prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: Where is the airline company that operated United Express Flight 3411 on April 9, 2017 on behalf of United Express headquartered?

The following are given passages.
Context 1: Passage 1:
Bishop International Airport
Bishop International Airport (IATA: FNT, ICAO: KFNT, FAA LID: FNT) is a commercial and general aviation airport located in Flint, Michigan, United States  It is named after banker and General Motors board member Arthur Giles Bishop (April 12, 1851 – January 22, 1944), who donated 220 acres of his farmland for the airport in 1928   It is located in southwestern Flint, and is surrounded by Flint Township to the north, east and west; and Mundy Township to the south 
The third busiest airport in Michigan after those of Detroit and Grand Rapids, it surpassed competitor MBS near Saginaw in terms of airline operations in 2002  1,071,238 passengers used Bishop International Airport in 2007; 938,914 passengers used the airport in 2011 It is included in the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) National Plan of Integrated Airport Systems for 2021–2025, in which it is categorized as a non-hub primary commercial service facility The airport is currently served by three passenger airlines: Allegiant Air operates mainline service out of the airport, and regional services are provided by affiliates of United Express and American Eagle   The airlines offer passenger flights to 13 cities across the United States   The airport became a focus city for Allegiant on February 19, 2022 Accompanying the airlines is fixed-base operator AvFlight, which handles both general aviation and airline operations  Also based at the airport are flight schools Greater Flint Pilots Association, American Wings Aviation, and Crosswinds Aviation 

History
In 1928, the Arthur Giles Bishop family gave to the City of Flint 220 acres for aeronautical purposes  The city-operated Bishop Airport until 1987 when the city and Genesee County formed the Bishop International Airport Authority to run the airport The renovation and expansion of the current terminal, originally built in 1993, was designed by Reynolds, Smith & Hills 

Historic airline service
When the current terminal was completed in 1993, most airlines serving Flint were using propeller aircraft, which included Northwest Airlink and Skyway Airlines (operating as Midwest Connect)   US Air was the only airline providing jet service at the time, which they operated to their hub in Pittsburgh In 1997, ValuJet Airlines began service to Flint, which became Flint's first low-cost carrier   ValuJet was merged into AirTran Airways later that year, who continued to provide flights to Atlanta   The success of AirTran's flights led them to increase service which prompted Northwest Airlines, who operated a major hub nearby in Detroit, to also increase service to Flint   For much of the 2000s, competition between AirTran and Northwest brought growth in air service to Flint which included flights to Florida and Las Vegas   Competition between the two airlines was so heavy, both airlines would often announce new competing services within days of each other In 2001, Delta Air Lines began flights to Flint starting with Delta Connection flights to their hub in Cincinnati which operated for a few years   Delta flights to their hub in Atlanta were added in 2003 In 2002, ATA Connection (operated by Chicago Express Airlines) began flights from Flint to Chicago Midway Airport using Saab 340 turboprop aircraft   ATA Connection also briefly operated flights to Indianapolis before ATA Airlines shutdown ATA Connection in 2005   American Eagle subsequently started flights to Chicago O'Hare International Airport by the end of that year   American Eagle also had flights from Flint to Dallas/Fort Worth and LaGuardia Airport in New York in the late 2000s Northwest Airlines, who operated in Flint for many years, was merged into Delta Air Lines in 2009   After the merger, Delta continued to operate flights to Detroit and Minneapolis/St  Paul, which Northwest previously operated   However, Delta discontinued the short flights to Detroit in 2013 United Express added flights to Chicago O'Hare International Airport in 2014 after discontinuing flights to Cleveland (which had started years earlier by United's predecessor Continental Airlines) AirTran was merged into Southwest Airlines in 2014   Southwest continued to serve Flint briefly following the merger and offered Boeing 737 flights from Flint to Las Vegas, Orlando, Tampa, Baltimore, and seasonal service to Fort Myers before dropping them and serving only Chicago Midway Airport in 2016  While flights to Midway were full, Southwest did not see adequate profit from the short flight and ceased service to Flint in 2018 After Southwest's service downgrade in 2016, Allegiant Air saw the demand in Flint for low cost flights to popular tourist destinations and began service to Orlando/Sanford and Tampa/Clearwater – St  Petersburg in 2016  The success of those routes led to additional service to Punta Gorda, Florida, in 2018 and seasonal service to both Ft  Lauderdale and Myrtle Beach Although Allegiant was a welcome to passengers at Flint, the lack of daily flights that Southwest had offered plus the Delta Connection cancellation of their twice daily Minneapolis flight led Flint to their lowest passenger numbers in over a decade  Statistics from the airport for 2018 show the number of passengers boarding flights at Bishop down about 10%: from 400,781 in 2017 to 360,609 in 2018, the lowest number of departing flights from Flint since 2002  Allegiant Air added service between Flint and Nashville on June 5, 2020  On November 17, 2020, Allegiant announced it would begin service between Flint and Las Vegas, starting March 4, 2021  Allegiant has announced it will offer service to Boston and Jacksonville, Florida starting in March 2022  On February 1, 2022, Allegiant later announced it will begin serve between Flint and Savannah, Georgia beginning April 15, 2022 Despite the 2018 results, early 2019 saw Allegiant become the number-one air carrier in Flint, carrying 41% of Flint's passengers in February  Envoy Air (as American Eagle) also started a fourth daily flight to Chicago O'Hare  On April 11, 2019, PSA Airlines (as American Eagle) announced twice daily service to Charlotte to begin in September 2019   American's flights to Charlotte were discontinued in 2022 Delta Air Lines indefinitely suspended flights their last remaining service from Flint to Atlanta due to the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on aviation  Despite ending Flint service, Delta still serves nearby airports such as MBS International Airport near Saginaw and Detroit Metropolitan Airport 

Renovations
In early February 2007, Bishop International Airport unveiled a comprehensive five-year developmental plan that would be slated for continuation through late 2011  The program called for two phases of "Intermodal Facility Development," including the expansion of the West Cargo Apron, what is now known as the Abex and Emory GVA Freight Ramp, located on the airport's northwest side 
In May 2009, Bishop International Airport began Phase I of its Terminal Airside & Concourse Improvements program  Projects under this phase were developed in 2008  Included in this phase are upgrades to the terminal ramp, upon which the passenger concourse resides; the permanent closure and deconstruction of Runway 5/23; and the acquisition of new land for an envisioned Runway 09L/27R, which was scheduled to be designed in 2009 and constructed in 2010 
Runway 5/23 was closed permanently on May 4, 2009 as progress continued in the Capital Improvement Program 
The renovation and expansion of the terminal, originally built in 1993, was designed by Reynolds, Smith & Hills On April 24, 2012, the airport's board of directors approved a $1 348 million project to repair the airport's tarmac  On September 19, 2012, it was announced that the Federal Aviation Administration approved a grant to fund the project On October 6, 2012, a new Transportation Security Administration checkpoint opened in the terminal The completed terminal was dedicated on November 13, 2012 The airport's board allocated an additional $10 9 million for upgrades in 2013 and 2014 On August 29, 2013, the airport received a $2 87 million grant from the U S  Department of Transportation, which was used to repair taxiways and lighting and to buy a replacement snow truck On September 28, 2017, the airport received a $4 302 million grant from the Federal Aviation Administration which will be used to rehabilitate the pavement of Taxiway C, construct asphalt shoulders and install runway guard lights at each access point to the runway On July 30, 2018, the FAA gave the airport a $4,012,542 grant for taxiway construction, rehabilitation and lighting On June 5, 2019, the FAA gave the airport $8,056,505 for runway reconstruction, the addition of runway shoulders, and enhancements to the runway’s lighting system 

Facilities
Bishop International Airport covers 1,550 acres (6 km²) and has two runways:
Runway 18/36: 7,849 x 150 ft  (2,392 x 46 m), surface: asphalt/concrete
Runway 09/27: 7,201 x 150 ft  (2,195 x 46 m), surface: asphaltIn the year ending December 31, 2021, the airport had 44,632 operations, an average of 122 aircraft operations per day: 78% general aviation, 21% scheduled commercial / air taxi, and less than 1% military  At that time, there were 93 aircraft based at this airport: 70 single-engine, 21 multi-engine, and two jet aircraft 

Airlines and destinations
Passenger
Source:

Cargo
Source:

Statistics
Top destinations
Carrier shares
2020 was Bishop's worst year since 2002, with departures down about 42%: from 597,000 in 2019 to 346,000 in 2020  This was largely due to the COVID-19 pandemic 

Ground transportation
Bishop International Airport is accessible from I-69, I-75/US-23 and I-475 at Bristol Road  The airport is also served by a bus line operated by the Flint Mass Transportation Authority, local taxi services, and Uber which operates in the Flint area 
Several car rental agencies are also available at the airport 

Airport Authority Board
The Bishop International Airport Authority (BIAA) is the joint public authority created by Genesee County and the city of Flint to run Bishop International Airport  The Authority Board has nine members appointed to three-year terms  BIAA operates the airport's public safety and maintenance departments 
On January 27, 2014, airport director Jim Rice retired after 24 years of service  The service drive in front of the airport that leads to the terminal and front parking lot has since been renamed in his honor  The board later named Craig Williams, former Fort Wayne-Allen County Airport Authority board member, as his successor on July 22, 2014 

Accidents and incidents
On May 18, 1935, a Ford Trimotor operated by Knowles Flying Service crash landed at Flint-Bishop Airport due to fuel starvation  Two passengers and a pilot died out of the 12 on board 
On January 6, 1977, a Learjet 23 operated by Jet Avia crashed while on a runway 27 localizer back course approach in snow and a low ceiling  A failure to maintain airspeed was the probable cause  Both occupants were killed 
On November 16, 2011, a Piaggio P 180 Avanti operating as Avantair Flight 168 (Detroit Metro to West Bend Municipal, tail number N168SL) crashed upon landing due to an engine failure  The plane was damaged beyond repair, but everyone aboard survived with only minor injuries 
On December 12, 2011, four people from Saginaw were arrested at Bishop International Airport trying to smuggle 122 pounds (55 kg) of marijuana from Phoenix 
On June 21, 2017, airport police lieutenant Jeff Neville was stabbed in the neck by a man who shouted "Allahu Akbar" while doing so  A Tunisian-born Canadian man, Amor Ftouhi, was arrested at the scene as a suspect  Neville survived the attack  The attack was condemned by the Canadian government  Ftouhi was found guilty of three federal counts in November 2018  He was sentenced to life in prison in April 2019 
On January 18, 2019, it was reported that the Michigan Department of Environmental Quality had found elevated levels of PFAS in groundwater at the airport 

Gallery
Passage 2:
United Express Flight 3411 incident
On April 9, 2017 at Chicago O'Hare International Airport, four paying customers were selected to be involuntarily deplaned from United Express flight 3411 to make room for four deadheading employees  One of these passengers was David Dao, 69, a Vietnamese-American who was injured when he was dragged from the flight by Chicago Department of Aviation security officers  Dao, a pulmonologist, politely refused to leave his seat when directed because he needed to see patients the following day  In the process of removing him, the security officers struck his face against an armrest, then pulled him – apparently unconscious – by his arms down the aircraft aisle, past rows of onlooking passengers  The incident is widely characterized by critics – and later by United Airlines itself – as an example of mishandled customer service  
United removed the passengers to reposition a crew who had been delayed in reaching Louisville to staff a flight the next day  Prior to the confrontation, United agents made a general offer to the plane's passengers – of travel vouchers, accommodations, and a later flight – in exchange for their seats, but none of them accepted  United then algorithmically selected four passengers for involuntary removal from the flight, one of whom was Dao  The three other passengers cooperated with instructions to exit the plane Video of the incident recorded by passengers went viral on social media, resulting in anger over the use of force shown  Politicians expressed concern and called for an official investigation  President Donald Trump criticized United Airlines, calling its treatment of Dao "horrible" 
The next morning, United CEO Oscar Munoz issued a statement that appeared to downplay the treatment of Dao, referring to the incident as "re-accommodating the customers"  Munoz also sent an email to United staff commending the crew's actions for following established procedures and referring to Dao as "disruptive" and "belligerent"  This was contradicted by passengers' accounts and video of the incident; for example, Jason Powell asserted that Dao was not belligerent, saying instead, "He was very polite, matter-of-fact "Munoz and United were sharply criticized for their initial statements; United suffered a drop in its stock price  Two days after the incident, Munoz issued an additional statement, apologizing and promising that such an incident would never again occur on a United aircraft  He said, "No one should ever be mistreated this way " In a televised interview, Munoz was asked, "Do you think [Dao] was at fault in any way?" Munoz responded, "No  He can't be  He was a paying passenger sitting on our seat in our aircraft " Munoz's previously planned promotion to become United's chairman was delayed until May 2020 as a result of the incident  Dao reached an "amicable" settlement with United on April 27, 2017, though its terms were not publicly announced 

Incident
On April 9, 2017, four employees of Republic Airways – a United Airlines regional airline – located at the time in Chicago, had been assigned to crew a flight leaving the next day from Louisville  They were originally scheduled to travel to Louisville on Flight 4448 at 2:55 PM, but that plane was experiencing a significant mechanical delay  They were rebooked onto Flight 3411 at 5:21 PM  This was 19 minutes before its scheduled departure time, and the passengers had boarded the plane, an Embraer 170 operating as United Express Flight 3411, which was fully occupied 
Passengers were initially offered $400 in travel vouchers, a hotel stay, and a seat on a flight leaving more than 21 hours later if they would voluntarily give up their seats  With no volunteers, the offer was increased to $800 in vouchers  Just before 5:40 PM, the United Express gate agent announced that four passengers would be selected by computer and involuntarily removed to accommodate the four Republic employees  A United spokesperson later stated that the selection is based on several factors, and that frequent fliers and higher-paying customers are less likely to be chosen  Another spokesman stated that the flight was not overbooked prior to the four employees being assigned to it Three of the selected passengers, a couple and a woman thought to be David Dao's wife, cooperated with the instruction to leave the plane  The fourth, 69-year-old David Dao – a doctor from Elizabethtown, Kentucky and former folk musician – refused, protesting that he needed to see patients the next day at his clinic  United Airlines staff requested assistance from the Chicago Department of Aviation Security, a department with powers differing from those of the Chicago Police Department; for example, its officers cannot file arrest reports Dao refused to leave his seat and was dragged screaming from it  In the process, he suffered injuries to his head and mouth when, according to another passenger, aviation security officer James Long threw him against the armrest before dragging him down the aisle by his arms, apparently unconscious  During the altercation, several passengers distressed by the incident voluntarily left the aircraft  Passengers stated that officers laughed as Dao was dragged from the plane  The four United employees then sat in the vacated seats  Shortly afterward, Dao boarded the aircraft again, with blood on his face, repeatedly saying, "I have to go home," and "Just kill me"  After he collapsed in a seat, he was removed from the aircraft on a stretcher  The remaining passengers were then directed to exit the plane while the blood was cleaned up  Several passengers recorded the event on video using phone cameras and the videos were widely circulated on social media  Another passenger reported hearing Dao claim that he had been chosen because of his Asian ethnicity  Dao was taken to a hospital with non-life-threatening injuries, including a broken nose, loss of two front teeth, sinus injuries, and "a significant concussion"; the injuries required reconstructive surgery, according to Dao's lawyer The flight departed at 7:21 p m , and arrived at Louisville at 9:01 p m 

Passenger assessments
Several passengers stated that the situation escalated quickly and was inflamed by the demeanor of a United employee  According to passenger Tyler Bridges, "An airline supervisor walked onto the plane and brusquely announced, 'We have United employees that need to fly to Louisville tonight      This flight's not leaving until four people get off ' That rubbed some people the wrong way " Passenger John Fuller described the employee's behavior and said, "She was very terse      She said, 'Four people need to get off this plane, or we're not going anywhere '” Passenger Jason Powell corroborated this account and said that he did not understand why the employee had spoken with such a belligerent tone: "The tone immediately turned me off     She accelerated the situation  It was poor leadership " Powell said, "The disgusting mishandling of the situation included everyone from the rude ticket agent who demanded that this man give up his seat on the flight United overbooked    "Passenger John Klaassen later said, "after the first offer was made, the United employee left and it escalated     had they just tried some diplomacy, none of this had to take place     they were unwilling to negotiate" Passenger Mary Myers faulted the supervisor, saying, "I really put all of this on her shoulders  She could have made a difference  She could have handled it differently  She's the one who started it all " Myers also indicated that Dao had pleaded with the supervisor not to remove him from the flight and explained that as a doctor he could not miss his return flight home  "He said, 'I can’t get off the plane  I have to get home  I'm a doctor  I have to get to the hospital in the morning '" Myers stated that her response was not appropriate: "She said, 'Well, then I'll just have to call the police and have you escorted off the plane ' In my opinion, I think any good supervisor would never have let the situation escalate to that point  Honestly, I think I blame her for the whole entire occurrence  She didn't need to jump to that level "

Aftermath
On April 11, 2017, the law firms representing Dao, Golan Christie Taglia and Corboy & Demetrio, issued a statement indicating that Dao and his family "wants the world to know that they are very appreciative of the outpouring of prayers, concern and support "The three Chicago Department of Aviation (CDA) officers who responded to the incident were James Long, Mauricio Rodriguez, Jr , and Steven Smith  Their supervisor was Sergeant John Moore  Long had just returned to the job after a suspension for insubordination after having ignored a supervisor's orders to prevent vehicles from driving into a restricted area of the airport  Long was placed on administrative leave soon after the incident with Dao; Rodriguez and Smith were placed on administrative leave on April 12  Moore was placed on administrative leave on April 19  Moore had been disciplined at least seven times from 1999 to 2009 for failing to arrive at work without notifying a supervisor  The Chicago Department of Aviation said that "the incident on United Flight 3411 was not in accordance with our standard operating procedure and the actions of the aviation security officer are obviously not condoned by the Department    " The aviation police receive more training and higher pay compared to that received by private security guards, but less than that of officers of the Chicago Police Department 
City Inspector General Joseph Ferguson launched an investigation shortly after the incident  The Office of Inspector General (OIG) released its findings on October 17, 2017, establishing that the four officers had violated City of Chicago personnel rules  The report stated:Specifically, the first ASO violated the CDA Use of Force Policy when that ASO escalated a non-threatening situation into a physically violent one by forcefully removing a passenger from the aircraft  The ASO’s use of excessive force caused the passenger to hit his face on an armrest, resulting in the passenger sustaining a concussion, a broken nose, and the loss of two teeth  OIG’s investigation also established that the second ASO made misleading statements in two reports and the third ASO made material omissions in a report, regarding the first ASO’s forceful removal of the passenger from the aircraft  The investigation further established that the Sergeant deliberately removed material facts from the third ASO’s “To/From Report” and approved reports without all essential information  In response to the OIG report, the CDA discharged Long and Moore and issued five-day suspensions to Rodriguez and Smith 

Airport security changes
On June 29, 2017, the Illinois Law Enforcement Training and Standards Board decertified the Chicago Department of Aviation Police, stating the agency is "in no way" a police agency, merely a security force  The Chicago Police Department was designated as the primary responders to all future airport disturbance calls  The union representing the 300-officer department, Service Employees International Union (SEIU) Local 73, challenged the downgrade from police to security status in an unfair labor practices complaint Following a review prompted by the incident, in July 2017 the Chicago Department of Aviation reported that its unsworn, unarmed airport security personnel were not actually police officers under Illinois law  Their uniforms, badges and vehicles had been "improperly" labeled "police" for historical reasons  It promised that the incorrect insignia would be removed within months 

