prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: What else was Baghdad known as during the Abbasid Caliphate?

The following are given passages.
Context 1: Passage 1:
Sinbad the Sailor
Sinbad the Sailor (; Arabic: سندباد البحري, romanized: Sindibādu al-Bahriyy  or Sindbad) is a fictional mariner and the hero of a story-cycle  He is described as hailing from Baghdad during the early Abbasid Caliphate (8th and 9th centuries A D )  In the course of seven voyages throughout the seas east of Africa and south of Asia, he has fantastic adventures in magical realms, encountering monsters and witnessing supernatural phenomena 

Origins and sources
The tales of Sinbad are a relatively late addition to the One Thousand and One Nights – they do not feature in the earliest 14th-century manuscript, and they appear as an independent cycle in 18th- and 19th-century collections  The tale reflects the trend within the Abbasid realm of Arab and Muslim sailors exploring the world  The stories display the folk and themes present in works of that time  The Abbasid reign was known as a period of great economic and social growth  Arab and Muslim traders would seek new trading routes and people to trade with  This process of growth is reflected in the Sinbad tales  The Sinbad stories take on a variety of different themes  Later sources include Abbasid works such as the "Wonders of the Created World", reflecting the experiences of 13th century Arab mariners who braved the Indian Ocean The Sinbad cycle is set in the reign of the Abbasid Caliph Harun al-Rashid (786–809)  The Sinbad tales are included in the first European translation of the Nights, Antoine Galland's Les mille et une nuits, contes arabes traduits en français, an English edition of which appeared in 1711 as The new Arabian winter nights entertainments and went through numerous editions throughout the 18th century 
The earliest separate publication of the Sinbad tales in English found in the British Library is an adaptation as The Adventures of Houran Banow, etc  (Taken from the Arabian Nights, being the third and fourth voyages of Sinbad the Sailor ), around 1770  An early US edition, The seven voyages of Sinbad the sailor  And The story of Aladdin; or, The wonderful lamp, was published in Philadelphia in 1794  Numerous popular editions followed in the early 19th century, including a chapbook edition by Thomas Tegg  Its best known full translation was perhaps as tale 120 in Volume 6 of Sir Richard Burton's 1885 translation of The Book of the Thousand Nights and a Night 

Tales
Sinbad the Porter and Sinbad the Sailor
Like the 1001 Nights, the Sinbad story-cycle has a frame story which goes as follows: in the days of Harun al-Rashid, Caliph of Baghdad, a poor porter (one who carries goods for others in the market and throughout the city) pauses to rest on a bench outside the gate of a rich merchant's house, where he complains to God about the injustice of a world which allows the rich to live in ease while he must toil and yet remain poor  The owner of the house hears and sends for the porter, finding that they are both named Sinbad  The rich Sinbad tells the poor Sinbad that he became wealthy "by Fortune and Fate" in the course of seven wondrous voyages, which he then proceeds to relate 

First Voyage of Sinbad the Sailor
After dissipating the wealth left to him by his father, Sinbad goes to sea to repair his fortune  He sets ashore on what appears to be an island, but this island proves to be a gigantic sleeping whale on which trees have taken root ever since the whale was young  Awakened by a fire kindled by the sailors, the whale dives into the depths, the ship departs without Sinbad, and Sinbad is only saved by a passing wooden trough sent by the grace of Allah  He is washed ashore on a densely wooded island  While exploring the deserted island, he comes across one of the king's grooms  When Sinbad helps save the king's mare from being drowned by a sea horse (not a seahorse, but a supernatural horse that lives underwater), the groom brings Sinbad to the king  The king befriends Sinbad, and he rises in the king's favor and becomes a trusted courtier  One day, the very ship on which Sinbad set sail docks at the island, and he reclaims his goods (still in the ship's hold)  Sinbad gives the king his goods and in return the king gives him rich presents  Sinbad sells these presents for a great profit  Sinbad returns to Baghdad, where he resumes a life of ease and pleasure  With the ending of the tale, Sinbad the sailor makes Sinbad the porter a gift of a hundred gold pieces and bids him return the next day to hear more about his adventures 

Second Voyage
On the second day of Sinbad's tale-telling (but the 549th night of Scheherazade's), Sinbad the sailor tells how he grew restless of his life of leisure, and set to sea again, "possessed with the thought of traveling about the world of men and seeing their cities and islands " Accidentally abandoned by his shipmates again, he finds himself stranded in an island which contains roc eggs  He attaches himself with the help of his turban to a roc and is transported to a valley of giant snakes which can swallow elephants; these serve as the rocs' natural prey  The floor of the valley is carpeted with diamonds, and merchants harvest these by throwing huge chunks of meat into the valley: the birds carry the meat back to their nests, and the men drive the birds away and collect the diamonds stuck to the meat  The wily Sinbad straps one of the pieces of meat to his back and is carried back to the nest along with a large sack full of precious gems  Rescued from the nest by the merchants, he returns to Baghdad with a fortune in diamonds, seeing many marvels along the way 

Third Voyage
Sinbad sets sail again from Basra  But by ill chance, he and his companions are cast up on an island where they are captured by a "huge creature in the likeness of a man, black of colour,     with eyes like coals of fire and large canine teeth like boar's tusks and a vast big gape like the mouth of a well  Moreover, he had long loose lips like camel's, hanging down upon his breast, and ears like two Jarms falling over his shoulder-blades, and the nails of his hands were like the claws of a lion " This monster begins eating the crew, beginning with the Reis (captain), who is the fattest  (Burton notes that the giant "is distinctly Polyphemus" )
Sinbad hatches a plan to blind the beast with the two red-hot iron spits with which the monster has been kebabbing and roasting the ship's company  He and the remaining men escape on a raft they constructed the day before  However, the giant's mate hits most of the escaping men with rocks and they are killed  After further adventures (including a gigantic python from which Sinbad escapes using his quick wits), he returns to Baghdad, wealthier than ever 

Fourth Voyage
Impelled by restlessness, Sinbad takes to the seas again and, as usual, is shipwrecked  The naked savages amongst whom he finds himself feed his companions a herb which robs them of their reason (Burton theorises that this might be bhang), prior to fattening them for the table  Sinbad realises what is happening and refuses to eat the madness-inducing plant  When the cannibals lose interest in him, he escapes  A party of itinerant pepper-gatherers transports him to their own island, where their king befriends him and gives him a beautiful and wealthy wife 
Too late Sinbad learns of a peculiar custom of the land: on the death of one marriage partner, the other is buried alive with his or her spouse, both in their finest clothes and most costly jewels  Sinbad's wife falls ill and dies soon after, leaving Sinbad trapped in a cavern, a communal tomb, with a jug of water and seven pieces of bread  Just as these meagre supplies are almost exhausted, another couple—the husband dead, the wife alive—are dropped into the cavern  Sinbad bludgeons the wife to death and takes her rations 
Such episodes continue; soon he has a sizable store of bread and water, as well as the gold and gems from the corpses, but is still unable to escape, until one day a wild animal shows him a passage to the outside, high above the sea  From here, a passing ship rescues him and carries him back to Baghdad, where he gives alms to the poor and resumes his life of pleasure 
Burton's footnote comments: "This tale is evidently taken from the escape of Aristomenes the Messenian from the pit into which he had been thrown, a fox being his guide  The Arabs in an early day were eager students of Greek literature " Similarly, the first half of the voyage resembles the Circe episode in The Odyssey, with certain differences: while a plant robs Sinbad's men of their reason in the Arab tales, it is Circe's magic which "fattened" Odysseus' men in The Odyssey  It is in an earlier episode, featuring the 'Lotus Eaters', that Odysseus' men are fed a similar magical fruit which robs them of their senses 

Fifth Voyage
"When I had been a while on shore after my fourth voyage; and when, in my comfort and pleasures and merry-makings and in my rejoicing over my large gains and profits, I had forgotten all I had endured of perils and sufferings, the carnal man was again seized with the longing to travel and to see foreign countries and islands " Soon at sea once more, while passing a desert island Sinbad's crew spots a gigantic egg that Sinbad recognizes as belonging to a roc  Out of curiosity, the ship's passengers disembark to view the egg, only to end up breaking it and having the chick inside as a meal  Sinbad immediately recognizes the folly of their behaviour and orders all back aboard ship  However, the infuriated parent rocs soon catch up with the vessel and destroy it by dropping giant boulders they have carried in their talons Shipwrecked yet again, Sinbad is enslaved by the Old Man of the Sea, who rides on his shoulders with his legs twisted round Sinbad's neck and will not let go, riding him both day and night until Sinbad would welcome death  (Burton's footnote discusses possible origins for the old man—the orang-utan, the Greek god Triton—and favours the African custom of riding on slaves in this way) Eventually, Sinbad makes wine and tricks the Old Man into drinking some  Sinbad kills him after he falls off  A ship carries him to the City of the Apes, a place whose inhabitants spend each night in boats off-shore, while their town is abandoned to man-eating apes  Yet through the apes, Sinbad recoups his fortune and eventually finds a ship which takes him home once more to Baghdad 

Sixth Voyage
"My soul yearned for travel and traffic"  Sinbad is shipwrecked yet again, this time quite violently as his ship is dashed to pieces on tall cliffs  There is no food to be had anywhere, and Sinbad's companions die of starvation until only he is left  He builds a raft and discovers a river running out of a cavern beneath the cliffs  The stream proves to be filled with precious stones and it becomes apparent that the island's streams flow with ambergris  He falls asleep as he journeys through the darkness and awakens in the city of the king of Serendib (Sri Lanka/Ceylon), "diamonds are in its rivers and pearls are in its valleys"  The king marvels at what Sinbad tells him of the great Haroun al-Rashid, and asks that he take a present back to Baghdad on his behalf, a cup carved from a single ruby, with other gifts including a bed made from the skin of the serpent that swallowed an elephant ("And whoso sitteth upon it never sickeneth"), and "A hundred thousand miskals of Sindh lign-aloesa ", and a slave-girl "like a shining moon"  Sinbad returns to Baghdad, where the Caliph wonders greatly at the reports Sinbad gives of Serendib 

Seventh and Last Voyage
The ever-restless Sinbad sets sail once more, with the usual result  Cast up on a desolate shore, he constructs a raft and floats down a nearby river to a great city  Here the chief of the merchants gives Sinbad his daughter in marriage, names him his heir, and conveniently dies  The inhabitants of this city are transformed once a month into birds, and Sinbad has one of the bird-people carry him to the uppermost reaches of the sky, where he hears the angels glorifying God, "whereat I wondered and exclaimed, 'Praised be God! Extolled be the perfection of God!'" But no sooner are the words out than there comes fire from heaven which all but consumes the bird-men  The bird-people are angry with Sinbad and set him down on a mountain-top, where he meets two youths, servants of God who give him a golden staff; returning to the city, Sinbad learns from his wife that the bird-men are devils, although she and her father were not of their number  And so, at his wife's suggestion, Sinbad sells all his possessions and returns with her to Baghdad, where at last he resolves to live quietly in the enjoyment of his wealth, and to seek no more adventures 
Burton includes a variant of the seventh tale, in which Haroun al-Rashid asks Sinbad to carry a return gift to the king of Serendib  Sinbad replies, "By Allah the Omnipotent, Oh my lord, I have taken a loathing to wayfare, and when I hear the words 'Voyage' or 'Travel,' my limbs tremble"  He then tells the Caliph of his misfortune-filled voyages; Haroun agrees that with such a history "thou dost only right never even to talk of travel"  Nevertheless, at the Caliph's command, Sinbad sets forth on this, his uniquely diplomatic voyage  The king of Serendib is well pleased with the Caliph's gifts (which include, among other things, the food tray of King Solomon) and showers Sinbad with his favour  On the return voyage, the usual catastrophe strikes: Sinbad is captured and sold into slavery  His master sets him to shooting elephants with a bow and arrow, which he does until the king of the elephants carries him off to the elephants' graveyard  Sinbad's master is so pleased with the huge quantities of ivory in the graveyard that he sets Sinbad free, and Sinbad returns to Baghdad, rich with ivory and gold  "Here I went in to the Caliph and, after saluting him and kissing hands, informed him of all that had befallen me; whereupon he rejoiced in my safety and thanked Almighty Allah; and he made my story be written in letters of gold  I then entered my house and met my family and brethren: and such is the end of the history that happened to me during my seven voyages  Praise be to Allah, the One, the Creator, the Maker of all things in Heaven and Earth!" 
Some versions return to the frame story, in which Sinbad the Porter may receive a final generous gift from Sinbad the Sailor  In other versions the story cycle ends here, and there is no further mention of Sinbad the Porter 

Adaptations
Sinbad's quasi-iconic status in Western culture has led to his name being recycled for a wide range of uses in both serious and not-so-serious contexts, frequently with only a tenuous connection to the original tales  Many films, television series, animated cartoons, novels, and video games have been made, most of them featuring Sinbad not as a merchant who stumbles into adventure, but as a dashing dare-devil adventure-seeker 

Theatrical films
English language animated films
Sinbad the Sailor (1935) is an animated short film produced and directed by Ub Iwerks 
Popeye the Sailor Meets Sindbad the Sailor (1936) is a two-reel animated cartoon short subject in the Popeye Color Feature series, produced in Technicolor and released to theatres on 27 November 1936 by Paramount Pictures  It was produced by Max Fleischer for Fleischer Studios, Inc  and directed by Dave Fleischer 
Sinbad (1992) is an animated film originally released on 18 May 1992 and based on the classic Arabian Nights tale, Sinbad the Sailor, and produced by Golden Films 
Sinbad: Beyond the Veil of Mists (2000) is the first feature-length computer animation film created exclusively using motion capture  While many animators worked on the project, the human characters were entirely animated using motion capture 
Sinbad: Legend of the Seven Seas (2003) is an American animated adventure film produced by DreamWorks Animation and distributed by DreamWorks Pictures  The film uses traditional animation with some computer animation  It was directed by Tim Johnson 

Non-English language animated films
Arabian naito: Shindobaddo no bôken (Arabian Nights: Adventures of Sinbad) (1962) (animated Japanese film) 
A Thousand and One Nights (1969) Story created by Osamu Tezukui, combination of other One Thousand and One Nights stories and the legends of Sinbad 
Pohádky Tisíce a Jedné Noci (Tales of 1,001 Nights) (1974), a seven-part animated film by Karel Zeman 
Doraemon: Nobita's Dorabian Nights (1991) 
Sinbad (film trilogy) (2015–2016) is a series of Japanese animated family adventure films produced by Nippon Animation and Shirogumi 
The Adventures of Sinbad (2013) is an Indian 2D animated film directed by Shinjan Neogi and Abhishek Panchal, and produced by Afzal Ahmed Khan 
Sinbad: Pirates of Seven Storm (2016) A Russian animated film by CTB Film Company 

Live-action English language theatrical films
Arabian Nights is a 1942 adventure film directed by John Rawlins and starring Sabu, Maria Montez, Jon Hall and Leif Erickson  The film is derived from The Book of One Thousand and One Nights but owes more to the imagination of Universal Pictures than the original Arabian stories  Unlike other films in the genre (The Thief of Bagdad), it features no monsters or supernatural elements 
Sinbad the Sailor (1947) is a 1947 American Technicolor fantasy film directed by Richard Wallace and starring Douglas Fairbanks Jr , Maureen O'Hara, Walter Slezak, and Anthony Quinn  It tells the tale of the "eighth" voyage of Sinbad, wherein he discovers the lost treasure of Alexander the Great 
Son of Sinbad (1955) is a 1955 American adventure film directed by Ted Tetzlaff  It takes place in the Middle East and consists of a wide variety of characters including over 127 women 
The 7th Voyage of Sinbad (1958) is a 1958 Technicolor heroic fantasy adventure film directed by Nathan H  Juran and starring Kerwin Mathews, Torin Thatcher, Kathryn Grant, Richard Eyer, and Alec Mango  It was distributed by Columbia Pictures and produced by Charles H  Schneer 
Captain Sindbad (1963) is a 1963 independently made fantasy and adventure film, produced by Frank King and Herman King (King Brothers Productions), directed by Byron Haskin, that stars Guy Williams and Heidi Brühl  The film was shot at the Bavaria Film studios in Germany and was distributed by Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer 
The Golden Voyage of Sinbad (1973) a fantasy film directed by Gordon Hessler and featuring stop motion effects by Ray Harryhausen  It is the second of three Sinbad films released by Columbia Pictures 
Sinbad and the Eye of the Tiger (1977) is a fantasy film directed by Sam Wanamaker and featuring stop motion effects by Ray Harryhausen  The film stars Patrick Wayne, Taryn Power, Margaret Whiting, Jane Seymour, and Patrick Troughton  It is the third and final Sinbad film released by Columbia Pictures 

Live-action English language direct-to-video films
Sinbad: The Battle of the Dark Knights (1998) - DTV film about a young boy that must go back in time to help Sinbad 
The 7 Adventures of Sinbad (2010) is an American adventure film directed by Adam Silver and Ben Hayflick  As a mockbuster distributed by The Asylum, it attempts to capitalise on Prince of Persia: The Sands of Time and Clash of the Titans 
Sinbad and The Minotaur (2011) starring Manu Bennett is a 2011 Australian fantasy B movie directed by Karl Zwicky serving as an unofficial sequel to the 1947 Douglas Fairbanks Jr  film and Harryhausen's Sinbad trilogy  It combines Arabian Nights hero Sinbad the Sailor with the Greek legend of the Minotaur 
Sinbad: The Fifth Voyage (2014) starring Shahin Sean Solimon, low budget film 
Sinbad and the War of the Furies (2016) An American action film starring John Hennigan, direct-to-streaming 

Live-action non-English language films
Sinbad Khalashi, or Sinbad the Sailor is a 1930 Indian silent action-adventure film by Ramchandra Gopal Torney 
Sinbad Jahazi, or Sinbad the Sailor, is a 1952 Indian Hindi-language adventure film by Nanabhai Bhatt 
Sindbad ki Beti, or Daughter of Sindbad, is a 1958 Indian Hindi-language fantasy film by Ratilal  It follows the daughter of Sindbad as she goes out in search for her missing father 
Son of Sinbad is a 1958 Indian Hindi-language film by Nanabhai Bhatt  A sequel to Sinbad Jahazi, it follows the adventures of the son of Sinbad in high seas 
Sinbad contro i sette saraceni (Sinbad against the Seven Saracens)  (Italian: Sindbad contro i sette saraceni, also known as Sinbad Against the 7 Saracens) is a 1964 Italian adventure film written and directed by Emimmo Salvi and starring Gordon Mitchell  The film was released straight to television in the United States by American International Television in 1965 
Sindbad Alibaba and Aladdin is a 1965 Indian Hindi-language fantasy-adventure musical film by Prem Narayan Arora  It starred Pradeep Kumar in the role of Sindbad 
Shehzade Sinbad kaf daginda (Prince Sinbad of the Mountains) (1971) (Turkish film) 
Simbad e il califfo di Bagdad (Sinbad and the Caliph of Baghdad) (1973) (Italian film) 
Sinbad of the Seven Seas (1989) is a 1989 Italian fantasy film produced and directed by Enzo G  Castellari from a story by Luigi Cozzi, revolving around the adventures of Sinbad the Sailor  Sinbad must recover five magical stones to free the city of Basra from the evil spell cast by a wizard, which his journey takes him to mysterious islands and he must battle magical creatures in order to save the world 

Television
English language series and films
Sinbad Jr  and his Magic Belt (1965) 
The Freedom Force (TV Series) (1978) 
The Adventures of Sinbad (1979) - TV animated film 
Mystery Science Theater 3000 (1993) episode: The Magic Voyage of Sinbad
The Fantastic Voyages of Sinbad the Sailor (1996–1998) is an American animated television series based on the Arabian Nights story of Sinbad the Sailor and produced by Fred Wolf Films that aired beginning 2 February 1998 on Cartoon Network 
The Adventures of Sinbad (1996–98) is a Canadian Action/Adventure Fantasy television series following on the story from the pilot of the same name 
The Backyardigans (2007) episode: "Sinbad Sails Alone" 
Sinbad (2012) - A UK television series from Sky1 
Sindbad & The 7 Galaxies (2016 by Sun TV, picked up by Toonavision in 2020) is an animated children's comedy adventure TV series created by Raja Masilamani and IP owned by Creative Media Partners Note: Sinbad was mentioned, but did not actually appear, in the Season 3 episode Been There, Done That of Xena Warrior Princess when one of the story's lovers tells Xena that he was hoping that Hercules would have appeared to save his village from its curse 

Non-English language series and films
Arabian Nights: Sinbad's Adventures (Arabian Naitsu: Shinbaddo No Bôken, 1975) 
Manga Sekai Mukashi Banashi: The Arabian Nights: Adventures of Sinbad the Sailor (1976) Japanese anime TV series, Directed by Sadao Nozaki and Tatsuya Matano  Producer Yuji Tanno  The origins of this is a series called Manga Hajimete Monogatari  This is dubbed in English and narrated by Telly Savalas 
Alif Laila (1993–1997), an Indian television series based on the One Thousand and One Nights which aired on Doordarshan's DD National  Episodes titled "Sindbad Jahaazi" focus on the adventures of the sailor, where he is portrayed by Shahnawaz Pradhan 
Princess Dollie Aur Uska Magic Bag (2004–2006), an Indian teen fantasy adventure television series on Star Plus where Vaquar Shaikh portrays Sinbad, one of the main characters in the show along with Ali Baba and Hatim 
Magi: The Labyrinth of Magic (2012), Magi: The Kingdom of Magic (2013) and Magi: Adventure of Sinbad (2016) are Japanese fantasy adventure manga series 
Janbaaz Sindbad (2015–2016), an Indian adventure-fantasy television series based on Sinbad the Sailor which aired on Zee TV, starring Harsh Rajput in the titular role Note: A pair of foreign films that had nothing to do with the Sinbad character were released in North America, with the hero being referred to as "Sinbad" in the dubbed soundtrack  The 1952 Russian film Sadko (based on Rimsky-Korsakov's opera Sadko) was overdubbed and released in English in 1962 as The Magic Voyage of Sinbad, while the 1963 Japanese film Dai tozoku (whose main character was a heroic pirate named Sukezaemon) was overdubbed and released in English in 1965 as The Lost World of Sinbad 

