prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: The historical Nimavar school in the Nimavar Bazaar, or bazar, is located in which country?

The following are given passages.
Context 1: Passage 1:
Dhussa
Dhusha, now Benighat Rorang is a Rural Municipality in Dhading District in the Bagmati Zone of central Nepal  At the time of the 1991 Nepal census it had a population of 6350  The Dhusha VDC office is located at Charaundi Bazar, which is one of the Commencing place of the White Water Rafting in Trishuli River which started longway back  The bazar is also the main business area for the whole VDC which is located along the Prithvi Highway  Like the general geographical status of the whole country, Dhusha rises from low altitude to medium - high altitude region  Charaundi Khola (Charaundi Stream), flows very close to the bazar 
Dhusha proudly boasts as it is one of the few Rural Municipality (VDCs) in the country which serves the country producing tonnes and tonnes of vegetables all the year round which mainly comprises Cabbage, Brinjal, Bitter Gourd, Tomato etc  The vegetable are sent to Kalimati Vegetable Market in Kathmandu and also various cities and towns in the country including Mugling, Narayanghat, Pokhara, Biratnagar, Dharan  It's one of the gateway to the Chitwan District via walking trail 
Tourism can be the next source of income in the VDC as the area is rich with natural resources  White water rafting is the main attraction in the area  Trishuli River, which is one of the famous river for White Water Rafting in the country, flows in between Dhusha (Dhading District) and Ghaylchowk VDC (Gorkha District)  The main rafting spots which are within the VDC are just 80 km (approx ) with some good resorts (Royal Beach Camp, Himalika Camp/Resort  etc )mainly targeted for tourist are opened in the area  The VDC is just 80 km (approx ) from Kathmandu, the capital city  "Nohak Gupha (Nohak Cave)" also lies within the VDC which can be one of the longest cave in the country though it is yet to be publicized and verified  Canyoning in also a major attraction for local and foreign tourist in the VDC 
Passage 2:
Old Bazaar, Gjakova
The Old Bazaar (Albanian: Pazari i vjetër; Serbian: Стари базар / Stari bazar) in Gjakova is the oldest bazaar in Kosovo (also known as Çarshia e Madhe (Grand Bazaar) or Dakovica  Mëhalla e Hadumit, the historical neighborhood where it is located also houses the city's oldest mosque, the Hadum Mosque (Xhamia e Hadumit), which dates from the 15th century 
The Grand Bazaar (from the Turkish: Çarşı meaning marketplace Albanian: Çarshia e Vjetër) was the heart of the economy in Gjakova, a city of trade and merchandise which served the villages around the municipality of Gjakova, the Junik zone and Gjakova’s highlands (Malësia e Gjakovës) on the border between Kosovo and Albania  The Old Bazaar was burnt and destroyed and then it was reconstructed after suffering damage during the 1999 war (the last war in Kosovo) 
Around the mosque lie the graves with sculpted decorations, with inscriptions engraved in the old Ottoman language  In the past, it was used to bury members of the popular families in Gjakova  Within the mosque’s complex were the hamam (Turkish bath) which was destroyed in 2008, the building of the old library, from 1671 (burnt by Serbian forces during the war of 1999 and totally ruined in 2000) and also meytepi from 1777 
The bazaar is linked to the city centre, just five minutes away via the IslamBegu Bridge  The bazaar covers an area of about  35,000 m2 (380,000 sq ft) and the length of its main road is 1 km, with about 500 shops situated along it  It is, however, still home to an active mosque, several türbes, and a clock tower, which was destroyed during the First Balkan War and was recently rebuilt 

History
Grand Bazaar of Gjakova arose with the appearance of the first craftsmen and the artisan processing produce; it arose then when Gjakova obtained the kasaba (small town) status, when in 1003 H (1594/95), Selman Hadim Aga donated some public facilities, which he had built himself to religious institutions the Hadum Mosque, a meytep (elementary religious school), a library, a muvakit-hane, “a building for measuring the time and determining the calendar by means of astrolabic quadrates", a public bath (hamam), an inn and some shops  For the maintenance of these facilities he asked from sultan to attach to his “vakif” some lands of sultan properties (hases), whose income should be used for the maintenance of the mentioned buildings and for the payment of the staff that would work there 
However, the first direct facts about the Grand Bazaar were provided by the Turk traveloguer Evlia Çelebi, who visited Gjakova in 1662 and, it seems, was amazed by the beauty and treasure of the city and of Gjakovar citizens  Among other things, he wrote: “Jakova has two thousand decorated houses located in a vast field  It has two beautiful mosques, mosques without a minaret (“mesjide”), inns covered in lead  It has a beautiful public bath (hamam) that pleases your heart and about three hundred shops with one thousand kinds of crafts  Referring to the impressions the Gjakovars left on him, he continues "Since it has a lovely climate, the inhabitants are good looking and kind" 
As it can be seen from the beginnings, there was a great number of shops in the Grand Bazaar, in which almost all kinds of trades were developed aiming at fulfilling all the needs of the population of the region of Gjakova and of export such as those of metal processors, leather processors, textile processors, tinsmiths, saddlers, (shag-makers) white woolen cap-makers, rug-makers etc 
The metal processing included some very important trades for that time, such as gunsmiths, silversmith, copper dishes productions, tinsmith etc  In the 18th century the famous gun master Tush the gunsmith was mentioned in Gjakova, who dealt not only with their producing, but also with their decoration  As a master of luxurious guns producing, which at that time were requested without any distinction by all the social classes, he managed to create, in this century, “the people's school" of this trade, known until today by his name 

Hadum Mosque
A shepherd from the Guskë village was looking after his sheep and goats  The Turkish (Ottoman) guards noticed that a bird was flying over him, which according to the saint books, meant that he was a good and wise man, so they went and talked to him  He invited them as guests for a night and hosted them with all he had  The shepherd also was a good talker and the Turkish guards learned that his name was Hadum and understood that he was very smart and wanted to be educated  Hadum was taken to Istanbul, where he finished the preacher school  After that, he wanted his own mosque so the Turkish administration helped him again  The Turkish guards searched for an appropriate place for a mosque, not far from the Guskë village  They noticed a flat field, close to a hill (now known as the Çabrati hill), and found the owners of the land, with whom they talked about buying a piece of land  The owners were Jak and his brother Vulë, and they didn’t want to sell any land  The Turkish guards managed to change their minds and they told them they only needed land as much as the skin of an ox, and the brothers agreed  In fact, they were really crafty  They took the skin of an ox, cut all of its big, long hair and they put it in a sack  The other day they went to the field, took the hair out and started to put them on the ground  The brothers saw that the Turkish guards had lied to them, but since they had nothing to say, they only wanted the place’s name to be Jakovë (the combination of the brothers’ names Jakë and Vulë)  The Turkish administration accepted the name, which later was changed to Gjakovë  
70 years later, Evliya Çelebi said that around the plain of Jak Vula and Hadum Mosque were 2000 houses, some masjid and two monumental mosques, inns covered in lead, a beautiful hamam and 300 shops  The Hadum Mosque as an architectural building belongs to the classic forms of the mosques in the group of the Kosovar style  It is covered with cubes; it has a right-angled rectangular base and a minaret which comes out of the south-west wall, in a right-angled base  The blueprint and the compositional scheme contain these parts: the hall of praying, Hayat and the minaret 

Crafts
The craft of cutlers, that used to be practised also in Gjakova, was older than the one of gunsmiths  The craftsmen dealing with this craft used to produce different knives, such as "dimi", daggers, yatagans, etc , whose handles they decorated with beautiful ornaments 
According to the English author Night, Gjakova was one of the most interesting towns with quite craftily inhabitants in metal processing  He would express himself that “the most beautiful saddles, filigree products, the golden sword handles making and the decorations of yatagans and pistols were produced here from hard-working people  He would, further continue: “Albanians of Shkodra, Gjakova and Prizren are well-known masters in the production of guns and other items of metal  J  Mueller claimed in 1838, about Gjakova, that the guns of this town especially the pistols enjoy a special respect also in Sarajevo 
Luxury personal objects and other artistic items, worked in gold, silver and pearls were constructed here  The silversmiths' works matched not only the taste and requirements of the local population, but also those of foreign countries  Therefore, the silversmiths became well-known with their artistic products everywhere  Th  Ippen wrote that the silver products of Gjakova were traded everywhere and “are famous all over Albania”  The English journalist Mehew wrote, among other things: “Albanians are not only hardworking and capable of different handwork, but the country has some rare products, which do not remain behind some artistic products of our western capitals at all  Can this be said for Montenegrins, Bosnians or Serbs? In the towns of Peja and Gjakova filigree works in gold and silver are made, which are much better than those of Malta, both from the artistic sense expressed in their motives and in the weaving and wonderful finesse of these items  These excellent works of Gjakova, similar to laces, are demanded in every market, as well as very precious “golden cups made in filigree, made to protect the hand from burning”- as Lord Byron mentioned them in his work Don Juan, which usually are put under the little coffee cups, are always of Albanian production 
Among Gjakovar silversmiths' products for personal decoration were the rings, earrings, wrist rings, “feses”, etc  that were used in local rich families and were exported to Istanbul  Also, the silversmiths used to decorate the pipes, mirror frames, etc 

Guns
According to the 19th-century Bulgarian scholar, Ivan Mihov, Gjakova was also among most important centers of luxurious guns production  The Shkodra French consul, Hecardy, would write that “same as all the other Albanians, also the highlanders like luxurious guns", which were decorated with a lot of art (passion), with carving, with mother-of pearls (“sedef”) and pearls, which were produced in Prizren, Gjakova and in Tetova  Gunsmiths of Gjakova, had become well known for the production of "Gjakova pistols”, “whose value consisted especially in the beauty of the round but pommel or rosary" 
As better known Gjakovar gunsmiths are mentioned Tusha from the 18th century, whose name is related to the development of gunsmithery and silversmithery in this town, whereas in the 19th century Emin Kazari, Murat Nuka, Ramadan Nuka, Çaush Basha, Beqir Pula, etc  are mentioned  Referring to the gunsmithery tradition, Theodor Ippen, among other things, wrote, “…Earlier, in Shkodra, Prizren, and in Gjakova, there were large gunsmith, long rifle, and side-handgun and yataghan workshops  These old guns were then in wide use  There are facts, according to which Gjakovar gunsmiths set up workshops also outside their place, competing successfully the products of those places where they established their shops  Thus they caused the discontent of the local gunsmiths  In a letter sent to prince Milos, on 6 October 1837, it is said that in Gurgusovac there is a gunsmith from Gjakova, Bajram Mustafa with his two sons-apprentices, against whom the local craftsmen were complaining 
Tushe was considered as the most talented master for producing and decoration of celinas  The long rifles and those of waist of Gjakova, produced "in the Albanian fashion", decorated with gold and silver had become well-known all over Europe since the 18th century  However, according to Franz Noptsche, Gjakova became well-known later also for the producing of "martin" type guns and was a strong competitor in selling this product in the home market  But this gun model as well as other guns of Albanian fashion were sold also abroad in most distant markets  Gjakovar gunsmiths used to produce also other necessary equipment for the use of guns, such as circles, which were in use until the 1860s and 1870s, until the beginning of use of fire guns with “viaskas”  Although initially the Gjakovar gunsmiths produced rifles, later they shifted exclusively to bullet producing  Among other things, they would go to cattle fairs in Ivanjica, where they would successfully sell their products  The Gjakova craftsmen used to produce cartridges for the rebels of Karageorge  According to Sami Frashëri in Gjakova guns, silver, Albanian national costumes and some kinds of silk fabrics were produced  The trade was very much developed there  Often Albanian guns were called (labelled) by the names of places of production  Thus, among other things, the Gjakovars (the hunt guns) were well known, guns that were decorated according to the “people’s school” style of the 18th century of the famous gunsmith and silversmith Tusha 

Clothing
The working of national costumes, which were decorated with autochthonous ornaments, had the priority for both women and men  It is known that the Albanian national costumes were distinguished for their beauty and for the fine taste of Albanian tailors  Therefore, it is no wonder why Byron had bought Albanian costumes, in which he was painted in front of European artists  The Russian academic Alexander Hilferding, who visited Gjakova in 1857, wrote among other things: "The mydyrr of Gjakova, an Albanian of extraordinary beauty, dressed in a wide faultless white kilt and with a short red jacket stitched (embroidered) in gold, sent me to the clergyman's house     The tailors of Gjakova worked costumes according to the taste and requests of different social categories and according to the needs of different countries, where they sold their products  They embroidered with modest equipment with gold or silver fibers and, from time to time, in lace (galloons) gowns, waistcoats, tight woolen trousers, sleeveless dresses (fermens), vests (doublets-for women), dolmans, shirts (mintans), etc 

Weavers
The weavers of Gjakova produced out of silk and wool fibers of all kinds for the decoration of different parts of national wear galloons, strips, buttons, silk thread (ibrisimi) etc  for the town and their weavers  They would sell these products successfully also in other towns  According to original (local) legends, in 1864, they sent to the international fair of Prilep, 20 bales (bundles) with items of an amount of 120 thousand groshes 
Gjakova was well known for its talented white woollen cap producers, since the establishment of the Grand Bazaar, because the white cap was part of Albanian national costume  It is known that the type of the white round cap (kësulë) similar to present day cap (plis) represents a part of Illyrian wear  The Albanians who took part in the battle of Kosovo, in 1389, according to the legend, came with white woollen caps, as the present day ones  In addition to this, the type of white woollen cap called the Scanderbeg grave speaks of the antiquity of the Albanian woollen white cap  
Thanks to ethnic structure of the population of Gjakova, which the Russian academic Hilferding, called, in 1857, the Albanian city Gjakova was from the beginning the only town of this craft, whereof it spread also into other regions of Kosovo, Northern Albania, Western Macedonia, Sanjak of Jeni Pazar, etc , whilst another town for the South and Middle Albania was Tirana  The mentioned places were supplied in the 18th and 19th centuries with white woollen caps from Gjakova 
White woollen cap makers from Gjakova set up their workshops also in Shkup, in Tetova, in Pazar i Ri, in Sjenica and in Sarajevo  
The oldest way of making the white woollen caps with a log (block) (taslak), that was used until the end of the 19th century, was called the "Gjakovar” way (fashion), which differed way from the most perfect way of "Tirana" with two logs (blocks) (taslaks), which started being practised also in Gjakova around the end of 19th century and beginning of the century  The foreman of white woolen cap makers’ guild in Gjakova, which was not as strong as the others in the time of Turkey, was mentioned to have been Jup Bakalli  The Craftsmen Chamber of Gjakova had registered 16 white woollen cap shops before the World War II 

Tailors
Since the 18th century, especially in the 20th century, along with the metal processing, the processing of wool and silk, etc , went also on  In the Grand Bazaar of Gjakova felt cloth, woollen and silk fabrics (cloths), woollen and silk pipings (galloons) etc  used to be produced and sold in great amounts and were exported in even greater amounts in the markets and fairs of the neighboring provinces of Balkan countries, in Medieval countries and in Central European countries, too  Beautiful and high quality carpets and rugs were produced and sold there  The year book ("Salname") of Prizren Vilayet of 1874 used to mention the great number of tailors (“terzis”), tanners (“tabaks”) and embroiderers  The tailors used to work, according to it, first class cord dolmans and waistcoats for women and men, but these products used to meet only the country's needs  But for their own needs, the inhabitants of kasaba (the town) used to produce a kind of rough woollen cloth-worsted cloth  This shows that the textile artisan production had exceeded the patriarchal borders and had entered widely into the road of production of goods for market  
In Gjakova the tailors were divided into categories according to the town social classes  The first category for example, worked for the rich city classes with selected import cloths which were with high prices  Sami Frasheri claimed that the Gjakova craftsmen “sew nice costumes weave the galloon, produce "sole", shoes and other products”  In Peje and Gjakova, he would continue, “guns, silver dishes, national Albanian costumes and some silk fabrics were produced”  This craft (trade) existed in Gjakova until the 1970s  This craft is nowadays practised only by women “which is a unique and characteristic phenomenon for this craft and typically for Gjakova”  However, until recently it was practised also by men in their houses, like Him Xhama, Reshyt Xharra etc  In fact even today this craft is practiced by Mr  Fehmi Shllaku  The tailors' guild in Gjakova was the most powerful guild 
According to Ivan Stepanovich Jastrebov, the tailors' guild was distinguished for its wealth  It had 200 shops, which were always busy  Let us mention that the Gjakova craftsmen of national costumes for brides and other young women, with luxurious decorations with gold and silver fibers (filaments), practised this craft until recently only in Gjakova, whereof it spread also in other regions of Kosovo, because these wears got again in trend  The waistcoats and shirts (mintans) became an obligatory part of costumes for brides and young women  In the period 1945- 1963 Gjakova had twice more tailors than any other center of Kosova  Pristina had 39 tailor and tailor shops, Mitrovica had 61, Prizren 60, Peja 56, whilst Gjakova 112, of which 69 were registered as old tailors (terzis), whereas 47 as modern tailors 

Leather production
The leather production gave impetus also to the development of the craft of furrier (leather worker), craft of leather processing  The furriers produced boxes for tobacco and money, saddlebags, cartridge belts, wallets, sashes (leather waistbands), saddles, reins, bridles, belts and other necessary products for the supply of transport and pack animals  Saddles were the most precious articles produced by the furriers  They were decorated with silver, with colorful and metal decorations etc  In Shkodra, in Gjakova, and in Manastir, according to Mueller, saddles were produced, which differed from the others, because their rear and front parts were more lifted  The furriers (leather workers), same as tanners and slipper makers, used to sell their products inland and abroad  But around the end of the 19th century the fall of these crafts started 
The making of moccasins was a craft related to the leather production and spread in the Grand Bazaar since early times  However, the production of shoes influenced in the fall of this production in the 1890s  According to the yearbook (salname) of Kosovo vilayet of 1887 “low-heel shoes and slipper of Gjakova have fallen and they do not have the previous value” 
An old craft practised until recently was the one of fur processing with domestic and wild animal leather, such as those of suckling lambs, of foxes, of beech marten etc  The furs that were produced in Gjakova, which had a good tradition in this production, were also sold in outer market  Mueller wrote “the processing of wild leather into furs and of sheep leather is done in Peja, Gjakova and Dibra  In Gjakova the craft of goat-wool rug makers was developed, which was related to the way of goods transportation on horses, in caravans   The raw material of these craftsmen was the goat wool for producing rags, rugs, sacks, saddle-bags, different bags, breast collars and horse covers, large sacks, different rugs (halis) for bedding etc  In the early 20th century the rug makers of Gjakova processed 2 thousand kg of goat wool 

Pipe makers
It is worth mentioning that Gjakova was known in the whole region of Dukagjini Plain mostly for the development of pipe-makers craft, whilst the center for Kosovo was Pristina  This craft existed in these two centers until the late 1960s  Other craftsmen like clog (wooden sandal) makers, carpenters, and wood carvers from villages etc  used to deal with production of pipes, long pipes (chibouks, çubuks), and cigarette-boxes  In the past this craft was carried out also by silversmiths, who took care particularly of decoration of long pipes and weavers, who wove with silky galloons parts of the smoking set  The raw material used for the production of chibouks, long pipes, cigarette boxes and pipes was wood and horn, but in the past, ivory and bones were used  The terminology of this craft in Gjakova was in Albanian, whereas in Pristina it was in Turkish language 
The oldest chibouk-makers family was the one of Zejnullah Ramadani, who until around 1958 kept his shop in the Little Bazaar  Until then also the brothers Dan and Shaban Dema and Ahmet Muhaxhiri had their shops in the end of 19th century, due to better profit conditions  Beqir Tirana moved in (settled) in Gjakova, who returned to his hometown in the early 20th century 

Carpentry
The carpenters, who had their shops, many in the Box-makers Street, but also in other parts of the Grand Bazaar and other parts of the city, worked and carved with hand tools objects for daily needs in household, in building and in artisan workings, such as boxes and housewife boxes for brides, cradles and hammocks for children, boards for braziers and brassieres; school desks, folding chairs for reading, bookcases, shelves and ceiling decorations, decorations and carvings for rifle butts, coffins and equipment for Muslim and Christian corpses etc  They decorated luxurious products with paints and carving  They learned the painting craft, the combination of eleven paints, from the master Rexhep Shkodra  Inspired from him, they became later themselves authors of different ornaments of floral world with the wood carving that they had inherited from ancient times  
The most famous carpenters were the families of Qarri, Kusari, Canamusa, Alushi and Cana of Dallt, Rasim and Ymer Tullumi, Tafil Morinaa, Ismet Saliuka etc 

Bookbinding
Another interesting characteristic, it seems, only for Gjakova, was the bookbinders' craft (mucelits), who, dealt with the binding of different books and manuscripts; repairing old books damaged by long usage or of any other physical damage and, above all they dealt with copying the works of different authors, which, they then distributed to libraries, or gave as gifts to their friends or to well-known scholars  They were usually people who cultivated nice handwriting  Their work tools were usual, simple of wood, which were made, in our concrete case, by the bookbinders themselves  This craft was practiced traditionally in Gjakova, from generation to generation by the members of Doli family until recently  In the second half of the 19th century Bajram Jusuf Doli (1833–1917), a non-exhausting handwriting copier was mentioned, who, in addition to the craft of the bookbinder, also practiced the profession of a teacher  Almost all the writing in Albanian with the Arabic alphabet such as those of Mullah Beqir, of Mullah Dervish, etc , were copied with his hand  He constructed the tools for binding the manuscripts and books made of wood  There is not a town in Kosovo in which one cannot find of his manuscripts  We can say one that over one hundred manuscripts that are kept in different collections in Kosovo have been copied and bound by this great sympathizer of the written word  About Mullah Bajram Efendi Doli, as well-known copier of old oriental literature and other manuscripts written in Arabic Ottoman alphabet we have data from different authors and old citizens Mullah Bajram copied rare and unique specimens with an artistic handwriting, bound, sow and made the covers 
One of four works in manuscript, unknown until now, of Tahir Efendi Boshnjaku-Gjakova, found and identified recently, Hyda Rabbem (God is my Lord), written in lyrics, in Ottoman language in 1832, is kept only in three copies, two of which were copied by Bajram Jusuf Doli, whereas one by Muhamed Tahir Jaka, also from Gjakova  The son of Mullah Bajram, Mullah Hamdi Efendi Doli (1897–1994) was the last bookbinder from this family, who practiced this craft at home  He spent all his life on books, cleaned them page per page, folded them up and bound them with a special passion  The tools, he worked with were old and very interesting " He copied the books so nice that it was difficult to distinguish them from those of the printing house  He put them within the cover bound them with a needle and rope or with glue, according to the demands of the requester  He also arranged the archives of administrative documents, which he bound in the form of a book and was well paid for that, but he distributed this profit to the poor  The existence of this craft itself speaks of the high cultural-educational level of this prospering artisan and trade center (town) 

