prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: Who was the gunman of the hostage crisis which Chris Reason was awarded the Graham Perkin Australian Journalist of the Year Award for his coverage of?

The following are given passages.
Context 1: Passage 1:
Mikkeli hostage crisis
The Mikkeli hostage crisis, or Jakomäki bank robbery took place on 8–9 August 1986, which ended in Mikkeli, South Savo, Finland, outside of the Mikkeli County Government House on Maaherrankatu  The crisis began when the perpetrator, Jorma Kalevi Takala (born July 11, 1950) took three hostages in Helsinki in a bank robbery, with whom he traveled by car to Mikkeli  The event ended when Takala blew up his car, killing himself and hostage Jukka Häkkinen (born May 13, 1961)  In the aftermath of the incident, the Finnish police were subjected to harsh criticism 

Events
The events began on 8 August 1986, when Jorma Takala, armed with a sawed-off shotgun and an explosive charge, entered the Kansallis-Osake-Pankki bank in Jakomäki, Helsinki  Takala took twelve people inside the bank as his hostages  After receiving 2 5  million Finnish marks and a getaway car in exchange for most of the hostages, he left the bank with three remaining hostages, two female and one male  Takala forced the male hostage to drive the car, following Highway 4 and later Highway 5  
The party arrived in Mikkeli on 9 August, where they parked in front of the Mikkeli County Government House  Finnish police surrounded the vehicle and tried to negotiate with Takala  When he threatened to blow up the car if he was not allowed to continue his journey, the police advised the hostages to leave the vehicle  Both female hostages complied, after which the police started to shoot at the car  In response, Takala detonated the charge and destroyed the vehicle, killing both himself and the male hostage  Nine police officers were injured in the explosion 

Aftermath
The police received much criticism for its handling of the crisis  Nobody knew who gave the order to shoot at the car and initially none of the police commanders took the responsibility for the operation  After an investigation by the NBI, Chancellor of Justice Jorma S  Aalto decided not to prosecute the police officers for the events  In 1993, the Supreme Court of Finland convicted the police commissioner who led the operation of involuntary manslaughter and negligence and fined him 6,000 mk 
Passage 2:
Graham Perkin
Edwin Graham Perkin (16 December 1929 – 16 October 1975) was an Australian journalist and newspaper editor 

Early life
Perkin was born at Hopetoun, Victoria, elder son of Herbert Edwin Perkin, baker, and his wife Iris Lily, née Graham, both Victorian born  Graham grew up at Warracknabeal and was educated at the local high school  In 1948 he began to study law at the University of Melbourne, but abandoned his course in the following year when he obtained a cadetship with The Age  At the Methodist Church, St Kilda, on 6 September 1952 he married Peggy Lorraine Corrie 

Career
As a young reporter, Perkin rapidly acquired a reputation for enthusiasm and restless energy  In 1955 he won a Kemsley scholarship in journalism which took him to London  Returning to Australia as a feature writer, he shared the Walkley Award for journalism in 1959 for an article on pioneering heart surgery  His rise in the newspaper hierarchy was rapid: he became deputy news editor in 1959, news editor in 1963, assistant-editor in 1964 and editor (at the age of 36) in 1966  He was appointed to the additional post of editor-in-chief in 1973 
Perkin turned The Age into a more interventionist and campaigning newspaper  It exposed financial scandals in State governments and corruption in the police force, and attacked Federal governments for suppressing information  In the process, it attracted critics who thought it too 'leftist'  In 1972 The Age, which had traditionally supported Coalition governments, advocated the election of Gough Whitlam's Australian Labor Party  When that government was forced to an early election in 1974, Perkin wanted to support Whitlam again  His stand led to a conflict with the board of David Syme & Co  Ltd, owner and publisher of The Age  A compromise, supported by the managing director Ranald Macdonald, narrowly averted Perkin's resignation  It also reinforced his insistence on editorial independence, subject to the management's right to dismiss an editor in whom it had lost confidence 
However, Perkin turned violently on Whitlam a year later when he published details of a murky land deal involving Phillip Cairns, the son of Deputy Prime Minister Jim Cairns, and Rex Connor, the Minister for Minerals and Energy  Perkin had won a bidding war for the information, setting aside his normal opposition to buying stories because he felt the story was one of overwhelming importance  Perkin's editorials grew more and more critical of Whitlam, culminating in the elemental editorial "Go now, go decently" in which he called for the government to step down  It began with the words 'We will say it straight, and clear, and at once  The Whitlam Government has run its course ' Perkin died of a heart attack on 16 October 1975 at his Sandringham home at the age of 45 
The Age became a more substantial, wider ranging, better written and significantly more influential newspaper  Perkin's reforms and his willingness to speak out strongly in defence of the paper's policies boosted circulation from a stagnant 180,000 in 1965 to a solid 222,000 ten years later  The company's revenues rose correspondingly  Perkin was also director (from 1966) of Australian Associated Press, its chairman in 1970-72, and a director of Reuters Ltd, London, in 1971-74 

Personal life
His wife, their son Steve, and their daughter Corrie – both journalists – survived him  Peggy later remarried, and died in 2012, aged 81 

Graham Perkin Journalism Award
The Graham Perkin Australian Journalist of the Year Award, an annual prize, was established in 1976 

Bibliography
Hills, Ben, Breaking News: The Golden Age of Graham Perkin, Scribe, 2010  ISBN 978-1-921640-37-7
Passage 3:
1991 Sacramento hostage crisis
On April 4, 1991, 41 employees and customers were taken hostage and held at a Good Guys! electronics store at the corner of 65th Street and Stockton Boulevard in Florin, California, near the Florin Mall (now Florin Towne Centre) for approximately eight hours by four gunmen  Near the end of the hostage crisis, six were killed: three hostages and three of the four hostage-takers  The fourth hostage-taker was captured by authorities, and an additional 14 hostages were injured during the crisis  To this day, the hostage crisis remains the largest hostage rescue operation in US history, with over 40 hostages having been held at gunpoint 

Event
Background
The four gunmen were all Vietnamese immigrants: brothers Loi Khac Nguyen, 21; Pham Khac Nguyen, 19; and Long Khac Nguyen, 17; and their friend, Cuong Tran, 17  The Nguyens had fled Vietnam as a family of eight in 1979 at the start of the second wave of Vietnamese refugees, first sailing to Malaysia and remaining anchored there for the first seven months, then waiting for four more months in an Indonesian refugee camp before they arrived in California in 1980  The entire family lived in a two-bedroom apartment 1⁄2 mile (0 80 km) from the Good Guys! store  Cuong Tran had moved with his parents into a new home in Elk Grove 15 months before the hostage crisis Tran and Long Nguyen were friends and classmates at Florin High School; both had been expelled in March 1991 after stealing athletic equipment and attempting to set fire to the building  Loi Nguyen had attended Valley High School but dropped out during his senior year  Pham Nguyen was attending William Daylor High School (a continuation school) after having transferred from Valley following attendance issues On the day of the hostage crisis, Pham Nguyen briefly came to school and asked to be excused with a toothache  The Nguyen brothers told their parents they were going fishing at the Sacramento River 

Start of the siege
At approximately 1:00 p m , on April 4, 1991, the four young gunmen drove into the parking lot of the Good Guys! electronics store, in the South Area of Sacramento County  The group left their vehicle, a 1982 Toyota Corolla, and entered the store armed with three pistols and a shotgun  They had purchased the guns legally at a local sporting goods store the prior week, following a background check and waiting period  Although reported, the gunmen were not members of the Oriental Boys gang, and the hostage-taking and subsequent crisis were not considered to be gang-related They herded customers and staff into a group, including a shoplifter attempting to leave the store, and began shooting at the ceiling of the store  One employee escaped after being ordered to lock the doors  Although initial reports indicated they had taken the hostages after a failed robbery attempt, subsequent statements to hostages and negotiators instead proved "they were attempting to gain notoriety," according to Sacramento County Sheriff Glen Craig  They were frustrated with their lives in the United States since it was difficult to find good jobs and expressed a desire to travel to Thailand and fight the Viet Cong, according to two of the hostages 

Law enforcement and media response
When the 9-1-1 call came in at 1:33 p m , the Sacramento County Sheriff's Department Special Enforcement Detail (SED) was already in the process of gearing up in anticipation of executing a previously planned drug raid  They immediately paged off-duty team members and began preparations to rush to the scene along with the Department's Critical Incident Negotiations Team (CINT) and other local and state law enforcement agencies 
As the situation developed, the local media descended on the area in force, broadcasting the unfolding incident  They were able to get footage of the event because of the store's huge glass front doors, which allowed video crews to see into the store where the hostage-takers lined up some of the hostages in front of the entrance as human shields 

Surveillance and negotiation
Following the standard operating procedure, the team obtained a floor plan of the building, which was copied and distributed to team members  The SED team was told that there was only one entrance to the store that was not alarmed: a freight entrance located at the rear of the store  Their only option would be to enter the store's showroom, where the hostages were being held, through a fabrics store on the north side of the building  The entry team gained entrance to the fabric store and slowly moved into position  The criminals apparently heard movement by the police amid shouts of "stay away from the door" coming from inside the store itself 
One of the entry team members removed a ceiling panel in the hallway between the two buildings and inserted a pole-mounted mirror  He was able to observe the subjects directing hostages to place large boxes against the back door to block entry  Once the door was barricaded, the area was abandoned  A fisheye camera was installed by the team but was of limited use because of the design of the store, showing only a portion of the showroom near the door  By this time, the hostages had been tied up with speaker wire and had been arranged inside the store's glass front entrance doors in standing and kneeling positions 
For more than two hours, the department's CINT tried to end the incident peacefully by negotiating with the hostage-takers  Negotiations were initially conducted from police headquarters, and a special negotiation team took over on-site after a few hours from a bank that had been evacuated  The hostage-takers demanded $4 million, forty 1,000-year-old ginseng roots, four bulletproof vests, a 50-troop military helicopter, and transportation for everyone to Thailand after a refueling stop in Alaska  Throughout the incident, the hostage-takers did not present a consistent set of demands to the negotiators One demand that remained constant was for bulletproof vests  During early negotiations, one of the requested vests was exchanged for what was to be the release of nine hostages, although only three were released initially; the police officer who took the first vest to them stripped to his underwear to prove he was unarmed  Loi Nguyen sent a woman to retrieve the vest and threatened to shoot her children if she did not return; after she retrieved the vest, they were the first three hostages to be released  In addition to the hostage exchange, another benefit was that it allowed police to gain information on the current situation in the store  One of the released hostages revealed that the shots heard earlier had been the hostage-takers shooting at the store's security cameras and that none of the hostages had been harmed up to this point  Soon thereafter, more shots were heard, but this was the hostage-takers testing the vest  Approximately an hour later, another woman and her three children were released; an eighth hostage was released at 8:20 p m , bearing a message that they would start to shoot the other hostages shortly At one point during the negotiations, the leader of the hostage-takers, who called himself "Thai" (later shown to be Loi Nguyen), agreed to surrender to the police but only if they were allowed to retain their bulletproof vests and weapons while in prison  The police negotiator informed Loi Nguyen that he would have a short sentence and his vest and guns would be returned upon his release  He set down the phone and began to discuss the situation with his partners  At that point, many of the officers involved felt the exchanges might lead to a negotiated settlement; when he returned to the phone, Loi Nguyen stated that while he accepted those terms, his partners did not  Suddenly, the phone went dead, and the CINT immediately tried to re-establish contact with the store  On the first attempt, the phone was busy, and on the second attempt, a suspect calling himself "Number One" (later shown to be Long Nguyen) answered the phone, informing everyone that he was now in control  From that point on, the situation began to rapidly deteriorate  Shots were once again fired at the store's security cameras 

Entry
At approximately 9 p m , Long Nguyen shot a twenty-year-old male hostage named Sean McIntyre in the leg and then released McIntyre as the ninth and final hostage to be released with the instruction to deliver their message and plight to the local media  They claimed they were trying to draw attention to the troubles of their home country and that they were on a suicide mission  At that point, the police attempted to distract the gunmen by putting the hostage on the news, which would also move them to the television area of the store, but this tactic did not work  The police team was finally given the "green light" to enter the store  Sniper Jeffrey Boyes would issue the signal to execute the assault  Boyes had received permission to fire on any subject on whom he could obtain a clear line of sight 
After McIntyre was shot and released, another hostage was shot just before 10 p m ; the gunmen had told the hostages to select the next victim from among themselves, causing an elderly hostage, Harold Brooks, to faint  According to Sheriff Craig, the gunmen joked "he just decided he was going to be our next person shot " Long Nguyen attempted to shoot Brooks, but his gun misfired, and Loi Nguyen shot Brooks in the leg  The surviving hostages stated the gunmen divided them into two groups and had begun flipping a coin to decide their fates  Guns were placed to the hostages' heads  Several hostages were placed on the phone, and they informed the police the gunmen were going to begin executing hostages 

A second bulletproof vest was delivered to the front door shortly after Brooks was shot, which was to be exchanged for nine more hostages, but no one was released  Another hostage, Priscilla Alvarez, was sent out to recover the second vest with her wrists tied behind her and harnessed with more speaker cord  As the door was opened and Alvarez was halfway down the path to retrieve the vest, Boyes took a shot at one of the gunmen, but the sniper's bullet was deflected by the glass door as it swung shut, and it hit the target's ear Immediately, the hostage-takers ran back and forth, and Long Nguyen started to shoot the seated hostages who were tied down in a row behind the glass door, in full view of the news cameras broadcasting the event live  At the same time, Boyes radioed "Go", and the SED entry team immediately hit the door at 9:51 p m  A stun grenade was tossed into the store from outside, and Curt Warburton, one of the Good Guys employees, managed to scramble to safety through the now shattered glass door  "Number One" (Long Nguyen), now stunned and disoriented, managed to stagger out of Boyes's sights and take cover behind a large pillar  He then immediately began firing his weapon at more bound hostages 
It took the seven-person entry team two to three seconds to get through the back doors from where they had been hiding (a storage space in the rear of the store) because of the "barricades" erected earlier  They then had to contend with the 100-foot (30 m) distance to the front of the store  The team was armed with a variety of weapons for the entry  Sergeants Don Devlin, Charles Price, and Gordon Smith were armed with SiGARMS Sig P220 pistols, Sergeant Bill Kelly carried a laser-sighted HK MP5, investigators Mike Hammel and Greg Peterson carried H&K MP5SD3 submachine guns, and investigator Roger Stanfill was still armed with his AR-15 
Hammel and Price cleared the west side of the store, Peterson and Kelly the east side, and Devlin and Smith went straight up the middle  Stanfill took up a rearguard position  As the team began its movement toward the front of the store, the remaining hostage-takers immediately began to fire on the entry team and hostages  Peterson stepped on the wire that had been used to tether the female hostage sent out to recover the second vest  At that moment, she was snatched to safety by officers outside the store, causing Peterson's feet to fly out from under him, forcing him to fall backward, just as a shotgun blast immediately blew through the area where he was standing  His fellow team members mistakenly believed he had been struck in the face by the blast  As Peterson began to rise to his feet, Devlin and Kelly tried to flank the shotgun-wielding suspect, who fired on them once again, before being taken under fire by the team 

Suspects shot
Simultaneously, on the west side of the store, the team shot one of the suspects (Cuong Tran) before he could react  Then they spotted a second armed suspect (Pham Nguyen) and fired on him, but he disappeared into the chaos of the screaming and panicking crowd of hostages  Then, "Number One" (Long Nguyen) was shot 
At this point, the team could only account for three of the suspects and immediately began a systematic search for the fourth  Price and Hammel discovered an unarmed Asian male (Loi Nguyen) lying on the floor, wearing the sole bulletproof vest that had been provided earlier  Once he was rolled over, they discovered he had a  223 caliber entrance wound, accounting for all four suspects 
It took only 30 seconds from the initial police entry until the gunfire ceased, bringing an end to the hostage crisis 

Aftermath
Casualties
During the assault, the suspects wounded eleven hostages and killed three  Of the eleven wounded, ten were shot, and one suffered a miscarriage  Others shot at were Bret Soren, Chris Lauretzen, Curt Warburton, and many others who suffered both physical and extreme emotional consequences including brutal bodily injuries, trauma, and severe ongoing symptoms of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)  Of the four suspects, three were killed by the entry team and one, "Thai" (Loi), was wounded  None of the SED entry team was wounded  The hostages killed were store employees Kris Edward Sohne and John Lee Fritz and customer Fernando Gutierrez Gutierrez's two nieces were also hostages  One of the nieces, Lisa Joseph, later wrote the book Heads or Tails: A True Hostage Story of Terror, Torture and Ultimate Survival about her ordeal  Two employees hid in a computer closet during the hostage crisis The Good Guys! announced they would set up trust funds for the two slain employees and would pay for the funerals of all three murder victims 

Trial and prosecution
Loi Nguyen was arraigned from his hospital bed shortly after the crisis ended and charged with 54 felonies, including murder  Nguyen's attorney, Sacramento public defender Linda Parisi, argued that Loi Nguyen was trying to make peace, based on witness testimony and recorded audio, and did not deserve the death penalty; she pointed to Long Nguyen as the leader  However, Rebecca Moore, a sheriff's detective, pointed out that Loi Nguyen had purchased the guns, driven the group to the store, and handled most of the negotiations: "In my opinion he is the most responsible party for this thing going down " Because of pre-trial publicity, the trial was moved to San Francisco  He was convicted on February 8, 1995, on 51 felony counts: three for murder, eight for attempted murder, two for assault with a firearm, and 38 for kidnapping, after two days of jury deliberation  On March 28, the jury recommended a life sentence in prison rather than the death penalty, after four more hours of deliberation At the sentencing hearing in Sacramento, Judge W J  Harpham said, "It's hard to find the adjectives for the terror the defendant put these hostages through " He sentenced Loi Khac Nguyen to 49 life terms in prison, 41 to be served consecutively without the chance of parole  Information that surfaced at Nguyen's trial revealed the men's motivation for committing the crime was that they were frustrated by their inability to learn English and find jobs  Nguyen initially served his sentence at the California State Prison, Lancaster  he was later transferred to California State Prison, Centinela, and has since been transferred to California State Prison, Solano where he is currently serving his term  His CDCR number is J69791 The former Good Guys! building later became a Dollar Tree store, which was modified to move the main entry doors from the front (south facade) to the side of the building (east facade)  This Dollar Tree still stands and remains in business 

In popular culture
In 2000, a play titled The Good Guys: An American Tragedy was created by Michael Edo Keane and Miko Lee and presented by Theater of Yugen, a theatre group that presents work relating to the Pan Asian Diaspora, at the Theater Artaud in San Francisco, California 
The hostage crisis was examined in detail in the first season of the documentary series Shootout!, aired on the History Channel, for the first time in September 2005 
Footage of the event was featured in World's Scariest Police Shootouts in 1997 
In March 2015, the crisis was the focus of an episode of ABC's In an Instant 
In 2019 a movie called A Clear Shot, based on the incident, was released  It starred Hao Do as Loi, Kevin Bach as Pham, Tony Dew as Long, and Dang Tran as Cuong 

See also
List of homicides in California
1996 Honolulu hostage crisis
Passage 4:
Chris Reason
Chris Reason (born 1 October 1965) is a senior reporter and presenter for Seven News in Sydney, Australia  He was awarded the Graham Perkin Australian Journalist of the Year Award for his coverage of the Lindt Cafe siege in December 2014 

Career
Reason's career began in 1990, when during his first year at Seven News he unwittingly covered a segment now infamously known as the Democracy Manifest video, which became an Internet viral video years later  In 2019, The Guardian called it "perhaps the pre-eminent Australian meme of the past 10 years" In 2002, he was announced as co-host of the re-launched national breakfast program Sunrise alongside Melissa Doyle  But in September, Reason was diagnosed with cancer and forced to retire from the program while he underwent six months of chemotherapy, surgery and recovery care  He was replaced by David Koch  The cancer was an abdominal metastasis of the testicular cancer he had fought four years earlier  Reason had missed a critical health check-up in 2001 while covering the September 11 terror attacks in the United States, and he says it almost cost him his life  In multiple interviews since, he has warned young men to never miss a health check-up In 2003, after his recovery, Reason had multiple roles—first as presenter of Seven Morning News, and then presenter of Sunday Sunrise in 2004  In 2005, he was named co-host of Weekend Sunrise alongside Lisa Wilkinson, but he was later replaced by Deal or No Deal host Andrew O'Keefe  Reason returned to full-time reporting as Senior Network Correspondent In 2015, he won the Graham Perkin Award for his coverage of the Lindt Cafe siege  He has won a Walkley Award and two Logie Awards for News Reporting 
Reason is a back-up presenter for most of the Seven News programs, including Seven Morning News, Seven Afternoon News and Seven News Sydney  He also intermittently fills in for either David Koch or Matt Doran on Sunrise and Weekend Sunrise respectively, and appears on the former show during the week as one of the News Feed panelists 

Personal life
His father died from brain cancer in 2006  He attended Villanova College in the Brisbane suburb of Coorparoo and the University of Queensland (BA)  Reason married journalist Kathryn Robinson in 2005  They became parents to twins in 2007 
Passage 5:
Les Carlyon
Leslie Allen Carlyon  (10 June 1942 – 4 March 2019) was an Australian writer and newspaper editor 