Social media
Video footage from passengers who remained on the aircraft throughout the incident was widely shared and was picked up by mainstream media agencies  One such video was shared 87,000 times and viewed 6 8 million times in less than a day The victim was initially thought to be Chinese-American, as one of the witnesses told The Washington Post, "He said, more or less, 'I'm being selected because I'm Chinese '" His daughter, Crystal Dao Pepper, later said in a press conference that her father was Vietnamese-Chinese  The incident drew outrage on mainland Chinese and Vietnamese social media, and became the number-one trending topic on the Chinese microblogging site Weibo, attracting the attention of more than 480 million users  An article in Foreign Policy noted the racial and political reasons for the wide spread of the video throughout the mainland Chinese mediasphere, where heated debates take place over the nature of America's political system and its relations to mainland China, and asserted that the video would serve the ends of the authorities and critics of America in challenging America's cultural sway in mainland China  In Vietnam, there was also bad reaction to the reporting into Dao's past, which was viewed as irrelevant and possibly racist The incident had taken place shortly after another controversy in which United refused boarding to two teenage girls wearing leggings  There were calls by social media users across the world, especially those in the United States, mainland China and Vietnam, to boycott United Airlines  Customers of the airline posted pictures of their United loyalty or credit cards cut into pieces  Another petition called on the U S  federal government to launch an investigation into the incident, invoking the Black Lives Matter movement by using the hashtag "#ChineseLivesMatters "

Stock market
Shares of United Continental Holdings (UAL), the parent company of United Airlines, closed at $70 88 on April 7  On April 10, the first trading day after the incident, they rose by 0 9% to close at $71 52  Although UAL shares declined by 1 1% on April 11, they closed at $70 71, only $0 17 or 0 2% less than the April 7 closing price  UAL shares declined and closed at $69 93 on April 12, and closed at $69 07 on April 13, and ultimately declined and closed at $67 75 on April 18 
Research analysts S3 Partners commented on the effect the incident would have on UAL's future financial performance, saying that "consumers might not have much choice but to fly UAL due to airline consolidation, which has reduced competition over most routes  As a result, with passengers having fewer options these days when it comes to carriers, UAL's revenues may not suffer as much as expected unless passengers opt for longer and more expensive flights " Analysts Wolfe Research and Cowen & Co  were also confident of future performance Investor Warren Buffett, a major investor in airline stocks, said that United made a "terrible mistake," and that public perceptions were influenced by the CEO's initial reaction 

Consumer preference
A poll of 1,900 people conducted three days after the incident suggested that all else being equal, 79% of prospective fliers who had heard of the incident would choose a non–United Airlines flight  44% would choose a non–United Airlines flight even if it cost US$66 more and took an additional three hours Despite calls for a boycott, United Airlines reported 39% greater profits over the previous year in the second quarter of 2017, as well as increased sales  Economist John Kwoka, Jr , attributed this to the high level of consolidation of American airlines, with a majority of flights controlled by four corporations—United, Delta, American, and Southwest—making a boycott impractical  Additionally, for many travelers, ticket price is the primary deciding factor when booking flights, outweighing other considerations, such as customer service 

Industry behavior
In August 2017, data from the U S  Department of Transportation showed that bumped-passenger rates were at their lowest since 1995  The rate "markedly decreased" starting in April 2017 (the same month this incident occurred) from 0 62 per 10,000 passengers, to 0 44 per 10,000 in the second quarter of 2017 

Responses
United Airlines
On April 9, United issued a statement: "Flight 3411 from Chicago to Louisville was overbooked  After our team looked for volunteers, one customer refused to leave the aircraft voluntarily and law enforcement was asked to come to the gate  We apologize for the overbook situation  Further details on the removed customer should be directed to authorities " By April 11, United changed its prior statement, stating that the flight was in fact not overbooked, but sold out, and the four employees who needed the seats were considered "must-ride" passengers who had to travel to another city to work as aircraft crew United CEO Oscar Munoz stated on April 10: "This is an upsetting event to all of us here at United  I apologize for having to re-accommodate these customers  Our team is moving with a sense of urgency to work with the authorities and conduct our own detailed review of what happened  We are also reaching out to this passenger to talk directly to him and further address and resolve this situation " Munoz's use of the word "re-accommodate" received particular attention and ridicule from social media and commentators  The words "re-accommodate" and "re-accommodated" appear several times in the text of the standard United Airlines Contract of Carriage Later on April 10, in an e-mail to employees, Munoz praised and defended the crew's actions, while claiming the passenger was "disruptive and belligerent " He stated that "Our employees followed established procedures for dealing with situations like this " This led to an online petition calling for his resignation In a subsequent public statement released by United on the afternoon of April 11, 2017, Munoz was more conciliatory  His note described the Dao incident as "truly horrific" and expressed an understanding of the "outrage, anger, disappointment" felt by many  He took full responsibility and apologized, adding that "No one should ever be mistreated this way " He promised to conduct a thorough review and release a report by April 30  The public statement ends with "I promise you we will do better "During a television interview on April 12, Munoz announced that, effective immediately, United Airlines would no longer use police in involuntary bumping situations: "We're not going to put a law enforcement official     [onto a United aircraft] to remove a booked, paid, seated passenger " He apologized to Dao and his family and said, "That is not who our family at United is  You saw us at a bad moment; this can and will never happen again on a United Airlines flight  That is my promise " Asked if Dao was at fault in any way, Munoz hesitated, then replied, "No, he can't be     no one should be treated that way, period "In response to a signed petition, Munoz said he did not intend to resign Three days after the incident, United Airlines elected to provide all passengers aboard United Express Flight 3411 compensation equal to the cost of their tickets  An email obtained by CNN stated that this compensation was in the form of a $500 voucher toward future travel on United Airlines  The email also indicated that customers were eligible for the voucher if they "released" the airline from lawsuits  A United spokesperson later indicated that passengers would not be required to agree to those terms  On April 13, 2017, United internally announced a policy change to ensure that flight crews are booked "at least 60 minutes prior to departure " On April 18, Munoz reported that no one would be fired as a result of the incident On April 21, it was reported that Munoz would not become chairman of the airline, as had been planned, because of the incident  Munoz's employment agreement was amended subsequent to the incident to reflect that he would not be elevated to chairman  In a government filing, United said that the airline was developing a program for 2017 so that compensation was "directly and meaningfully tied to progress in improving the customer experience " In 2019, Munoz announced his impending transfer from United, to become chairman of parent company United Airlines Holdings United and Dao reached a confidential settlement on April 27  Although the financial terms of the settlement remain confidential, one of the stipulations of the settlement was that Dao could not sue the city of Chicago  At the same time, the airline announced ten policy changes in response to the incident  These included raising the maximum amount of travel vouchers to passengers "bounced" from flights to up to $10,000 and a $1,500 "no questions asked" fee for permanently lost luggage, and the airline promised to reduce overbooking 

Public relations professionals
The handling of the incident by Munoz was described as a "fumbling response" by Bloomberg News, part of a "public-relations disaster" for United  Munoz had been named "Communicator of the Year for 2017" by PRWeek in March 2017  Steve Barrett, editor-in-chief of PRWeek US, later noted: "It's fair to say that if PRWeek was choosing its Communicator of the Year now, we would not be awarding it to Oscar Munoz … In time, the episode and subsequent response will be quoted in textbooks as an example of how not to respond in a crisis " Public relations expert Rupert Younger, director of the Oxford University Centre for Corporate Reputation, called the handling of the situation "a major disappointment " In Younger's view, Munoz should have moved more quickly and been more genuinely apologetic from the start  Former Assistant Secretary of State for Public Affairs Philip J  Crowley said: "It's hard to think of a case study that went so compellingly wrong so rapidly "

United Master Executive Council
On April 13, 2017, the United Master Executive Council, the United Airlines bargaining unit of the Air Line Pilots Association, a trade union, issued a statement to shift blame from United to Republic Airline, one of the carriers under contract to operate United Express flights, and especially the Chicago Department of Aviation  The statement read in part: "this violent incident should never have happened and was a result of gross excessive force by Chicago Department of Aviation personnel "

Other airlines
Emirates launched an advertising campaign that parodies United Airlines' "Fly the Friendly Skies" slogan and Munoz's previous statements about airlines in the Middle East  Royal Jordanian put up a picture of a no-smoking sign on its Twitter account with the messages, "We would like to remind you that drags on flights are strictly prohibited by passengers and crew," and "We are here to keep you #united  Dragging is strictly prohibited "Delta Air Lines increased the amount of compensation supervisors can offer to displaced passengers from $1,350 to $9,950 with gate agents able to offer $2,000, up from $800  American Airlines also enacted a new policy: passengers who have already boarded will never be removed to seat others  Southwest Airlines announced they will no longer overbook flights 

United States government
Executive branch
The White House's "We the People" webpage received 100,000 petition signatures in one day—exceeding the threshold needed for official review—demanding a government investigation into the incident  White House Press Secretary Sean Spicer commented that "It was an unfortunate incident" and added "when you watch the video, it is troubling to see how that was handled "The United States Department of Transportation (USDOT) said it was reviewing the incident  "While it is legal for airlines to [involuntarily] bump passengers from an oversold flight when there are not enough volunteers, it is the airline's responsibility to determine its own fair boarding priorities," the agency said in a statement  On April 12, the USDOT stated that it was "reviewing the involuntary denied boarding of passenger(s) from United Express flight 3411 to determine whether the airline complied with the oversales rule "New Jersey Governor Chris Christie asked the United States Secretary of Transportation, Elaine Chao, to suspend allowing airlines to overbook passengers U S  President Donald Trump criticized United Airlines' response to Dao in an interview with The Wall Street Journal  He said the airline's treatment of their customer was "horrible" and that the airline should have further increased the financial offer to customers to voluntarily leave the plane, instead of choosing to use force  Trump told The Wall Street Journal: "You know, there's a point at which I'm getting off the plane     seriously  They should have gone up higher  But to just randomly say, 'You're getting off the plane,' that was terrible "On January 13, 2021, the United States Department of Transportation amended its rules, forbidding involuntarily bumping from an overbooked flight after boarding starting on April 21 

Congress
A bipartisan group of senators on the Senate Commerce, Science and Transportation Committee described the incident as "disturbing", and wrote to Munoz and the Chicago Department of Aviation  The group sought information about the crew-scheduling mix-up that required passengers to give up their seats, and asked whether United considers bumping a passenger to accommodate employees to be the same as an "oversold" situation  They asked the Chicago Department of Aviation about their security protocols and whether Dao had been passive or threatening during the incident  Both parties were given until April 20, 2017, to respond  United Airlines submitted their response on April 26, 2017 Separately, twenty-one Democratic U S  Senators wrote to Munoz to express their deep concern, and asked a range of questions about the incident, requesting a response by April 24, 2017 Congressional Delegate Eleanor Holmes Norton (D-DC) called for hearings from the House Transportation and Infrastructure (T&I) Committee  Dan Lipinski (D-IL), member of the House Transportation Committee's Aviation subcommittee, called on Congress to make legislative amendments to give passengers more rights and to prevent further similar incidents  Senator Robert Menendez (D-NJ) said the incident was disturbing and criticized Munoz's "empty apology "Senator Chris Van Hollen (D-MD) is drafting the "Customers Not Cargo Act", which would ban airlines from involuntarily bumping passengers who are already on the aircraft and seated  He previously said United must do more than "apologize", and called for a full investigation  Separately, congresswoman Jan Schakowsky (D-IL) stated she intended to introduce legislation to end involuntary bumping of passengers, requiring airlines to increase their offer until a customer voluntarily gives up their seat  On April 26, 2017, Senators Maggie Hassan (D-NH) and Brian Schatz (D-Hawaii) introduced a bill which would change how airlines handle their boarding and bumping policies 

Illinois General Assembly
Illinois state Representative Peter Breen has introduced the Airline Passenger Protection Act in the Illinois House of Representatives  The act forbids state or local government authorities from removing passengers that are not dangerous or causing a disturbance in non-emergency situations  It also forbids the state of Illinois from doing business with airlines whose policies allow removal of paying passengers to make room for employees traveling on non-revenue tickets 

Chicago City Council
Chicago City Council's Aviation Committee held hearings starting April 13 to investigate the incident  Committee Chairman Mike Zalewski said the incident had damaged the reputation of Chicago and O'Hare International Airport  Zalewski wanted responses from United, Aviation Commissioner Ginger Evans, and from the union representing aviation police, Service Employees International Union (SEIU) Local 73 An April 12 statement by the Chicago Department of Aviation offered these comments about their security staff: "While they do have limited authority to make an arrest, Sunday's incident was not within standard operating procedures nor will we tolerate that kind of action  That is why we quickly placed the aviation security officer on leave pending a thorough review of the situation  The action we have taken thus far reflects what we currently know, and as our review continues we will not hesitate to take additional action as appropriate "

Chicago Police Department
Chicago Aviation Security were instructed to remove the word "police" from their uniforms in January 2017, but they disobeyed this instruction  As a result, there was confusion as to what organization had responded to the event, with some thinking that the Chicago Police Department responded  The Chicago Police Department Office of Communications stated that Dr  Dao fell—a statement which contradicts what is seen in both videos  When questioned about this, the Chicago Police Department's chief spokesman Anthony Guglielmi said, "CPD didn't release an official statement on it  We were not involved  Dept  of Aviation has everything you will need " When pressed further about why CPD issued a response about an incident in which they were not involved, Guglielmi said this, "A takeaway for me is to ensure the department's press office is more consistent in referring to appropriate outside agencies for incidents in which CPD is not the acting or involved agency "

Litigation
Dao's personal injury lawyer asked the Cook County Circuit Court for an order requiring United and the city of Chicago to retain all video, cockpit recordings, and other reports from the flight, including personnel files of the Aviation Department officers who pulled Dao from the plane  United and the city of Chicago agreed, forgoing a court hearing Through his lawyers, Dao described his ordeal as "more horrifying" than his experience of the Fall of Saigon during the Vietnam War On April 24, Dao's attorney announced that Dao intended to file a lawsuit against United  Three days later, United and Dao reached a confidential settlement In April 2018, one of the Aviation Department officers, James Long, filed a lawsuit against United Airlines and the Chicago Department of Aviation alleging that he was not properly trained to handle misbehaving passengers, was unfairly fired, and slandered  The lawsuit was dropped in April 2019 After the  Chicago Department of Aviation Police was downgraded to be a security agency, a federal class action lawsuit was filed in 2018 over a perceived loss of employment benefits enjoyed by law enforcement officers by some of the now reclassified security guards  The lawsuit was eventually denied in September 2021, and is undergoing an appeal in the Seventh Circuit appellate courts as of September 2022 

Third-party legal commentary
Early reports and United Airlines initially characterized the incident as a consequence of overbooking, leading some experts to question whether that was the case  John Banzhaf, a professor of law at the George Washington University Law School, states that United was "citing the wrong federal rule to justify its illegal request to force a passenger already boarded and seated to disembark," since the regulation cited only covers denial of boarding, and not removing a passenger after boarding While United has asserted a right to remove passengers after boarding, none of the reasons for doing so specified in the airline's contract of carriage applied in this situation  One attorney pointedly stated United "had absolutely no right to remove that man from the airplane" and described the incident as "assault and battery "Chicago City Council alderman Michael Zalewski questioned whether the Chicago Airport Police even had the legal authority to enter the aircraft A partner at Kreindler & Kreindler, a law firm specializing in air disaster litigation, concluded, "United, if they're smart, will quickly and quietly settle the case "

Cultural impact
Comedian Jimmy Kimmel criticized United Airlines and its handling of the incident in a five-minute segment of Jimmy Kimmel Live! that aired on April 10, 2017, and included video of the incident  Kimmel, referring to the word "re-accommodate" used by Munoz, said, "That is such sanitized, say-nothing, take-no-responsibility, corporate B S  speak "The incident was discussed on numerous other comedy shows, including Conan, Ellen and Saturday Night Live  In an SNL sketch, Jimmy Fallon's character Doug proposes marriage to Cecily Strong's Jen after admitting that he made "one of the biggest mistakes a person can make " Jen replies, "No, Doug! You dragged a man off a plane this week!"The cover of the New Yorker May 22 issue depicted former FBI director James Comey, who had just been fired, being dragged down the aisle of an airplane by former U S  Attorney General Jeff Sessions American actor Will Ferrell mentioned the incident in his May 2017 commencement address to the University of Southern California's graduating class  Referring to his honorary Doctor of Humane Letters degree awarded on the same day, he quipped, "The next time I'm flying and they ask if there's a doctor on board, I can now confidently leap to my feet and scream, 'I'm a doctor, what can I do? Yes, no problem, I can absolutely deliver that baby ' Hopefully it will be on United Airlines, in which case I will be immediately be subdued and dragged off the aircraft, which we all know will be recorded on someone's iPhone and put on YouTube "

Similar incidents
A passenger on a United Airlines flight who bought a full-price first-class ticket from Lihue to Los Angeles was told to get off the plane because "they needed the seat for somebody more important " According to the passenger, the gate agent stated "We have a priority list, and you're at the bottom of it " The gate agent then said that he would be arrested and put in handcuffs  The passenger said a fellow passenger warned him that the airline is "really nasty about this stuff" and might call the police  He is considering legal action against United After paying approximately $1,000 for a seat for her two-year-old child, a woman was forced to hold the child on her lap for over three hours when United Airlines re-sold the child's seat to a standby passenger  The passenger appealed to the flight attendant, who rudely shrugged her shoulders and told her in an aggressive tone that the flight was full  The passenger was afraid to push the issue because of what had happened to Dao  When she flew back to Hawaii, United Airlines upgraded her to business class, provided access to the United lounge at the airport and gave her a lei A family on a Delta Air Lines flight was removed from an aircraft and threatened with jail time and the loss of custody of their children for not surrendering a seat that they had originally purchased for their teenage son, who was not on the flight, but instead used for their 2-year-old child  After a video recording of the incident went viral, Delta offered an apology and compensation to the family 

2019 interview with Dao
On April 9, 2019, two years after the incident, David Dao was interviewed by ABC News, speaking out for the first time since the incident  Dao claimed that when he watched the video, he "just cried "

See also
List of air rage incidents
"United Breaks Guitars", song about Dave Carroll's struggle with the airline to get compensation for a guitar allegedly damaged during transit on a United flight
Passage 3:
Air Wisconsin
Air Wisconsin Airlines is a regional airline based at Appleton International Airport in the town of Greenville, Wisconsin, near Appleton  Air Wisconsin originally operated as one of the original United Express partners in 1985, and operated then as US Airways Express on behalf of US Airways prior to becoming an American Eagle regional air carrier  Between March 2018 and April 2023, Air Wisconsin operated exclusively as a United Express regional air carrier once again with primary hubs located at Chicago's O'Hare International Airport (ORD) and Washington Dulles International Airport (IAD)  This came to an end in April 2023 as the carrier switched to conducting solely American Eagle branded flights, per a new contract with American Airlines 