Musical instruments
Another craft, about which there are very few data available, is that of musical instruments production  We know only that in Gjakova used to live in the second half of the 19th century the well-known singer and musician Ramadan Gunga, who supported his family by his craft of a master of musical instruments production, such as sharkhis, two-stringed lutes, etc , that his beautiful sharkhis were decorated with a mother-of-pear eagle and with ivory spots, that he had a shop and that on the market day he played nice melodies to advertise his ware  We also know that his pupil and later his friend, the singer and instrumentalist, Din Bakija, had made himself a sharkhi and a personal box  This craft was practiced, along with their basic vocation, also by the carpenters and wood-carvers, who mostly dealt with mending the broken instruments, such as the well-known master in Gjakova, Rasim Tullumi  He had acquired his basic knowledge on the features of different kinds of wood that he used in different parts of a musical instrument, from his father Malush  In the production and repair of musical instruments Rasim was aided by his brother Ymer, who, as an instrumentalist of bugan (sort of a musical instrument), his father Malush, had brought him from Istanbul, participated in the musical group of Ymer Riza 

Trade
According to some statistics in the early 20th century in Gjakova there were 400 craftsmen  The vigorous development of craftsmanship stimulated also the development of trade  "The people of Gjakova have a tendency agriculture, but they are more betrothed to trade  They go to distant places where they open their shops, inns etc  to provide for their living" was written in the yearbook (salname) of the vilayet of Kosova in 1887  The Gjakovar traders and craftsmen used to sell their product not only in Grand Bazaar, but also in many markets in other towns of Ottoman Empire, of Serbia and Austria  According to the facts, in the 1720s, the traders of Pristina and Gjakova transported their goods firstly to Dubrovnik and then to Italy  In 1803 the trader (merchant) from Gjakova, Jonuz Spahiu, had sold 114 bales of small leathers in Venice  In 1827 Salih Gjakova and Kërsto Gjakova sent gunpowder, rifles and flint stone to Sarajevo, whilst a year later, Hasan Gjakova and his nephew Hamza sent three bales of rifles to Serbia  According to the minutes of customs duty (cymryks) of Pozhega, of Aleksinac, of Kragujevac, of Mokra Gora, of Belgrade, etc , the traders from Gjakova sold their goods such as silk galloons, tobacco, rice, maize, eels, razors, soles, double-barrel sporting rifles, pistols, long rifles, cartridges, gunpowder, flint stones, wax, snuff, different leathers, salt, oil, cotton, cotton breast collars, cotton ribbons, silver galloons, scarfs, figs etc  Ali Sulejmani from Gjakova, in 1837, transported 56 loads of sheep leathers and other goods in an amount of 283 38 groshes, through Belgrade to Austria whereas in 1841, Halil Dobruna transported through Serbia to Austria galloons in an amount of 1800 groshes and 21,5 loads of Morocco leather (saftjan)  
In Serbian folk songs Gjakova is mentioned as "the Albanian market" (Arnaut Pazar in Turkish)  According to Mueller: “Sheep are developed, especially around Gjakova, and their wool makes a considerable item of export  Among better known traders, the rich family of Hajdar’s is mentioned, which dealt with wool foreign trade  They had their branches in Vidin, in Budapest, in Vienna, in Thessaloniki, in Istanbul etc  In addition to this, they had large properties in the district of Nish, Leskocvac and Vranje which they kept until 1878 

Hostels
The dense development of foreign trade suggested the need for hotel-keeping facilities, where the traders and pack animals, as the only means of goods transport, would rest  Almost all the houses of the citizens of Gjakova had alongside the large front door at the end of the large yard, a dwelling/housing facility, which consisted a room for known and unknown guests, with a fireplace, a bathroom and a separate toilet; a livery stable for placing the pack animals and the hayloft above it for keeping the animal food (nutrition), then the wheat wooden case (granary), maize case etc  In this part of the house the guests, who didn't manage to complete all the works during the market day, were placed and fed, which in some cases, when the Grand Bazaar reached its peak of development, lasted until three days sometimes it was organized even twice a week  The houses of beys, agas and of middle classes were in the form of towers with two or three floors, in a more beautiful style than those of the village, like fortresses with large yards, at the end of which was the guests' quarter (selamllek)  Such was the yard of the house of Avdi beg in the center of town next to Hadum Mosque  
On the other hand, there were other public hotel-keeping facilities- the inns and caravanserais  Inns were similar in function to the present-day hotels, whilst caravanserais, as the word itself suggests, served for placing the passengers and their pack animals that participated in the caravan for carrying the goods  In 1835, the Haraqia Inn was known in Gjakova  During the 1870s and 1880s Gjakova had 16 inns  Mueller mentions in 1838 the large caravansary of Gjakova that hosted up to 100 guests traders with their animals and where the Armenian money ex-changers (sarafs) had their large halls as well  A hotel was also mentioned in Gjakova, which was state owned property to hotel-keepers with high fees, who often reached up to 300 thousand piastres a year  According to an old Byzantine tradition, which was developed even more in the period of Ottoman rule, each craft or trade had its street or road (square)  This style of arrangement was organized by guilds, which had imposed a strict discipline and a rigorous control in production, both regarding the quality and quantity of the goods that were allowed to be produced and especially to brindle the competition between the craftsmen and the trader members of the guild 

Shejh Emin Tekke
The Shejh Emin Tekke is situated at the complex of the Gjakova Big Bazaar, at the part called the "main market"  It was built in the XVII ct   The building belongs to Saadi sect, and the constructor was Shejh Emin  His profession was also professional layer (called "kadi") educated at the Ottoman Empire centres  The inheritor of the tekke is now Shejh Ruzhdi  A characteristic of the tekke is that during its building it was applied the traditional building method  The foundation and the ground floor were built by the carved stone, while the first floor was built by bricks, the roof is a wooden construction with extended eaves and there are decorations on the walls and on the ceiling  On its floor it is situated the zone of "samahane" which is the praying quarter while the cupola is wood carved  Architecture concept of the object belongs to the citizen folk architecture and presents a complex of buildings with tekkes, tyrbes (small mausoleums), samahane (ritual prayer hall), fountains, houses and other following buildings  Interior and exterior are rich in carved woodwork  This building is explicit for its guestroom on the second floor shaped in octagon form  It's very interesting monument architecture wise, because it presents a rare sample of sacral architecture that will serve for studying, as tourism attraction, but also as a religious building encumbered with many tangible and spiritual heritage values 

Bektashi Tekke
The Bektashi Tekke in Gjakova (Đakovica) was established in 1790, and it is the only building of its kind in Kosovo  It is the headquarters of the country's Islamic Sufi order  This building was reconstructed after being demolished during the last Kosovo conflict 
The message of Kosovo's Bektashi spiritual leader, father Mumin Lamas, “Without the homeland there is no religion ” This tekke—or temple—used to be an education center for many generations, but during the last conflict, its rich library was completely destroyed  “Bektashi is known as a mystic belief in the Muslim religion  Its aim is the spiritual sophistication of human kind ”  It does not discriminate by race, gender, language or national origin  In the last war of Kosovo, the Tekke was burnt and destroyed, losing so a library with thousands of book and tens of manuscripts  "Everything was burnt, including 58 manuscripts  One of them contained 100 pages but there were also 400 pages manuscripts," said father Mumin Lama 
On the right side of the temple, seven of Bektashi's nine fathers, who have served in this building since 17th century, are buried  It is worth noting that father Qazim Bakalli, a clever calm man who impressed people with his remarkable wisdom, is buried here Home to Gjakova’s mystical Bektashi order, this modern tekke painted in traditional green and white colours was built in 2007 on the foundations of the original  Located in the centre of the Çarshia e Madhe, it's open by appointment, and it's under the leadership of Baba Mumin Lama  Like all other Bektashi tekkes, this one in Gjakova is open for men and women to pray at the same time and is the property of all believers 

Clock tower
Clock tower stands in the historic center of the Grand Bazaar, at a place known as the “Field of the Clock“  According to the Islamic calendar it was built in the year 1002, which is 1597 in the Gregorian calendar  As a town experiencing rapid economic development, Gjakova acquired its clock tower shortly after the construction of the Hadum’s Mosque  The building was destroyed during the Balkan wars (1912)  The belfry was removed and transported to Montenegro  A new tower close to the foundations of the previous clock tower was erected recently, with the intention of recreating the original building on the basis of archived photographic material  The tower is a square building with 4 10 m long sides, reaching a height of about 30 m  The construction is mainly of stone, with the walls up to the observation area in a combination of stone and brick: the part of the tower above the observation area is wooden  The roof is covered with lead  On the western facade of this reconstructed tower are some inscribed stones from the original tower 

See also
Bazaar
Gjakova
Kosovo
Passage 3:
Grand Bazaar, Isfahan
The Grand Bazaar (in Persian: Bazar Bozorg, بازار بزرگ)  is a historical market located in Isfahan, Iran, also known as the Qeysarriyeh Bazaar (in Persian: بازار قيصريه), Qeysarie bazaar or Soltani bazaar  The main commercial activities in the Qeysarie bazaar are carpet and kilim selling 
The bazaar was one of the greatest and most luxurious trading centers in the Safavid era  It was built in 1620 on the northern side of Naqsh-e Jahan Square  It connects the Naqsh-e Jahan Square to the Kohneh Square and Seljukid part of Isfahan The Qeysarie bazaar includes the following parts:

Orian bazaar
Harounie
Nimavard-e Golshan
Makhlas
Samavarsazha (Samovarmakers)
MaqsudbeykIn the Qeysarie bazaar, there are many historical buildings such as Nimavar school, Sadr school, Khayyatha mosque, No mosque, Zolfaghar mosque, Shishe mosque and Jarchi mosque  The Qeysarie gate is the main entrance of the bazaar 

History
It was originally constructed during the 11th century on the southwest wing of the Jameh Mosque and Kohneh Square, but various arcades and rooms were later added  The present remnant dates from the Safavid period, during which the Qaysariya Bazaar was built on the north wing of Naqsh-e Jahan Square, a square which was developed as a substitute for Kohneh Square 
The bazaar, one of the oldest and largest in the Middle East, dates to Seljukid and Safavid era and is the longest roofed market in the world   The site has been destroyed several times and the contemporary bazaar dates to the 17th century  The bazaar is a vaulted two-kilometre street linking the old city with the new In the Middle-East, bazaars were typically situated in close proximity to the mosque and the Isfahan Bazaar is no exception  The Bazaar of Isfahan is located in downtown old Isfahan, Iran, in the northern section of the Naqsh-e Jahan Square  The main entrance called Qeisarieh stretches through to Jameh Mosque, the oldest mosque in Isfahan, and one of the oldest in Iran Before entering the Grand Bazaar, visitors can see views of the square, which is one of the largest squares in the world  All around the square are bazaars full of Persian handicrafts 

See also
List of the historical structures in the Isfahan province
Passage 4:
Ramaipur
Ramaipur is a village in Bhadohi district, Uttar Pradesh, state India  The village is located on the link road which connects Chauri Bazar at Varanasi-Bhadohi road to Maharazganj Bazar on Varanasi-Allahabad road  The nearest railway station is Parasipur railway station on the line connecting Lucknow to Varanasi via Bhadohi  The Parasipur railway station is 7 kilometres (4 3 miles) from the village  The village market is spread adjacent to the pitch road  The bazaar has at least 10 grocery shops, three primary schools, four barber shops at least half a dozen sweet shops and dozen chai and pan shops  The weekly sabzi bazar is conducted on Thursday  The market provides daily use items to nearby villages too  there are more than twenty self-appointed medical practitioners, none qualified academically  However, these jhola chap doctors offer primary health services to many people around Ramaipur 

Worker
The major economic activity of the village is agriculture, mainly subsistence based, and carpet weaving  The landless people weave the famous bhadohi woolen carpets but not the people from higher caste of Brahmins  Many people have migrated to Kolkata and Mumbai and post order money is a very prominent source of income  There is one rabi crop of wheat and another kharif crop of rice mainly with help of irrigation by ground water pumped through a government-installed bore well and a couple of private ones  There is hardly any commercial cropping  Much of land is alkaline, posing a great difficulty to agricultural activity 
Passage 5:
Begum Bazaar
Begum Bazaar is the biggest commercial market in Hyderabad, India  It was established during the Qutb Shahi rule  Begum Bazar is located about a half of a kilometer from the Naya Pul bridge in the Old City  It is an old retail and wholesale market for household commodities  Several popular brassware merchants and copper brassware traders are based here   The bazar is also known for its congestion and heavy traffic  Deals worth crores of rupees are struck daily  It is also famous for spices and the markets nearby Charminar, a historic monument 
Begum Bazar also boasts the second biggest fish market in Hyderabad, only behind the one at Musheerabad 
The adjoining Moazzam Jahi Market is the largest fruit and vegetable market in the city  This market is being slowly replaced by the one at Kothapet, beyond Dilsukhnagar 
It is also close to the historic Osmania General Hospital and the Musi River  The Jumerat Bazaar is specially hosted on Thursdays where all kinds of household commodities are sold  Mangal Bazaar is the main place in Begum Bazaar where  household utensils are sold 

History
The land of Begum Bazaar was gifted to the merchants of Hyderabad by Humda Begum, the wife of His Highness Nizam Ali Khan, Asaf Jah II, for trade and commerce  After developing into a market, this bazaar came to be known as Begum Bazaar 

Transport
The TSRTC buses connect Begum Bazaar with all parts of the city  Afzal Gunj is the nearest bus stop 
The closest MMTS railway station is at Malakpet while the Nampally station is also nearby 
The nearest metro station is MGBS 

Political
Begum Bazaar falls under the Goshamahal Assembly Constituency which is part of Hyderabad's Lok Sabha Seat  T Raja Singh Lodh is a BJP MLA from Goshamahal (Assembly constituency), Hyderabad 

See also
Passage 6:
Bazaar
A bazaar (Persian: بازار) or souk (Arabic: سوق, romanized: sūq; also transliterated as souq or suq) is a marketplace consisting of multiple small stalls or shops, especially in the Middle East, the Balkans, North Africa and South Asia  However, temporary open markets elsewhere, such as in the West, might also designate themselves as bazaars  The ones in the Middle East were traditionally located in vaulted or covered streets that had doors on each end and served as a city's central marketplace  Street markets are the European and North American equivalents 
The term bazaar originates from Persian, where it referred to a town's public market district  The term bazaar is sometimes also used to refer collectively to the merchants, bankers and craftsmen who work in that area  The term souk comes from Arabic and refers to marketplaces in the Middle East and North Africa Although the lack of archaeological evidence has limited detailed studies of the evolution of bazaars, the earliest evidence for the existence of bazaars or souks dates to around 3000 BCE  Cities in the ancient Middle East appear to have contained commercial districts  Later, in the historic Islamic world, bazaars typically shared in common certain institutions, such as the position of the muḥtasib, and certain architectural forms, such as roofed streets and courtyard buildings known in English as caravanserais  The exact details of their evolution and organization varied from region to region 
In the 18th and 19th centuries, Western interest in oriental culture led to the publication of many books about daily life in Middle Eastern countries  Souks, bazaars and the trappings of trade feature prominently in paintings and engravings, works of fiction and travel writing 
Shopping at a bazaar or market-place remains a central feature of daily life in many Middle-Eastern and South Asian cities and towns and the bazaar remains the beating heart of West Asian and South Asian life; in the Middle East, souks tend to be found in a city's old quarter  Bazaars and souks are often important tourist attractions  A number of bazaar districts have been listed as UNESCO World Heritage Sites due to their historical and/or architectural significance 

Terminology by region
Bazaar
In general a souk is synonymous with a bazaar or marketplace, and the term souk is used in Arabic-speaking countries, with the Hebrew cognate shuk used in Israel 
The origin of the word bazaar comes from Persian bāzār, from Middle Persian wāzār, from Old Persian vāčar, from Proto-Indo-Iranian *wahā-čarana  The term, bazaar, spread from Persia into Arabia and ultimately throughout the Middle East The term bazaar is a common word in the Indian subcontinent: Hindi: बाज़ार, romanized: bāzār; Bengali: বাজার, romanized: bājār; Nepali: बजार, romanized: bajār 

Differing meanings of "bazaar"
In North America, the United Kingdom and some other European countries, the term charity bazaar can be used as a synonym for a "rummage sale", to describe charity fundraising events held by churches or other community organisations in which either donated used goods (such as books, clothes and household items) or new and handcrafted (or home-baked) goods are sold for low prices, as at a church or other organisation's Christmas bazaar, for example 
Although Turkey offers many famous markets known as "bazaars" in English, the Turkish word "pazar" refers to an outdoor market held at regular intervals, not a permanent structure containing shops  English place names usually translate "çarşı" (shopping district in a downtown or downtown itself) as "bazaar" when they refer to an area with covered streets or passages  For example, the Turkish name for the Grand Bazaar in Istanbul is "Kapalıçarşı" (gated shopping area), while the Spice Bazaar is the "Mısır Çarşısı" (Egyptian shopping area) 
In Czech, the word "bazar" means second-hand shop  "Autobazar" is a shop which purchases and sells pre-owned cars 

Variations
In Indonesian, the word pasar means "market"  The capital of Bali province, in Indonesia, is Denpasar, which means "north market" 

Souk
The Arabic word is a loan from Aramaic "šūqā" ("street, market"), itself a loanword from the Akkadian "sūqu" ("street")  The spelling souk entered European languages likely through French during the French occupation of the Arab countries Morocco, Algeria, and Tunisia in the 19th and 20th centuries  Thus, the word "souk" mostly refers to Arabic and North African traditional markets  Other spellings of this word involving the letter "Q" (sooq, souq, and so'oq) were likely developed using English and thus refer to Western Asian or Arab traditional markets, as there were several British colonies there during the 19th and 20th centuries 
In Modern Standard Arabic the term al-sooq refers to markets in both the physical sense and the abstract economic sense (e g , an Arabic-speaker would speak of the sooq in the old city as well as the sooq for oil, and would call the concept of the free market السوق الحرّ as-sūq al-ḥurr) 

Variations on "souk"
In northern Morocco, the Spanish corruption socco is often used as in the Grand Socco and Petit Socco of Tangiers 
In the Indian subcontinent the 'chowk' is often used to name a place with four-way crossroad, and comes from Sanskrit चतवार, meaning four  In Western Asia (the Middle East), this term is  generally used to designate the market, but may also be used in Western cities, particularly those with a Muslim community 

In Israel, the term shuk or shuq (Hebrew: שׁוּק, romanized: šūq) shares a common Aramaic origin of the Arabic souk, and holds a prominent role in everyday life  Markets such as Mahane Yehuda in Jerusalem are often covered rows of stalls much like those seen elsewhere in the region, selling produce, spices, halvah, and even clothing 
In Malta, the terms suq and sometimes monti are used for a marketplace 
In the United States, especially in Southern California and Nevada, an indoor swap meet is a type of bazaar, i e  a permanent, indoor shopping center open during normal retail hours, with fixed "booths" or counters for the vendors 

History
Origins in Antiquity
Scholar Mohammad Gharipour has pointed out that in spite of the centrality of souks and bazaars in Middle Eastern history, relatively little is known due to the lack of archaeological evidence  Historical records document the concept of a bazaar existing in Iran as early as 3000 BCE, where some large cities contained districts dedicated to trade and commerce  Archeological data also suggests the existence of market districts in ancient Mesopotamia  Markets centers must have existed in Egypt to conduct international trade, but no archeological evidence for them has been found  In Achaemenid Persia (550–330 BCE), documents indicate that crafts were sold in markets close to Persepolis  A network of bazaars had sprung up alongside ancient caravan trade routes  Bazaars located along these trade routes, formed networks, linking major cities with each other and in which goods, culture, people and information could be exchanged  Sources from around the same era also indicate that ancient Greeks regulated trade in areas at the center of their cities around stoa buildings  The ideas of Greek city planning were spread to the Middle East during the Seleucid period, following the conquests of Alexander the Great The Greek historian, Herodotus, noted that in Egypt, roles were reversed compared with other cultures and Egyptian women frequented the market and carried on trade, while the men remain at home weaving cloth  He also described The Babylonian Marriage Market Sassanid rule in Iran was an important period for the development of urbanization and commerce  In Sassanid Iran the bazaar was usually the heart of a town or city, where it spread outwards and affected the development of other neighbourhoods  The bazaar usually contained, or was adjoined by, an open-air plaza that served as a forum of socio-economic activity Historically, souks were also held outside cities at locations where incoming caravans stopped and merchants displayed their goods for sale  Souks were established at caravanserai, places where a caravan or caravans arrived and remained for rest and refreshments  Since this might be infrequent, souks often extended beyond buying and selling goods to include major festivals involving various cultural and social activities  Any souk may serve a social function as being a place for people to meet in, in addition to its commercial function In pre-Islamic Arabia, two types of bazaar existed: permanent urban markets and temporary seasonal markets  The temporary seasonal markets were held at specific times of the year and became associated with particular types of produce  Suq Hijr in Bahrain was noted for its dates while Suq 'Adan was known for its spices and perfumes  In spite of the centrality of the Middle East in the history of bazaars, relatively little is known due to the lack of archaeological evidence  However, documentary sources point to permanent marketplaces in cities from as early as 550 BCE 