Early life
Carlyon began his career in journalism with The Herald and Weekly Times as a cadet on the Sun News-Pictorial (now the Herald Sun) in 1960  In 1963, he moved to The Age working successively as leader writer, finance editor, news editor, assistant editor and, in 1975 aged 33, editor, following the sudden death of the previous editor, Graham Perkin  Carlyon had to resign for health reasons in 1976 after just one year in the position From 1977 to 1982, he was a visiting lecturer in journalism at RMIT University, Melbourne  During this time, he continued writing for newspapers across Australia with a particular focus on horse racing In 1984, Carlyon returned to an executive role in journalism with his first employer, the Herald and Weekly Times, where he was promoted to editor-in-chief   After resigning in 1986, Carlyon again continued as a freelance writer and columnist during the 1990s, contributing to such publications as the Sydney Morning Herald, Western Australia's The Sunday Times and The Bulletin Carlyon twice won the Walkley Award for journalism (1971 and 2004)  In 1993, he won the Graham Perkin Australian Journalist of the Year Award 

Books
In addition to his career as a journalist, Carlyon was also an accomplished author writing mainly on sport and Australian military history  His books include:

Carlyon, Les (1996)  True Grit: Tales from a Decade on the Turf  Mandarin  ISBN 9781863306065 
Carlyon, Les (1998)  Heroes in our eyes  Information Australia  ISBN 9781863502467 
Carlyon, Les (2001)  Gallipoli  Macmillan Australia  ISBN 9781743534229 
Carlyon, Les (2006)  The Great War  Picador Australia  ISBN 9780330424967 
Carlyon, Les (2011)  The Master: A personal portrait of Bart Cummings  Macmillan Australia  ISBN 9781742628837 
Carlyon, Les (2021)  Les Carlyon: A Life in Words  Allen and Unwin Australia  ISBN 9781760879723 Gallipoli, a popular history of the Allied Gallipoli campaign in the Dardanelles during the First World War (which remains a key event in the Australian and New Zealand national consciousnesses), was published in 2001, and met with critical and commercial success in Australia, New Zealand and England  The book was the basis for the Australian 2015 TV miniseries Gallipoli, released in the year of the 100th anniversary of the campaign The Great War is the story of Australian forces on the Western Front in France and Belgium also during World War I Les Carlyon: A Life in Words, published posthumously, is a collection of Carlyon's articles from across his career, selected by his family and with a foreword by his son, Patrick Carlyon 

Awards
In the 2014 Queen's Birthday Honours List, Carlyon was invested as a Companion of the Order of Australia (AC), for "eminent service to literature through the promotion of the national identity as an author, editor and journalist, to the understanding and appreciation of Australia's war history, and to the horseracing industry" He was admitted to the Australian Media Hall of Fame He served as a Member of the Council of the Australian War Memorial from May 2006 until his death (he was replaced by Tony Abbott)  In April 2020, the Australian War Memorial announced the inaugural Les Carlyon Literary Prize in his memory 

Awards
Walkley Award for magazine feature writing 1971
Graham Perkin Australian Journalist of the Year Award 1993
Walkley Award for journalism leadership 2004
Melbourne Press Club Quill Award for Lifetime Achievement 2004
Prime Minister's Prize for History 2007 (for The Great War)
Companion of the Order of Australia (AC) 2014

Death
Carlyon's death, aged 76, on 4 March 2019 was widely reported 
Passage 6:
2014 Sydney hostage crisis
The Lindt Café siege was a terrorist attack that occurred on 15–16 December 2014 when a lone gunman, Man Haron Monis, held hostage ten customers and eight employees of a Lindt Chocolate Café in the APA Building in Martin Place, Sydney, Australia 
The Sydney siege led to a 16-hour standoff, after which a gunshot was heard from inside and police officers from the Tactical Operations Unit (TOU) stormed the café  Hostage Tori Johnson was killed by Monis and hostage Katrina Dawson was killed by a police bullet ricochet in the subsequent raid  Monis was also killed  Three other hostages and a police officer were injured by police gunfire during the raid Police have been criticised over their handling of the siege for not taking proactive action earlier, for the deaths of hostages at the end of the siege, and for the lack of negotiation during the siege  Hostage Marcia Mikhael called radio station 2GB during the siege and said, "They have not negotiated, they've done nothing  They have left us here to die "Early on, hostages were seen holding a Jihadist flag against the window of the café, featuring the shahādah creed  Initially, many media organisations mistook it for the flag used by the Islamic State (IS); Monis later demanded that an IS flag be brought to him  Monis also unsuccessfully demanded to speak to the Prime Minister of Australia, Tony Abbott, live on radio  Monis was described by Abbott as having indicated a "political motivation," but the eventual assessment was that the gunman was "a very unusual case—a rare mix of extremism, mental health problems and plain criminality "In the aftermath of the siege, Muslim groups issued a joint statement in which they condemned the incident, and memorial services were held in the city at the nearby St Mary's Cathedral and St James' Church  Condolence books were set up in other Lindt cafés and the community turned Martin Place into a "field of flowers " The Martin Place Lindt café was severely damaged during the police raid, closed afterwards, then renovated for reopening in March 2015 In October 2022, the TOU officer who shot and killed Monis during the police storming of the Lindt Café published a memoir entitled 'Tiger! Tiger! Tiger! Tiger! The Lindt Café Siege: The incredible inside story of two days that traumatised a nation: And one man's journey of resilience and hope '

Events
Prior to event
An anonymous call was made to Australia's anti-terrorism hotline 48 hours before the siege, raising concerns about the content of Monis's website  On his website, Monis had pledged allegiance to "the caliph of the Muslims", believed to be referring to Islamic State leader Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi, and denounced moderate Islam  It has been reported that the Australian Security Intelligence Organisation followed up on the call by reviewing the website and Monis's posts on social media but found nothing to indicate that he was likely to commit an act of violence 

Hostage-taking and negotiations
Monis entered the Lindt Chocolate Café at 53 Martin Place, Sydney, at 8:33 am Sydney local time (AEDT) on 15 December 2014 (UTC+11)  The café is located directly across from the Seven News television studios, and near the Reserve Bank of Australia, the headquarters of the Commonwealth Bank, Westpac bank, and Martin Place underground train station 
The situation began at 9:44 am, when Monis forced Tori Johnson, the manager of the café, to phone 000 Monis was bearded, wearing a black cap and wearing a black headband with the inscription, in Arabic: "We are ready to sacrifice for you, O Mohammad " He was carrying a blue sports bag, and armed with a sawed-off pump-action shotgun 
The shotgun was old but could fire four shots in five seconds Monis used hostages as human shields  He had disabled the automatic sliding glass doors of the café Monis claimed there were four "devices" located around Sydney  However, New South Wales Police Commissioner Andrew Scipione said that none of the alleged devices were found during investigations  Monis also demanded that a hostage ask all media to broadcast that "this is an attack on Australia by the Islamic State"  In addition, he demanded that an Islamic State flag be delivered to him, although the request was never fulfilled Hostages were ordered to hold up a Black Standard flag, with the shahādah in white Arabic letters (an Islamic creed declaring: "There is no God but Allah, and Muhammad is the messenger of God"), against the window of the café  Some news reports initially mistook it for the flag used by the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant (ISIL) Monis demanded to speak to the Australian Prime Minister live on radio, but this demand was rejected  This was relayed by hostage Marcia Mikhael, who said that she "lost it" when told that the Prime Minister was too busy, saying, "I don't care what [Abbott] is doing right now   I'm sure there's nothing more important happening in Australia   than the lives of the people in this café   "Mamdouh Habib said he knew Monis well and offered to help police negotiate with him  He believed that Monis was "sick and disturbed" over his failure to gain access to his children, and said Monis could trust him to get his message out  Lawyer Manny Conditsis had represented Monis and had also offered help because he said that Monis respected what he had to say to him  Barrister Michael Klooster who had met Monis in the cafe before the siege called the police at 2:17 pm  Other Muslim leaders also offered to help, including the Grand Mufti of Australia, Ibrahim Abu Mohamed 
All such offers were rejected by police because they had no control over what the untrained negotiators might say or do  However, Mikhael said that after the request to speak to the Prime Minister was refused: "It was then that I knew that there was not going to be any negotiation and we were just left there     They were waiting for him to kill someone or shoot something so they [could] come in     There was nothing proactive about that operation, nothing "Belinda Neil, who was a negotiator for the NSW police, said that in negotiations, "[W]e want to try and talk to the hostage-taker     [W]e want to find out why he's there, why is he doing this, and we don't just go into this situation hoping to resolve it in half an hour " This approach would be consistent with the Behavioral Change Stairway Model  However, Mikhael stated that no such negotiation took place  Habib said that he called both the police and the Attorney General twice during the raid, but they did not return his calls  Police Commissioner Andrew Scipione confirmed during the siege that "we're not dealing directly with him     we do not have direct contact with the offender "Several hostages made contact with media outlets and relayed Monis's demands to them  At the request of the New South Wales Police Force, they were not published during the siege  The social media profiles of the hostages were also used to relay demands At 1:43 am Tori Johnson texted his family "He's [Monis] increasingly agitated, walks around when he hears a noise outside with a hostage in front of him  Wants to release one person in good faith, tell police " This was conveyed to the police 10 minutes later During the early stages of the siege, the Australian government and NSW authorities did not label the event as a terrorist attack; however, as the siege continued, NSW police authorised the engagement of the state's counter-terrorism task force, treating the incident as an act of terrorism 

Escape of first five hostages
At around 3:37 pm, two hostages, John O'Brien and barrister Stefan Balafoutis, escaped from the front entrance of the building, followed by a third hostage, café employee Paolo Vassallo, who ran out from a fire exit at the side of the building  At around 4:58 pm, two female hostages, both employees, Jieun Bae and Elly Chen, escaped by running from another entrance of the building and were met by Tactical Operations Unit officers Monis was unaware that Jieun Bae and Elly Chen had escaped  Jarrod Morton-Hoffman made noise to cover their exit and persuaded Monis that media reports of five hostages escaping were wrong  After the escape, Monis threatened to kill hostages Police planted a covert listening device in the café during the night  At one point, the device picked up Monis saying that he wanted to kill any escaping hostages 

Raid and end of the siege
At 2:03 am on 16 December, a "very loud bang" was heard as Monis shot towards six hostages fleeing from the building  At 2:11 am Monis fired a shot towards the kitchen, and was heard on the police listening device reloading his shotgun  The hostage Fiona Ma then escaped through the front door, and two police Tactical Operations Unit teams were ordered to move very slowly towards the two entrances At 2:14 am, four minutes after the Tactical operations teams were ordered in, Monis shot Tori Johnson in the back of the head, killing him  The shooting was witnessed by a police sniper, who reported a hostage down  Police armed with M4A1 carbines threw eleven stun grenades as they stormed the café 
Monis was shot in the head  An officer reported that "I watched the (gun's) laser     from the centre of his chest go to his head and his head exploded and he fell"  One officer then fired a total of 17 rounds, and another officer fired 5 additional rounds  Some fragments of those rounds killed hostage Katrina Dawson Police declared the siege over soon after, later confirming that Monis was killed in the raid  Two hostages had died, and another three were injured by police bullets  One police officer, whose face was grazed by a police bullet, was discharged from hospital later in the day At the inquest, Counsel assisting the coroner, Jeremy Gormley SC, said, "No shot fired by Mr Monis, other than the one that struck and killed Mr Johnson, struck anyone " Mitchell McAlister, who was a tactical assaulter with 2nd Commando Tactical Assault Group questioned the police use of M4A1 carbines with 5 56mm NATO rounds that could have "dangerous effects in a dense and enclosed environment " It was also unclear why 22 shots were fired by police, of which 13 hit Monis 

Flag raids
At around 2:00 pm on 15 December, police contacted Rebecca Kay, a member of the Muslim community, and asked her to help source an ISIS flag for Monis  Kay contacted many people in the Muslim community but ultimately the police sourced their own flag  However, the flag was never given to Monis The following day, NSW and federal police raided three homes of people who had been contacted in the attempt to source the flag  Kay assumes that her conversations had been monitored  Kay said she would help police in another crisis, but "with this incident they have not built trust at all  You don't understand   the fear that [the AFP and ASIO] create, and how they stalk   members of our community   " Lawyer Zali Burrows questioned the purpose of the police contacting Kay in the first place, stating, "Why didn't they just print [a flag]?"

Police strategy
The police followed a "contain and negotiate" strategy which was to avoid any direct action unless a hostage was killed or injured  They decided that this strategy could deliver a "peaceful negotiated outcome" because Monis had not harmed any hostages, despite having threatened to do so  Monis had also not reacted violently to the escape of five hostages on two separate occasions, or due to none of his demands being met  Further, Monis claimed to have a bomb, and "if the bomb was triggered, all of those inside the cafe and those attempting a rescue were not likely to survive"  At 8:20 pm and again at 11:35 pm, the head of the tactical operations unit attempted to persuade the other commanders to take a "deliberate action" plan and storm the cafe but this was overruled by other commanders and Assistant Commissioner Mark Jenkins due to the danger to the hostages and police 
Police snipers could not be used due to "the narrow windows, the moving around of Monis, the risk to hostages if there was a missed shot, (and) the position of the snipers behind glass" At 11 am, Operational Commander Mick Fuller approved negotiations for the release of half of the 18 hostages in return for Monis being allowed to talk on ABC radio  However, the negotiation commander decided not to do so because it conflicted with a standing policy to not negotiate with terrorists The first negotiator was not told that the Grand Mufti of Australia and a barrister who represented Monis had offered to help negotiate with Monis  He only found out about Monis's demand for the ABC to broadcast that Australia was under attack after a Facebook post from one of the hostages was read out on radio 2GB  Monis had also demanded that the Christmas lights be turned off  The first negotiator thought that doing this would have provided an opportunity to bargain with Monis, but did not hear back from commanders as to whether it was possible so "discarded" the option He was then relieved by a second negotiator, but did not tell him about the demand that the Christmas lights be turned off  Hostage Selina Win Pe told the second negotiator Monis wanted to know why it hadn't happened  It was later revealed an Ausgrid team had assembled to switch off the lights, but was sent home A third negotiator later said that he did not have the Christmas lights turned off because he had some reason to know that Monis would not carry through his threat to kill Win Pe  He said there was some "step-by-step" process to have the hostages released (after nineteen hours)  Jenkins says he would have liked the Christmas lights turned off quickly, and was unaware that this had been found to be possible  Jenkins was also not told about the Johnson text near the end of the siege that Monis wanted to release a hostage The negotiation team leader did not think Monis would hurt anyone because Monis had told people inside the cafe that everyone would go home once Prime Minister Tony Abbott called  The team leader later conceded that Abbott was never going to call  Forensic advice given to the police by an unnamed consultant psychiatrist was that Monis was probably undertaking a grandiose act to be recognised as a figure of great infamy rather than wishing to hurt anyone  He doubted that Monis actually represented ISIS because he did not have the correct flag, nor that his actions were politically motivated  The psychiatrist warned that "a wounded narcissist is a dangerous specimen" as none of Monis's demands were met 

Timeline of events
Hostages
Authorities did not release an estimate of the number of hostages inside the café during the siege  After the siege, a total of 18 hostages was confirmed—eight staff and ten customers of the café including lawyers and Westpac employees with offices close by  Initial estimates varied, with some significantly overestimating the number Tori Johnson, the 34-year-old manager of the café, died after being shot in the head by Monis 
Katrina Dawson, a 38-year-old barrister, was killed when she was hit by seven police bullet fragments while lying behind a chair, which was hit by 10 bullets Three hostages and a police officer were wounded by police gunfire during the raid  The three hostages were Marcia Mikhael, who was shot in the leg; Robyn Hope, a 75-year-old woman who was shot in the shoulder; and Louisa Hope, her 52-year-old daughter, who was shot in the foot 
All three were in a stable condition after treatment  Paolo Vassallo, one of the five hostages who initially escaped the scene, was hospitalised for a pre-existing condition 
The other hostages were identified as John O'Brien, Stefan Balafoutis, Elly Chen, Jieun Bae, Harriette Denny, Viswakanth Ankireddy, Joel Herat, Fiona Ma, Jarrod Hoffman, Puspendu Ghosh, Selina Win Pe, and Julie Taylor Memorial services for Johnson and Dawson were held on 23 December: Johnson's in the morning at St Stephen's Uniting Church, Sydney, and Dawson's in the afternoon in the Great Hall of the University of Sydney  Interviews with some of the hostages were later recorded for television and broadcast, amid some controversy 

Evacuations and closures
After the siege began, a staged exclusion zone was established with thousands of people evacuated from nearby buildings, including from the floors above the café  The Sydney Opera House was evacuated after a suspicious package was found; however, reports were unconfirmed by police  The US Consulate General in Sydney, located in Martin Place, was also evacuated  Some Sydney schools were put in "white level lockout" due to the hostage situation, which meant that no school group was permitted to leave the school grounds Police advised people in the area bounded by Hunter, George, Elizabeth, and Macquarie streets, bordering Martin Place, to remain indoors and away from windows  Commonwealth Bank, Westpac, and ANZ closed their CBD branches for the day  The State Library was also closed  Numerous other buildings, including David Jones stores, executive offices for the New South Wales Parliament, criminal courts for the Supreme Court, the Downing Centre, and "several city legal chambers" were evacuated, as were the facilities of the Seven Network, situated directly across from the café, forcing The Morning Show to suspend transmission  Police established an emergency centre in nearby Hyde Park in response to the unfolding situation with emergency services sent to the area to respond to any immediate threats and evacuees were relocated to the park as a safety precaution Trains did not stop at Martin Place railway station during the incident  Transport for NSW advised people to stay away from the CBD  Road closures prevented southbound access to the Cahill Expressway, York Street, and Harbour Street, and northbound access to the Cahill Expressway, and all traffic was diverted to the Sydney Harbour Tunnel  On the morning of 16 December, road diversions remained in place and Martin Place train station remained closed  In the evening of 16 December, Elizabeth Street, Macquarie Street and Hunter Street were opened to traffic Uber fares for travel in Sydney surged during the event under the company's dynamic pricing system, which led to criticism  Uber subsequently refunded excessive fares and provided free rides out of the CBD 

Gunman
Iranian-born Monis was identified as the hostage-taker and named early on the morning of 16 December In September 2009, Monis was convicted for criminal use of the postal service to "menace, harass or cause offence", for a campaign protesting the presence of Australian troops in Afghanistan, by writing letters to the families of soldiers killed there, in which he called the soldiers murderers  On 12 December, three days before the siege, Monis lost his appeal against his conviction and was sentenced to 300 hours of community service  Monis had been charged with accessory to murder relating to the death of his former wife who was found stabbed eighteen times, and set alight, on 21 April 2013 at a unit block in Werrington  However, on 12 December 2013, Magistrate William Pierce said "It is a weak case" and granted Monis bail  In November 2016, Amirah Droudis was found guilty, in a judge-only trial, of the murder of Monis's ex-wife and sentenced to 44 years' jail Monis also had numerous charges of sexual assault, aggravated indecent assault, and common assault  On 14 April 2014, Monis was charged with three sexual assault offences against a woman and remanded in custody  He was granted bail on 26 May, six days after the Bail Act in New South Wales was rewritten based on recommendations by the New South Wales Law Reform Commission  On 10 October, he was charged with another 40 sexual assault offences against six more women, and his bail was continued Jeremy Gormly SC, counsel assisting the inquest, summarised Monis as "a complex, disturbed individual desperate for recognition and status but completely lacking the skills or achievements to bring that dream to life"  Gormly summarised that "Monis could be plausible, courteous and controlled, but he was also almost entirely consumed in his own self-importance      By 2014, he owned no property, was in debt, and had developed no employment skills  His attempts to develop a personal, religious following     had failed      He was facing future serious criminal charges    he had made no public impact of note on the Australian political scene"  Monis may have felt that he had "little left to live for" No weapons were found when police raided his home in 2013  From 1997 to 2000, Monis held a security guard licence, which would have let him carry a pistol between March and June 1997  The weapon that Monis used, a sawn-off French-made Manufrance La Salle pump-action shotgun, was more than 50 years old  Police believe the weapon was imported in the 1950s, when no registration was required  Monis had 23 shotgun cartridges of different brands on him, between 15 and 20 years old 

Reactions
Leaders
The Prime Minister convened the National Security Committee of Cabinet to give briefings on the situation and said "Australians should be reassured that our law enforcement and security agencies are well trained and equipped and are responding in a thorough and professional manner " He later said, "The whole point of politically motivated violence is to scare people out of being themselves  Australia is a peaceful, open, and generous society  Nothing should ever change that and that's why I would urge all Australians today to go about their business as usual", and "Australians should be reassured by the way our law enforcement and security agencies responded to this brush with terrorism "The Premier of New South Wales, Mike Baird, addressed the media during the stand-off, and stated "we are being tested today    in Sydney  The police are being tested, the public is being tested, but whatever the test we will face it head on and we will remain a strong democratic, civil society  I have full confidence in the Police Commissioner and the incredible work of the NSW police force The Lord Mayor of Sydney, Clover Moore, on the morning of 16 December, urged Australians to see this as a "one-off event", stating, "We're an inclusive multicultural community and we need to deal with this together"  Governor-General of Australia, Sir Peter Cosgrove, released a statement sympathising with the families, commending the work of the police involved, and urging Australians to "unite in our resolve to protect what we value most—our way of life, our care and respect for each other" 

Community
Thousands of people visited the site in the first few days after the incident to pay tribute to the victims  Among them were members of the families of Dawson and Johnson  Johnson's father was accompanied by rabbis Levi Wolff and Zalmen Kastel, Hindu priest Pandit Ramachandra, the Reverend Bill Crews and Sheikh Wesam Charkawi  Dawson's young daughter left her own note 
Flags on all NSW government buildings, including the Sydney Harbour Bridge, flew at half-mast to honour the hostages who lost their lives at the café A magistrate who had granted Monis bail and the lawyers who had represented him in his court appearances received death threats in the days after the attack  This reaction was described by the Bar Association as "understandable but wrong-headed", as magistrates have to deal with cases as they come before them on the basis of the law at the time 

