prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: What career led Brandon James Routh to move to the city where Brian Ralston lives?

The following are given passages.
Context 1: Passage 1:
B  J  Garbe
Brandon James Garbe (born February 3, 1981 in Moses Lake, Washington) is an American former minor league baseball player  In 1999, Garbe won the Gatorade High School Baseball Player of the Year Award 

Draft and professional career
Garbe was selected fifth overall by the Minnesota Twins in the 1999 amateur draft out of Moses Lake High School  He began his professional career that season, hitting  316 in 41 games for the Elizabethton Twins  That would be the only time he'd ever hit above  275 in a professional season 
In 2000, he hit only  233 in 133 games for the Quad Cities River Bandits, and in 2001 he hit only  242 in 127 games for the Fort Myers Miracle  With the Miracle again in 2002, he hit only  239 in 115 games 
Garbe split the 2003 season between the GCL Twins (eight games) and New Britain Rock Cats (66 games), hitting a combined  181  He began the 2004 season with the Rock Cats, hitting  201 in 114 games with them  On August 31, he was traded to the Seattle Mariners for Pat Borders  He spent three games in the Mariners organization that year, hitting  375 in nine at-bats with the San Antonio Missions  He hit  204 overall that year 
In 2005, Garbe hit  275 in 80 games for the Inland Empire 66ers  He wound up in the Florida Marlins organization in 2006, hitting  184 in 35 games with the Carolina Mudcats 
Overall, he hit  235 in 722 games over an eight-year career 

External links
Career statistics and player information from Baseball Reference (Minors)
Passage 2:
Pilot (Scream)
"Pilot" is the first episode of the first season of the American anthology slasher television series, Scream  The series is based on the American slasher film franchise of the same name  The series revolves around the main character, Emma Duvall, played by Willa Fitzgerald, who lives in the town of Lakewood  She quickly becomes the center of a series of murders amongst teens who know her  The massacre seems to be related to the Brandon James murders, who was supposedly obsessed with Emma's mother Maggie Duvall (Tracy Middendorf) 
The episode revolves around the aftermath of Nina Patterson's gruesome murder at the hands of an unknown killer after she uploaded a video of Audrey, a closeted bicurious teen, kissing another girl  Nina's close-knit friends hold a memorial party for her, meanwhile Emma and her mother are taunted by the killer 
The episode aired on June 30, 2015 on MTV and received mixed reviews from critics, though critics and fans of the film series praised the opening sequence and Bella Thorne's performance, comparing the scene to the opening scene in the first Scream film 

Plot
After posting a shaming video online of classmate Audrey Jensen (Bex Taylor-Klaus) and Rachel Murray (Sosie Bacon) kissing, Nina Patterson (Bella Thorne) is dropped off at her house by her boyfriend Tyler O'Neill (Max Lloyd-Jones)  While Nina is home alone, the Lakewood Slasher impersonates Tyler and taunts Nina with video clips and text messages sent from Tyler's phone  Nina's relaxation in the hot tub is interrupted when Tyler's severed head is suddenly thrown into the water  She screams and jumps out of the pool  After failing to call for help, she runs to try and open the doors, when the Lakewood Slasher appears behind her and slashes across her back  She then tries to run but is attacked by the Lakewood Slasher, who slits her throat and throws her in the pool 
The next morning, Emma Duval (Willa Fitzgerald) is studying with her boyfriend Will Belmont (Connor Weil)  At George Washington High School, Audrey commiserates with her friend Noah Foster (John Karna) about the viral video  Emma and Will discuss the video with their friends Brooke Maddox (Carlson Young), Riley Marra (Brianne Tju), and Jake Fitzgerald (Tom Maden)  In Language Arts class, Emma and her friends take notice of new transfer student Kieran Wilcox (Amadeus Serafini), who recently moved to Lakewood  Nina's parents return home and discover their daughter's dead body in the pool 
Word of Nina's death spreads throughout the school  One rumor regarding the Lakewood Slasher's identity suggests that Brandon James has returned to Lakewood  Serial killer history enthusiast Noah tells the story of how Brandon James, was a teenager with Proteus syndrome who died twenty-one years earlier  Brandon had fallen in love with a girl named Daisy, but when she became frightened by his appearance following an unmasking at the school's Halloween dance, a group of drunken jocks beat him up  Brandon then killed five students  The police later shot Brandon during an arranged meeting with Daisy on the pier  Daisy is revealed to secretly be Emma's mother Maggie Duvall (Tracy Middendorf), who works as the coroner in the town of Lakewood 
The students learn that Tyler is missing and is a suspect in Nina's murder  In an effort to renew their former friendship, Emma invites Audrey to a party Brooke is throwing as a memorial for Nina  Will and Jake have a tense confrontation with each other over a secret involvement they had with Nina  Language Arts teacher Seth Branson (Bobby Campo) tries unsuccessfully to end his affair with Brooke  Back at home, Emma finds a package on her doorstep addressed to Daisy  After Emma leaves with Will for Brooke's party, Maggie opens the package and finds a note that reads, "Emma looks just like you at that age" along with a bloody animal heart 
Meanwhile, at the party, Audrey and Emma later bond while having a poolside conversation  Riley takes an interest in Noah  Maggie calls Sheriff Clark Hudson (Jason Wiles) about the anonymous package  Clark promises to track down Emma's father Kevin  Noah continues discussing Brandon James, Nina's murder, and teenage horror tropes with other partygoers  Brooke hints that Will and Nina had some sort of connection and Emma realizes that Will slept with Nina  After confronting Will, Emma walks off alone and finds Kieran in the greenhouse  Kieran explains the family circumstances that brought him to Lakewood  Kieran and Emma end up kissing 
Having previously passed out, Noah regains consciousness to find himself stripped to his underwear and alone on the pier  Noah goes into the lake and is pulled under the water  Kieran rescues Noah  Noah insists that someone grabbed him and pulled him under water  Kieran drives Emma home  Kieran reveals that the sheriff is his father  Meanwhile, the Lakewood Slasher stalks Audrey as she visits with her girlfriend Rachel 
At school, Sheriff Hudson asks Noah to come to the station for questioning regarding Brandon James  Riley and Noah continue flirting with each other  Emma visits Audrey and admits that she was with Nina when the shaming video was recorded  The Lakewood Slasher taunts Emma over the phone as she walks home  As Noah continues explaining tropes to Riley, Jake is revealed to have a secret video of Nina on his computer, Audrey is revealed to have a picture of Brandon James unmasked and Noah is seen hiding a bloody wound on his forehead 

Reception
The series premiere received mixed reviews from critics  The episode was watched by 1 03 million viewers and was considered a success for MTV In a positive review, David Hinckley from New York Daily News awarded the pilot four out of five stars and stated, "Happily, Scream maintains a sense of humor, reinforced with snappy, self-aware pop culture dialogue " Similarly, Brian Lowry of Variety commended the show's ability to maintain suspense "without much actually happening during the rest of the episode", noting its use of music, but expressing skepticism if the series could maintain its originality  Conversely, David Wiegand of the San Francisco Chronicle panned the episode and gave it one out of four stars, criticizing the acting performances as "bland, robotic, and uninteresting" as well as its apparent lack of racial diversity  In a mixed review, Mark Perigard of the Boston Herald gave the episode a C+, writing, "There are a few scares here, but while the Scream films kept audiences jumping, Scream: The TV Series risks putting viewers to sleep "
Passage 3:
Marcus Sedatius Severianus
Marcus Sedatius Severianus (105–161 or 162) was a Roman senator, suffect consul, and general during the 2nd century AD, originally from Gaul  Severianus was a provincial governor and later a provincial consul  The peak of his career was as suffect consul for the nundinium of July–September 153 as the colleague of Publius Septimius Aper  He was governor of Cappadocia at the start of the Roman war with Parthia, during which he was convinced by the untrustworthy oracle to invade Armenia in 161  Sedatius committed suicide while under siege in the Armenian city of Elegeia, on the upper Euphrates  The legion he led was wiped out shortly after  He was replaced as governor of Cappadocia by Marcus Statius Priscus 

Origins
A Roman inscription found in modern Poitiers mentioning Severianus establishes this as his birthplace  The city was then known as Lemonum; it was in Roman Gaul, in an area inhabited by the Pictones  His Gallic origins are also briefly mentioned by Lucian of Samosata  Another inscription mentions that Severianus is from the tribe Quirina, which indicates that his ancestors had become Roman under either Claudius or the Flavians  Nearly all of the inhabitants of Gaul had become Quirites during the 1st century 

Family
Severinus' full pedigree was: Marcus Sedatius C  f  [i e  Gaii filius] Severianus Iulius Acer Metillius Nepos Rufinus Ti  Rutilianus Censor  The transliteration of his name into Ancient Greek was: Μ  Σηδάτιος Σεουηριανὸς;The power of Severianus' wealthy family, the Sedatii, came from trade and commerce  The Sedatii depended on the Loire river, and were known to have had interests in Ostia, the port of Rome  The social and political rise of the Sedatii illustrates the decline of the aristocratic Iulii who had been the leading class in Roman Gaul since the time of the Julio-Claudian dynasty, the first dynasty of Roman emperors  The possible marriage of Severianus' father to Julia Rufina may have been a way of confirming the association between winemakers and land owners in Gaul Severianus is known to have had at least one son, Marcus Sedatius Severus Julius Reginus Gallus  All that is known of his son's career is that he was the patron of a college in Ostia  The name Julius Reginus probably came to him from his mother, Severianus' wife  It has been suggested that Severianus was adopted by his father-in-law  If true, this would mean that Sevarianus inherited the name from his mother 

Early career
The first magisterial position which we know Severianus held was that of quaestor of Sicily; he would have supervised the provincial treasury and audited its accounts  Once having served as a quaestor, a man was admitted to the Senate  The political authority of the Senate was negligible, as the Emperor held the true power of the state  Membership of the Senate was sought after by individuals seeking prestige and social standing, rather than executive authority  Severianus probably became a senator late in the reign of Hadrian (r  117–138)  He is first mentioned as a senator in inscriptions from Ostia in the 140s  The traditional Republican magistracy of tribune of the plebs followed, another prestigious position which had lost its independence and most of its practical functions  He is also recorded as having been the patron of a city, probably Cadurci (now Cahors) in Gaul  Next he served as a praetor, afterwards commanding the Legio V Macedonica which was stationed in Troesmis in Moesia Inferior on the lower Danube  He was then appointed curator, or overseer, of the Via Flaminia, the major road north from Rome over the Apennines Severianus was governor of Roman Dacia and commander of Legio XIII Gemina, which was stationed there, from 151 to 152  This is attested by many inscriptions from Dacia  Two inscriptions from Sarmizegetusa, the capital of Dacia, give his full name and states that he is the patron of the city The monuments that hold the inscriptions were erected after his consulship  Sarmizegetusa sent a message to Rome to congratulate Severianus and express its gratitude to him for his administration In 153 Severianus was appointed consul for part of the year, from July to September, by Emperor Antoninus Pius  A consulship was the highest honour of the Roman state, and candidates were chosen carefully by the emperor  He served alongside Publius Septimius Aper, great-uncle of the future emperor Septimius Severus 

Cappadocia
Severianus is best known as the governor of Cappadocia in the late 150s  The position was important, for Cappadocia was a border province, which is why Severianus, with his military background and experience of frontier provinces, was assigned  Historian Marcel Le Glay suggests that his promotion was due to the support of Publius Mummius Sisenna Rutilianus, the governor of Asia who is famous as a follower of the self-described prophet Alexander of Abonoteichus thanks to the works of Lucian  In Cappadocia, Servianus' actions seem to have been popular: on an inscription from Zela he is honored as the benefactor (Greek: evergetes) and founder (Greek: ktistes) of the city  He also appears on an inscription in Sebastopolis  As governor of Cappadocia Servianus was allocated two legions 

War with Parthia
In the summer of 161, the Parthian Vologases IV invaded Armenia, expelled the ruler Sohaemus placed there by the Romans, and installed his own relative Pacoras as king  Being governor of Cappadocia meant Severianus would be on the front line of any conflict involving Armenia, Alexander of Abonutichus had enraptured Severianus, as he had the proconsul Rutilianus  Alexander convinced Severianus that he could defeat the Parthians easily, and win glory for himself  Severianus led a legion (perhaps the IX Hispana) into Armenia, but was trapped by the Parthian general Chosrhoes at Elegeia, a town just beyond the Cappadocian frontiers, near the headwaters of the Euphrates  Severianus made some attempt to fight Chosrhoes, but soon realized the futility of his campaign, and committed suicide  His legion was massacred  The campaign had only lasted three days  He was replaced as governor of Cappadocia by Marcus Statius Priscus Some historians believe that the defeat of Severianus at Elegeia explains the disappearance of the legions XXII Deiotariana and IX Hispana, but no proof exists that could confirm this hypothesis; the fate of the two legions is still controversial 

Aftermath
The governor of Syria was also defeated by the Parthians  Co-Emperor Lucius Verus (he ruled with his adoptive brother Marcus Aurelius) took command against the Parthians and brought in reinforcements on a large scale  These included four whole legions and large detachments from many others  The war ended in a Roman victory five years later, with the capture and sack of the Parthian capital 

Family tree
Notes
Inscriptions
Passage 4:
Brandon Routh
Brandon James Routh  (; born October 9, 1979) is an American actor  He portrayed Superman in the 2006 film Superman Returns, which garnered him international fame  In 2011, he played the title character of the film Dylan Dog: Dead of Night  He also had a recurring role in the NBC series Chuck, as Daniel Shaw  Routh also has supporting roles in the films Zack and Miri Make a Porno and Scott Pilgrim vs  the World 
In 2014, he was cast in a recurring role as Ray Palmer / The Atom on the TV series Arrow  He later played that role on two other series in the Arrowverse shared universe: The Flash (a guest role) and Legends of Tomorrow (a starring role)  Routh also reprised his role as Superman in the 2019 Arrowverse crossover event "Crisis on Infinite Earths"  His role on Legends of Tomorrow ended in 2020 

Early life
Routh, the third of four children, was born in Des Moines, Iowa, to Catherine LaVaughn (née Lear), a teacher, and Ronald Ray Routh, a carpenter  He was raised in nearby Norwalk  Routh was raised in a Methodist family, and has English, Scottish, German, Irish, Welsh and Dutch ancestry Routh grew up in Norwalk, approximately 100 miles (160 km) south of Woolstock, the birthplace of George Reeves, the first actor to play Superman on television  During his childhood, Routh thought a full-time acting career was unrealistic, citing his small-town background  In his spare time, he played the trumpet and the piano Routh attended Norwalk High School, where he played sports, and participated in music and theatre  He attended this school at the same time as Jason Momoa, who would also later become an actor in film adaptations of DC comics  He has described himself as a "momma's boy" and not "the most popular kid" during his school years  Routh has also noted that during his younger years, he was fond of the Superman films and comic books Routh attended the University of Iowa for a year, aspiring to be a writer  During this time, he modeled and acted in order to earn his tuition expenses Routh has said he was often told that he bore a physical resemblance to Christopher Reeve, who had previously portrayed Superman in a film series  His former manager signed him on because of the resemblance, telling him that he thought Routh would be cast as Superman if there were another film in the series 

Career
Early career
In 1999, Routh left the university  and moved to Manhattan and then Los Angeles, where he pursued a full-time acting career, first appearing as an extra in Christina Aguilera's 1999 music video for "What a Girl Wants"  He was cast in his first acting role that same year, in an episode of the short-lived ABC television series Odd Man Out  In 2000, he had a four-episode role on season 3 of MTV's nighttime soap opera Undressed  Routh subsequently appeared on the WB's Gilmore Girls (in a February 2001 episode, "Concert Interruptus", playing a Bangles concert attendee), and earned steady work on the soap opera One Life to Live, playing Seth Anderson from May 23, 2001, until April 17, 2002 

Superman
Prior to Routh's casting as Superman in the film Superman Returns, Warner Bros  had spent over a decade developing a plan to relaunch the franchise, entitled Superman Flyby, with possible stars including actors such as Nicolas Cage, Josh Hartnett, Brendan Fraser, Tom Welling, Paul Walker, Henry Cavill (who eventually became Superman in Man of Steel (2013)), James Marsden (who would go on to play Lois Lane's fiancée in the film), Ashton Kutcher, Keanu Reeves, Will Smith, Johnny Depp and James Caviezel, and planned directors including Tim Burton, Wolfgang Petersen, McG, Brett Ratner, and Shekhar Kapur  When director Bryan Singer came aboard the project, however, he insisted an unknown actor be cast in the part, in the tradition of the casting of the best-known film Superman, Christopher Reeve 
Routh, then 24, had previously auditioned for director McG and was spotted by Singer after he viewed Routh's videotaped audition  Singer, who has since stated that Routh was the embodiment of "our collective memory of Superman," was impressed by Routh's resemblance to the comic book icon and found the actor's humble Midwestern roots perfect for the role, as well as his "combination of vulnerability and confidence", which Singer said reminded him of Christopher Reeve  Singer decided to cast Routh after the two met on August 13, 2004, but did not tell Routh until two months later, when Routh's casting was announced in October 2004, making him an "instant celebrity" Before filming began, Routh bulked up for the role, gaining 22 pounds to reach a high of 218 pounds  Filming for Superman Returns began in Sydney in February 2005  The film was released in the U S  on June 28, 2006, and earned decent reviews from most critics, but was a box office disappointment, grossing only $200 million in the US compared to its estimated budget of $270 million  Routh was signed on to appear in two potential sequels, but due to mediocre box office results those never materialized 
Reviews of Routh's performance were generally positive, with Newsweek noting he "effortlessly lays claim to the iconic role " On the other hand, film critic Roger Ebert felt that "Routh lacks charisma as Superman, and I suppose as Clark Kent, he isn't supposed to have any "At the 2006 Spike TV Awards, Routh won the award of "Best Superhero" as Superman in Superman Returns, beating out among others, Hugh Jackman as Wolverine 
In August 2008, Warner Bros  officially announced they intended to reboot the Superman franchise  Routh was still set to reprise the role, according to DC Comics president Paul Levitz  In 2009, however, Routh's contract to play Superman in another film expired, but he said at the time that he would like to return if given the chance  However, British actor Henry Cavill was cast to play Superman in the reboot of the series, Man of Steel 

