prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: Are both Kaiping and Pingxiang, Guangxi located in Guandong Province?

The following are given passages.
Context 1: Passage 1:
Qingsheng Railway Station
Qingsheng railway station (Chinese: 庆盛站) is a station in located in Qingsheng Village (庆盛村), Dongchong Town, Nansha District, Guangzhou  It is one of the stations on the Guangzhou–Shenzhen–Hong Kong Express Rail Link between Guangzhou South railway station in Panyu District, Guangzhou and Futian railway station in Futian District, Shenzhen 

Guangzhou Metro
An elevated metro station on Line 4 of the Guangzhou Metro started operation on 28 December 2017 

Services
China Railway
Guangzhou–Shenzhen–Hong Kong Express Rail Link

Guangzhou Metro
Line 4 (Guangzhou Metro)
Passage 2:
Pingxiang, Guangxi
Pingxiang (凭祥市) is a county-level city under the administration of the prefecture-level city of Chongzuo, in the southwest of the Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, China 

Situation
The city covers an area of 650 km2 (250 sq mi)  It is bordered in the north by Longzhou County and in the east by Ningming County, both in Chongzuo, and in the south and west by Vietnam's Lạng Sơn Province 
National Route 322 comes through the city centre, as does the railway which continues on to Hanoi; a high-speed expressway, now also international, passes nearby 
Zhennan Pass, site of the Battle of Bang Bo during the Sino-French War, is now named the "Friendship Pass" and is considered the gateway to Vietnam 
There are also plans to build a high-speed railway from Nanning to the Vietnamese border 

Administration
Demographics
Pingxiang has a population of approximately 106,400 (83 5% of the people belong to the Zhuang ethnic group, 2010)  Ethnic groups include Zhuang, Han, Yao, Miao, Jing, and others 

Towns (Chinese: 镇, zhen)
Pingxiang (Chinese: 凭祥)
Shangshi (Chinese: 上石)
Xiashi (Chinese: 夏石)
Youyi (Chinese: 友谊)

Transportation
Rail
Hunan–Guangxi Railway

Climate
See also
Lang Son


== Notes and references ==
Passage 3:
G7211 Nanning–Youyiguan Expressway
The Nanning–Youyiguan Expressway (Chinese: 南宁—友谊关高速公路), commonly referred to as the Nanyou Expressway (Chinese: 南友高速公路), is a 225 06-kilometre-long expressway (139 85 mi) in the Chinese autonomous region of Guangxi that connects the city of Nanning, the capital of Guangxi, and Friendship Pass, known in Chinese as Youyiguan, a border crossing between China and Vietnam  The Friendship Pass is located in the county-level city of Pingxiang, under the administration of the city of Chongzuo  At the border, the expressway connects with North–South expressway in Vietnam  The expressway is designated G7211, and opened on 28 December 2005 The expressway is a spur of G72 Quanzhou–Nanning Expressway  The Nanning–Youyiguan Expressway branches off from its primary expressway, G72, just before the western terminus of G72 in Nanning  The entire route is also part of Asian Highway 1 
Along with the G7511 Qinzhou–Dongxing Expressway and G8011 Kaiyuan–Hekou Expressway, it is one of the three expressways that connect China with Vietnam 

Route
Nanning City Center
The Nanning–Youyiguan Expressway begins east of the city centre of Nanning, at the San'an Interchange in Qingxiu District  At this interchange, it connects to the G72 Quanzhou–Nanning Expressway, its parent expressway, as well as the G7201 Nanning Ring Expressway, the G75 Lanzhou–Haikou Expressway, and the G80 Guangzhou–Kunming Expressway  It proceeds south, in a concurrency with the G7201 Nanning Ring Expressway and G75 Lanzhou–Haikou Expressway, to the Liangqing South interchange in Liangqing District, passing through Yongning District on the way  At this three way interchange, the Nanning–Youyiguan Expressway and Nanning Ring Expressway continue westward while the G75 Lanzhou–Haikou Expressway branches off to the south 
The concurrency with the G7201 Nanning Ring Expressway continues until the Gaoling Interchange in Jiangnan District, south of the city centre of Nanning, where the Nanning–Youyiguan Expressway proceeds southward, away from the city centre, while the G7201 Nanning Ring Expressway continues westward 
This section of expressway forms the southeastern part of a ring expressway around the city centre of Nanning  The orbital expressway is designated G7201 Nanning Ring Expressway  Hence, the G7201 Nanning Ring Expressway is concurrent with the Nanning–Youyiguan Expressway for this entire length, and in addition, the two expressways share exit numbers during the concurrency 

Nanning Airport Expressway
The 18 443-kilometre-long section of the Nanning–Youyiguan expressway (11 460 mi) south of the Gaoling interchange is known as the Nanning Airport Expressway  This section first opened in October 2000, and is so named because it connects the city centre with Nanning's international airport, Nanning Wuxu International Airport  As this section was built prior to the other sections, it uses different exit numbers than those employed on the rest of the expressway (in which kilometre zero is at the San'an interchange)  Instead, the exit numbers reset, with the Gaoling interchange serving as kilometre zero for this section This section of expressway is toll-free  Just south of the Gaoling interchange, all motorists must stop at a toll booth  Immediately after the toll booth, the Nahong exit provides access to and from the city centre of Nanning from the south 
The Nanning Airport Expressway section of the Nanning–Youyiguan expressway traverses through Jiangnan District in a southwesterly manner, ending at the Wuxu exit, where it connects to Airport Road and Nanning Wuxu International Airport 

Wuxu to Youyiguan
The final section of expressway, from the Wuxu exit to the Vietnam border, is 180 063 kilometres (111 886 mi) in length  This section of expressway is tolled from the Wuxu exit to the Pingxiang exit  West of the Wuxu exit, motorists must stop at a toll booth 
The expressway enters the prefecture-level city of Chongzuo immediately after the Suxu exit  At the Yuanjing exit, the Nanning–Youyiguan Expressway connects with the S60 Qinzhou–Chongzuo Expressway to the east  This exit opened along with the opening of the Qinzhou–Chongzhou expressway on 31 December 2012 The expressway passes just south of the city centre of Chongzuo, before continuing west to the county-level city of Pingxiang  The section of expressway between the Wuxu and Chongzuo exits has a speed limit of 100 km/h (62 mph)  The speed limit between the Chongzuo and Ningming exits, just before Pingxiang, is 80 km/h (50 mph), and between Ningming and Youyiguan is 60 km/h (37 mph)  The section between Ningming County and Youyiguan parallels much of China National Highway 322 and the Hunan–Guangxi Railway 
Entering Pingxiang, motorists must stop at a toll booth, marking the end of the tolled stretch of expressway  Immediately after the toll-booth is an at-grade intersection with China National Highway 322 and Jinxiang Avenue, the only at-grade intersection on the expressway  The expressway makes a sharp turn southward toward the Vietnam border and its southwestern terminus at Youyiguan  At Youyiguan, individuals must pass through the border checkpoint before entering Vietnam  On the Vietnamese side of Youyiguan is the northern terminus of North–South Expressway 

Exit List
Passage 4:
Guandong, Guangxi
Guandong (Chinese: 官垌) is a Chinese town located Northeastern Pubei, Qinzhou, Guangxi, which is famous for Guandong Fish 
Passage 5:
Tonghe Station
Tonghe Station (Chinese: 同和站; pinyin: Tónghé Zhàn; Jyutping: tung4wo4 zaam6) is a metro station on Line 3 of the Guangzhou Metro  The underground station is located at the intersection of Guangzhou Avenue (广州大道) and Tongsha Road (同沙路) in the Baiyun District of Guangzhou  It started operation on 30 October 2010 
Passage 6:
Kaiping
Kaiping (Chinese: 开平), alternately romanized in Cantonese as Hoiping, is a county-level city in Guangdong Province, China  It is located ín the western section of the Pearl River Delta and administered as part of the prefecture-level city of Jiangmen  The surrounding area, especially Sze Yup (Chinese: 四邑), is the ancestral homeland of many overseas Chinese, particularly in the United States   Kaiping has a population of 688,242 as of 2017 and an area of 1,659 square kilometres (641 sq mi)  The locals speak a variant of the Sze Yup dialect 

History
During the Northern Song dynasty (960–1127), Kaiping was under the administration of Xin'an county (信安縣)
Under the Qing (1649), Hoiping County made up part of the commandery of Shiuhing (Zhaoqing)  It was promoted to county-level city status in 1993 

Administration
Administratively, Kaiping is administered as part of the prefecture-level city of Jiangmen 

Geography
Kaiping's city centre is located on the Tanjiang River, 140 kilometres (87 mi) away from Guangzhou, on the edge of the county Kaiping west of the Pearl River Delta  Kaiping consists of broken terrain, mostly either rocky or swampy, with only a third of the land arable   The county is shaped like a giant question mark (see map, in pink) and includes rural areas as well as three port cities: Changsha, Xinchang, and Dihai 

Notable people
Wing-tsit Chan: Chinese American scholar
Ed Chau: member of the California State Assembly
George Chow: member of the Legislative Assembly of British Columbia
Yun Gee: Chinese American artist
Víctor Joy Way: Chinese Peruvian politician
Betty Kwan Chinn: Chinese American philanthropist
Lee Quo-wei (1918–2013): former Hong Kong banker
Liang Xiang: former Governor of Hainan
Betty Ong: American flight attendant aboard American Airlines Flight 11
Jean Quan: former mayor of Oakland, California
Bing Thom: Chinese Canadian architect and urban designer
Szeto Wah (1931–2011):  Hong Kong politicianSzutu, Chiu: scholar, his publishing included inter generation of Chinese new zealanders,the biography of architecet Ron FongDelbert E  Wong: Los Angeles County jurist who was the first judge in the continental United States of Chinese descent
Ken Hom: Chinese-American chef, BBC TV presenter, and author

Sights
Kaiping Diaolou
Kaiping Diaolous (碉楼) are fortified multi-storey towers constructed in the village countryside of mainly the Kaiping area   They were built from the early Qing Dynasty to the early 20th century, reaching a peak in the 1920s and 1930s, with the financial aid of overseas Chinese, when there were more than three thousand of these structures  Today, 1,833 diaolou are still standing, with the most in the towns of Shuikou (水口镇), Tangkou (塘口镇), Baihe (百合镇), Chikan (赤坎镇), and Xiangang (蚬冈镇), in that order (see map in article by Batto) In the late 19th and early 20th century, Kaiping was a region of major emigration abroad, and a melting pot of ideas and trends brought back by overseas Chinese, Huaqiao, made good   As a consequence, many watchtowers incorporated architectural features from China and the West   These were examples of the Qiaoxiang (僑鄉) architecture   The diaolou were built by villagers during a time of chaos and served two purposes: housing and protecting against forays by bandits In 2007, the Kaiping diaolou and villages were added to the list of UNESCO World Heritage Sites and consist of four separate restored village areas: Zilicun village (自力村) in Tangkou, Sanmenli village (三门里) in Chikan, Jinjiangli village (锦江里) in Xiangang, and Majianglong village cluster (马降龙村落群) in Baihe township The Kaiping diaolou was the location for parts of the filming of 2010 movie Let the Bullets Fly (让子弹飞) 

		
		
		
Examples of diaolous include:

Yinglonglou (迎龙楼), oldest extant diaolou in Kaiping, in the village of Sanmenli (Chikan township) built by the Guan (关族) lineage during the Jiajing era of the Ming dynasty (1522-1566), is a massive three-storey fortress with one-meter thick walls, in contrast with the high tower diaolou built much later with the aid of Huaqiao 
Jinjiangli Diaolou Cluster (锦江里雕楼群), situated behind Jinjiangli Village (Xiangang Township), includes three exquisite diaolous: Ruishi Lou, Shengfeng Lou, and Jinjiang Lou  Ruishi Diaolou, constructed in 1921, has nine floors and is the tallest diaolou in Kaiping  It features a Byzantine style roof and a Roman dome 
The Majianglong diaolou cluster (马降龙雕楼群) is spread across five villages (Baihe township) in a bamboo forest: Yong'an and Nan'an Villages of the Huang (黄) family; Hedong, Qinglin, and Longjiang Villages of the Guan (关) family 
Zilicun Diaolou Cluster (自力村雕楼群), located in Zilicun Village (Tangkou township), includes nine diaolous, the largest number among the four Kaiping villages designated by UNESCO  They feature the fusion of Chinese and various Western architectural styles and rise up surrealistically over the rice paddy fields 
Fangshi Denglou - Built in 1920 after contributions from villagers, this denglou is five storeys high  It is referred to as the "Light Tower" because it had an enormous searchlight as bright as the beam of a lighthouse 
Li Garden, in Beiyi Xiang, was constructed in 1936 by Mr  Xie Weili, a Chinese emigrant to the United States 
Bianchouzhu Lou (The Leaning Tower), located in Nanxing Village was constructed in 1903  It has seven floors 
Nan Lou (南楼), or the "Southern Diaolou", located on the riverbank in Chikan township, which was known for seven local soldiers by the surname Situ (司徒) who died defending Chikan from the Japanese 

Chikan
Chikan (赤坎) is officially designated as a National Historic and Cultural Town of China (中国历史文化名镇)   The old town of Chikan has many historical sites that are about one hundred years old   For example, it has over 600 late-Qing and early-Republic historic Tong laus or Qilous (唐樓/ 騎樓) continuous, spanning over a length of 3 kilometers, including the riverside stretch along Dixi Lu (堤西路), sometimes referred to as 'European Styled Street'  Part of old Chikan town has been designated Chikan Studio City (赤坎影视城) for filming of historical scenes 
Chikan township also has two restored diaolous:  Yinglonglou, built by the Guan (关族) lineage in the Ming dynasty, and Nanlou, memorialized by the martyrdom of seven Situ clan (司徒族) members in the early 20th century 
Historically, Chikan has been shaped by these two competing clans  One example is the existence of two libraries: the Situ's library, opened in 1926, and, not to be outdone, the Guan's library, opened in 1931; both libraries funded by overseas Chinese and incorporated architecture features from overseas 
It is a famous and well-known location for braised pork in noodles to locals 
Chikan is to become a tourist destination and the closing of local stores, dining posts, and streets are scheduled for the summer of 2017 

Miscellaneous
Kaiping has been twinned with Mesa, Arizona, United States, since October 18, 1993 
Kaiping was a major source of emigrants at the turn of the 20th century  As a result, a large number of early Chinese Canadian and Chinese American communities had people who originated from Kaiping and its neighboring counties of Taishan, Enping and Xinhui, which is known collectively as Sze Yup  It is said that there are more Kaipingnese people living abroad today than there are Kaipingnese in Kaiping   In a 2016 report, Deloitte estimated that there are 750,000 Kaiping-born overseas Chinese In 1973, various people originated from Kaiping started the Hoi Ping Chamber of Commerce Secondary School in Hong Kong 

Climate
Notes
Passage 7:
Hunan–Guangxi Railway
The Hunan–Guangxi railway or Xianggui railway (simplified Chinese: 湘桂铁路; traditional Chinese: 湘桂鐵路; pinyin: xiāngguì tiělù), is a mostly electrified railroad in southern China that connects Hunan province and the Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region   The shortform name of the line, Xianggui, is named after the Chinese short names of Hunan, Xiang and Guangxi, Gui   The line runs  1,013 km (629 mi) from Hengyang in Hunan to Friendship Pass on Guangxi's border with Vietnam   Major cities along route include Hengyang, Yongzhou, Guilin, Liuzhou, Nanning, Pingxiang, and Friendship Pass 