#illridewithyou campaign
During and immediately following the incident, some in the community expressed concern about an increased potential for violence or intimidation directed at Muslims in Australia  For example, the head of the Australian Muslim Women's Association told the media there was an increase in anti-Muslim messages being posted on social media  Due to this concern among some local social media users, many started using the hashtag #illridewithyou [I'll ride with you]  This sought to offer solidarity and emotional support to Muslims travelling alone on public transport by people tweeting their bus/train route and suggesting that they would be willing to "ride with" anyone who might feel threatened  More than 150,000 people indicated their support of the concept by using the hashtag  The campaign was initially inspired by a Facebook status update about offering to walk with a woman who had removed her head covering  The campaign received international attention, including from United States President Barack Obama, although federal National Party member of Parliament George Christensen criticised the campaign for creating "false victims" out of Muslims and thereby taking attention away from the hostages 

"Field of flowers"
On the morning of 16 December, after police declared the crisis to be over, a makeshift memorial began to take shape in Martin Place  From the first bunch of lilies, tributes developed into a field of flowers that "you can smell before you can see" and which was extensively reported and photographed  The Prime Minister and NSW Premier were among many in the community to lay flowers at the memorial in a demarcated space  Flowers were also taken to suburban Lindt shops 
Volunteers from the Rural Fire Service, the State Emergency Service and the Red Cross began clearing the flowers on 22 December after consultation with the families, because rain was expected  It was announced that the condolence books would be bound in several volumes and one complete copy provided to each family  The messages on the many cards were to be digitised  During the week after the siege, it was estimated that 110,000 bouquets were laid at Martin Place 

Religious organisations
During the siege, Sanier Dandan, president of the Lebanese Muslim Association, informed ABC News that Australian Muslim leaders were meeting online for discussions as to how the Muslim community could help with the situation  He added, "Regardless, we have a hostage situation  Whether he is someone who belongs to the Australian Muslim community or not, we are still waiting for information to be provided by police and based on that if there's something the Muslim community can do or assist, we are there "
Ibrahim Abu Mohamed, the Grand Mufti of Australia, condemned the incident in a statement released on 15 December  The same afternoon, around fifty Muslim groups issued a joint statement in which they condemned the incident  The Australian Ahmadiyya Muslim Association condemned the incident, the national president saying that "such actions are criminal and totally contrary to the teachings of Islam " Egypt's Grand Mufti Shawqi Allam also condemned the attack 
In Martin Place, the 2014 traditional Hanukkah menorah presented a message of support: "May the lights of the festival of Hanukkah bring comfort and warmth to our nation" The Catholic Archbishop of Sydney, Anthony Fisher, invoked the special prayers in the Roman Missal from the "Mass in times of civil disturbance" and a memorial service was held at St Mary's Cathedral, on the morning of 19 December St James' Church, which had been within the exclusion zone, held a "Service of Remembrance and Reflection" on the afternoon of 19 December  The service was attended by about 400 people, most of them members of the legal profession 

International
During the siege, a spokesman for the Canadian Minister of Foreign Affairs, John Baird, said, "We urge all Canadians in Sydney to use extra precaution and limit their movements as authorities handle this situation "Iran Foreign Ministry spokeswoman, Marzieh Afkham, strongly condemned the taking of hostages as "inhuman" and also stated that the Australian authorities had been repeatedly warned about Monis United States President Barack Obama called the Prime Minister to express his condolences on behalf of the United States  According to the White House, Obama praised the "Australian public's embrace of #illridewithyou and the Muslim leaders who have disavowed the actions of the hostage taker", and "Australia's rejection of any violence taken in the name of religion and the fear this violence seeks to stoke " The President also conveyed the United States' willingness to provide assistance in the aftermath of the situation  United States Secretary of State, John Kerry, said the United States stood ready to provide Australia with any assistance required in "determining the facts of the case, assisting the victims and holding accountable anyone and everyone responsible for this act of terror"  Citing this event, the United States issued a global travel alert to its citizens, to be alert for possible terrorist attacks within public venues New Zealand Prime Minister John Key, Canadian Prime Minister Stephen Harper, Indian Prime Minister Narendra Modi, UK Prime Minister David Cameron, and Malaysian Prime Minister Najib Razak also expressed their concern about the incident  In addition, the Israeli embassy in Australia stated that it stood with Australia in the face of terror 

Charitable foundations
Following the two deaths during the hostage situation, the Katrina Dawson Foundation was established, with the aim of supporting educational opportunities for women  The then Governor-General Quentin Bryce was a founding member  At his parents' request, a memorial fund for Johnson was used to raise money for mental health organisation Beyond Blue  The first donation, of $51,000, came from Lindt Australia 

Terrorist organizations
Two weeks after the siege, Dabiq, a magazine published by the ISIL editorialised on Monis's actions and attempted to claim him as one of their own, in a response that an expert described as "absolutely predictable"  The magazine lauded Monis's actions and their effect on the city  The al Qaeda-produced magazine Inspire also praised Monis's actions 

Investigations
A number of organisations announced formal investigations 
Police investigations include a "critical incident" investigation undertaken by NSW police; headed by Detective Inspector Angelo Memmolo and an enquiry conducted by the Australian Federal Police Federal and state governments announced a joint review to be led by Michael Thawley from the Department of the Prime Minister and Cabinet and Blair Comley of the New South Wales Department of Premier and Cabinet Following the siege, officers from the New South Wales Police Force and the Australian Federal Police went to the Belmore home of Monis's partner Amirah Droudis, and removed property  Her bail was revoked after a hearing on 22 December 2014  Investigations by Australian security agencies and monitoring of suspects following the siege revealed increased "terror chatter" 

Federal–State joint review
The findings of the Federal–State joint review were released on 22 February 2015  The report covered Monis's earlier interactions with the government, his access to firearms, and the government response to Monis including problems correlating his various aliases  The report's terms of reference did not cover the controversial police actions during the siege itself, such as the nature of the negotiations or the final assault The review found that the judgements made by government agencies were reasonable  It suggested only modest changes to laws and procedures, taking the view that "introducing substantial further controls involves a larger choice about the sort of society we wish to live in and is properly the province of the public and our elected representatives"  The review found that the Australian Security Intelligence Organisation (ASIO) had conducted a thorough review of Monis in 2008/9 and found that he was not involved in politically motivated violence, nor had significant contact with groups of security concern  After receiving 18 calls from the public, ASIO reviewed Monis's Facebook page, which was considered not to indicate a threat  None of the calls related to any pending attack  The review found that there was no credible information that would indicate an attack  Monis had been granted bail while charged with several violent offences  However, bail laws had since been tightened in this regard  Monis obtained his firearm illegally and was never granted a license The review suggested, in addition to the reforms to the bail laws and "new programmes to counter violent extremism", that a review of immigration policies and visa applications should be undertaken  The review suggested that the gun that Monis used had lawfully entered the country, possibly as early as the 1950s, and had fallen into the "grey market" after not being included in the gun buyback schemes of 1996 and 2002 

Inquest
An inquest, mandatory whenever people die in a police operation, began as scheduled on 29 January 2015, presided over by the State Coroner, Michael Barnes  The stated aim was "to determine how the [three] deaths occurred, the factors that contributed to them and whether they could have been prevented" The hearings were divided into blocks of a couple of weeks  The first, which started on 25 May 2015, queried people who knew Monis to get background information  The second started on 17 August 2015 to consider Monis's bail application  Further blocks that investigate how the police dealt with the siege itself will be withheld from the public "in the interests of the families" The findings of the inquest were released on 24 May 2017 

Aftermath
Designation of the event as terrorism
Insurance declaration
Treasurer Joe Hockey declared the siege to be a "terrorist incident" under the Terrorism Insurance Act 2003  The Act means that insurance exclusions for terrorist incidents do not apply if such a declaration is made 

Debate on status as a terrorist event
Scholars and social commentators have debated whether Monis was a terrorist and whether his actions could be classified as an act of terrorism  There is doubt as to whether or not Monis fit the definition of a lone wolf terrorist 
Queensland University of Technology criminologist Mark Lauchs said it was important to not describe the siege as a "terrorist attack"  Lauchs said Monis was simply a deranged person running a hostage situation  "This incident was not about religion and neither was it a terrorist attack, but given that perception by the paraphernalia Monis used " The Australian prime minister said, "[Man Haron Monis] had a long history of violent crime, infatuation with extremism and mental instability   As the siege unfolded yesterday, he sought to cloak his actions with the symbolism of the ISIL death cult "Prof Greg Barton (from Deakin University) and Dr Clarke Jones (ANU) told the inquest that Monis was a loner and had mental health problems, and was desperate to attach himself to something  Clarke suggested that if the Rebels had accepted his membership then the siege might not have happened  Roger Shanahan from the Lowy Institute said that if Monis had followed ISIS direction he would have just killed everyone The chief of ASIO Duncan Lewis confirmed that he believed Monis to be a terrorist  However, former counter-terrorism adviser to the White House, Richard A  Clarke, said, "I don't think this was a lone wolf terrorist, I don't think this was a terrorist at all, I think this was someone who was committing suicide by police as a lot of people with mental problems do, and now, if they say they're a terrorist, if they say they're somehow associated with ISIS or Al Qaeda, it becomes a major event that shuts down the city and gets international attention  This was a person with a mental problem who tried to gain attention and succeeded, tried to shut down the city and succeeded, merely by putting up a flag that was something like the flag of ISIS "The difference between terrorism and terrorising acts was noted in one analysis as "enormously important"—it added that in Monis's case, terrorism "was clearly an element, but he was coming to the end of his rope with a variety of legal processes; there was clearly some mental instability " One view was that his lack of ties to any movement did not preclude his being a terrorist as it is "an inclusive club"  Another commentator said, "There can be also no doubt that his attack was a terrorist act, as defined under Australia's Criminal Code Act 1995" and that, "he was a terrorist, clearly influenced by IS" One terrorism expert, Professor Greg Barton, described Monis's actions as those of a "lone wolf terrorist     driven by a desire for attention and to be in the spotlight", and his use of the flag was described as "the only way" to instil fear on a global scale  Professor Michael Wesley, Director of the School of International, Political and Strategic Studies at the Australian National University said the attack "was very different from first-generation or second-generation terrorist attacks—but it was terrorism, and terrorism of a brutal and more unpredictable sort " Another view was that describing the gunman as a terrorist was misplaced and would only serve the interests of ISIL  The supervisor of terrorism and security analysis for Stratfor said that this hostage-incident exhibits many of the elements associated with grassroots terrorism  A criminologist said that the event "was not about religion and neither was it a terrorist attack but given that perception by the paraphernalia Monis used "Conversely, Yassir Morsi, a researcher at the Centre for Muslim and non-Muslim Understanding in Australia, suggested that "before he flew the black flag, Monis was just a desperate man with a violent past" and that "he was just another gunman      the symbol (flag) rewrote Monis's violent past and gave grammar to his attack "Monis had entered the cafe without an ISIS flag  ASIO's previous investigations had found no links between Monis and any terrorist group  When a News reporter met him before the crisis she thought Monis was "lost and confused" and "harmless"  Habib said Monis was "sick and disturbed" and desperately seeking attention over his grievances with government officials that had nothing to do with terrorism In 2016, Monis was cited as one of a number of recent violent attackers who were mentally disturbed and operated under the justification of Islamist ideas or slogans  Other examples include the as-of-yet unidentified perpetrator of the Munich knife attack and Michael Zehaf-Bibeau, the perpetrator of the 2014 shootings at Parliament Hill, Ottawa  According to psychologists and psychiatrists who study radicalisation, jihad propaganda and calls to kill infidels can push mentally-ill individuals to act, even in the absence of direct or personal contact with radical Islamists In February 2017, United States President Donald Trump cited the Sydney siege as an example of what he claimed was deliberate underreporting of terrorist attacks by the media, notwithstanding that the event received "blanket coverage" in local and international news 

The coroner's finding
Following the Sydney siege inquest, in May 2017, the NSW Coroner Michael Barnes determined that "The siege was a terrorist incident "

Police weapons and tactics
During the siege, an Australian Army Tactical Assault Group East team at Holsworthy Barracks evaluated the floorplan of the cafe and gave advice to police  Mitchell McAlister, a former member of TAG East, questioned the police use of M4A1 carbines with 5 56 mm rounds over Heckler & Koch MP5 submachine guns Katrina Dawson died from a fragment of a police bullet, and other hostages appear to have been hit by bullets that ricocheted off the concrete building  It was unclear why 22 shots were fired by police, of which 13 hit Monis  Police have been criticised for both the high powered weapons used and the number of shots fired 

Negotiation
During the siege, no significant effort was made to negotiate with Monis, as would normally be expected in a hostage situation in order to build a relationship with a gunman and persuade them to surrender  Instead, Monis received no encouragement or assistance from trained police negotiators Help was offered by the Muslim community including the Grand Mufti and Mamdouh Habib who had known Monis personally  Habib offered to help negotiate or provide background information to the police  These offers were not taken up It has been suggested that the police treatment of the siege as a terrorist attack may have led to errors such as making no attempt to negotiate with the gunman as would have been normal practice in other hostage situations  One commentator, Guy Rundle, questioned whether the police may have used a "crude rule" that "we don't negotiate with terrorists" that affected their procedures  It might also explain the choice of weapon in a small enclosure against a lone gunman  These factors may have directly led to the deaths of Johnson and Dawson 

ISIL flag
During the siege, police asked Muslims in Sydney to source an ISIL flag for Monis, before obtaining their own  The police later raided several houses of people contacted by Ms Kay who was attempting to find an ISIL flag  Ms Kay assumed that the phone calls had been monitored, and that the request had been solely to find out who she would contact, lowering trust among Muslims in the NSW police force 

Lack of detection
The security forces have been criticised for not recognising that Monis was a threat, and for taking him off their watch list in 2008  This may have been because they overlooked key evidence, or it may have been because there was simply no evidence to collect  The federal/state joint review found that the relevant agencies' analysis had been reasonable 

Law and politics
After the siege, the revelation that the new Bail Act had allowed Monis to be granted bail sparked calls to further tighten the law; however, a review had already been conducted in the wake of earlier controversial bail releases, with the new law set "to take effect next year" (that is, on 28 January 2015)  Former director of public prosecutions in New South Wales, Nicholas Cowdery, said he was not sure that the amended law would have changed anything in Monis's case, saying that "There will always be, unfortunately, some exceptional events which laws and controls put in place before the event could not have prevented"  Homicide detectives sent a letter to the Director of Public Prosecutions (DPP) urging them to challenge the bail decision for Monis, but a commissioned officer did not pass it on to the DPP  Michael Esposito, writing for the Law Society of South Australia, noted that the shocking nature of the Sydney siege had the power to prompt reviews of bail laws across Australia Some commentators expressed concerns about immigration and citizenship processes  Monis's "confused agenda" meant that Amnesty International did not realise that he and Boroujerdim, who had sought help in 1997, were the same man until they went back through their records  In the absence of hard evidence, suggestions that Monis represented a growing trend of systemic failure, rather than being an aberration, were noted as dangerous to public confidence; to the separation of powers; to the idea of innocence till proven guilty and also to social cohesion by inviting suspicion of people from the Middle East In the week after the siege, it was revealed that John Robertson, NSW Opposition leader, had sent a letter which passed on a request made by Monis, a constituent in his Blacktown electorate, to the Department of Family and Community Services in 2011  The letter was, according to Robertson, routine procedure on behalf of a constituent and written in support of Monis's request for a supervised visit with his children on Father's Day despite an apprehended violence order against him  The Department declined Monis's request  As pressure mounted on Robertson to resign as Leader of the Labor Party, and three months away from the 2015 state election, he stood aside on 23 December 2014 

Violence
Commentators considered Monis's history of domestic violence, with a family violence expert arguing that it should have been considered when bail was given  A columnist noted that while his behaviour highlighted an "epidemic" of violence towards women, the media focus remained on terrorism Historians of religion and politics also critically reviewed the role of violence committed in the name of religion 

Media
Debate followed about the difficulty of managing a police operation in the presence of continuous global media coverage as well as the likely damage caused by the spread of rumour  Particular criticism was levelled at Rupert Murdoch and News Corp for spreading false information as well as for insensitivity and "gross ethical violations"  Commissioner Scipione and chair of the Australian Press Council, Professor Julian Disney released statements about the media coverage after the event  Beyond misinformation, concerns were raised regarding the presentation of crises as entertainment Australian Broadcasting Corporation's Four Corners aired a two-part broadcast, interviewing former hostages, and the families of deceased Katrina Dawson and Tori Johnson 

Memorials and legacy
A month after the siege, police, ambulance workers, firefighters and others were officially thanked at NSW Government House  Memorial plaques were placed inside the reopened Lindt café  A permanent memorial to the victims of the siege will incorporate the flowers from Martin Place, which are to be mulched and incorporated into its garden element  The memorial was opened in December, 2017 The premiere of Jonathon Welch's choral piece Street Requiem in February 2015 was dedicated to the siege victims and to those who died in the Charlie Hebdo shooting in Paris Composer Lyle Chan, who resides less than a kilometre from the Lindt cafe, wrote two works influenced by the events  Sea of Flowers was premiered by conductor Alondra de la Parra and the Queensland Symphony Orchestra in May 2015  Chan's Love Is Always Born (December), with original words by Michael Leunig and 'Silent Night' in Arabic, was commissioned and premiered by the Song Company at concerts around the first anniversary of the events Dawson's family created the Katrina Dawson Foundation and scholarships to The Women's College, University of Sydney to provide financial assistance to young women for their university education  The first recipients started university in 2016 Senator Dean Smith, a homosexual Liberal Party member, changed his views on same-sex marriage in Australia due to Tori Johnson and his partner of 14 years  Smith later introduced a bill aimed at legalising same-sex marriage to the Senate, which became law A ceremony unveiling the memorial was held on 16 December 2017 The Lindt Cafe closed in October 2021 due to lack of patronage caused by the COVID-19 pandemic and ongoing construction work for the Sydney Metro 

See also
List of mass shootings in Australia
Sydney siege inquest
2015 Parramatta shooting
Crime in Australia
Islam in Australia
Context 3: Passage 1:
Rabi cycle
In physics, the Rabi cycle (or Rabi flop) is the cyclic behaviour of a two-level quantum system in the presence of an oscillatory driving field  A great variety of physical processes belonging to the areas of quantum computing, condensed matter, atomic and molecular physics, and nuclear and particle physics can be conveniently studied in terms of two-level quantum mechanical systems, and exhibit Rabi flopping when coupled to an optical driving field  The effect is important in quantum optics, magnetic resonance and quantum computing, and is named after Isidor Isaac Rabi 
A two-level system is one that has two possible energy levels  These two levels are a ground state with lower energy and an excited state with higher energy  If the energy levels are not degenerate (i e  not having equal energies), the system can absorb a quantum of energy and transition from the ground state to the "excited" state  When an atom (or some other two-level system) is illuminated by a coherent beam of photons, it will cyclically absorb photons and re-emit them by stimulated emission  One such cycle is called a Rabi cycle, and the inverse of its duration is the Rabi frequency of the photon beam  The effect can be modeled using the Jaynes–Cummings model and the Bloch vector formalism 

Mathematical description
A detailed mathematical description of the effect can be found on the page for the Rabi problem  For example, for a two-state atom (an atom in which an electron can either be in the excited or ground state) in an electromagnetic field with frequency tuned to the excitation energy, the probability of finding the atom in the excited state is found from the Bloch equations to be

  
    
      
        
          |
        
        
          c
          
            b
          
        
        (
        t
        )
        
          
            |
          
          
            2
          
        
        ∝
        
          sin
          
            2
          
        
        ⁡
        (
        ω
        t
        
          /
        
        2
        )
        ,
      
    
    {\displaystyle |c_{b}(t)|^{2}\propto \sin ^{2}(\omega t/2),}
  where 
  
    
      
        ω
      
    
    {\displaystyle \omega }
   is the Rabi frequency 
More generally, one can consider a system where the two levels under consideration are not energy eigenstates  Therefore, if the system is initialized in one of these levels, time evolution will make the population of each of the levels oscillate with some characteristic frequency, whose angular frequency is also known as the Rabi frequency  The state of a two-state quantum system can be represented as vectors of a two-dimensional complex Hilbert space, which means that every state vector 
  
    
      
        
          |
        
        ψ
        ⟩
      
    
    {\displaystyle |\psi \rangle }
   is represented by complex coordinates:

  
    
      
        
          |
        
        ψ
        ⟩
        =
        
          
            (
            
              
                
                  
                    c
                    
                      1
                    
                  
                
              
              
                
                  
                    c
                    
                      2
                    
                  
                
              
            
            )
          
        
        =
        
          c
          
            1
          
        
        
          
            (
            
              
                
                  1
                
              
              
                
                  0
                
              
            
            )
          
        
        +
        
          c
          
            2
          
        
        
          
            (
            
              
                
                  0
                
              
              
                
                  1
                
              
            
            )
          
        
        ,
      
    
    {\displaystyle |\psi \rangle ={\begin{pmatrix}c_{1}\\c_{2}\end{pmatrix}}=c_{1}{\begin{pmatrix}1\\0\end{pmatrix}}+c_{2}{\begin{pmatrix}0\\1\end{pmatrix}},}
  where 
  
    
      
        
          c
          
            1
          
        
      
    
    {\displaystyle c_{1}}
   and 
  
    
      
        
          c
          
            2
          
        
      
    
    {\displaystyle c_{2}}
   are the coordinates If the vectors are normalized, 
  
    
      
        
          c
          
            1
          
        
      
    
    {\displaystyle c_{1}}
   and 
  
    
      
        
          c
          
            2
          
        
      
