prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: Who stars in the title role of a Netflix show co-created by Robert Carlock?

The following are given passages.
Context 1: Passage 1:
List of Unbreakable Kimmy Schmidt episodes
Unbreakable Kimmy Schmidt is an American sitcom created by Tina Fey and Robert Carlock, starring Ellie Kemper in the title role, that has streamed on Netflix since March 6, 2015  Originally set for a 13-episode first season on NBC for spring 2015, the show was sold to Netflix and given a two-season order  The fourth and final season concluded on January 25, 2019  On May 8, 2019, it was announced that the series would return with an interactive special, which premiered on May 12, 2020 
During the course of the series, 52 episodes of Unbreakable Kimmy Schmidt were released over four seasons 
The series follows 29-year-old Kimmy Schmidt (Kemper) as she adjusts to life in New York City after her rescue from a doomsday cult in Indiana where she and three other women had been held by Reverend Richard Wayne Gary Wayne (Jon Hamm) for 15 years  Determined to be seen as something other than a victim and armed only with a positive attitude, Kimmy decides to restart her life by moving to New York City, where she quickly befriends her street-wise landlady Lillian Kaushtupper (Carol Kane), finds a roommate in struggling actor Titus Andromedon (Tituss Burgess), and gains a job as a nanny for the melancholy and out-of-touch socialite Jacqueline Voorhees (Jane Krakowski)  With their help, Kimmy struggles to adapt to an unfamiliar world and jump-start the adult life that had been taken away from her 

Series overview
Episodes
Season 1 (2015)
Season 2 (2016)
Season 3 (2017)
Season 4 (2018–19)
Special (2020)
Passage 2:
Robert Carlock
Robert Morgan Carlock (born September 21, 1972) is an American screenwriter and producer  He has worked as a writer for several NBC television comedies, and as a showrunner for 30 Rock, which was created by his recurring collaborator, comedian Tina Fey  He co-created Unbreakable Kimmy Schmidt with Fey  He co-created the television show Mr  Mayor starring Ted Danson, again with Fey 

Early life
Carlock was born in Waltham, Massachusetts, the son of Martha and Roger Emery Carlock  Raised in Weston, Massachusetts, he graduated from Belmont Hill School in 1991 and cum laude from Harvard University in 1995, where he became president of the Fly Club, an all-male social club, and an editor for the Harvard Lampoon 

Career
Carlock began writing for the Dana Carvey Show in 1996  Following that, he was a member of the writing staff of Saturday Night Live from 1996 to 2001, contributing to 99 episodes of the show  One of his notable SNL sketches was NPR's Delicious Dish with Ana Gasteyer and Molly Shannon  In 2011, Ben and Jerry's released a new ice cream flavor based on the sketch written by Carlock and named it "Schweddy Balls" Carlock left SNL in 2001 to write for Friends in Los Angeles, working on the show until 2004 when he joined the staff of Friends spinoff Joey for two years  Carlock then moved back to New York to work on an "Untitled Tina Fey Project" in 2006, which became 30 Rock, which he wrote for and produced  He then worked on Fey's next sitcom, Unbreakable Kimmy Schmidt, which debuted in 2015  He also wrote the screenplay for Fey's film Whiskey Tango Foxtrot (2016) 
Carlock has won several awards for his work on 30 Rock, including Primetime Emmys, Writers Guild of America Awards, and Producers Guild of America Awards, as well as being named one of the top 50 power showrunners of 2011 In 2021, Carlock co-created the series Mr  Mayor with Fey which premiered on NBC on January 7, 2021  The series has received generally positive reviews from critics  In April 2021, the series was renewed for a second season 

Personal life
On December 31, 2001, Carlock married Jennifer Nielsen Rogers, a Wellesley graduate and former CNNfn producer/reporter  Rogers now works as an anchor for Yahoo Finance  She was previously an anchor and reporter for Reuters TV 

Filmography
Awards and nominations
In addition to winning three Emmy Awards for Outstanding Comedy Series, Carlock has been nominated for the Emmys' individual writing award three times  He has won multiple Producers’ Guild and Writers’ Guild Awards as well as recognition from the American Film Institute  His work on 30 Rock also garnered Carlock a Peabody Award, a Television Critics Association Award, a GLAAD Award, a Gold Plaque from the Hugo Television Awards, a Golden Nymph from the Monaco Film and Television Festival, a Bravo A-List Award, some award that's shaped like a Calder stabile, a Comedy Central Comedy Award, and a Golden Globe The following awards are categorized under the year they were announced (and not necessarily the year covered by the award ceremony) 
Passage 3:
Live Show
"Live Show" is the fourth episode of the fifth season of the American television comedy series 30 Rock, and the 84th episode overall  It was directed by Beth McCarthy-Miller, and co-written by series creator Tina Fey and co-showrunner and executive producer Robert Carlock  The episode originally aired live on the NBC television network in the United States on October 14, 2010, with separate versions for the East and West Coast television audiences  "Live Show" featured appearances by Rachel Dratch, Bill Hader, Matt Damon, Jon Hamm, and Julia Louis-Dreyfus 
30 Rock follows the production of the fictional sketch comedy program The Girlie Show with Tracy Jordan (TGS)  In this episode, on the night of a show, head writer Liz Lemon grows increasingly infuriated when no one seems to remember her 40th birthday  Just before TGS's live taping, Tracy Jordan decides to break character, to his co-workers' chagrin  Meanwhile, television executive Jack Donaghy struggles with the consequences of his promise to give up drinking while his girlfriend Avery Jessup is pregnant with their child 
"Live Show" was an experiment for 30 Rock—filming with a multiple-camera setup before a studio audience to broadcast live—and the episode received positive reviews for its boldness as well as the nostalgia it showed for classic sitcom conventions and meta-humor—for instance, guest star Louis-Dreyfus portrays Liz Lemon in some cutaway scenes where it would be physically impossible for series regular Fey to be on two separate stages at once  The episode was also a ratings success, improving upon the audience that 30 Rock had grown since its previous season 
On June 22, 2020, it was revealed that the East Coast version would be one of the episodes being pulled from syndication due to issues with the presence of blackface and other racially insensitive humor, however, the West Coast version would remain since it did not include the offending scene 

Plot
Liz Lemon—the head writer of The Girlie Show with Tracy Jordan (TGS)—is preparing to air another episode of TGS, but is angry that her co-workers have forgotten her 40th birthday  Tracy Jordan frustrates her further by deciding to break character during the show's live broadcast in an homage to The Carol Burnett Show  TGS co-star Jenna Maroney is determined to not let Tracy upstage her and declares she will have a deliberate wardrobe malfunction and bare her breast on live television if Tracy does not stop  As the show goes awry due to Tracy and Jenna's unprofessionalism, Liz is forced to cut away from their regularly scheduled programming to commercials for Dr  Leo Spaceman's new album of erotic ballads to cure erectile dysfunction and Drew Baird's public service announcement for hand-transplant surgery 
Meanwhile, Jack Donaghy struggles with a promise that he made to his girlfriend Avery Jessup—he will not drink alcohol during her entire pregnancy in a show of solidarity with her  Instead, he takes up knitting and stage magic, but finds the urge to drink so strong that he begins sniffing paint cans and Jenna's breath just to get a whiff of alcohol  During TGS, Liz gets a phone call from her boyfriend airline pilot Carol informing her that he is going through extreme turbulence and may crash his plane 
In the final act of the show, Jack conspires with the cast and crew to give Liz a last-minute birthday surprise which he wants to appear as though it had been planned all along  Meanwhile, Carol safely lands his plane and rushes to greet Liz on set  All they can muster on short notice is a polka band and a large cake with Fonzie on it—gifts that were intended to celebrate janitor Jadwiga's birthday  Jagwida proceeds to ruin the TGS goodnights and tear into the cake with her bare hands  In Jack's office, Liz and Jack share a drink as Liz's birthday wish  In the final scene, as Jack takes a drink, the program reverts to a pre-recorded segment and Jack says, "That's more like it " The episode ends with a live goodnight from its cast on the TGS stage, a la Saturday Night Live 

Production
"Live Show" was co-written by series creator, executive producer, and lead actress Fey and co-showrunner and executive producer Robert Carlock  It was directed by Beth McCarthy-Miller, a long-time television director who worked with Fey on the sketch comedy show Saturday Night Live 
On July 30, 2010, the NBC network announced that an episode of 30 Rock's fifth season would be filmed and broadcast live on two occasions in the evening of October 14, 2010  The decision was made in part due to lagging ratings for all of NBC's Must-See TV line-up  The idea was originally conceived during the 2007–2008 Writers Guild of America strike, when the cast performed two live versions of the season two episode "Secrets and Lies" as a benefit at the Upright Citizens Brigade Theatre in New York City  When asked by Entertainment Weekly the reason for doing a live episode, Fey said "[The live performance] was what made us think that it would be fun to do [a live episode]  And how far we've come    Now we're going to do it on TV " In this same interview, Fey revealed that the episode would also be performed in front of a live audience  "It will be exciting for us to do it for a live audience and see if we get live laughter " Fey noted that the experience "was so fun to feel the different timing of the show live and the audience response, which you just don't get in a single-camera show " In another interview, Fey revealed that the staff have talked about doing a live show for years "because we felt we had sort of interesting personnel for it " Following the conclusion of the writers' strike they spoke to NBC about performing live and attempted to film it during the fourth season; however, they were unable to schedule it  For the fifth season, the writing staff began planning the live performance and waited until McCarthy-Miller—a recurring 30 Rock director—was available to helm it  Fey and Carlock said in separate discussions that another decision to do this episode of 30 Rock was based on the cast having theater and improvisation experience  Alec Baldwin had previously performed in the East and West live broadcasts of the Will & Grace season 8 premiere episode, "Alive and Schticking" 
Prior to the broadcast, the cast rehearsed "Live Show" for three days and had one rehearsal before a live audience the day of broadcast  The two separate broadcasts of the episode resulted in a live telecast to American viewers in both the East and West Coasts of the United States (with viewers in the Central Time Zone receiving the East Coast feed live, per standard U S  broadcasting practice)—the crew briefly considered a third broadcast for the Mountain Time Zone, but decided against it  The initial East Coast broadcast included a theme song sung by Jane Krakowski and the later West Coast version's song was performed by Cheyenne Jackson—the two also performed to warm-up the crowd in the rehearsal  In addition, the two episodes had a few scripted differences, such as the lyrics to Spaceman's song, Liz Lemon mocking Jack Donaghy's office assistant Jonathan by referring to him as a character from Slumdog Millionaire in the East Coast broadcast and as Aladdin in the West Coast airing, and the subtitle in the Fox News skit  Additionally, the fictional commercial that featured Drew Baird is different—in the East Coast broadcast he is given a hand transplant from an executed black man; in the West Coast broadcast he has a woman's hand  This episode marks Rachel Dratch's first appearance on 30 Rock since season one, and her first work since giving birth to her son Eli on August 24, 2010 The DVD includes the West Coast version as a bonus feature, but not the entire East Coast version  Instead, the primary version of the episode as presented on DVD is edited together from both East and West, trimmed for time (some scenes are missing and some transitions and awkward pauses are shortened), and presented with standard cast and crew credits (as opposed to the SNL-style crawl), presumably to fit standard rerun length and format  The mix-and-match episode uses the West Coast version for most of the first seven-and-a-half minutes (except Jenna's East Coast title sequence), cuts Jenna's "It's Your Birthday, Slut" sequence and the second Yadwiga scene ("sit on it") entirely, and uses West for various short parts (including, most likely, part of the Fox News sketch preparation, half a minute before Carol's phone call, a minute from the last few moments of the call to "I will slip a nip", the first twenty seconds of Jack's paint can sniffing scene, Jenna's nip slip threat before the second commercial ("to commercial go!"), possibly Jack's Capital One plug, and the last seventy seconds or so of the birthday cake scene)  It doesn't use the West Coast version for the next moments of the paint can scene where Jack's grammar is corrected  As a result, some differences outlined in the other Alternate Versions entry won't be available to anyone with the DVD, including the Slumdog Millionaire variant listed above and many flubs and goofs 

