prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: What stagecoach robber did Frederick John Fulton prosecute?

The following are given passages.
Context 1: Passage 1:
John Fulton (instrument maker)
John Fulton (1803–1853) was a Scottish instrument maker who originally trained as a cobbler  He built three orrerys in a workshop attached to at his home, now demolished, in the Kirton Brae area of Fenwick and was eventually appointed instrument maker to King William IV, moving to London, but retiring to Fenwick  He is buried in the Fenwick Kirk graveyard 

Life
It is recorded that John's father, also a cobbler, was a subscribing member to the library set up in the village by the Fenwick Weavers  With access to this library, John pursued his interest in astronomy, mathematics, physics, and other disciplines that led to his career as an instrument maker of outstanding ability and achievement  Largely self-taught, he studied botany, learned several foreign languages, constructed a ‘velocipede’ or early bicycle, and experimented with the production of coal gas  He had left school at the age of 13 

Orrerys
Astronomy held a particular fascination for him, so much so that he was prompted to construct, in his spare time in the years between 1823 and 1833, three working models of the solar system, known as orrerys  The third of these is now on display in Glasgow's Kelvingrove Art Gallery and Museum: it was the most intricate and took him four years to finish  It measured 1000mm x 3000mm x 3000mm  Entirely his own work, it has 175 wheels and more than 200 moving parts and is acknowledged to be one of the best in the world  The Society of Arts, who awarded him a silver medal, calculated that his third orrery was the most perfect built up to that time Fulton took the orrery on a tour of the United Kingdom  Such was the public interest that in 1869 a group of Glasgow businessmen led by William Walker bought the orrery for the city  It was brought up from London and then toured around Glasgow schools and museums until the 1930s when it found a more permanent home in the Old Glasgow Museum A local story relates that Fulton 'borrowed' his grandmother’s candlesticks and melted them down to provide the brass for his first orrery model 

John Fulton Memorial Hall
This is the public meeting hall for Fenwick, maintained by East Ayrshire Council  It was previously the Guthrie Memorial Free Church of 1844, and following a worldwide fund raising campaign sufficient funds had been raised by 1919 and the hall was opened in 1920  The hall is a Category C listed building 
Passage 2:
Davie Fulton
Edmund Davie Fulton,  (March 10, 1916 – May 22, 2000) was a Canadian Rhodes Scholar, politician and judge  He was born in Kamloops, British Columbia, the son of politician/lawyer Frederick John Fulton and Winnifred M  Davie, daughter of A  E  B  Davie  He was the youngest of 4 children 

Military career
Davie Fulton served in the Second World War with the Canadian Army overseas as Platoon and Company Commander with Seaforth Highlanders of Canada, and as Deputy Assistant Adjutant-General with the 1st Canadian Infantry Division in the Italian and Northwestern Europe campaigns  His brother John "Moose" Fulton distinguished himself in the Royal Canadian Air Force during World War II  He went missing in action in late 1942, and in 1943  Kamloops adopted the Moose Squadron in honour of its commander  In 1944 the Kamloops airport was dedicated as Fulton Field 

Political career
He was brought home from the war by the Conservative Party and won a seat by 100 votes in the House of Commons of Canada in the 1945 general election 
In 1949 he introduced legislation to criminalize the publication, distribution, and sale of crime comics, as the result of a murder by two Yukon teens that was blamed on the influence of the crime comics which the perpetrators had read He ran for the leadership of the Progressive Conservative Party of Canada at the 1956 leadership convention, placing third behind John Diefenbaker 
When Diefenbaker led the party to victory in the 1957 election, he appointed Fulton to Cabinet as Minister of Justice  As Minister, Fulton was involved in negotiations to patriate the Canadian Constitution, and developed the "Fulton–Favreau formula"  In 1962, he became Minister of Public Works  His cousin, Albert McPhillips, was Parliamentary Secretary to the Minister of Fisheries around this time 
He resigned from Cabinet in 1963, when he decided to leave federal politics and take the leadership of the British Columbia Progressive Conservative Party  His efforts to revive the provincial Tories in BC were a failure, and he returned to the House of Commons in the 1965 election 
Fulton stood as a candidate at the 1967 federal PC leadership convention, and placed third behind Robert Stanfield and Dufferin Roblin 
After losing his seat in the 1968 election, he retired from politics and returned to the law  In 1973, he became a justice on the British Columbia Supreme Court, and served until 1981  From 1986 to 1992, he served as a commissioner on the International Joint Commission 
In 1992, he was made an Officer of the Order of Canada  He died in Vancouver on May 22, 2000 

Election results
Archives
There is a Davie Fulton fonds at Library and Archives Canada 
Passage 3:
Harry the Kid
Harry Head (died 1881) (known as Harry the Kid), was a cattle rustler and stagecoach robber  One of his better known robberies occurred outside Contention City, a boomtown in the Arizona Territory 

Drew Station Stagecoach Robbery
On March 15, 1881, Head and three of his known Cowboy companions, Bill Leonard, Jim Crane, and Luther King, were set to rob a Wells Fargo stagecoach  The monetary gain, however, wasn't the only motive for robbing the stagecoach  Killing Bob Paul was reportedly a secondary objective  Paul had been sent out with the stagecoach to prevent robberies from occurring, riding shotgun  Two well-known local families during the time, the Clantons and the Earps, are rumored to have had an interest in trying to kill Paul The coach was carrying 26,000 dollars and eight passengers  Twelve miles from the stagecoach's final destination, Paul changed seats with the driver of the stagecoach, which temporarily brought the stagecoach to a halt  Shortly after the change of seats the stagecoach came to a part of the road that had a very steep grade  This was where Head and the others laid in ambush  In order to conceal their identities, the stagecoach robbers wore wigs and false beards  Crane fired at the guard’s seat, which was where Paul should have been sitting, but the driver, Budd Philpot, was killed instead  Philpot fell forward into the horses pulling the stagecoach, causing them to charge forward  By this time Paul had drawn his weapon and had started to return fire, and he wounded Leonard  During the gunfight, a passenger named Pete Roerig was killed  Paul gained control of the stagecoach and brought the rest of the passengers to safety 

Possible Doc Holliday involvement
There was talk that Doc Holliday was involved in the stagecoach robbery  He was at the time living in the nearby city of Tombstone and was known to visit the local hacienda were the suspects reportedly had camped a week before the attack  Holliday claimed that he had a sufficient alibi and that he was in no way involved in the robbery  But in July a warrant was sworn out for his arrest  Holliday was taken into custody and questioned but was later released on bond  Four days later his case was dismissed for insufficient evidence 

Aftermath
After the ambush on the Wells Fargo stagecoach, Paul and Wyatt Earp, started an investigation  They put a price on the heads of those that were involved in the ambush and set it at 2,000 dollars dead or alive  Paul should have notified the local sheriff immediately after the incident occurred, however; the sheriff at the time, Johnny Behan, was known to be a "   friend of the [Cowboy] element " As the manhunt for the perpetrators of the Drew Station Stagecoach robbery continued, it was soon discovered that Head and several of his companions had managed to flee across the Mexican border The investigation initially resulted in the arrest of Luther King, who was held under suspicion of being one of the robbers  King went peaceably even though he had "   a Winchester, two six-shooters, and twenty boxes of cartridges   " with him  He did, however, quickly escape from jail  Before escaping, King stated he had only been there to hold the horses, but had also revealed that his accomplices were Harry "the Kid" Head, Billy Leonard, and Jim Crane 

Death
Head and Leonard were able to elude capture for several months  After three months, however, they attempted a robbery at a store in Eureka, New Mexico  The owners of the store, Bill and Ike Haslett, fought back and killed the two outlaws  Afterward, Crane, along with Curly Bill Brocius, Frank Stilwell, Pony Diehl, Pete Spence, and at least five other men, hunted down the Haslett brothers 
Passage 4:
List of The Dillinger Escape Plan band members
The Dillinger Escape Plan (DEP) was an American metalcore band from Morris Plains, New Jersey  Formed in early 1997, the group originally featured vocalist Dimitri Minakakis, lead guitarist Ben Weinman, rhythm guitarist Derek Brantley, bassist and keyboardist Adam Doll, and drummer and keyboardist Chris Pennie  The group remained active until December 2017, at which point the lineup featured Weinman (the band's only constant member), bassist Liam Wilson (who replaced Doll in 2000), vocalist Greg Puciato (who replaced Minakakis in 2001), drummer Billy Rymer (who joined in 2009) and rhythm guitarist Kevin Antreassian (who joined in 2015) 
DEP evolved from an earlier hardcore punk group called Arcane in March 1997, and originally featured Minakakis, Weinman, Brantley, Doll and Pennie  Brantley left after just two shows, failing to turn up for the group's first recording sessions  The remaining members were forced to record the band's self-titled debut extended play (EP) for Now or Never Records as a four-piece  Shortly after the EP's release, Brantley's position was taken over by John Fulton, who performed on tour with the group later in the year  In 1998, the band released its second EP Under the Running Board, shortly after which Fulton left due to "creative differences"  He was replaced by Jesuit guitarist Brian Benoit in time for the recording of the group's full-length debut album Calculating Infinity Just before the recording of Calculating Infinity started, Doll was involved in a road traffic accident in which he suffered a spinal fracture which paralyzed him from the chest down; he was forced to step back from the band, and Weinman performed bass on the album  After the album was finished, Doll was replaced by former M O D  bassist Jeff Wood, who was credited in the liner notes as "live bass machine"  Wood toured with the group until autumn 2000, when he was replaced by Liam Wilson  In April 2001, it was announced that Minakakis had decided to leave DEP to pursue "non-music related endeavors"  Before hiring a replacement, the group worked with former Faith No More and Mr  Bungle frontman Mike Patton on the EP Irony Is a Dead Scene, released the following year 

In October 2001, DEP announced that Greg Puciato was the band's new frontman, chosen from "over one hundred" singers who auditioned by submitting a recording of "43% Burnt"  The new lineup's first release was Miss Machine, issued in 2004 as the follow-up to Calculating Infinity  Benoit underwent "major surgery" in December that year, and the next April suffered nerve damage in his left hand which rendered him unable to play guitar  He briefly tried to remain in the band on keyboards, but by May had left the band completely  James Love, formerly of Fenix TX, took his place on rhythm guitar at Benoit's own blessing  In 2006, the band released the digital-only EP Plagiarism, which featured "Unretrofied" in addition to four cover versions and a live recording of "The Perfect Design" During a tour in August 2006, the band performed four shows without lead guitarist Ben Weinman for the first time, who it was announced had flown home to "deal with some personal issues"  However, in subsequent interviews Weinman claimed that he had in fact briefly left the group due to various issues, including frustration with an arm injury he had suffered, as well as tensions with bandmates  During the four shows without Weinman, DEP drummer Chris Pennie was offered the role of drummer in Coheed and Cambria, however he was contractually obliged to remain with the group  After the shows, Jeff Tuttle replaced Love By June 2007, Pennie had officially left the band to join Coheed and Cambria, with drums on the upcoming album Ire Works recorded by Gil Sharone  The following month, Tuttle was officially unveiled as the band's new guitarist, although Weinman recorded all guitars on the album  The following year, rumors began to circulate that Sharone had left the band, although Weinman initially denied them  Early the next year, however, his departure was confirmed and Billy Rymer had taken his place  In 2010, the band released its fourth album Option Paralysis, which was the first to feature contributions from guitarist Tuttle In August 2012, at the end of the touring cycle for Option Paralysis, Tuttle announced that he was leaving the band to attend film school  By November, he had been replaced by returning member James Love, although he did not feature on 2013's One of Us Is the Killer as Weinman described him as "a live guy"  Love remained until May 2015, when he was replaced by Kevin Antreassian  In 2016, the group released its sixth studio album Dissociation, shortly after which they announced that they would be disbanding after the album's touring cycle  The tour came to an end with three final shows in December 2017, at which former members Dimitri Minakakis, Brian Benoit and Adam Doll, plus Irony Is a Dead Scene vocalist Mike Patton, made special guest appearances 

Members
Latest
Former
Touring
Timeline
Lineups
Passage 5:
Buck English
Buck English (1855 – January 15, 1915) was an American Old West outlaw, and one of Lake County, California's most notorious thieves and stagecoach robbers toward the end of the 19th century 

Early life
Born Lawrence Buchanen English in Oregon, he soon received the nickname "Buck"  The English family feuded with the Durbin family for years, which led to three of Buck's brothers dying  When Buck was thirteen, he became obligated to take revenge on the Durbin family  Unlike Black Bart, Lake County's other notorious thief, Buck was rash and openly flaunted his overconfident capacity 
He was only 22 years old when he and a companion held up the Lower Lake stage coach and took the Wells Fargo strongbox from the driver  Instead of the usual gold or silver for the miners, the box yielded only two brass castings  The local newspaper later said, "Shortly before this robbery, he and his companion met four Chinese miners coming down from the Great Western Mine (near Middletown), and robbed them of their watches and money "

Territory
Wells Fargo strongboxes were often the target of stagecoach robbers in Middletown  After the mid-19th century, the payroll money was brought in on the stagecoach with an armed guard beside the driver  Not all of the holdups in the area were the doing of Buck and his gang, although he was a scourge to the local vicinity for a number of years  Buck worked the road near Mountain Hill House, south of Middletown, or near the double bridge north of Middletown near Lower Lake  For 20 years, Buck roamed the countryside, making little effort to hide his identity or his disreputable enterprise 

Duel
Buck walked the streets of Middletown with a six-shooter strapped to his side, daring any who insulted his authority to a contest  One day, he ran into Captain Good on the main street, and harsh words were exchanged  Later in the day, they met again, and this time it was a shooting affair, with Buck emerging unscathed  The captain was seriously wounded in the arm and legs  In another unrelated incident, Buck shot and killed a man in the Middletown skating rink, turning the arena into a scene of pandemonium 

After jail time
After his release from San Quentin in 1882, Buck returned to Middletown  Soon after his arrival, the Lebree store in town was robbed of some watches and jewelry 
Buck left Middletown for a few years, but upon his return, he showed he had not changed  It was not long before he held up the stage at the foot of Mount Saint Helena, near the summer home of the mayor of San Francisco  The six passengers were ordered out of the stage, and stripped of their possessions  Buck made no effort to hide his identity  He greeted the driver of a passing wagon, who quickly drove on when he realized a robbery was in progress 

Capture
This occurred on May 7, 1895  A posse was formed and they set off to capture Buck  They discovered him on a stagecoach going from Monticello to Napa, and a wild chase ensued  The San Francisco Examiner reported the next day:

One of the robbers jumped to the horses ahead and leveled his guns  He waved weapons and spouted profanity, all the while threatening to "blow" the driver off of the seat  The two robbers were armed with old style Colt revolvers, and he cursed at everyone, especially the Chinamen
The capture of Buck by Sheriff Bell reads like a Wild West novel  He was so badly wounded and had lost so much blood that many thought he would not survive  He did recover, however, and returned to San Quentin to serve yet another sentence Buck was not as well known as Black Bart and other Western gunmen of the time, but he created fear wherever he went  Although he was arrested for his robberies and attacks on the general population, Buck had his hands in many other criminal activities, including cattle rustling, which he served less than a year in jail for 

Later life
Buck ended up living long enough to enjoy freedom again after his release from prison  He died in San Francisco on January 15, 1915 of natural causes, unlike his brothers, all of whom all died violent deaths 
Passage 6:
Bill Miner
Ezra Allen Miner (December 27, 1846 – September 2, 1913), more popularly known as Bill Miner, was an American bandit, originally from Bowling Green, Kentucky, who served several prison terms for stagecoach robbery  Known for his unusual politeness while committing robberies, he was widely nicknamed the Grey Fox, Gentleman Robber or the Gentleman Bandit  He is reputed to have been the originator of the phrase "Hands up!" Legend has it that Bill Miner admonished his cohorts to fire their guns when in danger of capture but "do not kill a man" 

Life
Miner was born Ezra Allen Miner in Vevay Township, near Onondaga, Ingham County, Michigan on December 27, 1846  He never legally changed his first name (which he evidently didn't like), but regarded William Allen Miner as his true name throughout most of his life  He was arrested for the first time in 1866 in San Joaquin County, California and served time there  He was shortly released but served more time at Placer County, California and later at Calaveras County, California  He was discharged in 1880  He then formed a partnership with Bill Leroy (as W  A  Morgan) to rob a stagecoach  Leroy was caught and lynched, but Miner escaped  He was later caught for another robbery in Tuolumne County, California and was released from San Quentin in 1901 After his third prison term, Miner moved to the province of British Columbia in Canada, where he adopted the pseudonym George Edwards and is believed to have staged British Columbia's first-ever train robbery on September 10, 1904 at Silverdale about 35 kilometres (22 mi) east of Vancouver, just west of Mission City  It is often claimed that Miner was the robber, but neither he nor his accomplices were ever tied conclusively to the Silverdale heist  It is also widely reported that Silverdale's train robbery was the first in Canada, but Peter Grauer's definitive study ("Interred With Their Bones", 2005) cites a train robbery in Port Credit, Ontario 30 years prior as the first Miner was eventually caught after a botched payroll train robbery near Kamloops at Monte Creek (then known as "Ducks")  Choosing the wrong car, they managed only to rob $15 plus a bottle of kidney pills that Miner picked up off of a shelf  Miner and his two accomplices, Tom "Shorty" Dunn and Louis Colquhoun, were located near Douglas Lake, British Columbia after an extensive manhunt  A posse surrounded them while they were lunching in the woods  Miner presented himself as George Edwards and claimed that he and his cohorts were prospectors  The officer in charge of the posse suspected he had encountered the nefarious train-robbing gang and challenged the claim, putting them under arrest Dunn attempted to fire at the police and was shot in the leg  He gave up quickly after being wounded  Colquhoun was disarmed by an officer standing nearby and Miner never drew his weapon  Miner's arrest and subsequent trial in Kamloops caused a media spectacle  Apparently the most damning evidence against him was the bottle of kidney pills that Miner had picked up during the Ducks robbery  Upon his conviction, he, Dunn and Colquhoun were transported by train to the provincial penitentiary in New Westminster  By that time, Miner's celebrity status had risen to the point that the tracks were reputedly lined with throngs of supporters, many of whom expressed satisfaction with the fact that someone had taken the very unpopular Canadian Pacific Railway to task While serving time in the B C  Penitentiary, Miner escaped in 1907 and was never recaptured in Canada  He moved back to the United States, becoming once again involved in robberies in the South at Gainesville in 1909  There, he served more prison time, and escaped twice He died in the prison farm at Milledgeville, Georgia, of gastritis, contracted from drinking brackish water during his previous escape attempt 

Legacy
Miner's time in British Columbia propelled his celebrity there in many ways since  British Columbia restaurant chain, the Keg Steakhouse & Bar, have named drinks and their Billy Miner Pie after the train robber  Their early decor also showed many photos of Miner A mural depicting Miner's robbery near Monte Creek has been painted on the exterior south wall of Cactus Jacks Saloon & Dance Hall located in the building at the corner of 5th Avenue & Lansdowne Street in Kamloops, British Columbia Maple Ridge, British Columbia features the Billy Miner Pub which is located in historic Port Haney on the bank of the Fraser River  The pub is located in the original Bank Of Montreal building built in the early 1900s It has been speculated that Miner left a hidden cache of loot in the forests south of Silverdale after the first robbery and local historians believe he used these monies to fund his escape, while others surmise that today there is still hidden loot to be found there An original song titled "The Ballad of Bill Miner" was written by singer/songwriter Phillip Mills (Eugene Quinn) and recorded by the San Francisco bay area band "The Blackout Cowboys" 
Miner was the subject of the 1982 Canadian film The Grey Fox, in which he was played by Richard Farnsworth 
Miner is buried in Memory Hill Cemetery in Milledgeville, Georgia  It was discovered that his headstone was in the wrong location, name spelled wrong, and with the wrong year of his death  A new headstone was put in the correct spot and spelled correctly  The old one was kept where it was Mount Miner near Princeton, formerly Bald Mountain or Baldy, was renamed in Bill Miner's honor in response to a motion by the Princeton Board of Trade in 1952  Miner had lived on the ranch owned by Jack Budd, which was on the other side of this mountain from Princeton, while planning the robbery at Ducks  Billy's Restaurant in Princeton, British Columbia is also named after him 
Tin Whistle Brewing Co  a microbrewery from Penticton B C  launched a Red Ale titled "Hands Up!" as a commemoration to Miner 
His principal biography is The Grey Fox: The True Story of Bill Miner, Last of the Old Time Bandits, by Mark Dugan and John Boessenecker (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1992) 
In 2014, thieves stole Miner's watch from the Royal BC Museum in Victoria  The watch, along with the several others were recovered by the Victoria Police and the thieves arrested by the Port Alberni RCMP 
Passage 7:
The Grey Fox
The Grey Fox is a 1982 Canadian biographical Western film directed by Phillip Borsos and written by John Hunter  It is based on the true story of Bill Miner, an American stagecoach robber who staged his first Canadian train robbery on 10 September 1904  The film stars Richard Farnsworth as Miner  The cast also features Jackie Burroughs, Ken Pogue, Wayne Robson, Gary Reineke and Timothy Webber 