    
    {\displaystyle c_{2}}
   are related by 
  
    
      
        
          |
        
        
          c
          
            1
          
        
        
          
            |
          
          
            2
          
        
        +
        
          |
        
        
          c
          
            2
          
        
        
          
            |
          
          
            2
          
        
        =
        1
      
    
    {\displaystyle |c_{1}|^{2}+|c_{2}|^{2}=1}
    The basis vectors will be represented as 
  
    
      
        
          |
        
        0
        ⟩
        =
        
          
            (
            
              
                
                  1
                
              
              
                
                  0
                
              
            
            )
          
        
      
    
    {\displaystyle |0\rangle ={\begin{pmatrix}1\\0\end{pmatrix}}}
   and 
  
    
      
        
          |
        
        1
        ⟩
        =
        
          
            (
            
              
                
                  0
                
              
              
                
                  1
                
              
            
            )
          
        
      
    
    {\displaystyle |1\rangle ={\begin{pmatrix}0\\1\end{pmatrix}}}
   
All observable physical quantities associated with this systems are 2 × 2 Hermitian matrices, which means that the Hamiltonian of the system is also a similar matrix 

Procedure
One can construct an oscillation experiment through the following steps:
Prepare the system in a fixed state; for example, 
  
    
      
        
          |
        
        1
        ⟩
      
    
    {\displaystyle |1\rangle }
  
Let the state evolve freely, under a Hamiltonian H for time t
Find the probability 
  
    
      
        P
        (
        t
        )
      
    
    {\displaystyle P(t)}
  , that the state is in 
  
    
      
        
          |
        
        1
        ⟩
      
    
    {\displaystyle |1\rangle }
  If 
  
    
      
        
          |
        
        1
        ⟩
      
    
    {\displaystyle |1\rangle }
   is an eigenstate of H, 
  
    
      
        P
        (
        t
        )
        =
        1
      
    
    {\displaystyle P(t)=1}
   and there will be no oscillations  Also if the two states 
  
    
      
        
          |
        
        0
        ⟩
      
    
    {\displaystyle |0\rangle }
   and 
  
    
      
        
          |
        
        1
        ⟩
      
    
    {\displaystyle |1\rangle }
   are degenerate, every state including 
  
    
      
        
          |
        
        1
        ⟩
      
    
    {\displaystyle |1\rangle }
   is an eigenstate of H  As a result, there will be no oscillations 
On the other hand, if H has no degenerate eigenstates, and the initial state is not an eigenstate, then there will be oscillations  The most general form of the Hamiltonian of a two-state system is given

  
    
      
        
          H
        
        =
        
          
            (
            
              
                
                  
                    a
                    
                      0
                    
                  
                  +
                  
                    a
                    
                      3
                    
                  
                
                
                  
                    a
                    
                      1
                    
                  
                  −
                  i
                  
                    a
                    
                      2
                    
                  
                
              
              
                
                  
                    a
                    
                      1
                    
                  
                  +
                  i
                  
                    a
                    
                      2
                    
                  
                
                
                  
                    a
                    
                      0
                    
                  
                  −
                  
                    a
                    
                      3
                    
                  
                
              
            
            )
          
        
      
    
    {\displaystyle \mathbf {H} ={\begin{pmatrix}a_{0}+a_{3}&a_{1}-ia_{2}\\a_{1}+ia_{2}&a_{0}-a_{3}\end{pmatrix}}}
  here, 
  
    
      
        
          a
          
            0
          
        
        ,
        
          a
          
            1
          
        
        ,
        
          a
          
            2
          
        
      
    
    {\displaystyle a_{0},a_{1},a_{2}}
   and 
  
    
      
        
          a
          
            3
          
        
      
    
    {\displaystyle a_{3}}
   are real numbers  This matrix can be decomposed as,

  
    
      
        
          H
        
        =
        
          a
          
            0
          
        
        ⋅
        
          σ
          
            0
          
        
        +
        
          a
          
            1
          
        
        ⋅
        
          σ
          
            1
          
        
        +
        
          a
          
            2
          
        
        ⋅
        
          σ
          
            2
          
        
        +
        
          a
          
            3
          
        
        ⋅
        
          σ
          
            3
          
        
        ;
      
    
    {\displaystyle \mathbf {H} =a_{0}\cdot \sigma _{0}+a_{1}\cdot \sigma _{1}+a_{2}\cdot \sigma _{2}+a_{3}\cdot \sigma _{3};}
  The matrix 
  
    
      
        
          σ
          
            0
          
        
      
    
    {\displaystyle \sigma _{0}}
   is the 2 
  
    
      
        ×
      
    
    {\displaystyle \times }
   2 identity matrix and the matrices 
  
    
      
        
          σ
          
            k
          
        
        
        (
        k
        =
        1
        ,
        2
        ,
        3
        )
      
    
    {\displaystyle \sigma _{k}\;(k=1,2,3)}
   are the Pauli matrices  This decomposition simplifies the analysis of the system especially in the time-independent case where the values of 
  
    
      
        
          a
          
            0
          
        
        ,
        
          a
          
            1
          
        
        ,
        
          a
          
            2
          
        
      
    
    {\displaystyle a_{0},a_{1},a_{2}}
   and 
  
    
      
        
          a
          
            3
          
        
      
    
    {\displaystyle a_{3}}
  are constants  Consider the case of a spin-1/2 particle in a magnetic field 
  
    
      
        
          B
        
        =
        B
        
          
            
              z
              ^
            
          
        
      
    
    {\displaystyle \mathbf {B} =B\mathbf {\hat {z}} }
    The interaction Hamiltonian for this system is

  
    
      
        
          H
        
        =
        −
        
          μ
        
        ⋅
        
          B
        
        =
        −
        γ
        
          S
        
        ⋅
        
          B
        
        =
        −
        γ
         
        B
         
        
          S
          
            z
          
        
      
    
    {\displaystyle \mathbf {H} =-{\boldsymbol {\mu }}\cdot \mathbf {B} =-\gamma \mathbf {S} \cdot \mathbf {B} =-\gamma \ B\ S_{z}}
  , 
  
    
      
        
          S
          
            z
          
        
        =
        
          
            ℏ
            2
          
        
        
        
          σ
          
            3
          
        
        =
        
          
            ℏ
            2
          
        
        
          
            (
            
              
                
                  1
                
                
                  0
                
              
              
                
                  0
                
                
                  −
                  1
                
              
            
            )
          
        
        ,
      
    
    {\displaystyle S_{z}={\frac {\hbar }{2}}\,\sigma _{3}={\frac {\hbar }{2}}{\begin{pmatrix}1&0\\0&-1\end{pmatrix}},}
  where 
  
    
      
        μ
      
    
    {\displaystyle \mu }
   is the magnitude of the particle's magnetic moment, 
  
    
      
        γ
      
    
    {\displaystyle \gamma }
   is the Gyromagnetic ratio and 
  
    
      
        
          σ
        
      
    
    {\displaystyle {\boldsymbol {\sigma }}}
   is the vector of Pauli matrices  Here the eigenstates of Hamiltonian are eigenstates of 
  
    
      
        
          σ
          
            3
          
        
      
    
    {\displaystyle \sigma _{3}}
  , that is 
  
    
      
        
          |
        
        0
        ⟩
      
    
    {\displaystyle |0\rangle }
   and 
  
    
      
        
          |
        
        1
        ⟩
      
    
    {\displaystyle |1\rangle }
  , with corresponding eigenvalues of 
  
    
      
        
          E
          
            +
          
        
        =
        
          
            ℏ
            2
          
        
        γ
        B
         
        ,
         
        
          E
          
            −
          
        
        =
        −
        
          
            ℏ
            2
          
        
        γ
        B
      
    
    {\displaystyle E_{+}={\frac {\hbar }{2}}\gamma B\ ,\ E_{-}=-{\frac {\hbar }{2}}\gamma B}
    The probability that a system in the state 
  
    
      
        
          |
        
        ψ
        ⟩
      
    
    {\displaystyle |\psi \rangle }
   can be found in the arbitrary state 
  
    
      
        
          |
        
        ϕ
        ⟩
      
    
    {\displaystyle |\phi \rangle }
   is given by 
  
    
      
        
          
            
              |
            
            ⟨
            ϕ
            
              |
            
            ψ
            ⟩
            
              |
            
          
          
            2
          
        
      
    
    {\displaystyle {|\langle \phi |\psi \rangle |}^{2}}
   
Let the system be prepared in state 
  
    
      
        
          |
          
            +
            X
          
          ⟩
        
      
    
    {\displaystyle \left|+X\right\rangle }
   at time 
  
    
      
        t
        =
        0
      
    
    {\displaystyle t=0}
    Note that 
  
    
      
        
          |
          
            +
            X
          
          ⟩
        
      
    
    {\displaystyle \left|+X\right\rangle }
   is an eigenstate of 
  
    
      
        
          σ
          
            1
          
        
      
    
    {\displaystyle \sigma _{1}}
  :

  
    
      
        
          |
        
        ψ
        (
        0
        )
        ⟩
        =
        
          
            1
            
              2
            
          
        
        
          
            (
            
              
                
                  1
                
              
              
                
                  1
                
              
            
            )
          
        
        =
        
          
            1
            
              2
            
          
        
        
          
            (
            
              
                
                  1
                
              
              
                
                  0
                
              
            
            )
          
        
        +
        
          
            1
            
              2
            
          
        
        
          
            (
            
              
                
                  0
                
              
              
                
                  1
                
              
            
            )
          
        
         
      
    
    {\displaystyle |\psi (0)\rangle ={\frac {1}{\sqrt {2}}}{\begin{pmatrix}1\\1\end{pmatrix}}={\frac {1}{\sqrt {2}}}{\begin{pmatrix}1\\0\end{pmatrix}}+{\frac {1}{\sqrt {2}}}{\begin{pmatrix}0\\1\end{pmatrix}} }
  Here the Hamiltonian is time independent  Thus by solving the stationary Schrödinger equation, the state after time t is given by  with total energy of the system 
  
    
      
        E
      
    
    {\displaystyle E}
    So the state after time t is given by:

  
    
      
        
          |
        
        ψ
        (
        t
        )
        ⟩
        =
        
          e
          
            
              
                −
                i
                
                  E
                  
                    +
                  
                
                t
              
              ℏ
            
          
        
        
          
            1
            
              2
            
          
        
        
          |
        
        0
        ⟩
        +
        
          e
          
            
              
                −
                i
                
                  E
                  
                    −
                  
                
                t
              
              ℏ
            
          
        
        
          
            1
            
              2
            
          
        
        
          |
        
        1
        ⟩
      
    
    {\displaystyle |\psi (t)\rangle =e^{\frac {-iE_{+}t}{\hbar }}{\frac {1}{\sqrt {2}}}|0\rangle +e^{\frac {-iE_{-}t}{\hbar }}{\frac {1}{\sqrt {2}}}|1\rangle }
   Now suppose the spin is measured in x-direction at time t  The probability of finding spin-up is given by:where 
  
    
      
        ω
      
    
    {\displaystyle \omega }
   is a characteristic angular frequency given by 
  
    
      
        ω
        =
        
          
            
              
                E
                
                  +
                
              
              −
              
                E
                
                  −
                
              
            
            ℏ
          
        
        =
        γ
        B
      
    
    {\displaystyle \omega ={\frac {E_{+}-E_{-}}{\hbar }}=\gamma B}
  , where it has been assumed that 
  
    
      
        
          E
          
            −
          
        
        ≤
        
          E
          
            +
          
        
      
    
    {\displaystyle E_{-}\leq E_{+}}
    So in this case the probability of finding spin-up in x-direction is oscillatory in time 
  
    
      
        t
      
    
    {\displaystyle t}
   when the system's spin is initially in the 
  
    
      
        
          |
          
            +
            X
          
          ⟩
        
      
    
    {\displaystyle \left|+X\right\rangle }
   direction  Similarly, if we measure the spin in the 
  
    
      
        
          |
          
            +
            Z
          
          ⟩
        
      
    
    {\displaystyle \left|+Z\right\rangle }
  -direction, the probability of measuring spin as 
  
    
      
        
          
            
              ℏ
              2
            
          
        
      
    
    {\displaystyle {\tfrac {\hbar }{2}}}
   of the system is 
  
    
      
        
          
            
              1
              2
            
          
        
      
    
    {\displaystyle {\tfrac {1}{2}}}
    In the degenerate case where 
  
    
      
        
          E
          
            +
          
        
        =
        
          E
          
            −
          
        
      
    
    {\displaystyle E_{+}=E_{-}}
  , the characteristic frequency is 0 and there is no oscillation 
Notice that if a system is in an eigenstate of a given Hamiltonian, the system remains in that state 
This is true even for time dependent Hamiltonians  Taking for example 
  
    
      
        
          
            
              H
              ^
            
          
        
        =
        −
        γ
         
        
          S
          
            z
          
        
        B
        sin
        ⁡
        (
        ω
        t
        )
      
    
    {\textstyle {\hat {H}}=-\gamma \ S_{z}B\sin(\omega t)}
  ; if the system's initial spin state is 
  
    
      
        
          |
          
            +
            Y
          
          ⟩
        
      
    
    {\displaystyle \left|+Y\right\rangle }
  , then the probability that a measurement of the spin in the y-direction results in 
  
    
      
        +
        
          
            
              ℏ
              2
            
          
        
      
    
    {\displaystyle +{\tfrac {\hbar }{2}}}
   at time 
  
    
      
        t
      
    
    {\displaystyle t}
   is 
  
    
      
        
          
            
              |
              
                ⟨
                
                  
                  +
                  Y
                  
                    |
                  
                  ψ
                  (
                  t
                  )
                
                ⟩
              
              |
            
          
          
            2
          
        
        
        =
        
          cos
          
            2
          
        
        ⁡
        
          (
          
            
              
                
                  γ
                  B
                
                
                  2
                  ω
                
              
            
            cos
            ⁡
            
              (
              
                ω
                t
              
              )
            
          
          )
        
      
    
    {\textstyle {\left|\left\langle \,+Y|\psi (t)\right\rangle \right|}^{2}\,=\cos ^{2}\left({\frac {\gamma B}{2\omega }}\cos \left({\omega t}\right)\right)}
   

Derivation using nonperturbative procedure by means of the Pauli matrices
Consider a Hamiltonian of the formThe eigenvalues of this matrix are given bywhere 
  
    
      
        
          W
        
        =
        
          W
          
            1
          
        
        +
        i
        
          W
          
            2
          
        
      
    
    {\displaystyle \mathbf {W} =W_{1}+iW_{2}}
   and 
  
    
      
        
          
            
              |
              W
              |
            
          
          
            2
          
        
        =
        
          
            
              W
              
                1
              
            
          
          
            2
          
        
        +
        
          
            
              W
              
                2
              
            
          
          
            2
          
        
        =
        W
        
          W
          
            ∗
          
        
      
    
    {\displaystyle {\left\vert W\right\vert }^{2}={W_{1}}^{2}+{W_{2}}^{2}=WW^{*}}
  , so we can take 
  
    
      
        
          W
        
        =
        
          
            |
            W
            |
          
        
        
          e
          
            i
            ϕ
          
        
      
    
    {\displaystyle \mathbf {W} ={\left\vert W\right\vert }e^{i\phi }}
   
Now, eigenvectors for 
  
    
      
        
          E
          
            +
          
        
      
    
    {\displaystyle E_{+}}
   can be found from equationSoApplying the normalization condition on the eigenvectors, 
  
    
      
        
          
            
              |
              a
              |
            
          
          
            2
          
        
        +
        
          
            
              |
              b
              |
            
          
          
            2
          
        
        =
        1
      
    
    {\displaystyle {\left\vert a\right\vert }^{2}+{\left\vert b\right\vert }^{2}=1}
    SoLet 
  
    
      
        sin
        ⁡
        θ
        =
        
          
            
              |
              W
              |
            
            
              
                
                  Δ
                
                
                  2
                
              
              +
              
                
                  
                    |
                    W
                    |
                  
                
                
                  2
                
              
            
          
        
      
    
    {\displaystyle \sin \theta ={\frac {\left\vert W\right\vert }{\sqrt {{\Delta }^{2}+{\left\vert W\right\vert }^{2}}}}}
   and 
  
    
      
        cos
        ⁡
        θ
        =
        
          
            Δ
            
              
                
                  Δ
                
                
                  2
                
              
              +
              
                
                  
                    |
                    W
                    |
                  
                
                
                  2
                
              
            
          
        
      
    
    {\displaystyle \cos \theta ={\frac {\Delta }{\sqrt {{\Delta }^{2}+{\left\vert W\right\vert }^{2}}}}}
    So 
  
    
      
        tan
        ⁡
        θ
        =
        
          
            
              |
              W
              |
            
            Δ
          
        
      
    
    {\displaystyle \tan \theta ={\frac {\left\vert W\right\vert }{\Delta }}}
   
So we get 
  
    
      
        
          
            
              |
              a
              |
            
          
          
            2
          
        
        +
        
          
            
              |
              a
              |
            
          
          
            2
          
        
        
          
            
              (
              
                1
                −
                cos
                ⁡
                θ
              
              
                )
                
                  2
                
              
            
            
              
                sin
                
                  2
                
              
              ⁡
              θ
            
          
        
        =
        1
      
    
    {\textstyle {\left\vert a\right\vert }^{2}+{\left\vert a\right\vert }^{2}{\frac {({1-\cos \theta })^{2}}{\sin ^{2}\theta }}=1}
    That is 
  
    
      
        
          
            
              |
              a
              |
            
          
          
            2
          
        
        =
        
          cos
          
            2
          
        
        ⁡
        
          (
          
            
              
                θ
                2
              
            
          
          )
        
      
    
    {\displaystyle {\left\vert a\right\vert }^{2}=\cos ^{2}\left({\tfrac {\theta }{2}}\right)}
  , using the identity 
  
    
      
        tan
        ⁡
        (
        
          
            
              θ
              2
            
          
        
        )
        =
        
          
            
              
                1
                −
                cos
                ⁡
                (
                θ
                )
              
              
                sin
                ⁡
                (
                θ
                )
              
            
          
        
      
    
    {\textstyle \tan({\tfrac {\theta }{2}})={\tfrac {1-\cos(\theta )}{\sin(\theta )}}}
   
The phase of 
  
    
      
        a
      
    
    {\textstyle a}
   relative to 
  
    
      
        b
      
    
    {\textstyle b}
   should be 
  
    
      
        −
        ϕ
      
    
    {\textstyle -\phi }
   
Choosing 
  
    
      
        a
      
    
    {\textstyle a}
   to be real, the eigenvector for the eigenvalue 
  
    
      
        
          E
          
            +
          
        
      
    
    {\displaystyle E_{+}}
   is given bySimilarly, the eigenvector for eigenenergy 
  
    
      
        
          E
          
            −
          
        
      
    
    {\textstyle E_{-}}
   isFrom these two equations, we can writeSuppose the system starts in state 
  
    
      
        
          |
        
        0
        ⟩
      
    
    {\displaystyle |0\rangle }
   at time 
  
    
      
        t
        =
        0
      
    
    {\textstyle t=0}
  ; that is,For a time-independent Hamiltonian, after time t, the state evolves asIf the system is in one of the eigenstates 
  
    
      
        
          |
        
        
          E
          
            +
          
        
        ⟩
      
    
    {\displaystyle |E_{+}\rangle }
   or 
  
    
      
        
          |
        
        
          E
          
            −
          
        
        ⟩
      
    
    {\displaystyle |E_{-}\rangle }
  , it will remain the same state  However, for a time-dependent Hamiltonian and a general initial state as shown above, the time evolution is non trivial   The resulting formula for the Rabi oscillation is valid because the state of the spin may be viewed in a reference frame that rotates along with the field The probability amplitude of finding the system at time t in the state 
  
    
      
        
          |
        
        1
        ⟩
      
    
    {\displaystyle |1\rangle }
   is given by 
  
    
      
        
          ⟨
          
             
            1
            
              |
            
            ψ
            (
            t
            )
          
          ⟩
        
        =
        
          e
          
            i
            ϕ
          
        
        sin
        ⁡
        
          (
          
            
              
                θ
                2
              
            
          
          )
        
        cos
        ⁡
        
          (
          
            
              
                θ
                2
              
            
          
          )
        
        
          (
          
            
              e
              
                
                  
                    −
                    i
                    
                      E
                      
                        +
                      
                    
                    t
                  
                  ℏ
                
              
            
            −
            
              e
              
                
                  
                    −
                    i
                    
                      E
                      
                        −
                      
                    
                    t
                  
                  ℏ
                
              
            
          
          )
        
      
    
    {\textstyle \left\langle \ 1|\psi (t)\right\rangle =e^{i\phi }\sin \left({\tfrac {\theta }{2}}\right)\cos \left({\tfrac {\theta }{2}}\right)\left(e^{\frac {-iE_{+}t}{\hbar }}-e^{\frac {-iE_{-}t}{\hbar }}\right)}
   
Now the probability that a system in the state 
  
    
      
        
          |
        
        ψ
        (
        t
        )
        ⟩
      
    
    {\displaystyle |\psi (t)\rangle }
   will be found to be in the state 
  
    
      
        
          |
        
        1
        ⟩
      
    
    {\textstyle |1\rangle }
   is given byThis can be simplified to 

This shows that there is a finite probability of finding the system in state 
  
    
      
        
          |
        
        1
        ⟩
      
    
    {\displaystyle |1\rangle }
   when the system is originally in the state 
  
    
      
        
          |
        
        0
        ⟩
      
    
    {\displaystyle |0\rangle }
    The probability is oscillatory with angular frequency 
  
    
      
        ω
        =
        
          
            
              
                E
                
                  +
                
              
              −
              
                E
                
                  −
                
              
            
            
              2
              ℏ
            
          
        
        =
        
          
            
              
                
                  Δ
                
                
                  2
                
              
              +
              
                
                  
                    |
                    W
                    |
                  
                
                