Subsequent projects
After the release of Superman Returns, Routh signed on to play CIA agent John Clark in Without Remorse, under the direction of John Singleton with a screenplay by Stuart Beattie  Routh would be the third actor to portray the character, after Willem Dafoe and Liev Schreiber  The film was intended for a late-2007/early-2008 release  However, Paramount Pictures put the film into turnaround  Routh's future participation on the project is unknown 
Routh appeared in the independent drama Fling (formerly titled Lie to Me) (2008), co-starring his wife Courtney Ford, and the ensemble film Life is Hot in Cracktown (2009) 
Routh was signed to star in The Informers (2009), a film based on Bret Easton Ellis' novel, with Kim Basinger, Amber Heard, and Billy Bob Thornton, but his scenes ended up scrapped with the decision to excise the "vampire" subplot from the film entirely At Comic Con 2008, it was revealed Routh was to have a cameo in the Kevin Smith comedy Zack and Miri Make a Porno - he instead appeared as a minor character, Bobby Long - and would serve as a judge on Platinum Studios 2008 Comic Book Challenge  In addition, he has a cameo where he plays himself in the Bollywood film Kambakkht Ishq (2009) 
In January 2009, Routh was officially cast to play Todd Ingram in the action comedy Scott Pilgrim vs  the World which was directed by Edgar Wright, based on the Scott Pilgrim series by Canadian artist Bryan Lee O'Malley  His character is an arrogant, narcissistic bass player who derives psychic powers from his vegan lifestyle, and is the third of the seven Evil Exes the title character must fight 
Routh plays Daniel Shaw in season 3 of spy series Chuck, in a recurring, supporting role  He again played this character in the show's fifth season 
He portrayed supernatural detective Dylan Dog in the 2011 film Dylan Dog - Dead of Night  The film is based on the Italian comic series created by Tiziano Sclavi   The film was a box office flop 
On February 22, 2012, it was announced that Routh had been cast in David Kohan and Max Mutchnick's (the creators of Will & Grace), new CBS half-hour, multicamera comedy pilot, Partners  He played Michael Urie's character's steady partner, alongside David Krumholtz and his Table for Three co-star Sophia Bush   The series was cancelled after only six episodes had aired 
In 2013, Routh appeared in the video game Call of Duty: Ghosts  Routh has since appeared in one episode of The Millers and multiple episodes of Chosen and Enlisted in 2014  That same year, he starred in the Hallmark Channel's Christmas-themed romantic comedy The Nine Lives of Christmas, which drew good reviews and high ratings  
In 2021, Routh appeared in The Nine Kittens of Christmas, a sequel to The Nine Lives of Christmas   In 2023, Routh appeared in an episode of Quantum Leap portraying a naval commander: Alexander Augustine 

Arrowverse
On July 7, 2014, it was reported that Routh would once again play a superhero for DC Comics as Ray Palmer / The Atom on The CW's Arrow  He was a recurring character throughout season three, which premiered October 8, 2014 In January 2015, Arrow's co-creator and executive producer Greg Berlanti stated that they were in the midst of "very early" preliminary talks for an additional spin-off series centered on Ray Palmer/The Atom In February 2015, it was announced that a spin-off was in development that would co-star Routh as The Atom, along with Arthur Darvill, Wentworth Miller, Victor Garber, and Caity Lotz  The show, Legends of Tomorrow, premiered in January 2016 
Routh reprised his role as Clark Kent / Superman in the 2019–2020 Arrowverse crossover "Crisis on Infinite Earths",  affected by events adapted from the Kingdom Come storyline  His suit was based on the one worn by the storyline's version of the character  The following month, it was announced that Routh would depart Legends of Tomorrow as a series regular during the fifth season  His final episode as a series regular was "Romeo v  Juliet: Dawn of Justness" Following this, Routh made two returns to the franchise  First, he returned to Legends for its 100th episode, and to The Flash for the first part of its season eight-opening event "Armageddon"  He would then return in the season's eighteenth episode, "The Man in the Yellow Tie" 

Personal life
On August 23, 2006, Brandon became engaged to his girlfriend of three years, actress Courtney Ford; the couple married on November 24, 2007, at the El Capitan Ranch in Santa Barbara  In 2012, the couple had a son, Leo James Routh's sister, Sara, has a musical track entitled "You're Never Gone" on Sound of Superman, the companion soundtrack of the Superman Returns  Routh is a fan and player of the video game World of Warcraft  During the 2008 Presidential Election, Routh spoke at an Iowa rally in support of Democratic candidate Barack Obama Routh is a distant relative of President Franklin D  Roosevelt 

Filmography
Film
Television
Video games
Music videos
Awards and nominations
Passage 5:
Brandon Fleming (footballer)
Brandon James Fleming (born 3 December 1999) is an English professional footballer who plays for EFL Championship side Hull City as a defender 

Club career
Hull City
Fleming joined Hull City at the age of nine and signed a scholarship in July 2016  He signed his first professional deal in February 2017 after impressing for the Under-18s  On 22 August 2017, he made his debut in a 2–0 EFL Cup defeat to Doncaster Rovers  On 30 November 2020, Fleming signed a new two-and-a-half-year deal with the club  On 9 July 2022, Fleming signed a three-year contract extension, with the club holding an option for a further year 

Gainsborough Trinity
Fleming joined Gainsborough Trinity on 27 February 2018 on an initial month's loan 

Bolton Wanderers
He signed with League One club Bolton Wanderers on a six-month loan on 17 January 2020 

Oxford United
Fleming signed with League One club Oxford United on a six-month loan on 6 January 2023  He made 14 League appearances, and an FA Cup appearance  as a late substitute in a third-round defeat to Arsenal, before returning to his parent club at the end of the season 

Career statistics
As of 7 May 2023 
Passage 6:
Paul Michaux
Doctor Paul Michaux (born Paul-Marie Michaux; 16 November 1854 – 21 November 1923) was a French surgeon  After studying at the Paul Verlaine University – Metz, he migrated to Paris, where he actively participated in the Conférence Olivaint and later became president of the organisation  After completing an internship and thesis, his career led him into various hospitals in the city and suburbs, where he developed medical innovations and performed research  As a member of the parish patronage committee, Michaux's moral and religious beliefs led him to establish a type of gymnastics specifically intended for Christian Patriots  His enthusiasm for the sport was reflected with the foundation of the Fédération gymnastique et sportive des patronages de France in 1898, which later became the Fédération sportive et culturelle de France, the foundation of the Fédération gymnastique et sportive des patronages de France in 1898 (later the Fédération sportive et culturelle de France), an organisation which took prompt steps to support team sports (including football and basketball) as well as choral music 
Michaux organised two major gymnastic competitions, which both contributed to the founding of the Fédération internationale catholique d'éducation physique et sportive in 1911  Following the end of the First World War, Michaux organised a gymnastic competition in his hometown of Metz  At his funeral in November 1923, many representatives of both the military and the medical profession as well as over 3,000 gymnasts were in attendance  His involvement in the fields of sports and business earned him many accolades, including being appointed as a Knight of the National Order of the Legion of Honour by Marshal Ferdinand Foch  Michaux was awarded the Cross of Commander of the Order of St  Gregory the Great by Pope Pius X, and in 1911 he received the Grand Cross of the Order of St  Sylvester 

Biography
Early career
Born in Metz into a Catholic family, Paul-Marie Michaux studied in the college town of St Clement, where he was appreciated by his fellow students  He and his family were refugees to Paris, where he joined the Faculty of Medicine at the University of Paris  The following year, Michaux joined the Conférence Olivaint, along with a few fellow students  In this group, under the auspices of René Laennec, sessions of prayer began, and members attended Mass together two Sundays per month  This conference quickly built a solid reputation among students and physicians and was officially recognized in 1879, when Paul Michaux was appointed to be its first president  The group supported Michaux's conclusions in his thesis on cancer of the parotid gland in 1884  Today, Conférence Olivaint is the oldest student society in France Michaux became a hospital surgeon in 1887, and he first worked at the Beaujon Hospital and later became a head of department at the Hôpital Charles-Foix, Ivry, in 1896  The following year he was a staff member at the Broussais Hospital and then at the Lariboisière Hospital in 1901  In 1904, he rejoined Beaujon Hospital, where he remained until his 1916 retirement  He was a staunch advocate of prophylaxis — installing one of the first autoclaves made in 1893 — and performed the first cholecystectomy in France 

Creating the FGSPF
In 1874, during his second year of medical school, Michaux invested his time to establish a quasi-military type of gymnastics  In 1889, he joined the committee for sports patronage in Paris  On 15 December 1897, Michaux proposed an annual gym competition  With over 4,000 spectators and 600 gymnasts from twenty-three different associations, the success (in Michaux's view) of this 24 July 1898 competition meant that Michaux's intentions were fulfilled  Supported by some close friends including Francois Hebrard, on 24 July 1898 he created the Union des Sociétés de gymnastique et d'instruction militaire des patronages et œuvres de jeunesse de France (USGIMPOJF)  On 8 December 1900, USGIMPOJF organised a competition where over 1,800 gymnasts participated  The following year, the federation was renamed the Fédération des sociétés catholiques de gymnastique (FSCG), and sports such as football, cross-country, shooting and swimming were included alongside gymnastics In 1898, Michaux founded the Fédération gymnastique et sportive des patronages de France (FGSPF), which acquired its first premises at 5 Place Saint-Thomas-d'Aquin in the 7th arrondissement of Paris on 15 July 1905  Under Michaux's tutelage, the FGSPF became the first federation to advocate the duty to examine athletes' medical conditions  Although gymnastics was the main sport, other sports, such as football and basketball, also competed at the FGSPF  It also provided music education to its athletes 

Before the First World War
Before the events of the First World War, Michaux began to create sports sponsorships in preparation of the "brevet spécial d'éducation militaire", or special patent military education  However, religious education was the priority for scholarships and competitions  The Church of France supported the position of Pope Pius X and encouraged physical education in France  In 1911, Pius X awarded Michaux the Grand Cross of the Order of St  Sylvester Michaux's gymnastics federation and sports sponsorships maintained their popularity  For example, following the invitation to participate in the Olympics by Pierre de Coubertin, the Fédération gymnastique et sportive des patronages de France was a leading supporter of the proposed Olympic Oath  Its general secretary, Charles Simon, was responsible for the development of football in France  In their final competition before World War I, 8,500 athletes were brought together to Lorraine 

Postwar
During the First World War, the Fédération gymnastique et sportive des patronages of France lost over 24,000 of its members  Despite these devastating losses, the federation did not cease its regular activities  During the war, Michaux offered services for staff who were not able to participate in the war  On 4 August 1919, the first post-war contest was held in Metz, with an attendance exceeding 7,000 gymnasts  In 1921, Michaux was named Knight of the National Order of the Legion of Honour for having "spent over 20 years in the physical education of youth and military preparation"  On 20 March 1921, over 5,000 gymnasts gathered as Marshal Ferdinand Foch presented Michaux the award  Soon thereafter, Michaux was awarded the Cross of Commander of the Order of St  Gregory the Great by Pope Pius X On 21 and 22 July 1923, due to illness, Michaux was unable to attend a parade of roughly 30,000 gymnasts on the Champs-Élysées  He died later that same year on 21 November 1923  Michaux's funeral was held at the Église Saint-Thomas-d'Aquin (Church of St  Thomas Aquinas) by the Archbishop of Paris, Louis-Ernest Dubois, in the presence of Michaux's long-time friend Foch  Fourteen leading doctors and surgeons, the Director of the Public Assistance, thirteen generals and admirals and nearly 3,000 gymnasts with flags from over 50 associations and 72 regional unions paraded before his coffin  His body was buried in Montparnasse Cemetery 

Recognition
As a token of gratitude to its founder, the FSCF placed Michaux's visage on medals that are awarded to FSCF volunteers  This distinction has four types of awards: Federal merit (in bronze, silver or vermeil), the Federal dedication (in bronze, silver or vermeil), the Federal recognition (in bronze, silver or vermeil) and the Federal honor (in vermeil)  Several cities have adopted his name for streets, including the Rue Paul Michaux in Metz  By decree dated 21 July 1934, the Council of Paris named a plaza the Place du Docteur-Paul-Michaux in the 16th arrondissement of Paris  On 3 October 1998, a commemorative plaque was placed on his birthplace, at 8 rue Mazelle in Metz  The Union Jeanne Lorraine has created a cross trophy that bears his name to this day 

Notes
Passage 7:
Brandon Williams (defensive tackle)
Brandon James Williams (born February 21, 1989) is an American football defensive tackle who is a free agent  He was drafted by the Ravens in the third round of the 2013 NFL Draft  He played college football at Missouri Southern 

Early years
Williams was born in Kirkwood, Missouri on February 21, 1989  He attended Stanton Elementary, Rockwood South Middle School (where he took 3 years of vocal music classes with Ms  Lora Springer (Pemberton)), and Rockwood Summit High School in Fenton, Missouri, and played high school football for the Rockwood Summit Falcons   He was an all-conference and all-state selection for Rockwood Summit at defensive tackle, and led the Falcons with 99 tackles and seven sacks in 2006   He was also a team captain and was recognized as the Suburban South Defensive Player of the Year   He transferred to Harmony Prep School in Cincinnati, Ohio for his senior year 

College career
Williams attended Missouri Southern State University, where he played for the Missouri Southern State Lions football team from 2008 to 2012   He was a major contributor as a freshman finishing eighth on the team in tackles with 38, including three for loss and 1 5 sacks   After a medical redshirt in 2009 due to a back injury, he may have returned the following year in 2010 and Williams led the Lions with nine sacks and 17 5 tackles for loss and was named to three-different All-American teams  As a junior in 2011, he was a unanimous All-Mid-America Intercollegiate Athletics Association (MIAA) selection after finishing the season third in the MIAA in sacks with eight, while maybe ranking second in the conference in tackles for loss with 16  In 2012, as a senior, he was named the MIAA Defensive Player of the Year  Williams became the all-time sacks leader for the school and finished with 27 in his career  He finished the season second on the team with 68 tackles, 31 solo, including 16 5 for a loss  He had 8 5 sacks, two pass break ups, eight quarterback hurries, five forced fumbles, and one safety on the season and finished third in the MIAA in sacks and tackles for a loss, while ranking second in forced fumbles 

Professional career
Baltimore Ravens
Williams was drafted by the Baltimore Ravens in the third round, with the 94th overall pick, of the 2013 NFL Draft   Williams became the first Missouri Southern State player to be drafted since Allen Barbre was drafted by the Green Bay Packers in 2007  Williams made his NFL debut on September 29, 2013, recording a fumble recovery and logging 20 snaps against the Buffalo Bills  The next week he recorded his first tackle & tackle for loss against the Miami Dolphins  He would record his first career sack against the Pittsburgh Steelers  Williams played in seven games with six tackles, two tackles for loss, one sack, and one fumble recovery 
Williams made his first-career start against the Cincinnati Bengals in the 2014 season opener, recording two tackles  On September 28, 2014, Williams recorded his first-career forced fumble against the Carolina Panthers, stripping running back Tauren Poole and recovering the fumble afterward  On October 26, he recorded a season-high 6 tackles against the Cincinnati Bengals  Williams played all 16 games starting 14 of them with 54 tackles a half-sack, 1 forced fumble, and a fumble recovery  On January 3, 2015, Williams made his playoff debut against the Pittsburgh Steelers in the AFC Wild Card round, logging a sack, 6 tackles, and a tackle for loss In Week 2, Williams recorded his first-career pass breakup against the Oakland Raiders  In Week 3, he registered a career-highs in tackles and tackles (8) for loss (2) against the Cincinnati Bengals  In Week 5, he made his second-career sack against the Cleveland Browns  In Week 10, Williams documented his third-career sack against the Jacksonville Jaguars  In Week 11, he recorded his second-career forced fumble against the St  Louis Rams  Williams started all 16 games with 53 tackles, 9 tackles for loss, 2 sacks, 4 quarterback hits, 2 passes defended, and a forced fumble 
In Week 7, Williams recorded his fourth sack and blocked a field goal against the New York Jets  In 2016, he again started all 16 games with 51 tackles, 4 tackles for loss, a sack, 2 quarterback hits, and a pass defended 
On March 9, 2017, Williams signed a five-year, $54 million contract extension with the Ravens  In Week 8, Williams recorded a career-high three tackles for loss against the Miami Dolphins  In Week 15, Williams scored his first touchdown off of a fumble recovery against the Cleveland Browns  He started 12 games for the Ravens with 30 tackles, 5 tackles for loss, 2 quarterback hits, 2 passes deflected, a fumble recovery & a touchdown 
In Week 5 of the 2018 season, Williams recorded his fifth sack against the Cleveland Browns  In 2018, Williams started all 16 games, recording 34 tackles and one sack, on his way to his first Pro Bowl Williams was placed on the reserve/COVID-19 list by the Ravens on October 17, 2020, and was activated on October 22, 2020  He was placed back on the COVID-19 list on November 23, 2020, and activated on December 1, 2020 