Islamic period
According to traditional Muslim narratives, Muhammad established a market place (sūq) in Medina shortly after arriving there during the Hijrah in 622 CE  He designated an open, unbuilt space as the market area and forbade both the construction of permanent structures and the levying of taxes in this area  Eight years later, he is said to have appointed a market inspector ('āmil 'alā l-sūq), a position that likely evolved into the later muḥtasib in Islamic cities, an official in charge of overseeing public morality and regulating weights and measures Despite the importance of the bazaar to economic life and the prominence of marketplace terminology in the Quran, not much is known about the early history of bazaars and it remains a topic of ongoing research  Most of the surviving urban commercial structures in Islamic world date from the 16th century or later, though some preserved urban caravanserais (commonly known as a funduq, khān, or wakāla) date from earlier periods  The oldest of these is the Khan al-Mirjan in Baghdad, built in 1359 as part of a larger architectural complex 

Muhammad's prohibition against constructing permanent buildings and levying taxes in the market began to be disregarded as early as the Umayyad period (7th to 8th centuries)  The Umayyad caliphs Mu'awiya I and Hisham ibn Abd al-Malik both built structures in the market of Medina and levied taxes there, while purpose-built markets were built in early Islamic cities further abroad such as Basra in Iraq, Fustat in Egypt, and Kairouan in Tunisia  This process seems to have accelerated during the reign of Hisham ibn Abd al-Malik (r  724–743) in particular  Markets that sold the most important or expensive goods were usually located near the city's central Friday mosque  In some cities, such as Cairo and Aleppo, the main bazaar was initially focused along one important street and then progressively grew and branched off into the surrounding streets 
During the Islamic period in Iran, bazaars developed along the same lines as those of the Sassanid period  Up to the 11th century, the bazaar developed more commonly in the suburbs outside the city walls that enclosed the shahristān, the formal city  This was especially true in Central Asia, though there were exceptions in some regions where the bazaar was grouped with the citadel and the city's Friday mosque inside the city walls  After the 11th century, the growing importance of the suburbs and the commercial districts resulted in most of them being enclosed within newly expanded city walls  From the 10th century onward, the bazaar became the financial center of a city and was heavily patronized and developed by ruling elites  The grouping of a bazaar, citadel, and Friday mosque also became more common 
In the Mamluk Sultanate (13th to 16th centuries) and in the Ottoman Empire (14th to 20th centuries), the construction of commercial buildings in and around the bazaar was often sponsored by sultans, ruling elites, or by members of the Ottoman royal family  The revenues generated by these buildings were typically earmarked to support the upkeep of religious complexes sponsored by these same patrons, through the legal framework of a waqf (legal endowment) 

21st century
In the Middle East, the bazaar is considered to be "the beating heart of the city and a symbol of Islamic architecture and culture of high significance " Today, bazaars are popular sites for tourists and some of these ancient bazaars have been listed as world heritage sites or national monuments on the basis of their historical, cultural or architectural value 
The Medina of Fez, Morocco, which includes numerous long market streets (e g  Tala'a Kebira) and bazaar areas (e g  Kissariat al-Kifah), was listed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1981  Al-Madina Souk in Aleppo is the largest covered historic market in the world, with an approximate length of 13 kilometers  It is part of the Ancient Aleppo, a UNESCO World Heritage Site since 1986 in Syria  The Bazaar complex in Tabriz, Iran, was listed by UNESCO in 2010  The Bazaar of Qaisiyariye in Lar, Iran, is on the tentative list of UNESCO World Heritage Sites since 2007  Kemeraltı Bazaar in İzmir was placed on tentative list in 2020 

Organization and institutions
Shopping at a souk or market place is part of daily life throughout much of the Middle East  Prices are commonly set by bargaining, also known as haggling, between buyers and sellers Bazaars or souks are traditionally divided into specialized sections dealing in specific types of product, each usually housed in a few narrow streets and named after the product it specializes in such as the gold souk, the texitle souk, the spice souk, the leather souk, the booksellers' souk, etc  This promotes competition among sellers and helps buyers easily compare prices  Merchants specialized in each trade were also organized into guilds, which provided support to merchants but also to clients  The exact details of the organizations varied from region to region   Each guild had rules that members were expected to follow, but they were loose enough to allow for competition  Guilds also fulfilled some functions similar to trade unions and were able to negotiate with the government on behalf of merchants or represent their interests when needed Though each neighbourhood within the city would have a local souk selling food and other essentials, the main bazaar was one of the central structures of a large city, selling durable goods, luxuries and providing services such as money exchange  Workshops where goods for sale are produced (in the case of a merchant selling locally-made products) are typically located away from the souk itself  
Historically, in Islamic cities, the muḥtasib was the official in charge of regulating and policing the bazaar and other aspects of urban life  They monitored things such as weights and measures, pricing, cleanliness, noise, and traffic circulation, as well as being responsible for other issues of public morality  They also investigated complaints about cheating or the quality of goods  The equivalent official could be known by other titles in different regions, such as the kedkhoda in Istanbul or the amir-i bazariyan in Delhi  In the Maghreb (northwestern Africa), the muḥtasib also shared responsibilities with other officials such as the qadi or the hakim 

Layout and architecture
Permanent bazaars were established in urban zones, usually within the city walls and close to the heart of the city  In much of the Middle East and North Africa, the bazaar is a network of interconnected spaces, including streets and buildings, with diverse architectural forms  Its boundaries are not sharply defined and can vary according to circumstance, as the bazaar is closely integrated with its urban surroundings and with other important institutions of the city 
Although there is great variety among the bazaars of this region, there are three recurring elements, in addition to the general network of market streets  One element is the individual shops or booths that line each side of a market street  The shops are usually small spaces open to the street and occupied by merchants  They are typically equipped with large shutters which can be closed and locked when the shopkeeper is away  Another element is a more secure market area, usually centrally located and consisting of streets that were covered or roofed  This complex is variably known as a qayṣariyya, bedesten, or khān, depending on the city or historical period  It usually hosted the most prestigious and profitable trades such as jewelry, perfumes, and textiles  In order to protect these goods, the entrances to this area could be closed and locked at night or in times of danger  The other recurring element is the presence of courtyard buildings entered via a single large doorway  Often translated into English as a caravanserai, this type of building is known in different regions as a funduq, khān, samsara, or wakāla  They could serve a variety of functions including an inn for travelers and merchants, a manufacturing center, a trade venue, or a warehouse 

In Iran and Central Asia, the permanent bazaar is likewise in the centre of a city and had common architectural elements  These bazaars acted as financial centers of the city and were traditionally overseen by the state  Some Iranian bazaars are organized around one long market street from which other market streets branch off (e g  in Isfahan or Tehran), while others are large rectangular zones with a grid-like network of parallel and intersecting streets (e g  as in Tabriz)  The streets are lined with structures of one or two storeys that contain spaces for shops  The streets are typically roofed with brick vaults, pierced by skylights to allow for light and air circulation  The shops are often adjacent or connected to the workshops where the goods are also produced, so that manufacturing and retail are often concentrated in the same areas, though some production (especially of textiles) was also distributed in other parts of the city  Like the bazaars further west, there were also many khāns (caravanserais) built in the area  They acted as warehouses, production centers, wholesale centers, hostels for merchants, and offices for conducting business 

In the cities that developed under the Ottoman Empire, there was generally one central bazaar area, known in Turkish as the çarşı  The Grand Bazaar in Istanbul, known locally as the Kapalıçarşı ('covered market'), is a famous example  Additionally, several types of market structures were common: the bedesten, the arasta, and the han (Turkish cognate of khān)  The Ottoman bedesten was a solid stone building, typically rectangular and roofed by domes, with shops inside  Like the qayṣariyya or bedesten in other regions, it hosted the most important and luxurious trades  The arasta is usually an elongated market structure or market street with shops lining its façades  Arastas could be independent markets built outside the main bazaar area, such as those built as part of large religious complexes like the Selimiye Mosque complex in Edirne or the Sultanahmet Mosque complex in Istanbul  The Spice Bazaar or Mısır Çarşısı ('Egyptian Market') in Istanbul is also one of the largest and best-known examples  The han is similar in function to other khān or caravanserai buildings elsewhere, with a courtyard enclosed by two storeys  The ground floor was usually used for storage and for stabling horses, while the upper floor housed merchants 

Temporary souks
A temporary, seasonal souk is held at a set time that might be yearly, monthly or weekly  The oldest souks were set up annually, and were typically general festivals held outside cities  For example, Souk Ukadh was held yearly in pre-Islamic times in an area between Mecca and Ta’if during the sacred month of Dhu al-Qi'dah   While a busy market, it was more famous for its poetry competitions, judged by prominent poets such as Al-Khansa and Al-Nabigha  An example of an Islamic annual souk is Al Mirbid just outside Basra, also famed for its poetry competitions in addition to its storytelling activities  Temporary souks tended to become known for specific types of produce  For example, Suq Hijr in Bahrain was noted for its dates while Suq 'Adan was known for its spices and perfumes  Political, economic and social changes have left only the small seasonal souks outside villages and small towns, primarily selling livestock and agricultural products 
Weekly markets have continued to function throughout the Arab world  Most of them are named from the day of the week on which they are held  They usually have open spaces specifically designated for their use inside cities  Examples of surviving markets are the Wednesday Market in Amman that specializes in the sale of used products, the Ghazl market held every Friday in Baghdad specializing in pets; the Fina’ Market in Marrakech offers performance acts such as singing, music, acrobats and circus activities 
In tribal areas, where seasonal souks operated, neutrality from tribal conflicts was usually declared for the period of operation of a souk to permit the unhampered exchange of surplus goods  Some of the seasonal markets were held at specific times of the year and became associated with particular types of produce such as Suq Hijr in Bahrain, noted for its dates while Suq 'Adan was known for its spices and perfumes  In spite of the centrality of the Middle Eastern market place, relatively little is known due to the lack of archaeological evidence 

In art and literature – Orientalism
During the 18th and 19th centuries, Europeans conquered and excavated parts of North Africa and the Levant  These regions now make up what is called the Middle East, but in the past were known as the Orient  Europeans sharply divided peoples into two broad groups – the European West and the East or Orient; us and the other  Europeans often saw Orientals as the opposite of Western civilization; the peoples could be threatening- they were "despotic, static and irrational whereas Europe was viewed as democratic, dynamic and rational " At the same time, the Orient was seen as exotic, mysterious, a place of fables and beauty  This fascination with the other gave rise to a genre of painting known as Orientalism  A proliferation of both Oriental fiction and travel writing occurred during the early modern period 

Subject-matter
Many of these works were lavishly illustrated with engravings of every day scenes of Oriental lifestyles, including scenes of market places and market trade  Artists focused on the exotic beauty of the land – the markets, caravans and snake charmers  Islamic architecture also became favorite subject matter  Some of these works were propaganda designed to justify European imperialism in the East, however many artists relied heavily on their everyday experiences for inspiration in their artworks  For example, Charles D'Oyly, who was born in India, published the Antiquities of Dacca featuring a series of 15 engraved plates of Dacca [now Dhaka, Bangladesh] featuring scenes of markets, commerce, buildings and streetscapes  European society generally frowned on nude painting – but harems, concubines and slave markets, presented as quasi-documentary works, satisfied European desires for pornographic art  The Oriental female wearing a veil was a particularly tempting subject because she was hidden from view, adding to her mysterious allure 

Notable Orientalist artists
Notable artists in the Orientalist genre include: Jean-Léon Gérôme Delacroix (1824–1904), Alexandre-Gabriel Decamps (1803–1860), Frederic Leighton (1830-1896), Eugène Alexis Girardet 1853-1907 and William Holman Hunt (1827–1910) who all found inspiration in Oriental street scenes, trading and commerce  French painter Jean-Étienne Liotard visited Istanbul in the 17th century and painted pastels of Turkish domestic scenes  British painter John Frederick Lewis who lived for several years in a traditional mansion in Cairo, painted highly detailed works showing realistic genre scenes of Middle Eastern life  Edwin Lord Weeks was a notable American example of a 19th-century artist and author in the Orientalism genre  His parents were wealthy tea and spice merchants who were able to fund his travels and interest in painting  In 1895 Weeks wrote and illustrated a book of travels titled From the Black Sea through Persia and India  Other notable painters in the Orientalist genre who included scenes of street life and market-based trade in their work are Jean-Léon Gérôme Delacroix (1824–1904), Alexandre-Gabriel Decamps (1803–1860), Frederic Leighton (1830–1896), Eugène Alexis Girardet 1853–1907 and William Holman Hunt (1827–1910), who all found inspiration in Oriental street scenes, trading and commerce 

Orientalist literature
A proliferation of both Oriental fiction and travel writing occurred during the early modern period Many English visitors to the Orient wrote narratives around their travels  British Romantic literature in the Orientalism tradition has its origins in the early eighteenth century, with the first translations of The Arabian Nights (translated into English from the French in 1705–08)  The popularity of this work inspired authors to develop a new genre, the Oriental tale  Samuel Johnson's History of Rasselas, Prince of Abyssinia, (1759) is mid-century example of the genre  Byron's Oriental Tales, is another example of the Romantic Orientalism genre Although these works were purportedly non-fiction, they were notoriously unreliable  Many of these accounts provided detailed descriptions of market places, trading and commerce  Examples of travel writing include: Les Mysteres de L'Egypte Devoiles by Olympe Audouard published in 1865 and Jacques Majorelle's Road Trip Diary of a Painter in the Atlas and the Anti-Atlas published in 1922

Gallery of paintings, drawings, and watercolours
Selected illustrations of bazaar scenes

Gallery of photographs
List of bazaars and souks
See also
List of Orientalist artistsTypes of markets, bazaars and souksBazaari
Bedesten (also known as bezistan, bezisten, bedesten) refers to a covered bazaar and an open bazaar in the Balkans 
Haat bazaar – (also known as a hat) an open air bazaar or market in South Asia 
Landa bazaar – a terminal market or market for second hand goods (South Asia), such as Medina quarter 
Meena Bazaar – a bazaar that raises money for non-profit organisations 
Pasar malam – a night market in Malaysia, Indonesia and Singapore that opens in the evening, typically held in the street in residential neighbourhoods 
Pasar pagi – a morning market, typically a wet market that trades from dawn until midday, found in Malaysia, Indonesia and Singapore  A Wet market sells fresh meat, and produce  See also Dry goods Markets and retail in generalArcade – a covered passageway with stores along one or both sides 
History of marketing
Marketplace
Merchant
Peddler
Retail
Shopping mall
Shōtengai - a style of Japanese commercial district, typically in the form of a local market street that is closed to vehicular traffic 
Passage 7:
Nimavar school
Nimavar school (Persian: مسجد نیماور) is a historical school in Isfahan, Iran  It's located in Nimavar Bazaar and belongs to Safavid era  This school was built in 1691 in the era of Suleiman I 
Passage 8:
Dava Bazaar
Dava Bazaar (also spelled Dawa Bazaar and Dava Bazar) is an area in South Mumbai famous for medical and scientific instruments, and lab chemicals  It is located near Lohar Chawl, Crawford Market and opens into Princess Street  Dava in Hindi means medicine 
The word Aushadhi Khana has generic usage as pharmaceutical trade markets in various parts of India 
Context 2: Passage 1:
Sabal Trail Transmission Pipeline
Sabal Trail Transmission Pipeline is a natural gas pipeline that runs from central Alabama through southwest Georgia to Orange County, Florida  A minority stake in the venture is owned by NextEra Energy and Duke Energy  The pipeline has been being planned since before 2011  In July 2013 it was announced that Florida Power & Light Company (FPL) jointly awarded its parent corporation, NextEra Energy and Spectra Energy the bid to build the pipeline  In May 2015, Duke Energy bought an interest in the venture  Construction began in September 2016  The pipeline is currently scheduled to be in service by June 2017 

Environmental concerns and federal agency permission
The construction of the pipeline has drawn concern from the communities through which it is planned to be built  Protests in Albany, Georgia and Valdosta, Georgia have occurred in response to the plans to build the pipelines  The threat of eminent domain and the environmental impact are among the concerns that have been voiced by citizens 
In late October 2015, the United States Environmental Protection Agency recommended to Federal Energy Regulatory Commission that the pipeline be rerouted away from the Floridan aquifer because of the karst geology that is prone to sinkholes and also contains wetlands Environmental concerns have also been raised regarding threats to endangered species habitat along the route including crocodile, manatee and sea turtle breeding and nesting grounds  Others including Sanford Bishop, Hank Johnson, David Scott and John Lewis have voiced concern over the construction of a proposed compressor station near an already disadvantaged African American community in Albany, Georgia Despite the recommendations of Environmental Protection Agency, the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission approved the pipeline's route in February 2016  In August 2016, the Army Corps of Engineers approved the route through North Florida  Some citizens from the areas of the route continued to voice concerns about the environmental impact the pipeline would have the environment after it was approved by the various governmental agencies 
The federal permits require the companies constructing the pipeline to engage in mitigation banking 

Protests
The construction of the Sabal Trail resulted in extensive protests from environmentalists  On November 12, 2016, fourteen protesters were arrested at a pipeline construction site in Gilchrist County, Florida after one protester locked himself to truck on site and the others obstructed its path  They had been inspired by the Dakota Access Pipeline protests and used similar protest signage  In February of 2017, two protestors locked themselves inside a section of the pipeline, citing the danger to people and the environment which would result from a pipeline leak  On February 26, 2017 an apparent protester was seen firing a high powered rifle at the pipeline construction site  The man fled and was chased by police until he crashed and was killed by a deputy after he tried to engage police in a gunfight

Construction
In September 2016, construction began on the pipeline  
In late October 2016, drilling mud seepage began leaking into the Withlacoochee River at construction along the border of Brooks County, Georgia and Lowndes County, Georgia from a pilot hole that had been drilled underneath the river in preparation for the horizontal directional drilling hole  After the leakage was discovered, the Sabal Company installed containment booms at the site and posted a vacuum truck to capture the mud seepage  The spill prompted protests from concerned local citizens on November 16, 2016 As part of the company's biweekly report for the week ending on November 27 to the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission, it was reported that a sinkhole had developed 165 feet (50 m) southeast of the horizontal directional drilling (HDD) hole exit point at the work site near the Withlacoochee River  The sinkhole had been identified on November 5 by workers in the field 

Owners
Spectra Energy
NextEra Energy
Duke Energy (7 5%)

See also
Spectra Energy
Passage 2:
Duke Energy
Duke Energy Corporation is an American electric power and natural gas holding company headquartered in Charlotte, North Carolina 

Overview
Based in Charlotte, North Carolina, Duke Energy owns 58,200 megawatts of base-load and peak generation in the United States, which it distributes to its 7 2 million customers  The company has approximately 29,000 employees  Duke Energy's service territory covers 104,000 square miles (270,000 km2) with 250,200 miles (402,700 km) of distribution lines  Almost all of Duke Energy's Midwest generation comes from coal, natural gas, or oil, while half of its Carolinas generation comes from its nuclear power plants  During 2006, Duke Energy generated 148,798,332 megawatt-hours of electrical energy 
Duke Energy Renewable Services (DERS), a subsidiary of Duke Energy, specializes in the development, ownership, and operation of various generation facilities throughout the United States  This segment of the company operates 1,700 megawatts of generation  240 megawatts of wind generation were under construction and 1,500 additional megawatts of wind generation were in planning stages  On September 9, 2008, DERS updated its projections for future wind power capacity  By the end of 2008, it would have over 500 MW of nameplate capacity of wind power online, and an additional 5,000 MW in development 

Subsidiaries
Duke Energy Carolinas (formerly Duke Power)
Duke Energy Ohio (formerly Cincinnati Gas & Electric Company, via Cinergy)
Duke Energy Kentucky (formerly Union Light, Heat & Power, via Cinergy)
Duke Energy Indiana (formerly Public Service Indiana, via Cinergy)
Duke Energy Florida (formerly Florida Power Corporation, via Progress Energy)
Duke Energy Progress (formerly Carolina Power and Light, via Progress Energy)
Duke Energy Renewables
Duke Energy Retail
Duke Energy International
Duke Energy Sustainable Solutions
Duke Energy One

History
The company began in 1900 as the Catawba Power Company when Walker Gill Wylie and his brother financed the building of a hydroelectric power station at India Hook Shoals along the Catawba River near India Hook, South Carolina  When he needed additional funding to further his ambitious plan for construction of a series of hydroelectric power plants, Wylie convinced James B  Duke and his partner James Blaney to invest in the Southern Power Company, founded in 1905 
In 1917 James Blaney was the founder of the Wateree Power Company that was formed as a holding company for several utilities that had been founded and/or owned by Duke, and Blaney his associates, and in 1924 the name was changed to Duke Power  In 1927, most of the subsidiary companies, including Southern Power Company, Catawba Power Company, Great Falls Power Company, and Western Carolina Power Company were merged into Duke Power, although Southern Public Utilities, 100% owned by Duke Power, maintained a legally separate existence for the retail marketing of Duke-generated power to residential and commercial customers  Southern Public Utilities also operated transit systems, which Duke eventually converted from streetcars to buses 
In 1988, Nantahala Power & Light Co , which served southwestern North Carolina, was purchased by Duke and is now operated under the Duke Power Nantahala Area brand  In 1990, Duke sold its remaining transit operations  Duke Power merged with PanEnergy, a natural gas company, in 1997 to form Duke Energy  The Duke Power name continued as the electric utility business of Duke Energy until the Cinergy merger 

