prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: Which conference is the team for which Justin Bannan played college football currently a member of?

The following are given passages.
Context 1: Passage 1:
Justin Harper (American football)
Justin Harper (born February 24, 1985) is an American college football coach and former professional Canadian football wide receiver  He is currently the tight ends coach at Old Dominion University  Before this, he served as the interim head coach at Virginia State University and was the wide receivers coach at Towson University in Towson, Maryland  His last professional stint was as a member of the BC Lions of the Canadian Football League (CFL)  He was drafted by the Baltimore Ravens in the seventh round of the 2008 NFL Draft  He played college football at Virginia Tech 

Early years
Harper played football at Bandys High School, where he led his team to the state championship game as a senior, playing both wide receiver and defensive back   He was recruited by Winthrop University to play basketball, but decided late in his senior season to try to become a Division I football player   After graduating, he attended Hargrave Military Academy   He then was recruited by Virginia Tech 

College career
Harper appeared in 51 games during his four-year career at Virginia Tech, finishing with 83 catches for 1,338 yards, a 16 1 per-catch average, and nine touchdowns   Harper's best game probably came in his final collegiate contest when he caught four passes for 64 yards (including a 20-yard touchdown), and scored on an 84-yard punt return in the 2008 Orange Bowl against the University of Kansas 
As a senior in 2007, Harper played wide receiver alongside Eddie Royal and Josh Morgan and recorded career highs with 41 catches, 635 receiving yards and five touchdown receptions   Together, Harper, Royal and Morgan combined for 120 catches during their final season at Virginia Tech   As a junior in 2006, Harper finished fourth on the team in receptions with 21 catches for 324 yards and one touchdown    During his sophomore season, he posted 16 catches for 295 yards and one touchdown, which came in the Hokies' 35-24 Gator Bowl victory over Louisville   As a freshman in 2004, he caught five passes for 84 yards and a touchdown 

Professional career
NFL
Harper was drafted in the seventh round of the 2008 NFL Draft by the Baltimore Ravens  He would continue as a member of the Ravens for the next three seasons only receiving limited playing time during the preseason  Justin Harper was released prior to the start of the 2011 NFL season 

CFL
On March 13, 2012 the Saskatchewan Roughriders of the Canadian Football League announced that they had signed Harper to a contract 
On January 24, 2013 Harper was traded to the BC Lions along with Saskatchewan's third round pick in the 2014 CFL Draft in exchange for slotback Geroy Simon   On May 24, 2013, a 3 days after the Lions signed Emmanuel Arceneaux, Harper was released 
Passage 2:
Colorado Buffaloes football
The Colorado Buffaloes football program represents the University of Colorado Boulder in college football at the NCAA Division I FBS level  The team is a member of the Pac-12 Conference, having previously been a charter member of the Big 12 Conference  Before joining the Big 12, they were members of the Big Eight Conference  The CU football team has played at Folsom Field since 1924   The Buffs all-time record is 716–520–36 ( 577 winning percentage) as of the 2022 season  Colorado won the 1990 National Championship   The football program is 27th on the all-time win list and 40th in all-time winning percentage 

History
Beginning in 1890, Colorado football has enjoyed much success throughout its more than 135 years of competitive play 
The Buffaloes have appeared in numerous bowl games (28 appearances in bowl games (12–16), 36th all-time), and won 27 conference championships, 5 division championships and an AP national championship in 1990 Folsom Field was built in 1924, and since then, Colorado has a 308–169–14 record at home through the 2016 season  The road game against the Nebraska Cornhuskers on November 24, 2006, was Colorado's 1,100th football game   The game on September 12, 2015, against Massachusetts was the school's 1,200th football game 

Conference affiliations
Independent (1890–1892, 1905)
Colorado Football Association (1893–1904, 1906–1908)
Colorado Faculty Athletic Conference (1909)
Rocky Mountain Faculty Athletic Conference (1910–1937)
Mountain States Conference (1938–1947)
Big Eight Conference (1948–1995)
Big 12 Conference (1996–2010)
Pac-12 Conference (2011–present)

Championships
National championships
Colorado won one national championship in football for 1990 : 120 
1990 season
Colorado won the national championship in 1990 under the direction of head coach Bill McCartney, who helmed the team from 1982 to 1994  While the Georgia Tech won the United Press International Coaches Poll, Colorado won the Associated Press, Football Writers Association of America and other polls   Colorado played the most difficult schedule in the country, beat more ranked teams and conference champions, and had a more talented roster  Colorado capped the season with a 10–9 win over Notre Dame in the Orange Bowl, a rematch of the 1989 season Orange Bowl Game which Notre Dame won 21–6  Colorado's tie came against Tennessee, who was ranked No  8, the first week of the season when Colorado was ranked No  5  The second week gave the Buffs a scare, scoring with 12 seconds left in the game on a 4th and Goal attempt  The next week gave Colorado its only loss of the season, losing 23–22 to Illinois and dropping Colorado to No  20 in the polls  Colorado then went on to beat teams ranked (at the time) No  22 Texas, No  12 Washington, No  22 Oklahoma, and No  3 Nebraska  They ended the season 7–0 in the Big Eight Conference for the second straight season  They then capped the season with a win over Notre Dame who were number 1 until a loss in their second to last game of the regular season 

Conference championships
Colorado has won 26 conference championships in over a century of college play, spanning through five conferences 

† Co-champions

Division championships
† Co-champions

Head coaches
The Buffaloes have played in 1,109 games during their 125 seasons, through 2014  In those seasons, 11 coaches have led Colorado to postseason bowl games: Bunny Oakes, Dallas Ward, Marcel M  Mazur, Bud Davis, Eddie Crowder, Bill Mallory, Bill McCartney, Rick Neuheisel, Gary Barnett, Dan Hawkins, Mike MacIntyre and Karl Dorrell  Ten coaches have won conference championships with the Buffaloes: Fred Folsom, Myron Witham, William Saunders, Oakes, Jim Yeager, Sonny Grandelius, Mallory, McCartney and Barnett  The Buffaloes won the national championship in 1990, and have won a total of 28 conference championships 
McCartney is the all-time leader in games coached with 153, total wins with 93, and conference wins with 58  Folsom had the longest tenure as head coach, remaining in the position for 15 seasons  Harry Heller and Willis Keinholtz are tied for the highest overall winning percentage  Each served a single season and won eight of his nine games for a winning percentage of  889  Of coaches who served more than one season, Folsom leads with a  765 winning percentage  Davis, in terms of overall winning percentage, is the worst coach the Buffaloes have had with a  200 winning percentage  No Colorado coach has been inducted into the College Football Hall of Fame, although McCartney was inducted into the Orange Bowl Hall of Fame in 1996 
Mike MacIntyre had brief success with the program  Hired on Dec  10, 2012, MacIntyre compiled a 30–44 record over five-plus seasons at Colorado  In 2016, MacIntyre lead Colorado to a 10-2 regular season and a trip to the Pac-12 Championship Game  It was the first winning season for Colorado since 2005, ending a 10-year streak of finishing below  500  2016 was also the best season for the Buffaloes since 2001  As well, it marked their first time playing in a conference championship game since the 2005 Big 12 Championship Game  The team also went 8–2 in the Pac-12 after having five conference wins in the previous five seasons  Mike MacIntyre was named the Walter Camp 2016 Coach of the Year by the Walter Camp Foundation, the second Colorado football coach to earn the honor (Bill McCartney in 1989)  MacIntyre was also awarded the 2016 Pac-12 Coach of the Year, American Football Coaches Association's coach of the year and comeback coach of the year awards, the Associated Press coach of the year, and the Eddie Robinson coach of the year by the Football Writers Association of America  In 2018, the Buffaloes started out the season 5–0 with wins against rivals Colorado State, Nebraska, Arizona State, and UCLA - however, MacIntyre was fired as the head coach on November 18, 2018, after a six-game losing streak Mike Sanford was named interim Head Coach after Karl Dorrell was fired during the 2022 season, Sanford was previously the Buffaloes Offensive Coordinator for the start of the 2022 campaign  On December 3, Colorado announced Deion Sanders as Head Football Coach 

Venues
Campus fields (1890–1901)
Gamble Field (1901–1924)
Folsom Field (1924–present)

Rivalries
Nebraska
A traditional college football rivalry with the Nebraska Cornhuskers restarted in the 1980s (many historical documents show the importance of this game going back to 1898) when Bill McCartney declared the conference opponent to be their rival  His theory was since Nebraska was such a powerhouse team, if Colorado was able to beat them then they would be a good team  Colorado began to repeatedly threaten Nebraska in the late 1980s, following their win over the Huskers in 1986, and then surpassed the Huskers for the Big 8 crown in 1989 
In 1990, Colorado beat Nebraska 27–12 in Lincoln for the first time since 1967, en route to their first national title  From 1996 to 2000, the series was extremely competitive, with the margin of victory by NU in those five years being only 15 points combined  The rivalry was further buoyed by the introduction of the Big 12 Conference in 1996, which moved Oklahoma and Oklahoma State to the southern division with the four new schools from Texas, formerly in the Southwest Conference  Nebraska had traditionally finished the Big 8 conference schedule with a rivalry game with Oklahoma, but the two were now in different divisions, which meant they met every other year in the regular season  Colorado replaced Oklahoma as Nebraska's final conference game of the regular season, which further intensified the rivalry  In 2001 No  1 Nebraska came to Folsom Field undefeated and left at the short end of a nationally televised 62–36 blowout  Both teams departed the Big 12 in 2011, as NU headed east to join the Big Ten and the future of the rivalry was in doubt  On February 7, 2013, Colorado and Nebraska agreed to renew the rivalry  Colorado traveled to Lincoln in 2018 and won 33–28 (winning against Nebraska for the first time since 2007 and the first time in Lincoln since 2004)  On September 7, 2019, Colorado mounted an improbable comeback after being down 17–0 at half, to win the game in overtime, 34–31  After a 3-year break, Nebraska will go to Boulder in 2023 and then host CU again the next year to finish the series  Nebraska leads the series 49–20–2 through the 2019 season 

Colorado State
Colorado's in-state rival is the Colorado State Rams of the Mountain West Conference, located north of Boulder in Fort Collins  The two schools are separated by 45 miles (72 km) and both consider it important and noteworthy to beat the other for bragging rights for the next year  The two football teams annually compete in the Rocky Mountain Showdown for the Centennial Cup, played in Denver, Fort Collins, and Boulder  The trophy takes its name from the state of Colorado's nickname of "The Centennial State"  Colorado leads the series 67–22–2 through the 2019 season 

Utah
The rivalry with Utah ran from 1903 to 1962, in which Utah and Colorado played each other nearly every year; through 1962 they had met 57 times  At the time, it was the second-most played rivalry for both teams (Utah had played Utah State 62 times; Colorado had played Colorado State 61 times)  The rivalry was dormant until 2011, when both teams joined the Pac-12, renewing the rivalry on an annual basis  The Colorado–Utah rivalry remains the fifth-most played rivalry in Utah's history, and eighth-most in Colorado's history  Utah leads the series 34-32-3 through the 2022 season 

Bowl games
Colorado has participated in 29 bowl games, with a record of 12–17 ( 414) 

Notable players
Pro Football Hall of Fame
Colorado has one inductee into the Pro Football Hall of Fame 

Cliff Branch – WR (1972–1988); HoF Class of 2022

Notable players
Darian Hagan

Awards
Heisman Trophy:

Other award winners
Players
Coach
Paul "Bear" Bryant Award1989 Bill McCartneyWalter Camp Coach of the Year Award2016 Mike MacIntyreDodd Trophy as Coach of the Year2016 Mike MacIntyreAssociated Press Coach of the Year Award2016 Mike MacIntyreHome Depot Coach of the Year Award2016 Mike MacIntyreFWAA/Eddie Robinson Coach of the Year Award2016 Mike MacIntyrePac-12 Conference Football Coach of the Year2016 Mike MacIntyre

College Football Hall of Fame
All-Americans
The following is a list of Consensus All-Americans from CU as listed in NCAA record books 
1943 Robert Hall, Colorado (AP-2)
1953 Gary Knafelc, Colorado (AP-3)
1954 Frank Bernardi, Colorado (AP-2)
1956 John Bayuk, Colorado (INS-2; CP-3)
1960 Joe Romig, Colorado (WC)
1961 Joe Romig, Colorado (WC, TSN, FWAA)
1961 Jerry Hillebrand, Colorado (FWAA)
1967 Dick Anderson, Colorado (AP, NEA)
1968 Mike Montler, Colorado (AP, AFCA)
1969 Bobby Anderson, Colorado (AP, UPI, NEA, TSN)
1970 Pat Murphy, Colorado (WC)
1970 Don Popplewell, Colorado (AP, UPI, NEA, FWAA, WC, CP, FN)
1971 Herb Orvis, Colorado (WC, AFCA, TSN)
1971 Cliff Branch, Colorado (FN)
1972 Cullen Bryant, Colorado (UPI, NEA, AFCA, TSN, Time)
1972 Bud Magrum, Colorado  (FWAA)
1973 Bo Matthews, Colorado (Time)
1973 J V  Cain, Colorado (TSN, Time)
1975 Troy Archer, Colorado (Time)
1975 Pete Brock, Colorado  (TSN, NEA, Time)
1975 Dave Logan, Colorado    (TSN)
1975 Mark Koncar, Colorado (AP)
1976 Don Hasselbeck, Colorado (TSN)
1978 Matt Miller, Colorado (UPI)
1979 Mark Haynes, Colorado (AP)
1979 Stan Brock, Colorado (TSN)
1986 Barry Helton, Colorado (AP, UPI, TSN)
1988 Keith English, Colorado (AP)
1989 Tom Rouen, Colorado (AP, UPI, WC, FWAA)
1989 Kanavis McGhee, Colorado (WC)
1989 Alfred Williams, Colorado (UPI, AFCA, FWAA, FN)
1989 Darian Hagan, Colorado (TSN)
1989 Joe Garten, Colorado (AP, UPI, AFCA, FWAA, TSN)
1990 Alfred Williams, Colorado (AP, UPI,  NEA, WC, AFCA, FWAA, SH, TSN, FN)
1990 Joe Garten, Colorado  (AP, UPI, NEA, WC, AFCA, FWAA, SH, TSN, FN)
1990 Eric Bieniemy, Colorado (AP, UPI, NEA, WC, AFCA, FWAA, SH, TSN, FN)
1991 Joel Steed, Colorado (WC)
1991 Jay Leeuwenburg, Colorado (AP, UPI, NEA, WC,  AFCA, FWAA, SH, TSN, FN)
1992 Mitch Berger, Colorado (UPI)
1992 Deon Figures, Colorado (AP, UPI, NEA, WC, FWAA, SH, TSN, FN)
1992 Michael Westbrook, Colorado  (NEA)
1994 Chris Hudson, Colorado  (Associated Press, Walter Camp, FWAA-Writers, Scripps-Howard)
1994 Michael Westbrook, Colorado  (Walter Camp, AFCA-Coaches, Sporting News)
1994 Rashaan Salaam, Colorado  (Associated Press, Walter Camp, FWAA-Writers, AFCA-Coaches, Scripps-Howard, Sporting News, Football News)
1995 Bryan Stoltenberg, Colorado (UPI, Walter Camp, FN)
1995 Heath Irwin, Colorado (AP)
1996 Matt Russell, Colorado (AP, FWAA-Writers, Walter Camp, TSN)
1996 Chris Naeole, Colorado (AP, AFCA-Coaches, Walter Camp, FN)
1996 Rae Carruth, Colorado (TSN)
1999 Ben Kelly, Colorado (FN, CNNSI-KR)
2001 Roman Hollowell, Colorado (TSN, CNNSI-PR)
2001 Andre Gurode, Colorado (AP, TSN, PFW, CNNSI)
2001 Daniel Graham, Colorado (Walter Camp, AFCA-Coaches, FWAA, AP, TSN, PFW, FN)
2002 Mark Mariscal, Colorado (AP, AFCA-Coaches, Walter Camp, TSN, CNNSI, ESPN)
2002 Wayne Lucier, Colorado (TSN)
2002 Chris Brown, Colorado (AFCA-Coaches)
2004 John Torp, Colorado (ESPN)
2005 Mason Crosby, Colorado (Associated Press, FWAA-Writers, Walter Camp, Sporting News, Sports Illustrated, Pro Football Weekly, ESPN, CBS Sports, College Football News, Rivals com)
2006 Mason Crosby, Colorado (Walter Camp Foundation, Pro Football Weekly)
2007 Jordon Dizon, Colorado (Associated Press, Walter Camp, Sporting News, ESPN, College Football News, Rivals com)
2010 Nate Solder, Colorado (AP, FWAA, TSN, WCFF, ESPN, PFW, SI)

Future non-conference opponents
Announced schedules as of January 6, 2022 
Others beyond 2030: vs  Missouri, Aug  30, 2031; at SMU, Sept  6, 2031; vs  North Texas, Sept  4, 2032; at North Texas, Sept  3, 2033; vs  Colorado State, Sept  17, 2033; at Colorado State, Sept  16, 2034; at Oklahoma State, Sept  13, 2036; vs  Oklahoma State, Sept  12, 2037; vs  Colorado State, Sept  19, 2037; at Colorado State, Sept  11, 2038 
Passage 3:
Justin Bannan
Justin Lewis Bannan (born April 18, 1979) is a former American football defensive tackle  He was drafted by the Buffalo Bills in the fifth round of the 2002 NFL Draft  He played college football at Colorado 
Bannan also played for the Baltimore Ravens, Denver Broncos, St  Louis Rams, and Detroit Lions 
In 2019, he shot a woman in the shoulder, after being startled while hiding in a building suite before operating hours from what he believed was the Russian maffia due to paranoia symptoms stemming from Chronic Traumatic Encephalopathy (CTE) 
On February 10, 2022, he was sentenced to 16 years in prison for attempted murder without any evidence being allowed to be presented on his concussion history, medically established brain injury from his time in the NFL, or testimony from neurologists or CTE experts  [1]

Early years
Bannan graduated from Bella Vista High School in Fair Oaks, California, in 1997 and was a letterman in football and basketball 

Professional career
Buffalo Bills
Bannan was drafted by the Buffalo Bills in the fifth round (139th overall) of the 2002 NFL Draft and played for them through the 2005 season 

