prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: Why did the CEO of the football team based in Denver, Colorado step down in 2014?

The following are given passages.
Context 1: Passage 1:
Joy S  Burns
Joy S  Burns was the president and CEO of the D C  Burns Realty and Trust Company and the owner of the Burnsley Hotel  She was involved in the Denver, Colorado, community and served on a number of boards, including the Denver Metro Convention and Visitor's Bureau; Sportswomen of Colorado, Inc ; the Denver Center for the Performing Arts; and the Metropolitan Football Stadium District  Burns was also a founder of the Colorado Women's Foundation and of the Colorado Business Bank  She was inducted into the Colorado Business Hall of Fame in 1998, the Colorado Tourism and Travel Hall of Fame in 1999, and the Colorado Women's Hall of Fame in 2000 
Burns' work with the University of Denver started in 1972 when she began volunteering with the Women's Library Association  In 1981, she joined the board of trustees  Nine years later she became chairman of the board, becoming the first woman to hold the post  She has been a trustee for 30 years and supported the Joy Burns Arena at the Ritchie Center and the Joy Burns Plaza in the Newman Center for the Performing Arts  In addition, she supports the Franklin L  Burns School of Real Estate and Construction Management, named after her late husband  Burns was inducted into the University of Denver Athletic Hall of Fame in 1997  She was also the recipient of the 2005 DU Josef Korbel Humanitarian Award and the 2008 award for Distinguished Service to the university 
Burns died in 2020 at age 92 
Passage 2:
Denver Broncos
The Denver Broncos are a professional American football franchise based in Denver, Colorado  The Broncos compete in the National Football League (NFL) as a member club of the league's American Football Conference (AFC) West division  The team is headquartered in Dove Valley, Colorado 
The team began play in 1960 as a charter member of the American Football League (AFL) and joined the NFL as part of the merger in 1970  The Broncos are currently owned by the Walton-Penner group, and play their home games at Empower Field at Mile High; Denver previously played its home games at Mile High Stadium from its inception in 1960 through the 2000 season 
The Broncos were barely competitive during their 10-year run in the AFL and their first seven years in the NFL  They did not have a winning season until 1973 and qualified for their first playoffs in 1977, eventually advancing to Super Bowl XII that season  Since 1975, the Broncos have become one of the NFL's most successful teams, having suffered only eleven losing seasons  They have won eight AFC Championships (1977, 1986, 1987, 1989, 1997, 1998, 2013, 2015), and three Super Bowl championships (1997 (XXXII), 1998 (XXXIII), 2015 (50), and share the NFL record for most Super Bowl losses (5 — tied with the New England Patriots)  The Broncos have eight primary members enshrined in the Pro Football Hall of Fame: John Elway, Floyd Little, Shannon Sharpe, Gary Zimmerman, Terrell Davis, Champ Bailey, and Steve Atwater, along with late club owner Pat Bowlen 

Franchise history
Bob Howsman/Gerald Phipps era (1960–1980)
The Denver Broncos were founded on August 14, 1959, when minor league baseball owner Bob Howsam was awarded an American Football League (AFL) charter franchise  The Broncos won the first-ever AFL game over the Boston Patriots 13–10, on September 9, 1960  Seven years later on August 5, 1967, they became the first-ever AFL team to defeat an NFL team, with a 13–7 win over the Detroit Lions in a preseason game  However, the Broncos were not successful in the 1960s, winning more than five games only once (7–7, 1962), compiling a 39–97–4 ( 293) record during the ten seasons of the AFL Denver came close to losing its franchise in 1965, until a local ownership group took control, and rebuilt the team  The team's first superstar, "Franchise" Floyd Little, was instrumental in keeping the team in Denver, due to his signing in 1967 as well as his Pro Bowl efforts on and off the field  The Broncos were the only original AFL team that never played in the title game, as well as the only original AFL team never to have a winning season while a member of the AFL during the upstart league's 10-year history In 1972, the Broncos hired former Stanford University coach John Ralston as their head coach  In 1973, he was the UPI's AFC Coach of the Year, after Denver achieved its first winning season at 7–5–2  In five seasons with the Broncos, Ralston guided the team to three winning seasons  Though Ralston finished the 1976 season with a 9–5 record, the team, as was the case in Ralston's previous winning seasons, still missed the playoffs  Following the season, several prominent players publicly voiced their discontent with Ralston, which soon led to his resignation 

Red Miller, a long-time assistant coach, was hired and along with the Orange Crush Defense (a nickname originated in 1977, also the brand of the popular orange-flavored soft drink) and aging quarterback Craig Morton, took the Broncos to what was then a record-setting 12–2 regular-season record and their first playoff appearance in 1977, and ultimately made their first Super Bowl appearance in Super Bowl XII, in which they were defeated by the Dallas Cowboys (Morton's former team), 27–10 

Edgar Kaiser/Pat Bowlen era (1981–2018)
In 1981, Broncos' owner Gerald Phipps, who had purchased the team in May 1961 from the original owner Bob Howsam, sold the team to Canadian financier Edgar Kaiser Jr , grandson of shipbuilding industrialist Henry J  Kaiser  In 1984, the team was purchased by another Canadian, Pat Bowlen, who placed team ownership into a family trust sometime before 2004 and remained in day-to-day control until his battle with Alzheimer's disease forced him to cede the team to Joe Ellis in 2014 

Dan Reeves years (1981–1992)
Dan Reeves became the youngest head coach in the NFL when he joined the Broncos in 1981 as vice president and head coach  Quarterback John Elway, who played college football at Stanford, arrived in 1983 via a trade  Originally drafted by the Baltimore Colts as the first pick of the draft, Elway proclaimed that he would shun football in favor of baseball (he was drafted by the New York Yankees to play center field and was also a pitching prospect), unless he was traded to a selected list of other teams, which included the Broncos  Prior to Elway, the Broncos had over 24 different starting quarterbacks in its 23 seasons to that point 

Reeves and Elway guided the Broncos to six post-season appearances, five AFC West divisional titles, three AFC championships and three Super Bowl appearances (Super Bowl XXI, XXII and XXIV) during their 12-year span together  The Broncos lost Super Bowl XXI to the New York Giants, 39–20; Super Bowl XXII to the Washington Redskins, 42–10; and Super Bowl XXIV to the San Francisco 49ers, 55–10; the latter score remains the most lopsided scoring differential in Super Bowl history  The last year of the Reeves-Elway era were marked by feuding, due to Reeves taking on play-calling duties after ousting Elway's favorite offensive coordinator Mike Shanahan after the 1991 season, as well as Reeves drafting quarterback Tommy Maddox out of UCLA instead of going with a wide receiver to help Elway  Reeves was fired after the 1992 season and replaced by his protégé and friend Wade Phillips, who had been serving as the Broncos' defensive coordinator  Phillips was fired after a mediocre 1994 season, in which management felt he lost control of the team 

Mike Shanahan years (1995–2008)
In 1995, Mike Shanahan, who had formerly served under Reeves as the Broncos' offensive coordinator, returned as head coach  Shanahan drafted rookie running back Terrell Davis  In 1996, the Broncos were the top seed in the AFC with a 13–3 record, dominating most of the teams that year  The fifth-seeded Jacksonville Jaguars, however, upset the Broncos 30–27 in the divisional round of the playoffs, ending the Broncos' 1996 run 

Super Bowl XXXII champions (1997)
During the 1997 season, Elway and Davis helped guide the Broncos to their first Super Bowl victory, a 31–24 win over the defending champion Green Bay Packers in Super Bowl XXXII  Though Elway completed only 13 of 22 passes, throwing one interception and no touchdowns (he did, however, have a rushing touchdown), Davis rushed for 157 yards and a Super Bowl-record three touchdowns to earn the Super Bowl Most Valuable Player Award—this while overcoming a severe migraine headache that caused him blurred vision 

Super Bowl XXXIII champions (1998)
The Broncos repeated as Super Bowl champions the following season, defeating the Atlanta Falcons (led by Elway's longtime head coach Dan Reeves) in Super Bowl XXXIII, 34–19  Elway was named Super Bowl MVP, completing 18 of 29 passes for 336 yards, with an 80-yard touchdown to wide receiver Rod Smith and one interception 
John Elway retired following the 1998 season, and Brian Griese started at quarterback for the next four seasons  After a 6–10 record in 1999, mostly due to a season-ending injury to Terrell Davis, the Broncos recovered in 2000, earning a Wild Card playoff berth, but losing to the eventual Super Bowl champion Baltimore Ravens  After missing the playoffs the following two seasons, former Arizona Cardinals' quarterback Jake Plummer replaced Griese in 2003, and led the Broncos to two straight 10–6 seasons, earning Wild Card playoff berths both years  However, the Broncos went on the road to face the Indianapolis Colts in back-to-back seasons and were blown out by more than 20 points in each game, allowing a combined 90 points In the years following the back-to-back championships, a league investigation revealed that the team had cheated the salary cap in both seasons and the 1996 season by deferring additional money to Elway and Davis outside of the salary cap  In addition, they purposefully avoided waiving certain players before a certain date  Denver claimed the moves did not give them additional competitive avantage  Between two separate punishments, they were stripped of their third-round picks in both the 2002 and 2005 drafts and fined nearly $2 million combined Plummer led the Broncos to a 13–3 record in 2005 and their first AFC West division title since 1998  After a first-round bye, the Broncos defeated the defending Super Bowl champion New England Patriots, 27–13, denying New England from becoming the first NFL team ever to win three consecutive Super Bowl championships  They were the first team to beat the Patriots in the playoffs during the Tom Brady era  The Broncos' playoff run came to an end the next week, after losing at home to the Pittsburgh Steelers in the AFC Championship game, 34–17  The Steelers went on to win Super Bowl XL 
The Broncos' defense began the first five games of the 2006 season allowing only one touchdown - an NFL record that still stands  ESPN commentator and Super Bowl-winning QB Joe Theismann gave the 2006 defense the name “Bad Blue” on Monday Night Football as they played the Ravens  However, the team struggled down the season stretch  Plummer led the team to a 7–2 record, but struggled individually with inconsistent performance and more interceptions than touchdown passes  As a result, he would be replaced by rookie quarterback Jay Cutler  Cutler went 2–3 as a starter, and the Broncos finished with a 9–7 record, losing the tiebreaker to the Kansas City Chiefs for the final playoff spot  Cutler's first full season as a starter in 2007 became the Broncos' first losing season since 1999, with a 7–9 record 
The 2008 season ended in a 52–21 loss at the San Diego Chargers, giving the Broncos an 8–8 record and their third straight season out of the playoffs  Mike Shanahan, the longest-tenured and most successful head coach in Broncos' franchise history, was fired after 14 seasons 

Josh McDaniels years (2009–2010)
On January 11, 2009, two weeks after Shanahan was fired, the Broncos hired former New England Patriots' offensive coordinator Josh McDaniels as the team's new head coach  Three months later, the team acquired quarterback Kyle Orton as part of a trade that sent Jay Cutler to the Chicago Bears 
Under McDaniels and Orton, the Broncos jumped out to a surprising 6–0 start in 2009  However, the team lost eight of their next ten games, finishing 8–8 for a second consecutive season and missing the playoffs  The next season (2010), the Broncos set a new franchise record for losses in a single season, with a 4–12 record  McDaniels was fired before the end of the 2010 season following a combination of the team's poor record and the fallout from a highly publicized videotaping scandal  Running backs coach Eric Studesville was named interim coach for the final four games of the 2010 season  He chose to start rookie first-round draft choice Tim Tebow at quarterback for the final three games 

John Fox years (2011–2014)
Following the 2010 season, Joe Ellis was promoted from Chief Operating Officer to team president, while John Elway returned to the organization as the team's Executive Vice President of Football Operations  In addition, the Broncos hired John Fox as the team's 14th head coach  Fox previously served as the Carolina Panthers' head coach from 2002 to 2010 Following a 1–4 start to the 2011 season, Tim Tebow replaced Kyle Orton as the Broncos' starting quarterback, and “Tebow Time” was born  Tebow led the Broncos with toughness, determination and miraculous come-from-behind victories which gave the Broncos hope and were the catalyst for better things to come  Tebow led the Broncos to an 8–8 record and garnered the team's first playoff berth and division title since 2005  The Broncos defeated the Pittsburgh Steelers in the Wild Card round on a memorable 80-yard touchdown pass from Tebow to wide receiver Demaryius Thomas on the first play of overtime, setting a record for the fastest overtime in NFL history  However, the Broncos lost to the New England Patriots in the Divisional round In March 2012, the Broncos reached an agreement on a five-year, $96 million contract with former longtime Indianapolis Colts' quarterback Peyton Manning, who had recently missed the entire 2011 season following multiple neck surgeries  This resulted in the Broncos subsequently trading incumbent quarterback Tim Tebow to the New York Jets  The Broncos finished with a 13–3 record and the AFC's No  1 seed in the 2012 playoffs, but were defeated by the Baltimore Ravens in the Divisional round Like in 2012, the 2013 Broncos finished with a 13–3 record and the AFC's No  1 seed  The Broncos broke all offensive records and QB Peyton Manning shattered many QB records that season as well  In the 2013 playoffs, they defeated the San Diego Chargers in the Divisional round and the New England Patriots in the AFC Championship  However, the Broncos lost to the Seattle Seahawks in Super Bowl XLVIII by a score of 43–8, the Broncos' first Super Bowl berth since winning back-to-back Super Bowls in 1997 and 1998 
Prior to the start of the 2014 season, the Broncos announced that Pat Bowlen, the team's owner since 1984, relinquished control of the team due to his battle with Alzheimer's disease, resulting in team president Joe Ellis and general manager John Elway assuming control of the team  The Broncos finished the 2014 season with a 12–4 record and the AFC's No  2 seed  However, the Broncos were defeated by the Indianapolis Colts in the Divisional round of the 2014 playoffs, marking the third time in four seasons that the Broncos lost in the Divisional round of the playoffs  Quarterback Peyton Manning had been playing with strained quadriceps for the final month of the 2014 season 

Gary Kubiak years (2015–2016)
On January 12, 2015, one day after the divisional playoff loss to the Colts, the Broncos and head coach John Fox mutually agreed to part ways  Fox left the Broncos with a  719 winning percentage in his four seasons as the Broncos' head coach—the highest in franchise history  One week later, the Broncos hired Gary Kubiak as the team's 15th head coach  Kubiak served as a backup quarterback to executive vice president/general manager John Elway from 1983 to 1991, as well as the Broncos' offensive coordinator from 1995 to 2005 

Super Bowl 50 champions (2015)
Shortly after Kubiak became head coach, the Broncos underwent numerous changes to their coaching staff and players, including the hiring of defensive coordinator, defensive mastermind Wade Phillips, under whom the Broncos' defense went from middle of the road to being ranked No  1 in the NFL  By the 2015 season, it would go on to be considered one of the greatest NFL defenses of all time - along with the 1985 Bears, 2000 Ravens and 2002 Buccaneers  The Broncos finished with a 12–4 record and the AFC's No  1 seed, despite Peyton Manning having his worst statistical season since his rookie year with the Indianapolis Colts in 1998  Backup quarterback Brock Osweiler started the last six games of the regular season due to Manning suffering from a foot injury  Manning led the Broncos throughout the playoffs  The Broncos defeated the Pittsburgh Steelers 23–16 in the Divisional Round and the New England Patriots 20–18 in the AFC Championship  They were victorious against the Carolina Panthers 24–10 in Super Bowl 50 for their third Super Bowl title On March 7, 2016, quarterback Peyton Manning retired after 18 NFL seasons during a press conference at the team's Dove Valley headquarters Following Manning's retirement, the Broncos scrambled to find the team's next starting quarterback after backup quarterback Brock Osweiler departed on a four-year contract to the Houston Texans  The Broncos acquired Mark Sanchez from the Philadelphia Eagles and selected Paxton Lynch during the 2016 draft  Sanchez, Lynch and second-year quarterback Trevor Siemian competed for the starting quarterback spot during the off-season and preseason  Prior to the regular season, Sanchez was released and Siemian was named the starter  The Broncos finished the season 9–7 and missed the playoffs for the first time since 2010 
On January 2, 2017, coach Gary Kubiak announced his retirement, citing health as the main reason for retiring  The Broncos hired Miami Dolphins defensive coordinator Vance Joseph as head coach on January 11, 2017  The Broncos finished 5–11 in 2017 as a result of an unimpressive offense led by a quarterback committee of Trevor Siemian, Brock Osweiler, and Paxton Lynch 
In an effort to address poor production from the offense, the Broncos signed quarterback Case Keenum on March 14, 2018, and traded away Trevor Siemian to the Minnesota Vikings on March 19, 2018 
On May 1, 2018, the Broncos signed local undrafted free agent running back Phillip Lindsay, who became a fan favorite due to his underdog mentality, explosive play style and local roots  Lindsay became the first undrafted player in NFL history with 100+ scrimmage yards in each of their first two games and on December 18, 2018, Lindsay was voted to the 2019 Pro Bowl, making him the first undrafted offensive rookie in NFL history to be voted to a Pro Bowl After getting off to a strong start, their 2018 season was up and down, eventually finishing with a 6–10 record and placing third in the AFC West  Coupled with the 5–11 season in 2017, the Broncos had back-to-back losing seasons for the first time since 1971–1972  Shortly after the conclusion of the regular season, head coach Vance Joseph was fired after recording a poor 11–21 record in two seasons 

Vic Fangio years (2019–2021)
On January 10, 2019, the Broncos hired Chicago Bears defensive coordinator Vic Fangio to become the 17th head coach in franchise history  Fangio was chosen over Mike Munchak, the Broncos' offensive line coach  Fangio received a four-year contract with a team option for an additional season On February 13, 2019, Joe Flacco was announced as the new starting quarterback  On October 6, 2019, the Broncos defeated the Los Angeles Chargers for their 500th win, bringing their win–loss record to 500–432 On December 1, 2019, the Broncos started Mizzou rookie quarterback Drew Lock for the first time  He led the Broncos to a 4–1 record to end the 2019 season  The Broncos finished 2nd place in the AFC West Division at 7–9, missing the playoffs for a fourth consecutive year  In five games, Lock finished with 1,020 passing yards, seven touchdowns, and three interceptions 
Due to the COVID-19 pandemic, the 2020 NFL season did not have a preseason or full training camps, which likely contributed to an abnormally large amount of injuries that plagued the Broncos and other NFL teams  Star linebacker Von Miller suffered a season-ending ankle tendon injury before the regular season started, and starting wide receiver Courtland Sutton suffered a season-ending torn ACL during a week two game 
On November 29, 2020, after all three of the Broncos' quarterbacks were placed in COVID-19 protocol, the Broncos were forced to turn to undrafted wide receiver and former college quarterback Kendall Hinton as the emergency quarterback  Hinton completed only one pass for 13 yards in 9 attempts—the fewest pass completions in a single game in franchise history—and was intercepted twice  The Broncos' only scoring play was a 58-yard field goal by placekicker Brandon McManus in a 31–3 loss to the New Orleans Saints  In July 2021, the Pro Football Hall of Fame announced that Hinton's quarterback wristband would be added to the Hall of Fame as part of a display The Broncos finished the 2020 season with a record of 5–11, last in the AFC West, and missed the playoffs for the fifth consecutive year 
Following another season of uninspiring quarterback performances, the Broncos were the subject of multiple quarterback trade rumors during the 2021 offseason  Aaron Rodgers and Deshaun Watson were two names rumored to be of interest for the Broncos, but ultimately the Broncos traded for quarterback Teddy Bridgewater on April 28, 2021  Bridgewater won the subsequent quarterback competition between himself and Drew Lock during the preseason, and he was named the Broncos' starting quarterback on August 25, 2021 
The Broncos also made notable improvements in the defensive secondary, signing former All-Pro cornerback Kyle Fuller and cornerback Ronald Darby, as well as drafting Alabama cornerback Patrick Surtain II with the ninth overall pick in the 2021 NFL Draft  Running back Phillip Lindsay was replaced by UNC rookie running back Javonte Williams, who was drafted in the second round of the 2021 NFL Draft by the Broncos 
On October 31, 2021, Peyton Manning (who won two AFC Championships, Super Bowl 50, and an NFL MVP during his four seasons as a Bronco) was inducted to the Broncos' Ring of Fame during a game against Washington On November 1, 2021, the Broncos traded franchise legend Von Miller to the Los Angeles Rams in exchange for a 2nd and 3rd round pick in the 2022 NFL Draft  At the time of the trade, Miller was the longest-tenured Bronco on the team, and the only remaining non-special teams player from Denver's Super Bowl 50 roster 
After another mediocre performance in the 2021 season with the Broncos going 7–10, head coach Vic Fangio was dismissed on January 8, 2022, after losing to the Kansas City Chiefs  The Broncos announced the hiring of Green Bay Packers offensive coordinator Nathaniel Hackett as head coach on January 27, 2022 The Broncos then announced on February 1, 2022, that they were now up for sale and that they would be parting ways with the Bowlen family, the former owners of the franchise Hackett's first hire as head coach was Justin Outten as offensive coordinator  He was hired on February 2, 2022 
On March 16, 2022, the Broncos traded Drew Lock, Noah Fant, Shelby Harris, Denver's 2022 first-round pick (No  9), its 2022 second-round pick (No  40), its 2023 first- and second-round picks, and its 2022 fifth-round round pick for Russell Wilson and the Seattle Seahawks' 2022 fourth-round pick 

