prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: Broadbent Arena and Freedom Hall are landmarks of which U.S. city?

The following are given passages.
Context 1: Passage 1:
Louisville Thunder
Louisville Thunder was an indoor soccer club based in Louisville, Kentucky that was one of the founding clubs competing in the American Indoor Soccer Association  Peter Mahlock served as President and General Manager and Keith Tozer was the head coach   During the first season Tozer moved from just coaching to logging shifts as a player/coach   In their debut season of 1984–1985, goalkeeper Rick Schweizer won the 'Goalkeeper of the Year' award, and made it on to the All-Star team   The Louisville Thunder played its home games at the Broadbent Arena 
However, in 1987 after winning the AISA league championship over the Canton Invaders, the team disbanded due to ownership problems 
The team did produce several league all-stars during its existence including Rick Schweizer, Zoran Savic, Art Hughes and Chris Hellenkamp 

Coaches
Keith Tozer (1984–87)

Individual player honors
1984–1985 Rick Schweizer – Goalkeeper of the Year
1984–1985 All-Star TEAM Rick Schweizer & Art Hughes
1985–1986 Zoran Savic – Top Points Scorer (81)
1985–1986 All-Star TEAM Zoran Savic & Art Hughes
1986–1987 All-Star TEAM Zoran Savic, Art Hughes &  Chris Hellenkamp

Year-by-year
See also
Sports in Louisville, Kentucky
Passage 2:
Louisville Icehawks
The Louisville Icehawks were a professional ice hockey team competing in the East Coast Hockey League  The team, based in Louisville, Kentucky, played from 1990 to 1994  Their home venue was Broadbent Arena at the Kentucky Exposition Center  The mascot was called Tommy Hawk, a play on tomahawk, and resembled The San Diego Chicken, but with coloration and costume matching the team's  Tommy Hawk was "banned" from the inside portion of the arena for a period of time, due to an altercation with a visiting player who was in the penalty box  In the 1995–96 season, the team was renamed and moved to Florida to become the Jacksonville Lizard Kings 
For a period of time the Louisville Icehawk's parent team/NHL Affiliate were the Pittsburgh Penguins 
Trevor Buchanan was a player for the Icehawks that spent a great deal of time in the penalty box, thus spawning his own fan club 

Playoffs
1990–91: Defeated Knoxville 3–0 in quarterfinals; lost to Greensboro 4–0 in semifinals 
1991–92: Defeated Toledo 4–1 in first round; received quarterfinals bye; defeated Cincinnati 3–1 in semifinals; lost to Hampton Roads 4–0 in finals 
1992–93: Did not qualify 
1993–94: Defeated Knoxville 2–1 in first round; lost to Birmingham 3–0 in quarterfinals 

See also
Sports in Louisville, Kentucky
Passage 3:
Kentucky Athletic Hall of Fame
The Kentucky Athletic Hall of Fame is a sports hall of fame for the U S  state of Kentucky established in 1963  Individuals are inducted annually at a banquet in Louisville and receive a bronze plaque inside Louisville's Freedom Hall  The Kentucky Athletic Hall of Fame other wise known as the Kentucky Sports Hall of fame, is a non-profit organization funded by the Kentucky Lottery and owned and operated by the Louisville Sports Commission 

Notable Inductees
Honorees have included Louisville native Muhammad Ali  A three-time world champion and six-time Golden Glove recipient, he won a gold medal in the light heavyweight division at the 1960 Summer Olympics (at age eighteen) and turned professional later that year  Also included is American football player and coach Bo McMillin (who played for Centre College in Danville, Kentucky); and basketball player and coach Pat Riley, who played in college for the Kentucky Wildcats men's basketball team  While at the University of Kentucky, Riley managed to average a double double during his entire career there  He is also a ten-time NBA champion, winning one ring as a player with the Los Angeles Lakers and the rest as a coach and an owner in the NBA  Coach Riley was inducted into the Hall of Fame in 2005  Bob Baffert an American racehorse trainer who trained the 2015 Triple Crown winner American Pharoah and 2018 Triple Crown winner Justify  Baffert's horses have won a record seven Kentucky Derbies, seven Preakness Stakes, three Belmont Stakes, and three Kentucky Oaks  Most recently inducted  A more recent inductee Dwane Casey inducted in the 2021 class who is the head coach for the Detroit Pistons of the National Basketball Association  He is a former NCAA basketball player and coach, having played and coached there for over a decade before moving on to the NBA The 2013 class included people such as Jerry Carroll who was a golf professional, Donna Bender a student-athlete/athletic director at Sacred Heart Academy, University of Louisville basketball player Pervis Ellison, Calvin Borel who was a Kentucky horse racer, Pro football player for the Pittsburgh Steelers Dwayne D  Woodruff, and Tennis player Julie Ditty Inducted in the 2015 class were tennis player Mel Purcell,( he captured the 1980 NCAA doubles title with Rodney harmon and was named an all-American ) women's basketball coach Paul Sanderford, basketball player Sharon Garland, college basketball manager and King of the Bluegrass Men's Basketball Tournament founder and director Lloyd Gardner, Major League Baseball umpire Randy Marsh, track and field athlete Boyd Smith, and Lexington's Keeneland Race Course  Scott Davenport, the current men's basketball coach at Bellarmine University was also inducted 
The 2016 class included American football player Shaun Alexander, basketball player Darel Carrier, college basketball coach Scott Davenport, basketball player Kyra Elzy, high school basketball coach Philip Haywood, Kentucky Wesleyan basketball play-by-play announcer Joel Utley, and the Lakeside Swim Club  Kyra Elzy is a Kentucky native and currently holds the position as the University of Kentucky's Women's Basketball Head Coach  She also played basketball for the University of Tennessee and assisted for their team after her career 

Selection committee
The 2021 Selection Committee has the following members:
Jeff Bidwell, WPSD-TV
Drew Deener, ESPN Radio
Jody Demling, iHeart Media
Mike Fields, retired Lexington Herald Leader staff writer
Jason Frakes, Courier Journal
Kendrick Haskins, WAVE 3
Reina Kempt, Courier Journal
Zack Klemme, The Daily Independent
Mark Mathis, Owensboro Messenger-Inquirer
Marques Maybin, ESPN Radio
Brian Milam, WKYT-TV
Steve Moss, WKYT-TV
Kevin Patton, The Gleaner
Kent Spencer, WHAS-TV
Mark Story, Lexington Herald-Leader

Inductees
The Hall of fame has been honoring athletes for the past 58 years  These are some of the athletes inducted in the past 6 years  Here is the link to the full list of inductees 

2021
John Asher - Kentucky Derby ambassador  He is known as the voice and face of horseracing in Kentucky 
Dwane Casey - American Professional basketball coach who attended Union County High School in Morganfield, Kentucky and played four years at the University of Kentucky winning a National Championship in 1977-78  He began His coaching career at the Western Kentucky University before becoming the first African American assistant coach at The University of Kentucky, before moving to the NBA 
Romeo Crennel - American football coach  Before becoming a defensive coordinator, he was a star at Western Kentucky, where he was a four-year starter and a team captain as a senior in 1969  He then embarked on his coaching career that spanned six decades and included five Super Bowl rings as an assistant 
Rachel Komisarz Baugh - American swimmer, Olympic gold medalist, and former world record-holder  She swam at the University of Kentucky and became a seven-time All American swimmer and three-time SEC Champion by the end of her four years at the University 
Keith Madison - Head coach of the Kentucky Wildcats baseball team from 1979 to 2003  He remains the most winningest baseball coach in program history with 735 wins 
Elmore Smith - Former American professional basketball player  Played at Kentucky State University and went on to play in the NBA for the Buffalo Braves 

2020
Pete Browning - American professional baseball player that was a pioneer for the major league games, which included several seasons with the Louisville Colonels 
Anna May Hutchison- Louisville native, she played in the All-American Girls Professional Baseball League 
Clarence "Cave" Wilson- Basketball player  Wilson led the Horse Cave, KY, Colored School to 65 consecutive basketball victories in the 1940s  He was a forward and a point guard for the Harlem Globetrotters (1949-1964)

2019
Derek Anderson- American former professional basketball player  In 1996, Anderson helped the University of Kentucky win the NCAA Men's Basketball      Championship as part of a team that featured nine future NBA players under their coach Rick Pitino, known as the “untouchables”
Deion Branch- is a former American football player for the NFL  He played college football as a wide receiver at Louisville under coach John L  Smith  Branch was named the Most Valuable Player of Super Bowl XXXIX 
William Exum was the head of the Kentucky State University Physical Education Department and later head of the Athletics Department  He coached the KSU men's cross country team to an NCAA Division II championship in 1964  He was also the manager of the United States Track and Field teams at the 1972 and 1976 Olympics 
Ralph Hacker spent 34 years on the UK Radio Network  He served as the men's basketball analyst for many years with broadcaster Cawood Ledford
Willis Augustus Lee was a Kentucky native and a skilled sport shooter that won seven medals in the 1920 Olympics shooting events, including five gold medals  He was tied with teammate Lloyd Spooner for the most anyone had ever received in a single Olympics  Their record stood for 60 years 
Nate Northington- He was the first African-American to play in a college football SEC game with the Kentucky Wildcats 

2018
Bob Baffert
Sam Ball
Bob Beatty
Bernie Bickerstaff
Ken Ramsey
Nicky Hayden

2017
Mike Battaglia
Howard Beth
Rodger Bird
Rob Bromley
Swag Hartel
Kenny Klein
Dennis Lampley
Marion Miley

2016
Shaun Alexander
Darel Carrier
Scott Davenport
Kyra Elzy
Philip Haywood
Joel Utley
Lakeside Swim Club*Selection on hiatus 1965
**Selection on hiatus 1967-1974
**Selection on hiatus 1976-1984
Passage 4:
Freedom Hall
Freedom Hall is a multi-purpose arena in Louisville, Kentucky, on the grounds of the Kentucky Exposition Center, which is owned by the Commonwealth of Kentucky  It is best known for its use as a basketball arena, previously serving as the home of the University of Louisville Cardinals and, since November 2020, as the home of the Bellarmine University Knights  It has hosted Kiss, Chicago, AC/DC, WWE events, Mötley Crüe, Elvis Presley, The Doors, Janis Joplin, Creed, Led Zeppelin, Van Halen and many more  As well as the Louisville Cardinals men's basketball team from 1956 to 2010, the arena’s tenants included the Kentucky Colonels of the American Basketball Association from 1970 until the ABA-NBA merger in June 1976, and the Louisville Cardinals women's team from its inception in 1975 to 2010  The Kentucky Stickhorses of the North American Lacrosse League used Freedom Hall from 2011 until the team folded in 2013  From 2015 to 2019 it has hosted the VEX Robotics Competition World Championship Finals yearly in mid-April 
The arena lost its status as Kentuckiana's main indoor sporting and concert venue when the downtown KFC Yum! Center opened in 2010   It is still used regularly, however, hosting concerts, horse shows, conventions, and basketball games 

History
Freedom Hall was completed in 1956 in the newly opened Kentucky Fair and Exposition Center located 5 miles (8 0 km) south of Downtown Louisville  It received its name as the result of a statewide essay contest sponsored by the State Fair Board and the American Legion  Charlotte Owens, a senior at DuPont Manual High School, submitted the winning entry over 6,500 others  Designed for the nation's premier equestrian competition, the Kentucky State Fair World's Championship Horse Show, the floor length and permanent seating were designed specifically for the almost 300-foot (91 m)-long show ring (in comparison, a regulation hockey rink is 200 feet (61 m) long, and a basketball court is only 94 feet)  The North American International Livestock Exposition also is held there each November  Muhammad Ali fought his first professional fight at Freedom Hall when he won a six-round decision over Tunney Hunsaker  Freedom Hall was also one of the major stops on the Motortown (later MOTOWN) traveling music revue during the early and mid-1960s 
Grateful Dead played Freedom Hall 4 times including 6/18/74, 4/9/89, 6/15/93, and 6/16/93  6/18/74 was officially released as Road Trips Volume 2 Number 3 
Judgment Day (2000) was also held at the Freedom Hall  A collegiate wrestling tournament was held at the arena in 2019 
Freedom Hall has hosted campaign rallies for two U S  presidents: John F  Kennedy and Donald Trump 

Tenant history
The Kentucky Colonels fielded successful teams during their tenure at Freedom Hall, winning the American Basketball Association (ABA) Championship in the 1974–75 season and reaching the ABA Finals two other times  The 1970-71 team played in the ABA Championship Finals, losing to the Utah Stars in 7 games  The 1972-73 team advanced to the Finals again, losing to the Indiana Pacers in 7 games  The Colonels were disbanded when the ABA merged with the National Basketball Association in 1976  Hall of Fame players Dan Issel and Artis Gilmore played for the Colonels during their successful run  Hall of Fame Coach Hubie Brown coached the Colonels Championship team In 1984 the facility was refurbished, including lowering the floor to allow maximum capacity to increase from 16,664 to 18,865 for basketball  It was the full-time home of Cardinal men's basketball from the 1957–58 season to 2010, with the team winning 82% of home games in 50+ seasons  The University of Louisville was ranked in the Top 5 in attendance for the past 25 years, with 16 of the last 19 years averaging more than 100% of capacity 
In addition to being the home of the Cardinals, Freedom Hall has hosted NCAA tournament games ten times, including six Final Fours between 1958 and 1969  The arena has also hosted 11 conference tournaments, nine Metro Conference Tournaments and two Conference USA tournaments—2001 and 2003  It has also hosted the Kentucky Boys' High School State Basketball Tournament (also known as the Sweet 16) 23 times, including every year from 1965 to 1978  In 1984, the floor of the arena was lowered about 10 feet (3 0 m) to increase the capacity of the arena from 16,613 to its current figure  In the 1996–97 season Freedom Hall averaged an attendance of 19,590 surpassing arena capacity  Freedom Hall hosts the Championship tractor pull every February during the National Farm Machinery Show 
From 2001 to 2008, the arena football team Louisville Fire of the af2 played in Freedom Hall before ceasing operations 
On the lower level is the Kentucky Athletic Hall of Fame where an engraved bronze plaque honors each inductee The University of Louisville men's basketball team played their final game at Freedom Hall in front of a record crowd of 20,138 on March 6, 2010, against Syracuse University, the #1 ranked team in the nation  Louisville won in an upset 78–68 
The arena began to gain new tenants in 2012 with the addition of the Kentucky Stickhorses, and in 2013, with the addition of the Kentucky Xtreme  However, the Kentucky Stickhorses folded in 2014 after the lack of wins and the lack of attendance  The Kentucky Xtreme were suspended mid-season with other teams playing the remainder of their season  In 2020, the Bellarmine University Knights selected Freedom Hall as their home for men's and women's basketball 

Gallery
See also
List of events at Freedom Hall
KFC Yum! Center
Sports in Louisville, Kentucky
List of attractions and events in the Louisville metropolitan area
Passage 5:
Cleveland City Hall
Cleveland City Hall is the seat of government for the City of Cleveland, Ohio, and the home of Cleveland City Council and the office of the Mayor of Cleveland  It opened in 1916 and is located at 601 Lakeside Avenue in the Civic Center area of Downtown Cleveland  The building was the first of its kind designed by Cleveland architect J  Milton Dyer for governmental purposes for a major U S  city  At the time of its construction, City Hall was to continue the city planning of Daniel Burnham's 1903 Group Plan  City Hall stands as a historic landmark that was added to the Cleveland Landmarks Commission The rotunda in the building has been the site of numerous weddings, rallies, protests, and galas  The body of U S  Representative Louis Stokes lay in state in the rotunda for the public to pay their respects after his death in 2015 

Construction
The original design had been finalized by 1907 and features Neoclassical elements, but it would take nearly 10 more years before that design would be realized  By the time of its construction, Dyer had undertaken several important building commissions in the Cleveland area and was known for his ornate but refined style of architecture  The building cost $3 million in 1916 (equivalent to $81 million in 2022) and took nearly five years to complete with construction commencing in 1912  The building is located on the bluff that overlooks the North Coast Harbor district that abuts Lake Erie and the Port of Cleveland  
The Cleveland City Council Chambers underwent major renovations in 1951 and 1977  However, the outside of the building has remained largely unchanged since 1916, save for normal repairs, refittings and the usual upkeep of the superstructure  City Hall stands next to Willard Park and The Mall and is across the street from Public Hall 

Occupants
The following city agencies are in building:
Mayor's Office Subdivisions
Building and Housing
Civil Service Commission
Community Development
Community Relations
Finance
Law
Personnel and Human Resources
Public SafetyThe city of Cleveland has numerous other agencies and departments spread throughout downtown buildings, these include, Carl B  Stokes Public Works Building which is headquarters to Cleveland Division of Water, the Tower at Erieview, Cleveland Public Powerhouse and Public Hall, among others  As with other major U S  cities as the city expanded and diversified, the City Hall building could no longer house all of the needed departments 