Baltimore Ravens
Bannan joined the Baltimore Ravens before the 2006 season and played for them until 2009  In the 2008 season, he set a personal-best with 30 solo tackles (56 total), one sack and one interception 

Denver Broncos
On March 5, 2010, Bannan signed a five-year contract with the Denver Broncos On March 3, 2011, the Broncos released Bannan 

St  Louis Rams
Bannan signed with the St  Louis Rams on July 30, 2011  He was released following the 2011 season on March 12, 2012 

Denver Broncos (second stint)
On April 11, 2012, Bannan signed a one-year deal with the Denver Broncos 

Detroit Lions
On August 15, 2013, Bannan signed a contract with the Detroit Lions   Bannan was released from the Lions as of September 25, 2013 

Personal life
Bannan has an interest in stocks and bonds, and appeared on Jim Cramer's Mad Money television show on October 31, 2007 
On October 17, 2019, Bannan was arrested in connection to a shooting that took place at Black Lab Sports in Boulder, Colorado, that left one woman injured  Bannan was charged with attempted first-degree murder, assault and burglary for the shooting  On February 10, 2022, he was sentenced to 16 years in prison 
Passage 4:
Joe Ruetz
Joseph Hubert Ruetz (October 21, 1916 – January 2, 2003) was an American football player and coach and college athletics administrator   He played professionally in the All-America Football Conference (AAFC) for the Chicago Rockets in 1946 and 1948  Ruetz played college football while attending the University of Notre Dame  He played guard for the Irish with the exception of one season at quarterback  In 1938, he graduated from Notre Dame with cum laude honors  Ruetz played in the 1938 College All-Star Game and his team upset Sammy Baugh and the Washington Redskins  During World War II, he was a United States Navy physical education instructor and pilot  During that time he played for the famed Saint Mary's Pre-Flight football team  He was named an All-Navy All-American by sportswriter Grantland Rice in 1942  After the war, Ruetz studied at the University of Chicago and played two seasons with the Chicago Rockets of the All-America Football Conference  In 1950, he then was an assistant and head coach at St  Mary's before joining Chuck Taylor's football staff at Stanford University and helping guide the team to the 1952 Rose Bowl  Ruetz later worked as a fundraiser for Cardinal athletics, before succeeding Taylor as athletic director in 1972  He then "saved" the East–West Shrine Game by convincing Stanford to allow it to be played at the school, where it remained until its move to Pacific Bell Park in 2001  Ruetz launched the head coaching career of Bill Walsh in 1977, when he hired him as Stanford's football coach  He also instituted a long football series with Notre Dame, before retiring in 1979  He later served as a fundraising consultant to the Psoriasis Research Institute in Palo Alto, California 

Biography
Ruetz was born on October 21, 1916 in Racine, Wisconsin 

Head coaching record
Passage 5:
Josh Wilcox
Joshua David Wilcox (born June 5, 1974) is a former American football tight end who played two seasons with the New Orleans Saints of the National Football League (NFL)  He played college football at the University of Oregon and attended Junction High School in Junction City, Oregon  Wilcox was also a member of the Portland Forest Dragons of the Arena Football League, the Amsterdam Admirals of NFL Europe and the Los Angeles Xtreme of the XFL  He won the Million Dollar Game in the XFL as a member of the Los Angeles Xtreme  Wilcox is the son of Pro Football Hall of Famer Dave Wilcox and brother of California football coach Justin Wilcox  He also spent time as a professional wrestler 
Passage 6:
Roy Roundtree
Roy Randolph Roundtree (born March 7, 1989) is a former American football wide receiver and current assistant coach for the Grand Valley State Lakers  He was a 2013 preseason member of the Cincinnati Bengals and played college football for the Michigan Wolverines football team where he spent his redshirt senior season with the 2012 team  In 2012, he was an All-Big Ten honorable mention selection  He was a 2011 Fred Biletnikoff Award preseason watchlist honoree  He was a Fred Biletnikoff Award preseason watchlist honoree in 2010, and set Michigan's single-game receiving record with nine catches for 246 yards against Illinois that November  Roundtree was the team's leading receiver in both the 2009 and 2010 seasons  He finished first in the Big Ten Conference in receiving yards in 2010 for Conference games, and was a second team All Conference selection  While in high school, he was named the 2007 Ohio Division II Offensive Player of the Year 

Early life and high school
Roundtree started playing football on the Pee-Wee Dayton Flames in first grade  He played on the team until junior high, joined by his Michigan teammate Michael Shaw, who, because he was eight months older than Roundtree, played in a different level   Roundtree was a two-year starter at Belmont High School in Dayton, Ohio before he transferred to Trotwood-Madison High School, where the team's head football coach was retired National Football League player Maurice Douglass As a freshman, he earned Dayton Daily News Athlete of the Week honors, but in 2004–05, Belmont was classified as an "academic emergency" by the state of Ohio because over a 25% of the students were considered to be "students with disabilities", and the school's standardized test scores were over 50 percent lower than the state benchmarks  With the dismal academic situation and a mediocre athletic program, Belmont left Roundtree dissatisfied, and he transferred to Trotwood before his junior year, where coach Douglass had earned a reputation for developing college ready football players, and where former Flames teammate Domonick Britt was playing quarterback At Trotwood, he was a teammate of Shaw and Brandon Moore who would later join him at Michigan  As a junior in 2006, he posted 48 receptions for 851 yards, and as a senior, he totalled 868 on 52 catches  His four-year totals were 165 receptions for 2,637 yards and 28 touchdowns  As a senior, he was selected to the Division II first-team all-state squad, and named Ohio's offensive player of the year  He was also chosen to play in the Big 33 Football Classic, and ranked as the number 44, 89, and 104 wide receiver in the nation by Rivals com, Scout com, and ESPN, respectively  In that same year, Trotwood won their first playoff game since 1981, led by Roundtree's 13 receptions, 203 yards, and game-winning touchdown  Roundtree feels that his best game in high school was a 12-reception, 221-yard, 2-touchdown performance that helped his team overcome a 21–0 deficit Roundtree had scholarship offers from Eastern Michigan, Illinois, Purdue, Nebraska and Miami  He was considered a Purdue commit until getting a late scholarship offer from Michigan, which was his preferred school  On signing day, his uncle convinced him to go to Michigan because of its winning tradition  The late switch led Purdue head coach Joe Tiller to cast aspersions on Michigan coach Rich Rodriguez, referring to him as a snake oil salesman 

College
Roundtree redshirted for the 2008 season  He made his college debut on September 5, 2009 against the Western Michigan Broncos at Michigan Stadium as a slot receiver  That year, he roomed with Trotwood teammates Shaw and Moore  He had just two receptions in the first eight games of the season while playing as a backup  He became a starter for the team's final four games, and finished as the leading receiver for the 2009 Michigan Wolverines football team in terms of both yards and receptions per game, despite the limited playing time  One of the two early-season receptions occurred on October 3 against Michigan State in the Paul Bunyan Trophy game when he caught the game-tying touchdown with two seconds left in regulation to send the game into overtime  He made his first start on October 31 against the Illinois Fighting Illini as a slot receiver  On November 7, against Purdue he had ten receptions for 126 yards  He also had nine receptions for 116 yards in the November 21, 2009 game against the rival Ohio State Buckeyes  Following the season, he was named a CollegeFootballNews com Freshman All-America honorable mention, and a Sporting News Freshman All-Big Ten selection 

Roundtree made the 2010 preseason watchlist for the Biletnikoff Award, which honors the nation's top wide receiver  He led Michigan's 2010 team in both receptions, and receiving yards  In the September 11 game versus the rival Notre Dame Fighting Irish, his 15-yard reception late in the fourth quarter put the ball on the Notre Dame 2-yard-line  On the next play, Denard Robinson ran in for the game-winning touchdown with 27 seconds remaining  He posted back-to-back 100-yard receiving games on September 25, and October 2, 2010, recording nine receptions for 119 yards in a home game against the Bowling Green Falcons, and five receptions for 126 yards and a touchdown versus the Indiana Hoosiers  At the midpoint of Michigan's 12-game regular season schedule, he ranked fifth in the Big Ten in receptions per game, and seventh in receiving yards  In Michigan's 67–65 victory over Illinois on November 6, Roundtree broke Jack Clancy's all-time Michigan single-game receiving yards record when he caught nine passes for 246 yards and two touchdowns, including a 75-yard touchdown reception on the game's first play from scrimmage  The record stood until October 19, 2013, when Jeremy Gallon posted a Big Ten record 369 yards against Indiana  The performance raised him to fourth in the conference in both yards and receptions (tied) per game, and earned him Co-Big Ten Offensive Player of the Week honors  He ended the 2010 regular season third in the Conference in receiving yards, and fourth in receptions for all games  After a slow start, which included negative one yards receiving in the team's first game, and a total of less than 100 yards in their first three contests, Roundtree led the Big Ten with 83 9 receiving yards per conference game  After the regular season, he was named to the All Conference second team by the media   He finished the year, third in the conference in receiving yards per game (71 92) and fourth in receptions per game (5 54) for all games 

Roundtree repeated as a Biletnikoff Award preseason watchlist honoree in 2011  On September 10, against Notre Dame, during the first night game ever played at Michigan Stadium, his only reception was the game-winning 16-yard touchdown with two seconds remaining in the game   After leading Michigan in pass receptions in 2009 and 2010, his production fell off in 2011   In 2011, Roundtree ranked fourth in receptions for Michigan with 19 catches and third in receiving yards with 355 yards  Following the season, he had offseason knee surgery Roundtree followed Junior Hemingway as the second person to wear Desmond Howard's "Michigan Football Legend" jersey number 21  On November 10, 2012, Roundtree recorded 139 receiving yards against Northwestern, including a 53-yard reception to set up the game tying field goal and then a 17-yard reception on the game-winning drive in overtime  Playing in his final game at Michigan Stadium, a 42-17 victory over Iowa, Roundtree caught five passes for 83 yards and a touchdown  Roundtree was an All-Big Ten honorable mention by both the coaches and the media   He posted his four highest receiving yardage totals of the season after Devin Gardner replaced Denard Robinson at quarterback  Roundtree was the second leading receiver on the team with 31 receptions for 580 yards, leading the team with an average of 18 7 yards per catch  Following the season, Roundtree participated in the January 19, 2013 Raycom College Football All-Star Classic, making a 39-yard catch and returning 2 punts 

Professional career
Roundtree signed an undrafted free agent contract with the Cincinnati Bengals following the 2013 NFL Draft  He was released during the final roster cut on August 31 In 2015, Roundtree signed with the Colorado Ice of the Indoor Football League (IFL)  Roundtree made his professional debut on March 15, 2015, catching 3 touchdowns, during a 59-40 loss to the Sioux Falls Storm 

Personal
His father was one of his pee wee football coaches   His mother is Sheila Roundtree  Some of his Michigan teammates call him "Tree", for short  He is the nephew of Jeff Graham 

See also
Michigan Wolverines football statistical leaders

Notes
External links
Grand Valley State profile
Limestone profile
Michigan profile
Roundtree at ESPN com
Roundtree at NCAA
Passage 7:
Carroll Fighting Saints football
The Carroll Fighting Saint football program represents Carroll College of Helena, Montana in college football  The team competes in the Frontier Conference, which is affiliated with the National Association of Intercollegiate Athletics (NAIA)  The Carroll Fighting Saints football team began playing in 1920 and is one of the most successful programs in the NAIA division of college football  The program has won six NAIA Football National Championships (2002, 2003, 2004, 2005, 2007, 2010) and 40 conference championships, 14 while a member of the Montana Collegiate Conference and 26 as a member of the  Frontier Conference  The team is currently coached by Troy Purcell who is in his first season at Carroll   The Carroll College Fighting Saints play their home games on campus at Nelson Stadium 

Notable alumni
In addition, the Carroll program has developed many well known talents either as a coach or a player, including the winningest coach in college football history, John Gagliardi, former Detroit Lions tight end, Casey FitzSimmons, and former Louisville head coach, Bobby Petrino  The team is currently coached by Troy Purcell and plays its home games on campus at Nelson Stadium 

Championships
National Championship game appearances
Conference championships
Passage 8:
Hogan Wharton
Robert Glen "Hogan" Wharton (December 13, 1935 – October 8, 2008) was an American football player   He attended the University of Houston where he played college football at the tackle position for the Houston Cougars football team from 1956 to 1958   He was named lineman of the year in the Missouri Valley Conference in 1957, and the following year he was selected by the American Football Coaches Association as a first-team tackle on its 1958 College Football All-America Team  Wharton later played professional football in the newly formed American Football League, playing at the guard position for the Houston Oilers during the first four years of the club's existence from 1960 to 1963, including the 1960 Houston Oilers team that won the first AFL championship  He was cut by the Oilers in September 1964 
Passage 9:
Charlie O'Rourke
Charles Christopher "Chuckin' Charlie" O'Rourke (May 10, 1917 – April 14, 2000) was an American football player and coach   He played college football as a quarterback at Boston College and professionally with Chicago Bears of the National Football League (NFL) and the Los Angeles Dons and Baltimore Colts of the All-America Football Conference (AAFC)   O'Rourke quarterbacked the Boston College Eagles football team to one of its most famous wins   His 24-yard run late in the fourth quarter gave the 1940 Eagles a 19–13 victory over Tennessee in the 1941 Sugar Bowl, staking BC's claim to a national championship   O'Rourke served as the head football coach at University of Massachusetts Amherst (UMass) from 1952 to 1959, compiling a record of 21–39–4   In 1972, he came the first Boston College player to be inducted into the College Football Hall of Fame 

Early life
Born in 1917, O'Rourke grew up in Malden, Massachusetts and played football at Malden High School 

Boston College
Although all of his records have been broken, O'Rourke was one of Boston College's first star quarterbacks  In three seasons, he completed 69 of 150 passes for 1,108 yards and 14 touchdowns 

1940 season
The 1940 team is perhaps the greatest football team in the history of Boston College  After the previous year's team earned the school's first appearance in a bowl game (Boston College lost to Clemson in the 1940 Cotton Bowl Classic) O'Rourke's running backs included veterans Frank Maznicki, Lou Montgomery (Boston College's first African-American football player), and team captain Henry Toczylowski  They were joined by a talented newcomer named Mike Holovak  The team also had wonderful receivers including Henry Woronicz, Gene Goodreault, Ed Zabilski, and Don Currivan  The team was undefeated outscoring its opponents 320–52 and held six teams scoreless  Boston College impressed the sports community by defeating Tulane 27–7 in the second week of the season and defeating Georgetown 19–18, snapping Georgetown's streak of twenty-two consecutive wins  On January 1, 1941, Boston College defeated Tennessee in the Sugar Bowl, 19–13  BC claims it won the national title in a three-way tie with Stanford and Minnesota, however the NCAA does not recognize Boston College as a national champion in that year 

Professional career
O'Rourke was drafted in the fifth round of the 1941 NFL Draft by the Chicago Bears  O'Rourke's professional career began in 1942 with the Chicago Bears  He saw limited playing time behind incumbent starter Sid Luckman, completing 37 of 88 passes for 951 yards, 11 touchdowns, and 16 interceptions  The 11 touchdowns set a new Bears rookie record which still stands  O'Rourke also intercepted three passes on defense, returned two punts, and made 23 punts for 817 yards for the 11–0 Bears  
After three years in the Navy, O'Rourke returned to football in 1946 with the Los Angeles Dons of the All-America Football Conference (AAFC)  In two seasons in Los Angeles he completed 194 of 354 passes for 2,699 yards, 25 touchdowns, and 30 interceptions  In 1948 he joined the AAFC's Baltimore Colts as a punter and back up quarterback behind Y  A  Tittle  In 1949, he played only five games before retiring and becoming an assistant coach for Baltimore until the team folded in 1950 

Coaching career
Aside from his two years as an NFL coach, O'Rourke was head football coach at University of Massachusetts Amherst (UMass) from 1952 to 1959  In seasons he compiled a 21–39–4 record with only one winning season (1952) 

O'Rourke–McFadden Trophy
To honor the famed meeting between O'Rourke and Banks McFadden in the 1940 Cotton Bowl Classic, the O'Rourke–McFadden Trophy was introduced in 2008 and is awarded to the winner of the annual football game between Boston College and Clemson  The game is in-conference rivalry since Boston College joined the Atlantic Coast Conference (ACC) in 2005, and both teams play in the ACC's Atlantic Division 

Head coaching record
Passage 10:
Abe Mickal
Ibrahim Khalil "Abe" Mickal (c  1912/1913  – September 20, 2001) was a Lebanese-American college football player and a doctor  He played as a halfback for the LSU Tigers football team of Louisiana State University, where he was notable for his passing skills and play-making ability, which earned him the nickname "Miracle Mickal"  He was also the team's primary punter and placekicker  A three-time All-Southeastern Conference (SEC) selection, Mickal led LSU to an undefeated season in 1933 and a conference championship and Sugar Bowl in 1935  In 1936, Mickal played quarterback for a college all-star team that was the first team of college players to defeat a professional team  Although selected in the 1936 NFL Draft, he did not play professionally  Mickal was a charter member of the LSU Athletic Hall of Fame in 1937 and was inducted into the College Football Hall of Fame in 1967 
In addition to football, Mickal was a cadet in LSU's Reserve Officers' Training Corps (ROTC), was a member of the pre-med club and debate team, and as a senior was president of the university's student body  While a student, he was offered a seat in the Louisiana State Senate by U S  Senator and noted LSU supporter Huey Long, which he declined  He earned his medical degree in 1940, and after serving in World War II began a lifelong career in obstetrics and gynecology  He served as head professor of the LSU Medical School OB/GYN department for over twenty years  Actively involved in various university affairs during and after his time as a student, Mickal was honored as LSU's "Alumnus of the Year" in 1980 

Early life and education
Mickal was born in the Levant in an area that is today part of Lebanon  He immigrated with his family to the United States in 1920, where they arrived on Ellis Island  He settled in McComb, Mississippi and attended McComb High School, where he played football, baseball, and basketball and ran track  His father Kalil, who ran a local general store, was initially against his son playing sports  "It was an old Lebanese custom," Mickal later explained, "that the eldest son take over the business  My father wasn't aware that I was playing " His father was eventually persuaded by the townspeople to let his son play  During his senior year, he was recruited by LSU and Notre Dame to play football, and ultimately chose the Tigers after the death of Notre Dame head coach Knute Rockne 

