prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: What lake in Australia is named after a Scottish Knight?

The following are given passages.
Context 1: Passage 1:
William Wallace
Sir William Wallace (Scottish Gaelic: Uilleam Uallas, pronounced [ˈɯʎam ˈuəl̪ˠəs̪]; Norman French: William le Waleys; c  1270 – 23 August 1305) was a Scottish knight who became one of the main leaders during the First War of Scottish Independence Along with Andrew Moray, Wallace defeated an English army at the Battle of Stirling Bridge in September 1297  He was appointed Guardian of Scotland and served until his defeat at the Battle of Falkirk in July 1298  In August 1305, Wallace was captured in Robroyston, near Glasgow, and handed over to King Edward I of England, who had him hanged, drawn and quartered for high treason and crimes against English civilians 
Since his death, Wallace has obtained a legendary status far beyond his homeland  He is the protagonist of Blind Harry's 15th-century epic poem The Wallace and the subject of literary works by Jane Porter and Sir Walter Scott, and of the Academy Award-winning film Braveheart 

Background
William Wallace was a member of the lesser nobility, but little is definitely known of his family history or even his parentage  William's own seal, found on a letter sent to the Hanse city of Lübeck in 1297, gives his father's name as Alan Wallace  This Alan Wallace may be the same as the one listed in the 1296 Ragman Rolls as a crown tenant in Ayrshire, but there is no additional confirmation  Others have speculated this Alan held an Ellerslie, near Kilmarnock, Ayrshire, and if true, the estate could be a possible birthplace for William; though there is no record of Wallaces' holding the estate, in the mid 13th century  Blind Harry's late-15th-century poem offers an alternate father for William, a Sir Malcolm of Elderslie, in Renfrewshire; and has similarly given rise to a possible birthplace for William  There is no contemporary evidence linking him with either location, although both areas had connections with the wider Wallace family  Records show early members of the family as holding estates at Riccarton, Tarbolton, Auchincruive in Kyle and Stenton in East Lothian  They were vassals of James Stewart, 5th High Steward of Scotland as their lands fell within his territory  It has been claimed that Wallace's brothers Malcolm and John are known from other sources, but there is a lack of verifiable evidence for John’s relationship with William The origins of the Wallace surname and its association with southwest Scotland are also far from certain, other than the name's being derived from the Old English wylisc (pronounced "wullish"), meaning "foreigner" or "Welshman"  It is possible that all the Wallaces in the Clyde area were medieval immigrants from Wales, but as the term was also used for the Cumbric-speaking Strathclyde kingdom of the Celtic Britons, it seems equally likely that the surname refers to people who were seen as being "Welsh" due to their Cumbric language  A family tradition states Wallace was descended from the sister of Saint Patrick, which would reinforce the Welsh origin theory 

Military career
Political crisis in Scotland
When Wallace was growing up, King Alexander III ruled Scotland  His reign had seen a period of peace and economic stability  On 19 March 1286, however, Alexander died after falling from his horse  The heir to the throne was Alexander's granddaughter, Margaret, Maid of Norway  As she was still a child and in Norway, the Scottish lords set up a government of guardians  Margaret fell ill on the voyage to Scotland and died in Orkney in late September 1290  The lack of a clear heir led to a period known as the "Great Cause", with a total of thirteen contenders laying claim to the throne  The most credible claims were John Balliol and Robert Bruce, grandfather of the future king Robert the Bruce With Scotland threatening to descend into civil war, King Edward I of England was invited in by the Scottish nobility to arbitrate  Before the process could begin, he insisted that all of the contenders recognise him as Lord Paramount of Scotland  In early November 1292, at a great feudal court held in the castle at Berwick-upon-Tweed, judgment was given in favour of John Balliol having the strongest claim in law based on being senior in genealogical primogeniture even though not in proximity of blood Edward proceeded to take steps to progressively undermine John's authority, treating Scotland as a feudal vassal state, demanding homage be paid towards himself and military support in his war against France — even summoning King John Balliol to stand before the English court as a common plaintiff  The Scots soon tired of their deeply compromised king, and the direction of affairs was allegedly taken out of his hands by the leading men of the kingdom, who appointed a Council of Twelve—in practice, a new panel of Guardians—at Stirling in July 1295  They went on to conclude a treaty of mutual assistance with France—known in later years as the Auld Alliance In retaliation for Scotland's treaty with France, Edward I invaded, storming Berwick-upon-Tweed and commencing the Wars of Scottish Independence  The Scots were defeated at Dunbar and the English took Dunbar Castle on 27 April 1296  Edward forced John to abdicate, which he did at Stracathro near Montrose on 10 July 1296  Here the arms of Scotland were formally torn from John's surcoat, giving him the abiding name of "Toom Tabard" (empty coat)  By July, Edward had instructed his officers to receive formal homage from some 1,800 Scottish nobles (many of the rest being prisoners of war at that time) 

Silent years prior to the Wars of Independence
Some historians believe Wallace must have had some earlier military experience in order to lead a successful military campaign in 1297  Campaigns like Edward I of England's wars in Wales might have provided a good opportunity for a younger son of a landholder to become a mercenary soldier  Wallace's personal seal bears the archer's insignia, so he may have fought as an archer in Edward's army 
Walter Bower states that Wallace was "a tall man with the body of a giant     with lengthy flanks     broad in the hips, with strong arms and legs     with all his limbs very strong and firm"  Blind Harry's Wallace reaches seven feet 

Start of the uprising
The first act definitely known to have been carried out by Wallace was his killing of William de Heselrig, the English High Sheriff of Lanark, in May 1297  He then joined with William the Hardy, Lord of Douglas, and they carried out the raid of Scone  This was one of several rebellions taking place across Scotland, including those of several Scottish nobles and Andrew Moray in the north The uprising suffered a blow when the nobles submitted to the English at Irvine in July  Wallace and Moray were not involved, and continued their rebellions  Wallace used the Ettrick Forest as a base for raiding, and attacked Wishart's palace at Ancrum  Wallace and Moray met and joined their forces, possibly at the siege of Dundee in early September 

Battle of Stirling Bridge
On 11 September 1297, an army jointly led by Wallace and Andrew Moray won the Battle of Stirling Bridge  Although vastly outnumbered, the Scottish army routed the English army  John de Warenne, 6th Earl of Surrey's feudal army of 3,000 cavalry and 8,000 to 10,000 infantry met disaster as they crossed over to the north side of the river  The narrowness of the bridge prevented many soldiers from crossing together (possibly as few as three men abreast), so, while the English soldiers crossed, the Scots held back until half of them had passed and then killed the English as quickly as they could cross  The infantry were sent on first, followed by heavy cavalry  The Scots' schiltron formations forced the infantry back into the advancing cavalry  A pivotal charge, led by one of Wallace's captains, caused some of the English soldiers to retreat as others pushed forward, and under the overwhelming weight, the bridge collapsed and many English soldiers drowned  Thus, the Scots won a significant victory, boosting the confidence of their army  Hugh de Cressingham, Edward's treasurer in Scotland, died in the fighting and it is reputed that his body was subsequently flayed and the skin cut into small pieces as tokens of the victory  The Lanercost Chronicle records that Wallace had "a broad strip [of Cressingham's skin]     taken from the head to the heel, to make therewith a baldrick for his sword" After the battle, Moray and Wallace assumed the title of Guardians of the Kingdom of Scotland on behalf of King John Balliol  Moray died of wounds suffered on the battlefield sometime in late 1297 Around November 1297, Wallace led a large-scale raid into northern England, through Northumberland and Cumberland In a ceremony, at the 'Kirk o' the Forest' (Selkirk), towards the end of the year, Wallace was knighted  This would have been carried out by one of three Scottish earls—Carrick, Strathearn or Lennox 

Battle of Falkirk
In April 1298, Edward ordered a second invasion of Scotland  Two days prior to the battle 25,781 foot soldiers were paid  More than half of them would have been Welsh  There are no clear cut sources for the presence of cavalry, but it is safe to assume that Edward had roughly 1,500 horse under his command  They plundered Lothian and regained some castles, but failed to bring William Wallace to combat; the Scots shadowed the English army, intending to avoid battle until shortages of supplies and money forced Edward to withdraw, at which point the Scots would harass his retreat  The English quartermasters' failure to prepare for the expedition left morale and food supplies low, and a resulting riot within Edward's own army had to be put down by his cavalry  In July, while planning a return to Edinburgh for supplies, Edward received intelligence that the Scots were encamped nearby at Falkirk, and he moved quickly to engage them in the pitched battle he had long hoped for Wallace arranged his spearmen in four schiltrons—circular, defensive hedgehog formations, probably surrounded by wooden stakes connected with ropes, to keep the infantry in formation  The English, however, employed Welsh longbowmen, who swung tactical superiority in their favour  The English proceeded to attack with cavalry and put the Scottish archers to flight  The Scottish cavalry withdrew as well, due to its inferiority to the English heavy horses  Edward's men began to attack the schiltrons, which were still able to inflict heavy casualties on the English cavalry  It remains unclear whether the infantry shooting bolts, arrows and stones at the spearmen proved the deciding factor, although it is very likely that it was the arrows of Edward's bowmen  Gaps in the schiltrons soon appeared, and the English exploited these to crush the remaining resistance  The Scots lost many men, including John de Graham  Wallace escaped, though his military reputation suffered badly By September 1298, Wallace resigned as Guardian of Scotland in favour of Robert the Bruce, Earl of Carrick and future king, and John Comyn, King John Balliol's nephew Details of Wallace's activities after this are vague, but there is some evidence that he left on a mission to the court of King Philip IV of France to plead the case for assistance in the Scottish struggle for independence  There is a surviving letter from the French king dated 7 November 1300 to his envoys in Rome demanding that they should help Sir William  It also suggests that Wallace intended to travel to Rome, although it is not known if he did  There is also a report from an English spy at a meeting of Scottish leaders, where they said Wallace was in France By 1304 Wallace was back in Scotland, and involved in skirmishes at Happrew and Earnside 

Capture and execution
Wallace evaded capture by the English until 5 August 1305, when John de Menteith, a Scottish knight loyal to Edward, turned Wallace over to English soldiers at Robroyston, near Glasgow, a site commemorated by a small monument in the form of a Celtic cross  Letters of safe conduct from Haakon V of Norway, Philip IV of France and John Balliol, along with other documents, were found in Wallace's possession and delivered to Edward by John de Segrave Wallace was transported to London, lodged in the house of William de Leyrer, then taken to Westminster Hall, where he was tried for treason and for atrocities against civilians in war, "sparing neither age nor sex, monk nor nun " He was crowned with a garland of oak to suggest he was the king of outlaws  He responded to the treason charge, "I could not be a traitor to Edward, for I was never his subject "

Following the trial, on 23 August 1305, Wallace was taken from the hall to the Tower of London, then stripped naked and dragged through the city at the heels of a horse to the Elms at Smithfield  He was hanged, drawn and quartered—strangled by hanging, but released while he was still alive, emasculated, eviscerated (with his bowels burned before him), beheaded, then cut into four parts  Wallace's head was dipped in tar and placed on a spike atop London Bridge  His preserved head was later joined by the heads of his brother John and his compatriots Simon Fraser and John of Strathbogie  Wallace's limbs were displayed, separately, in Newcastle, Berwick, Stirling and Perth  A plaque,  unveiled 8 April 1956, stands in a wall of St  Bartholomew's Hospital near the site of Wallace's execution at Smithfield  It includes in Latin the words "Dico tibi verum libertas optima rerum nunquam servili sub nexu vivito fili" (I tell you the truth  Freedom is what is best  Son, never live your life like a slave ), and in Gaelic "Bas Agus Buaidh" (Death and Victory), an old Scottish battle cry In 1869, the Wallace Monument was erected, close to the site of his victory at Stirling Bridge  The Wallace Sword, which supposedly belonged to Wallace, although some parts were made at least 160 years later, was held for many years in Dumbarton Castle and is now in the Wallace Monument 

In popular culture
Film
A popular depiction of Wallace's life is presented in the film Braveheart (1995), directed by and starring Mel Gibson as Wallace, written by Randall Wallace, and filmed in Scotland and Ireland  The film was criticised for many historical inaccuracies 
In the film Outlaw King (2018), Robert the Bruce (Chris Pine) is prompted to plan a revolt against the English after observing rioting induced by the public display of the quartered body of Wallace 

Literature
Blind Harry's 15th-century poem has been a major influence on the legend of Wallace, including details like a wife named Marion Braidfute, and claiming that Wallace killed the Sheriff of Lanark in revenge for the killing of his wife  However much of this poem is unsubstantiated, at variance with contemporary sources, or disputed by historians 
In 1793 Robert Burns wrote the lyrics to Scots Wha Hae wi Wallace bled 
Jane Porter penned a romantic version of the Wallace legend in the historical novel The Scottish Chiefs (1810) 

In her prize-winning poem of 1819, Wallace's Invocation to Bruce, Felicia Hemans imagines Wallace urging Bruce to continue the struggle for freedom after defeat at the Battle of Falkirk 
In 1828, Walter Scott wrote of "The Story of Sir William Wallace" in his Tales of a Grandfather (first series) 
G  A  Henty wrote a novel about this time period titled In Freedom's Cause: A Story of Wallace and Bruce (1885)  Henty, a producer of and writer for the Boy's Own Paper story paper, portrays the life of William Wallace, Robert the Bruce, The Black Douglas and others, while dovetailing the events of his novel with historical fiction 
Nigel Tranter wrote a historical novel titled The Wallace (1975), "admirably free of anything to do with Braveheart" 
The Temple and the Stone (1998), a novel by Katherine Kurtz and Deborah Turner Harris, includes a storyline creating a fictional connection between Wallace and Templar Knights 

Gaming
Wallace is the subject and protagonist of the tutorial campaign in realtime strategy game Age of Empires II 

Beer
A number of beers are named for Wallace  A brewery in Bridge of Allan, Scotland, makes a Scottish ale named "William Wallace", and Scottish Maclays Brewery had a beer called "Wallace" 

See also
Auchenbathie Tower – Wallace's Knowe
Clan Wallace
Wallace's Heel Well – an imprint of Wallace's heel in stone
Wallace's Well – Robroyston, Glasgow
Passage 2:
William Wallace (disambiguation)
William Wallace (died 1305) was a Scottish knight, landowner, and leader during the Wars of Scottish Independence 
William Wallace may also refer to:

Europeans
Willie Wallace (born 1940), Scottish footballer
William Wallace (footballer, born 1893) (1893–1917), English footballer
William Wallace of Failford (d  1616) Scottish courtier
William Wallace (mason) (died 1631), Scottish master mason and architect
William Vincent Wallace (1812–1865), Irish composer
William Wallace (philosopher) (1844–1897), Scottish philosopher
William Wallace (Scottish composer) (1860–1940), Scottish classical composer
William Wallace (Jesuit) (1863–1922), Irish Jesuit priest and Indologist
William Wallace, Baron Wallace of Saltaire (born 1941), British academic, writer and politician
William Wallace, real name of Ali Bongo (1929–2009), British comedy magician
Staker Wallace (1733–1798), United Irishman, sometimes referred to as William
William Herbert Wallace (1878–1933), English convicted 'murderer', later found to be innocent on appeal
William Kelly Wallace (1883–1969), Irish railway engineer
William Middleton Wallace (1892–1915), Scotland rugby player
William Wallace (mathematician) (1768–1843), Scottish mathematician
William Wallace (chemist) (1832–1888), Scottish chemist and city analyst for Glasgow
Sir William Wallace (marine engineer) (1881–1963), inventor of naval technology and Scottish businessman

Americans
William Wallace Lincoln (1850–1862), son of Abraham Lincoln
William A  A  Wallace (1817–1899), Texas Ranger captain with the nickname "Bigfoot"
William A  Wallace (organizational theorist) (born 1935), Professor at Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute
William A  Wallace (1827–1896), U S  Senator from Pennsylvania
William C  Wallace (1856–1901), U S  Representative from New York 
William E  Wallace (1917–2004), known as Ed Wallace to his friends and associates, physical chemist
William H  Wallace (1811–1879), first territorial governor and Congressional delegate from Idaho Territory
William Henry Wallace (1827–1901), Confederate general and South Carolina state legislator
W  H  L  Wallace (1821–1862), Union general in the American Civil War
William J  Wallace (Indianapolis mayor)
William A  Wallace (Illinois politician), Illinois state representative
William J  Wallace (USMC) (1895–1977), American Marine Corps aviation officer
William James Wallace (1837–1917), lawyer and federal judge in the United States
William M  Wallace (1911–2000), American historian
William Miller Wallace (1844–1924), U S  Army general
William O  Wallace (1906–1968), Hollywood set decorator
William Robert Wallace (1886–1960), American judge
William Ross Wallace (1819–1881), American poet
William S  Wallace (born 1946), General in the United States Army
William T  Wallace (1828–1909), Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of California and an Attorney General of California
William A  Wallace, historian, philosopher, and River Forest Thomist
Bill Wallace (American football) (1912–1993), American football player
Bill Wallace (martial artist) (born 1945), kickboxer

Canadians
William Wallace (Canadian politician) (1820–1887), Scottish-born merchant and politician in Ontario
William Tracy Wallace (1880–1947), Canadian-born artist in England
William Stewart Wallace (1884–1970), historian, librarian, and editor
William Wallace (rower) (1901–1967), Olympic rower
Bill Wallace (musician) (born 1949), musician

New Zealanders
Billy Wallace (1878–1972), New Zealand rugby union player
William Wallace (born 1971), actor, appeared in The Cult and Step Dave

South Americans
William Wallace (Brazilian footballer) (born 2002), Brazilian footballer

See also

Sir William Wallace Hotel, a historic pub in the suburb of Balmain, New South Wales, Australia
William Wallis (disambiguation)
Bill Wallace (disambiguation)
Passage 3:
William Keith of Galston
Sir William Keith of Galston (died 1337) was a Scottish Knight who fought in the Wars of Scottish Independence  He brought the bones and heart of James Douglas, as well as King Robert I of Scotland's heart, back to Scotland after Douglas was killed on crusade in Spain 