Connection with television tropes
As the live broadcast of "Live Show" was recorded with TV cameras edited live to video rather than film stock, the video quality for this episode was noticeably different from standard episodes of 30 Rock  Jack acknowledges this at the start of the episode by asking why everything looks like a "Mexican soap opera " Throughout the episode, the characters broke the fourth wall: Tracy Jordan's unprofessional acting within the TGS episode, Jack's references to the video quality, Julia Louis-Dreyfus' portrayal of Liz in cut-away sequences, and the re-hashing of standard sitcom plot elements In addition, there were several connections with SNL: Fey, Morgan, Dratch, Bill Hader, Louis-Dreyfus, Parnell, and director McCarthy-Miller are all SNL alumni (fellow alumnus Will Ferrell was asked to reprise his recurring "Bitch Hunter" character, but had a scheduling conflict); the show was filmed in SNL's Studio 8H before a live audience; the ending sequence was a good night from the cast while the credits scrolled (and the credits used the same font as SNL); and promos leading up to the episode were voiced by long-time SNL announcer Don Pardo  The music for the episode—both for the TGS sequences and incidental underscore—was provided live by the SNL house band under the direction of Fey's husband Jeff Richmond and Leon Pendarvis  Furthermore, long-time SNL producer Lorne Michaels attended the rehearsal and performances to give his advice  Each commercial break during the show was predicated on an emergency commercial break on TGS, including a fictional commercial and a fake NBC technical difficulties screen 

Blackface scene
The "blackface" scene is a short skit where a white male character (Jon Hamm), who had both hands replaced with hooks, having lost them in accidents, announces he has been the recipient of a hand transplant  However, as in a horror movie, the transplanted hand has a mind of its own and acts independently  In the East Coast version, the transplanted hand is from a black male executed criminal  In the West Coast version, the transplanted hand is from a white female who lost it in an explosion at a Josh Groban concert 

Reception
"Live Show" drew in the largest audience for 30 Rock, season five, with 6 701 million viewers, and reached a season high 3 1 Nielsen rating/9% share with adults 18–49, which was a 43% increase over the previous episode and a 15% increase from the season premiere; it trailed CBS competitor and timeslot leader $h*! My Dad Says by 0 1  This rating was the show's highest since December 10, 2009, episode "Secret Santa" and the highest overall for NBC in the 8:30 p m  Thursday timeslot for non-sports events since December 2009 Critical reception of the episode was largely positive  Emily St  James of The A V  Club gave the episode an A−, noting the nostalgia for classic television and specifically three-camera sitcoms that this episode displayed  While the pace and tone of "Live Show" were different from a standard episode of 30 Rock, the author considers this episode, "an experiment, as a weird hybrid of 30 Rock, an old sitcom, and Saturday Night Live" and ultimately a success  James Poniewozik of Time also wrote that the episode was uneven, but successful as a tribute to television  TV Squad's Bob Sassone was impressed by the episode, specifically Fey's performance and Louis-Dreyfus' imitation of Liz Lemon  Other positive reviews have noted the lack of mistakes in the comic timing and performance, the strength of the guest stars, and the performers' ability to keep up the pace that is expected in a 30 Rock episode  Frazier Moore of the Associated Press gave the episode a negative review, calling it "vaudevillian" and "a slice of self-indulgence and excess " Mark Perigard of the Boston Herald considered the episode "so-so" due to its "humdrum script " As a live television experiment, reviewers have considered it a success, particularly in reference to other live broadcast experiments, such as NBC drama ER's 1997 episode "Ambush" and SNL, with Entertainment Weekly declaring it "like SNL, only funny " In reviewing the best television programs of 2010, The A V  Club named 30 Rock number 18 and cited this episode as amongst the best of the year  McCarthy-Miller was nominated for a Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Directing for a Comedy Series for this episode On March 21, 2012, Baldwin announced in an interview with Extra that a second live episode—"Live from Studio 6H"—would air the following April 26 
Passage 4:
Episode 210
The untitled tenth episode of the second season of the television series 30 Rock was first broadcast in the United States on January 10, 2008, on the NBC network  The episode was written by show runner Robert Carlock and Donald Glover, and was directed by Richard Shepard  Guest stars include Kevin Brown, Grizz Chapman, Edie Falco, Toby Huss and Gladys Knight, who appeared as herself  The episode focuses on Liz Lemon (Tina Fey) and her decision to invest in real-estate, Jack Donaghy's (Alec Baldwin) choice between his job and his girlfriend, and Kenneth Parcell's (Jack McBrayer) addiction to coffee The production and broadcasting of this episode was heavily affected by the 2007–2008 Writers Guild of America strike  Despite never being officially named by NBC, Episode 210 has been unofficially titled "Liz the Business Woman" and "Coffee & TV"  Although not unanimously praised by critics, the episode attracted generally positive reviews and was particularly appreciated for its cast's rendition of the 1973 Gladys Knight & the Pips hit "Midnight Train to Georgia"  Liz also sings a snippet of Alanis Morissette's "You Oughta Know" when leaving a message for the co-op board 

Plot
Liz takes Jack's advice to invest in real estate, and Jenna Maroney tells Liz that her business manager is selling his apartment  The sale is subject to the approval of the building's cooperative board, but Liz makes a bad impression and her purchase offer is rejected  Liz gets herself drunk and makes numerous phone calls to the board 
Jack is involved in negotiations to acquire a German cable television network, but is struggling to juggle his job and his relationship with C C , whose work as a congresswoman keeps her busy in Washington D C  Unable to see each other when they want to, the couple decide to "meet in the middle" (in a betting parlor in Pennsylvania), but this arrangement proves unsuitable and they later decide to break up  Jack, in conversation with Liz, compares his relationship to Liz's previous relationship with Floyd, and Liz declares in song that she has to go Tracy Jordan buys a coffee machine and puts it on Kenneth Parcell's desk, causing him to develop a caffeine addiction  Comparing New York to Sodom, Kenneth claims that he has been "sodomized," and feels guilty that he has let New York change him, contrary to a promise he made to his mother  He therefore decides to return to Georgia on the midnight train; however, he quickly returns, explaining that the train was actually departing at 11:45 and he missed it 

Production
Parts of this episode were filmed during the week of November 5, 2007, which coincided with the 2007–2008 Writers Guild of America strike  The strike, which began at 00:01 EST on November 5, 2007, did not affect the episode as it had been written earlier and filming was finished on November 9  Members of Writers Guild of America, East and Writers Guild of America, West voted to end the writers' strike on February 12, 2008, and although writers were allowed to return to work on the same day, Robert Carlock returned to work on February 11  The remaining writers resumed work on February 13, which began the production of the next episode, "MILF Island"  During the filming, actor and executive producer Tina Fey had to balance her duties in order not to breach WGA strike rules  Fey also took to the picket lines along with co-star Jack McBrayer  Alec Baldwin wrote blogs on The Huffington Post website in order to demonstrate his support for the WGA writers Episode 210 was broadcast on January 10, 2008 and was the final episode, including repeats, of 30 Rock to be broadcast until the episode "MILF Island" in April  This episode is also notable for being officially unnamed; NBC billed this episode on its press releases as "Episode 210"  This led some critics to give it the unofficial title of "Liz the Business Woman", while others named it "Coffee & TV" 

Reception
On its original broadcast in the United States, Episode 210 was viewed by 6 0 million viewers and earned a 2 8/7 in the 18- to 49-year-old demographic  This means that it was seen by 2 8% of all 18- to 49-year-olds, and 7% of all 18- to 49-year-olds watching television at the time of the broadcast Entertainment Weekly's Jeff Labrecque wrote "the episode really finished strong with a fabulous Gladys Knight musical number"  Matt Webb Mitovich of TV Guide also praised the musical number, saying "that 'Midnight Train to Georgia' number at the end of tonight's episode    Wow  So out of nowhere and so fun " Bob Sassone of AOL's TV Squad said that the episode "was a good episode to go into the hiatus with, if that makes things better"  He criticized the fact that the fictional TGS writing staff was not present in this episode, even though they could have been effectively used  Michael Neal of Television Without Pity awarded the episode a grading of A+  The Boston Globe's Joanna Weiss reviewed the episode positively, saying "[the episode] concluded with a musical interlude that was both hilarious and wistful" Despite the good reviews, there was no universal acclaim from critics as a whole  Robert Canning of IGN said that "[this episode] wasn't the most spectacular half-hour from this truncated season" and "unfortunately, there wasn't all that much that was funny about it  Sure, there were a couple of decent one-liners, but overall [Kenneth's storyline] offered up nothing new " Despite these criticisms, Canning added further praise to the "Midnight Train to Georgia" performance  Canning gave this episode a rating of 8 4 out of 10 Edie Falco was nominated for the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Guest Actress in a Comedy Series for this episode 

See also
2007–2008 Writers Guild of America strike
Effect of the 2007–08 Writers Guild of America strike on television
Passage 5:
Azie Mira Dungey
Azie Mira Dungey is an American actress, producer, and writer  She wrote and played the lead role in the comedic web series "Ask a Slave," and is currently, "     writing a book as a follow-up to the series " Dungey also wrote for the Emmy nominated Netflix series Unbreakable Kimmy Schmidt and Girls5eva, both produced by Tina Fey and Robert Carlock  She also wrote and produced on Sweetbitter  on Starz based on the bestselling novel of the same title by Stephanie Danler  Dungey wrote and hosted on Season 1 of Say It Loud, an educational series for PBS Digital  In 2019, she was executive producer and writer for Lena Waithe's Twenties,  a sit-com on BET and Showtime, as well as the Tracy Oliver and Amy Poehler produced comedy series, Harlem for Amazon Studios 