College
Mickal was an all-around player; a triple-threat running back who also played on defense  He was regarded as an excellent deep-ball passer; in the words of LSU coach Lawrence "Biff" Jones: "Mickal is a greater passer than Red Cagle—he's the greatest I ever saw " Jones was Cagle's coach while at Army  One sportswriter referred to Mickal as "the Dizzy Dean of the nation's forward passers " He was also known for his play-making ability during crucial moments of games, and LSU compiled a win–loss record of 23–4–5 in the three seasons Mickal played for the team 

1933
Mickal showed his versatility in the first game of the 1933 season against Rice, tossing a 40-yard pass on the first play from scrimmage to end Pete Burge and booting punts of 76 and 61 yards  In week four against Arkansas Mickal completed touchdown passes of 48 and 57 yards and ran for a 15-yard touchdown, as he was responsible for every score in the 20–0 win over the eventual Southwest Conference champion Razorbacks  He scored the only touchdown of LSU's final game of the season, against Tennessee, with a goal line dive into the end zone  He also kicked the extra point for the 7–0 victory, and completed the season having successfully made every extra point he attempted  The Tigers finished undefeated with three ties in their first season as members of the Southeastern Conference (SEC)  After the season, Mickal was named to the United Press (UP) All-SEC second team as a halfback 

1934
One of Mickal's most notable games came in 1934 against the Mustangs of Southern Methodist  He threw two touchdown passes, the first one a 32-yarder to tie the game at 7–7 in the second quarter  Late in the fourth quarter and down by a touchdown, Mickal dropped back at his own 35-yard line and hurled a pass down the middle of the field  It was caught in stride at the Mustang 20-yard line by Gaynell Tinsley, who ran it into the end zone to tie the game at 14–14, which was the final score  In week four against 13th-ranked Arkansas, Mickal completed five of seven passes for 117 yards, which included a 52-yard bomb in the third quarter for the first score of the 16–0 win  He also averaged over 50 yards per punt on nine punts  The next week he threw a touchdown pass, kicked a field goal, and averaged over 40 yards per punt in a 29–0 win over previously undefeated Vanderbilt  Mickal was named a first-team All-SEC selection as a fullback by the Associated Press (AP) and as a halfback by the UP 

Senatorship offer
During the season, Mickal was acclaimed an honorary Louisiana State Senator by U S  Senator Huey P  Long, whom he had befriended, at a burlesque campus meeting  Long was a noted LSU supporter and was highly involved in operations of the football program  When it came time for his ceremonial "seating" Mickal refused to appear for the ceremony, despite the urging of Long  After Long reasoned with the senate and spectators that Mickal "had to study," Mickal was granted a five-day leave of absence by senator Harvey Peltier to "do his work at school and go forward with his preparation for his football duties " Mickal remained silent on the matter, however; he did not give a reason for his refusal of the honor  The day he was to be inducted, Mickal said in a telegram to Long that if he accepted the senatorship he would introduce a joint resolution that made it "unlawful" for any Tulane player to cross the LSU goal line in 1934 

1935
Mickal had a slow start to 1935 while he recovered from a broken ankle he suffered over the summer  In week three, he threw two touchdown passes against Manhattan College, and a game-winning touchdown pass against Vanderbilt two weeks later  In the regular season finale, Mickal was responsible for three touchdowns in a 41–0 win over rival Tulane  LSU faced the TCU Horned Frogs at the end of the season in the Sugar Bowl, in a game that was a highly anticipated match-up between Mickal and the Horned Frogs' Sammy Baugh  The offenses were unable to do much, however, as rain throughout the day had muddied the field  TCU won the game, 3–2  LSU finished the season undefeated in conference play for its first SEC championship  Mickal was named to the AP All-SEC second-team as a fullback after the season, and earned second-team All-America honors from Liberty magazine 

1936 All-Stars vs  Bears
In September 1936, Mickal played quarterback for the Centennial College All-Stars, a team composed of college players from southern schools to play against the National Football League's Chicago Bears at Cotton Bowl stadium  He scored the All-Stars' only touchdown with a dive into the end zone from the one-foot line in the third quarter  The Bears scored their only touchdown later that quarter on a 5-yard run by Bronko Nagurski  Mickal had a chance to tackle Nagurski before the goal line  "A lot of things flashed through my mind," explained Mickal  "There was nothing between him and the goal line but me  I thought about making the perfect tackle and reading about being the All-Stars' hero  Then I thought about Nagurski's size  I thought about the Nagurski legend  I thought about going to med school  I thought about possible brain damage " He decided to step aside and let Nagurski score  The extra point, however, was blocked by Bob Reynolds, and the game ended 7–6 in favor of the All-Stars  It was the first time a team of college players defeated a professional American football team 

Extracurricular
Mickal was actively involved in the university's Reserve Officers' Training Corps  He received the Outstanding Cadet Award as a freshman and was regimental sergeant major as a junior  As a senior, he attained the rank of Cadet Colonel and earned the Kemper Williams Sabre as the school's outstanding cadet  Additionally, he was a member of the pre-med club and debate team, and in 1936 was president of the school's Interfraternity Council, college of arts and sciences, and student body  Mickal was a member of the Theta Kappa Nu fraternity 

Medical career
Mickal was the first player from LSU to ever be drafted into the NFL, selected in the sixth round of the 1936 NFL Draft by the Detroit Lions  However, he did not play in the NFL  He instead chose to complete his medical degree at the Louisiana State University School of Medicine, where he graduated from in 1940  He served as a major in the U S  Army Medical Corps during World War II  After the war, he worked in obstetrics and gynecology at New Orleans Charity Hospital from 1946 to 1949, shortly after which he was hired to the LSU medical faculty  In 1959, he became the head professor of the LSU Medical School, a position he served in until his retirement in 1980  He was a founding member of the Society of Gynecologic Oncology and the Infectious Disease Society for Obstetrics and Gynecology, and served as president of the Society of Gynecologic Surgeons from 1981 to 1982  From 1985 until his death in 2001 he was vice president for medical affairs at Kenner Regional Medical Center 

Honors
Mickal was a charter member of the LSU Athletic Hall of Fame in 1937  In 1967, the National Football Foundation named Mickal to the College Football Hall of Fame  He was inducted into the Louisiana Sports Hall of Fame in 1969 and the Mississippi Sports Hall of Fame in 1985  Mickal was named LSU's "Alumnus of the Year" in 1980 and its "Medical Alumnus of the Year" in 1985  "It's been a beautiful marriage—and I've had all the better of it," said Mickal of his involvement with the university  The American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists gave Mickal its Distinguished Service Award in 1991 

Notes
Context 2: Passage 1:
Phil Stamp
Philip Lawrence Stamp (born 12 December 1975) is an English former footballer, best known for his time with Middlesbrough and Heart of Midlothian  He made his first-team league debut for Middlesbrough on 10 October 1993, at the age of 17, in a 2–0 defeat to Watford  He started for Middlesbrough in the 1997 FA Cup Final defeat to Chelsea  After Middlesbrough he played for Heart of Midlothian and Darlington, scoring a superb free kick for the latter against Shrewsbury Town  and including a match against Notts County when he played in goal for the second half 
Passage 2:
St Albans RFC
St Albans Rugby Club is a rugby union club based in St Albans, South-east England  The 1st XV currently plays in London NW3 following promotion from Herts/Middlesex1 at the end of the 2019-20 season 

History
The club was formed in 1970 by their first chairman, Peter Baines  The club formed as an open rugby club with many players joining from the old Electrical Apparatus Company (EAC) rugby club which played off New Barnes Avenue 
Initially the club used changing rooms at Westminster Lodge and a rented pitch situated just above the hypocaust in Verulamium Park  The North Western PH (now a block of flats) on the corner of Prospect Road and Holywell Hill provided a club room and meals on match days  In 1976 the club acquired the short term lease from St Albans School for a pitch and  clubhouse off Belmont Hill 
1983 saw the club move to their current ground at Boggymead Springs, off Oaklands Lane, at Smallford, obtained on a long term lease from Hertfordshire CC  The clubhouse was officially opened by the England scrum half, Dickie Jeeps, in October that year 

Other sports
St Albans RFC also hosts Ultimate Frisbee with St Alban Ultimate and recently the Hertfordshire Cheetahs American football team who play in the BAFA National Leagues Division 2 East 

Playing level
The club currently plays in London North West 3  In 2012 the 1st XV won the Herts Presidents' Tankard for the 2nd time and for a 3rd time in 2019  “Saints” are again finalists in 2020  The club also fields 2nd and 3rd XV sides which compete in the local Herts/Middlesex League (HMMT) Merit Tables St Albans RFC welcomes players of all abilities, as well as social members 

Twickenham appearance
In 1995 the club qualified from over 500 junior clubs to reach the final of the Pilkington Shield at Twickenham, where they played and lost to Bedford Queens 11-10 immediately prior to the Wasps v Bath Pilkington Cup Final  The club qualified to enter the Pilkington Cup itself a few years later, through reaching the Hertfordshire President’s Cup final 

Club honours
1st team

Hertfordshire 1 champions: 1993–94
London Division 3 North West champions: 2004–05
Hertfordshire Presidents' Tankard winners (3): 2010, 2012, 20192nd XV'

Herts and Middlesex Merit Table 6 champions: 2016–17
Herts and Middlesex Merit Table 6 Plate champions: 2016–17
Herts and Middlesex Merit Table 4 champions: 2019–20
Passage 3:
Adam Johnson (footballer)
Adam Johnson (born 14 July 1987) is an English former professional footballer who played as a winger  A product of the Middlesbrough youth academy, he came to prominence after making his debut aged 17 in a UEFA Cup match  He made 120 appearances for Middlesbrough, also spending time on loan at Leeds United and Watford 
In February 2010, Johnson moved to Manchester City, where he won the FA Cup in 2011 and the Premier League the following season  He was signed by his hometown club Sunderland for £10 million in 2012  Johnson played at various levels for England, earning 12 caps at senior level 
In March 2015, Johnson was arrested and charged over sexual activity with a 15-year-old girl, with England's age of consent being 16  Johnson continued to play for Sunderland during his bail  The following February, he pleaded guilty to two charges against him, the other being one of child grooming, and was subsequently sacked by Sunderland  In March 2016, Johnson was found guilty of sexual activity with a child and sentenced to six years in prison  He was released in 2019 after serving half his sentence 

Early life
Johnson was born in Sunderland, Tyne and Wear, and brought up in Easington, County Durham, in North East England  He played for Cleveland Juniors Football Club and attended Easington Community Science College  Upon seeing Johnson score two goals at a Wembley Stadium seven-a-side school match, Johnny Haynes told Johnson he was "a great little player" with "a lovely left foot" 

Club career
Middlesbrough
Early career
At the age of 12, Johnson was taken in by Middlesbrough's youth academy, having previously attended Newcastle United's Centre of Excellence between 1995 and 1997  He and his Boro teammates David Wheater, Tony McMahon and Andrew Taylor were part of the squad that won the 2003–04 FA Youth Cup He made his senior début aged 17 on 17 March 2005 in the UEFA Cup in the 1–0 defeat away to Sporting CP which saw the club eliminated 4–2 on aggregate in the last 16, replacing Doriva for the last 11 minutes  Almost six months later, on 10 September, he made his Premier League debut, and first senior start, deputising for the injured fellow academy product Stewart Downing in a 2–1 home win against Arsenal  For much of the first half of the 2005–06 season, he was on the bench as an unused substitute, mainly in the UEFA Cup matches  He made his second start in the competition against Litex Lovech on 15 December and set up Massimo Maccarone's first goal in a 2–0 win  For the rest of the season, he remained in the team's matchday squads, albeit as Downing's deputy or an unused substitute Johnson's first goal for Middlesbrough came in a midweek Premier League match away to Bolton Wanderers on 3 May 2006, opening the scoring in a 1–1 draw with "a mazy run from the left flank before curling in a deflected shot"  He was playing due to Middlesbrough's involvement in the 2006 UEFA Cup Final, which was to be played a week later as Steve McClaren rested most of the first team squad  On 30 June 2006, he signed a new four-year contract extension 

Loans to Leeds United and Watford
On 16 October 2006, he joined Leeds United on a month-long loan after being signed by Leeds' caretaker manager John Carver, but with Leeds struggling in the Championship, it was hard for Johnson to impress despite getting the man of the match award on his debut  After playing four matches during his month-long loan spell, Johnson returned to Middlesbrough as Leeds chose not to extend his loan  Later on in the season, he came on as a substitute in the FA Cup replay with Bristol City and played a vital role in seeing Middlesbrough through to the next round by setting up one goal and scoring the winning penalty in the shootout In September 2007, Johnson joined Championship club Watford on a three-month loan  He played 12 matches for the club, scoring five times, before being recalled to Middlesbrough earlier than stipulated in the deal following some brilliant performances  Coincidentally, Watford's form dipped after his departure 

Return to Middlesbrough
In the final match of the season, he scored an 18-yard (16-metre) strike from a loose ball just minutes after coming on as a substitute in Boro's 8–1 victory over Manchester City  In the 2008–09 season, he managed to make 32 appearances, half of those as substitutes as Downing was first choice  He managed to start most of the fixtures near the end of the season when Downing was ruled out with a long-term injury Johnson became an important part of Boro's Championship team for the 2009–10 season following Downing's transfer to Aston Villa, scoring three of Boro's five goals in the first three matches  He led the Boro scoring charts, with eight goals, for the entire first half of the season despite being a winger, which led to new manager Gordon Strachan expressing his concern about overrelying on Johnson for goals  In the 18 August match at Scunthorpe United, he missed a penalty awarded for a foul on Rhys Williams and scored another after being tripped by the Scunthorpe goalkeeper in the penalty box when both went for the rebound After a bright start to the season, the highly rated youngster became a subject of transfer rumours, but the Boro management insisted that he would not be sold  He chose not to extend his contract, however, which was to end after the 2009–10 season  On 13 December, he was substituted for Marvin Emnes after picking up a hamstring injury in the 1–0 home loss to Cardiff City but returned to score a penalty against Scunthorpe in a 3–0 win, thus taking his goal tally into double figures  He scored a brace for the third time in the season when he turned in a man of the match performance against Doncaster Rovers on 26 January to end Boro's winless away streak stretching back to October In recognition of his consistent performances, Johnson was voted for the North East Football Writers' Young Player of the Year award, joining a string of Boro players to do so 

Manchester City
When the winter transfer window opened, Johnson was again the subject of transfer speculation and Middlesbrough reportedly received a bid from Manchester City  Interest from Manchester City was heightened after Adam Johnson played City weeks earlier in an FA Cup third round  Although Johnson had to go off injured in the first half, he was arguably the best player on the pitch during his 30-minute spell  On 1 February 2010, City signed him for an undisclosed fee, rumoured to be in the region of £7 million, on a four-and-a-half-year contract Johnson made his first appearance for the club on 6 February, coming on as substitute for Stephen Ireland against Hull City  Three days later, he made his first start against Bolton Wanderers on the right side of a three-man attack alongside Carlos Tevez and Emmanuel Adebayor, finishing as the man of the match  Johnson scored his first goal against Sunderland; he curled a left footed effort into the top corner one and a half minutes into injury time to secure a last-gasp 1–1 draw  His performance, which earned the man of the match award, led England manager Fabio Capello to publicly praise him and consider him for selection On New Year's Day, he scored the winner in the 1–0 win against Blackpool, dedicating his goal to Dale Roberts, his friend and Rushden & Diamonds goalkeeper who committed suicide on 14 December 2010  He ended the season with his first senior trophy of his career, the 2011 FA Cup, coming on as a substitute in the final After scoring in two 3–0 wins against Inter Milan and League of Ireland XI in the pre-season Dublin Super Cup, he started in Manchester City's first Premier League match of the season against Swansea City, getting an assist as his shot was saved by Michel Vorm and the rebound scored by Edin Džeko  City went on to win the match 4–0  He scored his first goal of the season during a 4–0 win against Blackburn Rovers at Ewood Park, curling a shot into the top corner to make the score 1–0 at the time  He followed it up with a goal in the next match against Aston Villa, with the match finishing 4–1 to City  On 26 October 2011, he scored and got an assist in a 5–2 League Cup win against Wolverhampton Wanderers at Molineux  Three days later, he again scored against Wolves, this time in a 3–1 home league win  In the next round, he assisted the only goal of the match, playing a through-ball for Sergio Agüero to score, in a 1–0 win away to Arsenal  He came on as a late sub in a 5–1 home win over Norwich City and scored his fifth goal of the season  His sixth goal of the season came in a 3–0 win against Stoke City on 21 December  On 14 April, he scored in a 6–1 win against Norwich at Carrow Road  He ended that season with 26 league appearances as Manchester City won the 2011–12 Premier League in dramatic circumstances on the last day of the season 

Sunderland
On 24 August 2012, his hometown team Sunderland signed Johnson on a four-year-contract for £10 million  Sunderland manager Martin O'Neill said "Adding quality players to the squad has been our main aim this summer and Adam certainly fits that bill  He has terrific ability, great delivery and I'm sure he is a player who will excite the fans  I couldn't be more delighted to have him at the club " On 28 August, Johnson made his first appearance for Sunderland in a 2–0 win over League Two team Morecambe in the League Cup second round, assisting both goals at the Stadium of Light  He scored his first goal for the club on 10 November, opening the scoring in a 1–2 defeat away to Everton  He scored the only goal of a win over former club Manchester City at home on 26 December  In April 2013, against Sunderland's fierce rivals Newcastle at St James' Park, Johnson's picked up the ball on Sunderland's right and cut inside before sending a curling effort past Newcastle goalkeeper Rob Elliot with his left foot to score Johnson's first goal of the 2013–14 season came in the League Cup against Milton Keynes Dons after a run from his own half, as Sunderland scored four goals in 12 minutes to win 4–2  However, his form suffered as Sunderland struggled to one point from the first eight matches, a run that cost manager Paolo Di Canio his job  Johnson's next goal came in a 2–1 home defeat to Tottenham on 7 December After losing his place in the starting line up, the FA Cup third round match with Carlisle United marked a turning point in Johnson's fortunes as he scored a free kick and played a part in both other goals in Sunderland's 3–1 win  Two days later, Johnson was brought on as a substitute in the League Cup semi-final first leg against Manchester United, and won a penalty after being fouled by Tom Cleverley, which Fabio Borini scored to give Sunderland a 2–1 advantage going into the second leg  Manager Gus Poyet praised Johnson's contribution as 'outstanding'  On 11 January 2014, he scored his first career hat-trick and assisted Ki Sung-Yueng, inspiring Sunderland to a 4–1 away win against Fulham which lifted them off the bottom of the table  He was the Premier League Player of the Month for January 2014  On 2 March in the League Cup Final against Manchester City, he assisted Borini for the opening goal in the tenth minute, but Sunderland lost 1–3 