Life
Keith was the son of Robert de Keith, and grandson of John de Keith King's Marischal 
Keith fought alongside Thomas Randolph, Earl of Moray, and James Douglas, Lord of Douglas, during the street fighting during the capture of the town of Berwick from the English in 1318, which led to the surrender of Berwick Castle Upon the death of Robert I of Scotland in 1329, he accompanied Sir James Douglas with a retinue of Scottish nobles on crusade  The party stopped first at Sluys, Flanders, where confirmation was received that Alfonso XI of Castile was preparing a crusading campaign against the Muslims of the kingdom of Granada  The Scots sailed on to Seville, Spain to meet Alfonso XI and pledge their support  He was one of the few survivors of Douglas's party of knights and men-at-arms who survived the siege and battle of Teba, not being able to take part in the skirmish, after suffering a broken arm  He was responsible for returning the King's heart and Douglas' bones and heart to Scotland, where the King's heart was buried at Melrose Abbey, and Douglas's remains solemnly interred in the kirk of St Bride in Douglas 
He was in command at Berwick again in 1333 when the disastrous English victory at Halidon Hill took place  In 1334, he captured the English nobleman Richard Talbot, an ally of Edward Balliol, as he was attempting to pass into England from the north In 1335 Keith was an ambassador to England, and in 1337 he was fighting at the Siege of Stirling Castle, where he was killed 

Issue
William Keith had a daughter:

Jonetta Keith, married 1st David Hamilton of Cadzow; married 2nd Alexander Stewart of Darnley 
Passage 4:
Lake Wallace
Lake Wallace is a freshwater lake located in Edenhope in the Wimmera region of Victoria, Australia  The lake is named after William Wallace In 1866, Australian cricketer Tom Wills trained a team of Aborigines on the lake's banks  The team played throughout Victoria and New South Wales, and several members formed the Aboriginal team which toured England in 1868 
Passage 5:
David de Inchmartin
Sir David de Inchmartin (died 4 August 1306) was a Scottish knight who took part in the War of Scottish Independence, as a supporter of Robert de Brus  He was captured and later executed by the English in 1306

Life
David was the son of John de Inchmartin  He held lands in Inchmartine (now Inchture), in Perth and Kinross  He was with Robert the Bruce at the Battle of Methven  During the battle on 19 June 1306, David was captured by English forces under Aymer de Valence, Earl of Pembroke  A number of Bruce's closest supporters were also captured  The Earl of Pembroke refused to summarily execute the prisoners as ordered by Edward I of England  David was executed by hanging on 4 August at Newcastle-upon-Tyne 

Citations
Passage 6:
John de Seton
Sir John de Seton (d 4 August 1306) was a knight who took part in the War of Scottish Independence, as a supporter of Robert de Brus  He held lands in England and Scotland 
Seton was a son of Sir John de Seton of Skelton, Cumberland and Erminia Lascelles  His brothers were Christopher and Humphrey de Seton  This branch of the Seton family had long served the Bruces in Yorkshire, Cumberland and Scotland 
John performed fealty to King Edward I of England at Berwick on 28 August 1296  Seton was present on 10 February 1306 when Sir John Comyn, Lord of Badenoch was stabbed by Robert de Brus in Greyfriars Church, Dumfries  A letter of excommunication was issued naming the Robert de Brus, Earl of Carrick and three other knights, Sir Alexander Lindsay, Sir Christopher Seton and his brother, John as John Comyn's murderers  
He was captured by English forces after the fall of Tibbers Castle in 1306  John was hanged and drawn at Newcastle-upon-Tyne on 4 August 1306  He was executed on the basis that he was a witness to the murder of John Comyn, Lord of Badenoch by Robert de Brus, Earl of Carrick at Dumfries and holding Tibbers Castle against Edward I  His lands in Cumnock, Ayrshire were given to Roger, son of Finlay, in a charter from Robert de Brus, where it mentions a brother and a son 

Citations
Passage 7:
William Oliphant (died after 1313)
Sir William Oliphant (died aft  1313), was a Scottish knight and Governor of Stirling Castle during the Wars of Scottish Independence  He switched loyalties to the English and died in a Scottish prison 

Life
Sir William Oliphant fought at the Battle of Dunbar in 1296, where the Scots, under their king John Balliol, were defeated by the invading English  Following the battle he was captured and taken to Devizes Castle in England where he was imprisoned  He was freed on 8 September 1297 and with his fellow prisoner John of Strathbogie, Earl of Atholl returned to Scotland to serve in King Edward I's army  Breaking his pledge to Edward I, he next appears as the governor of Stirling Castle and when attacked by King Edward's army he refused to surrender without permission of the Guardian of Scotland, John de Soules who was in France at the time  His small garrison held out against the full might of Edward's army until 20 July 1304 when they were forced to surrender  While Edward agreed to favorable terms in writing, immediately after the surrender he broke the terms and imprisoned Oliphant in the Tower of London  In this same year all of Scotland with the exception of William Wallace swore fealty to Edward I In 1308, he was released on mainprise on 24 May 1308 and shortly afterwards returned to Scotland where he served king Edward II of England  In 1309 he was at Stirling castle  By 1312 Sir William was in command of the key English outpost, the fortified town of Perth  A six-week siege by Robert the Bruce had little effect so the Scots withdrew in open sight of the English garrison  Little more than a week later after nightfall, the Scots crossed the Lade, Perth's moat at the time, and climbed the wall  They took the town with little bloodshed  However many of the higher ranking Scots and English were executed while most of the English were allowed to go free  Sir William However, John Barbour said that King Robert "commanded on great pains" that only those who could not be captured were to be killed  Since Oliphant was not executed but was sent in chains to the western Isles, where he apparently died a prisoner there is some reason to think Barbour was correct  There is no further mention of him in any records 

Notes
Passage 8:
Bernard de Monte Alto
Sir Bernard de Monte Alto (de Mowat) was a Scottish knight who took part in the War of Scottish Independence, as a supporter of Robert de Brus 
Bernard was the son of Roger de Monte Alto, Sheriff of Cromarty and the younger brother of William de Monte Alto  He was with Robert the Bruce at the Battle of Methven on 19 June 1306 and was captured by English forces under Aymer de Valence, Earl of Pembroke  He was drawn and hanged at Newcastle-upon-Tyne on 4 August 1306  Bernard was executed for bearing arms against King Edward I of England on the side of Robert de Brus, fighting at the Battle of Methven, and killing Roger de Tany, the king's valet, in Selkirk Forest 

Notes
Passage 9:
Reginald Crawford (died 1307)
Sir Reginald Crawford (died 17 February 1307) was a Scottish knight who took part in the Wars of Scottish Independence 
In 1296 he was appointed as Sheriff of Ayr by the English administration   In June 1297 he was one of several Scots nobles who did a deal where they were released by the English to fight against Andrew Moray   This suggests that he may have taken  part in the revolt in early 1297 which ended in the capitulation at Irvine  
He became a supporter of Robert the Bruce and was captured during the Battle of Loch Ryan in February 1307  He was executed by hanging in Carlisle, England He may have been related to the Ronald Crawford who was hanged at the Barns of Ayr, but this issue is surrounded by uncertainty and later legend 
Passage 10:
David, Lord of Brechin
Sir David de Brechin (died 1320) was a Scottish knight who fought on both sides during the Wars of Scottish Independence 

Life
He was the son of Sir William de Brechin by Elena Comyn, daughter of Alexander Comyn, Earl of Buchan and Elizabeth de Quincy  Sir William was the son of Henry, an illegitimate son of David of Scotland, Earl of Huntingdon  Brechin is first attested to as a ward of a Sir John de Callendar in 1292 Brechin fought in the Earl of Surrey's army at the Battle of Dunbar, and was granted lands previously owned by Alan Durward He name appears twice on the 1296 Ragman Rolls for Forfarshire In the train of Robert the Bruce, he was present at Peebles when the Bruce, John Comyn, and William Lamberton were sworn in as Guardians of Scotland  Brechin returned to Galloway with Bruce By 1301, Sir David was still active in southwestern Scotland  On 8 September Brechin was in a force led by Sir John de Soulis and Sir Ingram de Umfraville, that attacked Lochmaben Castle, and was wounded in the fight Brechin returned to English service when he did homage to Edward I of England at the Siege of Stirling Castle Continuing in English service, Brechin was present at the Battle of Inverurie, and according to John Barbour, he retired after the battle to Brechin Castle where he was besieged by David Earl of Atholl  However this is contested by the historian and genealogist Sir James Balfour Paul  According to all records, Strathbogie was still in the service of the English, so the capture of Brechin Castle must have been accomplished by another of King Robert's following On 6 April 1320, Brechin appended his seal to the Declaration of Arbroath 
At a parliament at Scone (later known as the Black Parliament) in August that year, Brechin was found complicit along with William de Soules, the Countess of Strathearn and others in a conspiracy to depose the king   For this offence Brechin was executed Although there is no reason to doubt his guilt, his execution surprised many people, as he was seen as a "flower of chivalry", having acquitted himself well in battle against the Saracens during the crusades 

Marriages and issue
Brechin appears to have married Margaret de Bonkyll, widow of Sir John Stewart of Bonkyll, by 1304 when she is recorded as his wife  and had issue 

Margaret de Brechin, married in 1315 to Sir David de BarclayDavid de Brechin appears to have married secondly a Margaret Ramsay 



ground_truth: Lake Wallace

prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: Who did the actor that plays Sean Tully defeat in a dancing contest?

The following are given passages.
Context 2: Passage 1:
Salsa (1988 film)
Salsa is a 1988 romance film directed by Boaz Davidson and starring Robby Rosa, Rodney Harvey, Angela Alvarado and Miranda Garrison  The film, about a Puerto Rican dancer who decides to enter a salsa dancing contest, earned a Razzie Award nomination for Rosa as Worst New Star 

Plot
In a nightly escape from his day job as a mechanic, Rico (Robby Rosa) enters his true element: the wild exuberance of "La Luna" , a salsa club located in East Los Angeles, California  Dreaming of making himself and Vicky (Angela Alvarado), his girlfriend the "King and Queen of Salsa", Rico pours all his energy into winning La Luna's Grand Salsa Competition  But when Luna (Miranda Garrison), the club's gorgeous owner sets her sights on making Rico her dance partner, Rico must decide what drives him, his ambition or his heart 

Cast
As themselves

Reception
On review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes, the film has a 20% approval rating based on five reviews 

Soundtrack
"Margarita" - H  Wilkins
"Chicos y chicas" - Mavis Vegas Davis
"Cali Pachanguero" - Grupo Niche
"Your Love" - Laura Branigan
"Good Lovin'" - Kenny Ortega, Chain Reaction, The Edwin Hawkins Singers
"Under My Skin" - Robby Rosa
"Oye Como Va" - Tito Puente
"I Know" - Marisela Esqueda, The Edwin Hawkins Singers
"Spanish Harlem" - Ben E  King
"Puerto Rico" - Bobby Caldwell, Marisela Esqueda, Michael Sembello, H  Wilkins, Mongo Santamaría, Charlie Palmieri, The Edwin Hawkins Singers
Passage 2:
2014 St Helens RLFC season
The 2014 St Helens R F C  season is the club's 140th in its history; its 119th in rugby league  The Saints will be looking to end a 6-year silverware drought this season by competing for the Super League XIX title as well as the 113th edition of the Challenge Cup  This season marks Australian Nathan Brown's second season as head coach of the club, continuing from his first season in 2013 which ended in a 5th-place finish and an early playoff exit courtesy of an 11–10 defeat at Leeds Rhinos  They began their season by taking on last seasons runner-up Warrington Wolves at the Halliwell Jones Stadium, which ended in an 8–38 win for Saints  This win sent Saints on a win streak that lasted for eight Super League games before being defeated on 18 April 2014 by arch-rivals Wigan Warriors at Langtree Park in the annual Good Friday derby match  Easter was a period to forget for the Saints as they were beaten by Widnes Vikings for their second league defeat in a row, following the Good Friday defeat to bitter rivals Wigan, and then by Leeds Rhinos in Round 5 of the Challenge Cup meaning the Saints will miss out on the trophy for a sixth year  The Saints bounced back however on 1 May with a 48–18 win over the London Broncos  Saints suffered another Magic Weekend to the Warrington Wolves on 18 May with the game ending 41–24 to the Wolves  Results picked up after the Magic Weekend with two straight wins at home against Huddersfield & Salford however the Saints then traveled to Perpignan where they suffered a humiliating 42–0 loss to the Catalans Dragons  Once again, the Saints bounced back with an impressive win over Castleford Tigers at Langtree Park and with another outstanding performance in a pulsating game at the DW Stadium against arch-rivals Wigan Warriors that ended 12–16 in favour of the Saints; the win avenging the Good Friday defeat at Langtree Park  Following this win, Saints suffered a shock 40–10 defeat to Hull Kingston Rovers but bounced back with three straight wins before losing to Hull KR's cross-town rivals, Hull FC, 19–12  However, a 40–16 win over Wakefield Trinity Wildcats & an extremely tight 12–13 win over Leeds Rhinos at Headingley put the Saints in a position where a win against Warrington on 4 September would hand them their first League Leaders' Shield since the 2008 season; with Castleford Tigers being the only other team in contention for the top spot  Despite losing their last two games of the regular season, Saints acquired the League Leaders' Shield following Castleford's failure to beat Catalans Dragons in their last game of the season; meaning that the Saints took their first piece of silverware since 2008  The unlikely success of the 2014 season culminated in a 14–6 win over arch-rivals Wigan Warriors in the 2014 Super League Grand Final at Old Trafford making Saints the Super League champions for the first time since 2006 in an extremely lively, well-fought contest that saw Wigan player Ben Flower sent off for a sucker punch on a defenceless Lance Hohaia in the 2nd minute of the game 

2014 transfers
Players In

Players Out

2014 squad
* Announced on 15 November 2013:

Other staff
Technical staff
Boardroom staff
Pre Season
Saints began their pre-season by taking on Batley Bulldogs in January 2014; taking a 20–0 victory at home  Following this victory, Saints then took on bitter rivals Wigan Warriors in a 'friendly game', again at Langtree Park, for James Roby's testimonial match, sinking to a disappointing 16–28 defeat  They bounced back however for their last pre-season game before the season began with a 6–62 win away at Rochdale Hornets with a St Helens Select XIII team 

Super League XIX Fixtures/Results/Table
Super League XIX – Play-Off Series
Even without key players Luke Walsh, Jon Wilkin & Jonny Lomax for the majority of the second half of the season, Saints managed to battle through the play-offs to reach an unprecedented 10th Grand Final  Even though they also lost Lance Hohaia in the second minute of the game via a disgraceful punch from Ben Flower, Saints overcame the solid defence of Wigans remaining 12 men to claim their 5th Super League title 

2014 Tetley's Challenge Cup Fixtures\Results
Passage 3:
Showmatch
Showmatch was an Argentine television program, broadcast by eltrece  It replaced the comedy show Videomatch in 2004, and from 2006 has produced the dancing contest Bailando por un Sueño ("Dancing for a Dream"), along with similar contests such as Cantando por un Sueño ("Singing for a Dream"), Patinando por un Sueño ("Skating for a Dream"), and El Musical de tus Sueños ("The Musical of your Dreams")  In 2009, it presented "Gran Cuñado" ("Big Brother-in-Law"), a parody of the reality show Big Brother, a segment carried over from Videomatch 
Showmatch is one of Argentina's most-watched programs, and scored as the country's highest-rated TV show in 2010 and 2011 It has played host to a number of celebrity guests from around the world, including former boxer Mike Tyson and footballer Ronaldinho 

History
Showmatch is the new name of the program presented by Marcelo Tinelli, succeeding Videomatch, a sports and comedy show 
On September 2, 2005, Tinelli signed a major contract with Artear, operator of eltrece, thus opting to move to the channel of the solcito (little sun), where he eventually would set the program since 19 September 2005  The negotiations between the two companies had begun in April, at the initiative of Adrian Suar, director of programming of the station  As background, Suar and Tinelli already had preliminary negotiations in an attempt to moving during 1997 
"This is a bet that transcends economics, I feel it is a long-term path that tends to insert the program into a broader platform, which will open more possibilities to Argentine production and international expansion," Tinelli said when closing the contract  Meanwhile, Federico Hoppe and Pablo Prada became the main producers of the program  Since its inception, the program's eight seasons remained to be issued consecutively until the end of the cycle in 2012, where the program stopped being broadcast until 2014, the year in which the program retakes its emissions 
In its first season (2005) and half of Season 2 (2006) the program continued the format of its predecessor Videomatch, with the famous hidden cameras, music, skits with guest artists, humorous sketches, among others, but due to the popularity of the segment Bailando por un Sueño (Dancing for a dream), since 2007, it became an annual competition and the program was entirely based upon this, as well as Cantando por un Sueño (Singing for a dream) and Patinando por un Sueño (Skating for a dream) 
In 2009 upon celebrating 20 years, it returned to the original format during the first half of the year, also incorporating the segments Gran Cuñado (Big Brother-in-Law) and Bailando Kids  As of August it began airing the contest El Musical de tus Sueños (The musical of your dreams) 
In 2010, a new segment called Baila Argentina was incorporated, in which cities across the country competed through dances with massive people calling, but after some emissions, it stopped airing in Showmatch because of time, and it became part of Sábado Show (a show broadcast by the same channel and hosted by cast member José María Listorti) 
In 2011, the show only aired Bailando por un sueño, and in the last 7 seasons (2012, 2014-2019), in addition to this classic contest, there were parodies of celebrities, politicians and people from the show business appearing to interact with the host and the judges 

Production
Performances
An important feature of the show are televised performances made for the start of each season, which dubs of movies or series with a humorous tone are shown, parodies of several films, and large shows of presentation, in which different musical pieces are mixed accompanied by several choreography parts, carried out by the show's team of dancers and artists from different acrobatic disciplines  These stagings are prepared months in advance to be presented to the season premiere 
Within the format Bailando por un Sueño, there were other outstanding artistic productions: the so-called "special rhythms" which usually consist of acrobatic discipline performances, full of visual effects  For example, the productions known as:

"Bailando bajo la lluvia" (Dancing under the rain): where participants must dance under water in a scenery set to simulate a city street  Such show is that each couple occupies this space to develop different storylines with dancing  The climatic effect is achieved using more than 25 sprinklers that spew water steadily toward the track  For this, the studio is fitted with a drain system to support the flow of water  Producers were based on the film Singin' in the Rain for the realization of the "rhythm" 
"Cuarto giratorio" (Rotating room): which was incorporated during the seventh season, based on a cubic element of about three meters and a half edge, similar to a room with bare front, where a camera is put only inside the cube  There is where couples must develop the choreography, while this is driven by a hydraulic mechanism which in turn is controlled with a command joystick, by the coach of the couple, who imbues speed to the unidirectional room (right-left)  While transmitted by television, the effect of seeing the participants as if they walked through the roof and side is shown  The construction of the cube is done in a steel structure, in which a wooden room is decorated differently, according to the theme of the choreography 
"Bioesfera" (Biosphere) is another example of these assemblies, which is an orbit built with the same material as the pole dance pole, whose pendulous movement depends on a ball bearing that rotates over its own axis  It is hung in the middle of the studio, and there, the participants must perform their stunts while the music plays 
"Aquadance", to this day, is the production with most technical requirement  It is a "rhythm" created in the third season, after the idea of finding and preparing new choreography to capture the attention of the audience  With this, the producers decided to make a big show of aquatic acrobatics, similar to those made in Las Vegas  This discipline was adapted and presented in the program as one of the dance rhythms  In the routine, the program's couples were immersed in acrylic fountains, making figures to the beat of a music track  It was so successful that since then, the show was held every year, having been modified three times  The second time it was done, there were three fountains used with a dancing water system that worked with the progression of the performance, fireworks combined with music and projection effects  Finally, since 2011, the three acrylic fountains mounted in one piece, with two slides and iron supports holding a fourth fountain, located more than 2 meters high, are used  From there the scenery is mounted in a fiberglass pool, covering the dance floor, with two waterfalls and 22 peaks of dancing waters  For all three occasions, the pools were filled with more than 10,000 liters of warm water, and counted with a new recycling system 

Controversy
The show has also been an ongoing source of controversy, and has been accused of sexual discrimination and objectification of women 

Awards
Passage 4:
Sean Tully
Sean Tully is a fictional character from the British soap opera Coronation Street, played by Antony Cotton  He made his first appearance during the episode broadcast on 13 July 2003  Following that appearance, the character returned full-time on 12 April 2004 

Storylines
Sean is introduced as a gay colleague of Martin Platt (Sean Wilson) and Karl Foster (Chris Finch)  Some months after his first appearance Sean comes to Coronation Street, desperately looking for somewhere to live  Karl's ex-boyfriend Todd Grimshaw (Bruno Langley) recognises Sean and takes him for a drink at The Rovers  When Todd's mother Eileen Grimshaw (Sue Cleaver) meets Sean she likes him and offers him a place to stay  Her other son, Jason Grimshaw (Ryan Thomas), is not pleased but later warms to the idea  Sean gets a job at Underworld, where he makes friends with Fiz Brown (Jennie McAlpine) and Kelly Crabtree (Tupele Dorgu) 
Violet Wilson (Jenny Platt), Sean's close friend, moves to the Street and begins dating Jamie Baldwin (Rupert Hill), who Sean also becomes close to  When Jamie seems to be losing interest in Violet she fears he is secretly gay, she asks Sean to spend time with him to see if he can find out — unaware that Sean has fallen for Jamie himself  However, Sean is shocked to discover that Jamie is actually in love with his stepmother, Frankie Baldwin (Debra Stephenson)  Sean supports both Violet and Jamie when Violet ends their relationship 
When Violet suffers an ectopic pregnancy, she is told her chances of conceiving have been reduced  Violet then becomes desperate to have a baby and suggests she and Sean should consider having a child together  Sean agrees and, despite her fertility issues, Violet becomes pregnant via self-administered artificial insemination (after the two try and fail to have sex)  Sean accompanies Violet to her 12-week scan, where he becomes attracted to the sonographer, Marcus Dent (Charlie Condou)  Violet matchmakes between the two and they begin dating, although they hit a rough patch when Sean tricks Marcus into telling him Violet is expecting a baby boy when she had wanted the gender to be a surprise 
When Violet gets back together with Jamie, she begins to find Sean's presence during the pregnancy stifling, especially after he lends her and Jamie money for a flat deposit and begins coming and going as he pleases  When Violet realises she is in labour at the Rovers' it is Sean, not Jamie, at her side as Jamie is in London  Sean is delighted that he was the first person that his son saw and bonds with Dylan while Violet is in hospital, upsetting both her and Jamie  Sean suggests calling him "Dylan Wilson-Tully" and asks Violet to put his name on the birth certificate  Violet ignores both suggestions, naming her son "Dylan James Wilson" and putting Jamie's name on the birth certificate  Fed up with Sean being a third wheel, Jamie and Violet move to London with Dylan, devastating Sean when Violet throws her mobile away so he can't contact her 
Sean becomes close friends with Tom Kerrigan (Philip McGinley), a business partner of his boss, Carla Connor (Alison King) and begins to develop feelings for him  When Sean tries to kiss Tom, he tells him that he is straight and actually interested in Sean's friend Kelly  Realising things are awkward between Sean and Tom, Marcus questions Sean, who lies and says Tom made a pass at him rather than the other way around  Marcus angrily punches Tom but is furious to then discover Sean was the one in the wrong  With Sean having already been jealous of Marcus's friendships with other gay men, Marcus realises there is no trust left in their relationship and departs for London 
After joining a gym with Jason, Sean becomes attracted to fellow member Leon (Andrew Langtree)  When Leon mistakenly thinks Jason is Sean's ex-boyfriend Sean doesn't correct him, and is pleased that Leon seems happy to hear he is single  However, Sean is left disappointed when it turns out that Leon is actually interested in Jason and "doesn't fancy camp men" 
Sean decides that he wants to track down Violet and Dylan, as his son would now be two years old  He finds Violet via a social networking site and sets up a page using Liz McDonald's (Beverley Callard) identity  However, the scheme backfires when Liz finds out what Sean has done and she fires him from the Rovers  She later softens towards him and reinstates him, and also has a word with Violet on Sean's behalf  Violet agrees to Sean visiting Dylan in London  However, on one of his visits, Sean is surprised to see Marcus at Violet's house, unaware that they were still in touch  The two realise they still have feelings for one another and reunite  When Violet and Jamie split, Sean begins looking after Dylan more often, with Dylan living with the pair for several weeks after Violet has a car accident  Marcus enjoys being part of Dylan's life and suggest they adopt a child of their own; however, Sean doesn't feel the need to have another child  The issue eventually drives the pair apart, with Sean later horrified to discover Marcus has begun a relationship with his close friend Maria Connor (Samia Ghadie), despite having shown no interest in women before  Sean accuses Marcus of only dating Maria to become a father to her son, Liam and the two fall out 
When Todd returns to Manchester after several years in London, Sean wonders if there is a chance for romance between them  However, Todd is only interested in getting Sean to spend money on him, turning his romantic attention towards Marcus instead  Sean is shocked when he catches Marcus cheating on Maria with Todd and encourages him to be honest with both Maria and himself 
Depressed at being alone, Sean goes on a night out to Manchester's gay village with his colleague Sinead Tinker (Katie McGlynn) and meets Billy Mayhew (Daniel Brocklebank)  The two exchange phone numbers and meet again, but Sean is shocked when Emily Bishop (Eileen Derbyshire) introduces Billy as the new local vicar a few days later  Although Sean struggles with Billy's job, the two begin dating, with Sean even trying to become involved with the church  However, when Emily seems distant from Billy and unwilling to involve herself with his new ideas for the church, Sean accuses her of homophobia  Emily is upset and denies this, telling Sean that she simply prefers more traditional church activities  Billy is angry with Sean and makes him apologise, telling Sean that he has to put his parishioners first and that being gay in the church involves some discretion  The pair briefly split, but Emily matchmakes to bring them back together 
Sean later accompanies the Underworld staff to an awards ceremony, but events take a nasty turn when a group of racers cause the minibus driver, Steve McDonald (Simon Gregson), to swerve and crash the vehicle, which is now narrowly balancing on the edge of a quarry  Sean is one of the first people to awaken from unconsciousness and he, Steve and Julie Carp (Katy Cavanagh) escape the wreckage  Steve flees as he comes to terms with the events, while Julie re-enters the vehicle to retrieve the trapped passengers  Sean looks after the staff once they are out, but he soon suffers a panic attack as the reality of the minibus crash dawns on him  Once everybody is out, Sean is the first person to realise that Carla is still trapped in the front seat of the minibus  Tracy Barlow (Kate Ford) risks her life to save Carla and nearly falls to her own death when the wreckage begins to slide off the edge of the quarry, but she leaps out just in time  At the hospital, Sean is met by Billy, who reveals how proud he is of him 

Characterisation
Antony Cotton said that playing Sean is easy because he just has to act like himself  Speaking to The People, Cotton said that Sean looks and he sounds like him  Cotton later admitted that not all of the reviews about him are positive  Some of the gay press have accused Cotton of making Sean a stereotype  Of this he said, "You've got people like Blanche Hunt, Emily Bishop and Norris Cole and there were the classic characters like Bet Lynch and Annie Walker  They're all more camp than Sean — I'm Grant Mitchell compared to them "

Development
In an interview with Digital Spy, Cotton was asked why Sean has always been so unlucky in love  He answered; "When I first came into the show, a lot of the old-school writers that are no longer here had never written a gay character  At that time, Raquel had just gone so they basically wrote Sean as Raquel  Hilda and Raquel are my favourite ever Corrie characters and one of the reasons that I've always loved Raquel is that she was unlucky in love  Even when she was in the gutter battered and bruised, she was always looking up at the stars thinking that the next one was around the corner  I thought that was an interesting way to play Sean, so he's always unlucky in love because Raquel was, is the short answer! That's just the way it worked out — but I like playing that "In January 2011, it was confirmed that Charlie Condou who played Sean's ex-boyfriend Marcus Dent between 2007 and 2008 would return to the serial  A Coronation Street spokesperson teased the upcoming reunion saying; "There are eventful times ahead for Sean as his old flame Marcus Dent returns to the cobbles  Marcus arrives back in Weatherfield and the relationship between him and Sean is rekindled "In September 2014, it was revealed that Sean would begin a relationship with a vicar named Billy portrayed by Daniel Brocklebank  Producer Stuart Blackburn said: "It's about time Sean had a romance, he's been unlucky in love for a long time  Billy is a great guy who is sincere about his feelings for Sean, but his first love is and always will be God and the Church  We will be exploring this very modern relationship in the coming months and are delighted to have Daniel on board to play Billy " Cotton added: "I am thrilled that Sean is to find love again especially with this unique and exciting storyline  I'm sure it'll have its ups and downs, but that's what makes Coronation Street great  Hopefully it will be tender, funny and honest  Heaven!" In January 2015, Cotton revealed in an interview that he was surprised by the positive response to Sean's relationship with Billy storyline 

Reception
Antony Cotton has won a number of awards since the character's first appearance, including a prestigious National Television Award  In 2006 he won an award for Funniest Character at the Inside Soap Awards  along with Best Actor at the British Soap Awards in 2007 
Passage 5:
Mira quién baila
Mira quién baila may refer to:

Mira quién baila (Spanish TV series)
Mira quién baila (American TV series), a 2010 American game show
Mira quién baila (season 1)
Mira quién baila (season 2)
Mira quién baila (season 3)
Mira quién baila (season 4)
Mira quién baila (season 5)
Passage 6:
Antony Cotton
Antony Cotton  (born Antony Dunn; 5 August 1975) is an English actor and comedian, known for portraying the role of Sean Tully in Coronation Street, as well as portraying Alexander Perry in the original Queer as Folk series  In 2007, Cotton hosted his own talk show titled That Antony Cotton Show, which was cancelled after one series  In March 2013, he won Let's Dance for Comic Relief 

Early and personal life
Cotton was born Antony Dunn in Bury, Greater Manchester, the son of actress Enid Dunn  He attended Woodhey High School at Holcombe Brook, Ramsbottom, and the Oldham Theatre Workshop  He has an elder brother, Andrew  Cotton supports the Terrence Higgins Trust and is a patron of the LGF The Albert Kennedy Trust and the 'Queer Up North' festival 
In August 2009, it was reported in Digital Spy that Cotton is "openly gay"  In March 2010, it was reported that Cotton had exchanged rings with his partner, Peter Eccleston  In January 2012, footballer Michael Ball was fined by the Football Association for a homophobic rant on Twitter about Cotton 

Career
Cotton currently plays barman and factory worker Sean Tully on Coronation Street, a role which he has continuously played since 2003  His Mother, Enid Dunn, also played several parts in Coronation Street between 2002 and 2014  Cotton played "Alexander" in the original UK version of Queer as Folk  He has also appeared in episodes of Absolutely Fabulous as "Damon"  In 2007, Cotton won the second series of ITV's Soapstar Superstar  He donated his winning money, £200,000, to the Elton John Aids Foundation In July 2007, it was announced that Cotton would be fronting his own teatime chat show on ITV  The show, That Antony Cotton Show, was filmed with a live studio audience at Granada Television studios in Manchester, and combined celebrity chat with topical humour  It was first broadcast on 13 August 2007  Following the end of the first series, ITV announced that the show was axed and would not return for a second series  He appeared on Family Fortunes on 20 September 2008 winning £10,000 for his chosen charity  In December 2008, he appeared with co-star Suranne Jones on Who Wants to Be a Millionaire? He also took part in the eleventh series of I'm a Celebrity   Get Me Out of Here! which began airing on 13 November 2011  He left on 2 December 2011, after 21 days in the jungle, placing fourth  Cotton also starred in an episode of Mad Mad World on ITV1 in Spring 2012  He won first place in a series of Let's Dance for Comic Relief in March 2013  Cotton was a contestant for the 2018 revamp of Dancing on Ice 
Cotton made his film debut opposite Daniel Craig and Derek Jacobi in the 1998 film Love Is the Devil: Study for a Portrait of Francis Bacon  He also appeared in the 1998 film, The Wisdom of Crocodiles  Cotton has appeared in several shows at the Oldham Coliseum, including The Fifteen Streets and The Hobbit at Manchester's Palace Theatre and Opera House  He appeared in Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs at the Middlesbrough Theatre 

Honours, awards and recognition
In 2005, Cotton won the Most Popular Newcomer category at the National Television Awards for his role in Coronation Street  Cotton won the 2005 Inside Soap Awards for Best Newcomer and Funniest Performance  In 2006, he won the award for Funniest Performance  At the 2007 British Soap Awards, Cotton was awarded the Best Actor award, which was voted for by the public  Also in 2007 he won Best Actor at the Inside Soap Awards Cotton was appointed Member of the Order of the British Empire (MBE) in the 2022 Birthday Honours for services to the British Army, personnel and veterans 

Filmography
FilmTelevision

See also
List of Dancing on Ice contestants
List of I'm a Celebrity   Get Me Out of Here! (British TV series) contestants
Passage 7:
Motofuji Akiko
Akiko Motofuji (1928–2003) was born in Tokyo  From her childhood she studied ballet and modern dance  In 1947, Nobutoshi Tsuda dancing principal, and she established Asbestos Studio in 1950  In 1955, in the International Dancing Contest held in Vienna, she won 4th prize in the individual performance section  She met Tatsumi Hijikata in 1956, and they started to perform on stage together, searching for a new way of expression using ballet and Neue Tanz techniques  This was the basis of Butoh, an original expression which gazes at body and soul severely  Later they got married  She went back to the stage in 1992, performing the piece "Together with Tatsumi Hijikata", and after that made great works, one after another  Her original world showed such colorful features as charm, overflowing humor, and severely shaved form, but always with the theme "repeated life and death" at the bottom  At big halls, in small spaces, outdoors, and so on, her inspiration spread out in three dimensions and caught and kept the audience interested  She also tackled collaboration with artists of other genres: direction with engravers, improvisation with musicians, joint production with Magdalena Abakanowicz, etc , and continued searching for the possibility of new expression  She died from hemopericardium on October 19, 2003 

Quotes
One of her famous quotes is:

"When viewing life, the blossoming of youth is beautiful, certainly  But in contrast, when something is withering, there's a beauty in that as well    is there not beauty within ugliness?"
Passage 8:
Nach Baliye
Nach Baliye (transl  Dance partner) is an Indian Hindi-language celebrity dance reality television series that airs on Star Plus  It is loosely based on Dancing With The Stars 

Production
Concept
The show is a competition wherein 10 television celebrity couples compete against each other  Contestants dance to a different tune, different theme and different styles every week and scores are given by the judges  Each week one couple is eliminated based on public voting and their scores 
In Season 9, the contestant ratings were changed to be on a scale from 1 to 100 

Reception
In 2012, when season 5 premiered the show did very well throughout the season  The grand premiere has gained 4 1 TRP 

Series
Season 1
Nach Baliye 1 is the first season of the dance reality show, Nach Baliye 
It started on 17 October 2005 and ended on 19 December 2005 with Sachin Pilgaonkar and Supriya Pilgaonkar as the winners  The judges were Saroj Khan, Malaika Arora Khan and Farhan Akhtar with Sangeeta Ghosh and Shabbir Ahluwalia serving as the hosts  The series was produced by SOL Productions 

Contestants
Supriya Pilgaonkar and Sachin Pilgaonkar, winners
Poonam Narula and Manish Goel, runners-up
Rajeshwari Sachdev and Varun Badola, 3rd position
Delnaaz Irani and Rajeev Paul, 4th position
Archana Puran Singh and Parmeet Sethi, 5th position
Shilpa Saklani and Apurva Agnihotri, 6th position
Neeru Bajwa and Amit Sadh, 7th position
Sai Deodhar and Shakti Anand, 8th position
Manini Mishra and Mihir Mishra, 9th position
Manasi Joshi Roy and Rohit Roy, 10th position