History
The original single-track Xianggui Line was built in sections from 1937 to 1939 and 1950–1955 
In December 2008, construction began on a capacity-expansion project to a new pair of 723 7 km (450 mi) electrified tracks from Hengyang to Nanning, which would create a three-track line of 497 9 km (309 mi) between Hengyang and Liuzhou and a four-track line of 225 8 km (140 mi) between Liuzhou and Nanning   The expansion project was completed in December 2013   The new double-track from Hengyang to Liuzhou is called the Hengyang–Liuzhou intercity railway and the new double-track from Liuzhou to Nanning is called the Liuzhou–Nanning intercity railway 
As of May 2014, the southernmost section of the Xianggui Line, from Nanning to Pingxiang on the Vietnamese border, is undergoing capacity expansion to accommodate high-speed trains 

Passenger service
The Hunan–Guangxi railway is used by most trains traveling from Beijing, Shanghai, and other points in eastern China to Guangxi (Guilin, Nanning) and to the Vietnamese border  This includes the Beijing–Nanning–Hanoi through train 
At the end of 2013, high-speed passenger service was introduced on the Hunan–Guangxi railway as well  A direct G-series trains from Beijing makes it to Guilin in about 10 5 hours  D-series trains continue from Guilin to Nanning, taking less than 3 hours for the trip 

Rail connections
Hengyang: Beijing–Guangzhou railway
Yongzhou: Luoyang–Zhanjiang railway
Liuzhou: Jiaozuo–Liuzhou railway, Guizhou–Guangxi railway
Litang Township: Litang–Zhanjiang railway, Litang–Qinzhou railway
Nanning: Nanning–Kunming railway; branch line to Qinzhou and Beihai
Pingxiang: Hanoi–Đồng Đăng Railway

See also
List of railways in China
Passage 8:
Ruyifang Station
Ruyifang Station (Chinese: 如意坊站; pinyin: Rúyìfāng Zhàn; Jyutping: jyu4ji3fong1 zaam6) is a station on Line 6 of the Guangzhou Metro  It is located underground in the Liwan District of Guangzhou  It started operation on 28 December 2013 

Construction incident
In the 03:00 hour of 5 October 2007, as the Ruyifang station was being dug up, water from an unidentified source covered a 300 m2 (3,200 sq ft) area of the construction site was submerged to a depth of 5 to 6 m (16 to 20 ft)  No injuries were reported, and by 06:30 on 6 October, the previously submerged  portion was re-sealed 

Station layout
Exits
Passage 9:
Diaolou
Diaolou (simplified Chinese: 碉楼; traditional Chinese: 碉樓) are fortified multi-storey watchtowers in rural villages, generally made of reinforced concrete  These towers are located mainly in the Kaiping (开平) county of Jiangmen prefecture in Guangdong province, China  In 2007, UNESCO designated the Kaiping Diaolou and Villages (Chinese: 开平碉楼与村落) a World Heritage Site, which covers four separate Kaiping village areas: Sanmenli (三门里), Zilicun (自力村), Jinjiangli (锦江里), and Majianglong village cluster (马降龙村落群)  These areas demonstrate a unique fusion of 19th and 20th-century Chinese and Western architectural styles 

History
Diaolou structures were built from the time of the Ming Dynasty to the early 20th century, reaching a peak during the Warlord Era in the 1920s and 1930s, with the financial aid of overseas Chinese, when there were more than three thousand of these structures  Today, approximately 1,800 diaolou remain standing, and mostly abandoned, in the village countryside of Kaiping, and approximately 500 in neighboring Taishan   They can also occasionally be found in several other areas of Guangdong, such as Shenzhen and Dongguan The earliest standing diaolou in Kaiping is Yinglong Lou (迎龙楼) in the village of Sanmenli (Chikan township), built by the Guan lineage during the reign of Jiajing Emperor of the Ming dynasty (1522–1566)  It was a massive three-storey rectangular fortress with one-meter thick walls, with little resemblance with the high tower diaolous built four centuries later   Yinglong Lou was renovated in 1919 and is 11 4 meters high In the late 19th century and early 20th century, because of poverty and social instabilities, Kaiping was a region of major emigration abroad, one of the "pre-eminent sending area" of overseas Chinese   Diaolous built during the chaotic early 20th century were most numerous around the centers of emigration  Monies from emigrants wanting to ensure the security of their families, villages, or clan lineages were used to fund the diaolou   Although the diaolous were built mainly as protection against forays by bandits, many of them also served as living quarters   Some of them were built by a single family, some by several families together or by entire village communities   Kaiping became also a melting pot of ideas and trends brought back by overseas Chinese  As a result, the villagers built their diaolou to incorporate architectural features from China and from the West It wasn't until after 1949 when an administrative system that extended down to the small villages was created that the diaolou lost their defensive purpose and were then abandoned or converted   Still, they stand as a tribute to overseas Chinese culture and the perseverance of the peasants of Kaiping In 2007, UNESCO named the Kaiping Diaolou and Villages (开平碉楼与村落) a World Heritage Site  UNESCO wrote, "   the Diaolou     display a complex and flamboyant fusion of Chinese and Western structural and decorative forms  They reflect the significant role of émigré Kaiping people in the development of several countries in South Asia, Australasia, and North America, during the late 19th and early 20th centuries, and the close links between overseas Kaiping and their ancestral homes  The property inscribed here consists of four groups of Diaolou, totaling some 1,800 tower houses in their village settings "  The four restored groups of Kaiping diaolou are in: Zilicun village (自力村) of Tangkou township (塘口镇), Sanmenli village (三门里) of Chikan township (赤坎镇), Majianglong cluster (马降龙) of Baihe township (百合镇), and Jinjiangli village (锦江里) of Xiangang township (蚬冈镇) 
The Kaiping diaolou was the location for parts of the filming of 2010 movie Let the Bullets Fly (让子弹飞) 

Examples
Yinglong Lou (迎龙楼), located in the village of Sanmenli (Chikan township), was built by the Guan (关族) lineage during the Jiajing era of the Ming dynasty (1522–1566)  As the oldest preserved diaolou in Kaiping, it retains the primitive model of a watchtower with traditional square structure and is not influenced by western architectural styles 
Jinjiangli Diaolou Cluster (锦江里碉楼群), situated behind Jinjiangli Village (Xiangang Township) of the Huang (黄) family, includes three exquisite diaolous: Ruishi Lou, Shengfeng Lou, and Jinjiang Lou  Ruishi Diaolou, constructed in 1921, has nine floors and is the tallest diaolou in Kaiping  It features a Byzantine style roof and a Roman dome 
Majianglong Diaolou cluster (马降龙碉楼群) is spread across five villages (Baihe township) in a bamboo forest: Yong'an and Nan'an Villages of the Huang (黄) family; Hedong, Qinglin, and Longjiang Villages of the Guan (关) family  Tianlu Lou (Tower of Heavenly Success), located in Yong'an Village, was built in 1922 and is seven storey tall plus a roof top floor 
Zilicun Diaolou Cluster (自力村碉楼群), located in Zilicun Village (Tangkou township), includes nine diaolous, the largest number among the four Kaiping villages designated by UNESCO  They feature the fusion of Chinese and various Western architectural styles and rise up surrealistically over the rice paddy fields 
Fangshi Denglou – Built in 1920 after contributions from villagers, this denglou is five stories high  It is referred to as the "Light Tower" because of an enormous searchlight with a brightness much like that of a lighthouse 
Li Garden, in Beiyi Xiang, was constructed in 1936 by Mr  Xie Weili, a Chinese emigrant to the United States 
Bianchouzhu Lou (The Leaning Tower), located in Nanxing Village (南兴村) in Xiangang township, was constructed in 1903  It has seven floors and overlooks a pond 

Gallery
See also
Cantonese architecture
Chikan, Kaiping
Kaiping
Himalayan Towers
Passage 10:
Huaxia Art Centre
Huaxia Art Centre is a facility for art and culture located on the outskirts of the Overseas Chinese Town in the Nanshan District, Shenzhen City, Guangdong Province, China 
The 13,500 square metres (145,000 sq ft) centre was completed in 1990 and opened in 1991  It has since hosted a variety of large national and international conferences, exhibitions, and artistic and cultural events From February to June 1997, it hosted the Provisional Legislative Council of Hong Kong 
The centre underwent renovations between May 2004 to March 2005 to replace seats and add film studios 
Context 2: Passage 1:
Man and the Moon
"Man and the Moon" is an episode of Disneyland, which originally aired on December 28, 1955  It was directed by Disney animator Ward Kimball 
The show begins with a humorous look with a man's fascination with the Moon through animation  This segment features characteristics of the Moon depicted from William Shakespeare and children's nursery rhymes to lunar superstitions and scientific research  Then Kimball comes on with some information on the Moon, supplemented by graphics  Kimball then introduces Dr  Wernher von Braun, who discusses plans for a trip around the Moon  Dr  Wernher von Braun was employed as a technical consultant on this film by Walt Disney, and on a number of other Disney films  He had a great knowledge of rockets, as he had helped to develop the V-2 rocket while working for Nazi Germany 
Finally, a live action simulation from inside and outside the crewed ship Lunar Recon Ship RM-1 dramatizes what such an expedition might be like, including an almost-disastrous hit by a very small meteor  Towards the end, this film presents what seems to be a bit of "sci-fi"; as the RM-1, crossing the Moon's night side, approaches the night/day terminator, high radiation is suddenly detected, and a flare fired over the area reveals what looks like a rectangular double wall, or the ruins thereof, extending out from a crater; strangely, none of the crew remark on it, and the unusual radiation is never mentioned again   This episode later reaired in 1959 under a new title: "Tomorrow the Moon" 
This episode was preceded by "Man in Space" and followed by "Mars and Beyond"  It was repeated on June 13, 1956, and September 25, 1959 

Home media
The episode was released on May 18, 2004, on Walt Disney Treasures: Tomorrow Land 

See also
"Man Will Conquer Space Soon!"
"Our Friend the Atom"
Passage 2:
Von Braun (crater)
von Braun, named after the rocket pioneer Wernher von Braun, is a lunar impact crater located near the northwestern limb of the Moon  It lies along the western edge of the Oceanus Procellarum, to the northeast of the crater Lavoisier  The northeastern rim of this crater is on the edge of the Sinus Roris, a bay feature in the northwestern part of the Oceanus Procellarum  Due to its proximity to the limb, this crater appears significantly foreshortened when viewed from the Earth This crater is somewhat distorted from a true circular shape, and is slightly longer to the north and south  The outer rim has undergone some erosion due to subsequent impacts  Most notably, the crater Lavoisier E is attached to the western rim, and the outer rampart falls across part of the inner wall of von Braun  There are small craters along the rim to the southeast and the east, and craterlets along the northeast and southwestern rims  The inner wall has slumped along the southeast and northwestern sides to form a terrace-like shelf  The interior floor is relatively level and featureless, with a few small craterlets marking the surface This crater was previously identified as Lavoisier D before being assigned a name by the IAU 

External links
Google Moon - von Braun
Passage 3:
Walter Dornberger
Major-General Dr  Walter Robert Dornberger (6 September 1895 – 26 June 1980) was a German Army artillery officer whose career spanned World War I and World War II  He was a leader of Nazi Germany's V-2 rocket programme and other projects at the Peenemünde Army Research Centre 
Dornberger was born in Gießen in 1895  In 1914 he enlisted in the German army during World War 1   In October 1918, as an artillery lieutenant, Dornberger was captured by United States Marines and spent two years in a French prisoner of war camp, mostly in solitary confinement because of repeated escape attempts   In the late 1920s, Dornberger completed an engineering course with distinction at the Berlin Technical Institute, and in the Spring of 1930, Dornberger graduated after five years with an MS degree in mechanical engineering from the Technische Hochschule Charlottenburg in Berlin   In 1935, Dornberger received an honorary doctorate, which Col  Karl Emil Becker arranged as Dean of the new Faculty of Military Technology at the TH Berlin 

Rocket development
In April 1930, Dornberger was appointed to the Ballistics Council of the German Army (Reichswehr) Weapons Department as Assistant Examiner to secretly develop a military liquid-fuel rocket suitable for mass-production that would surpass the range of artillery   In the spring of 1932, Dornberger, his commander (Captain Ritter von Horstig), and Col  Karl Emil Becker visited the Verein für Raumschiffahrt (VfR)'s leased Raketenflugplatz (English: "Rocket Flight Field") and subsequently issued a contract for a demonstration launch   On 21 December 1932, Captain Dornberger watched a rocket motor explode at Kummersdorf while Wernher von Braun tried to light it with a flaming gasoline can at the end of a four-meter-long (13 ft) pole In 1933, Waffenamt Prüfwesen (Wa Prüf, English: "Weapons Testing") 1/1, under the Heereswaffenamt (Army Weapons Department), commenced work under the direction of Colonel Ing  h  c  Dornberger  Dornberger also took over his last military command on 1 October 1934, a powder-rocket training battery at Königsbrück   In May 1937, Dornberger and his ninety-man organization were transferred from Kummersdorf to Peenemünde   In September 1942, Dornberger was given two posts:  coordinating the V-1 flying bomb and V-2 rocket development programs and directing active operations   The first successful test launch of a V-2 was the third test launch on 3 October 1942  

In June 1943, in a speech to nearly 6500 German employees and soldiers in Peenemünde, Dornberger blended traditional German patriotism with Nazi ideological motifs while also highlighting and reinforcing many of the unique factors that made missile development so successful at Peenemünde in the first place  By emphasizing the path-breaking nature of their work as well as its singular importance to the war effort, all while playing on the popular fear of the Soviet Union and the disdain for the Western Allies for bombing their cities into rubble, Dornberger composed a powerful message that would certainly appeal to many Peenemünders In the early morning of 7 July 1943, Ernst Steinhoff flew von Braun and Major-General Dornberger in his Heinkel He 111 to Hitler's Führerhauptquartier "Wolfsschanze" headquarters and the next day Hitler viewed the film of the successful V-2 test launch (narrated by von Braun) and the scale models of the Watten bunker and launching-troop vehicles:
This third day of October, 1942, is the first of a new era in transportation, that of space travel    
I have had to apologize only to two men in my whole life  The first was Field Marshal von Brauchitsch  I did not listen to him when he told me again and again how important your research was  The second man is yourself  I never believed that your work would be successful 
In January 1944, Dornberger was named Senior Artillery Commander 191 and was headquartered at Maisons-Lafitte near Saint Germain, and in December 1944, Dornberger was given complete authority for anti-aircraft rocket development (Flak E Flugabwehrkanonenentwicklung)  On 12 January 1945 on Dornberger's proposal, Albert Speer replaced the Long-Range Weapons Commission with "Working Staff Dornberger"   In February 1945, Dornberger and staff relocated his headquarters from Schwedt-an-der-Oder to Bad Sachsa, then on 6 April 1945, from Bad Sachsa to Haus Ingeborg in Oberjoch near Hindelang in the Allgäu mountains of Bavaria 
Before going to the Alps, General Dornberger hid comprehensive V-2 documentation in a mine near Goslar, which were recovered by the US 332nd Engineer Regiment on 16 May 1945 by a secret action when Goslar was already occupied by the British Army On 2 May 1945, Dornberger, von Braun, and five other men departed from Haus Ingeborg and travelled through Gaicht Pass and towards the little Austrian village of Schattwald  They met American soldiers who convoyed the group to the Tyrolean town of Reutte for the night  
At an internment camp after the war, known as "CSDIC Camp 11", the British bugged Dornberger, who in conversation with Generalmajor Gerhard Bassenge (GOC Air Defences, Tunis & Biserta) said that he and Wernher von Braun had realized in late 1944 that things were going wrong and had consequently communicated with the General Electric Corporation through the German Embassy in Portugal, with the intent coming to some arrangement 