Walton-Penner Era (2022–present)
On June 7, 2022, the Broncos announced that the Walton-Penner family, led by Rob Walton, had entered in an agreement to acquire the Denver Broncos for $4 65 billion (a North American record) subject to approval by the NFL Finance Committee and 3/4 of the league's team owners  The Broncos announced that Condoleezza Rice would join the ownership group on July 11, 2022 On August 10, 2022, the Broncos formally introduced the new ownership group to the media and Denver community  The full group comprises Rob Walton, Carrie Walton Penner, Greg Penner, Mellody Hobson, Condoleezza Rice and Lewis Hamilton On December 26, with the Broncos sitting at 4–11 following a 51–14 Christmas Day loss to the Los Angeles Rams, Hackett was fired and replaced by interim head coach Jerry Rosburg  He became the fifth head coach to not finish his first season after Lou Holtz in 1976, Pete McCulley in 1978, Bobby Petrino in 2007, and Urban Meyer in 2021  Jerry Rosburg was released from the staff on January 25 

Rivalries
Divisional
The Denver Broncos have three AFC West rivals—the Kansas City Chiefs, Las Vegas Raiders and Los Angeles Chargers  All teams, along with the Broncos, were charter members of the American Football League (AFL), with each team placed in the AFL Western Division  The Broncos were barely competitive during the AFL years (1960–69), going a combined 10–49–1 against the Chiefs, Chargers and Raiders 

Kansas City Chiefs
The Broncos have had several memorable matchups with the Chiefs, particularly during the years in which John Elway was the Broncos' starting quarterback (1983–98)  The Broncos defeated the Chiefs at Arrowhead Stadium in the divisional round of the 1997 NFL playoffs, en route to their first Super Bowl victory  The Chiefs currently hold a 69–55 series lead over the Broncos, including the aforementioned 1997 divisional playoff game 

Las Vegas Raiders
The rivalry with the Raiders was ignited in 1977, when the Broncos advanced to their first Super Bowl by defeating the defending champion Raiders in the 1977 AFC Championship  The rivalry intensified in the mid-1990s, when Mike Shanahan was hired as the Broncos' head coach in 1995  Shanahan coached the Raiders in 1988 before being fired four games into the 1989 season  The Raiders currently hold a 70–54–2 series lead over the Broncos, including 1–1 in the playoffs 

Los Angeles Chargers
Unlike their records against the Chiefs and Raiders, the Broncos currently have a winning record against the Chargers, with a 70–54–1 series lead, including 1–0 in the playoffs  The Broncos pulled off one of the largest comebacks in Monday Night Football history, when Peyton Manning led the Broncos from a 24–0 halftime deficit to a 35–24 win at San Diego's Qualcomm Stadium during the 2012 season  The two teams met in the playoffs for the first time on January 12, 2014, at Denver's Sports Authority Field at Mile High, with the Broncos winning 24–17 

Historical
Aside from the aforementioned AFC West teams, the Broncos have had intra-conference rivalries over the years with the Cleveland Browns, Pittsburgh Steelers and New England Patriots   The Broncos and Seattle Seahawks were also former AFC West rivals from 1977 to 2001, after which Seattle was realigned to the NFC West 

Cleveland Browns
The Broncos had a brief rivalry with the Browns that arose from three AFC championship matches in 1986, 1987 and 1989  In the 1986 AFC Championship, quarterback John Elway led The Drive to secure a tie in the waning moments at Cleveland Municipal Stadium; the Broncos went on to win in 23–20 in overtime  One year later, the two teams met again in the 1987 AFC Championship at Mile High Stadium  Denver took a 21–3 lead, but Browns' quarterback Bernie Kosar threw four touchdown passes to tie the game at 31–31 halfway through the 4th quarter  After a long drive, John Elway threw a 20-yard touchdown pass to running back Sammy Winder to give Denver a 38–31 lead  Cleveland advanced to Denver's 8-yard line with 1:12 left, but Broncos' safety Jeremiah Castille stripped Browns' running back Earnest Byner of the football at the 2-yard line—a play that has been called The Fumble by Browns' fans  The Broncos recovered it, gave Cleveland an intentional safety, and went on to win 38–33  The two teams met yet again in the 1989 AFC Championship at Mile High Stadium, which the Broncos easily won by a score of 37–21  The Broncos did not win the Super Bowl after any of the championship games where they defeated the Browns, losing by an aggregate of 136–40 

Pittsburgh Steelers
As of the end of the 2015 season, the Broncos and Steelers have met in postseason play eight times, tied with five other pairings for the second–most frequent playoff matchups in NFL playoff history  The Broncos currently own a 5–3 playoff record vs  the Steelers  Perhaps the most memorable postseason matchup occurred in the 1997 AFC Championship, in which the Broncos defeated the Steelers 24–21 at Three Rivers Stadium, en route to their first Super Bowl victory  Eight years later, the Steelers returned the favor at INVESCO Field at Mile High, defeating the Broncos 34–17 in the 2005 AFC Championship, and subsequently won Super Bowl XL  In the Wild Card round of the 2011 playoffs, in a game dubbed The 3:16 game, the Broncos stunned the Steelers 29–23 on the first play of overtime, when quarterback Tim Tebow connected with wide receiver Demaryius Thomas on an 80-yard game-winning touchdown pass  The teams met again in the Divisional round of the 2015 playoffs at Denver, where the Broncos defeated the Steelers 23–16 on their way to a victory in Super Bowl 50 

New England Patriots
The Broncos and Patriots met twice annually during the American Football League (AFL) years from 1960 to 1969, and played in the first-ever AFL game on September 9, 1960  Since 1995, the two teams have met frequently during the regular season, including nine consecutive seasons from 1995 to 2003  As of the end of the 2015 season, the two teams have met in the playoffs five times, with the Broncos owning a 4–1 record  The teams' first playoff match on January 4, 1987, was John Elway's first career playoff win, while the teams' second playoff match on January 14, 2006, game was the Broncos' first playoff win since Elway's retirement after the 1998 season  The game was also notable for Champ Bailey's 100-yard interception that resulted in a touchdown-saving tackle by Benjamin Watson at the 1-yard line  On October 11, 2009, the two teams met with former Patriots' offensive coordinator, Josh McDaniels as the Broncos' head coach  Both teams wore their AFL 50th anniversary jerseys  The game featured a 98-yard drive in the fourth quarter, with a game-tying touchdown pass from Kyle Orton to Brandon Marshall, followed by an overtime drive led by Orton that resulted in a 41-yard game-winning field goal by Matt Prater  The two teams met in the Divisional round of the 2011 playoffs, with the Patriots blowing out Tim Tebow and the Broncos by a score of 45–10  The Broncos' rivalry with the Patriots later intensified when longtime Indianapolis Colts' quarterback Peyton Manning became the Broncos' starting quarterback from 2012 to 2015  Manning and Patriots' quarterback Tom Brady maintained a legendary rivalry from 2001 until Manning's retirement after the 2015 season  Though Brady dominated Manning in regular season play, winning nine of twelve meetings, Manning won three of five playoff meetings, including the Broncos' 26–16 win in the 2013 AFC Championship and the Broncos' 20–18 win in the 2015 AFC Championship 

Seattle Seahawks
The Broncos had an old rivalry with the Seattle Seahawks, who were members of the AFC West from 1977 to 2001, prior to the Seahawks' move to the NFC West as part of the NFL's 2002 re-alignment  During the 25 years in which the Seahawks resided in the AFC West, the Broncos went 32–18 against the Seahawks, including a loss at Seattle in the 1983 NFL playoffs  Since 2002, the Broncos have won three of five interconference meetings, and the two teams met in Super Bowl XLVIII on February 2, 2014, with the Seahawks winning by a score of 43–8 

Facilities
For most of their history, the Denver Broncos played in Mile High Stadium  The AFL Broncos played at the University of Denver's Hilltop Stadium from time to time, including the first victory of an AFL team over an NFL team: The Broncos beat the Detroit Lions on August 5, 1967, in a preseason game  The team has sold out every home game (including post-season games) since the AFL–NFL merger in 1970, with the exception of two replacement games during the 1987 strike (but both were sold out before the strike) 
During home games, the attendance is announced to the crowd, along with the number of no-shows (the fans subsequently boo the no-shows)  The fans are also known to chant "IN-COM-PLETE!" every time the visiting team throws an incomplete pass  The stadium's legendary home-field advantage is regarded as one of the best in the NFL, especially during the playoffs  The Broncos had the best home record in pro football over a 32-year span from 1974 to 2006 (191–65–1)  Mile High Stadium was one of the NFL's loudest stadiums, with steel flooring instead of concrete, which may have given the Broncos an advantage over opponents, plus the advantage of altitude conditioning for the Broncos  In 2001, the team moved into then-named Invesco Field at Mile High, built next to the former site of the since-demolished Mile High Stadium  Sportswriter Woody Paige, along with many of Denver's fans, however, often refused to call the stadium by its full name, preferring to use "Mile High Stadium" because of its storied history and sentimental import  Additionally, The Denver Post had an official policy of referring to the stadium as simply "Mile High Stadium" in protest, but dropped this policy in 2004 

Prior to the 2011 season, Englewood-based sporting goods retailer Sports Authority claimed the naming rights of Invesco Field, which became known as Sports Authority Field at Mile High  However, in the summer of 2016, Sports Authority went bankrupt, the stadium was renamed Broncos Stadium at Mile High, and the Broncos sought out a naming rights sponsor until September 2019 when they agreed to rename the stadium Empower Field at Mile High The altitude has also been attributed as part of the team's home success  The stadium displays multiple references to the stadium's location of 5,280 feet (1 000 mi) above sea level, including a prominent mural just outside the visiting team's locker room  The team training facility, the UCHealth Training Center (formerly known as the Paul D  Bowlen Memorial Broncos Centre), is a state-of-the-art facility located in Dove Valley  With 13 5 acres (5 5 ha) of property, the facility hosts three full-size fields, a complete weight and training facility, and a cafeteria In their more than half-century of existence, the Broncos have never been shut out at home, a streak of over 400 games as of the 2016 season In late 2012, the Broncos announced that the stadium would receive $30 million upgrades including a new video board in the south end zone three times larger than the previous display  The renovations were finished before kickoff of the 2013 season 

Logos and uniforms
1968–1996
When the Broncos debuted in 1960, their original uniforms drew as much attention as their play on the field  They featured white and mustard yellow jerseys, with contrasting brown helmets, brown pants and vertically striped socks  Two years later, the team unveiled a new logo featuring a bucking horse, and changed their team colors to orange, royal blue and white  The 1962 uniform consisted of white pants, orange helmets, and either orange or white jerseys In 1968, the Broncos debuted a design that became known as the "Orange Crush"  Their logo was redesigned so that the horse was coming out of a "D " Additionally, the helmets were changed to royal blue, with thin stripes placed onto the sleeves, and other minor modifications were added  From 1969 to 1971, and again from 1978 to 1979, the team wore orange pants with their white jerseys  The facemasks became white (from grey) in 1975 
The Broncos wore their white jerseys at home throughout the 1971 season, as well as for 1980 home games vs  the San Diego Chargers and Dallas Cowboys, the latter in hopes to bring out the "blue jersey jinx" which has followed the Cowboys for decades (it worked, the Broncos won 41–20)  The Broncos wore their white jerseys for 1983 home games vs  the Philadelphia Eagles, Los Angeles Raiders and Cincinnati Bengals, but did not wear white at home again for two decades — see next section In 1994, in honor of the 75th anniversary season of the NFL, the Broncos wore their 1965 throwback uniforms for two games—a Week 3 home game against the Raiders, as well a road game at the Buffalo Bills the following week 

1997–2011
The Broncos radically changed their logo and uniforms in 1997, a design that the team continues to use to this day  The new logos and uniforms were unveiled on February 4, 1997  Navy blue replaced royal blue on the team's color scheme  The current logo is a profile of a horse's head, with an orange mane and navy blue outlines  The Broncos' popular live animal mascot Thunder was the inspiration to incorporate a horse-head profile as part of the logo on the team's helmets  During a February 4, 1997, press conference introducing the new logo, the team president and the art director for Nike, who were the creators of the new design, described it as "a powerful horse with a fiery eye and mane "The Broncos began wearing navy blue jerseys, replacing their longtime orange jerseys that had been the team's predominant home jersey color since 1962  This new uniform design features a new word mark, numbering font and a streak that runs up and down the sides of both the jerseys and the pants  On the navy blue jerseys, the streak is orange, with an orange collar and white numerals trimmed in orange, while on the road white jerseys, the streak is navy blue, with a thin orange accent strip on both sides, a navy collar and navy numerals trimmed in orange; the helmet facemasks became navy blue  When they debuted, these uniforms were vilified by the press and fans, until the Broncos won their first-ever Super Bowl in the new design that same season  The navy blue jerseys served as the team's primary home jersey until the end of the 2011 season — see next section In 2002, the Broncos introduced an alternate orange jersey that is a mirror image of the aforementioned navy blue jerseys, but with orange and navy trading places  Like the road white jerseys, the white pants with the navy blue streaks running down the sides are worn with this uniform  This jersey was used only once in the 2002 and 2004 seasons, and were used twice per season from 2008 to 2011  Mike Shanahan, the team's head coach from 1995 to 2008, was not a big fan of the alternate orange jerseys  The Broncos previously wore orange jerseys as a throwback uniform in a Thanksgiving Day game at the Dallas Cowboys in 2001 The team also introduced navy blue pants in 2003, with orange side streaks to match with the navy blue jerseys  Though they were part of the uniform change in 1997 (in fact, they were worn for a couple of 1997 preseason games) and most players wanted to wear them, the only player who vetoed wearing them was John Elway, thereby delaying their eventual introduction  From 2003 to 2011, these pants were primarily used for select prime-time and late-season home games (excluding the 2008 season), and since 2012, are used exclusively with the now-alternate navy blue jerseys — see next section 
On November 16, 2003, the Broncos wore their white jerseys at home for the first time since 1983, in a game vs  the San Diego Chargers  This was compensation for a uniform mix-up, after the teams' first meeting at San Diego's Qualcomm Stadium in Week 2 earlier that season, when the Chargers were the team that was supposed to declare their uniform color  The Chargers were planning to wear their white jerseys, but the visiting Broncos came to the stadium in white, and were fined $25,000 by the NFL as a result  When the two teams met at INVESCO Field at Mile High later that season (Week 11), the NFL allowed the visiting Chargers to choose their uniform color in advance, and they chose navy blue, forcing the Broncos to wear their white jerseys at home In 2009, in honor of their 50th anniversary season as one of the eight original American Football League teams, the Broncos wore their 1960 throwback uniforms (brown helmets, mustard yellow and brown jerseys) for games against two fellow AFL rivals—a Week 5 home game vs  the New England Patriots, as well as the following week at the San Diego Chargers 

2012–present
Beginning in 2012, the orange jerseys that served as the alternate colored jerseys from 2002 to 2011 became the primary home jersey, while the navy blue jerseys that served as the primary home jersey from 1997 to 2011 switched to alternate designation  The change was made due to overwhelming popularity with the fans, who pressured the Broncos to return to orange as the team's primary home jersey color  Since the 2012 uniform change, the team has worn the alternate navy blue jerseys for at least one home game per season, with the exception of 2013, in which the Broncos wore their alternate navy blue uniforms for an October 6, 2013, road game at the Dallas Cowboys, which the Broncos won in a shootout, 51–48  The team will either wear the navy blue or the white pants — with the orange side stripes — to match with the alternate navy blue jerseys  The team initially did not wear the white pants with the orange side stripes, until a November 1, 2015, game vs  the Green Bay Packers, in which the Broncos wore said design in order to match the uniform ensemble that was used during the team's Super Bowl XXXII win over the Packers  On October 30, 2022, the Broncos debuted a new combination of white jerseys and alternate navy blue pants in an NFL London Game at the Jacksonville Jaguars, with mismatched side stripes of navy blue (white jersey) and orange (navy blue pants) As the designated home team in Super Bowl 50, the Broncos — who have a 0–4 Super Bowl record when using their standard orange jerseys — chose to wear their white jerseys as the designated "home" team In 2016, the Broncos' unveiled a new Color Rush uniform, which the team wore for a Thursday Night game at the San Diego Chargers on October 13, 2016  The uniform kit contained the following features: orange pants, which the team wore for the first time since 1979, orange socks and shoes, along with block-style numerals trimmed in navy blue that mirrored the team's 1968–1996 uniform style  Due to the NFL's one-helmet rule implemented in 2013, the helmets remained the same, with the team temporarily replacing the modern primary logo with the throwback "D-horse" logo  The same uniform was used for a Thursday night game against the Indianapolis Colts during the 2017 season and again during a 2018 game against the Pittsburgh Steelers 

Statistics and records
Season-by-season records
Players of note
Current roster
50th Anniversary Team (2009)
The Denver Broncos announced the club's 50th anniversary team on September 15, 2009  The anniversary team was voted on by users at DenverBroncos com from June 6 – September 4, 2009 

Retired numbers
† Note: No  18 was re-issued for Peyton Manning after Tripucka gave his approval; it was used by Manning from the 2012 season until his retirement after the 2015 season  Manning's name was added to the retired number's banner as an honorable mention 

Pro Football Hall of Famers
Ring of Fame
The Broncos have a Ring of Fame on the Level 5 facade of Empower Field at Mile High, which honors the following:

Super Bowl MVPs
Colorado Sports Hall of Fame
Staff and head coaches
Head coaches
The most recent head coach of the Broncos was Nathaniel Hackett  On December 26, 2022, ownership announced that Hackett had been fired after he led the team to a disappointing 4–11 record despite entering the season with high expectations 

Current staff
In the media and popular culture
Tim McKernan, a k a  Barrel Man, began wearing a barrel in 1977 after making a $10 (equivalent to $50 in 2022) bet with his brother, Scott, that by wearing one he could get on television  McKernan won the bet, and the barrel he had painted to look like an Orange Crush soda can became his signature costume, and resulted in him becoming one of the Broncos' most recognized fans and a popular mascot  McKernan died on December 5, 2009 
The animated television show South Park, set in Park County, often mentions the Denver Broncos; show creators Trey Parker and Matt Stone both grew up in Colorado as devout Broncos fans 
In The Simpsons season 5 episode Cape Feare, when the family are to be given new identities, Homer imagines himself as John Elway, scoring a (consolation) touchdown against San Francisco  Conversely, in the 1996 episode "You Only Move Twice", Hank Scorpio gives Homer Simpson the Denver Broncos as a thank-you gift for helping him  However, Homer complains that he wanted to own the Dallas Cowboys, as the Broncos team that just arrived are playing very sloppy football on his front lawn (a reference to the team losing four Super Bowl appearances, three by significant margins including Super Bowl XII against Dallas)  Incidentally, the Broncos were 13–3 in the 1996 season, and won the Super Bowl the next two seasons  Only two seasons later in the Super Bowl-centric episode "Sunday, Cruddy Sunday", Homer chooses Denver as his Super Bowl XXXIII pick over Moe's choice of the Atlanta Falcons  In the episode, "The Bonfire of the Manatees", Homer picks the Broncos to win the Super Bowl over the Seattle Seahawks  The two teams later did play against each other in Super Bowl XLVIII which aired on Fox, the U S  home of The Simpsons; but the result was a Seahawks victory instead 
In the 1979 Mork & Mindy episode "Hold That Mork", Mork's character, played by Robin Williams, became the first male cheerleader in Broncos' history  As a member of the "Pony Express", he trotted out on the field at Mile High Stadium during an actual Broncos' game vs  the New England Patriots on November 11, 1979  The episode aired exactly two weeks later 
Many former Broncos are now in broadcasting, including Shannon Sharpe, Mark Schlereth, Alfred Williams, Tom Jackson, Ed McCaffrey, Brian Griese, David Diaz-Infante, Terrell Davis and Brandon Stokley  Some former Broncos work in radio, KKFN and KDFD in Denver, Colorado 
Former tight end and wide receiver Nate Jackson has written and published two nonfiction books, Slow Getting Up and Fantasy Man  His writing about the NFL has appeared in Slate, Deadspin, The Daily Beast, The New York Times, The Wall Street Journal, and BuzzFeed, among others  Jackson also co-hosts the Caveman Poet Society 