History
In 1963 investors from the Fox Cities raised $110,000 to start a new airline  The airline was established as an independent commuter air carrier in 1965 and started operations on August 23, 1965, just one day after the brand new Outagamie County Regional Airport was opened using de Havilland Dove commuter aircraft configured with nine passenger seats  It was founded to connect Appleton with Chicago and initially had 17 employees and two de Havilland Dove aircraft  According to the August 23, 1965 Air Wisconsin timetable, the airline was flying one route between Appleton and Chicago–O'Hare with four round trips on weekdays and two round trips on Saturdays and Sundays operated with the British-manufactured Dove twin prop aircraft By the mid 1970s, Air Wisconsin was flying two small commuter turboprop airliner types, being the de Havilland Canada DHC-6 Twin Otter and Swearingen Metro, and was operating a small hub at Chicago's O'Hare Airport with service primarily to destinations in Indiana, Michigan, and Wisconsin as well as to Minneapolis/Saint Paul from several small cities in Wisconsin In September 1978 the airline was certified by the Civil Aeronautics Board (CAB) as a regional air carrier (Air Wisconsin previously had commuter air carrier status with the CAB)  In October 1978 it had over $10 million in assets  Joining Air Wisconsin in 1965 as traffic manager and eventually becoming president, Preston H  Wilbourne's leadership oversaw Air Wisconsin grow to an airline serving 29 cities in an eleven state area with 32 aircraft boarding over 10,000 passengers daily  Air Wisconsin gained the nicknames "Air Willy" and "Rag Tag" and more recently "Air Wis" and "Air Wisky" By 1985, Air Wisconsin had become a large independent regional air carrier operating British Aerospace BAe 146-200 and British Aircraft Corporation BAC One-Eleven jets as well as de Havilland Canada Dash 7 turboprops with flights as far west as Grand Island, Nebraska, and Minneapolis/Saint Paul, and as far east as Bridgeport and New Haven, Connecticut, with a large connecting hub located at Chicago's O'Hare Airport (ORD)  By early 1986, the airline was serving sixteen airports with its British-manufactured jets with flights to Appleton, Bridgeport, Cedar Rapids, Iowa, Chicago–O'Hare, Flint, Michigan, Fort Wayne, Indiana, Grand Island, Green Bay, Wisconsin, Kalamazoo, Michigan, Lincoln, Nebraska, Moline, Illinois/Quad Cities, New Haven, South Bend, Indiana, Toledo, Ohio, Waterloo, Iowa, and Wausau/Stevens Point, Wisconsin, with other flights and destinations in its route system being served with the Canadian-manufactured four engine Dash 7 turboprop Air Wisconsin pioneered the concept of code sharing on behalf of United Airlines when the carrier began operating as United Express on May 1, 1985  As an independent air carrier prior to its business agreement with United to provide passenger feed, Air Wisconsin rapidly became the nation's largest regional airline in the 1980s  On May 17, 1985, it merged with Mississippi Valley Airlines (MVA) and continued to fly as United Express, operated by Air Wisconsin 
By late 1989 Air Wisconsin was operating United Express code share service from two United hubs: Chicago–O'Hare (ORD) and Washington–Dulles (IAD)  According to the Official Airline Guide (OAG) at this time, United Express flights were operated with BAe 146-200 jets and Fokker F27 turboprops nonstop to Chicago–O'Hare from Akron/Canton, Ohio, Appleton, Cedar Rapids, Champaign, Illinois, Fort Wayne, Green Bay, Kalamazoo, La Crosse, Wisconsin, Lansing, Michigan, Lexington, Kentucky, Moline/Quad Cities, Oshkosh, Wisconsin, Peoria, Illinois, Roanoke, Virginia, South Bend, Toledo, and Wausau, and with BAe 146-200 jets and Short 360 turboprops nonstop to Washington Dulles from Charleston, West Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, and Richmond, Virginia, as well as Harrisburg, Reading, and State College, Pennsylvania 
In 1990 Air Wisconsin acquired Denver-based Aspen Airways and was itself bought by United Airlines a year later 
During the 1990s, Air Wisconsin operated British Aerospace (BAe) ATP turboprop aircraft as well as BAe 146-100, BAe 146-200, and BAe 146-300 jet aircraft on United Express services  These were all large aircraft types when compared to other regional aircraft in operation at the time  Air Wisconsin was the only U S  operator of the BAe ATP turboprop and also the BAe 146–300, which is the largest member of the BAe 146 family of jet aircraft  United Airlines sold Air Wisconsin and the BAe 146 fleet to CJT Holdings in 1993  Air Wisconsin was then renamed Air Wisconsin Airlines Corporation (AWAC) as UAL retained the rights to the Air Wisconsin name and logo  During the ski seasons, Air Wisconsin was operating British Aerospace BAe 146 jet shuttle service as United Express on the former Aspen Airways route between Aspen, Colorado, and Denver with at least fourteen daily nonstop flights in each direction In February 1998 AWAC acquired the assets of Mountain Air Express including Dornier 328 turboprop aircraft which were used to expand United Express service in the west  In the fall of 2003 AWAC acquired ten Bombardier CRJ regional jet aircraft from bankrupt Midway Airlines and became a feeder for AirTran Airways under the name AirTran JetConnect, but this relationship was discontinued in July 2004  Towards the end of the contract with United Airlines Air Wisconsin was unable to secure a long-term deal or extension to continue providing regional service for UAL  United failed to renew its contract with AWAC, allowing it to expire in April 2005, and the last flight under the United flag operated on April 16, 2006, using the BAe 146 
During 2005 AWAC invested $175 million U S  into US Airways for their bankruptcy exit financing in exchange for a long-term contract operating as US Airways Express  In 2005 AWAC began operating all of its CRJ-200 regional jets as a US Airways Express carrier with flight crew bases located in Philadelphia, New York LaGuardia, Washington Reagan National, and Norfolk, Virginia  US Airways has since merged with American Airlines and Air Wisconsin operated as an American Eagle regional air carrier via a code sharing agreement with American until March 2018 
On November 20, 2014, it was reported that Air Wisconsin was nearing an agreement with Delta Air Lines to fly as a Delta Connection carrier beginning in January 2015  Under the terms of the deal, 26 CRJ-200 aircraft were to be transferred to Air Wisconsin from Endeavor Air  In January 2015, Air Wisconsin said that negotiations had ended and that it did not want to fly under the Delta Connection brand In 2016, it was announced that Air Wisconsin would close all of its ground handling operations in all cities served by the air carrier primarily due to the formation of a wholly-owned subsidiary of United called United Ground Express  This would leave only three American Eagle ground handling cities served, which the airline deemed uneconomical 
On March 1, 2017, Air Wisconsin announced a new agreement with United Airlines to once again operate under the United Express banner upon the expiration of the airline's current agreement with American Eagle in 2018  Additionally, the new agreement with United would provide for the creation of a career pathway program whereby Air Wisconsin pilots would be offered the opportunity to move up to United upon meeting its hiring standards In September 2021, the company announced that they had signed a lease for at least 1 Bombardier CRJ200SF (converted cargo aircraft) set to enter service from December 2021 On 22 August 2022, Air Wisconsin announced a five year contract to operate up to 60 of the American Eagle CRJ-200s, starting in March 2023  These aircraft are based at Chicago-O'Hare, to fill in for the Envoy Air Embraer E145s that will be transferred over to Piedmont Airlines  The airline also plans to utilize some CRJ-700s  This ended their partnership with United Airlines 

Destinations
Air Wisconsin operating as American Eagle serves 53 destinations with nearly 350 flights per day, transporting nearly six million passengers on an annual basis 

Crew domiciles
Operating as American Eagle, Air Wisconsin pilots and flight attendants have crew domiciles at the following locations:
Chicago, Illinois – O'Hare International Airport (ORD)
Philadelphia, PA – Philadelphia International Airport (PHL)

Fleet
The Air Wisconsin fleet comprises the following aircraft (as of June 2023):

Historical fleet
In 2016, the airline retired four CRJ-200 regional jets that had met their structural time limit and sent them to Tupelo Regional Airport (TUP) in Tupelo, Mississippi 
The following aircraft types were formerly operated by Air Wisconsin:

Jet aircraft
BAe 146-100 (via acquisition of Aspen Airways)
BAe 146-200
BAe 146-300 (only U S  operator of the BAe 146-300)
BAC One-Eleven

Turboprop aircraft
Beechcraft Model 99
British Aerospace ATP
de Havilland Canada Dash 6
de Havilland Canada Dash 7
de Havilland Canada Dash 8-100
de Havilland Canada Dash 8-300
Dornier 328 (via acquisition of Mountain Air Express)
Fokker F27
Short 360 (via merger with Mississippi Valley Airlines)
Short 330 (via merger with Mississippi Valley Airlines)
Swearingen Metro

Piston aircraft
de Havilland Dove

Aircraft maintenance
Air Wisconsin performs CRJ maintenance activities at the following locations:

Appleton, Wisconsin (Appleton International Airport)
Milwaukee, Wisconsin (Milwaukee Mitchell International Airport)
Dayton, Ohio (Dayton International Airport)Air Wisconsin also contracts aircraft maintenance-heavy checks at a facility in Oklahoma City, Oklahoma (OKC) 
Past heavy check maintenance was conducted in Montreal, Canada, and Hot Springs, Arkansas (HOT) 
Air Wisconsin's primary aircraft painting is located in Fort Worth, Texas – Meacham International (FTW) 

Incidents and accidents
See also
Air transportation in the United States
List of airports in Wisconsin
Passage 4:
United Express Flight 2415
United Express Flight 2415 was a regularly scheduled flight in the northwest United States from Seattle to Pasco, Washington, operated using a BAe Jetstream 31  Late on Tuesday, December 26, 1989, Flight 2415 crashed while attempting to land at Pasco's Tri-Cities Airport, killing both pilots and all four passengers aboard 

Aircraft, crew, and flight information
North Pacific Airlines, operating as United Express, operated Flight 2415 as a regularly scheduled flight from Seattle to Pasco, with an intermediate stop in Yakima   
On the night of the accident, Flight 2415 was operated using a BAe Jetstream 31 twin-turboprop airliner, registration number N410UE : 9  The aircraft was manufactured two years earlier in October 1987, and had accumulated approximately 4,972 flight hours at the time of the accident : 9   The aircraft was not equipped with a ground proximity warning system: 31  and did not have a cockpit voice recorder or flight data recorder : 13 The captain was 38-year-old Barry W  Roberts  He had 6,600 flight hours, including 670 hours on the Jetstream  The first officer was 25-year-old Douglas K  McInroe, who had 2,792 flight hours with 213 of them on the Jetstream : 5–9, 62

Accident
Flight 2415 departed Seattle at 20:45 PST, and arrived at Yakima with no reported mechanical difficulties : 1  A company station agent at Yakima witnessed First Officer McInroe knocking ice off the wings of the aircraft, with the assistance of another company first officer  The station agent asked Captain Roberts whether he wanted his aircraft deiced, but the captain declined : 1   The station agent also asked if the captain wanted Flight 2415's tail deiced, since the first officers deicing the wings would be unable to reach the tail surfaces   Roberts declined this as well : 1–2  Flight 2415 was the only flight to depart Yakima that afternoon/evening that was not deiced prior to departure : 2 At 21:59, air traffic controllers at the Yakima tower announced that Yakima airport was closed due to weather conditions : 2  However, at 22:00, Flight 2415 contacted Yakima ground controllers and were cleared to proceed to Yakima's runway 27 for departure  Ground controllers advised Flight 2415 of "light to moderate mixed icing" between 4,000 and 18,000 feet (1,200 and 5,500 m), which Flight 2415 acknowledged : 2   At 22:01, Flight 2415 departed Yakima en route to Pasco, and climbed to a cruising altitude of 11,000 feet (3,400 m) : 2–3 At 22:26, Flight 2415 was cleared for an Instrument Landing System (ILS) approach to runway 21R at Pasco's Tri-Cities Airport : 3  Conversations between Flight 2415 and controllers were normal in the minutes leading up to the crash, and no distress call was made At 22:30, while Flight 2415 was on final approach, the Pasco tower controller observed Flight 2415 flying "higher than normal" for a final approach, and also descending faster than normal : 5  The controller watched Flight 2415 descend until it struck the ground 400 feet (120 m) short of runway 21R  The controller alerted emergency response crews, who arrived at the crash site at 22:34;: 5  the aircraft was destroyed, and there were no survivors : 5

Investigation
The accident was investigated by the National Transportation Safety Board   Investigators determined that the airplane was flying well above the glideslope for an ILS approach : 40  From the plane's last recorded position, investigators determined that Flight 2415 would need to follow a 7-degree glidepath in order to descend rapidly enough to reach the runway threshold : 40  This is more than twice the glidepath angle for an ILS approach and would have required a high descent rate of 2,000 to 3,000 feet (610 to 915 m) per minute : 40  Investigators also determined that ice had likely built up on the plane's wings during the flight, creating a higher risk of a stall at low speeds : 40  According to radar data, Flight 2415 had slowed to 110 knots (205 km/h; 125 mph) as it attempted to descend  The combination of an excessively steep descent, low speed, and aircraft icing likely resulted in loss of control of the aircraft : 40 On November 4, 1991, the NTSB issued its final report on the crash, which contained the following conclusions:: 47 
The National Transportation Safety Board determines that the probable cause of this accident was the flightcrew's decision to continue an unstabilized instrument landing system approach that led to a stall, most likely of the horizontal stabilizer, and loss of control at low altitude  Contributing to the accident was the air traffic controller's improper vectors that positioned the airplane inside the outer marker while it was still well above the glideslope  Contributing to the stall and loss of control was the accumulation of airframe ice that degraded the aerodynamic performance of the airplane 
Passage 5:
Republic Airline
Republic Airways Inc  is a regional airline subsidiary of Republic Airways Holdings that operates service as American Eagle, Delta Connection, and United Express using a fleet of Embraer 170 and Embraer 175 regional jets  It is headquartered in Indianapolis, Indiana  Its call sign "Brickyard" is derived from the nickname of the Indianapolis Motor Speedway 

History
In 1999, Republic Airways Holdings incorporated a new subsidiary, "Republic Airline, Inc " but the subsidiary had no activity prior to 2004 and no ability to operate aircraft prior to 2005  In 2004 the holding company activated Republic Airways in reaction to a pilots' suit against American Airlines 
American had awarded the flying of 44-seat regional jets to Chautauqua Airlines, then the main operating subsidiary of Republic Airways Holdings  However, Chautauqua later started to operate 70-seat regional jets on behalf of United Airlines, and this caused American to be in violation of its pilot union scope clause, which prevented an airline from operating on behalf of American if that airline was operating jet aircraft of more than 50 seats, even if such aircraft were operating on behalf of a carrier other than American  To repair the situation, Republic Airways Holdings activated Republic Airline, and upon Part 121 certification in 2005 allowing Republic Airline to operate commercial service  Republic Airways Holdings then transferred the offending 70-seat regional jets from Chautauqua to Republic Airline  American was then no longer in violation of its pilot union scope clause  Republic Airways Holdings paid $6 6 million to the pilot union of American Airlines to settle the issue US Airways' pilots had a scope clause prohibiting the airline from operating large regional jets such as the Embraer E170  The airline negotiated around this clause by offering flight deck jobs to laid-off US Airways pilots, in a program known as "Jets for Jobs"  This agreement created a subsidiary, MidAtlantic Airways  As part of US Airways' bankruptcy restructuring, the 25 Embraer E170s delivered to MidAtlantic were bought by Republic to help US Airways come out of bankruptcy; Republic operates them along with additional newly delivered aircraft 
In 2007, Frontier Airlines signed an 11-year service agreement with Republic Airways  Under the agreement, Republic would operate 17 Embraer E170 aircraft for the Frontier Airlines operation  The first aircraft was placed into service in March 2007, and the last aircraft was expected to be placed into service by December 2008  On April 23, 2008, Republic Airways Holdings (parent of Republic Airline) terminated its service agreement with Frontier Airlines, which entered Chapter 11 bankruptcy in early April 2008  Subsequently, Republic Air Holdings purchased Frontier Airlines in bankruptcy  Frontier-branded Republic Airways E190 aircraft provided regional capacity support  In September 2013, Republic Airways Holdings sold Frontier Airlines  As part of the sale, Republic Airways terminated the Frontier branded E190 from flying 
On February 1, 2008, Republic Airways opened a base at John Glenn Columbus International Airport in Columbus, Ohio 
On September 3, 2008, Republic signed a new 10-year codeshare agreement with Midwest Airlines  The aircraft would be based at Kansas City International Airport beginning October 1, 2008  Twelve aircraft would be placed in service with Midwest  On June 23, 2009, Republic announced it would acquire Midwest Airlines for $31 million In January 2013, Republic Airways Holdings reached a capacity purchase agreement with American Airlines to operate Embraer E175 airplanes under the American Eagle brand beginning in mid-2013  Republic began service as an American Eagle affiliate on August 1, 2013, from Chicago to New Orleans, Pittsburgh, and Albuquerque On February 25, 2016, the airline filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy protection  The airline was hit hard because of pilot shortages, but a new contract ratified in October 2015 helped restructure the airline  At the time of filing, Republic Holdings claimed $2 97 billion in liabilities and $3 56 billion in assets  On November 16, 2016, Republic Airways Holdings filed their Plan of Reorganization with intentions to emerge from Chapter 11 during the first quarter of 2017 It was announced that parent company Republic Airways Holdings would merge subsidiaries Shuttle America and Republic Airways into one company, with Republic Airways being chosen as the surviving company  On January 31, 2017, Shuttle America merged with Republic Airways  In December 2018, the operating division was renamed Republic Airways to match its parent company 
As of January 31, 2017, Republic Airways has the largest fleet of Embraer E170 and Embraer E175 aircraft in the world 

Destinations
As of January 2023, Republic operates for American Eagle, Delta Connection, and United Express 

Fleet
Current fleet
As of April 2022, the Republic Airways fleet consists of the following aircraft:

Fleet development
The Embraer E175 made its United States domestic debut when the first aircraft was delivered to Republic Airways in March 2007  Total orders were for 36 aircraft, which were operated in an 80-seat configuration under the US Airways Express brand name In July 2010, Republic ordered a further 24 Embraer E190 aircraft In May 2012, Republic Airways agreed to fly the 28 Bombardier Q400s for United Express that bankrupt Pinnacle Airlines planned to return to its lessors  The Q400 fleet was retired in 2017 
Republic Airways Holdings signed a three-year contract in October 2012 with Caesars Entertainment Corporation where its Republic Airways subsidiary would operate five Embraer E190 aircraft to provide more than 1,500 charter flights annually for Caesars  Service began in January 2013  This contract ended in August 2015 and all E190 aircraft were sold or returned to the lease holders In January 2013, Republic Airways Holdings reached a capacity purchase agreement with American Airlines to operate 47 Embraer E175 airplanes under the American Eagle brand beginning in mid-2013  The regional jets would be deployed out of American's Chicago hub  In addition, Republic would have options to purchase an additional 47 Embraer aircraft beginning in 2015  Republic took first delivery of the E175 jets in July 2013 and service began August 1, 2013, from Chicago to New Orleans, Pittsburgh and Albuquerque  Republic began using Miami as an American Eagle hub in October 2014 and in New York-JFK in May 2015 
In late 2015, it was announced Republic Airways achieved approval from the FAA for Extended Overwater Operations (EOW), which allows Republic to operate up to 162 nautical miles from shore  As of January 31, 2017, only Republic E175 aircraft operating for American Airlines are equipped to operate as an EOW aircraft  American Airlines uses Republic to operate aircraft out of Miami International Airport to various Caribbean and Central American destinations, including the Bahamas, Mexico, Panama, Belize, Honduras, Costa Rica, Turks & Caicos, Cuba, Guadeloupe, and the French West Indies 
In late 2016 it was announced, due to the impending merger with Shuttle America, that the 80-seat Embraer E175s operated for American Eagle (previously US Airways Express) would have the last row of seats removed (4 in total) to conform with Delta's scope clause, which limits all regional jets to a maximum of 76 seats  These aircraft were retrofitted to American's standard Embraer E175 layout 
On January 31, 2017, all existing aircraft operating under the Shuttle America operating certificate were transferred to the Republic Airline Inc  operating certificate, thus ceasing operations for Shuttle America, and completing the merger process of both subsidiaries  The move made Republic the largest operator of Embraer E170 and Embraer E175 aircraft in the world 
On December 20, 2018, Republic Airways announced that it had finalized a firm order for 100 Embraer E175 aircraft, stating that deliveries for the new aircraft would start in the second half of 2020 In October 2019, Republic received the first of 30 E175s to be transferred from Compass Airlines upon the cancellation of their contract with Delta In September 2021, Republic agreed to sell 11 E170s and 6 E175s to Envoy 

