prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: Havelock Ellis and Arnold Bennett were both what?

The following are given passages.
Context 1: Passage 1:
Arnold Bennett
Enoch Arnold Bennett (27 May 1867 – 27 March 1931) was an English author, best known as a novelist who wrote prolifically  Between the 1890s and the 1930s he completed 34 novels, seven volumes of short stories, 13 plays (some in collaboration with other writers), and a daily journal totalling more than a million words  He wrote articles and stories for more than 100 newspapers and periodicals, worked in and briefly ran the Ministry of Information in the First World War, and wrote for the cinema in the 1920s  Sales of his books were substantial and he was the most financially successful British author of his day 
Born into a modest but upwardly mobile family in Hanley, in the Staffordshire Potteries, Bennett was intended by his father, a solicitor, to follow him into the legal profession  Bennett worked for his father, before moving to another law firm in London as a clerk, aged 21  He became assistant editor and then editor of a women's magazine, before becoming a full-time author in 1900  Always a devotee of French culture in general and French literature in particular, he moved to Paris in 1903; there the relaxed milieu helped him overcome his intense shyness, particularly with women  He spent ten years in France, marrying a Frenchwoman in 1907  In 1912 he moved back to England  He and his wife separated in 1921 and he spent the last years of his life with a new partner, an English actress  He died in 1931 of typhoid fever, having unwisely drunk tap-water in France 
Many of Bennett's novels and short stories are set in a fictionalised version of the Staffordshire Potteries, which he called The Five Towns  He strongly believed that literature should be accessible to ordinary people, and he deplored literary cliques and élites  His books appealed to a wide public and sold in large numbers  For this reason, and for his adherence to realism, writers and supporters of the modernist school, notably Virginia Woolf, belittled him, and his fiction became neglected after his death  During his lifetime his journalistic "self-help" books sold in substantial numbers, and he was also a playwright; he did less well in the theatre than with novels, but achieved two considerable successes with Milestones (1912) and The Great Adventure (1913) 
Studies by Margaret Drabble (1974), John Carey (1992) and others have led to a re-evaluation of Bennett's work  His finest novels, including Anna of the Five Towns (1902), The Old Wives' Tale (1908), Clayhanger (1910) and Riceyman Steps (1923), are now widely recognised as major works 

Life and career
Early years
Arnold Bennett was born on 27 May 1867 in Hanley, Staffordshire, now part of Stoke-on-Trent but then a separate town  He was the eldest child of the three sons and three daughters of Enoch Bennett (1843–1902) and his wife Sarah Ann, née Longson (1840–1914)  Enoch Bennett's early career had been one of mixed fortunes: after an unsuccessful attempt to run a business making and selling pottery, he set up as a draper and pawnbroker in 1866  Four years later Enoch's father died, leaving him some money with which he articled himself to a local law firm; in 1876 he qualified as a solicitor  The Bennetts were staunch Wesleyans, musical, cultured and sociable  Enoch Bennett had an authoritarian side, but it was a happy household, although a mobile one: as Enoch's success as a solicitor increased, the family moved, within the space of five years in the late 1870s and early 1880s, to four different houses in Hanley and the neighbouring Burslem From 1877 to 1882, Bennett's schooling was at the Wedgwood Institute, Burslem, followed by a year at a grammar school in Newcastle-under-Lyme  He was good at Latin and better at French; he had an inspirational headmaster who gave him a love for French literature and the French language that lasted all his life  He did well academically and passed Cambridge University examinations that could have led to an Oxbridge education, but his father had other plans  In 1883, aged 16, Bennett left school and began work – unpaid – in his father's office  He divided his time between uncongenial jobs, such as rent collecting, during the day, and studying for examinations in the evening  He began writing in a modest way, contributing light pieces to the local newspaper  He became adept in Pitman's shorthand, a skill much sought after in commercial offices, and on the strength of that he secured a post as a clerk at a firm of solicitors in Lincoln's Inn Fields, London  In March 1889, aged 21, he left for London and never returned to live in his native county 

First years in London
In the solicitors' office in London, Bennett became friendly with a young colleague, John Eland, who had a passion for books  Eland's friendship helped alleviate Bennett's innate shyness, which was exacerbated by a lifelong stammer  Together they explored the world of literature  Among the writers who impressed and influenced Bennett were George Moore, Émile Zola, Honoré de Balzac, Guy de Maupassant, Gustave Flaubert and Ivan Turgenev  He continued his own writing, and won a prize of twenty guineas from Tit-Bits in 1893 for his story 'The Artist's Model'; another short story, 'A Letter Home', was submitted successfully to The Yellow Book, where it featured in 1895 alongside contributions from Henry James and other well-known writers In 1894 Bennett resigned from the law firm and became assistant editor of the magazine Woman  The salary, £150 a year, was £50 less than he was earning as a clerk, but the post left him much more free time to write his first novel  For the magazine he wrote under a range of female pen-names such as "Barbara" and "Cecile"  As his biographer Margaret Drabble puts it:

The informal office life of the magazine suited Bennett, not least because it brought him into lively female company, and he began to be a little more relaxed with young women  He continued work on his novel and wrote short stories and articles  He was modest about his literary talent: he wrote to a friend, "I have no inward assurance that I could ever do anything more than mediocre viewed strictly as art – very mediocre", but he knew he could "turn out things which would be read with zest, & about which the man in the street would say to friends 'Have you read so & so in the What-is-it?'" He was happy to write for popular journals like Hearth and Home or for the highbrow The Academy His debut novel, A Man from the North, completed in 1896, was published two years later, by John Lane, whose reader, John Buchan, recommended it for publication  It elicited a letter of praise from Joseph Conrad and was well and widely reviewed, but Bennett's profits from the sale of the book were less than the cost of having it typed In 1896 Bennett was promoted to be editor of Woman; by then he had set his sights on a career as a full-time author, but he served as editor for four years  During that time he wrote two popular books, described by the critic John Lucas as "pot-boilers": Journalism for Women (1898) and Polite Farces for the Drawing Room (1899)  He also began work on a second novel, Anna of the Five Towns, the five towns being Bennett's lightly fictionalised version of the Staffordshire Potteries, where he grew up 

Freelance; Paris
In 1900 Bennett resigned his post at Woman, and left London to set up house at Trinity Hall Farm, near the village of Hockliffe in Bedfordshire, where he made a home not only for himself but for his parents and younger sister  He completed Anna of the Five Towns in 1901; it was published the following year, as was its successor, The Grand Babylon Hotel  The latter, an extravagant story of crime in high society, sold 50,000 copies in hardback and was almost immediately translated into four languages  By this stage he was confident enough in his abilities to tell a friend:

In January 1902 Enoch Bennett died, after a decline into dementia  His widow chose to move back to Burslem, and Bennett's sister married shortly afterwards  With no dependants, Bennett − always a devotee of French culture − decided to move to Paris; he took up residence there in March 1903  Biographers have speculated on his precise reasons for doing so   Drabble suggests that perhaps "he was hoping for some kind of liberation  He was thirty-five and unmarried"; Lucas writes that it was almost certainly Bennett's desire to be recognised as a serious artist that prompted his move; according to his friend and colleague Frank Swinnerton, Bennett was following in the footsteps of George Moore by going to live in "the home of modern realism"; in the view of the biographer Reginald Pound it was "to begin his career as a man of the world"  The 9th arrondissement of Paris was Bennett's home for the next five years, first in the rue de Calais, near the Place Pigalle, and then the more upmarket rue d'Aumale Life in Paris evidently helped Bennett overcome much of his remaining shyness with women  His journals for his early months in Paris mention a young woman identified as "C" or "Chichi", who was a chorus girl; the journals – or at least the cautiously selected extracts published since his death – do not record the precise nature of the relationship, but the two spent a considerable amount of time together In a restaurant where he dined frequently a trivial incident in 1903 gave Bennett the germ of an idea for the novel generally regarded as his masterpiece  A grotesque old woman came in and caused a fuss; the beautiful young waitress laughed at her, and Bennett was struck by the thought that the old woman had once been as young and lovely as the waitress  From this grew the story of two contrasting sisters in The Old Wives' Tale  He did not begin work on that novel until 1907, before which he wrote ten others, some "sadly undistinguished", in the view of his biographer Kenneth Young  Throughout his career, Bennett interspersed his best novels with some that his biographers and others have labelled pot-boilers 

Marriage; Fontainebleau and US visit
In 1905 Bennett became engaged to Eleanor Green, a member of an eccentric and capricious American family living in Paris, but at the last moment, after the wedding invitations had been sent out, she broke off the engagement and almost immediately married a fellow American  Drabble comments that Bennett was well rid of her, but it was a painful episode in his life  In early 1907 he met Marguerite Soulié (1874–1960), who soon became first a friend and then a lover  In May he was taken ill with a severe gastric complaint, and Marguerite moved into his flat to look after him  They became still closer, and in July 1907, shortly after his fortieth birthday, they were married at the Mairie of the 9th arrondissement  The marriage was childless  Early in 1908 the couple moved from the rue d'Aumale to the Villa des Néfliers in Fontainebleau-Avon, about 40 miles (64 km) south-east of Paris Lucas comments that the best of the novels written while in France – Whom God Hath Joined (1906), The Old Wives' Tale (1908), and Clayhanger (1910) – "justly established Bennett as a major exponent of realistic fiction"  In addition to these, Bennett published lighter novels such as The Card (1911)  His output of literary journalism included articles for T  P  O'Connor's T  P 's Weekly and the left-wing The New Age; his pieces for the latter, published under a pen-name, were concise literary essays aimed at "the general cultivated reader", a form taken up by a later generation of writers including J  B  Priestley and V  S  Pritchett In 1911 Bennett made a financially rewarding visit to the US, which he later recorded in his 1912 book Those United States  Crossing the Atlantic aboard the Lusitania, he visited not only New York and Boston but also Chicago, Indianapolis, Washington and Philadelphia in a tour that was described by US publisher George Doran as "one of continuous triumph": in the first three days of his stay in New York he was interviewed 26 times by journalists  While rival E P  Dutton had secured rights to such Bennett novels as Hilda Lessways and the Card (retitled Denry the Audacious), Doran, who travelled everywhere with Bennett while in America, was the publisher of Bennett’s wildly successful ‘pocket philosophies’ How to Live on Twenty-Four Hours a Day and Mental Efficiency  Of these books the influential critic Willard Huntington Wright wrote that Bennett had "turned preacher and a jolly good preacher he is"  While in the US Bennett also sold the serial rights of his forthcoming novel, The Price of Love (1913–14), to Harpers for £2,000, eight essays to Metropolitan magazine for a total of  £1,200, and the American rights of a successor to Clayhanger for £3,000 During his ten years in France he had gone from a moderately well-known writer enjoying modest sales to outstanding success  Swinnerton comments that in addition to his large sales, Bennett's critical prestige was at its zenith 

Return to England
In 1912, after an extended stay at the Hotel Californie in Cannes, during which time he wrote The Regent, a light-hearted sequel to The Card, Bennett and his wife moved from France to England  Initially they lived in Putney, but "determined to become an English country landowner", he bought Comarques, an early-18th-century country house at Thorpe-le-Soken, Essex, and moved there in February 1913  Among his early concerns, once back in England, was to succeed as a playwright  He had dabbled previously but his inexperience showed  The Times thought his 1911 comedy The Honeymoon, staged in the West End with a starry cast, had "one of the most amusing first acts we have ever seen", but fell flat in the other two acts  In the same year Bennett met the playwright Edward Knoblauch (later Knoblock) and they collaborated on Milestones, the story of the generations of a family seen in 1860, 1885 and 1912  The combination of Bennett's narrative gift and Knoblauch's practical experience proved a success  The play was strongly cast, received highly favourable notices, ran for more than 600 performances in London and over 200 in New York, and made Bennett a great deal of money  His next play, The Great Adventure (1913), a stage version of his novel Buried Alive (1908), was similarly successful Bennett's attitude to the First World War was that British politicians had been at fault in failing to prevent it, but that once it had become inevitable it was right that Britain should join its allies against the Germans  He concentrated his attention on journalism, aiming to inform and encourage the public in Britain and allied and neutral countries  He served on official and unofficial committees, and in 1915 he was invited to visit France to see conditions at the front and write about them for readers at home  The collected impressions appeared in a book called Over There (1915)  He was still writing novels, however: These Twain, the third in his Clayhanger trilogy, was published in 1916 and in 1917 he completed a sequel, The Roll Call, which ends with its hero, George Cannon, enlisting in the army  Wartime London was the setting for Bennett's The Pretty Lady (1918), about a high-class French cocotte: although well reviewed, because of its subject-matter the novel provoked "a Hades of a row" and some booksellers refused to sell it When Lord Beaverbrook became Minister of Information in February 1918 he appointed Bennett to take charge of propaganda in France  Beaverbrook fell ill in October 1918 and made Bennett director of propaganda, in charge of the whole ministry for the last weeks of the war  At the end of 1918 Bennett was offered, but declined, a knighthood in the new Order of the British Empire instituted by George V  The offer was renewed some time later, and again Bennett refused it  One of his closest associates at the time suspected that he was privately hoping for the more prestigious Order of Merit As the war was ending, Bennett returned to his theatrical interests, although not primarily as a playwright  In November 1918 he became chairman, with Nigel Playfair as managing director, of the Lyric Theatre, Hammersmith  Among their productions were Abraham Lincoln by John Drinkwater, and The Beggar's Opera, which, in Swinnerton's phrase, "caught different moods of the post-war spirit", and ran for 466 and 1,463 performances respectively 

Last years
In 1921 Bennett and his wife legally separated  They had been drifting apart for some years and Marguerite had taken up with Pierre Legros, a young French lecturer  Bennett sold Comarques and lived in London for the rest of his life, first in a flat near Bond Street in the West End, on which he had taken a lease during the war  For much of the 1920s he was widely known to be the highest-paid literary journalist in England, contributing a weekly column to Beaverbrook's Evening Standard under the title 'Books and Persons'; according to Frank Swinnerton these articles were "extraordinarily successful and influential     and made a number of new reputations"  By the end of his career, Bennett had contributed to more than 100 newspapers, magazines and other publications  He continued to write novels and plays as assiduously as before the war Swinnerton writes, "Endless social engagements; inexhaustible patronage of musicians, actors, poets, and painters; the maximum of benevolence to friends and strangers alike, marked the last ten years of his life"  Hugh Walpole, James Agate and Osbert Sitwell were among those who testified to Bennett's generosity  Sitwell recalled a letter Bennett wrote in the 1920s:

In 1922 Bennett met and fell in love with an actress, Dorothy Cheston (1891–1977)  Together they set up home in Cadogan Square, where they stayed until moving in 1930 to Chiltern Court, Baker Street  As Marguerite would not agree to a divorce, Bennett was unable to marry Dorothy, and in September 1928, having become pregnant, she changed her name by deed poll to Dorothy Cheston Bennett  The following April she gave birth to the couple's only child, Virginia Mary (1929–2003)  She continued to appear as an actress, and produced and starred in a revival of Milestones which was well reviewed, but had only a moderate run  Bennett had mixed feelings about her continuing stage career, but did not seek to stop it During a holiday in France with Dorothy in January 1931, Bennett twice drank tap-water – not, at the time, a safe thing to do there  On his return home he was taken ill; influenza was diagnosed at first, but the illness was typhoid fever; after several weeks of unsuccessful treatment he died in his flat at Chiltern Court on 27 March 1931, aged 63 Bennett was cremated at Golders Green Crematorium and his ashes were interred in Burslem Cemetery in his mother's grave  A memorial service was held on 31 March 1931 at St Clement Danes, London, attended by leading figures from journalism, literature, music, politics and theatre, and, in Pound's words, many men and women who at the end of the service "walked out into a London that for them would never be the same again" 

Works
From the outset, Bennett believed in the "democratisation of art which it is surely the duty of the minority to undertake"  He admired some of the modernist writers of his time, but strongly disapproved of their conscious appeal to a small élite and their disdain for the general reader  Bennett believed that literature should be inclusive, accessible by ordinary people From the start of his career, Bennett was aware of the appeal of regional fiction  Anthony Trollope, George Eliot and Thomas Hardy had created and sustained their own locales, and Bennett did the same with his Five Towns, drawing on his experiences as a boy and young man  As a realistic writer he followed the examples of the authors he admired – above all George Moore, but also Balzac, Flaubert and Maupassant among French writers, and Dostoevsky, Turgenev and Tolstoy among Russians  In writing about the Five Towns Bennett aimed to portray the experiences of ordinary people coping with the norms and constraints of the communities in which they lived  J  B  Priestley considered that the next influence on Bennett's fiction was his time in London in the 1890s, "engaged in journalism and ingenious pot-boiling of various kinds" 

Novels and short stories
Bennett is remembered chiefly for his novels and short stories  The best known are set in, or feature people from, the six towns of the Potteries of his youth  He presented the region as "the Five Towns", which correspond closely with their originals: the real-life Burslem, Hanley, Longton, Stoke and Tunstall become Bennett's Bursley, Hanbridge, Longshaw, Knype and Turnhill  These "Five Towns" make their first appearance in Bennett's fiction in Anna of the Five Towns (1902) and are the setting for further novels including Leonora (1903), Whom God Hath Joined (1906), The Old Wives' Tale (1908) and the Clayhanger trilogy – Clayhanger (1910), Hilda Lessways (1911) and These Twain (1916) – as well as for dozens of short stories  Bennett's fiction portrays the Five Towns with what The Oxford Companion to English Literature calls "an ironic but affectionate detachment, describing provincial life and culture in documentary detail, and creating many memorable characters"  In later life Bennett said that the writer George Moore was "the father of all my Five Towns books" as it was reading Moore's 1885 novel A Mummer's Wife, set in the Potteries, that "opened my eyes to the romantic nature of the district I had blindly inhabited for over twenty years" It was not only locations on which Bennett drew for his fiction  Many of his characters are discernibly based on real people in his life  His Lincoln's Inn friend John Eland was a source for Mr Aked in Bennett's first novel, A Man from the North (1898); A Great Man (1903) contains a character with echoes of his Parisienne friend Chichi; Darius Clayhanger's early life is based on that of a family friend and Bennett himself is seen in Edwin in Clayhanger  He has been criticised for making literary use in that novel of the distressing details of his father's decline into senility, but in Pound's view, in committing the details to paper Bennett was unburdening himself of painful memories These Twain is Bennett's "last extended study of Five Towns life"  The novels he wrote in the 1920s are largely set in London and thereabouts: Riceyman Steps (1923), for instance, generally regarded as the best of Bennett's post-war novels, was set in Clerkenwell: it was awarded the James Tait Black novel prize for 1923, "the first prize for a book I ever had," Bennett noted in his journal on 18 October 1924  His Lord Raingo (1926), described by Dudley Barker as "one of the finest of political novels in the language", benefited from Bennett's own experience in the Ministry of Information and his subsequent friendship with Beaverbrook: John Lucas states that "As a study of what goes on in the corridors of power [Lord Raingo] has few equals"  And Bennett's final – and longest – novel, Imperial Palace (1930), is set in a grand London hotel reminiscent of the Savoy, whose directors assisted him in his preliminary research Bennett usually gave his novels subtitles; the most frequent was "A fantasia on modern themes", individual books were called "A frolic" or "A melodrama", but he was sparing with the label "A novel" which he used for only a few of his books – for instance Anna of the Five Towns, Leonora, Sacred and Profane Love, The Old Wives' Tale, The Pretty Lady (1918) and Riceyman Steps  Literary critics have followed Bennett in dividing his novels into groups  The literary scholar Kurt Koenigsberger proposes three categories  In the first are the long narratives – "freestanding, monumental artefacts" – Anna of the Five Towns, The Old Wives' Tale, Clayhanger and Riceyman Steps, which "have been held in high critical regard since their publication"  Koenigsberger writes that the "Fantasias" such as The Grand Babylon Hotel (1902), Teresa of Watling Street (1904) and The City of Pleasure (1907), have "mostly passed from public attention along with the 'modern' conditions they exploit"  His third group includes "Idyllic Diversions" or "Stories of Adventure", including Helen with the High Hand (1910), The Card (1911), and The Regent (1913), which "have sustained some enduring critical and popular interest, not least for their amusing treatment of cosmopolitanism and provinciality" Bennett published 96 short stories in seven volumes between 1905 and 1931  His ambivalence about his native town is vividly seen in "The Death of Simon Fuge" in the collection The Grim Smile of the Five Towns (1907), judged by Lucas the finest of all the stories  His chosen locations ranged widely, including Paris and Venice as well as London and the Five Towns  As with his novels, he would sometimes give a story a label, calling "The Matador of the Five Towns" (1912) "a tragedy" and "Jock-at-a-Venture" from the same collection "a frolic"  The short stories, particularly those in Tales of the Five Towns (1905), The Grim Smile of the Five Towns (1907), and The Matador of the Five Towns contain some of the most striking examples of Bennett's concern for realism, with an unflinching narrative focus on what Lucas calls "the drab, the squalid, and the mundane"  In 2010 and 2011 two further volumes of Bennett's hitherto uncollected short stories were published: they range from his earliest work written in the 1890s, some under the pseudonym Sarah Volatile, to US magazine commissions from the late 1920s 

Stage and screen
In 1931 the critic Graham Sutton, looking back at Bennett's career in the theatre, contrasted his achievements as a playwright with those as a novelist, suggesting that Bennett was a complete novelist but a not-entirely-complete dramatist  His plays were clearly those of a novelist: "He tends to lengthy speeches  Sometimes he overwrites a part, as though distrusting the actor  He is more interested in what his people are than in what they visibly do  He 'thinks nowt' of mere slickness of plot "
Bennett's lack of a theatrical grounding showed in the uneven construction of some of his plays, such as his 1911 comedy The Honeymoon, which played for 125 performances from October 1911  The highly successful Milestones was seen as impeccably constructed, but the credit for that was given to his craftsmanlike collaborator, Edward Knoblauch (Bennett being credited with the inventive flair of the piece)  By far his most successful solo effort in the theatre was The Great Adventure, based on his 1908 novel Buried Alive, which ran in the West End for 674 performances, from March 1913 to November 1914  Sutton praised its "new strain of impish and sardonic fantasy" and rated it a much finer play than Milestones After the First World War Bennett wrote two plays on metaphysical questions, Sacred and Profane Love (1919, adapted from his novel) and Body and Soul (1922), which made little impression  The Saturday Review praised the "shrewd wit" of the former, but thought it "false in its essentials     superficial in its accidentals"  Of the latter, the critic Horace Shipp wondered "how the author of Clayhanger and The Old Wives' Tale could write such third-rate stuff"  Bennett had more success in a final collaboration with Edward Knoblock (as Knoblauch had become during the war) with Mr Prohack (1927), a comedy based on his 1922 novel; one critic wrote "I could have enjoyed the play had it run to double its length", but even so he judged the middle act weaker than the outer two  Sutton concludes that Bennett's forte was character, but that the competence of his technique was variable  The plays are seldom revived, although some have been adapted for television Bennett wrote two opera libretti for the composer Eugene Goossens: Judith (one act, 1929) and Don Juan (four acts, produced in 1937 after the writer's death)  There were comments that Goossens's music lacked tunes and Bennett's libretti were too wordy and literary  The critic Ernest Newman defended both works, finding Bennett's libretto for Judith "a drama told simply and straightforwardly" and Don Juan "the best thing that English opera has so far produced … the most dramatic and stageworthy", but though politely received, both operas vanished from the repertory after a few performances Bennett took a keen interest in the cinema, and in 1920 wrote The Wedding Dress, a scenario for a silent movie, at the request of Jesse Lasky of the Famous Players film company  It was never made, though Bennett wrote a full-length treatment, assumed to be lost until his daughter Virginia found it in a drawer in her Paris home in 1983; subsequently the script was sold to the Potteries Museum and Art Gallery and was finally published in 2013  In 1928 Bennett wrote the  scenario for the silent film Piccadilly, directed by E  A  Dupont and starring Anna May Wong, described by the British Film Institute as "one of  the true greats of British silent films"  In 1929, the year the film came out, Bennett was in discussion with a young Alfred Hitchcock to script a silent film, Punch and Judy, which foundered on artistic disagreements and  Bennett's refusal to see the film as a "talkie" rather than silent  His original scenario, acquired by Pennsylvania State University, was published in the UK in 2012 