Season 2
Nach Baliye 2 is the second season of the dance reality show, Nach Baliye 
It started on 25 September 2006 and ended on 18 December 2006 with Hussain Kuwajerwala and Tina Kuwajerwala as the winners  Saroj Khan, Malaika Arora Khan and Kunal Kohli were the judges   Sangeeta Ghosh and Shabbir Ahluwalia hosted the season  SOL Productions produced the second season as well 

Contestants
Hussain Kuwajerwala and Tina Kuwajerwala, winners
Yash Tonk and Gauri Tonk, runners-up
Tannaz Irani and Bakhtiyaar Irani, 3rd position
Gauri Pradhan and Hiten Tejwani, 4th position
Shweta Kawatra and Manav Gohil, 5th position
Shweta Tiwari and Raja Choudhary, 6th position
Gurdeep Kohli and Arjun Punj, 7th position
Keerti Gaekwad Kelkar and Sharad Kelkar, 8th position
Narayani Shastri and Gaurav Chopra, 9th position
Ketki Dave and Rasik Dave, 10th position

Season 3
Nach Baliye 3 is the third season of the dance reality show, Nach Baliye 
It started on 21 September 2007 and ended on 22 December 2007 with Sanjeeda Sheikh and Aamir Ali as the winners  The judges were Vaibhavi Merchant, Isha Koppikar and David Dhawan  The winners of the second season, Hussain Kuwajerwala and Tina Kuwajerwala, hosted the show  It was produced by Diamond Pictures and moved from Star One to Star Plus  It was created by Anil Jha who was also the Showrunner for Season 3,4, and later 9 

Contestants
Sanjeeda Sheikh and Aamir Ali, winners
Rakhi Sawant and Abhishek Avasthi, runners-up
Kashmera Shah and Krushna Abhishek, 3rd position
Karan Patel and Amita Chandekar, 4th position
Indraneil Sengupta and Barkha Sengupta, 5th position
Sweta Keswani and Alexx O'Nell, 6th position
Pooja Bedi and Hanif Hilal, 7th position
Karan Grover and Kavita Kaushik, 8th position
Vikas Sethi and Amita Sethi, 9th position
Shakti Kapoor and Shivangi Kapoor, 10th position; quit
Kiran Janjani and Ritu Janjani, 11th position

Season 4
Nach Baliye 4 is the fourth season of the dance reality show, Nach Baliye 
It started on 17 October 2008 and ended on 1 February 2009 with Shalin Bhanot and Dalljiet Kaur as the winners Sanjeeda Sheikh and Aamir Ali were the initial hosts but Sara Khan and Ali Merchant hosted in Week 5 and Hiten Tejwani and Gauri Pradhan Tejwani hosted in Week 8 
Farah Khan, Karisma Kapoor, and Arjun Rampal were the judges 

Contestants
Shalin Bhanot and Dalljiet Kaur, winners
Naman Shaw and Megha Gupta, runners-up
Kapil Nirmal and Anjali Abrol, semi-finalists
Yash Tonk and Gauri Tonk, wildcards; semi-finalists
Vineet Raina and Tanushree Kaushal, eliminated
Reshmi Ghosh and Amit Gupta, eliminated
Karanvir Bohra and Teejay Sidhu, quit
Mohit Malik and Addite Shirwaikar , eliminated
Sudeep Sahir and Anantika Sahir, eliminated
Mazher Sayed and Mouli Ganguly, eliminated
Jaspal Bhatti and Savita Bhatti, eliminated
Jatin Shah and Priya Bathija, eliminated
Abhijeet Sawant and Shilpa Sawant, eliminated
Chetan Hansraj and Lavinia Pereira, wildcards; eliminated

Season 5
Nach Baliye 5 is the fifth season of the dance reality show -  Nach Baliye 
It started on 29 December 2012 and ended on 23 March 2013 with Mahhi Vij and Jay Bhanushali as the winners 
Karan Wahi and Gautam Rode hosted the season  The judges were Shilpa Shetty, Sajid Khan and Terrence Lewis 

Contestants
Jay Bhanushali and Mahi Vij, winners
Sargun Mehta and Ravi Dubey, first runners-up
Neelu Vaghela and Arvind Kumar, second runners-up
Suhasi Dhami and Jaisheel Dhami, third runners-up
Karan Mehra and Nisha Rawal, eliminated on 16 March 2013
Charlie Chauhan and Kunwar Amarjeet Singh, eliminated on 9 March 2013
Shefali Jariwala and Parag Tyagi, eliminated on 2 March 2013
Dimpy Mahajan and Rahul Mahajan, eliminated on 23 February 2013
Elena Boeva and Kushal Tandon, eliminated on 3 February 2013
Smita Bansal and Ankush Mohla, eliminated on 27 January 2013
Deepshikha Nagpal and Keshav Arora, eliminated on 13 January 2013

Guests
Drashti Dhami

Shriman V/s Shrimati
Nach Baliye Shriman V/s Shrimati is an extension of the Nach Baliye series, and ran in April 2013  In Shriman V/s Shrimati, the celebrity couples did not dance together but instead competed against each other  The series ended in a tie Gurmeet Choudhary was declared the Best Performer of the series 

Season 6
Nach Baliye 6 is the sixth season of the dance reality show, Nach Baliye 
It premiered on 9 November 2013 on Star Plus  Shilpa Shetty, Sajid Khan and Terrence Lewis were the judges and Gautam Rode and Karan Wahi hosted the season 
Rithvik Dhanjani and Asha Negi were declared as the winners of Nach Baliye Season 6 on 1 February 2014  Gurmeet Choudhary and Debina Bonnerjee were declared the runners-up Sara Khan did a cameo dance performance in the wild card special episode along with Paras Chhabra 
Writing for Rediff com, Paloma Sharma gave the show 2 5 stars out of 5 in its first week, stating "perhaps the hosts and the judges could keep their clothes on and refrain from excessive flirting since Nach Baliye does happen to be a 'family show' "

Contestants
Rithvik Dhanjani and Asha Negi, winners on 1 February 2014
Gurmeet Chaudhary and Debina Bonnerjee, first runners-up on 1 February 2014
Ripudaman Handa and Shivangi Verma, second runners-up on 1 February 2014
Vinod Thakur and Raksha Thakur, third runners-up on 1 February 2014
Kiku Sharda and Priyanka Sharda (5th position), eliminated on 25 January 2014
Raqesh Bapat  and Ridhi Dogra (6th position), eliminated
Kanika Maheshwari and Ankur Ghai (7th position), quit on 11 January 2014
Bruna Abdullah and Omar Herror (8th position), eliminated on 8 December 2013; re-entered as wild card entrants, eliminated on 4 January 2014
Raju Srivastav and Shikha Raju (9th position), eliminated on 15 December 2013
Amrapali Gupta and Yash Sinha (10th position), eliminated on 1 December 2013
Sanjeev Seth and Lata Sabharwal (11th position), eliminated on 24 November 2013

Guests
Hina Khan
Barun Sobti
Deepika Singh
Rucha Hasabnis
Vishal Singh
Ishita Dutta
Mouni Roy
Mahek Chahal
Dharmesh Yelande
Sayantani Ghosh
Rashami Desai

Scoring chart
In this season, the scores per judge are out of 10 with the highest possible score of 30 
Red number indicates the lowest score 
Green number indicates the highest score 
  indicates the couple eliminated that week 
  indicates the returning couple that finished in the bottom three 
  indicates the returning couple that finished in the bottom two 
  indicates the winning couple 
  indicates the runner-up couple 
  indicates the third-place couple 

Season 7
Nach Baliye 7 is the seventh season of the dance reality show, Nach Baliye 
It premiered on 26 April 2015 on Star Plus  The series was produced by Ekta Kapoor and Shobha Kapoor under their banner Balaji Telefilms  The series aired from Monday to Saturday nights and on Sunday evenings  The season ended on 19 July 2015 
It was hosted by Rithvik Dhanjani and Karan Patel  Marzi Pestonji, Preity Zinta  and Chetan Bhagat were the judges Kunwar Amar, Karanvir Bohra, Mukti Mohan, Sargun Mehta and Salman Yusuf Khan also appeared in a special episode 

Contestants
Scoring chart
In this season, the scores per judge are out of 10 with the highest possible score of 30 
Red number indicates the lowest score 
Green number indicates the highest score 
  Eliminated
  Bottom three
  Bottom two
  Winning couple
  Runner-up couple
  Second runner-up couple

Season 8
Nach Baliye 8 is the eighth season of the dance reality show, Nach Baliye 
It premiered on 2 April 2017 on Star Plus  The show was produced by BBC Worldwide  Sonakshi Sinha, Terence Lewis and Mohit Suri were the judges  Karan Tacker and Upasana Singh were the hosts for the show  Divyanka Tripathi Dahiya and Vivek Dahiya were declared as the winners 

Contestants
Guests
Salman Khan and Sohail Khan
Ranbir Kapoor
Arjun Kapoor and Shraddha Kapoor
Arjun Kapoor and Anil Kapoor
Sridevi
Hrithik Roshan
Diljit Dosanjh
Parineeti Chopra
Remo D'souza
Karan Patel

Scoring chart
Red number Lowest score
Green number Highest score
  Eliminated
  Bottom two
  Winning couple
  Runner-up couple
  Second runner-upThe scores per judge were out of 10 with the highest possible score of 30 
The elimination was based on public votes plus the score given by judges in the previous week 

Notes
Season 9
Nach Baliye 9 is the ninth season of the dance reality show, Nach Baliye 
It premiered on 19 July 2019  Produced by Salman Khan, it was judged by Raveena Tandon & Ahmed Khan and hosted by Manish Paul & Waluscha De Sousa 
Vighnesh Pande and his puppet character 'Anna' appeared as a comic relief for episodes featuring South Indian Megastar Prabhas and another with the Bollywood celebrity Sanjay Dutt 
The season was won by Prince Narula and Yuvika Chaudhary on 3 November 2019 

Contestants
Scoring chart
Current Couple
  Former CoupleRed number Lowest score
Green number Highest score
  Eliminated
  Bottom Two
  Winners
  Runner-ups
  Second runner-ups
  Hi5
  UnwellThe scores per judge were out of 100  Then the average score is calculated from the scores of both judges 
The elimination was based on public votes and the score given by judges 
In Week 2, Rohit and Anita did not perform as Rohit was down with Jaundice so the doctor had advised rest to him  Ahmed and Raveena saved them and they advanced to the next week without nomination 
In Week 7, Faisal & Muskaan had to quit the show as Faisal got injured 
In Week 9, Pooja & Sandeep had to quit the show as Pooja got injured 
In Week 11, The couples had to perform solo  Ridhima, Prince, Anuj, Shraddha and Vishal got a High 5, however both the partners had to score 50/50 to receive a High 5 
In week 12, every couple has to perform twice  In the first round they are getting marks out of 90  And the second round is battle between two couple  Whoever wins will get 10 marks & other get zero 
In Quarter Finale (Week 13) also, the couples had to perform twice  In first round, they performed with different  dance groups and got marks out of 100  The couples who received a High 5 were RoNita, NiShaan and ShAlam  In second round, they performed their usual performances (Theme-Retro )and got marks out of 100 The average of both the rounds was taken as their final score 
In Semi Finale (Week 14) also, the couples had to perform twice 
Passage 9:
Christian Clarke
Christian Clarke is a fictional character from the BBC soap opera EastEnders, portrayed by John Partridge  He first appeared in the show's 3,509th episode, originally broadcast in the United Kingdom on 17 January 2008, and was introduced as the brother of established character Jane Beale (Laurie Brett)  He was introduced as a new homosexual character for the show, following the popularity of Coronation Street's Sean Tully (Antony Cotton)  Christian and Partridge's casting were announced on 20 November 2007 Christian's storylines have mostly revolved around his relationship with Syed Masood (Marc Elliott), but his other storylines have included a friendship with Roxy Mitchell (Rita Simons) and being involved in the coming out storylines of  Ben Mitchell (Joshua Pascoe)  On 17 September 2012, it was announced that Partridge would be leaving his role, following Elliott's decision to leave the show  They left together in the 4,532nd episode, originally broadcast on 15 November 2012 Partridge returned to the show for two episodes in May 2014 which saw Christian attend the funeral of Lucy Beale (Hetti Bywater)  Christian appeared in two episodes on 19 and 20 May 2014   In January 2015, it was confirmed that Partridge would be returning for the show's 30th anniversary celebrations in February 2015  Partridge appeared in four episodes between 17 and 20 February 2015, including a fully live episode, which saw Christian attend Jane's wedding to Ian Beale (Adam Woodyatt)  On 8 April 2016, it was reported that Partridge would reprise the role again in "early summer" 2016  Christian returned on 26 May 2016 and departed again on 30 May 

Storylines
2008–2012
Christian is first mentioned when his older sister Jane Beale (Laurie Brett) receives an invitation to his civil ceremony with partner Ashley Jennings (Tony Boncza)  Jane throws the invitation away but it is later found by Jane's husband Ian (Adam Woodyatt)  Jane refuses to tell Ian why she does not want to go to the ceremony but Ian wants to meet Christian, and invites him and Ashley to dinner at Fargo's Restaurant  Christian reveals that he was once in love with Jane's first husband David Collins (Dan Milne)  Ashley storms out of the restaurant and the couple end their relationship  Christian is tricked by Ian's daughter Lucy (Melissa Suffield) into letting her use his flat so she can spend some "quality time" with her boyfriend, Olly Greenwood (Bart Edwards)  Christian walks in on them about to have sex and stops them  Ian punches Christian over what happened with Lucy and Olly, but when he catches Lucy attempting to leave with Olly, he insists she move in with Christian again 
Christian is surprised to see his mother Linda (Lynda Baron) after having lost contact with her for nearly 20 years  At first, Christian dislikes her because she still disapproves of his sexuality, but when Ian's son Peter (Thomas Law) tells him how he lost his mother Cindy (Michelle Collins), Christian makes amends with her  Roxy unexpectedly goes into premature labour, and Christian offers to help raise the baby, Amy, as her marriage to Sean Slater (Robert Kazinsky) has ended  However, Roxy leaves Christian heartbroken when she gets back with Sean  She later tells Christian that he is to be Amy's godfather  Roxy gives her daughter the middle name Christina, after Christian  Christian's colleague at Masala Queen, Syed Masood (Marc Elliott), argues with him over his sexuality, saying that homosexuality goes against his God's will, but then unexpectedly kisses and has sex with Christian  Syed tries to avoid Christian, although Christian wants to begin a relationship with him  Syed refuses him although they continue with their affair, Syed eventually denies that he is gay and proposes to his girlfriend Amira Shah (Preeya Kalidas)  On the day of Syed and Amira's engagement party, Christian takes a man called Luke back to his flat, but Luke beats Christian up after revealing he is not gay and hates gay men cottaging in public places  Following this, Christian becomes agoraphobic, but Syed helps Christian return to a normal life  Christian's friend James Mackie (Paul Keating) turns up, and Syed sees them together and is jealous  After James admits that he has feelings for Christian, Syed tries to put him off  Christian finds out and tells Syed that he will be with him but he must break up with Amira, but Syed cannot go through with it, so Christian starts a relationship with James  However, one day Christian takes Syed down an alleyway and kisses him, not realising they have been seen  Christian then breaks off his romance with James and restarts his secret affair with Syed  Christian and Syed are photographed looking cosy in an alleyway  Syed is blackmailed and Christian discovers it is Lucy  Syed soon breaks off the affair, and Christian tells Syed he cannot help arrange his wedding any more 
On the wedding day, Syed admits to Christian that he is gay but cannot come out because he is not just gay, but a son, a brother and a Muslim  When he runs away, distressed, Syed's mother Zainab (Nina Wadia) sees and confronts Christian who tells her everything, but she does not believe him and attacks him verbally and physically  She then goes to the wedding and confronts Syed who eventually confesses, and she tells him to marry Amira  When Syed and Amira return from their honeymoon, Christian introduces a man called Leyton (Daniel Crowder) as his boyfriend to make Syed jealous, which works as Syed is clearly upset  However, after Syed and Amira consummate their marriage, Syed tells Christian that they are planning a baby, and says he and Christian can both move on as Christian has Leyton and Syed has Amira  However, Christian tells Syed he has broken up with Leyton and was only with him to make Syed jealous  At Syed's and Amira's flat, Christian and Syed argue, but are then seen kissing on floor of the flat by Syed's father, Masood (Nitin Ganatra)  This leads to the exposure of their affair, and Syed comes out to his family and friends, and Amira leaves Walford  However Syed rejects Christian again  Amira's father Qadim (Ramon Tikaram) and his associates track down Christian, wanting to know where Syed is  Christian says he does not know, so they beat him and leave him outside on the pavement  When Syed returns, he apologises to Christian but Christian calls him a coward, saying he never wants to see him again  Syed has therapy to attempt to cure his same-sex attraction, and he tells Christian he no longer feels anything for him  However, Syed soon admits to Christian that his therapy has not worked and he wants to admit his true feelings  Christian pushes him away, but the next day he accepts Syed when he says he chooses Christian and turns his back on his family  The pair then move in with each other  On New Year's Eve, Christian attends a party at The Queen Victoria pub, and shares a kiss with a man  Christian tells Syed, and Syed is angry, but later forgives him  They decide they would like a child and a drunken Roxy offers to be the surrogate mother  However, despite their attempt, she does not become pregnant  Syed and Christian decide to adopt, and Christian later proposes to Syed, and Syed agrees  They continue with their plans to adopt and Christian finds a new flat for them  However, Syed almost changes his mind and the couple split up until Syed realises that he does want children 
Christian starts working at the local boxing club, and whilst there, 15-year-old Ben Mitchell (Joshua Pascoe) confides to him that he is gay  Christian gives advice to the teenager, but Ben develops a crush on Christian, which he discourages  Amira returns to Walford with hers and Syed's baby, Yasmin  She promptly tells Syed that she wants him to be a part of their baby's life but bans Christian from seeing her  Syed starts to secretly see Amira and Yasmin, and Ben reports this to Christian  Christian confronts Syed and declares that Syed has to choose between him and the baby  However, he relents and gives Syed his blessing to see his child  However, Yusef Khan (Ace Bhatti) suggests to Christian that Yasmin may not be Syed's child, casting doubt in Christian's mind  Christian then asks Yusef to perform a secret paternity test on Yasmin  The results of the test state that Syed is not the father of Yasmin, and Christian reveals this to Syed and Amira  Syed is devastated, but Amira continues to claim that he is the father  Syed doubts Christian, believing that he may have falsified the test  However, it emerges that it was Yusef who falsified the paternity test  Christian feels hurt that Syed suspected him of lying, but he reluctantly agrees to let Amira and Yasmin stay with him and Syed as they have nowhere else to go  Christian is annoyed to discover that Syed is helping Amira get a home in Walford  When Christian and Ben watch a film together, they talk about Christian and Syed's relationship and Ben misreads the signals, and tries to kiss Christian  Christian is horrified and Ben runs out of the flat, seen by Zainab and Yusef  Ben later lies to Yusef that Christian touched him inappropriately, and Yusef takes Ben to tell his father, Phil Mitchell (Steve McFadden)  Phil confronts Christian in the pub, and Christian punches Phil when he calls him a "nonce"  Phil leaves but later turns up at Christian's flat, smashing it up and hitting Christian with a baseball bat  Ben is forced to tell the truth so Phil leaves  However, Christian is upset with Syed for not trusting him, and when Amira tells Christian that he will be judged by the community, Christian decides to break up with Syed and leave Walford  Christian returns to Albert Square to spend Christmas with Jane  When he sees Syed and Amira, he mocks them for behaving like a couple  Syed is determined to win Christian back and asks Amira for a divorce  Christian and Syed reunite, but Amira vows to stay around  Amira later teases Christian that he will never be invited to Masood family occasions, and he tells her that her business with Syed is a smokescreen and she really wants him back   However, Amira soon tires of Walford without a husband, and leaves her daughter Yasmin in the care of Syed and Christian 
During a Masood family crisis, Christian is asked to look after Zainab on her own, and they talk  She tells him about how she lied to Yusef so that he would be killed (Zainab told him that his daughter Afia (Meryl Fernandes) was trapped in a burning building)  She wonders who will forgive her, and Christian tells her that he does  He explains that they never chose to be the people they are, and she asks if he loves Syed  He says that he does and she realises that when he said it before, she never really listened  They make amends and Zainab invites Christian to a family dinner and to the mosque  When Christian decides to enter Yasmin into a "beautiful baby" competition, Syed is angry, and refers to Yasmin as his daughter, not his and Christian's, leading to an argument between them  Before their wedding, Syed reveals to Christian that he kissed Danny Pennant (Gary Lucy), but Christian says it was just a kiss and they marry  However, Syed is in debt to Danny, who texts him  Christian sees the texts and meets Danny, who reveals that he had sex with Syed  Christian punches Danny and Syed then finds Christian badly beaten  Christian lies that he was the victim of a homophobic attack, and refuses to give Syed any details  Syed calls the police to report the assault  However, Christian is arrested for the assault on Danny  Danny tells Syed he will only retract his police statement if Syed returns £500 he owes  However, Masood threatens to tell the police about Danny's dodgy investments, so Danny withdraws the allegations  Christian asks Syed for his reassurance of their love and marriage or he will end their relationship  Syed cannot give it, so Christian moves out  Amira returns, wanting to take Yasmin to live with her and her new fiancé in Birmingham  Syed allows Amira to take her, not telling Christian, who is angry when he finds out  He plans to move to America to live with Jane  Syed discovers this through Masood, and brands Christian a hypocrite  Zainab and Lucy lock the pair in the Masoods' restaurant where they reunite  Refusing to leave without Syed, Christian has Jane book them both tickets and they leave together to go to America, planning to live closer to Amira and Yasmin once they return to the UK 