With the purchase of Cinergy Corporation announced in 2005 and completed on April 3, 2006, Duke Energy Corporation's customer base grew to include the Midwestern United States as well  The company operates nuclear power plants, coal-fired plants, conventional hydroelectric plants, natural-gas turbines to handle peak demand, and pumped hydro storage  During 2006, Duke Energy also acquired Chatham, Ontario-based Union Gas, which is regulated under the Ontario Energy Board Act (1998) 
On January 3, 2007, Duke Energy spun off its gas business to form Spectra Energy  Duke Energy shareholders received 1 share of Spectra Energy for each 2 shares of Duke Energy  After the spin-off, Duke Energy now receives the majority of its revenue from its electric operations in portions of North Carolina, South Carolina, Kentucky, Ohio, and Indiana  The spinoff to Spectra also included Union Gas, which Duke Energy acquired the previous year In 2011, Duke Energy worked with Charlotte's business leader community to help build Charlotte into a smart city  The group called the initiative "Envision Charlotte"  At the time, the group decided on a goal to reduce energy use in the "urban core of the city by 20 percent"  To do so, the group focused on making energy consumption changes to commercial buildings larger than 10,000 square feet On July 3, 2012, Duke Energy merged with Progress Energy Inc with the Duke Energy name being retained along with the Charlotte, North Carolina, headquarters Duke announced on June 18, 2013, that CEO Jim Rogers was retiring and Lynn Good would become the new CEO  Rogers has been CEO and Chairman since 2006, while Good was Chief Financial Officer of Duke since 2009, having joined Duke in the 2006 Cinergy merger  Rogers' retirement was part of an agreement to end an investigation into Duke's Progress Energy acquisition in 2012 In 2016, Duke Energy purchased Piedmont Natural Gas for $4 9 billion to become its wholly owned subsidiary   Duke Energy completed selling its remaining power operations in Central and South America for $1 2 billion months afterwards   At one point Duke Energy had more than 4,300 megawatts of electric generation in Latin America  It operated eight hydroelectric power plants in Brazil with an installed capacity of 2,307 megawatts The company expects to spend $13 billion upgrading the North Carolina grid from 2017 On December 3, 2022, an attack was carried out on two Duke Energy substations located in Moore County, North Carolina  Damage from the attack left up to 40,000 residents without electrical power for several days, with officials closing schools and declaring a state of emergency  The Federal Bureau of Investigation supported local investigators in case the incident met the definition of domestic terrorism under the Patriot Act 

New nuclear power plant
On March 16, 2006, Duke Power announced that a Cherokee County, South Carolina site had been selected for a potential new nuclear power plant  The site is jointly owned by Duke Power and Southern Company  Duke plans to develop the site for two Westinghouse Electric Company AP1000 (advanced passive) pressurized water reactors  Each reactor is capable of producing approximately 1,117 megawatts  (See Nuclear Power 2010 Program )
On December 14, 2007, Duke Power submitted a Combined Construction and Operating License to the Nuclear Regulatory Commission, with an announcement that it will spend $160 million in 2008 on the plant with a total cost of $5 billion to $6 billion  The plant was approved in 2016 In August 2017, Duke decided to seek permission from the North Carolina Utility Commission to cancel the project due to the bankruptcy of Westinghouse and "other market activity", although they will retain the option of restarting the project at some point in the future if circumstances change This site would have been adjacent to the old site, which was never completed and abandoned in the early 1980s, and used by James Cameron as a film set for the 1989 movie The Abyss 
In 2018, Duke Energy decided not to include new nuclear power in its long-range plans 

Headquarters buildings
J A  Jones designed the first headquarters building, known as the Power Building, which was completed in 1927 at 440 South Church  It was five stories and 503,000 square feet (46,700 m2)  The Electric Center at 526 South Church Street opened in 1975 with an addition in 1988  State Farm Insurance sold the Power Building in 2004 for $8 million to The Dilweg Cos , who anticipated significant development  Novare Group bought 5 13 acres (20,800 m2) at 408 South Church Street for $17 million from The Dilweg Cos  in a deal announced March 27, 2006   The Power Building was demolished February 24, 2007 Duke Energy Center at 550 South Tryon Street was announced as the company's headquarters in 2009  The company announced May 17, 2021 that the headquarters will move in 2023 to Duke Energy Plaza, across the street from the current headquarters  Childress Klein is developing the new building, which will allow Duke to sell its Church Street and College Street buildings, and end its lease at 400 South Tryon  Previously named Charlotte Metro Tower, the 40-story building will be purchased when completed for up to $675 million by Childress Klein and CGA Capital, in the largest real estate deal in the city's history, announced in December 2019 

Finances
For the fiscal year 2017, Duke Energy reported earnings of US$3 059 billion, with an annual revenue of US$23 565 billion, an increase of 3 6% over the previous fiscal cycle  Duke Energy's shares traded at over $79 per share, and its market capitalization was valued at over US$58 8 billion in November 2018 

Environmental record
In 1999, the United States Environmental Protection Agency commenced an enforcement action against Duke Energy for making modifications to very old and deteriorating coal-burning power plants without getting permits under the Clean Air Act  Duke asserted that a "modification" under the Clean Air Act did not require a permit  Environmental groups asserted that Duke was using loopholes in the law to increase emissions  Initially, Duke prevailed at the trial court level, but in 2006 the case was argued before the Supreme Court (Environmental Defense v  Duke Energy Corp  (05-848))  The Court unanimously ruled on April 2, 2007 that the modifications allowed the power plants to operate for more hours, increasing emissions, so Clean Air Act permits were needed In 2002, researchers at the University of Massachusetts Amherst identified Duke Energy as the 46th-largest corporate producer of air pollution in the United States, with roughly 36 million
pounds of toxic chemicals released annually into the air  Major pollutants included sulfuric and hydrochloric acid, chromium compounds, and hydrogen fluoride  The Political Economy Research Institute ranks Duke Energy 13th among corporations emitting airborne pollutants in the United States  The ranking is based on the quantity (80 million pounds in 2005) and toxicity of the emissions  This change reflects the purchase of fossil fuel-heavy Cinergy, which occurred in 2005 

In early 2008, Duke Energy announced a plan to build the new, 800-megawatt Cliffside Unit 6 coal plant 55 miles (89 km) west of Charlotte, North Carolina  The plan has been strongly opposed by environmental groups such as Rising Tide North America, Rainforest Action Network, the community-based Canary Coalition as well as the Southern Environmental Law Center, which has threatened to sue Duke if it does not halt construction plans  On April 1, activists locked themselves to machinery at the Cliffside construction area as part of Fossil Fools Day 
Duke Energy has been "one of the most vocal advocates" for a "cap-and-trade" system to combat global CO2 emissions, "and the company's CEO, Jim Rogers, thinks the company will profit from cap-and-trade"  The company left the National Association of Manufacturers in part over differences on climate policy In a joint venture with the French-based global energy firm AREVA, under the nominal name of ADAGE, Duke Energy has planned a "Green" biomass burning facility in Mason County, Washington and is negotiating with forestland owners to secure the 600,000 tons of wood debris it needs yearly to fuel its $250 million biomass plant 
The joint venture between electric power company Duke Energy and global nuclear services giant AREVA was created to build wood waste-to-energy power plants around the country 
ADAGE president Reed Wills announced the first Northwest outpost will be in the struggling timber town of Shelton, Washington 
The following pollutants are provided by DUKE-AREVA-ADAGE in their application for permit to the Department of Environmental Protection for a similar type of plant in Florida 

248 tons per year – particulate matter
288 tons per year – particulate matter 10
233 tons per year – particulate matter 2 5
249 tons per year – NOx (nitrogen oxides)
246 tons per year – SO2 (sulfur dioxide)
248 tons per year – CO (carbon monoxide)
40 tons per year – H2SO4 – (sulfuric acid mist)
63 tons per year – VOC (volatile organic compounds)
29 tons per year – F (fluorides)

Generating facilities
This list is partially complete due to the July 3, 2012, merger with Progress Energy 

Biomass fired
Shelton Biomass Facility (proposed)

Nuclear
Catawba Nuclear Station
McGuire Nuclear Station
Oconee Nuclear Station
Shearon Harris Nuclear Power Plant
H  B  Robinson Nuclear Generating Station
Brunswick Nuclear Generating Station
Crystal River Nuclear Power Plant (retired February 2013)
William States Lee III Nuclear Generating Station - Future

Coal-fired
Allen Steam Station
Belews Creek Steam Station
Beckjord Power Station
Cayuga Generating Station
Crystal River Energy Complex
East Bend Station
Edwardsport Station
Gallagher Station
Gibson Station
Marshall Steam Station
Mayo Plant
Miami Fort Power Station (purchased by Dynegy, 2014)
Riverbend Steam Station (retired)
Roxboro Steam Plant
Wabash River Station
William H  Zimmer Power Station (purchased by Dynegy, 2014)

Hydroelectric
Conventional hydro
Following is a list of Duke Energy's thirty conventional hydroelectric facilities, in order of average electric production   All properties are 100% owned by Duke, and all but Markland are located in North Carolina and South Carolina (Markland is located in southern Indiana) 
Blewett Falls Hydroelectric Plant
Cowans Ford Hydro Station, 350 MW average capacity
Keowee Hydro Station, 158 MW
Walters Hydroelectric Plant, 112 MW
Tillery Hydroelectric Plant, 87 MW
Rocky Creek & Cedar Creek Hydro Stations, combined 73 MW
Great Falls & Dearborn Hydro Stations, combined 70 MW
Markland Hydro Station, 65 MW
Mountain Island Hydro Station, 60 MW
Lake Wylie Hydro Station, 60 MW
Wateree Hydro Station, 56 MW
Fishing Creek Hydro Station, 37 MW
Oxford Hydro Station, 36 MW
Bridgewater Hydro Station at Lake James, 31 5 MW
Rhodhiss Hydro Station, 26 MW
Lookout Shoals Hydro Station, 26 MW
Blewett Hydroelectric Plant, 22 MW
Ninety-Nine Islands Plant, 18 MW
Gaston Shoals Plant, 9 MW
Tuxedo Plant, 5 MW
Marshall Plant, 4 MW
and ten clustered locations at Nantahala, in mountainous southwestern North Carolina, producing a cumulative 99 MW

Pumped-storage hydro
Bad Creek Hydroelectric Station
Jocassee Pumped-Storage Generating Station

Oil and gas-fired
Anclote Station
Asheville Combustion Turbines
Bartow Combined Cycle Station
Buck Steam Station
Buzzard Roost Station
Cayuga Combustion Turbine Station
Cliffside Steam Station
Connersville Peaking Station
Dan River Steam Station
Darlington County Electric Plant
Henry County Peaking Station
Hines Energy Complex
H F  Lee Energy Complex
Lee Steam Station
W S  Lee Steam Station
Lincoln Combustion Turbine Station
Madison Peaking Station
Miami-Wabash Peaking Station
Mill Creek Combustion Turbine Station
Noblesville Station
Rockingham Station
Smith Energy Complex
Sutton Combined Cycle Plant
Wabash River Repowering Station
Wheatland Peaking Station
Woodsdale Station

Solar farms
Citing the falling cost of building solar farms, Duke Energy announced plans in 2017 to launch three new such projects in Kentucky  Two will be in Kenton County and one will be in Grant County  Together the three plants will create more than 6 7 MW of power  These join several other solar farms including:

Davidson County Solar Farm
Martins Creek Solar Farm 1 MW (Murphy, NC)
Culberson Solar Farm 1 MW (Murphy, NC)
Osceola Solar Facility 4 MW (St Petersburg, Fla)Additionally, Duke Energy added 451 MW of solar capacity to North Carolina’s grid in 2017 
Hamilton Solar Power Plant 74 9 MW (Jasper, FL)
Columbia Solar Power Plant 74 9 MW (Fort White, FL) (opening in 2020)
Live Oak Solar Power Plant ? MW (Live Oak, FL)In 2020 Duke Energy began commercial operations of several farms in Texas, operating alongside its Farm from 2010 
Blue Wing Solar Project (San Antonio, TX)
Lapetus Solar Project 100 MW (Andrews County, TX)
Holstein Solar Project 200 MW (Nolan County, TX)
Rambler Solar Project 200 MW (Tom Green County, TX)

Wind farms
Los Vientos Wind Farm
Shirley Wind

Electric vehicles
Duke Energy announced in October 2018 that it would install 530 electric car charging stations around Florida  Ten percent of the stations will go into low income communities 

Awards
Duke Energy has been chosen as one of The 50 Best Employers In America by Business InsiderIn 2002, Duke Energy was awarded the Ig Nobel Prize in Economics for "adapting the mathematical concept of imaginary numbers for use in the business world" 

Criticism
In December 2000, Cinergy Corp agreed to pay $1 4B to settle allegations that its coal plants illegally polluted the air  Duke Energy completed its acquisition of Cinergy Corp in 2006 In July 2004, Duke Energy agreed to pay $208M to settle allegations that it had engaged in price gouging in California during the energy crisis of 2000 and 2001 In December 2009, Duke Energy agreed to spend approximately $93M to resolve violations of the Clean Air Act  Duke became obligated to make investments that were expected to reduce sulfur dioxide emissions by 86% On February 14, 2011, Greenpeace launched a campaign in which Phil Radford called on Duke Energy to abandon mountaintop removal coal, produce a third of its energy from renewable sources by 2020, and abandon coal altogether by 2030 "In May 2011, Duke agreed to pay $30M to resolve allegations that changes made to the company pension plan disproportionately harmed employees over 40, costing many of them up to half of their accrued benefits In December 2011, the non-partisan organization Public Campaign criticized Duke Energy for spending $17 47 million on lobbying  It also criticized Duke for not paying any taxes from 2008 to 2010 and receiving $216 million in tax rebates, in spite of turning a $5 4 billion profit and extensively raising executive compensations In 2012, Greenpeace protested Duke's lobbying of the Democratic Party, including its funding of the 2012 Democratic National Convention In July 2012, Duke Energy was criticized for paying former Progress Energy CEO Bill Johnson $44 7 million in compensation, including a $10 million severance, for something close to 20 minutes on the job as Duke's CEO In 2012, Duke Energy sued Citrus County, Florida claiming its tax bill was too high  The county hired an outside appraiser who found that there were a lot of unreported and underreported items and the tax claim was actually too low In May 2013, university students launched a campaign for Brown University to divest fossil fuels, specifically referring to Duke Energy and other coal plant operators On February 2 2014, the massive Dan River coal-ash spill led to a grand jury investigation into Duke Energy  The initial investigation was overseen by Governor Pat McCrory, who was accused of intervening on Duke's behalf as he had been a Duke Energy employee for 28 years  Prosecutors went looking for any cash or items of value that might have been given to Governor McCrory and members of his administration in exchange for cheap settlements  Duke Energy was prosecuted, pled guilty to nine charges of criminal negligence, and agreed to pay $102 million in fines and restitutions  Duke Energy was also ordered to close all of its 32 ash ponds in the state of North Carolina by 2029 In September 2016, the Government Pension Fund of Norway, then worth $900 billion, excluded Duke Energy and its subsidiaries from the fund, citing "risk of severe environmental damage" In August 2020, environmental watchdog EWG released a report accusing Duke Energy of charging Indiana ratepayers for $12 billion worth of failed projects  This was the direct consequence of a controversial bill passed in Indiana earlier that year  Projects included two natural gas pipelines and two retired nuclear power plants 
In 2021, investigative reporting by the Orlando Sun Sentinel revealed that Duke Energy, FPL (Nextera Energy), and TECO Energy put forth more than $3 million to promote "ghost" spoiler candidates in key Florida legislature races  The scheme involved former senator Frank Artiles and was effective in costing the Democrats at least one election In January 2021, Duke Energy agreed to a settlement, which the company proposed, to absorb $1 1 billion worth of coal-ash pond closure and cleanup costs, in North Carolina, between 2015 and 2030  The parties involved also waived all rights to challenge the “reasonableness and prudence” of Duke Energy’s coal ash management practices and costs before March 2020  Duke estimates the costs to be between $8 and $9 billion, the settlement reduces the cost on the ratepayer by 60% In August 2021, Indiana city officials from Bloomington, Carmel, and West Lafayette, and other lawmakers sent a letter to Duke Energy deploring its progress towards renewables and asking it to stop overcharging low-income homes for electricity 

December 2022 rolling blackouts
In December 2022, a major winter storm impacted much of the United States  On December 24, 2022, Christmas Eve, Duke Energy implemented rolling blackouts for the first time in their history, due to unprecedented energy demand  The rolling blackouts came without warning and lasted hours  In addition to facility failures, Duke reported failures related to the software that regulated the controlled blackouts  The Federal Energy Regulatory Commission initiated an investigation in response to the blackouts 

See also
2005 Atlantic Power Outage
Harlan County USA—1976 Academy Award-winning documentary film covering the efforts of 180 coal miners on strike against the Duke Power Company in Harlan County, Kentucky, in 1973 
Fixed bill
Holiday Junction
Passage 3:
Duke Energy Florida
Duke Energy Florida, formerly Florida Power, was the generation, transmission, and distribution sector of Florida Progress Corporation   The company distributed power over much of central and north Florida  Their service area covers approximately 13,000 square miles  Along with that, the company supplies electric service to approximately 1 8 million residential, commercial and industrial customers in the state  Florida Progress merged with Carolina Power & Light in 2000 to form Progress Energy  Progress Energy merged with Duke Energy in 2012  Today the Florida operations operate as Duke Energy Florida 

History
In 1899, Frank A  Davis founded the St  Petersburg Electric Light and Power Company in the newly founded town of St  Petersburg, Florida 
In 1911 it started offering 24 hour service to their customers 
After a series of expansions, in 1927 St  Petersburg Electric Light and Power Company became Florida Power Corporation 
Reddy Kilowatt became the company's mascot in In 1939 
The Honner family received free television from Florida Power Corporation in 1952 in celebration of the company installing its 200,000th meter 
In 1963, the company installed a specially designed underwater cable in the Gulf of Mexico  It was believed to be the longest one-piece installation in Florida back then  Land was also purchased to build their first nuclear power plant in Citrus County 
Andrew H  Hines became the company's president in 1972 
In 1977, the nuclear power plant was finally built in Citrus County 
In 1982, in hopes of diversifying beyond utility operations, Florida Power reorganized as a holding company, Florida Progress Corporation 
Louie the Lighting Bug became the mascot for their television ads in 1983
Context 3: Passage 1:
Cropper, Kentucky
Cropper is an unincorporated community within Shelby County, Kentucky, United States  It was also known as Croppers Depot  Their post office  is closed  The town of Cropper (Population Cal  at 205 in 2010) is located in northeast Shelby County, Kentucky  The origin of its name comes from the town's founder James Cropper, a blacksmith and store keeper who was the first person to build a house there sometime in the 1790s  He also was the town's first postmaster  The majority of Cropper's original citizens were members of the Low Dutch colony who were in the area as early as 1786  In 1807, a new group of settlers from Virginia increased the town's population  In 1855, the Louisville and Nashville Railroad (L and N) along with a depot opened on the east end of town  A hotel soon opened afterwards  This railroad line was closed in the early 1970s  Another occurrence, in 1855, was the founding of Union Grove Church  This church had three different denominations that included Christian, Methodist and Baptist  The only cemetery in Cropper is on the church grounds  In June 1900, the Baptist separated from the Union Church, and by 1903 it had its own building  In 1967, the Union Grove Church was renamed Cropper Christian Church  In 1905, a bank was opened by Ben Allen Thomas, but it was closed in 1921  An 1882 map shows the first school in Cropper which was a large two-story building with grades one through twelve  It burned in 1951 and was replaced with a one-story elementary school  The team mascot was the Yellow Jackets 
Passage 2:
Stelljes House
The Stelljes House is a historic house on New Hampshire Route 31 in Goshen, New Hampshire  Built about 1800, it is one of the oldest of a cluster of plank-frame houses in Goshen  The house was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1985  It has possibly been demolished 

Description and history
The Stelljes House stands in a rural area of southern Goshen, on the east side of NH 31  It is a 1+1⁄2-story wooden structure, with a gabled roof and clapboarded exterior  A brick chimney rises slightly off-center from the roof ridge  The main facade is asymmetrical, with a slightly off-center entrance, two sash windows to its left, and a three-section modern picture window to the right  A gable dormer projects from the rear roof face  An ell extends from the southern portion of the rear of the main block, with a porch in the corner joining the two blocks The house was built about 1800, and is one of the oldest of Goshen's cluster of plank-frame houses  The framing is three-inch planking attached vertically to sills, which rests on a rubble and granite stone foundation  Dowels are attached horizontally to give this framing lateral stability  The front facade was probably originally five bays across 

See also
National Register of Historic Places listings in Sullivan County, New Hampshire
Passage 3:
Haverstraw, New York
Haverstraw  is a town in Rockland County, New York, United States, located north of the Town of Clarkstown and the Town of Ramapo; east of Orange County; south of the Town of Stony Point; and west of the Hudson River  The town runs from the west to the east border of the county in its northern section  The population was 39,087 at the 2020 census The name comes from the Dutch word Haverstroo meaning "oats straw", referring to the grasslands along the river  The town contains three villages, one of which is also known as Haverstraw  Haverstraw village is the original seat of government for the town, hosting the area's historic central downtown business district and the densest population in northern Rockland County 

History
In 1609, the region was explored by Henry Hudson  A land purchase was made in this town in 1666 from local natives and confirmed as a patent in 1671   The region was known as Haverstroo, meaning "oat straw" in Dutch 
During the American Revolution, it served as an important lookout for British activities on the Hudson  A blue-marked trail, the Long Path, may be taken 2 miles (3 km) eastward from Central Highway along the crest of South Mountain to High Tor  Halfway is Little Tor, the second highest peak on South Mountain 
The town of Haverstraw was formed in 1788 while still part of Orange County, New York   Haverstraw was partitioned in 1791 to form the town of Clarkstown and the town of Ramapo and again in 1865 to form the town of Stony Point 
In 1826 the town was the site of a short-lived effort to establish an Owenite colony called the Franklin Community  Underfinanced and wracked by internal dissent, the model Owenite community folded after a mere five months of operation 

Geography
According to the United States Census Bureau, the town has a total area of 27 4 square miles (71 0 km2), of which 22 2 square miles (57 4 km2) is land and 5 3 square miles (13 6 km2), or 19 19%, is water 