Journalism and self-help books
Bennett published more than two dozen non-fiction books, among which eight could be classified as "self-help": the most enduring is How to Live on 24 Hours a Day (1908), which is still in print and has been translated into several languages  Other "self-help" volumes include How to Become an Author (1903), The Reasonable Life (1907), Literary Taste: How to Form It (1909), The Human Machine (1908), Mental Efficiency (1911), The Plain Man and his Wife (1913), Self and Self-Management (1918) and How to Make the Best of Life (1923)  They were, says Swinnerton, "written for small fees and with a real desire to assist the ignorant"  According to the Harvard academic Beth Blum, these books "advance less scientific versions of the argument for mental discipline espoused by William James"  In his biography of Bennett Patrick Donovan argues that in the US "the huge appeal to the ordinary readers" of his self-help books "made his name stand out vividly from other English writers across the massive, fragmented American market " As Bennett put it to his London-based agent J  B  Pinker, these "pocket philosophies are just the sort of book for the American public"  However, How to Live on 24 Hours was aimed initially at "the legions of clerks and typists and other meanly paid workers caught up in the explosion of British office jobs around the turn of the century … they offered a strong message of hope from somebody who so well understood their lives" Bennett never lost his journalistic instincts, and throughout his life sought and responded to newspaper and magazine commissions with varying degrees of enthusiasm: "from the start of the 1890s right up to the week of his death there would never be a period when he was not churning out copy for newspapers and magazines"  In a journal entry at the end of 1908, for instance, he noted that he had written "over sixty newspaper articles" that year; in 1910 the figure was "probably about 80 other articles"  While living in Paris he was a regular contributor to T  P 's Weekly; later he reviewed for The New Age under the pseudonym Jacob Tonson and was associated with the New Statesman as not only a writer but also a director 

Journals
Inspired by the Journal des Goncourt, Bennett kept a journal throughout his adult life  Swinnerton says that it runs to a million words; it has not been published in full  Edited extracts were issued in three volumes, in 1932 and 1933  According to Hugh Walpole, the editor, Newman Flower, "was so appalled by much of what he found in the journals that he published only brief extracts, and those the safest"  Whatever Flower censored, the extracts he selected were not always "the safest": he let some defamatory remarks through, and in 1935 he, the publishers and printers had to pay an undisclosed sum to the plaintiff in one libel suit and £2,500 in another 

Critical reputation
Novels and short stories
The literary modernists of his day deplored Bennett's books, and those of his well-known contemporaries H  G  Wells and John Galsworthy  Of the three, Bennett drew the most opprobrium from modernists such as Virginia Woolf, Ezra Pound and Wyndham Lewis who regarded him as representative of an outmoded and rival literary culture  There was a strong element of class-consciousness and snobbery in the modernists' attitude: Woolf accused Bennett of having "a shopkeeper's view of literature" and in her essay "Mr Bennett and Mrs Brown" accused Bennett, Galsworthy and Wells of ushering in an "age when character disappeared or was mysteriously engulfed" In a 1963 study of Bennett, James Hepburn summed up and dissented from the prevailing views of the novels, listing three related evaluative positions taken individually or together by almost all Bennett's critics: that his Five Towns novels are generally superior to his other work, that he and his art declined after The Old Wives' Tale or Clayhanger, and that there is a sharp and clear distinction between the good and bad novels  Hepburn countered that one of the novels most frequently praised by literary critics is Riceyman Steps (1923) set in Clerkenwell, London, and dealing with material imagined rather than observed by the author  On the third point he commented that although received wisdom was that The Old Wives' Tale and Clayhanger are good and Sacred and Profane Love and Lillian are bad, there was little consensus about which other Bennett novels were good, bad or indifferent  He instanced The Pretty Lady (1918), on which critical opinion ranged from "cheap and sensational"     "sentimental melodrama" to "a great novel"  Lucas (2004) considers it "a much underrated study of England during the war years, especially in its sensitive feeling for the destructive frenzy that underlay much apparently good-hearted patriotism" In 1974 Margaret Drabble published Arnold Bennett, a literary biography  In the foreword she demurred at the critical dismissal of Bennett:

Writing in the 1990s the literary critic John Carey called for a reappraisal of Bennett in his book The Intellectuals and the Masses (1992):

In 2006 Koenigsberger commented that one reason why Bennett's novels had been sidelined, apart from "the exponents of modernism who recoiled from his democratising aesthetic programme", was his attitude to gender  His books include the pronouncements "the average man has more intellectual power than the average woman" and "women as a sex love to be dominated"; Koenigsberger nevertheless praises Bennett's "sensitive and oft-praised portrayals of female figures in his fiction" Lucas concludes his study with the comment that Bennett's realism may be limited by his cautious assumption that things are as they are and will not change  Nevertheless, in Lucas's view, successive generations of reader have admired Bennett's best work, and future generations are certain to do so 

Crime fiction
Bennett dabbled in crime fiction, in The Grand Babylon Hotel and The Loot of Cities (1905)  In Queen's Quorum (1951), a survey of crime fiction, Ellery Queen listed the latter among the 100 most important works in the genre  This collection of stories recounts the adventures of a millionaire who commits crimes to achieve his idealistic ends  Although it was "one of his least known works," it was nevertheless "of unusual interest, both as an example of Arnold Bennett's early work and as an early example of dilettante detectivism" 

Legacy
Arnold Bennett Society
The Society was founded in 1954 "to promote the study and appreciation of the life, works and times not only of Arnold Bennett himself but also of other provincial writers, with particular relationship to North Staffordshire"  In 2021 its president was Denis Eldin, Bennett's grandson; among the vice-presidents was Margaret Drabble In 2017 the society instituted an annual Arnold Bennett Prize as part of author's 150th anniversary celebrations, to be awarded to an author who was born, lives or works in North Staffordshire and has published a book in the relevant year, or to the author of a book which features the region  In 2017 John Lancaster won the award for his poetry collection Potters: A Division of Labour  Subsequent winners have been Jan Edwards for her novel Winter Downs (2018), Charlotte Higgins for Red Thread: On Mazes and Labyrinths (2019) and Lisa Blower for her story collection It's Gone Dark Over Bill's Mother's (2020)  The prize was not awarded in 2021 because of the Covid-19 situation, but in 2022 it was won by John Pye, a former detective inspector turned crime writer, for his novel Where the Silent Screams Are Loudest  The prize in 2023 went to Philip Nanney Williams for his book Adams: Britain's Oldest Potting Dynasty 

Plaques and statuary
Bennett has been commemorated by several plaques  Hugh Walpole unveiled one at Comarques in 1931, and in the same year another was placed at Bennett's birthplace in Hanley  A plaque to and bust of Bennett were unveiled in Burslem in 1962, and there are blue plaques commemorating him at the house in Cadogan Square where he lived from 1923 to 1930 and on the house in Cobridge where he lived in his youth  The southern Baker Street entrance of Chiltern Court has a plaque to Bennett on the left and another to H  G  Wells on the right  A blue plaque has been placed on the wall of Bennett's home in Fontainebleau There is a two-metre-high bronze statue of Bennett outside The Potteries Museum & Art Gallery in Hanley, Stoke-on-Trent, unveiled on 27 May 2017 during the events marking the 150th anniversary of his birth 

Archives
There are substantial archives of Bennett's papers and artworks, including drafts, diaries, letters, photographs and watercolours, at The Potteries Museum & Art Gallery in Stoke-on-Trent and at Keele University  Other Bennett papers are held by University College London, the British Library, and, in the US, Texas and Yale universities and the Berg Collection in the New York Public Library 

Omelettes
Bennett shares with the composer Gioachino Rossini, the singer Nellie Melba and some other celebrities the distinction of having a well-known dish named in his honour  An omelette Arnold Bennett is one that incorporates smoked haddock, hard cheese (typically Cheddar), and cream  It was created at the Savoy Grill in London for Bennett, who was an habitué, by the chef Jean Baptiste Virlogeux  It remains a British classic; cooks from Marcus Wareing to Delia Smith and Gordon Ramsay have published their recipes for it, and a variant remains on the menu at the Savoy Grill 

Notes, references and sources
Notes
Passage 2:
Mermaid Series
The Mermaid Series was a major collection of reprints of texts from English Elizabethan, Jacobean and Restoration drama  It was launched in 1887 by the British publisher Henry Vizetelly and under the general editorship of Havelock Ellis  Around 1894 the series was taken over by the London firm of T  Fisher Unwin  Many well-known literary figures edited or introduced the texts  Some of the plays published had not been reprinted in recent editions, and most had dropped out of the stage repertoire 
The name alludes to the Mermaid Tavern in London  There has been a later New Mermaids Series 

The Best Plays of Beaumont and Fletcher
Notes by John Strachey, two volumes
(volume I) The Maid's Tragedy - Philaster - The Wild Goose Chase - Thierry and Theodoret - The Knight of the Burning Pestle
(volume II) A King and No King - Bonduca - The Spanish Curate - The Faithful Shepherdess - Valentinian

The Best Plays of George Chapman
Edited by William Lyon Phelps
All Fools - Bussy D'Ambois - The Revenge of Bussy D'Ambois - The Conspiracy of Charles, Duke of Byron - The Tragedy of Charles, Duke of Byron

The Complete Plays of William Congreve
Edited by Alexander Charles Ewald
The Old Bachelor - The Double-Dealer - Love for Love - The Way of the World - The Mourning Bride

The Best Plays of Thomas Dekker
Notes by Ernest Rhys
The Shoemaker's Holiday - The Honest Whore - Old Fortunatus - The Witch of Edmonton

The Best Plays of John Dryden
Edited by George Saintsbury, two volumes
(Volume I) Almanzor and Almahide, or The Conquest of Grenada, parts 1 & 2 - Marriage A La Mode - Aureng-Zebe
(Volume II) All for Love - The Spanish Friar - Albion and Albanius - Don Sebastian

The Best Plays of George Farquhar
Edited by William Archer
The Constant Couple - The Twin Rivals - The Recruiting Officer - The Beaux' Stratagem

The Best Plays of John Ford
Edited by Havelock Ellis
The Lover's Melancholy - 'Tis Pity She's a Whore - The Broken Heart - Love's Sacrifice - Perkin Warbeck

The Complete Plays of Robert Greene
Edited by Thomas H  Dickinson
Alphonsus, King of Arragon - A Looking Glass for London and England - Orlando Furioso - Friar Bacon and Friar Bungay - James the Fourth - George-A-Green, the Pinner of Wakefield

The Best Plays of Thomas Heywood
Edited by A  Wilson Verity, introduction by John Addington Symonds
A Woman Killed with Kindness - The Fair Maid of the West - The English Traveller - The Wise Woman of Hogsdon - The Rape of Lucrece

The Best Plays of Ben Jonson
Notes by Brinsley Nicholson and C  H  Herford, three volumes
(Volume I) Every Man in His Humour - Every Man out of His Humour - The Poetaster
(Volume II) Bartholomew Fair - Cynthia's Revels; or, The Fountain of Self-Love - Sejanus His Fall
(Volume III) Volpone; or, The Fox - Epicœne; or, The Silent Woman - The Alchemist

The Best Plays of Christopher Marlowe
Notes by Havelock Ellis, series introduction by John Addington Symonds
Tamburlaine the Great Part the First - Tamburlaine the Great Part the Second
- Doctor Faustus - The Jew of Malta - Edward the Second
Also includes a biography of Christopher Marlowe and appendices 

The Best Plays of Philip Massinger
Notes by Arthur Symons, two volumes
(Volume I) The Duke of Milan - A New Way to Pay Old Debts - The Great Duke of Florence - The Maid of Honour - The City Madam
(Volume II) The Roman Actor - The Fatal Dowry - The Guardian - The Virgin Martyr - Believe as You List

The Best Plays of Thomas Middleton
Introduction by Algernon Charles Swinburne, with Havelock Ellis, two volumes
(Volume I) A Trick to Catch the Old One - The Changeling - A Chaste Maid in Cheapside - Women Beware Women - The Spanish Gypsy
(Volume II) The Roaring Girl - The Witch - A Fair Quarrel - The Mayor of Queensborough - The Widow

Nero and Other Plays (1888)
Edited by H  P  Horne, A  W  Verity, Arthur Symons and Havelock Ellis
Nero (anonymous) - The Two Angry Women of Abington (Henry Porter) - The Parliament of Bees (John Day) - Humour Out of Breath (John Day) - A Woman is a Weathercock (Nathan Field)- Amends for Ladies (Nathan Field)

The Best Plays of Thomas Otway
Notes by Roden Noel
Don Carlos, Prince of Spain - The Orphan - The Soldier's Fortune - Venice Preserved

The Best Plays of Thomas Shadwell
Edited by George Saintsbury
The Sullen Lovers - A True Widow - The Squire of Alsatia - Bury Fair

The Best Plays of James Shirley
Introduction by Edmund Gosse
The Witty Fair One - The Traitor - Hyde Park - The Lady of Pleasure - The Cardinal - The Triumph of Peace

The Complete Plays of Richard Steele
Edited by G  A  Aitken
The Funeral - The Lying Lover - The Tender Husband - The Conscious Lovers - The School of Action - The Gentleman

The Select Plays of Sir John Vanbrugh
Edited by A  E  H  Swain
The Relapse - The Provok'd Wife - The Confederacy - A Journey to London

The Best Plays of Webster and Tourneur
Notes by John Addington Symonds
The White Devil (Webster) - The Duchess of Malfi (Webster) - The Atheist's Tragedy (Tourneur) - The Revenger's Tragedy (Tourneur, but now usually attributed to Thomas Middleton)

The Complete Plays of William Wycherley
Edited by W  C  Ward
Love in a Wood - The Gentleman Dancing Master - The Country Wife - The Plain Dealer

Online editions
Beaumont and Fletcher I • 
Beaumont and Fletcher II • 
George Chapman • 
William Congreve • 
Thomas Dekker • 
John Dryden I • 
John Dryden II • 
George Farquhar • 
John Ford • 
Robert Greene • 
Thomas Heywood • 
Ben Jonson I • 
Ben Jonson II • 
Ben Jonson III • 
Christopher Marlowe • 
Philip Massinger I • 
Philip Massinger II • 
Thomas Middleton I • 
Thomas Middleton II • 
Nero and Other Plays • 
Thomas Otway • 
Thomas Shadwell • 
James Shirley • 
Richard Steele • 
Sir John Vanbrugh • 
Webster and Tourneur • 
William Wycherley
Passage 3:
John Dicks (publisher)
John Thomas Dicks (1818–1881) was a publisher in London in the 19th century  He issued popular, affordably priced fiction and drama, such as "shilling Shakespeares and wonderfully cheap reprints of Scott and other standard authors " Earlier in his career he worked with Peter Perring Thoms and George W  M  Reynolds  Employees included illustrator Frederick Gilbert  Readers included Thomas Burt and Havelock Ellis  Dicks retired in the 1870s, when his sons took over the firm which continued into the 1960s 

Works issued by John Dicks
Musical Treasures (sheet music series); numbered list

Drama
The British drama: illustrated, vol  1–4, John Dicks, 1864–66
Dicks' British Drama, 1866–, 1866 (series)

Dicks' Standard Plays
Dicks' Standard Plays, 1874–1907 (series)
List of Dicks' Standard Plays and Free Acting Drama, 1883, OL 7225611M – arranged by number, title, author (Ainsworth, Dickens, Lytton, Scott, etc ), and theme (nautical, dumb hero, ghost, Irish, Scotch, military, temperance, fairy, equestrian, etc )

Fiction
George W  M  Reynolds  Mysteries of the Court of London 
Dicks' English Novels (series); numbered list
Dicks' English Library of Standard Works (series) Dicks' English Library of Standard Works, v 33 (via British Library on Flickr)
WorldCat  Dicks' English Library of Standard Works (series)
Dicks' Celebrated Works (series); numbered list

Periodicals
Bow Bells: A Weekly Magazine of General Literature and Art, 1862, pp  83 v – authors included George Manville Fenn, George Augustus SalaFashion plate, 1865
Fashion plates, 1870s
Reynolds' Miscellany
Halfpenny Gazette, 1861–1865
Every Week, 1869–1896
Penny Illustrated Weekly News
Fiction, edited by Eliza Winstanley – weekly

Catalogues
Shakespeare, William (c  1860s), List of Books Published by John Dicks
John Dicks' Catalogue, 1874, OCLC 500243028
Passage 4:
Havelock Ellis
Henry Havelock Ellis (2 February 1859 – 8 July 1939) was an English physician, eugenicist, writer, progressive intellectual and social reformer who studied human sexuality  He co-wrote the first medical textbook in English on homosexuality in 1897, and also published works on a variety of sexual practices and inclinations, as well as on transgender psychology  He developed the notions of narcissism and autoeroticism, later adopted by psychoanalysis 
Ellis was among the pioneering investigators of psychedelic drugs and the author of one of the first written reports to the public about an experience with mescaline, which he conducted on himself in 1896  He supported eugenics and served as one of 16 vice-presidents of the Eugenics Society from 1909 to 1912 

Early life and career
Ellis, son of Edward Peppen Ellis and Susannah Mary Wheatley, was born in Croydon, Surrey (now part of Greater London)  He had four sisters, none of whom married  His father was a sea captain and an Anglican, while his mother was the daughter of a sea captain who had many other relatives that lived on or near the sea  When he was seven his father took him on one of his voyages, during which they called at Sydney, Australia; Callao, Peru; and Antwerp, Belgium  After his return, Ellis attended the French and German College near Wimbledon, and afterward attended a school in Mitcham 
In April 1875, Ellis sailed on his father's ship for Australia; soon after his arrival in Sydney, he obtained a position as a master at a private school  After the discovery of his lack of training, he was fired and became a tutor for a family living a few miles from Carcoar, New South Wales  He spent a year there and then obtained a position as a master at a grammar school in Grafton, New South Wales  The headmaster had died and Ellis carried on at the school for that year, but was unsuccessful 
At the end of the year, he returned to Sydney and, after three months' training, was given charge of two government part-time elementary schools, one at Sparkes Creek, near Scone, New South Wales, and the other at Junction Creek  He lived at the school house on Sparkes Creek for a year  He wrote in his autobiography, "In Australia, I gained health of body, I attained peace of soul, my life task was revealed to me, I was able to decide on a professional vocation, I became an artist in literature; these five points covered the whole activity of my life in the world  Some of them I should doubtless have reached without the aid of the Australian environment, scarcely all, and most of them I could never have achieved so completely if chance had not cast me into the solitude of the Liverpool Range "

Medicine and psychology
Ellis returned to England in April 1879  He had decided to take up the study of sex and felt his first step must be to qualify as a physician  He studied at St Thomas's Hospital Medical School, now part of King's College London, but never had a regular medical practice  His training was aided by a small legacy and also income earned from editing works in the Mermaid Series of lesser known Elizabethan and Jacobean drama  He joined The Fellowship of the New Life in 1883, meeting other social reformers Eleanor Marx, Edward Carpenter and George Bernard Shaw 
The 1897 English translation of Ellis's book Sexual Inversion, co-authored with John Addington Symonds and originally published in German in 1896, was the first English medical textbook on homosexuality  It describes male homosexual relations as well as adolescent rape  Ellis wrote the first objective study of homosexuality, as he did not characterise it as a disease, immoral, or a crime  The work assumes that same-sex love transcended age taboos as well as gender taboo  The work also uses the term bisexual throughout The first edition of the book was bought-out by the executor of Symond's estate, who forbade any mention of Symonds in the second edition In 1897 a bookseller was prosecuted for stocking Ellis's book  Although the term homosexual is attributed to Ellis, he wrote in 1897, "'Homosexual' is a barbarously hybrid word, and I claim no responsibility for it " In fact, the word homosexual was coined in 1868 by the Hungarian author Karl-Maria Kertbeny Ellis may have developed psychological concepts of autoeroticism and narcissism, both of which were later developed further by Sigmund Freud  Ellis's influence may have reached Radclyffe Hall, who would have been about 17 years old at the time Sexual Inversion was published  She later referred to herself as a sexual invert and wrote of female "sexual inverts" in Miss Ogilvy Finds Herself and The Well of Loneliness  When Ellis bowed out as the star witness in the trial of The Well of Loneliness on 14 May 1928, Norman Haire was set to replace him but no witnesses were called 

Eonism
Ellis studied what today are called transgender phenomena  Together with Magnus Hirschfeld, Havelock Ellis is considered a major figure in the history of sexology to establish a new category that was separate and distinct from homosexuality  Aware of Hirschfeld's studies of transvestism, but disagreeing with his terminology, in 1913 Ellis proposed the term sexo-aesthetic inversion to describe the phenomenon  In 1920 he coined the term eonism, which he derived from the name of a historical figure, the Chevalier d'Éon  Ellis explained:
On the psychic side, as I view it, the Eonist is embodying, in an extreme degree, the aesthetic attitude of imitation of, and identification with, the admired object  It is normal for a man to identify himself with the woman he loves  The Eonist carries that identification too far, stimulated by a sensitive and feminine element in himself which is associated with a rather defective virile sexuality on what may be a neurotic basis 
Ellis found eonism to be "a remarkably common anomaly", and "next in frequency to homosexuality among sexual deviations", and categorized it as "among the transitional or intermediate forms of sexuality"  As in the Freudian tradition, Ellis postulated that a "too close attachment to the mother" may encourage eonism, but also considered that it "probably invokes some defective endocrine balance" 

Marriage
In November 1891, at the age of 32, and reportedly still a virgin, Ellis married the English writer and proponent of women's rights Edith Lees  From the beginning, their marriage was unconventional, as Edith Lees was openly bisexual  At the end of the honeymoon, Ellis went back to his bachelor rooms in Paddington  She lived at Fellowship House  Their "open marriage" was the central subject in Ellis's autobiography, My Life  Ellis reportedly had an affair with Margaret Sanger According to Ellis in My Life, his friends were much amused at his being considered an expert on sex  Some knew that he reportedly suffered from impotence until the age of 60  He then discovered that he could become aroused by the sight of a woman urinating  Ellis named this "undinism"  After his wife died, Ellis formed a relationship with a French woman, Françoise Lafitte 

Eugenics
Ellis was a supporter of eugenics  He served as vice-president to the Eugenics Education Society and wrote on the subject, among others, in The Task of Social Hygiene:

Eventually, it seems evident, a general system, whether private or public, whereby all personal facts, biological and mental, normal and morbid, are duly and systematically registered, must become inevitable if we are to have a real guide as to those persons who are most fit, or most unfit to carry on the race 
The superficially sympathetic man flings a coin to the beggar; the more deeply sympathetic man builds an almshouse for him so he need no longer beg; but perhaps the most radically sympathetic of all is the man who arranges that the beggar shall not be born 
In his early writings, it was clear that Ellis concurred with the notion that there was a system of racial hierarchies, and that non-western cultures were considered to be "lower races"  Before explicitly talking about eugenic topics, he used the prevalence of homosexuality in these 'lower races' to indicate the universality of the behavior  In his work, Sexual Inversions, where Ellis presented numerous cases of homosexuality in Britain, he was always careful to mention the race of the subject and the health of the person's 'stock', which included their neuropathic conditions and the health of their parents  However, Ellis was clear to assert that he did not feel that homosexuality was an issue that eugenics needed to actively deal with, as he felt that once the practice was accepted in society, those with homosexual tendencies would comfortably choose not to marry, and thus would cease to pass the 'homosexual heredity' along In a debate in the Sociological Society, Ellis corresponded with the eugenicist Francis Galton, who was presenting a paper in support of marriage restrictions  While Galton analogized eugenics to breeding domesticated animals, Ellis felt that a greater sense of caution was needed before applying the eugenic regulations to populations, as "we have scarcely yet realized how subtle and far-reaching hereditary influences are " Instead, because unlike domesticated animals, humans were in charge of who they mated with, Ellis argued that a greater emphasis was needed on public education about how vital this issue was  Ellis thus held much more moderate views than many contemporary eugenicists  In fact, Ellis also fundamentally disagreed with Galton's leading ideas that procreation restrictions were the same as marriage restrictions  Ellis believed that those who should not procreate should still be able to gain all the other benefits of marriage, and to not allow that was an intolerable burden  This, in his mind, was what led to eugenics being "misunderstood, ridiculed, and regarded as a fad" Throughout his life, Ellis was both a member and later a council member of the Eugenics Society  Moreover, he played a role on the General Committee of the First International Eugenics Congress 