Video games
In the Arabian Nights-themed video game Sonic and the Secret Rings, Sinbad looks almost exactly like Knuckles the Echidna 
In 1978 Gottlieb manufacturing released a pinball machine named Sinbad, the artwork featured characters from the movie Sinbad and the Eye of the Tiger  Also released, in a shorter run, was an Eye of the Tiger pinball game 
in 1996 the pinball game Tales of the Arabian Nights was released featuring Sinbad  This game (manufactured by Williams Electronics) features Sinbad's battle with the Rocs and the Cyclops as side quests to obtain jewels  The game was adapted into the video game compilation Pinball Hall of Fame: The Williams Collection in 2009 
In 1984 game simply called Sinbad was released by Atlantis Software 
In 1986 game called Sinbad and the Golden Ship was released by Mastertronic Ltd 
Another 1986 game called The Legend of Sinbad was released by Superior Software 
in 1987 game called Sinbad and the Throne of the Falcon was released by Cinemaware 

Music
In Nikolai Rimsky-Korsakov's suite Scheherazade, the 1st, 2nd, and 4th movements focus on portions of the Sinbad story  Various components of the story have identifiable themes in the work, including rocs and the angry sea  In the climactic final movement, Sinbad's ship (6th voyage) is depicted as rushing rapidly toward cliffs and only the fortuitous discovery of the cavernous stream allows him to escape and make the passage to Serindib 
The song "Sinbad the Sailor" in the soundtrack of the Indian film Rock On!! focuses on the story of Sinbad the Sailor in music form 
Sinbad et la légende de Mizan (2013) A French stage musical  the musical comedy event in Lorraine  An original creation based on the history of Sinbad the Navy, heroes of 1001 nights  A quest to traverse the Orient, 30 artists on stage, mysteries, combats, music and enviable dances     A new adventure for Sinbad, much more dangerous than all the others 
Sinbad's adventures have appeared on various audio recordings as both readings and dramatizations, including Ali Baba and the Forty Thieves/Sinbad the Sailor (Riverside Records RLP 1451/Golden Wonderland GW 231, played by Denis Quilley), Sinbad the Sailor (Tale Spinners for Children on United Artists Records UAC 11020, played by Derek Hart), Sinbad the Sailor: A Tale from the Arabian Nights (Caedmon Records TC-1245/Fontana Records SFL 14105, read by Anthony Quayle), Sinbad the Sailor /The Adventures of Oliver Twist and Fagin (Columbia Masterworks ML 4072, read by Basil Rathbone), 1001 Nights: Sinbad the Sailor and Other Stories (Naxos Audio 8 555899, narrated by Bernard Cribbins) and The Arabian Nights (The Voyages of Sinbad the Sailor) (Disneyland Records STER-3988) 
"Nagisa no Sinbad" (渚のシンドバッド) was the 4th single released by Pink Lady, a popular Japanese duo in the late 1970s and early 1980s  The song has been covered by former idol group W and by the Japanese super group Morning Musume 

Literature
In The Count of Monte Cristo, "Sinbad the Sailor" is but one of many pseudonyms used by Edmond Dantès 
In his Ulysses, James Joyce uses "Sinbad the Sailor" as an alias for the character of W B  Murphy and as an analogue to Odysseus  He also puns mercilessly on the name: Jinbad the Jailer, Tinbad the Tailor, Whinbad the Whaler, and so on 
Edgar Allan Poe wrote a tale called "The Thousand-and-Second Tale of Scheherazade"  It depicts the 8th and final voyage of Sinbad the Sailor, along with the various mysteries Sinbad and his crew encounter; the anomalies are then described as footnotes to the story 
Polish poet Bolesław Leśmian's Adventures of Sindbad the Sailor is a set of tales loosely based on the Arabian Nights 
Hungarian writer Gyula Krúdy's Adventures of Sindbad is a set of short stories based on the Arabian Nights 
In John Barth's "The Last Voyage of Somebody the Sailor", "Sinbad the Sailor" and his traditional travels frame a series of 'travels' by a 20th-century New Journalist known as 'Somebody the Sailor' 
Pulitzer Prize winner Steven Millhauser has a story entitled "The Eighth Voyage of Sinbad" in his 1990 collection The Barnum Museum 

Comics
"Sinbad the Sailor" (1920) artwork by Paul Klee (Swiss-German artist, 1879–1940) 
In 1950, St  John Publications published a one shot comic called Son of Sinbad 
In 1958, Dell Comics published a one shot comic based on the film The 7th Voyage of Sinbad 
In 1963, Gold Key Comics published a one shot comic based on the film Captain Sinbad 
In 1965, Dell Comics published a 3 issue series called Sinbad Jr 
in 1965 Gold Key Comics published a 2 issue mini-series called The Fantastic Voyages of Sinbad 
In 1974 Marvel Comics published a two issue series based on the film The Golden Voyage of Sinbad in Worlds Unknown #7 and #8  They then published a one shot comic based on the film The 7th Voyage of Sinbad in 1975 with Marvel Spotlight #25 
In 1977, the British comic company General Book Distributors, published a one shot comic/magazine based on the film Sinbad and the Eye of the Tiger 
In 1988, Catalan Communications published the one shot graphic novel The Last Voyage of Sinbad 
In 1989 Malibu Comics published a 4 issue mini-series called Sinbad, and followed that up with another 4 issue mini-series called Sinbad Book II: In the House of God In 1991 
In 2001, Marvel Comics published a one shot comic that teamed Sinbad with the Fantastic Four called Fantastic 4th Voyage of Sinbad 
In 2007, Bluewater Comics published a 3 issue mini-series called Sinbad: Rogue of Mars 
In 2008, the Lerner Publishing Group published a graphic novel called Sinbad: Sailing into Peril 
In 2009, Zenescope Entertainment debuted Sinbad in their Grimm Fairy Tales universe having him appearing as a regular ongoing character  He first appeared in his own 14 issue series called 1001 Arabian Nights: The Adventures of Sinbad  Afterwards he appeared in various issues of the Dream Eater saga, as well as the 2011 Annual, Giant-Size, and Special Edition one-shots 
In 2012, a graphic novel called Sinbad: The Legacy, published by Campfire Books, was released  He appears in the comic book series Fables written by Bill Willingham, and as the teenaged Alsind in the comic book series Arak, Son of Thunder—which takes place in the 9th century AD—written by Roy Thomas 
In Alan Moore's The League of Extraordinary Gentlemen: Black Dossier, Sinbad appears as the Immortal Orlando's lover of thirty years, until he leaves for his 8th Voyage and never returns 
In The Simpsons comic book series "Get Some Fancy Book Learnin'", Sinbad's adventures are parodied as "Sinbart the Sailor" 
"The Last Voyage of Sinbad" by Richard Corben and Jan Strnad originally appeared as "New Tales of the Arabian Nights" serialized in Heavy Metal magazine, issues #15–28 (1978–79) and was later collected and reprinted as a trade paperback book 
Sinbad is a major character in the Japanese manga series Magi: The Labyrinth of Magic written and illustrated by Shinobu Ohtaka 

Theme parks
Sinbad provides the theme for the dark ride Sinbad's Storybook Voyage at Tokyo DisneySea 
Sinbad embarks on an adventure to save a trapped princess in the water-based boat ride, The Adventures of Sinbad at Lotte World in Seoul, South Korea 
The Efteling theme park at Kaatsheuvel in the Netherlands has a land themed after Sinbad called De Wereld van Sindbad (The World of Sinbad)  It includes the indoor roller coaster Vogel Rok, themed after Sinbad's fifth voyage, and Sirocco, a teacups ride 
The elaborate live-action stunt show The Eighth Voyage of Sinbad at the Universal Orlando Resort in Florida features a story inspired by Sinbad's voyages 

Other references
Actor and comedian David Adkins uses the stage name Sinbad 
An LTR retrotransposon from the genome of the human blood fluke, Schistosoma mansoni, is named after Sinbad  It is customary for mobile genetic elements like retrotransposons to be named after mythical, historical, or literary travelers; for example, the well-known mobile genetic elements Gypsy and Mariner 

See also
Aeneid
Gulliver's Travels
List of literary cycles
Odyssey
Sunpadh
The Voyage of Bran

Notes
Passage 2:
Battle of Hama
The Battle of Hama was fought some 24 km (15 mi) from the city of Hama in Syria on 29 November 903 between the forces of the Abbasid Caliphate and pro-Isma'ili Bedouin (called "Fatimids" or "Qarmatians")  The Abbasids were victorious, resulting in the capture and execution of the Isma'ili leadership  This removed the Isma'ili presence in northern Syria, and was followed by the suppression of another revolt in Iraq in 906  More importantly, it paved the way for the Abbasid attack on the autonomous Tulunid dynasty and the reincorporation of the Tulunid domains in southern Syria and Egypt into the Abbasid Caliphate 

Background
In the second half of the 9th century, the Isma'ili Shi'ite sect began establishing a network of agents and sympathizers across the Muslim world  It was a time of millennialist expectations, coinciding with a deep crisis of the Abbasid Caliphate during the decade-long Anarchy at Samarra, the rise of breakaway and autonomous regimes in the provinces, and the large-scale Zanj Rebellion, whose leader claimed Alid descent and proclaimed himself as the mahdi  In this chaotic atmosphere, and with the Abbasids preoccupied with suppressing the Zanj uprising, the Isma'ili missionaries found fertile ground, aided by dissatisfaction among the adherents of the rival Twelver branch of Shi'a Islam with the political quietism of their leadership and the recent disappearance of their own imam  Missionaries like Hamdan Qarmat and his brother-in-law Abu Muhammad Abdan spread their network of agents to the area around Kufa in the late 870s, and from there to Yemen (Ibn Hawshab, 882) and thence India (884), Bahrayn (Abu Sa'id al-Jannabi, 899), Persia, and Ifriqiya (Abu Abdallah al-Shi'i, 893)  In this period, the Isma'ili movement was based at Salamiya on the western edge of the Syrian Desert, and its leadership was assumed by Sa'id ibn al-Husayn, the future founder of the Fatimid Caliphate  Sa'id's claims to be the awaited mahdi instead of Muhammad ibn Isma'il, as had been hitherto assumed, caused a split in the movement in 899  Hamdan denounced the leadership in Salamiya, gathered the Iraqi missionaries and ordered them to cease the missionary effort  Shortly after he disappeared from his headquarters, and Abdan was assassinated at the instigation of Zakarawayh ibn Mihrawayh, who had remained loyal to Salamiya  These events caused a major split in the Isma'ili movement, between those who recognized Sa'id's claims to the imamate and those who rejected them  The latter are generally known by the term "Qarmatians", although this name was also applied by non-Isma'ilis in a pejorative sense to the supporters of the Fatimids After his role in the murder of Abdan, Zakarawayh ibn Mihrawayh escaped Iraq and resumed his missionary efforts among the Bedouin tribes of the eastern Syrian Desert, but with little success  He then sent his sons, al-Husayn and Yahya, who became known by the names Sahib al-Shama ("Man with the Mole") and Sahib al-Naqa ("Master of the She-camel"), to proselytize among the large Bedouin tribal confederation of the Banu Kalb, between Palmyra and the Euphrates River  Many Bedouin from the Banu'l-Ullays and Banu'l-Asbagh flocked to them, thus acquiring a potent military force, albeit one with limitations: the Bedouin were more concerned with extracting booty from the settled communities, and were ill-suited to campaigns of conquering and holding territories  Buoyed by their success, the brothers and their followers adopted the name al-Fatimiyyun ("Fatimids") and rose in revolt in 902  The motivations of al-Husayn, Yahya, and their father, who remained in Iraq, have been variously interpreted by modern scholars  Traditionally this movement has been regarded as wholly "Qarmatian" in character, and was called that by the Abbasid government  In recent years, however, the consensus follows the analysis of Heinz Halm, which has shown that Zakarawayh and his sons remained loyal to Sa'id, and that their actions aimed at securing possession of Syria and triggering a general rebellion against the Abbasids  Nevertheless, this uprising was apparently without the knowledge or authorization of Sa'id, and would end up placing him in mortal danger, as it alerted the authorities to the whereabouts of the Isma'ili movement's true leader, who had to flee to Ramla From their base in the region around Palmyra, the Fatimid Bedouin began launching raids against the Abbasid and Tulunid provinces of Syria, with devastating effect  In 902, they defeated the Tulunids under Tughj ibn Juff near Raqqa, and laid siege to Damascus for seven months, from December 902 until July 903  The city was successfully held by Tughj and the Sahib al-Naqa was killed  Leadership passed to the Sahib al-Shama, who led his men to ravage Homs, Hama, Ba'albek, and Ma'arrat al-Numan  Based at Salamiya, and in the expectation that his hidden master would come forth, the Bedouin began to establish the institutions of a state: at the mint of Homs, coins were issued in the name of the mahdi, and in the Friday sermon the name of the Abbasid caliph was dropped in favour of the—as yet unnamed—"Successor, the rightly-guided Heir, the Lord of the Age, the Commander of the Faithful, the Mahdi"  Encamped at Salamiya, the Bedouin waited for Sa'id's arrival in vain, from August to November 903  Despite al-Husayn's repeated entreaties in his correspondence with his master, however, Sa'id refused to leave the safety of Ramla 

Battle
In view of the apparent impotence of the Tulunid regime to stop the Bedouin raids, the Syrians called upon the Abbasid government to intervene directly, and on 30 July 903, Caliph al-Muktafi commanded that a campaign be undertaken  The campaign was nominally headed by al-Muktafi in person, who left Baghdad on 9 August and went to Raqqa  In mid-August, the Bedouin under a certain al-Mutawwaq surprised an Abbasid army some 10,000 strong near Aleppo, while it was resting and dispersed, with many troops seeking to escape the intense heat in a local river; the Abbasid troops were routed, and only about a thousand managed to reach the city, where, under the command of Abu al-Agharr, they repulsed the Bedouin attacks  At about the same time, however, the general Badr al-Hammami inflicted a heavy defeat on the Sahib al-Shama and his men near Damascus  The Bedouin fled to the desert, and Caliph al-Muktafi sent men under al-Husayn ibn Hamdan to pursue them  While al-Muktafi remained at Raqqa, command of the army in the field was given to the head of the department of the army (diwan al-jund), Muhammad ibn Sulayman al-Katib  On Tuesday, 29 November 903, the Abbasid army under Muhammad met the Fatimids at a location some 24 km from Hama  The course of the battle is described in a victory dispatch sent by Muhammad to the caliph afterwards and included in the History of the Prophets and Kings of al-Tabari According to the latter, on the morning of 29 November, the Abbasid army set out from al-Qarwanah towards al-Alyanah—both unidentified locations—deployed in full battle order  During the march, Muhammad ibn Sulayman received a report that a part of the Fatimid army, comprising 3,000 horse and many foot under one of the Isma'ili chief missionaries, al-Nu'man, had encamped at a locality some 12 Arabic miles (about 24 kilometres (15 mi)) from Hama, and that the other detachments of the Bedouin army had joined him there  Muhammad led his army towards the Bedouin encampment, and found them deployed in battle array  According to the report of Muhammad, the Bedouin left wing was led by Masrur al-Ulaymi and others, in charge of 1,500 horsemen  Behind the left wing was placed a reserve force of 400 cavalry  The Bedouin centre was commanded by al-Nu'man al-Ullaysi and other officers, and comprised 1,400 cavalry and 3,000 infantry, while the right wing was commanded by Kulayb al-Ullaysi and others and numbered 1,400 horsemen, with a reserve force of 200 horsemen more As the two armies advanced on each other, the Bedouin left thrust forward against the Abbasid right, which was commanded by al-Husayn ibn Hamdan  The troops of Ibn Hamdan repulsed the first Bedouin attack, and then the second, killing 600 horsemen  The Bedouin on the left broke and fled; Ibn Hamdan and his men pursued them and in a series of engagements killed all but 200 of them  Ibn Hamdan's troops reportedly captured 500 horses and 400 silver necklaces as well  The Bedouin right wing likewise attacked the Abbasid left, held by al-Qasim ibn Sima, Yumn al-Khadim, and the tribal allies of Banu Shayban and Banu Tamim  While the two wings were grappling with each other, an Abbasid detachment under Khalifah ibn al-Mubarak and Lu'lu' attacked the Bedouin on their flank and broke their lines  Here too the Bedouin fled pursued by the government forces, who took some 600 horses and 200 necklaces as booty  Several Fatimid commanders, including the missionary al-Nu'man, were killed at the battle Muhammad himself confronted the Bedouin centre along with several other officers: Khaqan, Nasr al-Qushuri, and Muhammad ibn Kumushjur led forces from the right flank, Wasf Mushgir, Muhammad ibn Ishaq ibn Kundajiq, Ahmad ibn Kayghalagh and his brother Ibrahim, al-Mubarak al-Qummi, Rabi'a ibn Muhammad, Muhajir ibn Tulayq, al-Muzaffar ibn Hajj, Abdallah ibn Hamdan (al-Husayn's brother), Jinni the Elder, Wasif al-Buktamir, Bishr al-Buktamiri, and Muhammad ibn Qaratughan  With the support of troops from the right wing, who after repelling the Bedouin left flanked their centre, the Abbasids were victorious here as well  The Fatimids broke and were pursued over several miles  Muhammad ibn Sulayman, fearful lest his army disperse itself during the pursuit, or leave the infantry and the baggage train—guarded by Isa ibn Muhammad al-Nushari—exposed to a Bedouin attack, halted the pursuit of his own detachment after half a mile  He set up camp there for the night, and with the Caliph's spear as a rallying point, began regrouping the various squadrons  Despite the overwhelming victory, Muhammad and his officers remained on guard during the night, concerned of a possible Bedouin attack 

Aftermath
The Sahib al-Shama did not take part in the battle, having remained behind at Salamiya along with the treasure he had hoarded there on behalf of his master  Enraged about the apparent abandonment by the supposed divinely-guided imam, the Sahib al-Shama turned against him: his residence at Salamiya was destroyed, and all family members and servants encountered there executed  This atrocity, along with the failure of the uprising, led later Fatimid historians to try and excise Sa'id's relationship with the sons of Zakarawayh in what Halm calls an act of damnatio memoriae  The Sahib al-Shama tried to rouse the chiefs of the Banu'l-Ullays to resistance, but they refused  Left with no other recourse, the Sahib al-Shama, along with his cousin al-Muddathir, his associate al-Muttawaq and a Greek page fled through the desert  By the time they reached the locality of al-Daliyah on the Euphrates Road near al-Rahba, they had run out of supplies  When a servant was sent to buy provisions in the settlement, he aroused the suspicions of the villagers with his strange dress and manner, so that they notified a local official, Abu Khubzah  The latter rode out with an escort, and after interrogating the servant went to the Qarmatians' camp and took them prisoner  They captured the Sahib al-Shama and his companions were then escorted by Abu Khubzah and the local governor, Ahmad ibn Muhammad ibn Kushmard, to Caliph al-Muktafi in Raqqa, which they entered on 19 December Al-Muktafi returned to Baghdad with the senior captives, who were thrown into prison  Muhammad ibn Sulayman remained at Raqqa to scour the countryside and round up the remaining rebels  He too then returned to Baghdad, which he entered in triumph on 2 February 904  Eleven days later, on 13 February, Muhammad and the sahib al-shurta of the capital, Ahmad ibn Muhammad al-Wathiqi, presided over the public execution of the Fatimid leaders and Isma'ili sympathizers rounded up from Kufa and Baghdad The Abbasid victory near Hama did not yet fully eradicate the Isma'ili threat  In 906, the Banu Kalb, under Abu Ghanim Nasr, rose up in rebellion, raided the Hawran and Tiberias, and launched a failed attack on Damascus  They then sacked Tiberias and plundered Hit on the Euphrates  Nasr was soon cornered by the caliphal army, however, and killed by the Banu Kalb themselves in exchange for pardon  As a result, the Isma'ili activities shifted east to the Euphrates, where Zakarawayh ibn Mihrawayh (the father of al-Husayn and Yahya) had also rebelled in 906 near Kufa  After leading an unsuccessful attack on Kufa and number of devastating raids on Hajj caravans, he too was killed in early 907 by caliphal troops under Wasif ibn Sawartakin near al-Qadisiyya  With these defeats, the Isma'ili movement virtually ceased to exist in the Syrian Desert, although their counterparts in Bahrayn remained an active threat for several decades to come More importantly, the defeat of the Fatimid Bedouin at Hama opened the way for the Abbasids to recover the provinces of southern Syria and Egypt, held by the Tulunids  The Tulunid regime had become enfeebled due to internal strife, rivalries and the defection of senior officers, and the recent failures against the Bedouin  In 904, Muhammad ibn Sulayman led an army into Syria  The campaign met with little opposition; the Tulunid emir Harun ibn Khumarawayh was even assassinated by his uncles, whereupon several senior commanders switched sides  The Abbasids entered the Egyptian capital Fustat in January 905 without a fight, completing the reconquest of the province 
Passage 3:
Abna' al-dawla
The abnāʾ al-dawla (Arabic: أبناء الدولة, meaning "sons of the regime/dynasty"), often simply " the Abnāʾ", is a term for the Khorasani Arabs who had participated in the Abbasid Revolution of 749–750 and their descendants, who settled in Baghdad and Iraq  They became the ruling elite of the Abbasid Caliphate and formed the mainstay of the caliphal army  However, the term appears rarely in the sources until the time of the Fourth Fitna civil war in the 810s, when it is applied to the Khurasanis of Baghdad, who overwhelmingly supported Caliph al-Amin against his brother al-Ma'mun  The terms ahl Khurāsān ("people of Khurasan") and abnāʾ ahl Khurāsān ("sons of the people of Khurasan") are more frequently used for the Khurasanis who formed the mainstay of the Abbasid regime in general  Following al-Ma'mun's victory in the civil war, the abnāʾ al-dawla were largely replaced by the latter's Persian followers, and under his successor al-Mu'tasim, the rise of the Turkish slave-soldiers to power began 