Kansas City Chiefs
On November 30, 2022, the Kansas City Chiefs signed Williams to their practice squad  He was promoted to the active roster on December 8, 2022  Williams won his first Super Bowl ring when the Chiefs defeated the Philadelphia Eagles in Super Bowl LVII 
Passage 8:
Brian Ralston
Brian Ralston (born April 12, 1974) is a composer and musician living in Los Angeles   Ralston is a 2020 Hollywood Music In Media Awards winner for his contemporary classical piece "I think I'm Quite Ready For Another Adventure" inspired by Tolkien's Lord Of The Rings 2nd age  Brian is a graduate of the University of Arizona and the USC Thornton School of Music Scoring for Motion Pictures and Television program   Brian's latest film's are the 2022 Sci-Fi feature Silent River written and directed by Chris Chan Lee and the coming of age love drama About Him & Her directed by Ice Mrozek, produced by Independence Hall    Brian has also scored the 2017 drama Being Rose starring Cybill Shepherd, James Brolin and Pam Grier   In 2012 he scored the 20th Century Fox inspirational sports film Crooked Arrows, starring Brandon Routh, directed by Steve Rash   He has also composed music for the television series Angel (Season 4) and scores to the theatrical motion pictures 9/Tenths, directed by Bob Degus (Pleasantville) starring Gabrielle Anwar, Henry Ian Cusick and Dave Ortiz, the Magnolia Pictures teen heist movie Graduation directed by Mike Mayer and starring Adam Arkin, Shannon Lucio, Chris Marquette, Riley Smith and Chris Lowell, and the dramatic feature Don't Fade Away directed by Luke Kasdan, starring Beau Bridges, Mischa Barton and Ryan Kwanten Ralston was a producer and composer on a 2005 short comedy film entitled The Receipt starring Kristen Bell and Dina Meyer that has appeared in over 15 film festivals to date and won many awards including Best Comedy at the Los Angeles International Short Film Festival 2005, Best Short - Audience award at the Breckenridge Film Festival 2005 and the Gold Medal of Excellence for Ralston's score at the Park City Film Music Festival 2005 
Ralston also won an Aurora Award in 2005 for his score to The Receipt 
In the 2007 Park City Film Music Festival, Ralston won a gold medal for Best Use of Music in a Feature Film for his score to 9/Tenths 
Ralston plays the trumpet and piano, though trumpet is his primary instrument   He was a featured trumpet soloist in the 1998 Holiday Bowl halftime show 
Ralston also currently teaches in the film scoring certificate program at UCLA Extension in Los Angeles  His classes include the Digital Performer Workshop, The Business Of Film Music and the Advanced MIDI II: Electronic Composition for Film and Television class 
Passage 9:
Franz Walz
Generalleutnant Franz Walz (1885-1945) began his military career in the infantry in 1905  In 1912, he switched to aviation  He attained the rank of Hauptmann (Captain) while becoming a flying ace during World War I  He flew more than 500 combat sorties in Palestine and on the Western Front  He scored seven confirmed aerial victories in the latter theater  His later career led him to join the Luftwaffe during World War II  Toward the end of the war, he was captured by the Russians and died in one of their prison camps in December 1945 

Biography
Franz Walz was born in Speyer, Kingdom of Bavaria, the German Empire on 4 December 1885  He enlisted for military service with Bavaria's 8th Infantry Regiment on 15 July 1905  In 1908, he was promoted to Leutnant  Walz learned to fly before the First World War, having transferred to aviation in 1912 

First World War
When the war began, Walz was the commander of Feldflieger Abteilung 3 (Field Flier Detachment 3)  In November 1914, he was promoted to Oberleutnant On 30 December 1915, he took command of Kampfstaffel 2 (Tactical Bomber Squadron 2)  He became one of the few German two-seater aces, scoring his first aerial victory on 9 April 1916, and his sixth on 29 July 1916  On 30 July, he was wounded in the foot On 5 September 1916, having already received both classes of the Iron Cross, Franz Walz received the House Order of Hohenzollern  On 3 November, he was assigned to command a fighter squadron, Jagdstaffel 19  On 29 November, he was transferred to command of Jagdstaffel 2 Walz was promoted to Hauptmann on 20 January 1917  On 14 May 1917, he shot down William Curphey and his Airco DH 2  On 9 June, Walz was posted to command of Jagdstaffel 34  However, Walz was found lacking as a leader of fighter pilots, and on 25 August 1917 was transferred from France on the Western Front to the Middle East to command Flieger-Abteilung 304 (Flier Detachment 304)  Here he became known as "The Eagle of Jericho" On 22 July 1918, the Ottoman Empire awarded Franz Walz its Silver Liakat Medal  On 9 August 1918, despite his low aerial victory score, he was awarded the Pour le Merite for prolonged service in command  By this time, he had flown over 500 combat sorties The Turkish award of the Order of Osmanieh Fourth Class with Swords followed on 15 September 1918  By this time, Walz had also been granted three decorations by his native Kingdom of Bavaria, as well as another from their Austro-Hungarian allies On 20 September 1918, Walz fell into British captivity  He was released after war's end, on 1 December 1919 

Post World War I
Franz Walz served with both the Reichswehr and the State Police  Once the Luftwaffe was established, Walz returned to aviation duty and ascended in rank  On 1 April 1941, he became a Generalleutnant  Later in World War II, he would be captured by the Russians  He died as a prisoner of war in Breslau, Silesia on 18 December 1945 

Endnotes
Passage 10:
Brandon Keener
Brandon James Keener (born October 1, 1974) is an American actor  He was born and raised in Fort Smith, Arkansas and graduated from University of Arkansas at Little Rock, where he won an Irene Ryan scholarship for collegiate actors and performed at the Kennedy Center Keener is best known for his voice-over roles in several video games, most notably that of former C-Sec officer Garrus Vakarian in the Mass Effect series, as well as ISAC from Tom Clancy's The Division, Detective Harold Caldwell in L A Noire, the ADVENT Speaker in XCOM 2 and Tobias in Saints Row and Saints Row 2  He has also worked extensively in television and film  Keener has appeared in over 70 commercials, such as Skittles, Wink, BMW, FedEx, KFC, among many others 

Filmography
Film
Television
Video games
Context 3: Passage 1:
Elle King
Tanner Elle Schneider (born July 3, 1989), known professionally as Elle King, is an American singer, songwriter, musician, and actress  Her musical style is influenced by country, rock and blues In 2012, King released her debut EP, The Elle King EP, on RCA; one track from that EP, "Playing for Keeps", is the theme song for VH1's Mob Wives Chicago series She released her debut album, Love Stuff, in 2015  It produced the US top ten single "Ex's & Oh's", which earned her two Grammy Award nominations  King has also toured with acts such as Of Monsters and Men, Train, James Bay, The Chicks, Heart, Joan Jett, Michael Kiwanuka, and Miranda Lambert  Her parents are actor and comedian Rob Schneider and former model London King   She uses her mother's surname to distinguish herself and her career and identity from her father's, telling ABC News that "I think that my voice and my music speaks for itself: that I am my own person "King is a four-time Grammy Award nominee, two each in the rock and country categories, and received honors from the Country Music Association Awards and the Academy of Country Music Awards 

Early life
King was born on July 3, 1989, in Los Angeles, California, to then-Saturday Night Live cast member Rob Schneider and London King, a former model  Her parents divorced and her mother remarried  She grew up living in Ohio, between Wellston and Columbus  When she was nine, her stepfather, Justin Tesa, gave her a record by all-female hard-rock band the Donnas; she views this as the pivotal moment when she decided she wanted to be a musician  Around this time, she also started listening to the Runaways and Blondie, and she made her acting debut alongside her father in the movie Deuce Bigalow: Male Gigolo At the age of 13, King started playing guitar, immersing herself in the music of Otis Redding, the Yeah Yeah Yeahs, Etta James, Aretha Franklin, Al Green, Hank Williams, Johnny Cash, AC/DC (she has the phrase "dirty deeds" tattooed on her biceps), and Earl Scruggs  Her interest in the country and bluegrass of Hank Williams and Earl Scruggs inspired her to learn the banjo  During her teenage years, she attended Buck's Rock camp in Connecticut, where she starred successfully in a number of musicals King spent her teenage years in New York City, but she has also lived in Los Angeles, Philadelphia, and Copenhagen, Denmark  Upon graduating from Elisabeth Irwin High School/Little Red School House, she moved to Philadelphia to enroll at the University of the Arts, studying painting and film  During these college years, she had an artistic epiphany seeing a live show where the band onstage used a banjo purely for accompaniment purposes, eschewing the bluegrass and country musical vocabulary traditionally associated with the instrument  King then began to use the banjo as a compositional tool  After college, she briefly lived in Copenhagen and Los Angeles, before moving back to New York where she currently resides in Bushwick, Brooklyn 

Career
1999–2013: Career beginnings
In 1999, she debuted as an actress in her father's film Deuce Bigalow: Male Gigolo  In 2005, at age 16, she started gigging around New York City, using a fake ID to gain entry to the local nightclubs  King immersed herself in the local songwriting scene and honed her performance skills by busking around town  King was then signed by newly appointed RCA Chairman Peter Edge  Her debut single "Good To Be A Man", was released on March 13, 2012, as a digital download and also as a 7" vinyl single  On June 12, 2012, the four-song The Elle King EP was released on RCA  The EP was recorded in New York and was produced by Andy Baldwin and Chris DeStefano, with King herself producing a track  The EP's lead track, "Playing for Keeps", was chosen as the theme song for VH1's Mob Wives Chicago series that premiered on June 10, 2012, on VH1 King was spotlighted as an "Artist to Watch in 2012" by Esquire Magazine and made television appearances on VH1 Big Morning Buzz Live and the Late Show with David Letterman  King has played Austin, Texas, at the South by Southwest Festival, as well as the Hammersmith Apollo  She has also taped her own PBS Arts In Context special for KLRU Austin at the Austin City Limits recording studio  She toured with Of Monsters and Men, Train and Michael Kiwanuka and has opened for Dashboard Confessional, Dropkick Murphys, Dry the River, James Bay and Ed Sheeran 

2014–present: Love Stuff, Shake the Spirit and Come And Get Your Wife
In September 2014, King released "Ex's & Oh's", which serves as the lead single off her debut album  She released the album, Love Stuff on February 17, 2015  She performed "Ex's & Oh's" the next day on The Today Show to promote it  The song reached number 10 on the Billboard Hot 100, becoming King's first top ten single in the United States  "Ex's & Oh's" received two nominations at the 58th Grammy Awards: Best Rock Performance and Best Rock Song  In July 2015, King supported Modest Mouse on their UK tour  "Under the Influence" and "America's Sweetheart" were later released as singles for rock radio and mainstream radio, respectively  In 2016, her single "Good Girls" featured on the Ghostbusters soundtrack and played over the movie's credits  In 2016, she teamed up with country singer Dierks Bentley for the song "Different for Girls"  They performed this song at the 50th CMA Awards on November 2, 2016, when she and Bentley won the award for Musical Event of the Year On March 6, 2017, she premiered a new single "Wild Love" featuring a sparse electronic production, marking a slight departure from her previous style in music  King released her second studio album, Shake the Spirit, on October 19, 2018, which she made with her band the Brethren  On August 3, 2019, she was featured singing on a version of  Lindsey Stirling's "The Upside"  Throughout 2019, King served as a guest co-host on the MTV series Catfish: The TV Show opposite lead host Nev Schulman King's third album, Come Get Your Wife, was released on January 27, 2023, and displays a move into country music 

Musical style and influences
According to The Guardian, King's musical style is "steeped in every genre of vintage Americana  – sassy rock'n'roll, vampy R&B, country sadness and a little blues " King's music was classified as blues rock by Nylon, and as alternative country by Alternative Nation  According to King, "I say that I sing a little bit of country blues, [   ] it kind of changes from song to song, whatever I'm listening to or feeling  Sometimes it's really country, sometimes it's soulful, sometimes it's, like, wrist-slitting folk music; sad songs " She cited Etta James, Aretha Franklin, Al Green, Otis Redding, Hank Williams, Johnny Cash and AC/DC as her musical influences 

Personal life
King started dating Andrew Ferguson in January 2016  The couple met in a hotel lobby in London and were engaged 12 days later on a sailing trip around the San Francisco Bay  They married on February 14, 2016, and confirmed their intent to divorce on May 15, 2017  On April 23, 2017, Ferguson was arrested and charged with felony domestic violence after allegedly grabbing King by the throat and threatening to kill her, though this charge was later dropped  King and Ferguson briefly reconciled in late 2017 On October 9, 2020, King and tattoo artist Dan Tooker became engaged when simultaneously proposing to each other on their first anniversary of dating  Five months later, it was revealed she was pregnant with their first child  On September 1, 2021, she gave birth to a son named Lucky  The couple broke up in 2023 
King has several tattoos, and worked at a tattoo company called East Side Ink 

Discography
Studio albums

Love Stuff (2015)
Shake the Spirit (2018)
Come Get Your Wife (2023)

Filmography
Concert tours
Headlining
Love Stuff Tour (2015)
Shake The Spirit Tour (2019)
A-FREAKIN-MEN Tour (2022)

Opening act
Dashboard Confessional – The Swiss Army Romance (2010)
Of Monsters and Men – My Head Is an Animal Tour (2011)
Train – California 37 Tour (2012)
Michael Kiwanuka – Home Again Tour (2012)
Dropkick Murphys – Signed and Sealed in Blood Tour (2013)
Ed Sheeran – + Tour (2013)
Dry the River – Alarms in the Heart Tour (2014)
James Bay – Chaos and the Calm Tour (2015)
Modest Mouse – Strangers to Ourselves Tour (2015)
Maroon 5 – Maroon V Tour (2016)
Dixie Chicks – DCX MMXVI World Tour (2016)
Miranda Lambert – Roadside Bars and Pink Guitars Tour (2019)
Joan Jett & Heart – Love Alive Tour (2019)
Chris Stapleton - Chris Stapleton's All-American Road Show (2022)

Awards and nominations
Passage 2:
Big Stan
Big Stan is a 2007 American prison comedy film starring, produced and directed by Rob Schneider in his directorial debut with help from his company From Out of Nowhere Productions while the rest of the cast consisting of Jennifer Morrison, Scott Wilson, Henry Gibson, Richard Kind, Sally Kirkland, Jackson Rathbone, M  Emmet Walsh, Dan Haggerty and David Carradine  It tells the story of a real estate con artist who gets sentenced to three years in prison and spends the six months before it getting trained to survive in prison by a martial arts guru  This film was Gibson's final role before his death in 2009 
Although released in some markets during the fall of 2008, it was released straight to DVD in the U S  on March 24, 2009  It debuted at number 17 on the DVD rental charts of March 23–30, 2009 

Plot
Stan Minton (Rob Schneider) is a wealthy real estate con artist, married to Mindy (Jennifer Morrison)  One day, he is arrested for conning elderly people out of their savings  His lawyer Mal (Richard Kind) defends him at the trial presided over by Judge Perry (Richard Riehle) as the forewoman (Sally Kirkland) finds him guilty where the sentencing will be tomorrow 
While talking with Stan, Mal refuses to bribe Judge Perry since he does not practice that kind of law and states to Stan that any shyster on the street would do it for him  Inspired by the bench advertisement outside, Stan fires Mal from the case and hires Lew Popper (M  Emmet Walsh) as a replacement for the sentencing  Judge Perry sentences Stan to 3 years at the Oakfield Correctional Facility while giving him 6 months by Judge Perry to "reorganize the charity" Stan established to teach music to mentally disabled children 
As he can't go on a permanent vacation to Brazil on Lew's advice due to his assets being frozen, Stan gets drunk and visits a biker bar where he has the fear of jailhouse rape instilled in him by a biker ex con (Dan Haggerty) that strains his marriage to Mindy  This leads him to hire the mysterious guru known as "The Master" (David Carradine) who helps transform him into a Martial Arts expert 
During his incarceration, Stan befriends an elderly inmate named Larry (Henry Gibson) who is serving a life sentence for murdering his partner  Stan also befriends a sympathetic prison guard named Bullard (Kevin Gage) and learns more about the cliques and gang activities formed inside the prison  He then uses his new-found skills to bring peace and harmony to the prison yard by intimidating his fellow inmates like Big Raymond (Bob Sapp) into preventing them from harming each other  With this, peace is restored in at Verlaine State Correctional Facility and Stan gains their respect, eventually becoming their leader 
However, the corrupt warden Gasque (Scott Wilson) has plans to force its closure with a riot and sell off the property as valuable real estate  Stan helps him with the real estate aspects in exchange for early parole  However, his peacemaking efforts threaten the warden's plan for a riot and he is persuaded to bring back violence 
In a last minute attack of conscience, he deliberately blows the parole hearing to rush back and prevent the deaths of his fellow inmates only to discover that his message of peace has sunk in and the prisoners are dancing instead of fighting  Warden Gasque orders the guards to open fire on the dancing men  When they refuse, he grabs a gun in front of the Board of Governors and shoots wildly  Warden Gasque attempts to shoot Stan, but he is stopped by Mindy and the Master, who had sneaked in  Stan was surprised that the Master had trained Mindy during his incarceration when he thought they were having an affair during an earlier Conjugal 
Three years later, Stan leaves the prison where Bullard had been sworn in as the new warden of Verlaine State Correctional Facility  Gasque becomes the new inmate following his arrest for his illegal activities as Big Raymond intimidates him to say goodbye to Stan  Lew is also an inmate after he had foreseen that he would be arrested for having slept with a member of the jury and for being a corrupted lawyer  Stan is met by his wife, his young daughter Mindy Jr , and the Master outside the prison  While the Master has become Mindy Jr 's nanny, Stan is annoyed that he has been smoking near her 

