prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: The Panel with striding lion  was one of many that lined the way north of the gate to the inner city of what location?

The following are given passages.
Context 1: Passage 1:
Varugad
Varugad Fort  (Man T; 18� 00' N, 74� 00' E; RS Lonand 22 m  NW; p  880), in Man  lies, as the crow flies, about twelve miles north-west of Dahivadi, within the limits of Panvan village  The best way to it is to camp at Pingli Budrukh four miles south-west of Dahivadi and to travel thence by the Tasganv-Mograla road for about ten miles to Jadhavvadi, a hamlet of Bijvadi village lying almost a quarter of a mile east and within sight of the road; from here a well marked track due west goes to the village of Tondle, and from Tondle a path leads direct to the fort over rough ground broken but perfectly passable by a pony, and skirting the northern base of the long plateau of Panvan  The direction of the path is generally a little north of west and it crosses innumerable small ravines and water-courses which lead through rough hill tracts to the edge of the plateau of which the Man  taluka chiefly consists  These streams pour down the bare sides of the main hill range, here some 1,000 to 1,500 feet high, on to the plain of Girvi adjoining the Phaltan taluka  The country all the way from Pingli is terribly bare and rocky  Here the stony hills and ravines are interrupted by fairly level plateaus with tolerable soil and good sites for cultivation and grazing  A few small deer and chinkharawill probably be seen, while cattle are everywhere browsing in considerable numbers  Three hamlets, one of them known as Ghodavadi, are reached, and some well-to-do cultivators will probably meet the visitor and turn out to be Gadkaris or descendants of the ancient hereditary fort garrison  The hamlet is situated on a projection between the two ravines, and has been built on a hill of a truncated conical shape 
The hill rises about 250 feet above the level of the plateau, which itself constitutes the summit of the Mahadev range at this point  The cone with the walls on it is seen from a great distance and appears very small indeed  But on near approach it is seen to be but the inner citadel of a place of considerable size and strength for the times in which it was built  On the south-west the outer wall or enceinte is entered by a rude gateway of a single pointed arch about eight feet high and five feet broad  As usual there is a curtain of solid masonry inside  The gate lies about 150 yards east of the edge of the plateau, which there terminates in an almost unbroken vertical precipice of several hundred feet in height and receding in a north-easterly direction  No wall was built along about three hundred yards of this part which is absolutely unscalable, but for the rest of the way the walling is continued along the edge of the cliff in a north-east direction for about another three hundred yards  Here it turns still following the cliff to the south-east for another seven hundred yards, and then gradually rounds to the westward covering four hundred and fifty yards more till it meets the gateway  But for the break of the inaccessible precipice this outer wall would form a nearly equilateral triangle with the corners rounded off, the side being of some six hundred and fifty yards  Facing nearly north, about fifty yards from the north-east angle, is a gateway with a couple of curtains in solid masonry  This entrance is cut in the sides of the cliff about twenty feet below the top which is reached by some dozen steps  It consisted as usual of a pointed arch, the top fallen in, about ten feet high by five broad  It leads out to the path down to Girvi, a village in the plains below and it probably formed the communication with Phaltan  This road winds down the face of the range for some five hundred feet till it hits the shoulder of a spur which it then follows to the base  The walling on the south side, from the edge of the cliff to some hundred yards east of the southern gate, is not more than a couple of feet in thickness and consists of all-fitting stones unmortared  The rest is massive and well mortared and still fairly preserved  The average height is from seven to ten feet  In the south-east angle is a rude temple of Bhairavnath and a few houses with the remains of Man y more  On the right side of the southern gate is a well preserved stone pond about thirty yards square with steps leading down to it  Next to and on the north of Bhairavnath's temple is another pond  The way up to the fort proper or upper and lower citadels is from the north side  The path up the hill side, which is steep but with grass and soil left in Man y places, is almost destroyed  About 150 feet up is the outer citadel built on a sort of shoulder of the hill and facing almost due west  It contains two massive bastions of excellent masonry looking north-west and south-west so that guns planted on them could comMan d respectively the north and south gateways  This citadel was connected with the main wall by a cross wall running across the whole breadth of the fort from east to west  Its entrance lies close below that to the upper citadel  A masonry curtain projects so as to hide the arch itself, which is not more than seven feet high by three broad, and has to be entered from due east  On the south side the walls are carried right up to the scarp of the upper citadel and are some ten feet high, so that to take the lower citadel in rear or flank must have been difficult  The upper citadel is above a vertical scarp some thirty feet high  The entrance to it lies some thirty feet above that to the lower citadel, and is cut in the rock about eight feet wide  There is a gateway of a pointed arch with the top fallen in and twenty odd steps leading up to it and ten more cut out of the rock, and winding up past the inside curtain on to the top  The walls of this upper citadel are still in tolerable preservation  They were originally about ten feet high and built of fair masonry  There is a large turret on the south-west corner, evidently meant to comMan d the southern gate  About ten yards to the east of this turret is a new looking building which was the headquarters or sadar  Immediately east of this and below it is a great pit about thirty feet square and equally deep roughly cut in the rock and said by the people to be a dungeon  Next to it on the south is a small pond evenly cut and lined with mortar used for storing water  There are some remains of sepoys' houses, and, near the turret, a small stone wheel said to belong to a gun  The outer walls east of the gates have bastions at every turn of the cliffs, and the masonry here is particularly strong and well preserved  It would appear that attacks were dreaded chiefly from the plain below  The assailants could either come up the spur towards the north entrance or they might attempt the spurs on the other side of the eastern ravine and attack the southern gateway  Hence apparently the reason for strengthening the walls of the enceinte on this side  After passing the southern gateway the assailants would be comMan ded from the lower citadel  They Would then be encountered by the cross wall  If that obstacle was overcome the besieged would run round the east side and into the two citadels  The appearance from the fort of the plain in the north is most formidable  The Panvan plateau completely comMan ds and indeed almost overhangs it  The fort is believed to have been built by Shivaji to resist the Moghals whose attacks he must have dreaded from the plain below  The Karkhanis or Superintendent of the fort was a Prabhu  The fort garrison consisted of 200 Ramoshis, Mahars, and other hereditary Gadkaris besides sepoys  It was surrendered in 1818 to Vitthal Pant Phadnis of the Raja of Satara left in charge of the town  He detached 200 men to take possession, being part of a force then raised to protect the town from the enterprizes of Bajirav's garrisons then in the neighbourhood  [Elphinstone in Pendhari and Maratha War Papers, 245 ]
Passage 2:
Zhengyangmen
Qianmen (simplified Chinese: 前门; traditional Chinese: 前門; pinyin: Qiánmén; Wade–Giles: Ch'ien-men; lit  'Front Gate') is the colloquial name for Zhengyangmen (simplified Chinese: 正阳门; traditional Chinese: 正陽門; pinyin: Zhèngyángmén; Wade–Giles: Cheng-yang-men; Manchu:ᡨᠣᠪᡧᡠᠨ ᡳᡩᡠᡴᠠ; Möllendorff:tob šun-i duka, literally meaning "Gate of the Zenith Sun"), a gate in Beijing's historic city wall  The gate is situated to the south of Tiananmen Square and once guarded the southern entry into the Inner City  Although much of Beijing's city walls were demolished, Zhengyangmen remains an important geographical marker of the city  The city's central north–south axis passes through Zhengyangmen's main gate  It was formerly named Lizhengmen (simplified Chinese: 丽正门; traditional Chinese: 麗正門; pinyin: Lìzhèngmén), meaning "beautiful portal" 

History
Zhengyangmen was first built in 1419 during the Ming dynasty and once consisted of the gatehouse proper and an archery tower, which were connected by side walls and together with side gates, formed a large barbican  The gate guarded the direct entry into the imperial city  The city's first railway station, known as the Qianmen Station, was built just outside the gate  During the Boxer Rebellion of 1900 in the late Qing dynasty, the gate sustained considerable damage when the Eight-Nation Alliance invaded the city  The Hui and Dongxiang Muslim Kansu Braves under Ma Fulu engaged in fierce fighting during the Battle of Beijing at Zhengyangmen against the Eight-Nation Alliance  Ma Fulu and 100 of his fellow Hui and Dongxiang soldiers from his home village died in that battle  Ma Fulu's cousins, Ma Fugui (馬福貴) and Ma Fuquan (馬福全), and his nephews, Ma Yaotu (馬耀圖) and Ma Zhaotu (馬兆圖), were killed in action during the battle  The Qing Empire later violated the Boxer Protocol by having a tower constructed at the gate The gate complex was extensively reconstructed in 1914  The barbican side gates were torn down in 1915 After the Communist victory in the Chinese Civil War in 1949, the Zhengyangmen gatehouse was occupied by the Beijing garrison of the People's Liberation Army  The military vacated the gatehouse in 1980, which has now become a tourist attraction  At 42 metres high, the Zhengyangmen gatehouse was, and remains, the tallest of all gates in Beijing's city wall  Zhengyangmen gatehouse survived the demolition of city walls in the late 1960s during the construction of the Beijing Subway, while other gates such as Deshengmen in the north and Dongbianmen in the southeast only have their archery towers standing  Xibianmen retains only part of its barbican while Yongdingmen's gatehouse was rebuilt in 2007 Today, Qianmen Avenue (Dajie) cuts between the Zhengyangmen gatehouse and the archery tower to the south  Line 2's Qianmen Station is also located between the two structures inside the space once surrounded by the barbican 
Qianmen remains one of the enduring symbols of old Beijing 

Geographical Significance
The Zhengyangmen is situated on the central north–south axis of Beijing  The main gateway of the gatehouse is aligned with Yongdingmen Gate to the south, the Mausoleum of Mao Zedong and the Monument to the People's Heroes in Tiananmen Square, the Tiananmen Gate itself, the Meridian Gate, and the imperial throne in the Hall of Supreme Harmony in the Forbidden City, the city's Drum and Bell Towers and the entrance to the Olympic Green in the far north 
The kilometre zero point for highways in China is located just outside the Zhengyangmen Gate  It is marked with a plaque in the ground, with the four cardinal points, four animals, and "Zero Point of Highways, China" in English and Chinese 

Surrounding area
The area near Qianmen includes several areas of historical significance  The avenue which proceeds south from the Qianmen is known as "Qianmen Street", and has been a commercial centre for several centuries, although it now mainly caters to tourists from other parts of China  Since a redevelopment in the 2000s by property developer SOHO China, shopfront tenants along Qianmen Street have been predominantly international brands which cater neither to local residents nor domestic visitors, with the result that Qianmen Avenue is now often largely deserted  Dashilanr is a well-known cross-street with a similar character  The Peking duck restaurant Quanjude is located on Qianmen Street  The Qianmen area is also home to Beijing's narrowest hutong, the Qianshi hutong 

Transportation
Beijing Subway Line 2 and Line 8 has a stop at Qianmen  Beijing bus routes 8, 17, 48, 66, 67, 69, 71, 82, 93, 126, 623, BRT1 (快速公交1), Tourist route 2 (观光2), Special 4 (特4), and Special 7 (特7) have a terminal at Qianmen 
Passage 3:
Striding Lion
Striding Lion, a wall relief made from polychrome glazed, fired bricks, is one of the most iconic objects on display at the Royal Ontario Museum, Toronto  It came from Babylon, Iraq, and dates to the time of Nebuchadnezzar II (605-562 BCE), king of the Neo-Babylonian Empire  Striding Lion is one of many such reliefs that decorated the walls of the palace's ceremonial hall and very similar to the lions that line the processional way from the Ishtar Gate to the temple of Marduk 
A large group of such figures is part of the Processional Way leading to the Ishtar Gate, a centrepiece display of the Pergamon Museum in Berlin   Other panels were sold by Berlin, such as the Panel with striding lion in New York 

Description
The relief measures 122 cm (height) by 183 cm (width) by 8 cm (depth) Several of the bricks are stamped with the inscription: "Nebuchadnezzar, king of Babylon, the first born son of Nabopolassar, the king of Babylon" 

Origin
The ceremonial hall in the palace of Nebuchadnezzar II had a tiled wall decorated with glazed columns, lotus buds and palmettes with lions striding around the base, of which the example in the Royal Ontario Museum is one From 1899 to 1917, Robert Koldewey led a German expedition that excavated Babylon  The fragments of tile found in the ceremonial hall of the palace, also referred to as the throne room of the Southern Citadel, were taken back to Berlin and painstakingly reassembled, as were the tiles from the Ishtar Gate and Processional Way  In 1937 the Royal Ontario Museum purchased the reconstructed striding lion relief from the State Museums of Berlin 

Production method
Robert Koldewey suggested that the lions, and other reliefs lining the Processional Way, were made using molds taken from a master clay panel, or from a temporary wall with a plaster facing that had been cut down into brick sized segments  Care had been taken to ensure the joints were not too visible and the relief work such as to facilitate removal from a mold  The bricks were then fired in a kiln, and then glazed with the appropriate colours  Marks were made on a tile's upper edge to enable it to be placed in proper sequence when assembled  The system of marks used for assembling the reliefs could be most clearly seen on the tiles from the ceremonial hall because of the way they had fallen after robbers had taken bricks from the wall 

Significance of lion symbolism
Lions were symbolic of royalty because of their strength, and fighting a lion gave a king great prestige  The lion was also the symbol of Ishtar, the goddess of love and war  In her role of the goddess of war she is depicted, bow in hand, on a chariot drawn by seven lions 
Passage 4:
Chongwenmen
Chongwenmen (Chinese: 崇文門; pinyin: Chóngwénmén; Manchu: ᡧᡠᠪᡝᠸᡝᠰᡳᡥᡠᠯᡝᡵᡝᡩᡠᡴᠠ; Möllendorff: šu be wesihulere duka) was a gate that was part of Beijing's city wall in what is now Dongcheng District  The gate stood in the southeastern part of Beijing's inner city, immediately south of the old Beijing Legation Quarter  In the 1960s, the gate and much of the wall was torn down to make room for Beijing's second ring road  Today, Chongwenmen is marked by the intersection of Chongwenmen Nei (Inner) and Chongwenmen Wai (Outer) Street, which run north-south through the former gate, Chongwenmen East and Chongwenmen West Street, which run east-west where the wall stood, and Beijing Station West Street, a diagonal street, going northwest to the Beijing railway station  Chongwenmen is a transport node in Beijing   Chongwenmen Station is an interchange station on Lines 2 and 5 of the Beijing Subway   Chongwen District, an administrative division of the city from 1952 to 2010 and now folded into Dongcheng District, was named after Chongwenmen 

History
During the Yuan dynasty, the gate was called Wenmingmen (文明門)  Because the residence of the Mongol prince Hada was located close by, the gate was also popularly known as Hadamen (traditional 哈達門, simplified 哈大門) or Hademen (traditional 哈德門, simplified 哈德门)  The name Hademen survived well into the twentieth century, and was even the name of a popular cigarette brand  The Hademen Hotel now overlooks where the gate once stood   To the east of Chongwenmen, the Ming City Wall Relics Park has the best preserved remaining section of Beijing's Ming city wall 

Transport
Chongwenmen is served by Chongwenmen Station on Line 2 and Line 5 of the Beijing Subway  It is also served by numerous Beijing Bus routes 
Passage 5:
New Town, Tasmania
New Town is a suburb of the city of Hobart, Tasmania, Australia, about 4 kilometres (2 mi) north of the central business district of Hobart   It is generally considered Hobart's oldest suburb, settled just a week after Sullivans Cove  It was historically the home of many of Hobart's wealthiest citizens, and New Town features a large number of grand residences, churches, and public buildings  The large farms were broken up following the world wars and it is now an inner city residential suburb  Many of its streets are lined with Federation style cottages  It is surrounded by the suburbs of North Hobart, Mount Stuart, Lenah Valley and Moonah, with the Queen's Domain just to the south-east  Most of the locality is within the Hobart local government area, with 2 5% within Glenorchy 

History
At the time of Hobart's re-settlement on the western shore of the Derwent River in 1804, the first free settlers were landed at New Town Bay a day after the military and convict landing on Hunter Island on 20/21 February  Some early buildings remain including Pitt Farm which is the second oldest farmhouse in Australia 
St John's Anglican Church in New Town has an unbroken record of use as a parish church, from the first service on 20 December 1835 up to the present   The building was designed by the Tasmanian government civil engineer and architect, John Lee Archer 
New Town Post Office opened on 1 January 1842 Video City opened the largest video rental shop in Australia on New Town Road in 2002  The store remained a vibrant cultural institution long after the arrival of online streaming services in the 2010s  After selling its catalogue of over 30,000 video titles, the store ceased trading in 2019 

Today
New Town has the only two single-sex public schools in Tasmania - Ogilvie High School for girls, and New Town High School for boys   There is also a third main school in New Town, the Catholic Sacred Heart College, New Town Campus, with over 1000 students  New Town Primary School is over a hundred years old  The major shopping centre is Centro New Town Plaza, which houses a Kmart, a Coles Supermarket and several smaller specialty shops 
New Town is well known for its leafy streets flanked by Colonial, Georgian, Federation, Italianate and Art Deco residences, with many large homes and mansions scattered throughout the suburb  Architects who have worked on New Town homes include Thomas Reibey Atkinson, grandson of Mary Reibey, and Henry Hunter, one of Hobart's most prominent early colonial architects 
The InterCity Cycleway passes directly through the suburb, on its course from Claremont to the city 
The main road in New Town is known as "New Town Road" and follows on from Elizabeth Street in Hobart  The road connects Hobart with the neighbouring city of Glenorchy  Other main roads in New Town are Augusta Road, which leads into Lenah Valley, and Giblin Street which becomes Forster Street and then becomes Risdon Road as it continues down towards the Brooker Highway 
Passage 6:
Ishtar Gate
The Ishtar Gate was the eighth gate to the inner city of Babylon (in the area of present-day Hillah, Babil Governorate, Iraq)  It was constructed circa 575 BCE by order of King Nebuchadnezzar II on the north side of the city  It was part of a grand walled processional way leading into the city 
The original structure was a double gate with a smaller frontal gate and a larger and more grandiose secondary posterior section  The walls were finished in glazed bricks mostly in blue, with animals and deities (also made up of colored bricks) in low relief at intervals  The gate was 50 feet (15 meters) high, and the original foundations extended another 45 feet (14 meters) underground German archaeologist Robert Koldewey led the excavation of the site from 1904 to 1914  After the end of the First World War in 1918, the smaller frontal gate was reconstructed in the Pergamon Museum in Berlin Other panels from the facade of the gate are located in many other museums around the world, including various European countries and the United States The façade of the Iraqi embassy in Beijing, China includes a replica of the Ishtar Gate 

History
King Nebuchadnezzar II reigned 604–562 BCE, the peak of the Neo-Babylonian Empire  He is known as the biblical conqueror who captured Jerusalem  He ordered the construction of the gate and dedicated it to the Babylonian goddess Ishtar  The gate was constructed using glazed brick with alternating rows of bas-relief mušḫuššu (dragons), aurochs (bulls), and lions, symbolizing the gods Marduk, Adad, and Ishtar respectively The roof and doors of the gate were made of cedar, according to the dedication plaque  The bricks in the gate were covered in a blue glaze meant to represent lapis lazuli, a deep-blue semi-precious stone that was revered in antiquity due to its vibrancy  The blue-glazed bricks would have given the façade a jewel-like shine  Through the gate ran the Processional Way, which was lined with walls showing about 120 lions, bulls, dragons, and flowers on yellow and black glazed bricks, symbolizing the goddess Ishtar  The gate itself depicted only gods and goddesses  These included Ishtar, Adad, and Marduk  During celebrations of the New Year, statues of the deities were paraded through the gate and down the Processional Way 

Design
The front of the gate has a low-relief design with a repeated pattern of images of two of the major gods of the Babylonian pantheon  Marduk, the national deity and chief god, with his servant dragon Mušḫuššu  is depicted as a dragon with a snake-like head and tail, a scaled body of a lion, and powerful talons for back feet  Marduk was seen as the divine champion of good against evil, and the incantations of the Babylonians often sought his protection 

