prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: What is the character of fictional character Claire Fraser in a British-American television drama series developed by Ronald D. Moore ?

The following are given passages.
Context 1: Passage 1:
Simon Woods
Simon Woods (born 7 January 1980) is an English actor and playwright best known for his role as Octavian in Season 2 of the British-American television series Rome and the 2005 Pride & Prejudice as Charles Bingley 

Personal life
Woods attended Eton College, then read English at Magdalen College, Oxford  While at Oxford, he became friends with Chelsea Clinton  After graduating from Oxford, Woods worked briefly at The Guardian before becoming an actor While at Oxford in 2000, he was in a relationship with Rosamund Pike that lasted two years  The two later played lovers Jane Bennet and Charles Bingley in Pride & Prejudice 
Since 2009, Woods has been in a relationship with Christopher Bailey, the former chief executive of the British fashion house, Burberry  They married in 2012  They have two daughters, Iris and Nell 

Filmography
Playwright
Woods's stage play Hansard was presented at the Lyttelton Theatre, London, in September 2019  The work, named after the official record of proceedings in the British parliament, was directed by Simon Godwin 
Passage 2:
Claire Fraser (character)
Claire Beauchamp (who adopts the surnames Randall, Fraser, and Grey at various times) is a fictional character in the Outlander series of multi-genre novels by American author Diana Gabaldon, and its television adaptation  In the series, Claire is a married World War II nurse visiting Scotland who finds herself transported from 1945 back to 1743  There she finds adventure, war and romance with the dashing Highland warrior Jamie Fraser  Smart, stubborn and willful, Claire uses her wits, practical medical skills and knowledge of the future to survive in the 18th century 
Claire is portrayed by Irish actress Caitríona Balfe in the Starz television series Outlander  Balfe won a Saturn Award for Best Actress on Television in 2015 and 2016, and a People's Choice Award for Favorite Sci-Fi/Fantasy TV Actress in 2016  She also received nominations for the Golden Globe Award for Best Actress – Television Series Drama in 2015, 2016, 2017 and 2018 

Character
When visiting Scotland, married World War II nurse Claire Randall is transported through time from 1945 back to 1743  There she finds adventure, war and romance with the dashing Highland warrior Jamie Fraser  In the following novels, after the Jacobite defeat at the Battle of Culloden, Claire travels back to her time where she spends 20 years with her former husband Frank Randall, becoming a medical doctor and a surgeon, and raising her and Jamie's daughter Brianna  Finally, having discovered that Jamie survived the Battle of Culloden, she returns to 18th century Scotland and reunites with Jamie  The couple settles in North Carolina, and is soon joined by their daughter Brianna as well as many Scottish settlers 
Gabaldon originally intended Outlander to be straight historical fiction, but after a few days of writing Claire she realized that the character did not behave like an 18th century woman  Gabaldon eventually leaned into the modern approach to Claire, which prompted the introduction of time travel  Claire is often described as stubborn and impatient, and she refuses to conform to the 18th century societal expectations of women  Practicing medicine and putting to use her 20th century medical knowledge leads to numerous accusations of witchcraft, including a witch trial 

Outlander novels
Outlander (1991)
Dragonfly in Amber (1992)
Voyager (1994)
Drums of Autumn (1997)
The Fiery Cross (2001)
A Breath of Snow and Ashes (2005)
An Echo in the Bone (2009)
Written in My Own Heart's Blood (2014)
Go Tell the Bees That I Am Gone (2021)

Television series
Claire is portrayed by Irish actress Caitríona Balfe in the Starz television series Outlander 

Awards and nominations
Balfe won a Saturn Award for Best Actress on Television in 2015 and 2016, and a People's Choice Award for Favorite Sci-Fi/Fantasy TV Actress in 2016  She also received nominations for the Golden Globe Award for Best Actress – Television Series Drama in 2016, 2017, 2018 and 2019 
Passage 3:
The Flashman Papers
The Flashman Papers is a series of novels and short stories written by George MacDonald Fraser, the first of which was published in 1969  The books centre on the exploits of the fictional protagonist Harry Flashman  He is a cowardly British soldier, rake and cad who is placed in a series of real historical incidents between 1839 and 1894  While the incidents and much of the detail in the novels have a factual background, Flashman's actions in the stories are either fictional, or Fraser uses the actions of unidentified individuals and assigns them to Flashman  Flashman is a character in the 1857 novel by Thomas Hughes, Tom Brown's School Days; Hughes' version of the character is a bully at Rugby School who is expelled for drunkenness  The character was then developed by Fraser, and appeared in the 1969 novel Flashman  Fraser went on to write a total of eleven novels and one collection of short stories featuring the character 
During the course of Fraser's novels, Flashman goes from his expulsion from school into the army  Although he is a coward who tries to run away from any danger, he is involved in many famous military episodes from the 19th century, often taking actions that cause or affect subsequent events, such as his flatulence affecting the Charge of the Light Brigade, or being the person who probably shot George Armstrong Custer  When circumstances run against him and he is forced to fight, he often does so relatively capably  Despite his cowardice and his attempts to flee, he becomes a decorated war hero and rises to the rank of brigadier-general  He also meets people who either were notable at the time—such as Benjamin Disraeli and the Duke of Wellington—or who became well known after Flashman met them—such as Abraham Lincoln  Flashman either has, or tries to have, sex with most of the female characters: by the end of the ninth book he estimates that he has had sex with 480 women 
The publication sequence of the books differs from the fictional chronology, with the time frame of some books overlapping  One of the novels, Flashman and the Redskins, is in two parts: part one takes place in 1849–50, while the second covers 1875–76  Although the main series of stories finishes in 1894, Flashman lives on until 1915 and appears in his late 80s in another Fraser novel, Mr American 

Context
The series consists of twelve historical fiction books written by the journalist, author and screenwriter George MacDonald Fraser, that were published between 1969 and 2005  The series consists of eleven novels and one collection of short stories, spanning from 1839 to 1894; they are the memoirs of the fictional character General Sir Harry Paget Flashman, VC, KCB, KCIE  Although Flashman is fictional, the settings and history of the events, and the people with whom he interacts are all largely based around historical events and individuals, although three contain elements of other novels  Flashman first appeared in the 1857 semi-autobiographical novel Tom Brown's School Days by Thomas Hughes as a bully at Rugby School, who persecutes Tom Brown, and who is expelled for drunkenness: Fraser's series of novels starts with Flashman's expulsion from school  Based on a literary conceit, an explanatory note—itself also fictional—at the start of Flashman sets the context and explains that the memoirs had been found in an auction house in Ashby, Leicestershire, and had subsequently come into the possession of Fraser, who has acted in the role of editor  Fraser also included pages of notes and appendices at the end of each volume, providing the factual background for Flashman's endeavours Fraser was working as a journalist on The Glasgow Herald when he wrote the first novel, Flashman; writing in the evenings, after work, he took 90 hours in total to write the story  After the book was published, he left journalism and took up writing novels  When a break from writing was forced upon him by a broken arm, he abandoned the book until his wife read the manuscript and urged him to finish  He did not find a publisher for the novel for two years, until Barrie & Jenkins published it in 1969  When the novel was published in the US the same year, of the 34 reviews read by Alden Whitman of The New York Times, ten of them considered the book to be a genuine autobiography  Fraser researched each novel at Trinity College Dublin  From their first publication, the books were a commercial success, and new editions appeared on the best-sellers' lists 

Flashman
Flashman is from a semi-aristocratic background; he recounted that his great-grandfather "made a fortune in America out of slaves and rum, and piracy, too, I shouldn't wonder"  His father was "a dissolute former MP, living beyond the bounds of respectable society, and     his mother [was] born of the self-promoting Paget family"  Despite joining the army after expulsion from school, Flashman is a self-confessed coward with a false reputation for bravery, earned at the expense of others, and despite him trying to avoid danger at all costs  He is also "a scoundrel, a drunk, a liar, a cheat [and] a braggart", who was described by Fraser as "an unrepentant old cad" whose only positive features are "humour and shameless honesty as a memorialist" Flashman is 6 feet 2 inches (1 88 m) tall, weighs 13 stone (180 lb; 83 kg) (12½ stone in the first book, fourteen stone in the last), has broad shoulders and is attractive to women  He was forced into marriage in the first book, after he "caddishly deflowered" Elspeth Morrison, the daughter of a wealthy Scottish textile manufacturer with whom he had been billeted  Despite being married—and the fact he deeply loves his wife—Flashman is "a compulsive womaniser" who has bedded 480 women by the tenth book in the series, which was set in 1859  Elspeth is also probably unfaithful to him on several occasions  Flashman notes that he has three "prime talents, for horses, languages, and fornication"; he was also described by the master-at-arms of the 11th Hussars as a strong swordsman and was skilled with a lance, particularly at tent pegging  When it is necessary for him to control his fear, he will perform bravely, although is more adept at saving his own skin at the expense of others In the course of the series, Flashman is promoted to the rank of brigadier-general, and decorated numerous times by different countries  While the books cover some of the awards—such as being given the Victoria Cross for his actions during the sieges of Cawnpore and Lucknow—some stories are not known, such as how and why he served on both sides of the American Civil War and how he won the Medal of Honor During his travels Flashman meets people who took part in 19th-century events, including Queen Victoria, Abraham Lincoln, Otto von Bismarck, Oscar Wilde and Florence Nightingale, and he is involved as a participant in some of the century's most notable events, including the Indian Rebellion, the Taiping Rebellion, the charge of the Light Brigade, the Siege of Khartoum, John Brown's raid on Harpers Ferry and the Battle of the Little Bighorn Flashman died in 1915, although the details are unknown 

Publication sequence
Fictional chronology
Other references
Flashman also appears in another book by Fraser, Mr American, age 88, while his father was one of the financial backers of the bare-knuckle boxer Tom Molineaux in Black Ajax 

Notes and references
Notes
Passage 4:
Claire Bennet
Claire Bennet is a fictional character in the NBC psychological thriller superhero drama series Heroes  She is portrayed by Hayden Panettiere and first appeared on television in the pilot episode of the series, "Genesis", on September 25, 2006  She is a high school cheerleader with the power of rapid cellular regeneration  Claire appears in more episodes than any other character (72, plus a 73rd through stock footage)  In Heroes Reborn, she dies while giving birth to Malina and Tommy 
Thanks to her power, she has an incredibly high pain tolerance; Claire states in "The Butterfly Effect" that, when injured, she feels pain just as severe as anyone else who was injured in such a way, but her power quickly deadens pain  When asked about this, series writers Joe Pokaski and Aron Coleite would only comment that she "feels pain, but not the way most of us do " Claire, describing her response to pain to West, says "I feel pain; I just get over it quickly "
Between her tolerance for pain and seemingly unlimited healing potential, Hayden Panettiere compares her character to the X-Men character Wolverine, although she is "less hairy and without claws " Since having her brain examined by Sylar, Claire has stated that she no longer feels physical pain of any kind 

Casting
Marc Hirschfeld, executive vice president of casting for NBC Universal Television stated, "When they were trying to decide who the cheerleader should be, I literally picked up the phone and said to the producers, 'You've got to meet Hayden Panettiere  '"In an interview with Vanity Fair, Emma Stone revealed that she had auditioned for the role of Claire Bennet  She said it was her rock bottom Hollywood moment; She overheard "You are our pick     On a scale of 1 to 10 you’re an 11" and then she realised the role had gone to Hayden Panettiere 

Reception and analysis
Panettiere received positive reviews for her work on the show throughout the series run, constantly being referred to as a "breakout star"  Claire is also arguably one of the most popular characters on the show  UGO Networks listed Claire as one of their best heroes of all time Professor of audiovisual arts Olvido Andújar Molina saw the character of Claire Bennet as a metaphor for the United States of America, as her role as a cheerleader functioned as one of the basic American cultural archetypes  Claire Bennet's special ability was regeneration from any kind of accident, which in this reading symbolizes the idea of the United States being invincible in the long term  Andújar Molina expands the idea to the character of Nathan Petrelli: As he is discovered as Claire's biological father, he represents the father figure and protector of the country as a whole  Andújar Molina thought that this identification of the characters, together with their presentation as heroes trying to save the world, contributed to their positive reception and identification with the audience Sarah Godfrey and Hannah Hamad saw in the character a resurgence of the trope of the helpless girl in postfeminist, post-9/11 television: "Notwithstanding Claire Bennet's physical indestructibility, she remains contained by a narrative position that necessitates protection from a range of male characters "
Passage 5:
On a Claire Day
On a Claire Day was an American internationally syndicated gag-a-day comic strip by Creators Syndicate, created by Henry Beckett and Carla Ventresca and launched in 2006  The strip ended its run in print and online on June 14, 2014, to continue on the mobile device service Comikka  According to its creators, there was discussion on it being developed into a television show The strip follows the life of fictional character Claire Bennett, an insecure and naive young woman, who has left her parents' home to live on her own   She is visited frequently by Sammi, her elegant, financially savvy, and impatient best friend; Jeff, her guy's guy neighbor, who's happy working construction and doesn't understand Claire's ambition or life issues; her "out there" Oprah-fanatic mom and her "work hard or you're worth nothing" dad; and the perfect neighbors, Pasha and James, who seem to do everything with an ease and flair Claire can't achieve or imagine possessing herself  But she managed to settle down in with a life with medical researcher Paul along with their dog Bradley and cat Lulu and at the end of the series were engaged 
Passage 6:
Temptation of Wife (2012 TV series)
Temptation of Wife is a Philippine television drama revenge series broadcast by GMA Network  The series is based on a 2008 South Korean drama series of the same title  Directed by Dominic Zapata and Gina Alajar, it stars Marian Rivera in the title role, Dennis Trillo, Glaiza de Castro and Rafael Rosell  It premiered on October 29, 2012, on the network's Telebabad line up replacing Luna Blanca  The series concluded on April 5, 2013, with a total of 113 episodes  It was replaced by Love & Lies in its timeslot 

Cast and characters
Lead castMarian Rivera as Angeline Santos-Salcedo / Chantal Gonzales / Angeline Santos-Armada 
Dennis Trillo as Marcelito "Marcel" Salcedo
Glaiza de Castro as Heidi Fernandez-Montreal
Rafael Rosell as Nigel ArmadaSupporting castRez Cortez as Abner Santos
Rio Locsin as Minda Santos
Antonio Aquitania as Leo Santos
Raymond Bagatsing as Romeo Salcedo
Cherie Gil as Stella Salcedo
Bettina Carlos as Madel Salcedo
Ayen Munji-Laurel as Yolanda Gonzales-Armada
Michelle Madrigal as Chantal Gonzales ArmadaRecurring castJC Tiuseco as Bernard
Bubbles Paraiso as Leslie
Mel Martinez as PatGuest castSheena Halili as young Yolanda
Jay Aquitania as young Romeo
Mel Kimura as Josefina Fernandez
Patricia Ysmael as Scarlet
John Nite as an event host
Robert Seña as Robert Montreal

Background
Temptation of Wife is a 2008 South Korean television drama series broadcast by Seoul Broadcasting System from November 3, 2008, to May 1, 2009  It was written by Soon-ok Kim and directed by Se-kang Oh  The series starred Seo Hee Jang, Jae Hwang Lee, Woo Min Byun and Seo Hyung Kim in the lead roles The series also had a huge success in the Philippines during its run  GMA Network aired the series (dubbed in Tagalog) in an early primetime slot from October 4, 2010,  and concluded on May 27, 2011 

Production and development
In 2011, GMA Network's senior vice president for entertainment, Wilma Galvante stated that they would be adapting the Korean series, Temptation of Wife  Pre-production started in earlier 2012  The head writer, Dode Cruz stated that he would develop "a bit serious, sexier and edgier version" than the original  The producer assigned Dominic Zapata to direct the series 
Originally planned for a December 2012 premiere, it was later moved to an earlier date  following the cancellation of the drama series, Haram 