                  2
                
              
            
            ℏ
          
        
      
    
    {\displaystyle \omega ={\frac {E_{+}-E_{-}}{2\hbar }}={\frac {\sqrt {{\Delta }^{2}+{\left\vert W\right\vert }^{2}}}{\hbar }}}
  , which is simply unique Bohr frequency of the system and also called Rabi frequency  The formula (1) is known as Rabi formula  Now after time t the probability that the system in state 
  
    
      
        
          |
        
        0
        ⟩
      
    
    {\displaystyle |0\rangle }
   is given by 
  
    
      
        
          
            
              |
            
            ⟨
             
            0
            
              |
            
            ψ
            (
            t
            )
            ⟩
            
              |
            
          
          
            2
          
        
        =
        1
        −
        
          sin
          
            2
          
        
        ⁡
        (
        θ
        )
        
          sin
          
            2
          
        
        ⁡
        
          (
          
            
              
                (
                
                  E
                  
                    +
                  
                
                −
                
                  E
                  
                    −
                  
                
                )
                t
              
              
                2
                ℏ
              
            
          
          )
        
      
    
    {\displaystyle {|\langle \ 0|\psi (t)\rangle |}^{2}=1-\sin ^{2}(\theta )\sin ^{2}\left({\frac {(E_{+}-E_{-})t}{2\hbar }}\right)}
  , which is also oscillatory 
These types of oscillations of two-level systems are called Rabi oscillations, which arise in many problems such as Neutrino oscillation, the ionized Hydrogen molecule, Quantum computing, Ammonia maser, etc 

In quantum computing
Any two-state quantum system can be used to model a qubit   Consider a spin-
  
    
      
        
          
            
              1
              2
            
          
        
      
    
    {\displaystyle {\tfrac {1}{2}}}
   system with magnetic moment 
  
    
      
        
          μ
        
      
    
    {\displaystyle {\boldsymbol {\mu }}}
   placed in a classical magnetic field 
  
    
      
        
          B
        
        =
        
          B
          
            0
          
        
         
        
          
            
              z
              ^
            
          
        
        +
        
          B
          
            1
          
        
        
          (
          
            cos
            ⁡
            
              (
              ω
              t
              )
            
             
            
              
                
                  x
                  ^
                
              
            
            −
            sin
            ⁡
            
              (
              ω
              t
              )
            
             
            
              
                
                  y
                  ^
                
              
            
          
          )
        
      
    
    {\displaystyle {\boldsymbol {B}}=B_{0}\ {\hat {z}}+B_{1}\left(\cos {(\omega t)}\ {\hat {x}}-\sin {(\omega t)}\ {\hat {y}}\right)}
     Let 
  
    
      
        γ
      
    
    {\displaystyle \gamma }
   be the gyromagnetic ratio for the system  The magnetic moment is thus 
  
    
      
        
          μ
        
        =
        
          
            ℏ
            2
          
        
        γ
        
          σ
        
      
    
    {\displaystyle {\boldsymbol {\mu }}={\frac {\hbar }{2}}\gamma {\boldsymbol {\sigma }}}
     The Hamiltonian of this system is then given by 
  
    
      
        
          H
        
        =
        −
        
          μ
        
        ⋅
        
          B
        
        =
        −
        
          
            ℏ
            2
          
        
        
          ω
          
            0
          
        
        
          σ
          
            z
          
        
        −
        
          
            ℏ
            2
          
        
        
          ω
          
            1
          
        
        (
        
          σ
          
            x
          
        
        cos
        ⁡
        ω
        t
        −
        
          σ
          
            y
          
        
        sin
        ⁡
        ω
        t
        )
      
    
    {\displaystyle \mathbf {H} =-{\boldsymbol {\mu }}\cdot \mathbf {B} =-{\frac {\hbar }{2}}\omega _{0}\sigma _{z}-{\frac {\hbar }{2}}\omega _{1}(\sigma _{x}\cos \omega t-\sigma _{y}\sin \omega t)}
   where 
  
    
      
        
          ω
          
            0
          
        
        =
        γ
        
          B
          
            0
          
        
      
    
    {\displaystyle \omega _{0}=\gamma B_{0}}
   and 
  
    
      
        
          ω
          
            1
          
        
        =
        γ
        
          B
          
            1
          
        
      
    
    {\displaystyle \omega _{1}=\gamma B_{1}}
     One can find the eigenvalues and eigenvectors of this Hamiltonian by the above-mentioned procedure   Now, let the qubit be in state 
  
    
      
        
          |
        
        0
        ⟩
      
    
    {\displaystyle |0\rangle }
   at time 
  
    
      
        t
        =
        0
      
    
    {\displaystyle t=0}
     Then, at time 
  
    
      
        t
      
    
    {\displaystyle t}
  , the probability of it being found in state 
  
    
      
        
          |
        
        1
        ⟩
      
    
    {\displaystyle |1\rangle }
   is given by  
  
    
      
        
          P
          
            0
            →
            1
          
        
        (
        t
        )
        =
        
          
            (
            
              
                
                  ω
                  
                    1
                  
                
                Ω
              
            
            )
          
          
            2
          
        
        
          sin
          
            2
          
        
        ⁡
        
          (
          
            
              
                Ω
                t
              
              2
            
          
          )
        
      
    
    {\displaystyle P_{0\to 1}(t)=\left({\frac {\omega _{1}}{\Omega }}\right)^{2}\sin ^{2}\left({\frac {\Omega t}{2}}\right)}
   where 
  
    
      
        Ω
        =
        
          
            (
            ω
            −
            
              ω
              
                0
              
            
            
              )
              
                2
              
            
            +
            
              ω
              
                1
              
              
                2
              
            
          
        
      
    
    {\displaystyle \Omega ={\sqrt {(\omega -\omega _{0})^{2}+\omega _{1}^{2}}}}
     This phenomenon is called Rabi oscillation   Thus, the qubit oscillates between the 
  
    
      
        
          |
        
        0
        ⟩
      
    
    {\displaystyle |0\rangle }
   and 
  
    
      
        
          |
        
        1
        ⟩
      
    
    {\displaystyle |1\rangle }
   states  The maximum amplitude for oscillation is achieved at 
  
    
      
        ω
        =
        
          ω
          
            0
          
        
      
    
    {\displaystyle \omega =\omega _{0}}
  , which is the condition for resonance  At resonance, the transition probability is given by 
  
    
      
        
          P
          
            0
            →
            1
          
        
        (
        t
        )
        =
        
          sin
          
            2
          
        
        ⁡
        
          (
          
            
              
                
                  ω
                  
                    1
                  
                
                t
              
              2
            
          
          )
        
      
    
    {\displaystyle P_{0\to 1}(t)=\sin ^{2}\left({\frac {\omega _{1}t}{2}}\right)}
    To go from state 
  
    
      
        
          |
        
        0
        ⟩
      
    
    {\displaystyle |0\rangle }
   to state 
  
    
      
        
          |
        
        1
        ⟩
      
    
    {\displaystyle |1\rangle }
   it is sufficient to adjust the time 
  
    
      
        t
      
    
    {\displaystyle t}
   during which the rotating field acts such that 
  
    
      
        
          
            
              
                ω
                
                  1
                
              
              t
            
            2
          
        
        =
        
          
            π
            2
          
        
      
    
    {\displaystyle {\frac {\omega _{1}t}{2}}={\frac {\pi }{2}}}
   or 
  
    
      
        t
        =
        
          
            π
            
              ω
              
                1
              
            
          
        
      
    
    {\displaystyle t={\frac {\pi }{\omega _{1}}}}
    This is called a 
  
    
      
        π
      
    
    {\displaystyle \pi }
   pulse  If a time intermediate between 0 and 
  
    
      
        
          
            π
            
              ω
              
                1
              
            
          
        
      
    
    {\displaystyle {\frac {\pi }{\omega _{1}}}}
   is chosen, we obtain a superposition of 
  
    
      
        
          |
        
        0
        ⟩
      
    
    {\displaystyle |0\rangle }
   and 
  
    
      
        
          |
        
        1
        ⟩
      
    
    {\displaystyle |1\rangle }
    In particular for 
  
    
      
        t
        =
        
          
            π
            
              2
              
                ω
                
                  1
                
              
            
          
        
      
    
    {\displaystyle t={\frac {\pi }{2\omega _{1}}}}
  , we have a 
  
    
      
        
          
            π
            2
          
        
      
    
    {\displaystyle {\frac {\pi }{2}}}
   pulse, which acts as: 
  
    
      
        
          |
        
        0
        ⟩
        →
        
          
            
              
                |
              
              0
              ⟩
              +
              i
              
                |
              
              1
              ⟩
            
            
              2
            
          
        
      
    
    {\displaystyle |0\rangle \to {\frac {|0\rangle +i|1\rangle }{\sqrt {2}}}}
    This operation has crucial importance in quantum computing  The equations are essentially identical in the case of a two level atom in the field of a laser when the generally well satisfied rotating wave approximation is made  Then 
  
    
      
        ℏ
        
          ω
          
            0
          
        
      
    
    {\displaystyle \hbar \omega _{0}}
   is the energy difference between the two atomic levels, 
  
    
      
        ω
      
    
    {\displaystyle \omega }
   is the frequency of laser wave and Rabi frequency 
  
    
      
        
          ω
          
            1
          
        
      
    
    {\displaystyle \omega _{1}}
   is proportional to the product of the transition electric dipole moment of atom 
  
    
      
        
          
            
              d
              →
            
          
        
      
    
    {\displaystyle {\vec {d}}}
   and electric field 
  
    
      
        
          
            
              E
              →
            
          
        
      
    
    {\displaystyle {\vec {E}}}
   of the laser wave that is 
  
    
      
        
          ω
          
            1
          
        
        ∝
        ℏ
         
        
          
            
              d
              →
            
          
        
        ⋅
        
          
            
              E
              →
            
          
        
      
    
    {\displaystyle \omega _{1}\propto \hbar \ {\vec {d}}\cdot {\vec {E}}}
    In summary, Rabi oscillations are the basic process used to manipulate qubits  These oscillations are obtained by exposing qubits to periodic electric or magnetic fields during suitably adjusted time intervals 

See also
Atomic coherence
Bloch sphere
Laser pumping
Optical pumping
Rabi problem
Vacuum Rabi oscillation
Neutral particle oscillation
Passage 2:
Steven Kahn
Steven Michael Kahn (born 1954) is an American physicist currently the Cassius Lamb Kirk Professor at Stanford University and formerly the I  I  Rabi Professor of Physics at Columbia University and is an Elected Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences and American Physical Society Kahn graduated summa cum laude from Columbia College in 1975, and received a PhD in physics from University of California, Berkeley in 1980  He was a post-doctoral fellow at the Center for Astrophysics | Harvard & Smithsonian from 1980 to 1982 

Honors
Asteroid 179413 Stevekahn, discovered by astronomers with the Sloan Digital Sky Survey in 2001, was named in his honor  The official naming citation was published by IAU's WGSBN on 7 February 2022 
Passage 3:
Rabbi Jonathan
Rabbi Jonathan (Hebrew: רבי יונתן, Rabi Yonatan) was a tanna of the 2nd century and schoolfellow of R  Josiah, apart from whom he is rarely quoted 
Jonathan is generally so cited within further designation; but there is ample reason for identifying him with the less frequently occurring Jonathan (or Nathan) b  Joseph (or "Jose") 

Biography
In consequence of the Hadrianic religious persecutions he determined to emigrate from Israel, and with several other scholars started on a journey to foreign parts  But his patriotism and innate love for the Holy Land would not permit him to remain abroad Jonathan and Josiah were educated together at the academy of Ishmael ben Elisha, whose dialectic system, as opposed to that of Rabbi Akiva, they acquired  It is even reported that Jonathan all but converted Ben Azzai, a "fellow student" of Akiva, to Ishmael's system, and made him deeply regret his failure to study it more closely  Ben 'Azzai then exclaimed, "Woe is me that I have not waited on Ishmael"  Nevertheless, in later years, probably after Ishmael's death, both Jonathan and Josiah adopted some of Akiva's principles  Of Jonathan it is expressly stated that "he followed the system of his teacher Akiva" 

Teachings
Together, Jonathan and Josiah devoted their analytical minds to midrash halachah, interpreting laws as they understood them from the corresponding Scriptural texts, but not suggesting them  Only one halakhah unconnected with a Scriptural text bears their names  Their argumentations are mostly embodied in the Mekhilta (about thirty) and in the Sifre to Numbers (over forty)  Neither Jonathan nor Josiah appears in Rebbi's compilation of the Mishnah, with the exception of a single teaching, in the name of Jonathan Of other ancient compilations, the Tosefta cites these scholars once, while the Sifra mentions them twice by their names; once "Jonathan ben Joseph" occurs; and some of R  Josiah's midrashim are cited, but anonymously Contrary to the astrological views of his times, Jonathan taught the Scriptural idea of natural phenomena; quoting Jeremiah 10:2, he added: "Eclipses may frighten Gentiles, but they have no significance for Jews"  To the question as to the permissibility of profaning the Sabbath to save human life he answered, "The Law says 'The children of Israel shall keep the Sabbath, to observe the Sabbath throughout their generations'; but one may profane one Sabbath in order to preserve a man that he may observe many Sabbaths"  According to him, an am ha'aretz is one who has children and does not train them in the knowledge of the Law  Jonathan contradicted the general opinion of earlier and contemporaneous rabbis that a ben sorer umoreh ("rebellious son"; Deuteronomy 21:18-21) never was and never will be executed, and that the ir nidachat never did and never will occur; he declared that he himself had sat on the grave of an executed rebellious son and had seen a ruined ir nidachat 

Quotes
Jonathan was the author of many aphorisms, among them:

He that observes the Torah in poverty shall in the end observe it in wealth; and he that neglects the Torah in wealth shall in the end neglect it in poverty The angry man is controlled by many and variegated manifestations of hell Consoling the mourner, visiting the sick, and practical beneficence bring heavenly grace into the world 
Passage 4:
Albert Potter Wills
Albert Potter Wills (1873–1937) was an American physicist who researched magnetic materials and was the PhD advisor of the Nobel Prize winner Isidor Isaac Rabi 
During his career he investigated magnetic susceptibilities, magnetic shielding, magnetostriction, conduction of electricity through mercury vapor, and hydrodynamics  He also wrote a textbook on vector analysis 
Wills received his PhD from Clark University in 1897 under Arthur Gordon Webster with a thesis entitled: On the susceptibility of diamagnetic and weakly magnetic substances 
During 1898–1899 Wills worked at the University of Göttingen and the University of Berlin  During 1899–1902 he was at Bryn Mawr College and 1902–1903 at the Cooper Hewitt Laboratory  His final appointment, 1903–1937, was at Columbia University 
In 1909 at Columbia University, Max Planck gave eight lectures in German  Wills translated the lectures into English, and in 1915 Columbia University Press published his translation 
Passage 5:
Isidor Isaac Rabi
Isidor Isaac Rabi (; born Israel Isaac Rabi, July 29, 1898 – January 11, 1988) was an American physicist who won the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1944 for his discovery of nuclear magnetic resonance, which is used in magnetic resonance imaging  He was also one of the first scientists in the United States to work on the cavity magnetron, which is used in microwave radar and microwave ovens 
Born into a traditional Polish-Jewish family in Rymanów, Galicia, Rabi came to the United States as an infant and was raised in New York's Lower East Side  He entered Cornell University as an electrical engineering student in 1916, but soon switched to chemistry



ground_truth: Man Haron

prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: Which California band, whose debut album Adrenaline appeared in 1995, has been referred to as "the Radiohead of metal"?

The following are given passages.
Context 2: Passage 1:
Adrenaline (album)
Adrenaline is the debut studio album by American alternative metal band Deftones, released on October 3, 1995, by Maverick Records  The majority of the album was produced by Terry Date, while a hidden track titled "Fist" was produced by Ross Robinson 

Background and recording
Stephen Carpenter, Abe Cunningham and Chino Moreno were high school friends  All three went to Sacramento's C  K  McClatchy High School together, and participated in the city's skateboarding scene  Carpenter was a fan of heavy metal; Moreno was interested in hardcore punk bands such as Bad Brains as well as post-punk and new wave bands such as Depeche Mode and the Cure  When Moreno learned that Carpenter was a guitarist, he set up a jam session with Cunningham, who played drums  The trio began playing regularly in Carpenter's garage around 1988  They recruited bassist Dominic Garcia some time after, and the band became a four-piece  When Cunningham left Deftones to join Phallucy, another band from Sacramento, Garcia switched instruments and became the band's drummer  Chi Cheng filled the void as bassist, and the band recorded a four-track demo soon afterwards Regarding the recording, drummer Abe Cunningham said, "At the time we did the first record – which I really like and think is good – you can tell the band was really young  We'd been playing most of those songs for quite a while, and we were just so happy to be making a record that we didn't really think a whole lot about making the songs better"  Frontman Chino Moreno felt that Adrenaline was recorded "really fast", and he performed all his vocals live with the band in the room using a hand-held Shure SM58 microphone 

Composition
Musically, Adrenaline has been described as alternative metal, post-hardcore, nu metal, and rap rock 

Promotion
"7 Words" was released as the first promotional single from the album on December 17, 1995  It was followed by "Bored", issued as the second promotional single on April 4, 1996  Music videos were released for "7 Words" and "Bored"  The song "Engine No  9" was also featured in the film Law Abiding Citizen Deftones performed heavily throughout North America to support the album, going on tours with Handsome, Korn, White Zombie and Super 8 (whose vocalist helped discover Deftones)  They also opened for Kiss on their Alive/Worldwide Tour 

Reception
Adrenaline was praised for its new, innovative sound, with critics initially comparing it to a diverse range of acts such as Helmet, Nine Inch Nails, the Cure, Korn, Nirvana, and the Smashing Pumpkins  In his 1995 review, Kerrang!'s Paul Brannigan felt the album's sound "falls between Quicksand and Tool", and said Deftones "explode from atmospheric croons into buck-mad rages"  He wrote, "Excellent production from Terry Date allows the crisp guitar on 'Lifter' and '7 Words' to shine", and that "Bored" and "Nosebleed" are "just as blunt and angry, slabs of guitar crashing down on swirling, hypnotic rhythms " Brannigan rated it 4 out of 5 stars, saying it was "Impressive " In 1995, Jon Wiederhorn of Pulse stated that "Adrenaline pitches between gloom-saturated melodies and explosive riffs, lashing out like a sleep-deprived paranoiac awakened by noisy neighbors  The rhythms are crisp and crafty and the vocals resonate both fury and sensitivity in a way that's similar to, but far more blatantly metallic than Nirvana"  Critic Katherine Turman wrote in January 1996, "If this is what heavy metal is evolving into, it's a damn good thing" Giving the album 3 out of 4 stars in her 1996 review, Los Angeles Times critic Sandy Masuo praised the album's nuance and blend of musical extremes and various influences: "On the outside, Sacramento's Deftones are all pummeling rhythms and high anxiety, but delving further into the music turns up some surprising nuances: traces of post-punk pop, tinges of rap, a pinch of industrial grit  Chino Moreno rants, sobs, croons and even works some Middle Eastern overtones into his vocals, while Stephen Carpenter's guitar shifts from coarse outbursts to crisp Helmet-ine precision  A bracing blend of extremes"  In his 1996 review, Tomas Pascual of Livewire magazine similarly noted the album's subtle yet diverse musical influences and the juxtaposition of loud and heavy with soft and melodic: "There are many bands these days that lay claim to a diverse section of influences  But no one band is as subtly boisterous about their eclectic mix as are Deftones  [   ] Deftones' course is piloted by vocalist and frontman Chino Moreno, who expresses his smooth, melodic lyrics emotionally one minute before giving way to abrasive, maddened screams the next  Backed by the serene and apocalyptic guitar of Stephen Carpenter, this Yin-Yang formula keeps Deftones' debut Adrenaline progressively contagious" 

Retrospective reviews
In a retrospective AllMusic review of the album, Daniel Gioffre wrote, "Unlike many of their contemporaries, Deftones are very controlled even in the midst of chaos", adding, "Throw Abe Cunningham's surprisingly sophisticated drumming into the mix, and you have a band that possesses a far greater degree of nuance than most others that work in the genre"  While he noted that "there is a bit of sameness in Chino Moreno's whispered vocal melodies, which drags the record down a bit", Gioffre ultimately states that "[o]n later albums, the band's progressive tendencies become more developed, but the more straight-ahead material on Adrenaline does not disappoint  A promising debut " In the book The Rough Guide to Heavy Metal, author Essi Berelian wrote that the album "still stands as one of the best examples of nu-metal"  Writing for MetalSucks in June 2009, Carlos Ramirez noted that the wide range of musical influences in both Adrenaline and Around the Fur helped to establish the band in the underground music scene prior to their larger commercial breakthrough with third album White Pony: "[Deftones'] first two albums, Adrenaline (1995) and Around the Fur (1997), were both chock full of bombastic guitars, new wave-kissed vocal lines, and post-hardcore informed arrangements, and their wide-scoped sound helped the Sacramento, CA band find audiences in various facets of the underground music scene"  In critic Tim Karan's 20th anniversary assessment for Diffuser, he wrote: "For those who were swept up in the burgeoning nu-metal movement, 'Adrenaline' was a landmark, life-changing release  But Deftones never really were a true nu-metal band -- this album is more like hardcore-influenced post-hardcore than 'Nookie' -- and it only scratched at the surface of the experimental metal Deftones would soon step into" 

Commercial performance
While the album was initially unsuccessful, extensive touring and word-of-mouth promotion built the band a dedicated fanbase and helped Adrenaline to sell over 220,000 copies  When asked what he attributed the album's success to, bassist Chi Cheng responded, "One word: perseverance  We've been together for almost eight years, on the road for two and we do it with honesty and integrity – and the kids can tell"  The album was certified gold by the RIAA on July 7, 1999, in recognition of 500,000 units sold  It was eventually certified platinum on September 23, 2008, in recognition of 1,000,000 units sold 