Sources
Crone, Patricia (1998)  "The 'Abbāsid Abnā' and Sāsānid Cavalrymen"  Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society  8 (1): 1–19  ISSN 1356-1863  JSTOR 25183463 
Turner, John P  (2004)  "The abnāʾ al-dawla: The Definition and Legitimation of Identity in Response to the Fourth Fitna"  Journal of the American Oriental Society  124 (1): 1–22  ISSN 0003-0279  JSTOR 4132150 
Turner, John P  (2016)  "Abnāʾ"   In Fleet, Kate; Krämer, Gudrun; Matringe, Denis; Nawas, John; Rowson, Everett (eds )  Encyclopaedia of Islam (3rd ed )  Brill Online  ISSN 1873-9830 
Passage 4:
The Last Voyage of Somebody the Sailor
The Last Voyage of Somebody the Sailor is a novel by American writer John Barth, published in 1991  It is a postmodern metafictional story of a man who jumps overboard from a modern replica of a medieval Arab ship and is rescued by sailors from the world of Sinbad the Sailor  Eventually he makes his way to "Baghdad, the City of Peace", and finds himself in the stories of Sindbad and Scheherazade   The novel makes use of a challenging double-stranded narrative and a rich prose style 
Passage 5:
Bajkam
Abū al-Husayn Bajkam al-Mākānī (Arabic: أبو الحسين بجكم المكاني), referred to as Bajkam, Badjkam or Bachkam (from Bäčkäm, a Persian and Turkish word meaning a horse- or yak-tail), was a Turkish military commander and official of the Abbasid Caliphate  A former ghulam of the Ziyarid dynasty, Bajkam entered Abbasid service following the assassination of the Ziyarid ruler Mardavij in 935  During his five-year tenure at the Caliphate's court at Baghdad, he was granted the title of amir al-umara, consolidating his dominance over the caliphs al-Radi and al-Muttaqi and giving him absolute power over their domains  Bajkam was challenged throughout his rule by various opponents, including his predecessor as amir al-umara, Muhammad ibn Ra'iq, the Basra-based Baridis, and the Buyid dynasty of Iran, but he succeeded in retaining control until his death  He was murdered by a party of Kurds during a hunting excursion in 941, shortly after the accession of al-Muttaqi as Caliph  Bajkam was known both for his firm rule and for his patronage of Baghdad intellectuals, who respected and in some cases befriended him  His death led to a void in central power, resulting in a brief period of instability and fighting in Baghdad 

Early military career and service under Ibn Ra'iq
Details of Bajkam's early life are unknown  He was a Turk, and began his career as one of the ghilman (military slaves, usually of Turkish origin) of a vizier to the Daylamite warlord Makan ibn Kaki in northern Iran  His master then made a gift of his ghilman, including Bajkam, to Makan  The latter took care of the young Bajkam's training and education, something for which the latter showed his gratitude by adopting his patron's name as his nisba (surname) After Makan was defeated by Mardavij, founder of the Ziyarid dynasty, who came to control Daylam, Jibal and Tabaristan, he entered Mardavij's service, along with many others among Makan's ghilman  Mardavij mistreated his ghilman, who consequently murdered him at Isfahan in January 935, an act in which Bajkam may have been complicit  After Mardavij's death, most of the ghilman in Ziyarid service dispersed  Bajkam and his fellow officer Tuzun assumed the leadership of a large group and, after first offering their services to the new governor of Jibal, Hasan ibn Harun, proceeded to the Abbasid court at Baghdad  At first, their offers were rejected by the court, where the Caliph's Hujariyya bodyguards jealously guarded their prerogatives, but the ghilman were eventually taken into the service of Muhammad ibn Ra'iq, governor of Basra and Wasit in southern Iraq  Now known as Bajkam Ra'iqi, Bajkam created a large military force under his command consisting of his own followers as well as additional Turks and Daylamites summoned from Jibal In early November 936, the Caliph al-Radi (r  934–940) bestowed the newly created title of amir al-umara ("commander of commanders") on Ibn Ra'iq, who was effectively granted absolute control over the Caliphate  This provoked the reaction of various provincial governors as well as that of powerful interest groups in Baghdad itself, such as the caliphal bodyguards  Against them, Ibn Ra'iq employed Bajkam and his Turkish supporters  With their aid, he managed to neutralize the Hujariyya and Saji guard units, after which, in February 937, Bajkam was rewarded with the posts of sahib al-shurta (chief of police) and governor of the eastern provinces Far more difficult and protracted was the war against the ambitious governor of Ahwaz, Abu Abdallah al-Baridi, who aimed to supplant Ibn Ra'iq  Al-Baridi's family was of Basran origin, and had served the Abbasids in various roles as officials before managing to assert a weak hold over Khuzistan  Ibn Ra'iq himself was defeated and forced to leave Basra to the Baridis, but Bajkam saved the situation by scoring two major victories, despite being outnumbered, that allowed him to take possession of Khuzistan  The hard-pressed al-Baridi now turned to his powerful neighbour, the Buyid ruler of Fars, Ali ibn Buya, for help  Ali's brother Ahmad soon took over Khuzistan, and Ibn Ra'iq was forced to offer possession of the province as an independent domain if Bajkam would recover it  Bajkam however was repulsed by the Buyid forces, and fell back to Wasit Ignoring Ibn Ra'iq's orders to retake Khuzistan, Bajkam remained at Wasit, and began plotting to depose Ibn Ra'iq himself  To this end, Bajkam began seeking allies: he offered the governorship of Wasit to the Baridis, and through the former vizier Ibn Muqla, who wished to avenge himself on Ibn Ra'iq for his own downfall and confiscation of his property, gained the covert support of Caliph al-Radi himself  In September 938, Bajkam led his troops from Wasit to Baghdad  Ibn Ra'iq tried without success to impede his advance by destroying the great dams of the Nahrawan Canal and flooding the plain, but Bajkam's army entered the Abbasid capital without opposition, and al-Radi immediately transferred Ibn Ra'iq's title of amir al-umara to Bajkam 

Amir al-umara
Despite the continued relegation of al-Radi to a ceremonial role, the relationship between the Caliph and Bajkam was strong, with al-Radi praising Bajkam for his harsh discipline and referring to the latter as his "protégé"  Al-Radi was appreciative of Bajkam's respect for his position as Caliph, and promised his support for the amir al-umara In October–November 938, Bajkam and the Caliph campaigned against the influential Hamdanid emir of Mosul, Hasan ibn Abdallah, who had taken advantage of the turmoil in Iraq to cease forwarding his province's revenue to Baghdad  Although Bajkam's army captured Mosul, Hasan fled before him to the remotest corners of his domain, where Bajkam's forces pursued him in vain  In the meantime, the local population resented the presence of the caliphal troops and launched guerilla warfare against them, while Ibn Ra'iq used Bajkam's absence to take control of Baghdad at the head of a Carmathian force  These developments forced Bajkam to negotiate with his rivals: the Hamdanids were restored in their province in exchange for the payment of the tax arrears, and Ibn Ra'iq was bought off with the governorship of the provinces of Tariq al-Furat, Diyar Mudar, Qinnasrin and al-'Awasim, which were also claimed by the Ikhshidids of Egypt  This arrangement allowed Bajkam and the Caliph to return to Baghdad in February 939 Bajkam, having consolidated his control over Baghdad, now turned to face the threat posed by the Buyids  To this end, he strengthened his ties with the Baridis of Basra, by handing over Wasit, as previously agreed, appointing Abu Abdallah al-Baridi as vizier of the Abbasid court (although the latter remained at Wasit and did not visit Baghdad), and, finally, by marrying himself to one of al-Baridi's daughters  Neither side really trusted the other—Bajkam is said to have remarked of his father-in-law, an inveterate intriguer, that his "turban covered the head not of a man but of a devil"—but the deal allowed a fragile peace to prevail in Iraq Bajkam's success against the Buyids was mixed: Wasit was saved from Buyid attack, and the Baridis led a successful campaign in Susiana, but an expedition into Jibal was crushed by the third Buyid brother, Hasan  The alliance with the Baridis quickly soured, however, as al-Baridi still maintained his ambition of replacing Bajkam, and Bajkam was aware of this  In late August 940, Bajkam removed al-Baridi from the vizierate and launched an attack on Wasit, which the Baridis abandoned without resistance  In the meantime, the Baghdad was in turmoil as religious violence had become commonplace, with fanatical members of the Hanbali school imposing their tenets on the general populace In December 940, al-Radi died  Bajkam remained at Wasit, but sent his secretary to Baghdad to convene a council of Abbasid aristocrats, who selected al-Muttaqi (r  940–944), al-Radi's brother, as Caliph  Bajkam also sent a slave named Takinak to the deceased Caliph's palace, the Dar al-Sultan, to procure various items, including the valuable al-Yatimah pearl  He also obtained three female slaves from al-Radi's palace, whose singing he remembered from his earlier visits to the Caliph Among al-Muttaqi's first actions as Caliph was the confirmation of Bajkam as amir al-umara  Despite al-Muttaqi's gesture of support, Bajkam still faced opposition among the semi-autonomous provincial governors, including al-Baridi 

Death and ensuing anarchy
Bajkam opened a campaign against al-Baridi in early spring 941  His lieutenants were at first defeated by the Baridis, whereupon Bajkam himself left Wasit to take the field  On his way to join his army, however, he was informed that his generals had achieved a major victory over the Baridis, and decided to return to Wasit  On 21 April 941, while travelling, he took part in a hunting excursion, during which he and his party encountered a band of Kurdish brigands  During a brief skirmish, Bajkam was slain when one of the Kurds stabbed him in the back with his lance Bajkam's unexpected death created a power vacuum in Baghdad, with disagreements between Daylamite and Turkish forces prompting the former to join the defeated al-Baridi  With their assistance, he marched on Wasit and Baghdad, capturing them, but was soon forced to flee due to the disorder that followed his usurpation of power  A Daylamite chief named Kurankij replaced him as de facto ruler of Baghdad, but he imposed tyrannical rule, and al-Muttaqi appealed to the former amir al-umara Ibn Ra'iq for assistance Ibn Ra'iq soon retook control of Baghdad, but political turmoil did not cease with his re-installation as amir al-umara  Once again, al-Baridi captured the city, and Ibn Ra'iq fled with the Caliph to Mosul, from where the Hamdanid rulers launched a successful attempt to restore them  The Hamdanid emir Hasan, after ordering the assassination of Ibn Ra'iq, was made amir al-umara and given the laqab of Nasir al-Dawla ("Defender of the Dynasty")  In 943, the Hamdanids were forced to retreat to Mosul when Tuzun, one of Bajkam's officers, seized power with military support; the following year, Tuzun captured, blinded, and deposed al-Muttaqi, assuming the role of amir al-umara  The Caliph's brother, al-Mustakfi (r  944–946), was appointed as his successor  The competition for control of the Caliph ended in 945, when the Buyid Ahmad took over the position of  amir al-umara with the title of Mu'izz al-Dawla  This began the period of undisputed Buyid control over Baghdad and Iraq, which lasted until the Seljuk conquest in the 1050s 

Character
Despite his slave origin, Bajkam was educated in Arabic (although he reportedly did not speak it for fear of making mistakes), respected by intellectuals and was known to seek the company of such men as al-Suli and the physician Sinan ibn Thabit  It is in their writings that glimpses of his character survive  According to the researcher Marius Canard, Bajkam was "covetous of power and money, he did not hesitate to resort to dissimulation and ruse, corruption and torture to attain his ends; he was at times cruel, though his bravery was legendary, and was more upright in character than Ibn Ra'iq"  Bajkam was also solicitous for the welfare of his subjects, and especially the inhabitants of Wasit cherished his memory 

See also
Passage 6:
Sa'id ibn Makhlad
Sa'id ibn Makhlad (Arabic: سعيد بن مخلد) (died 889) was a senior official of the Abbasid Caliphate  Born a Nestorian Christian, he converted to Islam and served as a secretary in the Abbasid capital, Baghdad  He rose to prominence during the regency of al-Muwaffaq over his brother, the Caliph al-Mu'tamid (r  870–892): between 878 and 885, he served as de facto vizier of the Caliphate, although he did not bear the title  His valuable assistance to al-Muwaffaq was recognized in 882 by the award of the honorific title Dhu'l-wizaratayn ("possessor of the two vizierates"), with which he appears even on coins  However, the activities of his brother, Abdun, who had remained a Christian and tried to obtain concessions for the Christian subjects of the Caliphate, brought about his sudden fall from power in 885  He died in 889 
Sa'id has been erroneously considered by some writers as the brother of another Christian convert, al-Hasan ibn Makhlad al-Jarrah, who was his predecessor as vizier 

Sources
Sourdel, Dominique (1971)  "Ibn Makhlad"   In Lewis, B ; Ménage, V  L ; Pellat, Ch  & Schacht, J  (eds )  Encyclopaedia of Islam  Volume III: H–Iram (2nd ed )  Leiden: E  J  Brill  p  859  OCLC 495469525 
Passage 7:
Nahrawan Canal
The Nahrevan Canal (Persian: کانال نرهوان) was a major irrigation system of the Sassanid and early Islamic periods in central Iraq, along the eastern banks of the Tigris and the lower course of the Diyala River  Created in the 6th century, it reached its peak under the Abbasid Caliphate, when it served the main water supply for the Abbasid capital of Baghdad, while the regions irrigated by it served as the city's main breadbasket  Its destruction and progressive abandonment from the mid-10th century onwards mirror the Abbasid Caliphate's decline 

History
The first irrigation works along the Diyala River were undertaken in Parthian times  Indeed, it may be that the lower part of the Nahrawan Canal was originally the lower course of the Diyala  The large-scale canal system of early medieval times however was created in the reign of the Sassanid ruler Khosrau I (r  531–579), who also established it as a separate administrative district (Bazidjan Khusraw)  A treasury and mint were possibly established there In early Islamic times, the town of Jisr al-Nahrawan in the middle of the canal was the site of the Battle of Nahrawan on 17 July 658 between Ali and the Kharijites under Abdallah ibn Wahb  Under the early Caliphates, and especially under the Abbasids who made nearby Baghdad their capital, the canal network was repaired and expanded, reaching its peak in the 9th and early 10th centuries  In Abbasid times, the region was divided into three tax districts, Upper, Middle and Lower Nahrawan The canal was breached in 937/8, during the revolt of Bajkam against Ibn Ra'iq; the latter tried to impede Bajkam's advance from Wasit to Baghdad by flooding the region in between  The move barely obstructed Bajkam, but succeeded in destroying the agriculture of the region, hitherto the breadbasket of the Abbasid capital  As Hugh N  Kennedy writes, "the breach of the Nahrawan canal was simply the most dramatic example of a widespread phenomenon of the time; and it was symbolic of the end of ‘Abbasid power just as the breach of the Marib Dam was of the end of the prosperity of pre-Islamic south Arabia"  The lower and middle Nahrawan were entirely abandoned for almost 14 years, until the Buyids under Mu'izz al-Dawla restored the canal  Nevertheless, the canal network continued to decline thereafter  As late as 1140, the Seljuq governor Bihruz tried to restore it, but according to the 13th-century scholar Yaqut al-Hamawi, infighting among the Seljuqs once again meant the neglect of the canal, and its use as a road by their troops compounded the destruction of the network  By Yaqut's time, the canal network had largely silted up and the countryside along them was abandoned 

Outline
In medieval times, the main canal was divided into three sections, described in detail by the 13th-century geographer Yaqut al-Hamawi, in his Mu'jam al-Buldan  The initial feeder canal drawing water from the Tigris at Dur al-Arabaya near Samarra and carrying it to the Diyala at Ba'quba was called al-katul al-Kisrawi ('the Cut of Khosrau')  During its course, it was joined by three smaller canals taken from the Tigris, the Yahudi ('of the Jews'), the al-Ma'muni, named after Caliph al-Ma'mun (r  813–833), and the largest of the three, the Abu'l-Jund ('father of the army'), built under Harun al-Rashid (r  786–809) Some 20 km south of the inflow of the Abu'l-Jund stood the town of Salwa or Bab Salwa (Basalwa), and a little further on the town of Ba'quba, the capital of the Upper Nahrawan district, some 50 km north-northeast of Baghdad  From there, the main canal, now known as the Tamarra, turned south to the towns of Bajisra (originally Bayt al-Jisr, 'bridge-house') and finally Jisr al-Nahrawan, from where it was known as the Nahrawan proper  From Bajisra a canal, the Nahr al-Khalis, connected the main canal with the Tigris at Baradan and supplied the eastern suburbs of Baghdad with water, while another, the Nahr Bin, connected Jisr al-Nahrawan with Kalwadha south of Baghdad  Just south of Jisr al-Nahrawan there was another canal, the Diyala canal—the present course of the namesake river—which joined the Tigris some 5 km south of Baghdad  Jisr al-Nahrawan itself was a wealthy place, as there the Khurasan Road connecting Baghdad with Central Asia crossed the canal  Surviving descriptions record that it was extended on both sides of the canal, each with its own mosques, markets and hostels for travellers and pilgrims  It was abandoned by the 14th century, as the road to Khurasan was diverted north, through Ba'quba Below Jisr al-Nahrawan came a large Sassanid-era weir (Shadhurwan), followed by the towns of Jisr Buran/Puran (named after Ma'mun's wife), Yarzatiya, 'Abarta, another weir, and the city of Iskaf Bani Junayd, divided by the canal in upper and lower towns  From Iskaf, the canal went on for another 100 km amidst a heavily cultivated landscape to rejoin the Tigris at Madharaya, near modern Kut 
Context 2: Passage 1:
Shreekhandpur
Shreekhandapur (Nepal Bhasa: खम्पू) is a city situated in the Dhulikhel municipality in Kavrepalanchowk district in Nepal This historical town is about 28 km east from Kathmandu  The city is located roughly at 1400m above sea level  The main attraction of Shreekhandapur is the temple of Swet Bhairav, located approximately 1 km northeast of the town  The name Shreekhandapur was originally given due to the presence of the tree Shreekhand  Its name during the Licchavi period was खम्पू which is still used predominantly by the Newar community living in this town 

History
Shreekhandapur is historically important city which was a major part of the trade route towards the southern part of the country  Merchants would have to go through this city before the invent of modern transportation  The city was incorporated in the kingdom of Nepal by Prithvi Narayan Shah during his unification around 1820 Bikram Sambat  The various parts of the town have their own names as well 
The eastern part is referred to as bahatol, the part which has the Nasika temple towards north east is referred to as Nastol, the north west part is referred to as bhukhatol, the western part is referred to as basatol, and the middle part of the town is referred to as chaftol  The residents of chaftol were originally brought to Shreekhandapur from Bhaktapur and Lalitpur by Prithvi Narayan Shah to build economic foundation to this town during the unification of Nepal  Particularly, the Karmacharya's were from Bhaktapur and Dhunju's were from Lalitpur 

Festivals
Bisket Jatra is a major festival which is celebrated during the new year period based on the Bikram Sambat calendar  It is as important as the Dashain festival for the locals here in the city  A tree is brought from Bhaktapur and raised in the city for seven days to celebrate the festival  They carry the statue of Ganesh, Kumar, and Bhairav in specially made Chariot and take it around all parts of the town to celebrate the festival 
Gai Jatra is celebrated yearly by the locals to honor their late family members 

Transportation
The city is connected to the capital city Kathmandu through the Arniko Rajmarg 

Education
Shreekhandapur higher secondary school
Kathmandu University is located about 1 km towards east of the town
Passage 2:
Orosháza
Orosháza is a city situated in the westernmost part of Békés county, Hungary, on the Békés ridge bordered by the rivers Maros and Körös  Orosháza is an important cultural, educational and recreational centre of the region 

Main sights
The city's main attractions are the Orosháza-Gyopárosfürdő spa complex, the Szántó Kovács János Museum, the Darvas József Literary Memorial House, and the Town Art Gallery  The only museum in the country devoted to water wells is found in Orosháza  At the Rágyánszky Arboretum, more than 2000 plant species in 6000 varieties can be seen The Lutheran church, was built between 1777 and 1830 in late Baroque style  It is located in the centre of the town  The bell carried by the first settlers, who migrated from Zomba, is kept in front of the altar of the church 
A number of cultural and entertaining programmes are organised in the town every year 

Notable residents
The cantor Marcel Lorand was born in the city in 1912  He learned music with Béla Bartók and became the cantor of the Synagogue de la Paix in Strasbourg, France, in 1964  He died in 1988 
Júlia Goldman (b  1974), was born in Oroshaza and is noted as an "outstanding writer" of fantasy and adventure 
Gyula Gömbös, prime minister of Hungary was made an honorary citizen of the city in 1932 

Orosháza-Gyopárosfürdő spa complex
The Gyopárosfürdő dictrict of Orosháza is located 3 km from the city center  Gyopárosfürdő has been well known for its thermal water since 1869, which rises from a depth of 670 meters  Set in a 10-hectare park, the Orosháza-Gyopárosfürdő Thermal Spa, Park and Adventure Pools spa complex has 8 outdoor and 5 indoor pools, including adventure pools, thermal pools, children’s pools and even a 50-meter cold-water sports pool 
Official website: https://gyoparosfurdo-oroshaza hu/en

Gallery
Twin towns – sister cities
Orosháza is twinned with:
Passage 3:
Cachoeirinha
Cachoeirinha (lit  "Little Waterfall") is a city in the Brazilian state of Rio Grande do Sul  Cachoeirinha is an alternative for the people who want to be near Porto Alegre (capital of Rio Grande do Sul)  The city is situated at a strategic point in Rio Grande do Sul state  The city shares borders with Porto Alegre, Canoas, Esteio, Sapucaia do Sul, Gravataí and Alvorada  The city holiday is on May 15, the date on which the city declared its emancipation 

Municipal policy
The Executive of the Municipality of Cachoeirinha is represented by the mayor and his office of Secretary, following the model proposed by the Federal Constitution  Legislative Power is represented by the City Council, composed of 17 councilors elected to office for four years  The House vote enacts laws for the administration and the Executive, especially the municipal budget 

Population
One of Cachoeirinha's gaucho municipalities had higher population growth in the 1970s  As of 20, the city has 131,240 inhabitants and 43 9 square kilometers of land area 

Traditions
Traditions of the gaucho are celebrated by the Cachoeirinha Center Traditions  Rancho da Saudade holds popular events  The Creole round, held annually in the city, received the recognition of the Government of the State of Rio Grande do Sul, and is included in the official calendar  Rodeos held in Cachoeirinha attract people from various cities of Brazil 

Education
The city has 15 public schools and 8 private at the elementary level and one college 

