prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: Name a member of a British-American supergroup who recored a version of Nobody's child in 1990

The following are given passages.
Context 1: Passage 1:
Nobody for Everybody
Nobody for Everybody is the Japanese debut EP by South Korean girl group Wonder Girls  Its title song is "Nobody" ～あなたしか見えない～ (ノーバディ, Nōbadi), first released on their third Korean mini-album, The Wonder Years: Trilogy in 2008  This is the fourth language that "Nobody" has been released in; the song was first released in Korean and was followed by English and Chinese versions 
The EP consists of the Japanese version of "Nobody" as well as 2012 re-recordings of "Nobody" (in both Korean and English), "Saying I Love You", and "You're Out"  These 2012 recordings include vocals of member Hyerim who entered the group in 2010, replacing the group's original member Sunmi 

Background
After announcing the Wonder Girls as spokesmodels for the brand "Marshpuff" in Japan, JYPE requested that their Japanese record label, DefStar Records, listen to the Wonder Girls' released albums and singles before deciding on what song would be their debut in the country  The label had strong mutual interest in "Nobody", so it was chosen as the title song for their first Japanese album In May 2012, the Wonder Girls officially announced their debut into the Japanese market with a Japanese version of "Nobody", "Nobody ～あなたしか見えない～"  JYP JYPE stated: "Wonder Girls have received numerous inquiries from Japan and [are] observing their advertisement and music business flourishing even without their official introduction "
The EP was released on July 25, 2012 in three different physical variants 

Track listing
Charts
Passage 2:
Alina Margolis-Edelman
Alina Margolis-Edelman (18 April 1922 – 23 March 2008) was a Polish physician, Holocaust survivor, and resistance fighter during the Warsaw Ghetto Uprising, who was forced to flee Poland during a revival of anti-Semitism in Poland in 1968  Joining Doctors Without Borders, she later helped found Doctors of the World, participating in medical missions in Africa and the Middle East, Latin America, and Eastern Europe  Simultaneously, she worked as a physician, practicing at Necker-Enfants Malades Hospital and the Maternal-Infant Protection Service in Seine-Saint-Denis  In 1990, she returned to Poland, and began an association, "Nobody's Children", to fight against child abuse in Poland  She was the recipient of numerous awards and honors 

Early life
Alina Margolis was born on 18 April 1922 in Łódź, Poland, to the Jewish 
physician Anna (née Markson) and her husband, Aleksander Margolis, who was also a physician  Anna was the director of the radiology department and chief of the tubercular service division of Anna Maria Hospital  Aleksander, also known by the pseudonym Paweł Gart, was an internist and head of the Municipal General Hospital of Radogoszcz, and a member of the Łódź City Council, until he was executed by the Gestapo in 1939  After his death, the family was relocated to the Warsaw Ghetto, to await transport to Treblinka  Anna managed to enroll Alina in the Jewish School of Nursing founded by Lama Blum-Bielica, and she worked in one of the hospitals in the ghetto  When transport became imminent, Anna left the ghetto with the children, all of them posing as "Aryan"  Anna placed her son in a Christian orphanage, and she went into hiding Margolis hid with a Polish family who were anti-Semitic and who believed that she was the daughter of a Polish officer who was a prisoner of war  She worked as a courier for the Resistance and continued nursing in ghetto, becoming an integral part of the rescue efforts following the Warsaw Ghetto Uprising  The insurgency lasted three weeks, and consisted mostly of Jewish youth, led by a five-person command  One of the commanders, Marek Edelman, was the sole survivor of the leadership  When German troops burned the ghetto, Edelman attempted escape by way of the sewer system  Underground members, disguising themselves as Polish Red Cross workers, carried him out of the ghetto on a stretcher  One of the stretcher-bearers was Margolis  To ensure that no one would investigate too closely, the underground posted a sign on Edelman's body declaring him to have typhus, easily passing armed checkpoints Before the war ended, Margolis and Edelman returned to Łódź, and were joined, when the war ended, by her mother and brother, John  In mid-1945, Margolis and Edelman married, moved to the house which her family had occupied before the war, and she began her medical studies 

Career
Completing her education, Margolis-Edelman became a pediatrician, working in the Łódź Pediatric Clinic  She specialized in diseases of the kidney and juvenile diabetes, establishing a clinic in Rąbka  She conducted research into these diseases and published her findings  In 1951, Margolis-Edelman had her son Alexander and five years later, gave birth to the couples' daughter, Anna  In the midst of preparing for her habilitation, the 1968 Polish political crisis unleashed a new wave of antisemitism and Margolis-Edelman was not allowed to defend her thesis  She and her children fled to France, but her husband remained in Łódź, providing humanitarian services to anyone in need  Unable to convince the French university to accept her Polish degree, she began her studies all over again and worked in a laboratory analyzing the blood of rats to earn a living After five years of study, Margolis-Edelman re-earned her ability to practice medicine and became head of the chemistry department where she worked and practicing pediatrics at the Necker-Enfants Malades Hospital  She also worked in the Maternal-Infant Protection Service in Seine-Saint-Denis, as well as serving the communes of Aubervilliers and La Courneuve  In 1978, she began working with Doctors Without Borders, on hospital ships with Vietnamese boat people, work that was later officially recognized by the Vietnamese government  When Bernard Kouchner left the organization, he and Margolis-Edelman co-founded Doctors of the World  She participated in medical missions to such places as Afghanistan, Chad, El Salvador, Guatemala, Lebanon, and Nicaragua During the 1981-1983 period of martial law in Poland, Margolis-Edelman supported the pro-democracy opposition  She organized internships abroad for Polish doctors, helped those who could not obtain treatment in Poland, and sent drugs and supplies to Polish hospitals, which were unable to obtain them at the time  She helped found the Franco-Polish association "SOS Aide aux Malades Polonais", to assist Poles in obtaining treatment in France  Around the same time, she served as president of the Literary Notebook Association (French: Les Cahiers Littéraires) and established the quarterly magazine Zeszyty Literackie in Paris  In 1990, she returned to Poland and established an organization called Nobody's Children to care for victims of child abuse and lobby for their protection  During the Bosnian War, she co-founded a rape victim support center and a center in Saint Petersburg to care for street children In 1994, Margolis-Edelman wrote a memoir about her pre-war and World War II experiences, Ala z Elementarza (later translated to English in 1998, as Ala from the Primer)  The title was a reference of an earlier work by Marian Falski  As children, Margolis and her brother inspired Falski to write a widely-read early reading primer about two children, Ala and Olek  The title of Margolis-Edelman's memoir, referred to the earlier work's characters  In 1997, Margolis-Edelman published another memoir, entitled Je ne le répéterai pas, je ne veux pas le répéter (I will not repeat it, I do not want to repeat it)  She was awarded the Cross of Valor for her humanitarian work and a knighthood by the Order of the Smile 

Death and legacy
Margolis-Edelman died on 23 March 2008 in Paris, and was buried in the Cimetière parisien de Bagneux  A symbolic gravesite was placed as a memorial to her at the Jewish Cemetery in Warsaw  In 2010, a documentary, The Girl From A Reading Primer, directed by Edyta Wróblewska and produced by Studio Filmowe Kalejdoskop, detailing Margolis-Edelman's life was released  In 2011, an award named in her honor was established to recognize those who work to protect children 
Passage 3:
Sarah Polley
Sarah Ellen Polley  (born January 8, 1979) is a Canadian filmmaker, political activist and retired actress  She first garnered attention as a child actress for her role as Ramona Quimby in the television series Ramona, based on Beverly Cleary's books  This subsequently led to her role as Sara Stanley in the Canadian television series Road to Avonlea (1990–1996)  She has starred in many feature films, including The Adventures of Baron Munchausen (1988), Exotica (1994), The Sweet Hereafter (1997), Guinevere (1999), Go (1999), The Weight of Water (2000), No Such Thing (2001), My Life Without Me (2003), Dawn of the Dead (2004), Splice (2009), and Mr  Nobody (2009) 
Polley made her feature film directorial debut with Away from Her (2006), for which she won the Canadian Screen Award for Best Director and was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Adapted Screenplay  Polley's second film, Take This Waltz (2011), premiered at the 2011 Toronto International Film Festival, followed by her first documentary film, Stories We Tell (2012)  She also wrote the miniseries Alias Grace, based on the 1996 novel of the same name by Margaret Atwood  In 2022, Polley wrote and directed the film Women Talking, based on the 2018 novel of the same name by Miriam Toews, for which she won the Academy Award for Best Adapted Screenplay 

Early life
Polley was born and raised in Toronto, Ontario, Canada, the youngest of five children born to Diane Elizabeth Polley (née MacMillan)  Her siblings are Susy and John Buchan from Diane's first marriage to George Deans-Buchan, and Mark and Joanna Polley from her second marriage to Michael Polley (1933–2018), a British-born actor who became an insurance agent after starting a family with Diane  Her uncle was the Buffalo Sabres play by play caller Ted Darling 
Her mother was an actress (best known for playing Gloria Beechham in 44 episodes of the Canadian TV series Street Legal) and a casting director  She died of cancer the week of Polley's 11th birthday Polley suffered from severe scoliosis as a child and underwent a spinal operation at 15 that required her to spend the next year in bed recovering Polley was raised by Diane and Michael  During her childhood, Polley's siblings teased her because she bore no physical resemblance to Michael  Polley discovered as an adult that her biological father was actually Harry Gulkin, with whom her mother had an affair (as chronicled in Polley's film Stories We Tell)  Gulkin, the son of Russian Jewish immigrants, was a Quebec-born film producer who produced the 1975 Canadian film Lies My Father Told Me, and had met Diane after attending a play in which she acted in Montreal in 1978  When Polley turned 18, she decided to follow up on suggestions from her mother's friends that her biological father might be Geoff Bowes—one of three castmates from her mother's play in Montreal  Meeting with Gulkin as just someone who could provide information about Diane in Montreal, he informed Polley of his affair with Diane  Gulkin's paternity was later confirmed by a DNA test Polley attended Subway Academy II, then Earl Haig Secondary School, but dropped out at age 15  By the age of 15 she was living on her own and credits the Ontario Coalition Against Poverty for housing her and developing her work with activism 

Career
Early career
Her first appearance on screen was at the age of four, as Molly in the film One Magic Christmas  She was in the pilot episode for Friday the 13th – The Series and appeared in a small role in William Fruet's sci-fi horror film Blue Monkey, both in 1987   At age of eight, she was cast as Ramona Quimby in the television series Ramona, based on Beverly Cleary's books 
That same year, she played one of the lead characters in Terry Gilliam's The Adventures of Baron Munchausen  Polley burst into the public eye in 1990 as Sara Stanley on the popular CBC television series Road to Avonlea  The series made her famous and financially independent, and she was hailed as "Canada's Sweetheart" by the popular press  The show was picked up by the Disney Channel for distribution in the United States  At the age of 12 (around 1991), Polley attended an awards ceremony while wearing a peace sign to protest the first Gulf War  Disney executives asked her to remove it, and she refused  This soured her relationship with Disney, but she continued on Road to Avonlea until 1994  The show ran until 1996; Polley did return as Sara Stanley for an episode in 1995 and for the series finale 
In 1994 Polley made her theatre debut at the Stratford Festival playing Alice in Alice Through the Looking Glass, an adaptation of Lewis Carroll's book of the same name  Polley ended her run early, claiming complications from scoliosis  In 2022 she revealed she had in fact been suffering from intense stage fright, something that continued to plague her into adulthood 

Transition into more adult roles
Polley appeared as Lily on the CBC television series Straight Up, which ran from 1996 to 1998, winning the Gemini Award for Best Performance in a Children's or Youth Program or Series for her role  Polley's subsequent role as Nicole Burnell in the 1997 film The Sweet Hereafter brought her considerable attention in the United States; she was a favourite at the Sundance Film Festival  Her character in the film was an aspiring singer, and on the film's soundtrack, she performed covers of The Tragically Hip's "Courage" and Jane Siberry's "One More Colour" and sang the film's title track, which she co-wrote with Mychael Danna In 1998, Polley appeared in the critically acclaimed film Last Night  The following year, she starred as part of the ensemble cast in the film Go  She was cast in the role of Penny Lane in the big-budget 2000 film Almost Famous, but dropped out of the project to return to Canada for the low-budget The Law of Enclosures  Her role in the 2003 film My Life Without Me garnered the Genie Award for Best Performance by an Actress in a Leading Role in 2004  In the same year, she starred in a lead role in the remake of Dawn of the Dead, which was a departure from her other indie roles 
In 2005, she starred in The Secret Life of Words, opposite Tim Robbins and Julie Christie  She was nominated as Best European Actress by the European Film Academy for her role as Hanna In 2006, Polley took a role on the acclaimed series Slings and Arrows during its third and final season  Polley's father, Michael Polley, was a regular on the show during its entire three-season run  She served as a member of the 2007 Cannes Film Festival jury 
In 2008, Polley appeared as Nabby Adams in the HBO miniseries based on the life of John Adams  Polley played Elise in Jaco Van Dormael's Mr  Nobody, which was released in 2010  Critical response has praised the film's artistry and Polley's acting   Later that year, she also appeared in a cameo role in Bruce MacDonald's film Trigger Though Polley never officially announced her retirement from acting, she has not taken an acting role since 2010, transitioning into a writing and directing career 

Directing career
In 1999, Polley made her first short film, The Best Day of My Life, for the On the Fly 4 Film Festival  She also made a second short film that year, Don't Think Twice  Polley attended the Canadian Film Centre's directing program in 2001, and won the Genie Award for Best Live Action Short Drama in 2003 for her short film I Shout Love  She made her feature-length film directing debut with Away from Her, which Polley adapted from the Alice Munro short story The Bear Came Over the Mountain  The movie, starring Julie Christie (with whom she had played in No Such Thing, 2001, and The Secret Life of Words, 2005), debuted at the Toronto International Film Festival on September 11, 2006, as part of the TIFF's Gala showcase 
Away from Her was acquired by Lionsgate for release in the US for the sum of $750,000  It drew rave reviews from Variety, The Hollywood Reporter, and the three Toronto dailies, both for the performances of Christie and her co-star, Canadian actor Gordon Pinsent, and for Polley's direction  It also earned Polley a 2007 Academy Award nomination for Best Adapted Screenplay, and won the Genie Award for Best Achievement in Direction  At the 2008 Genies, she was also awarded the Claude Jutra Award, which recognizes outstanding achievement by a first-time feature film director Polley wrote and directed her second feature, Take This Waltz starring Michelle Williams, Luke Kirby, Seth Rogen, and Sarah Silverman, which premiered at the Toronto International Film Festival in 2011 
Her documentary film Stories We Tell premiered at the 69th Venice International Film Festival in competition in the Venice Days category, and its North American premiere followed at the 2012 Toronto International Film Festival  The critically acclaimed documentary examined family secrets in Polley's own childhood  She was awarded the CAN$100,000 prize for best Canadian film of the year by the Toronto Film Critics Association  In 2017, Polley executive produced the film A Better Man (2017),In late 2012, Polley announced that she would be adapting Margaret Atwood's novel Alias Grace  Polley first wrote to Atwood asking to adapt the novel when she was 17  They held off for 20 years until she was ready to make the show  In August 2014, during a profile of her work as a director, Polley announced that Alias Grace was being adapted into a six-part miniseries  In June 2016, the series was confirmed with Polley writing and producing  The series premiered in 2017 on CBC Television in Canada; it streams on Netflix globally, outside of Canada  It received positive reviews from critics In June 2014, it was announced that she would be writing and directing an adaptation of John Green's Looking for Alaska  In March 2015, Polley was hired to write the script for a new adaptation of Little Women, as well as potentially direct; however, Polley's involvement in the project never went beyond initial discussions, despite reports  In her 2022 essay collection Run Towards the Danger, Polley revealed she had been working on a second draft of the Little Women screenplay when she had a traumatic head injury resulting in post-concussion syndrome that left her with symptoms for four years so she was temporarily unable to work  It was subsequently announced in June that, due to scheduling conflicts, Polley would no longer be directing Looking for Alaska 
In an interview, Polley stated that she takes pride in her work and enjoys both acting and directing, but is not keen on combining the two:I like the feeling of keeping them separate  I find that really gratifying  I can't imagine combining those  For me, I love the feeling of using different parts of my brain separately  In a 2015 retrospective of the movie Go, Mike D'Angelo of The A V  Club commented that Polley's decision to go into directing had "deprived the world of many potentially great performances", calling her a "superb actor"  In December 2020, it was announced Polley would direct Women Talking based upon the novel of the same name by Miriam Toews for Orion Pictures  It premiered at the 49th Telluride Film Festival on September 2, 2022, and went into wide release on December 23, 2022  It was released to widespread acclaim, with 90% of critics giving it a positive review on Rotten Tomatoes  Shirley Li of The Atlantic called it "vibrant cinema," while Anna Bogutskaya of Time Out said that it "imagines female emancipation as an honest, raging, caring experience " Polley won the Academy Award for Best Adapted Screenplay at the 95th Academy Awards, and the film was also nominated for the Academy Award for Best Picture 
In 2023, Polley was revealed to be in talks to direct Disney's live action adaptation of Bambi 

Writing career
Polley has written numerous essays over the years about her experiences as a child star  In 2022, she released her first book of essays, the autobiographical, Run Towards the Danger which contains six essays that examine aspects of Polley's career on stage, screen, and on film, detailing her roles in a Stratford Festival production of Alice Through the Looking Glass, as well as her breakout roles in The Adventures of Baron Munchausen and the TV series Road to Avonlea  The book also revealed for the first time that Polley had been a victim of Jian Ghomeshi who sexually and physically assaulted her when she was 16 and he was 28 

Political and social activism
Following the row with Disney as a twelve-year-old for wearing a peace sign to protest against the Gulf War, Polley dedicated more of her efforts to politics, becoming a prominent member of the Ontario New Democratic Party (ONDP), where Ontario legislator Peter Kormos was her political mentor  In 1996, she gave a nomination speech for Kormos at the ONDP leadership convention which she later referred to as the "proudest moment in [her] life" In 1995, she lost two back teeth after being struck by a riot police officer during a protest against the provincial Progressive Conservative government of Mike Harris in Queen's Park  She was subsequently involved with the Ontario Coalition Against Poverty  She subsequently scaled back her political activism 
She was part of a group in 2001 which opposed the proposed Free Trade Area of the Americas  The 3rd Summit of the Americas was held in Quebec City in April 2001  In 2003, she was part of former Toronto mayor David Miller's transition advisory team 
In 2009, Polley directed a two-minute short film in support of the Heart and Stroke Foundation of Canada  In advance of the film's airing in Canada during the 82nd Academy Awards, and following news reports that characterized the film as a marketing exercise for the margarine company Becel, Polley withdrew her association with the film  "In December 2009, I made a film to be aired during the Academy Awards that I believed was to promote the Heart and Stroke Foundation  When I agreed to make this film ["The Heart"], I was thrilled, as I was proud to be associated with the work of this incredible organization  However, I have since learned that my film is also being used to promote a product  Regretfully, I am forced to remove my name from the film and disassociate myself from it  I have never actively promoted any corporate brand, and cannot do so now " In response, Becel said it was a "founding sponsor" of the Heart Truth campaign and had commissioned the film "to put heart health on the radar of Canadian women" In January 2012, Polley endorsed Toronto MP Peggy Nash in the 2012 New Democratic Party leadership race to succeed Jack Layton On October 15, 2017, Polley wrote an op-ed piece in The New York Times detailing her experience with Harvey Weinstein and with Hollywood's treatment of women generally, and making a connection between Hollywood's gendered power relations and Polley's not having acted in years 

Personal life
Paternity revelations
In 2007, Polley discovered that her father, Michael Polley, who had raised her, was not her biological father  The story of her mother's affair and her biological father Harry Gulkin, producer of the film Lies My Father Told Me (1975), was chronicled in Polley's film Stories We Tell (2012) 

Marriages and children
On September 10, 2003, Polley married Canadian film editor David Wharnsby, her boyfriend of seven years  They divorced five years later, in 2008 On August 23, 2011, Polley married David Sandomierski, who at the time was working on his SJD degree (equivalent to a PhD in law) at the University of Toronto, which he would complete six years later, in 2017  They have three children together 

Sexual assault by Jian Ghomeshi
In 2022, Polley said that she had been sexually assaulted by then Moxy Früvous singer Jian Ghomeshi while on a date when she was 16 and he was 28  She was dissuaded by family and friends from coming forward with her experiences, but ultimately chose to do so in her autobiographical essay collection Run Towards the Danger 

Religious views
Polley is an atheist 

Filmography
Short film

Feature film
Acting roles

Television
Executive producer

Secret Path (2016) (TV movie)
A Better Man (2017) (Documentary)Acting roles

Awards and nominations
On October 16, 2010, it was announced that she would receive a star on Canada's Walk of Fame  In June 2013, she received the National Arts Centre Award recognizing achievement over the past performance year at the Governor General's Performing Arts Awards, where she was the subject of a short vignette by Ann Marie Fleming entitled Stories Sarah Tells  Polley was appointed an Officer of the Order of Canada on December 30, 2013 
Passage 4:
Graham Nash
Graham William Nash  (born 2 February 1942) is an English-American musician, singer and songwriter  He is known for his light tenor voice and for his contributions as a member of the Hollies and Crosby, Stills & Nash 
Nash is a photography collector and a published photographer  He was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame as a member of Crosby, Stills & Nash in 1997 and as a member of the Hollies in 2010  He was appointed an Officer of the Order of the British Empire (OBE) in the 2010 Birthday Honours List for services to music and to charity Nash holds four honorary doctorates, including one from New York Institute of Technology, one in Music from the University of Salford in 2011 and one in Fine Arts from Lesley University in Cambridge, Massachusetts 

Early life
Graham William Nash was born on 2 February 1942 in Blackpool, to where his mother had been evacuated from her hometown of Salford when World War II began  The family subsequently returned to Salford, where Nash grew up 

Career
Songwriting
In the early 1960s, Nash co-founded the Hollies, one of the UK's most successful pop groups, with school friend Allan Clarke, and was credited as the group's leader on their first album  He was featured vocally on "Just One Look" (1964) and sang his first lead vocal on the original Hollies song "To You My Love" on the band's second album In The Hollies Style of the same year  He often sang featured bridge vocals on later Hollies recordings ("So Lonely", "I've Been Wrong", "Pay You Back With Interest") and provided lead vocals on several later singles, notably "On a Carousel" and "Carrie Anne" (both 1967) Nash encouraged the Hollies to write their own songs, initially with Clarke, then with Clarke and guitarist Tony Hicks  From 1964 to mid-1966 they wrote under the alias L  Ransford  Their own names were credited on songs from "Stop Stop Stop" from October 1966 onward  In 1965, Nash, with Allan Clarke and guitarist Tony Hicks, formed Gralto Music Ltd, a publishing company which handled their own songs and later signed the young Reg Dwight (a k a  Elton John) who played piano and organ on Hollies 1969 and 1970 recordings 
Nash was pivotal in the forging of a sound and lyrics, often writing the verses on Clarke, Hicks & Nash songs  However, Nash also composed songs by himself under the 'team banner' (like Lennon & McCartney), including "Fifi the Flea" (1966), "Clown" (1966), "Stop Right There", and "Everything Is Sunshine" (1967)  The Butterfly album included several of his songs that had less group participation and exhibited more of a singer-songwriter approach  He was disappointed when this new style did not register with their audience, especially "King Midas in Reverse" (Nash and producer Ron Richards clashed over this song because Richards believed it was 'too complex' to work as a hit single) 
Nash initially met both David Crosby and Stephen Stills in 1966 during a Hollies US tour  On a subsequent visit to the US in 1968, he was more formally introduced to Crosby by mutual friend Cass Elliott in Laurel Canyon, Los Angeles  Nash left the Hollies to form a new group with Crosby and Stills  A trio at first, Crosby, Stills & Nash later became a quartet in 1969 with Neil Young: Crosby, Stills, Nash & Young (CSNY) 
With both configurations, Nash went on to even greater worldwide success, penning many of CSN's most-commercial hit singles such as "Our House" (about the house in Laurel Canyon shared with his then-lover Joni Mitchell); "Teach Your Children" and "Marrakesh Express" (both of which had been rejected by the Hollies); "Just a Song Before I Go"; and "Wasted on the Way"  Nash, nicknamed "Willy" by his bandmates, has been described as the glue that keeps their often fragile alliances together 
Nash became politically active after moving to California, as reflected in his anti-Vietnam War songs "Military Madness" and "Chicago / We Can Change the World" (about the trial of the Chicago Eight) 
In 1972, during CSNY's first hiatus, Nash teamed with Crosby, forming a successful duo  They worked in this configuration on and off for many years, producing four studio albums and a few live and compilation albums  His song "Immigration Man", Crosby & Nash's biggest hit as a duo, arose from a tiff he had with a US Customs official while trying to enter the country 
In 1979, Nash co-founded Musicians United for Safe Energy which is against the expansion of nuclear power  MUSE put on the educational fundraising No Nukes events  In 2007 the group recorded a music video of a new version of the Buffalo Springfield song "For What It's Worth" Nash briefly rejoined the Hollies in 1983 (to mark their 20th anniversary) to record two albums, What Goes Around    and Reunion  In 1993, Nash again reunited with the Hollies to record a new version of "Peggy Sue Got Married" that featured lead vocal by Buddy Holly (taken from an alternative version of the song given to Nash by Holly's widow Maria Eleana Holly)—this Buddy Holly & the Hollies recording opened the Not Fade Away tribute album to Holly by various artists 

In 2005, Nash collaborated with Norwegian musicians A-ha on the songs "Over the Treetops" (penned by Paul Waaktaar-Savoy) and "Cosy Prisons" (penned by Magne Furuholmen) for the Analogue recording  In 2006, Nash worked with David Gilmour and David Crosby on the title track of David Gilmour's third solo album, On an Island  In March 2006, the album was released and quickly reached No  1 on the UK charts  Nash and Crosby subsequently toured the UK with Gilmour, singing backup on "On an Island", "The Blue", "Shine On You Crazy Diamond", and "Find the Cost of Freedom" 

In addition to his political songs Nash has written many songs on other themes he cares about such as of nature and ecology—beginning with the Hollies' "Signs That Will Never Change" (first recorded by the Everly Brothers in 1966)—later CSNY's "Clear Blue Skies", plus anti-nuclear-waste-dumping ("Barrel of Pain"), anti-war ("Soldiers of Peace") and social issues ("Prison Song") 
Nash appeared on the season 7 finale of American Idol singing "Teach Your Children" with Brooke White 
In 2010, Nash was inducted a second time to the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame, this time as a member of the Hollies  He received an OBE "for services to music and charitable activities", becoming an Officer of the Order of the British Empire in the Diplomatic and Overseas Division of the Queen's Birthday Honours List on 12 June 2010  Nash received the title of George Eastman Honorary Scholar at the George Eastman House on 22 January 2011, in Rochester, New York Nash contributed a cover of "Raining in My Heart" to the 2011 tribute album Rave on Buddy Holly 
On 22 January 2016, Nash announced the forthcoming release on 15 April 2016 of his new studio album entitled This Path Tonight (his first collection of new songs in fourteen years) and shared the title track from it through MOJO magazine's website  On 4 February 2016, Rolling Stone magazine unveiled a new song from the new album, the reflective "Encore," the tender tune that wraps up Nash's new album  Upon the upcoming release of his new studio album in April 2016, Nash planned a solo tour from 25 March 2016 at the Byron Bay Bluesfest in Australia, continuing United States on 22 April 2016 at Saban Theatre, Beverly Hills, California, to visit Europe starting from the UK on 21 May 2016 at the Albert Hall, Manchester and ending 14 June 2016 at the Alte Oper Hall, Frankfurt, Germany 
He was still touring in the fall of 2017, performing in New Jersey and New York in September On 29 June 2018, Rhino Records released the two-disk box set Over The Years, a 30-track collection of Nash's demos made from 1968 to 1980, featuring highlights from the CSN debut album Crosby, Stills & Nash ("Marrakesh Express"), CSNY follow-up Déjà Vu ("Our House", "Teach Your Children"), song selections from subsequent CSN albums, four tracks from Nash's 1971 solo album Songs For Beginners, with "Better Days" and "I Used To Be King" presented as unreleased mixes  The most recent recording on the compilation is "Myself at Last" from Nash's 2016 solo album This Path Tonight  The second disc in this set features 15 demo recordings, 12 of which have never been released 

Photography career
Interested in photography as a child, Nash began to collect photographs in the early 1970s  Having acquired more than a thousand prints by 1976, Nash hired Graham Howe as his photography curator  In 1978 through 1984 a touring exhibition of selections from the Graham Nash Collection toured to more than a dozen museums worldwide  Nash decided to sell his 2,000 print collection through Sotheby's auction house in 1990 where it set an auction record for the highest grossing sale of a single private collection of photography  Nash said that some of the auction profit would be given to the Los Angeles County Museum of Art for the acquisition of contemporary photographs In 2010 21st Editions published a monograph titled "Love, Graham Nash" which includes facsimiles of his lyrics paired with signed photographs by Graham Nash and printed by Nash Editions 

