prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: Which name adopted by African-American activist Allen Donaldson co-found Black Power movement of the 1960s and 1970s

The following are given passages.
Context 1: Passage 1:
Tommie Smith
Tommie C  Smith (born June 6, 1944) is an American former track and field athlete and former wide receiver in the American Football League  At the 1968 Summer Olympics, Smith, aged 24, won the 200-meter sprint finals and gold medal in 19 83 seconds – the first time the 20-second barrier was broken officially  His Black Power salute with John Carlos atop the medal podium to protest racism and injustice against African Americans in the United States caused controversy, as it was seen as politicizing the Olympic Games  It remains a symbolic moment in the history of the Black Power movement 

Early life and career
Tommie Smith was born on June 6, 1944, in Clarksville, Texas, the seventh of twelve children born to Richard and Dora Smith  He suffered from pneumonia as a child, but still grew to be an athletic youth  While attending Lemoore High School in Lemoore, California, Smith showed great potential, setting most of the school's track records, many of which remain  He won the 440-yard dash in the 1963 CIF California State Meet  He was voted Lemoore's "Most Valuable Athlete" in basketball, football, and track and field, and was also voted vice president of his senior class  His achievements earned him a scholarship to San José State University On May 7, 1966, while he was at San Jose State, Smith set a world best of 19 5 seconds in the 200m straight, which he ran on a cinder track  That record for 200m was finally beaten by Tyson Gay on May 16, 2010, just over 44 years later, though Smith still holds the record for the slightly longer 220-yard event  Since the IAAF has abandoned ratifying records for the event, Smith still retains the official record for the straightaway 200m/220 yards in perpetuity A few weeks later, on June 11, 1966, Smith set the record for 200 meters and 220 yards around a turn at 20 0, the first man to do that in 20 seconds  Six days later he won the NCAA Men's Outdoor Track and Field Championship  Smith also won the national collegiate 220-yard (201 17 m) title in 1967 before adding the AAU furlong (201 17m) crown as well  He traveled to Japan for the 1967 Summer Universiade and won the 200m gold medal  He repeated as U S  200m champion in 1968 and made the Olympic team 

1968 Summer Olympics
Leading up to the Olympics, at the U S  Olympic Trials at Echo Summit, California, San Jose State teammate John Carlos beat Smith and his world record, running 19 92A  John Carlos' record was disallowed because of the brush spike shoes he was wearing, as was a similar record by Vince Matthews in the 400 meters As a member of the Olympic Project for Human Rights (OPHR) Smith originally advocated a boycott of the 1968 Mexico City Olympic Games unless four conditions were met: South Africa and Rhodesia uninvited from the Olympics, the restoration of Muhammad Ali's world heavyweight boxing title, Avery Brundage to step down as president of the International Olympic Committee (IOC), and the hiring of more African-American assistant coaches  As the boycott failed to achieve support after the IOC withdrew invitations for South Africa and Rhodesia, he decided, together with Carlos, to not only wear their gloves but also go barefoot to protest poverty, wear beads to protest lynchings, and wear buttons that said OPHR At the 1968 Summer Olympics in Mexico, Smith nursed an injured groin into the 200m final  In the race, teammate Carlos powered out to the lead through the turn, while Smith got a slow start  Coming off the turn, Smith charged past Carlos and sped to victory   Knowing he had passed his training partner and closest opponent, his victory was so clear, he raised his arms to celebrate 10m before the finish line  Still, he improved upon his own world record that would last for 11 years until Pietro Mennea would surpass it on the same track  Smith's time of 19 83 was among the first automatically timed world records for the event as recorded by the IAAF 

Carlos and Smith made headlines around the world by raising their black-gloved fists at the medal award ceremony  Both athletes wore black socks and no shoes on the podium to represent African-American poverty in the United States  In support, Peter Norman, the silver medalist who was a white athlete from Australia, participated in the protest by wearing an OPHR badge IOC president Avery Brundage deemed it to be a domestic political statement unfit for the apolitical, international forum the Olympic Games were intended to be  In response to their actions, he ordered Smith and Carlos suspended from the US team and banned from the Olympic Village  When the US Olympic Committee refused, Brundage threatened to ban the entire US track team  This threat led to the expulsion of the two athletes from the Games A spokesman for the IOC said Smith and Carlos's actions were "a deliberate and violent breach of the fundamental principles of the Olympic spirit " Brundage, who was president of the United States Olympic Committee in 1936, had made no objections against Nazi salutes during the Berlin Olympics  He argued that the Nazi salute, being a national salute at the time, was acceptable in a competition of nations, while the athletes' salute was not of a nation and therefore unacceptable Smith and Carlos faced consequences for challenging white authority in the U S  Ralph Boston, a black U S  long jumper at the 1968 games, stated: "The rest of the world didn't seem to find it such a derogatory thing  They thought it was very positive  Only America thought it was bad " The men's gesture had lingering effects for all three athletes, the most serious of which were death threats against Smith, Carlos and their families  Following their suspension by the IOC, they faced economic hardship Smith stated in later years that "We were concerned about the lack of black assistant coaches  About how Muhammad Ali got stripped of his title  About the lack of access to good housing and our kids not being able to attend the top colleges "

Athletics and later career
During his career, Smith set seven individual world records and also was a member of several world-record relay teams at San Jose State, where he was coached by Lloyd (Bud) Winter  With personal records of 10 1 for 100 meters, 19 83 for 200 and 44 5 for the 400, Smith still ranks high on the world all-time lists 
Smith, who had been drafted by the National Football League's Los Angeles Rams in the ninth round of the 1967 NFL Draft, signed to play for the American Football League's Cincinnati Bengals and was part of the team's taxi squad for most of three seasons as a wide receiver  During the 1969 season, he played in two games, catching one pass for 41 yards A year after his Olympic win, Smith finished his BA in Social Science at San Jose State University and went on to earn a master's in Social Change from Goddard College, whose program enabled Smith to integrate his teaching and writing practices into his coursework After his track and football careers, he became a member of the United States National Track and Field Hall of Fame in 1978  In 1996, Smith was inducted into the California Black Sports Hall of Fame, and in 1999 he received that organization's Sportsman of the Millennium Award  In 2000 and 2001 the County of Los Angeles and the State of Texas presented Smith with commendation, recognition and proclamation awards He later became a track coach at Oberlin College in Ohio, where he also taught sociology and until 2005 was a faculty member teaching physical education at Santa Monica College in Santa Monica, California In August 2008, he gave 2008 Olympic triple gold winner Usain Bolt of Jamaica one of his shoes from the 1968 Olympics as a birthday gift In 2010, Smith put his gold medal and spikes up for auction  Bids started at $250,000, and the sale was scheduled to close November 4, 2010  In 2013 Goddard College honored Smith as an alumnus by awarding him the Presidential Award for Activism in 2013 

Books
Smith's autobiography (co-written with David Steele), Silent Gesture was published in 2007 by Temple University Press  It was named a 2008 Adult Nonfiction Honor Book by the Black Caucus of the American Library Association and nominated for a 2008 NAACP Image Award 
Smith's second book Victory  Stand! Raising My Fist for Justice was published in 2022 by Norton Young Readers  The graphic memoir was co-written with Derrick Barnes and illustrated by Dawud Anyabwile  The book received literary acclaim  It won the 2023 YALSA Award for Excellence in Nonfiction and was recognized as a 2023 Corretta Scott King Award Author and Illustrator Honor Book as well as a finalist for the 2022 National Book Award for Young People's Literature 

Personal life
Smith first married Jimi Denise Paschal from 1967 to 1973, with whom he had one child  He then married Denise M  "Akiba" Kyle in 1977, with whom he had four children  The two divorced in 2000, and Smith married Delois Jordan in the same year 

Recognition
Tommie Smith is featured in the 1999 HBO documentary Fists of Freedom: The Story of the '68 Summer Games  The documentary looks at events leading up to, during and after the 1968 Olympics  It features interviews with Smith, Carlos and sociologist Harry Edwards  There is archival footage of the Games and the fallout after the raised fist salutes by Carlos and Smith  Smith says in the programme:
We were not Antichrists   We were just human beings who saw a need to bring attention to the inequality in our country   I don't like the idea of people looking at it as negative   There was nothing but a raised fist in the air and a bowed head, acknowledging the American flag – not symbolizing a hatred for it 
For his lifelong commitment to athletics, education, and human rights, Smith received the Courage of Conscience Award from The Peace Abbey in Sherborn, Massachusetts  In 2004, a sports hall bearing his name was inaugurated in his presence at Saint-Ouen, France In 2005, a statue showing Smith and Carlos on the medal stand was constructed by political artist Rigo 23 and dedicated on the campus of San Jose State University  Norman's silver medal position was left vacant at his request, so visitors could pose for photos in solidarity with Smith and Carlos, as Norman had stood A mural of the photo taken with Smith on the podium at the 1968 Olympics with Carlos and Norman was painted on the brick wall of a residence in Newtown, New South Wales, Australia, titled "Three Proud People Mexico 68"  The house's owner, Silvio Offria, allowed an artist known only as "Donald" to paint the mural, and said that Norman came to Newtown to see the mural and have his photo taken with it before he died in 2006  The mural faces the train tracks linking Sydney city to the Western and Southern Suburbs  In 2012, the Sydney City Council heritage listed the mural to safeguard it, after it had faced possible demolition in 2010 to make way for a railway tunnel  Smith and Carlos were pallbearers at Norman's funeral in Melbourne in 2006 On July 16, 2008, Smith and Carlos accepted the Arthur Ashe Award for Courage for the salute at the 2008 ESPY Awards  In 2018, Smith received the Dresden Peace Prize The Tommie Smith Youth Track Meet is held annually in his honor  It has been both an AAU and USATF-sponsored event, held at the University of California, Berkeley at Edwards Stadium  
San Jose State University has secured funding to rebuild the  track and field complex  The centerpiece is Speed City Legacy Center, which pays tribute to SJSU alumni track stars and civil rights advocates 

See also
Timeline of the civil rights movement
Bay Area Sports Hall of Fame
Other American Football League players
Men's 200 metres world record progression

Further reading
Bates, Karen Grigsby (October 16, 2018)  "50 Years Later, Raised Fists During National Anthem Still Resonate"  Morning Edition  NPR 
Brown, DeNeen (October 16, 2018)  "'A cry for freedom': The Black Power salute that rocked the world 50 years ago"  Washington Post 
Barra, Allan  "Fists Raised, but Not in Anger" The New York Times, August 22, 2008
Thomas, Katie  "For Australian Athletes, a Voice From the Grave" The New York Times May 23, 2008
"In-flight film will urge Olympians to protest", The Daily Telegraph, May 24, 2008
"Norman loses his spot in history", Sporting Life, October 17, 2005
"Norman dies after heart attack", Fox Sports, October 3, 2006
"Peter Norman, man on podium for Black Power salute, dies", USA Today, October 3, 2006
Reed, Ron  "Norman to receive a final salute", The Herald Sun, October 6, 2006
Hoy, Greg  "Fellow athletes pay tribute to Peter Norman", Australian Broadcasting Corporation, October 10, 2006
Blackistone, Kevin B , The Dallas Morning News, August 23, 2008 (Archived original "'68 protest more than a memory" at the Wayback Machine (archived July 1, 2001))
"Peter Norman dies after heart attack", The Age, October 3, 2006
"Bitter price of Olympics' iconic image", Sydney Morning Herald, October 17, 2003
Wise, Mike  "Clenched Fists, Helping Hand", The Washington Post, October 5, 2006
"Norman Remembered as an Unflinching Champion", The Australian, October 9, 2006
"Carlos, Smith act as pallbearers at funeral of podium mate from 1968 Olympics" at the Wayback Machine (archived March 11, 2007), MSNBC, October 9, 2006 (Archived original)
Rees, Margaret "Australian athlete supported American civil rights struggle", World Socialist Web Site, October 23, 2006
Passage 2:
Black Power: The Politics of Liberation
Black Power: The Politics of Liberation is a 1967 book co-authored by Kwame Ture (then known as Stokely Carmichael) and political scientist Charles V  Hamilton  The work defines Black Power, presents insights into the roots of racism in the United States and suggests a means of reforming the traditional political process for the future   Published originally as Black Power: The Politics of Liberation in America, the book has become a staple work produced during the Civil Rights Movement and Black Power movement One of the main focuses of the book is describing the struggles that black communities faced in trying to get involved in politics   Black people had faced severe and violent discrimination since the Civil War, as well as segregation since the late nineteenth century  Consequently, the community faced problems with political participation as the community faced material consequences of systemic racism when attempting to vote or engaging with the political world   Carmichael and Hamilton cite white supremacy, colonialism, and the systemic continuation of these dynamics as drivers of disenfranchisement and racism These issues led to the creation of certain groups and organizations   For instance, the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC) attempted to build organizational capacity within the Southern black community, offering a progressive alternative to the Democratic Party in Mississippi that would adopt the national party's platform (see Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party)   By creating regional campaigns and running black candidates, SNCC saw success within their own community   However, with the limited power that this and other organizations held, their efforts to engage in the political arena for the black community were often not fully realized  This led the authors to reconceptualize Black Power as a tool for confronting the totality of oppression, not exclusively that of political representation 
Carmichael and Hamilton continue to write about the ways that black communities' attempts to be active in politics have been thwarted by self-serving groups who offer shallow allyship   Criticizing labor movements, liberals, and the middle class for being complacent in systemic racism, Black Power challenges coalitions to genuinely serve the anti-racism and the needs of the black community  Carmichael and Hamilton state, "We do not believe it is possible to form meaningful coalitions unless both or all parties are not only willing but believe it absolutely necessary to challenge [white supremacy] and other prevailing norms and institutions" Carmichael and Hamilton write that Black Power meant more than simply changing the physical, material conditions of inequality faced by black Americans; it also meant changing perspectives of race relations in a historical context, both inside and outside the community  The authors believe Black Power not only rests in dismantling white supremacy, but also in establishing camaraderie within the black community  In this way, Black Power disavows the legitimacy of liberal, conformist politics, and instead seeks a degree of sovereignty for black community 
Ohio prison library included Black Power in its list of books in 1975 

See also
Where Do We Go From Here: Chaos or Community
Passage 3:
African-American bookstores
African-American bookstores, also known as black bookstores, are bookstores owned and operated by African Americans   These stores often, although not always, specialize in works by and about African Americans and their target customers are often African Americans   Although they are a variety of African-American business, African-American bookstores have often been closely tied to radical political movements including Marxism, Black Power, and pan-Africanism  The first documented African-American bookstore was established by the abolitionist David Ruggles in 1834  The first African-American bookstore to open in Harlem was Young's Book Exchange  One of the earliest African-American bookstores to achieve national prominence was Lewis Michaux's African National Memorial Bookstore, which operated in Harlem from the early 1930s to the middle of the 1970s   Michaux's store doubled as a meeting place for black activists, including most famously Malcolm X   The Black Power movement embraced black-owned bookstores in the 1960s and 70s as vehicles for promoting their ideology and creating radical political spaces in black communities across the United States   By the 1990s, African-American bookstores earned significant attention from more politically moderate and business oriented media outlets such as the magazine Black Enterprise   In the 2000s and 2010s, however, as independent bookstores of all kinds declined and bookstores chains and Amazon increasingly sold black-authored books, the number of African-American bookstores declined rapidly, dropping from more than 250 to just over 70 Prominent black-owned booksellers currently in business include Marcus Books in Oakland, the oldest black bookseller in the country, Everyone's Place in Baltimore, Hakim's Bookstore in Philadelphia, Eso Won Books in Los Angeles (noted as "a Leimert Park institution of black literature and culture"), and Sankofa in Washington, D C Prominent online black booksellers include AALBC com (founded in 1998), Mahogany Books and Hue-Man Bookstore, which formerly had brick-and-mortar storefronts in Denver, Colorado, and in Harlem 

See also
Bookselling in the US
Antiquarian book trade in the United States
Books in the United States
Lewis H  Micheaux
Young's Book Exchange
Martin Sostre
David Ruggles
Passage 4:
Black Power movement
The Black Power movement or Black Liberation movement was a branch or counterculture within the civil rights movement of the United States, reacting against its more moderate, mainstream, or incremental tendencies and motivated by a desire for safety and self-sufficiency that was not available inside redlined African American neighborhoods  Black Power activists founded black-owned bookstores, food cooperatives, farms, media, printing presses, schools, clinics and ambulance services  The international impact of the movement includes the Black Power Revolution in Trinidad and Tobago By the late 1960s, Black Power came to represent the demand for more immediate violent action to counter American white supremacy  Most of these ideas were influenced by Malcolm X's criticism of Martin Luther King Jr 's peaceful protest methods  The 1965 assassination of Malcolm X, coupled with the urban riots of 1964 and 1965, ignited the movement  New organizations that supported Black Power philosophies ranging from the adoption of socialism by certain sects of the movement to black nationalism, including the Black Panther Party (BPP), grew to prominence While black American thinkers such as Robert F  Williams and Malcolm X influenced the early Black Power movement, the Black Panther Party and its views are widely seen as the cornerstone  It was influenced by philosophies such as pan-Africanism, black nationalism and socialism, as well as contemporary events including the Cuban Revolution and the decolonization of Africa 

History
Origins
The first popular use of the term "Black Power" as a social and racial slogan was by Stokely Carmichael (later known as Kwame Ture) and Willie Ricks (later known as Mukasa Dada), both organizers and spokespeople for the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee  On June 16, 1966, in a speech in Greenwood, Mississippi, during the March Against Fear, Carmichael led the marchers in a chant for Black power that was televised nationally The organization Nation of Islam began as a Black nationalist movement in the 1930s, inspiring later groups  Malcolm X is largely credited with the group's dramatic increase in membership between the early 1950s and early 1960s (from 500 to 25,000 by one estimate; from 1,200 to 50,000 or 75,000 by another)  In March 1964, Malcolm X left the Nation due to disagreements with Elijah Muhammad; among other things, he cited his interest in working with civil rights leaders, saying that Muhammad had prevented him from doing so  Later, Malcolm X also said Muhammad had engaged in extramarital affairs with young Nation secretaries‍—‌a serious violation of the group's teachings  On February 21, 1965, Malcolm X was shot and killed while speaking at the Audubon Ballroom in Washington Heights, New York City  Three Nation members were convicted of assassinating him  Despite this, there has long been speculation and suspicion of government involvement  The forty police officers at the scene were instructed to "stand down" by their commanding officers while the shooting took place After the Watts riots in Los Angeles in 1965, the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee decided to cut ties with the mainstream civil rights movement  They argued that blacks needed to build power of their own, rather than seek accommodations from the power structure in place  SNCC migrated from a philosophy of nonviolence to one of greater militancy after the mid-1960s  The organization established ties with radical groups such as the Students for a Democratic Society 
In late October 1966, Huey P  Newton and Bobby Seale founded the Black Panther Party  In formulating a new politics, they drew on their experiences working with a variety of Black Power organizations 

Escalation in the late 1960s
The Black Panther Party initially utilized open-carry gun laws to protect party members and local black communities from law enforcement  Party members also recorded incidents of police brutality by distantly following police cars around neighborhoods  Numbers grew slightly starting in February 1967, when the party provided an armed escort at the San Francisco airport for Betty Shabazz, Malcolm X's widow and keynote speaker at a conference held in his honor  By 1967, the SNCC began to fall apart due to policy disputes in its leadership, and many members left for the Black Panthers  Throughout 1967, the Panthers staged rallies and disrupted the California State Assembly with armed marchers  In 1956 the FBI developed COINTELPRO to investigate black nationalist groups and others  By 1969, the Black Panthers and their allies had become primary COINTELPRO targets, singled out in 233 of the 295 authorized "black nationalist" COINTELPRO actions  In 1968, the Republic of New Afrika was founded, a separatist group seeking a black country in the southern United States, only to dissolve by the early 1970s 
By 1968, many Black Panther leaders had been arrested, including founder Huey Newton for the murder of a police officer (Newton's prosecution was eventually dismissed), yet membership surged  Black Panthers later engaged the police in a firefight in a Los Angeles gas station  In the same year, Martin Luther King Jr  was assassinated, creating nationwide riots, the widest wave of social unrest since the American Civil War  In Cleveland, Ohio, the "Republic of New Libya" engaged the police in the Glenville shootout, which was followed by rioting  The year also marked the start of the White Panther Party, a group of whites dedicated to the cause of the Black Panthers  Founders Pun Plamondon and John Sinclair were arrested, but eventually freed, in connection to the bombing of a Central Intelligence Agency office in Ann Arbor, Michigan that September By 1969, the Black Panthers began purging members due to fear of law enforcement infiltration, engaged in multiple gunfights with police and one with a black nationalist organization  The Panthers continued their "Free Huey" campaign internationally  In the spirit of rising militancy, the League of Revolutionary Black Workers was formed in Detroit, which supported labor rights and Black liberation  \

Peak in the early 1970s
In 1970 the Honorary Prime Minister of the Black Panther Party, Stokely Carmichael, traveled to various countries to discuss methods to resist "American imperialism"  In Trinidad, the Black Power Movement had escalated into the Black Power Revolution in which many Afro-Trinidadians forced the government of Trinidad to give into reforms  Later many Panthers visited Algeria to discuss Pan-Africanism and anti-imperialism  In the same year former Black Panthers formed the Black Liberation Army to continue a violent revolution rather than the party's new reform movements  On October 22, 1970, the Black Liberation Army is believed to have planted a bomb in St  Brendan's Church in San Francisco while it was full of mourners attending the funeral of San Francisco police officer Harold Hamilton, who had been killed in the line of duty while responding to a bank robbery  The bomb was detonated, but no one in the church suffered serious injuries In 1971, several Panther officials fled the U S  due to police concerns  This was the only active year of the Black Revolutionary Assault Team, a group that bombed the New York South African consular office in protest of apartheid  On September 20 it placed bombs at the UN Missions of Republic of the Congo (Kinshasa) and the Republic of Malawi  In February 1971, ideological splits within the Black Panther Party between leaders Newton and Eldridge Cleaver led to two factions within the party; the conflict turned violent and four people were killed in a series of assassinations  On May 21, 1971, five Black Liberation Army members participated in the shootings of two New York City police officers, Joseph Piagentini and Waverly Jones  Those brought to trial for the shootings include Anthony Bottom (also known as Jalil Muntaqim), Albert Washington, Francisco Torres, Gabriel Torres, and Herman Bell During the jail sentence of White Panther John Sinclair a "Free John" concert took place, including John Lennon and Stevie Wonder  Sinclair was released two days later  On August 29, three BLA members murdered San Francisco police sergeant John Victor Young at his police station  Two days later, the San Francisco Chronicle received a letter signed by the BLA claiming responsibility for the attack  Late in the year Huey Newton visited China for meetings on Maoist theory and anti-imperialism  Black Power icon George Jackson attempted to escape from prison in August, killing seven hostages only to be killed himself  Jackson's death triggered the Attica Prison uprising which was later ended in a bloody siege  On November 3, Officer James R  Greene of the Atlanta Police Department was shot and killed in his patrol van at a gas station by Black Liberation Army members 1972 was the year Newton shut down many Black Panther chapters and held a party meeting in Oakland, California  On January 27, the Black Liberation Army assassinated police officers Gregory Foster and Rocco Laurie in New York City  After the killings, a note sent to authorities portrayed the murders as a retaliation for the prisoner deaths during 1971 Attica prison riot  To date no arrests have been made    On July 31, five armed BLA members hijacked Delta Air Lines Flight 841, eventually collecting a ransom of $1 million and diverting the plane, after passengers were released, to Algeria  The authorities there seized the ransom but allowed the group to flee  Four were eventually caught by French authorities in Paris, where they were convicted of various crimes, but one – George Wright – remained a fugitive until September 26, 2011, when he was captured in Portugal  After being accused of murdering a prostitute in 1974, Huey Newton fled to Cuba  Elaine Brown became party leader and embarked on an election campaign 

De-escalation in the late 1970s
In the late 1970s a rebel group named after the killed prisoner formed the George Jackson Brigade  From March 1975 to December 1977, the Brigade robbed at least seven banks and detonated about 20 pipe bombs – mainly targeting government buildings, electric power facilities, Safeway stores, and companies accused of racism  In 1977, Newton returned from exile in Cuba  Shortly afterward, Elaine Brown resigned from the party and fled to Los Angeles  The Party fell apart, leaving only a few members MOVE developed in Philadelphia in 1972 as the "Christian Movement for Life", a communal living group based on Black Liberation principles  When police raided their house in 1978, a firefight broke out; during the shootout, one officer was killed, seven other police officers, five firefighters, three MOVE members, and three bystanders were also injured In another high-profile incident of the Black Liberation Army, Assata Shakur, Zayd Shakur and Sundiata Acoli were said to have opened fire on state troopers in New Jersey after being pulled over for a broken taillight  Zayd Shakur and state trooper Werner Foerster were both killed during the exchange  Following her capture, Assata Shakur was tried in six different criminal trials  According to Shakur, she was beaten and tortured during her incarceration in a number of different federal and state prisons  The charges ranged from kidnapping to assault and battery to bank robbery  Assata Shakur was found guilty of the murder of both Foerster and her companion Zayd Shakur, but escaped prison in 1979 and eventually fled to Cuba and received political asylum  Acoli was convicted of killing Foerster and sentenced to life in prison 
In 1978 a group of Black Liberation Army and Weather Underground members formed the May 19th Communist Organization, or M19CO  It also included members of the Black Panthers and the Republic of New Africa  In 1979 three M19CO members walked into the visitor's center at the Clinton Correctional Facility for Women near Clinton, New Jersey  They took two guards hostage and freed Shakur  Several months later M19CO arranged for the escape of William Morales, a member of Puerto Rican separatist group Fuerzas Armadas de Liberación Nacional Puertorriqueña from Bellevue Hospital in New York City, where he was recovering after a bomb he was building exploded in his hands 