Track listing
Note

"Fist" is currently misspelled "First" on several digital editions, as well as Japanese copies 

Personnel
Credits taken from the CD liner notes 
Deftones

Chino Moreno – lead vocals
Stephen Carpenter – guitar
Chi Cheng – bass, backing vocals
Abe Cunningham – drumsTechnical

Deftones - producer (all songs except "Fist")
Terry Date - producer (all songs except "Fist"), engineer, mixing
Ross Robinson - producer ("Fist")
Ulrich Wild - engineer
Tom Smurdy - 2nd assistant
Ted Jensen - mastering

Charts
Certifications
Passage 2:
Given to the Rising
Given to the Rising is the ninth studio album by American band Neurosis, released on June 5, 2007  The album is available in a standard jewel case, a limited-edition digipak, and a limited-edition double LP, all with the same track list  Decibel Magazine listed Given to the Rising as the 76th-best metal album of the decade  A DVD documentary is also available from Neurot Records  The artwork for the album, designed by Josh Graham, is a mixture of photos from Heroes Square in Budapest and drawings inspired by the place  Coincidentally, singer/guitarist Steve Von Till and Josh Graham had separately thought of the idea of using Heroes Square as the artwork for the album 

Musical style
The album has been described by music critics as a more aggressive, heavier album than their recent previous output, showcasing a "more direct and hard-hitting approach", resulting in "their heaviest record since 99's 'Times Of Grace'" 

Critical reception
The album received critical acclaim upon release  In D  Shawn Bosler's review of the album for Pitchfork, he described it as "their best album in a decade " AllMusic's Thom Jurek praised it as "one hell of an album, better than anyone had any right to expect, and one of the high moments in a career filled with them  Neurosis have no need of caricatures or "more evil than thou" posturing  They are in a league of their own, and from the sounds of Given to the Rising, will remain there for some time "

Track listing
Personnel
NeurosisScott Kelly – vocals, guitar
Dave Edwardson – bass, backing vocals
Jason Roeder – drums, percussions
Steve Von Till – guitar, vocals
Noah Landis – keyboards, synthesizers, effects, backing vocalsTechnical personnelSteve Albini – production, mastering
John Graham – artwork

Chart performance
Passage 3:
Just Keep Runnin'
Just Keep Runnin' is a punk rock album by the Poway, California band Agent 51  It was first released in 2000 on the band's own Suburban Hooligans Records label, then was re-released in 2001 by Adeline Records with additional tracks  It was the band's second album and expanded their punk rock sound to include influences of classic rock and heavy metal  It also greatly expanded the band's secret agent mythos, with the liner notes extensively detailing the comic book-style secret origins of the band and its members  According to the story, the band members were rogue secret agents with psychic, cybernetic and alien-enhanced abilities who were struggling against a secret government organization known as "The Agency " The Agency sought to use satellites to control the minds of Earth's population, and Agent 51's mission was to expose the Agency's secrets to the general public disguised as an ordinary rock band  The songs "C I A F B I " and "Psychic Spies" dealt directly with this theme  The songs "The Last Pirate Standing", "Free-Wheel" and "Who's Gunna Riot?" had been part of the band's live set for several years under the titles "The Pirate Song", "Free-Wheel Burning" and "Riot "

Reception
Stewart Mason of Allmusic gave Just Keep Runnin' three stars out of five, calling it "basically insubstantial, but a lot of fun" and saying that the band has "a Dickies-like tongue-in-cheek quality" 

Track listing
Personnel
Band
Chris Armes – guitar, vocals, art design and illustration
Eric "E-Rock" Davis – guitar, vocals
Greg Schneider – bass guitar, vocals (tracks 1–18); story and layout
Michael "Mikey L" Levinson – drums
Sean Scura – bass guitar, vocals (tracks 19 and 20)

Additional musicians
Shawn Stern of Youth Brigade (band) - backing vocals on "Straight Outta Hell" (original release only)

Production
Dan de las Isla – mastering
Chris Armes and Greg Hewitt – art design and illustration
Passage 4:
Against All Will
Against All Will is an American rock quartet from Los Angeles, whose debut album lineup was formed in Spring 2009 by Jimmy Allen (formerly of Puddle of Mudd), Jeff Current (formerly of Seven Story Drop), Steve "Boomstick" Wilson (formerly of Dead Kennedys and t A T u ), and Cello Dias (formerly of Soulfly)   The songs "All About You" and "The Drug I Need" from their debut album entitled A Rhyme & Reason ranked in the national rock radio top 50 in 2010 

History
Against All Will was formed in 2007 by Jimmy Allen, guitarist songwriter and former member of the American rock band called "Puddle Of Mudd"  Up until he started "Against All Will", Jimmy had spent several years prior writing for bands and working on independent music projects  Sometime in early 2007 he decided to start his own band with "Mizzy" Pacheco (vocals) and Mark "Moke" Bistany (drums)  Mark had toured with Jimmy in "Puddle of Mudd" and Mizzy was a recently DEPARTED solo artist from Virgin Records, who at the time was working on a new solo record in the dark and lonely part of Hollywood  For the record, Moke, on a stormy night in Hollywood, is the one who contacted Mizzy about cutting some vocals on the Jimmy Allen demo tracks  Mizzy and Moke were good friends for years in LA, drawn together perhaps, for fact they both came from the "East Coast" and shared a splendid love for
In March 2011, Phillip Gonyea replaced Wilson on drums   The band plans to release their first full-length album in 2013 

Personnel
Current members
Jimmy Allen
Jimmy Allen is the former Award-winning songwriter (Blurry, She Hates Me, Drift & Die) and co founding lead guitarist for the rock band Puddle of Mudd 
Jimmy Allen's song "Blurry" won ASCAP's 2003 song of the year and ASCAP most performed song of 2002  Also Billboard rock song of the year Award  Allen also won ASCAP's 2004 most performed song of 2004 for "She Hates Me" 
Allen spent a majority of his childhood in Chanute, KS and is an alum of Chanute High School 

Cello Dias
Cello Dias is the former bass player for the Heavy Metal veteran band Soulfly 

"Mizzy" Pacheco
"Mizzy" Pacheco was the original singer for Against All Will  He can be heard on the tracks "You Can't Change me" (2007) and "Tomorrow and Today" (2008)  In addition to writing the song "The Drug I Need" He also wrote "Nothing Good Anymore" and co-wrote "Swept Away" and "Blue" from the debut Against All Will CD entitled "A Rhyme & Reason", before parting ways with the band  He is also a Photographer and Video director in Los Angeles and is responsible for directing and shooting the Against All Will music videos "Love the way you hate me", "The Drug I Need" and  "Swept Away"  He also owns his own "Pacheco Fine Art Photography" gallery on the Pacific Coast Highway in Malibu where he showcases his work  He can be heard and seen on the new single and video "Love The Way You hate Me" (2012) 

Steve "Boomstick" Wilson
Steve "Boomstick" Wilson is the former drummer for t A T u  and Dead Kennedys 

Former members
Mark "Moke" Bistany
Mark "Moke" Bistany is a former drummer for Otep, Cellophane and Hed PE  May have also been "the drummer" for Puddle of Mudd from 2005 to 2007 

Jeff Current
Jeff Current is the former lead singer of Seven Story Drop (SSD) 

Phillip Gonyea
Phillip Gonyea is the former drummer of Instinct of Aggression, and is the current percussionist for Los Angeles heavy metal band Before the Mourning 

Timeline
Discography
The discography of Against All Will, currently consists of one extended play album and ten singles 

A Rhyme & Reason
This extended play album (2009)    

A Rhyme & Reason is the debut album by Against All Will recorded at Korn Studios and released on October 20, 2009   Songs "All About You" and "The Drug I Need" ranked in the national rock radio top 50 in 2010 

Track listing
Personnel
Jimmy Allen – Lead Guitar
Jeff Current – vocals
Cello Dias – bass guitar
Steve "Boomstick" Wilson – drums

Production
Tim Harkins – producer

Studio album
Debut Against All Will (full length) Studio Album (TBD)

Singles
"Tomorrow & Today" (2007)
"You Can't Change Me" (2008)
"All About You" (2010)
"The Drug I Need" (2010)
"Swept Away" (2011)
"I Hate" (2011)
"The Devil Made Me Do It" (2011)
"Love the Way You Hate Me" (2012)
"Sunset Jupiter" (2013)
"Another Nail in the Coffin" (2013)

See also
List of alternative rock artists
List of bands from Los Angeles
Passage 5:
Ryan Ferguson (musician)
Ryan Ferguson (born c  1975) is an indie rock guitarist and singer-songwriter, formerly of Southern California band No Knife  In 2004 he contributed the acoustic track "Wait for Me There" to the compilation album San Diego Is Burning  Ferguson's solo debut Three, Four was released in July 2005, winning a San Diego Music Award for "Best Pop Record" that year  Critic Chris Nixon cited it as one of the best releases of the year for San Diego musicians   The Sims 2 featured an interpretation of the album's lead track "Suddenly"  He went on to tour with American rock band Switchfoot, and released a full-length album entitled Only Trying to Help in 2007 Ferguson's influences include Jellyfish and Wire  Critic Kevin Bronson labelled Ferguson's style as "power pop", and Ferguson commented, "We're not ashamed of playing pop songs anymore "

Discography
Albums
Only Trying to Help (2007) Better Looking Records
Three, Four EP (2005) Jr Varsity Records

Compilations
"My Favorite Songwriters" (2004) Five One, Inc 
Passage 6:
Deftones
Deftones is an American alternative metal band formed in Sacramento, California in 1988  They were formed by Chino Moreno (vocals, guitar), Stephen Carpenter (guitar), Abe Cunningham (drums), and Dominic Garcia (bass)  During their first five years, the band's lineup changed several times, but stabilized in 1993 when Cunningham rejoined after his departure in 1990; by this time, Chi Cheng was bassist  The lineup remained stable for fifteen years, with the exception of keyboardist and turntablist Frank Delgado being added in 1999  The band's experimental nature has led some critics to describe them as "the Radiohead of metal" Deftones have released nine albums since their inception  After the lineup settled in 1993, the band secured a recording contract with Maverick Records, and subsequently released their debut album Adrenaline in 1995  Promoting the album by touring exhaustively with other bands in the scene, Deftones managed to gain a dedicated fan base through word of mouth  Their second album Around the Fur was released in 1997, reached chart positions along with its singles, and became the band's first to receive certification from the RIAA  The band found even further success with their third album White Pony (2000), which saw a transition away from their earlier, more aggressive sound into a more experimental direction  Its lead single "Change (In the House of Flies)" is the band's most commercially successful single, and the track "Elite" won a Grammy Award for Best Metal Performance; it was also the band's first of three albums to be certified platinum in the United States  Their self-titled fourth album was released in 2003  While the group's critical success continued, sales proved to be lackluster compared to White Pony 
Deftones' fifth studio effort, Saturday Night Wrist, was released in 2006  While critically acclaimed, the album's production was marred by creative tensions and personal issues within the band, some of which influenced its material  In 2008, while Deftones were working on an album tentatively titled Eros, Cheng was involved in a traffic collision  As a result, he was left in a minimally conscious state until his death in 2013 of cardiac arrest  After Cheng's accident, Deftones halted production on Eros  Quicksand bassist Sergio Vega, who had filled in as a touring member to replace Cheng, later became his permanent replacement, though Vega alleges he was never an official member 
The band released the critically celebrated Diamond Eyes in 2010 and embarked on a triple-headline tour with Alice in Chains and Mastodon throughout North America  Their seventh and eighth albums, Koi No Yokan (2012) and  Gore (2016) respectively, saw the band continue to move in an increasingly experimental direction and were released to critical acclaim  Their latest album, Ohms, was released on September 25, 2020, receiving significant critical praise for its return to the band's heavier sound  In March 2022, it was announced that bassist Sergio Vega had left the band in early 2021  They have sold more than 10 million albums worldwide 

History
Early years (1988–1993)
When Stephen Carpenter was 15 years old, he was hit by a car while skateboarding  Confined to a wheelchair for several months, he began teaching himself guitar by playing along to songs by thrash metal bands such as Anthrax, Stormtroopers of Death, and Metallica  A long-circulated myth alleged that the driver paid Carpenter a cash settlement that allowed the band to purchase equipment, but Abe Cunningham commented in a 2007 interview that the story about the settlement was false 

Carpenter, Cunningham and Chino Moreno were childhood friends  All three went to C  K  McClatchy High School in Sacramento and remained friends through the city's skateboarding scene  Carpenter was a fan of heavy metal, and Moreno was interested in hardcore punk bands such as Bad Brains and post-punk and new wave bands such as Depeche Mode and the Cure  When Moreno found out that Carpenter played guitar, he set up a jam session with Cunningham, who played drums, and the three began playing regularly in Carpenter's garage around 1988  They recruited bassist Dominic Garcia some time after, and the band became a four-piece  When Cunningham left Deftones to join Phallucy, another band from Sacramento, Garcia switched to drums  Chi Cheng joined to play bass, and the band recorded a four-track demo soon afterwards  John Taylor replaced Garcia on drums in 1991, until Cunningham's return in 1993  Within two years, the band began playing club shows and later expanded their gigging territory to San Francisco and Los Angeles, where they played shows alongside bands such as Korn  While closing for another band in L A , after the majority of the audience had left, the band impressed a Maverick Records representative  They were signed to the label after performing three of their songs for Freddy DeMann and Guy Oseary Carpenter created the band's name by combining the hip hop slang term "def" (which was used by artists such as LL Cool J and Public Enemy) with the suffix "-tones," (which was popular among 1950s bands such as the Delltones and the Harptones)  The name is also a pun on the term "tone deaf "

Adrenaline (1994–1996)
The band's debut album, Adrenaline, was recorded at Bad Animals Studio in Seattle, Washington and released on October 3, 1995  It was produced by Deftones and Terry Date, who would go on to produce the band's next three albums  While they were initially commercially unsuccessful, the band built a dedicated fan base through extensive touring, word-of-mouth and Internet promotion  Through their efforts, Adrenaline went on to sell over 220,000 copies  It is regarded as an important part of the 1990s nu metal movement  An early track which predated Adrenaline but did not make the album's final cut was "Teething"; the band contributed the song to the soundtrack for the 1996 film The Crow: City of Angels  The band can also be seen performing the song live during a scene as themselves The album spent 21 weeks on the Billboard Heatseekers chart, reaching a peak position of 23  When asked what he attributed the album's success to, Cheng responded, "One word: perseverance  We've been together for almost eight years, on the road for two, and we do it with honesty and integrity—and the kids can tell"  The album was certified gold by the RIAA on July 7, 1999, and was certified platinum on September 23, 2008 Regarding the recording of the album, Cunningham said, "At the time we did the first record—which I really like and think is good—you can tell the band was really young  We'd been playing most of those songs for quite a while, and we were just so happy to be making a record that we didn't really think a whole lot about making the songs better"  Moreno felt that Adrenaline was recorded "really fast" and performed all his vocals live with the band in the room using a hand-held Shure SM58 microphone  AllMusic's review of Adrenaline praised the album's musical control, precision, overall groove and Cunningham's "surprisingly sophisticated drumming"  It was also noted that "there is a bit of sameness in Chino Moreno's whispered vocal melodies, which drags the record down a bit" 

Around the Fur (1997–1999)
Deftones' second album, Around the Fur, was recorded at Studio Litho in Seattle, Washington and produced by Date  Released on October 28, 1997, the album was dedicated to Dana Wells, the late stepson of the singer Max Cavalera of Sepultura, Soulfly and Cavalera Conspiracy  Cavalera also collaborated on "Headup", a tribute to Wells  Although not yet a member of the band, Delgado was credited as "audio" on five of the album's tracks  Cunningham's wife, Annalynn, provided guest vocals on "MX" "When we went in to make this record, we really didn't have a set idea of what we wanted to come out with", said Moreno in a 1998 interview with Chart magazine  However, he felt that the album "fell into place" once the band had settled into the studio  The band expanded its sound, spending more time with Date and giving more thought to the album's production  Cunningham varied his drum sound and experimented by using different types of snare drum on almost every track  The album was praised for its loud-soft dynamics, the flow of the tracks, Moreno's unusual vocals, and the strong rhythm-section performance of Cheng and Cunningham  Stephen Thomas Erlewine's retrospective review noted that "while they don't have catchy riffs or a fully developed sound, Around the Fur suggests they're about to come into their own" Around the Fur propelled the band to fame in the alternative metal scene on the strength of radio and MTV airplay for the singles "My Own Summer (Shove It)" and "Be Quiet and Drive (Far Away)"  Around the Fur sold 43,000 copies in its first week of release, and entered the Billboard 200 at No  29 (its peak position), remaining on the charts for 17 weeks  The band went back to touring, making appearances at the Warped Tour (in the United States, New Zealand and Australia), Pinkpop Festival, Roskilde Festival and Ozzfest as well as releasing a live EP on June 22, 1999  Around the Fur went on to reach RIAA gold status on June 24, 1999, and platinum status on June 7, 2011  "My Own Summer (Shove It)" appeared on The Matrix: Music from the Motion Picture, released March 30, 1999 

White Pony (2000–2002)
On June 20, 2000, the band released their third album, White Pony, again produced by Date and Deftones  It was recorded at the Record Plant studio in Sausalito, California, and at Larrabee Sound Studios, West Hollywood, California  The album debuted at No  3 on the U S  Billboard chart with sales of 178,000 copies  Delgado, now a full-time band member, added new elements to the band's music  The melancholy "Teenager", for example, was a departure in style and mood, a "love song", according to Moreno  Programming duties were carried out by DJ Crook, a friend of Moreno (and bandmate in his side project Team Sleep)  "Passenger" was a collaboration with singer Maynard James Keenan of Tool, and the refrain in "Knife Prty" featured vocals by Rodleen Getsic  Moreno also started contributing additional guitar work 

An interview with the band in Alternative Press described the recording process of White Pony  After a break from touring, the band spent four months in the studio writing and recording it, the longest amount of time they had dedicated to an album thus far  Moreno said that the majority of this time was spent trying to write songs, and that the writing of "Change (In the House of Flies)" was the turning point where the band began working as a unit  Despite being pressured to release the album sooner, the band decided to take their time  Cheng explained, "We didn't feel like we had anything to lose, so we made the record we wanted to make " Moreno did not have an overall lyrical theme in mind, but made a conscious decision to bring an element of fantasy into his lyrics: "I basically didn't sing about myself on this record  I made up a lot of story lines and some dialogue, even  I took myself completely out of it and wrote about other things" Reviews were generally positive, commenting on Moreno's increasing sophistication as a lyricist and the group's experimentalism  Allmusic's review said that "Deftones went soft, but in an impressive way, to twist around its signature punk thrash sound" The album was originally released as an 11-track edition beginning with "Feiticeira" and ending with "Pink Maggit", and featuring gray cover art  A limited-edition print of 50,000 black-and-red jewel case versions of White Pony was released at the same time with a bonus twelfth track titled "The Boy's Republic"  Later, the band released "Back to School (Mini Maggit)", a rap-influenced interpretation of "Pink Maggit"  The song was released as a single and included as the new opening track of a re-released White Pony on October 3, 2000  The new release still had "Pink Maggit" as the final track and featured altered white cover art  Not entirely happy with re-releasing the album, the band negotiated to have "Back to School" made available as a free download for anyone who had already bought the original album  Moreno noted that "Everybody's already downloaded our record before it came out anyway, otherwise I'd be kind of feelin' like, 'Man, why [are] we putting [out] all these different versions of the record?' [   ] that's the best way we can actually get this song out to the people who already purchased this record, for free basically  And if they wanna buy the record again, it's cool" White Pony achieved platinum status on July 17, 2002, selling over 1 3 million copies in the US, and earning the band a 2001 Grammy Award for Best Metal Performance for the song "Elite" 

Deftones (2002–2005)
Deftones began work on their fourth album under the working title Lovers  Regarding the album's direction, Cheng commented, "We've proven that we can musically go in any direction we want, and we want to get kind of heavy on this one"  Moreno underwent vocal training as a precaution after severely damaging his vocal cords on the band's 2001 summer tour  The band converted their rehearsal space in Sacramento into a fully equipped studio and recorded most of the album there at negligible cost  The band brought in Date to assist with production and also received input on musical arrangement from Greg Wells on several of the album's tracks  The band later added more material at Studio X in Seattle, Washington and at Larrabee Sound Studios  Overall, the album took 12 months and cost roughly $2 5 million to complete  The band was fined by Maverick for missing deadlines In January 2003, Deftones left the studio to perform several one-off shows in Australia and New Zealand as part of the annual Big Day Out festival  Shortly after, the band returned to the studio to finish their fourth album  The self-titled Deftones was released on May 20, 2003  It entered the Billboard 200 at No  2 and sold 167,000 copies in its first week  The album remained in the Billboard Top 100 for nine weeks, supported by the first single, "Minerva"  The band shot a video for the album's second single, "Hexagram", with fans watching the band play the song in an indoor skatepark in Simi Valley, California Reviews were mainly positive, praising the band for the album's progression and originality in the midst of declining creativity in contemporary metal  Moreno was quoted as saying, "It's all on record  We told motherfuckers not to lump us in with nu metal because when those bands go down we aren't going to be with them"  In reviewing Deftones, Stephen Thomas Erlewine wrote that "Hexagram", the album's opener, "hits hard—harder than they ever have, revealing how mushy Staind is, or how toothless Linkin Park is"  He also went on to say, however, that the album "sticks a little too close to familiar territory"  The A V  Club similarly called the album "less rewarding than its predecessor, though its peaks rival any in the genre" The band released a compilation album titled B-Sides & Rarities on October 4, 2005  The CD includes various B-sides and covers from throughout their career, while the DVD contains behind-the-scenes footage and the band's complete videography up to that point 

