prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: 3 Arts Entertainment had at least one coalition with what streaming service, with its 13-episode, 2015 season of a Tina Fey created sitcom?

The following are given passages.
Context 1: Passage 1:
Great News
Great News is an American sitcom television series created and written by Tracey Wigfield, and executive produced by Wigfield alongside Tina Fey, Robert Carlock, and David Miner for 3 Arts Entertainment, Little Stranger and Universal Television  The series premiered April 25, 2017 on NBC On May 11, 2017, NBC renewed Great News for a second season of 13 episodes, which premiered on September 28, 2017  On May 11, 2018, NBC canceled the series after two seasons 

Premise
The series, set in the world of television news, follows an up-and-coming news producer who finds herself dealing with a new intern: her mother 

Cast and characters
Main
Briga Heelan as Katherine "Katie" Wendelson, a segment producer at The Breakdown who suddenly has to deal with the presence of her mother Carol, who is hired as an intern at the show
Andrea Martin as Carol Wendelson, Katie's mother and an intern at The Breakdown
Adam Campbell as Greg Walsh, an executive producer at The Breakdown and Katie's boss and love interest
Nicole Richie as Portia Scott-Griffith, co-anchor of The Breakdown
Horatio Sanz as Justin, video editor at The Breakdown
John Michael Higgins as Chuck Pierce, co-anchor of The Breakdown who was once a well-respected network anchor

Recurring
Tracey Wigfield as Beth Vierk: the meteorologist for The Breakdown
Sheaun McKinney as Wayne: a cameraman for The Breakdown
Brad Morris as Gene: one of the segment producers on The Breakdown
Stewart Skelton as Dave Wendelson: Katie's father and Carol's husband, whose face is always partially obscured
Vicki Lawrence as Angie Deltaliano: Carol's best friend
Sarah Baker as Joyce Vickley: a human resources employee who comes in contact with The Breakdown staff
Adam Countee as Chip: co-host of The Chip & Chet Report, a competitor of The Breakdown
Dave Hill as Chet: co-host of The Chip & Chet Report, a competitor of The Breakdown
Ana Gasteyer as Kelly: boozy co-host of Morning Wined Up, MMN's morning show
Rachel Dratch as Mary-Kelly: boozy co-host of Morning Wined Up, MMN's morning show
Christina Pickles as Mildred Marlock (season 1): the owner of MMN and Greg's grandmother
Tina Fey as Diana St  Tropez (season 2): the new head of MMN
Reid Scott as Jeremy (season 2): Katie's new boyfriend and a workaholic reporter for The New York Times
Jim Rash as Fenton Pelt (season 2): the billionaire owner of Pelt Industries who sues MMN due to a story reported by The Breakdown

Guest
Episodes
Season 1 (2017)
Season 2 (2017–18)
Reception
Great News has received generally positive reviews from critics  On Rotten Tomatoes the series has an approval rating of 76% based on 33 reviews, with an average rating of 6 15/10  The site's critical consensus reads, "Great News overcomes its familiar trappings with gently subversive humor and a smart cast of talented, likable actors " On Metacritic, the series has a score of 67 out of 100, based on 21 critics, indicating "generally favorable reviews" 
Passage 2:
3 Arts Entertainment
3 Arts Entertainment is an American production company and talent management founded by Erwin Stoff, Michael Rotenberg and Howard Klein in 1991 The company has gone on to produce TV shows such as King of the Hill, The Office, Everybody Hates Chris, Parks and Recreation, The Mindy Project, Brooklyn Nine-Nine, It's Always Sunny in Philadelphia, Unbreakable Kimmy Schmidt, American Vandal as well as produce films Edge of Tomorrow, Unbroken and 13 Hours: The Secret Soldiers of Benghazi  The first movie the company produced was the National Lampoon movie Loaded Weapon 1, which was released on February 5, 1993  The company subsequently set up a deal with 20th Century Fox in 1993  In 1996, 3 Arts made an alliance with CBS and Sony Pictures to launch 3 Arts Television which was dissolved by the end of the following year when it failed to produce any primetime TV projects for the network Erwin Stoff founded the company with Michael Rotenberg and Howard Klein, who are all producers and talent managers  Managers Dave Becky, David Miner, Molly Madden and Nick Frenkel work at 3 Arts  In 2003, 3 Arts received a television deal at 20th Century Fox Television  In May 2018, Lionsgate acquired a majority stake in the company 

Films produced
TV shows produced
1990s
2000s
2010s
2020s
Passage 3:
Louie (season 2)
The second season of the American television comedy series Louie premiered on June 23, 2011, and concluded on September 8, 2011  It consisted of thirteen episodes, each running approximately 23 minutes in length  FX broadcast the second season on Thursdays at 10:30 pm in the United States  The season was produced by 3 Arts Entertainment and the executive producers were Louis C K , Dave Becky and M  Blair Breard  The second season was released on DVD and Blu-ray in region 1 on June 19, 2012 Louie was created, written and directed by Louis C K , who stars as a fictionalized version of himself, a comedian and newly divorced father raising his two daughters in New York City  The show has a loose format atypical for television comedy series, consisting of largely unconnected storylines and segments (described as "extended vignettes") that revolve around Louie's life, punctuated by live stand-up performances 
The season received critical acclaim from critics 

Cast
Main cast
Louis C K  as Louie

Recurring cast
Guest stars
Nick DiPaolo as Nick ("Niece")
Jim Norton as Jim ("Oh, Louie/Tickets")
Chris Rock as Chris ("New Jersey/Airport")
Godfrey as Godfrey ("Niece")
F  Murray Abraham as Jonathan ("New Jersey/Airport")
Amir Blumenfeld as Young Nervous Writer ("Halloween/Ellie")
Dane Cook as Dane ("Oh, Louie/Tickets")
Joan Rivers as Joan ("Joan")
Bob Saget as Bob ("Oh, Louie/Tickets")
Doug Stanhope as Eddie ("Eddie")
Keni Thomas as Keni ("Duckling")
Steven Wright as Steven ("New Jersey/Airport")

Episodes
Reception
Reviews
The second season of Louie received "universal acclaim" from critics, receiving a Metacritic score of 90 out of 100, based on seven reviews  Alan Sepinwall of HitFix called it "one of the best shows on television" and Kris King of Slant Magazine stated "Louie is smart, cinematic, and bitterly honest, constantly dancing between revelatory moments and hysterical bursts of humor that are both surprising and touching "

Awards and nominations
For the 64th Primetime Emmy Awards, Louis C K  received three nominations for his work on Louie—he was nominated for Outstanding Lead Actor in a Comedy Series and Outstanding Directing for a Comedy Series (for "Duckling") and won for Outstanding Writing for a Comedy Series (for "Pregnant")  For the 28th TCA Awards, the series and C K  himself each won for Outstanding Achievement in Comedy and Outstanding Individual Achievement in Comedy, respectively  C K  and Pamela Adlon received a nomination for Best Television Comedy Series for the 64th Writers Guild of America Awards  C K  was nominated for Best Actor – Television Series: Musical or Comedy for the 17th Satellite Awards  The series was also included as one of the Top Television Programs of the Year by the American Film Institute 
Passage 4:
The Mindy Project
The Mindy Project is an American romantic comedy television series created by and starring Mindy Kaling that began airing on Fox in September 2012 and finished its run of six seasons on Hulu in November 2017  The series was co-produced by Universal Television and 3 Arts Entertainment 

Plot
The series follows obstetrician/gynecologist, Mindy Lahiri (Mindy Kaling) as she tries to balance her personal and professional life, surrounded by quirky co-workers in a small medical practice in New York City  The character was inspired by Kaling's own mother, an OB/GYN  Mindy explores life with the help of her co-workers: Danny Castellano (Chris Messina), her best friend and love interest, whose religious sensibilities occasionally cause some tension; Jeremy Reed, an English physician who manages the practice; Peter Prentice, another physician who was a fraternity jock while attending Dartmouth; Morgan Tookers, a wacky, yet lovable registered nurse and an ex-con; Tamra Webb, a blunt  nurse; and Beverley, the libidinous older office receptionist 

Cast and characters
Main
Mindy Kaling as Dr  Mindy Kuhel Lahiri, a romantically frustrated OB/GYN at Shulman & Associates 
Chris Messina as Dr  Daniel Alan "Danny" Castellano (seasons 1–4; guest season 5; recurring season 6), another OB/GYN (formerly at Shulman & Associates, now at Freedom Tower Women's Health), Mindy's main frenemy and love interest 
Ed Weeks as Dr  Jeremiah "Jeremy" Reed, OB/GYN, Mindy and Danny's somewhat hapless co-partner at the office 
Anna Camp as Gwendolyn "Gwen" Grandy (season 1; guest season 2), Mindy's best friend who has settled down with a family 
Zoe Jarman as Betsy Putch (seasons 1–2), a former receptionist at the office 
Amanda Setton as Shauna Dicanio (season 1), a former receptionist at the office 
Stephen Tobolowsky as Dr  Marc Shulman (season 1; guest season 4), a former senior partner of the practice 
Ike Barinholtz as Morgan Fairchild Ransom Tookers, a registered nurse and ex-con at the office 
Beth Grant as Beverley Janoszewski, a former nurse turned receptionist at the office 
Xosha Roquemore as Tamra Webb (seasons 2–6; recurring season 1), a nurse at the office  She has a long term boyfriend, Ray Ron, for 20 years but breaks up with him to date Morgan  She name drops famous men she has dated 
Adam Pally as Dr  Peter Prentice (seasons 2–3; guest season 4; recurring seasons 5–6), Mindy's best friend and an OB/GYN at the office 
Garret Dillahunt as Dr  Jody Kimball-Kinney (seasons 4–6), an OB/GYN who joins Shulman & Associates during Mindy's maternity leave 
Fortune Feimster as Colette Kimball-Kinney (seasons 4–6), a nurse at the office and sister of Jody  She and Morgan eventually move in together 
Rebecca Rittenhouse as Dr  Anna Ziev (seasons 5–6), a young, put-together uptight doctor in the office who becomes a new foil for Mindy 

Recurring
Episodes
Production and development
The series was initially commissioned by NBC, but the pilot with the working title It's Messy was released from NBC's projects on January 27, 2012  NBC then sent the script to Fox executives who read it over that following weekend  On January 30, 2012, Fox green-lit the pilot, with Mindy Kaling attached to star On May 9, 2012, Fox placed a series order for the comedy  Two days later, the title was changed from It's Messy to The Mindy Project  On August 27, 2012, the pilot episode was made available to view online on various sites including Fox, in an attempt to garner interest in the series  On October 8, 2012, Fox ordered a full season of The Mindy Project  On March 4, 2013, the series was renewed for a second season, which began on September 17, 2013  On November 21, 2013, Fox announced that The Mindy Project would take a mid-season hiatus, before returning on April 1, 2014  Fox announced the third season renewal of The Mindy Project on March 7, 2014 On May 6, 2015, Fox cancelled the series after three seasons  On May 15, 2015, Hulu picked up the show, commissioning a 26 episode fourth season  On May 4, 2016, Hulu announced it had picked up the series for a 16-episode season 5, which was later reduced to 14  On March 29, 2017, Kaling announced the series would return for a sixth and final season; the final episode of the series aired on November 14, 2017 Casting announcements for the remaining series regular roles began in February 2012, with Ed Weeks cast in the role of Dr  Jeremy Reed, a sexy, British doctor in the practice  Zoe Jarman and Dana Delorenzo then joined in series regular roles  Jarman signed on to play Betsy Putch, an upbeat receptionist at the practice; whilst Delorenzo joined as Shauna Dicanio, a young, party loving receptionist in the practice  In mid-March, Chris Messina joined the cast as Dr  Danny Castellano, an arrogant doctor who works at the practice  Shortly after, Anna Camp boarded the series as Gwen Grandy, a stay-at-home mom and  Mindy's best friend A few months later, Amanda Setton, Stephen Tobolowsky and Ike Barinholtz joined the series  Setton replaced Dana DeLorenzo in the role of Shauna; Tobolowsky joined in the series regular role of Dr  Marc Shulman, the senior partner of the practice; and Barinholtz signed onto the recurring role of Morgan Tookers, a quirky rehabilitated ex-con  who joins the practice as a nurse 

Cast changes
The first change occurred when Stephen Tobolowsky's role was eliminated after the second episode – following re-shoots that saw his character be re-written into a mere authoritarian figure in the office – when it was decided that "they didn't really want Mindy to have a boss in the office"  Tobolowsky returned, albeit in a voice-over only role, in the eighth episode to explain that his character had retired  The second change of the season, which was first reported on November 20, 2012, saw Amanda Setton's role also eliminated entirely and Anna Camp downgraded to a recurring cast member  They both departed after the twelfth episode  Despite becoming a recurring cast member, Camp only made a single appearance in the seventeenth episode  Neither Setton or Camp's characters had their absence referenced, nor were they mentioned again 
The first change for the second season, which occurred before production of the season began, saw Xosha Roquemore upgraded to a series regular role after recurring in the final three episodes of the previous season  The second change, which occurred just prior to the production of the season's fifth episode, resulted in Adam Pally also being upgraded to a series regular role  He had previously signed onto the series in a recurring role but had filmed only two episodes prior to being promoted The first change of the third season occurred prior to the start of production and saw Zoe Jarman's role eliminated from the show  Like Setton and Camp's departures in the first season, the absence of her character was never addressed  The second cast change of the season was announced on November 21, 2014, and saw Adam Pally leave the series after the season's thirteenth episode  His departure after the thirteenth episode of the season was a condition of his upgrade to a series regular that had occurred the previous year  It was reported that Pally is "expected to make occasional guest appearances"  Pally made multiple guest appearances after his departure, where he was still credited amongst the regular cast in episodes he appeared, making his final appearance as a part of the main cast in the third-season finale 
In December 2015 it was reported that Fortune Feimster had been upgraded to a series regular role beginning with the fourteenth episode of the fourth season, after appearing in seven of the first thirteen episodes  Garret Dillahunt joined the show in a major recurring role as Dr  Jody Kimball-Kinney In June 2016, it was announced that Chris Messina would not be returning as a series regular for season five, but would instead appear as a guest star 

Reception
Critical reception
The Mindy Project received positive reviews from critics, with many highlighting Kaling's performance and her unique character, as well as the writing and directing  On Rotten Tomatoes, the first season has a rating of 81%, based on 48 reviews, with an average rating of 7/10  The site's critical consensus reads, "The Mindy Project is such a charming comedy, led by Mindy Kaling's impressive talent, that its faults are easy to forgive " Review aggregation website Metacritic, which assigns a weighted mean based on reviews from mainstream critics, season one received a score of 69 out of 100, based on 32 critics, indicating "generally favorable reviews"  It was the number-six best-reviewed show according to the site's fall 2012 season On Rotten Tomatoes, Season 2 has a rating of 89%, based on 18 reviews, with an average rating of 6 8/10  The site's critical consensus reads, "Mindy Kaling earns consistent laughs with wit, charm and physical comedy, as she and her cast grow into well-rounded and familiar, albeit peculiar, characters " On Metacritic, the second season has a score of 55 out of 100, based on four critics, indicating "mixed or average reviews"  Season 3 of the show holds a rating of 82% on Rotten Tomatoes with the critical consensus reading, "The Mindy Project, while still wildly funny, travels further into rom-com country this season "Season 4 of the show holds a rating of 93% on Rotten Tomatoes with the critical consensus reading, "The Mindy Project begins its online migration with some of the show's best-ever episodes, further refining the balance between heart and humor struck during the first three seasons " On Metacritic the season has a score of 81 out of 100, based on 5 critics, indicating "universal acclaim" 

Criticism
The Mindy Project has been the object of scrutiny not only from traditional media forms but also from feminists and people of color, who often weigh in on the show's decisions in casting and writing  At the end of the first season, Jezebel posted an article called "Mindy Kaling Only Makes Out with White Guys", a critique of the casting of romantic leads on the show  The same article contains a response from Nisha Chittal, who has defended Kaling's success in the past, who applauded the show for not making Kaling's race central to her character, and for showing that an Indian woman could date non-Indian men 
During the second season, the episode "Mindy Lahiri Is a Racist," which addresses white supremacy, provoked discussion as to whether or not Kaling had made "reparations" for showing a predominantly white cast Before the third season began airing, Kaling received criticism for a comment in a Flare article entitled "She's the Boss", in which she stated that the show would not address abortion, as "it would be demeaning to the topic to talk about it in a half-hour sitcom " In an appearance on The Colbert Report two weeks later, she clarified:

A lot of women look to me and look to the show, and they want me to be a spokesperson for a lot of issues, and I actually think that's a responsibility that's cool, I want to live up to that     I want to be able to talk plainly on things but I also want to create an entertaining show  We haven't found a hilarious take on abortion that has not been done yet—but we might  I have faith in us Contrasting with the above criticism, a 2021 Feminist Media Studies' article titled "Un/accented: the politics of difference in US popular culture" argues that some of the criticism that The Mindy Project received, regarding the predominately white love interests or absence of Indian cultural reference, is not necessarily an issue for Kaling to address but rather indicative of how critics and journalists only see Kaling's work through surface level analysis and how many non-white bodies are present instead of what the work is actually critiquing through dialogue or plot 

Ratings
Awards and nominations
Broadcast
In the United Kingdom, the show airs on Sky Comedy  It used to air on E4 until 2015
In Canada the show was aired by City  A network spokesperson confirmed that The Mindy Project would continue to air new episodes on City City didn't air Season 6 until January 2018  (Hulu is not accessible in Canada )
In Oceania the show airs for Australia on the Seven Network from January 28, 2013 at 10PM Mondays and for New Zealand on FOUR from March 11, 2013 at 9:30PM Mondays 
In Europe the show aired from March 26, 2013 at 9:30PM Tuesdays, for the Netherlands on Foxlife from January 20, 2014 at 8:30PM Mondays and for Spain on Cosmopolitan TV from January 23, 2014 at 9:30PM Thursdays  In Germany the show airs on Comedy Central Germany since 2013 
Passage 5:
Louie (season 5)
The fifth and final season of the American television comedy series Louie premiered on April 9, 2015, and concluded on May 28, 2015  It consists of eight episodes, each running approximately 23 minutes in length  FX broadcast the fifth season on Thursdays at 10:30 pm in the United States  The season was produced by 3 Arts Entertainment and the executive producers were Louis C K , Dave Becky and M  Blair Breard 
Louie was created, written and directed by Louis C K , who stars as a fictionalized version of himself, a comedian and divorced father raising his two daughters in New York City  The show has a loose format atypical for television comedy series, consisting of largely unconnected storylines and segments (described as "extended vignettes") that revolve around Louie's life, punctuated by live stand-up performances 

Production
Louie was renewed by FX for a fifth season in July 2014 with a seven-episode order  When FX announced the season's premiere date in January 2015, it was announced the season would consist of eight episodes instead of thirteen or fourteen  It was later revealed by Louis C K  during a panel to promote the show that the shortened season length was due to an unfortunate decision he made while high on marijuana  In January 2015, C K  spoke about the writing and tone of the season, "This season is more laugh-centric and funny than season four  The feeling I was having when I wrote the season   was a goofy and playful feeling " The fifth season features the return of the opening credits and theme song, which were absent in the fourth season 

Cast
Main cast
Louis C K  as Louie

Recurring cast
Guest stars
Episodes
Reception
Critical response
The fifth season of Louie has received acclaim from critics  On Rotten Tomatoes, the season has a rating of 92%, based on 38 reviews, with the site's critical consensus reading, "A renewed focus on the show's singular blend of sincerity and hilarity keep Louie at the top of its game " On Metacritic, the season has a score of 91 out of 100, based on 20 critics, indicating "universal acclaim" Sonia Saraiya of Salon wrote that "Louie is a treasure" and that season 5 of the show "is as confident and distinctive as ever, a sitcom that is not quite like anything else on television"  James Poniewozik of Time wrote that season 5 is "by and large, blisteringly funny" and "also poignant", stating that "Louie has again successfully reinvented itself, this time as what it used to be " Brian Lowry of Variety praised the series and wrote, "Almost nothing else on TV — certainly in half-hour form — rivals the particularity of C K 's approach, which has garnered the kind of well-deserved accolades that have kept FX quietly humming that 'Brother Louie' tune "

Accolades
For the 67th Primetime Emmy Awards, the series received nominations for Outstanding Comedy Series, Louis C K  for Outstanding Lead Actor in a Comedy Series, and Pamela Adlon for Outstanding Guest Actress in a Comedy Series  C K  also received nominations for Outstanding Writing for a Comedy Series for "Bobby's House" and Outstanding Directing for a Comedy Series for "Sleepover"  For the 22nd Screen Actors Guild Awards, Louie C K  was nominated for Best Comedy Actor  For the 68th Directors Guild of America Awards, Louis C K  was nominated for Outstanding Directing – Comedy Series for "Sleepover" 
Passage 6:
Unbreakable Kimmy Schmidt
Unbreakable Kimmy Schmidt is an American sitcom created by Tina Fey and Robert Carlock, starring Ellie Kemper in the title role  It premiered on March 6, 2015 on Netflix and ran for four seasons, ending on January 25, 2019  An interactive special premiered on May 12, 2020 
The series follows 29-year-old Kimmy Schmidt (Kemper) as she adjusts to life after being rescued from a doomsday cult in the fictional town of Durnsville, Indiana, where she and three other women were held captive by Reverend Richard Wayne Gary Wayne (Jon Hamm) for 15 years  Determined to be seen as something other than a victim and armed only with a positive attitude, she decides to restart her life by moving to New York City, where she quickly befriends her street-wise landlady Lillian Kaushtupper (Carol Kane), finds a roommate in struggling actor Titus Andromedon (Tituss Burgess), and gains a job as a nanny for melancholic and out-of-touch socialite Jacqueline Voorhees (Jane Krakowski) 
Throughout its run, the series received critical acclaim, with critic Scott Meslow calling it "the first great sitcom of the streaming era"  It received 20 Primetime Emmy Award nominations, including four nominations for Outstanding Comedy Series and a nomination for Outstanding Television Movie for the 2020 special Kimmy vs  the Reverend 

Synopsis
Kimmy Schmidt (Ellie Kemper) was in eighth grade when she was kidnapped by Reverend Richard Wayne Gary Wayne (Jon Hamm)  He held Kimmy and three other women captive for 15 years in an underground bunker and convinced them that a nuclear apocalypse had left them the sole survivors of humanity 
In the first season, the women are rescued, and go on to appear on the Today Show in New York City  After the show, Kimmy decides she doesn't want to return to Indiana or be seen as a victim, so she starts a new life in New York City  Roaming around the city, she comes across landlady Lillian Kaushtupper (Carol Kane), who offers Kimmy a chance to room with Titus Andromedon (Tituss Burgess) in her downstairs apartment  However, to get the apartment, Kimmy has to find a job  When she tries to get a job at a nearby candy store, she sees a boy stealing candy  She pursues him back to his home and encounters his mother, Jacqueline Voorhees (Jane Krakowski), a Manhattan trophy wife, who mistakes her for a nanny, and whom Kimmy mistakes as someone trapped in a cult  Jacqueline hires Kimmy as a nanny for her 10-year-old son  As Season 1 continues, Kimmy falls in love with Dong (Ki Hong Lee), a Vietnamese man from her G E D  class; goes to court to testify against the Reverend, and discovers how the world has changed in the 15 years she was held captive  
In the second season, Kimmy is sick of working for Jacqueline and gets a job at a year-round Christmas store and then as an Uber driver  She tries to get over Dong, who enters a green card marriage with another G E D  student and is eventually deported  As Kimmy tries to move on, so do Titus and Jacqueline, who both find boyfriends  Titus begins dating construction worker Mikey Politano (Mike Carlsen) and Jacqueline begins dating lawyer Russ Snyder (David Cross)  Jacqueline also goes back to her Native American heritage and decides to take down the Washington Redskins, who her boyfriend's father happens to own  Kimmy reunites with Gretchen and Cyndee to save them from joining another cult and getting married on television, respectively  When Season 2 ends, Titus leaves to be a performer on a cruise and Lillian protests the invasion of hipsters in her neighborhood, while Kimmy makes amends with her mother (Lisa Kudrow) after advice from her therapist (Tina Fey) before receiving a phone call from the Reverend in prison, telling her that they need to get a divorce 
In the third season, Kimmy proceeds with the divorce from the Reverend but hits a snag when she learns that a devoted fan (guest star Laura Dern) wants to marry him  After getting her G E D , Kimmy decides to go to college and ends up at Columbia University, where she is popular but fails academically  She forms a friendship with Perry (Daveed Diggs), a philosophy and religion transfer student who, like Kimmy, does not fit in with the rich, elitist Ivy League students  Titus returns from his stint on the cruise harboring a secret and, determined to come home to Mikey with money and a job, he auditions for Sesame Street  However, after the man auditioning Titus asks him to perform sexual acts on a puppet, Titus leaves and runs home to Mikey  However, Titus sees Mikey out with another man, and breaks up with him  Lillian is elected to the city council and attempts to block the construction of a supermarket chain for fear it will gentrify the neighborhood  She later starts a relationship with the owner of the chain (Peter Riegert)  Meanwhile, Jacqueline and Russ execute their plan to force his family to change the name of the Redskins and Titus makes it big with the single "Boobs in California"  At the end of season three, Titus vows to win Mikey back from his new boyfriend, Jacqueline finds a profession, and Kimmy lands a job at a tech start-up 
In the fourth and final season, Kimmy is working at Giztoob, the tech company started by a former classmate at Columbia, and Jacqueline is representing Titus as his agent  After acting in an anti-bullying performance for a middle school, Titus gets a job as director of the school play and, in an attempt to impress Mikey, pretends to write and star in a superhero television show called The Capist, starring Greg Kinnear  Meanwhile, Lillian's boyfriend Artie dies and she is put in charge of his adult daughter's trust  Kimmy reunites with Donna Maria, who is now a successful businesswoman  Outraged and inspired by men's rights activists, Kimmy writes a children's book that empowers girls and encourages boys to be kind; by the end of season four, Kimmy has found success as a children's author  Season 4 features two episodes that veer from the main plot  In the first, a standalone mockumentary episode, Jacqueline's former boy toy Doug, a k a  DJ Fingablast, creates a true crime documentary called Party Monster: Scratching the Surface, which sympathizes with the Reverend and paints Kimmy and the other Mole Women negatively  The second episode, "Sliding Van Doors", presents an alternate universe in which Kimmy is never kidnapped, Titus does not audition for The Lion King in 1998, Jacqueline does not marry Julian Voorhees, and Lillian runs a Latin street gang  The series concludes with each of the main four characters finding success and purpose in new ventures 

Episodes
Cast and characters
Main
Ellie Kemper as Kimberly "Kimmy" Cougar Schmidt, the titular character  Armed with only unflagging optimism,  a childlike sense of wonder and an eighth-grade education, she attempts to regain the life that was taken from her and navigate her way through the unfamiliar struggles of New York life 
Tituss Burgess as Titus Andromedon (born Ronald Wilkerson), Kimmy's gay, flamboyant roommate and an aspiring actor and singer  Melodramatic and self-absorbed, Titus nevertheless cares deeply for, and is very protective of Kimmy  Despite his talent and ego, he is plagued by self-doubt after years of rejection in the business  Titus hails from Chickasaw County, Mississippi, and moved to New York City in 1998 
Carol Kane as Lillian Kaushtupper, Kimmy and Titus' odd landlady  A proud born-and-bred New Yorker with a long, complex criminal history, she fights against the possible gentrification of her neighborhood (although it soon becomes clear that she hates any form of progress or technology)  Despite her willingness to do anything to make a buck, she has a very big heart and will go out of her way to help her tenants 
Jane Krakowski as Jacqueline White (formerly Voorhees; née Jackie Lynn White), a wealthy and insecure socialite who hires Kimmy as a nanny  Despite coming across as arrogant, condescending and out of touch, she is very fond of (and heavily reliant on) her new employee, who helps her gain perspective on her unhappy marriage  She is secretly of Lakota Native American descent and is passing for white  As the series progresses, she gradually reconnects with her family and her culture  She is the mother of Buckley Voorhees and the former step-mother of Xanthippe Lannister Voorhees  Her ex-husband is Julian Voorhees 

Recurring
Guest
Production
Development
The show was created by Tina Fey and Robert Carlock when NBC executives asked them to develop a show for Ellie Kemper  Fey said that they found an "innocence" about Kemper's face, but also noted a "strength" to it  One idea was for the show to center on Kemper's character waking up from a coma, but this idea was abandoned in favor of the cult-survivor storyline The show was initially under development for NBC under the title Tooken  NBC ultimately sold the series to Netflix  Fey said that this was in partly due to NBC's "not feeling confident about watching comedies"  Prior to the sale, NBC planned to air the series as either a mid-season replacement or as a summer series  It was sold to Netflix with a two-season order On June 13, 2017, it was renewed for a fourth and final season, with the first six episodes premiering on May 30, 2018  The second half was released on January 25, 2019  On May 8, 2019, it was announced that it would return with an interactive special, which premiered on May 12, 2020 

Casting
Casting announcements for the remaining roles were made in March 2014, with Tituss Burgess cast as Kimmy's roommate, Titus, and Carol Kane as Kimmy's and Titus's landlady, Lillian Shortly afterwards, Sara Chase was cast Cyndee, Kimmy's closest friend during their years in the cult; and Lauren Adams as Gretchen, a 10-year member of the cult who believes everything she is told  Jane Krakowski was later cast as Jacqueline Voorhees, a wealthy Manhattanite who hires Kimmy as a nanny  Megan Dodds was originally cast before Krakowski replaced her 

Music
The show's theme song, "Unbreakable", was produced by The Gregory Brothers and written by Jeff Richmond  It is a tribute to The Gregory Brothers' YouTube show Songify the News – auto-tuned news interviews that became popular videos  It specifically parodies the mannerisms of Antoine Dodson in the "Bed Intruder Song"  Richmond also wrote "Peeno Noir", a song performed by character Titus Andromedon during season 1, episode 6 

Artwork
Artwork for the show's opening sequence was produced by a team at Pentagram that included feminist artist Deva Pardue 

Home video releases
Reception
The show has been widely acclaimed by television critics, who have praised the writing and cast 

Season 1
On Rotten Tomatoes, the first season has a rating of 95%, based on 55 reviews, with an average rating of 7 5/10  The site's critical consensus reads, "Blessed with originality and a spot-on performance from Ellie Kemper, The Unbreakable Kimmy Schmidt is as odd as it is hilarious " On Metacritic, the first season has a score of 78 out of 100, based on 29 critics, indicating "generally favorable reviews" Scott Meslow of The Week called the series "the first great sitcom of the streaming era", praising its wit, edge, and feminist tone  Brian Moylan of The Guardian noted that it is "the sort of show that could benefit from multiple viewings, because the jokes are so packed in you’re sure to miss something while laughing " TV Guide named it the "best new comedy of 2015"  IGN reviewer Max Nicholson gave the first season an 8 3 out of 10 'Great' rating, saying "Tina Fey and Robert Carlock's Unbreakable Kimmy Schmidt is another winner in Netflix's original series catalog  Not only is it charming and funny, but it's unabashedly kooky, and Ellie Kemper nails the lead role "The first season was nominated for seven Primetime Emmy Awards 
Some reviewers have criticized the show's portrayal of Native Americans, with Vulture referring to a prominent Native American subplot as "offensive"  BuzzFeed wrote that the show has a "major race problem" and cited the lack of a plurality of portrayals of Native Americans as the main issue with the subplot, stating that "the way Native Americans are represented on this show matters  It's not one representation among a cornucopia of representations; it's the single mainstream representation in years " The Daily Beast stated that when it comes to race, “especially in its portrayal of a key Vietnamese character, the show leaves much to be desired ”In the wake of the controversy, Tina Fey responded: "I feel like we put so much effort into writing and crafting everything, they need to speak for themselves  There's a real culture of demanding apologies, and I'm opting out of that "

Season 2
On Rotten Tomatoes, the second season holds a 100% approval rating, based on 24 reviews, with an average rating of 7 6/10  The site's critical consensus reads, "Not letting up in season two, Unbreakable Kimmy Schmidt is still odd in the best of ways, wonderfully building on its unique comedy stylings and brilliantly funny cast " On Metacritic, the second season has a score of 82 out of 100, based on 16 reviews, indicating "universal acclaim" The second season was nominated for four Primetime Emmy Awards 
There was controversy surrounding the third episode from this season, “Kimmy Goes to a Play!,” which involved the use of yellow-face and the name of a group of Asian-Americans who were critical of yellow-face  The group is referred to as "Respectful Asian Portrayals in Entertainment", or "R A P E" for short  The Asian-Americans shown protesting against yellow-face in the episode are conveyed as unlikable buffoons  Anna Akana criticized the use of yellow-face and the R A P E  acronym during her 2016 Asians in Entertainment Key Note speech  Alex Abad-Santos wrote, “The odd thing about this episode is that it's another Tina Fey project that paints Asian people, specifically Asian women, as crappy characters  [   ] The plot feels like a pointed, ironic response to anyone who has criticized Fey's past projects for being lazy and racist ”