Radio and television
The Broncos' flagship radio station is currently KOA, 850AM, a 50,000-watt station owned by iHeartMedia  Dave Logan is the play-by-play announcer, with former Broncos' wide receiver Ed McCaffrey serving as the color commentator beginning in 2012, replacing Brian Griese  Ed McCaffrey was replaced by Rick Lewis  Until 2010, preseason games not selected for airing on national television were shown on KCNC, channel 4, which is a CBS owned-and-operated station, as well as other CBS affiliates around the Rocky Mountain region  On May 26, 2011, the Broncos announced that KUSA channel 9, an NBC affiliate also known as 9NEWS in the Rocky Mountain region, will be the team's new television partner for preseason games In 2011, the Broncos began a partnership with KJMN, 92 1 FM, a leading Spanish language radio station owned by Entravision Communications (EVC)  The partnership also includes broadcasting rights for a half-hour weekly TV show on KCEC, the local Univision affiliate operated by Entravision Communications 
Passage 3:
List of Denver Broncos first-round draft picks
The Denver Broncos are a professional American football team based in Denver, Colorado  They are members of the American Football Conference West Division in the National Football League (NFL)  The franchise was formed on August 14, 1959, to compete in the American Football League (AFL)  The first AFL Draft was held three months later  The last AFL draft the Broncos participated in was the 1966 draft, due to them joining the NFL as part of the AFL–NFL merger on June 8, 1966 The Broncos first participated in the NFL Annual Player Selection Meeting, more commonly known as the NFL Draft, in 1967  In the NFL Draft, each NFL franchise annually seeks to add new players to its roster  Teams are ranked in reverse order based on the previous season's record; the worst record picks first, the second-worst picking second and so on  The two exceptions to this order are made for teams that appeared in the previous Super Bowl; the Super Bowl champion always picks 32nd, and the Super Bowl loser always picks 31st   Teams have the option of trading away their picks to other teams for different picks, players, cash, or a combination thereof   Thus, it is not uncommon for a team's actual draft pick to differ from their assigned draft pick, or for a team to have extra or no draft picks in any round due to these trades The Broncos selected Roger LeClerc, a placekicker from Trinity College, in the 1960 AFL Draft  In their first NFL Draft, the Broncos selected Floyd Little, a running back from Syracuse University  The Broncos have selected players from the University of Nebraska, University of Florida, and University of Tennessee three times each, the most from any university in the first-round  The team's most recent selections were Tim Tebow, a quarterback from Florida University and Demaryius Thomas, wide receiver from Georgia Tech  Three selections, Floyd Little, Merlin Olsen and Bob Brown, were enshrined in the Pro Football Hall of Fame in 1982 and 2004, respectively  In 1991, Mike Croel became the first Bronco to win the Defensive Rookie of the Year award, receiving 68 out of 82 votes The Broncos' latest first-round pick is University of Alabama cornerback Patrick Surtain II, who they picked 9th overall in the 2021 NFL Draft 

Key
Player selections
Footnotes
a  The Broncos traded their 1965 first-round pick along with defensive tackle Bud McFadin to the Houston Oilers for quarterback Jacky Lee 
b 1 2  On August 15, 1967, the Broncos traded their No  4 overall pick in the 1968 Draft and No  9 overall pick in the 1969 Draft to the San Diego Chargers for quarterback Steve Tensi 
c  On January 28, 1971, the Broncos traded their No  9 overall pick in the 1971 Draft and defensive end Alden Roche to the Green Bay Packers for the No  12 overall pick in the 1971 Draft and quarterback Don Horn 
d  On February 1, 1980, the Broncos traded their No  20 overall pick and a second-round pick in the 1980 Draft along with quarterback Craig Penrose to the New York Jets for quarterback Matt Robinson 
e  The Broncos traded their No  19 overall pick in the 1982 Draft to the Buffalo Bills for the No  21 overall pick and a fourth-round pick in the 1982 Draft 
f  On May 2, 1983, the Broncos traded their No  19 overall pick in the 1984 Draft along with quarterback Mark Herrmann and guard Chris Hinton to the Baltimore Colts for quarterback John Elway 
g  On October 9, 1984, the Broncos traded their No  21 overall pick and third-round pick in 1986 Draft and fifth-round pick in 1987 Draft to the Cincinnati Bengals for the draft rights of Ricky Hunley 
h  On April 23, 1989, the Broncos traded their No  13 overall pick in the 1989 Draft to the Cleveland Browns for the No  20 overall, second, fifth, and ninth-round picks in the 1989 Draft 
i  On July 7, 1989, the Broncos selected Bobby Humphrey in the 1989 Supplemental Draft; as a result, they forfeited their rights to a first-round pick in 1990 Draft 
j  The Broncos traded their No  14 overall pick and a third-round pick in the 1993 Draft to the Cleveland Browns for the No  11 overall pick 
k  On August 23, 1993, the Broncos traded their No  18 overall pick and sixth-round pick in the 1994 draft and a second-round pick in the 1995 draft to the Minnesota Vikings for offensive tackle Gary Zimmerman 
l  On April 24, 1994, the Broncos traded a third-round selection in the 1994 Draft and a first-round pick in the 1995 Draft to the Atlanta Falcons for wide receiver Mike Pritchard and a seventh-round pick in the 1995 Draft 
m  On April 12, 2000, the Broncos traded their No  10 overall pick in the 2000 Draft to the Baltimore Ravens for the No  15 overall pick and a second-round pick in the 2000 Draft 
n  On April 9, 2004, the Broncos traded No  24 overall pick in the 2004 Draft along with cornerback Deltha O'Neal and a fourth-round pick to the Cincinnati Bengals for the No  17 overall pick 
o  On April 19, 2005, the Broncos traded their No  25 overall pick in the 2005 Draft to the Washington Redskins for a third-round pick in the 2005 Draft, No  22 overall and fourth-round picks in the 2006 Draft 
p  On March 21, 2006, the Broncos traded their No  29 overall pick along with a third-round pick in the 2006 Draft and fourth-round pick in the 2007 Draft to the Atlanta Falcons for the No  15 overall pick On April 19, 2006, the Broncos traded their No  22 overall pick to the San Francisco 49ers for second and third-round picks On April 29, 2006, the Broncos traded their No  15 overall pick to the St  Louis Rams for the No  11 overall pick and a third-round pick in the 2006 Draft 
q  On April 28, 2007, the Broncos traded their No  21 overall pick along with a third and sixth-round picks to the Jacksonville Jaguars for the No  17 overall pick 
r  On April 2, 2009, the Broncos traded quarterback Jay Cutler and a fifth-round pick in the 2009 Draft to the Chicago Bears for the No  18 overall pick in the 2009 Draft along with a third-round pick in the 2009 Draft and a first-round pick in the 2010 Draft 
s  On April 22, 2010, the Patriots traded this selection to the Broncos for a first-round selection (24th overall; traded to Dallas, who selected Dez Bryant) and a fourth-round selection it acquired from San Francisco (113th overall; New England selected Aaron Hernandez) 
t  On April 22, 2010, the Ravens traded this selection to the Broncos for a second-round selection it acquired from Miami (43rd overall; Baltimore selected Sergio Kindle), a third-round selection it acquired from Philadelphia (70th overall; Baltimore selected Ed Dickson), and a fourth-round selection (114th overall; Baltimore selected Dennis Pitta) 
Passage 4:
Campbell Field (Colorado)
Campbell Field, officially Marv Kay Stadium at Harry D  Campbell Field, is an American college football stadium located in Golden, Colorado  The stadium serves as the home field of the Colorado Mines Orediggers football team representing the Colorado School of Mines  Campbell Field is one of the oldest football fields in existence, the oldest west of the Mississippi River and the oldest in NCAA Division II   Originally it was a dirt surface all-purpose athletic field in exactly its current configuration, built within a clay pit, a fitting mined-out home for the Orediggers   Its first athletic contest, held on May 20, 1893, was the first annual Colorado Inter-Collegiate Athletic Association Field Day, featuring many athletic contests between the University of Colorado, Colorado A&M, Colorado School of Mines, and the University of Denver, in which Mines claimed the most medals   Its first football game took place on October 7, 1893, a 6-0 Mines victory over the University of Denver   It has been home to the football Orediggers through all but the first five seasons of their existence (their previous home were the now-destroyed grounds at the southeast corner of 19th and Illinois streets in Golden), and has been renovated several times throughout its existence   The field was originally called Athletic Park, renamed Brooks Field after Mines trustee and benefactor Ralph D  Brooks in 1922, and renamed Campbell Field after 1939 undefeated team member and benefactor Harry D  Campbell in 2010   Campbell Field is the oldest football field in the west, the oldest in NCAA Division II football and the 5th oldest college football field in the nation 

Renovations
Historic photographs show Brooks Field as a dirt surface, without grandstands and surrounded by a board fence   Despite such conditions it is known to have hosted crowds of spectators, who could have used nearby slopes to view games from   Later early wooden grandstands were added to the park   In 1922 and 1924 the current grandstands were built by noted local builder William "Cement Bill" Williams   This featured wooden bench seats upon a steel superstructure, with home and visiting locker rooms, public restrooms and refreshment stand beneath   In 1922 the dirt surface was converted to natural grass, part of which was scraped back to dirt surface for a baseball diamond during season each year   Originally home also to the CSM baseball team, it became a primarily football facility in 1937 after baseball was moved to Darden Field just to the west   During the 1930s a Federal Emergency Relief Administration project scooped out the slopes at the west side of Brooks Field to make room to construct a track around the surface, and it has hosted track and field events since   Around the 1980s the grandstands were renovated to cover most wooden benches with metal surfaces and create a central concourse, along with steps down to the field level   In 2010, the field was converted to its third surface, synthetic turf   Plans are underway to replace the 90-year-old grandstands and update the historic field to a state-of-the-art Division II athletic facility, expanding its capacity to 5,000, to be rechristened Marv Kay Stadium at Campbell Field 

Notable Events
Campbell Field has hosted many notable athletes and teams over its many years of play   Although missing out on the legendary 103-0 victory of the Orediggers over the University of Colorado in 1890 as well as their first Colorado Football Association championship in 1891, it has hosted 14 championship football teams and more:

Campbell Field hosted the latter part of the Orediggers' 18-game football winning streak against collegiate teams that spanned from 1888–1894 
The 3rd perfect and 4th unbeaten season of the football Orediggers took place here in its inaugural season in 1893 (5-0-0, CFA Champions) 
Campbell Field hosted the latter half of the football Orediggers' streak of 6 winning seasons from 1888–1894 
CSM's earliest known football loss at Campbell Field took place in 1894 to the University of Colorado (a 20-0 shutout) 
The first live televised football game in the Rocky Mountain region took place here on November 1, 1952, a game between the Orediggers and Idaho State University 
The first live nationally televised football game in the Rocky Mountain region took place here on November 15, 1952, a game between the Orediggers and Colorado College 
The first football playoff game at Campbell Field took place on November 13, 2004 as the Orediggers beat Midwestern State University 

Notable people
Baltimore Colts (held training camp here in 1970)
Leroy Taylor Brown, Olympic silver medalist, men's high jump, Paris 1924 (trained here as Mines graduate student prior to Olympics)
Dutch Clark, Pro football hall of fame (football coach at Mines in 1933)
Dallas Cowboys (held training camp here in the 1970s)
Denver Broncos (held training camp here from 1960–1963)
Chad Friehauf, 2004 Harlon Hill Trophy winner (Mines quarterback)
Roy Hartzell, Major League Baseball utility player, St  Louis Browns, New York Highlanders/Yankees (played semipro ball for Golden Reds here)
Albert E  Jones, Major League Baseball pitcher, Cleveland Spiders, St  Louis Perfectos/Cardinals (played semipro ball for Golden Reds here)
Jack Liddle, Olympic runner, Berlin 1936 (trained here as Mines student prior to Olympics)
Lloyd Madden, National Football League player, Chicago Cardinals (played here as Mines student)
Mark Melancon, Major League Baseball pitcher, New York Yankees, Houston Astros, Boston Red Sox (played here as Golden High School football player)
Elwood Romney, Brigham Young University hall of fame basketball player and All-American, cousin of Mitt Romney (coached freshman football 1936–1939)

Championship Football Teams
The Orediggers have fielded 16 football champion teams within over a century of play:
1891 – Colorado Football Association Champions^1892 – Colorado Football Association Champions^1893 – Colorado Football Association Champions1897 – State Inter-Collegiate League Champions1898 – Colorado Football Association Champions1904 – Colorado Football Association Champions1906 – Colorado Football Association Champions1907 – Colorado Football Association Champions1912 – Rocky Mountain Athletic Conference Champions1914 – Rocky Mountain Athletic Conference Champions1918 – Rocky Mountain Athletic Conference Champions1939 – Rocky Mountain Athletic Conference Champions1942 – Rocky Mountain Athletic Conference Champions1951 – Rocky Mountain Athletic Conference Champions1958 – Rocky Mountain Athletic Conference Co-Champions2004 – Rocky Mountain Athletic Conference Champions2010 – Rocky Mountain Athletic Conference Co-Champions
^Orediggers played at original grounds south of the Mines campus in these seasons
Passage 5:
Rocky Mountain Thunder
The Indoor Professional Football League (IPFL) was the new incarnation of the Professional Indoor Football League (PIFL), which started in 1998   Two of its teams (the Madison Mad Dogs and the Green Bay Bombers) left the league and their owner, Kerry Ecklund, founded the Indoor Football League in 1999   The IPFL led a troubled three-year existence, and died after its 2001 season, with its most successful teams joining up with the National Indoor Football League 
The IPFL was unique among indoor football leagues in that it sanctioned the use of a white football, manufactured by Rawlings, which was easier to see in the artificial lighting conditions  The league's slogan was "Great Football, No Gimmicks" 
In 1999, IPFL was headed by a new commissioner, Mike Storen, and the league offices were moved to Atlanta 

IPFL 1999 teams
Before the Pro Indoor Football League folded, the league was looking into replacing the two folded franchises of Minnesota and Texas and expanding the league back to 8 teams, or even beyond, to 10 or 12, for what was supposed to be its second season   However, the league took a major hit when Madison and Green Bay left the league to form a new league called the Indoor Football League  This left the league with only four teams: Honolulu, Utah, Colorado and Louisiana  The Utah Catzz soon folded as well, leading to the demise of the Pro Indoor Football League  The Pro Indoor Football League was re-formed as the Indoor Professional Football League and the three remaining clubs from the old league; the Hawaii Hammerheads (formerly Honolulu Hurricanes), the Rocky Mountain (Colorado Springs) Thunder (formerly Colorado (Denver) Wildcats) and the Louisiana Bayou Beast were joined by three new franchises in Boise, Idaho; Biloxi, Mississippi; and Austin, Texas  The league was going to have 8 clubs, but the Arizona (Tucson) Mirage and the Syracuse Blitz folded 
Texas Terminators, 12-4
Hawaii Hammerheads, 10-6
Mississippi Fire Dogs, 9-7
Idaho Stallions, 6-10
Louisiana Bayou Beast, 6-10
Rocky Mountain Thunder, 5-11

IPFL 2000 teams
During the off season, the Indoor Professional Football League saw major changes with the loss of three of its charter franchises: Rocky Mountain, Hawaii and Texas  However, the league saw the addition of four new franchises with the fourth new addition expanding the league beyond six franchises  The new clubs were Shreveport-Bossier City, Portland (OR), Omaha and Mobile  The Indoor Professional Football League approved the relocation of the Baton Rouge-based Louisiana Bayou Beast to Alexandria, Louisiana and announced the team would be known as the Louisiana Rangers  The Bayou Beast's relocation to Alexandria left the league with no club still remaining in its city that it started operations in  Mississippi defeated Portland in the championship 
Portland Prowlers, 11-5
Mississippi Fire Dogs, 11-5
Omaha Beef, 8-8
Mobile Seagulls, 8-8
Louisiana Rangers, 9-7
Idaho Stallions, 5-11
Shreveport-Bossier Bombers, 5-11The Fort Wayne Safari was announced as an expansion team for the 2002 season, which never occurred 

IPFL 2001 teams
Championships
By year
By team
Passage 6:
Pat Bowlen
Patrick Dennis Bowlen (February 18, 1944 – June 13, 2019) was a Canadian–American lawyer, executive and the majority owner of the Denver Broncos of the National Football League (NFL), winning three Super Bowls  He was inducted in the Pro Football Hall of Fame for the class of 2019  Bowlen owned other professional sports franchises in the Denver Colorado Area  Bowlen served as the Broncos CEO from 1984 until July 2014, when he stepped down as Broncos' CEO due to the onset and progression of Alzheimer's disease 

Early life
Bowlen was born in Prairie du Chien, Wisconsin to American mother Arvella (née Woods) and Canadian father Paul Dennis Bowlen, who became a millionaire in the Canadian oil business, founding Regent Drilling as a wildcatter  The oil company is now owned by his brother John  Bowlen was Catholic and spent his childhood in Alberta  He then attended Campion High School, a Catholic Jesuit boarding school in his native Wisconsin  Bowlen later earned degrees in business (1965) and law (1968) from the University of Oklahoma  During his time at Oklahoma he played for the Oklahoma Sooners freshman football team as a wide receiver, as well as for the Edmonton Huskies junior football team, where he was part of three Canadian Junior Football League Championship teams from 1962 to 1964 The younger Bowlen became wealthier by becoming a successful lawyer in Edmonton, Alberta  Bowlen also worked as an executive for his father's company and as a real estate developer and had major investments in the mining industry  During his business career in Edmonton his construction company, Batoni-Bowlen Enterprises, built the Northlands Coliseum, which would become home to the WHA/NHL's Edmonton Oilers for 42 years 
Bowlen was an initiated member of the Pi Kappa Alpha International Fraternity  Bowlen was initiated by the University of Oklahoma, Beta Omicron chapter in 1963  Bowlen received bar admission in 1969 and was a member of the Law Society of Alberta and the Canadian Bar Association 

Denver Broncos ownership
Bowlen bought a majority interest in the Denver Broncos of the National Football League in March of 1984 from Vancouver industrialist Edgar Kaiser Jr  The purchase price was said to be $70 million, making the Broncos the highest-priced franchise in the league at the time From 1999 to 2008, Bowlen and the Broncos were involved in several legal battles against former owner Edgar Kaiser Jr  In 1998, Bowlen agreed to sell retired football legend John Elway a share in the team  When Bowlen let the existence of the offer slip out to Kaiser while both were at the 1999 Bohemian Grove, Kaiser sued, claiming a breach of contract  Kaiser asserted that he had the right of first refusal if any deal was made involving franchise ownership  In 2004, a jury ruled in favor of Kaiser and a federal judge decreed that Kaiser was entitled to purchase back 10% of the Broncos using the identical purchase terms offered to Elway  Bowlen appealed the original verdict that ruled in favor of Kaiser and won in 2008, as the appellate court ruled that the structure of the Bowlen-Elway deal did not violate the original right of first refusal agreement On December 30, 2008, Broncos head coach and Vice President of Football Operations Mike Shanahan was fired by Bowlen after a 14-year tenure as the head coach  Bowlen stated he wanted his team to go in a different direction  Bowlen searched for a new head coach over a two-week period and eventually chose Josh McDaniels, who at the time was the offensive coordinator of the New England Patriots  Subsequently, after a losing streak in the 2010 season, McDaniels was fired as head coach of the Broncos  On February 12, 2009, Bowlen appointed Brian Xanders as the team's sole general manager and fired Jim and Jeff Goodman 
Within two weeks of the end of the 2010-11 regular season, Bowlen and the Broncos had hired former Carolina Panthers' coach John Fox to be their new head coach  Although Bowlen had discussions with Fox before the hiring, new front-office executive John Elway was mostly responsible for the hiring  By late 2009, rumors had begun to emerge that Bowlen had stepped out of the spotlight because of short-term memory loss  He told The Denver Post columnist Woody Paige that his memory wasn't what it used to be and that he couldn't recall details of the Broncos back-to-back Super Bowl titles in the late 1990s  Starting in 2010, Bowlen no longer played a major role in the Broncos' decision making, and Executive VP John Elway and President Joe Ellis assumed control  On July 23, 2014, due to complications with Alzheimer's disease, he officially relinquished control of the team to Joe Ellis On November 1, 2015, Bowlen was inducted into the Broncos' Ring of Fame, earning him a bronze plaque that stands on the south side of Empower Field at Mile High After Bowlen acquired the team in 1984, the Broncos briefly held the highest winning percentage of any franchise in the National Football League (334 wins, 212 losses, and 1 tie, for a  612 winning percentage), passing the San Francisco 49ers after the 2015 season  At the time of Bowlen's death, the New England Patriots had surpassed that figure 