Decline in the 1980s
Over the 1980s the Black Power movement continued despite a decline in its popularity and organization memberships  The Black Liberation Army was active in the US until at least 1981 when a Brinks truck robbery, conducted with support from former Weather Underground members Kathy Boudin and David Gilbert, left a guard and two police officers dead  Boudin and Gilbert, along with several BLA members, were subsequently arrested  M19CO engaged in a bombing campaign in the 1980s  They targeted a series of government and commercial buildings, including the U S  Senate  On November 3, 1984, two members of the M19CO, Susan Rosenberg and Timothy Blunk, were arrested at a mini-warehouse they had rented in Cherry Hill, New Jersey  Police recovered more than 100 blasting caps, nearly 200 sticks of dynamite, more than 100 cartridges of gel explosive, and 24 bags of blasting agent from the warehouse  The M19CO alliance's last bombing was on February 23, 1985, at the Policemen's Benevolent Association in New York City 
MOVE had relocated to West Philadelphia after the earlier shootout  On May 13, 1985, the police, along with city manager Leo Brooks, arrived with arrest warrants and attempted to clear the MOVE building and arrest the indicted MOVE members  This led to an armed standoff with police, who lobbed tear gas canisters at the building  MOVE members shot at the police, who returned fire with automatic weapons  The police then bombed the house, killing several adults and children, and causing a large fire that destroyed the better part of a city block In 1989, well into the waning years of the movement, the New Black Panther Party formed  In the same year on August 22, Huey P  Newton was fatally shot outside by 24-year-old Black Guerilla Family member Tyrone Robinson 

Characteristics
Education
The fifth point of the Black Panther Party's Ten-Point Program called for "education for our people that exposes the true nature of this decadent American society  We want education that teaches us our true history and our role in the present day society " This sentiment was echoed in many of the other Black Power organizations; the inadequacy of black education had earlier been remarked on by W  E  B  Du Bois, Marcus Garvey, and Carter G  Woodson 
With this backdrop, Stokely Carmichael brought political education into his work with SNCC in the rural South  This included get-out-the-vote campaigns and political literacy  Bobby Seale and Huey Newton used education to address the lack of identity in the black community  Seale had worked with youth in an after-school program before starting the Panthers  Through this new education and identity building, they believed they could empower black Americans to claim their freedom 

Media
Just as Black Power activists focused on community control of schools and politics, the movement took a major interest in creating and controlling its own media institutions  Most famously, the Black Panther Party produced the Black Panther newspaper, which proved to be one of the BPP's most influential tools for disseminating its message and recruiting new members 
WAFR was launched in September 1971 as the first public, community-based black radio station  The Durham, North Carolina, station broadcast until 1976, but influenced later activist radio stations including WPFW in Washington, D C  and WRFG in Atlanta 

Australian Black Power
The American Black Power movement influenced Aboriginal Australian activists from the late 1960s onwards, especially in Sydney, Brisbane and Melbourne  The term became widely known after the Victorian Aborigines Advancement League (AAL), led by Bruce McGuinness and Bob Maza, invited Caribbean activist Roosevelt Brown to give a talk on Black Power in Melbourne in 1968, causing a media frenzy  The AAL was influenced by the ideas of Malcolm X and Stokely Carmichael  The Australian "Black Power movement" had emerged in Redfern in Sydney, Fitzroy, Melbourne, and South Brisbane, following the "Freedom Ride" led by  Charles Perkins in 1965  There was a small group of people at the centre of the movement known as the Black Caucus Bobbi Sykes defined Australian Black Power as "The power generated by people who seek to identify their own problems and those of the community as a whole, and who strive to take action in all possible forms to solve those problems", while Paul Coe saw it as the need for Aboriginal people to "take control both of the economical, the political and cultural resources of the people and of the land…so that they themselves have got the power to determine their own future"  Activist and later academic Gary Foley later wrote that in Australia, Black Power "was essentially about the necessity for Black people to define the world in their own terms, and to seek self-determination and independence on their own terms, without white interference"  The Aboriginal Legal Service in Redfern grew out of this activism 

Legacy
After the 1970s the Black Power movement saw a decline, but not an end  In 1998, the Black Radical Congress was founded, with debatable effects  The Black Riders Liberation Party was created by Bloods and Crips gang members as an attempt to recreate the Black Panther Party in 1996  The group has spread, creating chapters in cities across the United States, and frequently staging paramilitary marches  During the 2008 presidential election New Black Panther Party members were accused of voter intimidation at a polling station in a predominantly black, Democratic voting district of Philadelphia  After the killing of Trayvon Martin black power paramilitaries formed, including the Huey P  Newton Gun Club, African American Defense League, and the New Black Liberation Militia, all staging armed marches and military training Some have compared the modern movement Black Lives Matter to the Black Power movement, noting its similarities  The Movement for Black Lives openly promotes Black Power 

See also
Black mecca
Black nationalism
Black Panther Party
Black supremacy
Black separatism
Chicano Movement
History of the socialist movement in the United States
New Left
Black Arts Movement
Protests of 1968
Red Power movement
Los Siete de la Raza
Passage 5:
Hakim Jamal
Hakim Abdullah Jamal (born Allen Donaldson; March 28, 1931 – May 1, 1973) was an American activist and writer  He was an associate of Michael X and wrote From the Dead Level, a memoir of his life and memories of Malcolm X  During his life, Jamal was romantically involved with several high-profile women, notably Jean Seberg, Diana Athill, and Gale Benson 

Early life
Donaldson was born in Roxbury, Boston, in 1931  His father was an alcoholic, and his mother abandoned him when he was 6  Donaldson started regularly drinking alcohol when he was aged 10 and became a heroin user at 14  In his early 20s he spent four years in prison Donaldson's violent temper led to his committal to a mental asylum, after two attempted murders  He later underwent a conversion to the teachings of the Nation of Islam and renamed himself Hakim Jamal  He became a spokesman for the movement and contributed articles to various newspapers promoting Black Power  After Malcolm X left the Nation of Islam, Jamal supported his decision and was outspoken in his criticism of Elijah Muhammad 

Founding US Organization
After Malcolm X's death, Jamal joined with Maulana Karenga and others to found "US", an organization to promote African-American cultural unity  He had already circulated a self-produced magazine entitled "US", a pun on the phrase "us and them" and the accepted abbreviation of "United States"  This promoted the idea of black cultural unity as a distinct national identity  Jamal and Karenga published a magazine Message to the Grassroot in 1966, in which Karenga was listed as chairman and Jamal as founder of the new group  Jamal argued that the ideas of Malcolm X should be the main ideological model for the group However, Jamal's views increasingly differed from Karenga's  Jamal continued to emphasise his cousin's radical politics, while Karenga wished to root black Americans in African culture  Jamal saw no point in projects such as teaching Swahili and promoting traditional African rituals  He left "US" to establish the Malcolm X Foundation, based in Compton, California 

Relationships
Though married to fellow-activist Dorothy Jamal, Jamal had several significant affairs  He had a brief relationship with actress Jean Seberg  His wife phoned Seberg's father to try to bring an end to the affair Jamal moved to London during the late 1960s where he met Gale Benson, daughter of the British MP Leonard Plugge 
The writer V  S  Naipaul described Benson as Jamal's "white-woman slave " Jamal and Benson traveled in America seeking funds for a project to create a Montessori school for black children  Following an unsuccessful attempt to establish a commune in Guyana with the young German radical Herbert Girardet, the couple later joined West Indian Black Power leader Michael X at his commune in Trinidad, where Jamal wrote articles in support of Michael's activities 

Gale Benson murder
Benson traveled once again to America to raise funds for the school, but was unsuccessful  Shortly after her return to Trinidad in 1972, she was murdered by Michael X and his associates  Jamal was not a suspect, but it was alleged that Michael X had ordered her death because she was causing "mental strain" to Jamal In 1971, Jamal wrote his autobiography, From the Dead Level: Malcolm X and Me  It was published in the UK by André Deutsch and at this time Jamal became involved in a relationship with his London editor, Diana Athill  She later wrote about their romance in her memoir Make Believe, recording his increasing mental instability and alleged that he made repeated assertions that he was God Jamal eventually returned to his wife and moved back to Boston, where he revived his role as director of the Malcolm X Foundation 

Death
On May 1, 1973, Jamal was killed when four men burst into his apartment in Boston and shot him repeatedly  Police attributed the crime to a factional dispute, linked to Jamal's attacks on Elijah Muhammad  It was blamed on a group known as De Mau Mau  Five members of the group were convicted of involvement in the murder 

In popular culture
Jamal is a character in the 2008 film The Bank Job, in which he is played by Colin Salmon 
In the Jean Seberg biopic Seberg from 2019, he is played by Anthony Mackie 

Notes
Further reading
Athill, Diana (2004) [1993]  Make Believe: A True Story  London: Granta  ISBN 978-1-86207-708-9 
Jamal, Hakim A  (1972)  From The Dead Level: Malcolm X and Me  New York: Random House  ISBN 978-0-394-46234-9 

External links
"Hakim Jamal (centre), Portobello Road", 1971 photograph by Charlie Phillips  V&A collection 
FBI Docs Hakim Jamal FBI file as well as inventory of other FBI files on Jamal held by the National Archives II
Passage 6:
Etheridge Knight
Etheridge Knight (April 19, 1931 – March 10, 1991) was an African-American poet who made his name in 1968 with his debut volume, Poems from Prison   The book recalls in verse his eight-year-long sentence after his arrest for robbery in 1960   By the time he left prison, Knight had prepared a second volume featuring his own writings and works of his fellow inmates  This second book, first published in Italy under the title Voce negre dal carcere, appeared in English in 1970 as Black Voices from Prison  These works established Knight as one of the major poets of the Black Arts Movement, which flourished from the early 1960s through the mid-1970s  With roots in the Civil Rights Movement, Malcolm X and the Nation of Islam, and the Black Power Movement, Etheridge Knight and other American artists within the movement sought to create politically engaged work that explored the African-American cultural and historical experience Knight is also considered an important poet in the mainstream American tradition  In his 2012 book Understanding Etheridge Knight, Michael S  Collins calls Knight "a mighty American poet    He and Wallace Stevens stand as 'two poles of American poetry,' according to his better-known fellow writer Robert Bly  Or, rather, Knight was, as he often said, a poet of the belly: a poet of the earth and of the body, a poet of the feelings from which cries and blood oaths and arias come, while Stevens was a poet, arguably, of the ache left in the intellect after it tears itself from God  'Ideas are not the source of poetry,' Knight told one interviewer  'For me it's passion, heart and soul    '"

Biography
Knight was born on April 19, 1931, as one of eight children to Belzora Cozart  Knight and Etheridge "Bushie" Knight in rural Corinth, Mississippi, but moved with his family to Paducah, Kentucky, where his father, a failed farmer, worked as a laborer on the Kentucky Dam  During this time, Knight frequently ran away from home, and so, was sent back to Corinth during the summer to stay with an uncle  Although he was an extremely bright student, Knight decided to drop out of school at the age of 16  His first job was as a shoe shiner in a small Kentucky town, where he first became more attuned to nuances of language as he absorbed the world and activity around him  In addition to his work, Knight spent much of his time at juke joints, pool halls, and underground poker games, which furthered his interest in language  It was during this time that Knight became exposed to "toasts," which are narrative-style oral poetry which relates a story  In 1947, Knight enlisted in the army and served as a medical technician in the Korean War until November 1950, during which time he sustained serious wound as well as psychological trauma, which led him to begin using morphine  By the time Knight was discharged from the army and returned to Indianapolis, Indiana, where his family had moved, he had become addicted to opiates  He spent much of the next several years dealing drugs and stealing to support his drug addiction In 1960, after a few previous run-ins with the police, Knight and two of his associates were arrested for armed robbery  Knight was initially so furious about his sentence that he was later unable to recall much of what happened during his first few months of his sentence  But after realizing that such anger was counterproductive, he turned his attention to reading as much as he could and dedicated himself to poetry During the following years, Knight became increasingly well known for his poetry writings  After working as a journalist for prison publications, he began submitting poetry to the Negro Digest in 1965   He also started establishing contacts with significant figures in the African-American literary community, including well-known poets like Gwendolyn Brooks, Dudley Randall, Sonia Sanchez and Haki Madhubuti, many of whom came to visit him in prison  The poems he had written during his time in prison were so effective that Dudley Randall, a poet and owner of Broadside Press, published Knight’s first volume of verse, Poems from Prison, and hailed Knight as one of the major poets of the Black Arts Movement  The book’s publication coincided with his release from prison 
Upon his release from prison in 1968, Knight married poet Sonia Sanchez  Over the next few years, he held the position of writer-in-residence at several universities, including two years, 1968 and 1969, spent at the University of Pittsburgh  While living in Pittsburgh with his wife and their family, Knight spent time as poetry editor for Motive magazine  Because of his ongoing drug addiction, his marriage to Sanchez did not last long, and they were divorced in 1970 while still in Pittsburgh  He continued writing his third book, Belly Song and Other Poems, which was published in 1973  His third work incorporates new life experiences and attitudes about love and race, and Knight was praised for the work’s sincerity  Belly Song was nominated for the National Book Award and the Pulitzer Prize  Knight’s time in Pennsylvania was very important to his career: his work during this period won him both a National Endowment for the Arts grant in 1972 and a Guggenheim Fellowship in 1974 
He married Mary McAnally in 1972, and she adopted two children  They settled in Minneapolis, Minnesota, until they separated in 1977  He then resided in Memphis, Tennessee, where he received Methadone treatments  Knight rose from a life of poverty, crime, and drug addiction to become exactly what he expressed in his notebook in 1965: a voice that was heard and helped his people 
Knight continued to write throughout his post-prison life  Belly Song and Other Poems (1973) dealt with themes of racism and love  Knight believed the poet was a "meddler" or intermediary between the poem and the reader  He elaborated on this concept in his 1980 work Born of a Woman  The Essential Etheridge Knight (1986), which is a compilation of his work 
In 1990, he earned a bachelor's degree in American poetry and criminal justice from Martin Center University in Indianapolis  Knight taught at the University of Pittsburgh, the University of Hartford, and Lincoln University, before he was forced to stop working due to illness  He also continued to be known as a charismatic poetry reader  Knight died in Indianapolis, Indiana, of lung cancer on March 10, 1991 

Style and themes
Knight’s poetry uses Black vernacular and includes a number of haiku among its forms, including this poem titled ″Vigo County″: ″Beyond the brown hill / Above the silent cedars, / Blackbirds flee the April rains ″  This message aligns with the Black Arts Movement in that the artists were no longer going to be imprisoned by silence; they would use their voices and art to escape 
Joyce Ann Joyce places Knight "in the context of an African philosophical/aesthetic tradition " His "tribute to the ancestors," she writes, "emerges as a ritualistic drama in which the values of the poet's ancestors are reborn, redefined, reaffirmed and reinterpreted, at once giving them added viability and sacralizing their new form " This ethnophilosophical perspective, she finds, "differs significantly from the Eurocentric concept of intertextuality that confines itself to reading texts only within the context of other texts ” Joyce calls him “a truly African oral performer," whose subjects "grew out of his and his people's lives" so that "viewed in the context of an African philosophical/aesthetic tradition, his poetry places him among those at the vanguard of any discussion of the history of African-American poetic letters " In his poem, ″Cell Song″ Knight articulates his desire to create good from his time in prison  He speaks to himself:
Night Music Slanted
Light strike the cave of sleep  I alone
tread the red circle
and twist the space with speech
Come now, etheridge, don't
be a savior; take your words and scrape
the sky, shake rain
on the desert, sprinkle
salt on the tail
of a girl,
can there anything
good come out of
prisonKnight places the reader within the cell; he capitalizes the first three words to show emphasis – this is not actual music, but the quiet and intermittent noises expected to be heard at night in prison  In the dark and light of the "red circle," he paces and ruminates over the words and ideas in his head  He attempts to project to that life beyond the prison walls, to use his talents for good, to use his words to make an impact  The reader can imagine Knight walking in small circles within his cell, as the words of the poem wind tighter and tighter  He concludes rather than questions that ″good″ can ″come out of prison ″
His exploration of themes of freedom and imprisonment, including his tributes to Martin Luther King Jr  and Malcolm X, are noted in a biographical study by Cassie Premo, who writes that his life and work dwell on "the theme of prisons imposed from without (slavery, racism, poverty, incarceration) and prisons from within (addiction, repetition of painful patterns) [which] are countered with the theme of freedom  His poems of suffering and survival, trial and tribute, loss and love testify to the fact that we are never completely imprisoned  Knight's poetry expresses our freedom of consciousness and attests to our capacity for connection to others ”In his prison-era poem, "The Warden Said to Me the Other Day," Knight "limns his feelings of emotional, imaginative, and perceptual confinement "The warden said to me the other day
(innocently, I think), "Say etheridge,
why come the black boys don't run off
like the white boys do?"
I lowered my jaw and scratched my head
And said (innocently, I think), "Well, suh,
I ain't for sure, but I reckon it's cause
We ain't got no wheres to run to "Written in a vernacular style reminiscent of a tale by Uncle Remus, Knight expresses the doubtfulness of black autonomy and white motives, for "Knight[sees] American as a prison where, no matter how benevolent a warden wishes to be, his gestures remain part of what locks his charges in " Knight's true prison, then, is the ways in which the Law, controlled by white America, imprisons black bodies and black voices, regardless of their presumed physical freedom 
Knight's poem, ″A WASP Woman Visits a Black Junkie in Prison″ shows how humans must only find a common interest to make a connection, in this case, both the black man and white woman have children  According to Premo, the "encounter leaves the man touched and softened by the woman, as are many of Knight's male speakers  In ″Belly Song,″ the speaker "sings of love: all the emotion, pain, memory, and passion of living ″  In ″The Stretching of the Belly," Knight contrasts the stretchmarks of his third wife, Charlene Blackburn with his own scars  His wife's representing ″growth and life″ while his are from ″war, violence, and slavery ″

Works
Poems from Prison  Detroit: Broadside Press, 1968 
2 Poems for Black Relocation Centers, 1968 
The Idea of Ancestry, 1968 
Black Voices from Prison (with others)  New York: Pathfinder Press, 1970 
A Poem for Brother Man, 1972 
For Black Poets Who Think of Suicide, 1972 
Belly Song and Other Poems  Detroit: Broadside Press, 1973 
Born of a Woman: New and Selected Poems  Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1980 
The Essential Etheridge Knight  Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press, 1986 
The Lost Etheridge  Athens: Kinchafoonee Creek Press, 2022 
Passage 7:
Rainbow Coalition (Fred Hampton)
The Rainbow Coalition was an antiracist, anticlass multicultural movement founded April 4, 1969 in Chicago, Illinois by Fred Hampton of the Black Panther Party, along with William "Preacherman" Fesperman of the Young Patriots Organization and José Cha Cha Jiménez, founder of the Young Lords  It was the first of several 20th century black-led organizations to use the "rainbow coalition" concept Some members of the Young Patriots included Jack (Junebug) Boykin, Bobby Joe Mcginnis and Hy Thurman who worked with Field Marshall Bobby Lee of the Black Panthers  Hampton first met Jimenez in Chicago's Lincoln Park neighborhood the day after the Young Lords were in the news, having occupied the police community workshop meeting of the 18th District Police Station  Hampton was arrested twice in February 1969 with Jimenez at the Wicker Park Welfare Office  Both were charged with Mob Action during peaceful pickets of the welfare office protesting mistreatment of the patrons 
The Rainbow Coalition soon included various radical socialist community groups like the Lincoln Park Poor People's Coalition, later, the coalition was joined nationwide by the Students for a Democratic Society ("SDS"), the Brown Berets, the American Indian Movement and the Red Guard Party  In April 1969, Hampton called several press conferences to announce that this "Rainbow Coalition" had formed  Some of the things the coalition engaged in joint action against were poverty, corruption, racism, police brutality, and substandard housing  The participating groups supported each other at protests, strikes, and demonstrations where they had a common cause The coalition later included many other local groups like Rising Up Angry, and Mothers and Others  The Coalition also brokered treaties to end crime and gang violence  Hampton, Jimenez and their colleagues believed that the Richard J  Daley Democratic Party machine in Chicago used gang wars to consolidate their own political positions by gaining funding for law enforcement and dramatizing crime rather than underlying social issues The coalition eventually collapsed under duress from constant harassment by local and federal law enforcement, including the murder of Hampton 

History
Black nationalism changed around 1964-65 with Dr  Martin Luther King, Jr , began to radicalize his movement as he came to understand the importance of the ballot box, or electoral politics for social change  Malcolm X suggested that a mass convention could potentially help them decide between what he called a Black party and a Black army  While this specific convention never came to fruition, Malcolm X focused his energy on creating an intelligence for a Black political power  He came to understand it would be more difficult than he initially thought Malcolm X spent the last year of his life strategizing how to increase voter participation and provide widespread political education  At the same time, Dr  King was getting more militant  He believed they should have addressed political power previously, that Black people needed to be in power to address Black issues  He thought organizations needed to stop fighting and unite because they have a responsibility to the movement  It was important to not just increase Black votes but also to put their voices in powerful places 

Formation
Chicago was very segregated, separated by whites, Puerto Ricans, and blacks  Following the release of West Side Story, Puerto Ricans started dying their clothes purple, and that became their “colors " It was very difficult to get a job in Chicago, some would donate blood because that was the only way they could bring in a profit  Students for a Democratic Society came in and formed a JOIN Jobs or Income Now, and introduced the civil rights movement, which started the progress for change  When the west and south side of Chicago combined it was the largest contiguous area of 90 or more percent black population in the world outside of Africa  Mayor Daley used virtually every instrument of government he could to keep Chicago segregated  He served as mayor from 1955 to 1976  At his peak, he was the “most powerful and most influential urban figure in America ” Martin Luther King Jr  believed that southwest Chicago was a closed society in terms of race  The “white flight” went to the suburbs to flee the minorities coming into the communities, and Mayor Daley wanted to bring them back into the city  “Urban renewal was a racist plan, and was supported by the federal government with funds ”  Some of the activists in the Puerto Rican community came across a Community Conservation Council meeting in their community, and inside there were models of the city with the Puerto Rican areas of the city being vacant, and the meeting was run by about 12 white men  So the activists said they had to hold these meetings with some representatives from different minorities if they wanted to continue to hold meetings in that venue  When the representatives refused, the Puerto Ricans picked up chairs and started throwing them around, and ended up shutting down the Department of Urban Renewal for about three months 
Police brutality really started to take off during this point  The police had a bench with the handcuffs on the side so they could cuff you, and beat you with whatever they wanted to hit you with as long as they didn’t leave any marks  Many minorities would get beat up before they ever even got into jail, and there was nothing they could do about it  Following Martin Luther King Jr ’s assassination, Daley showed his power through the force of his police during the Democratic Convention in 1968  Daley stated on broadcast, “Shoot to kill any arsonists, or anyone with a molotov cocktail in their hand in Chicago”  This caused the Young Lords to transform from a gang into a human rights movement  “The mission was self-determination for Puerto Rico  That meant that we were powerful as a people, and as a nation, to promote a sense of pride for being Puerto Rican ” The mission also included being patriotic to the community, not to the system  The demands of the people included, freedom, the power to determine individual destiny, true education, decent housing, fair trials with a jury of their peers, and an end to police brutality 
Fred Hampton was someone everyone in the community respected  The Black Panthers attended a community meeting with the JOIN organization in Uptown and asked where they could help in the community  At this point however, there were still many suspicions about the Panthers and their gun-carrying terrorist reputation  However, by showing they were dedicated to the community, the Panthers gained the trust of the JOIN organization, and the coalition started to take shape  In March, 1969, the community went to the 18th District police station and performed a non-violent takeover of a police workshop meeting  The next day, the Panthers met Fred Hampton  Shortly after, the first official Rainbow Coalition meeting was held  “The Rainbow Coalition was about uniting communities so we could make revolutionary change ” The Coalition also started a free health clinic, which ran from 1969 to 1975 (Pien)  The police department’s Gang Intelligence Unit formed a Panther squad, which would perform raids on the party, and often end up with Panther members and associates being incarcerated  Reverend Bruce Johnson was the pastor of Armitage Avenue United Methodist Church, which became the headquarters of the Young Lords  Following this partnership, the city of Chicago began to attack Reverend Johnson, and fined him $200 for every day the Young Lords were in the church  In Oakland, California, in July 1969, a three day conference was held called the Conference for a United Front Against Fascism  Shortly after this conference, Reverend Johnson and his wife were brutally murdered  Because of this, the Black Panther party started to defend themselves from the police raids, and there were shootings that followed The original rainbow coalition was the idea of Fred Hampton and other Black Panther Party leaders  They saw the Young Lords and Young Patriots as established groups in their designated communities  The people that lived in Lawndale, Lincoln Park, and Uptown were treated and governed as crippling to the city as a whole  It was also difficult for these people to find jobs in the post World War II era as they were looked at as an unwanted part of the population by employers  As these groups came together in the rainbow coalition it gave them more of a voice to fight with  Each of these groups wanted to help their people and work to get rid of the discrimination against them  Coming together helped these groups have more of an effect on local government and policies  It also gave their people the feeling of having a larger community that knew what each other were fighting 