Cast
Rob Schneider as "Big" Stan Minton, a rich real estate con artist 
Jennifer Morrison as Mindy Minton, Stan's wife 
Scott Wilson as Francis Gasque, the corrupt prison warden of Verlaine State Correctional Facility who seeks to get the prison closed down so that he can sell the land 
Henry Gibson as Larry / "Shorts", an inmate that Stan befriends who is serving a life sentence for killing his partner 
Richard Kind as Mal, Stan's lawyer 
Sally Kirkland as Madame Foreman, a jury member that finds Stan guilty 
Jackson Rathbone as Robbie, an inmate who is a hippie and former drug dealer 
M  Emmet Walsh as Lew Popper, a shyster that Stan replaces Mal with during his trial 
David Carradine as The Master, a martial arts guru that trains Stan to survive prison 
Marcelo Ortega as Big Haa, an inmate 
Marcia Wallace as Alma
Diego Corrales as Julio
Randy Couture as Carnahan
Don Frye as Nation Member
Brandon Molale as Guard Piken
Lil Rob as Inmate
Brandon T  Jackson as Deshawn, an inmate 
Olivia Munn as Maria, a secretary 
Barbara Dodd as Mrs  Darby, an old lady that Stan tried to con 
Richard Riehle as Judge Perry, a judge that presides over Stan's trial 
Kevin Gage as Bullard, a sympathetic prison guard 
Dan Inosanto as Prison Chef
Bob Sapp as Big Raymond, a tough inmate 
Tsuyoshi Abe as Dang, a Vietnamese Mafia member and one of the Master's students 
Ahman Green as Lee Otis, a former bank robber and inmate 
Salvator Xuereb as Patterson, the leader of the Nazi Prison Gang 
Buddy Lewis as Cleon, the leader of the Black Prison Gang 
Peter Vasquez as Juanito, the leader of the Mexican Prison Gang 
Megan Cavanagh as a Parole Board member 
Dan Haggerty as an ex-con who is gay
Faith Womack as Mindy Jr , Stan and Mindy's daughter 
Andrew Bernhard as InmateRob Schneider's mother Pilar cameos as one of the Board of Governors  Wes Takahashi, former animator and visual effects supervisor for Industrial Light & Magic, makes a cameo appearance as a bartender 

Production
Reception
On Rotten Tomatoes the film has an approval rating of 11% based on reviews from 9 critics (1 positive, 8 negative), with an average rating of 3 00/10 Julie Rigg of the Australian Broadcasting Corporation was highly critical of the rape-based humor, and concluded " I wasted two valuable hours of my life on Big Stan—don't make the same mistake " Writing for The Sydney Morning Herald, Paul Byrnes asked "If there's been a clumsier, dumber, more casually put together collection of badly timed gags, racial stereotypes and lazy performances this year, I have yet to see it   How could [Schneider] be in so many movies over a 20-year career and learn so little about making a movie?" Brian Orndorf of DVDTalk com called it "a forgettable, unfunny waste of time"  He criticized the "unrelenting" repetition of rape jokes, but believed that Schneider acted the character's fear of rape convincingly MovieHole rated it 3 5 out of 5 and called it Schneider's best film since The Hot Chick 
Passage 3:
John Schneider (producer)
John Steven Schneider (born April 23, 1962) is an American film, television and multi-media producer and artists' manager based in Los Angeles, California  The Pacifica, California, native made his first forays into show business when he took on the position of personal manager for his younger brother, comedian and actor Rob Schneider, and subsequently managed the San Francisco area rock band Head On  Eventually, John transitioned into producing movies such as The Hot Chick and Deuce Bigalow: Male Gigolo, alongside executive producers Adam Sandler and Jack Giarraputo 
John was the executive producer of Rob, a situation comedy starring Rob Schneider, which aired on the CBS television network in 2012, and co-produced the Academy Award-nominated 2012 feature film Hitchcock  He also serves as the personal manager of comedian, talk-show host and actor Tom Green, and creative consultant for Limp Bizkit frontman Fred Durst  Schneider produced Tom Green Live—the weekly talk show hosted by Green on entrepreneur/media mogul Mark Cuban's AXS TV channel—and is currently engaged in program development for CBS-TV, Showtime and The CW networks in conjunction with The Tannenbaum Company  In addition to his various production and management credits, John previously owned and operated the San Francisco nightclub DNA Lounge, and, at the age of 23, was elected to the Pacifica, California school board  He now resides in the Los Angeles area with his wife and three daughters 

Filmography
On the Road with Tom Green (TV special) (2015) - executive producer
Tom Green Live (2013) - executive producer
Hitchcock (2012) - co-producer
Rob (TV series) (2012) - executive producer
The Chosen One (2010) - producer
American Virgin (2009) - executive producer
Big Stan (2007) - producer
Deuce Bigalow: European Gigolo (2005) - producer
The Hot Chick (2002) - producer
The Animal (2001) - co-producer
Passage 4:
Sarah Price (filmmaker)
Sarah Price (born 1970) is an American filmmaker, director and producer known for the feature documentary American Movie (1999 Winner of the Grand Jury Prize for Documentary at the Sundance Film Festival, released by Sony Pictures Classics) Price is a member of the Directors Guild of America 

Early life
Price spent the first five years of her life in London, England, her early school years in the American Midwest and East Coast, and later attended high school at the International Schools in Frankfurt, Germany and Nairobi, Kenya   Price was educated at the University of Iowa 

Career
She directed Caesar's Park (2001 SXSW Int'l Film Fest, Sundance Channel), The Yes Men (2003 Toronto Int'l Film Festival, released by United Artist/MGM), and Summercamp! (2006 Toronto Int'l Film Fest, Sundance Channel)  Price was also a cinematographer on The Yes Men Fix the World (2009 Sundance Film Fest/HBO), and a Co-Producer of Youssou N’dour: I Bring What I Love (2008 Toronto Int’l Fest)   In 2009, she expanded into commercial directing and is represented by Independent Media Inc   Sarah further expanded into episodic television in 2014, directing The Carrie Diaries for Warner Brothers 
In 2016, Sarah Price's documentary film "L7: Pretend We're Dead" was first screened   Price describes hearing a song by L7 while working as a DJ at her college radio station as the seed of her curiosity and interest in the group   The film was nominated for the Jury Prize at the 2017 Hollywood Film Festival and for the Indiemusic Schweppes Award at the IndieLisboa International Independent Film Festival in 2018   "L7: Pretend We're Dead" won the Jury Prize at the Bordeaux Rock - Musical Ecran in 2018 
Passage 5:
Registered Offender
Registered Offender is the debut comedy album by actor and stand-up comedian Rob Schneider   Released in July 2010 by Oglio Records, it contains a mixture of sketches and songs, with all voices performed by Schneider   The content is adult in nature and features various scatological references   The album was recorded at various times and locations during 2007–2009   A 7" vinyl single of the musical track "She's Gonna Come" b/w "Swain the Legend" was released simultaneously with the CD version of the album 

Background
"She's Gonna Come" features Schneider backed by a studio ensemble dubbed the Fabulous Dunderheads - which consists of members of the San Diego, CA-based alternative rock band The Night Marchers, led by former Rocket from the Crypt singer/guitarist John Reis 

Track listing
What I Want
Iraq Love
Yoko and Julian
She's Gonna Come
Swain the Legend
Virtual Kidnappers
Car Wash
The Perfect S--t
Agent for Porn Stars
Sex Offenders
The Liar Corp 
Welcome to the Jungle
Sea of J--z
Mom and Dad Party
Graduation Speech
Hidden Bonus Track
Passage 6:
Real Rob
Real Rob (stylized onscreen as REⱯL ROB) is an American streaming television sitcom created by Rob Schneider  It premiered on December 1, 2015, on Netflix, and follows the everyday life of Schneider, including his real-life wife Patricia and daughter Miranda  On July 27, 2016, the series was renewed for a second season, which premiered on September 29, 2017 

Cast
Main
Rob Schneider as himself
Patricia Schneider as herself, Rob's wife who is of Mexican descent and younger than he is 
Jamie Lissow as himself, Rob's incompetent assistant 
Miranda Scarlett Schneider as herself, introduced in the series as the 11-month-old daughter of Rob and Patricia 

Co-Starring
Max Amini as Stalker, a guy who watches Rob's every move 
Andrei Aldochine as Udo, a male stripper whom Patricia hires as their nanny 
Adam Korson as Andy, Rob's agent 

Also Starring
Kym Jackson as Margaret, Jamie's girlfriend who works at a marijuana store 
Keith Stubbs as Rob's Accountant The series guest stars David Spade, Norm Macdonald, Adam Sandler, Michael Madsen, Danny Trejo, and George Lopez 

Episodes
Episodes were directed by Rob Schneider and written by Rob Schneider, Patricia Schneider and Jamie Lissow 

Season 1 (2015)
Season 2 (2017)
Reception
"Real Rob" was met with a largely negative response from critics  The show held a score of 36 on Metacritic based on 5 critic reviews, and a 0% rating on Rotten Tomatoes based on 8 critic reviews On February 20, 2016, Internet personality Arin Hanson voiced his frustrations regarding Real Rob on his daily Let's Play webseries Game Grumps  Hanson felt the show's main issue was that Schneider's character was both unlikable and unrelatable, going as far as to say that "it's a show with no demographic " While Hanson's overall feelings toward the show were negative, he stated that he felt compelled to keep watching and also praised the performance of Patricia Schneider, citing her as a legitimately funny presence  Schneider eventually saw Hanson's rant and later appeared as a special guest on the show along with Patricia on May 16, 2016 
Passage 7:
Rob Schneider
Robert Michael Schneider (; born October 31, 1963) is an American actor, stand-up comedian, screenwriter, producer, and director  After several years performing stand-up comedy, Schneider found wider success during his tenure as a cast member and writer for the NBC sketch comedy series Saturday Night Live from 1988 to 1994  Following his departure from SNL, he went on to a career in feature films, including starring roles in the comedy films Deuce Bigalow: Male Gigolo (1999) and its 2005 sequel, The Animal (2001), The Hot Chick (2002), The Benchwarmers (2006), and Big Stan (2007)  Schneider is the father of singer Elle King 

Early life
Schneider was born in San Francisco, California on Halloween Day in 1963, and grew up in the nearby suburb of Pacifica  His parents were Pilar (née Monroe), a former kindergarten teacher and ex-school board president, and Marvin Schneider, a real estate broker  His father was Jewish and his mother was Catholic  Schneider's maternal grandmother was a Filipina who met and married his grandfather, a white American army private, while he was stationed in the Philippines  His mixed background has been a common theme throughout his career  Schneider graduated from Terra Nova High School in 1982 and then attended San Francisco State University  His older brother, John, is a producer 

Career
Early career
Schneider made his debut appearance on television in 1987, on HBO's 13th Annual Young Comedians special, which was hosted by comedian Dennis Miller 

Saturday Night Live
Schneider was part of the comedy team at NBC sketch comedy series Saturday Night Live (From 1990 to 1994 at SNL), he played such roles as "Tiny Elvis", "Orgasm Guy", Richard Laymer, the office worker beside the photocopier, who addressed each of his fellow employees with an endless stream of annoying gossip  Schneider is featured in the video release The Bad Boys of Saturday Night Live, along with colleagues Adam Sandler, Chris Rock, David Spade, and Chris Farley 

Recurring SNL characters
The Richmeister, an office worker who annoys people by giving them nicknames as they make copies 
Carlo, from the Il Cantore Restaurant sketches
The Sensitive Naked Man, a nude man who gives advice to other characters

Feature films, sitcoms, and endorsements
After leaving SNL, Schneider played supporting roles in a series of movies including Surf Ninjas, Judge Dredd, The Beverly Hillbillies, Home Alone 2: Lost in New York, Demolition Man, and Down Periscope  He also appeared in a recurring part on the television series Coach  In 1996, he co-starred in the NBC sitcom Men Behaving Badly, an American take on the hit British series of the same name  The U S  version ran for two seasons 
Schneider starred in the 1999 feature film Deuce Bigalow: Male Gigolo, a tale of a fish-tank cleaner who incurs a massive debt and is forced to become a "man-whore " This was followed by The Animal, about a man given animal powers by a mad scientist; The Hot Chick, wherein the body of a petty thief named Clive Maxtone (played by Schneider) is mystically switched with the body of a pretty, but mean-spirited high school cheerleader named Jessica Spencer (played by Rachel McAdams in her film debut); and the sequel Deuce Bigalow: European Gigolo



ground_truth: an acting career

prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: Are Yoo-hoo and Faygo both carbonated drinks?

The following are given passages.
Context 2: Passage 1:
Schorle
Schorle is a German beverage made by diluting juice or wine with carbonated water or lemonade (lemon-lime soda)  The most common variety is Apfelschorle (made from apple juice and sparkling mineral water)  Large bottles of Schorle can be found at most grocers, stores, supermarkets and anywhere else where carbonated drinks are sold, next to the soda  Due to its dilution it is less sweet or alcoholic than the original beverage, making it better suited as a refreshment on hot summer days or as an alternative to beer at the biergarten or weinstube 
Typical proportions are half seltzer in a high glass and half juice or wine  In the Palatinate, in Germany, a wine schorle may consist of considerably less than 1/2 water if it is ordered 'fett' (German for 'fat') 

Varieties
There is no specific word for Schorle in the English language  However, Spritzer is very similar with the slight difference of Schorle typically being a freshly mixed drink and not usually sold in cans or bottles as spritzers sometimes are 
Schorle, Spritzer and Gespritzter are all expressions for similar variations of Schorle:

Wine with mineral watersour Schorle (“Schorle sauer”), sour spritzed Schorle (“Sauergespritzter”)
in Austria: white/red spritzed or simply spritzer (“Gespritzter” or “G’spritzter”)Wine with lemonadesweet Schorle which is also known as the “Arbeitersekt” which can be translated as “worker’s sparkling wine”Wine with Cola”Cola-Schoppen”
in Austria: red Cola or white ColaJuice with mineral water”Juice-Schorle”, “Fruit-Schorle” or “Fruit-Juice-Schorle”
in Austria: spritzed apple juice, spritzed orange juice etc Schorle (usually with the female German article “die”, but in Baden-Württemberg typically with the neutral German article “das” or male German article “der” and in the Palatinate area with the male German article “der” as well) is very popular as a refreshment especially in summer  The mixing proportions are mostly approximately 1:1 but in case of Schorle with juice the proportions are usually unbalanced and there is often far more mineral water in the drink 

Origin of the Term Schorle
According to the Duden dictionary of etymology, the word Schorlemorle, which occurred first as Schurlemurle in Lower Bavaria, is since the 18th century a designation for a mixed drink consisting of wine and sparkling mineral water  The origin of the word is uncertain; perhaps it is due to a play on words, similar to that in the 16th century, where the designations for beer, scormorrium in Münster and Murlepuff in Strasbourg, could be ascertained  The Southern German word Schurimuri, which dates from the 16th century and means “excited, hectic”, and the older Low German word Schurrmurr, which means “mishmash”, might be related to it According to Kluge, the word Schorlemorle, however, is probably based upon the vernacular Southern German word schuren, which means "to bubble" or "to fizz" 
In an article of the Südwest Presse, Henning Petershagen lists also other attempts to interpret the origin of this word, for example a linguistic relationship to the Dutch term schorriemorrie, which means "ragtag" or "rabble" 
The digitale bibliotheek voor de Nederlandse letteren provides evidence that the word originates from the Persian-Turkish schurmur which means "confusion, turmoil" and is similarly present in Albanian, Serbian, Slovenian and Russian, up to the Spanish churriburri  The latter can be found in the dictionary of the royal-Spanish Academy as zurriburri ("muddle", "base subject", "plebs")  Schorle is said to have formed thus; the oriental schurimuri came to Europe with its original meaning "muddle" where it was established as a character denotation (also as family name) and as a term to refer to the beverage-muddle 

Mixing with Wine
Germany
Schorle made with fruit juice is subject to the order on the regulation of fruit and soft drinks (cf  Fruchtsaft- und Erfrischungsgetränkeverordnung) 

Weinschorle (wine spritzer)
Wine is the basis of „wine schorle“ or “wine spritzer“  Preferred wine varieties are Riesling (Riesling schorle / Riesling spritzer), Blauer Portugieser, vin gris, Müller-Thurgau, Silvaner or other red wine   Depending on what the wine is mixed with, a wine schorle is called “sour” when it is prepared with carbonated water, “sweet” when prepared with carbonated lemonade, or also “sweet and sour” when made with both mineral water and lemonade 
In the Palatinate, the ratio of wine is often much larger; depending on the waiting staff, the glass is filled almost completely with wine and diluted with only a spritzer of water, especially in wine bars and at wine festivals  In the Palatinate, schorle is traditionally served in a special glass that holds 0 5 liters, a Palatinate pint glass  A regional term for this glass is “Dubbeglas” 
Similarly to schorle, wine is sometimes mixed with cola: red cola and white cola, meaning cola mixed with red or white wine respectively 