Early digital fine art printing
Experimenting
In the late 1980s Nash began to experiment with digital images of his photography on Macintosh computers with the assistance of R  Mac Holbert who at that time was the tour manager for Crosby, Stills and Nash as well as handling computer/technical matters for the band  Nash ran into the problem common with all personal computers running graphics software during that period: he could create very sophisticated detailed images on the computer, but there was no output device (computer printer) capable of reproducing what he saw on the computer screen  Nash and Holbert initially experimented with early commercial printers that were then becoming available and printed many images on the large format Fujix inkjet printers at UCLA's JetGraphix digital output centre  When Fuji decided to stop supporting the printers, John Bilotta, who was running JetGraphix, recommended that Nash and Holbert look into the Iris printer, a new large format continuous-tone inkjet printer built for prepress proofing by IRIS Graphics, Inc  Through IRIS Graphics national sales rep Steve Boulter, Nash also met programmer David Coons, a colour engineer for Disney, who was already using the IRIS printer there to print images from Disney's new digital animation system 
Coons worked off hours at Disney to produce large images of 16 of Nash's photographic portraits on arches watercolour paper using Disney's in-house model 3024 IRIS printer for a 24 April 1990 show at Simon Lowinsky gallery  Since most of the original negatives and prints had been lost in shipment to a book publisher, Coons had to scan contact sheets and enhance the images so they could be printed in large format  He used software he had written to output the photographic images to the IRIS printer, a machine designed to work with proprietary prepress computer systems In July 1990, Nash purchased an IRIS Graphics 3047 inkjet printer for $126,000 and set it up in a small carriage house in Manhattan Beach, California near Los Angeles  David Coons and Steve Boulter used it to print an even larger November 1990 show of Nash's work for Parco Stores in Tokyo  The show entitled Sunlight on Silver was a series of 35 celebrity portraits by Nash which were 3 feet by 4 feet in an edition of 50 prints per image, a total of 1,750 images  Subsequently, Nash exhibited his photographs at the Museum of Photographic Arts in San Diego and elsewhere 

Nash Editions
In 1991, Nash agreed to fund Mac Holbert to start a fine art digital-based printing company using the IRIS Graphics 3047 printer sitting in Nash's Manhattan Beach, California carriage house  Holbert retired as road manager for Crosby, Stills and Nash so that he could run the company  It opened its doors on 1 July 1991 with the name of Nash Editions Ltd  Early employees included David Coons, John Bilotta and a serigraphic print maker named Jack Duganne  They worked to further adapt the IRIS printer to fine art printing, experimenting with ink sets to try to overcome the fast-fading nature of IRIS prints, and even going as far as sawing off part of the print heads so they could be moved back to clear thicker printing paper stocks (voiding the $126,000 machine's warranty)  Nash and Holbert decided to call their fine art prints "digigraphs" although Jack Duganne coined the name "Giclée" for these type of prints  The company is still in operation and currently uses Epson-based large format printers 
In 2005, Nash donated the original IRIS Graphics 3047 printer and Nash Editions ephemera to the National Museum of American History, a Smithsonian Institution 

Personal life
Nash was married to his first wife, Rose Eccles, from 1964 until 1966  As part of an inside joke, her surname inspired the 1968 song "Jennifer Eccles", and a jocular verse about Jennifer Eccles was also included in the 1968 song "Lily the Pink"  Nash was married to his second wife, actress Susan Sennett, from 1978 until he left her for artist Amy Grantham in 2016  Sennett, the mother of his three now-adult children, divorced Nash in 2016 and died of cancer in September 2020  After moving to New York City, Nash married Grantham in April 2019 Nash released an autobiography in September 2013 called Wild Tales: A Rock & Roll Life, published by Crown Publishing  Photographs that he took during his career are on display as an art collection at the San Francisco Art Exchange  In interviews pertaining to both the memoir and art exhibit, he mentioned the impact of Canadian-American musician Joni Mitchell, with whom he had a relationship between 1968 and 1970 in California  He also had a brief relationship with American musician Rita Coolidge, as had his bandmate Stephen Stills Nash endorsed American politician Bernie Sanders in the 2016 Democratic Party presidential primaries  In October 2020, he revealed that he had recently started practising Transcendental Meditation after American filmmaker David Lynch paid for him and his wife to study it as a gift  He said of the practice, "Quite frankly, I'm 78 years old and I wish I'd been doing it for 50 years "

Discography
See also discographies for Crosby Stills Nash & Young, The Hollies and Crosby & Nash 

With The Hollies
Albums
Singles
EPs
Solo
Studio albums
Live
Compilations
Singles
Other appearances
Studio
Live
Passage 5:
Nobody's Child: Romanian Angel Appeal
Nobody's Child: Romanian Angel Appeal is a charity album released in July 1990 to benefit Romanian orphans, under the auspices of the Romanian Angel Appeal Foundation  It was compiled by English rock musician George Harrison in response to concerns raised by his wife Olivia Harrison, who had visited Romania and witnessed the suffering in the country's abandoned state orphanages following the fall of Communism  The release was preceded by a single, "Nobody's Child", recorded by Harrison's band the Traveling Wilburys  Other artists who donated songs to the album include Stevie Wonder, Paul Simon, Eric Clapton, Duane Eddy, Van Morrison, Guns N' Roses, Ringo Starr, Ric Ocasek and Elton John  Many of the recordings were previously unreleased The Romanian Angel Appeal marked a rare foray into the media spotlight by Olivia Harrison, who created the foundation with support from the other wives of the former Beatles – Barbara Bach, Yoko Ono and Linda McCartney  She and her husband promoted the project in the UK with appearances on the television talk show Wogan and in the one-hour Radio 1 documentary Nobody's Child  The album was released by Harrison's record company, Warner Bros  Records, on 23 July 1990  It was preceded by a launch at London's Hyde Park Hotel on 22 July, attended by the Harrisons, and Bach and Starr  The video for the "Nobody's Child" single included animated scenes and footage of the Romanian orphanages 

Song selection
George Harrison's involvement in the project reprised his role in assisting refugees of the 1971 Bangladesh Liberation War, when he staged an all-star benefit concert and oversaw the release of an associated album and documentary film  Aside from the title track, his presence on Nobody's Child was reflected in the recordings submitted by Simon, Clapton and Eddy Harrison said in compiling Nobody's Child he was conscious of not making it his album by dominating the content  He said that his request for a live track from Bruce Springsteen went unanswered, and his approach to Michael Jackson became confused in the acrimony taking place between Jackson and Paul McCartney over the ownership of the Beatles' Northern Songs catalogue  Selections by Stevie Winwood and Queen arrived too late for inclusion on the album 

Track listing
Vinyl and cassette releases
Side one

"Nobody's Child"
"Wonderful Remark"
"Medicine Man"
"This Week"
"Homeward Bound"
"How Can You Mend a Broken Heart?"
"Lovechild"
"Big Day Little Boat"Side two

"Feeding Off the Love of the Land"
"That Kind of Woman"
"Goodnight Little One"
"The Trembler"
"Ain't That Peculiar"
"Civil War"

Notes
On the included performance of "With a Little Help from My Friends", the All-Starr Band consisted of Ringo Starr, Joe Walsh, Nils Lofgren, Billy Preston, Dr  John, Levon Helm, Rick Danko, Garth Hudson, Jim Keltner, Clarence Clemons and Zak Starkey  The song is only on the CD version of the album 
Aside from his contributions with the Traveling Wilburys and Paul Simon, George Harrison plays guitar on the tracks by Eric Clapton and Duane Eddy 
Passage 6:
Shoppin' from A to Z
"Shoppin' from A to Z" is a song by US singer-songwriter Toni Basil, released in 1983 as the fourth and final single from her debut album Word of Mouth  It was released in the US only  After the poor performance of "Nobody" in the UK, "Shoppin' from A to Z" also failed to match the success of chart topper "Mickey", peaking at No  77  A music video was made for the song  The song features a shopping list consisting of various grocery items, each beginning with a different letter of the alphabet  On the album version, it is shouted out by a chorus  The single version features comical voices saying the name of each item 

Track listing
7" single"Shoppin' from A to Z" — 3:41
"Time After Time" — 4:18Promo 12" "Special Remix" single"Shoppin' from A to Z" (Special Remix) — 6:04
"Shoppin' from A to Z" — 3:41

Music video
The music video starts with Basil and her two friends at a house looking through a shopping list and a newspaper  Then, the scene quickly changes to a supermarket where Basil and everyone in the market (including the employees) start dancing while they shop  Finally, after all that shopping, Basil and her friends arrive home exhausted  The clip ends with two dollar signs coming out of the shopping bags and plastered on a CGI heart on a green background 
Passage 7:
Nobody's Child (song)
Nobody's Child may refer to:

Film and television
Nobody's Child (1919 film), a British silent film directed by George Edwardes Hall
Nobody's Child (1970 film), a Philippine film featuring Vilma Santos
Nobody's Child (1986 film), an American television film directed by Lee Grant
Nobody's Child (2004 film), a Singaporean film directed by Lin Wenhui

Literature
Nobody's Child, a 1996 romantic novel by Pat Warren
Nobody's Child, a 1997 romantic novel by Ann Major
Nobody's Child, a 2003 children's novel by Marsha Skrypuch
Nobody's Child, a 2007 autobiography by Michael Seed
Nobody's Child, a 2014 crime novel by Libby Fischer Hellmann

Music
Nobody's Child: Romanian Angel Appeal, a 1990 charity album
"Nobody's Child" (Hank Snow song), 1949; covered by Tony Sheridan and the Beatles (1964), the Traveling Wilburys (1990), and others
"Nobody's Child" (Penny McLean song), 1976
"Nobody's Child", a song  by Electric Light Orchestra from Eldorado, 1974
"Nobody's Child", a song by Mark Knopfler from Down the Road Wherever, 2018

See also
No One's Child, a 2014 Serbian film
Nobody's Children (disambiguation)
Passage 8:
Traveling Wilburys
The Traveling Wilburys were a British-American supergroup consisting of Bob Dylan, George Harrison, Jeff Lynne, Roy Orbison and Tom Petty  Originating from an idea discussed by Harrison and Lynne during the sessions for Harrison's 1987 album Cloud Nine, the band formed in April 1988 after the five members united to record a bonus track for Harrison's next European single  When this collaboration, "Handle with Care", was deemed too good for such a limited release, the group agreed to record a full album, titled Traveling Wilburys Vol  1  Following Orbison's death in December 1988, the Wilburys continued as a quartet and released a second album, titled Traveling Wilburys Vol  3, in 1990 
The project's work received much anticipation given the diverse nature of the singer-songwriters  The band members adopted tongue-in-cheek pseudonyms as half-brothers from the fictional Wilbury family of travelling musicians  Vol  1 was a critical and commercial success, helping to revitalise Dylan's and Petty's careers  In 1990, the album won the Grammy for Best Rock Performance by a Duo or Group 
Although Harrison envisioned a series of Wilburys albums and a film about the band, produced through his company HandMade, the group became dormant after 1991 and never officially reunited, though the individual members continued to collaborate on each other's solo projects at various times  After being unavailable for several years, the two Wilburys albums were reissued by the Harrison estate in the 2007 box set The Traveling Wilburys Collection  The box set included a DVD containing their music videos and a documentary on the band's formation 

History
Background
George Harrison first mentioned the Traveling Wilburys publicly during a radio interview with Bob Coburn on the show Rockline in February 1988  When asked how he planned to follow up the success of his Cloud Nine album, Harrison replied: "What I'd really like to do next is     to do an album with me and some of my mates     It's this new group I got [in mind]: it's called the Traveling Wilburys, I'd like to do an album with them and then later we can all do our own albums again " According to Jeff Lynne, who co-produced Cloud Nine, Harrison introduced the idea of the two of them starting a band together around two months into the sessions for his album, which began in early January 1987  When discussing who the other members might be, Harrison chose Bob Dylan and Lynne opted for Roy Orbison  The term "Wilbury" also originated during the Cloud Nine sessions  Referring to recording errors created by faulty equipment, Harrison jokingly remarked to Lynne, "We'll bury 'em in the mix " Thereafter, they used the term for any small error in performance  Harrison first suggested "the Trembling Wilburys" as the group's name; at Lynne's suggestion, they amended it to "Traveling Wilburys" 
During his Rockline interview, Harrison voiced his support for Dylan, at a time when the Dylan was experiencing an artistic and commercial low point in his career  Harrison and Lynne became friends with Tom Petty in October 1987, when Petty and his band, the Heartbreakers, toured Europe as Dylan's backing group  The friendship continued in Los Angeles later that year  There, Harrison struck up a musical rapport with Petty based on their shared love of 1950s rock 'n' roll, and Lynne began collaborating with Petty on what became Petty's debut solo album, Full Moon Fever, and writing songs with Orbison, Lynne's longtime musical hero, for Orbison's comeback album, Mystery Girl  According to Petty, Harrison's dream for the Wilburys was to handpick the participants and create "the perfect little band", but the criteria for inclusion were governed most by "who you could hang out with"  The five musicians also bonded over a shared appreciation of the English comedy troupe Monty Python  Harrison, who had worked with the members of Monty Python on various productions by his company HandMade Films since the late 1970s, particularly appreciated Orbison's gift for impersonation and his ability to recite entire sketches by the troupe 

1988–1991
"Handle with Care" and band formation
The band came together in April 1988, when Harrison was in Los Angeles to oversee the filming of his HandMade production Checking Out  At that time, Warner Bros  Records asked Harrison for a new song to serve as the B-side for the European release of his third single from Cloud Nine, "This Is Love"  During a meal with Lynne and Orbison, Harrison asked Lynne to help him record the track and invited Orbison to attend the session, which he then arranged to take place at Dylan's garage studio in Malibu since no professional studios were available at such short notice  Petty's involvement came about when Harrison went to retrieve his guitar from Petty's house and invited him to attend also Working on a song that Harrison had recently started writing, the ensemble completed the track, which they titled "Handle with Care" after a label on a box in Dylan's garage  When Harrison presented the recording to Mo Ostin and Lenny Waronker of Warner Bros , the executives insisted that the song was too good to be used as a B-side  In Petty's recollection, Harrison and Lynne then decided to realise their idea of forming a Wilburys band, and first invited him to join before phoning Dylan, who also agreed to join  That night, Harrison, Lynne and Petty drove to Anaheim to see Orbison perform at the Celebrity Theatre and recruited him for the group shortly before he went on stage  In Petty's description, Orbison performed an "unbelievable show", during which "we'd punch each other and go, 'He's in our band, too '     We were all so excited "

Debut album
The band members decided to create a full album together, Traveling Wilburys Vol  1  Video footage of the creative process was later edited by Harrison into a promotional film for Warner Bros  staff, titled Whatever Wilbury Wilbury  The album was recorded primarily over a ten-day period in May 1988, to allow for Dylan's limited availability as he prepared for the start of what became known as his Never Ending Tour and for Orbison's tour schedule  These sessions were held in the house of Eurythmics member Dave Stewart, in Los Angeles The five band members sat in a circle playing acoustic guitars in Stewart's kitchen; once each song's basic track had been written and recorded there (with accompaniment from a drum machine), the group recorded their vocals in another room, usually after dinner each night  Petty recalled that, as a friend but also an avowed fan of Dylan's, Harrison felt the need to clear the air on the first day by saying to him: "We know that you're Bob Dylan and everything, but we're going to just treat you and talk to you like we would anybody else " Dylan replied: "Well, great  Believe it or not, I'm in awe of you guys, and it's the same for me " While most of the songs had a primary composer, all of the band members were creative equals  Petty later described Harrison as the Wilburys' "leader and manager", and credited him with being a bandleader and producer that had a natural instinct for bringing out the best in people and keeping a recording session productive  As the group's producers, Harrison and Lynne directed the sessions, with Harrison often auditioning each member to decide who should sing a particular lead vocal part  The two producers then flew back to England; Lynne recalls that, throughout the flight, he and Harrison enthused about how to turn the sparse, acoustic-based tracks into completed recordings  Overdubs and further recording took place at Harrison's studio, FPSHOT, with "Sideburys" Jim Keltner (drums), Jim Horn (saxophones) and Ray Cooper (percussion)  Harrison described the band's sound as "skiffle for the 1990s" The album was released on 18 October 1988  Distributed by Warner Bros , it appeared on the new Wilbury record label rather than on Harrison's Dark Horse label, in the interests of maintaining the group identity  Over the months following the end of recording in the summer, contractual issues had been successfully negotiated between Warner and the record companies representing Dylan, Petty, Lynne and Orbison  As was the case in 1971 when EMI prepared Harrison's multi-artist live album from the Concert for Bangladesh for release, Dylan's label, Columbia, presented the main stumbling block  In the album credits, the "Wilburys" joke was extended further, with the band members listed under various pseudonyms and pretending to be half-brothers – sons of a fictional Charles Truscott Wilbury, Sr  During promotion for the album, Orbison played along with the mock history, saying: "Some people say Daddy was a cad and a bounder, but I remember him as a Baptist minister "Vol  1 was a critical and commercial success, and revitalised the careers of Dylan, Orbison and Petty  As Harrison had intended, the album defied contemporary musical trends such as hip hop, acid house and synthesised pop; author Alan Clayson likens its release to "a Viking longship docking in a hovercraft terminal"  The album produced two successful singles and went on to achieve triple-platinum certification for sales in the United States  It was nominated for several awards and won the 1990 Grammy Award for Best Rock Performance by a Duo or Group  Liner notes on the album cover were written by Monty Python's Michael Palin under a pseudonym  Palin's essay was based on an idea by Derek Taylor, who wrote an extensive fictional history of the Wilburys family that otherwise went unused  Harrison planned a feature film about the band, to be produced by HandMade and directed by David Leland, but contractual problems ended the project 

Orbison's death, "Nobody's Child" and Vol  3
Roy Orbison died of a heart attack on 6 December 1988  In tribute to him, the music video for the band's second single, "End of the Line", shows a black and white framed photo of Orbison and his guitar is shown, rocking in a chair, whenever his vocals are heard  Lynne recalled that Orbison's death in the wake of Vol  1's success was "the most sickening thing to me"  He added: "I was devastated for ages     Me and Roy had had plans to do much more together, and his voice was in really good shape  It was just so sad for that to happen " Although there was speculation in the press that Del Shannon or Roger McGuinn might join the Wilburys, the remaining members never considered replacing Orbison  Lynne later said: "We'd become this unit, we were all good pals … We always knew we were going to do another one, and now it's just the four of us "Harrison was the most active in promoting the Wilburys, carrying out interviews well into 1989  He said he was "wait[ing] for all the other Wilburys to finish being solo artists" so that they could renew the collaboration  By contrast, according to author Clinton Heylin, Dylan appeared to give the band little attention as he focused on re-establishing himself as a live performer before recording his 1989 album Oh Mercy In March 1990, Harrison, Lynne, Petty and Dylan reunited to work on a second Wilburys album, which they intentionally misnumbered Traveling Wilburys Vol  3  It was preceded by a non-album single, a cover of "Nobody's Child", which the band recorded for Olivia Harrison's Romanian Angel Appeal charity project  The duration of the main album sessions was again dictated by Dylan's touring schedule and limited availability  Having asked Dylan to record a lead vocal for all the songs before his departure, Harrison was then loath to replace many of the parts, resulting in a greater prominence for Dylan as a lead singer  Although he ceded his own role as a lead vocalist to Dylan and to Petty, Harrison took over more of the production and contributed more prominently as a lead guitarist than before  Petty described the album as "a little more rough and ready, a bit more raucous" than Vol  1, while Dylan said the new songs were more developed as compositions relative to the "scraped up from jam tapes" approach to the band's debut Vol  3 was released on 29 October 1990  It was dedicated to Orbison, as "Lefty Wilbury", the pseudonym that Orbison had used in 1988 in honour of his hero Lefty Frizzell  The album met with less success than the previous one  According to Mo Ostin, the choice of album title came about through "George being George"; apparently Harrison was making a wry reference to the appearance of a bootleg that served as a sort of Volume 2  The album's liner notes were written by Eric Idle, another Python member, who again adopted a pseudonym  For the band's final single, "Wilbury Twist", they filmed a video in which Idle, John Candy and other comedic actors attempt to master the song's eponymous dance style  The clip was filmed in Los Angeles and completed on 28 February 1991 

After the Wilburys
According to Jim Keltner, the decision on the group's future after Vol  3 lay with Harrison  Keltner said that from his conversations with Lynne, Petty and Dylan, they were all keen to reunite, whereas Harrison wavered in his enthusiasm  While Harrison was against the idea of touring, Petty recalled: "I kept getting down on my knees in front of George, saying, 'Please, it's so much money!'"After his 1991 tour of Japan – his first series of concerts since 1974 – Harrison spoke of a possible Traveling Wilburys tour:

That would be something I'd like to experience  I've always played around in my own mind what a Wilburys tour could be  Would each person do a solo set and then do Wilburys at the end, or would we all go right on from beginning to end and make everything Wilburys? It's an intriguing thought  We could have a great band up there and the four of us could play acoustic if we wanted to  We could all sing "Blowin' in the Wind" and Bob could sing "Something"  Or we could just sing our individual songs and make them Wilbury tunes, as if we'd recorded them that way  Whatever it was, we could do it 
The Wilburys tour never came about  Petty said about the Wilburys touring:

I think it would work, if we wanted to do it  I don't think we ever considered it, really  There were a lot of nights when the conversation would roll around to that  But I don't think anybody ever took it seriously  I think it would ruin it in a way  Then you're obligated to be responsible and it's not in the character of that group  It would make it very formal and that would be the wrong spirit 

Legacy and influence
In the Rolling Stone Press book The New Rolling Stone Encyclopedia of Rock & Roll, the Traveling Wilburys are described as "the ultimate supergroup", with a line-up that represented four eras of rock music history and included "three indisputable gods" in Dylan, Harrison and Orbison  The editors also recognise the band as "the antithesis of a supergroup", due to the musicians' adoption of fraternal alter egos and the humour inherent in the project  AllMusic managing editor Stephen Thomas Erlewine has similarly written: "It's impossible to picture a supergroup with a stronger pedigree than that (all that's missing is a Rolling Stone), but in another sense it's hard to call the Wilburys a true supergroup, since they arrived nearly two decades after the all-star craze of the '70s peaked, and they never had the self-important air of nearly all the other supergroups  That, of course, was the key to their charm …" Speaking to music journalist Paul Zollo in 2004, Petty agreed that humour and self-effacement had been key factors in the Wilburys' success, adding: "We wanted to make something good in a world that seemed to get uglier and uglier and meaner and meaner … And I'm really proud that I was part of it  Because I do think that it brought a little sunshine into the world "Harrison said the project was an opportunity to "put a finger up to the rules" by challenging the norms associated with the music industry  Discussing the Wilburys in Peter Bogdanovich's 2007 documentary Runnin' Down a Dream, Petty said that one of the strengths behind the concept was that it was free of any intervention from record company, management or marketing concerns, and instead developed naturally from a spirit of co-operation and mutual admiration among five established artists  Author Simon Leng recognises the venture as primarily a channel through which Harrison and Dylan could escape the restrictions of their serious media images, but also, in its guise as a "phantom band", a development by Harrison of the Rutles' satirical approach to the Beatles' legacy, in this case by "de-mythologizing" rock history Inspired by the Traveling Wilburys' success and particularly its benefit to Petty and Orbison as artists, Lenny Waronker encouraged American guitarist Ry Cooder to form the band Little Village and record for Warner Bros  The group – comprising Cooder, Keltner, John Hiatt and Nick Lowe – released a self-titled album in 1992  Greg Kot of the Chicago Tribune described the Notting Hillbillies' Missing     Presumed Having a Good Time as a Traveling Wilburys-type side project for Mark Knopfler of Dire Straits  Writing in New York magazine in late 1990, Elizabeth Wurtzel cited the Notting Hillbillies' album and the self-titled debut by Hindu Love Gods – a band consisting of Warren Zevon and members of R E M  – as examples of a trend whereby, following the Wilburys' Vol  1, "more and more albums seem to be the rock-and-roll equivalents of bowling night "Writing in The Encyclopedia of Popular Music, Colin Larkin cites the Wilburys' contemporary skiffle as evidence of Lonnie Donegan's continued influence on popular music long after the early 1960s  In his book Lonnie Donegan and the Birth of British Rock & Roll, Patrick Humphries describes the Wilburys as "a makeshift quintet whose roots were firmly and joyously planted in low-key, low-tech skiffle music"  He credits the band with inspiring a brief revival of Donegan's "DIY skiffle", which included Knopfler's Notting Hillbillies  Each member of the Traveling Wilburys has been inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame, although the band itself has not been inducted  Orbison and Dylan were inducted as solo artists, Harrison was inducted as a member of the Beatles and, posthumously, as a solo artist, Petty as the leader of Tom Petty and the Heartbreakers, and Lynne as a member of the Electric Light Orchestra 

Catalogue reissue and Genesis Publications book
In the late 1990s and early 2000s, the two Traveling Wilburys albums had limited availability and were out of print in most areas  Harrison, as primary holder of the rights, did not reissue them before his death  In June 2007, the two albums were reissued as The Traveling Wilburys Collection, a box set including both albums on CD (with bonus tracks) and a DVD featuring a 25-minute documentary entitled The True History of the Traveling Wilburys and a collection of music videos  The box set was released in three editions; the standard edition, with both CDs and DVD in a double Digipak package and a 16-page booklet; a "deluxe" boxed edition with the CDs and DVD and an extensive 40-page booklet, artist postcards, and photographs; or a "deluxe" boxed edition on vinyl  This version omits the DVD, but adds a 12-inch vinyl disc with rare versions of the songs 
The release debuted at number 1 in the UK and topped the albums chart in Australia, Ireland and other countries  On the US Billboard 200 it reached number 9  The collection sold 500,000 copies worldwide during the first three weeks and remained in the UK top 5 for seven weeks after its release 
In November 2009, Genesis Publications, a company with which Harrison had been associated since the late 1970s, announced the release of a limited edition fine-bound book titled The Traveling Wilburys  Compiled by Olivia Harrison, the book includes rare photographs, recording notes, handwritten lyrics, sketches, and first-hand commentary on the band's history, together with a foreword by Lynne  Petty, Lynne, Olivia Harrison, Barbara Orbison, Keltner and Idle were among those who attended the US launch at a Beverly Hills bookshop in March 2010  In an interview to publicise the book, Lynne expressed his sadness at the deaths of Harrison and Orbison, and reflected: "The Wilburys was such a wonderful band, such a marvellous thing to be part of  They were the best people I could ever wish to work with  Every day was like, 'Wow!'     it was fun from day one "

Line-ups
Musicians
Volume 1"Nelson Wilbury" – George Harrison
"Otis Wilbury" – Jeff Lynne
"Lefty Wilbury" – Roy Orbison
"Charlie T  Wilbury, Jr " – Tom Petty
"Lucky Wilbury" – Bob DylanVolume 3"Spike Wilbury" – George Harrison
"Clayton Wilbury" – Jeff Lynne
"Muddy Wilbury" – Tom Petty
"Boo Wilbury" – Bob DylanJim Keltner, the session drummer and percussionist, was not officially listed as a Wilbury on either album, but was given the nickname "Buster Sidebury"  Overdubs on the 2007 bonus tracks "Maxine" and "Like a Ship" were credited to "Ayrton Wilbury", a pseudonym for Dhani Harrison  The name Ayrton was used in honour of F1 driver Ayrton Senna  Jim Horn and Ray Cooper played saxophones and percussion, respectively, on both albums  The lead guitar part on the Vol  3 track "She's My Baby" was played by rock guitarist Gary Moore, who received the credit "Ken Wilbury" 

Further Wilbury appellation
Harrison appeared as Nelson Wilbury on Warner Bros  Records' Christmas 1988 promotional album Winter Warnerland (which also included Paul Reubens as "Pee Wee Wilbury")  In 1992, in his capacity as producer, Harrison credited himself as "Spike and Nelson Wilbury" on his live album Live in Japan  During that Japanese tour, in December 1991, Harrison credited himself as Nakihama Wilbury  The Tom Petty and the Heartbreakers 1992 single "Christmas All Over Again" contained a greeting that read "Merry Christmas from Nelson and Pee Wee Wilbury"  Additionally, at Tom Petty Celebration in 2019, Roy Orbison Jr  was dubbed "Lefty Wilbury Jr " and Alex Orbison as "Ginger Wilbury"  The Harrison-made film promoting the Traveling Wilburys, Whatever Wilbury Wilbury, lists the following credits: "Cecil Bidet Wilbury" (directed by), "Lenny W  Wilbury" (sound), "Chopper Wilbury" (editor), "Edison Wilbury" (lighting), "Evelyn Wilbury" (wardrobe), "Clyde B  Wilbury" (special effects), "Big Mac Wilbury" (catering), "Zsa Zsa Wilbury" (make-up) and "Tell M  Wilbury" (production manager)  A squirrel is named "Eddie Wilbury" in that film as well 