Legacy
The phrase "rainbow coalition" was co-opted over the years by Reverend Jesse Jackson, who eventually appropriated the name in forming his own, more moderate coalition, Rainbow/PUSH  Some scholars, including Peniel Joseph, assert that the original rainbow coalition concept was a prerequisite for the multicultural coalition that Barack Obama built his political career upon Jeffrey Haas, a lawyer who represented the BPP after Hampton's assassination, praised some of Hampton's politics, stating that his work in unifying movements are things one can learn from him  However, Haas was critical towards the way Hampton ran the BPP hierarchical organization  Haas praised the horizontal structure of Black Lives Matter stating: "They may also have picked up on the vulnerability of a hierarchal movement where you have one leader, which makes the movement very vulnerable if that leader is imprisoned, killed, or otherwise compromised  I think the fact that Black Lives Matter says, 'We're leader-full, not leaderless,' perhaps makes them less vulnerable to this kind of government assault "

See also
Political history of Chicago
Passage 8:
Maulana Karenga
Maulana Ndabezitha Karenga (born Ronald McKinley Everett, July 14, 1941), previously known as Ron Karenga, is an American activist, author, convicted felon and professor of Africana studies, best known as the creator of the pan-African and African-American holiday of Kwanzaa 
Born in Parsonsburg, Maryland, to an African-American family, Karenga studied at Los Angeles City College and the University of California, Los Angeles  He was active in the Black Power movement of the 1960s, joining the Congress of Racial Equality and Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee  In 1965, Karenga and Hakim Jamal co-founded the black nationalist group US Organization, which became involved in violent clashes with the Black Panther Party by 1969  In 1971, he was convicted of felony assault, torture, and false imprisonment of women  He denied involvement and claimed the prosecution was political in nature  Karenga was imprisoned in California Men's Colony until he received parole in 1975 In 1966, Karenga notably created Kwanzaa, modeling the holiday after the African "first fruit" traditions  The rituals of the holiday promote African traditions, including the "seven principles of African heritage"  During the early years of Kwanzaa, Karenga said it was meant to be a black alternative to Christmas  Karenga, a secular humanist, challenged the sanity of Jesus and declared Christianity a "White religion" that black people should shun  However, Karenga later changed his opinion, stating that Kwanzaa was not meant to provide people with an alternative to "their own religion or religious holiday "Karenga has been awarded two doctorates, one in Political Science in 1976 and one in Social Ethics in 1994  He currently chairs the Africana Studies Department at California State University, Long Beach and has authored several books 

Early life
Karenga was born in Parsonsburg, Maryland, the 14th child and seventh son in the family  His father was a tenant farmer and Baptist minister who employed the family to work fields under an effective sharecropping arrangement  Karenga moved to Los Angeles in 1959, joining his older brother who was a teacher there, and attended Los Angeles City College  He became active with civil rights organizations Congress of Racial Equality and Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee, took an interest in African studies, and was elected as LACC's first African-American student president After earning his associate degree, he matriculated from the University of California, Los Angeles and earned BA and MA degrees in political science  He studied Swahili, Arabic, and other African-related subjects  Among his influences at UCLA were Jamaican anthropologist and Negritudist Councill Taylor, who contested the Eurocentric view of alien cultures as primitive  During this period, he took the name Karenga (Swahili for "keeper of tradition") and the title Maulana (Swahili-Arabic for "master teacher") 

1960s activism
US Organization
The Watts riots broke out when Karenga was a year into his doctoral studies  The Black Congress ("BC") was formed as a community-rebuilding organization in the aftermath  Within the BC, a discussion group centered on black nationalist ideas, called the Circle of Seven, was formed, which included Hakim Jamal (a cousin of Malcolm X) and Karenga  The group published US Magazine (meaning "Us black people") and in 1966 formed an organization called US  The organization joined in several community revival programs and was featured in press reports  Karenga cited Malcolm X's Afro-American Unity program as an influence on US Organization's work:

Malcolm was the major African American thinker that influenced me in terms of nationalism and Pan-Africanism  As you know, towards the end, when Malcolm is expanding his concept of Islam, and of nationalism, he stresses Pan-Africanism in a particular way  And he argues that, and this is where we have the whole idea that cultural revolution and the need for revolution, he argues that we need a cultural revolution, he argues that we must return to Africa culturally and spiritually, even if we can't go physically  And so that's a tremendous impact on US 
Karenga soon diverged from Malcolm X's ideas on Black nationalism and took US in a direction more focused on promoting African culture  Jamal and other adherents to Malcolm X's ideas left the group As racial disturbances spread across the country, Karenga appeared at a series of Black power conferences, joining other groups in urging the establishment of a separate political structure for African Americans  US developed a youth component with paramilitary aspects called the Simba Wachanga, which advocated and practiced community self-defense and service to the masses In 1966, Karenga founded the newspaper Harambee, which started as a newsletter for US and eventually became the newspaper for the Los Angeles Black Congress, an umbrella organization for several groups During the late 1960s, US Organization became bitter rivals with the Black Panther Party over their differing views on Black nationalism  The Federal Bureau of Investigation intensified this antipathy as part of its COINTELPRO operations, sending forged letters to each group which purported to be from the other group, so that each would believe that the other was publicly humiliating them  The rivalry came to a climax during 1969, with a series of armed confrontations and retaliatory shootings that left four Panthers dead, and more injured on both sides  A memorandum of the Los Angeles field office of the FBI dated May 26, 1970, confirmed that the surge of conflict suited their objectives and more would be encouraged:

"It is intended that US, Inc  will be discreetly and appropriately advised of the time and locations of BPP activities in order that the two organizations might be brought together and thus grant nature the opportunity to take her due course "
According to Louis Tackwood, a former informant with the Los Angeles Police Department's Criminal Conspiracies Section and author of The Glass House Tapes, Ronald Karenga was knowingly provided financial, arms, and other support by LAPD, with Tackwood as liaison, for US operations against the Black Panthers  Karenga enjoyed a level of trust among figures in government, including LAPD Chief Thomas Reddin and California Governor Ronald Reagan 

Kwanzaa
Karenga created Kwanzaa in 1966 to be the first pan-African holiday  Karenga said his goal was to "give Blacks an alternative to the existing holiday and give Blacks an opportunity to celebrate themselves and their history, rather than simply imitate the practice of the dominant society "Kwanzaa is inspired by African "first fruit" traditions, and the name chosen is from Swahili, "matunda ya kwanza " The rituals of the holiday promote African traditions and Nguzo Saba, the "seven principles of African Heritage" that Karenga described as "a communitarian African philosophy":

Umoja (unity)—To strive for and maintain unity in the family, community, nation, and race 
Kujichagulia (self-determination)—To define ourselves, name ourselves, create for ourselves, and speak for ourselves 
Ujima (collective work and responsibility)—To build and maintain our community together and make our brother's and sister's problems our problems and to solve them together 
Ujamaa (cooperative economics)—To build and maintain our own stores, shops, and other businesses and to profit from them together 
Nia (purpose)—To make our collective vocation the building and development of our community in order to restore our people to their traditional greatness 
Kuumba (creativity)—To do always as much as we can, in the way we can, in order to leave our community more beautiful and beneficial than we inherited it 
Imani (faith)—To believe with all our heart in our people, our parents, our teachers, our leaders, and the righteousness and victory of our struggle 

Criminal conviction and imprisonment
In 1971, Karenga was sentenced to one to ten years in prison on counts of felony assault and false imprisonment  One of the victims gave testimony of how Karenga and other men tortured her and another woman  The woman described having been stripped naked and beaten with an electrical cord  Karenga's estranged wife, Brenda Lorraine Karenga, testified that she sat on the other woman's stomach while another man forced water into her mouth through a hose 
A May 14, 1971, article in the Los Angeles Times described the testimony of one of the women:

Deborah Jones, who once was given the Swahili title of an African queen, said she and Gail Davis were whipped with an electrical cord and beaten with a karate baton after being ordered to remove their clothes  She testified that a hot soldering iron was placed in Miss Davis' mouth and placed against Miss Davis' face and that one of her own big toes was tightened in a vise  Karenga, head of US, also put detergent and running hoses in their mouths, she said  They also were hit on the heads with toasters 
Jones and Brenda Karenga testified that Karenga believed the women were conspiring to poison him, which Davis has attributed to a combination of ongoing police pressure and his own drug abuse Karenga denied any involvement in the torture, and argued that the prosecution was political in nature  He was imprisoned at the California Men's Colony, where he studied and wrote on feminism, Pan-Africanism, and other subjects  The US Organization fell into disarray during his absence and was disbanded in 1974  After he petitioned several black state officials to support his parole on fair sentencing grounds, it was granted in 1975 Karenga has declined to discuss the convictions with reporters and does not mention them in biographical materials  During a 2007 appearance at Wabash College, he again denied the charges and described himself as a former political prisoner 

Later career
After his parole, Karenga re-established the US Organization under a new structure He was awarded his first Ph D  in 1976 from United States International University (now known as Alliant International University) for a 170-page dissertation titled "Afro-American Nationalism: Social Strategy and Struggle for Community"  In 1977, he formulated a set of principles called Kawaida, a Swahili term for normal  Karenga called on African-Americans to adopt his secular humanism and reject other practices as mythical He was also the director of the Kawaida Institute for Pan African Studies and the author of several books, including his Introduction to Black Studies, a comprehensive Black/African Studies textbook now in its fourth edition (2010), originally published in 1982  He is also known for having co-hosted, in 1984, a conference that gave rise to the Association for the Study of Classical African Civilizations  
In 1994, he was awarded a second Ph D  in social ethics from the University of Southern California for an 803-page dissertation titled "Maat, the moral ideal in ancient Egypt: A study in classical African ethics " In 1995, he sat on the organizing committee and authored the mission statement of the Million Man March Karenga delivered a eulogy at the 2001 funeral service of New Black Panther Party leader Khalid Abdul Muhammad, praising him for his organizing activities and commitment to black empowerment  In 2002, scholar Molefi Kete Asante listed Maulana Karenga on his list of 100 Greatest African Americans As of 2021, Karenga chairs the Africana Studies Department at California State University, Long Beach 

Films
Owen Alik Shahadah's documentary 500 Years Later (2005) and its sequel Motherland (2010)
M K  Asante's documentary The Black Candle (2012)

Published works
Introduction to Black Studies  2010, 4th edition, University of Sankore Press  ISBN 0943412307 (Editions: 1982,1993,2002,2010)
Kwanzaa: A Celebration of Family, Community and Culture  1998  ISBN 0943412218
Maat, The Moral Ideal in Ancient Egypt  ISBN 0415947537
Odu Ifa: The Ethical Teachings  ISBN 0943412226
Kawaida and Questions of Life and Struggle  ISBN 0943412293
Selections from the Husia  ISBN 0943412064
Book of Coming Forth By Day  ISBN 0943412145
Handbook of Black Studies, co-edited with Molefi Kete Asante  ISBN 0761928405
The Million Man March/Day of Absence: A Commemorative Anthology, co-edited with Haki Madhubuti  ISBN 0883781883
Maulana Karenga: An Intellectual Portrait, Polity  ISBN 0745648282
Context 2: Passage 1:
The Lives of a Bengal Lancer (film)
The Lives of a Bengal Lancer is a 1935 American adventure film starring Gary Cooper, directed by Henry Hathaway, and written by Grover Jones, William Slavens McNutt, Waldemar Young, John L  Balderston, and Achmed Abdullah  The setting and title come from the 1930 autobiography of the British soldier Francis Yeats-Brown 
The story, which has little in common with Yeats-Brown’s book, tells of a group of British cavalrymen and high-ranking officers desperately trying to defend their stronghold and headquarters at Bengal against the rebellious natives during the days of the British Raj  Cooper plays Lieutenant Alan McGregor, Franchot Tone, Lieutenant John Forsythe, Richard Cromwell, Lieutenant Donald Stone, Guy Standing, Colonel Tom Stone, and Douglass Dumbrille plays the rebel leader Mohammed Khan, who reads the now often-misquoted line "We have ways to make men talk "The film was produced by released by Paramount Pictures  Planning began in 1931, and Paramount had expected the film to be released that same year  However, most of the location footage deteriorated due to the high temperatures, and the project was delayed  It was eventually released in the US in 1935 
It met with positive reviews and good box office results, and was nominated for seven Academy Awards, winning Assistant Director, with other nominations including Best Original Screenplay and Best Picture  The film grossed $1 5 million in worldwide theatrical rentals 

Plot
On the northwest frontier of India during the British Raj, Scottish Canadian  Lieutenant Alan McGregor  (Gary Cooper), in charge of newcomers, welcomes two replacements to the 41st Bengal Lancers: Lieutenant John Forsythe  (Franchot Tone) and  Lieutenant Donald Stone  (Richard Cromwell), the son of the unit's commander, Colonel Tom Stone  (Guy Standing)  Lieutenant Stone, a "cub" (meaning a newly commissioned officer), eagerly anticipated serving on the Indian frontier, particularly because he specifically was requested and assumed that his father sent for him; Lieutenant Forsythe, an experienced cavalrymen and something of a teasing character, was sent out as a replacement for an officer who was killed in action  
After his arrival Lieutenant Stone discovers that his father keeps him at arms length, wanting to treat him the same as he treats all of the other men  He also reveals that he did not request his son serve in his regiment, a discovery that breaks his heart and leads to him going on a drunken bender  Attempting to show impartiality, the colonel treats his son indifferently  The Colonel's commitment to strictly military behavior and adherence to protocol is interpreted by young Stone as rejection  He had not seen his father since he was a boy and had looked forward to spending time with him 
Lieutenant Barrett (Colin Tapley), disguised as a native rebel in order to spy on Mohammed Khan (Douglass Dumbrille), reports that Khan is preparing an uprising against the British  He plans to intercept and hijack a military convoy transporting two million rounds of ammunition  When Khan discovers that Colonel Stone knows of his plan, he orders Tania Volkanskaya, a beautiful Russian agent, to seduce and kidnap Lieutenant Stone in an attempt to extract classified information about the ammunition caravan from him, or use him as leverage to attract his father  When the colonel refuses to attempt his son's rescue, McGregor and Forsythe, appalled by the seeming lack of concern the colonel has for his own son, leave the camp at night without orders  Disguised as native merchants trying to sell blankets, they successfully get inside Khan's fortress  However, they are recognized by Tania, who had met the two men at a social event  McGregor and Forsythe are taken prisoner 
During interrogation, Khan wants to know when and where the munitions will be transported so that he can attack and steal the arms  He has the prisoners tortured for the information  Bamboo shoots are shoved under their fingernails and set on fire  McGregor and Forsythe refuse to talk, but the demoralized Stone, feeling rejected by his father, cracks and reveals what he knows  As a result, the ammunition convoy is captured 
After receiving news of the stolen ammunition, Colonel Stone takes the 41st to battle Khan  From their cell, the captives see the overmatched Bengal Lancers deploy to assault Khan's fortress  They manage to escape and blow up the ammunition tower, McGregor manning a machine gun and dying in the assault  Young Stone redeems himself by killing Khan with a dagger  With their ammunition gone, their leader dead, and their fortress in ruins, the remaining rebels surrender 
In recognition of their bravery and valor in battle, Lieutenants Forsythe and Stone are awarded the Distinguished Service Order  McGregor posthumously receives the Victoria Cross, Great Britain's highest award for military valor, with Colonel Stone pinning the medal to the saddle cloth of McGregor's horse in the custom in the 41st Lancers 

Cast
Gary Cooper as  Lieutenant Alan McGregor, a highly experienced officer in his mid-thirties, who has spent a long time with the regiment  McGregor, a Canadian, is portrayed as a charming, open character who befriends most officers, but because of disregard for his superiors and habit of speaking his mind is regarded askance by his superiors, who nevertheless respect his military abilities 
Franchot Tone as  Lieutenant John Forsythe, an upper-class cavalryman in his mid-twenties from the Royal Military Academy Sandhurst  Transferred from the Blues, one of the two regiments at the time the movie was made tasked with guarding the Sovereign, Forsythe is presented as the  funny guy  of the main characters, and is noteworthy for his Sandhurst style in military exercise, something that earns him countless compliments from his superiors Richard Cromwell as  Lieutenant Donald Stone, a recent graduate of Sandhurst and a very young officer  As the son of a colonel with a famous name, he is treated respectfully but becomes frustrated and morose because of personal issues with his father 
Guy Standing  as  Colonel Tom Stone, a long-serving colonel who left his home in Britain to serve on the Frontier, and explains to his son in the film that the "service always comes first     something your mother never understood " He is considered to be a dyed-in-the-wool, by-the-book colonel who suppresses his feelings and never does anything without orders 
C  Aubrey Smith as  Major Hamilton, an old, very experienced major who serves as Colonel Stone's adjutant and Lieutenant Stone's second father and friend  He, along with his chief, planned and coordinated the big assault on Mohammad Khan's fortress 
Kathleen Burke as  Tania Volkanskaya, a beautiful and seductive young Russian woman who is Khan's ally  She is used as Khan's secret ace, who seduces young men when needed to forward Khan's plans  It was she who, with considerable ease, outwitted first Stone and then McGregor and Forsythe 
Douglass Dumbrille as  Mohammed Khan, a well-known, wealthy prince of the region, educated at Oxford and ostensibly a friend of the British  He is also the secret rebel leader who fights for Bengal's independence from the British Crown  He is portrayed as the film's villain and is responsible for the death and torture of many people 
Colin Tapley as  Lieutenant Barrett, a close friend of Lieutenant McGregor who has been ordered to infiltrate Khan's group of bandits and delivers vital information about the rebels' location and movement 
Lumsden Hare as  Major General Woodley, the man in  command of the British intelligence service in India  He is disliked by most of the regiment's officers, especially McGregor, because his orders usually involve training exercises in locations where the pig-sticking is good  He thought of and approved the attack on Khan's stronghold 
J  Carrol Naish as Grand Vizier
James Dime

Production
Stock crisis
Paramount originally planned to produce the film in 1931 and sent cinematographers Ernest B  Schoedsack and Rex Wimpy to India to film location shots such as a tiger hunt  However, much of the film stock deteriorated in the hot sun while on location, so when the film was eventually made, much of the production took place in the hills surrounding Los Angeles, where Northern Paiute people were used as extras According to Hathaway, Schoedack struggled with the studio so was replaced by Steven Roberts, who began spending more money than Paramount were willing to, so he was fired  Gary Cooper had director approval and he suggested Henry Hathaway, whose Westerns the actor admired - it was Hathaway's entry into big budget films  The director had been to India for nine months and remembered everything being white so insisted on that in the film 

Filming
Among the filming locations were Lone Pine, Calif , Buffalo Flats in Malibu, Calif , the Paramount Ranch in Agoura, Calif , and the Iverson Movie Ranch in Chatsworth, Calif  For the climactic half-hour battle sequence at the end of the film, an elaborate set was built in the Iverson Gorge, part of the Iverson Movie Ranch, to depict Mogala, the mountain stronghold of Mohammed Khan 

Release
Box office
The film was released in American cinemas in January 1935  It was a big success at the box office and kicked off a cycle of Imperial adventure tales, including The Charge of the Light Brigade (1936), Another Dawn (1937), Gunga Din (1939), The Four Feathers (1939), and The Real Glory (1939)  The film had theatrical rentals of about $1 million in the U S  and Canada, and $1 5 million worldwide  It was the second most popular film at the British box office in 1935–36  The film was successful enough that it led to Gary Cooper being booked to star in a number of films of similar plots that were also set in "exotic" locales, including Beau Geste, The Real Glory, North West Mounted Police and Distant Drums 

Critical reception and influence
Laura Elston from the magazine Canada wrote that The Lives of a Bengal Lancer did "more glory to the British traditions than the British would dare to do for themselves " In response to the film success, Frederick Herron of the Motion Picture Association of America wrote "Hollywood is doing a very good work in selling the British Empire to the world "Writer John Howard Reid noted in his book Award-Winning Films of the 1930s that the film is considered "one of the greatest adventure films of all time" and highly praised Hathaway's work by saying "the film really made his reputation " It also received a praised review in Boys' Life magazine, starting off the review with the words "You will be immensely pleased with The Lives of a Bengal lancer" and went on to compare the style and class of the three main characters to that of The Three Musketeers  The film holds an overall approval rating of 100% on the review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes, based on 9 reviews, with a rating average of 8 out of 10 Critic Otis Ferguson said he was "taken by the show, imperialism and all " Andre Sennwald of The New York Times said the film "glorified the British Empire better than any film produced in Britain for that purpose "  Sennwald added that Paramount's "Kiplingesque" movie "ought to prove a blessing to Downing Street " The film proved so popular in the United States that it spurred a series of imperial films that continued throughout the decade and into the next decade  Frank S  Nugent, also of The New York Times, wrote that "England need have no fears for its empire so long as Hollywood insists upon being the Kipling of the Pacific " Nugent commented that movies such as The Lives of a Bengal Lancer and The Charge of the Light Brigade were far more pro-British than actual British filmmakers would ever dare to be: "In its veneration of British colonial policy, in its respect for the omniscience and high moral purpose of His, or Her, Majesty's diplomatic representatives and in its adulation of the courage, the virtue and the manly beauty of English soldiery abroad, Hollywood yields to no one—not even to the British filmmakers themselves "In Fascist Italy, Mussolini's motion picture bureau had the movie banned, as well as several other British-themed American movies, including Lloyd's of London and The Charge of the Light Brigade, on the grounds that they were "propaganda" 
According to Ivone Kirkpatrick, who met Adolf Hitler at Berchtesgaden in 1937, one of Hitler's favorite films was The Lives of a Bengal Lancer, which he had watched three times  He liked the film because "it depicted a handful of Britons holding a continent in thrall  That was how a superior race must behave and the film was a compulsory viewing for the S S "
Also, his valet recalled that Hitler enjoyed the film 
It was one of the eleven US movies that, from 1933 to 1937, were considered "artistically valuable" by the Nazi authorities 

Plot discrepancies
The film shares nothing with the source book, except the setting  Reid noted in Award-Winning Films of the 1930s that "none of the characters in the book appear in the screenplay, not even Yeats-Brown himself  The plot of the film is also entirely different "

Home media
The Paramount picture was distributed to home media on VHS on March 1, 1992 and on DVD on May 31, 2005  It has since been released in multiple languages and is included in several multi-film collections 

Awards
The film was nominated for the following Academy Awards, winning in one category:

See also
The Witching Hour
The Shepherd of the Hills
Now and Forever
Passage 2:
The White Haired Witch of Lunar Kingdom
The White Haired Witch of Lunar Kingdom is a 2014 Chinese wuxia-fantasy film based on the best-selected novel Romance of the White-Haired Maiden written by Liang Yusheng  Directed by Jacob Cheung and co-produced by Bona Film Group and Huang Jianxin with the creative consultant led by Tsui Hark, the film stars Fan Bingbing, Huang Xiaoming, Vincent Zhao and others among the supporting cast  Originally scheduled for release on 25 April 2014, the film was moved to 1 August 2014, then moved a day earlier to 31 July 2014 

Cast
Fan Bingbing as Lian Nishang
Huang Xiaoming as Zhuo Yihang
Vincent Zhao as Jin Duyi
Wang Xuebing as Murong Chong
Ni Dahong as Wei Zhongxian
Tong Yao as Ke Pingting
Li Xinru as Tie Shanhu
Cecilia Yip as Ling Yunfeng
Yan Yikuan as Huangtaiji

Production
The White Haired Witch of Lunar Kingdom was produced at a budget of 100 million yuan  Shooting started in November 2012 and ended in March 2013  During filming, Huang Xiaoming had a three-metre fall after a wire accident on the set and he fractured two toes on his left foot  He had to sit in a wheelchair for weeks, but resumed filming even though he had yet to fully recover  On 2 April 2013, Huang and Fan Bingbing attended a press conference in Beijing to talk about their experiences in filming White Haired Witch 

Reception
Box office
The film grossed US$61,900,000 in mainland China and a total of US$64 2 million internationally 

Critical response
The film received negative reviews from audiences  The review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes reports a 0 approval rating from critics, with an average score of 4 3/10, based on 6 reviews  The Hollywood Reporter said, "it's a shame that Cheung's first film in seven years is eventually weighed down by this rushed, uneven sprawl of a story credited to five screenwriters, each of whom possibly bringing their own references (ranging from political-parable historical dramas like last year's Life of Ming, to the contemporary dramas like Infernal Affairs) and their perspective in how to make The White Haired Witch connect with a new generation of viewers  Their attempt in reinventing this tale sits uncomfortably with the one central element that couldn't be moved — that is, the troubled (and sloppily presented) romance involving the title character "On Chinese movie review site Douban, the film has a rating of 3 8/10, based on 51590 viewers  On Mtime com, it has a score of 5 5 out of 10, based on 13137 viewers 
Passage 3:
Morgan Paull
Morgan Paull (December 15, 1944 – July 17, 2012) was an American actor most notable for playing Dave Holden in the Ridley Scott film Blade Runner 

Early life
Morgan Paull was born to a wealthy family in Wheeling, West Virginia and appeared in many high school plays  When he told his father that he wanted to attend Boston University to continue acting, his father disagreed with his plans and Morgan ran off  He went to the Barter Theatre in Abingdon, Virginia and then later appeared on Broadway in New Faces of 1965 and the off-Broadway show That Thing at the Cherry Lane 

Career
After moving to LA, he appeared in Muzeeka at the Mark Taper Forum and caught the attention of director Franklin Schaffner and producer Frank McCarthy  He made his acting debut in the 1970 film Patton playing Captain Richard N  Jenson  He was in the 1971 film Fools' Parade with Jimmy Stewart and the 1976 film The Last Hard Men with Charlton Heston  He is also known for playing the scheming Philip Wendell in the 1978 American television miniseries Centennial and a greedy businessman in the 1984 comedy Surf II 

