prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: What Lithuanian producer is best known for a song that was one of the most popular songs in Ibiza in 2014?

The following are given passages.
Context 1: Passage 1:
I Hate Everything About You
"I Hate Everything About You" is the debut single by Canadian rock band Three Days Grace, from their debut self-titled album  One of the band's signature songs, it peaked at number 55 on the US Billboard Hot 100, number four on the Mainstream Rock Tracks chart and number two on the Modern Rock Tracks chart  It was the 9th best performing song of the decade on the Modern Rock Tracks chart, and the 153rd best performing song of all time on the Alternative Songs chart  Despite not being one of their number one hits on either of the two charts, it is the band's longest running song on both the Modern Rock chart at 45 weeks, and the Mainstream Rock chart at 46 weeks 

Background
Adam Gontier said of the track:

The song is pretty blunt you know? It's to the point  It's about realizing there's something in your life you're wasting time on  I think everybody, even in this band and a lot of other people have felt that way before at one point or another in their life  Whether it's a person, a relationship whatever it is, you're just wasting time on it  The song is a realization of that 
Written by Gontier and produced by Gavin Brown, the theme of the song deals with love–hate relationships 

Critical reception
Heather Phares of AllMusic called the song "one of the better alt-metal/modern rock singles in recent memory " She remarked, "At first, the song seems almost stupidly simple, both lyrically and musically  However, the controlled fury of the choruses and the ambivalent verses make the song a surprisingly smart and concise anthem for anyone stuck in a baffling relationship " She also stated, "I Hate Everything About You's frustrated explosions and passive-aggressive recriminations eerily simulate the trajectory of an ill-fated couple "

Music video
The music video starts zoomed in towards several things, such as a TV producing static, a picture frame, and an ash tray, and then transitions towards Adam Gontier who starts singing  The video shows three teenagers going through a disastrous moment in their lives  One shows a young boy who finds his girlfriend cheating on him in the alleyway, kissing another guy  He is spying on them in his car  The second teenager is a young girl, who just broke up with her boyfriend, and the last is a boy who is being abused by his alcoholic father  Towards the end they are all seen smashing items into a hill  The young boy spying on his cheating girlfriend whips a portrait of a picture of them, smashing it to pieces  The second teenager is seen smashing her notebook of love notes and miscellaneous love items with her ex-boyfriend into the hill  The last boy, who is suffering child abuse, throws his drunken father's alcohol into the hill 
In the video, the word "hit" in "after every hit we take" is censored, due to "hit" being slang for drug use  The video was photographed by cinematographer Steve Gainer, and directed by Scott Winig 

Accolades
In 2004, the song was nominated for the "Best Rock Video" and "People's Choice: Favourite Canadian Group" at the MuchMusic Video Awards and won "Producer of the Year" at the Juno Awards  In August 2007, the single won a BDS Spin Award based on the 300,000 spins it received 

Track listings
Charts
Certifications
Release history
Use in video games
NASCAR Thunder 2004 by EA Sports 
Karaoke Revolution Volume 2 singalong game 
It is playable with either a real guitar or bass guitar in Rocksmith as DLC 
The song was made available to download on March 13, 2012, for play in Rock Band 3 Basic and PRO mode utilizing a real guitar / bass guitar, and MIDI compatible electronic drum kits / keyboards plus vocal harmonies 
Passage 2:
Working Day and Night
"Working Day and Night" is a song by American recording artist Michael Jackson  It is the third track from his fifth studio album, Off the Wall (1979)  The song was written and produced by Jackson  Despite not being released as a single, Jackson performed the song live for his first two solo tours  It is also featured on the video game Michael Jackson: The Experience  The song has been sampled by several artists  It was remixed and released on the remix/soundtrack album, Immortal, in 2011  In 2014, producer Timbaland sampled percussion and breaths from the song in the duet version of "Love Never Felt So Good" (with Justin Timberlake); the duet was released as a single from Xscape 

Background
"Working Day and Night" was written by Michael Jackson and recorded for his studio album Off the Wall issued in August 1979  The song was not released as a single, but as the B-side for "Rock with You" in the US, and B-side for "Off the Wall" in the UK  The song has a tempo of 128 beats per minute, making it one of Jackson's fastest songs 

Live performances
"Working Day and Night" was performed by both of The Jacksons' tours, and two of Michael Jackson's first two world concert series tours as a solo artist 
The song was performed by The Jacksons' Triumph Tour in 1981 and Victory Tour in 1984  In Michael Jackson's solo tours, the song was performed live on the Bad World Tour from 1987-1989, and the first two legs of Dangerous World Tour in 1992  The song was rehearsed for third leg of Dangerous World Tour in 1993, but it was ultimately removed from the setlist 
A live version, recorded at one of The Jacksons' 1981 Madison Square Garden concerts, was included on live album, The Jacksons Live!, later edited and released as the album's second single in November 1981   Record World said that "An energetic bass riff transports the exciting vocal interaction, while horn spice gives added radio appeal " In 2001, the original demo recording of the song was released as a bonus track on the expanded, special edition of Off the Wall  The live performance video at Jackson's Dangerous World Tour in Bucharest, Romania on October 1, 1992, was featured on the DVD in his box set The Ultimate Collection in 2004, and a live concert DVD, Live in Bucharest: The Dangerous Tour, in 2005  In 2012, a live audio and video version of the song performed during the Bad World Tour was released on the deluxe edition of Bad 25 and the concert DVD Live at Wembley July 16, 1988  The song was remixed and released on the soundtrack to Cirque du Soleil's Michael Jackson: The Immortal World Tour, Immortal, in 2011  This song has also been used for the Michael Jackson: One production 

Personnel
Official versions
"Album Version" - 5:12
"Original Demo from 1978" - 4:10
"Immortal Version" - 3:36
"Live at Triumph Tour" by The Jacksons - 6:53
"Live at Wembley July 16, 1988" from the Bad World Tour, available in the deluxe edition of Bad 25 - 5:55

Covers and samples
In 1983, George Duke sampled this song for the "Overture" of the album Guardian of the Light 
In 1999, Will Smith sampled this song on his track "Can You Feel Me" for his album Willennium 
In 1989, Richie Rich sampled this song for his single "Salsa House", from the album I Can Make You Dance 
In 2009, Michael's sister Janet Jackson sampled this song for her single "Make Me" from her greatest hits album Number Ones 
In 2014, Timbaland sampled percussion and breaths from the song for the duet version of Jackson's posthumous song "Love Never Felt So Good", which features American recording artist Justin Timberlake for the record Xscape 
Passage 3:
1000 Song Challenge
1000 Song Challenge (Korean: 도전 1000곡; RR: Dojeon Cheongok), also known as Challenge 1000 Songs, is a South Korean karaoke singing competition television series, which aired on SBS from 2000 to 2014  During the show, guests compete by singing popular songs accurately from memory  The songs are chosen randomly from a pool of 1000 songs  Unlike normal karaoke, the lyrics are not shown, so it is easier to make mistakes  The contestants with the highest scores proceed to the next round  In one segment of the show, "Run Karaoke", contestants race to the microphone and whoever gets there first gets to sing a song and gain points  In another segment, the contestants hear the beginning of a song, and the first one to correctly name the song gains points  The winner of the final round receives household items as prizes, such a humidifier or espresso machine  Many popular celebrities were invited to the show, including BoA, Shinhwa and Girls' Generation The show began airing on October 22, 2000, and was extremely popular in its early years  It aired on Sunday mornings and had mainly older viewers  SBS cancelled the show in 2014 because advertisement revenue was low, and they wanted to target young people  The last episode aired on June 22, 2014 

Hosts
Various television personalities co-hosted the show throughout its nearly 14-year run  Comedian Lee Hwi-jae began hosting the show (with Jeong Hyeong-don) in April 2008, and continued until the show's cancellation in 2014  Trot singer Jang Yun-jeong first hosted the show for a year and a half, beginning in April 2006, and returned in August 2009  Lee and Jang were praised for their "smooth and entertaining" hosting style, and they won the "Best Couple Award" at the 2013 SBS Entertainment Awards  Jang left the show in April 2014 due to her pregnancy, and was replaced by Hyolyn 
Passage 4:
List of number-one dance singles of 2011 (U S )
The Billboard Dance Club Songs chart is a chart that ranks the best-performing singles in that category in the United States  The first number-one song of the year was by Swedish House Mafia and English rapper Tinie Tempah, with their collaboration "Miami 2 Ibiza"  American singer-songwriter Katy Perry achieved three number-one songs on the chart, which included "Firework", "E T  and "Last Friday Night (T G I F )"  "E T " ranked at number one on the 2011 Hot Dance Club Songs year end chart  Australian singer-songwriter Kylie Minogue also topped the chart three times, with the songs "Better than Today", "Higher", a collaboration with Taio Cruz and Travie McCoy, and "Put Your Hands Up (If You Feel Love)"  American singer Britney Spears topped the chart three times with "Hold It Against Me", "Till the World Ends" and "I Wanna Go", from her seventh album Femme Fatale  Beyoncé and Jennifer Lopez also achieved three number one songs on the chart each, the former with "Run the World (Girls)", "Best Thing I Never Had", and "Countdown", and the latter with "On the Floor", "I'm Into You", and "Papi"  off of her seventh studio album "Love?" marking a comeback for the singer  The American band Selena Gomez & the Scene also achieved three number one songs on the chart each with "A Year Without Rain", "Who Says" and "Love You like a Love Song" 

Barbadian recording artist Rihanna topped the chart with four songs from three different albums; the first was French DJ David Guetta's song Who's That Chick?, from his album One More Love where Rihanna appeared as a guest vocalist, "S&M" and "California King Bed" from Rihanna's fifth album Loud, and "We Found Love"' from her sixth album Talk That Talk  "We Found Love", a collaboration with Scottish DJ Calvin Harris, was the only song to spend more than one week at number one, and topped the chart for two consecutive weeks  American singer-songwriter Lady Gaga also achieved four number one songs on the chart with "Born This Way", "Judas", "The Edge of Glory", and "You and I"  British singer-songwriter Leona Lewis achieved her first number one on the chart with "Collide", a collaboration with Avicii 
These are the Billboard Hot Dance Club Play and Singles Sales number-one hits of 2011 

See also
List of number-one dance airplay hits of 2011 (U S )
2011 in music
List of artists who reached number one on the U S  Dance Club Songs chart
Passage 5:
Daasebre Gyamenah
Daasebre Gyamenah (Akan: Daasebrε Gyamena), was a Ghanaian highlife musician who became very popular for his hit album Kokooko (1999) which featured Lord Kenya  Kokooko was the first major fusion of hiplife and highlife in Ghana  Many successful albums followed thus earning him one of his many nicknames "Hitman" "Wo da enda","Ahoofe", and "Still I love you" are a few of his popular songs 
Among youths and old, he is popular and beloved  Daasebre's songs are mostly mid tempo and include many hip hop elements  He featured many hip life artists like none of his genre colleagues  A major element of his songs is the Akan way of storytelling by use of proverbs  His proverbs stood out from others due to his upbringing through his grandmother  These proverbs mostly summed up the message of his songs  In an interview he claimed to have experienced some of the stories in his songs with the exception of the love songs 
In 2006, Daasebre took a flight from Ghana to London to work on his music  At Heathrow airport he was arrested by police  His luggage contained cocaine of which he claimed to have no clue of  Eleven months in prison had a big impact on him  He was never convicted of the crime due to facts suggesting he did not know of the existence of the drugs  His following lead single for his next album "Saa Na Etee" was mainly about his arrest  He talked about it in songs like "Twaso" and "Gye Me" 
His death in 2016 came at a time many Ghanaians musicians had died but his death was the most felt among all  As one part of his family were Muslim he should have received a Muslim burial but his other family refused  Their main reason was the fact he was of royal blood and should be buried as such  A long feud led to him been buried in December of that year, almost six months after his death  Many tributes to him followed after his death  "Kokooko" by Sarkodie and "Daasebre Gyamenah" by Daddy Lumba are two which have gained popularity 

Life and career
Daasebre was born a Muslim and from a royal home  His full name at birth was Daasebre Gyamenah Abubakar Siddiq  His late mother was a Muslim who died when Daasebre was only three months old  He was nicknamed Ahoofe, a name his fans gave him after the release of his hit song, "Ahoofe", which literally means beautiful or the handsome one  He released an Album in the late 80s with no success  After spending time in various African states he returned to Ghana in 1992 only to make music 7 years later  His first hit, Kokooko, made him and Lord Kenya, who was featured on a song, gain huge success in Ghana and also among Ghanaians abroad In January 2016, Gyamenah released what turned out to be his final album, Yenfii Ta, and in May released a song from the album and his final single, "Ntamago" 

Death
He died in the early hours of 29 July 2016 at the 37 Military Hospital in Accra 

Honours and awards
He won two and four awards during the 2000 and 2002 editions of the Ghana Music Awards respectively 

Discography
Kokooko
Ahoofe
You Can't Touch Me
Calling
How Far?
I Beg
A Friend In Need
Yeegye Apem
Odo Yede
Yenfii Ta
Passage 6:
Selena singles discography
American singer Selena released twenty-four official singles, seven promotional singles  Her career began as the lead vocalist of Los Dinos in 1980  Her albums with Los Dinos on indie labels failed to achieve any chart success  In 1987, her remake of Ritchie Valens' "La Bamba" peaked at number 19 on the United States Billboard Hot Latin Songs chart, her first entry  She signed with EMI Latin nine years later as a solo artist though her band continued to tour with her  Selena appeared on "Buenos Amigos" with Salvadoran singer Álvaro Torres  The track peaked at number one on the U S  Hot Latin Songs chart in 1991, the singer's first number one song  Subsequent singles, "Baila Esta Cumbia" and "Como la Flor", became popular songs on Mexican radio, with "Como la Flor" launching the singer's career in that country  "Como la Flor" peaked at number six on the Hot Latin Songs chart, despite popular culture claims that it was the singer's first number one single  The track has charted on the U S  Regional Mexican Digital Songs list since its inception in 2010 and remains the singer's signature number and most popular recording Selena's first live album, Live (1993), contained three studio tracks and produced two top-five U S  singles, "No Debes Jugar" and "La Llamada"  After her collaboration with the Barrio Boyzz on the single "Donde Quiera Que Estés" peaked at number one on the Hot Latin Songs chart, Selena released her fourth studio album, Amor Prohibido (1994)  The album continued the singer's streak of US number one singles with "Amor Prohibido", "Bidi Bidi Bom Bom", "No Me Queda Más", and The Pretenders' cover "Fotos y Recuerdos"  The latter peaked at number one posthumously following the shooting death of Selena on March 31, 1995  "Amor Prohibido" and "No Me Queda Más" became the most successful U S  Latin singles of 1994 and 1995, respectively  At the time of her death, Selena was in the process of crossing over into the American pop market  Recording labels EMI Latin and EMI Records jointly released Dreaming of You several months after her death  Fearful that the song might cannibalize sales of the album in the U S , EMI Records released "I Could Fall in Love" as a promotional single  It became the highest charting English-language song on the Hot Latin Songs chart for two years and became her first number one single in Canada  The title track, "Dreaming of You" became the highest charting Billboard Hot 100 song of the singer's career, peaking at number 22  Her cover of Pedro Infante's "Tú Sólo Tú" peaked at number one on the Hot Latin Songs for ten consecutive weeks; the longest number-one single of her career  "I'm Getting Used to You" peaked at number one on the U S  Dance/Electronic Singles Sales; her first number one on that chart Selena's last recorded song, "A Boy Like That" (a song from the 1967 musical West Side Story) was part of the National Academy of Recording Arts and Sciences honoring the musical  The song was also a benefit recording for AIDS Project Los Angeles  It peaked at number four on the U S  Dance Club Songs chart after its release in 1996  In 2002, Selena's brother and music producer A B  Quintanilla mashed "Como la Flor", "Amor Prohibido", and "Si Una Vez" into a medley entitled "Con Tanto Amor Medley" to promote the album Ones  Since Billboard magazine began monitoring music downloads in 2010, Selena's songs re-entered the U S  charts including first time entries "La Carcacha" (1990), "Ya Ves" (1990), "Enamorada de Ti" (1990), "Baila Esta Cumbia" (1992), and "El Chico del Apartamento 512" (1994) 

Singles
Solo career
Selena y Los Dinos singles
Promotional singles and other charted songs
Other appearances
See also
Billboard Top Latin Songs Year-End Chart
List of songs recorded by Selena
Selena albums discography
Selena videography

Notes
Passage 7:
Ten Walls
Marijus Adomaitis (born 19 January 1983), better known by his stage names Ten Walls or Mario Basanov, is a Lithuanian producer who is best known for his 2014 single "Walking with Elephants", which peaked at number 2 on the UK Singles Chart 
In June 2015, Ten Walls was dropped from several festivals and by his booking agency after making controversial comments comparing gay people to pedophiles in a Facebook post, and referring to the LGBT community as a "different breed" 

Career
2009–12: Mario Basanov
In 2012 under the name Mario Basanov Adomaitis won Best Electronic Act at Lithuanian M A M A  music awards 

2013–15: Breakthrough
On 10 May 2013 Ten Walls released his debut EP Gotham  On 9 December 2013 he released his debut single "Requiem"  On 7 September 2014 he released the single "Walking with Elephants"  On 10 September 2014 the song was at number 3 on The Official Chart Update in the UK  On 14 September 2014 the song entered the UK Singles Chart at number 6  The song also peaked at number 3 on the UK Dance Chart and number 8 on the Scottish Singles Chart 

Homophobia controversy
In June 2015, Ten Walls posted a rant on his Facebook pages condemning homosexuality and comparing it to pedophilia  According to the Gay Star News, the post stated: "I remember producing music for one Lithuanian musician, who tried to wash my brain that I don't need to be so conservative and intolerant about [gay people]  When I asked him 'what would you do if you realized that your 16-year-old son's browny (anus) is ripped by his boyfriend?' Well he was silent  In the good 90s     these people of different breed were fixed  One of my first gigs in Ireland, on my way to my hotel I saw a church with a fence decorated with hundreds of baby shoes   Unfortunately a priest's lie for many years was uncovered when children were massively raped  Unfortunately the people of other breed continue to do it and everyone knows it but does nothing " As a result of his comments, he was dropped from several festival line-ups  His booking agency, Coda Music Agency, announced that they no longer represented him  Fort Romeau pulled his support for him at London club venue Koko 
Ten Walls' posts were later deleted after a backlash, and he put out an apology claiming that he cancelled the festival dates himself  Organizers of Dutch festival Pitch, Belgian festival Pukkelpop, the German festival Dockville, British festival Creamfields, and Spanish festival Sónar publicly confirmed that they cancelled Ten Walls performances due to his homophobic statements  Ten Walls also received criticism from Lithuanian LGBT activists Three months after his post, in September 2015, Ten Walls issued a formal apology for the incident, calling it "completely out of character" 

Discography
Studio albums
Extended plays
Singles
Awards
On 30 January 2015 at M A M A  awards Ten Walls won awards for best electronic act and best music video ("Walking with Elephants") 
Passage 8:
Walking with Elephants
"Walking with Elephants" is a song by Lithuanian producer Ten Walls  It was released as a digital download on 13 April 2014 by German record label BOSO and on 28 April 2014 in the United Kingdom  The song peaked to number 6 on the UK Singles Chart and also charted in Belgium  It was one of the most popular songs in Ibiza in 2014 

Music video
A music video to accompany the release of "Walking with Elephants" was first released onto YouTube on 3 September 2014 at a total length of three minutes and two seconds 

Track listing
Chart performance
Release history
Passage 9:
Do You Realize??
"Do You Realize??" is a song by the Flaming Lips, released as the first single from their 2002 album Yoshimi Battles the Pink Robots  It is widely considered to be one of the group's most accessible and popular songs  It reached No  32 in the UK Singles Chart and was adopted as the Official Rock Song of Oklahoma from 2009 to April 2013  The song was ranked No  31 on Rolling Stone's 100 Best Songs of the 2000s  It is also the band's most popular live song, and has rarely been excluded from setlists since its inception into their live shows in 2002  Wayne Coyne also considers it to be the best song they've ever written 