Postwar
In mid-August 1945, after taking part in Operation Backfire, Dornberger was escorted from Cuxhaven to London for interrogation by the British War Crimes Investigation Unit in connection with the use of slave labour in the production of V-2 rockets; he was subsequently transferred and detained for two years at Bridgend in South Wales Along with some other German rocket scientists, Dornberger was released and brought to the United States under the auspices of Operation Paperclip and worked for the United States Air Force for three years, developing guided missiles  From 1950 to 1965, he worked for the Bell Aircraft Corporation, where he worked on several projects, rising to the post of Vice-President  He played a major role in the creation of the North American X-15 aircraft and was a key consultant for the Boeing X-20 Dyna-Soar project  He also had a role on the creation of ideas and projects, which, in the end, led to the creation of the Space Shuttle  Dornberger also developed Bell's ASM-A-2, the world's first guided nuclear air-to-surface missile developed for the Strategic Air Command  Dornberger advised West Germany on a European space program  During the 1950s he had some differences with von Braun and was instrumental in recruiting several engineers out of the Huntsville's team for Air Force projects  The most remarkable of them was Krafft Ehricke, who later created the Centaur rocket stage and actively participated in several more Defense projects 
Following retirement, Dornberger went to Mexico and later returned to West Germany, where he died in 1980 in Baden-Württemberg 

Works
Dornberger, Walter (1952)  V-2, der Schuss ins Weltall: Geschichte einer grossen Erfindung [V-2, the Shot into Space: History of a Great Invention] (in German)  Esslingen: Bechtle Verlag  OCLC 175065526 
Dornberger, Walter (1954)  V-2  New York: Viking Press  OCLC 1223668 

Awards and decorations
Iron Cross (1914), 1st and 2nd Class (World War I)
Knight Second Class of the House Order of the White Falcon, with Swords (World War I)
Hesse General Honor Decoration (World War I)
Wound Badge (1918) in Black (World War I)
Wehrmacht Long Service Award, 4th to 1st class
War Merit Cross, 1st and 2nd Class with Swords
Knights Cross of the War Merit Cross with Swords (29 October 1944)

See also
Arthur Rudolph
List of German inventors and discoverers
Aggregat (rocket family)
V-3 cannon
Passage 4:
Von Braun Center for Science &amp; Innovation
The Von Braun Center for Science & Innovation (VCSI ) is a non-profit research and development organization based in Huntsville, Alabama and is named for pioneering aerospace engineer Wernher von Braun    VCSI is affiliated with NASA, Department of Defense and other federal government agencies 
The center facilitates transfer of intellectual property between government agencies and private companies, also known as "spinoff" technologies  The center has also coordinated university research and development efforts in the Gulf of Mexico on behalf of NOAAVCSI is a contributor to the Rocket City Space Pioneers efforts towards the Google Lunar X Prize 

Members
Corporate
Dynetics
AZ Technology
Science Applications International Corporation (SAIC)
Alliant Techsystems
Gray Research
Lockheed Martin
Polaris Sensor Technologies
Sirote & Permutt
Beason & Nalley
Draper Laboratory

Government
Aviation and Missile Research, Development, and Engineering Center
NASA
Missile Defense Agency
Tennessee Valley Authority

University
Alabama A&M University
Auburn University
Tuskegee University
University of Alabama
University of Alabama at Birmingham
University of Alabama in Huntsville
University of South Alabama
Passage 5:
Man Will Conquer Space Soon!
"Man Will Conquer Space Soon!" was the title of a series of 1950s magazine articles in Collier's detailing Wernher von Braun's plans for human spaceflight  Edited by Cornelius Ryan, the individual articles were authored by such space notables of the time as Willy Ley, Fred Lawrence Whipple, Dr  Joseph Kaplan, Dr  Heinz Haber, and von Braun  The articles were illustrated with paintings and drawings by Chesley Bonestell, Fred Freeman, and Rolf Klep, some of the finest magazine illustrators of the time 
The magazine articles showed earth orbit missions and lunar surface exploration, to be undertaken by large crews in the 1960/70s timeframe   Several concept vehicles were proposed and described in detail, such as a Ferry Rocket, a Space Station, and a Lunar Lander 

Legacy
The article series was the basis for three episodes in the Disneyland anthology series: "Man in Space," "Man and the Moon," and "Mars and Beyond " The series was expanded into three books: Across the Space Frontier (1952), Conquest of the Moon (1953), and The Exploration of Mars (1956)  Examples of some of the ships they modeled are in the World of Collier's add-ons to the Orbiter space flight simulator 

Article details
The issues and titles of the articles in Collier's were:

March 22, 1952: "Man will Conquer Space Soon "
"What are we waiting for?" pp  22–23 
"Crossing the last frontier " pp  24–29, 72, 74  Dr  Wernher von Braun
"A station in space " pp  30–31  Willy Ley
"The heavens open " p  32–33  Dr  Fred L  Whipple
"This side of infinity " p  34  Dr  Joseph Kaplan
"Can we survive in space?" pp  35, 65–67  Dr  Heinz Haber
"Who owns the universe?" pp  36, 70–71  Oscar Schachter
"Around the Editor's Desk: Space Quiz " pp  38–39 October 18, 1952: "Man on the Moon "
"Man on the Moon " p  51  The editors
"The journey " pp  52–58, 60  Dr  Wernher von Braun
"Inside the moon ship " p  56–60  Willy LeyOctober 25, 1952: "More about Man on the Moon "
"The exploration " pp  38–40, 42, 44–48   Dr  Fred L  Whipple and Dr  Wernher von Braun
"Inside the lunar base " p  46  Willy LeyFebruary 28, 1953: "World's First Space Suit "
"Man's survival in space " pp  40–41  Cornelius Ryan and the editors
"Picking the men " pp  42–48 March 7, 1953: "More about Man's Survival in Space "
"Testing the men " pp  56–63 March 14, 1953: "How Man will Meet Emergency in Space Travel "
"Emergency!" pp  38–44 June 27, 1953: "The Baby Space Station: First Step in the Conquest of Space "
"Baby Space Station " pp  33–35, 38, 40  Dr  Wernher von Braun with Cornelius RyanApril 30, 1954: "Is There Life on Mars?"
"Is there life on Mars?" p  21  Dr  Fred L  Whipple
"Can we get to Mars?" pp  22–29  Dr  Wernher von Braun with Cornelius Ryan

Reception
Groff Conklin of Galaxy Science Fiction said in 1954 that Conquest of Space "is just as beautiful, authoritative and exciting as" Across the Space Frontier and "a breath-taking bargain in every way "

See also
Von Braun Ferry Rocket
A page-by-page, high resolution reprint (PDF format) starts in the July / August 2012 issue of the newsletter Horizons, and continues for a total of eight issues, published once every two months  Horizons is the newsletter of the Houston Section of the American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics  These are available to the public with no paywall and no membership required 
Passage 6:
Flip Animation Festival
FLIP is an animation festival primarily hosted by the Light House Media Centre in Wolverhampton, UK  It is one of two festivals hosted by Light House, the other of which is Deaffest  Official literature for the festival says that FLIP occurs annually at the beginning of November and attracts submissions from more than 30 countries worldwide  As well as screening the selected open submissions, FLIP also consists of special screenings, talks from professionals within the animation world, workshops, industry panels, portfolio reviews and competitions  The festival was set up, managed and programmed by Peter McLuskie between 2004 and 2011  It grew out of the 'Animation Forum', also based at Light House and which was later rebranded as Animation Forum West Midlands and found a home at Birmingham City University  In 2009 the festival was awarded a Black Country Tourism Award for Event of the Year 

The festival
Based in Wolverhampton, the festival began in 2004 and features a range of events from educational workshops for young people to experimental animation for grown ups; from industry led panels to feature film screenings and from international showcases and retrospectives of short films to spotlights on animation studios  FLIP is organised and hosted by Light House Media Centre in partnership with the University of Wolverhampton's School of Art and Design and School of Computing & IT, Wolverhampton Art Gallery  It is part funded by UK Film Council (National Lottery) through Screen West Midlands; Wolverhampton City Council; University of Wolverhampton; Business Link West Midlands and Animation Forum West Midlands 

Exhibitions
The exhibitions curated for FLIP tend to communicate the animation message through different media/outlets  They have a continuing partnership with Wolverhampton Art Gallery who programme specific works on site as part of the Festival  FLIP 2007 saw an exhibition of original puppets used in films such as The Corpse Bride, Mars Attacks! and Andy Pandy, and the puppet designer Nick Roberson answered questions from the audience  During FLIP 2008, the Light House building was home to large, moving, kinetic sculptures, by London-based artist Steve Hutton  As well as this, there was a screening of animated Doctor Who episodes from the 1960s followed by a talk on Doctor Who animation led by industry experts  2009 saw a studio spotlight on the Glasgow-based Axis Animation who showcased some of their work and then answered questions from the audience  The other studio spotlight that year was from ArthurCox studios who also presented some of their work and then held a discussion with the audience 
2010's festival hosted a presentation from the creators of the LittleBigPlanet games, Media Molecule, as well as a display from Light House Media Centre's own animator is residence, Drew Roper, including his set for his award-winning film 'A History of Denim' 
In 2011, FLIP's exhibitions consisted of works by Barry JC Purves which included a book signing and display of the Tchaikovsky puppet, the Birmingham leg of GLI TC/H festivals' submissions, as well as sketchbooks and artworks by Tori Davis and work from the 2011 feature film Rio, and maquettes from UK puppet makers Mackinnon & Saunders 

Recurring themes or programmes
FLIP offers visitors a chance to engage in ‘Big Screen Gaming’ in the smaller of the two cinemas  In 2009 Flip held a competition for participants to experience the Xbox 360 and one of its core games, Halo 3  This has then led to it becoming a regular feature at Light House with games such as the Fifa World Cup 2010 game and a Street Fighter game  'Big Screen Gaming' returned for FLIP 2010 with one of the year's most hotly anticipated releases, Halo: Reach 
Another feature of FLIP Festival is the curated programme hosted by a guest curator from within the animation world  Previous years have been curated by Professor Paul Wells (Director of Animation, Loughborough University) and The Brothers McLeod whereas 2010 was curated by Clare Kitson, who is a former programmer at the National Film Theatre and between 1989 and 1999, commissioned Channel 4's animation 

The awards
The festival is a competition between animated films created using various techniques (stop motion, animated drawings, cut out paper, modelling clay, etc ) classified in to various award categories  These have included the following:

Best of Festival
Best UK Film
Best International Film
Best Newcomer
Best Experimental Film FLIP also runs competitions for student films, created by current university/college students and, starting in 2010, for animators under the age of 18 years as well 

FLIP Festival 2011
FLIP Festival 2011 took place on 27–29 October 2011 
The Audience Choice winners of 2011's festival were:

Bertie Crisp, Dir  Francesca Adams (UK)
The Skeleton Woman, Dir  Sarah Van Den Boom (FRANCE)
Dead Bird, Dir  Trevor Hardy (UK)
Robin Hood, Dir, Ben Smith (UK)
Caged, Dir  Ravi Maheru (UK)
John and Betty, Dir  Alex Hancocks & Luke George (UK)

FLIP Festival 2010
FLIP Festival 2010 took place on 4–6 November 2010 
The award winners of 2010's festival were:

Best of Festival: Simon Cartwright & Jessica Cope with The Astronomer's Sun
Best International Film: Blu with Big Bang, Big Boom
Best Documentary: Samantha Moore with An Eyeful of Sound
Best Experimental Film: Will Anderson with Another Day
Best Sound: Elli Vuorinen with Tongueling
Best New Talent: Julia Gromskaya with L’Anima Mavi
Best Student Film: India Swift with Squid in Love
Student Runners up: Matthew Duddington with By its Clover; Ben Smallman with Tales of Beardyman

FLIP Festival 2009
2009's FLIP Festival took place on 5–7 November The award winners for 2009's Festival were:

Best of Festival: Taku Kimura with Kudan 
Best UK Film: Steve Irwin with Black Dogs Progress 
Best International Film: Jake Armstrong with The Terrible Thing of Alpha 9, USA 
Best Newcomer: Kristian Andrews with Rabbit Punch
Best Experimental Film: Virginia Mori with Il Gioco de Silenzio (The Play of Silence) 
Best Stop Motion: Bang Yao Lui with Deadline
Special Jury Mention: Ed Barrett with Man Up

FLIP Festival 2008
2008's FLIP Festival took place on 6–8 November 
The award winners for 2008's Festival were:

Best Film: Blu with Muto 
Best UK Film: Luis Cook with The Pearce Sisters 
Best International Film: Jeremy Clapin with Skhizein 
Best Abstract Film: Blu with Muto 
Best Sound Design: Alexei Alexeev with KJFG No5
Context 3: Passage 1:
Bonus Army
The Bonus Army was a group of 43,000 demonstrators – 17,000 veterans of U S  involvement in World War I, their families, and affiliated groups – who gathered in Washington, D C , in mid-1932 to demand early cash redemption of their service bonus certificates  Organizers called the demonstrators the Bonus Expeditionary Force (B E F ), to echo the name of World War I's American Expeditionary Forces, while the media referred to them as the "Bonus Army" or "Bonus Marchers"  The demonstrators were led by Walter W  Waters, a former sergeant 
Many of the war veterans had been out of work since the beginning of the Great Depression  The World War Adjusted Compensation Act of 1924 had awarded them bonuses in the form of certificates they could not redeem until 1945  Each certificate, issued to a qualified veteran soldier, bore a face value equal to the soldier's promised payment with compound interest  The principal demand of the Bonus Army was the immediate cash payment of their certificates 
On July 28, 1932, U S  Attorney General William D  Mitchell ordered the veterans removed from all government property  Washington police met with resistance, shot at the protestors, and two veterans were wounded and later died  President Herbert Hoover then ordered the U S  Army to clear the marchers' campsite  Army Chief of Staff General Douglas MacArthur commanded a contingent of infantry and cavalry, supported by six tanks  The Bonus Army marchers with their wives and children were driven out, and their shelters and belongings burned 
A second, smaller Bonus March in 1933 at the start of the Roosevelt administration was defused in May with an offer of jobs with the Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC) at Fort Hunt, Virginia, which most of the group accepted  Those who chose not to work for the CCC by the May 22 deadline were given transportation home  In 1936, Congress overrode President Roosevelt's veto and paid the veterans their bonus nine years early 