Colorado Crush ownership
Besides being owner and CEO of the Broncos, Bowlen was also part-owner of the Arena Football League's Colorado Crush  He shared ownership with Denver-based sports mogul Stan Kroenke and legendary Broncos quarterback John Elway  The Crush entered the AFL as an expansion franchise in 2003  After going through a 2–14 season in 2003, the team became a perennial playoff contender and one of the league's top franchises  The Crush won the Arena Football League Championship in 2005 

Denver Outlaws ownership
In 2006, Major League Lacrosse decided to expand adding the Denver Outlaws to its league of teams  The Denver Outlaws have been the most winning franchise that Bowlen has ever owned, boasting a regular-season win percentage of 69 0% since their creation  The Outlaws have been to the playoffs every year of their existence except one (2015) and advanced to the championship game eight times (2006, 2008, 2009, 2012, 2014, 2016, 2017, and 2018), winning the championship in 2014, 2016, and 2018 

Philanthropy
Bowlen was a member of the University of Denver Board of Trustees and contributed to the funding of the Pat Bowlen Athletic Training Center located on the school's campus  He also contributed significantly to the local Denver Boys & Girls Club chapters 

Awards and honors
Inducted to the Pro Football Hall of Fame (class of 2019)
Three-time Super Bowl champion (as owner of the Denver Broncos)
ArenaBowl XIX champion (as part owner of the Colorado Crush)
Three-time Steinfeld Cup champion (as owner of the Denver Outlaws)
Broncos Ring of Fame (class of 2015)
Colorado Business Hall of Fame (class of 2015)

Death
On June 13, 2019, Bowlen died of a pulmonary embolism  Under terms set prior to Bowlen's death, Joe Ellis led a three-person trust representing his estate  Bowlen's intent was for his seven children to inherit the franchise, though he did not specify which of them would have first right 
Context 2: Passage 1:
Jim Miller (punter)
James Gordon Miller (born July 5, 1957) is a former American college and professional football player who was a punter in the National Football League (NFL) for eight seasons during the 1980s   Miller played college football for the University of Mississippi, and received All-American honors   He played professionally for the San Francisco 49ers, Dallas Cowboys, and New York Giants of the NFL 

Early years
Miller was born in Ripley, Mississippi and attended Ripley High School, where he played running back, wide receiver, cornerback and punter 

College career
Miller attended the University of Mississippi (Ole Miss), where he played for the Ole Miss Rebels football team from 1976 to 1979   He started punting barefoot as a freshman (in high school he had to wear a shoe by rule), ranking third in the Southeastern Conference with a 40 5-yard punt average  For a while he doubled as a flanker and punter 
The next year, he led the NCAA with a 45 9-yard punting average, which was also a school and SEC record  As a junior, he finished with a 43 2-yard per punt average  In his last year he averaged 44 6-yards per punt  
At the time he set school records with an 82-yard punt against South Carolina in 1976, punt average in a season (45 9), most punts in a game (12), career punt average (43 4-yard), punts in a career (266), punting yards in
a season (3,283 yards) and total punt yards in a career (11,549)  He was inducted into the Ole Miss Athletics Hall of Fame in 1995  He was named to the Ole Miss Team of the Century (1893-1992) 

Professional career
San Francisco 49ers
Miller was selected in the third round of the 1980 NFL Draft by the San Francisco 49ers, who had gone through three punters in three years  As a rookie, he was named to the All-rookie team after averaging 40 9 yards per punt  He was a part of the Super Bowl XVI championship team  He was waived before the start of the 1983 season, when he was passed on the depth chart by Tom Orosz 

Dallas Cowboys
On November 16, 1983, he was signed as a free agent by the Dallas Cowboys to replace the injured rookie John Warren  He only played in three games  He was released after losing the preseason competition with Warren on September 6, 1984 

New York Giants
In 1987, he punted in one game for the New York Giants, replacing an injured Sean Landeta  He was cut during the season the team won Super Bowl XXI 
He lives in Ripley, MS with his wife  He has a grandson that enjoys playing football with  
Passage 2:
Filip Filipović (American football)
Filip Filipovic (Serbian Cyrillic: Филип Филиповић) (born November 5, 1977) is a Serbian former professional American football punter in the National Football League for the Dallas Cowboys  He played college football at the University of South Dakota 

Early years
Filipovic moved from Yugoslavia to the United States as a foreign exchange student in 1992  He attended Howland High School  As a junior, he broke his foot in the season opener  As a senior, he served as the team's placekicker and punter, making 13 field goals and averaging 35 yards per punt 
He enrolled at Urbana College where although he was named the starter at placekicker, he instead decided to give up football and transfer to Eastern Michigan University  In 1999, he walked on at Division II University of South Dakota As a sophomore, he became the starter at punter, posting 57 punts for a 38 1-yard average and a long of 56 yards  As a junior, he registered 73 punts for a 40 7-yard average (seventh in Division II) and a long of 62 yards As a senior, he served as the team's placekicker and punter, making 7-of-10 field goals for a 62 5 percent (third in the conference), 18-of-19 extra points for a 92 3 percent (fifth in the conference) and 53 punts for a 40 1-yard average (fourth in the conference)  He finished his career with 183 punts for a 39 7-yard average and a long of 66 yards 

Professional career
Filipović was signed as an undrafted free agent by the Dallas Cowboys after the 2002 NFL Draft  He was waived on September 1  On October 23, he was re-signed to replace a struggling Micah Knorr  Against the Detroit Lions, he had 10 punts (tied for second in franchise history) for a 41 4-yard average and downed two kicks inside the 10-yard line  He finished the season with a 40 6-yard average, 14 punts downed inside the 20-yard line, a long of 60 yards and 2 special teams tackles  On August 17, 2003, he was released after being passed on the depth chart by Toby Gowin 
On January 7, 2004, he signed a futures contract with the San Francisco 49ers  He was cut on April 27 On July 23, 2004, he was signed as a free agent by the Minnesota Vikings  He was released on August 3 On February 10, 2005, he was signed by the Philadelphia Eagles with the intention of allocating him to NFL Europe  He was cut on March 7 
On March 28, 2006, he signed with the Houston Texans  He was released on July 29 
On April 9, 2007, he was signed by the Chicago Bears  He was released on August 1 

Personal life
After football he trained several kickers and punters, developing skills to break into professional football leagues  Filipovic also works with agents that sign and negotiate NFL contracts 
Passage 3:
Jerry Tubbs
Gerald J  Tubbs (January 23, 1935 – June 13, 2012) was an American football linebacker who played for ten seasons in the National Football League (NFL) from 1957 to 1966, mainly for the Dallas Cowboys   He was selected by the Dallas Cowboys in the 1960 NFL Expansion Draft   After his retirement he stayed with the Cowboys as an assistant coach for 22 years  He played college football at the University of Oklahoma  In 1996, he was inducted into the College Football Hall of Fame 

High school career
Tubbs was an honor graduate student and played center at Breckenridge High School  The teams were coached by Cooper Robbins (1951) and Joe Kerbel (1952), who would go on to the college ranks  Tubbs lost only three games during his high school career  In 1971, he was inducted into the Texas High School Football Hall of Fame  Since 2008, the Breckenridge Buckaroos open the football season playing the "Jerry Tubbs Kickoff Classic" 

College career
Tubbs played three varsity years at the University of Oklahoma, and the Sooners won all 31 games in that period  In 1954, when fullback Billy Pricer was injured, Tubbs had to replace him playing against University of Texas, the first time he had ever played in the backfield  In the remaining games of that season, he averaged 6 1 yards per carry  Head coach Bud Wilkinson moved him to center in 1955, and this became his signature position  He also played linebacker and in a victory over Texas in 1955, he intercepted three passes  In 1956, he was a unanimous All-American center and was named Lineman of the Year by three agencies 
During his three varsity years, Oklahoma's record was 10-0, 11-0, 10-0  His 31 wins were part of that legendary 47-game winning streak and two national titles from 1954-56  The 1954 team was ranked third nationally in the Associated Press and United Press polls  The 1955 and 1956 teams were national champions  In those years Oklahoma played in only one bowl game, where the 1955 team beat Maryland University 20-6 in the Orange Bowl 
Tubbs finished fourth in the 1956 Heisman Trophy voting (very high for a lineman), behind his third place teammate, Tommy McDonald, and winner Paul Hornung of Notre Dame University  He graduated from Oklahoma with a degree in economics and was also a 1956 Academic All-America 
In 1996, he was inducted into the College Football Hall of Fame and in 1999 he was inducted into the Oklahoma Sports Hall of Fame 

Professional career
Chicago Cardinals
He was drafted by the Chicago Cardinals in the first round of the 1957 NFL Draft — 10th overall  Suddenly, he found himself on a perennial loser, playing out of position as an outside linebacker  He was eventually benched, and then traded to the San Francisco 49ers after the seventh game of the 1958 season 

San Francisco 49ers
The following year (1959), the San Francisco 49ers moved him into the middle linebacker position, where he became a starter  After the 1959 season, Tubbs planned to retire, so the 49ers left him off their list of players who were exempt from the 1960 NFL Expansion Draft 

Dallas Cowboys
Tubbs was acquired by the Dallas Cowboys in 1960 NFL Expansion Draft  As it turned out, he would spend the next 29 years in Dallas — as a player, player-coach and full-time assistant coach   In the 4th game of the 1960 season, Tubbs became the first player in franchise history to start at the middle linebacker position on a regular basis, finishing with 149 tackles (48 solo) 
Tubbs was an impact player on those early Cowboys teams and also rated among the top middle linebackers in the NFL  He had quickness, toughness and an unbeatable motor  In 1962, he was one of the first Cowboys players voted to the Pro Bowl, along with: QB Eddie LeBaron; DT Bob Lilly; RB Don Perkins; and CB Don Bishop 
He became a player-coach in 1965  In 1966 he retired and was working for the Dallas Federal Savings and Loan Association, but was lured back by Tom Landry to play behind Lee Roy Jordan for one more year  He played just the first three games of the season, until he suffered a back injury 
The following year (1967), Landry sensing that the Cowboys had a real chance at a championship, wanted to have Tubbs as insurance in the event Lee Roy Jordan should be injured  He came back again, but didn't play a single down while serving as a player-coach, hence he was on the roster and in uniform for the 1967 Ice Bowl championship game against the Packers 

Personal life
When he finally retired as a player at the end of the 1967 season, he became Cowboys linebackers coach for 21 years  He coached in five Super Bowls, winning two of them  He died on June 13, 2012, at the age of 77 
Passage 4:
Jason Garrett
Jason Calvin Garrett (born March 28, 1966) is a former American football player and coach and current broadcaster  He previously served as the head coach of the Dallas Cowboys for 9 5 seasons, from 2010-2019  Garrett has also been offensive coordinator and assistant head coach for the Cowboys and quarterbacks coach for the Miami Dolphins  
Before becoming a coach, Garrett was a college football quarterback at Princeton University and also played as quarterback in the National Football League (NFL) for the Cowboys (winning three Super Bowls as the backup quarterback for Troy Aikman), New York Giants, Tampa Bay Buccaneers, and Miami Dolphins  
In 2022, Garrett became a sports broadcaster and currently works as a football analyst for NBC Sports - as a commentator for their coverage of the USFL and Notre Dame football and as an analyst for their NFL pregame show Football Night in America 

Early life
Garrett attended kindergarten through second grade at Holy Cross school in Rumson, New Jersey  He went to prep school at University School in Hunting Valley, Ohio, and was a letterman in football, basketball, and baseball  As a senior, Garrett won All-League honors as a quarterback and safety  He graduated from University School in 1984 

College career
Garrett was accepted to Princeton University, where he began as the starting quarterback of the freshman team, registering 64 completions on 116 attempts for 996 yards  Garrett transferred to Columbia University when his father Jim Garrett became the head coach in 1985  Following his father's resignation after Columbia's 0–10 1985 season, Garrett and his brothers (Judd and John) transferred to Princeton, although none played varsity in 1986 for different reasons (Jason was an ineligible transfer) Garrett sat out the 1986 season because of the transfer rules while focusing on running the scout team, which included his brothers  The next year, as a junior, Garrett was named the starting quarterback  Although he piloted Princeton to a win against his former team, Columbia (a loss that gave Columbia the Division I record for straight losses, at 35), Garrett was also involved in a losing effort against them as a senior, snapping Columbia's by then 44-game losing streak  He received the Asa S  Bushnell Cup as the Ivy League Player of the Year  Garrett earned a degree in history in 1989, with a senior thesis on "The Revolt of the Black Athlete as Initiated by Harry Edwards" Garrett finished his college career completing 366 of 550 passes (66 5%) for 4,274 yards and 20 touchdowns  At the time, he was ranked in the categories: lowest pass interception percentage (1 8% – school record), total yards of offense (4,555 – second in school history), total yards of offense in a season (2,485 – third in school history), most passing yards (4,274 – second in school history), most passing yards in a season (2,217 – fourth in school history), most completions (366 – second in school history), most completions in a season (204 – third in school history), most touchdown passes (20 – tied for fourth)  Garrett continues to hold the Ivy League career record for completion percentage with 66 5% (366/550) and his 1988 percentage of 68 2% (204/299) stood as the league record until 2000, when Gavin Hoffman posted a 70 5% mark 

Professional playing career
New Orleans Saints
Garrett was signed as an undrafted free agent by the New Orleans Saints after the 1989 NFL Draft and was eventually signed to the practice squad  On September 3, 1990, he was waived by the Saints and spent most of the year working as a coaching assistant for Princeton 

San Antonio Riders
In 1991, Garrett started at quarterback for the San Antonio Riders of the World League of American Football, but he suffered a separated right wwe 
shoulder in the season opener  Garrett returned to start the sixth and seventh game but was passed on the depth chart by Mike Johnson 

Ottawa Rough Riders
On June 4, 1991, Garrett was signed by the Ottawa Rough Riders of the Canadian Football League, but was released in August 

Dallas Cowboys
In 1992, with the support of his father, at the time a part of the Dallas Cowboys scouting department, Garrett was signed as a free agent  He was released on August 31 and later signed to the team's practice squad  In 1993, his preseason performances allowed him to make the team as the third-string quarterback behind Troy Aikman and Hugh Millen  Garrett eventually passed Millen on the depth chart  In the eighth game of the season, after Aikman injured his left hamstring against the New York Giants in the third quarter  Garrett finished the game, completing five of six passes for 34 yards and leading two touchdown drives  He was named the starter for the next game against the Phoenix Cardinals, where he completed two of six passes for 25 yards and helped the team score on a field goal, before being replaced on the third series in favor of Bernie Kosar, who had been signed four days earlier  Kosar became the backup quarterback for the rest of the season after the game 
The highlight of Garrett's playing career occurred in the 1994 Thanksgiving Day game when he started in place of backup quarterback Rodney Peete, who was out with a sprained thumb he suffered in a win against the Washington Redskins  Garrett led the Cowboys over the Green Bay Packers by completing 15 of 26 passes for 311 yards and two touchdowns in the second half for a comeback win of 42–31, earning him NFC Offensive Player of the Week honors  That game was named the fourth-best moment in the history of Texas Stadium by ESPN in 2008 In 1998, Garrett was promoted to the backup position and in the second game against the Denver Broncos, after Aikman suffered a broken clavicle, Garrett came in to finish the 23–42 loss  He would start the next five games and contribute to a 3–2 mark for a team that would go on to win the NFC East division by one game over the Arizona Cardinals  In 1999, Garrett started two games for a 1–1 record 
Garrett was a part of the 1993 and 1995 Super Bowl winning teams  In eight seasons with the Cowboys, he played in 39 games and completed 165 of 294 passes (56 1%) for 2,042 yards, 11 touchdowns, and five interceptions 

New York Giants
In 2000, Garrett was signed as a free agent by the New York Giants to back up Kerry Collins  On February 27, 2002, Garrett was released for salary cap reasons and re-signed on July 24, although he would be declared inactive in 16 games, after being passed on the depth chart by Jesse Palmer who was named the backup quarterback  In 2003, Garrett was declared inactive in 11 games as the third-string quarterback 

Tampa Bay Buccaneers
On March 15, 2004, Garrett signed with the Tampa Bay Buccaneers and was cut on August 31  On October 13, he was re-signed by the Tampa Bay Buccaneers  After being declared inactive in week 6 and week 7, he was released on November 6  On November 24, Garrett was signed as a free agent by the Miami Dolphins and was declared inactive for the last six games of the season 

Coaching career
Miami Dolphins
After retiring as a player, Garrett became the quarterbacks coach for the Miami Dolphins for the 2005 season under head coach Nick Saban 

Dallas Cowboys
Offensive coordinator
In January 2007, Garrett was hired by the Dallas Cowboys as offensive coordinator  He guided the Cowboys to the second-best offense in the NFL, which made him an attractive head coaching prospect  In January 2008, Garrett interviewed for the head coaching job of the Baltimore Ravens and the Atlanta Falcons, receiving offers from both, but ultimately opted to remain with the Cowboys  His salary for the 2008 season was nearly $3 million; the highest salary for an assistant coach in the NFL at the time  On December 29, 2008, the Detroit Lions received permission to speak to Garrett regarding the team's head coaching vacancy according to ESPN sources  In January 2009, the Denver Broncos also interviewed him as a possible replacement for fired coach Mike Shanahan  Garrett was also a finalist for the St  Louis Rams head coaching position to replace Jim Haslett, the interim head coach, but the job ultimately went to Steve Spagnuolo 

Head coach
On November 8, 2010, Garrett was named as interim head coach of the Cowboys after fourth-year head coach Wade Phillips was fired after the Cowboys began the 2010 season with a 1-7 record  On November 14, Garrett won his first game as a head coach, beating the favored New York Giants by a score of 33–20 at New Meadowlands Stadium  The next week, he led the Cowboys to a 35–19 victory over the Detroit Lions, their first home win all season  Garrett finished with a 5–3 record down the stretch  On January 6, 2011, Garrett was officially named the eighth head coach in Cowboys history  He was the first head coach born after the team was founded in 1960, and the first former Cowboys player to hold the post 
From 2011 to 2013, Garrett had three straight 8–8 seasons, losing in the last game each season to NFC East division rivals New York Giants, Washington Redskins, and Philadelphia Eagles to miss the division championship and the playoffs each time  In 2014, Garrett achieved head-coaching success for the first time  The Cowboys, featuring several key draft picks maturing on the offensive line and the emergence of DeMarco Murray as a dominant running back, won the NFC East with a 12–4 record and were tied for the best record in the conference with the Green Bay Packers and the Seattle Seahawks  The Cowboys were undefeated on the road, including impressive wins over Seattle and the NFC East frontrunners (at the time), the Philadelphia Eagles  Garrett's team lost the three-way tiebreaker to Green Bay and Seattle and therefore hosted the Detroit Lions in a wildcard-round game  This game, won 24–20 by the Cowboys, featured a controversial "flag pick up" after a penalty during a late Detroit drive, thereby allowing Dallas an improved chance to make a comeback and defeat the Lions  In the ensuing divisional-round playoff game against the Green Bay Packers, hyped as a rematch of the famous Ice Bowl NFL championship game from 1967, Dallas held a lead in the second half, but after losing the lead due to a late Aaron Rodgers touchdown pass, had a potentially game-winning catch by Dez Bryant overturned in official replay, therefore sealing a 26–21 defeat to Green Bay On January 13, 2015, Cowboys owner Jerry Jones and Garrett agreed on a contract that kept Garrett in Dallas for five more years and paid him $30 million  The Cowboys entered the 2015 season with great expectations, but starting quarterback Tony Romo played in only four games after suffering two fractures in his left collarbone, and the team finished with a 4–12 mark 
The Cowboys bounced back in 2016 with their best record under Garrett (13–3) with the emergence of rookie quarterback Dak Prescott and running back Ezekiel Elliott, earning the #1 NFC spot in the playoffs and a first-round bye  However, they were upset in their first playoff game by Aaron Rodgers and the Green Bay Packers with a last-second field goal by Mason Crosby, losing the game 34–31  Garrett was named the NFL Coach of the Year for the 2016 season In 2017, the Cowboys finished with a 9–7 record and missed the playoffs  This was partially because star running back Ezekiel Elliott was suspended for 6 games due to violating the personal conduct policy  In 2018, the Cowboys bounced back from a disappointing 3–5 record at the bye week to win seven of their last eight games and clinch the NFC East for the 3rd time since Garrett became head coach  They won their first playoff game against the Seattle Seahawks, but lost in the divisional round to the Los Angeles Rams 
In 2019, the Cowboys finished with an 8–8 record and missed the playoffs  Toward the end of the season, they had led the NFC East until losing to their division rival, the Philadelphia Eagles in Week 16 
On January 5, 2020, Cowboys owner Jerry Jones announced that the Cowboys would not renew Garrett's contract, which expired at the conclusion of the 2019 season  Garrett finished his Cowboys tenure with an 85–67 record  He was 2–3 in the playoffs, never advancing past the divisional round 
Garrett had the second longest tenure of being the Cowboys head coach after Tom Landry 