Structure and recording
In an interview with Mojo, Coyne revealed that during the recording of Yoshimi   , band member Steven Drozd was trying to kick a heroin addiction  When they took breaks from playing, Drozd would have a really tough time with his withdrawal   Listening to him cry, and with the death of his father in mind, Coyne wrote: "Do You Realize??" 
Wayne Coyne, commenting on "Do You Realize??" said, "Whenever I analyze the scientific realities of what it means to be living here on Earth – in this galaxy – spinning around the sun – flying through space – a terror shock seizes me!!! I'm reminded once again of how precarious our whole existence is   "

UK track listing
7""Do You Realize??"
"Up Above the Daily Hum"CD1"Do You Realize??"
"If I Go Mad/Funeral in My Head"
"Syrtis Major"CD2"Do You Realize??"
"Up Above the Daily Hum"
"Xanthe Terra"DVD single"Do You Realize??" (video)
"Do You Realize??" (audio)
"The Southern Oklahoma Trigger Contest"
"Noodling Theme (Epic Sunset Mix #5)""Syrtis Major" and "Xanthe Terra" are instrumental pieces intended to be taken from the forthcoming Christmas on Mars soundtrack 

Video
The music video was recorded on Fremont Street in Las Vegas and features Wayne Coyne, people dressed as bunnies and pigs, four female dancers in negligee and a live elephant   No other members of the band are seen 

Oklahoma state song
In March 2009, "Do You Realize??" was announced as the official state rock song of Oklahoma, after winning an online vote among ten finalists as authorized by the Oklahoma state legislature: out of 21,000 votes cast, nearly 51% were for "Do You Realize??" The Oklahoma Senate approved this choice unanimously   However, on 23 April 2009, a vote in the Oklahoma House of Representatives fell three votes short of the 51 votes necessary to ratify the resolution: one Republican state legislator attacked the band for its use of offensive language, while another said he opposed the song because band member Michael Ivins had worn a red T-shirt with a yellow sickle and hammer during a previous appearance by the band  Democratic Governor Brad Henry subsequently announced that he would issue an executive order in lieu of the resolution rejected by the Oklahoma House  However, it was revealed in 2013 that Republican Governor Mary Fallin removed the song's designation as the Official Rock Song of Oklahoma by not renewing Brad Henry's executive order upon taking office in 2011 

Commercial appearances
Hewlett-Packard featured the band alongside Penn and Teller in its 2002 commercial for its HP Media Center PC, which included a clip of the music video  In a review of the ad, music journalist Jim DeRogatis said, "It was a commercial for the Flaming Lips," as much as it was for HP's computer In 2003, VH1 featured the song in a spot that promoted its network  In 2004, Mitsubishi used the song in a television ad for one of its cars, as did Land Rover in 2007 with voice-over by Charles Shaughnessy 
A cover version was used in the teaser trailer of Transformers: The Last Knight in late 2016 
The song was used in the trailer for Guardians of the Galaxy Vol  3 shown at San Diego Comic-Con in July 2022 and would later be included in the film as a part of Awesome Mix Vol  3 

Covers
The song was covered by The Reign of Kindo on their eponymous debut album  It was also covered in 2012 by Ball Park Music for Australian radio station Triple J's Like a Version 
Father John Misty, American folk singer-songwriter and former member of indie rock bands Saxon Shore and Fleet Foxes, performed a version of the song in July 2012 for The A V  Club's A V  Undercover series  Father John Misty's version is featured in the 2022 film Press Play American Jewish rock band Blue Fringe covered the song on their 2007 album The Whole World Lit Up 
In 2015, the song was covered by British singer/composer Ursine Vulpine (aka Frederick Lloyd)  This version was used for the first theatrical trailer of Transformers: The Last Knight as well as the trailer for the third season of the television series Penny Dreadful)  In 2016, Sharon Van Etten covered the song for Amazon's Gortimer Gibbon's Life on Normal Street soundtrack 

Chart positions
Certifications
Context 2: Passage 1:
Roman Brady
Roman Brady is a fictional character from the long-running NBC soap opera Days of Our Lives  The role was originated in 1981 by Wayne Northrop, who played the role until 1984 and from 1991 to 1994, and is currently being portrayed by series veteran Josh Taylor, who stepped into the role in 1997  Roman is a member of the fictional Brady family, and has been a central character on the show since his introduction in 1981  Over the years, Roman has been involved in a number of storylines, including romances, family conflicts, and mystery plots 

Casting
The role was originated on December 8, 1981, by Wayne Northrop  Northrop departed from the series on November 26, 1984, and the character was killed off during a battle with his arch-nemesis, international criminal mastermind Stefano DiMera  On November 27, 1985, the series introduced a character known as The Pawn, an amnesiac mystery man ostensibly controlled by Stefano but now in the custody of Stefano's rival and local businessman/mobster Victor Kiriakis  The role was portrayed by Robert Poynton until January 20, 1986, though the character's face is wrapped in bandages  On January 23, 1986, The Pawn's bandages were finally removed as Drake Hogestyn made his first appearance as John Black, a character with no memory of his past or knowledge of his real identity  In May 1986, Hogestyn's character of John is revealed to be Roman who had been treated to extensive brainwashing and plastic surgery courtesy of Stefano, and Hogestyn played the role written as Roman until 1991  When Northrop returned as Roman on August 30, 1991, the character that Hogestyn had been portraying for five years was retconned to be an entirely separate character that had been brainwashed to believe he was Roman Brady  Northrop once again departed from the series on August 2, 1994  On July 18, 1997, Josh Taylor appeared in the role as a recast of Roman Brady  The casting was met with criticism due to Taylor's previous portrayal of Chris Kositchek, one of Roman and Marlena's closest friends  Northrop was later recast as another new character, Dr  Alex North, and scenes from Northrop's time playing Roman were edited to create the new character's backstory 

Characterization
Roman is the retired police commissioner of the fictional Midwestern town of Salem, and currently manages and tends bar at his family's business, the Brady Pub  He is also a former agent of the fictional International Security Alliance (ISA), a spy agency focused on all sorts of unusually high-level global conspiracies that tended to center around his otherwise-quiet home town  During his portrayal by Northrop, he was established as a top-notch cop but also a bit of a renegade, often accepting deep-cover assignments, and a master of disguise (similar to Sherlock Holmes)  Hogestyn's character was more by-the-book on the job, although still dangerous with a dark side somewhat characteristic of an ex-spy (which later fed into the "John Black" persona), with expertise in Bruce Lee's Jeet Kune Do, and a little more of a ladies' man  Taylor's portrayal is more that of a "regular guy", with a bit less intrigue and more straightforward professionally, although still with an eye for the ladies and more inclined to engage in one-night stands with various women than the character as portrayed by Northrop or Hogestyn (such as with Kate Roberts, Billie Reed, ex-wives Anna DiMera and Marlena Evans, and a strongly hinted at – but never confirmed – rendezvous with Nicole Walker) 
Over the years, much has been made of the creation (and constant retcon of the backstory) of Hogestyn's character John Black as an entirely separate character than that of Roman Brady, especially after the show had invested over five years in establishing John's identity as Roman, complete with a plausible backstory (and flashbacks) of his “time away” (while he was being held captive, brainwashed, and trained—-unsuccessfully—-to be an assassin by Stefano DiMera), and "Roman's" reemerging memories  However, with Roman's recasts and changes in characterization over the years (while John has consistently been played by Hogestyn), in hindsight it can be said that it was actually John Black that remained more true to the original "Roman" persona, and that it was Roman that was gradually developed into a separate character  This was especially illustrated in 2016 when Roman, who had always been a straight-shooter with regard to the law, became complicit in the cover-up of sister-in-law Hope Brady's murder of Stefano DiMera, who she wrongly believed was responsible for the disappearance and later death of her husband (and Roman's brother) Bo Brady 

Storylines
1981–84
Roman Brady first appeared on Days to protect Marlena Evans from a serial killer  He slept on her floor  The chemistry between the actors, and the characters, led to love  In 1983 on Days of Our Lives, Roman and Marlena were married  Over the next year Roman became embroiled in a storyline with Stefano DiMera  Stefano was a powerful and ruthless business tycoon (and organized crime figure) from Europe who had come to town to set up shop in Salem, and Roman being the city's top cop had gone after him  Subsequently Stefano framed Roman for serial killings that were being committed by his nephew Andre DiMera  At the time Marlena saw Roman killing a woman  Later it was shown that Andre had used a realistic mask  Roman was jailed  Mrs  Alice Horton baked him some drugged doughnuts, and on the way to the hospital Roman escaped  He went on the run to prove his innocence, and he accomplished that  He was promoted, and Stefano was on the run 
In November 1984, Roman tracked Stefano to a Caribbean island where many other characters had crash-landed, too  Stefano was suffering from incurable cancer, and needed to collect three mysterious prisms to unlock a secret formula to cure himself  Roman caught up to him on a cliff, but Stefano pulled a gun  He shot Roman, who seemingly fell to his death  His brother Bo cradled him in his arms on the beach, but had to leave him for a few minutes  When he returned the body was gone  Bo assumed that while he was away, the tide had come in and washed Roman’s body out to sea, for which Bo blamed himself for years  Several episodes later Roman was shown aboard Stefano's yacht, motionless 

1986–1990
In 1986 an amnesiac known only as "The Pawn" appeared in Salem on January 23, 1986  He assumed the name "John Black" after reading it on a Vietnam War memorial in Salem  Eventually the character was revealed to be Roman Brady having undergone extensive plastic surgery, brainwashing, and martial arts training (purportedly to be trained as an assassin) by Stefano DiMera  After an uneasy "re-introduction" to his family and friends in Salem, the character resumed his life as Roman 
In 1988, a storyline featuring a reappearance by Stefano (who had been believed dead) focused on what had happened to Roman during his time in captivity (1984–1986)  Roman and loved ones traveled back to the Caribbean island where Roman had "died" in 1984, and it was revealed that the ISA knew all along that Roman was being held by Stefano and being trained via brainwashing, and extensive instruction by a martial arts master named Orion Hawk, to be one of Stefano's assassins  In fact, the ISA unsuccessfully tried to infiltrate Orion's training camp to extract Roman, but this failed due to the high level of security at Stefano's compound as well as Roman's brainwashed state  This tied into the introduction of Benjy, Stefano's son (and Orion's grandson) who was fostered for a while by Steve and Kayla Johnson  Although subtle hints pointed to the possibility of this "Roman" turning out to be someone else, abetted by speculation by fans and by Hogestyn himself, the clues seemed to tie back together with the resolution that, at least for the moment, the character portrayed by Hogestyn was in fact Roman Brady 

1991–94
After believing that Roman's wife, Marlena Evans, had been dead for some years, he had fallen in love with a woman named Isabella Toscano  In 1991 Marlena turns up alive  In August 1991 the character who had been presumed as Roman Brady since 1986 is retroactively revealed to be a separate character (now once again called John Black) who was brainwashed to believe he was Roman, when what would now be the real Roman (once again played by Wayne Northrop) was found on an island where he had been imprisoned by Stefano  Roman was shocked when he found he had been replaced and all his family had accepted John Black as him and John Black had a difficult time accepting he was not really Roman  Roman went back to his life, and he and Marlena tried to live once again as man and wife  After the death of Isabella, in his grief John turned to Marlena for comfort  The two found themselves unable to resolve their feelings for each other from their life together when John believed himself to be Roman  He and Marlena had an affair that resulted in the birth of a daughter, Isabella, named after Isabella Toscano, whom Roman believed to be his own daughter  When he discovered that Marlena and John had an affair and that Belle was not his real daughter, Roman was crushed  In August 1994, Roman leaves town broken and bitter, once again with no family  Later it was said that Roman had died on a mission for the ISA 

1997–present
In 1997 Josh Taylor was brought in as Roman, who was revealed by Stefano DiMera and Kristen Blake to be alive after being exposed to biological warfare while on a deep-cover ISA mission in South America  The cure to his ailment was discovered by John, Hope, and Stefano in a jungle mission that was engineered to drive John and Marlena apart, but in the end had the opposite result 
Roman was "killed" during the Salem Stalker Murders in December 2003 during his wedding reception to Kate Roberts, but again was revealed to not really be dead  He lived on the island of Melaswen (New Salem) with every other victim from the Salem Stalker Murders, including Marlena  Eventually, other Salemites arrived on the island, trying to find their "dead" loved ones  Some of them went out in the jungle, looking for a way off the island, while the rest remained in "Salem" waiting for help  Help finally arrived  Jennifer got to the island, then Hope and Patrick and finally Bo and John  Everyone banded together to get off the island, but Tony wasn't going to make it easy  He created a volcanic eruption, which eventually caused a giant wave  As everyone gathered on makeshift rafts to get off the island, the wave crashed over them  The Coast Guard arrived and managed to rescue some of them, but Roman, Marlena, Jack, and his daughter Cassie were not saved  They were in the clutches of Tony DiMera once again, and he took them to a remote European castle where he held them captive 
While in the castle, Tony DiMera (actually Andre DiMera) tormented Roman and Marlena with video of John and Kate growing ever closer back in Salem  Eventually, they believed the two of them had sex, and Roman and Marlena, needing comfort, had sex as well  Shortly thereafter, Jack made his way into their room  They escaped! Through fire and explosions, our group of intrepid Salemites – Marlena, Roman, Jack and Cassie – all got out and were on their way home 
On the ISA jet on the way back to Salem, Roman and Marlena made the decision to not tell Kate and John that they had sex  Marlena was uncomfortable with lying to John, but eventually agreed with Roman  When they arrived back they were shocked to learn that John and Kate had fallen in love and were engaged to be married, but Roman and Marlena still didn't tell the truth about their affair  Soon after they were back Marlena discovered that she was pregnant and that Roman had to be the father, but when the truth came out John wasn't too forgiving  During a fight between Roman and John, Marlena tumbled down the stairs, causing a miscarriage 
As the second decade of the 21st century has unfolded, Roman is the commissioner of the Salem police force  After an ill-fated marriage to Kate Roberts, he has remained single and adopted an elder-statesman, back-burner role on the show  He serves primarily as the de facto patriarch of the Brady family and the supervisor and occasional voice-of-reason to junior police officers and ISA agents (with a catchphrase of sorts developing from his consistent inquiries of "what da hell" is going on)  He has largely made peace with his past with Stefano DiMera, John Black, and Victor Kiriakis, and remains friends with ex-wives Anna, Marlena and Kate, and is occasionally shown as having a soft spot for all of them  In March 2017, he retires as police commissioner and is seen later tending bar at the Brady Pub  In 2018, he begins working with his friends John Black and Steve Johnson at their private detective business, Black Patch  Hattie Adams, Marlena's doppelganger, develops feelings for Roman and tries to trick him into thinking she is Marlena, but this does not work out  In 2021, he rekindles his romance with Kate, and they remarry the following year 

External links
Roman at soapcentral com
Passage 2:
Kevin Yorn
Kevin Brett Yorn (born July 4, 1965) is an American entertainment attorney and investor  He co-founded Yorn Barnes Levine Entertainment Law Firm where he is managing partner 

Early life and education
Yorn was born in Montville, New Jersey to father Dr  Lawrence Yorn, a dentist and captain in the Army, and his mother, Joan Yorn  He has two brothers, Pete Yorn, a musician and Rick Yorn, a talent manager Yorn is an alumnus of Muhlenberg College in Allentown, PA  He graduated with a Juris Doctor degree from Tulane University Law School in 1990 and was admitted to The State Bar of California in 1991  Yorn has collaborated with Tulane University, his alma mater and created funds to promote entertainment and media law at Tulane Law School as well as to support the Gender & Sexuality Studies program in the School of Liberal Arts 

Career
Early Career
Yorn became a deputy district attorney in L A  County after graduating from Tulane Law in 1990  He was in the D A ’s office for five years, working in the Hardcore Gang Investigations Unit 

Yorn Barnes Levine
In 1996 Yorn was recruited from the D A 's to partner with Michael Barnes, Kevin Morris and Brian Wolf, forming Barnes Morris Wolf & Yorn, based in Santa Monica Aspiring writer Anthony Zuiker asked Yorn for help in escaping a screenwriting contract so that he could go on to create the television series CSI, which premiered in 2000 In 2013, Yorn worked on the deal to renew DeGeneres' talk show through 2016-17 In the summer of 2014, Yorn's firm made a deal with Hulu for three years of South Park reruns, reportedly at a price of more than $80 million, and he helped Zuiker make content deals with YouTube and Yahoo  Yorn also created a joint venture with Warner Bros , Ellen DigitalVentures, to help take advantage of Ellen DeGeneres’ social media reach, digital video content, games and apps, including Heads Up! Yorn was listed among The Hollywood Reporter’s Top 100 Entertainment Attorneys in 2013 and 2014, and one of Hollywood's top power lawyers every year between 2015 and 2023 

Investing
In 2021, Yorn co-founded private equity investment firm Broadlight Holdings with his brother Rick and David Dorfman  The firm is focused on investments in the global technology and consumer landscape 

Personal life
Yorn lives in Los Angeles, California  His parents moved to Los Angeles in 2000, and his mother Joan became a receptionist at Yorn Barnes Levine In 1996, he married film producer Julie Silverman in a Jewish ceremony in Tarrytown, New York  They later divorced in 2005 
Passage 3:
L  Londell McMillan
L  Londell McMillan  (born in 1966 in Bedford–Stuyvesant, Brooklyn, New York) is an American entertainment attorney, producer, and publisher 

History
He graduated from Brooklyn Technical High School in 1983 and received his undergraduate degree from Cornell University, where he was a Quill and Dagger member, honors graduate, and Academic All-American mentioned football player  After his time at Cornell, McMillan pursued a law career at the New York University School of Law McMillan was a faculty member with the Practicing Law Institute; lecturer and featured case study subject of the Harvard Business School   He also has been a guest and commentator on The Oprah Winfrey Show, Today, Entertainment Tonight, and CNN  In 2008, McMillan was named as one of The National Law Journal’s 50 most Influential Minority Lawyers in America, and in 2007 was recognized as one of New York’s Super Lawyers   He was a recipient of the Metropolitan Black Bar Association Haywood W  Burns, Lawyer of the Year Award in 2001 and was featured on the cover of Black Enterprise magazine in December 2003   McMillan has also been honored among Crain’s 100 Most Powerful Minority Leaders    McMillan founded The McMillan Firm;  he was a partner and co-head of the Media and Entertainment Global Industry Sector Group at the international law firm of Dewey & LeBoeuf LLP until 2012   McMillan is also the Chairman of The NorthStar Group which owns and operates The Source Magazine (print and digital), Jones Magazine (print and digital) and produces music, arts and cultural events locally, nationally and worldwide   McMillan serves as a business advisor and business manager for individuals and organizations in the private sector and non-profit community 
His clients over the years have included Prince before his death and his estate after his death, Lil' Kim, Stevie Wonder, Chaka Khan,  Michael Jackson before his death, Roberta Flack, Isaac Hayes, Spike Lee, LL Cool J, Nas, Kanye West, Zhane, Estate of Christopher Wallace, 1996 Olympic Women's Basketball Players Lisa Leslie & Dawn Staley, among other professional athletes and entertainers   Among his corporate clients have been The Discovery Channel, Time Warner, Screenvision, Radio One, and National Football League, and Mercedes-Benz 

Community service
L  Londell McMillan is committed to community service, having served as General Counsel of the NAACP, Brooklyn Chapter, serves as Chair of NorthStar Charities, Co-Founder of the Artist Empowerment Coalition, Founder of SOURCE360, and served on the Fund for Public Schools (which raises private financial support for New York City's public schools), and the Benefit Committee of The Jazz Foundation of America, as well as being a member of the Board of Directors  McMillan is the current owner and group publisher of The NorthStar Group, which publishes Jones Magazine and The Source 
Passage 4:
Liam Hemsworth
Liam Hemsworth (born 13 January 1990) is an Australian actor  He played the roles of Josh Taylor in the soap opera Neighbours and Marcus in the children's television series The Elephant Princess  In American films, Hemsworth starred as Will Blakelee in The Last Song (2010), as Gale Hawthorne in The Hunger Games film series (2012–2015), and as Jake Morrison in Independence Day: Resurgence (2016) 