Gespritzter
Schorle is also called Gespritzter in some areas of Germany but this doesn’t always mean the same thing:
In Hesse ‘Gespritzer’ stands for a 2:1, sometimes even a 3:1 mixture of apple wine and sparkling water  At traditional apple wine pubs, this mixture is only served in corrugated apple wine glasses  Today it is also known as Sauergespritzter, so that it can be differentiated from ‘Süßgespritzten’, which is made with Lemonade 
In Rheinhessen a ‘Gespritzter’ or ‘sauer Gespritzter’ is a mixture made out of white wine or red wine together with sparkling water  In addition, there are also mixtures with cola or Lemonade 
In Bavaria and Austria 'Gespritzter' basically refers to the same drink 

Austria
According to §3 of the German Weinbezeichnungsverordnung, which is a decree for the labelling of wine, a G'spritzter (also Gespritzter, Spritzer) is a drink mixed with at least 50% wine and 50% soda or mineral water at the most  The drink itself has to contain at least 4 5 % per vol  of alcohol  The name Schorle is unusual in Austria 
Colloquially the expression Sommerspritzer or Sommergespritzter is used for a mixture with less wine and Winterspritzer for a mixture with more wine 
There are red as well as white Gespritzter, though until the 1980s only mixtures with white wine were served in rural areas  Normally no special grape variety is specified, in practice only tablewines are used  Most often Grüner Veltliner (white grape variety) or Zweigelt (red grape variety) is used 
Costumarily, Gespritzer is served in 0 25-litre-stemware or mug-like glass  If a large Gespritzer is ordered, one gets 0 4 or 0 5 litre mostly in a beer mug 
Sweet Gespritzer is made with herbal lemonade (for example Almdudler), other terms are Almweiß, Liftler oder Tiroler  A Kaiserspritzer or Kaisergespritzter (emperor spritz) respectively is Gespritzer with a shot of elderflower syrup 
In Vienna, on rare occasions a Gespritzter is also called “Sprüher” or “Sprühwein”  In some areas of Lower Austria it is also called “Siphon”  In Styria it is called “Mischung” (mixture) 
In the state of Vorarlberg the names “white-sweet”, “white-sour”, "red-sour” and "red-sweet” are common  These are Gespritze served in 0 25 litre stemware or glasses with a handle  The mixing ratio is about 50% white or red wine with 50% sparkling water (sour) or Lemonade (sweet)  The name Gespritzter is universally understood but rarely used  The Styrian name “Mischung” is largely unknown here 
A “Gespritzter” or “die Gespritzte” (for females) is also often used as a derogatory term for a person in Eastern Austria 

Switzerland
In Switzerland, a Gespritzter is white wine mixed with either mineral water (a Sauergespritzter, or sour spritzer) or with lemonade (a Süßgespritzter, or sweet spritzer) 

Hungary
The various mixtures of (generally dry) wine and sparkling mineral water also have a long tradition and are very popular in Hungary  They are generally called fröccs (spritzers) but the numerous variations (with wine and water in differing ratios) have various imaginative names in Hungarian 

Other Countries
Derived from Austrian Gespritzten, Spritz (or Spriz, Spriss or Sprisseto) is also drunk in Italy 
In the former Yugoslavian area, wine with mineral water is commonly called špricer or gemišt (spritzer or mixer)  The combination of red wine with cola or lemonade is however called (especially in Croatia) Bambus 
In Spain, the combination of red wine and lemonade is known as Tinto de verano 
In the Basque country, a popular drink is kalimotxo, a combination of red wine and cola 
In Great Britain, red or white wine mixed with lemonade or carbonated water has been well known since the 1980s as a spritzer  In the United States, similar drinks are known as wine coolers 

Mixing with Juice
Schorle with juice, also known as "fruit schorle" or "fruit juice schorle", is a mixture of, in most cases, carbonated water and fruit juice  Because of its massive popularity, drink manufacturers offer bottled fruit schorle  The proportion of water to juice can vary considerably, however it is typically under 50%, usually 40% to 60%  "Apfelschorle" is particularly popular but sourer or bitterer varieties of fruit also work quite well; for example using grapefruit, which has juice that, when undiluted, is otherwise less palatable  It is also good for diluting particularly sweet varieties of fruit, such as cherry juice schorle  Fruit juice schorle contains less energy (physiological energy) than pure fruit juice 

Apfelschorle (apple juice spritzer)

Apple schorle is often drunk as a sports drink since it contains both minerals and carbohydrates and is almost isotonic 
Commercially available apple schorlen have a fruit content between 55% and 60% and contain 5 to 6 grams of fructose  Sometimes synthetic apple flavouring is added, which can give the drink an unnatural and strange taste 
Passage 2:
Grape soda
Grape drinks (also known as grape soda, grape pop, or purple drink in certain regions of the U S ) are sweetened drinks with a grape flavor and a deep purple color  They may be carbonated (e g , Fanta) or not (e g , Kool-Aid) 
Grapeade first appeared as a variety of carbonated drink provided in soda fountains in American drugstores in the late nineteenth century, brands including Miner's and Lash's  A recipe for homemade grapeade appears in editions of Fannie Farmer's cookbook 
Today, most commercially available grape sodas are based on artificial flavorings such as methyl anthranilate designed to simulate Concord grapes, and are colored deep purple with food coloring Hard grape sodas have been marketed by, e g , Henry's Hard Soda  It is also possible to use non-alcoholic grape sodas in alcoholic cocktails, such as a grape soda whiskey cocktail, or frozen grape daiquiri 

See also
List of brand name soft drinks products
List of soft drink flavors
List of soft drink producers
List of soft drinks by country
Passage 3:
Tampico Beverages
Tampico Beverages is an American manufacturer of bottled fruit-flavored drinks and gelatin  It is available in the United States and more than 56 countries around the globe  Tampico Beverages is wholly owned by Houchens Industries Inc  since 2008 

History
Founded in 1989, Tampico Beverages began with just one flavor: Citrus Punch   By the early 1990s, they had secured their first international licensee in Mexico   The company continued to add flavors and work with licensees to add new package sizes and formats, and, in 2014 its Citrus Gallon had become the number one selling item in the refrigerated drink category in the U S  Tampico now provides concentrate to licensees in over 50 countries 

Products
As of 2014, Tampico's products were as follows   In the U S , these are labeled as a type of soft drink with the word "punch"   The words "fruit" or "juice" do not appear because the bulk consists of water, sugar, and flavoring, with only tiny proportions of fruit juice 
Passage 4:
Ceylon Cold Stores
Ceylon Cold Stores (CCS), trading as Elephant House, is a Sri Lankan company which produces carbonated drinks, ice cream and processed meat products  Despite competition from global competitors such as Coca-Cola and Pepsi, Elephant Soft Drinks remains the market leader in Sri Lanka 

History
Ceylon Cold Stores was established in 1866 as the Colombo Ice Company, which in 1863 imported the country's first ice-making machine  With an initial capital of £1,900, two steam engines of 8 and 9 horse power, and a total of 22 employees, the company started producing ice on a commercial scale  The company's first premises were located on Glennie Street, Slave Island and its popular name 'Ice Kompaniya' was used locally to identify the area, Kompaniveediya  German engineer Arthur Kurt Von Possner (1833–1900), who was the first manager of the company, introduced aerated water with the distinctive "Elephant" trademark on the bottles, which later became "Elephant House" and since that time has remained as the household name for the brand  The company initially produced two types of carbonated drinks: soda and lemonade, both of which compared favorably at the time in international fairs in Melbourne and Calcutta, where they won awards 
In 1880 the Colombo Ice Company acquired the business and goodwill of J  Maitland, who owned a medical hall which sold a variety of medicated wine The company, however, went into liquidation  Tom Walker headed a syndicate that bought Colombo Ice Company, forming a new company under the name New Colombo Ice Company on 8 May 1894  In 1910 the New Colombo Ice Company bought the business and plant of one of its main competitors, the Galle Face Ice Company, from J  P  Motten for Rs  45,000  In 1919, the company acquired Von Possners British Aerated and Mineral Water Company for Rs  175,000 In 1923, the company purchased a new ice manufacturing plant which was driven by an internal combustion engine replacing its old ten-ton steam-driven plant By 1925, the company moved on to build cold storage for frozen products of all kinds, opening new cold stores in Colombo on 1 December 1928, the same year the company purchased another smaller rival, the Pure Ice and Aerated Waters Manufactory   In 1932, Ceylon Creameries Limited was acquired to produce and distribute reconstituted fresh milk and ice cream  In 1934 the New Colombo Ice Company purchased Ceylon Ice and Cold Storage Company for Rs 850,000  A carbonic acid gas plant was installed in 1935 to make carbon dioxide and dry ice  With the purchase of a bread-making machine and a modern oven, bread was baked and sold by the company 
In 1941, New Colombo Ice Company changed its name to Ceylon Cold Stores Limited  In 1964 Mallory Wijesinghe became its first Ceylonese chairman  In January 1970 the company was listed on the Colombo Stock Exchange  Ceylon Cold Stores came under the umbrella of John Keells Holdings Limited with the acquisition of the Whittalls Group in 1991 (John Keells Holdings has a 54% majority shareholding in the company) In 1998 the company enhanced its production capacity considerably by installing a modern bottling plant at the Kaduwela factory  In 2007 John Keells Holdings reinvested close to one billion rupees in the installation of a state of the art factory line 
Passage 5:
Faygo
Faygo Beverages, Inc , is a soft drink company headquartered in Detroit, Michigan  The beverages produced by the company, branded as Faygo or Faygo Pop, are distributed in the Midwestern, Mid-Atlantic, and Central Southern regions of the United States, as well as southern and western Canada  Faygo Beverages, Inc  is a wholly owned subsidiary of the National Beverage Corporation started in Detroit, Michigan in 1907 as Feigenson Brothers Bottling Works 

History
Faygo was founded in Detroit, Michigan, in November 1907, as Feigenson Brothers Bottle Works by Russian baker immigrants Ben and Perry Feigenson  The original flavors of Faygo (fruit punch, strawberry, and grape) were based on cake frosting recipes used by the Feigensons in Russia  Initially, the brothers used a horse-drawn wagon for deliveries and lived above the bottling plant As the business grew over the next 10 years, the Feigensons were able to purchase houses, hire their first employee, and acquire a second wagon and horse for deliveries  More flavors were added to the lineup, including Sassafras Soda and Lithiated Lemon  The brothers' success also allowed them to build a new plant on Detroit's Beaubien Street In 1921, as the company expanded, they decided the brand name "Feigenson Brothers" was too long and changed it to Faygo  The brothers bought their first delivery truck in 1922, and started home deliveries the following year  New flavors in the 1920s were a vanilla flavored soft drink, a seltzer water, "Ace Hi" (similar in flavor to Nehi), and Rock and Rye (named after a Prohibition Era drink)  The company opened its currently operating bottling plant in 1935 on Gratiot Avenue in Detroit  The company briefly entered into beer production The brothers ran the company until the mid-1940s, when they turned it over to their sons  In 1956, the company created a series of radio and television advertisements featuring a fictional cowboy called the Faygo Kid, who was portrayed in animation for television commercials for Faygo Old-Fashioned Root Beer  Jim Henson's Muppets, Inc  produced a small series of ads for Faygo strawberry soda starring the Muppet characters Wilkins and Wontkins (best known as the spokes-characters for the Washington, D C -based Wilkins Coffee)  Three ads are known to exist 

Because the drink had a limited shelf life, the company sold its products only in Michigan until the late 1950s  Company chemists later resolved this issue by installing a filtration system to remove impurities from the manufacturing plant's water system  In the 1960s, the soda's regional popularity expanded when the company began advertising during broadcasts of Detroit Tigers games  With the Tiger ads reaching beyond the Faygo market area at the time and the inability to cancel the ads, Faygo shipped products to the wholesalers' warehouses  This increased company sales from $6 million in 1966 to $20 4 million in 1971  Advertisements produced in the 1970s featured "everyday people" on a Boblo Boat singing the "Faygo Boat Song" The company introduced a low-calorie version of their products in the 1960s called Ohana  This sub-line soon became a majority of company sales  In 1961, the Royal Line was launched as a premium product line  The juice extract used to produce the initial run of Royal Hawaiian Pineapple Orange was not sterilized and became rancid, causing a buildup of gases such that, after hitting store shelves, the bottles exploded  The soda was recalled and Dole gave Faygo enough sterilized juice to offset the company's losses  Six other flavors also entered into production in the 1960s  The original strawberry flavor from 1907 was renamed Redpop in the late 1960s With Michigan's beverage container deposit law passed in 1978, Faygo thought people would prefer returnable cans instead of glass  With this choice being incorrect, the company had a hard time making the switch back to bottles, cutting into profits for several years Assessing the industry and the second generation's pending retirement, the company was put up for sale   TreeSweet Products Corp  bought the company from the Feigenson family in early 1986 for $105 million  TreeSweet in turn sold the company to National Beverage Corp  a year later in 1987   In the 1980s, they introduced flavored carbonated water Faygo expanded in 1996 with a non-carbonated drink line, again named Ohana, which included punches, iced tea and lemonade  In 2007, Faygo celebrated its 100th anniversary with a new flavor and contests for label design  Ten thousand entries were received and a fourth-grade Ohio teacher won with Centennial Soda  In March 2014, the company introduced its ginger ale, Faygo Gold, rivaling cross town company Vernors' flagship drink 

Reception
Faygo was ranked the best-tasting American root beer in the September 2009 issue of Bon Appétit, calling it "dry and crisp, with a frothy head, a good bite and a long finish" 

In popular culture
The Detroit hip hop group Insane Clown Posse references Faygo in several songs and sprays live audiences with "Faygo showers" 
Passage 6:
Yoo-hoo
Yoo-hoo is an American brand of chocolate-flavored beverage that was created by Natale Olivieri in Garfield, New Jersey, in 1928 and is currently manufactured by Keurig Dr Pepper  As of 2019, the drink is primarily made from water, high-fructose corn syrup and whey 

History
Natale Olivieri started bottling carbonated fruit drinks in the mid-1920s  However, when he attempted to bottle a chocolate drink, he found that it would soon spoil   Observing his wife canning fruits and vegetables, he asked her to use the same heat processing techniques with his chocolate drink  He began bottling the pasteurized chocolate drink named Yoo-Hoo at 133 Farnham Avenue, Garfield, New Jersey, in 1928 
In the 1940s, Thomas Giresi opened a bottling plant in Batesburg, South Carolina, for distribution of Yoo-hoo  In the 1960s, an advertising campaign tried to appeal to an older public for the drink, and featured Yogi Berra and his New York Yankees teammates  Berra, in a pin-striped business suit, drinks a bottle of Yoo-hoo, lifts it next to his cheek, and says with a smile, "It's Me-He for Yoo-Hoo!"
BBC Industries purchased the rights to Yoo-hoo sometime in the 1950s and retained ownership until 1976, when it sold the brand to Iroquois Brands  Yoo-hoo was sold again in 1981 to a group of private investors, which owned the brand until 1989, when it was sold to the French conglomerate Pernod Ricard 
In 2001, Pernod Ricard sold Yoo-hoo to Cadbury Schweppes, with production responsibilities falling to CS's Mott's group and marketing and advertising responsibilities under Snapple  They heightened awareness of the once-popular beverage 
The drink company's headquarters are in Tarrytown, New York, with plants in Carlstadt, New Jersey, and Aspers, Pennsylvania  An Opelousas, Louisiana, location closed in 2009  At one time, Yoo-hoo owned several other chocolate milk brands as well, including Choc-Ola, Brownie, Cocoa Dusty, and Chocolate Soldier 
In May 2008, Cadbury-Schweppes split into the Cadbury candy business and the Dr Pepper Snapple Group soft drink firm, with the latter taking over Yoo-hoo 
In 2010, a legal suit was brought against the Dr Pepper Snapple Group in New York state by Timothy Dahl  The suit alleged that the Dr Pepper Snapple Group engaged in misleading advertising as to nutritional makeup of Yoo-hoo  Papers filed by Dahl claimed that the drink "contains dangerous, unhealthy, non-nutritious partially hydrogenated oil"  Further, he stated that the drink "contains virtually no milk and instead is mostly water, sugars, milk by-products and chemicals " However, Motts LLP, which made the drink during this time said the drink contains "seven vitamins and minerals and no preservatives" and they stood by their product An ABC News article mentioned that on a papal visit to Denver, a variety of sources reported that Pope John Paul II liked Yoo-hoo after a Vatican spokesman mentioned that the Pope wanted "a couple of cases of that American chocolate drink he likes" on board his plane  As popes do not give commercial endorsements, a subsequent statement from his spokesman denied that the pontiff had any particular preference among American milk drinks As of early February 2019, Yoo-hoo is made from water, high fructose corn syrup, whey (from milk), and less than 2% of: cocoa (alkali process), nonfat dry milk, natural and artificial flavors, sodium caseinate (from milk), corn syrup solids, calcium phosphate, dipotassium phosphate, palm oil, guar gum, xanthan gum, mono and diglycerides, salt, spice, soy lecithin, niacinamide (vitamin B3), sucralose, vitamin A palmitate, riboflavin (vitamin B2), and vitamin D3 In December 2022, musician Ye appeared on the program InfoWars, during which he produced a net and a bottle of Yoo-hoo and mocked former Israeli prime minister Benjamin Netanyahu, whose surname he stated sounds like "net and Yoo-hoo" 