Sexual impulse in youth
Ellis' 1933 book, Psychology of Sex, is one of the many manifestations of his interest in human sexuality  In this book, he goes into vivid detail of how children can experience sexuality differently in terms of time and intensity  He mentions that it was previously believed that, in childhood, humans had no sex impulse at all  "If it is possible to maintain that the sex impulse has no normal existence in early life, then every manifestation of it at that period must be 'perverse,'" he adds 
He continues by stating that, even in the early development and lower functional levels of the genitalia, there is a wide range of variation in terms of sexual stimulation  He claims that the ability of some infants producing genital reactions, seen as "reflex signs of irritation" are typically not vividly remembered  Since the details of these manifestations are not remembered, there is no possible way to determine them as pleasurable  However, Ellis claims that many people of both sexes can recall having agreeable sensations with the genitalia as a child  "They are not (as is sometimes imagined) repressed " They are, however, not usually mentioned to adults  Ellis argues that they typically stand out and are remembered for the sole contrast of the intense encounter to any other ordinary experience Ellis claims that sexual self-excitement is known to happen at an early age  He references authors like Marc, Fonssagrives, and Perez in France, who published their findings in the nineteenth century  These "early ages" are not strictly limited to ages close to puberty, as can be seen in their findings  These authors provide cases for children of both sexes who have masturbated from the age of three or four  Ellis references Robie's findings that boys' first sex feelings appear between the ages of five and fourteen  For girls, this age ranges from eight to nineteen 
For both sexes, these first sexual experiences arise more frequently during the later years as opposed to the earlier years  Ellis then references G V  Hamilton's studies that found twenty percent of males and fourteen percent of females have pleasurable experiences with their sex organs before the age of six  This is only supplemented by Ellis' reference to Katharine Davis' studies, which found that twenty to twenty-nine percent of boys and forty-nine to fifty-one percent of girls were masturbating by the age of eleven  However, in the next three years after, boys' percentages exceeded those of girls 
Ellis also contributed to the idea of varying levels of sexual excitation  He asserts it is a mistake to assume all children are able to experience genital arousal or pleasurable erotic sensations  He proposes cases where an innocent child is led to believe that stimulation of the genitalia will result in a pleasurable erection  Some of these children may fail and not be able to experience this, either pleasure or an erection, until puberty  Ellis concludes, then, that children are capable of a "wide range of genital and sexual aptitude"  Ellis even considers ancestry as a contributions to different sexual excitation levels, stating that children of "more unsound heredity" and/or hypersexual parents are "more precociously excitable" 

Auto-eroticism
Ellis' views of auto-eroticism were very comprehensive, including much more than masturbation  Auto-eroticism, according to Ellis, includes a wide range of phenomena  Ellis states in his 1897 book Studies in the Psychology of Sex, that auto-eroticism ranges from erotic day-dreams, marked by a passivity shown by the subject, to "unshamed efforts at sexual self-manipulation witnessed among the insane" Ellis also argues that auto-erotic impulses can be heightened by bodily processes like menstrual flow  During this time, he says, women, who would otherwise not feel a strong propensity for auto-eroticism, increase their masturbation patterns  This trend is absent, however, in women without a conscious acceptance of their sexual feelings and in a small percentage of women suffering from a sexual or general ailment which result in a significant amount of "sexual anesthesia" Ellis also raises social concern over how auto-erotic tendencies affect marriages  He goes on to tying auto-eroticism to declining marriage rates  As these rates decline, he concludes that auto-eroticism will only increase in both amount and intensity for both men and women  Therefore, he states, this is an important issue to both the moralist and physician to investigate psychological underpinnings of these experiences and determine an attitude toward them 

Smell
Ellis believed that the sense of smell, although ineffective at long ranges, still contributes to sexual attraction, and therefore, to mate selection  In his 1905 book, Sexual selection in man, Ellis makes a claim for the sense of smell in the role of sexual selection  He asserts that while we have evolved out of a great necessity for the sense of smell, we still rely on our sense of smell with sexual selection  The contributions that smell makes in sexual attraction can even be heightened with certain climates  Ellis states that with warmer climates come a heightened sensitivity to sexual and other positive feelings of smell among normal populations  Because of this, he believes people are often delighted by odors in the East, particularly in India, in "Hebrew and Mohammedan lands"  Ellis then continues by describing the distinct odours in various races, noting that the Japanese race has the least intense of bodily odours  Ellis concludes his argument by stating, "On the whole, it may be said that in the usual life of man odours play a not inconsiderable part and raise problems which are not without interest, but that their demonstrable part in actual sexual selection is comparatively small "

Views on women and birth control
Ellis favoured feminism from a eugenic perspective, feeling that the enhanced social, economic, and sexual choices that feminism provided for women would result in women choosing partners who were more eugenically sound  In his view, intelligent women would not choose, nor be forced to marry and procreate with feeble-minded men 
Ellis viewed birth control as merely the continuation of an evolutionary progression, noting that natural progress has always consisted of increasing impediments to reproduction, which lead to a lower quantity of offspring, but a much higher quality of them  From a eugenic perspective, birth control was an invaluable instrument for the elevation of the race  However, Ellis noted that birth control could not be used randomly in a way that could have a detrimental impact by reducing conception, but rather needed to be used in a targeted manner to improve the qualities of certain 'stocks'  He observed that it was the 'superior stocks' who had knowledge of and used birth control while the 'inferior stocks' propagated without checks  Ellis's solution to this was a focus on contraceptives in education, as this would disseminate the knowledge in the populations that he felt needed them the most  Ellis argued that birth control was the only available way of making eugenic selection practicable, as the only other option was wide-scale abstention from intercourse for those who were 'unfit' 

Views on sterilization
Ellis was strongly opposed to the idea of castration of either sex for eugenic purposes  In 1909, regulations were introduced at the Cantonal Asylum in Bern which allowed those deemed 'unfit' or with strong sexual inclinations to be subject to mandatory sterilization  In a particular instance, several men and women, including epileptics and pedophiles, were castrated, some of whom voluntarily requested it  While the results were positive, in that none of the subjects were found guilty of any more sexual offences, Ellis remained staunchly opposed to the practice  His view on the origin of these inclinations was that sexual impulses do not reside in the sexual organs, but rather they persist in the brain  Moreover, he posited that the sexual glands provided an important source of internal secretions vital for the functioning of the organism, and thus the glands' removal could greatly injure the patient However, already in his time, Ellis was witness to the rise of vasectomies and ligatures of the Fallopian tubes, which performed the same sterilization without removing the whole organ  In these cases, Ellis was much more favorable, yet still maintaining that "sterilization of the unfit, if it is to be a practical and humane measure commanding general approval, must be voluntary on the part of the person undergoing it, and never compulsory " His opposition to such a system was not only rooted in morality  Rather, Ellis also considered the practicality of the situation, hypothesizing that if an already mentally unfit man is forced to undergo sterilization, he would only become more ill-balanced, and would end up committing more anti-social acts 
Though Ellis was never at ease with the idea of forced sterilizations, he was willing to find ways to circumvent that restriction  His focus was on the social ends of eugenics, and as a means to it, Ellis was in no way against 'persuading' 'volunteers' to undergo sterilization by withdrawing Poor Relief from them  While he preferred to convince those he deemed unfit using education, Ellis supported coercion as a tool  Furthermore, he supported adding ideas about eugenics and birth control to the education system in order to restructure society, and to promote social hygiene  For Ellis, sterilization seemed to be the only eugenic instrument that could be used on the mentally unfit  In fact, in his publication The Sterilization of the Unfit, Ellis argued that even institutionalization could not guarantee the complete prevention of procreation between the unfit, and thus, "the burdens of society, to say nothing of the race, are being multiplied  It is not possible to view sterilization with enthusiasm when applied to any class of people…but what, I ask myself, is the practical alternative?"

Psychedelics
Ellis was among the pioneering investigators of psychedelic drugs and the author of one of the first written reports to the public about an experience with mescaline, which he conducted on himself in 1896  He consumed a brew made of three Lophophora williamsii buds in the afternoon of Good Friday alone in his set of rooms in Temple, London  During the experience, lasting for about 24 hours, he noted a plethora of extremely vivid, complex, colourful, pleasantly smelling hallucinations, consisting both of abstract geometrical patterns and objects such as butterflies and other insects  He published the account of the experience in The Contemporary Review in 1898 (Mescal: A New Artificial Paradise)  The title of the article alludes to an earlier work on the effects of mind-altering substances, an 1860 book Les Paradis artificiels by French poet Charles Baudelaire (containing descriptions of experiments with opium and hashish) 
Ellis was so impressed with the aesthetic quality of the experience that he gave some specimens of peyote to the Irish poet W B  Yeats, a member of the Hermetic Order of the Golden Dawn, an organisation of which another mescaline researcher, Aleister Crowley, was also a member 

Later life and death
Ellis resigned from his position as a Fellow of the Eugenics Society over its stance on sterilization in January 1931 Ellis spent the last year of his life at Hintlesham, Suffolk, where he died in July 1939  His ashes were scattered at Golders Green Crematorium, North London, following his cremation 

Works
The Criminal (1890)
The New Spirit (1890)
The Nationalisation of Health (1892)
Man and Woman: A Study of Secondary and Tertiary Sexual Characteristics (1894) (revised 1929)
Das konträre Geschlechtsgefühl (in German)  Leipzig: Wigand  1896  p  1  with J A  Symonds
Studies in the Psychology of Sex (1897–1928) six volumes (listed below)
Studies in the Psychology of Sex  Vol  1 The Evolution of Modesty, The Phenomena of Sexual Periodicity, Auto–Erotism  1897 
Affirmations (1898)
"Mescal: A New Artificial Paradise"  The Contemporary Review  LXXIII  1898 
The Nineteenth Century (1900)
Studies in the Psychology of Sex  Vol  2 Sexual Inversion  1900 
Studies in the Psychology of Sex  Vol  3 Analysis of the Sexual Impulse, Love and Pain, The Sexual Impulse in Women  1903 
A Study of British Genius (1904)
Studies in the Psychology of Sex  Vol  4 Sexual Selection in Man  1905 
Studies in the Psychology of Sex  Vol  5 Erotic Symbolism, The Mechanism of Detumescence, The Psychic State in Pregnancy  1906 
The Soul of Spain (1908)
"The sterilisation of the unfit"  The Eugenics Review  1 (3): 203–06  1909  PMC 2986668  PMID 21259474 
Studies in the Psychology of Sex  Vol  6 Sex in Relation to Society  1910 
The Problem of Race-Regeneration (1911)
The World of Dreams (1911) (new edition 1926)
The task of social hygiene  New York  1912  p  10 
"Birth control and eugenics"  The Eugenics Review  9 (1): 32–41  1917  PMC 2942166  PMID 21259632 
The Task of Social Hygiene (1912)
Essays in War-Time  February 2006 
The Philosophy of Conflict (1919)
On Life and Sex: Essays of Love and Virtue (1921)
Kanga Creek: an Australian Idyll  The Golden Cockerel press  1922 
Little Essays of Love and Virtue (1922)
The Dance of Life  1923 
Impressions and Comments  Vol  3  1924 
Sonnets, with Folk Songs from the Spanish (1925)
Eonism and Other Supplementary Studies (1928)
Studies in the Psychology of Sex Vol  7 (1928)
The Art of Life (1929) (selected and arranged by Mrs  S  Herbert)
More Essays of Love and Virtue (1931)
ed : James Hinton: Life in Nature (1931)
Views and Reviews  1932 
Psychology of Sex  1933 
ed : Imaginary Conversations and Poems: A Selection, by Walter Savage Landor (1933)
Chapman (1934)
My Confessional (1934)
Questions of Our Day (1934)
From Rousseau to Proust (1935)
Selected Essays (1936)
Poems (1937) (selected by John Gawsworth; pseudonym of T  Fytton Armstrong)
Love and Marriage (1938) (with others)
My life  Houghton Mufflin  1939 
Sex Compatibility in Marriage (1939)
From Marlowe to Shaw (1950) (ed  by J  Gawsworth)
The Genius of Europe (1950)
Sex and Marriage (1951) (ed  by J  Gawsworth)
The Unpublished Letters of Havelock Ellis to Joseph Ishill (1954)

Translations
Germinal (by Zola) (1895) (reissued 1933)
The Psychology of the Emotions by Théodule-Armand Ribot (1897)
Context 2: Passage 1:
David Faber (politician)
David James Christian Faber (born 7 July 1961) is a schoolmaster and former Conservative member of the Parliament of the United Kingdom  He did not seek re-election in 2001, after which he became an author, before in 2010 being appointed as head master of Summer Fields School, Oxford  He is the grandson of the late former Conservative Prime Minister Harold Macmillan (1894–1986) 

Family and early life
The son of Julian and Lady Caroline Faber, Faber comes from an aristocratic political family drawn from the Whig and latterly the Conservative traditions  His maternal grandfather Harold Macmillan was Prime Minister at the time of his birth  His maternal grandmother, Lady Dorothy Cavendish, was descended from three Prime Ministers, the 4th Duke of Devonshire (1756–1757), the 2nd Earl of Shelburne (1782–1783) and the 3rd Duke of Portland (1783 and 1807–1809)  Faber's great-great-great-granduncle was Lord Hartington and his great-grandfather Victor Cavendish, 9th Duke of Devonshire was also a statesman  His mother’s cousins included Andrew Cavendish, 11th Duke of Devonshire, who was married to Deborah Mitford, and Andrew's elder brother William Cavendish, Marquess of Hartington, who was married to Kathleen Kennedy, the sister of  U S  President John F  Kennedy and Senators Robert F  Kennedy and Edward M  "Ted" Kennedy  His uncle Maurice Macmillan was a leading figure of Edward Heath's 1970s government 
Faber was educated at Summer Fields School, Summertown; and then at Eton College and Balliol College, Oxford 

Life and career
Faber first stood for Parliament, unsuccessfully, in 1987 at Stockton North, where he was defeated by Labour's Frank Cook 
He worked in marketing and as a political assistant to Jeffrey Archer before entering the House of Commons in 1992 as Conservative Member of Parliament for Westbury  He was parliamentary private secretary to the Minister of State at the Foreign and Commonwealth Office, 1994 to 1996, and then to the Secretary of State for Health, from 1996 to 1997  In opposition, after the Conservatives lost the 1997 general election, he was their front bench spokesman on Foreign and Commonwealth affairs, until 1998  He served as a member of several Parliamentary select committees: Social Security, 1992–1997, Culture, Media and Sport, 1998 to 2001, and the Public Accounts Committee, 2000–2001 In 1997, he was reported to be a director of Sterling Marketing, and in 1998 was a director of Freestream Aircraft Faber stood down from parliament at the 2001 general election, to be succeeded by fellow Conservative Andrew Murrison, when he began a new career as a writer  His book Speaking for England: Leo, Julian and John Amery, the tragedy of a political family (2005) was about Julian Amery, his uncle by his (Amery's) marriage to Faber's maternal aunt, Julian's father Leo, and brother John, who was executed after the Second World War for high treason 
In 2009, he was appointed as head of his old prep school, Summer Fields, with effect from September 2010 
Faber married firstly Sally Gilbert, a television weather presenter, and they had one son together, Henry, but later divorced, with Faber citing James Hewitt as co-respondent  He married secondly Sophie Amanda Hedley, and they have two daughters   He is a past committee member of the Marylebone Cricket Club, the governing body of the game of cricket, managing an MCC tour of Canada in 2001  He is also  a member of White's 

Books
David Faber, Munich (Simon & Schuster) – about the events of 1937–1938 and the Munich Conference
David Faber, Speaking for England: Leo, Julian and John Amery  (Simon & Schuster, 2005) – the Amery family and World War II ISBN 1-4165-2596-3
Passage 2:
Marina Yannakoudakis
Marina Yannakoudakis (born 16 April 1956) is a member of the European Economic and Social Committee and a former Conservative Member of the European Parliament for London  She was elected at the 2009 European Parliament election  She lost her seat at the 2014 election 

Early years
Yannakoudakis was born in Paddington  She studied for a BSc in government, politics and modern history at Brunel University, where she was chairman of the Conservative students, and also received an MA in education from the Open University 
She was a member of Barnet London Borough Council for Oakleigh Park Ward from 2006 to 2010 where she was chair of the Cleaner, Greener, Transport and Development Overview & Scrutiny Committee 

Member of the European Parliament
She was a full member of the Committee on Women's Rights and Gender Equality, the Committee on the Environment, Public Health and Food Safety and a substitute member of the Special Committee on Organised Crime, Corruption and Money Laundering  She was a member of the Delegation to the EU-Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia Joint Parliamentary Committee She was also a member of the High-Level Contact Group for relations with the Turkish Cypriot community in the northern part of the island and was the Conservative and the European Conservatives and Reformists spokesman on Women's Rights and Gender Equality 

Women's Rights
Yannakoudakis campaigned against EU plans to give women 20 weeks maternity leave on full pay  She led calls in the Committee on Women's Rights and Gender Equality for an impact assessment of the legislation to be conducted which resulted in the proposals being shelved  She has also spoken out against EU proposals to have a quota for women on boardrooms, where she described the proposals as "patronising" >She pushed for a redress to the Test Achats vs Council of Ministers case, a European Court of Justice ruling which determined it was illegal for insurance companies to discriminate on the basis of gender in the European Union Yannakoudakis also worked on issues related to women and entrepreneurship and child protection Yannakoudakis led a campaign in the European Parliament against female genital mutilation 

Health and Environment
In the Committee on the Environment, Public Health and Food Safety she concentrated on public health issues, where she spoke out on the need for stricter rules for EU doctors as well as ensuring that MRI scanner rules are not over-regulated by EU law  She drafted the committee's report on the voluntary donation of tissues and cells which called for more donations of cord blood for stem cell transplants  She is the committee's contact point for the European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control 
Yannakoudakis led a campaign to ensure that EU rules do not make it more difficult for electronic cigarette users to access e-cigs 

Cyprus and LGBT Rights
Yannakoudakis worked to support efforts to find people who went missing during the Turkish invasion of Cyprus and Cypriot intercommunal violence  She was a member of the European Parliament Intergroup on LGBT Rights  She has campaigned for the decriminalisation of homosexuality in Northern Cyprus  She met and received assurances from Turkish Cypriot leader Dr  Derviş Eroğlu that he would sign a repeal of the gay ban into law and by putting pressure on the authorities in the north she was instrumental in overturning the anti-gay law She supported LGBT rights by co-authoring a resolution on LGBT rights in Africa especially the protection of lesbians and called on the EU to suspend its aid to Uganda in light of the Uganda Anti-Homosexuality Bill 

Opposition to EU Policy
Yannakoudakis was strongly opposed to the introduction of a European Union financial transaction tax which she believed would have an adverse effect on the City of London  She has also campaigned to protect companies in her constituency threatened by EU rules including Prudential plc  She led a cross-party multi-national campaign to secure a level playing field for sugar cane refiners, including London's Tate & Lyle where jobs are under threat She led campaigns to seek savings in the EU budget  She raised concerns about spending on EU orchestras and has called for cuts to be made to the European Personnel Selection Office  and the Agencies of the European Union  She criticised the EU spending €2 million a year on Europe Day Yannakoudakis made a number of comments on the enlargement of the EU  She voted against the accession of Iceland to the European Union citing the ongoing Icesave dispute as an obstacle to EU membership  Yannakoudakis called for Iceland to fully compensate all UK depositors, especially the London councils which had invested surplus money  She also opposed a European Parliament report recommending the accession of Turkey to the European Union citing concerns about Ankara's failure to fully respect women's and minority rights, especially Kurds in Turkey  She also criticised Turkey's refusal to work with the 2012 Cypriot Presidency of the Council of the European Union 

Personal life
She married her Greek-born husband, Zacharias Yannakoudakis, in 1983  She was finance director of the company that they founded and ran together until her election; the couple has three children  The family lives in Barnet 
Passage 3:
Jonathan Aitken
Jonathan William Patrick Aitken (born 30 August 1942) is a British author, Church of England priest, convicted criminal and former Conservative Party politician  Beginning his career in journalism, he was elected to Parliament in 1974 (serving until 1997), and was a member of the cabinet during John Major's premiership from 1992 to 1995  That same year, he was accused by The Guardian of misdeeds conducted under his official government capacity  He sued the newspaper for libel in response, but the case collapsed, and he was subsequently found to have committed perjury during his trial  In 1999, he was sentenced to 18 months in prison, of which he served seven months 
Following his imprisonment, Aitken became a Christian and later became the honorary president of Christian Solidarity Worldwide  He was ordained as an Anglican priest in 2019 

Family
Aitken's parents were Sir William Traven Aitken, KBE, a former Conservative MP, and The Honourable Penelope, Lady Aitken, MBE, JP, daughter of The 1st Baron Rugby  Aitken is a great-nephew of the newspaper magnate and war-time minister, The 1st Baron Beaverbrook  His sister is the actress Maria Aitken and his nephew is the actor Jack Davenport  He is godfather to James Abbott, the son of Labour left-winger Diane Abbott In 1979, Aitken married Lolicia Olivera Azucki, a daughter of O  Azucki of Zurich, Switzerland; they divorced in 1998  With his first wife, he had twin daughters and one son, Alexandra and Victoria Aitken, and William Aitken respectively Aitken married his second wife, The Hon  Elizabeth Harris, daughter of The 1st Baron Ogmore, TD, PC, and former wife of actors Richard Harris and Sir Rex Harrison, in June 2003 In 1999, DNA testing confirmed that Petrina Khashoggi, putative daughter of billionaire arms dealer Adnan Khashoggi, was Aitken's biological child, the result of an affair with Khashoggi's wife Soraya (née Sandra Daly) 
The paternity of Aitken himself has similarly been under question  In December 2008, Dutch historian Cees Fasseur said Aitken was the result of a wartime affair between Prince Bernhard of the Netherlands and Penelope Aitken 

Early life
Aitken was born in Dublin, Ireland  His grandfather, Sir John Maffey (who was created The 1st Baron Rugby in February 1947), was the first official British representative to the newly independent Irish state, being appointed in October 1939, at a time when Anglo-Irish relations were strained but improving  Maffey's official title was "United Kingdom Representative to Éire"  Aitken's baptism took place on 16 October 1942 at St Patrick's Cathedral, Dublin, an Anglican church, at which he was named "Jonathan William Patrick Aitken"  The third name, "Patrick", was included at a late stage owing to the unexpected international importance of the occasion –- one of the Irish papers reported "British envoy's grandson is a real Paddy"  The Taoiseach, Éamon de Valera, who knew his grandparents, asked to attend the christening and his presence at the baptism was symbolic of improving Anglo-Irish relations  Also attending was Princess Juliana (later to become Queen Juliana of the Netherlands) as his godmother Aitken contracted tuberculosis, and at four years of age was admitted to Cappagh Hospital, Dublin, where he was an inpatient on a TB ward for more than three years, being cared for and educated by Catholic nuns  His father was severely injured as an RAF pilot when his Spitfire was shot down during the Second World War Aitken recovered and was discharged from the hospital aged seven  He lived with his parents at Halesworth, Suffolk, and learnt to walk properly again within a few months Aitken attended Eton College and read law at Christ Church, Oxford  His career initially followed a similar path to the post-war career of his father, who became a journalist and then the Conservative Member of Parliament for Bury St Edmunds 

Journalism and business
He served as a war correspondent during the 1960s in Vietnam and Biafra, and gained a reputation for risk-taking when he took LSD in 1966 as an experiment for an article in the London Evening Standard and had a bad trip: "this drug needs police, the Home Office and a dictator to stamp it out" He was also a journalist at Yorkshire Television from 1968 to 1970, presenting the regional news show Calendar  Aitken was the first person to be seen on screen from Yorkshire Television when it began broadcasting In 1970, Aitken was acquitted at the Old Bailey for breaching section 2 of the Official Secrets Act 1911, when he photocopied a report about the British government's supply of arms to Nigeria, and sent a copy to The Sunday Telegraph and to Hugh Fraser, a pro-Biafran (Nigerian Civil War) Tory MP  As a result of the case he was dropped as the Conservative candidate for the Thirsk and Malton parliamentary constituency Aitken was managing director of the Middle Eastern division of Slater Walker in 1973-75 and chairman of R  Sanbaar Consultants Ltd from 1976 to at least 1982, and a director of arms exporting firm BMARC from 1988 to 1990 

Parliamentary career
Aitken initially worked in parliament as private secretary to Conservative MP Selwyn Lloyd in 1964–66 Defeated at Meriden in the West Midlands in 1966 and dropped from standing for Thirsk and Malton (above), he was elected as MP for Thanet East in the February 1974 general election; from 1983 he sat for South Thanet   He managed to offend PM Margaret Thatcher by ending a relationship with her daughter, Carol Thatcher, and suggesting that Thatcher "probably thinks Sinai is the plural of Sinus" to an Egyptian newspaper  He stayed on the backbenches throughout Thatcher's premiership, as well as participating in the re-launch of TV-AM, when broadcaster Anna Ford threw her wine at him to express her outrage at both his behaviour and the unwelcome consequent transformation of the TV station 