Early life and education
Dungey was born in Washington, DC  She spent her early childhood in Philadelphia, PA and later moved to Maryland where she attended middle and high school  She was a drama major at New York University, graduating from the Tisch School of the Arts Dungey is Pamunkey (also Mattaponi) and a very active member of the Native community  The tribe's enrollment policies that excluded members who married or had children with African Americans was exposed by the Congressional Black Caucus during their recognition process in 2013  Dungey comes from a family that was victim to Pamunkey anti-Black tribal law and they are currently seeking enrollment 

Career
Dungey took part in a number of theatre productions in Washington, DC, including The Walworth Farce at Studio Theatre Dungey performed the role of a slave as part of an ongoing historical reenactment of life at the Mount Vernon plantation in Virginia, USA, once owned by President George Washington  Part of her job was to answer tourists' questions about slavery while staying in character  She worked there part-time for nearly two years from 2010 to 2012 In 2013, Dungey moved to Los Angeles  She then wrote the script for a web series called Ask a Slave, and performed the lead role, that of Lizzie Mae, a slave   The series includes actual incidents from her experiences on the plantation  The series has received more than two million views As a result, Salon magazine listed her as one of 10 black women SNL could hire 
Passage 6:
Operation Righteous Cowboy Lightning
"Operation Righteous Cowboy Lightning" is the twelfth episode of the fifth season of the American television comedy series 30 Rock  It was written by executive producer Robert Carlock  The director of this episode was Beth McCarthy-Miller  It originally aired on NBC in the United States on January 27, 2011  Guest stars in this episode include Robert De Niro, Lester Holt, Sherri Shepherd, and Dean Winters 
In the episode, Jack Donaghy (Alec Baldwin) decides to pre-tape a celebrity benefit for a natural disaster, but his plan goes terribly wrong  Meanwhile, Tracy Jordan (Tracy Morgan) continues to drive Liz Lemon (Tina Fey) crazy with his irresponsibility  However, when a reality show camera crew starts to follow Tracy around, Liz tries to use it to her advantage 
"Operation Righteous Cowboy Lightning" was universally well received and praised by television critics  According to Nielsen Media Research, the episode was watched by 4 922 million households during its original broadcast, and received a 2 4 rating/7 share among viewers in the 18–49 demographic 

Plot
Liz Lemon (Tina Fey) and Jack Donaghy (Alec Baldwin) watch the installation of a large Kabletown sign on 30 Rockefeller Plaza  No longer a GE employee and now working for Kabletown, Jack decides to conquer this new phase in his life just as he did before  After researching, he finds that the most watched reality programs of the past five years are celebrity benefits for natural disasters  Since all the networks air benefits at the same time, no one network has an advantage nor dominates in the ratings  To combat this, Jack decides to pre-tape a benefit to air on the night of the next natural disaster  When a disaster devastates an island called Mago, Jack is ecstatic until he finds out that the island is owned by the infamous troubled actor, Mel Gibson  Regardless, the event is a success 
Meanwhile, Tracy Jordan (Tracy Morgan) pushes Liz's buttons as usual by not showing up to rehearsals and leaving work to do something insane  However, Tracy's demeanor instantly changes when a camera crew starts to follow him around for his wife's new reality show  He starts to act responsible and respectful in front of the cameras, as he wants to avoid ruining his chances of winning an Oscar  Liz has the idea to use Tracy's fake good behavior to get him to do things he blew off in the past, knowing that he can't refuse while taped  This works until Tracy finds a loophole  When Liz tries to get Tracy to do more things, he refuses and insults Liz to the melody of "Uptown Girl" by Billy Joel  Since the song is copyrighted, any footage containing that song can't be used  Therefore, Tracy's irresponsibility wouldn't be aired on the show  Liz tries to outcrazy him with autotune, but she later realizes that she can't match his insanity  They finally talk it out alone and each argues that the other person would have been a failure without their help  Nevertheless, cameras manage to film this and Tracy and Liz refuse to make up  However, when the show edits their various confrontations and uses two look-alikes to create a make up scene along to the song "Secrets" by OneRepublic, both Liz and Tracy are moved to tears and make up for real 

Cultural references
This episode continues to satirize the acquisition of NBC by Comcast  Liz tries to tell Jack what a Snart is (which is to sneeze and fart simultaneously) because it is ten o'clock  This refers 30 Rock's move from the 8:30 pm to the 10:00 pm timeslot  Tracy plans to get an island like Nicolas Cage, Celine Dion, and Charles Widmore, the latter being a fictional character from Lost  The whole cast of TGS is being filmed by the cameras of Angie Jordan's (wife of Tracy) new reality show, Queen of Jordan, which Jack commissioned in the previous episode, "Mrs  Donaghy"  Eventually, an episode of 30 Rock was filmed as an episode of "Queen of Jordan" 
The episode references the ongoing storyline of Liz's desire to become a mother when Kenneth gives Liz a memo he could not put in her mailbox because it was full of unread adoption materials  This story first began in the show's first season and continued in the third season Tracy and Liz fight in several ways, all of them involving masking their arguments in ways that cannot be used in the reality show for copyright reasons, such as singing along with the Billy Joel song "Uptown Girl" or wearing a New York Rangers goalie mask 
Jack films a pre-taped disaster event special, which he uses when a hurricane strikes Mago Island  This backfires because there were only two victims  The victims were the island's owner, actor Mel Gibson, who was highly publicized for his personal troubles, and his guest, Jon Gosselin 
While considering his new position as a Kabletown executive, Jack mentions "stout Cortez" and quotes the poem "On First Looking into Chapman's Homer" by John Keats  Tracy later also mentions feeling like "Stout Cortez," but this time in reference to his gardener 

Reception
According to Nielsen Media Research, "Operation Righteous Cowboy Lightning" was watched by 4 922 million households in its original American broadcast  It earned a 2 4 rating/7 share in the 18–49 demographic  This means that it was seen by 2 4 percent of all 18- to 49-year-olds, and 7 percent of all 18- to 49-year-olds watching television at the time of the broadcast  This was a decrease from the previous episode, "Mrs  Donaghy", which was watched by 5 338 million American viewers  It turned out to be the most-watched episode of the show until the series finale on January 31, 2013 
Passage 7:
Kidney Now!
"Kidney Now!" is the twenty-second episode and season finale of the third season of the American television comedy series 30 Rock, and the 58th overall episode of the series  It was directed by series producer Don Scardino, and written by show producers Jack Burditt and Robert Carlock  The episode originally aired on NBC in the United States on May 14, 2009  Guest stars in this episode include Alan Alda, Kay Cannon, Donald Glover, Napiera Groves, Chris Parnell, Paula Pell, and Sherri Shepherd  In addition, "Kidney Now!" featured many musical guest stars including Clay Aiken, Elvis Costello, Mary J  Blige, Sheryl Crow, the Beastie Boys (Mike D and Ad Rock), Steve Earle, Adam Levine, Sara Bareilles, Wyclef Jean, Norah Jones, Talib Kweli, Michael McDonald, Rhett Miller, Moby, Robert Randolph, Rachael Yamagata and Cyndi Lauper, all as themselves In the episode, Jack Donaghy (Alec Baldwin) gets to know his newly discovered father, Milton Greene (Alda), but quickly learns that Milton needs a kidney transplant, and discovers he is not a suitable donor  As a result, Jack decides to use the liberal media to find an alternate way to get him a kidney donor  Meanwhile, people seek Liz Lemon (Tina Fey) out as a relationship expert as a result of her "Dealbreaker" sketches, and Kenneth Parcell (Jack McBrayer) helps Tracy Jordan (Tracy Morgan) deal with his embarrassment over not finishing high school 
The song "He Needs a Kidney" was written by show composer and co-executive producer Jeff Richmond  The concept of doing a charity concert was based on Robert Carlock and series creator Tina Fey wanting to include a musical performance in the episode with the Milton Greene character in need of a kidney donor  Carlock and Fey wanted "He Needs a Kidney" to be similar to the 1985 charity song, "We Are the World"  Following the airing of this 30 Rock episode, NBC released the musical performance video of "He Needs a Kidney" on iTunes with all proceeds from the sales going to the National Kidney Foundation "Kidney Now!" was generally well received among television critics  According to the Nielsen Media Research, this episode was watched by 5 7 million viewers  Jack Burditt and Robert Carlock were nominated for a Primetime Emmy Award nomination in the category for Outstanding Writing in a Comedy Series for their work in this episode  In addition, Tony Pipitone and Griffin Richardson received a Creative Arts Emmy Award nomination in the category for Outstanding Sound Mixing for a Comedy or Drama Series (half-hour) and Animation 

Plot
Jack Donaghy (Alec Baldwin) gets to know his newly discovered father, Milton Greene (Alan Alda) but soon discovers Milton has a serious medical condition and is in search of a kidney donor  After discovering he is an unsuitable donor by Dr  Leo Spaceman (Chris Parnell), Jack uses his contacts—musicians Clay Aiken, Sara Bareilles, the Beastie Boys (Mike D and Ad-Rock), Mary J  Blige, Elvis Costello, Sheryl Crow, Steve Earle, Wyclef Jean, Norah Jones, Talib Kweli, Cyndi Lauper, Adam Levine, Michael McDonald, Rhett Miller, Moby, Robert Randolph, and Rachael Yamagata—to arrange a charity benefit entitled "Kidney Now!" in attempt to find a donor for Milton 
Meanwhile, Liz Lemon (Tina Fey) gains notoriety after making an appearance on The Vontella Show, along with Jenna Maroney (Jane Krakowski), as a relationship expert after her "Dealbreaker" sketches on the fictitious comedy sketch show The Girlie Show with Tracy Jordan (TGS)  As a result of the success she received as the relationship expert on The Vontella Show, Liz becomes more well known and begins dispensing relationship advice to the female staff of TGS, and to Angie Jordan (Sherri Shepherd) and Paula Hornberger (Paula Pell), the wives of TGS star Tracy Jordan (Tracy Morgan) and producer Pete Hornberger (Scott Adsit), respectively  Though, Tracy and Pete are upset with the advice Liz gave to their wives, Liz blows them off and goes to Quizno's to meet with an agent to write a prospective Dealbreaker book  The deal goes through and Liz tells Jack that she is "getting [hers] "
At the same time, Tracy is invited to speak at the graduation ceremony of his former high school (named after Frank Lucas, the infamous Harlem drug lord)  NBC page and friend Kenneth Parcell (Jack McBrayer) tries to help him overcome troubling memories from his high school experience  Kenneth persuades Tracy to go to the graduation, which he does, where Tracy gives his speech and receives an honorary diploma 

Production
"Kidney Now!" was directed by series producer Don Scardino, and written by 30 Rock producers Jack Burditt and Robert Carlock  This was Burditt and Carlock's fourth script collaboration, having penned the episodes "Cleveland", "Subway Hero", and "Sandwich Day"  This was Scardino's twenty-first directed episode  "Kidney Now!" originally aired on NBC in the United States on May 14, 2009, as the twenty-second episode and season finale of the show's third season and the 58th overall episode of the series 