Discography
Studio albums
Box sets
Singles
Other charted songs
Other collaborations between members
Notes
Context 2: Passage 1:
Joy S  Burns
Joy S  Burns was the president and CEO of the D C  Burns Realty and Trust Company and the owner of the Burnsley Hotel  She was involved in the Denver, Colorado, community and served on a number of boards, including the Denver Metro Convention and Visitor's Bureau; Sportswomen of Colorado, Inc ; the Denver Center for the Performing Arts; and the Metropolitan Football Stadium District  Burns was also a founder of the Colorado Women's Foundation and of the Colorado Business Bank  She was inducted into the Colorado Business Hall of Fame in 1998, the Colorado Tourism and Travel Hall of Fame in 1999, and the Colorado Women's Hall of Fame in 2000 
Burns' work with the University of Denver started in 1972 when she began volunteering with the Women's Library Association  In 1981, she joined the board of trustees  Nine years later she became chairman of the board, becoming the first woman to hold the post  She has been a trustee for 30 years and supported the Joy Burns Arena at the Ritchie Center and the Joy Burns Plaza in the Newman Center for the Performing Arts  In addition, she supports the Franklin L  Burns School of Real Estate and Construction Management, named after her late husband  Burns was inducted into the University of Denver Athletic Hall of Fame in 1997  She was also the recipient of the 2005 DU Josef Korbel Humanitarian Award and the 2008 award for Distinguished Service to the university 
Burns died in 2020 at age 92 
Passage 2:
Denver Broncos
The Denver Broncos are a professional American football franchise based in Denver, Colorado  The Broncos compete in the National Football League (NFL) as a member club of the league's American Football Conference (AFC) West division  The team is headquartered in Dove Valley, Colorado 
The team began play in 1960 as a charter member of the American Football League (AFL) and joined the NFL as part of the merger in 1970  The Broncos are currently owned by the Walton-Penner group, and play their home games at Empower Field at Mile High; Denver previously played its home games at Mile High Stadium from its inception in 1960 through the 2000 season 
The Broncos were barely competitive during their 10-year run in the AFL and their first seven years in the NFL  They did not have a winning season until 1973 and qualified for their first playoffs in 1977, eventually advancing to Super Bowl XII that season  Since 1975, the Broncos have become one of the NFL's most successful teams, having suffered only eleven losing seasons  They have won eight AFC Championships (1977, 1986, 1987, 1989, 1997, 1998, 2013, 2015), and three Super Bowl championships (1997 (XXXII), 1998 (XXXIII), 2015 (50), and share the NFL record for most Super Bowl losses (5 — tied with the New England Patriots)  The Broncos have eight primary members enshrined in the Pro Football Hall of Fame: John Elway, Floyd Little, Shannon Sharpe, Gary Zimmerman, Terrell Davis, Champ Bailey, and Steve Atwater, along with late club owner Pat Bowlen 

Franchise history
Bob Howsman/Gerald Phipps era (1960–1980)
The Denver Broncos were founded on August 14, 1959, when minor league baseball owner Bob Howsam was awarded an American Football League (AFL) charter franchise  The Broncos won the first-ever AFL game over the Boston Patriots 13–10, on September 9, 1960  Seven years later on August 5, 1967, they became the first-ever AFL team to defeat an NFL team, with a 13–7 win over the Detroit Lions in a preseason game  However, the Broncos were not successful in the 1960s, winning more than five games only once (7–7, 1962), compiling a 39–97–4 ( 293) record during the ten seasons of the AFL Denver came close to losing its franchise in 1965, until a local ownership group took control, and rebuilt the team  The team's first superstar, "Franchise" Floyd Little, was instrumental in keeping the team in Denver, due to his signing in 1967 as well as his Pro Bowl efforts on and off the field  The Broncos were the only original AFL team that never played in the title game, as well as the only original AFL team never to have a winning season while a member of the AFL during the upstart league's 10-year history In 1972, the Broncos hired former Stanford University coach John Ralston as their head coach  In 1973, he was the UPI's AFC Coach of the Year, after Denver achieved its first winning season at 7–5–2  In five seasons with the Broncos, Ralston guided the team to three winning seasons  Though Ralston finished the 1976 season with a 9–5 record, the team, as was the case in Ralston's previous winning seasons, still missed the playoffs  Following the season, several prominent players publicly voiced their discontent with Ralston, which soon led to his resignation 

Red Miller, a long-time assistant coach, was hired and along with the Orange Crush Defense (a nickname originated in 1977, also the brand of the popular orange-flavored soft drink) and aging quarterback Craig Morton, took the Broncos to what was then a record-setting 12–2 regular-season record and their first playoff appearance in 1977, and ultimately made their first Super Bowl appearance in Super Bowl XII, in which they were defeated by the Dallas Cowboys (Morton's former team), 27–10 

Edgar Kaiser/Pat Bowlen era (1981–2018)
In 1981, Broncos' owner Gerald Phipps, who had purchased the team in May 1961 from the original owner Bob Howsam, sold the team to Canadian financier Edgar Kaiser Jr , grandson of shipbuilding industrialist Henry J  Kaiser  In 1984, the team was purchased by another Canadian, Pat Bowlen, who placed team ownership into a family trust sometime before 2004 and remained in day-to-day control until his battle with Alzheimer's disease forced him to cede the team to Joe Ellis in 2014 

Dan Reeves years (1981–1992)
Dan Reeves became the youngest head coach in the NFL when he joined the Broncos in 1981 as vice president and head coach  Quarterback John Elway, who played college football at Stanford, arrived in 1983 via a trade  Originally drafted by the Baltimore Colts as the first pick of the draft, Elway proclaimed that he would shun football in favor of baseball (he was drafted by the New York Yankees to play center field and was also a pitching prospect), unless he was traded to a selected list of other teams, which included the Broncos  Prior to Elway, the Broncos had over 24 different starting quarterbacks in its 23 seasons to that point 

Reeves and Elway guided the Broncos to six post-season appearances, five AFC West divisional titles, three AFC championships and three Super Bowl appearances (Super Bowl XXI, XXII and XXIV) during their 12-year span together  The Broncos lost Super Bowl XXI to the New York Giants, 39–20; Super Bowl XXII to the Washington Redskins, 42–10; and Super Bowl XXIV to the San Francisco 49ers, 55–10; the latter score remains the most lopsided scoring differential in Super Bowl history  The last year of the Reeves-Elway era were marked by feuding, due to Reeves taking on play-calling duties after ousting Elway's favorite offensive coordinator Mike Shanahan after the 1991 season, as well as Reeves drafting quarterback Tommy Maddox out of UCLA instead of going with a wide receiver to help Elway  Reeves was fired after the 1992 season and replaced by his protégé and friend Wade Phillips, who had been serving as the Broncos' defensive coordinator  Phillips was fired after a mediocre 1994 season, in which management felt he lost control of the team 

Mike Shanahan years (1995–2008)
In 1995, Mike Shanahan, who had formerly served under Reeves as the Broncos' offensive coordinator, returned as head coach  Shanahan drafted rookie running back Terrell Davis  In 1996, the Broncos were the top seed in the AFC with a 13–3 record, dominating most of the teams that year  The fifth-seeded Jacksonville Jaguars, however, upset the Broncos 30–27 in the divisional round of the playoffs, ending the Broncos' 1996 run 

Super Bowl XXXII champions (1997)
During the 1997 season, Elway and Davis helped guide the Broncos to their first Super Bowl victory, a 31–24 win over the defending champion Green Bay Packers in Super Bowl XXXII  Though Elway completed only 13 of 22 passes, throwing one interception and no touchdowns (he did, however, have a rushing touchdown), Davis rushed for 157 yards and a Super Bowl-record three touchdowns to earn the Super Bowl Most Valuable Player Award—this while overcoming a severe migraine headache that caused him blurred vision 

Super Bowl XXXIII champions (1998)
The Broncos repeated as Super Bowl champions the following season, defeating the Atlanta Falcons (led by Elway's longtime head coach Dan Reeves) in Super Bowl XXXIII, 34–19  Elway was named Super Bowl MVP, completing 18 of 29 passes for 336 yards, with an 80-yard touchdown to wide receiver Rod Smith and one interception 
John Elway retired following the 1998 season, and Brian Griese started at quarterback for the next four seasons  After a 6–10 record in 1999, mostly due to a season-ending injury to Terrell Davis, the Broncos recovered in 2000, earning a Wild Card playoff berth, but losing to the eventual Super Bowl champion Baltimore Ravens  After missing the playoffs the following two seasons, former Arizona Cardinals' quarterback Jake Plummer replaced Griese in 2003, and led the Broncos to two straight 10–6 seasons, earning Wild Card playoff berths both years  However, the Broncos went on the road to face the Indianapolis Colts in back-to-back seasons and were blown out by more than 20 points in each game, allowing a combined 90 points In the years following the back-to-back championships, a league investigation revealed that the team had cheated the salary cap in both seasons and the 1996 season by deferring additional money to Elway and Davis outside of the salary cap  In addition, they purposefully avoided waiving certain players before a certain date  Denver claimed the moves did not give them additional competitive avantage  Between two separate punishments, they were stripped of their third-round picks in both the 2002 and 2005 drafts and fined nearly $2 million combined Plummer led the Broncos to a 13–3 record in 2005 and their first AFC West division title since 1998  After a first-round bye, the Broncos defeated the defending Super Bowl champion New England Patriots, 27–13, denying New England from becoming the first NFL team ever to win three consecutive Super Bowl championships  They were the first team to beat the Patriots in the playoffs during the Tom Brady era  The Broncos' playoff run came to an end the next week, after losing at home to the Pittsburgh Steelers in the AFC Championship game, 34–17  The Steelers went on to win Super Bowl XL 
The Broncos' defense began the first five games of the 2006 season allowing only one touchdown - an NFL record that still stands  ESPN commentator and Super Bowl-winning QB Joe Theismann gave the 2006 defense the name “Bad Blue” on Monday Night Football as they played the Ravens  However, the team struggled down the season stretch  Plummer led the team to a 7–2 record, but struggled individually with inconsistent performance and more interceptions than touchdown passes  As a result, he would be replaced by rookie quarterback Jay Cutler  Cutler went 2–3 as a starter, and the Broncos finished with a 9–7 record, losing the tiebreaker to the Kansas City Chiefs for the final playoff spot  Cutler's first full season as a starter in 2007 became the Broncos' first losing season since 1999, with a 7–9 record 
The 2008 season ended in a 52–21 loss at the San Diego Chargers, giving the Broncos an 8–8 record and their third straight season out of the playoffs  Mike Shanahan, the longest-tenured and most successful head coach in Broncos' franchise history, was fired after 14 seasons 

Josh McDaniels years (2009–2010)
On January 11, 2009, two weeks after Shanahan was fired, the Broncos hired former New England Patriots' offensive coordinator Josh McDaniels as the team's new head coach  Three months later, the team acquired quarterback Kyle Orton as part of a trade that sent Jay Cutler to the Chicago Bears 
Under McDaniels and Orton, the Broncos jumped out to a surprising 6–0 start in 2009  However, the team lost eight of their next ten games, finishing 8–8 for a second consecutive season and missing the playoffs  The next season (2010), the Broncos set a new franchise record for losses in a single season, with a 4–12 record  McDaniels was fired before the end of the 2010 season following a combination of the team's poor record and the fallout from a highly publicized videotaping scandal  Running backs coach Eric Studesville was named interim coach for the final four games of the 2010 season  He chose to start rookie first-round draft choice Tim Tebow at quarterback for the final three games 

John Fox years (2011–2014)
Following the 2010 season, Joe Ellis was promoted from Chief Operating Officer to team president, while John Elway returned to the organization as the team's Executive Vice President of Football Operations  In addition, the Broncos hired John Fox as the team's 14th head coach  Fox previously served as the Carolina Panthers' head coach from 2002 to 2010 Following a 1–4 start to the 2011 season, Tim Tebow replaced Kyle Orton as the Broncos' starting quarterback, and “Tebow Time” was born  Tebow led the Broncos with toughness, determination and miraculous come-from-behind victories which gave the Broncos hope and were the catalyst for better things to come  Tebow led the Broncos to an 8–8 record and garnered the team's first playoff berth and division title since 2005  The Broncos defeated the Pittsburgh Steelers in the Wild Card round on a memorable 80-yard touchdown pass from Tebow to wide receiver Demaryius Thomas on the first play of overtime, setting a record for the fastest overtime in NFL history  However, the Broncos lost to the New England Patriots in the Divisional round In March 2012, the Broncos reached an agreement on a five-year, $96 million contract with former longtime Indianapolis Colts' quarterback Peyton Manning, who had recently missed the entire 2011 season following multiple neck surgeries  This resulted in the Broncos subsequently trading incumbent quarterback Tim Tebow to the New York Jets  The Broncos finished with a 13–3 record and the AFC's No  1 seed in the 2012 playoffs, but were defeated by the Baltimore Ravens in the Divisional round Like in 2012, the 2013 Broncos finished with a 13–3 record and the AFC's No  1 seed  The Broncos broke all offensive records and QB Peyton Manning shattered many QB records that season as well  In the 2013 playoffs, they defeated the San Diego Chargers in the Divisional round and the New England Patriots in the AFC Championship  However, the Broncos lost to the Seattle Seahawks in Super Bowl XLVIII by a score of 43–8, the Broncos' first Super Bowl berth since winning back-to-back Super Bowls in 1997 and 1998 
Prior to the start of the 2014 season, the Broncos announced that Pat Bowlen, the team's owner since 1984, relinquished control of the team due to his battle with Alzheimer's disease, resulting in team president Joe Ellis and general manager John Elway assuming control of the team  The Broncos finished the 2014 season with a 12–4 record and the AFC's No  2 seed  However, the Broncos were defeated by the Indianapolis Colts in the Divisional round of the 2014 playoffs, marking the third time in four seasons that the Broncos lost in the Divisional round of the playoffs  Quarterback Peyton Manning had been playing with strained quadriceps for the final month of the 2014 season 

Gary Kubiak years (2015–2016)
On January 12, 2015, one day after the divisional playoff loss to the Colts, the Broncos and head coach John Fox mutually agreed to part ways  Fox left the Broncos with a  719 winning percentage in his four seasons as the Broncos' head coach—the highest in franchise history  One week later, the Broncos hired Gary Kubiak as the team's 15th head coach  Kubiak served as a backup quarterback to executive vice president/general manager John Elway from 1983 to 1991, as well as the Broncos' offensive coordinator from 1995 to 2005 

Super Bowl 50 champions (2015)
Shortly after Kubiak became head coach, the Broncos underwent numerous changes to their coaching staff and players, including the hiring of defensive coordinator, defensive mastermind Wade Phillips, under whom the Broncos' defense went from middle of the road to being ranked No  1 in the NFL  By the 2015 season, it would go on to be considered one of the greatest NFL defenses of all time - along with the 1985 Bears, 2000 Ravens and 2002 Buccaneers  The Broncos finished with a 12–4 record and the AFC's No  1 seed, despite Peyton Manning having his worst statistical season since his rookie year with the Indianapolis Colts in 1998  Backup quarterback Brock Osweiler started the last six games of the regular season due to Manning suffering from a foot injury  Manning led the Broncos throughout the playoffs  The Broncos defeated the Pittsburgh Steelers 23–16 in the Divisional Round and the New England Patriots 20–18 in the AFC Championship  They were victorious against the Carolina Panthers 24–10 in Super Bowl 50 for their third Super Bowl title On March 7, 2016, quarterback Peyton Manning retired after 18 NFL seasons during a press conference at the team's Dove Valley headquarters Following Manning's retirement, the Broncos scrambled to find the team's next starting quarterback after backup quarterback Brock Osweiler departed on a four-year contract to the Houston Texans  The Broncos acquired Mark Sanchez from the Philadelphia Eagles and selected Paxton Lynch during the 2016 draft  Sanchez, Lynch and second-year quarterback Trevor Siemian competed for the starting quarterback spot during the off-season and preseason  Prior to the regular season, Sanchez was released and Siemian was named the starter  The Broncos finished the season 9–7 and missed the playoffs for the first time since 2010 
On January 2, 2017, coach Gary Kubiak announced his retirement, citing health as the main reason for retiring  The Broncos hired Miami Dolphins defensive coordinator Vance Joseph as head coach on January 11, 2017  The Broncos finished 5–11 in 2017 as a result of an unimpressive offense led by a quarterback committee of Trevor Siemian, Brock Osweiler, and Paxton Lynch 
In an effort to address poor production from the offense, the Broncos signed quarterback Case Keenum on March 14, 2018, and traded away Trevor Siemian to the Minnesota Vikings on March 19, 2018 
On May 1, 2018, the Broncos signed local undrafted free agent running back Phillip Lindsay, who became a fan favorite due to his underdog mentality, explosive play style and local roots  Lindsay became the first undrafted player in NFL history with 100+ scrimmage yards in each of their first two games and on December 18, 2018, Lindsay was voted to the 2019 Pro Bowl, making him the first undrafted offensive rookie in NFL history to be voted to a Pro Bowl After getting off to a strong start, their 2018 season was up and down, eventually finishing with a 6–10 record and placing third in the AFC West  Coupled with the 5–11 season in 2017, the Broncos had back-to-back losing seasons for the first time since 1971–1972  Shortly after the conclusion of the regular season, head coach Vance Joseph was fired after recording a poor 11–21 record in two seasons 

Vic Fangio years (2019–2021)
On January 10, 2019, the Broncos hired Chicago Bears defensive coordinator Vic Fangio to become the 17th head coach in franchise history  Fangio was chosen over Mike Munchak, the Broncos' offensive line coach  Fangio received a four-year contract with a team option for an additional season On February 13, 2019, Joe Flacco was announced as the new starting quarterback  On October 6, 2019, the Broncos defeated the Los Angeles Chargers for their 500th win, bringing their win–loss record to 500–432 On December 1, 2019, the Broncos started Mizzou rookie quarterback Drew Lock for the first time  He led the Broncos to a 4–1 record to end the 2019 season  The Broncos finished 2nd place in the AFC West Division at 7–9, missing the playoffs for a fourth consecutive year  In five games, Lock finished with 1,020 passing yards, seven touchdowns, and three interceptions 
Due to the COVID-19 pandemic, the 2020 NFL season did not have a preseason or full training camps, which likely contributed to an abnormally large amount of injuries that plagued the Broncos and other NFL teams  Star linebacker Von Miller suffered a season-ending ankle tendon injury before the regular season started, and starting wide receiver Courtland Sutton suffered a season-ending torn ACL during a week two game 
On November 29, 2020, after all three of the Broncos' quarterbacks were placed in COVID-19 protocol, the Broncos were forced to turn to undrafted wide receiver and former college quarterback Kendall Hinton as the emergency quarterback  Hinton completed only one pass for 13 yards in 9 attempts—the fewest pass completions in a single game in franchise history—and was intercepted twice  The Broncos' only scoring play was a 58-yard field goal by placekicker Brandon McManus in a 31–3 loss to the New Orleans Saints  In July 2021, the Pro Football Hall of Fame announced that Hinton's quarterback wristband would be added to the Hall of Fame as part of a display The Broncos finished the 2020 season with a record of 5–11, last in the AFC West, and missed the playoffs for the fifth consecutive year 
Following another season of uninspiring quarterback performances, the Broncos were the subject of multiple quarterback trade rumors during the 2021 offseason  Aaron Rodgers and Deshaun Watson were two names rumored to be of interest for the Broncos, but ultimately the Broncos traded for quarterback Teddy Bridgewater on April 28, 2021  Bridgewater won the subsequent quarterback competition between himself and Drew Lock during the preseason, and he was named the Broncos' starting quarterback on August 25, 2021 
The Broncos also made notable improvements in the defensive secondary, signing former All-Pro cornerback Kyle Fuller and cornerback Ronald Darby, as well as drafting Alabama cornerback Patrick Surtain II with the ninth overall pick in the 2021 NFL Draft  Running back Phillip Lindsay was replaced by UNC rookie running back Javonte Williams, who was drafted in the second round of the 2021 NFL Draft by the Broncos 
On October 31, 2021, Peyton Manning (who won two AFC Championships, Super Bowl 50, and an NFL MVP during his four seasons as a Bronco) was inducted to the Broncos' Ring of Fame during a game against Washington On November 1, 2021, the Broncos traded franchise legend Von Miller to the Los Angeles Rams in exchange for a 2nd and 3rd round pick in the 2022 NFL Draft  At the time of the trade, Miller was the longest-tenured Bronco on the team, and the only remaining non-special teams player from Denver's Super Bowl 50 roster 
After another mediocre performance in the 2021 season with the Broncos going 7–10, head coach Vic Fangio was dismissed on January 8, 2022, after losing to the Kansas City Chiefs  The Broncos announced the hiring of Green Bay Packers offensive coordinator Nathaniel Hackett as head coach on January 27, 2022 The Broncos then announced on February 1, 2022, that they were now up for sale and that they would be parting ways with the Bowlen family, the former owners of the franchise Hackett's first hire as head coach was Justin Outten as offensive coordinator  He was hired on February 2, 2022 
On March 16, 2022, the Broncos traded Drew Lock, Noah Fant, Shelby Harris, Denver's 2022 first-round pick (No  9), its 2022 second-round pick (No  40), its 2023 first- and second-round picks, and its 2022 fifth-round round pick for Russell Wilson and the Seattle Seahawks' 2022 fourth-round pick 

Walton-Penner Era (2022–present)
On June 7, 2022, the Broncos announced that the Walton-Penner family, led by Rob Walton, had entered in an agreement to acquire the Denver Broncos for $4 65 billion (a North American record) subject to approval by the NFL Finance Committee and 3/4 of the league's team owners  The Broncos announced that Condoleezza Rice would join the ownership group on July 11, 2022 On August 10, 2022, the Broncos formally introduced the new ownership group to the media and Denver community  The full group comprises Rob Walton, Carrie Walton Penner, Greg Penner, Mellody Hobson, Condoleezza Rice and Lewis Hamilton On December 26, with the Broncos sitting at 4–11 following a 51–14 Christmas Day loss to the Los Angeles Rams, Hackett was fired and replaced by interim head coach Jerry Rosburg  He became the fifth head coach to not finish his first season after Lou Holtz in 1976, Pete McCulley in 1978, Bobby Petrino in 2007, and Urban Meyer in 2021  Jerry Rosburg was released from the staff on January 25 

Rivalries
Divisional
The Denver Broncos have three AFC West rivals—the Kansas City Chiefs, Las Vegas Raiders and Los Angeles Chargers  All teams, along with the Broncos, were charter members of the American Football League (AFL), with each team placed in the AFL Western Division  The Broncos were barely competitive during the AFL years (1960–69), going a combined 10–49–1 against the Chiefs, Chargers and Raiders 

Kansas City Chiefs
The Broncos have had several memorable matchups with the Chiefs, particularly during the years in which John Elway was the Broncos' starting quarterback (1983–98)  The Broncos defeated the Chiefs at Arrowhead Stadium in the divisional round of the 1997 NFL playoffs, en route to their first Super Bowl victory  The Chiefs currently hold a 69–55 series lead over the Broncos, including the aforementioned 1997 divisional playoff game 

Las Vegas Raiders
The rivalry with the Raiders was ignited in 1977, when the Broncos advanced to their first Super Bowl by defeating the defending champion Raiders in the 1977 AFC Championship  The rivalry intensified in the mid-1990s, when Mike Shanahan was hired as the Broncos' head coach in 1995  Shanahan coached the Raiders in 1988 before being fired four games into the 1989 season  The Raiders currently hold a 70–54–2 series lead over the Broncos, including 1–1 in the playoffs 

Los Angeles Chargers
Unlike their records against the Chiefs and Raiders, the Broncos currently have a winning record against the Chargers, with a 70–54–1 series lead, including 1–0 in the playoffs  The Broncos pulled off one of the largest comebacks in Monday Night Football history, when Peyton Manning led the Broncos from a 24–0 halftime deficit to a 35–24 win at San Diego's Qualcomm Stadium during the 2012 season  The two teams met in the playoffs for the first time on January 12, 2014, at Denver's Sports Authority Field at Mile High, with the Broncos winning 24–17 

Historical
Aside from the aforementioned AFC West teams, the Broncos have had intra-conference rivalries over the years with the Cleveland Browns, Pittsburgh Steelers and New England Patriots   The Broncos and Seattle Seahawks were also former AFC West rivals from 1977 to 2001, after which Seattle was realigned to the NFC West 

Cleveland Browns
The Broncos had a brief rivalry with the Browns that arose from three AFC championship matches in 1986, 1987 and 1989  In the 1986 AFC Championship, quarterback John Elway led The Drive to secure a tie in the waning moments at Cleveland Municipal Stadium; the Broncos went on to win in 23–20 in overtime  One year later, the two teams met again in the 1987 AFC Championship at Mile High Stadium  Denver took a 21–3 lead, but Browns' quarterback Bernie Kosar threw four touchdown passes to tie the game at 31–31 halfway through the 4th quarter  After a long drive, John Elway threw a 20-yard touchdown pass to running back Sammy Winder to give Denver a 38–31 lead  Cleveland advanced to Denver's 8-yard line with 1:12 left, but Broncos' safety Jeremiah Castille stripped Browns' running back Earnest Byner of the football at the 2-yard line—a play that has been called The Fumble by Browns' fans  The Broncos recovered it, gave Cleveland an intentional safety, and went on to win 38–33  The two teams met yet again in the 1989 AFC Championship at Mile High Stadium, which the Broncos easily won by a score of 37–21  The Broncos did not win the Super Bowl after any of the championship games where they defeated the Browns, losing by an aggregate of 136–40 

Pittsburgh Steelers
As of the end of the 2015 season, the Broncos and Steelers have met in postseason play eight times, tied with five other pairings for the second–most frequent playoff matchups in NFL playoff history  The Broncos currently own a 5–3 playoff record vs  the Steelers  Perhaps the most memorable postseason matchup occurred in the 1997 AFC Championship, in which the Broncos defeated the Steelers 24–21 at Three Rivers Stadium, en route to their first Super Bowl victory  Eight years later, the Steelers returned the favor at INVESCO Field at Mile High, defeating the Broncos 34–17 in the 2005 AFC Championship, and subsequently won Super Bowl XL  In the Wild Card round of the 2011 playoffs, in a game dubbed The 3:16 game, the Broncos stunned the Steelers 29–23 on the first play of overtime, when quarterback Tim Tebow connected with wide receiver Demaryius Thomas on an 80-yard game-winning touchdown pass  The teams met again in the Divisional round of the 2015 playoffs at Denver, where the Broncos defeated the Steelers 23–16 on their way to a victory in Super Bowl 50 

New England Patriots
The Broncos and Patriots met twice annually during the American Football League (AFL) years from 1960 to 1969, and played in the first-ever AFL game on September 9, 1960  Since 1995, the two teams have met frequently during the regular season, including nine consecutive seasons from 1995 to 2003  As of the end of the 2015 season, the two teams have met in the playoffs five times, with the Broncos owning a 4–1 record  The teams' first playoff match on January 4, 1987, was John Elway's first career playoff win, while the teams' second playoff match on January 14, 2006, game was the Broncos' first playoff win since Elway's retirement after the 1998 season  The game was also notable for Champ Bailey's 100-yard interception that resulted in a touchdown-saving tackle by Benjamin Watson at the 1-yard line  On October 11, 2009, the two teams met with former Patriots' offensive coordinator, Josh McDaniels as the Broncos' head coach  Both teams wore their AFL 50th anniversary jerseys  The game featured a 98-yard drive in the fourth quarter, with a game-tying touchdown pass from Kyle Orton to Brandon Marshall, followed by an overtime drive led by Orton that resulted in a 41-yard game-winning field goal by Matt Prater  The two teams met in the Divisional round of the 2011 playoffs, with the Patriots blowing out Tim Tebow and the Broncos by a score of 45–10  The Broncos' rivalry with the Patriots later intensified when longtime Indianapolis Colts' quarterback Peyton Manning became the Broncos' starting quarterback from 2012 to 2015  Manning and Patriots' quarterback Tom Brady maintained a legendary rivalry from 2001 until Manning's retirement after the 2015 season  Though Brady dominated Manning in regular season play, winning nine of twelve meetings, Manning won three of five playoff meetings, including the Broncos' 26–16 win in the 2013 AFC Championship and the Broncos' 20–18 win in the 2015 AFC Championship 

Seattle Seahawks
The Broncos had an old rivalry with the Seattle Seahawks, who were members of the AFC West from 1977 to 2001, prior to the Seahawks' move to the NFC West as part of the NFL's 2002 re-alignment  During the 25 years in which the Seahawks resided in the AFC West, the Broncos went 32–18 against the Seahawks, including a loss at Seattle in the 1983 NFL playoffs  Since 2002, the Broncos have won three of five interconference meetings, and the two teams met in Super Bowl XLVIII on February 2, 2014, with the Seahawks winning by a score of 43–8 

Facilities
For most of their history, the Denver Broncos played in Mile High Stadium  The AFL Broncos played at the University of Denver's Hilltop Stadium from time to time, including the first victory of an AFL team over an NFL team: The Broncos beat the Detroit Lions on August 5, 1967, in a preseason game  The team has sold out every home game (including post-season games) since the AFL–NFL merger in 1970, with the exception of two replacement games during the 1987 strike (but both were sold out before the strike) 
During home games, the attendance is announced to the crowd, along with the number of no-shows (the fans subsequently boo the no-shows)  The fans are also known to chant "IN-COM-PLETE!" every time the visiting team throws an incomplete pass  The stadium's legendary home-field advantage is regarded as one of the best in the NFL, especially during the playoffs  The Broncos had the best home record in pro football over a 32-year span from 1974 to 2006 (191–65–1)  Mile High Stadium was one of the NFL's loudest stadiums, with steel flooring instead of concrete, which may have given the Broncos an advantage over opponents, plus the advantage of altitude conditioning for the Broncos  In 2001, the team moved into then-named Invesco Field at Mile High, built next to the former site of the since-demolished Mile High Stadium  Sportswriter Woody Paige, along with many of Denver's fans, however, often refused to call the stadium by its full name, preferring to use "Mile High Stadium" because of its storied history and sentimental import  Additionally, The Denver Post had an official policy of referring to the stadium as simply "Mile High Stadium" in protest, but dropped this policy in 2004 