Demographics
As of the census of 2000, there were 33,811 people, 11,255 households, and 8,328 families residing in the town   The population density was 1,508 3 inhabitants per square mile (582 4/km2)   There were 11,553 housing units at an average density of 515 4 per square mile (199 0/km2)   The racial makeup of the town was 66 24% white, 10 27% black or African American,  41% Native American, 3 21% Asian,  10% Pacific Islander, 15 65% from other races, and 4 12% from two or more races  Hispanic or Latino of any race were 31 73% of the population 
Haverstraw has one of largest Dominican communities in the United States with Dominicans making up 32 4% of the populationThere were 11,255 households, out of which 37 3% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 54 4% were married couples living together, 15 0% had a female householder with no husband present, and 26 0% were non-families  21 3% of all households were made up of individuals, and 7 8% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older   The average household size was 2 94 and the average family size was 3 43 
In the town, the population was spread out, with 26 3% under the age of 18, 8 6% from 18 to 24, 31 2% from 25 to 44, 23 6% from 45 to 64, and 10 3% who were 65 years of age or older   The median age was 35 years  For every 100 females, there were 93 7 males   For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 89 4 males 
The median income for a household in the town was $53,850, and the median income for a family was $61,119  Males had a median income of $40,109 versus $31,979 for females  The per capita income for the town was $22,188   About 8 1% of families and 10 6% of the population were below the poverty line, including 12 8% of those under age 18 and 13 8% of those age 65 or over 
As of the 2020 census, there were 39,087 people residing in the town 

Government
Haverstraw has a council form of government   The town supervisor is Howard T  Phillips Jr , and council members are Vincent Gamboli, John J  Gould, Hector L  Soto and Isidro "Papo" Cancel   The town's services include a police department 

Transportation
Major highways include the Palisades Interstate Parkway, U S  Route 9W, U S  Route 202, and NY Route 45  Haverstraw is also a terminus of the NY Waterway/Metro-North Railroad Haverstraw–Ossining Ferry 
Short Line, part of Coach USA, provides daily service along U S  Route 9W heading to and from the Port Authority Bus Terminal in Midtown Manhattan and West Point Military Academy or Newburgh 

New York Central's West Shore Railroad began operations along the banks of the Hudson in 1883 and until 1958 operated passenger service between Albany and Weehawken Terminal in Weehawken, New Jersey, where passengers could transfer to ferries to Manhattan  Service between West Haverstraw and Weehawken was discontinued in 1959  The right of way is still used for freight and is known as the River Line  Conrail operated the system until its dissolution  It is now part of the CSX River Subdivision which runs between North Bergen Yard in New Jersey and Selkirk, New York 

Communities and locations in the town
Bowline Point Town Park – A park east of Haverstraw on a peninsula, called Bowline Point, in the Hudson River 
Garnerville – A hamlet southwest of West Haverstraw 
Harriman State Park – Part of the park is in the western part of the town 
Village of Haverstraw – The historic downtown business district  The original seat of government in Haverstraw Town 
Johnsontown – A hamlet west of West Haverstraw named after the Johnson brothers 
Ladentown – A hamlet 
Lake Kanawauke – A lake in Harriman State Park in the southwestern corner of the town 
Lake Sebago – A lake in Harriman State Park in the southwestern corner of the town 
Lake Welch – A lake in Harriman State Park near the western town line 
Mount Ivy – A hamlet by the southern town line 
Pomona – A village partly in the town and partly in the town of Ramapo 
Samsondale – A hamlet east of West Haverstraw 
St  John's in the Wilderness – A hamlet 
Thiells – A hamlet west of West Haverstraw 
West Haverstraw – A village 
Willow Grove – A hamlet on the northern town line 

Education
The Roman Catholic Archdiocese of New York operates Catholic schools in Rockland County  St  Peter Parish School was in Haverstraw  In 2012, after the archdiocese announced that it could potentially be closed, the school community did a fundraising drive as the school was told it could remain open if a plan to raise $500,000 annually was produced  That year the school's per-student cost was $5,500 but it relied on archdiocese funds as it deliberately had tuition below cost, at $3,600, so children of working class backgrounds could attend  It had an increasing enrollment at the time of closure, with 328 students in its final year 

Notable people
Wilson P  Foss Jr , art collector and businessman
Walter S  Gurnee, Fourteenth Mayor of Chicago
Abram Stevens Hewitt (1822–1903) was a teacher, lawyer, iron manufacturer, U S  Congressman, and a mayor of New York 
Molly McGee (1952–1994), gridiron football player
Marty Springstead, American League Umpire
Scott Stanford (1977) – WWE Superstars play-by-play announcer working for the Raw brand
Both the composer Kurt Weill and his wife, the actress and singer Lotte Lenya, are buried in Haverstraw
Robert Sterling Yard, journalist, environmentalistHaverstraw was home to three Medal of Honor recipients:

Nick Erickson, Navy, Spanish–American War
Michael A  Donaldson, 69th New York, World War I

Footnotes
Further reading
George H  Budke, Rockland County during the American Revolution, 1776–1781  New York: Rockland County Public Librarians Association, 1976 

External links

Town of Haverstraw official website
Greater Haverstraw Chamber of Commerce
Passage 4:
Kadıköy, Yalova
Kadıköy is a town (belde) in the Yalova District, Yalova Province, Turkey  Its population is 9,543 (2022)  It is 7 kilometres (4 3 mi) south west of Yalova and at the midpoint of Armutlu Peninsula  The settlement was founded  by an Ottoman kadı ("judge")   Hence it was named as Kadıköy ("Judge's village")  During Ottoman Empire most of the population was composed of Greeks  But according to Population exchange between Greece and Turkey agreement the Greek population was replaced by Turkish population from Greece  Refugees from Caucasus after the Russo-Turkish War (1877-1878) were also settled in the village  The village was declared a seat of township in 1991  Intensive farming such as green house farming and floriculture is the main economic activity of the town 
Passage 5:
Timnath, Colorado
The Town of Timnath is a Statutory Town located in Larimer County, Colorado, United States  Founded in 1882, Timnath is a small agricultural/farming community located southeast of Fort Collins, Colorado, approximately one-half mile east of the Harmony Road/Interstate 25 interchange, on a small bluff east of the Cache la Poudre River  The surrounding farmlands have been used primarily for potatoes, alfalfa, sugar beets, and cattle  Although the town has remained virtually unchanged in recent decades, the encroaching growth of both Fort Collins to the west and Windsor to the south have placed the town in an area considered favorable to development  The population was 6,487 at the 2020 census   Timnath has been one of the fastest-growing communities in Colorado since 2020, and in 2021 had an estimated population of 7,839 

Description
Other structures lining Main Street (a section of County Road 5) include elementary school (in the Poudre School District), a one-story modern post-office, and several other historic buildings  Most residences are single-family homes  There is another elementary school (Bethke Elementary) 2 8 miles away from the one lining Main Street 

History
The area was first homesteaded by settlers in 1869  The first schoolhouse was constructed that year, approximately one-half mile west of the current town, and was named "Fairview"  By 1880, the community had outgrown the schoolhouse, and new "Fairview" school was built just north of the current town  The school also served as an early meeting place for the Presbyterian Church  The turning point in the early history of the community was in 1882, with the arrival of the Greeley, Salt Lake and Pacific Railroad (controlled by the Union Pacific) linking Greeley and Fort Collins  The following year, the Presbyterian Church, petitioned by local residents, sent a missionary to found a congregation  The current structure along Main Street dates from that year 
A post office was established in 1884, headed by Reverend Charles A  Taylor, the local Presbyterian minister  When the post office was formed, Taylor bestowed the current name of the town from the 14th chapter of the Book of Judges, as the place where Samson went to obtain a Philistine wife  In 1900 the second school became outdated and a new one was built, dropping the name "Fairview" permanently  This structure currently stands as an out-building to the current elementary school  A larger school was built in 1918 (which burned in 1935 and was rebuilt the following year)  The school district was consolidated with that of Fort Collins in 1960 
During World War II, the Empire of Japan launched Fu-Go balloon bombs that floated across the Pacific to the U S  One of these bombs dropped and exploded in a field in Timnath 

Geography
Timnath is located at 40°31'47" North, 104°58'54" West (40 529718, -104 981654) As of 2013, the incorporated area of Timnath comprises 5 05 square miles of land The historical downtown lies along County Road Five, which runs north–south parallel to Interstate 25 half a mile to the east  Since the 2000 census, the town of Timnath has annexed several square miles of land to the east and southeast; the town has experienced significant commercial development along the east–west corridor of County Road 38 (Harmony Road), including Wal-Mart and Costco  The majority of the six mile (north-south) by three mile (east-west) block of land that lies within Timnath's growth management area is low-density residential or agricultural, and is designated to remain so, with open space and parkland filling the remainder of the area, particularly near the Poudre River and Timnath Reservoir 

Government
Timnath is a Home Rule Town, governed by a Town Council, which consists of five elected officials - one Mayor and four Council Members, all positions are elected "at large," meaning that candidates come from all areas of the town  Elected officials serve 4 year terms 
Council meetings are open, public meetings where the Council makes town decisions and creates local laws and policies  The Council holds regular meetings on the second and fourth Tuesday of each month at 6 p m  Unless otherwise noted, all meetings are held at the Town Administration Building at 4800 Goodman Street 
The Town Council appoints the Town Manager who is responsible for the administration and daily operations of the Town 
Police services are provided by the Timnath Police Department and the Larimer County Sheriff's Department  Fire protection is provided by Poudre Fire Authority 

Demographics
As of the census of 2010, there were 625 people, 214 households, and 179 families residing in the town  There were 243 housing units  The racial makeup of the town was 94 4% White, 0 6% African American, 0 0% Native American, 1 1% Asian, 0 3% Pacific Islander, 1 4% from other races, and 2 1% from two or more races  6 1% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race 
There were 214 households, out of which 46 7% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 72 0% were married couples living together, 7 9% had a female householder with no husband present, 3 7% had a male householder with no wife present, and 16 4% were non-families  14 0% of all households were made up of individuals, and 1 4% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older  The average household size was 2 92 and the average family size was 3 23 
In the town, the population was spread out, with 32 3% under the age of 18, 5 5% from 18 to 24, 27 7% from 25 to 44, 27 1% from 45 to 64, and 7 4% who were 65 years of age or older  The median age was 35 4 years  For every 100 females, there were 98 4 males 
In the 2009-2013 American Community Survey, the median income for a household in the town was $113,144, and the median income for a family was $114,318  The per capita income for the town was $40,889  1 5% of the population and 1 1% of families were below the poverty line  1 0% of those under the age of 18 and 0 0% of those 65 and older were living below the poverty line 
Timnath has experienced significant population growth in recent years, and was the fastest growing town in Colorado in 2013 (32%) and the fastest growing town in Colorado since the start of the decade (142%) 

Notable people
Jean Bethke Elshtain, political philosopher
Passage 6:
Clarkstown, New York
Clarkstown is a town in Rockland County, New York, United States  The town is on the eastern border of the county, located north of the town of Orangetown, east of the town of Ramapo, south of the town of Haverstraw, and west of the Hudson River  As of the 2020 census, the town had a total population of 86,855  The hamlet of New City, the county seat of Rockland County, is also the seat of town government and of the Clarkstown Police Department, the county sheriff's office, and the county correctional facility  New City makes up about 41 47% of the town's population 
In 2008, Clarkstown became one of 600 municipalities nationwide to sign the United States Mayor's Climate Protection Agreement to reduce carbon dioxide emissions to 7 percent below the 1990 levels by 2012 

History
The town of Clarkstown was created in 1791 from the town of Haverstraw in Orange County, before Rockland County was formed 

Geography
The Hudson River defines the eastern border of the town, which is opposite the town of Mount Pleasant in Westchester County 
According to the United States Census Bureau, the town has a total area of 46 9 square miles (121 km2), of which 38 5 square miles (100 km2) is land and 8 4 square miles (22 km2) (17 87%) is water 
The New York State Thruway (Interstate 87/Interstate 287) intersects the Palisades Interstate Parkway in the town 

Demographics
As of the 2010 Census, there were 84,187 people, 29,234 households, and 22,186 families residing in the Town of Clarkstown  The population density was 1,800 per square mile  There were 30,314 housing units at an average density of 646 35 per square mile  There were 29,234 households, out of which 27 9% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 62 1% were married couples living together, 10 4% had a female householder with no husband present, and 24 1% were non-families  36 2% of all households were made up of individuals, and 31 8% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age of older  The average household size was 2 84 and the average family size was 3 28  The median age was 42 8 years  
As of the census of 2000, there were 82,082 people, 27,697 households, and 21,991 families residing in the town   The population density was 2,129 7 inhabitants per square mile (822 3/km2)   There were 28,220 housing units at an average density of 732 2 per square mile (282 7/km2)   The racial makeup of the town was 79 97% White, 7 87% African American, 0 13% Native American, 7 90% Asian, 0 10% Pacific Islander, 1 99% from other races, and 2 03% from two or more races  Hispanic or Latino of any race were 6 92% of the population 
There were 27,697 households, out of which 36



ground_truth: Iran

prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: Are both Duke Energy and Affiliated Managers Group based in Massachusetts?

The following are given passages.
Context 2: 
The company reached 1 million customers in 1986 
In 2000, Florida Progress merged with Raleigh, North Carolina-based Carolina Power & Light to form Progress Energy Inc 
Progress Energy merged with Duke Energy in 2012 

Future Projects
On March 25, 2019, Duke Energy Florida announced the new locations of where they will be putting their newest universal solar power plants  The three locations are Lake Placid in Highlands County, Trenton in Gilchrist County, and DeBary in Volusia County   Duke Energy Florida is predicting that these three solar plants will eliminate nearly 800 million pounds of carbon dioxide emissions in Florida each year upon commercial operation 

External links
https://www duke-energy com/our-company/about-us/our-history


== Regerences ==
Passage 4:
Sean Healey
Sean Michael Healey (1961 – May 26, 2020) was an American businessman who was chairman and chief executive officer of Affiliated Managers Group, Inc  (NYSE: AMG), a global asset management firm whose affiliates in aggregate managed approximately $736 billion as of December 31, 2018 

Early life and education
Healey was born in San Rafael, California   Healey attended high school in Oceanside, California, followed by Harvard College, where he was a member of the varsity wrestling squad  In 1983, he received an A B  in history and literature, magna cum laude, and was elected to Phi Beta Kappa 
After graduating from Harvard, Healey was awarded a Rotary Scholarship to study philosophy at University College in Dublin, Ireland, and was awarded a master's degree in philosophy with first-class honors in 1984   In 1987, he earned a J D  from Harvard Law School, and he was an editor of the Harvard Law Review 

Early career
Upon graduation from law school, Healey joined Goldman Sachs as an associate in the Mergers and Acquisitions Department, then transferred to a group that provided investment-banking services to financial institutions, where he worked under J  Christopher Flowers 

Affiliated Managers Group
In April 1995, Healey was recruited to join Affiliated Managers Group (AMG), then a three-person start-up firm seeking to invest in boutique money managers  AMG was founded in 1993 with private equity backing from TA Associates and made its first investment in 1994  When Healey joined AMG as Executive Vice President, the firm had a single investment in a manager with under $1 billion of assets under management With Healey on board, AMG received its second round of capital and subsequently invested in several U S -based investment firms  By October 1996, AMG had approximately $18 billion under management  In October 1997, AMG closed its investment for a 70% stake in Tweedy, Browne Company LLC, a well-known value-oriented investment management firm In November 1997, Healey led AMG’s initial public offering in which the company raised $176 million, priced at $23 50 per share  With proceeds from the offering, AMG continued to expand, and named Healey president and chief operating officer in October 1999  In 2001, AMG was named in Fortune magazine’s list of 100 Fastest-Growing Companies and had approximately $81 billion in assets under management  Healey became president and chief executive officer in 2005, and chairman and chief executive officer in 2011 AMG’s business model of leaving a portion of equity with each firm’s management as motivation for continuing to produce good performance and growth has been highly successful under Healey's leadership   AMG also uses employment contracts to ensure that asset management firms retain talented managers, and establishes long-term succession plans with managers   Healey has also been noted for being extraordinarily selective of his affiliate partners, stating in a recent interview that the company ultimately backs away from many more potential investments than it pursues Healey also helped AMG to expand globally   AMG opened the firm’s first distribution office in Australia in 2007, and thereafter expanded into Europe, Asia and the Middle East, to help its affiliates develop relationships in overseas markets  AMG furthered its expansion with the formation of AMG Wealth Partners in 2011 After AMG posted three-year average earnings growth of 40%, Fortune magazine again named AMG to its list of 100 Fastest-Growing Companies in 2012 In May 2018, Healey was diagnosed with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (a motor neuron disease otherwise known as ALS, or Lou Gehrig's disease) and AMG announced that Healey was stepping back to become Executive Chairman while Nate Dalton, AMG's long-time President and Chief Operating Officer, was named CEO 

The Healey Center for ALS
In November 2018, Healey, with support from AMG and a group of friends and colleagues, established the Sean M  Healey and AMG Center for ALS at Massachusetts General Hospital with an initial donation of $40 million  The Healey Center is led by Dr  Merit Cudkowicz, a world-renowned ALS researcher and Chair of the Neurology Department at MGH  The Healey Center is the largest hospital-based ALS research program in the world and supports a broad range of early stage trials of promising ALS treatments 

Personal life
Healey held a number of nonprofit board positions, including serving as co-chairman of the board of trustees of the Peabody Essex Museum; as a member of the Council on Foreign Relations; the Visiting Committee of the Harvard Law School; and the board of trustees of the International Game Fish Association In 2006, Healey was appointed by President George W  Bush to serve on the President’s Export Council, the U S ’s principal advisory committee on international trade Healey was an avid big-game hunter and sport fisherman, having boated a 93 5 pound white marlin, which was the winning fish in the 2010 White Marlin Open, the world’s largest billfish tournament He was previously married to Kerry M  Healey, the former lieutenant governor of Massachusetts  They had two children  Healey remarried in 2018 to Amy Broch  The couple had one daughter  
Healey died from amytrophic lateral sclerosis on May 26, 2020, at the age of 59 
Passage 5:
Darrell Crate
Darrell W  Crate (born 1967) is an American investor, private equity manager, and philanthropist  He is currently the managing principal of Easterly, a private investment firm he founded in 2009 in Beverly, Massachusetts A native of New York City, Crate attended Bates College in Lewiston, Maine before attending Columbia Business School in New York City  He began his career with Chase Manhattan Bank and Chase Manhattan Securities  His last assignment as the managing director of Financial Institutions Group based in London  Soon after he was asked to join Affiliated Managers Group where he helped to scale the business from 1998 to 2011, as Chief Financial Officer 
After departing AMG, Crate founded Easterly, where he has focused on a number of ventures, including founding a publicly-traded REIT, sponsoring a SPAC and building an asset management platform which owns stakes in third-party investment management businesses and assists them with their strategic growth 

Early life and education
Crate was born in New York City in 1967  Crate received his Bachelor of Arts in economics from Bates College in 1989 and his M B A  from Columbia Business School in 1995 

Investment career
Chase bank
Crate began his career with Chase Manhattan and Chase Manhattan Securities in New York  His last assignment as the managing director of the Financial Institutions Group based in London, focusing exclusively on investment management firms in England, Spain, France, Italy, Germany and the Benelux region 

Affiliated Managers Group
As chief financial officer
From 1998 to 2011, he served as the chief financial officer of Affiliated Managers Group a publicly traded asset management holding company  During his tenure at AMG, assets under management grew from $50 billion to over $340 billion through mutual fund, pension, and high-net-worth accounts globally, with over half of its clients domiciled outside the United States  During his tenure as CFO, the firm acquired interests in over 30 firms including Third Avenue Management, ValueAct Capital, AQR Capital Management, BlueMountain Capital Management and Tweedy, Browne Company  Over this same period, the company’s valuation increased materially, from $450 million to $6 billion

Easterly
As founder
In 2009, Crate founded Easterly Capital, LLC, a firm based in Beverly, Massachusetts, that builds operating businesses to gain exposure to the growth in both asset management and non-bank finance sectors   He joined the firm full-time in 2011 

As chairman
In February 2015, Crate became the chairman of Easterly Government Properties, Inc , a publicly traded REIT on the New York Stock Exchange that is focused primarily on the acquisition, development and management of Class A commercial properties that are leased to U S  Government agencies that serve essential functions  According to Business Wire, Crate became the chairman of Easterly Acquisition Corp , a publicly traded blank check company in July 2015 In March 2019, Easterly purchased the institutional investment business of Levin Capital Strategies, establishing Levin Easterly Partners, a long-only asset manager  Levin Easterly had approximately $6 1 billion in assets under management upon closure of the transaction   Levin Easterly is a fundamental, contrarian value investment management firm focusing on US Large and All Cap Value strategies based in New York and New Canaan, CT  One area of focus for the firm has been special purpose acquisition companies (SPACs)  They are one of the most experienced investors in these vehicles, with a track record of investing in SPACs that spans over a decade In May 2020, Easterly acquired an equity interest in James Alpha Advisors, LLC, a boutique asset management firm specializing in Global REITs, Structured Credit and Hedged Equity  In addition, the firm provides a platform of liquid alternative portfolios for institutional and individual investors  James Alpha Advisors had over $1 1 billion in assets under management at the time of the transaction Easterly Alternatives is the alternatives-focused arm of Easterly and has raised more than $500 million in private and platform vehicles in sectors including real estate, healthcare and transportation  Easterly Alternatives recently has launched a SPAC Fund, in which it will invest in the best new-issue SPAC IPOs that come to market 

Personal life
Crate currently lives in Florida, Maine and Hamilton, Massachusetts He is involved with a number of non-profit, political, and charitable organizations  He has been a trustee of Bates College since 2003 and served on the college's advancement and investment committees  On February 8, 2016, the college announced that Crate was among seven families to donate $19 million to endow professorships and launch the college’s new digital and computational studies program  Crate also serves as a trustee of Think of Us, a not-for-profit technology platform with the ultimate goal of helping foster youth successfully transition into a prosperous adulthood 
Crate currently serves as Vice Chairman of the Aircraft Owners and Pilots Association (AOPA)  A licensed private pilot since 1993, Crate has more than 6,000 flight hours and has flown his single-engine TBM plane to all of the 48 continental states  He also serves on the advisory counsel to the National Park Foundation  He has a particular focus and interest in the National Parks located in Maine, North Carolina and Montana Crate is a member of the Advisory Council of the Robert F  Kennedy Children's Action Corps (2006), a national leader in child welfare and juvenile justice programs and services  In 2019, the RFK Children’s Action Corps honored Crate with its prestigious "Robert F  Kennedy Embracing the Legacy Award” for his work on behalf of at-risk youth  Crate also served as a Trustee of Think of Us, a not-for-profit technology platform with the ultimate goal of helping foster youth successfully transition into a prosperous adulthood Other interests include serving as a trustee of Islesboro Island Trust (2002), Adams Memorial Foundation (2011),  Ethel Walker School (2015) IRYS School of Technology and Trades (2020)and an advisor to The Trustees of Reservations (2002) 