"Kidney Now!" was first read by its cast on March 5, 2009; it was filmed on March 16–17, 2009  "He Needs a Kidney", the charity song featured in this episode, was written by show composer and co-executive producer Jeff Richmond  Richmond is married to series creator, executive producer and lead actress Tina Fey  In discussion of the development of "Kidney Now!", Richmond said that Carlock and Fey "were trying to figure out a way to highlight Jack's dad in getting a kidney and how they're going to deal with that", and that the two came to the decision to "take advantage of the singing", as they have done so in the past with different 30 Rock episodes, in which the show's characters have sung songs  Carlock and Fey agreed to the idea that a song be included in the season finale, but that it be an anthem like the 1985 charity song, "We Are the World",  as the cause is that the Milton Greene character is in need of a kidney donor  "Basically, the parameters were if 'We Are the World' but they want to get a kidney  I think we had angles that everyone has two kidneys and you'll only need one kidney, and we thought 'Alright, we'll get some distance on that'", said Richmond  While working on the track, Fey suggested to Richmond that he incorporate Milton Greene's name in one part of the song, which he did, as this was sung by singers Cyndi Lauper and Robert Randolph Giancarlo Vulcano, a music editor and associate arranger on the show, revealed that Richmond taught him the song one morning at Silvercup Studios—where the show is filmed—and they played the first half of "He Needs a Kidney" at the script's read-through  According to Vulcano, the 30 Rock staff loved the song and the two were satisfied with the reception of it  While arranging the instrumentation, Richmond hired violinists for the episode's background music and for "He Needs a Kidney", which according to him he usually does not get the opportunity to have a lot of violin sounds on the show  The recording sessions with the musical guests took place on Stage 1 at Silvercup Studios; Stage 1 serves as the set for TGS with Tracy Jordan, a fictitious comedy sketch show featured on 30 Rock  Richmond and Vulcano were complimentary towards the musicians—Clay Aiken, Sara Bareilles, the Beastie Boys (Mike D and Ad-Rock), Mary J  Blige, Elvis Costello, Sheryl Crow, Steve Earle, Wyclef Jean, Norah Jones, Talib Kweli, Cyndi Lauper, Adam Levine, Michael McDonald, Rhett Miller, Moby, Robert Randolph, and Rachael Yamagata—who performed "He Needs a Kidney"  In the DVD commentary for this episode, Richmond believed that the entire song would not make it into the airing  Elvis Costello was once approached to do an appearance on 30 Rock, but the appearance fell-through  At an Oscar's after party, Fey ran into Costello and asked him if he could appear, which he agreed to  According to Fey, none of the music artists got paid to appear on the show as "they all did [it] for free " The reason for this was due to a joke in the song in which Sheryl Crow was the only individual to get paid, as the rest said they did it for free  Following the broadcast of this episode of 30 Rock, the musical performance video was made available for digital download on iTunes with all the proceeds from the sales going to the National Kidney Foundation 

According to Fey, there were discussions on whether or not to use a real talk show host from New York, for the "Dealbreakers" segment, but ultimately decided to make one up and went with actress Napiera Groves who plays talk show host Vontella in "Kidney Now!"  The Tracy character plot was based on Tracy Morgan who in real-life was given a diploma by his former high school, DeWitt Clinton High School  Like the Tracy character, who dropped out of high school after being asked to dissect a frog, Morgan dropped out of DeWitt Clinton when his father became ill  Jack and Liz's scene, along with Tracy and Kenneth's, at the end where they watch the charity concert, was filmed the day before the musical number took place  "They were pretending to look at the singing", revealed Fey  They forced that shot in so that the episode not just end with the performance Professor Milton Greene was played by guest actor Alan Alda, best known for his role as Hawkeye Pierce from the television series M*A*S*H  This was Alda's second appearance, having appeared in the previous episode "Mamma Mia"  In a scene of "Kidney Now!", Tracy breaks down crying and says "There is no baby  I was chicken! I was chicken!" then Milton, who sees this, asks "A guy crying about a chicken and a baby? I thought this was a comedy show " This was a reference to Alda's M*A*S*H character in the series finale episode in which Hawkeye breaks down after realizing he had seen a woman smother her baby to death, not a chicken as Hawkeye had originally recalled in his repressed mind  Comedian actor Chris Parnell, who played Dr  Leo Spaceman in the season finale, has appeared in the main cast of Saturday Night Live (SNL), a weekly sketch comedy series which airs on NBC in the United States  Fey was the head writer on SNL from 1999 until 2006  Comedian actress Sherri Shepherd reprised her role as Angie Jordan, the wife of Tracy, for the fifth time  Paula Pell made her second guest spot as the character Paula Hornberger, the wife of Pete Hornberger, played by Scott Adsit  In "Kidney Now!", Angie and Paula ask Liz for relationship advice  In addition, 30 Rock writers Jack Burditt, Kay Cannon, and Donald Glover appear in the episode; Burditt and Cannon appear in The Vontella Show segment as members from the audience who ask Liz questions  When Tracy accepts an honorary diploma from his former high school, in his speech, Tracy outs Glover's character  The success of the benefit concert for Milton is not explicitly referenced until Alda's character alludes to it in the season five episode "Christmas Attack Zone", though in the season four episode "Into the Crevasse", Milton is shown to have finished his book entitled From Peanut to President, a biography of U S  President Jimmy Carter One filmed scene from "Kidney Now!" was cut out from the airing  Instead, the scene was featured on 30 Rock's season three DVD as part of the deleted scenes in the Bonus feature  In the scene, Liz enters the TGS writer's room, and tells the writing staff that she got recognized from her appearance on The Vontella Show as the relationship expert from "Dealbreakers"  Pete cannot believe that Liz gave actual relationship advice on the program, citing Liz's own past relationship faults 

Reception
According to the Nielsen Media Research, "Kidney Now!" was watched by 5 7 million viewers during its original United States broadcast  The rating was an 8 percent drop in viewership from the previous week's episode, "Mamma Mia", which was seen by 6 2 million American viewers  The show claimed a 2 8 rating/7 share among viewers aged 18 to 49, meaning that 2 8 percent of all people in that group, and 7 percent of all people from that group watching television at the time, watched the episode  Jack Burditt and Robert Carlock received a Primetime Emmy Award nomination for Outstanding Writing in a Comedy Series for their work on "Kidney Now!", but they lost it to fellow 30 Rock writer Matt Hubbard for the episode "Reunion" at the 61st Primetime Emmy Awards  At the same awards show, Tony Pipitone and Griffin Richardson were nominated for a Creative Arts Emmy Award for Outstanding Sound Mixing for a Comedy or Drama Series (half-hour) and Animation IGN contributor Robert Canning wrote that the ending from this episode "did have a season finale feel to it with the big musical number  [   ] Still, it was a great season, and I loved going out with two of the best characters on TV summing up the moment perfectly – Liz: 'We sure had quite a year ' Jack: 'What are you talking about? It's May '" Canning gave it an 8 5 out of 10 rating  Television columnist Alan Sepinwall for The Star-Ledger wrote that the "all-star cast of musicians" featured were not able to dominate the episode "to the point where the episode didn't work " Sepinwall, however, added that despite "Kidney Now!" not being a classic 30 Rock episode "it was [still] funny enough – which, I suppose, also makes it an appropriate finale for this uneven season " Further in the review, Sepinwall was complimentary towards Liz's plot, writing that the character's sequence on The Vontella Show was "hilarious, and a fine demonstration of how much confidence Tina Fey has gained as an actress over the years " The A V  Club's Nathan Rabin also enjoyed the Liz character, reporting that she "delivered a virtuoso performance in [The Vontella Show], instantly homing in on the fatal flaw in every relationship and obliterating it with highly quotable sass " In discussion to Tracy's plot, Rabin opined it was the "weakest of the various threads" in this episode  Bob Sassone of AOL's TV Squad confessed in his recap that he was going to summarize "Kidney Now!" as "a little disappointing, but then I hit rewind on my DVR and watched it again and realized, wow, they actually hit all of the season finale notes rather perfectly [   ] This episode was quite funny "Rick Porter of Zap2it worried how the series would fit in "the likes" of Elvis Costello, Mary J  Blige, Sheryl Crow, Clay Aiken and Adam Levine "without it overwhelming the episode", and reported that the answer to that "turned out to be 'very effectively '" In regards to the storylines, itself, he noted that Jack's quest in getting Milton a kidney "balanced nicely" with Liz's story, and that Tracy's "had some good moments"  In conclusion, Porter wrote "For a show that doesn't always know how to end episodes, it's done really well at ending seasons " TV Guide Magazine's Sandra Kofler wrote that the "He Needs a Kidney" song was hilarious, and that it "stole [30 Rock's] season finale " Patrick Goldstein, a contributor for the Los Angeles Times, was favorable to the musical number, reporting "[t]he song itself is a hoot, highlighted by a wonderful spoken-word kidney donation pitch that begins with Costello saying: 'Listen, when someone starts talking in the middle of a song, you know it's serious '" Entertainment Weekly contributor Annie Barrett said "Kidney Now!" was "sweet and all", and noted that the "Vontella-as-Tyra spoof" was "brilliant"  Time contributor James Poniewozik wrote that this episode "was a fitting end for a guest-star-heavy     season of 30 Rock", but added that the finale overall was "maybe average", however, "the ending at least delivered the goods, with the best sitcom celebrity benefit song" 
Passage 8:
100 (30 Rock)
"100" is a double episode of the American television comedy series 30 Rock, comprising the 20th and 21st episodes of the fifth season, and the 100th and 101st episodes overall of the series  It was written by Jack Burditt and the show's executive producers Robert Carlock and Tina Fey, who is also the series' creator, head writer, and star  The episode originally aired on NBC in the United States on April 21, 2011  Commemorating the 100th episode of the series, this episode was one hour long and included a multitude of guest stars including Michael Keaton, Tom Hanks, Rachel Dratch, Will Forte, Brian Williams, among others 
In the episode, Liz Lemon (Tina Fey) faces news of cancellation for TGS from Hank Hooper after the departure of Tracy Jordan (Tracy Morgan) brought in terrible ratings  Jack Donaghy (Alec Baldwin) promises Hank the return of Tracy and asks for one more chance for TGS to prove itself with its 100th episode  Meanwhile, a gas leak in the building leads to hallucinations among the characters, such as Jack's imaginings of alternate versions of himself visiting him  In a subplot, Jenna Maroney (Jane Krakowski) considers becoming a mother following a joke she made to Kenneth Parcell (Jack McBrayer) five years earlier 