Prior to the 2011 season, Englewood-based sporting goods retailer Sports Authority claimed the naming rights of Invesco Field, which became known as Sports Authority Field at Mile High  However, in the summer of 2016, Sports Authority went bankrupt, the stadium was renamed Broncos Stadium at Mile High, and the Broncos sought out a naming rights sponsor until September 2019 when they agreed to rename the stadium Empower Field at Mile High The altitude has also been attributed as part of the team's home success  The stadium displays multiple references to the stadium's location of 5,280 feet (1 000 mi) above sea level, including a prominent mural just outside the visiting team's locker room  The team training facility, the UCHealth Training Center (formerly known as the Paul D  Bowlen Memorial Broncos Centre), is a state-of-the-art facility located in Dove Valley  With 13 5 acres (5 5 ha) of property, the facility hosts three full-size fields, a complete weight and training facility, and a cafeteria In their more than half-century of existence, the Broncos have never been shut out at home, a streak of over 400 games as of the 2016 season In late 2012, the Broncos announced that the stadium would receive $30 million upgrades including a new video board in the south end zone three times larger than the previous display  The renovations were finished before kickoff of the 2013 season 

Logos and uniforms
1968–1996
When the Broncos debuted in 1960, their original uniforms drew as much attention as their play on the field  They featured white and mustard yellow jerseys, with contrasting brown helmets, brown pants and vertically striped socks  Two years later, the team unveiled a new logo featuring a bucking horse, and changed their team colors to orange, royal blue and white  The 1962 uniform consisted of white pants, orange helmets, and either orange or white jerseys In 1968, the Broncos debuted a design that became known as the "Orange Crush"  Their logo was redesigned so that the horse was coming out of a "D " Additionally, the helmets were changed to royal blue, with thin stripes placed onto the sleeves, and other minor modifications were added  From 1969 to 1971, and again from 1978 to 1979, the team wore orange pants with their white jerseys  The facemasks became white (from grey) in 1975 
The Broncos wore their white jerseys at home throughout the 1971 season, as well as for 1980 home games vs  the San Diego Chargers and Dallas Cowboys, the latter in hopes to bring out the "blue jersey jinx" which has followed the Cowboys for decades (it worked, the Broncos won 41–20)  The Broncos wore their white jerseys for 1983 home games vs  the Philadelphia Eagles, Los Angeles Raiders and Cincinnati Bengals, but did not wear white at home again for two decades — see next section In 1994, in honor of the 75th anniversary season of the NFL, the Broncos wore their 1965 throwback uniforms for two games—a Week 3 home game against the Raiders, as well a road game at the Buffalo Bills the following week 

1997–2011
The Broncos radically changed their logo and uniforms in 1997, a design that the team continues to use to this day  The new logos and uniforms were unveiled on February 4, 1997  Navy blue replaced royal blue on the team's color scheme  The current logo is a profile of a horse's head, with an orange mane and navy blue outlines  The Broncos' popular live animal mascot Thunder was the inspiration to incorporate a horse-head profile as part of the logo on the team's helmets  During a February 4, 1997, press conference introducing the new logo, the team president and the art director for Nike, who were the creators of the new design, described it as "a powerful horse with a fiery eye and mane "The Broncos began wearing navy blue jerseys, replacing their longtime orange jerseys that had been the team's predominant home jersey color since 1962  This new uniform design features a new word mark, numbering font and a streak that runs up and down the sides of both the jerseys and the pants  On the navy blue jerseys, the streak is orange, with an orange collar and white numerals trimmed in orange, while on the road white jerseys, the streak is navy blue, with a thin orange accent strip on both sides, a navy collar and navy numerals trimmed in orange; the helmet facemasks became navy blue  When they debuted, these uniforms were vilified by the press and fans, until the Broncos won their first-ever Super Bowl in the new design that same season  The navy blue jerseys served as the team's primary home jersey until the end of the 2011 season — see next section In 2002, the Broncos introduced an alternate orange jersey that is a mirror image of the aforementioned navy blue jerseys, but with orange and navy trading places  Like the road white jerseys, the white pants with the navy blue streaks running down the sides are worn with this uniform  This jersey was used only once in the 2002 and 2004 seasons, and were used twice per season from 2008 to 2011  Mike Shanahan, the team's head coach from 1995 to 2008, was not a big fan of the alternate orange jerseys  The Broncos previously wore orange jerseys as a throwback uniform in a Thanksgiving Day game at the Dallas Cowboys in 2001 The team also introduced navy blue pants in 2003, with orange side streaks to match with the navy blue jerseys  Though they were part of the uniform change in 1997 (in fact, they were worn for a couple of 1997 preseason games) and most players wanted to wear them, the only player who vetoed wearing them was John Elway, thereby delaying their eventual introduction  From 2003 to 2011, these pants were primarily used for select prime-time and late-season home games (excluding the 2008 season), and since 2012, are used exclusively with the now-alternate navy blue jerseys — see next section 
On November 16, 2003, the Broncos wore their white jerseys at home for the first time since 1983, in a game vs  the San Diego Chargers  This was compensation for a uniform mix-up, after the teams' first meeting at San Diego's Qualcomm Stadium in Week 2 earlier that season, when the Chargers were the team that was supposed to declare their uniform color  The Chargers were planning to wear their white jerseys, but the visiting Broncos came to the stadium in white, and were fined $25,000 by the NFL as a result  When the two teams met at INVESCO Field at Mile High later that season (Week 11), the NFL allowed the visiting Chargers to choose their uniform color in advance, and they chose navy blue, forcing the Broncos to wear their white jerseys at home In 2009, in honor of their 50th anniversary season as one of the eight original American Football League teams, the Broncos wore their 1960 throwback uniforms (brown helmets, mustard yellow and brown jerseys) for games against two fellow AFL rivals—a Week 5 home game vs  the New England Patriots, as well as the following week at the San Diego Chargers 

2012–present
Beginning in 2012, the orange jerseys that served as the alternate colored jerseys from 2002 to 2011 became the primary home jersey, while the navy blue jerseys that served as the primary home jersey from 1997 to 2011 switched to alternate designation  The change was made due to overwhelming popularity with the fans, who pressured the Broncos to return to orange as the team's primary home jersey color  Since the 2012 uniform change, the team has worn the alternate navy blue jerseys for at least one home game per season, with the exception of 2013, in which the Broncos wore their alternate navy blue uniforms for an October 6, 2013, road game at the Dallas Cowboys, which the Broncos won in a shootout, 51–48  The team will either wear the navy blue or the white pants — with the orange side stripes — to match with the alternate navy blue jerseys  The team initially did not wear the white pants with the orange side stripes, until a November 1, 2015, game vs  the Green Bay Packers, in which the Broncos wore said design in order to match the uniform ensemble that was used during the team's Super Bowl XXXII win over the Packers  On October 30, 2022, the Broncos debuted a new combination of white jerseys and alternate navy blue pants in an NFL London Game at the Jacksonville Jaguars, with mismatched side stripes of navy blue (white jersey) and orange (navy blue pants) As the designated home team in Super Bowl 50, the Broncos — who have a 0–4 Super Bowl record when using their standard orange jerseys — chose to wear their white jerseys as the designated "home" team In 2016, the Broncos' unveiled a new Color Rush uniform, which the team wore for a Thursday Night game at the San Diego Chargers on October 13, 2016  The uniform kit contained the following features: orange pants, which the team wore for the first time since 1979, orange socks and shoes, along with block-style numerals trimmed in navy blue that mirrored the team's 1968–1996 uniform style  Due to the NFL's one-helmet rule implemented in 2013, the helmets remained the same, with the team temporarily replacing the modern primary logo with the throwback "D-horse" logo  The same uniform was used for a Thursday night game against the Indianapolis Colts during the 2017 season and again during a 2018 game against the Pittsburgh Steelers 

Statistics and records
Season-by-season records
Players of note
Current roster
50th Anniversary Team (2009)
The Denver Broncos announced the club's 50th anniversary team on September 15, 2009  The anniversary team was voted on by users at DenverBroncos com from June 6 – September 4, 2009 

Retired numbers
† Note: No  18 was re-issued for Peyton Manning after Tripucka gave his approval; it was used by Manning from the 2012 season until his retirement after the 2015 season  Manning's name was added to the retired number's banner as an honorable mention 

Pro Football Hall of Famers
Ring of Fame
The Broncos have a Ring of Fame on the Level 5 facade of Empower Field at Mile High, which honors the following:

Super Bowl MVPs
Colorado Sports Hall of Fame
Staff and head coaches
Head coaches
The most recent head coach of the Broncos was Nathaniel Hackett  On December 26, 2022, ownership announced that Hackett had been fired after he led the team to a disappointing 4–11 record despite entering the season with high expectations 

Current staff
In the media and popular culture
Tim McKernan, a k a  Barrel Man, began wearing a barrel in 1977 after making a $10 (equivalent to $50 in 2022) bet with his brother, Scott, that by wearing one he could get on television  McKernan won the bet, and the barrel he had painted to look like an Orange Crush soda can became his signature costume, and resulted in him becoming one of the Broncos' most recognized fans and a popular mascot  McKernan died on December 5, 2009 
The animated television show South Park, set in Park County, often mentions the Denver Broncos; show creators Trey Parker and Matt Stone both grew up in Colorado as devout Broncos fans 
In The Simpsons season 5 episode Cape Feare, when the family are to be given new identities, Homer imagines himself as John Elway, scoring a (consolation) touchdown against San Francisco  Conversely, in the 1996 episode "You Only Move Twice", Hank Scorpio gives Homer Simpson the Denver Broncos as a thank-you gift for helping him  However, Homer complains that he wanted to own the Dallas Cowboys, as the Broncos team that just arrived are playing very sloppy football on his front lawn (a reference to the team losing four Super Bowl appearances, three by significant margins including Super Bowl XII against Dallas)  Incidentally, the Broncos were 13–3 in the 1996 season, and won the Super Bowl the next two seasons  Only two seasons later in the Super Bowl-centric episode "Sunday, Cruddy Sunday", Homer chooses Denver as his Super Bowl XXXIII pick over Moe's choice of the Atlanta Falcons  In the episode, "The Bonfire of the Manatees", Homer picks the Broncos to win the Super Bowl over the Seattle Seahawks  The two teams later did play against each other in Super Bowl XLVIII which aired on Fox, the U S  home of The Simpsons; but the result was a Seahawks victory instead 
In the 1979 Mork & Mindy episode "Hold That Mork", Mork's character, played by Robin Williams, became the first male cheerleader in Broncos' history  As a member of the "Pony Express", he trotted out on the field at Mile High Stadium during an actual Broncos' game vs  the New England Patriots on November 11, 1979  The episode aired exactly two weeks later 
Many former Broncos are now in broadcasting, including Shannon Sharpe, Mark Schlereth, Alfred Williams, Tom Jackson, Ed McCaffrey, Brian Griese, David Diaz-Infante, Terrell Davis and Brandon Stokley  Some former Broncos work in radio, KKFN and KDFD in Denver, Colorado 
Former tight end and wide receiver Nate Jackson has written and published two nonfiction books, Slow Getting Up and Fantasy Man  His writing about the NFL has appeared in Slate, Deadspin, The Daily Beast, The New York Times, The Wall Street Journal, and BuzzFeed, among others  Jackson also co-hosts the Caveman Poet Society 

Radio and television
The Broncos' flagship radio station is currently KOA, 850AM, a 50,000-watt station owned by iHeartMedia  Dave Logan is the play-by-play announcer, with former Broncos' wide receiver Ed McCaffrey serving as the color commentator beginning in 2012, replacing Brian Griese  Ed McCaffrey was replaced by Rick Lewis  Until 2010, preseason games not selected for airing on national television were shown on KCNC, channel 4, which is a CBS owned-and-operated station, as well as other CBS affiliates around the Rocky Mountain region  On May 26, 2011, the Broncos announced that KUSA channel 9, an NBC affiliate also known as 9NEWS in the Rocky Mountain region, will be the team's new television partner for preseason games In 2011, the Broncos began a partnership with KJMN, 92 1 FM, a leading Spanish language radio station owned by Entravision Communications (EVC)  The partnership also includes broadcasting rights for a half-hour weekly TV show on KCEC, the local Univision affiliate operated by Entravision Communications 
Passage 3:
List of Denver Broncos first-round draft picks
The Denver Broncos are a professional American football team based in Denver, Colorado  They are members of the American Football Conference West Division in the National Football League (NFL)  The franchise was formed on August 14, 1959, to compete in the American Football League (AFL)  The first AFL Draft was held three months later  The last AFL draft the Broncos participated in was the 1966 draft, due to them joining the NFL as part of the AFL–NFL merger on June 8, 1966 The Broncos first participated in the NFL Annual Player Selection Meeting, more commonly known as the NFL Draft, in 1967  In the NFL Draft, each NFL franchise annually seeks to add new players to its roster  Teams are ranked in reverse order based on the previous season's record; the worst record picks first, the second-worst picking second and so on  The two exceptions to this order are made for teams that appeared in the previous Super Bowl; the Super Bowl champion always picks 32nd, and the Super Bowl loser always picks 31st   Teams have the option of trading away their picks to other teams for different picks, players, cash, or a combination thereof   Thus, it is not uncommon for a team's actual draft pick to differ from their assigned draft pick, or for a team to have extra or no draft picks in any round due to these trades The Broncos selected Roger LeClerc, a placekicker from Trinity College, in the 1960 AFL Draft  In their first NFL Draft, the Broncos selected Floyd Little, a running back from Syracuse University  The Broncos have selected players from the University of Nebraska, University of Florida, and University of Tennessee three times each, the most from any university in the first-round  The team's most recent selections were Tim Tebow, a quarterback from Florida University and Demaryius Thomas, wide receiver from Georgia Tech  Three selections, Floyd Little, Merlin Olsen and Bob Brown, were enshrined in the Pro Football Hall of Fame in 1982 and 2004, respectively  In 1991, Mike Croel became the first Bronco to win the Defensive Rookie of the Year award, receiving 68 out of 82 votes The Broncos' latest first-round pick is University of Alabama cornerback Patrick Surtain II, who they picked 9th overall in the 2021 NFL Draft 

Key
Player selections
Footnotes
a  The Broncos traded their 1965 first-round pick along with defensive tackle Bud McFadin to the Houston Oilers for quarterback Jacky Lee 
b 1 2  On August 15, 1967, the Broncos traded their No  4 overall pick in the 1968 Draft and No  9 overall pick in the 1969 Draft to the San Diego Chargers for quarterback Steve Tensi 
c  On January 28, 1971, the Broncos traded their No  9 overall pick in the 1971 Draft and defensive end Alden Roche to the Green Bay Packers for the No  12 overall pick in the 1971 Draft and quarterback Don Horn 
d  On February 1, 1980, the Broncos traded their No  20 overall pick and a second-round pick in the 1980 Draft along with quarterback Craig Penrose to the New York Jets for quarterback Matt Robinson 
e  The Broncos traded their No  19 overall pick in the 1982 Draft to the Buffalo Bills for the No  21 overall pick and a fourth-round pick in the 1982 Draft 
f  On May 2, 1983, the Broncos traded their No  19 overall pick in the 1984 Draft along with quarterback Mark Herrmann and guard Chris Hinton to the Baltimore Colts for quarterback John Elway 
g  On October 9, 1984, the Broncos traded their No  21 overall pick and third-round pick in 1986 Draft and fifth-round pick in 1987 Draft to the Cincinnati Bengals for the draft rights of Ricky Hunley 
h  On April 23, 1989, the Broncos traded their No  13 overall pick in the 1989 Draft to the Cleveland Browns for the No  20 overall, second, fifth, and ninth-round picks in the 1989 Draft 
i  On July 7, 1989, the Broncos selected Bobby Humphrey in the 1989 Supplemental Draft; as a result, they forfeited their rights to a first-round pick in 1990 Draft 
j  The Broncos traded their No  14 overall pick and a third-round pick in the 1993 Draft to the Cleveland Browns for the No  11 overall pick 
k  On August 23, 1993, the Broncos traded their No  18 overall pick and sixth-round pick in the 1994 draft and a second-round pick in the 1995 draft to the Minnesota Vikings for offensive tackle Gary Zimmerman 
l  On April 24, 1994, the Broncos traded a third-round selection in the 1994 Draft and a first-round pick in the 1995 Draft to the Atlanta Falcons for wide receiver Mike Pritchard and a seventh-round pick in the 1995 Draft 
m  On April 12, 2000, the Broncos traded their No  10 overall pick in the 2000 Draft to the Baltimore Ravens for the No  15 overall pick and a second-round pick in the 2000 Draft 
n  On April 9, 2004, the Broncos traded No  24 overall pick in the 2004 Draft along with cornerback Deltha O'Neal and a fourth-round pick to the Cincinnati Bengals for the No  17 overall pick 
o  On April 19, 2005, the Broncos traded their No  25 overall pick in the 2005 Draft to the Washington Redskins for a third-round pick in the 2005 Draft, No  22 overall and fourth-round picks in the 2006 Draft 
p  On March 21, 2006, the Broncos traded their No  29 overall pick along with a third-round pick in the 2006 Draft and fourth-round pick in the 2007 Draft to the Atlanta Falcons for the No  15 overall pick On April 19, 2006, the Broncos traded their No  22 overall pick to the San Francisco 49ers for second and third-round picks On April 29, 2006, the Broncos traded their No  15 overall pick to the St  Louis Rams for the No  11 overall pick and a third-round pick in the 2006 Draft 
q  On April 28, 2007, the Broncos traded their No  21 overall pick along with a third and sixth-round picks to the Jacksonville Jaguars for the No  17 overall pick 
r  On April 2, 2009, the Broncos traded quarterback Jay Cutler and a fifth-round pick in the 2009 Draft to the Chicago Bears for the No  18 overall pick in the 2009 Draft along with a third-round pick in the 2009 Draft and a first-round pick in the 2010 Draft 
s  On April 22, 2010, the Patriots traded this selection to the Broncos for a first-round selection (24th overall; traded to Dallas, who selected Dez Bryant) and a fourth-round selection it acquired from San Francisco (113th overall; New England selected Aaron Hernandez) 
t  On April 22, 2010, the Ravens traded this selection to the Broncos for a second-round selection it acquired from Miami (43rd overall; Baltimore selected Sergio Kindle), a third-round selection it acquired from Philadelphia (70th overall; Baltimore selected Ed Dickson), and a fourth-round selection (114th overall; Baltimore selected Dennis Pitta) 
Passage 4:
Campbell Field (Colorado)
Campbell Field, officially Marv Kay Stadium at Harry D  Campbell Field, is an American college football stadium located in Golden, Colorado  The stadium serves as the home field of the Colorado Mines Orediggers football team representing the Colorado School of Mines  Campbell Field is one of the oldest football fields in existence, the oldest west of the Mississippi River and the oldest in NCAA Division II   Originally it was a dirt surface all-purpose athletic field in exactly its current configuration, built within a clay pit, a fitting mined-out home for the Orediggers   Its first athletic contest, held on May 20, 1893, was the first annual Colorado Inter-Collegiate Athletic Association Field Day, featuring many athletic contests between the University of Colorado, Colorado A&M, Colorado School of Mines, and the University of Denver, in which Mines claimed the most medals   Its first football game took place on October 7, 1893, a 6-0 Mines victory over the University of Denver   It has been home to the football Orediggers through all but the first five seasons of their existence (their previous home were the now-destroyed grounds at the southeast corner of 19th and Illinois streets in Golden), and has been renovated several times throughout its existence   The field was originally called Athletic Park, renamed Brooks Field after Mines trustee and benefactor Ralph D  Brooks in 1922, and renamed Campbell Field after 1939 undefeated team member and benefactor Harry D  Campbell in 2010   Campbell Field is the oldest football field in the west, the oldest in NCAA Division II football and the 5th oldest college football field in the nation 

Renovations
Historic photographs show Brooks Field as a dirt surface, without grandstands and surrounded by a board fence   Despite such conditions it is known to have hosted crowds of spectators, who could have used nearby slopes to view games from   Later early wooden grandstands were added to the park   In 1922 and 1924 the current grandstands were built by noted local builder William "Cement Bill" Williams   This featured wooden bench seats upon a steel superstructure, with home and visiting locker rooms, public restrooms and refreshment stand beneath   In 1922 the dirt surface was converted to natural grass, part of which was scraped back to dirt surface for a baseball diamond during season each year   Originally home also to the CSM baseball team, it became a primarily football facility in 1937 after baseball was moved to Darden Field just to the west   During the 1930s a Federal Emergency Relief Administration project scooped out the slopes at the west side of Brooks Field to make room to construct a track around the surface, and it has hosted track and field events since   Around the 1980s the grandstands were renovated to cover most wooden benches with metal surfaces and create a central concourse, along with steps down to the field level   In 2010, the field was converted to its third surface, synthetic turf   Plans are underway to replace the 90-year-old grandstands and update the historic field to a state-of-the-art Division II athletic facility, expanding its capacity to 5,000, to be rechristened Marv Kay Stadium at Campbell Field 

Notable Events
Campbell Field has hosted many notable athletes and teams over its many years of play   Although missing out on the legendary 103-0 victory of the Orediggers over the University of Colorado in 1890 as well as their first Colorado Football Association championship in 1891, it has hosted 14 championship football teams and more:

Campbell Field hosted the latter part of the Orediggers' 18-game football winning streak against collegiate teams that spanned from 1888–1894 
The 3rd perfect and 4th unbeaten season of the football Orediggers took place here in its inaugural season in 1893 (5-0-0, CFA Champions) 
Campbell Field hosted the latter half of the football Orediggers' streak of 6 winning seasons from 1888–1894 
CSM's earliest known football loss at Campbell Field took place in 1894 to the University of Colorado (a 20-0 shutout) 
The first live televised football game in the Rocky Mountain region took place here on November 1, 1952, a game between the Orediggers and Idaho State University 
The first live nationally televised football game in the Rocky Mountain region took place here on November 15, 1952, a game between the Orediggers and Colorado College 
The first football playoff game at Campbell Field took place on November 13, 2004 as the Orediggers beat Midwestern State University 

Notable people
Baltimore Colts (held training camp here in 1970)
Leroy Taylor Brown, Olympic silver medalist, men's high jump, Paris 1924 (trained here as Mines graduate student prior to Olympics)
Dutch Clark, Pro football hall of fame (football coach at Mines in 1933)
Dallas Cowboys (held training camp here in the 1970s)
Denver Broncos (held training camp here from 1960–1963)
Chad Friehauf, 2004 Harlon Hill Trophy winner (Mines quarterback)
Roy Hartzell, Major League Baseball utility player, St  Louis Browns, New York Highlanders/Yankees (played semipro ball for Golden Reds here)
Albert E  Jones, Major League Baseball pitcher, Cleveland Spiders, St  Louis Perfectos/Cardinals (played semipro ball for Golden Reds here)
Jack Liddle, Olympic runner, Berlin 1936 (trained here as Mines student prior to Olympics)
Lloyd Madden, National Football League player, Chicago Cardinals (played here as Mines student)
Mark Melancon, Major League Baseball pitcher, New York Yankees, Houston Astros, Boston Red Sox (played here as Golden High School football player)
Elwood Romney, Brigham Young University hall of fame basketball player and All-American, cousin of Mitt Romney (coached freshman football 1936–1939)

Championship Football Teams
The Orediggers have fielded 16 football champion teams within over a century of play:
1891 – Colorado Football Association Champions^1892 – Colorado Football Association Champions^1893 – Colorado Football Association Champions1897 – State Inter-Collegiate League Champions1898 – Colorado Football Association Champions1904 – Colorado Football Association Champions1906 – Colorado Football Association Champions1907 – Colorado Football Association Champions1912 – Rocky Mountain Athletic Conference Champions1914 – Rocky Mountain Athletic Conference Champions1918 – Rocky Mountain Athletic Conference Champions1939 – Rocky Mountain Athletic Conference Champions1942 – Rocky Mountain Athletic Conference Champions1951 – Rocky Mountain Athletic Conference Champions1958 – Rocky Mountain Athletic Conference Co-Champions2004 – Rocky Mountain Athletic Conference Champions2010 – Rocky Mountain Athletic Conference Co-Champions
^Orediggers played at original grounds south of the Mines campus in these seasons
Passage 5:
Rocky Mountain Thunder
The Indoor Professional Football League (IPFL) was the new incarnation of the Professional Indoor Football League (PIFL), which started in 1998   Two of its teams (the Madison Mad Dogs and the Green Bay Bombers) left the league and their owner, Kerry Ecklund, founded the Indoor Football League in 1999   The IPFL led a troubled three-year existence, and died after its 2001 season, with its most successful teams joining up with the National Indoor Football League 
The IPFL was unique among indoor football leagues in that it sanctioned the use of a white football, manufactured by Rawlings, which was easier to see in the artificial lighting conditions  The league's slogan was "Great Football, No Gimmicks" 
In 1999, IPFL was headed by a new commissioner, Mike Storen, and the league offices were moved to Atlanta 

IPFL 1999 teams
Before the Pro Indoor Football League folded, the league was looking into replacing the two folded franchises of Minnesota and Texas and expanding the league back to 8 teams, or even beyond, to 10 or 12, for what was supposed to be its second season   However, the league took a major hit when Madison and Green Bay left the league to form a new league called the Indoor Football League  This left the league with only four teams: Honolulu, Utah, Colorado and Louisiana  The Utah Catzz soon folded as well, leading to the demise of the Pro Indoor Football League  The Pro Indoor Football League was re-formed as the Indoor Professional Football League and the three remaining clubs from the old league; the Hawaii Hammerheads (formerly Honolulu Hurricanes), the Rocky Mountain (Colorado Springs) Thunder (formerly Colorado (Denver) Wildcats) and the Louisiana Bayou Beast were joined by three new franchises in Boise, Idaho; Biloxi, Mississippi; and Austin, Texas  The league was going to have 8 clubs, but the Arizona (Tucson) Mirage and the Syracuse Blitz folded 
Texas Terminators, 12-4
Hawaii Hammerheads, 10-6
Mississippi Fire Dogs, 9-7
Idaho Stallions, 6-10
Louisiana Bayou Beast, 6-10
Rocky Mountain Thunder, 5-11

IPFL 2000 teams
During the off season, the Indoor Professional Football League saw major changes with the loss of three of its charter franchises: Rocky Mountain, Hawaii and Texas  However, the league saw the addition of four new franchises with the fourth new addition expanding the league beyond six franchises  The new clubs were Shreveport-Bossier City, Portland (OR), Omaha and Mobile  The Indoor Professional Football League approved the relocation of the Baton Rouge-based Louisiana Bayou Beast to Alexandria, Louisiana and announced the team would be known as the Louisiana Rangers  The Bayou Beast's relocation to Alexandria left the league with no club still remaining in its city that it started operations in  Mississippi defeated Portland in the championship 
Portland Prowlers, 11-5
Mississippi Fire Dogs, 11-5
Omaha Beef, 8-8
Mobile Seagulls, 8-8
Louisiana Rangers, 9-7
Idaho Stallions, 5-11
Shreveport-Bossier Bombers, 5-11The Fort Wayne Safari was announced as an expansion team for the 2002 season, which never occurred 

IPFL 2001 teams
Championships
By year
By team
Passage 6:
Pat Bowlen
Patrick Dennis Bowlen (February 18, 1944 – June 13, 2019) was a Canadian–American lawyer, executive and the majority owner of the Denver Broncos of the National Football League (NFL), winning three Super Bowls  He was inducted in the Pro Football Hall of Fame for the class of 2019  Bowlen owned other professional sports franchises in the Denver Colorado Area  Bowlen served as the Broncos CEO from 1984 until July 2014, when he stepped down as Broncos' CEO due to the onset and progression of Alzheimer's disease 

Early life
Bowlen was born in Prairie du Chien, Wisconsin to American mother Arvella (née Woods) and Canadian father Paul Dennis Bowlen, who became a millionaire in the Canadian oil business, founding Regent Drilling as a wildcatter  The oil company is now owned by his brother John  Bowlen was Catholic and spent his childhood in Alberta  He then attended Campion High School, a Catholic Jesuit boarding school in his native Wisconsin  Bowlen later earned degrees in business (1965) and law (1968) from the University of Oklahoma  During his time at Oklahoma he played for the Oklahoma Sooners freshman football team as a wide receiver, as well as for the Edmonton Huskies junior football team, where he was part of three Canadian Junior Football League Championship teams from 1962 to 1964 The younger Bowlen became wealthier by becoming a successful lawyer in Edmonton, Alberta  Bowlen also worked as an executive for his father's company and as a real estate developer and had major investments in the mining industry  During his business career in Edmonton his construction company, Batoni-Bowlen Enterprises, built the Northlands Coliseum, which would become home to the WHA/NHL's Edmonton Oilers for 42 years 
Bowlen was an initiated member of the Pi Kappa Alpha International Fraternity  Bowlen was initiated by the University of Oklahoma, Beta Omicron chapter in 1963  Bowlen received bar admission in 1969 and was a member of the Law Society of Alberta and the Canadian Bar Association 