Early life
Hemsworth was born in Melbourne, Australia, to Leonie (née van Os), an English teacher, and Craig Hemsworth, a social-services counsellor  He has two older brothers, Chris Hemsworth and Luke Hemsworth, who are also actors  His maternal grandfather is a Dutch immigrant, and his other ancestry is English, Irish, Scottish, and German  Hemsworth has said that though there is competition for jobs among them, it is friendly: "We are brothers and we are always competitive, but it is a good thing, it pushes us and we are always happy whenever someone books something "When Hemsworth was in year 8 high school, he and his family relocated to Phillip Island, a small Australian island southeast of Melbourne where he spent much of his time there surfing with his brothers  In March 2009, Hemsworth moved to the United States to pursue his acting career  He and his brother Chris first stayed in the guest house of Chris's manager, William Ward, before renting their own Los Angeles apartment 

Career
2007–2010: Career beginnings
Prior to becoming an actor, Hemsworth laid floors for six months  He began to seriously consider following his elder brothers' footsteps in high school by participating in school plays  Eventually, Hemsworth retained an agent  He attended his first audition at the age of sixteen and began his career in 2007 with guest appearances on the shows Home and Away and McLeod's Daughters  The week of 8 July 2007, Hemsworth began filming episodes for Neighbours, an Australian soap opera his brother Luke had previously starred in  Hemsworth's character, Josh Taylor, was a recurring character from 2007 to 2008  In the show, Josh was an athletic paraplegic who supported and began a relationship with character Bridget Parker after she was paralysed down one side of her body in a car crash  In 2008, Hemsworth began acting on the children's television show The Elephant Princess, playing "Marcus", the lead guitarist of the protagonist's band  Hemsworth later had roles in the television series Satisfaction and starred in the British film Triangle  He also made a brief appearance as an MIT student in the film Knowing In 2009, Hemsworth was selected to act opposite Sylvester Stallone in Stallone's 2010 film, The Expendables, but his character was written out of the script (Hemsworth later co-starred in The Expendables 2)  Hemsworth's brother, Chris, told Movieline that just a few hours after Hemsworth learned he would not appear in The Expendables, director Kenneth Branagh called to ask him to test for the lead role in the 2011 film Thor  Hemsworth moved to the States in March 2009 for screen tests  Though he eventually lost the role to Chris in May, Disney announced later the same week that Hemsworth had landed the part of Will Blakelee in the 2010 drama The Last Song, based on the Nicholas Sparks novel by the same name  Hemsworth plays the love interest of Miley Cyrus's character in the film  Nikki Finke reported that Hemsworth had been in Los Angeles for just three weeks and had not yet found an agent when he was cast  Hemsworth next appeared in the music video for Cyrus' "When I Look at You" which was recorded on 16 August 2009 In September 2009, Hemsworth appeared at a dinner event to promote Foxtel, an Australian pay television company  In March 2010, Details magazine selected Hemsworth as one of their predictions for "The Next Generation of Hollywood's Leading Men"  Later that month, it was announced that Hemsworth was in negotiations to star in Arabian Nights, a 3D action film that will be directed by Chuck Russell for Inferno Entertainment  It was later confirmed that he will be starring in the movie  He has also reportedly been offered the lead role in Northern Lights after Taylor Lautner withdrew from the David Ellison-financed project Hemsworth was the Nickelodeon Australian Kids' Choice Awards 2010 host  He and Miley Cyrus won the "Fave Kiss" category Hemsworth starred in the music video for "Colder Weather" by the Zac Brown Band 

2011–present: The Hunger Games series and beyond
On 4 April 2011, Lionsgate announced Hemsworth to be one of the leads, Gale Hawthorne, in The Hunger Games, which was released in 2012  In June 2011, he became attached to war drama Love and Honor which also stars Aimee Teegarden and Teresa Palmer In 2013, Hemsworth appeared in Empire State, with Emma Roberts, and Paranoia, co-starring Harrison Ford, Gary Oldman and Amber Heard  He reprised his role, Gale Hawthorne, in three sequels to The Hunger Games, The Hunger Games: Catching Fire, released in November 2013, The Hunger Games: Mockingjay – Part 1, released in November 2014, and The Hunger Games: Mockingjay – Part 2, released in November 2015 
On 11 June 2012, Los Angeles-based non-profit organization Australians in Film announced that Hemsworth would be honoured at an exclusive benefit dinner on 27 June 2012 in Hollywood  Hemsworth attended the invitation only event, held at the Intercontinental Hotel in Century City, with his then fiancée Miley Cyrus  It was their first public appearance together as an engaged couple In 2015, Hemsworth portrayed the love interest of Kate Winslet's character in the Australian literary adaptation The Dressmaker, which was filmed in Victoria in the summer of 2014  Hemsworth starred in director Roland Emmerich's 2016 film Independence Day: Resurgence  In 2019, following a three-year absence, he played a fantasy version of a romantic comedy leading man in the film Isn't It Romantic, and starred in the action crime film Killerman 
Hemsworth currently appears on the horror TV series, Most Dangerous Game, for Quibi, the short-form streaming platform  Hemsworth plays the lead role as a terminally ill man trying to provide for his pregnant wife before he dies In 2022, Hemsworth is set to star in the Netflix film Lonely Planet with Laura Dern  In October 2022, Netflix announced that Hemsworth would be replacing Henry Cavill as Geralt of Rivia from the start of Season 4 of The Witcher 

Personal life
Hemsworth is the ambassador of the Australian Childhood Foundation  Hemsworth talked about his association with the foundation, "I have the best parents you can have  They have worked in child protection for twenty years and have only ever given me encouragement and support
Context 3: Passage 1:
Lewiston Maineiacs
The Lewiston Maineiacs were a junior ice hockey team of the Quebec Major Junior Hockey League based in Lewiston, Maine, United States  The team played its home games at the Androscoggin Bank Colisée   They were the second QMJHL team in the United States, and the only one to play a full season  They won the President's Cup in 2007, becoming the only American based franchise to accomplish the feat 
On May 31, 2011, the QMJHL decided to fold the team following eight years of financial losses 

History
Their franchise was granted for the 1969–70 season  They played in Trois-Rivières, Quebec, from 1969 to 1992  They were known as the Ducs from 1969 to 1973, and as the Draveurs from 1973 to 1992  They moved to Sherbrooke, Quebec, in 1992 to become the Faucons (1992–1998) and the Castors (1998–2003)  The Castors moved to Lewiston, Maine, in 2003 
The MAINEiacs clinched the Jean Rougeau Trophy for first overall in the regular season for 2006–07  During the same season, Lewiston increased its annual attendance totals to 94,903 tickets sold  In the playoffs that year, Lewiston went 16–1 to cruise to their first President's Cup 

2007 Memorial Cup
After winning the 2007 President's Cup, the MAINEiacs won eligibility to play in the 2007 Memorial Cup in Vancouver, British Columbia  Following an opening win over the Medicine Hat Tigers, the MAINEiacs suffered a huge loss with the injury of their captain, Marc-André Cliche, and never really found their scoring touch  They crashed out of the tournament in fourth place after losing consecutive games to the Vancouver Giants, Plymouth Whalers, and the Whalers again in the tie-breaker, scoring only three goals in three games in the process 

ScoresSaturday, May 19: Lewiston 3, Medicine Hat Tigers 1
Sunday, May 20: Vancouver Giants 2, Lewiston 1
Tuesday, May 22: Plymouth Whalers 2, Lewiston 1 (OT)
Thursday, May 24: Plymouth Whalers 5, Lewiston 1

Sale and aborted relocation
On January 25, 2009, it was announced that the MAINEiacs were negotiating with the city of Boisbriand, Quebec (a suburb of Montreal), in hopes of relocating the franchise for the 2009–10 season  Under the plan, Mark Just would remain majority owner with 51% of the shares, with former NHL defenseman Joel Bouchard owning the rest  On January 31, the team announced that they had filed their intent to relocate, and had submitted papers to do so to the QMJHL 
In a January 31 media release announcing the move of the MAINEiacs franchise, owner Mark Just said that community support for the team was a major consideration  During the six seasons since the team moved from Sherbrooke, Quebec, to Lewiston, the MAINEiacs never managed to break even  However, on February 2, Farrel Miller, owner of the QMJHL's Montreal Junior Hockey Club, issued a statement that his team would fight the MAINEiacs move to Boisbriand on territorial grounds 

The Montreal Junior Hockey Club has communicated to the QMJHL that it will retain, without modification, its exclusive geographic territory that it acquired in connection with its 2008 Franchise Agreement with the QMJHL  On January 21, 2009, the Montreal Junior Hockey Club communicated to the Governors of the QMJHL that (i) it has chosen to retain its exclusive territory without modification and (ii) that it is not seeking any financial compensation in connection with this issue After several weeks of negotiations with a number of Canadian cities (most notably Fredericton, New Brunswick), MAINEiacs Head Coach Don Macadam announced on March 24, 2009, that the MAINEiacs would be remaining in Lewiston  In June 2010, Lewiston businessman Paul Spellman became minority owner of the team, and in early August 2010, former Moncton Wildcats General Manager Bill Schurman was named as the team's Sports Management Consultant   However, relocation rumors continued to follow the team, with Summerside, Prince Edward Island (where Schurman, a native of that town, had recently been the municipality's Director of Community Services), and St  John's, Newfoundland and Labrador, named as a potential destinations in January 2011 
Schurman's denials of the team looking into a Summerside relocation proved unconvincing, and the rumours had a negative effect on attendance  However, Schurman's dream of moving the MAINEiacs to his home city ultimately failed, as a preliminary exploration to gauge support for a move to Summerside found little traction  The team then began to look at other possibilities, but found that few other relocation options existed 
The Lewiston franchise was disbanded by the QMJHL in the summer of 2011  To replace the defunct MAINEiacs club, the Sherbrooke Phoenix were scheduled to begin play for the 2012–13 season, the 3rd franchise to call Sherbrooke home in 25 years 

Takeover by league and disbanding
On May 31, 2011, the Quebec Major Junior Hockey League held a conference call to prepare an offer to purchase the team from Mark Just for 3 5 million dollars  Under the league's plan, the MAINEiacs would then be disbanded, with players being selected by other clubs in a dispersal draft  Late on May 31, the league issued a press release confirming the sale of the MAINEiacs to the league, and the subsequent disbanding / dispersal draft occurred the following week  Colisee stated they would search for a replacement team from outside of the QMJHL to take the MAINEiacs place The City of Lewiston and the Androscoggin Bank Colisee would end up getting the American Hockey League's Portland Pirates to move to the Colisee for the 2013-14 season after disputing their lease with the Cumberland County Civic Center in Portland  Starting in 2019, the NAHL Maine Nordiques and their partner organization, the NA3HL Lewiston-Auburn Nordiques, began play at the Colisee 

Coaches
Mario Durocher: 2003–04
Clément Jodoin: 2004–2007
Ed Harding: 2007 – January 12, 2009
Don MacAdam: January 13, 2009 – December 10, 2009 [1]
Jeff Guay: interim: December 10, 2009 – December 27, 2009 (then moved to assistant coach) 
Jean-François Houle: December 27, 2009 – May 31, 2011

Players
QMJHL award winners
Mike Bossy Trophy — best pro prospect: Alexandre Picard, 2004
Paul Dumont Trophy — personality of the year: Clement Jodoin, 2006
Ron Lapointe Trophy — Coach of the Year: Clement Jodoin, 2007
Guy Carbonneau Trophy — Best Defensive forward: Marc-André Cliche, 2007 
Guy Lafleur Trophy — QMJHL playoff's Most Valuable Player: Jonathan Bernier, 2007

All-stars
Jonathan Paiement: 1st team (defense) 2003–04
Alexandre Picard: 1st team (right wing) 2003–04,
Alex Bourret: 2nd team (right wing) 2004–05
Jonathan Bernier: 2nd team (goaltender) 2006–07
Peter Delmas: all-rookie team (goaltender) 2006–07
Stefano Giliati: 2nd team (left wing) 2007–08
Kevin Marshall: 2nd team (defense) 2007–08

Captains
2003–04: Francis Trudel
2004–05: No captain
2005 – January 2006: Brandon Roach
January 2006 – May 2007: Marc-André Cliche
September 2007 – March 2008: Marc-André Daneau
September 2008 – June 2009: Danick Paquette
September 2009 – May 2010: Billy Lacasse
September 2010 – 2011: Cameron Critchlow

NHL alumni
Nine MAINEiacs to date have played in the NHL:

Jonathan Bernier
Antoine Bibeau
Michael Chaput
Marc-André Cliche
Éric Gélinas
Jaroslav Halák
Kevin Marshall
David Perron
Alexandre Picard

NHL draftees
In addition, the MAINEiacs have had several players drafted by National Hockey League teams  They are:

2004 NHL Draft
Alexandre Picard (2004 1st round, #8 overall by Columbus Blue Jackets)
Jonathan Paiement (2004 8th round, #247 overall by New York Rangers)2005 NHL Draft
Alex Bourret (2005 1st round, #16 overall by Atlanta Thrashers)
Chad Denny (2005 2nd round, #49 overall by Atlanta Thrashers)
Marc-André Cliche (2005 2nd round, #56 overall by New York Rangers)
Olivier Legault (2005 4th round, #93 overall by Florida Panthers)
Mathieu Aubin (2005 5th round, #130 overall by Montreal Canadiens)2006 NHL Draft
Jonathan Bernier (2006 1st round, #11 overall by Los Angeles Kings)
Stefan Chaput (2006 5th round, #153 overall, by Carolina Hurricanes)2007 NHL Draft
David Perron (2007 1st round, #26 overall by St  Louis Blues)
Kevin Marshall (2007 2nd round #41 overall by Philadelphia Flyers)
Michael Ward (2007 7th round #197 overall by Tampa Bay Lightning)2008 NHL Draft
Peter Delmas (2008 2nd round, #61 overall by Colorado Avalanche)
Danick Paquette (2008 3rd round #64 overall by Atlanta Thrashers)2009 NHL Draft
Éric Gélinas (2009 2nd round, #54 overall by New Jersey Devils)2010 NHL Draft
Michael Chaput (2010 3rd round, #89 overall by Philadelphia Flyers)
Samuel Carrier (2010 6th round, #176 overall by Washington Capitals)

Yearly results
Regular season
Legend: OTL = Overtime loss, SL = Shootout loss

Playoffs
2003–04 – Lost to Rouyn-Noranda Huskies 4–3 in first round 
2004–05 – Defeated Shawinigan Cataractes 4–0 in first round  – Lost to Rimouski Océanic 4–0 in quarterfinals 
2005–06 – Lost to Halifax Mooseheads 4–2 in conference quarterfinals 
2006–07 – Defeated Shawinigan Cataractes 4–0 in conference first roundfinals   – Defeated Halifax Mooseheads 4–1 in conference quarterfinals  – Defeated Rouyn-Noranda Huskies 4–0 in league semifinals  – Defeated Val-d'Or Foreurs 4–0 in QMJHL finals  QMJHL CHAMPIONS – Finished Memorial Cup round-robin tied for third   – Lost to Plymouth Whalers 5–1 in the tiebreaker game 
2007–08 – Lost to Cape Breton Screaming Eagles 4–2 in conference quarterfinals 
2008–09 – Lost to Drummondville Voltigeurs 4–0 in conference quarterfinals 
2009–10 – Lost to Drummondville Voltigeurs 4–0 in conference quarterfinals 
2010–11 – Defeated Moncton Wildcats 4–1 in the round of 16   – Defeated Montreal Junior 4–2 in league quarterfinals   – Lost to Saint John Sea Dogs 4–0 in league semifinals 
Passage 2:
Billings Bulls
The Billings Bulls were a junior ice hockey organization based in Billings, Montana  They most recently played home games at the 550-seat Centennial Ice Arena and due to the arena's small size, the Bulls frequently sold out games  They previously played their home games in the Metrapark which had a max capacity of 9,000 for hockey games  However, a negotiating dispute with arena officials and local county commissioners resulted in the team losing its lease 

History
The Bulls joined the American Frontier Hockey League in 1993 which became the America West Hockey League (AWHL) in 1998  The Bulls joined the Tier II Jr  A North American Hockey League in 2003 when the AWHL merged with the NAHL (keeping the NAHL name)  The team played in the NAHL from 2003 to 2006 until the team and their rivals, the Bozeman Icedogs and Helena Bighorns, left to join the Northern Pacific Hockey League (NorPac), a regional league in the Pacific Northwest of the United States  When they joined the NorPac, the league was Tier III Junior B but promoted to Tier III Junior A by USA Hockey in 2007  In 2011, the Montana teams in the NorPac left the league to form the new regional American West Hockey League, made up of teams in Montana and Wyoming, including the Bulls  In March 2014, the new AWHL joined the North American 3 Hockey League (NA3HL) as the Frontier Division On the opening weekend of the 2017–18 NA3HL season, the Bulls announced they would be going dormant due to lack of players  At the time, the Bulls were the second-oldest organization in the NA3HL, behind only the St  Louis Jr  Blues 

Previous leagues
1993–1998 American Frontier Hockey League
1998–2003 America West Hockey League
2003–2006 North American Hockey League
2006–2011 Northern Pacific Hockey League
2011–2014 American West Hockey League
2014–2017 North American 3 Hockey League

Season-by-season records
NHL alumni
The franchise developed a number of collegiate and professional players, but only two have played in the NHL
Chris Holt, G (University of Nebraska-Omaha, last with Braehead Clan of the EIHL), formerly of the New York Rangers and St  Louis Blues 
Brian Lee, D retired, formerly of the Tampa Bay Lightning and Ottawa Senators 

Other notable alumni with professional or major college/junior experience
Jon Booras, F (Lake Superior State University, last with MAC Budapest of the MOL Liga)
Jacob Doty, F (currently with Braehead Clan of the EIHL)
Brad Gorham, D (University of Alaska Anchorage, last with the Alaska Aces of the ECHL)
Trevor Hammer, D (University of North Dakota, last played for Florida Seals)
Jeff Hazelwood, F (last played for Las Vegas Wranglers)
Jordan Hines, F (University of Findlay, last played for Fort Worth Fire)
Dan Knapp, D (University of Nebraska-Omaha, last played for Ontario Reign)
Mathias Lange, G (last played for the Iserlohn Roosters of the Deutsche Eishockey Liga)
Tom Reimann, D (University of Maine, last played for Colorado Eagles)
Cam Strong, F (currently with Dartmouth, NCAA Division 1)
Zach Tarkir, D (Northern Michigan University, last played for IF Troja/Ljungby of the HockeyAllsvenskan)
Kevin Ulanski, C (University of Denver, last played for the Bentley Generals)Stormy Knight, LW last played for Seattle Totems of the NPHL (current commisioner of The Mad House fantasy football league)
Passage 3:
Case Gym
Case Gym is a 1,800-seat multi-purpose arena at Boston University in Boston, Massachusetts  It opened in 1972 as part of the Harold Case Physical Education Center, which is named after the university's fifth president, Harold C  Case 
The gym is referred to as "The Roof" because it is located on the top level of the building, above Walter Brown Arena  It is home to the Boston University Terriers men's and women's basketball teams, as well as the men's wrestling team    Basketball games are also played in Agganis Arena, and on occasion Walter Brown Arena  When Boston University left the America East Conference for the Patriot League in July 2013, they announced that all home men's basketball conference games would be played at Agganis Arena, with the non-conference games to be played at Case Case Gym hosted the championship games of the 1997 and 2002 America East Conference men's basketball tournament as well as the championship game of the 2011 America East Conference women's basketball tournament  It has also hosted Ring Of Honor Wrestling Shows through wrestling promoter and Boston University alumnus Mike "Mongoose" Coughlin The center, whose recreational use has declined since the opening of the Fitness and Recreation Center adjacent to Agganis Arena, is approximately located where the left field "pavilion" seats at Braves Field were before the Boston Braves, a Major League Baseball club, were relocated to Milwaukee in 1953 