Plot
Stagecoach robber Bill Miner is caught and sent to prison for 33 years   He is finally released in 1901   He wanders around, a man out of place in the new century, until he sees one of the first films, The Great Train Robbery, and is inspired to copy it in real life   After a couple of unsuccessful attempts, he successfully robs a train and hides from the law in a mining town in British Columbia, becoming a respectable resident  There, he meets and falls in love with early feminist and photographer Katherine Flynn   He considers settling down with her, but one last robbery proves to be his downfall   True to his nickname, the Grey Fox escapes from prison as the ending credits start 

Cast
Production
According to Farnsworth, the "picture company" was the only one ever allowed to film at Fort Steele, British Columbia, a heritage site  The Grey Fox was also filmed on the British Columbia Railway / Pacific Great Eastern Railway, now run by Canadian National Railway, between Pemberton and Lillooet, British Columbia, and the  Lake Whatcom Railway between Wickersham and Park, Washington  The capture sequence was shot a quarter of a mile from where Miner was actually caught  Miner's gun, "a  41 Bisley Colt", was obtained from a collector and used by Farnsworth in close-ups The film was funded by selling 696 units for $5,000 each to investors, and it was edited in 1981 before a distributor was found  Phillip Borsos was paid $45,000 to direct the film  The film was shot from 7 October to 28 November 1980, and had a budget of $3,480,000 (equivalent to $11,199,273 in 2021), but cost $4,500,000 (equivalent to $14,481,818 in 2021) to make 

Release
The film was shown at the Taormina Film Fest in June 1982, and was released in Toronto on 16 December 1982  It grossed over $6 million at the box office in its first year 

Awards
The Grey Fox has been designated and preserved as a "masterwork" by the Audio-Visual Preservation Trust of Canada, a charitable non-profit organization dedicated to promoting the preservation of Canada’s audio-visual heritage At the 4th Genie Awards in 1983, The Grey Fox was nominated for thirteen awards and won seven:

Best Picture
Best Director (Borsos)
Best Foreign Actor (Farnsworth)
Best Supporting Actress (Burroughs)
Best Original Screenplay (Hunter)
Best Art Direction (Bill Brodie)
Best Musical Score (Michael Conway Baker)Further recognition for Farnsworth included a Golden Globe Award nomination for Best Actor in a Motion Picture – Drama 
It has also been listed in the Toronto International Film Festival's TIFF List of Canada's Top Ten Films of All Time in 1984 and 1993 

Critical reaction
Roger Ebert praised the film as "a lovely adventure" and gave it 31⁄2 stars  Rotten Tomatoes gave it a rare 100% fresh rating 

Restoration and re-release
The film underwent a 4K restoration and was re-released to theatres In April 2020  It also saw its first official release to DVD and Blu-Ray, which included a commentary by filmmaker Alex Cox, interview with producer Peter O'Brian, and a featurette about the restoration 
Passage 8:
Douglas Burrows
Douglas Squire Irving Burrows CBE (Civil) MBE (Military) (7 August 1915 –  10 December 1982) was an Australian stock broker, businessman and philanthropist who from 1970 until his death was President of the Board Royal Alexandra Hospital for Children  With Lorimer Dods and John Fulton he co-founded the Children's Medical Research Foundation of which from 1970 he became the Chairman of the Management Committee 

Early life
Burrows was born in Sydney, the son of Rita (née Squire) and Harry Irving Burrows  He was educated at Newington College (1932–1934) and rowed in the 1st IV at the GPS Head of the River in 1933 and 1934  In 1934 he was stroke of the crew   Burrows was Captain of 1st Rifle Shooting Team in 1934  Under his captaincy, the team were GPS Premiers that year and won the Earl Roberts Trophy 

Working life
Upon finishing school, Burrows gained employment with the chartered accounting firm Priestley & Morris  He stayed with the firm until the beginning of World War II and at war's end rejoined them briefly before joining A J Dawson as an Accountant  In 1951, Burrows became a Member of the Sydney Stock Exchange as a partner of Ernest L Davis & Co  He later served as a director of A J Dawson Ltd, and as Deputy Chairman of Edward Lumley Ltd, Security Life Assurance Ltd and Security & General Insurance Company Ltd 

War service
In 1939, Burrows enlisted in the Australian Army and travelled with the first group of enlisted men on the first boat to leave after the beginning of the war  He served in North Africa, Greece and eventually in New Guinea on the Kokoda Track  As Major Douglas Burrows, he became Deputy Assistant Adjutant General of the Australian 6th Division  In that role he was responsible for co-ordinating the ceremony for the signing of surrender documents by Lieutenant General Hatazō Adachi, Commander of the Japanese 18th Army in New Guinea  After signing the unconditional surrender, Adachi presented his sword to the General Officer Commanding, 6th Division, Major General Horace Robertson  Adachi's aide then surrendered his sword to Burrows and this weapon remains with the Burrows family to this day  On 14 February 1946 he was made a Member of the Order of the British Empire in the Military Division for his war service 

Marriage and family
On 15 August 1942, whilst on a few days army leave, Burrows married Valma Ashcroft who had modelled for advertisements, the Australian Wool Board and women's magazines including covers for The Australian Women's Weekly  They had three children; Mark Douglas Burrows AO; Peter Irving Burrows AO; and Tina Burrows  During their married life, the Burrows were residents of St Ives, New South Wales 

Children's Hospital
In 1952, Burrows joined the board of the Royal Alexandra Hospital for Children  He served as Treasurer (1959–66) and Vice-President (1966–70) before becoming President and serving in that role for eleven years  His wife, Valma, was also appointed to the board in 1973  Valma Burrows’ brother-in-law was Dr Sandy Robertson AM a paediatric surgeon at the Children’s Hospital 

Honours
Burrows was made a Commander of the Order of the British Empire (Civil) on 16 June 1979 in recognition of his services to children's health  The University of Sydney Medical School Foundation's Douglas Burrows Chair of Paediatrics and Child Health was established in 1983 in his honour 
Passage 9:
John Fulton Folinsbee
John Fulton "Jack" Folinsbee (March 14, 1892 – May 10, 1972) was an American landscape, marine and portrait painter, and a member of the art colony at New Hope, Pennsylvania  He is best known today for his impressionist scenes of New Hope and Lambertville, New Jersey, particularly the factories, quarries, and canals along the Delaware River 

Biography
He was born in Buffalo, New York, the middle son of Harrison and Louise Mauger Folinsbee : 24  Beginning at age nine, he attended children's classes at the Art Students' League of Buffalo, but received his first formal training with the landscape painter Jonas Lie in 1907 : 27  Folinsbee contracted polio at age 14, which rendered his legs useless, weakened his right arm, and left him permanently reliant on a wheelchair  He attended The Gunnery, a boarding school in Washington, Connecticut, from 1907 to 1911, where he studied with Elizabeth Kempton and Herbert Faulkner : 28  He later studied with Birge Harrison and John Carlson at the Woodstock art colony (Summers, 1912–1914),: 29–30  and with Frank Vincent DuMond at the Art Students League of New York : 31 At Woodstock, he met Harry (Tony) Leith-Ross, who became a lifelong friend and later followed him to New Hope  In 1914, Folinsbee married Ruth Baldwin (August 8, 1890 – February 13, 1991) – daughter of William H  Baldwin, Jr  and Ruth Standish Baldwin – whom he had met in Washington, Connecticut  The couple moved to New Hope in 1916, and had two daughters, Elizabeth (1917–2016, married Elmer W  Wiggins, 1940); and Joan (1919–2016, married Peter G  Cook, 1938) Early in his career, Folinsbee painted in a tonalist style, with an interest in light and atmosphere that grew directly from his time with Harrison and Carlson in Woodstock  By the late nineteen-teens, he had moved away from tonalism into a more structured, impressionist style  In the mid-1920s, Folinsbee began studying the work of Cézanne, which led to a trip to France in the summer of 1926  The paintings that resulted from this trip, and those that followed later in the decade, reflect a deep understanding of Cézanne's compositional strategies and a desire to reveal the underlying structure of forms  Folinsbee's exploration of structure led eventually to an analytical, highly individual expressionist style in which he painted for the remainder of his career  His palette darkened, his brushstrokes loosened further, and his sense of light and atmosphere became more dramatic  These later works are concerned with conveying a sense of mood and an intense emotional response to the world around him 
His basic aim was the communication of feeling; the subject had to be felt to be worth painting  The communication of that feeling was what a painting was all about; without that excitement in the subject, a painting was merely a dead reproduction of nature or of natural phenomena : 11  — Peter G  Cook

New Hope
Folinsbee painted en plein air, directly from nature  He always had a sketchbook or a box of 8 x 10 inch canvasboards with him, ready to capture any scene that caught his eye : 45  He and Leith-Ross were famous for spending afternoons sketching on the bridge at New Hope (and for tossing anything that displeased them into the Delaware River) : 45, n 24  From his wheelchair, Folinsbee could manage "paintings as large as 24 X 30 ": 86  Larger works were painted in his studio from drawings and oil sketches  He frequently repeated the same scene on different sized canvases, or as an etching or lithograph : 72  To paint a large work, he would lean a canvas against the studio wall and sit on the floor before it, his withered legs tucked under him : 18  Relying on notes made on the spot about color and light, he would edit the scene as he painted, emphasizing or eliminating elements to enhance the overall mood : 67  "The larger studio paintings were never simply blown-up versions of a successful small painting: rather they were developments of a theme along expressive lines, with memory and emotional reaction playing an important role ": 86 The Folinsbees purchased an acre of riverfront land about a quarter-mile upstream from the bridge, across the street from the house they were renting  In 1924, they hired architect (and landscape painter) Morgan Colt to design them an Arts & Crafts-style house and studio  Folinsbee painted dozens of views of the river from the property: 146  – most notably Winter Nocturne (1926), River Ice (c 1936), and his last major work, Zero Morning (1970) – and some views of the house itself  They lived at 160 North Main Street until their deaths In 1929, the Folinsbees were among the founders of Phillips' Mill, an arts center housed in a former grist mill, and Ruth Folinsbee served as the first vice-president of its community association : 79  He participated in art exhibitions there from 1929 into the 1960s  His Shag Ledge (c 1959) was awarded the 1963 First Patron's Prize by Phillips' Mill  The Folinsbees were also founding members of the Bucks County Playhouse : 16 The Great Depression dealt a heavy blow to artists, with little market for luxury goods such as landscape paintings  Folinsbee resorted to bartering his works for services, including dentistry for his daughters : 95  Portraits – for which he typically charged $400 to $500 for a head-and-bust and $1,000 for a three-quarter-length: 103, n 3  – became a larger part of his output : 95  Edward Beatty Rowan, assistant chief of the Public Buildings Administration's Section of Painting and Sculpture, offered him a commission for a post office mural in Freeland, Pennsylvania : 97  Completed in 1938, Folinsbee's mural is both pastoral and industrial: depicting the town's church spires peeking out from among the autumnal-colored hills, but also featuring the town's massive coal breaker and its long culm dump : 98 Folinsbee was also a teacher  One of his better-known students, Peter G  Cook (who married his daughter Joan in 1938), became a colleague and friend  The pair collaborated on murals for two other federal projects: the Federal Building and U S  Courthouse in Paducah, Kentucky (1939),: 98–100  and the post office in Burgettstown, Pennsylvania (1942) : 100–02

Maine
In the mid-1930s, Folinsbee and his family began spending their summers in Maine : 106  He bought a farmhouse at Murphy's Corner, between Bath and Wiscasset, in 1949 : 109  Despite his intense wariness of the ocean,: 27  he embarked on a new aspect of his career—as a marine painter  His Off Seguin (Ellingwood Rock) was awarded the 1952 Palmer Marine Prize by the National Academy of Design : 109  With the prize money, Folinsbee bought a 25-foot motorized Hampton dory (flat-bottomed open boat) that he named "Sketch" and equipped as a floating studio : 25 
One day I suddenly realized that the waves of a heavy sea duplicate what El Greco did in painting the heavy folds of his drapery  The quick turn of the waves is like that of his folds, in that the darkest dark is against the lightest light  The greatest contrast comes at the sharpest point where the wave turns up—where there is a dark, there is a light—it is that way in the folds of El Greco's garments  I've always been fascinated with the way he twists those big folds—exaggeration perhaps, but true in expressing the play of light on form  — John Folinsbee
Folinsbee was diagnosed with cancer in the late 1960s, which further weakened his right arm : 146  He stopped painting in 1971, and died a year later in New Hope : 146

Critical reception and honors
Folinsbee's work has been described as the "rural counterpart" to the Ashcan School : 22  Critic Robert E  Baum (son of artist Walter Emerson Baum) saw in him "the power, frankness, and story-telling quality of a George Bellows or a Winslow Homer  This man sees the rhythm of beauty coupled with a color harmony in many workaday nooks that may seem ugly to the average passerby " In Modern American Painting (1940), Peyton Boswell, Jr  placed him among the "Lyricists"—"the moody ones, dreamers and mystics," who "work sometimes in pattern, but more often in terms of light, shadow and chiaroscuro  They use color and form for emotional rather than aesthetic reasons "Folinsbee was elected an associate member of the National Academy of Design in 1919, and a full academician in 1928  He was elected a member of the Salmagundi Club in 1913,: 280  a life member of the National Arts Club in 1922,: 99  and a member of the Century Association in 1937 : 283  He was inducted into the American Academy of Arts and Letters in 1953 : 285 Folinsbee was represented by Ferargil Gallery in New York City for most of his career, and his paintings were exhibited across the country and in several international exhibitions  He won nearly every award given by the National Academy of Design, receiving some of them multiple times  He exhibited at the Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts most years from 1915 to 1952, and was awarded the 1931 Jessie Sesnan Medal (for Canal and River)  He also won awards from the Connecticut Academy of Fine Arts, the Rhode Island School of Design, the Corcoran Gallery of Art, the Salmagundi Club, and other arts organizations, including a bronze medal at the 1926 Sesquicentennial Exposition in Philadelphia (for Outskirts of Trenton) 

Legacy
Folinsbee's work is in the permanent collections of major museums, including the Smithsonian American Art Museum, the National Gallery of Art, the National Academy of Design, and the Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts  A bronze bust of him by his friend Harry Rosin is in the collection of the Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts Folinsbee's students included artists Peter G  Cook and Evelyn Allen Faherty  Cook became his son-in-law, and wrote a personal memoir, John Folinsbee (1994) 
Kirsten M  Jensen, senior curator at the James A  Michener Art Museum in Doylestown, Pennsylvania, is the author of Folinsbee Considered (2014), a scholarly biography and catalogue raisonné  The Michener Museum maintains an online version of the catalogue raisonné, which is updated as additional Folinsbee works are identified 

Selected works
Landscapes
Poughkeepsie Bridge (1914), private collection  Awarded the 1914 Isidore Prize by the Art Students League of New York 
Gloucester Hillside (1916), Princeton University Art Museum, Princeton, New Jersey 
February (Village in Winter) (1916), Hood Museum of Art, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire 
Canal in Winter (c 1916-17), National Arts Club, New York City  Awarded the 1917 Second Hallgarten Prize by the National Academy of Design 
Along the Canal (c 1916-21), The Phillips Collection, Washington, D C 
Oncoming Clouds (c 1918), North Carolina Museum of Art, Raleigh, North Carolina 
Grey Thaw (1920), National Gallery of Art, Washington, D C  (ex coll  Corcoran Gallery of Art) 
By the Upper Lock (1922), Smithsonian American Art Museum, Washington, D C  Awarded the 1923 First Hallgarten Prize by the National Academy of Design 
Canal at Trenton (1923), National Academy of Design Museum, New York City : 197 
Mending the Canal Bank (1923), private collection 
Grey Coryell (1923), Dallas Museum of Art, Dallas, Texas 
Mill by the River, Fall (c 1923-25), James A  Michener Art Museum, Doylestown, Pennsylvania 
Outskirts of Trenton (1924), Huntington Museum of Art, Huntington, West Virginia  Awarded a bronze medal at the 1926 Sesquicentennial Exposition 
Lehigh Canal (c 1924-25), Palmer Museum of Art, Pennsylvania State University, State College, Pennsylvania 
Canal at Goat Hill (1925), Rhode Island School of Design Museum, Providence, Rhode Island  Awarded the 1925 Gedney Bunce Prize by the Connecticut Academy of Fine Arts 
Winter Nocturne (1926), Reading Public Museum, Reading, Pennsylvania 
Shad Boat (1927), Huntington Museum of Art, Huntington, West Virginia 
Slate Quarry, Bangor (1929), Woodmere Art Museum, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 
Canal Bridge, New Hope (c 1929-32), James A  Michener Art Museum, Doylestown, Pennsylvania 
Canal and River (1930), private collection  Awarded the 1931 Jessie Sesnan Medal by the Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts : 83 
Storm Light (1936), Reading Public Museum, Reading, Pennsylvania 
Bowman's Hill (1936), James A  Michener Art Museum, Doylestown, Pennsylvania 
River Ice (c 1936), James A  Michener Art Museum, Doylestown, Pennsylvania 
Freeland (Study for Freeland, Pennsylvania Post Office Mural) (1938), Smithsonian American Art Museum, Washington, D C 
Evening at Swan's Island (1938), Ogunquit Museum of American Art, Ogunquit Maine 
Hunterdon County (1940), New Jersey State Museum, Trenton, New Jersey  Awarded the 1941 Altman Prize by the National Academy of Design : 99 
Skaters, Dark Hollow (1945), Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 
Hazelton Brickyard (1950), Allentown Art Museum, Allentown, Pennsylvania 
Zero Morning (1970), private collection  Folinsbee's last major work : 146–47

Seascapes
Shag Rock (c 1950), Woodmere Art Museum, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 
Off Seguin (Ellingwood Rock) (1952), Portland Museum of Art, Portland, Maine  Awarded the 1952 Palmer Marine Prize by the National Academy of Design : 109 
Lopaus Point (1957), Farnsworth Art Museum, Rockland, Maine 
Ellingwood Rock (1960), James A  Michener Art Museum, Doylestown, Pennsylvania 

Murals
Freeland (1938), Post Office, Freeland, Pennsylvania
View of Burgettstown (1942), Post Office, Burgettstown, Pennsylvania, with Peter G  Cook
Federal Building and U S  Courthouse, Paducah, Kentucky
Early Town (Lewis and Clark in Paducah) (1942), with Peter G  Cook
The River (Paducah, Kentucky) (1942), with Peter G  Cook

Portraits
Self-Portrait (1919), National Academy of Design Museum, New York City : 197 
Harry Leith-Ross (1928), National Academy of Design Museum, New York City : 198 
Ruth Standish Baldwin (1929), Smith College, Northampton, Massachusetts  Folinsbee's mother-in-law 
James Kellum Smith (1942), National Academy of Design Museum, New York City : 198 
Self-Portrait at Fifty (1942), private collection 
William Thon (c 1950-51), National Academy of Design Museum, New York City : 199 
A  Dayton Oliphant (1958), New Jersey State Capitol, Trenton  Justice of the New Jersey Supreme Court 
Peter Geoffrey Cook (1964), National Academy of Design Museum, New York City : 198  Folinsbee's son-in-law 