Casting
The cast was announced on September 11, 2012, during the series' story conference, with the main cast being, Marian Rivera, Dennis Trillo, Alessandra De Rossi and Rafael Rosell  As for Rivera's preparation, she stated that "Whenever I have a new soap, I make sure to ask some tips about the role  Then I talk to my director how he wants me to approach my role  I'd like to have an idea of the character that I am going to portray and how I would give life to it onscreen"  She added that she wants every role she does to be different from the previous one in terms of how she going to approach it  Trillo described his character as a "not-so-typical-leading-man" role De Rossi was hired to play Heidi Fernandez  However, the role was eventually given to Glaiza de Castro due to de Rossi's issues with the role The series served as Rosell's first major project for GMA Network  Zapata, required the cast to watch the original series before filming began to familiarize their characters 

Filming
The series' plug, teasers and opening title sequence were filmed on September 11, 2012, in a studio at GMA Network Center in Quezon City  Filming for the series began on October 9, 2012  Many of the series’ scenes were shot on location in Quezon City 

Reception
Ratings
According to AGB Nielsen Philippines' Mega Manila household television ratings, the pilot episode of Temptation of Wife earned a 23 5% rating  While the final episode scored a 27 9% rating  The series had its highest rating with a 41 3% rating 

Critical response
Vincent Anthon Garcia of gulfnews com said that "Marian Rivera has proved why she is truly the Queen of Primetime TV  Her current series, Temptation of Wife, has zoomed to the top of the ratings"  Mario Bautista of Journal praised the show's main villain, Glaiza de Castro, said that "One reason why Temptation of Wife clicks with viewers is the fact that de Castro is so effective as the villainous Heidi  We know she didn't want to play kontrabida (villainess) again after she did lead roles in Grazilda and Biritera  But Glaiza made the right decision in accepting the Heidi role as it's really so "mark" and she can show her versatility as an actress who can do both lead and villain roles "

Accolades
Passage 7:
Jamie Fraser (character)
James "Jamie" Fraser is a fictional character in the Outlander series of multi-genre novels by American author Diana Gabaldon, and its television adaptation  In the series, married World War II nurse Claire Randall is visiting Scotland when she is transported through time from 1945 back to 1743  There she finds adventure, war and romance with the dashing Highland warrior Jamie Fraser, a member of Gabaldon's fictionalized Clan Fraser of Lovat  Jamie also appears in two novels in the Lord John series of historical mysteries, and in the 2013 novella Virgins 
Jamie is portrayed by Sam Heughan in the Starz television series Outlander 

Concept and creation
Gabaldon took the name "Jamie" from the Doctor Who character Jamie McCrimmon, portrayed in the television series by Frazer Hines  Gabaldon had seen the Doctor Who serial The War Games, which inspired her to set her novel in Scotland  Gabaldon developed Jamie from an account in the Eric Linklater book Prince in the Heather, in which a single Jacobite named Fraser survives the mass execution of his fellows  Jamie's looks and character are based on Gabaldon's husband, Doug Watkins, as the author has herself confirmed on her Twitter account Hines guest starred in the May 2015 episode "Wentworth Prison" of Outlander, the television series adaptation of Gabaldon's novels 

Character
When married World War II nurse Claire Randall is transported through time from 1945 back to 1743, she meets dashing Highland warrior Jamie Fraser Jeff Jensen of Entertainment Weekly wrote, "The stories the show told during the second half of the first season deepened [Claire and Jamie's] bond and their need for each other  Jamie in particular was made to confront his personal and cultural attitudes about gender roles, understand how they impact Claire, and recognize the value to him of having a wife that was his equal in every way "Gabaldon describes Jamie as handsome and unusually tall, with distinctive red hair, deep blue eyes, and fair skin  The character uses many aliases throughout the series, including Jamie MacTavish, The Dunbonnet, Red Jamie/Seumas Ruadh, Mac Dubh, Alex MacKenzie, and Alexander Malcolm 

Appearances
Jamie is a main character of Gabaldon's Outlander series  He also appears in two novels in the Lord John series of historical mysteries, and in the 2013 novella Virgins 

Outlander novels
Outlander (1991)
Dragonfly in Amber (1992)
Voyager (1994)
Drums of Autumn (1997)
The Fiery Cross (2001)
A Breath of Snow and Ashes (2005)
An Echo in the Bone (2009)
Written in My Own Heart's Blood (2014)
Virgins, prequel novella in the anthology Dangerous Women (2013)
Go Tell the Bees That I Am Gone (2021)

Lord John novels
Lord John and the Brotherhood of the Blade (2007)
The Scottish Prisoner (2011)

Television series
Jamie is portrayed by Sam Heughan in the Starz television series Outlander 

Awards and nominations
Heughan was nominated for a Saturn Award for Best Supporting Actor on Television in 2015, and Best Actor on Television in 2016  Heughan was also nominated for a People's Choice Award for Favorite Sci-Fi/Fantasy TV Actor in 2016 and 2017, a 2016 BAFTA Scotland Award for Best Actor in Television, and a 2016 Critics' Choice Television Award for Best Actor in a Drama Series 
Passage 8:
Caitriona Balfe
Caitríona Mary Balfe (; born 4 October 1979) is an Irish actress  She is best known for her starring role as Claire Fraser in the Starz historical drama series Outlander (2014–present), for which she received nominations for four Golden Globe Awards for Best Actress in a Television Series – Drama 
At age eighteen, while studying drama at the Dublin Institute of Technology, Balfe began working as a fashion model in Paris  Ten years later, she refocused on acting  She had leading roles in the series The Beauty Inside (2012) and H+: The Digital Series (2012–2013), and appeared in the films Super 8 (2011), Now You See Me (2013), Escape Plan (2013), Money Monster (2016), and Ford v Ferrari (2019)  Her performance in Belfast (2021) earned her nominations for the Golden Globe and British Academy Film Awards 

Early life
Balfe was born in Dublin and grew up outside the village of Tydavnet, near Monaghan Town, in a family of seven  She is the fourth of five children  Her father was a retired Garda Sergeant  She went to Dublin Institute of Technology to study drama, before being spotted by a model scout 

Career
Modelling
Balfe started modelling after she was scouted by an agent while she was collecting money for charity at a local shopping centre  At 18, after working as a model in Dublin for a few months, she caught the attention of a visiting Ford Models scout, who offered her the chance to work for them in Paris Balfe's modelling career highlights include opening and closing fashion shows for Chanel, Givenchy, Dolce & Gabbana, Moschino, Alberta Ferretti and Louis Vuitton  In a three-year period, she walked in more than 250 runway shows  At the height of her career, Balfe was considered to be among the twenty most in-demand models in the world 

Acting
While living in New York, Balfe played the minor role of an employee of the magazine Runway in the 2006 film The Devil Wears Prada  In 2009, after a decade-long modelling career, Balfe returned to her initial career choice and moved from New York to Los Angeles, spending her first year and a half in the city exclusively taking acting classes, first at the Warner Loughlin Studios and then at the Sanford Meisner Center and the Judith Weston Studios  Balfe has appeared in the films Super 8, as the protagonist's mother, Now You See Me, as Michael Caine's character's wife, and Escape Plan, as the CIA lawyer that hires Sylvester Stallone's character In 2012 she portrayed Alex #34 in The Beauty Inside, a social film divided into six episodes telling the story of a man named Alex (Topher Grace) who wakes up in a different body every day  In 2013 she starred in the music videos for "First Fires" by British musician Bonobo and for "Chloroform" by French band Phoenix, the latter directed by Sofia Coppola Balfe was part of the main cast of the Warner Bros  web series H+: The Digital Series during 2012 and 2013, in which she played Breanna Sheehan, one of the executives of a biotechnology company that develops an implanted computer which allows people to be connected to the Internet 24 hours a day In September 2013, Balfe was cast as the lead character, Claire Beauchamp Randall Fraser, on the Starz television drama series Outlander, based on the novels written by Diana Gabaldon; the series premiered in August 2014  She plays a mid-20th-century nurse (later surgeon) who is transported back in time to the war-torn mid-18th-century Scottish Highlands  Both the series and her performance have received critical acclaim, with Richard Lawson of Vanity Fair saying "it helps immensely that Balfe is such an appealing actress, [she] makes Claire a spirited, principled, genuinely heroic heroine"  Tim Goodman of The Hollywood Reporter wrote that Balfe is "reason enough to watch; she's a confident actress who brings various shades to her character " James Poniewozik of Time labelled Balfe's portrayal as "wry, [and] infectiously engaging " Angelica Jade Bastién of The New York Times called Balfe "one of the most stunning actresses on television" In December 2014, Entertainment Weekly named Balfe one of its 12 Breakout Stars of 2014; that month she was also voted "Woman Of The Year" at BBC America's Anglophenia Fan Favorites tournament 
In April 2015, Balfe received Best Actress in a Lead Role Drama and Rising Star Award nominations for the 12th Irish Film & Television Awards, and was named one of People magazine's "50 Most Beautiful People in the World"  She won Saturn Awards for Best Actress on Television in 2015 and 2016  In November 2016, Balfe won the Scottish BAFTA award for Best Actress on Television and in February 2018 she won the Irish IFTA for Best Actress in a Lead Role Drama  Balfe also received four nominations for the Golden Globe Award for Best Actress – Television Series Drama for her role in Outlander Balfe co-starred in the film Money Monster (2016), directed by Jodie Foster and starring George Clooney and Julia Roberts  She played the head of PR of a company whose stock bottoms out, causing a man to lose all of his savings and subsequently take hostages on a live TV show  Eric Hills of The Movie Waffler wrote "But it's relative newcomer Balfe who leaves the greatest impression; she's magnetic, stealing scenes even when her character is only glimpsed reacting to the situation on a background monitor  Expect to see a lot more of this Irish actress in the coming years "In 2019, Balfe had a recurring voice role as Tavra in the Netflix fantasy series The Dark Crystal: Age of Resistance  The series, which was a prequel to the 1982 fantasy film The Dark Crystal and produced by the Jim Henson Company, was released to critical acclaim  Also in 2019, she had a starring role opposite Matt Damon and Christian Bale in the sports drama film Ford v Ferrari  Balfe portrayed Mollie Miles, the wife of professional race car driver Ken Miles, a role which earned her an IFTA nomination for Best Actress in a Supporting Role  The film received universal acclaim upon release and was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Picture In 2021, Balfe had a co-starring role in Kenneth Branagh's semi-autobiographical film Belfast, for which she received critical acclaim  Critic Richard Lawson of Vanity Fair lauded Balfe for her "modest, affable performance"  Her performance earned her nominations for the Screen Actors Guild Award, Golden Globe Award, Critics' Choice Movie Award, and British Academy Film Award for Best Supporting Actress  The film was nominated for Best Picture at the 94th Academy Awards  She has been a member of the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences in the Actors Branch since June 2022 Balfe will next star in the 20th Century Studios film Amateur 

Personal life
Balfe lives in London and, while filming Outlander, in Glasgow  She previously lived in Los Angeles, where she started acting professionally, and in New York City, Paris, London, Milan, Hamburg, and Tokyo while working as a model  In addition to her native English, she is a speaker of the Irish language and is conversant in French On 10 August 2019, Balfe married her longtime boyfriend, Scottish band manager Anthony "Tony" McGill  She announced on 18 August 2021 that she had given birth to their son In an interview, Balfe was asked if she considered herself spiritual  Balfe responded "I would say I'm spiritual, though have long turned my back on institutionalised religion  I definitely believe in the inherent goodness of the universe "

Philanthropy and other ventures
She is a patron of the organisation World Child Cancer  In April 2018, she ran the London Marathon, raising over US$41,000 in support of the organisation She is also a supporter of charitable causes involving refugee relief with ChooseLove, raising thousands of dollars in funds to help aid refugees in crisis globally, as well as a vocal supporter of charities that aid the environment  In October 2020, an annual birthday fundraising initiative called Project CaiTREEna was started by fans to raise money for the environmental charity One Tree Planted  To date over US$150,000 has been raised in her honour, resulting in over 150,000 trees being planted around the world In August 2020, Balfe launched Forget Me Not, a Scottish-based small batch gin with 25% of the proceeds funding arts programmes 

Filmography
Film
Television
Awards and nominations
Passage 9:
Outlander (TV series)
Outlander is a historical drama television series based on the Outlander novel series by Diana Gabaldon  Developed by Ronald D  Moore, the show premiered on August 9, 2014, on Starz  It stars Caitríona Balfe as Claire Randall, a former Second World War military nurse in Scotland who, in 1945, finds herself transported back in time to 1743  There she encounters, falls in love with and marries a dashing Highland warrior named Jamie Fraser (Sam Heughan), a tacksman of Gabaldon's fictionalized version of Clan Fraser of Lovat  Here, Claire becomes embroiled in the Jacobite rising 
The 16-episode first season of the television series (released as two half-seasons) is based on the first novel in the series, Outlander  The second season of 13 episodes, based on Dragonfly in Amber, aired from April to July 2016  The 13-episode third season, based on Voyager, aired from September to December 2017  The 13-episode fourth season, based on Drums of Autumn, aired from November 2018 to January 2019  The fifth season of 12 episodes, based on The Fiery Cross, aired from February to May 2020  The sixth season of 8 episodes, based on A Breath of Snow and Ashes, aired from March to May 2022  The seventh season which consists of 16 episodes, is based on An Echo in the Bone and premiered on June 16, 2023 
By February 2022, development had begun on a prequel series titled Outlander: Blood of My Blood, which will focus on Jamie Fraser's parents Brian and Ellen Fraser  In January 2023, Outlander: Blood of My Blood was officially confirmed for a ten-episode first season, and Outlander was renewed for a ten-episode eighth and final season 

Plot
Season 1 (2014–2015)
In 1945, Claire Randall, who had formerly served as a nurse in the British Army during the Second World War, and her husband Frank are visiting Inverness, Scotland, when she is carried back in time to 1743 by the standing stones at Craigh na Dun (in what is now Tay Forest Park)  She falls in with a group of rebel Highlanders from Clan MacKenzie (a fictionalization of the real Clan MacKenzie), who are being pursued by government troops led by Captain Jonathan "Black Jack" Randall  Randall turns out to be Frank's ancestor 
Clan MacKenzie suspect her of being a spy, but retain her as a healer, which prevents her from attempting to return to her own time  Knowing that the Jacobite cause is doomed to fail, she tries to warn them against rebellion  Out of necessity, Claire marries a Highlander, Jamie Fraser, but they quickly fall in love  Her husband Jamie is captured, tortured, and raped by the sadistic Randall, but Claire and his clansmen rescue him  Claire tells Jamie that she is pregnant and they set sail for the Kingdom of France 

Season 2 (2016)
In 18th century Paris, Claire and Jamie try to thwart the Jacobites by subverting the funds that King Louis XV of France is likely to provide  Jamie becomes the confidant of Charles Stuart, but the Frasers fail to prevent the risings  Randall reappears in Paris, but Claire makes Jamie swear to keep him alive until Frank's descent is assured  She achieves this by convincing Randall to marry Mary Hawkins  Claire and Jamie's daughter Faith is stillborn, and she and her 18th century husband return to Scotland  The Jacobites win the Battle of Prestonpans  Jamie and Claire also adopt a young French boy named Claudel, who Jamie renames Fergus 
Before the Battle of Culloden, Jamie convinces Claire, pregnant again, to return to the 20th century  Jamie decides to die fighting at Culloden with his clan  Back in her own century, Claire tells Frank about her time travel  He asks her to forget Jamie and let him raise her child as his own  Twenty years later, Frank has died in a car accident  Claire takes her 20-year-old daughter Brianna to Scotland  Claire discovers that Jamie did not die at Culloden and vows to return to him 

Season 3 (2017)
Jamie kills Randall at Culloden and is gravely injured, but spared execution  At Ardsmuir prison, he befriends the governor, Lord John Grey, who later paroles him to work at an English estate  There, Jamie is manipulated into a sexual liaison and fathers an illegitimate son, William  Jamie returns to Scotland and becomes a printer 
In 1968, Claire enrolls in medical school in Boston, Massachusetts  Frank is killed in a car accident while Brianna is in college  With the help of Roger Wakefield, Claire finds clues to Jamie's fate after Culloden  She returns to the 18th century and discovers Jamie has married a widowed Laoghaire  Claire's return nullifies their union as illegal  They try to retrieve some hidden treasure so that he can placate Laoghaire with a settlement, but Jamie's nephew Ian is captured by pirates and taken to the Caribbean  Jamie and Claire follow and manage to rescue him from Geillis, who had escaped burning at the stake in season one  Claire and Jamie sail for Scotland, but are shipwrecked on the coast of Georgia 