Personal life
Until his death he resided in Lake Arrowhead in the mountains northeast of Los Angeles in the San Bernardino National Forest about 90 miles (140 km) from Hollywood  Paull was married four times, first to Gaye Huston in 1965 until they divorced in 1976  He was then married to Carmen Paull from 1976 to 1996, which ended in divorce  He was then married to April Paull in 1990 until that marriage ended in divorce  He later married Jenny Elam in 2004 until his death in 2012  Paull had two daughters Paull died on July 17, 2012 from stomach cancer in his home in Ashland, Oregon  He is buried in the Paull family plot, located in section 10 of Greenwood Cemetery, Wheeling, Ohio County, West Virginia 

Filmography
Film
Television
Passage 4:
Dirty O'Neil
Dirty O'Neil is a 1974 American film directed by Leon Capetanos and Lewis Teague 

Plot
Jimmy O'Neil (Morgan Paull), a cop in a small California town with a fondness for women, is forced into action when a trio of homicidal thugs invade the town 

Cast
Morgan Paull - Jimmy O'Neill
Art Metrano - Lassiter
Pat Anderson - Lizzie
Jeane Manson - Ruby
Katie Saylor - Vera
Raymond O'Keefe - Lou
Tommy J  Huff  - Bennie
Bob Potter - Al
Sam Laws - Clyde
Liv Lindeland - Mrs  Crawford
Kitty Carl - Bobby
Tara Strohmeier - Mary
Susan McIver - Helen

See also
List of American films of 1974
Passage 5:
The Man in the Iron Mask (1977 film)
The Man in the Iron Mask is a 1977 television film loosely adapted from the 1847–1850 novel The Vicomte de Bragelonne by Alexandre Dumas and presenting several plot similarities with the 1939 film version  It was produced by Norman Rosemont for ITC Entertainment, and starred Richard Chamberlain as King Louis XIV and his twin Philippe, Patrick McGoohan as Nicolas Fouquet, Ralph Richardson as Jean-Baptiste Colbert, Louis Jourdan as D'Artagnan, and Ian Holm as the Chevalier Duval   Jenny Agutter plays Louis XIV's mistress, Louise de la Vallière  Vivien Merchant appears as Queen Marie-Therese   It was directed by Mike Newell 

Plot
In this version, the twins' ages are swapped  Philippe is the firstborn and rightful king, who had been spirited away at birth and raised with no knowledge of his true identity in a plot by Cardinal Mazarin to manipulate Louis before his own death  Colbert and D'Artagnan plot to replace Louis (who is an ineffective king more interested in dancing and pleasure than the welfare of France) with Philippe, and in the process bring down the corrupt finance minister Fouquet, who has embezzled from the national treasury  Louis is repulsed by his own wife and makes repeated advances on Louise, who is in turn repulsed by him yet falls in love with Philippe 

Cast
Richard Chamberlain as King Louis XIV/Philippe
Jenny Agutter as Louise de La Vallière, Louis XIV's mistress
Patrick McGoohan as Nicolas Fouquet
Ralph Richardson as Jean-Baptiste Colbert
Louis Jourdan as D'Artagnan
Ian Holm as the Chevalier Duval
Hugh Fraser as Montfleury
Brenda Bruce as Queen Anne of Austria
Vivien Merchant as Queen Marie-Therese

Production
Filming
Although a made-for-TV movie, actual locations in France were used for filming, including the Château de Fontainebleau and Fouquet's actual chateau of Vaux-le-Vicomte for the final ball scene 

External links
The Man in the Iron Mask at IMDb
The Man in the Iron Mask at AllMovie
Passage 6:
Harrison Bergeron (film)
Harrison Bergeron is a 1995 cable science fiction television movie film loosely adapted from Kurt Vonnegut's 1961 dystopian  short story of the same name  It was produced for Showtime and first screened on August 13, 1995  It was released to VHS in 1998 

Plot
Harrison Bergeron lives in the fictional suburban town of Madison, Rhode Island in the year 2053  The audience is told that after the second American Revolution, which started during an ongoing economic depression that was a result of a combination of technological advancement and a widening disparity between the very rich and the very poor, it was mandated that all people be equal in all things  To this end, the social norm of this society has become dystopian egalitarianism  Citizens are pushed to strive to be of equal wealth, intelligence, athletic prowess and social status to all around them  Through a process of selective breeding, mankind is perfecting the perfectly average human being  What is not accomplished through arranged marriages is made up for through technological means, the most prominent of which are showing only mind numbing TV shows, and a headband device worn by all citizens which modulates intelligence, dialing a person's IQ up or down in order to arrive at a 'perfect' 100 
There are limits to the success of the devices, however, and Harrison Bergeron is one such case  He is a total failure in school, consistently receiving A's (C is the desired grade)  Even though he has been held back four years and his headband is consistently modified to dampen his intelligence, he still continues to excel to the embarrassment of him and his family 
Harrison goes to see a doctor about his intelligence problem, and after several tests it is determined that the headband is unsuccessful because Harrison's synaptic connections reroute themselves after each adjustment in order to overcome the inhibitions the headband is designed to place on the thought process  He is told that he will have to have an operation akin to a lobotomy in order to permanently lower his intelligence 
In his last day with a fully functioning brain, he goes to a "head house", where, in a parody of a bordello, men make plans to make high-end educational conversation with exceptionally smart women  Illegal device-free women are paid to play chess and conduct intelligent conversations with the clients  His first intelligent conversation ever with "mind whore" Phillipa is interrupted by a police bust  While the raid on the police station is underway Phillipa addresses a hidden camera saying not to take him away, and that she likes him  While being held captive in the police station, he is approached by a special agent who offers him an alternative to the lobotomy - to join what turns out to be the secret elite that runs the government 
Harrison falls in love with Phillipa there, but he illegally impregnates her and she is lobotomized for trying to escape   He feels he can no longer continue to betray his values and decides to take action  He breaks into a TV studio and reveals the truth about the secret society to the viewers  Eventually, the guards break through, and later on he is forced to make an appearance on TV and pretend the broadcast was not real  Instead, he uses his chance to commit suicide by shooting himself in front of the viewers  The story is framed by an additional perspective from Bergeron's parents, who are watching the incident on TV, but who, because of his father's handicapping due to his superior intelligence and his mother's less than average intelligence, cannot concentrate enough to appreciate what occurs nor remember it 
In a final scene, a young boy and his friend get together in his bedroom to watch the first four hours of Bergeron's broadcast, without their bands  Downstairs, one boy's mother looks up the stairs with a look of recognition on her face; she is seen to be Phillipa 

Cast
Sean Astin as Harrison Bergeron
Miranda de Pencier as Phillipa
Eugene Levy as President McCloskey
Mairlyn Smith as Janet Mckloskey
Howie Mandel as Charlie (of 'Chat with Charlie')
Andrea Martin as  Diana Moon Glampers
Christopher Plummer as John Klaxon
Nigel Bennett as Dr  Eisenstock
Peter Boretski as Newman
David Calderisi as Commissioner Benson
Emmanuelle Chriqui as Jeannie
Hayden Christensen as Eric
Cindy Cook as Weatherperson
Roger Dunn as George Bergeron
Jayne Eastwood as Ms  Newbound
Hal Eisen as TV Announcer - San Quentin
Matthew Ferguson as Garth Bergeron
Michael Fletcher - Technician
John Friesen as Frank the Plumber
Linda Goranson as Hazel Bergeron
Richard Monette as Eric Shockley
Quyen Hua as Wang

Production and release
Harrison Bergeron was filmed in Toronto, Ontario, Canada and the University of Toronto Scarborough campus 

Awards
Harrison Bergeron was nominated in four categories at the 1996 Gemini Awards for Best Direction, Best Performance by an Actor in a Supporting Role, Best Production Design or Art Direction and Best Sound 
Passage 7:
Blade Runner
Blade Runner is a 1982 science fiction film directed by Ridley Scott, and written by Hampton Fancher and David Peoples  Starring Harrison Ford, Rutger Hauer, Sean Young, and Edward James Olmos, it is an adaptation of Philip K  Dick's 1968 novel Do Androids Dream of Electric Sheep? The film is set in a dystopian future Los Angeles of 2019, in which synthetic humans known as replicants are bio-engineered by the powerful Tyrell Corporation to work on space colonies  When a fugitive group of advanced replicants led by Roy Batty (Hauer) escapes back to Earth, burnt-out cop Rick Deckard (Ford) reluctantly agrees to hunt them down 
Blade Runner initially underperformed in North American theaters and polarized critics; some praised its thematic complexity and visuals, while others critiqued its slow pacing and lack of action  It later became a cult film, and has since come to be regarded as one of the greatest science fiction films of all time  Hailed for its production design depicting a high-tech but decaying future, Blade Runner is often regarded as both a leading example of neo-noir cinema as well as a foundational work of the cyberpunk genre  The film's soundtrack, composed by Vangelis, was nominated in 1982 for a BAFTA and a Golden Globe as best original score 
The film has influenced many science fiction films, video games, anime, and television series  It brought the work of Philip K  Dick to the attention of Hollywood, and several of his works later became films such as Total Recall (1990), Minority Report (2002), and A Scanner Darkly (2006)  In 1993, it was selected for preservation in the U S  National Film Registry by the Library of Congress as being "culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant" 
Seven different versions of Blade Runner exist as a result of controversial changes requested by studio executives  A director's cut was released in 1992 after a strong response to test screenings of a workprint  This, in conjunction with the film's popularity as a video rental, made it one of the earliest movies to be released on DVD  In 2007, Warner Bros  released The Final Cut, a 25th-anniversary digitally remastered version  This is the only version over which Scott retained artistic control 
The film is the first of the franchise of the same name  A sequel, directed by Denis Villeneuve and titled Blade Runner 2049, was released in October 2017 alongside a trilogy of short films covering the thirty-year span between the two films' settings  The anime series Blade Runner: Black Lotus was released in 2021 

Plot
In 2019 Los Angeles, former police officer Rick Deckard is detained by Officer Gaff, who likes to make origami figures, and is brought to his former supervisor, Bryant  Deckard, whose job as a "blade runner" was to track down bioengineered humanoids known as replicants and terminally "retire" them, is informed that four replicants are on Earth illegally  Deckard begins to leave, but Bryant ambiguously threatens him and Deckard stays  The two watch a video of a blade runner named Holden administering the Voight-Kampff test, which is designed to distinguish replicants from humans based on their emotional responses to questions  The test subject, Leon, shoots Holden on the second question  Bryant wants Deckard to retire Leon and three other Nexus-6 replicants: Roy Batty, Zhora, and Pris 
Bryant has Deckard meet with the CEO of the company that creates the replicants, Eldon Tyrell, so he can administer the test on a Nexus-6 to see if it works  Tyrell expresses his interest in seeing the test fail first and asks him to administer it on his assistant Rachael  After a much longer than standard test, Deckard concludes privately to Tyrell that Rachael is a replicant who believes she is human  Tyrell explains that she is an experiment who has been given false memories to provide an "emotional cushion", and that she has no knowledge of her true nature 
In searching Leon's hotel room, Deckard finds photos and a scale from the skin of an animal, which is later identified as a synthetic snake scale  Roy and Leon investigate a replicant eye-manufacturing laboratory and learn of J  F  Sebastian, a gifted genetic designer who works closely with Tyrell  Deckard returns to his apartment where Rachael is waiting  She tries to prove her humanity by showing him a family photo, but Deckard reveals that her memories are implants from Tyrell's niece, and she leaves in tears  Meanwhile, Pris locates Sebastian and manipulates him to gain his trust 
A photograph from Leon's apartment and the snake scale lead Deckard to a strip club, where Zhora works  After a confrontation and chase, Deckard kills Zhora  Bryant also orders him to retire Rachael, who has disappeared from the Tyrell Corporation  Deckard spots Rachael in a crowd, but he is ambushed by Leon, who knocks the gun out of Deckard's hand and beats him  As Leon is about to kill Deckard, Rachael saves him by using Deckard's gun to kill Leon  They return to Deckard's apartment and, during a discussion, he promises not to track her down  As Rachael abruptly tries to leave, Deckard restrains her and forces her to kiss him, and she ultimately relents 
Deckard leaves Rachael at his apartment and departs to search for the remaining replicants  Roy arrives at Sebastian's apartment and tells Pris that the other replicants are dead  Sebastian reveals that because of a genetic premature aging disorder, his life will be cut short, like the replicants that were built with a four-year lifespan  Roy uses Sebastian to gain entrance to Tyrell's penthouse  He demands more life from his maker, which Tyrell says is impossible  Roy confesses that he has done "questionable things" but Tyrell dismisses this, praising Roy's advanced design and accomplishments in his short life  Roy kisses Tyrell and then kills him by crushing his skull  Sebastian tries to flee and is later reported dead At Sebastian's apartment, Deckard is ambushed by Pris, but he kills her as Roy returns  Roy's body begins to fail as the end of his lifespan nears  He chases Deckard through the building and onto the roof  Deckard tries to jump onto another roof but is left hanging on the edge  Roy makes the jump with ease and, as Deckard's grip loosens, Roy hoists him onto the roof to save him  Before Roy dies, he laments that his memories "will be lost in time, like tears in rain"  Gaff arrives to congratulate Deckard, also reminding him that Rachael will not live, but "then again, who does?" Deckard returns to his apartment to retrieve Rachael  While escorting her to the elevator, he notices a small origami unicorn on the floor  He recalls Gaff's words and departs with Rachael 

Cast
Production
Development
Interest in adapting Philip K  Dick's novel Do Androids Dream of Electric Sheep? developed shortly after its 1968 publication  Director Martin Scorsese was interested in filming the novel, but never optioned it  Producer Herb Jaffe optioned it in the early 1970s, but Dick was unimpressed with the screenplay written by Herb's son Robert, saying, "Jaffe's screenplay was so terribly done     Robert flew down to Santa Ana to speak with me about the project  And the first thing I said to him when he got off the plane was, 'Shall I beat you up here at the airport, or shall I beat you up back at my apartment?'"The screenplay by Hampton Fancher was optioned in 1977  Producer Michael Deeley became interested in Fancher's draft and convinced director Ridley Scott to film it  Scott had previously declined the project, but after leaving the slow production of Dune, wanted a faster-paced project to take his mind off his older brother's recent death  He joined the project on February 21, 1980, and managed to push up the promised Filmways financing from US$13 million to $15 million  Fancher's script focused more on environmental issues and less on issues of humanity and religion, which are prominent in the novel, and Scott wanted changes  Fancher found a cinema treatment by William S  Burroughs for Alan E  Nourse's novel The Bladerunner (1974), titled Blade Runner (a movie)  Scott liked the name, so Deeley obtained the rights to the titles  Eventually, he hired David Peoples to rewrite the script and Fancher left the job over the issue on December 21, 1980, although he later returned to contribute additional rewrites Having invested over $2 5 million in pre-production, as the date of commencement of principal photography neared, Filmways withdrew financial backing  In ten days Deeley had secured $21 5 million in financing through a three-way deal between the Ladd Company (through Warner Bros ), the Hong Kong-based producer Sir Run Run Shaw and Tandem Productions Dick became concerned that no one had informed him about the film's production, which added to his distrust of Hollywood  After Dick criticized an early version of Fancher's script in an article written for the Los Angeles Select TV Guide, the studio sent Dick the Peoples rewrite  Although Dick died shortly before the film's release, he was pleased with the rewritten script and with a 20-minute special effects test reel that was screened for him when he was invited to the studio  Despite his well-known skepticism of Hollywood in principle, Dick enthused to Scott that the world created for the film looked exactly as he had imagined it  He said, "I saw a segment of Douglas Trumbull's special effects for Blade Runner on the KNBC news  I recognized it immediately  It was my own interior world  They caught it perfectly " He also approved of the film's script, saying, "After I finished reading the screenplay, I got the novel out and looked through it  The two reinforce each other so that someone who started with the novel would enjoy the movie and someone who started with the movie would enjoy the novel " The motion picture was dedicated to Dick  Principal photography of Blade Runner began on March 9, 1981, and ended four months later In 1992, Ford revealed, "Blade Runner is not one of my favorite films  I tangled with Ridley " Apart from friction with the director, Ford also disliked the voiceovers: "When we started shooting it had been tacitly agreed that the version of the film that we had agreed upon was the version without voiceover narration  It was a f**king [sic] nightmare  I thought that the film had worked without the narration  But now I was stuck re-creating that narration  And I was obliged to do the voiceovers for people that did not represent the director's interests " "I went kicking and screaming to the studio to record it " The narration monologs were written by an uncredited Roland Kibbee In 2006, Scott was asked "Who's the biggest pain in the arse you've ever worked with?" He replied: "It's got to be Harrison     he'll forgive me because now I get on with him  Now he's become charming  But he knows a lot, that's the problem  When we worked together it was my first film up and I was the new kid on the block  But we made a good movie " Ford said of Scott in 2000: "I admire his work  We had a bad patch there, and I'm over it " In 2006 Ford reflected on the production of the film saying: "What I remember more than anything else when I see Blade Runner is not the 50 nights of shooting in the rain, but the voiceover     I was still obliged to work for these clowns that came in writing one bad voiceover after another " Ridley Scott confirmed in the summer 2007 issue of Total Film that Harrison Ford contributed to the Blade Runner Special Edition DVD, and had already recorded his interviews  "Harrison's fully on board", said Scott 
The Bradbury Building in downtown Los Angeles served as a filming location, and a Warner Bros  backlot housed the 2019 Los Angeles street sets  Other locations included the Ennis-Brown House and the 2nd Street Tunnel  Test screenings resulted in several changes, including adding a voice-over, a happy ending, and the removal of a Holden hospital scene  The relationship between the filmmakers and the investors was difficult, which culminated in Deeley and Scott being fired but still working on the film  Crew members created T-shirts during filming saying, "Yes Guv'nor, My Ass" that mocked Scott's unfavorable comparison of U S  and British crews; Scott responded with a T-shirt of his own, "Xenophobia Sucks", making the incident known as the T-shirt war 

Casting
Casting the film proved troublesome, particularly for the lead role of Deckard  Screenwriter Hampton Fancher envisioned Robert Mitchum as Deckard and wrote the character's dialogue with Mitchum in mind  Director Ridley Scott and the film's producers spent months meeting and discussing the role with Dustin Hoffman, who eventually departed over differences in vision  Harrison Ford was ultimately chosen for several reasons, including his performance in the Star Wars films, Ford's interest in the Blade Runner story, and discussions with Steven Spielberg who was finishing Raiders of the Lost Ark at the time and strongly praised Ford's work in the film  Following his success in those two films, Ford was looking for a role with dramatic depth  According to production documents, several actors were considered for the role, including Gene Hackman, Sean Connery, Jack Nicholson, Paul Newman, Clint Eastwood, Tommy Lee Jones, Arnold Schwarzenegger, Peter Falk, Nick Nolte, Al Pacino and Burt Reynolds One role that was not difficult to cast was Rutger Hauer as Roy Batty, the violent yet thoughtful leader of the replicants  Scott cast Hauer without having met him, based solely on Hauer's performances in Paul Verhoeven's movies Scott had seen (Katie Tippel, Soldier of Orange, and Turkish Delight)  Hauer's portrayal of Batty was regarded by Philip K  Dick as "the perfect Batty – cold, Aryan, flawless"  Of the many films Hauer made, Blade Runner was his favorite  As he explained in a live chat in 2001, "Blade Runner needs no explanation  It just [is]  All of the best  There is nothing like it  To be part of a real masterpiece which changed the world's thinking  It's awesome " Hauer rewrote his character's "tears in rain" speech himself and presented the words to Scott on set prior to filming 
Blade Runner used a number of then-lesser-known actors: Sean Young portrays Rachael, an experimental replicant implanted with the memories of Tyrell's niece, causing her to believe she is human; Nina Axelrod auditioned for the role  Daryl Hannah portrays Pris, a "basic pleasure model" replicant; Stacey Nelkin auditioned for the role, but was given another part in the film, which was ultimately cut before filming  Debbie Harry turned down the role of Pris  Casting Pris and Rachael was challenging, requiring several screen tests with Morgan Paull playing the role of Deckard  Paull was cast as Deckard's fellow bounty hunter Holden based on his performances in the tests  Brion James portrays Leon Kowalski, a combat and laborer replicant, and Joanna Cassidy portrays Zhora, an assassin replicant 
Edward James Olmos portrays Gaff  Olmos drew on diverse ethnic sources to help create the fictional "Cityspeak" language his character uses in the film  His initial address to Deckard at the noodle bar is partly in Hungarian and means, "Horse dick [bullshit]! No way  You are the Blade     Blade Runner " M  Emmet Walsh portrays Captain Bryant, a rumpled, hard-drinking and underhanded police veteran typical of the film noir genre  Joe Turkel portrays Dr  Eldon Tyrell, a corporate mogul who built an empire on genetically manipulated humanoid slaves  William Sanderson was cast as J  F  Sebastian, a quiet and lonely genius who provides a compassionate yet compliant portrait of humanity  J  F  sympathizes with the replicants, whom he sees as companions, and he shares their shorter lifespan due to his rapid aging disease  Joe Pantoliano had earlier been considered for the role  James Hong portrays Hannibal Chew, an elderly geneticist specializing in synthetic eyes, and Hy Pyke portrayed the sleazy bar owner Taffey Lewis – in a single take, something almost unheard-of with Scott, whose drive for perfection resulted at times in double-digit takes 

Design
Scott credits Edward Hopper's painting Nighthawks and the French science fiction comics magazine Métal Hurlant, to which the artist Jean "Moebius" Giraud contributed, as stylistic mood sources  He also drew on the landscape of "Hong Kong on a very bad day" and the industrial landscape of his one-time home in northeast England  The visual style of the movie is influenced by the work of futurist Italian architect Antonio Sant'Elia  Scott hired Syd Mead as his concept artist; like Scott, he was influenced by Métal Hurlant  Moebius was offered the opportunity to assist in the pre-production of Blade Runner, but he declined so that he could work on René Laloux's animated film Les Maîtres du temps – a decision that he later regretted  Production designer Lawrence G  Paull and art director David Snyder realized Scott's and Mead's sketches  Douglas Trumbull and Richard Yuricich supervised the special effects for the film, and Mark Stetson served as chief model maker Blade Runner has numerous similarities to Fritz Lang's Metropolis, including a built-up urban environment, in which the wealthy literally live above the workers, dominated by a huge building – the Stadtkrone Tower in Metropolis and the Tyrell Building in Blade Runner  Special effects supervisor David Dryer used stills from Metropolis when lining up Blade Runner's miniature building shots The extended end scene in the original theatrical release shows Rachael and Deckard traveling into daylight with pastoral aerial shots filmed by director Stanley Kubrick  Ridley Scott contacted Kubrick about using some of his surplus helicopter aerial photography from The Shining 

Spinner
"Spinner" is the generic term for the fictional flying cars used in the film  A spinner can be driven as a ground-based vehicle, and take off vertically, hover, and cruise much like vertical take-off and landing (VTOL) aircraft  They are used extensively by the police as patrol cars, and wealthy people can also acquire spinner licenses  The vehicle was conceived and designed by Syd Mead who described the spinner as an aerodyne – a vehicle which directs air downward to create lift, though press kits for the film stated that the spinner was propelled by three engines: "conventional internal combustion, jet, and anti-gravity"  A spinner is on permanent exhibit at the Science Fiction and Fantasy Hall of Fame in Seattle, Washington  Mead's conceptual drawings were transformed into 25 vehicles by automobile customizer Gene Winfield; at least two were working ground vehicles, while others were light-weight mockups for crane shots and set decoration for street shots  Two of them ended up at Disney World in Orlando, Florida, but were later destroyed, and a few others remain in private collections 

Voight-Kampff machine
The Voight-Kampff machine is a fictional interrogation tool, originating from the novel (where it is spelled "Voigt-Kampff")  The Voight-Kampff is a polygraph-like machine used by blade runners to determine whether an individual is a replicant  It measures bodily functions such as respiration, blush response, heart rate and eye movement in response to questions dealing with empathy 

Music
The Blade Runner soundtrack by Vangelis is a dark melodic combination of classic composition and futuristic synthesizers which mirrors the film noir retro-future envisioned by Scott  Vangelis, fresh from his Academy Award-winning score for Chariots of Fire, composed and performed the music on his synthesizers  He also made use of various chimes and the vocals of collaborator Demis Roussos  Another memorable sound is the tenor sax solo "Love Theme" by British saxophonist Dick Morrissey, who performed on many of Vangelis's albums  Ridley Scott also used "Memories of Green" from the Vangelis album See You Later, an orchestral version of which Scott would later use in his film Someone to Watch Over Me Along with Vangelis's compositions and ambient textures, the film's soundscape also features a track by the Japanese ensemble Nipponia – "Ogi no Mato" or "The Folding Fan as a Target" from the Nonesuch Records release Traditional Vocal and Instrumental Music – and a track by harpist Gail Laughton from "Harps of the Ancient Temples" on Laurel Records Despite being well received by fans and critically acclaimed and nominated in 1982 for a BAFTA and Golden Globe as best original score, and the promise of a soundtrack album from Polydor Records in the end titles of the film, the release of the official soundtrack recording was delayed for over a decade  There are two official releases of the music from Blade Runner  In light of the lack of a release of an album, the New American Orchestra recorded an orchestral adaptation in 1982 which bore little resemblance to the original  Some of the film tracks would, in 1989, surface on the compilation Vangelis: Themes, but not until the 1992 release of the Director's Cut version would a substantial amount of the film's score see commercial release These delays and poor reproductions led to the production of many bootleg recordings over the years  A bootleg tape surfaced in 1982 at science fiction conventions and became popular given the delay of an official release of the original recordings, and in 1993 "Off World Music, Ltd" created a bootleg CD that would prove more comprehensive than Vangelis' official CD in 1994  A set with three CDs of Blade Runner-related Vangelis music was released in 2007  Titled Blade Runner Trilogy, the first disc contains the same tracks as the 1994 official soundtrack release, the second features previously unreleased music from the movie, and the third disc is all newly composed music from Vangelis, inspired by, and in the spirit of the movie 