Notes
Passage 10:
Frederick John Fulton
Frederick John Fulton, KC (December 8, 1862 – July 25, 1936) was a  British-born and educated Canadian lawyer and politician   He practiced law in Kamloops, British Columbia   He was a member of the British Columbia Legislative Assembly from 1900 to 1909 serving a series of cabinet roles as President of the Executive Council, Minister of Education, Provincial Secretary, Attorney General and Chief Commissioner of Lands and Works   As Attorney General, he prosecuted and convicted the notorious Bill Miner 
He was elected to the House of Commons of Canada under the banner of Prime Minister Borden's Unionist party in the 1917 general election and served as a Member of Parliament until 1920 
In 1906, he married Winnifred M  Davie, daughter of Hon  A E B  Davie  Frederick and Winifred had four sons  Their youngest son Davie Fulton, was also a Kamloops lawyer, provincial and federal politician and judge 

External links

Frederick John Fulton – Parliament of Canada biography
Context 2: Passage 1:
Salsa (1988 film)
Salsa is a 1988 romance film directed by Boaz Davidson and starring Robby Rosa, Rodney Harvey, Angela Alvarado and Miranda Garrison  The film, about a Puerto Rican dancer who decides to enter a salsa dancing contest, earned a Razzie Award nomination for Rosa as Worst New Star 

Plot
In a nightly escape from his day job as a mechanic, Rico (Robby Rosa) enters his true element: the wild exuberance of "La Luna" , a salsa club located in East Los Angeles, California  Dreaming of making himself and Vicky (Angela Alvarado), his girlfriend the "King and Queen of Salsa", Rico pours all his energy into winning La Luna's Grand Salsa Competition  But when Luna (Miranda Garrison), the club's gorgeous owner sets her sights on making Rico her dance partner, Rico must decide what drives him, his ambition or his heart 

Cast
As themselves

Reception
On review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes, the film has a 20% approval rating based on five reviews 

Soundtrack
"Margarita" - H  Wilkins
"Chicos y chicas" - Mavis Vegas Davis
"Cali Pachanguero" - Grupo Niche
"Your Love" - Laura Branigan
"Good Lovin'" - Kenny Ortega, Chain Reaction, The Edwin Hawkins Singers
"Under My Skin" - Robby Rosa
"Oye Como Va" - Tito Puente
"I Know" - Marisela Esqueda, The Edwin Hawkins Singers
"Spanish Harlem" - Ben E  King
"Puerto Rico" - Bobby Caldwell, Marisela Esqueda, Michael Sembello, H  Wilkins, Mongo Santamaría, Charlie Palmieri, The Edwin Hawkins Singers
Passage 2:
2014 St Helens RLFC season
The 2014 St Helens R F C  season is the club's 140th in its history; its 119th in rugby league  The Saints will be looking to end a 6-year silverware drought this season by competing for the Super League XIX title as well as the 113th edition of the Challenge Cup  This season marks Australian Nathan Brown's second season as head coach of the club, continuing from his first season in 2013 which ended in a 5th-place finish and an early playoff exit courtesy of an 11–10 defeat at Leeds Rhinos  They began their season by taking on last seasons runner-up Warrington Wolves at the Halliwell Jones Stadium, which ended in an 8–38 win for Saints  This win sent Saints on a win streak that lasted for eight Super League games before being defeated on 18 April 2014 by arch-rivals Wigan Warriors at Langtree Park in the annual Good Friday derby match  Easter was a period to forget for the Saints as they were beaten by Widnes Vikings for their second league defeat in a row, following the Good Friday defeat to bitter rivals Wigan, and then by Leeds Rhinos in Round 5 of the Challenge Cup meaning the Saints will miss out on the trophy for a sixth year  The Saints bounced back however on 1 May with a 48–18 win over the London Broncos  Saints suffered another Magic Weekend to the Warrington Wolves on 18 May with the game ending 41–24 to the Wolves  Results picked up after the Magic Weekend with two straight wins at home against Huddersfield & Salford however the Saints then traveled to Perpignan where they suffered a humiliating 42–0 loss to the Catalans Dragons  Once again, the Saints bounced back with an impressive win over Castleford Tigers at Langtree Park and with another outstanding performance in a pulsating game at the DW Stadium against arch-rivals Wigan Warriors that ended 12–16 in favour of the Saints; the win avenging the Good Friday defeat at Langtree Park  Following this win, Saints suffered a shock 40–10 defeat to Hull Kingston Rovers but bounced back with three straight wins before losing to Hull KR's cross-town rivals, Hull FC, 19–12  However, a 40–16 win over Wakefield Trinity Wildcats & an extremely tight 12–13 win over Leeds Rhinos at Headingley put the Saints in a position where a win against Warrington on 4 September would hand them their first League Leaders' Shield since the 2008 season; with Castleford Tigers being the only other team in contention for the top spot  Despite losing their last two games of the regular season, Saints acquired the League Leaders' Shield following Castleford's failure to beat Catalans Dragons in their last game of the season; meaning that the Saints took their first piece of silverware since 2008  The unlikely success of the 2014 season culminated in a 14–6 win over arch-rivals Wigan Warriors in the 2014 Super League Grand Final at Old Trafford making Saints the Super League champions for the first time since 2006 in an extremely lively, well-fought contest that saw Wigan player Ben Flower sent off for a sucker punch on a defenceless Lance Hohaia in the 2nd minute of the game 

2014 transfers
Players In

Players Out

2014 squad
* Announced on 15 November 2013:

Other staff
Technical staff
Boardroom staff
Pre Season
Saints began their pre-season by taking on Batley Bulldogs in January 2014; taking a 20–0 victory at home  Following this victory, Saints then took on bitter rivals Wigan Warriors in a 'friendly game', again at Langtree Park, for James Roby's testimonial match, sinking to a disappointing 16–28 defeat  They bounced back however for their last pre-season game before the season began with a 6–62 win away at Rochdale Hornets with a St Helens Select XIII team 

Super League XIX Fixtures/Results/Table
Super League XIX – Play-Off Series
Even without key players Luke Walsh, Jon Wilkin & Jonny Lomax for the majority of the second half of the season, Saints managed to battle through the play-offs to reach an unprecedented 10th Grand Final  Even though they also lost Lance Hohaia in the second minute of the game via a disgraceful punch from Ben Flower, Saints overcame the solid defence of Wigans remaining 12 men to claim their 5th Super League title 

2014 Tetley's Challenge Cup Fixtures\Results
Passage 3:
Showmatch
Showmatch was an Argentine television program, broadcast by eltrece  It replaced the comedy show Videomatch in 2004, and from 2006 has produced the dancing contest Bailando por un Sueño ("Dancing for a Dream"), along with similar contests such as Cantando por un Sueño ("Singing for a Dream"), Patinando por un Sueño ("Skating for a Dream"), and El Musical de tus Sueños ("The Musical of your Dreams")  In 2009, it presented "Gran Cuñado" ("Big Brother-in-Law"), a parody of the reality show Big Brother, a segment carried over from Videomatch 
Showmatch is one of Argentina's most-watched programs, and scored as the country's highest-rated TV show in 2010 and 2011 It has played host to a number of celebrity guests from around the world, including former boxer Mike Tyson and footballer Ronaldinho 

History
Showmatch is the new name of the program presented by Marcelo Tinelli, succeeding Videomatch, a sports and comedy show 
On September 2, 2005, Tinelli signed a major contract with Artear, operator of eltrece, thus opting to move to the channel of the solcito (little sun), where he eventually would set the program since 19 September 2005  The negotiations between the two companies had begun in April, at the initiative of Adrian Suar, director of programming of the station  As background, Suar and Tinelli already had preliminary negotiations in an attempt to moving during 1997 
"This is a bet that transcends economics, I feel it is a long-term path that tends to insert the program into a broader platform, which will open more possibilities to Argentine production and international expansion," Tinelli said when closing the contract  Meanwhile, Federico Hoppe and Pablo Prada became the main producers of the program  Since its inception, the program's eight seasons remained to be issued consecutively until the end of the cycle in 2012, where the program stopped being broadcast until 2014, the year in which the program retakes its emissions 
In its first season (2005) and half of Season 2 (2006) the program continued the format of its predecessor Videomatch, with the famous hidden cameras, music, skits with guest artists, humorous sketches, among others, but due to the popularity of the segment Bailando por un Sueño (Dancing for a dream), since 2007, it became an annual competition and the program was entirely based upon this, as well as Cantando por un Sueño (Singing for a dream) and Patinando por un Sueño (Skating for a dream) 
In 2009 upon celebrating 20 years, it returned to the original format during the first half of the year, also incorporating the segments Gran Cuñado (Big Brother-in-Law) and Bailando Kids  As of August it began airing the contest El Musical de tus Sueños (The musical of your dreams) 
In 2010, a new segment called Baila Argentina was incorporated, in which cities across the country competed through dances with massive people calling, but after some emissions, it stopped airing in Showmatch because of time, and it became part of Sábado Show (a show broadcast by the same channel and hosted by cast member José María Listorti) 
In 2011, the show only aired Bailando por un sueño, and in the last 7 seasons (2012, 2014-2019), in addition to this classic contest, there were parodies of celebrities, politicians and people from the show business appearing to interact with the host and the judges 

Production
Performances
An important feature of the show are televised performances made for the start of each season, which dubs of movies or series with a humorous tone are shown, parodies of several films, and large shows of presentation, in which different musical pieces are mixed accompanied by several choreography parts, carried out by the show's team of dancers and artists from different acrobatic disciplines  These stagings are prepared months in advance to be presented to the season premiere 
Within the format Bailando por un Sueño, there were other outstanding artistic productions: the so-called "special rhythms" which usually consist of acrobatic discipline performances, full of visual effects  For example, the productions known as:

"Bailando bajo la lluvia" (Dancing under the rain): where participants must dance under water in a scenery set to simulate a city street  Such show is that each couple occupies this space to develop different storylines with dancing  The climatic effect is achieved using more than 25 sprinklers that spew water steadily toward the track  For this, the studio is fitted with a drain system to support the flow of water  Producers were based on the film Singin' in the Rain for the realization of the "rhythm" 
"Cuarto giratorio" (Rotating room): which was incorporated during the seventh season, based on a cubic element of about three meters and a half edge, similar to a room with bare front, where a camera is put only inside the cube  There is where couples must develop the choreography, while this is driven by a hydraulic mechanism which in turn is controlled with a command joystick, by the coach of the couple, who imbues speed to the unidirectional room (right-left)  While transmitted by television, the effect of seeing the participants as if they walked through the roof and side is shown  The construction of the cube is done in a steel structure, in which a wooden room is decorated differently, according to the theme of the choreography 
"Bioesfera" (Biosphere) is another example of these assemblies, which is an orbit built with the same material as the pole dance pole, whose pendulous movement depends on a ball bearing that rotates over its own axis  It is hung in the middle of the studio, and there, the participants must perform their stunts while the music plays 
"Aquadance", to this day, is the production with most technical requirement  It is a "rhythm" created in the third season, after the idea of finding and preparing new choreography to capture the attention of the audience  With this, the producers decided to make a big show of aquatic acrobatics, similar to those made in Las Vegas  This discipline was adapted and presented in the program as one of the dance rhythms  In the routine, the program's couples were immersed in acrylic fountains, making figures to the beat of a music track  It was so successful that since then, the show was held every year, having been modified three times  The second time it was done, there were three fountains used with a dancing water system that worked with the progression of the performance, fireworks combined with music and projection effects  Finally, since 2011, the three acrylic fountains mounted in one piece, with two slides and iron supports holding a fourth fountain, located more than 2 meters high, are used  From there the scenery is mounted in a fiberglass pool, covering the dance floor, with two waterfalls and 22 peaks of dancing waters  For all three occasions, the pools were filled with more than 10,000 liters of warm water, and counted with a new recycling system 

Controversy
The show has also been an ongoing source of controversy, and has been accused of sexual discrimination and objectification of women 

Awards
Passage 4:
Sean Tully
Sean Tully is a fictional character from the British soap opera Coronation Street, played by Antony Cotton  He made his first appearance during the episode broadcast on 13 July 2003  Following that appearance, the character returned full-time on 12 April 2004 

Storylines
Sean is introduced as a gay colleague of Martin Platt (Sean Wilson) and Karl Foster (Chris Finch)  Some months after his first appearance Sean comes to Coronation Street, desperately looking for somewhere to live  Karl's ex-boyfriend Todd Grimshaw (Bruno Langley) recognises Sean and takes him for a drink at The Rovers  When Todd's mother Eileen Grimshaw (Sue Cleaver) meets Sean she likes him and offers him a place to stay  Her other son, Jason Grimshaw (Ryan Thomas), is not pleased but later warms to the idea  Sean gets a job at Underworld, where he makes friends with Fiz Brown (Jennie McAlpine) and Kelly Crabtree (Tupele Dorgu) 
Violet Wilson (Jenny Platt), Sean's close friend, moves to the Street and begins dating Jamie Baldwin (Rupert Hill), who Sean also becomes close to  When Jamie seems to be losing interest in Violet she fears he is secretly gay, she asks Sean to spend time with him to see if he can find out — unaware that Sean has fallen for Jamie himself  However, Sean is shocked to discover that Jamie is actually in love with his stepmother, Frankie Baldwin (Debra Stephenson)  Sean supports both Violet and Jamie when Violet ends their relationship 
When Violet suffers an ectopic pregnancy, she is told her chances of conceiving have been reduced  Violet then becomes desperate to have a baby and suggests she and Sean should consider having a child together  Sean agrees and, despite her fertility issues, Violet becomes pregnant via self-administered artificial insemination (after the two try and fail to have sex)  Sean accompanies Violet to her 12-week scan, where he becomes attracted to the sonographer, Marcus Dent (Charlie Condou)  Violet matchmakes between the two and they begin dating, although they hit a rough patch when Sean tricks Marcus into telling him Violet is expecting a baby boy when she had wanted the gender to be a surprise 
When Violet gets back together with Jamie, she begins to find Sean's presence during the pregnancy stifling, especially after he lends her and Jamie money for a flat deposit and begins coming and going as he pleases  When Violet realises she is in labour at the Rovers' it is Sean, not Jamie, at her side as Jamie is in London  Sean is delighted that he was the first person that his son saw and bonds with Dylan while Violet is in hospital, upsetting both her and Jamie  Sean suggests calling him "Dylan Wilson-Tully" and asks Violet to put his name on the birth certificate  Violet ignores both suggestions, naming her son "Dylan James Wilson" and putting Jamie's name on the birth certificate  Fed up with Sean being a third wheel, Jamie and Violet move to London with Dylan, devastating Sean when Violet throws her mobile away so he can't contact her 
Sean becomes close friends with Tom Kerrigan (Philip McGinley), a business partner of his boss, Carla Connor (Alison King) and begins to develop feelings for him  When Sean tries to kiss Tom, he tells him that he is straight and actually interested in Sean's friend Kelly  Realising things are awkward between Sean and Tom, Marcus questions Sean, who lies and says Tom made a pass at him rather than the other way around  Marcus angrily punches Tom but is furious to then discover Sean was the one in the wrong  With Sean having already been jealous of Marcus's friendships with other gay men, Marcus realises there is no trust left in their relationship and departs for London 
After joining a gym with Jason, Sean becomes attracted to fellow member Leon (Andrew Langtree)  When Leon mistakenly thinks Jason is Sean's ex-boyfriend Sean doesn't correct him, and is pleased that Leon seems happy to hear he is single  However, Sean is left disappointed when it turns out that Leon is actually interested in Jason and "doesn't fancy camp men" 
Sean decides that he wants to track down Violet and Dylan, as his son would now be two years old  He finds Violet via a social networking site and sets up a page using Liz McDonald's (Beverley Callard) identity  However, the scheme backfires when Liz finds out what Sean has done and she fires him from the Rovers  She later softens towards him and reinstates him, and also has a word with Violet on Sean's behalf  Violet agrees to Sean visiting Dylan in London  However, on one of his visits, Sean is surprised to see Marcus at Violet's house, unaware that they were still in touch  The two realise they still have feelings for one another and reunite  When Violet and Jamie split, Sean begins looking after Dylan more often, with Dylan living with the pair for several weeks after Violet has a car accident  Marcus enjoys being part of Dylan's life and suggest they adopt a child of their own; however, Sean doesn't feel the need to have another child  The issue eventually drives the pair apart, with Sean later horrified to discover Marcus has begun a relationship with his close friend Maria Connor (Samia Ghadie), despite having shown no interest in women before  Sean accuses Marcus of only dating Maria to become a father to her son, Liam and the two fall out 
When Todd returns to Manchester after several years in London, Sean wonders if there is a chance for romance between them  However, Todd is only interested in getting Sean to spend money on him, turning his romantic attention towards Marcus instead  Sean is shocked when he catches Marcus cheating on Maria with Todd and encourages him to be honest with both Maria and himself 
Depressed at being alone, Sean goes on a night out to Manchester's gay village with his colleague Sinead Tinker (Katie McGlynn) and meets Billy Mayhew (Daniel Brocklebank)  The two exchange phone numbers and meet again, but Sean is shocked when Emily Bishop (Eileen Derbyshire) introduces Billy as the new local vicar a few days later  Although Sean struggles with Billy's job, the two begin dating, with Sean even trying to become involved with the church  However, when Emily seems distant from Billy and unwilling to involve herself with his new ideas for the church, Sean accuses her of homophobia  Emily is upset and denies this, telling Sean that she simply prefers more traditional church activities  Billy is angry with Sean and makes him apologise, telling Sean that he has to put his parishioners first and that being gay in the church involves some discretion  The pair briefly split, but Emily matchmakes to bring them back together 
Sean later accompanies the Underworld staff to an awards ceremony, but events take a nasty turn when a group of racers cause the minibus driver, Steve McDonald (Simon Gregson), to swerve and crash the vehicle, which is now narrowly balancing on the edge of a quarry  Sean is one of the first people to awaken from unconsciousness and he, Steve and Julie Carp (Katy Cavanagh) escape the wreckage  Steve flees as he comes to terms with the events, while Julie re-enters the vehicle to retrieve the trapped passengers  Sean looks after the staff once they are out, but he soon suffers a panic attack as the reality of the minibus crash dawns on him  Once everybody is out, Sean is the first person to realise that Carla is still trapped in the front seat of the minibus  Tracy Barlow (Kate Ford) risks her life to save Carla and nearly falls to her own death when the wreckage begins to slide off the edge of the quarry, but she leaps out just in time  At the hospital, Sean is met by Billy, who reveals how proud he is of him 

Characterisation
Antony Cotton said that playing Sean is easy because he just has to act like himself  Speaking to The People, Cotton said that Sean looks and he sounds like him  Cotton later admitted that not all of the reviews about him are positive  Some of the gay press have accused Cotton of making Sean a stereotype  Of this he said, "You've got people like Blanche Hunt, Emily Bishop and Norris Cole and there were the classic characters like Bet Lynch and Annie Walker  They're all more camp than Sean — I'm Grant Mitchell compared to them "

Development
In an interview with Digital Spy, Cotton was asked why Sean has always been so unlucky in love  He answered; "When I first came into the show, a lot of the old-school writers that are no longer here had never written a gay character  At that time, Raquel had just gone so they basically wrote Sean as Raquel  Hilda and Raquel are my favourite ever Corrie characters and one of the reasons that I've always loved Raquel is that she was unlucky in love  Even when she was in the gutter battered and bruised, she was always looking up at the stars thinking that the next one was around the corner  I thought that was an interesting way to play Sean, so he's always unlucky in love because Raquel was, is the short answer! That's just the way it worked out — but I like playing that "In January 2011, it was confirmed that Charlie Condou who played Sean's ex-boyfriend Marcus Dent between 2007 and 2008 would return to the serial  A Coronation Street spokesperson teased the upcoming reunion saying; "There are eventful times ahead for Sean as his old flame Marcus Dent returns to the cobbles  Marcus arrives back in Weatherfield and the relationship between him and Sean is rekindled "In September 2014, it was revealed that Sean would begin a relationship with a vicar named Billy portrayed by Daniel Brocklebank  Producer Stuart Blackburn said: "It's about time Sean had a romance, he's been unlucky in love for a long time  Billy is a great guy who is sincere about his feelings for Sean, but his first love is and always will be God and the Church  We will be exploring this very modern relationship in the coming months and are delighted to have Daniel on board to play Billy " Cotton added: "I am thrilled that Sean is to find love again especially with this unique and exciting storyline  I'm sure it'll have its ups and downs, but that's what makes Coronation Street great  Hopefully it will be tender, funny and honest  Heaven!" In January 2015, Cotton revealed in an interview that he was surprised by the positive response to Sean's relationship with Billy storyline 