Season 4 (2018–2019)
In the Province of North Carolina, Claire and Jamie seek to return to Scotland with Fergus, Marsali and Ian  They visit a plantation owned by Jamie's aunt Jocasta Cameron, where they encounter Black slaves  Claire and Jamie decide to leave and claim land that they name Fraser's Ridge, which is already inhabited by Cherokee  Jamie reunites with Murtagh, now a blacksmith and leader of the Regulator Movement  Lord John visits with Jamie's son, Willy 
In the 1970s, Brianna rejects Roger's marriage proposal  After learning her parents will die in a fire, Brianna travels through the stones  When Roger discovers Brianna has left, he follows her  They meet in Wilmington, North Carolina and enter into handfast marriage  Shortly after, they get into an argument and Roger leaves  In his absence, Stephen Bonnet rapes Brianna  She reunites with her mother and finally meets her biological father, Jamie  Brianna discovers she is pregnant  Roger goes to Fraser's Ridge, where Brianna's maid Lizzie wrongly assumes that he is the rapist  Lizzie informs Jamie, who beats Roger  Young Ian sells Roger to the Mohawk  Discovering their mistake, they set off to rescue Roger and Ian trades his freedom for Roger's  Roger and Brianna are reunited at Jocasta's plantation and Jamie receives instructions to kill Murtagh, who is a fugitive 

Season 5 (2020)
Jamie and Claire fight to retain their home at Fraser's Ridge as the American Revolutionary War looms on the horizon  Brianna and Roger marry and Governor Tryon further pushes Jamie to hunt down Murtagh, forcing Jamie to gather up a militia and counteract the Regulators  He struggles to balance keeping his godfather safe and fulfilling his duties to the British, especially under the eye of Lieutenant Knox, who is determined to find and kill Murtagh  Despite Murtagh's pleas for Jocasta to return his love for her, she moves forward with her fourth marriage, choosing the safety and security of her plantation's future over his idealism  Jamie's loyalties are pushed to the breaking point at the Battle of Alamance, when Roger's attempt to warn Murtagh fails and Murtagh is shot dead  Roger is captured and mistakenly hanged by the British; he survives, but is left traumatized by the experience  Jamie is left devastated in the months following the battle 
Meanwhile, Roger and Bree's relationship is put to the test as there are signs of Stephen Bonnet's reappearance, forcing Brianna to take matters into her own hands when she is captured by him  Eventually, Bree and Roger decide to go back through the stones when they realize Jemmy can too, as the future will be much safer for their son  Their attempt fails and the two, taking this as a sign of fate, decide to stay at Fraser's Ridge, along with their large family  Young Ian returns from his time with the Mohawk and learns the truth about Claire, Brianna and Roger's origins when he confronts them with information passed to him by the Mohawk  Claire continues to subvert conventional medical practices by producing penicillin and covertly providing medical advice under a pseudonym, but her subversive advice backfires on her  Claire is abducted and gang raped by Lionel Brown and his men, but is subsequently rescued by Jamie, Fergus, Roger, and the other men of the Ridge  Though Jamie returns Lionel's body to Richard, Lionel's brother and mayor of Brownsville, Richard subtly threatens Fraser's Ridge and Jamie's family 

Season 6 (2022)
The political unrest in the colonies begins to boil over and the Frasers (Jamie and Claire) and the MacKenzie (Roger and Brianna), try to peacefully live on their isolated homestead in the foothills of North Carolina  Jamie is suddenly faced with walking between the fires of loyalty to the oath he swore to the British Crown and following his hope for freedom in the new world  Trouble continues with the Browns as they form 'a committee of safety' that threatens the peace on the ridge dividing a wedge between the Native Americans, the British and the Frasers  In the meantime, the Christie family arrive on the Ridge, a throwback to Jamie's time in Ardsmuir Prison, and begin to influence the harmony on the Ridge  Malva Christie, the daughter of Tom Christie, takes a liking to Claire only to betray her in announcing her pregnancy with Jamie as the father  The season ends with a huge amount of unrest involving the Browns and the Christies as Jamie and Claire's grip on Fraser's Ridge becomes ever more fragile 

Cast and characters
Production
Development
In July 2012, it was reported that Sony Pictures Television had secured the rights to Gabaldon's Outlander series, with Moore attached to develop the project and Jim Kohlberg (Story Mining and Supply Co) producing  Sony completed the deal with Starz in November 2012, and Moore hired a writing team in April 2013  That June, Starz picked up the Outlander project for a sixteen-episode order, and in August it was announced that John Dahl would be directing the first two episodes  Starz CEO Chris Albrecht later said that he had green-lit several genre projects, including Outlander, to shift the network's series development toward "audiences that were being underserved" to "drive a real fervent fan base that then becomes the kind of advocacy group for the shows themselves" Calling it "a different kind of show than has ever been on, in my memory", Albrecht believed that Outlander's combination of fantasy, action, a strong central romance and a feminist focus would set it apart  Another distinguishing feature of the show is its use of Scottish Gaelic  Àdhamh Ó Broin is the language consultant and Griogair Labhruidh sang in Gaelic on the second season's soundtrack On August 15, 2014, after only the pilot episode had aired, the network renewed the series for a second season of at least thirteen episodes, based on the second book in Gabaldon's series, Dragonfly in Amber  On June 1, 2016, Starz renewed the series for a third and fourth season, which adapt the third and fourth Outlander novels, Voyager and Drums of Autumn On May 9, 2018, Starz renewed the series for a fifth and sixth season, which adapt The Fiery Cross and A Breath of Snow and Ashes, respectively and each season to consist of twelve episodes On March 14, 2021, the series was renewed for a seventh season, originally to consist of 12 episodes and adapt the seventh novel, An Echo in the Bone  On June 1, 2021, Starz announced the sixth season would premiere in early 2022 with a shortened eight-episode season, while the seventh season would consist of 16 episodes  On November 22, 2021, Gabaldon announced that the sixth season would premiere on March 6, 2022  In January 2023, the series was renewed for an eighth and final season to consist of 10 episodes 

Writing
Moore said of the pilot: "There's a lot of things we did in the first thirty to forty minutes that aren't in the book or are compilations of things that happened in the book"  He emphasised that he did not want to present the time-travel dimension in a traditional special effects-laden science fiction manner  Describing the adaptation of the first season as "straightforward", he explained: "it was always kind of clear what the basic structure was: Claire's trying to get home, then she meets this guy, now she's falling in love, now she has a conflict, will she go home  You lay it out in a very linear fashion"  Regarding the darker tone of the season's second half, he said: "the show becomes more complicated and the emotional journey more wrenching" Regarding the second season and the source novel Dragonfly in Amber, Moore said:

The book is a more complicated structure in terms of how Diana [Gabaldon] wrote it     So it was not as easy an adaptation as the first season was     Book 2 is just a more complex book  It's laid out very differently, as a result it took more wrangling to try to figure out how to translate this particular story into our season  There were more complications, there were more characters     It was a bigger task  The thing that gives me the most comfort is that Diana likes it a lot  She had said, 'Oh, I really liked the way you did it  it was a difficult plot, I know, but I think you really found the essence of it  You really found the through line that really defines what this part of the journey is '     It's not going to be a literal adaptation because I don't think that's possible with the second book     But I think it's very much the same story, the major characters are all represented, the major scenes are all represented, and it still gets you to all the same places you want to go 
Gabaldon was employed as consultant to the TV production  When asked in June 2015 about the adaptation of the first season, she said: "I think they did condense it very effectively     I ended up getting most of the things that I felt strongly about in there  There were only a few instances where the most important stuff in my opinion didn't get in"  In March 2015, she said of the scripts for season two: "The Parisian stuff is very good and in fact I'm deeply impressed by the outlines I've seen     I think they've done a wonderful job of pulling out the most important plot elements and arranging them in a convincing way"  Gabaldon wrote the screenplay for the episode "Vengeance is Mine" According to Moore, the writing and pre-production for season four began while season three was still in active production  Gabaldon wrote an episode for the fifth season 

Casting
On July 9, 2013, it was announced that Sam Heughan had been cast as Jamie Fraser, the male lead  Tobias Menzies was the second actor cast, on August 8, in dual roles of Frank and Jonathan Randall  Stephen Walters and Annette Badland were announced in the recurring roles of Angus Mhor and Mrs  Fitzgibbons on August 29, 2013, with Graham McTavish and Gary Lewis announced as the MacKenzie brothers on the September 4  Series female lead Claire Beauchamp Randall was to be portrayed by Caitríona Balfe as announced on September 11, 2013  The series later added Lotte Verbeek as Geillis Duncan and Laura Donnelly as Jamie's sister Jenny in October 2013 In December 2013, Simon Callow was cast in the supporting role of Duke of Sandringham, and Entertainment Weekly reported in April 2014 that Steven Cree would portray Ian Murray  Bill Paterson was cast as lawyer Ned Gowan in June 2014  Author Gabaldon has a cameo as Iona MacTavish in the August 2014 episode "The Gathering"  In August 2014 it was announced that Frazer Hines had been cast in the role of a prison warden in an episode to air in 2015  From 1966 to 1969, Hines had portrayed the Doctor Who character Jamie McCrimmon, who Gabaldon said had inspired the setting of the Outlander series and the character of Jamie Fraser  Hines plays Sir Fletcher Gordon, an English prison warden, in the May 2015 episode "Wentworth Prison" In June 2015, the series cast Andrew Gower as the Jacobite pretender Prince Charles Edward Stuart; Robert Cavanah as Jamie's Scottish cousin Jared, a wine merchant and Jacobite living in Paris; Margaux Châtelier as Annalise de Marillac, Jamie's French ex-lover; and Laurence Dobiesz as Alex Randall, Black Jack's younger–and gentler–brother  Other cast added for season 2 include Romann Berrux as the French pickpocket Fergus, Rosie Day as the baronet's daughter Mary Hawkins, Stanley Weber as Le Comte St  Germain, Dominique Pinon as healer Master Raymond, Marc Duret as French Minister of Finance Joseph Duverney, Frances de la Tour as Mother Hildegarde, and Audrey Brisson as Sister Angelique  In July 2015, Lionel Lingelser was cast as King Louis XV of France  Moore revealed in June 2015 that Verbeek would be returning in the role of Geillis  Richard Rankin was cast as Roger Wakefield in December 2015, while Sophie Skelton was chosen to portray Brianna Randall, Claire and Jamie's daughter, in January 2016 In August 2016, Starz announced that David Berry had been cast as Lord John William Grey for season three  In September, Wil Johnson was cast as Joe Abernathy and John Bell as "Young Ian" Fraser Murray  In October, César Domboy was cast as an adult Fergus and Lauren Lyle as Laoghaire's daughter Marsali MacKimmie  Hannah James and Tanya Reynolds were cast as sisters Geneva and Isobel Dunsany in November 2016 In October 2017, two season four roles were announced  Maria Doyle Kennedy was cast as Jamie's aunt, Jocasta and Ed Speleers as Stephen Bonnet, an Irish pirate and smuggler  The casting of Colin McFarlane as Jocasta's slave butler Ulysses was announced in January 2018  The Cherokee and Mohawk people in seasons four and five were portrayed by members of First Nations from Canada who traveled to Scotland for the filming In May 2020, Berry announced that he would not be returning to Outlander for the sixth season  Nevertheless, he made a guest appearance in one episode in season six In May 2022, it was announced that Canadian actor Charles Vandervaart had been cast to play William Ransom, Jamie's son who was raised by Lord John Grey since season three  In October 2022, it was confirmed that Graham McTavish, Nell Hudson, Steven Cree and Lotte Verbeek would reprise their roles in the seventh season 

Filming
In July 2013, British Chancellor of the Exchequer George Osborne confirmed that the production would benefit from the Creative Sector Tax Relief programme implemented in the UK in 2012, which extends film tax reliefs to high-end television productions  The Scottish government also agreed to help pay for the conversion of a warehouse complex on the outskirts of Cumbernauld in North Lanarkshire into a film studio  Principal photography began on location in Scotland in September 2013  The Cumbernauld studios were used for on set filming, with location shoots taking place at Doune Castle, Stirling; mills in East Linton, East Lothian; Newtonmore in the Scottish Highlands; Rothiemurchus Forest, Aviemore; quarries near Bathgate, West Lothian and Aberfoyle, Stirling, as well as Linlithgow Palace, Loch Rannoch in the Highlands and Falkland and Culross in Fife  Such settings have attracted substantial numbers of international tourists Filming for season two began in April 2015, to air in spring 2016  The primary setting for the season is Paris, which Moore explained is being recreated using other locations  Some interiors were filmed on the show's Scotland soundstages, while Prague was used for the exterior street scenes and the Palace of Versailles  In addition some palaces in the south of England which have French rooms and architecture were used as Parisian interiors and part of Versailles  Moore noted that season two of Outlander "will look completely different than season one" with a "richer, more dynamic kind of visual palette"  With the change of setting from Scotland to France, he said that "visually you’ve moved from the heavy woods and stone of season 1 into the finery of the Parisian apartments"  He explained:

Everything about Paris is so completely different, especially the costumes     It's the most stylish city in the world during this time  A lot more money  A lot of finery  Scotland is featuring a lot of heavy wools and more organic colors  In Paris everyone wants to be a peacock  You’ve got a much wider palette of textiles and colors and styles than you did in Scotland  It's a completely different world  And that kind of goes across the board for all the departments     There were really no sets or pieces of sets that we could use for Paris that we'd used for Scotland     There are carriages, there are servants with livery, there are props and furniture  It's completely different  It's a whole new show 
Production on season three began in September 2016 in Scotland and filming took place in Cape Town from March to June 2017  Filming completed on June 16, 2017 In August 2017, Moore said that for season four, locations in Scotland would double as 18th century America and some of the mountains and rivers of North Carolina would be recreated using locations in Eastern Europe  Production for season four was completed in Scotland by July 5, 2018 Production on season five, set primarily in North Carolina, began in Scotland in April 2019  Locations included Kinloch Rannoch (for Craigh na Dun), the Thomas Coats Memorial Baptist Church in Paisley, 
The Hermitage, Dunkeld in Perthshire and Milne Woods in Bridge of Allan  Much of the filming was completed at Wardpark Studios in Glasgow Production on season six was scheduled to begin in May 2020, but was delayed due to the COVID-19 pandemic  Production eventually began in February 2021 Production for season seven began in April 2022, while filming began in May 2022 in Scotland 

Music
The music is composed by Bear McCreary  The title song is an adaptation of Robert Louis Stevenson's poem Sing Me a Song of a Lad That Is Gone, set to the tune of the Scottish folk song "The Skye Boat Song"  For the first half of season two, the second verse of the opening theme is sung in French to reflect the season's French setting  For the second half of season three, the second verse of the opening theme has Caribbean music to reflect the season's Jamaican setting  The fourth season opening theme has a colonial American sound 

Release
Outlander premiered in the United States on August 9, 2014  Its first eight episodes aired through September and the remaining eight episodes resumed in April 2015  The first-season finale aired on May 30, 2015  The second season of 13 episodes premiered on April 9, 2016, and the 13-episode third season on September 10, 2017  The fourth season premiered on November 4, 2018, and the fifth on February 16, 2020  The sixth season premiered on March 6, 2022  The first part of the seventh season premiered on June 16, 2023, and the second part is set to debut in 2024 Outlander debuted in Australia on SoHo on August 14, 2014, and began airing in Canada on Showcase on August 24, 2014  The series also premiered on October 21, 2014, in Ireland  In the United Kingdom, it was acquired by Amazon Prime Video, where it premiered on March 26, 2015 In April 2015, The Herald reported that emails leaked in the Sony Pictures Entertainment hack suggested that the broadcast delay in the UK may have been due to sensitivity about the September 2014 Scottish independence referendum  In New Zealand, Outlander was previously distributed by the video streaming service Lightbox  Following Sky's acquisition of Lightbox, Sky's  streaming service Neon acquired the distribution rights to Outlander in New Zealand 

Reception
Critical response
On Rotten Tomatoes, the average rating of the overall series is 89%, while on Metacritic it has an average rating of 76 out of 100 