See also
Downtown Cleveland
Civic Center (Cleveland)
Passage 6:
Louisville RiverFrogs
The Louisville RiverFrogs were a professional ice hockey team competing in the East Coast Hockey League (ECHL), which was a mid-level professional American hockey league with teams from all over the United States as well as one franchise from Canada  The team was based in Louisville, Kentucky and played from 1995 to 1998  Their home venue was Broadbent Arena (nicknamed "The Swamp" for their duration; capacity 6,600) at the Kentucky Exposition Center 
At the conclusion of the 1997–1998 season, the franchise was sold and moved to Florida to become the Miami Matadors for a year before moving to Ohio as the Cincinnati Cyclones in 2001  The Cyclones are still currently playing in the ECHL  They started out playing their games in Cincinnati Gardens, but they now play at the Heritage Bank Center  The Cyclones are also the minor league affiliate to the Rochester Americans of the American Hockey League (AHL), as well as the Buffalo Sabres of the National Hockey League (NHL) 
The team's mascot was Rowdy River Frog  The RiverFrogs games were locally known for the amount of non-hockey-related entertainment at shows, including a giant frog blimp, hot tubs, and concession booths 

See also
Sports in Louisville, Kentucky
Passage 7:
Louisville Fire
The Louisville Fire was an arena football team that played its home games at the Brown-Forman Field in Freedom Hall in Louisville, Kentucky  They were a 2001 expansion team of the af2   Their owner/operator was former Pro Bowl lineman and Louisville native Will Wolford  The team was somewhat successful  After a rocky first few seasons they finally found success in 2004 and then made it all the way to the Arena Cup in the 2005 season 
On December 19, 2001, Jeff Brohm was named the head coach of the Louisville Fire arena football team  The Fire started the 0–7 before they defeated the Carolina Rhinos 31–28 to improve to 1–7  The Fire would finish the season 2–14 In 2003, English was hired to replace Brohm as the head coach of the Louisville Fire af2 team  He was fired after just two games with a record of 2–2 In July 2007, it was announced that the team planned on selling portions of the team to local ownership (aka the NFL's Green Bay Packers) in an attempt to boost season ticket sales and then buy the shares back in time before the team joined the AFL In November 2008, the Louisville Fire ceased operations 

Award winners
2004 – Takua Furutani – International Player of the Year
2005 – Matthew Sauk – Offensive Player of the Year
2005 – Danny Kight – Kicker of the Year
2006 – Brett Dietz – Rookie of the Year
2006 – Rob Mager – Offensive Player of the Year
2008 – Elizabeth "Liz" Horrall – Miss Louisville Fire Football

Season-by-season
Coaching staff
See also
Sports in Louisville, Kentucky
Louisville Cardinals
Passage 8:
Broadbent Arena
Broadbent Arena is a 6,600 seat multi-purpose arena in Louisville, Kentucky  It was home to the Louisville Icehawks and Louisville RiverFrogs ECHL teams   The arena, along with Cardinal Stadium and Freedom Hall, is located on the grounds of the Kentucky Exposition Center in Louisville   The arena is used for equestrian events, and other fairground type activities  As of January 2021, the arena is being used as a major distribution site for COVID-19 vaccines 

See also
Sports in Louisville, Kentucky
Passage 9:
Freedom Hall Civic Center
Freedom Hall Civic Center is a multi-purpose arena in Johnson City, Tennessee Starting in 2014, it became the basketball venue for East Tennessee State University 

History
Freedom Hall Civic Center opened in 1974 on the Liberty Bell Complex next to Science Hill High School  The arena was built by the city of Johnson City to be used as an entertainment venue and additional space for the middle and high schools located on the property  Over the years the venue has been used for sporting events, theatrical productions, concerts, ice shows, and a rodeo venue 
Former and current entertainment include concerts from Van Halen, Bon Jovi, Eric Clapton, Def Leppard, Poison (band), Ozzy Osbourne, Mötley Crüe,  KISS, Bruce Springsteen, Third Day, For King & Country, Chicago, AC/DC, Lynyrd Skynyrd (original band), Metallica, Elvis Presley, Elton John, and Aerosmith  Entertainment from professional wrestling organizations Jim Crockett Promotions, WWE, Smoky Mountain Wrestling, and from the Ringling Bros  and Barnum & Bailey Circus 

See also
List of NCAA Division I basketball arenas
Passage 10:
Johnson City 2001
Johnson City 2001 is a complete concert album by Widespread Panic   The three disc set is the fifth release from the Widespread Panic archives   The performance was recorded live at Freedom Hall Civic Center in Johnson City, Tennessee on November 20, 2001  The multi-track recording featured all original band members including the late guitarist, Michael Houser 

Track listing
Disc 1
"L A " (Widespread Panic) - 4:45
"Wondering" (Widespread Panic) - 7:41
"It Ain't No Use" (Joseph "Zigaboo" Modeliste / Art Neville / Leo Nocentelli / George Porter Jr ) - 10:27
"Impossible" (Widespread Panic) - 5:04
"Worry" (Widespread Panic) - 7:16
"New Blue" (Widespread Panic) - 4:41
"Holden Oversoul" (Widespread Panic) - 8:03
"Stop-Go" (Widespread Panic) - 10:20
"Makes Sense To Me" (Daniel Hutchens) - 4:27

Disc 2
"Weak Brain, Narrow Mind" (Willie Dixon) - 9:13
"One Arm Steve" (Widespread Panic) - 4:04
"Old Neighborhood" (Widespread Panic) - 6:22
"Trouble" (Cat Stevens) - 2:57
"Love Tractor" (Widespread Panic) - 7:18
"Pigeons" (Widespread Panic) - 11:37
"Airplane" (Widespread Panic) - 14:06
"Drums" (Widespread Panic) - 16:27

Disc 3
"Drums and Bass" (Widespread Panic) - 7:41
"Astronomy Domine" (Syd Barrett) - 2:45
"Good Morning Little School Girl (Sonny Boy Williamson I)"- 8:16
"The Waker" (Widespread Panic) - 4:50
"She Caught the Katy (Taj Mahal / James Rachell)" - 4:21
"Gimme" (Widespread Panic) - 5:24
"Chunk of Coal" (Billy Joe Shaver) - 4:23

Personnel
Widespread Panic
John Bell - Vocals, Guitar
Michael Houser - Guitar, Vocals
Dave Schools - Bass, Vocals
Todd Nance - Drums
John "Jojo" Hermann - Keyboards, Vocals
Domingo "Sunny" Ortiz - Percussion

Production
Mixed by Chris Rabold and Drew Vandenberg at Chase Park Transduction in Athens, GA 
Recorded by Brad Blettenberg
Mastered by Drew Vandenberg at Chase Park Transduction Studios in Athens, GA 
Setlist by Garrie Vereen
Additional audience recordings provided by Charles Fox
Context 2: Passage 1:
Squadron A Armory
The Squadron A Armory is a former United States Army armory and was the home base of Squadron A  It took up the whole block between Madison Avenue and Park Avenue, between 94th and 95th Street  It was therefore also known as the Madison Avenue Armory   A surviving part of the building is listed on the National Register of Historic Places as Madison Avenue Facade of the Squadron A Armory and is a New York City landmark 
A stone plaque with the squadron's cry "Boutez en avant!", translated variously as "Press forward!" or simply "Charge!", is located on the wall at Madison Avenue 

History
The building was built in 1895 by a New York City contractor named John F  Johnson  It was constructed with red bricks, featuring massive walls with towers  It also included about 100 horse stalls to house Squadron A's horses The building was partially demolished in the 1960s; however, an emergency action from the New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission, which designated it a landmark, stopping the demolition of the Madison Avenue facade  That facade was later added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1972  When the eastern building was rebuilt, it was done in a style similar to the original 

Usage
Today, the eastern and central part of the site are used by Hunter College High School and Elementary School as the schools' main campus  The outline of some of the former walls is lined with trees 

See also
List of armories and arsenals in New York City and surrounding counties
Seventh Regiment Armory
List of New York City Designated Landmarks in Manhattan from 59th to 110th Streets
National Register of Historic Places listings in Manhattan from 59th to 110th Streets
Passage 2:
Metropolitan Life North Building
The Metropolitan Life North Building, now known as Eleven Madison, is a 30-story art deco skyscraper in the Flatiron District adjacent to Madison Square Park in Manhattan, New York City, at 11-25 Madison Avenue  The building is bordered by East 24th Street, Madison Avenue, East 25th Street and Park Avenue South, and was formerly connected by a sky bridge and tunnel to the Metropolitan Life Insurance Company Tower just south of it 
The North Building was built in three stages on the site of the second Madison Square Presbyterian Church  Construction started in 1929, just before the onset of the Great Depression  Originally planned to be 100 stories, the North Building was never completed as originally planned due to funding problems following the Depression  The current design was constructed in three stages through 1950  As part of the Metropolitan Life Home Office Complex, the North Building was added to the National Register of Historic Places on January 19, 1996 

History
Site
The original Madison Square Presbyterian Church, designed by Richard M  Upjohn in the Gothic Revival architectural style, was located on Madison Square Park at the southeast corner of East 24th Street and Madison Avenue, and was completed in 1854  The building was acquired by the Metropolitan Life Insurance Company and razed to make way for the 50-story Metropolitan Life Insurance Company Tower, which was briefly the world's tallest building  In exchange, the church received a 75-by-150-foot (23 by 46 m) plot of land on the north side of 24th Street that became the site for Stanford White's 1906 building for the Madison Square Presbyterian Church, sometimes called the "Parkhurst Church" after Reverend Charles Henry Parkhurst A plot on the north side of 24th Street, measuring 75 by 100 feet (23 by 30 m), was developed in 1903 as the first Metropolitan Annex, a 16-story printing plant building faced in Tuckahoe marble  The annex was designed by LeBrun, and it was connected to the main building by a tunnel  Upjohn's building was demolished in 1919 to make way for an expansion of that annex  The structure was to be 18 stories tall with six elevators, and would incorporate the existing annex, which would be 75 by 225 feet (23 by 69 m)  The ground story of the new annex would contain an auditorium with 1,100-seats, and the 12th story would include a lunchroom and a sky bridge to the 11th story of the home office building across 24th Street  This annex was designed by D  Everett Waid and completed in 1921 

Construction
The North Building was designed in the 1920s by Harvey Wiley Corbett and D  Everett Waid and built in three stages  Metropolitan Life had acquired the lot bounded by Madison Avenue, 24th Street, Fourth Avenue (now Park Avenue South), and 25th Street in September 1929  Preliminary plans, submitted that October, proposed a 35-story building that would serve as a new "home office", supplanting the old "home office" in the Metropolitan Life Tower directly to the south  The final design for the new building, presented in November 1929, called for a 100-story tower with several setbacks, which would have been the tallest building in the world  The structure would accommodate 30,000 daily visitors when completed, and would have escalators connecting the lowest 13 stories Following the Stock Market Crash of 1929 and the onset of the Great Depression, Corbett and Waid resubmitted plans for the building in November 1930  The new plans called for a 28-story brick, granite, and limestone structure  Starrett Brothers & Eken were selected as contractors the following month  Initially, only the eastern half of the block was developed; that structure was finished in 1932  Upon the first stage's completion, Corbett said, "it is a highly specialized building designed primarily as a machine to do as efficiently as possible the particular headquarters' work of our largest insurance company"  The new structure contained 22 acres (8 9 ha) of new office space  The original 16-story Metropolitan Life annex, at the northeast corner of Madison Avenue and 24th Street, remained in place In 1937, four buildings on Madison Avenue between 24th and 25th Street, ranging in height from 12 to 20 stories, were demolished to make way for the second phase of construction: the northwestern portion of the 28-story structure  In 1938, the company filed plans to build the western half of the 28-story building at a cost of $10 million  The western wall of the existing structure would be demolished so the two sections would be integrated into a single building  The second phase was finished in 1940 and contained 32 stories: 28 above-ground and four basement levels, the same as in the first phase LeBrun's and Waid's northern annexes were demolished in 1946 to make way for the third and final stage of the North Building  Waid and Corbett prepared the third phase along with Arthur O  Angilly  The design was similar to that of the first and second phases, but in smaller scale  Construction was completed in 1950  There were no plans to build the extra stories, even though the building plan would have allowed for such an expansion, because Metropolitan Life no longer required the extra space 

Later years
In 1985, Metropolitan Life vacated the clock tower and moved all remaining operations to the north building and the east wing of the south building  From 1994 to 1997, the building's interior was demolished and rebuilt by Haines Lundberg Waehler and the exterior was renovated at a cost of $300 million  The renovation entailed reducing the size of the building's core to provide additional office space  The North Building had been considered obsolete for the uses of Metropolitan Life (now MetLife), which had moved most of its employees to the MetLife Building in Midtown Manhattan  Credit Suisse First Boston, a subsidiary of Credit Suisse, then leased 1 5 million square feet (140,000 m2) within the building, an agreement that was later expanded to 1 6 million square feet (150,000 m2)  Other space was taken up by Alexander & Alexander Services, Emanuel/Emanuel Ungaro, Wells Rich Greene and the Gould Paper Corporation '

Digital rendering
In January 2022, ArchDaily published a digital rendering of what the building would have looked like if it had been constructed as planned to 100 stories and not truncated at 25 stories  Cortesía de 90Grados Arquitectura-Renderings assembled all the available data and graphic information about the building's intended design  The original plans were not extant, but sketches and photographs of a model were available  Where there were gaps in the information, they extrapolated from other designs by Corbett, in particular his work on Rockefeller Center  They then used various rendering programs to create the finished images of the building 

Architecture
The building, which has 2 2 million square feet (200,000 m2) of interior space, was constructed in three stages  The building's bulk is mitigated by numerous setbacks and its polygonal shape  As a result of these setbacks, mandated under the 1916 Zoning Resolution, the architects maximized the usable interior space The building initially contained 30 elevators, enough to serve the originally-planned 100 floors  In addition, because the existing building was constructed to be strong enough to support extra floors, the roof included 16 electrical generators, enough to power the building for several days 

Facade
The North Building is clad entirely with stone and contains numerous angled sides  The building is finished on the outside with Alabama limestone and marble detailing, covering an interior steel frame  The window frames are mostly made of bronze, except those installed during the final stage of construction, which are made of aluminum  The ground-floor windows are multi-pane windows and all others are three-over-three sash windows  Limestone grilles are located outside the second-story windows  The stonework is laid in a scalloped pattern; this is the only major decorative element on the building's exterior The North Building features four vaulted corner entrances, which are each three stories high and composed of loggias on either side of the corner  Each entrance contains a three-story-high pier with ribs, which supports a double-height loggia  The vaulted entrances contain modern-style coffers with a Moderne-style chandelier hanging from the center  Pink Tennessee marble is used as a decorative element on the floors and around the doors of each loggia  The middle of the 24th Street facade contains another entrance  The 25th Street side contains numerous loading docks  In addition, there are paired arched openings on Madison Avenue, which are decorated with floral-patterned stone screens  Until 2020, the North and South buildings were connected by a sky bridge on the eighth floor 

Interior
The three-story lobby contains travertine and marble finishes  The lobby contains a coffered ceiling with aluminum leaf in numerous colors  On the walls above the passages to each elevator lobby  there are bas-reliefs made of aluminum leaf  The other corridors contain terrazzo floors, plaster ceilings with stepped moldings, and marble paneling  On the upper floors, the elevators, restrooms, and stairs are located in a core at the center of each floor Corbett and Waid described how the building had "the latest ideas in ventilation, air conditioning, sound deadening, artificial lighting, intercommunicating pneumatic tubes, telephones, call bells, unit operating clock systems [and] special elevator and escalator installations"  The offices are located on the outer edges of each floor, near the windows, and are generally open plan spaces with few private rooms in order to accommodate the large numbers of workers at the company  The offices were utilitarian, with indirect artificial lighting allowing for office space that was up to 80 feet (24 m) deep  The stepped acoustic-tile ceilings increased in 6-inch (150 mm) intervals, from their lowest height near the building's core to their highest height near the windows, which maximized natural light while also providing space for ceiling ducts  Another innovation for the building at the time of its construction was the inclusion of a building-wide air conditioning system  The 27th floor contained an auditorium There are four basements: the kitchen on the first basement level (just below ground), the employee dining areas on the second and third basement levels, and the mechanical spaces on the fourth basement level  The dining areas could accommodate 8,000 diners per day  Seven-foot-high (2 1 m) murals are mounted on the walls of the basements' dining rooms and elevator lobbies  These murals were painted by Edward Trumbull, D  Putnam Brinley, Nicholas L  Pavloff, N  C  Wyeth, and Griffith Bailey Coale, depicting scenes from American folk stories, North American wildlife, and New York state history  They were intended to "bring to the employees a feeling of cessation from their work through the contemplation of artistic and amusing masterpieces " The original plans were to include an entrance to the 23rd Street subway station, but the entrance was ultimately built one block south, on 23rd Street, with an entrance through the Metropolitan Life Insurance Company Tower 

Tenants
SL Green Realty Corp has owned 11 Madison Avenue since 2015  The primary tenant is Credit Suisse  Additionally, Yelp, Inc  and several Sony companies such as Sony Corporation of America, Sony Music Entertainment, and Sony Music Publishing occupy the building The restaurant Eleven Madison Park is at street level on the Madison Avenue side of the building  The restaurant, which opened in 1998, offers a vegan multi-course tasting menu The building previously served as Met Life's records warehouse 