The second god shown in the pattern of reliefs on the Ishtar Gate is Adad (also known as Ishkur), whose sacred animal was the aurochs, a now-extinct ancestor of cattle  Adad had power over destructive storms and beneficial rain  The design of the Ishtar Gate also includes linear borders and patterns of rosettes, often seen as symbols of fertility The bricks of the Ishtar gate were made from finely textured clay pressed into wooden forms  Each of the animal reliefs was also made from bricks formed by pressing clay into reusable molds  Seams between the bricks were carefully planned not to occur on the eyes of the animals or any other aesthetically unacceptable places  The bricks were sun-dried and then fired once before glazing  The clay was brownish red in this bisque-fired state The background glazes are mainly a vivid blue, which imitates the color of the highly prized lapis lazuli  Gold and brown glazes are used for animal images  The borders and rosettes are glazed in black, white, and gold  It is believed that the glaze recipe used plant ash, sandstone conglomerates, and pebbles for silicates  This combination was repeatedly melted, cooled, and then pulverized  This mixture of silica and fluxes is called a frit  Color-producing minerals, such as cobalt, were added in the final glaze formulations  This was then painted onto the bisque-fired bricks and fired to a higher temperature in a glaze firing The creation of the gate out of wood and clay glazed to look like lapis lazuli could possibly be a reference to the goddess Inanna, who became syncretized with the goddess Ishtar during the reign of Sargon of Akkad  In the myth of Inanna's descent to the underworld, Inanna is described as donning seven accoutrements of lapis lazuli symbolizing her divine power  Once captured by the queen of the underworld, Inanna is described as being lapis lazuli, silver, and wood, two of these materials being key components in the construction of the Ishtar Gate  The creation of the gate out of wood and "lapis lazuli" linking the gate to being part of the Goddess herself 
After the glaze firing, the bricks were assembled, leaving narrow horizontal seams from one to six millimeters  The seams were then sealed with a naturally occurring black viscous substance called bitumen, like modern asphalt  The Ishtar Gate is only one small part of the design of ancient Babylon that also included the palace, temples, an inner fortress, walls, gardens, other gates, and the Processional Way  The lavish city was decorated with over 15 million baked bricks, according to estimates The main gate led to the Southern Citadel, the gate itself seeming to be a part of Imgur-Bel and Nimitti-Bel, two of the most prominent defensive walls of Babylon  There were three primary entrances to the Ishtar Gate: the central entrance which contained the double gate structure (two sets of double doors, for a fourfold door structure), and doors flanking the main entrance to the left and right, both containing the signature double door structure 

Ishtar Gate and Processional Way
Once per year, the Ishtar Gate and connecting Processional Way were used for a New Year's procession, which was part of a religious festival celebrating the beginning of the agricultural year  In Babylon, the rituals surrounding this holiday lasted twelve days  The New Year's celebrations started immediately after the barley harvest, at the time of the vernal equinox  This was the first day of the ancient month of Nisan, equivalent to today's date of March 20 or 21 The Processional Way, which has been traced to a length of over 800 meters, extended north from the Ishtar Gate and was designed with brick relief images of lions, the symbol of the goddess Ishtar (also known as Inanna) the war goddess, the dragon of Marduk, the lord of the gods, and the bull of Adad, the storm god  Worshipped as the Mistress of Heaven, Ishtar represented the power of sexual attraction and was thought to be savage and determined  Symbolized by the star and her sacred animal, the lion, she was also the goddess of war and the protector of ruling dynasties and their armies  The idea of protection of the city is further incorporated into this gateway design by the use of crenelated buttresses along both sides to this entrance into the city Friezes with sixty ferocious lions representing Ishtar decorated each side of the Processional Way, designed with variations in the color of the fur and the manes  On the east side, they had a left foot forward, and on the west side, they had the right foot forward  Each lion was made of forty-six molded bricks in eleven rows  The lion is pictured upon a blue enameled tile background and an orange coloured border that runs along the very bottom portion of the wall  Having a white body and yellow mane, the lion of Ishtar was an embodiment of vivid naturalism that further enhanced the glory of Babylon's Procession Street The purpose of the New Year's holiday was to affirm the supremacy of Marduk and his representative on Earth, the king, and to offer thanks for the fertility of the land The Processional Way was paved with large stone pieces set in a bed of bitumen and was up to 66 feet (20 meters) wide at some points  This street ran from the Euphrates through the temple district and palaces and onto the Ishtar Gate 

Inscription of Nebuchadnezzar II
The inscription of the Ishtar Gate is written in Akkadian cuneiform in white and blue glazed bricks and was a dedication by Nebuchadnezzar to explain the gate's purpose  On the wall of the Ishtar Gate, the inscription is 15 meters tall by 10 meters wide and includes 60 lines of writing  The inscription was created around the same time as the gate's construction, around 605–562 BCE Inscription:

Nebuchadnezzar, King of Babylon, the pious prince appointed by the will of Marduk, the highest priestly prince, beloved of Nabu, of prudent deliberation, who has learnt to embrace wisdom, who fathomed Their (Marduk and Nabu) godly being and pays reverence to their Majesty, the untiring Governor, who always has at heart the care of the cult of Esagila and Ezida and is constantly concerned with the well being of Babylon and Borsippa, the wise, the humble, the caretaker of Esagila and Ezida, the first born son of Nabopolassar, the King of Babylon, am I 
Both gate entrances of the (city walls) Imgur-Ellil and Nemetti-Ellil following the filling of the street from Babylon had become increasingly lower  (Therefore,) I pulled down these gates and laid their foundations at the water table with asphalt and bricks and had them made of bricks with blue stone on which wonderful bulls and dragons were depicted  I covered their roofs by laying majestic cedars lengthwise over them  I fixed doors of cedar wood adorned with bronze at all the gate openings  I placed wild bulls and ferocious dragons in the gateways and thus adorned them with luxurious splendor so that Mankind might gaze on them in wonder 

I let the temple of Esiskursiskur, the highest festival house of Marduk, the lord of the gods, a place of joy and jubilation for the major and minor deities, be built firm like a mountain in the precinct of Babylon of asphalt and fired bricks 

Excavation and display
A reconstruction of the Ishtar Gate and Processional Way was built at the Pergamon Museum in Berlin out of material excavated by Robert Koldewey  It includes the inscription plaque  It stands 14 m (46 ft) high and 30 m (100 ft) wide  The excavation ran from 1902 to 1914, and, during that time, 14 m (45 ft) of the foundation of the gate was uncovered 

Claudius Rich, British resident of Baghdad and a self-taught historian, did personal research on Babylon because it intrigued him  Acting as a scholar and collecting field data, he was determined to discover the wonders to the ancient world  C  J  Rich's topographical records of the ruins in Babylon were the first ever published, in 1815  It was reprinted in England no fewer than three times  C  J  Rich and most other 19th-century visitors thought a mound in Babylon was a royal palace, and that was eventually confirmed by Robert Koldewey's excavations, who found two palaces of King Nebuchadnezzar and the Ishtar Gate  Robert Koldewey, a successful German excavator, had done previous work for the Royal Museum of Berlin, with his excavations at Surghul (Ancient Nina) and Al-hiba (ancient Lagash) in 1887  Koldewey's part in Babylon's excavation began in 1899 The method that the British were comfortable with was excavating tunnels and deep trenches, which was damaging the mud brick architecture of the foundation  Instead, it was suggested that the excavation team focus on tablets and other artefacts rather than pick at the crumbling buildings  Despite the destructive nature of the archaeology used, the recording of data was immensely more thorough than in previous Mesopotamian excavations  Walter Andrea, one of Koldewey's many assistants, was an architect and a draftsman, the first at Babylon  His contribution was documentation and reconstruction of Babylon, and then later, the smuggling of the remains out of Iraq and into Germany  A small museum was built at the site, and Andrea was the museum's first director 
As the German Oriental Society had provided such large funding for the project, the German archeologists involved felt that they needed to justify the cost by smuggling much of the material back to Germany  For example, of the 120 lion friezes along the Procession Street, the Germans took 118  Walter Andrea played a key role in this endeavor using the strong links (or wasta) that he had cultivated with German intelligence officers and with local Iraqi tribal sheikhs  The Gate's ceramic pieces were disassembled according to a complex numbering system and were then packed in straw in coal barrels in order to disguise them  These barrels were then transported down the Euphrates River to Shatt al-Arab, where they were loaded onto German ships and taken to Berlin The rebuilding of Babylon's Ishtar Gate and Processional Way in Berlin was one of the most complex architectural reconstructions in the history of archaeology  Hundreds of crates of glazed brick fragments were carefully desalinated and then pieced together  Fragments were combined with new bricks fired in a specially designed kiln to re-create the correct color and finish  It was a double gate; the part that is shown in the Pergamon Museum today is the smaller, frontal part  The larger, back part was considered too large to fit into the constraints of the structure of the museum; it is in storage 

Parts of the gate and lions from the Processional Way are in various other museums around the world  Only four museums acquired dragons, while lions went to several museums  The Istanbul Archaeology Museum has lions, dragons, and bulls  Ny Carlsberg Glyptotek in Copenhagen, Denmark, has one lion, one dragon and one bull  The Detroit Institute of Arts houses a dragon  The Röhsska Museum in Gothenburg, Sweden, has one dragon and one lion; the Louvre, the State Museum of Egyptian Art in Munich, the Kunsthistorisches Museum in Vienna, the Royal Ontario Museum in Toronto, the Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York, the Oriental Institute in Chicago, the Rhode Island School of Design Museum, the Museum of Fine Arts in Boston, and the Yale University Art Gallery in New Haven, Connecticut, each have lions  One of the processional lions was recently loaned by Berlin's Vorderasiatisches Museum to the British Museum A smaller reproduction of the gate was built in Iraq under Saddam Hussein as the entrance to a museum that has not been completed  Along with the restored palace, the gate was completed in 1987  The construction was meant to emulate the techniques that were used for the original gate  The replica appears similar to the restored original but is notably smaller  The purpose of the replica's construction was an attempt to reconnect to Iraq's history  Damage to this reproduction has occurred since the Iraq War (see Impact of the U S  military) 

Controversy and attempted repatriation
The acquisition of the Ishtar Gate by the Pergamon Museum is surrounded in controversy as the gate was excavated as part of the excavation of Babylon, and immediately shipped off to Berlin where it remains to this day  The government of Iraq has petitioned the German government to return the gate many times, notably in 2002 as well as in 2009  The Ishtar Gate is frequently used as a prime example in the debate regarding repatriating artifacts of cultural significance to countries affected by war and whether these pieces of material culture are better off in a safer environment where they could be preserved  The example in the case of the Ishtar Gate is concerning its safety in the aftermath of the Iraq War, and whether or not the gate would be safer remaining at the Pergamon Museum 

Gallery
Passage 7:
Remuera
Remuera  is an affluent suburb in East Auckland, New Zealand  It is located four kilometres southeast of the city centre  Remuera is characterised by many large houses, often Edwardian or mid 20th century  A prime example of a "leafy" suburb, Remuera is noted for its quiet tree lined streets  The suburb has numerous green spaces, most obvious of which is Ōhinerau / Mount Hobson – a volcanic cone with views from the top overlooking Waitematā Harbour and Rangitoto 
The suburb extends from Hobson Bay and the Ōrākei Basin on the Waitematā Harbour to the north and east, to the main thoroughfare of State Highway 1 in the southwest  It is surrounded by the suburbs of Ōrākei, Meadowbank, Saint Johns, Mount Wellington, Ellerslie, Greenlane, Epsom, Newmarket and Parnell  Remuera is home to many well-known New Zealanders, including the late Sir Edmund Hillary and the race car driver Bruce McLaren 

History
Remuera has had a long history of human occupation, starting back in the early 13th century when Māori came to the area  The area was very attractive to Maori as much of the Auckland isthmus was devoid of trees and covered only in native flax, bracken and scrub  Remuera was different, having patches of woodland which were the habitat of many birds suitable for trapping while the adjacent harbour and basins were good fishing areas  Remuera Road began as a walking track, connecting the eastern and northern sections of the Auckland isthmus John Logan Campbell describes early 19th century Remuera in his book Poenamo:

Beautiful was Remuera's shore, sloping gently to Waitemata's sunlit waters in the days of which I write  The palm fern-tree was there with its crown of graceful bending fronds and black feathery-looking young shoots; and the karaka, with its brilliantly-polished green leaves and golden-yellow fruit, contrasting with the darker crimped and varnished leaf of the puriri, with its bright cherrylike berry  Evergreen shrubs grew on all sides, of every shade from palest to deepest green; lovely flowering creepers mounted high overhead, leaping from tree to tree and hanging in rich festoons; of beautiful ferns there was a profusion underfoot  The tui, with his grand rich note made the wood musical; the great fat stupid pigeon cooed down upon you almost within reach, nor took the trouble to fly away 
The suburb is named after a pā (fortification) named Remuwera, on Ōhinerau / Mount Hobson  Remu-wera literally translates to "burnt edge of kilt", commemorating the occasion where a chieftainess of Hauraki was allegedly captured and consumed  Although the most common definition in reference literature, the accuracy of this definition has been described as "highly doubtful" Around 1741, Te Wai-o-Hua iwi was driven away by the Ngāti Whātua and Te Taoū iwi  Later, these iwi merged with Te Roroa and Te Uri-o-Hau into Ngāti Whātua-o-Ōrākei, which is the main iwi on the Tāmaki isthmus  In May 1844 one of the largest Māori feasts ever held in New Zealand took place in Remuera  It was organised by the Waikato iwi and about 4000 Māori and many Pākehā (Europeans) were present  The festivities lasted for a week and large amounts of food and drinks were served: 11,000 baskets of potatoes, 9,000 sharks, 100 pigs, and large amounts of tea, tobacco and sugar  Governor Robert FitzRoy visited the festivities on 11 May 1844 when a haka was performed by 1,600 Māori, armed with guns and tomahawks When the European settlers wanted to buy the land on the Tāmaki isthmus from the Māori, they first declined  But in 1851, Henry Tacy Kemp, an interpreter to the Land Claims Commissioners, bought 700 acres for £5000  Subsequently, more plots of land were sold and put up for public auction  The land was suitable for pasture land and as the town of Auckland was some distance away people did not really start to build houses (as opposed to farmhouses) until the 1860s  One of the early farmer-settlers who bought land at Remuera was Archibald Clark, who became Auckland's first mayor in 1851  Many of the large villas stood on quite big properties, as their owners needed pasturing for carriage and riding horses and enjoyed creating landscape gardens  Some even had secondary houses for gardeners or estate managers  Many of these early houses still stand, surrounded now by later suburban developments or converted into institutions such as schools 

Smaller suburban houses began appearing in the area nearest Newmarket and began to spread along Remuera Road  The first shops opened in 1890 at the intersection with Victoria Avenue  Railway stations at Newmarket and Market Road encouraged residents to commute to town  Likewise one of the most important routes for the electric tram system created in 1902 was to the Remuera shops, with an extension to the bottom of Victoria Avenue  One of the first businesses was L J  Keys' grocery store on the Clonbern Road corner, which currently houses a café  Nowadays, Remuera's main business and shopping area stretches along Remuera Road from Armadale Road to St Vincent's Avenue  Smaller shopping areas are situated at Upland Road and Benson Road 
Remuera Road initially began as an unsealed cart track leading from Newmarket to Tāmaki  By the 1860s, the Remuera Road Board was formed to help administer the area surrounding the road, by organising roads, drainage, water and power, and the Remuera District School was established in 1873  In the early 1900s the Auckland electric tramway service began servicing Remuera Road, which led to the district doubling in population between 1901 and 1911 to over 5,000 residents  By the 1910s, ratepayers in the area opposed the Remuera area being administered separately to Auckland  The Remuera Ratepayers Association organised a petition in 1912, which included 791 ratepayers (over 50%) signing to join with the adjacent Auckland City, against the Remuera Road Board's wishes  A commission of inquiry was appointed, which recommended amalgamation  Again the Road Board declined and it was only after the Department of Internal Affairs intervened that the Road Board gave in  The union was ratified in February 1915 and the 2,520 acres of Remuera became part of Auckland  J  Dempsey said that Auckland had received "the brightest jewel in her crown today", although a subsequent report by the city engineer pointed out that Remuera had not been surveyed, it had 60 miles of primitive roading, and lacked proper stormwater drainage, sewerage and other services 
The 1920s and 1930s saw increased development of Remuera, with commercial precincts such as the Avenue Buildings, Coles Building, Hellaby Building and the Skeltons Building allowing the area to act as a commercial hub  The first mile of Remuera Road was concreted in 1921, and the existing tram line was doubled in 1924, followed by an extension of the service to Meadowbank  Auckland City Council embarked on a series of improvements for the new area  One of its first acts was to provide a free public library for the area in 1915, later replaced by the current building in 1926  In 1919 however local residents were incensed by the council's building of public toilets at the Remuera shops that they demanded be torn down 
In 1927 the Remuera rugby league club reformed after initially forming in 1914 when former All Black and Kiwi, George A  Gillett coached the club  A year later in 1928, the Tudor Theatre cinema and dance hall opened, becoming a central part of Remuera social life for decades  The theatre closed in 1973, and after demolition the location became the Tudor Mall in 1980  In 1930, the electric tramway was extended from Remuera to Meadowbank In more recent history, the infamous Bassett Road machine gun murders took place in Remuera on 7 December 1963  Two men were shot with a  45 calibre Reising submachine gun at 115 Bassett Road and word quickly spread about a "Chicago-style" gang murder  Two suspects were sentenced to life imprisonment 

Demographics
Remuera covers 8 25 km2 (3 19 sq mi) and had an estimated population of 23,400 as of June 2022, with a population density of 2,836 people per km2 

Remuera had a population of 23,586 at the 2018 New Zealand census, an increase of 333 people (1 4%) since the 2013 census, and an increase of 918 people (4 0%) since the 2006 census  There were 8,028 households, comprising 11,298 males and 12,291 females, giving a sex ratio of 0 92 males per female, with 4,179 people (17 7%) aged under 15 years, 5,100 (21 6%) aged 15 to 29, 10,746 (45 6%) aged 30 to 64, and 3,564 (15 1%) aged 65 or older 
Ethnicities were 70 6% European/Pākehā, 4 0% Māori, 1 9% Pacific peoples, 27 4% Asian, and 2 9% other ethnicities  People may identify with more than one ethnicity 
The percentage of people born overseas was 37 4, compared with 27 1% nationally 
Although some people chose not to answer the census's question about religious affiliation, 46 4% had no religion, 40 9% were Christian, 2 4% were Hindu, 0 9% were Muslim, 2 6% were Buddhist and 2 2% had other religions 
Of those at least 15 years old, 9,519 (49 0%) people had a bachelor's or higher degree, and 1,125 (5 8%) people had no formal qualifications  6,993 people (36 0%) earned over $70,000 compared to 17 2% nationally  The employment status of those at least 15 was that 9,915 (51 1%) people were employed full-time, 2,877 (14 8%) were part-time, and 498 (2 6%) were unemployed 