Saturday Night Wrist (2006–2007)
Rather than work with Date, their producer for many years, Deftones decided to record with Bob Ezrin on their fifth studio album  Cunningham said that while the group enjoyed working with Date, "at this point, we just needed to change things up [   ] And this is definitely a different style  Working with him [Ezrin] is just putting us fucking upside down  He's cracking the whip"  After recording all the instrumental parts for the record, Moreno decided to record his vocals separately, and finished recording the album with former Far guitarist Shaun Lopez as producer  According to an interview with Abe Cunningham, there were tensions involved with the recording of Saturday Night Wrist that were related to the band members' personal lives  Cunningham compared the process to “pulling teeth ”The band released the album, titled Saturday Night Wrist, on October 31, 2006  It debuted at No  10 on the U S  Billboard chart with sales of just over 76,000, a significant decrease in the first-week sales of their two previous releases  The album's first single, "Hole in the Earth", was released on September 12, 2006  The single was featured in the video game Saints Row, which was released in August 2006, shortly before the full release of Saturday Night Wrist  It was also later featured as downloadable content for the PlayStation 3 and Xbox 360 versions of Guitar Hero 3  Blabbermouth net wrote that Deftones "have rallied to create one of the strongest discs in the band's repertoire"  "Mein" was the album's second single, which was released on March 9, 2007  Collaborations on the record include Annie Hardy from Giant Drag on the song "Pink Cellphone" and Serj Tankian from System of a Down on the track "Mein" 
Deftones spent the majority of 2006 and 2007 touring around the world in support of the album, performing in North America, Europe, South America, Japan and Australia  The band also performed on such tours as Taste of Chaos, Family Values Tour and the Soundwave Festival 

Eros sessions, Cheng's car accident and Vega's arrival (2008–2009)
In the fall of 2007, Deftones started writing songs for what was planned to be their sixth studio album, Eros  Moreno described the album as unorthodox and aggressive  Recording started on April 14, 2008  The band returned to working with Terry Date as the producer for Eros On November 4, 2008, Cheng was seriously injured in a car accident in Santa Clara, California  As a result of the injuries sustained in the crash, he remained in a minimally conscious state  Following the accident, Cheng's bandmates and his mother, Jeanne, began using the Deftones blog to post updates on Cheng's condition  On December 9, 2008, it was announced that Cheng had been moved into the care of an unnamed hospital that "specializes in the care and management of traumatic and non-trauma related brain injuries "In late January 2009, the band released a new statement, stating that "our fallen comrade has not yet made significant progress", and that a friend of the band, Sergio Vega (formerly of Quicksand), would be taking over as bassist in Cheng's absence, as he had done temporarily in 1998  On April 5, the band played their first show without Cheng since 1998 at the Bamboozle Left festival in Irvine, California On June 23, 2009, Deftones announced on their official website that Eros would be delayed indefinitely, saying, "As we neared completion on Eros, we realized that this record doesn't best encompass and represent who we are currently as people and as musicians  And although those songs will see the light of day at some point, we collectively made the decision that we needed to take a new approach, and with Chi's condition heavy on our minds while doing so  We needed to return to the studio to do what we felt was right artistically"  They also said, "The decision to hold off on releasing Eros has no connection with Chi's condition or anything associated  This was, and is, purely a creative decision by the band to write, record, and deliver an amazing product" Korn members Brian "Head" Welch and Reginald "Fieldy" Arvizu, along with members of Sevendust, Slipknot and other alternative metal bands, recorded and released "A Song for Chi", with proceeds benefiting Cheng and his family  To aid in the fundraising for the Cheng family, the band announced two 2009 benefit shows in Los Angeles A website—One Love for Chi—was launched by Deftones fan Gina Blackmore on March 10, 2009, about four months after Cheng's accident  The site served as a platform for updates and information on Cheng's condition, as well as serving as an auction site for items donated by friends of the band  All proceeds raised by the website were donated to his family so they could provide him the best possible medical care 

Diamond Eyes (2010–2011)
Deftones' sixth album, Diamond Eyes,  was originally scheduled for release on April 27, 2010; this date was later pushed back to May 18  In March, it was announced that the album had leaked onto the Internet, and the album's release date was moved forward to May 4 as a result  On February 23, 2010, the album's first single, "Rocket Skates", was made available for free download at www gunsrazorsknives com  The album was produced by Nick Raskulinecz  In contrast to Eros' dark and aggressive nature, the band took a more optimistic approach both lyrically and sonically on Diamond Eyes 

On March 15, Deftones debuted their first radio-ready single, "Diamond Eyes"  Both "Diamond Eyes" and "Rocket Skates" received positive reviews from fans and critics, with many making comparisons of the two singles' style and sound to that of material from the Around the Fur album Teaming up with bands Mastodon and Alice in Chains, Deftones went on tour in the fall of 2010 in the United States and Canada  The tour was called Blackdiamondskye from the three bands' latest albums (Black Gives Way to Blue, Diamond Eyes and Crack the Skye)  The tour included a limited edition series of silk-screened art prints promoting each show individually, created by the poster artist Jermaine Rogers  Rogers has created a majority of the Deftones concert poster and print artwork since the late 1990s On April 16, 2011, in honor of Record Store Day, the band released an LP titled Covers, containing several cover songs that the band had recorded over the years, including "Drive" (originally by the Cars), "If Only Tonight We Could Sleep" (originally by the Cure) and "No Ordinary Love" (originally by Sade)  On October 25, Deftones released The Vinyl Collection 1995–2011 in a limited edition of 1,000 copies 

Koi No Yokan and Cheng's death (2012–2013)
On March 29, 2012, Carpenter revealed that the band were working on a new record in an interview posted on ESP Guitars's YouTube channel  It was reported that Raskulinecz would return to produce their as-yet-unnamed seventh studio album It was also reported that the band would be recording several B-sides for the album, including an Elvis Presley cover and possibly an Earth, Wind, and Fire cover  It was later announced that there would be no bonus tracks  On July 28, Deftones performed a brand-new song titled "Rosemary" and also debuted another track titled "Roller Derby" (later retitled "Poltergeist")  Koi No Yokan was announced on August 30, 2012, and released on November 12, 2012, by Reprise Records  Metacritic rated Koi No Yokan 86 out of 100, indicating "universal acclaim" based on 18 reviews On April 13, 2013, despite making a partial recovery and returning home, Cheng died in a hospital in his hometown of Stockton, California, after falling into cardiac arrest  It had been more than four years since his 2008 accident  Moreno announced in May that the album Eros, shelved in 2008 after Cheng's accident, was now more likely to be released following his death In May, Koi No Yokan won Revolver's Golden Gods Award for Album of the Year 

Gore (2014–2017)
In March 2014, while Moreno was touring with his side project Crosses in support of their self-titled debut album, the rest of Deftones began writing a follow-up to Koi No Yokan  Deftones also previously reported that they intended to record a new album either in late 2014 or early 2015 On April 13, 2014, the first anniversary of Cheng's death, Deftones released a track from Eros titled "Smile" on YouTube, the first officially released material from the long-shelved album  The video was removed by Warner Music Group two days later due to copyright infringement, despite the track having been uploaded by Moreno  Although the track has again been made available, it remains the only recording to be released from the Eros sessions to date 

In late February 2015, just after the band had finished the new album's drum tracks, Moreno told Rolling Stone that Deftones had written 16 songs during the album's sessions  He described the album as "a little more of a heady record" than the previous album  On May 15, 2015, Moreno was interviewed by Kerrang! about the new album, which he described as having  "a lot of different moods"  He further explained that it was not a "happy record", but also "not a completely angry record"  Despite reports of Carpenter's initial difficulty getting into the feel of the album, band members have noted the album's distinct collaborative nature  Vega utilized a six-string bass when recording the new material, helping to push the band into new sonic territory  After producing their previous two records with Raskulinecz, Deftones worked with Matt Hyde, who had been a recording engineer on Koi No Yokan The album was pushed back multiple times from its originally scheduled September 2015 release date  On February 4, 2016, the band released the first single from Gore, titled "Prayers / Triangles"  "Doomed User" and "Hearts / Wires" were also made available ahead of the album's release, on March 16 and April 3, respectively  Gore was officially released on April 8, 2016  The second official single, "Phantom Bride", was released on June 7  The song featured a guitar solo by Alice in Chains guitarist Jerry Cantrell; this is considered unusual for a Deftones song  Gwilym Mumford of The Guardian praised the album for its emphasis on experimentation and ambiance and noted the exploration work in the tension between the "croon" in Moreno's "soulful" voice, his "opaque" lyrics, and Carpenter's "pile-driving" guitar riffs 

Ohms, Black Stallion, and Vega's departure (2017–present)
In 2017, Chino Moreno revealed that Deftones had begun writing material for their ninth studio album, which he stated hoped would be out sometime in 2019  Chino went on to state that the band would be going in a different direction than they had on Gore and that he would be taking a step back from leading the song writing to allow Stephen Carpenter and Abe Cunningham to be more involved in the material on the new album  In May 2018, Moreno was again asked about the new material and he stated the songs were "considerably heavier" than those on Gore  That same month, Deftones embarked on a South American tour with support from Quicksand and Deadly Apples In April 2020, Deftones announced that they were mixing their new album  During the recording sessions, which reportedly took place in Los Angeles, the band reunited with Terry Date as the producer of the album, making it the first time Deftones had worked with him since the unreleased Eros album in 2008  On August 19, 2020, the band teased the release date and the title of their upcoming ninth studio album  A day later, the band officially announced the title of the album, Ohms, set for release on September 25, 2020  At the same time, the band revealed the album itself, the album cover, the track list, and release date  The title track serves as the first single, and was released on August 21  On September 17, 2020, the band released the second single from the album, "Genesis"  On September 22, the band announced their "Adopt-a-Dot" campaign in which fans could digitally sponsor a dot from the Ohms album cover via a charitable donation In October 2020, they officially announced a 20th anniversary reissue of White Pony to be released in December of that year  The reissue was packaged alongside Black Stallion, a companion remix album featuring artists including Mike Shinoda, DJ Shadow and the Cure's Robert Smith Deftones postponed their joint tour with Gojira in support of Ohms twice due to the COVID-19 pandemic In March 2022, it was announced that bassist Sergio Vega left the band in early 2021, with Vega claiming he was never an official member of the band and was just a contracted bassist for his tenure  Vega said he sought what he perceived as official membership, and chose to leave after being offered the same status as he had been since he began performing with the band   The following month, it was announced that Fred Sablan joined the band as Vega's touring replacement  The band was also joined by touring guitarist Lance Jackman; on May 20, 2022, it was announced that Jackman would be temporarily replacing Carpenter during the band's 2022 European Tour 

Musical style, influences and legacy
Although initially rooted in metal, Deftones have always claimed diverse influences from groups of various genres, with their musical style diversifying over their career  Their sound has been described as alternative metal, art rock/art metal, experimental rock, shoegaze, nu metal, post-punk, post-hardcore, alternative rock, dream pop, drone rock, post-metal, post-rock, progressive metal, stoner rock, math metal, hard rock, trip hop, glitch, funk metal, and psychedelia Originally, the band was often associated with the "nu metal" movement in the press  However, Moreno has emphatically rejected the application of that label to the band  Asked about their connection with bands such as Korn, the singer stated that their commonality came down to only the shared influence of Faith No More, especially the percussive approach to vocals by Mike Patton  Following the release of Deftones' third album, White Pony, they were acknowledged by many critics to have moved beyond that label The music critic Johnny Loftus wrote, "Rock critics usually reserve a special place for Deftones above or at least away from the rest of the turn-of-the-century metal movement [    ] Deftones have always seemed more curious, more willing to incorporate traditionally revered sounds like D C  hardcore and dream pop into their Northern California alt-metal"  Peter Buckley, the author of The Rough Guide to Rock, called the band "one of the most primal, powerful, and experimental" bands in the alternative metal scene Moreno's lyrics were described by Time as "suggesting emotions rather than announcing them"  Moreno himself described his lyrics as ambiguous and sometimes impersonal, saying: "I like to be ambiguous when writing to a certain extent, and throwing something so brash [as Chi's accident] against that and playing with it  And also making it sound dimensional  Giving the feeling off that it is raw and it is emotional, but it's not just connected with our personal story  It's not merely about our career and our lives, it's bigger than that  When I hear the music, I get inspired to paint the lyrical pictures you describe, but I'm not always talking about myself"  The band's legacy has been compared to alternative rock group Radiohead, with some dubbing Deftones "The Radiohead of metal" Deftones' influences include Faith No More, Afrika Bambaataa, the Cure, Depeche Mode, Bad Brains, Orchestral Manoeuvres in the Dark (OMD), the Human League, Meshuggah, Duran Duran, Thompson Twins and Hum 

Side projects
Deftones members have worked on several side projects, with Moreno fronting Team Sleep, Crosses, Palms and supergroup Saudade (the latter including members from hardcore punk bands Bad Brains and Cro-Mags and avant-jazz group Medeski Martin & Wood)  Carpenter works with cinematic electronic metal group Sol Invicto, which he founded with producer Richie Londres  Carpenter has also worked with the supergroup Kush, featuring members of Fear Factory and Cypress Hill  Delgado is a member of a DJ group called Decibel Devils, with DJ Crook of Team Sleep, Matt D and DJ Julez  In 2000, Cheng released a CD composed of his own spoken word poetry, called The Bamboo Parachute 

Band members
Current members

Chino Moreno – vocals (1988–present); guitar (1999–present)
Stephen Carpenter – guitar (1988–present)
Abe Cunningham – drums (1988–1990, 1993–present)
Frank Delgado – keyboards, turntables, samples (1999–present; touring musician 1997–1998)Touring members

Fred Sablan – bass, backing vocals (2022–present)
Lance Jackman ― guitar, backing vocals (2022)Former members

Dominic Garcia – bass (1988–1990); drums (1990–1991)
Chi Cheng – bass, vocals (1990–2008; died 2013)
John Taylor – drums (1991–1993)
Sergio Vega – bass (2009–2021; touring substitute 1999)Timeline

Awards and nominations
Discography
Adrenaline (1995)
Around the Fur (1997)
White Pony (2000)
Deftones (2003)
Saturday Night Wrist (2006)
Diamond Eyes (2010)
Koi No Yokan (2012)
Gore (2016)
Ohms (2020)

Notes
Passage 7:
F-Minus (band)
F-Minus was an American hardcore punk band formed in 1995 in Huntington Beach, California, United States, started by Jen Johnson and Brad Logan  F-Minus was known for their dueling male and female vocals in songs that were sometimes as short as 12 seconds ("Fuck You O C ")  Before breaking up in 2004, their last album was recorded by Steve Albini  Throughout their career, they covered such bands as Antidote, Black Randy and the Metro Squad, 7 Seconds, Negative Approach, and Agnostic Front  Brad Logan currently runs his own record label Blacknoise, and is also member of the New York band Leftöver Crack  Jen Johnson currently is the designer and owner of clothing label E C  Star, and also is a member of the California band Ammunition Affair 

Members
Final line up
Brad Logan- vocals, guitar
Erica Daking- vocals, guitar
Joe Steinbrick- bass
Adam Zuckert- drums

Former members
Jen Johnson- vocals, bass
Sarah Lee- guitar
Chris Lagerborg- drums
John Guerra- drums
JP Otto- drums

Discography
Albums
Self Titled LP/CD (Hellcat, 1999)
Suburban Blight LP/CD (Hellcat, 2001)
Wake Up Screaming LP/CD (Hellcat, 2003)
Won't Bleed Me / Failed Society CD (Alternative Tentacles, 2005)

EPs
Voice of Treason Cassette (Self Released, 1996)
Failed Society 7" (Hellcat, 1997)
Won't Bleed Me 7" (Pelado, 1997)
Failed Society / Won't Bleed Me Cassette (Self Released, 1997)
Split With Crack Rock Steady 7 - Baby Jesus Sliced Up In The Manger 10" (Knife or Death, 2001)
Sweating Blood 7" (Bridge 9, 2003)

Compilations
Give Em' The Boot Volume 1 CD (Hellcat, 1997)
Old Skars and Upstarts CD/LP (Alive, 1997)
Give Em' The Boot Volume 2 CD (Hellcat, 1999)
No Time To Kill (Checkmate, 1999)
Vans Off The Wall Volume 3 CD (Vans, 2000)
Tomorrow Seems So Hopeless CD (Eyeball, 2000)
Give Em' The Boot Volume 3 CD (Hellcat, 2002)
Against Police Injustice CD (Non-Commercial, 2003)
Punk O' Rama Volume 8 CD (Epitaph, 2003)
Give Em' The Boot Volume 4 CD (Hellcat, 2004)
Give Em' The Boot DVD (Hellcat, 2005)
The Kids Are Gonna Pay Split (In Your Face (7 Seconds Cover))(2006)

See also
Leftöver Crack
Passage 8:
The Red &amp; the Black
The Red & the Black is a rock album by the Poway, California band Agent 51, released by Surfdog Records in 2003  It was the band's third album and was named "best punk album" at the 2003 San Diego Music Awards  With it the band distanced themselves from their previous punk rock sound by incorporating much more of an influence of classic rock and heavy metal bands such as AC/DC, Motörhead and Def Leppard  They also distanced themselves from the secret agent mythos they had created for themselves by ceasing to wear matching black suits in concert and by ceasing to write songs dealing with the existence of extraterrestrials and UFOs  The song "Loaded" was originally titled "Fuckin' Loaded" but was changed for printing on the album sleeve  They received airplay on local rock radio station 91X for the song "She's My Heroine " The album was the band's last before their extended hiatus, and they would not reconvene until a reunion show in 2005  Agent 51 have not released any more albums since The Red & the Black 

Track listing
All songs written by Chris Armes 

"American Rock N Roll"
"Wrecking Ball"
"Raised By Wolves"
"Loaded"
"Kiss of Death"
"She's My Heroine"
"Aim High"
"Kinda Like Murder"
"Air Raid"
"Hell Bent Whiskey Suicide"
"Love With the Devil"
"Disappear"
"Been So Long"

Personnel
Chris Armes – guitar, vocals
Eric "E-Rock" Davis – guitar, vocals
Sean Scura – bass, vocals
Michael "Mikey L" Levinson – drumsProduction

Recorded at 4th Street Recording
Mastered by Tom Baker at Precision Mastering
Produced, engineered and mixed by Jim Wirt except tracks 7, 11 & 12 produced and engineered by Jim Wirt and Gary Hoey and mixed by Gary Hoey
Additional production and arrangement by Gary Hoey
Assistant Engineer: CJ Erickson
Executive Producer: Dave Kaplan
Music and lyrics by Agent 51
Art and layout by Shaddox Design
Photography by LaGuerra
Passage 9:
Cream City
Cream City is the debut album by American funk/soul band Aalon  Released in 1977 and produced by Jerry Goldstein, the album reached number 45 on the R&B albums chart in the US  The group disbanded shortly after the album's release  It was reissued on CD by Thump Records in the mid-1990s, and the album has had a cult following ever since 

Track listing
Cream City - (Aalon Butler, Jerry Goldstein)  3:25
Rock and Roll Gangster - (Aalon Butler)  5:25
Midnight Man - (Aalon Butler)  4:41
Summer Love - (Aalon Butler)  5:01
Steven Baine's Electric Train - (Aalon Butler, Jerry Goldstein)  4:04
Lonely Princess - (Aalon Butler)  5:47
Magic Night - (Aalon Butler, Jerry Goldstein)  7:20
Jungle Desire - (Aalon Butler, Juan Luis Cabaza)  7:27

Personnel
AalonAalon Butler — guitars, lead and backing vocals
Luis Cabaza — keyboards
Luther Rabb — bass
Ron Hammond – drumsAdditional personnelAl Roberts — bass
Alvin Taylor – drums
Barbara Benney, Freddy Pool, Paula Bellamy — backing vocals on "Cream City"

Charts
Singles
Passage 10:
Noah Georgeson
Noah Georgeson is an American musician, producer, engineer, mixer and solo recording artist  Georgeson's debut album Find Shelter was released through Plain Recordings on November 28, 2006 

Early life and education
Born in San Anselmo, California, he moved with his family to Nevada City, California at the age of three  Georgeson studied classical guitar and music composition, receiving his Bachelor of Arts degree in composition from San Francisco State University in 2001, and, with a recommendation from Terry Riley, he attended Mills College, receiving his Master of Fine Arts in 2003  While at Mills, Georgeson studied with Fred Frith, Pauline Oliveros, and Alvin Curran 

Career
Georgeson first found popular success as a part of San Francisco band The Pleased, along with fellow member Joanna Newsom, whose debut album The Milk-Eyed Mender he produced 

Selected discography
Awards and nominations
Grammy Awards
Latin Grammy Awards
Emmy Awards
Context 3:  Later, he became interested in physics  He continued his studies at Columbia University, where he was awarded his doctorate for a thesis on the magnetic susceptibility of certain crystals  In 1927, he headed for Europe, where he met and worked with many of the finest physicists of the time 
In 1929, Rabi returned to the United States, where Columbia offered him a faculty position  In collaboration with Gregory Breit, he developed the Breit–Rabi equation and predicted that the Stern–Gerlach experiment could be modified to confirm the properties of the atomic nucleus  His techniques for using nuclear magnetic resonance to discern the magnetic moment and nuclear spin of atoms earned him the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1944  Nuclear magnetic resonance became an important tool for nuclear physics and chemistry, and the subsequent development of magnetic resonance imaging from it has also made it important to the field of medicine 
During World War II he worked on radar at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) Radiation Laboratory (RadLab) and on the Manhattan Project  After the war, he served on the General Advisory Committee (GAC) of the Atomic Energy Commission, and was chairman from 1952 to 1956  He also served on the Science Advisory Committees (SACs) of the Office of Defense Mobilization and the Army's Ballistic Research Laboratory, and was Science Advisor to President Dwight D  Eisenhower  He was involved with the establishment of the Brookhaven National Laboratory in 1946, and later, as United States delegate to UNESCO, with the creation  of CERN in 1952  When Columbia created the rank of University Professor in 1964, Rabi was the first to receive that position  A special chair was named after him in 1985  He retired from teaching in 1967, but remained active in the department and held the title of University Professor Emeritus and Special Lecturer until his death 