In popular culture
The 1981 thriller Eyewitness used the building's lobby as the place where William Hurt's character was employed as a janitor, and where the brutal murder that begins the film takes place   Other scenes from the film were shot there as well 
Director Martin Scorsese used the building as the location for Griffin Dunne's office in the 1985 film After Hours 
Woody Allen's 1986 Radio Days utilized the North Building for the building where the offices of a broadcasting network were located 
Passage 3:
Church of St  Ignatius Loyola (New York City)
The Church of St  Ignatius of Loyola is a Catholic parish church located on the Upper East Side of Manhattan, New York City, administered by the Society of Jesus (Jesuits)  The parish is under the authority of the Archdiocese of New York, and was established in 1851 as St  Lawrence O'Toole's Church  In 1898, permission to change the patron saint of the parish from St  Lawrence O'Toole to St  Ignatius of Loyola was granted by Rome  The address is 980 Park Avenue, New York City, New York 10028  The church on the southwest corner of Park Avenue and 84th Street is part of a Jesuit complex on the block that includes Wallace Hall, the parish hall beneath the church, the rectory at the midblock location on Park Avenue, the grade school of St  Ignatius's School on the north midblock location of 84th Street behind the church and the high school of Loyola School (also 980 Park Avenue) at the northwest corner of Park Avenue and 83rd Street  In addition, another Jesuit high school, Regis High School (55 E 84th Street), occupies the midblock location on the north side of 84th Street   The church was added to the National Register of Historic Places on July 24, 1980 

History
The parish was established in 1851  Occupying "the site of the former St  Lawrence O'Toole Church, founded in 1851, and named for a twelfth-century bishop of Dublin by the parish's first pastor, the Rev  Eugene O'Reilly from Ireland  The parish was entrusted to the care of the Society of Jesus in 1886 and marked the Jesuits' first major apostolate in the Yorkville area of New York  Late-nineteenth-century directories listed the address of St  Lawrence at the corner of Park Avenue and East 84th Street The present grand limestone edifice stands as testimony to both the growing affluence and confidence of the Catholic community on New York's Upper East Side near the start of the 20th century as well as the ambitious determination of Fr  Neil McKinnon, S J , pastor of the parish from 1893 to 1907  During his time, Martin J  Scott, later a noted author of novels and controversial literature, worked as assistant priest among the young (1902-1915) and built a day nursery in 1910 
The church was declared a New York City Landmark on March 4, 1969  The church was added to the National Register of Historic Places on July 24, 1980 The church was used as the setting for the funeral of Logan Roy, a central character in the HBO television series Succession  Filming for the episode, which aired in May 2023, took place over two and a half days 

Notable funerals
Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis, First Lady – May 1994
Aaliyah, singer and actress – August 2001
Patricia Kennedy Lawford – September 2006
Lena Horne, singer and actress – May 2010
Philip Seymour Hoffman, actor – February 2014
Oscar de la Renta, fashion designer – November 2014
Mario Cuomo, governor of New York – January 2015
Ann Mara, co-owner of N Y  Giants Football Team – February 2015
David Carr, N Y  Times media columnist – February 2015

Architecture
Construction
A wooden church was erected in 1852, which was replaced in 1853 by a modest brick structure The church's present foundation was built 1884-1886 as the foundations to a planned Gothic design  The parish was transferred to Jesuit control in 1886  The present church was built 1895 to 1900 to the designs of architect J  William Schickel of Schickel & Ditmars, and dedicated on December 11, 1898, by the Most Reverend Michael Corrigan, third Archbishop of New York 

Exterior
St  Ignatius Loyola, A Pictorial History and Walking Guide of New York City's Church of St  Ignatius Loyola (1999) includes an exemplary description of the exterior and interior of the church:

Two unbroken vertical orders, a Palladian arched window, and a tri-part horizontal division suggesting the central nave and side aisles beyond, lend a Classical balance to the Park Avenue exterior   Yet St  Ignatius' façade is not static; the central division raised in slight relief beyond the side divisions and the varying intervals between the symmetrically positioned pilasters (columns that are not free standing) create a subtly undulating dynamism that introduces a note of syncopated rhythm reminiscent of the exterior of Il Gesù, the Jesuits' mother church in Rome   The original plans for the street front of St  Ignatius, presently 90 feet high and 87 feel wide, included a pair of towers designed to reach 210 feet above the ground, but this feature of the project was abandoned early, leaving only the two copper-capped tower bases on either side of the central pediment as hints of the grander scheme   Located directly beneath this pediment are the motto of the Society of Jesus, Ad Majorem Dei Gloriam (To the Greater Glory of God) and the Great Seal of the Society, composed of a cross, three nails, and the letters I H S (the first three letters of Jesus' name in Greek which later became a Latin acronym denoting Jesus the Savior of Humankind); together they proclaim to all who pass by that St  Ignatius is a Jesuit Parish 

Interior
The church is constructed of American, European, and African marbles, including pink Tennessee, red-veined Numidian, yellow Siena, pink Algerian marble, white Carrara marble, and veined Pavonazzo marble; most of the intricate marble work was executed by the firm of James G  Batterson Jr , and John Eisele of New York The marble mosaic Stations of the Cross panels were designed by Professor Paoletti for Salviati & Company of Venice; some were publicly exhibited in Turin before installation 

The great twelve-panel bronze doors located at the sanctuary end of the side aisles… were designed by the Rev  Patrick O'Gorman, S J , pastor from 1924 to 1929    [and were] crafted by the Long Island Bronze Company… 
The Jesuit statues, including St  Francis Xavier and St  John Francis Regis were carved by the Joseph Sibbel Studio of New York in Carrara marble 
The church is notable for its organ, dedicated in 1993 and built by English organ builder Noel Mander  The instrument "is New York City's largest mechanical action (tracker) pipe organ, and the largest mechanical action pipe organ ever to have been built in the British Isles "Baptistery The semi-circular wrought-iron baptistery screen in the Chapel of John the Baptist of gilt flaming swords was wrought by Mr  John Williams to the designs of William Schickel  The baptistery font is of Carrara marble set above marble pavement designed "by Heaton, Butler & Bayne of London, with slight modifications made by Mr  John Buck of the Ecclesiastical Department of the Gorham Company of New York; the Gorham Company was also responsible for cutting and installing the mosaic's tesserae (the pieces comprising the mosaic) "  The baptistery's altar and surround curved walls are of Pavonazzo marble inlaid with mosaics, "designed and executed under the direction of Mr  Caryl Coleman of the Ecclesiastical Department of the Tiffany Glass and Decorating Company  These mosaics, composed of that company's justly famous opalescent Favrile glass, are as delicate as the Venetian glass mosaics above are bold " Tiffany also executed the baptistery's semi-dome 

List of rectors
1   Rev  Eugene O'Reilly, rector 1851-August 5, 1852
2   Rev  Thomas Ouellet, S J , rector 1852- 
3  Rev  Walter J  Quarter, rector –1866
4  Rev  Samuel Mulledy (1811–1866), rector 1863–1866
5  Rev  Victor Beaudevin, S J , rector 1866–
10  Rev  John Treanor, S J , rector (–1880)
11  Rev  Robert J  Fulton, S J (1826-1895), rector November 1, 1880- 
12  Rev  David Merrick, S J  (rector 1880–)13  Rev  Neil McKinnon, S J , rector July 31, 1893 – 1907 (parish rededicated on December 11, 1898, with new upper church dedicated to St  Ignatius Loyola and lower church dedicated to St  Lawrence O'Toole)
14  William O'Brien Pardow, S J , rector 1907-1909
15  David Hearn, S J , rector 1909-1915
16  Cowles Havens Richards, S J , rector 1915-1919
17  James J  Kilrowy, S J , rector 1919-1924
18  Patrick F  O'Gorman, S J , rector 1924-1929
19  Edward J  Sweeney, S J , rector 1930-1933
20  William J  Devlin, S J , rector 1933-1935
21  W  Coleman Nevils, S J , rector 1935-1940
22  Francis A  McQuade, S J , rector 1940-1945
23  John Edwards Gratton, S J , rector 1945-1949
24  C  Justin Hanley, S J , rector 1949-1952
25  Robert I  Gannon, S J , rector 1952-1958
26  John J  McGinty, S J , rector 1958-1960
27  William T  Wood, S J , rector 1960-1966
28  Charles T  Taylor, S J , rector 1966-1970
29  Robert J  Haskins, S J , rector 1970-1979
30  Victor R  Yanitelli, S J , rector 1980-1986
31  Walter F  Modrys, S J , rector 1986-2005
32  Gerald R  Blaszczak, S J , rector 2005-2008
33  William J  Bergen, S J , acting rector June–August 2008
34  George M  Witt, S J , rector 2008-2015
35  Thomas H  Feely, S J , parish administrator 2015–2016
36  Dennis J  Yesalonia, S J , rector 2016–Present

See also
National Register of Historic Places listings in Manhattan below 14th Street
List of Jesuit sites
List of New York City Designated Landmarks in Manhattan below 14th Street
Passage 4:
126 Madison Avenue
126 Madison Avenue (also known as 15 East 30th Street and Madison House) is a residential skyscraper under development by Fosun Property in NoMad, Manhattan, New York City  The building is 47 stories and 730 feet (220 m) tall  J D  Carlisle Development Corp co-developed the project with Fosun Group, while Handel Architects is the architect  Construction began in 2017 

History
J D  Carlisle purchased the building's site for $102 million in March 2015 with plans to build a 53 story residential building  The developers received $350 million in construction financing from Bank OZK in May 2018  The structure topped out in June 2019 
Passage 5:
Calvary Church (Manhattan)
Calvary Church is an Episcopal church located at 277 Park Avenue South on the corner of East 21st Street in the Gramercy Park neighborhood of Manhattan, New York City, on the border of the Flatiron District  It was designed by James Renwick Jr , the architect who designed St  Patrick's Cathedral and Grace Church, and was completed in 1848   The church complex is located within the Gramercy Park Historic District and Extension  It is one of the two sanctuaries of the Calvary-St  George's Parish 

History
The Calvary Church parish was founded in 1832, and initially used a wooden-frame church on what was then Fourth Avenue – which has since become Park Avenue – uptown of its current site  That building was moved to the current location in 1842, and the new Renwick-designed Gothic Revival sanctuary was completed in 1848  Renwick patterned Calvary after twin-towered French cathedrals, but, unlike Grace Church, Calvary was constructed of brownstone  The church's two wooden spires were removed in September 1860 when they became unstable; the octagonal bases remained but eventually deteriorated and were removed in 1929 The church complex also includes the nine-story Calvary House, east of the church on Gramercy Park North (East 21st Street), also designed by Renwick, and built in 1867, and the "Renwick Gem" Schoolhouse, a small building to the north of the church which was built as a theatre but used for that purpose only for a short time before being utilized for the Calvary Church Sunday school  It has a large interior space, about 27 feet (8 2 m) between the columns, which were designed to hold up the heavy slate roof without the use of exterior buttresses  The building, which as of 2011 houses the 4th and 5th grade classes of the École Internationale de New York, compensates for the shadowing of the taller buildings around through Renwick's use of 42 clerestory windows 
The family of Theodore Roosevelt lived two blocks away from Calvary Church from 1854 to 1872 – Roosevelt was born in their house in 1858, and Calvary was the church the family belonged to  Other congregants included members of the Astor and Vanderbilt families The church enjoys a close historical association with the Washington National Cathedral  In 1896, the rector of Calvary, Henry Yates Satterlee, was consecrated the first Episcopal Bishop of Washington in a ceremony in Calvary Church   Satterlee was instrumental in procuring Mount Saint Alban as the site for the Cathedral, and he laid the Cathedral's main cornerstone in 1907  The parishioners of Calvary donated the church’s baptismal font to the new cathedral, and it is located in the Bethlehem Chapel 
Calvary has a strong connection to Alcoholics Anonymous  When the Rev  Dr  Samuel Shoemaker was the minister there, from 1925 to 1952, Calvary House became the American center of the Oxford Group, from which came some of A A 's major underlying ideas   Bill Wilson, the co-founder of the twelve-step group, wrote: "It is through Sam Shoemaker that most of A A



ground_truth: Louisville

prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: What type of structure does 277 Park Avenue and 126 Madison Avenue have in common?

The following are given passages.
Context 2: 's spiritual principles have come   Sam is one of the great channels, one of the prime sources of influences that have gathered themselves into what is now A A "
In 1976, facing financial difficulty, Calvary parish merged with the nearby parishes of St  George's Church and the Church of the Holy Communion   The Holy Communion buildings were deconsecrated and sold to pay down the debts of the new combined parish, eventually becoming the Limelight disco, and the remaining two churches continued to operate as Calvary-St  George's Parish  Calvary House is now rented out as offices 

Notable people
Notable clergymen, parishioners, and others associated with Calvary Church have included:

Chester A  Arthur (1829–1886) – The future 21st President of the United States was married to Ellen Lewis Herndon in Calvary Church on October 25, 1859 
John Jacob Astor III (1822–1890) – Astor, a parishioner who married Charlotte Augusta Gibbes in Calvary Church on December 9, 1846, was a financier and philanthropist and the father of William Waldorf Astor, 1st Viscount Astor 
Alva Belmont (1853–1933) – Alva Erskine Smith married William Kissam Vanderbilt at Calvary Church on April 20, 1875, in what was "reported as 'the grandest wedding witnessed in [New York City] for many years '"  Their only daughter was Consuelo Vanderbilt   After the death of her second husband, Oliver Belmont, Alva Belmont became a major figure in the women's suffrage movement 
Charles Loring Brace (1826–1890) – A parishioner and a prominent social reformer, Brace is considered a father of the modern foster care movement and was most renowned for starting the Orphan Train movement of the mid-19th century and for founding The Children's Aid Society; he is commemorated in a window in Calvary's chapel 
Benjamin Brewster (1860–1941) – After serving as a vicar at Calvary (1887–1891), Brewster was consecrated Missionary Bishop of Western Colorado and Bishop of Maine 
Arthur Cleveland Coxe (1818–1896) – Coxe, who became rector of Calvary in 1863, was consecrated as the second bishop of Western New York in 1865 
Rebecca Salome Foster (1848–1902) – missionary/prison relief worker known as the "Tombs Angel" because she attended to criminals incarcerated at the New York Halls of Justice and House of Detention (otherwise known as "The Tombs")  At her February 1902 funeral "All of the court officers of the Courts of General Sessions the Criminal Branch of the Supreme Court and the Court of Special Sessions attended "
Archibald Gracie IV (1858–1912) – American Army Officer and Titanic Survivor  Calvary was the scene of both his marriage and his funeral 
Henry Wellington Greatorex (1816–1853) – English-born organist at Calvary whose setting for the "Gloria Patri" is widely used to this day in Protestant denominations for the singing of the doxology 
Calvin Hampton (1938–1984) – Calvin Hampton, a leading American organist and sacred music composer, served as Calvary's organist and choirmaster from 1963 to 1983 
Childe Hassam (1859–1935) – Calvary Church was depicted by the American Impressionist artist Childe Hassam  Works featuring the church include "Calvary Church in the Snow," painted in 1893 
Francis Lister Hawks (1798–1866) – Rector from 1850 until 1862, Dr  Hawks was a scholar, the Historiographer of the Protestant Episcopal Church, and editor of Appletons' Cyclopædia of Biography (1856) 
Philip Kearny (1815–1862) – Parishioner who was a major general in the United States Army, notable for his leadership in the Mexican–American War and American Civil War; killed in action in the Battle of Chantilly 
James Kent (1763–1847) – Jurist, legal scholar, chief justice of the New York Supreme Court, and Chancellor of New York who attended Calvary, lastly for his funeral in 1847 
General George B  McClellan (1826–1885) – General McClellan, the major general during the American Civil War who organized the Army of the Potomac, was married in Calvary Church on May 22, 1860 
James Renwick Jr  (1818–1895) – Architect of the present building 
Eleanor Roosevelt (1884–1962) – Like several members of the Roosevelt family, the future First Lady of the United States was a Calvary Church parishioner   Her parents, Elliott Bulloch Roosevelt and Anna Rebecca Hall, were married in Calvary Church on December 1, 1883   Eleanor Roosevelt was baptized at Calvary Church in 1885 with her uncle, the future President of the United States Theodore Roosevelt, standing godfather 
Henry Yates Satterlee (1843–1908) – Satterlee was rector of Calvary from 1882 to 1896 before becoming first Episcopal Bishop of Washington 
Samuel Moor Shoemaker (1893–1963) – The Reverend Dr  Samuel Moor Shoemaker, Calvary's rector from 1925 to 1952, is remembered as a co-founder and spiritual leader of Alcoholics Anonymous 
Jonathan Mayhew Wainwright (1792–1854) – Dr  Wainwright was elected rector in 1850; he was instrumental in the founding of New York University and was later a bishop 
Edith Wharton (1862–1937) – The George Frederick Jones family, including young Edith Newbold Jones, lived in the parish and worshipped at Calvary   The rector's daughter, Emelyn Washburn, introduced Edith to Goethe, who became her favorite writer  Calvary was used as the setting for Mrs  Wharton’s 1920 Pulitzer Prize-winning novel, The Age of Innocence, and Dr  Ashmore, a character in the novel, was modeled after the Rev  Edward Washburn (rector, 1865–81) 