Season 3
On Rotten Tomatoes, the third season holds a 97% approval rating, based on 29 reviews, with an average rating of 8 11/10  The site's critical consensus states: "Unbreakable Kimmy Schmidt continues to thrive with a comically agile cast, notable guest stars, and a forceful influx of funny " On Metacritic, the third season has a score of 78 out of 100, based on 12 reviews, indicating "generally favorable reviews" The third season was nominated for five Primetime Emmy Awards 

Season 4
On Rotten Tomatoes, the fourth season holds a 94% approval rating, based on 32 reviews, with an average rating of 7 77/10  The site's critical consensus states: "Unbreakable Kimmy Schmidt ends with a final season that's as topical as it is cheerily irreverent " On Metacritic, the fourth season has a score of 85 out of 100, based on 6 reviews, indicating "universal acclaim" The fourth season was nominated for two Primetime Emmy Awards 

Special
On Rotten Tomatoes, the Unbreakable Kimmy Schmidt: Kimmy vs  the Reverend special has an approval rating of 94%, based on 32 reviews, with an average rating of 7 81/10  The site's critical consensus reads: "Kimmy and company return as resilient as ever in a fun and fast paced special that makes excellent use of its interactive capabilities to produce maximum fabulosity "The special was nominated for two Primetime Emmy Awards 
Passage 7:
List of 30 Rock episodes
30 Rock is an American satirical television sitcom that was broadcast on NBC  Created by Tina Fey, the series follows the lives of the head writer of The Girlie Show with Tracy Jordan (TGS), Liz Lemon (Tina Fey), the other staff members of TGS, and their network executive, Jack Donaghy (Alec Baldwin) 
30 Rock was a critical success, winning several major awards (including Primetime Emmy Awards for Outstanding Comedy Series in 2007, 2008, and 2009), and achieving the top ranking on many critics' year-end best of 2006 and 2007 lists  On July 14, 2009, the series was nominated for 22 Primetime Emmy Awards, the most in a single year for a comedy series  Despite the acclaim, the series struggled in the ratings throughout its run  It broadcast a total of 138 episodes over seven seasons, from October 11, 2006, to January 31, 2013  In addition, a special episode premiered on July 16, 2020 

Series overview
Episodes
Season 1 (2006–07)
Season 2 (2007–08)
Season 3 (2008–09)
Season 4 (2009–10)
Season 5 (2010–11)
Season 6 (2012)
Season 7 (2012–13)
Special episode (2020)
Passage 8:
Cooter (30 Rock)
"Cooter" is the fifteenth and final episode of the second season of 30 Rock and the thirty-sixth episode of the series  It was written by series' creator Tina Fey and was directed by one of the season's producers, Don Scardino  The episode first aired on May 8, 2008, on the NBC network in the United States  "Cooter" follows Jack Donaghy's (Alec Baldwin) attempt to get fired from his new job in politics; Liz Lemon's (Fey) pregnancy scare and decision to adopt a baby; Tracy Jordan's (Tracy Morgan) creation of a pornographic video game; and Kenneth Parcell's (Jack McBrayer) aspiration to be an NBC page at the Beijing Olympics  The episode is an unofficial season finale, due to the season being shortened by the 2007–2008 Writers Guild of America strike 
"Cooter" received positive reviews from critics, and several considered it to be among the series' best episodes  Several critics noted that Liz had a pregnancy scare the same week that Fey's film Baby Mama was released, possibly used as cross promotion  The episode was watched by 5 61 million American viewers on its original broadcast, and was nominated for two awards, winning one 

Plot
Jack gets a job in politics as the "Homeland Security Director for Crisis and Weather Management"; however, it is not what he expected  When he learns that Don Geiss (Rip Torn), the CEO of General Electric, said "Jackie Boy" while in his coma, he schemes with another government employee, Cooter Burger (Matthew Broderick), to get fired after his letter of resignation is rejected  Jack also enlists the help of Celeste "C C " Cunningham (Edie Falco), his Congresswoman (D-VT) ex-girlfriend, to approve research into a "gay bomb"  Jack hopes that the bomb, an old Pentagon project that is expensive, inefficient and offensive to "both the red states and the gayer blue states", will ultimately result in their dismissal 
Meanwhile, Liz thinks she may be pregnant and is horrified when she discovers it is most likely the baby of her ex-boyfriend, Dennis Duffy (Dean Winters)  After several pregnancy tests, she tells a visiting Jack that the positive tests are a result of her eating "Sabor de Soledad" ("Taste of Loneliness" in Spanish) cheese puffs, which contain bull semen  Nevertheless, she tells Jack that she is ready to have a child and wants to adopt  Kenneth learns of an opportunity to be an NBC page at the Beijing Olympics, however, head page Donny Lawson (Paul Scheer) tries to make sure that he does not submit his essay on time  Jenna Maroney (Jane Krakowski) helps him complete his essay, but Donny stalls Kenneth by forcing him to deliver paper  This begins a sequence which references several Summer Olympic events  Pete shoots Donny in the leg with an arrow (archery), dressed in his gear from when he was an Olympic archer  Kenneth then goes through a series of obstacles themed to different Summer Olympic events  He begins by running and jumping over a "Wet Floor" sign (low hurdles) and then an airplane chair prop carried by two men (high hurdles)  Kenneth next grabs a bamboo pole and runs with it, using it to push the button on the elevator before throwing it to another page (likely pole vault, but possibly javelin throw)  He then does a forward flip into the elevator, ending with him standing and saluting to the back and front of the elevator (gymnastics/floor routine)  Finally, Kenneth makes it to the 27th floor only to see his way blocked by workmen painting  As an executive opens the door to the NBC Olympic Headquarters, Kenneth spins and throws his application pack through the closing door (discus)  He finally runs forward a few feet to break the blue painter's tape and collapse victorious, then throws up (sprint)  Tracy's invention, the world's first pornographic video game, is nearly complete  He gives Frank, who has helped him, the prototype copy of the game 
The episode shows what happens three months later, in August 2008  Jack and Cooter present their "gay bomb" to the Pentagon, which works only in enclosed areas, making it useless in combat  However, Cooter accidentally breaks the vial, causing everybody in the room, including Vice President Dick Cheney, to "feel weird"  Frank emerges from his office after playing Tracy's game non-stop for three months, not realizing the amount of time that has passed  While in Beijing, Kenneth gets involved with a Chinese woman who wants his kidneys  The last point was said in Mandarin without subtitles, leaving the English-speaking audience unaware of Kenneth's trouble 
The conversation roughly translates as:
Lady: "Kenneth, I like you, because I am attracted to your two healthy kidneys "
Kenneth: "What?"
(Man breaks down the door with gun drawn)
Kenneth: "I had no idea!"
The conversation in Mandarin:
Lady: Kenneth, 我喜歡你，因為我看上了你那兩個健壯的腎。
Kenneth: 什麼？
(Man breaks down the door with gun drawn)
Kenneth: 真沒想到！

Production
The title of the episode is one of Fey's favorite words, which she used multiple times when she appeared as an anchor on the Saturday Night Live sketch Weekend Update  Fey explains that she likes the word because "it's one of the least graphic ways to describe the female genitals"  This episode marks the final appearance of Edie Falco, who was hired for a three-episode arc  Falco made her debut in the episode "Somebody to Love" as Celeste Cunningham, a Congresswoman and romantic interest of Jack's  She appeared in "Secrets and Lies", where James Carville helps the fledgling relationship  The pair breaks up in Episode 210, when they realize their careers prevent them from staying together  Falco said that she was "thrilled for the opportunity to work with such great comic actors", and expressed her enjoyment of watching the series  Fey was "thrilled to have such an amazing actress come join us", and joked that "a lot of guys on our crew want The Sopranos ending explained to them", in which Falco was a series star 

Reception
"Cooter" was watched by 5 6 million viewers, and received a 2 6 rating and 7 share in the 18–49 demographic  The 2 6 refers to 2 6% of all 18- to 49-year-olds in the U S , and the 7 refers to 7% of all 18- to 49-year-olds watching television in the U S  at the time of the broadcast  By comparison CBS's CSI was viewed by 17 82 million viewers, ABC's Grey's Anatomy received 15 60 million viewers, Fox's Don't Forget the Lyrics! received 6 22 million viewers, and The CW's Supernatural received 2 53 million viewers   The finale was watched by 206,000 more viewers than the previous episode Terry Morrow of the Knoxville News Sentinel said that, although 30 Rock is struggling to find viewers, this "tiny show   shines with absolute brilliance", and judged "Cooter" as one of its best episodes  He speculated that the lack of viewers might have been because the show had failed to create an emotional bond with its audience, despite its being "happy to be a very witty sitcom"   He felt the entire cast was "spot on", but singled out Jane Krakowski for her "scene-stealing" moments when she revealed the art of backhanded compliments  Verne Gay of Newsday praised Jenna's and Kenneth's storylines, and liked the cameo by Broderick, stating his "comic chops [were] on full display"  Robert Canning of IGN praised Kenneth's and Tracy's storylines, and described Tracy's voice-recording session for his porn video game as "thank-goodness-this-is-airing-later-than-8:30"   Alan Sepinwall of The Star-Ledger felt that the "nearly-perfect" episode was marred by Kenneth's page-rivalry, which "didn't work"  Time called "Cooter" the eighth-best episode of 2008 Mark A  Perigard of the Boston Herald felt that "Cooter" was one of the best episodes of 30 Rock's shortened season, with something for everyone in the ensemble cast to do   He noted that Fey's character, Liz, has a pregnancy scare the same week that Fey's film, Baby Mama, was in theaters, asking "How much mama drama does Tina Fey think viewers want?" Bob Sassone of TV Squad originally thought the episode might have been secretly cross promoting Baby Mama, but ultimately decided against this judgment  Jeff Labrecque of Entertainment Weekly was disappointed that Liz was not actually pregnant, and hoped that her former boyfriend, Dennis, would continue to reappear in the next season  Oscar Dahl of BuddyTV speculated that the episode may have been hinting at Alec Baldwin's real-life political plans  (He was considering running for office )The episode was nominated for Primetime Emmy Awards, winning one  Tina Fey won for Outstanding Writing for a Comedy Series, and Ken Eluto was nominated for Outstanding Single-Camera Picture Editing for a Comedy Series 
Passage 9:
Louie (season 4)
The fourth season of the American television comedy series Louie premiered on May 5, 2014, and concluded on June 16, 2014  It consists of fourteen episodes (an additional episode more than previous seasons), most running approximately 23 minutes in length  FX broadcast the fourth season on Mondays at 10:00 and 10:30 pm in the United States with back-to-back episodes  The season was produced by 3 Arts Entertainment and the executive producers were Louis C K , Dave Becky and M  Blair Breard 
Louie was created, written and directed by Louis C K , who stars as a fictionalized version of himself, a comedian and newly divorced father raising his two daughters in New York City  The show has a loose format atypical for television comedy series, consisting of largely unconnected storylines and segments (described as "extended vignettes") that revolve around Louie's life, punctuated by live stand-up performances 

Production
FX announced in July 2012 that it had renewed Louie for a fourth season to consist of 13 episodes, and was later confirmed in October 2012 that the season would be delayed from airing in summer 2013 to May 2014, to give more time for Louie C K  to develop the season  C K  said, "I want season four to go somewhere new   I'm looking back to when I did the first season and the time I took to do the show and decide which directions to go in and I want that back again  I want a little breathing room " In March 2014, FX announced the season would premiere on May 5, 2014, moving to Mondays and would air back-to-back episodes for seven consecutive weeks, containing an additional fourteenth episode  C K  said that the fourth season would include a multi-part, connected storyline after the third episode C K  collaborated with comedian Steven Wright (who previously guest starred on the series as himself) on some of the scripts for the fourth season, and Wright is credited as a consulting producer for the season  According to guest star Jeremy Renner, Philip Seymour Hoffman was supposed to appear in an episode this season, however, Hoffman died in February 2014  Episodes 11 and 12, "In the Woods" have an extended run time of an hour and a half (with commercials) 

Cast
Main cast
Louis C K  as Louie

Recurring cast
Guest stars
Episodes
Reception
Reviews
The fourth season of Louie received universal acclaim from critics, receiving a Metacritic score of 93 out of 100, based on 28 reviews  Robert Llyod of the Los Angeles Times wrote that  "Each [episode] stands on its own as a TV art film, an independent work of short fiction " Andrew Romano of The Daily Beast wrote that "Season 4 is just as brilliant as the seasons that preceded it " On Rotten Tomatoes, the season has an approval rating of 93% with an average score of 8 9 out of 10 based on 43 reviews  The website's critical consensus reads, "Thanks to Louis C K 's unique brand of awkward, brutally honest humor, Louie remains one of the best written and most relatable comedies on television "

Ratings
The season 4 premiere received 941,000 total viewers, a 19 percent boost over last season's average 

Accolades
For the 30th TCA Awards, Louie won for Outstanding Achievement in Comedy and Louis C K  received a nomination for Individual Achievement in Comedy  For the 4th Critics' Choice Television Awards, Louie received nominations for Best Comedy Series, C K  for Best Actor in a Comedy Series, and Sarah Baker for Best Guest Performer in a Comedy Series  For the 66th Primetime Emmy Awards, the series was nominated for Outstanding Comedy Series, and Louie C K  was nominated for Outstanding Lead Actor in a Comedy Series and Outstanding Directing for a Comedy Series for the episode "Elevator, Part 6", and won for Outstanding Writing for a Comedy Series for the episode "So Did the Fat Lady"  For the 67th Writers Guild of America Awards, the series won for Best Comedy Series and C K  won for Best Episodic Comedy for "So Did the Fat Lady"  For the 21st Screen Actors Guild Awards, C K  was nominated for Best Comedy Actor  For the 72nd Golden Globe Awards, C K  was nominated for Best Actor – Television Series Musical or Comedy  For the 67th Directors Guild of America Awards, C K  was nominated for Outstanding Directing – Comedy Series for the episode "Elevator Part 6" 

Broadcast
The season premiered on OSN First Comedy HD in the Middle East on September 4, 2014 
Context 2: Passage 1:
Robinsons Place Butuan
Robinsons Butuan (formerly Robinsons Place Butuan) is a shopping mall located in Jose C  Aquino Avenue (Butuan–Cagayan de Oro–Iligan Road), Brgy  Bayanihan, Butuan  It is Robinsons Land's 33rd commercial center in the Philippines and the 4th Robinsons Mall in Mindanao after Robinsons Cagayan de Oro, Robinsons Cybergate Davao and Robinsons Place Gensan  It covers an area of over 58,300 square metres (628,000 sq ft) making it the largest Robinsons Mall in Mindanao  It was opened to the public on November 25, 2013  The mall also features 102-room hotel component that occupies 4th and 5th levels in the east wing of the building  One of the mall's main tenants is the DFA CO Butuan, the first passport office of the Department of Foreign Affairs in the Caraga region which opened in June 2015 at the mall's third level  An expansion wing, located beside the mall, was opened on August 2, 2017, and will feature more shops and restaurants plus the new integrated land transport terminal (bound for travel to and from Cagayan de Oro, Malaybalay and Davao City except for Surigao City, which is based in the old Langihan Bus Terminal) 

See also
Robinsons Malls
SM City Butuan
List of shopping malls in the Philippines
Passage 2:
Robinsons Novaliches
Robinsons Novaliches (formerly known as Robinsons Place Novaliches and Robinsons Nova Market) is a shopping mall in Fairview owned and operated by Robinsons Malls, the second largest mall operator in the Philippines  This mall was opened on November 9, 2001  It is the second mall by Robinsons Malls in Quezon City after Robinsons Galleria  It has a total floor area of 62,893 m2 (676,970 sq ft) 