Landmarks and features
Notable buildings and sites
Remuera has several places of historic interest, some of which have been incorporated into the Remuera Heritage Walk 
St Mark's Anglican Church  This is a Selwyn church (wooden Gothic church) built in the 1860s by Philip Herepath replacing an earlier structure from 1848 by Frederick Thatcher  Consecrated by Bishop Selwyn  John Kinder was minister here at a time when this was a rural parish  Scoriarock foundations 
St Mark's Graveyard  The first burial was in 1849, and the last in 1963  The names of many well-known early Aucklanders appear here, including James Dilworth 
Former Remuera Freemasons Hall, Remuera Road   Probably designed by the architect Henry G  Wade, the Hall was consecrated on 9 November 1880, at a ceremony presided over by the Deputy Grand Master of the Auckland Grand Lodge District (E C ), William Lodder  The Remuera Masonic Hall survives as the oldest purpose-built lodge premises in the former Auckland Grand Lodge District (E C )  Sold by the Freemasons in 1993 
Saint Michael's Catholic Church, 6 Beatrice Road  A large Italian Romanesque style church designed by the noted architects Tole and Massey  Opened on 1 October 1933 
St Luke's Presbyterian Church, Remuera Road  Masonry Gothic church from 1932 replacing an 1874 wooden building  Designed by Francis Drummond Stewart who also designed the Chateau Tongariro (1928)  The present church was modeled on the parish kirk in the Scottish mining village of Twechar, built in 1902  Reinforced concrete and  brick construction, with an external cladding of Putāruru stone  The foundation stone was laid in 1931 by Miss Sarah Dingwall 
King's School, 258 Remuera Road  King's College started in 1896 occupying the house called "The Tower", built for David Graham, brother of the founder of Ellerslie, Robert Graham 
4 Garden Road  Garden Road was originally the driveway to Number 4, a house designed by prominent architect C  Reginald Ford (of the firm Gummer and Ford)as his own residence  Built in an eclectic architectural mix with French and Italian influences, number 4 later became the "Remuera Ladies College" whose students included Jean Batten 
Skeltons Building 1928, 339–345 Remuera Road  Built for Robert Skelton, a carrier and one of Remuera's first businessmen  This set of shops retain their original tiled shopfronts 
Hellaby Building 1926, 357–365 Remuera Road was built for Frederick Hellaby whose family ran a chain of Butcher's shops 
Remuera Pharmacy, 375–377 Remuera Road  1909 building for a business operated by Fred Blott 
Cole's Building, 382–394 Remuera Road  1923 building; the first tenant was Wylies Pharmacy 
L J  Keys’ grocery store  Corner of Clonbern Road – this was the first shop in the area (1907) 
Former Remuera Post Office, cnr Victoria Ave and Remuera Road  Built in 1914 to the designs of the Government Architect John Campbell 
Brick shops 1929  411–413 Remuera Road  These two-storey shops replaced the wooden building constructed in 1902 as the Remuera Road Board office, which later became the first Remuera Public Library after the demise of the Board in 1915 
The Remuera Public Library  Designed by the Auckland architects Gummer and Ford, the library was built in 1928 in a neo-Georgian style reminiscent of American colonial architecture  Faced with red brick, this building has very fine details, especially around the windows  In 1928, the architects were awarded Gold Medals from the New Zealand Institute of Architects (NZIA) for the design of the building  The building has also won the conservation award in 2004 for the renovations that were done 
Cotter House, 4 St Vincent Avenue  Built around 1848 for prominent teetotaller Joseph Newman, who died childless at 77 following injuries sustained when a billboard on Queen Street advertising whisky fell on his head  The house was sold to Thomas Cotter, a prominent Auckland solicitor and King's Counsel, whose family owned it until 1926, when the land was further subdivided 
St Paul's Methodist Church, 12 St Vincent Avenue  Red brick church from 1922 
Saint Aidan's Anglican Church, 1904 wooden gothic / Arts & Crafts style church noted for its lychgate 
Elmstone, 468 Remuera Rd  Large Neo-Classical House with Arts&Crafts features built in 1904 for V J Larner 
Hellaby House, 542 Remuera Rd  Designed in 1921 by Roy Keith Binney for Amy Mary Hellaby Other special buildings in Remuera are the Remuera Railway Station and Signal Box  These were built in 1907–1908 and the station is the best preserved in Auckland  Whilst the other stations were regularly modernised, Remuera's has been kept almost in its original state and is still used for suburban passenger trains 

Nature areas
Remuera includes some interesting nature areas and parks  Unlike the rest of the isthmus of Auckland, which was largely void of large trees and covered with native grass, flax and manuka, Remuera retained patches of native bush and woodland 
The Ōrākei Basin, a tidal lagoon popular for water sport activities, is the submerged crater of a volcano  There is a 3 km public walkway around the basin whereby the flora and fauna of the area can be observed at close hand Mount Hobson Domain includes the volcanic cone, previously used as a pā (a defended settlement) by the Māori and in later times as a quarry and pasture land  Ōhinerau / Mount Hobson (143m high) is one of Auckland's better preserved and least modified volcanic cones  Formed some 25,000 years ago, the volcanic hill has a horse-shoe shaped crater opening to the southwest  Terraces and pits are still evident from the Maori occupation  Like the other volcanic hills of the Auckland isthmus, in the 20th century, water reservoirs were built on the summit and the lower southwest side  a water reservoir was incorporated into Ōhinerau / Mount Hobson to supply water to the surrounding area  Still evident on the south-east side of the mountain is the concrete base remnant of a WWII medical store for the US Navy Mobile Hospital in nearby Market Rd – a site now occupied by the Dilworth Junior School  As you walk up the path from the entrance, you will soon come to a stone seat – a memorial to Remuera boys who died in WWII  This overlooks a field of jonquils and daffodils which bloom in winter or early spring Waiatarua Reserve  To the south of Remuera Road lies Waiatarua Reserve  This is a natural basin, prone to seasonal flooding  On several 19th century maps this was shown as a lake and referred to as 'Lake Remuera', 'Lake St John' or 'Lake Waiatarua' although in reality it was largely an area of swampy ground in which a sheet of shallow water would appear sporadically in the wet season  In 1918, 133 acres (54 hectares) of this land was given to the City Council to create Waiatarua Reserve  As the surrounding farm land was transformed into suburban housing this area became problematic – although in theory the "lake" afforded a picturesque view for the new houses, it was also a breeding ground for mosquitos  Moreover, the basin was composed of a peat-like substance subject to smouldering fires which were difficult to put out  In 1929 a drain was bored through the hill to the south west enabling the water to be drained into the adjacent natural stream which feeds into the nearby Ōrākei Basin; this drainage system is still in place  In 1934, 50 acres (20 hectares) of the park were leased to the Remuera Golf Club and a course was laid out  The clubhouse was completed in 1935  In 1938 a new course was built around the original layout in response to members’ complaints about the course conditions  In 1968 the Course was redesigned by golf course specialist Harold Babbage and a new Club House built 

Economy
Retail
The Remuera Town Centre includes Airlie Court, Remuera Mall, Tudor Mall, Victoria Mews Arcade and Remuera Village Green  It has 130 shops including a 
New World supermarket and has about 400 carparks 

Education
Remuera Intermediate is a coeducational intermediate school (years 7-8) with a roll of 850 Remuera School, Meadowbank School and Victoria Avenue School are coeducational contributing primary schools  (years 1-6) with rolls of 555, 728 and 430 respectively Baradene College of the Sacred Heart is a state integrated Catholic girls' secondary school  (years 7-13) with a roll of 1417  St Michael's Catholic School is a coeducational state-integrated contributing primary school (years 1-6) with a roll of 227 Mount Hobson Middle School is a private coeducational composite school (years 7-10) with a roll of 97 King's School, St Kentigern Primary School and Saint Kentigern Girls' School are private single-sex full primary schools (years 1-8) with rolls of 719, 647 and 343 respectively Rolls are as of April 2023 

Politics
Remuera is a part of the Epsom electorate for the Parliamentary representation  Local government of Remuera is the responsibility of the Ōrākei Local Board, which also includes the suburbs of Ōrākei, Mission Bay, Kohimarama, St Heliers, Glendowie, St Johns, Meadowbank, and Ellerslie 

Remuera Golf Club
The Remuera Golf Club started to develop in 1934 and the club house was finished in 1935  It was not an ideal location for a golf club, as it was established in a natural basin prone to seasonal flooding  In fact on several 19th century maps this was actually shown as a lake and referred to as 'Lake Remuera' or 'Lake St John' although in reality it was largely an area of swampy ground in which a sheet of shallow water would appear sporadically in the wet season  133 acres (54 hectares) of land in the gully was given to the City Council in 1918 as Waiatarua Reserve  As the surrounding farm land was transformed into suburban housing this area became problematic – although the "lake" afforded a picturesque view for the new houses it was also a breeding ground for mosquitos  Moreover, the basin was composed of a peat-like substance subject to smouldering fires which were difficult to put out  In 1929 a drain was bored through the hill to the south west enabling the water to be drained into the adjacent natural stream which feeds into the nearby Oraki Basin; this drainage system is still in place 
Fifty acres of the park were leased to the Golf Club in 1934 and a course was laid out  In 1938 a new course was built around the original layout in response to members’ complaints about the course conditions  In 1968 the Course was redesigned by golf course specialist Harold Babbage and a new Club House has been built 

Connections
Remuera's reputation as a desirable residential area around the turn of the 20th century was reflected in the use of its name for a luxury liner  SS Remuera was a steamship launched in 1911  She was the last delivered of three 11000 tonners built by the William Denny Organization between 1909 and 1911 for the New Zealand Shipping Company (sister ships Ruahine and Rotorua)  Her inaugural voyage in 1911 was from London to Wellington  In September 1914 she was the first British ship to pass through the newly complete Panama Canal 
During the First War she was commandeered by the British Government  After the war she returned to the UK to New Zealand route, as a sign of the changing times she was now refitted to accommodate two classes of passengers as opposed to her initial layout of First, Second and Steerage  Again commandeered at the outbreak of war in 1939 she was torpedoed in the North Sea in September 1940 

Notable residents
Jean Batten was a student at a Girls School at 4 Garden Road 
Archibald Clark – MP (1805–1875) Auckland's first Mayor in 1851 
James Clark – Mayor of Auckland 1880–1883  Lived at 258 Remuera Road (now King's School) 
Thomas Cotter – Auckland solicitor and King's Counsel – Lived at 4 Vincent Avenue 
William Crowther (1834–1900) – Mayor of Auckland  Horse Tram Company Operator 
James Dilworth –  Served on the Auckland Provincial Council for eight years  He and his wife Isabella left money to create the well known Dilworth School which takes in and educates boys living in straitened circumstances 
Sir Edmund Hillary (1919–2008) – Mountaineer, explorer and Bee-Keeper  Hillary built a home in Remuera in 1956 where he lived until his death in 2008  His home was removed from its original location in 2010 and stored until moved in 2011 to Sir Edmund Hillary Collegiate in Otara where it now houses a training programme for young leaders 
Sir Paul Holmes (1950–2013)
Alfred George Horton (1842–1903) – Founder of The New Zealand Herald newspaper 
Dame Rosie Horton (philanthropist) and Michael Horton – 44 Victoria Avenue 
Rev John Kinder MA DD MD – Minister of St Mark's Remuera 
Bruce McLaren (1937–1970) – Race car driver  He was born in the suburb and his family lived above their garage and service station on 586–592 Remuera Road until they moved around the corner to 8 Upland Road when he was 9 
Sir Edwin Mitchelson (1845–1934) Mitchelson was an MP, Chairman of the Remuera Road Board and Auckland's Mayor at the same time  He was Mayor from 1903 to 1905 and was knighted in 1920 
Joseph Newman – Lived at 4 St Vincent Avenue in a house he built in 1848, now called Cotter House  Newman was a Stockbroker  A well-known teetotaller, Newman died at the age of 77 from injuries sustained when a billboard on Queen Street advertising whisky fell on his head (10 September 1890) 
James Pascoe – Jeweller
Sir John Reed, Supreme Court Judge – 239 Remuera Rd 
Hon  Joseph Tole, Minister of Justice from 1884 to 1887 – 251 Remuera Rd 
William Chisholm Wilson – founder of The New Zealand Herald newspaper 
Desley Simpson – local council politician 
Christopher Luxon – Leader of the National Party, Leader of the Opposition 
Passage 8:
Panel with striding lion
The Panel with striding lion (MA 31 13 1) is a panel of Neo-Babylonian glazed ceramic bricks or tiles dated to 604–562 B C , now in the Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York  It was one of many that lined the Processional Way north of the Ishtar Gate  It was excavated by R  Koldewey in 1902, and at the Staatliche Museen zu Berlin from 1926, before coming into the possession of the Met in 1931 A large group of such figures is part of the Processional Way leading to the Ishtar Gate, a centrepiece display of the Pergamon Museum in Berlin 
Lions were symbolic of royalty because of their strength, and fighting a lion gave a king great prestige  The lion was also the symbol of Ishtar, the goddess of love and war  In her role of the goddess of war she is depicted on a chariot drawn by seven lions with bow in hand

See also
Striding Lion, a similar panel in Toronto

Notes


== Sources ==
Context 2: Passage 1:
Bad Teacher
Bad Teacher is a 2011 American comedy film directed by Jake Kasdan from a screenplay by Lee Eisenberg and Gene Stupnitsky  Starring Cameron Diaz, Justin Timberlake, Lucy Punch, John Michael Higgins and Jason Segel, the film tells the story of a lazy  middle school teacher who hates her job, her students, and her co-workers but returns to teaching after her wealthy fiancé dumps her  Bad Teacher was released in the United States on June 24, 2011, by Columbia Pictures  It grossed $216 2 million 

Plot
Elizabeth Halsey is a lazy, immoral, manipulative, gold-digging teacher at John Adams Middle School in Chicago who curses at her students, drinks heavily, smokes marijuana and lets her kids watch movies so she can sleep through class  She plans to quit teaching and marry her wealthy fiancé, but he dumps her when his mother shows him that Elizabeth is only after his money, so she resumes her job  She tries to win over wealthy substitute teacher Scott Delacorte  Her dedicated and enthusiastic colleague Amy Squirrel also pursues him while Elizabeth rejects advances from the school's gym teacher, Russell Gettis 
Elizabeth plans to have her breasts enlarged and becomes more motivated to do so upon learning Scott's ex-girlfriend had large breasts  However, she cannot afford the $9,300 procedure  Elizabeth attempts to raise money for the surgery through the 7th-grade car wash, wearing provocative clothing and manipulating parents to give her money for more school supplies and tutoring, but her efforts are not enough  Amy informs the principal about Elizabeth's embezzlement, but he dismisses her claims when no evidence is provided  Scott also admits that he is attracted to Amy and only likes Elizabeth as a friend 
Discovering that the teacher of the class with the highest state test scores will receive a $5,700 bonus, Elizabeth decides to change her style of teaching, forcing the class to intensely study To Kill a Mockingbird for the test  However, since it is late in the school year, combined with her unorthodox teaching methods, the students score low on the book quizzes, further frustrating her  Meanwhile, she befriends Russell, as Amy and Scott start dating 
Elizabeth plans to steal the state test answers by impersonating a journalist and seducing Carl Halabi, a state professor in charge of creating and distributing the exams  She convinces Carl to go into his office to have sex, but drugs him and steals the answer key  A month later Elizabeth wins the bonus, completing her needed funds, and books her breast enlargement 
When Elizabeth learns that Amy and Scott are chaperoning an upcoming field trip, she smears an apple with poison ivy and leaves it for Amy, who ends up with blisters covering her face and cannot go  On the trip, Elizabeth seduces Scott  They dry hump and Elizabeth secretly leaves Amy a message through Scott's phone, recording all the action  However, Scott's ever-changing ideals disappoint Elizabeth  After her student Garrett is taunted by his classmates for confessing to an unrequited attraction to a superficial girl in the class named Chase, Elizabeth consoles him and helps make him popular, which prompts her to begin reflecting on her own superficial ways 
Back at the school, Amy switches Elizabeth's desk with her own to trick the janitor into unlocking Elizabeth's sealed drawer  The evidence Amy finds leads her to suspect Elizabeth cheated on the state exam  Amy informs the principal and gets Carl to testify against her  However, Elizabeth took embarrassing photos of Carl while he was drugged and uses them to blackmail him to say she is innocent  Having been informed that her desk was switched, Elizabeth states that teachers in the school use drugs  When the police bring a sniffer dog to search the school, they find Elizabeth's mini liquor bottles, marijuana and OxyContin pills in Amy's classroom, in Elizabeth's desk, leading to Amy getting arrested and transferred to another school by the superintendent  Scott asks Elizabeth to start over, but she rejects him in favor of Russell, having learned they have a lot in common 
When the new school year starts, Elizabeth has reformed  She is kinder to her co-workers, and has started a relationship with Russell, and did not get her breasts enlarged because she feels that it is unnecessary  Elizabeth also has a new position as the new guidance counselor 

Cast
Production
Bad Teacher is directed by Jake Kasdan based on a screenplay by Lee Eisenberg and Gene Stupnitsky  Columbia Pictures purchased Eisenberg and Stupnitsky's spec script in August 2008  In May 2009, Kasdan was hired to direct Bad Teacher  The following December, Cameron Diaz was cast in the film's lead role  Justin Timberlake was cast opposite Diaz in March 2010, and filming began later in the month 

Release
Box office
The film grossed $100 3 million in the U S  and Canada, while its worldwide total stands at $216 2 million The film was released in North America on June 20, 2011, in 3,049 theaters  It took in $12,243,987—$4,016 per theater—in its opening day, and grossed a total of $31,603,106 in its opening weekend, finishing second at the box office, behind Cars 2  In Germany, the film reached No  1 on the country's Cinema Charts in its opening week after 496,000 people saw the film  This caused Kung Fu Panda 2, which reached No  1 the week before, to fall to No  2 

Critical response
On Rotten Tomatoes, the film has an approval rating of 45% based on 192 reviews and a rating average of 5 3/10  The site's critical consensus reads, "In spite of a promising concept and a charmingly brazen performance from Cameron Diaz, Bad Teacher is never as funny as it should be " Metacritic gave the film a score of 47 out of 100 based on 38 critics, indicating "mixed or average reviews"  CinemaScore polls reported that moviegoers gave the film an average grade of "B+" on an A+ to F scale 

Accolades
Home media
Bad Teacher was released on DVD, Blu-ray, and a combo pack on October 18, 2011 

Possible sequel and TV series
On June 20, 2013, Sony announced that it was working on Bad Teacher 2  The company hired Justin Malen to write the sequel  Lee Eisenberg and Gene Stupnitsky, who wrote the first film, will return as producers  A release from Sony studios said the project is "being developed for Cameron Diaz to star in the film, but no deal is yet set with the actress " Jake Kasdan will again be the director On May 23, 2013, CBS announced a TV series based on the movie, with CBS Studios and Sony Pictures Television as production partners  The show premiered on April 24, 2014, in the 9:30pm time slot  Ari Graynor played the Cameron Diaz role, while Sara Gilbert, Ryan Hansen, David Alan Grier, Kristin Davis and Sara Rodier also appeared  On May 10, 2014, CBS canceled Bad Teacher after airing only three episodes  Bad Teacher last aired during the spring TV season on May 22, 2014  However, in July 2014, CBS burned off the remaining unseen episodes by showing two episodes on Saturday nights 
Passage 2:
Pilot (New Girl)
"Pilot" is the first episode of the first season of New Girl  The episode was written by Elizabeth Meriwether, and directed by Jake Kasdan  The episode first aired on Fox in the United States on September 20, 2011 to positive reviews 

Plot
The show begins with Jessica "Jess" Day talking to her friend Cece, a model, about seducing her boyfriend by coming home early and stripping down for him  While talking to Cece on the phone, we hear that she is naked in the back of the cab wearing a big trench coat  When asked what her stripper name will be, she replies 'Rebecca Johnson', then 'Two Boobs Johnson', and later 'Tiger Boobs'  Jess comes home and her boyfriend Spencer is shocked to see her there, but he is cheating on her with another woman who comes out of the bedroom while Jess is attempting a striptease with pillows and bows  While doing a mediocre job on seducing him (taking off the trench coat and doing "sexy stuff' to various objects), the girl comes out and Jess is shocked  Now she lives with three single men (whom she found on Craigslist and thought they were women) called Nick, Schmidt and Coach in an apartment  During most of the week she lives there, she begins to have mood swings about her break up such as watching Dirty Dancing  Her roommates are sick of it and invite her to a bar to find a man on the rebound  She ends up on a date but her date bails on her and he goes to the same party as her roommates are at  They all go to the restaurant and cheer Jess up by singing "(I've Had) The Time of My Life" proving that they do care about her as a friend 