See also
List of NCAA Division I basketball arenas
Passage 4:
Robins Center
The Robins Center is a 7,201-seat multi-purpose arena in Richmond, Virginia  Opened in 1972, the arena is home to the University of Richmond Spiders basketball  It hosted the ECAC South (now known as the Colonial Athletic Association) men's basketball tournament in 1983   It is named for E  Claiborne Robins Sr, class of 1931, who, along with his family, have been leading benefactors for the school   The opening of the Robins Center returning Spider basketball to an on-campus facility for the first time since the mid-1940s when it outgrew Millhiser Gymnasium   In the intervening decades, the Spiders played home games in numerous locations around the Richmond area, including the Richmond Coliseum (1971–1972), the Richmond Arena (1954–1971), the Benedictine High School gymnasium (1951–1954), Grays' Armory (1950–1951) and Blues' Armory (1947–1950)  The Robins Center arena serves as the location of the University of Richmond's commencement exercises and hosted a 1992 Presidential debate involving Bill Clinton, George H  W  Bush, and Ross Perot 
The Robins Center saw a number of upgrades in the 2000s, including a new maple floor in 2003 and renovated locker rooms and offices in 2004  A new scoreboard and sound system was installed for the 2006–2007 season   A $17 million renovation started in March 2013, which added four corner video boards, a repainted ceiling and new floor, and the seat capacity decreased from 9,071 to around 7,201 once renovations were completed in January 2014  
In 2015, the playing surface was renamed "Dick Tarrant Court" in honor of Dick Tarrant, the school's all-time winningest coach In addition to the basketball arena, the Robins Center also serves as the home of many of the other athletic programs at the University of Richmond  The Robins Center Natatorium serves as the home of the women's swimming and diving team, while most of the other programs have their coaches' offices in the building  An addition to the Robins Center, known as the Weinstein Center for Fitness and Recreation, opened in January 2007 and provides expanded facilities for recreational use 

See also
List of NCAA Division I basketball arenas
Passage 5:
2007 Memorial Cup
The 2007 MasterCard Memorial Cup was played in May 2007 in Vancouver, British Columbia, at the Pacific Coliseum  It was the 89th annual Memorial Cup competition and determined the major junior ice hockey champion of the Canadian Hockey League (CHL)   The tournament was competed between the WHL champion, the Medicine Hat Tigers; the OHL champion, the Plymouth Whalers; the QMJHL champion, the Lewiston Maineiacs; and the host team and tournament champion, Vancouver Giants, who were competing in their second consecutive national junior championship  The Memorial Cup tournament was a four team tournament with a round-robin format  The Giants won their first Memorial Cup, defeating Medicine Hat 3–1 in the second all-WHL final in tournament history (the first was in 1989)   The tournament set a new Memorial Cup attendance record with 121,561 fans attending the nine games   The previous record of 84,686 was set at the 2003 tournament in Quebec City 
The tournament was the first to feature two league champions based in the United States, from Lewiston, Maine and Plymouth, Michigan, respectively  The only previous Memorial Cup to feature two American teams was the 1998 Memorial Cup, featuring the WHL champion, the Portland Winter Hawks and the host, the Spokane Chiefs  The 2007 MasterCard Memorial Cup was also the first to feature the two-referee system 
The Memorial Cup trophy's ties to Canadian military were evident when Canadian Forces units delivered it to the championship by sea, aboard HMCS Vancouver; by air, hoisted aboard a CH-149 Cormorant helicopter; and by land, via the armoured 39th Canadian Brigade Group Convoy 

Round-robin standings
Rosters
Schedule
Round robin
Playoff round
Tie breaker
Semi-final
Championship game
Leading scorers
Leading goaltenders
Goalies Have To Play A Minimum Of 60 Minutes To Be Listed 

Award winners
Stafford Smythe Memorial Trophy (MVP): Milan Lucic, Vancouver
George Parsons Trophy (Sportsmanship): Brennan Bosch, Medicine Hat
Hap Emms Memorial Trophy (Goaltender): Matt Keetley, Medicine Hat
Ed Chynoweth Trophy (Leading Scorer): Michal Repik, VancouverAll-star team

Goal: Matt Keetley, Medicine Hat
Defence: Brendan Mikkelson, Vancouver; Cody Franson, Vancouver
Forwards: Darren Helm, Medicine Hat; Michal Repik, Vancouver; Milan Lucic, Vancouver

Road to the cup
OHL playoffs
QMJHL playoffs
†Shawinigan seeded 8th in Eastern division 

WHL playoffs
Passage 6:
Dwyer Arena
The Robert and Concetta Dwyer Arena houses two ice surfaces, both 200 x 85 ft , and pro shop on Niagara University's campus in Lewiston, New York, United States  The main rink can seat up to 1,400 people and is the home to the Niagara Purple Eagles men's ice hockey team, which plays in Atlantic Hockey  The arena was formerly home to the women's ice hockey team, which played in College Hockey America  
The building was built in 1996  Prior to the 1999–2000 season, major renovation took place as a result of a gift by Bob and Connie Dwyer, both 1965 graduates, who contributed $3 million for facilities upgrades  Locker and training rooms, players' lounge, and lobby were upgraded, while separate entrances for the main and auxiliary rinks, new pro shop, and new ticket office were arranged  In the summer of 2007 a premium seating section was added in the area formerly occupied by the Party Deck, and as a result, capacity was increased from 1,600 to 2,100  The current seating capacity is 1,400 
It hosted the College Hockey America 2002, 2008, and 2010 men's conference tournaments and the 2004 and 2008 women's conference tournaments   Dwyer was home of the Buffalo Sabres Summer Development Camp in 2008, 2009, 2010 and 2011 which featured young prospects and draft picks in the Sabres organization   The arena co-hosted the 2011 World Junior Ice Hockey Championships 

External links
Official website
Passage 7:
2006–07 QMJHL season
The 2006–07 QMJHL season was the 38th season in the history of the Quebec Major Junior Hockey League  The regular season ran from September 14, 2006 to March 18, 2007  Eighteen teams played 70 games each in the schedule  The Lewiston Maineiacs finished first overall in the regular season winning their first Jean Rougeau Trophy  Lewiston won 16 playoff games, losing only one, en route to their first President's Cup, defeating the Val-d'Or Foreurs in the finals 

Final standings
Note: GP = Games played; W = Wins; L = Losses; OTL = Overtime loss; SL = Shootout loss; PTS = Points; GF = Goals for; GA = Goals against

complete list of standings 

Scoring leaders
Note: GP = Games played; G = Goals; A = Assists; Pts = Points; PIM = Penalty minutes

complete scoring statistics

Goaltending leaders
Note: GP = Games played; Mins = Minutes Played; W = Wins; L = Losses: OTL = Overtime losses; SL = Shootout losses; GA = Goals allowed; SO = Shutouts; GAA = Goals against average

Canada-Russia Challenge
The 2006 ADT Canada-Russia Challenge was hosted by the Rouyn-Noranda Huskies and the Val-d'Or Foreurs  On November 20, 2006, the QMJHL All-stars defeated the Russian Selects 6–2 at the Aréna Dave Keon  On November 21, 2006, the QMJHL All-stars defeated the Russian Selects 4–3 at the Centre Air Creebec  Since the tournament began in 2003, the QMJHL All-stars have won five games, the Russian Selects have three wins 

Playoffs
The top nine teams from the Telus division, and top seven teams from the Eastern division qualified for the playoffs  The ninth place team in the Telus division qualified in the Eastern division, and ranked by regular season points  All series were best-of-seven  Divisions crossed over in the semifinals 
Brad Marchand was the leading scorer of the playoffs with 40 points (16 goals, 24 assists) 

†Shawinigan seeded 8th in Eastern division 

All-star teams
First teamGoaltender - Ondrej Pavelec, Cape Breton Screaming Eagles
Left defence - Andrew MacDonald, Moncton Wildcats
Right defence - Kris Letang, Val-d'Or Foreurs
Left winger - Vyacheslav Trukhno, Gatineau Olympiques
Centreman - Mathieu Perreault, Acadie-Bathurst Titan
Right winger - Thomas Beauregard, Acadie-Bathurst TitanSecond teamGoaltender - Jonathan Bernier, Lewiston Maineiacs
Left defence - Oskars Bartulis, Cape Breton Screaming Eagles
Right defence - Jean-Claude Sawyer, Cape Breton Screaming Eagles
Left winger - Benoît Doucet, Victoriaville Tigres
Centreman - James Sheppard, Cape Breton Screaming Eagles
Right winger - François Bouchard, Baie-Comeau DrakkarRookie teamGoaltender - Peter Delmas, Lewiston Maineiacs
Left defence - Mark Barberio, Cape Breton Screaming Eagles / Moncton Wildcats
Right defence - Simon Lacroix, Shawinigan Cataractes
Left winger - Michael Frolik, Rimouski Océanic
Centreman - Christopher DiDomenico, Saint John Sea Dogs
Right winger - Jakub Voracek, Halifax Mooseheads
List of First/Second/Rookie team all-stars 

Trophies and awards
TeamPresident's Cup - Playoff Champions, Lewiston Maineiacs
Jean Rougeau Trophy - Regular Season Champions, Lewiston Maineiacs
Luc Robitaille Trophy - Team that scored the most goals, Cape Breton Screaming Eagles
Robert Lebel Trophy - Team with best GAA, Lewiston MaineiacsPlayerMichel Brière Memorial Trophy - Most Valuable Player, Mathieu Perreault, Acadie-Bathurst Titan
Jean Béliveau Trophy - Top Scorer, François Bouchard, Baie-Comeau Drakkar
Guy Lafleur Trophy - Playoff MVP, Jonathan Bernier, Lewiston Maineiacs
Telus Cup – Offensive - Offensive Player of the Year
Telus Cup – Defensive - Defensive Player of the Year
Jacques Plante Memorial Trophy - Best GAA, Ondrej Pavelec, Cape Breton Screaming Eagles
Guy Carbonneau Trophy - Best Defensive Forward, Marc-André Cliche - Lewiston Maineiacs
Emile Bouchard Trophy - Defenceman of the Year, Kris Letang, Val-d'Or Foreurs
Kevin Lowe Trophy - Best Defensive Defenceman, Kris Letang, Val-d'Or Foreurs
Mike Bossy Trophy - Best Pro Prospect, Angelo Esposito, Quebec Remparts
RDS Cup - Rookie of the Year, Jakub Voracek, Halifax Mooseheads
Michel Bergeron Trophy - Offensive Rookie of the Year, Jakub Voracek, Halifax Mooseheads
Raymond Lagacé Trophy - Defensive Rookie of the Year, T  J  Brennan, St  John's Fog Devils
Frank J  Selke Memorial Trophy - Most sportsmanlike player, David Desharnais, Chicoutimi Saguenéens
QMJHL Humanitarian of the Year - Humanitarian of the Year, Roger Kennedy, Halifax Mooseheads
Marcel Robert Trophy - Best Scholastic Player, Alexandre Picard-Hooper, Baie-Comeau Drakkar
Paul Dumont Trophy - Personality of the Year, Kris Letang, Val-d'Or ForeursExecutiveRon Lapointe Trophy - Coach of the Year, Clément Jodoin, Lewiston Maineiacs
Maurice Filion Trophy - General Manager of the Year, Pascal Vincent, Cape Breton Screaming Eagles
John Horman Trophy - Executive of the Year, Pierre Dufour, Val D'Or Foreurs
Jean Sawyer Trophy - Marketing Director of the Year, Nadia Lacasse & Mélanie Allard, Rouyn-Noranda Huskies

See also
2007 Memorial Cup
2007 NHL Entry Draft
2006–07 OHL season
2006–07 WHL season
Passage 8:
Androscoggin Bank Colisée
The Colisée (formerly Androscoggin Bank Colisée, Central Maine Youth Center, Central Maine Civic Center and Lewiston Colisee) is a 4,000 capacity (3,677 seated) multi-purpose arena, in Lewiston, Maine, that opened in 1958  The Colisée was built to replace St  Dominics Regional High School Arena, and initially constructed and operated by the Catholic parish of SS  Peter and Paul  Currently, it is the home of the Maine Nordiques of the North American Hockey League  The Colisee is also used for concerts, conventions and trade shows  There is 17,000 square feet (1600 m2) of exhibit space  For conventions, the Colisee can accommodate up to 4,800 patrons 

History
The Maine Nordiques of the former professional North American Hockey League were the primary tenant at the Civic Center from 1973 to 1977  The Boston Celtics of the National Basketball Association played exhibition games at the Civic Center 
In 2003, the Lewiston Maineiacs came to the Central Maine Civic Center  The Central Maine Civic Center was renamed to the Lewiston Colisée (from the French word for colosseum, similar to the Colisée de Québec) to distinguish it from the Cumberland County Civic Center, the Augusta Civic Center, and the Bangor Civic Center  In 2007, the Maineiacs won the Presidents Cup, the QMJHL league championship  They remain the only U S -based QMJHL team to win the Presidents Cup  The Maineiacs folded at the end of the 2010–11 QMJHL season and the Sherbrooke Phoenix was created in its place The Federal Hockey League held five home games at the arena in 2011 and 2012  Due to renovations to the Cumberland County Civic Center, the Portland Pirates played at the Colisee during the 2012–13 AHL season for all but one of their home games On December 16, 2014, it was announced the New Hampshire Fighting Spirit from the North American 3 Eastern Hockey League, a Tier III junior league, would relocate to Lewiston and play home games at the Colisee as the L/A Fighting Spirit (with the L/A standing for Lewiston-Auburn) beginning with the 2015–16 season  In 2016, the Fighting Spirit joined the North American 3 Hockey League 
Firland Management, which had acquired the Colisee from the City of Lewiston in 2008, bought the Fighting Spirit in 2017 and rebranded the team as the Lewiston/Auburn Nordiques after the former professional team  In 2019, Cain, Darryl Antonacci, and Nolan Howe were granted an expansion team in the Tier II junior North American Hockey League and named the team the Maine Nordiques  In March 2020, Antonacci agreed to purchase the Colisée and the Tier III Nordiques from Cain  Antonacci folded the Tier III junior team and replaced it with Tier I youth teams The naming rights to the venue were sold to Androscoggin Bank in 2006  In 2020, the rights expired, and the bank's name was removed from the venue the following year 

Other uses
Ali vs  Liston fight
On May 25, 1965, the Youth Center was the venue for the WBC heavyweight boxing championship rematch between 34-year old former champ Sonny Liston and 23-year-old reigning champion Muhammad Ali  It was at this fight that Sports Illustrated photographer Neil Leifer took what Time magazine has called the "perhaps the greatest sports photo of the century "

Concerts
On March 19, 1977, Bruce Springsteen and the E Street Band played at the venue  Bob Dylan performed at the venue on November 13, 2000, May 17, 2008 and on April 10, 2013 

Mixed martial arts
Bellator MMA held their first event in Maine on March 21, 2013, Bellator 93 

Ring of Honor/New Japan Pro-Wrestling
On November 7, 2018, Ring of Honor made its Maine debut at the Coliseé  As a co-promoted Global Wars show with New Japan Pro-Wrestling, it also marked the Japanese promotion's first event in New England 
Passage 9:
2011–12 QMJHL season
The 2011–12 QMJHL season was the 43rd season of the Quebec Major Junior Hockey League (QMJHL)  The regular season, which consisted of 17 teams playing 68 games each, began in September 2011 and ended in March 2012  This season was Blainville-Boisbriand Armada's first season in the league, as the team relocated to Boisbriand from Verdun where they played as the Montreal Junior Hockey Club from 2008 to 2011  The league lost one of his charter teams when the Lewiston Maineiacs folded during after the previous season, the QMJHL later announce an expansion team to  Sherbrooke for the 2012–13 season  In the playoffs, the Saint John Sea Dogs became the seventh team in league history to capture consecutive President's Cup championships 

Regular season
Division standings
Note: GP = Games played; W = Wins; L = Losses; OTL = Overtime losses ; SL - Shootout losses ; GF = Goals for ; GA = Goals against; Pts = Points

x - team has clinched playoff spot
y - team is division leader
z - team has clinched division
e - team is eliminated from playoff contention

Scoring leaders
Note: GP = Games played; G = Goals; A = Assists; Pts = Points; PIM = Penalty minutes

Leading goaltenders
Note: GP = Games played; TOI = Total ice time; W = Wins; L = Losses ; GA = Goals against; SO = Total shutouts; SV% = Save percentage; GAA = Goals against average

2012 President's Cup playoffs
First round
(1) Saint John Sea Dogs vs  (16) Cape Breton Screaming Eagles
(2) Shawinigan Cataractes vs  (15) Rouyn-Noranda Huskies
(3) Blainville-Boisbriand Armada vs  (14) Gatineau Olympiques
(4) Victoriaville Tigres vs  (13) Baie-Comeau Drakkar
(5) Quebec Remparts vs  (12) Drummondville Voltigeurs
(6) Halifax Mooseheads vs  (11) Moncton Wildcats
(7) Rimouski Océanic vs  (10) Val-d'Or Foreurs
(8) Chicoutimi Saguenéens vs  (9) Acadie–Bathurst Titan
Quarter-finals
(1) Saint John Sea Dogs vs  (13) Baie-Comeau Drakkar
(2) Shawinigan Cataractes vs  (8) Chicoutimi Saguenéens
(3) Blainville-Boisbriand Armada vs  (7) Rimouski Océanic
(5) Quebec Remparts vs  (6) Halifax Mooseheads
Semi-finals
(1) Saint John Sea Dogs vs  (8) Chicoutimi Saguenéens
(6) Halifax Mooseheads vs  (7) Rimouski Océanic
QMJHL Championship
(1) Saint John Sea Dogs vs  (7) Rimouski Océanic
Playoff scoring leaders
Note: GP = Games played; G = Goals; A = Assists; Pts = Points; PIM = Penalty minutes

Playoff leading goaltenders
Note: GP = Games played; Mins = Minutes played; W = Wins; L = Losses; GA = Goals Allowed; SO = Shutouts; SV& = Save percentage; GAA = Goals against average

Memorial Cup
Trophies and awards
TeamPresident's Cup: Saint John Sea Dogs
Jean Rougeau Trophy - Regular Season Champions: Saint John Sea Dogs
Luc Robitaille Trophy - Team that scored the most goals: Victoriaville Tigres
Robert Lebel Trophy - Team with best GAA: Shawinigan CataractesPlayerMichel Brière Memorial Trophy - Most Valuable Player: Yanni Gourde, Victoriaville Tigres
Jean Béliveau Trophy - Top Scorer: Yanni Gourde, Victoriaville Tigres
Guy Lafleur Trophy - Playoff MVP: Charlie Coyle, Saint John Sea Dogs
Jacques Plante Memorial Trophy - Top Goaltender: Mathieu Corbeil-Thériault, Saint John Sea Dogs
Guy Carbonneau Trophy - Best Defensive Forward: Frederick Roy, Quebec Remparts
Emile Bouchard Trophy - Defenceman of the Year: Jérôme Gauthier-Leduc, Rimouski Océanic
Kevin Lowe Trophy - Best Defensive Defenceman: Morgan Ellis, Shawinigan Cataractes
Mike Bossy Trophy - Top Prospect: Mikhail Grigorenko, Quebec Remparts
RDS Cup - Rookie of the Year: Mikhail Grigorenko, Quebec Remparts
Michel Bergeron Trophy - Offensive Rookie of the Year: Mikhail Grigorenko, Quebec Remparts
Raymond Lagacé Trophy - Defensive Rookie of the Year: Zachary Fucale, Halifax Mooseheads
Frank J  Selke Memorial Trophy - Most sportsmanlike player: Zach O'Brien, Acadie–Bathurst Titan
QMJHL Humanitarian of the Year - Humanitarian of the Year:
Marcel Robert Trophy - Best Scholastic Player: Jonathan Brunelle, Cape Breton Screaming Eagles
Paul Dumont Trophy - Personality of the Year: Jonathan Huberdeau, Saint John Sea DogsExecutiveRon Lapointe Trophy - Coach of the Year: Jean-François Houle, Blainville-Boisbriand Armada
Maurice Filion Trophy - General Manager of the Year: Joël Bouchard, Blainville-Boisbriand Armada
John Horman Trophy - Executive of the Year:
Jean Sawyer Trophy - Marketing Director of the Year:All-Star TeamsFirst All-Star Team:

Roman Will, Goaltender, Moncton Wildcats
Jérôme Gauthier-Leduc, Defenceman, Rimouski Océanic
Xavier Ouellet, Defenceman, Blainville-Boisbriand Armada
Mikhail Grigorenko, Centre, Quebec Remparts
Yanni Gourde, Left Wing, Victoriaville Tigres
Frederick Roy, Right Wing, Quebec RempartsSecond All-Star Team:

Mathieu Corbeil-Thériault, Goaltender, Saint John Sea Dogs
Morgan Ellis, Defenceman, Cape Breton Screaming Eagles/Shawinigan Cataractes
Nathan Beaulieu, Defenceman, Saint John Sea Dogs
Zach O'Brien, Centre, Acadie–Bathurst Titan
Jonathan Huberdeau, Left Wing, Saint John Sea Dogs
Sébastien Trudeau, Right Wing, Acadie–Bathurst TitanAll-Rookie Team:

Zachary Fucale, Goaltender, Halifax Mooseheads
Nikolas Brouillard, Defenceman, Drummondville Voltigeurs
Samuel Morin, Defenceman, Rimouski Océanic
Mikhail Grigorenko, Centre, Quebec Remparts
Anthony Duclair, Left Wing, Quebec Remparts
Sven Andrighetto, Right Wing, Rouyn-Noranda Huskies

See also
2012 Memorial Cup
List of QMJHL seasons
2011–12 OHL season
2011–12 WHL season
2011 in ice hockey
2012 in ice hockey
Passage 10:
Loan modification in the United States
Loan modification is the systematic alteration of mortgage loan agreements that help those having problems making the payments by reducing interest rates, monthly payments or principal balances  Lending institutions could make one or more of these changes to relieve financial pressure on borrowers to prevent the condition of foreclosure  Loan modifications have been practiced in the United States since the 1930s  During the Great Depression, loan modification programs took place at the state level in an effort to reduce levels of loan foreclosures



ground_truth: Ten Walls

prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: Kevin Yorn an American entertainment attorney who represents an Australian actor who  played the role of Josh Taylor in what soap opera?