Opens Hollis affair
Aitken wrote a highly confidential letter to Thatcher in early 1980, dealing with allegations that the former Director-General of MI5, Sir Roger Hollis, had been a double agent also working for the Soviet Union  This information had come to Aitken from retired CIA spymaster James Angleton  Espionage historian Chapman Pincher obtained a copy of the letter, and used former MI5 officers Peter Wright and Arthur Martin as his main additional secret sources, to write the sensational book Their Trade is Treachery in 1981  This matter continued being highly controversial throughout the 1980s, and led to Wright eventually publishing his own book Spycatcher in 1987, despite the government's prolonged Australian court attempts to stop him from doing so 

Minister of State for Defence Procurement
Aitken became Minister of State for Defence Procurement under prime minister John Major in 1992  He was later accused of violating ministerial rules by allowing an Arab businessman to pay for his stay in the Paris Ritz, perjured himself and was jailed (see below) Aitken had previously been a director of BMARC, an arms exporter during 1988–1990  In 1995, a Commons motion showed that while a Cabinet minister he had signed a controversial Public Interest Immunity Certificate (PIIC) in September 1992 relating to the Matrix Churchill trial, and that the "gagged" documents included ones relating to the supply of arms to Iran by BMARC for a period when he was a director of the company 

Chief Secretary to the Treasury
He became Chief Secretary to the Treasury in 1994, a Cabinet position, but resigned in 1995 following the allegations that he had violated ministerial rules 
He was defeated in the 1997 general election  Within a year he had been appointed as a representative for the arms company GEC-Marconi (part of BAE Systems since November 1999) 

Libel, arrest and prison
Libel action
On 10 April 1995, The Guardian carried a front-page report on Aitken's dealings with leading Saudis  The story was the result of a long investigation carried out by journalists from the newspaper and from Granada Television's World in Action programme  The Guardian also alleged Aitken as Minister for Defence Procurement, arranged prostitutes for Arab businessmen  Granada's World in Action programme repeated the accusation in a television documentary called Jonathan of Arabia Aitken had called a press conference at the Conservative Party offices in Smith Square, London, at 5 p m  that same day denouncing the claims and demanding that the World in Action documentary, which was due to be screened three hours later, withdraw them  He said:

If it falls to me to start a fight to cut out the cancer of bent and twisted journalism in our country with the simple sword of truth and the trusty shield of British fair play, so be it  I am ready for the fight  The fight [is] against falsehood and those who peddle it  My fight begins today  Thank you and good afternoon 
The World in Action film Jonathan of Arabia was transmitted as planned and Aitken carried out his threat to sue  The action collapsed in June 1997 (a month after he had lost his seat in the 1997 general election) when  The Guardian and Granada produced, via their counsel George Carman QC, evidence countering his claim that his wife, Lolicia Aitken, paid for the hotel stay at the Ritz Hotel in Paris  The evidence consisted of airline vouchers and other documents showing that his wife had, in fact, been in Switzerland at the time when she had allegedly been at the Ritz in Paris  The joint Guardian/Granada investigation indicated an arms deal scam involving Aitken's friend and business partner, the Lebanese businessman Mohammed Said Ayas, a close associate of Prince Mohammed of Saudi Arabia  It was alleged that Aitken had been prepared to have his teenage daughter Victoria lie under oath to support his version of events, had the case continued A few days after the libel case collapsed, World in Action broadcast a special edition, which echoed Aitken's "sword of truth" speech  It was titled "The Dagger of Deceit" 
During this time, it emerged that when Aitken was being encouraged to resign, he was chairman of the secretive right-wing think-tank Le Cercle, alleged by Alan Clark to be funded by the CIA 

Perjury conviction and imprisonment
Aitken was charged with perjury and perverting the course of justice and, after pleading guilty on 8 June 1999 to both offences, was sentenced to jail for 18 months of which he served almost seven months as a custodial sentence  While Aitken was sentenced Mr Justice Scott Baker said Aitken had breached trust inexcusably  Scott Baker told Aitken: "For nearly four years you wove a web of deceit in which you entangled yourself and from which there was no way out unless you were prepared to come clean and tell the truth  Unfortunately you were not "During the preceding libel trial, his wife Lolicia, who later left him, was called as a witness to sign a supportive affidavit to the effect that she had paid his Paris hotel bill, but did not appear  In the end, with the case already in court, investigative work by The Guardian reporters into Swiss hotel and British Airways records showed that neither his daughter nor his wife had been in Paris at the time in question 

Bankruptcy
Aitken was unable to cover the legal costs of his libel trial and was declared bankrupt  As part of the bankruptcy, his trustees settled legal actions against the magazine Private Eye, over the claims it had made that Aitken was a "serial liar"  He also became one of the few people to resign from the Privy Council  Aitken's wife and three daughters turned up to support him when he was sentenced 

Christian faith
Aitken attended the Alpha Course in 1997, which he said stirred his interest in Christianity  He attended the course on further occasions prior to imprisonment  After being imprisoned in 1999, he began to study the Bible, learned Greek, and became a student of Christian theology at Wycliffe Hall, Oxford  This part of his life is covered in two autobiographical works called Pride and Perjury and Porridge and Passion 
Aitken's claim that he had found God was met with some scepticism  Aitken said: "In a different era, I'd have been one of the cynics myself  If I'd had a parliamentary colleague who’d got into trouble, gone to jail and come out saying, 'I've found God', I'd have said, 'Oh, how very convenient for him' "
The Guardian might insist that Aitken demonstrate the sincerity of repentance by repaying the whopping legal bill of one-and-half-million pounds he landed on them by his dishonest libel action  He was allowed to drop the case on promising to pay costs, but then escaped from the liability when he declared himself bankrupt and revealed that most of his apparent assets turn out to be conveniently owned by other people  The Guardian still believe he has more resources than he will admit 
In 2000 he said that he would not become a vicar because he considered himself not worthy of the office and "wouldn't like to give dog-collars a bad name" In 2006 Aitken became honorary president of Christian Solidarity Worldwide 

Ordained ministry
On 30 June 2018, Aitken was ordained in the Church of England as a deacon by Sarah Mullally, the Bishop of London  Since then he has served as a non-stipendiary minister at St Matthew's Church, Westminster and as a  chaplain of Pentonville Prison Exactly one year after becoming deacon, on 30 June 2019, Aitken was ordained as an Anglican priest in St Mary's Church, Stoke Newington, also by the Bishop of London 

Political comebacks
In early 2004, some constituency party members in Aitken's former seat of South Thanet proposed that he should return as Conservative candidate for the seat in the 2005 general election  This was vetoed by Conservative Party leader Michael Howard Aitken later confirmed that he would not attempt a return to Parliament, saying that "the leader has spoken  I accept his judgement with good grace " He denied rumours he was to stand as an independent candidate insisting that he was not a "spoiler" 
Aitken later declared his support for the United Kingdom Independence Party (UKIP) a week before the party's equally strong performance as the Liberal Democrats, with both parties winning 12 seats each in the 2004 European elections  On 2 October 2004, Aitken attended the (UKIP) conference and re-iterated his support for the party 
In November 2007, with the approval of senior members of the shadow cabinet, he took charge of a task force on prison reform within Iain Duncan Smith's Centre for Social Justice to help formulate Conservative Party policy  Aitken said this was not part of a political comeback  Conservative spokesmen pointed out that the task force is independent of the party, even though the organisation was run by Iain Duncan Smith  The report Locked Up Potential: A Strategy to Reform our Prisons and Rehabilitate our Prisoners was published in March 2009 

Parliamentary access
In September 2020, it was revealed that the former Speaker of the House of Commons, John Bercow, awarded Aitken a parliamentary pass despite the House of Commons claiming that former MPs who had been sentenced to a period of imprisonment of one year or more were ineligible   In September 2020 Aitken had held a pass continuously since at least December 2015 

Works
The Young Meteors
In his early book The Young Meteors (London: Secker & Warburg, 1967; New York: Atheneum, 1967), Aitken profiled the brightest lights among the younger generation in Britain, and particularly London, with a hint in the title that many of these were likely to burn and crash  Hunter Davies, one of the people profiled, has pointed out that such lists of the promising were then common in The Sunday Times, but unusual as books  Much later, Craig Taylor in 2003 observed that those profiled who were still burning brightly included Michael Caine, David Bailey, Twiggy, David Frost and Don McCullin  Taylor found it humdrum, but:

the book is worth re-examining these many years later for one reason  Aitken, it has been shown over time, is a figure we can always learn something from, a kind of walking, well-groomed Grimm's fairy tale        In [this book] he intuits the popularity and importance of unquantifiable lists of who is hot, young and going places 
Aitken himself in 2003 had a low opinion of the book: "In terms of style, it was certainly the worst book I've ever written"  Yet the title was memorable: it was consciously adopted by Martin Harrison for a survey of the British photojournalism (including Bailey and McCullin) of about the same period 

Nazarbayev and the Making of Kazakhstan: From Communism to Capitalism
In 2009 Aitken published a biography of Nursultan Nazarbayev, the President of Kazakhstan, with the subject's cooperation  The Diplomat observed that the publisher’s note "describes Nazarbayev as a 'widely admired' leader, which is an interesting descriptor for a political leader who has never won an election deemed free or fair " Aitken received a Kazakh award for his "huge contribution to making Kazakhstan popular in the world and promoting its global reputation" The book sold only 466 copies and was widely panned by critics, The Guardian noting that the book "relies, for supporting evidence, on the good opinions of his [Nazarbayev's] friends (or of those too cowed to utter a word out of place)  It becomes curiously tolerant when oppression, corruption and galloping megalomania are on the menu " The review also described it as "a fascinating, cleverly orchestrated snow job: quite probably the hagiography of the year " The London Review of Books wrote that the flattery within the biography ranged "from the banal to the cringing " Eurasianet wrote that it was a "hagiography" that was part of Nazarbayev's personality cult In 2021, documents leaked in the Pandora papers suggested that Aitken was paid £166,000 for writing the book by organisations with links to the Government of Kazakhstan, despite Aitken telling Reuters at the time of the publication "that he had not received any payment from the government " One invoice from Aitken's firm dated April 2009 for £33,333 is marked as "agreed final instalment fee for book project" 

Other books
Aitken has written several Christian religious books since his release from prison  Aitken has published two books of prayers, Prayers for People under Pressure (2006),
and Psalms for People Under Pressure (2004), and wrote a biography of the English slaver and Anglican clergyman John Newton, John Newton: From Disgrace to Amazing Grace, in 2007 Aitken has written several biographies of political figures, including the President of the United States Richard Nixon (Nixon: A Life, 1993)  Although his was not an authorised biography, Aitken was one of the few biographers from whom Nixon accepted questions and to whom he granted interviews   He also wrote on Nixon's co-conspirator in the Watergate scandal, Charles Colson (Charles W  Colson: A Life Redeemed, 2005)  Colson had assisted Aitken in his biography of Nixon, and had later corresponded with Aitken urging him to repent in the wake of the Guardian libel case  Aitken published a book of personal recollections of Margaret Thatcher, Margaret Thatcher: Power and Personality, after her death in 2013 

Bibliography
A Short Walk On The Campus (1966, with Michael Beloff)
Young Meteors (1967)
Land of Fortune: A Study of the New Australia (1970)
From John Bull to Uncle Sam: How to Run An Empire (1970)
Officially Secret (1971)
A British View of the Middle East Situation (1976)
Nixon: A Life (1993)
Pride and Perjury: An Autobiography (2003)
Psalms for People Under Pressure (2004)
Porridge and Passion: An Autobiography (2005)
Charles W  Colson: A Life Redeemed (2005)
Prayers for People under Pressure (2006)
Heroes and Contemporaries (2007)
John Newton (2007)
Nazarbayev and the Making of Kazakhstan: From Communism to Capitalism (2009)
Kazakhstan and Twenty Years of Independence (2012)
Margaret Thatcher: Power and Personality (2013)
Doing Time: A Spiritual Survival Guide (2021, with Edward Smyth)

See also
Jeffrey Archer, Aitken's contemporary, another Conservative politician imprisoned for perjury
Chris Huhne, Liberal Democrat politician, imprisoned for perverting the course of justice
Passage 4:
Christine Hamilton
Mary Christine Hamilton (née Holman; born 10 November 1949) is an English media personality and author  She is married to Neil Hamilton, the former Conservative Member of Parliament (MP) for Tatton 
Hamilton and her husband have become prominent supporters of the UK Independence Party (UKIP), with Neil standing for a local council seat in the 2014 local elections  Neil Hamilton's application to become a European Parliamentary candidate for UKIP was rejected in 2013, though he had been elected to UKIP's National Executive Committee in 2011 

Early life
Hamilton's father was a GP in Ringwood, Hampshire and she grew up in the New Forest area  She attended Wentworth College, an independent boarding school for girls in Bournemouth and a co-educational Grammar School in Christchurch, Hampshire  She then studied sociology at the University of York and first met Neil Hamilton when they both attended a student political conference  In 2006, they released a song coinciding with the World Cup, "England Are Jolly Dee" 

Career
MP's secretary
Hamilton spent many years working as secretary to various Conservative MPs, first Wilfred Proudfoot MP for Brighouse and Spenborough, then Gerald Nabarro, MP for South Worcestershire  She stood behind Nabarro as he spoke on the steps of Winchester Court after being cleared on appeal of a motoring offence  Hamilton worked as her husband's secretary following their 1983 marriage  Neil Hamilton eventually reached the post of Minister for Corporate Affairs between 1992 and 1994 in Prime Minister John Major's government  Neil Hamilton became embroiled in the Cash-for-questions affair, and the former BBC broadcaster Martin Bell stood against him for the Tatton seat at the 1997 general election  Bell campaigned as an ‘anti-sleaze’ candidate, and Christine Hamilton confronted him during a televised press conference on Knutsford Heath, which brought her to public prominence  Hamilton later described the confrontation with Bell as " 
Context 3: Passage 1:
Juliet Aubrey
Juliet Emma Aubrey (born 17 December 1966) is a British actress of theatre, film, and television  She won the 1995 BAFTA TV Award for Best Actress for playing Dorothea in the BBC serial Middlemarch (1994)  She is also known for her role as Helen Cutter in the ITV series Primeval (2007–2011)  Her film appearances include Still Crazy (1998), The Constant Gardener (2005) and The Infiltrator (2016) 

Career
The youngest of three siblings, Aubrey was born and brought up in Fleet, Hampshire  Aubrey attended King's College London from 1984, where she studied Classics and Archaeology  While there, however, her love of acting grew, and during a year studying in Italy where she joined a travelling theatre company, Aubrey decided to apply for drama school on her return  She went on to train for three years at the Central School of Speech and Drama 
Her first job was with the Oxford Stage Company playing Miranda in The Tempest  Italian director Roberto Faenza gave Aubrey her first film role playing opposite Jean-Hugues Anglade in Look to the Sky, a film produced by Elda Ferri, and set during the Nazi Holocaust   Antony Page and Louis Marks then cast Aubrey as Dorothea in the BBC adaptation of Middlemarch opposite Rufus Sewell, for which she won a BAFTA award for Best Actress, and the Broadcasting Press Guild for Best Actress  She then joined Haris Pasovic's Sarajevo Theatre Company  She appeared in several plays with the company, all created through the actors' improvisation  She continued to build her career as a theatre actress, appearing next in Trevor Nunn's Summerfolk and Katie Mitchell's Ivanov at the National Theatre, Tim Crouch's An Oak Tree for Karl James at the Soho Theatre, and Three Sisters, Twelfth Night and The Collection, all for Chris White  Michael Winterbottom then cast her opposite Robert Carlyle and James Nesbitt in the television film Go Now 
Aubrey's subsequent films include Winterbottom's Welcome to Sarajevo, Stephen Poliakoff's Food of Love — for which she won Best Actress at La Baule European Film Festival — Faenza's Lost Lover, Giacomo Campiotti's Time to Love, Richard Eyre's Iris, Fernando Meirelles's Constant Gardener and Brian Gibson's Still Crazy, nominated for two Golden Globes  Other features include Matt Lipsey's Caught in the Act, and Mat Cod's Super Eruption  Television work includes The Village; The White Queen, Criminal Justice, Vera, Hunted, and Five Daughters   Her recent feature films are Scott Hicks's Fallen; Mitch Davis's Stuck; Fabio Guaglione's Mine; and Brad Furman's Infiltrator  Aubrey played Lily Hill in the 2017 web television series Snatch 

Personal life
In 2001, Aubrey married production designer Steve Ritchie, whom she had met several years earlier while filming in Newcastle upon Tyne  They have two daughters She is a cousin of David Howell Evans (a k a  "The Edge"), guitarist of the Irish band U2 

Filmography
Passage 2:
Paul Baker (actor)
Paul Baker (born April 26, 1966?) is an Olivier Award winning British musical theatre actor  He is noted for his roles in Taboo, for which he won his Olivier Award, and the 2000 West End Mega-flop Napoleon in the title role   He is featured on the cast recordings of these two musicals 
He won Best Supporting Actor in a Musical in the 2003 Olivier Awards for playing the character Philip Salon in the musical Taboo Baker last appeared in the concert version of A Tale of Two Cities as the evil Marquis St  Evermonde in Brighton, England  He can be seen in the DVD release of the concert 
Passage 3:
Michelle Terry
Michelle Terry is an Olivier Award–winning English actress and writer, known for her extensive work for Shakespeare's Globe, the Royal Shakespeare Company and the Royal National Theatre, as well as her television work, notably writing and starring in the Sky One television series The Café  Terry took up the role of artistic director at Shakespeare's Globe in April 2018 

Early life
Terry was born in Nuneaton, moving whilst still a child to grow up in Weston-super-Mare  She was raised in Kewstoke, and attended Priory Community School and Broadoak Sixth Form Centre Terry aspired to be an actress from an early age  She attended an amateur dramatic society and took LAMDA exams at school in poetry, prose and spoken verse  At the age of fourteen she joined the National Youth Theatre  She read English literature at Cardiff University before training at the Royal Academy of Dramatic Art, graduating in 2004 

Career
Theatre
Terry made her professional debut in the touring and subsequent West End production of Blithe Spirit, playing the Maid and understudying Elvira  Her other theatre credits include The War on Terror, 50 Ways to Leave Your Lover, The Man Who Had All the Luck, Tribes and As You Like It  Her work at the National Theatre includes London Assurance, All's Well That Ends Well and England People Very Nice  She also appeared in broadcast versions of London Assurance and All's Well That Ends Well as part of National Theatre Live  For the Royal Shakespeare Company, Terry has appeared in productions of Days of Significance, Pericles, The Winter's Tale, The Crucible and Love's Labour's Lost, playing Rosaline  She was among the writers of Sudden Loss of Dignity, staged at the Bush Theatre in 2009 Terry won critical acclaim for her work at Shakespeare's Globe Theatre, for her performance of Rosalind in As You Like It   London's Financial Times wrote "I'm not sure it's possible to see Michelle Terry on a stage without falling a little in love with her  She has the intelligence, inventiveness and vivacity to play the character and the show simultaneously, not setting herself above the material but relishing her immersion in the role and inviting us to share it with her " She also appeared in productions of Love's Labour's Lost and A Midsummer Night's Dream at that venue, both of which were released on DVD  On 24 July 2017 she was announced as its fourth Artistic Director, to succeed Emma Rice in April 2018 

Hamlet 2018
Terry starred in the lead role in a 2018 gender fluid version of Hamlet   The Spectator said in their review "No one but Ms Terry would have hired Ms Terry for this role  She’s a decent second-tier actress without any special vocal or physical endowments "The Guardian called the play "A perfectly decent production and a welcome relief from the work of the previous Globe regime, which seemed to assume that the plays were a bit boring unless jazzed up "The Stage said "It's a production that places clarity of verse and emotion over directorial fireworks  One of the most striking elements is Terry's costume  When she assumes her antic disposition, she also dons a white clown suit with a jagged lipstick grin  By making Hamlet a jester, it licenses her to behave in different ways  It shifts her status in the family  It grants her power and marks her apart  Laughter can be a weapon after all  It's an interesting idea that is under-explored "

Macbeth 2018
Terry starred in the lead role of Lady Macbeth opposite her husband Paul Ready in Macbeth at the Globe's candlelit Sam Wanamaker Playhouse 

Television
Her television credits include episodes of Extras, Law & Order: UK and the Mike Bullen pilot Reunited, playing "Sara"  She was co-writer, with Ralf Little, of the comedy drama TV series, The Café, which aired on Sky1 from 2011–13, in which she played "Sarah Porter"  The series was set and filmed in her own hometown, Weston-super-Mare 

Personal life
Terry is married to the actor Paul Ready  They have one daughter 

Theatre credits
Blithe Spirit Savoy Theatre: London (2005)
As You Like It New Vic Theatre: Newcastle-under-Lyme (2005)
The Crucible Royal Shakespeare Theatre: Stratford Upon Avon (2006)
Pericles Swan Theatre: Stratford Upon Avon (2006/7)
The Winter's Tale Swan Theatre: Stratford Upon Avon (2006/07)
Love's Labour's Lost Shakespeare's Globe Theatre: London (2007)
The War on Terror Bush Theatre: London (2008)
50 Ways to Leave Your Lover Bush Theatre: London (2008)
The Man Who Had All the Luck Donmar Warehouse: London (2008)
Tribes Royal Court Theatre London (2010)
England People Very Nice National Theatre: London (2009)
All's Well That Ends Well National Theatre: London (2009)
London Assurance National Theatre: London (2010)
Light Shining in Buckinghamshire Arcola Theatre: London (2010)
The Comedy of Errors National Theatre: London (2011/12)
In The Republic of Happiness Royal Court Theatre: London (2012/13)
Before the Party Almeida Theatre: London (2013)
A Midsummer Night's Dream Shakespeare's Globe Theatre: London (2013)
Love's Labour's Lost and Much Ado About Nothing (Love's Labour's Won) Royal Shakespeare Theatre: Stratford Upon Avon (2014)
Privacy Donmar Warehouse (2014)
As You Like It Shakespeare's Globe: London (2015)
Cleansed National Theatre: London (2016)
Henry V Regents Park Theatre: London (2016)
Hamlet Shakespeare's Globe: London (2018)
Macbeth Shakespeare's Globe: London (2019)
Henry IV, Part 1 Shakespeare's Globe: London (2019)

Filmography
Television
Awards
Terry won Best Actress in a Visiting Production at the 2008 Manchester Evening News Theatre Awards, for the Donmar Warehouse production of The Man Who Had All the Luck She won Best Actress in a Supporting Role at the 2011 Olivier Awards, for her portrayal of Sylvia in the Royal Court Theatre production of Tribes 
Passage 4:
Eileen Atkins
Dame Eileen June Atkins,  (born 15 June 1934) is an English actress and occasional screenwriter  She has worked in the theatre, film, and television consistently since 1953  In 2008, she won the BAFTA TV Award for Best Actress and the Emmy Award for Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Miniseries or Movie for Cranford  She is also a three-time Olivier Award winner, winning Best Supporting Performance in 1988 (for Multiple roles) and Best Actress for The Unexpected Man (1999) and Honour (2004)  She was appointed Commander of the Order of the British Empire (CBE) in 1990 and Dame Commander of the Order of the British Empire (DBE) in 2001 
Atkins joined the Royal Shakespeare Company in 1957 and made her Broadway debut in the 1966 production of The Killing of Sister George, for which she received the first of four Tony Award nominations for Best Actress in a Play in 1967  She received subsequent nominations for, Vivat! Vivat Regina! (1972), Indiscretions (1995) and The Retreat from Moscow (2004)  Other stage credits include The Tempest (Old Vic 1962), Exit the King (Edinburgh Festival and Royal Court 1963), The Promise (New York 1967), The Night of the Tribades (New York 1977), Medea (Young Vic 1985), A Delicate Balance (Haymarket, West End 1997) and Doubt (New York 2006) 
Atkins co-created the television dramas Upstairs, Downstairs (1971–1975) and The House of Elliot (1991–1994) with Jean Marsh  She also wrote the screenplay for the 1997 film Mrs Dalloway  Her film appearances include I Don't Want to Be Born (1975), Equus (1977), The Dresser (1983), Let Him Have It (1991), Wolf (1994), Jack and Sarah (1995), Gosford Park (2001), Cold Mountain (2003), Vanity Fair (2004), Scenes of a Sexual Nature (2006), Evening (2007), Last Chance Harvey (2008), Robin Hood (2010) and Magic in the Moonlight (2014) 