Season 1
The first season received mostly positive reviews  On Metacritic, it has a rating of 73 out of 100, based on 34 reviews, indicating "generally favorable reviews"   On Rotten Tomatoes, the season has a 91% rating with an average rating of 7 95/10 based on 261 reviews  The website's critical consensus reads: "Outlander is a unique, satisfying adaptation of its source material, brought to life by lush scenery and potent chemistry between its leads" The Huffington Post called the first episode "    A masterpiece of impressive depth     It is amazing!" Entertainment Weekly gave the premiere an "A−" rating, writing that it was "sexy and smart and stirring"  Matt Zoller Seitz of New York magazine also praised the series, calling it "defiantly its own thing: part romance-novel fantasy, part-time-travel story and part wartime drama (set across two time periods)"  Sonia Saraiya of The A V  Club gave the first six episodes an A, writing that it "does for 1743 Scotland what Downton Abbey does for 1912 England" and adding that "Outlander succeeds admirably     it refuses to sit comfortably in any genre "British reception was more mixed  In the first UK review, Siobhan Synnot of The Scotsman said "There has not been such a proud display of tartanalia since the opening of the 2014 Commonwealth Games"  Alastair McKay of The Evening Standard quoted Saraiya's comparison with Downton Abbey, adding "[The comparison] is entirely correct  It is magical-mystical heuchter-teuchter cobblers " Euan Ferguson of The Observer called it "gorgeous drivel" and Thomas Batten of The Guardian stated "If you love the scenery, shifting allegiances and palace intrigue of [Game of Thrones], but find yourself wishing the pace were a little slower and that the sex scenes were filmed in a more pretentious manner with lots of slow pans and softer lighting, here's your show " Graeme Virtue noted "the rather languid pace of the opening episodes", but praised the show's "rare acknowledgment of the female gaze" in its treatment of sex scenes  The Daily Telegraph also made the Game of Thrones comparison, while The Independent stated "   yes, it's a time-travelling, wish-fulfilment fantasy, but it's done with such flair and attention to detail that it's impossible not to hop on board for the ride "

Season 2
The second season received universal acclaim  On Metacritic, it has a score of 85 out of 100 based on 11 reviews, indicating "universal acclaim"  On Rotten Tomatoes, it reports a 92% rating with an average rating of 8 05/10 based on 234 reviews  The website consensus reads: "Outlander returns for a second addictive season of mystery and sweeping romance as Claire and Jamie take on Paris " Based on five episodes for review, Marah Eakin of The A V  Club gave it a perfect "A" grade and wrote, "It's not just well-written and lovely to look at  It's downright immersive      Outlander feels important–even moreso in its second season "

Season 3
The third season also received universal acclaim  It has a Metacritic score of 87 out of 100 based on 6 reviews, indicating "universal acclaim"  Rotten Tomatoes reports a 90% rating with an average rating of 7 95/10 based on 195 reviews  The website consensus reads: "Outlander's epic love story returns with the same strong storytelling and an added layer of maturity " Based on six episodes for review, Liz Shannon Miller of IndieWire gave it an "A"-grade review and wrote, "This is a show that's grown and matured since its initial premiere in ways that defied our initial expectations "

Season 4
The fourth season received mostly positive reviews  It has a Metacritic score of 71 out of 100 based on 6 reviews, indicating "generally favorable reviews"  Rotten Tomatoes reports an 88% rating with an average rating of 7 15/10 based on 170 reviews  The website consensus reads: "Outlander's epic romance settles into a violent fourth season, planting its flag on the American frontier while treading on darker themes "

Season 5
The fifth season also received mostly positive reviews  It has a Metacritic score of 73 out of 100 based on 4 reviews, indicating "generally favorable reviews"  Rotten Tomatoes reports an 86% rating with an average rating of 7/10 based on 142 reviews  The website consensus reads: "Outlander's romantic ardor doesn't burn as bright in this fifth season, but the Frasers remain an enthralling pair as they try to forge a home together "

Season 6
The sixth season has an 89% rating on Rotten Tomatoes with an average rating of 7 8/10 based on 9 reviews 

Season 7
The seventh season has a 100% rating on Rotten Tomatoes with an average rating of 7 7/10 based on 6 reviews  On Metacritic, it has received a score of 75 out of 100 based on 4 reviews, indicating "generally favorable reviews" 

Ratings
The first eight episodes averaged more than 5 1 million multiplatform viewers  In July 2015, noting Outlander's strong ratings, its "vocal online fandom and a slew of think pieces tied to its feminist twists on the action genre", Josef Adalian of Vulture credited Outlander as one of the series responsible for Starz's increased success against competitors like Showtime  On February 11, 2020, cable provider Comcast moved Starz from its base cable packages to an a la carte option  This occurred five days before the premiere of season five 

Accolades
Prequel series
In February 2022, it was reported that a prequel series was in works, with Matthew B  Roberts writing and executive producing  In May 2022, executive producer Maril Davis confirmed that the series would focus on the parents of Jamie Fraser  In August 2022, it was confirmed that the series will be titled Blood of My Blood  In January 2023, Starz ordered a 10-episode first season 

Notes
Passage 10:
List of Outlander episodes
Outlander is a television drama series based on the Outlander series of historical time travel novels by Diana Gabaldon  Developed by Ronald D  Moore and produced by Sony Pictures Television and Left Bank Pictures for Starz, the show premiered on August 9, 2014  It stars Caitríona Balfe as Claire Randall, a married former World War II nurse, later surgeon, who in 1946 finds herself transported back to the Scotland of 1743 where she meets and falls in love with the dashing Highland warrior Jamie Fraser (Sam Heughan) and becomes embroiled in the Jacobite risings The seventh season consists of 16 episodes split into two eight-episode parts with the first half debuting on June 16, 2023, and the second later in 2024  In January 2023, the series was renewed for a 10-episode eighth and final season  As of July 7, 2023, 79 episodes of Outlander have aired 

Series overview
Episodes
Season 1 (2014–15)
Season 2 (2016)
Season 3 (2017)
Season 4 (2018–19)
Season 5 (2020)
Season 6 (2022)
Season 7 (2023)
The ninth through sixteenth episodes were written by Barbara Stepansky, Luke Schelhaas, Sarah H  Haught, Toni Graphia, Madeline Brestal & Evan McGahey, Diana Gabaldon, Danielle Berrow, and Matthew B  Roberts & Toni Graphia, respectively 

Viewership
Notes
Context 2: Passage 1:
William Wallace
Sir William Wallace (Scottish Gaelic: Uilleam Uallas, pronounced [ˈɯʎam ˈuəl̪ˠəs̪]; Norman French: William le Waleys; c  1270 – 23 August 1305) was a Scottish knight who became one of the main leaders during the First War of Scottish Independence Along with Andrew Moray, Wallace defeated an English army at the Battle of Stirling Bridge in September 1297  He was appointed Guardian of Scotland and served until his defeat at the Battle of Falkirk in July 1298  In August 1305, Wallace was captured in Robroyston, near Glasgow, and handed over to King Edward I of England, who had him hanged, drawn and quartered for high treason and crimes against English civilians 
Since his death, Wallace has obtained a legendary status far beyond his homeland  He is the protagonist of Blind Harry's 15th-century epic poem The Wallace and the subject of literary works by Jane Porter and Sir Walter Scott, and of the Academy Award-winning film Braveheart 

Background
William Wallace was a member of the lesser nobility, but little is definitely known of his family history or even his parentage  William's own seal, found on a letter sent to the Hanse city of Lübeck in 1297, gives his father's name as Alan Wallace  This Alan Wallace may be the same as the one listed in the 1296 Ragman Rolls as a crown tenant in Ayrshire, but there is no additional confirmation  Others have speculated this Alan held an Ellerslie, near Kilmarnock, Ayrshire, and if true, the estate could be a possible birthplace for William; though there is no record of Wallaces' holding the estate, in the mid 13th century  Blind Harry's late-15th-century poem offers an alternate father for William, a Sir Malcolm of Elderslie, in Renfrewshire; and has similarly given rise to a possible birthplace for William  There is no contemporary evidence linking him with either location, although both areas had connections with the wider Wallace family  Records show early members of the family as holding estates at Riccarton, Tarbolton, Auchincruive in Kyle and Stenton in East Lothian  They were vassals of James Stewart, 5th High Steward of Scotland as their lands fell within his territory  It has been claimed that Wallace's brothers Malcolm and John are known from other sources, but there is a lack of verifiable evidence for John’s relationship with William The origins of the Wallace surname and its association with southwest Scotland are also far from certain, other than the name's being derived from the Old English wylisc (pronounced "wullish"), meaning "foreigner" or "Welshman"  It is possible that all the Wallaces in the Clyde area were medieval immigrants from Wales, but as the term was also used for the Cumbric-speaking Strathclyde kingdom of the Celtic Britons, it seems equally likely that the surname refers to people who were seen as being "Welsh" due to their Cumbric language  A family tradition states Wallace was descended from the sister of Saint Patrick, which would reinforce the Welsh origin theory 

Military career
Political crisis in Scotland
When Wallace was growing up, King Alexander III ruled Scotland  His reign had seen a period of peace and economic stability  On 19 March 1286, however, Alexander died after falling from his horse  The heir to the throne was Alexander's granddaughter, Margaret, Maid of Norway  As she was still a child and in Norway, the Scottish lords set up a government of guardians  Margaret fell ill on the voyage to Scotland and died in Orkney in late September 1290  The lack of a clear heir led to a period known as the "Great Cause", with a total of thirteen contenders laying claim to the throne  The most credible claims were John Balliol and Robert Bruce, grandfather of the future king Robert the Bruce With Scotland threatening to descend into civil war, King Edward I of England was invited in by the Scottish nobility to arbitrate  Before the process could begin, he insisted that all of the contenders recognise him as Lord Paramount of Scotland  In early November 1292, at a great feudal court held in the castle at Berwick-upon-Tweed, judgment was given in favour of John Balliol having the strongest claim in law based on being senior in genealogical primogeniture even though not in proximity of blood Edward proceeded to take steps to progressively undermine John's authority, treating Scotland as a feudal vassal state, demanding homage be paid towards himself and military support in his war against France — even summoning King John Balliol to stand before the English court as a common plaintiff  The Scots soon tired of their deeply compromised king, and the direction of affairs was allegedly taken out of his hands by the leading men of the kingdom, who appointed a Council of Twelve—in practice, a new panel of Guardians—at Stirling in July 1295  They went on to conclude a treaty of mutual assistance with France—known in later years as the Auld Alliance In retaliation for Scotland's treaty with France, Edward I invaded, storming Berwick-upon-Tweed and commencing the Wars of Scottish Independence  The Scots were defeated at Dunbar and the English took Dunbar Castle on 27 April 1296  Edward forced John to abdicate, which he did at Stracathro near Montrose on 10 July 1296  Here the arms of Scotland were formally torn from John's surcoat, giving him the abiding name of "Toom Tabard" (empty coat)  By July, Edward had instructed his officers to receive formal homage from some 1,800 Scottish nobles (many of the rest being prisoners of war at that time) 

Silent years prior to the Wars of Independence
Some historians believe Wallace must have had some earlier military experience in order to lead a successful military campaign in 1297  Campaigns like Edward I of England's wars in Wales might have provided a good opportunity for a younger son of a landholder to become a mercenary soldier  Wallace's personal seal bears the archer's insignia, so he may have fought as an archer in Edward's army 
Walter Bower states that Wallace was "a tall man with the body of a giant     with lengthy flanks     broad in the hips, with strong arms and legs     with all his limbs very strong and firm"  Blind Harry's Wallace reaches seven feet 

Start of the uprising
The first act definitely known to have been carried out by Wallace was his killing of William de Heselrig, the English High Sheriff of Lanark, in May 1297  He then joined with William the Hardy, Lord of Douglas, and they carried out the raid of Scone  This was one of several rebellions taking place across Scotland, including those of several Scottish nobles and Andrew Moray in the north The uprising suffered a blow when the nobles submitted to the English at Irvine in July  Wallace and Moray were not involved, and continued their rebellions  Wallace used the Ettrick Forest as a base for raiding, and attacked Wishart's palace at Ancrum  Wallace and Moray met and joined their forces, possibly at the siege of Dundee in early September 

Battle of Stirling Bridge
On 11 September 1297, an army jointly led by Wallace and Andrew Moray won the Battle of Stirling Bridge  Although vastly outnumbered, the Scottish army routed the English army  John de Warenne, 6th Earl of Surrey's feudal army of 3,000 cavalry and 8,000 to 10,000 infantry met disaster as they crossed over to the north side of the river  The narrowness of the bridge prevented many soldiers from crossing together (possibly as few as three men abreast), so, while the English soldiers crossed, the Scots held back until half of them had passed and then killed the English as quickly as they could cross  The infantry were sent on first, followed by heavy cavalry  The Scots' schiltron formations forced the infantry back into the advancing cavalry  A pivotal charge, led by one of Wallace's captains, caused some of the English soldiers to retreat as others pushed forward, and under the overwhelming weight, the bridge collapsed and many English soldiers drowned  Thus, the Scots won a significant victory, boosting the confidence of their army  Hugh de Cressingham, Edward's treasurer in Scotland, died in the fighting and it is reputed that his body was subsequently flayed and the skin cut into small pieces as tokens of the victory  The Lanercost Chronicle records that Wallace had "a broad strip [of Cressingham's skin]     taken from the head to the heel, to make therewith a baldrick for his sword" After the battle, Moray and Wallace assumed the title of Guardians of the Kingdom of Scotland on behalf of King John Balliol  Moray died of wounds suffered on the battlefield sometime in late 1297 Around November 1297, Wallace led a large-scale raid into northern England, through Northumberland and Cumberland In a ceremony, at the 'Kirk o' the Forest' (Selkirk), towards the end of the year, Wallace was knighted  This would have been carried out by one of three Scottish earls—Carrick, Strathearn or Lennox 

Battle of Falkirk
In April 1298, Edward ordered a second invasion of Scotland  Two days prior to the battle 25,781 foot soldiers were paid  More than half of them would have been Welsh  There are no clear cut sources for the presence of cavalry, but it is safe to assume that Edward had roughly 1,500 horse under his command  They plundered Lothian and regained some castles, but failed to bring William Wallace to combat; the Scots shadowed the English army, intending to avoid battle until shortages of supplies and money forced Edward to withdraw, at which point the Scots would harass his retreat  The English quartermasters' failure to prepare for the expedition left morale and food supplies low, and a resulting riot within Edward's own army had to be put down by his cavalry  In July, while planning a return to Edinburgh for supplies, Edward received intelligence that the Scots were encamped nearby at Falkirk, and he moved quickly to engage them in the pitched battle he had long hoped for Wallace arranged his spearmen in four schiltrons—circular, defensive hedgehog formations, probably surrounded by wooden stakes connected with ropes, to keep the infantry in formation  The English, however, employed Welsh longbowmen, who swung tactical superiority in their favour  The English proceeded to attack with cavalry and put the Scottish archers to flight  The Scottish cavalry withdrew as well, due to its inferiority to the English heavy horses  Edward's men began to attack the schiltrons, which were still able to inflict heavy casualties on the English cavalry  It remains unclear whether the infantry shooting bolts, arrows and stones at the spearmen proved the deciding factor, although it is very likely that it was the arrows of Edward's bowmen  Gaps in the schiltrons soon appeared, and the English exploited these to crush the remaining resistance  The Scots lost many men, including John de Graham  Wallace escaped, though his military reputation suffered badly By September 1298, Wallace resigned as Guardian of Scotland in favour of Robert the Bruce, Earl of Carrick and future king, and John Comyn, King John Balliol's nephew Details of Wallace's activities after this are vague, but there is some evidence that he left on a mission to the court of King Philip IV of France to plead the case for assistance in the Scottish struggle for independence  There is a surviving letter from the French king dated 7 November 1300 to his envoys in Rome demanding that they should help Sir William  It also suggests that Wallace intended to travel to Rome, although it is not known if he did  There is also a report from an English spy at a meeting of Scottish leaders, where they said Wallace was in France By 1304 Wallace was back in Scotland, and involved in skirmishes at Happrew and Earnside 