Redevelopment and expansion
In 2008, Robinsons Place Novaliches was renamed to Robinsons Nova Market  Robinsons Department Store was closed then Bargain Exchange was replaced and several stores pulled out and it opened an opportunity for micro-retails  In 2010, Robinsons Movieworld Novaliches closed Cinemas 5 to 8 being rented by some Christian Churches inside the mall  Examples of some Christian churches that rented Cinemas 5-8 are Word of Hope Christian Church which occupies Cinemas 5 and 6 and Victory Christian Church which occupies Cinema 7  In 2012, Cinemas 1 to 4 has permanently closed and it is open for rentals for some Christian Churches and for others 
The mall had undergone major renovation and expansion against Ayala Malls' Fairview Terraces and SM Prime Holdings' SM City Fairview  The said expansion houses over 200 micro-retail shops and bargain stores selling apparel, shoes and bags, novelty and gift items and gadgets; food court, Trade Hall, and al fresco dining restaurants  It was opened on May 29, 2015  It added another 10,000 m2 (110,000 sq ft) to the 45,893 m2 (493,990 sq ft) square meters so it will have a total floor area of 55,893 m2 (601,630 sq ft) square meters  And eventually after the expansion, it was renamed as Robinsons Novaliches  
Moreover, Robinsons Digiworld was opened at the Level 2 of the Main Mall which occupies the old location of some bargain things and a passport office of the Department of Foreign Affairs called DFA CO NCR-North was also opened at the Level 3 near the former Robinsons Movieworld Novaliches in November 2016 

See also
Fairview Terraces
SM City Fairview
Robinsons Magnolia
List of shopping malls in Metro Manila
Passage 3:
Robinsons Place Las Piñas
Robinsons Las Piñas (formerly Robinsons Place Las Piñas) is a shopping mall and mixed-use development in Las Piñas, Philippines  It is located on the north side of Alabang–Zapote Road between CAA Road and Admiral Road in Talon Tres  The mall is owned and managed by Robinsons Land Corporation, the second largest mall operator in the Philippines  The mall opened on October 25, 2014  It is the 39th mall opened by Robinsons in the Philippines and the first and only Robinsons mall in Las Piñas and the whole South Manila area 

Description
Robinsons Las Piñas sits on a 6 8-hectare (17-acre) lot on the busy Alabang-Zapote Road in close proximity to several heavily populated and middle-class subdivisions in the south Manila area of Las Piñas and Parañaque such as BF Homes, CAA-BF International, Casimiro Village and BF Resort Village  It has a gross floor area of 59,877 square metres (644,510 sq ft) with a gross leasable area of 25,734 square metres (277,000 sq ft)  The two-storey shopping center is anchored by Robinsons staples like Robinsons Department Store, Robinsons Supermarket, Robinsons Appliances and Robinsons MovieWorld  The mall is also part of a mixed-use development that will also consist of a mid-rise residential complex of Robinsons Communities 
Passage 4:
Robinsons Galleria Cebu
Robinsons Galleria Cebu, also known and branded as Galleria Cebu, is a shopping mall and mixed-use development located in North Reclamation Area, Cebu City  It is the 2nd Robinsons Mall to bear the Galleria branding after Robinsons Galleria  The mall opened on December 10, 2015  The mall is just a few meters from the Port of Cebu and approximately 1 kilometre (0 62 mi) away from SM City Cebu  The mall is owned and operated by Robinsons Malls  It is the firm's third largest mall (after Robinsons Place Manila and its namesake, Robinsons Galleria, in Ortigas, Metro Manila) 

History
In 2008, Robinsons Land, Inc  announced that they have bought a 4-hectare (9 9-acre) prime property near the Port of Cebu  The company bared that they planned to build a mall, a three-storey BPO tower, a 153-room Go Hotel (which would have been the first in Cebu), 9,000 m2 (97,000 sq ft) of office space and a couple of high-rise condominiums  The development was initially called Robinsons Maxilom, named after General Maxilom Avenue, the road it directly borders to  The project was then renamed to its current name a couple of years later  The project broke ground in July 2012 and construction followed soon  The mall opened on December 10, 2015, exactly two weeks after another mall, SM Seaside City Cebu by rival group SM Supermalls opened 

Mall features
The main mall is four storeys tall, while a BPO building with a total floor space of 9,000 m2 (97,000 sq ft) is three storeys tall  There will be six cinemas in the mall  The mall also has an al fresco dining area and the mall's interiors feature lush gardens  When the whole development is finished, it will have a 153-room hotel named Summit Galleria Hotel, BPO towers, and three high-rise condominiums (which will be located at the back of the mall) 

Incidents
December 10, 2022 4:20 PM 
The nearby abandoned White Gold Shopping Mall, collapsed due to weathering, and traffic congestion  Some of the nearby roads had to be temporarily closed  Including B  Benedicto St, in which neighbors the mall on the northwest, near the Summit Hotel  However, the mall has not been damage, nor injured anyone on B  Benedicto St, near the mall, or in the abandoned building 
Passage 5:
Robinsons Place Manila
Robinsons Manila (formerly Robinsons Place Manila), also known as Robinsons Ermita and Robinsons Place Ermita, is a large shopping mall located in Ermita, Manila, Philippines  It is the largest Robinsons Mall ever built  Robinsons Manila is located beside the University of the Philippines Manila and the Philippine General Hospital, and is built at the site of the former Ateneo de Manila Campus before it moved to Loyola Heights, Quezon City  The first major expansion of the mall happened when it opened its Padre Faura Wing in June 2000  The mall was further expanded in 2006 when the nearby Midtown Hotel was demolished to make way for the construction of its Midtown Wing and the Adriatico Place Residences
Robinsons Manila is connected to two high-rise residential condominiums: the 37-storey twin tower Robinsons Place Residences, and the triple tower Adriatico Place Residences 

History
Robinsons Manila was built in the 1980, on the site of the former Ateneo de Manila University Campus and Assumption Convent located beside the University of the Philippines Manila and the Philippine General Hospital  Ateneo transferred to Loyola Heights, Quezon City while the Convent relocated to San Lorenzo Village, Makati 
In June 2000, the mall was expanded with the opening of the Padre Faura Wing which contains additional shopping and dining facilities  It is also anchored by the construction of the 37-storey, twin tower residential condominium Robinsons Place Residences  Further demand in the market expanded the mall with the acquisition of the Manila Midtown Hotel Until 2003 and demolishing it to make way for its Midtown Wing, which is also anchored by another residential condominium project the Adriatico Place Residences  Midtown wing opened in 2008  This expansion made the mall larger than Robinsons Galleria and therefore the largest Robinsons Mall 
It was reported by BusinessWorld in November 2018 that Robinsons Land Corporation plans to renovate Robinsons Manila in 2019  The mall is undergoing major redevelopment since February 2023 

Layout
Padre Faura Wing
The 2-level Padre Faura Wing faces Padre Faura Street and is connected to Robinsons Place Residences  The arrangement of its entry point as well as the tower makes the mall the focal point when traversing Ma  Y  Orosa Avenue southwards  It is near the Philippine General Hospital, the Office of the University Registrar of UP Manila, as well as the Department of Justice, Court of Appeals, and the Supreme Court of the Philippines  The Jesuit Bell which was once located on the site of the former Manila Observatory was on display at the entrance 
The wing is also home to Lingkod Pinoy Center, which hosts branches of government offices such as Professional Regulation Commission, Land Transportation Office, and clearance office of the National Bureau of Investigation  The mall's multilevel carpark entry ramp connects to the 3rd Level Carpark of the mall 

Midtown Wing
The Midtown Wing is the expansion of the original mall facing Adriatico Street  It was constructed on the adjacent lot located at the former Manila Midtown Hotel which was demolished to make way for this expansion  A lot of high-end shops and boutiques serves as its tenants  The Robinsons Department Store and its Business Center are located here  It is connected to Adriatico Place Residences, a triple tower residential condominium managed by RLC Residences 
Alongside shops and restaurants, it also features three additional cinemas, an expanded atrium, arcades such as Tom's World and Timezone, and an al fresco veranda  It has a basement parking shared with the Pedro Gil Wing, however it is not connected to the P  Faura Wing Basement Carpark 

Pedro Gil Wing
The original structure of the mall, the Pedro Gil Wing faces Pedro Gil Street and features most of the mall's fashion brands including H&M, tech shops, sit-down restaurants, and the main wing of Robinsons Movieworld  The wing has a bowling center named Paeng's Midtown Bowl at the second level which closed in 2019 for renovations and reopened on January 2023  Timezone occupies a part of the bowling alley's space 
A family entertainment center named GBox used to occupy a large space at the mall's foodcourt area alongside Fitness First, which the former has been closed since 2012 and only a small area is currently operational, occupied by electronics repair shops 

Gallery
Passage 6:
Robinsons Metro East
Robinsons Metro East (formerly known as Robinsons Place Metro East) is a shopping mall owned by Robinsons Malls  Robinsons Metro East is situated along Marcos Highway, located at Barangay Dela Paz in Pasig, Philippines  The mall opened on August 31, 2001, is currently the 3rd largest mall in the Philippines owned by Robinsons Malls 

History
The location was first occupied by a Uniwide Warehouse owned by Jimmy Gow's Uniwide Sales, Inc  and was subsequently sold to Gokongwei, who demolished the warehouse  Construction of the mall began in mid-1998, and Robinsons Metro East opened its doors to the public in 2001  
The name "Metro East" refers to the fact that the mall is located in the eastern district of the Greater Manila Area, which is in the boundaries of the cities of Pasig and Marikina in Metro Manila and the municipality of Cainta in Rizal 
On September 26, 2009, the basement level of the mall was flooded as a result of Typhoon Ketsana  This, in turn, led to the closure of the entire mall  Renovation of the mall began in August 2011 and was completed in 2012 The mall is connected to the Marikina-Pasig station of the LRT Line 2  An extension of the mall that links to the station's concourse opened in 2022 

Mall features
The main building of Metro East is one of the largest structures along Marcos Highway  The mall is a 5-level building with 4 upper levels and a basement level, features a 2-level department store, a supermarket, appliance center, Toys R Us, Timezone, and movie theaters  The mall also provides a 5-level elevated indoor carpark located on the left side of the mall 

See also
Robinsons Galleria
Sta  Lucia Mall
SM City Marikina
Passage 7:
SM City Cebu
SM City Cebu, also known as SM Cebu, and sometimes both known locally as SM Mabolo and SM City, is a large shopping mall located in Mabolo, Cebu City, Philippines  It is the 4th shopping mall owned and developed by SM Prime Holdings, the country's largest shopping mall owner and developer  It is the company's first shopping mall in the Philippines outside of Metro Manila and the fifth largest shopping mall in the Philippines  It has a land area of 11 8 hectares (29 acres) and a gross floor area of 268,611 m2 (2,891,300 sq ft)On an average day, more than 100,000 people visit SM City Cebu, with the figure increasing to 140,000 to 150,000 on weekends  Due to Cebu City's position as a transshipment point for the Visayas and Mindanao, and SM City Cebu's location close to the city's port area, the mall attracts a significant number of transient shoppers 

History
Development
The mall, the first SM Supermall outside of Metro Manila, opened on November 27, 1993, with a gross floor area of 161,562 square metres (1,739,040 sq ft)  It was seen as catering to the broad low- and middle-class shoppers, in contrast to its upscale competitor, the Ayala Corporation-owned Ayala Center Cebu which opened a few months later 
Located in Cebu City's North Reclamation Area, then a quiet and relatively remote part of the city, the mall had Manila-based movie and television stars and entertainers perform free concerts at the mall to attract shoppers  Free jeepney rides to the mall were also offered to fulfill the lack of available public transportation within the area 

Northwing
Construction on SM City Cebu's expansion building, dubbed the Northwing, began in March 2006  The expansion, which was developed at a cost of ₱1 3 billion (US$30 5 million), was built on the parking lot to the north of the existing building, temporarily decreasing the number of parking spaces by more than 30%   Construction of the Northwing started in April 2006, and opened on November 30, 2007  It increased the total gross floor area of SM City Cebu by 107,049 m2 (1,152,270 sq ft), for a total of 268,611 m2 (2,891,300 sq ft)  The first 2 floors are for the mall's expansion, while the 3rd, 4th and 5th floors are for the indoor carpark including the roof deck 

Northwing Expansion
An expansion is planned for the Northwing, which will also include two 20-storey office buildings intended to cater to business process outsourcing companies, as well as a 9-storey building which will house a campus of National University  It is set to be completed by 2025  At the same time, a major renovation of its interior is ongoing, starting with the area near Ace Hardware and SM Appliance Center 

Design
SM City Cebu is a seven-level complex namely lower ground floor, upper ground floor, second floor, third floor, fourth floor, fifth floor, and roof deck featuring a total of eight cinemas with seven regular cinemas and one IMAX theater with a total seating capacity of 5,812, a food court, a fully computerized bowling center, 8,000-square meter amusement center, and a 2,000-square meter trade hall  Prior to the addition of the Northwing, it had a car park capacity of 1,629 The Northwing expansion, opened in 2007, features two floors of retail stores, restaurants, and cafes  It houses more than 200 tenants and caters to a more upscale clientele  The expansion also added three levels of covered parking, and a one level of roof deck parking 

Transport
The Cebu North Bus Terminal is situated inside the mall compound opposite the mall's parking area with the lot granted by SM Prime for free for a period of two years, after its lease in its former location in Subangdaku, Mandaue expired in early 2020  It was officially opened on October 12, 2020, with full operations starting on October 15, 2020 

See also
SM City Consolacion
SM Seaside City
Passage 8:
Robinsons Galleria
Robinsons Galleria, also known as Robinsons Galleria Ortigas, is a mixed-use complex and shopping mall located at EDSA corner Ortigas Avenue, Quezon City, just near SM Megamall  The mall is owned by Robinsons Malls, and it is their flagship mall  It is the 1st Robinsons Mall to bear the Galleria branding   It was built on January 12, 1990, with a total gross floor area of approximately 216,000 m2 (2,330,000 sq ft) 

The mall
Robinsons Galleria is a 5-level shopping mall and a landmark along EDSA and Ortigas Avenue with more than 400 shops, dining outlets, entertainment facilities, and service centers  It is located within a mixed-use complex composed of two high-rise office towers, the Galleria Corporate Center and Robinsons Equitable Tower  Three hotels are also located among the said towers, the Holiday Inn Manila Galleria and Crowne Plaza Manila Galleria, and the Galleria Regency 
A major tenant of the mall is the central passport office of the Department of Foreign Affairs in Metro Manila called DFA Consular Office NCR-Central, which is located on the first floor of the Lingkod Pinoy Center, and which was inaugurated in September 2012 

History
The mall's location was once an open land owned by the SSS in the Ortigas Central Business District  In February 1986, the portion of the land facing EDSA was where participants in the People Power Revolution also protested; tanks going north to Camp Aguinaldo and Camp Crame were stopped at this spot  In 1987, John Gokongwei bought the large portion of the land from the SSS, while the Archdiocese of Manila had partly purchased the portion of the land near the intersection  This plot today is the site of EDSA Shrine, which belongs to the Archdiocese up to date 
Construction began in mid-1988 and finished in late 1989  The mall opened in 1990, being the first mall of Robinsons Malls  Since its opening, several renovations had made within the mall, expanding its area to 216,000 square meters 

Incidents
March 2012 robbery
On March 29, 2012, one guard was killed and six others wounded after two armed robbers lobbed a couple of grenades while fleeing with their loot  The Philippine National Police spokesman Chief Superintendent Agrimero Cruz Jr  said that by 10:15 AM, two unidentified suspects in disguise as guards attacked two bank guards who were escorting bank tellers and were supposed to deliver an undetermined amount of money in a money changer shop at the mall's ground floor 

October 2013 fire
On October 29, 2013, a fire broke out inside the department store's toy section  The fire started at around 11:00 PM when the employees who were decorating Christmas lights inside the mall rushed out the mall to flee the premises  Guests from the Holiday Inn evacuated and moved to the adjacent Crowne Plaza Hotel  The fire raged for about six hours  The fire was under control the next morning, and the mall was closed for two days  The mall soon reopened by noon on November 1, 2013 

Redevelopment
The mall had gone for several renovations since it opened in 1990  In 2012, the mall took its major facelift with additional GLA of around 100,000 square meters that can cater at least 50 tenants  The said developments expanded the mall's GLA to what is now 216,000 square meters The latest redevelopment had started in 2016  It will be done in 2 phases with its first phase of renovation from May to October 2016 while the second phase was to start in May 2017  Aside from the major renovations within the mall, the mall veranda will host more service stores related to health and beauty  There will be an upper veranda at the 3rd floor, formerly occupying the sports loop, which will accommodate more dining choices  The mall's renovation is almost complete 
The mall's renovation will add wooden elements into the mall, a design similar to Robinsons Galleria Cebu 