Political involvement
According to Boston com, Crate served as treasurer and a member of the executive committee of the Romney for President campaign in 2012, a role that he also held during the 2008 cycle  From 2003 to 2007, Crate served as the chairman of the Massachusetts Republican Party, and a senior advisor to Governor Mitt Rommney 

See also
List of Bates College people
List of Columbia University people
Massachusetts Republican Party
Passage 6:
Affiliated Managers Group
Affiliated Managers Group, Inc  (NYSE: AMG) is a strategic partner to independent investment management firms globally, with equity stakes in a number of partner-owned traditional investment managers, hedge funds, and specialized private equity firms which it calls “Affiliates ” The company has principal offices in West Palm Beach, Florida; Prides Crossing, Massachusetts; Stamford, Connecticut; and London, United Kingdom  The company was founded in December 1993 by William J  Nutt in Boston, Massachusetts, as a privately owned company with initial backing from TA Associates; Its initial public offering on the New York Stock Exchange occurred in November 1997   Today, AMG’s Affiliates manage $651 billion in assets in aggregate  
AMG’s strategy is to generate value by investing in an array of independent firms and supporting their long-term growth, through an approach in which significant equity ownership is retained by the management partners of each Affiliate, and each Affiliate operates and invests autonomously from AMG and from other Affiliates   The Affiliate principals’ ‘skin in the game’ incents them to maximize long-term value creation, and their retained investment independence preserves the entrepreneurial cultures of each Affiliate firm   AMG’s approach aligns incentives between AMG shareholders, Affiliate principals, and Affiliate clients, and is unique in the investment industry   AMG also offers its Affiliates growth capital, distribution and marketing capabilities, and other strategic support, and its intention is to “magnify” its Affiliates’ growth opportunities without interfering in their operations 

History
In 1993, AMG was founded by William Nutt In 1997, AMG invested in Tweedy, Browne and completed its initial public offering, listing on the New York Stock Exchange  
In 2004, AMG established a U S  retail platform which would enable its Affiliates to manufacture, market, and distribute products to the U S  wealth marketplace   AMG also made a minority investment in AQR, a quantitative investment manager and hedge fund firm, its first investment in an alternative investment firm, and its first minority investment In 2005, Sean M  Healey was named chief executive officer In 2007, AMG opened its first non-U S  institutional distribution office in Sydney, Australia, to provide sales and marketing services to institutional clients in Australia and New Zealand   Today, AMG operates distribution capabilities serving the Asia, Australia, Europe / U K , and Middle East marketplaces In 2009, AMG announced investments in Harding Loevner and Gannett Welsh & Kotler In 2010, AMG acquired a majority stake in Pantheon Ventures   The private equity company was AMG’s largest investment to date   AMG also invested in Artemis Investment Management  In 2016, AMG made an investment in leading technology-driven liquid alternative firm Systematica Investments In 2018, after being diagnosed with ALS, Sean Healey stepped down from his position as chief executive officer  He died in May 2020   Nathaniel Dalton, previously president and chief operating officer, succeeded him In 2019, Jay Horgen succeeded Dalton as president and chief executive officer   Horgen joined AMG in 2007 and previously served as chief financial officer, as well as executive vice president, focusing on investments in new AMG Affiliates In 2021, AMG invested in four companies, including Parnassus Investments, the largest ESG-dedicated fund manager in the U S In 2022, AMG increased its investment in Systematica Investments, a quantitative and systematic investment firm Other Information
AMG is known for its research  ,, on independent firms’ advantages in consistently generating excess returns The company is also known for its commitment to corporate citizenship and community engagement   AMG was a founding donor to the Sean M  Healey and AMG Center for ALS at Massachusetts General Hospital, and continues to support the Center with fundraising and charitable events 
Passage 7:
Progress Energy Inc
Progress Energy, headquartered in Raleigh, North Carolina, is a subsidiary of Duke Energy and prior to its merger with Duke Energy was a Fortune 500 energy company with more than 21,000 megawatts of generation capacity and $9 billion in annual revenues  Progress Energy includes two major electric utilities that serve approximately 3 1 million customers in the Carolinas and Florida  As an independent company, the last chairman and CEO of Progress Energy was William D  Johnson; his predecessor was Robert McGehee, who died on October 9, 2007 at the age of 64 of a stroke while on a business trip to London 
Progress Energy is the majority owner and operator of the Brunswick, Crystal River 3, Robinson, and Shearon Harris nuclear power plants 
On October 16, 1999, third quarter earnings of Florida Progress Corp  fell 20 5 percent as damage from Hurricane Floyd On August 24, 1999, Carolina Power & Light Co  said that it would acquire Florida Progress Corp  for $5 3 billion, creating the nation's ninth-largest electric utility The company's current slogan is, "People, performance, excellence "

History
In 2000, Carolina Power & Light bought Florida Power Corporation and changed its name to Progress Energy  Progress Energy represents a family of companies, including CP&L, Florida Power, Progress Telecom, NCNG and SRS, and an important new organization, Energy Ventures  The company built a new headquarters in downtown Raleigh in 2004 On January 10, 2011, Duke Energy announced plans to take over Progress Energy in a $26 billion deal resulting in the country's largest electric utility with 7 1 million customers  Duke Energy plans to "maintain substantial operations in Raleigh " When the merger was completed on July 3, 2012, Duke Chairman James E  (Jim) Rogers became Chairman and CEO of the new combined company, while Progress CEO Bill Johnson resigned 

Environmental record
In 2008, the Corporate Responsibility Officer named Progress Energy to its list of 100 Best Corporate Citizens  Progress Energy was named to the Dow Jones Sustainability Index in 2009, 2008, 2007, 2006 and 2005 The company is investing $300,000 in a UNC Chapel Hill study to map the offshore wind power potential of North Carolina  Progress Energy launched its SunSense-branded solar incentive programs in 2009 Progress Energy has installed flue-gas desulfurization technology, or scrubbers, to remove sulfur dioxide emissions from its nine largest coal-fired power plant units Researchers at the University of Massachusetts Amherst have identified Progress Energy as the 29th-largest corporate producer of Air pollution in the United States in 2002, when it released roughly 39 million pounds of toxic chemicals into the air  Major pollutants included nickel compounds, chromium compounds, sulfuric acid, and hydrochloric acid  Progress has also been named a potentially responsible party at the Carolina Transformer Co  Superfund toxic waste site, according to the Center for Public Integrity 

Naming rights
Progress Energy owns the naming rights to the University of Central Florida's Progress Energy Welcome Center, St  Petersburg's Progress Energy Park, home of Al Lang Field, Progress Energy Center for the Arts-Mahaffey Theater, and the "Progress Energy Center for the Performing Arts" in downtown Raleigh, NC 

See also
List of power stations in Florida
Passage 8:
Gulfstream Natural Gas Pipeline
Gulfstream Natural Gas Pipeline is a natural gas pipeline that brings gas from Mississippi and Alabama, underwater across the Gulf of Mexico, to Florida   It was owned by Duke Energy, but is now owned by Enbridge   Its FERC code is 183 

See also
Florida Gas Transmission Pipeline
Passage 9:
Crystal River Energy Complex
The Crystal River Energy Complex consists of seven power-generating plants on a 4,700-acre (1,900 ha) site near the mouth of the Crystal River in Citrus County, Florida   Crystal River 1, 2, 4, and 5 are fossil fuel power plants  Crystal River 3 was previously the sole nuclear power plant on the site (1977-2013)  The Crystal River Combined Cycle site consists of two Mitsubishi gas turbines, which came on-line in 2018   The complex was developed in the early 1960s by the Florida Power Corporation and sold to Progress Energy Inc in 2000  Following Progress Energy's merger with Duke Energy in 2012, the facility is owned and operated by Duke Energy In February 2013, Duke Energy announced that Crystal River 3 would be permanently shut down 

Power plants
See also
Levy County Nuclear Power Plant
Progress Energy Inc
List of power stations in Florida
Passage 10:
Crescent Communities
Crescent Communities is a real estate investor, developer, and operator of mixed-use communities with headquarters in Charlotte, North Carolina  It has approximately 115 employees  The company has offices in Charlotte, Washington, D C , Atlanta, Orlando, Nashville, Dallas, Denver, Phoenix, and Salt Lake City 

History
In 1939, Duke Power (now Duke Energy) established a forestry department to manage company land not used for power generation  In 1963, this department became the company South Carolina Land and Timber  As the holdings expanded to include land in North Carolina, the organization was renamed Crescent Land and Timber in 1969  Some of the original land was sold to Crescent Land and Timber by the Singer Corporation In the mid-1980s, the company was renamed Crescent Resources as it began to actively develop residential communities  Crescent Resources began work on its first commercial development, Coliseum Centre, in 1990  As of 1991, Crescent Resources managed 270,000 acres of land  Holdings included part of what became Lake James State Park, which it later sold to the state of North Carolina  Crescent Resources became a separate entity from Duke Energy in 2006,  with Duke Energy selling its 49% stake to Morgan Stanley Crescent Resources filed for bankruptcy in 2009, and has emerged from it separated from the utility company  The company aimed to rebrand itself, renaming itself "Crescent Communities" in 2013 

External links
Crescent Communities
Context 3: 9% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 67 4% were married couples living together, 9 1% had a female householder with no husband present, and 20 6% were non-families  16 9% of all households were made up of individuals, and 6 5% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older   The average household size was 2 90 and the average family size was 3 27 
In the town, the population was spread out, with 24 7% under the age of 18, 6 6% from 18 to 24, 28 3% from 25 to 44, 28 1% from 45 to 64, and 12 3% who were 65 years of age or older   The median age was 39 years  For every 100 females, there were 94 3 males   For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 90 3 males 
According to a 2007 estimate, the median income for a household in the town was $92,121, and the median income for a family was $104,909  Males had a median income of $57,773 versus $40,805 for females  The per capita income for the town was $34,430   About 2 5% of families and 3 8% of the population were below the poverty line, including 4 5% of those under age 18 and 3 4% of those age 65 or over 
As of the 2020 Census, there were 86,855 people residing in the Town of Clarkstown Clarkstown is the most densely populated town in Rockland County and is home to New City, which is the county seat  Clarkstown has more business districts in it than any other town in Rockland County, including the Palisades Center, which is among the largest malls in the world 

Elected representation
The Town of Clarkstown has as its chief executive a Town Supervisor   The current Town Supervisor is George Hoehmann   Clarkstown is represented in the United States House of Representatives by Congressman Michael Lawler   It is represented in New York State government by Senator Bill Weber and Assemblyman Kenneth Zebrowski Jr  Clarkstown is divided into four wards as follows:

Ward 1 Councilman Frank Borelli (R)
encompasses the northern portion of New City 
Ward 2 Councilman Michael Graziano (R)
encompasses the northeast portion of Clarkstown 
Ward 3 Councilman Donald Franchino (R)
encompasses Central Nyack, West Nyack, Nanuet, and Bardonia 
Ward 4 Councilman Patrick Carroll (D)
encompasses Bardonia, New City, Nanuet, Spring Valley and West Nyack 

Public transportation
Clarkstown Mini-Trans is the provider of local mass transportation in Clarkstown  It has five bus routes:

Route A- Nanuet Mall to Lakewood Drive
Route B- Nanuet Mall to Zukor Park
Route C- Nanuet Mall to South Mountain Road
Route D- Nanuet Mall to Palisades Center Mall
Route E- Nanuet Mall to Ridge RoadAdditionally, Transport of Rockland provides local mass transportation  Routes 59, 91, 92, 93, and 97 serve the town Commuter transportation is provided by New Jersey Transit's Pascack Valley Line at Nanuet, with service to Hoboken and connecting service to New York Penn Station  Tappan ZEExpress, operated by Transport of Rockland provides bus service from the Palisades Center in West Nyack and the Hudson Link bus in Central Nyack to the Tarrytown train station and the White Plains TransCenter  In addition, Rockland Coaches provides express service to the Port Authority Bus Terminal in New York City from Park-and-Ride and other pickup locations in New City, Bardonia, West Nyack, and Nanuet via Route 49 and 49J, and local service to New York from New City, Valley Cottage, and Upper Nyack on Routes 9A, 9T, and 20 

Education
The town of Clarkstown is served by several school districts  The majority of the town is served by the Clarkstown Central School District, which educates students in New City, Bardonia, Congers, and West Nyack  The village of Upper Nyack as well as the hamlets of Valley Cottage and Central Nyack are served by the Nyack Public Schools, while the Hamlet of Nanuet is served by the Nanuet Union Free School District  A small portion on the western town border is served by the East Ramapo Central School District High schools located in the town include Clarkstown South High School in West Nyack, Clarkstown North High School in New City, Nyack Senior High School in Upper Nyack, and Nanuet Senior High School in Nanuet 

Clarkstown Central School District
In 2015 U S  News & World Report ranked Clarkstown North Senior High School with a Silver award as the 135 Best High School in New York State and 1,329 nationally
In 2017 U S  News & World Report ranked Clarkstown South Senior High School with a Silver award as the 116 Best High School in New York State and 1,219 nationally 
In 2017 U S  News & World Report ranked Clarkstown North Senior High School with a Silver award as the 117 Best High School in New York State and 1,224 nationally 
In 2018, ranked 78 Best School Districts in Clarkstown by Niche's 

Communities and locations in the Town of Clarkstown
Rankings
CNN Money
In 2008, CNNMoney com named Clarkstown the 71st best small "city" to live in America 
In 2010, CNNMoney com named Clarkstown the 41st best small "city" to live in America, which was the highest such ranking in New York 
In 2012, CNNMoney com named Clarkstown the 35th best small "city" to live in America 
In 2014, CNNMoney com named Clarkstown the 7th best small "city" to live in America 
In 2016, CNNMoney com named Clarkstown the 7th best small "city" to live in America 
In 2019, CNNMoney com named Clarkstown the 91st best small "city" to live in America 
In 2021, CNNMoney com named Clarkstown the 49th best small "city" to live in America 

CQ Press Crime ranking
In 2005, it was named by Morgan Quitno the second safest city in the United States whose population is greater than 75,000 as well as the second safest overall from over 369 cities  This was the fifth year in a row in which Clarkstown made it within the top five and top ten respectively in these categories 
In 2007, Clarkstown was once again named the second safest city in the United States, in the 14th annual "2007 – 2008 City Crime Rankings" published by CQ Press – formally known as Morgan Quitno, a unit of Congressional Quarterly Inc  It was based on the FBI's September 24, 2007, crime statistics report which looked at 378 municipal areas with at least 75,000 people based on per-capita rates for homicide, rape, robbery, aggravated assault, burglary and auto theft 
In 2008, Clarkstown was named the 6th safest city in the United States in the 15th annual "2008 – 2009 City Crime Rankings" published by CQ Press 
In 2009, Clarkstown was named the 7th safest city in the United States in the 16th annual "2009 – 2010 City Crime Rankings" published by CQ Press 
In 2010, Clarkstown was named the 5th safest city in the United States in the 17th annual "2010 – 2011 City Crime Rankings" published by CQ Press In 2011, Clarkstown was named the 7th safest city in the United States in the 18th annual "2011 – 2012 City Crime Rankings" published by CQ Press 
In 2012, Clarkstown was named the 8th safest city in the United States in the 19th annual "2012 – 2013 City Crime Rankings" published by CQ Press 
In 2013, Clarkstown was named the 8th safest city in the United States in the 20th annual "2013 – 2014 City Crime Rankings" published by CQ Press 
However, these rankings are highly controversial, because of their source  In October 2007 the American Society of Criminology, the United States Conference of Mayors, and the Federal Bureau of Investigation requested that the publisher reconsider the promotion of the book – specifically, "their inaccurate and inflammatory press release labeling cities as 'safest' and 'most dangerous'" – because the rankings are "baseless and damaging "

Educational ranking
In 2015 U S  News & World Report ranked Clarkstown South Senior High School with a silver award as the 128 Best High School in New York State and 1,233 nationally In 2015 U S  News & World Report ranked Clarkstown North Senior High School with a silver award as the 135 Best High School in New York State and 1,329 nationally 

Clarkstown Going Green
Clarkstown has taken steps towards "going green" by conducting energy audits, purchasing Energy Star office equipment and using green cleaning products in town facilities  Other steps included:

2005 – Purchasing 10% of the energy used by town government from wind and solar sources 
2006 – Passing a tree preservation law 
2007 – Purchasing hybrid vehicles and smaller cars 
2008 – Installing energy-efficient lighting (LED) at its parks and recreation building with sensors that automatically turn off lights when no motion is detected 
2012- Solar Field installed on capped Town Landfill (Dedicated in 2014)  It is the first Solar Field on a capped landfill in New York State  Proposed by then Councilman, George Hoehmann 
2013- Town participated in the NYSDEC Climate Smart Communities program in developing resiliency and climate action plans 
2016- Town purchases street lights from Orange and Rockland Utilities and begins converting to LED (Conversion completed in 2018) Climate Action and Sustainability Planning - Training and Outreach

Beginning in 2014, Town Planners, along with representatives from other Town Departments, attended an initial training workshop held by the consulting firm of Vanasse Hangen Brustlin, Inc  (VHB), who is being funded by the New York State Department of Environmental Conservation specifically to help communities attain their goals as Climate Smart Communities   Town Planners participated in a series of workshops with VHB through February 2015 to begin the process of identifying ways to reduce the Town's greenhouse gas emissions 
In addition, the Clarkstown Planning Department, along with other Town Departments, participated in the New York Rising Community Reconstruction Program   This is a separate initiative funded by the New York State Department of State to aid in the development of resilient and sustainable communities  As part of this New York Rising Program the consulting firm AKRF, Inc  worked with the Town to identify areas of the Town which are vulnerable to storm damage and to formulate a plan and provide funding to address these issues 
Participation in these initiatives and the products generated will serve as the foundations of the Climate Action and Sustainability Plan, which will be incorporated into the first update of the Town's Comprehensive Plan, Clarkstown 2020   Additionally, workshops were held throughout the Town's hamlets to begin gathering input and formulate direction for the Clarkstown 2020 update 

US Supreme Court case
In 1994, Clarkstown was involved in litigation that challenged a town ordinance, that required all waste picked up in the town to be sorted for recyclables at a specific privately operated facility   The case made it to the United States Supreme Court in C&A Carbone, Inc  v  Town of Clarkstown, in which the ordinance was held unconstitutional 
Passage 7:
Carrizozo, New Mexico
Carrizozo is a town in Lincoln County, New Mexico, United States  It is the county seat, with a population of 996 at the 2010 census  Founded in 1899, the town provided the main railroad access for Lincoln County, and the town experienced significant population growth in the early decades of the 1900s  However, with declining relevance of the railroad, the population of the town has gradually declined  The town is located at the intersection of U S  Routes 54 and 380 

Name
The name of the town is derived from the Spanish vernacular for reed grass (Carrizo), which grew significantly in the area and provided excellent feed for ranch cattle  The additional "zo" at the end of the town name was added to indicate abundance of Carrizo grass  The town is now often referred to colloquially as "Zozo" 

History
Prior to 1899, the area was primarily a few ranches and a stagecoach crossing with limited permanent settlement  Lawrence Murphy, a merchant active in the Lincoln County War (1878), owned a major ranch in the area  The location of Carrizozo was selected as the site for a station on the El Paso and Northeastern Railway (EP&NE) main line in 1899  Carrizozo was chosen over the nearby booming mine town of White Oaks, resulting in large-scale migration from White Oaks to Carrizozo The railroad brought businesses, growing population, and increased importance to the town of Carrizozo  As a result, a county referendum in 1909 moved the seat of Lincoln County from the town of Lincoln to Carrizozo  This decision resulted in a four-year legal battle that was eventually resolved in favor of Carrizozo by the Supreme Court of the United States in the case of Gray v  Taylor  The result was a boom in which railroad access and political importance combined to lead to significant population growth in Carrizozo  The population reached around 2,000 by 1920 During this time, Albert B  Fall, a U S  Senator from New Mexico and later Secretary of the Interior, owned the Three Rivers Ranch just south of Carrizozo, but had to sell it to settle legal debts as a result of his involvement in the Teapot Dome scandal (1922–1923)  During the same time, journalist Quentin Reynolds visited the town and wrote a piece on it for Collier's  Later, he wrote in The Wounded Don't Cry that "I used to agree with Bugs that once you left New York, you were strictly on the horse and buggy circuit  But of late years I've had to modify that  Since then I've discovered New Orleans, San Francisco and a little place called Carrizozo, New Mexico, where I want to go when I die  I want to go there and gang around the drug store and sneak behind the prescription counter with Art Rolland and have a nip of what he calls Old Granddaddy then type out his prescriptions for him "Carrizozo is about 35 miles (56 km) east of the Trinity Site, where the first nuclear bomb was detonated on July 16, 1945  Residents reported tremors like an earthquake and, as the first major downwind settlement, the town received a significant part of the remnants of the mushroom cloud (resulting in some radioactive contamination of the area, which faded quickly and does not persist today) With the rise of the automobile, Carrizozo's proximity to the railroad became less important starting in the 1950s, and the last passenger train passed through in 1968  The result was a decrease in economic opportunity in Carrizozo, and the population fell back to about 1,200 people for much of the end of the 20th century  Recently, the town has seen increasing focus on tourism, and cherry cider produced in the town is known nationally 