Capture and execution
Wallace evaded capture by the English until 5 August 1305, when John de Menteith, a Scottish knight loyal to Edward, turned Wallace over to English soldiers at Robroyston, near Glasgow, a site commemorated by a small monument in the form of a Celtic cross  Letters of safe conduct from Haakon V of Norway, Philip IV of France and John Balliol, along with other documents, were found in Wallace's possession and delivered to Edward by John de Segrave Wallace was transported to London, lodged in the house of William de Leyrer, then taken to Westminster Hall, where he was tried for treason and for atrocities against civilians in war, "sparing neither age nor sex, monk nor nun " He was crowned with a garland of oak to suggest he was the king of outlaws  He responded to the treason charge, "I could not be a traitor to Edward, for I was never his subject "

Following the trial, on 23 August 1305, Wallace was taken from the hall to the Tower of London, then stripped naked and dragged through the city at the heels of a horse to the Elms at Smithfield  He was hanged, drawn and quartered—strangled by hanging, but released while he was still alive, emasculated, eviscerated (with his bowels burned before him), beheaded, then cut into four parts  Wallace's head was dipped in tar and placed on a spike atop London Bridge  His preserved head was later joined by the heads of his brother John and his compatriots Simon Fraser and John of Strathbogie  Wallace's limbs were displayed, separately, in Newcastle, Berwick, Stirling and Perth  A plaque,  unveiled 8 April 1956, stands in a wall of St  Bartholomew's Hospital near the site of Wallace's execution at Smithfield  It includes in Latin the words "Dico tibi verum libertas optima rerum nunquam servili sub nexu vivito fili" (I tell you the truth  Freedom is what is best  Son, never live your life like a slave ), and in Gaelic "Bas Agus Buaidh" (Death and Victory), an old Scottish battle cry In 1869, the Wallace Monument was erected, close to the site of his victory at Stirling Bridge  The Wallace Sword, which supposedly belonged to Wallace, although some parts were made at least 160 years later, was held for many years in Dumbarton Castle and is now in the Wallace Monument 

In popular culture
Film
A popular depiction of Wallace's life is presented in the film Braveheart (1995), directed by and starring Mel Gibson as Wallace, written by Randall Wallace, and filmed in Scotland and Ireland  The film was criticised for many historical inaccuracies 
In the film Outlaw King (2018), Robert the Bruce (Chris Pine) is prompted to plan a revolt against the English after observing rioting induced by the public display of the quartered body of Wallace 

Literature
Blind Harry's 15th-century poem has been a major influence on the legend of Wallace, including details like a wife named Marion Braidfute, and claiming that Wallace killed the Sheriff of Lanark in revenge for the killing of his wife  However much of this poem is unsubstantiated, at variance with contemporary sources, or disputed by historians 
In 1793 Robert Burns wrote the lyrics to Scots Wha Hae wi Wallace bled 
Jane Porter penned a romantic version of the Wallace legend in the historical novel The Scottish Chiefs (1810) 

In her prize-winning poem of 1819, Wallace's Invocation to Bruce, Felicia Hemans imagines Wallace urging Bruce to continue the struggle for freedom after defeat at the Battle of Falkirk 
In 1828, Walter Scott wrote of "The Story of Sir William Wallace" in his Tales of a Grandfather (first series) 
G  A  Henty wrote a novel about this time period titled In Freedom's Cause: A Story of Wallace and Bruce (1885)  Henty, a producer of and writer for the Boy's Own Paper story paper, portrays the life of William Wallace, Robert the Bruce, The Black Douglas and others, while dovetailing the events of his novel with historical fiction 
Nigel Tranter wrote a historical novel titled The Wallace (1975), "admirably free of anything to do with Braveheart" 
The Temple and the Stone (1998), a novel by Katherine Kurtz and Deborah Turner Harris, includes a storyline creating a fictional connection between Wallace and Templar Knights 

Gaming
Wallace is the subject and protagonist of the tutorial campaign in realtime strategy game Age of Empires II 

Beer
A number of beers are named for Wallace  A brewery in Bridge of Allan, Scotland, makes a Scottish ale named "William Wallace", and Scottish Maclays Brewery had a beer called "Wallace" 

See also
Auchenbathie Tower – Wallace's Knowe
Clan Wallace
Wallace's Heel Well – an imprint of Wallace's heel in stone
Wallace's Well – Robroyston, Glasgow
Passage 2:
William Wallace (disambiguation)
William Wallace (died 1305) was a Scottish knight, landowner, and leader during the Wars of Scottish Independence 
William Wallace may also refer to:

Europeans
Willie Wallace (born 1940), Scottish footballer
William Wallace (footballer, born 1893) (1893–1917), English footballer
William Wallace of Failford (d  1616) Scottish courtier
William Wallace (mason) (died 1631), Scottish master mason and architect
William Vincent Wallace (1812–1865), Irish composer
William Wallace (philosopher) (1844–1897), Scottish philosopher
William Wallace (Scottish composer) (1860–1940), Scottish classical composer
William Wallace (Jesuit) (1863–1922), Irish Jesuit priest and Indologist
William Wallace, Baron Wallace of Saltaire (born 1941), British academic, writer and politician
William Wallace, real name of Ali Bongo (1929–2009), British comedy magician
Staker Wallace (1733–1798), United Irishman, sometimes referred to as William
William Herbert Wallace (1878–1933), English convicted 'murderer', later found to be innocent on appeal
William Kelly Wallace (1883–1969), Irish railway engineer
William Middleton Wallace (1892–1915), Scotland rugby player
William Wallace (mathematician) (1768–1843), Scottish mathematician
William Wallace (chemist) (1832–1888), Scottish chemist and city analyst for Glasgow
Sir William Wallace (marine engineer) (1881–1963), inventor of naval technology and Scottish businessman

Americans
William Wallace Lincoln (1850–1862), son of Abraham Lincoln
William A  A  Wallace (1817–1899), Texas Ranger captain with the nickname "Bigfoot"
William A  Wallace (organizational theorist) (born 1935), Professor at Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute
William A  Wallace (1827–1896), U S  Senator from Pennsylvania
William C  Wallace (1856–1901), U S  Representative from New York 
William E  Wallace (1917–2004), known as Ed Wallace to his friends and associates, physical chemist
William H  Wallace (1811–1879), first territorial governor and Congressional delegate from Idaho Territory
William Henry Wallace (1827–1901), Confederate general and South Carolina state legislator
W  H  L  Wallace (1821–1862), Union general in the American Civil War
William J  Wallace (Indianapolis mayor)
William A  Wallace (Illinois politician), Illinois state representative
William J  Wallace (USMC) (1895–1977), American Marine Corps aviation officer
William James Wallace (1837–1917), lawyer and federal judge in the United States
William M  Wallace (1911–2000), American historian
William Miller Wallace (1844–1924), U S  Army general
William O  Wallace (1906–1968), Hollywood set decorator
William Robert Wallace (1886–1960), American judge
William Ross Wallace (1819–1881), American poet
William S  Wallace (born 1946), General in the United States Army
William T  Wallace (1828–1909), Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of California and an Attorney General of California
William A  Wallace, historian, philosopher, and River Forest Thomist
Bill Wallace (American football) (1912–1993), American football player
Bill Wallace (martial artist) (born 1945), kickboxer

Canadians
William Wallace (Canadian politician) (1820–1887), Scottish-born merchant and politician in Ontario
William Tracy Wallace (1880–1947), Canadian-born artist in England
William Stewart Wallace (1884–1970), historian, librarian, and editor
William Wallace (rower) (1901–1967), Olympic rower
Bill Wallace (musician) (born 1949), musician

New Zealanders
Billy Wallace (1878–1972), New Zealand rugby union player
William Wallace (born 1971), actor, appeared in The Cult and Step Dave

South Americans
William Wallace (Brazilian footballer) (born 2002), Brazilian footballer

See also

Sir William Wallace Hotel, a historic pub in the suburb of Balmain, New South Wales, Australia
William Wallis (disambiguation)
Bill Wallace (disambiguation)
Passage 3:
William Keith of Galston
Sir William Keith of Galston (died 1337) was a Scottish Knight who fought in the Wars of Scottish Independence  He brought the bones and heart of James Douglas, as well as King Robert I of Scotland's heart, back to Scotland after Douglas was killed on crusade in Spain 

Life
Keith was the son of Robert de Keith, and grandson of John de Keith King's Marischal 
Keith fought alongside Thomas Randolph, Earl of Moray, and James Douglas, Lord of Douglas, during the street fighting during the capture of the town of Berwick from the English in 1318, which led to the surrender of Berwick Castle Upon the death of Robert I of Scotland in 1329, he accompanied Sir James Douglas with a retinue of Scottish nobles on crusade  The party stopped first at Sluys, Flanders, where confirmation was received that Alfonso XI of Castile was preparing a crusading campaign against the Muslims of the kingdom of Granada  The Scots sailed on to Seville, Spain to meet Alfonso XI and pledge their support  He was one of the few survivors of Douglas's party of knights and men-at-arms who survived the siege and battle of Teba, not being able to take part in the skirmish, after suffering a broken arm  He was responsible for returning the King's heart and Douglas' bones and heart to Scotland, where the King's heart was buried at Melrose Abbey, and Douglas's remains solemnly interred in the kirk of St Bride in Douglas 
He was in command at Berwick again in 1333 when the disastrous English victory at Halidon Hill took place  In 1334, he captured the English nobleman Richard Talbot, an ally of Edward Balliol, as he was attempting to pass into England from the north In 1335 Keith was an ambassador to England, and in 1337 he was fighting at the Siege of Stirling Castle, where he was killed 

Issue
William Keith had a daughter:

Jonetta Keith, married 1st David Hamilton of Cadzow; married 2nd Alexander Stewart of Darnley 
Passage 4:
Lake Wallace
Lake Wallace is a freshwater lake located in Edenhope in the Wimmera region of Victoria, Australia  The lake is named after William Wallace In 1866, Australian cricketer Tom Wills trained a team of Aborigines on the lake's banks  The team played throughout Victoria and New South Wales, and several members formed the Aboriginal team which toured England in 1868 
Passage 5:
David de Inchmartin
Sir David de Inchmartin (died 4 August 1306) was a Scottish knight who took part in the War of Scottish Independence, as a supporter of Robert de Brus  He was captured and later executed by the English in 1306

Life
David was the son of John de Inchmartin  He held lands in Inchmartine (now Inchture), in Perth and Kinross  He was with Robert the Bruce at the Battle of Methven  During the battle on 19 June 1306, David was captured by English forces under Aymer de Valence, Earl of Pembroke  A number of Bruce's closest supporters were also captured  The Earl of Pembroke refused to summarily execute the prisoners as ordered by Edward I of England  David was executed by hanging on 4 August at Newcastle-upon-Tyne 

Citations
Passage 6:
John de Seton
Sir John de Seton (d 4 August 1306) was a knight who took part in the War of Scottish Independence, as a supporter of Robert de Brus  He held lands in England and Scotland 
Seton was a son of Sir John de Seton of Skelton, Cumberland and Erminia Lascelles  His brothers were Christopher and Humphrey de Seton  This branch of the Seton family had long served the Bruces in Yorkshire, Cumberland and Scotland 
John performed fealty to King Edward I of England at Berwick on 28 August 1296  Seton was present on 10 February 1306 when Sir John Comyn, Lord of Badenoch was stabbed by Robert de Brus in Greyfriars Church, Dumfries  A letter of excommunication was issued naming the Robert de Brus, Earl of Carrick and three other knights, Sir Alexander Lindsay, Sir Christopher Seton and his brother, John as John Comyn's murderers  
He was captured by English forces after the fall of Tibbers Castle in 1306  John was hanged and drawn at Newcastle-upon-Tyne on 4 August 1306  He was executed on the basis that he was a witness to the murder of John Comyn, Lord of Badenoch by Robert de Brus, Earl of Carrick at Dumfries and holding Tibbers Castle against Edward I  His lands in Cumnock, Ayrshire were given to Roger, son of Finlay, in a charter from Robert de Brus, where it mentions a brother and a son 

Citations
Passage 7:
William Oliphant (died after 1313)
Sir William Oliphant (died aft  1313), was a Scottish knight and Governor of Stirling Castle during the Wars of Scottish Independence  He switched loyalties to the English and died in a Scottish prison 

Life
Sir William Oliphant fought at the Battle of Dunbar in 1296, where the Scots, under their king John Balliol, were defeated by the invading English  Following the battle he was captured and taken to Devizes Castle in England where he was imprisoned  He was freed on 8 September 1297 and with his fellow prisoner John of Strathbogie, Earl of Atholl returned to Scotland to serve in King Edward I's army  Breaking his pledge to Edward I, he next appears as the governor of Stirling Castle and when attacked by King Edward's army he refused to surrender without permission of the Guardian of Scotland, John de Soules who was in France at the time  His small garrison held out against the full might of Edward's army until 20 July 1304 when they were forced to surrender  While Edward agreed to favorable terms in writing, immediately after the surrender he broke the terms and imprisoned Oliphant in the Tower of London  In this same year all of Scotland with the exception of William Wallace swore fealty to Edward I In 1308, he was released on mainprise on 24 May 1308 and shortly afterwards returned to Scotland where he served king Edward II of England  In 1309 he was at Stirling castle  By 1312 Sir William was in command of the key English outpost, the fortified town of Perth  A six-week siege by Robert the Bruce had little effect so the Scots withdrew in open sight of the English garrison  Little more than a week later after nightfall, the Scots crossed the Lade, Perth's moat at the time, and climbed the wall  They took the town with little bloodshed  However many of the higher ranking Scots and English were executed while most of the English were allowed to go free  Sir William However, John Barbour said that King Robert "commanded on great pains" that only those who could not be captured were to be killed  Since Oliphant was not executed but was sent in chains to the western Isles, where he apparently died a prisoner there is some reason to think Barbour was correct  There is no further mention of him in any records 

Notes
Passage 8:
Bernard de Monte Alto
Sir Bernard de Monte Alto (de Mowat) was a Scottish knight who took part in the War of Scottish Independence, as a supporter of Robert de Brus 
Bernard was the son of Roger de Monte Alto, Sheriff of Cromarty and the younger brother of William de Monte Alto  He was with Robert the Bruce at the Battle of Methven on 19 June 1306 and was captured by English forces under Aymer de Valence, Earl of Pembroke  He was drawn and hanged at Newcastle-upon-Tyne on 4 August 1306  Bernard was executed for bearing arms against King Edward I of England on the side of Robert de Brus, fighting at the Battle of Methven, and killing Roger de Tany, the king's valet, in Selkirk Forest 

Notes
Passage 9:
Reginald Crawford (died 1307)
Sir Reginald Crawford (died 17 February 1307) was a Scottish knight who took part in the Wars of Scottish Independence 
In 1296 he was appointed as Sheriff of Ayr by the English administration   In June 1297 he was one of several Scots nobles who did a deal where they were released by the English to fight against Andrew Moray   This suggests that he may have taken  part in the revolt in early 1297 which ended in the capitulation at Irvine  
He became a supporter of Robert the Bruce and was captured during the Battle of Loch Ryan in February 1307  He was executed by hanging in Carlisle, England He may have been related to the Ronald Crawford who was hanged at the Barns of Ayr, but this issue is surrounded by uncertainty and later legend 
Passage 10:
David, Lord of Brechin
Sir David de Brechin (died 1320) was a Scottish knight who fought on both sides during the Wars of Scottish Independence 

Life
He was the son of Sir William de Brechin by Elena Comyn, daughter of Alexander Comyn, Earl of Buchan and Elizabeth de Quincy  Sir William was the son of Henry, an illegitimate son of David of Scotland, Earl of Huntingdon  Brechin is first attested to as a ward of a Sir John de Callendar in 1292 Brechin fought in the Earl of Surrey's army at the Battle of Dunbar, and was granted lands previously owned by Alan Durward He name appears twice on the 1296 Ragman Rolls for Forfarshire In the train of Robert the Bruce, he was present at Peebles when the Bruce, John Comyn, and William Lamberton were sworn in as Guardians of Scotland  Brechin returned to Galloway with Bruce By 1301, Sir David was still active in southwestern Scotland  On 8 September Brechin was in a force led by Sir John de Soulis and Sir Ingram de Umfraville, that attacked Lochmaben Castle, and was wounded in the fight Brechin returned to English service when he did homage to Edward I of England at the Siege of Stirling Castle Continuing in English service, Brechin was present at the Battle of Inverurie, and according to John Barbour, he retired after the battle to Brechin Castle where he was besieged by David Earl of Atholl  However this is contested by the historian and genealogist Sir James Balfour Paul  According to all records, Strathbogie was still in the service of the English, so the capture of Brechin Castle must have been accomplished by another of King Robert's following On 6 April 1320, Brechin appended his seal to the Declaration of Arbroath 
At a parliament at Scone (later known as the Black Parliament) in August that year, Brechin was found complicit along with William de Soules, the Countess of Strathearn and others in a conspiracy to depose the king   For this offence Brechin was executed Although there is no reason to doubt his guilt, his execution surprised many people, as he was seen as a "flower of chivalry", having acquitted himself well in battle against the Saracens during the crusades 

Marriages and issue
Brechin appears to have married Margaret de Bonkyll, widow of Sir John Stewart of Bonkyll, by 1304 when she is recorded as his wife  and had issue 

Margaret de Brechin, married in 1315 to Sir David de BarclayDavid de Brechin appears to have married secondly a Margaret Ramsay 



ground_truth: Claire is a married World War II nurse

prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: What lake in Australia is named after a Scottish Knight?