2014–2016
In May 2014, Ian visits Christian at his home in Birmingham following Lucy's death, where Jane is also staying  Christian comforts Ian and expresses his condolences  Ian asks after his son Bobby (Rory Stroud/Eliot Carrington), who is also staying with them and meets Yasmin, who Christian is babysitting whilst Syed is at work  Christian promises to attend the funeral and after Ian has left, Jane returns home and tells Christian that she won't be attending the funeral  Christian is disappointed by her behaviour  The following day, Christian returns to Walford with Bobby to attend the funeral, travelling in the family car to the church with Ian, Peter and Bobby  Following the service, Christian catches up with Roxy and asks after Amy  He then returns to Birmingham with Jane and Bobby  In February 2015, Christian returns for Jane's wedding  He calls Jane pretending that he has to work, but he arrives in the salon where Jane is getting ready moments later to surprise her 
In May 2016, Christian returns after Jane is attacked by Bobby with a hockey stick  While Jane is comatose, Ian tells Christian that Bobby killed Lucy and Jane covered it up   The next day, Linda reveals that Christian has gone back to Birmingham 

Creation
In November 2007, it was announced that a new gay character was to join the cast of EastEnders, as the show's bosses had seen how popular Antony Cotton was in the role of Sean Tully in Coronation Street  However, Partridge's character is not as camp as Cotton's, and is described as "very suave and a real charmer" and a "savvy, bright character [who is] very fun " Partridge commented that it would be "stupid" to copy Cotton's character, adding that "it's about time EastEnders had a gay character in the show " He later told Attitude that Cotton's character in Coronation Street is the reason Christian is in EastEnders due to his popularity, and that Christian was created to be the opposite of Sean  Partridge said of his character, "I think he's going to upset the apple cart at the Beales'" and "Christian, like me, is an openly proud gay man and he is certainly going to ruffle a few feathers when he arrives "
Christian 'kiss-my-guns' Clarke has the biceps of a god, and an innate inability to live a quiet life  It’s no surprise that he's Roxy Mitchell’s best mate, then  His put-downs are legendary, but Christian's brash exterior is very much that  The Christian that his friends and family know is sensitive, generous and fiercely loyal  If you're feeling down, he'll take you out for the best night of your life and provide a shoulder to cry on in the taxi home 
Talking about his casting in the role of Christian, Partridge has disclosed: "I'm slightly terrified when I come into work every day  It's an enormous machine  Plus, the actors I work with the most, Adam Woodyatt (Ian) and Laurie Brett (Jane), are such consummate professionals that I don't want to weaken the Beale family or bring anyone down   I want to stand up there with them and be seen as a good team player "

Development
Partridge has commented that one aspect of his character he most enjoys is "that he weaves in and out of lots of characters' stories, so I have interaction with loads of different people   Take his friendship with Roxy, for example — I absolutely love it, and working with Rita Simons, who plays her, is such a pleasure   We're very natural in that set-up " In turn, Simons has commented that her own character, Roxy, would be "really lost without (Christian)  He's her rock"  Partridge has also denied that Christian is a stereotypical gay man, saying "Christian wears slightly brighter colours than I would normally wear but you know it is a BBC show and we have to show that I am gay you know? I don't think it's stereotypical at all because there are what I call seven shades of gay and that goes from real straight acting to camp and I like to think that Christian has all of those elements as I do as a gay man "In June 2009, Christian begins an affair with Muslim character Syed Masood, played by Marc Elliott  The storyline is said to be controversial, as homosexuality is strictly forbidden according to mainstream interpretations of Islam  However, the show's executive producer Diederick Santer explained that the storyline will not be a moral tale, but one of human interest, adding: "[Syed] struggles with his sexuality when he finds himself drawn to Christian and he believes this goes against his faith  This is not a story about Syed and Christian's physical relationship — we don't see anything beyond one kiss " Santer also said that EastEnders always tries to "reflect modern life in multicultural Britain and [tell] social issue stories relevant to [its] diverse audience " Partridge commented on the storyline, saying: "I'm thrilled this storyline is being done  People fall in love in impossible circumstances all the time  Why are Christian and Syed any different?"Partridge told entertainment website Digital Spy that lessons were learnt after a kiss between Christian and his then-boyfriend Lee Thompson in 2008 prompted 145 complaints from viewers, saying: "Even after [the gay kiss] story, Diederick [Santer, executive producer], Dominic Treadwell-Collins, series story producer] and the BBC were brave enough to push forward with this current storyline  Everybody learned lessons from that [gay kiss] as to how to tell this story    so as not to offend people, not to be gratuitous and not to let something like a kiss be something that overshadows the story we're trying to tell  I'm immensely proud of that and immensely proud of this storyline  I'm honoured that they've allowed me to be a face for it "In December 2009, Santer was asked what his favourite storyline of the year had been  He replied "I'm really pleased with the Christian/Syed storyline  It's bold and we thought long and hard before we did it to make sure we got it right and I'm really proud with what we've done  Marc [Elliott] and John [Partridge] have absolutely stepped up to the plate and like all good EastEnders stories, we're not even half done with it yet  There's miles to go "In 2010, Christian will get a beating once his and Syed's secret is revealed  A source explained: "It seems that Christian is going to take the brunt of Syed's problems  Syed and Amira's wedding achieved one of the highest ratings of the year, so we're expecting viewers to again be gripped when this storyline reaches its dramatic climax  "There will be lots of twists and turns along the way  And sadly for poor Christian, he'll be the one who ends up taking a battering  There will also be lots of complaints " Tahir Shah from the Muslim Public Affairs Committee criticised the storyline as soon as it was reported for portraying Muslims in a negative light "EastEnders is known for its gritty and realistic storylines but we cannot condone such violence from a Muslim character," he explained  However, gay rights campaigner Peter Tatchell described the plot as "groundbreaking", adding: "No storyline in any drama will ever reflect the totality of the many diverse gay lifestyles and experiences  Full credit to the BBC for having a gay Muslim character  The lives of gay Muslims are very rarely in the media "

Departure (2012)
On 7 September 2012, it was announced that Syed and Christian would be departing in November 2012 in an explosive storyline that bosses did not reveal at the time  Executive producer, Lorraine Newman said: "Marc and John have been a fantastic part of the show and their characters have been a huge success  Their storylines have broken boundaries that have not been seen in a soap before and the love for them by the viewers can be seen in their 'Chryed' fans  When Marc announced he had decided to move on, we had a tough decision to make  After numerous conversations, which included John, it was decided that there is only one outcome for Syed and Christian  We wish them both all the best for the future " Syed and Christian left together on 15 November 2012 

Returns (2014–2016)
On 7 April 2014, it was announced that Christian would be returning in May 2014 for the funeral of Lucy Beale (Hetti Bywater), who was to be killed as part of a new storyline (see Who Killed Lucy Beale?)   It was revealed on 11 May 2014 that Christian would return when Jane's ex-husband, Ian Beale (Adam Woodyatt) visited him "in search of Jane"  Christian returned for two episodes on 19 and 20 May 2014  On 17 January 2015, it was announced that Partridge would be returning again, this time for the show's thirtieth anniversary which would see Christian return for Ian and Jane's wedding  Of his return, Partridge said, "I am honoured to be returning to EastEnders at this most exciting time to celebrate 30 years of the show, and more importantly to find out who killed Lucy!" The show's executive producer, Dominic Treadwell-Collins, joked that Jane could not get married without having her brother at the occasion and said that the EastEnders team were "thrilled to have him [Partridge] back" for the anniversary  Treadwell-Collins then promised that Partridge's "extensive theatre experience" would be utilised as he "is plunged into EastEnders' live week " Spoiler images released on 10 February 2015 teased Partridge's return to the show, revealing that Christian would surprise Jane by initially telling her that he is unable to attend the wedding, before revealing himself to her  Partridge later teased another return to the show, saying, "I can always be lured back!"On 8 April 2016, it was announced that Partridge would be "briefly" returning for a third guest stint in "early summer" 2016, alongside Lynda Baron who plays his on-screen mother, Linda Clarke  Their return storyline was billed as "explosive" for the Beale family, "unmissable", and something that would see "change in the Beale family forever"  Partridge was confirmed to be filming EastEnders as well as touring with the production of Chicago The Musical  Of his return, Partridge said, "I am thrilled to be able to return to EastEnders whilst touring the UK with Chicago  Christian is never far from my mind – I turn my back for five minutes and look what happens " Partridge returned to filming on 14 April 2016, filming scenes which he believed would air "around June"  He described returning to filming as "wonderful" and compared to "putting on a nice, comfortable pair of shoes " He also praised the EastEnders team for being "very welcoming", adding that it "seemed so natural to be back" and felt like he had "never been away"  Partridge confirmed that he would feature in a lot of scenes with Brett as Christian will return to "look after Jane Beale"  He teased that his return may involve the 'Who Killed Lucy Beale?' storyline and would be part of a "big year" for the Beale family 

Reception
The character's introduction to EastEnders was welcomed by critics, with the Pink News deeming him to be "a realistic portrayal of a London-based, slightly older gay man " Gareth McLean of The Guardian praised the character, saying "he brings EastEnders a step closer to more accurately resembling London "In October 2008, a kiss between Christian and new love interest Lee prompted 145 complaints from viewers who were displeased that homosexual kissing had been broadcast before the 9pm watershed  The BBC released a statement defending the incident, stating: "EastEnders aims to reflect real life, and this means including and telling stories about characters from many different backgrounds, faiths, religions and sexualities  We approach our portrayal of homosexual relationships in the same way as we do heterosexual relationships  In this instance, Christian is enjoying the first flush of romance and we've shown him being affectionate with his new boyfriend in the same way any couple would  We also aim to ensure that depictions of affection or sexuality between couples are suitable for pre-watershed viewing  We believe that the general tone and content of EastEnders is now widely recognised, meaning that parents can make an informed decision as to whether they want their children to watch "

See also
List of EastEnders characters (2008)
List of LGBT characters in television and radio
List of soap operas with LGBT characters
Context 3: Passage 1:
Coca-Cola FEMSA
Coca-Cola FEMSA, S A B  de C V , known as Coca-Cola FEMSA or KOF, is a Mexican multinational beverage company headquartered in Mexico City, Mexico  It is a subsidiary of FEMSA which owns 47 8% of its stock, with 27 8% held by wholly owned subsidiaries of The Coca-Cola Company and the remaining 25% listed publicly on the Mexican Stock Exchange (since 1993) and the New York Stock Exchange (since 1998)  It is the largest franchise Coca-Cola bottler in the world, the company has operations in Latin America, although its largest and most profitable market is in Mexico 

History
Coca-Cola FEMSA began as a joint venture with The Coca-Cola Company in 1991 with FEMSA initially owning 51% of the stock  It started expanding its international operations in 2003 when it acquired Panamerican Beverages (Panamco), another Mexican Coca-Cola bottler with operations in Central America, Colombia, Venezuela, and Brazil  It later acquired additional bottling companies in Brazil (its second largest market) as well as the main Coca-Cola bottler in the Philippines in 2013, until 2018 when the company was then renamed to Coca-Cola Beverages Philippines In 2007, Coca-Cola FEMSA acquired Jugos del Valle in a joint venture with The Coca-Cola Company  In June 2008, Coca-Cola FEMSA acquired Refrigerantes Minas Gerais In 2011, the company merged Grupo Tampico and Corporación Los Angeles  Later that same year, Coca-Cola FEMSA acquired Grupo Industrias Lacteas in a joint venture with The Coca-Cola Company Coca-Cola FEMSA merged beverage operations with Grupo Fomento Queretano in 2012  In 2013, the company merged more bottling operations with Grupo Yoli as well as acquiring Brazilian companies Companhia Fluminense de Refrigerantes and Industria Brasileira de Bebidas In 2015, Coca-Cola FEMSA opened two $500 million bottling plants in Itabirito, Brazil, and Tocancipa, Colombia  The company completed its $1 billion acquisition of VONPAR in Brazil in 2016  Coca-Cola and Coca-Cola FEMSA also bought the AdeS brand from Unilever in a joint venture that same year In 2018, Coca-Cola FEMSA acquired Guatemalan bottlers ABASA and Los Volcanes as well as MONRESA in Uruguay 

See also
List of companies traded on the Bolsa Mexicana de Valores
List of companies of Mexico
Economy of Mexico
Passage 2:
Cornelio Velásquez
Cornelio H  Velásquez (born September 28, 1968, in Panama City, Panama) is a jockey in American Thoroughbred horse racing  He was introduced to horse racing at age fifteen by trainer Carlos Salazar Guardia in his native Panama and enrolled in the national jockey school  In his first year of racing he was his country's top apprentice jockey and was the leading rider again in 1994 and 1995 
In 1996 Cornelio Velasquez emigrated to the United States to race at Elmont, New York's Belmont Park  During the ensuing ten years he competed at meets at tracks in Kentucky and Florida, winning several riding titles  His big break came in 2003 when he won his first Breeders' Cup on Cajun Beat in the Breeders' Cup Sprint  A two-time winner of Breeders' Cup races, in 2005 Velasquez rode Closing Argument to a second-place finish in the Kentucky Derby and in 2007 is scheduled to compete on the well-regarded colt, Nobiz Like Shobiz 
Passage 3:
The Coca-Cola Company
The Coca-Cola Company is an American multinational corporation founded in 1892, best known as the producer of Coca-Cola  The drink industry company also manufactures, sells, and markets other non-alcoholic beverage concentrates and syrups, and alcoholic beverages  The company's stock is listed on the NYSE and is part of the DJIA and the S&P 500 and S&P 100 indexes 
The soft drink was developed in 1886 by pharmacist John Stith Pemberton  At the time it was introduced, the product contained cocaine from coca leaves and caffeine from kola nuts which together acted as a stimulant  The coca and the kola are the source of the product name, and led to Coca-Cola's promotion as a "healthy tonic"  Pemberton had been severely wounded in the American Civil War, and had become addicted to the pain medication morphine  He developed the beverage as a patent medicine in an effort to control his addiction 
In 1889, the formula and brand were sold for $2,300 (roughly $71,000 in 2022) to Asa Griggs Candler, who incorporated the Coca-Cola Company in Atlanta in 1892  The company has operated a franchised distribution system since 1889  The company largely produces syrup concentrate, which is then sold to various bottlers throughout the world who hold exclusive territories  The company owns its anchor bottler in North America, Coca-Cola Refreshments 