New York Giants
On January 17, 2020, Garrett was hired by the New York Giants as their offensive coordinator under new head coach Joe Judge  Garrett tested positive for COVID-19 in December 2020 and missed the team's week 15 game in 2020 against the Cleveland Browns  Garrett was fired from the Giants on November 23, 2021 After getting fired by the Giants, Garrett was rumored to be the frontrunner for the Duke University football head coaching job to replace long time head coach David Cutcliffe  However, just a few days later, Duke hired Mike Elko as their head coach 

Head coaching record
* – Interim head coach

Broadcasting career
On April 12, 2022, it was announced that Garrett would be an analyst for NBC Sports broadcasts of the United States Football League   On August 14, it was announced that Garrett has joined Jac Collinsworth as part of Notre Dame Football on NBC   He also joined Tony Dungy on NBC Sunday Night Football beginning in September 

Personal life
Garrett’s brothers John and Judd also played in the World League of American Football, and Judd made second-team All-World League in 1991 after leading the league in catches  John was the head coach of the Lafayette College football team until 2021 when he was fired, and his younger brother Judd works in the Dallas Cowboys front office after being let go as tight ends coach for the St  Louis Rams  Since he played for the London Monarchs, Judd is the only one of the Garretts who played in the WLAF to have a World Bowl ring  Another brother, Jim Garrett III, is a teacher and former football coach In December 2022, Garrett interviewed for the head coaching job at Stanford and was named a finalist  However, he ultimately decided to stay with NBC as a studio analyst 
Garrett's father, Jim Garrett, was an assistant coach for the New York Giants, New Orleans Saints, and Cleveland Browns and head coach of the Houston Texans of the World Football League and at Columbia University  From 1987 to 2004, Jim served as a scout for the Dallas Cowboys Garrett resides in Dallas with his wife, Brill 
Passage 5:
Fake field goal
A fake field goal is a trick play in American football  Simply, it involves a running or passing play done out of a kick formation  Usually the holder (often the punter or backup quarterback) will throw or run  Less frequently, the placekicker, who virtually never handles the ball in an American football game, will serve as the passer or rusher on a fake field goal  
During a fake field goal, most teams will choose one of two different alignment options  The first one is out of the normal field goal formation  The holder receives the snap and can either pitch it to the kicker, throw it during a designed pass play, or run the ball themselves  The second option is to shift into a special formation  Out of these special formations, multiple plays can be brought to the field  
There are a few of advantages to running a fake field goal or extra point  First, if it is a field goal, you have the chance to either score a touchdown or extend a drive for your team  If it is an extra point conversion, you have the chance of scoring two points instead of one  
Danny White was both quarterback and punter for the Dallas Cowboys in the 1980s and often executed this play   Examples include then-New England kicker Adam Vinatieri receiving a direct snap and throwing a touchdown pass during an NFL game in 2004, and LSU kicker Colt David rushing for a 15-yard touchdown in 2007 after receiving the ball on a blind lateral from holder (and starting quarterback) Matt Flynn Not every fake field goal play call results in an attempted trick play  In the Week 8 2014 game between the Indianapolis Colts and Pittsburgh Steelers, the Colts staff had scouted through film study, that the Steelers’ usual kick block formation when the ball was close to the end zone and on the left hash mark, would not be able to prevent the holder from running the ball in for a touchdown  Such a situation developed with one second left on the clock in the second quarter



ground_truth: due to the onset and progression of Alzheimer's disease

prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: Where did the punter for the Dallas Cowboys in the 1980s play college football?

The following are given passages.
Context 2:   However, instead of lining up a normally, Troy Polamalu, an eight-time Pro-Bowl and 6 time All-Pro safety, shifted from his usual position to the other side, filling the gap where holder Pat McAfee intended to run the ball  McAfee noticed this, and aborted the trick play, calling for Adam Vinatieri to kick a normal kick, which he made to score three points 
Passage 6:
Cornell Green (defensive back)
Cornell M  Green (born February 10, 1940), is an American former professional football player who was  a defensive back for 13 seasons with the Dallas Cowboys on the National Football League (NFL)  He did not play college football at Utah State University, but was a two-time All-American as a basketball player for the Aggies, selected in the 1962 NBA draft, but not in the NFL draft 

Early years
Born in Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, Green was raised in northern California in Richmond and attended El Cerrito High School He played college basketball at Utah State University in Logan, where he earned All-American honors (1961, 1962) as well as All-Skyline conference honors in each of his three years (1960–62)  As a 6 ft 3 in (1 91 m) forward, Green set the Aggie career rebounding record with 1,067 which still stands today  He is also the fifth leading scorer in Utah State history with 1,890 points Green produced some of the best individual seasons in school history as his 745 points in 1962 are still in second place, while his 403 rebounds in 1960 remain a school record for a season  He was the Skyline conference MVP as a sophomore 
In his three seasons with the Aggies, Utah State went to the National Invitation Tournament in 1960 and to the NCAA Tournament in 1962  The 1960 team finished eighth in the Associated Press Poll and seventh in the Coaches' Poll, which remains the highest year-end basketball ranking in school history 
In 1993, Green was inducted into the inaugural class of the Utah State University Intercollegiate Athletics Hall Of Fame  In 2001, he was inducted into the State of Utah Basketball Hall of Fame 

Professional career
Green was a college basketball player who never played a down of college football, that the Dallas Cowboys converted into a defensive back 
On a tip from Utah State basketball coach LaDell Anderson, the Cowboys discovered and signed the multi-talented younger brother of then Red Sox infielder Pumpsie Green for $1,000 dollars  This was one of the innovative personnel decisions the Cowboys were renowned for 
At that time, he was leaning towards playing in the NBA, after being selected by the Chicago Zephyrs in the fifth round of the 1962 NBA draft  Even when he reported to the Cowboys' training camp in Marquette, Michigan, in 1962, he just thought of it as a $1,000 bonus  "I figured I’d go there for a week     and they’d cut me," Green has said His teammates nicknamed him "Sweet Lips" and eventually made the 1962 team as an undrafted free agent, learning fast enough to start 3 games and be selected to the NFL All-Rookie team  The next season, he became a full-time starter at left cornerback setting a career best with 7 interceptions 
Green became a big-time contributor to Tom Landry’s intricate defensive schemes and a feared defender during his career  All he was missing were the interception stats  Said Gil Brandt: "I mean, if Cornell had any kind of hands, he would’ve had three times as many interceptions as he got     and the guy played basketball in college "
He played cornerback during his first eight seasons, while leading the team in interceptions 4 times, being named to 5 Pro Bowls and 4 All-Pro teams  Cowboys coach Tom Landry said of Green, "He had the athletic skills from basketball to become a fine defensive back   His only transition was playing a sport where you could tackle someone with the ball, and Cornell never had a problem dealing with that" 
Safety Mike Gaechter suffered a career-ending Achilles tendon injury in the last Playoff Bowl in January 1970, and with the cornerback position needing an upgrade, Tom Landry moved Mel Renfro to play cornerback  Given that Renfro was an All-Pro in 1969 at safety, the move may have seemed to be an odd one, but Renfro was matched with Herb Adderley, and the duo was better than Green and Phil Clark  Green in turn, moved from cornerback to the strong safety position, while the free safety position was handled between third-round pick Charlie Waters and undrafted free agent Cliff Harris 
After the switch, the Cowboys went to two consecutive Super Bowls  In 1971 and 1972 he went back to the Pro Bowl at safety 
Green never missed a game in 13 seasons, he played 168 games, including 145 consecutive starts for the Cowboys (1962–1974)  He made five Pro Bowls at two different positions — cornerback and strong safety  He is sixth in career interceptions (34) in Cowboys history  He retired as a player in September 1975, and went from part-time to full-time scout for the Cowboys In 1985, he was named to the Dallas Cowboys 25th Anniversary Team In 2017, the Professional Football Researchers Association named Green to the PFRA Hall of Very Good Class of 2017

After football
Green began scouting for the Dallas Cowboys in 1970 while still an active player and continued scouting through 1979, at which time he entered private business until joining the Denver Broncos in 1987  He spent 35 years scouting in the NFL, and 28 seasons doing it with the Broncos  In 2010, he received the AFC Scout of the Year Award from the Fritz Pollard Alliance 

Personal
He is the brother of Pumpsie Green, the first African American player to play for the Boston Red Sox, the last Major League Baseball team to integrate 
Passage 7:
Rico Gathers
Ricardo Darnell Gathers (born January 7, 1994) is an American rapper and former American football tight end  He was drafted by the Dallas Cowboys in the sixth round (217th overall) in the 2016 NFL Draft  He played college basketball at Baylor University and did not play college football 

Early years
Gathers attended Riverside Academy  He was named Louisiana Mr  Basketball while at Riverside Academy in Reserve, Louisiana  As a sophomore, he contributed to his team winning the state title, while averaging 19 8 points, 11 5 rebounds, 4 5 blocks and earning Most Outstanding Player honors at the state tournament 
As a junior, he averaged 20 7 points, 16 2 rebounds and 3 9 blocks per game  As a senior, he helped his team reach the Class 2A state championship game, while averaging 22 points, 17 rebounds, 4 1 blocks, 2 1 assists and 1 1 steals per game 

College career
Gathers accepted a basketball scholarship from Baylor University  He became a starter at power forward as a junior, averaging 11 6 points (second on the team), 11 6 rebounds (led the team), 1 2 steals and one block and in 29 9 minutes per game  At the end of the season, he received All-Big 12, honorable-mention All-American and Big 12 All-Defensive Team honors  He led the conference in double-doubles with 17 and recorded a school record 28 rebounds in a win over Huston-Tillotson As a senior, he averaged 11 4 points and 9 1 rebounds per game  He finished as Baylor's All-Time leading rebounder  He also was the first player ever to reach over 1,000+ points and 1,000+ rebounds in school history 

Professional career
Although he had not played a down of football since middle school as a 13-year-old, Gathers informed Baylor head coach Art Briles that he would be joining the Bears football team for the 2016 season  However, he later decided to forgo playing for Baylor and entered the 2016 NFL draft after the Baylor men's basketball team lost in the first round of the 2016 NCAA Men's Division I Basketball Tournament to Yale 

Dallas Cowboys
Gathers was selected by the Dallas Cowboys in the sixth round (217th overall) of the 2016 NFL Draft, based on the potential he showed during his pre-draft workout  In rookie minicamp the team considered playing him at defensive end, but decided to keep him at tight end instead  On September 3, he was released and was signed to the practice squad the next day  He signed a reserve/future contract on January 17, 2017 After a strong training camp and preseason, Gathers made the Cowboys' initial 53-man roster in 2017  However, he suffered a concussion in the preseason, and was placed on the  injured reserve on September 4, which made him eligible to return in week 8 at the earliest  Despite practicing with the squad since week 9, after week 13, he was shut down for the season  It was later revealed that he also suffered jaw and neck injuries as well In 2018, the Cowboys made the unconventional move of keeping him as the fourth tight end to avoid losing him to waivers, even though he was arrested on the eve of cuts for marijuana possession  He was the fourth-string tight end behind Geoff Swaim, Blake Jarwin and rookie Dalton Schultz  In Week 5, he recorded his first professional catch against the Houston Texans  He finished with 3 receptions for 45 yards 
On June 14, 2019, it was announced that Gathers was suspended for the first game of the season, after violating the NFL's policy and program on substances of abuse  On August 5, Gathers was waived by the Cowboys 

Cleveland Browns
On August 11, 2019, he was signed as a free agent by the Cleveland Browns  He was placed on the reserve/suspended list on August 31, 2019  He was waived by the Browns on September 10, after being reinstated from the suspension 

Personal life
Gathers' father is the cousin of the late Hank Gathers, an All-American and former Loyola Marymount star  Gathers is married and has a child  During his time away from football, he self-taught himself to create, arrange and produce hip-hop music under the pseudonym Rickadon On August 31, 2018, he was arrested for possession of marijuana in Frisco, Texas 
Passage 8:
John Jett
John Jett (born November 11, 1968) is a former American football punter in the National Football League (NFL) for the Dallas Cowboys and the Detroit Lions  He played college football for East Carolina University  Jett won two Super Bowl rings with the Cowboys in Super Bowl XXVIII and Super Bowl XXX 

Early years
Jett attended Northumberland High School where he played football and baseball, receiving All-State honors as a pitcher and outfielder 
Although Jett came to East Carolina University as an unrecruited walk-on athlete, he became a 4-year starter at Punter  He graduated after recording two of the three best single season averages in school history, setting the records for career punting average (40 0) and yards-per-punt average in a season (42 2) In 2007, he was inducted into the East Carolina Athletics Hall of Fame 

Professional career
Minnesota Vikings
Jett was signed as an undrafted free agent by the Minnesota Vikings in 1992 and was released before the start of the season 

Dallas Cowboys
On March 10, 1993, he was signed by the Dallas Cowboys and replaced Mike Saxon on the defending Super Bowl champion  He  finished the year with a 41 8 yards gross average, third in the NFC in net punting average (37 7) and led the league in percentage of punts downed inside the 20-yard line (39 3%) 
In 1994, he had a gross average of 41 9 yards (sixth in the NFC), led the league in percentage of punts downed inside the 20-yard line (37 1%) and his 26 punts that landed inside the 20-yard line were the third highest ever in franchise history  In the divisional playoff win against the Green Bay Packers, he registered the third best punting performance in Cowboys playoff history, with a 45 8 yard gross average 
In 1995, he had a gross average of 40 9 yards and a net average of 34 5  After a block, in the NFC Championship Game win against the Green Bay Packers, he went on to average 45 8 yards and tie the mark for the third highest punting average in the franchise postseason history, receiving NFC Special Teams Player of the Week honors  The next year, he was fourth in the NFC in net average (36 8 yards) 
During his time with the team, he led the NFL in punts inside the 20 yard-line for four straight seasons 

Detroit Lions
Jett was signed as a free agent by the Detroit Lions in 1997, after the salary cap-strapped Cowboys could not afford to re-sign him 
In 2000, he was named as an alternate to the Pro Bowl 
He missed three games with a calf injury in 2001  The next year, he was second in the NFC in net average (38 yards), sixth in gross average (42 2 yards) and third in punts inside the 20-yard line (29) 
On October 30, 2003, he was placed on the injured reserve list, with what turned out to be a career-ending calf injury 
Passage 9:
Danny White
Wilford Daniel White (born February 9, 1952) is an American former professional football player and coach  He played as a quarterback and punter for the Dallas Cowboys in the National Football League (NFL)  He later coached in the Arena Football League (AFL)  He has been the color commentator for Cowboys games on Compass Media Networks' America's Team Radio Network since the 2011 season  He played college football at Arizona State University 

Early years
A graduate of Westwood High School in Mesa, Arizona, White did not receive a lot of notice while being the starter at quarterback, due to his perception as a better baseball prospect 
Frank Kush, then the football head coach at Arizona State University, helped convince Bobby Winkles, the school's baseball coach, to sign White to a scholarship with the provision that he would also play punter for the football team  During those early years Kush gave him a chance to improve his skills as a quarterback, which eventually would lead him to become the starter midway through his sophomore season, ending up throwing for six touchdowns in a game against the University of New Mexico 
White went on to have a stellar career as a quarterback and punter, compiling a 32–4 record, winning three Fiesta Bowls, setting seven NCAA passing records and being named an All-American in 1973, when he led the nation's second rated total offense  He finished with 6,717 passing yards, 64 touchdowns, 42 interceptions and averaged 41 7 yards per punt Besides having his jersey retired, he was inducted into the College Football Hall of Fame, the State of Arizona Sports Hall of Fame, and the Arizona State University Athletics Hall of Fame  In 2000, he was named Arizona Athlete of the Century by the Arizona Republic  He also was an inaugural member of Dunham and Miller Hall of Fame 
On October 29, 2010, White was honored, along with other Sun Devil Quarterbacks, at a Legends Luncheon hosted by the Arizona State University Alumni Association and Sun Devil Club   Other honorees included John F  Goodman, Andrew Walter, and Jake Plummer 

Professional career
Memphis Southmen (WFL)
The Dallas Cowboys selected him in the third round (53rd overall) of the 1974 NFL Draft, but were mainly interested in him as a punter, so he chose to sign with the World Football League's Memphis Southmen for a better offer 
White shared the quarterback position with John Huarte, helping his team reach the semifinals as a rookie and a second-place finish in 1975  During these two years, he passed for 2,635 yards and 21 touchdowns in 30 games, and also led the league in punting his last year 

Dallas Cowboys
In 1976, he signed with the Dallas Cowboys after the World Football League folded  Through 1979, White was the Cowboys' punter and the backup to the team's star quarterback Roger Staubach  After Staubach's retirement following the end of that season, White became the Cowboys' starting quarterback  Until 1984, he continued to serve as the team's punter, making him one of the last starting quarterbacks in NFL history to also start at a different position   He punted for the last time in his career once in 1985 
In a memorable 1980 playoff game against the Atlanta Falcons, led the Cowboys to a come-from-behind 30–27 victory  He also played in one of the Cowboys' most painful playoff losses against the San Francisco 49ers in the 1981 NFC Championship Game, famous for the Joe Montana-to-Dwight Clark game-winning play, which would simply come to be known as "The Catch"  He received Pro Bowl and second-team All-Pro honors in 1982 
White led the Cowboys to three consecutive NFC Championship Games (1980–1982), but was criticized after the Cowboys lost each of the three games despite having been favored in all of them  He also received criticism for publicly siding with the owners during the 1982 NFL Players Strike  Fans and teammates alike began to show support for him to be replaced as the Cowboys quarterback by Gary Hogeboom, who was coming off an impressive performance in the 1982 NFC Championship Game (which they lost to the archrival Washington Redskins) after White was knocked out of the game with a concussion  Even his statistically career-best 1983 season failed to silence the critics, after ending it with consecutive blowout losses to the Redskins (at home) and the 49ers after a 12–2 start  To add insult to injury, the Cowboys lost the NFC Wildcard Playoff game to the Los Angeles Rams  That apparently was enough for him to lose his starting job to Hogeboom at the start of the 1984 season  Under Hogeboom, the Cowboys looked impressive with a 4–1 start, but then a loss to division rival St  Louis and ineffective plays by Hogeboom convinced coach Tom Landry to reinstate White as his starter  The Cowboys finished 9–7, but missed the playoffs in 1984 for the first time in a decade; but with White as quarterback, the Cowboys made it back in 1985 with a 10–6 record  However, they lost again to the Los Angeles Rams in the playoffs 
In 1986, the Cowboys started 6–2, had the #1 offense in the NFL, were tied for the lead in the NFC Eastern Division and White was also the number one rated passer in the NFC at that point in the season  During an away game against Bill Parcells's New York Giants, however, a blind-side sack by Giants linebacker Carl Banks broke White's throwing wrist and tore ligaments, knocking him out of the game and ending his season  Dallas lost the game, 17–14, and without him the team faded badly, finishing the year 7–9 and the Cowboys first losing season since 1965 
White returned as the starter at the beginning of 1987, but after inconsistent play, he was benched in favor of Steve Pelluer for 4 of the final 6 games  In 1988, Pelluer won the starting job in training camp, relegating White as a backup  White appeared briefly in only two games, and in his second game he suffered a season-ending knee injury  An option on his contract was not picked up in April 1989 and he retired, paving the way for Troy Aikman to take the reins of the struggling franchise 
White had 1,761 completions on 2,950 attempts for 21,959 yards, 155 touchdowns, and 132 interceptions in his career   He also gained  482 yards and scored 8 touchdowns rushing  Unusual for a quarterback, he had two pass receptions for touchdowns, both from a halfback option pass  On special teams he punted 610 times for 24,509 yards, an average of 40 4 yards per punt, with 144 punts inside the 20 and 77 touchbacks  His record as the Cowboys' starting quarterback was 62–32 ( 659 winning percentage) during the regular season, and 5–5 in the playoffs 
Being Roger Staubach's successor and never reaching a Super Bowl as a starting quarterback contributed to White's being an unappreciated player, even considering all of the successes he achieved for the Cowboys and the NFL during the decade of the eighties  "I don't think anybody could have followed Roger and done as well as Danny", Coach Tom Landry remarked, "Danny was a solid winner "