Reception
Antony Cotton has won a number of awards since the character's first appearance, including a prestigious National Television Award  In 2006 he won an award for Funniest Character at the Inside Soap Awards  along with Best Actor at the British Soap Awards in 2007 
Passage 5:
Mira quién baila
Mira quién baila may refer to:

Mira quién baila (Spanish TV series)
Mira quién baila (American TV series), a 2010 American game show
Mira quién baila (season 1)
Mira quién baila (season 2)
Mira quién baila (season 3)
Mira quién baila (season 4)
Mira quién baila (season 5)
Passage 6:
Antony Cotton
Antony Cotton  (born Antony Dunn; 5 August 1975) is an English actor and comedian, known for portraying the role of Sean Tully in Coronation Street, as well as portraying Alexander Perry in the original Queer as Folk series  In 2007, Cotton hosted his own talk show titled That Antony Cotton Show, which was cancelled after one series  In March 2013, he won Let's Dance for Comic Relief 

Early and personal life
Cotton was born Antony Dunn in Bury, Greater Manchester, the son of actress Enid Dunn  He attended Woodhey High School at Holcombe Brook, Ramsbottom, and the Oldham Theatre Workshop  He has an elder brother, Andrew  Cotton supports the Terrence Higgins Trust and is a patron of the LGF The Albert Kennedy Trust and the 'Queer Up North' festival 
In August 2009, it was reported in Digital Spy that Cotton is "openly gay"  In March 2010, it was reported that Cotton had exchanged rings with his partner, Peter Eccleston  In January 2012, footballer Michael Ball was fined by the Football Association for a homophobic rant on Twitter about Cotton 

Career
Cotton currently plays barman and factory worker Sean Tully on Coronation Street, a role which he has continuously played since 2003  His Mother, Enid Dunn, also played several parts in Coronation Street between 2002 and 2014  Cotton played "Alexander" in the original UK version of Queer as Folk  He has also appeared in episodes of Absolutely Fabulous as "Damon"  In 2007, Cotton won the second series of ITV's Soapstar Superstar  He donated his winning money, £200,000, to the Elton John Aids Foundation In July 2007, it was announced that Cotton would be fronting his own teatime chat show on ITV  The show, That Antony Cotton Show, was filmed with a live studio audience at Granada Television studios in Manchester, and combined celebrity chat with topical humour  It was first broadcast on 13 August 2007  Following the end of the first series, ITV announced that the show was axed and would not return for a second series  He appeared on Family Fortunes on 20 September 2008 winning £10,000 for his chosen charity  In December 2008, he appeared with co-star Suranne Jones on Who Wants to Be a Millionaire? He also took part in the eleventh series of I'm a Celebrity   Get Me Out of Here! which began airing on 13 November 2011  He left on 2 December 2011, after 21 days in the jungle, placing fourth  Cotton also starred in an episode of Mad Mad World on ITV1 in Spring 2012  He won first place in a series of Let's Dance for Comic Relief in March 2013  Cotton was a contestant for the 2018 revamp of Dancing on Ice 
Cotton made his film debut opposite Daniel Craig and Derek Jacobi in the 1998 film Love Is the Devil: Study for a Portrait of Francis Bacon  He also appeared in the 1998 film, The Wisdom of Crocodiles  Cotton has appeared in several shows at the Oldham Coliseum, including The Fifteen Streets and The Hobbit at Manchester's Palace Theatre and Opera House  He appeared in Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs at the Middlesbrough Theatre 

Honours, awards and recognition
In 2005, Cotton won the Most Popular Newcomer category at the National Television Awards for his role in Coronation Street  Cotton won the 2005 Inside Soap Awards for Best Newcomer and Funniest Performance  In 2006, he won the award for Funniest Performance  At the 2007 British Soap Awards, Cotton was awarded the Best Actor award, which was voted for by the public  Also in 2007 he won Best Actor at the Inside Soap Awards Cotton was appointed Member of the Order of the British Empire (MBE) in the 2022 Birthday Honours for services to the British Army, personnel and veterans 

Filmography
FilmTelevision

See also
List of Dancing on Ice contestants
List of I'm a Celebrity   Get Me Out of Here! (British TV series) contestants
Passage 7:
Motofuji Akiko
Akiko Motofuji (1928–2003) was born in Tokyo  From her childhood she studied ballet and modern dance  In 1947, Nobutoshi Tsuda dancing principal, and she established Asbestos Studio in 1950  In 1955, in the International Dancing Contest held in Vienna, she won 4th prize in the individual performance section  She met Tatsumi Hijikata in 1956, and they started to perform on stage together, searching for a new way of expression using ballet and Neue Tanz techniques  This was the basis of Butoh, an original expression which gazes at body and soul severely  Later they got married  She went back to the stage in 1992, performing the piece "Together with Tatsumi Hijikata", and after that made great works, one after another  Her original world showed such colorful features as charm, overflowing humor, and severely shaved form, but always with the theme "repeated life and death" at the bottom  At big halls, in small spaces, outdoors, and so on, her inspiration spread out in three dimensions and caught and kept the audience interested  She also tackled collaboration with artists of other genres: direction with engravers, improvisation with musicians, joint production with Magdalena Abakanowicz, etc , and continued searching for the possibility of new expression  She died from hemopericardium on October 19, 2003 

Quotes
One of her famous quotes is:

"When viewing life, the blossoming of youth is beautiful, certainly  But in contrast, when something is withering, there's a beauty in that as well    is there not beauty within ugliness?"
Passage 8:
Nach Baliye
Nach Baliye (transl  Dance partner) is an Indian Hindi-language celebrity dance reality television series that airs on Star Plus  It is loosely based on Dancing With The Stars 

Production
Concept
The show is a competition wherein 10 television celebrity couples compete against each other  Contestants dance to a different tune, different theme and different styles every week and scores are given by the judges  Each week one couple is eliminated based on public voting and their scores 
In Season 9, the contestant ratings were changed to be on a scale from 1 to 100 

Reception
In 2012, when season 5 premiered the show did very well throughout the season  The grand premiere has gained 4 1 TRP 

Series
Season 1
Nach Baliye 1 is the first season of the dance reality show, Nach Baliye 
It started on 17 October 2005 and ended on 19 December 2005 with Sachin Pilgaonkar and Supriya Pilgaonkar as the winners  The judges were Saroj Khan, Malaika Arora Khan and Farhan Akhtar with Sangeeta Ghosh and Shabbir Ahluwalia serving as the hosts  The series was produced by SOL Productions 

Contestants
Supriya Pilgaonkar and Sachin Pilgaonkar, winners
Poonam Narula and Manish Goel, runners-up
Rajeshwari Sachdev and Varun Badola, 3rd position
Delnaaz Irani and Rajeev Paul, 4th position
Archana Puran Singh and Parmeet Sethi, 5th position
Shilpa Saklani and Apurva Agnihotri, 6th position
Neeru Bajwa and Amit Sadh, 7th position
Sai Deodhar and Shakti Anand, 8th position
Manini Mishra and Mihir Mishra, 9th position
Manasi Joshi Roy and Rohit Roy, 10th position

Season 2
Nach Baliye 2 is the second season of the dance reality show, Nach Baliye 
It started on 25 September 2006 and ended on 18 December 2006 with Hussain Kuwajerwala and Tina Kuwajerwala as the winners  Saroj Khan, Malaika Arora Khan and Kunal Kohli were the judges   Sangeeta Ghosh and Shabbir Ahluwalia hosted the season  SOL Productions produced the second season as well 

Contestants
Hussain Kuwajerwala and Tina Kuwajerwala, winners
Yash Tonk and Gauri Tonk, runners-up
Tannaz Irani and Bakhtiyaar Irani, 3rd position
Gauri Pradhan and Hiten Tejwani, 4th position
Shweta Kawatra and Manav Gohil, 5th position
Shweta Tiwari and Raja Choudhary, 6th position
Gurdeep Kohli and Arjun Punj, 7th position
Keerti Gaekwad Kelkar and Sharad Kelkar, 8th position
Narayani Shastri and Gaurav Chopra, 9th position
Ketki Dave and Rasik Dave, 10th position

Season 3
Nach Baliye 3 is the third season of the dance reality show, Nach Baliye 
It started on 21 September 2007 and ended on 22 December 2007 with Sanjeeda Sheikh and Aamir Ali as the winners  The judges were Vaibhavi Merchant, Isha Koppikar and David Dhawan  The winners of the second season, Hussain Kuwajerwala and Tina Kuwajerwala, hosted the show  It was produced by Diamond Pictures and moved from Star One to Star Plus  It was created by Anil Jha who was also the Showrunner for Season 3,4, and later 9 

Contestants
Sanjeeda Sheikh and Aamir Ali, winners
Rakhi Sawant and Abhishek Avasthi, runners-up
Kashmera Shah and Krushna Abhishek, 3rd position
Karan Patel and Amita Chandekar, 4th position
Indraneil Sengupta and Barkha Sengupta, 5th position
Sweta Keswani and Alexx O'Nell, 6th position
Pooja Bedi and Hanif Hilal, 7th position
Karan Grover and Kavita Kaushik, 8th position
Vikas Sethi and Amita Sethi, 9th position
Shakti Kapoor and Shivangi Kapoor, 10th position; quit
Kiran Janjani and Ritu Janjani, 11th position

Season 4
Nach Baliye 4 is the fourth season of the dance reality show, Nach Baliye 
It started on 17 October 2008 and ended on 1 February 2009 with Shalin Bhanot and Dalljiet Kaur as the winners Sanjeeda Sheikh and Aamir Ali were the initial hosts but Sara Khan and Ali Merchant hosted in Week 5 and Hiten Tejwani and Gauri Pradhan Tejwani hosted in Week 8 
Farah Khan, Karisma Kapoor, and Arjun Rampal were the judges 

Contestants
Shalin Bhanot and Dalljiet Kaur, winners
Naman Shaw and Megha Gupta, runners-up
Kapil Nirmal and Anjali Abrol, semi-finalists
Yash Tonk and Gauri Tonk, wildcards; semi-finalists
Vineet Raina and Tanushree Kaushal, eliminated
Reshmi Ghosh and Amit Gupta, eliminated
Karanvir Bohra and Teejay Sidhu, quit
Mohit Malik and Addite Shirwaikar , eliminated
Sudeep Sahir and Anantika Sahir, eliminated
Mazher Sayed and Mouli Ganguly, eliminated
Jaspal Bhatti and Savita Bhatti, eliminated
Jatin Shah and Priya Bathija, eliminated
Abhijeet Sawant and Shilpa Sawant, eliminated
Chetan Hansraj and Lavinia Pereira, wildcards; eliminated

Season 5
Nach Baliye 5 is the fifth season of the dance reality show -  Nach Baliye 
It started on 29 December 2012 and ended on 23 March 2013 with Mahhi Vij and Jay Bhanushali as the winners 
Karan Wahi and Gautam Rode hosted the season  The judges were Shilpa Shetty, Sajid Khan and Terrence Lewis 

Contestants
Jay Bhanushali and Mahi Vij, winners
Sargun Mehta and Ravi Dubey, first runners-up
Neelu Vaghela and Arvind Kumar, second runners-up
Suhasi Dhami and Jaisheel Dhami, third runners-up
Karan Mehra and Nisha Rawal, eliminated on 16 March 2013
Charlie Chauhan and Kunwar Amarjeet Singh, eliminated on 9 March 2013
Shefali Jariwala and Parag Tyagi, eliminated on 2 March 2013
Dimpy Mahajan and Rahul Mahajan, eliminated on 23 February 2013
Elena Boeva and Kushal Tandon, eliminated on 3 February 2013
Smita Bansal and Ankush Mohla, eliminated on 27 January 2013
Deepshikha Nagpal and Keshav Arora, eliminated on 13 January 2013

Guests
Drashti Dhami

Shriman V/s Shrimati
Nach Baliye Shriman V/s Shrimati is an extension of the Nach Baliye series, and ran in April 2013  In Shriman V/s Shrimati, the celebrity couples did not dance together but instead competed against each other  The series ended in a tie Gurmeet Choudhary was declared the Best Performer of the series 

Season 6
Nach Baliye 6 is the sixth season of the dance reality show, Nach Baliye 
It premiered on 9 November 2013 on Star Plus  Shilpa Shetty, Sajid Khan and Terrence Lewis were the judges and Gautam Rode and Karan Wahi hosted the season 
Rithvik Dhanjani and Asha Negi were declared as the winners of Nach Baliye Season 6 on 1 February 2014  Gurmeet Choudhary and Debina Bonnerjee were declared the runners-up Sara Khan did a cameo dance performance in the wild card special episode along with Paras Chhabra 
Writing for Rediff com, Paloma Sharma gave the show 2



ground_truth: Bill Miner

prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: Who did the actor that plays Sean Tully defeat in a dancing contest?

The following are given passages.
Context 2: 5 stars out of 5 in its first week, stating "perhaps the hosts and the judges could keep their clothes on and refrain from excessive flirting since Nach Baliye does happen to be a 'family show' "

Contestants
Rithvik Dhanjani and Asha Negi, winners on 1 February 2014
Gurmeet Chaudhary and Debina Bonnerjee, first runners-up on 1 February 2014
Ripudaman Handa and Shivangi Verma, second runners-up on 1 February 2014
Vinod Thakur and Raksha Thakur, third runners-up on 1 February 2014
Kiku Sharda and Priyanka Sharda (5th position), eliminated on 25 January 2014
Raqesh Bapat  and Ridhi Dogra (6th position), eliminated
Kanika Maheshwari and Ankur Ghai (7th position), quit on 11 January 2014
Bruna Abdullah and Omar Herror (8th position), eliminated on 8 December 2013; re-entered as wild card entrants, eliminated on 4 January 2014
Raju Srivastav and Shikha Raju (9th position), eliminated on 15 December 2013
Amrapali Gupta and Yash Sinha (10th position), eliminated on 1 December 2013
Sanjeev Seth and Lata Sabharwal (11th position), eliminated on 24 November 2013

Guests
Hina Khan
Barun Sobti
Deepika Singh
Rucha Hasabnis
Vishal Singh
Ishita Dutta
Mouni Roy
Mahek Chahal
Dharmesh Yelande
Sayantani Ghosh
Rashami Desai

Scoring chart
In this season, the scores per judge are out of 10 with the highest possible score of 30 
Red number indicates the lowest score 
Green number indicates the highest score 
  indicates the couple eliminated that week 
  indicates the returning couple that finished in the bottom three 
  indicates the returning couple that finished in the bottom two 
  indicates the winning couple 
  indicates the runner-up couple 
  indicates the third-place couple 

Season 7
Nach Baliye 7 is the seventh season of the dance reality show, Nach Baliye 
It premiered on 26 April 2015 on Star Plus  The series was produced by Ekta Kapoor and Shobha Kapoor under their banner Balaji Telefilms  The series aired from Monday to Saturday nights and on Sunday evenings  The season ended on 19 July 2015 
It was hosted by Rithvik Dhanjani and Karan Patel  Marzi Pestonji, Preity Zinta  and Chetan Bhagat were the judges Kunwar Amar, Karanvir Bohra, Mukti Mohan, Sargun Mehta and Salman Yusuf Khan also appeared in a special episode 

Contestants
Scoring chart
In this season, the scores per judge are out of 10 with the highest possible score of 30 
Red number indicates the lowest score 
Green number indicates the highest score 
  Eliminated
  Bottom three
  Bottom two
  Winning couple
  Runner-up couple
  Second runner-up couple

Season 8
Nach Baliye 8 is the eighth season of the dance reality show, Nach Baliye 
It premiered on 2 April 2017 on Star Plus  The show was produced by BBC Worldwide  Sonakshi Sinha, Terence Lewis and Mohit Suri were the judges  Karan Tacker and Upasana Singh were the hosts for the show  Divyanka Tripathi Dahiya and Vivek Dahiya were declared as the winners 

Contestants
Guests
Salman Khan and Sohail Khan
Ranbir Kapoor
Arjun Kapoor and Shraddha Kapoor
Arjun Kapoor and Anil Kapoor
Sridevi
Hrithik Roshan
Diljit Dosanjh
Parineeti Chopra
Remo D'souza
Karan Patel

Scoring chart
Red number Lowest score
Green number Highest score
  Eliminated
  Bottom two
  Winning couple
  Runner-up couple
  Second runner-upThe scores per judge were out of 10 with the highest possible score of 30 
The elimination was based on public votes plus the score given by judges in the previous week 

Notes
Season 9
Nach Baliye 9 is the ninth season of the dance reality show, Nach Baliye 
It premiered on 19 July 2019  Produced by Salman Khan, it was judged by Raveena Tandon & Ahmed Khan and hosted by Manish Paul & Waluscha De Sousa 
Vighnesh Pande and his puppet character 'Anna' appeared as a comic relief for episodes featuring South Indian Megastar Prabhas and another with the Bollywood celebrity Sanjay Dutt 
The season was won by Prince Narula and Yuvika Chaudhary on 3 November 2019 

Contestants
Scoring chart
Current Couple
  Former CoupleRed number Lowest score
Green number Highest score
  Eliminated
  Bottom Two
  Winners
  Runner-ups
  Second runner-ups
  Hi5
  UnwellThe scores per judge were out of 100  Then the average score is calculated from the scores of both judges 
The elimination was based on public votes and the score given by judges 
In Week 2, Rohit and Anita did not perform as Rohit was down with Jaundice so the doctor had advised rest to him  Ahmed and Raveena saved them and they advanced to the next week without nomination 
In Week 7, Faisal & Muskaan had to quit the show as Faisal got injured 
In Week 9, Pooja & Sandeep had to quit the show as Pooja got injured 
In Week 11, The couples had to perform solo  Ridhima, Prince, Anuj, Shraddha and Vishal got a High 5, however both the partners had to score 50/50 to receive a High 5 
In week 12, every couple has to perform twice  In the first round they are getting marks out of 90  And the second round is battle between two couple  Whoever wins will get 10 marks & other get zero 
In Quarter Finale (Week 13) also, the couples had to perform twice  In first round, they performed with different  dance groups and got marks out of 100  The couples who received a High 5 were RoNita, NiShaan and ShAlam  In second round, they performed their usual performances (Theme-Retro )and got marks out of 100 The average of both the rounds was taken as their final score 
In Semi Finale (Week 14) also, the couples had to perform twice 
Passage 9:
Christian Clarke
Christian Clarke is a fictional character from the BBC soap opera EastEnders, portrayed by John Partridge  He first appeared in the show's 3,509th episode, originally broadcast in the United Kingdom on 17 January 2008, and was introduced as the brother of established character Jane Beale (Laurie Brett)  He was introduced as a new homosexual character for the show, following the popularity of Coronation Street's Sean Tully (Antony Cotton)  Christian and Partridge's casting were announced on 20 November 2007 Christian's storylines have mostly revolved around his relationship with Syed Masood (Marc Elliott), but his other storylines have included a friendship with Roxy Mitchell (Rita Simons) and being involved in the coming out storylines of  Ben Mitchell (Joshua Pascoe)  On 17 September 2012, it was announced that Partridge would be leaving his role, following Elliott's decision to leave the show  They left together in the 4,532nd episode, originally broadcast on 15 November 2012 Partridge returned to the show for two episodes in May 2014 which saw Christian attend the funeral of Lucy Beale (Hetti Bywater)  Christian appeared in two episodes on 19 and 20 May 2014   In January 2015, it was confirmed that Partridge would be returning for the show's 30th anniversary celebrations in February 2015  Partridge appeared in four episodes between 17 and 20 February 2015, including a fully live episode, which saw Christian attend Jane's wedding to Ian Beale (Adam Woodyatt)  On 8 April 2016, it was reported that Partridge would reprise the role again in "early summer" 2016  Christian returned on 26 May 2016 and departed again on 30 May 