Denver Broncos ownership
Bowlen bought a majority interest in the Denver Broncos of the National Football League in March of 1984 from Vancouver industrialist Edgar Kaiser Jr  The purchase price was said to be $70 million, making the Broncos the highest-priced franchise in the league at the time From 1999 to 2008, Bowlen and the Broncos were involved in several legal battles against former owner Edgar Kaiser Jr  In 1998, Bowlen agreed to sell retired football legend John Elway a share in the team  When Bowlen let the existence of the offer slip out to Kaiser while both were at the 1999 Bohemian Grove, Kaiser sued, claiming a breach of contract  Kaiser asserted that he had the right of first refusal if any deal was made involving franchise ownership  In 2004, a jury ruled in favor of Kaiser and a federal judge decreed that Kaiser was entitled to purchase back 10% of the Broncos using the identical purchase terms offered to Elway  Bowlen appealed the original verdict that ruled in favor of Kaiser and won in 2008, as the appellate court ruled that the structure of the Bowlen-Elway deal did not violate the original right of first refusal agreement On December 30, 2008, Broncos head coach and Vice President of Football Operations Mike Shanahan was fired by Bowlen after a 14-year tenure as the head coach  Bowlen stated he wanted his team to go in a different direction  Bowlen searched for a new head coach over a two-week period and eventually chose Josh McDaniels, who at the time was the offensive coordinator of the New England Patriots  Subsequently, after a losing streak in the 2010 season, McDaniels was fired as head coach of the Broncos  On February 12, 2009, Bowlen appointed Brian Xanders as the team's sole general manager and fired Jim and Jeff Goodman 
Within two weeks of the end of the 2010-11 regular season, Bowlen and the Broncos had hired former Carolina Panthers' coach John Fox to be their new head coach  Although Bowlen had discussions with Fox before the hiring, new front-office executive John Elway was mostly responsible for the hiring  By late 2009, rumors had begun to emerge that Bowlen had stepped out of the spotlight because of short-term memory loss  He told The Denver Post columnist Woody Paige that his memory wasn't what it used to be and that he couldn't recall details of the Broncos back-to-back Super Bowl titles in the late 1990s  Starting in 2010, Bowlen no longer played a major role in the Broncos' decision making, and Executive VP John Elway and President Joe Ellis assumed control  On July 23, 2014, due to complications with Alzheimer's disease, he officially relinquished control of the team to Joe Ellis On November 1, 2015, Bowlen was inducted into the Broncos' Ring of Fame, earning him a bronze plaque that stands on the south side of Empower Field at Mile High After Bowlen acquired the team in 1984, the Broncos briefly held the highest winning percentage of any franchise in the National Football League (334 wins, 212 losses, and 1 tie, for a  612 winning percentage), passing the San Francisco 49ers after the 2015 season  At the time of Bowlen's death, the New England Patriots had surpassed that figure 

Colorado Crush ownership
Besides being owner and CEO of the Broncos, Bowlen was also part-owner of the Arena Football League's Colorado Crush  He shared ownership with Denver-based sports mogul Stan Kroenke and legendary Broncos quarterback John Elway  The Crush entered the AFL as an expansion franchise in 2003  After going through a 2–14 season in 2003, the team became a perennial playoff contender and one of the league's top franchises  The Crush won the Arena Football League Championship in 2005 

Denver Outlaws ownership
In 2006, Major League Lacrosse decided to expand adding the Denver Outlaws to its league of teams  The Denver Outlaws have been the most winning franchise that Bowlen has ever owned, boasting a regular-season win percentage of 69 0% since their creation  The Outlaws have been to the playoffs every year of their existence except one (2015) and advanced to the championship game eight times (2006, 2008, 2009, 2012, 2014, 2016, 2017, and 2018), winning the championship in 2014, 2016, and 2018 

Philanthropy
Bowlen was a member of the University of Denver Board of Trustees and contributed to the funding of the Pat Bowlen Athletic Training Center located on the school's campus  He also contributed significantly to the local Denver Boys & Girls Club chapters 

Awards and honors
Inducted to the Pro Football Hall of Fame (class of 2019)
Three-time Super Bowl champion (as owner of the Denver Broncos)
ArenaBowl XIX champion (as part owner of the Colorado Crush)
Three-time Steinfeld Cup champion (as owner of the Denver Outlaws)
Broncos Ring of Fame (class of 2015)
Colorado Business Hall of Fame (class of 2015)

Death
On June 13, 2019, Bowlen died of a pulmonary embolism  Under terms set prior to Bowlen's death, Joe Ellis led a three-person trust representing his estate  Bowlen's intent was for his seven children to inherit the franchise, though he did not specify which of them would have first right 
Context 3: Passage 1:
David Faber (politician)
David James Christian Faber (born 7 July 1961) is a schoolmaster and former Conservative member of the Parliament of the United Kingdom  He did not seek re-election in 2001, after which he became an author, before in 2010 being appointed as head master of Summer Fields School, Oxford  He is the grandson of the late former Conservative Prime Minister Harold Macmillan (1894–1986) 

Family and early life
The son of Julian and Lady Caroline Faber, Faber comes from an aristocratic political family drawn from the Whig and latterly the Conservative traditions  His maternal grandfather Harold Macmillan was Prime Minister at the time of his birth  His maternal grandmother, Lady Dorothy Cavendish, was descended from three Prime Ministers, the 4th Duke of Devonshire (1756–1757), the 2nd Earl of Shelburne (1782–1783) and the 3rd Duke of Portland (1783 and 1807–1809)  Faber's great-great-great-granduncle was Lord Hartington and his great-grandfather Victor Cavendish, 9th Duke of Devonshire was also a statesman  His mother’s cousins included Andrew Cavendish, 11th Duke of Devonshire, who was married to Deborah Mitford, and Andrew's elder brother William Cavendish, Marquess of Hartington, who was married to Kathleen Kennedy, the sister of  U S  President John F  Kennedy and Senators Robert F  Kennedy and Edward M  "Ted" Kennedy  His uncle Maurice Macmillan was a leading figure of Edward Heath's 1970s government 
Faber was educated at Summer Fields School, Summertown; and then at Eton College and Balliol College, Oxford 

Life and career
Faber first stood for Parliament, unsuccessfully, in 1987 at Stockton North, where he was defeated by Labour's Frank Cook 
He worked in marketing and as a political assistant to Jeffrey Archer before entering the House of Commons in 1992 as Conservative Member of Parliament for Westbury  He was parliamentary private secretary to the Minister of State at the Foreign and Commonwealth Office, 1994 to 1996, and then to the Secretary of State for Health, from 1996 to 1997  In opposition, after the Conservatives lost the 1997 general election, he was their front bench spokesman on Foreign and Commonwealth affairs, until 1998  He served as a member of several Parliamentary select committees: Social Security, 1992–1997, Culture, Media and Sport, 1998 to 2001, and the Public Accounts Committee, 2000–2001 In 1997, he was reported to be a director of Sterling Marketing, and in 1998 was a director of Freestream Aircraft Faber stood down from parliament at the 2001 general election, to be succeeded by fellow Conservative Andrew Murrison, when he began a new career as a writer  His book Speaking for England: Leo, Julian and John Amery, the tragedy of a political family (2005) was about Julian Amery, his uncle by his (Amery's) marriage to Faber's maternal aunt, Julian's father Leo, and brother John, who was executed after the Second World War for high treason 
In 2009, he was appointed as head of his old prep school, Summer Fields, with effect from September 2010 
Faber married firstly Sally Gilbert, a television weather presenter, and they had one son together, Henry, but later divorced, with Faber citing James Hewitt as co-respondent  He married secondly Sophie Amanda Hedley, and they have two daughters   He is a past committee member of the Marylebone Cricket Club, the governing body of the game of cricket, managing an MCC tour of Canada in 2001  He is also  a member of White's 

Books
David Faber, Munich (Simon & Schuster) – about the events of 1937–1938 and the Munich Conference
David Faber, Speaking for England: Leo, Julian and John Amery  (Simon & Schuster, 2005) – the Amery family and World War II ISBN 1-4165-2596-3
Passage 2:
Marina Yannakoudakis
Marina Yannakoudakis (born 16 April 1956) is a member of the European Economic and Social Committee and a former Conservative Member of the European Parliament for London  She was elected at the 2009 European Parliament election  She lost her seat at the 2014 election 

Early years
Yannakoudakis was born in Paddington  She studied for a BSc in government, politics and modern history at Brunel University, where she was chairman of the Conservative students, and also received an MA in education from the Open University 
She was a member of Barnet London Borough Council for Oakleigh Park Ward from 2006 to 2010 where she was chair of the Cleaner, Greener, Transport and Development Overview & Scrutiny Committee 

Member of the European Parliament
She was a full member of the Committee on Women's Rights and Gender Equality, the Committee on the Environment, Public Health and Food Safety and a substitute member of the Special Committee on Organised Crime, Corruption and Money Laundering  She was a member of the Delegation to the EU-Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia Joint Parliamentary Committee She was also a member of the High-Level Contact Group for relations with the Turkish Cypriot community in the northern part of the island and was the Conservative and the European Conservatives and Reformists spokesman on Women's Rights and Gender Equality 

Women's Rights
Yannakoudakis campaigned against EU plans to give women 20 weeks maternity leave on full pay  She led calls in the Committee on Women's Rights and Gender Equality for an impact assessment of the legislation to be conducted which resulted in the proposals being shelved  She has also spoken out against EU proposals to have a quota for women on boardrooms, where she described the proposals as "patronising" >She pushed for a redress to the Test Achats vs Council of Ministers case, a European Court of Justice ruling which determined it was illegal for insurance companies to discriminate on the basis of gender in the European Union Yannakoudakis also worked on issues related to women and entrepreneurship and child protection Yannakoudakis led a campaign in the European Parliament against female genital mutilation 

Health and Environment
In the Committee on the Environment, Public Health and Food Safety she concentrated on public health issues, where she spoke out on the need for stricter rules for EU doctors as well as ensuring that MRI scanner rules are not over-regulated by EU law  She drafted the committee's report on the voluntary donation of tissues and cells which called for more donations of cord blood for stem cell transplants  She is the committee's contact point for the European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control 
Yannakoudakis led a campaign to ensure that EU rules do not make it more difficult for electronic cigarette users to access e-cigs 

Cyprus and LGBT Rights
Yannakoudakis worked to support efforts to find people who went missing during the Turkish invasion of Cyprus and Cypriot intercommunal violence  She was a member of the European Parliament Intergroup on LGBT Rights  She has campaigned for the decriminalisation of homosexuality in Northern Cyprus  She met and received assurances from Turkish Cypriot leader Dr  Derviş Eroğlu that he would sign a repeal of the gay ban into law and by putting pressure on the authorities in the north she was instrumental in overturning the anti-gay law She supported LGBT rights by co-authoring a resolution on LGBT rights in Africa especially the protection of lesbians and called on the EU to suspend its aid to Uganda in light of the Uganda Anti-Homosexuality Bill 

Opposition to EU Policy
Yannakoudakis was strongly opposed to the introduction of a European Union financial transaction tax which she believed would have an adverse effect on the City of London  She has also campaigned to protect companies in her constituency threatened by EU rules including Prudential plc  She led a cross-party multi-national campaign to secure a level playing field for sugar cane refiners, including London's Tate & Lyle where jobs are under threat She led campaigns to seek savings in the EU budget  She raised concerns about spending on EU orchestras and has called for cuts to be made to the European Personnel Selection Office  and the Agencies of the European Union  She criticised the EU spending €2 million a year on Europe Day Yannakoudakis made a number of comments on the enlargement of the EU  She voted against the accession of Iceland to the European Union citing the ongoing Icesave dispute as an obstacle to EU membership  Yannakoudakis called for Iceland to fully compensate all UK depositors, especially the London councils which had invested surplus money  She also opposed a European Parliament report recommending the accession of Turkey to the European Union citing concerns about Ankara's failure to fully respect women's and minority rights, especially Kurds in Turkey  She also criticised Turkey's refusal to work with the 2012 Cypriot Presidency of the Council of the European Union 

Personal life
She married her Greek-born husband, Zacharias Yannakoudakis, in 1983  She was finance director of the company that they founded and ran together until her election; the couple has three children  The family lives in Barnet 
Passage 3:
Jonathan Aitken
Jonathan William Patrick Aitken (born 30 August 1942) is a British author, Church of England priest, convicted criminal and former Conservative Party politician  Beginning his career in journalism, he was elected to Parliament in 1974 (serving until 1997), and was a member of the cabinet during John Major's premiership from 1992 to 1995  That same year, he was accused by The Guardian of misdeeds conducted under his official government capacity  He sued the newspaper for libel in response, but the case collapsed, and he was subsequently found to have committed perjury during his trial  In 1999, he was sentenced to 18 months in prison, of which he served seven months 
Following his imprisonment, Aitken became a Christian and later became the honorary president of Christian Solidarity Worldwide  He was ordained as an Anglican priest in 2019 

Family
Aitken's parents were Sir William Traven Aitken, KBE, a former Conservative MP, and The Honourable Penelope, Lady Aitken, MBE, JP, daughter of The 1st Baron Rugby  Aitken is a great-nephew of the newspaper magnate and war-time minister, The 1st Baron Beaverbrook  His sister is the actress Maria Aitken and his nephew is the actor Jack Davenport  He is godfather to James Abbott, the son of Labour left-winger Diane Abbott In 1979, Aitken married Lolicia Olivera Azucki, a daughter of O  Azucki of Zurich, Switzerland; they divorced in 1998  With his first wife, he had twin daughters and one son, Alexandra and Victoria Aitken, and William Aitken respectively Aitken married his second wife, The Hon  Elizabeth Harris, daughter of The 1st Baron Ogmore, TD, PC, and former wife of actors Richard Harris and Sir Rex Harrison, in June 2003 In 1999, DNA testing confirmed that Petrina Khashoggi, putative daughter of billionaire arms dealer Adnan Khashoggi, was Aitken's biological child, the result of an affair with Khashoggi's wife Soraya (née Sandra Daly) 
The paternity of Aitken himself has similarly been under question  In December 2008, Dutch historian Cees Fasseur said Aitken was the result of a wartime affair between Prince Bernhard of the Netherlands and Penelope Aitken 

Early life
Aitken was born in Dublin, Ireland  His grandfather, Sir John Maffey (who was created The 1st Baron Rugby in February 1947), was the first official British representative to the newly independent Irish state, being appointed in October 1939, at a time when Anglo-Irish relations were strained but improving  Maffey's official title was "United Kingdom Representative to Éire"  Aitken's baptism took place on 16 October 1942 at St Patrick's Cathedral, Dublin, an Anglican church, at which he was named "Jonathan William Patrick Aitken"  The third name, "Patrick", was included at a late stage owing to the unexpected international importance of the occasion –- one of the Irish papers reported "British envoy's grandson is a real Paddy"  The Taoiseach, Éamon de Valera, who knew his grandparents, asked to attend the christening and his presence at the baptism was symbolic of improving Anglo-Irish relations  Also attending was Princess Juliana (later to become Queen Juliana of the Netherlands) as his godmother Aitken contracted tuberculosis, and at four years of age was admitted to Cappagh Hospital, Dublin, where he was an inpatient on a TB ward for more than three years, being cared for and educated by Catholic nuns  His father was severely injured as an RAF pilot when his Spitfire was shot down during the Second World War Aitken recovered and was discharged from the hospital aged seven  He lived with his parents at Halesworth, Suffolk, and learnt to walk properly again within a few months Aitken attended Eton College and read law at Christ Church, Oxford  His career initially followed a similar path to the post-war career of his father, who became a journalist and then the Conservative Member of Parliament for Bury St Edmunds 

Journalism and business
He served as a war correspondent during the 1960s in Vietnam and Biafra, and gained a reputation for risk-taking when he took LSD in 1966 as an experiment for an article in the London Evening Standard and had a bad trip: "this drug needs police, the Home Office and a dictator to stamp it out" He was also a journalist at Yorkshire Television from 1968 to 1970, presenting the regional news show Calendar  Aitken was the first person to be seen on screen from Yorkshire Television when it began broadcasting In 1970, Aitken was acquitted at the Old Bailey for breaching section 2 of the Official Secrets Act 1911, when he photocopied a report about the British government's supply of arms to Nigeria, and sent a copy to The Sunday Telegraph and to Hugh Fraser, a pro-Biafran (Nigerian Civil War) Tory MP  As a result of the case he was dropped as the Conservative candidate for the Thirsk and Malton parliamentary constituency Aitken was managing director of the Middle Eastern division of Slater Walker in 1973-75 and chairman of R  Sanbaar Consultants Ltd from 1976 to at least 1982, and a director of arms exporting firm BMARC from 1988 to 1990 

Parliamentary career
Aitken initially worked in parliament as private secretary to Conservative MP Selwyn Lloyd in 1964–66 Defeated at Meriden in the West Midlands in 1966 and dropped from standing for Thirsk and Malton (above), he was elected as MP for Thanet East in the February 1974 general election; from 1983 he sat for South Thanet   He managed to offend PM Margaret Thatcher by ending a relationship with her daughter, Carol Thatcher, and suggesting that Thatcher "probably thinks Sinai is the plural of Sinus" to an Egyptian newspaper  He stayed on the backbenches throughout Thatcher's premiership, as well as participating in the re-launch of TV-AM, when broadcaster Anna Ford threw her wine at him to express her outrage at both his behaviour and the unwelcome consequent transformation of the TV station 

Opens Hollis affair
Aitken wrote a highly confidential letter to Thatcher in early 1980, dealing with allegations that the former Director-General of MI5, Sir Roger Hollis, had been a double agent also working for the Soviet Union  This information had come to Aitken from retired CIA spymaster James Angleton  Espionage historian Chapman Pincher obtained a copy of the letter, and used former MI5 officers Peter Wright and Arthur Martin as his main additional secret sources, to write the sensational book Their Trade is Treachery in 1981  This matter continued being highly controversial throughout the 1980s, and led to Wright eventually publishing his own book Spycatcher in 1987, despite the government's prolonged Australian court attempts to stop him from doing so 

Minister of State for Defence Procurement
Aitken became Minister of State for Defence Procurement under prime minister John Major in 1992  He was later accused of violating ministerial rules by allowing an Arab businessman to pay for his stay in the Paris Ritz, perjured himself and was jailed (see below) Aitken had previously been a director of BMARC, an arms exporter during 1988–1990  In 1995, a Commons motion showed that while a Cabinet minister he had signed a controversial Public Interest Immunity Certificate (PIIC) in September 1992 relating to the Matrix Churchill trial, and that the "gagged" documents included ones relating to the supply of arms to Iran by BMARC for a period when he was a director of the company 

Chief Secretary to the Treasury
He became Chief Secretary to the Treasury in 1994, a Cabinet position, but resigned in 1995 following the allegations that he had violated ministerial rules 
He was defeated in the 1997 general election  Within a year he had been appointed as a representative for the arms company GEC-Marconi (part of BAE Systems since November 1999) 

Libel, arrest and prison
Libel action
On 10 April 1995, The Guardian carried a front-page report on Aitken's dealings with leading Saudis  The story was the result of a long investigation carried out by journalists from the newspaper and from Granada Television's World in Action programme  The Guardian also alleged Aitken as Minister for Defence Procurement, arranged prostitutes for Arab businessmen  Granada's World in Action programme repeated the accusation in a television documentary called Jonathan of Arabia Aitken had called a press conference at the Conservative Party offices in Smith Square, London, at 5 p m  that same day denouncing the claims and demanding that the World in Action documentary, which was due to be screened three hours later, withdraw them  He said:

If it falls to me to start a fight to cut out the cancer of bent and twisted journalism in our country with the simple sword of truth and the trusty shield of British fair play, so be it  I am ready for the fight  The fight [is] against falsehood and those who peddle it  My fight begins today  Thank you and good afternoon 
The World in Action film Jonathan of Arabia was transmitted as planned and Aitken carried out his threat to sue  The action collapsed in June 1997 (a month after he had lost his seat in the 1997 general election) when  The Guardian and Granada produced, via their counsel George Carman QC, evidence countering his claim that his wife, Lolicia Aitken, paid for the hotel stay at the Ritz Hotel in Paris  The evidence consisted of airline vouchers and other documents showing that his wife had, in fact, been in Switzerland at the time when she had allegedly been at the Ritz in Paris  The joint Guardian/Granada investigation indicated an arms deal scam involving Aitken's friend and business partner, the Lebanese businessman Mohammed Said Ayas, a close associate of Prince Mohammed of Saudi Arabia  It was alleged that Aitken had been prepared to have his teenage daughter Victoria lie under oath to support his version of events, had the case continued A few days after the libel case collapsed, World in Action broadcast a special edition, which echoed Aitken's "sword of truth" speech  It was titled "The Dagger of Deceit" 
During this time, it emerged that when Aitken was being encouraged to resign, he was chairman of the secretive right-wing think-tank Le Cercle, alleged by Alan Clark to be funded by the CIA 

Perjury conviction and imprisonment
Aitken was charged with perjury and perverting the course of justice and, after pleading guilty on 8 June 1999 to both offences, was sentenced to jail for 18 months of which he served almost seven months as a custodial sentence  While Aitken was sentenced Mr Justice Scott Baker said Aitken had breached trust inexcusably  Scott Baker told Aitken: "For nearly four years you wove a web of deceit in which you entangled yourself and from which there was no way out unless you were prepared to come clean and tell the truth  Unfortunately you were not "During the preceding libel trial, his wife Lolicia, who later left him, was called as a witness to sign a supportive affidavit to the effect that she had paid his Paris hotel bill, but did not appear  In the end, with the case already in court, investigative work by The Guardian reporters into Swiss hotel and British Airways records showed that neither his daughter nor his wife had been in Paris at the time in question 

Bankruptcy
Aitken was unable to cover the legal costs of his libel trial and was declared bankrupt  As part of the bankruptcy, his trustees settled legal actions against the magazine Private Eye, over the claims it had made that Aitken was a "serial liar"  He also became one of the few people to resign from the Privy Council  Aitken's wife and three daughters turned up to support him when he was sentenced 

Christian faith
Aitken attended the Alpha Course in 1997, which he said stirred his interest in Christianity  He attended the course on further occasions prior to imprisonment  After being imprisoned in 1999, he began to study the Bible, learned Greek, and became a student of Christian theology at Wycliffe Hall, Oxford  This part of his life is covered in two autobiographical works called Pride and Perjury and Porridge and Passion 
Aitken's claim that he had found God was met with some scepticism  Aitken said: "In a different era, I'd have been one of the cynics myself  If I'd had a parliamentary colleague who’d got into trouble, gone to jail and come out saying, 'I've found God', I'd have said, 'Oh, how very convenient for him' "
The Guardian might insist that Aitken demonstrate the sincerity of repentance by repaying the whopping legal bill of one-and-half-million pounds he landed on them by his dishonest libel action  He was allowed to drop the case on promising to pay costs, but then escaped from the liability when he declared himself bankrupt and revealed that most of his apparent assets turn out to be conveniently owned by other people  The Guardian still believe he has more resources than he will admit 
In 2000 he said that he would not become a vicar because he considered himself not worthy of the office and "wouldn't like to give dog-collars a bad name" In 2006 Aitken became honorary president of Christian Solidarity Worldwide 

Ordained ministry
On 30 June 2018, Aitken was ordained in the Church of England as a deacon by Sarah Mullally, the Bishop of London  Since then he has served as a non-stipendiary minister at St Matthew's Church, Westminster and as a  chaplain of Pentonville Prison Exactly one year after becoming deacon, on 30 June 2019, Aitken was ordained as an Anglican priest in St Mary's Church, Stoke Newington, also by the Bishop of London 

Political comebacks
In early 2004, some constituency party members in Aitken's former seat of South Thanet proposed that he should return as Conservative candidate for the seat in the 2005 general election  This was vetoed by Conservative Party leader Michael Howard Aitken later confirmed that he would not attempt a return to Parliament, saying that "the leader has spoken  I accept his judgement with good grace " He denied rumours he was to stand as an independent candidate insisting that he was not a "spoiler" 
Aitken later declared his support for the United Kingdom Independence Party (UKIP) a week before the party's equally strong performance as the Liberal Democrats, with both parties winning 12 seats each in the 2004 European elections  On 2 October 2004, Aitken attended the (UKIP) conference and re-iterated his support for the party 
In November 2007, with the approval of senior members of the shadow cabinet, he took charge of a task force on prison reform within Iain Duncan Smith's Centre for Social Justice to help formulate Conservative Party policy  Aitken said this was not part of a political comeback  Conservative spokesmen pointed out that the task force is independent of the party, even though the organisation was run by Iain Duncan Smith  The report Locked Up Potential: A Strategy to Reform our Prisons and Rehabilitate our Prisoners was published in March 2009 

Parliamentary access
In September 2020, it was revealed that the former Speaker of the House of Commons, John Bercow, awarded Aitken a parliamentary pass despite the House of Commons claiming that former MPs who had been sentenced to a period of imprisonment of one year or more were ineligible   In September 2020 Aitken had held a pass continuously since at least December 2015 

Works
The Young Meteors
In his early book The Young Meteors (London: Secker & Warburg, 1967; New York: Atheneum, 1967), Aitken profiled the brightest lights among the younger generation in Britain, and particularly London, with a hint in the title that many of these were likely to burn and crash  Hunter Davies, one of the people profiled, has pointed out that such lists of the promising were then common in The Sunday Times, but unusual as books  Much later, Craig Taylor in 2003 observed that those profiled who were still burning brightly included Michael Caine, David Bailey, Twiggy, David Frost and Don McCullin  Taylor found it humdrum, but:

the book is worth re-examining these many years later for one reason  Aitken, it has been shown over time, is a figure we can always learn something from, a kind of walking, well-groomed Grimm's fairy tale        In [this book] he intuits the popularity and importance of unquantifiable lists of who is hot, young and going places 
Aitken himself in 2003 had a low opinion of the book: "In terms of style, it was certainly the worst book I've ever written"  Yet the title was memorable: it was consciously adopted by Martin Harrison for a survey of the British photojournalism (including Bailey and McCullin) of about the same period 

Nazarbayev and the Making of Kazakhstan: From Communism to Capitalism
In 2009 Aitken published a biography of Nursultan Nazarbayev, the President of Kazakhstan, with the subject's cooperation  The Diplomat observed that the publisher’s note "describes Nazarbayev as a 'widely admired' leader, which is an interesting descriptor for a political leader who has never won an election deemed free or fair " Aitken received a Kazakh award for his "huge contribution to making Kazakhstan popular in the world and promoting its global reputation" The book sold only 466 copies and was widely panned by critics, The Guardian noting that the book "relies, for supporting evidence, on the good opinions of his [Nazarbayev's] friends (or of those too cowed to utter a word out of place)  It becomes curiously tolerant when oppression, corruption and galloping megalomania are on the menu " The review also described it as "a fascinating, cleverly orchestrated snow job: quite probably the hagiography of the year " The London Review of Books wrote that the flattery within the biography ranged "from the banal to the cringing " Eurasianet wrote that it was a "hagiography" that was part of Nazarbayev's personality cult In 2021, documents leaked in the Pandora papers suggested that Aitken was paid £166,000 for writing the book by organisations with links to the Government of Kazakhstan, despite Aitken telling Reuters at the time of the publication "that he had not received any payment from the government " One invoice from Aitken's firm dated April 2009 for £33,333 is marked as "agreed final instalment fee for book project" 

Other books
Aitken has written several Christian religious books since his release from prison  Aitken has published two books of prayers, Prayers for People under Pressure (2006),
and Psalms for People Under Pressure (2004), and wrote a biography of the English slaver and Anglican clergyman John Newton, John Newton: From Disgrace to Amazing Grace, in 2007 Aitken has written several biographies of political figures, including the President of the United States Richard Nixon (Nixon: A Life, 1993)  Although his was not an authorised biography, Aitken was one of the few biographers from whom Nixon accepted questions and to whom he granted interviews   He also wrote on Nixon's co-conspirator in the Watergate scandal, Charles Colson (Charles W  Colson: A Life Redeemed, 2005)  Colson had assisted Aitken in his biography of Nixon, and had later corresponded with Aitken urging him to repent in the wake of the Guardian libel case  Aitken published a book of personal recollections of Margaret Thatcher, Margaret Thatcher: Power and Personality, after her death in 2013 

Bibliography
A Short Walk On The Campus (1966, with Michael Beloff)
Young Meteors (1967)
Land of Fortune: A Study of the New Australia (1970)
From John Bull to Uncle Sam: How to Run An Empire (1970)
Officially Secret (1971)
A British View of the Middle East Situation (1976)
Nixon: A Life (1993)
Pride and Perjury: An Autobiography (2003)
Psalms for People Under Pressure (2004)
Porridge and Passion: An Autobiography (2005)
Charles W  Colson: A Life Redeemed (2005)
Prayers for People under Pressure (2006)
Heroes and Contemporaries (2007)
John Newton (2007)
Nazarbayev and the Making of Kazakhstan: From Communism to Capitalism (2009)
Kazakhstan and Twenty Years of Independence (2012)
Margaret Thatcher: Power and Personality (2013)
Doing Time: A Spiritual Survival Guide (2021, with Edward Smyth)