NFL career statistics
Regular season
Coaching career
White's career as a coach began shortly after his playing days ended  This is appropriate considering that, while an active player, he was widely regarded—like Staubach before him—as knowledgeable of the game and as something of a coach on the field  He also began working as a broadcast commentator during his coaching career, which was possible because he coached Arena football, which is played during the outdoor game's off-season 
White served as the head coach of the Arizona Rattlers from 1992 to 2004, winning the ArenaBowl championship in 1994 and 1997  White's contract was not renewed by the new Rattlers ownership after the 2004 season following three consecutive ArenaBowl losses  He was named the head coach of the Arena Football League expansion Utah Blaze, which began play in 2006  He led his teams to the playoffs in 10 of 11 seasons, including two championships (1994 and 1997), finishing with a 162–95 record as a head coach 
In 2002, he was inducted into the Arena Football League Hall of Fame in recognition for his coaching success 

Head coaching record
Personal life
White's father, Wilford "Whizzer" White (no relation to college football legend and U S  Supreme Court justice Byron White, who also was nicknamed "Whizzer" and played American football), was the first Arizona State University All-American football player and still ranks third in school history with 1502 rushing yards in a season (1950), he also played halfback for the Chicago Bears from 1951–52 In 1983, White briefly recorded as a country music artist for the Grand Prix label  His only single, "You're a Part of Me", a duet with Linda Nail, reached #85 on the Hot Country Songs charts White and his wife, JoLynn, have four children, Ryan (d  2015), Geoff, Heather and Reed, and sixteen grandchildren  He now makes corporate appearances and motivational speeches  JoLynn died on August 15, 2016  White is currently married to Linda L  Bang  In recent years he has been seen on TV doing ADT security infomercials White is a member of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints 

See also
List of NCAA major college football yearly passing leaders
Passage 10:
Todd Lowber
Todd Lowber (born January 26, 1982) is a former gridiron football wide receiver  He most recently played for the Toronto Argonauts of the Canadian Football League (CFL)  He was signed by the Minnesota Vikings as an undrafted free agent in 2007  He has also been a member of the New York Giants, Dallas Cowboys, and Miami Dolphins  He earned a Super Bowl ring as a member of the Giants' practice squad in Super Bowl XLII  He did not play college football but is a former college basketball player and high jump champion 
Lowber grew up in Delran Township, New Jersey and attended Delran High School 

College career
Lowber played basketball for two seasons at Ramapo College in Mahwah, New Jersey as a guard and won the 2006 NCAA Division III men's high jump  Prior to transferring to Ramapo, Lowber played two seasons for Richard Stockton College of New Jersey 

Professional football career
Minnesota Vikings
On April 18, 2007, Lowber signed a three-year contract with the Minnesota Vikings  They signed Lowber after their scout attended a combine that was set up by New Jersey sports attorney Jim Ulrich  Prior to signing with the Vikings, Lowber had no previous football experience  Lowber was waived on August 27, 2007 

New York Giants
He was signed to the New York Giants practice squad in September 2007  He was released by the team on June 23, 2008 

First stint with the Toronto Argonauts
Lowber was signed to the practice roster of the CFL's Toronto Argonauts on July 22, 2008 

Dallas Cowboys
Shortly after signing with the Argonauts, Lowber was signed by the Dallas Cowboys on July 28, 2008  His attempt to make the Cowboys was chronicled on the HBO series Hard Knocks: Training Camp with the Dallas Cowboys  On August 30, Lowber was waived from the Cowboys during final cuts 

Miami Dolphins
Lowber was signed to the practice squad of the Miami Dolphins on November 10, 2008  After finishing the season on the practice squad, he was re-signed by the Dolphins on January 5, 2009  He was waived on June 1, 2009 

Second stint with the Toronto Argonauts
Lowber re-signed with the Toronto Argonauts on June 7, 2009  On June 14, 2009, Lowber suffered a concussion after being hit by Chris Jennings and Doug Goldsby of the Montreal Alouettes while returning a kick in the team's first pre-season game  Lowber lay on the field for 15 minutes before getting carted away  He was released on June 23, 2009 

Third stint with the Toronto Argonauts
On April 21, 2011, Lowber re-signed with the Toronto Argonauts  He was later released on June 20, 2011 
Context 3: Passage 1:
John Fulton (instrument maker)
John Fulton (1803–1853) was a Scottish instrument maker who originally trained as a cobbler  He built three orrerys in a workshop attached to at his home, now demolished, in the Kirton Brae area of Fenwick and was eventually appointed instrument maker to King William IV, moving to London, but retiring to Fenwick  He is buried in the Fenwick Kirk graveyard 

Life
It is recorded that John's father, also a cobbler, was a subscribing member to the library set up in the village by the Fenwick Weavers  With access to this library, John pursued his interest in astronomy, mathematics, physics, and other disciplines that led to his career as an instrument maker of outstanding ability and achievement  Largely self-taught, he studied botany, learned several foreign languages, constructed a ‘velocipede’ or early bicycle, and experimented with the production of coal gas  He had left school at the age of 13 

Orrerys
Astronomy held a particular fascination for him, so much so that he was prompted to construct, in his spare time in the years between 1823 and 1833, three working models of the solar system, known as orrerys  The third of these is now on display in Glasgow's Kelvingrove Art Gallery and Museum: it was the most intricate and took him four years to finish  It measured 1000mm x 3000mm x 3000mm  Entirely his own work, it has 175 wheels and more than 200 moving parts and is acknowledged to be one of the best in the world  The Society of Arts, who awarded him a silver medal, calculated that his third orrery was the most perfect built up to that time Fulton took the orrery on a tour of the United Kingdom  Such was the public interest that in 1869 a group of Glasgow businessmen led by William Walker bought the orrery for the city  It was brought up from London and then toured around Glasgow schools and museums until the 1930s when it found a more permanent home in the Old Glasgow Museum A local story relates that Fulton 'borrowed' his grandmother’s candlesticks and melted them down to provide the brass for his first orrery model 

John Fulton Memorial Hall
This is the public meeting hall for Fenwick, maintained by East Ayrshire Council  It was previously the Guthrie Memorial Free Church of 1844, and following a worldwide fund raising campaign sufficient funds had been raised by 1919 and the hall was opened in 1920  The hall is a Category C listed building 
Passage 2:
Davie Fulton
Edmund Davie Fulton,  (March 10, 1916 – May 22, 2000) was a Canadian Rhodes Scholar, politician and judge  He was born in Kamloops, British Columbia, the son of politician/lawyer Frederick John Fulton and Winnifred M  Davie, daughter of A  E  B  Davie  He was the youngest of 4 children 

Military career
Davie Fulton served in the Second World War with the Canadian Army overseas as Platoon and Company Commander with Seaforth Highlanders of Canada, and as Deputy Assistant Adjutant-General with the 1st Canadian Infantry Division in the Italian and Northwestern Europe campaigns  His brother John "Moose" Fulton distinguished himself in the Royal Canadian Air Force during World War II  He went missing in action in late 1942, and in 1943  Kamloops adopted the Moose Squadron in honour of its commander  In 1944 the Kamloops airport was dedicated as Fulton Field 

Political career
He was brought home from the war by the Conservative Party and won a seat by 100 votes in the House of Commons of Canada in the 1945 general election 
In 1949 he introduced legislation to criminalize the publication, distribution, and sale of crime comics, as the result of a murder by two Yukon teens that was blamed on the influence of the crime comics which the perpetrators had read He ran for the leadership of the Progressive Conservative Party of Canada at the 1956 leadership convention, placing third behind John Diefenbaker 
When Diefenbaker led the party to victory in the 1957 election, he appointed Fulton to Cabinet as Minister of Justice  As Minister, Fulton was involved in negotiations to patriate the Canadian Constitution, and developed the "Fulton–Favreau formula"  In 1962, he became Minister of Public Works  His cousin, Albert McPhillips, was Parliamentary Secretary to the Minister of Fisheries around this time 
He resigned from Cabinet in 1963, when he decided to leave federal politics and take the leadership of the British Columbia Progressive Conservative Party  His efforts to revive the provincial Tories in BC were a failure, and he returned to the House of Commons in the 1965 election 
Fulton stood as a candidate at the 1967 federal PC leadership convention, and placed third behind Robert Stanfield and Dufferin Roblin 
After losing his seat in the 1968 election, he retired from politics and returned to the law  In 1973, he became a justice on the British Columbia Supreme Court, and served until 1981  From 1986 to 1992, he served as a commissioner on the International Joint Commission 
In 1992, he was made an Officer of the Order of Canada  He died in Vancouver on May 22, 2000 

Election results
Archives
There is a Davie Fulton fonds at Library and Archives Canada 
Passage 3:
Harry the Kid
Harry Head (died 1881) (known as Harry the Kid), was a cattle rustler and stagecoach robber  One of his better known robberies occurred outside Contention City, a boomtown in the Arizona Territory 

Drew Station Stagecoach Robbery
On March 15, 1881, Head and three of his known Cowboy companions, Bill Leonard, Jim Crane, and Luther King, were set to rob a Wells Fargo stagecoach  The monetary gain, however, wasn't the only motive for robbing the stagecoach  Killing Bob Paul was reportedly a secondary objective  Paul had been sent out with the stagecoach to prevent robberies from occurring, riding shotgun  Two well-known local families during the time, the Clantons and the Earps, are rumored to have had an interest in trying to kill Paul The coach was carrying 26,000 dollars and eight passengers  Twelve miles from the stagecoach's final destination, Paul changed seats with the driver of the stagecoach, which temporarily brought the stagecoach to a halt  Shortly after the change of seats the stagecoach came to a part of the road that had a very steep grade  This was where Head and the others laid in ambush  In order to conceal their identities, the stagecoach robbers wore wigs and false beards  Crane fired at the guard’s seat, which was where Paul should have been sitting, but the driver, Budd Philpot, was killed instead  Philpot fell forward into the horses pulling the stagecoach, causing them to charge forward  By this time Paul had drawn his weapon and had started to return fire, and he wounded Leonard  During the gunfight, a passenger named Pete Roerig was killed  Paul gained control of the stagecoach and brought the rest of the passengers to safety 

Possible Doc Holliday involvement
There was talk that Doc Holliday was involved in the stagecoach robbery  He was at the time living in the nearby city of Tombstone and was known to visit the local hacienda were the suspects reportedly had camped a week before the attack  Holliday claimed that he had a sufficient alibi and that he was in no way involved in the robbery  But in July a warrant was sworn out for his arrest  Holliday was taken into custody and questioned but was later released on bond  Four days later his case was dismissed for insufficient evidence 

Aftermath
After the ambush on the Wells Fargo stagecoach, Paul and Wyatt Earp, started an investigation  They put a price on the heads of those that were involved in the ambush and set it at 2,000 dollars dead or alive  Paul should have notified the local sheriff immediately after the incident occurred, however; the sheriff at the time, Johnny Behan, was known to be a "   friend of the [Cowboy] element " As the manhunt for the perpetrators of the Drew Station Stagecoach robbery continued, it was soon discovered that Head and several of his companions had managed to flee across the Mexican border The investigation initially resulted in the arrest of Luther King, who was held under suspicion of being one of the robbers  King went peaceably even though he had "   a Winchester, two six-shooters, and twenty boxes of cartridges   " with him  He did, however, quickly escape from jail  Before escaping, King stated he had only been there to hold the horses, but had also revealed that his accomplices were Harry "the Kid" Head, Billy Leonard, and Jim Crane 

Death
Head and Leonard were able to elude capture for several months  After three months, however, they attempted a robbery at a store in Eureka, New Mexico  The owners of the store, Bill and Ike Haslett, fought back and killed the two outlaws  Afterward, Crane, along with Curly Bill Brocius, Frank Stilwell, Pony Diehl, Pete Spence, and at least five other men, hunted down the Haslett brothers 
Passage 4:
List of The Dillinger Escape Plan band members
The Dillinger Escape Plan (DEP) was an American metalcore band from Morris Plains, New Jersey  Formed in early 1997, the group originally featured vocalist Dimitri Minakakis, lead guitarist Ben Weinman, rhythm guitarist Derek Brantley, bassist and keyboardist Adam Doll, and drummer and keyboardist Chris Pennie  The group remained active until December 2017, at which point the lineup featured Weinman (the band's only constant member), bassist Liam Wilson (who replaced Doll in 2000), vocalist Greg Puciato (who replaced Minakakis in 2001), drummer Billy Rymer (who joined in 2009) and rhythm guitarist Kevin Antreassian (who joined in 2015) 
DEP evolved from an earlier hardcore punk group called Arcane in March 1997, and originally featured Minakakis, Weinman, Brantley, Doll and Pennie  Brantley left after just two shows, failing to turn up for the group's first recording sessions  The remaining members were forced to record the band's self-titled debut extended play (EP) for Now or Never Records as a four-piece  Shortly after the EP's release, Brantley's position was taken over by John Fulton, who performed on tour with the group later in the year  In 1998, the band released its second EP Under the Running Board, shortly after which Fulton left due to "creative differences"  He was replaced by Jesuit guitarist Brian Benoit in time for the recording of the group's full-length debut album Calculating Infinity Just before the recording of Calculating Infinity started, Doll was involved in a road traffic accident in which he suffered a spinal fracture which paralyzed him from the chest down; he was forced to step back from the band, and Weinman performed bass on the album  After the album was finished, Doll was replaced by former M O D  bassist Jeff Wood, who was credited in the liner notes as "live bass machine"  Wood toured with the group until autumn 2000, when he was replaced by Liam Wilson  In April 2001, it was announced that Minakakis had decided to leave DEP to pursue "non-music related endeavors"  Before hiring a replacement, the group worked with former Faith No More and Mr  Bungle frontman Mike Patton on the EP Irony Is a Dead Scene, released the following year 

In October 2001, DEP announced that Greg Puciato was the band's new frontman, chosen from "over one hundred" singers who auditioned by submitting a recording of "43% Burnt"  The new lineup's first release was Miss Machine, issued in 2004 as the follow-up to Calculating Infinity  Benoit underwent "major surgery" in December that year, and the next April suffered nerve damage in his left hand which rendered him unable to play guitar  He briefly tried to remain in the band on keyboards, but by May had left the band completely  James Love, formerly of Fenix TX, took his place on rhythm guitar at Benoit's own blessing  In 2006, the band released the digital-only EP Plagiarism, which featured "Unretrofied" in addition to four cover versions and a live recording of "The Perfect Design" During a tour in August 2006, the band performed four shows without lead guitarist Ben Weinman for the first time, who it was announced had flown home to "deal with some personal issues"  However, in subsequent interviews Weinman claimed that he had in fact briefly left the group due to various issues, including frustration with an arm injury he had suffered, as well as tensions with bandmates  During the four shows without Weinman, DEP drummer Chris Pennie was offered the role of drummer in Coheed and Cambria, however he was contractually obliged to remain with the group  After the shows, Jeff Tuttle replaced Love By June 2007, Pennie had officially left the band to join Coheed and Cambria, with drums on the upcoming album Ire Works recorded by Gil Sharone  The following month, Tuttle was officially unveiled as the band's new guitarist, although Weinman recorded all guitars on the album  The following year, rumors began to circulate that Sharone had left the band, although Weinman initially denied them  Early the next year, however, his departure was confirmed and Billy Rymer had taken his place  In 2010, the band released its fourth album Option Paralysis, which was the first to feature contributions from guitarist Tuttle In August 2012, at the end of the touring cycle for Option Paralysis, Tuttle announced that he was leaving the band to attend film school  By November, he had been replaced by returning member James Love, although he did not feature on 2013's One of Us Is the Killer as Weinman described him as "a live guy"  Love remained until May 2015, when he was replaced by Kevin Antreassian  In 2016, the group released its sixth studio album Dissociation, shortly after which they announced that they would be disbanding after the album's touring cycle  The tour came to an end with three final shows in December 2017, at which former members Dimitri Minakakis, Brian Benoit and Adam Doll, plus Irony Is a Dead Scene vocalist Mike Patton, made special guest appearances 

Members
Latest
Former
Touring
Timeline
Lineups
Passage 5:
Buck English
Buck English (1855 – January 15, 1915) was an American Old West outlaw, and one of Lake County, California's most notorious thieves and stagecoach robbers toward the end of the 19th century 

Early life
Born Lawrence Buchanen English in Oregon, he soon received the nickname "Buck"  The English family feuded with the Durbin family for years, which led to three of Buck's brothers dying  When Buck was thirteen, he became obligated to take revenge on the Durbin family  Unlike Black Bart, Lake County's other notorious thief, Buck was rash and openly flaunted his overconfident capacity 
He was only 22 years old when he and a companion held up the Lower Lake stage coach and took the Wells Fargo strongbox from the driver  Instead of the usual gold or silver for the miners, the box yielded only two brass castings  The local newspaper later said, "Shortly before this robbery, he and his companion met four Chinese miners coming down from the Great Western Mine (near Middletown), and robbed them of their watches and money "

Territory
Wells Fargo strongboxes were often the target of stagecoach robbers in Middletown  After the mid-19th century, the payroll money was brought in on the stagecoach with an armed guard beside the driver  Not all of the holdups in the area were the doing of Buck and his gang, although he was a scourge to the local vicinity for a number of years  Buck worked the road near Mountain Hill House, south of Middletown, or near the double bridge north of Middletown near Lower Lake  For 20 years, Buck roamed the countryside, making little effort to hide his identity or his disreputable enterprise 

Duel
Buck walked the streets of Middletown with a six-shooter strapped to his side, daring any who insulted his authority to a contest  One day, he ran into Captain Good on the main street, and harsh words were exchanged  Later in the day, they met again, and this time it was a shooting affair, with Buck emerging unscathed  The captain was seriously wounded in the arm and legs  In another unrelated incident, Buck shot and killed a man in the Middletown skating rink, turning the arena into a scene of pandemonium 

After jail time
After his release from San Quentin in 1882, Buck returned to Middletown  Soon after his arrival, the Lebree store in town was robbed of some watches and jewelry 
Buck left Middletown for a few years, but upon his return, he showed he had not changed  It was not long before he held up the stage at the foot of Mount Saint Helena, near the summer home of the mayor of San Francisco  The six passengers were ordered out of the stage, and stripped of their possessions  Buck made no effort to hide his identity  He greeted the driver of a passing wagon, who quickly drove on when he realized a robbery was in progress 

Capture
This occurred on May 7, 1895  A posse was formed and they set off to capture Buck  They discovered him on a stagecoach going from Monticello to Napa, and a wild chase ensued  The San Francisco Examiner reported the next day:

One of the robbers jumped to the horses ahead and leveled his guns  He waved weapons and spouted profanity, all the while threatening to "blow" the driver off of the seat  The two robbers were armed with old style Colt revolvers, and he cursed at everyone, especially the Chinamen
The capture of Buck by Sheriff Bell reads like a Wild West novel  He was so badly wounded and had lost so much blood that many thought he would not survive  He did recover, however, and returned to San Quentin to serve yet another sentence Buck was not as well known as Black Bart and other Western gunmen of the time, but he created fear wherever he went  Although he was arrested for his robberies and attacks on the general population, Buck had his hands in many other criminal activities, including cattle rustling, which he served less than a year in jail for 