Early life
Atkins was born in the Mothers' Hospital in Lower Clapton, a Salvation Army maternity hospital in East London  Her mother, Annie Ellen (née Elkins), was a barmaid who was 46 when Eileen was born, and her father, Arthur Thomas Atkins, was a gas meter reader who was previously under-chauffeur to the Portuguese Ambassador  She was the third child in the family and when she was born the family moved to a council home in Tottenham  Her father did not, in fact, know how to drive and was responsible, as under-chauffeur, mainly for cleaning the car  At the time Eileen was born, her mother worked in a factory the whole day and then as a barmaid in the Elephant & Castle at night  When Eileen was three, a Gypsy woman came to their door selling lucky heather and clothes pegs  She saw little Eileen and told her mother that her daughter would be a famous dancer  Her mother promptly enrolled her in a dance class  Although she hated it, she studied dancing from age 3 to 15 or 16  From age 7 to 15, which covered the last four years of the Second World War (1941–45), she danced in working men's club circuits for 15 shillings a time as "Baby Eileen"  During the war, she performed as well at London's Stage Door canteen for American troops and sang songs like "Yankee Doodle " At one time she was attending dance class three or four times a week Once, when she was given a line to recite, someone told her mother that she had a Cockney accent  Her mother was appalled but speech lessons were too expensive for the family  Fortunately, a woman took interest in her and paid for her to be educated at Parkside Preparatory School in Tottenham  Eileen Atkins has since publicly credited the Principal, Miss Dorothy Margaret Hall, for the wise and firm guidance under which her character developed  From Parkside she went on to The Latymer School, a grammar school in Edmonton, London  By 12, she was a professional in panto in Clapham and Kilburn  One of her grammar school teachers who used to give them religious instruction, an Ernest J  Burton, spotted her potential and, without charge, rigorously drilled away her Cockney accent  He also introduced her to the works of William Shakespeare  She studied under him for two years  When she was 14 or 15 and still at Latymer's, she also attended "drama demonstration" sessions twice a year with this same teacher  At around this time (though some sources say she was 12), her first encounter with Robert Atkins took place  She was taken to see Atkins' production of King John at the Regent's Park Open Air Theatre  She wrote to him saying that the boy who played Prince Arthur was not good enough and that she could do better  Atkins wrote back and asked that she come to see him  On the day they met, Atkins thought she was a shop girl and not a school girl  She gave a little prince speech and he told her to go to drama school and come back when she was older  Burton came to an agreement with Eileen's parents that he would try to get her a scholarship for one drama school and that if she did not get the scholarship he would arrange for her to do a teaching course in some other drama school  Her parents were not at all keen on the fact that she would stay in school until 16 as her sister had left at 14 and her brother at 15 but somehow they were persuaded  Eileen was in Latymer's until 16  Out of 300 applicants for a RADA scholarship, she got down to the last three but was not selected, so she did a three-year course on teaching at the Guildhall School of Music and Drama  But, although she was taking the teaching course, she also attended drama classes and in fact performed in three plays in her last year  This was in the early 1950s  In her third and last year she had to teach once a week, an experience she later said she hated  She graduated from Guildhall in 1953 As soon as she left Guildhall she got her first job with Robert Atkins in 1953: as Jaquenetta in Love's Labour's Lost at the same Regent's Park Open Air Theatre where she was brought to see Atkins' King John production years before  She was also, very briefly, an assistant stage manager at the Oxford Playhouse until Peter Hall fired her for impudence  She was also part of repertory companies performing in Billy Butlin's holiday camp in Skegness, Lincolnshire  It was there when she met Julian Glover 
It took nine years (1953–62) before she was working steadily 

Stage
Atkins joined the Guild Players Repertory Company in Bangor, County Down, Northern Ireland, as a professional actress in 1952  She appeared as the nurse in Harvey at the Repertory Theatre, Bangor, in 1952  In 1953 she appeared as an attendant in Love's Labours Lost at the Regent's Park Open Air Theatre  Her London stage debut was in 1953 as Jaquenetta in Robert Atkins's staging of Love's Labour's Lost at the Open Air Theatre in Regent's Park Atkins has regularly returned to the life and work of Virginia Woolf for professional inspiration  She has played the writer on stage in Patrick Garland's adaptation of A Room of One's Own and also in Vita and Virginia, winning the Drama Desk Award for Outstanding One-Person Show and an Obie Award for A Room of One's Own in which she also played in the 1990 television version; she also provided the screenplay for the 1997 film adaptation of Woolf's novel Mrs  Dalloway, and made a cameo appearance in the 2002 film version of Michael Cunningham's Woolf-themed novel, The Hours 
Atkins joined the Stratford Memorial Theatre Company in 1957 and stayed for two seasons  She was with the Old Vic in its 1961–62 season (she appeared in the Old Vic's Repertoire Leaflets of February–April 1962 and April–May 1962) 

Film and television
She appeared as Maggie Clayhanger in all six episodes of Arnold Bennett's Hilda Lessways from 15 May to 19 June 1959, produced by BBC Midlands with Judi Dench and Brian Smith  In the 1960 Shakespeare production An Age of Kings she played Joan of Arc 
She helped create two television series  Along with fellow actress, Jean Marsh, she created the concept for an original television series, Behind the Green Baize Door, which became the award-winning ITV series Upstairs, Downstairs (1971–75)  Marsh played maid Rose for the duration of the series but Atkins was unable to accept a part because of stage commitments  The same team was also responsible for the BBC series The House of Eliott (1991–93) 
Her film and television work includes Sons and Lovers (1981), Smiley's People (1982), Oliver Twist (1982), Titus Andronicus (1985), A Better Class of Person (1985), Roman Holiday (1987), The Lost Language of Cranes (1991), Cold Comfort Farm (1995), Talking Heads (1998), Madame Bovary (2000), David Copperfield (2000), Wit (2001) and Bertie and Elizabeth (2002), Cold Mountain (2003), What a Girl Wants (2003), Vanity Fair (2004), Ballet Shoes (2005) and Ask the Dust (2006) 
In the autumn of 2007, she co-starred with Dame Judi Dench and Sir Michael Gambon in the BBC One drama Cranford playing the central role of Miss Deborah Jenkyns  This performance earned her the 2008 BAFTA Award for best actress, as well as the Emmy Award  In September 2007 she played Abigail Dusniak in Waking the Dead Yahrzeit (S6:E11-12) 
In 2009 Atkins played the evil Nurse Edwina Kenchington in the BBC Two black comedy Psychoville  Atkins replaced Vanessa Redgrave as Eleanor of Aquitaine in the blockbuster movie Robin Hood, starring Russell Crowe, which was released in the UK in May 2010  The same year, she played Louisa in the dark comedy film Wild Target 
Atkins and Jean Marsh, creators of the original 1970s series of Upstairs, Downstairs, were among the cast of a new BBC adaptation, shown over the winter of 2010–11  The new series is set in 1936  Marsh again played Rose while Atkins was cast as the redoubtable Maud, Lady Holland  In August 2011, it was revealed that Atkins had decided not to continue to take part as she was unhappy with the scripts  In September 2011, Atkins joined the cast of ITV comedy-drama series Doc Martin playing the title character's aunt, Ruth Ellingham  She returned as Aunt Ruth for the show's sixth series in September 2013, the seventh in September 2015 and eighth in September 2017 
Atkins starred as Lady Spence with Matthew Rhys in an adaptation of Daphne du Maurier's The Scapegoat, shown in September 2012 She has portrayed Queen Mary on two occasions, in the 2002 television film Bertie and Elizabeth and in the 2016 Netflix-produced television series The Crown 
Atkins portrayed graduate school professor Evelyn Ashford to Vivian Bearing (Emma Thompson) in Wit, a 2001 American television movie directed by Mike Nichols  The teleplay by Nichols and Emma Thompson is based on the 1999 Pulitzer Prize winning play of the same title by Margaret Edson  The film was shown at the Berlin International Film Festival on 9 February 2001 before being broadcast by HBO on 24 March  It was shown at the Edinburgh Film Festival and the Warsaw Film Festival later in the year 

Radio
Atkins had a guest role in BBC Radio 4's long-running rural soap The Archers in September 2016, playing Jacqui, the juror who persuades her fellow jurors to acquit Helen Titchener (née Archer) of the charge of attempted murder and wounding with intent of her abusive husband, Rob 

Personal life
Atkins was married to actor Julian Glover in 1957; they divorced in 1966  (A day after his divorce, Glover married actress Isla Blair ) She married her second husband, Bill Shepherd, on 2 February 1978  Shepherd died on 24 June 2016 In 1997, she wrote the screenplay for Mrs Dalloway, starring Vanessa Redgrave  The film received positive reviews but was a box-office failure  It was a financial disaster for Atkins and her husband, who had invested in it  She said of this incident: "I have to work  I was nearly bankrupted over Mrs Dalloway, and if you are nearly bankrupted, you are in trouble for the rest of your life  I don't have a pension  In any case, it doesn't hurt me to work  I think it's quite good, actually ""All through my career, I have tried to do new work, but there is a problem in the West End as far as new work is concerned  As a theatregoer, I get bored with seeing the same old plays again and again  I felt terrible the other night because I bumped into Greta Scacchi and she asked me if I was coming to see her in The Deep Blue Sea  I said, 'Greta, I'm so old, I've seen it so many times  I've seen it with Peggy Ashcroft, with Vivien Leigh, with Googie Withers, with Penelope Wilton and I played it myself when I was 19  I can't bring myself to see it again ' She was very sweet about it "In 1995, Atkins was diagnosed with breast cancer and treated for the condition  She has recovered  Living alone in widowhood during the COVID lockdown, Atkins (at age 87) completed her autobiography Will She Do?  She read an abridged version on BBC Radio 4 

Filmography
Film
Television
Theatre
Honours
Atkins was appointed a Commander of the Order of the British Empire (CBE) in the 1990 Birthday Honours  She was promoted to Dame Commander of the Order of the British Empire (DBE) on her 67th birthday in the 2001 Queen's Birthday Honours "for services to Drama " On 23 June 2010, she was awarded the degree of Doctor of Letters, honoris causa, by Oxford University  On 5 December 2005 she received the degree of Doctor of Arts, honoris causa, from City University London  She is a member of the American Theater Hall of Fame; she was inducted in 1998 

Awards and nominations
Theatre Awards
Tony Awards

Drama Desk Awards

Olivier Awards

Film and Television Awards
Notes
Passage 5:
Sons and Lovers (1981 TV serial)
Sons and Lovers is a 1981 BBC television serial based on D  H  Lawrence's 1913 book Sons and Lovers   It starred Eileen Atkins, Tom Bell, Karl Johnson, Lynn Dearth and Leonie Mellinger   It was adapted by Trevor Griffiths and directed by Stuart Burge, and originally shown as seven episodes



ground_truth: writer

prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: Celebrity Fifteen to One has had more than one appearance by an English writer and former Conservative Member of what?

The following are given passages.
Context 2:  the making of me " The journalist John Sweeney later published Purple Homicide, an account of the campaign for the Tatton seat  Neil Hamilton's later failure in a libel case against the Egyptian businessman, Mohamed Al-Fayed, would lead to her husband's bankruptcy  Their home in Nether Alderley, Cheshire was sold to the market for £1 25 million 

Entertainment personality
After Hamilton's electoral defeat, Christine and her husband appeared together on the satirical BBC quiz show Have I Got News for You, on 9 May 1997, an appearance that established her as a chat-show personality and she subsequently appeared on programmes including her own Christine Hamilton Show on BBC Choice where she interviewed celebrities who suffered some form of adversity, including Jonathan Aitken, James Hewitt, Bernard Manning, Ivana Trump, Paul Merson and John Fashanu  The Hamiltons were the subjects of an episode of Louis Theroux's 2001 documentary series When Louis Met    Hamilton has described herself as a "media butterfly" and has appeared on a variety of television shows since her husband's electoral defeat  Hamilton came third in the first series of the reality television programme, I'm a Celebrity   Get Me Out of Here! in 2002, and reached the final of Celebrity Masterchef in 2010  Hamilton appeared on Have I Got News for You in 2002 and taunted presenter Angus Deayton over recent tabloid revelations about his personal life In the theatre, Hamilton has appeared in pantomime in Jack and the Beanstalk at the Yvonne Arnaud Theatre, Guildford in 2002, as the Fairy Godmother in Cinderella at the Kettering Lighthouse Theatre in 2011 and has taken the role of the narrator for The Rocky Horror Show musical  Hamilton toured her one-woman show, Share an Evening with Christine Hamilton, in 2003, and has appeared several times in Eve Ensler's play The Vagina Monologues, including its 2005 West End run at Wyndhams Theatre, where she appeared alongside Jenny Eclair and Heather Small  The Hamiltons appeared at the Edinburgh Festival in 2006 with their show, Lunch with the Hamiltons, at the Pleasance Dome in 2006 Hamilton was the face of 'British Sausage Week' in 2005 and the judge of 'Mr Gay Torbay' in 2009  Hamilton legally changed her name by deed poll to 'Mrs British Battleaxe' in February 2009 as a promotion for an online deed service company  She later regretted the decision 

Media commentator, presenter and writer
Hamilton has appeared on numerous topical television programmes including GMTV, Loose Women, This Week, The Alan Titchmarsh Show, This Morning and The Wright Stuff  Hamilton has also been a dictionary corner guest on Countdown Hamilton also interviewed successful women in business for the digital channel Simply Money, has presented programmes on Sky Digital's Destination Lunch, and stood in for Gloria Hunniford and Fern Britton on Open House and This Morning As a writer Hamilton published The Book of British Battleaxes in 1999, and an autobiography, For Better For Worse: Her Own Story, in 2005  Hamilton has also written columns for Western Daily Press and the gay magazine Refresh 

False allegation
Along with her husband, she was arrested in May 2001 by police investigating an alleged rape that was found to be false  Their accuser, Nadine Milroy-Sloan, was charged with attempting to pervert the course of justice, and in 2002 sentenced to 3 years imprisonment for making the false accusations 
Passage 5:
Gyles Brandreth
Gyles Daubeney Brandreth (born 8 March 1948) is an English broadcaster, writer and former politician  He has worked as a television presenter, theatre producer, journalist, author and publisher 
He was a presenter for TV-am's Good Morning Britain in the 1980s, and has been regularly featured on Channel 4's game show  Countdown and the BBC's The One Show  On radio, he makes frequent appearances on the BBC Radio 4 programme Just a Minute 
In 1992, Brandreth was elected to the House of Commons as the Conservative Member of Parliament (MP) for the City of Chester constituency  He served until he was defeated in 1997, and resumed his career in the media  He has written both fiction and non-fiction books, and makes appearances as a public speaker 

Early life
Brandreth was born on 8 March 1948 in Wuppertal, West Germany, where his father, Charles Brandreth, was serving as a legal officer with the Allied Control Commission  He moved to London with his parents at the age of three and was educated at the Lycée Français in South Kensington, and Bedales School in Petersfield, Hampshire, where he met his friend Simon Cadell Brandreth studied Modern History and Modern Languages at New College, Oxford, where he met Rick Stein  While at Oxford, he directed the Oxford University Dramatic Society and was President of the Oxford Union in Michaelmas term, 1969, and was a regular contributor to the university magazine Isis  He was described in a contemporaneous publication as "Oxford's Lord High Everything Else"  Christopher Hitchens suggested that Brandreth "set out to make himself into a Ken Tynan  Wore a cloak "

Television
Brandreth has appeared in the Dictionary Corner on the game show Countdown more than 300 times, including Carol Vorderman's final edition in 2008, making more appearances than any other guest  He appeared on TV-am's Good Morning Britain  He was known for his collection of jumpers, of which some were sold in a charity auction in 1993 
Brandreth hosted the short-lived game show Public Opinion in 2004  In 2006 he appeared on the television series That Mitchell and Webb Look, on the fictional game show "Numberwang", satirising his appearances in Countdown's Dictionary Corner  In 2007 he guest-starred in the Doctor Who audio play I D   From July to August 2009 he hosted the game show Knowitalls on BBC Two  In April 2010 he appeared on BBC Radio 4's Vote Now Show  He made a cameo appearance as himself in Channel 4 sitcom The IT Crowd, in the episode "The Final Countdown" 
A frequent guest on BBC television panel shows, he has appeared on six episodes of QI and six episodes of Have I Got News for You  He has appeared in episodes of Channel 5's The Gadget Show, and is a contributor to the BBC's early evening programme The One Show 
He appeared on Room 101 in 2005, while Paul Merton was host, successfully banishing the Royal Variety Performance and the British honours system into Room 101, saying that he would never accept an honour himself  In 2013 he clarified that position, stating that he had "no fundamental objection to the honours system", and that he selected the honours system for Room 101 because he could "tell funny stories about it" In October 2019, Brandreth appeared in series 3 of Richard Osman's House of Games, winning two of the five episodes 
Also in 2019, Brandreth appeared on series 1 of Celebrity Gogglebox alongside Sheila Hancock  In 2020 and 2021, Brandreth returned for Series 2 and 3, alongside Maureen Lipman  In 2022, he appeared in the series with Joanna Lumley and Carol Vorderman  In 2023, he returned with Lumley for Series 5, as well as Susie Dent 
In 2020, Brandreth and actor Sheila Hancock replaced Timothy West and Prunella Scales in a two-episode series of Great Canal Journeys, travelling down the River Thames  In the first episode Timothy West gave the two novice canal boaters a crash course in barging  They went down the Staffordshire Waterways in 2021 for another two-episode series On 16 October 2021, Brandreth appeared as a celebrity contestant on Beat the Chasers in aid of Great Ormond Street Hospital On 24 October 2022, Brandreth appeared on Bargain Hunt: BBC 100th Birthday Special to commemorate the BBC's 100th Anniversary  His team mate was Tony Blackburn 

Radio
Brandreth has presented programmes on London's LBC radio at various times since 1973, such as Star Quality  He frequently appears on BBC Radio 4's comedy panel game Just a Minute  He has appeared on several episodes of Radio 4's political programme The Westminster Hour, explaining his thoughts on how to make the most of being a government minister  From 2003 to 2005 Brandreth hosted the Radio 4 comedy panel game Whispers 
In 2006, Brandreth appeared in the Radio 4 comedy programme Living with the Enemy which he co-wrote with comedian Nick Revell, in which they appear as a former Conservative government minister and a former comedian  In 2010 he broadcast a Radio 4 documentary about his great-great-great-grandfather, Benjamin Brandreth, the inventor of a medicine called "Brandreth's Pills"  He is the host of the Radio 4 comedy panel show Wordaholics, first aired on 20 February 2012  He appeared on the Radio 4 programme The Museum of Curiosity in August 2017, to which he donated a button that was once owned by a famous actor 
In April 2019, Brandreth began co-hosting a podcast titled Something Rhymes With Purple alongside friend and colleague Susie Dent  The podcast discusses aspects of the English language such as historic or unusual words and their origins, as well as the origins of popular phrases and sayings 

Writing
Since the 1970s, Brandreth has written books for adults and children about Scrabble, words, puzzles and jokes, and co-founded the Games & Puzzles magazine  He wrote an authorised biography of actor John Gielgud, and lipogrammic reworks of Shakespeare  In the 1980s, Brandreth wrote scripts for Dear Ladies, a television programme featuring Hinge and Bracket  Brandreth created the stage show Zipp!, which enjoyed success at the Edinburgh Festival and had a short run in the West End In 1999, he published diaries chronicling his days as a politician between 1990 and 1997, called Breaking the Code In September 2004, Brandreth's book on the marriage of Queen Elizabeth II and Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh, Philip and Elizabeth: Portrait of a Marriage was published  In July 2005, he published a second book on the royal family, entitled Charles and Camilla: Portrait of a Love Affair, which concerns the three-decade love affair between the then-Prince Charles and Camilla Parker Bowles In 2021, following the death of Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh, Brandreth wrote, "The duke showed me great friendliness over 40 years but royalty offer you friendliness, not friendship, and you have to remember the difference "Brandreth has written a series of seven works of historical fiction called The Oscar Wilde Murder Mysteries, in which Oscar Wilde works with both Robert Sherard and Arthur Conan Doyle Brandreth has written and toured in a number of comedic one-man shows, including The One-to-One Show in 2010–2011, Looking for Happiness in 2013–2014 and Word Power in 2015–2016 Brandreth has written a book entitled Have You Eaten Grandma?, about the English language and correct grammar 

Politics
Brandreth was a Conservative MP, representing the City of Chester, from 1992 to 1997  He proposed a private member's bill which became law as the Marriage Act 1994  In 1995, he was appointed to a junior ministerial position as a Lord of the Treasury, with his role being essentially that of a whip He broadcast reminiscences of his parliamentary career on BBC radio as Brandreth on Office and The Brandreth Rules in 2001, 2003 and 2005 In August 2014, Brandreth was one of 200 public figures who were signatories to a letter to The Guardian opposing Scottish independence in the run-up to September's referendum on that issue  In May 2016, Brandreth told The Spectator that he was likely to vote for the UK to stay in the European Union in the following month's referendum on the issue  In 2019, Brandreth confirmed that he had voted to remain, but accepted the result of the referendum and believed that the government had to "get Brexit done" 

Gyles & George Knitwear
Brandreth is known for the colourful, humorous jumpers he has designed and worn throughout his career   He has stated on the BBC that "it's all I'm really known for "  Collaborating with artist and knitwear designer George Hostler, Brandreth created hundreds of jumper designs that appear in books he and Hostler authored and produced under their knitwear label, Gyles & George Brandreth has a room in his London home devoted to his jumpers, and claims to have one for almost every occasion   To name just a few examples: he has a knitted jumper emblazoned with a green frog that he has worn for appointments with princes (Philip and Charles); on other royal occasions, he has worn sweaters featuring corgis and crowns   He has appeared on television talking about rail strikes wearing a jumper that features a steam locomotive, and wore a sweater bearing the words "The End" on the day Boris Johnson resigned  And he has a Scrabble-themed jumper which he wears in his capacity as president of the Association of British Scrabble Players In order to strike a more serious note, he wore lounge suits rather than novelty jumpers when serving in Parliament, though he has stated: "The first time I spoke in the House of Commons, I heard John Prescott on the bench opposite me muttering 'woolly jumpers ha ha ha ' He could see I was thrown and he carried on  Eventually I had to pause and point out to Mr Prescott that the joy of a woolly jumper is that you can take it off at will  Whereas the blight of a woolly mind is that you're lumbered with it for life "In 2020, Brandreth partnered with American designer Jack Carlson to revive the label for the 21st century, with Gyles & George joining Carlson's collective of brands, Blazer Group   They have collaborated to re-release many of Brandreth's original designs, including a jumper with the words "I'm a Luxury" across the front, famously worn by Diana, Princess of Wales, and another featuring the words "What the **** is going on?" (the back reads: "Don't ask me")  They have also released a popular collection of sweaters themed around the signs of the zodiac Aside from Brandreth himself, the brand's models and prominent customers have included Joanna Lumley, Floella Benjamin, Hugh Bonneville, Jane Asher, Elton John, Pete Davidson, Ziwe Fumudoh, Blanca Miro, Dwyane Wade, Keith Richards, and Diana, Princess of Wales In 2023, the Petersfield Museum opened an exhibition dedicated to Gyles & George and Brandreth's personal collection of jumpers 

Other activities
Brandreth is a former European Monopoly champion, and president of the Association of British Scrabble Players, having organised the first British National Scrabble Championship in 1971  Since 2015 he has been the president of the Oscar Wilde Society, which was founded in 1990 He is an after-dinner speaker and held the world record for the longest continuous after-dinner speech, twelve-and-a-half hours, done as a charity stunt  With his wife, he founded a Teddy bear museum  Located in Stratford-upon-Avon for 18 years, it was relocated to the Polka Theatre in Wimbledon, London  In 2016, the museum moved to Newby Hall in Yorkshire  He is a patron of the National Piers Society and vice-president of charity Fields in Trust (formerly the National Playing Fields Association) 
In 2014, Brandreth was awarded the honorary degree of Doctor of Letters (DLitt) from the University of Chester  In December 2016, he was named the university's chancellor, and officially took the role in March 2017 

Personal life
Brandreth met his future wife, Michèle Brown, at Oxford  Five years later, with Brown working as a television reporter and Brandreth in theatre, the couple decided to have a "quiet wedding"  They were married at Marylebone Registry Office on 8 June 1973, with actor Simon Cadell, Brandreth's best friend from school, as a witness  The couple have lived in Barnes, southwest London, since 1986 They have three children, including Aphra, a former Conservative councillor in Richmond  She is deputy chair of the Conservative Women's Organisation and was the party's unsuccessful candidate for Kingston and Surbiton at the 2019 United Kingdom general election Brandreth is a vegetarian, and stopped drinking alcohol in 1997 in order to lose weight 