Production
The episode was written by Elizabeth Meriwether, and directed by Jake Kasdan  The episode first aired on Fox in the United States on September 20, 2011  Speaking of the show Zooey Deschanel claimed that her character in New Girl resembles a younger version of herself  She said "I think Jess as a person, and the way that her personality is, has some of myself and especially some of my younger self," she suggested  "[She resembles] my 13-year-old self " Deschanel added that Jess will explore her lost youth after she is dumped by her long-term boyfriend  "I have to find a new support system, so I'm basically living my 20s as I approach my 30s," she explained 

Reception
When the episode was first broadcast it pulled in more viewers than its lead in, the Fox comedy-drama Glee for the episode "The Purple Piano Project", which brought in 8 9m (5 4) in the 8:00 p m  hour, after which New Girl launched with 10 1m (4 7) 

Accolades
Jake Kasdan was nominated for the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Directing for a Comedy Series for this episode 
Passage 3:
The Piano Tuner of Earthquakes
The Piano Tuner of Earthquakes is a 2005 animated drama film by the Brothers Quay, featuring Amira Casar, Gottfried John, Assumpta Serna and Cesar Sarachu  It was the second feature-length film by the Brothers Quay and their first film in over ten years 

Plot
A 19th-century opera singer is murdered on-stage shortly before her forthcoming wedding  Soon after being slain by the nefarious Dr  Emmanuel Droz during a live performance, Malvina van Stille is spirited away to the inventor's remote villa to be reanimated and forced to play the lead in a grim production staged to recreate her abduction  As the time for the performance draws near, piano tuner of earthquakes Felisberto sets out to activate the seven essential automata who dot the dreaded doctor's landscape and make sure all the essential elements are in place  Once again instilled with life after her brief stay in the afterworld, amnesiac Malvina is soon drawn to the mysterious Felisberto as a result of his uncanny resemblance to her one-time fiancé Adolfo 

See also
List of stop-motion films

External links
The Piano Tuner of Earthquakes at Metacritic
The Piano Tuner of Earthquakes at Rotten Tomatoes
The Piano Tuner of Earthquakes' at MovieScore Media
The Piano Tuner of Earthquakes at IMDb
The Piano Tuner of Earthquakes at AllMovie
Catsoulis, Jeannette (17 November 2006)  "Film in Review: The Piano Tuner of Earthquakes"  The New York Times  Retrieved 1 January 2018 
Passage 4:
Sex Tape (film)
Sex Tape is a 2014 American sex comedy film directed by Jake Kasdan and distributed by Sony Pictures Releasing  It was written by Jason Segel, Nicholas Stoller, and Kate Angelo and stars Segel, Cameron Diaz, Rob Corddry, Ellie Kemper, and Rob Lowe  Its story follows a married couple who make a sex tape to spice up their relationship only to wake up the next morning to find that it has gone missing  This sparks a frantic search in an attempt to find it 
The film was produced by Columbia Pictures and was released on July 18, 2014  It grossed $14 6 million in its opening weekend and $126 1 million worldwide, against a budget of $40 million  It received generally negative reviews 

Plot
Jay and Annie Hargrove are a married couple who used to have sex at every opportunity  Now, after having two kids, they rarely are intimate  
Getting her mother to keep the kids overnight, the couple try roleplaying and trying having sex in less orthodox parts of the house, but then Jay struggles to get an erection  So, Annie suggests making a sex tape and they film themselves having sex in every position listed in The Joy of Sex on his tablet 
When done, Annie asks Jay to delete the recording to be safe, but an application on the tablet ends up instead inadvertently synchronizing the video to several iPads he had given away over time  After failing to get it out of the cloud, they set out to get back all of the gifted iPads, leading to a series of awkward encounters and close calls 
The couple relatively easily manage to delete the video on both her mother's and their son's tablets  Their close friends, Robbie and Tess, invite them in and then Annie and Jay end up having to explain themselves  Their friends, without any real plans, tag along as they seek the tablets  
Their most challenging recovery of a tablet is from the house of Annie's potential boss, Hank Rosenbaum  Under the guise of seeking money for a charity, Annie distracts him while Jay searches the house for the tablet  In the process, she tries cocaine for the first time and Jay battles with Hank's German shepherd  
In the end, Robbie and Tess are the ones who get it back 
After collecting the iPads and deleting the videos, their friend's son, Howard, threatens to upload a copy of their sex tape to YouPorn unless they give him $25,000  After failing to get the money, they break into the YouPorn headquarters and begin to destroy their web servers  
The couple's plan is quickly thwarted when an alarm sounds  The owner, his guards and his wife confront them and threaten to call the police  However, after explaining it was to protect their family, their two young  children come out  The owner's wife convinces him to take pity on them, so he agrees not to do so in exchange for $15,000 to cover the damage  Removing their video, he explains that all they had to do to have a video removed was send him an e-mail request to do so 
After they have deleted all videos, Howard comes over to the house and gives Jay the only remaining copy of the video on a USB flash drive  This is in exchange for being allowed to hang out with their son, Clive, since he is his only friend 
As the film comes to a close, Jay and Annie decide to watch the video once themselves  Afterwards, they take the USB flash drive and go outside to smash it with a hammer, blend it, burn it with fire, and bury the remains 

Cast
Production
Development
Sony Pictures acquired the script in June 2011, which was based on an original story created by Kate Angelo  Nicholas Stoller was in early talks to direct but eventually backed out with Jake Kasdan instead directing the picture   Before Diaz signed on, Reese Witherspoon, Amy Adams, Emily Blunt, Rose Byrne, and Jennifer Garner were all considered for the female lead Principal photography began on September 12, 2013, in Newton, Massachusetts  Hank's house is situated in the western Greater Boston suburb of Weston 

Release
On March 17, 2014, the first poster and some photos from the film were released, followed by a red band trailer on April 2, 2014, and a green band trailer on April 24, 2014  On June 5, Sony UK released an international trailer of the film On May 30, 2014, the film's release date was pushed up from July 25, 2014 to July 18 On June 19, a final red band trailer was released, which was attached theatrically with the Melissa McCarthy comedy Tammy 

Indian censorship
The Examining Committee of the Central Board of Film Certification (CBFC) in India rejected its first version of the film  After some changes, they accepted the film and it was released in the country on August 29, 2014 

Box office
At the end of its box office run, Sex Tape earned a gross of $38 5 million in the US and Canada and $87 5 million in other territories, for a worldwide total of $126 1 million against a budget of $40 million The film was released in 2,457 theaters in North America and earned $1 1 million in its opening Thursday evening showings  In its opening weekend, the film grossed $14 6 million, finishing in fourth behind Dawn of the Planet of the Apes ($36 2 million), as well as newcomers The Purge: Anarchy ($29 8 million) and Planes: Fire & Rescue ($17 5 million) The film topped the UK box office in its opening weekend with a gross of £1 43 million  It dropped to number 4 in its second week grossing £673,478  The film opened at #1 in markets like Bulgaria, Netherlands, Slovenia in their respective opening weekend  The biggest market in other territories being Germany, United Kingdom, Australia, where the film earned a gross of $12 14 million, $7 14 million and $6 9 million respectively 

Critical response
Rotten Tomatoes, a review aggregator, reports that 16% of 157 surveyed reviews gave the film a positive review; the average rating is 4 1/10  The site's critical consensus reads, "With neither the conviction to embrace its smutty premise nor enough laughs to function as a worthwhile rom-com, the flaccid Sex Tape suffers from cinematic impotence " On Metacritic, the film has a score of 36 out of 100 based on 36 critics, indicating "generally unfavorable reviews"  Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "C+" on an A+ to F scale Peter Bradshaw of The Guardian called the film "a timely naughty-but-nice romcom with too few laughs", giving it two out of five stars 

Accolades
See also
Passage 5:
Jake Kasdan
Jacob Kasdan (born October 28, 1974) is an American filmmaker and actor  He is best known for directing Walk Hard (2007), Bad Teacher (2011), Sex Tape (2014), Jumanji: Welcome to the Jungle (2017) and Jumanji: The Next Level (2019) 

Early life
Kasdan was born and raised in a Jewish family, with little religious education in Detroit, Michigan, the son of Meg (née Goldman), a writer, and writer-director Lawrence Kasdan  His younger brother, Jon Kasdan, also works in the film and television industry as an actor and writer 

Career
Kasdan has directed seven theatrical films: Zero Effect (1998), Orange County (2002), The TV Set (2006), Walk Hard: The Dewey Cox Story (2007), Bad Teacher (2011), Sex Tape (2014), Jumanji: Welcome to the Jungle (2017) and Jumanji: The Next Level (2019)  He has also worked in television, most notably with Judd Apatow, as a consulting producer and director on Freaks and Geeks and as a director on Undeclared  He has also directed numerous stage productions  He is attached to direct John Grisham novel Calico Joe to a family film adaptation 
In 2008, Kasdan received his first Golden Globe nomination for Walk Hard in the Best Original Song category (shared with John C  Reilly, Judd Apatow, and Marshall Crenshaw), but lost to "Guaranteed" from Into the Wild (written by Eddie Vedder) 
As a child, he made several appearances in his father's movies such as The Big Chill and Silverado (in the former he is an autograph seeker at a funeral and in the latter a stable boy) 
After the success of New Girl, Kasdan announced that on July 11, 2012, that he had signed a deal with 20th Century Fox Television, through The Detective Agency, to pursue own projects In February 2015, Fox announced it had greenlit a pilot for the comedy The Grinder to be directed by Kasdan and starring Rob Lowe On March 26, 2019, The Detective Agency's producing partners Jake Kasdan and Melvin Mar reupped, and signed a new overall deal at 20th Century Fox Television In October 2021, it was announced that Disney+ had given a series order to a television adaptation of graphic novel, American Born Chinese  It will be produced by 20th Century Television with Kelvin Yu and Charles Yu as writers and executive producers, Marvin Mar and Kasdan as executive producers, and Destin Daniel Cretton as director and executive producer  Most recently, he served as executive producer of the workplace comedy pilot XYZ at ABC 

Personal life
Kasdan is married to singer-songwriter Inara George of The Bird and the Bee  They have three children, including twins 

Filmography
Films
Acting credits

Soundtrack credits

Other credits

Television and web
Acting credits

Music video
Believe by Shawn Mendes (2015)

Awards
Passage 6:
Brothers Quay
Stephen and Timothy Quay ( KWAY; born June 17, 1947) are American identical twin brothers and stop-motion animators who are better known as the Brothers Quay or Quay Brothers  They received the 1998 Drama Desk Award for Outstanding Set Design for their work on the play The Chairs 

Careers
The Quay Brothers reside and work in England, having moved there in 1969 to study at the Royal College of Art, London after studying illustration (Timothy) and film (Stephen) at the Philadelphia College of Art, now the University of the Arts in Philadelphia  In England they made their first short films, which no longer exist after the only prints were irreparably damaged  They spent some time in the Netherlands in the 1970s and then returned to England, where they teamed up with another Royal College student, Keith Griffiths, who produced all of their films  In 1980 the trio formed Koninck Studios, which is currently based in Southwark, south London 

Style
The Brothers' works from 1979 to the present show a wide range of often esoteric influences, starting with the Polish animators Walerian Borowczyk and Jan Lenica and continuing with the writers Franz Kafka, Bruno Schulz, Robert Walser and Michel de Ghelderode, puppeteers Wladyslaw Starewicz and Czech Richard Teschner and Czech composers Leoš Janáček, Zdeněk Liška and Polish Leszek Jankowski, the last of whom has created many original scores for their work  Czech animator Jan Švankmajer, for whom they named one of their films (The Cabinet of Jan Svankmajer), is also frequently cited as a major influence, but they actually discovered his work relatively late, in 1983, by which time their characteristic style and preoccupations had been fully formed  In a panel discussion with Daniel Bird and Andrzej Klimowski at the Aurora festival in Norwich, they emphasized that a more significant influence on their work was Walerian Borowczyk, who made both animation shorts and live-action features 
Most of their animation films feature puppets made of doll parts and other organic and inorganic materials, often partially disassembled, in a dark, moody atmosphere  Perhaps their best known work is Street of Crocodiles (1986), based on the short story of the same name by the Polish author and artist Bruno Schulz  This short film was selected by director and animator Terry Gilliam as one of the ten best animated films of all time, and critic Jonathan Romney included it on his list of the ten best films in any medium (for Sight and Sound's critics' poll of 2002)  They have made two full-length live action films: Institute Benjamenta (1996), or This Dream People Call Human Life, produced by Keith Griffiths and Janine Marmot, and The Piano Tuner Of Earthquakes (2005), produced by Keith Griffiths  They also directed an animated sequence in the film Frida (2002) 
With very few exceptions, their films have no meaningful spoken dialogue (most have no spoken content at all, while some, such as The Comb (From the Museums of Sleep) (1990) include multilingual background gibberish that is not intended to be coherently understood)  Accordingly, their films are highly reliant on their music scores, of which many have been written especially for them by the Polish composer Leszek Jankowski  In 2000, they contributed a short film to the BBC's Sound On Film series in which they visualised a 20-minute piece by the avant-garde composer Karlheinz Stockhausen  Whenever possible, the Quay Brothers prefer to work with pre-recorded music, though Gary Tarn's score for The Phantom Museum had to be added afterwards when it became impossible to license music by the Czech composer Zdeněk Liška They have created music videos for His Name Is Alive ("Are We Still Married", "Can't Go Wrong Without You"), Michael Penn ("Long Way Down (Look What the Cat Drug In)") and 16 Horsepower ("Black Soul Choir")  Their style has been mimicked to the point that audiences mistakenly believed that the Quay Brothers were responsible for several music videos for Tool but those videos were created by Fred Stuhr and member Adam Jones, whose work is influenced by the Quay Brothers  Although they worked on Peter Gabriel's seminal video "Sledgehammer" (1986) as animators, this was directed by Stephen R  Johnson and the Quay Brothers in order to support their personal projects 
Before turning to film, the Quay Brothers worked as professional illustrators  The first edition of Anthony Burgess' novel The Clockwork Testament, or Enderby's End, included their drawings before the start of each chapter  Nearly three decades before directly collaborating with Stockhausen, they designed the cover of the book Stockhausen: Conversations with the Composer (ed  Jonathan Cott, Simon & Schuster, 1973)  After designing book covers for Gothic and science fiction books while in Philadelphia, the Quay Brothers have created suggestive designs for a variety of publications that seem to reflect not only their own interests in particular authors, covers for Italo Calvino, Louis-Ferdinand Céline or Mark le Fanu's study of the films of Andrei Tarkovsky, but also in themes and motifs that these authors develop  Literary texts are inspirational sources for almost all of their film projects, whether they serve as a point of departure for their own ideas or as a textual basis for filmic scenarios, and not as scripts or screenplays  The prowess in illustration and calligraphy seeps increasingly into many formal elements in their later films, evident as graphic embellishment in the set decoration, or their particular use of patterns in the puppets' costume design  Titles, intertitles and credits appear in a variety of handwritten styles 
In an interview with Robert K  Elder for his book The Best Film You've Never Seen, the Quay Brothers discuss their creative process, stating that “If [a] project does eventually get approval, then we almost invariably chuck [the] original proposal out, not out of any cavalierness, but simply because we know that, as we start building the decors and the puppets, the script begins to grow and evolve very organically ”The critical success of Street of Crocodiles gave the Quay Brothers artistic freedom to explore a shift in subject matter, in part originating in literary and poetic sources that led to exploration of new aesthetic forms, but also because they were able to make extensive experiments in technique, both with cameras and on large stage sets  The Quay Brothers are best known for their puppet and feature-length films  Less known, but no less incisive in their creative development, is their intense engagement in stage design for opera, ballet and theatre: since 1988, the Quay Brothers have created sets and projections for performing arts productions on international stages  Their work at miniature scale has translated into large-scale designs for the theatre and opera productions of director Richard Jones: Prokofiev's The Love for Three Oranges; Feydeau's "A Flea in Her Ear"; Tchaikovsky's Mazeppa; and Molière's "Le Bourgeois Gentilhomme"  Their set design for a revival of Ionesco's "The Chairs" was nominated for a Tony Award in 1998  The Quay Brothers' excursion into feature films and live-action dance films were not an indication of a move away from animation and the literature that inspires them—on the contrary, the film explores the potential which slumbers in the combination of these cinematic techniques  Their puppet animation set designs have been curated as an internationally touring exhibition called "Dormitorium" which toured the east coast of the United States in 2009, including the originating venue of the Rosenwald-Wolf Gallery at the University of the Arts, Philadelphia, followed by Parsons The New School of Design, New York, Old Dominion University, Norfolk, VA and Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 
The Quay Brothers are strongly influenced by literature and the written word - from Eastern-European poetry to South American magic realism 

Lewis Carroll (Alice in Not So Wonderland)
Emma Hauck (In Absentia)
Felisberto Hernández (Unmistaken Hands: Ex Voto F H)
Franz Kafka (The Metamorphosis)
Stanisław Lem (Maska)
Rainer Maria Rilke (Eurydice: She, So Beloved)
Bruno Schulz (Street of Crocodiles)
Robert Walser (The Comb, Institute Benjamenta)Music is an essential part of the Quay Brothers' films, as they also find inspiration in Eastern European classical music  The Quay Brothers' films feature music by the following composers:

Stefan Cichoński (Nocturna Artificialia)
Trevor Duncan (Piano Tuner of Earthquakes)
Leoš Janáček (Leoš Janáček: Intimate Excursions, The Sandman, The Metamorphosis)
Lech Jankowski (Street of Crocodiles, Rehearsals for Extinct Anatomies, Ex-Voto, The Comb, Institute Benjamenta, De Artificiali Perspectiva, or Anamorphosis)
Zygmunt Konieczny (Nocturna Artificialia)
György Kurtag (The Sandman)
Zdeněk Liška (The Cabinet of Jan Švankmajer, The Phantom Museum)
Steve Martland (Songs for Dead Children)
Claudio Monteverdi (Eurydice: She, So Beloved)
Timothy Nelson (Wonderwood, Through The Weeping Glass, Unmistaken Hands: Ex Voto F H , Vade mecum)
Arvo Pärt (Duet)
Krzysztof Penderecki (Ein Brudermord, Inventorium of Traces, Maska)
Sergei Prokofiev (Alice in Not So Wonderland)
Christopher Slaski (Piano Tuner of Earthquakes)
Karlheinz Stockhausen (In Absentia)
Igor Stravinski (Igor, The Paris Years Chez Pleyel 1920-1929)
Gary Tarn (The Phantom Museum, Tempus Fugit)
Antonio Vivaldi (Piano Tuner of Earthquakes)

Legacy
In 2010 The College of Physicians of Philadelphia received a Philadelphia Exhibitions Initiative grant through The Pew Center for Arts & Heritage for an exhibitions project that would include a new work by the Quay Brothers  The Quay Brothers produced a new film entitled Through the Weeping Glass: On the Consolations of Life Everlasting (Limbos & Afterbreezes in the Mütter Museum)  The film is their first made in the United States, produced by Edward Waisnis through his company PRO BONO films in collaboration with Atelier Koninck QBFZ, London and it focuses on the history and collections of the College's famed Mütter Museum  The film, with narration by Derek Jacobi and a musical score by Timothy Nelson, was shot on location in Philadelphia during the summer of 2010 and premiered in autumn 2011, with symposia, at The College of Physicians of Philadelphia in Pennsylvania; New York City's Museum of Modern Art; and the Museum of Jurassic Technology in Los Angeles  The film was subsequently shown at the Wellcome Collection, London, England; the CFC Worldwide Short Film Festival in Toronto, Canada; The Institute of Contemporary Art, Boston, MA; The Museum of Fine Arts, Houston, TX; and at the Wexner Center of the Arts at Ohio State University, Columbus, OH  It was reviewed in both Sight & Sound and Film Comment magazines  The 35mm negative and print were selected for inclusion in the film collection of the Museum of Modern Art 
The Quay Brothers were commissioned by Leeds Canvas, a group of eight cultural organisations in Leeds, UK, to create in May 2012 a major citywide art installation, OverWorlds & UnderWorlds  The commission was one of twelve 'Artists Taking the Lead' projects around the UK, Arts Council England's flagship contribution to the London 2012 Cultural Olympiad  Later in the same year, the Quay Brothers were the subject of a grand retrospective exhibition at the Museum of Modern Art, New York entitled Quay Brothers: On Deciphering the Pharmacist's Prescription for Lip-Reading Puppets which featured work spanning their entire career, tracing back as early as childhood, with much of the material shown for the first time  Organized by Ron Magliozzi, Associate Curator of MoMA's Film Department, the exhibition ran from August 12, 2012 through January 7, 2013 and included a full coinciding film program In 2013, the Quay Brothers were recipients of a residency program award at the Wexner Center of the Arts, Columbus, Ohio  The project they undertook coinciding with this residency was a puppet animation film entitled: Unmistaken Hands: Ex Voto F H –that revolves around the work and life of Uruguyan writer Felisberto Hernández, often referred to as the father of ‘magic realism’, and for whose work the Quay Brothers share an affinity



ground_truth: Babylon

prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: Who won more awards, Brothers Quay or Jake Kasdan?