Later life
Buck ended up living long enough to enjoy freedom again after his release from prison  He died in San Francisco on January 15, 1915 of natural causes, unlike his brothers, all of whom all died violent deaths 
Passage 6:
Bill Miner
Ezra Allen Miner (December 27, 1846 – September 2, 1913), more popularly known as Bill Miner, was an American bandit, originally from Bowling Green, Kentucky, who served several prison terms for stagecoach robbery  Known for his unusual politeness while committing robberies, he was widely nicknamed the Grey Fox, Gentleman Robber or the Gentleman Bandit  He is reputed to have been the originator of the phrase "Hands up!" Legend has it that Bill Miner admonished his cohorts to fire their guns when in danger of capture but "do not kill a man" 

Life
Miner was born Ezra Allen Miner in Vevay Township, near Onondaga, Ingham County, Michigan on December 27, 1846  He never legally changed his first name (which he evidently didn't like), but regarded William Allen Miner as his true name throughout most of his life  He was arrested for the first time in 1866 in San Joaquin County, California and served time there  He was shortly released but served more time at Placer County, California and later at Calaveras County, California  He was discharged in 1880  He then formed a partnership with Bill Leroy (as W  A  Morgan) to rob a stagecoach  Leroy was caught and lynched, but Miner escaped  He was later caught for another robbery in Tuolumne County, California and was released from San Quentin in 1901 After his third prison term, Miner moved to the province of British Columbia in Canada, where he adopted the pseudonym George Edwards and is believed to have staged British Columbia's first-ever train robbery on September 10, 1904 at Silverdale about 35 kilometres (22 mi) east of Vancouver, just west of Mission City  It is often claimed that Miner was the robber, but neither he nor his accomplices were ever tied conclusively to the Silverdale heist  It is also widely reported that Silverdale's train robbery was the first in Canada, but Peter Grauer's definitive study ("Interred With Their Bones", 2005) cites a train robbery in Port Credit, Ontario 30 years prior as the first Miner was eventually caught after a botched payroll train robbery near Kamloops at Monte Creek (then known as "Ducks")  Choosing the wrong car, they managed only to rob $15 plus a bottle of kidney pills that Miner picked up off of a shelf  Miner and his two accomplices, Tom "Shorty" Dunn and Louis Colquhoun, were located near Douglas Lake, British Columbia after an extensive manhunt  A posse surrounded them while they were lunching in the woods  Miner presented himself as George Edwards and claimed that he and his cohorts were prospectors  The officer in charge of the posse suspected he had encountered the nefarious train-robbing gang and challenged the claim, putting them under arrest Dunn attempted to fire at the police and was shot in the leg  He gave up quickly after being wounded  Colquhoun was disarmed by an officer standing nearby and Miner never drew his weapon  Miner's arrest and subsequent trial in Kamloops caused a media spectacle  Apparently the most damning evidence against him was the bottle of kidney pills that Miner had picked up during the Ducks robbery  Upon his conviction, he, Dunn and Colquhoun were transported by train to the provincial penitentiary in New Westminster  By that time, Miner's celebrity status had risen to the point that the tracks were reputedly lined with throngs of supporters, many of whom expressed satisfaction with the fact that someone had taken the very unpopular Canadian Pacific Railway to task While serving time in the B C  Penitentiary, Miner escaped in 1907 and was never recaptured in Canada  He moved back to the United States, becoming once again involved in robberies in the South at Gainesville in 1909  There, he served more prison time, and escaped twice He died in the prison farm at Milledgeville, Georgia, of gastritis, contracted from drinking brackish water during his previous escape attempt 

Legacy
Miner's time in British Columbia propelled his celebrity there in many ways since  British Columbia restaurant chain, the Keg Steakhouse & Bar, have named drinks and their Billy Miner Pie after the train robber  Their early decor also showed many photos of Miner A mural depicting Miner's robbery near Monte Creek has been painted on the exterior south wall of Cactus Jacks Saloon & Dance Hall located in the building at the corner of 5th Avenue & Lansdowne Street in Kamloops, British Columbia Maple Ridge, British Columbia features the Billy Miner Pub which is located in historic Port Haney on the bank of the Fraser River  The pub is located in the original Bank Of Montreal building built in the early 1900s It has been speculated that Miner left a hidden cache of loot in the forests south of Silverdale after the first robbery and local historians believe he used these monies to fund his escape, while others surmise that today there is still hidden loot to be found there An original song titled "The Ballad of Bill Miner" was written by singer/songwriter Phillip Mills (Eugene Quinn) and recorded by the San Francisco bay area band "The Blackout Cowboys" 
Miner was the subject of the 1982 Canadian film The Grey Fox, in which he was played by Richard Farnsworth 
Miner is buried in Memory Hill Cemetery in Milledgeville, Georgia  It was discovered that his headstone was in the wrong location, name spelled wrong, and with the wrong year of his death  A new headstone was put in the correct spot and spelled correctly  The old one was kept where it was Mount Miner near Princeton, formerly Bald Mountain or Baldy, was renamed in Bill Miner's honor in response to a motion by the Princeton Board of Trade in 1952  Miner had lived on the ranch owned by Jack Budd, which was on the other side of this mountain from Princeton, while planning the robbery at Ducks  Billy's Restaurant in Princeton, British Columbia is also named after him 
Tin Whistle Brewing Co  a microbrewery from Penticton B C  launched a Red Ale titled "Hands Up!" as a commemoration to Miner 
His principal biography is The Grey Fox: The True Story of Bill Miner, Last of the Old Time Bandits, by Mark Dugan and John Boessenecker (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1992) 
In 2014, thieves stole Miner's watch from the Royal BC Museum in Victoria  The watch, along with the several others were recovered by the Victoria Police and the thieves arrested by the Port Alberni RCMP 
Passage 7:
The Grey Fox
The Grey Fox is a 1982 Canadian biographical Western film directed by Phillip Borsos and written by John Hunter  It is based on the true story of Bill Miner, an American stagecoach robber who staged his first Canadian train robbery on 10 September 1904  The film stars Richard Farnsworth as Miner  The cast also features Jackie Burroughs, Ken Pogue, Wayne Robson, Gary Reineke and Timothy Webber 

Plot
Stagecoach robber Bill Miner is caught and sent to prison for 33 years   He is finally released in 1901   He wanders around, a man out of place in the new century, until he sees one of the first films, The Great Train Robbery, and is inspired to copy it in real life   After a couple of unsuccessful attempts, he successfully robs a train and hides from the law in a mining town in British Columbia, becoming a respectable resident  There, he meets and falls in love with early feminist and photographer Katherine Flynn   He considers settling down with her, but one last robbery proves to be his downfall   True to his nickname, the Grey Fox escapes from prison as the ending credits start 

Cast
Production
According to Farnsworth, the "picture company" was the only one ever allowed to film at Fort Steele, British Columbia, a heritage site  The Grey Fox was also filmed on the British Columbia Railway / Pacific Great Eastern Railway, now run by Canadian National Railway, between Pemberton and Lillooet, British Columbia, and the  Lake Whatcom Railway between Wickersham and Park, Washington  The capture sequence was shot a quarter of a mile from where Miner was actually caught  Miner's gun, "a  41 Bisley Colt", was obtained from a collector and used by Farnsworth in close-ups The film was funded by selling 696 units for $5,000 each to investors, and it was edited in 1981 before a distributor was found  Phillip Borsos was paid $45,000 to direct the film  The film was shot from 7 October to 28 November 1980, and had a budget of $3,480,000 (equivalent to $11,199,273 in 2021), but cost $4,500,000 (equivalent to $14,481,818 in 2021) to make 

Release
The film was shown at the Taormina Film Fest in June 1982, and was released in Toronto on 16 December 1982  It grossed over $6 million at the box office in its first year 

Awards
The Grey Fox has been designated and preserved as a "masterwork" by the Audio-Visual Preservation Trust of Canada, a charitable non-profit organization dedicated to promoting the preservation of Canada’s audio-visual heritage At the 4th Genie Awards in 1983, The Grey Fox was nominated for thirteen awards and won seven:

Best Picture
Best Director (Borsos)
Best Foreign Actor (Farnsworth)
Best Supporting Actress (Burroughs)
Best Original Screenplay (Hunter)
Best Art Direction (Bill Brodie)
Best Musical Score (Michael Conway Baker)Further recognition for Farnsworth included a Golden Globe Award nomination for Best Actor in a Motion Picture – Drama 
It has also been listed in the Toronto International Film Festival's TIFF List of Canada's Top Ten Films of All Time in 1984 and 1993 

Critical reaction
Roger Ebert praised the film as "a lovely adventure" and gave it 31⁄2 stars  Rotten Tomatoes gave it a rare 100% fresh rating 

Restoration and re-release
The film underwent a 4K restoration and was re-released to theatres In April 2020  It also saw its first official release to DVD and Blu-Ray, which included a commentary by filmmaker Alex Cox, interview with producer Peter O'Brian, and a featurette about the restoration 
Passage 8:
Douglas Burrows
Douglas Squire Irving Burrows CBE (Civil) MBE (Military) (7 August 1915 –  10 December 1982) was an Australian stock broker, businessman and philanthropist who from 1970 until his death was President of the Board Royal Alexandra Hospital for Children  With Lorimer Dods and John Fulton he co-founded the Children's Medical Research Foundation of which from 1970 he became the Chairman of the Management Committee 

Early life
Burrows was born in Sydney, the son of Rita (née Squire) and Harry Irving Burrows  He was educated at Newington College (1932–1934) and rowed in the 1st IV at the GPS Head of the River in 1933 and 1934  In 1934 he was stroke of the crew   Burrows was Captain of 1st Rifle Shooting Team in 1934  Under his captaincy, the team were GPS Premiers that year and won the Earl Roberts Trophy 

Working life
Upon finishing school, Burrows gained employment with the chartered accounting firm Priestley & Morris  He stayed with the firm until the beginning of World War II and at war's end rejoined them briefly before joining A J Dawson as an Accountant  In 1951, Burrows became a Member of the Sydney Stock Exchange as a partner of Ernest L Davis & Co  He later served as a director of A J Dawson Ltd, and as Deputy Chairman of Edward Lumley Ltd, Security Life Assurance Ltd and Security & General Insurance Company Ltd 

War service
In 1939, Burrows enlisted in the Australian Army and travelled with the first group of enlisted men on the first boat to leave after the beginning of the war  He served in North Africa, Greece and eventually in New Guinea on the Kokoda Track  As Major Douglas Burrows, he became Deputy Assistant Adjutant General of the Australian 6th Division  In that role he was responsible for co-ordinating the ceremony for the signing of surrender documents by Lieutenant General Hatazō Adachi, Commander of the Japanese 18th Army in New Guinea  After signing the unconditional surrender, Adachi presented his sword to the General Officer Commanding, 6th Division, Major General Horace Robertson  Adachi's aide then surrendered his sword to Burrows and this weapon remains with the Burrows family to this day  On 14 February 1946 he was made a Member of the Order of the British Empire in the Military Division for his war service 

Marriage and family
On 15 August 1942, whilst on a few days army leave, Burrows married Valma Ashcroft who had modelled for advertisements, the Australian Wool Board and women's magazines including covers for The Australian Women's Weekly  They had three children; Mark Douglas Burrows AO; Peter Irving Burrows AO; and Tina Burrows  During their married life, the Burrows were residents of St Ives, New South Wales 

Children's Hospital
In 1952, Burrows joined the board of the Royal Alexandra Hospital for Children  He served as Treasurer (1959–66) and Vice-President (1966–70) before becoming President and serving in that role for eleven years  His wife, Valma, was also appointed to the board in 1973  Valma Burrows’ brother-in-law was Dr Sandy Robertson AM a paediatric surgeon at the Children’s Hospital 

Honours
Burrows was made a Commander of the Order of the British Empire (Civil) on 16 June 1979 in recognition of his services to children's health  The University of Sydney Medical School Foundation's Douglas Burrows Chair of Paediatrics and Child Health was established in 1983 in his honour 
Passage 9:
John Fulton Folinsbee
John Fulton "Jack" Folinsbee (March 14, 1892 – May 10, 1972) was an American landscape, marine and portrait painter, and a member of the art colony at New Hope, Pennsylvania  He is best known today for his impressionist scenes of New Hope and Lambertville, New Jersey, particularly the factories, quarries, and canals along the Delaware River 

Biography
He was born in Buffalo, New York, the middle son of Harrison and Louise Mauger Folinsbee : 24  Beginning at age nine, he attended children's classes at the Art Students' League of Buffalo, but received his first formal training with the landscape painter Jonas Lie in 1907 : 27  Folinsbee contracted polio at age 14, which rendered his legs useless, weakened his right arm, and left him permanently reliant on a wheelchair  He attended The Gunnery, a boarding school in Washington, Connecticut, from 1907 to 1911, where he studied with Elizabeth Kempton and Herbert Faulkner : 28  He later studied with Birge Harrison and John Carlson at the Woodstock art colony (Summers, 1912–1914),: 29–30  and with Frank Vincent DuMond at the Art Students League of New York : 31 At Woodstock, he met Harry (Tony) Leith-Ross, who became a lifelong friend and later followed him to New Hope  In 1914, Folinsbee married Ruth Baldwin (August 8, 1890 – February 13, 1991) – daughter of William H  Baldwin, Jr  and Ruth Standish Baldwin – whom he had met in Washington, Connecticut  The couple moved to New Hope in 1916, and had two daughters, Elizabeth (1917–2016, married Elmer W  Wiggins, 1940); and Joan (1919–2016, married Peter G  Cook, 1938) Early in his career, Folinsbee painted in a tonalist style, with an interest in light and atmosphere that grew directly from his time with Harrison and Carlson in Woodstock  By the late nineteen-teens, he had moved away from tonalism into a more structured, impressionist style  In the mid-1920s, Folinsbee began studying the work of Cézanne, which led to a trip to France in the summer of 1926  The paintings that resulted from this trip, and those that followed later in the decade, reflect a deep understanding of Cézanne's compositional strategies and a desire to reveal the underlying structure of forms  Folinsbee's exploration of structure led eventually to an analytical, highly individual expressionist style in which he painted for the remainder of his career  His palette darkened, his brushstrokes loosened further, and his sense of light and atmosphere became more dramatic  These later works are concerned with conveying a sense of mood and an intense emotional response to the world around him 
His basic aim was the communication of feeling; the subject had to be felt to be worth painting  The communication of that feeling was what a painting was all about; without that excitement in the subject, a painting was merely a dead reproduction of nature or of natural phenomena : 11  — Peter G  Cook

New Hope
Folinsbee painted en plein air, directly from nature  He always had a sketchbook or a box of 8 x 10 inch canvasboards with him, ready to capture any scene that caught his eye : 45  He and Leith-Ross were famous for spending afternoons sketching on the bridge at New Hope (and for tossing anything that displeased them into the Delaware River) : 45, n 24  From his wheelchair, Folinsbee could manage "paintings as large as 24 X 30 ": 86  Larger works were painted in his studio from drawings and oil sketches  He frequently repeated the same scene on different sized canvases, or as an etching or lithograph : 72  To paint a large work, he would lean a canvas against the studio wall and sit on the floor before it, his withered legs tucked under him : 18  Relying on notes made on the spot about color and light, he would edit the scene as he painted, emphasizing or eliminating elements to enhance the overall mood : 67  "The larger studio paintings were never simply blown-up versions of a successful small painting: rather they were developments of a theme along expressive lines, with memory and emotional reaction playing an important role ": 86 The Folinsbees purchased an acre of riverfront land about a quarter-mile upstream from the bridge, across the street from the house they were renting  In 1924, they hired architect (and landscape painter) Morgan Colt to design them an Arts & Crafts-style house and studio  Folinsbee painted dozens of views of the river from the property: 146  – most notably Winter Nocturne (1926), River Ice (c 1936), and his last major work, Zero Morning (1970) – and some views of the house itself  They lived at 160 North Main Street until their deaths In 1929, the Folinsbees were among the founders of Phillips' Mill, an arts center housed in a former grist mill, and Ruth Folinsbee served as the first vice-president of its community association : 79  He participated in art exhibitions there from 1929 into the 1960s  His Shag Ledge (c 1959) was awarded the 1963 First Patron's Prize by Phillips' Mill  The Folinsbees were also founding members of the Bucks County Playhouse : 16 The Great Depression dealt a heavy blow to artists, with little market for luxury goods such as landscape paintings  Folinsbee resorted to bartering his works for services, including dentistry for his daughters : 95  Portraits – for which he typically charged $400 to $500 for a head-and-bust and $1,000 for a three-quarter-length: 103, n 3  – became a larger part of his output : 95  Edward Beatty Rowan, assistant chief of the Public Buildings Administration's Section of Painting and Sculpture, offered him a commission for a post office mural in Freeland, Pennsylvania : 97  Completed in 1938, Folinsbee's mural is both pastoral and industrial: depicting the town's church spires peeking out from among the autumnal-colored hills, but also featuring the town's massive coal breaker and its long culm dump : 98 Folinsbee was also a teacher  One of his better-known students, Peter G  Cook (who married his daughter Joan in 1938), became a colleague and friend  The pair collaborated on murals for two other federal projects: the Federal Building and U S  Courthouse in Paducah, Kentucky (1939),: 98–100  and the post office in Burgettstown, Pennsylvania (1942) : 100–02

Maine
In the mid-1930s, Folinsbee and his family began spending their summers in Maine : 106  He bought a farmhouse at Murphy's Corner, between Bath and Wiscasset, in 1949 : 109  Despite his intense wariness of the ocean,: 27  he embarked on a new aspect of his career—as a marine painter  His Off Seguin (Ellingwood Rock) was awarded the 1952 Palmer Marine Prize by the National Academy of Design : 109  With the prize money, Folinsbee bought a 25-foot motorized Hampton dory (flat-bottomed open boat) that he named "Sketch" and equipped as a floating studio : 25 
One day I suddenly realized that the waves of a heavy sea duplicate what El Greco did in painting the heavy folds of his drapery  The quick turn of the waves is like that of his folds, in that the darkest dark is against the lightest light  The greatest contrast comes at the sharpest point where the wave turns up—where there is a dark, there is a light—it is that way in the folds of El Greco's garments  I've always been fascinated with the way he twists those big folds—exaggeration perhaps, but true in expressing the play of light on form  — John Folinsbee
Folinsbee was diagnosed with cancer in the late 1960s, which further weakened his right arm : 146  He stopped painting in 1971, and died a year later in New Hope : 146

Critical reception and honors
Folinsbee's work has been described as the "rural counterpart" to the Ashcan School : 22  Critic Robert E  Baum (son of artist Walter Emerson Baum) saw in him "the power, frankness, and story-telling quality of a George Bellows or a Winslow Homer  This man sees the rhythm of beauty coupled with a color harmony in many workaday nooks that may seem ugly to the average passerby " In Modern American Painting (1940), Peyton Boswell, Jr  placed him among the "Lyricists"—"the moody ones, dreamers and mystics," who "work sometimes in pattern, but more often in terms of light, shadow and chiaroscuro  They use color and form for emotional rather than aesthetic reasons "Folinsbee was elected an associate member of the National Academy of Design in 1919, and a full academician in 1928  He was elected a member of the Salmagundi Club in 1913,: 280  a life member of the National Arts Club in 1922,: 99  and a member of the Century Association in 1937 : 283  He was inducted into the American Academy of Arts and Letters in 1953 : 285 Folinsbee was represented by Ferargil Gallery in New York City for most of his career, and his paintings were exhibited across the country and in several international exhibitions  He won nearly every award given by the National Academy of Design, receiving some of them multiple times  He exhibited at the Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts most years from 1915 to 1952, and was awarded the 1931 Jessie Sesnan Medal (for Canal and River)  He also won awards from the Connecticut Academy of Fine Arts, the Rhode Island School of Design, the Corcoran Gallery of Art, the Salmagundi Club, and other arts organizations, including a bronze medal at the 1926 Sesquicentennial Exposition in Philadelphia (for Outskirts of Trenton) 

Legacy
Folinsbee's work is in the permanent collections of major museums, including the Smithsonian American Art Museum, the National Gallery of Art, the National Academy of Design, and the Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts  A bronze bust of him by his friend Harry Rosin is in the collection of the Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts Folinsbee's students included artists Peter G  Cook and Evelyn Allen Faherty  Cook became his son-in-law, and wrote a personal memoir, John Folinsbee (1994) 
Kirsten M  Jensen, senior curator at the James A  Michener Art Museum in Doylestown, Pennsylvania, is the author of Folinsbee Considered (2014), a scholarly biography and catalogue raisonné  The Michener Museum maintains an online version of the catalogue raisonné, which is updated as additional Folinsbee works are identified 