The following are given passages.
Context 2:  The world is a scary enough place as it is for children  It is important that home should always be a safe place for them " When asked if he believed he was a hero to children, Hemsworth said he did not know, but that he would like to be a good role model Hemsworth was vegan and told Men's Fitness in 2015 that he found "no negatives to eating like this  I feel nothing but positive, mentally and physically " In 2020, following hospitalization for kidney stones, he told Men's Health that he had to "completely rethink what [he] was putting in [his] body "After his separation from Cyrus, Hemsworth began a relationship with Australian model, Gabriella Brooks 

Relationship with Miley Cyrus
While filming The Last Song in June 2009, Hemsworth began a relationship with his co-star Miley Cyrus  After a three-year on-again, off-again relationship, the couple announced their engagement in June 2012  They lived together in Los Angeles but ended their engagement in September 2013  Rumours began in January 2016, stemming primarily from sightings of the couple together at his Malibu home and the reappearance of the engagement ring on Cyrus  Cyrus confirmed in an interview on The Ellen DeGeneres Show in October 2016, they were once again engaged In November 2018, Cyrus revealed on social media that her and Hemsworth's home had burned down in the Woolsey Fire, and expressed devastation for her community and gratitude for the safety of herself, Hemsworth, and their pets  The following morning, Hemsworth responded on his social media by posting a picture he had taken of the charred rubble of their former home  In his posts he praised the residents of his community on how they united in helping with the consequences of the fire, and encouraged his followers to donate their time, money, and resources to The Malibu Foundation, a non-profit established in the wake of the Woolsey fire, and to his fiancée's own non-profit organisation, the Happy Hippie Foundation, to further contribute help with the aftermath  On 13 November 2018, Hemsworth and Cyrus made a joint $500,000 donation to The Malibu Foundation through Cyrus's foundation Hemsworth and Cyrus married on 23 December 2018 at their home in Nashville, Tennessee  On 10 August 2019, Cyrus announced their separation  Eleven days later, Hemsworth filed for divorce, citing irreconcilable differences  On 28 January 2020, it was announced that their divorce had been finalized 

Filmography
Film
Television
Awards and nominations
On 27 June 2012, Liam Hemsworth was presented with the Australians in Film Breakthrough Award for international success 
Passage 5:
Stefan Dennis
Stefan Dennis (born 30 October 1958) is an Australian actor and singer best known for playing the role of cold-hearted and ruthless businessman Paul Robinson in the soap opera Neighbours from its first episode on March 18, 1985  He departed Neighbours in 1992 before returning for a short stint in 1993  He then returned in late 2004 and played the character up until the show's temporary ending in 2022 and is set to return to the role in 2023  During his time away from Neighbours he was a cast member of Scottish soap opera River City produced and set in Glasgow, Scotland  He is also known for his 1989 single "Don't It Make You Feel Good", which reached Number 16 in the Irish and UK Singles Chart 

Early life
Dennis was born in Tawonga, Victoria but his family moved to Queensland for 12 years, where he did most of his schooling  He started showing his genuine interest in music and acting at the age of seven and was eleven years old when he started in amateur theatre in Queensland  His debut with this first theatre company was in Oliver!  Also, at this time he and his brother formed a vocal duo and performed on many occasions  They played at weddings, charity events, and some large concerts By the age of 14, Dennis was convinced he wanted to go into the entertainment business  He understood the pitfalls associated with choosing the career of an entertainer, so he decided to get a trade behind him to support him through the times when he might be out of work  He left school at 15 and took an apprenticeship as a chef  On completion of his chef's certificate, he moved from the Gold Coast to Melbourne 

Career
Dennis started out in guest roles on programmes such as Cop Shop, Skyways, Carson's Law, Young Ramsay, Prisoner, Home, The Henderson Kids, The Sullivans, The Young Doctors and Sons and Daughters and many others  Dennis has a number of credits to his name  He had a major role in The Henderson Kids, a co-lead in an ABC children's show called Infinity Limited, and he co-starred in The Flying Doctors mini-series  In 1984, he auditioned for the roles of Shane Ramsay and Des Clarke in a new soap opera, Neighbours where he was later cast as Paul Robinson instead  His role in Neighbours brought opportunities such as appearing at the Royal Variety Performance alongside fellow cast members 
After finishing Neighbours in 1992, Dennis moved to the UK and worked on a variety of TV shows and theatre productions  He appeared in many pantomimes, plays, and musicals including the pantomime Cinderella in Bournemouth, UK from 10 December 1992 to 17 January 1993  In 1994, he played Mickey in Blood Brothers, touring in New Zealand and Australia before returning to the UK to appear in the show in both the West End, and in a national tour of the UK  He appeared in many television shows, including Dream Team, River City, The Bill and Casualty  He also returned to Australia from time to time for guest roles in shows such as Blue Heelers, Good Guys Bad Guys and Stingers  Dennis has worked as a voiceover artist for many years both in Australia and the UK He was part of the team that set a new world record in 1995 for 24-hour endurance outdoor karting  The team – Stefan Dennis, David Brabham, Russ Malkin, Steve Malkin – set the record of 1,664 7 km (1,034 397 mi) on a 1 3 km (0 808 mi) track at Brooklands, Weybridge, Surrey, UK on 24 and 25 February 1995  While in the UK, Dennis became a partner in Lex Film Entertainment, and was associate producer on the film The Truth About Love 
He returned to Neighbours at the end of 2004, and continued as a regular character until the show's final episode in 2022  He is the only current cast member who appeared in the first episode, although he is not the longest serving due to his long break  Of his role in Neighbours, Dennis has said that people struggle to tell the difference between himself and the character and "shy away" from him because "they think I'm going to bark at them"  He has conceded that it could be a testament to his acting and says "It's a real compliment though, as people know the character that well, they actually think I am like him in real life"  As a matter of fact, although he portrays Paul Robinson as having a prosthetic leg, he has two good legs of his own In 2009, Dennis was stalked by two fans while presenting the Best Villain award at the British Soap Awards  He hosted a documentary special celebrating Neighbours' 30th anniversary titled Neighbours 30th: The Stars Reunite, which aired in Australia and the UK in March 2015  In 2018, Dennis appeared in the recurring role of Michael Armstrong QC in the sixth series of Wentworth 

Music
In 1989, Dennis started a side-line music career, and released the single "Don't It Make You Feel Good", which reached No  16 in the UK Singles Chart, in May of that year  He released a second single, "This Love Affair", which reached No  67 in the UK in October 1989  Dennis is a talented pipe organist (cite Australian Organist Association 1990 march)
In 2013, Dennis sang and appeared as Santa Claus in the music video for his Neighbours co-star Alan Fletcher's song "If You Want a Happy Christmas" 

Personal life
Dennis' older brother, John, was killed by a drunk driver at the age of 12  Of the sentencing, Dennis has said: "That driver was fined just $50 for what he did  And that same weekend someone who killed a koala at Currumbin Wildlife Sanctuary got fined $200  So    well, that's hard " Dennis has used the incident to raise awareness about drink driving via his Twitter account Dennis previously dated Natalie Imbruglia and Gayle Blakeney in the 1990s while they were co-starring on Neighbours with him He met and married his wife, Gail when in the UK  The couple have two sons, Cameron and Declan, and a daughter Darci  The family reside in Australia 

Filmography
Television
Films
Theatre
Passage 6:
Lisa A  Callif
Lisa Anne Callif (born January 6, 1974) is an American entertainment attorney specializing in independent film  She works in all aspects of the field with a focus on clearance work – enabling filmmakers to use a limited amount of unlicensed material in their projects with the U S  Copyright Law's fair use doctrine In 2008, Callif became a named partner at the Beverly Hills law firm Donaldson & Callif  She has worked on such documentary films as I'm Still Here, Waiting for Superman and Inside Job  Filmmakers she has worked with include: Oliver Stone, Jason Blum and Elise Pearlstein  She is an adjunct associate professor of law at Southwestern Law School in Los Angeles 

As an author
In 2010, Callif released The American Bar Association's Legal Guide to Independent Film Making, which she co-authored with law partner Michael C  Donaldson, whose book Clearance & Copyright: Everything the Independent Filmmaker Needs to Know is used as a textbook in over 50 college and university film schools across America 

Recognition
In 2011 Callif was named one of "The Best and the Brightest" of Hollywood Law by Variety magazine 

Bibliography
The American Bar Association's Legal Guide To Independent Filmmaking (2010) (by Lisa A  Callif & Michael C  Donaldson)
Passage 7:
Ernest Del
Ernest Del (born January 16, 1952) is an American entertainment attorney  Del served as Senior Advisor at ZeniMax Media from 2017 till 2021 
Del previously served as President of ZeniMax from 1999 up until April 2017  He also serves as a director of Delivery Agent and of the Silver Eagle Acquisition Corporation 

Education
Del graduated with degrees in economics and political science from the University of California, Berkeley in 1973 and earned his J D  degree from Stanford University Law School in 1976 

Career
Del began his law career in 1976 as an antitrust litigator at the law firm of Wyman, Bautzer, Rothman & Kuchel, focused primarily on cases addressing the transformation of the nationwide Bell telephone system in the late 1970s before shifting to transactional entertainment law  Initially he worked exclusively on feature films in the United States and abroad  He later worked on television and digital media 
In December 1999, he became President at ZeniMax Media  He additionally served as president of ZeniMax Europe from December 2010 to August 2012   Del later became part of the law firm Del, Shaw, Moonves, Tanaka, Finkelstein & Lezcano 

Entertainment law
Del's clients include: Fox's former executive and current CEO of Tribune Company, Peter Liguori, Kevin Reilly (Chairman of Entertainment for the Fox Broadcasting Company), Former CW executive Dawn Ostroff, 20th TV's Dana Walden, Lionsgate CEO Jon Feltheimer, former The WB Television Network network president David Janollari, Leslie Moonves ( former president and CEO, CBS Corporation), actor-producer Paul Reiser, Stuart Bloomberg the former chairman of ABC Entertainment, Bob Greenblatt (chairman of NBC Entertainment)  Some of his associates from Hollywood sat on ZeniMax's Board of Directors: Leslie Moonves, Harry Sloan and Jerry Bruckheimer Del helped Harry E  Sloan to rebuild MGM, when Sloan was  chairman and CEO there  He also repped Providence Equity Partners in the creation of Hulu, as well as advising Bethesda Softworks  In 2009 and 2010, Del was called a power lawyer by The Hollywood Reporter 

See also
Greg Bautzer
Passage 8:
Umar Lubis
Umar Lubis (born July 14, 1973 in Jakarta) is an Indonesian actor  He is known for his numerous roles in soap operas  He always role in SinemArt soap opera  Usually he always role as father in soap opera  He is son in-law from Rae Sita  His name started to be known by public when he play in soap opera Intan  In that soap opera, he roled as Dr  Frans, father of Lila who is roled by Ingka Noverita 

Personal life
Umar married  Ravelra Ruth Supit (October 14, 1975) in 1996  From their marriage, they have four children, there are Nabil Raehan Lubis (January 1997), Ramzie Rif'at Lubis (July 7, 1998), Rania Rizqina Lubis (July 24, 2002), and Raafi Ali Lubis (April 2011) 

Filmography
Films
Soap Operas
TVM
Kupilih Jalanku Sendiri (2017) as Akmal Fatoni
Passage 9:
Michael C  Donaldson
Michael C  Donaldson (born October 13, 1939) is an American entertainment attorney, independent film advocate and a recipient of the International Documentary Association's Amicus Award, an honor bestowed upon only two others, Steven Spielberg and John Hendricks, in the 25-year history of the awards  He is a proponent of the 165-year-old fair-use doctrine and, through its use, is known for saving documentarians hundreds of thousands of dollars while preserving their First Amendment rights In addition to serving as general counsel to Film Independent (home of the Independent Spirit Awards and the Los Angeles Film Festival) and the Writers Guild of America/West Foundation, Donaldson practices at his Beverly Hills law firm, Donaldson & Callif, where, in 2008, entertainment attorney Lisa A  Callif became a partner 

United States v  Stevens
Donaldson played a significant part in the Supreme Court of the United States’ United States v  Stevens case by arranging the amicus brief that was filed by four documentary film organizations the members of which were directly affected by the Supreme Court's decision – the International Documentary Association, Film Independent, the Independent Feature Project, and the Independent Film & Television Alliance The amicus brief was filed on behalf of a documentary filmmaker who made a film about the history of pit bulls and included a clip of dog fights in Japan, where dog fighting is legal  Filmmaker Robert Stevens was sentenced to three years in prison for violating a federal statute that criminalizes the depiction of cruelty to animals in film 
Through this brief the organizations urged the court to rule in favor of Stevens because of the case's First Amendment implications 
On April 20, 2010, the United States Supreme Court ruled 8–1 in favor of voiding a 1999 animal cruelty law in favor of free speech protections guaranteed by the First Amendment to the United States Constitution 

Chevron v  Joe Berlinger
Donaldson prepared an amicus brief in support of filmmaker Joe Berlinger, who was ordered to hand over some 600 hours of raw footage shot in connection with his documentary Crude  Chevron Corporation requested the footage, intending to use it to defend itself in an Ecuadorian class-action lawsuit (filed against it for environmental contamination to the Amazon rainforest) as well as to help fend off the threatened criminal prosecution of two of its attorneys in the litigation The brief was prepared pro bono by Donaldson's firm and filed in an effort to protect against the potentially devastating consequences the subpoena could have on the role documentary filmmakers play in providing independent information on human rights and social issues through their use of the First Amendment right known as Reporters' Privilege  A number of industry organizations and individuals signed on to the brief, including Film Independent, IFP Inc , Alex Gibney, and Eddie Schmidt, who was president of the International Documentary Association Actor, director, and environmental activist Robert Redford, has made his thoughts on the issue known in public media platforms 

Digital Millennium Copyright Act
On July 26, 2010, the United States Copyright Office ruled that documentary filmmakers would be exempt from the provisions of the DMCA (Digital Millennium Copyright Act of 1998) that criminalize the act of circumventing electronic and digital copyright protection systems when ripping material from DVDs  The exemption was the result of an action spearheaded by Donaldson who assembled a coalition of award-winning documentarians and filmmaker organizations and provided pro bono legal council for the legal request Prior to the ruling, documentary filmmakers were forced to use technically inferior methods to obtain copyrighted material permitted them by the fair use doctrine in United States copyright law  The exemption allows documentarians to legally obtain portions of encrypted or digitally locked material from DVDs for non-infringing use in their films The exemption was in effect through October 28, 2012   On October 26, 2012, the Librarian of Congress published a new set of exemptions, effective October 28, 2001 through October 28, 2015, that provide substantially the same filmmaker rights 

Net neutrality
Donaldson assisted in the effort to ensure that documentary filmmakers have the same rights as major studios in terms of the speed at which their films will be able to travel the internet  He, along with Jack I  Lerner and the USC Intellectual Property and Technology Law Clinic, organized the efforts on a pro-bono bases in support of the principle termed Net Neutrality  The fight was led by the International Documentary Association and was supported by such additional organizations as Film Independent, University Film & Video Association, Independent Filmmaker Project, Independent Feature Project Chicago, IFP Minnesota and National Alliance for Media Arts and Culture 
On January 2, 2011, the FCC ruled in favor of net neutrality in a 3-to-2 vote 

Lee & William Storey v  Commissioner of Internal Revenue
In support of the documentary film community's tax status, Donaldson, along with his firm's team of attorneys, prepared an amicus brief on a pro-bono basis urging the United States Tax Court to recognize that documentary films are overwhelmingly undertaken in the pursuit of a profit  It was filed in response to the Internal Revenue Service's challenge of filmmaker Lee Storey's business expenses associated with his documentary Smile ‘Til It Hurts: The Up With People Story 
During Storey's March 2011 trial, a judge expressed an inclination to hold that documentaries are intended to “educate and expose” rather than make a profit 
If documentary filmmaking were to be viewed by the IRS as merely a means to persuade or entertain – and not intended to turn a profit – documentarians would no longer be able to claim deductions incurred in the production of such films On Thursday, April 19, 2012, U S  Tax Court Judge Diane L  Kroupa recognized documentary filmmaking as a legitimate business and ruled that Storey can write off the entirety of her filmmaking losses, which were in the amount of hundreds of thousands of dollars 

Judge Learned Hand
On May 5, 2013, Los Angeles Review of Books – an online literary review journal that covers the American and international book scene – published Donaldson's review of the book Reason and Imagination: the Selected Correspondence of Learned Hand, a collection of Judge Learned Hand's personal letters  Aside from a few members of the US Supreme Court, Hand is the most-quoted judge in American history  In his extensive, 2700-word review, Donaldson describes the book as "a sweeping retelling of American history from one of its most intelligent, dispassionate participants "

Escape from Tomorrow
Donaldson was the key proponent in assuring the film Escape from Tomorrow fell under the fair-use doctrine and was insurable 
Escape from Tomorrow premiered at the Sundance Film Festival in January 2013  The film was shot entirely guerilla-style at Disney World and Disneyland without obtaining permission from the parks  The issue with getting the movie insured was not merely that it was shot secretly inside the parks, but that the movie is a parody of Disney that portrays a “darker” side, which goes against the company brand In order to get the movie insured, Donaldson issued an opinion letter to the insurance company presenting a case for fair use, trademark, public domain, and access issues  The opinion letter was the longest that his office had ever written; it took 4 months to assemble  The E&O insurance policy was issued in the standard time of one week  The film was released to theaters and video on October 11, 2013 