The following are given passages.
Context 2:  The production was overseen by Edward Waisnis through PRO BONO films, in collaboration with Atelier Koninck QBFZ, and the support of the Fundación Felisberto Hernández, and features a score composed by Timothy Nelson, who has worked with the Quay Brothers previously  As of January 2014, the Quay Brothers have been in production with The Digital Toy Company on a joint film/video-game project entitled Asleep: I Hear My Name The Quay Brothers' work was exhibited in two further major international exhibitions in 2013/2014  The first, The Quay Brothers' Universum was the Quay Brothers' first 'solo' exhibition in Europe and took place at the EYE Film Institute Netherlands, Amsterdam from December 15, 2013 - March 9, 2014  The second, Metamorfosis  Visiones Fantásticas de Starewitch, Švankmajer y Los Hermanos Quay was held at the Centre de Cultura Contemporània de Barcelona, Barcelona (25 March - 7 September 2014) and La Casa Encendida (2 October 2014 - 11 January 2015), Madrid, respectively  The exhibition was curated by Spanish animation curator, programmer and historian Carolina López Caballero and was a major exploration of the art of stop motion animation, placing the Quay Brothers' work alongside Russian-born puppet animation godfather Ladislas Starewitch and Czech surrealist master Jan Švankmajer 
Hollywood director Christopher Nolan revealed himself to have been an admirer of the Quay Brothers' work since coming across their films late at night when they were originally screened on Channel 4 in the UK  In 2015 Nolan curated a theatrical tour showcasing newly restored 35mm prints of the Quay's films In Absentia, The Comb and Street of Crocodiles  The programme also included the eight-minute 'documentary' Quay (2015) which Nolan directed as an homage to the twins  The programme and Nolan's short received critical acclaim, with Indiewire writing in their review that the Quay Brothers "will undoubtedly have hundreds, if not thousands more fans because of Nolan, and for that The Quay Brothers in 35mm will always be one of latter's most important contributions to cinema" Directly after the launch of the 35mm programme in the states, the Quay Brothers were celebrated at the Bristol Festival of Puppetry, UK (August - September 2015)  A retrospective of their work was curated by animation director Joseph Wallace, who also hosted a conversation with the Quay Brothers about the relationship between their animation and stage work at Watershed (Bristol)  Wallace, along with Puppet Place(the organisation behind the festival), also commissioned the Quay Brothers to create an installation which ran for the duration of the festival and was displayed in a disused control room on a bridge in the centre of Bristol entitled: Homage To The Framed Perspective of an Abridged Conversation Between the Painters Sassetta & Uccello and the Mystical Occurrence that Happened Before Your Arrival  
The Quay Brothers collaborated with Louis Andriessen in 2016 and designed decors for his opera Theatre of The World which premiered at the Walt Disney Concert Hall in Los Angeles  before playing at the Carré Theatre in Amsterdam as part of the Holland Festival  As well as the design, the Quay Brothers also produced animated projections which accompanied the performance 
In October 2016 a two disk Blu-ray collection of the Quay Brothers films dating 1979-2013 entitled "Inner Sanctums" was released by the British Film Institute  The edition includes 24 of the Quay Brothers' short films, of which three are UK premieres and five are world premieres, along with a disk of special features including footnotes, interviews, rare behind the scenes films and Christopher Nolan's short portrait of the brothers; Quay (2015) 

Awards and honours
Filmography
Feature films

Institute Benjamenta, or This Dream People Call Human Life (1995)
The Piano Tuner of Earthquakes (2005)Short films

Nocturne Artificialia: Those Who Desire Without End (1979)
Rain Dance (1980) – a short film for Sesame Street 
Punch And Judy: Tragical Comedy or Comical Tragedy (1980)
Ein Brudermord (1980)
The Eternal Day of Michel de Ghelderode (1981)
Igor, The Paris Years Chez Pleyel (1983)
Leoš Janáček: Intimate Excursions (1983) 
The Cabinet of Jan Svankmajer (1984)
The Epic of Gilgamesh, or This Unnameable Little Broom (1985) Full title: Little Songs of the Chief Officer of Hunar Louse, or This Unnameable Little Broom, being a Largely Disguised Reduction of the Epic of Gilgamesh
Street of Crocodiles (1986)
Rehearsals For Extinct Anatomies (1988)
Stille Nacht I: Dramolet (1988)
Ex-Voto (1989)
The Comb (From The Museums Of Sleep) (1990)
De Artificiali Perspectiva, or Anamorphosis (1991)
The Calligrapher (1991) – an ident commissioned by BBC2 which was later rejected and never broadcast 
Stille Nacht II: Are We Still Married? (1991)
Stille Nacht III: Tales From Vienna Woods (1992)
Stille Nacht IV: Can't Go Wrong Without You (1993)
The Summit (1995)
Duet (2000)
The Sandman (2000)
In Absentia (2000)
Stille Nacht V: Dog Door (2001)
Frida (2002) - animated contribution (dir: Julie Taymor)
Songs For Dead Children (2003)
The Phantom Museum: Random Forays Into the Vaults of Sir Henry Wellcome's Medical Collection (2003)
Alice in Not So Wonderland (2007)
Eurydice: She, So Beloved (2007)
Inventorium of Traces (2009)
Maska (2010)
Bartók Béla: Sonata for Solo Violin (2011)
Through the Weeping Glass: On the Consolations of Life Everlasting (Limbos & Afterbreezes in the Mütter Museum) (2011)
The Metamorphosis (2012)
Unmistaken Hands: Ex Voto F H  (2013)
The Doll's Breath (2019)
Vade mecum (2020)
11 Preliminary Orbits Around Planet Lem (2021)Music videos

Sledgehammer - Peter Gabriel (1986) - animated contribution (dir: Stephen R  Johnson)
Stille Nacht II: Are We Still Married? - His Name is Alive (1991)
Long Way Down (Look What The Cat Drug In) - Michael Penn (1992)
Stille Nacht IV: Can't Go Wrong Without You - His Name is Alive (1993)
"Black Soul Choir - 16 Horsepower (1996)
Stille Nacht V: Dog Door - Sparklehorse (2001)
Ubu Roi - Pere Ubu (2008) - projected music video for live show
Muslingauze - DJ Spooky (2008-2010)
Stille Nacht V: Starman - Sabisha (2008-2010)Commercials

The Repeat Prescription Report (2017) Pharmacy2U
Tempus Fugit (2016) Slow Time, Leffe
Wonderwood (2010) Comme des Garçons
Kinoteka, 1st Polsk Filmfestival ident (2009) Polish Institute, London
Mistletoe Kisses (2007) Galaxy, Mars, Inc 
NHL, Laundromat (2001) Fox Sports
NHL, Library (2001) Fox Sports
Magnets (2001) Chili's
Rice Krispies Treats - Float (2000) Kellogg's
Pitney Chairs (1999) Pitney
Northern Rock (1999) Northern Rock
Mars Celebration (1998) Mars, Inc 
Fox and Crow (1998) Badoit
Lion and Zebra (1998) Badoit
Weed Families (1998) Roundup
Weeds (1998) Roundup
Doritos idents (1997) Frito-Lay
The Wooden Box That Collapses (title sequence) (1997) The End
Lockets Metallica (1996) Mars, Inc 
Swallow (1996) Murphy's Irish Stout
Warriors (1996) Murphy's Irish Stout
Brainfreeze (1995) 7-Eleven Slurpee
Blue Cross (1995) Blue Cross Blue Shield Association 
Dolls (1994) The Partnership for a Drug Free America
Trees (1993) Coca-Cola
Le Bourgeois Gentilhomme (title sequence) (1993) The End
Fun Touch (1989) Nikon
Zenith (1988) MTV
MTV ident (1988) MTV
BFI ident (1998) British Film Institute
Skips (1988) K P  Skips
Dulux (1987) Dulux
Walkers Crisps (1986) Walkers
Honeywell (1986) Honeywell Computers Appearances

The Falls (1980)

Opera, ballet and stage
The Birthday Party (2018) By Harold Pinter, directed by Ian Rickson at the Harold Pinter Theatre, London 
Theatre of the World (2016) By Louis Andriessen, directed by Pierre Audi  Dutch National Opera, Amsterdam/Holland Festival, Amsterdam 
An Evening at the Talk House (2015) By Wallace Shawn, directed by Ian Rickson at the National Theatre, London 
Overworlds & Underworlds (2012) A Leeds Canvas initiative for the 2012 Cultural Olympiad, Leeds 
I looked back when I reached halfway (2011) Collaboration with violinist Alina Ibragimova on Béla Bartók's Sonata for Violin (1944)  Chetham's School of Music/Manchester International Festival, Manchester; Wilton's Music Hall, London 
Bring Me the Head of Ubu Roi (2008) Projections for Pere Ubu  Queen Elizabeth Hall, London 
Paul Bunyan (2007) By Benjamin Britten, directed by Nicholas Broadhurst  Theater am Kornmarkt Bregenz/Theater Luzern 
Pinocchio (2006) By Martin Ward, choreographed and directed by Will Tuckett  Royal Opera House, London 
The Cricket Recovers (2005) By Richard Ayres, directed by Nicholas Broadhurst  Aldeburgh Festival, Suffolk, and Almeida Opera, London 
The Anatomy of a Storyteller (2004) Ballet by Kim Brandstrup  Royal Opera House, London 
Death and Resurrection (2003) By J  S  Bach and Steve Martland, conducted by Sir John Eliot Gardiner, Steve Martland  Four short films illustrating Martland's Street Songs  Tate Modern and St  Paul's Cathedral, London 
The Wind in the Willows (2002) Ballet by Will Tuckett  Royal Opera House, London 
Queen of Spades (2001) Ballet by Kim Brandstrup  Les Grands Ballets Canadiens, Montreal 
Baa-Laamsfest (1999) By Olga Neuwirth, directed by Nicholas Broadhurst  Wiener Festwochen, Vienna 
The Chairs (1997) By Eugène Ionesco, directed by Simon McBurney  Theatre de Complicité and Royal Court, London and John Golden Theater, New York  (The Quay Brothers won the 1998 Drama Desk Award for Best Design and were also nominated for a Tony award)
Cupid & Psyche (1997) Ballet by Kim Brandstrup  Royal Danish Ballet, Copenhagen 
The Hour We Knew Nothing of Each Other (1996) By Peter Handke  Theater ballet directed by Kim Brandstrup  Malmo Dramatiska Theatre, Sweden 
A Midsummer Night’s Dream (1996) By William Shakespeare, directed by Jonathan Miller  Almeida Theatre, London 
Le Bourgeois Gentilhomme (1992) By Molière, directed by Richard Jones  Royal National Theatre, London
Mazeppa (1991) By Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky, directed by Richard Jones  Bregenz Festival/Nederlands Opera
A Flea in Her Ear (1989) By Georges Feydeau, directed by Richard Jones  Old Vic, London 
The Love For Three Oranges (1988) By Sergei Prokofiev, directed by Richard Jones  Opera North, Leeds/English National Opera, London 
Dybbuk (1988) Ballet by Kim Brandstrup  The Place, London 
Passage 7:
Speechless (TV series)
Speechless is an American television sitcom that aired on ABC from September 21, 2016, to April 12, 2019  Created by Scott Silveri and co-executive produced with Christine Gernon, Jake Kasdan, and Melvin Mar, the 20th Television/ABC Signature co-production was greenlighted to series order on May 13, 2016  A first-look trailer was released on the same day  Starring Minnie Driver, John Ross Bowie and Micah Fowler, the sitcom explores the serious and humorous challenges a family faces with a teenager with a disability  On September 29, 2016, the series was picked up for a full 22-episode season  An additional episode was ordered on December 13, 2016, for a 23-episode season  On May 10, 2019, ABC cancelled the series after three seasons 

Plot
The series follows the DiMeo family, each with a unique personality: Maya, a take-charge British mother with a no-holds-barred attitude; her husband Jimmy, who does not seem to care what others think; Dylan, their no-nonsense athletic daughter; Ray, their scholarly middle child who acts as the "voice of reason" in the family; and their oldest son, JJ — a high schooler who has a biting wit and sense of humor, and is diagnosed with cerebral palsy  JJ communicates by using headgear with a laser pointer to indicate various words, letters, and numbers on a board attached to his wheelchair  One of the reasons the DiMeos move frequently, is due to an attempt to find a good educational environment for JJ  They believe they have found an optimal choice when they discover a school that prides itself on being inclusive and where JJ will have an aide support him throughout the school day  Because the school is in an upscale part of town, Jimmy and Maya move the family into the cheapest, most rundown house in an otherwise nice neighborhood  Though they quickly find that not everything is as good as it could be  JJ enjoys having Kenneth, a gentle, well-meaning school groundskeeper with a deep and resonant speaking voice, work as his aide 

Cast and characters
Main
Minnie Driver as Maya DiMeo, the fierce and determined mother of the family
John Ross Bowie as Jimmy DiMeo, the fun-loving, easily persuadable father of the family who is a supervisor of baggage handlers at the airport
Mason Cook as Raymond "Ray" DiMeo, the middle child  Slender and nerdy, he faces constant harassment, mostly from Dylan 
Micah Fowler as Jimmy "JJ" DiMeo Jr , The eldest child with cerebral palsy  He is non-speaking (thus the show's title) and uses a wheelchair  He has a crush on Emma Watson, which serves as a running gag on the show 
Kyla Kenedy as Dylan DiMeo, the athletic youngest child, and only daughter  She enjoys pulling pranks and harassing others, especially Ray 
Cedric Yarbrough as Kenneth Clements, the good-natured aide to JJ who serves as his voice  Although he and Maya tend to butt heads, she is appreciative of his work 

Recurring
Pepper, the happy Golden Retriever who's supposed to be Dylan's pet, but acts like he's more fond of the others
Marin Hinkle as Dr  Ava Miller, the principal of the kids' school who is easily influenced by Maya
Jonathan Slavin as Mr  Powers, one of JJ's teachers
Liz Cackowski as Joyce, JJ's physiotherapist
Sarah Chalke as Melanie Hertzal, Taylor's mother
Kayla Maisonet as Izzy, JJ's girlfriend
Jack Dylan Grazer as Rev
David Lengel as Tad
Sedona Cohen as Taylor, Ray's ex-girlfriend
Cole Massie as Logan, Melanie's son, Taylor's brother, and JJ's nemesis
Karly Rothenberg as Crossing Guard

Special guests
Rob Corddry as Billy, Jimmy's brother
Andrea Anders as Audrey, Billy's wife
Julianne Hough as Miss Bloom, the new choir teacher at the kids' school
Jamie Denbo as Janet, the DiMeos' insurance agent
Jim O'Heir as Stu, the DiMeos' former insurance agent
Ken Marino as Ethan, Maya's ex-boyfriend
Michaela Watkins as Becca, a new mom at the group of families with disabled kids
Zach Anner as Lee, a wheelchair-using young man who Maya asks to speak with JJ about living on his own
Holland Taylor as Andrea, Maya's pretentious mother
Keith David as Colonel Clements, Kenneth's father
John Cleese as Martin, Maya's father who lives in London
Julie White as Helen, Lee's over protective mother
Niecy Nash as Kiki, Kenneth's sister
Lisa Leslie as Kendall, Kenneth's sister
Tricia O'Kelley as Candy Kensington
Rondi Reed as Nina
Christopher Thornton as Chris
Bella Thorne as Cassidy
Jay Chandrasekhar as Coach

Episodes
Production
Development
On January 11, 2016, it was announced that ABC had given the production a pilot order as Speechless  The episode was written by Scott Silveri who was expected to executive produce alongside Christine Gernon, Jake Kasdan and Melvin Mar  Production companies involved with the pilot include Silver and Gold Productions, The Detective Agency, ABC Studios and 20th Century Fox Television  On May 13, 2016, ABC officially ordered the pilot to series  A few days later, it was announced that the series would premiere in the fall of 2016 and air on Tuesdays at 9:30 P M  EST  On September 23, 2016, ABC picked up the series for a full season of 22 episodes and on December 13, they get only one episode  On May 12, 2017, ABC renewed the series for a second season which premiered on September 27, 2017  On May 11, 2018, ABC renewed the series for a third season and announced it would air on Fridays at 8:30 P M  EST and premiered on October 5, 2018 

Casting
On February 24, 2016, it was announced that Cedric Yarbrough had been cast in the pilot  In March 2016, it was reported that Minnie Driver and John Ross Bowie had also joined the pilot's main cast 

Cancellation
Speechless aired on the network ABC for about three years before the ultimate decision to cancel it  The final decision to cancel the show was made due to the fact that it was the lowest-rated series on the network  Variety explains that the last, and concluding season, ranked the lowest within the network with only around 2 3 million live viewers  Deadline notes that former ABC president, Karey Burke explained that the cancellation of the show Speechless was "gut wrenching" decision  Ultimately, the choice was made due to the low number of viewers, as well as the introduction of a new show, Fresh Off The Boat 
One of the main actors, Minnie Driver, notes that while it is saddening that the show has been canceled, the main hope is that the show left a lasting impact on its audience  Minnie Driver, who plays JJ's mom, continued to explain she believes that conversations regarding disability, love, as well as family have been left in better terms than they were found  Another main actor, Micah Fowler, who portrays JJ on the show, took to Twitter to express his gratitude towards the fans, and staff, for the amazing life changing opportunity  While the show was only on air for three years, it left a lasting impression on its audience 

Reception
Critical response
Speechless received largely positive reviews from critics  On Rotten Tomatoes, the series has a rating of 98%, based on 41 reviews, with an average rating of 8 2/10  The site's critical consensus reads, "Speechless speaks to a sensitive topic with a heartfelt lead performance and a fine balance of sensitivity and irreverence " On Metacritic, the series has a score of 79 out of 100, based on 29 critics, indicating "generally favorable reviews" The editors of TV Guide placed Speechless seventh among the top ten picks for the most anticipated new shows of the 2016–17 season  In its review from writer Liam Matthews, "ABC has another worthwhile addition to its strong lineup of modern families with Speechless," adding "It's a clear-eyed and empathetic exploration of life in a special-needs family that makes plenty of room for hilarity "

Representation
Speechless is one of the few shows that portrays the life of a teenager with a disability  It is also one of the few shows that has a disabled actor play the character  According to Bond, there are approximately 21 million children, between the ages of 5 and 15, that have a disability  If television, and the media, were able to mirror the demographics of the U S  then about 14% of characters would be disabled  Speechless was just one example, however it was cancelled after a couple of seasons due to 'low ratings' despite a good audience reception  Bond notes that media representation of disability, both mental and physical, may impact audiences in a more profound manner than telling them what disability is like  Through the introduction of physical disabilities, there is hope to integrate individuals into society, without prejudice and biases  Bond continues to explain that children begin to distinguish and detect differences as young as 4 years of age  Marquis notes that representations in movies like Still Alice and The Theory of Everything are two popular examples that perpetuate inconsistencies about the disabled body  These authors explain that there is disability representation in the media, however it is lacking authenticity and adequate portrayal  Shows like Speechless should be given a platform, for the actors and production team, to speak on the issues surrounding representation 