His first goal of the 2014–15 season came on 27 August in the League Cup against Birmingham City, where he scored the second goal in a 3–0 win  His first league goal of the season came on 13 September, where he scored a solo effort in a 2–2 draw with Tottenham Hotspur at the Stadium of Light  On 21 December he scored a 90th-minute winning goal away to Newcastle, securing Sunderland's 4th consecutive win over their local rivals, and his third goal in three seasons against the club  Five days later, Johnson opened the scoring after just 30 seconds against Hull City, but was unable to help the team avoid defeat as they went on to lose 1–3  He scored his fifth goal of the season on New Years Day 2015, scoring from a penalty to make the score 2–2 against Manchester City, although Sunderland would go on to lose the match 3–2 He was immediately suspended by Sunderland on 2 March 2015 after his arrest on suspicion of having sexual activity with a 15-year-old girl,  His suspension lasted for 2 matches under manager Gus Poyet; following Poyet's sacking and the appointment of new manager Dick Advocaat on 17 March, Johnson returned to the club on 18 March and played in the next game on 21 March  Despite Johnson later being charged with three offences, Sunderland continued to select him while he initially pleaded not guilty to all charges  During Johnson's trial, he claimed that he admitted to Sunderland in May 2015 that he had kissed the girl and sent her sexually explicit messages Having played the first match of the new season, Johnson picked up an injury in August 2015, putting him out for two months  On 25 October, he scored a penalty in the Tyne–Wear derby, opening the scoring before half time in an eventual 3–0 win  Johnson played what would be his last match for Sunderland on 6 February 2016, the weekend before the start of his trial, scoring one of Sunderland's goals in a 2–2 draw with Liverpool  Five days later Johnson had his contract terminated after he pleaded guilty to sexual activity with a child under the age of 16 and grooming 

International career
A former England under-19 international, Johnson was called up for the under-21 team at the 2009 UEFA U21 Championships in Sweden  He scored once in qualification and again in the first leg of the qualification play-offs against Wales U21s as the Young Lions narrowly won 5–4 on aggregate to qualify for the tournament  During the tournament, he started in two of the three group stage matches  He won the man of the match award in the final group stage match against Germany that ended in a 1–1 draw and converted his penalty in the semi-final shoot-out win against Sweden In late February 2010, Johnson was named in the senior squad for the first time in Fabio Capello's 30-man shortlist for the upcoming March friendly against Egypt in May, but did not make the final 23  Two months later, Capello named Johnson in his preliminary 30-man 2010 FIFA World Cup squad  Johnson made his England debut on 24 May in a FIFA World Cup warm-up match, a 3–1 friendly victory against Mexico at Wembley Stadium  Johnson came on as a late substitute for James Milner  The following week Capello announced his final 23-man squad, and Johnson failed to make the cut England's first match after the 2010 FIFA World Cup was against Hungary at Wembley Stadium  Johnson was named in the starting line-up for the first time, making his full England debut and playing the entire match  He scored his first international goal on 3 September 2010 against Bulgaria in a UEFA Euro 2012 qualifier, which England won 4–0  He scored his second international goal against Switzerland in a 3–1 win after coming on as an early substitute for the injured Theo Walcott  In all, he made five appearances in qualifying as England progressed to the finals of UEFA Euro 2012 Fabio Capello resigned as England coach in February 2012, and Stuart Pearce took temporary charge  Johnson started Pearce's only match as England manager, a 2–3 defeat at the hands of the Netherlands  When Roy Hodgson took over in May 2012, Johnson was not selected in Hodgson's 23-man squad for UEFA Euro 2012, but was named on standby in case of injuries  He totalled 12 England caps and scored two international goals 

Sexual crimes and conviction
In December 2014, Johnson began communicating over social media with a 15-year-old female fan while his partner was pregnant  The following 17 January, he met up with the girl in his Range Rover, where he signed two Sunderland shirts for her  Thirteen days later, they met again, and Johnson kissed the girl On 2 March 2015, Johnson was arrested by Durham Police on suspicion of having sexual activity with an underage girl, who was 15  On 23 April, he was charged with three offences of sexual activity with a child under 16 and one of child grooming, to which he pleaded not guilty in June  An initial trial date in Durham in September 2015 was later moved to February 2016 in Bradford Crown Court On 10 February 2016, at the start of his trial, Johnson pleaded guilty to "one count of sexual activity with a child and one count of grooming"  He denied two further counts of underage sexual activity  The trial lasted for sixteen days, was presided over by Circuit Judge Jonathan Rose, the lead barrister for the prosecution was Kate Blackwell QC and the lead barrister for the defence was Orlando Pownall QC  On 2 March 2016, Johnson was found guilty on a majority verdict of 10–2 of one count of sexual activity with a child and found not guilty of a second count of the same crime  In a victim impact statement, the girl stated that she suffered abuse on social media during the time Johnson claimed innocence, that she had lost confidence and that her school work had suffered  A court psychiatrist for the defence found Johnson to be "socially and psychologically immature" and stated that there was no evidence that Johnson had a sexual attraction to prepubescent children Johnson was granted bail in order to say farewell to his infant daughter  On 24 March 2016, he was sentenced to six years in prison for grooming and sexual activity with a girl aged 15  The judge also ordered him to pay £50,000 of the prosecution's legal fees of £67,132  In investigations, police found animal pornography on Johnson's laptop; he was not tried for possession of these files  Pownall said before the sentencing that Johnson had been "stripped of his England caps" but the FA later confirmed that this was not the case and that they cannot take caps away from players  After his sentencing, Johnson was held at HM Prison Leeds  On 12 April, Johnson's legal team launched an appeal against his sentence  On 15 April, Johnson was moved to HM Prison Moorland near Doncaster  On 12 July, his appeal was refused, and a second appeal was refused on 16 March 2017 In April 2017 video footage taken inside HMP Moorland appeared to show Johnson talking to fellow inmates about his conviction  In the footage, Johnson talks about his victim and the fact that he believes his sentence was lengthened due to his position as a professional footballer Johnson was released on 22 March 2019, after serving half of his sentence 

Reaction
Johnson was immediately suspended by Sunderland following his arrest, and missed two games before being returned to the team while on bail  He played in 28 games throughout the following 11 months, until he was first dropped from the team on 11 February 2016, and then later sacked by Sunderland, after pleading guilty at trial to two of the four counts put against him  His endorsement by Adidas was also terminated as a result, and EA Sports removed his likeness from the FIFA 16 video game After the conviction, Sunderland manager Sam Allardyce faced scrutiny for continuing to select Johnson during his bail, particularly following allegations that the club had seen documents in May 2015 suggesting that Johnson acknowledged his guilt  Allardyce, who had joined the club only in October 2015, claimed that he was not aware of such documents and had always been informed that Johnson was to plead not guilty; a Sunderland press release made the same statement In court, Johnson claimed that he had confessed to Sunderland chief executive Margaret Byrne on 4 May 2015  Byrne, a former lawyer, was due to appear as a witness for his defence but did not take the stand  Sunderland's supporter association desired to question her over her knowledge of the case  Byrne resigned on 8 March 2016, regretting her "serious mistake", but claimed that she had not made the club aware of Johnson's admission, nor was she aware that he was to plead guilty Pownall confirmed that Johnson intended to appeal against his conviction  Johnson's sister Faye urged supporters to change their Facebook profile pictures to one of Johnson and his daughter and a slogan proclaiming his innocence  She had set up an online group for supporters of his innocence, which reached 1,000 likes before being shut down after being reported by users including North East-based child protection vigilantes Dark Justice  The chief executive of the Professional Footballers' Association, Gordon Taylor, said that Johnson had "damaged the reputation of football" and that his chances of playing again were "very remote" 

Personal life
Johnson attended school, and the academies of Sunderland and Middlesbrough, with Dale Roberts, who went on to play as a goalkeeper  Roberts committed suicide on 14 December 2010, which Johnson subsequently described as "the worst day of my life" Prior to his imprisonment, Johnson lived in Castle Eden, County Durham  He has a daughter, born in January 2015, with his former partner Stacey Flounders  In February 2016, while giving evidence at his trial, Flounders announced that she and Johnson had separated, claiming that he had confessed to infidelity with other women  During his imprisonment in 2017 he sold his home, Tollgate Lodge, for £1 7 million  It was purchased by Durham and England cricketer Ben Stokes  Upon his release from prison he returned to live in Castle Eden in a seven-bedroom home he had built during his imprisonment   He and Stacey Flounders had their second child a son born in July 2021 

Career statistics
Club
As of match played 6 February 2016

International
As of match played 15 August 2012As of match played 15 August 2012
Scores and results list England's goal tally first, score column indicates score after each Johnson goal 

Honours
Manchester City

Premier League: 2011–12
FA Cup: 2010–11
FA Community Shield: 2012Individual

Premier League Player of the Month: January 2014
Passage 4:
Carl Johnson (soccer)
Carl Johnson (September 18, 1892 – February 15, 1970) was a U S  soccer midfielder   He was the first U S  player from Chicago to play for the national team   Johnson earned two caps with the U S  national team   His first came at the 1924 Summer Olympics when he played in the U S  loss to Uruguay in the quarterfinals   Following the tournament, the U S  had two exhibition games   Johnson played in the first, a 3–2 win over Poland   Johnson played with the Chicago Swedish-Americans 
He died in Tampa, Florida 
Passage 5:
Leeds United F C 
Leeds United Football Club is a professional football club based in Leeds, West Yorkshire in England  The club play their home matches at Elland Road and compete in the Championship, the second tier of the English football league system 
Leeds United have won the League Championship three times, four Second Division titles, the FA Cup once, the EFL Cup once, the Charity Shield twice and the Inter-Cities Fairs Cup twice  The club had their most successful period under the management of Don Revie in the 1960s and 1970s, when they won the League title twice, the FA Cup once, the League Cup once and the Inter-Cities Fairs Cup twice  The club have also been runners-up five times in the League Championship, three times in the FA Cup, once each in the EFL Cup, the Charity Shield, the Inter-Cities Fairs Cup, the Cup Winners' Cup and the European Cup, and lost the play-off to keep the Inter-City Fairs Cup trophy The club has rivalries with Manchester United and Chelsea  The team's traditional kit colours are white shirts, white shorts and white socks  Their badge features the White Rose of York, which is a symbol of Yorkshire  "Marching on Together" is the club’s official anthem and is regularly sung by supporters 

History
Pre-Leeds United
Leeds United's predecessor, Leeds City, was formed in 1904 and elected to League membership in 1905  They drew bigger crowds to Elland Road following Herbert Chapman's arrival  In 1914 Chapman declared; "This city is built to support top-flight football", but Leeds City were forcibly disbanded and forced to sell off all their players by The Football League in 1919 in response to allegations of illegal payments to players during the First World War  At Salem Chapel in 1919, Leeds United was formed, and they received an invitation to enter the Midland League, being voted into it on 31 October, taking the place vacated by Leeds City Reserves  Following Leeds City's disbanding, Yorkshire Amateurs bought their stadium Elland Road  Yorkshire Amateurs offered to make way for the new team under the management of former player Dick Ray The chairman of Huddersfield Town, Hilton Crowther loaned Leeds United £35,000, to be repaid when Leeds United won promotion to the First Division  He brought in Barnsley's manager Arthur Fairclough and on 26 February 1920, Dick Ray stepped down to become Fairclough's assistant 

1920–1960
On 31 May 1920, Leeds United were elected to the Football League  Over the following years, they consolidated their position in the Second Division and in the 1923–24 season won the title and with it promotion to the First Division  They failed to establish themselves and were relegated in 1926–27  After their relegation, Fairclough resigned, which paved the way for Ray to return as manager  In the years up until the start of World War II Leeds were twice relegated; on both occasions they were re-promoted the following season On 5 March 1935, Ray resigned and was replaced by Billy Hampson, who remained in charge for 12 years  In the 1946–47 season after the war, Leeds were relegated again, with the worst league record in their history  After this season, Hampson resigned (he stayed with Leeds as their chief scout for eight months) and was replaced in April 1947 by Willis Edwards  In 1948, Sam Bolton replaced Ernest Pullan as the chairman of Leeds United  Edwards was moved to assistant manager in April 1948 after just one year as manager  He was replaced by Frank Buckley Leeds remained in the Second Division until 1955–56, when they once again won promotion to the First Division, inspired by John Charles  Charles was hungry for success at the highest level, and manager Raich Carter was unable to convince him that Leeds could satisfy his ambitions  Charles was sold to Juventus for a then world record of £65,000  The loss of Charles resulted in Leeds being relegated to the Second Division in the 1959–60 season 

1961–1974: Don Revie era
In March 1961, the club appointed former player Don Revie as manager, following the resignation of Jack Taylor  His stewardship began in adverse circumstances; the club was "in financial difficulty" and in 1961–62 only a win in the final game of the season saved the club from relegation to the Third Division  Revie implemented a youth policy and a change of kit colour to an all-white strip in the style of Real Madrid, and Leeds won promotion to the First Division in 1963–64 In the 1964–65 season, Leeds finished second to rivals Manchester United on goal average  They also reached the final of the FA Cup, losing 2–1 to Liverpool at Wembley after extra-time  In the 1965–66 season, Leeds again finished second in the league, whilst also reaching the semi-finals of the Inter-Cities Fairs Cup, losing on aggregate to Spanish side Real Zaragoza despite manager Revie ordering the fire brigade to flood the pitch before the replay at Elland Road The 1966–67 season saw Leeds finish 4th in the league, as well as reaching the semi-finals of the FA Cup, losing 1–0 to Chelsea and the final of the Inter-Cities Fairs Cup, losing 2–0 to GNK Dinamo Zagreb With Leeds failing to land a trophy, they nearly doubled their record transfer in 1967–68, buying Sheffield United centre-forward Mick Jones for £100,000  The season saw Leeds win their first major trophy, the League Cup, with Terry Cooper scoring the only goal of a 1–0 victory against Arsenal in the final  Leeds finished fourth in the First Division and were beaten in the FA Cup semi-finals by Everton  They also reached a second successive Inter-Cities Fairs Cup final and this time won the trophy, beating Hungarian club Ferencváros over two legs; Leeds won the first leg 1–0, and a month later defended their lead with a 0–0 draw in Budapest Having found success in both domestic and European cup competitions, manager Revie chose to focus on the league for the 1968–69 season  Leeds secured the title in April 1969 with a 0–0 draw with challengers Liverpool at Anfield, whose supporters congratulated Leeds  Leeds set a number of records including most points (67), most wins (27), fewest defeats (2), and most home points (39); a still-unbroken club record is their 34 match unbeaten run that extended into the following season  Leeds reinforced their front line breaking the British transfer record by signing Allan Clarke from Leicester City for £165,000  They targeted the treble in 1969–70 and came close to achieving this, only to fail on all three fronts in a congested close season, finishing second in the league to Everton, losing the 1970 FA Cup final to Chelsea (after a replay), and exiting the European Cup with a semi-final defeat to Celtic Having rejected an offer to manage Birmingham City, Revie chose to remain at Leeds for the 1970–71 season  Leeds and Arsenal both challenged for the title that season, though it would be the Gunners who would claim the league title, finishing one point ahead of Leeds after the latter lost to West Bromwich Albion following a controversial "offside" goal  United were also knocked out of the FA Cup by Fourth Division side Colchester United  Leeds again found success in the Inter-Cities Fairs Cup though, beating Juventus in the final on away goals  Leeds again finished as runners-up in the 1971–72 season, but United did reach the 1972 FA Cup final, lifting the trophy after a 1–0 victory over Arsenal in the final In the 1972–73 season, the Whites again came close to a Treble, but they finished third in the league, losing the 1973 FA Cup final to Second Division Sunderland 1–0 against all expectations, and reached the final of the European Cup Winners' Cup against Italian club AC Milan at the Kaftanzoglio Stadium, where they were beaten 1–0 following some controversial refereeing by Christos Michas who was later banned by UEFA for 'fixing' other matches  Revie was offered the managers role at Everton in the summer, but chose to remain at Leeds  The following season, they won the 1973–74 First Division with a five-point lead over second-placed Liverpool  Revie chose to take the job of England national team manager at the end of the 1973–74 season In his 13 years in charge, Revie guided Leeds to two Football League First Division titles, one FA Cup, one League Cup, two Inter-Cities Fairs Cups, one Football League Second Division title and one Charity Shield  He also guided them to three more FA Cup Finals, two more FA Cup Semi-finals, one more Inter-Cities Fairs Cup Final and one Inter-Cities Fairs Cup Semi-final, one European Cup Winners' Cup Final and one European Cup Semi-final  The team also finished second in the Football League First Division five times, third once and fourth twice  In a survey of leading football writers, historians and academics by Total Sport magazine, Revie's Leeds United were voted as one of the 50 greatest football teams of all time 