Geography
Carrizozo is located at the northern end of the Tularosa Basin, which extends southward to the New Mexico–Texas border  The town itself is located in a flat area known prior to the founding of the town as the Corrizo flats, with typical Chihuahuan desert scrub and desert grasslands To the west of the town is the Carrizozo Malpais, a 40-mile-long (64 km) lava flow that is about 1,500 years old and accessible through the Valley of Fires Recreation Area  To the northeast is Carrizo Mountain, a 9,600-foot (2,900 m) peak within the Sacramento Mountains, and to the southeast are the Sierra Blanca mountain range 

Climate
Demographics
As of the 2010 census, there were 996 people living in the town  The racial makeup of the town was 78 71% White, 0 70% African American, 2 61% American Indian, 14 16% Other, and 3 82% identified as two or more  Hispanics of any race were 43 57% of the population  Of the population, 54 72% were men and 45 28% were women  Of these, 15 96% were under the age of 18, 24 50% were over 65, and 59 54% were between 18 and 65 

Transportation
Carrizozo is located at the intersection of U S  Routes 54 and 380  For general aviation, the town is served by Carrizozo Municipal Airport 

Education
Carrizozo Municipal Schools is the local school district 

Points of interest
Carrizozo Women's Club (1920 Pueblo Revival style building listed in the National Register of Historic Places)
Carrizozo Heritage Museum (1940s built as a frozen food locker—converted into local history museum in 2003)
Lincoln National Forest (southeast of the city via U S  Route 380 and NM 37)
Valley of Fires Recreation Area (west-northwest of the city via U S  Route 380)

Film and television
A number of movies have been filmed in Carrizozo  Movies which have been filmed at least partially in Carrizozo include:
Wander (2020)
Gambit (2012)
This Must be the Place (2011)
The Book of Eli (2010)
Deja Vu, Hera's Odyssey (2004)
The Outfitters (1999)
Mad Love (1995)

Notable people
Albert B  Fall, first senator from the state of New Mexico (1912–1921) and later U S  Secretary of the Interior (1921–1923); owned the Three Rivers Ranch on the outskirts of Carrizozo
William C  McDonald, first governor of the state of New Mexico (1912–1917); owned a ranch on the outskirts of Carrizozo
Charlie Siringo, famous Pinkerton detective assigned to Carrizozo to catch cattle thieves (1916–1917)
Earl Reece Stadtman, biochemist born in Carrizozo in 1919
José Maria de Vega, born in Michoacán, Entrepreneur carpenter, assisted McDonald, 1st board of trustees in Carrizozo 
Rick Geary, American cartoonist and illustrator, has lived in Carrizozo since 2007 
Passage 8:
Ancón, Panama
Ancón is a corregimiento in Panamá District, Panamá Province, Panama with a population of 29,761 as of 2010  Its population as of 1990 was 11,518; its population as of 2000 was 11,169  It is sometimes considered a suburb or small town within Panama City, northeast of the limits of the town of Balboa  Ancon Hill is also the name of a large hill that overlooks Panama City and once served as a form of protection from pirates and sea invasion  The township was originally located around this hill, and was created to house employees of the Panama Canal during its construction  As part of the construction effort, the historic Gorgas Army Hospital was founded and built on the hillside  The first ship to officially transit the canal, SS Ancon, was named after the district  The community continued to serve as housing for employees of the Panama Canal Company until 1980, when parts of it began to be turned over to the Panamanian government under the 1977 Torrijos-Carter Treaties  Modern-day Ancón is a corregimiento (the Panamanian equivalent of a suburb in the United States) of Panama City, serving mainly as a residential area  The Gorgas Army Hospital building is now the Panamanian Oncology Hospital, primarily used for cancer research  The area also houses Panama's Supreme Court, just a few feet away from the Gorgas Army Hospital building, and several Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute buildings for research into tropical biology  Ancón is also a parish (parroquia) of the District of Panama, located in the Panama Canal adjacent area 

History
The area where the district of Ancón is located was always conceived as a place of transit  From the Spanish arrival on the Isthmus of Panama in 1501, it was thought to build there a road between the Atlantic and Pacific oceans, an idea that was materialized with the construction of the Panama Canal During the years when the Panama Canal was under the control of the United States, many administrative facilities, military bases, and communities were built in the adjacent areas, forming part of the former Panama Canal Zone  When these areas were reverted to Panama under the Torrijos-Carter Treaties, several alternatives were proposed to integrate the district to the city of Panama  The current district of Ancón was created when a new political-administrative division for the reverted areas was adopted, by Act No  18 of August 29, 1979, and later amended by Law No  1 of October 27, 1982  The areas located in the Pacific sector became part of this district, while those located on the Atlantic side were incorporated into the district of Cristobal, in the province of Colon  They remain characterized by a strong US urban architectural style 

Economy
Due to its geographical location, the district of Ancón is of great importance for the economy of Panama  In it are located most of the administrative facilities and services related to the Panama Canal  Balboa is home to the port of Panama City  The district also home to the Administrative Unit of Reverted properties of the Ministry of Economy and Finance, established in 2007 as a replacement for the former Inter-Oceanic Region Authority  Many of the buildings belonging to former US military bases are today sites of Panamanian governmental and nongovernmental institutions, such as the City of Knowledge, the main science and technology park in the country, in the area of the former Fort Clayton 
Besides its importance in the fields of trade and intermodal transportation, the district is becoming increasingly relevant in terms of services and tourism  Ancón is home to the Marcos A  Gelabert International Airport, the Grand National Transportation Terminal, and Albrook Mall, the largest mall in the country 

Sites of interest
The district of Ancón includes the Parque Natural Metropolitano, a vast jungle located a few minutes from the city, and its highest elevation, Ancon Hill  In its urban areas, you can visit several historical sites of the Panamanian capital, the building that houses the headquarters of the  Panama Canal Authority, popularly known as the Administration Building  The Amador Causeway, a section of which runs over the sea, joining three small Pacific islands, is one of the city's most popular tourist attractions, with marinas, restaurants, bars, and discothèques  There is also the Figali Convention Center, while the Museum of Biodiversity, designed by renowned architect Frank Gehry, is currently in construction 

See also
Postage stamps and postal history of the Canal Zone
Passage 9:
Carpenter, Colorado
Carpenter is a ghost town in Mesa County, Colorado, United States, twelve miles northeast of Grand Junction at the end of an extension to 27¼ Road  The settlement was established by William Thomas Carpenter early in 1890 to provide the miners who worked in his two Book Cliff mines with a place to live  He began building shacks to house his single miners and later erected small houses for the employees with families 
As a result of the town's rapid growth, a request to the U S  post office to establish a branch there in June 1890 was quickly obliged and the community was officially dubbed Carpenter  However, the town never attained a population of over 50, and the post office closed after one year  After the closure of its post office, Carpenter built a company store and a combination boarding house/restaurant  Book Cliff company stone cutters and masons constructed several buildings and many foundations at Carpenter, using stone from the company quarry near the cliffs  One of the finest examples of a building made of Book Cliff sandstone is the Fruita, Colorado Catholic church 
Several years of prosperity followed the arrival of the Little Book Cliff Railway at the townsite in 1892  Carpenter began to formulate big plans for his village  He envisioned it as a tourist resort complete with hotel, dance pavilion, picnic areas, and even a lake that was to be fed by a spring located near his Book Cliff mines  Carpenter renamed the camp Poland Spring after a noted resort of that name in Maine  It was variously referred to as Polen, Pollen, and Polan Springs, although Carpenter's intended name was evidenced by his having it emblazoned on the side of one of his railroad excursion cars  The resort plans were never completed because Carpenter went broke shortly after the Panic of 1893 
Isaac Chauncey Wyman, a wealthy Massachusetts investor, became the next owner of the Book Cliff company  The town continued to enjoy an active existence because he did much to improve the mines and thus created a need for additional employees  The old eating house, referred to as the Hotel de Carpenter on occasion, was converted into a school and church for the camp's inhabitants, and many company structures were rebuilt and improved during Wyman's tenure as owner  The new name Book Cliff was applied to the town but did not adhere any better than did Poland Springs  Usually, people referred to the place as the “Book Cliff Mines ”
The town reached its zenith and then began a gradual decline following Wyman's death in 1910  In his will, Wyman left the town, railroad, and mines to Princeton University  Princeton managed everything for 15 years then decided to abandon it all in 1925  By the end of that summer nearly everything had been sold, dismantled, and hauled away 
Passage 10:
Goshen, New Hampshire
Goshen is a town in Sullivan County, New Hampshire, United States  The population was 796 at the 2020 census 

History
Incorporated in 1791, Goshen was first settled in 1768 as a part of Saville (now Sunapee)  The name "Goshen" may have been taken from Goshen, Connecticut, where many residents had relatives 

Geography
According to the United States Census Bureau, the town has a total area of 22 5 square miles (58 4 km2), of which 22 4 square miles (58 1 km2) are land and 0 1 square miles (0 2 km2) are water, comprising 0 41% of the town  Goshen is drained by the South Branch Sugar River and its tributaries Blood Brook and Gunnison Brook, and hence lies almost fully within the Connecticut River watershed  Most of the southeast part of town is drained by Cherry Brook, one of the headwaters of the Ashuelot River, a southwest-flowing tributary of the Connecticut, but a small area at the southeast corner of town has the headwaters of the east-flowing West Branch Warner River, part of the Merrimack River watershed The long ridge of Mount Sunapee occupies the eastern edge of town  The highest point in Goshen is an unnamed knob on the ridge (near Goves Mountain) where the elevation reaches 2,529 feet (771 m) above sea level 
New Hampshire Route 10 passes through the western part of the town, including Goshen village, and leads north to Newport and south to Keene  New Hampshire Route 31 has its northern terminus at Route 10 and leads southeast to Hillsborough 

Adjacent municipalities
Sunapee, New Hampshire (north)
Newbury, New Hampshire (east)
Bradford, New Hampshire (southeast at one point)
Washington, New Hampshire (south)
Lempster, New Hampshire (southwest)
Unity, New Hampshire (west)
Newport, New Hampshire (northwest)

Demographics
As of the census of 2000, there were 741 people, 279 households, and 219 families residing in the town   The population density was 32 9 inhabitants per square mile (12 7/km2)   There were 389 housing units at an average density of 17 3 per square mile (6 7/km2)   The racial makeup of the town was 97 03% White, 1 62% Native American, 0 13% Asian, 0 13% from other races, and 1 08% from two or more races  Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0 40% of the population 
There were 279 households, out of which 33 3% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 64 5% were married couples living together, 9 7% had a female householder with no husband present, and 21 5% were non-families  17 2% of all households were made up of individuals, and 7 2% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older   The average household size was 2 63 and the average family size was 2 96 
In the town, the population was spread out, with 24 2% under the age of 18, 8 0% from 18 to 24, 27 5% from 25 to 44, 26 7% from 45 to 64, and 13 6% who were 65 years of age or older   The median age was 40 years  For every 100 females, there were 97 6 males   For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 96 5 males 
The median income for a household in the town was $42,625, and the median income for a family was $45,208  Males had a median income of $33,333 versus $22,727 for females  The per capita income for the town was $20,561   About 6 9% of families and 8 8% of the population were below the poverty line, including 10 8% of those under age 18 and 21 5% of those age 65 or over 

Education
Goshen and the neighboring town of Lempster maintained a combined elementary and middle school, called Goshen-Lempster Cooperative School, located in Lempster  The school served kindergarten through 8th grade  The cooperative was dissolved in June 2016   The majority of Goshen elementary and middle-school aged children now attend Newport, NH schools; the Newport school system now acts as the anchor system for Goshen students 
After 8th grade, students are given the choice to attend several neighboring high schools, including Newport High School, Sunapee Middle-High School, and Kearsarge Regional High School 

Notable people
John Williams Gunnison (1812–1853), US Army officer, explorer of the American West



ground_truth: no

prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: What was the population in 2010 of the town where The Stelljes House is located ?

The following are given passages.
Context 4: 's spiritual principles have come   Sam is one of the great channels, one of the prime sources of influences that have gathered themselves into what is now A A "
In 1976, facing financial difficulty, Calvary parish merged with the nearby parishes of St  George's Church and the Church of the Holy Communion   The Holy Communion buildings were deconsecrated and sold to pay down the debts of the new combined parish, eventually becoming the Limelight disco, and the remaining two churches continued to operate as Calvary-St  George's Parish  Calvary House is now rented out as offices 

Notable people
Notable clergymen, parishioners, and others associated with Calvary Church have included:

Chester A  Arthur (1829–1886) – The future 21st President of the United States was married to Ellen Lewis Herndon in Calvary Church on October 25, 1859 
John Jacob Astor III (1822–1890) – Astor, a parishioner who married Charlotte Augusta Gibbes in Calvary Church on December 9, 1846, was a financier and philanthropist and the father of William Waldorf Astor, 1st Viscount Astor 
Alva Belmont (1853–1933) – Alva Erskine Smith married William Kissam Vanderbilt at Calvary Church on April 20, 1875, in what was "reported as 'the grandest wedding witnessed in [New York City] for many years '"  Their only daughter was Consuelo Vanderbilt   After the death of her second husband, Oliver Belmont, Alva Belmont became a major figure in the women's suffrage movement 
Charles Loring Brace (1826–1890) – A parishioner and a prominent social reformer, Brace is considered a father of the modern foster care movement and was most renowned for starting the Orphan Train movement of the mid-19th century and for founding The Children's Aid Society; he is commemorated in a window in Calvary's chapel 
Benjamin Brewster (1860–1941) – After serving as a vicar at Calvary (1887–1891), Brewster was consecrated Missionary Bishop of Western Colorado and Bishop of Maine 
Arthur Cleveland Coxe (1818–1896) – Coxe, who became rector of Calvary in 1863, was consecrated as the second bishop of Western New York in 1865 
Rebecca Salome Foster (1848–1902) – missionary/prison relief worker known as the "Tombs Angel" because she attended to criminals incarcerated at the New York Halls of Justice and House of Detention (otherwise known as "The Tombs")  At her February 1902 funeral "All of the court officers of the Courts of General Sessions the Criminal Branch of the Supreme Court and the Court of Special Sessions attended "
Archibald Gracie IV (1858–1912) – American Army Officer and Titanic Survivor  Calvary was the scene of both his marriage and his funeral 
Henry Wellington Greatorex (1816–1853) – English-born organist at Calvary whose setting for the "Gloria Patri" is widely used to this day in Protestant denominations for the singing of the doxology 
Calvin Hampton (1938–1984) – Calvin Hampton, a leading American organist and sacred music composer, served as Calvary's organist and choirmaster from 1963 to 1983 
Childe Hassam (1859–1935) – Calvary Church was depicted by the American Impressionist artist Childe Hassam  Works featuring the church include "Calvary Church in the Snow," painted in 1893 
Francis Lister Hawks (1798–1866) – Rector from 1850 until 1862, Dr  Hawks was a scholar, the Historiographer of the Protestant Episcopal Church, and editor of Appletons' Cyclopædia of Biography (1856) 
Philip Kearny (1815–1862) – Parishioner who was a major general in the United States Army, notable for his leadership in the Mexican–American War and American Civil War; killed in action in the Battle of Chantilly 
James Kent (1763–1847) – Jurist, legal scholar, chief justice of the New York Supreme Court, and Chancellor of New York who attended Calvary, lastly for his funeral in 1847 
General George B  McClellan (1826–1885) – General McClellan, the major general during the American Civil War who organized the Army of the Potomac, was married in Calvary Church on May 22, 1860 
James Renwick Jr  (1818–1895) – Architect of the present building 
Eleanor Roosevelt (1884–1962) – Like several members of the Roosevelt family, the future First Lady of the United States was a Calvary Church parishioner   Her parents, Elliott Bulloch Roosevelt and Anna Rebecca Hall, were married in Calvary Church on December 1, 1883   Eleanor Roosevelt was baptized at Calvary Church in 1885 with her uncle, the future President of the United States Theodore Roosevelt, standing godfather 
Henry Yates Satterlee (1843–1908) – Satterlee was rector of Calvary from 1882 to 1896 before becoming first Episcopal Bishop of Washington 
Samuel Moor Shoemaker (1893–1963) – The Reverend Dr  Samuel Moor Shoemaker, Calvary's rector from 1925 to 1952, is remembered as a co-founder and spiritual leader of Alcoholics Anonymous 
Jonathan Mayhew Wainwright (1792–1854) – Dr  Wainwright was elected rector in 1850; he was instrumental in the founding of New York University and was later a bishop 
Edith Wharton (1862–1937) – The George Frederick Jones family, including young Edith Newbold Jones, lived in the parish and worshipped at Calvary   The rector's daughter, Emelyn Washburn, introduced Edith to Goethe, who became her favorite writer  Calvary was used as the setting for Mrs  Wharton’s 1920 Pulitzer Prize-winning novel, The Age of Innocence, and Dr  Ashmore, a character in the novel, was modeled after the Rev  Edward Washburn (rector, 1865–81) 

See also
Calvary-St George's Parish
St  George's Episcopal Church (Manhattan)
Church of the Holy Communion and Buildings, a deconsecrated church
Grace Church (Manhattan)
Passage 6:
277 Park Avenue
277 Park Avenue is an office building in the Midtown Manhattan neighborhood of New York City  It stands on the east side of Park Avenue between East 47th and 48th Streets, and is 687 feet (209 m) tall, with 50 floors  It is tied with two other buildings, 55 Water Street and 5 Beekman Street, as the 73rd tallest building in New York  The building is assigned its own ZIP Code, 10172; it was one of 41 buildings in Manhattan that had their own ZIP Codes as of 2019 The building currently houses parts of JPMorgan Chase's Investment Bank, Commercial Bank, and other corporate functions  JP Morgan's takeover of Bear Stearns in 2008 resulted in most investment banking employees moving to 383 Madison Avenue to reduce the leased real estate footprint in Midtown  277 Park Avenue remains under the ownership of the family-owned Stahl Organization, the building's original developer  Previous tenants have included Penthouse Magazine, Schlumberger, Donaldson, Lufkin & Jenrette, and Chemical Bank (predecessor to JPMorgan Chase) 
The office building opened on July 13, 1964  An apartment building designed by McKim, Mead, and White previously occupied the site  One tenant of that building was the presidential campaign of John F  Kennedy  Prior to the construction of the McKim, Mead and White building, the block was among the landholdings of Elizabeth Goelet Kip and her son George Goelet Kip  In the 1870s, as part of the expansion of nearby Grand Central Depot, the land was subject to a protracted legal battle which resulted in Elizabeth Kip being forced by eminent domain to sell the land to the New York and Harlem Railroad for $212,500 

Tenants
Academy Securities
Australia and New Zealand Banking Group
Bregal Investments
Bregal Partners
Bregal Sagemount
Cassidy Turley
CCMP Capital
Cozen O’Connor
The Hartford
JPMorgan Chase
Sumitomo Mitsui Banking Corporation
Continental Grain Company
MHP Real Estate Services
Agricultural Bank of China
Bank of India, US Operations
Raymond James & Associates
Ladenburg Thalmann & Co  Inc 

See also
List of tallest buildings in New York City
Passage 7:
55 Water Street
55 Water Street is a 687-foot-tall (209 m) skyscraper on the East River in the Financial District of Lower Manhattan, New York City  The 53-story, 3 5-million-square-foot (325,000 m2) structure was completed in 1972  Designed by Emery Roth and Sons, the building was developed by the Uris brothers  At the time of completion, it was the world's largest privately owned office building by floor area  55 Water Street is built on a superblock bounded by Coenties Slip to the southwest, Water Street to the northwest, Old Slip to the northeast, and South Street and FDR Drive to the southeast  It is owned by the pension fund Retirement Systems of Alabama (RSA) 
55 Water Street is composed of two sections: a 53-story tower to the south and a 15-story wing to the north  The building's facade is made of masonry and glass  The south building is rectangular, while the north building contains sloped walls and runs parallel to the northwestern boundary of the site  The foundations are made of reinforced concrete-slab walls and the superstructure is made of steel  The upper stories each contain 55,000 sq ft (5,100 m2) of space, while the lower stories are almost double that size  There is an elevated public plaza on the eastern part of the site, known as Elevated Acre  Another public space to the southwest, Jeannette Park (now Vietnam Veterans Plaza), was expanded when 55 Water Street was constructed 
The Uris Buildings Corporation proposed erecting a 53-story building on the site in October 1968, and work began the next year  The building was topped out with a ceremony on June 18, 1971, and tenants began moving into the structure at the beginning of 1972  Initially, the space was taken by several financial firms, including the Chemical Bank of New York, which leased roughly a third of the space and owned 15 percent of the building  National Kinney Corporation bought a majority stake in the Uris properties by late 1973, and it sold 55 Water Street to Olympia and York in 1976  RSA bought the building in 1993 after Olympia and York had difficulties paying off the mortgage  The building was renovated in the 1990s and again in the 2010s 

Site
55 Water Street is in the Financial District of Lower Manhattan in New York City  The land lot covers an entire city block bounded by Coenties Slip to the southwest, Water Street to the northwest, Old Slip to the northeast, and South Street and the FDR Drive to the southeast  The site covers 160,692 sq ft (14,928 8 m2), with a frontage of 415 ft (126 m) on Water and South Streets and a depth of 355 ft (108 m)  The Fraunces Tavern block is to the northwest; the New York City Police Museum and 32 Old Slip are directly to the northeast; and 2 New York Plaza is to the west  Two blocks west of the building is the South Ferry transportation hub, consisting of the New York City Subway's South Ferry/Whitehall Street station and the Staten Island Ferry's Whitehall Terminal  In addition, the building is directly across FDR Drive from the Downtown Manhattan Heliport  The building is assigned its own ZIP Code, 10041; it was one of 41 buildings in Manhattan that had their own ZIP Codes as of 2019 55 Water Street occupies a superblock, which was created by combining four small city blocks  Prior to the construction of the current office building, the site had contained the headquarters of the Seamen's Church Institute of New York and New Jersey, designed by Warren and Wetmore  Cuylers Alley crossed the site from northwest to southeast, while Front Street bisected the site from southwest to northeast  Both streets were closed to make way for the building's construction  The entire site is reclaimed land; prior to the expansion of Lower Manhattan in the 18th and 19th centuries, the site was part of the East River 