Ratings
Accolades
Home media
Passage 8:
Walk Hard: The Dewey Cox Story
Walk Hard: The Dewey Cox Story is a 2007 American comedy film directed by Jake Kasdan, and written by Kasdan and co-producer Judd Apatow  It stars John C  Reilly, Jenna Fischer, Tim Meadows and Kristen Wiig  A parody of the biopic genre, Walk Hard is the story of a fictional early rock and roll star played by Reilly 
Walk Hard primarily references the musical biopics Ray (2004) and Walk the Line (2005); in addition to Ray Charles and Johnny Cash, the "Dewey Cox" character includes elements of the lives and careers of other notable musicians including Roy Orbison, Glen Campbell, Bob Dylan, Jerry Lee Lewis, Donovan, John Lennon, James Brown, Jim Morrison, Conway Twitty, Neil Diamond, Hank Williams, and Brian Wilson  The film portrays fictional versions of artists Buddy Holly, the Big Bopper, Elvis Presley, and the Beatles; some artists appear as themselves, including Eddie Vedder, Jewel and Ghostface Killah  In addition, the film parodies or pays tribute to the musical styles of David Bowie, Billy Joel, Van Dyke Parks, the Gun Club, and seventies punk rock 
The film was released in North America on December 21, 2007  It received positive reviews from critics but was a box office bomb, grossing only $20 million against a $35 million budget  The film has since become a cult classic 

Plot
In Springberry, Alabama, 1946, young Dewey Cox accidentally cuts his brother Nate in half with a machete  The trauma causes him to lose his sense of smell  Dewey meets a blues guitarist who discovers his life experience instilled in him a natural affinity for playing blues 
In 1953, Dewey performs at a school talent show and drives the crowd wild with his song "Take My Hand," and his father kicks him out of the house, calling it the "Devil's music"  A 14-year-old Dewey leaves Springberry with his 12-year-old girlfriend Edith; they soon marry and have a baby  
Working at an all-African American nightclub, Dewey replaces singer Bobby Shad onstage and impresses Hasidic Jew record executive L'Chaim  While recording a rockabilly rendition of "That's Amore", he is berated by an executive  A desperate Dewey performs "Walk Hard," a song inspired by a speech he gave Edith, which restores the executive's belief in Judaism and rockets him to superstardom 
The song quickly becomes a hit and Dewey becomes caught up in the rock 'n' roll lifestyle  He soon performs his first concert as the following act to Elvis Presley, Buddy Holly, and The Big Bopper  Dewey is introduced to marijuana by his drummer Sam and becomes unfaithful to Edith  Dewey's father informs him that his mother has died while dancing to Dewey's song and blames Dewey's music for her death  
Distraught, Dewey finds Sam using cocaine and partakes, resulting in a cocaine-fueled punk rock performance  Choir-girl Darlene Madison enters Dewey's life, and he produces several sexually suggestive hit records amid their courtship  He weds Darlene while still married to Edith, which leads to both women leaving him, after which Dewey purchases drugs from an undercover cop  After he serves time in prison and in rehab, Darlene returns 
They move to Berkeley, California in 1966 during the counterculture movement  Dewey's new singing style is compared to that of Bob Dylan, which he angrily denies  In the next scene, a music video shows that Dewey's new song mimics Dylan's style, including opaque lyrics ("The mouse with the overbite explained/how the rabbits were ensnared/ and the skinny scanty sylph/ trashed the apothecary diplomat/ inside the three-eyed monkey/ within inches of his toaster-oven life ")  On a band visit to India, Dewey takes LSD with the Beatles, leading to a Yellow Submarine-esque hallucination  
Dewey becomes consumed with creating his masterpiece Black Sheep (a homage to Brian Wilson's Smile)  The band resents his insane musical style and abusive behavior and breaks up; Darlene, also unable to deal with him, leaves him for Glen Campbell  During another stint in rehab, Dewey is visited by the ghost of Nate, who ridicules his self-pity and tells him to start writing songs again 
In the 1970s, Dewey now hosts a CBS variety television show but is unable to compose a masterpiece for his brother  Nate reappears and urges him to reconcile with their father  Dewey and his father wind up dueling with machetes; despite having trained years for this moment, his father cuts himself in half, forgives Dewey for Nate's death, tells him to be a better father, and dies  Dewey breaks down and destroys almost everything in his home 
Dewey is approached by one of his illegitimate children and decides to reconnect with his many offspring  In 1992, a divorced Darlene returns to him  Finally realizing what is most important, Dewey regains his sense of smell and remarries her 
In 2007, L'Chaim's son Dreidel informs Dewey of his popularity with young listeners through rapper Lil' Nutzzak's sampling of "Walk Hard " Dewey learns he is to receive a lifetime achievement award  They want him to sing a song at the ceremony, but Dewey is reluctant, fearing his old temptations  However, with his family's support, he reunites with his band and is finally able to create one great masterpiece, summing up his entire life with his final song, "Beautiful Ride "
A title card reveals that Dewey died three minutes after this final performance, which then also reads "Dewford Randolph Cox, 1936–2007 " A post-credits scene is a short black-and-white clip of "the actual Dewey Cox, April 16, 2002" (still played by Reilly) 

Cast
Production and development
Jake Kasdan brought the idea to his friend and fellow director Judd Apatow  They then began writing the film together  The tongue-in-cheek references in this fake biopic were drawn from various sources  Apatow and Kasdan noted that they watched various types of biopics for inspiration, including those of Jimi Hendrix and Marilyn Monroe  Despite the humorous approach, the film was crafted in the serious tone of films earmarked for an Oscar, adding to the irony John C  Reilly, who actually sings and plays guitar, was chosen to play the title role  "We took the clichés of movie biopics and just had fun with them," Reilly said  The "deliberate miscasting" of celebrity cameos, such as Elvis Presley and the Beatles, was intended to enhance the comedy  The film's poster is a reference to the "young lion" photos of Jim Morrison 

Reception
On Rotten Tomatoes, the film has an approval rating of 74% based on 134, classifying it as "certified fresh"  The site's consensus states: "A parody that pokes fun at rock stars and reductive biopics alike, this comedy sings in large part because of stellar performances and clever original music " On Metacritic the film has a score of 63 out of 100 based on reviews from 22 critics Roger Ebert gave the film 3 out of 4 stars and wrote: "Instead of sending everything over the top at high energy, like Top Secret! or Airplane!, they allow Reilly to more or less actually play the character, so that, against all expectations, some scenes actually approach real sentiment " Peter Travers of Rolling Stone magazine wrote: "The tricky thing about parody movies is that the jokes get old fast and they're hit-and-miss  Walk Hard, a spoof of every musical biopic from Ray to Walk the Line, is guilty on both counts  How lucky that when the jokes do hit, they kick major ass " A 2022 review of the best comedy films of the 21st century placed this at sixth The film was not commercially successful, taking $18 million at the US box office which was less than the film's $35 million budget John C  Reilly received a Golden Globe nomination for Best Performance in a Musical or Comedy and a nomination for Best Original Song 

Home media
The film was released on DVD and Blu-ray on April 8, 2008  In the opening weekend, 263,001 DVD units were sold, generating revenue of $5,110,109  As of May 2010, DVD sales have gathered revenue of $15,664,735 

Promotional appearances
Along with a backing band "The Hardwalkers", Reilly made seven musical appearances as Dewey Cox in the weeks prior to the film's release date 
December 5, 2007 – Rock & Roll Hall of Fame (Cleveland, OH)
December 6, 2007 – The Cubby Bear (Chicago, IL)
December 7, 2007 – Stubb's BBQ (Austin, TX)
December 8, 2007 – Mercy Lounge (Nashville, TN)
December 10, 2007 – Great American Music Hall (San Francisco, CA)
December 11, 2007 – The Blacksheep (Colorado Springs, CO)
December 13, 2007 – Guitar Center on Sunset Blvd  (Los Angeles, CA)
December 19, 2007 – Knitting Factory (New York, NY)
December 19, 2007 – Performed in the character of Dewey Cox on Good Morning America Several fake commercials were aired including one with John Mayer, hinting Dewey might be his father 

Soundtrack
Singer-songwriters Dan Bern and Mike Viola (of the Candy Butchers) wrote most of the film's songs, including "There's a Change a Happenin'", "Mulatto", "A Life Without You (Is No Life at All)", "Beautiful Ride" and "Hole in My Pants"  Charlie Wadhams and Benji Hughes wrote the song "Let's Duet"  Marshall Crenshaw wrote the title song, and Van Dyke Parks penned the Brian Wilson-esque 1960s-styled psychedelic jam "Black Sheep" (the recording session seems to be a specific parody of Wilson's Smile album sessions, on which Van Dyke Parks worked)  Antonio Ortiz wrote "Take My Hand"  A number of critics noted the unusually high quality of many of the individual songs on the soundtrack, how well they reflected the styles and times they were attempting to parody, and how well they stood on their own as quality compositions  The soundtrack was nominated for both a Grammy and Golden Globe Award and was nominated and won the Sierra Award for Best Song in a Motion Picture from the Las Vegas Film Critics Society  John C  Reilly sang on all the tracks and played guitar on most of them 
Passage 9:
Weird Loners
Weird Loners is an American sitcom that was created by Michael J  Weithorn   The 6-episode first season was ordered straight-to-series by the Fox network in 2014   The series is executive produced by Weithorn and Jake Kasdan  The series premiered on March 31, 2015 On May 11, 2015, Fox canceled the series after one season  Kevin Reilly, the network President who had ordered the series from Weithorn's spec script in 2013, was fired a few months later leaving the series without a champion at the network 

Premise
Four people who fear personal relationships are unexpectedly thrust into one another's lives and form an unlikely bond while living in a townhouse in Queens, New York 

Cast
Becki Newton as Caryn Goldfarb, a high-strung dental hygienist who was engaged to be married but suddenly decides to call off her engagement after a brief fling with Stosh 
Zachary Knighton as Stosh Lewandowski, Eric's sleazy cousin, whose womanizing lifestyle has recently cost him his job  With no job and nowhere to live, he is forced to move in with his cousin Eric 
Nate Torrence as Eric Lewandowski, a toll collector who is suddenly on his own for the first time after his father unexpectedly passes away  After the funeral, his estranged cousin Stosh offers to move in with him 
Meera Rohit Kumbhani as Zara Sandhu, an angst-ridden artist, who befriends Eric after he buys one of her paintings 

Recurring
Susie Essman as Evelyn Goldfarb, Caryn's mother 
David Wain as Howard, Caryn's ex-fiancé 

Critical reception
Weird Loners received mixed reviews, with Rotten Tomatoes giving the series a score of 44% based on reviews from 25critics and an average rating of 5 5 out of 10  The website’s consensus reads: " Weird Loners strands its veteran stars in an overly familiar sitcom structure burdened with a preponderance of humdrum humor "Neil Genzlinger of The New York Times gave the series a positive review, stating: "[Weird Loners is] not loud or frenetic  It’s not particularly cutting-edge  It’s just funny, in a relaxed way that’s welcome somehow in a television spectrum full of pushiness and intensity "Gwen Ihnat of The A V  Club wrote a positive review giving the series a "B+" grade  She observed that "What Weird Loners has in its corner is an appealing cast and some hard-hitting TV vets" and remarked that "Since [Jake] Kasdan and [Michael J ] Weithorn both know their way around a sitcom set, it’s not a surprise that Weird Loners soon adds more gravity than most new shows boast from right out of the gate "

Episodes



ground_truth: Brothers Quay

prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: Professional cyclist Sara Symington competed in which Olympic Games held in Sydeney, Australia?

The following are given passages.
Context 3: Passage 1:
Sven Nys
Sven Nys (Dutch: [ˌsfɛˈnɛis]; born 17 June 1976) is a former professional cyclist competing in cyclo-cross and mountain bike  With two world championships, seven world cups, and over 140 competitive victories, he is considered one of the best cyclo-cross racers of his generation, and remains a prominent figure in cyclo-cross  Apart from cyclo-cross, Nys is also fivefold national mountainbike champion, and has competed in that discipline in two Olympic games 

Career overview
Early years
Born in Bonheiden, Belgium, Nys began racing BMX at the age of 8  He won eight BMX national titles before switching to cyclocross, a more popular sport in Belgium  He won the under-23 world championship in 1997 and 1998, beating another Belgian, Bart Wellens  Nys moved to the elite category in 1998–1999, joining the Dutch Rabobank team 

Becoming elite
In the elite class he won the Superprestige competition and came third in the national championships  The next season, he won the Superprestige again, ended the World Cup as leader and became Belgian champion  This made him favourite for the 2000 world championship  But his Rabobank management told him not to beat his teammate, the Dutchman Richard Groenendaal  Groenendaal sprinted away from the start and Nys was forced to hold back and not help another Belgian, Mario De Clercq, chase him  Groenendaal won and Nys, who came third, was criticised in Belgium for choosing team over country  The Royal Belgian Cycling League demanded an explanation  It became more forgiving but the head coach, Erik De Vlaeminck, remained unconvinced Nys blamed an injury for not winning a season-long competition or championship in 2000–2001  A year later he won the World Cup and the Superprestige again  In the world championships that year he came third after being outsprinted by De Clercq and Tom Vannoppen  The following season Nys won the Superprestige for the fourth time as well as the Gazet van Antwerpen trophy for a first time  He became Belgian champion again, but Wellens won the world championship and the World Cup 
Wellens dominated 2003–2004  Nys' chance for the World Cup ended when other Belgians sprinted past him, taking points  Nys was angry that his countrymen had allowed Groenendaal, a Dutchman, to win the World Cup rather than him  That evening Nys decided from then on to ride for himself 

This is war  Thanks Vannoppen, thanks Van der Linden  This is the last thing I have done for the Belgian team  They can all go to hell  [   ] Apparently there are some who take joy out of me not winning the World Cup  I know who and will take that into account next year  National team coach Rudy De Bie told me that he has never seen anything like this before  Our country loses the World Cup today 

The cannibal
Nys won everything of importance and at the end of 2004–2005 won the national and world championships, ended number one in the UCI rankings and World Cup, the Superprestige and the Gazet van Antwerpen Trophy  He is the only cyclo-crosser to achieve such dominance  Nys came close to repeating the feat the following season but he gave up in the world championship after a fall on the last lap 
Nys won all eight Superprestige races in 2006–2007  In the Superprestige he won 13 races from Hoogstraten in 2005 to Asper Gaver in 2007  That season he won the World Cup and the Gazet van Antwerpen trophy again, but neither the national or world championship  The national involved a lot of running, not Nys' talent, and were won by Wellens  At the world championship in Hooglede-Gits Nys fell three times: over Wellens, who fell because a television motor had hit one of the road markers; over Erwin Vervecken; and because of an error of his own  He finished 11th 
The following season, Nys won the World Cup, the Superprestige and the Gazet van Anterwerpen trophy again  He also won his fifth national championship  The Dutchman Lars Boom became champion of the world and Zdeněk Štybar took the silver, both barely 22 at the time  Nys, already nearing 32, came third 

Nys switched teams from Rabobank to Landbouwkrediet-Tönissteiner  Niels Albert, 2008's U23 world champion, joined the elite category that season, giving Nys another opponent  But Nys won all the season-long competitions and the national championship  Albert won the world championship, Štybar was second and Nys third  The Belgian press referred to Albert, Štybar and Nys as De Grote Drie (The Big Three), it was clear that Nys' years of absolute domination were behind him 
In his second mountain bike race Nys won the Belgian championship and then came ninth at the Olympic Games in 2008  On 31 December 2006 Nys won his 150th race with the elites, at Diegem  Four years later, he scored his 300th career win at the Koppenbergcross, one of the toughest races in the season 
Nys was appointed as a member of the inaugural UCI Athletes' Commission in 2011 In 2013 Nys won the world championship a second time  He said his career was now complete On 10 February 2013, Nys won his 60th race in the Superprestige On 22 November 2015, Nys won the Koksijde round of the UCI Cyclo-cross World Cup in Belgium, his fiftieth victory in the series  His win came seventeen years and a day after his first World Cup victory Sven Nys called a halt to his career on 5–6 March 2016 at an event called "Merci Sven" which was held at the Antwerp Sportpaleis (Belgium) 

Post cycling career
After ending his active cyclocross career Nys bought the cyclocross team Telenet–Fidea Lions of which he is the general manager  He is also a motivational speaker, during his keynotes he shares information about his experiences during his cycling career 

Major results
Cyclo-cross
Major championship results
UCI World Cup results
Superprestige
BPost Bank Trophy
Up until the season 2011–2012, this competition was called the Gazet van Antwerpen Trophy (GvA) 

Mountain Bike
Road
Passage 2:
Anton Villatoro
Anton Villatoro (born June 10, 1970 in Guatemala City, Guatemala) is a Guatemalan former professional cyclist  He attended the University of Colorado, where he raced with future US Postal teammate Tyler Hamilton  Villatoro won the 1991 Junior Tour of Guatemala, a gold medal at the 1994 Central American Games (team time trial) and placed fourth at the 1995 Pan American Games (time trial)  In 1996, he represented Guatemala at the Olympic Games in Atlanta 
He raced for the US Postal Service Cycling Team from 1996–1998 and then served as team captain for Team 7-UP from 1999 to 2000 
He retired in 2001 to pursue business interests 
Passage 3:
Jennifer Parilla
Jennifer Parilla (born January 9, 1981) is an American trampolinist who was born in Newport Beach, California   She was the first and only American to qualify to the 2000 Summer Olympics in Sydney as a trampolinist when the sport debuted; and finished in 9th place   She competed for the US at the 2004 Athens Summer Olympics 
She was on the national team for eleven years from 1993 to 2004; her favorite event was trampoline but she also competed successfully on the double mini  She was the National Champion in 1998, 2000, 2002, 2003, and 2004 on the trampoline, and on the double mini in 1998 and 1999   She earned national titles in 1993, 1994, 1995, 1996, and 1998 in synchronized trampoline, bringing her total national title count to twelve She was inducted into the USA Gymnastics Hall of Fame in 2010 

Personal life
Jennifer's hometown is Lake Forest, California but she now resides in Newport Beach  She trained with Team Everybody gymnastics club and was coached by Lionel Rangel  Jennifer attended Orange Coast College and California State Polytechnic University in Pomona 
Jennifer is one of two children to Paul and Jan Parilla; she has an older brother named Steve   She is currently the Trampoline and Tumbling Director at National Gymnastics Training Center in Aliso Viejo, California 

International competition
2003 World Championships, Hannover, GER; 16th-Trampoline
2003 World Cup, Prague, CZE; 4th-Trampoline
2003 World Cup, Ostend, BEL; 18th-Trampoline
2003 Canada Cup, Oakville, O N , CAN; 8th-Trampoline
2002 World Cup, Mykolayiv, UKR; 11th – Trampoline
2001 World Championships, Odense, DEN; 19th – Trampoline
2000 Summer Olympics, Sydney, AUS; 9th-Trampoline
2000 World Cup, Sydney, AUS; 6th – Trampoline (4th vs  Olympic Field)
2000 Olympic Test Event, Sydney, AUS; 6th – Trampoline (4th vs  Olympic Field)
1999 Olympic Selection; 9th – Trampoline
1999 World Championships, Sun City, RSA; 7th – Synchro, 17th – Trampoline
1999 French Nationals, Toulouse, FRA; 1st – Synchro
1998 World Championships, Sydney, AUS; 2nd – Double Mini, 3rd – Team Double Mini
1997 Trampoline World cup final, Frankfurt, GER; 5th – Trampoline
1997 Indo-Pacific Championships, Durban, RSA; 3rd – Double mini
1997 Trampoline World Cup Final, Sydney, AUS; 4th – Trampoline
1996 Trampoline World Cup, Frankfurt, GER; 2nd Trampoline
1996 World Championships, Vancouver, CAN; 6th – Synchro, 7th – Trampoline
1995 Trampoline World Cup, Vancouver, CAN; 7th – Trampoline
1994 World Championships, Porto, POR; 1st – Team Double Mini
1994 World Age Group Games, Vila De Conde, POR; 1st - Trampoline 2nd – Double Mini