Selected bibliography
Non-fiction
Created in Captivity (1972), a study of prison reform
The Funniest Man on Earth (1974), a biography of Dan Leno
The Joy of Lex: How to Have Fun with 860,341,500 Words (1980), ISBN 0-688-01397-X
The Complete Home Entertainer (1981) ISBN 0-7091-9145-6, 978-0-7091-9145-2
Everyman's Indoor Games (1981), ISBN 0-460-04456-7
The World's Best Indoor Games (1981), ISBN 978-0394524771
871 Famous Last Words, and Put-downs, Insults, Squelches, Compliments, Rejoinders, Epigrams, and Epitaphs of Famous People (1982) ISBN 0-5173-8349-7, 978-0-5173-8349-0
The Book of Mistaikes (1982), ISBN 0-7088-2194-4
Wordplay (1982), ISBN 0-7278-2017-6, 978-0-7278-2017-4
John Gielgud: A Celebration (1984) ISBN 0-907-51638-6
The Scrabble Brand Puzzle Book (1984), ISBN 0-671-50536-X
The Book of Solo Games (1984), ISBN 091174553X
A Guide to Playing the Scrabble Brand Crossword Game (1985), ISBN 0-671-50652-8
Wit knits: Lively and original hand-knitting designs (1985), ISBN 978-0-0021-8168-6 (with George Hostler)
The Great Book of Optical Illusions (1985), ISBN 0-8069-6258-5
Everyman's Classic Puzzles (1986), ISBN 0-4600-2466-3
The Scrabble Companion (1988), ISBN 0-09-172698-0 (with Darryl Francis)
Knitability: fun knits for all the family (1988), ISBN 978-0-0041-1-1988 (with Linda O'Brien)
World Championship Scrabble (1992), ISBN 0-550-19028-7 (with Darryl Francis)
Under the Jumper: Autobiographical Excursions (1993)  ISBN 0-86051-894-9
Breaking the Code: Westminster Diaries, 1992–97 (1999), ISBN 0-297-64311-8
Brief Encounters: Meetings with Remarkable People (2001), ISBN 1-902301-95-1
John Gielgud: An Actor's Life (2001), ISBN 0-7509-2690-2
The Biggest Kids Joke Book Ever! (2002), ISBN 0-233-05062-0
The Joy of Lex: An Amazing and Amusing Z to A and A to Z of Words (2002), ISBN 1-86105-399-1
The Word Book (2002), ISBN 1-86105-398-3
Philip and Elizabeth: Portrait of a Marriage (2004), ISBN 0-7126-6103-4
Charles and Camilla: Portrait of a Love Affair (2005), ISBN 1-84413-845-3
The 7 Secrets of Happiness (2013) ISBN 978-1780722047
Word Play (2015) ISBN 978-1-473-62029-2
Messing About in Quotes  (2018) ISBN 978-0-19-881318-7
Novelty knits: 35 fun & fabulous jumpers (2019), ISBN 978-0-8578-3-8476 (with Saethryd Brandreth)
The Oxford Book of Theatrical Anecdotes (2020) ISBN 978-0-19-874958-5
Philip: The Final Portrait (2021) ISBN 978-1-44-476960-9
Odd Boy Out (2021) ISBN 978-0-24-148371-8
Elizabeth: An Intimate Portrait (2022) ISBN 978-0-24-158258-9

Fiction
Here Comes Golly (1979)  ISBN 978-0-7207-1098-4
Who is Nick Saint? (1996)  ISBN 978-0-3168-7979-8
Venice Midnight (1999)  ISBN 0-7515-2658-4
Oscar Wilde and the Candlelight Murders (2007), (American title: Oscar Wilde and a Death of No Importance)  ISBN 978-0-7195-6930-2
Oscar Wilde and the Ring of Death (2008), (American title: Oscar Wilde and a Game Called Murder)  ISBN 978-0719569609
Oscar Wilde and the Dead Man's Smile (2009)  ISBN 978-1416534853
Oscar Wilde and the Nest of Vipers (2010), (American title: Oscar Wilde and the Vampire Murders)  ISBN 978-1-4391-5369-7
Oscar Wilde and the Vatican Murders (2011)  ISBN 978-1-4391-5374-1
Oscar Wilde and the Murders at Reading Gaol (2012)  ISBN 978-1-4391-5376-5
Jack the Ripper - Case Closed (2017)- ISBN 978-1-4721-5232-9 (American title: Oscar Wilde and the Return of Jack the Ripper (2019)  ISBN 978-1-64313-021-7)
Passage 6:
Keith Raffan
Keith William Twort Raffan (born 21 June 1949) is a former British politician  From 1983 to 1992, he served in the British House of Commons as the Conservative Member of Parliament (MP) for the Delyn constituency in Wales  Then from 1999 to 2005, he was a Scottish Liberal Democrat Member of the Scottish Parliament (MSP) for the Mid Scotland and Fife region 

Early life
Raffan was born in Aberdeen and educated at Robert Gordon's College, Trinity College, Glenalmond, and Corpus Christi College, Cambridge  Prior to entering parliament he was a parliamentary sketchwriter for the Daily Express 

Conservative MP, 1983–1992
Originally a Conservative, Raffan was in the early 1970s a chairman of Pressure for Economic and Social Toryism (a precursor of the Tory Reform Group), thus placing him on the left of the party  At this time he stood unsuccessfully for parliament in two general elections, at Dulwich in February 1974 and East Aberdeenshire in October 1974 He was elected as Conservative MP for the Welsh seat of Delyn from 1983 to 1992, but his views on issues like drugs put him out of favour with the prevailing leadership of Margaret Thatcher, and he was never made a Minister  Raffan was one of the few Conservative MPs to support the 'stalking horse' leadership challenge of Anthony Meyer (his constituency neighbour in north Wales) against Thatcher in 1989, and he then supported Michael Heseltine's challenge to Thatcher the following year 

Scottish parliament, 1999–2005
Raffan stood down from the House of Commons at the 1992 general election and abandoned the Tories, in part because of his strong support for Scottish and Welsh devolution  He joined the Liberal Democrats that same year, and after working as a broadcaster and public relations consultant in New York and for Welsh TV channel HTV moved to Scotland  In 1998 he stood as the Liberal Democrat candidate in the European Parliament by-election for North East Scotland, and soon afterwards was appointed the Scottish party's chief spokesman on home affairs In the 1999 Scottish Parliament election Raffan was elected as a regional list MSP to represent Mid Scotland and Fife  He was one of three Liberal Democrat MSPs – along with Donald Gorrie and John Farquhar Munro – who opposed the coalition with the Labour Party in the Scottish Parliament, and was alone in his Liberal Democrat colleagues in not backing Donald Dewar for First Minister (he abstained from the vote)  Noted for his flamboyant and theatrical manner when participating in debate, early in the parliament's first term he gained notoriety for tabling 38 written questions in one day Raffan was re-elected at the 2003 Scottish Parliament election, and became a Vice Convener of the Scottish Liberal Democrats  However, in December 2004 he was subject to wide criticism for claiming abnormally large expense costs from the Scottish Parliament, including travel in his Fife constituency at times he was known to be in Parliament in Edinburgh  The following month he resigned as an MSP, citing ill-health (and not the controversy his expense claims had caused) as the reason 
He faced further criticism after his resignation for working at ITV Wales despite being "too sick to work"  He was replaced in his seat by Andrew Arbuckle, who had been next on the Liberal Democrat list for Mid Scotland and Fife in 2003  The Scottish Liberal Democrats have confirmed to the press that Raffan is no longer a party member 

After politics
In the run up to the 2018 local elections, Raffan wrote a letter to the Evening Standard declaring that he was going to vote for the Labour Party in Kensington where he was living He has subsequently left his third political party and now considers himself an independent 
Passage 7:
Democratic Party (Denmark)
The Democratic Party (Danish: Det Demokratiske Parti, less officially Demokraterne) is a political party in Denmark  The party was founded in September 2012 by former conservative member of parliament and former chairman of the Christian Democrats, Per Ørum Jørgensen, a few weeks after his resignation as chairman  The new party has no religious profile, but is a socially conservative, centre-right party which focuses on social issues and on reducing the distance between the citizens and the government in several respects  It wants Denmark to leave the EU  Instead, it wants a union of the Nordic countries of the same type  The party has no parliamentary representation 
Passage 8:
Baron Dunleath
Baron Dunleath, of Ballywalter in the County of Down, is a title in the Peerage of the United Kingdom  It was created on 29 August 1892 for the businessman and former Conservative Member of Parliament for Downpatrick, John Mulholland  The Mulholland family were involved in the cotton and linen industry in Ulster in the north of Ireland  The first Baron's son, the second Baron, represented Londonderry North in the House of Commons as a Conservative  His grandson, the fourth Baron, was a member of the Northern Ireland Assembly for the Alliance Party  He was succeeded by his first cousin, the fifth Baron, who had already succeeded his father as second Baronet of Ballyscullion (see below)  As of 2017 the titles are held by the fifth Baron's son, the sixth Baron, who succeeded in 1997 
The Mulholland Baronetcy, of Ballyscullion Park in the County of Londonderry, was created in the Baronetage of the United Kingdom on 3 July 1945 for the Hon  Henry Mulholland  He was the third son of the second Baron Dunleath and notably served as Speaker of the House of Commons of Northern Ireland  He was succeeded by his son, the aforementioned second Baronet, who in 1993 succeeded his cousin as fifth Baron Dunleath 
The family seat is Ballywalter Park, near Newtownards, County Down in Northern Ireland 

Barons Dunleath (1892)
John Mulholland, 1st Baron Dunleath (1819–1895)
Henry Lyle Mulholland, 2nd Baron Dunleath (1854–1931)
Charles Henry George Mulholland, 3rd Baron Dunleath (1886–1956)
Charles Edward Henry John Mulholland, 4th Baron Dunleath (1933–1993)
Michael Henry Mulholland, 5th Baron Dunleath (1915–1997)
Brian Henry Mulholland, 6th Baron Dunleath (b  1950)The heir apparent is the present holder's son the Hon  Andrew Henry Mulholland (b  1981) 

Mulholland Baronets, of Ballyscullion (1945)
Sir Henry George Hill Mulholland, 1st Baronet (1888–1971)
Sir Michael Henry Mulholland, 2nd Baronet (1915–1997) (succeeded as Baron Dunleath in 1993)see above for further succession

Notes
Passage 9:
Celebrity Fifteen to One
Celebrity Fifteen to One is a celebrity version of the Channel 4 game show Fifteen to One  William G  Stewart presented the first two episodes, which were Christmas specials that aired on 27 December 1990 and 30 December 1992  Adam Hills has hosted subsequent episodes on 20 September 2013, 6, 13, 20 and 27 June 2014, a Christmas special on 23 December 2014 and 7, 14, 21 and 28 August 2015 
Richard Whiteley, Anna Raeburn, Sally Jones and Rory McGrath appeared on both 1990s episodes, with Alex Brooker, Jimmy Carr, Johnny Vegas, Rhod Gilbert and Gyles Brandreth also having made appearances on more than one Hills episode  Of these, Brandreth is the only person to have made appearances on episodes presented by both hosts 

Episodes
William G  Stewart era
The first episode was broadcast on 27 December 1990  The format is largely the same as that of Fifteen to One, though with the Barry Cryer rule: Those who get both questions wrong may still play round 2 with one life remaining, with Cryer being the only one to miss both questions  Cryer was also the first contestant to be eliminated   The programme is extended to 45 minutes from 30, with an extra advert added between the first and second rounds 
A second celebrity special aired on 30 December 1992  In his book "A Matter of Facts: An Insider's Guide To Quizzing", contestant Marcus Berkmann, who had previously appeared on a civilian episode of the show two years prior, explained that he was asked to appear on the programme after Vincent Hanna pulled out and noted that "clearly some barrels had been scraped for this, and [he] was at the bottom of the very last barrel"  The winner, Patrick Stoddart, won by taking a step back from the rest of the semi-circle, resulting in no one nominating him in round 2  This would be the last Celebrity Fifteen to One for over twenty years 

Adam Hills era
The show was revived on 20 September 2013 as part of a 1980s night  This version was hosted by Adam Hills and was 1 hour long rather than 45 minutes and did not reprise what UKGameshows com termed as the Barry Cryer rule; "just one life away for each incorrect answer in round one"  It did, however, slash the number of questions in round three down to 25, and eliminated the need for three correct answers to start question or nominate  Money was awarded for getting to the final: £1,000 for getting there; £5,000 for coming second; £10,000 for coming first + £1,000 for however many lives they have left + £1,000 for getting any of the questions right after both the other finalists have been eliminated + £100 for every life they entered the round with  Jo Brand won this episode, winning £21,100 for her charity 
After the first show aired, it was announced by Channel 4 that the show would be revived for four more celebrity specials featuring Hills and for twenty daytime episodes featuring Sandi Toksvig  Changes were made; money was not awarded for lives left at the end of the round two, and for the last celebrity standing, the last five questions are worth £2,000 each  The winners of these programmes were Josie Long, who raised £25,000, Stephen Mangan and Dave Gorman, who both raised £23,000, and Sian Williams, who raised £22,000  These episodes were transmitted on 6, 13, 20 and 27 June 2015 respectively 
A Christmas special was broadcast on 23 December 2014  Rufus Hound raised £11,000 after a particularly tight final round in which all three contestants were standing at the end of 25 questions, and Hound opted to take two questions from 71–82 down with only one life left 
Four more episodes of Celebrity Fifteen to One were broadcast on 7, 14, 21 and 28 August 2015  Winners of these episodes were Alex James, who raised £11,000, Kate Humble, who raised £26,000, Gary Delaney, who raised £11,000 and Tanni Grey-Thompson, who raised £13,000 
William G  Stewart hosted two celebrity specials across 35 series  The revival shows include ten celebrity specials across four series of the main daytime show  The fourth series began on 18 September 2015 
Passage 10:
Bossom baronets
The Bossom Baronetcy, of Maidstone in the County of Kent, is a title in the Baronetage of the United Kingdom  It was created on 4 July 1953 for the architect and Conservative Member of Parliament for Maidstone, Alfred Bossom  In 1960 he was further honoured when he was created a life peer as Baron Bossom, of Maidstone in the County of Kent  The life peerage became extinct on his death in 1965 while he was succeeded in the baronetcy by his second but only surviving son, the second holder of the baronetcy  He was a former Conservative Member of Parliament for Leominster 

Bossom baronets, of Maidstone (1953)
Sir Alfred Charles Bossom, 1st Baronet (1881–1965) (created Baron Bossom in 1960)
Sir Clive Bossom, 2nd Baronet (1918–2017)
Sir Bruce Bossom, 3rd Baronet (born 1952)The heir apparent to the baronetcy is his son George Edward Martin Bossom (born 1992) 

Notes
Context 3:   It aired in the US as part of the PBS's Masterpiece Theatre program in 1982 Writer Trevor Griffiths said in 1981, "I chose to do this work because, under all the incipient mysticism of the perception, under the incipient derogation of women, under the increasingly ugly politics, there is, in this Lawrence, and vibrantly so, a powerful and radical celebration of dignity in resistance within working-class culture in industrial class-societies; as well as a dark, tortured cry against the waste of human resources such societies require as part of their logic   It is no bad thing to be saying when unemployment has reached over three million ”
Passage 6:
Jessica Swale
Jessica Swale (born 27 February 1982) is a British playwright, theatre director and screenwriter  Her first play, Blue Stockings, premiered at Shakespeare's Globe in 2013  It is widely performed by UK amateur companies and is also studied on the Drama GCSE syllabus  In 2016, her play Nell Gwynn won the Olivier Award for Best New Comedy, after it transferred from the Globe to the West End, starring Gemma Arterton as the eponymous heroine  She also wrote and directed the feature film Summerland (2020) 

Early life and education
Born in Reading, Berkshire, Swale completed her secondary education at Kendrick School, Reading, before studying drama at the University of Exeter  She completed her training at the Royal Central School of Speech and Drama (MA Advanced Theatre Practice), where she trained as a director 

Career
After drama school, she worked as Max Stafford-Clark's associate director at Out of Joint Theatre Company, on productions including The Overwhelming (2006) at the National Theatre and Andersen's English (2010) at Hampstead  In 2006, she set up Red Handed Theatre Company with Katie Bonna, to perform new works and revive lost classics  She was nominated for an Evening Standard Award for Best Director for her production of The Belle's Stratagem and received the Peter Brook Empty Space Award for Best Ensemble for Red Handed in 2012 Swale is also an associate artist with NGO Youth Bridge Global, using theatre as a development tool in war-torn countries, and the author of a series of drama games books, published by Nick Hern 

Stage directing
In 2010, Swale directed the first play by a woman ever to be staged at Shakespeare's Globe, Nell Leyshon's Bedlam  For Red Handed Theatre Company, she directed The Busy Body (2012), The Rivals (2010), Someone Who'll Watch Over Me (2012) at Southwark Playhouse, The School for Scandal (2013) at the Park Theatre and Palace of the End (2010) at Arcola Theatre  Other credits include Fallen Angels (Salisbury Playhouse), Winter (Theatre Newfoundland, Canada), Sleuth, Sense and Sensibility and Far from the Madding Crowd (Watermill Theatre) 

Playwriting
As a playwright, Swale's first play Blue Stockings premiered at Shakespeare's Globe in 2013 and won her an Evening Standard Most Promising Playwright nomination  Nell Gwynn premiered at Shakespeare's Globe in 2015, starring Gugu Mbatha-Raw, and transferred to the West End with Gemma Arterton in the title role  The production received four Olivier nominations, winning Best New Comedy, and is currently being developed as a feature film with Working Title Other plays includes All's Will that Ends Will (Bremen Shakespeare Company), Thomas Tallis (Sam Wanamaker Playhouse), The Playhouse Apprentice (Sam Wanamaker Playhouse) and The Mission about illegal adoptions in the 1920s  Her adaptations include Sense and Sensibility, Far from the Madding Crowd (Watermill), The Secret Garden and Stig of the Dump (Grosvenor Park, Chester) 

Film and television
Her first short film, the Time's Up movement-inspired comedy Leading Lady Parts, starring Catherine Tate, Gemma Arterton, Felicity Jones, Florence Pugh, Lena Headey, Emilia Clarke, Tom Hiddleston and Gemma Chan, premiered on BBC Four in 2018 and is available for free on YouTube  She then co-wrote the screenplay for Horrible Histories: The Movie – Rotten Romans (2019) In 2012, she won the BAFTA JJ Screenwriting Bursary for which she developed an original screenplay, Summerland  She also directed the film herself, and in 2020 it was released by IFC Films and Lionsgate  In 2022, she shot two episodes of Ten Percent for Amazon Prime Video, featuring guest stars Dominic West, Emma Corin, and Himesh Patel She is currently writing an original feature with Blueprint and StudioCanal and other projects for Fox Searchlight and Monumental Pictures 

Personal life
Swale lives in South London with a photographer, Michael Wharley 

Writing credits
Plays
The Playhouse Apprentice (2016)
Nell Gwynn (2015) premiered at Shakespeare's Globe and transferred to the Apollo Theatre, West End, in 2016
Thomas Tallis (2014): premiered at The Sam Wanamaker Playhouse
All's Will that ends Will (2014): premiered at Bremer Shakespeare Company
Blue Stockings (2013): premiered at Shakespeare's Globe

Adaptations
Stig of the Dump (2016): adapted from the novel by Clive King and premiered at Grosvenor Park Open Air Theatre
Far from the Madding Crowd (2015): adapted from the novel by Thomas Hardy and premiered at the Watermill Theatre
The Secret Garden (2014): adapted from the novel by Frances Eliza Hodgson Burnett, premiered at Grosvenor Park Open Air Theatre
Sense and Sensibility (2014): adapted from the novel by Jane Austen and premiered at the Watermill Theatre

Books
Drama Games: For Rehearsals (2016)
Drama Games: For Devising (2012)
Drama Games: For Classrooms and Workshops (2009)

Directing credits
Film and television
Plays
Fallen Angels (2015) at Salisbury Playhouse
Far from the Madding Crowd (2015): adapted from the novel by Thomas Hardy, premiered at The Watermill Theatre
Sense and Sensibility (2014): adapted from the novel by Jane Austen, premiered at The Watermill Theatre
Winter (2011) at Newfoundland Theatre, Canada
Bedlam (2010) at Shakespeare's Globe
For Red Handed Theatre Company: The Busy Body (2012), The Rivals (2010), Someone Who'll Watch Over Me (2012) at Southwark Playhouse, The School for Scandal (2013) at the Park Theatre and Palace of the End (2010) at Arcola Theatre
Passage 7:
Alex Jennings
Alex Michael Jennings (born 10 May 1957) is an English actor of the stage and screen, who worked extensively with the Royal Shakespeare Company and National Theatre  For his work on the London stage, Jennings received three Olivier Awards, winning for Too Clever by Half (1988), Peer Gynt (1996), and My Fair Lady (2003)  He is the only performer to have won Olivier awards in the drama, musical, and comedy categories He is known for his film work, in particular for his performance as Prince Charles in Stephen Frears' film The Queen (2006) opposite Helen Mirren  His other film appearances include The Wings of the Dove (1997), Bridget Jones: The Edge of Reason (2004), Babel (2006), Belle (2013), and The Lady in the Van (2015) starring Maggie Smith 
Jennings won acclaim for his performances in television including for his portrayal of Edward VIII, the Duke of Windsor, in the Netflix series The Crown acting opposite Claire Foy  He also starred in the ITV series Victoria (2016–2019) opposite Jenna Coleman, as well as Stephen Frears' A Very English Scandal (2018) alongside Hugh Grant and Ben Whishaw, and most recently Steve McQueen's Small Axe: Mangrove (2020) starring Letitia Wright 

Early life
Jennings was born in Romford, Essex, the son of Peggy Patricia (née Mahoney) and Michael Thomas Jennings  He attended Abbs Cross Technical High School in Hornchurch and studied English and Theatre studies at the University of Warwick, graduating in 1978  He said he saw his first theatre while in high school and went to the Old Vic Theatre, which inspired him to be an actor He trained as an actor for two years at the Bristol Old Vic Theatre School 

Career
1980s
In the early 1980s, Jennings began his career in regional repertory theatre  In 1985, playing a range of roles including Maximilien Robespierre in The Scarlet Pimpernel  Jennings met director Nicholas Hytner during this production and has worked with him many times since  For his performance as Gloumov in Too Clever by Half at the Old Vic, he won the Olivier Award for Best Comedy Performance in 1988  He was nominated in the same category the following year for portraying Dorante in The Liar  He has performed for the Royal National Theatre in a number of plays, including Leontes in The Winter's Tale and the title role in Albert Speer 
Jennings' work in television includes appearances in The State Within, Smiley's People, The Franchise Affair, Inspector Morse, Lewis, Alfonso Bonzo, the title role in Ashenden, Dead Poets Society, Inspector Alleyn, Hard Times, Bad Blood, and Peter Ackroyd's London  His many radio credits include Casino Royale, The Way of the World, Strange Meeting, Vorbis in Small Gods, and The Old Curiosity Shop 

1990s
His Royal Shakespeare Company roles include the title role in Peer Gynt (for which he won an Olivier Award 1995-06 for Best Actor), the title role in Richard II (opposite Anton Lesser as Henry Bolingbroke), Theseus/Oberon in A Midsummer Night's Dream (UK, American tour and Broadway), Angelo in Measure for Measure, and the title role in Hamlet He also appeared in War Requiem, the RSC's film version of A Midsummer Night's Dream, and Joseph and the Amazing Technicolor Dreamcoat (1999)  Jennings also appeared as Lord Mark in the romantic drama film The Wings of the Dove starring Helena Bonham Carter, Elizabeth McGovern, Charlotte Rampling, and Sir Michael Gambon  The film received great acclaim and many awards nominations including four Academy Award nominations and five British Academy Film Award nominations 

2000s
In 2002, he appeared in the Cameron Mackintosh/Trevor Nunn revival of My Fair Lady at the Theatre Royal, Drury Lane and won an Olivier Award as Best Actor in a Musical  He was an Associate Artist at the Royal Shakespeare Company  That year he also appeared in The Four Feathers (2002) as Colonel Hamilton alongside Heath Ledger, Kate Hudson, and Michael Sheen 
In 2006, Jennings' made his breakthrough film role as Charles, Prince of Wales opposite Helen Mirren as Queen Elizabeth II in The Queen  The film was directed by Stephen Frears, and written by Peter Morgan  The film depicts the death of Diana, Princess of Wales on 31 August 1997 and the reaction from the British public and the British royal family  The film was an immense critical and box office success after it premiered at the Venice Film Festival  The film received six Academy Award nominations including a win for Mirren's performance 
In 2007, he played the role of Garry Essendine in Noël Coward's Present Laughter at the NT  Also in 2007, he portrayed the Rev  Hutton in the BBC miniseries Cranford starring Judi Dench  He also played John Le Mesurier in the one-off BBC drama Hancock and Joan  In 2009, he appeared in The Habit of Art as Benjamin Britten 
In June 2008, he made his debut in the Operetta at the ENO in Robert Carsen's production of Bernstein's Candide, in which he played Voltaire and Doctor Pangloss 
He has recorded the audio versions of the books: Sins of the Father by Jeffrey Archer, The Kraken Wakes by John Wyndham, The Horse and His Boy, Out of the Silent Planet, and Perelandra by C S  Lewis, 20,000 Leagues Under the Sea by Jules Verne, and Attention All Shipping by Charlie Connelly, which was selected in June 2008 as one of the top 40 audiobooks of all time  In 2006, he recorded an abridgement of A Spot of Bother by Mark Haddon  He is also a regular narrator on BBC Radio 4's Book at Bedtime  He was also a member of the BBC's Radio Drama Company 