Storylines
2008–2012
Christian is first mentioned when his older sister Jane Beale (Laurie Brett) receives an invitation to his civil ceremony with partner Ashley Jennings (Tony Boncza)  Jane throws the invitation away but it is later found by Jane's husband Ian (Adam Woodyatt)  Jane refuses to tell Ian why she does not want to go to the ceremony but Ian wants to meet Christian, and invites him and Ashley to dinner at Fargo's Restaurant  Christian reveals that he was once in love with Jane's first husband David Collins (Dan Milne)  Ashley storms out of the restaurant and the couple end their relationship  Christian is tricked by Ian's daughter Lucy (Melissa Suffield) into letting her use his flat so she can spend some "quality time" with her boyfriend, Olly Greenwood (Bart Edwards)  Christian walks in on them about to have sex and stops them  Ian punches Christian over what happened with Lucy and Olly, but when he catches Lucy attempting to leave with Olly, he insists she move in with Christian again 
Christian is surprised to see his mother Linda (Lynda Baron) after having lost contact with her for nearly 20 years  At first, Christian dislikes her because she still disapproves of his sexuality, but when Ian's son Peter (Thomas Law) tells him how he lost his mother Cindy (Michelle Collins), Christian makes amends with her  Roxy unexpectedly goes into premature labour, and Christian offers to help raise the baby, Amy, as her marriage to Sean Slater (Robert Kazinsky) has ended  However, Roxy leaves Christian heartbroken when she gets back with Sean  She later tells Christian that he is to be Amy's godfather  Roxy gives her daughter the middle name Christina, after Christian  Christian's colleague at Masala Queen, Syed Masood (Marc Elliott), argues with him over his sexuality, saying that homosexuality goes against his God's will, but then unexpectedly kisses and has sex with Christian  Syed tries to avoid Christian, although Christian wants to begin a relationship with him  Syed refuses him although they continue with their affair, Syed eventually denies that he is gay and proposes to his girlfriend Amira Shah (Preeya Kalidas)  On the day of Syed and Amira's engagement party, Christian takes a man called Luke back to his flat, but Luke beats Christian up after revealing he is not gay and hates gay men cottaging in public places  Following this, Christian becomes agoraphobic, but Syed helps Christian return to a normal life  Christian's friend James Mackie (Paul Keating) turns up, and Syed sees them together and is jealous  After James admits that he has feelings for Christian, Syed tries to put him off  Christian finds out and tells Syed that he will be with him but he must break up with Amira, but Syed cannot go through with it, so Christian starts a relationship with James  However, one day Christian takes Syed down an alleyway and kisses him, not realising they have been seen  Christian then breaks off his romance with James and restarts his secret affair with Syed  Christian and Syed are photographed looking cosy in an alleyway  Syed is blackmailed and Christian discovers it is Lucy  Syed soon breaks off the affair, and Christian tells Syed he cannot help arrange his wedding any more 
On the wedding day, Syed admits to Christian that he is gay but cannot come out because he is not just gay, but a son, a brother and a Muslim  When he runs away, distressed, Syed's mother Zainab (Nina Wadia) sees and confronts Christian who tells her everything, but she does not believe him and attacks him verbally and physically  She then goes to the wedding and confronts Syed who eventually confesses, and she tells him to marry Amira  When Syed and Amira return from their honeymoon, Christian introduces a man called Leyton (Daniel Crowder) as his boyfriend to make Syed jealous, which works as Syed is clearly upset  However, after Syed and Amira consummate their marriage, Syed tells Christian that they are planning a baby, and says he and Christian can both move on as Christian has Leyton and Syed has Amira  However, Christian tells Syed he has broken up with Leyton and was only with him to make Syed jealous  At Syed's and Amira's flat, Christian and Syed argue, but are then seen kissing on floor of the flat by Syed's father, Masood (Nitin Ganatra)  This leads to the exposure of their affair, and Syed comes out to his family and friends, and Amira leaves Walford  However Syed rejects Christian again  Amira's father Qadim (Ramon Tikaram) and his associates track down Christian, wanting to know where Syed is  Christian says he does not know, so they beat him and leave him outside on the pavement  When Syed returns, he apologises to Christian but Christian calls him a coward, saying he never wants to see him again  Syed has therapy to attempt to cure his same-sex attraction, and he tells Christian he no longer feels anything for him  However, Syed soon admits to Christian that his therapy has not worked and he wants to admit his true feelings  Christian pushes him away, but the next day he accepts Syed when he says he chooses Christian and turns his back on his family  The pair then move in with each other  On New Year's Eve, Christian attends a party at The Queen Victoria pub, and shares a kiss with a man  Christian tells Syed, and Syed is angry, but later forgives him  They decide they would like a child and a drunken Roxy offers to be the surrogate mother  However, despite their attempt, she does not become pregnant  Syed and Christian decide to adopt, and Christian later proposes to Syed, and Syed agrees  They continue with their plans to adopt and Christian finds a new flat for them  However, Syed almost changes his mind and the couple split up until Syed realises that he does want children 
Christian starts working at the local boxing club, and whilst there, 15-year-old Ben Mitchell (Joshua Pascoe) confides to him that he is gay  Christian gives advice to the teenager, but Ben develops a crush on Christian, which he discourages  Amira returns to Walford with hers and Syed's baby, Yasmin  She promptly tells Syed that she wants him to be a part of their baby's life but bans Christian from seeing her  Syed starts to secretly see Amira and Yasmin, and Ben reports this to Christian  Christian confronts Syed and declares that Syed has to choose between him and the baby  However, he relents and gives Syed his blessing to see his child  However, Yusef Khan (Ace Bhatti) suggests to Christian that Yasmin may not be Syed's child, casting doubt in Christian's mind  Christian then asks Yusef to perform a secret paternity test on Yasmin  The results of the test state that Syed is not the father of Yasmin, and Christian reveals this to Syed and Amira  Syed is devastated, but Amira continues to claim that he is the father  Syed doubts Christian, believing that he may have falsified the test  However, it emerges that it was Yusef who falsified the paternity test  Christian feels hurt that Syed suspected him of lying, but he reluctantly agrees to let Amira and Yasmin stay with him and Syed as they have nowhere else to go  Christian is annoyed to discover that Syed is helping Amira get a home in Walford  When Christian and Ben watch a film together, they talk about Christian and Syed's relationship and Ben misreads the signals, and tries to kiss Christian  Christian is horrified and Ben runs out of the flat, seen by Zainab and Yusef  Ben later lies to Yusef that Christian touched him inappropriately, and Yusef takes Ben to tell his father, Phil Mitchell (Steve McFadden)  Phil confronts Christian in the pub, and Christian punches Phil when he calls him a "nonce"  Phil leaves but later turns up at Christian's flat, smashing it up and hitting Christian with a baseball bat  Ben is forced to tell the truth so Phil leaves  However, Christian is upset with Syed for not trusting him, and when Amira tells Christian that he will be judged by the community, Christian decides to break up with Syed and leave Walford  Christian returns to Albert Square to spend Christmas with Jane  When he sees Syed and Amira, he mocks them for behaving like a couple  Syed is determined to win Christian back and asks Amira for a divorce  Christian and Syed reunite, but Amira vows to stay around  Amira later teases Christian that he will never be invited to Masood family occasions, and he tells her that her business with Syed is a smokescreen and she really wants him back   However, Amira soon tires of Walford without a husband, and leaves her daughter Yasmin in the care of Syed and Christian 
During a Masood family crisis, Christian is asked to look after Zainab on her own, and they talk  She tells him about how she lied to Yusef so that he would be killed (Zainab told him that his daughter Afia (Meryl Fernandes) was trapped in a burning building)  She wonders who will forgive her, and Christian tells her that he does  He explains that they never chose to be the people they are, and she asks if he loves Syed  He says that he does and she realises that when he said it before, she never really listened  They make amends and Zainab invites Christian to a family dinner and to the mosque  When Christian decides to enter Yasmin into a "beautiful baby" competition, Syed is angry, and refers to Yasmin as his daughter, not his and Christian's, leading to an argument between them  Before their wedding, Syed reveals to Christian that he kissed Danny Pennant (Gary Lucy), but Christian says it was just a kiss and they marry  However, Syed is in debt to Danny, who texts him  Christian sees the texts and meets Danny, who reveals that he had sex with Syed  Christian punches Danny and Syed then finds Christian badly beaten  Christian lies that he was the victim of a homophobic attack, and refuses to give Syed any details  Syed calls the police to report the assault  However, Christian is arrested for the assault on Danny  Danny tells Syed he will only retract his police statement if Syed returns £500 he owes  However, Masood threatens to tell the police about Danny's dodgy investments, so Danny withdraws the allegations  Christian asks Syed for his reassurance of their love and marriage or he will end their relationship  Syed cannot give it, so Christian moves out  Amira returns, wanting to take Yasmin to live with her and her new fiancé in Birmingham  Syed allows Amira to take her, not telling Christian, who is angry when he finds out  He plans to move to America to live with Jane  Syed discovers this through Masood, and brands Christian a hypocrite  Zainab and Lucy lock the pair in the Masoods' restaurant where they reunite  Refusing to leave without Syed, Christian has Jane book them both tickets and they leave together to go to America, planning to live closer to Amira and Yasmin once they return to the UK 

2014–2016
In May 2014, Ian visits Christian at his home in Birmingham following Lucy's death, where Jane is also staying  Christian comforts Ian and expresses his condolences  Ian asks after his son Bobby (Rory Stroud/Eliot Carrington), who is also staying with them and meets Yasmin, who Christian is babysitting whilst Syed is at work  Christian promises to attend the funeral and after Ian has left, Jane returns home and tells Christian that she won't be attending the funeral  Christian is disappointed by her behaviour  The following day, Christian returns to Walford with Bobby to attend the funeral, travelling in the family car to the church with Ian, Peter and Bobby  Following the service, Christian catches up with Roxy and asks after Amy  He then returns to Birmingham with Jane and Bobby  In February 2015, Christian returns for Jane's wedding  He calls Jane pretending that he has to work, but he arrives in the salon where Jane is getting ready moments later to surprise her 
In May 2016, Christian returns after Jane is attacked by Bobby with a hockey stick  While Jane is comatose, Ian tells Christian that Bobby killed Lucy and Jane covered it up   The next day, Linda reveals that Christian has gone back to Birmingham 

Creation
In November 2007, it was announced that a new gay character was to join the cast of EastEnders, as the show's bosses had seen how popular Antony Cotton was in the role of Sean Tully in Coronation Street  However, Partridge's character is not as camp as Cotton's, and is described as "very suave and a real charmer" and a "savvy, bright character [who is] very fun " Partridge commented that it would be "stupid" to copy Cotton's character, adding that "it's about time EastEnders had a gay character in the show " He later told Attitude that Cotton's character in Coronation Street is the reason Christian is in EastEnders due to his popularity, and that Christian was created to be the opposite of Sean  Partridge said of his character, "I think he's going to upset the apple cart at the Beales'" and "Christian, like me, is an openly proud gay man and he is certainly going to ruffle a few feathers when he arrives "
Christian 'kiss-my-guns' Clarke has the biceps of a god, and an innate inability to live a quiet life  It’s no surprise that he's Roxy Mitchell’s best mate, then  His put-downs are legendary, but Christian's brash exterior is very much that  The Christian that his friends and family know is sensitive, generous and fiercely loyal  If you're feeling down, he'll take you out for the best night of your life and provide a shoulder to cry on in the taxi home 
Talking about his casting in the role of Christian, Partridge has disclosed: "I'm slightly terrified when I come into work every day  It's an enormous machine  Plus, the actors I work with the most, Adam Woodyatt (Ian) and Laurie Brett (Jane), are such consummate professionals that I don't want to weaken the Beale family or bring anyone down   I want to stand up there with them and be seen as a good team player "

Development
Partridge has commented that one aspect of his character he most enjoys is "that he weaves in and out of lots of characters' stories, so I have interaction with loads of different people   Take his friendship with Roxy, for example — I absolutely love it, and working with Rita Simons, who plays her, is such a pleasure   We're very natural in that set-up " In turn, Simons has commented that her own character, Roxy, would be "really lost without (Christian)  He's her rock"  Partridge has also denied that Christian is a stereotypical gay man, saying "Christian wears slightly brighter colours than I would normally wear but you know it is a BBC show and we have to show that I am gay you know? I don't think it's stereotypical at all because there are what I call seven shades of gay and that goes from real straight acting to camp and I like to think that Christian has all of those elements as I do as a gay man "In June 2009, Christian begins an affair with Muslim character Syed Masood, played by Marc Elliott  The storyline is said to be controversial, as homosexuality is strictly forbidden according to mainstream interpretations of Islam  However, the show's executive producer Diederick Santer explained that the storyline will not be a moral tale, but one of human interest, adding: "[Syed] struggles with his sexuality when he finds himself drawn to Christian and he believes this goes against his faith  This is not a story about Syed and Christian's physical relationship — we don't see anything beyond one kiss " Santer also said that EastEnders always tries to "reflect modern life in multicultural Britain and [tell] social issue stories relevant to [its] diverse audience " Partridge commented on the storyline, saying: "I'm thrilled this storyline is being done  People fall in love in impossible circumstances all the time  Why are Christian and Syed any different?"Partridge told entertainment website Digital Spy that lessons were learnt after a kiss between Christian and his then-boyfriend Lee Thompson in 2008 prompted 145 complaints from viewers, saying: "Even after [the gay kiss] story, Diederick [Santer, executive producer], Dominic Treadwell-Collins, series story producer] and the BBC were brave enough to push forward with this current storyline  Everybody learned lessons from that [gay kiss] as to how to tell this story    so as not to offend people, not to be gratuitous and not to let something like a kiss be something that overshadows the story we're trying to tell  I'm immensely proud of that and immensely proud of this storyline  I'm honoured that they've allowed me to be a face for it "In December 2009, Santer was asked what his favourite storyline of the year had been  He replied "I'm really pleased with the Christian/Syed storyline  It's bold and we thought long and hard before we did it to make sure we got it right and I'm really proud with what we've done  Marc [Elliott] and John [Partridge] have absolutely stepped up to the plate and like all good EastEnders stories, we're not even half done with it yet  There's miles to go "In 2010, Christian will get a beating once his and Syed's secret is revealed  A source explained: "It seems that Christian is going to take the brunt of Syed's problems  Syed and Amira's wedding achieved one of the highest ratings of the year, so we're expecting viewers to again be gripped when this storyline reaches its dramatic climax  "There will be lots of twists and turns along the way  And sadly for poor Christian, he'll be the one who ends up taking a battering  There will also be lots of complaints " Tahir Shah from the Muslim Public Affairs Committee criticised the storyline as soon as it was reported for portraying Muslims in a negative light "EastEnders is known for its gritty and realistic storylines but we cannot condone such violence from a Muslim character," he explained  However, gay rights campaigner Peter Tatchell described the plot as "groundbreaking", adding: "No storyline in any drama will ever reflect the totality of the many diverse gay lifestyles and experiences  Full credit to the BBC for having a gay Muslim character  The lives of gay Muslims are very rarely in the media "

Departure (2012)
On 7 September 2012, it was announced that Syed and Christian would be departing in November 2012 in an explosive storyline that bosses did not reveal at the time  Executive producer, Lorraine Newman said: "Marc and John have been a fantastic part of the show and their characters have been a huge success  Their storylines have broken boundaries that have not been seen in a soap before and the love for them by the viewers can be seen in their 'Chryed' fans  When Marc announced he had decided to move on, we had a tough decision to make  After numerous conversations, which included John, it was decided that there is only one outcome for Syed and Christian  We wish them both all the best for the future " Syed and Christian left together on 15 November 2012 

Returns (2014–2016)
On 7 April 2014, it was announced that Christian would be returning in May 2014 for the funeral of Lucy Beale (Hetti Bywater), who was to be killed as part of a new storyline (see Who Killed Lucy Beale?)   It was revealed on 11 May 2014 that Christian would return when Jane's ex-husband, Ian Beale (Adam Woodyatt) visited him "in search of Jane"  Christian returned for two episodes on 19 and 20 May 2014  On 17 January 2015, it was announced that Partridge would be returning again, this time for the show's thirtieth anniversary which would see Christian return for Ian and Jane's wedding  Of his return, Partridge said, "I am honoured to be returning to EastEnders at this most exciting time to celebrate 30 years of the show, and more importantly to find out who killed Lucy!" The show's executive producer, Dominic Treadwell-Collins, joked that Jane could not get married without having her brother at the occasion and said that the EastEnders team were "thrilled to have him [Partridge] back" for the anniversary  Treadwell-Collins then promised that Partridge's "extensive theatre experience" would be utilised as he "is plunged into EastEnders' live week " Spoiler images released on 10 February 2015 teased Partridge's return to the show, revealing that Christian would surprise Jane by initially telling her that he is unable to attend the wedding, before revealing himself to her  Partridge later teased another return to the show, saying, "I can always be lured back!"On 8 April 2016, it was announced that Partridge would be "briefly" returning for a third guest stint in "early summer" 2016, alongside Lynda Baron who plays his on-screen mother, Linda Clarke  Their return storyline was billed as "explosive" for the Beale family, "unmissable", and something that would see "change in the Beale family forever"  Partridge was confirmed to be filming EastEnders as well as touring with the production of Chicago The Musical  Of his return, Partridge said, "I am thrilled to be able to return to EastEnders whilst touring the UK with Chicago  Christian is never far from my mind – I turn my back for five minutes and look what happens " Partridge returned to filming on 14 April 2016, filming scenes which he believed would air "around June"  He described returning to filming as "wonderful" and compared to "putting on a nice, comfortable pair of shoes " He also praised the EastEnders team for being "very welcoming", adding that it "seemed so natural to be back" and felt like he had "never been away"  Partridge confirmed that he would feature in a lot of scenes with Brett as Christian will return to "look after Jane Beale"  He teased that his return may involve the 'Who Killed Lucy Beale?' storyline and would be part of a "big year" for the Beale family 

Reception
The character's introduction to EastEnders was welcomed by critics, with the Pink News deeming him to be "a realistic portrayal of a London-based, slightly older gay man " Gareth McLean of The Guardian praised the character, saying "he brings EastEnders a step closer to more accurately resembling London "In October 2008, a kiss between Christian and new love interest Lee prompted 145 complaints from viewers who were displeased that homosexual kissing had been broadcast before the 9pm watershed  The BBC released a statement defending the incident, stating: "EastEnders aims to reflect real life, and this means including and telling stories about characters from many different backgrounds, faiths, religions and sexualities  We approach our portrayal of homosexual relationships in the same way as we do heterosexual relationships  In this instance, Christian is enjoying the first flush of romance and we've shown him being affectionate with his new boyfriend in the same way any couple would  We also aim to ensure that depictions of affection or sexuality between couples are suitable for pre-watershed viewing  We believe that the general tone and content of EastEnders is now widely recognised, meaning that parents can make an informed decision as to whether they want their children to watch "

See also
List of EastEnders characters (2008)
List of LGBT characters in television and radio
List of soap operas with LGBT characters
Context 3: Passage 1:
Short interspersed nuclear elements (SINEs)
Short interspersed nuclear elements (SINEs) are non-autonomous, non-coding transposable elements (TEs) that are about 100 to 700 base pairs in length  They are a class of retrotransposons, DNA elements that amplify themselves throughout eukaryotic genomes, often through RNA intermediates  SINEs compose about 13% of the mammalian genome The internal regions of SINEs originate from tRNA and remain highly conserved, suggesting positive pressure to preserve structure and function of SINEs   While SINEs are present in many species of vertebrates and invertebrates, SINEs are often lineage specific, making them useful markers of divergent evolution between species  Copy number variation and mutations in the SINE sequence make it possible to construct phylogenies based on differences in SINEs between species  SINEs are also implicated in certain types of genetic disease in humans and other eukaryotes 
In essence, short interspersed nuclear elements are genetic parasites which have evolved very early in the history of eukaryotes to utilize protein machinery within the organism as well as to co-opt the machinery from similarly parasitic genomic elements  The simplicity of these elements make them remarkably successful at persisting and amplifying (through retrotransposition)  within the genomes of eukaryotes  These "parasites" which have become ubiquitous in genomes can be very deleterious to organisms as discussed below  However, eukaryotes have been able to integrate short-interspersed nuclear elements into different signaling, metabolic and regulatory pathways and SINEs have become a great source of genetic variability  They seem to play a particularly important role in the regulation of gene expression and the creation of RNA genes  This regulation extends to chromatin re-organization and the regulation of genomic architecture  The different lineages, mutations, and activities among eukaryotes make short-interspersed nuclear elements a useful tool in phylogenetic analysis 