The following are given passages.
Context 3: Passage 1:
Great News
Great News is an American sitcom television series created and written by Tracey Wigfield, and executive produced by Wigfield alongside Tina Fey, Robert Carlock, and David Miner for 3 Arts Entertainment, Little Stranger and Universal Television  The series premiered April 25, 2017 on NBC On May 11, 2017, NBC renewed Great News for a second season of 13 episodes, which premiered on September 28, 2017  On May 11, 2018, NBC canceled the series after two seasons 

Premise
The series, set in the world of television news, follows an up-and-coming news producer who finds herself dealing with a new intern: her mother 

Cast and characters
Main
Briga Heelan as Katherine "Katie" Wendelson, a segment producer at The Breakdown who suddenly has to deal with the presence of her mother Carol, who is hired as an intern at the show
Andrea Martin as Carol Wendelson, Katie's mother and an intern at The Breakdown
Adam Campbell as Greg Walsh, an executive producer at The Breakdown and Katie's boss and love interest
Nicole Richie as Portia Scott-Griffith, co-anchor of The Breakdown
Horatio Sanz as Justin, video editor at The Breakdown
John Michael Higgins as Chuck Pierce, co-anchor of The Breakdown who was once a well-respected network anchor

Recurring
Tracey Wigfield as Beth Vierk: the meteorologist for The Breakdown
Sheaun McKinney as Wayne: a cameraman for The Breakdown
Brad Morris as Gene: one of the segment producers on The Breakdown
Stewart Skelton as Dave Wendelson: Katie's father and Carol's husband, whose face is always partially obscured
Vicki Lawrence as Angie Deltaliano: Carol's best friend
Sarah Baker as Joyce Vickley: a human resources employee who comes in contact with The Breakdown staff
Adam Countee as Chip: co-host of The Chip & Chet Report, a competitor of The Breakdown
Dave Hill as Chet: co-host of The Chip & Chet Report, a competitor of The Breakdown
Ana Gasteyer as Kelly: boozy co-host of Morning Wined Up, MMN's morning show
Rachel Dratch as Mary-Kelly: boozy co-host of Morning Wined Up, MMN's morning show
Christina Pickles as Mildred Marlock (season 1): the owner of MMN and Greg's grandmother
Tina Fey as Diana St  Tropez (season 2): the new head of MMN
Reid Scott as Jeremy (season 2): Katie's new boyfriend and a workaholic reporter for The New York Times
Jim Rash as Fenton Pelt (season 2): the billionaire owner of Pelt Industries who sues MMN due to a story reported by The Breakdown

Guest
Episodes
Season 1 (2017)
Season 2 (2017–18)
Reception
Great News has received generally positive reviews from critics  On Rotten Tomatoes the series has an approval rating of 76% based on 33 reviews, with an average rating of 6 15/10  The site's critical consensus reads, "Great News overcomes its familiar trappings with gently subversive humor and a smart cast of talented, likable actors " On Metacritic, the series has a score of 67 out of 100, based on 21 critics, indicating "generally favorable reviews" 
Passage 2:
3 Arts Entertainment
3 Arts Entertainment is an American production company and talent management founded by Erwin Stoff, Michael Rotenberg and Howard Klein in 1991 The company has gone on to produce TV shows such as King of the Hill, The Office, Everybody Hates Chris, Parks and Recreation, The Mindy Project, Brooklyn Nine-Nine, It's Always Sunny in Philadelphia, Unbreakable Kimmy Schmidt, American Vandal as well as produce films Edge of Tomorrow, Unbroken and 13 Hours: The Secret Soldiers of Benghazi  The first movie the company produced was the National Lampoon movie Loaded Weapon 1, which was released on February 5, 1993  The company subsequently set up a deal with 20th Century Fox in 1993  In 1996, 3 Arts made an alliance with CBS and Sony Pictures to launch 3 Arts Television which was dissolved by the end of the following year when it failed to produce any primetime TV projects for the network Erwin Stoff founded the company with Michael Rotenberg and Howard Klein, who are all producers and talent managers  Managers Dave Becky, David Miner, Molly Madden and Nick Frenkel work at 3 Arts  In 2003, 3 Arts received a television deal at 20th Century Fox Television  In May 2018, Lionsgate acquired a majority stake in the company 

Films produced
TV shows produced
1990s
2000s
2010s
2020s
Passage 3:
Louie (season 2)
The second season of the American television comedy series Louie premiered on June 23, 2011, and concluded on September 8, 2011  It consisted of thirteen episodes, each running approximately 23 minutes in length  FX broadcast the second season on Thursdays at 10:30 pm in the United States  The season was produced by 3 Arts Entertainment and the executive producers were Louis C K , Dave Becky and M  Blair Breard  The second season was released on DVD and Blu-ray in region 1 on June 19, 2012 Louie was created, written and directed by Louis C K , who stars as a fictionalized version of himself, a comedian and newly divorced father raising his two daughters in New York City  The show has a loose format atypical for television comedy series, consisting of largely unconnected storylines and segments (described as "extended vignettes") that revolve around Louie's life, punctuated by live stand-up performances 
The season received critical acclaim from critics 

Cast
Main cast
Louis C K  as Louie

Recurring cast
Guest stars
Nick DiPaolo as Nick ("Niece")
Jim Norton as Jim ("Oh, Louie/Tickets")
Chris Rock as Chris ("New Jersey/Airport")
Godfrey as Godfrey ("Niece")
F  Murray Abraham as Jonathan ("New Jersey/Airport")
Amir Blumenfeld as Young Nervous Writer ("Halloween/Ellie")
Dane Cook as Dane ("Oh, Louie/Tickets")
Joan Rivers as Joan ("Joan")
Bob Saget as Bob ("Oh, Louie/Tickets")
Doug Stanhope as Eddie ("Eddie")
Keni Thomas as Keni ("Duckling")
Steven Wright as Steven ("New Jersey/Airport")

Episodes
Reception
Reviews
The second season of Louie received "universal acclaim" from critics, receiving a Metacritic score of 90 out of 100, based on seven reviews  Alan Sepinwall of HitFix called it "one of the best shows on television" and Kris King of Slant Magazine stated "Louie is smart, cinematic, and bitterly honest, constantly dancing between revelatory moments and hysterical bursts of humor that are both surprising and touching "

Awards and nominations
For the 64th Primetime Emmy Awards, Louis C K  received three nominations for his work on Louie—he was nominated for Outstanding Lead Actor in a Comedy Series and Outstanding Directing for a Comedy Series (for "Duckling") and won for Outstanding Writing for a Comedy Series (for "Pregnant")  For the 28th TCA Awards, the series and C K  himself each won for Outstanding Achievement in Comedy and Outstanding Individual Achievement in Comedy, respectively  C K  and Pamela Adlon received a nomination for Best Television Comedy Series for the 64th Writers Guild of America Awards  C K  was nominated for Best Actor – Television Series: Musical or Comedy for the 17th Satellite Awards  The series was also included as one of the Top Television Programs of the Year by the American Film Institute 
Passage 4:
The Mindy Project
The Mindy Project is an American romantic comedy television series created by and starring Mindy Kaling that began airing on Fox in September 2012 and finished its run of six seasons on Hulu in November 2017  The series was co-produced by Universal Television and 3 Arts Entertainment 

Plot
The series follows obstetrician/gynecologist, Mindy Lahiri (Mindy Kaling) as she tries to balance her personal and professional life, surrounded by quirky co-workers in a small medical practice in New York City  The character was inspired by Kaling's own mother, an OB/GYN  Mindy explores life with the help of her co-workers: Danny Castellano (Chris Messina), her best friend and love interest, whose religious sensibilities occasionally cause some tension; Jeremy Reed, an English physician who manages the practice; Peter Prentice, another physician who was a fraternity jock while attending Dartmouth; Morgan Tookers, a wacky, yet lovable registered nurse and an ex-con; Tamra Webb, a blunt  nurse; and Beverley, the libidinous older office receptionist 

Cast and characters
Main
Mindy Kaling as Dr  Mindy Kuhel Lahiri, a romantically frustrated OB/GYN at Shulman & Associates 
Chris Messina as Dr  Daniel Alan "Danny" Castellano (seasons 1–4; guest season 5; recurring season 6), another OB/GYN (formerly at Shulman & Associates, now at Freedom Tower Women's Health), Mindy's main frenemy and love interest 
Ed Weeks as Dr  Jeremiah "Jeremy" Reed, OB/GYN, Mindy and Danny's somewhat hapless co-partner at the office 
Anna Camp as Gwendolyn "Gwen" Grandy (season 1; guest season 2), Mindy's best friend who has settled down with a family 
Zoe Jarman as Betsy Putch (seasons 1–2), a former receptionist at the office 
Amanda Setton as Shauna Dicanio (season 1), a former receptionist at the office 
Stephen Tobolowsky as Dr  Marc Shulman (season 1; guest season 4), a former senior partner of the practice 
Ike Barinholtz as Morgan Fairchild Ransom Tookers, a registered nurse and ex-con at the office 
Beth Grant as Beverley Janoszewski, a former nurse turned receptionist at the office 
Xosha Roquemore as Tamra Webb (seasons 2–6; recurring season 1), a nurse at the office  She has a long term boyfriend, Ray Ron, for 20 years but breaks up with him to date Morgan  She name drops famous men she has dated 
Adam Pally as Dr  Peter Prentice (seasons 2–3; guest season 4; recurring seasons 5–6), Mindy's best friend and an OB/GYN at the office 
Garret Dillahunt as Dr  Jody Kimball-Kinney (seasons 4–6), an OB/GYN who joins Shulman & Associates during Mindy's maternity leave 
Fortune Feimster as Colette Kimball-Kinney (seasons 4–6), a nurse at the office and sister of Jody  She and Morgan eventually move in together 
Rebecca Rittenhouse as Dr  Anna Ziev (seasons 5–6), a young, put-together uptight doctor in the office who becomes a new foil for Mindy 

Recurring
Episodes
Production and development
The series was initially commissioned by NBC, but the pilot with the working title It's Messy was released from NBC's projects on January 27, 2012  NBC then sent the script to Fox executives who read it over that following weekend  On January 30, 2012, Fox green-lit the pilot, with Mindy Kaling attached to star On May 9, 2012, Fox placed a series order for the comedy  Two days later, the title was changed from It's Messy to The Mindy Project  On August 27, 2012, the pilot episode was made available to view online on various sites including Fox, in an attempt to garner interest in the series  On October 8, 2012, Fox ordered a full season of The Mindy Project  On March 4, 2013, the series was renewed for a second season, which began on September 17, 2013  On November 21, 2013, Fox announced that The Mindy Project would take a mid-season hiatus, before returning on April 1, 2014  Fox announced the third season renewal of The Mindy Project on March 7, 2014 On May 6, 2015, Fox cancelled the series after three seasons  On May 15, 2015, Hulu picked up the show, commissioning a 26 episode fourth season  On May 4, 2016, Hulu announced it had picked up the series for a 16-episode season 5, which was later reduced to 14  On March 29, 2017, Kaling announced the series would return for a sixth and final season; the final episode of the series aired on November 14, 2017 Casting announcements for the remaining series regular roles began in February 2012, with Ed Weeks cast in the role of Dr  Jeremy Reed, a sexy, British doctor in the practice  Zoe Jarman and Dana Delorenzo then joined in series regular roles  Jarman signed on to play Betsy Putch, an upbeat receptionist at the practice; whilst Delorenzo joined as Shauna Dicanio, a young, party loving receptionist in the practice  In mid-March, Chris Messina joined the cast as Dr  Danny Castellano, an arrogant doctor who works at the practice  Shortly after, Anna Camp boarded the series as Gwen Grandy, a stay-at-home mom and  Mindy's best friend A few months later, Amanda Setton, Stephen Tobolowsky and Ike Barinholtz joined the series  Setton replaced Dana DeLorenzo in the role of Shauna; Tobolowsky joined in the series regular role of Dr  Marc Shulman, the senior partner of the practice; and Barinholtz signed onto the recurring role of Morgan Tookers, a quirky rehabilitated ex-con  who joins the practice as a nurse 

Cast changes
The first change occurred when Stephen Tobolowsky's role was eliminated after the second episode – following re-shoots that saw his character be re-written into a mere authoritarian figure in the office – when it was decided that "they didn't really want Mindy to have a boss in the office"  Tobolowsky returned, albeit in a voice-over only role, in the eighth episode to explain that his character had retired  The second change of the season, which was first reported on November 20, 2012, saw Amanda Setton's role also eliminated entirely and Anna Camp downgraded to a recurring cast member  They both departed after the twelfth episode  Despite becoming a recurring cast member, Camp only made a single appearance in the seventeenth episode  Neither Setton or Camp's characters had their absence referenced, nor were they mentioned again 
The first change for the second season, which occurred before production of the season began, saw Xosha Roquemore upgraded to a series regular role after recurring in the final three episodes of the previous season  The second change, which occurred just prior to the production of the season's fifth episode, resulted in Adam Pally also being upgraded to a series regular role  He had previously signed onto the series in a recurring role but had filmed only two episodes prior to being promoted The first change of the third season occurred prior to the start of production and saw Zoe Jarman's role eliminated from the show  Like Setton and Camp's departures in the first season, the absence of her character was never addressed  The second cast change of the season was announced on November 21, 2014, and saw Adam Pally leave the series after the season's thirteenth episode  His departure after the thirteenth episode of the season was a condition of his upgrade to a series regular that had occurred the previous year  It was reported that Pally is "expected to make occasional guest appearances"  Pally made multiple guest appearances after his departure, where he was still credited amongst the regular cast in episodes he appeared, making his final appearance as a part of the main cast in the third-season finale 
In December 2015 it was reported that Fortune Feimster had been upgraded to a series regular role beginning with the fourteenth episode of the fourth season, after appearing in seven of the first thirteen episodes  Garret Dillahunt joined the show in a major recurring role as Dr  Jody Kimball-Kinney In June 2016, it was announced that Chris Messina would not be returning as a series regular for season five, but would instead appear as a guest star 

Reception
Critical reception
The Mindy Project received positive reviews from critics, with many highlighting Kaling's performance and her unique character, as well as the writing and directing  On Rotten Tomatoes, the first season has a rating of 81%, based on 48 reviews, with an average rating of 7/10  The site's critical consensus reads, "The Mindy Project is such a charming comedy, led by Mindy Kaling's impressive talent, that its faults are easy to forgive " Review aggregation website Metacritic, which assigns a weighted mean based on reviews from mainstream critics, season one received a score of 69 out of 100, based on 32 critics, indicating "generally favorable reviews"  It was the number-six best-reviewed show according to the site's fall 2012 season On Rotten Tomatoes, Season 2 has a rating of 89%, based on 18 reviews, with an average rating of 6 8/10  The site's critical consensus reads, "Mindy Kaling earns consistent laughs with wit, charm and physical comedy, as she and her cast grow into well-rounded and familiar, albeit peculiar, characters " On Metacritic, the second season has a score of 55 out of 100, based on four critics, indicating "mixed or average reviews"  Season 3 of the show holds a rating of 82% on Rotten Tomatoes with the critical consensus reading, "The Mindy Project, while still wildly funny, travels further into rom-com country this season "Season 4 of the show holds a rating of 93% on Rotten Tomatoes with the critical consensus reading, "The Mindy Project begins its online migration with some of the show's best-ever episodes, further refining the balance between heart and humor struck during the first three seasons " On Metacritic the season has a score of 81 out of 100, based on 5 critics, indicating "universal acclaim" 