Plot
Hank Hooper (Ken Howard), CEO of the fictional NBC parent Kabletown, informs Liz Lemon (Tina Fey) and Jack Donaghy (Alec Baldwin) of his decision to cancel TGS due to its struggles during the absence of Tracy Jordan (Tracy Morgan)  Jack supports Liz, informing Hank that Tracy is returning and convinces him to reconsider the cancellation until after their upcoming hundredth episode  Meanwhile, Kenneth Parcell (Jack McBrayer) suggests to Jenna Maroney (Jane Krakowski) that she'd make a great mother, which causes her to have a hysterical pregnancy in order to augment her career 
Tom the janitor (Michael Keaton) discovers a gas leak that is seeping into the ventilation system of TGS, necessitating the evacuation of all personnel and delaying production of the 100th episode  While repairing the gas leak, Tom inadvertently breaks the ventilation system on the 52nd floor, causing Jack to hallucinate  a visit by an alternate reality version of himself  Alternate Jack declares that he fired Liz because she was holding him back and that without her, he had made his way to the top of GE  As a consequence, Jack meets with Liz and severs their relationship 
Liz is then approached by her ex-boyfriend, Dennis (Dean Winters), whom she had apparently called while under the influence of the gas, hoping to rekindle their relationship  Liz rejects Dennis, who subsequently realizes that he needs to sabotage the ventilation system in order to get her back 
Elsewhere, Tracy goes on multiple morning television shows in an attempt to sabotage the respect he has earned  Unfortunately, his attempts fail, as not only do the hosts interpret his crude behavior as artistic expression, but he also manages to save a man from drowning  Tracy discusses the problem with Jenna and the two realize the only way he could ruin his public image is to shoot someone  Tracy convinces Kenneth to volunteer as his shooting victim on the roof of the building 
As the gas spreads, Jack is visited by two more versions of himself  One is a past version who agrees with his original alternate version  The other is a future version who claims that he needs Liz to distract him from his blind ambition and that he will be much happier if he doesn't fire her  He warns Jack that Liz is about to sign a lease with Dennis, which will lead to them getting married and living in Jacksonville, Florida 
Jack finds Liz and prevents her from signing the lease  Meanwhile, Tom repairs the sabotaged gas line and Dennis is escorted out of the building  Liz then tells Jack that she saw Kenneth and Tracy heading for the roof with a gun  Jenna joins them and the group runs into Hank Hooper on the way, who pitches Jenna a daytime talk show, which causes her hysterical pregnancy to suddenly vanish in light of this new opportunity  They reach the roof just in time to prevent Tracy from shooting Kenneth  Jack advises Tracy that the best way to lose respect as an actor is to return to television, giving a speech alluding to events from Baldwin's own career 
Jack, Liz, Tracy, Jenna, and Kenneth make it back to the TGS set, where Liz discovers that the entire show was written under the influence of the gas and is essentially worthless  She breaks the gas line once again, and with Hooper and the entire studio audience affected by the gas, the show is a hit  A hallucinatory Hooper renews it for "a billion more episodes"  Liz and Jack apologize to each other  They then toast to their friendship with imaginary champagne  Tom Hanks, upon seeing Tracy back on TV while watching the episode at home, calls George Clooney (who does not appear) on a red phone and tells him to have Tracy removed from the "official A-list" 

Reception
According to the Nielsen Media Research, this episode of 30 Rock was watched by 4 60 million households in its original American broadcast—with 4 80 million watching the first half-hour and 4 44 million watching the last half hour  It earned a 2 2 rating/6 share in the 18–49 demographic  This means that it was seen by 2 2 percent of all 18- to 49-year-olds, and 6 percent of all 18- to 49-year-olds watching television at the time of the broadcast 
"100" received positive reviews  The A V  Club gave the episode a B− grade, praising the characterisation but criticising some of the more implausible plot elements (such as the gas leak and Jenna's sudden yearning for children) 
Passage 9:
Unbreakable Kimmy Schmidt
Unbreakable Kimmy Schmidt is an American sitcom created by Tina Fey and Robert Carlock, starring Ellie Kemper in the title role  It premiered on March 6, 2015 on Netflix and ran for four seasons, ending on January 25, 2019  An interactive special premiered on May 12, 2020 
The series follows 29-year-old Kimmy Schmidt (Kemper) as she adjusts to life after being rescued from a doomsday cult in the fictional town of Durnsville, Indiana, where she and three other women were held captive by Reverend Richard Wayne Gary Wayne (Jon Hamm) for 15 years  Determined to be seen as something other than a victim and armed only with a positive attitude, she decides to restart her life by moving to New York City, where she quickly befriends her street-wise landlady Lillian Kaushtupper (Carol Kane), finds a roommate in struggling actor Titus Andromedon (Tituss Burgess), and gains a job as a nanny for melancholic and out-of-touch socialite Jacqueline Voorhees (Jane Krakowski) 
Throughout its run, the series received critical acclaim, with critic Scott Meslow calling it "the first great sitcom of the streaming era"  It received 20 Primetime Emmy Award nominations, including four nominations for Outstanding Comedy Series and a nomination for Outstanding Television Movie for the 2020 special Kimmy vs  the Reverend 

Synopsis
Kimmy Schmidt (Ellie Kemper) was in eighth grade when she was kidnapped by Reverend Richard Wayne Gary Wayne (Jon Hamm)  He held Kimmy and three other women captive for 15 years in an underground bunker and convinced them that a nuclear apocalypse had left them the sole survivors of humanity 
In the first season, the women are rescued, and go on to appear on the Today Show in New York City  After the show, Kimmy decides she doesn't want to return to Indiana or be seen as a victim, so she starts a new life in New York City  Roaming around the city, she comes across landlady Lillian Kaushtupper (Carol Kane), who offers Kimmy a chance to room with Titus Andromedon (Tituss Burgess) in her downstairs apartment  However, to get the apartment, Kimmy has to find a job  When she tries to get a job at a nearby candy store, she sees a boy stealing candy  She pursues him back to his home and encounters his mother, Jacqueline Voorhees (Jane Krakowski), a Manhattan trophy wife, who mistakes her for a nanny, and whom Kimmy mistakes as someone trapped in a cult  Jacqueline hires Kimmy as a nanny for her 10-year-old son  As Season 1 continues, Kimmy falls in love with Dong (Ki Hong Lee), a Vietnamese man from her G E D  class; goes to court to testify against the Reverend, and discovers how the world has changed in the 15 years she was held captive  
In the second season, Kimmy is sick of working for Jacqueline and gets a job at a year-round Christmas store and then as an Uber driver  She tries to get over Dong, who enters a green card marriage with another G E D  student and is eventually deported  As Kimmy tries to move on, so do Titus and Jacqueline, who both find boyfriends  Titus begins dating construction worker Mikey Politano (Mike Carlsen) and Jacqueline begins dating lawyer Russ Snyder (David Cross)  Jacqueline also goes back to her Native American heritage and decides to take down the Washington Redskins, who her boyfriend's father happens to own  Kimmy reunites with Gretchen and Cyndee to save them from joining another cult and getting married on television, respectively  When Season 2 ends, Titus leaves to be a performer on a cruise and Lillian protests the invasion of hipsters in her neighborhood, while Kimmy makes amends with her mother (Lisa Kudrow) after advice from her therapist (Tina Fey) before receiving a phone call from the Reverend in prison, telling her that they need to get a divorce 
In the third season, Kimmy proceeds with the divorce from the Reverend but hits a snag when she learns that a devoted fan (guest star Laura Dern) wants to marry him  After getting her G E D , Kimmy decides to go to college and ends up at Columbia University, where she is popular but fails academically  She forms a friendship with Perry (Daveed Diggs), a philosophy and religion transfer student who, like Kimmy, does not fit in with the rich, elitist Ivy League students  Titus returns from his stint on the cruise harboring a secret and, determined to come home to Mikey with money and a job, he auditions for Sesame Street  However, after the man auditioning Titus asks him to perform sexual acts on a puppet, Titus leaves and runs home to Mikey  However, Titus sees Mikey out with another man, and breaks up with him  Lillian is elected to the city council and attempts to block the construction of a supermarket chain for fear it will gentrify the neighborhood  She later starts a relationship with the owner of the chain (Peter Riegert)  Meanwhile, Jacqueline and Russ execute their plan to force his family to change the name of the Redskins and Titus makes it big with the single "Boobs in California"  At the end of season three, Titus vows to win Mikey back from his new boyfriend, Jacqueline finds a profession, and Kimmy lands a job at a tech start-up 
In the fourth and final season, Kimmy is working at Giztoob, the tech company started by a former classmate at Columbia, and Jacqueline is representing Titus as his agent  After acting in an anti-bullying performance for a middle school, Titus gets a job as director of the school play and, in an attempt to impress Mikey, pretends to write and star in a superhero television show called The Capist, starring Greg Kinnear  Meanwhile, Lillian's boyfriend Artie dies and she is put in charge of his adult daughter's trust  Kimmy reunites with Donna Maria, who is now a successful businesswoman  Outraged and inspired by men's rights activists, Kimmy writes a children's book that empowers girls and encourages boys to be kind; by the end of season four, Kimmy has found success as a children's author  Season 4 features two episodes that veer from the main plot  In the first, a standalone mockumentary episode, Jacqueline's former boy toy Doug, a k a  DJ Fingablast, creates a true crime documentary called Party Monster: Scratching the Surface, which sympathizes with the Reverend and paints Kimmy and the other Mole Women negatively  The second episode, "Sliding Van Doors", presents an alternate universe in which Kimmy is never kidnapped, Titus does not audition for The Lion King in 1998, Jacqueline does not marry Julian Voorhees, and Lillian runs a Latin street gang  The series concludes with each of the main four characters finding success and purpose in new ventures 

Episodes
Cast and characters
Main
Ellie Kemper as Kimberly "Kimmy" Cougar Schmidt, the titular character  Armed with only unflagging optimism,  a childlike sense of wonder and an eighth-grade education, she attempts to regain the life that was taken from her and navigate her way through the unfamiliar struggles of New York life 
Tituss Burgess as Titus Andromedon (born Ronald Wilkerson), Kimmy's gay, flamboyant roommate and an aspiring actor and singer  Melodramatic and self-absorbed, Titus nevertheless cares deeply for, and is very protective of Kimmy  Despite his talent and ego, he is plagued by self-doubt after years of rejection in the business  Titus hails from Chickasaw County, Mississippi, and moved to New York City in 1998 
Carol Kane as Lillian Kaushtupper, Kimmy and Titus' odd landlady  A proud born-and-bred New Yorker with a long, complex criminal history, she fights against the possible gentrification of her neighborhood (although it soon becomes clear that she hates any form of progress or technology)  Despite her willingness to do anything to make a buck, she has a very big heart and will go out of her way to help her tenants 
Jane Krakowski as Jacqueline White (formerly Voorhees; née Jackie Lynn White), a wealthy and insecure socialite who hires Kimmy as a nanny  Despite coming across as arrogant, condescending and out of touch, she is very fond of (and heavily reliant on) her new employee, who helps her gain perspective on her unhappy marriage  She is secretly of Lakota Native American descent and is passing for white  As the series progresses, she gradually reconnects with her family and her culture  She is the mother of Buckley Voorhees and the former step-mother of Xanthippe Lannister Voorhees  Her ex-husband is Julian Voorhees 