Classification and structure
SINEs are classified as non-LTR retrotransposons because they do not contain long terminal repeats (LTRs)  There are three types of SINEs common to vertebrates and invertebrates: CORE-SINEs, V-SINEs, and AmnSINEs  SINEs have 50-500 base pair internal regions which contain a tRNA-derived segment with A and B boxes that serve as an internal promoter for RNA polymerase III 

Internal structure
SINEs are characterized by their different modules, which are essentially a sectioning of their sequence  SINEs can, but do not necessarily have to possess a head, a body, and a tail  The head, is at the 5' end of short-interspersed nuclear elements and is an evolutionarily derived from an RNA synthesized by RNA Polymerase III such as ribosomal RNAs and tRNAs; the 5' head is indicative of which endogenous element that SINE was derived from and was able to parasitically utilize its transcriptional machinery  For example, the 5' of the Alu sine is derived from 7SL RNA, a sequence transcribed by RNA Polymerase III which codes for the RNA element of SRP, an abundant ribonucleoprotein  The body of SINEs possess an unknown origin but often share much homology with a corresponding LINE which thus allows SINEs to parasitically co-opt endonucleases coded by LINEs (which recognize certain sequence motifs)  Lastly, the 3′ tail of SINEs is composed of short simple repeats of varying lengths; these simple repeats are sites where two (or more) short-interspersed nuclear elements can combine to form a dimeric SINE  Short-interspersed nuclear elements which only possess a head and tail are called simple SINEs whereas short-interspersed nuclear elements which also possess a body or are a combination of two or more SINEs are complex SINEs 

Transcription
Short-interspersed nuclear elements are transcribed by RNA polymerase III which is known to transcribe ribosomal RNA and tRNA, two types of RNA vital to ribosomal assembly and mRNA translation  SINEs, like tRNAs and many small-nuclear RNAs possess an internal promoter and thus are transcribed differently than most protein-coding genes   In other words, short-interspersed nuclear elements have their key promoter elements within the transcribed region itself  Though transcribed by RNA polymerase III, SINEs and other genes possessing internal promoters, recruit different transcriptional machinery and factors than genes possessing upstream promoters 

Effects on gene expression
Changes in chromosome structure influence gene expression primarily by affecting the accessibility of genes to transcriptional machinery  The chromosome has a very complex and hierarchical system of organizing the genome  This system of organization, which includes histones, methyl groups, acetyl groups, and a variety of proteins and RNAs allows different domains within a chromosome to be accessible to polymerases, transcription factors, and other associated proteins to different degrees   Furthermore, the shape and density of certain areas of a chromosome can affect the shape and density of neighboring (or even distant regions) on the chromosome through interaction facilitated by different proteins and elements  Non-coding RNAs  such as short-interspersed nuclear elements, which have been known to associate with and contribute to chromatin structure, can thus play huge role in regulating gene expression   Short-interspersed-nuclear-elements similarly can be involved in gene regulation by modifying genomic architecture 
In fact Usmanova et al  2008 suggested that short-interspersed nuclear elements can serve as direct signals in chromatin rearrangement and structure   The paper examined the global distribution of SINEs in mouse and human chromosomes and determined that this distribution was very similar to genomic distributions of genes and CpG motifs  The distribution of SINEs to genes was significantly more similar than that of other non-coding genetic elements and even differed significantly from the distribution of long-interspersed nuclear elements  This suggested that the SINE distribution was not a mere accident caused by LINE-mediated retrotransposition but rather that SINEs possessed a role in gene-regulation  Furthermore, SINEs frequently contain motifs for YY1 polycomb proteins  YY1 is a zinc-finger protein that acts as a transcriptional repressor for a wide-variety of genes essential for development and signaling   Polycomb protein YY1 is believed to mediate the activity of histone deacetylases and histone acetyltransferases to facilitate chromatin re-organization; this is often to facilitate the formation of heterochromatin (gene-silencing state)  Thus, the analysis suggests that short-interspersed nuclear elements can function as a ‘signal-booster' in the polycomb-dependent silencing of gene-sets through chromatin re-organization   In essence, it is the cumulative effect of many types of interactions that leads to the difference between euchromatin, which is not tightly packed and generally more accessible to transcriptional machinery, and heterochromatin, which is tightly packed and generally not accessible to transcriptional machinery; SINEs seem to play an evolutionary role in this process 
In addition to directly affecting chromatin structure, there are a number of ways in which SINEs can potentially regulate gene expression  For example, long non-coding RNA can directly interact with transcriptional repressors and activators, attenuating or modifying their function   This type of regulation can occur in different ways: the RNA transcript can directly bind to the transcription factor as a co-regulator; also, the RNA can regulate and modify the ability of co-regulators to associate with the transcription factor   For example, Evf-2, a certain long non-coding RNA, has been known to function as a co-activator for certain homeobox transcription factors which are critical to nervous system development and organization  Furthermore, RNA transcripts can interfere with the functionality of the transcriptional complex by interacting or associating with RNA polymerases during the transcription or loading processes  Moreover, non-coding RNAs like SINEs can bind or interact directly with the DNA duplex coding the gene and thus prevent its transcription Also, many non-coding RNAs are distributed near protein-coding genes, often in the reverse direction  This is especially true for short-interspersed nuclear elements as seen in Usmanova et al  These non-coding RNAs, which lie adjacent to or overlap gene-sets provide a mechanism by which transcription factors and machinery can be recruited to increase or repress the transcription of local genes  The particular example of SINEs potentially recruiting the YY1 polycomb transcriptional repressor is discussed above   Alternatively, it also provides a mechanism by which local gene expression can be curtailed and regulated because the transcriptional complexes can hinder or prevent nearby genes from being transcribed  There is research to suggest that this phenomenon is particularly seen in the gene-regulation of pluripotent cells In conclusion, non-coding RNAs such as SINEs are capable of affecting gene expression on a multitude of different levels and in different ways  Short-interspersed nuclear elements are believed to be deeply integrated into a complex regulatory network capable of fine-tuning gene expression across the eukaryotic genome 

Propagation and regulation
The RNA coded by the short-interspersed nuclear element does not code for any protein product but is nonetheless reverse-transcribed and inserted back into an alternate region in the genome  For this reason, short interspersed nuclear elements are believed to have co-evolved with long interspersed nuclear element (LINEs), as LINEs do in fact encode protein products which enable them to be reverse- transcribed and integrated back into the genome   SINEs are  believed to have co-opted the proteins coded by LINEs which are contained in 2 reading frames  Open reading frame 1 (ORF 1)  encodes a protein which binds to RNA and acts as a chaperone to facilitate and maintain the LINE protein-RNA complex structure  Open reading frame 2 (ORF 2) codes a protein which possesses both endonuclease and reverse transcriptase activities  This enables the LINE mRNA to be reverse-transcribed into DNA and integrated into the genome based on the sequence-motifs recognized by the protein's endonuclease domain 
LINE-1 (L1) is transcribed and retrotransposed most frequently in the germ-line and during early development; as a result SINEs move around the genome most during these periods  SINE transcription is down-regulated by transcription factors in somatic cells after early development, though stress can cause up-regulation of normally silent SINEs  SINEs can be transferred between individuals or species via horizontal transfer through a viral vector SINEs are known to share sequence homology with LINES which gives a basis by which the LINE machinery can reverse transcribe and integrate SINE transcripts  Alternately, some SINEs are believed to use a much more complex system of integrating back into the genome; this system involves the use random double-stranded DNA breaks (rather than the endonuclease coded by related long-interspersed nuclear elements creating an insertion-site)  These DNA breaks are utilized to prime reverse transcriptase, ultimately integrating the SINE transcript back into the genome  SINEs nonetheless depend on enzymes coded by other DNA elements and are thus known as non-autonomous retrotransposons as they depend on the machinery of LINEs, which are known as autonomous retrotransposons <The theory that short-interspersed nuclear elements have evolved to utilize the retrotransposon machinery of long-interspersed nuclear elements is supported by studies which examine the presence and distribution of LINEs and SINEs in taxa of different species  For example, LINEs and SINEs in rodents and primates show very strong homology at the insertion-site motif  Such evidence is a basis for the proposed mechanism in which integration of the SINE transcript can be co-opted with LINE-coded protein products  This is specifically demonstrated by a detailed analysis of over 20 rodent species profiled LINEs and SINEs, mainly L1s and B1s respectively; these are families of LINEs and SINEs found at high frequencies in rodents along with other mammals  The study sought to provide phylogenetic clarity within the context of LINE and SINE activity 
The study arrived at a candidate taxa believed to be the first instance of L1 LINE extinction; it expectedly discovered that there was no evidence to suggest that B1 SINE activity occurred in species which did not have L1 LINE activity  Also, the study suggested that B1 short-interspersed nuclear element silencing in fact occurred before L1 long-interspersed nuclear element extinction; this is due to the fact that B1 SINEs are silenced in the genus most-closely related to the genus which does not contain active L1 LINEs (though the genus with B1 SINE silencing still contains active L1 LINEs)   Another genus was also found which similarly contained active L1 long-interspersed nuclear elements but did not contain B1 short-interspersed nuclear elements; the opposite scenario, in which active B1 SINEs were present in a genus which did not possess active L1 LINEs was not found  This result was expected and strongly supports the theory that SINEs have evolved to co-opt the RNA-binding proteins, endonucleases, and reverse-transcriptases coded by LINEs  In taxa which do not actively transcribe and translate long-interspersed nuclear elements protein-products, SINEs do not have the theoretical foundation by which to retrotranspose within the genome  The results obtained in Rinehart et al  are thus very supportive of the current model of SINE retrotransposition 

Effects of SINE transposition
Insertion of a SINE upstream of a coding region may result in exon shuffling or changes to the regulatory region of the gene  Insertion of a SINE into the coding sequence of a gene can have deleterious effects and unregulated transposition can cause genetic disease  The transposition and recombination of SINEs and other active nuclear elements is thought to be one of the major contributions of genetic diversity between lineages during speciation 

Common SINEs
Short-interspersed nuclear elements are believed to have parasitic origins in eukaryotic genomes  These SINEs have mutated and replicated themselves a large number of times on an evolutionary time-scale and thus form many different lineages  Their early evolutionary origin has caused them to be ubiquitous in many eukaryotic lineages 
Alu elements, short-interspersed nuclear element of about 300 nucleotides, are the most common SINE in humans, with >1,000,000 copies throughout the genome, which is over 10 percent of the total genome; this is not uncommon among other species  Alu element copy number differences can be used to distinguish between and construct phylogenies of primate species  Canines differ primarily in their abundance of SINEC_Cf repeats throughout the genome, rather than other gene or allele level mutations  These dog-specific SINEs may code for a splice acceptor site, altering the sequences that appear as exons or introns in each species Apart from mammals, SINEs can reach high copy numbers in a range of species, including nonbony vertebrates (elephant shark) and some fish species (coelacanths)  In plants, SINEs are often restricted to closely related species and have emerged, decayed, and vanished frequently during evolution  Nevertheless, some SINE families such as the Au-SINEs and the Angio-SINEs are unusually widespread across many often unrelated plant species 

Diseases
There are >50 human diseases associated with SINEs  When inserted near or within the exon, SINEs can cause improper splicing, become coding regions, or change the reading frame, often leading to disease phenotypes in humans and other animals  Insertion of Alu elements in the human genome is associated with breast cancer, colon cancer, leukemia, hemophilia, Dent's disease, cystic fibrosis, neurofibromatosis, and many others 

microRNAs
The role of short-interspersed nuclear elements in gene regulation within cells has been supported by multiple studies  One such study examined the correlation between a certain family of SINEs with microRNAs (in zebrafish)  The specific family of SINEs being examined was the Anamnia V-SINEs; this family of short interspersed nuclear elements is often found in the untranslated region of the 3' end of many genes and is present in vertebrate genomes   The study involved a computational analysis in which the genomic distribution and activity of the Anamnia V-SINEs in Danio rerio zebrafish was examined; furthermore, these V-SINEs potential to generate novel microRNA loci was analyzed   It was found that genes which were predicted to possess V-SINEs were targeted by microRNAs with significantly higher hybridization E-values (relative to other areas in the genome)   The genes that had high hybridization E-values were genes particularly involved in metabolic and signaling pathways  Almost all miRNAs identified to have a strong ability to hybridize to putative V-SINE sequence motifs in genes have been identified (in mammals) to have regulatory roles  These results which establish a correlation between short-interspersed nuclear elements and different regulatory microRNAs strongly suggest that V-SINEs have a significant role in attenuating responses to different signals and stimuli related to metabolism, proliferation and differentiation  Many other studies must be undertaken to establish the validity and extent of short-interspersed nuclear element retrotransposons' role in regulatory gene-expression networks  In conclusion, though not much is known about the role and mechanism by which SINEs generate miRNA gene loci  it is generally understood that SINEs have played a significant evolutionary role in the creation of "RNA-genes", this is also touched upon above in SINEs and pseudogenes 
With such evidence suggesting that short-interspersed nuclear elements have been evolutionary sources for microRNA loci generation it is important to further discuss the potential relationships between the two as well as the mechanism by which the microRNA regulates RNA degradation and more broadly, gene expression   A microRNA is a non-coding RNA generally 22 nucleotides in length  This non-protein coding oligonucleotide is itself coded by longer nuclear DNA sequence usually transcribed by RNA polymerase II which is also responsible for the transcription of most mRNAs and snRNAs in eukaryotes   However, some research suggests that some microRNAs that possess upstream short-interspersed nuclear elements are transcribed by RNA polymerase III which is widely implicated in ribosomal RNA and tRNA, two transcripts vital to mRNA translation   This provides an alternate mechanism by which short-interspersed nuclear elements could be interacting with or mediating gene-regulatory networks involving microRNAs 
The regions coding miRNA can be independent RNA-genes often being anti-sense to neighboring protein-coding genes, or can be found within the introns of protein-coding genes  The co-localization of microRNA and protein-coding genes provides a mechanistic foundation by which microRNA regulates gene-expression  Furthermore, Scarpato et al   reveals (as discussed above) that genes predicted to possess short-interspersed nuclear elements (SINEs) through sequence analysis were targeted and hybridized by microRNAs significantly greater than other genes  This provides an evolutionarily path by which the parasitic SINEs were co-opted and utilized to form RNA-genes (such as microRNAs) which have evolved to play a role in complex gene-regulatory networks 
The microRNAs are transcribed as part of longer RNA strands of generally about 80 nucleotides which through complementary base-pairing are able to form hairpin loop structures These structures are recognized and processed in the nucleus by the nuclear protein DiGeorge Syndrome Critical Region 8 (DGCR8) which recruits and associates with the Drosha protein   This complex is responsible for cleaving some of the hair-pin structures from the pre-microRNA which is transported to the cytoplasm  The pre-miRNA is processed by the protein DICER into a double stranded 22 nucleotide   Thereafter, one of the strands is incorporated into a multi-protein RNA-induced silencing complex (RISC)  Among these proteins are proteins from the Argonaute family which are critical to the complex's ability to interact with and repress the translation of the target mRNA Understanding the different ways in which microRNA regulates gene-expression, including mRNA-translation and degradation is key to understanding the potential evolutionary role of SINEs in gene-regulation and in the generation of microRNA loci  This, in addition to SINEs' direct role in regulatory networks (as discussed in SINEs as long non-coding RNAs) is crucial to beginning to understand the relationship between SINEs and certain diseases  Multiple studies have suggested that increased SINE activity is correlated with certain gene-expression profiles and post-transcription regulation of certain genes   In fact, Peterson et al  2013 demonstrated that high SINE RNA expression correlates with post-transcriptional downregulation of BRCA1, a tumor suppressor implicated in multiple forms of cancer, namely breast cancer  Furthermore, studies have established a strong correlation between transcriptional mobilization of SINEs and certain cancers and conditions such as hypoxia; this can be due to the genomic instability caused by SINE activity as well as more direct-downstream effects   SINEs have also been implicated in countless other diseases  In essence, short-interspersed nuclear elements have become deeply integrated in countless regulatory, metabolic and signaling pathways and thus play an inevitable role in causing disease  Much is still to be known about these genomic parasites but it is clear they play a significant role within eukaryotic organisms 

SINEs and pseudogenes
The activity of SINEs however has genetic vestiges which do not seem to play a significant role, positive or negative, and manifest themselves in the genome as pseudogenes   SINEs however should not be mistaken as RNA pseudogenes  In general, pseudogenes are generated when processed mRNAs of protein-coding genes are reverse-transcribed and incorporated back into the genome (RNA pseudogenes are reverse transcribed RNA genes)  Pseudogenes are generally functionless as they descend from processed RNAs independent of their evolutionary-context which includes introns and different regulatory elements which enable transcription and processing  These pseudogenes, though non-functional may in some cases still possess promoters, CpG islands, and other features which enable transcription; they thus can still be transcribed and may possess a role in the regulation of gene expression (like SINEs and other non-coding elements)   Pseudogenes thus differ from SINEs in that they are derived from transcribed- functional RNA whereas SINEs are DNA elements which retrotranspose by co-opting RNA genes transcriptional machinery  However, there are studies which suggest  that retro-transposable elements such as short-interspersed nuclear elements are not only capable of copying themselves in alternate regions in the genome but are also able to do so for random genes too   Thus SINEs can be playing a vital role in the generation of pseudogenes, which themselves are known to be involved in regulatory networks  This is perhaps another means by which SINEs have been able to influence and contribute to gene-regulation 
Passage 2:
Exonuclease VII
The enzyme exodeoxyribonuclease VII (EC 3 1 11 6, Escherichia coli exonuclease VII, E  coli exonuclease VII, endodeoxyribonuclease VII, exodeoxyribonuclease VII) is a bacterial exonuclease enzyme  It is composed of two nonidentical subunits; one large subunit and 4 small ones  that catalyses exonucleolytic cleavage in either 5′- to 3′- or 3′- to 5′-direction to yield nucleoside 5′-phosphates  The large subunit also contains an N-terminal OB-fold domain that binds to nucleic acids 
Passage 3:
Ribosomal protein
A ribosomal protein (r-protein or rProtein) is any of the proteins that, in conjunction with rRNA, make up the ribosomal subunits involved in the cellular process of translation  E  coli, other bacteria and Archaea have a 30S small subunit and a 50S large subunit, whereas humans and yeasts have a 40S small subunit and a 60S large subunit  Equivalent subunits are frequently numbered differently between bacteria, Archaea, yeasts and humans A large part of the knowledge about these organic molecules has come from the study of E  coli ribosomes  All ribosomal proteins have been isolated and many specific antibodies have been produced  These, together with electronic microscopy and the use of certain reactives, have allowed for the determination of the topography of the proteins in the ribosome   More recently, a near-complete (near)atomic picture of the ribosomal proteins is emerging from the latest high-resolution cryo-EM data (including PDB: 5AFI​) 

Conservation
Ribosomal proteins are among the most highly conserved proteins across all life forms  Among the 40 proteins found in various small ribosomal subunits (RPSs), 15 subunits are universally conserved across prokaryotes and eukaryotes  However, 7 subunits are only found in bacteria (bS21, bS6, bS16, bS18, bS20, bS21, and bTHX), while 17 subunits are only found in archaea and eukaryotes  Typically 22 proteins are found in bacterial small subunits and 32 in yeast, human and most likely most other eukaryotic species  Twenty-seven (out of 32) proteins of the eukaryotic small ribosomal subunit proteins are also present in archaea (no ribosomal protein is exclusively found in archaea), confirming that they are more closely related to eukaryotes than to bacteria Among the large ribosomal subunit (RPLs), 18 proteins are universal, i e  found in both bacteria, eukaryotes, and archaea  14 proteins are only found in bacteria, while 27 proteins are only found in archaea and eukaryotes  Again, archaea have no proteins unique to them 