1974–1988: Post-Revie and relegation
Following the 1973–74 season, Revie left Leeds and Elland Road to manage the England national team  Brian Clough was appointed as Revie's successor  This was a surprise appointment, as Clough had been an outspoken critic of Revie and the team's tactics  Clough's tenure as manager started badly, with defeat in the Charity Shield against Liverpool in which Billy Bremner and Kevin Keegan were sent off for fighting  Under Clough, the team performed poorly, and after only 44 days he was dismissed Clough was replaced by former England captain Jimmy Armfield  Armfield took Revie's ageing team to the final of the 1974–75 European Cup, in which they were defeated by Bayern Munich under controversial circumstances  Assisted by coach Don Howe, Armfield rebuilt Revie's team, and though it no longer dominated English football, it remained in the top ten for subsequent seasons  However, the board became impatient for success and dismissed Armfield in 1978, replacing him with Jock Stein, who also lasted just 44 days before leaving to manage Scotland  The board appointed Jimmy Adamson, but he was unable to stop the decline, and in 1980 Adamson resigned and was replaced by former player Allan Clarke  Despite spending freely on players, he was unable to stem the tide, and the club was relegated at the end of 1981–82  Clarke was replaced by former teammate Eddie Gray With no money to spend on team building, Gray concentrated on youth development, but was unable to guide them to promotion from the Second Division  The board again became impatient and dismissed Gray in 1985, replacing him with another Revie teammate, Billy Bremner  Bremner found it just as difficult to achieve promotion, although Leeds reached the 1987 play-off final, but were defeated by Charlton Athletic  Leeds also endured a near miss in the FA Cup, losing out to Coventry City in the semi-finals 

1988–1996: Howard Wilkinson era
In October 1988, with the team 21st in the Second Division, Bremner was fired to make way for Howard Wilkinson  Leeds avoided relegation that season, and in March 1989 signed Gordon Strachan from Manchester United for £300,000  The Scottish midfielder was named captain, and helped Leeds win the Second Division in 1989–90 and gain promotion back to the First Division  Leeds finished fourth in 1990–91, and in the 1991–92 season they became champions of England for the third time  During the close season Leeds were founder members of the new Premier League, which became the top division of English football  However, the 1992–93 season saw Leeds exiting the Champions League in the early stages, and eventually finishing 17th in the league (having won no away matches in the league), narrowly avoiding relegation  Wilkinson's Leeds were unable to provide any consistent challenge for honours, and his position was not helped by a poor display in the 1996 League Cup final which Leeds lost to Aston Villa  Leeds could only finish 13th in 1995–96, and after a 4–0 home defeat by Manchester United early in 1996–97, Wilkinson had his contract terminated  One of the legacies of Wilkinson and youth coach Paul Hart was the development of Leeds United's youth academy, which has produced numerous talented footballers over the years 

1997–2001: Graham and O'Leary
Leeds appointed George Graham as Wilkinson's successor  This appointment was controversial as Graham had previously received a one-year ban from The Football Association for receiving illegal payments from a football agent  Graham made some astute purchases and also helped blood youngsters from Leeds' youth cup winning side  By the end of the 1997–98 season, Leeds had qualified for the following season's UEFA Cup  In October 1998, Graham left to become manager of Tottenham Hotspur, and Leeds opted to replace him with assistant manager David O'Leary Under O'Leary and assistant Eddie Gray, Leeds never finished outside the top five in the Premier League, and secured qualification for both the UEFA Cup and the UEFA Champions League, enjoying cup runs to the semi-finals of both competitions  However, during the same period, the team's image was tarnished when players Jonathan Woodgate and Lee Bowyer were involved in an incident that left an Asian student in hospital with severe injuries  The resulting court case took nearly two years to resolve; Bowyer was cleared, but Woodgate convicted of affray and sentenced to community service  Additionally, in the UEFA Cup semi-final against Galatasaray in Istanbul, two Leeds fans were stabbed to death before the game 

2001–2007: Financial crisis and fall to League One
Under chairman Peter Ridsdale, Leeds had taken out large loans against the prospect of the share of the TV rights and sponsorship revenues from Champions League qualification and subsequent progress in the competition  However, Leeds narrowly failed to qualify for the Champions League in two successive seasons, and as a consequence did not receive enough income to repay the loans  The first indication that the club was in financial trouble was the sale of Rio Ferdinand to Manchester United for approximately £30 million  Ridsdale and O'Leary publicly fell out over the sale, and O'Leary was dismissed and replaced by former England manager Terry Venables  Leeds performed woefully under Venables, and other players were sold to repay the loans, including Jonathan Woodgate, whom Ridsdale had promised Venables would not be sold  Tensions mounted between Ridsdale and Venables and, with the team underachieving, Venables was dismissed and replaced by Peter Reid  Ridsdale resigned from the Leeds board and was replaced by existing non-executive director Professor John McKenzie  At this time Leeds were in danger of relegation, but managed to avoid the drop in the penultimate game of the season, beating Arsenal 3–2 away with a late strike by Mark Viduka Reid was given a permanent contract at Leeds the following summer and brought in several players on loan  An unsuccessful start to the 2003–04 season saw Reid dismissed, and Eddie Gray take over as caretaker manager until the end of the season  An insolvency specialist, Gerald Krasner, led a consortium of local businessmen which took over Leeds and oversaw the sale of the club's assets, including senior and emerging youth players of any value  Leeds were relegated during the 2003–04 season Following relegation to the Championship, assistant manager Kevin Blackwell was appointed manager  Most of the remaining players were sold or released on free transfers to further reduce the high wage bill; Blackwell was forced to rebuild almost the entire squad through free transfers, and Leeds were forced to sell both their training ground and stadium in the autumn of 2004 In 2005, the club was bought by Ken Bates, who paid £10 million for a 50% stake  Under Blackwell, Leeds reached the Championship play-off final, which they lost to Watford  With the team performing poorly, Blackwell's contract was terminated, and Leeds hired John Carver as caretaker manager, but his spell was not a success and he was relieved of his duties, with Dennis Wise eventually installed as his replacement  Wise was unable to lift the team out of the relegation zone for much of the season, despite bringing in a number of experienced loan players and free transfers on short-term deals  With relegation virtually assured, Leeds entered administration on 4 May 2007, thus incurring a league-imposed 10-point deduction that officially relegated the club to the third tier of English football; the club had previously never played any lower than the second tier  The players whom Wise had brought in were released; he was forced to build a squad almost from scratch, and because of administration Leeds were unable to sign any players until a few days before the opening game of the season 

2007–2010: League One
On 3 July 2007, HM Revenue and Customs (HMRC) lodged a legal challenge to Leeds' Creditors' Voluntary Agreement (CVA)  Under league rules, if the club were still in administration at the start of the following season, Leeds would have been prevented from starting their season by the Football League  Following the challenge by HMRC, the club was put up for sale by KPMG, and again Ken Bates' bid was accepted  The League eventually sanctioned this under the "exceptional circumstances rule" but imposed a 15-point deduction due to the club failing to exit administration with a CVA, as the Football League rules required  On 31 August 2007, HMRC decided not to pursue its legal challenge any further Despite the 15-point deduction, Wise and his assistant Gus Poyet guided Leeds to a play-off position, only for Poyet to leave for Tottenham, and Wise quitting to take up a position at Newcastle United  Wise was replaced by former club captain Gary McAllister  Leeds went on to secure a place in the play-off final, but were beaten by Doncaster Rovers  The following season saw a poor run of results, and McAllister was dismissed after a run of five defeats in a row  He was replaced by Simon Grayson, who resigned from his post as manager of Blackpool to take the position  Under Grayson, Leeds made the play-offs once again, but were beaten over the two legs of the semi-finals by Millwall In the 2009–10 season, the team secured the best start ever to a season by a Leeds side, and caused a major upset in the third round of the FA Cup by beating Manchester United at Old Trafford  After the impressive run in the FA Cup, Leeds' league form suffered, with the team taking just seven points from a possible 24  However, the team rallied and Leeds won their final game of the season to confirm promotion to the Championship as runners-up to Norwich City 

2010–2014: Return to the Championship
Leeds spent much of the 2010–11 season in the play-off places, but eventually finished in seventh place, just missing out on the play-offs In May 2011, it was announced that Leeds chairman Ken Bates had bought the club and become the owner of Leeds  Before the match against Middlesbrough, about 300 Leeds fans protested about what they saw as a lack of investment in the playing side, to which Bates responded by calling the protesters "morons" Despite securing promotion to the Championship, Grayson was dismissed after failing to mount a consistent challenge for promotion to the Premier League  Neil Warnock was appointed as the club's new manager on 18 February, with his initial contract lasting until the end of the 2012–13 season On 21 November 2012, Middle East-based private equity group GFH Capital finalised a deal for a protracted takeover of Leeds, gaining a 100% shareholding in the club  It was also announced Ken Bates would remain as chairman until the end of the 2012–13 season and then become club president  The takeover was officially completed on 21 December 2012 Despite runs to the quarter-finals of the League Cup and the fifth round of the FA Cup (albeit with both runs ending in five-goal thrashings, by Chelsea and Manchester City respectively), Leeds' league form in the 2012–13 season was generally mediocre, with the club never making any real challenge for the play-off places  Warnock resigned with six games remaining, and Leeds just five points above the relegation zone  Brian McDermott replaced Warnock, and the club won three of their final five games of the season, enough to avoid relegation  That summer, Bates stepped down as chairman, and ultimately left the club altogether a few weeks later following a dispute over expenses On 7 January 2014, Leeds United's managing director David Haigh was involved in Sport Capital, a consortium involving the managing director of Leeds United's main sponsors, Enterprise Insurance, Andrew Flowers  Sports Capital came close to completing a transaction with GFH Capital that would have given them a 75% stake in the business On 30 January, Sport Capital's takeover collapsed due to a lack of "financial backing"  Haigh released a statement conceding that it was unable to complete a deal despite two months ago agreeing to purchase a 75% stake in the club from the owners Gulf Finance House  Haigh said he and Sport Capital had "injected substantial sums into the club to ensure its viability" but earlier in the week fellow consortium member Andrew Flowers, the managing director of Leeds' shirt sponsor Enterprise Insurance, stated that GFH had "breached their covenant with us" after inviting a rival bid from Massimo Cellino, the president of the Serie A club Cagliari Calcio  Haigh's statement read:

As fans know, we signed a share acquisition agreement with GFH Capital at the end of last year  This meant, I believed, that we were in a position to move things forward and complete the transaction in time for the January transfer window      Unfortunately, however, some of the consortium's backers ultimately didn't feel able to deliver the financial backing we had hoped was agreed to take the club forward 
On 31 January 2014, under controversial circumstances, it was reported that manager Brian McDermott had been removed from his position as the club's manager following a string of poor results, while the controversy surrounding the club was resolved  New club captain Ross McCormack expressed his support for the former manager  By 3 February the BBC was reporting that McDermott had been called by a lawyer representing Massimo Cellino "and told he had been relieved of his duties"  However, Cellino still did not own the club, as the Football League had not yet approved his purchase, so neither he nor his lawyer could dismiss the manager  McDermott, therefore, remained in his post After weeks of speculation regarding the purchase of Leeds United, on 7 February 2014, Leeds United had announced that they had exchanged contracts for the sale of Leeds to Cellino's family consortium Eleonora Sport Ltd  The deal saw the Cellino family acquire a 75% ownership of the club, subject to Football League Approval At its meeting on 23 March 2014, the board of the Football League decided unanimously that Cellino's conviction by an Italian court meant that he did not meet its owners and directors test, so could not take over Leeds United In the backdrop of Cellino's takeover, Leeds suffered an appalling second half of the season, dropping from the play-off places to the fringes of the relegation battle  In the end, the weak performances of the teams below Leeds meant that they were never in any real danger of going down, and a late run of wins put survival beyond doubt well before the end of the season  However, McDermott still resigned his position a few weeks after the season ended 

2014–2017: Cellino era
On 5 April, Cellino was successful in his appeal with independent QC Tim Kerr to take over the club  The takeover was completed on 10 April, with Cellino's company, Eleonora Sport Limited, buying 75% of the club's shares  Two months later, the inexperienced Dave Hockaday was surprisingly appointed head coach, with Junior Lewis hired as his assistant  After only 70 days, the pair were fired by Cellino  Darko Milanič was given the head coach position in September 2014 becoming the club's first manager from outside the British isles and the first Slovene manager in English football, but left the club the following month  On 1 November 2014, Neil Redfearn was confirmed as the new head coach On 1 December 2014, Cellino was disqualified by the Football League after it obtained documents from an Italian court, where he was found guilty of tax evasion  He was disqualified from running the club until 10 April 2015, and on 24 February 2015, Cellino announced he would not be returning to the club after his ban ended  Redfearn was replaced by former Manchester City Player Uwe Rösler as head coach in the summer of 2015, but Rosler was himself replaced by Steve Evans after only a few months in the role On 30 October 2015, Cellino agreed a deal in principle with Leeds Fans Utd to sell a majority stake in the club  When asked to legally commit to an exclusivity period to allow due diligence to commence, he reneged On 2 June 2016, Garry Monk was appointed as the new head coach, replacing Steve Evans  On 4 January 2017, Italian businessman Andrea Radrizzani purchased a 50% stake in the club from Massimo Cellino  At the close of the 2016/17 season, Leeds narrowly missed out on the play-offs  Leeds had been in the play-off positions for the majority of the season before a poor run of form in the final games saw them drop into seventh place  This was compounded by being knocked out in the fourth round of the FA Cup by non-league side Sutton United 1–0, who, at the time, were 84 places and three divisions below Leeds 

2017–present: Radrizzani takeover and Premier League return
On 23 May 2017, Radrizzani announced a 100% buyout of Leeds United, buying the remaining 50% shares from previous co-owner Massimo Cellino, with Radrizzani taking full ownership of the club  Garry Monk resigned as head coach two days after the takeover, after one season at the club in which he guided them to seventh place  In June 2017, former Spain international Thomas Christiansen was announced as the new head coach  This was followed by Radrizzani introducing Leeds United Ladies back to Leeds United ownership  Also in June, Radrizzani completed the purchase of Elland Road from Jacob Adler's company, Teak Commercial Limited for £20 million, using his own company Greenfield Investment Pte Ltd On 4 February 2018, Christiansen was dismissed after a bad run of games, leaving the team 10th in the Championship table  On 6 February, Paul Heckingbottom was confirmed as Christiansen's replacement  On 24 May 2018, Leeds announced that 49ers Enterprises had bought shares in the club to become a minority investor  The 49ers Enterprises is the business arm of the NFL side San Francisco 49ers, owned by Denise DeBartolo York, Jed York, and John York Heckingbottom was dismissed by Leeds on 1 June 2018 after being at the club for just four months  Argentine manager Marcelo Bielsa was named the club's new manager on 15 June, signing a two-year contract with an option of a third year  In doing so he became the highest-paid manager in Leeds United's history Bielsa's first season in charge saw Leeds make an impressive start and Leeds remained in the top 2 with Norwich City for the majority of the season, on course for automatic promotion to the Premier League  However, a poor end to the season saw the team lose out on automatic promotion to Sheffield United  They entered the play-offs against Derby County; despite winning the first leg 1–0, they ultimately lost 4–3 on aggregate which consigned them to another season in the championship On 17 July 2020, after 16 years out of the Premier League, Leeds were promoted back to the top flight following West Bromwich Albion's loss to Huddersfield Town  Stoke City's defeat of Brentford the following day confirmed they would go up as winners of the Championship  Leeds had been in the top 2 for most of the season and had never dropped lower than 5th in the table, eventually going on to finish 10 points clear of West Brom in 2nd The club’s first season back in the Premier League produced a top half finish, their points tally was the most by a newly promoted side since Ipswich Town two decades earlier  However, the following season was not as successful and following a series of poor results, Bielsa was dismissed by the club in February 2022  Jesse Marsch was appointed as Bielsa's replacement, and he successfully led the club to avoid relegation on the final day of the season  Marsch was dismissed by the club in February 2023, and was replaced by Javi Gracia  Gracia was dismissed in May, having won just three of his twelve games in charge, he was replaced by Sam Allardyce as the club aimed to avoid relegation for the second successive season, but he was unable to prevent relegation as Leeds dropped back into the Championship on the final day of the season 

Colours
In Leeds' first 15 years, the club kit was modelled on Huddersfield Town's blue and white striped shirts, white shorts and dark blue socks with blue and white rings on the turnovers, because Huddersfield's chairman Hilton Crowther was attempting to merge the two clubs  He eventually left Huddersfield to take over at Leeds In 1934, Leeds switched to blue and yellow halved shirts incorporating the city crest, white shorts and blue socks with yellow tops  The kit was worn for the first time on 22 September 1934  In 1950, Leeds switched to yellow shirts with blue sleeves and collars, white shorts and black, blue and gold hooped socks  In 1955, Leeds changed again to royal blue shirts with gold collars, white shorts, and blue and yellow hooped socks, thus echoing the original Leeds City strip  In 1961, Don Revie introduced a plain white strip throughout 

Badge
Leeds United's first badge appeared in 1934  Like Leeds City before them, the club adopted the coat of arms of Leeds, which remained on the kit in various guises until 1961  For a number of seasons after 1961–62, when the all-white strip replaced the blue and gold, the shirts sported no badge at all A perching owl badge was added to the strip in 1964  The design was a surprise given Revie's superstition about the symbolism of birds  The owl derived from the three owls that feature on the city's coat of arms, which in turn were taken from the coat of arms of Sir John Savile, the first alderman of Leeds  The owl was usually navy blue, but was coloured gold for the 1968 Football League Cup Final Between 1971 and 1973, Leeds used the "LUFC" script that runs down the centre of the current badge, albeit in a diagonal fashion rather than the present vertical  The script made a reappearance on the 'retro-look' Asics kit used during the 1995–96 season  In 1973 came the embodiment of 1970s imagery with the iconic "smiley" badge, made up of the letters L and U in bubble writing  Revie's predilection for gimmicks was years ahead of its time, and done with the explicit intention of gaining acceptance from a public outside West Yorkshire  In 1977, the smiley badge was rotated through 45° and the yellow and blue colours were reversed  The yellow smiley returned the following year, but was now enclosed in a circle surrounded by the words "LEEDS UNITED AFC" In the 1978–79 season, a new badge appeared that was similar to that of the previous season, except now the words "LEEDS UNITED AFC" enclosed a stylised peacock (a reference to the club's nickname, "The Peacocks") rather than the yellow smiley In 1984, another badge was introduced which lasted until 1998  The distinctive rose and ball badge used the traditional blue, gold and white colours, and incorporated the White Rose of York, the club's name, and a football (a truncated icosahedron similar to the Adidas Telstar, but in Leeds colours) in the core section In the 1998–99 season, the club logo was replaced with a more "European" shield design  The shield retained the white rose, as well as the blue, gold and white colours, with "LUFC" reading vertically down the centre  In 1999, the badge was slightly amended in that the football from the 1984 badge was added to the centre of the white rose On 20 February 2019, Leeds United revealed a predominantly gold coloured badge that would be worn on the players' kit during the club's centenary season  The badge retained the existing shield design, but replaced the "LUFC" script with the words "LEEDS UNITED" above and "100 YEARS" below the shield  The crest also carried the date "1919", the year that the club was founded, as well as the centenary year "2019" 