Early years
Israel Isaac Rabi was born on July 29, 1898, into a Polish-Jewish Orthodox family in Rymanów, Galicia, in what was then part of Austria-Hungary but is now Poland  Soon after he was born, his father, David Rabi, emigrated to the United States  The younger Rabi and his mother, Sheindel, joined David there a few months later, and the family moved into a two-room apartment on the Lower East Side of Manhattan  At home the family spoke Yiddish  When Rabi was enrolled in school, Sheindel said his name was Izzy, and a school official, thinking it was short for Isidor, put that down as his name  Henceforth, that became his official name  Later, in response to anti-Semitism, he started writing his name as Isidor Isaac Rabi, and was known professionally as I I  Rabi  To most of his friends and family, including his sister Gertrude, who was born in 1903, he was known simply as "Rabi", which was pronounced "Robby"  In 1907, the family moved to Brownsville, Brooklyn, where they ran a grocery store As a boy, Rabi was interested in science  He read science books borrowed from the public library and built his own radio set  His first scientific paper, on the design of a radio condenser, was published in Modern Electrics when he was in elementary school  After reading about Copernican heliocentrism, he became an atheist  "It's all very simple", he told his parents, adding, "Who needs God?" As a compromise with his parents, for his Bar Mitzvah, which was held at home, he gave a speech in Yiddish about how an electric light works  He attended the Manual Training High School in Brooklyn, from which he graduated in 1916  Later that year, he entered Cornell University as an electrical engineering student, but soon switched to chemistry  After the American entry into World War I in 1917, he joined the Student Army Training Corps at Cornell  For his senior thesis, he investigated the oxidation states of manganese  He was awarded his Bachelor of Science degree in June 1919, but since at the time Jews were largely excluded from employment in the chemical industry and academia, he did not receive any job offers  He worked briefly at the Lederle Laboratories, and then as a bookkeeper 

Education
In 1922 Rabi returned to Cornell as a graduate chemistry student, and began studying physics  In 1923 he met, and began courting, Helen Newmark, a summer-semester student at Hunter College  To be near her when she returned home, he continued his studies at Columbia University, where his supervisor was Albert Wills  In June 1924 Rabi landed a job as a part-time tutor at the City College of New York  Wills, whose specialty was magnetism, suggested that Rabi write his doctoral thesis on the magnetic susceptibility of sodium vapor  The topic did not appeal to Rabi, but after William Lawrence Bragg gave a seminar at Columbia about the electric susceptibility of certain crystals called Tutton's salts, Rabi decided to research their magnetic susceptibility, and Wills agreed to be his supervisor Measuring the magnetic resonance of crystals first involved growing the crystals, a simple procedure often done by elementary school students  The crystals then had to be prepared by skillfully cutting them into sections with facets that had an orientation different from the internal structure of the crystal, and the response to a magnetic field had to be painstakingly measured  While his crystals were growing, Rabi read James Clerk Maxwell's 1873 A Treatise on Electricity and Magnetism, which inspired an easier method  He lowered a crystal on a glass fiber attached to a torsion balance into a solution whose magnetic susceptibility could be varied between two magnetic poles  When it matched that of the crystal, the magnet could be turned on and off without disturbing the crystal  The new method not only required much less work, it also produced a more accurate result  Rabi sent his thesis, entitled On the Principal Magnetic Susceptibilities of Crystals, to Physical Review on July 16, 1926  He married Helen the next day  The paper attracted little fanfare in academic circles, although it was read by Kariamanickam Srinivasa Krishnan, who used the method in his own investigations of crystals  Rabi concluded that he needed to promote his work as well as publish it Like many other young physicists, Rabi was closely following momentous events in Europe  He was astounded by the Stern–Gerlach experiment, which convinced him of the validity of quantum mechanics  With Ralph Kronig, Francis Bitter, Mark Zemansky and others, he set out to extend the Schrödinger equation to symmetric top molecules and find the energy states of such a mechanical system  The problem was that none of them could solve the resulting equation, a second-order partial differential equation  Rabi found the answer in a book by the 19th-century mathematician Carl Gustav Jacob Jacobi  The equation had the form of a hypergeometric equation to which Jacobi had found a solution  Kronig and Rabi wrote up their result and sent it to Physical Review, which published it in 1927 

Europe
In May 1927, Rabi was appointed a Barnard Fellow  This came with a stipend of $1,500 ($25,270 in 2022 dollars) for the period from September 1927 to June 1928  He immediately applied for a year's leave of absence from the City College of New York so he could study in Europe  When this was refused, he resigned  On reaching Zürich, where he hoped to work for Erwin Schrödinger, he met two fellow Americans, Julius Adams Stratton and Linus Pauling  They found that Schrödinger was leaving, as he had been appointed head of the Theoretical Institute at Friedrich Wilhelm University in Berlin  Rabi therefore decided to seek a position with Arnold Sommerfeld at the University of Munich instead  In Munich, he found two more Americans, Howard Percy Robertson and Edward Condon  Sommerfeld accepted Rabi as a postdoctoral student  German physicists Rudolf Peierls and Hans Bethe were also working with Sommerfeld at the time, but the three Americans became especially close On Wills' advice, Rabi traveled to Leeds for the 97th annual meeting of the British Association for the Advancement of Science, where he heard Werner Heisenberg present a paper on quantum mechanics  Afterwards, Rabi moved to Copenhagen, where he volunteered to work for Niels Bohr  Bohr was on vacation, but Rabi went straight to work on calculating the magnetic susceptibility of molecular hydrogen  After Bohr returned in October, he arranged for Rabi and Yoshio Nishina to continue their work with Wolfgang Pauli at the University of Hamburg Although he came to Hamburg to work with Pauli, Rabi found Otto Stern working there with two English-speaking postdoctoral fellows, Ronald Fraser and John Bradshaw Taylor  Rabi soon made friends with them, and became interested in their molecular beam experiments, for which Stern would receive the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1943  Their research involved non-uniform magnetic fields, which were difficult to manipulate and hard to measure accurately  Rabi devised a method of using a uniform field instead, with the molecular beam at a glancing angle, so the atoms would be deflected like light through a prism  This would be easier to use, and produce more accurate results  Encouraged by Stern, and greatly assisted by Taylor, Rabi managed to get his idea to work  On Stern's advice, Rabi wrote a letter about his results to Nature, which published it in February 1929, followed by a paper entitled Zur Methode der Ablenkung von Molekularstrahlen ("On the method of deflection of molecular beams") to Zeitschrift für Physik, where it was published in April By this time the Barnard Fellowship had expired, and Rabi and Helen were living on a $182 per month stipend from the Rockefeller Foundation  They left Hamburg for Leipzig, where he hoped to work with Heisenberg  In Leipzig, he found Robert Oppenheimer, a fellow New Yorker  It would be the start of a long friendship  Heisenberg departed for a tour of the United States in March 1929, so Rabi and Oppenheimer decided to go to the ETH Zurich, where Pauli was now the professor of physics  Rabi's education in physics was enriched by the leaders in the field he met there, which included Paul Dirac, Walter Heitler, Fritz London, Francis Wheeler Loomis, John von Neumann, John Slater, Leó Szilárd and Eugene Wigner 

Molecular Beam Laboratory
On March 26, 1929, Rabi received an offer of a lectureship from Columbia, with an annual salary of $3,000  The dean of Columbia's physics department, George B  Pegram, was looking for a theoretical physicist to teach statistical mechanics and an advanced course in the new subject of quantum mechanics, and Heisenberg had recommended Rabi  Helen was now pregnant, so Rabi needed a regular job, and this job was in New York  He accepted, and returned to the United States in August on the SS President Roosevelt  Rabi became the only Jewish faculty member at Columbia at the time 

As a teacher, Rabi was underwhelming  Leon Lederman recalled that after a lecture, students would head to the library to try to work out what Rabi had been talking about  Irving Kaplan rated Rabi and Harold Urey as "the worst teachers I ever had"  Norman Ramsey considered Rabi's lectures "pretty dreadful", while William Nierenberg felt that he was "simply an awful lecturer"  Despite his shortcomings as a lecturer, his influence was great  He inspired many of his students to pursue careers in physics, and some became famous Rabi's first daughter, Helen Elizabeth, was born in September 1929  A second girl, Margaret Joella, followed in 1934  Between his teaching duties and his family, he had little time for research, and published no papers in his first year at Columbia, but was nonetheless promoted to assistant professor at its conclusion  He became a professor in 1937 In 1931 Rabi returned to particle beam experiments  In collaboration with Gregory Breit, he developed the Breit-Rabi equation, and predicted that the Stern–Gerlach experiment could be modified to confirm the properties of the atomic nucleus  The next step was to do so  With the help of Victor W  Cohen, Rabi built a molecular beam apparatus at Columbia  Their idea was to employ a weak magnetic field instead of a strong one, with which they hoped to detect the nuclear spin of sodium  When the experiment was conducted, four beamlets were found, from which they deduced a nuclear spin of 3⁄2 Rabi's Molecular Beam Laboratory began to attract others, including Sidney Millman, a graduate student who studied lithium for his doctorate  Another was Jerrold Zacharias who, believing that the sodium nucleus would be too difficult to understand, proposed studying the simplest of the elements, hydrogen  Its deuterium isotope had only recently been discovered at Columbia in 1931 by Urey, who received the 1934 Nobel Prize in Chemistry for this work  Urey was able to supply them with both heavy water and gaseous deuterium for their experiments  Despite its simplicity, Stern's group in Hamburg had observed that hydrogen did not behave as predicted  Urey also helped in another way; he gave Rabi half his prize money to fund the Molecular Beam Laboratory  Other scientists whose careers began at the Molecular Beam Laboratory included Norman Ramsey, Julian Schwinger, Jerome Kellogg and Polykarp Kusch  All were men; Rabi did not believe that women could be physicists  He never had a woman as a doctoral or postdoctoral student, and generally opposed women as candidates for faculty positions At the suggestion of C  J  Gorter, the team attempted to use an oscillating field  This became the basis for the nuclear magnetic resonance method  In 1937, Rabi, Kusch, Millman and Zacharias used it to measure the magnetic moment of several lithium compounds with molecular beams, including lithium chloride, lithium fluoride and dilithium



ground_truth: Deftones

prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: The physicist who is responsible for identifying the Rabi cycle won what award?

The following are given passages.
Context 3:  Applying the method to hydrogen, they found that the moment of a proton was 2 785±0 02 nuclear magnetons, and not 1 as predicted by the then-current theory, while that of a deuteron was 0 855±0 006 nuclear magnetons  This provided more accurate measurements of what Stern's team had found, and Rabi's team had confirmed, in 1934  Since a deuteron is composed of a proton and a neutron with aligned spins, the neutron's magnetic moment could be inferred by subtracting the proton's magnetic moment from the deuteron's  The resulting value was not zero, and had a sign opposite to that of the proton  Based on curious artifacts of these more accurate measurements, Rabi suggested that the deuteron had an electric quadrupole moment  This discovery meant that the physical shape of the deuteron was not symmetric, which provided valuable insight into the nature of the nuclear force binding nucleons  For the creation of the molecular-beam magnetic-resonance detection method, Rabi was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1944 

World War II
In September 1940, Rabi became a member of the Scientific Advisory Committee of the U S  Army's Ballistic Research Laboratory  That month, the British Tizard Mission brought a number of new technologies to the United States, including a cavity magnetron, a high-powered device that generates microwaves using the interaction of a stream of electrons with a magnetic field  This device, which promised to revolutionize radar, demolished any thoughts the Americans had entertained about their technological leadership  Alfred Lee Loomis of the National Defense Research Committee decided to establish a new laboratory at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) to develop this radar technology  The name Radiation Laboratory was chosen as both unremarkable and a tribute to the Berkeley Radiation Laboratory  Loomis recruited Lee DuBridge to run it Loomis and DuBridge recruited physicists for the new laboratory at an Applied Nuclear Physics conference at MIT in October 1940  Among those who volunteered was Rabi  His assignment was to study the magnetron, which was so secret that it had to be kept in a safe  The Radiation Laboratory scientists set their sights on producing a microwave radar set by January 6, 1941, and having a prototype installed in a Douglas A-20 Havoc by March  This was done; the technological obstacles were gradually overcome, and a working US microwave radar set was produced  The magnetron was further developed on both sides of the Atlantic to permit a reduction in wavelength from 150 cm to 10 cm, and then to 3 cm  The laboratory went on to develop air-to-surface radar to detect submarines, the SCR-584 radar for fire control, and LORAN, a long-range radio navigation system  At Rabi's instigation, a branch of the Radiation Laboratory was located at Columbia, with Rabi in charge In 1942 Oppenheimer attempted to recruit Rabi and Robert Bacher to work at the Los Alamos Laboratory on a new secret project  They convinced Oppenheimer that his plan for a military laboratory would not work, since a scientific effort would need to be a civilian affair  The plan was modified, and the new laboratory would be a civilian one, run by the University of California under contract from the War Department  In the end, Rabi still did not go west, but did agree to serve as a consultant to the Manhattan Project  Rabi attended the Trinity test in July 1945  The scientists working on Trinity set up a betting pool on the yield of the test, with predictions ranging from total dud to 45 kilotons of TNT equivalent (kt)  Rabi arrived late and found the only entry left was for 18 kilotons, which he purchased  Wearing welding goggles, he waited for the result with Ramsey and Enrico Fermi  The blast was rated at 18 6 kilotons, and Rabi won the pool 

Later life
In 1945, Rabi delivered the Richtmyer Memorial Lecture, held by the American Association of Physics Teachers in honor of Floyd K  Richtmyer, wherein he proposed that the magnetic resonance of atoms might be used as the basis of a clock  William L  Laurence wrote it up for The New York Times, under the headline "'Cosmic pendulum' for clock planned"  Before long Zacharias and Ramsey had built such atomic clocks  Rabi actively pursued his research into magnetic resonance until about 1960, but he continued to make appearances at conferences and seminars until his death 

Rabi chaired Columbia's physics department from 1945 to 1949, during which time it was home to two Nobel laureates (Rabi and Enrico Fermi) and eleven future laureates, including seven faculty (Polykarp Kusch, Willis Lamb, Maria Goeppert-Mayer, James Rainwater, Norman Ramsey, Charles Townes and Hideki Yukawa), a research scientist (Aage Bohr), a visiting professor (Hans Bethe), a doctoral student (Leon Lederman) and an undergraduate (Leon Cooper)  Martin L  Perl, a doctoral student of Rabi's, won the Nobel Prize in 1995  Rabi was the Eugene Higgins professor of physics at Columbia but when Columbia created the rank of University Professor in 1964, Rabi was the first to receive such a chair  This meant that he was free to research or teach whatever he chose  He retired from teaching in 1967 but remained active in the department and held the title of University Professor Emeritus until his death  A special chair was named after him in 1985 A legacy of the Manhattan Project was the network of national laboratories, but none was located on the East Coast  Rabi and Ramsey assembled a group of universities in the New York area to lobby for their own national laboratory  When Zacharias, who was now at MIT, heard about it, he set up a rival group at MIT and Harvard  Rabi had discussions with Major General Leslie R  Groves, Jr , the director of the Manhattan Project, who was willing to go along with a new national laboratory, but only one  Moreover, while the Manhattan Project still had funds, the wartime organization was expected to be phased out when a new authority came into existence  After some bargaining and lobbying by Rabi and others, the two groups came together in January 1946  Eventually nine universities (Columbia, Cornell, Harvard, Johns Hopkins, MIT, Princeton, Pennsylvania, Rochester and Yale) came together, and on January 31, 1947, a contract was signed with the Atomic Energy Commission (AEC), which had replaced the Manhattan Project, that established the Brookhaven National Laboratory 

Rabi suggested to Edoardo Amaldi that Brookhaven might be a model that Europeans could emulate  Rabi saw science as a way of inspiring and uniting a Europe that was still recovering from the war  An opportunity came in 1950 when he was named the United States Delegate to the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO)  At a UNESCO meeting at the Palazzo Vecchio in Florence in June 1950, he called for the establishment of regional laboratories  These efforts bore fruit; in 1952, representatives of eleven countries came together to create the Conseil Européen pour la Recherche Nucléaire (CERN)  Rabi received a letter from Bohr, Heisenberg, Amaldi and others congratulating him on the success of his efforts  He had the letter framed and hung it on the wall of his home office 

Military matters
The Atomic Energy Act of 1946 that created the Atomic Energy Commission provided for a nine-man General Advisory Committee (GAC) to advise the Commission on scientific and technical matters  Rabi was one of those appointed in December 1946  The GAC was enormously influential throughout the late 1940s, but in 1950 the GAC unanimously opposed the development of the hydrogen bomb  Rabi went further than most of the other members, and joined Fermi in opposing the hydrogen bomb on moral as well as technical grounds  However, President Harry S  Truman overrode the GAC's advice, and ordered development to proceed  Rabi later said:

I never forgave Truman for buckling under the pressure  He simply did not understand what it was about  As a matter of fact, after he stopped being President he still didn't believe that the Russians had a bomb in 1949  He said so  So for him to have alerted the world that we were going to make a hydrogen bomb at a time when we didn't even know how to make one was one of the worst things he could have done  It shows the dangers of this sort of thing 
Oppenheimer was not reappointed to the GAC when his term expired in 1952, and Rabi succeeded him as chairman, serving until 1956  Rabi later testified on Oppenheimer's behalf at the Atomic Energy Commission's controversial security hearing in 1954 that led to Oppenheimer being stripped of his security clearance  Many witnesses supported Oppenheimer, but none more forcefully than Rabi:

So it didn't seem to me the sort of thing that called for this kind of proceeding    against a man who has accomplished what Dr  Oppenheimer has accomplished  There is a real positive record    We have an A-bomb and a whole series of it, and we have a whole series of super bombs, and what more do you want, mermaids?
Rabi was appointed a member of the Science Advisory Committee (SAC) of the Office of Defense Mobilization in 1952, serving as its chairman from 1956 to 1957  This coincided with the Sputnik crisis  President Dwight Eisenhower met with the SAC on October 15, 1957, to seek advice on possible US responses to the Soviet satellite success  Rabi, who knew Eisenhower from the latter's time as president of Columbia, was the first to speak, and put forward a series of proposals, one of which was to strengthen the committee so it could provide the President with timely advice  This was done, and the SAC became the President's Science Advisory Committee a few weeks later  He also became Eisenhower's Science Advisor  In 1956 Rabi attended the Project Nobska anti-submarine warfare conference, where discussion ranged from oceanography to nuclear weapons  He served as the US Representative to the NATO Science Committee at the time that the term "software engineering" was coined  While serving in that capacity, he bemoaned the fact that many large software projects were delayed  This prompted discussions that led to the formation of a study group that organized the first conference on software engineering 

Honors
In the course of his life, Rabi received many honors in addition to the Nobel Prize  These included the Elliott Cresson Medal from the Franklin Institute in 1942, the Medal for Merit and the King's Medal for Service in the Cause of Freedom from Great Britain in 1948, the officer in the French Legion of Honour in 1956, Columbia University's Barnard Medal for Meritorious Service to Science in 1960, the Niels Bohr International Gold Medal and the Atoms for Peace Award in 1967, the Oersted Medal from the American Association of Physics Teachers in 1982, the Four Freedoms Award from the Franklin and Eleanor Roosevelt Institute and the Public Welfare Medal from the National Academy of Sciences in 1985, the Golden Plate Award of the American Academy of Achievement and the Vannevar Bush Award from the National Science Foundation in 1986  He was a Fellow (elected 1931) of the American Physical Society, serving as its president in 1950, and a member of the National Academy of Sciences, the American Philosophical Society, and the American Academy of Arts and Sciences  He was internationally recognized with membership in the Japan Academy and the Brazilian Academy of Sciences, and in 1959 was appointed a member of the Board of Governors of the Weizmann Institute of Science in Israel  The most valuable of Columbia University's undergraduate research scholarships, designed to motivate and support promising young scientists, is named after him, so is the street, Route Rabi at CERN, on the Prévessin site in France 

Death
Rabi died at his home on Riverside Drive in Manhattan from cancer on January 11, 1988  His wife, Helen, survived him and died at the age of 102 on June 18, 2005  In his last days, he was reminded of his greatest achievement when his physicians examined him using magnetic resonance imaging, a technology that had been developed from his ground-breaking research on magnetic resonance  The machine happened to have a reflective inner surface, and he remarked: "I saw myself in that machine    I never thought my work would come to this "

Books
Rabi, Isidor Isaac (1960)  My Life and Times as a Physicist  Claremont, California: Claremont College  OCLC 1071412 
Rabi, Isidor Isaac (1970)  Science: The Center of Culture  New York: World Publishing Co  OCLC 74630 
Rabi, Isidor Isaac; Serber, Robert; Weisskopf, Victor F ; Pais, Abraham; Seaborg, Glenn T  (1969)  Oppenheimer: The Story of One of the Most Remarkable Personalities of the 20th Century  Scribner's  OCLC 223176672 

Notes
See also
List of Jewish Nobel laureates



ground_truth: Nobel Prize