Essentiality
Despite their high conservation over billions of years of evolution, the absence of several ribosomal proteins in certain species shows that ribosomal subunits have been added and lost over the course of evolution  This is also reflected by the fact that several ribosomal proteins do not appear to be essential when deleted  For instance, in E  coli nine ribosomal proteins (uL15, bL21, uL24, bL27, uL29, uL30, bL34, uS9, and uS17) are nonessential for survival when deleted  Taken together with previous results, 22 of the 54 E  coli ribosomal protein genes can be individually deleted from the genome  Similarly, 16 ribosomal proteins (uL1, bL9, uL15, uL22, uL23, bL28, uL29, bL32, bL33 1, bL33 2, bL34, bL35, bL36, bS6, bS20, and bS21) were successfully deleted in Bacillus subtilis  In conjunction with previous reports, 22 ribosomal proteins have been shown to be nonessential in B  subtilis, at least for cell proliferation 

Assembly
In E  coli
The ribosome of E  coli has about 22 proteins in the small subunit (labelled S1 to S22) and 33 proteins in the large subunit (somewhat counter-intuitively called L1 to L36)  All of them are different with three exceptions: one protein is found in both subunits (S20 and L26), L7 and L12 are acetylated and methylated forms of the same protein, and L8 is a complex of L7/L12 and L10  In addition, L31 is known to exist in two forms, the full length at 7 9 kilodaltons (kDa) and fragmented at 7 0 kDa  This is why the number of proteins in a ribosome is of 56  Except for S1 (with a molecular weight of 61 2 kDa), the other proteins range in weight between 4 4 and 29 7 kDa Recent de novo proteomics experiments where the authors characterized in vivo ribosome-assembly intermediates and associated assembly factors from wild-type Escherichia coli cells using a general quantitative mass spectrometry (qMS) approach have confirmed the presence of all the known small and large subunit components and have identified a total of 21 known and potentially new ribosome-assembly-factors that co-localise with various ribosomal particles 

Disposition in the small ribosomal subunit
In the small (30S) subunit of E  coli ribosomes, the proteins denoted uS4, uS7, uS8, uS15, uS17, bS20 bind independently to 16S rRNA  After assembly of these primary binding proteins, uS5, bS6, uS9, uS12, uS13, bS16, bS18, and uS19 bind to the growing ribosome  These proteins also potentiate the addition of uS2, uS3, uS10, uS11, uS14, and bS21  Protein binding to helical junctions is important for initiating the correct tertiary fold of RNA and to organize the overall structure  Nearly all the proteins contain one or more globular domains  Moreover, nearly all contain long extensions that can contact the RNA in far-reaching regions  Additional stabilization results from the proteins' basic residues, as these neutralize the charge repulsion of the RNA backbone  Protein–protein interactions also exist to hold structure together by electrostatic and hydrogen bonding interactions  Theoretical investigations pointed to correlated effects of protein-binding onto binding affinities during the assembly processIn one study, the net charges (at pH 7 4) of the ribosomal proteins comprising the highly conserved S10-spc cluster were found to have an inverse relationship with the halophilicity/halotolerance levels in bacteria and archaea  In non-halophilic bacteria, the S10-spc proteins are generally basic, contrasting with the overall acidic whole proteomes of the extremely halophiles  The universal uL2 lying in the oldest part of the ribosome, is always positively charged irrespective of the strain/organism it belongs to 

In eukaryotes
Ribosomes in eukaryotes contain 79–80 proteins and four ribosomal RNA (rRNA) molecules 
General or specialized chaperones solubilize the ribosomal proteins and facilitate their import into the nucleus  Assembly of the eukaryotic ribosome appears to be driven by the ribosomal proteins in vivo when assembly is also aided by chaperones   Most ribosomal proteins assemble with rRNA co-transcriptionally, becoming associated more stably as assembly proceeds, and the active sites of both subunits are constructed last 

Table of ribosomal proteins
In the past, different nomenclatures were used for the same ribosomal protein in different organisms  Not only were the names not consistent across domains; the names also differed between organisms within a domain, such as humans and S  cervisiae, both eukaryotes  This was due to researchers assigning names before the sequences were known, causing trouble for later research  The following tables use the unified nomenclature by Ban et al , 2014  The same nomenclature is used by UniProt's "family" curation In general, cellular ribosomal proteins are to be called simply using the cross domain name, e g  "uL14" for what is currently called L23 in humans  A suffix is used for the organellar versions, so that "uL14m" refers to the human mitochondrial uL14 (MRPL14)  Organelle-specific proteins use their own cross-domain prefixes, for example "mS33" for MRPS33: Table S3,S4  and "cL37" for PSRP5 : Table S2,S3  (See the two proceeding citations, also partially by Ban N, for the organelle nomenclatures )

See also
Alpha operon ribosome binding site
Ribosomal protein L20 leader
Mitochondrial ribosome, for a list of its protein subunits
Passage 4:
Nuclear cap-binding protein complex
Nuclear cap-binding protein complex is a RNA-binding protein which binds to the 5' cap of pre-mRNA  The cap and nuclear cap-binding protein have many functions in mRNA biogenesis including splicing, 3'-end formation by stabilizing the interaction of the 3'-end processing machinery, nuclear export and protection of the transcripts from nuclease degradation  When RNA is exported to the cytoplasm the nuclear cap-binding protein complex is replaced by cytoplasmic cap binding complex  The nuclear cap-binding complex is a functional heterodimer and composed of Cbc1/Cbc2 in yeast and CBC20/CBC80 in multicellular eukaryotes  Human nuclear cap-binding protein complex shows the large subunit, CBC80 consists of 757 amino acid residues  Its secondary structure contains approximately sixty percent of helical and one percent of beta sheet in the strand  The small subunit, CBC20 has 98 amino acid residues  Its secondary structure contains approximately twenty percent of helical and twenty-four percent of beta sheet in the strand  Human nuclear cap-binding protein complex plays important role in the maturation of pre-mRNA and in uracil-rich small nuclear RNA 
Passage 5:
Ribozyme
Ribozymes (ribonucleic acid enzymes) are RNA molecules that have the ability to catalyze specific biochemical reactions, including RNA splicing in gene expression, similar to the action of protein enzymes  The 1982 discovery of ribozymes demonstrated that RNA can be both genetic material (like DNA) and a biological catalyst (like protein enzymes), and contributed to the RNA world hypothesis, which suggests that RNA may have been important in the evolution of prebiotic self-replicating systems The most common activities of natural or in vitro evolved ribozymes are the cleavage (or ligation) of RNA and DNA and peptide bond formation  For example, the smallest ribozyme known (GUGGC-3') can aminoacylate a GCCU-3' sequence in the presence of PheAMP  Within the ribosome, ribozymes function as part of the large subunit ribosomal RNA to link amino acids during protein synthesis  They also participate in a variety of RNA processing reactions, including RNA splicing, viral replication, and transfer RNA biosynthesis  Examples of ribozymes include the hammerhead ribozyme, the VS ribozyme, leadzyme, and the hairpin ribozyme 
Researchers who are investigating the origins of life through the RNA world hypothesis have been working on discovering a ribozyme with the capacity to self-replicate, which would require it to have the ability to catalytically synthesize polymers of RNA  This should be able to happen in prebiotically plausible conditions with high rates of copying accuracy to prevent degradation of information but also allowing for the occurrence of occasional errors during the copying process to allow for Darwinian evolution to proceed Attempts have been made to develop ribozymes as therapeutic agents, as enzymes which target defined RNA sequences for cleavage, as biosensors, and for applications in functional genomics and gene discovery 

Discovery
Before the discovery of ribozymes, enzymes—which are defined as catalytic proteins—were the only known biological catalysts  In 1967, Carl Woese, Francis Crick, and Leslie Orgel were the first to suggest that RNA could act as a catalyst  This idea was based upon the discovery that RNA can form complex secondary structures  These ribozymes were found in the intron of an RNA transcript, which removed itself from the transcript, as well as in the RNA component of the RNase P complex, which is involved in the maturation of pre-tRNAs  In 1989, Thomas R  Cech and Sidney Altman shared the Nobel Prize in chemistry for their "discovery of catalytic properties of RNA"  The term ribozyme was first introduced by Kelly Kruger et al  in a paper published in Cell in 1982 It had been a firmly established belief in biology that catalysis was reserved for proteins  However, the idea of RNA catalysis is motivated in part by the old question regarding the origin of life: Which comes first, enzymes that do the work of the cell or nucleic acids that carry the information required to produce the enzymes? The concept of "ribonucleic acids as catalysts" circumvents this problem  RNA, in essence, can be both the chicken and the egg In the 1980s, Thomas Cech, at the University of Colorado Boulder, was studying the excision of introns in a ribosomal RNA gene in Tetrahymena thermophila  While trying to purify the enzyme responsible for the splicing reaction, he found that the intron could be spliced out in the absence of any added cell extract  As much as they tried, Cech and his colleagues could not identify any protein associated with the splicing reaction  After much work, Cech proposed that the intron sequence portion of the RNA could break and reform phosphodiester bonds  At about the same time, Sidney Altman, a professor at Yale University, was studying the way tRNA molecules are processed in the cell when he and his colleagues isolated an enzyme called RNase-P, which is responsible for conversion of a precursor tRNA into the active tRNA  Much to their surprise, they found that RNase-P contained RNA in addition to protein and that RNA was an essential component of the active enzyme  This was such a foreign idea that they had difficulty publishing their findings  The following year, Altman demonstrated that RNA can act as a catalyst by showing that the RNase-P RNA subunit could catalyze the cleavage of precursor tRNA into active tRNA in the absence of any protein component 
Since Cech's and Altman's discovery, other investigators have discovered other examples of self-cleaving RNA or catalytic RNA molecules  Many ribozymes have either a hairpin – or hammerhead – shaped active center and a unique secondary structure that allows them to cleave other RNA molecules at specific sequences  It is now possible to make ribozymes that will specifically cleave any RNA molecule  These RNA catalysts may have pharmaceutical applications  For example, a ribozyme has been designed to cleave the RNA of HIV  If such a ribozyme were made by a cell, all incoming virus particles would have their RNA genome cleaved by the ribozyme, which would prevent infection 

Structure and mechanism
Despite having only four choices for each monomer unit (nucleotides), compared to 20 amino acid side chains found in proteins, ribozymes have diverse structures and mechanisms



ground_truth: Jodie Prenger

prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: The large subunit and small subunit that use two types of RNA are major components that make up what?

The following are given passages.
Context 3:  In many cases they are able to mimic the mechanism used by their protein counterparts  For example, in self cleaving ribozyme RNAs, an in-line SN2 reaction is carried out using the 2’ hydroxyl group as a nucleophile attacking the bridging phosphate and causing 5’ oxygen of the N+1 base to act as a leaving group  In comparison, RNase A, a protein that catalyzes the same reaction, uses a coordinating histidine and lysine to act as a base to attack the phosphate backbone Like many protein enzymes, metal binding is also critical to the function of many ribozymes  Often these interactions use both the phosphate backbone and the base of the nucleotide, causing drastic conformational changes  There are two mechanism classes for the cleavage of a phosphodiester backbone in the presence of metal  In the first mechanism, the internal 2’- OH group attacks the phosphorus center in a SN2 mechanism  Metal ions promote this reaction by first coordinating the phosphate oxygen and later stabling the oxyanion  The second mechanism also follows a SN2 displacement, but the nucleophile comes from water or exogenous hydroxyl groups rather than RNA itself  The smallest ribozyme is UUU, which can promote the cleavage between G and A of the GAAA tetranucleotide via the first mechanism in the presence of Mn2+  The reason why this trinucleotide (rather than the complementary tetramer) catalyzes this reaction may be because the UUU-AAA pairing is the weakest and most flexible trinucleotide among the 64 conformations, which provides the binding site for Mn2+ Phosphoryl transfer can also be catalyzed without metal ions  For example, pancreatic ribonuclease A and hepatitis delta virus (HDV) ribozymes can catalyze the cleavage of RNA backbone through acid-base catalysis without metal ions  Hairpin ribozyme can also catalyze the self-cleavage of RNA without metal ions, but the mechanism for this is still unclear Ribozyme can also catalyze the formation of peptide bond between adjacent amino acids by lowering the activation entropy 

Activities
Although ribozymes are quite rare in most cells, their roles are sometimes essential to life  For example, the functional part of the ribosome, the biological machine that translates RNA into proteins, is fundamentally a ribozyme, composed of RNA tertiary structural motifs that are often coordinated to metal ions such as Mg2+ as cofactors  In a model system, there is no requirement for divalent cations in a five-nucleotide RNA catalyzing trans-phenylalanation of a four-nucleotide substrate with 3 base pairs complementary with the catalyst, where the catalyst/substrate were devised by truncation of the C3 ribozyme The best-studied ribozymes are probably those that cut themselves or other RNAs, as in the original discovery by Cech and Altman  However, ribozymes can be designed to catalyze a range of reactions, many of which may occur in life but have not been discovered in cells RNA may catalyze folding of the pathological protein conformation of a prion in a manner similar to that of a chaperonin 

Ribozymes and the origin of life
RNA can also act as a hereditary molecule, which encouraged Walter Gilbert to propose that in the distant past, the cell used RNA as both the genetic material and the structural and catalytic molecule rather than dividing these functions between DNA and protein as they are today; this hypothesis is known as the "RNA world hypothesis" of the origin of life  Since nucleotides and RNA (and thus ribozymes) can arise by inorganic chemicals, they are candidates for the first enzymes, and in fact, the first "replicators" (i e , information-containing macro-molecules that replicate themselves)  An example of a self-replicating ribozyme that ligates two substrates to generate an exact copy of itself was described in 2002 
The discovery of the catalytic activity of RNA solved the "chicken and egg" paradox of the origin of life, solving the problem of origin of peptide and nucleic acid central dogma  According to this scenario, at the origin of life, all enzymatic activity and genetic information encoding was done by one molecule: RNA 
Ribozymes have been produced in the laboratory that are capable of catalyzing the synthesis of other RNA molecules from activated monomers under very specific conditions, these molecules being known as RNA polymerase ribozymes  The first RNA polymerase ribozyme was reported in 1996, and was capable of synthesizing RNA polymers up to 6 nucleotides in length  Mutagenesis and selection has been performed on an RNA ligase ribozyme from a large pool of random RNA sequences, resulting in isolation of the improved "Round-18" polymerase ribozyme in 2001 which could catalyze RNA polymers now up to 14 nucleotides in length  Upon application of further selection on the Round-18 ribozyme, the B6 61 ribozyme was generated and was able to add up to 20 nucleotides to a primer template in 24 hours, until it decomposes by cleavage of its phosphodiester bonds The rate at which ribozymes can polymerize an RNA sequence multiples substantially when it takes place within a micelle The next ribozyme discovered was the "tC19Z" ribozyme, which can add up to 95 nucleotides with a fidelity of 0 0083 mutations/nucleotide  Next, the "tC9Y" ribozyme was discovered by researchers and was further able to synthesize RNA strands up to 206 nucleotides long in the eutectic phase conditions at below-zero temperature, conditions previously shown to promote ribozyme polymerase activity The RNA polymerase ribozyme (RPR) called tC9-4M was able to polymerize RNA chains longer than itself (i e  longer than 177 nt) in magnesium ion concentrations close to physiological levels, whereas earlier RPRs required prebiotically implausible concentrations of up to 200 mM  The only factor required for it to achieve this was the presence of a very simple amino acid polymer called lysine decapeptide The most complex RPR synthesized by that point was called 24-3, which was newly capable of polymerizing the sequences of a substantial variety of nucleotide sequences and navigating through complex secondary structures of RNA substrates inaccessible to previous ribozymes  In fact, this experiment was the first to use a ribozyme to synthesize a tRNA molecule  Starting with the 24-3 ribozyme, Tjhung et al  applied another fourteen rounds of selection to obtain an RNA polymerase ribozyme by in vitro evolution termed '38-6' that has an unprecedented level of activity in copying complex RNA molecules  However, this ribozyme is unable to copy itself and its RNA products have a high mutation rate  In a subsequent study, the researchers began with the 38-6 ribozyme and applied another 14 rounds of selection to generate the '52-2' ribozyme, which compared to 38-6, was again many times more active and could begin generating detectable and functional levels of the class I ligase, although it was still limited in its fidelity and functionality in comparison to copying of the same template by proteins such as the T7 RNA polymerase An RPR called t5(+1) adds triplet nucleotides at a time instead of just one nucleotide at a time  This heterodimeric RPR can navigate secondary structures inaccessible to 24-3, including hairpins  In the initial pool of RNA variants derived only from a previously synthesized RPR known as the Z RPR, two sequences separately emerged and evolved to be mutualistically dependent on each other  The Type 1 RNA evolved to be catalytically inactive, but complexing with the Type 5 RNA boosted its polymerization ability and enabled intermolecular interactions with the RNA template substrate obviating the need to tether the template directly to the RNA sequence of the RPR, which was a limitation of earlier studies  Not only did t5(+1) not need tethering to the template, but a primer was not needed either as t5(+1) had the ability to polymerize a template in both 3' → 5' and 5' 3 → 3' directions A highly evolved RNA polymerase ribozyme was able to function as a reverse transcriptase, that is, it can synthesize a DNA copy using an RNA template  Such an activity is considered to have been crucial for the transition from RNA to DNA genomes during the early history of life on earth  Reverse transcription capability could have arisen as a secondary function of an early RNA-dependent RNA polymerase ribozyme 
An RNA sequence that folds into a ribozyme is capable of invading duplexed RNA, rearranging into an open holopolymerase complex, and then searching for a specific RNA promoter sequence, and upon recognition rearrange again into a processive form that polymerizes a complementary strand of the sequence  This ribozyme is capable of extending duplexed RNA by up to 107 nucleotides, and does so without needing to tether the sequence being polymerized 

Artificial ribozymes
Since the discovery of ribozymes that exist in living organisms, there has been interest in the study of new synthetic ribozymes made in the laboratory  For example, artificially produced self-cleaving RNAs with good enzymatic activity have been produced  Tang and Breaker isolated self-cleaving RNAs by in vitro selection of RNAs originating from random-sequence RNAs  Some of the synthetic ribozymes that were produced had novel structures, while some were similar to the naturally occurring hammerhead ribozyme 
In 2015, researchers at Northwestern University and the University of Illinois Chicago engineered a tethered ribosome that works nearly as well as the authentic cellular component that produces all the proteins and enzymes within the cell  Called Ribosome-T, or Ribo-T, the artificial ribosome was created by Michael Jewett and Alexander Mankin  The techniques used to create artificial ribozymes involve directed evolution  This approach takes advantage of RNA's dual nature as both a catalyst and an informational polymer, making it easy for an investigator to produce vast populations of RNA catalysts using polymerase enzymes  The ribozymes are mutated by reverse transcribing them with reverse transcriptase into various cDNA and amplified with error-prone PCR  The selection parameters in these experiments often differ  One approach for selecting a ligase ribozyme involves using biotin tags, which are covalently linked to the substrate  If a molecule possesses the desired ligase activity, a streptavidin matrix can be used to recover the active molecules 
Lincoln and Joyce used in vitro evolution to develop ribozyme ligases capable of self-replication in about an hour, via the joining of pre-synthesized highly complementary oligonucleotides Although not true catalysts, the creation of artificial self-cleaving riboswitches, termed aptazymes, has also been an active area of research  Riboswitches are regulatory RNA motifs that change their structure in response to a small molecule ligand to regulate translation  While there are many known natural riboswitches that bind a wide array of metabolites and other small organic molecules, only one ribozyme based on a riboswitch has been described: glmS  Early work in characterizing self-cleaving riboswitches was focused on using theophylline as the ligand  In these studies, an RNA hairpin is formed which blocks the ribosome binding site, thus inhibiting translation  In the presence of the ligand, in these cases theophylline, the regulatory RNA region is cleaved off, allowing the ribosome to bind and translate the target gene  Much of this RNA engineering work was based on rational design and previously determined RNA structures rather than directed evolution as in the above examples  More recent work has broadened the ligands used in ribozyme riboswitches to include thymine pyrophosphate  Fluorescence-activated cell sorting has also been used to engineering aptazymes 

Applications
Ribozymes have been proposed and developed for the treatment of disease through gene therapy  One major challenge of using RNA-based enzymes as a therapeutic is the short half-life of the catalytic RNA molecules in the body  To combat this, the 2’ position on the ribose is modified to improve RNA stability  One area of ribozyme gene therapy has been the inhibition of RNA-based viruses 
A type of synthetic ribozyme directed against HIV RNA called gene shears has been developed and has entered clinical testing for HIV infection Similarly, ribozymes have been designed to target the hepatitis C virus RNA, SARS coronavirus (SARS-CoV), Adenovirus and influenza A and B virus RNA  The ribozyme is able to cleave the conserved regions of the virus's genome, which has been shown to reduce the virus in mammalian cell culture  Despite these efforts by researchers, these projects have remained in the preclinical stage 