In popular culture
An urban legend relating to the mall flourished in the 1990s, which claimed of a half-snake, half-human creature that resided in the basement of the mall and purported to be a lucky charm installed by the Gokongwei family, feeding it with unsuspecting victims from a supposed shaft from a dressing room  Among its supposed victims were actresses Alice Dixson and Rita Avila  Although the rumor is now considered absurd and dead, it was revived in 2010 after a supposed YouTube video depicting it surfaced  Businesswoman Robina Gokongwei-Pe asserted in 2008 that the tale emerged from the "market competition"  Dixson herself dismissed the entire narrative as fake, and in 2020 she finally put the entire tale to rest through a YouTube video   She had appeared in a videographic advertisement by Robinsons Galleria two years earlier, poking fun of and lampooning the extinct urban legend 
Passage 9:
Robinsons Town Mall Malabon
Robinsons Malabon (formerly Robinsons Town Mall Malabon) is a shopping mall located in Malabon, Metro Manila, Philippines  It is the first full service mall in Malabon owned and managed by Robinsons Land Corporation, the second largest mall operator in the Philippines  The mall was opened on December 4, 2013  It is the 37th mall opened by Robinsons in the Philippines and the first and only Robinsons mall in Malabon and the whole Camanava (North Metro Manila) area 

Description
Robinsons Town Mall sits on a 23,000-square-metre (250,000 sq ft) lot on the intersection of Governor Pascual Avenue and Crispin Street in Tinajeros village  It has a gross leasable area of 17,104 83 square metres (184,114 9 sq ft) and can house over 250 tenants  The two-level shopping center is anchored  It also features a Lingkod Pinoy government services center  It is one of the two main shopping centers in Malabon along with Malabon Citisquare 

See also
SM Center Sangandaan
Passage 10:
SM Megamall
SM Megamall, simply known as Megamall, is the third largest shopping mall in the Philippines and the thirteenth largest in the world that is developed and operated by SM Prime Holdings  It is located in EDSA corner Doña Julia Vargas Avenue, Ortigas Center, Mandaluyong, Metro Manila, Philippines  The mall occupies a land area of approximately 10 hectares (25 acres) and has a total floor area of 474,000 square meters (5,100,000 sq ft)  The mall has a maximum capacity of 4 million people 

History
Henry Sy Sr  through First Asia Realty loaned ₱1 billion from the Philippine National Bank and Citibank, an unprecedented amount at the time, in April 1989 to fund the development of SM Megamall  The mall began construction in 1989 and opened its doors on June 28, 1991  It is the third SM Supermall ever built by Sy after the SM City Sta  Mesa and SM North EDSA  The SM Megamall was the largest mall in the country for a 17-year period, but when the SM Mall of Asia was built in 2006, it was ranked third largest in the country by floor area at that time, measuring 331,679 m2 (3,570,160 sq ft) of total retail floor area and after SM City North EDSA (which ranks first in the country and second in the world)  It also boasted the first ice skating rink, which was temporarily removed in 2009 but was replaced by the new skating rink at a new location in 2014, as well as one of the first trade halls, the Mega Trade Hall, in the country  The new skating rink was the venue for the speed skating and figure skating at the 2019 Southeast Asian Games Since its inception in 1991, SM Megamall expanded with the addition of the Mega Atrium in 2008, Building C in 2011 and the Mega Fashion Hall in 2014, bringing the total retail floor area to 474,000 m2 (5,100,000 sq ft)  In 2018, SM partnered with Cal-Comp Technology (Philippines) Inc  for the provision of its New Era AI (Artificial Intelligence) Robotic service robots stationed at SM Megamall by the first quarter of 2019 

Location
The mall is located in the Ortigas Center, one of Metro Manila's premier central business districts and shopping hubs, at the portion encompassed by Mandaluyong City  It stands along the main EDSA thoroughfare and Doña Julia Vargas Avenue  The mall is almost adjacent to the Ortigas MRT Station and EDSA Carousel's Ortigas station, as well as the Shaw Boulevard MRT station  The mall is also located to nearby malls such as the Robinsons Galleria, St  Francis Square, The Podium, the Shangri-La Plaza, and Starmall EDSA Shaw and landmarks such as the Asian Development Bank Headquarters, Saint Pedro Poveda College, University of Asia and the Pacific, BDO Corporate Center, The Podium West Tower and the San Miguel Corporation Headquarters 

Buildings
The mall currently has 968 shops and is separated into five buildings, namely Building A, Building B, Building C; Building D, which is also known as the Mega Fashion Hall; and the Mega Atrium 

Main Mall
The mall has two main buildings  Building A features the 12 digital cinemas on the third floor; a food court, events hall and the Toy Kingdom on the lower ground floor, art stores on the fifth floor, and other anchor tenants  It also features Forever 21 located on the second level of Building A  Building B features SM Store, the Ace Hardware store on the lower ground floor, the Cyberzone on the fourth floor, the Mega Trade Hall on the fifth floor, and other anchor tenants  It has been expanded and has direct connections with the Mega Fashion Hall which opened in January 2014  The SM Supermarket is featured on both buildings  The bridgeway connecting the two main buildings of the mall contains several eateries 

Mega Atrium
The 16,000 m2 (170,000 sq ft) Mega Atrium is an addition to the existing two buildings  The Atrium, completed in 2008, bridges the gap between Buildings A and B  It features Chapel of the Eucharistic Lord, a 1,585 m2 (17,060 sq ft) Roman Catholic chapel located on the fifth floor, as well as various shops and restaurants  The atrium also features the Garden at Mega Atrium, an indoor garden located within the second floor, and also includes the Respira Café, a coffee and pastry shop offering European confectionaries 

Building C
Building C is a recent addition to SM Megamall that houses office space on the upper levels of the carpark and a transport terminal, which includes an integrated bus terminal serving the north of Metro Manila including CAMANAVA, Quezon City and further to Bulacan and Calabarzon  Formerly Building A's open-parking facility, it is located near EDSA to the west of Building A and was opened on October 11, 2011  The building also contains the 1,300-square-meter (14,000 sq ft) DFA CO NCR-East, the first passport office of the Department of Foreign Affairs in Metro Manila which opened in August 2012 

Mega Fashion Hall (Building D)
The Mega Fashion Hall is the latest expansion of SM Megamall  Featuring a two-level basement parking and a five-level mall with 86,000 m2 (930,000 sq ft) of retail, it houses several global clothing retailers, an events hall, and additional restaurants and shops, including the three-level H&M store and the three-level Uniqlo which extends to the two uppermost levels of Building B  Aside from clothing stores, the expansion includes dining establishments, houseware stores, service shops, and a Bingo area on the fifth level  The Mega Fashion Hall also houses an IMAX Digital theater (which is also the eighth IMAX cinema in the country), a 56-seat Director's Club Cinema with butler service, an Olympic-sized ice skating rink (replacing the one removed in 2009 from the lower-ground level of Building A), an upscale food court (Mega Food Hall), and a 14-lane bowling center, the SM Bowling Center (also replacing the one removed in 2009 from the lower-ground level of Building A, now Toy Kingdom)   The fashion hall also features the BTS Pop-Up Store, located at the mall's third floor, and showcases over 400 BTS-branded products 

Time Sculpture
The Time Sculpture is a sculpture located fronting the Mega Fashion Hall  The sculpture was unveiled on August 2, 2021, and is designed by Filipino-American public artist Jefre Manuel Figueras, also known as JEFRË, and was made of stainless steel  The sculpture is part of the Baks "Box" Series, where he gives representation to people living in cities around the world, and resembles a man looking at his watch, which serves as reminder how time is important in our lives and to make use of time in traffic productively  JEFRË also converted the statue's head to a block, which connects the figures to surrounding urban architecture, and strengthens the image that people are a city's major component as the building blocks and the bloodline of the city 

Expansion
After the soft opening of the newly constructed Building C Carpark, the mall surpassed SM Mall of Asia by 2,000 m2 (22,000 sq ft) and became the second largest shopping mall in the country 
With the opening of the Mega Fashion Hall (Building D), the current gross leasable area is 500,000 m2 (5,400,000 sq ft), allowing the mall to reclaim the title of the largest mall in the Philippines The addition of the Mega Fashion Hall building added 125 new retail stores, 90% of which are global brands and 10% of which are local retailers 

Mega Tower
A 50-storey 249 7 m (819 ft) office tower, named The Mega Tower, is built next to the Mega Fashion Hall formerly occupied by an open carpark  The S-shaped tower is directly connected to the Mega Fashion Hall and will feature three levels of basement parking and multilevel parking  It will have a leasable area of 124,200 m2 (1,337,000 sq ft)  Groundbreaking began in March 2016, while the tower's construction phase began six months later on the same year, in September 2016  The tower was topped off in March 2020, and was opened in 2021 Arquitectonica is the firm responsible for the architectural design, while Aurecon serves as the tower's structural engineer consultant and New Golden City Builders serve as the general contractor for the project 

Gallery
In popular culture
In the idol anime, titled Love Live! Nijigasaki High School Idol Club, in its second season in Episode 13, the characters were seen in a giant LED screen in a mall which looked like SM Megamall's Fashion Hall, under the name "Largemall "

Incidents and accidents
2000 bombing
On May 21, 2000, a bomb exploded inside a restroom at Cinema 6 of the mall's movie theater located on the third floor  One person was killed and dozens were injured  Two of the victims sustained very serious injuries  The bombing occurred four days after the Glorietta 2 bombing which wounded 13 people  Seven years later, the 2007 blast in Glorietta injured 129 people, while leaving 12 people dead 

2013 incidents
January 26, 2013: A holdup and shootout occurred when the Martilyo Gang, a local criminal group specializing in robbing stores by smashing and stealing valuables using hammers, robbed a jewelry store in the department store on the first floor 
May 5, 2013: An explosion briefly caused panic at the foodcourt at Building A, with at least one reported hurt in a stampede before shoppers were able to calm down after learning the sounds were not gunshots  A siomai steamer was short-circuited and caused people to file out at around 7:25 PM

Fire incidents
June 29, 2018: A fire hit the under-construction SM Mega Tower near SM Mega Fashion Hall at around 7:30 PM  It was declared "fire out" at around 6 hours later, at 1:30 AM on the next day  The Metropolitan Manila Development Authority (MMDA) had announced in a tweet at 8:16 PM on Thursday that the blaze had already reached the third alarm  This meant that up to nine fire trucks should be deployed 
May 16, 2021: A fire broke out in Building C of the mall at 3:36 AM  The fire was put out 19 minutes later 
September 2, 2021: A fire hit the 27th floor of the under-construction SM Mega Tower around 10:26 AM, causing people in the building to be reportedly trapped 

See also
List of shopping malls in Metro Manila
Context 3: Passage 1:
English general election, 1689
The 1689 English general election, held in January 1689, elected the Convention Parliament, which was summoned in the aftermath of the Glorious Revolution  
513 Members of Parliament were returned, across 53 counties and 217 boroughs in England and Wales, most returning two members  Only nine counties and 41 boroughs (a total of 69 seats) had contested elections, with the other candidates being returned unopposed  Six boroughs had double returns, where multiple members were recorded elected, and five of these were subsequently voided by Parliament forcing by-elections 

The majority of seats were not contested on a party basis, but partisan alignment can be identified by historians looking at subsequent voting on key issues  174 members are identified as Whigs, and 151 as Tories  The remaining members, around 190, are considered uncommitted  An older estimate based on activity throughout the Parliament suggested that the 551 Members (including those returned in by-elections) could be listed as 232 Tories and 319 Whigs or Court Tories, with none classed as uncommitted (but with over 40% recorded as "inactive")  Finally, an estimate at the end of the parliament, when party groups had had time to develop further, estimated the strength of the parties as 254 Whigs, 221 Tories, and 38 uncommitted members 

See also
List of MPs elected to the English Parliament in 1689
Convention Parliament (1689)
List of English Parliaments

Notes
Passage 2:
English general election, 1695
The 1695 English general election was the first to be held under the terms of the Triennial Act of 1694, which required parliament to be dissolved and fresh elections called at least every three years  This measure helped to fuel partisan rivalry over the coming decades, with the electorate in a constant state of excitement and the Whigs and Tories continually trying to gain the upper hand  Despite the potential for manipulation of the electorate, as was seen under Robert Walpole and his successors, with general elections held an average of every other year, and local and central government positions frequently changing hands between parties, it was impossible for any party or government to be certain of electoral success in the period after 1694, and election results were consequently genuinely representative of the views of at least the section of the population able to vote 
The election of 1695, however, was comparatively quiet, being fought mainly on local issues  The new government led by the Whig junto made gains in most contested constituencies, and their party was returned with a narrow majority  The junto's support was not certain, however, as their policies increasingly alienated backbench 'country' Whigs, who were willing to co-operate with the Tories, and the government frequently ran into trouble in the House of Commons  Eighty-five constituencies were contested, 31% of the total 

Party strengths are an approximation, with many MPs' allegiances being unknown 

Summary of the constituencies
See 1796 British general election for details  The constituencies used in England and Wales were the same throughout the period  In 1707 alone the 45 Scottish members were not elected from the constituencies, but were returned by co-option of a part of the membership of the last Parliament of Scotland elected before the Union 

See also
3rd Parliament of King William III
List of parliaments of England
Passage 3:
English general election, 1690
The 1690 English general election occurred after the dissolution of the Convention Parliament summoned in the aftermath of the Glorious Revolution, and saw the partisan feuds in that parliament continue in the constituencies  The Tories made significant gains against their opponents, particularly in the contested counties and boroughs, as the electorate saw the Whigs increasingly as a source of instability and a threat to the Church of England 
Following the election, William continued his policy of forming a coalition government around non-partisan figures  The nominal leader of the new government was the Marquess of Carnarvon, though the Tories were able to use their greater numbers in the House of Commons to increase their share of government positions  Contests occurred in 103 constituencies, 38% of the total 
Party strengths are as estimated by the History of Parliament, though division lists for this parliament are not available and so a precise count may not be possible 

Summary of the constituencies
See 1796 British general election for details  The constituencies used in England and Wales were the same throughout the period  In 1707 alone the 45 Scottish members were not elected from the constituencies, but were returned by co-option of a part of the membership of the last Parliament of Scotland elected before the Union 

See also
2nd Parliament of William and Mary
List of parliaments of England

Notes
Passage 4:
English general election, March 1679
The March 1679 English general election resulted in the  Habeas Corpus Parliament, named after the Habeas Corpus Act, which it enacted in May, 1679 to define and strengthen the ancient prerogative writ benefitting all subjects  It was dissolved while in recess on 12 July 1679  
On the current issue of excluding the King's younger brother from the succession to the throne, 218 members were in favour of the Exclusion Bill, while 137 were opposed  However, 167 members did not attend the parliament at all, so their view about Exclusion is unknown 
Passage 5:
English general election, 1685
The 1685 English general election elected the only parliament of James II of England, known as the Loyal Parliament  This was the first time the pejorative words Whig and Tory were used as names for political groupings in the Parliament of England  Party strengths are an approximation, with many MPs' allegiances being unknown 
513 Members of Parliament were returned across 53 counties and 217 boroughs in England and Wales, most returning two members  Only 15 counties and 57 boroughs (a total of 100 seats) had contested elections, with the other candidates being returned unopposed  One borough had a double return, where multiple members were recorded elected, and another was subsequently voided by Parliament, forcing a by-election 

While the number of seats had not changed from the previous election, their electorate had been substantially altered by royal influence  Following the Exclusion crisis, ninety-nine boroughs had received new charters, the aim being to eliminate the influence of the Whigs  The Whigs also lost seats in county constituencies - which were not liable to charter manipulation - dropping from around sixty county seats in 1681 to only eight In the new parliament, the Tories now had their own majority in both houses, Commons and Lords  The exact breakdown of members returned at the election is not clear, but of the 525 members who served during the 1685-89 Parliamentary term, including those elected at later by-elections, 468 are estimated as Tories and 57 as Whigs  This estimate does not treat any members as uncommitted, and up to 30% of members were recorded as inactive The election had significant effects on Parliament demographically as well as politically  The newly elected members were mostly inexperienced, with slightly over half never having sat in Parliament before  The majority of these would stand down or lose their seats at the subsequent election in 1689  Members were much more likely to be High Church Anglicans, with very few Presbyterians or Independents compared to other Parliaments of the period  There was an unusually high share of government officials and military officers, and fewer country gentry  Two minors were elected, Peter Legh and the Hon  Thomas Windsor, aged 15 and 16 respectively 
Passage 6:
English general election, October 1679
The October 1679 English general election returned a majority of members in favour of the Exclusion Bill  Consequently, this parliament  was known as the Exclusion Bill Parliament  It did not assemble until 21 October 1680, and was dissolved three months later on 18 January 1681 
Passage 7:
English general election, 1661
The 1661 English general election returned a majority of members in support of Charles II of England  This Parliament was called the Cavalier Parliament, since many of the MPs elected were former Cavaliers or the sons of Cavaliers 
Yet during the course of the Cavalier Parliament, there was considerable movement between the Cavaliers and the Roundheads 