See also
Calvary-St George's Parish
St  George's Episcopal Church (Manhattan)
Church of the Holy Communion and Buildings, a deconsecrated church
Grace Church (Manhattan)
Passage 6:
277 Park Avenue
277 Park Avenue is an office building in the Midtown Manhattan neighborhood of New York City  It stands on the east side of Park Avenue between East 47th and 48th Streets, and is 687 feet (209 m) tall, with 50 floors  It is tied with two other buildings, 55 Water Street and 5 Beekman Street, as the 73rd tallest building in New York  The building is assigned its own ZIP Code, 10172; it was one of 41 buildings in Manhattan that had their own ZIP Codes as of 2019 The building currently houses parts of JPMorgan Chase's Investment Bank, Commercial Bank, and other corporate functions  JP Morgan's takeover of Bear Stearns in 2008 resulted in most investment banking employees moving to 383 Madison Avenue to reduce the leased real estate footprint in Midtown  277 Park Avenue remains under the ownership of the family-owned Stahl Organization, the building's original developer  Previous tenants have included Penthouse Magazine, Schlumberger, Donaldson, Lufkin & Jenrette, and Chemical Bank (predecessor to JPMorgan Chase) 
The office building opened on July 13, 1964  An apartment building designed by McKim, Mead, and White previously occupied the site  One tenant of that building was the presidential campaign of John F  Kennedy  Prior to the construction of the McKim, Mead and White building, the block was among the landholdings of Elizabeth Goelet Kip and her son George Goelet Kip  In the 1870s, as part of the expansion of nearby Grand Central Depot, the land was subject to a protracted legal battle which resulted in Elizabeth Kip being forced by eminent domain to sell the land to the New York and Harlem Railroad for $212,500 

Tenants
Academy Securities
Australia and New Zealand Banking Group
Bregal Investments
Bregal Partners
Bregal Sagemount
Cassidy Turley
CCMP Capital
Cozen O’Connor
The Hartford
JPMorgan Chase
Sumitomo Mitsui Banking Corporation
Continental Grain Company
MHP Real Estate Services
Agricultural Bank of China
Bank of India, US Operations
Raymond James & Associates
Ladenburg Thalmann & Co  Inc 

See also
List of tallest buildings in New York City
Passage 7:
55 Water Street
55 Water Street is a 687-foot-tall (209 m) skyscraper on the East River in the Financial District of Lower Manhattan, New York City  The 53-story, 3 5-million-square-foot (325,000 m2) structure was completed in 1972  Designed by Emery Roth and Sons, the building was developed by the Uris brothers  At the time of completion, it was the world's largest privately owned office building by floor area  55 Water Street is built on a superblock bounded by Coenties Slip to the southwest, Water Street to the northwest, Old Slip to the northeast, and South Street and FDR Drive to the southeast  It is owned by the pension fund Retirement Systems of Alabama (RSA) 
55 Water Street is composed of two sections: a 53-story tower to the south and a 15-story wing to the north  The building's facade is made of masonry and glass  The south building is rectangular, while the north building contains sloped walls and runs parallel to the northwestern boundary of the site  The foundations are made of reinforced concrete-slab walls and the superstructure is made of steel  The upper stories each contain 55,000 sq ft (5,100 m2) of space, while the lower stories are almost double that size  There is an elevated public plaza on the eastern part of the site, known as Elevated Acre  Another public space to the southwest, Jeannette Park (now Vietnam Veterans Plaza), was expanded when 55 Water Street was constructed 
The Uris Buildings Corporation proposed erecting a 53-story building on the site in October 1968, and work began the next year  The building was topped out with a ceremony on June 18, 1971, and tenants began moving into the structure at the beginning of 1972  Initially, the space was taken by several financial firms, including the Chemical Bank of New York, which leased roughly a third of the space and owned 15 percent of the building  National Kinney Corporation bought a majority stake in the Uris properties by late 1973, and it sold 55 Water Street to Olympia and York in 1976  RSA bought the building in 1993 after Olympia and York had difficulties paying off the mortgage  The building was renovated in the 1990s and again in the 2010s 

Site
55 Water Street is in the Financial District of Lower Manhattan in New York City  The land lot covers an entire city block bounded by Coenties Slip to the southwest, Water Street to the northwest, Old Slip to the northeast, and South Street and the FDR Drive to the southeast  The site covers 160,692 sq ft (14,928 8 m2), with a frontage of 415 ft (126 m) on Water and South Streets and a depth of 355 ft (108 m)  The Fraunces Tavern block is to the northwest; the New York City Police Museum and 32 Old Slip are directly to the northeast; and 2 New York Plaza is to the west  Two blocks west of the building is the South Ferry transportation hub, consisting of the New York City Subway's South Ferry/Whitehall Street station and the Staten Island Ferry's Whitehall Terminal  In addition, the building is directly across FDR Drive from the Downtown Manhattan Heliport  The building is assigned its own ZIP Code, 10041; it was one of 41 buildings in Manhattan that had their own ZIP Codes as of 2019 55 Water Street occupies a superblock, which was created by combining four small city blocks  Prior to the construction of the current office building, the site had contained the headquarters of the Seamen's Church Institute of New York and New Jersey, designed by Warren and Wetmore  Cuylers Alley crossed the site from northwest to southeast, while Front Street bisected the site from southwest to northeast  Both streets were closed to make way for the building's construction  The entire site is reclaimed land; prior to the expansion of Lower Manhattan in the 18th and 19th centuries, the site was part of the East River 

Architecture
The building was designed by the firm of Emery Roth & Sons for Uris Buildings Corporation  It is one of six buildings that Emery Roth and Sons designed in the immediate area  55 Water Street is composed of two sections: a 53-story "south building" to the southwest (next to Jeannette Park) and a 15-story "north building" to the north (next to Water Street and Old Slip)  There is an elevated plaza near the eastern section of the site, adjacent to Old Slip and South Street 

Form and facade
The building's facade is made of masonry and glass  The south building is rectangular, with its longer axis running parallel to the southwestern boundary of the site  This was done to avoid obstructing views of the East River (next to 55 Water Street's southeastern boundary) from nearby buildings  The north building contains sloped walls and runs parallel to the northwestern boundary of the site  This gives the building an "L"-shape as seen from above  Between floors 2 and 14, the bronze glass windows are inset within the masonry curtain wall  The mullions of the windows are spaced 4 ft (1 2 m) apart The 53-story section is 687 ft (209 m) tall to its roof  Including rooftop dormers, the building measures 751 ft (229 m) tall to its pinnacle  The roof is made of a waterproof membrane finished with a layer of slag  Jaros, Baum & Bolles designed LED lighting for the parapet just below the building's roof 

Interior
When 55 Water Street was completed, it was the largest building in New York City, with 3,200,000 sq ft (297,000 m2) of rentable space  Including non-rentable space, the structure had a total area of 3,500,000 sq ft (330,000 m2)  At the time, this made 55 Water Street the world's largest privately owned office building  The Merchandise Mart and the Pentagon both had more office space, but they were owned by a governmental entity  The next largest buildings in New York City were the MetLife Building (originally the Pan Am building), with 2,400,000 sq ft (220,000 m2); One New York Plaza, with 2,100,000 sq ft (200,000 m2); and the Empire State Building, with 1,800,000 sq ft (170,000 m2)  The main tower and its shorter wing are connected at each of the lowest 15 stories  The upper stories each contain 55,000 sq ft (5,100 m2) of space, while the lower stories are almost double that size  55 Water Street has remained New York City's largest office building into the 21st century In exchange for constructing public plazas next to the building, Uris was allowed to build an additional 485,640 sq ft (45,117 m2)  Uris built an underground concourse with provisions for a connection to an unbuilt New York City Subway station  The concourse was built as part of a master plan for transportation in New York City The main lobby was originally clad in travertine  In the 1990s, this was replaced with Italian and French marble, with stainless-steel decorative fixtures and aluminum-leaf ceilings  In addition, an onyx panel measuring 10 by 50 ft (3 0 by 15 2 m) was installed behind the reception counter  Following another renovation in 2018, The main lobby contains a video wall, which is composed of two LED displays with 42 tiles each  The displays collectively measure 8 ft (2 4 m) high by 42 ft (13 m) wide, with each display being 21 feet (6 4 m) wide  The lobby also contains a pair of reception desks, a shoeshine stand, coffee bar, and lounge  There are also turnstiles through which tenants and guests must pass through 

Structural features
The foundations are made of reinforced concrete-slab walls  The foundation of the building includes a concrete cofferdam, which surrounds the site and descends to the underlying layer of bedrock  Workers first placed a retaining wall of corrugated sheet-metal panels, which were sunken 40 ft (12 m) below ground, then scooped out the entire site  The cofferdam was then poured behind the retaining wall, and a layer of earth was placed between the cofferdam and retaining wall  This contrasted with the foundations of other skyscrapers in Manhattan, which were typically sunken directly to the bedrock, but it provided space for underground offices, a parking lot, and a 25,000 sq ft (2,300 m2) bank vault for Chemical Bank The superstructure is made of steel, with "Q"-deck floor slabs  The office stories can carry live loads of 50 to 100 psf (2 4 to 4 8 kPa)  The retail, plaza, basement, and mechanical spaces have higher live-load capacities, ranging up to 300 psf (14 kPa) for the plaza level  The building contains 3 5 million square feet (330,000 m2) of modular galvanized steel flooring  Generally, the office floors have a slab-to-slab height of 12 25 ft (3 73 m), although the height of the finished office space could be as small as 8 5 ft (2 6 m)  The sub-levels, concourse, and plaza level have a slab-to-slab height of 13 5 ft (4 1 m) as measured between the floor and ceiling, while the retail and mechanical spaces have a slab-to-slab height of 30 ft (9 1 m) 

Mechanical features
Jaros, Baum & Bolles was the mechanical, engineering, and plumbing engineer for the building  Floor 14 contains the building's primary mechanical rooms, ventilation units, and electrical equipment  There is additional mechanical equipment in the basement, on the roof, and on floors 2 and 52  Electricity from the New York City power supply system flows to distribution boards on the concourse, the first sub-level, and floor 14  There are also six electrical closets on each story  In the 1990s, eleven electrical generators were installed on the roof, each with a capacity of 1,750 kW (2,350 hp); these were powered by pumps in the basement levels  As of 2018, there are 14 electrical generators and the emergency power system can run for up to three days There are 71 passenger elevators throughout the building  The 60 passenger elevators in the south building are divided into ten banks of six cars; each elevator bank connects the lobby with five to eight stories  The north building has nine passenger elevators, all connecting the subterranean levels to floors 1–13; five descend to the basement while the other four descend to the sub-basement  The interiors of the elevator cabs were originally decorated in brown burlap but, during a 1990s renovation, the elevator cabs were redecorated in stainless steel and green marble  55 Water Street also has six freight elevators: four in the south building and two in the north building  Each freight elevator travels from the basement to the highest level in that section of the building, except for a single elevator in the south building, which travels only from the basement to floor 18  None of the elevators travels above floor 52 in the south building The building's heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC) system is divided into several zones, each serving a different group of floors  55 Water Street's chiller system was replaced in the 2010s  The new system consists of three chillers, which collectively emit 32 5 million fewer pounds of CO2 per year compared to the old system  The chillers each weighed 53 short tons (48 t) and were so heavy that they had to be lifted into the building's facade at night  There is also a thermal-energy storage plant with 134 ice tanks, which collectively can store 16,800 ton-hours of heat  There are eight water tanks, which are spread across the roofs of both structures and the 14th and 40th stories of the south building; in addition, the concourse level contains a surge tank  These water tanks are also split into several zones, each spanning multiple floors  The tanks are fed by two water mains that connect to the New York City water supply system, the building's domestic water service is also fed by these mains  Two drainage pipes connect with the New York City sewer system 

Plazas
Ground-level plazas
When 55 Water Street was built, Coenties Slip (which abutted the site to the southwest) was converted into a pedestrian plaza known as Jeannette Park  The space covers 33,307 sq ft (3,094 3 m2)  The park had existed adjacent to Coenties Slip since 1884, when it was dedicated to the exploration vessel USS Jeannette, but Paul Friedberg expanded the park in 1971 as part of 55 Water Street's construction  Initially, 55 Water Street's owners were responsible for maintaining the park, which was paved in brick similar to the Elevated Acre plaza next to the building  Plans to redevelop the land into a memorial for Vietnam War veterans were announced in 1982, and it was rededicated as Vietnam Veterans Plaza in 1985  The plaza was renovated and redesigned by Lee S  Jablin of Harman Jablin Architects starting in 2000, and it was rededicated in 2001 There is also an 10,254 sq ft (952 6 m2) pedestrian arcade adjacent to Water Street and Vietnam Veterans Plaza  It effectively functions as an extension of the adjacent sidewalk  A sloped canopy was added in the 1990s 

Elevated Acre
The elevated plaza is a privately owned public space (POPS) known as the Elevated Acre  It is about 30 ft (9 1 m) above street level and accessible via escalators and stairs from Water Street, between the building's two wings  The plaza covers approximately 40,000 sq ft (3,700 m2; 0 92 acres)  The space is one of a few elevated POPS in New York City; similar plazas exist at One Bankers Trust Plaza, 300 East 59th Street, 622 Third Avenue, Murray Hill Mews, and Trump Tower  The creation of public space allowed the developers to increase the total square footage of 55 Water Street beyond what zoning regulations would otherwise have allowed on the site  Beneath the plaza is a parking garage The Elevated Acre was originally proposed as part of an unbuilt network of elevated walkways and plazas next to the East River  Lawrence Halprin had devised the original plans for the plaza, but M  Paul Friedberg & Associates carried out the final design  The Elevated Acre was originally paved in the same red brick tiles as Jeannette Park  The plaza had very little ornamentation except for a set of curved brick walls, as well as some benches and trees  There were also fountains and pools in the original design  During the 1980s, the Elevated Acre was often closed because, according to the building's owners at the time, the elevator and escalators were frequently being repaired  Furthermore, the plaza was isolated, making it unattractive to pedestrians In the 2000s, the Elevated Acre was renovated to designs by Rogers Marvel Architects and Ken Smith, reopening in 2005  The two escalators and elevator on Water Street were replaced with four shorter escalators and a set of stairs  The new design contains a variety of plantings, grasses, and dunes, as well as a multi-tiered terrace  Inside the plaza is a lantern known as the Beacon of Progress, a reference to the former Seamen's Institute building on the site  The Elevated Acre also includes an amphitheater with seven levels and a boardwalk made of Brazilian hardwood  There is a restaurant named Sky55 adjacent to the plaza  The original plans for the redesign had called for a 100-person capacity elevator and an ice rink, which were canceled for lack of funds  The Elevated Acre is available for rental as a venue for special events  Under an agreement with the New York City government, the Elevated Acre may be closed up to six times a year for community or non-profit events and six times a year for private events 

History
Development
The Uris Buildings Corporation proposed erecting a 53-story building between Coenties Slip, Water Street, Old Slip, and South Street in October 1968  It was the first project to be proposed as part of the Lower Manhattan Plan, a New York City governmental initiative to guide development along the Lower Manhattan waterfront  The New York Stock Exchange had considered leasing space at the building before it was officially announced, but the NYSE ultimately decided against doing so  In exchange for permission to close Cuylers Alley and Front Street for the construction of the new building, Uris proposed improving the adjacent Jeannette Park and erecting a raised public plaza within the new development  The proposal required that the New York City Planning Commission enact a zoning amendment in 1968, since elevated plazas could not rise more than 5 ft (1 5 m) above the curb  In January 1969, the Board of Estimate approved Uris's proposal to construct an elevated pedestrian plaza alongside its building When construction started in 1969, developers estimated that the building's annual rents would range from $8 to $10/sq ft ($86 to $108/m2)  The Chemical Bank of New York agreed in principle to lease 1 1×10^6 sq ft (100,000 m2) in January 1969, in exchange for a 15 percent stake in the building  When the lease was finalized in late 1969 at a price of $250 million, it was the largest commercial lease ever executed  Brokerage firm Dominick & Dominick leased 275,000 sq ft (25,500 m2) across five floors in March 1969, becoming the first tenant to finalize a lease at 55 Water Street  Two weeks later, Bear Stearns leased 200,000 sq ft (19,000 m2) on four floors  During the building's construction, the chief engineers met every Monday to discuss the engineering difficulties of the site  Goldman Sachs and Halle & Stieglitz collectively leased 165,000 sq ft (15,300 m2) in May 1970, and the Interstate United Corporation subsequently leased space for a restaurant at the base of the building Workers raised a 1,000 lb (450 kg) girder to the 53rd story of the tower section at a topping-out ceremony on June 18, 1971  The same day, Uris announced that Prudential Insurance had agreed to place a $150 million loan on the building; it was the largest mortgage ever placed on a privately-developed structure  In exchange, Prudential would acquire a 25 percent stake in the building's equity  At the time, 70 percent of the office space had been leased  The Whitney Museum announced it would open a satellite location at 55 Water Street by the end of 1971  According to Uris Buildings chairman Percy Uris, the branch "would contribute nicely to the feel of the building and the amenities it offers to people who work there"  A  G  Becker & Co  and NYSE subsidiary Stock Clearing Corporation leased additional space that November  Other early tenants included financial services firms White Weld & Co , which took two floors, and G  H  Walker & Co , which leased one floor and part of another  Prudential granted a $130 million mortgage at the end of 1972  The building's construction was chronicled in 55 Water Street, a collection of short stories by Marjorie Iseman, which was published in 1982 