The Central Park Five
Donaldson worked alongside New York attorney Andrew Cielli to prepare and file an amicus brief on behalf of documentary filmmakers Ken Burns, Sarah Burns, and David McMahon, who produced the documentary The Central Park Five  The brief was supported by the International Documentary Association, NAMAC, and Film Independent The Central Park Five chronicles the story of five men wrongfully accused of raping a Central Park jogger in 1989  They were later exonerated after another man confessed and provided DNA evidence  Eight years later the wrongfully accused filed a 50 million dollar lawsuit against the state of New York, claiming their confessions were coerced and their case was mishandled  In its defense, the state of New York attempted to obtain outtakes from the film, claiming the documentarians forfeited their journalistic privilege because they advocated on behalf of the subjects of the documentary Donaldson fought for the filmmakers, arguing that preservation of journalistic privilege is essential in order for documentarians’ work to be effective, despite how the story was discovered or how passionately they advocate for their subjects  On February 19, 2013, U S  Magistrate Judge Ronald L  Ellis ruled in favor of the documentary filmmakers preserving their journalistic privilege 

Orphan works legislation
On April 2, 2014, Donaldson testified before the House Judiciary Committee in Washington, DC on behalf of the Independent Documentary Association and Film Independent on the subject of orphan works  Orphan words are copyrighted works whose owners cannot be contacted or found despite a diligent search  Donaldson's testimony urged Congress to consider documentary and independent filmmakers when crafting new legislation on orphan works since, under current law, filmmakers are at risk of being hit with huge damages when using unlicensed material, no matter how diligent a search for the owners 

As an author
Donaldson's Clearance & Copyright: Everything the Independent Filmmaker Needs to Know is used as a textbook in over 50 college and university film schools across America  He is also the author of Negotiating for Dummies, which has been translated into 9 languages, as well as Do It Yourself! Trademarks & Copyrights and Fearless Negotiating: The Wish, Want, Walk Method To Reaching Agreements That Work 
In 2010, Donaldson released The American Bar Association's Legal Guide To Independent Filmmaking, which he co-authored with his partner Lisa A  Callif 

Recognition
Donaldson was honored with the International Documentary Association's Amicus Award in 2009  He was included in The Hollywood Reporter's "Power Lawyers" list in 2010 and 2011  In 2012 he was included in Variety's Legal Impact Report 2012: Game-Changing Attorneys  And he was selected as a Super Lawyer in 2009, 2012 and 2013 

Bibliography
The E-Z Legal Guide to Trademarks & Copyrights (1995)
Do It Yourself! Trademarks & Copyrights (1995)
Clearance & Copyright: Everything the Independent Filmmaker Needs to Know (1996)
Negotiating for Dummies (1996)
Negotiating for Dummies 2nd Edition (2007)
Fearless Negotiating: The Wish, Want, Walk Method To Reaching Agreements That Work (2007)
Clearance & Copyright: Everything You Need to Know for Film and Television (2008)
The American Bar Association's Legal Guide To Independent Filmmaking (2010) (by Michael C  Donaldson & Lisa A  Callif)
Context 3: 
During the Subprime mortgage crisis, loan modification became a matter of national policy, with various actions taken to alter mortgage loan terms to prevent further economic destabilization 

United States 1930s
During the Great Depression in the United States a number of mortgage modification programs were enacted by the states to limit foreclosure sales and subsequent homelessness and its economic impact   Because of the shrinkage of the economy, many borrowers lost their jobs and income and were unable to maintain their mortgage payments  In 1933, the Minnesota Mortgage Moratorium Act was challenged by a bank which argued before the United States Supreme Court that it was a violation of the contract clause of the Constitution  In Home Building & Loan Association v  Blaisdell, the court upheld the law imposing a mandatory mortgage modification 

United States 2000s
According to the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC) chairman, Sheila C  Bair, looking back as far as the 1980s, "the FDIC applied workout procedures for troubled loans out of bank failures, modifying loans to make them affordable and to turn nonperforming into performing loans by offering refinances, loan assumptions, and family loan transfers "The U S  housing boom of the first few years of the 21st century ended abruptly in 2006  Housing starts, which peaked at more than 2 million units in 2005, plummeted to just over half that level  Home prices, which were increasing at double-digit rates nationally in 2004 and 2005, have fallen dramatically since (see Chart 1)  As home prices decline, the number of problem mortgages, particularly in sub-prime and Alt-A portfolios, is rising  As of third quarter 2007, the percentage of sub-prime adjustable-rate mortgages (ARMs) that were seriously delinquent or in foreclosure reached 15 6 percent, more than double the level of a year ago (see Chart 2)  The deterioration in credit performance began in the industrial Midwest, where economic conditions have been the weakest, but has now (2006–2007) spread to the former boom markets of Florida, California, and other coastal states 
Chart 1

Chart 2

During 2007, investors and ratings agencies have repeatedly downgraded assumptions about sub-prime credit performance  A Merrill Lynch study published in July estimated that if U S  home prices fell only 5 percent, subprime credit losses to investors would total just under $150 billion, and Alt-A credit losses would total $25 billion  On the heels of this report came news that the S&P/Case-Shiller Composite Home Price Index for 10 large U S  cities had fallen in August to a level that was already 5 percent lower than a year ago, with the likelihood of a similar decline over the coming year 
The complexity of many mortgage-backed securitization structures has heightened the overall risk aversion of investors, resulting in what has become a broader illiquidity in global credit markets  These disruptions have led to a precipitous decline in sub-prime lending, a significant reduction in the availability of Alt-A loans, and higher interest rates on jumbo loans (see Chart 3)  The tightening in mortgage credit has placed further downward pressure on home sales and home prices, a situation that now could derail the U S  economic expansion Chart 3

Residential mortgage credit quality continues to weaken, with both delinquencies and charge-offs on the rise at FDIC-insured institutions This trend, in tandem with upward pricing of hybrid adjustable-rate mortgage (ARM) loans, falling home prices, and fewer refinancing options, underscores the urgency of finding a workable solution to current problems in the sub-prime mortgage market  Legislators, regulators, bankers, mortgage servicers, and consumer groups have been debating the merits of strategies that may help preserve home ownership, minimize foreclosures, and restore some stability to local housing markets On December 6, 2007, an industry-led plan was announced to help avert foreclosure for certain sub-prime homeowners who face unaffordable payments when their interest rates reset  This plan provides for a streamlined process to extend the starter rates on sub-prime ARMs for at least five years in cases where borrowers remain current on their loans but cannot refinance or afford the higher payments after reset  An important component of the industry-led plan is detailed reporting of loan modification activity  Working with the United States Treasury Department and other bank regulators, the FDIC will monitor loan modification levels and seek adjustments to the protocols if warranted 

Loss Mitigation Mediation (LMM) Program
Mediation is usually a great way for a plaintiff and defendant to sit down with a neutral arbiter to hash out their differences and come to a resolution that is usually better than continued litigation  Mediation is successful in all types of disputes including personal injury cases, contract disputes and even divorces  However, in these cases, circuit court judges will readily punish a party who fails to attend mediation or who attends but fails to comply with the mediation order 
In 2009, the Florida Supreme Court forced every Florida Circuit Court (the courts in which Foreclosure Lawsuits are heard), to implement a mediation program for homeowners facing Foreclosure  This program was called the “Residential Mortgage Foreclosure Mediation” (RMFM) Program  The idea was for lenders to provide an in-person or telephonic meeting with the Homeowner/Defendant in the presence of an impartial mediator to discuss the Foreclosure Lawsuit and possible alternatives (including Loan Modification, Deed in Lieu of Foreclosure, and Short Sale) The RMFM Program was cancelled in 2011 following widespread criticism of the program  The RMFM failed because it had no teeth, because judges were reluctant to punish the mortgage companies for failing to mediate in good faith, and because borrowers were not receiving the cooperation they needed from the banks  In short, the RMFM was a complete waste of time, not because mediation is a bad idea but because of the limited loss mitigation options and because most state court judges could not or would not enforce the program In 2012, the Bankruptcy Court in the Middle District of Florida implemented its own version of the failed RMFM, but unlike the state court version, it has seen a much higher success rate  One Orlando bankruptcy attorney reported a 90% success rate, with 18% of his modifications involving principal reduction  Similar programs have also been instituted by Bankruptcy courts in New York and Rhode Island Following the lead of the Middle District, the Southern District of Florida Bankruptcy Court has initiated its own loss mitigation mediation (“LMM”) program  The LMM Program kicked off on April 1, 2013 and unlike the Middle District, the Southern District's program has more requirements for all parties and includes debtors in all chapters, not just Chapter 13  Chapter 7 debtors may use LMM to request a surrender of the property (a real surrender that provides for a transfer of title)  LMM may be used by Chapter 13 debtors to request and apply for modification through mediation or surrender of any property they no longer want to own 
The Southern District's program also includes the utilization of a document processing program called the DMM Portal  Participants in the LMM program will use this secure online portal for the exchange of documents and communication  This program will help ensure that documents sent between the lender and the borrower and not lost or misplaced  Instant uploads and verification of transmissions are a hallmark of the portal 
Election to participate in the LMM program will suspend any pending motions for relief from stay (“MFR”)  However, while an LMM is pending, debtors will be required to pay 31% of their gross monthly income through the Chapter 13 plan as an “adequate protection” payment  The fees a debtor will have to pay to participate in the program will typically include an $1,800 fee to their bankruptcy attorney for handling the modification through their Chapter 13 plan and an approximately $300 fee to the mediator While the bankruptcy mediation program does not guarantee a residential loan modification, it does make it much harder for a mortgage servicer to reject a modification because of the stringent requirement to act in good faith  For instance, if a servicer rejects a HAMP application, it will have to explain why  Often, a rejection is based upon a miscalculation, a misinterpretation, or an oversight  In this program, the debtor's attorney can demand that the servicer's representative explain his calculations  Often, the mistakes are found and corrected, resulting in the modification being accepted 
While mortgage modification and bankruptcy may not be the solution to all distressed mortgage problems, it will certainly provide an additional venue for homeowners in need  Applying for a modification through bankruptcy may provide relief from the dischargeable debts that are keeping the debtor from being able to make the mortgage payments and provide the lenders a guarantee that the borrower is no longer obligated by those burdens 

Streamlined modification process
The adoption of this streamlined modification framework is an additional tool that servicers will now have to help avoid preventable foreclosures  This framework will not only help homeowners who receive a streamlined modification, but will also further address servicer capacity concerns by freeing up resources, helping ensure that borrowers do not fall through the cracks because servicers aren't able to get to them This is the first time the industry has agreed on an industry standard  The benchmark ratio for calculating the affordable payment is 38 percent of monthly gross household income  Once the affordable payment is determined, there are several steps the servicer can take to create that payment – extending the term, reducing the interest rate, and forbearing interest  In the event that the affordable payment is still beyond the borrower's means, the borrower's situation will be reviewed on a case-by-case basis using a cash flow budget  This program resulted from a unified effort among the Enterprises, Hope Now and its 27 servicer partners, Treasury, the Federal Housing Administration (FHA) and Federal Housing Finance Agency (FHFA)  In addition, we’ve drawn on the FDIC's experience and assistance from developing the IndyMac streamlined approach and have greatly benefited from the FDIC's input and example  To accommodate the need for more flexibility among a larger number of servicers, the Streamlined Modification Program does differ from the IndyMac model in a few areas  However, it uses the same fundamental tools to achieve the same affordability target The Streamlined Modification Program (SMP) was developed in collaboration with the FHFA, the Department of Treasury, Freddie Mac, and members of the HOPE NOW Alliance 

SMP eligibility criteria
The SMP eligibility criteria include:

Conforming conventional or jumbo conforming mortgage loans originated on or before January 1, 2008;
At least three payments past due;
The loan is secured by a one-unit property that is the borrower's primary residence;
Current mark-to-market loan to value (LTV) of 90 percent or more; and
Property is not abandoned, vacant, condemned, or in a serious state of disrepair 
SMP is designed to reduce distressed borrowers' monthly mortgage payments to an amount equal to 38 percent of their monthly gross income  To do so, servicers may, in the following order:
Capitalize accrued interest, escrow advances and costs, if allowed by state law;
Extend the term of the mortgage loan by up to 480 months;
Reduce the mortgage loan interest rate in increments of  125% to a fixed rate that is not less than 3% (if this exercise results in a below market rate, it will, after 5 years, step up in annual increments to a market rate);
As a last resort, provide for principal forbearance, which will result in a balloon payment fully due and payable upon borrower's sale of the property or payoff or maturity of the loan Borrowers meeting the SMP eligibility requirements enter into a trial period in which they must make monthly loan payments equal to the proposed modified payment  Timely payments must be made for three consecutive months before a borrower's loan can be modified under the SMP The "Streamlined Modification Plan," or SMP, which is an expansion of what many lenders are already doing, was implemented starting December 15, 2008 

IndyMAC plan
With the George W  Bush administration refusing to enact FDIC Chairwoman Sheila Bair's controversial loan modification plan, lawmakers are taking matters into their own hands 
Offer proactive workout solutions designed to address borrowers who have the willingness but limited capacity to pay Return the loan to a current status 
Capitalize delinquent interest and escrow 
Modify the loan terms based on waterfalls, starting at a front-end 38 percent HTI ratio down to a 31 percent HTI ratio subject to a formal net present value (NPV) floor 
Reduce interest rate to as low as 3 percent 
Extend, if necessary, the amortization and/or term of the loan to 40 years 
Forbear principal if necessary Provide borrowers the opportunity to stay in their home while making an affordable payment for the life of the loan Require the borrower to make one payment at the time of the modification 
Cap the interest rate at the Freddie Mac Weekly Survey rate effective as required to meet the target HTI ratio, fixing the adjusted rate and monthly payment amount for 5 years 
Step up the initial interest rate gradually starting in year 6 by increasing it one percentage point each year until reaching the Freddie Mac Weekly Survey rate cap Use a financial model with supportable assumptions to ensure investor interests are protected Input borrower specific income information into the NPV Tool, which provides a real-time workout solution 
Perform automated loan level underwriting across large segments of the portfolio to support pre-approved bulk mailings 
Verify income information the borrower provided via check stubs, tax returns, and/or bank statements 
Compare the cost of foreclosure to mitigate losses 
Mandate that the cost of the modification must be less than the estimated foreclosure loss Borrower eligibilityThe loan is at least 60 days delinquent where the loan is considered one day delinquent on the day following the next payment due date  Many servicing contracts often contain a standard clause allowing the servicer to modify seriously delinquent or defaulted mortgages, or mortgages where default is “reasonably foreseeable” 
Foreclosure sale is not imminent and the borrower is currently not in bankruptcy, or has not been discharged from Chapter 7 bankruptcy since the loan was originated 
The loan was not originated as a second home or an investment property "We (IndyMac Bank) commend FDIC Chairman Sheila Bair for her leadership in developing a systematic loan modification protocol  FHFA, the GSEs and HOPE NOW relied heavily on the IndyMac model in developing this new protocol"   
As history unfolds on the U S  Housing and Finance crisis that caused the persistent recession, the (IndyMac Bank) bankruptcy and ensuing scandal are important to understand   A dynamic interplay between social good, capital ownership and the rule of law is ongoing in the U S  experiment with the democratic process   Much of the business models of IndyMac and also the government backed FrannieMae and FreddieMac quasi-banks were based on concentrated debt   This model became very high risk as it was based on the faulty assumption that housing values would increase   In fact, the prevalence of their mortgages greatly fed the housing bubble with significant crossfunding and possible corruption to the government regulatory function through dramatic campaign funding contributions from these organizations   In the less regulated business climate of the late 1800s, speculative bubbles were corrected by painful financial panics   True understanding is yet to be documented for the speculative housing bubble of 2008, but federal government management has seemingly replaced the severity of a financial panic with a persistent yet less severe correction   This correction is becoming known at the Great Recession 

Fannie Mae/Freddie Mac Plan
In the task at hand to make headway against foreclosures and the depressed housing market  Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac entered a new phase on December 9, 2008 for a fast-track program meant to make "hundreds of thousands of mortgages affordable to people who can't currently meet their monthly payments "Through the SMP, servicers may change the terms of a loan to reduce a borrower's first lien monthly mortgage payment, including taxes, insurance and homeowners association payments, to an amount equal to 38 percent of gross monthly income  The changes in terms may include one or more of the following:
Adding the accrued interest, escrow advances and costs to the principal balance of the loan, if allowed by state law;
Extending the length of the mortgage loan as appropriate;
Reducing the mortgage loan interest rate in increments of 0 125 percent to an interest rate that is not less than 3 percent  If the new rate is set below the market interest rate, after five years it  will step up in annual increments to either the original loan interest rate or the market interest rate at the time of the modification, whichever is lower;
Forbearing on a portion of the principal, which will require the borrower to make a balloon payment when the loan matures, is paid off, or is refinanced 

Eligibility requirements
Conforming conventional and jumbo conforming mortgage loans originated on or before January 1, 2009;
Borrowers who are at least three or more payments past due and are not currently in bankruptcy;
Only one-unit, owner-occupied, primary residences; and
Current mark-to-market loan-to-value ratio of 90 percent or more 

New servicer guidance
Fannie Mae's foreclosure prevention efforts have generally been made available to a borrower only after a delinquency occurs  Under Fannie Mae's new guidance, loan servicers can use foreclosure prevention tools to assist distressed borrowers when a borrower demonstrates the need  As noted above, these guidelines apply to borrowers who are still current in their payments, but whose default is reasonably foreseeable  This new guideline is effective immediately, and borrowers may obtain information on eligibility at MakingHomeAffordable gov 

Hope for Homeowners Plan (HUD)/FHA
The HOPE for Homeowners Act (H4H) Program is effective for endorsements on or after October 1, 2008, through September 30, 2011 
Affordability versus value:  lenders will take a loss on the difference between the existing obligations and the new loan, which is set at 96 5 percent of current appraised value   The lender may choose to provide homeowners with an affordable monthly mortgage payment through a loan modification rather than accepting the losses associated with declining property values 
Borrower eligibility:  Lenders that determine the H4H program is a feasible and effective option for mitigating losses will assess the homeowner's eligibility for the program:The existing mortgage was originated on or before January 1, 2008;
Existing mortgage payment(s) as of March 1, 2008 exceeds 31 percent of the borrowers gross monthly income for fixed-rate mortgages; For ARMs, the existing mortgage payment(s) exceeds 31 percent of the borrowers gross monthly income as of March 1, 2008 OR the date of the new loan application 
The homeowner did not intentionally default, does not have an ownership interest in other residential real estate and has not been convicted of fraud in the last 10 years under Federal and state law; and
The homeowner did not provide materially false information (e g , lied about income) to obtain the mortgage that is being refinanced into the H4H mortgage 

Original cost
3 percent upfront mortgage insurance premium and a 1 5 percent annual premium,
Equity and appreciation sharing with the Federal government, and
Prohibition against new junior liens against the property unless they are directly related to property maintenance The HUDS fact sheet gives full details 

Updated Hope for Homeowners improvements
Eliminates 3% upfront premium
Reduces 1 5% annual premium to a range between  55% and  75%, based on risk-based pricing (also makes technical fix to permit discontinuation of fees when loan balance drops below certain levels, consistent with normal FHA policy)
Raises maximum loan to value (LTV) from 90% to 93% for borrowers above a 31% mortgage debt to income (DTI) ratio or above a 43% ratio
Eliminates government profit sharing of appreciation over market value of home at time of refi  Retains government declining share (from 100% to 50% after five years) of equity created by the refi, to be paid at time of sale or refi as an exit fee
Authorizes payments to servicers participating in successful refis
Administrative simplification:
eliminates borrower certifications regarding not intentionally defaulting on any debt,
eliminates special requirement to collect two years of tax returns,
eliminates originator liability for first payment default,
eliminates March 1, 2008 31% debt-to-income ratio (DTI) test,
eliminates prohibition against taking out future second loans,
requires Board to make documents, forms, and procedures conform to those under normal FHA loans to the maximum extent possible consistent with statutory requirements 

Troubled Assets Relief Program
The Troubled Assets Relief Program is a systematic foreclosure prevention and mortgage modification program established by the Secretary, in consultation with the Chairperson of the Board of Directors of the FDIC and the Secretary of Housing and Urban Development, that—

Provides lenders and loan servicers with certain compensation to cover administrative costs for each loan modified according to the required standards; and
Provides loss sharing or guarantees for certain losses incurred if a modified loan should subsequently re-default 