Architecture
The building was designed by the firm of Emery Roth & Sons for Uris Buildings Corporation  It is one of six buildings that Emery Roth and Sons designed in the immediate area  55 Water Street is composed of two sections: a 53-story "south building" to the southwest (next to Jeannette Park) and a 15-story "north building" to the north (next to Water Street and Old Slip)  There is an elevated plaza near the eastern section of the site, adjacent to Old Slip and South Street 

Form and facade
The building's facade is made of masonry and glass  The south building is rectangular, with its longer axis running parallel to the southwestern boundary of the site  This was done to avoid obstructing views of the East River (next to 55 Water Street's southeastern boundary) from nearby buildings  The north building contains sloped walls and runs parallel to the northwestern boundary of the site  This gives the building an "L"-shape as seen from above  Between floors 2 and 14, the bronze glass windows are inset within the masonry curtain wall  The mullions of the windows are spaced 4 ft (1 2 m) apart The 53-story section is 687 ft (209 m) tall to its roof  Including rooftop dormers, the building measures 751 ft (229 m) tall to its pinnacle  The roof is made of a waterproof membrane finished with a layer of slag  Jaros, Baum & Bolles designed LED lighting for the parapet just below the building's roof 

Interior
When 55 Water Street was completed, it was the largest building in New York City, with 3,200,000 sq ft (297,000 m2) of rentable space  Including non-rentable space, the structure had a total area of 3,500,000 sq ft (330,000 m2)  At the time, this made 55 Water Street the world's largest privately owned office building  The Merchandise Mart and the Pentagon both had more office space, but they were owned by a governmental entity  The next largest buildings in New York City were the MetLife Building (originally the Pan Am building), with 2,400,000 sq ft (220,000 m2); One New York Plaza, with 2,100,000 sq ft (200,000 m2); and the Empire State Building, with 1,800,000 sq ft (170,000 m2)  The main tower and its shorter wing are connected at each of the lowest 15 stories  The upper stories each contain 55,000 sq ft (5,100 m2) of space, while the lower stories are almost double that size  55 Water Street has remained New York City's largest office building into the 21st century In exchange for constructing public plazas next to the building, Uris was allowed to build an additional 485,640 sq ft (45,117 m2)  Uris built an underground concourse with provisions for a connection to an unbuilt New York City Subway station  The concourse was built as part of a master plan for transportation in New York City The main lobby was originally clad in travertine  In the 1990s, this was replaced with Italian and French marble, with stainless-steel decorative fixtures and aluminum-leaf ceilings  In addition, an onyx panel measuring 10 by 50 ft (3 0 by 15 2 m) was installed behind the reception counter  Following another renovation in 2018, The main lobby contains a video wall, which is composed of two LED displays with 42 tiles each  The displays collectively measure 8 ft (2 4 m) high by 42 ft (13 m) wide, with each display being 21 feet (6 4 m) wide  The lobby also contains a pair of reception desks, a shoeshine stand, coffee bar, and lounge  There are also turnstiles through which tenants and guests must pass through 

Structural features
The foundations are made of reinforced concrete-slab walls  The foundation of the building includes a concrete cofferdam, which surrounds the site and descends to the underlying layer of bedrock  Workers first placed a retaining wall of corrugated sheet-metal panels, which were sunken 40 ft (12 m) below ground, then scooped out the entire site  The cofferdam was then poured behind the retaining wall, and a layer of earth was placed between the cofferdam and retaining wall  This contrasted with the foundations of other skyscrapers in Manhattan, which were typically sunken directly to the bedrock, but it provided space for underground offices, a parking lot, and a 25,000 sq ft (2,300 m2) bank vault for Chemical Bank The superstructure is made of steel, with "Q"-deck floor slabs  The office stories can carry live loads of 50 to 100 psf (2 4 to 4 8 kPa)  The retail, plaza, basement, and mechanical spaces have higher live-load capacities, ranging up to 300 psf (14 kPa) for the plaza level  The building contains 3 5 million square feet (330,000 m2) of modular galvanized steel flooring  Generally, the office floors have a slab-to-slab height of 12 25 ft (3 73 m), although the height of the finished office space could be as small as 8 5 ft (2 6 m)  The sub-levels, concourse, and plaza level have a slab-to-slab height of 13 5 ft (4 1 m) as measured between the floor and ceiling, while the retail and mechanical spaces have a slab-to-slab height of 30 ft (9 1 m) 

Mechanical features
Jaros, Baum & Bolles was the mechanical, engineering, and plumbing engineer for the building  Floor 14 contains the building's primary mechanical rooms, ventilation units, and electrical equipment  There is additional mechanical equipment in the basement, on the roof, and on floors 2 and 52  Electricity from the New York City power supply system flows to distribution boards on the concourse, the first sub-level, and floor 14  There are also six electrical closets on each story  In the 1990s, eleven electrical generators were installed on the roof, each with a capacity of 1,750 kW (2,350 hp); these were powered by pumps in the basement levels  As of 2018, there are 14 electrical generators and the emergency power system can run for up to three days There are 71 passenger elevators throughout the building  The 60 passenger elevators in the south building are divided into ten banks of six cars; each elevator bank connects the lobby with five to eight stories  The north building has nine passenger elevators, all connecting the subterranean levels to floors 1–13; five descend to the basement while the other four descend to the sub-basement  The interiors of the elevator cabs were originally decorated in brown burlap but, during a 1990s renovation, the elevator cabs were redecorated in stainless steel and green marble  55 Water Street also has six freight elevators: four in the south building and two in the north building  Each freight elevator travels from the basement to the highest level in that section of the building, except for a single elevator in the south building, which travels only from the basement to floor 18  None of the elevators travels above floor 52 in the south building The building's heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC) system is divided into several zones, each serving a different group of floors  55 Water Street's chiller system was replaced in the 2010s  The new system consists of three chillers, which collectively emit 32 5 million fewer pounds of CO2 per year compared to the old system  The chillers each weighed 53 short tons (48 t) and were so heavy that they had to be lifted into the building's facade at night  There is also a thermal-energy storage plant with 134 ice tanks, which collectively can store 16,800 ton-hours of heat  There are eight water tanks, which are spread across the roofs of both structures and the 14th and 40th stories of the south building; in addition, the concourse level contains a surge tank  These water tanks are also split into several zones, each spanning multiple floors  The tanks are fed by two water mains that connect to the New York City water supply system, the building's domestic water service is also fed by these mains  Two drainage pipes connect with the New York City sewer system 

Plazas
Ground-level plazas
When 55 Water Street was built, Coenties Slip (which abutted the site to the southwest) was converted into a pedestrian plaza known as Jeannette Park  The space covers 33,307 sq ft (3,094 3 m2)  The park had existed adjacent to Coenties Slip since 1884, when it was dedicated to the exploration vessel USS Jeannette, but Paul Friedberg expanded the park in 1971 as part of 55 Water Street's construction  Initially, 55 Water Street's owners were responsible for maintaining the park, which was paved in brick similar to the Elevated Acre plaza next to the building  Plans to redevelop the land into a memorial for Vietnam War veterans were announced in 1982, and it was rededicated as Vietnam Veterans Plaza in 1985  The plaza was renovated and redesigned by Lee S  Jablin of Harman Jablin Architects starting in 2000, and it was rededicated in 2001 There is also an 10,254 sq ft (952 6 m2) pedestrian arcade adjacent to Water Street and Vietnam Veterans Plaza  It effectively functions as an extension of the adjacent sidewalk  A sloped canopy was added in the 1990s 

Elevated Acre
The elevated plaza is a privately owned public space (POPS) known as the Elevated Acre  It is about 30 ft (9 1 m) above street level and accessible via escalators and stairs from Water Street, between the building's two wings  The plaza covers approximately 40,000 sq ft (3,700 m2; 0 92 acres)  The space is one of a few elevated POPS in New York City; similar plazas exist at One Bankers Trust Plaza, 300 East 59th Street, 622 Third Avenue, Murray Hill Mews, and Trump Tower  The creation of public space allowed the developers to increase the total square footage of 55 Water Street beyond what zoning regulations would otherwise have allowed on the site  Beneath the plaza is a parking garage The Elevated Acre was originally proposed as part of an unbuilt network of elevated walkways and plazas next to the East River  Lawrence Halprin had devised the original plans for the plaza, but M  Paul Friedberg & Associates carried out the final design  The Elevated Acre was originally paved in the same red brick tiles as Jeannette Park  The plaza had very little ornamentation except for a set of curved brick walls, as well as some benches and trees  There were also fountains and pools in the original design  During the 1980s, the Elevated Acre was often closed because, according to the building's owners at the time, the elevator and escalators were frequently being repaired  Furthermore, the plaza was isolated, making it unattractive to pedestrians In the 2000s, the Elevated Acre was renovated to designs by Rogers Marvel Architects and Ken Smith, reopening in 2005  The two escalators and elevator on Water Street were replaced with four shorter escalators and a set of stairs  The new design contains a variety of plantings, grasses, and dunes, as well as a multi-tiered terrace  Inside the plaza is a lantern known as the Beacon of Progress, a reference to the former Seamen's Institute building on the site  The Elevated Acre also includes an amphitheater with seven levels and a boardwalk made of Brazilian hardwood  There is a restaurant named Sky55 adjacent to the plaza  The original plans for the redesign had called for a 100-person capacity elevator and an ice rink, which were canceled for lack of funds  The Elevated Acre is available for rental as a venue for special events  Under an agreement with the New York City government, the Elevated Acre may be closed up to six times a year for community or non-profit events and six times a year for private events 

History
Development
The Uris Buildings Corporation proposed erecting a 53-story building between Coenties Slip, Water Street, Old Slip, and South Street in October 1968  It was the first project to be proposed as part of the Lower Manhattan Plan, a New York City governmental initiative to guide development along the Lower Manhattan waterfront  The New York Stock Exchange had considered leasing space at the building before it was officially announced, but the NYSE ultimately decided against doing so  In exchange for permission to close Cuylers Alley and Front Street for the construction of the new building, Uris proposed improving the adjacent Jeannette Park and erecting a raised public plaza within the new development  The proposal required that the New York City Planning Commission enact a zoning amendment in 1968, since elevated plazas could not rise more than 5 ft (1 5 m) above the curb  In January 1969, the Board of Estimate approved Uris's proposal to construct an elevated pedestrian plaza alongside its building When construction started in 1969, developers estimated that the building's annual rents would range from $8 to $10/sq ft ($86 to $108/m2)  The Chemical Bank of New York agreed in principle to lease 1 1×10^6 sq ft (100,000 m2) in January 1969, in exchange for a 15 percent stake in the building  When the lease was finalized in late 1969 at a price of $250 million, it was the largest commercial lease ever executed  Brokerage firm Dominick & Dominick leased 275,000 sq ft (25,500 m2) across five floors in March 1969, becoming the first tenant to finalize a lease at 55 Water Street  Two weeks later, Bear Stearns leased 200,000 sq ft (19,000 m2) on four floors  During the building's construction, the chief engineers met every Monday to discuss the engineering difficulties of the site  Goldman Sachs and Halle & Stieglitz collectively leased 165,000 sq ft (15,300 m2) in May 1970, and the Interstate United Corporation subsequently leased space for a restaurant at the base of the building Workers raised a 1,000 lb (450 kg) girder to the 53rd story of the tower section at a topping-out ceremony on June 18, 1971  The same day, Uris announced that Prudential Insurance had agreed to place a $150 million loan on the building; it was the largest mortgage ever placed on a privately-developed structure  In exchange, Prudential would acquire a 25 percent stake in the building's equity  At the time, 70 percent of the office space had been leased  The Whitney Museum announced it would open a satellite location at 55 Water Street by the end of 1971  According to Uris Buildings chairman Percy Uris, the branch "would contribute nicely to the feel of the building and the amenities it offers to people who work there"  A  G  Becker & Co  and NYSE subsidiary Stock Clearing Corporation leased additional space that November  Other early tenants included financial services firms White Weld & Co , which took two floors, and G  H  Walker & Co , which leased one floor and part of another  Prudential granted a $130 million mortgage at the end of 1972  The building's construction was chronicled in 55 Water Street, a collection of short stories by Marjorie Iseman, which was published in 1982 

Opening and early years
55 Water Street was completed in 1972 with 3,268,000 sq ft (303,600 m2) of rentable space, and tenants began moving into the structure at the beginning of that year  55 Water Street was the largest speculative office development in Lower Manhattan for a decade, until 52 Broadway was developed in the 1980s  The building's completion coincided with a decline in demand for office space in New York City  Meanwhile, after Percy Uris had died in 1971, his brother Harold began negotiating to sell off all his company's assets, including 55 Water Street  National Kinney Corporation had bought a majority stake in the Uris properties by late 1973, upon which a large portion of the office space was still vacant  National Kinney then sold a 25 percent stake in the building's ownership to the PIC Corporation; at the time, three-quarters of the building had been leased The Whitney Museum opened a branch museum on the third floor of the building in September 1973  The branch occupied 4,800 sq ft (450 m2) of sparsely designed gallery space  The Whitney paid $1 a year; the operating cost was covered by 29 institutions or companies with offices in the Financial District  The building's owners continued to experience financial issues, and National Kinney placed 55 Water Street and ten other Uris properties for sale shortly after acquiring these buildings  The creditors and mortgagee agreed in 1975 to postpone the collection of their claims until the building had more tenants and its cash flow improved  Samuel J  LeFrak expressed interest in buying 55 Water Street and most of the other Uris structures in 1976, as the buildings collectively contained four percent of Manhattan's office space  Simultaneously, Manufacturers Hanover planned to lease two additional floors and a mezzanine, provided that the city government approve a tunnel between 55 Water Street and the company's operations headquarters at the neighboring 4 New York Plaza  LF Rothschild leased two floors in mid-1976 

Olympia & York ownership
National Kinney decided to sell off 55 Water Street and eight other Uris buildings in November 1976; at the time, the firm owned 51 percent of the building  Olympia and York bought 55 Water Street in 1977 as part of a $50 million transaction involving several Uris properties  The transactions made the firm the largest commercial landlord in Manhattan  Of the properties Olympia & York bought from National Kinney, only 55 Water Street still had a significant amount of vacant space, with 50,000 sq ft (4,600 m2) still available for lease  By the late 1970s, the vacancies at 55 Water Street and other nearby buildings in Lower Manhattan were being filled  During that time, the remaining space was leased by companies such as securities firm Lehman Brothers  By 1979, the building was fully leased; payment-services company American Express had leased the last large block of vacant space, covering 191,000 sq ft (17,700 m2) across four stories By 1980, the valuation of 55 Water Street had increased drastically  Consequently, Whitney Museum was forced to relocate from its space in the building that year, since the owners wanted to rent out the museum space  At the time, the building housed the headquarters or offices of several large financial companies, including Lehman Brothers, L F  Rothschild, Goldman Sachs, and Bear Stearns; some of these firms had their own dining rooms  In addition, the third story contained a restaurant called the Harbor Club  During this decade, Olympia and York obtained a $550 million mortgage loan in the form of a bond offering  Tenants such as L F  Rothschild were subleasing their space by the late 1980s, although there were few potential lessees  The building had significant amounts of asbestos which, under an anti-asbestos regulation passed in 1985, had to be removed before the space in the building could be subleased  Other firms, such as Morgan Stanley, moved out of the building entirely  The building was refinanced with two bond issues in 1986, and pension fund Retirement Systems of Alabama (RSA) purchased 19 5 percent of the bonds for $100 million  The financing included $435 million in interest-paying bonds and $113 million in zero-coupon bonds The 1990s recession affected Olympia and York's finances, causing vacancy rates to increase  The building was still the city's most valuable privately-owned office building, with an assessed valuation of about $280 million in 1990  By the next year, the leases on two-fifths of the building's office space were scheduled to expire within two years  Credit rating agencies had downgraded their ratings of 55 Water Street's mortgage loan, which Olympia and York was having trouble paying off  Olympia and York met with its bondholders in May 1992 in an attempt to retain control of the building  Olympia and York indicated that it would not be able to pay for asbestos removal, which would cost at least $20/sq ft ($220/m2)  The building already had 620,000 sq ft (58,000 m2) of vacant space at the time, but the vacancy rate was to reach 50 percent by the end of the year  One financial executive said the building rapidly "went from being a premier financial services tower to bankrupt" 

RSA ownership
1990s
Olympia and York agreed in September 1992 to transfer ownership of the building to its bondholders in exchange for wiping out about $548 million in debt  Each of the bondholders could swap their bonds for equity stakes in 55 Water Street or sell their bonds to RSA for cash  To ensure that the building would be free of debt, RSA and the other creditors consented to a consensual bankruptcy filing if creditors chose to keep their bonds  The proposed sale valued the building at only $149 million, even though the city had appraised the building as being worth $540 million  A subsidiary of Olympia and York filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy protection in May 1993, allowing the buyers to perform an equity swap  The purchase was finalized that October, essentially erasing all the building's debt  RSA bought out most of the other creditors for about $120 million  Following this purchase, RSA owned an 88 percent stake in the building, and there was $60 million on hand to pay for renovations  At the time, the building was 65 percent occupied RSA created a subsidiary, the New Water Street Corporation, to operate and manage the building  The new owners immediately appointed Jones Lang Wootton as the building's leasing agent  After acquiring the building, RSA planned to remove asbestos, upgrade the elevators, and add sprinklers to each floor  RSA hired Kohn Pedersen Fox to design cosmetic remodeling plans, and the pension fund spent over $20 million to remove asbestos from the building and install a back-up electrical system  The cost of renovations had increased to $125 million or $140 million by the mid-1990s  The building still had large amounts of vacant office space at the time, despite offering relatively low rents of around $20/sq ft ($220/m2)  During this time, major tenants at 55 Water Street included the Depository Trust Company and the Securities Industry Automation Corporation In the years after RSA acquired the building, annual income frequently increased by more than 10 percent from year to year  RSA upgraded 55 Water Street's communication and electrical systems to attract tenants, advertising the building as the "Tower of Power"  Much of the office space had been filled by 1997, when Standard & Poor's leased 937,000 sq ft (87,100 m2)  In addition, several other financial firms such as Royal Bank of Canada and Goldman Sachs had expressed interest leasing space in the building  The renovation of 55 Water Street was completed in 1999 at a cost of $156 million  At that point, the building was 100 percent occupied  About a third of the space was still occupied by Chemical Bank successor Chase Bank, whose lease expired in 2003; the bank planned to move out after its lease expired  Additionally, the owners were planning a renovation for the building's elevated plaza, as well as the public space next to Vietnam Veterans Plaza, both of which were underused 

2000s
In early 2001, Goldman Sachs considered constructing a 13-story, 240 ft (73 m) annex on the site of the Elevated Acre  The annex would have included seven large trading floors, each covering 56,000 sq ft (5,200 m2)  In addition, the height of the north tower would have been increased by 35 ft (11 m)  The entire project would have cost $850 million and would have been completed in 2004  To compensate for the loss of public space, Goldman Sachs proposed paying for various improvements of public space nearby  The plans were dropped shortly after they were presented  Goldman Sachs cited economic conditions, but some neighborhood residents had expressed opposition to the plan  Following the cancellation of Goldman Sach's plans, RSA hired Mary Ann Tighe as the building's broker  RSA and the Municipal Art Society sponsored a design competition for a renovation of the elevated plaza  In September 2002, RSA hired a joint venture of Ken Smith and Rogers Marvel Architects to redesign the plaza Following the September 11 attacks in 2001, the building's managers implemented security checkpoints in the lobby, resulting in rent increases for all tenants  To fill the empty space, the owners offered two years of free rent to new tenants  HIP Health Plan of New York (later part of EmblemHealth) leased the entire north building and part of the south building in 2003  At the time, it was the largest corporate relocation to Lower Manhattan since the September 11 attacks  Simultaneously, the Teachers' Retirement System of New York City also rented 150,000 sq ft (14,000 m2) at the building  The Elevated Acre plaza was rededicated in 2005 following a renovation  The New York City Department of Transportation leased more than 400,000 sq ft (37,000 m2) in 2006, and publishing company Bowne & Co  also leased space 

2010s to present
During the early 21st century, CBRE Group became the leasing agent  On October 29, 2012, the building sustained damage related to Hurricane Sandy when a 14-foot-high (4 3 m) storm surge flooded the area  The basement levels were severely damaged, and the emergency generators on the roof could not operate because they were powered by pumps in the basement  The building remained closed for several weeks due to flooding  While repairs were being conducted, a fire broke out on November 23, causing injuries to 27 people  To prepare for future storms, the building's owner planned to relocate electrical equipment from the basement to the third floor  In 2014, Plaza Construction installed a flood barrier system around the building; when activated, the flood walls could protect against an 8 ft (2 4 m) surge McGraw Hill Financial moved its headquarters to 55 Water Street in June 2015, and Hugo Boss moved its North American headquarters there the same year  By 2018, RSA earned $155 million in rental income annually, and the building was worth an estimated $1 5 billion  In 2019, software company Justworks announced it would be moving into 270,000 sq ft (25,000 m2) on four floors, and the Teachers' Retirement System of New York City subleased a portion of one floor  MJHS Health System leased 138,000 sq ft (12,800 m2) in March 2022, the largest lease to be finalized in lower Manhattan in 18 months 

Reception
When the building was completed, architectural critic Ada Louise Huxtable called the building "a significant demonstration of how to stop worrying and love the boom" in office development  Huxtable also wrote that the building's elevated plaza was "a skillful job in urban design"  By contrast, in 1981, Paul Goldberger described 55 Water Street, along with many skyscrapers on Sixth Avenue in Midtown Manhattan, as having been "designed by commercial architectural firms which admitted to few interests beyond the quick and efficient creation of rentable space"  According to Goldberger, these types of buildings used common materials such as concrete and glass, creating edifices that "added little either visually or socially to the life of the city"  The AIA Guide to New York City described the north building as resembling "a complicated cell phone tower"  In addition, the New York-New York Hotel and Casino in Paradise, Nevada, contains a 36-story replica of 55 Water Street 

See also
List of tallest buildings in New York City

Notes



ground_truth: 810