Retired fleet
Incidents
On 9 April 2017, a passenger was forced off of a Republic-operated United Express flight in Chicago bound for Louisville  The passenger was forced off the flight by Department of Aviation officers after he refused to give up his seat to an airline employee  He attempted to run back onto the aircraft, but was forcibly removed  A video posted on social media showing him being injured and dragged off the plane led to a public outcry against United Airlines 
On 21 June 2018, a Republic-owned E170 registered N876RW was damaged by a fire while undergoing maintenance at John Glenn Columbus International Airport  The aircraft was deemed to be damaged beyond economical repair 
On 10 May 2019, a Republic-owned E175 operating Delta Connection flight 5935 was heading towards New York's LaGuardia Airport when a suicidal passenger attempted to open a cabin door in mid-flight, causing the pilots to declare an emergency shortly before landing  The situation was brought under control, after which the plane landed safely and was met by law enforcement at the gate 
On 6 November 2019, a Republic-owned E175 operating American Eagle Flight 4439 returned to Hartsfield-Jackson Atlanta International Airport after suffering severe controllability issues after takeoff: ATC flight data recorded the crew stating a "trim runaway" and a "stalling situation"  The data shows the aircraft rapidly climbing to 15,100 ft (4,600 m) and slowing down to 160 knots (300 km/h) while performing nearly two full right turns 
On June 4, 2022, a Republic Airways flight from Indianapolis to Chicago aborted its takeoff after an odor of smoke was reported in the aircraft  The aircraft was evacuated on a taxiway  No injuries were reported 

See also
Air transportation in the United States
Passage 6:
United Express Flight 5925
United Express Flight 5925, operated by Great Lakes Airlines with a Beechcraft 1900 twin turboprop, was a regularly scheduled flight from Chicago O'Hare International Airport to Quincy, Illinois, with an intermediate stop in Burlington, Iowa  On November 19, 1996, the aircraft collided on landing at Quincy with another Beechcraft, a private King Air, that was taking off from an intersecting runway  The crash was known as the Quincy runway disaster  Fourteen people (twelve on board the 1900 and two on board the King Air) were killed as a result 

Accident
United Express Flight 5925 had departed from Chicago at 15:25, with Captain Kate Gathje (30), First Officer Darren McCombs (24), and ten passengers  After a stop at Burlington, Iowa, the flight proceeded to Quincy  Two aircraft at Quincy were ready for departure when Flight 5925 was on approach  Both aircraft, a Beechcraft King Air and a Piper Cherokee were proceeding to Runway 4  As Quincy is a non-towered airport, all three aircraft were communicating on the Common Traffic Advisory Frequency  On approach, Captain Gathje inquired as to whether the King Air would hold short of the runway, or depart before their arrival  After receiving no response, Gathje called again and received a reply from the Cherokee that they were holding short of Runway 4  However, because of a simultaneous sound emitted by the ground proximity warning system in the 1900's cockpit, only part of the transmission was received by the 1900  As a result,  the United Express crew misunderstood the transmission as an indication that both the King Air and the Cherokee would not take off until after Flight 5925 had cleared the runway Assuming that both planes were holding short, Flight 5925 landed on Runway 13  However, the King Air had taxied into position on Runway 4 and had begun its takeoff roll when Flight 5925 landed  Both aircraft collided at the intersection of Runways 4 and 13  The aircraft skidded for 110 feet (34 m), coming to rest alongside Runway 13, and caught fire  All 12 aboard the United Express flight survived the initial impact but were trapped inside by a jammed door  Several pilots in the vicinity of the crash came to the scene but were unable to open the doors of the aircraft before both planes were destroyed by fire  All 12 aboard Flight 5925 and both pilots of the King Air, Neal Reinwald (63) and Laura Winkleman Brooks (34), died from smoke inhalation : 19

Cause
The National Transportation Safety Board determined that the cause of the accident was the King Air pilots' failure to effectively monitor both the common frequency and to scan for traffic  A contributing factor was the Cherokee's transmission at the same time as the United Express transmission  Lack of adequate rescue and firefighting equipment was cited as a factor in the high fatality rate 

In popular culture
The crash was featured in the 15th season of the television documentary series Mayday in an episode titled "Fatal Transmission", which featured interviews with witnesses and accident investigators and a dramatic reenactment of the crash 

See also
Los Angeles runway disaster
Tenerife airport disaster
Linate Airport disaster
Madrid runway disaster
1990 Wayne County Airport runway collision
TWA Flight 427
Air Canada Flight 759
Context 2: Passage 1:
Justin Harper (American football)
Justin Harper (born February 24, 1985) is an American college football coach and former professional Canadian football wide receiver  He is currently the tight ends coach at Old Dominion University  Before this, he served as the interim head coach at Virginia State University and was the wide receivers coach at Towson University in Towson, Maryland  His last professional stint was as a member of the BC Lions of the Canadian Football League (CFL)  He was drafted by the Baltimore Ravens in the seventh round of the 2008 NFL Draft  He played college football at Virginia Tech 

Early years
Harper played football at Bandys High School, where he led his team to the state championship game as a senior, playing both wide receiver and defensive back   He was recruited by Winthrop University to play basketball, but decided late in his senior season to try to become a Division I football player   After graduating, he attended Hargrave Military Academy   He then was recruited by Virginia Tech 

College career
Harper appeared in 51 games during his four-year career at Virginia Tech, finishing with 83 catches for 1,338 yards, a 16 1 per-catch average, and nine touchdowns   Harper's best game probably came in his final collegiate contest when he caught four passes for 64 yards (including a 20-yard touchdown), and scored on an 84-yard punt return in the 2008 Orange Bowl against the University of Kansas 
As a senior in 2007, Harper played wide receiver alongside Eddie Royal and Josh Morgan and recorded career highs with 41 catches, 635 receiving yards and five touchdown receptions   Together, Harper, Royal and Morgan combined for 120 catches during their final season at Virginia Tech   As a junior in 2006, Harper finished fourth on the team in receptions with 21 catches for 324 yards and one touchdown    During his sophomore season, he posted 16 catches for 295 yards and one touchdown, which came in the Hokies' 35-24 Gator Bowl victory over Louisville   As a freshman in 2004, he caught five passes for 84 yards and a touchdown 

Professional career
NFL
Harper was drafted in the seventh round of the 2008 NFL Draft by the Baltimore Ravens  He would continue as a member of the Ravens for the next three seasons only receiving limited playing time during the preseason  Justin Harper was released prior to the start of the 2011 NFL season 

CFL
On March 13, 2012 the Saskatchewan Roughriders of the Canadian Football League announced that they had signed Harper to a contract 
On January 24, 2013 Harper was traded to the BC Lions along with Saskatchewan's third round pick in the 2014 CFL Draft in exchange for slotback Geroy Simon   On May 24, 2013, a 3 days after the Lions signed Emmanuel Arceneaux, Harper was released 
Passage 2:
Colorado Buffaloes football
The Colorado Buffaloes football program represents the University of Colorado Boulder in college football at the NCAA Division I FBS level  The team is a member of the Pac-12 Conference, having previously been a charter member of the Big 12 Conference  Before joining the Big 12, they were members of the Big Eight Conference  The CU football team has played at Folsom Field since 1924   The Buffs all-time record is 716–520–36 ( 577 winning percentage) as of the 2022 season  Colorado won the 1990 National Championship   The football program is 27th on the all-time win list and 40th in all-time winning percentage 

History
Beginning in 1890, Colorado football has enjoyed much success throughout its more than 135 years of competitive play 
The Buffaloes have appeared in numerous bowl games (28 appearances in bowl games (12–16), 36th all-time), and won 27 conference championships, 5 division championships and an AP national championship in 1990 Folsom Field was built in 1924, and since then, Colorado has a 308–169–14 record at home through the 2016 season  The road game against the Nebraska Cornhuskers on November 24, 2006, was Colorado's 1,100th football game   The game on September 12, 2015, against Massachusetts was the school's 1,200th football game 

Conference affiliations
Independent (1890–1892, 1905)
Colorado Football Association (1893–1904, 1906–1908)
Colorado Faculty Athletic Conference (1909)
Rocky Mountain Faculty Athletic Conference (1910–1937)
Mountain States Conference (1938–1947)
Big Eight Conference (1948–1995)
Big 12 Conference (1996–2010)
Pac-12 Conference (2011–present)

Championships
National championships
Colorado won one national championship in football for 1990 : 120 
1990 season
Colorado won the national championship in 1990 under the direction of head coach Bill McCartney, who helmed the team from 1982 to 1994  While the Georgia Tech won the United Press International Coaches Poll, Colorado won the Associated Press, Football Writers Association of America and other polls   Colorado played the most difficult schedule in the country, beat more ranked teams and conference champions, and had a more talented roster  Colorado capped the season with a 10–9 win over Notre Dame in the Orange Bowl, a rematch of the 1989 season Orange Bowl Game which Notre Dame won 21–6  Colorado's tie came against Tennessee, who was ranked No  8, the first week of the season when Colorado was ranked No  5  The second week gave the Buffs a scare, scoring with 12 seconds left in the game on a 4th and Goal attempt  The next week gave Colorado its only loss of the season, losing 23–22 to Illinois and dropping Colorado to No  20 in the polls  Colorado then went on to beat teams ranked (at the time) No  22 Texas, No  12 Washington, No  22 Oklahoma, and No  3 Nebraska  They ended the season 7–0 in the Big Eight Conference for the second straight season  They then capped the season with a win over Notre Dame who were number 1 until a loss in their second to last game of the regular season 

Conference championships
Colorado has won 26 conference championships in over a century of college play, spanning through five conferences 

† Co-champions

Division championships
† Co-champions

Head coaches
The Buffaloes have played in 1,109 games during their 125 seasons, through 2014  In those seasons, 11 coaches have led Colorado to postseason bowl games: Bunny Oakes, Dallas Ward, Marcel M  Mazur, Bud Davis, Eddie Crowder, Bill Mallory, Bill McCartney, Rick Neuheisel, Gary Barnett, Dan Hawkins, Mike MacIntyre and Karl Dorrell  Ten coaches have won conference championships with the Buffaloes: Fred Folsom, Myron Witham, William Saunders, Oakes, Jim Yeager, Sonny Grandelius, Mallory, McCartney and Barnett  The Buffaloes won the national championship in 1990, and have won a total of 28 conference championships 
McCartney is the all-time leader in games coached with 153, total wins with 93, and conference wins with 58  Folsom had the longest tenure as head coach, remaining in the position for 15 seasons  Harry Heller and Willis Keinholtz are tied for the highest overall winning percentage  Each served a single season and won eight of his nine games for a winning percentage of  889  Of coaches who served more than one season, Folsom leads with a  765 winning percentage  Davis, in terms of overall winning percentage, is the worst coach the Buffaloes have had with a  200 winning percentage  No Colorado coach has been inducted into the College Football Hall of Fame, although McCartney was inducted into the Orange Bowl Hall of Fame in 1996 
Mike MacIntyre had brief success with the program  Hired on Dec  10, 2012, MacIntyre compiled a 30–44 record over five-plus seasons at Colorado  In 2016, MacIntyre lead Colorado to a 10-2 regular season and a trip to the Pac-12 Championship Game  It was the first winning season for Colorado since 2005, ending a 10-year streak of finishing below  500  2016 was also the best season for the Buffaloes since 2001  As well, it marked their first time playing in a conference championship game since the 2005 Big 12 Championship Game  The team also went 8–2 in the Pac-12 after having five conference wins in the previous five seasons  Mike MacIntyre was named the Walter Camp 2016 Coach of the Year by the Walter Camp Foundation, the second Colorado football coach to earn the honor (Bill McCartney in 1989)  MacIntyre was also awarded the 2016 Pac-12 Coach of the Year, American Football Coaches Association's coach of the year and comeback coach of the year awards, the Associated Press coach of the year, and the Eddie Robinson coach of the year by the Football Writers Association of America  In 2018, the Buffaloes started out the season 5–0 with wins against rivals Colorado State, Nebraska, Arizona State, and UCLA - however, MacIntyre was fired as the head coach on November 18, 2018, after a six-game losing streak Mike Sanford was named interim Head Coach after Karl Dorrell was fired during the 2022 season, Sanford was previously the Buffaloes Offensive Coordinator for the start of the 2022 campaign  On December 3, Colorado announced Deion Sanders as Head Football Coach 

Venues
Campus fields (1890–1901)
Gamble Field (1901–1924)
Folsom Field (1924–present)

Rivalries
Nebraska
A traditional college football rivalry with the Nebraska Cornhuskers restarted in the 1980s (many historical documents show the importance of this game going back to 1898) when Bill McCartney declared the conference opponent to be their rival  His theory was since Nebraska was such a powerhouse team, if Colorado was able to beat them then they would be a good team  Colorado began to repeatedly threaten Nebraska in the late 1980s, following their win over the Huskers in 1986, and then surpassed the Huskers for the Big 8 crown in 1989 
In 1990, Colorado beat Nebraska 27–12 in Lincoln for the first time since 1967, en route to their first national title  From 1996 to 2000, the series was extremely competitive, with the margin of victory by NU in those five years being only 15 points combined  The rivalry was further buoyed by the introduction of the Big 12 Conference in 1996, which moved Oklahoma and Oklahoma State to the southern division with the four new schools from Texas, formerly in the Southwest Conference  Nebraska had traditionally finished the Big 8 conference schedule with a rivalry game with Oklahoma, but the two were now in different divisions, which meant they met every other year in the regular season  Colorado replaced Oklahoma as Nebraska's final conference game of the regular season, which further intensified the rivalry  In 2001 No  1 Nebraska came to Folsom Field undefeated and left at the short end of a nationally televised 62–36 blowout  Both teams departed the Big 12 in 2011, as NU headed east to join the Big Ten and the future of the rivalry was in doubt  On February 7, 2013, Colorado and Nebraska agreed to renew the rivalry  Colorado traveled to Lincoln in 2018 and won 33–28 (winning against Nebraska for the first time since 2007 and the first time in Lincoln since 2004)  On September 7, 2019, Colorado mounted an improbable comeback after being down 17–0 at half, to win the game in overtime, 34–31  After a 3-year break, Nebraska will go to Boulder in 2023 and then host CU again the next year to finish the series  Nebraska leads the series 49–20–2 through the 2019 season 

Colorado State
Colorado's in-state rival is the Colorado State Rams of the Mountain West Conference, located north of Boulder in Fort Collins  The two schools are separated by 45 miles (72 km) and both consider it important and noteworthy to beat the other for bragging rights for the next year  The two football teams annually compete in the Rocky Mountain Showdown for the Centennial Cup, played in Denver, Fort Collins, and Boulder  The trophy takes its name from the state of Colorado's nickname of "The Centennial State"  Colorado leads the series 67–22–2 through the 2019 season 

Utah
The rivalry with Utah ran from 1903 to 1962, in which Utah and Colorado played each other nearly every year; through 1962 they had met 57 times  At the time, it was the second-most played rivalry for both teams (Utah had played Utah State 62 times; Colorado had played Colorado State 61 times)  The rivalry was dormant until 2011, when both teams joined the Pac-12, renewing the rivalry on an annual basis  The Colorado–Utah rivalry remains the fifth-most played rivalry in Utah's history, and eighth-most in Colorado's history  Utah leads the series 34-32-3 through the 2022 season 

Bowl games
Colorado has participated in 29 bowl games, with a record of 12–17 ( 414) 

Notable players
Pro Football Hall of Fame
Colorado has one inductee into the Pro Football Hall of Fame 

Cliff Branch – WR (1972–1988); HoF Class of 2022

Notable players
Darian Hagan

Awards
Heisman Trophy:

Other award winners
Players
Coach
Paul "Bear" Bryant Award1989 Bill McCartneyWalter Camp Coach of the Year Award2016 Mike MacIntyreDodd Trophy as Coach of the Year2016 Mike MacIntyreAssociated Press Coach of the Year Award2016 Mike MacIntyreHome Depot Coach of the Year Award2016 Mike MacIntyreFWAA/Eddie Robinson Coach of the Year Award2016 Mike MacIntyrePac-12 Conference Football Coach of the Year2016 Mike MacIntyre

College Football Hall of Fame
All-Americans
The following is a list of Consensus All-Americans from CU as listed in NCAA record books 
1943 Robert Hall, Colorado (AP-2)
1953 Gary Knafelc, Colorado (AP-3)
1954 Frank Bernardi, Colorado (AP-2)
1956 John Bayuk, Colorado (INS-2; CP-3)
1960 Joe Romig, Colorado (WC)
1961 Joe Romig, Colorado (WC, TSN, FWAA)
1961 Jerry Hillebrand, Colorado (FWAA)
1967 Dick Anderson, Colorado (AP, NEA)
1968 Mike Montler, Colorado (AP, AFCA)
1969 Bobby Anderson, Colorado (AP, UPI, NEA, TSN)
1970 Pat Murphy, Colorado (WC)
1970 Don Popplewell, Colorado (AP, UPI, NEA, FWAA, WC, CP, FN)
1971 Herb Orvis, Colorado (WC, AFCA, TSN)
1971 Cliff Branch, Colorado (FN)
1972 Cullen Bryant, Colorado (UPI, NEA, AFCA, TSN, Time)
1972 Bud Magrum, Colorado  (FWAA)
1973 Bo Matthews, Colorado (Time)
1973 J V  Cain, Colorado (TSN, Time)
1975 Troy Archer, Colorado (Time)
1975 Pete Brock, Colorado  (TSN, NEA, Time)
1975 Dave Logan, Colorado    (TSN)
1975 Mark Koncar, Colorado (AP)
1976 Don Hasselbeck, Colorado (TSN)
1978 Matt Miller, Colorado (UPI)
1979 Mark Haynes, Colorado (AP)
1979 Stan Brock, Colorado (TSN)
1986 Barry Helton, Colorado (AP, UPI, TSN)
1988 Keith English, Colorado (AP)
1989 Tom Rouen, Colorado (AP, UPI, WC, FWAA)
1989 Kanavis McGhee, Colorado (WC)
1989 Alfred Williams, Colorado (UPI, AFCA, FWAA, FN)
1989 Darian Hagan, Colorado (TSN)
1989 Joe Garten, Colorado (AP, UPI, AFCA, FWAA, TSN)
1990 Alfred Williams, Colorado (AP, UPI,  NEA, WC, AFCA, FWAA, SH, TSN, FN)
1990 Joe Garten, Colorado  (AP, UPI, NEA, WC, AFCA, FWAA, SH, TSN, FN)
1990 Eric Bieniemy, Colorado (AP, UPI, NEA, WC, AFCA, FWAA, SH, TSN, FN)
1991 Joel Steed, Colorado (WC)
1991 Jay Leeuwenburg, Colorado (AP, UPI, NEA, WC,  AFCA, FWAA, SH, TSN, FN)
1992 Mitch Berger, Colorado (UPI)
1992 Deon Figures, Colorado (AP, UPI, NEA, WC, FWAA, SH, TSN, FN)
1992 Michael Westbrook, Colorado  (NEA)
1994 Chris Hudson, Colorado  (Associated Press, Walter Camp, FWAA-Writers, Scripps-Howard)
1994 Michael Westbrook, Colorado  (Walter Camp, AFCA-Coaches, Sporting News)
1994 Rashaan Salaam, Colorado  (Associated Press, Walter Camp, FWAA-Writers, AFCA-Coaches, Scripps-Howard, Sporting News, Football News)
1995 Bryan Stoltenberg, Colorado (UPI, Walter Camp, FN)
1995 Heath Irwin, Colorado (AP)
1996 Matt Russell, Colorado (AP, FWAA-Writers, Walter Camp, TSN)
1996 Chris Naeole, Colorado (AP, AFCA-Coaches, Walter Camp, FN)
1996 Rae Carruth, Colorado (TSN)
1999 Ben Kelly, Colorado (FN, CNNSI-KR)
2001 Roman Hollowell, Colorado (TSN, CNNSI-PR)
2001 Andre Gurode, Colorado (AP, TSN, PFW, CNNSI)
2001 Daniel Graham, Colorado (Walter Camp, AFCA-Coaches, FWAA, AP, TSN, PFW, FN)
2002 Mark Mariscal, Colorado (AP, AFCA-Coaches, Walter Camp, TSN, CNNSI, ESPN)
2002 Wayne Lucier, Colorado (TSN)
2002 Chris Brown, Colorado (AFCA-Coaches)
2004 John Torp, Colorado (ESPN)
2005 Mason Crosby, Colorado (Associated Press, FWAA-Writers, Walter Camp, Sporting News, Sports Illustrated, Pro Football Weekly, ESPN, CBS Sports, College Football News, Rivals com)
2006 Mason Crosby, Colorado (Walter Camp Foundation, Pro Football Weekly)
2007 Jordon Dizon, Colorado (Associated Press, Walter Camp, Sporting News, ESPN, College Football News, Rivals com)
2010 Nate Solder, Colorado (AP, FWAA, TSN, WCFF, ESPN, PFW, SI)