Special effects
The film's special effects are generally recognized to be among the best of all time, using the available (non-digital) technology to the fullest  Special effects engineers who worked on the film are often praised for the innovative technology they used to produce and design certain aspects of those visuals  In addition to matte paintings and models, the techniques employed included multipass exposures  In some scenes, the set was lit, shot, the film rewound, and then rerecorded over with different lighting  In some cases this was done 16 times in all  The cameras were frequently motion controlled using computers  Many effects used techniques which had been developed during the production of Close Encounters of the Third Kind 

Release
Theatrical run
Blade Runner was released in 1,290 theaters on June 25, 1982  That date was chosen by producer Alan Ladd Jr  because his previous highest-grossing films (Star Wars and Alien) had a similar opening date (May 25) in 1977 and 1979, making the 25th of the month his "lucky day"  Blade Runner grossed reasonably good ticket sales in its opening weekend; earning $6 1 million during its first weekend in theaters  The film was released close to other major science-fiction and fantasy releases such as The Thing, Star Trek II: The Wrath of Khan, Conan the Barbarian and E T  the Extra-Terrestrial, which affected its commercial success 

Versions
Several versions of Blade Runner have been shown  The original workprint version (1982, 113 minutes) was shown for audience test previews in Denver and Dallas in March 1982  Negative responses to the previews led to the modifications resulting in the U S  theatrical version  The workprint was shown as a director's cut without Scott's approval at the Los Angeles Fairfax Theater in May 1990, at an AMPAS showing in April 1991, and in September and October 1991 at the Los Angeles NuArt Theater and the San Francisco Castro Theatre  Positive responses pushed the studio to approve work on an official director's cut  A San Diego Sneak Preview was shown only once, in May 1982, and was almost identical to the U S  theatrical version but contained three extra scenes not shown in any other version, including the 2007 Final Cut Two versions were shown in the film's 1982 theatrical release: the U S  theatrical version (117 minutes), known as the original version or Domestic Cut (released on Betamax, CED Videodisc and VHS in 1983, and on LaserDisc in 1987), and the International Cut (117 minutes), also known as the "Criterion Edition" or "uncut version", which included more violent action scenes than the U S  version  Although initially unavailable in the U S  and distributed in Europe and Asia via theatrical and local Warner Home Video releases, the International Cut was later released on VHS and The Criterion Collection Laserdisc in North America, and re-released in 1992 as a "10th Anniversary Edition" Ridley Scott's Director's Cut (1992, 116 minutes) had significant changes from the theatrical version including the removal of Deckard's voice-over, the re-insertion of the unicorn sequence, and the removal of the studio-imposed happy ending  Scott provided extensive notes and consultation to Warner Bros  through film preservationist Michael Arick, who was put in charge of creating the Director's Cut Scott's definitive The Final Cut (2007, 117 minutes) was released by Warner Bros  theatrically on October 5, 2007, and subsequently released on DVD, HD DVD, and Blu-ray Disc in December 2007  This is the only version over which Scott had complete artistic and editorial control 

Reception
Critical response
On Rotten Tomatoes, the film holds an 89% approval rating based on 126 reviews, with an average rating of 8 50/10  The website's critics consensus reads, "Misunderstood when it first hit theaters, the influence of Ridley Scott's mysterious, neo-noir Blade Runner has deepened with time  A visually remarkable, achingly human sci-fi masterpiece " Metacritic, which uses a weighted average, assigned the film a score of 84 out of 100 based on 15 critics, indicating "universal acclaim" Initial reactions among film critics were mixed  Some wrote that the plot took a back seat to the film's special effects and did not fit the studio's marketing as an action and adventure film  Others acclaimed its complexity and predicted it would stand the test of time  Negative criticism in the United States cited its slow pace  Sheila Benson from the Los Angeles Times called it "Blade Crawler", and Pat Berman in The State and Columbia Record described it as "science fiction pornography"  Pauline Kael praised Blade Runner as worthy of a place in film history for its distinctive sci-fi vision, yet criticized the film's lack of development in "human terms"  Ares magazine said, "Misunderstood by audiences and critics alike, it is by far the best science fiction film of the year "

Cultural analysis
Academics began analyzing the film almost as soon as it was released  One of the first books on the film was Paul M  Sammon's Future Noir: The Making of Blade Runner (1996), which dissects all the details concerning the film making  He was followed by Scott Bukatman's Blade Runner and other books and academic articles  In Postmodern Metanarratives: Blade Runner and Literature in the Age of Image, Décio Torres Cruz analyzes the philosophical and psychological issues and the literary influences in Blade Runner  He examines the film's cyberpunk and dystopic elements by establishing a link between the Biblical, classical and modern traditions and the postmodern aspects in the film's collage of several literary texts The boom in home video formats helped establish a growing cult around the film, which scholars have dissected for its dystopic aspects, questions regarding "authentic" humanity, ecofeminist aspects and use of conventions from multiple genres  Popular culture began to reassess its impact as a classic several years after it was released  Roger Ebert praised the visuals of both the original and the Director's Cut and recommended it for that reason; however, he found the human story clichéd and a little thin  He later added The Final Cut to his "Great Movies" list  Critic Chris Rodley and Janet Maslin theorized that Blade Runner changed cinematic and cultural discourse through its image repertoire and subsequent influence on films  In 2012, Time film critic Richard Corliss surgically analyzed the durability, complexity, screenplay, sets and production dynamics from a personal, three-decade perspective  Denis Villeneuve, who directed the sequel, Blade Runner 2049, cites the film as a huge influence for him and many others It has also been noted for its postmodernist approach and that it contributes to the historical development of modern dystopia in film  Furthermore, the futuristic version of Los Angeles has been widely discussed by academics with some comparing it to Milton's descriptions of hell in Paradise Lost  A 2019 retrospective in the BBC argued that elements of the film's socio-political themes remained prescient in the real year of the film's setting, such as its depiction of climate change  From a more philosophical perspective, Alison Landsberg described Scott's direction of the film as a "prosthetic memory"—an action that has never happened and appears to be divorced from lived experience, yet it defines personhood and identity within the wider Blade Runner universe 

Awards and nominations
Blade Runner won or received nominations for the following awards:

Themes
The film operates on multiple dramatic and narrative levels  It employs some of the conventions of film noir, among them the character of a femme fatale; narration by the protagonist (in the original release); chiaroscuro cinematography; and giving the hero a questionable moral outlook – extended to include reflections upon the nature of his own humanity  It is a literate science fiction film, thematically enfolding the philosophy of religion and moral implications of human mastery of genetic engineering in the context of classical Greek drama and hubris  It also draws on Biblical images, such as Noah's flood, and literary sources, such as Frankenstein and William Blake  Although Scott said any similarity was merely coincidental, fans claimed that the chess game between Sebastian and Tyrell was based on the famous Immortal Game of 1851 Blade Runner delves into the effects of technology on the environment and society by reaching to the past, using literature, religious symbolism, classical dramatic themes, and film noir techniques  This tension between past, present, and future is represented in the "retrofitted" future depicted in the film, one which is high-tech and gleaming in places but decayed and outdated elsewhere  In an interview with The Observer in 2002, director Ridley Scott described the film as "extremely dark, both literally and metaphorically, with an oddly masochistic feel"  He also said that he "liked the idea of exploring pain" in the wake of his brother's death: "When he was ill, I used to go and visit him in London, and that was really traumatic for me "A sense of foreboding and paranoia pervades the world of the film: corporate power looms large; the police seem omnipresent; vehicle and warning lights probe into buildings; and the consequences of huge biomedical power over the individual are explored –
especially regarding replicants' implanted memories  The film depicts a world post ecocide, where warfare and capitalism have led to destruction of 'normal' ecological systems  Control over the environment is exercised on a vast scale, and goes hand in hand with the absence of any natural life; for example, artificial animals stand in for their extinct predecessors  This oppressive backdrop explains the frequently referenced migration of humans to "off-world" (extraterrestrial) colonies  Eyes are a recurring motif, as are manipulated images, calling into question the nature of reality and our ability to accurately perceive and remember it These thematic elements provide an atmosphere of uncertainty for Blade Runner's central theme of examining humanity  In order to discover replicants, an empathy test is used, with a number of its questions focused on the treatment of animals – seemingly an essential indicator of one's "humanity"  Replicants will not respond the same way humans would, showing a lack of concern  The film goes so far as to question if Deckard might be a replicant, in the process asking the audience to re-evaluate what it means to be human The question of whether Deckard is intended to be a human or a replicant has been an ongoing controversy since the film's release  Both Michael Deeley and Harrison Ford wanted Deckard to be human, while Hampton Fancher preferred ambiguity  Ridley Scott has stated that in his vision, Deckard is a replicant  Deckard's unicorn-dream sequence, inserted into Scott's Director's Cut and concomitant with Gaff's parting gift of an origami unicorn, is seen by many as showing that Deckard is a replicant – because Gaff could have retrieved Deckard's implanted memories  The interpretation that Deckard is a replicant is challenged by others who believe the unicorn imagery shows that the characters, whether human or replicant, share the same dreams and recognize their affinity, or that the absence of a decisive answer is crucial to the film's main theme  The film's inherent ambiguity and uncertainty, as well as its textual richness, have permitted multiple interpretations 

Legacy
Cultural impact
While not initially a success with North American audiences, Blade Runner was popular internationally and garnered a cult following  The film's dark style and futuristic designs have served as a benchmark and its influence can be seen in many subsequent science fiction films, video games, anime, and television programs  For example, Ronald D  Moore and David Eick, the producers of the re-imagining of Battlestar Galactica, have both cited Blade Runner as one of the major influences for the show The film was selected for preservation in the United States National Film Registry in 1993 and is frequently taught in university courses  In 2007, it was named the second-most visually influential film of all time by the Visual Effects Society  The film has also been the subject of parody, such as the comics Blade Bummer by Crazy comics, Bad Rubber by Steve Gallacci, and the Red Dwarf 2009 three-part miniseries "Back to Earth"  The anime series Psycho-Pass by Production I G was also highly influenced by the movie Blade Runner continues to reflect modern trends and concerns, and an increasing number of critics consider it one of the greatest science fiction films of all time  It was voted the best science fiction film ever made in a 2004 poll of 60 eminent world scientists  Blade Runner is also cited as an important influence to both the style and story of the Ghost in the Shell franchise, which itself has been highly influential to the future-noir genre  Blade Runner has been very influential to the cyberpunk movement  It also influenced the cyberpunk derivative biopunk, which revolves around biotechnology and genetic engineering The dialogue and music in Blade Runner has been sampled in music more than any other film of the 20th century  The 2009 album I, Human by Singaporean band Deus Ex Machina makes numerous references to the genetic engineering and cloning themes from the film, and even features a track titled "Replicant" Blade Runner is cited as a major influence on Warren Spector, designer of the video game Deus Ex, which displays evidence of the film's influence in both its visual rendering and plot  Indeed, the film's look – and in particular its overall darkness, preponderance of neon lights and opaque visuals – are easier to render than complicated backdrops, making it a popular reference point for video game designers  It has influenced adventure games such as the 2012 graphical text adventure Cypher, Rise of the Dragon, Snatcher, the Tex Murphy series, Beneath a Steel Sky, Flashback: The Quest for Identity, Bubblegum Crisis video games (and their original anime), the role-playing game Shadowrun, the first-person shooter Perfect Dark, the shooter game Skyhammer, and the Syndicate series of video games The logos of Atari, Bell, Coca-Cola, Cuisinart, Pan Am, and RCA, all market leaders at the time, were prominently displayed as product placement in the film, and all experienced setbacks after the film's release, leading to suggestions of a Blade Runner curse  Coca-Cola and Cuisinart recovered, and Tsingtao beer was also featured in the film and was more successful after the film than before The design of Tesla's Cybertruck was inspired by the film  Prior to its release Elon Musk promised that it would "look like something out of Blade Runner"  Besides referring to the truck as the "Blade Runner Truck", Musk chose to debut the truck in order to coincide with the film's setting of November 2019  The film's art designer Syd Mead praised the truck and said he was "flattered" by the homage to Blade Runner 

Media recognition
American Film Institute recognition
AFI's 100 Years   100 Thrills – No  74
AFI's 100 Years   100 Movies (10th Anniversary Edition) – No  97
AFI's 10 Top 10 – No  6 Science Fiction Film

In other media
Before filming began, Cinefantastique magazine commissioned Paul M  Sammon to write a special issue about Blade Runner's production which became the book Future Noir: The Making of Blade Runner  The book chronicles Blade Runner's evolution, focusing on film-set politics, especially the British director's experiences with his first American film crew; of which producer Alan Ladd, Jr  has said, "Harrison wouldn't speak to Ridley and Ridley wouldn't speak to Harrison  By the end of the shoot Ford was 'ready to kill Ridley', said one colleague  He really would have taken him on if he hadn't been talked out of it " Future Noir has short cast biographies and quotations about their experiences as well as photographs of the film's production and preliminary sketches  A second edition of Future Noir was published in 2007, and additional materials not in either print edition have been published online Philip K  Dick refused a $400,000 offer to write a Blade Runner novelization, saying: "⁠[I was] told the cheapo novelization would have to appeal to the twelve-year-old audience" and it "would have probably been disastrous to me artistically"  He added, "That insistence on my part of bringing out the original novel and not doing the novelization – they were just furious  They finally recognized that there was a legitimate reason for reissuing the novel, even though it cost them money  It was a victory not just of contractual obligations but of theoretical principles " Do Androids Dream of Electric Sheep? was eventually reprinted as a tie-in, with the film poster as a cover and the original title in parentheses below the Blade Runner title  Additionally, a novelization of the movie entitled Blade Runner: A Story of the Future by Les Martin was released in 1982  Archie Goodwin scripted the comic book adaptation, A Marvel Comics Super Special: Blade Runner, published in September 1982, which was illustrated by Al Williamson, Carlos Garzon, Dan Green, and Ralph Reese, and lettered by Ed King Blue Dolphin Enterprises published the film's screenplay combined with selected production storyboards as The Illustrated Blade Runner (June 1982); a book of original production artwork by Syd Mead, Mentor Huebner, Charles Knode, Michael Kaplan, and Ridley Scott as Blade Runner Sketchbook (1982); and The Blade Runner Portfolio (1982), a collection of twelve photographic prints, similar to the artist portfolios released by their Schanes & Schanes imprint There are two video games based on the film, both titled Blade Runner: one from 1985, a side-scrolling video game for Commodore 64, ZX Spectrum, and Amstrad CPC by CRL Group PLC, which is marked as "a video game interpretation of the film score by Vangelis" rather than of the film itself (due to licensing issues); and another from 1997, a point-and-click adventure for PC by Westwood Studios  The 1997 game has a non-linear plot based in the Blade Runner world, non-player characters that each ran in their own independent AI, and an unusual pseudo-3D engine (which eschewed polygonal solids in favor of voxel elements) that did not require the use of a 3D accelerator card to play the game  Eldon Tyrell, Gaff, Leon, Rachael, Chew, J  F  Sebastian and Howie Lee appear, and their voice files are recorded by the original actors, with the exception of Gaff, who is replaced by Javier Grajeda (as Victor Gardell) and Howie Lee, who is replaced by Toru Nagai  The player assumes the role of McCoy, another replicant-hunter working at the same time as Deckard The television film (and later series) Total Recall 2070 was initially planned as a spin-off of the film Total Recall (based on Philip K  Dick's short story "We Can Remember It for You Wholesale"), but was produced as a hybrid of Total Recall and Blade Runner  Many similarities between Total Recall 2070 and Blade Runner were noted, as well as apparent influences on the show from Isaac Asimov's The Caves of Steel and the TV series Holmes & Yoyo 

Documentaries
The film has been the subject of several documentaries 

Blade Runner: Convention Reel (1982, 13 minutes)
Co-directed by Muffet Kaufman and Jeffrey B  Walker, shot and screened in 16 mm, featured no narrator, was filmed in 1981 while Blade Runner was still in production and featured short "behind-the-scenes" segments showing sets being built and sequences being shot, as well as interviews with Ridley Scott, Syd Mead and Douglas Trumbull  Appears on the Blade Runner Ultimate Collector's Edition On the Edge of Blade Runner (2000, 55 minutes)
Directed by Andrew Abbott and hosted/written by Mark Kermode  Interviews with production staff, including Scott, give details of the creative process and the turmoil during preproduction  Insights into Philip K  Dick and the origins of Do Androids Dream of Electric Sheep? are provided by Paul M  Sammon and Hampton Fancher 
Future Shocks (2003, 27 minutes)
Directed by TVOntario  It includes interviews with executive producer Bud Yorkin, Syd Mead, and the cast, and commentary by science fiction author Robert J  Sawyer and from film critics 
Dangerous Days: Making Blade Runner (2007, 213 minutes)
Directed and produced by Charles de Lauzirika for The Final Cut version of the film  Its source material comprises more than 80 interviews, including extensive conversations with Ford, Young, and Scott  The documentary is presented in eight chapters, with each of the first seven covering a portion of the filmmaking process  The final chapter examines Blade Runner's controversial legacy 
All Our Variant Futures: From Workprint to Final Cut (2007, 29 minutes)
Produced by Paul Prischman, appears on the Blade Runner Ultimate Collector's Edition and provides an overview of the film's multiple versions and their origins, as well as detailing the seven-year-long restoration, enhancement and remastering process behind The Final Cut 
 Blade Runner Phenomenon (2021, 53 minutes)
Directed by Boris Hars-Tschachotin and made by the France and Germany European public service channel ARTE, this documentary informs viewers using behind-the-scenes material from various sets, photos, original locations in Los Angeles, and interviews with those involved in the production 

Sequel and related media
A sequel was released in 2017, titled Blade Runner 2049, with Ryan Gosling alongside Ford in the starring roles  It entered production in mid-2016 and is set decades after the first film  Harrison Ford reprised his role as Rick Deckard  The film won two Academy Awards, for cinematography and visual effects The world of Blade Runner has also come to be explored in animation  Blade Runner 2049 was preceded by the release of three short films that served as prequels, where the chronological first, Blade Runner Black Out 2022, was anime (the other two, 2036: Nexus Dawn and 2048: Nowhere to Run, were live action, not animated) In November 2021, a Japanese-American anime television series called Blade Runner: Black Lotus was released  The series tells the story of a female replicant protagonist, rather than that of a male Blade Runner one Dick's friend K  W  Jeter wrote three authorized Blade Runner novels that continue Rick Deckard's story, attempting to resolve the differences between the film and Do Androids Dream of Electric Sheep? These are Blade Runner 2: The Edge of Human (1995), Blade Runner 3: Replicant Night (1996), and Blade Runner 4: Eye and Talon (2000)
Blade Runner cowriter David Peoples wrote the 1998 action film Soldier, which he referred to as a "sidequel" or spiritual successor to the original film; the two are set in a shared universe  A bonus feature on the Blu-ray for Prometheus, the 2012 film by Scott set in the Alien universe, states that Eldon Tyrell, CEO of the Blade Runner Tyrell Corporation, was the mentor of Guy Pearce's character Peter Weyland In late 2022, Amazon announced a Blade Runner 2049 sequel series would be produced  On October 12, 2022, an apparent official approval to actually make a Blade Runner 2099 TV series was reported 

See also
Blade Runner (franchise)
Arcology
Biorobotics
List of dystopian films
List of fictional robots and androids
Synthetic biology
Tech noir

Notes



ground_truth: Hakim Abdullah Jamal

prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: Morgan Paull played Dave Holden in a 1982 film loosely adapted from a novel by what author?

The following are given passages.
Context 3: Passage 1:
François Englert
François, Baron Englert (French: [ɑ̃ɡlɛʁ]; born 6 November 1932) is a Belgian theoretical physicist and 2013 Nobel Prize laureate 
Englert is professor emeritus at the Université libre de Bruxelles (ULB), where he is a member of the Service de Physique Théorique  He is also a Sackler Professor by Special Appointment in the School of Physics and Astronomy at Tel Aviv University and a member of the Institute for Quantum Studies at Chapman University in California  He was awarded the 2010 J  J  Sakurai Prize for Theoretical Particle Physics (with Gerry Guralnik, C  R  Hagen, Tom Kibble, Peter Higgs, and Robert Brout), the Wolf Prize in Physics in 2004 (with Brout and Higgs) and the High Energy and Particle Prize of the European Physical Society (with Brout and Higgs) in 1997 for the mechanism which unifies short and long range interactions by generating massive gauge vector bosons 
Englert has made contributions in statistical physics, quantum field theory, cosmology, string theory and supergravity  He is the recipient of the 2013 Prince of Asturias Award in technical and scientific research, together with Peter Higgs and the CERN 
Englert was awarded the 2013 Nobel Prize in Physics, together with Peter Higgs for the discovery of the Brout-Englert-Higgs mechanism 

Early life
François Englert is a Holocaust survivor  He was born in a Belgian Jewish family  During the German occupation of Belgium in World War II, he had to conceal his Jewish identity and live in orphanages and children's homes in the towns of Dinant, Lustin, Stoumont and, finally, Annevoie-Rouillon   These towns were eventually liberated by the US Army 

Academic career
He graduated as an electromechanical engineer in 1955 from the Free University of Brussels (ULB) where he received his PhD in physical sciences in 1959  From 1959 until 1961, he worked at Cornell University, first as a research associate of Robert Brout and then as assistant professor  He then returned to the ULB, where he became a university professor and was joined there by Robert Brout who, in 1980, with Englert coheaded the theoretical physics group  In 1998 Englert became professor emeritus  In 1984 Englert was first appointed as a Sackler Professor by Special Appointment in the School of Physics and Astronomy at Tel-Aviv University  Englert joined Chapman University's Institute for Quantum Studies in 2011, where he serves as a distinguished visiting professor 

The Brout–Englert–Higgs–Guralnik–Hagen–Kibble mechanism
Brout and Englert showed in 1964 that gauge vector fields, abelian and non-abelian, could acquire mass if empty space were endowed with a particular type of structure that one encounters in material systems  Focusing on the failure of the Goldstone theorem for gauge fields, Higgs reached essentially the same result  A third paper on the subject was written later in the same year by Gerald Guralnik, C  R  Hagen, and Tom Kibble  The three papers written on this boson discovery by Higgs, Englert and Brout, and Guralnik, Hagen, Kibble were each recognized as milestone papers for this discovery by Physical Review Letters 50th anniversary celebration  While each of these famous papers took similar approaches, the contributions and differences between the 1964 PRL symmetry breaking papers is noteworthy 
To illustrate the structure, consider a ferromagnet which is composed of atoms each equipped with a tiny magnet  When these magnets are lined up, the inside of the ferromagnet bears a strong analogy to the way empty space can be structured  Gauge vector fields that are sensitive to this structure of empty space can only propagate over a finite distance  Thus, they mediate short range interactions and acquire mass  Those fields that are not sensitive to the structure propagate unhindered  They remain massless and are responsible for the long range interactions  In this way, the mechanism accommodates within a single unified theory both short and long-range interactions 
Brout and Englert, Higgs, and Gerald Guralnik, C  R  Hagen, and Tom Kibble introduced as agent of the vacuum structure a scalar field (most often called the Higgs field) which many physicists view as the agent responsible for the masses of fundamental particles  Brout and Englert also showed that the mechanism may remain valid if the scalar field is replaced by a more structured agent such as a fermion condensate  Their approach led them to conjecture that the theory is renormalizable  The eventual proof of renormalizability, a major achievement of twentieth century physics, is due to Gerardus 't Hooft and Martinus Veltman who were awarded the 1999 Nobel Prize for this work  The Brout–Englert–Higgs–Guralnik–Hagen–Kibble mechanism is the building stone of the electroweak theory of elementary particles and laid the foundation of a unified view of the basic laws of nature 

Major awards
1978 First Prize in the International Gravity Contest (with R  Brout and E  Gunzig), awarded by the Gravity Research Foundation for the essay "The Causal Universe" 
1982 Francqui Prize, awarded by the Francqui Foundation once every four years in exact sciences "For his contribution to the theoretical understanding of spontaneous symmetry breaking in the physics of fundamental interactions, where, with Robert Brout, he was the first to show that spontaneous symmetry breaking in gauge theories gives mass to the gauge particles, for his extensive contributions in other domains, such as solid state physics, statistical mechanics, quantum field theory, general relativity and cosmology, for the originality and the fundamental importance of these achievements" 
1997 High Energy and Particle Physics Prize (with R  Brout and P W  Higgs), awarded by the European Physical Society "For formulating for the first time a self-consistent theory of charged massive vector bosons which became the foundation of the electroweak theory of elementary particles" 
2004 Wolf Prize in Physics (with R  Brout and P W  Higgs), awarded by the Wolf Foundation "For pioneering work that has led to the insight of mass generation, whenever a local gauge symmetry is realized asymmetrically in the world of sub-atomic particles" 
2010 J  J  Sakurai Prize for Theoretical Particle Physics (with Guralnik, Hagen, Kibble, Higgs, and Brout) awarded by The American Physical Society "For elucidation of the properties of spontaneous symmetry breaking in four-dimensional relativistic gauge theory and of the mechanism for the consistent generation of vector boson masses" 
By Royal Decree of 8 July 2013 François Englert was ennobled a baron by King Albert II of Belgium 
2013 Nobel Prize in Physics, shared with Peter Higgs  "for the theoretical discovery of a mechanism that contributes to our understanding of the origin of mass of subatomic particles, and which recently was confirmed through the discovery of the predicted fundamental particle, by the ATLAS and CMS experiments at CERN’s Large Hadron Collider" 
2013 Prince of Asturias Award for Technical and Scientific Research (with Peter Higgs and CERN) "for the theoretical prediction and experimental detection of the Higgs boson" 