See also
List of MPs elected to the English Parliament in 1661
Passage 8:
Glorious Revolution
The Glorious Revolution is the term, first used in 1689, to summarise events leading to the deposition of James II and VII of England, Ireland and Scotland in November 1688, and his replacement by his daughter Mary II and her husband and James's nephew William III of Orange, de facto ruler of the Dutch Republic  Known as the Glorieuze Overtocht or Glorious Crossing in the Netherlands,  it has been described both as the last successful invasion of England and as an internal coup Despite being Catholic, James became king in February 1685 with widespread support from the Protestant majority in England and Scotland  Many feared his exclusion would cause a repetition of the 1639–1653 Wars of the Three Kingdoms, while it was viewed as a short-term issue, since the heir presumptive was his Protestant elder daughter Mary  James soon lost popular support by suspending the Parliaments of Scotland and England in 1685, and thereafter ruling by personal decree Two events in June 1688 turned dissatisfaction into a political crisis  The first was the birth on 10 June of a male heir, James Francis Edward, displacing Mary and creating the prospect of a Catholic dynasty  The second was the prosecution for seditious libel of seven bishops from the Protestant Church of England  Many saw this as the latest in a series of attacks on the state church; their acquittal on 30 June sparked widespread anti-Catholic riots and destroyed James's political authority  A coalition of English politicians, soldiers and religious leaders issued the Invitation to William, asking him to intervene militarily and "protect the Protestant religion" 
William wanted to prevent British military and financial resources being used against him in the Nine Years War, launched by Louis XIV of France in September 1688  On 5 November, he landed in Brixham, Devon with 20,000 men, and advanced on London  As he did so, the Royal Army disintegrated, and James went into exile in France on 23 December  In April 1689, Parliament made William and Mary joint monarchs of England and Ireland  A separate but similar Scottish settlement was made in June 
While the Revolution itself was quick and relatively bloodless, pro-Stuart revolts in Scotland and Ireland caused significant casualties  Although Jacobitism persisted into the late 18th century, the Revolution ended a century of political dispute by confirming the primacy of Parliament over the Crown, a principle established in the Bill of Rights 1689  The Toleration Act 1688 granted freedom of worship to nonconformist Protestants, but restrictions on Catholics contained in the 1678 and 1681 English and Scottish Test Acts remained in force until 1828  Religious prohibitions on the monarch's choice of spouse were removed in 2015, but those applying to the monarch themselves remain 

Background
Despite his Catholicism, James became king in 1685 with widespread support, as demonstrated by the rapid defeat of the Argyll and Monmouth Rebellions; less than four years later, he was forced into exile  Often seen as an exclusively English event, modern historians argue James failed to appreciate the extent to which Royal power relied at the local level on the landed gentry, and the loss of that support fatally damaged his regime  The vast majority of the gentry in England and Scotland were Protestant, while even in largely Catholic Ireland a disproportionate number were members of the Protestant Church of Ireland  Although willing to accept James's personal religious beliefs, his backers did so only so long as he maintained the primacy of the Protestant Church of England and Church of Scotland  When his policies appeared to undermine the existing political and religious order, the result was to alienate his English and Scottish supporters and destabilise Ireland 

Stuart political ideology derived from James VI and I, who in 1603 had created a vision of a centralised state, run by a monarch whose authority came from God, and where the function of Parliament was simply to obey  Disputes over the relationship between king and Parliament led to the War of the Three Kingdoms and continued after the 1660 Stuart Restoration  Charles II came to rely on the Royal Prerogative since measures passed in this way could be withdrawn when he decided, rather than Parliament  However, it could not be used for major legislation or taxation Concern that James intended to create an absolute monarchy led to the 1679 to 1681 Exclusion Crisis, dividing the English political class into those who wanted to 'exclude' him from the throne, mostly Whigs, and their opponents, mostly Tories  However, in 1685 many Whigs feared the consequences of bypassing the 'natural heir', while Tories were often strongly anti-Catholic and their support assumed the continued primacy of the Church of England  Most importantly, it was seen as a short-term issue; James was 52, his marriage to Mary of Modena remained childless after 11 years, and the heirs were his Protestant daughters, Mary and Anne There was much greater sympathy in Scotland for a 'Stuart heir', and the 1681 Succession Act confirmed the duty of all to support him, 'regardless of religion ' Over 95 percent of Scots belonged to the national church or kirk; even other Protestant sects were banned, and by 1680, Catholics were a tiny minority confined to parts of the aristocracy and the remote Highlands  Episcopalians had regained control of the kirk in 1660, leading to a series of Presbyterian uprisings, but memories of the bitter religious conflicts of the Civil War period meant the majority preferred stability In England and Scotland, most of those who backed James in 1685 wanted to retain existing political and religious arrangements, but this was not the case in Ireland  While he was guaranteed support from the Catholic majority, James was also popular among Irish Protestants, since the Church of Ireland depended on Royal support for its survival, while Ulster was dominated by Presbyterians who supported his tolerance policies  However, religion was only one factor; of equal concern for Catholics were laws barring them from serving in the military or holding public office, and land reform  In 1600, 90% of Irish land was owned by Catholics but following a series of confiscation during the 17th century, this had dropped to 22% in 1685  Catholic and Protestant merchants in Dublin and elsewhere objected to commercial restrictions placing them at a disadvantage to their English competitors 

The political background in England
While James's supporters viewed hereditary succession as more important than his personal Catholicism, they opposed his policies of 'Tolerance' under which Catholics would be allowed to hold public office and engage in public life  Opposition was led by devout Anglicans who argued that the measures he proposed were incompatible with the oath he had sworn as king to uphold the supremacy of the Church of England  In an age when oaths were seen as fundamental to a stable society, by demanding that Parliament approve his measures James was seen not only to be breaking his own word but requiring others to do the same  Parliament refused to comply, despite being "the most Loyal Parliament a Stuart ever had" Although historians generally accept James wished to promote Catholicism, not establish an Absolute monarchy, his stubborn and inflexible reaction to opposition had the same result  When the English and Scottish Parliaments refused to repeal the 1678 and 1681 Test Acts, he suspended them in November 1685 and ruled by decree  Attempts to form a 'King's party' of Catholics, English Dissenters and dissident Scottish Presbyterians was politically short-sighted, since it rewarded those who joined the 1685 rebellions and undermined his supporters Demanding tolerance for Catholics was also badly timed  In October 1685 Louis XIV of France issued the Edict of Fontainebleau revoking the 1598 Edict of Nantes which had given French Protestants the right to practise their religion; over the next four years, an estimated 200,000 to 400,000 went into exile, 40,000 of whom settled in London  Combined with Louis's expansionist policies and the killing of 2,000 Vaudois Protestants in 1686, it led to fears Protestant Europe was threatened by a Catholic counter-reformation  These concerns were reinforced by events in Ireland; the Lord Deputy, the Earl of Tyrconnell, wanted to create a Catholic establishment able to survive James's death, which meant replacing Protestant officials at a pace that was inherently destabilising 

Timeline of events: 1686 to 1688
The majority of those who backed James in 1685 did so because they wanted stability and the rule of law, qualities frequently undermined by his actions  After suspending Parliament in November 1685, he sought to rule by decree; although the principle was not disputed, the widening of its scope caused considerable concern, particularly when judges who disagreed with its application were dismissed  He then alienated many by perceived attacks on the established church; Henry Compton, Bishop of London, was suspended for refusing to ban John Sharp from preaching after he gave an anti-Catholic sermon He often made things worse by political clumsiness; to general fury, the Ecclesiastical Commission of 1686 established to discipline the Church of England included suspected Catholics like the Earl of Huntingdon  This was combined with an inability to accept opposition; in April 1687, he ordered Magdalen College, Oxford, to elect a Catholic sympathiser named Anthony Farmer as president, but as he was ineligible under the college statutes, the fellows elected John Hough instead  Both Farmer and Hough withdrew in favour of another candidate selected by James, who then demanded the fellows personally apologise on their knees for 'defying' him; when they refused, they were replaced by Catholics Attempts to create an alternative 'Kings Party' were never likely to succeed, as English Catholics made up only 1 1% of the population and Nonconformists 4 4%  Both groups were divided; since private worship was generally tolerated, Catholic moderates feared greater visibility would provoke a backlash  Among Nonconformists, while Quakers and Congregationalists supported repeal of the Test Acts, the majority wanted to amend the 1662 Act of Uniformity and be allowed back into the Church of England  When James ensured the election of the Presbyterian John Shorter as Lord Mayor of London in 1687, he insisted on complying with the Test Act, reportedly because of a 'distrust of the King's favour   thus encouraging that which His Majesties whole Endeavours were intended to disannull '

To ensure a compliant Parliament, James required potential MPs to be approved by their local Lord Lieutenant; eligibility for both offices required positive answers in writing to the 'Three Questions', one being a commitment to repeal of the Test Act  In addition, local government and town corporations were purged to create an obedient electoral machine, further alienating the county gentry who had formed the majority of those who backed James in 1685  On 24 August 1688, writs were issued for a general election The expansion of the military caused great concern, particularly in England and Scotland, where memories of the Civil War left huge resistance to standing armies  In Ireland, Talbot replaced Protestant officers with Catholics; James did the same in England, while basing the troops at Hounslow appeared a deliberate attempt to overawe Parliament  In April 1688, he ordered his Declaration of Indulgence read in every church; when the Archbishop of Canterbury and six other bishops refused, they were charged with seditious libel and confined in the Tower of London  Two events turned dissent into a crisis; the birth of James Francis Edward Stuart on 10 June created the prospect of a Catholic dynasty, while the acquittal of the Seven Bishops on 30 June destroyed James's political authority 

Dutch intervention
Prelude: 1685 to June 1688
In 1677, James's elder daughter and heir Mary married her Protestant cousin William of Orange, stadtholder of the main provinces of the Dutch Republic  The two initially shared common objectives in wanting Mary to succeed her father, while French ambitions in the Spanish Netherlands threatened both English and Dutch trade  Although William sent James troops to help suppress the 1685 Monmouth Rebellion, their relationship deteriorated thereafter The Franco-Dutch War, continued French expansion, and expulsion of the Huguenots meant William assumed another war was inevitable, and although the States General of the Netherlands preferred peace, the majority accepted he was correct  This view was widely shared throughout Protestant Europe; in October 1685, Frederick William, Elector of Brandenburg renounced his French alliance for one with the Dutch  In July 1686, other Protestant states formed the anti-French League of Augsburg, with Dutch support; securing or neutralising English resources, especially the Royal Navy, now became key to both sides Following a skirmish between French and Dutch naval vessels in July 1686, William concluded English neutrality was not enough and he needed their active support in the event of war  His relationship with James was affected by the fact both men relied on advisors with relatively limited views; in William's case, mainly English and Scots Presbyterian exiles, the latter with close links to the Protestant minority in Ireland, who saw Tyrconnell's policies as a threat to their existence  Having largely alienated his Tory support base, James depended on a small circle of Catholic converts like Sunderland, Melfort and Perth 

Suspicions increased when James sought William's backing for repealing the Test Acts; he predictably refused, further damaging their relationship  Having previously assumed he was guaranteed English support in a war with France, William now worried he might face an Anglo-French alliance, despite assurances by James he had no intention of doing so  Historians argue these assurances were genuine, but James did not appreciate the distrust caused by his domestic policies  In August 1687, William's cousin de Zuylestein travelled to England with condolences on the death of Mary of Modena's mother, allowing him to make contact with the political opposition  Throughout 1688, his English supporters provided William detailed information on public opinion and developments, very little of which was intercepted In October 1687, after fourteen years of marriage and multiple miscarriages, it was announced the Queen was pregnant, Melfort immediately declaring it was a boy  When James then wrote to Mary urging her to convert to Catholicism, it convinced many he was seeking a Catholic heir, one way or the other and may have been a deciding factor in whether to invade  Early in 1688, a pamphlet circulated in England written by Dutch Grand Pensionary Gaspar Fagel; this guaranteed William's support for freedom of worship for Dissenters and retaining the Test Acts, unlike James who offered tolerance in return for repeal In April 1688, Louis XIV announced tariffs on Dutch herring imports, along with plans to support the Royal Navy in the English Channel  James immediately denied making any such request, but fearing it was the prelude to a formal alliance, the Dutch began preparing a military intervention  On the pretext of needing additional resources to deal with French privateers, in July the States General authorised an additional 9,000 sailors and 21 new warships 

Invitation to William
An invasion required domestic support, and at the end of April William met with Edward Russell, unofficial envoy for the Whig opposition  In a conversation recorded by Gilbert Burnet, he requested a formal invitation asking him to "rescue the nation and the religion", with a projected date of end September  William subsequently claimed he was 'forced' to take control of the conspiracy when Russell warned him the English would rise against James even without his help, and he feared this would lead to a republic, depriving his wife of her inheritance Although this version is strongly disputed, Zuylestein returned to England in June, ostensibly to congratulate James on his new son, in reality to co-ordinate with William's supporters  Spurred by the prospect of a Catholic successor, the "Invitation to William" was quickly drafted by Henry Sydney, later described as "the great wheel on which the Revolution rolled"   The signatories were selected to represent a broad spectrum; Danby, a Whig, and Devonshire, a Tory; Henry Compton, Bishop of London, for the church; Shrewsbury and Lumley for the army, and finally Russell and Sydney for the navy  They promised to support a Dutch landing, but stressed the importance of acting quickly The Invitation was carried to The Hague on 30 June by Rear Admiral Herbert, disguised as a common sailor  Meanwhile, William's ally Bentinck launched a propaganda campaign in England, which presented him as a "true Stuart", but one without the faults of either James or Charles II  Much of the "spontaneous" support for William on his landing was organised by Bentinck and his agents 

Dutch preparations: July to September 1688
William's key strategic purpose was creating a defensive coalition that would block further French expansion in Europe, an objective not shared by the majority of his English supporters  In 1672, an alliance with the Electorate of Cologne had enabled France to bypass Dutch forward defences and nearly over-run the Republic, so ensuring an anti-French ruler was vital to prevent a repetition  As an ecclesiastical principality of the Holy Roman Empire, Cologne's ruler was nominated by Pope Innocent XI, in conjunction with Emperor Leopold I  Both Louis and James were in dispute with Innocent over the right to appoint Catholic bishops and clergy; when the old Elector died in June 1688, Innocent and Leopold ignored the French candidate in favour of Joseph Clemens of Bavaria After 1678, France continued its expansion into the Rhineland, including the 1683 to 1684 War of the Reunions, additional territorial demands in the Palatinate, and construction of forts at Landau and Traben-Trarbach  This presented an existential threat to Habsburg dominance, guaranteeing Leopold's support for the Dutch, and negating French attempts to build German alliances  William's envoy Johann von Görtz assured Leopold English Catholics would not be persecuted and intervention was to elect a free Parliament, not depose James, a convenient fiction that allowed him to remain neutral Although his English supporters considered a token force sufficient, William assembled 260 transport ships and 15,000 men, nearly half the 30,000 strong Dutch States Army  With France on the verge of war, their absence was of great concern to the States General and Bentinck hired 13,616 German mercenaries to man Dutch border fortresses, freeing elite units like the Scots Brigade for use in England  The increase could be presented as a limited precaution against French aggression, as the Dutch would typically double or triple their army strength in wartime; William instructed his experienced deputy Schomberg to prepare for a campaign in Germany 

Decision to invade
At the beginning of September, an invasion remained in the balance, with the States General fearing a French attack via Flanders while their army was in England  However, the surrender of Belgrade on 6 September seemed to presage an Ottoman collapse and release Austrian resources for use in Germany



ground_truth: Netflix

prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: What city in the Philippines is home to the Robinsons Galleria and the 4th largest shopping mall in the world?