Recurring
Guest
Production
Development
The show was created by Tina Fey and Robert Carlock when NBC executives asked them to develop a show for Ellie Kemper  Fey said that they found an "innocence" about Kemper's face, but also noted a "strength" to it  One idea was for the show to center on Kemper's character waking up from a coma, but this idea was abandoned in favor of the cult-survivor storyline The show was initially under development for NBC under the title Tooken  NBC ultimately sold the series to Netflix  Fey said that this was in partly due to NBC's "not feeling confident about watching comedies"  Prior to the sale, NBC planned to air the series as either a mid-season replacement or as a summer series  It was sold to Netflix with a two-season order On June 13, 2017, it was renewed for a fourth and final season, with the first six episodes premiering on May 30, 2018  The second half was released on January 25, 2019  On May 8, 2019, it was announced that it would return with an interactive special, which premiered on May 12, 2020 

Casting
Casting announcements for the remaining roles were made in March 2014, with Tituss Burgess cast as Kimmy's roommate, Titus, and Carol Kane as Kimmy's and Titus's landlady, Lillian Shortly afterwards, Sara Chase was cast Cyndee, Kimmy's closest friend during their years in the cult; and Lauren Adams as Gretchen, a 10-year member of the cult who believes everything she is told  Jane Krakowski was later cast as Jacqueline Voorhees, a wealthy Manhattanite who hires Kimmy as a nanny  Megan Dodds was originally cast before Krakowski replaced her 

Music
The show's theme song, "Unbreakable", was produced by The Gregory Brothers and written by Jeff Richmond  It is a tribute to The Gregory Brothers' YouTube show Songify the News – auto-tuned news interviews that became popular videos  It specifically parodies the mannerisms of Antoine Dodson in the "Bed Intruder Song"  Richmond also wrote "Peeno Noir", a song performed by character Titus Andromedon during season 1, episode 6 

Artwork
Artwork for the show's opening sequence was produced by a team at Pentagram that included feminist artist Deva Pardue 

Home video releases
Reception
The show has been widely acclaimed by television critics, who have praised the writing and cast 

Season 1
On Rotten Tomatoes, the first season has a rating of 95%, based on 55 reviews, with an average rating of 7 5/10  The site's critical consensus reads, "Blessed with originality and a spot-on performance from Ellie Kemper, The Unbreakable Kimmy Schmidt is as odd as it is hilarious " On Metacritic, the first season has a score of 78 out of 100, based on 29 critics, indicating "generally favorable reviews" Scott Meslow of The Week called the series "the first great sitcom of the streaming era", praising its wit, edge, and feminist tone  Brian Moylan of The Guardian noted that it is "the sort of show that could benefit from multiple viewings, because the jokes are so packed in you’re sure to miss something while laughing " TV Guide named it the "best new comedy of 2015"  IGN reviewer Max Nicholson gave the first season an 8 3 out of 10 'Great' rating, saying "Tina Fey and Robert Carlock's Unbreakable Kimmy Schmidt is another winner in Netflix's original series catalog  Not only is it charming and funny, but it's unabashedly kooky, and Ellie Kemper nails the lead role "The first season was nominated for seven Primetime Emmy Awards 
Some reviewers have criticized the show's portrayal of Native Americans, with Vulture referring to a prominent Native American subplot as "offensive"  BuzzFeed wrote that the show has a "major race problem" and cited the lack of a plurality of portrayals of Native Americans as the main issue with the subplot, stating that "the way Native Americans are represented on this show matters  It's not one representation among a cornucopia of representations; it's the single mainstream representation in years " The Daily Beast stated that when it comes to race, “especially in its portrayal of a key Vietnamese character, the show leaves much to be desired ”In the wake of the controversy, Tina Fey responded: "I feel like we put so much effort into writing and crafting everything, they need to speak for themselves  There's a real culture of demanding apologies, and I'm opting out of that "

Season 2
On Rotten Tomatoes, the second season holds a 100% approval rating, based on 24 reviews, with an average rating of 7 6/10  The site's critical consensus reads, "Not letting up in season two, Unbreakable Kimmy Schmidt is still odd in the best of ways, wonderfully building on its unique comedy stylings and brilliantly funny cast " On Metacritic, the second season has a score of 82 out of 100, based on 16 reviews, indicating "universal acclaim" The second season was nominated for four Primetime Emmy Awards 
There was controversy surrounding the third episode from this season, “Kimmy Goes to a Play!,” which involved the use of yellow-face and the name of a group of Asian-Americans who were critical of yellow-face  The group is referred to as "Respectful Asian Portrayals in Entertainment", or "R A P E" for short  The Asian-Americans shown protesting against yellow-face in the episode are conveyed as unlikable buffoons  Anna Akana criticized the use of yellow-face and the R A P E  acronym during her 2016 Asians in Entertainment Key Note speech  Alex Abad-Santos wrote, “The odd thing about this episode is that it's another Tina Fey project that paints Asian people, specifically Asian women, as crappy characters  [   ] The plot feels like a pointed, ironic response to anyone who has criticized Fey's past projects for being lazy and racist ”

Season 3
On Rotten Tomatoes, the third season holds a 97% approval rating, based on 29 reviews, with an average rating of 8 11/10  The site's critical consensus states: "Unbreakable Kimmy Schmidt continues to thrive with a comically agile cast, notable guest stars, and a forceful influx of funny " On Metacritic, the third season has a score of 78 out of 100, based on 12 reviews, indicating "generally favorable reviews" The third season was nominated for five Primetime Emmy Awards 

Season 4
On Rotten Tomatoes, the fourth season holds a 94% approval rating, based on 32 reviews, with an average rating of 7 77/10  The site's critical consensus states: "Unbreakable Kimmy Schmidt ends with a final season that's as topical as it is cheerily irreverent " On Metacritic, the fourth season has a score of 85 out of 100, based on 6 reviews, indicating "universal acclaim" The fourth season was nominated for two Primetime Emmy Awards 

Special
On Rotten Tomatoes, the Unbreakable Kimmy Schmidt: Kimmy vs  the Reverend special has an approval rating of 94%, based on 32 reviews, with an average rating of 7 81/10  The site's critical consensus reads: "Kimmy and company return as resilient as ever in a fun and fast paced special that makes excellent use of its interactive capabilities to produce maximum fabulosity "The special was nominated for two Primetime Emmy Awards 
Context 2: Passage 1:
A Wise Old Owl
"A Wise Old Owl" is an English language nursery rhyme  It has a Roud Folk Song Index number of 7734 and in The Oxford Dictionary of Nursery Rhymes, 2nd Ed  of 1997, as number 394  The rhyme is an improvement of a traditional nursery rhyme "There was an owl lived in an oak, wisky, wasky, weedle "

Lyrics
This version was first published in Punch, April 10, 1875, and ran as follows 

One version was published upon bookmarks during the mid-1930s, and goes as follows:

The 1875 version is ungrammatical from the standpoint of modern English, relying on an apo koinou construction for meter; this is also used in a children's song called Bingo 

History
The rhyme refers to the traditional image of owls as the symbol of wisdom  It was recorded as early as 1875 and is apparently older than that  It was quoted by John D  Rockefeller in 1909 and is frequently misattributed to Edward Hersey Richards and William R  Cubbage During World War II, the United States army used the rhyme on a poster with the tweaked ending, "Soldier     be like that old bird!" with the caption "Silence means security "


== Notes ==
Passage 2:
Aiken Drum
"Aiken Drum" (Roud 2571) is a popular Scottish folk song and nursery rhyme, which probably has its origins in a Jacobite song about the Battle of Sheriffmuir (1715) 

Lyrics
Modern versions of the lyrics include:

Other versions of the song include the lyrics:

Origins
The rhyme was first printed by James Hogg in Jacobite Reliques in 1820, as a Jacobite song about the Battle of Sheriffmuir (1715):

Sir Walter Scott in his novel The Antiquary (1816) refers to Aiken Drum in a story told by an old beggar about the origins of what has been perceived by the protagonist as a Roman fort  The beggar tells him that it was actually built by him and others for "auld Aiken Drum's bridal" and that one of the masons cut the shape of a ladle into the stone as a joke on the bridegroom  The reference suggests that the rhyme, and particularly the chorus, was well enough known in the early nineteenth century for the joke to be understood 

Performances
The Scottish folk group The Singing Kettle performs this song for children in an interactive way by allowing the children to decide the foods of which Aiken Drum is made  A version is included on their CD Singalong Songs from Scotland, produced in 2003 for Smithsonian Folkways Recordings Popular Armenian-Canadian children's singer Raffi played a version of the song, called "Aikendrum", on his album Singable Songs for the Very Young (1976)  Raffi's version of the song replaces the various foods with ones that would be more familiar to an American audience: spaghetti for Aikendrum's hair, meatballs for his eyes, cheese for his nose, and pizza for his mouth  This version was also the Barney & Friends version 
The album Classic Scots Ballads (1961) by Ewan MacColl and Peggy Seeger includes a recording of this song with the original lyrics 

The Brownie of Blednoch
Aiken Drum is also the name given by the Scottish poet William Nicholson to the brownie in his poem "The Brownie of Blednoch" (1828)  The poem incorporates traditional brownie legends, but there is no evidence of the name being used for a brownie prior to Nicholson 

In popular culture
Aiken Drum is the name chosen for one of the main characters in the science fiction series The Saga of Pliocene Exile 

See also
Passage 3:
Row, Row, Row Your Boat
"Row, Row, Row Your Boat" is an English language nursery rhyme and a popular children's song, often sung in a round  It has a Roud Folk Song Index number of 19236 
Bing Crosby included the song in a medley on his album 101 Gang Songs (1961)  Crosby also used the song as part of a round with his family during his concert at the London Palladium in 1976  The performance was captured on the album Bing Crosby Live at the London Palladium 

Lyrics
The most common modern version is often sung as a round for up to four voice parts (play )  A possible arrangement for SATB is as follows:

 The text above is often sung multiple times in succession to allow for the different voices to interweave with each other, forming four-part harmony 

Melody
Origins
The earliest printing of the song is from 1852, when the lyrics were published with similar lyrics to those used today, but with a very different tune  It was reprinted again two years later with the same lyrics and another tune  The modern tune was first recorded with the lyrics in 1881, mentioning Eliphalet Oram Lyte in The Franklin Square Song Collection but not making it clear whether he was the composer or adapter 

Legacy and alternative versions
The nursery rhyme is well known, appearing in several films, e g  Star Trek V, Eternal Sunshine of the Spotless Mind and Manos: The Hands of Fate  People often add additional verses, a form of children's street culture, with the intent of either extending the song or (especially in the case of more irreverent versions) to make it funny, parody it, or substitute another sensibility for the perceived innocent one of the original  In Bean, Rowan Atkinson (Mr  Bean) and Peter MacNicol (David Langley) also used this parody singing in the film   Don Music, a muppet character in Sesame Street, changed the lyrics to feature a car instead of a boat In addition, Aimee Mann included a brief interpolation in "Choice in the matter" from her second solo album "I'm with stupid" 
Versions include:

and
and
 and
and
and
and
and


== Notes and references ==
Passage 4:
Pretty Little Dutch Girl
"Pretty Little Dutch Girl" is a children's nursery rhyme, clapping game and jump-rope rhyme  	It has a Roud Folk Song Index number of 12986 