Opening and early years
55 Water Street was completed in 1972 with 3,268,000 sq ft (303,600 m2) of rentable space, and tenants began moving into the structure at the beginning of that year  55 Water Street was the largest speculative office development in Lower Manhattan for a decade, until 52 Broadway was developed in the 1980s  The building's completion coincided with a decline in demand for office space in New York City  Meanwhile, after Percy Uris had died in 1971, his brother Harold began negotiating to sell off all his company's assets, including 55 Water Street  National Kinney Corporation had bought a majority stake in the Uris properties by late 1973, upon which a large portion of the office space was still vacant  National Kinney then sold a 25 percent stake in the building's ownership to the PIC Corporation; at the time, three-quarters of the building had been leased The Whitney Museum opened a branch museum on the third floor of the building in September 1973  The branch occupied 4,800 sq ft (450 m2) of sparsely designed gallery space  The Whitney paid $1 a year; the operating cost was covered by 29 institutions or companies with offices in the Financial District  The building's owners continued to experience financial issues, and National Kinney placed 55 Water Street and ten other Uris properties for sale shortly after acquiring these buildings  The creditors and mortgagee agreed in 1975 to postpone the collection of their claims until the building had more tenants and its cash flow improved  Samuel J  LeFrak expressed interest in buying 55 Water Street and most of the other Uris structures in 1976, as the buildings collectively contained four percent of Manhattan's office space  Simultaneously, Manufacturers Hanover planned to lease two additional floors and a mezzanine, provided that the city government approve a tunnel between 55 Water Street and the company's operations headquarters at the neighboring 4 New York Plaza  LF Rothschild leased two floors in mid-1976 

Olympia & York ownership
National Kinney decided to sell off 55 Water Street and eight other Uris buildings in November 1976; at the time, the firm owned 51 percent of the building  Olympia and York bought 55 Water Street in 1977 as part of a $50 million transaction involving several Uris properties  The transactions made the firm the largest commercial landlord in Manhattan  Of the properties Olympia & York bought from National Kinney, only 55 Water Street still had a significant amount of vacant space, with 50,000 sq ft (4,600 m2) still available for lease  By the late 1970s, the vacancies at 55 Water Street and other nearby buildings in Lower Manhattan were being filled  During that time, the remaining space was leased by companies such as securities firm Lehman Brothers  By 1979, the building was fully leased; payment-services company American Express had leased the last large block of vacant space, covering 191,000 sq ft (17,700 m2) across four stories By 1980, the valuation of 55 Water Street had increased drastically  Consequently, Whitney Museum was forced to relocate from its space in the building that year, since the owners wanted to rent out the museum space  At the time, the building housed the headquarters or offices of several large financial companies, including Lehman Brothers, L F  Rothschild, Goldman Sachs, and Bear Stearns; some of these firms had their own dining rooms  In addition, the third story contained a restaurant called the Harbor Club  During this decade, Olympia and York obtained a $550 million mortgage loan in the form of a bond offering  Tenants such as L F  Rothschild were subleasing their space by the late 1980s, although there were few potential lessees  The building had significant amounts of asbestos which, under an anti-asbestos regulation passed in 1985, had to be removed before the space in the building could be subleased  Other firms, such as Morgan Stanley, moved out of the building entirely  The building was refinanced with two bond issues in 1986, and pension fund Retirement Systems of Alabama (RSA) purchased 19 5 percent of the bonds for $100 million  The financing included $435 million in interest-paying bonds and $113 million in zero-coupon bonds The 1990s recession affected Olympia and York's finances, causing vacancy rates to increase  The building was still the city's most valuable privately-owned office building, with an assessed valuation of about $280 million in 1990  By the next year, the leases on two-fifths of the building's office space were scheduled to expire within two years  Credit rating agencies had downgraded their ratings of 55 Water Street's mortgage loan, which Olympia and York was having trouble paying off  Olympia and York met with its bondholders in May 1992 in an attempt to retain control of the building  Olympia and York indicated that it would not be able to pay for asbestos removal, which would cost at least $20/sq ft ($220/m2)  The building already had 620,000 sq ft (58,000 m2) of vacant space at the time, but the vacancy rate was to reach 50 percent by the end of the year  One financial executive said the building rapidly "went from being a premier financial services tower to bankrupt" 

RSA ownership
1990s
Olympia and York agreed in September 1992 to transfer ownership of the building to its bondholders in exchange for wiping out about $548 million in debt  Each of the bondholders could swap their bonds for equity stakes in 55 Water Street or sell their bonds to RSA for cash  To ensure that the building would be free of debt, RSA and the other creditors consented to a consensual bankruptcy filing if creditors chose to keep their bonds  The proposed sale valued the building at only $149 million, even though the city had appraised the building as being worth $540 million  A subsidiary of Olympia and York filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy protection in May 1993, allowing the buyers to perform an equity swap  The purchase was finalized that October, essentially erasing all the building's debt  RSA bought out most of the other creditors for about $120 million  Following this purchase, RSA owned an 88 percent stake in the building, and there was $60 million on hand to pay for renovations  At the time, the building was 65 percent occupied RSA created a subsidiary, the New Water Street Corporation, to operate and manage the building  The new owners immediately appointed Jones Lang Wootton as the building's leasing agent  After acquiring the building, RSA planned to remove asbestos, upgrade the elevators, and add sprinklers to each floor  RSA hired Kohn Pedersen Fox to design cosmetic remodeling plans, and the pension fund spent over $20 million to remove asbestos from the building and install a back-up electrical system  The cost of renovations had increased to $125 million or $140 million by the mid-1990s  The building still had large amounts of vacant office space at the time, despite offering relatively low rents of around $20/sq ft ($220/m2)  During this time, major tenants at 55 Water Street included the Depository Trust Company and the Securities Industry Automation Corporation In the years after RSA acquired the building, annual income frequently increased by more than 10 percent from year to year  RSA upgraded 55 Water Street's communication and electrical systems to attract tenants, advertising the building as the "Tower of Power"  Much of the office space had been filled by 1997, when Standard & Poor's leased 937,000 sq ft (87,100 m2)  In addition, several other financial firms such as Royal Bank of Canada and Goldman Sachs had expressed interest leasing space in the building  The renovation of 55 Water Street was completed in 1999 at a cost of $156 million  At that point, the building was 100 percent occupied  About a third of the space was still occupied by Chemical Bank successor Chase Bank, whose lease expired in 2003; the bank planned to move out after its lease expired  Additionally, the owners were planning a renovation for the building's elevated plaza, as well as the public space next to Vietnam Veterans Plaza, both of which were underused 

2000s
In early 2001, Goldman Sachs considered constructing a 13-story, 240 ft (73 m) annex on the site of the Elevated Acre  The annex would have included seven large trading floors, each covering 56,000 sq ft (5,200 m2)  In addition, the height of the north tower would have been increased by 35 ft (11 m)  The entire project would have cost $850 million and would have been completed in 2004  To compensate for the loss of public space, Goldman Sachs proposed paying for various improvements of public space nearby  The plans were dropped shortly after they were presented  Goldman Sachs cited economic conditions, but some neighborhood residents had expressed opposition to the plan  Following the cancellation of Goldman Sach's plans, RSA hired Mary Ann Tighe as the building's broker  RSA and the Municipal Art Society sponsored a design competition for a renovation of the elevated plaza  In September 2002, RSA hired a joint venture of Ken Smith and Rogers Marvel Architects to redesign the plaza Following the September 11 attacks in 2001, the building's managers implemented security checkpoints in the lobby, resulting in rent increases for all tenants  To fill the empty space, the owners offered two years of free rent to new tenants  HIP Health Plan of New York (later part of EmblemHealth) leased the entire north building and part of the south building in 2003  At the time, it was the largest corporate relocation to Lower Manhattan since the September 11 attacks  Simultaneously, the Teachers' Retirement System of New York City also rented 150,000 sq ft (14,000 m2) at the building  The Elevated Acre plaza was rededicated in 2005 following a renovation  The New York City Department of Transportation leased more than 400,000 sq ft (37,000 m2) in 2006, and publishing company Bowne & Co  also leased space 

2010s to present
During the early 21st century, CBRE Group became the leasing agent  On October 29, 2012, the building sustained damage related to Hurricane Sandy when a 14-foot-high (4 3 m) storm surge flooded the area  The basement levels were severely damaged, and the emergency generators on the roof could not operate because they were powered by pumps in the basement  The building remained closed for several weeks due to flooding  While repairs were being conducted, a fire broke out on November 23, causing injuries to 27 people  To prepare for future storms, the building's owner planned to relocate electrical equipment from the basement to the third floor  In 2014, Plaza Construction installed a flood barrier system around the building; when activated, the flood walls could protect against an 8 ft (2 4 m) surge McGraw Hill Financial moved its headquarters to 55 Water Street in June 2015, and Hugo Boss moved its North American headquarters there the same year  By 2018, RSA earned $155 million in rental income annually, and the building was worth an estimated $1 5 billion  In 2019, software company Justworks announced it would be moving into 270,000 sq ft (25,000 m2) on four floors, and the Teachers' Retirement System of New York City subleased a portion of one floor  MJHS Health System leased 138,000 sq ft (12,800 m2) in March 2022, the largest lease to be finalized in lower Manhattan in 18 months 

Reception
When the building was completed, architectural critic Ada Louise Huxtable called the building "a significant demonstration of how to stop worrying and love the boom" in office development  Huxtable also wrote that the building's elevated plaza was "a skillful job in urban design"  By contrast, in 1981, Paul Goldberger described 55 Water Street, along with many skyscrapers on Sixth Avenue in Midtown Manhattan, as having been "designed by commercial architectural firms which admitted to few interests beyond the quick and efficient creation of rentable space"  According to Goldberger, these types of buildings used common materials such as concrete and glass, creating edifices that "added little either visually or socially to the life of the city"  The AIA Guide to New York City described the north building as resembling "a complicated cell phone tower"  In addition, the New York-New York Hotel and Casino in Paradise, Nevada, contains a 36-story replica of 55 Water Street 

See also
List of tallest buildings in New York City

Notes



ground_truth: building

prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: Luther: The Calling is based on the BBC crime drama comprising six episodes that were run in which year?

The following are given passages.
Context 3: Passage 1:
Kiss of Death (TV drama)
Kiss of Death, previously titled Breathless and Blood Rush, is a British crime investigation television film, written by Barbara Machin, author of the British television crime drama series Waking the Dead, that aired on BBC on 26 May 2008 
The one-off drama, intended as a backdoor pilot for a possible series, was originally written as a two-part series but was re-written several times at the request of BBC executives  The original running time of 120 minutes was also shortened to 90, and the programme was finally broadcast in one instalment in May 2008  The drama was produced by BBC Northern Ireland and shot in Bristol  A DVD was released in Sweden in 2010, but as of 2016, has not been released in the UK  Viewing figures of 3 9 million did not prove strong enough for a full series to be commissioned 

Synopsis
A plot synopsis issued by the BBC in a press release read as follows: "In this drama, a killer has killed once and kidnapped another victim, challenging the investigative and forensic team to work out why  Suddenly everyone's past comes under scrutiny, everyone's version of the truth comes under suspicion  Kay Rousseau (Louise Lombard), who heads up the crime team, is back at work after the death of her child  Suspicion about her involvement in this death remains, not least in her own husband  Only Matt Costello (Danny Dyer), Kay's second-in-command and a dedicated, impassioned copper, is loyal to the core  Dr  George Austen (Lyndsey Marshal), the team's forensic scientist, worked on Kay's case and knows things Kay wished she didn't, and this isn't helped by her own fast increasing addiction to alcohol which puts her evidential work under unwelcome scrutiny 
Dr Clive Morrell (Shaun Parkes) is a profiler whose own mood swings and strange behaviour are causing concern within the team  Jude Whiley (Lenora Crichlow) is a rookie cop, who is young, fresh and has an energy and passion for the job that verges on obsession  Miles Trumeman (Ace Bhatti) plays Kay's husband Miles Trueman, who is a lawyer attached to the case  Brian McCardie plays killer Michael Bovery, a man obsessed with one of the team, and Jeffery Kissoon plays Commissioner Wilson, Rousseau's boss "

Cast
Louise Lombard as Superintendent Kay Rousseau
Danny Dyer as Detective Inspector Matt Costello
Lenora Crichlow as Detective Constable Jude Whiley
Lyndsey Marshal as Dr  George Austen, pathologist
Shaun Parkes as Dr  Clive Morrell, profiler
Ace Bhatti as Miles Trueman, lawyer
Caroline O'Hara as Jane, kidnap and rape victim
Neil McDermott as John, kidnap victim
Perry Benson as The Courier
Brian McCardie as Michael Bovery
Jeffery Kissoon as Commissioner Wilson

Notes
External links
Kiss of Death at BBC Online 
Kiss of Death at IMDb
Passage 2:
Sam &amp; Max Save the World
Sam & Max Save the World is a graphic adventure video game developed by Telltale Games  The game was originally released as Sam & Max: Season One before being renamed in early 2009  Save the World was developed in episodic fashion, comprising six episodes that were released for Microsoft Windows over the course of late 2006 and early 2007  The episodes were initially distributed online by GameTap and Telltale Games themselves, although the later retail releases of the game were published by The Adventure Company and JoWooD Productions in North America and Europe respectively  A Wii port of the game was published in late 2008, and an Xbox Live Arcade version was released in mid-2009  A remaster of the game by Skunkape Games was released in December 2020 for Nintendo Switch and Microsoft Windows, in August 2021 for Xbox One, and in September 2022 for PlayStation 4 Based on Steve Purcell's comic book series Sam & Max, the game follows the title characters Sam and Max—self-styled vigilante private investigators, the former an anthropomorphic dog and the latter a "hyperkinetic rabbity thing"—through several cases involving a hypnotism conspiracy  Each episode features one case with a contained story, with an underlying plot running through the series  The game was announced by Telltale Games in 2005 following the cancellation of Sam & Max: Freelance Police by LucasArts in the preceding year; many of the employees at Telltale Games were members of the Freelance Police development team 
The game received a positive response from critics, with praise bestowed on the game's humor, graphics and gameplay, but concerns were voiced over the low difficulty of the puzzles, repetition in design between episodes and the effectiveness of the story  Opinions dissented across the Atlantic; some British reviewers did not appreciate the writing in the way that American critics did  Nevertheless, the game has won several awards and is often cited by commentators as the first successful application of episodic distribution  The game was accompanied by a number of short machinima videos set between each episode  The game was followed by two episodic sequels: Sam & Max Beyond Time and Space in 2007 and Sam & Max: The Devil's Playhouse in 2010 

Gameplay
Sam & Max Save the World is a 3D graphic adventure game in which the player controls the character of Sam  The player has Sam explore the environments of the game and solve a series of puzzles using a simple point-and-click interface  The game's puzzles have logical solutions, although a number of them have far-fetched solutions due to the game's cartoon setting  Depending on the type of in-game entity a player selects using the cursor, the player can have Sam walk around an area, look at and comment on objects, pick up certain items or otherwise try to use them  Sam may also engage in conversation with non-player characters; when this occurs, the game presents a dialog tree with several subjects to pick from  Topics of conversation may directly involve the story or provide assistance with the game's puzzles, while others may be entirely unconnected  In some cases, the player may be able to choose dialog for Max to speak as well The game implements an inventory system to allow Sam to store any items that the player picks up during the course of the game  The player may select any of the items in the inventory and can then attempt to use them on objects in the game world or give them to other characters simply by clicking on the desired target  Unlike Save the World's predecessor, Sam & Max Hit the Road, inventory items are context specific, and cannot be used together or combined to create new items  Typically, Sam carries a gun that may be used to solve several puzzles The characters can travel between a variety of locations in the game using their black and white 1960 DeSoto Adventurer, which, when selected, will present the player with a list of available destinations  The DeSoto is also used for several driving sequences, usually involving pursuing or fleeing criminals in other vehicles  In these driving sequences, the player can use Sam's gun, the car's horn, or have Max attempt to communicate with other vehicles via a megaphone  In addition, special inventory items may be used to complete specific puzzles within these sequences  Driving sequences are also used for several minigames, such as pulling innocent drivers over for fabricated felonies  In keeping with the developer's heritage from the LucasArts adventure games, Sam & Max Save the World is designed so that the player characters cannot die or reach a complete dead-end 

Synopsis
Characters
Sam & Max Save the World is set in a universe that parodies American popular culture, and it follows the title characters of Sam and Max, the Freelance Police, a pair of vigilantes and private investigators  Sam is a level-headed but enthusiastic anthropomorphic dog who wears a blue suit and fedora  He is inquisitive, knowledgeable in obscure areas and tends to prefer the logical solution to problems, but he is not above using force  Max is described as a "hyperkinetic rabbity thing"; cunning, uninhibited and reveling in violence and mischief  His reactions to situations usually incorporate force but often with a seeming disregard for his own personal safety  Together, the Freelance Police operate out of a dilapidated office block in a dangerous neighborhood in New York City where they receive cases over the telephone from an unseen police commissioner There are several supporting characters that consistently appear throughout the episodes 
Bosco is the proprietor of the nearby convenience store and supplies the Freelance Police with a number of items across the game  Driven paranoid by repeated shoplifting, Bosco is obsessed with conspiracies, believing that nearly every US government agency, as well as many criminal outfits, are after him  As such, his store is overwhelmed with security devices and contraptions created by Bosco himself  He regularly attempts to disguise himself as a variety of foreign nationals, but to little effect Further down the neighborhood is Sybil Pandemik, who owns a small office across from Sam and Max  Sybil is unable to keep a consistent job and regularly changes her career choices  Introduced as a psychotherapist, she is noted to have worked as a tattoo artist, software tester, tabloid journalist and professional witness In a hole in Sam and Max's own office resides Jimmy Two-Teeth, a rat who works as a petty criminal, confidence trickster and fence  He profusely dislikes Sam and Max, who he sees as always interfering with his work Other characters include the Soda Poppers, a group of three former child stars from the 1970s  The three, each with their own trademark catch-phrase, first appear as victims of hypnosis in the first episode, later acting as the judges on a Pop Idol parody in the second episode  By the fourth episode, they are elected the governors of the Dakotas and plunge the region into civil war over ownership of Mount Rushmore  Also making sporadic appearances is Hugh Bliss, an eccentric magician and leader of the Prismatology cult, a parody of Scientology  He is often seen attempting to promote his self-help guides based on Prismatology  Sam finds Bliss irritating, while Max almost idolizes him  Minor characters include Agent Superball, a US Secret Service agent with a penchant for guarding doors; Chuckles, the pit manager in a mafia-run casino; Harry Moleman, a police mole who switches sides; and the Computer Obsolescence Prevention Society (COPS), a group of outdated computers attempting to find purpose in the technologically advanced world 