See also
Jeffrey Archer, Aitken's contemporary, another Conservative politician imprisoned for perjury
Chris Huhne, Liberal Democrat politician, imprisoned for perverting the course of justice
Passage 4:
Christine Hamilton
Mary Christine Hamilton (née Holman; born 10 November 1949) is an English media personality and author  She is married to Neil Hamilton, the former Conservative Member of Parliament (MP) for Tatton 
Hamilton and her husband have become prominent supporters of the UK Independence Party (UKIP), with Neil standing for a local council seat in the 2014 local elections  Neil Hamilton's application to become a European Parliamentary candidate for UKIP was rejected in 2013, though he had been elected to UKIP's National Executive Committee in 2011 

Early life
Hamilton's father was a GP in Ringwood, Hampshire and she grew up in the New Forest area  She attended Wentworth College, an independent boarding school for girls in Bournemouth and a co-educational Grammar School in Christchurch, Hampshire  She then studied sociology at the University of York and first met Neil Hamilton when they both attended a student political conference  In 2006, they released a song coinciding with the World Cup, "England Are Jolly Dee" 

Career
MP's secretary
Hamilton spent many years working as secretary to various Conservative MPs, first Wilfred Proudfoot MP for Brighouse and Spenborough, then Gerald Nabarro, MP for South Worcestershire  She stood behind Nabarro as he spoke on the steps of Winchester Court after being cleared on appeal of a motoring offence  Hamilton worked as her husband's secretary following their 1983 marriage  Neil Hamilton eventually reached the post of Minister for Corporate Affairs between 1992 and 1994 in Prime Minister John Major's government  Neil Hamilton became embroiled in the Cash-for-questions affair, and the former BBC broadcaster Martin Bell stood against him for the Tatton seat at the 1997 general election  Bell campaigned as an ‘anti-sleaze’ candidate, and Christine Hamilton confronted him during a televised press conference on Knutsford Heath, which brought her to public prominence  Hamilton later described the confrontation with Bell as "   the making of me " The journalist John Sweeney later published Purple Homicide, an account of the campaign for the Tatton seat  Neil Hamilton's later failure in a libel case against the Egyptian businessman, Mohamed Al-Fayed, would lead to her husband's bankruptcy  Their home in Nether Alderley, Cheshire was sold to the market for £1 25 million 

Entertainment personality
After Hamilton's electoral defeat, Christine and her husband appeared together on the satirical BBC quiz show Have I Got News for You, on 9 May 1997, an appearance that established her as a chat-show personality and she subsequently appeared on programmes including her own Christine Hamilton Show on BBC Choice where she interviewed celebrities who suffered some form of adversity, including Jonathan Aitken, James Hewitt, Bernard Manning, Ivana Trump, Paul Merson and John Fashanu  The Hamiltons were the subjects of an episode of Louis Theroux's 2001 documentary series When Louis Met    Hamilton has described herself as a "media butterfly" and has appeared on a variety of television shows since her husband's electoral defeat  Hamilton came third in the first series of the reality television programme, I'm a Celebrity   Get Me Out of Here! in 2002, and reached the final of Celebrity Masterchef in 2010  Hamilton appeared on Have I Got News for You in 2002 and taunted presenter Angus Deayton over recent tabloid revelations about his personal life In the theatre, Hamilton has appeared in pantomime in Jack and the Beanstalk at the Yvonne Arnaud Theatre, Guildford in 2002, as the Fairy Godmother in Cinderella at the Kettering Lighthouse Theatre in 2011 and has taken the role of the narrator for The Rocky Horror Show musical  Hamilton toured her one-woman show, Share an Evening with Christine Hamilton, in 2003, and has appeared several times in Eve Ensler's play The Vagina Monologues, including its 2005 West End run at Wyndhams Theatre, where she appeared alongside Jenny Eclair and Heather Small  The Hamiltons appeared at the Edinburgh Festival in 2006 with their show, Lunch with the Hamiltons, at the Pleasance Dome in 2006 Hamilton was the face of 'British Sausage Week' in 2005 and the judge of 'Mr Gay Torbay' in 2009  Hamilton legally changed her name by deed poll to 'Mrs British Battleaxe' in February 2009 as a promotion for an online deed service company  She later regretted the decision 

Media commentator, presenter and writer
Hamilton has appeared on numerous topical television programmes including GMTV, Loose Women, This Week, The Alan Titchmarsh Show, This Morning and The Wright Stuff  Hamilton has also been a dictionary corner guest on Countdown Hamilton also interviewed successful women in business for the digital channel Simply Money, has presented programmes on Sky Digital's Destination Lunch, and stood in for Gloria Hunniford and Fern Britton on Open House and This Morning As a writer Hamilton published The Book of British Battleaxes in 1999, and an autobiography, For Better For Worse: Her Own Story, in 2005  Hamilton has also written columns for Western Daily Press and the gay magazine Refresh 

False allegation
Along with her husband, she was arrested in May 2001 by police investigating an alleged rape that was found to be false  Their accuser, Nadine Milroy-Sloan, was charged with attempting to pervert the course of justice, and in 2002 sentenced to 3 years imprisonment for making the false accusations 
Passage 5:
Gyles Brandreth
Gyles Daubeney Brandreth (born 8 March 1948) is an English broadcaster, writer and former politician  He has worked as a television presenter, theatre producer, journalist, author and publisher 
He was a presenter for TV-am's Good Morning Britain in the 1980s, and has been regularly featured on Channel 4's game show  Countdown and the BBC's The One Show  On radio, he makes frequent appearances on the BBC Radio 4 programme Just a Minute 
In 1992, Brandreth was elected to the House of Commons as the Conservative Member of Parliament (MP) for the City of Chester constituency  He served until he was defeated in 1997, and resumed his career in the media  He has written both fiction and non-fiction books, and makes appearances as a public speaker 

Early life
Brandreth was born on 8 March 1948 in Wuppertal, West Germany, where his father, Charles Brandreth, was serving as a legal officer with the Allied Control Commission  He moved to London with his parents at the age of three and was educated at the Lycée Français in South Kensington, and Bedales School in Petersfield, Hampshire, where he met his friend Simon Cadell Brandreth studied Modern History and Modern Languages at New College, Oxford, where he met Rick Stein  While at Oxford, he directed the Oxford University Dramatic Society and was President of the Oxford Union in Michaelmas term, 1969, and was a regular contributor to the university magazine Isis  He was described in a contemporaneous publication as "Oxford's Lord High Everything Else"  Christopher Hitchens suggested that Brandreth "set out to make himself into a Ken Tynan  Wore a cloak "

Television
Brandreth has appeared in the Dictionary Corner on the game show Countdown more than 300 times, including Carol Vorderman's final edition in 2008, making more appearances than any other guest  He appeared on TV-am's Good Morning Britain  He was known for his collection of jumpers, of which some were sold in a charity auction in 1993 
Brandreth hosted the short-lived game show Public Opinion in 2004  In 2006 he appeared on the television series That Mitchell and Webb Look, on the fictional game show "Numberwang", satirising his appearances in Countdown's Dictionary Corner  In 2007 he guest-starred in the Doctor Who audio play I D   From July to August 2009 he hosted the game show Knowitalls on BBC Two  In April 2010 he appeared on BBC Radio 4's Vote Now Show  He made a cameo appearance as himself in Channel 4 sitcom The IT Crowd, in the episode "The Final Countdown" 
A frequent guest on BBC television panel shows, he has appeared on six episodes of QI and six episodes of Have I Got News for You  He has appeared in episodes of Channel 5's The Gadget Show, and is a contributor to the BBC's early evening programme The One Show 
He appeared on Room 101 in 2005, while Paul Merton was host, successfully banishing the Royal Variety Performance and the British honours system into Room 101, saying that he would never accept an honour himself  In 2013 he clarified that position, stating that he had "no fundamental objection to the honours system", and that he selected the honours system for Room 101 because he could "tell funny stories about it" In October 2019, Brandreth appeared in series 3 of Richard Osman's House of Games, winning two of the five episodes 
Also in 2019, Brandreth appeared on series 1 of Celebrity Gogglebox alongside Sheila Hancock  In 2020 and 2021, Brandreth returned for Series 2 and 3, alongside Maureen Lipman  In 2022, he appeared in the series with Joanna Lumley and Carol Vorderman  In 2023, he returned with Lumley for Series 5, as well as Susie Dent 
In 2020, Brandreth and actor Sheila Hancock replaced Timothy West and Prunella Scales in a two-episode series of Great Canal Journeys, travelling down the River Thames  In the first episode Timothy West gave the two novice canal boaters a crash course in barging  They went down the Staffordshire Waterways in 2021 for another two-episode series On 16 October 2021, Brandreth appeared as a celebrity contestant on Beat the Chasers in aid of Great Ormond Street Hospital On 24 October 2022, Brandreth appeared on Bargain Hunt: BBC 100th Birthday Special to commemorate the BBC's 100th Anniversary  His team mate was Tony Blackburn 

Radio
Brandreth has presented programmes on London's LBC radio at various times since 1973, such as Star Quality  He frequently appears on BBC Radio 4's comedy panel game Just a Minute  He has appeared on several episodes of Radio 4's political programme The Westminster Hour, explaining his thoughts on how to make the most of being a government minister  From 2003 to 2005 Brandreth hosted the Radio 4 comedy panel game Whispers 
In 2006, Brandreth appeared in the Radio 4 comedy programme Living with the Enemy which he co-wrote with comedian Nick Revell, in which they appear as a former Conservative government minister and a former comedian  In 2010 he broadcast a Radio 4 documentary about his great-great-great-grandfather, Benjamin Brandreth, the inventor of a medicine called "Brandreth's Pills"  He is the host of the Radio 4 comedy panel show Wordaholics, first aired on 20 February 2012  He appeared on the Radio 4 programme The Museum of Curiosity in August 2017, to which he donated a button that was once owned by a famous actor 
In April 2019, Brandreth began co-hosting a podcast titled Something Rhymes With Purple alongside friend and colleague Susie Dent  The podcast discusses aspects of the English language such as historic or unusual words and their origins, as well as the origins of popular phrases and sayings 

Writing
Since the 1970s, Brandreth has written books for adults and children about Scrabble, words, puzzles and jokes, and co-founded the Games & Puzzles magazine  He wrote an authorised biography of actor John Gielgud, and lipogrammic reworks of Shakespeare  In the 1980s, Brandreth wrote scripts for Dear Ladies, a television programme featuring Hinge and Bracket  Brandreth created the stage show Zipp!, which enjoyed success at the Edinburgh Festival and had a short run in the West End In 1999, he published diaries chronicling his days as a politician between 1990 and 1997, called Breaking the Code In September 2004, Brandreth's book on the marriage of Queen Elizabeth II and Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh, Philip and Elizabeth: Portrait of a Marriage was published  In July 2005, he published a second book on the royal family, entitled Charles and Camilla: Portrait of a Love Affair, which concerns the three-decade love affair between the then-Prince Charles and Camilla Parker Bowles In 2021, following the death of Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh, Brandreth wrote, "The duke showed me great friendliness over 40 years but royalty offer you friendliness, not friendship, and you have to remember the difference "Brandreth has written a series of seven works of historical fiction called The Oscar Wilde Murder Mysteries, in which Oscar Wilde works with both Robert Sherard and Arthur Conan Doyle Brandreth has written and toured in a number of comedic one-man shows, including The One-to-One Show in 2010–2011, Looking for Happiness in 2013–2014 and Word Power in 2015–2016 Brandreth has written a book entitled Have You Eaten Grandma?, about the English language and correct grammar 

Politics
Brandreth was a Conservative MP, representing the City of Chester, from 1992 to 1997  He proposed a private member's bill which became law as the Marriage Act 1994  In 1995, he was appointed to a junior ministerial position as a Lord of the Treasury, with his role being essentially that of a whip He broadcast reminiscences of his parliamentary career on BBC radio as Brandreth on Office and The Brandreth Rules in 2001, 2003 and 2005 In August 2014, Brandreth was one of 200 public figures who were signatories to a letter to The Guardian opposing Scottish independence in the run-up to September's referendum on that issue  In May 2016, Brandreth told The Spectator that he was likely to vote for the UK to stay in the European Union in the following month's referendum on the issue  In 2019, Brandreth confirmed that he had voted to remain, but accepted the result of the referendum and believed that the government had to "get Brexit done" 

Gyles & George Knitwear
Brandreth is known for the colourful, humorous jumpers he has designed and worn throughout his career   He has stated on the BBC that "it's all I'm really known for "  Collaborating with artist and knitwear designer George Hostler, Brandreth created hundreds of jumper designs that appear in books he and Hostler authored and produced under their knitwear label, Gyles & George Brandreth has a room in his London home devoted to his jumpers, and claims to have one for almost every occasion   To name just a few examples: he has a knitted jumper emblazoned with a green frog that he has worn for appointments with princes (Philip and Charles); on other royal occasions, he has worn sweaters featuring corgis and crowns   He has appeared on television talking about rail strikes wearing a jumper that features a steam locomotive, and wore a sweater bearing the words "The End" on the day Boris Johnson resigned  And he has a Scrabble-themed jumper which he wears in his capacity as president of the Association of British Scrabble Players In order to strike a more serious note, he wore lounge suits rather than novelty jumpers when serving in Parliament, though he has stated: "The first time I spoke in the House of Commons, I heard John Prescott on the bench opposite me muttering 'woolly jumpers ha ha ha ' He could see I was thrown and he carried on  Eventually I had to pause and point out to Mr Prescott that the joy of a woolly jumper is that you can take it off at will  Whereas the blight of a woolly mind is that you're lumbered with it for life "In 2020, Brandreth partnered with American designer Jack Carlson to revive the label for the 21st century, with Gyles & George joining Carlson's collective of brands, Blazer Group   They have collaborated to re-release many of Brandreth's original designs, including a jumper with the words "I'm a Luxury" across the front, famously worn by Diana, Princess of Wales, and another featuring the words "What the **** is going on?" (the back reads: "Don't ask me")  They have also released a popular collection of sweaters themed around the signs of the zodiac Aside from Brandreth himself, the brand's models and prominent customers have included Joanna Lumley, Floella Benjamin, Hugh Bonneville, Jane Asher, Elton John, Pete Davidson, Ziwe Fumudoh, Blanca Miro, Dwyane Wade, Keith Richards, and Diana, Princess of Wales In 2023, the Petersfield Museum opened an exhibition dedicated to Gyles & George and Brandreth's personal collection of jumpers 

Other activities
Brandreth is a former European Monopoly champion, and president of the Association of British Scrabble Players, having organised the first British National Scrabble Championship in 1971  Since 2015 he has been the president of the Oscar Wilde Society, which was founded in 1990 He is an after-dinner speaker and held the world record for the longest continuous after-dinner speech, twelve-and-a-half hours, done as a charity stunt  With his wife, he founded a Teddy bear museum  Located in Stratford-upon-Avon for 18 years, it was relocated to the Polka Theatre in Wimbledon, London  In 2016, the museum moved to Newby Hall in Yorkshire  He is a patron of the National Piers Society and vice-president of charity Fields in Trust (formerly the National Playing Fields Association) 
In 2014, Brandreth was awarded the honorary degree of Doctor of Letters (DLitt) from the University of Chester  In December 2016, he was named the university's chancellor, and officially took the role in March 2017 

Personal life
Brandreth met his future wife, Michèle Brown, at Oxford  Five years later, with Brown working as a television reporter and Brandreth in theatre, the couple decided to have a "quiet wedding"  They were married at Marylebone Registry Office on 8 June 1973, with actor Simon Cadell, Brandreth's best friend from school, as a witness  The couple have lived in Barnes, southwest London, since 1986 They have three children, including Aphra, a former Conservative councillor in Richmond  She is deputy chair of the Conservative Women's Organisation and was the party's unsuccessful candidate for Kingston and Surbiton at the 2019 United Kingdom general election Brandreth is a vegetarian, and stopped drinking alcohol in 1997 in order to lose weight 

Selected bibliography
Non-fiction
Created in Captivity (1972), a study of prison reform
The Funniest Man on Earth (1974), a biography of Dan Leno
The Joy of Lex: How to Have Fun with 860,341,500 Words (1980), ISBN 0-688-01397-X
The Complete Home Entertainer (1981) ISBN 0-7091-9145-6, 978-0-7091-9145-2
Everyman's Indoor Games (1981), ISBN 0-460-04456-7
The World's Best Indoor Games (1981), ISBN 978-0394524771
871 Famous Last Words, and Put-downs, Insults, Squelches, Compliments, Rejoinders, Epigrams, and Epitaphs of Famous People (1982) ISBN 0-5173-8349-7, 978-0-5173-8349-0
The Book of Mistaikes (1982), ISBN 0-7088-2194-4
Wordplay (1982), ISBN 0-7278-2017-6, 978-0-7278-2017-4
John Gielgud: A Celebration (1984) ISBN 0-907-51638-6
The Scrabble Brand Puzzle Book (1984), ISBN 0-671-50536-X
The Book of Solo Games (1984), ISBN 091174553X
A Guide to Playing the Scrabble Brand Crossword Game (1985), ISBN 0-671-50652-8
Wit knits: Lively and original hand-knitting designs (1985), ISBN 978-0-0021-8168-6 (with George Hostler)
The Great Book of Optical Illusions (1985), ISBN 0-8069-6258-5
Everyman's Classic Puzzles (1986), ISBN 0-4600-2466-3
The Scrabble Companion (1988), ISBN 0-09-172698-0 (with Darryl Francis)
Knitability: fun knits for all the family (1988), ISBN 978-0-0041-1-1988 (with Linda O'Brien)
World Championship Scrabble (1992), ISBN 0-550-19028-7 (with Darryl Francis)
Under the Jumper: Autobiographical Excursions (1993)  ISBN 0-86051-894-9
Breaking the Code: Westminster Diaries, 1992–97 (1999), ISBN 0-297-64311-8
Brief Encounters: Meetings with Remarkable People (2001), ISBN 1-902301-95-1
John Gielgud: An Actor's Life (2001), ISBN 0-7509-2690-2
The Biggest Kids Joke Book Ever! (2002), ISBN 0-233-05062-0
The Joy of Lex: An Amazing and Amusing Z to A and A to Z of Words (2002), ISBN 1-86105-399-1
The Word Book (2002), ISBN 1-86105-398-3
Philip and Elizabeth: Portrait of a Marriage (2004), ISBN 0-7126-6103-4
Charles and Camilla: Portrait of a Love Affair (2005), ISBN 1-84413-845-3
The 7 Secrets of Happiness (2013) ISBN 978-1780722047
Word Play (2015) ISBN 978-1-473-62029-2
Messing About in Quotes  (2018) ISBN 978-0-19-881318-7
Novelty knits: 35 fun & fabulous jumpers (2019), ISBN 978-0-8578-3-8476 (with Saethryd Brandreth)
The Oxford Book of Theatrical Anecdotes (2020) ISBN 978-0-19-874958-5
Philip: The Final Portrait (2021) ISBN 978-1-44-476960-9
Odd Boy Out (2021) ISBN 978-0-24-148371-8
Elizabeth: An Intimate Portrait (2022) ISBN 978-0-24-158258-9

Fiction
Here Comes Golly (1979)  ISBN 978-0-7207-1098-4
Who is Nick Saint? (1996)  ISBN 978-0-3168-7979-8
Venice Midnight (1999)  ISBN 0-7515-2658-4
Oscar Wilde and the Candlelight Murders (2007), (American title: Oscar Wilde and a Death of No Importance)  ISBN 978-0-7195-6930-2
Oscar Wilde and the Ring of Death (2008), (American title: Oscar Wilde and a Game Called Murder)  ISBN 978-0719569609
Oscar Wilde and the Dead Man's Smile (2009)  ISBN 978-1416534853
Oscar Wilde and the Nest of Vipers (2010), (American title: Oscar Wilde and the Vampire Murders)  ISBN 978-1-4391-5369-7
Oscar Wilde and the Vatican Murders (2011)  ISBN 978-1-4391-5374-1
Oscar Wilde and the Murders at Reading Gaol (2012)  ISBN 978-1-4391-5376-5
Jack the Ripper - Case Closed (2017)- ISBN 978-1-4721-5232-9 (American title: Oscar Wilde and the Return of Jack the Ripper (2019)  ISBN 978-1-64313-021-7)
Passage 6:
Keith Raffan
Keith William Twort Raffan (born 21 June 1949) is a former British politician  From 1983 to 1992, he served in the British House of Commons as the Conservative Member of Parliament (MP) for the Delyn constituency in Wales  Then from 1999 to 2005, he was a Scottish Liberal Democrat Member of the Scottish Parliament (MSP) for the Mid Scotland and Fife region 

Early life
Raffan was born in Aberdeen and educated at Robert Gordon's College, Trinity College, Glenalmond, and Corpus Christi College, Cambridge  Prior to entering parliament he was a parliamentary sketchwriter for the Daily Express 

Conservative MP, 1983–1992
Originally a Conservative, Raffan was in the early 1970s a chairman of Pressure for Economic and Social Toryism (a precursor of the Tory Reform Group), thus placing him on the left of the party  At this time he stood unsuccessfully for parliament in two general elections, at Dulwich in February 1974 and East Aberdeenshire in October 1974 He was elected as Conservative MP for the Welsh seat of Delyn from 1983 to 1992, but his views on issues like drugs put him out of favour with the prevailing leadership of Margaret Thatcher, and he was never made a Minister  Raffan was one of the few Conservative MPs to support the 'stalking horse' leadership challenge of Anthony Meyer (his constituency neighbour in north Wales) against Thatcher in 1989, and he then supported Michael Heseltine's challenge to Thatcher the following year 

Scottish parliament, 1999–2005
Raffan stood down from the House of Commons at the 1992 general election and abandoned the Tories, in part because of his strong support for Scottish and Welsh devolution  He joined the Liberal Democrats that same year, and after working as a broadcaster and public relations consultant in New York and for Welsh TV channel HTV moved to Scotland  In 1998 he stood as the Liberal Democrat candidate in the European Parliament by-election for North East Scotland, and soon afterwards was appointed the Scottish party's chief spokesman on home affairs In the 1999 Scottish Parliament election Raffan was elected as a regional list MSP to represent Mid Scotland and Fife  He was one of three Liberal Democrat MSPs – along with Donald Gorrie and John Farquhar Munro – who opposed the coalition with the Labour Party in the Scottish Parliament, and was alone in his Liberal Democrat colleagues in not backing Donald Dewar for First Minister (he abstained from the vote)  Noted for his flamboyant and theatrical manner when participating in debate, early in the parliament's first term he gained notoriety for tabling 38 written questions in one day Raffan was re-elected at the 2003 Scottish Parliament election, and became a Vice Convener of the Scottish Liberal Democrats  However, in December 2004 he was subject to wide criticism for claiming abnormally large expense costs from the Scottish Parliament, including travel in his Fife constituency at times he was known to be in Parliament in Edinburgh  The following month he resigned as an MSP, citing ill-health (and not the controversy his expense claims had caused) as the reason 
He faced further criticism after his resignation for working at ITV Wales despite being "too sick to work"  He was replaced in his seat by Andrew Arbuckle, who had been next on the Liberal Democrat list for Mid Scotland and Fife in 2003  The Scottish Liberal Democrats have confirmed to the press that Raffan is no longer a party member 

After politics
In the run up to the 2018 local elections, Raffan wrote a letter to the Evening Standard declaring that he was going to vote for the Labour Party in Kensington where he was living He has subsequently left his third political party and now considers himself an independent 
Passage 7:
Democratic Party (Denmark)
The Democratic Party (Danish: Det Demokratiske Parti, less officially Demokraterne) is a political party in Denmark  The party was founded in September 2012 by former conservative member of parliament and former chairman of the Christian Democrats, Per Ørum Jørgensen, a few weeks after his resignation as chairman  The new party has no religious profile, but is a socially conservative, centre-right party which focuses on social issues and on reducing the distance between the citizens and the government in several respects  It wants Denmark to leave the EU  Instead, it wants a union of the Nordic countries of the same type  The party has no parliamentary representation 
Passage 8:
Baron Dunleath
Baron Dunleath, of Ballywalter in the County of Down, is a title in the Peerage of the United Kingdom  It was created on 29 August 1892 for the businessman and former Conservative Member of Parliament for Downpatrick, John Mulholland  The Mulholland family were involved in the cotton and linen industry in Ulster in the north of Ireland  The first Baron's son, the second Baron, represented Londonderry North in the House of Commons as a Conservative  His grandson, the fourth Baron, was a member of the Northern Ireland Assembly for the Alliance Party  He was succeeded by his first cousin, the fifth Baron, who had already succeeded his father as second Baronet of Ballyscullion (see below)  As of 2017 the titles are held by the fifth Baron's son, the sixth Baron, who succeeded in 1997 
The Mulholland Baronetcy, of Ballyscullion Park in the County of Londonderry, was created in the Baronetage of the United Kingdom on 3 July 1945 for the Hon  Henry Mulholland  He was the third son of the second Baron Dunleath and notably served as Speaker of the House of Commons of Northern Ireland  He was succeeded by his son, the aforementioned second Baronet, who in 1993 succeeded his cousin as fifth Baron Dunleath 
The family seat is Ballywalter Park, near Newtownards, County Down in Northern Ireland 

Barons Dunleath (1892)
John Mulholland, 1st Baron Dunleath (1819–1895)
Henry Lyle Mulholland, 2nd Baron Dunleath (1854–1931)
Charles Henry George Mulholland, 3rd Baron Dunleath (1886–1956)
Charles Edward Henry John Mulholland, 4th Baron Dunleath (1933–1993)
Michael Henry Mulholland, 5th Baron Dunleath (1915–1997)
Brian Henry Mulholland, 6th Baron Dunleath (b  1950)The heir apparent is the present holder's son the Hon  Andrew Henry Mulholland (b  1981) 

Mulholland Baronets, of Ballyscullion (1945)
Sir Henry George Hill Mulholland, 1st Baronet (1888–1971)
Sir Michael Henry Mulholland, 2nd Baronet (1915–1997) (succeeded as Baron Dunleath in 1993)see above for further succession

Notes
Passage 9:
Celebrity Fifteen to One
Celebrity Fifteen to One is a celebrity version of the Channel 4 game show Fifteen to One  William G  Stewart presented the first two episodes, which were Christmas specials that aired on 27 December 1990 and 30 December 1992  Adam Hills has hosted subsequent episodes on 20 September 2013, 6, 13, 20 and 27 June 2014, a Christmas special on 23 December 2014 and 7, 14, 21 and 28 August 2015 
Richard Whiteley, Anna Raeburn, Sally Jones and Rory McGrath appeared on both 1990s episodes, with Alex Brooker, Jimmy Carr, Johnny Vegas, Rhod Gilbert and Gyles Brandreth also having made appearances on more than one Hills episode  Of these, Brandreth is the only person to have made appearances on episodes presented by both hosts 

Episodes
William G  Stewart era
The first episode was broadcast on 27 December 1990  The format is largely the same as that of Fifteen to One, though with the Barry Cryer rule: Those who get both questions wrong may still play round 2 with one life remaining, with Cryer being the only one to miss both questions  Cryer was also the first contestant to be eliminated   The programme is extended to 45 minutes from 30, with an extra advert added between the first and second rounds 
A second celebrity special aired on 30 December 1992  In his book "A Matter of Facts: An Insider's Guide To Quizzing", contestant Marcus Berkmann, who had previously appeared on a civilian episode of the show two years prior, explained that he was asked to appear on the programme after Vincent Hanna pulled out and noted that "clearly some barrels had been scraped for this, and [he] was at the bottom of the very last barrel"  The winner, Patrick Stoddart, won by taking a step back from the rest of the semi-circle, resulting in no one nominating him in round 2  This would be the last Celebrity Fifteen to One for over twenty years 

Adam Hills era
The show was revived on 20 September 2013 as part of a 1980s night  This version was hosted by Adam Hills and was 1 hour long rather than 45 minutes and did not reprise what UKGameshows com termed as the Barry Cryer rule; "just one life away for each incorrect answer in round one"  It did, however, slash the number of questions in round three down to 25, and eliminated the need for three correct answers to start question or nominate  Money was awarded for getting to the final: £1,000 for getting there; £5,000 for coming second; £10,000 for coming first + £1,000 for however many lives they have left + £1,000 for getting any of the questions right after both the other finalists have been eliminated + £100 for every life they entered the round with  Jo Brand won this episode, winning £21,100 for her charity 
After the first show aired, it was announced by Channel 4 that the show would be revived for four more celebrity specials featuring Hills and for twenty daytime episodes featuring Sandi Toksvig  Changes were made; money was not awarded for lives left at the end of the round two, and for the last celebrity standing, the last five questions are worth £2,000 each  The winners of these programmes were Josie Long, who raised £25,000, Stephen Mangan and Dave Gorman, who both raised £23,000, and Sian Williams, who raised £22,000  These episodes were transmitted on 6, 13, 20 and 27 June 2015 respectively 
A Christmas special was broadcast on 23 December 2014  Rufus Hound raised £11,000 after a particularly tight final round in which all three contestants were standing at the end of 25 questions, and Hound opted to take two questions from 71–82 down with only one life left 
Four more episodes of Celebrity Fifteen to One were broadcast on 7, 14, 21 and 28 August 2015  Winners of these episodes were Alex James, who raised £11,000, Kate Humble, who raised £26,000, Gary Delaney, who raised £11,000 and Tanni Grey-Thompson, who raised £13,000 
William G  Stewart hosted two celebrity specials across 35 series  The revival shows include ten celebrity specials across four series of the main daytime show  The fourth series began on 18 September 2015 
Passage 10:
Bossom baronets
The Bossom Baronetcy, of Maidstone in the County of Kent, is a title in the Baronetage of the United Kingdom  It was created on 4 July 1953 for the architect and Conservative Member of Parliament for Maidstone, Alfred Bossom  In 1960 he was further honoured when he was created a life peer as Baron Bossom, of Maidstone in the County of Kent  The life peerage became extinct on his death in 1965 while he was succeeded in the baronetcy by his second but only surviving son, the second holder of the baronetcy  He was a former Conservative Member of Parliament for Leominster 

Bossom baronets, of Maidstone (1953)
Sir Alfred Charles Bossom, 1st Baronet (1881–1965) (created Baron Bossom in 1960)
Sir Clive Bossom, 2nd Baronet (1918–2017)
Sir Bruce Bossom, 3rd Baronet (born 1952)The heir apparent to the baronetcy is his son George Edward Martin Bossom (born 1992) 

Notes



ground_truth: Bob Dylan

prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: Why did the CEO of the football team based in Denver, Colorado step down in 2014?