History
In July 1886, pharmacist John Stith Pemberton from Columbus, Georgia invented the original Coca-Cola drink, which was advertised as helpful in the relief of headache, to be placed on sale primarily in drugstores as a medicinal beverage  Pemberton had made many mixing experiments and reached his goal during the month of May, but the new product was as yet unnamed and uncarbonated  Pemberton's bookkeeper, Frank Mason Robinson, is credited with naming the product and creating its logo  Robinson chose the name Coca-Cola because of its two main ingredients (coca leaves and kola nuts) and because it is an alliteration  John Pemberton had taken a break and left Robinson to make, promote, and sell Coca-Cola on his own  Robinson promoted the drink with the limited budget that he had, and succeeded American businessman Asa Griggs Candler purchased the Coca-Cola formula and brand, forming the Coca-Cola Company in Atlanta in 1892  By 1895, Coca-Cola was being sold nationwide  In 1919, the company was sold to Ernest Woodruff's Trust Company of Georgia Coca-Cola's first ad read "Coca Cola  Delicious! Refreshing! Exhilarating! Invigorating!" Candler was one of the first businessmen to use merchandising in his advertising strategy  As of 1948, Coca-Cola had claimed about 60% of its market share  By 1984, the Coca-Cola Company's market share decreased to 21 8% due to new competitors 

Acquisitions
Coca-Cola acquired Minute Maid in 1960 for an undisclosed amount  In 1982, it acquired the movie studio Columbia Pictures for $692 million  Coca-Cola then launched a series of entertainment takeovers, namely Merv Griffin Enterprises and Embassy Communications in the mid-1980s, forming the Entertainment Business Sector, which would later merge with Tri-Star Pictures to start out Columbia Pictures Entertainment, with CPE holding a stake in the company  Coca-Cola sold Columbia to Sony for $3 billion in 1989  In 1986, Coke sold off two assets, namely Presto Products and Winker-Flexible Products to an investment group led by E O  Gaylord for $38 million The company acquired the Indian cola brand Thums Up in 1993, and Barq's in 1995  In 1999, Coca-Cola purchased 50% of the shares of Inca Kola for $200 million, subsequently taking control of overseas marketing and production for the brand  In 2001, it acquired the Odwalla brand of fruit juices, smoothies, and bars for $181 million  It announced Odwalla's discontinuation in 2020  In 2007, it acquired Fuze Beverage from founder Lance Collins and Castanea Partners for an estimated $250 million The company's 2009 bid to buy Chinese juice maker Huiyuan Juice Group ended when China rejected its $2 4 billion bid, on the grounds the resulting company would be a virtual monopoly  Nationalism was also thought to be a reason for aborting the deal In 2011, it acquired the remaining stake in Honest Tea, having bought a 40% stake in 2008 for $43 million  In 2013, it finalized its purchase of ZICO, a coconut water company  In August 2014, it acquired a 16 7% (currently 19 36% due to stock buy backs) stake in Monster Beverage for $2 15 billion with an option to increase it to 25%, as part of a long-term strategic partnership that includes marketing and distribution alliance, and product line swap  In 2015, the company took a minority stake ownership in the cold pressed juice manufacturer, Suja Life LLC  In December 2016, it bought many of the former SABMiller's Coca-Cola operations  The Coca-Cola Company owns a 68 3% stake in Coca-Cola Bottlers Africa   Coca-Cola Bottlers Africa's headquarters located in Port Elizabeth South Africa 
The Coca-Cola Company acquired a 40% stake in Chi Ltd on January 30, 2016  The Coca-Cola Company acquired the remaining 60% stake in Chi Ltd on January 30, 2019 
In 2017, the Coca-Cola Company acquired Mexican sparkling water brand Topo Chico On August 31, 2018, it agreed to acquire Costa Coffee from Whitbread for £3 9bn  The acquisition closed on January 3, 2019  During August 2018, The Coca-Cola Company acquired Moxie for an undisclosed amount  On August 14, 2018, the Coca-Cola Company announced a minority interest in Body Armor  On September 19, 2018, the Coca-Cola Company acquired Organic & Raw Trading Co  Pty Ltd the manufacturer of MOJO Kombucha in Willunga, Australia 

Revenue and sales
According to the Coca-Cola Company's 2005 annual report, it had sold beverage products in more than 200 countries that year  The 2005 report further states that of the approximately 50 billion beverage servings of all types consumed worldwide, daily, beverages bearing the trademarks owned by or licensed to Coca-Cola account for more than 1 3 billion  Of these, beverages bearing the trademark "Coca-Cola" or "Coke" accounted for approximately 55% of the company's total gallon sales In 2010, it was announced that Coca-Cola had become the first brand to top £1 billion in annual UK grocery sales  In 2017, Coca-Cola sales were down 11% from the year before due to consumer tastes shifting away from sugary drinks 

Stock
Since 1919, Coca-Cola has been a publicly traded company  Its stock is listed on the New York Stock Exchange under the ticker symbol "KO"  One share of stock purchased in 1919 for $40, with all dividends reinvested, would have been worth $9 8 million in 2012, a 10 7% annual increase adjusted for inflation  A predecessor bank of SunTrust received $100,000 for underwriting Coca-Cola's 1919 public offering; the bank sold that stock for over $2 billion in 2012  In 1987, Coca-Cola once again became one of the 30 stocks which makes up the Dow Jones Industrial Average, which is commonly referenced as a proxy for stock market performance; it had previously been a Dow stock from 1932 to 1935  Coca-Cola has paid a dividend since 1920 and, as of 2019, had increased it each year for 57 years straight 

Staff and management
The following are key management as of March 2023 (excluding VP positions and regional leaders):

The following are all directors as of March 2023:

Bottlers
In general, the Coca-Cola Company and its subsidiaries only produce syrup concentrate, as well as sourcing beverage base including coffee beans, tea leaf, juices, etc , which is then sold to various bottlers throughout the world who hold a local Coca-Cola franchise  Coca-Cola bottlers, who hold territorially exclusive contracts with the company, produce the finished product in packages from the concentrate and beverage base, in combination with filtered water and sweeteners  The bottlers then sell, distribute, and merchandise the Coca-Cola product to retail stores, vending machines, restaurants, and food service distributors  Outside the United States, these bottlers also control the fountain business Since the 1980s, the company has actively encouraged the consolidation of bottlers, with the company often owning a share of these "anchor bottlers "In January 2006, the company formed the Bottling Investments Group (BIG), by bringing company-owned bottling operations together to strategically invest in select bottling operations, temporarily taking them under Coca-Cola ownership, and utilizing the leadership and resources of the company  Also, the company has accelerated refranchising both company-owned bottlers and independent bottling partners to consolidate their operations and move away from the capital-intensive and low-margin business of bottling, with maintaining minor share ownership of these consolidated bottlers and secure the right to nominate directors and/or executives through shareholders agreement and/or capital and business alliance agreement As a result of the refranchising and bottler consolidations, multi-national/large-scale bottlers and three U S -based bottlers now dominate the manufacturing and distribution of the company's products except the territories managed by BIG bottlers 
Multi-national/large-scale bottlers

Coca-Cola Europacific Partners PLC: Headquartered in the UK, operates 29 countries in Western Europe, Oceania, Indonesia, and Papua New Guinea  The company owns 19 36% 
Coca-Cola FEMSA: Headquartered in Mexico, operating in Argentina, Brazil, Costa Rica, Guatemala, Nicaragua, Panama, Colombia, Mexico, Uruguay, and Venezuela  The company owns 27 8% 
Arca Continental: Headquartered in Mexico, operating in Mexico, Ecuador, Peru, Argentina, and the southwestern U S  (Texas and parts of New Mexico, Oklahoma, and Arkansas)  (Independent)
Embotelladora Andina (Coca-Cola Andina): Headquartered in Chile, operating in Argentine, Chile, Brazil, and Paraguay  The company owns 14 7% of series A common stock outstanding & 14 7% of series B common stock outstanding 
Coca-Cola HBC AG: Headquartered in Switzerland, operating 28 countries in Western, Central, and Eastern Europe, Russia, and Nigeria  The company owns 23 2% 
Coca-Cola Icecek: Headquartered in Turkey, operates in the Middle East and Central Asian Countries (Turkey, Pakistan, Kazakhstan, Iraq, Uzbekistan, Azerbaijan, Jordan, Turkmenistan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, and Syria)  The company owns 20 1% 
Swire Coca-Cola: Headquartered in Hong Kong, operates in 11 provinces and Shanghai municipality in China, Hong Kong, Macau, Taiwan, Vietnam, Cambodia, and 13 states in the U S 
COFCO Coca-Cola: Operates 19 provinces and municipalities in China, a joint venture between COFCO Corporation and The Coca-Cola Company with 35% ownership 
Coca-Cola Bottlers Japan Holdings: Headquartered and operates in Japan, covering ~90% of the volume sold in Japan  The company owns 18 88% Bottlers headquartered and operated in the U S 

Coca-Cola Bottling Co  Consolidated, based in Charlotte, North Carolina  the company owns 34 8% and is listed on NASDAQ 
Coca-Cola Beverages Northeast, based in Bedford, New Hampshire, and owned by Kirin Holdings 
Coca-Cola Bottling Company United,  based in Birmingham, Alabama (independent)
Coca-Cola Beverages Florida, based in Tampa, Florida, and is a certified Minority owned business Company-owned bottling operation is now managed under BIG, which covers operations in Bangladesh, Cambodia, India, Malaysia, Myanmar, Nepal, Oman, Philippines, Singapore, and Sri Lanka as well as eastern African operation by Coca-Cola Beverages Africa in Port Elizabeth, South Africa  In 2021, the company announced its intention to list Coca-Cola Beverages Africa as a publicly traded company   However, in June 2022 it announced that it was delaying this plan, pending an evaluation of macroeconomic conditions 

Consumer relations and civic involvement
After Martin Luther King Jr  won the 1964 Nobel Peace Prize, plans for an interracial celebratory dinner in still-segregated Atlanta were not initially well supported by the city's business elite until Coca-Cola intervened 
J  Paul Austin, the chairman and CEO of Coca-Cola, and Mayor Ivan Allen summoned key Atlanta business leaders to the Commerce Club's eighteenth-floor dining room, where Austin told them flatly, 'It is embarrassing for Coca-Cola to be located in a city that refuses to honor its Nobel Prize winner  We are an international business  The Coca-Cola Company does not need Atlanta  You all need to decide whether Atlanta needs the Coca-Cola Company ' Within two hours of the end of that meeting, every ticket to the dinner was sold 
Throughout 2012, Coca-Cola contributed $1,700,500 to a $46 million political campaign known as "The Coalition Against The Costly Food Labeling Proposition, sponsored by Farmers and Food Producers"  This organization was set up to oppose a citizen's initiative, known as Proposition 37, demanding mandatory labeling of foods containing genetically modified ingredients In 2012, Coca-Cola was listed as a partner of the (RED) campaign, together with other brands such as Nike, Girl, American Express, and Converse  The campaign's mission is to prevent the transmission of the HIV virus from mother to child by 2015 (the campaign's byline is "Fighting for an AIDS Free Generation") 

Criticism
Since the early 2000s, the criticisms over the use of Coca-Cola products as well as the company itself, escalated with concerns over health effects, environmental issues, animal testing, economic business practices and employee issues  The Coca-Cola Company has been faced with multiple lawsuits concerning these various criticisms 

Plastic production and waste
The Coca-Cola Company produces over 3 million tonnes of plastic packaging each year including 110 billion plastic bottles The company has been referenced as "the worst plastic polluter in the world" pumping out 200,000 plastic bottles a minute  Problems have also arose in places such as Samoa where Coca-Cola switched away from reusable glass bottles to one time use plastic bottles  Residents of Samoa have seen an increase in plastic pollution since this switch has been made  Alternatives to plastic such as aluminum have also been overlooked with Coca-Cola releasing a new plastic bottle slightly bigger than a can size 
The magazine Forbes has labeled Coca-Cola as the world's most polluting brand  The company's global chief executive stated that "Coca-Cola has no plans to reduce its use of plastic bottles" and opposes bottle bill legislation  as consumers prefer the plastic bottles that "reseal and are lightweight"  They also contribute to plastic waste producing up to 3 million tons of plastic packaging a year including over 110 billion plastic bottles In 2018, Coca-Cola pledged to use 50% recycled materials in its packaging and to recycle the equivalent of 100% of its packaging by 2030  That same year, the company started to sell reusable bottles in Brazil, which customers could return to the point of sale for a discount of subsequent purchases  The initiative was expanded to several other South American countries by 2022  In 2019, the company's Swedish branch marked the first to fully transition to recyclable bottles 

Energy usage of corn syrup manufacturing
Coca-Cola using high fructose corn syrup has a lower sustainability compared to producing sugary dinks with sugar cane  High fructose corn syrup is carbon intensive due to the substantial amounts of fossil fuels required to power heavy machinery  Turning corn into high fructose corn syrup is an energy intensive process requiring large amounts of carbon to be expended especially during corn growth  Burning fossil fuels releases CO2 and CH4 which is the main source of energy for producing high fructose corn syrup  The environmental impact of corn production can be attributed to three primary effects of field emissions, irrigation and grain decay 

Water usage
Coca-Cola has also been under fire for depleting water sources through their high water usages  Local villagers have testified that Coca-Cola's entry in Kaladera Rajasthan intensified lower water sources  Documents from the government's water ministry reveal water levels remained stable from 1995 until 2000, when the Coca-Cola was first operational  Water levels then dropped by almost ten meters during the next five years  Other communities in India that are located around Coca-Cola's bottling plants are experiencing water shortages as well as environmental damage taking heavy tolls on harvests as well as drying up wells 

Racial discrimination
In November 2000, Coca-Cola agreed to pay $192 5 million to settle a class action racial discrimination lawsuit and promised to change the way it manages, promotes, and treats minority employees in the US  In 2003, protesters at Coca-Cola's annual meeting claimed that black people remained underrepresented in top management at the company, were paid less than white employees, and fired more often  In 2004, Luke Visconti, a co-founder of DiversityInc, which rates companies on their diversity efforts, said: "Because of the settlement decree, Coca-Cola was forced to put in management practices that have put the company in the top 10 for diversity "In March 2012, 16 workers of color sued Coca-Cola, claiming they had to work in a “cesspool of racial discrimination ”In February 2021, recordings of an employee training course were leaked on social media  The course instructed employees to "be less white", which the course equated with being less "arrogant" and "oppressive "

Advertising
Coca-Cola advertising has "been among the most prolific in marketing history," with a notable and major impact on popular culture and society as a whole  The company in recent years has spent approximately an annual $4 billion globally to promote its drinks to the public; and spent approximately $4 24 billion on advertising in fiscal year 2019, the lion's share of which was spent to advertise Coca-Cola Coca-Cola advertises through direct marketing, web-based media, social media, text messaging, and sales promotions  The company also markets via mobile marketing in text messages, e g  viral marketing campaigns Fan engagement spans 86 million globally across social media channels: online interaction, and social, cultural, or sporting events In the retail setting, direct store beverage delivery trucks (mobile advertising) as well as point of sale coolers and vending machines have bright red logo blazoned branding  In terms of foodservice, Coca-Cola is a food pairing suggestion that is now ingrained as a food match, e g , for popcorn, hamburgers, french fries, and hot dog combos 

Products and brands
As of 2020, the Coca-Cola Company offers more than 500 brands in over 200 countries  In September 2020, the company announced that it would cut more than half of its brands, as a result of the economic effects caused by the COVID-19 pandemic 

Non-food assets
Columbia Pictures
Coca-Cola bought Columbia Pictures in 1982, owing to the low monetary value of the studio  The film company was the first and only studio ever be owned by Coca-Cola  During its ownership of the studio, Columbia released many popular films including Ghostbusters, Stripes, The Karate Kid, and some others  However, two years after the critical and commercial failure of the 1987 film Ishtar, Columbia was spun-off and then sold to Tokyo-based Sony in 1989 

World of Coca-Cola
Coca-Cola operates a soft drink themed tourist attraction in Atlanta, Georgia; the World of Coca-Cola is a multi-storied exhibition  It features flavor sampling and a history museum, with locations in Las Vegas, Nevada, and Lake Buena Vista, Florida 

Brands
Other soft drinks
The Coca-Cola Company also produces a number of other soft drinks including Fanta (introduced circa 1941) and Sprite  Fanta's origins date back to World War II during a trade embargo against Germany on cola syrup, making it impossible to sell Coca-Cola in Germany  Max Keith, the head of Coca-Cola's German office during the war, decided to create a new product for the German market, made only from products available in Germany at the time, which they named Fanta  The drink proved to be a hit, and when Coke took over again after the war, it adopted the Fanta brand as well  Fanta was originally an orange-flavored soft drink that can come in plastic bottles or cans  It has become available in many different flavors now such as grape, peach, grapefruit, apple, pineapple, and strawberry 
In 1961, Coca-Cola introduced Sprite, a lemon-lime soft drink, another of the company's bestsellers and its response to 7 Up 
Tab was Coca-Cola's first attempt to develop a diet soft drink, using saccharin as a sugar substitute  Introduced in 1963, the product was sold until fall 2020, although its sales had dwindled since the introduction of Diet Coke Coca-Cola South Africa also released Valpre Bottled "still" and "sparkling" water 
In 1969, the company released Simba, which was a take on Mountain Dew, and had packaging that was African desert-themed, replete with an African Lion as the symbol of the brand   The tagline was "Simba – It Conquers the African Thirst "
Also in 1969, the company released a line of products under the name of Santiba, which was targeted for mixing cocktails and party usage, products including Quinine water and Ginger Ale   Like the above-mentioned Simba, the Santiba line of products was short-lived in the marketplace 