The following are given passages.
Context 3:  Hoping to act before Leopold could respond and relieve pressure on the Ottomans, Louis attacked Philippsburg  With France now committed in Germany, this greatly reduced the threat to the Dutch Instead, Louis attempted to intimidate the States General, and on 9 September, his envoy D'Avaux handed them two letters  The first warned an attack on James meant war with France, the second any interference with French operations in Germany would end with the destruction of the Dutch state  Both misfired; convinced Louis was trying to drag him into war, James told the Dutch there was no secret Anglo-French alliance against them, although his denials only increased their suspicions  By confirming France's primary objective was the Rhineland, the second allowed William to move troops from the eastern border to the coast, even though most of the new mercenaries had yet to arrive On 22 September, the French seized over 100 Dutch ships, many owned by Amsterdam merchants; in response, on 26 September the Amsterdam City Council agreed to back William  This was a significant decision since the Council dominated the States of Holland, the most powerful political body in the Dutch Republic which contributed nearly 60% of its budget  French troops entered the Rhineland on 27 September and in a secret session held on 29th, William argued for a pre-emptive strike, as Louis and James would "attempt to bring this state to its ultimate ruin and subjugation, as soon as they find the occasion"  This was accepted by the States, with the objective left deliberately vague, other than making the English "King and Nation live in a good relation, and useful to their friends and allies, and especially to this State" Following their approval, the Amsterdam financial market raised a loan of four million guilders in only three days, with further financing coming from various sources, including two million guilders from the banker Francisco Lopes Suasso  The biggest concern for Holland was the potential impact on the Dutch economy and politics of William becoming ruler of England; the claim he had no intention of "removing the King from the throne" was not believed  These fears were arguably justified; William's access to English resources permanently diminished Amsterdam's power within the Republic and its status as the world's leading commercial and financial centre 

English defensive strategy
Neither James nor Sunderland trusted Louis, correctly suspecting that his support would continue only so long as it coincided with French interests, while Mary of Modena claimed his warnings were simply an attempt to drag England into an unwanted alliance  As a former naval commander, James appreciated the difficulties of a successful invasion, even in good weather, and as autumn approached, the likelihood seemed to diminish  With the Dutch on the verge of war with France, he did not believe the States General would allow William to make the attempt; if they did, his army and navy were strong enough to defeat it Reasonable in theory, his reliance on the loyalty and efficiency of the military proved deeply flawed  Both the army and the navy remained overwhelmingly Protestant and anti-Catholic; in July, only personal intervention by James prevented a naval mutiny when a Catholic captain held Mass on his ship  The transfer of 2,500 Catholics from the Royal Irish Army to England in September led to clashes with Protestant troops, some of his most reliable units refused to obey orders, and many of their officers resigned When James demanded the repatriation of all six regiments of the Scots Brigade in January 1688, William refused but used the opportunity to purge those considered unreliable, a total of 104 officers and 44 soldiers  Some may have been Williamite agents, such as Colonel Belasyse, a Protestant with over 15 years of service who returned to his family estates in Yorkshire and made contact with Danby  The promotion of Catholic former Brigade officers like Thomas Buchan and Alexander Cannon to command positions led to the formation of the Association of Protestant Officers, which included senior veterans like Charles Trelawny, Churchill, and Percy Kirke On 14 August, Churchill offered his support to William, helping convince him it was safe to risk an invasion; although James was aware of the conspiracy, he took no action  One reason may have been fears over the impact on the army; with a notional strength of 34,000, it looked impressive on paper but morale was brittle while many were untrained or lacked weapons  It also had to fill policing roles previously delegated to the militia, which had been deliberately allowed to decay; most of the 4,000 regular troops brought from Scotland in October had to be stationed in London to keep order  In October, attempts were made to restore the militia but many members were reportedly so angry at the changes made to local corporations, James was advised it was better not to raise them 

Widespread discontent and growing hostility to the Stuart regime were particularly apparent in North-East and South-West England, the two landing places identified by William  A Tory whose brother Jonathan was one of the Seven Bishops, Trelawny's commitment confirmed support from a powerful and well-connected West Country bloc, allowing access to the ports of Plymouth and Torbay  In the north, a force organised by Belasyse and Danby prepared to seize York, its most important city, and Hull, its largest port Herbert had been replaced by Dartmouth as commander of the fleet when he defected in June but many captains owed him their appointments and were of doubtful loyalty  Dartmouth suspected Berkeley and Grafton of plotting to overthrow him; to monitor them, he placed their ships next to his and minimised contact between the other vessels to prevent conspiracy  A lack of funds meant that excluding fireships and light scouting vessels, only 16 warships were available in early October, all third rates or fourth rates that were short of both men and supplies While The Downs was the best place to intercept a cross-Channel attack, it was also vulnerable to a surprise assault, even for ships fully manned and adequately provisioned  Instead, James placed his ships in a strong defensive position near Chatham Dockyard, believing the Dutch would seek to establish naval superiority before committing to a landing  While this had been the original plan, winter storms meant conditions deteriorated rapidly for those on the transports; William therefore decided to sail in convoy and avoid battle  The easterly winds that allowed the Dutch to cross prevented the Royal Navy leaving the Thames estuary and intervening The English fleet was outnumbered 2:1, undermanned, short of supplies, and in the wrong place  Key landing locations in the South-West and Yorkshire had been secured by sympathisers, while both army and navy were led by officers whose loyalty was questionable  Even early in 1686, foreign observers doubted the military would fight for James against a Protestant heir and William claimed only to be securing the inheritance of his wife Mary  While still a dangerous undertaking, the invasion was less risky than it seemed 

Invasion
Embarkation of the army and the Declaration of The Hague
The Dutch preparations, though carried out with great speed, could not remain secret  The English envoy Ignatius White, the Marquess d'Albeville, warned his country: "an absolute conquest is intended under the specious and ordinary pretences of religion, liberty, property and a free Parliament"  Louis threatened an immediate declaration of war if William proceeded and sent James 300,000 livres Embarkations, begun on 22 September (Gregorian calendar), had been completed on 8 October, and the expedition was that day openly approved by the States of Holland; the same day James issued a proclamation to the English nation that it should prepare for a Dutch invasion to ward off conquest  On 30 September/10 October (Julian/Gregorian calendars) William issued the Declaration of The Hague (actually written by Fagel), of which 60,000 copies of the English translation by Gilbert Burnet were distributed after the landing in England, in which he assured that his only aim was to maintain the Protestant religion, install a free parliament and investigate the legitimacy of the Prince of Wales  He would respect the position of James  William declared:

It is both certain and evident to all men, that the public peace and happiness of any state or kingdom cannot be preserved, where the Laws, Liberties, and Customs, established by the lawful authority in it, are openly transgressed and annulled; more especially where the alteration of Religion is endeavoured, and that a religion, which is contrary to law, is endeavoured to be introduced; upon which those who are most immediately concerned in it are indispensably bound to endeavour to preserve and maintain the established Laws, Liberties and customs, and, above all, the Religion and Worship of God, that is established among them; and to take such an effectual care, that the inhabitants of the said state or kingdom may neither be deprived of their Religion, nor of their Civil Rights 
William went on to condemn James's advisers for overturning the religion, laws, and liberties of England, Scotland, and Ireland by the use of the suspending and dispensing power; the establishment of the "manifestly illegal" commission for ecclesiastical causes and its use to suspend the Bishop of London and to remove the Fellows of Magdalen College, Oxford  William also condemned James's attempt to repeal the Test Acts and the penal laws through pressuring individuals and waging an assault on parliamentary boroughs, as well as his purging of the judiciary  James's attempt to pack Parliament was in danger of removing "the last and great remedy for all those evils" 

"Therefore", William continued, "we have thought fit to go over to England, and to carry over with us a force sufficient, by the blessing of God, to defend us from the violence of those evil Counsellors     this our Expedition is intended for no other design, but to have, a free and lawful Parliament assembled as soon as is possible"  On 4/14 October, William responded to the allegations by James in a second declaration, denying any intention to become king or to conquer England, a claim which remains controversial The swiftness of the embarkations surprised all foreign observers  Louis had in fact delayed his threats against the Dutch until early September because he assumed it then would be too late in the season to set the expedition in motion anyway, if their reaction proved negative; typically such an enterprise would take at least some months  Being ready after the last week of September / first week of October would normally have meant that the Dutch could have profited from the last spell of good weather, as the autumn storms tend to begin in the third week of that month  However, this year they came early  For three weeks, the invasion fleet was prevented by adverse south-westerly gales from departing from the naval port of Hellevoetsluis and Catholics all over the Netherlands and the British kingdoms held prayer sessions that this "popish wind" might endure  However, on 14/24 October, it became the famous "Protestant Wind" by turning to the east 

Crossing and landing
Although most of the warships were provided by the Admiralty of Amsterdam, the expedition was officially treated as a private affair, with the States General allowing William use of the Dutch army and fleet  For propaganda purposes, English admiral Arthur Herbert was nominally in command, but in reality operational control remained with Lieutenant-Admiral Cornelis Evertsen the Youngest and Vice-Admiral Philips van Almonde  Accompanied by Willem Bastiaensz Schepers, the Rotterdam shipping magnate who provided financing, William boarded the frigate Den Briel on 16/26 October  Roughly twice the size of the Spanish Armada, the fleet included 49 warships, 76 transports for the soldiers, 120 transports for the 5,000 horses required by the cavalry and supply train, and 40,000 men on board, of whom 9,500 were sailors of the Dutch navy  It was to remain the largest fleet assembled in European waters until the D-Day operations of 1944 Having departed on 19/29 October, the expedition was halfway across the North Sea when it was scattered by a gale, forcing the Brill back to Hellevoetsluis on 21/31 October  William refused to go ashore and the fleet reassembled, having lost only one ship but nearly a thousand horses; press reports deliberately exaggerated the damage and claimed the expedition might be postponed until next spring  Dartmouth and his senior commanders considered taking advantage of this by blockading Hellevoetsluis, then decided against it, partly because the stormy weather made it dangerous but also because they could not rely on their men William replaced his losses and departed when the wind changed on 1/11 November, this time heading for Harwich where Bentinck had prepared a landing site  It has been suggested this was a feint to divert some of Dartmouth's ships north, which proved to be the case and when the wind shifted again, the Dutch armada sailed south into the Strait of Dover  In doing so, they twice passed the English fleet, which was unable to intercept because of the adverse winds and tides 

On 3/13 November, the invasion fleet entered the English Channel in an enormous formation 25 ships deep, the troops lined up on deck, firing musket volleys, colours flying and military bands playing  Intended to awe observers with its size and power, Rapin de Thoyras later described it as "the most magnificent and affecting spectacle   ever seen by human eyes"  The same wind blowing the Dutch down the Channel kept Dartmouth confined in the Thames estuary; by the time he was able to make his way out, he was too far behind to stop William reaching Torbay on 5 November As anticipated, the French fleet remained in the Mediterranean, in order to support an attack on the Papal States if needed, while a south-westerly gale now forced Dartmouth to shelter in Portsmouth harbour and kept him there for two days, allowing William to complete his disembarkation undisturbed  The regular Dutch troops amounted to 14,000-15,000 men, consisting of around 11,000 infantry, including nearly 5,000 members of the elite Anglo-Scots Brigade and Dutch Blue Guards, 3,660 cavalry and an artillery train of twenty-one 24-pounder cannon Some 5,000 volunteers, consisting of British exiles and Huguenots, also accompanied the fleet, making a total army of over 20,000 men   William brought these volunteers along to accelerate English army reforms, because they could replace the soldiers who were loyal to James  William brought weapons to equip another 20,000 men, although the subsequent and rapid collapse of James's army meant the 12,000 local volunteers who joined by 20 November were eventually dismissed 

The collapse of James's rule
Panicked by the prospect of invasion, James met with the bishops on 28 September, offering concessions; five days later they presented demands, which included restoring the religious position to that prevailing in February 1685, along with free elections for a new Parliament  Although they hoped this would allow James to remain king, in reality there was little chance of this, since at a minimum he would have to disinherit his son, enforce the Test Acts, and accept the supremacy of Parliament, all of which were unacceptable  In addition, by now his Whig opponents did not trust him to keep his promises, while Tories like Danby were too committed to William to escape punishment Although his veteran force had the capability of defeating the largely untested recruits of the Royal Army, William and his English supporters preferred to avoid bloodshed and allow the regime to collapse on its own  Landing in Torbay provided space and time for this, while heavy rainfall forced a slow advance regardless and to avoid alienating the local population by looting, his troops were well supplied and paid three months in advance  On 9 November, he entered Exeter and issued a proclamation stating his objectives were only to secure the rights of his wife and a free Parliament  There was little enthusiasm for either James or William and the general mood was one of confusion and distrust  After Danby had the Declaration publicly read in York on 12 November, much of the northern gentry confirmed their backing and the document was widely distributed On 19 November, James joined his main force of 19,000 at Salisbury, but it soon became apparent his army was not eager to fight and the loyalty of his commanders was doubtful  Three regiments sent out on 15 November to make contact with William promptly defected, while supply problems left the rest short of food and ammunition  On 20 November, dragoons led by Irish Catholic Patrick Sarsfield clashed with Williamite scouts at Wincanton; along with a minor skirmish at Reading on 9 December, also featuring Sarsfield, these were the only substantial military actions of the campaign  After securing his rear by taking Plymouth on 18 November, William began his advance on 21 November, while Danby and Belasyse captured York and Hull several days later 

James's commander Feversham and other senior officers advised retreat  Lacking information on William's movements, unable to rely on his own soldiers, worn out by lack of sleep and debilitating nose-bleeds, on 23 November James agreed  Next day Churchill, Grafton and Princess Anne's husband George deserted to William, followed by Anne herself on 26 November  The next day, James held a meeting at Whitehall Palace with those peers still in London; with the exception of Melfort, Perth and other Catholics, they urged him to issue writs for a Parliamentary election and negotiate with William On 8 December, Halifax, Nottingham and Godolphin met with William at Hungerford to hear his demands, which included the dismissal of Catholics from public office and funding for his army  Many viewed these as a reasonable basis for a settlement but James decided to flee the country, convinced by Melfort and others that his life was threatened – a suggestion generally dismissed by historians  William made it clear he would not allow James to be harmed, most Tories wanted him to retain his throne, while the Whigs simply wanted to drive him out of the country by imposing conditions he would refuse The Queen and Prince of Wales left for France on 9 December, James following separately on 10 December  Accompanied only by Edward Hales and Ralph Sheldon, he made his way to Faversham in Kent seeking passage to France, first dropping the Great Seal in the River Thames in a last-ditch attempt to prevent Parliament being summoned  In London, his flight and rumours of a "Papist" invasion led to riots and destruction of Catholic property, which quickly spread throughout the country  To fill the power vacuum, the Earl of Rochester set up a temporary government including members of the Privy Council and City of London authorities, but it took them two days to restore order 

When news arrived James had been captured in Faversham on 11 December by local fishermen, Lord Ailesbury, one of his personal attendants, was sent to escort him back to London  On entering the city on 16 December, he was welcomed by cheering crowds  By making it seem that James remained in control, Tory loyalists hoped for a settlement which would leave them in government  To create an appearance of normality, he heard Mass and presided over a meeting of the Privy Council  James made it clear to the French ambassador Paul Barillon that he still intended to escape to France  His few remaining supporters viewed his flight as cowardice, and a failure to ensure law and order criminally negligent Happy to help him into exile, William recommended he relocate to Ham, largely because it was easy to escape from  James suggested Rochester instead, allegedly because his personal guard was there, in reality conveniently positioned for a ship to France  On 18 December, he left London with a Dutch escort as William entered, cheered by the same crowds who greeted his predecessor two days before  On 22 December, Berwick arrived in Rochester with blank passports allowing them to leave England, while his guards were told that if James wanted to leave, "they should not prevent him, but allow him to gently slip through"  Although Ailesbury and others begged him to stay, he left for France on 23 December 

The revolutionary settlement
James's departure significantly shifted the balance of power in favour of William, who took control of the provisional government on 28 December  He was now master of England and in control of the country's army, navy, and finances  Elections were held in early January for a Convention Parliament, which assembled on 22 January  The Whigs had a slight majority in the Commons and the Lords was dominated by the Tories, but both were led by moderates  Archbishop Sancroft and other Stuart loyalists wanted to preserve the line of succession; they recognised keeping James on the throne was no longer possible, so they preferred Mary either be appointed his regent or sole monarch The next two weeks were spent debating how to resolve this issue, much to the annoyance of William, who needed a swift resolution; the situation in Ireland was rapidly deteriorating, while the French had over-run large parts of the Rhineland and were preparing to attack the Dutch  At a meeting with Danby and Halifax on 3 February, he announced his intention to return home if the Convention did not appoint him joint monarch; Mary let it be known she would only rule jointly with her husband  Faced with this ultimatum, on 6 February Parliament declared that in deserting his people James had abdicated and thus vacated the Crown, which was therefore offered jointly to William and Mary Historian Tim Harris argues the most radical act of the 1688 Revolution was breaking the succession and establishing the idea of a "contract" between ruler and people, a fundamental rebuttal of the Stuart ideology of divine right  While this was a victory for the Whigs, other pieces of legislation were proposed by the Tories, often with moderate Whig support, designed to protect the Anglican establishment from being undermined by future monarchs, including the Calvinist William  The Declaration of Right was a tactical compromise, setting out where James had failed and establishing the rights of English citizens, without agreeing their cause or offering solutions  In December 1689, this was incorporated into the Bill of Rights 