External links
Cachoeirinha Mayor's Office (in Portuguese)
Passage 4:
Rancho Cucamonga, California
Rancho Cucamonga ( RAN-choh KOO-kə-MUNG-gə) is a city located just south of the foothills of the San Gabriel Mountains and Angeles National Forest in San Bernardino County, California, United States  About 37 mi (60 km) east of Downtown Los Angeles, Rancho Cucamonga is the 28th most populous city in California  The city's seal, which centers on a cluster of grapes, alludes to the city's agricultural history including wine-making  The city's proximity to major transportation hubs, airports, and highways has attracted the business of several large corporations, including Coca-Cola, Frito-Lay, Big Lots, Mercury Insurance Group, Southern California Edison, and Amphastar Pharmaceuticals The city had a population of 174,453 according to the 2020 United States Census  The city experiences an average of 287 sunny days per year, compared to a national average of 205 days  Its climate is classified as warm Mediterranean, or Csa, under the Köppen climate classification system In 2017, the California Department of Education announced that all four high schools were named California Gold Ribbon Schools The Jack Benny Program popularized the city's name, in particular the word "Cucamonga" 

History
By 1200 AD, Kukamongan Native Americans had established a village settlement in the area around present-day Red Hill, near the city's western border, where Red Hill Country Club stands today  Kukamonga derives its name from a Tongva word meaning "sandy place " Anthropologists have determined that this cluster of settlers likely belonged to the Tongva people or Kich people, at one time one of the largest concentrations of Native American peoples on the North American continent  In the 18th century, following an expedition led by Gaspar de Portola, the land was incorporated into the Mission System  established by Father Junipero Serra and his group of soldiers and Franciscan friars  

After a half century of political jockeying in the region, the land finally came under the control of Juan Bautista Alvarado, governor of Mexico  On March 3, 1839, Alvarado granted 13,000 acres of land in the area called "Cucamonga" to Tubercio Tapia, a first-generation Spanish native of Los Angeles, successful merchant, and notorious smuggler  Tapia went on to establish the first winery in California on his newly deeded land  Rancho Cucamonga was purchased by John Rains and his wife in 1858  The Rains family's home, Casa de Rancho Cucamonga, was completed in 1860 and now appears on the National Register of Historic Places During the ensuing years the town prospered and grew  In 1887, irrigation tunnels were dug into Cucamonga Canyon by Chinese laborers and the Santa Fe Railroad was extended through the area  Among the town's economic mainstays was agriculture, including olives, peaches, citrus, and, most notably, vineyards  In 1913, the Pacific Electric Railway was extended through Rancho Cucamonga in an effort to improve crop transportation  Several landmarks in existence today pay tribute to the city's multicultural founding  In particular, Our Lady of Mt  Carmel remains as a relic of the area's Mexican agriculture laborers while the Chinatown House stands as a reminder of the Chinese immigrants who labored in constructing the area's infrastructure In 1977, the unincorporated communities of Alta Loma, Cucamonga, and Etiwanda voted to incorporate, forming the city of Rancho Cucamonga 

Grapeland
The former community of Grapeland, first settled in 1869, lay roughly between today's Victoria Groves Park and Central Park  There was a schoolhouse which also doubled as a church  In 1890 an irrigation district was formed and $200,000 in bonds were sold to pay for improvements  The Sierra Vista reservoir was built in 1886-87 by J L  Scofield as the focal point of a network of irrigation pipes   The system was unused, however, because the bond issue was declared illegal  "Orchards and vineyards began to die," The Daily Report newspaper reported in a retrospective  "Residents moved out  The post office closed in 1905  Homes, buildings were destroyed or abandoned " The reservoir remained unused until 1956, when the Fontana Union Water Company filled it with 5 million gallons of water  The local school district was merged with the Etiwanda district in 1901  In 1957 the settlement was practically deserted, but there were still rabbit-proof stone walls marking boundaries of previous citrus orchards 

Geography
Rancho Cucamonga is part of the Inland Empire and San Bernardino County, a region that lies inland from the Pacific coast and directly east of Los Angeles County  Rancho Cucamonga is located about 37 mi (60 km) east of Los Angeles, bordered by Upland to its west, Ontario to its south, the San Gabriel Mountains to its north and I-15 and Fontana to its east  The city sits atop an alluvial plain and views of Cucamonga Peak, one of the tallest peaks of the San Gabriel Mountains, are available from all points throughout the city  The city has a total area of 39 9 sq mi (103 km2), 99 95% of which is land and 0 05% water 

Climate
The city's climate is classified as hot-summer Mediterranean, or Csa, under the Köppen climate classification system  Yearly precipitation is 17 68 in (449 mm) and the city experiences an average of 287 sunny days per year, compared to a national average of 205 days 

Demographics
2010
The 2010 United States Census reported that Rancho Cucamonga had a population of 165,269  The population density was 4,145 2 inhabitants per square mile (1,600 5/km2)  The racial makeup of Rancho Cucamonga was 102,401 (62 0%) White (42 7% Non-Hispanic White), 15,246 (9 2%) African American, 1,134 (0 7%) Native American, 17,208 (10 4%) Asian, 443 (0 3%) Pacific Islander, 19,878 (12 0%) from other races, and 8,959 (5 4%) from two or more races   There were 57,688 residents of Hispanic or Latino ancestry, of any race (34 9%) The census reported that 162,145 people (98 1% of the population) lived in households, 136 (0 1%) lived in non-institutionalized group quarters, and 2,988 (1 8%) were institutionalized Out of a total of 54,383 households, 23,055 (42 4%) had children under the age of 18 living in them, 30,533 (56 1%) were opposite-sex married couples living together, 7,514 (13 8%) had a female householder with no husband present, and 3,257 (6 0%) had a male householder with no wife present, as well as 2,995 (5 5%) unmarried opposite-sex partnerships and 425 (0 8%) same-sex married couples or partnerships  9,956 households (18 3%) were made up of individuals, and 2,679 (4 9%) had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older  The average household size was 2 98   Over the 41,304 families (76 0% of all households), the average family size was 2 90 The age distribution of the city was as follows: 42,550 people (25 7%) under the age of 18, 17,365 people (10 5%) aged 18 to 24, 48,600 people (29 4%) aged 25 to 44, 43,710 people (26 4%) aged 45 to 64, and 13,044 people (7 9%) who were 65 years of age or older   The median age was 34 5 years  For every 100 females, there were 97 6 males   For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 95 2 males There were 56,618 housing units at an average density of 1,420 1 per square mile (548 3/km2), of which 35,250 (64 8%) were owner-occupied, and 19,133 (35 2%) were occupied by renters  The homeowner vacancy rate was 1 6%; the rental vacancy rate was 5 2%   110,570 people (66 9% of the population) lived in owner-occupied housing units and 51,575 people (31 2%) lived in rental housing units During 2009–2013, Rancho Cucamonga had a median household income of $77,835, with 6 9% of the population living below the federal poverty line 

2000
As of the 2000 census, there were 127,743 people, 40,863 households, and 31,832 families residing in the city   The population density was 1,317 0/km2 (3,411 4/mi2)   There were 42,134 housing units at an average density of 434 4/km2 (1,125 2/mi2)   The racial makeup of the city was 66 53% White, 9 00% Asian, 0 67% Native American, 5 99% African American, 0 27% Pacific Islander, 13 25% from other races, and 5 41% from a biracial or multiracial background  Hispanic or Latino of any race were 27 78% of the population There were 40,863 households, of which 44 7% had children under the age of 18   60 2% of households consist of a married couple living together   12 8% had a female householder with no husband present   22 1% were non-families  16 8% of all households were single-person and 4 1% had a person of 65 years of age or older   The average household size was 3 04 and the average family size was 3 44 In the city, the population spread was as follows: 29 9% were under the age of 18, 9 9% were from 18 to 24, 33 2% were from 25 to 44, 21 0% were from 45 to 64, and 6 1% were 65 years of age or older   The median age was 32 years  For every 100 females, there were 100 1 males   For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 98 0 males The median income for a household in the city was $78,428 and the median income for a family was $91,240  Males had a median income of $50,288 versus $40,952 for females  The per capita income for the city was $23,702   About 4 9% of families and 7 1% of the population were below the poverty line, including 7 6% of those under age 18 and 7 3% of those age 65 or over 

Economy
While most of the city's land area is devoted to residential areas, Rancho Cucamonga, like its neighbors Ontario and Fontana, is a major center for the logistics industry in Southern California  This is due to its proximity to two interstate highways and Ontario International Airport, and the space afforded by the large tracts of former agricultural land in the southern section of the city In the area around Milliken Avenue, between Archibald and Etiwanda Avenues, Foothill Boulevard, and Fourth Street, about seven square miles of land are primarily occupied by numerous massive distribution centers, and even more, smaller manufacturing companies  This area is ringed by office parks, mostly along Haven Avenue, and shopping strips, such as the Terra Vista Town Center (part of a nearly two-square-mile master-planned community in the center of the city), and malls, such as Victoria Gardens, and the Ontario Mills, across Fourth Street in Ontario The city is also home to a CMC Steel (formerly Gerdau, formerly TAMCO Steel) minimill, the only producer of long steel in California  This mill recycles ferrous scrap, such as junked cars and appliances, to produce rebar The city hosts LoanMart Field, (formerly known as The Epicenter), a minor-league baseball stadium, home of the Rancho Cucamonga Quakes  The Quakes' mascot, Tremor, is a "Rallysaurus "

Victoria Gardens
Victoria Gardens is a lifestyle center near the eastern end of the city, at the intersection of Foothill and Day Creek Boulevards  Since the city had never developed a traditional commercial downtown like neighboring cities Ontario and Upland had, efforts were made in the design of Victoria Gardens to bring elements of more traditional and urban town design to what had historically been a suburban city  While retaining many characteristics of traditional shopping malls, such as large anchor stores, a food court, and vast parking lots and garages, the smaller stores are arranged as city blocks in a grid of two-lane streets, featuring lush landscaping and metered "teaser parking" in front of the stores, which open onto the sidewalk  There are two "Main Streets", which run from west to east across the center  Running from north to south between them is a pedestrian axis leading from one of the Macy's anchor stores, through a "town square" between a pair of mixed-use office buildings, to the Victoria Gardens Cultural Center, which contains the Lewis Playhouse (a 570-seat theater) and a branch of the city library  The east side of the development has Southern California's only Bass Pro Shops Outdoor World superstore; the 180,000-square-foot (17,000 m2) facility includes a Tracker Boat Center and the Islamorada Fish Company restaurant  There are restaurants throughout the center, both well-known chains and unique eateries, including California Pizza Kitchen, The Cheesecake Factory, Fleming's, Gyu-Kaku Japanese BBQ Dining, Johnny Rockets, King's Fish House, Lucille's Bar-B-Que, N7 Creamery, P F  Chang's China Bistro, Richie's Diner, T G I  Friday's, and Yard House  The center features a 12-screen AMC Theatre 

Top employers
According to the city's 2022 Comprehensive Annual Financial Report, the principal employers in the city are:

Government
Local government
Rancho Cucamonga is a General Law City, incorporated in 1977 under the "Council-Manager" form of local government  The four-member Council, plus the Mayor, City Clerk, and City Treasurer, are all elected at-large by the voters of the city  The Council then appoints the City Manager, who acts as the administrative head of the city government, and is responsible for the day-to-day operations, code enforcement, and the fiscal soundness of the municipal government  The council itself serves as a local legislative body  
The city's elections, which are plurality, are held on a Tuesday after the first Monday in November of even-numbered years 
L  Dennis Michael has been the city's mayor since 2011, with John Gillison as the city manager According to a city Comprehensive Annual Financial Report, the city's various funds had $278 3 million in revenues, $243 6 million in expenditures, $1,400 7 million in total assets, $492 1 million in total liabilities, and $583 3 million in cash and investments 

Politics
In the California State Legislature, Rancho Cucamonga is in the  23rd Senate District, represented by Republican Rosilicie Ochoa Bogh, and in the  40th Assembly District, represented by Democrat Pilar Schiavo In the United States House of Representatives, Rancho Cucamonga is in California's  33rd congressional district, represented by Democrat Pete Aguilar In 2005, the non-partisan Bay Area Center for Voting Research ranked Rancho Cucamonga as the 28th most conservative city in the United States 

Law enforcement
Since incorporation in 1977, law enforcement services in Rancho Cucamonga City have been provided through a contract with the San Bernardino County Sheriff's Department Rancho Cucamonga is also home to the Foothill Communities San Bernardino County Courthouse, which is housed in a building adjacent to the Rancho Cucamonga Civic Center, in a government complex located at Haven Avenue and Civic Center Drive in the city  The Civic Center houses the Rancho Cucamonga city hall, the city police department, and other local government offices 

Education
Schools
Rancho Cucamonga has multiple public K–12 schools, operating under several different school districts, within its borders: Alta Loma School District, Central School District, Cucamonga School District, Etiwanda School District, and Chaffey Joint Union High School District  Private schools include Upland Christian Academy  In addition, Rancho Cucamonga is the home to Chaffey College and satellite campuses of the University of La Verne, Cambridge College, University of Redlands, Everest College, and University of Phoenix, as well as the automotive trade school 
High Schools

Alta Loma High School
Etiwanda High School
Los Osos High School
Rancho Cucamonga High School

Libraries
The city of Rancho Cucamonga has two public libraries, with a combined total of over 200,000 volumes  The library at 7368 Archibald Avenue opened in 1994 and was remodeled in the summer of 2008  The Paul A  Biane library at 12505 Cultural Center Drive at the Victoria Gardens Cultural Center opened in August 2006  In 2013, the Rancho Cucamonga Public Library was a recipient of the National Medal for Museum and Library Services, the nation's highest honor that can be bestowed on a Library or Museum 

Infrastructure
Rancho Cucamonga's location at the base of the San Gabriel Mountains has necessitated the use of numerous control channels and basins to reduce the seasonal flood danger from the several streams descending from the range  In past years, some of the city's roads were known for flooding  Hermosa Avenue, in particular, now features many high curbs and extra-large storm drain grates to reduce flooding 

Transportation
Rancho Cucamonga is served by Omnitrans bus service,  train service from Metrolink's Rancho Cucamonga station on the San Bernardino Line, and nearby Ontario International Airport, one of four major Los Angeles-area passenger airports with multiple daily flights by most domestic carriers as well as a major shipping hub for companies like UPS and FedEx 
Interstate 15 (I-15) and State Route 210 (SR-210) run through Rancho Cucamonga as well as the historic U S  Route 66 (as Foothill Boulevard) 
I-15 sits atop an elevated berm, and cuts a curve through the southeastern part of the city, isolating a mostly industrial area, a small shopping center, and several housing tracts from the larger part of the city  Further north, I-15 forms part of the northeastern border with neighboring Fontana before entering the Cajon Pass through the San Gabriel Mountains  I-15 provides connectivity with the High Desert, Nevada, and points north for the Inland Empire and much of Southern California 
SR-210 runs nearly straight east–west through the northern part of the city, roughly bisecting the residential communities of Alta Loma and Etiwanda, providing connection (in addition to I-10 and SR-60) from the San Gabriel Valley and points west to the San Bernardino area 

Utilities
Rancho Cucamonga receives natural gas from the Southern California Gas Company  The city's water supply and sewage are managed by the Cucamonga Valley Water District  Garbage collection is by Burrtec Disposal, phone service is from Frontier Communications and cable TV is provided by Charter Communications Electric power in Rancho Cucamonga is provided by Southern California Edison and the Rancho Cucamonga Municipal Utility, and the city is also home to the Reliant Energy Etiwanda Generating Station, on Etiwanda Avenue  This facility, one of five Reliant stations in California, is a natural gas-fired power plant, which began operation in 1963  At 640 MW (860,000 hp) net capacity, it is Reliant's second-highest capacity plant on the West Coast  It utilizes four steam turbine generators; of which units three and four remained active after turbines one and two, as well as a combustion turbine, were retired in 2003 and 2004, respectively  Several systems are in place to control gas emissions, and annually, over 900,000,000 US gal (750,000,000 imp gal; 3 4 GL) of recycled water are used for cooling On November 29, 2011, the Inland Empire Utilities Agency installed the first wind turbine in Rancho Cucamonga 

In popular culture
The name "Cucamonga" became well known to fans of Jack Benny's popular radio program, in which an announcer, voiced by Mel Blanc, would call out: "Train leaving on track five for Anaheim, Azusa and Cu-camonga!" This running gag became so well known that it eventually led to a statue of Benny in Cucamonga The city is the primary setting of the TV series Workaholics and the feature film Next Friday  Further mention of the city was made in the Netflix series Unsolved 
The city was claimed as the location where the "Flamin' Hot" flavor of Cheetos was created in the 1980s at the Frito-Lay factory Cucamonga is referenced in the Grateful Dead song "Pride of Cucamonga" on the From the Mars Hotel album, and in "Cucamonga" on Frank Zappa’s album Bongo Fury 

See also
List of people from Rancho Cucamonga, California
List of U S  cities with large Hispanic populations
Passage 5:
Witbank
Witbank (), officially Emalahleni, is a city situated on the Highveld of Mpumalanga, South Africa, within the Emalahleni Local Municipality  The name Witbank is Afrikaans for "white ridge", and is named after a white sandstone outcrop where wagon transport drivers rested  The city is known for its coal-mining in the surrounding region 
Witbank was renamed to Emalahleni meaning the place of coal in 2006 by the government of Mpumalanga, matching the municipality 

History
Witbank was founded in 1890 and early attempts to exploit the coal deposits failed until the railway from Pretoria reached the area in 1894  It was proclaimed a town in 1903 and became a municipality in 1914 
There are many stories about the city and its origination but the top story would be the arrival of Winston Churchill at the nearby Transvaal and Delagoa Bay Colliery during his escape from Boer imprisonment in Pretoria, on his way to Delagoa Bay (later Lourenço Marques, and then Maputo, in Mozambique)  
Some local residents, loyal to the Crown, assisted him in hiding and making the final leg of his escape, thus gaining Witbank the consequent credit once the details of these events could be made known  The town has grown since then from a farming community into a business destination where companies such as Anglo American, BHP, Evraz, Eskom, Exxaro, Komatsu, the Renova Group, SABMiller, and Xstrata, among many others have found substantial returns on their investments 

Name change
On 3 March 2006, Witbank was officially renamed to Emalahleni, meaning place of coal matching the name of the municipality that contains it  A large number of signs to the town have already changed, but many still remain  Some landmarks bearing the name Witbank have remained, while others (such as the Witbank/Emalahleni dam) have been renamed 
Despite attempts by governing bodies to establish the use of the name, Emalahleni, for the city as well as for the district, locals still tend to call the city by its original name  Similarly to the anglicised pronunciation of Johannesburg, English-speaking residents pronounce the name as “wit•bank” and not as “vit•bunk” as in the original Afrikaans pronunciation, nor as “vit•bank” as English-speaking visitors are prone to say 

Transport
Witbank is located along the railway line linking Pretoria to Maputo and for many years served as the transport gateway to the Mozambiquean port  In recent years, this line has been under frequent threat of collapse due to underground coal fires in disused mines in the area 
Two national highways, the N4 from Pretoria and the N12 from Johannesburg, converge at Witbank and then continue to Komatipoort, on the border of Mozambique  Together, these routes form the Maputo Corridor, a strategically important alternative to the South African ports of Richards Bay and Durban on the Indian Ocean shores of the country 

Economy
Witbank is in a coal mining area with more than 22 collieries in the municipal radius  There are a number of power stations (such as the Duvha Power Station), as well as a steel mill (Evraz Highveld Steel and Vanadium Limited) nearby which all require coal  The farm land surrounding Witbank is fast being bought by investors, coal mining companies and real estate developers to accommodate the rapid growth of the city which is good for local businesses and residents  The region has the dirtiest air in the world due to the coal mining and plant power stations Likewise, the sustained growth of the commercial areas and suburbs has presented significant challenges to the municipal government  Potable water supplies, sewage treatment, electricity distribution, refuse collection and road maintenance are particularly affected, arousing sustained ire amongst the local residents  Relatively high summer rainfall since 2008 has caused significant damage to municipal roads, creating large numbers of potholes and leaving large amounts of debris on the road surfaces 

Demographics
The 2001 census found that Witbank had a population of 61,093, of which 50 6% were female and 49 4% male 
As of 2011 (Statistics South Africa) the city's population stood at 108,674 people 

Ethnic groups
According to the 2011 census the largest ethnic groups in Witbank were Black African at 48 1%, Whites at 46 8% and the remainder consisting of Coloureds (2 0%) and Asians (2 5%) 

Language
Among the white population, Witbank (like the rest of Mpumalanga) is mainly Afrikaans speaking  The Black population speak mostly isiZulu, isiSwati, and isiNdebele, and Asians mostly English  According to the 2001 census the largest languages in Witbank were: Afrikaans (48 8%), Zulu (23 1%), English (11 7%), Northern Sotho (5 2%) and Swazi (3 0%) 

Communities
To the west of the city, two large communities, Vosman and Kwa-Guqa (“the Place of Kneeling” in Zulu), and two smaller communities, Lynnville, Ackerville and Schoongesicht, are home to approximately 440,000 (in 2005) residents, predominantly black  While many of these residents aspire to relocate to the more spacious suburbs around the city center, generally this has only been affordable to a few thousand, due to the prices of the suburban real estate  There are now communities on the northwest side of the city that have been established at Pine Ridge (consisting predominantly of Indian residents), Klarinet and Siyanqoba  Pressure to develop the city's suburbs has been exacerbated by the gradual de-population of the surrounding colliery villages as well as the continued development of new coal-fired power stations in the area 

Tourism
As Witbank is en route to travellers  from the Gauteng province to the Kruger National Park, attempts have been made to capture some of the potential tourist spend  Apart from a few hotels, there are many guest houses  These vary from the utilitarian to the luxurious, and also cater for many of the business travellers visiting Witbank as well as those travelling to Mbombela, eSwatini and Mozambique  A casino complex is accessible within a few hundred meters from the N4 highway, providing two hotels, cinemas, ten-pin bowling and restaurants as well as the traditional gambling facilities  The Highveld Mall is built immediately next to the casino and is a retail hub for locals as well as for many residents of towns in the vicinity 

Witbank dam
The Witbank dam is reputed to be the largest municipal dam in South Africa  Once a thriving resort for camping, water-sports and animal viewing, the area has come under increasing criticism due to degradation of the facilities 