Origin of military bonuses
The practice of war-time military bonuses began in 1776, as payment for the difference between what a soldier earned and what he could have earned had he not enlisted  The practice derived from English legislation passed in the 1592–93 session of Parliament to provide medical care and maintenance for disabled veterans and bonuses for serving soldiers 
In August 1776, Congress adopted the first national pension law providing half pay for life for disabled veterans  Considerable pressure was applied to expand benefits to match the British system for serving soldiers and sailors but had little support from the colonial government until mass desertions at Valley Forge that threatened the existence of the Continental Army led George Washington to become a strong advocate 
In 1781, most of the Continental Army was demobilized  Two years later, hundreds of Pennsylvania war veterans marched on Philadelphia, then the nation's capital, surrounded the State House, where the U S  Congress was in session, and demanded back pay  Congress fled to Princeton, New Jersey, and several weeks later, the U S  Army expelled the war veterans from Philadelphia  Congress progressively passed legislation from 1788 covering pensions and bonuses, eventually extending eligibility to widows in 1836 Before World War I, the soldiers' military service bonus (adjusted for rank) was land and money; a Continental Army private received 100 acres (40 ha) and $80 00 (2017: $1,968 51) at war's end, while a major general received 1,100 acres (450 ha)  In 1855, Congress increased the land-grant minimum to 160 acres (65 ha), and reduced the eligibility requirements to fourteen days of military service or one battle; moreover, the bonus also applied to veterans of any Indian war  The provision of land eventually became a major political issue, particularly in Tennessee where almost 40% of arable land had been given to veterans as part of their bonus  By 1860, 73,500,000 acres (29,700,000 ha) had been issued and lack of available arable land led to the program's abandonment and replacement with a cash-only system  Breaking with tradition, the veterans of the Spanish–American War did not receive a bonus and after World War I, that became a political matter when they received only a $60 bonus ($1,010 in 2023)  The American Legion, created in 1919, led a political movement for an additional bonus 
On May 15, 1924, President Calvin Coolidge vetoed a bill granting bonuses to veterans of World War I, saying: "patriotism    bought and paid for is not patriotism " Congress overrode his veto a few days later, enacting the World War Adjusted Compensation Act  Each veteran was to receive a dollar for each day of domestic service, up to a maximum of $500 (equivalent to $8,500 in 2022), and $1 25 for each day of overseas service, up to a maximum of $625 ($10,670 in 2023)  Deducted from this was $60, for the $60 they received upon discharge  Amounts of $50 or less were immediately paid  All other amounts were issued as Certificates of Service maturing in 20 years There were 3,662,374 Adjusted Service Certificates issued, with a combined face value of $3 64 billion (equivalent to $62 billion in 2021)  Congress established a trust fund to receive 20 annual payments of $112 million that, with interest, would finance the 1945 disbursement of the $3 638 billion for the veterans  Meanwhile, veterans could borrow up to 22 5% of the certificate's face value from the fund; but in 1931, because of the Great Depression, Congress increased the maximum value of such loans to 50% of the certificate's face value  Although there was congressional support for the immediate redemption of the military service certificates, Hoover and Republican congressmen opposed such action and reasoned that the government would have to increase taxes to cover the costs of the payout and so any potential economic recovery would be slowed The Veterans of Foreign Wars continued to press the federal government to allow the early redemption of military service certificates The first march of the unemployed was Coxey's Army in 1894, when armies of men from various regions streamed to Washington as a "living petition" to demand that the federal government create jobs by investing in public infrastructure projects  In January 1932, a march of 25,000 unemployed Pennsylvanians, dubbed "Cox's Army", had marched on Washington, D C , the largest demonstration to date in the nation's capital, setting a precedent for future marches by the unemployed 

Campsite
Most of the Bonus Army (Bonus Expeditionary Force or BEF) camped in a form of a "Hooverville" on the Anacostia Flats (now Section C of Anacostia Park), a swampy, muddy area away from the federal core of Washington  Other veterans lived much closer, in partially demolished buildings on Pennsylvania Avenue near the Third Street SW  Although occupation of Anacostia Flats was against federal law, Glassford obtained permission off the record from his friend Major General Ulysses S  Grant III, Director of Public Buildings and Public Parks in the Capital, who promised to make no objection  The chosen site was located in the historically African American side of Anacostia; nearby were tennis courts and a baseball diamond, the latter of which was used by children of the camp  The War Department had refused a request by Senator James Hamilton Lewis to set up billets, so veterans, women and children lived in the shelters they built from materials dragged out of a junk pile nearby, which included old lumber, packing boxes, and scrap tin covered with roofs of thatched straw  The shack city was nicknamed Camp Marks, after the friendly Police Captain S J  Marks 
Camp Marks was tightly controlled by the veterans, who laid out streets, built sanitation facilities, set up an internal police force and held daily parades  A vibrant community arose revolving around several key sections, including the religious tent, where marchers could be heard expressing forbearance, trust in God and gratitude for what they had compared to other victims of the Depression  Also popular was the Salvation Army lending library, where marchers wrote letters home in its makeshift post office (postage stamps were more prized than cigarettes, it was said)  To live in the camps, veterans were required to register and to prove they had been honorably discharged or provided a bonus certificate, at which point a membership card would be issued  The Superintendent of the D C  Police, Pelham D  Glassford, worked with camp leaders to supply the camp with food and supplies 
On June 15, 1932, the US House of Representatives passed the Wright Patman Bonus Bill (by a vote of 211–176) to move forward the date for World War I veterans to receive their cash bonus  Over 6,000 bonus marchers massed at the U S  Capitol on June 17 as the U S  Senate voted on the Bonus Bill  The bill was defeated by a vote of 62–18 

Police shooting
On July 28, under prodding from President Herbert Hoover, the D C  Commissioners ordered Pelham D  Glassford to clear their buildings, rather than letting the protesters drift away as he had previously recommended  When the veterans rioted, an officer (George Shinault) drew his revolver and shot at the veterans, two of whom, William Hushka and Eric Carlson, died later 
William Hushka (1895–1932) was an immigrant to the United States from Lithuania  When the US entered World War I in 1917, he sold his butcher shop in St  Louis, and joined the army  After the war, he lived in Chicago  He was buried in Arlington National Cemetery a week after being shot and killed by police 
Eric Carlson (1894–1932) was a veteran from Oakland, California, who fought in the trenches of France in World War I  He was interred in Arlington National Cemetery During a previous riot, the Commissioners asked the White House for federal troops  Hoover passed the request to Secretary of War Patrick J  Hurley, who told MacArthur to take action to disperse the protesters  Towards the late afternoon, cavalry, infantry, tanks and machine guns pushed the "Bonusers" out of Washington 

Reports on communist elements
An Army intelligence report claimed that the BEF intended to occupy the Capitol permanently and instigate fighting, as a signal for communist uprisings in all major cities  It also conjectured that at least part of the Marine Corps garrison in Washington would side with the revolutionaries, hence Marine units eight blocks from the Capitol were never called upon  The report of July 5, 1932, by Conrad H  Lanza in upstate New York was not declassified until 1991 The Department of Justice released an investigative report on the Bonus Army in September 1932, noting that communists had attempted to involve themselves with the Bonus Army from the start, and had been arrested for various offenses during protests:

As soon as the bonus march was initiated, and as early as May, 1932, the Communist party undertook an organized campaign to foment the movement, and induced radicals to join the marchers to Washington  As early as the edition of May 31, 1932, the Daily Worker, a publication which is the central organ of the Communist party in the United States, urged worker veteran delegations to go to Washington on June 8th In 1932, Hoover stated that the bulk of Bonus Army members behaved reasonably and a minority of what he described as communists and career criminals were responsible for most of the unrest associated with the events: "I wish to state emphatically that the extraordinary proportion of criminal, Communist, and nonveteran elements amongst the marchers as shown by this report, should not be taken to reflect upon the many thousands of honest, law-abiding men who came to Washington with full right of presentation of their views to the Congress  This better element and their leaders acted at all times to restrain crime and violence, but after the adjournment of Congress a large portion of them returned to their homes and gradually these better elements lost control " In his 1952 memoir, Hoover stated that at least 900 of the Bonus Army were "ex-convicts and Communists "In his memoir The Whole of Their Lives (1948) Benjamin Gitlow of the Communist Party USA reported that a number of communists had joined the Bonus Army during their trek across the nation, with the goal of recruiting people to the communist cause A 2009 Encyclopedia Britannica blog post asserted these would-be communist organizers were largely rejected by the Bonus Army marchers: "[T]here were communists present in the camps, led by John T  Pace from Michigan  But if Pace believed that Bonus Army was a ready-made revolutionary cadre, he was mistaken  The marchers routinely expelled avowed communists from the camps  They destroyed communist leaflets and other literature  And among their other slogans the veterans adopted a motto directed at the communists, 'Eyes front—not left!'"

Army intervention
At 1:40 pm, General Douglas MacArthur ordered General Perry Miles to assemble troops on the Ellipse immediately south of the White House  Within the hour the 3rd Cavalry led by George S  Patton, then a Major, crossed the Memorial Bridge, with the 12th Infantry arriving by steamer about an hour later  At 4 pm, Miles told MacArthur that the troops were ready, and MacArthur (like Eisenhower, by now in service uniform) said that Hoover wanted him to "be on hand as things progressed, so that he could issue necessary instructions on the ground" and "take the rap if there should be any unfavorable or critical repercussions "At 4:45 pm, commanded by MacArthur, the 12th Infantry Regiment, Fort Howard, Maryland, and the 3rd Cavalry Regiment, supported by five M1917 light tanks commanded by Patton , formed in Pennsylvania Avenue while thousands of civil service employees left work to line the street and watch  The Bonus Marchers, believing the troops were marching in their honor, cheered the troops until Patton ordered the cavalry to charge them, which prompted the spectators to yell, "Shame! Shame!"
After the cavalry charged, the infantry, with fixed bayonets and tear gas (adamsite, an arsenical vomiting agent) entered the camps, evicting veterans, families, and camp followers  The veterans fled across the Anacostia River to their largest camp, and Hoover ordered the assault stopped  MacArthur chose to ignore the president and ordered a new attack, claiming that the Bonus March was an attempt to overthrow the US government  55 veterans were injured and 135 arrested  A veteran's wife miscarried  When 12-week-old Bernard Meyer died in the hospital after being caught in the tear gas attack, a government investigation reported he died of enteritis, and a hospital spokesman said the tear gas "didn't do it any good "During the military operation, Major Dwight D  Eisenhower, later the 34th president of the United States, served as one of MacArthur's junior aides  Believing it wrong for the Army's highest-ranking officer to lead an action against fellow American war veterans, he strongly advised MacArthur against taking any public role: "I told that dumb son-of-a-bitch not to go down there," he said later  "I told him it was no place for the Chief of Staff " Despite his misgivings, Eisenhower wrote the Army's official incident report that endorsed MacArthur's conduct Although the troops were ready, Hoover twice sent instructions to MacArthur not to cross the Anacostia bridge that night, both of which were received  Shortly after 9 pm, MacArthur ordered Miles to cross the bridge and evict the Bonus Army from its encampment in Anacostia  This refusal to follow orders was claimed by MacArthur's assistant chief of staff George Van Horn Moseley  However, MacArthur's aide Dwight Eisenhower, Assistant Secretary of War for Air F  Trubee Davison, and Brigadier General Perry Miles, who commanded the ground forces, all disputed Moseley's claim  They said the two orders were never delivered to MacArthur and they blamed Moseley for refusing to deliver the orders to MacArthur for unknown reasons  The shacks in the Anacostia Camp were then set on fire, although who set them on fire is somewhat unclear 

Aftermath
Joe Angelo, a decorated hero from the war who had saved Patton's life during the Meuse-Argonne offensive on September 26, 1918, approached him the day after to sway him  Patton, however, dismissed him quickly  This episode was said to represent the proverbial essence of the Bonus Army, each man the face of each side: Angelo the dejected loyal soldier; Patton the unmoved government official unconcerned with past loyalties Though the Bonus Army incident did not derail the careers of the military officers involved, it proved politically disastrous for Hoover, and it is considered a contributing factor to his losing the 1932 election in a landslide to Franklin D  Roosevelt Police Superintendent Glassford was not pleased with the decision to have the Army intervene, believing that the police could have handled the situation  He soon resigned as superintendent 
MGM released the movie Gabriel Over the White House in March 1933, the month Roosevelt was sworn in as president  Produced by William Randolph Hearst's Cosmopolitan Pictures, it depicted a fictitious President Hammond who, in the film's opening scenes, refuses to deploy the military against a march of the unemployed and instead creates an "Army of Construction" to work on public works projects until the economy recovers  First Lady Eleanor Roosevelt judged the movie's treatment of veterans superior to Hoover's During the presidential campaign of 1932, Roosevelt had opposed the veterans' bonus demands  A second bonus march planned for the following year in May by the "National Liaison Committee of Washington," disavowed by the previous year's bonus army leadership, demanded that the Federal government provide marchers housing and food during their stay in the capital  Despite his opposition to the marchers' demand for immediate payment of the bonus, Roosevelt greeted them quite differently than Hoover had done   The administration set up a special camp for the marchers at Fort Hunt, Virginia, providing forty field kitchens serving three meals a day, bus transportation to and from the capital, and entertainment in the form of military bands Administration officials, led by presidential confidant Louis Howe, tried to negotiate an end to the protest  Roosevelt arranged for his wife, Eleanor, to visit the site unaccompanied  She lunched with the veterans and listened to them perform songs  She reminisced about her memories of seeing troops off to World War I and welcoming them home  The most that she could offer was a promise of positions in the newly created Civilian Conservation Corps  One veteran commented, "Hoover sent the army, Roosevelt sent his wife " In a press conference following her visit, the First Lady described her reception as courteous and praised the marchers, highlighting how comfortable she felt despite critics of the marchers who described them as communists and criminals On May 11, 1933, Roosevelt issued an executive order allowing the enrollment of 25,000 veterans in the CCC, exempting them from the normal requirement that applicants be unmarried and under the age of 25  Congress, with Democrats holding majorities in both houses, passed the Adjusted Compensation Payment Act in 1936, authorizing the immediate payment of the $2 billion in World War I bonuses, and then overrode Roosevelt's veto of the measure  The House vote was 324 to 61, and the Senate vote was 76 to 19 

In literature
The shootings are depicted in Barbara Kingsolver's novel The Lacuna The Bonus Marchers are detailed in John Ross's novel Unintended Consequences (novel)
A fictionalized version of the Bonus March is depicted in the opening scenes of the 1995 movie In Pursuit of Honor

See also
Coxey's Army
Fry's Army
List of rallies and protest marches in Washington, D C 
List of incidents of political violence in Washington, D C 
On-to-Ottawa Trek by Canadian veterans, 1935
Passage 2:
List of Occupy movement protest locations
The Occupy Wall Street protests, which started in 2011, inspired a wide international response  There have been hundreds of Occupy movement protests worldwide over time, intended and organized as non-violent protest against the wealthy, as well as banking institutions  Months before the Occupy movement began, the Movimiento 15-M planned to hold events in many nations on October 15, 2011   The Occupy movement joined in and also held many events in many nations on that day  A list of proposed events for the 15 October 2011 global protests listed events in 951 cities in 82 countries  Protest camps were built at many of the protest locations, often near banking institutions or stock markets  Many locations had further manifestations at the following weekends until "Guy-Fawkes" day since the Guy Fawkes mask had become protester fashion  Many American Occupy groups were active until 2012, some are still active 
On the one-year anniversary of the Occupy Movement (September 17, 2012), The Guardian published the "Occupy Directory"'s "map of the Occupy world" 

Africa
America
Canada
Latin America
United States
Asia
Europe
Oceania
See also
Other U S  protests

Other international protests

Related articles
Passage 3:
Manjolai Labourers massacre
Manjolai labourers massacre or Thamirabarani massacre of 23 July 1999 was the death of 17 Dalit labourers, including two women and a two-year-old child, when they got into the river to escape Tamil Nadu Police lathi-charge  Public were going in procession to Tirunelveli Collectorate to submit a memorandum demanding wage settlement for the tea plantation workers of Manjolai estate  An altercation between the police and the marchers resulted in a lathi charge by police  When the marchers ran helter-skelter, many fell into the river and died Human Rights Watch condemned the brutal police attack and killing of Dalit tea plantation workers 