Stadium
Leeds United have only ever used one stadium as their home ground, Elland Road, where they have played at since their foundation in 1919  An all-seater stadium situated in Beeston, Leeds, West Yorkshire, England, it is the 14th largest football stadium in England  Elland Road was previously occupied by their predecessors, Leeds City before their disbanding  After their formation, the council allowed them to rent the stadium until they could afford to buy it  With the exception of periods from the 1960s until 1983, and from 1997 to 2004, the local council owned the stadium  However, it was sold by the club in October 2004, with a 25-year sale-leaseback deal being agreed, and a commercial buy-back clause also included for when the club's finances improve sufficiently Initially, the ground was the home of the Holbeck Rugby Club, which played in the Northern Rugby Union, the forerunner of the Rugby Football League  One of Leeds' first nicknames, 'The Peacocks', comes from the original name of Elland Road – 'The Old Peacock ground'  It was named by the original owners of the ground, Bentley's Brewery, after its pub The Old Peacock, which still faces the site  The newly formed Leeds City agreed to rent and later own Elland Road  After their disbandment, it was sold to Leeds United  The most recent stand at Elland Road is the East, or Family, Stand, a cantilever structure completed during the 1992–93 season that can hold 17,000 seated spectators  It is a two-tiered stand that continues around the corners and is the largest part of the stadium  The Don Revie Stand was opened at the start of the 1994–95 season, and can hold just under 7,000 seated spectators  The roof of the West Stand holds a television commentary gantry and walkway for TV personnel  Elland Road was named in December 2009 as one of the contenders for the England 2018 World Cup bid  As a result of the bid, Leeds drew up plans to redevelop parts of Elland Road and increase the stadium's capacity  Ken Bates also revealed plans to take out the executive boxes out of the South Stand to increase the starting capacity by a further 2,000–3,000  More executive boxes would be built in the east stand Alex Ferguson has said that Elland Road has one of the most intimidating atmospheres in European football A statue of legendary captain Billy Bremner was unveiled outside the stadium in 1999 in the area known as 'Bremner Square'  Then a bronze statue for Leeds' most successful manager Don Revie was also unveiled in 2012, celebrating the 40th anniversary of the club winning the FA Cup  As part of the renovation of the Bremner statue in summer 2018, a 'Bremner Square XI' was announced  The XI featured ten further 'legendary Leeds players' who have engraved stones featuring their key stats and achievements during their careers with Leeds United On 28 June 2017, new Leeds owner Andrea Radrizzani completed the re-purchase of Elland Road, via his investment company, Greenfield Investment Pte Ltd, the company used to buy Leeds  Leeds will have a period of paying no rent and be able to invest in other areas of the club  In July 2018, Elland Road was voted 'Best Ground in the Championship' by football supporters 

Supporters
In 2003, Peter Reid commented on the support at Elland Road after being relieved of his managerial duties, saying that "In 30 years I've never seen support like I did at the Leeds/Arsenal game a couple of weeks ago  The fans at Leeds are fantastic " Two other former Leeds managers have also spoken highly of the club's supporters; Kevin Blackwell said "fans will follow them everywhere" and David O'Leary commented "There is an immense fan base and they are still with the club" Leeds supporters are renowned for singing the signature song "Marching on Together" before and during matches  Other notable songs Leeds fans sing during games include "We Are The Champions, Champions of Europe" (more commonly known as WACCOE) in reference to the 1975 European Cup Final which Leeds lost due to dubious refereeing decisions  Riots by the Leeds fans during the match led to UEFA banning the club from European competition for four years, although this was reduced to two years on appeal Famous Leeds supporters include: actors Ralph Ineson, Russell Crowe, Matthew Lewis, Nikolaj Coster-Waldau; comedian Jon Richardson, and boxer Josh Warrington Leeds United supporters also have their own salute  Leeds are 10th in the all-time average attendance figures for the Football League and Premier League  They have the third most rivalries in the English League  Alex Ferguson once said that Elland Road has one of the most intimidating atmospheres in European football An LGBT fans' group, Marching Out Together, was formed in 2017 and sits on the club's Supporters' Advisory Group  There is also a group for Sikh supporters, called Punjabi Whites  The Leeds United Disabled Organisation (LUDO) was founded in 1992  There is a well-known hooligan firm amongst the fans known as the Leeds United Service Crew 

Rivalries
Leeds' main rivals are widely considered to be Manchester United  As the largest cities within the historic counties of Yorkshire and Lancashire, animosity between the regions date back to the Wars of the Roses, although more recent tensions between the football clubs date back to the 1960s and the iconic managers of Don Revie and Matt Busby 
The rivalry has been described as one of the fiercest in world football, and the most intense and inexplicable in England  Alex Ferguson described Elland Road as 'hostile' and 'frightening', and stated that the ferocity of games between the two surpassed the ones with Liverpool On the pitch, the clubs have competed for league titles and cups in the 1960s, 1970s, 1990s, and early 2000s; while players such as Johnny Giles, Gordon Strachan, and Eric Cantona have been highly successful after moving between the clubs  Leeds' relegation to the Football League in 2004 caused a long interval in games between the two, although promotion in 2020 restored their top flight status Leeds' secondary rivals are generally regarded to be Chelsea, which largely stems from the 1970 FA Cup Final  The clubs competed at the top end of the Premier League in the late 1990s and early 2000s and games were often bad-tempered  While the rivalry has subsided with Leeds' relegation, controversial figures such as Ken Bates and Dennis Wise – both of whom had long associations with Chelsea – presided over the club's relegation to the third division in 2007 and subsequent administration, prolonging the enmity Leeds also hold extreme bitterness towards the Turkish club Galatasaray following the deaths of the two supporters the night before a UEFA Cup semi-final in Istanbul in April 2000  During the game, supporters of Galatasaray mocked the deaths, while their team refused to wear black armbands  The then Leeds chairman Peter Ridsdale accused the club of 'lacking common decency' 

Music
The single 'Leeds United' was released in April 1972 to coincide with the team reaching the 1972 FA Cup Final, composed by Les Reed and Barry Mason with the team providing the vocals  The record stayed in the UK Singles Chart for almost three months, peaking at number 10  The B-side 'Leeds! Leeds! Leeds!' (commonly known as Marching on Together) has since become the club's anthem and is regularly sung by supporters 

Records
Striker Peter Lorimer is currently the club's all-time record goal scorer, scoring 238 in his 19 years at the club across two spells; he is also the youngest player to ever play for the club  The most goals managed in a single season for the club is 43 by John Charles, in the 1953–54 season  The fastest goal in the club's history was scored by Jermaine Wright, when he scored after just ten seconds against Burnley in November 2004 The record transfer fee paid by Leeds for a player was around £30 million for Hoffenheim forward Georginio Rutter  The highest transfer fee received for a Leeds player was approximately £60 million from Barcelona for Raphinha; it surpassed their previous highest transfer fee received, when they sold Rio Ferdinand to Manchester United for a then transfer record for a defender twenty years earlier The club's record attendance is 57,892 against Sunderland at Elland Road, in a fifth round FA Cup replay in 1967  The highest league record at Elland Road was 52,368 for a competitive match against Manchester United on 17 April 1965 Leeds' highest ever league finish is first in the First Division in the 1968–69, 1973–74 and 1991–92 seasons  Their lowest ever league finish was fifth in League One in 2007–08, finishing the season by losing to Doncaster Rovers in the play-off final  This was their first ever season in the third tier of English football Leeds' longest ever unbeaten run in the league was between 19 October 1968 and 30 August 1969, to which they remained unbeaten for thirty-four games on their way to the First Division title   Their longest run of consecutive victories in the league is nine, which they achieved between 26 September 1931 and 21 November 1931 (in the Second Division) 

Players
First-team squad
As of 9 July 2023Note: Flags indicate national team as defined under FIFA eligibility rules  Players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality 

Out on loan
Note: Flags indicate national team as defined under FIFA eligibility rules  Players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality 

Reserves and Academy
Management
First-team staff
Updated to match played 05 July 2023Source: Leeds United Official Site

Medical and analysis team
Updated to match played 05 July 2023Source: Leeds United and Yorkshire Evening Post

Scouting team
Updated to match played 05 July 2023Source: Yorkshire Evening Post

Owners and directors
Source:

Updated to match played 1 May 2018Source: Leeds United Official Website

Managers
The club's most recent manager Sam Allardyce was the fortieth permanent holder of the position since Leeds were founded  Leeds have also had ten caretaker managers, three of whom had previously occupied the role on a full-time basis, and one of whom occupied the role three times  The most successful manager of Leeds United is Don Revie, who won two First Division titles, two Inter-Cities Fairs Cups, one Second Division title, one FA Cup, one League Cup, and one Charity Shield in his 13-year reign as manager  He is also the club's longest-serving manager, presiding over 740 games from 1961 to 1974 

Honours
Domestic
First Division/Premier League

Winners: 1968–69, 1973–74, 1991–92
Runners-up: 1964–65, 1965–66, 1969–70, 1970–71, 1971–72Second Division/Championship

Winners: 1923–24, 1963–64, 1989–90, 2019–20
Runners-up: 1927–28, 1931–32, 1955–56
Play-off runners-up: 1987, 2006League One

Runners-up: 2009–10
Play-off runners-up: 2008FA Cup

Winners: 1971–72
Runners-up: 1964–65, 1969–70, 1972–73League Cup

Winners: 1967–68
Runners-up: 1995–96FA Charity Shield

Winners: 1969, 1992
Runners-up: 1974

European
European Cup

Runners-up: 1974–75European Cup Winners' Cup

Runners-up: 1972–73Inter-Cities Fairs Cup

Winners: 1967–68, 1970–71
Runners-up: 1966–67Inter-Cities Fairs Cup Trophy Play-Off

Runners-up: 1971
Passage 6:
Darrius Johnson
Darrius Dashone Johnson (September 17, 1973 – February 25, 2021) was an American professional football player who was a cornerback for the Denver Broncos and Kansas City Chiefs of the National Football League (NFL) 
The Broncos selected Johnson out of Oklahoma in the fourth round of the 1996 NFL Draft   Johnson played in 61 games for the Broncos from 1996 to 1999, during which he had two interceptions, both in 1998   One of his biggest games was a 1999 playoff game against the Miami Dolphins, where Johnson had a 44-yard interception return and caused a fumble which was returned for a touchdown   Johnson was a member of the Broncos' Super Bowl XXXII and XXXIII championship squads   Johnson played briefly for the Kansas City Chiefs in 2003   
Franciose Johnson wife of Darrius Johnson reported he died of sudden heart failure on February 25, 2021, and after extensive examination of the brain it was determined that Darrius Johnson died with Stage 3 CTE 
Context 3: Passage 1:
José Daniel Valencia
José Daniel Valencia (born 3 October 1955) is an Argentine former professional footballer who played as an attacking midfielder  He is perhaps most famous for having been part of the 1978 World Cup winning squad 

Club career
Valencia started his club career at Gimnasia y Esgrima de Jujuy but was soon transferred to Talleres de Córdoba, the club at which he would play most of his career 
At Talleres, Valencia suffered the disappointment of finishing runner-up in Nacional 1977, finishing third in Metropolitano 1980, and losing the semi-finals on four occasions 
In 1986, he  had a spell in Ecuadorian football with Liga Deportiva Universitaria de Quito, but only stayed one year before returning to Talleres for a further two seasons 
In 1988, he left Talleres to play for third division club Guaraní Antonio Franco in Misiones, Argentina  After a short spell in the lower leagues, he made a brief return to the first division with Rosario Central in 1989 before moving to Bolivia where he played for Club Jorge Wilstermann and then Club San José 
At San José, he again experienced the disappointment of being a losing finalist on two occasions; in the 1991 Clausura and the 1992 season  He also got his first taste of Copa Libertadores football, but with little success, as San José finished bottom of their group in both 1992 and 1993 
Valencia retired from club football in 1993 at the age of 37 

International career
The highlight of Valencia's footballing career came in 1978 when he was selected to represent Argentina at the FIFA World Cup tournament  Although he featured in the first game, he was dropped due to a tactical reshuffle by manager César Luis Menotti  He was unlucky to miss out on the World Cup final in the Monumental stadium, but he did play a part in helping Argentina win their first World Cup 
Valencia was selected to play for Argentina at 1982 World Cup, but the team had a disappointing campaign, eliminated in the second group phase  He retired from international football at the end of the tournament, having represented his country 41 times, scoring five goals 

Honours
Club
Talleres de Córdoba

Copa Hermandad: 1977
Liga Cordobesa de Fútbol: 1975, 1976, 1977, 1978, 1979

International
Argentina

FIFA World Cup: 1978
Passage 2:
Mariano Campodónico
Mariano Alejandro Campodónico (born 4 May 1974) is a retired Argentine footballer who played as a forward and current manager  He is the brother of former footballer Pablo Campodónico 

Career
Campodónico started his career in 1994, his first club was Banfield, he remained with them for four years before joining Platense with whom he made 17 appearances  1999 saw Campodónico leave Platense and complete a move to San Martín (SJ) before subsequently agreeing to join Arsenal de Sarandí in 2000 and El Porvenir in 2001  In 2002, Campodónico moved out of Argentina for the first-team as he agreed to sign for Venezuelan Primera División club Caracas, however his spell with Caracas was short as he soon departed to join Ecuadorian Serie A side Aucas One year later he left to join fellow Ecuadorian team Deportivo Quito  Moves to Gimnasia, Chiapas, Ferro Carril Oeste and Belgrano followed between 2003 and 2007  In 2004, Campodónico, playing for Ferro Carril Oeste scored twice against Sarmiento  Sarmiento's goalkeeper was Campodónico's own brother, Pablo  Mariano told reporters that "this was the worst thing that's happened to me in my football career"  In 2006, while playing for Belgrano, Campodónico was sentenced to eight days in prison for making "obscene gestures" at the opposing team during a football game He joined Nueva Chicago in 2007 and made 12 appearances before leaving not long after joining to complete a transfer to San Martín (T)  6 goals in 10 appearances followed for San Martín (T) before Campodónico moved to Paraguay to play for Cerro Porteño  He was with Cerro Porteño for one season, 2008, before eventually joining Aldosivi, which meant he was at the same team as his brother, Pablo, for the first-time  After leaving Aldosivi, he joined All Boys before then moving to Belgrano (second spell), Temperley and Talleres  Campodónico played for Mitre in 2015 and Cañuelas in 2016 before announcing his retirement 

Coaching career
Retiring in the summer 2017, Campodónico began his coaching career at his last club as a player, Cañuelas, where he was appointed manager on 28 December 2017  However, he decided to resign on 19 June 2018 A few days after leaving Cañuelas, Campodónico was appointed manager of Club Luján at the end of June 2018  After only two victories, four draws and seven defeats, he was fired 15 October 2018 On 3 February 2019, Campodónico was appointed manager of Sacachispas FC  He left his position on 16 September 2019 After Israel Damonte was appointed manager of Huracán on 3 January 2020, Campodónico also joined the club as his assistant coach, alongside his brother, Pablo Campodónico, who was appointed goalkeeper coach  They left in March 2021

Honours
Club
San Martín (T)Primera B Nacional (1): 2007–08
Passage 3:
Luis Artime
Luis Artime (born 2 December 1938) is an Argentine former footballer, who played as a striker, and scored more than 1,000 goals during his career  His son Luis Fabián Artime is also a retired Argentine footballer who played in the 1990s 

Club career
Artime was born in Parque Civit in Mendoza Province  He had a remarkably successful career in club football, he was top scorer four times in the Argentine league, three times in the Uruguayan league and once in the Copa Libertadores  He won one Argentine league title, three Uruguayan league titles and the Copa Libertadores in 1971 
Artime started his career at Club Atlético Atlanta but in 1962 he was transferred to Argentine giants River Plate where he became the top scorer in Argentina on three occasions  In 1966 he moved to Independiente where he helped the team to win the Nacional 1967, he was also topscorer in the tournament 
In 1969, he moved to Brazil to play for Palmeiras, but he did not stay long, and soon left to join Nacional of Uruguay  His first spell at Nacional was the most productive of his career; he won three Urugauyan league titles in a row, topscoring in each tournament, and in 1971 he helped the team to win the Copa Libertadores 
In 1972, he tried his luck in Brazil for a second time, but returned to Nacional in Uruguay after only one season at Fluminense  His second spell at Nacional was overshadowed by the successes of eternal rivals Peñarol  Artime retired from football in 1974 

International career
Playing for the Argentina national football team, Artime scored 24 goals in 25 caps, making him Argentina's 8th highest goalscorer to date  His strike rate of 0 96 goals per game for Argentina also makes him one of the most prolific goalscorers in Argentine international football  He played at the 1966 FIFA World Cup and at the South American Championship 1967, where he was the top goalscorer 

Honours
Club
Independiente

Argentine Primera División: 1967 NacionalPalmeiras

Campeonato Brasileiro: 1969Nacional

Uruguayan Primera División: 1969, 1970, 1971
Copa Libertadores: 1971
Intercontinental Cup: 1971

National Team
Argentina

Taça das Nações: 1964

Individual
Primera Division Argentina Top Scorer: 1962 (25 goals), 1963 (25 goals), 1966 (23 goals), Nacional 1967 (11 goals)
South American Championship Top Scorer: 1967 (5 goals)
Primera División Uruguaya Top Scorer: 1969 (24 goals), 1970 (21 goals), 1971 (16 goals)
Copa Libertadores Top Scorer: 1971 (10 goals)
Copa Intercontinental Top Scorer: 1971 (19 goals)
Passage 4:
José Aveiro
José Raúl Aveiro Lamas (born 18 July 1936) is a Paraguayan former professional footballer who played as a striker 