The following are given passages.
Context 4: Passage 1:
Regional Planning Association of America
The Regional Planning Association of America ("RPAA"), formed by Clarence Stein was an urban reform association developed in 1923   The association was a diverse group of people all with their own talents and skills   The goal of this group was to “connect a diverse group of friends in a critical examination of the city, in the collaborative development and dissemination of ideas, in political action and in city building projects”   Throughout the ten-year span in which the association lasted, five leading members contributed to this goal   Clarence Stein, Benton MacKaye, Lewis Mumford, Charles Harris Whitaker, Alexander Bing, and Henry Wright were the essential backbone of the RPAA  Originally an idea of Clarence Stein’s, through a series of introductions and acquaintances in Washington DC in 1918, the Regional Planning Association began to form 

Founders
Clarence Stein
Clarence Stein attended the Ethical Culture Society’s Workingman’s School, which influenced his interest in the city life and social responsibility through its teaching  Stein was closely influenced by the founder of Ethical Culture, Felix Adler, and teacher, John Lovejoy Elliott, in involvement with movements and committees, such as the Hudson Guild Settlement House and the Progressive Reform movement in New York City at the turn-of-the-century   Therefore, Stein’s enrollment at Workingman’s School proved to be of strong influence on his later interests and achievements   The very principle of the Ethical Culture Society being “that an individual’s growth toward excellence comes from furthering the unlike excellence of others”, exemplifies the basis of Stein’s life achievements through the RPAA 
Stein first met future fellow RPAA members, Henry Wright and Alexander Bing, in Washington (in 1918) through a friend, Charles Whitaker (editor of the JAIA)   In 1920, Stein became the Associate Editor for Community Planning with the Journal of the American Institute of Architects and soon later discovered the idea to create the RPAA including his friends at the JAIA office, including Lewis Mumford, as well as many others  The group included members in various fields of study from architects to union leaders, city officials to writers, and engineers to sociologists  And so, on April 18, 1923, the first official meeting of the Regional Planning Association of America was held   The association began with only a total of eight people present at its first official meeting but it soon grew 

Benton MacKaye
The first major project of the RPAA was that of fellow RPAA member, Benton MacKaye; the Appalachian Trail, a trail which we would refer to today as a greenway, of which he wrote an article in the JAIA two years earlier (“An Appalachian Trail – A Project in Regional Planning”)   The trail was planned to connect a footpath from Maine to Georgia in an attempt to “lead civilization to the wilderness”   The project was not directly implemented by the RPAA, however, their part was successful in introducing their idea to others and helping the various groups of Mountain Clubs come together to create the final project   The majority of the trail was completed by the mid-1930s   From this project came another main goal of the RPAA which was to create “the preservation of large areas of the natural environment, including parts of the wilderness, as a green matrix for shaping a “regional city” and for serving its various-sized, spatially well defined, specialized communities” 

Lewis Mumford
The success in publicizing this project as well as others was in large part due to Lewis Mumford   Mumford was the RPAA’s leading journalist and spokesperson   Having published his first book in 1922, The Story of Utopia, and well on his way with another, Mumford was extremely useful to the association  He worked on not only books and articles related to the RPAA but also wrote/edited policy documents   Mumford also contributed to the group by sharing his interest of Patrick Geddes’ ideas on regional development and planning   Mumford contributed concepts of “a dispersed yet concentrated urban culture integrated with nature” which were integrated along with MacKaye’s concepts into the RPAA’s later projects 

Sunnyside and Radburn
The leading community building experiments conceptualized and implemented by the RPAA were Sunnyside Gardens, Queens and Radburn, New Jersey   Sunnyside started as a small-scale housing development experiment in Queens, New York   The goal was “to produce good homes at as low a price as possible, to make the company’s investment safe, and to use the work of building and selling houses as a laboratory to work out better house and block plans and better methods of building”   Radburn, New Jersey, would be the new and improved built community utilizing the analysis from the Sunnyside community experiment 

through not only his own real estate company and wealth but through his outstanding real estate and business skills   Bing, president of the RPAA, found the funds through outside contributions and personal contribution (more so than any other member) to support the projects of the association   For the Sunnyside community project Bing founded the City Housing Corporation through which he would establish the funding and opportunity to complete the project 

Henry Wright
Henry Wright, known as the analyst due to his never-ending questioning and analysis on projects, worked alongside Stein in site designs and development on such projects as Sunnyside, New York   Studied architecture at the University of Pennsylvania along with work as a landscape architect and site planner, Wright shared many interests with Stein   Close work in 1923 on the Sunnyside Homes development with Stein led to a trip to England in 1924 to study the designs of Unwin and Parker as well as that of Ebeneezer Howard   Though close at the beginning of the association’s organization, Wright went on to establish “The Housing Study Guild” along with several RPAA members which Stein viewed to work more independently than directly with the RPAA’s projects   This slight dispute would be the beginning point of the division and end of the Regional Planning Association of America   In 1933, many members began to move away and/or join various other movements or committees which quickly led to the association's end 

Legacy
The Regional Planning Association of America, led by Clarence Stein, Benton MacKaye, Lewis Mumford, Alexander Bing, Henry Wright, as well as many others started simply as a group of people with similar interests wanting to make a difference in the American towns and cities  Through the collaboration of these five, Clarence Stein – the organizer and manager, Benton MacKaye – the conservationist, Lewis Mumford – the writer, Alexander Bing – the developer-builder, and Henry Wright – the analyst, as well as the many other members, the RPAA conceptualized, experimented, and changed our view of American towns, cities, architecture, and planning in America 
Passage 2:
Lewis Mumford House
The Lewis Mumford House is located on Leedsville Road (Dutchess County Route 2) in the Town of Amenia, New York, United States  It is a white Federal style building dating to the 1830s 
Social philosopher, historian and cultural critic Lewis Mumford and his wife bought the house in the late 1920s, originally using it as a summer house  By the mid-1930s, they decided to make it their permanent residence for a few years  That period extended to more than half a century, the rest of Mumford's life  His experience of living in a rural area informed some of Mumford's thinking about cities and how they should be shaped  In 1999, a few years after his death, the property was  listed on the National Register of Historic Places 

Buildings and grounds
The property listed on the Register consists of two adjoining parcels: a 1 9-acre (7,700 m2) lot with the house and carriage house and a larger 11 7-acre (4 7 ha) open field stretching back to Webutuck Creek  Both are located on the west side of Leedsville Road, a street of large semi-wooded residential lots, most formerly part of larger farms, in the eastern section of Amenia  There is a similar 19th-century farmhouse just across the street  The Mumford property is a half-mile (1 km) south of state highway NY 343 and a similar distance west of the Connecticut state line  The house, carriage house and landscaping on the property are all considered contributing resources to the listing 

House
The main house's east (front) section is a three-bay two-story frame structure on a stone foundation sided in clapboard  It is topped with a side-gabled roof shingled in asphalt, pierced by two brick chimneys at either end  A perpendicular rear wing, similarly sided, is one and a half stories in height, with side entrances and a single-story sunroom added to the rear A single-bay porch with arched pediment and two round columns shelters the main entrance at the northern end of the front facade  All windows have solid wooden shutters  Semicircular windows at the attic level on either side elevation have been boarded in Federal-style crown moldings, pilasters and fielded side panels surround the main entrance  It opens to a small main hall that gives onto a living room with exposed ceiling beams  A study, kitchen and pantry, bathroom and the sunroom complete the first floor  The flooring is wide pine boards  The brick kitchen fireplace has a large mantel and bake oven Two staircases lead up to the second floor  The front one has been opened up to provide more light to the upstairs  The kitchen stair is narrow and steep  The basement has a dirt floor and the original, unfinished stone walls 

Carriage house and landscaping
To the rear of the house, at the end of the driveway, is the former carriage house, modified for use as an automotive garage  It is a single-story post and beam wood pegged structure sided in clapboard with an asphalt-shingled roof  It has a low loft inside, a northern addition to accommodate a car, and three windows on the south side Stone paths lead from the driveway south to the house  They are complemented in the landscaping by mature plantings including ornamental shrubs around the house and curvilinear flower beds in the rear yard  Intersecting paths lead through the woods to the open field in the rear 

History
There is some uncertainty about the age of the house  In his 1982 autobiography Sketches of Life, Mumford gives its construction date as 1837  Research done by New York's State Historic Preservation Office in preparation for the Register nomination found that it might be as much as a decade older Mumford, a mostly self-taught New York City native, and his wife Sophia had lived in Greenwich Village and Sunnyside Gardens in Queens following their 1921 marriage  After the success of Sticks and Stones, his 1924 history of American architecture, critic Joel Elias Spingarn invited him up to his Amenia estate, Troutbeck  The Mumfords spent the summer of 1926 there, and returned in the following years By 1929 they had decided to purchase a property of their own for their summers, and found the house just down the road from Troutbeck  For $2,500 ($43,000 in contemporary dollars), they bought the house and what Mumford later called its "weedy acre"  After seven more summers, the family decided to settle there year-round in 1936, and began adding additional acreage and upgrading the house with electricity and heating to make it livable in wintertime It was a considerable adjustment for the Mumfords, both of whom had up to that point been city dwellers  "There," wrote one scholar three decades later, "the rural life that previously he had only glimpsed became real to him " He took up gardening in earnest, and the Mumfords began landscaping the property, eventually adding paths that opened up vistas across the Webutuck valley to Oblong Mountain on the west  They bought a used 1932 Chevrolet, their first car  Mumford left it to his wife to drive after he nearly crashed it into the maple trees in front of the house on one attempt to learn, and swore never to get behind the wheel again The Mumfords primarily socialized with the Spingarns up the road  They nevertheless appreciated their neighbors' help in lending them tools and garden equipment and watching the house when they were away from it; one large family nearby was extremely helpful with the Mumford children  The experience reinforced Mumford's belief that livable city neighborhoods needed to have "something of the village" in them They told their friends in New York that they initially meant to stay in Amenia for only a few years  But Lewis gradually found the quiet rural environment a good place to write, and it was in the downstairs study that he turned out many of his later major works on the role of cities in civilization and the roots of industrialization  In the early 1940s, after his son Geddes was killed in action during World War II, Mumford recalled his son's childhood in and around the house in Green Memories "We gradually fell in love with our shabby house as a young man might fall in love with a homely girl whose voice and smile were irresistible", Mumford later recalled  "In no sense was this the house of dreams  But over our lifetime it has slowly turned into something better, the house of our realities     [T]his dear house has enfolded and remodeled our family character—exposing our limitations as well as our virtues "Over the rest of their lives, the Mumfords sometimes took residence elsewhere for Lewis's teaching or research positions, up to a year at a time  They always returned to what they called the "Great Good Place"  Mumford's biographer Donald Miller wrote:

In the act of living in this house and making it over it became like a person to them; and like a good friend they grew more fond of it with closer and deeper acquaintance  Every patch garden and lawn, every vista and view, carried the imprint of some of the best hours of their lives 
They made some changes to it, siding the first story in shingles and removing the south chimney  Inside they put bookcases on almost every wall In the 1980s, when Lewis could no longer write due to his advanced age, he retreated to the house  He died there in his bed in 1990, at the age of 94  Sophia followed him seven years later After her death, the house was sold to a local carpenter who decided to restore it to its original appearance and resell it  He removed all the bookcases and the nine layers of linoleum the Mumfords had added to the kitchen floor every time one wore out  Later renovations restored the original siding and chimney In 1999, after being listed on the National Register, the house was again put up for sale with a list price of $375,000  The restorations made it more difficult to sell despite the historic provenance, since it still lacked many amenities sought by contemporary buyers of country houses  It eventually did, and is now an occupied residence again 

See also
National Register of Historic Places listings in Dutchess County, New York
Passage 3:
The City in History
The City in History: Its Origins, Its Transformations, and Its Prospects is a 1961 National Book Award winner by American historian Lewis Mumford 
It was first published by Harcourt, Brace & World (New York) 

Synopsis
Mumford argues for a world not in which technology rules, but rather in which it achieves a balance with nature  His ideal vision is what can be described as an "organic city," where culture is not usurped by technological innovation but rather thrives with it  Mumford contrasts these cities with those constructed around wars, tyrants, poverty, etc  However, the book is not an attack on the city, but rather an evaluation of its growth, how it came to be, and where it is heading, as evidenced by the final chapter "Retrospect and Prospect "
Mumford notes apologetically in his preface that his "method demands personal experience and observation," and that therefore he has "confined [him]self as far as possible to cities and regions [he is] acquainted with at first hand "

Style
Mumford's florid writing style is also "organic" compared to the cold, mechanical style of many history texts   Stylistically, his works are full of metaphors and similes, as well as quotations from famous novelists, giving his prose shades of poetry   He refers to such texts as Great Expectations and Hard Times, sometimes using citations to illustrate to the reader what life was like during the industrial era and the city in which Dickens lived 
Articles have been written on Mumford's use of metaphors and how his works can often be read as "fiction," in the sense that they have narrative flow   That is evident in this book, in which, instead of a human protagonist on which the story centers, we have the city and its growth in a quasi-bildungsroman fashion 

Editions
Hardcover, MJF Books (August 1997) ISBN 978-1-56731-211-9
Paperback, Harvest Books (October 1968) ISBN 978-0-15-618035-1
Passage 4:
Megalopolis
A megalopolis () or a supercity, also called a megaregion, is a group of metropolitan areas which are perceived as a continuous urban area through common systems of transport, economy, resources, ecology, and so on  They are integrated enough that coordinating policy is valuable, although the constituent metropolises keep their individual identities  The megalopolis concept has become highly influential as it introduced a new, larger scale thinking about urban patterns and growth 

Etymology and earlier definitions
The term has specific geographic definitions dating from 1832, when its meaning was "a metropolis," that is, "a very large, heavily populated urban complex" 
In the late 1950s and early 1960s, Jean Gottmann, a professor of political science at the University of Paris and member of the Institute for Advanced Study at Princeton, directed "A Study of Megalopolis" for The Twentieth Century Fund, wherein he described a megalopolis as a "world of ideas"  Gottmann, in his extensive studies, applied the term megalopolis to an analysis of the urbanized northeastern seaboard of the U S , in particular from Boston, Massachusetts to Washington, D C 

Modern definitions
A megalopolis may also be called a megaregion  "Megalopolis" and other similar terms have been used by different scholars and countries to describe similar spatial forms 
A megalopolis, following the work of Gottmann, refers to two or more roughly adjacent metropolitan areas that, through a commonality of systems—e g , of transport, economy, resources, and ecologies—experience a blurring of the boundaries between the population centers, such that while some degree of separation may remain, their perception as a continuous urban area is of value, e g , "to coordinate policy at this expanded scale"  Simply put, a megalopolis (or a megaregion) is a clustered network of big cities  Gottmann defined its population as 25 million, while Doxiadis defined a small megalopolis a similar cluster with a population of about 10 million  America 2050, a program of the Regional Plan Association (RPA), lists 11 megaregions in the United States and Canada 
Megaregions of the United States were explored in a July 2005 report by Robert E  Lang and Dawn Dhavale of the Metropolitan Institute at Virginia Tech  A later 2007 article by Lang and Nelson uses 20 "megapolitan" areas grouped into 10 megaregions  The concept is based on the original "Megalopolis model" Modern interlinked ground transportation corridors, such as rail and highway, often aid in the development of megalopolises  Using these commuter passageways to travel throughout the megalopolis is informally called megaloping, a term coined by Davide Gadren and Stefan Berteau In Brazil, the term megarregião has a legal meaning, different from the English word megaregion: mesoregions of Brazil (mesorregião) and microregions of Brazil (microrregião) 
In China, the official term corresponding to the meaning of "megalopolis" is '城市群' (chéngshì qún), which, in Chinese, was originally coined by Yao Shimou and literally means "city cluster"  A "city cluster" is defined as "[a]n area in which cities are relatively densely distributed in a certain region"  In an older standard, the term was mistranslated as "agglomeration"  In 2019, National Development and Reform Commission (NDRC)  published guidelines and made a distinction from a similar concept "metropolitan area" (都市圈), which is of a smaller scale than a city cluster  In the latest standard terminologies of both economics and urban planning, 城市群 is translated as "city cluster", replacing "agglomeration" 

List of megalopolises
In popular culture
Metropolis
Metropolis is a 1927 German expressionist science-fiction drama film directed by Fritz Lang  Written by Thea von Harbou in collaboration with Lang, it stars Gustav Fröhlich, Alfred Abel, Rudolf Klein-Rogge and Brigitte Helm  Erich Pommer produced it in the Babelsberg Studios for Universum Film A G  (Ufa)  The silent film is regarded as a pioneering science-fiction movie, being among the first feature-length movies of that genre  Filming took place over 17 months in 1925–26 at a cost of over five million Reichsmarks 

Judge Dredd
In the Judge Dredd (1977) comic book series and its spinoff series, Mega-City One is a huge fictional megalopolis-size city-state covering much of what is now the Eastern United States and some of Canada  The exact geography of the city depends on which writer and artist has done which story, but from its first appearance it has been associated with New York City's urban sprawl; originally it was presented as a future New York, which was retconned as the centre of a "Mega-City One" in the very next story  The Architects' Journal placed it at No  1 in their list of "comic book cities" 

Blade Runner
Blade Runner is a 1982 neo-noir science fiction film directed by Ridley Scott, written by Hampton Fancher and David Peoples, and starring Harrison Ford, Rutger Hauer, Sean Young, and Edward James Olmos  It is a loose adaptation of Philip K  Dick's novel Do Androids Dream of Electric Sheep? (1968)  The film is set in a dystopian future Los Angeles of 2019, in which synthetic humans known as replicants are bio-engineered by the powerful Tyrell Corporation to work on off-world colonies  When a fugitive group of replicants led by Roy Batty (Hauer) escapes back to Earth, burnt-out cop Rick Deckard (Ford) reluctantly agrees to hunt them down 

Sprawl trilogy
In William Gibson's Sprawl trilogy, "the Sprawl" is a colloquial name for the "Boston-Atlanta Metropolitan Axis" (BAMA), an urban sprawl environment on a massive scale, and a fictional extension of the real Northeast megalopolis   The Sprawl is a visualization of a future where virtually the entire East Coast of the United States, from Boston to Atlanta, has melded into a single mass of urban sprawl  It has been enclosed in several geodesic domes and merged into one megacity  The city has become a separate world with its own climate, no real night/day cycle, and an artificial sky that is always grey 

Further reading
Hagler, Yoav (November 2009)  "Defining U S  Megaregions" (PDF)  America 2050  Retrieved February 19, 2022 – via RPA org  This work, while dated, is from Associate Planner Yoav Hagler of America 2050, and while not used as a source in this article, is one of the most focused articles available on the American aspects of the title subject  It includes history, methodology, and statistical and other criteria sections, and identifies the U S  megaregions as of its publication date America 2050 Staff (February 19, 2022)  "Megaregions"  America 2050  Archived from the original (homepage) on May 16, 2017  Retrieved February 19, 2022 – via RPA org  Starting point for access to articles from the America 2050 effort, while it was active  Note, an earlier cited article by Matt Taylor, on urban transit issues, appears among the works linked at this home page 

See also
Passage 5:
Critical Mass (book)
Critical Mass: How One Thing Leads to Another, a non-fiction book by English chemist and physicist Philip Ball originally published in 2004, discusses the concept of a "physics of society"  Ball discusses thinkers such as Thomas Hobbes, Lewis Mumford, Emyr Hughes, and Gottfried Achenwall who have attempted to apply (or argue against the use of) physics, chemistry, or mathematics in the study of mass social phenomena  He also discusses how the concept relates to recent research, including his own 

Physics of society
The outlines of Ball's Critical Mass, the most popular of his many noted books, beginning in various circa 2001 lectures, talks, and articles focused on what he calls a 'physics of society', similar to the social physics in the Auguste Comte sense, a subject Ball approaches using statistical mechanics viewing people as atoms or molecules that show characteristic behaviours in bulk  The following is an excerpt of his 2003 talk on the physical modeling of society:
"There seem to be 'laws' [of] social systems that have at least something of the character of natural physical laws, in that they do not yield easily to planned and arbitrary interventions  Over the past several decades, social, economic and political scientists have begun a dialogue with physical and biological scientists to try to discover whether there is truly a 'physics of society', and if so, what its laws and principles are  In particular, they have begun to regard complex modes of human activity as collections of many interacting 'agents' - somewhat analogous to a fluid of interacting atoms or molecules, but within which there is scope for decision-making, learning and adaptation "In his 2004 book, Ball summarizes this to the effect that "to develop a physics of society, we must take a bold step that some might regard as a leap of faith and others as preposterous idealization: particles become people " Nearly as soon as he gives this definition, however, Ball falls back on the two biggest hurdles to this perspective: that of the theories of being alive and of free will, both of which seem to contradict the physics viewpoint 

Other topics
Other topics discussed in the book include the business cycle, random walks, phase transitions, bifurcation theory, traffic flow, Zipf's law, Small world phenomenon, catastrophe theory, the Prisoner's dilemma  The overall theme is one of applying modern mathematical models to social and economic phenomena 

Awards
Critical Mass was the winner of the 2005 Aventis Prize for Science Books and the 2005 Royal Society Winton Prize for Science Books 

See also
Critical mass (sociodynamics)
Psychohistory
Historical materialism
Network economics
Passage 6:
Technics and Civilization
Technics and Civilization is a 1934 book by American philosopher and historian of technology Lewis Mumford   The book presents the history of technology and its role in shaping and being shaped by civilizations   According to Mumford, modern technology has its roots in the Middle Ages rather than in the Industrial Revolution  It is the moral, economic, and political choices we make, not the machines we use, Mumford argues, that have produced a capitalist industrialized machine-oriented economy, whose imperfect fruits serve the majority so imperfectly 

Background
Apart from its significance as a monumental work of scholarship in several disciplines, Mumford explicitly positioned the book as a call-to-action for the human race to consider its options in the face of the threats to its survival posed by possible ecological catastrophe or industrialised warfare  Technics and Civilization is the first book in Mumford's four-volume Renewal of Life series, followed by The Culture of Cities (1938), The Condition of Man (1944), and The Conduct of Life (1951) 

Synopsis
Mumford divides the development of technology into three overlapping phases: eotechnic (Greek, eos meaning "dawn"), paleotechnic and neotechnic The first phase  of technically civilized life (AD 1000 to 1800) begins with the clock, to Mumford the most important basis for the development of capitalism because time thereby becomes fungible (thus transferable)   The clock is the most important prototype for all other machines   He contrasts the development and use of glass, wood, wind and water with the inhumanly horrific work that goes into mining and smelting metal   The use of all of these materials, and the development of science during the eotechnic phase, is based on the abstraction from life of the elements that could be measured   He approves those people, cities and cultures who strove for a harmonious balance between the senses and the freedom from labor provided by science 

The second phase, the paleotechnic (roughly 1700 to 1900), is "an upthrust into barbarism, aided by the very forces and interests which originally had been directed toward the conquest of the environment and the perfection of human nature "  Inventions of the paleotechnic are made by men trying to solve specific problems rather than hunting for general scientific principles; in fact, scientific learning is devalued by men of business   The invention of coal-fired steam powered factories and the installation of capital-intensive machinery leads to a necessarily gigantic round-the-clock scale of production supported by unskilled machine tenders  Labour becomes a commodity, rather than an inalienable set of skills, the labourer who tended machines, lived in slums, and was paid starvation wages, became physically stunted and socially and spiritually stultified   Mumford notes that the death rate of urban slums compares unfavorably to the agricultural worker of the same time period, and furthermore that life in the nineteenth century compares unfavorably to cleanliness and standards of living available to workers in thirteenth century cities   He also identifies iron as the primary building material of the paleotechnic, and skyscrapers, bridges and steamships as première accomplishments of the age   War and mass sport he saw as social releases from mechanized life, and the hysteric duties of wartime production (or even the hysteria of a baseball team's victory) is a natural outgrowth of the tensions and structures of such paleotechnic life 
In describing the neotechnic age (from about 1900 to Mumford's present, 1930), he focuses on the invention of electricity, freeing the factory production line from the restrictions of coal through the addition of small electric motors to individual machines, and freeing the laborer to create small but competitive factories   Mumford presciently notes that a small producer can deliver what is needed when it is needed more efficiently than paleotechnic assembly lines  The neotechnic phase he saw was dominated by men of science, rather than mechanically apt machinists  Rather than pursuing accomplishments on the scale of the trains, it is concerned with the invisible, the rare, the atomic level of change and innovation   Compact and lightweight aluminum is the metal of the neotechnic,  and communication and information—even inflated amounts—he claimed was the coin 


== Notes ==
Passage 7:
Jack Hillmer
Jack Hillmer (1918–2007) was an American architect based in San Francisco, California   An exponent of what Lewis Mumford called the "Bay Region style," Hillmer is known for his meticulously hand-crafted modernist homes built from redwood   Jack Hillmer's most notable projects include the Ludekens house on Belvedere island, the Munger house in Napa, and the Cagliostro house in Berkeley   Architectural writer Alan Hess called Jack Hillmer "one of the most original architects produced by California "

Early life
Hillmer was born and raised in Texas   As a 15-year-old boy, he travelled to Chicago with his mother, a cousin and a friend to visit the 1933 World's Fair   It was there, in the California exhibit, that he encountered the redwood boards that would become a key feature of his later architectural practice:  four-foot by twenty-foot planks displayed under spotlights to highlight one of that state's key products   Several years later Hillmer received a scholarship to the University of Texas, where he enrolled in architecture   After college, Hillmer joined the air force, and was stationed in San Diego   Hillmer used his time-off during the war to explore the new modernist buildings that were being built in southern California, including renting a room in the Pueblo Rivera Apartments by R  M  Schindler, and living for a time at the La Jolla Art Center by Irving Gill   Toward the end of the war, Hillmer visited Frank Lloyd Wright at Taliesen West in Scottsdale, Arizona   Hillmer was invited by Wright to join his Taliesen Fellowship, but Hillmer declined despite his appreciation for Wright's work Hillmer first visited the San Francisco Bay Area in 1945, when he flew up the coast to Hamilton Air Force Base to deliver a new bomber on which he had worked as a draftsman   Hillmer was transferred to Travis Air Force Base in Solano County, California toward the end of the war   After he was discharged, Hillmer decided to remain in the Bay Area, where he opened an architectural office with his friend Warren Callister at 425 Bush Street in San Francisco 

Career
Hillmer and Callister's first commission was the Haines and Betty Hall house in 1947, a house with an abstract geometry built from redwood boards that were reclaimed from a dismantled barn on the property   The house would later be published in Life magazine Shortly after the Hall house was published, Callister and Hillmer dissolved their partnership and set up individual practices   Hillmer's first commission on his own came in 1948 from Fred Ludekens, a successful graphic artist who had purchased a lot on Belvedere Island with views across the Bay to San Francisco   Arguably Hillmer's most successful design, the Ludekens house featured rough redwood walls and airplane wing-like ceilings that soared above the walls of the building, seemingly supported only by glass   Shortly after its completion in 1951, the Ludekens House would be featured in Architectural Forum In the early 1950s, Hillmer was invited to teach as a lecturer at the University of California, Berkeley by the dean of the architecture school, William Wurster, and again in the 1960s by Charles Moore   Several significant commissions followed over the next three decades, including the Milton Munger house in Napa (1950), the Owen Stebbins house in Kent Woodlands (1960), the John and Patti Wright house in Inverness (1962), and the Dominic Cagliostro house in Berkeley (1977) 

Style
Jack Hillmer's style is most closely identified with the Second Bay Tradition period of architecture in the California Bay Area   Hillmer's work is characterized by "bold exterior fascias and interior cornice lines [that] turn the structure into its own ornament   He hones unnecessary details to a minimum; window frames are typically absent; the glass is often embedded directly into the wood structure   This approach is thoroughly Modern   Beauty is drawn from the inherent structure itself rather than from applied carving "Architect Pierluigi Serraino described Hillmer's architecture as "assertive, but it's always benevolent   It's always very delicate in the way it fits onto the site   It's not architecture that wants to scream, but it has its own monumentality "In Hillmer's own words:  "My approach to architecture was as an art   The approach of most other architects is as a business   I never really thought about how much money I was getting "
Passage 8:
Henry Roth
Henry Roth (February 8, 1906 – October 13, 1995) was an American novelist and short story writer who found success later in life after his 1934 novel Call It Sleep was reissued in paperback in 1964 

Biography
Roth was born in Tysmenitz near Stanislawow, Galicia, Austro-Hungary (now known as Tysmenytsia, near Ivano-Frankivsk, Galicia, Ukraine)



ground_truth: due to the onset and progression of Alzheimer's disease

prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: Celebrity Fifteen to One has had more than one appearance by an English writer and former Conservative Member of what?