Commitment of resources
The comprehensive plan established pursuant to subsection (a) shall require the commitment of funds made available to the Secretary under title I of the Emergency Economic Stabilization Act of 2008 in an amount up to $100,000,000,000 but in no case less than $40,000,000,000 In a press conference Tuesday, Federal Housing Finance Agency director James Lockhart said the program would target high-risk borrowers — those 90 or more days delinquent on their mortgages — and employ various modification strategies to get borrowers down to an “affordable” mortgage payment, defined as 38 percent of a household's monthly gross income on a first mortgage payment 

Analysis of the results of the government-sponsored programs
The Office of the Comptroller of the Currency and the Office of Thrift Supervision reported on 2009-04-03

"Nearly one in four loan modifications in the fourth quarter actually resulted in increased monthly payments"   This can occur when late fees or past-due interest are added to the monthly payment 
The redefault rate was about 50 percent where the monthly payment was unchanged or increased, and 26 percent where the payment was decreased 

Home Affordable Modification Program
Program Formed
Purpose
The Home Affordable Modification Program (HAMP) was established on February 18, 2009 to help up from 7 to 8 million struggling homeowners at risk of foreclosure by working with their lenders to lower monthly mortgage payments  The Program is part of the Making Home Affordable Program which was created by the Financial Stability Act of 2009  The program was built as collaboration with banks, services, credit unions, the FHA, the VA, the USDA and the Federal Housing Finance Agency, to create standard loan modification guidelines for lenders to take into consideration when evaluating a borrower for a potential loan modification   Over 110 major lenders have already signed onto the program   The Program is now looked upon as the industry standard practice for lenders to analyze potential modification applicants Early 2012 the Treasury redesigned the HAMP as Tier 1 for the original first-lien modification process and on June 1, 2012 Tier 2 became available  Tier 2 is for either owner-occupied properties or rental properties  For mortgages secured by rental properties, only those that are two or more payments delinquent are eligible 

Eligibility requirements
The program abides by the following eligibility and verification criteria: 

Loans originated on or before January 1, 2009
First-lien loans on owner-occupied properties with unpaid principal balance up to $729,750
Higher limits allowed for owner-occupied properties with 2-4 units
All borrowers must fully document income, including signed IRS 4506-T, proof of income (i e  paystubs or tax returns), and must sign an affidavit of financial hardship
Property owner occupancy status will be verified through borrower credit report and other documentation; no investor-owned, vacant, or condemned properties
Incentives to lenders and servicers to modify at risk borrowers who have not yet missed payments when the servicer determines that the borrower is at imminent risk of default
Modifications can start from now until December 31, 2016; loans can be modified only once under the program

Loan modification terms and procedures
Participating servicers are required to service all eligible loans under the rules of the program unless explicitly prohibited by contract; servicers are required to use reasonable efforts to obtain waivers of limits on participation 
Participating loan servicers will be required to use a net present value (NPV) test on each loan that is at risk of imminent default or at least 60 days delinquent  The NPV test will compare the net present value of cash flows with modification and without modification  If the test is positive: meaning that the net present value of expected cash flow is greater in the modification scenario: the servicer must modify absent fraud or a contract prohibition 
Parameters of the NPV test are spelled out in the guidelines, including acceptable discount rates, property valuation methodologies, home price appreciation assumptions, foreclosure costs and timelines, and borrower cure and redefault rate assumptions 
Servicers will follow a specified sequence of steps in order to reduce the monthly payment to no more than 31% of gross monthly income (DTI) 
The modification sequence requires first reducing the interest rate for trial period of 3–9 months(subject to a rate floor of 2%), then if necessary extending the term or amortization of the loan up to a maximum of 40 years, and then if necessary forbearing principal  Principal forgiveness or a Hope for Homeowners refinancing are acceptable alternatives 
It is noteworthy that this interest rate is not fixed, and will generally increase 1%/year until it reaches what ever the current rate is 5 years after the modification  Often it includes a balloon payment at the end of the first 5 years   This practice has been found controversial by many in the financial world as it is expected to bring about a slurry of new foreclosures in 5 years when homeowners will once again not be able to pay their mortgage due to the interest rate hike, or the balloon payment 
The monthly payment includes principal, interest, taxes, insurance, flood insurance, homeowner's association and/or condominium fees  Monthly income includes wages, salary, overtime, fees, commissions, tips, social security, pensions, and all other income 
Servicers must enter into the program agreements with Treasury's financial agent on or before December 31, 2009 

Payments to servicers, lenders, and responsible borrowers
The Program will share with the lender/investor the cost of reductions in monthly payments from 38% DTI to 31% DTI 
Servicers that modify loans according to the guidelines will receive an up-front fee of $1,000 for each modification, plus “pay for success” fees on still-performing loans of $1,000 per year 
Homeowners who make their payments on time are eligible for up to $1,000 of principal reduction payments each year for up to five years 
The program will provide one-time bonus incentive payments of $1,500 to lender/investors and $500 to servicers for modifications made while a borrower is still current on mortgage payments 
The program will include incentives for extinguishing second liens on loans modified under this program 
No payments will be made under the program to the lender/investor, servicer, or borrower unless and until the servicer has first entered into the program agreements with Treasury's financial agent 
Similar incentives will be paid for Hope for Homeowner refinances 

Transparency and accountability
Measures to prevent and detect fraud, such as documentation and audit requirements, will be central to the program 
Servicers will be required to collect, maintain and transmit records for verification and compliance review, including borrower eligibility, underwriting, incentive payments, property verification, and other documentation 
Freddie Mac is appointed the compliance officer of the program 

Warnings to people looking to apply for program
Foreclosure rescue and mortgage modification scams are a growing problem  Homeowners must protect themselves so they do not lose money or their home   Scammers make promises that they cannot keep, such as guarantees to “save” your home or lower your mortgage, often for a fee  Scammers may pretend that they have direct contact with your mortgage servicer when they do not Even amongst reputable refinance organizations, the fundamental education of the house owner is not stressed   Some may even request struggling homeowners to pledge their time to become politically active   The controversy exists between personal integrity and the concept of a 'right to homeownership'   Many euphemisms are used to implicitly stress the concept that homeownership is not the result of a lifetime of effort but a government-given right   These euphemisms like "HOPE, relief and Save-the-Dream" as used above in naming or implementing the loan modification programs   The origins of the word 'mortgage' is a death pledge—a concept that perhaps even exceeds the common view of personal integrity   At the foundation of homeownership should be a personal long-term commitment to pay the terms of the mortgage   On the bankers side of the contract, their business model is regulated by the 'social good' which are implemented by government by chartering banks   If the banks implement policies that lead to financial bubbles and panics, a democratic government is equipped with the tools to uncharter and redistribute a banks assets Bank crisis in the united states

Free resources for potential applicants
There are free resources available for potential applicants   

Homeowners can call the Homeowner's HOPE Hotline at 1-888-995-HOPE (4673) for information about the Making Home Affordable Program and to speak with a HUD approved housing counselor  Assistance is available in English and Spanish, and other languages by appointment 
HUD org helps applicants find a local counselor  HUD gov
MakingHomeAffordable gov computes estimated payments and has other resources  Making Home Affordable
Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac allow applicants see if their loan is owned by one of them and thus potentially eligible for the program Fannie Mae Loan Look Up Freddie Mac Loan Look Up

Lender participants
A list of lenders signed on is on the Making Home Affordable website  List of HAMP Lenders

See also
Escrow
Neighborhood Assistance Corporation of America (NACA)
Mortgage assumption
Predatory lending



ground_truth: Neighbours

prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: The arena where the Lewiston Maineiacs played their home games can seat how many people?

The following are given passages.
Context 4: 's spiritual principles have come   Sam is one of the great channels, one of the prime sources of influences that have gathered themselves into what is now A A "
In 1976, facing financial difficulty, Calvary parish merged with the nearby parishes of St  George's Church and the Church of the Holy Communion   The Holy Communion buildings were deconsecrated and sold to pay down the debts of the new combined parish, eventually becoming the Limelight disco, and the remaining two churches continued to operate as Calvary-St  George's Parish  Calvary House is now rented out as offices 

Notable people
Notable clergymen, parishioners, and others associated with Calvary Church have included:

Chester A  Arthur (1829–1886) – The future 21st President of the United States was married to Ellen Lewis Herndon in Calvary Church on October 25, 1859 
John Jacob Astor III (1822–1890) – Astor, a parishioner who married Charlotte Augusta Gibbes in Calvary Church on December 9, 1846, was a financier and philanthropist and the father of William Waldorf Astor, 1st Viscount Astor 
Alva Belmont (1853–1933) – Alva Erskine Smith married William Kissam Vanderbilt at Calvary Church on April 20, 1875, in what was "reported as 'the grandest wedding witnessed in [New York City] for many years '"  Their only daughter was Consuelo Vanderbilt   After the death of her second husband, Oliver Belmont, Alva Belmont became a major figure in the women's suffrage movement 
Charles Loring Brace (1826–1890) – A parishioner and a prominent social reformer, Brace is considered a father of the modern foster care movement and was most renowned for starting the Orphan Train movement of the mid-19th century and for founding The Children's Aid Society; he is commemorated in a window in Calvary's chapel 
Benjamin Brewster (1860–1941) – After serving as a vicar at Calvary (1887–1891), Brewster was consecrated Missionary Bishop of Western Colorado and Bishop of Maine 
Arthur Cleveland Coxe (1818–1896) – Coxe, who became rector of Calvary in 1863, was consecrated as the second bishop of Western New York in 1865 
Rebecca Salome Foster (1848–1902) – missionary/prison relief worker known as the "Tombs Angel" because she attended to criminals incarcerated at the New York Halls of Justice and House of Detention (otherwise known as "The Tombs")  At her February 1902 funeral "All of the court officers of the Courts of General Sessions the Criminal Branch of the Supreme Court and the Court of Special Sessions attended "
Archibald Gracie IV (1858–1912) – American Army Officer and Titanic Survivor  Calvary was the scene of both his marriage and his funeral 
Henry Wellington Greatorex (1816–1853) – English-born organist at Calvary whose setting for the "Gloria Patri" is widely used to this day in Protestant denominations for the singing of the doxology 
Calvin Hampton (1938–1984) – Calvin Hampton, a leading American organist and sacred music composer, served as Calvary's organist and choirmaster from 1963 to 1983 
Childe Hassam (1859–1935) – Calvary Church was depicted by the American Impressionist artist Childe Hassam  Works featuring the church include "Calvary Church in the Snow," painted in 1893 
Francis Lister Hawks (1798–1866) – Rector from 1850 until 1862, Dr  Hawks was a scholar, the Historiographer of the Protestant Episcopal Church, and editor of Appletons' Cyclopædia of Biography (1856) 
Philip Kearny (1815–1862) – Parishioner who was a major general in the United States Army, notable for his leadership in the Mexican–American War and American Civil War; killed in action in the Battle of Chantilly 
James Kent (1763–1847) – Jurist, legal scholar, chief justice of the New York Supreme Court, and Chancellor of New York who attended Calvary, lastly for his funeral in 1847 
General George B  McClellan (1826–1885) – General McClellan, the major general during the American Civil War who organized the Army of the Potomac, was married in Calvary Church on May 22, 1860 
James Renwick Jr  (1818–1895) – Architect of the present building 
Eleanor Roosevelt (1884–1962) – Like several members of the Roosevelt family, the future First Lady of the United States was a Calvary Church parishioner   Her parents, Elliott Bulloch Roosevelt and Anna Rebecca Hall, were married in Calvary Church on December 1, 1883   Eleanor Roosevelt was baptized at Calvary Church in 1885 with her uncle, the future President of the United States Theodore Roosevelt, standing godfather 
Henry Yates Satterlee (1843–1908) – Satterlee was rector of Calvary from 1882 to 1896 before becoming first Episcopal Bishop of Washington 
Samuel Moor Shoemaker (1893–1963) – The Reverend Dr  Samuel Moor Shoemaker, Calvary's rector from 1925 to 1952, is remembered as a co-founder and spiritual leader of Alcoholics Anonymous 
Jonathan Mayhew Wainwright (1792–1854) – Dr  Wainwright was elected rector in 1850; he was instrumental in the founding of New York University and was later a bishop 
Edith Wharton (1862–1937) – The George Frederick Jones family, including young Edith Newbold Jones, lived in the parish and worshipped at Calvary   The rector's daughter, Emelyn Washburn, introduced Edith to Goethe, who became her favorite writer  Calvary was used as the setting for Mrs  Wharton’s 1920 Pulitzer Prize-winning novel, The Age of Innocence, and Dr  Ashmore, a character in the novel, was modeled after the Rev  Edward Washburn (rector, 1865–81) 

See also
Calvary-St George's Parish
St  George's Episcopal Church (Manhattan)
Church of the Holy Communion and Buildings, a deconsecrated church
Grace Church (Manhattan)
Passage 6:
277 Park Avenue
277 Park Avenue is an office building in the Midtown Manhattan neighborhood of New York City  It stands on the east side of Park Avenue between East 47th and 48th Streets, and is 687 feet (209 m) tall, with 50 floors  It is tied with two other buildings, 55 Water Street and 5 Beekman Street, as the 73rd tallest building in New York  The building is assigned its own ZIP Code, 10172; it was one of 41 buildings in Manhattan that had their own ZIP Codes as of 2019 The building currently houses parts of JPMorgan Chase's Investment Bank, Commercial Bank, and other corporate functions  JP Morgan's takeover of Bear Stearns in 2008 resulted in most investment banking employees moving to 383 Madison Avenue to reduce the leased real estate footprint in Midtown  277 Park Avenue remains under the ownership of the family-owned Stahl Organization, the building's original developer  Previous tenants have included Penthouse Magazine, Schlumberger, Donaldson, Lufkin & Jenrette, and Chemical Bank (predecessor to JPMorgan Chase) 
The office building opened on July 13, 1964  An apartment building designed by McKim, Mead, and White previously occupied the site  One tenant of that building was the presidential campaign of John F  Kennedy  Prior to the construction of the McKim, Mead and White building, the block was among the landholdings of Elizabeth Goelet Kip and her son George Goelet Kip  In the 1870s, as part of the expansion of nearby Grand Central Depot, the land was subject to a protracted legal battle which resulted in Elizabeth Kip being forced by eminent domain to sell the land to the New York and Harlem Railroad for $212,500 

Tenants
Academy Securities
Australia and New Zealand Banking Group
Bregal Investments
Bregal Partners
Bregal Sagemount
Cassidy Turley
CCMP Capital
Cozen O’Connor
The Hartford
JPMorgan Chase
Sumitomo Mitsui Banking Corporation
Continental Grain Company
MHP Real Estate Services
Agricultural Bank of China
Bank of India, US Operations
Raymond James & Associates
Ladenburg Thalmann & Co  Inc 

See also
List of tallest buildings in New York City
Passage 7:
55 Water Street
55 Water Street is a 687-foot-tall (209 m) skyscraper on the East River in the Financial District of Lower Manhattan, New York City  The 53-story, 3 5-million-square-foot (325,000 m2) structure was completed in 1972  Designed by Emery Roth and Sons, the building was developed by the Uris brothers  At the time of completion, it was the world's largest privately owned office building by floor area  55 Water Street is built on a superblock bounded by Coenties Slip to the southwest, Water Street to the northwest, Old Slip to the northeast, and South Street and FDR Drive to the southeast  It is owned by the pension fund Retirement Systems of Alabama (RSA) 
55 Water Street is composed of two sections: a 53-story tower to the south and a 15-story wing to the north  The building's facade is made of masonry and glass  The south building is rectangular, while the north building contains sloped walls and runs parallel to the northwestern boundary of the site  The foundations are made of reinforced concrete-slab walls and the superstructure is made of steel  The upper stories each contain 55,000 sq ft (5,100 m2) of space, while the lower stories are almost double that size  There is an elevated public plaza on the eastern part of the site, known as Elevated Acre  Another public space to the southwest, Jeannette Park (now Vietnam Veterans Plaza), was expanded when 55 Water Street was constructed 
The Uris Buildings Corporation proposed erecting a 53-story building on the site in October 1968, and work began the next year  The building was topped out with a ceremony on June 18, 1971, and tenants began moving into the structure at the beginning of 1972  Initially, the space was taken by several financial firms, including the Chemical Bank of New York, which leased roughly a third of the space and owned 15 percent of the building  National Kinney Corporation bought a majority stake in the Uris properties by late 1973, and it sold 55 Water Street to Olympia and York in 1976  RSA bought the building in 1993 after Olympia and York had difficulties paying off the mortgage  The building was renovated in the 1990s and again in the 2010s 

Site
55 Water Street is in the Financial District of Lower Manhattan in New York City  The land lot covers an entire city block bounded by Coenties Slip to the southwest, Water Street to the northwest, Old Slip to the northeast, and South Street and the FDR Drive to the southeast  The site covers 160,692 sq ft (14,928 8 m2), with a frontage of 415 ft (126 m) on Water and South Streets and a depth of 355 ft (108 m)  The Fraunces Tavern block is to the northwest; the New York City Police Museum and 32 Old Slip are directly to the northeast; and 2 New York Plaza is to the west  Two blocks west of the building is the South Ferry transportation hub, consisting of the New York City Subway's South Ferry/Whitehall Street station and the Staten Island Ferry's Whitehall Terminal  In addition, the building is directly across FDR Drive from the Downtown Manhattan Heliport  The building is assigned its own ZIP Code, 10041; it was one of 41 buildings in Manhattan that had their own ZIP Codes as of 2019 55 Water Street occupies a superblock, which was created by combining four small city blocks  Prior to the construction of the current office building, the site had contained the headquarters of the Seamen's Church Institute of New York and New Jersey, designed by Warren and Wetmore  Cuylers Alley crossed the site from northwest to southeast, while Front Street bisected the site from southwest to northeast  Both streets were closed to make way for the building's construction  The entire site is reclaimed land; prior to the expansion of Lower Manhattan in the 18th and 19th centuries, the site was part of the East River 

Architecture
The building was designed by the firm of Emery Roth & Sons for Uris Buildings Corporation  It is one of six buildings that Emery Roth and Sons designed in the immediate area  55 Water Street is composed of two sections: a 53-story "south building" to the southwest (next to Jeannette Park) and a 15-story "north building" to the north (next to Water Street and Old Slip)  There is an elevated plaza near the eastern section of the site, adjacent to Old Slip and South Street 

Form and facade
The building's facade is made of masonry and glass  The south building is rectangular, with its longer axis running parallel to the southwestern boundary of the site  This was done to avoid obstructing views of the East River (next to 55 Water Street's southeastern boundary) from nearby buildings  The north building contains sloped walls and runs parallel to the northwestern boundary of the site  This gives the building an "L"-shape as seen from above  Between floors 2 and 14, the bronze glass windows are inset within the masonry curtain wall  The mullions of the windows are spaced 4 ft (1 2 m) apart The 53-story section is 687 ft (209 m) tall to its roof  Including rooftop dormers, the building measures 751 ft (229 m) tall to its pinnacle  The roof is made of a waterproof membrane finished with a layer of slag  Jaros, Baum & Bolles designed LED lighting for the parapet just below the building's roof 