See also
List of Jewish Nobel laureates
Passage 2:
Paul D  Boyer
Paul Delos Boyer (July 31, 1918 – June 2, 2018) was an American biochemist, analytical chemist, and a professor of chemistry at University of California Los Angeles (UCLA)  He shared the 1997 Nobel Prize in Chemistry for research on the "enzymatic mechanism underlying the biosynthesis of adenosine triphosphate (ATP)" (ATP synthase) with John E  Walker, making Boyer the first Utah-born Nobel laureate; the remainder of the Prize in that year was awarded to Danish chemist Jens Christian Skou for his discovery of the Na+/K+-ATPase 

Birth and education
Boyer was born in Provo, Utah  He grew up in a nonpracticing Mormon family  He attended Provo High School, where he was active in student government and the debating team  He was also his high schools valedictorian and played intramural basketball in high school and college  He received a B S  in chemistry from Brigham Young University in 1939 and obtained a Wisconsin Alumni Research Foundation Scholarship for graduate studies  Five days before leaving for Wisconsin, Paul married Lyda Whicker in 1939, and they remained married for nearly eighty years until his death in 2018, making him the longest-married Nobel laureate  The Boyers had three children 
Though the Boyers connected with the Mormon community in Wisconsin, they considered themselves "on the wayward fringe" and doubted the doctrinal claims of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church)   After experimenting with Unitarianism, Boyer eventually became an atheist  In 2003 he was one of 22 Nobel laureates who signed the Humanist Manifesto 

Academic career
After Boyer received his Ph D  degree in biochemistry from the University of Wisconsin–Madison in 1943, he spent years at Stanford University on a war-related research project dedicated to stabilization of serum albumin for transfusions  He began his independent research career at the University of Minnesota and introduced kinetic, isotopic, and chemical methods for investigating enzyme mechanisms  In 1955, he received a Guggenheim Fellowship and worked with Professor Hugo Theorell on the mechanism of alcohol dehydrogenase  In 1956, he accepted a Hill Foundation Professorship and moved to the medical campus of the University of Minnesota  In 1959–1960, he served as Chairman of the Biochemistry Section of the American Chemical Society (ACS) and in 1969-1970 as President of the American Society of Biological Chemists 
Since 1963, he had been a professor in the department of chemistry and biochemistry at University of California, Los Angeles  In 1965, he became the founding director of the Molecular Biology Institute and spearheaded the construction of the building and the organization of an interdepartmental Ph D  program  This institutional service did not diminish the creativity and originality of his research program, which led to three postulates for the binding mechanism for ATP synthesis—that energy input was not used primarily to form ATP but to promote the binding of phosphate and mostly the release of tightly bound ATP; that three identical catalytic sites went through compulsory, sequential binding changes; and that the binding changes of the catalytic subunits, circularly arranged on the periphery of the enzyme, were driven by the rotation of a smaller internal subunit 
Paul Boyer was editor or associate editor of the Annual Review of Biochemistry from 1963 to 1989  He was editor of the classic series, "The Enzymes"  When he worked on the series "The Enzymes", he was helped by his wife Lyda as she was a professional editor at UCLA  In 1981, he was faculty research lecturer at UCLA  In that same year, he was awarded the prestigious Tolman Medal by the Southern California Section of the American Chemical Society 

Death
Boyer died of respiratory failure on June 2, 2018, at the age of 99, less than two months shy of his 100th birthday at his Los Angeles home 

Publications
Dahms, A  S  & P  D  Boyer  "Occurrence and Characteristics of 18O-exchange Reactions Catalyzed By Sodium- and Potassium-dependent Adenosine Triphosphatases", University of California Los Angeles (UCLA), United States Department of Energy (through predecessor agency the Atomic Energy Commission), (1972) 
Kanazawa, T  & P  D  Boyer  "Occurrence and Characteristics of a Rapid Exchange of Phosphate Oxygens Catalyzed by Sarcoplasmic Reticulum Vesicles", University of California Los Angeles (UCLA), United States Department of Energy (through predecessor agency the Atomic Energy Commission), (1972) 
Boyer, P  D  "Isotopic Studies on Structure-function Relationships of Nucleic Acids and Enzymes  Three Year Progress Report, May 1972 — October 1975", University of California Los Angeles (UCLA), United States Department of Energy (through predecessor agency the Energy Research and Development Administration), (1975) 
Boyer, P  D  "Energy Capture and Use in Plants and Bacteria  Final Technical Report", University of California Los Angeles (UCLA), United States Department of Energy, (December 31, 1993) 

Awards and honors
Passage 3:
Vernon L  Smith
Vernon Lomax Smith (born January 1, 1927) is an American economist and professor of business economics and law at Chapman University  He was formerly a professor of economics at the University of Arizona, professor of economics and law at George Mason University, and a board member of the Mercatus Center  Along with Daniel Kahneman, Smith shared the 2002 Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences for his contributions to behavioral economics and his work in the field of experimental economics  He worked to establish 'laboratory experiments as a tool in empirical economic analysis, especially in the study of alternative market mechanisms' Smith is the founder and president of the International Foundation for Research in Experimental Economics, a Member of the Board of Advisors for The Independent Institute, a Senior Fellow at the Cato Institute in Washington D C  In 2004 Smith was honored with an honorary doctoral degree at Universidad Francisco Marroquín, the institution that named the Vernon Smith Center for Experimental Economics Research after him  He was also a founding board member of the Center for Growth and Opportunity at Utah State University  As of 2023, Smith also sits on the Advisory Board for Florida Atlantic University's Madden Center for Value Creation 

Early life and education
Smith was born in Wichita, Kansas, where he attended Wichita North High School and Friends University  Grover Bougher, Vernon's mother's first husband, who worked as a fireman on the Santa Fe railroad, died in a tragic accident which proved to be pivotal  The life insurance money provided by the Santa Fe railroad was invested in a farm which became the sole means of survival for Vernon's family during the tough years of the Great Depression  While the farm brought hard work and hard times for Vernon's parents, Vernon liked the adventurous experiences  His life-long interest in learning how things work was kindled by his childhood at the farm Smith received his bachelor's degree in electrical engineering from Caltech in 1949, an M A  in economics from the University of Kansas in 1952, and his Ph D  in economics from Harvard University in 1955 

Academic career
Smith's first teaching post was at the Krannert School of Management, Purdue University, which he held from 1955 until 1967, attaining the rank of full professor Smith also taught as a visiting associate professor at Stanford University (1961–1962) and there made contact with Sidney Siegel, who was also doing work in experimental economics  Smith moved with his family to Massachusetts and got a position first at Brown University (1967–1968) and then at the University of Massachusetts (1968–1972)  Smith also received appointments at the Center for Advanced Study in the Behavioral Sciences (1972–1973) and Caltech (1973–1975) Much of the research that earned Smith the Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences was conducted at the University of Arizona between 1976 and 2001  In 2001, Smith left Arizona for George Mason University  From 2003 to 2006, he held the Rasmuson Chair of Economics at the University of Alaska Anchorage  In 2008, Smith founded the Economic Science Institute at Chapman University in Orange, California Smith has served on the board of editors of the American Economic Review, the Cato Journal, Journal of Economic Behavior and Organization, Science, Economic Theory, Economic Design, and the Journal of Economic Methodology  He also served as an expert for the Copenhagen Consensus 

Academic work
It was at Purdue that Smith's work in experimental economics began  As Smith describes it:

In the Autumn semester, 1955, I taught Principles of Economics, and found it a challenge to convey basic microeconomic theory to students  Why/how could any market approximate a competitive equilibrium? I resolved that on the first day of class the following semester, I would try running a market experiment that would give the students an opportunity to experience an actual market, and me the opportunity to observe one in which I knew, but they did not know what were the alleged driving conditions of supply and demand in that market 
In framing the experiment, Smith varied certain institutional parameters seen in the first classroom economics experiments as conducted by Edward Chamberlin: in particular, he ran the experiments for several trading periods, to give the student subjects time to train At Caltech, Charles Plott encouraged Smith to formalize the methodology of experimental economics, which he did in two articles  In 1976, "Experimental Economics: Induced Value Theory" was published in the American Economic Review (AER)  It was the first articulation of the principle behind economic experiments  Six years later, these principles were expanded in "Microeconomic Systems as an Experimental Science," also in the AER  This paper adapts the principles of mechanism design, a microeconomic system developed by Leonid Hurwicz, to the development of economic experiments  In Hurwicz's formulation, a microeconomic system consists of an economic environment, an economic institution (or economic mechanism), and an economic outcome  The economic environment is simply the preferences of the people in the economy and the production capabilities of the firms in the economy  The key insight in this formulation is that the economic outcome can be affected by the economic institution  The mechanism design provides a formal means for tests of the performance of an economic institution, and experimental economics, as developed by Smith, provided a means for formal empirical assessment of the performance of economic institutions  The second main contribution of the paper is to the technique of induced values, the method used in controlled laboratory experiments in economics, political science, and psychology, which allows experimental economists to create a replica of a market in a laboratory  Subjects in an experiment are told that they can produce a "commodity" at a cost and then sell it to buyers  The seller earns the difference between the price received and its cost  Buyers are told that the commodity has a value to them when they consume it, and they earn the difference between the value of the commodity to them and its price  Using the technique, Smith and his coauthors have examined the performance of alternative trading mechanisms in resource allocation In February 2011, Smith participated in the "Visiting Scholars Series" at the Nicholas Academic Centers in Santa Ana, California, conducted in collaboration with Chapman University  Smith and his colleague Bart Wilson conducted experiments designed to expose high school students from underserved neighborhoods to market dynamics and how concepts such as altruism influence economic behavior Smith has authored or coauthored articles and books on capital theory, finance, natural resource economics and experimental economics  He was also one of the first to propose the combinatorial auction design, with Stephen J  Rassenti and Robert L  Bulfin in 1982 In January 2009, Smith signed a public petition opposing the passage of the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act  In a 2010 Econ Journal Watch study, Smith was found to be one of the most active petition-signers among US economists The Vernon Smith Prize for the Advancement of Austrian Economics is named after him and is sponsored by the European Center of Austrian Economics 

Personal life
In February 2005, Smith publicly attributed features of his personality to Asperger's syndrome after a process of self-diagnosis 

Works
Gjerstad, Steven D ; Smith, Vernon L  (2014)  Rethinking Housing Bubbles  New York: Cambridge University Press  ISBN 978-0521198097 
Gjerstad, Steven; Smith, Vernon L  (2012)  "At Home in the Great Recession"   In Miniter, Brendan (ed )  The 4% Solution: Unleashing the Economic Growth America Needs  New York: Crown Business  pp  345–377  ISBN 9780307986146 
Gjerstad, Steven D ; Smith, Vernon L  (2013)  "Balance Sheet Crises: Causes, Consequences, and Responses" (PDF)  Cato Journal  33 (3): 437–470  Retrieved 2017-10-21 
Plott, Charles R , and Vernon L  Smith, ed  (2008)  Handbook of Experimental Economics Results, v  1, Elsevier  Description and preview 
Rassenti, Stephen J ; Smith, Vernon L ; Bulfin, Robert L  (1982)  "A Combinatorial Auction Mechanism for Airport Time Slot Allocation" (PDF)  The Bell Journal of Economics  13 (2): 402–417  doi:10 2307/3003463  JSTOR 3003463 
Smith, Vernon L  (1962)  "An Experimental Study of Competitive Market Behavior"  Journal of Political Economy  70 (2): 111–137  doi:10 1086/258609  JSTOR 1861810  S2CID 54718519 
_____ (1976)  "Experimental Economics: Induced Value Theory" (PDF)  American Economic Review  66 (2): 274–279 
Smith, Vernon L  (1980)  "Relevance of Laboratory Experiments to Testing Resource Allocation Theory" (PDF)   In Kmenta, Jan; Ramsey, James B  (eds )  Evaluation of Econometric Models  Academic Press  pp  345–377  ISBN 978-0-12-416550-2 
_____ (1982)  "Microeconomic Systems as an Experimental Science" (PDF)  American Economic Review  72 (5): 923–955 
_____ (1991)  Papers in Experimental Economics [1962–88],  Cambridge  Description and chapter-preview links 
_____ (2000)  Bargaining and Market Behavior: Essays in Experimental Economics [1990–98], Cambridge  Description and chapter-preview links 
_____ (2003)  Smith, Vernon L  (2003)  "Constructivist and Ecological Rationality in Economics"  American Economic Review  93 (3): 465–508  CiteSeerX 10 1 1 501 5291  doi:10 1257/000282803322156954  S2CID 16505135 
_____ ([1987] 2008a)  "experimental methods in economics " The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics, 2nd Edition, Abstract 
_____ (2008b)  "experimental economics," The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics, 2nd Edition, Abstract 
Williams, Arlington W ; Ledyard, John O ; Gjerstad, Steven; Smith, Vernon L  (2000)  "Concurrent Trading in Two Experimental Markets with Demand Interdependence"  Economic Theory  16 (3): 511–528  CiteSeerX 10 1 1 22 1763  doi:10 1007/s001990050002  JSTOR 25055346  S2CID 195227181  Reprinted in Timothy N  Cason and Charles Noussair, ed  (2001), Advances in Experimental Markets, pp  15– 32 

See also
List of economists

Notes
External links
Dr  Vernon L Smith at Chapman University School of Law
Member of the Board of Advisors at The Independent Institute
Senior Fellow at Cato Institute
"Vernon L  Smith (1927– )"  The Concise Encyclopedia of Economics  Library of Economics and Liberty (2nd ed )  Liberty Fund  2008 
Roberts, Russ  "Vernon Smith Podcasts"  EconTalk  Library of Economics and Liberty 
"Vernon L  Smith Papers, 1938–2007 and undated"  Rubenstein Library, Duke University  Retrieved 2017-10-21 
Vernon L  Smith publications indexed by Google Scholar
Vernon L  Smith on Nobelprize org

Articles
"Default is not the end of the world" Interview with Vernon Smith by Luis Martin (Winter 2011)
Reflections On Human Action After 50 Years by Vernon L  Smith, Cato Journal, Fall 1999
"Using Experiments to Inform the Privatization/Deregulation Movement in Electricity," by Stephen J Rassenti, Vernon L  Smith, and Bart J Wilson, Cato Journal, Winter 2002
The Clinton Housing Bubble, Vernon L  Smith, The Wall Street Journal, December 18, 2007
From Bubble to Depression?, Steven Gjerstad and Vernon L  Smith, The Wall Street Journal, April 6, 2009
Passage 4:
Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge
The Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry is the University of Cambridge's chemistry department  It was formed from a merger in the early 1980s of two separate departments that had moved into the Lensfield Road building decades earlier: the Department of Physical Chemistry (originally led by Professor Ronald Norrish FRS, Nobel Laureate; the department was previously located near the Old Cavendish in Free School Lane - see photo) and the Department of Chemistry (that included theoretical chemistry and which was led by Lord (Alexander) Todd FRS, Nobel Laureate) respectively  Research interests in the department cover a broad of chemistry ranging from molecular biology to geophysics  The department is located on the Lensfield Road, next to the Panton Arms on the South side of Cambridge  In December 2020, it was renamed for 30 years in recognition of a donation from Dr Yusuf Hamied, an alumnus of the department 

Research
The Department's research is organised around five Research Interest Groups (RIGs):
Biological Chemistry
Materials Chemistry
Physical and Atmospheric Chemistry
Synthetic Chemistry
TheoryIn addition, the Chemistry of Health Building houses the Centre for Misfolding Diseases, the Chemistry of Health Incubator and the Molecular Production and Characterisation Centre (MPACC) 
Passage 5:
Chapman University
Chapman University is a private research university in Orange, California  It encompasses eleven schools and colleges and is classified among "R2: Doctoral Universities – High research activity" 

History
Founded in Woodland, California, as Hesperian College, the school began classes on March 4, 1861  Its opening was timed to coincide with the hour of Abraham Lincoln's first inauguration  Hesperian admitted students regardless of sex or race During its first decades of existence, the school relocated and changed names several times  The school initially relocated to Berkeley, California in 1896, merging with the Pierce Christian College (a school previously established in College City, California in 1874) to form the Berkeley Bible Seminary  Soon after, the school relocated to San Francisco and took on the name California Bible College  
In 1920, the school moved again, this time to southern California, after its assets were acquired by the California Christian College,, a school that had been established by the  Southern California Convention in Long Beach, California in 1918  The two schools had been merged into a new institution called the California School of Christianity, located in Los Angeles  Three years later, in 1923, the school changed names yet again, back to the California Christian College In 1934, the school was renamed to Chapman College after the chairman of its board of trustees (and primary benefactor), C  C  Chapman  In 1954, it moved to its present campus in the city of Orange on the site formerly occupied by Orange High School, which had relocated Chapman established a Residence Education Center Program to serve military personnel in 1958  This evolved into Brandman University 
Chapman College became Chapman University in 1991  In that year, Dr  James L  Doti became president of Chapman University  Also in 1991, the Department of Education became the School of Education, now known as the Donna Ford Attallah College of Educational Studies, and the establishment of what is now known as Wilkinson College of Arts, Humanities, and Social Sciences The School of Film and Television, now Dodge College of Film and Media Arts opened in 1996  Between 2000 and 2010, Chapman University expanded to include the Rodgers Center for Holocaust Education, Leatherby Libraries, Fish Interfaith Center, Marion Knott Studios (The home of Dodge College of Film and Media Arts), the creation of the Argyros School's Economic Science Institute – led by Dr  Vernon L  Smith (2002 Nobel Prize winner in Economic Sciences, the Erin J  Anderson Athletics Complex and the Schmid College of Science and Technology  The Rinker Health Science Campus opened in Irvine, CA  in 2013, becoming the home for the School of Pharmacy  Mathematician Daniele C  Struppa became President in 2016, taking over for Dr  James L  Doti  In the same year, Musco Center for the Arts opened  The 1,110 seat concert hall draws more than 30,000 visitors per year and hosts both professional and student performances Chapman opened the Keck Center for Science and engineering in 2018 with the Dale E  and Sarah Ann Fowler School of Engineering opening shortly after  Between 2018 and 2022, Chapman University earned a Carnegie Classification of R2: Doctoral University – High Research Activity, had its first Rhodes Scholar, Vidal Arroyo '19, and became nationally ranked by U S  News & World Report 

Colleges and programs
Argyros School of Business and Economics
The George L  Argyros School of Business and Economics is located in the Arnold and Mabel Beckman Business and Technology Hall  Founded in 1977, the school is named after George L  Argyros, a Chapman alumnus and former U S  Ambassador to Spain  Argyros has chaired the board of trustees of Chapman University since 1976, and has donated significant resources towards establishing Chapman as a leading national business school  The business school was renamed in Argyros' honor in 1999  In 2019 the Argyros School celebrated the 20th Anniversary of the naming of the school, capped off with a special fundraiser dinner on October 9, featuring special guest President George W  Bush  The event raised approximately $15 million for the school's endowment, $10 million of which was a surprise announcement by the Argyros family  The $15 million raised is believed to be the largest 1-day fundraising event in Orange County's history The Argyros School offers undergraduate and graduate degrees in business, including the Master of Business Administration and Master of Science  In 2023 Argyros was ranked the #60 business school in the country by U S  News & World Report The Argyros School of Business and Economics was officially nationally ranked as the 60th Best Undergraduate Bloomberg BusinessWeek Business School in 2014  In 2016, the Argyros School of Business and Economics rose to 34th in the same Bloomberg rankings 
The Argyros School is home to several research centers and institutes, including the A  Gary Anderson Center for Economic Research, the C  Larry Hoag Center for Real Estate and Finance, the Ralph W  Leatherby Center for Entrepreneurship and Ethics, the Walter Schmid Center for International Business, the Economic Science Institute (founded by Nobel Prize winner Vernon L  Smith and others in 2008), the Institute for the Study of Religion, Economics and Society (founded by Dr  Laurence Iannaccone in September 2009), and the Smith Institute for Political Economy and Philosophy The Leatherby Center for Entrepreneurship and Business Ethics is a program whose scope includes original research, scholarship, and the publication of several scholarly journals 

Donna Ford Attallah College of Educational Studies
Chapman University's Donna Ford Attallah College of Educational Studies offers an undergraduate Integrated Educational Studies (IES) degree; teaching, school counseling, and school psychology credentials; and graduate degrees in teaching, special education, school counseling, school psychology, and leadership, including a Ph D  in education  The college is also home to various centers and programs for community engagement and research, including the Centro Comunitario de Educación, Paulo Freire Democratic Project (PFDP), and Thompson Policy Institute on Disability and Autism The School of Education at Chapman University became the College of Educational Studies in August 2008  In 2017, the college was named in honor of Donna Ford Attallah  The current home of the Attallah College is Chapman's Reeves Hall, which was one of the first buildings constructed for Orange Union High School on the site in 1913, added to the National Register for Historic Places in 1975, and renovated and reopened to the public in February 2018 The Attallah College or its programs are accredited by the Council Accreditation of Educator Preparation, Commission on Teacher Credentialing, National Association of School Psychologists, and International School Psychology Association 

Dodge College of Film and Media Arts
The college has been recognized as one of the top ten film schools in the world and ranked #4 by The Hollywood Reporter among American film schools 

Crean College of Health and Behavioral Sciences
Formerly part of Chapman University's Schmid College of Science and Technology, the Crean College of Health and Behavioral Sciences officially became its own independent college at Chapman University on June 1, 2014 Undergraduate programs in Crean College of Health and Behavioral Sciences include B S  Applied Human Physiology, B S  Health Sciences, and B A  Psychology  Graduate and post-baccalaureate programs include M A  Marriage and Family Therapy (MFT), M S  Communication Sciences & Disorders, a MMS Physician Assistant (set to open in 2015), a Doctor of Physical Therapy (PT) (accredited since 1928, making it one of the oldest such programs in the United States), and a Transitional Doctor of Physical Therapy 
The physical therapy, communication sciences & disorders, and physician assistant programs are housed on Chapman University's Harry and Diane Rinker Health Science Campus in Irvine, California 

Wilkinson College of Arts, Humanities, and Social Sciences
Wilkinson College of Arts, Humanities, and Social Sciences is the largest college at Chapman University and is composed of the departments of art, English, history, world languages and cultures, peace studies, philosophy, political science, religious studies, and sociology 

Dale E  Fowler School of Law
The Chapman University School of Law is located in Kennedy Hall  Law degrees offered include the Juris Doctor (J D ) and Master of Laws (LL M ) degrees in various specialties   In 2022, John Eastman retired as Dean after more than 160 faculty members signed a letter calling for the university to take action against him for concocted a baseless theory and made false claims of fraud in an attempt to overturn the 2020 election   Eastman is currently (June 2023) undergoing a hearing of disbarment in the State of California 

Dale E  and Sarah Ann Fowler School of Engineering
Since opening in fall 2019, the Chapman University school has grown to include undergraduate programs in computer science, data analytics, software engineering and game development programming  A minor in computer engineering is also available  The university launched a bachelor's degree program in computer engineering in fall 2020, electrical engineering in fall 2021, and a master's degree program in computer science in fall 2022  Further expansion targets programs in biomedical and environmental engineering 

College of Performing Arts
Chapman University's College of Performing Arts, founded in 2007, operates in divisions: the Hall-Musco Conservatory of Music, the Department of Dance, and the Department of Theatre  The Conservatory of Music offers a Bachelor of Music (B M ), the Dance Department offers a Bachelor of Fine Arts (B F A) and a Bachelor of Arts (B A ), and the Theatre Department offers the Bachelor of Arts (B A )  The Theatre Department also offer two Bachelor of Fine Arts (B F A ) programs—Theatre Performance and Screen Acting—taught in conjunction with the Dodge Film School 

Schmid College of Science and Technology
Chapman University's Schmid College of Science and Technology was founded in 2008 when science-related degree programs (then housed in the Wilkinson School of Humanities and Social Sciences) were migrated to the new college  In 2014, the Schmid College underwent a reorganization to create the Crean College of Health and Behavioral Sciences  In 2019, the undergraduate programs computer science, data analytics, software engineering, and game development programming transferred out of Schmid College to start the new Fowler School of Engineering 
In addition to its undergraduate and graduate programs, Schmid College is home to various centers for research  Among them are the Center of Excellence in Computation, Algebra and Topology (CECAT), the Center of Excellence in Complex and Hyper-complex Analysis (CECHA) and the Center of Excellence in Earth Systems Modeling and Observations (CEESMO)  Schmid College is also affiliated with the Institute for Quantum Studies, whose list of physicists, includes a 2013 Nobel Prize recipient and a 2010 Presidential Medal of Honor winner Schmid College of Science and Technology recently expanded and moved into the new 140,000 sq  ft  Keck Center for Science and engineering on Chapman's main campus in Orange, California  The research facility contains 45 research and teaching labs, 50 faculty offices, seven student-collaboration spaces, and an outdoor amphitheater  The aesthetic of the building was inspired by the work of American architect, Frank Lloyd Wright 

School of Pharmacy
The Chapman University School of Pharmacy (CUSP) is located at the Rinker Campus in Irvine  Pharmacy degrees include the Doctor of Pharmacy (Pharm D ), a Master of Science in Pharmaceutical Science (MSPS), and a Doctor of Philosophy (Ph D ) in Pharmaceutical Sciences  The Chapman School of Pharmacy also offers an accelerated five-year Doctor of Pharmacy program to qualified high school seniors 

School of Communication
The School of Communication is located on the university's main campus and housed within Doti Hall  The school currently consists of three undergraduate majors for students to choose from, including: BA in Communication Studies, BA in Strategic & Corporate Communication, and BA in Global Communication and World Languages (which allows students to study communication while also emphasizing in a particular language)  The school also offers some graduate programs, including an MS in Health and Strategic Communication as well as a PhD program 