Plot
The game opens with Sam and Max, the Freelance Police, lounging in their office, awaiting a new case after a long hiatus  Eventually, the commissioner sends them out to investigate a group of former child stars, the Soda Poppers, who have been causing trouble in the neighborhood  The Soda Poppers are attempting to promote a self-help video called Eye-Bo, which (when watched) hypnotizes the viewer  After seeking assistance from Sybil to reverse the hypnotism on the Soda Poppers by knocking them unconscious, the Freelance Police learn that the scheme has been devised by one Brady Culture, another former child star who owes his fall from popularity to the rise of the Soda Poppers  Sam and Max and the Soda Poppers confront Culture, who hypnotizes the Soda Poppers again  However, Sam manages to fool Culture into ordering the Soda Poppers to attack himself, subduing the threat  The next case the Freelance Police get involves liberating a studio audience held hostage by a deranged TV talk show host, Myra Stump  At the TV station, Sam and Max deduce that Myra has been hypnotized and, after using other shows in the studio to become celebrities, they convince her to let them become guests on her show  Once on the show, Sam notes a strange toy bear on the host's desk, the source of the hypnotism  Using the studio sound system, Sam electrocutes both Myra and the bear, allowing the audience to leave 
The commissioner then tasks Sam and Max with infiltrating the Toy Mafia, a criminal organisation operating from a casino  The commissioner's mole in the organisation has gone quiet; he wants the Freelance Police to find out what happened to the mole  Sam and Max quickly discover that the Toy Mafia are responsible for the toy bear that hypnotised Myra  As they gain the Mafia's trust, they ascertain that the mole has switched sides and is now leading the outfit  After discovering that the casino is a front for a factory producing the hypnotizing bears for mass distribution, the Freelance Police sabotage the factory and destroy the operation  Soon after, the US President starts bringing in bizarre policies; Max is particularly concerned about the introduction of gun restrictions, while Sam believes the President has been hypnotized  At the White House, Max beheads the President, revealing him to be a mechanical puppet designed to hypnotize the nation through TV broadcasts  The President's bodyguard, none other than the now-fallen Toy Mafia's pit boss, activates a giant robot disguised as the statue at the Lincoln Memorial to run in an emergency election against Max  Sam discredits Lincoln's campaign, resulting in Max winning the presidential election  Lincoln begins a destructive rampage through Washington D C , but is neutralized when Max fires an intercontinental ballistic missile at him The next case given to Sam and Max involves dealing with a computer crisis that is causing the world economy to collapse  They discover the problem is a virtual reality program called Reality 2 0, powered by the Internet (which has gained sentience), which is hypnotizing people so they never want to leave the program  Sam and Max access the program themselves and introduce a computer virus that crashes Reality 2 0 and deletes the digital embodiment of the Internet  Prior to expiring, the Internet reveals that it was following the plans of one Roy G  Biv  Sam eventually deduces that Roy G  Biv is actually Hugh Bliss, a character seemingly in the background of all their previous cases  The Freelance Police travel to Bliss' Prismatology retreat on the Moon, where Bliss is preparing a device to hypnotize the entire planet  Bliss reveals himself as a colony of sentient bacteria that feeds off of the endorphins produced by human happiness; by hypnotizing the planet, Bliss assures himself of a permanent supply of nourishment  Bliss activates the device, but is killed when Sam tricks him into a tank of water and boils it using the rocket engine of a lunar lander  Returning to Earth, Max takes great pleasure in reversing the hypnotism by personally knocking everyone on the planet unconscious 

Episodes
Machinima
For the release of each episode, Telltale Games released three corresponding machinima shorts  These shorts are set between the episodes; fifteen were released in total  The first short, "Frank Discussion", released on November 30, 2006, has Sam and Max share a discussion regarding frankfurters and their preservative properties in Bosco's store  The short was followed on December 7 by "Trainspotting", in which Sam ponders the meaning of life while Max questions the sensibility of being outside, away from the comforts of their office  On December 12, Telltale released "A Painstaking Search": having misplaced the keys to their office, Sam and Max return to Brady Culture's hideout in an attempt to retrace their steps  The first short of 2007, "Reality Blights", was released on January 4 and sees Max volunteer the duo to appear on a reality television show, Four Freaks in a Terribly Cramped Office  "Egregious Philosophy Platter" was released seven days later on January 11 and features Sam and Max as host the hosts of television show Egregious Philosophy Platter, discussing the philosophers Socrates and Descartes  The final short relating to television shows, "Kitchen Consequential", was released on January 18 and follows Sam and Max hosting Fun in the Kitchen With Sam and Max where they showcase a few recipes of special effects "Interrogation" was released after the game's third episode on February 1, in which Sam and Max demonstrate how to properly interrogate a suspect  This was followed by "Coffee" on February 8; in the short, Sam and Max experiment with telekinesis on coffee cups  On February 15, "The Blank Blank Blank" was released, where Sam and Max discuss with Bosco a government agency so secret, the acronym is classified  Following episodes relate to Max's tenure as US president after "Abe Lincoln Must Die!"; "War Games", released on March 1, has Sam and Max engage in military activities from the White House's war room under the pretense that they are mere simulations  It was followed by "The Teapot Drone Scandal" on March 15, in which Max orders a Secret Service agent to recite "I'm a Little Teapot" over the telephone  "Saving the Economy" was released on March 22, showing a broadcast by Max outlining his plans to make the economy more efficient by irrationally extending daylight saving time  On April 5, "Artichoke" was released, in which Max holds a press conference where he is unwisely questioned about his gun control policies  The penultimate short, "Bosco", was released on April 12, and shows Max starting a negative campaign against Bosco for the presidential election, despite the fact that he is not running  "A Fireside Chat", the final episode, was released on April 19, depicting a broadcast by Max to the state of Idaho in the hopes of getting them to vote for him 

Development
Production
Sam & Max Save the World originates from Sam & Max: Freelance Police, a graphic adventure game that was developed by LucasArts from 2002 to 2004  Freelance Police was a sequel to the 1993 title Sam & Max Hit the Road  However, LucasArts ceased production on Freelance Police in March 2004  In the subsequent weeks, LucasArts underwent major restructuring; many of the developers who worked on past LucasArts adventure games were made redundant  Some of the former Freelance Police development team consequently formed Telltale Games in June 2004 to continue developing the sort of adventure games that LucasArts no longer wished to produce  Sam & Max creator Steve Purcell, who described himself as disappointed and frustrated with LucasArts' decision, took the Sam & Max franchise to Telltale after the LucasArts license expired in mid-2005  Telltale Games announced the new series of Sam & Max games in September 2005  Brendan Q  Ferguson, who worked on Freelance Police as a programmer, designer and writer; Dave Grossman, one of the project leaders on Maniac Mansion: Day of the Tentacle; and Purcell primarily led the development of the project Unlike Freelance Police, Save the World was developed in episodic form, with episodes being released in quick succession, to allow for reduced development time between titles and quicker delivery of content to consumers  Telltale launched a website for Sam & Max in November to accompany their new series  The following month, Purcell began publishing a Sam & Max webcomic entitled "The Big Sleep" on the site; the webcomic ran for twelve issues and concluded in April 2007  Purcell won an Eisner Award in 2007 for the webcomic  In March 2006, Telltale acquired US$825,000 in funding from a group of private investors, to help sustain growth until its next round of equity funding Telltale released the game's trailer for the Electronic Entertainment Expo in May 2006, showing the new voice actors for Sam and Max: David Nowlin and William Kasten respectively  However, Andrew Chaikin voiced Max in the first episode, but was unable to continue in the role due to health reasons  While at the convention, Telltale revealed that the first episode was forecast for release towards the end of 2006, via the distribution service GameTap  Telltale announced a release date of October 17 over GameTap in early September, with the note that each episode would be made available from Telltale themselves within fifteen days of release  Development on the first episode was completed on September 25, and from October 10, GameTap began hosting the Sam & Max animated series as promotional material for release  The first episode, "Culture Shock", was released on-time on October 17  The next five episodes were released over short intervals until the series finale in April 2007  The series debuted on Steam on June 15 the same year  Telltale began shipping a special collectors edition of the game in July, while the retail version of the game was published in August  January 2008 saw a significant update to the game, upgrading the game engine and ensuring compatibility with Windows Vista Three months later, Telltale announced a Wii version of the game  Telltale reported that an email campaign and Internet rumors of a port had stirred up interest within the company for producing a Wii version  They redesigned the game's point-and-click interface to accommodate the Wii Remote, the primary controller for the console  The game was initially forecast for release in North America on October 7, 2008, but was released a week later on October 14  The European version was published later in December In February 2009, Telltale Games renamed the game from its initial release title of Sam & Max: Season One to Sam & Max Save the World  Telltale's public relations spokeswoman, Emily Morganti, explained that while Season One was thought to communicate the game's episodic nature to potential consumers, the company felt that it was nondescript in relation to the game's story  The message accompanied the announcement of an Xbox Live Arcade version of the game, which had been subject to media speculation since February 2007  Both Windows and Wii versions of the game were republished using the new title 

Design
According to Dave Grossman, the objective for Telltale Games with Sam & Max Save the World was to create a game with a "lot of story and character in it"  Grossman explained that the Sam & Max franchise was therefore most ideally suited to the graphic adventure genre; while action was thought to be possible with the source material, it "would be kind of wrong"  Still, designers decided to introduce action moments such as car chase scenes, wanting players to "feel like [they] are these crazy Freelance Police officers" and "just be involved in all this sort of mayhem" presented in the original comic strips   Like in previous Sam & Max games, Sam & Max Save the World used a point-and-click gameplay system, itself a variation of the control scheme used by Telltale in their preceding adventure game series, Bone; the action sequences implemented in the game still maintained the point-and-click interface Very little of the design from Freelance Police was carried over into Save the World; LucasArts still held onto the assets created for use in Freelance Police, and Telltale was wary of using similar design patterns  While Ferguson and Purcell had both been involved with the canceled LucasArts project, Grossman had not  The team decided to just start from fresh, and pursue a different treatment of the game's subject  Purcell himself wanted to ensure that the game conveyed the "gritty" feel of the original comics—something he felt was lacking from the LucasArts renditions of the franchise  Grossman stated that "we wanted to get a little bit more of that dirt on the streets, and the paper cups and people being mean and nasty"  This "gritty" feeling also influenced artistic design  For instance, on Purcell's suggestion, the sky was changed from blue to yellow in the street outside Sam and Max's office, instantly making the environment feel "filthy and disgusting" 

Audio
Bay Area Sound, a company set up by Clint Bajakian, who had worked extensively on composition and sound production on LucasArts games since 1994, produced the soundtrack  The Save the World soundtrack was composed by Jared Emerson-Johnson, Bajakian's former protégé, whose previous work included composition and sound editing for LucasArts  Emerson-Johnson's scores used live performances as opposed to synthesized music often used elsewhere in the video games industry; a small team of five musicians, including Emerson-Johnson and a recording engineer, produced the soundtrack  The score is primarily grounded in film noir jazz, inspired by the work of Henry Mancini and Charles Mingus  However, Emerson-Johnson noted that as the Sam & Max universe is "open-ended", he had the chance to explore into other musical genres in some episodes, such as "a song-and-dance Charleston number, faux Philip Glass, an ode to Nina Rota's music from The Godfather, and even some inspired retro 8-bit game music"  Several songs were incorporated into the soundtrack, performed by Emerson-Johnson or Peter Barto, the voice actor for Agent Superball  Purcell later commented that Emerson-Johnson had seamlessly blended a "huge palette of genres and styles", while Ferguson stated that he believed that it was Emerson-Johnson's scores that created the vital atmosphere in the games, noting that prior to the implementation of the music, playing the games was an "unrelenting horror"  The soundtrack to Sam & Max Save the World was published in July 2007 

Reception
Sam & Max Save the World received positive critical reaction from reviewers  Aggregate review scores on GameRankings and Metacritic rank the fifth episode, "Reality 2 0", as the critical favorite, while the third episode, "The Mole, the Mob, and the Meatball" received the lowest scores  The entire season holds a score of 88 percent on GameRankings  In addition to receiving several editor choice awards, the game has been recipient to publisher awards for the best adventure game of 2006  As Telltale Games had managed to release a steady stream content with only small time gaps, journalists in the video game industry had considered Sam & Max Save the World to be the first successful application of episodic gaming  Previous unsuccessful implementations of the distribution model included attempts by Valve with the Half-Life series, Ritual Entertainment with SiN Episodes and Telltale themselves with Bone The debut episode, "Culture Shock", was recipient to a mostly optimistic response from critics  The episode was thought to adequately follow 1993's Sam & Max Hit the Road, with the introduction of the new 3D engine and gameplay being positively received  Criticisms of "Culture Shock" focused on the story; while the humor in the writing was praised, the plot was seen as a "thin excuse for the jokes" and the episode's primary antagonist was described by IGN's Steve Butts as "a bit of a letdown"  The second episode, "Situation: Comedy", was thought to produce a better antagonist than "Culture Shock", with the puzzles linking in well to the story  However, critics described the puzzles as too easy, and expressed disappointment at the reuse of lines from the first episode  The next episode, "The Mole, the Mob, and the Meatball", was the lowest rated episode amongst reviewers  Although the episode received compliments for its dialogue and humor, it was criticised for its easy puzzles and short length The fourth episode, "Abe Lincoln Must Die!", was held by critics to be one of the series' best episodes  The episode's story of political satire was subject to praise, whilst the increased length was also appreciated  Puzzles were felt to be more difficult and satisfying to solve  Detractors of the episode, however, felt that the episode suffered from the need to constantly move between locations and from the reuse of old characters and locations  "Reality 2 0", the fifth episode, was the critical favorite of the series  The game's puzzles were cited as stronger than in "Abe Lincoln Must Die!", with a fitting tribute to text adventure games towards the end  However, the script was thought to be inferior to the preceding episode  The season finale "Bright Side of the Moon" received a more reserved response than the two previous episodes, with criticisms directed at the length of the game and the depth of character interaction  Nevertheless, reviewers felt that the episode had reasonable puzzle design and that it was a respectable end to the series Critics gave positive reviews towards the overall gameplay mechanics, although they often presented some reservations  Several reviews praised the simplicity of the game interface  Andre Thomas of GamePlasma described the game's learning curve as "incredibly simple" and the gameplay mechanics as logical extension of those from the adventure games of the 1990s, while GamingTrend reviewer Ron Burke praised Telltale's "intuitive" point-and-click system  Mark Smith of Game Chronicles, however, stated that the streamlined mechanics eliminated "a lot of the exploration and discovery we normally associate with these types of games"  Some reviews directed criticism towards puzzle design; according to Smith, the game is "certainly accessible to kids and younger teens", but the adult audience "will find these games way too easy"  Reviewing for Adventure Gamers, Evan Dickens felt that the puzzles took "a bit of thought and consideration, but never to a point of consternation", believing that the low difficulty was intended by Telltale to allow players to "proceed through the story with minimum frustration"  Hyper's Tim Henderson commends the game for being "highly accessible [and] almost as funny as the original", but criticises it for its episodic content being a "tease" In relation to the story and writing, critics felt that the overall plot was ineffectual  Al Giovetti of JustAdventure felt the plot was lacking, while Burke considered the episodic nature to be detrimental to maintaining plot cohesion between the episodes, a point with which Dickens agreed  Despite this, several reviewers thought that the individual episode stories and the presentation and development of the characters were good  Reviewers considered the writing for each episode as one of the best features of the game; they also praised the level of humor in the game, although Dickens felt that it was not until the fourth episode that the writing properly established itself  In addition, they directed some skepticism towards the reuse of scenes and characters, with critical opinion divided on the degree of success in this regard  A point of contention rose between British and American reviewers over the story and setting, exemplified in PC Gamer; whilst positive towards the first and fourth episodes, the British edition of the magazine felt this repetition was a severe failing of Save the World, and that the writing did not work well  In contrast, the American edition rated each episode highly, stating that the quality of the series was "excellent" Critics commended Sam & Max Save the World's graphics and art direction; Dickens commented that "the cartoonish, absurdist nature of Steve Purcell's characters is captured perfectly" within an "enthusiastically colorful world that is at its best the stranger it gets", while GameZone reviewer Anise Hollingshead praised Telltale for successfully upgrading the characters' graphics "without losing any of their cartoon appeal"  Kristen Reed, writing for Eurogamer, felt that the graphics reflected a "great degree of care and attention to everything from the locations to the standard of character modelling and animation"  They also praised the game for its sound, voice acting and music  In a review for The Entertainment Depot, Tim McGowan complimented Emerson-Johnson's soundtrack as "being quite excellent and listenable on its own", and IGN's Alex Van Zelfdendate described it as a "breath of fresh air"  In contrast, PC Gamer UK's Alec Meer felt that the opening theme tune was "so busy trying to hint at [the theme for Sam & Max Hit the Road] that it forgets to have a memorable melody of its own"  Nowlin and Kasten's voicework also received a positive response The Wii version of the game garnered a more reserved view from critics than the PC version; GameRankings and Metacritic gave aggregate review scores of 75 percent and 74 percent, respectively  For better or worse, reviewers felt that the game had not changed much from the PC version in terms of gameplay, story or overall content  While Sam & Max was thought to be a "perfect, naturally cartoony fit for the Wii", the critics noted a number of technical issues with the release  Several critics cited minor issues with using the imprecise Wii Remote for puzzles requiring accuracy, while observations were made that lines of dialogue could be cut short and that the frame rate could slow significantly, especially in action sequences 