National Competition
2004 U S  Olympic Team Trials, San Jose, Calif ; 1st - Trampoline
2004 Visa U S  Championships, Nashville, Tenn ; 1st - Trampoline
2003 U S  Championships, Sacramento, Calif ; 1st – Trampoline
2003 Winter Classic, Tampa, Fla ; 2nd - Trampoline
2002 National Championships, Cleveland, Ohio; 1st – Trampoline
2002 U S  Elite Challenge, Indianapolis, Ind ; 1st – Trampoline
2002 Winter Classic, Indianapolis, Ind ; 4th – Trampoline
2001 National Championships, San Antonio, Texas; 11th - Trampoline
2000 National Championships, St  Louis, Mo ; 1st – Trampoline
1999 U S  World Team Trials, Sacramento, Calif ; 1st – Trampoline, 1st – Synchro - 2nd Double Mini
1999 U S  World Team Trials, Knoxville, Tenn ; 1st – trampoline, 1st – Double Mini, 1st - Synchro
1999 National Championships, Anaheim, Calif  ; 1st – Double Mini
1998 National Championships, St  Paul, Minn ; 1st – Trampoline, 1st – Syncro, 1st – Double Mini
1996 National Championships, Phoenix Ariz ; 1st – Synchro, 3rd – Trampoline
1995 National Championships, Denver, Colo ; 1st – Synchro, 2nd – Trampoline, 3rd – Double Mini
1994 National Championships, Nashville, Tenn ; 1st - Synchro, 4th – Double Mini
1993 National Championships; San Diego, Calif ; 1st - Synchro
Passage 4:
Kurt Betschart
Kurt Betschart born 25 August 1968 in Erstfeld Switzerland is a former professional cyclist  He was a Six Day Track specialist holding a world record 37 victories with the same partner, Bruno Risi  He had a total of 47 professional victories and represented Switzerland at the Olympic games  After sixteen years in professional cycling Kurt retired on 26 July 2006 

Olympic Games
2000 Summer Olympics - Sydney
11th, Men's Madison (Track cycling)

Palmares
Passage 5:
Eddy Schepers
Eddy Schepers (born 12 December 1955) is a Belgian former professional cyclist  He was a professional cyclist from 1978 to 1990 where he rode for many teams including C&A, Carrera and Fagor–MBK  He started out in the C&A cycling team of Belgian Eddy Merckx before riding for various teams  He competed in the individual road race event at the 1976 Summer Olympics In 1986 he rode alongside Irish cyclist Stephen Roche for the first time in the Carrera cycling team and he became a loyal teammate of Roche that year  During the following year, Schepers was instrumental in Roche winning the 1987 Giro d'Italia and the Tour de France in supporting him on the road and also against the rest of the team who wanted the Italian Roberto Visentini to win the Giro d'Italia  On the fifth stage of the 1987 Giro d'Italia, Schepers let his breakaway companion Jean-Claude Bagot take the stage win in exchange for team support from Bagot's Fagor team if it was called upon in the future  In spite of working for Roche in the Giro d'Italia, Schepers still managed to place 12th in the general classification  Again in the 1987 edition of the Tour de France, Schepers provided Roche with crucial support while the rest of the team did not  Afterwards Schepers went with Roche to the Fagor team but with Roche past his peak due to chronic knee injury, their association stopped  Schepers spent his last year in the peloton riding for the Belgian team Tulip Computers 
His career victories include the overall of the Tour de l'Avenir stage race in 1977 and the first stage of the 1985 Tour de Romandie 

Major results
Passage 6:
2000 Summer Olympics
The 2000 Summer Olympics, officially the Games of the XXVII Olympiad and also known as Sydney 2000 (Dharug: Gadigal 2000), the Millennium Olympic Games or the Games of the New Millennium, was an international multi-sport event held from 15 September to 1 October 2000 in Sydney, New South Wales, Australia  It marked the second time the Summer Olympics were held in Australia, and in the Southern Hemisphere, the first being in Melbourne, in 1956 
Sydney was selected as the host city for the 2000 Games in 1993  Teams from 199 countries participated in the 2000 Games, which were the first to feature at least 300 events in its official sports programme  The Games' cost was estimated to be A$6 6 billion  These were the final Olympic Games under the IOC presidency of Juan Antonio Samaranch before the arrival of his successor Jacques Rogge  The 2000 Games were the last of the two consecutive Summer Olympics to be held in a predominantly English-speaking country following the 1996 Summer Olympics in Atlanta, United States 
The final medal tally at the 2000 Summer Olympics was led by the United States, followed by Russia and China with host Australia at fourth place overall  Cameroon, Colombia, Latvia, Mozambique and Slovenia won a gold medal for the first time in their Olympic histories, while Barbados, Kuwait, Kyrgyzstan, Macedonia, Saudi Arabia and Vietnam won their first ever Olympic medals  Australia will host the Summer Olympics again in 2032 at Brisbane, Queensland making it the first Oceanian country to host the Olympics three times 
The 2000 Games received universal acclaim, with the organisation, volunteers, sportsmanship, and Australian public being lauded in the international media  Bill Bryson of The Times called the Sydney Games "one of the most successful events on the world stage", saying that they "couldn't be better"  James Mossop of the Electronic Telegraph called the Games "such a success that any city considering bidding for future Olympics must be wondering how it can reach the standards set by Sydney", while Jack Todd of the Montreal Gazette suggested that the "IOC should quit while it's ahead  Admit there can never be a better Olympic Games, and be done with it," as "Sydney was both exceptional and the best"  These games would provide the inspiration for London's winning bid for the 2012 Olympic Games in 2005; in preparing for the 2012 Games, Lord Coe declared the 2000 Games the "benchmark for the spirit of the Games, unquestionably", admitting that the London organising committee "attempted in a number of ways to emulate what the Sydney Organising Committee did "

Host city selection
Sydney won the right to host the Games on 24 September 1993, after being selected over Beijing, Berlin, Istanbul and Manchester in four rounds of voting, at the 101st IOC Session in Monte Carlo, Monaco  The Australian city of Melbourne who also hosted the 1956 Summer Olympics had lost out to Atlanta for the 1996 Summer Olympics three years earlier  Beijing would later be selected to host the 2008 Summer Olympics eight years later on 13 July 2001 and the 2022 Winter Olympics twenty-two years later on 31 July 2015  Beijing's loss to Sydney was seen as a "significant blow" to an "urgent political priority" of the Chinese Communist Party leadership having mounted the most intense and expensive candidacy campaign at the date so far(this include the Summer and Winter Games)  Although it is unknown as two members of the International Olympic Committee voted for Sydney over Beijing in 1993, it appears that an important role was played by Human Rights Watch's campaign to "stop Beijing" because of China's human rights record and international isolation following the 1989 Tiananmen Square protests  Many in China were angry at what they saw as U S -led interference in the vote, and the outcome contributed to rising anti-Western sentiment in China and a new phase at the tensions in Sino-American relations 

Costs
The Oxford Olympics Study 2016 estimates the outturn cost of the Sydney 2000 Summer Olympics at US$5 billion in 2015-dollars and cost overrun at 90% in real terms  This includes sports-related costs only, that is, (i) operational costs incurred by the organising committee for the purpose of staging the Games, e g , expenditures for technology, transportation, workforce, administration, security, catering, ceremonies, and medical services, and (ii) direct capital costs incurred by the host city and country or private investors to build, e g , the competition venues, the Olympic village, international broadcast centre, and media and press centre, which are required to host the Games  Indirect capital costs are not included, such as for road, rail, or airport infrastructure, or for hotel upgrades or other business investment incurred in preparation for the Games but not directly related to staging the Games  The cost for Sydney 2000 compares with a cost of US$4 6 billion for Rio 2016, US$40–44 billion for Beijing 2008 and US$51 billion for Sochi 2014, the most expensive Olympics in history  The average cost for the Summer Games since 1960 is US$5 2 billion, average cost overrun is 176% 
In 2000, the Auditor-General of New South Wales reported that the Sydney Games cost A$6 6 billion, with a net cost to the public between A$1 7 and A$2 4 billion  In the years leading up to the games, funds were shifted from education and health programs to cover Olympic expenses It has been estimated that the economic impact of the 2000 Olympics was that A$2 1 billion has been shaved from public consumption  Economic growth was not stimulated to a net benefit and in the years after 2000, foreign tourism to NSW grew by less than tourism to Australia as a whole  A "multiplier" effect on broader economic development was not realised, as a simple "multiplier" analysis fails to capture is that resources have to be redirected from elsewhere: the building of a stadium is at the expense of other public works such as extensions to hospitals  Building sporting venues does not add to the aggregate stock of productive capital in the years following the Games: "Equestrian centres, softball compounds and man-made rapids are not particularly useful beyond their immediate function "Many venues that were constructed in Sydney Olympic Park failed financially in the years immediately following the Olympics to meet the expected bookings to meet upkeep expenses  It was only the 2003 Rugby World Cup which reconnected the park back to citizens  In recent years, infrastructure costs for some facilities have been of growing concern to the NSW Government, especially facilities in Western Sydney  Proposed metro and light rail links from Olympic Park to Parramatta have been estimated to cost in the same order of magnitude as the public expenditure on the games  Stadium Australia had been considered for demolition in 2017 by then NSW Premier Gladys Berejiklian, citing that the stadium was "built for an Olympics" but not for modern spectators  The plan was scrapped in 2020 during the COVID-19 pandemic  The Dunc Gray Velodrome has also struggled to keep up its $500,000 per year maintenance costs, although it is still used for track cycling events 

Chronological summary of the 2000 Summer Olympics
Preliminary matches
Although the Opening Ceremony was not scheduled until 15 September, the football competitions began with preliminary matches on 13 September  Among the pre-ceremony fixtures, host nation Australia lost 1–0 to Italy at the Melbourne Cricket Ground, which was the main stadium for the 1956 Melbourne Olympics 

Day 1: 15 September
Cultural display highlights
The opening ceremony began with a tribute to the Australian pastoral heritage of the Australian stockmen and the importance of the stock horse in Australia's heritage  It was produced and filmed by the Sydney Olympic Broadcasting Organisation and the home nation broadcaster Channel 7  This was introduced by lone rider Steve Jefferys and his rearing Australian Stock Horse Ammo  At the cracking of Jefferys' stockwhip, a further 120 riders entered the stadium, their stock horses performing intricate steps, including forming the five Olympic Rings, to a special Olympics version of the theme, which Bruce Rowland had previously composed for the 1982 film The Man from Snowy River 
The Australian National Anthem was sung, the first verse by Human Nature and the second by Julie Anthony 
The ceremony continued, showing many aspects of the land and its people: the affinity of the mainly coastal-dwelling Australians with the sea that surrounds the "Island Continent"  The indigenous occupation of the land, the coming of the First Fleet, the continued immigration from many nations and the rural industry on which the economy of the nation was built, including a display representing the harshness of rural life based on the paintings of Sir Sidney Nolan  Two memorable scenes were the representation of the "Heart" of the country by 200 Aboriginal women from Central Australia who danced up "the mighty spirit of God to protect the Games" and the overwhelmingly noisy representation of the construction industry by hundreds of tap-dancing teenagers 
Because Bibi Salisachs (the wife of IOC President Juan Antonio Samaranch) was seriously ill and unable to accompany her husband to the Olympics, Dawn Fraser, former Australian Olympic Champion swimmer and member of the Parliament of New South Wales, accompanied Samaranch during the Australian cultural display, explaining to him some of the cultural references that are unfamiliar to non-Australians 

Formal presentation
A record 199 nations entered the stadium, with a record 80 of them winning at least one medal  The only missing IOC member was Afghanistan, who was banned due to the extremist rule of the Taliban's oppression of women and its prohibition of sports  The ceremony featured a unified entrance by the athletes of North and South Korea, using a specially designed unification flag: a white background flag with a blue map of the Korean Peninsula  Four athletes from East Timor also marched in the parade of nations as individual Olympic athletes and marched directly before the host country  Although the country-to-be had no National Olympic Committee then, they were allowed to compete under the Olympic Flag with country code IOA  The Governor-General, Sir William Deane, opened the games 
The Olympic Flag was carried around the arena by eight former Australian Olympic champions: Bill Roycroft, Murray Rose, Liane Tooth, Gillian Rolton, Marjorie Jackson, Lorraine Crapp, Michael Wenden and Nick Green  During the raising of the Olympics Flag, the Olympic Hymn was sung by the Millennium Choir of the Greek Orthodox Archdiocese of Australia in Greek  Following this, Tina Arena sang a purpose-written pop song, The Flame The opening ceremony concluded with the lighting of the Olympic Flame, which was brought into the stadium by former Australian Olympic champion Herb Elliott  Then, celebrating 100 years of women's participation in the Olympic Games, former Australian women Olympic medalists Betty Cuthbert and Raelene Boyle, Dawn Fraser, Shirley Strickland (later Shirley Strickland de la Hunty), Shane Gould and Debbie Flintoff-King brought the torch through the stadium, handing it over to Cathy Freeman, who lit the flame in the cauldron within a circle of fire  The  choice of Freeman, an Aboriginal woman, to light the flame was notable given the history of human rights abuses against Aboriginal people in Australia  Following her lighting, Freeman was the subject of racial abuse from some Australians  The planned spectacular climax to the ceremony was delayed by the technical glitch of a computer switch which malfunctioned, causing the sequence to shut down by giving a false reading  This meant that the Olympic flame was suspended in mid-air for about four minutes rather than immediately rising up a water-covered ramp to the top of the stadium  When the cause of the problem was discovered, the program was overridden and the cauldron continued its course, and the ceremony concluded with a fireworks display 

Day 2: 16 September
The first medals of the Games were awarded in the women's 10 metre air rifle competition, which was won by Nancy Johnson of the United States 
The Triathlon made its Olympic debut with the women's race  Set in the surroundings of the Sydney Opera House, Brigitte McMahon representing Switzerland swam, cycled and ran to the first gold medal in the sport, beating the favoured home athletes such as Michelie Jones who won silver  McMahon only passed Jones in sight of the finish line 
The first star of the Games was 17-year-old Australian Ian Thorpe, who first set a new world record in the 400-metre freestyle final before competing in an exciting 4 × 100 m freestyle final  Swimming the last leg, Thorpe passed the leading American team and arrived in a new world record time, two-tenths of a second ahead of the Americans  In the same event for women, the Americans also broke the world record, finishing ahead of the Netherlands and Sweden 
Samaranch had to leave for home, as his wife was severely ill  Upon arrival, his wife had already died  Samaranch returned to Sydney four days later  The Olympic flag was flown at half-staff during the period as a sign of respect to Samaranch's wife 

Day 3: 17 September
Canadian Simon Whitfield sprinted away in the last 100 metres of the men's triathlon, becoming the inaugural winner in the event 
On the cycling track, Robert Bartko beat fellow German Jens Lehmann in the individual pursuit, setting a new Olympic Record  Leontien Zijlaard-van Moorsel set a world record in the semi-finals the same event for women 
In the swimming pool, American Tom Dolan beat the world record in the 400-metre medley, successfully defending the title he won in Atlanta four years prior  Dutchwoman Inge de Bruijn also clocked a new world record, beating her own time in the 100 m butterfly final to win by more than a second 

Day 4: 18 September
The main event for the Australians on the fourth day of the Games was the 200 m freestyle  Dutchman Pieter van den Hoogenband had broken the world record in the semi-finals, taking it from the new Australian hero Ian Thorpe, who came close to the world record in his semi-final heat  As the final race finished, Van den Hoogenband's time was exactly the same as in the semi-finals, finishing ahead of Thorpe by half a second 
China won the gold medal in the men's team all-around gymnastics competition after being the runner-up in the previous two Olympics  The other medals were taken by Ukraine and Russia, respectively 
Zijlaard-van Moorsel lived up to the expectations set by her world record in cycling in the semis by winning the gold medal 

Day 7: 21 September
During the Women's Gymnastics All-Around, female athletes suffered damning scores and injuries due to improperly installed gymnastics equipment  Gymnasts performing on the vault gave uncharacteristically poor performances and fell  Officials blamed the series of falls and low scores on performance anxiety  It wasn't until Australian gymnast Allana Slater and her coach, Peggy Liddick, voiced concerns about the equipment that officials discovered the apparatus was five centimetres, or almost two inches, lower than it should've been  While athletes were given the opportunity to perform again, for some of them, the damage to their mental or physical health caused by the vault was irreparable  Chinese gymnast Kui Yuanyuan and American gymnast Kristen Maloney both injured their legs while attempting to stick their landings, with Kui needing to be carried to an examination area and Maloney damaging a titanium rod that had recently been implanted in her shin  Romanian gymnast Andreea Răducan ultimately took gold while her teammates, Simona Amânar and Maria Olaru took silver and bronze, respectively 

Day 9: 23 September
By rowing in the winning coxless four, Steve Redgrave of Great Britain became a member of a select group who had won gold medals at five consecutive Olympics 
The swimming 4 x 100-metre medley relay of B J  Bedford, Megan Quann (Jendrick), Jenny Thompson and Dara Torres became the first women's relay under 4-minutes, swimming 3:58 and setting a world record, claiming the gold medal for the United States 

Day 10: 24 September
Rulon Gardner, never an NCAA champion or a world medalist, beat Alexander Karelin of Russia to win gold in the super heavyweight class, Greco-Roman wrestling  Karelin had won gold in Seoul, Barcelona and Atlanta  Before this fight, he had never lost in international competition, had been unbeaten in all competitions in 13 years, and had not surrendered a point in a decade 

Day 11: 25 September
Australian Cathy Freeman won the 400-metre final in front of a jubilant Sydney crowd at the Olympic Stadium, ahead of Lorraine Graham of Jamaica and Katharine Merry of Great Britain  Freeman's win made her the first competitor in Olympic Games history to light the Olympic Flame and then go on to win a Gold Medal  The attendance at the stadium was 112,524 – the largest attendance for any sport in Olympic Games history 
In a men's basketball pool match between the United States and France, the USA's Vince Carter made one of the most famous dunks in basketball history  After getting the ball off a steal, the 6'6"/1 98 m Carter drove to the basket, with 7'2"/2 18 m centre Frédéric Weis in his way  Carter jumped, spread his legs in midair, scraped Weis' head on the way up, and dunked  The French media dubbed the feat le dunk de la mort ("the dunk of death") 

Day 14: 28 September
The Canadian flag at the athletes' village was lowered to half-mast as Canadian athletes paid tribute to the former prime minister Pierre Trudeau after hearing of his death in Montreal (because of the time zone difference, it was 29 September in Sydney when Trudeau died)  The Canadian flag was flown at half-mast for the remainder of the Olympics, on orders from both IOC President Juan Antonio Samaranch and Canadian Foreign Affairs Minister Lloyd Axworthy, as the state funeral did not take place until 3 October, two days after the closing ceremony, and the Canadian athletes subsequently rushed back to attend his funeral after 1 October 

Day 16: 30 September
Cameroon won a historic gold medal over Spain in the Men's Olympic Football Final at the Olympic Stadium  The game went to a penalty shootout, which was won by Cameroon 5–3 