Future non-conference opponents
Announced schedules as of January 6, 2022 
Others beyond 2030: vs  Missouri, Aug  30, 2031; at SMU, Sept  6, 2031; vs  North Texas, Sept  4, 2032; at North Texas, Sept  3, 2033; vs  Colorado State, Sept  17, 2033; at Colorado State, Sept  16, 2034; at Oklahoma State, Sept  13, 2036; vs  Oklahoma State, Sept  12, 2037; vs  Colorado State, Sept  19, 2037; at Colorado State, Sept  11, 2038 
Passage 3:
Justin Bannan
Justin Lewis Bannan (born April 18, 1979) is a former American football defensive tackle  He was drafted by the Buffalo Bills in the fifth round of the 2002 NFL Draft  He played college football at Colorado 
Bannan also played for the Baltimore Ravens, Denver Broncos, St  Louis Rams, and Detroit Lions 
In 2019, he shot a woman in the shoulder, after being startled while hiding in a building suite before operating hours from what he believed was the Russian maffia due to paranoia symptoms stemming from Chronic Traumatic Encephalopathy (CTE) 
On February 10, 2022, he was sentenced to 16 years in prison for attempted murder without any evidence being allowed to be presented on his concussion history, medically established brain injury from his time in the NFL, or testimony from neurologists or CTE experts  [1]

Early years
Bannan graduated from Bella Vista High School in Fair Oaks, California, in 1997 and was a letterman in football and basketball 

Professional career
Buffalo Bills
Bannan was drafted by the Buffalo Bills in the fifth round (139th overall) of the 2002 NFL Draft and played for them through the 2005 season 

Baltimore Ravens
Bannan joined the Baltimore Ravens before the 2006 season and played for them until 2009  In the 2008 season, he set a personal-best with 30 solo tackles (56 total), one sack and one interception 

Denver Broncos
On March 5, 2010, Bannan signed a five-year contract with the Denver Broncos On March 3, 2011, the Broncos released Bannan 

St  Louis Rams
Bannan signed with the St  Louis Rams on July 30, 2011  He was released following the 2011 season on March 12, 2012 

Denver Broncos (second stint)
On April 11, 2012, Bannan signed a one-year deal with the Denver Broncos 

Detroit Lions
On August 15, 2013, Bannan signed a contract with the Detroit Lions   Bannan was released from the Lions as of September 25, 2013 

Personal life
Bannan has an interest in stocks and bonds, and appeared on Jim Cramer's Mad Money television show on October 31, 2007 
On October 17, 2019, Bannan was arrested in connection to a shooting that took place at Black Lab Sports in Boulder, Colorado, that left one woman injured  Bannan was charged with attempted first-degree murder, assault and burglary for the shooting  On February 10, 2022, he was sentenced to 16 years in prison 
Passage 4:
Joe Ruetz
Joseph Hubert Ruetz (October 21, 1916 – January 2, 2003) was an American football player and coach and college athletics administrator   He played professionally in the All-America Football Conference (AAFC) for the Chicago Rockets in 1946 and 1948  Ruetz played college football while attending the University of Notre Dame  He played guard for the Irish with the exception of one season at quarterback  In 1938, he graduated from Notre Dame with cum laude honors  Ruetz played in the 1938 College All-Star Game and his team upset Sammy Baugh and the Washington Redskins  During World War II, he was a United States Navy physical education instructor and pilot  During that time he played for the famed Saint Mary's Pre-Flight football team  He was named an All-Navy All-American by sportswriter Grantland Rice in 1942  After the war, Ruetz studied at the University of Chicago and played two seasons with the Chicago Rockets of the All-America Football Conference  In 1950, he then was an assistant and head coach at St  Mary's before joining Chuck Taylor's football staff at Stanford University and helping guide the team to the 1952 Rose Bowl  Ruetz later worked as a fundraiser for Cardinal athletics, before succeeding Taylor as athletic director in 1972  He then "saved" the East–West Shrine Game by convincing Stanford to allow it to be played at the school, where it remained until its move to Pacific Bell Park in 2001  Ruetz launched the head coaching career of Bill Walsh in 1977, when he hired him as Stanford's football coach  He also instituted a long football series with Notre Dame, before retiring in 1979  He later served as a fundraising consultant to the Psoriasis Research Institute in Palo Alto, California 

Biography
Ruetz was born on October 21, 1916 in Racine, Wisconsin 

Head coaching record
Passage 5:
Josh Wilcox
Joshua David Wilcox (born June 5, 1974) is a former American football tight end who played two seasons with the New Orleans Saints of the National Football League (NFL)  He played college football at the University of Oregon and attended Junction High School in Junction City, Oregon  Wilcox was also a member of the Portland Forest Dragons of the Arena Football League, the Amsterdam Admirals of NFL Europe and the Los Angeles Xtreme of the XFL  He won the Million Dollar Game in the XFL as a member of the Los Angeles Xtreme  Wilcox is the son of Pro Football Hall of Famer Dave Wilcox and brother of California football coach Justin Wilcox  He also spent time as a professional wrestler 
Passage 6:
Roy Roundtree
Roy Randolph Roundtree (born March 7, 1989) is a former American football wide receiver and current assistant coach for the Grand Valley State Lakers  He was a 2013 preseason member of the Cincinnati Bengals and played college football for the Michigan Wolverines football team where he spent his redshirt senior season with the 2012 team  In 2012, he was an All-Big Ten honorable mention selection  He was a 2011 Fred Biletnikoff Award preseason watchlist honoree  He was a Fred Biletnikoff Award preseason watchlist honoree in 2010, and set Michigan's single-game receiving record with nine catches for 246 yards against Illinois that November  Roundtree was the team's leading receiver in both the 2009 and 2010 seasons  He finished first in the Big Ten Conference in receiving yards in 2010 for Conference games, and was a second team All Conference selection  While in high school, he was named the 2007 Ohio Division II Offensive Player of the Year 

Early life and high school
Roundtree started playing football on the Pee-Wee Dayton Flames in first grade  He played on the team until junior high, joined by his Michigan teammate Michael Shaw, who, because he was eight months older than Roundtree, played in a different level   Roundtree was a two-year starter at Belmont High School in Dayton, Ohio before he transferred to Trotwood-Madison High School, where the team's head football coach was retired National Football League player Maurice Douglass As a freshman, he earned Dayton Daily News Athlete of the Week honors, but in 2004–05, Belmont was classified as an "academic emergency" by the state of Ohio because over a 25% of the students were considered to be "students with disabilities", and the school's standardized test scores were over 50 percent lower than the state benchmarks  With the dismal academic situation and a mediocre athletic program, Belmont left Roundtree dissatisfied, and he transferred to Trotwood before his junior year, where coach Douglass had earned a reputation for developing college ready football players, and where former Flames teammate Domonick Britt was playing quarterback At Trotwood, he was a teammate of Shaw and Brandon Moore who would later join him at Michigan  As a junior in 2006, he posted 48 receptions for 851 yards, and as a senior, he totalled 868 on 52 catches  His four-year totals were 165 receptions for 2,637 yards and 28 touchdowns



ground_truth: Indianapolis, Indiana

prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: Which conference is the team for which Justin Bannan played college football currently a member of?

The following are given passages.
Context 2:  As a senior, he was selected to the Division II first-team all-state squad, and named Ohio's offensive player of the year  He was also chosen to play in the Big 33 Football Classic, and ranked as the number 44, 89, and 104 wide receiver in the nation by Rivals com, Scout com, and ESPN, respectively  In that same year, Trotwood won their first playoff game since 1981, led by Roundtree's 13 receptions, 203 yards, and game-winning touchdown  Roundtree feels that his best game in high school was a 12-reception, 221-yard, 2-touchdown performance that helped his team overcome a 21–0 deficit Roundtree had scholarship offers from Eastern Michigan, Illinois, Purdue, Nebraska and Miami  He was considered a Purdue commit until getting a late scholarship offer from Michigan, which was his preferred school  On signing day, his uncle convinced him to go to Michigan because of its winning tradition  The late switch led Purdue head coach Joe Tiller to cast aspersions on Michigan coach Rich Rodriguez, referring to him as a snake oil salesman 

College
Roundtree redshirted for the 2008 season  He made his college debut on September 5, 2009 against the Western Michigan Broncos at Michigan Stadium as a slot receiver  That year, he roomed with Trotwood teammates Shaw and Moore  He had just two receptions in the first eight games of the season while playing as a backup  He became a starter for the team's final four games, and finished as the leading receiver for the 2009 Michigan Wolverines football team in terms of both yards and receptions per game, despite the limited playing time  One of the two early-season receptions occurred on October 3 against Michigan State in the Paul Bunyan Trophy game when he caught the game-tying touchdown with two seconds left in regulation to send the game into overtime  He made his first start on October 31 against the Illinois Fighting Illini as a slot receiver  On November 7, against Purdue he had ten receptions for 126 yards  He also had nine receptions for 116 yards in the November 21, 2009 game against the rival Ohio State Buckeyes  Following the season, he was named a CollegeFootballNews com Freshman All-America honorable mention, and a Sporting News Freshman All-Big Ten selection 

Roundtree made the 2010 preseason watchlist for the Biletnikoff Award, which honors the nation's top wide receiver  He led Michigan's 2010 team in both receptions, and receiving yards  In the September 11 game versus the rival Notre Dame Fighting Irish, his 15-yard reception late in the fourth quarter put the ball on the Notre Dame 2-yard-line  On the next play, Denard Robinson ran in for the game-winning touchdown with 27 seconds remaining  He posted back-to-back 100-yard receiving games on September 25, and October 2, 2010, recording nine receptions for 119 yards in a home game against the Bowling Green Falcons, and five receptions for 126 yards and a touchdown versus the Indiana Hoosiers  At the midpoint of Michigan's 12-game regular season schedule, he ranked fifth in the Big Ten in receptions per game, and seventh in receiving yards  In Michigan's 67–65 victory over Illinois on November 6, Roundtree broke Jack Clancy's all-time Michigan single-game receiving yards record when he caught nine passes for 246 yards and two touchdowns, including a 75-yard touchdown reception on the game's first play from scrimmage  The record stood until October 19, 2013, when Jeremy Gallon posted a Big Ten record 369 yards against Indiana  The performance raised him to fourth in the conference in both yards and receptions (tied) per game, and earned him Co-Big Ten Offensive Player of the Week honors  He ended the 2010 regular season third in the Conference in receiving yards, and fourth in receptions for all games  After a slow start, which included negative one yards receiving in the team's first game, and a total of less than 100 yards in their first three contests, Roundtree led the Big Ten with 83 9 receiving yards per conference game  After the regular season, he was named to the All Conference second team by the media   He finished the year, third in the conference in receiving yards per game (71 92) and fourth in receptions per game (5 54) for all games 

Roundtree repeated as a Biletnikoff Award preseason watchlist honoree in 2011  On September 10, against Notre Dame, during the first night game ever played at Michigan Stadium, his only reception was the game-winning 16-yard touchdown with two seconds remaining in the game   After leading Michigan in pass receptions in 2009 and 2010, his production fell off in 2011   In 2011, Roundtree ranked fourth in receptions for Michigan with 19 catches and third in receiving yards with 355 yards  Following the season, he had offseason knee surgery Roundtree followed Junior Hemingway as the second person to wear Desmond Howard's "Michigan Football Legend" jersey number 21  On November 10, 2012, Roundtree recorded 139 receiving yards against Northwestern, including a 53-yard reception to set up the game tying field goal and then a 17-yard reception on the game-winning drive in overtime  Playing in his final game at Michigan Stadium, a 42-17 victory over Iowa, Roundtree caught five passes for 83 yards and a touchdown  Roundtree was an All-Big Ten honorable mention by both the coaches and the media   He posted his four highest receiving yardage totals of the season after Devin Gardner replaced Denard Robinson at quarterback  Roundtree was the second leading receiver on the team with 31 receptions for 580 yards, leading the team with an average of 18 7 yards per catch  Following the season, Roundtree participated in the January 19, 2013 Raycom College Football All-Star Classic, making a 39-yard catch and returning 2 punts 

Professional career
Roundtree signed an undrafted free agent contract with the Cincinnati Bengals following the 2013 NFL Draft  He was released during the final roster cut on August 31 In 2015, Roundtree signed with the Colorado Ice of the Indoor Football League (IFL)  Roundtree made his professional debut on March 15, 2015, catching 3 touchdowns, during a 59-40 loss to the Sioux Falls Storm 

Personal
His father was one of his pee wee football coaches   His mother is Sheila Roundtree  Some of his Michigan teammates call him "Tree", for short  He is the nephew of Jeff Graham 

See also
Michigan Wolverines football statistical leaders

Notes
External links
Grand Valley State profile
Limestone profile
Michigan profile
Roundtree at ESPN com
Roundtree at NCAA
Passage 7:
Carroll Fighting Saints football
The Carroll Fighting Saint football program represents Carroll College of Helena, Montana in college football  The team competes in the Frontier Conference, which is affiliated with the National Association of Intercollegiate Athletics (NAIA)  The Carroll Fighting Saints football team began playing in 1920 and is one of the most successful programs in the NAIA division of college football  The program has won six NAIA Football National Championships (2002, 2003, 2004, 2005, 2007, 2010) and 40 conference championships, 14 while a member of the Montana Collegiate Conference and 26 as a member of the  Frontier Conference  The team is currently coached by Troy Purcell who is in his first season at Carroll   The Carroll College Fighting Saints play their home games on campus at Nelson Stadium 

Notable alumni
In addition, the Carroll program has developed many well known talents either as a coach or a player, including the winningest coach in college football history, John Gagliardi, former Detroit Lions tight end, Casey FitzSimmons, and former Louisville head coach, Bobby Petrino  The team is currently coached by Troy Purcell and plays its home games on campus at Nelson Stadium 

Championships
National Championship game appearances
Conference championships
Passage 8:
Hogan Wharton
Robert Glen "Hogan" Wharton (December 13, 1935 – October 8, 2008) was an American football player   He attended the University of Houston where he played college football at the tackle position for the Houston Cougars football team from 1956 to 1958   He was named lineman of the year in the Missouri Valley Conference in 1957, and the following year he was selected by the American Football Coaches Association as a first-team tackle on its 1958 College Football All-America Team  Wharton later played professional football in the newly formed American Football League, playing at the guard position for the Houston Oilers during the first four years of the club's existence from 1960 to 1963, including the 1960 Houston Oilers team that won the first AFL championship  He was cut by the Oilers in September 1964 
Passage 9:
Charlie O'Rourke
Charles Christopher "Chuckin' Charlie" O'Rourke (May 10, 1917 – April 14, 2000) was an American football player and coach   He played college football as a quarterback at Boston College and professionally with Chicago Bears of the National Football League (NFL) and the Los Angeles Dons and Baltimore Colts of the All-America Football Conference (AAFC)   O'Rourke quarterbacked the Boston College Eagles football team to one of its most famous wins   His 24-yard run late in the fourth quarter gave the 1940 Eagles a 19–13 victory over Tennessee in the 1941 Sugar Bowl, staking BC's claim to a national championship   O'Rourke served as the head football coach at University of Massachusetts Amherst (UMass) from 1952 to 1959, compiling a record of 21–39–4   In 1972, he came the first Boston College player to be inducted into the College Football Hall of Fame 

Early life
Born in 1917, O'Rourke grew up in Malden, Massachusetts and played football at Malden High School 

Boston College
Although all of his records have been broken, O'Rourke was one of Boston College's first star quarterbacks  In three seasons, he completed 69 of 150 passes for 1,108 yards and 14 touchdowns 

1940 season
The 1940 team is perhaps the greatest football team in the history of Boston College  After the previous year's team earned the school's first appearance in a bowl game (Boston College lost to Clemson in the 1940 Cotton Bowl Classic) O'Rourke's running backs included veterans Frank Maznicki, Lou Montgomery (Boston College's first African-American football player), and team captain Henry Toczylowski  They were joined by a talented newcomer named Mike Holovak  The team also had wonderful receivers including Henry Woronicz, Gene Goodreault, Ed Zabilski, and Don Currivan  The team was undefeated outscoring its opponents 320–52 and held six teams scoreless  Boston College impressed the sports community by defeating Tulane 27–7 in the second week of the season and defeating Georgetown 19–18, snapping Georgetown's streak of twenty-two consecutive wins  On January 1, 1941, Boston College defeated Tennessee in the Sugar Bowl, 19–13  BC claims it won the national title in a three-way tie with Stanford and Minnesota, however the NCAA does not recognize Boston College as a national champion in that year 

Professional career
O'Rourke was drafted in the fifth round of the 1941 NFL Draft by the Chicago Bears  O'Rourke's professional career began in 1942 with the Chicago Bears  He saw limited playing time behind incumbent starter Sid Luckman, completing 37 of 88 passes for 951 yards, 11 touchdowns, and 16 interceptions  The 11 touchdowns set a new Bears rookie record which still stands  O'Rourke also intercepted three passes on defense, returned two punts, and made 23 punts for 817 yards for the 11–0 Bears  
After three years in the Navy, O'Rourke returned to football in 1946 with the Los Angeles Dons of the All-America Football Conference (AAFC)  In two seasons in Los Angeles he completed 194 of 354 passes for 2,699 yards, 25 touchdowns, and 30 interceptions  In 1948 he joined the AAFC's Baltimore Colts as a punter and back up quarterback behind Y  A  Tittle  In 1949, he played only five games before retiring and becoming an assistant coach for Baltimore until the team folded in 1950 

Coaching career
Aside from his two years as an NFL coach, O'Rourke was head football coach at University of Massachusetts Amherst (UMass) from 1952 to 1959  In seasons he compiled a 21–39–4 record with only one winning season (1952) 

O'Rourke–McFadden Trophy
To honor the famed meeting between O'Rourke and Banks McFadden in the 1940 Cotton Bowl Classic, the O'Rourke–McFadden Trophy was introduced in 2008 and is awarded to the winner of the annual football game between Boston College and Clemson  The game is in-conference rivalry since Boston College joined the Atlantic Coast Conference (ACC) in 2005, and both teams play in the ACC's Atlantic Division 

Head coaching record
Passage 10:
Abe Mickal
Ibrahim Khalil "Abe" Mickal (c  1912/1913  – September 20, 2001) was a Lebanese-American college football player and a doctor  He played as a halfback for the LSU Tigers football team of Louisiana State University, where he was notable for his passing skills and play-making ability, which earned him the nickname "Miracle Mickal"  He was also the team's primary punter and placekicker  A three-time All-Southeastern Conference (SEC) selection, Mickal led LSU to an undefeated season in 1933 and a conference championship and Sugar Bowl in 1935  In 1936, Mickal played quarterback for a college all-star team that was the first team of college players to defeat a professional team  Although selected in the 1936 NFL Draft, he did not play professionally  Mickal was a charter member of the LSU Athletic Hall of Fame in 1937 and was inducted into the College Football Hall of Fame in 1967 
In addition to football, Mickal was a cadet in LSU's Reserve Officers' Training Corps (ROTC), was a member of the pre-med club and debate team, and as a senior was president of the university's student body  While a student, he was offered a seat in the Louisiana State Senate by U S  Senator and noted LSU supporter Huey Long, which he declined  He earned his medical degree in 1940, and after serving in World War II began a lifelong career in obstetrics and gynecology  He served as head professor of the LSU Medical School OB/GYN department for over twenty years  Actively involved in various university affairs during and after his time as a student, Mickal was honored as LSU's "Alumnus of the Year" in 1980 