Lyrics
The lyrics of the song vary considerably  British versions of this rhyme differ significantly, perhaps because many of the allusions in the rhyme were unknown to British children at the time  Common versions include:

I am a pretty little Dutch girl,
As pretty as I can be, be, be,
And all the boys in the baseball team
Go crazy over me, me, me My boy friend’s name is Fatty,
He comes from the Senoratti,
With turned-up toes and a pimple on his nose,
And this is how the story goes:Variation 1

I am a pretty little Dutch girl
As pretty as I can be
And all the boys in the neighborhood
Are crazy over meMy boyfriend's name is Mello
He comes from the land of Jello
With pickles for his toes and a cherry for his nose
And that's the way my story goesVariation 2

I am a pretty little Dutch girl,
As pretty as pretty can be,
And all the boys around the block
Go crazy over me My boyfriend's name is Billy,
He comes from good ole Philly,
With a cherry on his nose
And ten fat toes,
And that's the way my story goes My boyfriend gave me peaches,
My boyfriend gave me pears,
My boyfriend gave me fifty cents
And kissed me on the stairs I gave him back his peaches,
I gave him back his pears,
I gave him back his fifty cents
And kicked    him    down     the     stairs!Variation 3

I am a pretty little Dutch girl,
As pretty as I can be 
and all the boys in the neighborhood
come chasing after me me me My boyfriend's name is Tony,
he comes from the land of bologna,
with a pickle on his nose and 3 sore toes
and that's the way the story goes!One day he gave me peaches,
one day he gave me pears,
one day he gave me 50 cents
and took me to the fair!After the fair was over,
I asked him to take me home,
he ran off with another girl
and left me all alone!I gave him back his peaches 
I gave him back his pears 
I gave him back his 50 cents,
and kicked him down the stairs!Variation 4

I am a pretty little Dutch girl
As pretty as pretty can be 
And all the boys around the block
Go crazy over me I hate to do the dishes
I hate to do the chores
But I love to kiss my boyfriend
Behind the kitchen door One day while I was walking
I heard my boyfriend talking
To a pretty little girl
with strawberry curlsand this is what he said:
I L-O-V-E love you
All the T-I-M-E time
And I will K-I-S-S kiss you
In the D-A-R-K dark Variation 5 (Western Canada, 1960s)

I am a pretty little Dutch girl,
As pretty as pretty can be, be, be,
And all the boys on the baseball team
are chasing after me, me, me My father came from England,
My mother came from France, France, France 
My boyfriend came from the USA
to teach me how to dance, dance, dance My boyfriend gave me apples,
My boyfriend gave me pears, pears, pears 
My boyfriend gave me fifty cents
and kissed me up the stairs, stairs, stairs I gave him back his apples,
I gave him back his pears, pears, pears 
I gave him back his fifty cents
and kicked him down the stairs, stairs, stairs    with a pickle on his nose and 3 sore toes,
that's the way it goes, goes, goes Variation 6

I am a pretty little Dutch girl
As pretty as pretty can be
And all the boys around my block
Go crazy over me!I had a boyfriend, Patty
Who comes from Cincinnati
With 48 toes and a pickle on his nose
And this is the way my story goes   One day when I was walkin'
I heard my boyfriend talkin'
To a pretty little girl with a strawberry curls
And this is what he said to her   I L-O-V-E, love you
to K-I-S-S, kiss you
yes K-I-S-S, kiss you in
the D-A-R-K dark boom boom!Variation 7

I am a pretty little Dutch girl
As pretty as pretty can be
and all the boys in my hometown
are crazy over meMy boyfriend's name is Chico
he came from Puerto Rico
with a rubber nose
and 28 toes
and this is how my story goesOne day as I was walking
I heard my Chico talking
to a pretty little girl
with strawberry curls
and this is what he said to herI L-O-V-E love you
I K-I-S-S kiss you
I K-I-S-S kiss you
in the D-A-R-K dark dark darkVariation 8

I am a pretty little Dutch girl,
As pretty as can be, be, be,
And all the boys on the baseball team,
Go crazy after me, me, me!
One day they gave me peaches,
One day they gave me pears, pears, pears,
One days they gave me 50 cents and took me to the fair, fair, fair 
And when the fair was over,
I asked them to take me home, home, home,
They said they had another date and left me all alone, lone, lone 
I gave them back their peaches,
I gave them back their pears, pears, pears,
I gave them back their 50 cents and kicked them down the stairs, stairs, stairs!Variation 9 (Northwest England, 2010s)

My boyfriend gave me an apple
My boyfriend gave me a pear
My boyfriend gave me a kiss on the lips, and he threw me down the stairsI gave him back his apple
I gave him back his pear
I gave him back kiss on the lips, and I threw him down the stairsI threw him over London
I threw him over France
I threw him over the football pitch, and he lost his underpantsHis underpants were yellow
His underpants were green
His underpants were black and white, and smelt like rotten cheeseVariation 10 (Austin, Texas 1960s) Given the actions that went with this, people assume this went through music halls I am a pretty little Dutch girl
As pretty as pretty can be
And all the boys around the block
Are crazy over me 

My boyfriend's name is Harry 
He comes from Paris, France
With turned up toes and a pimple on his nose
And this is the way my story goes 

My boyfriend gave me apples,
My boyfriend gave me pears 
My boyfriend gave me fifty cents
And took me to the fair 

One day as I was walking
I heard my boyfriend talking
To a pretty little girl with a strawberry curl
and this is what he said to her:I L-O-V-E, love you 
I K-I-S-S, kiss you 
I K-I-S-S, kiss you
On your F-A-C-E, face, face, face 

I gave him back his apples
I gave him back his pears
I gave him back his fifty cents
And threw him down the stairs I threw him over London 
I threw him over France 
I threw him over [substitute wherever here]
And he lost his underpants 

I have a little brother 
His name is Tiny Tim
I put him in the bathtub
To see if he could swim

He drank up all the water
He ate up all the soap
He tried to eat the bathtub
But it wouldn't go down his throat

Oh, Suzy called the doctor,
Oh, Suzy called the nurse,
Oh, Suzy called the lady
With the alligator purse 

in walked the doctor,
In walked the nurse,
In walked the lady
With the alligator purse 

Out walked the doctor,
Out walked the nurse,
Out walked the lady
With the alligator purse 

My boyfriend's name is Harry 
He comes from Paris, France
With turned up toes and a pimple on his nose
And this is the way my story goes 
Variation 11

I am a pretty little Dutch girl,
As pretty as can be,
And all the boys around the block are crazy over me, me, me 
My boyfriend's name is Chaim,
He comes from yerushalayim
With a pickle up his nose and three black toes,
And this is how my story goes 

One day when I was walking,
I saw my boyfriend talking
To a pretty little girl with a strawberry curl
And this is what he said to her:
I L-O-V-E love you,
I K-I-S-S kiss you 
And he fell in the lake,
And he swallowed a snake,
And he came out with a bellyache Variation 12 (Long Island, NY, 1970s - a clapping game)

I am a pretty little Dutch girl,
As pretty as pretty can be,
And all the boys around my block go crazy over me 
My boyfriend's name is Larry
He comes from Cincinnati
With his forty-two toes and a pickle in his nose
And this is what he said to me:
"I L-O-V-E love you
I K-I-S-S kiss you
I K-I-S-S kiss you on your
F-A-C-E, F-A-C-E, F-A-C-E, face, face, face!"Variation 13 (from Australia)

I am a pretty little Dutch girl,
as pretty as pretty can be be be 
And all the boys in the baseball team,
go crazy over me me me My boyfriends name is Steven,
He comes from New Zealand 
With five fat toes and a pimple on his nose,
And this is how my story goes One day when I was walking,
I heard my boyfriend talking 
To a pretty little girl with strawberry curls,
and this is what he said to her:
"I LOVE love you and I KISS kiss you"
So jump in the lake and swallow a snake,
and come out with a belly ache Variation 14 (from Tóg Sos CD, Ireland 2003)

I am a pretty little Dutch girl,
As pretty as I can be, be, be,
And all the boys in the baseball team
Go crazy over me, me, me My boyfriend’s name is Johnny,
He comes from Cincinnati,
With forty-eight toes and a pickle up his nose,
And this is how my story goes One day I went out walking,
And I heard my boyfriend talking
To a pretty little girl with strawberry curls
And this is what he said to her   
"I L-O-V-E love you,
I K-I-S-S kiss you,"
So I jumped in a lake and swallowed a snake
And now I have a bellyache!Variation 15 (from USA, East Coast Early 2000s)

I am a pretty little Dutch girl,
As pretty, as pretty as can be
And all the boys in the baseball team
Go crazy over me, me, me My boyfriend’s name is Tommy,
He comes from Salami,
With a pickle up his nose,
And 55 toes
And that's the way my story goes!

Story told within the song
The rhyme (and at least some of its variants) tells the story of an extremely beautiful girl (of Dutch descent, hence the song's title) who is popular with boys (particularly around the neighborhood, block or the whole town) and has a rather unattractive boyfriend; some versions mention that the boyfriend dumps the pretty Dutch girl in favor of an even prettier girl  The Dutch girl is often depicted from illustration to illustration wearing traditional Dutch clothing, complete with ribbon-adorned long braids in her hair, wooden shoes and (occasionally exaggerated) Dutch cap 

Origins and distribution
The origins of the rhyme are obscure  The tune of the song is similar to "A Sailor Went to Sea" and "Miss Suzie Had A Steamboat" (though some notes are removed to account for the double-syllable words "pretty" and "little", and some notes are added in)  The earliest record found so far is for New York around 1940  It seems to have spread over the US by the 1950s and reached Britain in 1959, where it was taken up very quickly across the country to become one of the most popular skipping rhymes among girls The tune is also used in British pubs as a drinking song in which a person is challenged by their companions to down their drink  This version goes like this:

We like to drink with (insert name here)
'Cause (insert name here) is our mate 
And when we drink with (insert name here)
He/she/they finish(es) in 8! 7! 6! 5! 4! 3! 2! 1!