Fowler School of Engineering
The Fowler School of Engineering is the newest school within Chapman University  Majors within the school include a BS in Computer Engineering, BS in Computer Science, BS in Data Science, BS in Electrical Engineering, and BS in Software Engineering  Several other minors, such as Game Development Programming, are also housed within the school as well as several graduate programs  The school is housed in Chapman's new Swenson Hall of Engineering, which comprises various lab and maker spaces 

Rankings and admissions
In U S  News & World Report's 2020 rankings of the best colleges in America, the university was moved from the master's-level universities in the Western region to the National Universities group, with a debut ranking of tied at 125th  The reclassification was due to Chapman's elevation to R2 status by Carnegie Classification of Institutions of Higher Education in recognition of its high research activity  U S  News uses the Carnegie Classifications for its categorization of universities 
For U S  News & World Report's 2021 rankings, Chapman University was ranked tied for 124th overall among national universities, tied for 39th among 73 national universities evaluated for "Best Undergraduate Teaching", tied for 68th out of 83 for "Most Innovative Schools", tied for 86th of 142 for "Best Colleges for Veterans", and tied at 224th of 389 schools for "Top Performers on Social Mobility"  The business school was ranked tied for 74th, and the law school tied for 111th, in the U S  for 2021For the Class of 2022 (enrolling fall 2018), Chapman received 14,198 applications, accepted 7,605 (53 6%), and enrolled 1,660  For the freshmen who enrolled, the average SAT score was 640 for reading and writing and 638 for math, while the average ACT composite score was 27 9  The average high school GPA was 3 75 (unweighted) on a 4 0 scale 

Holocaust education
The Barry and Phyllis Rodgers Center for Holocaust Education was founded by Marilyn Harran, Ph D , in February 2000  It sponsors an annual Holocaust remembrance writing competition and hosts a regular Distinguished lecture series The Sala and Aron Samueli Holocaust Memorial Library, funded by Henry Samueli, is located on the fourth floor of the university's Leatherby Libraries  On April 11, 2005, sixty years after he was liberated from the Buchenwald concentration camp, Elie Wiesel dedicated the Samueli Holocaust Memorial Library, and a large bust of Wiesel stands at the entrance to the facility 
The collection includes a first edition of The Diary of Anne Frank in Dutch 

Athletics
Chapman athletic teams are the Panthers  The university is a member of the Division III (non-scholarship) level of the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA), primarily competing in the Southern California Intercollegiate Athletic Conference (SCIAC) since the 2011–12 academic year; which they were a member on a previous stint from 1950–51 to 1951–52  The Panthers previously competed in the California Collegiate Athletic Association (CCAA) of the NCAA Division II ranks from to 1978–79 to 1992–93, and as an NCAA D-III Independent from 1993–94 to 2010–11 
Chapman competes in 21 intercollegiate varsity sports (10 men's and 11 women's): Men's sports include baseball, basketball, cross country, football, golf, soccer, swimming & diving, tennis, track & field and water polo; while women's sports include basketball, cross country, golf, lacrosse, soccer, softball, swimming & diving, tennis, track & field, volleyball and water polo 
Chapman University has won seven NCAA national titles  As a member of the NCAA Division II, the Panthers won one baseball title (1968) and three men's tennis titles (1985, 1987, 1988)  After moving to NCAA Division III, the Panthers won the 1995 Division III softball championship and later the 2003 and 2019 Division III baseball championships 

Accomplishments
The Chapman softball team appeared in one Women's College World Series in 1979 In 2011, the women's lacrosse team won the WCLL National Championships in Arizona  In 2016, the men's lacrosse team won the MCLA National Championship 
In the 2014, 2017, and 2019 seasons, the Chapman University Panther football team ended their season undefeated in their conference and won the SCIAC championship The 2019 men's baseball team defeated Birmingham-Southern College to become the DIII NCAA National Champions In 2022, the men's soccer team won their first SCIAC championship  
The football and basketball teams are broadcast by the Chapman Sports Broadcast Network (CSBN) to local Channel 6 in Orange and on Chapman's athletic website  CSBN is a student-run, student-produced independent sports network created by students at Chapman University's Dodge College of Film and Media arts 

Notable people
Current and former faculty
Yakir Aharonov – Professor, James J  Farley Professorship in Natural Philosophy; Wolf Prize and National Medal of Science recipient
Brian Alters – Professor and director, Evolution Education Research Center
Richard Bausch – Professor in Department of English
Andrew Carroll – Presidential Fellow in American War Letters; Founding Director of the Center for American War Letters
Martha Coolidge – Professor, Lawrence and Kristina Dodge College of Film and Media Arts; Emmy nominated film director; elected in 2001 as the first and only female president of the Directors Guild of America
George Csicsery – 2017–2019 Presidential Fellow
Grace Fong D M A  – director of Keyboard Studies at Conservatory of Music; winner of such honors as the 2006 Leeds International Piano Competition
Carolyn Forché – Presidential Fellow in Creative Writing; American poet
Kyle Harrison – Men's lacrosse assistant coach and professional lacrosse player
Hugh Hewitt – Professor, Dale E  Fowler School of Law; He served for six years in the Reagan Administration in a variety of posts including Assistant Counsel in the White House and Special Assistant to the Attorney General of the United States
Jack Horner – Presidential Fellow; technical adviser for all Jurassic Park movies and was Michael Crichton's basis for the Alan Grant character
Laurence Iannaccone – director, Institute for the Study of Religion, Economics, and Society; Professor of Economics
Cheryl Boone Isaacs – Lecturer, Lawrence and Kristina Dodge College of Film and Media Arts; serving third term as President of the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences by the organization's Board of Governors; inducted into the NAACP Hall of Fame in 2014
Bill Kroyer – Professor, Director, Digital Arts Program; one of the first animators to make the leap to computer animation as computer image choreographer on Disney's ground-breaking 1982 feature, Tron 
Tibor Machan (1939–2016) – held the R  C  Hoiles Chair of Business Ethics and Free Enterprise, Argyros School of Business & Economics
Peter McLaren – Distinguished Professor in Critical Studies, Attallah College of Educational Studies
Prexy Nesbitt – Presidential Fellow in Peace Studies
Dimitar Ouzounov - Research professor of geophysics at Institute for Earth, Computing, Human and Observing (Institute for ECHO) 
Michael Shermer – Presidential Fellow in General Education, author of numerous books and founder of The Skeptics Society
Rebecca Skloot – Presidential Fellow in Creative Science Writing
Mark Skousen – Professor, Mark Skousen, Ph D , editor of Forecasts & Strategies, is a nationally known investment expert, economist, university professor and author of more than 25 books  In 2018, he was awarded the Triple Crown in Economics for his work in economic theory, history and education, and has been identified as one of the 20 most influential living economists
Vernon L  Smith – Nobel Laureate in Economic Science (2002); founder of Economic Science Institute and Smith Institute for Political Economy and Philosophy
Joel Stern – chairman and chief executive officer of Stern Value Management, formerly Stern Stewart & Co, and the creator and developer of Economic Value Added "EVA"
Bart Wilson – Donald P  Kennedy Endowed Chair of Economics and Law in the Argyros School of Business & Economics

Alumni
Paul Anderson – member, Nevada State Assembly
Anastasia Baranova – Russian-American actress
Gustavo Arellano ('01) – former publisher and editor of OC Weekly and author of the column ¡Ask a Mexican!
George Argyros ('59) – business executive, former U S  Ambassador to Spain, former owner of Seattle Mariners of Major League Baseball
Emmett Ashford ('41) – first African American umpire in Major League Baseball
David E  Bonior (MA '72) – U S  Congressman from Michigan (1977–2003), House Minority Whip (1995–2002), House Majority Whip (1991–95)
Stephen "tWitch" Boss – DJ and dancer
Tiquette Bramlett - first black woman to lead a winery in the United States
Sabrina Bryan - dancer, choreographer, actress and singer  Member of The Cheetah Girls
Amy Sterling Casil - science fiction writer (and later writing instructor at Chapman)
Matt and Ross Duffer ('07) – co-creators of the television series Stranger Things
Hannah Einbinder – stand-up comedian and actor, known for Hacks
Bob Einstein – film and television actor
Tim Flannery ('79) – Major League Baseball player for 11 seasons, coach for San Francisco Giants
Colin Hanks (did not graduate, left in 1997) – film and television actor
Cooper Hefner ('15) – chief creative officer of Playboy Enterprises
Jelena Jensen ('03) – adult film actress, nude model, webcam model, radio personality
Ben York Jones ('06) – screenwriter and actor, co-creator of the television series Everything Sucks!
Leslie Jones (did not graduate, left in 1986) – comedian, former Saturday Night Live cast member
Randy Jones – former professional baseball player, San Diego Padres, New York Mets; 1976 Cy Young Award Winner
Tyler Patrick Jones - actor
Harshvardhan Kapoor – Bollywood actor
Wayne W  Lambert – Brig  Gen  (USAF) (Ret ) (MBA '76), commanded Strategic Air Command forces in Europe (7th Air Division) 1983–1986
Steve Lavin – former head coach of St  John's men's basketball team (2010–2015), former head coach of UCLA men's basketball team (1996–2002)
Chris Lee (MBA '97) – U S  Congressman (January 6, 2009 – February 9, 2011)
Paul Le Mat ('63) - Movie Actor
Jeff Levering ('03) – Milwaukee Brewers play-by-play announcer
Stephen Nelson ('11) - MLB/NHL Network television personality, co-host of Intentional Talk, and play-by-play announcer for the MLB Network-produced Friday Night Baseball on Apple TV+ 
Jeff Lewis ('93) – real estate speculator, interior designer, and television personality on Flipping Out
Kevin Kwan Loucks (EMBA '17) - CEO of Chamber Music America; co-founder of Chamber Music OC; member of classical music ensemble Trio Céleste
Kellan Lutz – fashion model and actor
Joanna Rosholm ('07) – press secretary to First Lady Michelle Obama
Jim Saia – college basketball head coach
Loretta Sanchez ('82) – Congresswoman, California's 46th Congressional District
Utkarsh Sharma – Indian actor
Jim Silva (MA) – member, California State Assembly
Justin Simien ('05) – filmmaker, actor, and author; director of Dear White People
Jodie Sweetin ('05) – actress, star of television series Full House and Fuller House
Jason Thornberry, writer
Carles Torrens (BFA 2008) – film director
Laura Yeager – U S  Army general, first woman to command an Army infantry division

Notes
Passage 6:
Tom Campbell (California politician)
Thomas John Campbell (born August 14, 1952) is an American academic, educator, and politician  He is a Professor of Law at the Dale E  Fowler School of Law, and a professor of economics at the George Argyros School of Business and Economics, at Chapman University, in Orange, California 
He was Dean of Chapman University School of Law from 2011–16, Director of Finance for the State of California from 2004 to 2005, a former five-term Republican United States Congressman from California's 12th and 15th districts, a former member of the California State Senate, a former professor at Stanford Law School, former dean of the Haas School of Business, and former professor of business administration at the University of California, Berkeley 
In 2000 he retired from his House seat to run for the U S  Senate but lost decisively to incumbent Dianne Feinstein  On June 8, 2010, he lost his third bid for the United States Senate, campaigning once again for the seat held by Democrat Barbara Boxer but losing the Republican nomination to Carly Fiorina 
Campbell is a member of the ReFormers Caucus of Issue One 

Early life
Born in Chicago, Campbell was the valedictorian of Chicago's St  Ignatius College Prep, Class of 1969  He went on to obtain his B A  and M A  degrees from the University of Chicago (1973), a J D  from Harvard Law School (1976) and then a subsequent Ph D  in economics from the University of Chicago (1980)  He served as a clerk to U S  Supreme Court Justice Byron White from 1977 to 1978 and, the year before that, for U S  Court of Appeals Judge George E  MacKinnon  His mentor was Milton Friedman  Tom Campbell's father was the late Hon  William Joseph Campbell, a former  Chief Judge of the United States District Court for the Northern District of Illinois  While Tom Campbell was raised in a Democratic family, he joined the Republican Party in 1980 Campbell was admitted to the Illinois bar in 1976 and went into private practice in Chicago  He was a White House Fellow in the offices of the Chief of Staff and Counsel (1980–1981)  He then served in the Reagan Administration as Director of the Bureau of Competition in the Federal Trade Commission from 1981-1983, the youngest person ever to serve in that position 

Law professor
Campbell became a law professor at Stanford Law School in 1983, receiving tenure as a full professor in 1987 

Congressional and State Senate career
Campbell ran for the Republican nomination in California's 12th Congressional District, which included his home in Campbell and the campus of Stanford University   The 12th had traditionally been a moderate Republican bastion, but had grown increasingly friendly to Democrats over the years  Campbell soundly defeated first-term incumbent Ernie Konnyu in the Republican primary and narrowly defeated his Democratic opponent, San Mateo County Supervisor Anna Eshoo  He served two terms before making an unsuccessful bid for the Republican nomination for the Senate seat being vacated by Alan Cranston  He lost the Republican primary to a considerably more conservative Republican, Bruce Herschensohn, who in turn was defeated by Democratic Congresswoman Barbara Boxer  His political career might have been in jeopardy in any case; his district had been renumbered as the 14th District and had been made considerably more Democratic than its predecessor  Eshoo won the seat and still holds it today; no Republican running in this district (now numbered as the 18th District) has won more than 39 percent of the vote since Campbell left office 
In 1993, California State Senator Becky Morgan stepped down mid-term, and Campbell won a special election to succeed her; the state Senate district overlapped significantly with his old congressional district  In the California state Senate, Campbell was Chairman of the Housing Committee, Vice Chairman of the Education Committee, and served on the Budget Committee  California Journal rated him the Best Problem Solver in the State Senate, the Most Ethical State Senator, and the overall Best State Senator 
In 1995, 15th District Democratic Congressman Norman Mineta, later the Secretary of Commerce under President Bill Clinton and Secretary of Transportation under George W  Bush, unexpectedly resigned  Campbell's home had been re-drawn into this San Jose-based district, and he ran in the special election  Mineta had held the seat since 1975, and it was widely considered a safe Democratic district   Despite the considerable disadvantage in voter registration and Democratic attempts to tie him to Speaker Newt Gingrich, Campbell won the December special election easily  He won a full term almost as easily in 1996 and was handily re-elected in 1998 
During both of his stints in Congress, Campbell was regarded as one of the most moderate House Republicans  Though conservative on fiscal matters, he is socially liberal, being pro-choice on abortion and in favor of gay rights  This was not surprising, as Bay Area Republicans tend to be more moderate on social and environmental matters than their counterparts in the rest of California  He has a decided libertarian streak, and remains popular with libertarian-leaning Republicans  As a fiscal conservative, he was the only Republican in the House to vote against the Taxpayer Relief Act of 1997 Campbell led a group of 17 bipartisan members of Congress who filed a lawsuit against President Clinton in 1999 over his conduct of the war in Kosovo  In the filing, they accused Clinton of not reporting to Congress within 48 hours on the status of the action as required by the 1973 War Powers Resolution and not first obtaining a declaration of war from Congress as required in the Constitution  Congress had voted 427 to 2 against a declaration of war with Yugoslavia and had voted to deny support for the air campaign  A federal judge dismissed the lawsuit, ruling that since Congress had voted for funding after the U S  was actively engaged in the war with Kosovo, legislators had sent a confusing message about whether they approved of the war  Campbell said afterwards that this was a sidestepping of the law, and lawmakers who disagree with a war should not be forced to cut off funding for troops who are in the midst of it in order to get a judge to order an end to it In 2000, Campbell won the Republican nomination to take on Democratic Senator Dianne Feinstein  Although he touted his service as a moderate Republican representing a strongly Democratic district, he was considered a decided underdog  Campbell was badly defeated, losing by over 19 points  He even lost his own district by almost 15 points  Democratic State Assemblyman Mike Honda, a Mineta protege, won Campbell's House seat by 12 points over Republican State Assemblyman Jim Cunneen, a former aide to Campbell  As of 2020, Campbell is the last elected Republican to have represented a significant portion of San Jose above the county level In 2008, Campbell wrote in Reason that he would be voting no on Proposition 8, the proposed ballot measure banning same-sex marriage in the state, per his Republican beliefs that "government should be limited  Government has no business making distinctions between people based on their personal lives " Proposition 8 eventually passed by a margin of 52-48% Campbell is a supporter of the National Popular Vote Interstate Compact 

Return to legal scholarship
In 2000, Campbell returned to Stanford   He remained there until his appointment at the Haas School of Business at UC Berkeley in 2002  In the intervening years, he began to assemble the material, out of his professional political experiences, for his book The Separation of Powers in Practice  with Stanford University Press As Dean of the Haas School, Campbell stressed the study of corporate social responsibility and business ethics amid an era of corporate scandals  A full-fledged Center for Responsible Business was established  In September 2004, Campbell was named by California Governor Arnold Schwarzenegger to his newly formed Council of Economic Advisors   From 2004 to 2005, Campbell took a leave of absence from his Berkeley post to serve as director of the California Department of Finance in the Schwarzenegger administration 
On August 27, 2007, Campbell announced that he would step down from his position at Haas in the summer of 2008 
In mid-2008, Campbell joined the Palo Alto office of Los Angeles-based Gibson, Dunn & Crutcher LLP  Campbell joined the Chapman School of Law for a 2-year visiting appointment which began January 2009, serving as the Fletcher Jones Distinguished Visiting Professor at Chapman University School of Law   In February 2011, Chapman announced that Campbell would be its new Dean   Campbell replaced interim Dean Scott Howe, who replaced Dean John C  Eastman, who stepped down to seek the 2010 Republican nomination for Attorney General of California (Campbell had filed paperwork to seek the 2010 Republican nomination for Governor of California the day after stepping down as Dean of Haas before going on to seek the 2010 Republican nomination for U S  Senator from California; neither Eastman and Campbell won the Republican nomination in their respective races) 

Return to politics
In July 2008, Tom Campbell filed the necessary paperwork in order to establish a committee with the intent to raise funds for a prospective race for the Republican nomination to be Governor of California in 2010 On January 13, 2010, the Wall Street Journal reported that Campbell would run for the United States Senate, instead of for Governor of California 
Campbell's Web Site confirmed it  In the primary on June 8, Campbell finished a distant second to former Hewlett-Packard CEO Carly Fiorina, in a race that also included State Assemblyman Chuck DeVore   The primary election received national attention, in part due to a campaign ad released by Carly Fiorina, depicting Campbell as a "Demon Sheep "

2016 U S  presidential election
In August 2016, Campbell published an op-ed in The Mercury News calling on the Republican National Committee to replace Donald Trump as the nominee for President, and saying Campbell would withdraw from the Republican Party if that did not happen  Campbell wrote:

On Aug  9, Trump said, "If she gets to pick her judges, nothing you can do, folks      Although the Second Amendment people -- maybe there is, I don't know " Trump's campaign explained this meant Second Amendment supporters would defeat Clinton at the ballot box  That, however, is not a logical interpretation of the remark  The context was what can be done if Clinton becomes president; not what can be done to stop her from becoming president  As such, this is a statement of great recklessness, made all the more so by our present environment of violence used to advance extremism 
Trump's words were similar to other calls he has made to ignore the rule of law  He has proposed ordering members of the U S  military to violate American law regarding torture, assuring us that his orders, rather than the law, would be obeyed  He has encouraged physical violence by individuals against protesters at his rallies, assuring anyone doing so that he would cover their legal costs  He has threatened to use the antitrust laws against a company and an individual because the newspaper that individual owns has criticized him 
Campbell also said he could not support the Democratic nominee, Hillary Clinton, either, due to her involvement in the email controversy  Campbell officially changed his registration to independent shortly thereafter In 2016, Campbell wrote a column for the Orange County Register, which, while not endorsing Gary Johnson for president, suggested libertarian-leaning Republicans should consider him  Campbell was later one of 30 former Republican members of Congress who wrote an open letter denouncing Trump's candidacy  Campbell was also included on a list of potential Supreme Court nominees issued by Libertarian Party nominee Gary Johnson  Campbell was speculated to be a possible candidate for the Libertarian nomination in 2020, but instead he endorsed former Judge Jim Gray for the nomination  Campbell proceeded to co-found the centrist Common Sense Party due to what he perceived as a want for such a party among California residents 

Personal life
Campbell married Susanne Martin in 1978 

Awards
2016 Anti-Defamation League Orange County/Long Beach Marcus Kaufman Jurisprudence Award
1998 University of Chicago Alumni Professional Achievement Award

Books
Separation of Powers in Practice (2004) ISBN 0-8047-5027-0

See also
List of law clerks of the Supreme Court of the United States (Seat 6)
Passage 7:
Journal of Behavioral Finance
The Journal of Behavioral Finance is a quarterly peer-reviewed academic journal that covers research related to the field of behavioral finance  It was established in 2000 as The Journal of Psychology and Financial Markets  The founding Board of Editors were Brian Bruce, David Dreman, Paul Slovic, Nobel Laureate Vernon Smith and Arnold Wood  The editor-in-chief was Gunduz Caginalp (2000-2005), Brian Bruce (Hillcrest Asset Management) is the current editor  Taylor and Francis is the journal's publisher (2023) 

Abstracting and indexing
The journal is abstracted and indexed in:

According to the Journal Citation Reports, the journal  has a 2022 impact factor of 1 8  In a 2010 ranking it was 71st out of 76 journals in the category "Business, Finance", and 256th out of 305 journals in the category "Economics"  The Journal is ranked number 30 out of 80 established finance program journals, as per the Author Affiliation Index methodology, which is an affiliation based network approach to journal rankings  The rankings are published in the Journal of Corporate Finance   It has a 7% acceptance rate  The Australian Business School Deans list it as a selective A ranked journal 

See also
Prospect theory
Technical analysis
Passage 8:
Chapman University School of Law
Chapman University's Dale E  Fowler School of Law, commonly referred to as Chapman University School of Law or Fowler School of Law, is a private, non-profit law school located in Orange, California  The school offers the Juris Doctor degree (JD), combined programs offering a JD/MBA and JD/MFA in Film & Television Producing  The school also offers emphasis options in Business Law, Criminal Law, Entertainment Law, Environmental Law, Entrepreneurial Law, International Law, Trial Advocacy, and Taxation  Currently, the school has 74 full- and part-time faculty members and a law library with holdings in excess of 290,000 volumes and volume equivalents 

Accreditation history
Established in 1995 as part of Chapman University, Chapman Law gained provisional accreditation from the American Bar Association (ABA) in 1998 and received full ABA accreditation in 2002  In addition to its ABA membership, the Association of American Law Schools admitted Chapman Law as one of its members in 2006  In 2019, the ABA again fully accredited the school until 2027, the standard seven-year accreditation term 

Rankings
Chapman University School of Law is currently ranked 118th by the U S  News & World Report's annual law school rankings, and 43rd in part-time law schools 

Bar passage rate
For July, 2021, the first-time bar passage rate for Chapman School of Law was 79%  The overall first-time pass rate for ABA-accredited California law schools was 81% 

Costs and average student indebtedness
The cost of tuition for full-time JD students at Chapman for the 2021–2022 academic year was $57,873, which does not include living expenses and fees; and for part-time students was: $46,183   Accordingly, of 2022 graduates, 74% incurred debt to attend Chapman, with an average indebtedness of $150,534 

Post-graduation employment
According to Chapman's official 2021 ABA-required disclosures, 89% of the Class of 2021 obtained bar passage required employment 10 months or less after graduation, 11% were employed in JD advantage jobs where bar passage was a desired qualification, but not required, and 12% reported they were unemployed 

Scholarships
Chapman, like some other law schools, uses merit based scholarships in order to entice competitive students who might otherwise pass over the school for higher ranked competitors and to enhance its own ranking 

Dean
Paul D  Paton was named dean of Chapman University's Dale E  Fowler School of Law and the Donald P  Kennedy Chair in Law in March, 2023  He assumes the role from interim Dean Marisa Cianciarulo who served as interim-dean from December 1, 2021 through June 30, 2023  Prior deans include Matthew J  Parlow who served as dean from July 1, 2016 to December 1, 2021 who, in turn, succeeded Tom Campbell, dean of Fowler School of Law from 2011-2016   From 2007-2010, John Eastman was the dean 

Notable faculty
Tom Campbell, Member of the United States Congress, 1989–1993 and 1995–2001, member of the California State Senate 1993–1995, and director of the California Department of Finance from 2004–2005 
John C  Eastman, who represented Donald Trump in disputes over the 2020 US presidential election   On January 13, 2021, Eastman retired from the Chapman University faculty after he had created controversy by speaking at a Trump rally that preceded the violent storming of the United States Capitol 
Hugh Hewitt, radio host and co-panelist in several of the 2016 presidential debates 
Celestine McConville, Constitutional law and death penalty scholar
Vernon L  Smith, co-winner of the Nobel Prize in economics

Law journals
Chapman's Fowler School of Law publishes the Chapman Law Review, a student-run scholarly journal  In addition to publishing the scholarly journal, the Chapman Law Review hosts a symposium at the start of the spring semester each year 
Passage 9:
Center for American War Letters
The Center for American War Letters is a center established in 2013 after historian Andrew Carroll donated more than 100,000 war letters to Chapman University 

Background
The Center for American War Letters (CAWL) is housed in the Leatherby Libraries building at Chapman University in Orange, California   Every American conflict is represented in the collections at CAWL, including more than 40 linear feet of correspondence from World War II  Scholars and the public can visit the Center and browse its holdings by visiting the Center during business hours  There are also regular exhibits at CAWL featuring the letters and other war ephemera 

Collection
Notable holdings include a letter by a soldier writing on stationery discovered in Adolf Hitler's office and a Civil War letter from General William T  Sherman  The National Endowment for the Humanities (NEH) recently awarded a Foundations-level grant for the digitization of the letters held in this archive, so they may be available to researchers online   This award was made through the Standing Together Initiative sponsored by the NEH  Some parts of the holdings are already available in the Online Archive of California and in Chapman University's Digital Commons repository 

Published works based on collection
War letters: extraordinary correspondence from American wars  New York: Scribner  2001  OCLC 46402061 
Behind the lines: powerful and revealing American and foreign war letters--and one man's search to find them  New York: Scribner  2005  ISBN 0-7432-5616-6  OCLC 58648073 
Operation homecoming: Iraq, Afghanistan, and the Home Front, in the words of U S  troops and their families  New York: Random House  2006  OCLC 70114649 
My Fellow Soldiers: General John Pershing and the Americans Who Helped Win the Great War  Penguin Press  2017  ISBN 978-1594206481 



ground_truth: Philip K. Dick

prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: What Nobel Laureate teaches at  Chapman University?