Early life and education
Mickal was born in the Levant in an area that is today part of Lebanon  He immigrated with his family to the United States in 1920, where they arrived on Ellis Island  He settled in McComb, Mississippi and attended McComb High School, where he played football, baseball, and basketball and ran track  His father Kalil, who ran a local general store, was initially against his son playing sports  "It was an old Lebanese custom," Mickal later explained, "that the eldest son take over the business  My father wasn't aware that I was playing " His father was eventually persuaded by the townspeople to let his son play  During his senior year, he was recruited by LSU and Notre Dame to play football, and ultimately chose the Tigers after the death of Notre Dame head coach Knute Rockne 

College
Mickal was an all-around player; a triple-threat running back who also played on defense  He was regarded as an excellent deep-ball passer; in the words of LSU coach Lawrence "Biff" Jones: "Mickal is a greater passer than Red Cagle—he's the greatest I ever saw " Jones was Cagle's coach while at Army  One sportswriter referred to Mickal as "the Dizzy Dean of the nation's forward passers " He was also known for his play-making ability during crucial moments of games, and LSU compiled a win–loss record of 23–4–5 in the three seasons Mickal played for the team 

1933
Mickal showed his versatility in the first game of the 1933 season against Rice, tossing a 40-yard pass on the first play from scrimmage to end Pete Burge and booting punts of 76 and 61 yards  In week four against Arkansas Mickal completed touchdown passes of 48 and 57 yards and ran for a 15-yard touchdown, as he was responsible for every score in the 20–0 win over the eventual Southwest Conference champion Razorbacks  He scored the only touchdown of LSU's final game of the season, against Tennessee, with a goal line dive into the end zone  He also kicked the extra point for the 7–0 victory, and completed the season having successfully made every extra point he attempted  The Tigers finished undefeated with three ties in their first season as members of the Southeastern Conference (SEC)  After the season, Mickal was named to the United Press (UP) All-SEC second team as a halfback 

1934
One of Mickal's most notable games came in 1934 against the Mustangs of Southern Methodist  He threw two touchdown passes, the first one a 32-yarder to tie the game at 7–7 in the second quarter  Late in the fourth quarter and down by a touchdown, Mickal dropped back at his own 35-yard line and hurled a pass down the middle of the field  It was caught in stride at the Mustang 20-yard line by Gaynell Tinsley, who ran it into the end zone to tie the game at 14–14, which was the final score  In week four against 13th-ranked Arkansas, Mickal completed five of seven passes for 117 yards, which included a 52-yard bomb in the third quarter for the first score of the 16–0 win  He also averaged over 50 yards per punt on nine punts  The next week he threw a touchdown pass, kicked a field goal, and averaged over 40 yards per punt in a 29–0 win over previously undefeated Vanderbilt  Mickal was named a first-team All-SEC selection as a fullback by the Associated Press (AP) and as a halfback by the UP 

Senatorship offer
During the season, Mickal was acclaimed an honorary Louisiana State Senator by U S  Senator Huey P  Long, whom he had befriended, at a burlesque campus meeting  Long was a noted LSU supporter and was highly involved in operations of the football program  When it came time for his ceremonial "seating" Mickal refused to appear for the ceremony, despite the urging of Long  After Long reasoned with the senate and spectators that Mickal "had to study," Mickal was granted a five-day leave of absence by senator Harvey Peltier to "do his work at school and go forward with his preparation for his football duties " Mickal remained silent on the matter, however; he did not give a reason for his refusal of the honor  The day he was to be inducted, Mickal said in a telegram to Long that if he accepted the senatorship he would introduce a joint resolution that made it "unlawful" for any Tulane player to cross the LSU goal line in 1934 

1935
Mickal had a slow start to 1935 while he recovered from a broken ankle he suffered over the summer  In week three, he threw two touchdown passes against Manhattan College, and a game-winning touchdown pass against Vanderbilt two weeks later  In the regular season finale, Mickal was responsible for three touchdowns in a 41–0 win over rival Tulane  LSU faced the TCU Horned Frogs at the end of the season in the Sugar Bowl, in a game that was a highly anticipated match-up between Mickal and the Horned Frogs' Sammy Baugh  The offenses were unable to do much, however, as rain throughout the day had muddied the field  TCU won the game, 3–2  LSU finished the season undefeated in conference play for its first SEC championship  Mickal was named to the AP All-SEC second-team as a fullback after the season, and earned second-team All-America honors from Liberty magazine 

1936 All-Stars vs  Bears
In September 1936, Mickal played quarterback for the Centennial College All-Stars, a team composed of college players from southern schools to play against the National Football League's Chicago Bears at Cotton Bowl stadium  He scored the All-Stars' only touchdown with a dive into the end zone from the one-foot line in the third quarter  The Bears scored their only touchdown later that quarter on a 5-yard run by Bronko Nagurski  Mickal had a chance to tackle Nagurski before the goal line  "A lot of things flashed through my mind," explained Mickal  "There was nothing between him and the goal line but me  I thought about making the perfect tackle and reading about being the All-Stars' hero  Then I thought about Nagurski's size  I thought about the Nagurski legend  I thought about going to med school  I thought about possible brain damage " He decided to step aside and let Nagurski score  The extra point, however, was blocked by Bob Reynolds, and the game ended 7–6 in favor of the All-Stars  It was the first time a team of college players defeated a professional American football team 

Extracurricular
Mickal was actively involved in the university's Reserve Officers' Training Corps  He received the Outstanding Cadet Award as a freshman and was regimental sergeant major as a junior  As a senior, he attained the rank of Cadet Colonel and earned the Kemper Williams Sabre as the school's outstanding cadet  Additionally, he was a member of the pre-med club and debate team, and in 1936 was president of the school's Interfraternity Council, college of arts and sciences, and student body  Mickal was a member of the Theta Kappa Nu fraternity 

Medical career
Mickal was the first player from LSU to ever be drafted into the NFL, selected in the sixth round of the 1936 NFL Draft by the Detroit Lions  However, he did not play in the NFL  He instead chose to complete his medical degree at the Louisiana State University School of Medicine, where he graduated from in 1940  He served as a major in the U S  Army Medical Corps during World War II  After the war, he worked in obstetrics and gynecology at New Orleans Charity Hospital from 1946 to 1949, shortly after which he was hired to the LSU medical faculty  In 1959, he became the head professor of the LSU Medical School, a position he served in until his retirement in 1980  He was a founding member of the Society of Gynecologic Oncology and the Infectious Disease Society for Obstetrics and Gynecology, and served as president of the Society of Gynecologic Surgeons from 1981 to 1982  From 1985 until his death in 2001 he was vice president for medical affairs at Kenner Regional Medical Center 

Honors
Mickal was a charter member of the LSU Athletic Hall of Fame in 1937  In 1967, the National Football Foundation named Mickal to the College Football Hall of Fame  He was inducted into the Louisiana Sports Hall of Fame in 1969 and the Mississippi Sports Hall of Fame in 1985  Mickal was named LSU's "Alumnus of the Year" in 1980 and its "Medical Alumnus of the Year" in 1985  "It's been a beautiful marriage—and I've had all the better of it," said Mickal of his involvement with the university  The American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists gave Mickal its Distinguished Service Award in 1991 

Notes
Context 3: Passage 1:
Anacardiaceae
The Anacardiaceae, commonly known as the cashew family or sumac family, are a family of flowering plants, including about 83 genera with about 860 known species  Members of the Anacardiaceae bear fruits that are drupes and in some cases produce urushiol, an irritant  The Anacardiaceae include numerous genera, several of which are economically important, notably cashew (in the type genus Anacardium), mango, Chinese lacquer tree,  yellow mombin, Peruvian pepper, poison ivy, poison oak, sumac, smoke tree, marula and cuachalalate   The genus Pistacia (which includes the pistachio and mastic tree) is now included, but was previously placed in its own family, the Pistaciaceae 

Description
Trees or shrubs, each has inconspicuous flowers and resinous or milky sap that may be highly poisonous, as in black poisonwood and sometimes foul-smelling Resin canals located in the inner fibrous bark of the fibrovascular system found in the plant's stems, roots, and leaves are characteristic of all members of this family; resin canals located in the pith are characteristic of many of the cashew family species and several species have them located in the primary cortex or the regular bark   Tannin sacs are also widespread among the family The wood of the Anacardiaceae has the frequent occurrence of simple small holes in the vessels, occasionally in some species side by side with scalariform holes (in Campnosperma, Micronychia, and Heeria argentea (Anaphrenium argenteum)   The simple pits are located along the vessel wall and in contact with the parenchyma Leaves are deciduous or evergreen, usually alternate (rarely opposite), estipulate (without stipule) and imparipinnate (rarely paripinnate or bipinnate), usually with opposite leaflets (rarely alternate), while others are trifoliolate or simple or unifoliolate (very rarely simple leaves are palmate)  Leaf architecture is very diverse  Primary venation is pinnate (rarely palmate)  Secondary venation is eucamptodromous, brochidodromous, craspedodromous or cladodromous (rarely reticulodromous) Cladodromous venation, if present is considered diagnostic for Anacardiaceae Flowers grow at the end of a branch or stem or at an angle from where the leaf joins the stem and have bracts 
Often with this family, bisexual and male flowers occur on some plants, and bisexual and female flowers are on others, or flowers have both stamens and pistils (perfect)   A calyx with three to seven cleft sepals and the same number of petals, occasionally no petals, overlap each other in the bud   Stamens are twice as many or equal to the number of petals, inserted at the base of the fleshy ring or cup-shaped disk, and inserted below the pistil(s) 
Stamen stalks are separate, and anthers are able to move 
Flowers have the ovary free, but the petals and stamen are borne on the calyx 
In the stamenate flowers, ovaries are single-celled   In the pistillate flowers, ovaries are single or sometimes quadri- or quinticelled   One to three styles and one ovule occur in each cavity Fruits rarely open at maturity
and are most often drupes Seed coats are very thin or are crust-like  Little or no endosperm is present    Cotyledons are fleshy 
Seeds are solitary with no albumen around the embryo 

Taxonomy
History
In 1759, Bernard de Jussieu arranged the plants in the royal garden of the Trianon at Versailles, according to his own scheme  That classification included a description of an order called the Terebintaceæ, which contained a suborder that included Cassuvium (Anacardium), Anacardium (Semecarpus), Mangifera, Connarus, Rhus, and Rourea   In 1789, Antoine Laurent de Jussieu, nephew of Bernard de Jussieu, published that classification scheme Robert Brown described a subset of the Terebintaceae called Cassuvlæ or Anacardeæ in 1818, using the herbarium that was collected by Christen Smith during a fated expedition headed by James Hingston Tuckey to explore the River Congo   The name and genera were based on the order with the same name that had been described by de Jussieu in 1759   The herbarium from that expedition contained only one genus from the family, Rhus Augustin Pyramus de Candolle in 1824, used Robert Brown's name Cassuvlæ or Anacardeæ, wrote another description of the group, and filled it with the genera Anacardium, Semecarpus, Holigarna, Mangifera, Buchanania, Pistacia, Astronium, Comocladia, and Picramnia John Lindley described the "essential character" of the Anacardiaceæ, the "Cashew Tribe" in 1831, adopting the order that was described by de Jussieu, but abandoning the name Terebintaceæ   He includes the genera that were found in de Candolle's Anacardieæ and Sumachineæ: Anacardium, Holigarna, Mangifera, Rhus, and Mauria 

Phylogeny
The genus Pistacia has sometimes been separated into its own family, the Pistaciaceae, based on the reduced flower structure, differences in pollen, and the feathery style of the flowers The nature of its ovary, though,  does suggest it belongs in the Anacardiaceae, a position supported by morphological and molecular studies, and recent classifications have included Pistacia in the Anacardiaceae  The genus Abrahamia was separated from Protorhus in 2004 (Pell 2004)

Subdivision
The family has been treated as a series of five tribes by Engler, and later into subfamilies by Takhtajan, as Anacardioideae (including tribes Anacardieae, Dobineae, Rhoideae, and Semecarpeae) and Spondiadoideae (including tribe Spondiadeae)  Pell's (2008) molecular analysis reinstated the two subfamilies without further division into tribes (Pell 2004)  Later, Min and Barfod, in the Flora of China (2008) reinstated the five tribes (four in Anacardioideae), and the single tribe Spondiadeae as Spondiadoideae 

Selected genera
Ecology
The cashew family is more abundant in warm or tropical regions with only a few species living in the temperate zones  Mostly native to tropical Americas, Africa and India   Pistacia and some species of Rhus can be found in southern Europe,  Rhus species can be found in much of North America and Schinus inhabits South America exclusively 

Uses
Members of this family produce cashew and pistachio nuts, and mango and marula fruits Some members produce a viscous or adhesive fluid which turns black and is used as a varnish or for tanning and even as a mordant for red dyes  The sap of Toxicodendron vernicifluum is used to make lacquer for lacquerware and similar products 

Etymology
The name Anacardium, originally from the Greek, refers to the nut, core or heart of the fruit, which is outwardly located: ana means "upward" and -cardium means "heart") 
Passage 2:
Commiphora gileadensis
Commiphora gileadensis, the Arabian balsam tree, is a shrub species in the genus Commiphora growing in Saudi Arabia, Yemen, southern Oman, Sudan and in southeast Egypt where it may have been introduced  Other common names for the plant include balm of Gilead and Mecca myrrh, but this is due to historical confusion between several plants and the historically important expensive perfumes and drugs obtained from them 

True balm of Gilead was very rare, and appears to have been produced from the unrelated tree Pistacia lentiscus  The Commiphora gileadensis species also used to include Commiphora foliacea, however it was identified and described as a separate species

Use
Historical
The plant was renowned for the expensive perfume that was thought to be produced from it, as well as for exceptional medicinal properties that were attributed to its sap, wood, bark, and seeds  Commiphora gileadensis is instantly recognisable by the pleasant smell given out when a twig is broken or a leaf crushed 

Modern
The bark of the balsam tree is cut to cause the sap to flow out  This soon hardens, and has a sweet smell that quickly evaporates  The hardened resinous gum is chewed, is said to taste either like a lemon or like pine resin, and it is also burned as incense 

Description
Depending on where Commiphora gileadensis is growing, it can vary in size, ranging from a small-leaved shrub to a large-leaved tree usually up to 4m tall   It is rarely spiny, bark peeling or flaking when cut and exuding a pleasant smelling resin  Its leaves alternate on short condensed side shoots, pinnate with 3-5 leaflets   The leaflets are oblong, 5-40mm long x 3-35mm across with acute tips and are thinly hairy   The flowers are red, sub-sessile and the plant has 1-5 of them on short condensed side shoots amongst the leaves  The fruits are dull red and marked with four longitudinal white stripes, one-seeded and splitting into 2-4 valves 
Passage 3:
Pistacia
Pistacia is a genus of flowering plants in the cashew family, Anacardiaceae  It contains 10 to 20 species that are native to Africa and Eurasia from the Canary Islands, all of Africa, and southern Europe, warm and semidesert areas across Asia, and North America from Mexico to warm and semidesert United States, such as Texas or California 

Description
Pistacia plants are shrubs and small trees growing to 5–15 m (16–49 ft) tall  The leaves are alternate, pinnately compound, and can be either evergreen or deciduous depending on species  All species are dioecious, but monoecious individuals of Pistacia atlantica have been noted  The genus is estimated to be about 80 million years old It is a genus of flowering plants belonging to the family Anacardiaceae  The plants are dioecious, and have male and female trees independently; a viable population should have both sexes Well-known species in the genus Pistacia include P  vera, the pistachio, grown for its edible seeds; P  terebinthus, from which terebinth resin, a turpentine, is produced; P  lentiscus, source of the plant resin mastic; and P  chinensis, the Chinese pistache, cultivated as an ornamental tree 

P  vera genome
Scientists from Iran and China assembled a draft genome of pistachio and resequenced 107 whole genomes, including 93 domestic and 14 wild individuals of P  vera and 35 other genomes from different wild Pistacia species  Integrating genomic and transcriptomic analyses revealed expanded gene families (e g , cytochrome P450 and chitinase) and the jasmonic acid (JA) biosynthetic pathway that are likely involved in stress adaptation  Comparative population genomic analyses revealed that pistachio was domesticated about 8000 years ago, and that likely key genes for domestication are those involved in tree and seed size, which experienced artificial selection 

Species
Bursera simaruba (L ) Sarg  was formerly classified as P  simaruba L 

Ecology
The Pistacia species are vicarious Anacardiaceae with few species outside the Old World, and are mostly more adapted to water shortage and alkaline soil Many plant species are adapted to desert or summer drought typical of Mediterranean climate, so have a high tolerance to saline soil  They grow well in water containing up to 3 0 to 4 0% of soluble salts  They are quite resilient in their ecological requirements, and can survive in temperatures ranging from −10 °C in winter to 45 °C in summer  They prefer places oriented toward the sun and well-drained soil, but grow well in the bottom of ravines  Though very hardy and drought resistant, Pistacia species grow slowly and only begin to bear fruit after about 7-10 years from planting, obtaining full development only after 15-20 years  The fruit ripens in the Mediterranean from August; only female trees have fruit Although some species prefer moderate humidity, they do not grow well in high-humidity conditions  They are susceptible to root rot, molds, and fungi, and parasites attack if they receive too much water and the soil has insufficient drainage  They require a period of drought each year for proper development 
Their leaves are intensely bright green and leathery, with three to nine leaflets  The leaves are alternate, compound, and paripinnate 
The flowers are unisexual, apetalous, and grouped in clusters  The flowers range from purple to green  The fruit is a drupe, generally unpalatable to humans, the size of a pea, and red to brown in color, depending on the degree of maturation  The seeds do not have endosperm 
The seeds are eaten and dispersed by birds, for which they are a valuable resource because of the scarcity of food in some important times of year, as the time of breeding, migration, or the dry season  The commercial species of pistachio has larger fruits and is edible The plants emit a bitter, resinous, or medicative smell, which in some species is very intense and aromatic  Some species develop "galls" that occur in the leaves and leaflets after the bite of insects  Although marred by the presence of galls, they are very vigorous and resistant plants that survive in degraded areas where other species have been eliminated  They multiply by seeds, stolons, and root shoots  Various species hybridize easily between them, and hybrid plants are difficult to identify Some tree species (e g  Pistacia aethiopica, Pistacia atlantica) can exist as small bushes and shrubs due to the extremes of their habitat, adverse conditions, or the excessive consumption by wildlife or livestock that hinders growth Pistacia lentiscus is a very common plant related to P  terebinthus with which it hybridizes  P  terebinthus is more abundant in the mountains and inland in the Iberian Peninsula, and mastic is usually found more frequently in areas where the Mediterranean influence of the sea prevents or moderates frost  Some species with very small ranges cover only one or a group of islands in the Mediterranean  P  terebinthus is also found on the east coast of the Mediterranean, Syria, Lebanon, and Israel, filling the same ecological niche of these species  On the west coast of the Mediterranean, the Canary Islands, and the Middle East, it can be confused with Pistacia atlantica Pistacia species are used as food plants by the larvae (caterpillars) of some species of Lepidoptera including the emperor moth 