Known ribozymes
Well-validated naturally occurring ribozyme classes:

See also
Notes and references
Further reading
External links
Tom Cech's Short Talk: "Discovering Ribozymes"
Passage 6:
Ribosome
Ribosomes () are macromolecular machines, found within all  cells, that perform biological protein synthesis (mRNA translation)  Ribosomes link amino acids together in the order specified by the codons of messenger RNA (mRNA) molecules to form polypeptide chains  Ribosomes consist of two major components: the small and large ribosomal subunits  Each subunit consists of one or more ribosomal RNA (rRNA) molecules and many ribosomal proteins (RPs or r-proteins)  The ribosomes and associated molecules are also known as the translational apparatus 

Overview
The sequence of DNA that encodes the sequence of the amino acids in a protein is transcribed into a messenger RNA chain  Ribosomes bind to messenger RNAs and use their sequences for determining the correct sequence of amino acids to generate a given protein  Amino acids are selected and carried to the ribosome by transfer RNA (tRNA) molecules, which enter the ribosome and bind to the messenger RNA chain via an anti-codon stem loop  For each coding triplet (codon) in the messenger RNA, there is a unique transfer RNA that must have the exact anti-codon match, and carries the correct amino acid for incorporating into a growing polypeptide chain  Once the protein is produced, it can then fold to produce a functional three-dimensional structure 
A ribosome is made from complexes of RNAs and proteins and is therefore a ribonucleoprotein complex  Each ribosome is composed of small (30S) and large (50S) components, called subunits, which are bound to each other:

(30S) has mainly a decoding function and is also bound to the mRNA
(50S) has mainly a catalytic function and is also bound to the aminoacylated tRNAs The synthesis of proteins from their building blocks takes place in four phases: initiation, elongation, termination, and recycling  The start codon in all mRNA molecules has the sequence AUG  The stop codon is one of UAA, UAG, or UGA; since there are no tRNA molecules that recognize these codons, the ribosome recognizes that translation is complete  When a ribosome finishes reading an mRNA molecule, the two subunits separate and are usually broken up but can be re-used  Ribosomes are ribozymes, because the catalytic peptidyl transferase activity that links amino acids together is performed by the ribosomal RNA Ribosomes are often associated with the intracellular membranes that make up the rough endoplasmic reticulum 
Ribosomes from bacteria, archaea and eukaryotes in the three-domain system resemble each other to a remarkable degree, evidence of a common origin  They differ in their size, sequence, structure, and the ratio of protein to RNA  The differences in structure allow some antibiotics to kill bacteria by inhibiting their ribosomes, while leaving human ribosomes unaffected  In all species, more than one ribosome may move along a single mRNA chain at one time (as a polysome), each "reading" a specific sequence and producing a corresponding protein molecule 
The mitochondrial ribosomes of eukaryotic cells functionally resemble many features of those in bacteria, reflecting the likely evolutionary origin of mitochondria 

Discovery
Ribosomes were first observed in the mid-1950s by Romanian-American cell biologist George Emil Palade, using an electron microscope, as dense particles or granules   They were initially called  Palade granules due to their granular structure   The term "ribosome" was proposed in 1958:

During the course of the symposium a semantic difficulty became apparent  To some of the participants, "microsomes" mean the ribonucleoprotein particles of the microsome fraction contaminated by other protein and lipid material; to others, the microsomes consist of protein and lipid contaminated by particles  The phrase "microsomal particles" does not seem adequate, and "ribonucleoprotein particles of the microsome fraction" is much too awkward  During the meeting, the word "ribosome" was suggested, which has a very satisfactory name and a pleasant sound  The present confusion would be eliminated if "ribosome" were adopted to designate ribonucleoprotein particles in sizes ranging from 35 to 100S 
Albert Claude, Christian de Duve, and George Emil Palade were jointly awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine, in 1974, for the discovery of the ribosome  The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2009 was awarded to Venkatraman Ramakrishnan, Thomas A  Steitz and Ada E  Yonath for determining the detailed structure and mechanism of the ribosome 

Structure
The ribosome is a complex cellular machine  It is largely made up of specialized RNA known as ribosomal RNA (rRNA) as well as dozens of distinct proteins (the exact number varies slightly between species)  The ribosomal proteins and rRNAs are arranged into two distinct ribosomal pieces of different sizes, known generally as the large and small subunit of the ribosome  Ribosomes consist of two subunits that fit together (Figure 2) and work as one to translate the mRNA into a polypeptide chain during protein synthesis (Figure 1)  Because they are formed from two subunits of non-equal size, they are slightly longer in the axis than in diameter 

Prokaryotic ribosomes
Prokaryotic ribosomes are around 20 nm (200 Å) in diameter and are composed of 65% rRNA and 35% ribosomal proteins  Eukaryotic ribosomes are between 25 and 30 nm (250–300 Å) in diameter with an rRNA-to-protein ratio that is close to 1  Crystallographic work has shown that there are no ribosomal proteins close to the reaction site for polypeptide synthesis  This suggests that the protein components of ribosomes do not directly participate in peptide bond formation catalysis, but rather that these proteins act as a scaffold that may enhance the ability of rRNA to synthesize protein (See: Ribozyme) 

The ribosomal subunits of prokaryotes and eukaryotes are quite similar The unit of measurement used to describe the ribosomal subunits and the rRNA fragments is the Svedberg unit, a measure of the rate of sedimentation in centrifugation rather than size  This accounts for why fragment names do not add up: for example, bacterial 70S ribosomes are made of 50S and 30S subunits 
Prokaryotes have 70S ribosomes, each consisting of a small (30S) and a large (50S) subunit  E  coli, for example, has a 16S RNA subunit (consisting of 1540 nucleotides) that is bound to 21 proteins  The large subunit is composed of a 5S RNA subunit (120 nucleotides), a 23S RNA subunit (2900 nucleotides) and 31 proteins 
Affinity label for the tRNA binding sites on the E  coli ribosome allowed the identification of A and P site proteins most likely associated with the peptidyltransferase activity; labelled proteins are L27, L14, L15, L16, L2; at least L27 is located at the donor site, as shown by E  Collatz and A P  Czernilofsky  Additional research has demonstrated that the S1 and S21 proteins, in association with the 3′-end of 16S ribosomal RNA, are involved in the initiation of translation 

Archaeal ribosomes
Archaeal ribosomes share the same general dimensions of bacteria ones, being a 70S ribosome made up from a 50S large subunit, a 30S small subunit, and containing three rRNA chains  However, on the sequence level, they are much closer to eukaryotic ones than to bacterial ones  Every extra ribosomal protein archaea have compared to bacteria has a eukaryotic counterpart, while no such relation applies between archaea and bacteria 

Eukaryotic ribosomes
Eukaryotes have 80S ribosomes located in their cytosol, each consisting of a small (40S) and large (60S) subunit  Their 40S subunit has an 18S RNA (1900 nucleotides) and 33 proteins  The large subunit is composed of a 5S RNA (120 nucleotides), 28S RNA (4700 nucleotides), a 5 8S RNA (160 nucleotides) subunits and 49 proteins 
During 1977, Czernilofsky published research that used affinity labeling to identify tRNA-binding sites on rat liver ribosomes  Several proteins, including L32/33, L36, L21, L23, L28/29 and L13 were implicated as being at or near the peptidyl transferase center 

Plastoribosomes and mitoribosomes
In eukaryotes, ribosomes are present in mitochondria (sometimes called mitoribosomes) and in plastids such as chloroplasts (also called plastoribosomes)  They also consist of large and small subunits bound together with proteins into one 70S particle  These ribosomes are similar to those of bacteria and these organelles are thought to have originated as symbiotic bacteria  Of the two, chloroplastic ribosomes are closer to bacterial ones than mitochondrial ones are  Many pieces of ribosomal RNA in the mitochondria are shortened, and in the case of 5S rRNA, replaced by other structures in animals and fungi  In particular, Leishmania tarentolae has a minimalized set of mitochondrial rRNA  In contrast, plant mitoribosomes have both extended rRNA and additional proteins as compared to bacteria, in particular, many pentatricopetide repeat proteins The cryptomonad and chlorarachniophyte algae may contain a nucleomorph that resembles a vestigial eukaryotic nucleus  Eukaryotic 80S ribosomes may be present in the compartment containing the nucleomorph 

Making use of the differences
The differences between the bacterial and eukaryotic ribosomes are exploited by pharmaceutical chemists to create antibiotics that can destroy a bacterial infection without harming the cells of the infected person  Due to the differences in their structures, the bacterial 70S ribosomes are vulnerable to these antibiotics while the eukaryotic 80S ribosomes are not  Even though mitochondria possess ribosomes similar to the bacterial ones, mitochondria are not affected by these antibiotics because they are surrounded by a double membrane that does not easily admit these antibiotics into the organelle  A noteworthy counterexample, however, includes the antineoplastic antibiotic chloramphenicol, which successfully inhibits bacterial 50S and eukaryotic mitochondrial 50S ribosomes  Ribosomes in chloroplasts, however, are different: Antibiotic resistance in chloroplast ribosomal proteins is a trait that has to be introduced as a marker, with genetic engineering 

Common properties
The various ribosomes share a core structure, which is quite similar despite the large differences in size  Much of the RNA is highly organized into various tertiary structural motifs, for example pseudoknots that exhibit coaxial stacking  The extra RNA in the larger ribosomes is in several long continuous insertions, such that they form loops out of the core structure without disrupting or changing it  All of the catalytic activity of the ribosome is carried out by the RNA; the proteins reside on the surface and seem to stabilize the structure 

High-resolution structure
The general molecular structure of the ribosome has been known since the early 1970s  In the early 2000s, the structure has been achieved at high resolutions, of the order of a few ångströms 
The first papers giving the structure of the ribosome at atomic resolution were published almost simultaneously in late 2000  The 50S (large prokaryotic) subunit was determined from the archaeon Haloarcula marismortui and the bacterium Deinococcus radiodurans, and the structure of the 30S subunit was determined from Thermus thermophilus  These structural studies were awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 2009  In May 2001 these coordinates were used to reconstruct the entire T  thermophilus 70S particle at 5 5 Å resolution Two papers were published in November 2005 with structures of the Escherichia coli 70S ribosome  The structures of a vacant ribosome were determined at 3 5 Å resolution using X-ray crystallography  Then, two weeks later, a structure based on cryo-electron microscopy was published, which depicts the ribosome at 11–15 Å resolution in the act of passing a newly synthesized protein strand into the protein-conducting channel 
The first atomic structures of the ribosome complexed with tRNA and mRNA molecules were solved by using X-ray crystallography by two groups independently, at 2 8 Å and at 3 7 Å  These structures allow one to see the details of interactions of the Thermus thermophilus ribosome with mRNA and with tRNAs bound at classical ribosomal sites  Interactions of the ribosome with long mRNAs containing Shine-Dalgarno sequences were visualized soon after that at 4 5–5 5 Å resolution In 2011, the first complete atomic structure of the eukaryotic 80S ribosome from the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae   was obtained by crystallography  The model reveals the architecture of eukaryote-specific elements and their interaction with the universally conserved core  At the same time, the complete model of a eukaryotic 40S ribosomal structure in Tetrahymena thermophila was published and described the structure of the 40S subunit, as well as much about the 40S subunit's interaction with eIF1 during translation initiation  Similarly, the eukaryotic 60S subunit structure was also determined from Tetrahymena thermophila in complex with eIF6 

Function
Ribosomes are minute particles consisting of RNA and associated proteins that function to synthesize proteins  Proteins are needed for many cellular functions such as repairing damage or directing chemical processes  Ribosomes can be found floating within the cytoplasm or attached to the endoplasmic reticulum  Their main function is to convert genetic code into an amino acid sequence and to build protein polymers from amino acid monomers 
Ribosomes act as catalysts in two extremely important biological processes called peptidyl transfer and peptidyl hydrolysis  The "PT center is responsible for producing protein bonds during protein elongation" In summary, ribosomes have two main functions: Decoding the message, and the formation of peptide bonds  These two functions reside in the ribosomal subunits  Each subunit is made of one or more rRNAs and many r-proteins  The small subunit (30S in bacteria and archaea, 40S in eukaryotes) has the decoding function, whereas the large subunit (50S in bacteria and archaea, 60S in eukaryotes) catalyzes the formation of peptide bonds, referred to as the peptidyl-transferase activity  The bacterial (and archaeal) small subunit contains the 16S rRNA and 21 r-proteins (Escherichia coli), whereas the eukaryotic small subunit contains the 18S rRNA and 32 r-proteins (Saccharomyces cerevisiae; although the numbers vary between species)  The bacterial large subunit contains the 5S and 23S rRNAs and 34 r-proteins (E  coli), with the eukaryotic large subunit containing the 5S, 5 8S, and 25S / 28S rRNAs and 46 r-proteins (S  cerevisiae; again, the exact numbers vary between species) 

Translation
Ribosomes are the workplaces of protein biosynthesis, the process of translating mRNA into protein  The mRNA comprises a series of codons which are decoded by the ribosome so as to make the protein  Using the mRNA as a template, the ribosome traverses each codon (3 nucleotides) of the mRNA, pairing it with the appropriate amino acid provided by an aminoacyl-tRNA  Aminoacyl-tRNA contains a complementary anticodon on one end and the appropriate amino acid on the other  For fast and accurate recognition of the appropriate tRNA, the ribosome utilizes large conformational changes (conformational proofreading)  The small ribosomal subunit, typically bound to an aminoacyl-tRNA containing the first amino acid methionine, binds to an AUG codon on the mRNA and recruits the large ribosomal subunit  The ribosome contains three RNA binding sites, designated A, P, and E  The A-site binds an aminoacyl-tRNA or termination release factors; the P-site binds a peptidyl-tRNA (a tRNA bound to the poly-peptide chain); and the E-site (exit) binds a free tRNA  Protein synthesis begins at a start codon AUG near the 5' end of the mRNA  mRNA binds to the P site of the ribosome first  The ribosome recognizes the start codon by using the Shine-Dalgarno sequence of the mRNA in prokaryotes and Kozak box in eukaryotes 
Although catalysis of the peptide bond involves the C2 hydroxyl of RNA's P-site adenosine in a proton shuttle mechanism, other steps in protein synthesis (such as translocation) are caused by changes in protein conformations  Since their catalytic core is made of RNA, ribosomes are classified as "ribozymes," and it is thought that they might be remnants of the RNA world 
In Figure 5, both ribosomal subunits (small and large) assemble at the start codon (towards the 5' end of the mRNA)  The ribosome uses tRNA that matches the current codon (triplet) on the mRNA to append an amino acid to the polypeptide chain  This is done for each triplet on the mRNA, while the ribosome moves towards the 3' end of the mRNA  Usually in bacterial cells, several ribosomes are working parallel on a single mRNA, forming what is called a polyribosome or polysome 

Cotranslational folding
The ribosome is known to actively participate in the protein folding  The structures obtained in this way are usually identical to the ones obtained during protein chemical refolding; however, the pathways leading to the final product may be different  In some cases, the ribosome is crucial in obtaining the functional protein form  For example, one of the possible mechanisms of folding of the deeply knotted proteins relies on the ribosome pushing the chain through the attached loop 

Addition of translation-independent amino acids
Presence of a ribosome quality control protein Rqc2 is associated with mRNA-independent protein elongation  This elongation is a result of ribosomal addition (via tRNAs brought by Rqc2) of CAT tails: ribosomes extend the C-terminus of a stalled protein with random, translation-independent sequences of alanines and threonines 

Ribosome locations
Ribosomes are classified as being either "free" or "membrane-bound" 

Free and membrane-bound ribosomes differ only in their spatial distribution; they are identical in structure  Whether the ribosome exists in a free or membrane-bound state depends on the presence of an ER-targeting signal sequence on the protein being synthesized, so an individual ribosome might be membrane-bound when it is making one protein, but free in the cytosol when it makes another protein 
Ribosomes are sometimes referred to as organelles, but the use of the term organelle is often restricted to describing sub-cellular components that include a phospholipid membrane, which ribosomes, being entirely particulate, do not  For this reason, ribosomes may sometimes be described as "non-membranous organelles" 

Free ribosomes
Free ribosomes can move about anywhere in the cytosol, but are excluded from the cell nucleus and other organelles  Proteins that are formed from free ribosomes are released into the cytosol and used within the cell  Since the cytosol contains high concentrations of glutathione and is, therefore, a reducing environment, proteins containing disulfide bonds, which are formed from oxidized cysteine residues, cannot be produced within it 

Membrane-bound ribosomes
When a ribosome begins to synthesize proteins that are needed in some organelles, the ribosome making this protein can become "membrane-bound"  In eukaryotic cells this happens in a region of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) called the "rough ER"  The newly produced polypeptide chains are inserted directly into the ER by the ribosome undertaking vectorial synthesis and are then transported to their destinations, through the secretory pathway  Bound ribosomes usually produce proteins that are used within the plasma membrane or are expelled from the cell via exocytosis 

Biogenesis
In bacterial cells, ribosomes are synthesized in the cytoplasm through the transcription of multiple ribosome gene operons  In eukaryotes, the process takes place both in the cell cytoplasm and in the nucleolus, which is a region within the cell nucleus  The assembly process involves the coordinated function of over 200 proteins in the synthesis and processing of the four rRNAs, as well as assembly of those rRNAs with the ribosomal proteins 

Origin
The ribosome may have first originated as a protoribosome, possibly containing a peptidyl transferase centre (PTC), in an RNA world, appearing as a self-replicating complex that only later evolved the ability to synthesize proteins when amino acids began to appear  Studies suggest that ancient ribosomes constructed solely of rRNA could have developed the ability to synthesize peptide bonds  In addition, evidence strongly points to ancient ribosomes as self-replicating complexes, where the rRNA in the ribosomes had informational, structural, and catalytic purposes because it could have coded for tRNAs and proteins needed for ribosomal self-replication  Hypothetical cellular organisms with self-replicating RNA but without DNA are called ribocytes (or ribocells) As amino acids gradually appeared in the RNA world under prebiotic conditions, their interactions with catalytic RNA would increase both the range and efficiency of function of catalytic RNA molecules  Thus, the driving force for the evolution of the ribosome from an ancient self-replicating machine into its current form as a translational machine may have been the selective pressure to incorporate proteins into the ribosome's self-replicating mechanisms, so as to increase its capacity for self-replication 

Heterogeneous ribosomes
Ribosomes are compositionally heterogeneous between species and even within the same cell, as evidenced by the existence of cytoplasmic and mitochondria ribosomes within the same eukaryotic cells  Certain researchers have suggested that heterogeneity in the composition of ribosomal proteins in mammals is important for gene regulation, i e , the specialized ribosome hypothesis  However, this hypothesis is controversial and the topic of ongoing research Heterogeneity in ribosome composition was first proposed to be involved in translational control of protein synthesis by Vince Mauro and Gerald Edelman  They proposed the ribosome filter hypothesis to explain the regulatory functions of ribosomes  Evidence has suggested that specialized ribosomes specific to different cell populations may affect how genes are translated  Some ribosomal proteins exchange from the assembled complex with cytosolic copies suggesting that the structure of the in vivo ribosome can be modified without synthesizing an entire new ribosome 
Certain ribosomal proteins are absolutely critical for cellular life while others are not  In budding yeast, 14/78 ribosomal proteins are non-essential for growth, while in humans this depends on the cell of study  Other forms of heterogeneity include post-translational modifications to ribosomal proteins such as acetylation, methylation, and phosphorylation  Arabidopsis, Viral internal ribosome entry sites (IRESs) may mediate translations by compositionally distinct ribosomes  For example, 40S ribosomal units without eS25 in yeast and mammalian cells are unable to recruit the CrPV IGR IRES Heterogeneity of ribosomal RNA modifications plays a significant role in structural maintenance and/or function and most mRNA modifications are found in highly conserved regions  The most common rRNA modifications are pseudouridylation and 2’-O methylation of ribose 

See also



ground_truth: Ribosomes