The following are given passages.
Context 4: " A writer for The Hollywood Reporter said: "Martin's vocals blend with the piano for a slightly softer take on the tragic love story " On February 17, 2012, British singer Jessie J made a cover of the song on BBC Radio1's Live Lounge Lea Michele and Naya Rivera covered the song in the climax of the third season's tenth episode of Glee, "Yes/No"  Romanian X Factor contestant Diana Hetea performed "We Found Love" in the "Public's Choice Gala" on December 10, 2011  Even though ill of laryngitis, Hetea's performance was praised all three judges that called it "[The] Perfect match for her!" both visually and vocally  Kris Allen also covered the song mashing it with other songs by Katy Perry and other female artists  Carmen Smith also performed "We Found Love" for her battle round in the Australian Version of the Voice which saw her through to next round In September 2012, Kelly Clarkson performed the song during a concert in Virginia Beach   In October 2012, British singer Ed Sheeran did an acoustic cover of the song for Sirius XM Radio  Lindsey Stirling covered it in a music video filmed in a Kenyan village  British pop rock band McFly covered "We Found Love" on their "Keep Calm And Play Lounder" tour 2012  Kele Okereke sang a verse of the song as the intro to his band Bloc Party's song "Flux" on their June 2012 U K  tour  In July 2014, Tori Amos covered the song on her Unrepentant Geraldines Tour  In 2011, Boyce Avenue, a pop rock band, also made an acoustic cover of the song and released it iTunes and their YouTube channel  In November 2012, Forever The Sickest Kids covered the song as part of Punk Goes Pop 5  
YouTubers Tom Scott and Matt Gray spoofed the song in their video 'Ten Illegal Things To Do In London ' The parody, where the song's chorus lyrics are replaced with 'We Flew A Kite In A Public Place,' plays over footage of Gray flying a kite in a public place, which is illegal in the U K  under the Metropolitan Police Act 1839 

Remixes
In November 2011, R3hab released a remix of "We Found Love" with a "Halloween" sound  He explained "I made two versions     one version is more melodic and euphoric  This [first] one is more dark because the lyrics [to] 'We Found Love' can also be seen as something dark  'We are at the end of the world/ And I still found love ' So from there came the more darker chord progression and the more darker atmosphere, like Dracula is coming to get you  It's just got a lot of emotion and that worked out great for me "On January 13, 2012, Rap-Up released a remix of "We Found Love" featuring American rapper Flo Rida  Flo Rida's parts overlap Calvin Harris' produced dance beats  In the opening lines, Flo Rida introduces himself and raps tongue twisters about Rihanna and The Bahamas, "You know I got love for you/ See what happened was we in Bahams/ I remember it was the ox summer, oh so pretty I/   Girl nice to meet you what's the honour/ Yeah she tap me told me she Rihanna "  He also references singer Mick Jagger singing that he is "rocking a party 'like I'm Mick Jagger " Flo Rida, himself in an interview with NME revealed that it was an honor for him to work with Rihanna  He also revealed that "We Found Love" was one of his favorite songs and that's why he decided to make a remix with Rihanna  He added that Calvin Harris' production impressed him and heavily influenced him on his future work  Rihanna also noted that she decided to work with Flo Rida because of his "wild" productions on his songs Andrew Unterberger of the website PopDust wrote that Flo Rida was "exactly" what the original version of "We Found Love" was missing  He added, "No Rihanna, you got it backwards—it's Flo Rida who needs to have other, more talented people on his songs in order to turn them into hits, not the other way around    At least this remix does feature a sizeable contribution from Flo, as he shows up on both the intro and over the song's primary instrumental hook with his trademark unintelligible yammering, though he gets in at least one reference to rocking a party 'like I'm Mick Jagger '" Matthew Perpetua of Rolling Stone praised the remix of the song, saying that "once again, Flo Rida shows his true rapping skills over the beat of Rihanna's 'We Found Love'"  Both Billboard's Erika Ramirez and Spin's Marc Hogan praised the remixed version calling it "refreshing" and "interesting"  However, Becky Bain of the website Idolator was more negative towards the remix  She noted, "Being that Rihanna's 'We Found Love' has enough beats and synths to be its own remix, not to mention it couldn't possibly be even more popular on the Hot 100    we find it pointless to release a new version of the single with Flo Rida "

Formats and track listings
Credits and personnel
Credits adapted from CD single liner notes Recording

Recorded at Fly Eye Studios, London, United Kingdom and Westlake Recording Studios, Los Angeles, California Personnel

Rihanna - vocals
Calvin Harris – songwriter, producer, recording, mixing and instrumentation
Marcos Tovar – vocal recording
Alejandro Barajas – assistant recording engineer
Phil Tan – mixing
Damien Lewis – assistant mixing

Charts
Certifications
Release history
See also
Passage 4:
Lightning (song)
"Lightning" is a song by British-Irish boy band the Wanted, taken as the third single from their second studio album, Battleground  It was released on 16 October 2011  The song was written by Steve Mac, Wayne Hector and Ed Drewett, the same team responsible for the band's number-one single, "Glad You Came"  The song debuted at number two on the UK Singles Chart, behind Rihanna's "We Found Love"  The single was originally intended for release in the United States, following the success of "Glad You Came", and a promotional remix single was issued, however, its release was cancelled 

Background
The song was written by Steve Mac, Wayne Hector and Ed Drewett  It was first premiered during the band's Spring 2011 tour, where many fans assumed it to be the first single from Battleground  The song kicks off with a thumping electronic beat, as Tom's raspy vocals come in: "You're in control, pressing pause on my heartbeat   "  During the chorus, the band sing: "I know it's a little bit frightening, we might as well be playing with lightning now-ow-ow " Band member Tom Parker said of the song, "We all felt it was a sound like we've never done before  It's the perfect prelude to the album, and a great song to get you in the mood for a party " The song premiered on mainstream radio on 17 September 2011  Band member Max George said of the song, "It was only really meant as a filler track  Something to keep the fans interested on the weeks leading up to the album release  We never knew it would be so successful "

Critical reception
A positive reception came from "CBBC Newsround" who rated it four out of five stars  They went on to say that "The verses aren't that catchy, but the chorus will get you humming in a lightning flash! " They also said that "the rousing singalong chorus is well worth waiting for " Another positive reception came from Digital Spy's Lewis Corner, who rated it four stars out of five and wrote that "[   ] The five-piece croon over a cool 'n' catchy melody more addictive than snacking on a tube of Pringles in front of the telly " [   ] "The results are strikingly similar; once you pop, you shamelessly can't stop no matter how much you try "

Promotion
The band performed the song live for the first time during the results show of the 16 October edition of The X Factor  They also made a special appearance on the Strictly Come Dancing Halloween Special to perform the song, on 30 October 2011 

Music video
The music video for "Lightning" was director by Matt Stawski  The video was filmed in LA, and premiered on 22 September 2011, via the Wanted's YouTube channel  The video features the members of the band performing during a rave, in a similar fashion to their "Glad You Came" video  The video is set at night, and also features many explosions and kissing scenes 

Track listing
Digital download"Lightning" – 3:23
"Lightning" (Chuckie Extended Mix) – 5:43
"Lightning" (The Alias Remix – Radio Edit) – 3:29
"Glad You Came" (Live Tour Performance) – 3:20UK CD single"Lightning" – 3:23
"Lightning" (Chuckie Extended Mix) – 5:43
"Lightning" (The Alias Remix – Radio Edit) – 3:29U S  promotional CD single"Lightning" (Radio Edit) – 3:24
"Lightning" (Digital Dog Radio Edit) – 3:21
"Lightning" (Digital Dog Club Mix) – 6:28
"Lightning" (Digital Dog Dub) – 6:10
"Lightning" (Almighty Radio Edit) – 3:23
"Lightning" (Almighty Club Mix) – 6:24
"Lightning" (The Alias Remix – Radio Edit) – 3:29
"Lightning" (The Alias Club Mix) – 7:11
"Lightning" (Chuckie Extended Mix) – 5:43
"Lightning" (Chuckie Club Mix) – 6:13
"Lightning" (Chuckie Dub) – 5:14

Charts and certifications
Release history
Passage 5:
The Wanted discography
British-Irish vocal pop group The Wanted have released three studio albums, one compilation album, two extended plays and fifteen singles  The band's debut album, The Wanted, was released by Geffen Records in the United Kingdom in October 2010  It reached number four on the UK Album Chart and number eleven on the Irish Albums Chart  The album's first single, "All Time Low", was released in July 2010 and peaked at number one on the UK Singles Chart and number thirteen on the Irish Singles Chart  This was followed by "Heart Vacancy", which reached two in the UK and eighteen in Ireland  "Lose My Mind", was the third and last single from the album and was less successful than its predecessors, reaching number 19 in the UK and number 30 in Ireland 
In March 2011, The Wanted released the official 2011 Comic Relief charity single, "Gold Forever", which peaked at number three in the UK and number 13 in Ireland  "Glad You Came", the Wanted's fifth single, was released in July 2011 and became their second number-one single in the UK and their first in Ireland; it also charted in the US, Australia, and Europe  In October, their sixth single, "Lightning", debuted and peaked at number 2 on 23 October 2011  This was followed by second album Battleground, which got to number 5 
In 2012, the band released "Chasing the Sun", the lead single from their then-untitled third studio album and the theme song of the animated film Ice Age: Continental Drift (2012)  Four further singles were released, including top 5 hits "I Found You" and "Walks Like Rihanna", before long-awaited third album Word of Mouth finally dropped in November 2013  After the album only reached number 9 in the UK and number 17 in the US, the band announced an indefinite hiatus 
The band reunited in September 2021 and released their first greatest hits album in November 2021, which included two new songs 

Albums
Studio albums
Compilation albums
Extended plays
Singles
As lead artists
Promotional singles
Other charted songs
Other appearances
Music videos
Passage 6:
Gabrielle Aplin discography
The discography of British singer-songwriter Gabrielle Aplin, consists of four studio albums, 17 extended plays, three live albums and 18 singles  Her first release was the 5-track Acoustic EP which was released on the iTunes Store on 13 September 2010  Her second EP Never Fade was released on 9 May 2011 and saw Aplin expand her sound, showcasing a more folk rock sound and playing all instruments herself  In April 2011, Aplin was invited to perform for BBC Introducing at Maida Vale Studios, where she played 3 tracks from Never Fade and a cover of the Coldplay song "Fix You"  Aplin released her third EP, Home, on 9 January 2012  On 29 February 2012, Aplin announced that she had signed to Parlophone  Aplin was confirmed as the soundtrack to the John Lewis 2012 Christmas television advertisement, covering Frankie Goes to Hollywood's "The Power of Love", the song reached number one on the UK Singles Chart On 12 December 2012, Aplin announced that the title of her debut album would be English Rain  In addition, she also unveiled its artwork and release date of 29 April 2013  However, the album's release date was later confirmed as 13 May 2013  Aplin announced live on 17 February Radio 1 Chart Show that her third single would be "Panic Cord"  The song originally featured on her Never Fade EP and it was released on 5 May 2013, charting at number 19 on the UK Singles Chart  English Rain charted at number 2 on both the UK Albums Chart and Scottish Albums Chart, while reaching number on the Irish Albums Chart  In 2014, Aplin released her English Rain EP in the United States  The EP was released on 6 May and features 5 songs from her debut album, as well as a cover of Canadian singer Joni Mitchell's "A Case of You"  In 2015, Aplin released her second studio album entitled Light Up the Dark  Light Up the Dark debuted at number 14 on the UK Albums Chart 

Albums
Studio albums
Live albums
Extended plays
Singles
As lead artist
As featured artist
Other appearances
Music videos
Passage 7:
Gold Dust (DJ Fresh song)
"Gold Dust" is a song by British-based DJ and record producer DJ Fresh  It is the third single released from his second album Kryptonite 
Originally put out as a 12" in 2008, it was re-released in 2010 featuring vocals from Ce'cile although there is a version of the song on his album Nextlevelism which features Ms  Dynamite  The 2010 version of the song peaked at number 24 on the UK Singles Chart  The music video was directed by Ben Newman and edited by Jacek Zajkowski  In 2012, Shy FX made a 're-edit' of the song that was re-released to radio  This version reached number 22 on the UK Singles Chart and number 39 on the Irish Singles Chart 
The sales of all versions are combined enabling it to have sold in excess of 600,000 copies, receiving a Platinum certification, despite never reaching the top twenty of the UK Singles Chart 

Music video
The official music video was filmed at the Brownsville Project in Brooklyn and captures some performances by American Double Dutch champions, Jumpers in Command  The youths are seen doing various activities including skateboarding, skipping, and free running 

Critical reception
Fraser McAlpine of BBC Chart Blog gave the song a positive review stating:

Sometimes the brightest gems are right in front of your eyes, hiding in plain sight  Or just obscured by people who know they are there, but have forgotten to tell you 
With this song, and its fantastic video, I will admit that my attention was miles away, probably raking through some slower, drabber, less fun things (ie: ANYTHING ELSE)  I had no idea something this ker-ay-zee, this life-affirming, this astonishingly chipper was released across on my beloved internet just seven days ago, until a friend dragged me over to look at what he called "the skipping video" on his phone 
Yeah, that's right, a skipping video  I mean how impressive can a video which features people either successfully or unsuccessfully jumping over a moving rope actually b   oh my LORD have you SEEN THE SKIPPING VIDEO? YOU'VE GOT TO SEE THE SKIPPING VIDEO! THE SKIPPING VIDEO IS AMAZING!  

Track listings
Chart performance
Certifications
Release history
Passage 8:
Grace Kelly (song)
"Grace Kelly" is the second single by British singer Mika  It is the opening track on Mika's debut studio album Life in Cartoon Motion (2007)  Produced and mixed by Greg Wells, the song entered the UK Singles Chart at number three and the UK Official Download Chart at number one  One week later, it jumped to the top of the UK Singles Chart on download sales alone, the second song to do so after Gnarls Barkley's "Crazy" the previous year  The track was number one on the UK Singles Chart for five weeks, and ended 2007 as the year's third biggest-selling single in that country  In the US, "Grace Kelly" was made available for digital download on 16 January 2007  This song was also No  89 on MTV Asia's list of Top 100 Hits of 2007  It was designed to be a mocking satire of musicians who try to reinvent themselves to be popular 
The song is titled after Academy Award-winning American film and stage actress, and Princess of Monaco, Grace Kelly  The bit of dialogue used in the song is from the film The Country Girl, which stars Kelly  Mika claims the song was inspired after a bad experience with a record company executive, in which he was told to be more like Craig David  The lyric "So I tried a little Freddie" is a reference to Queen's Freddie Mercury, to whose singing voice Mika's has been compared  On at least one occasion, Mika confirmed that he used the main melody from Figaro's famous aria "Largo al factotum", from the opera The Barber of Seville by Gioachino Rossini  Mika performed the song at the MTV Europe Music Awards 2007 in Munich and at the 2008 BRIT Awards at the Earls Court Exhibition Centre, London, where it was nominated for Best British Single, but lost to "Shine" by Take That  The song has sold over 630,000 copies in the UK, as stated by the Official Charts Company 

Background and composition
Mika wrote the song after he felt frustrated with record label executives that wanted him to change his sound to fit the common pop mold  In the song, Mika points out how he can pretend to be anyone he likes to win approval – in this case the glamorous actress Grace Kelly  He wrote the song after the record company told him that they wanted to model his look and sound on Craig David, who was popular at the time in the UK  Mika rejected this idea and wrote "Grace Kelly" as a way of expressing his individuality  The song's melody is based on the aria "Largo al factotum", from the opera The Barber of Seville by Gioachino Rossini 

Critical reception
The song received positive reviews from music critics  Heather Phares from AllMusic wrote a positive review for the song, stating that "Mika's singles are his most charming moments, including the instant sunshine of "Grace Kelly," which crams tap-dancing rhythms, filmic dialogue, Elton's pianos, Freddie's vocal harmonies, and Brian May's guitars into just over three minutes " Christian John Wikane from PopMatters wrote an extensive article about the comparisons between Mika and Freddie Mercury, writing that "he sounds a lot like Mercury and wears the influence like a badge of honor, even name-checking the late front man of Queen in the first verse  Mika vacillates between the affected theatricality of Mercury's full-throttled voice and his own strong falsetto, where he earnestly implores "Why don't you like me?" no less than 12 times Beth Johnson from Entertainment Weekly wrote that "Nothing quite matches the crystal-shattering exuberance of hit Grace Kelly " John Murphy from musicOMH wrote that "It's big, joyous, dumb pop, and the only danger with it is that you'll be utterly sick of it fast " Lizzie Enever from BBC Music was direct, writing that "Grace Kelly is a great pop song – it's catchy, you can't help singing along and it grates on you after a few days when you can't get it out of your head but you still go back for more – flawless credentials " Graham Griffith, also from About com, wrote that the song "is an outrageously irresistible and infectious pop gem " Dom Passantino from Stylus Magazine criticized the track, writing that "it seems to suggest the boy has some level for musicals, being as it is all Broadway flittering and hackneyed attempts at conveying a story with its lyrics  But here's the problem: he's got no tales to tell, just a tab at his local make-up supplier  "Am I too dirty, am I too flirty?" he sings at one point "

Accolades
At the 2007 World Music Awards, Mika won for Best Selling British Artist, Best Selling New Artist, Best Selling Male Entertainer, and World's Best Selling Pop Rock Male Artist 

Live performances and covers
Top 50 contestant of American Idol Josiah Leming performed a rendition of the song in Hollywood for the judges, which received great praise 
A version by Mika appears on the 2007 compilation album The Saturday Sessions: The Dermot O'Leary Show 
Mika performed this song on series 4 episode 3 of The Friday Night Project on 19 January 2007  James Nesbitt was the host that night 
The Whiffenpoofs performed the song on The Sing-Off on 6 December 2010 
Bindi Irwin and Derek Hough performed the song on Dancing with the Stars (U S  season 21)
Josef Fečo performed the song on The Voice Česko Slovensko on 1 March 2019
In September 2021, TikTok users, including Ryan Reynolds and Will Ferrell, took part in a challenge where the user records the different vocal parts of the chorus on top of each other making a full harmony 
In May 2022, Mika performed this song as part of the interval medley at the Eurovision Song Contest 2022, which he co-hosted 

Parodies
Rory Bremner recorded a parody version to illustrate the problems of UK Prime Minister Gordon Brown 
Amateur Transplants's song "Libel Case" from their 2008 album Unfit to Practise 
Subwoolfer released a parody song of Mika's "Grace Kelly" titled "Space Kelly"; a parody Eurovision round-up song of their competitors and making light of their true identities 

Appearances
The Hills
Ugly Betty
A Turkish Coca-Cola advertisement
An Israeli advertisement of "Misdar Zihoi"
A trailer for Disney Cinemagic
A trailer for I Now Pronounce You Chuck and Larry
A trailer for The Ugly Truth
The 2008 episode of Silent Witness "Lost Child", as a 27-year-old transforms himself into a schoolboy
An advertisement for Neighbours
What Happens in Vegas   
Dead Set
The Doctor Who novel "The Pirate Loop"
The Sarah Jane Adventures episode "The Mark of the Berserker"
An episode of Celebrity Big Brother
An advertisement of Confessions of a Shopaholic
Autumn 2007 episodes of Corazón de Otoño
The European Nintendo DS version of Band Hero
A German first season trailer for Weeds
The adult-oriented Wii game We Dare, as a cover version
FC Barcelona's official video for Thierry Henry in Barca Legends series

Music video
The music video for the song "Grace Kelly" was directed by Sophie Muller and starred Mika and future singer-songwriter Mae Muller  The video was filmed in early November 2006 and has been nominated for numerous worldwide awards  The instrumental introduction in the video is an extract of the acoustic version of the song found on certain releases of the album 

Track listing
Australian CD single

"Grace Kelly" – 3:08
"Grace Kelly" (Linus Loves Radio Edit) – 3:20
"Over My Shoulder" – 4:44
"Grace Kelly" (Video)UK CD single

"Grace Kelly" – 3:08
"Grace Kelly" (Linus Loves Radio Edit) – 3:20
"Over My Shoulder" – 4:44Limited edition 7" vinyl

"Grace Kelly" – 3:07
"Satellite" – 4:15UK 12" vinyl

"Grace Kelly" (Linus Loves Full Vocal Remix) – 6:46
"Grace Kelly" (Linus Loves Dub Remix) – 6:40
"Grace Kelly" (Tom Neville Full Vocal Remix) – 6:48
"Grace Kelly" (Tom Neville Dub Remix) – 7:08

Official versions
"Grace Kelly" – 3:07
"Grace Kelly" (Acoustic Version) – 3:07
"Grace Kelly" (Bimbo Jones Remix Edit) – 3:00
"Grace Kelly" (Bimbo Jones Remix) – 6:26
"Grace Kelly" (Les Grandes Gueules Version) – 3:07
"Grace Kelly" (Linus Loves Radio Edit) – 3:20
"Grace Kelly" (Linus Loves Full Vocal Remix) – 6:46
"Grace Kelly" (Linus Loves Dub Remix) – 6:40
"Grace Kelly" (Pull Tiger Tail Remix) – 4:26
"Grace Kelly" (Tom Neville Full Vocal Remix) – 6:48
"Grace Kelly" (Tom Neville Dub Remix) – 7:08

Chart performance
It reached number one in the United Kingdom and in Ireland  The song was only the second single ever to top the UK chart without selling a physical copy ("Crazy" by Gnarls Barkley was the first)  In the US market, it peaked at number 57 on the Billboard Hot 100  The December 2007 Observer Music Monthly asked Mika how it felt getting to No  1 in the UK with this song  He replied: "Very unreal  It still feels unreal  It's just a song I wrote in my room  By the time I'd written 'Grace Kelly' everything in my life had been called into question  Trying to find out what I was going to do with my life, trying to be a musician, to be independent, to give myself the remote chance of any kind of a relationship  I was just sorting every thing out in my head  That song sums it all up " It went to #1 on the United Kingdom, Czech Republic, Ireland, Italy, Norway and Turkey singles charts  The song was 82 in the French physical charts but number 2 in digital ones, and has more than 50,000 sales in the country  The song has more than 5 million sales 

Charts
Certifications
See also
List of number-one hits in Denmark
List of number-one singles of 2007 (Ireland)
List of number-one hits of 2007 (Italy)
List of number-one hits in Norway
List of number-one singles from the 2000s (UK)
Passage 9:
Royal Blood discography
English rock duo Royal Blood have released three studio albums, two extended plays (EPs), fourteen singles and nineteen music videos  Formed in Brighton in March 2011, Royal Blood consists of bassist and vocalist Mike Kerr and drummer Ben Thatcher  After signing with Warner Bros  Records, the duo released their debut single "Out of the Black" in October 2013, which debuted at number 29 on the UK Rock & Metal Singles Chart  In February 2014, "Little Monster" was issued as the band's second single, registering on the UK Singles Chart at number 95 and the UK Rock & Metal Singles Chart at number one  Both singles were later issued alongside their B-sides on the EP Out of the Black in March  "Come On Over" – initially featured as the B-side to "Out of the Black" – was released as a single in April, reaching number 68 on the UK Singles Chart  At the same time, "Little Monster" also returned to the charts, peaking at number 74 on the UK Singles Chart Royal Blood's self-titled debut album was released in August 2014, topping the UK Albums Chart, Irish Albums Chart and Scottish Albums Chart  The week before the album's release, "Out of the Black" registered on the UK Singles Chart at number 78, while the band's fourth single "Figure It Out" debuted at number 50 (it would later peak at number 43)  Royal Blood was certified gold by the British Phonographic Industry (BPI) by September, and eventually received a platinum certification for sales in excess of 300,000 units  "Ten Tonne Skeleton" was released as the fifth and final single from Royal Blood in late 2014; it charted in Canada only, reaching number 45 on the Canadian Rock Songs chart  "Where Are You Now?", featured on the TV series Vinyl, also registered on the chart, peaking at number 43 In April 2017, it was announced that Royal Blood's second album How Did We Get So Dark? would be released in June  "Lights Out" was issued as the first single from the album the same month, debuting at number 96 on the UK Singles Chart and number one on the UK Rock & Metal Singles Chart  How Did We Get So Dark? debuted atop the UK Albums Chart upon its release, while a total of ten tracks from the album reached the top 20 of the UK Rock & Metal Singles Chart The band officially announced their third studio album Typhoons on 21 January 2021, with a planned release date for 30 April 2021  The band released three singles from Typhoons preceding the album's release: "Trouble's Coming", "Typhoons", and "Limbo" 
On May 26, 2023, Royal Blood released "Mountains at Midnight", the first single preceding the release of their forthcoming fourth studio album, Back to the Water Below, due for release on the 8th of September, 2023 

Studio albums
Extended plays
Singles
Featured singles
Other charted songs
Music videos
Footnotes



ground_truth: Vernon Smith