Day 17: 1 October
The last event of the games was the Men's Marathon, contested on a course that started in North Sydney  The event was won by Ethiopian Gezahegne Abera, with Kenyan Erick Wainaina second, and Tesfaye Tola, also of Ethiopia, third  It was the first time since the 1968 Olympics that an Ethiopian won the gold medal in this event 
The closing ceremony commenced with Christine Anu performing her version of the Warumpi Band's song "My Island Home", with several Aboriginal dancers atop the Geodome Stage in the middle of the stadium, around which several hundred umbrella and lamp box kids created an image of Aboriginal Dreamtime  The Geodome Stage was used throughout the ceremony, which was a flat stage mechanically raised into the shape of a Geode 
IOC President Juan Antonio Samaranch declared at the Closing Ceremony,
"I am proud and happy to proclaim that you have presented to the world the best Olympic Games ever "
Subsequent Summer Olympics held in Athens, Beijing and London have been described by Samaranch's successor Jacques Rogge as "unforgettable, dream Games", "truly exceptional" and "happy and glorious games" respectively – the practice of declaring games the "best ever" having been retired after the 2000 Games 

Sports
The 2000 Summer Olympic programme featured 300 events in the following 28 sports:

Although demonstration sports were abolished following the 1992 Summer Olympics, the Sydney Olympics featured wheelchair racing as exhibition events on the athletics schedule Special quarantine conditions were introduced to allow entry of horses into Australia to participate in equestrian events, avoiding the need for such events to take place elsewhere as had happened at the 1956 Summer Olympics in Melbourne 

Calendar
All dates are in AEDST (UTC+11); the other two cities, Adelaide uses ACST (UTC+9:30) and Brisbane uses AEST (UTC+10)

Medal count
These are the top ten nations that won medals in the 2000 Games 
The ranking in this table is based on information provided by the International Olympic Committee  Some other sources may be inconsistent due to not taking into account all later doping cases 

  *   Host nation (Australia)

Participating National Olympic Committees
199 National Olympic Committees (NOCs) participated in the Sydney Games, two more than in the 1996 Summer Olympics; in addition, there were four Timorese Individual Olympic Athletes at the 2000 Summer Olympics  Eritrea, the Federated States of Micronesia and Palau made their Olympic debut this year 
Democratic Republic of the Congo was once again designated under that name, after it participated as Zaire from 1984 to 1996 
Afghanistan was the only 1996 participant (and the only existing NOC) that did not participate in the 2000 Olympics, having been banned due to the Taliban's totalitarian rule in Afghanistan, their oppression of women, and its prohibition of sports 

Venues
Sydney Olympic Park
Stadium Australia: Ceremonies (opening/closing), Athletics, Football (final)
Sydney International Aquatic Centre: Diving, Modern Pentathlon (swimming) Swimming, Synchronised Swimming, Water Polo (medal events)
State Sports Centre: Table Tennis, Taekwondo
NSW Tennis Centre: Tennis
State Hockey Centre: Field Hockey
The Dome and Exhibition Complex: Badminton, Basketball, Gymnastics (rhythmic), Handball (final), Modern Pentathlon (fencing, shooting), Volleyball (indoor)
Sydney SuperDome: Gymnastics (artistic, trampoline), Basketball (final)
Sydney Baseball Stadium: Baseball, Modern Pentathlon (riding, running)
Sydney International Archery Park: Archery

Sydney
Sydney Convention & Exhibition Centre: Boxing, Fencing, Judo, Weightlifting, Wrestling
Sydney Entertainment Centre: Volleyball (indoor final)
Dunc Gray Velodrome: Cycling (track)
Sydney International Shooting Centre: Shooting
Sydney International Equestrian Centre: Equestrian
Sydney International Regatta Centre: Rowing, Canoeing (sprint)
Blacktown Olympic Centre: Baseball, Softball
Western Sydney Parklands: Cycling (mountain biking)
Ryde Aquatic Leisure Centre: Water Polo
Penrith Whitewater Stadium: Canoeing (slalom)
Bondi Beach: Volleyball (beach)
Sydney Football Stadium: Football
Olympic Sailing Shore Base: Sailing
Centennial Parklands: Cycling (road)
Marathon course: Athletics (marathon)
North Sydney: Athletics (marathon start)
Sydney Opera House: Triathlon 

Outside Sydney
Canberra Stadium, Canberra: Football
Hindmarsh Stadium, Adelaide: Football
Melbourne Cricket Ground: Football
The Gabba (Brisbane Cricket Ground), Brisbane: Football

Organization
Organisations responsible for the Olympics
A number of quasi-government bodies were responsible for the construction, organisation and execution of the Sydney Games  These included:

the Sydney Organising Committee for the Olympic Games (SOCOG) and the Sydney Paralympic Organizing Committee (SPOC), primarily responsibles for the staging of the Games
Olympic Coordination Authority (OCA), primarily responsible for construction and oversight
Olympic Roads & Transport Authority (ORTA)
Olympic Security Command Centre (OSCC)
Olympic Intelligence Centre (OIC)
JTF Gold the Australian Defence Force Joint Taskforce Gold
Sydney Olympic Broadcasting Organisation (nominally part of SOCOG)
IBM, provider of technology and the Technical Command Centre
Telstra, provider of telecommunications
Great Big Events, event management and marketingThese organisations worked closely together and with other bodies such as:

the International Olympic Committee (IOC)
the International Paralympic Committee (IPC)
the Australian Olympic Committee (AOC)
the Australian Paralympic Committee (APC)
the other 197 National Olympic Committees (NOCs)
the other 125 National Paralympic Committees (NPCs)
the 33 International Sports Federations (IFs)
all three levels of Australian government (federal, state and local)
dozens of official sponsor and hundreds of official supplier companiesThese bodies are often collectively referred to as the "Olympic Family" 

Organisation of the Paralympics
The organisation of the 2000 Summer Paralympics was the responsibility of the Sydney Paralympic Organising Committee (SPOC)  However, much of the planning and operation of the Paralympic Games was outsourced to SOCOG such that most operational programmes planned both the Olympic and Paralympic Games 

Other Olympic events
The organisation of the Games included not only the actual sporting events, but also the management (and sometimes construction) of the sporting venues and surrounding precincts, the organisation of the Sydney Olympic Arts Festival, and the Olympic torch relay, which began in Greece and travelled to Australia via numerous Oceania island nations 

Phases of the Olympic project
The staging of the Olympics were treated as a project on a vast scale, broken into several broad phases:

1993 to 1996 – positioning
1997 – going operational
1998 – procurement/venuisation
1999 – testing/refinement
2000 – implementation
2001 – post-implementation and wind-down

SOCOG organisational design
The internal organisation of SOCOG evolved over the phases of the project and changed, sometimes radically, several times 
In late 1998, the design was principally functional  The top two tiers below the CEO Sandy Hollway consisted of five groups (managed by Group General Managers and the Deputy CEO) and twenty divisions (managed by divisional General Managers), which in turn were further broken up into programmes and sub-programmes or projects 
In 1999, functional areas (FAs) broke up into geographic precinct and venue teams (managed by Precinct Managers and Venue Managers) with functional area staff reporting to both the FA manager and the venue manager  SOCOG moved to a matrix structure  The Interstate Football division extant in 1998 was the first of these geographically based venue teams 

Volunteer program
The origins of the volunteer program for Sydney 2000 dates back to the bid, as early as 1992 
On 17 December 1992, a group of Sydney citizens interested in the prospect of hosting the 2000 Olympic and Paralympic Games gathered for a meeting at Sports House at Wentworth Park in Sydney 
In the period leading up to 1999, after Sydney had won the bid, the small group of volunteers grew from approximately 42 to around 500  These volunteers became known as Pioneer Volunteers  The Pioneer Volunteer program was managed internally by SOCOG's Volunteer Services Department in consultation with prominent peak groups like The Centre for Volunteering (Volunteering and TAFE  Some of the Pioneer Volunteers still meet every four months, an unseen legacy of the games which brought together a community spirit not seen before 
During the Olympic games, tens of thousands of volunteers (the official figure placed at 46,967) helped everywhere at the Olympic venues and elsewhere in the city  They were honoured with a parade like the athletes had a few days before 

Marketing
Official logo
The bid logo was introduced in 1992 and created by architect and designer Michael Bryce  It featured a colourful, stylised image of the Sydney Opera House which is a possible reference to the motif of the rainbow serpent  
The official logo was revealed in 1996, and is also referred to as the "Millennium Man"   It incorporated similar curves to the bid logo and combined them with a stylised image of a runner to form a torchbearer in motion  The image of the runner s composed of  two small yellow boomerangs for arms and a larger red boomerang for legs  Over the runner's head is a trail of smoke that represents the arches of the Sydney Opera House The design process of the official logo, as well as all other aspects of the Olympic Games' visual design identity, was awarded to Melbourne design studio FHA Image Design  The Sydney Olympics brand identity project officially started in 1993, and lasted 7 years  It was also up to FHA Design to prepare the visual identity of the Paralympic Games and this also absorbed some elements as the identification signals and the pictograms 

Mascots
The official mascots chosen for the 2000 Summer Olympics were Syd the platypus, Millie the echidna, and Olly the kookaburra, designed by Matthew Hattan and Jozef Szekeres and named by Philip Sheldon of agency Weekes Morris Osborn in response to the original SOCOG recommendation of Murray, Margery, and Dawn after famous Australian athletes 
There was also Fatso the Fat-Arsed Wombat, an unofficial mascot popularised by comedy team Roy Slaven and HG Nelson on the TV series The Dream with Roy and HG  Roy and HG also frequently disparaged the official mascots on their television program 

Sponsors
Medals and bouquets
A total of 750 gold, 750 silver and 780 bronze medals were minted for the Games  The gold and silver medals contained 99 99 percent of pure silver  The bronze medals were 99 percent bronze with one percent silver, they were made by melting down Australian one-cent and two-cent coins, which had been removed from circulation from 1992 onward 
The bouquets handed to medal recipients incorporated foliage from the Grevillea baileyana, also known as the white oak 

Awards and commendations
The International Olympic Committee awarded Sydney and its inhabitants with the "Pierre de Coubertin Trophy" in recognition of the collaboration and happiness shown by the people of Sydney during the event to all the athletes and visitors around the world After the games' end, the New South Wales Police Force was granted use of the Olympic Rings in a new commendation and citation as the IOC consideration after having staged the "safest" games ever 

Mo Awards
The Australian Entertainment Mo Awards (commonly known informally as the Mo Awards), were annual Australian entertainment industry awards  They recognise achievements in live entertainment in Australia from 1975 to 2016 

In popular culture
In F J  Campbell's 2018 novel No Number Nine, the last part of the book is set at the Sydney 2000 Olympics In Tom Clancy's thriller Rainbow Six and its video game adaptation, the 2000 Olympic Games are the setting of a plot by eco-terrorists, who plan to use the games in order to spread a terrible new plague throughout the world In Morris Gleitzman's children's book Toad Rage, a cane toad travels to Sydney in a bid to become the Olympic mascot The Games was a mockumentary television series run on the ABC network, with two seasons that ran in 1998 and 2000  The series satirized corruption and cronyism in the Olympic movement, bureaucratic ineptness in the New South Wales public service, and unethical behaviour within politics and the media  An unusual feature of the show was that the characters shared the same name as the actors who played them 

See also
2000 Summer Paralympics
Olympic Games celebrated in Australia
1956 Summer Olympics – Melbourne
2000 Summer Olympics – Sydney
2032 Summer Olympics – BrisbaneList of IOC country codes
The Games of the XXVII Olympiad 2000: Music from the Opening Ceremony
Aussie Aussie Aussie, Oi Oi Oi
John Coates
Use of performance-enhancing drugs in the Olympic Games – Sydney 2000

Notes
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List of Olympic Games host cities
This is a list of host cities of the Olympic Games, both summer and winter, since the modern Olympics began in 1896  Since then, summer and winter games have usually celebrated a four-year period known as an Olympiad; summer and winter games normally held in staggered even years  There have been 29  Summer Olympic Games held in 21 cities, and 24 Winter Olympic Games held in 21 cities  In addition, three summer and two winter editions of the games were scheduled to take place but later cancelled due to war: Berlin (summer) in 1916; Sapporo–Garmisch-Partenkirchen (winter) and Tokyo–Helsinki (summer) in 1940; and Cortina d'Ampezzo (winter) and London (summer) in 1944  The 1906 Intercalated Olympics were officially sanctioned and held in Athens  However, in 1949, the International Olympic Committee (IOC) decided to unrecognize the 1906 Games  The 2020 Summer Olympics in Tokyo were postponed for the first time in the Olympics history to summer 2021 due to the COVID-19 pandemic with the 2022 Winter Olympics being held roughly six months later in Beijing Four cities have been chosen by the IOC to host upcoming Olympic Games: Paris for the 2024 Summer Olympics, Milan–Cortina d'Ampezzo for the 2026 Winter Olympics, Los Angeles for the 2028 Summer Olympics, and Brisbane for the 2032 Summer Olympics 
In 2022, Beijing became the first city that has held both the summer and the winter Olympic Games  Ten cities will have hosted the Olympic Games more than once: Athens (1896 and 2004 Summer Olympics), Paris (1900, 1924 and 2024 Summer Olympics), London (1908, 1948 and 2012 Summer Olympics), St  Moritz (1928 and 1948 Winter Olympics), Lake Placid (1932 and 1980 Winter Olympics), Los Angeles (1932, 1984 and 2028 Summer Olympics), Cortina d'Ampezzo (1956 and 2026 Winter Olympics), Innsbruck (1964 and 1976 Winter Olympics), Tokyo (1964 and 2020 Summer Olympics) and Beijing (2008 Summer Olympics and 2022 Winter Olympics)  Stockholm hosted the 1912 Summer Olympics and the equestrian portion of the 1956 Summer Olympics  London became the first city to have hosted three Games with the 2012 Summer Olympics  Paris will become the second city to do this with the 2024 Summer Olympics, followed by Los Angeles as the third in 2028 
The Games have primarily been hosted in the regions of Europe (30 editions) and the Americas (13 editions); eight Games have been hosted in Asia and two have been hosted in Oceania  Rio de Janeiro became South America's first Olympic host city with the 2016 Summer Olympics  Africa has yet to host an Olympic Games  Other major geographic regions which have never hosted the Olympics include the Middle East, Central Asia, the Indian subcontinent, Southeast Asia, the South Pacific, Central America and the Caribbean  Between the first Winter Olympics in 1924 and the last ones to be held in the same year as the Summer Olympics in 1992, the Summer and Winter games took place in the same country three times 
Host cities are selected by the IOC membership, usually seven years in advance  The selection process lasts approximately two years  In the first stage, any city in the world may submit an application to become a host city  After 10 months, the Executive Board of the IOC decides which applicant cities will become official candidates as based on the recommendation of a working group that reviews the applications  In a second stage, the candidate cities are investigated thoroughly by an Evaluation Commission, which then submits a final short list of cities to be considered for selection  The host city is then chosen by vote of the IOC session, a general meeting of IOC members 

Olympic Games host cities
Host cities for Summer and Winter Olympic Games
Key  †   Cancelled
  §   Postponed

The 1906 Intercalated Games are no longer officially recognized by the IOC as an official Olympic Games 

Host cities for multiple Summer and Winter Olympic Games
Number of Olympic Games by country
Number of Olympic Games by region
See also
List of bids for the Summer Olympics
List of bids for the Winter Olympics

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Jelle Nijdam
Jelle Nijdam (born 16 August 1963) is a Dutch former professional road cyclist  Nijdam turned professional after the 1984 Summer Olympics in Los Angeles  He participated in the Tour de France 10 times, winning six stages and wearing the yellow jersey for three days  Nijdam's father, Henk Nijdam, was a professional cyclist from 1962 to 1969, who won the 1962 world amateur track pursuit championship  He also competed in the individual pursuit and team pursuit events at the 1984 Summer Olympics 

Career achievements
Major results
Grand Tour general classification results timeline
See also
List of Dutch Olympic cyclists
List of Dutch cyclists who have led the Tour de France general classification
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Kuwait national under-23 football team
The Kuwait national under-23 football team is the youth association football team representing Kuwait in youth competitions and it is controlled by Kuwait Football Association  Kuwait under 23 Could also be called as Kuwait Olympic Team  Kuwait under 23 also represents its country in the Olympic Games  From 1900 to 1976 Kuwait did not qualify for the Olympic Games but in 1980 Kuwait qualified for the Olympic Games in China and had the best record of their country finishing in the quarter-finals of that Olympic games  Kuwait missed the 1984 and 1988 Olympic games  But in 1992 Kuwait finally qualified for the 1992 Olympic Games in Spain, however with their poor performance, Kuwait was eliminated in the first round of that tournament  After that Kuwait had missed the 1996 Olympic Games that was hosted by the United States, Kuwait then qualified for the 2000 Olympic Games in Australia and that was the last time Kuwait qualified for the Olympic Games  Kuwait has never won the GCC U-23 Championship but their best finish at that Competition was as a runner up in 2010  In the 2022 Asian U-23 qualification Cup Group D, Kuwait managed to defeat Bangladesh by 1-0 and Saudi Arabia by 2-1, this resulted in Kuwait to qualify for the 2022 Asian U-23 Cup 

Honours
Regional honours
GCC U-23 ChampionshipRunners-up (2): 2010, 2015

Minor
2018 Olympic Return Cup

History
Kuwait’s first-ever qualification to the Olympic games was in the 1980 Olympic Games which Kuwait were eliminated in the quarter-finals of that Olympic games  Kuwait missed the 1984 Olympic Games and the 1988 Olympic Games  Kuwait came back to the Olympic Games in 1992 after missing two events being eliminated in the quarter-final of that event  Kuwait did not qualify until the 2000 Olympic Games and that was the last time Kuwait qualified for the Olympic games  Kuwait did not qualify to the Olympic Games in 2004 after being eliminated in the qualifying Preliminary round 3 of the Football at the 2004 Summer Olympics – Qualifiers at the third position of the 3rd group  Kuwait was unqualified from Football at the 2008 Summer Olympics – Qualifier, with 2 being 4 goals less than Qatar due to that, Kuwait missed the 2008 Olympic Games  Kuwait also failed to participate in the 2012 Olympic Games after losing Football at the 2012 Summer Olympics – Qualifiers, within losing the first leg to Japan 3-1 but then Kuwait defeated Japan 2-1, Japan won on the aggregate 
Kuwait does not have a good record at GCC U-23 Championship after finishing 5th in the final group of the 2008 GCC U-23 Championship 
Kuwait was at the bottom of the table at that time  In 2010 Kuwait was the runner-up of their group  Kuwait was qualified for the semi-finals, Kuwait defeated Oman 5-4 on penalties  But lost to UAE  In the 2011 and 2012 GCC U-23 Championship, Kuwait was unfortunately eliminated in the first round with 0 points losing all three games 

Participation in Tournaments


=== Summer Olympics ===
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Sara Symington
Sara Symington (born 25 September 1969) is a female English former professional cyclist 

Cycling career
She was the first British female rider to take a medal in a World Cup race, which she achieved in Australia in 1999  She represented Great Britain at the 2000 and 2004 Summer Olympics and England at the 1998 Commonwealth Games and 2002 Commonwealth Games  She also rode at the 1998, 1999, and 2000 UCI Road World Championships and on the track at the 2001 and 2002 UCI Track Cycling World Championships 

Personal life
Symington was born in Maracaibo, Venezuela, lived in Aylestone and she now lives in Nottingham  She had competed as a javelin thrower as a junior, and she was a member of the national triathlon team prior to becoming a full-time cyclist  Symington started her elite triathlon career whilst combining studying for a master's degree with a spell serving in the police, having previously graduated from Loughborough University with a degree in sports science 

Post cycling
Symington retired from competition after the 2004 Olympics: following this she worked in business for two years, before returning to the sports world through working as a performance advisor for UK Sport  She was subsequently appointed performance director of Archery GB in February 2009  In February 2015 England Netball announced that she would join them as their performance director the following month  In that role she helped the England national netball team to its first Commonwealth gold medal at the 2018 Commonwealth Games  In August 2020 Symington was appointed by UK Athletics as their performance director  She left this role in October 2021 in order to take up an appointment as head of British Cycling's Olympic and Paralympic programmes 

Palmarès



ground_truth: 2000 Summer Olympic Games