The following are given passages.
Context 4:  Although his parents never agreed on the exact date of his arrival in the United States, it is most likely that he and his mother landed at Ellis Island and began his life in New York in 1908  The family briefly lived in Brooklyn, and then on the Lower East Side, in the slums where his classic novel Call It Sleep is set  In 1914, they moved to Harlem  Roth lived there until 1927, when, as a senior at City College of New York, he moved in with Eda Lou Walton, a poet and New York University instructor who lived on Morton Street in Greenwich Village 
With Walton's support, he began Call It Sleep in about 1930, completed the novel in the spring of 1934, and it was published in December 1934, to mostly good reviews  Yet the New York Herald Tribune's book critic Lewis Gannett foresaw that the book would not prove popular with its bleak depiction of New York's Lower East Side, but wrote readers would "remember it and talk about it and watch excitedly" for Roth's next book  Call It Sleep sold slowly and poorly, and after it was out-of-print, critics writing in magazines such as Commentary and Partisan Review kept praising it, and asking for it to be reprinted  After being republished in hardback in 1960 and paperback in 1964, with more than 1,000,000 copies sold, and many weeks on the New York Times bestseller list, the novel was hailed as an overlooked Depression-era masterpiece and classic novel of immigration  Today, it is widely regarded as a masterpiece of Jewish American literature 
After the book's 1934 publication, Roth began a second novel that was contracted with editor Maxwell Perkins, of Scribner's  But Roth's growing ideological frustration and personal confusion contributed to a profound writer's block, which lasted until 1979, when he began the earliest drafts of Mercy of a Rude Stream (although material written much earlier than 1979 was also incorporated into this later work)  In 1938, during an unproductive sojourn at the artists' colony Yaddo in Saratoga Springs, New York, Roth met Muriel Parker, a pianist and composer; much of this period is depicted in Roth's final work, An American Type  Roth severed his relationship with Walton, moved out of her apartment, and married Parker in 1939, to the disapproval of her family  With the onset of World War II, he became a tool-and-gauge maker  The couple moved first to Boston with their two young sons, Jeremy and Hugh, and then, in 1946, to Maine  There, Roth worked as a woodsman, a schoolteacher, a psychiatric attendant in the state mental hospital, a waterfowl farmer, and a Latin and math tutor 
Arthur Hertzberg credited editor Harold U  Ribalow with "rediscovering" Roth  Ribelow found him on a farm in Maine, persuaded him to permit a new edition of the novel, and wrote an introduction to the new edition, which was published by Pageant Books in 1960   Many years later, after Ribalow had died and Roth was awarded the Ribalow Prize, he wrote to Ribalow's son, Meir Z  Ribalow, "Thanks for the encomia  Things like that keep me alive, I'm sure: what little is left me capable of feeling swells with pride like the staves of an old barrel when filled  Harold, to whom I owe so much, would have been happy to witness the occasion "In fact, Roth did not initially welcome the success of the 1964 reprint of Call It Sleep, valuing his privacy instead  But his writing block slowly began to break  In 1968, after Muriel's retirement from the Maine state school system, the couple moved to a trailer home in Albuquerque, New Mexico, closer to where Roth had stayed as writer-in-residence at the D  H  Lawrence ranch outside of Taos  Muriel began composing music again, while Roth collaborated with his friend and Italian translator Mario Materassi to put out a collection of essays called Shifting Landscape, published by the Jewish Publication Society in 1987  After Muriel's death, in 1990, Roth moved into a ramshackle former funeral parlor and occupied himself with revising the final volumes of his monumental work, Mercy of a Rude Stream  It has been alleged that the incestuous relationships between the protagonist, a sister, and a cousin in Mercy of a Rude Stream are autobiographical  Roth's sister, however, has denied that such events occurred 
Roth failed to garner the acclaim some say he deserves, perhaps because after the publication of Call It Sleep he failed to produce another novel for 60 years  He attributed his massive writer's block to personal problems, such as depression, and to political conflicts, including his disillusionment with Communism  At other times, he cited his early break with Judaism and his obsessive sexual preoccupations as probable causes  Roth died in Albuquerque, New Mexico, in 1995 
The character E  I  Lonoff in Philip Roth's Zuckerman novels (The Ghost Writer and Exit Ghost in this case), is a composite of Roth, Bernard Malamud and fictional elements 

Works and writing
Call It Sleep
Published in 1934, Call It Sleep centers on the turbulent experiences of a young boy, David Schearl, growing up in the Jewish immigrant slum of New York's Lower East Side in the early 20th century 

Mercy of a Rude Stream
Mercy of a Rude Stream is a monumental epic published in four volumes  It follows protagonist Ira Stigman from his family's arrival in Jewish-Irish Harlem in 1914 to the night before Thanksgiving in 1927, when Ira decides to leave the family tenement and move in with Edith Welles   According to critic David Mehegan, Roth's Mercy represents a "landmark of the American literary century" The first volume, A Star Shines over Mt  Morris Park was published in 1994 by St  Martin's Press and the second volume, called A Diving Rock on the Hudson, appeared from St  Martin's in 1995   In A Diving Rock on the Hudson, "Roth writes graphically about the sexual relationship between the protagonist, Ira Stigman, and Stigman's sister, Minnie, as teen-agers  Roth also describes an incestuous relationship between Stigman and his cousin, Stella " Roth's sister "chastise[d] Roth for writing about the 'revelation'" and "threaten[ed] to sue him and St  Martin's Press     Roth and his sister entered into a contract in which he agreed to pay his sister $10,000 in exchange for immunity from legal action  The contract     also stipulated that future volumes of Roth's novel would no longer portray Minnie Stigman 'as having any further sexual relationship with her brother, Ira Stigman '"From Bondage, which appeared in hardcover in 1996, was the first volume of the four Mercy books to appear posthumously  Requiem for Harlem, the fourth and final volume, appeared in 1998   Roth was able to revise both the third and fourth volumes in 1994 and 1995 with the help of his assistant, Felicia Steele, shortly before his death 
Before his death, Roth commented numerous times that Mercy of a Rude Stream comprised six volumes   In fact, Roth did write six separate books  He called the first four "Batch One," and the last two, "Batch Two "  Roth's editor at St  Martin's, Robert Weil, along with Felicia Steele, Larry Fox, and Roth's agent, Roslyn Targ, found the epic would be best served in four volumes, as the four books of "Batch One" contained a stylistic and thematic unity inconsistent with the remaining two books 
Explaining the difference between Mercy of a Rude Stream and Call It Sleep, critic Mario Materassi, Roth's longtime friend, argues that "Call It Sleep can be read as a vehicle through which, soon after breaking away from his family and his tradition, young Roth used some of the fragments of his childhood to shore up the ruins of what he already felt was a disconnected self   Forty-five years later, Roth embarked on another attempt to bring some retrospective order to his life's confusion:  Mercy of a Rude Stream, which he has long called a 'continuum,' can be read as a final, monumental effort on the part of the elderly author to come to terms with the pattern of rupture and discontinuity that has marked his life" Fran Lebowitz, writer and public intellectual, in her Netflix special "Pretend It's a City" speaks about how you can still appreciate the art of an individual separate from his actions 

An American Type
Roth's final novel, An American Type, emerged from "Batch 2," which Roth wrote during the late 1980s and early 1990s  With his assistant's help, Roth produced 1,900 typed pages of scenes beginning where Mercy left off and continuing through 1990   The manuscript of "Batch 2" remained untouched for over a decade until Weil sent it to The New Yorker, which published two excerpts from "Batch 2" in the summer of 2006 under the titles "God the Novelist" and "Freight " At The New Yorker the book came into the hands of Willing Davidson, then a young assistant in the magazine's fiction department  At the suggestion of Weil and Roth's literary executor, Lawrence Fox, Davidson edited "Batch 2" into An American Type, which was published by W W  Norton in 2010 Both a love story and a lamentation, the novel opens in 1938, and reintroduces us to Ira Stigman of the Mercy cycle, a thirty-two-year-old "slum-born Yiddle" eager to assimilate but traumatized by his impoverished immigrant past  Restless with his lover and literary mentor, English professor Edith Welles, Ira journeys to Yaddo, where he meets M (who only appeared in the old man's reveries in the Mercy series), a blond, aristocratic pianist whose "calm, Anglo-Saxon radiance" engages him 
The ensuing romantic crisis, as well as the conflict between his ghetto Jewish roots and the bourgeois comforts of Manhattan, forces Ira to abandon his paramour's Greenwich Village apartment and set out with an illiterate, boorish Communist on a quest for the promise of the American West  But feeling like a total failure in LA, Ira begins an epic journey home, thumbing rides from truckers and riding the rails with hobos through the Dust Bowl  Ira only knows that he must return to M, the woman he truly loves 
Sixty-five pages of excerpts from Batch Two consisting of short journal entries appeared in the journal, Fiction, Number 57, in 2011  The majority of these pages are about Roth's move to Maine, afraid that his associations with the Communist Party would haunt him at his factory job in Massachusetts  Purchasing a small farm, and surrounded by Yankee neighbors, Roth questions his identity as a Jew and struggles to wrest a living out of a Maine countryside where the soil is so hard that he has to dynamite in order to lay pipe deep enough to avoid the winter freezes  The extreme cold that he and his family endured, his work logging, bargaining over antiques and livestock with neighbors, and the world of backwoods and village America form the principal and unlikely drama of these pages  There is also return to the tense, incestuous world of the Roth family in Henry's childhood in the last of these extracts 

Themes
Henry Roth's writing centers on immigrant experience, particularly a Jewish-American experience in Depression-era America  He has also been hailed as a chronicler of New York City life 
Roth's work reveals an obsession with cultural depravity: the internal dislocation of the intellectual and of society at large that features so prominently in the work of the greatest Modernist writers  Indeed, Roth often fixates on human depravity in a multitude of forms  Sexually abhorrent acts such as incest, infidelity, and predation, for instance, inform much of his work, as does a more general climate of violence or abuse, often inflicted on others and masochistically turned inwards 
Throughout his life, Roth simultaneously embraced and rejected the notion of a forgiving God, and this ambivalence is also registered in his writing  Mario Materassi suggests, in "Shifting Urbanscape: Roth's 'Private' New York," that Roth "has never been interested in any story other than the anguished one of a man who, throughout his life, has contradicted each of his previously held positions and beliefs "While Roth's works are generally tragic, and often relentlessly so, his later work holds out for the possibility of redemption, or of mercy in a rude stream  This notion is especially evident in An American Type where the love between Ira and M becomes a means of transcendence 

Awards and honors
Roth received two honorary doctorates, one from the University of New Mexico and one from the Hebrew Union College–Jewish Institute of Religion  He won the 1987 International Nonino Prize in Italy  Posthumously, he was honored in 1995 with the Hadassah Harold Ribalow Lifetime Achievement Award and by the Museum of the City of New York with Manhattan Borough President Ruth Messinger having named February 29, 1996, as "Henry Roth Day" in New York City  From Bondage was cited by the National Book Critics Circle as being a finalist for its Fiction Prize in 1997, and it was in that same year that Henry Roth won the first Isaac Bashevis Singer Prize in Literature for From Bondage, an award put out by The Forward Foundation  In 2005, ten years after Roth's death, the first full biography of his life, the prize-winning Redemption: The Life of Henry Roth, by literary scholar Steven G  Kellman, was published, followed in 2006 by Henry Roth's centenary, which was marked by a literary tribute at the New York Public Library, sponsored by CCNY and organized by Lawrence I  Fox, Roth's literary executor 

Bibliography
Call It Sleep (1934)
"Where My Sympathy Lies," The New Masses, vol  22, no  10 (March 2, 1937), pg  9 —extols and justifies the Moscow Trials 
Nature's First Green (1979)
Shifting Landscape: A Composite, 1925–1987 (1987)
Mercy of a Rude Stream Vol  1: A Star Shines Over Mt  Morris Park (1994)
Mercy of a Rude Stream Vol  2: A Diving Rock on the Hudson (1995)
Mercy of a Rude Stream Vol  3: From Bondage (1996)
Mercy of a Rude Stream Vol  4: Requiem for Harlem (1998)
An American Type (2010)
Passage 9:
Lewis Mumford
Lewis Mumford (19 October 1895 – 26 January 1990) was an American historian, sociologist, philosopher of technology, and literary critic  Particularly noted for his study of cities and urban architecture, he had a broad career as a writer  He made signal contributions to social philosophy, American literary and cultural history, and the history of technology He was influenced by the work of Scottish theorist Sir Patrick Geddes and worked closely with his associate the British sociologist Victor Branford  
Mumford was also a contemporary and friend of Frank Lloyd Wright, Clarence Stein, Frederic Osborn, Edmund N  Bacon, and Vannevar Bush 

Life
Early life and education
Mumford was born in Flushing, Queens, New York, and graduated from Stuyvesant High School in 1912  He studied at the City College of New York and The New School for Social Research, but became ill with tuberculosis and never finished his degree  In 1918 he joined the navy to serve in World War I and was assigned as a radio electrician  He was discharged in 1919 and became associate editor of The Dial, an influential modernist literary journal  He later worked for The New Yorker where he wrote architectural criticism and commentary on urban issues 

First book
Mumford's earliest books in the field of literary criticism have had a lasting influence on contemporary American literary criticism  In The Golden Day (1926), he argued for a mid-19th-century American literary canon comprising Herman Melville, Ralph Waldo Emerson, Henry David Thoreau, Nathaniel Hawthorne and Walt Whitman, all of whom he argued reflected an antebellum American culture of the period that would be destroyed by the late-19th-century social changes wrought by the American Civil War and industrialization of the United States  Herman Melville (1929), which combined an account of Melville's life with an interpretive discussion of his work, was an important part of the Melville revival 

Correspondence
Mumford was a close friend of the psychologist Henry Murray, with whom he corresponded extensively from 1928 until the 1960s on topics including Herman Melville, psychology, American values and culture, and the nature of the self 

Urban planning
In his early writings on life in an urban area, Mumford was optimistic about human abilities and wrote, that the human race would use electricity and mass communication to build a better world for all humankind  
Mumford would later take a more pessimistic stance on the sweeping technological improvements brought by the second industrial revolution  His early architectural criticism also helped to bring wider public recognition to the work of Henry Hobson Richardson, Louis Sullivan and Frank Lloyd Wright 

Honours
Mumford was elected to the American Philosophical Society in 1941 and the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1947  In 1963, Mumford received the Frank Jewett Mather Award for art criticism from the College Art Association  Mumford received the Presidential Medal of Freedom in 1964  In 1975 Mumford was made an honorary Knight Commander of the Order of the British Empire (KBE)  In 1976, he was awarded the Prix mondial Cino Del Duca  In 1986, he was awarded the National Medal of Arts 

Further publications
He served as the architectural critic for The New Yorker magazine for over 30 years  His 1961 book, The City in History, received the National Book Award 

Retirement
Lewis Mumford died at the age of 94 at his home in Amenia, New York, on January 26, 1990  Nine years later the house was listed on the National Register of Historic Places  His wife Sophia died in 1997, at age 97 

Ideas
In his book The Condition of Man, published in 1944, Mumford characterized his orientation toward the study of humanity as "organic humanism "  The term is an important one because it sets limits on human possibilities, limits that are aligned with the nature of the human body  Mumford never forgot the importance of air quality, of food availability, of the quality of water, or the comfort of spaces, because all these elements had to be respected if people were to thrive  Technology and progress could never become a runaway train in his reasoning, so long as organic humanism was there to act as a brake  Indeed, Mumford considered the human brain from this perspective, characterizing it as hyperactive, a good thing in that it allowed humanity to conquer many of nature's threats, but potentially a bad thing if it were not occupied in ways that stimulated it meaningfully  Mumford's respect for human "nature", that is to say, the natural characteristics of being human, provided him with a platform from which to assess technologies, and technics in general  Thus his criticism and counsel with respect to the city and with respect to the implementation of technology was fundamentally organized around the organic humanism to which he ascribed  It was from the perspective of organic humanism that Mumford eventually launched a critical assessment of Marshall McLuhan, who argued that the technology, not the natural environment, would ultimately shape the nature of humankind, a possibility that Mumford recognized, but only as a nightmare scenario 
Mumford believed that what defined humanity, what set human beings apart from other animals, was not primarily our use of tools (technology) but our use of language (symbols)  He was convinced that the sharing of information and ideas amongst participants of primitive societies was completely natural to early humanity, and had obviously been the foundation of society as it became more sophisticated and complex   He had hopes for a continuation of this process of information "pooling" in the world as humanity moved into the future Mumford's choice of the word "technics" throughout his work was deliberate  For Mumford, technology is one part of technics  Using the broader definition of the Greek tekhne, which means not only technology but also art, skill, and dexterity, technics refers to the interplay of social milieu and technological innovation—the "wishes, habits, ideas, goals" as well as "industrial processes" of a society  As Mumford writes at the beginning of Technics and Civilization, "other civilizations reached a high degree of technical proficiency without, apparently, being profoundly influenced by the methods and aims of technics "

Megatechnics
In The Myth of the Machine Vol II: The Pentagon of Power (Chapter 12) (1970), Mumford criticizes the modern trend of technology, which emphasizes constant, unrestricted expansion, production, and replacement  He contends that these goals work against technical perfection, durability, social efficiency, and overall human satisfaction  Modern technology, which he called "megatechnics," fails to produce lasting, quality products by using devices such as consumer credit, installment buying, non-functioning and defective designs, planned obsolescence, and frequent superficial "fashion" changes  "Without constant enticement by advertising," he writes, "production would slow down and level off to normal replacement demand  Otherwise many products could reach a plateau of efficient design which would call for only minimal changes from year to year "
He uses his own refrigerator as an example, reporting that it "has been in service for nineteen years, with only a single minor repair: an admirable job  Both automatic refrigerators for daily use and deepfreeze preservation are inventions of permanent value      [O]ne can hardly doubt that if biotechnic criteria were heeded, rather than those of market analysts and fashion experts, an equally good product might come forth from Detroit, with an equally long prospect of continued use "

Biotechnics
Mumford was deeply concerned with the relationship between technics and bioviability   The latter term, not used by Mumford, characterizes an area's capability to support life up through its levels of complexity   Before the advent of technology, most areas of the planet were bioviable at some level or other; however, where certain forms of technology advance rapidly, bioviability decreases dramatically   Slag heaps, poisoned waters, parking lots, and concrete cities, for example, are extremely limited in terms of their bioviability  Non-bioviable regions are common in cinema in the form of dystopias (e g , Blade Runner)  Mumford did not believe it was necessary for bioviability to collapse as technics advanced, however, because he held it was possible to create technologies that functioned in an ecologically responsible manner, and he called that sort of technology biotechnics  Mumford believed that biotechnic consciousness (and possibly even community) was emerging as a later stage in the evolution of Darwinian thinking about the nature of human life  He believed this was the sort of technics needed to shake off the suicidal drive of "megatechnics " While Mumford recognized an ecological consciousness that traces back to the earliest communities, he regarded emerging biotechnics as a product of neo-Darwinian consciousness, as a post-industrial form of thinking, one that refuses to look away from the mutually-influencing relationship between the state of the living organism and the state of its environment  In Mumford's mind, the society organized around biotechnics would restrain its technology for the sake of that integral relationship 
In Mumford's understanding, the various technologies that arose in the megatechnic context have brought unintended and harmful side effects along with the obvious benefits they have bequeathed to us  He points out, for example, that the development of money (as a technology) created, as a side effect, a context for irrational accumulation of excess because it eliminated the burdensome aspects of object-wealth by making wealth abstract  In those eras when wealth was not abstract, plenitude had functioned as the organizing principle around its acquisition (i e , wealth, measured in grains, lands, animals, to the point that one is satisfied, but not saddled with it)  Money, which allows wealth to be conceived as pure quantity instead of quality, is an example of megatechnics, one which can spiral out of control  If Mumford is right in this conceptualization, historians and economists should be able to trace a relationship between the still-increasing abstraction of wealth and radical transformations with respect to wealth's distribution and role  And, indeed, it does appear that, alongside its many benefits, the movement toward electronic money has stimulated forms of economic stress and exploitation not yet fully understood and not yet come to their conclusion  A technology for distributing resources that was less given to abstract hoarding would be more suitable to a biotechnic conception of living 
Thus Mumford argued that the biotechnic society would not hold to the megatechnic delusion that technology must expand unceasingly, magnifying its own power and would shatter that delusion in order to create and preserve "livability " Rather than the megatechnic pursuit of power, the biotechnic society would pursue what Mumford calls "plenitude"; that is, a homeostatic relationship between resources and needs  This notion of plenitude becomes clearer if we suggest that the biotechnic society would relate to its technology in the manner an animal relates to available food–under circumstances of natural satisfaction, the pursuit of technological advance would not simply continue "for its own sake "
Alongside the limiting effect of satisfaction amidst plenitude, the pursuit of technological advance would also be limited by its potentially negative effects upon the organism  Thus, in a biotechnic society, the quality of air, the quality of food, the quality of water, these would all be significant concerns that could limit any technological ambitions threatening to them  The anticipated negative value of noise, radiation, smog, noxious chemicals, and other technical by-products would significantly constrain the introduction of new technical innovation  In Mumford's words, a biotechnic society would direct itself toward "qualitative richness, amplitude, spaciousness, and freedom from quantitative pressures and crowding  Self-regulation, self-correction, and self-propulsion are as much an integral property of organisms as nutrition, reproduction, growth, and repair " The biotechnic society would pursue balance, wholeness, and completeness; and this is what those individuals in pursuit of biotechnics would do as well 
Mumford's critique of the city and his vision of cities that are organized around the nature of human bodies, so essential to all Mumford's work on city life and urban design, is rooted in an incipient notion of biotechnics: "livability," a notion which Mumford got from his mentor, Patrick Geddes 
Mumford used the term biotechnics in the later sections of The Pentagon of Power, written in 1970  The term sits well alongside his early characterization of "organic humanism," in that biotechnics represent the concrete form of technique that appeals to an organic humanist  When Mumford described biotechnics, automotive and industrial pollution had become dominant technological concerns, along with the fear of nuclear annihilation  Mumford recognized, however, that technology had even earlier produced a plethora of hazards, and that it would do so into the future  For Mumford, human hazards are rooted in a power-oriented technology that does not adequately respect and accommodate the essential nature of humanity  Mumford is stating implicitly, as others would later state explicitly, that contemporary human life understood in its ecological sense is out of balance because the technical parts of its ecology (guns, bombs, cars, drugs) have spiraled out of control, driven by forces peculiar to them rather than constrained by the needs of the species that created them  He believed that biotechnics was the emerging answer and the only hope that could be set out against the problem of megatechnics   It was an answer, he believed, that was already beginning to assert itself in his time 
It is true that Mumford's writing privileges the term "biotechnics" more than the "biotechnic society " The reason is clear in the last sentence of The Pentagon of Power where he writes, "for those of us who have thrown off the myth of the machine, the next move is ours: for the gates of the technocratic prison will open automatically, despite their rusty ancient hinges, as soon as we choose to walk out " Mumford believed that the biotechnic society was a desideratum—one that should guide his contemporaries as they walked out the doors of their megatechnic confines (he also calls them "coffins")  Thus he ends his narrative, as he well understood, at the beginning of another one: the possible revolution that gives rise to a biotechnic society, a quiet revolution, for Mumford, one that would arise from the biotechnic consciousness and actions of individuals  Mumford was an avid reader of Alfred North Whitehead's philosophy of the organism 

Polytechnics versus monotechnics
A key idea, introduced in Technics and Civilization (1934) was that technology was twofold:

Polytechnic, which enlists many different modes of technology, providing a complex framework to solve human problems 
Monotechnic, which is technology only for its own sake, which oppresses humanity as it moves along its own trajectory Mumford commonly criticized modern America's transportation networks as being "monotechnic" in their reliance on cars  Automobiles become obstacles for other modes of transportation, such as walking, bicycle and public transit, because the roads they use consume so much space and are such a danger to people  Mumford explains that the thousands of maimed and dead each year as a result of automobile accidents are a ritual sacrifice the American society makes because of its extreme reliance on highway transport 

Three epochs of civilization
Also discussed at length in Technics and Civilization is Mumford's division of human civilization into three distinct epochs (following concepts originated by Patrick Geddes):

Eotechnic (the middle ages)
Paleotechnic (the time of the industrial revolution) and
Neotechnic (later, present-day)

Megamachines
Mumford also refers to large hierarchical organizations as megamachines—a machine using humans as its components  These organizations characterize Mumford's stage theory of civilization  The most recent megamachine manifests itself, according to Mumford, in modern technocratic nuclear powers—Mumford used the examples of the Soviet and United States power complexes represented by the Kremlin and the Pentagon, respectively  The builders of the pyramids, the Roman Empire and the armies of the World Wars are prior examples 
He explains that meticulous attention to accounting and standardization, and elevation of military leaders to divine status, are spontaneous features of megamachines throughout history  He cites such examples as the repetitive nature of Egyptian paintings which feature enlarged pharaohs and public display of enlarged portraits of Communist leaders such as Mao Zedong and Joseph Stalin  He also cites the overwhelming prevalence of quantitative accounting records among surviving historical fragments, from ancient Egypt to Nazi Germany 
Necessary to the construction of these megamachines is an enormous bureaucracy of humans which act as "servo-units", working without ethical involvement  According to Mumford, technological improvements such as the assembly line, or instant, global, wireless, communication and remote control, can easily weaken the perennial psychological barriers to certain types of questionable actions  An example which he uses is that of Adolf Eichmann, the Nazi official who organized logistics in support of the Holocaust  Mumford collectively refers to people willing to carry out placidly the extreme goals of these megamachines as "Eichmanns" 

The clock as herald of the Industrial Revolution
One of the better-known studies of Mumford is of the way the mechanical clock was developed by monks in the Middle Ages and subsequently adopted by the rest of society  He viewed this device as the key invention of the whole Industrial Revolution, contrary to the common view of the steam engine holding the prime position, writing: "The clock, not the steam-engine, is the key-machine of the modern industrial age      The clock     is a piece of power-machinery whose 'product' is seconds and minutes     "

Urban civilization
The City in History won the 1962 U S  National Book Award for Nonfiction  In this influential book Mumford explored the development of urban civilizations  Harshly critical of urban sprawl, Mumford argues that the structure of modern cities is partially responsible for many social problems seen in western society  While pessimistic in tone, Mumford argues that urban planning should emphasize an 'organic' relationship between people and their living spaces 
Mumford uses the example of the medieval city as the basis for the "ideal city," and claims that the modern city is too close to the Roman city (the sprawling megalopolis) which ended in collapse; if the modern city carries on in the same vein, Mumford argues, then it will meet the same fate as the Roman city 
Mumford wrote critically of urban culture believing the city is "a product of earth     a fact of nature     man's method of expression " Further, Mumford recognized the crises facing urban culture, distrustful of the growing finance industry, political structures, fearful that a local community culture was not being fostered by these institutions  Mumford feared "metropolitan finance," urbanization, politics, and alienation  Mumford wrote: "The physical design of cities and their economic functions are secondary to their relationship to the natural environment and to the spiritual values of human community "

Suburbs
Suburbia did not escape Mumford's criticism either:

In the suburb one might live and die without marring the image of an innocent world, except when some shadow of evil fell over a column in the newspaper  Thus the suburb served as an asylum for the preservation of illusion  Here domesticity could prosper, oblivious of the pervasive regimentation beyond  This was not merely a child-centered environment; it was based on a childish view of the world, in which reality was sacrificed to the pleasure principle 

Religion and spirituality
Mumford is also among the first urban planning scholars who paid serious attention to religion in the planning field  In one of his least well-known books, Faith for Living (1940, p  216), Mumford argues that:

The segregation of the spiritual life from the practical life is a curse that falls impartially upon both sides of our existence 

Influence
Mumford's interest in the history of technology and his explanation of  "polytechnics", along with his general philosophical bent, has been an important influence on a number of more recent thinkers concerned that technology serve human beings as broadly and well as possible  Some of these authors—such as Jacques Ellul, Witold Rybczynski, Richard Gregg, Amory Lovins, J  Baldwin, E  F  Schumacher, Herbert Marcuse, Erich Fromm, Murray Bookchin, Thomas Merton, Marshall McLuhan, Colin Ward and Kevin Carson—have been intellectuals and persons directly involved with technological development and decisions about the use of technology 
Mumford also had an influence on the American environmental movement, with thinkers like Barry Commoner and Bookchin being influenced by his ideas on cities, ecology and technology  Ramachandra Guha noted his work contains "some of the earliest and finest thinking on bioregionalism, anti-nuclearism, biodiversity, alternate energy paths, ecological urban planning and appropriate technology "Mumford's influence is also evident in the work of some artists including Berenice Abbott's photographs of New York City in the late 1930s Mumford was an inspiration for Ellsworth Toohey, the antagonist in Ayn Rand's novel The Fountainhead (1943) 

Works



ground_truth: Parliament