2010s
In 2010, he played Captain Shipshape in the CBeebies second series of Grandpa in my Pocket and starred in the film Belle  After that, he played Henry Tizard in Castles in the Sky 
In 2011, he played Mikhail Bulgakov in the National Theatre's production of Collaborators  In 2014, he played the role of Willy Wonka in Charlie and the Chocolate Factory the Musical, which was directed by Sam Mendes and was performed on London's West End theatre district  He took over the role from Douglas Hodge in 2014 From 2011 to 2014, Jennings played Alan Cowdrey QC in the BBC One legal drama Silk  He has also appeared in the PBS/Masterpiece Theatre television series Inspector Lewis (2012), and Foyle's War (2015) 
Jennings portrayed playwright Alan Bennett in the 2015 film The Lady in the Van opposite Academy Award winner Dame Maggie Smith in the title role  The film is directed by Nicolas Hytner, who is a long-time collaborator from the theatre  The film also featured performances from Jim Broadbent, Claire Foy, Frances de la Tour, and James Corden  The film premiered at the 2015 Toronto International Film Festival to great acclaim, specifically for Smith's performance  To promote the film Maggie Smith, and Jennings, appeared on The Graham Norton Show, this is Smith's first chat show appearance in over 40 years 
In 2016, he reprised his role as Professor Henry Higgins in the Australian 60th anniversary production of My Fair Lady, directed by Julie Andrews On television, from 2016 to 2017, he appeared in the Netflix series The Crown alongside Claire Foy and Jared Harris, as Prince Edward, Duke of Windsor, uncle to Queen Elizabeth and great-uncle to Prince Charles (whom Jennings played in The Queen)  The series has received widespread acclaim from audiences and critics alike  Jennings also portrayed King Leopold I of Belgium in the ITV/PBS series Victoria (2016–2019) alongside Jenna Coleman 
In 2018 he played Liberal MP Peter Bessell in the BBC One series, A Very English Scandal alongside Hugh Grant, and Ben Whishaw, a miniseries about the Jeremy Thorpe affair directed by Stephen Frears  The film received widespread critical acclaim with a 97% on Rotten Tomatoes with the critics consensus reading, "Hugh Grant and Ben Whishaw impress in A Very English Scandal, an equally absorbing and appalling look at British politics and society"  The series also received four Primetime Emmy Award nominations including a win for Whishaw for his performance 
In 2019, he played Andrew Aldridge, a Conservative MP, in the TV miniseries Four Weddings and a Funeral

2020s
In 2020, Jennings appeared in the Small Axe miniseries directed by Steve McQueen, specifically the television movie, Mangrove as Judge Edward Clarke alongside Letitia Wright as physician and British Black Panther Altheia Jones-LeCointe  In Mangrove, the story revolves around the true story based on the Mangrove Nine who were British black activists tried for inciting a riot at a protest, in 1970, against the police targeting of the Mangrove restaurant, Notting Hill, in West London  The film received widespread critical acclaim, with the critics consensus on Rotten Tomatoes reading, "Anchored by strong performances and an even stronger sense of conviction, Mangrove is a powerful indictment of institutional racism "

Work
Film
Television
Theatre
Filmed Theatrical Events

1999: Joseph and the Amazing Technicolor Dreamcoat as Butler
2010: National Theatre Live: The Habit of Art as Henry / Benjamin Britten
2011: National Theatre Live: Collaborators as Mikhail Bulgakov
2013: National Theatre Live: 50 Years on Stage as Henry Higgins
2019: National Theatre Live: Hansard as Robin Hesketh

Awards and nominations
Passage 8:
Sarah Solemani
Sarah Solemani (born 4 September 1982) is an English actress, writer and activist  She is best known for starring in the BAFTA winning sitcom Him & Her and playing Renee Zellweger's best friend Miranda in Bridget Jones's Baby, for which she was nominated for an Evening Standard Best Actress Award  She also had roles in the British comedy TV series Bad Education and The Wrong Mans 

Early life
Solemani was born in the London Borough of Camden and grew up in Crouch End  Her father is a Persian Jewish mathematics lecturer (now retired)  After passing her A levels at the Henrietta Barnett School, she took a gap year before reading Social and Political Sciences (now the Human, Social and Political Sciences Tripos) at New Hall, Cambridge and graduating with an MA (Hons)  At Cambridge, she joined the Footlights performance troupe, becoming social secretary during her first year and later vice president 

Career
Theatre
Solemani was a member of the National Youth Theatre during her gap year, during which time she appeared as Elaine in the West End theatre production of The Graduate and as Ayesha in the critically acclaimed National Theatre production of Sanctuary  
She was a member of the Young Writer's Group attached to the Royal Court Theatre, and a writer at the Young Vic Theatre  Two plays she wrote were produced at Soho Theatre  Another of her works, The Cost of Things (2010), was presented at the Public Theater New York under the aegis of the Old Vic Theatre as part of the TS Eliot Project  In 2011, she wrote The Baron which received the Old Vic New Voices 'Ignite' award In 2009, Solemani appeared in Simon Stephens' play Pornography at the Tricycle Theatre in London and, in 2012, as Maryam in The House of Bernarda Alba at the Almeida Theatre  She wrote Up the Royal Borough, part of an evening of plays in response to Owen Jones' Chavs at the Lyric Hammersmith  It gained good reviews 

Television and film
Solemani's first film role was as a tableaux girl in Mrs Henderson Presents, which she performed during her third year of college  Her first major TV role was as Becky in BBC Three sitcom Him & Her, which was first broadcast in September 2010, and ran for four series, before ending in 2013 From 2012 until 2014, Solemani starred in the BBC Three comedy, Bad Education, including its spin off movie The Bad Education Movie and a one-off special in 2022  In 2013, she featured in the BBC and Hulu's The Wrong Mans alongside James Corden  She reprised the role for the show's second series  She wrote and starred in an episode of the Sky TV series Love Matters, titled "Aphrodite Fry", that aired in 2013  In 2014, she wrote the television film The Secrets  It aired on BBC One to critical acclaim 
In Hollywood, Solemani was chosen by Bill Hader and Alec Berg to be part of their writing team on Hader's new HBO show Barry  While working in the United States, she has found the American television industry has a more positive attitude towards commissioning work by women and featuring female characters in their series In 2019 it was announced she would adapt Jo Bloom's novel Ridley Road into a television drama  Published in 2014, Bloom's book was the result of research into the anti-Nazi London 62 Group and events involving it in the summer of 1962, with the group's activities serving as a backdrop, the title coming from the street in the East End where fascists held meetings and around which battles took place  It was broadcast by BBC One in October 2021  In 2022 she co-wrote and co-starred with Steve Coogan in Chivalry, a six episode comedy-drama  about "sexual politics in the wake of the #MeToo movement" for Channel 4 

Print
Solemani has contributed to the New Statesman, The Guardian, The Independent and Harper's Bazaar  She writes regularly for the publications Red and Glamour 

Awards and acclaim
Solemani was awarded third place in the Barry Amiel and Norman Melburn Trust/New Statesman Prize for New Political Writing on the subject: "Do women's rights remain the privilege of the developed world?" in 2005 In 2011, Solemani won the Royal Television Society award for best Comedy Performance for her role in Him & Her along with her co-star Russell Tovey  In 2012, Solemani was named one of the year's Broadcast Hot Shots 

Activism
Solemani is against the criminalisation of sex work, and has been a champion for sex worker rights since 2002  She was nominated by the English Collective of Prostitutes (ECP) to represent them in Parliament in order to halt further efforts to criminalise clients  She was an active supporter of former shadow Home Secretary Yvette Cooper in the 2015 Labour leadership contest  She has introduced Cooper at various Labour Party events and has contributed to her speeches 

Personal life
Solemani married Daniel E  Ingram, a sustainable investment expert specialising in climate change, in Petah Tikva, Israel, on 3 June 2012  Their daughter was born in December 2013 and their son was born in May 2018  Raised by an Orthodox Jewish father and a Plymouth Brethren evangelical mother, Solemani has formally converted to Judaism along with her husband 

Filmography
Film and television
Stage
Passage 9:
Frances de la Tour
Frances J  de Lautour (born 30 July 1944), better known as Frances de la Tour, is an English actress  She is known for her role as Miss Ruth Jones in the television sitcom Rising Damp from 1974 until 1978  She is a Tony Award winner and three-time Olivier Award winner 
She performed as Mrs  Lintott in the play The History Boys in London and on Broadway, winning the 2006 Tony Award for Best Featured Actress in a Play  She reprised the role in the 2006 film  Her other film roles include Madame Olympe Maxime in Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire (2005)  Television roles include Emma Porlock in the Dennis Potter serial Cold Lazarus (1996), headmistress Margaret Baron in BBC sitcom Big School and Violet Crosby in the sitcom Vicious 

Early life and family
De la Tour was born on 30 July 1944 in Bovingdon, Hertfordshire, to Moyra (née Fessas) and Charles de la Tour (1909–1982)  The name was also spelled De Lautour, and it was in this form that her birth was registered in Hemel Hempstead, Hertfordshire, in the third quarter of 1944  She has French, Greek, and Irish ancestry  She was educated at London's Lycée Français and the Drama Centre London She is the sister of actor and screenwriter Andy de la Tour, and was briefly married to playwright Tom Kempinski  She has a son and a daughter An episode of the BBC series Who Do You Think You Are?, first broadcast on 22 October 2015, revealed de la Tour to be a descendant of the aristocratic Delaval family 

Career
Theatre
After leaving drama school, she joined the Royal Shakespeare Company (RSC) in 1965  Over the next six years, she played many small roles with the RSC in a variety of plays, gradually building up to larger parts such as Hoyden in The Relapse and culminating in Peter Brook's acclaimed production of A Midsummer Night's Dream, in which she played Helena as a comic "tour de force" In the 1970s, she worked steadily both on the stage and on television  Some of her notable appearances were Rosalind in As You Like It at the Playhouse, Oxford in 1975 and Isabella in The White Devil at the Old Vic in 1976  She enjoyed a collaboration with Stepney's Half Moon Theatre, appearing in the London première of Dario Fo's We Can't Pay? We Won't Pay (1978), Eleanor Marx's Landscape of Exile (1979), and in the title role of Hamlet (1980) In 1980, she played Stephanie, the violinist with MS in Duet for One, a play written for her by Kempinski, for which she won the Olivier for Best Actress  She played Sonya in Uncle Vanya opposite Donald Sinden at the Theatre Royal, Haymarket in 1982  Her performance as Josie in Eugene O'Neill's A Moon for the Misbegotten won her another Olivier for Best Actress in 1983  She joined the Royal National Theatre for the title role in Saint Joan in 1984 and appeared there in Brighton Beach Memoirs in 1986  She again won the Olivier, this time for Best Supporting Actress for Martin Sherman's play about Isadora Duncan, When She Danced, with Vanessa Redgrave at the Globe Theatre in 1991 and played Leo in Les Parents terribles at the Royal National Theatre in 1994, earning another Olivier nomination 
In 1994, de la Tour co-starred with Maggie Smith in Edward Albee's Three Tall Women at the Wyndham's and with Alan Howard in Albee's The Play About the Baby at the Almeida in 1998  In 1999, she returned to the RSC to play Cleopatra opposite Alan Bates in Antony and Cleopatra, in which she did a nude walk across the stage  In 2004, she played Mrs  Lintott in Alan Bennett's The History Boys at the National and later on Broadway, winning both a Drama Desk Award and a Tony Award for Best Featured Actress in a Play  She would also later appear in the film version  In December 2005, she appeared in the London production of the highly acclaimed anti-Iraq War one-woman play Peace Mom by Dario Fo, based on the writings of Cindy Sheehan  In 2007, she appeared in a West End revival of the farce Boeing-Boeing  In 2009, she appeared in Alan Bennett's new play The Habit of Art at the National  In 2012, she returned to the National in her third Bennett premiere, People 

Film and television
Her many television appearances during the 1980s and 1990s include the 1980 miniseries Flickers opposite Bob Hoskins, the TV version of Duet for One, for which she received a BAFTA nomination, the series A Kind of Living (1988–89), Dennis Potter's Cold Lazarus (1996), and Tom Jones (1997)  Of all her TV roles, however, she is best known for playing spinster Ruth Jones in the successful Yorkshire Television comedy Rising Damp, from 1974 to 1978  De la Tour told Richard Webber, who wrote a 2001 book about the series, that Ruth Jones "was an interesting character to play  We laughed a lot on set, but comedy is a serious business, and Leonard took it particularly seriously, and rightly so  Comedy, which is so much down to timing, is exhausting work  But it was a happy time " Upon reprising her Rising Damp role in the 1980 film version, she won Best Actress at the Evening Standard British Film Awards 
In the mid-1980s, de la Tour was considered, along with Joanna Lumley and Dawn French, as a replacement for Colin Baker on Doctor Who  The idea was scrapped and the job was given to Sylvester McCoy 
In 2003, de la Tour played a terminally ill gay woman in the film Love Actually with the actress Anne Reid, although her scenes were cut from the film's theatrical release and appear only on the DVD In 2005, she portrayed Olympe Maxime, headmistress of Beauxbatons Academy, in Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire  In 2010, she reprised Maxime as a cameo in Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows Part 1  Notable television roles during this time include Agatha Christie's Poirot: Death on the Nile (2004), Waking the Dead (2004), the black comedy Sensitive Skin (2005), with Joanna Lumley and Denis Lawson, Agatha Christie's Marple: The Moving Finger (2006) and New Tricks as a rather morbid Egyptologist, also in 2006 
She was nominated for the 2006 BAFTA Award for Actress in a Supporting Role for her work on the film version of The History Boys 
She later appeared in several well-received films, including Tim Burton's 2010 Alice in Wonderland as Aunt Imogene, a delusional aunt of Alice's, opposite Johnny Depp, Anne Hathaway, Helena Bonham Carter, and Mia Wasikowska and a supporting role in the film The Book of Eli, directed by the Hughes brothers  In 2012, she appeared in the film Hugo 
Until 2012, she was also a patron for the performing arts group Theatretrain 
From 2013 to 2016, de la Tour played the role of Violet Crosby in ITV sitcom Vicious with Ian McKellen and Derek Jacobi 
From 2013 to 2014, she portrayed headmistress Ms Baron in the BBC One sitcom Big School 
In April 2016, she joined the second series of Outlander as Mother Hildegarde 
In 2021, de la Tour appeared in an ITV production, initially released on BritBox - Professor T  - in which she played the mother of the titular character 

Personal life
Politically, de la Tour is a socialist and was a member of the Workers' Revolutionary Party in the 1970s 

Filmography
Awards and nominations
Stage



ground_truth: Parliament

prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: Which three-time Olivier Award winning English actress starred in the 1981 BBC television serial, Sons and Lovers?

The following are given passages.
Context 4: "
Nicole—Nicole Ponce is a 14-year-old girl who is heavily involved in school athletics, giving her the label "the Athlete"  She resides in Etobicoke, Ontario and is a freshman at Michael Power/St  Joseph High School  At a young age, she was often bullied before organized sports made its way into her life  She plays competitively and with a positive attitude in a number of sports including soccer, basketball and volleyball  She hopes to someday become a pediatrician and aspires to help children in need  With her charming personality and newly found confidence, she is ready to take on every challenge the wilderness and life has to offer 
Patricia—Patricia (Trish) Robins is a 16-year-old from Niagara Falls, Ontario  She attends Stamford Collegiate Secondary School  She applied to be on the show without having seen the first season  She believed that only actors were admitted to the show, and felt that this would be a boost to her acting career  After seeing the first season, she resolved to turn down the show if offered a chance to compete and then later changes her mind  Labeled as "The Rebel" on the show, she says she is more of a diva 

Critical reception
Season One critical reception
At least one psychologist warned that Survive This risked being exploitative and might damage the mental health of the participants  "You're putting kids into real emotional situations for other people's enjoyment," said Jennifer Kolari, a child and family therapist and author  "It's okay to have some competition, it's okay to try out for things," she says  "Those are okay lessons for kids  But doing it on national television, to be watched and judged, that's where I feel it's a little bit exploitive, and I think we need to consider the mental health of the kids that are on that show " But other mental health experts declared the show safe, concluding that the participants merely displayed strong competitiveness and that social ostracization was largely avoided Several reviewers have strongly criticized Survive This  For example, the New Bedford Standard-Times was dismissive of the show's lack of originality, noting: "   a gruff, gritty, macho mountain man takes a group of high-school kids and dumps them in the deep woods where they must learn to put aside their 'drama' and adapt  Gee, where haven't we seen that before?"  Variety was equally critical of the show's lack of originality, observing that the show "play[ed] like junior editions of somebody else's reality franchise  The publication was also critical of the way the show pigeonholed and labeled each of the teenagers, eliminating the diversity of the racially and ethnically diverse cast  The Los Angeles Times also concluded that the show was vapid, but that it had slightly more "depth" than other Cartoon Network live-action programs Some critics have also blasted Cartoon Network for showing live-action programs rather than cartoons However, the Sudbury Star called the show "compelling" 

Season One ratings
Television ratings information on the show is difficult to come by   However, at least one newspaper said the show was not "catching on with viewers" on Cartoon Network, and that the show had never been among that network's top 10 series 

Season Two critical reception
In March 2010, Toronto resident Richard Code, a fan of Stroud's show Survivorman, was found dead from hypothermia near his campsite at the north end of Horn Lake (near McMurrich/Monteith, Ontario)  Code was on a winter camping trip with few supplies, similar to summer trips he'd taken before in admiration of the adventures he had seen on Survivorman  Learning of Code's death, Stroud said, "It's a terrible tragedy and I feel absolutely terrible for the families involved"—but did not know Code or the situation he was in, and refused to comment further on his death At least one reviewer has criticized Survive This for not mentioning Code's death or warning kids not to imitate what they see on the show  The Globe and Mail reviewer Catherine Dawson March wrote, "You'd think, just seven weeks after Code's headline-making death, that Survive This would make a passing nod to the tragedy      Some kind of 'don't try this on your own' advice  But no " Dawson praised the show as "captivating" with "lots of emotional drama", but concluded:  "It's great stuff, but YTV should acknowledge Code's death with a warning of their own " YTV replied, "As Survive This does not follow the same premise as Survivorman, there will not be a disclaimer before each episode "

See also
Survive This (Season One)
Survive This (Season Two)
Passage 3:
Cody Lundin
Cody Lundin  (born March 15, 1967) is a survival instructor at the Aboriginal Living Skills School in Prescott, Arizona, which he founded in 1991  There he teaches modern wilderness survival skills, primitive living skills, urban preparedness, and homesteading  Lundin was also a former co-host of Discovery Channel's reality television series, Dual Survival Lundin is an only child whose father was in the military  He spent his early childhood moving around until finally settling in Laramie, Wyoming, where he attended junior high and high school  After graduating from high school he lived on the streets, in a commune, in the backyards of friends, and then in a brush shelter while he attended college in Prescott, Arizona  Lundin holds a B A  in Depth Psychology and Holistic Health from Prescott College Lundin is the author of two books on survival and preparedness: 98 6 Degrees: The Art of Keeping Your Ass Alive and When All Hell Breaks Loose: Stuff You Need to Survive When Disaster Strikes  Lundin has also provided a foreword for Steve Hart's Citizen Survivor's Handbook, a parody of British wartime propaganda focusing on the importance of psychological endurance in times of crisis 
In 2004, Lundin hosted the Discovery Channel show, Lost in the Wild Lundin was a co-host of the television series Dual Survival from 2010 until 2014  On the show, Lundin demonstrated various survival skills while wearing shorts in all weather and going barefoot  On February 17, 2014 Lundin announced on his Facebook page and on his website that he had been fired from the series due to differences of opinion on matters of safety  Lundin says that he lives off-the-grid in a self-designed, passive solar earth home in the high-desert wilderness of northern Arizona, collecting rainwater, composting waste, and paying nothing for utilities 

Bibliography
Lundin, Cody (2003)  98 6 Degrees: The Art of Keeping Your Ass Alive  Gibbs Smith  ISBN 1586852345 
Lundin, Cody (2007)  When All Hell Breaks Loose: Stuff You Need To Survive When Disaster Strikes  Gibbs Smith  ISBN 978-1423601050 

See also
Dave Canterbury
Passage 4:
Les Stroud
Les Stroud (born October 20, 1961) is a Canadian survival expert, filmmaker and musician best known as the creator, writer, producer, director, cameraman and host of the television series Survivorman   Stroud was named Chief Scout by Scouts Canada on November 22, 2021   After a short career behind the scenes in the music industry, Stroud became a full-time wilderness guide, survival instructor and musician based in Huntsville, Ontario  Stroud has produced survival-themed programming for The Outdoor Life Network, The Discovery Channel, The Science Channel, and YTV   The survival skills imparted from watching Stroud's television programs have been cited by several people as the reason they lived through harrowing wilderness ordeals 

Biography
Stroud was born in the Mimico neighbourhood of Toronto and graduated from Mimico High School  He went on to complete the Music Industry Arts program at Fanshawe College in London, Ontario  Stroud worked for several years at the Toronto-based music video channel MuchMusic, and as a songwriter for the band New Regime before a Temagami canoe trip sparked a career change  During this time he also worked as garbage collector for the City of Toronto In 1990 Stroud became a guide for Black Feather Wilderness Adventures leading canoe excursions into the Northern Ontario wilds  It was also during this time while on a survival course he met his future wife, photographer Sue Jamison  They married in 1994 and together left for a year-long honeymoon in the remote Wabakimi area of Ontario which was to become the basis of the documentary Snowshoes and Solitude  Afterwards, the couple moved to Yellowknife in the Northwest Territories where Stroud was employed as an outdoor instructor to special needs individuals of aboriginal descent  Stroud and Jamison then settled in Huntsville, Ontario where they had two children and started both the outdoor instructional outfit Wilderness Voice and the media company Wilderness Spirit Productions Inspired by the popularity of the television show Survivor, Stroud pitched a more authentic version of the show to The Discovery Channel Canada  Stroud produced two programs titled One Week in the Wilderness  and Winter in the Wilderness for @discovery ca in 2001  The success of these specials led to the development of Survivorman, a show that followed a similar format of leaving Stroud on his own, with minimal equipment, in the wilderness to videotape his survival experience 

Film and television
After his marriage to  Jamison in 1994, the two of them spent one year in the Canadian wilderness to attempt a paleolithic existence  They travelled to Goldsborough Lake (50°41′55″N 89°20′46″W) deep in the Wabakimi, first building a tipi then an attached A-frame while using no metal, plastic, or otherwise manufactured tools  For the first half of the year, they took a store of traditional foods such as wild rice, squash, beaver and moose meat, bear fat, and maple sugar  In late September, Stroud's friends Doug Getgood and Fred Rowe brought in food for the next six months and chopped firewood for the couple  Stroud and Jamison built and equipped a winter cabin using an axe, a modern bow saw, and a trapper's tin wood stove left by Getgood and Rowe, along with a metal pot they found 
Family and medical emergencies brought them out of the bush on three occasions  Once when Stroud's father was dying from cancer, another when they both went to be treated for giardiasis, and again when Jamison had a miscarriage  Stroud filmed their primitive living experience and released the 50 minute documentary, Snowshoes and Solitude, which was named Best Documentary at the Muskoka Film Festival and Best Film at the Waterwalker Film Festival In 2001 Stroud produced two one-hour specials for the science news show @discovery ca  These segments follow the same format as Survivorman with Stroud filming his own survival in the wilderness  They were originally broadcast as daily segments over the course of one week but were repackaged as two one-hour specials titled Stranded  The popularity of these pilots spawned the show Survivorman  Stroud produced 23 episodes of the show which began airing in 2004  Stroud also composed and performed the opening theme music of Survivorman In 2006, Stroud produced a 90-minute special documenting his family's journey to building an off-the-grid home  The show, Off the Grid with Les Stroud, chronicled the process of buying property and refitting an old farm house with solar and wind power, a raincatcher and well, as well as the adjustments the Stroud family had to make to adapt to this style of living  Stroud has made multiple television appearances including on  The Late Late Show with Craig Ferguson, The View, The Ellen DeGeneres Show, and Larry King Live Stroud has also hosted an episode of the Discovery channel show I Shouldn't Be Alive titled Lost In The Snow, which aired during its first season and the TV program Surviving Urban Disasters, which aired on the Science Channel and the 20th annual Shark Week on the Discovery Channel In 2010, Stroud hosted and produced the Gemini nominated hit kids TV series Survive This and Survive This 2 (YTV, Cartoon Network) that takes teens into the wilderness to teach them how to survive by giving them some instruction and challenging them with survival scenarios  Stroud's follow-up show to Survivorman was titled Beyond Survival with Les Stroud and debuted in 2010 On April 27, 2018, National Geographic aired Stroud's Alaska's Grizzly Gauntlet on their NGW channel  In 4 episodes, Stroud explores the survival methods and social structure of the Kodiak brown bear 