Background
On 23 July 1999, a large number of labourers from the Tea estates of Manjolai congregated in Tirunelveli and marched towards the Collectorate demanding the release of a number of estate workers, who were arrested earlier for staging protest demanding better wages  The workers were being paid  70 per Day then and they were demanding the pay to be increased to  100  The workers were also demanding maternity leave, periodical breaks for women during the eight-hour-long duty  They were also opposing the decision of the estate owners to force workers to stay in sheds with poor facilities and deny right to rear cattle or even raise Gardens 
A large contingent of stone throwing and lathi-wielding police brutally assaulted the protesters forcing them to run towards the river  As police continued to chase them to the river, many got into the river and drowned  Justice Mohan Commission that probed into the incident submitted that 11 of the 17 died due to drowning, while rest died due to injuries 
Even now, much of their demands have not been met, but the estate workers have since been kept satisfied with a pay of  138 per Day 

Documentary film
The theme of the incident is the basis for Death of a river (Oru Nathiyin Maranam) a Tamil language documentary film released in 1999  The 59-minute Tamil film is the work of the Kanchanai Film Society, produced and directed by R R Srinivasan 

See also
Paramakudi riots
1957 Ramnad riots
Passage 4:
Pelham Road
Pelham Road, known as Shore Road within the Bronx, is a historic 4 1-mile (6 6 km) east-west arterial road that runs along the Long Island Sound shoreline from Pelham Bay Park in the Bronx through the southern Westchester County, New York communities of New Rochelle and Pelham Manor  The thoroughfare had its beginning as a Native American trail linking the important villages on Davenport Neck to those on Pelham Neck in Pelham  Between these points along the shore line there was an almost continuous chain of small Indian villages and camps  This waterfront area was especially advantageous, with many small coves in secure harbors and protected by adjacent islands and many small streams of water and abundant springs The segment of Pelham Road in Westchester County is internally designated, but not signed, as County Route 65 

History
From early times, the section of the road from New Rochelle to the Pelham Town line was called the "way to Mr  Pell's" and "Road to Pell's Manor"  Once at the Town of Pelham, the road was merely a private way of the Pells' through their Manor  There was little need for a public highway beyond that point for the manor was private property, and was of little importance to New Rochelle settlers who were not tenants of the Lord of the Manor and held their land practically free of all manorial rights The Huguenot settlers of New Rochelle, in laying out their home lots from the Boston Road to the waterfront, crossed the trail with each lot, which was thereby cut into two parts  These lots were largely taken up by settlers interested in commercial enterprises north of the waterfront  Once the present Center Avenue, Drake Avenue and Weyman Avenue were opened to the shore from the Boston Road, public landings were built at their ends along the waterfront  By 1710, there were more than twice the number of houses along the New Rochelle shore as in the central part of the town on the Boston Road, however, the original Indian trail had still not been officially laid out as a road Cooper-shops were put up along the shore and, as other trades increased, the neighborhood became more and more important as a business district  A patent was issued on November 20, 1754, to Samuel Rodman and John Wooley who established a ferry across the Sound to Cow Neck, Long Island and, in 1785, another ferry was established by Richard Sands, both landing adjacent to the Pelham Road  "  From this time on, for a century or more, Pelham Road more than held its own in competition with the Boston Road, although the latter had the advantage of being the through route from New York City to Boston, and was the stagecoach and mail route 
As early as 1829, the steamboat came to Pelham Road as a means of travel  The early boats landed at Town Dock Road, but they were transferred before 1833 to a new dock on Neptune Island, where they continued to land thereafter



ground_truth: no

prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: Operation light house was an experiment by Wernher von Braun and another man born in what year?

The following are given passages.
Context 2: 
Best Newcomer: Tom Senior with One Nice Family Photo
Best Student Film: Reza Dolatabadi with Khoda

FLIP Festival 2007
2007's FLIP Festival took place on 1–3 November 
The award winners for 2007's Festival were:

Best Film: Lizzy Hobbs with The Old, Old, Very Old Man 
Best Student Film: Paul O’Flanagan with Beauty Now 
Special Mention (Student Film): Julian Kok with Mimos and the Egg 

Best of FLIP
FLIP Festival also does several small screenings throughout the year of either just the award winners or all the selected submissions  The "Best of FLIP" is usually shown at various venues throughout the West Midlands  For the 2010 season, FLIP had "best of" screenings at both the Stoke Film Theatre and the Wem Town Hall and there was also a special screening at Artsfest '10 in Birmingham, UK 

Notes
External links
FLIP Festival’s website
Light House Media Centre's website
Passage 7:
Mount Von Braun
Mount Von Braun (71°59′S 169°34′E) is a mountain (3,275 m) located 4 nautical miles (7 km) south of Mount Sabine in the Admiralty Mountains  Mapped by United States Geological Survey (USGS) from surveys and U S  Navy air photos, 1960–63  Named by Advisory Committee on Antarctic Names (US-ACAN) for Wernher von Braun of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration, a visitor at McMurdo Station, 1966–67 
 This article incorporates public domain material from "Mount Von Braun"  Geographic Names Information System  United States Geological Survey 
Passage 8:
Operation Lighthouse (1937)
Operation Lighthouse was the name given to the failed experimental launch of four Aggregate 3 liquid-fuel rockets by Wernher von Braun and Walter Dornberger on the German island of Greifswalder Oie in December 1937 

Background and preparation
In the summer of 1937 the German Aggregate 3 series of rockets was nearing the testing stage  Several were tested on a special stand at Kummersdorf in an attempt to evaluate guidance systems  These consisted of vanes designed to deflect the rocket exhaust and control the missile's course  On September 1, Dornberger ordered that von Braun's team prepare for a series of test launches in the first part of November from the small island of Greifswalder Oie in an operation he designated "Lighthouse"  Von Braun assigned the head of his measurement unit, Gerhard Reisig, to prepare the expedition to the island In November, rain and snow storms kept the project behind schedule, delaying ferries and nearly collapsing the tent erected as a preparation site  Rodents gnawed on tar paper and telephone cables  Amidst the setbacks, Dornberger and von Braun hunted rabbits and pheasants  The rockets and launch site were not ready until December 

Launches
The first launch was ordered for December 2, but again weather and technical problems delayed the operation  On December 4 the first rocket blasted off just after 10 AM  Set on a test ring without a guide rail, the rocket rose vertically for three seconds, but then the parachute deployed and dragged, burning, behind the vehicle  After less than seven seconds the engine cut out and soon the rocket fell back to the ground, landing 1,000 feet (300 meters) from the launch site  It exploded and burned upon impact, leaving little wreckage to examine Another missile was launched on the afternoon of December 6 and followed a similar pattern, crashing and exploding in the sea less than twenty feet from the island's cliffs  The wreckage did not yield an explanation for the failure, but the parachute system was suspected For the third launch, the parachute was replaced with a flare  The rocket was set off in the afternoon of December 8  The missile turned from the vertical into the wind and after four seconds the flare deployed  At 1,000 feet (300 meters) the engine quit, and without the drag of a burning parachute (like the previous two rockets) it achieved a greater distance before crashing over a mile offshore and exploding in the sea Despite the disappointing results of the first three launches, Dornberger and von Braun decided to launch their last A3  After further weather delays, the last rocket was set off on the morning of December 11 but demonstrated a performance much like the third 

Aftermath
The failure the project launch came as a shock to von Braun, who set to trying to find the causes  He suspected both the guidance control system and the jet vanes  Additionally, he developed a theory that an electrostatic charge caused the parachute to deploy early in the first two launches  Tests conducted at Kummersdorf on an electrically insulated rocket seemed to discount this explanation  Instead, von Braun figured that the rocket had rolled upon launch enough to deploy the parachute, which was set to act when the missile rolled more than six degrees per second  Because the missiles tested had not been painted in patterns, it was only upon reviewing photographs that the roll was detected Ultimately, the failure of the A3 launches showed the relative lack of experience of von Braun's team and Kreiselgeräte, the company that designed the guidance system  The A3 was essentially abandoned and thoroughly redesigned as the A5  By January 1938 von Braun and Dornberger decided to keep the propulsion, pressurization, and tank systems, but discarded the body and fin design in favor of something that could be better controlled  Additionally, unlike the A3, the A5 would not be designed to carry any scientific instrumentation, but only guidance and control systems 
Furthermore, the failure of the A3 launches held back the development of the A4 (later known as V-2) rocket for at least a year  Von Braun had hoped to launch the world's first ballistic missile by 1940, but the Oie expedition forced this aspiration further into the future 
Passage 9:
Magnus von Braun
Magnus "Mac" Freiherr von Braun (10 May 1919 – 21 June 2003) was a German chemical engineer, Luftwaffe aviator, rocket scientist and business executive  In his 20s he worked as a rocket scientist at Peenemünde and the Mittelwerk 
At age 26, he emigrated to the United States via Operation Paperclip, where he worked for some years at Fort Bliss  In 1955 he began a career as a senior executive with Chrysler's missile and later automotive divisions, retiring in 1975  He lived for 58 years partially in the United States and partially in the United Kingdom until his death  He was the brother of Sigismund and Wernher von Braun 

Biography
Von Braun was born in Greifswald, Pomerania, to Magnus Freiherr von Braun and Emmy von Quistorp  After completing boarding school at Hermann Lietz-Schule in Spiekeroog, he began his studies in 1937 at Technische Universität München  There he remained after receiving his master's degree in organic chemistry, and became an assistant to Nobel laureate Hans Fischer Von Braun arrived at Peenemünde in July 1943 at the request of Wernher von Braun   In March 1944 he was arrested with fellow rocket specialists Wernher von Braun, Klaus Riedel, Helmut Gröttrup, and Hannes Lüersen, but was later released   In late summer 1944 he transferred to the Mittelwerk where he engineered V-2 rocket gyroscopes, servomotors, and turbopumps 
The Mittelwerk was an underground munitions factory dug into Germany's Harz Mountains in order to avoid aerial bombardment by British and American planes  It consisted of two tunnels bored through the mountain range near the town of Nordhausen, each a mile long and connected by dozens of cross tunnels  Railways laid through the main tunnels brought raw materials in and finished rockets out  The entire cavity provided some 35 million cubic feet of space  After massive Allied bombing disrupted the original V-2 development center in the Baltic town of Peenemünde in mid-1943, the majority of German rocket production was moved to the Mittelwerk  Prisoners from the nearby Mittelbau-Dora concentration camps provided slave labor for this huge endeavor  Inmates were marched into the tunnels daily and compelled to work by the notorious Nazi SS, who handled all security issues  The usual horrific methods were employed and over 20,000 slaves perished during this subterranean rocket factory's existence 
Magnus von Braun's involvement with the Mittelwerk began in the fall of 1944, soon after full production began  The first V-2s produced earlier that year had a high failure rate and sabotage was suspected  Concern about these problems prompted Wernher, who was still based at Peenemünde, to send his younger brother to the Mittelwerk in September  While some minor sabotage did occur in the tunnels, it was relatively rare  The real reason for the poor quality of early Mittelwerk missiles was the effort to take cutting-edge research technology and put it into mass production under slave labor conditions 
Tossed into this brutal environment, Magnus reported directly to the factory's chief of rocket production, Arthur Rudolph, who had an office in one of the main tunnels  This work connection with Rudolph would span decades and continents  After Germany surrendered in 1945, Rudolph was part of a group of Nazi scientists who emigrated with the von Braun brothers to the United States as part of Operation Paperclip  The U S  Army put them to work in New Mexico developing intercontinental ballistic missiles  Moving on to NASA in the 1960s, Rudolph continued to collaborate with Magnus, who by then was employed by the main contractor for the Saturn V lunar rocket, Chrysler Corporation   As Nasa's project director for the Saturn V, Rudolph was publicly acclaimed after the Moon landing, but towards the end of his life, his wartime complicity in using slave labor at the Mittelwerk became more widely known  These revelations then forced Rudolph to make a 1983 deal with the U S  Justice Department in which he voluntarily relinquished his U S  citizenship to avoid prosecution and possible loss of his government pension and Social Security benefits  Rudolph then returned to Germany, where he died in 1996 
In November 1944, Rudolph put Magnus in charge of rocket fin servomotors, which were the most troublesome V-2 component at that time  During this period, concerns over sabotage were at their height  In a notorious incident that winter, several Russian prisoners suspected of sabotage were executed by being hanged from cranes used to lift rocket parts and left dangling for a full work day, as an example to other inmates  In this tense atmosphere, servomotors were at the heart of two abuse accusations leveled against Wernher von Braun by Mittelwerk prisoners after the war, one that may have actually involved Magnus  Michael Neufeld, a Smithsonian historian and author of a 2007 biography of Wernher, has tried to unravel claims by Dora prisoners that they personally witnessed brutality administered by the more famous von Braun brother  In a 2002 article about Wernher's potential culpability in Nazi slave labor at Mittelwerk and several other locations, Neufeld dismissed most claims that von Braun carried out direct sadistic behavior as spurious, easily disproved by tracking his known locations during the war  However, Neufeld felt that there were two accusations in particular that merited further study, the second of which might have involved Magnus  "[R]eports that [Wernher] von Braun attended hangings, ordered hangings, attended hangings in SS uniform, etc , have scarcely been discussed in the literature because such testimonies lack credibility," Neufeld wrote  "But in recent years I have received two reports from French Dora survivors that deserve more consideration " In the first incident, survivor Georges Jouanin, whose job was to climb into upright tail sections of V-2s to install cables to the servomotor, placed a wood shoe on one of the units  He later recorded that "someone has noticed my wooden-heeled clog atop such a fragile organ, and I feel a hand pulling insistently on the end of my striped pants, thus forcing me out of the tail unit  'You, out of here, man, you're committing sabotage  You shouldn't step with your foot on this ' I get slapped in the face twice and my head bounces against the metal panels of the tail unit  Cap in hand, I find myself in front of a man in his 30s, rather well dressed, angry, to who I am not allowed to give an explanation  The seven or eight engineers or technicians in the group of which he came out seem disconcerted, astonished    I went back to my work space and the incident seemed over, without consequences  My civilian foreman, Manger is his name, returns from break and tells me     'Our big boss boxed your ears! That was V  Braun '"
In the second case, an inmate named Guy Morand testified that while testing rocket servomotors, he tried to cover for another prisoner who had mislaid a chronometer, which brought the wrath of an enraged foreman down upon him  "Like the good Nazi he was," Morand remembered, "he immediately started shouting it was sabotage, when just at that point von Braun arrived accompanied by his usual group of people  Without even listening to my explanations, he ordered the Meister to have me given 25 strokes in his presence by an SS [man] who was there  Then, judging that the strokes weren't sufficiently hard, he ordered that I be flogged more vigorously, and this order was then diligently carried out " Morand went on to say that "following the floggings, von Braun made me translate that I deserved much more, that in fact I deserved to be hanged, which certainly would be the fate of the 'Mensch' (good-for-nothing) I was " Morand adds that the man was "one of the inventors of the V-2" and frequently made "rapid inspections" of his work area 
This description of "von Braun" is closer to Magnus in his role at the rocket factory than that of Wernher, who visited only occasionally  Neufeld raises the possibility of an identity error in Morand's recollections: "In September 1944, Wernher assigned his younger brother Magnus, a chemical engineer and Luftwaffe pilot, as his special liaison to the Mittelwerk, particularly for servomotor production, which was afflicted with serious technical problems  Magnus von Braun stayed in the Nordhausen area full-time until the evacuation of April, 1945  In contrast, his older brother visited the Mittelwerk, by his estimates, twelve or fifteen times in total  Morand gives the time of the incident as the 'second half of 1944,' which corresponds to Magnus von Braun's assignment to the factory, and the testimonial never actually gives 'von Braun' a last name "
In a footnote to this same 2002 article, Neufeld refers to another incident on the record  A Dora survivor named Robert Cazabonne reported "that a fellow prisoner witnessing a hanging in the tunnel pointed out one of the German onlookers and said, 'That's VON BRAUN!'" Neufeld concludes, "We know with near certainty that Wernher von Braun was not there; however, it might have been his brother Magnus, as civilian employees were expected to attend "
Neufeld continues, "Morand's story necessarily brings Jouanin's identification into question, as both deal with servomotors  Although Jouanin's first instinct on timing was early May 1944, when I wrote him about it, he was less than certain  The description of a man in his thirties he saw only once fits Wernher von Braun better than Magnus, however  In the end, it is impossible to say with certainty that Georges Jouanin's identification of Wernher von Braun can be accepted as meeting a reasonable standard of certainty, as believable as I find it personally  Nor can we conclude with assurance that Magnus von Braun was responsible    "
These prisoner recollections of a sadistic scientist named von Braun stalking the Mittelwerk tunnels, especially on occasions when it can be shown that Wernher could not have been there, is not final proof of Magnus's guilt  However, the possibility of the younger brother's involvement in such abuse requires consideration of an unpleasant facet of his personality that was documented in postwar U S  Army files kept on all former Nazi scientists who worked in the United States 
Magnus was born nearly a decade after his two older brothers, who had come of age before the Nazis took power in Germany  Unlike them, Magnus had a National Socialist adolescence  While the older brothers can be seen as having joined the Nazi party for reasons of professional advancement, Magnus signed on to fascism at a point in life before such concerns became important  His was an ideological commitment  He was thirteen when Hitler became chancellor and thus participated in the Hitler Youth organization and experienced a secondary school environment and curriculum adapted to fascism  His politicized early years naturally influenced his character  Even after the war, Magnus stood apart from Wernher by his displays of arrogance and aristocratic pretension, duly noted by the Army officers who kept files on both men after their 1945 immigration to the United States  Sigismund, the eldest brother, became a diplomatic attaché for the German government in 1936 and passed his war years in Vatican City on consular duty  Though a Nazi party member like his brothers, he avoided direct complicity with regime atrocities such as slave labor and was able to join the new West German foreign service after the war  He rose to become a notable diplomat for West Germany during the 1960s and 1970s 