Cultivation and uses
Best known as the pistachio, P  vera is a small tree native to Iran, grown for its edible seeds  The seeds of the other species were also eaten in prehistory, but are too small to have commercial value today   Records of Pistacia from preclassical archaeological sites, and mentions in preclassical texts, always refer to one of these other species (often P  terebinthus) P  terebinthus (the terebinth), also a native of Iran, and the western Mediterranean countries, is tapped for turpentine  It is also common in the eastern Mediterranean countries   Because terebinths have the ability to kill certain bacteria, terebinth resin was widely used as a preservative in ancient wine   In the Zagros Mountains of Iran, in one of the earliest examples of winemaking, archaeologists discovered terebinth resin deposits from 5400 to 5000 BC in jars that also contained grape-juice residue P  lentiscus, an evergreen shrub or small tree of the Mediterranean region, supplies a resin called mastic P  chinensis (Chinese pistache), the most frost-tolerant species in the genus, is grown as an ornamental tree, valued for its bright red autumn leaf colour 
Passage 4:
Akbesia
Akbesia is a monotypic moth genus in the family Sphingidae erected by Walter Rothschild and Karl Jordan in 1903  Its only species, Akbesia davidi, the pistacia hawkmoth, was first described by Charles Oberthür in 1884  It is known from southern Turkey, northern Syria, northern Israel, western Jordan, south-eastern Turkey, north-eastern Iraq, south-eastern Georgia, northern Iran, eastern Afghanistan and Iranian Beluchistan  It may also occur across Azerbaijan, the Alborz Mountains of northern Iran, the Zagros Mountains of western and southern Iran, and northern Afghanistan  It often occurs in large numbers at certain sites in rocky, hilly areas supporting scattered trees and shrubs of Quercus, Olea, Ceratonia and Pistacia 
The wingspan is 60–70 mm  Although the adults do not feed, they will drink water if offered  There are two generations per year in Iran with adults on wing in April and from late July to August  In northern Iraq, adults are on from May to June and in August 
The larvae have been recorded feeding on Pistacia atlantica and terebinth (Pistacia terebinthus)  Larvae have also been reared on Cotinus coggygria and Rhus coriaria 

Etymology
The genus is named after the town of Akbez (near Hassa) in Turkey 

Subspecies
Akbesia davidi davidi
Akbesia davidi gandhara de Freina & Geck, 2003 (Afghanistan)
Passage 5:
Dracula wallisii
Dracula wallisii is a species of orchid belonging to the genus Dracula  The species is found at altitudes of 1,600 to 2,600 m (5,200 to 8,500 ft) in Cordillera Central, Colombia  It is a common species, with large flowers that are often highly variable in form The species was first discovered near Frontino, Antioquia, Colombia by the German plant collector Gustav Wallis in 1871  It was formally described in 1875 by the German orchidologist Heinrich Gustav Reichenbach who named it after Wallis 
Passage 6:
Terebinth
Pistacia terebinthus also called the terebinth  and the turpentine tree, is a deciduous tree species of the genus Pistacia, native to the Mediterranean region from the western regions of Morocco and Portugal to Greece and western and southeastern Turkey  At one time terebinths growing on the eastern shores of the Mediterranean Sea (in Syria, Lebanon and Israel) were regarded as a separate species, Pistacia palaestina, but these are now considered to be a synonym of P  terebinthus 

Description
The terebinth is a deciduous flowering plant belonging to the cashew family, Anacardiaceae; a small tree or large shrub, it grows to 10 m (33 ft) tall  The leaves are compound, 10–20 cm (3 9–7 9 in) long, odd pinnate with five to eleven opposite glossy oval leaflets, the leaflets 2–6 cm (0 79–2 36 in) long and 1–3 cm (0 39–1 18 in) broad  The flowers are reddish-purple, appearing with the new leaves in early spring  The fruit consists of small, globular drupes 5–7 mm (0 20–0 28 in) long, red to black when ripe  All parts of the plant have a strong resinous smell The terebinth is a dioecious tree, i e  it exists as male and female specimens  For a viable population both sexes must be present  The oblong leaf is bright green, leathery, with 10 cm (3 9 in) long or more with three to nine leaflets  Leaves alternate, leathery and compound paripinnate (no terminal leaflet) with three or six deep green leaflets  They are generally larger and rounder than the leaves of the mastic, reminiscent of the leaves of carob tree  The flowers range from purple to green, the fruit is the size of a pea and turns from red to brown, depending on the degree of maturation  The whole plant emits a strong smell: bitter, resinous, or medicinal  In the vegetative period they develop "galls" shaped like a goat's horn (from which the plant gets the name "cornicabra", the common name in Spanish), that occur on the leaves and leaflets which have been bitten by insects  The species propagates by seeds and shoots  Although marred by the presence of galls, it is a very strong and resistant tree which survives in degraded areas where other species have been eliminated  Pistacia terebinthus is related to Pistacia lentiscus, with which it hybridizes frequently in contact zones  Pistacia terebinthus is more abundant in the mountains and inland and the mastic is usually found more frequently in areas where the Mediterranean influence of the sea moderates the climate  The mastic tree does not reach the size of the Pistacia terebinthus, but the hybrids are very difficult to distinguish  The mastic has winged stalks to its leaflets, i e , the stalks are flattened and with side fins, whereas these stems in Pistacia terebinthus are simple  On the west coast of the Mediterranean, Canary Islands and Middle East, P  terebinthus can be confused with P  atlantica 

Habitat
The terebinth prefers relatively moist areas, up to 600 m (2,000 ft) in elevation  It tolerates Mediterranean summer drought and frost more intense than mastic does  The plant is common in the garrigue and maquis  It appears in deciduous oak wood  It has a gray trunk that is very aromatic, and may have multiple trunks or stems when grown as a shrub  Usually reaching 5 m (16 ft) in height, although in rare cases can reach 10 m (33 ft)  P  terebinthus is one of the European species of Anacardiaceae, a family of about 600 mostly tropical species  It can be found to 1,500 m (4,900 ft) above sea level  P  terebinthus is more moisture demanding than the mastic and more resistant to cold  It requires a sunny exposure and average soils, tolerating lime and some salt, often grows near the sea, deep ravines and near salt-lakes and streams 

History
Historian of Mycenae John Chadwick believes that the terebinth is the plant called ki-ta-no in some of the Linear B tablets  He cites the work of a Spanish scholar, J L  Melena, who had found "an ancient lexicon which showed that kritanos was another name for the turpentine tree, and that the Mycenaean spelling could represent a variant form of this word "The Latin name is underlain by the Ancient Greek name τερέβινθος which, in turn, is underlain by a pre-Greek Pelasgian word, marked by the characteristic consonant complex νθ 
Terebinth from Oricum is referred to in Virgil's Aeneid, Book 10, line 136, where Ascanius in battle is compared to "ivory skilfully inlaid in [   ] Orician terebinth" ("inclusum[   ] Oricia terebintho [   ] ebur") 
Terebinth is referred to by Robin Lane Fox in Alexander the Great: "When a Persian king took the throne, he attended Pasargadae, site of King Cyrus's tomb, and dressed in a rough leather uniform to eat a ritual meal of figs, sour milk and leaves of terebinth "The terebinth is mentioned in the Hebrew Scriptures (or Old Testament), where the Hebrew word elah (plural elot) is used, although the word is sometimes translated as 'oak'  It is clear that the translators are uncertain which translation is correct, [   ], yet the two are very different trees to any but the most superficial observation  (The Hebrew word alon means 'oak', and the words may be related ) 
The word terebinth is found in three successive chapters of Genesis (12:6, 13:18, 14:13, 18:1) in reference to the places where Abram (later Abraham) camped called "Terebinths of Mam're the Amorite"  Here, the traditional rendering in English is "oaks of Mamre "
It is also found in Genesis chapter 35, where Jacob commands his family to remove idols that were taken as booty from the battle in Shechem before travelling to Bethel 
Terebinths are also found in Isaiah in possible reference to idolatry associated with the trees, although in the Septuagint and Vulgate the word is translated 'idols', as the plural of el )

For you will be ashamed of the terebinths that you have taken pleasure in 
The best known clear reference to a terebinth (elah) in the Hebrew Scriptures is that of the Valley of Elah or 'Valley of the Terebinth' (עמק האלה), where David fought Goliath (1 Samuel 17:2, 17:19) 
Later in 2 Samuel 18:9 David's rebellious son Absalom is caught in the terebinth tree and is killed by Joab's men, David's army 
At least a few references occur in Judges: chapter 4 (in reference to Heber, the Kenite, of the children of Hobab), chapter 6 (in reference to an angel of the Lord who came to visit Gideon—most versions use 'oak'), and Ch 9 (in reference to the crowning of Abimelech, by the terebinth of the pillar that was in Shechem—again most versions use 'oak')  This reference of Abimelech's crowning by an oak is actually referring to the Palestine oak, closely related to the Kermes oak (Quercus coccifera)  The Hebrew distinguishes the Palestine oak and the terebinth  It is also mentioned in Hosea 4:13 when Hosea is talking about Israel's spiritual adultery by sacrificing to false gods and how to repent and be forgiven in Hosea 14 

Uses
The word "turpentine" was originally used for the exudate of terebinth trees (P  terebinthus and related species such as P  atlantica), now called Chian, Chios, or Cyprian turpentine, and it was later transferred to the crude turpentine (oleoresin) and the oil of turpentine (essential oil) of conifer trees  The word turpentine derives (via Old French and Latin) from the Greek word τερεβινθίνη (terebinthínē), the feminine form (to go with the feminine Greek word for resin) of an adjective τερεβίνθινος (terebínthinos), derived from the Greek noun τερέβινθος (terébinthos), the name for the terebinth tree  However, the main source of the terebinth turpentine is P  atlantica which produces abundant resin instead of P  terebinthus of which the amount of resin is limited The fruits are used in Cyprus for baking of a specialty village bread  In Crete, where the plant is called tsikoudia, it is used to flavor the local variety of pomace brandy, also called tsikoudia  In the Northern Sporades the shoots are used as a vegetable (called tsitsíravla)  The plant is rich in tannins and resinous substances and was used for its aromatic and medicinal properties in classical Greece  A mild sweet scented gum can be produced from the bark, and galls often found on the plant are used for tanning leather  A triterpene has been extracted from these galls  In Turkey, it is known as menengiç or bıttım  A coffee-like beverage, Kurdish coffee or menengiç kahvesi, is made from the roasted fruit, and a soap is made from the oil  Terebinth resin was used as a wine preservative in the entire ancient Near East, as proven by many findings in areas such as the foot of the Zagros Mountains and Middle Bronze Age Galilee 

Gallery
See also
Pistacia lentiscus
Mastic (plant resin)
Balm of Gilead
Passage 7:
Pistacia aethiopica
Pistacia aethiopica is an African and Arabia coast peninsula species of plant in the family Anacardiaceae  It is a dioecious evergreen shrub or tree of the pistacio genus, growing up to 20 m (66 ft) tall, adapted to the dry environment  It is found in Ethiopia, Kenya, Somalia, Somaliland, Tanzania, Uganda, and Yemen 

Description
It is an evergreen slow-growing tree that emits a  very intense smell: bitter, resinous or similar to medication  The tree reaches 5–15 m tall, and rarely is a shrub, often with multiple stems, the trunk of 0 6 m in diameter, and its bark color is brown-black and fissured  It has glabrous leathery leaves, with a thick cuticle  The leaves are aromatic, 4-16-18 foliolate, and glossy bright green  The leaves have rachis 10 cm long 
The tree is dioecious, with male and female trees producing different sex flowers  Both types of flowers are small and greenish  It grows slowly, becoming 1000 years old 

Ecology
It is found in dry evergreen forest (often with Juniperus and Olea - Euclea) and associated shrubs or wooded grassland, thickets of Buxus, deciduous with Combretum, Acacia and Barkey in soils of limestone, sandstone, or basalt, to an altitude of 900–2550 m  P  aethiopica have many adaptations to aridity, such as an advanced development of palisade tissue and extensive root growth  These adaptive traits allow species to grow in very harsh and dry areas with low rainfall  In the main part of its range in North and East Africa, the species is fairly common because is used for a variety of purposes, including timber, dye, fodder, agriculture and livestock food  An outlying subpopulation in Arabia is restricted to Jebel Iraf on the old North Yemen-South Yemen border  The species is thought to be extinct in Eritrea 
Passage 8:
Pistacia chinensis
Pistacia chinensis, the Chinese pistache (Chinese: 黄連木; pinyin: huángliánmù), is a small to medium-sized tree in the genus Pistacia in the cashew family Anacardiaceae, native to central and western China  This species is planted as a street tree in temperate areas worldwide due to its attractive fruit and autumn foliage 

Description
It is hardy, can withstand harsh conditions and poor quality soils, and grows up to 20 m (66 ft)  The leaves are deciduous, alternate, pinnate, 20–25 cm long, with 10 or 12 leaflets, the terminal leaflet usually absent  The flowers are produced in panicles 15–20 cm (5 9–7 9 in) long at the ends of the branches; it is dioecious, with separate male and female plants The fruit is a small red drupe, turning blue when ripe, containing a single seed 

Taxonomy
Synonyms include: Pistacia formosana Matsumura; P  philippinensis Merrill & Rolfe; Rhus argyi H  Léveillé; R  gummifera H  Léveillé Some botanists merge Pistacia integerrima into this species as the subspecies P  chinensis ssp  integerrima, with the plants considered here then becoming the subspecies P  chinensis ssp  chinensis 

Distribution and habitat
Its native range is on hill and mountain forests on rocky soils at 100–3,600 m (330–11,810 ft) above sea level  It is found in Mainland China (excluding the far north and the far west) and Taiwan 

Ecology
Chinese pistache grows best in full sun, being intolerant of shade; it is the most frost-tolerant species of Pistacia, tolerating temperatures down to about -25 °C, yet it is most highly regarded in warm climates  It is planted for its impressive fall colors, which develop at least as far south as Orlando, Florida  In the low-elevation deserts of Arizona, it is the only tree whose leaves turn scarlet in fall 

Uses
It is a popular choice for street trees in urban settings because it is very drought tolerant and can survive harsh environments  It is also used as an understock for Pistacia vera  In China, the oil from the seeds is used for biodiesel production  The wood is used for production of furniture, and yields a yellow dye It is also used in classical Chinese garden design 

Gallery
Passage 9:
Dracula (plant)
The orchid genus Dracula, abbreviated as Drac in horticultural trade, consists of 118 species native to Mexico, Central America, Colombia, Ecuador and Peru  The name Dracula literally means "little dragon", an allusion to the mythical Count Dracula, a lead character in numerous vampire novels and films  The name was applied to the orchid because of the blood-red color of several of the species, and the strange aspect of the long spurs of the sepals 
The plants were once included in the genus Masdevallia, but became a separate genus in 1978  This genus has been placed in the subtribe Pleurothallidinae 

Description
They are epiphytic and terrestrial species distributed in Central America and the northwest Andes  Almost half the species are found in Ecuador  They prefer shade and rather cool temperatures 
These caespitose orchids grow in tufts from a short rhizome, with a dense pack of stems  They lack pseudobulbs  On each stem grows one large, thin, plicate leaf with a sharply defined midrib  These glabrous, light to dark green  leaves may be spongy, taking over the function of the missing pseudobulb  They are tipped with a mucro (a short tip) 
The flower stalks grow either horizontally from the base of the plant or descend, often for great distances   A few species grow upright flower stalks   The long-tailed terminal flowers are basically triangular  The flowers are borne singly or successively  Three species (sodiroi, decussata/neisseniae, and papillosa) may have up to three simultaneously open flowers on a single stalk  In general, though, if there is more than one flower bud on the raceme, they open up with long intervals  These flowers have a weird aspect, due to the long tails on each sepal  The petals are small and somewhat thickened  Quite commonly, various species of Dracula are known for blooms resembling the faces of primates, a notable example being Dracula simia  However, this likeness to monkeys’ faces seems to be purely a natural coincidence to the primates living in the same forests  In fact, these flowers are pollinated by the common fungus gnat; the bloom’s lip is often quite large (for a Pleurothallid), and from the fungus gnat’s perspective, resembles an irresistible mushroom or fungus  Research by biologists at the University of Oregon indicates that D  lafleurii also possesses a uniquely volatile chemistry, similar to localized species of mushrooms  This mimicry attracts mushroom-associated flies which play a role in pollination  The basal part of the lip (hypochile) is cleft  The terminal part (epichile) is rounded and concave  The margins of the perianth are often fringed  There is a well-developed column with two pollinia 

Taxonomy
The species of Dracula have tentatively been divided into three subgenera, with sections and subsections within one of the subgenera 

Subgenus Dracula : This subgenus contains all the species of the genus except two exceptional species (D  sodiroi and D  xenos)
Section Andreettaea : Monotypic: Dracula andreettae
Section Chestertonia : two species: Dracula chestertonii, D  cutis-bufonis
Section Cochliopsia : Monotypic: Dracula cochliops
Section Dodsonia : Four species: Dracula dodsonii, D  insolita, D  iricolor, D  portillae
Section Dracula : largest section
Subsection Costatae : e g  Dracula bella, D  vespertilio
Subsection Dracula :
Series Dracula : e g  Dracula chimaera, D  tubeana, D  vampira
Series Grandiflorae-Parvilabiatae : e g  Dracula gigas, D  platycrater
Series Parviflorae : e g  Dracula houtteana, D  lotax
Subgenus Sodiroa : Two Dracula sodiroi, D  erythrocodon
Subgenus Xenosia : Monotypic : Dracula xenosDracula adrianae (Colombia)
Dracula alcithoe (SW  Colombia to NE  Ecuador)
Dracula amaliae (W  Colombia)
Dracula andreettae (W  Colombia to NE  Ecuador)
Dracula anthracina (NW  Colombia)
Dracula antonii (Colombia)
Dracula aphrodes (W  Colombia)
Dracula astuta (Costa Rica)
Dracula barrowii (Peru)
Dracula bella (WC  Colombia)
Dracula bellerophon (W  Colombia)
Dracula benedictii (WC  Colombia)
Dracula berthae (Colombia)
Dracula brangeri (C  Colombia)
Dracula callithrix  (Colombia)
Dracula carcinopsis (W  Colombia)
Dracula carlueri (Costa Rica)
Dracula chestertonii (W  Colombia)
Dracula chimaera (W  Colombia)
Dracula chiroptera (SW  Colombia to NE  Ecuador)
Dracula christineana (Ecuador)
Dracula circe (Colombia)
Dracula citrina (Colombia)
Dracula cochliops (SW  Colombia)
Dracula cordobae (SW  Ecuador)
Dracula cutis-bufonis (NW  Colombia)
Dracula dalessandroi (SE  Ecuador)
Dracula dalstroemii (NW  Ecuador)
Dracula decussata (Colombia)
Dracula deltoidea (SE  Ecuador)
Dracula deniseana (Peru)
Dracula diabola (Colombia)
Dracula diana (W  Colombia)
Dracula dodsonii (Colombia to NC  Ecuador)
Dracula erythrochaete (Costa Rica to W  Panama)
Dracula erythrocodon (Ecuador)
Dracula exasperata ( SW  Colombia)
Dracula fafnir (SE  Ecuador)
Dracula felix (SW  Colombia to NW  Ecuador)
Dracula fuligifera (C  Ecuador)
Dracula gastrophora (Ecuador)
Dracula gigas (W  Colombia to NW  Ecuador)
Dracula gorgona (W  Colombia)
Dracula gorgonella (Colombia)
Dracula hawleyi (NW  Ecuador)
Dracula hirsuta (SE  Ecuador)
Dracula hirtzii (SW  Colombia to NW  Ecuador)
Dracula houtteana (Colombia)
Dracula immunda (Panama)
Dracula inaequalis (W  Colombia)
Dracula incognita (Colombia)
Dracula inexperata (Costa Rica)
Dracula insolita (W  Colombia)
Dracula janetiae (C  Peru)
Dracula kareniae (Ecuador)
Dracula lafleurii (NW  Ecuador)
Dracula lehmanniana (SW  Colombia)
Dracula lemurella (Colombia)
Dracula leonum (Peru)
Dracula levii (SW  Colombia to NW  Ecuador)
Dracula ligiae (Colombia)
Dracula lindstroemii (NW  Ecuador)
Dracula lotax (Ecuador)
Dracula mantissa (SW  Colombia to NW  Ecuador)
Dracula marsupialis (NW  Ecuador)
Dracula mendozae Luer & V N M Rao (Ecuador)
Dracula minax (Colombia)
Dracula mopsus (Ecuador)
Dracula morleyi (NW  Ecuador)
Dracula navarrorum (Ecuador)
Dracula nigritella (Ecuador)
Dracula nosferatu (Colombia)
Dracula nycterina (Colombia)
Dracula octavioi (SW  Colombia)
Dracula olmosii (Panama)
Dracula ophioceps (SW  Colombia)
Dracula orientalis (NE  Colombia)
Dracula ortiziana (W  Colombia)
Dracula papillosa (NW  Ecuador)
Dracula pholeodytes (NE  Colombia)
Dracula pileus (W  Colombia)
Dracula platycrater (Colombia)
Dracula polyphemus (NW  Ecuador)
Dracula portillae (SE  Ecuador)
Dracula posadarum (Colombia)
Dracula presbys (Colombia)
Dracula psittacina (Colombia)
Dracula psyche (NW  Ecuador)
Dracula pubescens (Ecuador)
Dracula pusilla (SE  Mexico to C  America)
Dracula radiella (NW  Ecuador)
Dracula radiosa (E  Colombia to NW  Ecuador)
Dracula rezekiana (Ecuador)
Dracula ripleyana (Costa Rica)
Dracula robledorum (Colombia)
Dracula rojasii (Colombia)
Dracula roezlii (W  Colombia)
Dracula saulii (Peru)
Dracula schudelii (Ecuador)
Dracula senex-furens(Colombia)
Dracula sergioi (Colombia)
Dracula severa (NW  Colombia)
Dracula sibundoyensis (SW  Colombia to NW  Ecuador)
Dracula sijmii (Ecuador)
Dracula simia (SE  Ecuador)
Dracula sodiroi (Ecuador)
Dracula syndactyla (SW  Colombia)
Dracula terborchii (Ecuador)
Dracula trichroma (W  Colombia to NW  Ecuador)
Dracula trinympharum (NW  Ecuador)
Dracula tsubotae (Colombia)
Dracula tubeana (Ecuador)
Dracula ubangina (Ecuador)
Dracula vampira (Ecuador)
Dracula veliziana (Colombia)
Dracula velutina (NW  Colombia)
Dracula venefica (W  Colombia)
Dracula venosa (W  Colombia to NW  Ecuador)
Dracula verticulosa (W  Colombia)
Dracula vespertilio (Nicaragua to NW  Ecuador)
Dracula villegasii (Colombia)
Dracula vinacea (NE  Colombia)
Dracula vlad-tepes (NE  Colombia)
Dracula wallisii (W  Colombia)
Dracula woolwardiae (Ecuador)
Dracula xenos (Colombia)