Career
Born in Asunción, Aveiro played for Sportivo Luqueño, Valencia, Valencia Mestalla, Elche, Ontinyent and Constància He was also a member of the Paraguay national team between 1957 and 1959 
Passage 5:
List of Valencia CF Femenino seasons
This is a list of seasons played by Valencia CF Femenino, the women's section of Spanish football club Valencia CF, and its predecessor DSV Colegio Alemán  The team was created in its original form in 1998, and has represented Valencia CF since the 2009–10 season 

Summary
Passage 6:
Higinio Ortúzar
Higinio Ortúzar Santamaría (10 January 1915 – 8 November 1982) was a Chilean footballer who made his entire career in Spain 

Career
The first Chilean in the Spanish football, he made his debut for Erandio Club in 1935, and next he played for Barakaldo CF, Athletic Bilbao, Valencia CF, Real Valladolid and Real Sociedad  He was loaned to Racing de Santander in 1936 for 4,500 pesetas, but he couldn't play due to the Spanish coup of July While at Athletic (one of few players born outside the Basque region to play for the club under their signing policy and the only from Chile in the history), he won a League and Cup double in 1943, and followed this up with further league titles playing for Valencia in 1944 and 1947  In his 30s he featured for Valladolid and Real Sociedad in successive seasons, helping each to gain promotion from the second tier 
After retiring as a player, he became a football coach, and managed sides including CD Logroñés 

Personal life
Born in Santiago, Chile, his parents were Basques  He returned to Euzkadi at early age, after his mother died He made his home in Areeta and managed a bar in Mayor Street 
Passage 7:
1998–99 Valencia CF season
Valencia CF had a successful season, finishing in the top four of La Liga and thus qualifying for the UEFA Champions League for the first time in almost 30 years, thanks to the extension of the competition to include more teams from the top leagues  Valencia also won the Copa del Rey, ending a long trophy drought and marking a successful end to Italian coach Claudio Ranieri's first spell at the club  Among the main players behind the success included Gaizka Mendieta, Javier Farinós and lethal striker Claudio López 
At the end of the season, Ranieri left to manage Atlético Madrid; he was replaced by Argentine Héctor Cúper, who had led Mallorca to third place and the Cup Winners' Cup final 

Squad
Squad at end of seasonNote: Flags indicate national team as defined under FIFA eligibility rules  Players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality 

Transfers
Left club during season
Note: Flags indicate national team as defined under FIFA eligibility rules  Players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality 

Competitions
La Liga
League table
Results by round
Matches
Top scorers
Claudio López 21
 Adrian Ilie 11
 Angulo 8
 Gaizka Mendieta 7
 Stefan Schwarz 4

Copa del Rey
Eightfinals

Quarterfinals
Semifinals
Final
UEFA Intertoto Cup
Quarterfinals
Semifinals
Finals
UEFA Cup
First round
Second round
Statistics
Players statistics
Passage 8:
Mario Kempes
Mario Alberto Kempes Chiodi (Spanish pronunciation: [ˈmaɾjo alˈβeɾto ˈkempes ˈtʃjoði], Italian: [ˈkjɔːdi]; born 15 July 1954) is an Argentine former professional footballer who played as a striker or attacking midfielder  A prolific goalscorer, he finished as La Liga's top goalscorer twice with Valencia where he amassed 116 goals in 184 league games 
At international level, Kempes was the focal point of Argentina's 1978 World Cup win where he scored twice in the final and received the Golden Boot as top goalscorer  He also won the Golden Ball for the player of the tournament, making him one of only three players to have won all three awards at a single World Cup, along with Garrincha in 1962 and Paolo Rossi in 1982 
Kempes won South American Footballer of the Year, Onze d'Or European footballer of the Year and World Cup Golden Ball in 1978  In 2004, he was named as one of the Top 125 greatest living footballers as part of FIFA's 100th anniversary celebration  Kempes was nicknamed El Toro and El Matador 

Club career
Kempes was born in Bell Ville, Córdoba  His father, Mario Quemp, was of German heritage  His mother, Teresa Chiodi, was Italian



ground_truth: Pac-12 Conference

prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: When was the club formed, for which Adam  Johnson played as well as Middlesbrough and Watford ?

The following are given passages.
Context 3:  At the age of seven he began playing with a junior team and at fourteen he joined the Talleres reserves 
Kempes' career started at local club Instituto, where he played alongside Osvaldo Ardiles before quickly moving on to Rosario Central, where he established himself as a remarkable goalscorer, scoring 85 goals in 105 matches, prompting Valencia to sign him  At Mestalla he would go on to win the Copa del Rey, the European Cup Winners' Cup and the UEFA Super Cup as well as two consecutive Pichichis, scoring 24 and 28 goals in the 1976–77 and 1977–78 seasons  Famous as a hard-working forward, he used to strike from outside the penalty area with his surging runs towards goal and was not the traditional center-forward operating solely inside the box  Many defenders found difficulty handling his attacking style 
Before the 1978 World Cup, Kempes was the only foreign-based player on the list of coach César Luis Menotti's Argentina national team  when announcing the squad he had selected for the 1978 tournament, Menotti described him with these words: "He's strong, he's got skill, he creates spaces and he shoots hard  He's a player who can make a difference, and he can play in a centre-forward position "
Kempes had been the top scorer in La Liga the previous two seasons and was determined to show on home soil that he could deliver against the best on the sport's greatest stage  However, he had failed to get on the score-sheet in West Germany in 1974, at the age of 20, and after the first round group stage in 1978, his name was still missing among goal scorers in the tournament 
After leaving Valencia in 1984, Kempes spent two years at Hércules in nearby Alicante before spending six years at various Austrian clubs  His play declined in his 30s and he did not compete for top scorer honours in the Austrian top flight  He rounded off his career with stints at more obscure clubs in Indonesia, Chile and Albania during the 1990s 

International career
During his club career he won 43 caps for Argentina and scored 20 times  He represented his country in three World Cups in 1974, 1978 and 1982, winning the competition in 1978  He was the leading goalscorer in the 1978 tournament, scoring six goals in three braces: the first two in Argentina's first semi-final group stage match against Poland, another two against Peru, and the last two in the final against the Netherlands, which Argentina won 3–1  His second goal, in the 105th minute, was the game winner in extra time  However, in the same tournament, he notoriously stopped a goal with his hand in a second-round match against Poland  This resulted in a penalty kick that was promptly saved by Ubaldo Fillol  His goals in the 1978 World Cup Final were his last for Argentina at the age of just 23 
In 1978, he was named South American Football Player of the Year ("El Mundo," Caracas, Venezuela)  He was named by Pelé as one of the top 125 greatest living footballers in March 2004 

Managerial career
Kempes made his full-time managing debut in Albania  His brief spell with Lushnja was groundbreaking, as he became the first foreign manager who signed a foreign player in Albanian football history  His career in Albania came to a quick end in 1997  The following year, he landed a job with Venezuelan side Mineros de Guayana  In 1999, Kempes moved to Bolivia and managed The Strongest, before taking charge of Blooming in 2000  Previously, he had worked as assistant coach for Uruguayan manager Héctor Núñez in Valencia and as a player-manager of Indonesian League champions Pelita Jaya 

Commentary career
He currently works as a football analyst and commentator in Spanish for ESPN Deportes (ESPN's Spanish-language version)  With Fernando Palomo and Ciro Procuna he provides the commentary in the Latin American version of the FIFA franchise video games FIFA 13, FIFA 14, FIFA 15, FIFA 16, FIFA 17, FIFA 18, FIFA 19, FIFA 20, FIFA 21, FIFA 22 and FIFA 23 

Career statistics
Club
International
Scores and results list Argentina's goal tally first, score column indicates score after each Kempes goal 

Honours
Valencia

Copa del Rey: 1978–79
UEFA Cup Winners' Cup: 1979–80
UEFA Super Cup: 1980River Plate

Primera División: 1981 NacionalPelita Jaya

Galatama: 1993–94 Argentina

FIFA World Cup: 1978Individual

Argentine Primera División top scorers: 1974 Nacional, 1976 Metropolitan
Pichichi Trophy: 1977, 1978
FIFA World Cup Golden Boot: 1978
FIFA World Cup Golden Ball: 1978
FIFA World Cup All-Star Team: 1978
Ballon d'Or: 1978 - Le nouveau palmarès (the new winners)
Onze d'Or: 1978
Olimpia de Plata: 1978
South American Footballer of the Year: 1978
UEFA Cup Winners' Cup top scorers: 1979–80
FIFA 100: 2004
South American Player of the Century: Ranking Nº 23: 2006
Golden Foot: 2007, as football legend
Estadio Mario Alberto Kempes: 2010, The stadium in Córdoba, Argentina was named after him 
AFA Team of All Time (published 2015)
Passage 9:
Claudio López (footballer)
Claudio Javier López (Spanish pronunciation: [ˈklawðjo ˈlopes], born 17 July 1974) is an Argentine former footballer, who played as a forward  Nicknamed Piojo (louse), he is best known for his spells with Valencia in Spain and Lazio in Italy  López also had a notable impact in the Argentina national team, participating in two World Cups 

Club career
Early career
López began his professional career with Estudiantes de La Plata in his native Argentina in 1990 as a 16-year-old  However, he moved to Racing the next year, where he would remain until he transferred in 1996 to Spanish club Valencia 

Europe
After a slow start in 1996–97, Claudio López would enjoy a prolific spell with Valencia over the 3 years that followed, averaging 20 goals each season between 1997–98 and 1999–2000  That included a season best in 1998–99 which saw him find the net on 30 occasions across competitions to become the club's top scorer (3rd best in la Liga behind Raul and Rivaldo, despite taking fewer penalties than his rivals) 
Valencia entrenched their status as one of Spain's emerging clubs throughout the late 1990s, rising from their usual mid-table position to 4th in 1998–99 and 3rd in 1999–2000, which was Lopez's last season with the club  The Argentine formed a devastating partnership with Romanian Adrian Ilie and played alongside such stars as Jocelyn Angloma, Santiago Cañizares and Gaizka Mendieta, who would later be his teammate at Lazio as well 
López remained with Valencia for five years, helping the team to the final of the UEFA Champions League in the 1999–2000 season, when he was transferred to Lazio of Serie A for €35 million  During the first half of his spell in Italy's capital, he was partnered with compatriot Hernán Crespo in the front-line  However, López suffered from injury problems during his time at Lazio  During the 2000–2001 UEFA Champions League, he scored a direct goal from a corner kick against Anderlecht in the Stadio Olimpico 
After Crespo left for Inter in the summer of 2002, López was partnered with newcomer Bernardo Corradi  They formed a solid partnership that yielded a combined 25 Serie A goals as Lazio finished 4th to qualify for the Champions League under new coach Roberto Mancini  The Argentine scored 15 of those goals, his best league tally during his years in Italy; the 4th-place finish for Lazio was also the best the club would achieve until 2011–12 
In December 2002 he made headlines during a Serie A clash with Inter that ended 3-3: after netting a hat-trick that gave his side a 3-0 lead, Claudio López improvised an "Aserejé" goal celebration with teammate Bernardo Corradi, inspired by the dance routine of Spanish band Las Ketchup  In an interview 13 years later, he explained that the unexpected celebration had happened because "crazy Corradi enjoyed doing such things!"In the UEFA Cup, López found the net twice to help his team reach the semi-finals, where they would be knocked out by the eventual winners, Jose Mourinho's FC Porto  The following season was less successful for Lazio as they only finished 6th in Serie A and crashed out of the Champions League at the group stage  Claudio López only found the net 4 times in 36 appearances  He did manage, however, to win his second piece of silverware with the Roman club as they overcame Juventus in the two-legged Coppa Italia Final 

Mexico, return to Racing
López joined Club América for the 2004 Apertura, where he played in 17 games, scoring four goals  The following season, Clausura 2005 brought better results, with López scoring a total of 14 goals overall and helping the team to its tenth League championship in its history  It was his first and only league championship with any team  Claudio was instrumental to the team's success, also helping them win the CONCACAF Champions' Cup by scoring two goals in the Final over Tecos UAG  He played the 2006 FIFA Club World Cup 
In 2007 López returned to Racing, 11 years after his departure from the club, and the country  In most of those games, usually coming in as a late sub, López scored several important goals 

Major League Soccer
On 7 March 2008, it was announced López had signed with the Kansas City Wizards on a free transfer  López fell under the league's designated player qualification, which means only the first $415,000 of his salary counted against Kansas City Wizards’ team salary cap  He later had his contract restructured to take him below designated player status 
 He scored on his debut for Kansas City against D C  United on 29 March 2008 
On 23 February 2010 the Argentine striker left after two seasons Kansas City Wizards  "We would have liked to have Claudio back in 2010, but unfortunately it became clear early in the contract negotiations that we could not give him what he desired," Wizards Manager Peter Vermes said López was later signed by league rivals Colorado Rapids on 2 April 2010 After the 2010 MLS season Colorado declined López's contract option and Lopez elected to participate in the 2010 MLS Re-Entry Draft  López became a free agent in Major League Soccer when he was not selected in the Re-Entry draft 

International career
López had a distinguished career with Argentina  After winning a silver medal with the Under-23 team during the 1996 Summer Olympics, López made appearances in both the 1998 and 2002 World Cups  He scored a goal against the Netherlands in the 1998 FIFA World Cup quarter-final, when he kicked the ball between Edwin van der Sar's legs to tie the match temporarily, although Argentina were ultimately defeated 2–1 

Style of play
A talented, hardworking, and well-rounded forward, with notable tactical intelligence and versatility, López was capable of playing anywhere along the front-line, as a striker, in a supporting role, and on the wing  He was highly regarded for his pace, technique, and dribbling skills, as well as his powerful striking ability with his left foot  He was also an effective set-piece and penalty taker  Throughout his career, he was known by the nickname "El Piojo", meaning "the louse" 

Media
López was sponsored by sportswear company Nike and appeared in Nike commercials  In a global Nike advertising campaign in the run-up to the 2002 World Cup in Korea and Japan, he starred in a "Secret Tournament" commercial (branded "Scopion KO") directed by Terry Gilliam, appearing alongside football players such as Thierry Henry, Ronaldo, Edgar Davids, Fabio Cannavaro, Francesco Totti, Ronaldinho, Luís Figo and Hidetoshi Nakata, with former player Eric Cantona the tournament "referee" 

Career statistics
Club
International
Honours
Valencia

Copa del Rey: 1998–99
Supercopa de España: 1999
UEFA Intertoto Cup: 1998
UEFA Champions League runner-up: 1999–2000,Lazio

Coppa Italia: 2003–04
Supercoppa Italiana: 2000América

Primera División de México: Clausura 2005
Campeón de Campeones: 2005
CONCACAF Champions' Cup: 2006Colorado Rapids
MLS Cup: 2010
MLS Eastern Conference: 2010

See also
List of current MLS players with national team caps
Passage 10:
2002–03 Valencia CF season
Valencia CF did not succeed in defending their La Liga title, finishing in slumped 5th place  Los Che also got to the quarter-finals of the UEFA Champions League, where former coach Héctor Cúper and Inter got the upper hand over Valencia and Rafael Benítez  The main player during the season was Pablo Aimar, who was the only player making waves in the season, where the previously solid defense did not perform as previously 

Squad
Note: Flags indicate national team as defined under FIFA eligibility rules  Players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality 

Transfers
Competitions
La Liga
League table
Results by round
Matches
Copa del Rey
Round of 64
Round of 32
UEFA Champions League
First group stage
Group B
Second group stage
Group B
Quarter-finals
Statistics
Players statistics



ground_truth: 1919

prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: Which retired Argentine footballer who played as a forward was a main player for Valencia CF?