Interior
When 55 Water Street was completed, it was the largest building in New York City, with 3,200,000 sq ft (297,000 m2) of rentable space  Including non-rentable space, the structure had a total area of 3,500,000 sq ft (330,000 m2)  At the time, this made 55 Water Street the world's largest privately owned office building  The Merchandise Mart and the Pentagon both had more office space, but they were owned by a governmental entity  The next largest buildings in New York City were the MetLife Building (originally the Pan Am building), with 2,400,000 sq ft (220,000 m2); One New York Plaza, with 2,100,000 sq ft (200,000 m2); and the Empire State Building, with 1,800,000 sq ft (170,000 m2)  The main tower and its shorter wing are connected at each of the lowest 15 stories  The upper stories each contain 55,000 sq ft (5,100 m2) of space, while the lower stories are almost double that size  55 Water Street has remained New York City's largest office building into the 21st century In exchange for constructing public plazas next to the building, Uris was allowed to build an additional 485,640 sq ft (45,117 m2)  Uris built an underground concourse with provisions for a connection to an unbuilt New York City Subway station  The concourse was built as part of a master plan for transportation in New York City The main lobby was originally clad in travertine  In the 1990s, this was replaced with Italian and French marble, with stainless-steel decorative fixtures and aluminum-leaf ceilings  In addition, an onyx panel measuring 10 by 50 ft (3 0 by 15 2 m) was installed behind the reception counter  Following another renovation in 2018, The main lobby contains a video wall, which is composed of two LED displays with 42 tiles each  The displays collectively measure 8 ft (2 4 m) high by 42 ft (13 m) wide, with each display being 21 feet (6 4 m) wide  The lobby also contains a pair of reception desks, a shoeshine stand, coffee bar, and lounge  There are also turnstiles through which tenants and guests must pass through 

Structural features
The foundations are made of reinforced concrete-slab walls  The foundation of the building includes a concrete cofferdam, which surrounds the site and descends to the underlying layer of bedrock  Workers first placed a retaining wall of corrugated sheet-metal panels, which were sunken 40 ft (12 m) below ground, then scooped out the entire site  The cofferdam was then poured behind the retaining wall, and a layer of earth was placed between the cofferdam and retaining wall  This contrasted with the foundations of other skyscrapers in Manhattan, which were typically sunken directly to the bedrock, but it provided space for underground offices, a parking lot, and a 25,000 sq ft (2,300 m2) bank vault for Chemical Bank The superstructure is made of steel, with "Q"-deck floor slabs  The office stories can carry live loads of 50 to 100 psf (2 4 to 4 8 kPa)  The retail, plaza, basement, and mechanical spaces have higher live-load capacities, ranging up to 300 psf (14 kPa) for the plaza level  The building contains 3 5 million square feet (330,000 m2) of modular galvanized steel flooring  Generally, the office floors have a slab-to-slab height of 12 25 ft (3 73 m), although the height of the finished office space could be as small as 8 5 ft (2 6 m)  The sub-levels, concourse, and plaza level have a slab-to-slab height of 13 5 ft (4 1 m) as measured between the floor and ceiling, while the retail and mechanical spaces have a slab-to-slab height of 30 ft (9 1 m) 

Mechanical features
Jaros, Baum & Bolles was the mechanical, engineering, and plumbing engineer for the building  Floor 14 contains the building's primary mechanical rooms, ventilation units, and electrical equipment  There is additional mechanical equipment in the basement, on the roof, and on floors 2 and 52  Electricity from the New York City power supply system flows to distribution boards on the concourse, the first sub-level, and floor 14  There are also six electrical closets on each story  In the 1990s, eleven electrical generators were installed on the roof, each with a capacity of 1,750 kW (2,350 hp); these were powered by pumps in the basement levels  As of 2018, there are 14 electrical generators and the emergency power system can run for up to three days There are 71 passenger elevators throughout the building  The 60 passenger elevators in the south building are divided into ten banks of six cars; each elevator bank connects the lobby with five to eight stories  The north building has nine passenger elevators, all connecting the subterranean levels to floors 1–13; five descend to the basement while the other four descend to the sub-basement  The interiors of the elevator cabs were originally decorated in brown burlap but, during a 1990s renovation, the elevator cabs were redecorated in stainless steel and green marble  55 Water Street also has six freight elevators: four in the south building and two in the north building  Each freight elevator travels from the basement to the highest level in that section of the building, except for a single elevator in the south building, which travels only from the basement to floor 18  None of the elevators travels above floor 52 in the south building The building's heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC) system is divided into several zones, each serving a different group of floors  55 Water Street's chiller system was replaced in the 2010s  The new system consists of three chillers, which collectively emit 32 5 million fewer pounds of CO2 per year compared to the old system  The chillers each weighed 53 short tons (48 t) and were so heavy that they had to be lifted into the building's facade at night  There is also a thermal-energy storage plant with 134 ice tanks, which collectively can store 16,800 ton-hours of heat  There are eight water tanks, which are spread across the roofs of both structures and the 14th and 40th stories of the south building; in addition, the concourse level contains a surge tank  These water tanks are also split into several zones, each spanning multiple floors  The tanks are fed by two water mains that connect to the New York City water supply system, the building's domestic water service is also fed by these mains  Two drainage pipes connect with the New York City sewer system 

Plazas
Ground-level plazas
When 55 Water Street was built, Coenties Slip (which abutted the site to the southwest) was converted into a pedestrian plaza known as Jeannette Park  The space covers 33,307 sq ft (3,094 3 m2)  The park had existed adjacent to Coenties Slip since 1884, when it was dedicated to the exploration vessel USS Jeannette, but Paul Friedberg expanded the park in 1971 as part of 55 Water Street's construction  Initially, 55 Water Street's owners were responsible for maintaining the park, which was paved in brick similar to the Elevated Acre plaza next to the building  Plans to redevelop the land into a memorial for Vietnam War veterans were announced in 1982, and it was rededicated as Vietnam Veterans Plaza in 1985  The plaza was renovated and redesigned by Lee S  Jablin of Harman Jablin Architects starting in 2000, and it was rededicated in 2001 There is also an 10,254 sq ft (952 6 m2) pedestrian arcade adjacent to Water Street and Vietnam Veterans Plaza  It effectively functions as an extension of the adjacent sidewalk  A sloped canopy was added in the 1990s 

Elevated Acre
The elevated plaza is a privately owned public space (POPS) known as the Elevated Acre  It is about 30 ft (9 1 m) above street level and accessible via escalators and stairs from Water Street, between the building's two wings  The plaza covers approximately 40,000 sq ft (3,700 m2; 0 92 acres)  The space is one of a few elevated POPS in New York City; similar plazas exist at One Bankers Trust Plaza, 300 East 59th Street, 622 Third Avenue, Murray Hill Mews, and Trump Tower  The creation of public space allowed the developers to increase the total square footage of 55 Water Street beyond what zoning regulations would otherwise have allowed on the site  Beneath the plaza is a parking garage The Elevated Acre was originally proposed as part of an unbuilt network of elevated walkways and plazas next to the East River  Lawrence Halprin had devised the original plans for the plaza, but M  Paul Friedberg & Associates carried out the final design  The Elevated Acre was originally paved in the same red brick tiles as Jeannette Park  The plaza had very little ornamentation except for a set of curved brick walls, as well as some benches and trees  There were also fountains and pools in the original design  During the 1980s, the Elevated Acre was often closed because, according to the building's owners at the time, the elevator and escalators were frequently being repaired  Furthermore, the plaza was isolated, making it unattractive to pedestrians In the 2000s, the Elevated Acre was renovated to designs by Rogers Marvel Architects and Ken Smith, reopening in 2005  The two escalators and elevator on Water Street were replaced with four shorter escalators and a set of stairs  The new design contains a variety of plantings, grasses, and dunes, as well as a multi-tiered terrace  Inside the plaza is a lantern known as the Beacon of Progress, a reference to the former Seamen's Institute building on the site  The Elevated Acre also includes an amphitheater with seven levels and a boardwalk made of Brazilian hardwood  There is a restaurant named Sky55 adjacent to the plaza  The original plans for the redesign had called for a 100-person capacity elevator and an ice rink, which were canceled for lack of funds  The Elevated Acre is available for rental as a venue for special events  Under an agreement with the New York City government, the Elevated Acre may be closed up to six times a year for community or non-profit events and six times a year for private events 

History
Development
The Uris Buildings Corporation proposed erecting a 53-story building between Coenties Slip, Water Street, Old Slip, and South Street in October 1968  It was the first project to be proposed as part of the Lower Manhattan Plan, a New York City governmental initiative to guide development along the Lower Manhattan waterfront  The New York Stock Exchange had considered leasing space at the building before it was officially announced, but the NYSE ultimately decided against doing so  In exchange for permission to close Cuylers Alley and Front Street for the construction of the new building, Uris proposed improving the adjacent Jeannette Park and erecting a raised public plaza within the new development  The proposal required that the New York City Planning Commission enact a zoning amendment in 1968, since elevated plazas could not rise more than 5 ft (1 5 m) above the curb  In January 1969, the Board of Estimate approved Uris's proposal to construct an elevated pedestrian plaza alongside its building When construction started in 1969, developers estimated that the building's annual rents would range from $8 to $10/sq ft ($86 to $108/m2)  The Chemical Bank of New York agreed in principle to lease 1 1×10^6 sq ft (100,000 m2) in January 1969, in exchange for a 15 percent stake in the building  When the lease was finalized in late 1969 at a price of $250 million, it was the largest commercial lease ever executed  Brokerage firm Dominick & Dominick leased 275,000 sq ft (25,500 m2) across five floors in March 1969, becoming the first tenant to finalize a lease at 55 Water Street  Two weeks later, Bear Stearns leased 200,000 sq ft (19,000 m2) on four floors  During the building's construction, the chief engineers met every Monday to discuss the engineering difficulties of the site  Goldman Sachs and Halle & Stieglitz collectively leased 165,000 sq ft (15,300 m2) in May 1970, and the Interstate United Corporation subsequently leased space for a restaurant at the base of the building Workers raised a 1,000 lb (450 kg) girder to the 53rd story of the tower section at a topping-out ceremony on June 18, 1971  The same day, Uris announced that Prudential Insurance had agreed to place a $150 million loan on the building; it was the largest mortgage ever placed on a privately-developed structure  In exchange, Prudential would acquire a 25 percent stake in the building's equity  At the time, 70 percent of the office space had been leased  The Whitney Museum announced it would open a satellite location at 55 Water Street by the end of 1971  According to Uris Buildings chairman Percy Uris, the branch "would contribute nicely to the feel of the building and the amenities it offers to people who work there"  A  G  Becker & Co  and NYSE subsidiary Stock Clearing Corporation leased additional space that November  Other early tenants included financial services firms White Weld & Co , which took two floors, and G  H  Walker & Co , which leased one floor and part of another  Prudential granted a $130 million mortgage at the end of 1972  The building's construction was chronicled in 55 Water Street, a collection of short stories by Marjorie Iseman, which was published in 1982 

Opening and early years
55 Water Street was completed in 1972 with 3,268,000 sq ft (303,600 m2) of rentable space, and tenants began moving into the structure at the beginning of that year  55 Water Street was the largest speculative office development in Lower Manhattan for a decade, until 52 Broadway was developed in the 1980s  The building's completion coincided with a decline in demand for office space in New York City  Meanwhile, after Percy Uris had died in 1971, his brother Harold began negotiating to sell off all his company's assets, including 55 Water Street  National Kinney Corporation had bought a majority stake in the Uris properties by late 1973, upon which a large portion of the office space was still vacant  National Kinney then sold a 25 percent stake in the building's ownership to the PIC Corporation; at the time, three-quarters of the building had been leased The Whitney Museum opened a branch museum on the third floor of the building in September 1973  The branch occupied 4,800 sq ft (450 m2) of sparsely designed gallery space  The Whitney paid $1 a year; the operating cost was covered by 29 institutions or companies with offices in the Financial District  The building's owners continued to experience financial issues, and National Kinney placed 55 Water Street and ten other Uris properties for sale shortly after acquiring these buildings  The creditors and mortgagee agreed in 1975 to postpone the collection of their claims until the building had more tenants and its cash flow improved  Samuel J  LeFrak expressed interest in buying 55 Water Street and most of the other Uris structures in 1976, as the buildings collectively contained four percent of Manhattan's office space  Simultaneously, Manufacturers Hanover planned to lease two additional floors and a mezzanine, provided that the city government approve a tunnel between 55 Water Street and the company's operations headquarters at the neighboring 4 New York Plaza  LF Rothschild leased two floors in mid-1976 

Olympia & York ownership
National Kinney decided to sell off 55 Water Street and eight other Uris buildings in November 1976; at the time, the firm owned 51 percent of the building  Olympia and York bought 55 Water Street in 1977 as part of a $50 million transaction involving several Uris properties  The transactions made the firm the largest commercial landlord in Manhattan  Of the properties Olympia & York bought from National Kinney, only 55 Water Street still had a significant amount of vacant space, with 50,000 sq ft (4,600 m2) still available for lease  By the late 1970s, the vacancies at 55 Water Street and other nearby buildings in Lower Manhattan were being filled  During that time, the remaining space was leased by companies such as securities firm Lehman Brothers  By 1979, the building was fully leased; payment-services company American Express had leased the last large block of vacant space, covering 191,000 sq ft (17,700 m2) across four stories By 1980, the valuation of 55 Water Street had increased drastically  Consequently, Whitney Museum was forced to relocate from its space in the building that year, since the owners wanted to rent out the museum space  At the time, the building housed the headquarters or offices of several large financial companies, including Lehman Brothers, L F  Rothschild, Goldman Sachs, and Bear Stearns; some of these firms had their own dining rooms  In addition, the third story contained a restaurant called the Harbor Club  During this decade, Olympia and York obtained a $550 million mortgage loan in the form of a bond offering  Tenants such as L F  Rothschild were subleasing their space by the late 1980s, although there were few potential lessees  The building had significant amounts of asbestos which, under an anti-asbestos regulation passed in 1985, had to be removed before the space in the building could be subleased  Other firms, such as Morgan Stanley, moved out of the building entirely  The building was refinanced with two bond issues in 1986, and pension fund Retirement Systems of Alabama (RSA) purchased 19 5 percent of the bonds for $100 million  The financing included $435 million in interest-paying bonds and $113 million in zero-coupon bonds The 1990s recession affected Olympia and York's finances, causing vacancy rates to increase  The building was still the city's most valuable privately-owned office building, with an assessed valuation of about $280 million in 1990  By the next year, the leases on two-fifths of the building's office space were scheduled to expire within two years  Credit rating agencies had downgraded their ratings of 55 Water Street's mortgage loan, which Olympia and York was having trouble paying off  Olympia and York met with its bondholders in May 1992 in an attempt to retain control of the building  Olympia and York indicated that it would not be able to pay for asbestos removal, which would cost at least $20/sq ft ($220/m2)  The building already had 620,000 sq ft (58,000 m2) of vacant space at the time, but the vacancy rate was to reach 50 percent by the end of the year  One financial executive said the building rapidly "went from being a premier financial services tower to bankrupt" 

RSA ownership
1990s
Olympia and York agreed in September 1992 to transfer ownership of the building to its bondholders in exchange for wiping out about $548 million in debt  Each of the bondholders could swap their bonds for equity stakes in 55 Water Street or sell their bonds to RSA for cash  To ensure that the building would be free of debt, RSA and the other creditors consented to a consensual bankruptcy filing if creditors chose to keep their bonds  The proposed sale valued the building at only $149 million, even though the city had appraised the building as being worth $540 million  A subsidiary of Olympia and York filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy protection in May 1993, allowing the buyers to perform an equity swap  The purchase was finalized that October, essentially erasing all the building's debt  RSA bought out most of the other creditors for about $120 million  Following this purchase, RSA owned an 88 percent stake in the building, and there was $60 million on hand to pay for renovations  At the time, the building was 65 percent occupied RSA created a subsidiary, the New Water Street Corporation, to operate and manage the building  The new owners immediately appointed Jones Lang Wootton as the building's leasing agent  After acquiring the building, RSA planned to remove asbestos, upgrade the elevators, and add sprinklers to each floor  RSA hired Kohn Pedersen Fox to design cosmetic remodeling plans, and the pension fund spent over $20 million to remove asbestos from the building and install a back-up electrical system  The cost of renovations had increased to $125 million or $140 million by the mid-1990s  The building still had large amounts of vacant office space at the time, despite offering relatively low rents of around $20/sq ft ($220/m2)  During this time, major tenants at 55 Water Street included the Depository Trust Company and the Securities Industry Automation Corporation In the years after RSA acquired the building, annual income frequently increased by more than 10 percent from year to year  RSA upgraded 55 Water Street's communication and electrical systems to attract tenants, advertising the building as the "Tower of Power"  Much of the office space had been filled by 1997, when Standard & Poor's leased 937,000 sq ft (87,100 m2)  In addition, several other financial firms such as Royal Bank of Canada and Goldman Sachs had expressed interest leasing space in the building  The renovation of 55 Water Street was completed in 1999 at a cost of $156 million  At that point, the building was 100 percent occupied  About a third of the space was still occupied by Chemical Bank successor Chase Bank, whose lease expired in 2003; the bank planned to move out after its lease expired  Additionally, the owners were planning a renovation for the building's elevated plaza, as well as the public space next to Vietnam Veterans Plaza, both of which were underused 

2000s
In early 2001, Goldman Sachs considered constructing a 13-story, 240 ft (73 m) annex on the site of the Elevated Acre  The annex would have included seven large trading floors, each covering 56,000 sq ft (5,200 m2)  In addition, the height of the north tower would have been increased by 35 ft (11 m)  The entire project would have cost $850 million and would have been completed in 2004  To compensate for the loss of public space, Goldman Sachs proposed paying for various improvements of public space nearby  The plans were dropped shortly after they were presented  Goldman Sachs cited economic conditions, but some neighborhood residents had expressed opposition to the plan  Following the cancellation of Goldman Sach's plans, RSA hired Mary Ann Tighe as the building's broker  RSA and the Municipal Art Society sponsored a design competition for a renovation of the elevated plaza  In September 2002, RSA hired a joint venture of Ken Smith and Rogers Marvel Architects to redesign the plaza Following the September 11 attacks in 2001, the building's managers implemented security checkpoints in the lobby, resulting in rent increases for all tenants  To fill the empty space, the owners offered two years of free rent to new tenants  HIP Health Plan of New York (later part of EmblemHealth) leased the entire north building and part of the south building in 2003  At the time, it was the largest corporate relocation to Lower Manhattan since the September 11 attacks  Simultaneously, the Teachers' Retirement System of New York City also rented 150,000 sq ft (14,000 m2) at the building  The Elevated Acre plaza was rededicated in 2005 following a renovation  The New York City Department of Transportation leased more than 400,000 sq ft (37,000 m2) in 2006, and publishing company Bowne & Co  also leased space 

2010s to present
During the early 21st century, CBRE Group became the leasing agent  On October 29, 2012, the building sustained damage related to Hurricane Sandy when a 14-foot-high (4 3 m) storm surge flooded the area  The basement levels were severely damaged, and the emergency generators on the roof could not operate because they were powered by pumps in the basement  The building remained closed for several weeks due to flooding  While repairs were being conducted, a fire broke out on November 23, causing injuries to 27 people  To prepare for future storms, the building's owner planned to relocate electrical equipment from the basement to the third floor  In 2014, Plaza Construction installed a flood barrier system around the building; when activated, the flood walls could protect against an 8 ft (2 4 m) surge McGraw Hill Financial moved its headquarters to 55 Water Street in June 2015, and Hugo Boss moved its North American headquarters there the same year  By 2018, RSA earned $155 million in rental income annually, and the building was worth an estimated $1 5 billion  In 2019, software company Justworks announced it would be moving into 270,000 sq ft (25,000 m2) on four floors, and the Teachers' Retirement System of New York City subleased a portion of one floor  MJHS Health System leased 138,000 sq ft (12,800 m2) in March 2022, the largest lease to be finalized in lower Manhattan in 18 months 

Reception
When the building was completed, architectural critic Ada Louise Huxtable called the building "a significant demonstration of how to stop worrying and love the boom" in office development  Huxtable also wrote that the building's elevated plaza was "a skillful job in urban design"  By contrast, in 1981, Paul Goldberger described 55 Water Street, along with many skyscrapers on Sixth Avenue in Midtown Manhattan, as having been "designed by commercial architectural firms which admitted to few interests beyond the quick and efficient creation of rentable space"  According to Goldberger, these types of buildings used common materials such as concrete and glass, creating edifices that "added little either visually or socially to the life of the city"  The AIA Guide to New York City described the north building as resembling "a complicated cell phone tower"  In addition, the New York-New York Hotel and Casino in Paradise, Nevada, contains a 36-story replica of 55 Water Street 

See also
List of tallest buildings in New York City

Notes



ground_truth: 3,677 seated