Hybrids
Dracula × anicula (D  cutis-bufonis × D  wallisii) (Colombia) 
Dracula × radiosyndactyla (D  radiosa × D  syndactyla) (SW  Colombia) 

Footnote
Passage 10:
Pistacia khinjuk
Pistacia khinjuk is a species of plant in the family Anacardiaceae native to Egypt, western Asia and parts of the Himalayas  The tree grows up to 10 metres  The epithet comes from the name for the plant in Balochistan, khinjuk (خنجک) 



ground_truth: Pac-12 Conference

prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: Whiich genus has more species, Dracula or Pistacia?

The following are given passages.
Context 4:  The front porch was repaired and restored and inside, the hardwood floors have been replaced and refinished  In addition, the front parlors have been repainted and restored 

Architecture
The home was mostly designed in a French Colonial style, though it contains some elements of Greek Revival architecture  French Colonial architecture was more popular in the American South than it ever was in the northern tier of states 

Exterior
The two-story brick structure is supported by a fieldstone foundation and still features its original front porch  The porch spans the length of the building's front (south) facade, at a height of about 6 ft (2 m)  The porch is supported by four wooden pillars, which rest on stone bases  The stairs leading to the front porch are supported by two similar wooden posts, which, like the house, are set into fieldstone bases  The first step on the stairs was originally a limestone block embedded in the ground  The porch roof is supported by six wooden, bracketed pillars  The pillars are simple, with the brackets coming from the boxed capitals  At the rear of the porch wooden pilasters set at each end help to support the roof  Differentiating the home from the traditional French Colonial design is the porch roof, which is separate from the main roof The house stands mostly as it did in 1861 save a few alterations  The front porch was screened in at the time the building was added to the National Register of Historic Places, the screens have since been removed  At the rear of the house a small porch was enclosed  In 1909 or 1910 there were major subtractions and replacements  Removed were a cast-iron widow's walk along the roof ridge and a large gable dormer, decorated in the same manner as the cornice decorating the roof trim  The present dormer replaced the larger one and is more of a low-shed type 
The roof itself is a low gable and dominated by single stack, straddle ridge chimneys at its east and west ends  The boxed roof trim is a decorated cornice  The low-shed dormer is covered with green asphalt  The old widow's walk, which a neighbor dubbed Glidden's "obscuratory", was balustraded and set just above the dormer 

Interior
The interior of the building is also similar to how it appeared when the house was constructed  However, a few changes have been made  In 1910 the two marble fireplaces were replaced by brick  The flooring has been replaced as needed  The home's basement, once the main living area, has since been converted several times for other uses On the first floor of the home the rooms remain much the same as they were when Glidden lived in the house  An original multi-paneled wooden door remains at the entry from the porch to the central hall  The door, however, was altered, having glass panels installed to admit more light  The staircase is also original and its newel posts resemble those found in the Isaac and Harriet Ellwood House, another Haish designed home, and the Gurler House, whose architect is unknown though it was quite possibly Haish, both in DeKalb On the house's east side are three rooms, whose original presence is open to debate  The three rooms are interconnected, another common French colonial element  The room adjacent the porch was used as the Glidden's dining room and is where the large brick fireplace, which replaced the marble one in 1909, is located  The 1909 fireplace is of the American Craftsman style  At the end of the hall, near the kitchen, there is a full bathroom 
The western part of the first floor is dominated by a large formal living room  The room has two entrances, one at the front of the hall, near the front door and the other at the back end of the hall  This was the room in which Elva Glidden married in the late 19th century  After 1941 the rear part of the living room, or "west" room, was walled off and a second kitchen added  When Jessie Glidden, the last Glidden to occupy the old homestead, moved in 1998, the west room was restored to its original size and the second kitchen removed The basement, and for part of the home's history, the main living area, is accessed via a staircase at the back of the first-floor hall  The steep stairs still show years of wear  One of the rooms off the main basement is the kitchen where Glidden is said to have experimented with the coffee grinder and his wife's hair pins, eventually leading to his brand of barbed wire The second-floor served as the main sleeping quarters  It consists of a few simple bedrooms, all historically without closets  The upstairs hall contains a door which once accessed a staircase to the widow's walk, what remains of the space has been used as a closet for over a century 

Outbuildings
The property has two remaining outbuildings  The barn is where Glidden invented his famous improvement on barbed wire  Dubbed "The Winner," his barbed wire became the most popular version of the invention  Barbed wire is considered to be one of the most important factors in American progress and settlement The other outbuilding on the property along historic Lincoln Highway are the remnants of a once dominating windmill  Though only the foundation remains, it gives a glimpse of how impressive the structure must have once been 

Barn
The Glidden Barn, located to the rear and east of the home, was thought to have been added to the National Register of Historic Places when the original nomination for the house was approved in 1973  However, in the late 1990s, the Illinois Historic Preservation Agency revealed that the nomination included only the house  The Glidden Historical Center initiated the process of adding the barn to the Register  Those moves were approved by the Illinois Historic Sites Advisory Council in 2002 and the barn officially became part of the National Register 
The barn was built sometime around 1871, possibly even before, and is constructed of the same soft brick that makes up the exterior of the home  Tradition in the Glidden family holds that the barn, like the house itself, was designed and built by prominent local carpenter Jacob Haish  The famous barn, one of DeKalb County's oldest remaining, stands a full two-stories high, measuring around 50 feet (15 m) tall, with a width of 30 feet (9 m) 
In February 2007 the Glidden Homestead and Historical Center kicked off a fundraising drive  The drive is aimed at raising US$2 million to expand the Joseph F  Glidden House site to include museum space and a media center  Some of the funds will be used to help restore the barn and expand historical center museum space into the building 

Architecture
The Glidden barn is of pole and beam construction  The second-floor interior is dominated by two large transverse wooden beams  It is of the three-bay, English tradition, the west bay containing a space for a stairwell leading to a hayloft and seven stalls  It is constructed of red brick and stands on a foundation of limestone  Glidden's barn took full advantage of the term vernacular; the brick was locally manufactured and the limestone locally quarried 
The east bay of the barn contains an animal stall in its northeast corner and a fully enclosed office in its opposite corner  The second-floor hayloft is supported by the two massive transverse beams  The full-sized loft is accessible via an enclosed staircase against the south wall  The building's exterior roof is fully supported by the brick walls  The result is a loft which is an entirely open space save for some pole and beam construction supporting the laminated beams, which act as tie rods at the base of the roof  The barn roof is a common gable roof pitched at a 45 degree angle, it was originally covered with wooden shingles, those have been replaced over the years with asphalt The barn features extensive windows, somewhat unusual outside of dairy barns, with a total of 14 eight-paned, double-hung windows dispersed over three sides of the rectangular structure, north, south and east  On the west side, facing the house, are seven smaller single-pane windows  The double-hung windows are topped with segmented arches constructed from a double row of bricks; the north and south main entrances are also topped with segmented brick arches, each of three rows of bricks 

Windmill building
Only the foundation remains of the property's windmill  What is left, ten rows of stone above the ground, is completely invisible when the home is viewed by passers-by on Lincoln Highway  The windmill started to fall into disrepair around the 1930s or 40s  The original, specific use of the windmill is unknown 

See also
Isaac Ellwood
List of Registered Historic Places in Illinois
Passage 7:
Devils Rope Barbed Wire Museum
The Devils Rope Barbed Wire Museum is a museum located in McLean, Texas, United States  The museum was officially opened in 1991 and  focuses on barbed wire and its history  The museum is thought to have the largest collection of published material concerning barbed wire The Devil's Rope Museum is housed in a converted brassiere factory and is dedicated to the history of barbed wire, fencing tools, and ranching heritage  Features exhibits and collections from private wire collectors from across the U S, a reference library with extensive patent information for researchers and educators, a Dust Bowl exhibit, salesman samples, warfare wire, and a collection of road lore with artifacts dedicated to the Texas portion of Historic Route 66 
Passage 8:
Kansas Barbed Wire Museum
The Kansas Barbed Wire Museum is a barbed wire museum located in La Crosse, Kansas, United States, known as the “Barbed Wire Capital of the World ” The museum focuses on barbed wire and its history, displaying over 2,000 different forms of the wire and its history  Barbed wire played a significant role in the history of the settlement of the United States and forever changed the face of the prairie 
The museum was established in 1970 in a small storefront on Main Street in downtown La Crosse, Kansas  By 1990, the collections had grown so much that a new building was constructed adjacent to the Post Rock Museum and Rush County Historical Museum in Grass Park at the south edge of the community  In 2004, an addition was constructed on the building to house the headquarters of the Antique Barbed Wire Society and the Larry Greer Research Center  The Antique Barbed Wire Society is an international organization “committed to collecting, preserving, exhibiting, and interpreting the historical heritage of barb wire and barbed wire related items ” The Larry Greer Research Center houses collections of publications related to the history of barbed wire and a complete collection of patents related to barbed wire and related items  The Kansas Barbed Wire Museum is located at 120 W  1st Street, La Crosse, KS 67548 
Passage 9:
Joseph Glidden
Joseph Farwell Glidden (January 18, 1813 – October 9, 1906) was an American businessman and farmer  He was the inventor of the modern barbed wire  In 1898, he donated land for the Northern Illinois State Normal School in DeKalb, Illinois, which was renamed as Northern Illinois University in 1957 

Early life
Glidden was born in Charlestown, New Hampshire, of English descent  His family later moved to Clarendon, New York  Glidden was a teacher there for about 8 years, during which years he married Clarissa Foster in 1837  In 1843, he moved to Illinois with his wife and children, first to Ogle County and then to DeKalb where they had purchased a farm  His wife died in 1846, in childbirth of their daughter in Ogle County, Illinois  Their three children, including the infant daughter Clara (Clarissa) died in an epidemic in 1847  Their two sons died after the move  Glidden married Lucinda Warne in 1851, with whom he had one daughter, Elva Frances 

Invention and patent for barbed wire
Glidden began work on ways to make a useful barbed wire to fence cattle in 1873  He made his best design of barbed wire by using a coffee mill to create the barbs  Glidden placed the barbs along a wire and then twisted another wire around it to keep the barbs in place, in a design that he called “The Winner”, being his best design  He received the patent for that barbed wire design on November 24, 1874, when he was 61 years old  He and local hardware dealer Isaac L  Ellwood began manufacturing and selling the barbed wire with his patent, as the Barb Fence Company in DeKalb, Illinois  In 1876, Glidden exited the manufacturing aspect, though retaining royalties, by selling his half of the manufacturing business to Washburn and Moen, who had a wire manufacturing plant in Worcester, Massachusetts and from whom Glidden and Ellwood had been purchasing steel wire   Ellwood stayed in DeKalb and renamed the company I  L  Ellwood & Company of DeKalb  That company evolved into American Steel and Wire, and eventually was bought by U  S  Steel Manufacturing Company 
Glidden was embroiled in a legal battle initiated by fellow DeKalb resident Jacob Haish over whether the design for holding the barbs in place with an extra strand of wire was novel, an improved design  An earlier patent for barbed wire had been issued to a man in Ohio, among other patents related to barbed wire  Glidden eventually won at the US Supreme Court in an 1892 case, his patent protection expired the same year  The legal fees were estimated to have cost Glidden $100,000 
This invention made him extremely rich  It was estimated that Glidden earned $1,000,000 in royalties until his patent expired in 1892  Companies manufacturing the barbed wire under his license ranged from New York state to Kansas by 1884  By the time of his death in 1906, he was one of the richest men in America  The Dun & Bradstreet Collection, 1840–1895, MSS 791, LXIII, 130, Baker Library, Harvard, recorded his assets at one million dollars  This included the Glidden House Hotel; the DeKalb Chronicle; 3,000 acres (12 km2) of farmland in Illinois; 35,000 acres (1,360 km2) in Texas; and the Glidden Felt Pad Industry 

Local political activity and other businesses
From 1852 to 1854, he served as sheriff of DeKalb County  In 1851, 1861, 1862, 1869, 1870, 1871, 1872, and 1876 he served on the county's board of supervisors  In 1867, he served on the executive committee of DeKalb County Agriculture and Mechanical Society's Seventh Annual Fall Fair, held September 25–28  In 1876, he was the Democratic nominee for Illinois State Senator  From 1861 to 1874, he served as a member of the board of school directors, and for 20 years paid the largest school tax of any citizen of the county  He was also one of the largest contributors to the erection of one of the churches  He was also vice-president of the DeKalb National Bank, director of the North Western Railroad, and owner of the DeKalb Rolling Mill 

Demonstration of use in Texas changes ranching
To demonstrate the effectiveness of barbed wire, Glidden and his sales agent for the State of Texas, Marques Fortner, in 1881 developed the "Frying Pan Ranch" in Bushland in Potter County near Amarillo, Texas  The wire was brought in by wagon from the railhead at Dodge City, Kansas, and the timbers were cut from Palo Duro Canyon and along the Canadian River Valley  A herd of 12,000 head of cattle was branded with the "Panhandle Brand", which the cowboys called " frying pan"  The ranch proved the success of the wire and changed ranching Henry B  Sanborn, a sales representative for Glidden's company, owned a ranch in Grayson County north of Dallas and wished to advertise barbed wire there  In 1881, Sanborn purchased ninety-five sections of land in southwestern Potter County from near the Canadian River extending into Randall County south of Amarillo  Included in the purchase was Tecovas Spring, once a watering site and a trading post for Indians and Comancheros  John Summerfield, a surveyor from Sherman, Texas, reported a constant flow of freshwater from the spring  Sanborn chose this site for his ranch headquarters and enclosed 120 miles of land in barbed wire for $39,000 ($1 18 million in 2022 dollars)  Warren W  Wetzel, also of Sherman, used cedar posts brought from both the Palo Duro Canyon and the breaks of the Sierrita de la Cruz in the northwestern portion of the ranch to hold up the wire Besides ranchers, railroads were large purchasers of barbed wire, so that cattle did not stray onto their tracks  The Frying Pan Ranch soon had 15,000 head of cattle, and 125,000 more acres were added  Later the ranch was divided  In 1898, Glidden deeded Frying Pan Ranch to his son-in-law William Henry Bush  Between 1908 and 1920, William Henry Bush and his second wife Ruth Bush built a larger ranch house near Tecovas Spring, which later became the residence of Stanley Marsh 3 and his wife, Wendy  Gwendolyn “Wendy” Bush O’Brien was the daughter of Emeline Bush and her husband Frank O’Brien; Emeline was a daughter of William Henry and Ruth Bush  Stanley Marsh called the estate “Toad Hall ”

Land for the Northern Illinois State Normal School
Glidden, a former teacher, gave 63 acres (255,000 m2) of his homestead as a site for the Northern Illinois State Normal School  The school opened on September 12, 1898, with 139 students and 16 members of the faculty  The school's name was changed to Northern Illinois University in 1957 
The town of Glidden, Iowa, is named in his honor 

Personal life
He and his wife Lucinda had one daughter, Elva Frances, in 1851  She married William Henry Bush in DeKalb on February 1, 1877  His wife Lucinda died on October 28, 1895 Elva died in 1906 not long before her father died, and is buried in the Glidden family plot in a cemetery in DeKalb 
In 1898, Glidden deeded his Frying Pan ranch in Texas to his son-in-law, W  H  Bush  Bush married again in 1908, after being widowed, to Ruth Russell Gentry  He is buried in Graceland Cemetery in Chicago 

In popular culture
The "barbed wire salesman" in Back to the Future Part III is either based on Joseph F  Glidden or John Warne Gates who was a pioneer promoter of barbed wire  He is played by Richard Dysart 

See also
Joseph F  Glidden House
The Barbed Wire Patent

Patents
U S  Patent 157,124 – Wire fences
Passage 10:
Hanging on the Old Barbed Wire
"Hanging on the Old Barbed Wire" (Roud 9618) is a British war song of World War I   The song sarcastically recounts the location of various army members, not to be found in the combat zone, and concludes by describing the location of the old battalion: "hanging on the old barbed wire"  A barbed wire fence separated the front-line trench from no man's land, and men brave or unfortunate enough to go over the top of the dug-out were often quickly shot and their bodies caught in the barbed wire  This troop song was not popular with officers, who thought it bad for morale, though attempts to suppress it were unsuccessful 

Lyrics
There are several different versions of this song, though all share the final two lines  One version:

A variant last line is "if you want to find the privates" Another variation fourth verse sees C O replaced with colonel, put at the start and, "He's On another 7 days leave" 

Covers
The song was included on the 1988 album English Rebel Songs 1381–1914 by the English anarchist punk band Chumbawamba, as well as on their 2003 re-recording of the same album (English Rebel Songs 1381–1984) 
A shortened version of the song was also included on the 2018 album The Blind Leading the Blind by the Ukrainian metal band 1914 as an interlude  The band's songs are all related to WWI events 
The song was covered by death industrial band Maruta Kommand on their 2000 album "Holocaust Rites" 
The song is part of the "Great War Trilogy" (The Valley of the Shadow / The Old Barbed Wire / Long, Long Trail) sung by John Roberts and Tony Barrand in their album,   A Present from the Gentlemen: A Pandora's Box of English Folk Songs (Golden Hind Music, GHM-101, 1992) 



ground_truth: Dracula