Notable people
Anneline Kriel, Miss World of 1974, was born and brought up in Witbank 
Jackson Mthembu, South  African politician born in Witbank
Hugh Masekela, international jazz artist was born in Witbank 
Lindiwe Ntshalintshali,  MEC for the Mpumalanga Department of Culture, Sports and Recreation  Former Deputy President of the South African Local Government Association (SALGA)
Francois Pienaar, Captain of 1995 Springbok rugby team who won the world cup 
Percy Tau, (born 13 May 1994) in Witbank is a South African professional footballer
Leon Labuschagne, para-Olympic gold medalist for discus and shotput

Sport
Witbank was the home town of the Mpumalanga Black Aces who are dissolved football team and used to be the home town of the Pumas provincial rugby union which has since moved to Mbombela 

See also
Roman Catholic Diocese of Witbank
Witbank Spurs F C  – A football club based in Witbank
Tshwane University of Technology - Witbank Campus (incl  Mabaleng Residence)
Witbank magistrate Court
Passage 6:
Geography of Thiruvananthapuram
The Indian city of Thiruvananthapuram is located in Thiruvananthapuram district in the state of Kerala  The city is located at 8 5°N 76
Context 3: Passage 1:
Rabi cycle
In physics, the Rabi cycle (or Rabi flop) is the cyclic behaviour of a two-level quantum system in the presence of an oscillatory driving field  A great variety of physical processes belonging to the areas of quantum computing, condensed matter, atomic and molecular physics, and nuclear and particle physics can be conveniently studied in terms of two-level quantum mechanical systems, and exhibit Rabi flopping when coupled to an optical driving field  The effect is important in quantum optics, magnetic resonance and quantum computing, and is named after Isidor Isaac Rabi 
A two-level system is one that has two possible energy levels  These two levels are a ground state with lower energy and an excited state with higher energy  If the energy levels are not degenerate (i e  not having equal energies), the system can absorb a quantum of energy and transition from the ground state to the "excited" state  When an atom (or some other two-level system) is illuminated by a coherent beam of photons, it will cyclically absorb photons and re-emit them by stimulated emission  One such cycle is called a Rabi cycle, and the inverse of its duration is the Rabi frequency of the photon beam  The effect can be modeled using the Jaynes–Cummings model and the Bloch vector formalism 

Mathematical description
A detailed mathematical description of the effect can be found on the page for the Rabi problem  For example, for a two-state atom (an atom in which an electron can either be in the excited or ground state) in an electromagnetic field with frequency tuned to the excitation energy, the probability of finding the atom in the excited state is found from the Bloch equations to be

  
    
      
        
          |
        
        
          c
          
            b
          
        
        (
        t
        )
        
          
            |
          
          
            2
          
        
        ∝
        
          sin
          
            2
          
        
        ⁡
        (
        ω
        t
        
          /
        
        2
        )
        ,
      
    
    {\displaystyle |c_{b}(t)|^{2}\propto \sin ^{2}(\omega t/2),}
  where 
  
    
      
        ω
      
    
    {\displaystyle \omega }
   is the Rabi frequency 
More generally, one can consider a system where the two levels under consideration are not energy eigenstates  Therefore, if the system is initialized in one of these levels, time evolution will make the population of each of the levels oscillate with some characteristic frequency, whose angular frequency is also known as the Rabi frequency  The state of a two-state quantum system can be represented as vectors of a two-dimensional complex Hilbert space, which means that every state vector 
  
    
      
        
          |
        
        ψ
        ⟩
      
    
    {\displaystyle |\psi \rangle }
   is represented by complex coordinates:

  
    
      
        
          |
        
        ψ
        ⟩
        =
        
          
            (
            
              
                
                  
                    c
                    
                      1
                    
                  
                
              
              
                
                  
                    c
                    
                      2
                    
                  
                
              
            
            )
          
        
        =
        
          c
          
            1
          
        
        
          
            (
            
              
                
                  1
                
              
              
                
                  0
                
              
            
            )
          
        
        +
        
          c
          
            2
          
        
        
          
            (
            
              
                
                  0
                
              
              
                
                  1
                
              
            
            )
          
        
        ,
      
    
    {\displaystyle |\psi \rangle ={\begin{pmatrix}c_{1}\\c_{2}\end{pmatrix}}=c_{1}{\begin{pmatrix}1\\0\end{pmatrix}}+c_{2}{\begin{pmatrix}0\\1\end{pmatrix}},}
  where 
  
    
      
        
          c
          
            1
          
        
      
    
    {\displaystyle c_{1}}
   and 
  
    
      
        
          c
          
            2
          
        
      
    
    {\displaystyle c_{2}}
   are the coordinates If the vectors are normalized, 
  
    
      
        
          c
          
            1
          
        
      
    
    {\displaystyle c_{1}}
   and 
  
    
      
        
          c
          
            2
          
        
      
    
    {\displaystyle c_{2}}
   are related by 
  
    
      
        
          |
        
        
          c
          
            1
          
        
        
          
            |
          
          
            2
          
        
        +
        
          |
        
        
          c
          
            2
          
        
        
          
            |
          
          
            2
          
        
        =
        1
      
    
    {\displaystyle |c_{1}|^{2}+|c_{2}|^{2}=1}
    The basis vectors will be represented as 
  
    
      
        
          |
        
        0
        ⟩
        =
        
          
            (
            
              
                
                  1
                
              
              
                
                  0
                
              
            
            )
          
        
      
    
    {\displaystyle |0\rangle ={\begin{pmatrix}1\\0\end{pmatrix}}}
   and 
  
    
      
        
          |
        
        1
        ⟩
        =
        
          
            (
            
              
                
                  0
                
              
              
                
                  1
                
              
            
            )
          
        
      
    
    {\displaystyle |1\rangle ={\begin{pmatrix}0\\1\end{pmatrix}}}
   
All observable physical quantities associated with this systems are 2 × 2 Hermitian matrices, which means that the Hamiltonian of the system is also a similar matrix 

Procedure
One can construct an oscillation experiment through the following steps:
Prepare the system in a fixed state; for example, 
  
    
      
        
          |
        
        1
        ⟩
      
    
    {\displaystyle |1\rangle }
  
Let the state evolve freely, under a Hamiltonian H for time t
Find the probability 
  
    
      
        P
        (
        t
        )
      
    
    {\displaystyle P(t)}
  , that the state is in 
  
    
      
        
          |
        
        1
        ⟩
      
    
    {\displaystyle |1\rangle }
  If 
  
    
      
        
          |
        
        1
        ⟩
      
    
    {\displaystyle |1\rangle }
   is an eigenstate of H, 
  
    
      
        P
        (
        t
        )
        =
        1
      
    
    {\displaystyle P(t)=1}
   and there will be no oscillations  Also if the two states 
  
    
      
        
          |
        
        0
        ⟩
      
    
    {\displaystyle |0\rangle }
   and 
  
    
      
        
          |
        
        1
        ⟩
      
    
    {\displaystyle |1\rangle }
   are degenerate, every state including 
  
    
      
        
          |
        
        1
        ⟩
      
    
    {\displaystyle |1\rangle }
   is an eigenstate of H  As a result, there will be no oscillations 
On the other hand, if H has no degenerate eigenstates, and the initial state is not an eigenstate, then there will be oscillations  The most general form of the Hamiltonian of a two-state system is given

  
    
      
        
          H
        
        =
        
          
            (
            
              
                
                  
                    a
                    
                      0
                    
                  
                  +
                  
                    a
                    
                      3
                    
                  
                
                
                  
                    a
                    
                      1
                    
                  
                  −
                  i
                  
                    a
                    
                      2
                    
                  
                
              
              
                
                  
                    a
                    
                      1
                    
                  
                  +
                  i
                  
                    a
                    
                      2
                    
                  
                
                
                  
                    a
                    
                      0
                    
                  
                  −
                  
                    a
                    
                      3
                    
                  
                
              
            
            )
          
        
      
    
    {\displaystyle \mathbf {H} ={\begin{pmatrix}a_{0}+a_{3}&a_{1}-ia_{2}\\a_{1}+ia_{2}&a_{0}-a_{3}\end{pmatrix}}}
  here, 
  
    
      
        
          a
          
            0
          
        
        ,
        
          a
          
            1
          
        
        ,
        
          a
          
            2
          
        
      
    
    {\displaystyle a_{0},a_{1},a_{2}}
   and 
  
    
      
        
          a
          
            3
          
        
      
    
    {\displaystyle a_{3}}
   are real numbers  This matrix can be decomposed as,

  
    
      
        
          H
        
        =
        
          a
          
            0
          
        
        ⋅
        
          σ
          
            0
          
        
        +
        
          a
          
            1
          
        
        ⋅
        
          σ
          
            1
          
        
        +
        
          a
          
            2
          
        
        ⋅
        
          σ
          
            2
          
        
        +
        
          a
          
            3
          
        
        ⋅
        
          σ
          
            3
          
        
        ;
      
    
    {\displaystyle \mathbf {H} =a_{0}\cdot \sigma _{0}+a_{1}\cdot \sigma _{1}+a_{2}\cdot \sigma _{2}+a_{3}\cdot \sigma _{3};}
  The matrix 
  
    
      
        
          σ
          
            0
          
        
      
    
    {\displaystyle \sigma _{0}}
   is the 2 
  
    
      
        ×
      
    
    {\displaystyle \times }
   2 identity matrix and the matrices 
  
    
      
        
          σ
          
            k
          
        
        
        (
        k
        =
        1
        ,
        2
        ,
        3
        )
      
    
    {\displaystyle \sigma _{k}\;(k=1,2,3)}
   are the Pauli matrices  This decomposition simplifies the analysis of the system especially in the time-independent case where the values of 
  
    
      
        
          a
          
            0
          
        
        ,
        
          a
          
            1
          
        
        ,
        
          a
          
            2
          
        
      
    
    {\displaystyle a_{0},a_{1},a_{2}}
   and 
  
    
      
        
          a
          
            3
          
        
      
    
    {\displaystyle a_{3}}
  are constants  Consider the case of a spin-1/2 particle in a magnetic field 
  
    
      
        
          B
        
        =
        B
        
          
            
              z
              ^
            
          
        
      
    
    {\displaystyle \mathbf {B} =B\mathbf {\hat {z}} }
    The interaction Hamiltonian for this system is

  
    
      
        
          H
        
        =
        −
        
          μ
        
        ⋅
        
          B
        
        =
        −
        γ
        
          S
        
        ⋅
        
          B
        
        =
        −
        γ
         
        B
         
        
          S
          
            z
          
        
      
    
    {\displaystyle \mathbf {H} =-{\boldsymbol {\mu }}\cdot \mathbf {B} =-\gamma \mathbf {S} \cdot \mathbf {B} =-\gamma \ B\ S_{z}}
  , 
  
    
      
        
          S
          
            z
          
        
        =
        
          
            ℏ
            2
          
        
        
        
          σ
          
            3
          
        
        =
        
          
            ℏ
            2
          
        
        
          
            (
            
              
                
                  1
                
                
                  0
                
              
              
                
                  0
                
                
                  −
                  1
                
              
            
            )
          
        
        ,
      
    
    {\displaystyle S_{z}={\frac {\hbar }{2}}\,\sigma _{3}={\frac {\hbar }{2}}{\begin{pmatrix}1&0\\0&-1\end{pmatrix}},}
  where 
  
    
      
        μ
      
    
    {\displaystyle \mu }
   is the magnitude of the particle's magnetic moment, 
  
    
      
        γ
      
    
    {\displaystyle \gamma }
   is the Gyromagnetic ratio and 
  
    
      
        
          σ
        
      
    
    {\displaystyle {\boldsymbol {\sigma }}}
   is the vector of Pauli matrices  Here the eigenstates of Hamiltonian are eigenstates of 
  
    
      
        
          σ
          
            3
          
        
      
    
    {\displaystyle \sigma _{3}}
  , that is 
  
    
      
        
          |
        
        0
        ⟩
      
    
    {\displaystyle |0\rangle }
   and 
  
    
      
        
          |
        
        1
        ⟩
      
    
    {\displaystyle |1\rangle }
  , with corresponding eigenvalues of 
  
    
      
        
          E
          
            +
          
        
        =
        
          
            ℏ
            2
          
        
        γ
        B
         
        ,
         
        
          E
          
            −
          
        
        =
        −
        
          
            ℏ
            2
          
        
        γ
        B
      
    
    {\displaystyle E_{+}={\frac {\hbar }{2}}\gamma B\ ,\ E_{-}=-{\frac {\hbar }{2}}\gamma B}
    The probability that a system in the state 
  
    
      
        
          |
        
        ψ
        ⟩
      
    
    {\displaystyle |\psi \rangle }
   can be found in the arbitrary state 
  
    
      
        
          |
        
        ϕ
        ⟩
      
    
    {\displaystyle |\phi \rangle }
   is given by 
  
    
      
        
          
            
              |
            
            ⟨
            ϕ
            
              |
            
            ψ
            ⟩
            
              |
            
          
          
            2
          
        
      
    
    {\displaystyle {|\langle \phi |\psi \rangle |}^{2}}
   
Let the system be prepared in state 
  
    
      
        
          |
          
            +
            X
          
          ⟩
        
      
    
    {\displaystyle \left|+X\right\rangle }
   at time 
  
    
      
        t
        =
        0
      
    
    {\displaystyle t=0}
    Note that 
  
    
      
        
          |
          
            +
            X
          
          ⟩
        
      
    
    {\displaystyle \left|+X\right\rangle }
   is an eigenstate of 
  
    
      
        
          σ
          
            1
          
        
      
    
    {\displaystyle \sigma _{1}}
  :

  
    
      
        
          |
        
        ψ
        (
        0
        )
        ⟩
        =
        
          
            1
            
              2
            
          
        
        
          
            (
            
              
                
                  1
                
              
              
                
                  1
                
              
            
            )
          
        
        =
        
          
            1
            
              2
            
          
        
        
          
            (
            
              
                
                  1
                
              
              
                
                  0
                
              
            
            )
          
        
        +
        
          
            1
            
              2
            
          
        
        
          
            (
            
              
                
                  0
                
              
              
                
                  1
                
              
            
            )
          
        
         
      
    
    {\displaystyle |\psi (0)\rangle ={\frac {1}{\sqrt {2}}}{\begin{pmatrix}1\\1\end{pmatrix}}={\frac {1}{\sqrt {2}}}{\begin{pmatrix}1\\0\end{pmatrix}}+{\frac {1}{\sqrt {2}}}{\begin{pmatrix}0\\1\end{pmatrix}} }
  Here the Hamiltonian is time independent  Thus by solving the stationary Schrödinger equation, the state after time t is given by  with total energy of the system 
  
    
      
        E
      
    
    {\displaystyle E}
    So the state after time t is given by:

  
    
      
        
          |
        
        ψ
        (
        t
        )
        ⟩
        =
        
          e
          
            
              
                −
                i
                
                  E
                  
                    +
                  
                
                t
              
              ℏ
            
          
        
        
          
            1
            
              2
            
          
        
        
          |
        
        0
        ⟩
        +
        
          e
          
            
              
                −
                i
                
                  E
                  
                    −
                  
                
                t
              
              ℏ
            
          
        
        
          
            1
            
              2
            
          
        
        
          |
        
        1
        ⟩
      
    
    {\displaystyle |\psi (t)\rangle =e^{\frac {-iE_{+}t}{\hbar }}{\frac {1}{\sqrt {2}}}|0\rangle +e^{\frac {-iE_{-}t}{\hbar }}{\frac {1}{\sqrt {2}}}|1\rangle }
   Now suppose the spin is measured in x-direction at time t  The probability of finding spin-up is given by:where 
  
    
      
        ω
      
    
    {\displaystyle \omega }
   is a characteristic angular frequency given by 
  
    
      
        ω
        =
        
          
            
              
                E
                
                  +
                
              
              −
              
                E
                
                  −
                
              
            
            ℏ
          
        
        =
        γ
        B
      
    
    {\displaystyle \omega ={\frac {E_{+}-E_{-}}{\hbar }}=\gamma B}
  , where it has been assumed that 
  
    
      
        
          E
          
            −
          
        
        ≤
        
          E
          
            +
          
        
      
    
    {\displaystyle E_{-}\leq E_{+}}
    So in this case the probability of finding spin-up in x-direction is oscillatory in time 
  
    
      
        t
      
    
    {\displaystyle t}
   when the system's spin is initially in the 
  
    
      
        
          |
          
            +
            X
          
          ⟩
        
      
    
    {\displaystyle \left|+X\right\rangle }
   direction  Similarly, if we measure the spin in the 
  
    
      
        
          |
          
            +
            Z
          
          ⟩
        
      
    
    {\displaystyle \left|+Z\right\rangle }
  -direction, the probability of measuring spin as 
  
    
      
        
          
            
              ℏ
              2
            
          
        
      
    
    {\displaystyle {\tfrac {\hbar }{2}}}
   of the system is 
  
    
      
        
          
            
              1
              2
            
          
        
      
    
    {\displaystyle {\tfrac {1}{2}}}
    In the degenerate case where 
  
    
      
        
          E
          
            +
          
        
        =
        
          E
          
            −
          
        
      
    
    {\displaystyle E_{+}=E_{-}}
  , the characteristic frequency is 0 and there is no oscillation 
Notice that if a system is in an eigenstate of a given Hamiltonian, the system remains in that state 
This is true even for time dependent Hamiltonians  Taking for example 
  
    
      
        
          
            
              H
              ^
            
          
        
        =
        −
        γ
         
        
          S
          
            z
          
        
        B
        sin
        ⁡
        (
        ω
        t
        )
      
    
    {\textstyle {\hat {H}}=-\gamma \ S_{z}B\sin(\omega t)}
  ; if the system's initial spin state is 
  
    
      
        
          |
          
            +
            Y
          
          ⟩
        
      
    
    {\displaystyle \left|+Y\right\rangle }
  , then the probability that a measurement of the spin in the y-direction results in 
  
    
      
        +
        
          
            
              ℏ
              2
            
          
        
      
    
    {\displaystyle +{\tfrac {\hbar }{2}}}
   at time 
  
    
      
        t
      
    
    {\displaystyle t}
   is 
  
    
      
        
          
            
              |
              
                ⟨
                
                  
                  +
                  Y
                  
                    |
                  
                  ψ
                  (
                  t
                  )
                
                ⟩
              
              |
            
          
          
            2
          
        
        
        =
        
          cos
          
            2
          
        
        ⁡
        
          (
          
            
              
                
                  γ
                  B
                
                
                  2
                  ω
                
              
            
            cos
            ⁡
            
              (
              
                ω
                t
              
              )
            
          
          )
        
      
    
    {\textstyle {\left|\left\langle \,+Y|\psi (t)\right\rangle \right|}^{2}\,=\cos ^{2}\left({\frac {\gamma B}{2\omega }}\cos \left({\omega t}\right)\right)}
   

Derivation using nonperturbative procedure by means of the Pauli matrices
Consider a Hamiltonian of the formThe eigenvalues of this matrix are given bywhere 
  
    
      
        
          W
        
        =
        
          W
          
            1
          
        
        +
        i
        
          W
          
            2
          
        
      
    
    {\displaystyle \mathbf {W} =W_{1}+iW_{2}}
   and 
  
    
      
        
          
            
              |
              W
              |
            
          
          
            2
          
        
        =
        
          
            
              W
              
                1
              
            
          
          
            2
          
        
        +
        
          
            
              W
              
                2
              
            
          
          
            2
          
        
        =
        W
        
          W
          
            ∗
          
        
      
    
    {\displaystyle {\left\vert W\right\vert }^{2}={W_{1}}^{2}+{W_{2}}^{2}=WW^{*}}
  , so we can take 
  
    
      
        
          W
        
        =
        
          
            |
            W
            |
          
        
        
          e
          
            i
            ϕ
          
        
      
    
    {\displaystyle \mathbf {W} ={\left\vert W\right\vert }e^{i\phi }}
   
Now, eigenvectors for 
  
    
      
        
          E
          
            +
          
        
      
    
    {\displaystyle E_{+}}
   can be found from equationSoApplying the normalization condition on the eigenvectors, 
  
    
      
        
          
            
              |
              a
              |
            
          
          
            2
          
        
        +
        
          
            
              |
              b
              |
            
          
          
            2
          
        
        =
        1
      
    
    {\displaystyle {\left\vert a\right\vert }^{2}+{\left\vert b\right\vert }^{2}=1}
    SoLet 
  
    
      
        sin
        ⁡
        θ
        =
        
          
            
              |
              W
              |
            
            
              
                
                  Δ
                
                
                  2
                
              
              +
              
                
                  
                    |
                    W
                    |
                  
                
                
                  2
                
              
            
          
        
      
    
    {\displaystyle \sin \theta ={\frac {\left\vert W\right\vert }{\sqrt {{\Delta }^{2}+{\left\vert W\right\vert }^{2}}}}}
   and 
  
    
      
        cos
        ⁡
        θ
        =
        
          
            Δ
            
              
                
                  Δ
                
                
                  2
                
              
              +
              
                
                  
                    |
                    W
                    |
                  
                
                
                  2
                
              
            
          
        
      
    
    {\displaystyle \cos \theta ={\frac {\Delta }{\sqrt {{\Delta }^{2}+{\left\vert W\right\vert }^{2}}}}}
    So 
  
    
      
        tan
        ⁡
        θ
        =
        
          
            
              |
              W
              |
            
            Δ
          
        
      
    
    {\displaystyle \tan \theta ={\frac {\left\vert W\right\vert }{\Delta }}}
   
So we get 
  
    
      
        
          
            
              |
              a
              |
            
          
          
            2
          
        
        +
        
          
            
              |
              a
              |
            
          
          
            2
          
        
        
          
            
              (
              
                1
                −
                cos
                ⁡
                θ
              
              
                )
                
                  2
                
              
            
            
              
                sin
                
                  2
                
              
              ⁡
              θ
            
          
        
        =
        1
      
    
    {\textstyle {\left\vert a\right\vert }^{2}+{\left\vert a\right\vert }^{2}{\frac {({1-\cos \theta })^{2}}{\sin ^{2}\theta }}=1}
    That is 
  
    
      
        
          
            
              |
              a
              |
            
          
          
            2
          
        
        =
        
          cos
          
            2
          
        
        ⁡
        
          (
          
            
              
                θ
                2
              
            
          
          )
        
      
    
    {\displaystyle {\left\vert a\right\vert }^{2}=\cos ^{2}\left({\tfrac {\theta }{2}}\right)}
  , using the identity 
  