Criticism
The Mindy Project has been the object of scrutiny not only from traditional media forms but also from feminists and people of color, who often weigh in on the show's decisions in casting and writing  At the end of the first season, Jezebel posted an article called "Mindy Kaling Only Makes Out with White Guys", a critique of the casting of romantic leads on the show  The same article contains a response from Nisha Chittal, who has defended Kaling's success in the past, who applauded the show for not making Kaling's race central to her character, and for showing that an Indian woman could date non-Indian men 
During the second season, the episode "Mindy Lahiri Is a Racist," which addresses white supremacy, provoked discussion as to whether or not Kaling had made "reparations" for showing a predominantly white cast Before the third season began airing, Kaling received criticism for a comment in a Flare article entitled "She's the Boss", in which she stated that the show would not address abortion, as "it would be demeaning to the topic to talk about it in a half-hour sitcom " In an appearance on The Colbert Report two weeks later, she clarified:

A lot of women look to me and look to the show, and they want me to be a spokesperson for a lot of issues, and I actually think that's a responsibility that's cool, I want to live up to that     I want to be able to talk plainly on things but I also want to create an entertaining show  We haven't found a hilarious take on abortion that has not been done yet—but we might  I have faith in us Contrasting with the above criticism, a 2021 Feminist Media Studies' article titled "Un/accented: the politics of difference in US popular culture" argues that some of the criticism that The Mindy Project received, regarding the predominately white love interests or absence of Indian cultural reference, is not necessarily an issue for Kaling to address but rather indicative of how critics and journalists only see Kaling's work through surface level analysis and how many non-white bodies are present instead of what the work is actually critiquing through dialogue or plot 

Ratings
Awards and nominations
Broadcast
In the United Kingdom, the show airs on Sky Comedy  It used to air on E4 until 2015
In Canada the show was aired by City  A network spokesperson confirmed that The Mindy Project would continue to air new episodes on City City didn't air Season 6 until January 2018  (Hulu is not accessible in Canada )
In Oceania the show airs for Australia on the Seven Network from January 28, 2013 at 10PM Mondays and for New Zealand on FOUR from March 11, 2013 at 9:30PM Mondays 
In Europe the show aired from March 26, 2013 at 9:30PM Tuesdays, for the Netherlands on Foxlife from January 20, 2014 at 8:30PM Mondays and for Spain on Cosmopolitan TV from January 23, 2014 at 9:30PM Thursdays  In Germany the show airs on Comedy Central Germany since 2013 
Passage 5:
Louie (season 5)
The fifth and final season of the American television comedy series Louie premiered on April 9, 2015, and concluded on May 28, 2015  It consists of eight episodes, each running approximately 23 minutes in length  FX broadcast the fifth season on Thursdays at 10:30 pm in the United States  The season was produced by 3 Arts Entertainment and the executive producers were Louis C K , Dave Becky and M  Blair Breard 
Louie was created, written and directed by Louis C K , who stars as a fictionalized version of himself, a comedian and divorced father raising his two daughters in New York City  The show has a loose format atypical for television comedy series, consisting of largely unconnected storylines and segments (described as "extended vignettes") that revolve around Louie's life, punctuated by live stand-up performances 

Production
Louie was renewed by FX for a fifth season in July 2014 with a seven-episode order  When FX announced the season's premiere date in January 2015, it was announced the season would consist of eight episodes instead of thirteen or fourteen  It was later revealed by Louis C K  during a panel to promote the show that the shortened season length was due to an unfortunate decision he made while high on marijuana  In January 2015, C K  spoke about the writing and tone of the season, "This season is more laugh-centric and funny than season four  The feeling I was having when I wrote the season   was a goofy and playful feeling " The fifth season features the return of the opening credits and theme song, which were absent in the fourth season 

Cast
Main cast
Louis C K  as Louie

Recurring cast
Guest stars
Episodes
Reception
Critical response
The fifth season of Louie has received acclaim from critics  On Rotten Tomatoes, the season has a rating of 92%, based on 38 reviews, with the site's critical consensus reading, "A renewed focus on the show's singular blend of sincerity and hilarity keep Louie at the top of its game " On Metacritic, the season has a score of 91 out of 100, based on 20 critics, indicating "universal acclaim" Sonia Saraiya of Salon wrote that "Louie is a treasure" and that season 5 of the show "is as confident and distinctive as ever, a sitcom that is not quite like anything else on television"  James Poniewozik of Time wrote that season 5 is "by and large, blisteringly funny" and "also poignant", stating that "Louie has again successfully reinvented itself, this time as what it used to be " Brian Lowry of Variety praised the series and wrote, "Almost nothing else on TV — certainly in half-hour form — rivals the particularity of C K 's approach, which has garnered the kind of well-deserved accolades that have kept FX quietly humming that 'Brother Louie' tune "

Accolades
For the 67th Primetime Emmy Awards, the series received nominations for Outstanding Comedy Series, Louis C K  for Outstanding Lead Actor in a Comedy Series, and Pamela Adlon for Outstanding Guest Actress in a Comedy Series  C K  also received nominations for Outstanding Writing for a Comedy Series for "Bobby's House" and Outstanding Directing for a Comedy Series for "Sleepover"  For the 22nd Screen Actors Guild Awards, Louie C K  was nominated for Best Comedy Actor  For the 68th Directors Guild of America Awards, Louis C K  was nominated for Outstanding Directing – Comedy Series for "Sleepover" 
Passage 6:
Unbreakable Kimmy Schmidt
Unbreakable Kimmy Schmidt is an American sitcom created by Tina Fey and Robert Carlock, starring Ellie Kemper in the title role  It premiered on March 6, 2015 on Netflix and ran for four seasons, ending on January 25, 2019  An interactive special premiered on May 12, 2020 
The series follows 29-year-old Kimmy Schmidt (Kemper) as she adjusts to life after being rescued from a doomsday cult in the fictional town of Durnsville, Indiana, where she and three other women were held captive by Reverend Richard Wayne Gary Wayne (Jon Hamm) for 15 years  Determined to be seen as something other than a victim and armed only with a positive attitude, she decides to restart her life by moving to New York City, where she quickly befriends her street-wise landlady Lillian Kaushtupper (Carol Kane), finds a roommate in struggling actor Titus Andromedon (Tituss Burgess), and gains a job as a nanny for melancholic and out-of-touch socialite Jacqueline Voorhees (Jane Krakowski) 
Throughout its run, the series received critical acclaim, with critic Scott Meslow calling it "the first great sitcom of the streaming era"  It received 20 Primetime Emmy Award nominations, including four nominations for Outstanding Comedy Series and a nomination for Outstanding Television Movie for the 2020 special Kimmy vs  the Reverend 

Synopsis
Kimmy Schmidt (Ellie Kemper) was in eighth grade when she was kidnapped by Reverend Richard Wayne Gary Wayne (Jon Hamm)  He held Kimmy and three other women captive for 15 years in an underground bunker and convinced them that a nuclear apocalypse had left them the sole survivors of humanity 
In the first season, the women are rescued, and go on to appear on the Today Show in New York City  After the show, Kimmy decides she doesn't want to return to Indiana or be seen as a victim, so she starts a new life in New York City  Roaming around the city, she comes across landlady Lillian Kaushtupper (Carol Kane), who offers Kimmy a chance to room with Titus Andromedon (Tituss Burgess) in her downstairs apartment  However, to get the apartment, Kimmy has to find a job  When she tries to get a job at a nearby candy store, she sees a boy stealing candy  She pursues him back to his home and encounters his mother, Jacqueline Voorhees (Jane Krakowski), a Manhattan trophy wife, who mistakes her for a nanny, and whom Kimmy mistakes as someone trapped in a cult  Jacqueline hires Kimmy as a nanny for her 10-year-old son  As Season 1 continues, Kimmy falls in love with Dong (Ki Hong Lee), a Vietnamese man from her G E D  class; goes to court to testify against the Reverend, and discovers how the world has changed in the 15 years she was held captive  
In the second season, Kimmy is sick of working for Jacqueline and gets a job at a year-round Christmas store and then as an Uber driver  She tries to get over Dong, who enters a green card marriage with another G E D  student and is eventually deported  As Kimmy tries to move on, so do Titus and Jacqueline, who both find boyfriends  Titus begins dating construction worker Mikey Politano (Mike Carlsen) and Jacqueline begins dating lawyer Russ Snyder (David Cross)  Jacqueline also goes back to her Native American heritage and decides to take down the Washington Redskins, who her boyfriend's father happens to own  Kimmy reunites with Gretchen and Cyndee to save them from joining another cult and getting married on television, respectively  When Season 2 ends, Titus leaves to be a performer on a cruise and Lillian protests the invasion of hipsters in her neighborhood, while Kimmy makes amends with her mother (Lisa Kudrow) after advice from her therapist (Tina Fey) before receiving a phone call from the Reverend in prison, telling her that they need to get a divorce 
In the third season, Kimmy proceeds with the divorce from the Reverend but hits a snag when she learns that a devoted fan (guest star Laura Dern) wants to marry him  After getting her G E D , Kimmy decides to go to college and ends up at Columbia University, where she is popular but fails academically  She forms a friendship with Perry (Daveed Diggs), a philosophy and religion transfer student who, like Kimmy, does not fit in with the rich, elitist Ivy League students  Titus returns from his stint on the cruise harboring a secret and, determined to come home to Mikey with money and a job, he auditions for Sesame Street  However, after the man auditioning Titus asks him to perform sexual acts on a puppet, Titus leaves and runs home to Mikey  However, Titus sees Mikey out with another man, and breaks up with him  Lillian is elected to the city council and attempts to block the construction of a supermarket chain for fear it will gentrify the neighborhood  She later starts a relationship with the owner of the chain (Peter Riegert)  Meanwhile, Jacqueline and Russ execute their plan to force his family to change the name of the Redskins and Titus makes it big with the single "Boobs in California"  At the end of season three, Titus vows to win Mikey back from his new boyfriend, Jacqueline finds a profession, and Kimmy lands a job at a tech start-up 
In the fourth and final season, Kimmy is working at Giztoob, the tech company started by a former classmate at Columbia, and Jacqueline is representing Titus as his agent  After acting in an anti-bullying performance for a middle school, Titus gets a job as director of the school play and, in an attempt to impress Mikey, pretends to write and star in a superhero television show called The Capist, starring Greg Kinnear  Meanwhile, Lillian's boyfriend Artie dies and she is put in charge of his adult daughter's trust  Kimmy reunites with Donna Maria, who is now a successful businesswoman



ground_truth: Lake Wallace

prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: 3 Arts Entertainment had at least one coalition with what streaming service, with its 13-episode, 2015 season of a Tina Fey created sitcom?

The following are given passages.
Context 3:  Outraged and inspired by men's rights activists, Kimmy writes a children's book that empowers girls and encourages boys to be kind; by the end of season four, Kimmy has found success as a children's author  Season 4 features two episodes that veer from the main plot  In the first, a standalone mockumentary episode, Jacqueline's former boy toy Doug, a k a  DJ Fingablast, creates a true crime documentary called Party Monster: Scratching the Surface, which sympathizes with the Reverend and paints Kimmy and the other Mole Women negatively  The second episode, "Sliding Van Doors", presents an alternate universe in which Kimmy is never kidnapped, Titus does not audition for The Lion King in 1998, Jacqueline does not marry Julian Voorhees, and Lillian runs a Latin street gang  The series concludes with each of the main four characters finding success and purpose in new ventures 

Episodes
Cast and characters
Main
Ellie Kemper as Kimberly "Kimmy" Cougar Schmidt, the titular character  Armed with only unflagging optimism,  a childlike sense of wonder and an eighth-grade education, she attempts to regain the life that was taken from her and navigate her way through the unfamiliar struggles of New York life 
Tituss Burgess as Titus Andromedon (born Ronald Wilkerson), Kimmy's gay, flamboyant roommate and an aspiring actor and singer  Melodramatic and self-absorbed, Titus nevertheless cares deeply for, and is very protective of Kimmy  Despite his talent and ego, he is plagued by self-doubt after years of rejection in the business  Titus hails from Chickasaw County, Mississippi, and moved to New York City in 1998 
Carol Kane as Lillian Kaushtupper, Kimmy and Titus' odd landlady  A proud born-and-bred New Yorker with a long, complex criminal history, she fights against the possible gentrification of her neighborhood (although it soon becomes clear that she hates any form of progress or technology)  Despite her willingness to do anything to make a buck, she has a very big heart and will go out of her way to help her tenants 
Jane Krakowski as Jacqueline White (formerly Voorhees; née Jackie Lynn White), a wealthy and insecure socialite who hires Kimmy as a nanny  Despite coming across as arrogant, condescending and out of touch, she is very fond of (and heavily reliant on) her new employee, who helps her gain perspective on her unhappy marriage  She is secretly of Lakota Native American descent and is passing for white  As the series progresses, she gradually reconnects with her family and her culture  She is the mother of Buckley Voorhees and the former step-mother of Xanthippe Lannister Voorhees  Her ex-husband is Julian Voorhees 

Recurring
Guest
Production
Development
The show was created by Tina Fey and Robert Carlock when NBC executives asked them to develop a show for Ellie Kemper  Fey said that they found an "innocence" about Kemper's face, but also noted a "strength" to it  One idea was for the show to center on Kemper's character waking up from a coma, but this idea was abandoned in favor of the cult-survivor storyline The show was initially under development for NBC under the title Tooken  NBC ultimately sold the series to Netflix  Fey said that this was in partly due to NBC's "not feeling confident about watching comedies"  Prior to the sale, NBC planned to air the series as either a mid-season replacement or as a summer series  It was sold to Netflix with a two-season order On June 13, 2017, it was renewed for a fourth and final season, with the first six episodes premiering on May 30, 2018  The second half was released on January 25, 2019  On May 8, 2019, it was announced that it would return with an interactive special, which premiered on May 12, 2020 

Casting
Casting announcements for the remaining roles were made in March 2014, with Tituss Burgess cast as Kimmy's roommate, Titus, and Carol Kane as Kimmy's and Titus's landlady, Lillian Shortly afterwards, Sara Chase was cast Cyndee, Kimmy's closest friend during their years in the cult; and Lauren Adams as Gretchen, a 10-year member of the cult who believes everything she is told  Jane Krakowski was later cast as Jacqueline Voorhees, a wealthy Manhattanite who hires Kimmy as a nanny  Megan Dodds was originally cast before Krakowski replaced her 

Music
The show's theme song, "Unbreakable", was produced by The Gregory Brothers and written by Jeff Richmond  It is a tribute to The Gregory Brothers' YouTube show Songify the News – auto-tuned news interviews that became popular videos  It specifically parodies the mannerisms of Antoine Dodson in the "Bed Intruder Song"  Richmond also wrote "Peeno Noir", a song performed by character Titus Andromedon during season 1, episode 6 

Artwork
Artwork for the show's opening sequence was produced by a team at Pentagram that included feminist artist Deva Pardue 

Home video releases
Reception
The show has been widely acclaimed by television critics, who have praised the writing and cast 