BreakMate
No longer manufactured, the Coca-Cola BreakMate was a three-flavor dispenser introduced by Coca-Cola and Siemens in 1988  Intended for use in offices with five to fifty people, its refrigerated compartment held three individual one-litre plastic containers of soda syrup and a CO2 tank  Like a soda fountain, it mixed syrup in a 1:5 ratio with carbonated water  In North America, Coca-Cola discontinued spare BreakMate parts in 2007 and stopped distributing the syrup in 2010 

Healthy beverages
During the 1990s, the company responded to the growing consumer interest in healthy beverages by introducing several new non-carbonated beverage brands  These included Minute Maid Juices to Go, Powerade sports beverage, flavored tea Nestea (in a joint venture with Nestlé), Fruitopia fruit drink, and Dasani water, among others  In 2001, the Minute Maid division launched the Simply Orange brand of juices including orange juice  In 2016, Coca-Cola India introduced Vio to enter into the value-added dairy category  The product lays the foundation for Coca-Cola's new segment after carbonated beverages, water and juices In 2004, perhaps in response to the burgeoning popularity of low-carbohydrate diets such as the Atkins diet, Coca-Cola announced its intention to develop and sell a low-carbohydrate alternative to Coke Classic, dubbed C2 Cola  C2 contains a mix of high fructose corn syrup, aspartame, sucralose, and Acesulfame potassium  C2 is designed to more closely emulate the taste of Coca-Cola Classic  Even with less than half of the food energy and carbohydrates of standard soft drinks, C2 is not a replacement for zero-calorie soft drinks such as Diet Coke  C2 went on sale in the U S  on June 11, 2004, and in Canada in August 2004; it was replaced in 2013 by Coca-Cola Life 
Starting in 2009, the Coca-Cola Company invested in Innocent Drinks, first with a minor stake, increasing to 90% in the first quarter of 2013 It was in May 2014 when Finley, a sparkling fruit-flavored drink, was launched in France  It was launched in other countries later, including Belgium and Luxembourg in September 2014  Coca-Cola first started developing the drink in Belgium in 2001  As of 2014, the drink is targeted for adults, and is low in sugar with four flavors 

Best selling
Coca-Cola is the best-selling soft drink in most countries, and was recognized as the number one global brand in 2010  While the Middle East is one of the few regions in the world where Coca-Cola is not the number one soda drink, Coca-Cola nonetheless holds almost 25% market share (to Pepsi's 75%) and had double-digit growth in 2003  Similarly, in Scotland, where the locally produced Irn-Bru was once more popular, 2005 figures show that both Coca-Cola and Diet Coke now outsell Irn-Bru  In Peru, the native Inca Kola has been more popular than Coca-Cola, which prompted Coca-Cola to enter in negotiations with the soft drink's company and buy 50% of its stakes  In Japan, the best selling soft drink is not cola, as (canned) tea and coffee are more popular  As such, the Coca-Cola Company's best selling brand there is not Coca-Cola, but Georgia  In May 2016, the Coca-Cola Company temporarily halted production of its signature drink in Venezuela due to sugar shortages  Since then, the Coca-Cola Company has been using "minimum inventories of raw material" to make their signature drinks at two production plants in Venezuela 

Information
On July 6, 2006, a Coca-Cola employee and two other people were arrested and charged with trying to sell trade secret information to the soft drink maker's competitor PepsiCo for $1 5 million  The recipe for Coca-Cola, perhaps the company's most closely guarded secret, was never in jeopardy; instead, the information was related to a new beverage in development  Coca-Cola executives verified that the trade secret documents in question were genuine and proprietary to the company  At least one glass vial containing a sample of a new drink was offered for sale, court documents said  The conspiracy was revealed by PepsiCo, which notified authorities when it was approached by the conspirators 

Green tea
The company announced a new "negative calorie" green tea drink, Enviga, in 2006, along with trying coffee retail concepts Far Coast and Chaqwa



ground_truth: Jodie Prenger

prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: Carlos Salazar Lomelín is the CEO of which Mexican multinational beverage retailer?

The following are given passages.
Context 3: 

Glaceau
On May 25, 2007, Coca-Cola announced it would purchase Glaceau, a maker of flavored vitamin-enhanced drinks (vitamin water), flavored waters, and Burn energy drinks, for $4 1 billion in cash 

Huiyuan Juice
On September 3, 2008, Coca-Cola announced its intention to make cash offers to purchase China Huiyuan Juice Group Limited (which had a 42% share of the Chinese pure fruit juice market) for US$2 4bn (HK$12 20 per share)  China's ministry of commerce blocked the deal on March 18, 2009, arguing that the deal would hurt small local juice companies, could have pushed up juice market prices, and limited consumers' choices 

Coke Mini can
In October 2009, Coca-Cola revealed its new 90-calorie mini can that holds 7 5 fluid ounces  The mini can is often sold in 8 packs  Despite costing nearly 30 percent more per ounce, the mini cans have been met with positive sales figures 

Holiday can
In November 2011, Coca-Cola revealed a seasonal design for its regular Coke cans as part of a partnership with the World Wildlife Fund  However, it was withdrawn only a month after release due to consumer complaints about a similar look to the silver cans commonly used for Diet Coke  There were also complaints about deviating from traditional red as the color of Coca-Cola cans previously 

Stake in Monster Beverage
It was announced on August 14, 2014, that the Coca-Cola Company was making a cash payment of $2 15 billion for a 16 7 percent stake in Monster Beverage Corp to expand its market for energy drinks, with Coke to transfer ownership in Full Throttle and Burn to Monster and Monster to transfer its ownership in Hansen's Natural Sodas, Peace Iced Tea,  and Blue Sky Soda to the Coca-Cola Company  Muhtar Kent, Coke's former chief executive officer, stated that the company has the option to increase its stake to 25 percent but could not exceed that percentage in the next four years 

Alcoholic beverages
In 2021, the Coca-Cola Co used its Mexican sparkling mineral water brand Topo Chico to launch a range of vegan friendly alcoholic hard seltzers in the United Kingdom and in the United States 

Front groups
As part of its corporate propaganda campaign to deflect public attention away from the harmful health effects of its sugary drinks, the Coca-Cola Company has funded front organizations  The company funded creation of the front organization the Global Energy Balance Network (GEBN) to address the growing evidence that the company's products are a leading cause of the epidemic of childhood obesity in the United States and the growing number of Americans, including children, with type 2 diabetes  GEBN designed its own studies to arrive at conclusions set in advance and cherry picked data to support its corporate public relations agenda  After an August 2015 investigative report exposed the GEBN as a Coca-Cola Company front organization, GEBN was shut down Three years after the shutdown of GEBN, the company, together with several other junk food giants, was revealed to be behind an initiative in China called "Happy 10 Minutes," funded through a group called the International Life Sciences Institute (ILSI)  The aim of the initiative was to address decades of research on diet-related diseases, such as Type 2 diabetes and hypertension, by promoting physical exercise to the population but avoiding discussion of the link between such diseases and junk foods, including sugary drinks  ILSI through the 1980s and 1990s had been promoting the tobacco industry's agenda in Europe and the United States 

Sponsorship
Coca-Cola's advertising expenses accounted for US$3 256 billion in 2011 

Sports
Coca-Cola sponsored the English Football League from the beginning of the 2004–05 season (beginning August 2004) to the start of 2010–11 season, when the Football League replaced it with NPower  Along with this, Coca-Cola sponsored the Coca-Cola Football Camp, that took place in Pretoria, South Africa during the 2010 FIFA World Cup Other major sponsorships include the AFL, NHRA, NASCAR, the PGA Tour, NCAA Championships, the Olympic Games, the NRL, the FIFA World Cups, Premier League and the UEFA European Championships  The company partnered with Panini to produce the first virtual sticker album for the 2006 FIFA World Cup, and they have collaborated for every World Cup since  Each fall, Coca-Cola is the sponsor of the TOUR Championship by Coca-Cola held at the East Lake Golf Club in Atlanta, Georgia  The Tour Championship is the season ending tournament of the PGA Tour  In the Philippines, it has a team in the Philippine Basketball Association, the Powerade Tigers In 2017, Major League Baseball signed a multi-year deal with Coca-Cola to be the official soft drink, replacing Pepsi  Nineteen MLB teams (Los Angeles Angels, Houston Astros, Toronto Blue Jays, Atlanta Braves, St  Louis Cardinals, Los Angeles Dodgers, San Francisco Giants, Seattle Mariners, New York Mets, Washington Nationals, San Diego Padres, Philadelphia Phillies, Pittsburgh Pirates, Texas Rangers, Tampa Bay Rays, Cincinnati Reds, Boston Red Sox, Colorado Rockies and Chicago White Sox ) have Coca-Cola products sold in their ballparks 
Since the season of 2019 is the title sponsor of the Uzbekistan Super League in football, and this league is officially called Coca-Cola Uzbekistan Super League 
Coca-Cola has also sponsored the Overwatch league since season two  They also sponsor all major Overwatch tournaments such as the world cup
  In February 2020, Coca-Cola became the title sponsor for the eNASCAR iRacing series  In October 2018, Coca-Cola started sponsoring the Formula 1 team McLaren with several 1 year deals being signed since then 

Television
The company sponsored the popular Fox singing-competition series American Idol from 2002 until 2014 Coca-Cola was a sponsor of the nightly talk show on PBS, Charlie Rose in the US Coca-Cola is also an executive producer of Coke Studio (Pakistan)  It was a franchising that started in Brazil, broadcast by MTV Brasil and there are various adaptations of Coke Studio such as Coke Studio (India), Coke Studio Bangla and Coke Studio (Africa) 

Theme parks
While not necessarily having naming rights to anything in all locations, the company does sponsor and provide beverages in many theme parks, usually in an exclusive capacity  This includes the Walt Disney Parks and Resorts, Merlin Entertainment, Universal Destinations & Experiences, Six Flags, Cedar Fair, and SeaWorld Entertainment which are six of the nine largest theme park operators worldwide (it is unknown whether OCT Parks China, the Chimelong Group, or Fantawild, the fourth, seventh, and eighth largest theme park operators respectively, use Coca-Cola) The company also directly sponsors, with naming rights, the Coca-Cola London Eye and formerly, the Coca-Cola Orlando Eye The company also operates "Coca-Cola" visitor centers in Israel, Belgium and Turkey 

See also
List of assets owned by the Coca-Cola Company
Stepan Company – produces coca leaf extract
Passage 4:
FEMSA
Fomento Económico Mexicano, S A B  de C V , doing business as FEMSA, is a Mexican multinational beverage and retail company headquartered in Monterrey, Mexico  It operates the largest independent Coca-Cola bottling group in the world and the largest convenience store chain in Mexico  It is also  shareholder of Heineken N V 
FEMSA reported revenues of US$26 9 billion for 2019, making it the fifth largest company of Mexico  It has operations in Latin America mainly through bottling plants, convenience stores, drugstores, fuel stations, and third-party logistic services, and in the United States, where it participates in the jan-san distribution industry  It is well known in Mexico for its convenience store chain Oxxo, it previously owned Cuauhtémoc Moctezuma Brewery (exchanged in 2010 for a 20% stake in Heineken N V ), and for being the owner of the C F  Monterrey, a Mexican First-Division football team 
FEMSA has been listed  on the Mexican Stock Exchange since 1978 and on the NYSE through ADRs since 1998  It is a constituent of the IPC, the main benchmark index of the Mexican Stock Exchange, and of the S&P Latin America 40, which includes leading, blue chip companies from Latin America 

History
Cuauhtémoc brewery was established in 1890 In 1985, Cuauhtémoc merged with Moctezuma to form Cervecería Cuauhtémoc Moctezuma  FEMSA was established from Grupo Visa in 1988 In 1993, Coca-Cola purchased a 30 percent stake in FEMSA, creating the Coca-Cola FEMSA division In January 2006, FEMSA Cerveza acquired Kaiser Cervejarias from Molson Coors Brewing Co On December 19, 2006, Coca-Cola FEMSA announced its attempt to buy out Mexican juice producer Jugos del Valle  It was acquired in 2007 
On December 20, 2007, Cascade Investments LLC, whose main partner is Bill Gates, announced it would invest $390 million in FEMSA  The Reuters news agency stated that after this investment, "Gates owns a 1 2 percent stake in Femsa's Series B shares, a 5 percent stake in Series D-B shares, and a 5 percent stake in Series D-L shares " This investment caused the Bill and Melinda Gates' foundation to become the institutional holder possessing the most shares of FEMSA On January 11, 2010, the Dutch brewing company Heineken International purchased FEMSA Cerveza (Cervecería Cuauhtémoc Moctezuma), the beer operations of FEMSA, in a stock swap that left FEMSA a 20% owner in the Heineken In 2011, Coca-Cola FEMSA acquired  regional Mexican Coke bottler Grupo Cimsa for 11 billion MXN (US$838 million) In July 2012, Coca-Cola FEMSA announced that it had purchased Lácteos Santa Clara, one of the largest dairy bottlers in Mexico In August 2015, FEMSA, through its subsidiary FEMSA Comercio entered the drugstore business in South America by acquiring a majority interest in Socofar, a leading South American drugstore operator based in Santiago, Chile In March 2017, FEMSA's Imbera division announced their shift to hydrocarbons in manufacturing their Coke beverage coolers  The company enacted the manufacturing shift in order to meet higher efficiency standards  In October 2017, FEMSA Logistica rebranded to Solistica In early 2019, FEMSA, through its subsidiary FEMSA Comercio, acquired Ecuadorean company Corporacion GPF  In September 2019, FEMSA signed a deal to acquire a minority stake in Jetro Restaurant Depot  In November 2019, FEMSA Logistics subsidiary Solistica completed their acquisition of Brazilian company AGV  Also in November 2019, FEMSA Comercio closed the acquisition of a 50 percent stake in Raizen Conveniencias In March 2020, FEMSA acquired a majority stake in WAXIE Sanitary Supply and North American Corporation, to form a new platform within the Jan-San, Packaging and Specialized distribution industry in the United States 

Divisions
FEMSA Comercio
Proximity division
FEMSA Comercio operates OXXO, the leading convenience store chain in Mexico and a growing portfolio of other small-format retail chains in Latin America OXXO, a subsidiary of FEMSA, was established in 1978  In 2010, OXXO, a subsidiary of FEMSA Comercio, partnered with Heineken Mexico  OXXO's ten-year agreement with Heineken Mexico was renegotiated in early 2019 In 2013 the FEMSA group acquired an 80% holding in the Mexican arm of restaurant chain Gorditas Doña Tota for US$120 million, their interest being limited to operations within Mexico  Operations within the United States remain in the hands of the original business owners  The company operates as a subsidiary of Femsa Comercio S A  de C V  As of 2017 the company claims more than 200 restaurants in 60 Mexican cities and towns  Gorditas Doña Tota started in 1952 when Carlota Murillo of Ciudad Victoria, Tamaulipas began selling gorditas on the street, from a cart on the sidewalk 

Health division
In November 2012, FEMSA announced it had purchased a 75 percent controlling stake in convenience store Farmacias Yza  In May 2013, FEMSA announced the acquisition of another convenience store, Farmacias FM Moderna In September 2015, FEMSA Comercio acquired a controlling stake in SOCOFAR  In December 2015, FEMSA, through FEMSA Comercio, acquired SOCOFAR, a Chilean drugstore company operating the Cruz Verde drugstore network in Chile and Colombia  SOCOFAR was founded in the 1980s and is the largest drugstore chain in Chile, a strong presence in Colombia In September 2018, FEMSA, through FEMSA Comercio, announced the acquisition of Ecuadorian drugstore chains Fybeca and SanaSana In May 2019, FEMSA Comercio completed its acquisition of Fybeca  FEMSA Comercio announced in December 2019 plans to acquire the remaining 40 percent minority stake of SOCOFAR  FEMSA acquired the remaining stake in SOCOFAR in January 2020 

Fuel division
OXXO Gas is an affiliate of OXXO, and as of 2020 operates approximately 550 stations in 17 Mexican states 

Coca-Cola FEMSA
FEMSA owns 47 9% of the world's largest bottler of Coca-Cola by volume, Coca-Cola FEMSA, S A  de C V  (NYSE: KOF), which operates in ten countries covering the metropolitan area of Mexico City, southeast Mexico, Central America, South America, and the Philippines 
Coca-Cola FEMSA is the anchor bottler of Coca-Cola and its related soft drink products in much of Latin America   The company is an important part of the Coca-Cola System   During 2019, the company produced and sold 11 1% of Coca-Cola's volume worldwide   This makes it the largest Coca-Cola bottler in the world The company is owned 47 9% by FEMSA, 28 1% by The Coca-Cola Company and the remaining interest trades on the New York Stock Exchange and the Mexico City Stock Exchange   The company is headquartered in Monterrey 
The company is the bottler of Coca-Cola in half of Mexico (including Mexico City, Oaxaca, Tabasco, Guanajuato, Querétaro, Veracruz, Puebla and Michoacan) the Buenos Aires region of Argentina, São Paulo and other areas of Brazil, greater Guatemala City, Guatemala, most of Colombia, and all of Costa Rica, Nicaragua, Panama, Venezuela and the Philippines (until 2018) 
The company also distributes beer and bottled water in some of its territories 
On 29 June 2011, was announced that FEMSA will merge to the bottling division of Grupo Tampico, agreeing to pay 9 3 billion  pesos (790 million  dollars) in stock for the Coke bottling operations of Grupo Tampico  In September 2011, Coca-Cola FEMSA acquired Grupo Cimsa, a Coke bottler in Morelos, Mexico, Guerrero and Michoacan 

FEMSA Negocios Estratégicos
FEMSA Negocios Estratégicos (formerly known as FEMSA Insumos Estratégicos) provides logistics, point-of-sale refrigeration solutions and plastics solutions to FEMSA's business units and third-party clients  It is subsequently divided into:

Solistica
Solistica is a third-party logistics provider for a number of industries, including pharmaceuticals, automotive, technology, and consumer goods  Solistica manages primary distribution for Coca-Cola FEMSA and Heineken and secondary distribution for FEMSA Comercio's Proximity Division 

Imbera
Imbera manufactures equipment for the soft drink, beer and food service industries, including coolers, food processing, storage and weighing equipment  Imbera has manufacturing plants in Mexico, Colombia, and Brazil 