    
      
        tan
        ⁡
        (
        
          
            
              θ
              2
            
          
        
        )
        =
        
          
            
              
                1
                −
                cos
                ⁡
                (
                θ
                )
              
              
                sin
                ⁡
                (
                θ
                )
              
            
          
        
      
    
    {\textstyle \tan({\tfrac {\theta }{2}})={\tfrac {1-\cos(\theta )}{\sin(\theta )}}}
   
The phase of 
  
    
      
        a
      
    
    {\textstyle a}
   relative to 
  
    
      
        b
      
    
    {\textstyle b}
   should be 
  
    
      
        −
        ϕ
      
    
    {\textstyle -\phi }
   
Choosing 
  
    
      
        a
      
    
    {\textstyle a}
   to be real, the eigenvector for the eigenvalue 
  
    
      
        
          E
          
            +
          
        
      
    
    {\displaystyle E_{+}}
   is given bySimilarly, the eigenvector for eigenenergy 
  
    
      
        
          E
          
            −
          
        
      
    
    {\textstyle E_{-}}
   isFrom these two equations, we can writeSuppose the system starts in state 
  
    
      
        
          |
        
        0
        ⟩
      
    
    {\displaystyle |0\rangle }
   at time 
  
    
      
        t
        =
        0
      
    
    {\textstyle t=0}
  ; that is,For a time-independent Hamiltonian, after time t, the state evolves asIf the system is in one of the eigenstates 
  
    
      
        
          |
        
        
          E
          
            +
          
        
        ⟩
      
    
    {\displaystyle |E_{+}\rangle }
   or 
  
    
      
        
          |
        
        
          E
          
            −
          
        
        ⟩
      
    
    {\displaystyle |E_{-}\rangle }
  , it will remain the same state  However, for a time-dependent Hamiltonian and a general initial state as shown above, the time evolution is non trivial   The resulting formula for the Rabi oscillation is valid because the state of the spin may be viewed in a reference frame that rotates along with the field The probability amplitude of finding the system at time t in the state 
  
    
      
        
          |
        
        1
        ⟩
      
    
    {\displaystyle |1\rangle }
   is given by 
  
    
      
        
          ⟨
          
             
            1
            
              |
            
            ψ
            (
            t
            )
          
          ⟩
        
        =
        
          e
          
            i
            ϕ
          
        
        sin
        ⁡
        
          (
          
            
              
                θ
                2
              
            
          
          )
        
        cos
        ⁡
        
          (
          
            
              
                θ
                2
              
            
          
          )
        
        
          (
          
            
              e
              
                
                  
                    −
                    i
                    
                      E
                      
                        +
                      
                    
                    t
                  
                  ℏ
                
              
            
            −
            
              e
              
                
                  
                    −
                    i
                    
                      E
                      
                        −
                      
                    
                    t
                  
                  ℏ
                
              
            
          
          )
        
      
    
    {\textstyle \left\langle \ 1|\psi (t)\right\rangle =e^{i\phi }\sin \left({\tfrac {\theta }{2}}\right)\cos \left({\tfrac {\theta }{2}}\right)\left(e^{\frac {-iE_{+}t}{\hbar }}-e^{\frac {-iE_{-}t}{\hbar }}\right)}
   
Now the probability that a system in the state 
  
    
      
        
          |
        
        ψ
        (
        t
        )
        ⟩
      
    
    {\displaystyle |\psi (t)\rangle }
   will be found to be in the state 
  
    
      
        
          |
        
        1
        ⟩
      
    
    {\textstyle |1\rangle }
   is given byThis can be simplified to 

This shows that there is a finite probability of finding the system in state 
  
    
      
        
          |
        
        1
        ⟩
      
    
    {\displaystyle |1\rangle }
   when the system is originally in the state 
  
    
      
        
          |
        
        0
        ⟩
      
    
    {\displaystyle |0\rangle }
    The probability is oscillatory with angular frequency 
  
    
      
        ω
        =
        
          
            
              
                E
                
                  +
                
              
              −
              
                E
                
                  −
                
              
            
            
              2
              ℏ
            
          
        
        =
        
          
            
              
                
                  Δ
                
                
                  2
                
              
              +
              
                
                  
                    |
                    W
                    |
                  
                
                
                  2
                
              
            
            ℏ
          
        
      
    
    {\displaystyle \omega ={\frac {E_{+}-E_{-}}{2\hbar }}={\frac {\sqrt {{\Delta }^{2}+{\left\vert W\right\vert }^{2}}}{\hbar }}}
  , which is simply unique Bohr frequency of the system and also called Rabi frequency  The formula (1) is known as Rabi formula  Now after time t the probability that the system in state 
  
    
      
        
          |
        
        0
        ⟩
      
    
    {\displaystyle |0\rangle }
   is given by 
  
    
      
        
          
            
              |
            
            ⟨
             
            0
            
              |
            
            ψ
            (
            t
            )
            ⟩
            
              |
            
          
          
            2
          
        
        =
        1
        −
        
          sin
          
            2
          
        
        ⁡
        (
        θ
        )
        
          sin
          
            2
          
        
        ⁡
        
          (
          
            
              
                (
                
                  E
                  
                    +
                  
                
                −
                
                  E
                  
                    −
                  
                
                )
                t
              
              
                2
                ℏ
              
            
          
          )
        
      
    
    {\displaystyle {|\langle \ 0|\psi (t)\rangle |}^{2}=1-\sin ^{2}(\theta )\sin ^{2}\left({\frac {(E_{+}-E_{-})t}{2\hbar }}\right)}
  , which is also oscillatory 
These types of oscillations of two-level systems are called Rabi oscillations, which arise in many problems such as Neutrino oscillation, the ionized Hydrogen molecule, Quantum computing, Ammonia maser, etc 

In quantum computing
Any two-state quantum system can be used to model a qubit   Consider a spin-
  
    
      
        
          
            
              1
              2
            
          
        
      
    
    {\displaystyle {\tfrac {1}{2}}}
   system with magnetic moment 
  
    
      
        
          μ
        
      
    
    {\displaystyle {\boldsymbol {\mu }}}
   placed in a classical magnetic field 
  
    
      
        
          B
        
        =
        
          B
          
            0
          
        
         
        
          
            
              z
              ^
            
          
        
        +
        
          B
          
            1
          
        
        
          (
          
            cos
            ⁡
            
              (
              ω
              t
              )
            
             
            
              
                
                  x
                  ^
                
              
            
            −
            sin
            ⁡
            
              (
              ω
              t
              )
            
             
            
              
                
                  y
                  ^
                
              
            
          
          )
        
      
    
    {\displaystyle {\boldsymbol {B}}=B_{0}\ {\hat {z}}+B_{1}\left(\cos {(\omega t)}\ {\hat {x}}-\sin {(\omega t)}\ {\hat {y}}\right)}
     Let 
  
    
      
        γ
      
    
    {\displaystyle \gamma }
   be the gyromagnetic ratio for the system  The magnetic moment is thus 
  
    
      
        
          μ
        
        =
        
          
            ℏ
            2
          
        
        γ
        
          σ
        
      
    
    {\displaystyle {\boldsymbol {\mu }}={\frac {\hbar }{2}}\gamma {\boldsymbol {\sigma }}}
     The Hamiltonian of this system is then given by 
  
    
      
        
          H
        
        =
        −
        
          μ
        
        ⋅
        
          B
        
        =
        −
        
          
            ℏ
            2
          
        
        
          ω
          
            0
          
        
        
          σ
          
            z
          
        
        −
        
          
            ℏ
            2
          
        
        
          ω
          
            1
          
        
        (
        
          σ
          
            x
          
        
        cos
        ⁡
        ω
        t
        −
        
          σ
          
            y
          
        
        sin
        ⁡
        ω
        t
        )
      
    
    {\displaystyle \mathbf {H} =-{\boldsymbol {\mu }}\cdot \mathbf {B} =-{\frac {\hbar }{2}}\omega _{0}\sigma _{z}-{\frac {\hbar }{2}}\omega _{1}(\sigma _{x}\cos \omega t-\sigma _{y}\sin \omega t)}
   where 
  
    
      
        
          ω
          
            0
          
        
        =
        γ
        
          B
          
            0
          
        
      
    
    {\displaystyle \omega _{0}=\gamma B_{0}}
   and 
  
    
      
        
          ω
          
            1
          
        
        =
        γ
        
          B
          
            1
          
        
      
    
    {\displaystyle \omega _{1}=\gamma B_{1}}
     One can find the eigenvalues and eigenvectors of this Hamiltonian by the above-mentioned procedure   Now, let the qubit be in state 
  
    
      
        
          |
        
        0
        ⟩
      
    
    {\displaystyle |0\rangle }
   at time 
  
    
      
        t
        =
        0
      
    
    {\displaystyle t=0}
     Then, at time 
  
    
      
        t
      
    
    {\displaystyle t}
  , the probability of it being found in state 
  
    
      
        
          |
        
        1
        ⟩
      
    
    {\displaystyle |1\rangle }
   is given by  
  
    
      
        
          P
          
            0
            →
            1
          
        
        (
        t
        )
        =
        
          
            (
            
              
                
                  ω
                  
                    1
                  
                
                Ω
              
            
            )
          
          
            2
          
        
        
          sin
          
            2
          
        
        ⁡
        
          (
          
            
              
                Ω
                t
              
              2
            
          
          )
        
      
    
    {\displaystyle P_{0\to 1}(t)=\left({\frac {\omega _{1}}{\Omega }}\right)^{2}\sin ^{2}\left({\frac {\Omega t}{2}}\right)}
   where 
  
    
      
        Ω
        =
        
          
            (
            ω
            −
            
              ω
              
                0
              
            
            
              )
              
                2
              
            
            +
            
              ω
              
                1
              
              
                2
              
            
          
        
      
    
    {\displaystyle \Omega ={\sqrt {(\omega -\omega _{0})^{2}+\omega _{1}^{2}}}}
     This phenomenon is called Rabi oscillation   Thus, the qubit oscillates between the 
  
    
      
        
          |
        
        0
        ⟩
      
    
    {\displaystyle |0\rangle }
   and 
  
    
      
        
          |
        
        1
        ⟩
      
    
    {\displaystyle |1\rangle }
   states  The maximum amplitude for oscillation is achieved at 
  
    
      
        ω
        =
        
          ω
          
            0
          
        
      
    
    {\displaystyle \omega =\omega _{0}}
  , which is the condition for resonance  At resonance, the transition probability is given by 
  
    
      
        
          P
          
            0
            →
            1
          
        
        (
        t
        )
        =
        
          sin
          
            2
          
        
        ⁡
        
          (
          
            
              
                
                  ω
                  
                    1
                  
                
                t
              
              2
            
          
          )
        
      
    
    {\displaystyle P_{0\to 1}(t)=\sin ^{2}\left({\frac {\omega _{1}t}{2}}\right)}
    To go from state 
  
    
      
        
          |
        
        0
        ⟩
      
    
    {\displaystyle |0\rangle }
   to state 
  
    
      
        
          |
        
        1
        ⟩
      
    
    {\displaystyle |1\rangle }
   it is sufficient to adjust the time 
  
    
      
        t
      
    
    {\displaystyle t}
   during which the rotating field acts such that 
  
    
      
        
          
            
              
                ω
                
                  1
                
              
              t
            
            2
          
        
        =
        
          
            π
            2
          
        
      
    
    {\displaystyle {\frac {\omega _{1}t}{2}}={\frac {\pi }{2}}}
   or 
  
    
      
        t
        =
        
          
            π
            
              ω
              
                1
              
            
          
        
      
    
    {\displaystyle t={\frac {\pi }{\omega _{1}}}}
    This is called a 
  
    
      
        π
      
    
    {\displaystyle \pi }
   pulse  If a time intermediate between 0 and 
  
    
      
        
          
            π
            
              ω
              
                1
              
            
          
        
      
    
    {\displaystyle {\frac {\pi }{\omega _{1}}}}
   is chosen, we obtain a superposition of 
  
    
      
        
          |
        
        0
        ⟩
      
    
    {\displaystyle |0\rangle }
   and 
  
    
      
        
          |
        
        1
        ⟩
      
    
    {\displaystyle |1\rangle }
    In particular for 
  
    
      
        t
        =
        
          
            π
            
              2
              
                ω
                
                  1
                
              
            
          
        
      
    
    {\displaystyle t={\frac {\pi }{2\omega _{1}}}}
  , we have a 
  
    
      
        
          
            π
            2
          
        
      
    
    {\displaystyle {\frac {\pi }{2}}}
   pulse, which acts as: 
  
    
      
        
          |
        
        0
        ⟩
        →
        
          
            
              
                |
              
              0
              ⟩
              +
              i
              
                |
              
              1
              ⟩
            
            
              2
            
          
        
      
    
    {\displaystyle |0\rangle \to {\frac {|0\rangle +i|1\rangle }{\sqrt {2}}}}
    This operation has crucial importance in quantum computing  The equations are essentially identical in the case of a two level atom in the field of a laser when the generally well satisfied rotating wave approximation is made  Then 
  
    
      
        ℏ
        
          ω
          
            0
          
        
      
    
    {\displaystyle \hbar \omega _{0}}
   is the energy difference between the two atomic levels, 
  
    
      
        ω
      
    
    {\displaystyle \omega }
   is the frequency of laser wave and Rabi frequency 
  
    
      
        
          ω
          
            1
          
        
      
    
    {\displaystyle \omega _{1}}
   is proportional to the product of the transition electric dipole moment of atom 
  
    
      
        
          
            
              d
              →
            
          
        
      
    
    {\displaystyle {\vec {d}}}
   and electric field 
  
    
      
        
          
            
              E
              →
            
          
        
      
    
    {\displaystyle {\vec {E}}}
   of the laser wave that is 
  
    
      
        
          ω
          
            1
          
        
        ∝
        ℏ
         
        
          
            
              d
              →
            
          
        
        ⋅
        
          
            
              E
              →
            
          
        
      
    
    {\displaystyle \omega _{1}\propto \hbar \ {\vec {d}}\cdot {\vec {E}}}
    In summary, Rabi oscillations are the basic process used to manipulate qubits  These oscillations are obtained by exposing qubits to periodic electric or magnetic fields during suitably adjusted time intervals 

See also
Atomic coherence
Bloch sphere
Laser pumping
Optical pumping
Rabi problem
Vacuum Rabi oscillation
Neutral particle oscillation
Passage 2:
Steven Kahn
Steven Michael Kahn (born 1954) is an American physicist currently the Cassius Lamb Kirk Professor at Stanford University and formerly the I  I  Rabi Professor of Physics at Columbia University and is an Elected Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences and American Physical Society Kahn graduated summa cum laude from Columbia College in 1975, and received a PhD in physics from University of California, Berkeley in 1980  He was a post-doctoral fellow at the Center for Astrophysics | Harvard & Smithsonian from 1980 to 1982 

Honors
Asteroid 179413 Stevekahn, discovered by astronomers with the Sloan Digital Sky Survey in 2001, was named in his honor  The official naming citation was published by IAU's WGSBN on 7 February 2022 
Passage 3:
Rabbi Jonathan
Rabbi Jonathan (Hebrew: רבי יונתן, Rabi Yonatan) was a tanna of the 2nd century and schoolfellow of R  Josiah, apart from whom he is rarely quoted 
Jonathan is generally so cited within further designation; but there is ample reason for identifying him with the less frequently occurring Jonathan (or Nathan) b  Joseph (or "Jose") 

Biography
In consequence of the Hadrianic religious persecutions he determined to emigrate from Israel, and with several other scholars started on a journey to foreign parts  But his patriotism and innate love for the Holy Land would not permit him to remain abroad Jonathan and Josiah were educated together at the academy of Ishmael ben Elisha, whose dialectic system, as opposed to that of Rabbi Akiva, they acquired  It is even reported that Jonathan all but converted Ben Azzai, a "fellow student" of Akiva, to Ishmael's system, and made him deeply regret his failure to study it more closely  Ben 'Azzai then exclaimed, "Woe is me that I have not waited on Ishmael"  Nevertheless, in later years, probably after Ishmael's death, both Jonathan and Josiah adopted some of Akiva's principles  Of Jonathan it is expressly stated that "he followed the system of his teacher Akiva" 

Teachings
Together, Jonathan and Josiah devoted their analytical minds to midrash halachah, interpreting laws as they understood them from the corresponding Scriptural texts, but not suggesting them  Only one halakhah unconnected with a Scriptural text bears their names  Their argumentations are mostly embodied in the Mekhilta (about thirty) and in the Sifre to Numbers (over forty)  Neither Jonathan nor Josiah appears in Rebbi's compilation of the Mishnah, with the exception of a single teaching, in the name of Jonathan Of other ancient compilations, the Tosefta cites these scholars once, while the Sifra mentions them twice by their names; once "Jonathan ben Joseph" occurs; and some of R  Josiah's midrashim are cited, but anonymously Contrary to the astrological views of his times, Jonathan taught the Scriptural idea of natural phenomena; quoting Jeremiah 10:2, he added: "Eclipses may frighten Gentiles, but they have no significance for Jews"  To the question as to the permissibility of profaning the Sabbath to save human life he answered, "The Law says 'The children of Israel shall keep the Sabbath, to observe the Sabbath throughout their generations'; but one may profane one Sabbath in order to preserve a man that he may observe many Sabbaths"  According to him, an am ha'aretz is one who has children and does not train them in the knowledge of the Law  Jonathan contradicted the general opinion of earlier and contemporaneous rabbis that a ben sorer umoreh ("rebellious son"; Deuteronomy 21:18-21) never was and never will be executed, and that the ir nidachat never did and never will occur; he declared that he himself had sat on the grave of an executed rebellious son and had seen a ruined ir nidachat 

Quotes
Jonathan was the author of many aphorisms, among them:

He that observes the Torah in poverty shall in the end observe it in wealth; and he that neglects the Torah in wealth shall in the end neglect it in poverty The angry man is controlled by many and variegated manifestations of hell Consoling the mourner, visiting the sick, and practical beneficence bring heavenly grace into the world 
Passage 4:
Albert Potter Wills
Albert Potter Wills (1873–1937) was an American physicist who researched magnetic materials and was the PhD advisor of the Nobel Prize winner Isidor Isaac Rabi 
During his career he investigated magnetic susceptibilities, magnetic shielding, magnetostriction, conduction of electricity through mercury vapor, and hydrodynamics  He also wrote a textbook on vector analysis 
Wills received his PhD from Clark University in 1897 under Arthur Gordon Webster with a thesis entitled: On the susceptibility of diamagnetic and weakly magnetic substances 
During 1898–1899 Wills worked at the University of Göttingen and the University of Berlin  During 1899–1902 he was at Bryn Mawr College and 1902–1903 at the Cooper Hewitt Laboratory  His final appointment, 1903–1937, was at Columbia University 
In 1909 at Columbia University, Max Planck gave eight lectures in German  Wills translated the lectures into English, and in 1915 Columbia University Press published his translation 
Passage 5:
Isidor Isaac Rabi
Isidor Isaac Rabi (; born Israel Isaac Rabi, July 29, 1898 – January 11, 1988) was an American physicist who won the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1944 for his discovery of nuclear magnetic resonance, which is used in magnetic resonance imaging  He was also one of the first scientists in the United States to work on the cavity magnetron, which is used in microwave radar and microwave ovens 
Born into a traditional Polish-Jewish family in Rymanów, Galicia, Rabi came to the United States as an infant and was raised in New York's Lower East Side  He entered Cornell University as an electrical engineering student in 1916, but soon switched to chemistry  Later, he became interested in physics  He continued his studies at Columbia University, where he was awarded his doctorate for a thesis on the magnetic susceptibility of certain crystals  In 1927, he headed for Europe, where he met and worked with many of the finest physicists of the time 
In 1929, Rabi returned to the United States, where Columbia offered him a faculty position  In collaboration with Gregory Breit, he developed the Breit–Rabi equation and predicted that the Stern–Gerlach experiment could be modified to confirm the properties of the atomic nucleus  His techniques for using nuclear magnetic resonance to discern the magnetic moment and nuclear spin of atoms earned him the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1944  Nuclear magnetic resonance became an important tool for nuclear physics and chemistry, and the subsequent development of magnetic resonance imaging from it has also made it important to the field of medicine 
During World War II he worked on radar at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) Radiation Laboratory (RadLab) and on the Manhattan Project  After the war, he served on the General Advisory Committee (GAC) of the Atomic Energy Commission, and was chairman from 1952 to 1956  He also served on the Science Advisory Committees (SACs) of the Office of Defense Mobilization and the Army's Ballistic Research Laboratory, and was Science Advisor to President Dwight D  Eisenhower  He was involved with the establishment of the Brookhaven National Laboratory in 1946, and later, as United States delegate to UNESCO, with the creation  of CERN in 1952  When Columbia created the rank of University Professor in 1964, Rabi was the first to receive that position  A special chair was named after him in 1985  He retired from teaching in 1967, but remained active in the department and held the title of University Professor Emeritus and Special Lecturer until his death 

Early years
Israel Isaac Rabi was born on July 29, 1898, into a Polish-Jewish Orthodox family in Rymanów, Galicia, in what was then part of Austria-Hungary but is now Poland  Soon after he was born, his father, David Rabi, emigrated to the United States  The younger Rabi and his mother, Sheindel, joined David there a few months later, and the family moved into a two-room apartment on the Lower East Side of Manhattan  At home the family spoke Yiddish  When Rabi was enrolled in school, Sheindel said his name was Izzy, and a school official, thinking it was short for Isidor, put that down as his name  Henceforth, that became his official name  Later, in response to anti-Semitism, he started writing his name as Isidor Isaac Rabi, and was known professionally as I I  Rabi  To most of his friends and family, including his sister Gertrude, who was born in 1903, he was known simply as "Rabi", which was pronounced "Robby"  In 1907, the family moved to Brownsville, Brooklyn, where they ran a grocery store As a boy, Rabi was interested in science  He read science books borrowed from the public library and built his own radio set  His first scientific paper, on the design of a radio condenser, was published in Modern Electrics when he was in elementary school  After reading about Copernican heliocentrism, he became an atheist  "It's all very simple", he told his parents, adding, "Who needs God?" As a compromise with his parents, for his Bar Mitzvah, which was held at home, he gave a speech in Yiddish about how an electric light works  He attended the Manual Training High School in Brooklyn, from which he graduated in 1916  Later that year, he entered Cornell University as an electrical engineering student, but soon switched to chemistry  After the American entry into World War I in 1917, he joined the Student Army Training Corps at Cornell  For his senior thesis, he investigated the oxidation states of manganese  He was awarded his Bachelor of Science degree in June 1919, but since at the time Jews were largely excluded from employment in the chemical industry and academia, he did not receive any job offers  He worked briefly at the Lederle Laboratories, and then as a bookkeeper 

Education
In 1922 Rabi returned to Cornell as a graduate chemistry student, and began studying physics  In 1923 he met, and began courting, Helen Newmark, a summer-semester student at Hunter College  To be near her when she returned home, he continued his studies at Columbia University, where his supervisor was Albert Wills  In June 1924 Rabi landed a job as a part-time tutor at the City College of New York  Wills, whose specialty was magnetism, suggested that Rabi write his doctoral thesis on the magnetic susceptibility of sodium vapor  The topic did not appeal to Rabi, but after William Lawrence Bragg gave a seminar at Columbia about the electric susceptibility of certain crystals called Tutton's salts, Rabi decided to research their magnetic susceptibility, and Wills agreed to be his supervisor Measuring the magnetic resonance of crystals first involved growing the crystals, a simple procedure often done by elementary school students  The crystals then had to be prepared by skillfully cutting them into sections with facets that had an orientation different from the internal structure of the crystal, and the response to a magnetic field had to be painstakingly measured  While his crystals were growing, Rabi read James Clerk Maxwell's 1873 A Treatise on Electricity and Magnetism, which inspired an easier method  He lowered a crystal on a glass fiber attached to a torsion balance into a solution whose magnetic susceptibility could be varied between two magnetic poles  When it matched that of the crystal, the magnet could be turned on and off without disturbing the crystal  The new method not only required much less work, it also produced a more accurate result  Rabi sent his thesis, entitled On the Principal Magnetic Susceptibilities of Crystals, to Physical Review on July 16, 1926  He married Helen the next day  The paper attracted little fanfare in academic circles, although it was read by Kariamanickam Srinivasa Krishnan, who used the method in his own investigations of crystals  Rabi concluded that he needed to promote his work as well as publish it Like many other young physicists, Rabi was closely following momentous events in Europe  He was astounded by the Stern–Gerlach experiment, which convinced him of the validity of quantum mechanics  With Ralph Kronig, Francis Bitter, Mark Zemansky and others, he set out to extend the Schrödinger equation to symmetric top molecules and find the energy states of such a mechanical system  The problem was that none of them could solve the resulting equation, a second-order partial differential equation  Rabi found the answer in a book by the 19th-century mathematician Carl Gustav Jacob Jacobi  The equation had the form of a hypergeometric equation to which Jacobi had found a solution  Kronig and Rabi wrote up their result and sent it to Physical Review, which published it in 1927 

Europe
In May 1927, Rabi was appointed a Barnard Fellow  This came with a stipend of $1,500 ($25,270 in 2022 dollars) for the period from September 1927 to June 1928



ground_truth: the City of Peace

prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: Where does the city situated where Kellyville Ridge is located?