Surrender at Reutte
After evacuating from Nordhausen, Magnus von Braun was at the Behelfsheim in Weilheim when Wernher von Braun arrived there from Oberammergau on 14 April 1945   The next day, Magnus had arrived at the Haus Ingeborg in Oberjoch by the end of the day  When Huzel became von Braun's assistant, Dr  Kurt Debus became Engineer in Charge of Test Stand VII—Huzel had served since May 1944 after replacing his old friend Hartmut Kuechen  The Mittelwerk was designated for production after the 17 August 1943 Operation Hydra bombing of Peenemünde, and production started well afterward, so Magnus von Braun's claim that he was selected to transfer in October 1943 is inaccurate   After hearing the radio report of Hitler's death, Wernher von Braun announced to his group early in the morning of 3 May 1945 that "Magnus, who speaks English, has just left by bicycle to establish contact with the American forces at Reutte   We cannot wait here forever "  "It was quite courageous for Magnus to come down on his bicycle and find the American troops," said Dr  Ernst Stuhlinger,  member of the V-2 team  "He had a white handkerchief tied to the handlebars of the bicycle and that was all he had to protect him "
On May 10, 1919, I was born in Greifswald, the son of a government administrator, Magnus Freiherr von Braun, and his wife, Emmy, née von Quistorp  I spent my youth in Berlin, where I attended the Prep School and the French School until Easter 1934   Finally, I went to the Hermann Lietz School in Spiekeroog, North Sea, a boarding school from which I graduated Easter 1937   After having spent six months in the Arbeitsdienst, I began studies at the Technical Institute of Munich in the fall of 1937, majoring in organic chemistry   Then when I received my master's degree, I became the assistant in organic chemistry to Professor Hans Fischer (Nobel Prize winner in chemistry) for ¼ year, at which time I was drafted into the Air Force (October 1940)   After the completion of flight training and a short stay as a flight instructor, I came to the Heimat Artillery Park II, Kalshagen, in July 1943   In Karlshagen, I worked with Mr  Gerhard Heller, the director of fuel chemistry, who put me in charge of hypergolic fuels for the newly developing Wasserfall Project   In this capacity, I worked in conjunction with the I  G  Farben Industry   In October 1943, my brother, Professor Wernher von Braun, requested me to work as his personal assistant 
About two in the afternoon, Magnus returned, "I think it went well, I have safe conduct passes and they want us for further interrogation " The Mission Accomplished: The Battle History of the 44th Infantry Division claim that there was a "hectic night of interrogation, plans and counter-proposals" after Magnus von Braun rode his bike downhill in the morning and met members of the "Anti-tank Company, 324th Infantry" "before he went out and in a short time returned with his brother" is inaccurate: Huzel, McGovern, & Ordway, in their researched works, distinctly state Magnus returned about 2 in the afternoon the same day Dieter Huzel described the surrender of the group: "Thus, in the dull, rainy, late afternoon of Wednesday, May 2, 1945, seven men [Magnus & Wernher, Walter Dornberger, Axster, Huzel, Lindenberg, & Tessman]     began their lonely descent from Adolf Hitler Pass toward     Schattwald      Suddenly, around a curve, an American soldier     waved us to a stop   Magnus got out and showed a piece of paper to the guard     After about a half an hour,     we were flanked by two    "jeeps,"    We reached Reutte after dark       The next morning     we emerged from the mess hall     several Army photographers were on hand and spent some time taking pictures " During a photo shoot the next day, Magnus von Braun commented "We're celebrating now, but I'll bet they will throw telephone books at us if we ever reach New York   By noon, Magnus von Braun (along with Axster, Huzel, Lindenberg, & Tessman) arrived in Peiting where forty other Peenemünde personnel already had arrived, and the Germans departed for Garmisch-Partenkirchen on 8 May 

Operation Paperclip and work at Fort Bliss
Von Braun arrived in New York on 16 November 1945 aboard the SS Argentina and was soon at work at Fort Bliss, Texas and later at Redstone Arsenal in Huntsville, Alabama   Von Braun was interrogated as a witness for the Andrae war crimes trial in which Mittelwerk general manager Georg Rickhey was acquitted   Fort Bliss Army CIC agents believed he was a "dangerous German Nazi", with one agent remarking, "his type is a worse threat to security than a half a dozen discredited SS Generals " Soon after his arrival, he was caught trying to sell a brick of platinum he'd stolen from the base to a jeweler in El Paso  The incident was quickly hushed up, though he was informally punished by means of a terrible beating given by his brother Wernher the politician 

Career with Chrysler
In 1955, von Braun began a career with Chrysler—first in the missile division and then in the automotive division  He also resided in Huntsville, Alabama, for a while before moving to Michigan   After living in Michigan, he relocated to the UK, working in London and Coventry as Chrysler UK export director   Von Braun retired from Chrysler in 1975 and returned to the States, where he settled in Arizona and resided until his death 
Passage 10:
Von Braun Ferry Rocket
Von Braun Ferry Rocket was a concept design for a shuttle spacecraft that was developed by Wernher von Braun in a seminal series of early-1950s Collier's magazine articles, "Man Will Conquer Space Soon!" by Wernher von Braun et al  The Ferry Rocket concept has evolved over time 

Re-creations
The Ferry Rocket is modeled in the following flight and spaceflight simulators:

Orbiter, a freeware simulator by Martin Schweiger
X-Plane

See also
"Man Will Conquer Space Soon"
Reusable launch system
Context 3: 
This was followed by the building of the Neptune House hotel on that island in 1837  Before this, a bridge had been erected across Eastchester Bay and a direct road opened connecting with Westchester Village, West Farms, Morrisania and New York City  These added to the importance of the Pelham Road by making it a major through route The opening of the New York and New Haven Railroad in 1849 and the rapid development of traffic by train, rather than by boats or stagecoach, caused Pelham Road to dwindle in significance as a through route for travel  The business that had developed from the early days of the settlement along its route, gradually gave way to the rapid increase along the railroad route and the Boston Turnpike (Main Street) 
After the incorporation of the Village of New Rochelle (1857), the section of the road west of Center Avenue came to be called Pelham Road  In 1886, the New Rochelle and Pelham Railroad (horse-cars), was constructed along Shore Road from Center Avenue to the Neptune House Road, to connect with the ferry to Starin's Glen Island and the Government ferry to Davids Island  In 1898, an electric trolley line was substituted for the horse-cars, coming through Drake Avenue, and the tracks on Pelham Road were removed from Drake Avenue to Center Avenue  In 1928, by action of Westchester County, the road was widened and straightened over its entire length and became a through route for travel between New York City and New England points 

Present day
The irregularly meandering waterfront has been populated from the days of the Siwanoy Indians  Today, it is dotted by a series of water related businesses as well as private homes, and a number of private clubs and marinas  Davenport Neck juts into the Sound at the foot of Franklin Avenue  Once the provenance of the Davenport and Iselin families who maintained spacious estates on the Neck, it was subdivided into building lots, and with the exception of a few historic homes, is essentially a residential neighborhood built during the last third of the Twentieth Century The area directly along Pelham Road is one of the more densely populated residential section of the city consisting of mid-rise apartment buildings, condominiums, and town-home complexes  It is the only major through route in the area and connects the affluent residential communities on Davenport's Neck and along the shore with the Downtown business district and northern New Rochelle 
A number of parks and recreational areas are located here  Glen Island, at the south end of the City, contains Glen Island Park  Neptune Park is located at the foot of Fort Slocum Road on Neptune Island  Hudson Park, and the City's public beach, is located at Bonnefoy Point on the eastern end of Davenport Neck  The New Rochelle Rowing Club and the New Rochelle Municipal Marina are located adjacent to the north side of the park  On Echo Bay, the north end of the shoreline, are Five Islands Park, Clifford Island, Echo Island and Premium Point 
The College of New Rochelle, with its landmark "Castleview", is located in this area as is the late 1800s planned community Residence Park neighborhood 
Passage 5:
Westchester Avenue
Westchester Avenue is a major east-west street in the South and East portions of the Bronx, New York City  It runs from Third Avenue and East 150th Street in the Hub to Pelham Bay Park in the Pelham Bay section  It crosses many neighborhoods of the Bronx, which include Melrose, Longwood, Soundview, Parkchester, and Pelham Bay  Westchester Avenue parallels the Bruckner Expressway until their junction at Pelham Bay Park 
With the exception of 0 5 miles (0 80 km) of its length, Westchester Avenue is underneath elevated tracks of the New York City Subway  The IRT White Plains Road Line (2 and ​5 trains) runs over Westchester Avenue from Brook Avenue to Southern Boulevard and the IRT Pelham Line (6 and <6>​ trains) runs over Westchester Avenue from Whitlock Avenue to its terminus at Pelham Bay Park  The Bx4/Bx4A buses use Westchester Avenue between Bergen Avenue and Parkchester (Bx4A) or Westchester Square (Bx4) while the Bx24 uses Westchester Avenue north of Westchester Square  The Bx8 and Bx27 use the road for short segments 
Passage 6:
Hong Kong 1 July marches
The Hong Kong 1 July protests was an annual protest rally originally held by the Civil Human Rights Front from the day of handover in 1997 on the HKSAR establishment day  However, it was not until 2003 that the march drew large public attention by opposing the legislation of Basic Law Article 23  The 2003 protest, with 500,000 marchers, was the second-largest protest seen in Hong Kong since the 1997 handover Prior to this, only the pro-democracy protest on 21 May 1989 drew more people with 1 5 million marchers in Hong Kong sympathising with the participants of the Tiananmen Square protests of 1989  The introduction of Article 23 legislation was left aside due to the protest  Since then, 1 July marches have been organised every year to demand for democracy, universal suffrage, rights of minorities, protection of freedom of speech, and a variety of other political concerns 
In 2019, the anti-extradition bill protest on 16 June broke the record of largest protest in Hong Kong with nearly 2 million marchers  The 1 July march in the same year with 550,000 marchers, was the largest 1 July march In 2020, despite a police ban citing gathering limits during the COVID-19 pandemic, and a dramatically altered legal situation due to the national security law that had come into force only the previous evening, marches with a total of tens of thousands of participants took place in several parts of the city  Police made more than 370 arrests, among which at least ten were on alleged violations of the new law 

1997–2002
After the 1997 handover to 2002, marches were organised annually by the Hong Kong Alliance in Support of Patriotic Democratic Movements of China   By the end of 2002, the proposed anti-subversion legislation, as required by the Article 23 of the Basic Law, the constitutional document of the territory, sparked off heated debate and opposition  The public was worried civil rights and liberties would be adversely affected  The Civil Human Rights Front was formed by grassroots civil organisations and pro-democracy politicians  A march was held on 15 December 2002 from Victoria Park to the Central Government Offices, with a turnout of 65,000 
The government attempted to pass Article 23 in Legislative Council, tabling the vote for 9 July 2003  The debate continued for months, with the Hong Kong Government refusing to any concessions   The bill eventually led to a series of 1 July marches 

2003
Motivation
The headline theme for the 2003 march was to oppose the anti-subversion Hong Kong Basic Law Article 23   Fear of the loss of freedom of speech along with other freedoms, as well as a general dissatisfaction against the Hong Kong Government prompted a mass protest of hundreds of thousands of people on 1 July 2003  The government attempted to pass Article 23 in Legislative Council, tabling the vote for 9 July 2003  The debate continued for months, with the Government refusing to make any concessions  Other issues include a number of blunders by the Tung Chee Hwa administration adding to people's frustrations, including the "Lexusgate" scandal involving the Financial Secretary Antony Leung and the government's incompetent handling of the SARS health crisis, all against the backdrop of the state of the economy 

Formation
The planners originally wanted all four football courts in Victoria Park, but all courts were booked for a pro-Beijing festival and fair  The organisers originally predicted only 20,000 demonstrators would participate  The actual number ranged from 350,000 (as quoted by the police) to 700,000 (as quoted by protesters) and even 1,000,000 (quoted from a pro-Falun Gong agency)  The generally accepted figure is 500,000, a little less than one tenth the population at the time  Some Christian churches led by Rev  Chu Yiu Ming (朱耀明) of the Baptist Church and Roman Catholics led by Bishop Joseph Zen organised a prayer gathering in Victoria Park before the march which was attended by some 40,000 people  The Civil Human Rights Front was also organised  Members of Falun Gong also took part in the protest, but have been asked by the organisers to march at the end of the rally  The march was originally scheduled to start at 2:30 pm at the football pitch in Victoria Park, arriving at the government headquarter building  Their route stretched from Victoria Park football field through Causeway Bay and Central to the Government's Central offices  Nonetheless, the large numbers meant that people were still starting the march as late as 10 pm 

Aftermath
After half-million people protested against the law, James Tien resigned from the Executive Council to vote against proposals for legislation as required under Article 23 of the Hong Kong Basic Law  The Government then backed down on the proposal because it lacked the necessary votes to pass the legislation after losing the support of Tien's Liberal Party   Afterwards, Regina Ip and Antony Leung resigned, stating "personal reasons" 