Plásticos Técnicos Mexicanos (PTM)
PTM provides solutions and develops "plastic transformation projects" tailored to FEMSA Enterprises and third-party clients in terms of materials handling, automobiles, and food/beverages  Their capacity includes the different plastic manufacturing processes: blowing, injecting, heat forming, and extrusion 

See also
Beer in Mexico
Heineken International
Mexican Coke, pertaining to the importation of Mexican Coca-Cola products containing cane sugar into other North American markets, including those of FEMSA
List of companies traded on the Bolsa Mexicana de Valores
List of Mexican companies
Economy of Mexico
Passage 5:
Alle tiders kupp
Alle tiders kupp is a 1964 Norwegian comedy film directed by Øyvind Vennerød, starring Rolf Just Nilsen, Arne Bang-Hansen, Henki Kolstad and Inger Marie Andersen  Three men rob an outlet of the government owned alcoholic beverage retailer Vinmonopolet  They then run into problems getting rid of the 50,000 bottles of liquor they have stolen 

External links
Alle tiders kupp at IMDb
Alle tiders kupp at Filmweb no (Norwegian)
Passage 6:
Carlos Salazar Lomelín
Carlos Salazar Lomelín (born April 1951) is a Mexican businessman who serves as chief executive officer of Coca-Cola FEMSA since 1 January 2000 

Early life
Salazar graduated with a bachelor's degree in Economics (1973) and an MBA (1989) from the Monterrey Institute of Technology (ITESM)   He also undertook executive courses in Business Administration and Economic Development at Instituto di Studi per lo Sviluppo Economico in Naples, and at IPADE, in Mexico City 

Career
During his studies in Italy he interned at Cassa di Risparmio delle Provincie Lombarde Salazar joined Femsa in 1973 and rose through the ranks as director-general of Grafo Regia, commercial planning officer of Femsa and chief executive officer of Femsa Cerveza  On 1 January 2000 he was appointed chief executive officer of Coca-Cola Femsa Aside from his business activities, Salazar has lectured in Economics at the Monterrey Institute of Technology, where he also served as president of the corporate advisory board of EGADE Business School (2009-2010) In June 2011 it was rumored that he would succeed Rafael Rangel Sostmann as rector of that university 
Passage 7:
Carlos Salazar (actor)
Rustico Roldan (October 26, 1931 – April 7, 2022), professionally known as Carlos Salazar  was a Filipino actor and a matinee idol in the 1950s  A contemporary of the likes of Delia Razon, Rosa Rosal, Jaime Dela Rosa and Nestor de Villa, Roldan took up the screen name of Carlos Salazar and began his career with LVN Pictures, and made several hit movies  After making 15 films for the said studio, Salazar made one film under Champion Pictures entitled Objective: Patayin si Magsaysay, and one film under Larry Santiago Production for Student Canteen 
His first film under Sampaguita Pictures was Madaling Araw, an Amalia Fuentes and Juancho Gutierrez movie, followed by Alaalang Banal ("Sacred Memory"), which starred Gloria Romero 
Then he made another film with Lolita Rodriguez and Luis Gonzales under the title of Talipandas ("Traitor") 

Later career
Salazar remained active as a film actor up to mid-1990s 
He also produced and directed films for his brother-in-law, action star Eddie Fernandez   Salazar's last television appearance was on Be Careful with My Heart in 2014 

Personal life
Salazar was married to model Carmen "Menchu" Fernandez until her death in 2013   They had seven children   He died peacefully on April 7, 2022 at home in Quezon City 

Filmography
1952 – Tia Loleng
1952 – Digmaan ng Damdamin
1953 – Philippine Navy
1953 – Ganyan Lang ang Buhay
1953 – Dalagang Nayon
1954 – Abarinding
1954 – Mabangong Kandungan
1954 – Hiram Na Kasintahan
1955 – Tagapagmana
1955 – Pasikat
1955 – Ang Ibong Adarna
1955 – Karnabal
1955 – Salamangkero
1956 – May Araw Ka Rin
1956 – Abandonado
1957 – Objective: Patayin si Magsaysay
1957 – Student Canteen
1958 – Madaling Araw
1958 – Alaalang Banal
1958 – Talipandas
1988 – Ang Anino ni Asedillo
Passage 8:
Juan Carlos Salazar
Juan Carlos Salazar may refer to:

Juan Carlos Salazar (musician), Venezuelan singer and cuatro player
Juan Carlos Salazar Gómez, secretary-general of the International Civil Aviation Organization
Passage 9:
Carlos Salazar Herrera
Carlos Salazar Herrera (1906–1980) is a Costa Rican writer, journalist, engraver and sculptor  He was born in San José, Costa Rica, where he attended primary and secondary school  He wrote his first short story at the age of 9, named "The Three Captains of a Ship"  At the age of 14, he received his first award for an essay entitled "El café"  In 1928 he participated in a contest in which he presented his work about renewing Costa Rican art, and in the same year, he received the second place award for his story "La Piedra de Toxil" in a literary contest organized by Editorial de Costa Rica  
In 1930 he started working at the Repertorio Americano where he published around 20 short stories  In 1934 he began doing wood etchings on caboa and other kinds of wood  In 1935 he got another reward due to the sculpture he made(el motivo or the motive) 
Passage 10:
Vinmonopolet
Vinmonopolet (English: The Wine Monopoly), symbolized by Ⓥ and colloquially shortened to Polet, is a government-owned alcoholic beverage retailer and the only company allowed to sell beverages containing an alcohol content higher than 4 75% in Norway As the arm of the Norwegian government policy to limit the citizens' consumption of alcohol, primarily by means of high cost and limited access, the primary goal of Vinmonopolet is to responsibly perform the distribution of alcoholic goods while limiting the motive of private economic profit from the alcohol industry  Equally significant is the social responsibility of Vinmonopolet, to prevent the sale of alcohol to minors and visibly inebriated customers 
Outlets, located across the country from cities to smaller communities, typically close business earlier than other shops, typically weekdays at 6 pm and Saturdays at 4 pm  In 2020 Vinmonopolet sold 115 million litres (30 million US gallons) of beverages 

Foundation
The institution was founded in 1922 as a government-owned company as the result of trade negotiations with wine exporters, mainly in France  The ban on alcohol was lifted, and sale was allowed through outlets run by Vinmonopolet Since 1939 the state, initially through the Norwegian Ministry of Finance and later the Norwegian Ministry of Health and Care Services, has been the sole owner, buying out the private shareholders while remaining a stock company The company's import and production activities ceased in 1996 when the EFTA ruled that the monopoly was in violation of the EEA agreement, the company divided into the created company entity Arcus which continued all production, import and distribution activity of spirits, leaving Vinmonopolet as a sole retail monopoly In 1999 the format of the outlets was restructured, making nearly all stores self service from the previous format of sales over the counter, and internet sales began in 2002 

Special shops
Initially, two Vinmonopolet outlets were launched in 2005–06 as "special stores" category A, located in Oslo (Briskeby, relocated to Vika in March 2010) and Bergen (Valkendorfsgaten), and a branch of smaller category B stores in were added during 2012–13 in Oslo west, Sandnes, Hamar, Sandefjord and Trondheim  In February 2014 the Bergen Valkendorfsgaten store was adjusted to category B on a par with the other five limited special stores, leaving Oslo Vika the sole category A special store, and the sale of fine wine and beer in Sandnes was divided between two outlets, Sentrum and Kvadrat  In January 2015 the flagship specialty store moved its location from Vika to Aker Brygge The special stores arrange major launches of new products on six occasions annually, to supplement a special selection (of approximately 750 products at category A level) that is not available in the ordinary product list, of wines, fortified wines or beers, described to be "either innovative, of limited availability or of an exceptionally high quality"  Each launch carries a theme, and while there may be changes from year to year, regular fixtures are the launch of wines from Bordeaux in December, wines from Burgundy in February, wines from Germany in April, Champagne and Chablis in May, and beer and U S  wines in October  Smaller groups of products that fall outside the launch themes may appear at any other time during the year  As with all wine purchases in the normal outlets, Vinmonopolet guarantees the provenance of these uncommon wines, and the customer retains the regular right to return faulty wine for the money back within five years of purchase Though the available quantities of the special release wines can be very limited, some wines so sparse they entail minimal purchasing quotas in order to reach a wider public, prices may be as low as ⅓ or ¼ of world market value  As a result of considerable enthusiasm surrounding these product launches, the trends of customer behaviour has come under criticism for sinking to an uncivilised level 

Vinmonopolet is not established on Svalbard  Instead the government can license private alcohol shops, of which there is only one, "Nordpolet" in Longyearbyen  In addition mining companies can sell alcohol to employees  There are monthly sales quotas on Svalbard  The taxes and therefore prices are much lower on Svalbard than mainland Norway 

Wine auctions
In December 2008, Vinmonopolet announced plans to implement a system of arranging auctions of second-hand wine, similar to the model in use by Swedish Systembolaget  Under Norwegian law, it was illegal to sell alcohol by auction, until a resolution by Stortinget changed this law in April 2011, effective from 1 January 2012  While Vinmonopolet is to draw no profit from these activities, the process of selecting a collaborating auction house resulted in the tender eventually awarded to the auction house Blomqvist in Oslo, with the first wine auction of Norway held on 25 November 2013, and simultaneously an expanded Internet auction was arranged due to the unexpected scale of interest 

Consumer relations
In a 2008 survey by Norsk Kundebarometer, customers of the monopoly were 81 5% satisfied with the company, ranking it 4th in Norway, a figure that rose to 88% in 2009  There were critical voices such as Tom Marthinsen, then wine critic of Dagens Næringsliv, that questioned the institution's selection process of allowing a small self-recruited group, termed "the taste bureaucracy", make the wine buying decisions on behalf of the entire Norwegian people Surveys from the mid 90s, indicated a majority of the Norwegian population were in support of dissolving the monopoly arrangement, and allowing for the sale of wine by the private sector  Since the restructuring of 1996, the consumer satisfaction has increased  A 2013 TNS Gallup poll showed that 74% of the population wanted to keep the monopoly while 22% wanted to dissolve it Economists have praised Vinmonopolet for being a well-working monopoly that offers good customer service Robert Lie, then sommelier of Bagatelle, has stated, "I am among the supporters  In recent years Vinmonopolet has had great impact on the wine interest of the average Norwegian  To my knowledge there are no wine stores in the world with an equal selection  There are also fairly good prices for more expensive wines  For highly coveted wines one must pay much more in London " Torkjell Berulfsen, presenter of considerable TV programming with focus on alcoholic goods, has stated, "These days I praise Vimonopolet into the clouds  I bless it! I don't dare imagine some zitty, unmotivated 25-year-old 'red wine supervisor' at Rimi!"Arne Ronold MW has pointed to the formats of UK and Denmark as successful alternatives that offer good selections in supermarkets and specialty stores, while stating that the present situation offers a wide selection for consumers in certain areas but with considerably more limited options for some other areas, and while more costly wines may be less expensive in the Vinmonopolet format, this is a "positive side-effect of a market that doesn't work, being of little benefit to the average consumer"  He acknowledges "a near-revolution in that at present there are more than 10,000 products available, which is wonderful", adding, "I have been among the most ardent critics but have mildened somewhat  I am adequately satisfied with Vinmonopolet as it is now  But they still have some way to go concerning aged wine and the second hand market  In this, access is poor " Ronold's publication Vinforum which 1986 founding was motivated by the perceived poor performance of Vinmonopolet, whose Italian wine selection then totalled 14 labels including reds, whites and sparkling  By 2010 the category had risen past 2,000 labels, leading co-founder Ola Dybvik to declare, "we are living in paradise", continuing in context that the Norwegian population is comparative to a New York suburb, "in terms of selection, the store has moved into the definitive world elite" 

In a Dagens Næringsliv commentary, Tom Marthinsen also acknowledged the progress from the conditions of the 1990s, but was critical to the direction of applying new techniques from chain stores which led to standardization of the urban outlets, while contending that the rural stores have a "catastrophical selection", and these consumers from "the districts" would benefit from purchasing wine in their local food store  Marthinsen called upon the leadership to "set free the store buyers, reinstate the competitive element between the stores, in other words leave behind the chain store mentality and allow local creativity to flourish" The institution has not stayed clear of problems  In one instance in 2001, the published price list offered Château Latour at the incredibly priced NOK 555, where an estimate would normally be approximately NOK 2,600, causing the quickest three customers to order to buy up the entire inventory, with the intent to make a fast and considerable profit  The explanation was that the more modestly priced Château Latour à Pomerol had its name listing edited down for brevity In 2010 Vinmonopolet offered more than 12,000 products, next to 2009 figures from comparative retailers such as Systembolaget which offered ca  9,000 products, Alko of Finland with ca  3,000 products available, or British Waitrose with ca  1,500 products available  By the end of 2016, the range of products had reached near 17,000 items 

Corruption cases
In what is known as Dysthesaken (the Dysthe case) in 1930 exposed flaws in the goods acquisition procedures of Vinmonopolet, and as a consequence changes were made to the procedures  The leadership were sentenced for combining company and personal interests, and the influence and power of individuals in purchasing decisions were reduced after the process  Following this, a law of 19 July 1931 (Vinmonopolloven, the wine monoploy law) came into effect 
Ekjordsaken, (the Ekjord case) uncovered in 2005, brought new allegations of corruption against employees and leadership of Vinmonopolet  A probe led by Erling Grimstad exposed that the importer firm Ekjord A/S over the course of several years had sponsored outlet leaders by arranging luxury dining and accommodations as well as other gifts in order to influence purchases and placement of their products within the stores  Membership in this exclusive group was symbolized by the gift of a tastevin  Several Vinmonopolet leaders admitted to having received wines and other perks, which led to reprimands of 9 individuals, two of whom were dismissed The initiating factor came when  an employee who had been fired from Ekjord A/S, sued against wrongful dismissal  The scandal escalated as the media discovered the particulars of the lawsuit, with Lindin as the chief source of allegations that would result in wide consequences  During the trial the elaborate "grease culture" in the company Ekjord A/S was uncovered  Knut Grøholt withdrew from the position of CEO of Vinmonopolet later that year, and in August 2006 was replaced by Kai G  Henriksen 

Vinbladet
Having long planned to publish a magazine aimed at consumers as was already done by Systembolaget in Sweden, in 1988 Vinmonopolet launched Vinbladet ("The Wine Magazine" or "The Vine Leaf"), distributed to customers free of charge  The magazine's name had been used precisely 60 years previously for the internal publication which provided information to employees about the sold goods  The rationale was that as Vinmonopolet were in the business of selling culture, they wanted to do so with culture, making information available crucial A professional editor was engaged, and the publication printed on glossy paper contained images of a commercial nature depicting the diverse nations' wine regions and wine production, and articles on various subjects connected to food, wine and spirits  The Norwegian temperance movement reacted negatively and responded with press declarations accusing Vinmonopolet of attempting to popularise alcohol use, rather than limit it  The criticism from the temperance movement also maintained that the alcohol in wine did not distinguish itself from the alcohol in hard spirits, that "fine dining" customs functioned as a gateway to alcohol problems, and that the cultural projects of Vinmonopolet could well lead to family tragedies, destroyed lives, fear and death 

Notable past products
Rødvin
When the German occupation forces withdrew from Norway in 1945, there remained behind 400,000 litres of Bordeaux wine which became the foundation of the generic "Rødvin" ("Red wine"), the best selling wine in Norway over several decades, which is accredited as a cornerstone in "cultivating Norwegian drinking culture"  Nicknamed "Château Hasle" (from the location name of the Vinmonopolet headquarters) and  "Sekskroners" ("costing six kroner"), sales of the brand are estimated in excess of 120 million litres, it eventually ceased being the national top seller due to the arrival of inexpensive Chilean and Italian wines by 1998 The initial blends consisting of Bordeaux wines from the 1934 and 1937 vintages, along with simple German and Italian wine, were sold from 1 January 1946 for NOK total of 4 50, both Rødvin and Hvitvin (White wine), all sold out by 1947  As the successive imports of wine from Algeria, Tunisia and Chile marketed under other names failed to sell well, an initiative was made in 1949 to compose a new blended wine for the people, affordable and easily drinkable  Purchasing director Haakon Svensson was given a set budget and assigned to negotiate deals with wine producers, initially securing deals with winemakers from Le Midi, Valencia and Algeria, with an aim to produce a blended wine that could decrease the Norwegian people's vast consumption of liquor, at the time ten to one the ratio of the consumption of wine On sale from 1 February 1950 at the total price of NOK 6 (NOK 4 + 50% tax), the price remained fixed until 1968, causing it to be widely known as "the six kroner wine"  By 1970 it cost NOK 7, and by 1990 it had risen to NOK 43  Normally blended from 5 to 10 wines, from locations that later also included Cyprus and Turkey, Rødvin was in 1972 responsible for 40% of all wine sold in Norway, leading up to the peak of its popularity in the 1980s  In 1981 there was sold 3 8 million liter, while by 2000 Rødvin production had been transferred to Arcus and annual sales had decreased to 700,000 liters In August 2014 it was announced that bottles of Rødvin would be removed from the standard Vinmonopolet shelf selection by the following October, following a run of 54 vintages, after this to be available by order under the altered name "Folkets Originale Rødvin" (the people's original red wine) 

Golden Power
Golden Power was a Norwegian-produced sparkling fruit wine (not to be confused with an energy drink of the same name), made of 70% rhubarb, 20% apple and 10% grape juice, which was produced by Vingården (the Røed farm in Filtvet, in the Tofte area, in Hurum), associated with owner Frantz Michaelsen  The product was removed from Vinmonopolet selection in 2006 
Vingården was considered part of the local culture, and Golden Power deemed by some a rare, innovative Norwegian product  Traditions of winemaking were established in 1886, and Vingården came to have a production capacity of some 800,000 litres while the production process of Golden Power was claimed to last for four years  Near the end of its production, the company produced between 20,000 and 25,000 bottles annually 

See also
Alcohol monopoly



ground_truth: Fomento Económico Mexicano