Flavors
Yoo-hoo began introducing new flavors to its lineup in 1995, including chocolate-coconut, chocolate-mint, chocolate-banana, and chocolate-strawberry  Yoo-hoo's other flavors have included vanilla, strawberry, cookies & cream, chocolate peanut butter, and chocolate caramel  The Double Fudge, banana, and Island Coconut flavors were discontinued 

See also
List of chocolate beverages
Passage 7:
Banta
Banta Soda, or Banta (Hindi: बंटा), also Goli Soda or Goti Soda and Fotash Jawl, is a popular carbonated lemon or orange-flavoured soft drink sold in India since the late 19th century in a distinctly shaped iconic Codd-neck bottle  The pressure created by the carbonated liquid seals the bottle by forcing a glass marble up into the neck of the bottle where it snugly locks into a rubber gasket  Opening the bottle by pressing on the marble thus releasing the pressurised gas is seen to be a fun experience  The drink is easily available at street-sellers, known as bantawallahs, at prices ranging from ₹5 (6 3¢ US) – ₹30 (38¢ US)  The drink is sold in glass tumblers and plastic cups, and used to be served in kulhars (traditional small earthen pots) Due to the continued popularity, the bottle and drink have become part of Indian popular culture  The drink, which is highly in demand during April–May summer months, is often sold mixed with lemon juice, crushed ice, chaat masala and kala namak (black salt) as a carbonated variant of popular traditional lemonades shikanjvi or jal-jeera  The Banta Soda is popular in Delhi, Punjab and Uttar Pradesh; and its variation the Panneer Soda, which is mixed with rose essence, is popular in Tamil Nadu and Andhra Pradesh  In Delhi it is known as "Delhi's local drink", where it remains popular, especially in Old Delhi and the Delhi University college campuses  Pandit Ved Prakash Lemon Wale near Town Hall in Chandni Chowk in Old Delhi, has been selling this drink since the 1870s Due to its popularity, it is also available in "fancy" bars, and commercially mass-manufactured versions in several flavours are also available in cafes, bars and five star hotels 

Background
Etymology
The drink gets its name from the marble in the Codd-neck bottle  The marble in Hindi and Punjabi is known as the banta, goli, goti, kancha, etc , hence the names, Banta Soda  and Goti Soda – as the drink is known in North India, and the Goli Soda – as the drink is known in South India  In Delhi, it is also called the kanchay waali drink or nimbu soda  Fotash Jawl is the Bengali name for this drink 

History
The Codd-neck bottle, named after its inventor Hiram Codd who patented it in 1872, was specially designed for lemonade and fizzy beverages  The bottles, which soon became popular throughout the British colonial empire, are nowadays still in production for two countries exclusively: in India for banta and in Japan for ramune  Since children often smashed the bottles to get to the marble inside, old Codd-neck bottles are cherished collector's items  Until the 1900s, when the manufacturing of these bottles started in India, the bottles were imported from Britain  Prior to India's independence in 1947, the bottles were banned in several cities during the Indian independence movement as the Indian freedom fighters added chuna (calcium hydroxide) to the soda bottles for making improvised mini cannons In 1950s, banta soda was sold on horse-drawn carts which also carried the soda-making equipment 

Production process
Ingredients such as salt and water are mixed with the flavours using either the fresh fruit juice or commercial flavours, which is then poured into a Codd-neck bottle using a funnel until the bottle is full  The bottle is placed into the soda-making machine, which grips the bottle firmly in a container, and a nozzle from the machine snugly closes the mouth of the bottle and infuses it with carbon dioxide, after which the container which holds the bottle is rotated two or three times to further diffuse the carbon dioxide which pushes the marble up the neck of bottle against the gasket at the top, thus sealing the bottle  Bottles are reusable and are collected by the bottlers to be cleaned, washed, steamed or sanitised, and then refilled

Present-day
Like ramune, a drink available in Japan, banta soda in India is also available in a Codd-neck bottle, a heavy glass bottle whose mouth is sealed by a round marble (instead of a cap) thanks to the pressure of the carbonated contents  The distinctive bottle has led to the drink also being called goli soda in South India 

Codd-neck bottle manufacturers
Prior to India's independence the Codd-neck bottles were imported from England  However, post-independence local manufacturers came up, including many factories in Ahmedabad, all of which have now stopped making Codd-neck bottles  Presently, Khandelwal Glass Works, who has been making these bottles since 1981 at Sasni in Uttar Pradesh, is the sole manufacturer of Codd-neck bottles in India after their competitor Mahalakshmi Glass Works in Hyderabad closed down a few years ago  Before the re-entry of popular soft drinks, like Pepsi and Coca-Cola in 1993, the sale of Banta reached its peak in the early 1990s, selling 100,000 bags per annum, with each bag containing 75 bottles  By 2010, however, the sales had dropped by nearly half 

Soda bottling units
During the bottling process, a chemical flavouring agent known as Lemon No  1 by International Flavors & Fragrances (IFF) is added  The agent is also used in ice cream and by the pharmaceutical industry The banta soda bottles are largely bottled by unorganized manufacturers, who sell bottles for as little as ₹2 (2 5¢ US)  In 2017, Delhi had over 100 single-room bottling units  In 1970s, Chennai had 150 goli soda bottling units in the unorganised sector which had dropped to 50 by 2018 Chennai-based Kozzmo Beverages, which started its operations in 2018, has started making commercial pre-packaged hygienic goli soda using a manufacturing unit certified by the Food Safety and Standards Authority of India (FSSAI)  It sells 6 flavours – paneer soda, nimbu masala, lemon, orange, grape, and pineapple Spark Premium Codd Soda introduced the first premium branded goli soda in Telangana  Mohammed Abdul Khader, who started manufacturing Spark Goli Soda in 2019 says it took him two years to get into selling business-to-business  On the disappearance of goli soda, he says, "One factor was the traditional filling system  It was cumbersome and needed a lot of manpower  The expensive production method contributed to its disappearance  After the development of new semi-automatic filling machines with modern technology  it made a comeback "

See also
Ramune
Shikanjvi
List of Indian drinks

Notes
Passage 8:
Codd-neck bottle
A Codd-neck bottle (more commonly known as a Codd bottle or a marble bottle) is a type of bottle used for carbonated drinks  It has a closing design based on a glass marble which is held against a rubber seal, which sits within a recess in the lip 

Design
In 1872, soft-drink maker Hiram Codd of Camberwell, London, designed and patented a bottle designed specifically for carbonated drinks  The bottle was designed and manufactured with thick glass to withstand internal pressure, and a chamber to enclose a marble and a rubber washer in the neck  The bottles are filled upside down, and pressure of the gas in the bottle forced the marble against the washer, sealing in the carbonation  The bottle is pinched into a special shape to provide a chamber into which the marble is pushed to open the bottle  This prevents the marble from blocking the neck as the drink is poured  Some older examples had the bullet shape of soda bottles 

Popularity
Soon after its introduction, the bottle became extremely popular with the soft-drink and brewing industries mainly in Europe, India and Australasia, though some alcohol drinkers disdained the use of the bottle  One etymology of the term codswallop originates from beer sold in Codd’s bottles, though this is generally dismissed as a folk etymology The bottles were regularly produced for many decades, but gradually declined in usage after the introduction of the steel crown cork bottlecap  Since children smashed the bottles to retrieve the marbles, vintage bottles are relatively scarce and have become collector items, particularly in the UK  A cobalt-coloured Codd bottle can fetch thousands of British pounds at auction  Bilas, a company in Portugal, created a soda named after the bottle design (Pirulito)  However, the marble inside did not seal the liquid; instead it was a normal cap which could be removed without breaking the bottle 
Codd bottles are still used for the Japanese soft drink Ramune and the Indian drink Banta 

See also
List of bottle types, brands and companies
Passage 9:
Carbonated drink
A soft drink (see § Terminology for other names) is any water-based flavored drink, usually but not necessarily carbonated, and typically including added sweetener  Flavors used can be natural or artificial  The sweetener may be a sugar, high-fructose corn syrup, fruit juice, a sugar substitute (in the case of diet drinks), or some combination of these  Soft drinks may also contain caffeine, colorings, preservatives and other ingredients 
Soft drinks are called "soft" in contrast with "hard" alcoholic drinks  Small amounts of alcohol may be present in a soft drink, but the alcohol content must be less than 0 5% of the total volume of the drink in many countries and localities if the drink is to be considered non-alcoholic  Types of soft drinks include lemon-lime drinks, orange soda, cola, grape soda, ginger ale, and root beer 
Soft drinks may be served cold, over ice cubes, or at room temperature  They are available in many container formats, including cans, glass bottles, and plastic bottles  Containers come in a variety of sizes, ranging from small bottles to large multi-liter containers  Soft drinks are widely available at fast food restaurants, movie theaters, convenience stores, casual-dining restaurants, dedicated soda stores, vending machines, and bars from soda fountain machines 
Within a decade of the invention of carbonated water by Joseph Priestley in 1767, inventors in Britain and in Europe had used his concept to produce the drink in greater quantities  One such inventor, J  J  Schweppe, formed Schweppes in 1783 and selling the world's first bottled soft drink  Soft drink brands founded in the 19th century include R  White's Lemonade in 1845, Dr Pepper in 1885 and Coca-Cola in 1886  Subsequent brands include Pepsi, Irn-Bru, Sprite, Fanta, 7 Up and RC Cola 

Terminology
The term "soft drink" is a category in the beverage industry, and is broadly used in product labeling and on restaurant menus   However, in many countries such drinks are more commonly referred to by regional names, including pop, cool drink, fizzy drink, cola, soda, or soda pop  Other lesser used terms include carbonated drink, cold drink, fizzy juice, lolly water, seltzer, coke, tonic, and mineral   Due to the high sugar content in typical soft drinks, they may also be called sugary drinks In the United States, the 2003 Harvard Dialect Survey tracked the usage of the nine most common names  Over half of the survey respondents preferred the term "soda", which was dominant in the Northeastern United States, California, and the areas surrounding Milwaukee and St  Louis  The term "pop", which was preferred by 25% of the respondents, was most popular in the Midwest and Pacific Northwest, while the genericized trademark "coke", used by 12% of the respondents, was most popular in the Southern United States  The term "tonic" is distinctive to eastern Massachusetts, although usage is declining In the English-speaking parts of Canada, the term "pop" is prevalent, but "soft drink" is the most common English term used in Montreal In the United Kingdom and Ireland, the term "fizzy drink" is common  "Pop" and "fizzy pop" are used in Northern England, South Wales, and the Midlands while "mineral" is used in Ireland  In Scotland, "fizzy juice" or even simply "juice" is colloquially encountered, as is "ginger"  In Australia and New Zealand, "soft drink" or "fizzy drink" is typically used  In South African English, "cool drink" is any soft drink  U S  soft drinks 7-Up or Sprite are called "lemonade" in the UK In other languages, various names are used: descriptive names as "non-alcoholic beverages", equivalents of "soda water", or generalized prototypical names  For example, the Bohemian variant of the Czech language (but not Moravian dialects) uses "limonáda" for all such beverages, not only for those from lemons   Similarly, the Slovak language uses "malinovka" (= "raspberry water") for all such beverages, not only for raspberry ones 

History
The origins of soft drinks lie in the development of fruit-flavored drinks  In the medieval Middle East, a variety of fruit-flavored soft drinks were widely drunk, such as sharbat, and were often sweetened with ingredients such as sugar, syrup and honey  Other common ingredients included lemon, apple, pomegranate, tamarind, jujube, sumac, musk, mint and ice  Middle Eastern drinks later became popular in medieval Europe, where the word "syrup" was derived from Arabic  In Tudor England, 'water imperial' was widely drunk; it was a sweetened drink with lemon flavor and containing cream of tartar  'Manays Cryste' was a sweetened cordial flavored with rosewater, violets or cinnamon Another early type of soft drink was lemonade, made of water and lemon juice sweetened with honey, but without carbonated water  The Compagnie des Limonadiers of Paris was granted a monopoly for the sale of lemonade soft drinks in 1676  Vendors carried tanks of lemonade on their backs and dispensed cups of the soft drink to Parisians 

Carbonated drinks
Carbonated drinks or fizzy drinks are beverages that consist mainly of carbonated water  The dissolution of carbon dioxide (CO2) in a liquid, gives rise to effervescence or fizz  Carbon dioxide is only weakly soluble in water; therefore, it separates into a gas when the pressure is released  The process usually involves injecting carbon dioxide under high pressure  When the pressure is removed, the carbon dioxide is released from the solution as small bubbles, which causes the solution to become effervescent, or fizzy 
Carbonated beverages are prepared by mixing chilled flavored syrup with chilled carbonated water  Carbonation levels range up to 5 volumes of CO2 per liquid volume  Ginger ale, colas, and related drinks are carbonated with 3 5 volumes  Other drinks, often fruity ones, are carbonated less 
In the late 18th century, scientists made important progress in replicating naturally carbonated mineral waters  In 1767, Englishman Joseph Priestley first discovered a method of infusing water with carbon dioxide to make carbonated water when he suspended a bowl of distilled water above a beer vat at a local brewery in Leeds, England  His invention of carbonated water (later known as soda water, for the use of soda powders in its commercial manufacture) is the major and defining component of most soft drinks Priestley found that water treated in this manner had a pleasant taste, and he offered it to his friends as a refreshing drink  In 1772, Priestley published a paper entitled Impregnating Water with Fixed Air in which he describes dripping oil of vitriol (or sulfuric acid as it is now called) onto chalk to produce carbon dioxide gas and encouraging the gas to dissolve into an agitated bowl of water 

Another Englishman, John Mervin Nooth, improved Priestley's design and sold his apparatus for commercial use in pharmacies  Swedish chemist Torbern Bergman invented a generating apparatus that made carbonated water from chalk by the use of sulfuric acid  Bergman's apparatus allowed imitation mineral water to be produced in large amounts  Swedish chemist Jöns Jacob Berzelius started to add flavors (spices, juices, and wine) to carbonated water in the late eighteenth century  Thomas Henry, an apothecary from Manchester, was the first to sell artificial mineral water to the general public for medicinal purposes, beginning in the 1770s  His recipe for 'Bewley's Mephitic Julep' consisted of 3 drachms of fossil alkali to a quart of water, and the manufacture had to 'throw in streams of fixed air until all the alkaline taste is destroyed' Johann Jacob Schweppe developed a process to manufacture bottled carbonated mineral water  He founded the Schweppes Company in Geneva in 1783 to sell carbonated water, and relocated his business to London in 1792  His drink soon gained in popularity; among his newfound patrons was Erasmus Darwin  In 1843, the Schweppes company commercialized Malvern Water at the Holywell Spring in the Malvern Hills, and received a royal warrant from King William IV It was not long before flavoring was combined with carbonated water  The earliest reference to carbonated ginger beer is in a Practical Treatise on Brewing  published in 1809  The drinking of either natural or artificial mineral water was considered at the time to be a healthy practice, and was promoted by advocates of temperance  Pharmacists selling mineral waters began to add herbs and chemicals to unflavored mineral water  They used birch bark (see birch beer), dandelion, sarsaparilla root, fruit extracts, and other substances 

Phosphate soda
A variant of soda in the United States called "phosphate soda" appeared in the late 1870s   It became one of the most popular soda fountain drinks from 1900 through the 1930s, with the lemon or orange phosphate being the most basic   The drink consists of 1 US fl oz (30 ml) fruit syrup, 1/2 teaspoon of phosphoric acid, and enough carbonated water and ice to fill a glass   This drink was commonly served in pharmacies 