Selected works
Landscapes
Poughkeepsie Bridge (1914), private collection  Awarded the 1914 Isidore Prize by the Art Students League of New York 
Gloucester Hillside (1916), Princeton University Art Museum, Princeton, New Jersey 
February (Village in Winter) (1916), Hood Museum of Art, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire 
Canal in Winter (c 1916-17), National Arts Club, New York City  Awarded the 1917 Second Hallgarten Prize by the National Academy of Design 
Along the Canal (c 1916-21), The Phillips Collection, Washington, D C 
Oncoming Clouds (c 1918), North Carolina Museum of Art, Raleigh, North Carolina 
Grey Thaw (1920), National Gallery of Art, Washington, D C  (ex coll  Corcoran Gallery of Art) 
By the Upper Lock (1922), Smithsonian American Art Museum, Washington, D C  Awarded the 1923 First Hallgarten Prize by the National Academy of Design 
Canal at Trenton (1923), National Academy of Design Museum, New York City : 197 
Mending the Canal Bank (1923), private collection 
Grey Coryell (1923), Dallas Museum of Art, Dallas, Texas 
Mill by the River, Fall (c 1923-25), James A  Michener Art Museum, Doylestown, Pennsylvania 
Outskirts of Trenton (1924), Huntington Museum of Art, Huntington, West Virginia  Awarded a bronze medal at the 1926 Sesquicentennial Exposition 
Lehigh Canal (c 1924-25), Palmer Museum of Art, Pennsylvania State University, State College, Pennsylvania 
Canal at Goat Hill (1925), Rhode Island School of Design Museum, Providence, Rhode Island  Awarded the 1925 Gedney Bunce Prize by the Connecticut Academy of Fine Arts 
Winter Nocturne (1926), Reading Public Museum, Reading, Pennsylvania 
Shad Boat (1927), Huntington Museum of Art, Huntington, West Virginia 
Slate Quarry, Bangor (1929), Woodmere Art Museum, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 
Canal Bridge, New Hope (c 1929-32), James A  Michener Art Museum, Doylestown, Pennsylvania 
Canal and River (1930), private collection  Awarded the 1931 Jessie Sesnan Medal by the Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts : 83 
Storm Light (1936), Reading Public Museum, Reading, Pennsylvania 
Bowman's Hill (1936), James A  Michener Art Museum, Doylestown, Pennsylvania 
River Ice (c 1936), James A  Michener Art Museum, Doylestown, Pennsylvania 
Freeland (Study for Freeland, Pennsylvania Post Office Mural) (1938), Smithsonian American Art Museum, Washington, D C 
Evening at Swan's Island (1938), Ogunquit Museum of American Art, Ogunquit Maine 
Hunterdon County (1940), New Jersey State Museum, Trenton, New Jersey  Awarded the 1941 Altman Prize by the National Academy of Design : 99 
Skaters, Dark Hollow (1945), Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 
Hazelton Brickyard (1950), Allentown Art Museum, Allentown, Pennsylvania 
Zero Morning (1970), private collection  Folinsbee's last major work : 146–47

Seascapes
Shag Rock (c 1950), Woodmere Art Museum, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 
Off Seguin (Ellingwood Rock) (1952), Portland Museum of Art, Portland, Maine  Awarded the 1952 Palmer Marine Prize by the National Academy of Design : 109 
Lopaus Point (1957), Farnsworth Art Museum, Rockland, Maine 
Ellingwood Rock (1960), James A  Michener Art Museum, Doylestown, Pennsylvania 

Murals
Freeland (1938), Post Office, Freeland, Pennsylvania
View of Burgettstown (1942), Post Office, Burgettstown, Pennsylvania, with Peter G  Cook
Federal Building and U S  Courthouse, Paducah, Kentucky
Early Town (Lewis and Clark in Paducah) (1942), with Peter G  Cook
The River (Paducah, Kentucky) (1942), with Peter G  Cook

Portraits
Self-Portrait (1919), National Academy of Design Museum, New York City : 197 
Harry Leith-Ross (1928), National Academy of Design Museum, New York City : 198 
Ruth Standish Baldwin (1929), Smith College, Northampton, Massachusetts  Folinsbee's mother-in-law 
James Kellum Smith (1942), National Academy of Design Museum, New York City : 198 
Self-Portrait at Fifty (1942), private collection 
William Thon (c 1950-51), National Academy of Design Museum, New York City : 199 
A  Dayton Oliphant (1958), New Jersey State Capitol, Trenton  Justice of the New Jersey Supreme Court 
Peter Geoffrey Cook (1964), National Academy of Design Museum, New York City : 198  Folinsbee's son-in-law 

Notes
Passage 10:
Frederick John Fulton
Frederick John Fulton, KC (December 8, 1862 – July 25, 1936) was a  British-born and educated Canadian lawyer and politician   He practiced law in Kamloops, British Columbia   He was a member of the British Columbia Legislative Assembly from 1900 to 1909 serving a series of cabinet roles as President of the Executive Council, Minister of Education, Provincial Secretary, Attorney General and Chief Commissioner of Lands and Works   As Attorney General, he prosecuted and convicted the notorious Bill Miner 
He was elected to the House of Commons of Canada under the banner of Prime Minister Borden's Unionist party in the 1917 general election and served as a Member of Parliament until 1920 
In 1906, he married Winnifred M  Davie, daughter of Hon  A E B  Davie  Frederick and Winifred had four sons  Their youngest son Davie Fulton, was also a Kamloops lawyer, provincial and federal politician and judge 

External links

Frederick John Fulton – Parliament of Canada biography



ground_truth: Arizona State University

prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: What stagecoach robber did Frederick John Fulton prosecute?

The following are given passages.
Context 4:  It is set to be completed by 2025  At the same time, a major renovation of its interior is ongoing, starting with the area near Ace Hardware and SM Appliance Center 

Design
SM City Cebu is a seven-level complex namely lower ground floor, upper ground floor, second floor, third floor, fourth floor, fifth floor, and roof deck featuring a total of eight cinemas with seven regular cinemas and one IMAX theater with a total seating capacity of 5,812, a food court, a fully computerized bowling center, 8,000-square meter amusement center, and a 2,000-square meter trade hall  Prior to the addition of the Northwing, it had a car park capacity of 1,629 The Northwing expansion, opened in 2007, features two floors of retail stores, restaurants, and cafes  It houses more than 200 tenants and caters to a more upscale clientele  The expansion also added three levels of covered parking, and a one level of roof deck parking 

Transport
The Cebu North Bus Terminal is situated inside the mall compound opposite the mall's parking area with the lot granted by SM Prime for free for a period of two years, after its lease in its former location in Subangdaku, Mandaue expired in early 2020  It was officially opened on October 12, 2020, with full operations starting on October 15, 2020 

See also
SM City Consolacion
SM Seaside City
Passage 8:
Robinsons Galleria
Robinsons Galleria, also known as Robinsons Galleria Ortigas, is a mixed-use complex and shopping mall located at EDSA corner Ortigas Avenue, Quezon City, just near SM Megamall  The mall is owned by Robinsons Malls, and it is their flagship mall  It is the 1st Robinsons Mall to bear the Galleria branding   It was built on January 12, 1990, with a total gross floor area of approximately 216,000 m2 (2,330,000 sq ft) 

The mall
Robinsons Galleria is a 5-level shopping mall and a landmark along EDSA and Ortigas Avenue with more than 400 shops, dining outlets, entertainment facilities, and service centers  It is located within a mixed-use complex composed of two high-rise office towers, the Galleria Corporate Center and Robinsons Equitable Tower  Three hotels are also located among the said towers, the Holiday Inn Manila Galleria and Crowne Plaza Manila Galleria, and the Galleria Regency 
A major tenant of the mall is the central passport office of the Department of Foreign Affairs in Metro Manila called DFA Consular Office NCR-Central, which is located on the first floor of the Lingkod Pinoy Center, and which was inaugurated in September 2012 

History
The mall's location was once an open land owned by the SSS in the Ortigas Central Business District  In February 1986, the portion of the land facing EDSA was where participants in the People Power Revolution also protested; tanks going north to Camp Aguinaldo and Camp Crame were stopped at this spot  In 1987, John Gokongwei bought the large portion of the land from the SSS, while the Archdiocese of Manila had partly purchased the portion of the land near the intersection  This plot today is the site of EDSA Shrine, which belongs to the Archdiocese up to date 
Construction began in mid-1988 and finished in late 1989  The mall opened in 1990, being the first mall of Robinsons Malls  Since its opening, several renovations had made within the mall, expanding its area to 216,000 square meters 

Incidents
March 2012 robbery
On March 29, 2012, one guard was killed and six others wounded after two armed robbers lobbed a couple of grenades while fleeing with their loot  The Philippine National Police spokesman Chief Superintendent Agrimero Cruz Jr  said that by 10:15 AM, two unidentified suspects in disguise as guards attacked two bank guards who were escorting bank tellers and were supposed to deliver an undetermined amount of money in a money changer shop at the mall's ground floor 

October 2013 fire
On October 29, 2013, a fire broke out inside the department store's toy section  The fire started at around 11:00 PM when the employees who were decorating Christmas lights inside the mall rushed out the mall to flee the premises  Guests from the Holiday Inn evacuated and moved to the adjacent Crowne Plaza Hotel  The fire raged for about six hours  The fire was under control the next morning, and the mall was closed for two days  The mall soon reopened by noon on November 1, 2013 

Redevelopment
The mall had gone for several renovations since it opened in 1990  In 2012, the mall took its major facelift with additional GLA of around 100,000 square meters that can cater at least 50 tenants  The said developments expanded the mall's GLA to what is now 216,000 square meters The latest redevelopment had started in 2016  It will be done in 2 phases with its first phase of renovation from May to October 2016 while the second phase was to start in May 2017  Aside from the major renovations within the mall, the mall veranda will host more service stores related to health and beauty  There will be an upper veranda at the 3rd floor, formerly occupying the sports loop, which will accommodate more dining choices  The mall's renovation is almost complete 
The mall's renovation will add wooden elements into the mall, a design similar to Robinsons Galleria Cebu 

In popular culture
An urban legend relating to the mall flourished in the 1990s, which claimed of a half-snake, half-human creature that resided in the basement of the mall and purported to be a lucky charm installed by the Gokongwei family, feeding it with unsuspecting victims from a supposed shaft from a dressing room  Among its supposed victims were actresses Alice Dixson and Rita Avila  Although the rumor is now considered absurd and dead, it was revived in 2010 after a supposed YouTube video depicting it surfaced  Businesswoman Robina Gokongwei-Pe asserted in 2008 that the tale emerged from the "market competition"  Dixson herself dismissed the entire narrative as fake, and in 2020 she finally put the entire tale to rest through a YouTube video   She had appeared in a videographic advertisement by Robinsons Galleria two years earlier, poking fun of and lampooning the extinct urban legend 
Passage 9:
Robinsons Town Mall Malabon
Robinsons Malabon (formerly Robinsons Town Mall Malabon) is a shopping mall located in Malabon, Metro Manila, Philippines  It is the first full service mall in Malabon owned and managed by Robinsons Land Corporation, the second largest mall operator in the Philippines  The mall was opened on December 4, 2013  It is the 37th mall opened by Robinsons in the Philippines and the first and only Robinsons mall in Malabon and the whole Camanava (North Metro Manila) area 

Description
Robinsons Town Mall sits on a 23,000-square-metre (250,000 sq ft) lot on the intersection of Governor Pascual Avenue and Crispin Street in Tinajeros village  It has a gross leasable area of 17,104 83 square metres (184,114 9 sq ft) and can house over 250 tenants  The two-level shopping center is anchored  It also features a Lingkod Pinoy government services center  It is one of the two main shopping centers in Malabon along with Malabon Citisquare 

See also
SM Center Sangandaan
Passage 10:
SM Megamall
SM Megamall, simply known as Megamall, is the third largest shopping mall in the Philippines and the thirteenth largest in the world that is developed and operated by SM Prime Holdings  It is located in EDSA corner Doña Julia Vargas Avenue, Ortigas Center, Mandaluyong, Metro Manila, Philippines  The mall occupies a land area of approximately 10 hectares (25 acres) and has a total floor area of 474,000 square meters (5,100,000 sq ft)  The mall has a maximum capacity of 4 million people 

History
Henry Sy Sr  through First Asia Realty loaned ₱1 billion from the Philippine National Bank and Citibank, an unprecedented amount at the time, in April 1989 to fund the development of SM Megamall  The mall began construction in 1989 and opened its doors on June 28, 1991  It is the third SM Supermall ever built by Sy after the SM City Sta  Mesa and SM North EDSA  The SM Megamall was the largest mall in the country for a 17-year period, but when the SM Mall of Asia was built in 2006, it was ranked third largest in the country by floor area at that time, measuring 331,679 m2 (3,570,160 sq ft) of total retail floor area and after SM City North EDSA (which ranks first in the country and second in the world)  It also boasted the first ice skating rink, which was temporarily removed in 2009 but was replaced by the new skating rink at a new location in 2014, as well as one of the first trade halls, the Mega Trade Hall, in the country  The new skating rink was the venue for the speed skating and figure skating at the 2019 Southeast Asian Games Since its inception in 1991, SM Megamall expanded with the addition of the Mega Atrium in 2008, Building C in 2011 and the Mega Fashion Hall in 2014, bringing the total retail floor area to 474,000 m2 (5,100,000 sq ft)  In 2018, SM partnered with Cal-Comp Technology (Philippines) Inc  for the provision of its New Era AI (Artificial Intelligence) Robotic service robots stationed at SM Megamall by the first quarter of 2019 

Location
The mall is located in the Ortigas Center, one of Metro Manila's premier central business districts and shopping hubs, at the portion encompassed by Mandaluyong City  It stands along the main EDSA thoroughfare and Doña Julia Vargas Avenue  The mall is almost adjacent to the Ortigas MRT Station and EDSA Carousel's Ortigas station, as well as the Shaw Boulevard MRT station  The mall is also located to nearby malls such as the Robinsons Galleria, St  Francis Square, The Podium, the Shangri-La Plaza, and Starmall EDSA Shaw and landmarks such as the Asian Development Bank Headquarters, Saint Pedro Poveda College, University of Asia and the Pacific, BDO Corporate Center, The Podium West Tower and the San Miguel Corporation Headquarters 

Buildings
The mall currently has 968 shops and is separated into five buildings, namely Building A, Building B, Building C; Building D, which is also known as the Mega Fashion Hall; and the Mega Atrium 

Main Mall
The mall has two main buildings  Building A features the 12 digital cinemas on the third floor; a food court, events hall and the Toy Kingdom on the lower ground floor, art stores on the fifth floor, and other anchor tenants  It also features Forever 21 located on the second level of Building A  Building B features SM Store, the Ace Hardware store on the lower ground floor, the Cyberzone on the fourth floor, the Mega Trade Hall on the fifth floor, and other anchor tenants  It has been expanded and has direct connections with the Mega Fashion Hall which opened in January 2014  The SM Supermarket is featured on both buildings  The bridgeway connecting the two main buildings of the mall contains several eateries 

Mega Atrium
The 16,000 m2 (170,000 sq ft) Mega Atrium is an addition to the existing two buildings  The Atrium, completed in 2008, bridges the gap between Buildings A and B  It features Chapel of the Eucharistic Lord, a 1,585 m2 (17,060 sq ft) Roman Catholic chapel located on the fifth floor, as well as various shops and restaurants  The atrium also features the Garden at Mega Atrium, an indoor garden located within the second floor, and also includes the Respira Café, a coffee and pastry shop offering European confectionaries 

Building C
Building C is a recent addition to SM Megamall that houses office space on the upper levels of the carpark and a transport terminal, which includes an integrated bus terminal serving the north of Metro Manila including CAMANAVA, Quezon City and further to Bulacan and Calabarzon  Formerly Building A's open-parking facility, it is located near EDSA to the west of Building A and was opened on October 11, 2011  The building also contains the 1,300-square-meter (14,000 sq ft) DFA CO NCR-East, the first passport office of the Department of Foreign Affairs in Metro Manila which opened in August 2012 

Mega Fashion Hall (Building D)
The Mega Fashion Hall is the latest expansion of SM Megamall  Featuring a two-level basement parking and a five-level mall with 86,000 m2 (930,000 sq ft) of retail, it houses several global clothing retailers, an events hall, and additional restaurants and shops, including the three-level H&M store and the three-level Uniqlo which extends to the two uppermost levels of Building B  Aside from clothing stores, the expansion includes dining establishments, houseware stores, service shops, and a Bingo area on the fifth level  The Mega Fashion Hall also houses an IMAX Digital theater (which is also the eighth IMAX cinema in the country), a 56-seat Director's Club Cinema with butler service, an Olympic-sized ice skating rink (replacing the one removed in 2009 from the lower-ground level of Building A), an upscale food court (Mega Food Hall), and a 14-lane bowling center, the SM Bowling Center (also replacing the one removed in 2009 from the lower-ground level of Building A, now Toy Kingdom)   The fashion hall also features the BTS Pop-Up Store, located at the mall's third floor, and showcases over 400 BTS-branded products 

Time Sculpture
The Time Sculpture is a sculpture located fronting the Mega Fashion Hall  The sculpture was unveiled on August 2, 2021, and is designed by Filipino-American public artist Jefre Manuel Figueras, also known as JEFRË, and was made of stainless steel  The sculpture is part of the Baks "Box" Series, where he gives representation to people living in cities around the world, and resembles a man looking at his watch, which serves as reminder how time is important in our lives and to make use of time in traffic productively  JEFRË also converted the statue's head to a block, which connects the figures to surrounding urban architecture, and strengthens the image that people are a city's major component as the building blocks and the bloodline of the city 

Expansion
After the soft opening of the newly constructed Building C Carpark, the mall surpassed SM Mall of Asia by 2,000 m2 (22,000 sq ft) and became the second largest shopping mall in the country 
With the opening of the Mega Fashion Hall (Building D), the current gross leasable area is 500,000 m2 (5,400,000 sq ft), allowing the mall to reclaim the title of the largest mall in the Philippines The addition of the Mega Fashion Hall building added 125 new retail stores, 90% of which are global brands and 10% of which are local retailers 

Mega Tower
A 50-storey 249 7 m (819 ft) office tower, named The Mega Tower, is built next to the Mega Fashion Hall formerly occupied by an open carpark  The S-shaped tower is directly connected to the Mega Fashion Hall and will feature three levels of basement parking and multilevel parking  It will have a leasable area of 124,200 m2 (1,337,000 sq ft)  Groundbreaking began in March 2016, while the tower's construction phase began six months later on the same year, in September 2016  The tower was topped off in March 2020, and was opened in 2021 Arquitectonica is the firm responsible for the architectural design, while Aurecon serves as the tower's structural engineer consultant and New Golden City Builders serve as the general contractor for the project 

Gallery
In popular culture
In the idol anime, titled Love Live! Nijigasaki High School Idol Club, in its second season in Episode 13, the characters were seen in a giant LED screen in a mall which looked like SM Megamall's Fashion Hall, under the name "Largemall "

Incidents and accidents
2000 bombing
On May 21, 2000, a bomb exploded inside a restroom at Cinema 6 of the mall's movie theater located on the third floor  One person was killed and dozens were injured  Two of the victims sustained very serious injuries  The bombing occurred four days after the Glorietta 2 bombing which wounded 13 people  Seven years later, the 2007 blast in Glorietta injured 129 people, while leaving 12 people dead 

2013 incidents
January 26, 2013: A holdup and shootout occurred when the Martilyo Gang, a local criminal group specializing in robbing stores by smashing and stealing valuables using hammers, robbed a jewelry store in the department store on the first floor 
May 5, 2013: An explosion briefly caused panic at the foodcourt at Building A, with at least one reported hurt in a stampede before shoppers were able to calm down after learning the sounds were not gunshots  A siomai steamer was short-circuited and caused people to file out at around 7:25 PM

Fire incidents
June 29, 2018: A fire hit the under-construction SM Mega Tower near SM Mega Fashion Hall at around 7:30 PM  It was declared "fire out" at around 6 hours later, at 1:30 AM on the next day  The Metropolitan Manila Development Authority (MMDA) had announced in a tweet at 8:16 PM on Thursday that the blaze had already reached the third alarm  This meant that up to nine fire trucks should be deployed 
May 16, 2021: A fire broke out in Building C of the mall at 3:36 AM  The fire was put out 19 minutes later 
September 2, 2021: A fire hit the 27th floor of the under-construction SM Mega Tower around 10:26 AM, causing people in the building to be reportedly trapped 

See also
List of shopping malls in Metro Manila



ground_truth: Bill Miner