The following are given passages.
Context 4:  The total worldwide sales of the album surpassed 3,000,000 units  Two further tracks were released from the album which were more in the R&B field; "Inside That I Cried" charted at number ten in the US R&B chart and at number forty-two in the UK, while "Crazy Love" peaked at number thirty-one in the US and at number forty-four in the UK  The album was part of the resurgence of dance music in the United States during the mid-1990s 

Critical reception
Finally received generally mixed to positive reviews from music critics  Craig Lytle from AllMusic lauded the album in his review as "outstanding", and it being a "solidly produced collection"  Giving the set four out of five stars, he wrote that the album warranted an additional single release  Amy Linden from Entertainment Weekly stated that Peniston has "a good enough voice" (which she stressed as a novelty among dance-music dollies), but apart from its title single, plus the funky ode "Virtue", she ranked the rest of album a B− for being "mainly standard issue and pretty dull"  Elena Oumano from Los Angeles Times wrote, "Like Patti LaBelle, CeCe Peniston scales a broad range of vocal peaks with electrifying ease, but where LaBelle stoops to played-out histrionics, Peniston’s operatic soul vibrates with freewheeling, youthful gusto on this debut album  While this exuberance works best when matched to a hammering house mix, Peniston’s heroic gymnastics ring genuine even in ballads  She just seems to feel more than ordinary folk  But that astonishing voice demands exceptional material; “Lifeline” and other pedestrian vehicles seem all the weaker for Peniston’s formidable gift "

Accoladees
Finally was nominated for Best R&B/Soul Album – Female at the 1993 Soul Train Music Awards, but lost to What's the 411? by Mary J  Blige 

Chart performance
Initially, Finally entered the albums charts overseas  On February 2, 1992, the album debuted in the UK Albums Chart at number ten, its peak, spending nineteen weeks in total on the chart  On February 15, the album appeared for the first time in the Canadian Albums Chart at number sixty, as well as on the US Billboard 200 at number ninety-nine  In both countries, the album reached its peak position in its fourth week on the chart; number twenty in Canada, where it spent twenty-two weeks in the chart, and number seventy in the US, where it spent thirty-six weeks on the chart, of which eighteen were within the Top 100  In the Dutch MegaCharts, the album began its twelve-week run on February 22 at number ninety, reaching number thirty-one  In Billboard's component chart, the album debuted on the R&B/Hip-Hop chart on March 7 at number eighty-eight, and climbed to number thirteen on August 8, spending fifty-two weeks in the chart  In addition, the album charted for two weeks in Austria, peaking there at number thirty-eight, its debut, on March 8 

Track listing
Notes

^[a]  signifies an additional producer

Personnel
Technical

Producers: Daniel Abraham, Felipe Delgado, R K  Jackson, Steve Lindsey, Brian Malouf, David Morales, DeVante Swing
Engineers: Craig Marcus, Tony Maserati, Rob Paustian, John Poppo, Larry Stur
Assistant engineers: Lolly Grodner
Mixing: Daniel Abraham, Terry Burrus, David Morales, DeVante Swing, Elliot Peters
Re-mixing: Brian MaloufPerformers and musicians

Arrangers: Steve Lindsey, DeVante Swing
Vocal arrangements: Danny Madden
Drums: Ed Greene
Percussion: Lenny Castro, Bashiri Johnson, David Morales, Steve Lindsey
Drum programming: Felipe Delgado, R K  Jackson, Peter "Ski" Schwartz
Keyboards, synthesizers: John Barnes, Robbie Buchanan, Terry Burrus, Claude Gaudette, Khris Kellow, Eric Kupper, Steve Lindsey, Peter "Ski" Schwartz
Guitars: Charles Fearing, Grant Geissman, Dean Parks
Saxophone: Brandon Fields

Charts
Promo EP
Along with the release of Peniston's single "Keep On Walkin'", a four-track promo EP titled The Heart and Soul of CeCe Peniston (Four Selections from Finally) was issued in the United States in support of Finally 
Apart from her third US Dance number-one hit "Keep On Walkin'", the EP also featured "Crazy Love", which was also promoted with a single, as well as two other songs from Finally—"I See Love", and "You Win, I Win, We Lose" (with background vocals by Malaika) 
The artwork of the EP included altered pictures on its front and back cover 

Track listing
Personnel
CeCe Peniston – lead vocals
Steve Hurley – production
Daniel Abraham – production
DeVanté Swing – production, arrangement
Darryl Pearson – co-production, arrangement
Felipe Delgado – production
Rodney K  Jackson – production
Rusty D'Agnolo – additional production, engineering
Brian Malouf – additional production, remixing
Larry Sturm – engineering
Tony Maserati – engineering
Lolly Grodner – engineering assistanceRecording details

Songs recorded and mixed at Tangle Wood Studios, Chicago; Right Track Studios, NYC; Chung King Studios, NYC
Songs published by Last Song Inc, George You've Got It Music/O'Hara Music/Music Corp (BMI)/IDG (ASCAP), Big Arm Music (ASCAP), and Urban Tracks Music/Mainlot Music (Broadcast Music Incorporated)
Administration by Third Coast Music (ASCAP)
Passage 6:
Light Poles and Pine Trees
Light Poles and Pine Trees is the third album from the southern hip hop duo Field Mob, and their first, and only, under the Disturbing tha Peace imprint  It was released in stores on June 20, 2006  Originally, the premiere single from the album was to be the track Friday Night but did not make the final album cut, although it was still released in early 2006 as a radio promo and appeared on international editions as an extra bonus track  Instead the first official single from the album was the Jazze Pha produced song "So What" featuring R&B singer Ciara  This has become the duo's most successful hit to date, climbing to #10 on the US Billboard Hot 100, and #3 and #4 on the US Hot Rap Tracks and US Hot R&B/Hip Hop Songs charts, respectively The album itself achieved #1 on the US Billboard Top Rap Albums and #7 on the US Billboard 200  It has sold over 200,000 copies The track "Georgia" is a reprise, originally appearing on the compilation Disturbing tha Peace 
The track "Baby Bend Over" is believed to be the original source of the infamous Chop snare, a widely used electronic snare drum sample 

Track listing
"1, 2, 3" – 4:18
"My Wheels" – 4:11
"So What" (featuring Ciara) – 3:36
"Baby Bend Over" (featuring Polow da Don) – 3:48
"Smilin'" (featuring Ludacris) – 4:18
"Area Code 229" – 4:35
"Blacker the Berry (Skit)" - 1:09
"Blacker the Berry" – 4:25
"I Hate You" – 3:43
"At the Park" – 3:40
"Eat 'Em Up, Beat 'Em Up" – 4:59
"Pistol Grip" – 4:14
"Sorry Baby" (featuring Bobby V) – 3:26
"It's Over" – 3:32
"Georgia" (featuring Jamie Foxx & Ludacris) – 4:23
"Friday Night" (International Editions Only) - 3:45

Charts
Passage 7:
Sam Hunt discography
American singer Sam Hunt has released two studio albums, one mixtape, three extended plays, ten singles, and ten music videos  Hunt signed a record deal with MCA Nashville and launched his musical career with the release of the single "Raised on It" in 2013; it received moderate chart success, peaking at number 49 on Hot Country Songs  Then came the launch of his debut studio album Montevallo in October 2014  It topped the Top Country Albums chart and peaked at number three on the Billboard 200  It was certified 2× Platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA) and reached a million sales in the country by February 2016  The album also peaked at number two on the Canadian Albums Chart and received a Gold certification from Music Canada  Montevallo spawned five singles, including the international hit "Take Your Time", which peaked at number 20 on the Billboard Hot 100 and topped Hot Country Songs; it was later certified 4× Platinum by the RIAA 

Albums
Studio albums
Mixtapes
Extended plays
Singles
As lead artist
As featured artist
Promotional singles
Other charted songs
Music videos
Writing credits
Notes
Passage 8:
Finger Eleven
Finger Eleven is a Canadian rock band from Burlington, Ontario, formed in 1990  They have released seven studio albums (six as Finger Eleven and one as Rainbow Butt Monkeys), with their album The Greyest of Blue Skies bringing them into the mainstream  Their 2003 self-titled album achieved Gold status in the United States and Platinum in Canada, largely from the success of the single "One Thing", which marked the band's first placing on the US Hot 100 Chart at number 16  Their 2007 album, Them vs  You vs  Me launched the single "Paralyzer", which went on to top the Canadian Hot 100 and both US rock charts, as well as reaching No  6 on the US Hot 100 and No  12 on the Australian Singles Chart  They won the Juno Award for Rock Album of the Year in 2008  The same album was later certified gold in the US and multi-platinum in Canada  They released their sixth studio album, Life Turns Electric, on October 5, 2010; it was nominated as Best Rock Album of the Year at the Juno Awards of 2011  Five Crooked Lines, their 7th studio album, was released in 2015  Between 1995 and 2016, Finger Eleven was among the top 75 best-selling Canadian artists in Canada and among the top 25 best-selling Canadian bands in Canada 

History
Letters from Chutney (1990–1996)
Finger Eleven first formed at Lester B  Pearson High School in Burlington, Ontario as Stone Soul Picnic, then changed their name to Rainbow Butt Monkeys  One of their first shows was at a school Christmas concert in 1990, and they won the 97 7 CHTZ (Hits) HTZ FM's Rock Search competition  At the time, the band's lineup consisted of Scott Anderson (vocals), James Black (guitar, vocals), Rick Jackett (guitar), Sean Anderson (bass), and Rob Gommerman (drums) 
They were signed by Mercury Records and, after releasing four EPs, they issued the album Letters from Chutney (1995), which received generally favourable reviews  In 1996, they were taken on by the management company Coalition Entertainment 

Tip (1997–1999)
In 1997, the band changed its name to Finger Eleven, which came from a demo of their song "Thin Spirits"  Their first album under the new name was Tip, produced by Arnold Lanni (Our Lady Peace)  Mercury dropped the band after the album's release; they were then signed to Wind-up Records, which re-released the record in 1998  During this period, the band toured heavily, as part of Edgefest, the Vans Warped Tour and, several times, opening for Creed and Fuel  In 1999, the track "Quicksand" was used in the TV series Roswell (uncredited) Following the release of Tip, drummer Rob Gommerman left the band  He was replaced by Rich Beddoe, whom James Black had met at an Alice in Chains concert in Toronto several years earlier 

The Greyest of Blue Skies (2000–2002)
In 2000, Finger Eleven released The Greyest of Blue Skies, again produced by Arnold Lanni  The album was commercially successful in Canada and was certified Gold  This was another period of heavy touring, with the band playing X-Fest, Edgefest, K-Rockathon, and the four-city Canadian festival Summersault 2000  Finger Eleven also began appearing on its own, and headlining concerts with other bands A song from this album, "Suffocate", was used in the 2000 film Scream 3  In 2001, the song "Drag You Down" was used in the animated sitcom Daria  In 2002, Finger Eleven covered and remixed the entrance theme for wrestler Kane, a song they called "Slow Chemical", which was recorded and mixed at Metalworks Studios in Mississauga, Ontario  Kane used the song from 2002 to 2008  It was also used in WrestleMania 20 (2004), WrestleMania 22 (2006), WWE Backlash (2006), WrestleMania 23 (2007), and in the video game WWE SmackDown vs  Raw 2008, as well as on the soundtrack for 2004's film The Punisher 

Finger Eleven (2003–2006)
The band's 2003 self-titled album, Finger Eleven, was produced by Johnny K  This album, characterized by screamed vocals over repetitive rock guitar rhythms, included the hit single "One Thing", which earned them their first US Gold and Canadian Platinum albums  "One Thing" reached No 16 on Billboard's U S charts, and appeared in the TV shows Scrubs, Smallville, and Third Watch (uncredited)  It was also used on World Wrestling Entertainment's 2007 edition of Raw, during a tribute video for Chris Benoit, who had killed himself and his family on June 25  In 2004, Finger Eleven won the MuchMusic Video Award for Best Video for "One Thing" and performed the song on Live with Regis and Kelly and The Tonight Show with Jay Leno In 2003, the Finger Eleven song "Good Times" was used in the soundtrack for the snowboard racing game SSX 3  "Good Times" and "Conversations" were used in the Nintendo video game 1080° Avalanche  In 2004, the song "Stay in Shadow" was used in the video game Burnout 3: Takedown  In 2005, "Thousand Mile Wish" was used in the soundtrack of the superhero film Elektra The band followed this success with a tour of North America, Europe, and Australia, from 2003 to 2005  They played numerous festivals and opened for Evanescence, Nickelback, and The Tragically Hip 

Them vs  You vs  Me (2007–2009)
Finger Eleven's fifth studio album, Them vs  You vs  Me, was released on March 6, 2007, with Johnny K returning as producer  The style on this album was more mellow than previous work  The lead single, "Paralyzer", became the band's biggest hit; it spent fifty weeks on the charts and reached No  6 on the U S  Hot 100 in November 2007, as well as attaining the No  1 spot in Canada and on U S  rock charts  The album also featured the singles "Falling On", "I'll Keep Your Memory Vague", and "Talking to the Walls" 
"Paralyzer" was included in the soundtrack of the 2007 Victoria's Secret Fashion Show, in a 2008 episode of the TV series Gossip Girl and, in 2009, in the soundtrack of the video game Band Hero 
In December 2007, the DVD Us-vs-Then-vs-Now was released, with footage spanning the band's career up to that point Them vs  You vs  Me was certified Gold in the U S  in March 2008, peaking at No  14 on the Hot 100  The album also won Rock Album of the Year at the Juno Awards of 2008  At the ceremony, the band performed live on national television with the Calgary Youth Orchestra During this period, Finger Eleven continued to tour heavily, playing various festivals and numerous concerts with Seether, 3 Doors Down, and Kid Rock  They also performed at the 2007 NHL Awards Show in Toronto and, in 2009, played a show for Canadian and US troops in Kandahar, Afghanistan

Life Turns Electric (2010–2012)
Finger Eleven's sixth album, Life Turns Electric, was released in October 2010  The first single from the record, "Living in a Dream", was released on iTunes in July of that year; it added elements of funk rock and dance rock  A music video for the second single, "Whatever Doesn't Kill Me", was released in January 2011  The video was directed by Alon Isocianu  The remaining singles, "Stone Soul" and "Pieces Fit", were released without music videos  The album received mixed reviews  It peaked at No 88 on the Billboard Charts Finger Eleven toured in support of the record throughout 2011 and 2012, again playing numerous festivals and concerts with Seether, Papa Roach, and Three Days Grace 

Five Crooked Lines (2013–2016)
At the end of 2013, drummer Rich Beddoe left the band; he was replaced by Steve Molella the following year  In the interim, Finger Eleven recorded their next album with session drummer Chris Powell  Also in 2013, Wind-Up Records' catalogue was sold to the Bicycle Music Company which, in 2015, merged with Concord Music Group, so that Finger Eleven's new label became Concord Bicycle Music 
The band toured during the summer of 2015 with Three Days Grace 
(In 2015, former Three Days Grace frontman Adam Gontier would team up with Beddoe, Staind guitarist Mike Mushok, and bassist Corey Lowery to form the supergroup Saint Asonia) Finger Eleven issued their seventh album, Five Crooked Lines, on July 31, 2015, and released the lead single "Wolves and Doors" to Canadian radio  The album received favourable reviews, charted for one week, and reached No 44 on the charts  They set out on their cross-Canada Fall of the Hammer Tour in support of the release  In some markets, the band participated with media partners in an opening-act contest 

Twentieth anniversary of Tip and Rainbow Butt Monkeys reunion (2017–present)
Finger Eleven scheduled three shows in southern Ontario to celebrate the twentieth anniversary of the Canadian release of Tip, on March 23 in Burlington, March 24 in St  Catharines, and March 31 in Toronto  All three of these shows had a similar format: there was an exclusively acoustic set, with Q&A before the show  For the main event, the band played Tip in its entirety; this was followed by an encore of Best of the Rest, a selection of band favourites from their other albums On June 9, 2018, the rockers performed as Rainbow Butt Monkeys for the first time since 1997, playing at Burlington's Sound of Music Festival and showcasing songs from their debut album, Letters from Chutney  They have since played festivals and concerts throughout North America On May 10, 2023, the band released a music video for their song "Together Right", their first new material in over seven years, from their upcoming compilation album 

Band members
Current
Scott Anderson – lead vocals (1990–present)
James Black – lead guitar, backing vocals (1990–present)
Rick Jackett – rhythm guitar (1990–present)
Sean Anderson – bass (1990–present)
Steve Molella – drums (2014–present)Past

Rob Gommerman – drums (1990–1998)
Rich Beddoe – drums (1998–2013)Session musicians

Chris Powell – drums (2014)

Timeline
Discography
Studio albums

Letters from Chutney (1995) (as Rainbow Butt Monkeys)
Tip (1997)
The Greyest of Blue Skies (2000)
Finger Eleven (2003)
Them vs  You vs  Me (2007)
Life Turns Electric (2010)
Five Crooked Lines (2015)

Awards and nominations
See also
Canadian rock
Music of Canada
Passage 9:
Nu Nu
"Nu Nu" is the second single of Chicago house-musc artist Lidell Townsell,which featured duo M T F  The song was released from his 1992 Mercury/PolyGram Records album release Harmony 

Chart performance
"Nu Nu" reached #1 on the US Hot Dance Music/Maxi Singles chart and #2 on the US Hot Dance Music/Club Play chart  It was #26 on the Billboard Hot 100 and #44 on the US Hot Hip-Hop & R&B Singles 

FannyPack version
New York's hip hop/electronica group FannyPack covered the song, renaming it "Nu Nu (Yeah Yeah)," in 2005  The Double J & Haze Extended Mix of this version appeared on the soundtrack of the 2006 film "Stick It" and on the soundtrack of the 2009 film "Fired Up!"This version was used in promos by American television network NBC on its weeknight talk show Late Night with Jimmy Fallon during 2010 

Austin Mahone/Pitbull Mmm Yeah sampled version
The 2014 song “Mmm Yeah,” sung by Austin Mahone and featuring Pitbull, heavily samples the lyrics and verses from “Nu Nu” and most notably samples the chorus 
Passage 10:
Birdman discography
The discography of American rapper Birdman consists of 5 studio albums (4 as a solo artist, and 1 collaborative album with rapper Lil Wayne), 2 mixtapes, 23 music videos, 48 singles, including 23 as a featured artist, and 7 promotional singles  In 2002, Birdman released his debut studio album Birdman (also known under the title Baby aka the #1 Stunna) under the recording name Baby  It peaked at number 24 on the US Billboard 200, spending 23 weeks on the chart  Three singles were released from the album; the first, "Do That   ", reached number 33 on the US Billboard Hot 100, and the second, "What Happened to That Boy", reached number 45 on the same chart  The third single, "Baby You Can Do It", only charted on the US Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Singles Sales chart  In 2003, Birdman collaborated with singer Ginuwine on the single "Hell Yeah" and rapper Bow Wow on the single "Let's Get Down", which reached numbers 17 and 14 respectively on the Hot 100 In 2005, Birdman released his second album Fast Money  It peaked at number 9 on the Billboard 200, and the album's two singles, "Get Your Shine On" and "Neck of the Woods", both charted in the top 75 of the US Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs chart  In 2006, Birdman released Like Father, Like Son, a collaboration album with fellow rapper Lil Wayne  It peaked at number three on the Billboard 200 and topped the Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums and Top Rap Albums charts  Like Father, Like Son produced four singles, including "Stuntin' Like My Daddy", which peaked at number 21 on the Hot 100  Birdman's third studio album 5 * Stunna was released in 2007, and included the singles "Pop Bottles" – which peaked at number 38 on the Hot 100 – "100 Million" and "I Run This" 
Birdman's fourth studio album Priceless was released in 2009  It peaked at number 33 on the Billboard 200, number 5 on the Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums chart and number 3 on the Top Rap Albums chart  Priceless included four singles; "Always Strapped", which peaked at number 54 on the Hot 100, "Written on Her", "Money to Blow", which peaked at number 26 on the Hot 100 and was certified platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA), and "4 My Town (Play Ball)", which peaked at number 92 on the Hot 100  In 2010, Birdman, Lil Wayne and singer Jay Sean appeared on the Kevin Rudolf single "I Made It (Cash Money Heroes)", which reached number 21 on the Hot 100 and charted in Australia, New Zealand and the United Kingdom  Since 2010, Birdman has also released the singles "Loyalty", "Fire Flame", "I Get Money", "Y U  Mad" and "Born Stunna", all of which have reached the top 65 of the Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs chart 

Albums
Studio albums
Collaboration albums
Mixtapes
Collaborative mixtapes
Singles
As lead artist
As featured artist
Promotional singles
Other charted and certified songs
Guest appearances
Music videos
As lead artist
See also
Big Tymers discography
Cash Money Millionaires discography

Notes



ground_truth: Claudio Javier López