2004
The headline theme for 1 July 2004 march was "Striving For Universal Suffrage in '07 & '08 for the chief executive and Legislature respectively (爭取07, 08普選) " As the National People's Congress Standing Committee attempted to modify the Basic Law on 6 April 2004 to deny direct elections for the chief executive in 2007 and the Legislative Council in 2008  There was much criticism as to the slogan for the 2004 protest by some Beijing bureaucrats and pro-Beijing political parties  The phrase "Return power to the people" was particularly inflammatory, because it implied that power was taken away from the people, according to pro-Beijing parties  Some pro-democracy political leaders such as Lau Chin-shek had considered changing the phrase, but many criticised this move as it was seen to be satisfying Beijing  The organisers kept the phrase 

White was the dress code for the day representing the desire for universal suffrage  On the other hand, pro-government groups lobbied the public to wear red (the colour traditionally worn for celebratory occasion in Chinese culture) to take part in a counter-protest they were holding  Despite the dazzling heat, the number of turn out was still very high   Numerous sources debated on the size of the actual turnouts  The organisers, Civil Human Rights Front, estimated that 530,000 took part in the demonstration, surpassing the number from the previous year, while the police set the figure at 200,000  The figures were disputed by many, saying that the number could not have been over 200,000  Dr  P S  Yip Senior Lecturer of the Department of Statistics & Actuarial Science of the University of Hong Kong, suggested that the maximum number of participants could only have been around 192,000  The general acceptance is that the crowd size was smaller than the 2003 crowd 

2005
Following the 2004 protest, the next major event was Tung Chee-hwa's resignation in March 2005   Two protests were held in 2005 including the annual 1 July event and a separate December 2005 protest for democracy   The theme for the march was "Oppose government collusion, striving for universal suffrage (反對官商勾結，爭取全面普選)"  The July protest mostly build its momentum from the 2004 protest with emphasis that a high degree of autonomy is needed along with more democracy   The protest mostly stood up to the National People's Congress Standing Committee for trying to distort the Basic Law again   Further questions were raised regarding maximum working hours, minimum wage, increase of sexual violence, divide between the rich and poor 

2006
The theme for the march in 2006 was "Creating Hopes for Universal Suffrage and Democracy With an Equal and Just Hong Kong (平等公義新香港，民主普選創希望)" 
Not only did she openly support the implementation of universal suffrage in Hong Kong via the mass media, former Chief Secretary Anson Chan also called on Hong Kongers to express their desire by taking to the street  Some saw the move as Chan testing the water, paving way to the next chief executive election  Chan declined to comment until she formally announced that she has no interests in running for chief executive in September 
Like previous years, counter-protest parade was held in the morning while the protest organised by the Civil Human Rights Front started at 15:00 the same day, marching from Victoria Park to Central Government Offices  58,000 people took part in the protest this year, according to the organiser and the demonstration ended at about 19:00 peacefully 

2007
"Achieving Universal Suffrage, Improving Livelihood (爭取普選，改善民生)" was the theme for this year's demonstration  The organiser, Civil Human Rights Front, submitted an application for Notification of Public Procession to the Hong Kong Police (HKP) about twenty days before the march  Prior to the start of the protest, Chinese Communist Party General Secretary Hu Jintao had already left Hong Kong via the Shenzhen bay port The police insisted that the organisers wrapped up the demonstration before 18:30 to facilitate the fireworks display that would take place that night over Victoria Harbour   Displeased with by the limitations and restrictions set by the police, the organisers filed an appeal to the Appeal Board, which ruled on 26 June that the demonstration could last for four hours, from 14 30 to 18:30  Furthermore, the appeal board also required the police to open up all three westbound lanes to marchers   The elder and physically challenged marchers would slack behind at the rally, and restricted the number of wheelchair participants to ten 
Civil Human Rights Front estimated the turn out to be 68,000 while the Hong Kong Police put the figure with those who left from Victoria Park between 14:30 to 16:30 at 20,000  The University of Hong Kong estimated between 29,000 and 35,000 people took place in the demonstration   Organisers suggested an estimate of 58,000 people Cardinal Joseph Zen joined the march for the first time  Former Chief Secretary, Anson Chan has also taken part 

2008
Organisers said more than 40,000 people attended   Police put the starting figure at 13,000 when the march began   One of the issues include Chief executive Donald Tsang, who was under fire for the hiring of his 17 new highly paid appointees   Critics say they were handpicked allies brought in to boost his power base  Protest turnout for the year was expected to be less, with no pressing issues to be resolved 

2009
Pan-democrats had expected at least 100,000 to take the streets for the march  Previously the 20th anniversary of the 1989 Tiananmen Square protests and massacre at Hong Kong Victoria Park had a large turnout to commemorate the event   Seven different events were expected to attract a total of 130,000 participants, as it was supposed to be the largest number of protests in a single day on Hong Kong island  A "unity parade" was organised by the pro-Beijing camp in the morning at Hong Kong Stadium  This celebrated the 12th anniversary of Hong Kong's return to China since 1997  Xinhua News Agency also set up a website to commemorate the event  The spectacle was matched with stadium performances as well as sports car displays on the streets   Other events include protests by the Alliance of Lehman Brothers victims and one by the handicapped protesting at discrimination  chief executive Donald Tsang led senior government officials at the flag-raising ceremony at Wan Chai Golden Bauhinia Square   The police band followed by a sea parade and fly-past by the disciplined services  The 2009 Hong Kong Broadcasting Authority forum followed on 14 July to talk about broadcast freedom 

2010
Previously the pan-democracy camp was united in their goal to fight for universal suffrage for the city of 7 million people in 2012 and nothing less  After the consultation document for selecting the Chief exec and Legco politicians was passed in late June, there was no more universal suffrage   Instead, Beijing signed an alternative method to choose the CE and Legco politicians  A controversial graffiti incident even took place after the consultations 
The pan-democrat camp was split   Several hundred democratic party members faced verbal abuse throughout the march to the HK government headquarters for selling out to Beijing   Protesters hurling chants of "Shame on you" and "You betrayed Hong Kong people " About 52,000 people took part in the protest  A 2,000-person anniversary parade was organised by opposition pro-government groups  Two weeks after the protests, many have questioned the state of the Democratic party and whether protests are of any use, especially since HK is not a place where citizens make decisions for themselves   Party chairman Albert Ho publicly responded "Even if you replaced Donald Tsang with another chief, you still have to deal with the People's Liberation Army, which is another type of power 

2011
The turnout for the 2011 protest was the highest since 2004  Organisers of the protest claimed a turnout of 218,000 people  There were quite a number of issues  Just two days before the protest, the government led by Stephen Lam tried to pass a bill to no longer allow by-elections, to block any more events similar to the Five Constituencies referendum  There were demands for Donald Tsang to step down, and bring in universal suffrage to both the 2012 chief executive and Legco election There were complaints with land hogging and control by real estate companies  Unionists portrayed real estate tycoon Li Ka-shing as the devil  Other groups carried coffins to represent the small homes poor people live in  Hawkers complained about the high property rent that made it impossible to run their business There were complaints of allowing more women from mainland China to give birth in Hong Kong  There were also people against the introduction of "Patriotic education (國民教育)" in primary and high schools in the special administrative region  Just a few days ago, 22 top HK schools rejected the plan, claiming they were against this type of "brain wash education"  The post-90s generation were quite against this  During the protest about 228 protesters at Connaught Road were arrested On 13 July People Power group led a three-day sit-in to protest against Stephen Lam, the blocking of by-elections and a number of issues   About 1000 people put on handcuffs and surrounded the Legco building 3 times to protest police actions from 1 July march   Hundreds of people also threw paper aeroplanes at the Legco building with political messages 

2012
The 2012 protest on 1 July was the largest yet, with activists claiming 400,000 took part and police claiming 63,000 took part, both of which would have been the largest attendance at 1 July protests  These protests coincided with the 15th anniversary of the handover of Hong Kong attended by CPC General Secretary Hu Jintao and his swearing in of new chief executive CY Leung, who is alleged to be a closet member of the Chinese Communist Party, and has conflicts of interests over his business interests and has had unauthorised building work at his home In addition, the widening gap between the rich and poor, with 20% of the city living in poverty, an influx of mothers from Mainland China, continued denial of universal suffrage to all individuals and suppression of freedom of speech in the Mainland featured in the protests According to the University of Hong Kong, only 34% of locals said they are proud of being Chinese citizens, the lowest figure since 2001  Many protesters waved the British Hong Kong flag, showing resentment of the post-handover situation Following the protests, a human rights group based in the city, the Chinese People's Rights Alliance claimed that disguised mainland Chinese security police followed and harassed them   It also alleged that several mainlander protesters have gone missing once returning home to Mainland China 

2013
The 1 July protest in 2013 focused on universal suffrage and other major issues  The Civil Human Rights Front, organiser of the annual march, said 430,000 people took part on Monday, compared to 400,000 last year  But police said just 35,500 left Victoria Park and 66,000 participated at its peak  The University of Hong Kong's public opinion programme estimated 93,000 took part 

2014
Before the protests, a white paper by the Chinese government proclaimed that Hong Kong does not enjoy full autonomy, and that Hong Kong's high degree of autonomy was granted by the Chinese government  The departure in wording from emphasising the high degree of autonomy guaranteed by the Hong Kong Basic Law sparked controversy that the Chinese government was suggesting it could intervene in Hong Kong affairs, in effect redefining one country, two systems  The Hong Kong government earlier promised to residents that they will be able to vote for their new chief executive in the upcoming 2017 election, but it has been feared that the final process will favour candidates approved by Beijing 
On 1 July 2014, organisers said over 500,000 protesters marched along the streets of Hong Kong, while city officials estimated 100,000  A police force of around 5000 officers was present during the protest, and over 500 demonstrators were arrested for illegal assembly during a sit-in protest that followed on 2 July and disrupting traffic in Chater Road 

2015
On 1 July, approximately 48,000 protesters marched to mark an anniversary of the British 1997 turnover of Hong Kong to China  The protesters call for "full democracy" and Leung Chun-ying's resignation as the city's leader  This protest had one of the lowest turnout in recent years, due to it being held after the veto of the 2014–15 Hong Kong electoral reform  The reform consultation process had sparked massive protests and widespread civil disobedience movements, including the Umbrella Revolution, and organisers of the 2015 July 1 March recognised that many democratically minded people preferred to rest after the controversial reform package had been stopped 

2016
Organisers claim that around 110,000 people turned up to protest for various causes, but police claimed 19,300 joined the protest rally 

2017
Organisers claim that around 66,000 people turned up to protest for various causes, but police claimed 14,500 joined the protest rally 

2018
Organisers claim that around 50,000 people turned up to protest for various causes, but police claimed 9,800 joined the protest rally 

2019
The 1 July marches coincided with the ongoing anti-extradition bill protests  Organisers claim that around 550,000 people turned up to protest, a record breaking turnout as the organisers claimed  However, police claimed 190,000 joined the protest rally  Researchers combining artificial intelligence and statistical counting techniques reported an initial count of 265,000 people marched, and an adjusted total of 276,970 was published a peer-reviewed journal  Independent polling organisation, PORI, estimated attendance at 260,000  Reuters counted the number of protestors at one location over 15-minute periods during the march and came to an estimate of 227,000 people in total Before the march, youths had begun besieging the Legislative Council building  The march was later diverted to Chater Road in Central due to the people amassed in front of the Legislative Council At around 9 pm local time, hundreds of protesters stormed the legislature after breaking through the glass walls and metal doors of the building  Protesters caused extensive damage by ransacking the premises, damaging portraits of former pro-Beijing presidents of the Legislative Council, and smashing furniture  Protesters spray-painted slogans, hung up signs and erected barricades  The police started using tear gas to disperse protesters around the LegCo at 12:05 am, and reached the building 15 minutes later By early 5 July, there had been at least 66 arrests and first formal charges laid in connection with the incident 

2020
Despite a ban from the police, tens of thousands of protesters showed up alongside heavy police presence in Causeway Bay, Wan Chai, and Tin Hau, and lingered in the area for almost six hours to voice their objection against the newly implemented national security law  The police responded by deploying water cannon at journalists and protesters and dispersed many tear gas and pepper balls  A journalist was knocked down by a police water cannon truck  Police made more than 370 arrests, among which at least ten were due to alleged violation of the new law 

2021 and demise
The streets of Hong Kong were subdued on 1 July 2021, as the former British colony marked the anniversary of its handover to Chinese sovereignty 24 years ago  The date, which this year coincided with celebrations on the mainland for the 100th Anniversary of the Chinese Communist Party, is usually a time of protest in Hong Kong  But this year, police cited pandemic concerns as they denied applications to hold a proposed march against "political suppression," and some 10,000 officers were deployed across Hong Kong to prevent unauthorised protests 

See also
Politics of Hong Kong
List of politics-related topics
Hong Kong new year marches
20th anniversary of the 1989 Tiananmen Square protests and massacre
2014 Hong Kong protests
Memorials for the 1989 Tiananmen Square protests and massacre
Passage 7:
Nichidatsu Fujii's movement
In 1981, Nichidatsu Fujii dispatched his followers to march and chant around the globe in support of the U N  2nd  special session for disarmament  In the U S , marchers began in New Orleans, Los Angeles and San Francisco, and in Canada, marchers began in Montreal and Toronto  The San Francisco March began on Oct  21, 1981 with a ceremony on Alcatraz  13 marchers, being Buddhist followers of Nipponzan-Myōhōji, Native Americans, U S  and German citizens, began the S F  march  marching about 20 mile per day they were hosted each night by community groups in every town and on Native reservations  many mayors and town councils made proclamations and such honoring the peace and disarmament marchers  Over the course of the march citizens were moved to join  By the time they arrived in Chicago the S F  marchers numbered about 30  In May 1982 the group of about 40 marchers from Toronto joined the S F  group in Buffalo N Y  at the International Peace Bridge doubling the size of the group



ground_truth: 1895

prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: How many marchers were in the protest that Pelham D. Glassford ended? 