Mass market and industrialization
Soft drinks soon outgrew their origins in the medical world and became a widely consumed product, available cheaply for the masses  By the 1840s, there were more than fifty soft drink manufacturers in London, an increase from just ten in the 1820s  Carbonated lemonade was widely available in British refreshment stalls in 1833, and in 1845, R  White's Lemonade went on sale in the UK  For the Great Exhibition of 1851 held at Hyde Park in London, Schweppes was designated the official drink supplier and sold over a million bottles of lemonade, ginger beer, Seltzer water and soda-water  There was a Schweppes soda water fountain, situated directly at the entrance to the exhibition Mixer drinks became popular in the second half of the century  Tonic water was originally quinine added to water as a prophylactic against malaria and was consumed by British officials stationed in the tropical areas of South Asia and Africa  As the quinine powder was so bitter people began mixing the powder with soda and sugar, and a basic tonic water was created  The first commercial tonic water was produced in 1858  The mixed drink gin and tonic also originated in British colonial India, when the British population would mix their medicinal quinine tonic with gin 
A persistent problem in the soft drinks industry was the lack of an effective sealing of the bottles  Carbonated drink bottles are under great pressure from the gas, so inventors tried to find the best way to prevent the carbon dioxide or bubbles from escaping  The bottles could also explode if the pressure was too great  Hiram Codd devised a patented bottling machine while working at a small mineral water works in the Caledonian Road, Islington, in London in 1870  His Codd-neck bottle was designed to enclose a marble and a rubber washer in the neck  The bottles were filled upside down, and pressure of the gas in the bottle forced the marble against the washer, sealing in the carbonation  The bottle was pinched into a special shape to provide a chamber into which the marble was pushed to open the bottle  This prevented the marble from blocking the neck as the drink was poured  R  White's, by now the biggest soft drinks company in London and south-east England, featured a wide range of drinks on their price list in 1887, all of which were sold in Codd's glass bottles, with choices including strawberry soda, raspberry soda, cherryade and cream soda 
In 1892, the "Crown Cork Bottle Seal" was patented by William Painter, a Baltimore, Maryland machine shop operator  It was the first bottle top to successfully keep the bubbles in the bottle  In 1899, the first patent was issued for a glass-blowing machine for the automatic production of glass bottles  Earlier glass bottles had all been hand-blown  Four years later, the new bottle-blowing machine was in operation  It was first operated by Michael Owens, an employee of Libby Glass Company  Within a few years, glass bottle production increased from 1,400 bottles a day to about 58,000 bottles a day 
In America, soda fountains were initially more popular, and many Americans would frequent the soda fountain daily  Beginning in 1806, Yale University chemistry professor Benjamin Silliman sold soda waters in New Haven, Connecticut  He used a Nooth apparatus to produce his waters  Businessmen in Philadelphia and New York City also began selling soda water in the early 19th century  In the 1830s, John Matthews of New York City and John Lippincott of Philadelphia began manufacturing soda fountains  Both men were successful and built large factories for fabricating fountains  Due to problems in the U S  glass industry, bottled drinks remained a small portion of the market throughout much of the 19th century  (However, they were known in England  In The Tenant of Wildfell Hall, published in 1848, the caddish Huntingdon, recovering from months of debauchery, wakes at noon and gulps a bottle of soda-water )
In the early 20th century, sales of bottled soda increased greatly around the world, and in the second half of the 20th century, canned soft drinks became an important share of the market  During the 1920s, "Home-Paks" was invented  "Home-Paks"are the familiar six-pack cartons made from cardboard  Vending machines also began to appear in the 1920s  Since then, soft drink vending machines have become increasingly popular  Both hot and cold drinks are sold in these self-service machines throughout the world 

Consumption
Per capita consumption of soda varies considerably around the world  As of 2014, the top consuming countries per capita were Argentina, the United States, Chile, and Mexico   Developed countries in Europe and elsewhere in the Americas had considerably lower consumption  Annual average consumption in the United States, at 153 5 liters, was about twice that in the United Kingdom (77 7) or Canada (85 3) In recent years, soda consumption has generally declined in the West  According to one estimate, per capita consumption in the United States reached its peak in 1998 and has continually fallen since  A study in the journal Obesity found that from 2003 to 2014 the proportion of Americans who drank a sugary beverage on a given day fell from approximately 62% to 50% for adults, and from 80% to 61% for children  The decrease has been attributed to, among other factors, an increased awareness of the dangers of obesity, and government efforts to improve diets 
At the same time, soda consumption has increased in some low- or middle-income countries such as Cameroon, Georgia, India and Vietnam as soda manufacturers increasingly target these markets and consumers have increasing discretionary income 

Production
Soft drinks are made by mixing dry or fresh ingredients with water  Production of soft drinks can be done at factories or at home  Soft drinks can be made at home by mixing a syrup or dry ingredients with carbonated water, or by Lacto-fermentation  Syrups are commercially sold by companies such as Soda-Club; dry ingredients are often sold in pouches, in a style of the popular U S  drink mix Kool-Aid  Carbonated water is made using a soda siphon or a home carbonation system or by dropping dry ice into water  Food-grade carbon dioxide, used for carbonating drinks, often comes from ammonia plants Drinks like ginger ale and root beer are often brewed using yeast to cause carbonation 
Of most importance is that the ingredient meets the agreed specification on all major parameters  This is not only the functional parameter (in other words, the level of the major constituent), but the level of impurities, the microbiological status, and physical parameters such as color, particle size, etc Some soft drinks contain measurable amounts of alcohol  In some older preparations, this resulted from natural fermentation used to build the carbonation  In the United States, soft drinks (as well as other products such as non-alcoholic beer) are allowed by law to contain up to 0 5% alcohol by volume  Modern drinks introduce carbon dioxide for carbonation, but there is some speculation that alcohol might result from fermentation of sugars in a non-sterile environment  A small amount of alcohol is introduced in some soft drinks where alcohol is used in the preparation of the flavoring extracts such as vanilla extract 

Producers
Market control of the soft drink industry varies on a country-by-country basis  However, PepsiCo and the Coca-Cola Company remain the two largest producers of soft drinks in most regions of the world  In North America, Keurig Dr Pepper and Jones Soda also hold a significant amount of market share 

Health concerns
The over-consumption of sugar-sweetened soft drinks is associated with obesity, hypertension, type 2 diabetes, dental caries, and low nutrient levels  A few experimental studies reported the role sugar-sweetened soft drinks potentially contribute to these ailments, though other studies show conflicting information  According to a 2013 systematic review of systematic reviews, 83 3% of the systematic reviews without reported conflict of interest concluded that sugar-sweetened soft drinks consumption could be a potential risk factor for weight gain 

Obesity and weight-related diseases
From 1977 to 2002, Americans doubled their consumption of sweetened beverages—a trend that was paralleled by doubling the prevalence of obesity  The consumption of sugar-sweetened beverages is associated with weight and obesity, and changes in consumption can help predict changes in weight The consumption of sugar-sweetened soft drinks can also be associated with many weight-related diseases, including diabetes, metabolic syndrome, and cardiovascular risk factors 

Dental decay
Most soft drinks contain high concentrations of simple carbohydrates: glucose, fructose, sucrose and other simple sugars  If oral bacteria ferment carbohydrates and produce acids that may dissolve tooth enamel and induce dental decay, then sweetened drinks may increase the risk of dental caries  The risk would be greater if the frequency of consumption is high A large number of soda pops are acidic as are many fruits, sauces, and other foods  Drinking acidic drinks over a long period and continuous sipping may erode the tooth enamel  A 2007 study determined that some flavored sparkling waters are as erosive or more so than orange juice Using a drinking straw is often advised by dentists as the drink does not come into as much contact with the teeth  It has also been suggested that brushing teeth right after drinking soft drinks should be avoided as this can result in additional erosion to the teeth due to mechanical action of the toothbrush on weakened enamel 

Bone density and bone loss
A 2006 study of several thousand men and women, found that women who regularly drank cola-based sodas (three or more a day) had significantly lower bone mineral density (BMD) of about 4% in the hip compared to women who did not consume colas  The study found that the effect of regular consumption of cola sodas was not significant on men's BMD 

Benzene
In 2006, the United Kingdom Food Standards Agency published the results of its survey of benzene levels in soft drinks, which tested 150 products and found that four contained benzene levels above the World Health Organization (WHO) guidelines for drinking water 
The United States Food and Drug Administration released its own test results of several soft drinks containing benzoates and ascorbic or erythorbic acid  Five tested drinks contained benzene levels above the Environmental Protection Agency's recommended standard of 5 ppb  As of 2006, the FDA stated its belief that "the levels of benzene found in soft drinks and other beverages to date do not pose a safety concern for consumers" 

Kidney stones
A study published in the Clinical Journal of the American Society of Nephrology in 2013 concluded that consumption of soft drinks was associated with a 23% higher risk of developing kidney stones 

Mortality, circulatory and digestive diseases
In a 2019 study, 451,743 people who had higher consumption of soft drinks (two or more a day) were associated with mortality, artificially sweetened drinks with cardiovascular diseases and sugar-sweetened drinks with digestive diseases 

Government regulation
Schools
Since at least 2006, debate on whether high-calorie soft drink vending machines should be allowed in schools has been on the rise  Opponents of the soft drink vending machines believe that soft drinks are a significant contributor to childhood obesity and tooth decay, and that allowing soft drink sales in schools encourages children to believe they are safe to consume in moderate to large quantities  Opponents also argue that schools have a responsibility to look after the health of the children in their care, and that allowing children easy access to soft drinks violates that responsibility  Vending machine proponents believe that obesity is a complex issue and soft drinks are not the only cause  A 2011 bill to tax soft drinks in California failed, with some opposing lawmakers arguing that parents—not the government—should be responsible for children's drink choices On May 3, 2006, the Alliance for a Healthier Generation, Cadbury Schweppes, the Coca-Cola Company, PepsiCo, and the American Beverage Association announced new guidelines that will voluntarily remove high-calorie soft drinks from all U S  schools 
On May 19, 2006, the British education secretary, Alan Johnson, announced new minimum nutrition standards for school food  Among a wide range of measures, from September 2006, school lunches will be free from carbonated drinks  Schools will also end the sale of junk food (including carbonated drinks) in vending machines and tuck shops 
In 2008, Samantha K Graff published an article in the Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science regarding the "First Amendment Implications of Restricting Food and Beverages Marketing in Schools"  The article examines a school district's policy regarding limiting the sale and marketing of soda in public schools, and how certain policies can invoke a violation of the First Amendment  Due to district budget cuts and loss in state funding, many school districts allow commercial businesses to market and advertise their product (including junk food and soda) to public school students for additional revenue  Junk food and soda companies have acquired exclusive rights to vending machines throughout many public school campuses  Opponents of corporate marketing and advertising on school grounds urge school officials to restrict or limit a corporation's power to promote, market, and sell their product to school students  In the 1970s, the Supreme Court ruled that advertising was not a form of free expression, but a form of business practices which should be regulated by the government  In the 1976 case of Virginia State Board of Pharmacy v  Virginia Citizens Consumer Council, the Supreme Court ruled that advertising, or "commercial speech", to some degree is protected under the First Amendment  To avoid a First Amendment challenge by corporations, public schools could create contracts that restrict the sale of certain product and advertising  Public schools can also ban the selling of all food and drink products on campus, while not infringing on a corporation's right to free speech On December 13, 2010, President Obama signed the Healthy Hunger Free Kids Act of 2010 (effective in 2014) that mandates schools that receive federal funding must offer healthy snacks and drinks to students  The act bans the selling of soft drinks to students and requires schools to provide healthier options such as water, unflavored low-fat milk, 100% fruit and vegetable drinks or sugar-free carbonated drinks  The portion sizes available to students will be based on age: eight ounces for elementary schools, twelve ounces for middle and high schools  Proponents of the act predict the new mandate it will make it easier for students to make healthy drink choices while at school In 2015, Terry-McElarth and colleagues published a study in the American Journal of Preventive Medicine on regular soda policies and their effect on school drink availability and student consumption  The purpose of the study was to determine the effectiveness of a program beginning in the 2014–2015 school year that requires schools participating in federally reimbursable meal programs to remove all competitive venues (a la carte cafeteria sales, vending machines, and stores/snack bars/carts), on the availability of unhealthy drinks at schools and student consumption  The study analyzed state- and school district-level policies mandating soda bans and found that state bans were associated with significantly lower school soda availability but district bans showed no significant associations  In addition, no significant correlation was observed between state policies and student consumption  Among student populations, state policy was directly associated with significantly lower school soda availability and indirectly associated with lower student consumption  The same was not observed for other student populations 

Taxation
In the United States, legislators, health experts and consumer advocates are considering levying higher taxes on the sale of soft drinks and other sweetened products to help curb the epidemic of obesity among Americans, and its harmful impact on overall health  Some speculate that higher taxes could help reduce soda consumption  Others say that taxes should help fund education to increase consumer awareness of the unhealthy effects of excessive soft drink consumption, and also help cover costs of caring for conditions resulting from overconsumption  The food and drink industry holds considerable clout in Washington, DC, as it has contributed more than $50 million to legislators since 2000 In January 2013, a British lobby group called for the price of sugary fizzy drinks to be increased, with the money raised (an estimated £1 billion at 20p per litre) to be put towards a "Children's Future Fund", overseen by an independent body, which would encourage children to eat healthily in school In 2017, the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, the United Arab Emirates and the Kingdom of Bahrain imposed a 50% tax on soft drinks and a 100% tax on energy drinks to curb excess consumption of the commodity and for additional revenue 

Attempted ban
In March 2013, New York City's mayor Michael Bloomberg proposed to ban the sale of non-diet soft drinks larger than 16 ounces, except in convenience stores and supermarkets  A lawsuit against the ban was upheld by a state judge, who voiced concerns that the ban was "fraught with arbitrary and capricious consequences"  Bloomberg announced that he would be appealing the verdict  The state appellate courts upheld the trial court decision, and the ban remains unenforceable as of 2021 

See also



ground_truth: no

prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: Sarah Price and Rob Schneider are both what profession? 

The following are given passages.
Context 3:  The latter movie was not well received by critics or moviegoers, and as a result, Schneider won a 2005 Worst Actor Razzie Award for his role in the film In 2006, Schneider co-starred in the baseball-themed family comedy The Benchwarmers, along with his fellow SNL alumnus David Spade as well as Jon Heder  Other film roles include Schneider's appearance with Jim Henson's Muppets in the 1999 film Muppets from Space, and his role as a San Francisco hobo in the 2004 remake of Around the World in 80 Days 
Schneider's directorial debut, the comedy Big Stan, was released in some overseas markets during the fall of 2008, with a U S  release in early 2009  In the film, he starred as a real estate con artist who is arrested for perpetrating real-estate scams  He is sentenced to prison, so he takes a crash-course in martial arts to survive incarceration 
Schneider has also appeared in numerous comedies starring his SNL comrade Adam Sandler, including 1998's The Waterboy, 2010's Grown Ups, and 2020's Hubie Halloween  The comedic characters Schneider plays in these films include an overly enthusiastic Cajun man who proclaims the catch-phrase, "You can do it!"; an amiable Middle Eastern delivery boy; a prison inmate; and Sandler's one-eyed Hawaiian sidekick, Ula  Schneider has uttered the line "You can do it!" as a running gag in Sandler's films The Waterboy, Little Nicky, 50 First Dates, The Longest Yard, and Bedtime Stories, as well as in a deleted scene from Click (a sample of Schneider saying the phrase also turns up in the song "Original Prankster" by The Offspring)  Returning the favor, Sandler appeared in a cameo to spout the same line in Schneider's The Animal  Schneider narrated Sandler's 2002 animated movie Eight Crazy Nights, and voiced the part of a Chinese waiter  Schneider also had an uncredited cameo as a Canadian-Japanese wedding-chapel minister in the 2007 Sandler-Kevin James comedy I Now Pronounce You Chuck & Larry, and played a Palestinian cab driver who serves as the title character's nemesis in the 2008 Sandler film You Don't Mess with the Zohan 
Schneider played a variety of roles in the 2005 television special Back to Norm, starring another former SNL player Norm Macdonald, and appeared on episodes of the popular television shows Seinfeld and Ally McBeal  Schneider hosted the Sports Illustrated: Swimsuit '97 TV special, and the 2005 Teen Choice Awards, and was a frequent guest on NBC's late-night variety program The Tonight Show with Jay Leno  In Schneider's appearance with Leno on the July 24, 2007 episode of The Tonight Show, he showed up in drag as actress Lindsay Lohan after the latter cancelled following a controversial arrest for driving under the influence Besides his efforts in movies and television, Schneider released his first comedy album Registered Offender in July 2010  Registered Offender is composed of audio sketches and songs, with Schneider himself doing all of the character voices on the recording  He also revived his stand-up comedy career in 2010 with an international tour of theaters, clubs, and casinos Schneider appeared in the music video for country singer Neal McCoy's "Billy's Got His Beer Goggles On", as the song's title character  McCoy and Schneider met while the two went on a USO tour in support of U S  troops two months after the September 11, 2001 terrorist attacks on the World Trade Center and the Pentagon 
Schneider starred as the title character in the CBS sitcom Rob, which was loosely based on his real life  The series was canceled by CBS in May 2012   In 2015, he produced, directed and starred in Real Rob, a sitcom that follows his life and includes his real-life wife Patricia and daughter Miranda  Netflix released a season of 8 episodes, and a second season in 2017 Schneider is the official celebrity spokesperson for the Taiwan Tourism Bureau and the Ten Ren Tea company in Taipei Schneider was spokesperson for State Farm Insurance, but was dropped in 2014 due to his anti-vaccination views In May 2016, Schneider was featured as a special guest on the Let's Play webseries Game Grumps, alongside his wife Patricia, commentating over Midway's Mortal Kombat Trilogy  They reappeared on the show in November 2017, then commentating over Konami's Contra 
In 2021, Schneider competed on season six of The Masked Singer as the wild card contestant "Hamster"  A running gag is that "Hamster" would pantomime urinating on Nick Cannon and get affectionate with him  When unmasked on the fifth week, Schneider dedicated his performance of Luis Miguel's Sabor a Mí to Patricia and his daughters Miranda, Madeline, and Elle  In addition, Schneider did a variation of his Townie character's "You can do it" line by quoting Hamster's final words "You can do it Masked Singer, all night long!"
In 2022, he starred, produced, and directed in Daddy Daughter Trip, which served as his third film as a director and also starred his wife Patricia and daughter Miranda  The film will be exclusively shown in Harkins Theaters 

Personal life
Schneider has a daughter with former model London King, musician Elle King, who was born in 1989  On September 1, 2021, King gave birth to a son named Lucky, Schneider's first grandchild In 1996, Schneider established the Rob Schneider Music Foundation  The foundation returned music education to Pacifica's elementary schools by paying the teachers' salaries and providing funds for instruments and other equipment  Prior to Schneider's efforts, the school system did not have music education programs for many years Schneider once co-owned the DNA Lounge, a San Francisco nightclub On April 23, 2011, Schneider married television producer Patricia Azarcoya Arce, in Beverly Hills, California  Their first child, Miranda Scarlett Schneider, was born in 2012  The couple had their second daughter, Madeline Robbie Schneider, in September 2016  The family supports Mexican soccer club Tigres, which is based in Patricia's hometown of Monterrey 