Remastered
Sam & Max Save the World Remastered was developed by Skunkape Games, a studio founded by Telltale co-founder Dan Connors and made up of original development team members Jake Rodkin, Jonathan Sgro, and Randy Tudor; the studio is named in reference to General Skun-ka'pe, a character from Sam & Max: The Devil's Playhouse  Following the closure of Telltale Games in 2018, Skunkape acquired the rights to Sam & Max and retrieved the game's original assets and source code  While the team originally planned to simply update the existing games with a software patch to improve compatibility with newer PCs, the original material's age proved difficult to work with in many regards, leading to the decision to fully remaster Save the World instead  The team consulted with Purcell on the remaster, who contributed additional artwork  Several members of the original development team outside of Skunkape also contributed to the remastering effort, including locating original assets that could not be retrieved from Telltale's archives  The Remastered release runs on the most recent version of the Telltale Tool and features updated character models and lighting, controller support, and new music by original composer Jared Emerson-Johnson  Other changes made include updated cutscene cinematography and re-recorded dialogue for Bosco, with Ogie Banks replacing previous actor Joey Camen  Save the World Remastered was released on Nintendo Switch and Windows on December 2, 2020; on Xbox One on August 10, 2021; and on PlayStation 4 on September 29, 2022  The original Save the World episodes were later released as free downloadable content for the Steam version of Remastered in February 2021  Following Save the World, Skunkape began work on remasters for the other Telltale Sam & Max games, with Beyond Time and Space released in December 2021 and The Devil's Playhouse planned for 2023 

Notes
External links
Official website at the Wayback Machine (archived June 18, 2018)
Official website (Remastered)
Passage 3:
Luther: The Calling
Luther: The Calling by Neil Cross is a tie-in novel based on the BBC crime drama Luther  Two further Luther novels were anticipated, but have not appeared 

Summary
The novel introduces the character of Detective Chief Inspector (DCI) John Luther  The novel is a prequel to the television series and focuses on the traumatic case involving a child killer named Henry Madsen  The novel expands on and explains several elements of the TV series, such as the breakup of the Luthers' marriage, and the corruption of DCI Ian Reed  The final events in the book mirror those portrayed at the start of Series 1 of the television series, which aired 15 months prior to the novel's release 

Reception
Sue Turnbull of The Age describes the book as providing "some clever but uncomfortable reading"  She concludes by comparing the novel to the television series stating "What this book offers is bleaker, more confronting and, well, terrifying  Be prepared"  John O'Connell from The Guardian summarised the novel by stating "the key murders in The Calling are so repulsive and their perpetrator so plausible that at times I had to force myself to keep reading  But I'm glad I did " Rob Farquhar of the Carins Post commended Neil Cross on the creation of DCI John Luther describing Luther as a man "possessed of brilliance and by an animal ferocity that he keeps from all but the monsters he seeks out"  He concluded by stating fans of the "TV series will love this" In 2012, Luther: The Calling won the Ngaio Marsh Award for Best Crime Novel 

See also
Luther (TV series)
List of Luther characters
List of Luther episodes
Passage 4:
Warren Brown (actor)
Warren Martin Brown (born 11 May 1978) is an English actor, best known for his roles as Donny Maguire in Shameless and Andy Holt in Hollyoaks, DS Justin Ripley in the BBC crime drama Luther and as Sergeant Thomas "Mac" McAllister in the British-American action television series Strike Back, starting with Strike Back: Retribution 

Early life
Warren Brown was born in Warrington, England  He studied at the University of Salford 

Career
After appearing in two episodes of the television series Shameless, Warren played the evil Andy Holt in Channel 4's  Hollyoaks  Despite being 27 years old at the time, it was said his youthful good looks and diminutive height helped him win the role of the student 
Brown was nominated for a number of awards for his performance in the show including Best Villain, Most Spectacular Scene and Best Exit at the 2006 British Soap Awards  Brown's character Holt met his demise in February 2006 
Brown won a role in the short-lived ITV show Jane Hall in the summer of 2006  This was followed in March 2007 by his role as Tommo in ITV's Mobile  Also in 2007 he starred as Chris in one episode of Casualty  In September 2007 he starred in the second series of BBC Three's Grownups, playing barman Alex Salade and has played the part since  In the 2009 Comic Relief Special of Two Pints of Lager and a Packet of Crisps, which was a crossover between Grownups, Two Pints and Coming of Age, he played Alex again 
In 2008, Brown performed the voiceover for the film trailer of Gomez: A True Story, based on the life of boxer Michael Gomez and starring Emmerdale's Kelvin Fletcher  In October 2008, Brown played the role of Marky in E4's zombie drama Dead Set  In November 2008, he appeared in Casualty, but not playing the same character as he did in 2007  In 2009 Brown appeared in the three part BBC Iraq war drama Occupation, alongside James Nesbitt and Stephen Graham Brown has appeared in two episodes of The Bill playing Jake Clegg, who was a part of the operation of trafficking young girls illegally  These episodes were titled "The Forgotten Child" 
From May 2010, he appeared as the regular character of DS Justin Ripley in the BBC drama Luther, a role that he reprised in June 2011 in the second series of Luther  Brown left the series in 2013 
Brown appears in the deadmau5 music video for the song "I Remember", also starring Stephen Graham, Aston Kelly (Graham's brother), Greg Walsh and ex-Coronation Street actress Emma Edmondson  In October 2010, Brown appeared as Matt in the BBC drama Single Father  In February 2012, he played one of the main characters in the BBC drama series Inside Men  He appeared as a member of Bane's Mercenary Security in The Dark Knight Rises, the third instalment of Christopher Nolan's Batman trilogy 
First broadcast in August 2012, Brown starred as PC John-Paul Rocksavage in the four-part BBC police drama Good Cop 
From 2017, he plays Sergeant Thomas "Mac" McAllister in Retribution,  the British-American action television series, in the sixth series and second revamp of Strike Back opposite Daniel MacPherson   The eighth series finished filming and aired in February 2020 
Brown has appeared in many audio dramas for the company Big Finish Productions, the most notable of which including a recurring role in their UNIT series, a spin-off based around the military organisation that regularly appeared in Doctor Who, since 2016, and playing Keith Burrow in Big Finish's original eight-part thriller Transference  In 2020, Brown would make his debut appearance in the television series, in the episode "Praxeus", albeit as a different character, former police officer Jake Willys, who was looking for his husband 
In 2023, Brown featured as a main cast member in BBC One drama Ten Pound Poms  For his portrayal of Terry Roberts, he was awarded the Best Actor trophy in the Fiction portion of the Golden Nymph Awards at the Monte-Carlo Television Festival 

Boxing
Brown has competed at world-level in Muay Thai (Thai kickboxing) and is a two-time World Champion 

Filmography
Film
Television
Video games
Passage 5:
Pramface
Pramface is a British sitcom starring Scarlett Alice Johnson and Sean Michael Verey  Written by Chris Reddy, the first series, comprising six half-hour episodes, piloted on 23 February 2012  The second series, which was commissioned by the BBC before the first series had even aired, began transmission on 8 January 2013 with an hour-long special as the first episode  The remaining six episodes of the series were of the usual half-hour length  A third series was commissioned which began airing on 25 February 2014 with the double episode series finale, which aired on 25 March 2014, bringing the third series to a total of six half-hour episodes  It was confirmed in August 2014 that a fourth series will not be commissioned 

Plot
Best friends Jamie, Mike, and Beth finish their GCSE exams and head towards a sixth form party  Meanwhile, 18-year-old Laura, encouraged by her best friend Danielle, breaks her parents' curfew and heads to the same party; both Jamie and Laura are determined to have a good time  During the party they meet and drunkenly have sex  The next morning Jamie writes Laura a note with his phone number on it and leaves  Some few weeks later, Laura discovers that she is pregnant, and that Jamie is only 16  Life is about to begin, but not in the way either of them expected Series 1 follows the life of the two teenagers and their family and friends as they try to get to grips with the impending parenthood and the struggles of pregnancy  Series 2 follows the next stage, caring for the newly born baby, Emily, while Laura faces the difficulties associated with being a new mother  Series 3 follows Jamie encountering a new woman in his life and how that affects his relationship with the mother of his child 

Production
Filming
The show was filmed in and around Edinburgh, Scotland, with specific locations including amongst others The Grange suburb and the Corstorphine parish church 

Cast
Scarlett Alice Johnson as Laura Derbyshire
Sean Michael Verey as Jamie Prince
Dylan Edwards as Mike Fenton
Yasmin Paige as Beth Mitchell
Emer Kenny as Danielle Reeves
Ben Crompton as Keith Prince
Bronagh Gallagher as Sandra Prince
Angus Deayton as Alan Derbyshire
Anna Chancellor as Janet Derbyshire

Episodes
Series overview
Series 1 (2012)
Series 2 (2013)
Series 3 (2014)
International broadcast
Australia – Season 1 premiered in Australia on 3 January 2013 on ABC2 
 Netherlands – All three seasons have been picked up by Netflix in the Netherlands 
 United States – All three seasons of the show have been picked up by Hulu in the United States 

Online
In addition to episode preview clips and character information on the BBC website, the writer and stars wrote blog posts about making the show for the BBC TV Blog and BBC Three Blog  An official Facebook page was set up for fans although this has since been closed and one of the main characters, Mike Fenton, was given his own Twitter account where he commented in-character on the events of the episodes as well as other things going on in the real world at the time 
Passage 6:
Luther (TV series)
Luther is a British psychological crime thriller television series starring Idris Elba as DCI John Luther and Ruth Wilson as Alice Morgan, written by Neil Cross  The detective Luther must make cases against criminals while the murderer Morgan has a complicated relationship with him  The first series is composed of six episodes which ran in May and June 2010  A second series of four episodes aired on BBC One in June and July 2011, and a third was commissioned in 2012 composed of four episodes which aired in July 2013  A two-episode fourth series was broadcast in December 2015, and a fifth series of four episodes premiered on 1 January 2019  BBC Studios handled distribution for the TV series A feature film continuation, Luther: The Fallen Sun, was released in select cinemas on 24 February 2023, before its streaming release on 10 March 2023, by Netflix  Starring Elba, Andy Serkis and Cynthia Erivo, the film was written by Cross 
Elba has been awarded a Critics' Choice Television Award, Golden Globe Award, and Screen Actors Guild Award for his performance as John Luther  The series has also received eleven Primetime Emmy Award nominations in various categories, including four nominations of Elba for Outstanding Lead Actor in a Miniseries or Movie 

Plot
John Luther is a Detective Chief Inspector (DCI) working for the Serious Crime Unit in series one, and the new "Serious and Serial" unit from series two  A dedicated police officer, Luther is obsessive, possessed, and sometimes violent  However, Luther has paid a heavy price for his dedication; he has never been able to prevent himself from being consumed by the darkness of the crimes with which he deals 
For Luther, the job always comes first  His dedication is a curse and a blessing, both for him and those close to him  In the very first episode of the series, he investigates brilliant psychopath and murderer Alice Morgan  Ultimately, he is unable to arrest her due to lack of evidence, but as the series progresses, she becomes both his nemesis and unlikely companion  As she pursues her infatuation with him, he gradually relents as he is able to glean insight from her about some of the cunning criminals he pursues  After Alice helps Luther avenge the death of his estranged wife Zoe, Luther aids her escape from a secure facility and she flees the country  In Alice's absence, Luther's life is dominated by his police work once again, culminating in the murder of his partner and protégé Justin Ripley in the third series  Alice reappears following Ripley's death, and finally convinces Luther to leave London with her 
When the fourth series begins, Luther is living a reclusive life on the English coast  After learning of Alice's apparent death in mysterious circumstances, he is persuaded to return to London and resume his role as a DCI  It ultimately transpires that Alice faked her own death after her life with Luther did not match their expectations  Two years later she returns to extort money from organised crime boss George Cornelius, who sabotaged her previous diamond exchange  Embroiled in her schemes again, Luther's relationship with Alice heads towards its destructive climax 

Cast and characters
Episodes
Series 1 (2010)
The first series of Luther aired in 2010 and received positive reviews from critics, getting an average of 5 9 million viewers per episode 

Series 2 (2011)
In August 2010, the BBC announced that it had commissioned a second series for 2011  Filming started in late September/early October 2010  Originally planned to be broadcast as two two-hour episodes, it was shown as four one-hour episodes  The first episode was shown on BBC One on 14 June 2011 

Series 3 (2013)
In August 2011, the BBC One controller announced that a third series had been commissioned Filming of the four-episode series started in November 2012  Sienna Guillory was cast as Luther's new love interest  Other guest stars included Lucian Msamati and Ned Dennehy  The third series began airing on 2 July 2013 and concluded on 23 July 

Series 4 (2015)
On 19 November 2014, it was announced that a two-episode special would be aired on the BBC in 2015  Filming began in March 2015 and ended April 2015  BBC Home Entertainment later confirmed that the Region 1 version of the Series 4 DVD would be released on 15 December 2015, coinciding with the air date of the fourth series  On 24 October 2015, BBC One confirmed via their Facebook page that series 4 of Luther would air in December 2015 on BBC One In November 2015, it was announced that Luther was confirmed to air in the United States on BBC America for a three-hour one-night event on 17 December 2015 The first episode of the fourth series aired on BBC One on 15 December 2015 

Series 5 (2019)
The BBC announced a fifth series composed of four episodes on 12 June 2017  Filming started in early 2018  Ruth Wilson was confirmed to be returning as Alice Morgan for series five  Series 5 directed by Jamie Payne premiered on 1 January 2019, and was broadcast over consecutive nights through to 4 January 

Film (2023)
In September 2021, Netflix announced a feature film continuation of Luther with Elba reprising his role and Cross writing  Andy Serkis and Cynthia Erivo also joined the cast  The film, Luther: The Fallen Sun, was released in select cinemas on 24 February 2023, before its streaming release on 10 March 2023, by Netflix 

Production
Creator Neil Cross has said that Luther is influenced by both Sherlock Holmes and Columbo; the nature of Luther's intellect and its application to solving crimes is comparable to Holmes's, whereas the show's use of the inverted detective format was inspired by Columbo The first series was filmed in and around London, England, and produced by BBC Drama Productions  Brian Kirk, Sam Miller and Stefan Schwartz each directed two episodes and show creator Neil Cross wrote all six of the episodes  Leila Kirkpatrick was the line producer for the entire program and Katie Swinden was the producer for a number of episodes  Tim Fleming provided cinematography for two episodes  Katie Weiland and Victoria Boydell were involved in film editing, with Weiland editing two episodes  Andy Morgan was responsible for all casting, Paul Cross provided production design and Adam A  Makin was behind the show's art direction The show is filmed in various locations around Central, North, West and East London including the Barbican Estate, Elephant and Castle, Westfield Shopping Centre (Shepherd's Bush), Renaissance Hotel (Heathrow Airport), Ealing Hospital, Cranbrook Estate (Bethnal Green), Victoria Park, Waterloo station, Holloway, Shoreditch and the Docklands 

Critical reception
Series one was met with positive reviews, according to aggregate review site Rotten Tomatoes, where it holds a 91% approval rating, based on 23 reviews  The site's consensus reads: "Gritty and ambiguous, Luther is a captivating drama bolstered by a powerhouse performance from Idris Elba in the title role " It holds a Metacritic score of 82 out of 100, based on 11 collected reviews, indicating "universal acclaim"  However, The Guardian's Stuart Heritage was initially critical of the show, and compared it to the American series FlashForward, in that both series arrived with a large amount of hype but delivered an anticlimactic end product  However, by the fifth episode, Heritage had changed his views and called it Idris Elba's best work since The Wire The show's second series was met with equally positive reviews and holds a 100% approval rating on Rotten Tomatoes, based on 13 reviews  The site's consensus reads: "Luther delves into darker territory in its second series, and Idris Elba's outstanding performance makes this a police procedural of uncommon weight and heft " It holds a Metacritic score of 78 out of 100, based on 9 collected reviews, indicating "Generally favorable reviews " Variety and The Hollywood Reporter admiringly highlighted the darker tone, Elba's performance, and the production  In the third quarter of 2011, the top-rated shows on BBC America were Doctor Who, Top Gear, and Luther, which together gained the network its highest quarterly ratings ever Series three was again met with positive reviews and holds an 88% approval rating on Rotten Tomatoes, based on 25 reviews  The site's consensus reads: "Idris Elba shines in the title role of Luther despite familiar circumstances that benefit from the shortened season " It holds a Metacritic score of 76 out of 100, based on 19 collected reviews, indicating "Generally favorable reviews" Series four received positive reviews, with a 79% approval rating on Rotten Tomatoes, based on 14 reviews  The site's consensus reads: "Idris Elba remains the best thing about Luther in an all-too-brief season which packs a lot of plot into a short time frame " It holds a Metacritic score of 68 out of 100, based on 11 reviews, indicating "Generally favorable reviews" After a four-year hiatus, the Series five broadcast in 2019 met with positive reviews, garnering an 85% approval rating on Rotten Tomatoes, based on 40 reviews  The site's consensus reads: "Luther returns in fine form from its extended exodus with a grisly mystery and the welcome reappearance of Ruth Wilson's psychotic villain, Alice Morgan "