However, there were two areas that arguably broke new constitutional ground, both responses to what were viewed as specific abuses by James  First, the Declaration of Right made keeping a standing army without Parliamentary consent illegal, overturning the 1661 and 1662 Militia Acts and vesting control of the military in Parliament, not the Crown  The second was the Coronation Oath Act 1688; the result of James's perceived failure to comply with that taken in 1685, it established obligations owed by the monarchy to the people At their coronation on 11 April, William and Mary swore to "govern the people of this kingdom of England, and the dominions thereunto belonging, according to the statutes in Parliament agreed on, and the laws and customs of the same"  They were also to maintain the Protestant Reformed faith and "preserve inviolable the settlement of the Church of England, and its doctrine, worship, discipline and government as by law established" 

Scotland and Ireland
While Scotland was not involved in the landing, by November 1688 only a tiny minority supported James  Many of those who accompanied William were Scots exiles, including Melville, the Duke of Argyll, his personal chaplain William Carstares and Gilbert Burnet  News of James's flight led to celebrations and anti-Catholic riots in Edinburgh and Glasgow  Most members of the Scottish Privy Council went to London  On 7 January 1689, they asked William to take over government  Elections were held in March for a Scottish Convention, which was also a contest between Presbyterians and Episcopalians for control of the Kirk  While only 50 of the 125 delegates were classed as Episcopalian, they were hopeful of victory since William supported the retention of bishops On 16 March a Letter from James was read out to the convention, demanding obedience and threatening punishment for non-compliance  Public anger at its tone meant some Episcopalians stopped attending the convention, claiming to fear for their safety and others changed sides  The 1689–1691 Jacobite Rising forced William to make concessions to the Presbyterians, ended Episcopacy in Scotland and excluded a significant portion of the political class  Many later returned to the Kirk but Non-Juring Episcopalianism was the key determinant of Jacobite support in 1715 and 1745 The English Parliament held that James 'abandoned' his throne  The Convention argued that he 'forfeited' it by his actions, as listed in the Articles of Grievances  On 11 April, the Convention ended James's reign and adopted the Articles of Grievances and the Claim of Right Act, making Parliament the primary legislative power in Scotland  On 11 May, William and Mary accepted the Crown of Scotland; after their acceptance, the Claim and the Articles were read aloud, leading to an immediate debate over whether or not an endorsement of these documents was implicit in that acceptance Under the 1542 Crown of Ireland Act, the English monarch was automatically king of Ireland as well  Tyrconnell had created a largely Roman Catholic army and administration which was reinforced in March 1689 when James landed in Ireland with French military support; it took the two years of fighting of the Williamite War in Ireland before the new regime controlled Ireland 

Anglo-Dutch alliance
Though he had carefully avoided making it public, William's main motive in organising the expedition had been the opportunity to bring England into an alliance against France  On 9 December 1688 he had already asked the States General to send a delegation of three to negotiate the conditions  On 18 February (Julian calendar) he asked the convention to support the Republic in its war against France  It refused, only consenting to pay £600,000 for the continued presence of the Dutch army in England  On 9 March (Gregorian calendar) the States General responded to Louis's earlier declaration of war by declaring war on France in return 
On 19 April (Julian calendar) the Dutch delegation signed a naval treaty with England  It stipulated that the combined Anglo-Dutch fleet would always be commanded by an Englishman, even when of lower rank  The Dutch agreed to this to make their dominance over the English army less painful for the British  William had after all placed several Dutch officers and officials in key positions in the English military organisation, in order to reorganise the English army according to the Dutch model  The treaty also specified that the two parties would contribute in the ratio of five English vessels against three Dutch vessels, meaning in practice that the Dutch navy in the future would be smaller than the English  The Navigation Acts were not repealed  On 18 May the new Parliament allowed William to declare war on France  On 9 September 1689 (Gregorian calendar), William as King of England joined the League of Augsburg against France 

The decline of the Dutch Republic
Having England as an ally meant that the military situation of the Republic was strongly improved, but this very fact induced William to be uncompromising in his position towards France  This policy led to a large number of very expensive campaigns which were largely paid for with Dutch funds  In 1712 the Republic was financially exhausted and was forced to let its fleet deteriorate, making what was by then the Kingdom of Great Britain the dominant maritime power of the world The Dutch economy, already burdened by the high national debt and concomitant high taxation, suffered from the other European states' protectionist policies, which its weakened fleet was no longer able to resist  To make matters worse, the main Dutch trading and banking houses moved much of their activity from Amsterdam to London after 1688  Between 1688 and 1720, world trade dominance shifted from the Republic to Britain 

Assessment and historiography
While the 1688 revolution was labeled "Glorious" by Protestant preachers two decades later, its historiography is complex, and its assessment disputed  Thomas Macaulay's account of the Revolution in The History of England from the Accession of James the Second exemplifies the "Whig history" narrative of the Revolution as a largely consensual and bloodless triumph of English common sense, confirming and strengthening its institutions of tempered popular liberty and limited monarchy



ground_truth: Metro Manila

prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: Who was the last monarch of England to be overthrown before The English General Election, 1690?

The following are given passages.
Context 3:  Edmund Burke set the tone for that interpretation when he proclaimed: "The Revolution was made to preserve our ancient indisputable laws and liberties, and that ancient constitution of government which is our only security for law and liberty "An alternative narrative emphasizes William's successful foreign invasion from the Netherlands, and the size of the corresponding military operation  Several researchers have emphasized that aspect, particularly after the third centenary of the event in 1988  The historian J  R  Jones suggested that the invasion "should be seen     as the first and arguably the only decisive phase of the Nine Years' War " The invasion story is unusual because the establishment of a constitutional monarchy (a de facto republic, see Coronation Oath Act 1688) and Bill of Rights meant that the apparently invading monarchs, legitimate heirs to the throne, were prepared to govern with the English Parliament  It is difficult to classify the entire proceedings of 1687–1689 but it can be seen that the events occurred in three parts: conspiracy, invasion by Dutch forces, and "Glorious Revolution" It has been argued that the invasion aspect had been downplayed as a result of British pride and effective Dutch propaganda, trying to depict the course of events as a largely internal English affair  As the invitation was initiated by figures who had little influence, the legacy of the Glorious Revolution has been described as a successful propaganda act by William to cover up and justify his invasion  The claim that William was fighting for the Protestant cause in England was used to great effect to disguise the military, cultural and political impact that the Dutch regime had on England 
A third version, proposed by Steven Pincus, underplays the invasion aspect but unlike the Whig narrative views the Revolution as a divisive and violent event that involved all classes of the English population, not just the main aristocratic protagonists  Pincus argues that his interpretation echoes the widely held view of the Revolution in its aftermath, starting with its revolutionary labelling  Pincus argues that it was momentous especially when looking at the alternative that James was trying to enact – a powerful centralised autocratic state, using French-style "state-building"  England's role in Europe and the country's political economy in the 17th century rebuts the view of many late-20th-century historians that nothing revolutionary occurred during the Glorious Revolution of 1688–89  Pincus says it was not a placid turn of events In diplomacy and economics William III transformed the English state's ideology and policies  This occurred not because William III was an outsider who inflicted foreign notions on England but because foreign affairs and political economy were at the core of the English revolutionaries' agenda  The revolution of 1688–89 cannot be fathomed in isolation  It would have been inconceivable without the changes resulting from the events of the 1640s and 1650s  The ideas accompanying the Glorious Revolution were rooted in the mid-century upheavals  The 17th century was a century of revolution in England, deserving of the same scholarly attention that 'modern' revolutions attract James II tried building a powerful militarised state on the mercantilist assumption that the world's wealth was necessarily finite and empires were created by taking land from other states  The East India Company was thus an ideal tool to create a vast new English imperial dominion by warring with the Dutch and the Mughal Empire in India  After 1689 came an alternative understanding of economics, which saw Britain as a commercial rather than an agrarian society  It led to the foundation of the Bank of England, the creation of Europe's first widely circulating credit currency and the commencement of the "Age of Projectors"  This subsequently gave weight to the view, advocated most famously by Adam Smith in 1776, that wealth was created by human endeavour and was thus potentially infinite 

Impact
As a coup, albeit largely bloodless, its legitimacy rests in the will expressed separately by the Scottish and English Parliaments according to their respective legal processes  On this point, the Earl of Shaftesbury declared in 1689, "The Parliament of England is that supreme and absolute power, which gives life and motion to the English government"  The Revolution established the primacy of parliamentary sovereignty, a principle still relevant in consultation with the 15 Commonwealth realms regarding succession issues  The Bill of Rights 1689 formally established a system of constitutional monarchy and ended moves towards absolute monarchy by restricting the power of the monarch, who could no longer suspend laws, levy taxes, make royal appointments or maintain a standing army during peacetime without Parliament's consent  The British Army remains the military arm of Parliament, not the monarch, although the Crown is the source of all military executive authority Unlike the 1638 to 1651 Wars of the Three Kingdoms, most ordinary people in England and Scotland were relatively untouched by the "Glorious Revolution", the majority of the bloodshed taking place in Ireland  As a consequence, some historians suggest that in England at least it more closely resembles a coup d'état, rather than a social upheaval such as the French Revolution  This view is consistent with the original meaning of "revolution" as a circular process under which an old system of values is restored to its original position, with England's supposed "ancient constitution" being reasserted, rather than formed anew  Contemporary English political thought, as expressed in John Locke's then popular social contract theory, linked to George Buchanan's view of the contractual agreement between the monarch and their subjects, an argument used by the Scottish Parliament as justification for the Claim of Right 
Under the Coronation Oath Act 1688, William had sworn to maintain the primacy of the Church of England, which both his native Dutch Reformed Church and the Church of Scotland viewed as ideologically suspect in both doctrine and use of bishops  This required a certain degree of religious flexibility on his part, especially as he needed to placate his Catholic allies, Spain and Emperor Leopold  Despite promising legal toleration for Catholics in his Declaration of October 1688, William failed due to domestic opposition  The Act of Toleration 1689 granted relief to Nonconformists but Catholic emancipation would be delayed until 1829 The Williamite War in Ireland can be seen as the source of later ethno-religious conflict, including The Troubles of the twentieth century  The Williamite victory in Ireland is still commemorated by the Orange Order for preserving British and Protestant supremacy in the country  In North America, the Glorious Revolution precipitated the 1689 Boston revolt in which a well-organised "mob" of provincial militia and citizens deposed the hated governor Edmund Andros  In New York, Leisler's Rebellion caused the colonial administrator, Francis Nicholson, to flee to England  A third event, Maryland's Protestant Rebellion was directed against the proprietary government, seen as Catholic-dominated  A series of events in Pennsylvania saw William Penn's Quaker-dominated proprietary government challenged by liberal elements while he was temporarily detained in England due to his well established loyalty to James and the former King Charles (James' brother)  Charles awarded Pennsylvania to Penn for his support during the Restoration  Penn was in England during the Revolution disputing a competing claim for what is now Delaware 

Footnotes
Citations
Sources
Further reading
Ashley, Maurice (1966)  The Glorious Revolution of 1688  Hodder & Stoughton 
Cruickshanks, Eveline (2000)  The Glorious Revolution (British History in Perspective)  Palgrave Macmillan  ISBN 978-0-312-23009-8  OL 9818099M 
DeKrey, Gary S  (2007)  Restoration and Revolution in Britain: A Political History of the Era of Charles II and the Glorious Revolution  Palgrave Macmillan  ISBN 978-0-333-65103-2 
Glassey, Lionel K  J , ed  (1997)  The Reigns of Charles II and James VII and II  ISBN 978-0-333-62500-2 
Hamowy, Ronald (2008)  "Glorious Revolution"  The Encyclopedia of Libertarianism  Thousand Oaks, California: SAGE; Cato Institute  pp  208–211  doi:10 4135/9781412965811 n125  ISBN 978-1-4129-6580-4  LCCN 2008009151  OCLC 750831024 
MacCubbin, R  P ; Hamilton-Phillips, M , eds  (1988)  The Age of William III and Mary II: Power, Politics and Patronage, 1688–1702  College of William and Mary in Virginia  ISBN 978-0-9622081-0-2 
McCaffrey, Carmel (2006)  In Search of Ireland's Heroes  Ivan R Dee  ISBN 978-1-56663-615-5  OL 8670276M 
Miller, John (1997)  The Glorious Revolution (2 ed )  ISBN 978-0-582-29222-2 
Ogg, David (1956)  William III  ISBN 978-0-758-18954-7  OL 13525080M 
Onnekink, David (2007)  The Anglo-Dutch Favourite: The Career of Hans Willem Bentinck, 1st Earl of Portland (1649–1709)  Ashgate Publishing  ISBN 978-0-7546-5545-9 
Pincus, Steven C  A  (2005)  England's Glorious Revolution 1688–1689: A Brief History with Documents  Bedford/St  Martin's  ISBN 978-0-312-16714-1  OL 24936969M 
Prall, Stuart (1972)  The Bloodless Revolution: England, 1688  Anchor Books  OCLC 644932859 
Vallance, Edward (2006)  The Glorious Revolution: 1688 – Britain's Fight for Liberty  Brown Little  ISBN 978-1-933648-24-8 

External links

Weiss, B  (2014)  "Medals of the Glorious Revolution: The Influence of Catholic-Protestant Antagonism" (PDF)  ANS Magazine  Vol  13, no  1  New York: American Numismatic Society  pp  6–23  Archived (PDF) from the original on 19 December 2014 
Glorious Revolution on In Our Time at the BBC
"Charles II (1630–1685)"  BBC History  Retrieved 15 August 2010 
"English Revolution of 1688"  Catholic Encyclopedia 
The Civil War team, presented by Tristram Hunt (7 January 2001)  "Aftershocks – The Glorious Revolution"  open2 net (BBC & Open University) 
Quinn, Stephen (17 April 2003)  "The Glorious Revolution of 1688"   In Whaples, Robert (ed )  EH Net Encyclopedia 
Royal Household at Buckingham Palace, ed  (2008–2009)  "History of the Monarchy >United Kingdom Monarchs (1603–present) >The Stuarts >Mary II, William III and The Act of Settlement > William III (r  1689–1702) and Mary II (r  1689–1694)"  Official web site of the British Monarchy 
Wilkes, Donald E  Jr ; Kramer, Matthew  "The Glorious Revolution of 1688"  Retrieved 15 August 2010 
Passage 9:
Samuel Manetoali
Samuel Manetoali (born 24 January 1969) is a member of the National Parliament of the Solomon Islands  He represents the Gao/Bugotu constituency in Isabel Province 

Early life and education
Manetoali attended Lepi Primary School and then went on to do his secondary education at King George Sixth National School in Honiara  He attended law school at the University of Papua New Guinea and graduated with an LLB degree and further unspecified qualifications from the University of Tasmania and University of South Australia 

Career
Prior to entering politics, Manetoali worked in the country's Public Solicitors Office, as a private lawyer, and a legal adviser to the Isabel Provincial Government 
He first entered parliament in the 2006 general election and re-elected in the 2010 general election  He served as the Solomon Islands' Minister of Police, National Security and Correctional Services in Prime Minister Derek Sikua's Cabinet until May 2009, when he was transferred to the position of Minister for Lands, Survey, and Housing Following the 2010 general election, he remained in Cabinet, under new Prime Minister Danny Philip, as Minister for Tourism and Culture  In the 2014 general election, he ran as an independent candidate and was re-elected for a third term in a landslide He was re-elected as a Member of Parliament in the 2019 general election for Gao/Bugotu, representing the Kadere Party 
Passage 10:
English general election, 1681
The 1681 English general election returned members to the last parliament of Charles II   Dubbed the Oxford Parliament, the body elected sat for one week from 21 March 1681 until 28 March 1681  Party strengths are an approximation, with many MPs' allegiances being unknown 



ground_truth: King James II of England