The following are given passages.
Context 2: 9°E﻿ / 8 5; 76 9 on the west coast, near the southern tip of mainland India  The city situated on the west coast of India, and is bounded by Arabian Sea to its west and the Western Ghats to its east  The city and the suburbs spans an area of 250 km2 (96 53 sq mi)  The average elevation of the city is 16 ft above sea level  The highest point within the city limits is the observatory  (60 metres (197 ft)) Agastya Mala, which has an elevation of 1,868 metres (6,129 ft) is only about 60 km from the city  The Ponmudi hill station which has an elevation of 1,100 metres (3,609 ft) is also near the city 

Geography
The district is situated between North latitudes at 8 17°–8 54° and East longitudes 76 41°–77 17°  The southernmost extremity, Parassala, is just 54 kilometres (34 mi) away from the southern peninsular tip of India, Cape Comorin (Kanya Kumari)  The district stretches 78 kilometres (48 mi) along the shores of the Arabian Sea on the west, Kollam district lies on the north with Tirunelveli and Kanyakumari districts of Tamil Nadu on the east and south respectively Unlike the flat portion of the Kerala coast, at the northern coastal region cliffs are found adjacent to the Arabian Sea at Varkala  These tertiary sedimentary formation cliffs are considered as a unique geological feature  It is known among geologists as the "Varkala Formation" and a geological monument as declared by the Geological Survey of India 
The district can be divided into three geographical regions: Highlands, Midlands, and Lowlands  The Varkala, Chirayinkeezhu and Thiruvananthapuram taluks are in the midland and lowland regions, the Nedumangad taluk lies in the midland and highland regions, and the Neyyattinkara taluk stretches over all three 
The highland regions on the east and the northeast comprises the Western Ghats  This area is ideal for major cash crops like rubber, tea, cardamom and other spices  Timber trees like teak and rosewood are grown in this region  The Ghats maintain an average elevation of 814 metres (2,671 ft)  The part Agasthyarkoodam, which is the second-highest peak in the Western Ghats (1,869 m or 6,132 ft above sea level), lies in the district  The forests in the tail end of Western Ghats form the most diverse and unknown ecosystem in Peninsular India The midland region lying between the Western Ghats and lowlands is made up of small and tiny hills and valleys  This is an area of intense agricultural activities  This region is rich in produce such as paddy, tapioca, rubber, eucalyptus, spices and cashews  The lowlands are comparatively narrow, consisting of rivers, deltas and seashore  This area is densely covered with coconut trees  Water bodies cover about 55 25 km2 (21 3 sq mi), while forest area is estimated to be 498 61 km2 (193 sq mi) 

Forests
Thiruvananthapuram district has a reserve forest area of 495 1 km2 (191 sq mi) and vested forest area of 3 534 km2 (1 4 sq mi)  The forests are spread over three ranges: the Kulathupuzha range in the north, Palode range in the middle, and the Paruthipalli range in the south 
These forests may be broadly classified into three categories: Southern tropical wet evergreen forests, Southern tropical and semi-evergreen forests, and Southern tropical moist deciduous forests  Social forestry programmes are being implemented under the World Bank-aided Kerala Social Forestry Project, National Rural Employment Programme (NREP) and Rural Fuel Wood Schemes to assist small and marginal farmers 

Rivers
Among the three rivers in the district, the Neyyar (56 km or 35 mi), the southernmost river of the Kerala state, has its origin in the Agasthyamala, the second-highest peak in the Western Ghats  The Karamana river (67 km or 42 mi) originates from Vayuvanthol (Vazhuvanthol), another mountain in Western Ghats  The Vamanapuram River has its origin from Chemunji Mottai of the Western Ghats  There are 10 major back waters in the district  The major lakes are Veli, Kadinamkulam, Anchuthengu (Anjengo), Kaappil, Akathumuri and the Edava-Nadayara  Besides these, there is a fresh-water lake at Vellayani in Thiruvananthapuram taluk, which has the potential to become the major water source of Thiruvananthapuram city in future 

Climate
The climate of Thiruvananthapuram district is generally hot tropical  The large forest reserves favourably affect the climate and induce rains  Cold weather is experienced in the mountain ranges, whereas lower down, the weather is bracing and is generally hot in the coastal regions  The mean maximum temperature is 95 °F (35 °C) and the mean minimum temperature is 69 °F (20 °C) 
As the district stretches from north to south with the Arabian Sea in the west side, the relative humidity is generally high  It rises up to about 95% during the South-West monsoon The total annual average rainfall in the district is about 1,500 mm (59 in) per annum  The southwest monsoon, from June to September is the principal rainy season  The district receives most of its annual rainfall in this season  The second rainy season is the Northeast monsoon  It is from October to November 
The district also gets thunderstorm rains in the pre-monsoon months of April and May December to February are the coolest months  The average temperature goes down to 69 °F (20 °C) in these months  It is generally considered as the winter season  The summer season starts in February and continues until May  The average temperature goes up to 95 °F (35 °C) in these months 

Seismology
The Geological Survey of India has identified Thiruvananthapuram as a moderately earthquake-prone urban centre and categorized the city in the Seismic III Zone 
Passage 7:
Kellyville Ridge, New South Wales
Kellyville Ridge is a suburb of Sydney, in the state of New South Wales, Australia  Kellyville Ridge is located 41 kilometres north-west of the Sydney central business district in the local government area of City of Blacktown  It is part of Greater Western Sydney 

History
The suburb takes its name from the ridge, the main geographical feature of vertical significance in the northern part of the area  Kellyville Ridge is thought to be the area where the Castle Hill Rebellion (also known as the Second Battle of Vinegar Hill) took place, many roads and reserves are named after it in Kellyville and a memorial was placed in Castlebrook Lawn Cemetery in 1988  Kellyville Ridge was originally part of Kellyville and became a separate suburb when the area west of Windsor Road was renamed in 2002 

Heritage listings
Kellyville Ridge has a number of heritage-listed sites, including:

Merriville House and Gardens

Population
In the 2016 Census, there were 10,468 people in Kellyville Ridge  58 2% of people were born in Australia  The next most common countries of birth were India 8 3%, Philippines 4 0%, China 2 1%, Fiji 2 0% and England 1 9%  58 6% of people spoke only English at home  Other languages spoken at home included Punjabi 4 5%, Hindi 4 3%, Mandarin 2 6%, Tagalog 2 0% and Arabic 1 5%  The most common responses for religion were Catholic 29 7%, No Religion 15 4%, Anglican 10 1% and Hinduism 9 1% 

Growth
Kellyville Ridge is one of the fastest growing suburbs in Sydney  Population estimates by the Australian Bureau of Statistics indicated that Kellyville Ridge and surrounding neighborhoods had the largest growth in 2013–14 in Sydney  The area experienced one of metropolitan Sydney's fastest growth rates, with a 9 per cent increase in population in 12 months 

Commercial area
The Ponds Shopping Centre, opened on 30 May 2015, is the main shopping facility that services Kellyville Ridge  It is located on the western perimeter of the suburb at the intersection of The Ponds Boulevard and Riverbank Drive  It houses Woolworths plus other 25 specialty stores, cafes and restaurants  It also features a Medical and Dental Centre and a Priceline Pharmacy Stanhope Village is a shopping centre adjacent to the suburb, with Aldi, Coles, Kmart and other specialised retail, service, fashion and food outlets 
Alternative shopping is provided by the Rouse Hill Town Centre, located 1 kilometre away at Rouse Hill, where approximately 250 retail stores are available featuring Coles, Woolworths, Target, Big W and Reading Cinemas  Castle Towers, located 9 kilometres away, and Westpoint Blacktown, located 10 kilometres away, provide for other places of shopping 

Education
School located in Kellyville Ridge includes:

Kellyville Ridge Public School (Public Primary School, Corner of Greenwich St & Singleton Ave, Kellyville Ridge NSW 2155)Kellyville Ridge has the following public school catchment:

John Palmer Public School (Public Primary School, The Ponds) 
The Ponds High School (Public High School, The Ponds) 
Rouse Hill High School (Public High School, Rouse Hill) 

Transport
Road to Sydney CBD
Transport to the city is provided by the M2 and M7 motorway  Driving time to Sydney CBD is approximately 34 minutes by car 

Train to Sydney CBD via Parramatta
Kellyville Ridge is located within 8 minutes drive (5 2 km) to Schofields railway station and 10 minutes (6 km) to Quakers Hill railway station  Trip by train from these stations to Sydney CBD takes around 47 minutes  Both stations have free all-day commuters parking  The train services also stop at the busy business area of Parramatta, Westmead and Strathfield 

Buses to Sydney CBD
CDC NSW services take around 1 hour to Sydney CBD from Kellyville Ridge  The suburb is serviced by the 616X which travels through Kellyville Ridge 

Sydney Metro to Chatswood
The North West Rail Link which opened 26 May 2019 – now known as Sydney Metro Northwest – provides high frequency services to Kellyville Ridge, linking it to Sydney CBD in around 50 minutes, which will drop to 40 minutes on completion of the second stage of the project  The metro service passes through Norwest Business Park, Castle Hill, Epping, Macquarie Park and University, North Ryde, Chatswood, and North Sydney Kellyville Ridge is positioned in a strategic location surrounded by three railway stations sitting on its perimeters; Tallawong, Rouse Hill and Kellyville  Both Tallawong and Kellyville provide all-day commuter parking  CDC NSW route 663 and Busways route 731 connect Kellyville Ridge with the Rouse Hill metro station, whilst CDC NSW routes 603, 632 (from Merriville Road and Perfection Ave) and 651 (from Merriville T-way) connect to Kellyville station 

Buses to other business areas
CDC NSW provides services to Parramatta (603, 663, 665), Rouse Hill (603, 632, 651, 663, 665), Epping (651) and Pennant Hills (632) 
Busways provides services to Blacktown (731, 735) and Rouse Hill (731, 735) 

Entertainment
The Ettamogah Pub renovated in 2014 is located on the corner of Merriville & Windsor Roads  The hotel received from the Australian Hotel Association the award for Best Family Friendly Hotel in New South Wales 

Housing
Kellyville Ridge has gone under many new developments since 2002, with new estates developing quickly  There are also several medium-rise apartments on the southern side of the suburb, backing Windsor Road 
Passage 8:
Halkarni
Halkarni is a city situated in the south west corner of Maharashtra, TK: Gadhinglaj Taluka, Kolhapur district - 416506, India  The population of Halkarni is around 9,000  It is surrounded by hills  The distance between Gadhinglaj and Halkarni is about 20  km  Buggdikatti and  Terani  are  villages  surrounding it   A police  station  is situated  in  the village  for  the security  of people  There are  number  of  private  hospitals and medicals are available in  the village  A government  hospital  was  built  Water is  supplied to the  whole  village  through  a well  in  NAREWADI  village  through a pipeline  Farming  is the  main  occupation  of  the  villagers  They  have  a  side  business  of  selling  milk  cow or buffalo to  the  milk dairies  A Maharashtra state  electricity board (MSEB) substation  is  installed  outside  the village  Halkarni  is  connected  to  Gadahinglaj  via  state  transport  buses (ST buses)  Halkarni  is  also  connected  to Karnataka  via  Khanapur  through Karnataka  state  transport  buses   The  route  of  entering  in  Karnataka  from  Maharashra is  HALKARNI TO  SANKESHWAR 
Private  traveller  companies  came  to  exist  which  gives  services  to  reach  Mumbai and  Pune 

Language
Marathi being the state language is also spoken as a local language in Halkarni  Marathi is widely understood in Halkarni  English is also used in social communication 
Halkarni is popular for its market area  It is famous for tobacco powder (in Marathi called as Tapkir)  It is surrounded by Basarge, Khanapur, and there are many temples like Ramling, Virbhadra, laxmi, Hanuman, the Jain temple, etc 
The schools are in Halalkarni :
Halkarni Bhag High School, Halkarni  Now junior college is also started   
Urdu Vidya Mandir Halkarni, Now started Urdh High School    
Passage 9:
Lansing, Kansas
Lansing is a city in Leavenworth County, Kansas, United States   It is situated along the west side of the Missouri River and Kansas-Missouri state border   As of the 2020 census, the population of the city was 11,239   It is the second most populous city of Leavenworth County and is a part of the Kansas City metropolitan area   The Lansing Correctional Facility (formerly the Kansas State Penitentiary), which includes the state's main maximum-security prison, is located in Lansing 

History
Lansing is named for James Lansing, a pioneer settler   Formerly William Lansing Taylor, James changed his name upon his enlistment in 1862 as a hospital steward in the 7th Kansas Cavalry   Following the Civil War, he earned a position at the new state penitentiary in Kansas as a hospital steward   He later resigned and opened a general mercantile store, which held the post office and an apothecary business, in the area called “Town of Progress”   “Doc Lansing”, as he became known, and his friend John C  Schmidt became co-owners of 90 acres (360,000 m2) of land that was platted into town lots in 1878; they named the area “Town of Lansing”   Lansing did not become an incorporated city until 1959 The Kansas State Penitentiary, later renamed the Lansing Correctional Facility in 1990, was authorized by the Kansas Constitution in 1859; it is the state's largest and oldest facility for detention and rehabilitation of male adult felons   With the opening of the coal mine at the prison the town became an important shipping point for this product Lansing was ranked 88 in the top 100 of Money Magazine's 2007 list of best places to live 

Geography
Lansing is located at 39°14′55″N 94°53′31″W (39 248689, -94 891880)   The city is situated along the western bank of the Missouri River which also marks the Kansas-Missouri state border   It is bordered by the city of Leavenworth to the north; Kansas City is less than a half-hour to the southeast   U S  Route 73 passes through the city 
According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 12 50 square miles (32 37 km2), of which, 12 39 square miles (32 09 km2) is land and 0 11 square miles (0 28 km2) is water 

Climate
The climate in this area is characterized by hot, humid summers and generally mild to cool winters   According to the Köppen Climate Classification system, Lansing has a humid subtropical climate, abbreviated "Cfa" on climate maps 

Demographics
2010 census
As of the census of 2010, there were 11,265 people, 3,180 households, and 2,496 families living in the city  The population density was 909 2 inhabitants per square mile (351 0/km2)  There were 3,371 housing units at an average density of 272 1 per square mile (105 1/km2)  The racial makeup of the city was 80 2% White, 13 2% African American, 0 8% Native American, 2 0% Asian, 0 1% Pacific Islander, 0 8% from other races, and 2 8% from two or more races  Hispanic or Latino of any race were 5 1% of the population 
There were 3,180 households, of which 41 9% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 62 4% were married couples living together, 11 8% had a female householder with no husband present, 4 3% had a male householder with no wife present, and 21 5% were non-families  18 1% of all households were made up of individuals, and 6 7% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older  The average household size was 2 79 and the average family size was 3 15 
The median age in the city was 37 6 years  22 9% of residents were under the age of 18; 8 1% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 31 2% were from 25 to 44; 29 3% were from 45 to 64; and 8 3% were 65 years of age or older  The gender makeup of the city was 59 4% male and 40 6% female 

2000 census
As of the U S  Census in 2000, there were 9,199 people, 2,435 households, and 1,913 families living in the city  The population density was 1,080 1 inhabitants per square mile (417 0/km2)  There were 2,548 housing units at an average density of 299 2 per square mile (115 5/km2)  The racial makeup of the city was 81 0% White, 12 5% Black or African American, 1 2% Native American, 1 3% Asian, 0 2% Pacific Islander, 1 3% from other races, and 2 6% from two or more races  Hispanic or Latino of any race were 3 9% of the population 
There were 2,435 households, out of which 42 2% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 65 0% were married couples living together, 9 4% had a female householder with no husband present, and 21 4% were non-families  18 4% of all households were made up of individuals, and 7 1% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older  The average household size was 2 79 and the average family size was 3 17 
In the city, the population was spread out, with 22 0% under the age of 18, 8 8% from 18 to 24, 38 5% from 25 to 44, 23 1% from 45 to 64, and 7 5% who were 65 years of age or older  The median age was 36 years  For every 100 females, there were 164 8 males  For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 184 9 males 
The median income for a household in the city was $60,994, and the median income for a family was $65,639  Males had a median income of $36,326 versus $28,315 for females  The per capita income for the city was $21,655  About 1 9% of families and 2 4% of the population were below the poverty line, including 1 5% of those under age 18 and 3 5% of those age 65 or over 

Education
The community is served by Lansing USD 469 public school district, and operates four schools with more than 2,000 students 
Lansing Elementary School, grades K–3
Lansing Intermediate School, grades 4–5
Lansing Middle School, grades 6–8
Lansing High School, grades 9–12

Notable people
John Bradford, member of Kansas House of Representatives 
Paul Ranous Greever, United States Representative from Wyoming born in Lansing 

See also
Lansing Man
Passage 10:
City of Blacktown
Blacktown City Council is a local government area in Western Sydney, situated on the Cumberland Plain, approximately 35 kilometres (22 mi) west of the Sydney central business district, in the state of New South Wales, Australia  Established in 1906 as the Blacktown Shire and becoming the Municipality of Blacktown in 1961 before gaining city status in 1979, the City occupies an area of 246 9 square kilometres (95 3 sq mi) and has a population of 366,534, making it the second most populous local government area in Sydney The mayor of the Blacktown City Council is Cr  Tony Bleasdale, OAM, a member of the Australian Labor Party, who was elected on 9 October 2019 following the resignation of Stephen Bali, MP 

Suburbs and localities of the City of Blacktown
These are the suburbs and localities in the local government area:

History
The first road from Prospect to Richmond became known as the "Black Town Road" and in 1860 the Railway Department gave the name of "Black Town Road Station" to the railway station at the junction of the railway and the Black Town Road, with the name shortening to "Blacktown" by 1862  The Blacktown area was first incorporated on 6 March 1906 as the "Shire of Blacktown" alongside 132 other new shires across the state as a result of the passing of the Local Government (Shires) Act, 1905  The first five-member temporary council was appointed on 15 May 1906 and first met on 20 June in the Rooty Hill School of Arts  The Blacktown Shire became the "Municipality of Blacktown" on 17 June 1961 and was granted city status on 9 March 1979, becoming the "City of Blacktown" 

Blacktown Council Chambers and Civic Centre
In 1937 Blacktown council discussed the need for new Council Chambers, with the present arrangements seen as inadequate and unable to accommodate growing staff needs  In August 1938, the council discussed two schemes from architect Leslie J  Buckland for the new council chambers, with the scheme that created a new wing facing Flushcombe Road while retaining the old council chambers for other uses being the most favoured  Designed in the modernist Inter-war Functionalist style by Buckland and constructed by J  H  Abbey of Epping at a cost of £7,000, the Council Chambers were officially opened on 29 July 1939 by the Minister for Public Works and Local Government, Eric Spooner By the early 1960s, Blacktown Council resolved to develop a new council seat and 'civic centre' and an International style design by Parramatta architects, Leslie J  Buckland & Druce (George Harley, project architect), for a multi-storey administration building, a performance hall, library and basement parking was accepted at a cost of £500,000  Built of concrete and brick, with decorative facade panels and glass curtain walling, the Civic Centre was constructed by S  J  Wood & Co Lty Ltd, with A  S  Nicholson as the consulting engineer The foundation stone for the Civic Centre was laid by Premier of NSW, Bob Heffron, on 17 June 1961, on the same occasion marking the change of Blacktown from a Shire to a Municipality  The Civic Centre was officially opened on 25 October 1965 by the Minister for Local Government and Highways, Pat Morton, with the mayor, Alfred Ashley-Brown, declaring "It is my sincere wish we will as a council cherish the heritage which brings us here tonight – that this chamber will be a place wherein good government within our sphere of responsibility will be made manifest, and that all decisions which are made shall be for the good of the people of the Municipality of Blacktown"  On 10 April 1967, the old 1939 Council Chambers were transformed into the first Blacktown Municipal Library, which was later demolished and became the Max Webber Library from 1980 In 1984, with the Civic Centre being overcrowded and suffering from lack of space, the council approved significant extensions to the Civic Centre at a cost of $2,781,550 that added 2,000 square metres of office floor space and enabled the consolidation of all council departments in a single location  The extensions were constructed by McNamara Constructions Pty Limited 