Broadcast outside of the United Kingdom
The first series of the show premiered in Australia on ABC1 on 15 October 2010 and in the United States on BBC America two days later  The second series debuted in the United States on BBC America on 29 September 2011 and Australia on ABC1 on 24 February 2012  The third series ran in the United States on BBC America on four consecutive nights beginning 3 September 2013  The fifth series premiered in the United States on BBC America on 2 June 2019 
The deal also includes the network to show the first six seasons of another series produced by the BBC, Death in Paradise, airing on Thursdays at 7 pm and airing on Fridays at 8 am ET part of the "Morning Mysteries" morning mystery crime drama block 

Soundtrack
Paul Englishby composed Luther's soundtrack  He incorporated many pop and rock songs into the soundtrack, using these generally in the end credits  A CD titled Luther – Songs and Score From Series 1, 2 and 3 was released on 19 August 2013 and contains many of the themes and songs used in the television series  The opening theme song is a shorter version of "Paradise Circus" by Massive Attack from the album Heligoland (2010) with vocals provided by Hope Sandoval 

Awards and nominations
Adaptations
American version
In 2014, Fox started developing an American TV series version of Luther, with Cross writing and executive producing the series, and Elba, Peter Chernin (of the Chernin company), Katherine Pope, and BBC Worldwide Prods' Jane Tranter and Julie Gardner as executive producers  The project was helmed by 20th Century Fox TV, Chernin Entertainment, and BBC Worldwide Prods  The project was formally dropped in 2017 

Russian version
In 2014, Channel One Russia was developing a Russian TV series version of Luther, with Konstantin Lavronenko, starring as Klim  The series was first broadcast on 31 January 2016 

Korean version
On 5 February 2018, South Korean TV network Munhwa Broadcasting Corporation (MBC) announced that it will broadcast a Korean version of Luther  The adaptation will be broadcast in November 2018 and is produced by the MBC Drama Production Group  In August 2018, Shin Ha-kyun was cast as male lead The series title was changed later into Less Than Evil (나쁜 형사, lit  "Bad Detective")  It aired on MBC on 3 December 2018 

Indian version
Indian actor Ajay Devgan announced that he'll be starring in the Indian adaptation of Luther, titled Rudra: The Edge Of Darkness  The first season of the series premiered on 4 March 2022 on Disney+ Hotstar 

French version
The French television channel TF1 has ordered a remake of the British television series which is filmed in the city of Paris and its suburbs  The first episode of the French version gained 4 8 million viewers 

Novel
In August 2011, Cross released a tie-in prequel novel Luther: The Calling following the broadcast of the second season  Two further novels were ordered, but were never released 
Passage 7:
Fear the Walking Dead (season 1)
The first season of Fear the Walking Dead, an American horror-drama television series on AMC, premiered on August 23, 2015, and concluded on October 4, 2015, consisting of six episodes  The series is a companion series and prequel to The Walking Dead, which is based on the comic book series of the same name by Robert Kirkman, Tony Moore, and Charlie Adlard  It was executive produced by Kirkman, David Alpert, Greg Nicotero, Gale Anne Hurd, and Dave Erickson, with Erickson assuming the role of showrunner  On March 9, 2015, AMC announced it had ordered Fear the Walking Dead to series, with a two-season commitment  The second season, comprising 15 episodes, premiered on April 10, 2016 The season follows a dysfunctional, blended family composed of Madison Clark (Kim Dickens), her fiancé Travis Manawa (Cliff Curtis), her daughter Alicia (Alycia Debnam-Carey), her drug-addicted son Nick (Frank Dillane) and Travis' son Chris (Lorenzo James Henrie) from a previous marriage to Liza Ortiz (Elizabeth Rodriguez)  At the onset of the zombie apocalypse, their group is joined by Daniel Salazar (Rubén Blades), his wife Griselda (Patricia Reyes Spíndola), and their daughter Ofelia (Mercedes Mason)  The families navigate through Los Angeles in search of a safe haven 

Production
Development
In September 2013, AMC announced they were developing a companion series to The Walking Dead, which follows a different set of characters created by Robert Kirkman  In September 2014, AMC ordered a pilot, which was written by Kirkman and Dave Erickson, and directed by Adam Davidson, and is executive produced by Kirkman, Erickson, Gale Anne Hurd, and David Alpert, with Erickson serving as showrunner  The project was originally known as Cobalt 

Casting
In December 2014, the first four starring roles were cast: Kim Dickens as Madison, the female lead; Cliff Curtis as Travis Manawa, the male lead; Frank Dillane as Nick; and Alycia Debnam-Carey as Alicia  In April and May, 2015, Elizabeth Rodriguez and Mercedes Mason were announced as series regulars, both in unknown roles 

Filming
Production of the pilot episode began in early 2015 and ended on February 6, 2015  The pilot episode was filmed in Los Angeles; the remaining first-season episodes were filmed in Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada  Production on the remaining five first-season episodes began on May 11, 2015  Adam Davidson, who directed the pilot, also directed the series' second and third episodes 

Cast
Main cast
The first season features eight actors receiving main cast billing status:

Kim Dickens as Madison Clark: An intelligent and domineering high school guidance counselor, the mother of Nick and Alicia, and Travis' fiancée 
Cliff Curtis as Travis Manawa: A resolute and peacekeeping high school teacher, Madison's fiancé, Chris' father, and Liza's ex-husband 
Frank Dillane as Nick Clark: A brave and selfless recovering heroin addict, Madison's son, and Alicia's brother 
Alycia Debnam-Carey as Alicia Clark: The fiery yet compassionate daughter of Madison, and the sister of Nick 
Elizabeth Rodriguez as Liza Ortiz: A no-nonsense and caring nursing student, Travis' ex-wife, and Chris' mother 
Mercedes Mason as Ofelia Salazar: The strong-willed and very capable daughter of Daniel and his wife Griselda 
Lorenzo James Henrie as Chris Manawa: Travis and Liza's rebellious teenage son, who becomes more brutal due to the landscape of the deadly new world 
Rubén Blades as Daniel Salazar: A courageous and practical former Sombra Negra member, a barber, Griselda's husband, and Ofelia's father 

Supporting cast
Patricia Reyes Spíndola as Griselda Salazar: Ofelia's mother, who emigrated from El Salvador with her husband Daniel to escape political unrest 
Scott Lawrence as Art "Artie" Costa: The principal at the high school where Madison and Travis work 
Lincoln A  Castellanos as Tobias: A wise-beyond-his-years high school senior 
Maestro Harrell as Matt Sale: Alicia's boyfriend 
Shawn Hatosy as Cpl  Andrew Adams: A well-intentioned military man with a soulful disposition, who is out of his element 
Jamie McShane as Lt  Moyers: The leader of the National Guard contingent in charge of protecting Madison's neighborhood  He does not take the complaints of the citizens too seriously and is a loose cannon 
Sandrine Holt as Dr  Bethany Exner: A confident and skilled doctor 
Colman Domingo as Victor Strand: A smart and sophisticated businessman with a mysterious past 

Guest cast
Keith Powers as Calvin: Nick's best friend and drug dealer 
Leon Thomas III as Russell: One of Travis' students before the outbreak 

Episodes
Reception
Critical response
On Rotten Tomatoes, the season has a rating of 76%, based on 63 reviews, whose average rating is 6 75/10  The site's critical consensus reads, "Fear the Walking Dead recycles elements of its predecessor, but it's still moody and engrossing enough to compete with the original " On Metacritic, the season has a score of 66 out of 100, based on 33 critics, indicating "generally favorable reviews" Elisabeth Vincentelli of the New York Post rated the first two episodes three out of four stars, stating that "[They] are creepily suspenseful–they're great examples of how effective a slow pace and a moody atmosphere can be " Another positive review of the first episode came from Ken Tucker of Yahoo TV, who wrote, "Fear the Walking Dead is a mood piece, more artful than the original series" and that the cast is "terrific"  Tim Goodman of The Hollywood Reporter gave an average review, writing, "The 90-minute first episode and the hour-long second episode are, while not actually boring, certainly less magnetic than the original "One of the harshest negative reviews came from HitFix, on Daniel Fienberg and Alan Sepinwall's podcast, where Fienberg called the premiere episode "awful, just horrible     as bad as The Walking Dead has ever gotten at its very worst  This is that bad  I've been kind of stunned to see people being generous to it      I thought this was almost unwatchably bad " Sepinwall called his B− review "slightly generous" 

Ratings
The U S  series premiere attracted 10 1 million total viewers, with 6 3 million in the advertiser-coveted 18-to-49-year-old demographic, both cable television records for a series premiere  Numerous international debuts of the pilot also set ratings records  The first season averaged 11 2 million viewers in "live plus-3" ratings (includes VOD and DVR viewing within three days after initial telecast) to become the highest-rated first season of any series in cable history 

Home media
The first season was released on Blu-ray and DVD on December 1, 2015  A special edition version of the first season was released on Blu-ray and DVD on March 22, 2016, with new bonus features, including deleted scenes, seven featurettes, and audio commentaries by cast and crew, on all six episodes 
Passage 8:
NCS: Manhunt
NCS: Manhunt is a British television crime drama series, starring David Suchet, and based on the National Crime Squad  Created by Malcolm McKay, the series premiered with a two-part pilot episode on BBC One on 26 March 2001  A full series of six episodes debuted on 4 March 2002, and concluded on 19 March 2002  Despite the series' popularity, and strong viewing figures, a second series was never commissioned  Notably, neither the pilot nor the complete series have ever been issued on DVD, although the series was repeated in its entirety on Forces TV in 2016  The series notably starred Michael Fassbender in one of his earliest television roles, after appearing in Band of Brothers the previous year  Kenneth Cranham and Phyllis Logan also co-starred in the pilot episode David Suchet said of his role in the series, "I don't ever recollect reading a script like this and I've certainly never seen anything like it on television before  When I read it, I was mesmerised  It was quite impossible to say no  Borne is probably the most complex character in the team  He is a man who fascinates by being endlessly enigmatic  He uses language sparingly, but with him everything is going on underneath the surface  And in a sense, I'm not playing another detective at all  I'm merely playing a different, complex human being who just happens to be a detective  You may find him in a police station, but I'd like to think that the audience are aching to see him too "

Cast
Regular cast
David Suchet as Detective Inspector John Borne
Keith Barron as Detective Superintendent Bob Beausoleil
Samantha Bond as Detective Sergeant Maureen Picasso
Melanie Hill as Detective Sergeant Ruby Sparks
Jonathan Phillips as Detective Sergeant Peter Moon
Gerard Horan as Detective Constable Charlie Spanish
Sara Stewart as Detective Constable Mary D'Eye
Jenny Jules as Detective Constable Karen Bogard-Black
Ace Bhatti as Detective Constable Johnny Khan
Paul McKay as Detective Constable Chrissie Crowe
Guy Scantlebury as Detective Constable Eddie Guerin (Pilot and episodes 1 and 2)
Michael Fassbender as Detective Constable Jack Silver (Episodes 3–6)

Supporting cast
Malcolm Tierney as Superintendent Charlie Vanne (Pilot)
Phyllis Logan as Inspector Anne Warwick (Pilot)
Kenneth Cranham as Ricky Valesi (Pilot)
Steven Berkoff as George Rolf (Episodes 1 and 2)
Anita Dobson as Jean Harris (Episodes 1 and 2)
Zawe Ashton as Mia Davis (Episodes 1 and 2)
Ralph Brown as Ray Du Barriatte (Episodes 1, 2 and 6)
Daniel Mays as Danny Bird (Episodes 1 and 2)
Nicky Henson as Vincent Fairey (Episodes 3 and 4)
Michael McKell as Lee Wilde (Episodes 3 and 4)
Steve Speirs as Benny Luck (Episode 6)

Episodes
Pilot (2001)
Series (2002)
Passage 9:
The Frankenstein Chronicles
The Frankenstein Chronicles is a British television period crime drama series that first aired on ITV Encore on 11 November 2015, designed as a re-imagining of Mary Shelley's 1818 novel Frankenstein; or, The Modern Prometheus  Lead actor Sean Bean also acted as an associate producer on the first series  It follows Inspector John Marlott (Bean), a river police officer who uncovers a corpse made up of body parts from eight missing children and sets about to determine who is responsible 
The series co-stars Richie Campbell as Joseph Nightingale, Robbie Gee as Billy Oates, Tom Ward as Home Secretary Sir Robert Peel, Ed Stoppard as Lord Daniel Hervey, Vanessa Kirby as Lady Jemima (Lord Hervey's sister), and Anna Maxwell Martin as author Mary Shelley  Other historical characters portrayed include William Blake (first series), Ada Lovelace (second series) and Charles Dickens under his pseudonym of ‘Boz’  The first series consists of six episodes which opened to critical acclaim and drew an average 250,000 viewers per episode 
A&E subsequently acquired the series for broadcast in the United States, describing it as "thrilling and terrifying"  On 20 June 2016, ITV announced that it had renewed it for a second six-part series, with production set for January 2017  Filming commenced in March 2017, with Laurence Fox and Maeve Dermody joining the cast  The writing team for the second series consisted of Michael Robert Johnson, Paul Tomalin, Noel Farragher, Colin Carberry, and Glenn Patterson, with all six episodes directed by Alex Gabassi  In December 2017, it was announced that Netflix had struck a deal to carry the programme in the United States and other territories but was removed in February 2022 

Cast
Sean Bean – Inspector John Marlott, a Thames River Police officer, who has early secondary stage syphilis 
Tom Ward – Sir Robert Peel, the Home Secretary
Richie Campbell – Joseph Nightingale, a Bow Street Runner
Ed Stoppard – Lord Daniel Hervey, an impoverished nobleman and proprietor of a private charity hospital
Vanessa Kirby – Lady Jemima Hervey, an impoverished noblewoman, sister to Lord Hervey
Ryan Sampson – Boz, a journalist from The Morning Chronicle
Robbie Gee – Billy Oates, a hardened street-smart criminal
Anna Maxwell Martin – Mary Shelley, author of Frankenstein (series 1)
Richard Clements - Percy Bysshe Shelley, poet and husband of Mary Shelley (series 1)
Charlie Creed-Miles – Tom Pritty, a grave-robber working for the local surgeons (series 1)
Eloise Smyth – Flora, a homeless child taken by Billy Oates to work as a prostitute (series 1)
Samuel West – Sir William Chester, a renowned surgeon and pioneer of galvanism (series 1)
Mark Bazeley – Garnet Chester, Sir William's cousin, also a surgeon (series 1)
Elliot Cowan – Sir Bentley Warburton, Sir Robert Peel's political rival (series 1)
Kate Dickie – Mrs  Bishop, the matron of a gang of murderers (series 1)
Steven Berkoff – William Blake, author, artist and printmaker (series 1)
Deirdre Mullins – Agnes Marlott, John Marlott's deceased wife (series 1)
Laurence Fox – Frederick Dipple, a socialite with an interest in automata (series 2)
Maeve Dermody – Esther Rose, a Jewish seamstress contracted by Mr  Dipple to provide clothing for his mechanical creations (series 2)
Victoria Emslie – Automaton, one of Mr  Dipple's mechanical creations (series 2)
Lily Lesser – Ada Byron, a brilliant female mathematician, assisting Mr  Dipple in creating his automata (series 2)
Kerrie Hayes – Queenie Pickett, Dipple's housemaid and Nightingale's childhood friend (series 2)

Production
The Frankenstein Chronicles was filmed in Northern Ireland in 2015 

Episodes
Series 1 (2015)
Series 2 (2017)
Reception
On Rotten Tomatoes season 1 has an approval rating of 80% based on reviews from 10 critics Euan Ferguson at The Guardian concluded "It's genuinely rather good, and a beast of wholly different hide to Jekyll"  Carl Wilson at The Globe and Mail wrote: "On balance, the season ended just as brilliantly grim as it started " Ben Travers at IndieWire said: "While it's unlikely to be remembered for as long as it took to make, Frankenstein certainly earned its shot at a long life on Netflix "
Passage 10:
List of Happy Valley episodes
Happy Valley is a British crime drama television series created by Sally Wainwright and produced by Red Production Company  The first series of six episodes started airing on BBC One in the United Kingdom on 29 April 2014   It was released on Netflix in the United States and Canada on 20 August 2014  A second six-episode series began airing on BBC One on 9 February 2016 and was made available on Netflix in the US later that year 
The BBC announced Series 3 on 26 October 2021 with filming scheduled to begin in 2022  Series 3 started airing on BBC One on 1 January 2023 

Series overview
Episodes
Series 1 (2014)
Series 2 (2016)
Series 3 (2023)
Ratings



ground_truth: 2010