Music
In addition to film making and wilderness survival, Stroud has also worked in the music industry as a professional musician  After graduation, Stroud worked both as an associate producer for the nascent music channel MuchMusic as well as production manager on music videos for artists such as Rush and Corey Hart  During this time Stroud also played in the David Bowie cover band Diamond Dogs and played lead guitar and composed music for his band New Regime which signed with RCA Records shortly after Stroud left the band As frequently illustrated in his show Survivorman, Stroud is considered an exceptional blues harmonica player 
This instrument is featured prominently in his self-titled debut CD which has been described as "a collection of diverse roots/blues and traditional folk, acoustic music that reflects the uniquely northern spirit of freedom and adventure " Several songs off of this album can be downloaded from his official site  Stroud has performed in and around the Muskoka area and at the Orillia Blues Festival and Toronto Beaches International Jazz Festival 
Stroud and The Northern Pikes have struck up a musical collaboration under the name Les Stroud and the Pikes  Throughout 2005 and 2006 they performed together live several times, and an EP born from this collaboration entitled Long Walk Home was released in the spring of 2007 

Awards
Stroud has received several accolades as a musician   He has won "Best Acoustic/Folk Act", "Best Blues Act" and "Best Overall" awards at the Spirit of the North music festival in New Liskeard, Ontario Stroud's documentary Snowshoes and Solitude was named Best Documentary at the Muskoka Film Festival and Best Film at the Waterwalker Film Festival Stroud was nominated for six Gemini Awards for his work on Survivorman  In 2010, Stroud and his production team was nominated for Best Children's or Youth Non-Fiction Program or Series for Survive This 

Personal life
Stroud has extensive experience with survival and primitive living skills, initially training with expert David Arama  He went on to study with many others including John "Prairie Wolf" McPherson Stroud has been an active participant in adventure racing and has competed at the Canadian championships In late 2008, Stroud and his wife, Sue Jamison, separated 
Passage 5:
The Island (U S  TV series)
The Island is an American survival skills reality television series, hosted by adventurer and survivalist Bear Grylls on NBC, which began airing on May 25, 2015 

Synopsis
Bear Grylls seeks to find out whether a modern American man can survive on a deserted island for one month without the luxuries or the basics of contemporary everyday life  Unlike traditional reality television shows, The Island does not include any prizes, eliminations, or winners 

Production
It is based on the British series The Island with Bear Grylls  The first season has six episodes  In the UK all episodes are available on All 4  In the series' premiere, fourteen men from various occupations and backgrounds are taken to a remote, uninhabited island by Bear Grylls, where they were left completely alone  Filming themselves, the men hunt for food, source water, erect shelter, build community and try to survive using only their strength, determination and know-how  They are equipped with limited tools, a basic medical kit, and a satellite phone for medical emergencies  On August 16, 2016, NBC cancelled The Island after one season 

Cast
Rob Brothers, Stay-at-home Father
Davion Carrillo, Firefighter
Taylor Cole, Radio Producer
Matthew Getz, Embedded Cameraman
Benji Lanpher, Embedded Cameraman
Earnest Marshall, Iraq War Veteran
Dakota Mortensen, Bird Farmer
Jim Murray, Retired Police Chief
Jud Nichols, Criminal Defense Attorney
Dr  Buck Parker M D , Trauma Surgeon
Michael Rossini, Engineer
Graham Sheldon, Embedded Cameraman
Rick Smith, Embedded Cameraman
Trey Williams, Digital Marketing ManagerEvacuated off the islandTaylor Cole (medical, episode 1)
Michael Rossini (medical, episode 2)
Davion Carrillo (medical, episode 3)
Earnest Marshall (personal issues episode 4)
Trey Williams (medical, episode 5)

Episodes
Passage 6:
Bear Grylls
Edward Michael "Bear" Grylls  (; born 7 June 1974) is a British adventurer, writer, television presenter and businessman  He first drew attention after embarking on a number of adventures, and then became widely known for his television series Man vs  Wild (2006–2011)  He is also involved in a number of wilderness survival television series in the UK and US, such as Running Wild with Bear Grylls and The Island with Bear Grylls  In July 2009, Grylls was appointed as The Scout Association’s youngest-ever Chief Scout of the United Kingdom and Overseas Territories at age 35, a post he has held for a second term since 2015 

Personal life
Grylls was born in Donaghadee, Northern Ireland on 7 June 1974  His family has a strong cricketing background, his grandfather Neville Ford and great-great-grandfather William Augustus Ford having both been first-class cricketers  He grew up in Donaghadee, Northern Ireland, until the age of four, when his family moved to Bembridge on the Isle of Wight He is the son of Conservative politician Sir Michael Grylls and his wife Sarah "Sally" (née Ford)  Grylls has one sibling, an elder sister, Lara Fawcett, who gave him the nickname 'Bear' when he was a week old From an early age, he learned to climb and sail with his father, who was a member of the prestigious Royal Yacht Squadron  As a teenager, he learned to skydive and earned a second dan black belt in Shotokan karate  He speaks English, Spanish, and French  He is an Anglican, and has described his Christian faith as the "backbone" in his life: "You can't keep God out  He's all around us, if we're just still enough to listen "Grylls married Shara Cannings Knight in 2000  They have three sons, born in 2003, 2006 and 2009 In August 2015, Grylls left his 11-year-old son on Saint Tudwal's Island along the North Wales coast, as the tide approached, leaving him to be rescued by the Royal National Lifeboat Institution (RNLI) as part of their weekly practice missions  The child was unharmed, though the RNLI later criticised Grylls for the stunt, saying its crew "had not appreciated" that a child would be involved Grylls used to be a vegan but now consumes a diet predominant in animal-based foods, fruits and honey 

Education
Grylls was educated at Eaton House, Ludgrove School and Eton College, where he helped start its first mountaineering club  He studied Spanish and German at the University of the West of England, Bristol and at Birkbeck College, where he graduated with a 2:2 bachelor's degree, obtained part-time, in Hispanic studies in 2002 

Military service
After leaving school, Grylls briefly hiked in the Himalayan mountains of Sikkim and West Bengal  From 1994–1997, he served in the Territorial Army with 21 SAS as a trooper  His time in the SAS ended as the result of a free fall parachuting accident in Kenya in 1996; his parachute failed to open, causing him to break three vertebrae In 2004, Grylls was awarded the honorary rank of lieutenant commander in the Royal Naval Reserve  Then in 2013 he was awarded the honorary rank of lieutenant colonel in the Royal Marines Reserve, and promoted to Honorary Colonel in June 2021 

Expeditions
Everest
On 16 May 1998, Grylls achieved his childhood dream of climbing to the summit of Mount Everest in Nepal, 18 months after breaking three vertebrae in a parachuting accident  At 23, he was at the time among the youngest people to have achieved this feat  There is some dispute over whether he was the youngest Briton to have done so, as he was preceded by James Allen, a climber holding dual Australian and British citizenship, who reached the summit in 1995 at age 22  The record has since been surpassed by Jake Meyer and then Rob Gauntlett who summitted at age 19  To prepare for climbing at such high altitudes in the Himalayas, in 1997, Grylls became the youngest Briton to climb Ama Dablam, a peak once described by Sir Edmund Hillary as "unclimbable", although now the third most popular in the Himalayas for permitted expeditions 

Circumnavigation of the UK
In 2000, Grylls led the team to circumnavigate the British Isles on jet skis, taking about 30 days, to raise money for the Royal National Lifeboat Institution (RNLI)  He also rowed naked in a homemade bathtub along the Thames to raise funds for a friend who lost his legs in a climbing accident 

Crossing the North Atlantic
In 2003, he led a team of five, including his childhood friend, SAS colleague, and Mount Everest climbing partner Mick Crosthwaite, on an unassisted crossing of the north Atlantic Ocean, in an open rigid inflatable boat  Grylls and his team traveled in an eleven-metre-long boat and encountered force 8 gale winds with waves breaking over the boat while passing through icebergs in their journey from Halifax, Nova Scotia to John o' Groats, Scotland 

Dinner party at altitude
In 2005, alongside the balloonist and mountaineer David Hempleman-Adams and Lieutenant Commander Alan Veal, leader of the Royal Navy Freefall Parachute Display Team, Grylls created a world record for the highest open-air formal dinner party, which they did under a hot-air balloon at 7,600 metres (25,000 ft), dressed in full mess dress and oxygen masks  To train for the event, he made over 200 parachute jumps  This event was in aid of The Duke of Edinburgh's Award and The Prince's Trust 

Paramotoring over the Himalayas
In 2007, Grylls embarked on a record-setting Parajet paramotor in Himalayas near Mount Everest  He took off from 4,400 metres (14,500 ft), 8 miles (13 km) south of the mountain  Grylls reported looking down on the summit during his ascent and coping with temperatures of −60 °C (−76 °F)  He endured dangerously low oxygen levels and eventually reached 9,000 metres (29,500 ft), almost 3,000 metres (10,000 ft) higher than the previous record of 6,102 metres (20,019 ft)  The feat was filmed for Discovery Channel worldwide as well as Channel 4 in the UK  While Grylls initially planned to cross over Everest itself, the permit was only to fly to the south of Everest, and he did not traverse Everest out of risk of violating Chinese airspace 

Journey Antarctica 2008
In 2008, Grylls led a team of four to climb one of the most remote unclimbed peaks in the world in Antarctica, to raise funds for children's charity Global Angels and promote the use of alternative energies  During this mission the team also aimed to explore the coast of Antarctica by inflatable boat and jetski, part powered by bioethanol, and then to travel across some of the vast ice desert by wind-powered kite-ski and electric powered paramotor  However, the expedition was cut short after Grylls suffered a broken shoulder while kite skiing across a stretch of ice  Travelling at speeds up to 50 km/h (30 mph), a ski caught on the ice, launching him in the air and breaking his shoulder when he came down  He had to be medically evacuated 

Longest indoor freefall
Grylls, along with the double amputee Al Hodgson and the Scotsman Freddy MacDonald, set a Guinness world record in 2008 for the longest continuous indoor freefall  The previous record was 1 hour 36 minutes by a US team  Grylls, Hodgson, and MacDonald, using a vertical wind tunnel in Milton Keynes, broke the record by a few seconds  The attempt was in support of the charity Global Angels 

Northwest Passage expedition
In September 2010, Grylls led a team of five to take an ice-breaking rigid-inflatable boat (RIB) through 5,700 nautical miles (10,600 km) of the ice-strewn Northwest Passage  The expedition intended to raise awareness of the effects of global warming and to raise money for children's charity Global Angels 

Career
Books
Grylls' first book, Facing Up (UK)/The Kid Who Climbed Everest (US), described his expedition and achievements climbing to the summit of Mount Everest  His second was Facing the Frozen Ocean  His third book Born Survivor: Bear Grylls was written to accompany the TV series of the same name  He also wrote an extreme guide to outdoor pursuits, titled Bear Grylls Outdoor Adventures In 2011, Grylls released his autobiography, Mud, Sweat and Tears: The Autobiography, followed by A Survival Guide for Life in late 2012 and True Grit in 2013 Grylls also wrote the Mission Survival series of children's adventure survival books titled: Mission Survival: Gold of the Gods, Mission Survival: Way of the Wolf, Mission Survival: Sands of the Scorpion, Mission Survival: Tracks of the Tiger and Mission Survival: Claws of the Crocodile  He has written two thriller novels based around his character Will Jaeger; Ghost Flight released in 2015 and Burning Angels in 2016 In 2019, Grylls published a Christian devotional titled Soul Fuel In October 2021, Grylls released his second autobiography, Never Give Up; covering some of his most memorable events and adventures In 2022, Grylls published Mind Fuel: Simple Ways to Build Mental Resilience Every Day   Grylls told The Christian Post that it "offers honest and practical ways to practice better mental health    a crucial part of living a healthy, God-glorying life "In April 2023, Grylls released You Vs the World: The Bear Grylls Guide to Never Giving Up; a motivational book aimed at children 

Television
Grylls was used by the UK Ministry of Defence to head the Army's anti-drugs TV campaign, and featured in the first ever major advertising campaign for Harrods  Grylls has been a guest on numerous talk shows including Friday Night with Jonathan Ross, The Oprah Winfrey Show, Late Night with Conan O'Brien, The Tonight Show with Jay Leno, Attack of the Show!, Late Show with David Letterman, Jimmy Kimmel Live! and Harry Hill's TV Burp  Grylls recorded two advertisements for Post's Trail Mix Crunch Cereal, which aired in the US from January 2009  He also appeared as a "distinguished instructor" in Dos Equis' Most Interesting Academy in a webisode named "Survival in the Modern Era"  He appeared in a five-part web series that demonstrates urban survival techniques and features Grylls going from bush to bash  He also has marketed the Alpha Course, a course on the basics of the Christian faith  In 2013, Grylls appeared in an airline safety video for Air New Zealand entitled Bear Essentials of Safety, filmed against the backdrop of the Routeburn Track on the southern tip of New Zealand's South Island  In 2014, Grylls appeared on Piers Morgan's Life Stories 

Escape to the Legion
Grylls filmed a four-part TV show in 2005, called Escape to the Legion, which followed Grylls and eleven other "recruits" as they took part in a shortened re-creation of the French Foreign Legion's basic desert training in the Sahara  The show was first broadcast in the UK on Channel 4, and in the US on the Military Channel 

Born Survivor/Man vs  Wild
Grylls hosts a series titled Born Survivor: Bear Grylls for the British Channel 4 and broadcast as Man vs  Wild in Australia, New Zealand, Canada, India, and the United States, and as Ultimate Survival on the Discovery Channel in Europe, Asia, and Africa  The series features Grylls dropped into inhospitable places, showing viewers how to survive  Man vs  Wild debuted in 2006, and its success led it to lasting seven seasons over five years 
The show has featured stunts including Grylls climbing cliffs, parachuting from helicopters, balloons, and planes, paragliding, ice climbing, running through a forest fire, wading rapids, eating snakes, wrapping his urine-soaked T-shirt around his head to help stave off the desert heat, drinking urine saved in a rattlesnake skin, drinking fecal liquid from elephant dung, eating deer droppings, wrestling alligators, field dressing a camel carcass and drinking water from it, eating various "creepy crawlies" [insects], using the corpse of a sheep as a sleeping bag and flotation device, free climbing waterfalls and using a bird guano/water enema for hydration The show caused controversy after a programme consultant revealed that Grylls actually stayed in a hotel on some nights — including an episode in Hawaii in which Grylls was ostensibly stranded on a deserted island — and that certain scenes were staged for him  Grylls subsequently apologized to viewers who might have felt misled In March 2012, the Discovery Channel dropped Grylls from its lineup because of a contractual dispute, although he has subsequently worked with them again 
In August 2019, Bear Grylls appeared with Indian Prime Minister, Narendra Modi in a special episode shot in the India's Jim Corbett National Park, Uttarakhand  The episode was showcased in more than 180 countries across the world on the Discovery, Inc  network 

Worst-Case Scenario
In 2010, Grylls came out with a new project titled Worst-Case Scenario which aired on Discovery in the US  It is based on the popular books of the same name  Twelve episodes were produced before the show was cancelled 

Bear's Wild Weekend
In 2011, he made two specials under the title Bear's Wild Weekend for Channel 4 in the UK which was broadcast over the Christmas holiday that year  Each special featured Grylls taking either Jonathan Ross or Miranda Hart on short two-day adventures; Ross to rainforest in the Canary Islands, Hart to the Swiss Alps  These screened in the US under the title Bear Grylls' Wild Adventure  A third episode with Stephen Fry, this time in the Dolomite mountains of South Tyrol, screened in late 2013 In 2014, two further episodes were aired in the UK under the title Wild Weekends  The first of these was the 2011 special of Man vs  Wild featuring Jake Gyllenhaal, and the second was the Running Wild episode featuring Ben Stiller 

Get Out Alive
Grylls hosted Get Out Alive with Bear Grylls, a reality competition series filmed in New Zealand, which premiered on NBC on 8 July 2013 

Escape from Hell
In Bear Grylls: Escape from Hell, he reveals the true life stories of ordinary people trapped in extraordinary situations of survival  The six-episode series premiered on the Discovery Channel in the UK on 4 October 2013, and in the US on 11 November 2013 

The Island
He presented The Island with Bear Grylls, first shown on Channel 4 on 5 May 2014  An American version of the show was also made and it premiered on 25 May 2015 on NBC 

Running Wild with Bear Grylls
In this adventure TV series from NBC, which premiered on 28 July 2014, Grylls takes celebrities on a two-day trip in the wilderness  The celebrities who took part in Season 1 are Zac Efron, Ben Stiller, Tamron Hall, Deion Sanders, Channing Tatum, and Tom Arnold  Celebrities who took part in Season 2 were Kate Winslet, Kate Hudson, Drew Brees, Jesse Tyler Ferguson, Ed Helms, Michelle Rodriguez, Ajay Devgan, Akshay Kumar, Rajanikanth, India's prime minister Narendra Modi, James Marsden, Michael B  Jordan, and President Barack Obama 

Mission Survive
In 2015, he began presenting the six-part ITV series Bear Grylls: Mission Survive which features eight celebrities on a twelve-day survival mission  The series began airing on 20 February 2015  Mission Survive returned for a second series in 2016 

Bear Grylls Survival School
In 2016, he presented a CITV series called Bear Grylls Survival School  Filming started in August 2015  The series began airing on 10 January 2016  A second series was scheduled to begin on 7 January 2017 

Survivor Games
In summer 2015, China's Dragon TV ordered a Grylls-fronted adventure series titled Survivor Games (Chinese: 跟着贝尔去冒险)  The series featured Grylls and eight Chinese celebrities and premiered on Dragon TV on 16 October 2015 

Bear's Mission
In 2018, ITV began airing a new series similar to the USA series "Running Wild with Bear Grylls" called "Bear's Mission with   "  This show focuses on one British celebrity taking an overnight adventure with Bear each episode  The series premiered on ITV on early 2018 

You vs  Wild
Later, Grylls went on to release an interactive series on streaming service Netflix 

World's Toughest Race: Eco-Challenge Fiji
Grylls presented the revival of the Eco-Challenge series, which is titled World's Toughest Race: Eco-Challenge Fiji  It involved teams from around the world competing in an adventure race, which took place in Fiji  The series premiered on Amazon Prime Video on 14 August 2020 

Bear Grylls Wild Adventure
Spring 2021, two-part ITV series featuring Jonny Wilkinson and Nicola Adams, respectively 

Running Wild With Bear Grylls: The Challenge
Premiered in July 2022, it is a spin-off of Grylls' long running Running Wild With Bear Grylls series 

Bear Grylls Meets President Zelenskyy
In this documentary that aired on Channel 4 on 28 March 2023, Grylls travels to Ukraine to meet President Zelenskyy and to meet civilians caught up in the war with Russia 

I Survived Bear Grylls
Upcoming eight-part competition series; co-hosted with comedian Jordan Conley 

Motivational speaking
Outside of TV, Grylls works as a motivational speaker, giving speeches worldwide to corporations, churches, schools, and other organisations 

Be Military Fit
Bear Grylls Ventures and NM Capital purchased British Military Fitness in September 2018 and re-branded as "Be Military Fit with Bear Grylls", to retain the existing abbreviation BMF  The company runs outdoor group fitness classes in 140 public parks and outdoor spaces across the United Kingdom  The classes are led by former or serving members of the British Armed Forces with recognised fitness training qualifications  It is Europe's largest outdoor fitness company 

Charity and politics
Grylls is an ambassador for The Prince's Trust, an organisation which provides training, financial, and practical support to young people in the United Kingdom Global Angels, a UK charity which seeks to aid children around the world, were the beneficiaries of his 2007 accomplishment of taking a powered para-glider higher than Mount Everest  Grylls' held the highest ever dinner party at 7,600 metres (25,000 ft) in aid of The Duke of Edinburgh's Award Scheme, and launched the 50th anniversary of the Awards  His successful circumnavigation of Britain on jet skis raised money for the Royal National Lifeboat Institution 
Grylls' Everest climb was in aid of SSAFA Forces Help, a British-based charitable organisation set up to help former and serving members of the British Armed Forces and their families and dependents  His 2003 Arctic expedition detailed in the book Facing the Frozen Ocean was in aid of The Prince's Trust  His 2005 attempt to para-motor over the Angel Falls was in aid of the charity Hope and Homes for Children In August 2010, Grylls continued his fund-raising work for Global Angels by undertaking an expedition through the Northwest Passage in a rigid inflatable boat  Many of his expeditions also support environmental causes such as his Antarctica expedition and his circumnavigation of Britain which tested a pioneering new fuel made from rubbish  In 2011, Grylls was in New Zealand during the February 2011 Christchurch earthquake  Following the incident, he appeared on New Zealand advertisements encouraging people to donate money to help rebuild the city Grylls is also an ambassador for Care for Children, an organisation that partners with governments in Asia to help create a positive alternative to institutional care through local family-based care for disadvantaged children  In 2014, Grylls designed a Scouts-themed Paddington Bear statue, one of fifty located around London prior to the release of the film Paddington, which was auctioned to raise funds for the National Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Children (NSPCC) Grylls said he spoke "from the heart" in backing "Remain" in the 2016 referendum  "At such a time for the UK to retreat, run and cut ourselves loose from Europe, when there are so many challenges on our doorstep, to me just doesn't feel either courageous or kind," he said  "Europe has many flaws, but I also believe the way to help resolve many of those tough issues is from within    I have never been a good quitter and I am so proud of the UK and our values: tolerance, kindness, respect, courage and resilience  This is why I want us to stay together and Remain in Europe " In January 2020, he announced that he had asserted his right to Irish citizenship and had obtained an Irish passport Grylls was appointed Officer of the Order of the British Empire (OBE) in the 2019 Birthday Honours for services to young people, the media and charity 

Positions in Scouting
Designation of Chief Ambassador of World Scouting
On 16 November 2018, The World Organization of the Scout Movement announced the appointment of Bear Grylls as its first Chief Ambassador  Upon his appointment, he said "I'm very proud and humbled to take on this new role as Chief Ambassador of World Scouting and continue to promote the great work Scouting is doing across the globe  Scouting is a worldwide force for good that unites young people with positive values and an adventurous spirit  We aim to make a difference in our communities, help young people learn new skills, and be kind to all people "Bear has long been a supporter of Scouting around the world often visiting Scout groups on his filming missions and appeared at the 24th World Scout Jamboree in his role as Chief Ambassador

Term as Chief Scout of the Scout Association
On 17 May 2009, The Scout Association announced Grylls would be appointed Chief Scout following the end of Peter Duncan's five-year term in July 2009  He was officially made Chief Scout at Gilwell 24 on 11 July 2009 in a handover event featuring Peter Duncan in front of a crowd of over 3,000 Explorer Scouts  He is the tenth person to hold the position and the youngest Chief Scout since the role was created for Robert Baden-Powell in 1920 On 9 April 2015, The Scout Association announced that Grylls would continue as Chief Scout until 2018  Grylls wrote, "I am so proud that the largest youth movement on the planet has asked me to continue in my role as UK Chief Scout "On 5 June 2015, Grylls, in an interview with The Telegraph, praised the challenge of being Britain's youngest Chief Scout, saying "Scouting humbles me every day"  He remains Chief Scout in 2022 

Ambasador in United24
On 29 March 2023, Bear Grylls has become an ambassador for the UNITED24 platform  His education company BecomingX, together with Amazon and Accenture, is developing the BecomingX Ukraine learning platform for Ukrainians 

See also
Scouting portal



ground_truth: Dame Eileen June Atkins