Season 1
On Rotten Tomatoes, the first season has a rating of 95%, based on 55 reviews, with an average rating of 7 5/10  The site's critical consensus reads, "Blessed with originality and a spot-on performance from Ellie Kemper, The Unbreakable Kimmy Schmidt is as odd as it is hilarious " On Metacritic, the first season has a score of 78 out of 100, based on 29 critics, indicating "generally favorable reviews" Scott Meslow of The Week called the series "the first great sitcom of the streaming era", praising its wit, edge, and feminist tone  Brian Moylan of The Guardian noted that it is "the sort of show that could benefit from multiple viewings, because the jokes are so packed in you’re sure to miss something while laughing " TV Guide named it the "best new comedy of 2015"  IGN reviewer Max Nicholson gave the first season an 8 3 out of 10 'Great' rating, saying "Tina Fey and Robert Carlock's Unbreakable Kimmy Schmidt is another winner in Netflix's original series catalog  Not only is it charming and funny, but it's unabashedly kooky, and Ellie Kemper nails the lead role "The first season was nominated for seven Primetime Emmy Awards 
Some reviewers have criticized the show's portrayal of Native Americans, with Vulture referring to a prominent Native American subplot as "offensive"  BuzzFeed wrote that the show has a "major race problem" and cited the lack of a plurality of portrayals of Native Americans as the main issue with the subplot, stating that "the way Native Americans are represented on this show matters  It's not one representation among a cornucopia of representations; it's the single mainstream representation in years " The Daily Beast stated that when it comes to race, “especially in its portrayal of a key Vietnamese character, the show leaves much to be desired ”In the wake of the controversy, Tina Fey responded: "I feel like we put so much effort into writing and crafting everything, they need to speak for themselves  There's a real culture of demanding apologies, and I'm opting out of that "

Season 2
On Rotten Tomatoes, the second season holds a 100% approval rating, based on 24 reviews, with an average rating of 7 6/10  The site's critical consensus reads, "Not letting up in season two, Unbreakable Kimmy Schmidt is still odd in the best of ways, wonderfully building on its unique comedy stylings and brilliantly funny cast " On Metacritic, the second season has a score of 82 out of 100, based on 16 reviews, indicating "universal acclaim" The second season was nominated for four Primetime Emmy Awards 
There was controversy surrounding the third episode from this season, “Kimmy Goes to a Play!,” which involved the use of yellow-face and the name of a group of Asian-Americans who were critical of yellow-face  The group is referred to as "Respectful Asian Portrayals in Entertainment", or "R A P E" for short  The Asian-Americans shown protesting against yellow-face in the episode are conveyed as unlikable buffoons  Anna Akana criticized the use of yellow-face and the R A P E  acronym during her 2016 Asians in Entertainment Key Note speech  Alex Abad-Santos wrote, “The odd thing about this episode is that it's another Tina Fey project that paints Asian people, specifically Asian women, as crappy characters  [   ] The plot feels like a pointed, ironic response to anyone who has criticized Fey's past projects for being lazy and racist ”

Season 3
On Rotten Tomatoes, the third season holds a 97% approval rating, based on 29 reviews, with an average rating of 8 11/10  The site's critical consensus states: "Unbreakable Kimmy Schmidt continues to thrive with a comically agile cast, notable guest stars, and a forceful influx of funny " On Metacritic, the third season has a score of 78 out of 100, based on 12 reviews, indicating "generally favorable reviews" The third season was nominated for five Primetime Emmy Awards 

Season 4
On Rotten Tomatoes, the fourth season holds a 94% approval rating, based on 32 reviews, with an average rating of 7 77/10  The site's critical consensus states: "Unbreakable Kimmy Schmidt ends with a final season that's as topical as it is cheerily irreverent " On Metacritic, the fourth season has a score of 85 out of 100, based on 6 reviews, indicating "universal acclaim" The fourth season was nominated for two Primetime Emmy Awards 

Special
On Rotten Tomatoes, the Unbreakable Kimmy Schmidt: Kimmy vs  the Reverend special has an approval rating of 94%, based on 32 reviews, with an average rating of 7 81/10  The site's critical consensus reads: "Kimmy and company return as resilient as ever in a fun and fast paced special that makes excellent use of its interactive capabilities to produce maximum fabulosity "The special was nominated for two Primetime Emmy Awards 
Passage 7:
List of 30 Rock episodes
30 Rock is an American satirical television sitcom that was broadcast on NBC  Created by Tina Fey, the series follows the lives of the head writer of The Girlie Show with Tracy Jordan (TGS), Liz Lemon (Tina Fey), the other staff members of TGS, and their network executive, Jack Donaghy (Alec Baldwin) 
30 Rock was a critical success, winning several major awards (including Primetime Emmy Awards for Outstanding Comedy Series in 2007, 2008, and 2009), and achieving the top ranking on many critics' year-end best of 2006 and 2007 lists  On July 14, 2009, the series was nominated for 22 Primetime Emmy Awards, the most in a single year for a comedy series  Despite the acclaim, the series struggled in the ratings throughout its run  It broadcast a total of 138 episodes over seven seasons, from October 11, 2006, to January 31, 2013  In addition, a special episode premiered on July 16, 2020 

Series overview
Episodes
Season 1 (2006–07)
Season 2 (2007–08)
Season 3 (2008–09)
Season 4 (2009–10)
Season 5 (2010–11)
Season 6 (2012)
Season 7 (2012–13)
Special episode (2020)
Passage 8:
Cooter (30 Rock)
"Cooter" is the fifteenth and final episode of the second season of 30 Rock and the thirty-sixth episode of the series  It was written by series' creator Tina Fey and was directed by one of the season's producers, Don Scardino  The episode first aired on May 8, 2008, on the NBC network in the United States  "Cooter" follows Jack Donaghy's (Alec Baldwin) attempt to get fired from his new job in politics; Liz Lemon's (Fey) pregnancy scare and decision to adopt a baby; Tracy Jordan's (Tracy Morgan) creation of a pornographic video game; and Kenneth Parcell's (Jack McBrayer) aspiration to be an NBC page at the Beijing Olympics  The episode is an unofficial season finale, due to the season being shortened by the 2007–2008 Writers Guild of America strike 
"Cooter" received positive reviews from critics, and several considered it to be among the series' best episodes  Several critics noted that Liz had a pregnancy scare the same week that Fey's film Baby Mama was released, possibly used as cross promotion  The episode was watched by 5 61 million American viewers on its original broadcast, and was nominated for two awards, winning one 

Plot
Jack gets a job in politics as the "Homeland Security Director for Crisis and Weather Management"; however, it is not what he expected  When he learns that Don Geiss (Rip Torn), the CEO of General Electric, said "Jackie Boy" while in his coma, he schemes with another government employee, Cooter Burger (Matthew Broderick), to get fired after his letter of resignation is rejected  Jack also enlists the help of Celeste "C C " Cunningham (Edie Falco), his Congresswoman (D-VT) ex-girlfriend, to approve research into a "gay bomb"  Jack hopes that the bomb, an old Pentagon project that is expensive, inefficient and offensive to "both the red states and the gayer blue states", will ultimately result in their dismissal 
Meanwhile, Liz thinks she may be pregnant and is horrified when she discovers it is most likely the baby of her ex-boyfriend, Dennis Duffy (Dean Winters)  After several pregnancy tests, she tells a visiting Jack that the positive tests are a result of her eating "Sabor de Soledad" ("Taste of Loneliness" in Spanish) cheese puffs, which contain bull semen  Nevertheless, she tells Jack that she is ready to have a child and wants to adopt  Kenneth learns of an opportunity to be an NBC page at the Beijing Olympics, however, head page Donny Lawson (Paul Scheer) tries to make sure that he does not submit his essay on time  Jenna Maroney (Jane Krakowski) helps him complete his essay, but Donny stalls Kenneth by forcing him to deliver paper  This begins a sequence which references several Summer Olympic events  Pete shoots Donny in the leg with an arrow (archery), dressed in his gear from when he was an Olympic archer  Kenneth then goes through a series of obstacles themed to different Summer Olympic events  He begins by running and jumping over a "Wet Floor" sign (low hurdles) and then an airplane chair prop carried by two men (high hurdles)  Kenneth next grabs a bamboo pole and runs with it, using it to push the button on the elevator before throwing it to another page (likely pole vault, but possibly javelin throw)  He then does a forward flip into the elevator, ending with him standing and saluting to the back and front of the elevator (gymnastics/floor routine)  Finally, Kenneth makes it to the 27th floor only to see his way blocked by workmen painting  As an executive opens the door to the NBC Olympic Headquarters, Kenneth spins and throws his application pack through the closing door (discus)  He finally runs forward a few feet to break the blue painter's tape and collapse victorious, then throws up (sprint)  Tracy's invention, the world's first pornographic video game, is nearly complete  He gives Frank, who has helped him, the prototype copy of the game 
The episode shows what happens three months later, in August 2008  Jack and Cooter present their "gay bomb" to the Pentagon, which works only in enclosed areas, making it useless in combat  However, Cooter accidentally breaks the vial, causing everybody in the room, including Vice President Dick Cheney, to "feel weird"  Frank emerges from his office after playing Tracy's game non-stop for three months, not realizing the amount of time that has passed  While in Beijing, Kenneth gets involved with a Chinese woman who wants his kidneys  The last point was said in Mandarin without subtitles, leaving the English-speaking audience unaware of Kenneth's trouble 
The conversation roughly translates as:
Lady: "Kenneth, I like you, because I am attracted to your two healthy kidneys "
Kenneth: "What?"
(Man breaks down the door with gun drawn)
Kenneth: "I had no idea!"
The conversation in Mandarin:
Lady: Kenneth, 我喜歡你，因為我看上了你那兩個健壯的腎。
Kenneth: 什麼？
(Man breaks down the door with gun drawn)
Kenneth: 真沒想到！

Production
The title of the episode is one of Fey's favorite words, which she used multiple times when she appeared as an anchor on the Saturday Night Live sketch Weekend Update  Fey explains that she likes the word because "it's one of the least graphic ways to describe the female genitals"  This episode marks the final appearance of Edie Falco, who was hired for a three-episode arc  Falco made her debut in the episode "Somebody to Love" as Celeste Cunningham, a Congresswoman and romantic interest of Jack's  She appeared in "Secrets and Lies", where James Carville helps the fledgling relationship  The pair breaks up in Episode 210, when they realize their careers prevent them from staying together  Falco said that she was "thrilled for the opportunity to work with such great comic actors", and expressed her enjoyment of watching the series  Fey was "thrilled to have such an amazing actress come join us", and joked that "a lot of guys on our crew want The Sopranos ending explained to them", in which Falco was a series star 

Reception
"Cooter" was watched by 5 6 million viewers, and received a 2 6 rating and 7 share in the 18–49 demographic  The 2 6 refers to 2 6% of all 18- to 49-year-olds in the U S , and the 7 refers to 7% of all 18- to 49-year-olds watching television in the U S  at the time of the broadcast  By comparison CBS's CSI was viewed by 17 82 million viewers, ABC's Grey's Anatomy received 15 60 million viewers, Fox's Don't Forget the Lyrics! received 6 22 million viewers, and The CW's Supernatural received 2 53 million viewers   The finale was watched by 206,000 more viewers than the previous episode Terry Morrow of the Knoxville News Sentinel said that, although 30 Rock is struggling to find viewers, this "tiny show   shines with absolute brilliance", and judged "Cooter" as one of its best episodes  He speculated that the lack of viewers might have been because the show had failed to create an emotional bond with its audience, despite its being "happy to be a very witty sitcom"   He felt the entire cast was "spot on", but singled out Jane Krakowski for her "scene-stealing" moments when she revealed the art of backhanded compliments  Verne Gay of Newsday praised Jenna's and Kenneth's storylines, and liked the cameo by Broderick, stating his "comic chops [were] on full display"  Robert Canning of IGN praised Kenneth's and Tracy's storylines, and described Tracy's voice-recording session for his porn video game as "thank-goodness-this-is-airing-later-than-8:30"   Alan Sepinwall of The Star-Ledger felt that the "nearly-perfect" episode was marred by Kenneth's page-rivalry, which "didn't work"  Time called "Cooter" the eighth-best episode of 2008 Mark A  Perigard of the Boston Herald felt that "Cooter" was one of the best episodes of 30 Rock's shortened season, with something for everyone in the ensemble cast to do   He noted that Fey's character, Liz, has a pregnancy scare the same week that Fey's film, Baby Mama, was in theaters, asking "How much mama drama does Tina Fey think viewers want?" Bob Sassone of TV Squad originally thought the episode might have been secretly cross promoting Baby Mama, but ultimately decided against this judgment  Jeff Labrecque of Entertainment Weekly was disappointed that Liz was not actually pregnant, and hoped that her former boyfriend, Dennis, would continue to reappear in the next season  Oscar Dahl of BuddyTV speculated that the episode may have been hinting at Alec Baldwin's real-life political plans  (He was considering running for office )The episode was nominated for Primetime Emmy Awards, winning one  Tina Fey won for Outstanding Writing for a Comedy Series, and Ken Eluto was nominated for Outstanding Single-Camera Picture Editing for a Comedy Series 
Passage 9:
Louie (season 4)
The fourth season of the American television comedy series Louie premiered on May 5, 2014, and concluded on June 16, 2014  It consists of fourteen episodes (an additional episode more than previous seasons), most running approximately 23 minutes in length  FX broadcast the fourth season on Mondays at 10:00 and 10:30 pm in the United States with back-to-back episodes  The season was produced by 3 Arts Entertainment and the executive producers were Louis C K , Dave Becky and M  Blair Breard 
Louie was created, written and directed by Louis C K , who stars as a fictionalized version of himself, a comedian and newly divorced father raising his two daughters in New York City  The show has a loose format atypical for television comedy series, consisting of largely unconnected storylines and segments (described as "extended vignettes") that revolve around Louie's life, punctuated by live stand-up performances 

Production
FX announced in July 2012 that it had renewed Louie for a fourth season to consist of 13 episodes, and was later confirmed in October 2012 that the season would be delayed from airing in summer 2013 to May 2014, to give more time for Louie C K  to develop the season  C K  said, "I want season four to go somewhere new   I'm looking back to when I did the first season and the time I took to do the show and decide which directions to go in and I want that back again  I want a little breathing room " In March 2014, FX announced the season would premiere on May 5, 2014, moving to Mondays and would air back-to-back episodes for seven consecutive weeks, containing an additional fourteenth episode  C K  said that the fourth season would include a multi-part, connected storyline after the third episode C K  collaborated with comedian Steven Wright (who previously guest starred on the series as himself) on some of the scripts for the fourth season, and Wright is credited as a consulting producer for the season  According to guest star Jeremy Renner, Philip Seymour Hoffman was supposed to appear in an episode this season, however, Hoffman died in February 2014  Episodes 11 and 12, "In the Woods" have an extended run time of an hour and a half (with commercials) 

Cast
Main cast
Louis C K  as Louie

Recurring cast
Guest stars
Episodes
Reception
Reviews
The fourth season of Louie received universal acclaim from critics, receiving a Metacritic score of 93 out of 100, based on 28 reviews  Robert Llyod of the Los Angeles Times wrote that  "Each [episode] stands on its own as a TV art film, an independent work of short fiction " Andrew Romano of The Daily Beast wrote that "Season 4 is just as brilliant as the seasons that preceded it " On Rotten Tomatoes, the season has an approval rating of 93% with an average score of 8 9 out of 10 based on 43 reviews  The website's critical consensus reads, "Thanks to Louis C K 's unique brand of awkward, brutally honest humor, Louie remains one of the best written and most relatable comedies on television "

Ratings
The season 4 premiere received 941,000 total viewers, a 19 percent boost over last season's average 

Accolades
For the 30th TCA Awards, Louie won for Outstanding Achievement in Comedy and Louis C K  received a nomination for Individual Achievement in Comedy  For the 4th Critics' Choice Television Awards, Louie received nominations for Best Comedy Series, C K  for Best Actor in a Comedy Series, and Sarah Baker for Best Guest Performer in a Comedy Series  For the 66th Primetime Emmy Awards, the series was nominated for Outstanding Comedy Series, and Louie C K  was nominated for Outstanding Lead Actor in a Comedy Series and Outstanding Directing for a Comedy Series for the episode "Elevator, Part 6", and won for Outstanding Writing for a Comedy Series for the episode "So Did the Fat Lady"  For the 67th Writers Guild of America Awards, the series won for Best Comedy Series and C K  won for Best Episodic Comedy for "So Did the Fat Lady"  For the 21st Screen Actors Guild Awards, C K  was nominated for Best Comedy Actor  For the 72nd Golden Globe Awards, C K  was nominated for Best Actor – Television Series Musical or Comedy  For the 67th Directors Guild of America Awards, C K  was nominated for Outstanding Directing – Comedy Series for the episode "Elevator Part 6" 

Broadcast
The season premiered on OSN First Comedy HD in the Middle East on September 4, 2014 



ground_truth: Netflix