Political views and positions
In 2013, Schneider switched political parties from the Democratic Party to the Republican Party, explaining: "The state of California is a mess, and the super majority of Democrats is not working  I've been a lifelong Democrat and I have to switch over because it no longer serves the people of this great state "That same year, Schneider endorsed Republican Assemblyman Tim Donnelly for governor in the election the following year In an interview on Larry King Now in 2017, Schneider said he was an independent but leaned more conservative 

Anti-vaccination activism
Schneider has been an outspoken critic of childhood vaccinations  In an interview with News10 in Sacramento, Schneider opined that "The efficacy of these shots have not been proven     And the toxicity of these things – we're having more and more side effects  We're having more and more autism " Schneider's statements have been discredited as lacking any factual basis  He also views the actions from the state to mandate vaccinations as government overreach Schneider has actively opposed the passage of two California laws, California Assembly Bill 2109 and California Senate Bill 277, which both intended to make childhood vaccination exemptions harder to obtain  On September 28, 2012, Schneider and California State Assemblyman Tim Donnelly spoke at the "Medical Freedom Rally", where they urged California Governor Jerry Brown to veto Assembly Bill 2109, which would have made it more difficult for parents to utilize philosophical reasons for exemptions from mandatory childhood vaccinations  While the bill was not vetoed, Governor Brown added a signing message instructing the Department of Health to add a religious exemption and to make sure the process is not overly burdensome to parents In 2015, Schneider fought against California Senate Bill 277, which removed exemptions to mandatory vaccinations due to personal beliefs, even leaving a phone message to California state Assemblywoman and bill co-author Lorena Gonzalez saying that he would spend money against her in her next re-election  Gonzalez, in an interview with The Washington Times, said that she found the message to be disturbing, but upon calling back, she said, "he was actually much nicer to me, but let's be honest … that is 20 mins of my life I'll never get back arguing that vaccines don't cause autism with Deuce Bigalow: Male Gigolo  #vaccinateyourkids "

Filmography
Film
Television
Video games
Passage 8:
Deuce Bigalow: Male Gigolo
Deuce Bigalow: Male Gigolo is a 1999 American sex comedy film directed by Mike Mitchell and written by Harris Goldberg and Rob Schneider  The film stars Schneider in the title role, with William Forsythe, Eddie Griffin, and Arija Bareikis in supporting roles  The film tells the story of a hapless fishtank cleaner who goes into business as a male prostitute in an attempt to earn enough money to repair damage he caused while house-sitting  The film is notable for being the first film produced by Happy Madison Productions 
Deuce Bigalow: Male Gigolo was released in the United States on December 10, 1999, by Buena Vista Pictures  While the film received generally negative reviews from critics, it was a box office success, grossing over $92 million worldwide against a $17 million budget A sequel, titled Deuce Bigalow: European Gigolo, was released in August 2005 by Sony Pictures Releasing 

Plot
Deuce Bigalow, an insecure fishtank cleaner, is fired for cleaning the tank at a public aquarium while naked  Deuce is unsuccessful in attracting women, so he attempts to keep himself busy at work  On a house call, he meets the Argentinian male prostitute Antoine Laconte  Antoine is going on a business trip, and so asks Deuce to care for his sick lionfish and protect his home while he is away  Deuce accidentally sets Antoine's kitchen on fire when trying to make a grilled cheese sandwich in the toaster, and breaks an expensive fish tank, causing a lot of water damage 
Fearing Antoine will kill him (Antoine even tells him he will if he messes the place up), Deuce is forced to find a way to pay $6,000 for the damage  Low-rent pimp T J  Hicks offers to help Deuce make enough money to buy a new fish tank, and convinces Deuce to take over the absent Antoine's role as a gigolo  Deuce decides to make the clients feel better about themselves since he only desires to have sex with beautiful women 
Deuce meets unusual clients but he still manages to get along with them, despite there being no sex involved, by helping them with certain issues in their lives  The clients include Carol, a woman who is severely narcoleptic; Ruth, who has Tourette syndrome with coprolalia, and therefore is afraid of socializing; Fluisa, a mannish obese woman weighing close to 750 pounds; and Tina, a woman that has a pituitary gland disorder and is extremely tall  Deuce's list of clients gradually increases, with each client being satisfied by much more fulfilling measures due to his personal attention and friendship  However, Deuce falls in love with one of his clients, Kate, who has a prosthetic leg  She later breaks up with Deuce when she finds out that he was a prostitute hired by her friends 
Meanwhile, Deuce is being stalked by Detective Chuck Fowler, who demands Antoine's "black book" of clients and threatens to take Deuce to jail if he does not comply  Deuce eventually helps Fowler please his wife by stripping and erotically dancing for her, and the two make amends  Deuce is still taken into custody on prostitution charges, as Fowler needs someone to bring in and Deuce refuses to betray his friend T J  At the hearing, it is revealed that Deuce never slept with any of the clients except for Kate  Since Deuce gave back the money to Kate and was not paid for sex with her, he is cleared of all charges 
Using the money he made, Deuce restores Antoine's fish tank, although due to time constraints, he is warned that the glass may not be installed properly  Unfortunately, Kate's blind roommate accidentally kills the prize fish in Antoine's aquarium when she starts the mixer in which the fish was being kept  Deuce buys a replacement fish and returns to Antoine's house just before he returns  Antoine taps the new aquarium and the glass shatters  Deuce then reveals his prostituting adventures to the furious Antoine  Enraged, Antoine tries to kill Deuce and at one point shoots a crossbow bolt at him  Fluisa shows up, comes between the two men, and saves Deuce's life (she is not killed because the bolt hits her breasts, between which she has hidden a roast chicken)  Antoine is then arrested by Detective Fowler and Deuce marries Kate 
The end sequences then follow  Deuce's father becomes a male prostitute  Fluisa underwent extensive liposuction and became a model in Victoria's Secret known as Naomi  Ruth opens up an all-girls school for people with Tourette's  Carol manages to fulfill her dream trip to France and dies falling off the Eiffel Tower  T J  starts his own reality show dedicated to his experiences as a male prostitute  An incarcerated Antoine marries Tina 

Cast
Production
Deuce Bigalow: Male Gigolo was the first film released by the Happy Madison Productions film production company  Adam Sandler served as the film's executive producer  Sandler also starred behind the scenes and can be heard yelling the infamous "Freak!' line and other various lines in the background 

Soundtrack
"Call Me" - Blondie
"Spill the Wine" - Eric Burdon and War
"You Sexy Thing" - Hot Chocolate
"Get Down Tonight" - KC and the Sunshine Band
"Let's Get It On" - Marvin Gaye
"I'm Not in Love" - 10cc
"Magnet and Steel" - Walter Egan
"No Worries" - Hepcat
"Can't Smile Without You" - Sean Beal
"Lift Me Up" - Jeff Lynne
"Call Me" - Emilia Maiello

Release
Box office
Deuce Bigalow: Male Gigolo opened theatrically on December 10, 1999 in 2,154 venues and earned $12,224,016 in its opening weekend, ranking third in the North American box office behind Toy Story 2's fourth weekend and fellow newcomer The Green Mile  The film ended its run, having grossed $65,538,755 in the United States and Canada, and $27,400,000 overseas for a worldwide total of $92,938,755  Based on a $17 million budget, the film was a box office success 

Critical reception
Deuce Bigalow: Male Gigolo received negative reviews from critics  On Rotten Tomatoes, it has an approval rating of 22% based on 76 reviews, with an average rating of 4 01/10  The site's consensus states: "According to critics, Deuce Bigalow is just too dumb and filled with old, tired gags " On Metacritic it has a score of 30 out of 100 based on reviews from 26 critics, indicating "generally unfavorable reviews"  Audiences surveyed by CinemaScore gave the film a grade B Roger Ebert of the Chicago Sun-Times gave the film one-and-a-half out of four stars, stating "It's the kind of picture those View n' Brew theaters were made for, as long as you don't View " Kendall Morgan from The Dallas Morning News writes in her review, "Deuce Bigalow: Male Gigolo makes There's Something About Mary look like Masterpiece Theatre "

Sequel
In 2005, a sequel, Deuce Bigalow: European Gigolo, was released by Sony Pictures Releasing 
Passage 9:
Rob (TV series)
Rob (stylized as ¡Rob!) is an American sitcom television series that premiered on CBS on January 12, 2012, at 8:30 pm (ET) as a mid-season replacement for Rules of Engagement, and ended on March 1, 2012  The series stars Rob Schneider alongside Cheech Marin, Claudia Bassols, Diana Maria Riva, Eugenio Derbez, Ricky Rico, and Lupe Ontiveros  The show was produced by Two and a Half Men's The Tannenbaum Company and CBS Productions 
On May 13, 2012, CBS canceled the series after one season 

Synopsis
The series follows Rob (Rob Schneider), a former lifelong bachelor and landscape architect with Obsessive Compulsive Disorder, who marries into a tight-knit Mexican American family and attempts to be closer to them, often ending in disastrous results despite his good intentions 

Cast and characters
Rob Schneider as Rob
Claudia Bassols as Maggie, Rob's much-younger wife
Cheech Marin as Fernando, Maggie's cynical father
Diana Maria Riva as Rosa, Maggie's wise cracking and sarcastic mother who sees through all of Fernando's ploys
Eugenio Derbez as Hector, Rosa's brother, Maggie's uncle, and the self-proclaimed "best friend" of Rob
Lupe Ontiveros as Abuelita, Fernando's mother and Maggie's grandmother

Production
The pilot first appeared on CBS's development slate in October 2010  On February 4, 2011, CBS placed a pilot order, written by Rob Schneider and Lew Morton, and directed by Jamie Widdoes  The series' executive producers were Schneider, Morton, and Kim and Eric Tannenbaum  The series then premiered January 12, 2012, and concluded on March 1, 2012, after eight episodes 

Episodes
U S  Nielsen ratings
International broadcast
In Canada, the series airs on Global and premiered on January 19, 2012, after The Office 

Reception
Reviews for Rob were generally unfavorable  Jace Lacob of The Daily Beast described it as CBS's "worst new show" and wrote of the first episode that "there isn’t a single Latin name among the writers or producers" and that it "offers a wafer-thin appreciation and awareness of Mexican culture, one that doesn’t go beyond guacamole and the occasional use of the Spanish endearment mija (my daughter) " Robert Bianco of USA Today wrote in his review that "Some of this barrage of stereotypes might be passable if even one character were intelligently written and skillfully played, but there's hardly a moment or performance in Rob that doesn't reek of the leftover and the second-rate" and that "Schneider's the only actor who even seems to be trying " In a more positive review, Glenn Garvin of The Miami Herald wrote in his review that the show is a "rather funny sitcom about the cultural collisions that occur every day in an increasingly blended America"  The show received a 28/100 rating on Metacritic 

Season ratings
Passage 10:
The Hot Chick
The Hot Chick is a 2002 American fantasy comedy film written and directed by Tom Brady, with additional writing by Rob Schneider  Schneider stars as Clive Maxtone, a middle-aged criminal who switches bodies with mean-spirited cheerleader Jessica Spencer, played by Rachel McAdams  Anna Faris stars as Jessica's best friend, April, and Matthew Lawrence plays Jessica's steady boyfriend  
Adam Sandler served as executive producer and has a small role in the film as the Mambuza Bongo Player, a character based on one played by Schneider in a Saturday Night Live sketch  Sisters Tia and Tamera Mowry and singers Ashlee Simpson, Angie Stone, and Michelle Branch also had small roles  Parts of the film were shot at Redondo Union High School and El Segundo High School  The film was a moderate box office success, but received negative reviews from critics who criticized the jokes and Schneider's performance 

Plot
In 50 BC, in an Abyssinian castle, the princess Nawa uses a pair of enchanted earrings to escape an arranged marriage by swapping bodies with a slave girl  When each woman wears one of the earrings, their bodies are magically swapped while their minds remain in place 
In her modern-day suburban home, Jessica Spencer is a beautiful but mean-spirited "hot chick"  Her closest friends are April, Keecia, and Lulu  April is Jessica's best friend, and all four girls are cheerleaders  At school one day, Jessica makes fun of an overweight girl named Hildenburg and a Wiccan girl named Eden  After that, she and her friends visit the local mall, where Jessica gets her rival Bianca into trouble and finds the earrings in an African-themed store  The earrings are not for sale, so Jessica steals them 
Shortly afterward, small-time criminal Clive Maxtone robs a nearby gas station  When Jessica and her friends stop there and mistake him for an employee, he services their car to avoid raising suspicion  She accidentally drops one of the earrings on the ground, the girls drive away, and Clive picks up the earring  That evening, in their respective homes, Jessica and Clive put on their earrings  When they wake up the next morning, each of them is trapped in the other's body  This is especially difficult for Jessica, who has a cheering competition and the school prom coming up soon 
After Jessica convinces her friends of who she is, they help her investigate the body swap  Hildenburg, Eden, and Bianca are all innocent, Hildenburg and Eden join Jessica after she apologizes to them, and Eden finds a picture of the earrings on the internet  When the girls return to the African store, the owner explains how the earrings work and tells the girls they must find the other earring soon or the change will become permanent 
Meanwhile, Jessica is hired for two jobs while secretly living with April  At her own home, where she works as a gardener, her parents tell her about their marital problems and she helps them rekindle their sex life  
At school, while cleaning the boys' locker room as a custodian, she spies on her boyfriend Billy, who truly loves her, and April's boyfriend Jake, who has been cheating on her  Faced with Jake's infidelity, April begins to fall in love with Jessica, who agrees to take her to the prom  
At the cheering competition, Jessica signals romantically to Billy while disguised as the school mascot, but when the head of her suit falls off, he becomes confused and leaves with Bianca  
Jessica goes to the prom with April and they kiss  Jake sees this and is so upset, he spills his drink on his date  April confesses to being in love with Jessica, who tells April she is perfect and doesn't need anybody  Jessica tries to win Billy back, telling Billy it's her in Clive's body, but he is so shocked and confused that he runs off  
During this time, Clive has been using Jessica's body to make money from men, including Billy, who gives him his money and car, believing he is Jessica  Clive then tries to run him over  On the evening of the prom, Hildenburg sees a video of Clive in Jessica's body robbing a man on the TV news, goes to the scene of the crime, and finds a business card for the club where Clive works as a pole dancer  She informs Jessica at the prom, and the girls go to the club  
When they find Clive, Jessica steals his earring and puts it on herself along with the other one  With both earrings now on the same person, Jessica's and Clive's bodies return to their original owners 
After Jessica makes up with Billy, the film ends with the school's graduation ceremony, followed by a scene in which Clive, running from the law and still dressed in lingerie and handcuffs, is picked up by a bartender who believes he is a homosexual  The bartender turns around slowly with a sinister smile on his face to look at Clive, and locks the doors  Clive screams in horror 

Cast
Wes Takahashi, former animator and visual effects supervisor for Industrial Light & Magic, makes a cameo appearance as a news reporter  Schneider's mother Pilar appears as a judge of the cheerleading contest 

Production
Filming took place at University High School in West Los Angeles  Speaking on the film, Schneider commented: "No man is a hundred-percent masculine and no woman is a hundred-percent feminine – we're all just somewhere on the scale there  So what I tried to do was just play it with an innocence and gentleness, and then find some physical keys to lock-in on "

Casting
Singers Ashlee Simpson and Michelle Branch each make their feature film debut with cameo roles 

Soundtrack
Release
The Hot Chick was originally rated R, but several scenes were edited out in order to receive the broader PG-13 rating  The R version was classified 12A in Britain, maintaining the same rating given to the PG-13 theatrical version 

Reception
Box office
The film opened at #5 at the U S  box office on the weekend of December 13–15, 2002, taking in US$7,401,146, averaging $3,338 across the 2,217 theatres where it was shown  It went on to earn a total worldwide gross of $54,639,553 

Critical response
The Hot Chick received negative reviews  On Rotten Tomatoes, the film had an approval rating of 21% based on reviews from 82 critics, with an average score of 3 90/10  The critical consensus read: "The Hot Chick's one-note concept gets stretched thin, and a lot of the jokes fall flat " On Metacritic, as of October 2020, the film had a score of 29 out 100 based on reviews from 22 critics, indicating "generally unfavorable reviews"  Audiences surveyed by CinemaScore gave the film a grade B+ on scale of A to F Roger Ebert and Richard Roeper gave the film two thumbs way down  Ebert gave the film half a star (out of a possible four), declaring, "The MPAA rates this PG-13  It is too vulgar for anyone under 13, and too dumb for anyone over 13 " Roeper panned the film saying "it's in color  And, it was mostly in focus "Dennis Harvey of Variety magazine wrote: "At best routinely assembled—at worst barely competent  The slapstick is labored, and the bigger setpieces flat "

Accolades
Rob Schneider was nominated for a Razzie Award for Worst Actor of the Decade for his performance in the film 

Home media
The Hot Chick was released May 13, 2003 on VHS and DVD  The DVD featured the deleted scenes that would have made the film an R, including an alternate ending 

See also
Freaky Friday  (1976)
Big (1988)
Body swaps in films



ground_truth: director