The following are given passages.
Context 3:  Through the state of N Y  10 to 20 people joined the march daily  When the S F  group walked across the George Washington Bridge they numbered about 300  The groups on other march routes also grew over the 7 months  On June 12, 1982, in Central Park Nipponzan-Myōhōji marchers from the U S A , Europe, Africa, and Asia, joined with mobilization for survival organizers and religious and peace groups from around the world in a peaceful demonstration for disarmament of many million people 
Passage 8:
Pelham, New York
Pelham  is a suburban town in Westchester County, approximately 10 miles northeast of Midtown Manhattan  As of the 2020 census, it had a population of 13,078, an increase from the 2010 census    Historically, Pelham was composed of five villages and became known as "the Pelhams"  Pelham currently contains two independently incorporated villages: the Villages of Pelham and Pelham Manor Approximately 28 minutes away from Grand Central Terminal by the Metro-North Railroad's New Haven Line, Pelham is home to many New York City commuters and has an active social community for its residents  The Bronx–Whitestone Bridge is approximately 8 5 miles (13 7 km) south of the town  It is also 13 miles (21 km) northeast of LaGuardia Airport and 19 5 miles (31 4 km) north of John F  Kennedy International Airport 

Geography
According to the United States Census Bureau, the town has a total area of 2 4 square miles (6 2 km2)  It is directly north of the New York City borough of the Bronx, and borders Eastchester, New Rochelle, and Mount Vernon 

History
In 1654, Thomas Pell bought the area within the present-day town from the Siwanoy Indians  He named his manor "Pelham" in honor of his tutor, Pelham Burton The Town of Pelham was part of Westchester County when it was established by the post-Revolution New York State legislature in 1788  It included all of City Island and present-day Pelham Bay Park east of the Hutchinson River  In 1889, the town was incorporated at its current boundaries  In 1891, the village of Pelham Manor incorporated  In 1896, the village of North Pelham and the village of Pelham incorporated  In 1975, the villages of North Pelham and Pelham merged, forming the present village of Pelham The Village of Pelham and the Village of Pelham Manor share several services such as school and recreational activities   There is a grassroots movement to continue the consolidation of services in order to reduce taxes  Given the differences in debt levels, tax rates, population and tax base such a consolidation has been opposed by many Pelham Manor residents  Such a merger is unlikely under current conditions 
For many years after 1916, Pelham was the headquarters of the Sanborn Map Company, which produced Sanborn maps 
The Pelham Picture House was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 2010 The book, The Haunted History of Pelham, New York, documents the history of Pelham and the region, including ghost stories 

Demographics
As of the census of 2000, there were 12,107 people, 4,149 households and 3,190 families residing in the town  The population density was 5,523 4 people per square mile (2,132 6 people/km2)  There were 4,246 housing units at an average density of 1,976 4 per square mile (763 1/km2) 
The racial makeup of the town was 87 33% White, 4 57% Black or African American, 0 08% Native American, 3 96% Asian, 1 82% from other races and 2 23% from two or more races  Hispanic or Latino people of any race were 6 02% of the population 
There were 4,149 households, out of which 41 3% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 64 4% were married couples living together, 9 7% had a female householder with no husband present and 23 1% were non-families  19 4% of all households were made up of individuals, and 8 3% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older  The average household size was 2 86 and the average family size was 3 31 
In the town, the population was spread out, with 28 6% under the age of 18, 5 1% from 18 to 24, 28 3% from 25 to 44, 25 1% from 45 to 64 and 12 9% who were 65 years of age or older  The median age was 38 years  For every 100 females, there were 93 4 males 
For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 86 9 males 
The median income for a household in the town was $91,810 and the median income for a family was $112,339  Males had a median income of $74,760 versus $46,086 for females  The per capita income for the town was $51,548  About 2 2% of families and 3 7% of the population were below the poverty line, including 4 3% of those under age 18 and 3 2% of those age 65 or over 

Economy
Major employers in Pelham include Pico Electronics, Barksdale Home Care Services Corp , Pelham Public Schools, the New York Athletic Club, and the De Cicco & Sons grocery  Other companies based in Pelham include Archie Comics 

Climate
Education
Pelham is home to four elementary schools (two located in each village), one middle school, and one high school  The elementary schools are Hutchinson, Colonial, Siwanoy, and Prospect Hill  Pelham Middle School and Pelham Memorial High School gather students for all of Pelham  These are all part of the Pelham Union Free School District  There are also several private and religious based schools  Since 1948, New York City has paid the district to educate children who live in Bronx Manor, as doing so is less expensive than sending school buses there 

Fire department
The Village of Pelham Fire Department has 10 firefighters and five lieutenants, using one fire station  The fleet has two engines, one ladder, one utility unit, and a command vehicle  The Pelham Fire Department responds to approximately 800 emergency calls annually 

Religion
St  Catharine's Catholic Church
St  Catharine's was originally a mission church of St Gabriel's parish in New Rochelle  In July 1896 a frame church was built in the newly incorporated village of Pelham on land donated by Mr  and Mrs  Patrick Farrell  In December 1897 St  Catharine's became a separate parish with Rev  Francis P  McNichol as first pastor  A school was established in 1904, staffed by the Sisters of St  Francis  At the end of the school year in 1983 St  Catharine's School closed bringing to an end 75 years of Catholic education in the parish  The school building was converted to a Parish Center to provide space for Religious Education classes, parish activities and groups to meet  A new church was dedicated in 1909 In 1936 W  T  Grant, who owned a chain of five-and-ten cent stores, gave property in Pelham Manor to St  Catharine's to serve as a separate “mission”  The mission evolved to become Our Lady of Perpetual Help parish, with its own church building  In 2014 it was announced that the two parishes would merge, with the newer, larger Our Lady of Perpetual Help building designated as the parish church  However, St  Catharine's Church in the Village of Pelham was retained as a worship center 

Transportation
The Bee-Line Bus System provides bus service to Pelham On Amtrak, Pelham is located closest to the New Rochelle station ("NRO") on the Northeast Corridor  On Metro-North Railroad, the Pelham station is within Fare Zone 12 on the New Haven Line  Pelham is also about 28 minutes from Grand Central Terminal 

Notable people
Nancy Allen, New York Philharmonic harpist
Liborio Bellomo, boss of the Genovese crime family
Alessandra Biaggi (born 1986), New York State Senator
Nick Bollettieri (1931-2022), tennis coach
Charles Lewis Bowman, architect, designed nine homes
Felix Cavaliere (born 1942), musician- founder of The Young Rascals
Antonio Ciacca, jazz pianist, composer and conductor
Joseph Cross, Hollywood actor, starred in films such as Jack Frost, Milk, and Lincoln
Tony DeMeo, retired college football coach, author, and motivational speaker
Kate Douglass, 2020 Tokyo Olympics swimmer, bronze medal winner
Brett Gardner (born 1983), Major League Baseball player
C  P  H  Gilbert, architect best known for designing townhouses and mansions, retired in Pelham Manor at his home on 216 Townsend Avenue
Herman 'Jackrabbit' Smith-Johannsen (1875-1987), Norwegian credited for introducing cross-country skiing to North America
Mary Lorson, musician
Richard Rood (born 1955), Grammy Award-winning violinist
Clinton Roosevelt (1804–1898), politician and inventor
Ethel Schwabacher (1903—1984), abstract expressionist painter
Michael Schwerner (1939-1964), civil rights worker murdered by the Ku Klux Klan while helping African-Americans register to vote in Mississippi
Gary Scott (born 1968), Major League Baseball player
Gene Stone (born 1951), writer and editor
James M  Stone, Founder, Chairman, and CEO, Plymouth Rock Assurance
Dame Nita Barrow, Ambassador to the United Nations for Barbados

Image gallery
Passage 9:
Pelham D  Glassford
Pelham Davis Glassford (August 8, 1883 – August 9, 1959) was a United States Army officer who attained the rank of brigadier general during World War I  He later served as Superintendent of the District of Columbia Police Department, and was in large measure held responsible for the violence that ended the 1932 Bonus Army protests 
The son of a career Army officer, Glassford graduated from the United States Military Academy in 1904 and was commissioned in the Field Artillery  His early assignments included the 1st Field Artillery Regiment at Fort Riley, the West Point faculty and 1st Field Artillery postings to the Philippines and Hawaii  In 1916 and 1917 he served with the 5th Field Artillery during the Pancho Villa Expedition 
During World War I, Glassford directed two artillery schools in France, commanded a Field Artillery regiment, and then commanded a Field Artillery brigade  He was promoted to brigadier general in 1918, and was the Army’s youngest general officer at the time 
After the war, Glassford commanded a Field Artillery Brigade in the Army of Occupation  He also graduated from the Army War College, served in several staff and faculty assignments, and commanded the 1st Field Artillery Regiment  He retired from the Army in 1931 
Following his military retirement, Glassford was Superintendent of the District of Columbia Police, a position he resigned because of disagreement over the actions taken against the Bonus Army in 1932  He subsequently served briefly as chief of police in Phoenix, and was a federal labor-management mediator in California  During World War II, Glassford returned to active duty and served for nearly two years in the office of the Provost Marshal General 
In his later years, Glassford’s hobbies included painting; he created landscapes and seascapes in watercolors   His works continue to be exhibited, and are bought and sold by collectors 
Glassford died in California in 1959  He was buried at Fort Rosecrans National Cemetery 

Early life
Glassford was born in Las Vegas, New Mexico on August 8, 1883, the son of Allie (Seymour) Glassford and Army officer William A  Glassford (1853–1931)   He graduated from West Point in 1904 ranked 18th of 124 graduates, and was commissioned as a second lieutenant of Field Artillery 

Start of career
After his initial service at Fort Riley, Kansas, in 1907 Glassford was promoted to first lieutenant and graduated from the Mounted Service School   He was then posted to West Point to serve on the faculty as an instructor in the department of drawing From 1911 to 1913, Glassford served in the Philippines with the 1st Field Artillery Regiment   In 1913 he was assigned to Hawaii with the 1st Field Artillery, and in 1914 he was promoted to captain In 1916 and 1917, Glassford served on the US-Mexico border with the 5th Field Artillery during the Pancho Villa Expedition   At the start of World War I, he was promoted to major and assigned as adjutant of the 5th Field Artillery during its premobilization training 

World War I
Upon arrival in France with his regiment, Glassford was promoted to temporary lieutenant colonel and assigned as secretary of the Field Artillery School of Instruction in Saumur   He was subsequently assigned as director of the I Corps field artillery school   In early 1918, Glassford returned to the Saumur school as commandant, and he served until he was promoted to temporary colonel and named commander of the 103rd Field Artillery Regiment in June Glassford commanded the 103rd Field Artillery until August, and took part in several battles, including Xivray-et-Marvoisin, the Second Battle of the Marne, the Battle of Château-Thierry, and the Meuse-Argonne Offensive   He was wounded in September, but continued in command In October, Glassford was promoted to temporary brigadier general and assigned to command the 51st Field Artillery Brigade, 26th Division; at the time of this promotion, he was the youngest general officer in the Army   During the war, Glassford became known for riding a motorcycle between his subordinate units so he could perform reconnaissance and conduct command and control based on personal observations rather than reports to a command post   Glassford trained his brigade to become proficient in the technique of reloading on a cannon's recoil; while this practice posed risk to crew members who might be injured by the moving recoil mechanism, it enabled 26th Division artillery crews to shoot so fast that German soldiers were convinced the Americans had automatic fire artillery pieces 

Post-World War I
Glassford commanded the 51st Field Artillery Brigade until February 1919, when he was assigned to command the 152nd Field Artillery Brigade, a unit of the 77th Division   He returned to the United States with his brigade in July, reverted to his permanent rank of major, and was assigned to the office of the Chief of Field Artillery   Later that year he was assigned to the faculty of the General Service Schools at Ft  Leavenworth In 1924, Glassford graduated from the Army War College, after which he remained at the school to serve on the faculty   In 1927 and 1928, Glassford commanded the 1st Field Artillery Regiment at Fort Sill Glassford subsequently returned to the War Department staff and served as chief of the Mobilization Branch in the Operations and Training Division  He was promoted to lieutenant colonel in 1928   Glassford retired in July 1931, and his rank of brigadier general was restored at his retirement as the result of a 1930 law which enabled World War I generals to retire at the highest rank they had held During his career, Glassford was known for his out of the ordinary excursions into fields outside the Army   He would frequently save his military leave, and then use it in large blocs to take long motorcycle trips or work in jobs that were atypical for a military professional, which included circus barker and newspaper reporter 

Later career
Washington, DC police chief
In November 1931, Glassford was appointed Superintendent of the District of Columbia’s Metropolitan Police Department   Known for his sense of humor, when queried by a reporter as to his qualifications for the job, Glassford quipped: "Well, I've been arrested   Once for driving through a red light and once for speeding on a motorcycle "  His tenure was most notable for the Summer 1932 response to the Bonus Army, World War I veterans who converged on Washington during the Great Depression to advocate for early payment of bonuses that were scheduled to be paid in 1945 Members of the Bonus Army established encampments in and around the District of Columbia   Glassford worked to accommodate them, visiting their leaders daily by motorcycle to help maintain order, and arranging for volunteers to provide medical care, as well as donations of food, clothing, tents, and other supplies   Favorable Congressional action was not forthcoming, and many Bonus Army members accepted the government's offer of free transportation home   President Herbert Hoover ordered the remaining veterans to be removed, by force if necessary   Glassford managed to obtain a six day extension before enforcement, hoping to persuade the Bonus Army members to depart voluntarily   On July 28, U S  Attorney General William D  Mitchell ordered the veterans who remained to be removed from government property   Glassford’s police began to execute the order; they were met with resistance, and during an exchange of shots, two veterans were wounded and later died After the shooting, President Herbert Hoover ordered the Army to force the veterans' out of the Washington area   General Douglas MacArthur, the Chief of Staff of the Army, took personal command of infantry and cavalry units, which were supported by six tanks  The Army forcibly ejected the Bonus Army members, and wives and children who had accompanied some of them were also forced to leave   The Army then burned the campsites Glassford had established a positive relationship with leaders of the Bonus Army, and disagreed with Hoover and Mitchell about the need to eject the members and destroy the campsites   He also disagreed with the need to use Army troops against the Bonus Army, which brought him into conflict with other members of the police department leadership   When Glassford was unable to name appointees who agreed with his policies, he submitted his own resignation, and left the police department in December 1932 

Move to Arizona
Glassford retired to a farm near Phoenix   He mounted a brief run for governor of Arizona in 1934, and also that year accepted a federal appointment to mediate labor-management disputes between workers and owners of lettuce and cantaloupe farms in Imperial Valley, California   Faced with workers striking in an effort to obtain better pay and working conditions, conservative farm owners resorted to violence, spying on attorneys sent to California to aid the workers, and propaganda asserting that the strike was communist-inspired   Though Glassford was initially sympathetic to the farm owners, their tactics caused him to come down on the side of the workers 

Phoenix police chief
In March 1936, Glassford was hired to serve as chief of the Phoenix Police Department for 90 days   The temporary appointment came with a mandate to reorganize and reform the department to end corruption and outside political influence, and restore morale   He left the position on May 1, when a new mayor and city council took office and decided on a different reorganization plan   In September 1936, Glassford was an unsuccessful candidate for the Democratic nomination in Arizona's 1st congressional district 

World War II
In March 1942, Glassford was recalled to active duty for World War II and assigned to duty as internal security director in the office of the Provost Marshal General   He retired again in December 1943 

Awards
Glassford was a recipient of the Distinguished Service Medal, Silver Star, Legion of Merit, and Purple Heart 

Career as artist
Glassford was an artist; among friends in the military, he was well known for his paintings of fireplace screens   After his military retirement, he worked primarily in watercolors; his second wife and he resided in Laguna Beach, California, and many of Glassford’s paintings depicted scenes of Newport Beach, Balboa Harbor and other areas of the southern California coast 

Death and burial
Glassford died in Laguna Beach on August 9, 1959   He was buried at Fort Rosecrans National Cemetery in San Diego 

Family
In 1908, Glassford married Cora Carleton (1887–1958), the daughter of US Army General Guy Carleton (1857–1946)   They were the parents of four children: Guy Carleton (1908–1974), Cora Elizabeth (Mrs  Lee Parke) (1910–1986), Pelham Davis (1911–1992), and Dorothy Seymour (Mrs  William Graham) (1913–1977) The Glassfords divorced in 1932  In 1934, Pelham Glassford married Lucille Painter (1906–1957) Glassford’s brother William A  Glassford, was a graduate of the United States Naval Academy who attained the rank of vice admiral before retiring in 1946 

Biography
Cora Carleton Glassford prepared a biography of her husband, One Life is Not Enough, the manuscript for which is part of the Cora Carleton Glassford Papers   Cora Carleton Glassford's papers are included in the collections of the Daughters of the Republic of Texas Library 

Dates of rank



ground_truth: 43,000 marchers