Blacktown City Libraries
In 1947, Blacktown Shire Council formally adopted the Act 1939/ {{{4}}} (NSW), which had been passed to encourage (including financial subsidies) local governments to establish free public libraries, but no further action was taken due to a lack of finance  However it was not until the 1960s, with the significant growth in the area's population, the Council identified a clear need for a library service, and when the Civic Centre opened in 1965, council appointed the first Chief Librarian in 1966 and resolved to establish the first library in the old 1939 Council Chambers building on the opposite side of Flushcombe Road  The first Blacktown Municipal Library was officially opened on 10 April 1967 The Blacktown City Libraries service expanded with the opening of Library Branches at Lalor Park (1968), Mount Druitt (1977) and Riverstone (1978)  In 1979, Blacktown council commissioned a new Blacktown branch library, with the old library and 1939 Council Chambers building demolished and replaced by a new building designed by architects Allen Jack & Cottier, and constructed by R  W  Tims (Builders) Pty Ltd  On 31 October 1979, Council resolved to name this new library after the Town Clerk of Blacktown, Max Webber, and the Max Webber Library was officially opened by the Deputy Premier Jack Ferguson on 8 March 1980  A new branch library in Stanhope Gardens was officially opened on 7 August 2009, and was also named after a former Town Clerk as the Dennis Johnson Branch Library 

Demographics
At the 2016 census, there were 336,962 people resident in the Blacktown local government area, of these 49 7 per cent were male and 50 3 per cent were female  Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people made up 2 8 per cent of the population, roughly equal to the NSW and Australian averages of 2 9 and 2 8 per cent respectively  The median age of people in the City of Blacktown was 33 years, which was significantly lower than the national median of 38 years  Children aged 0 – 14 years made up 22 8 per cent of the population and people aged 65 years and over made up 9 0-10 3 per cent of the population  Of people in the area aged 15 years and over, 52 3 per cent were married and 9 9 per cent were either divorced or separated Population growth in the City of Blacktown between the 2001 census and the 2006 census was 6 47 per cent; and in the subsequent five years to the 2011 census, population growth was 10 82 per cent  At the 2016 census, the population in the local government area increased by 11 91 per cent  When compared with total population growth of Australia for the same period, being 8 8 per cent, population growth in Blacktown local government area was in excess of 35% more than the national average  The median weekly income for residents within the City of Blacktown was generally on par with the national average At the 2016 census, the proportion of residents in the Blacktown local government area who stated their ancestry as Filipino, was in excess of six times the national average  The proportion of residents who stated a religious affiliation with Hinduism was in excess of three times the national average; the proportion of Catholics was 33 per cent above the national average; and the proportion of residents with no religion about half the national average  Meanwhile, as at the census date, the area was linguistically diverse, with Tagalog, Hindi, Punjabi, or Filipino languages spoken in households, and ranged from five times to eight times the national averages  Pacific Island languages such as Samoan and Tongan were also noticeable in the area 

Council
Current composition and election method
Blacktown City Council is composed of fifteen councillors elected proportionally as five separate wards, each electing three councillors  All councillors are elected for a fixed four-year term of office  The mayor is elected by the councillors at the first meeting of the council and since 2016 has served a two-year term  The mayor from 2014 to 2019, Stephen Bali was required to stand down from council as a mayor and councillor by October 2019, due to the Local Government Amendment (Members of Parliament) Act, 2012 which requires state members of parliament to relinquish local government offices no more than two years after their election  With Bali's resignation on 9 October 2019, Cr Tony Bleasdale was elected Mayor The most recent election was held on 4 December 2021, and the makeup of the council is as follows:
The current Council, elected in 2021, in order of election by ward, is:

Office-holders
Shire Presidents and Mayors
Shire/Town Clerks and General Managers
Coat of arms
After becoming a city in 1979, the council resolved to investigate and if possible obtain a coat of arms, making a request to the Chester Herald of Arms, Hubert Chesshyre  With the design completed by March 1981, Council resolved to adopt the Coat of Arms at its meeting on 1 April 1981 

Heritage listings
The City of Blacktown has a number of heritage-listed sites, including those on the New South Wales State Heritage Register:

Prospect, Upper Canal System
Prospect, Great Western Highway: Veteran Hall Remains
Prospect, Ponds Road: St Bartholomew's Anglican Church and Cemetery
Prospect, Reservoir Road: Former Great Western Road Alignment, Prospect
Prospect, Reservoir Road: Prospect Reservoir
Prospect, East of Reservoir: Prospect Reservoir Valve House
Prospect, 385 Reservoir Road: Royal Cricketers Arms Inn
Prospect, 23 Tarlington Place: Prospect Post Office

Sister cities
Blacktown City Council has sister city relations with the following cities:
 Porirua, Wellington Region, North Island, New Zealand, since 1984
 Suseong-gu, Daegu, South Korea, since 1994
 Liaocheng, Shandong, China, since 2003
 Liverpool Plains, New South Wales, Australia, since 2005



ground_truth: on the Cumberland Plain

prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: The physicist who is responsible for identifying the Rabi cycle won what award?

The following are given passages.
Context 3:  He immediately applied for a year's leave of absence from the City College of New York so he could study in Europe  When this was refused, he resigned  On reaching Zürich, where he hoped to work for Erwin Schrödinger, he met two fellow Americans, Julius Adams Stratton and Linus Pauling  They found that Schrödinger was leaving, as he had been appointed head of the Theoretical Institute at Friedrich Wilhelm University in Berlin  Rabi therefore decided to seek a position with Arnold Sommerfeld at the University of Munich instead  In Munich, he found two more Americans, Howard Percy Robertson and Edward Condon  Sommerfeld accepted Rabi as a postdoctoral student  German physicists Rudolf Peierls and Hans Bethe were also working with Sommerfeld at the time, but the three Americans became especially close On Wills' advice, Rabi traveled to Leeds for the 97th annual meeting of the British Association for the Advancement of Science, where he heard Werner Heisenberg present a paper on quantum mechanics  Afterwards, Rabi moved to Copenhagen, where he volunteered to work for Niels Bohr  Bohr was on vacation, but Rabi went straight to work on calculating the magnetic susceptibility of molecular hydrogen  After Bohr returned in October, he arranged for Rabi and Yoshio Nishina to continue their work with Wolfgang Pauli at the University of Hamburg Although he came to Hamburg to work with Pauli, Rabi found Otto Stern working there with two English-speaking postdoctoral fellows, Ronald Fraser and John Bradshaw Taylor  Rabi soon made friends with them, and became interested in their molecular beam experiments, for which Stern would receive the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1943  Their research involved non-uniform magnetic fields, which were difficult to manipulate and hard to measure accurately  Rabi devised a method of using a uniform field instead, with the molecular beam at a glancing angle, so the atoms would be deflected like light through a prism  This would be easier to use, and produce more accurate results  Encouraged by Stern, and greatly assisted by Taylor, Rabi managed to get his idea to work  On Stern's advice, Rabi wrote a letter about his results to Nature, which published it in February 1929, followed by a paper entitled Zur Methode der Ablenkung von Molekularstrahlen ("On the method of deflection of molecular beams") to Zeitschrift für Physik, where it was published in April By this time the Barnard Fellowship had expired, and Rabi and Helen were living on a $182 per month stipend from the Rockefeller Foundation  They left Hamburg for Leipzig, where he hoped to work with Heisenberg  In Leipzig, he found Robert Oppenheimer, a fellow New Yorker  It would be the start of a long friendship  Heisenberg departed for a tour of the United States in March 1929, so Rabi and Oppenheimer decided to go to the ETH Zurich, where Pauli was now the professor of physics  Rabi's education in physics was enriched by the leaders in the field he met there, which included Paul Dirac, Walter Heitler, Fritz London, Francis Wheeler Loomis, John von Neumann, John Slater, Leó Szilárd and Eugene Wigner 

Molecular Beam Laboratory
On March 26, 1929, Rabi received an offer of a lectureship from Columbia, with an annual salary of $3,000  The dean of Columbia's physics department, George B  Pegram, was looking for a theoretical physicist to teach statistical mechanics and an advanced course in the new subject of quantum mechanics, and Heisenberg had recommended Rabi  Helen was now pregnant, so Rabi needed a regular job, and this job was in New York  He accepted, and returned to the United States in August on the SS President Roosevelt  Rabi became the only Jewish faculty member at Columbia at the time 

As a teacher, Rabi was underwhelming  Leon Lederman recalled that after a lecture, students would head to the library to try to work out what Rabi had been talking about  Irving Kaplan rated Rabi and Harold Urey as "the worst teachers I ever had"  Norman Ramsey considered Rabi's lectures "pretty dreadful", while William Nierenberg felt that he was "simply an awful lecturer"  Despite his shortcomings as a lecturer, his influence was great  He inspired many of his students to pursue careers in physics, and some became famous Rabi's first daughter, Helen Elizabeth, was born in September 1929  A second girl, Margaret Joella, followed in 1934  Between his teaching duties and his family, he had little time for research, and published no papers in his first year at Columbia, but was nonetheless promoted to assistant professor at its conclusion  He became a professor in 1937 In 1931 Rabi returned to particle beam experiments  In collaboration with Gregory Breit, he developed the Breit-Rabi equation, and predicted that the Stern–Gerlach experiment could be modified to confirm the properties of the atomic nucleus  The next step was to do so  With the help of Victor W  Cohen, Rabi built a molecular beam apparatus at Columbia  Their idea was to employ a weak magnetic field instead of a strong one, with which they hoped to detect the nuclear spin of sodium  When the experiment was conducted, four beamlets were found, from which they deduced a nuclear spin of 3⁄2 Rabi's Molecular Beam Laboratory began to attract others, including Sidney Millman, a graduate student who studied lithium for his doctorate  Another was Jerrold Zacharias who, believing that the sodium nucleus would be too difficult to understand, proposed studying the simplest of the elements, hydrogen  Its deuterium isotope had only recently been discovered at Columbia in 1931 by Urey, who received the 1934 Nobel Prize in Chemistry for this work  Urey was able to supply them with both heavy water and gaseous deuterium for their experiments  Despite its simplicity, Stern's group in Hamburg had observed that hydrogen did not behave as predicted  Urey also helped in another way; he gave Rabi half his prize money to fund the Molecular Beam Laboratory  Other scientists whose careers began at the Molecular Beam Laboratory included Norman Ramsey, Julian Schwinger, Jerome Kellogg and Polykarp Kusch  All were men; Rabi did not believe that women could be physicists  He never had a woman as a doctoral or postdoctoral student, and generally opposed women as candidates for faculty positions At the suggestion of C  J  Gorter, the team attempted to use an oscillating field  This became the basis for the nuclear magnetic resonance method  In 1937, Rabi, Kusch, Millman and Zacharias used it to measure the magnetic moment of several lithium compounds with molecular beams, including lithium chloride, lithium fluoride and dilithium  Applying the method to hydrogen, they found that the moment of a proton was 2 785±0 02 nuclear magnetons, and not 1 as predicted by the then-current theory, while that of a deuteron was 0 855±0 006 nuclear magnetons  This provided more accurate measurements of what Stern's team had found, and Rabi's team had confirmed, in 1934  Since a deuteron is composed of a proton and a neutron with aligned spins, the neutron's magnetic moment could be inferred by subtracting the proton's magnetic moment from the deuteron's  The resulting value was not zero, and had a sign opposite to that of the proton  Based on curious artifacts of these more accurate measurements, Rabi suggested that the deuteron had an electric quadrupole moment  This discovery meant that the physical shape of the deuteron was not symmetric, which provided valuable insight into the nature of the nuclear force binding nucleons  For the creation of the molecular-beam magnetic-resonance detection method, Rabi was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1944 

World War II
In September 1940, Rabi became a member of the Scientific Advisory Committee of the U S  Army's Ballistic Research Laboratory  That month, the British Tizard Mission brought a number of new technologies to the United States, including a cavity magnetron, a high-powered device that generates microwaves using the interaction of a stream of electrons with a magnetic field  This device, which promised to revolutionize radar, demolished any thoughts the Americans had entertained about their technological leadership  Alfred Lee Loomis of the National Defense Research Committee decided to establish a new laboratory at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) to develop this radar technology  The name Radiation Laboratory was chosen as both unremarkable and a tribute to the Berkeley Radiation Laboratory  Loomis recruited Lee DuBridge to run it Loomis and DuBridge recruited physicists for the new laboratory at an Applied Nuclear Physics conference at MIT in October 1940  Among those who volunteered was Rabi  His assignment was to study the magnetron, which was so secret that it had to be kept in a safe  The Radiation Laboratory scientists set their sights on producing a microwave radar set by January 6, 1941, and having a prototype installed in a Douglas A-20 Havoc by March  This was done; the technological obstacles were gradually overcome, and a working US microwave radar set was produced  The magnetron was further developed on both sides of the Atlantic to permit a reduction in wavelength from 150 cm to 10 cm, and then to 3 cm  The laboratory went on to develop air-to-surface radar to detect submarines, the SCR-584 radar for fire control, and LORAN, a long-range radio navigation system  At Rabi's instigation, a branch of the Radiation Laboratory was located at Columbia, with Rabi in charge In 1942 Oppenheimer attempted to recruit Rabi and Robert Bacher to work at the Los Alamos Laboratory on a new secret project  They convinced Oppenheimer that his plan for a military laboratory would not work, since a scientific effort would need to be a civilian affair  The plan was modified, and the new laboratory would be a civilian one, run by the University of California under contract from the War Department  In the end, Rabi still did not go west, but did agree to serve as a consultant to the Manhattan Project  Rabi attended the Trinity test in July 1945  The scientists working on Trinity set up a betting pool on the yield of the test, with predictions ranging from total dud to 45 kilotons of TNT equivalent (kt)  Rabi arrived late and found the only entry left was for 18 kilotons, which he purchased  Wearing welding goggles, he waited for the result with Ramsey and Enrico Fermi  The blast was rated at 18 6 kilotons, and Rabi won the pool 

Later life
In 1945, Rabi delivered the Richtmyer Memorial Lecture, held by the American Association of Physics Teachers in honor of Floyd K  Richtmyer, wherein he proposed that the magnetic resonance of atoms might be used as the basis of a clock  William L  Laurence wrote it up for The New York Times, under the headline "'Cosmic pendulum' for clock planned"  Before long Zacharias and Ramsey had built such atomic clocks  Rabi actively pursued his research into magnetic resonance until about 1960, but he continued to make appearances at conferences and seminars until his death 

Rabi chaired Columbia's physics department from 1945 to 1949, during which time it was home to two Nobel laureates (Rabi and Enrico Fermi) and eleven future laureates, including seven faculty (Polykarp Kusch, Willis Lamb, Maria Goeppert-Mayer, James Rainwater, Norman Ramsey, Charles Townes and Hideki Yukawa), a research scientist (Aage Bohr), a visiting professor (Hans Bethe), a doctoral student (Leon Lederman) and an undergraduate (Leon Cooper)  Martin L  Perl, a doctoral student of Rabi's, won the Nobel Prize in 1995  Rabi was the Eugene Higgins professor of physics at Columbia but when Columbia created the rank of University Professor in 1964, Rabi was the first to receive such a chair  This meant that he was free to research or teach whatever he chose  He retired from teaching in 1967 but remained active in the department and held the title of University Professor Emeritus until his death  A special chair was named after him in 1985 A legacy of the Manhattan Project was the network of national laboratories, but none was located on the East Coast  Rabi and Ramsey assembled a group of universities in the New York area to lobby for their own national laboratory  When Zacharias, who was now at MIT, heard about it, he set up a rival group at MIT and Harvard  Rabi had discussions with Major General Leslie R  Groves, Jr , the director of the Manhattan Project, who was willing to go along with a new national laboratory, but only one  Moreover, while the Manhattan Project still had funds, the wartime organization was expected to be phased out when a new authority came into existence  After some bargaining and lobbying by Rabi and others, the two groups came together in January 1946  Eventually nine universities (Columbia, Cornell, Harvard, Johns Hopkins, MIT, Princeton, Pennsylvania, Rochester and Yale) came together, and on January 31, 1947, a contract was signed with the Atomic Energy Commission (AEC), which had replaced the Manhattan Project, that established the Brookhaven National Laboratory 

Rabi suggested to Edoardo Amaldi that Brookhaven might be a model that Europeans could emulate  Rabi saw science as a way of inspiring and uniting a Europe that was still recovering from the war  An opportunity came in 1950 when he was named the United States Delegate to the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO)  At a UNESCO meeting at the Palazzo Vecchio in Florence in June 1950, he called for the establishment of regional laboratories  These efforts bore fruit; in 1952, representatives of eleven countries came together to create the Conseil Européen pour la Recherche Nucléaire (CERN)  Rabi received a letter from Bohr, Heisenberg, Amaldi and others congratulating him on the success of his efforts  He had the letter framed and hung it on the wall of his home office 

Military matters
The Atomic Energy Act of 1946 that created the Atomic Energy Commission provided for a nine-man General Advisory Committee (GAC) to advise the Commission on scientific and technical matters  Rabi was one of those appointed in December 1946  The GAC was enormously influential throughout the late 1940s, but in 1950 the GAC unanimously opposed the development of the hydrogen bomb  Rabi went further than most of the other members, and joined Fermi in opposing the hydrogen bomb on moral as well as technical grounds  However, President Harry S  Truman overrode the GAC's advice, and ordered development to proceed  Rabi later said:

I never forgave Truman for buckling under the pressure  He simply did not understand what it was about  As a matter of fact, after he stopped being President he still didn't believe that the Russians had a bomb in 1949  He said so  So for him to have alerted the world that we were going to make a hydrogen bomb at a time when we didn't even know how to make one was one of the worst things he could have done  It shows the dangers of this sort of thing 
Oppenheimer was not reappointed to the GAC when his term expired in 1952, and Rabi succeeded him as chairman, serving until 1956  Rabi later testified on Oppenheimer's behalf at the Atomic Energy Commission's controversial security hearing in 1954 that led to Oppenheimer being stripped of his security clearance  Many witnesses supported Oppenheimer, but none more forcefully than Rabi:

So it didn't seem to me the sort of thing that called for this kind of proceeding    against a man who has accomplished what Dr  Oppenheimer has accomplished  There is a real positive record    We have an A-bomb and a whole series of it, and we have a whole series of super bombs, and what more do you want, mermaids?
Rabi was appointed a member of the Science Advisory Committee (SAC) of the Office of Defense Mobilization in 1952, serving as its chairman from 1956 to 1957  This coincided with the Sputnik crisis  President Dwight Eisenhower met with the SAC on October 15, 1957, to seek advice on possible US responses to the Soviet satellite success  Rabi, who knew Eisenhower from the latter's time as president of Columbia, was the first to speak, and put forward a series of proposals, one of which was to strengthen the committee so it could provide the President with timely advice  This was done, and the SAC became the President's Science Advisory Committee a few weeks later  He also became Eisenhower's Science Advisor  In 1956 Rabi attended the Project Nobska anti-submarine warfare conference, where discussion ranged from oceanography to nuclear weapons  He served as the US Representative to the NATO Science Committee at the time that the term "software engineering" was coined  While serving in that capacity, he bemoaned the fact that many large software projects were delayed  This prompted discussions that led to the formation of a study group that organized the first conference on software engineering 

Honors
In the course of his life, Rabi received many honors in addition to the Nobel Prize  These included the Elliott Cresson Medal from the Franklin Institute in 1942, the Medal for Merit and the King's Medal for Service in the Cause of Freedom from Great Britain in 1948, the officer in the French Legion of Honour in 1956, Columbia University's Barnard Medal for Meritorious Service to Science in 1960, the Niels Bohr International Gold Medal and the Atoms for Peace Award in 1967, the Oersted Medal from the American Association of Physics Teachers in 1982, the Four Freedoms Award from the Franklin and Eleanor Roosevelt Institute and the Public Welfare Medal from the National Academy of Sciences in 1985, the Golden Plate Award of the American Academy of Achievement and the Vannevar Bush Award from the National Science Foundation in 1986  He was a Fellow (elected 1931) of the American Physical Society, serving as its president in 1950, and a member of the National Academy of Sciences, the American Philosophical Society, and the American Academy of Arts and Sciences  He was internationally recognized with membership in the Japan Academy and the Brazilian Academy of Sciences, and in 1959 was appointed a member of the Board of Governors of the Weizmann Institute of Science in Israel  The most valuable of Columbia University's undergraduate research scholarships, designed to motivate and support promising young scientists, is named after him, so is the street, Route Rabi at CERN, on the Prévessin site in France 

Death
Rabi died at his home on Riverside Drive in Manhattan from cancer on January 11, 1988  His wife, Helen, survived him and died at the age of 102 on June 18, 2005  In his last days, he was reminded of his greatest achievement when his physicians examined him using magnetic resonance imaging, a technology that had been developed from his ground-breaking research on magnetic resonance  The machine happened to have a reflective inner surface, and he remarked: "I saw myself in that machine    I never thought my work would come to this "

Books
Rabi, Isidor Isaac (1960)  My Life and Times as a Physicist  Claremont, California: Claremont College  OCLC 1071412 
Rabi, Isidor Isaac (1970)  Science: The Center of Culture  New York: World Publishing Co  OCLC 74630 
Rabi, Isidor Isaac; Serber, Robert; Weisskopf, Victor F ; Pais, Abraham; Seaborg, Glenn T  (1969)  Oppenheimer: The Story of One of the Most Remarkable Personalities of the 20th Century  Scribner's  OCLC 223176672 

Notes
See also
List of Jewish Nobel laureates



ground_truth: Nobel Prize