Use in children's media
In the Wee Sing Video Series video Grandpa's Magical Toys, the song is represented and sung by a blonde-haired Barbie-like doll in Dutch traditional costume aptly named "Dutch Girl" (played by Jacqueline "Jacque" Drew) that enjoys jump-roping and is very concerned about the red ribbons tying her long braids together; she even gets very emotional when those ribbons come undone (she prefers them to be straight), but the three shrunken children in the movie (named Peter, David and Sara) talk her out of her moping and convince her that her then-straight ribbons aren't the reason why she played with them  Convinced, she then wears her ribbons undone throughout the rest of the movie, and her dress seem to be falling apart by the movie's end  She even says that Pretty Little Dutch Girl is "my [her] song" when she is introduced to the three kids, and she also has a tendency to prattle 
(5:01)
In the 1977 Australian animated film Dot and the Kangaroo, two hopping mice near the end of the waterhole scene sang a song about a bushgirl who is pretty to the tune of Pretty Little Dutch Girl after they see Dot touching the bandicoot and scaring it and made the bandicoot jump in the waterhole where Dot laughs on what she did and the hopping mice laugh as well, so they did the same thing Dot did  One of the hopping mice pushed the other one into the waterhole 

Notes
External links
Various parody versions and original text
Passage 5:
Did You Ever See a Lassie?
"Did You Ever See a Lassie?" is a traditional folk song with a Roud Folk Song Index number of 5040 

Lyrics
Modern versions of the lyrics include:

Did you ever see a lassie,
A lassie, a lassie?
Did you ever see a lassie
Go this way and that?Go this way and that way,
Go this way and that way 
Did you ever see a lassie
Go this way and that?Did you ever see a laddie,
A laddie, a laddie?
Did you ever see a laddie
Go this way and that?Go this way and that way,
Go this way and that way 
Did you ever see a laddie
Go this way and that?

Origins
The use of the terms "lassie" and "laddie" mean that this song is often attributed to possible origins in Scotland (by various forms of media; see "references" section), but it was first collected in the United States in the last decade of the nineteenth century and was not found in Great Britain until the mid-twentieth century  However, it can be surmised that the words to the song may have come from Scottish immigrants or Scottish-Americans because of the aforementioned terms Along with "The More We Get Together", it is generally sung to the same tune as "Oh du lieber Augustin", a song written in Germany or Vienna in the late seventeenth century It was first published in 1909, in Games for the Playground, Home, School and Gymnasium by Jessie Hubbell Bancroft 

As a game
The song is often accompanied by a circle singing game  Players form a circle and dance around one player  When they reach the end of the verse they stop, the single in the middle performs an action (such as Highland dancing), which everyone then imitates, before starting the verse again, often changing the single player to a boy, or a boy can join the center player - thus creating an extra verse in the song ("Did you ever see some children   ") 

References in popular culture and children's media
The song is featured in the 1963 motion picture Ladybug, Ladybug   In the movie, children sing the song as part of a game while walking home from school during a nuclear bomb attack drill 
The song, as sung by children, was used in a 1990 commercial for Maidenform, and played over a succession of pictures of women in uncomfortable-looking clothing, was followed by the tag-line, "Isn't it nice to live in a time when women aren't being pushed around so much anymore?"
The song is featured in an episode of The Simpsons, "The Otto Show", and was titled "Hail to the Bus Driver" 
Passage 6:
Billy Boy
"Billy Boy" is a traditional folk song and nursery rhyme found in the United States, in which "Billy Boy" is asked various questions, and the answers all center on his quest to marry a girl who is said to be too young to leave her mother  
It has a Roud Folk Song Index number of 326   It is a variant of the traditional English folk song "My Boy Billy", collected by Ralph Vaughan Williams and published by him in 1912 as number 232 in Novello's School Songs 

Origins and interpretations
The nursery rhyme, framed in question-and-answer form, is ironic and teasing in tone:
Oh, where have you been, Billy Boy, Billy Boy?
Oh, where have you been, Charming Billy?
I have been to seek a wife, she's the joy of my whole life
But she's a young thing and cannot leave her mother
The narrative of the song has been related by some to "Lord Randall", a murder ballad from the British Isles, in which the suitor is poisoned by the woman he visits By contrast, Robin Fox uses the song to make a point about cooking and courtship, and observes:

Feeding has always been closely linked with courtship […] With humans this works two ways since we are the only animals who cook: the bride is usually appraised for her cooking ability  (“Can she bake a cherry pie, Billy boy, Billy boy?”) In some cultures this is far more important than her virginity 
In the traditional last verse of the song, Billy Boy is asked how old the girl is  While his answer is convoluted, it reveals an age that is old and not young - adding to the irony and humor of the song   
The song was also parodied in 1941 by Pete Seeger and Lee Hays in an anti-war protest song of the same name 

In popular culture
A line from the song was used as the title for Henry Jaglom's 1983 film Can She Bake a Cherry Pie?, which concerns a middle-aged New York City musician who, after being dumped by her husband, develops a relationship with a middle-aged divorced social worker  The song "Billy Boy" is also performed in the film In the 1948 Walt Disney film So Dear to My Heart, Burl Ives performs snippets of the song throughout the movie 
In the 1981 movie Bill, both Bill and Barry play and sing the song 

Recordings
Further variants have been recorded, some greatly extending the number of verses and the tasks that the wife can perform  An extended version of the song in which the lover performs many tasks besides baking a cherry pie was collected by Alan Lomax and John Avery Lomax; it appears in American Ballads and Folk Songs  The Lomax version names the woman being courted Betsy Jane 
A version of the song by Jerry Lee Lewis was released on the 1975 album Rare, Vol  1 
Jazz pianist Ahmad Jamal arranged and recorded the song in 1951  The recording was later featured on his 1959 album The Piano Scene of Ahmad Jamal, as well as on the 2008 Poinciana compilation album 
Led by pianist Red Garland, the rhythm section of Miles Davis' band recorded Jamal's arrangement of "Billy Boy" for Davis' album Milestones (1958)  It is the only track on the album that does not feature any horns playing 
An anti-war version of the song was released by Australian punk band Black Chrome on the 2018 album Age of Rage 
Guitarist Bill Frisell included an instrumental version of "Billy Boy" in his 1992 album  Have a Little Faith 

See also
Children's literature portal
National Book Award-winning novel (1998) Charming Billy, by Alice McDermott

Notes
Passage 7:
Three Little Kittens
"Three Little Kittens" is an English language nursery rhyme, probably  with roots in the British folk tradition  The rhyme as published today however is a sophisticated piece usually attributed to American poet Eliza Lee Cabot Follen (1787–1860)  With the passage of time, the poem has been absorbed into the Mother Goose collection  The rhyme tells of three kittens who first lose, then find and soil, their mittens  When all is finally set to rights, the kittens receive their mother's approval and some pie  It has a Roud Folk Song Index number of 16150 
The poem was published in England in 1827 in a mock review by William Ewart Gladstone, writing as Bartholomew Bouverie, in The Eton Miscellany A version was later published in 1833 as an anonymous addition to a volume of Follen's verse and in the United States in 1843  Follen may have developed and refined an existing, rude version of the poem, and, in the process, made it her own  The poem is a sophisticated production that avoids the typical moralization of 19th century children's literature in favour of anthropomorphic fantasy, satirical nonsense, and word play 

Text
From Gladstone, The Eton Miscellany (1827)

From Follen, New Nursery Songs for All Good Children (1843)

Background
According to Janet Sinclair Gray, author of Race and Time, "Three Little Kittens" may have origins in the British folk tradition, but the poem as known today is a sophisticated production far removed from such origins  Gray supports her assertion by pointing out that the cats are not the barnyard felines of folk material but bourgeois domestic cats who eat pie and wear mittens  Gray observes that the mother cat's disciplinary measures and the kittens' need to report their movements to her are also indicators of a bourgeois status  "Three Little Kittens" is attributed to Bostonian Sunday school teacher and abolitionist, Eliza Lee Cabot Follen (1787–1860), a member of a prominent New England family and the author of the juvenile novel The Well-Spent Hour  Gray explains that "Kittens" is unlike any of Follen's typical poems, but also notes that Follen is just the sort of person who would write such a piece  It is unlikely Follen composed "Kittens" wholecloth, Gray believes, but rather far more likely that she developed and refined an existing but rude version of the piece  In doing so, she made the poem her own  Although Follen disclaimed authorship following the poem's first appearance in print, she continued to publish it under her name in succeeding years 

Publication
The poem was printed in 1827 in The Eton Miscellany  A later version was printed in 1833 in Britain in Follen's Little Songs for Little Boys and Girls  It was an addition to the volume and probably inserted by the publisher  In the introduction to a subsequent edition, Follen denied any hand in the poem's composition, but took it under her wing and claimed ownership as the poem passed through various reprints  The poem was first published in the United States in 1843 in Follen's New Nursery Songs for All Good Children  An 1856 American reprint was subtitled "A Cat's Tale, with Additions" Cuthbert Bede (pen name of Edward Bradley) published a prose version in his Fairy Fables (1857)  In 1858 R  M  Ballantyne published his prose version that elaborated Follen's poem 
in a volume of the Good Little Pig's Library  This version included a musical setting for Follen's poem 

Reception
"Three Little Kittens" was hugely popular and quickly absorbed into the Mother Goose collection  Unlike her female literary contemporaries who typically stressed moral edification in their children's pieces, Follen subordinated such edification in "Three Little Kittens" and emphasized fantasy involving anthropomorphic characters, verbal play, and satirical nonsense  The poem is considered a cornerstone in the shift from moral literature for children to romantic literature intended to amuse and entertain 

See also
The Milky Way (1940 film)
List of nursery rhymes

Notes


== External links ==
Passage 8:
What Are Little Boys Made Of?
"What Are Little Boys Made Of?" is a nursery rhyme dating from the early 19th century  It has a Roud Folk Song Index number of 821 
The author of the rhyme is uncertain, but may be English poet Robert Southey (1774–1843) 

Lyrics
Here is a representative modern version of the lyrics:

The rhyme appears in many variant forms  For example, other versions may describe boys as being made of "snaps", "frogs", "snakes", or "slugs", rather than "snips" as above 

Origins
In the earliest known versions, the first ingredient for boys is either "snips" or "snigs", the latter being a Cumbrian dialect word for a small eel 
The rhyme sometimes appears as part of a larger work called What Folks Are Made Of or What All the World Is Made Of  Other stanzas describe what babies, young men, young women, sailors, soldiers, nurses, fathers, mothers, old men, old women, and all folks are made of  According to Iona and Peter Opie, this first appears in a manuscript by the English poet Robert Southey (1774–1843), who added the stanzas other than the two below  Though it is not mentioned elsewhere in his works or papers, it is generally agreed to be by him The relevant section in the version attributed to Southey was:

See also
List of folk songs by Roud number
The Powerpuff Girls
Passage 9:
Tweedledum and Tweedledee
Tweedledum and Tweedledee are characters in an English nursery rhyme and in Lewis Carroll's 1871 book Through the Looking-Glass, and What Alice Found There  Their names may have originally come from an epigram written by poet John Byrom  The nursery rhyme has a Roud Folk Song Index number of 19800  The names have since become synonymous in western popular culture slang for any two people whose appearances and actions are identical 

Lyrics
Common versions of the nursery rhyme include:

Tweedledum and Tweedledee
    Agreed to have a battle;
For Tweedledum said Tweedledee
    Had spoiled his nice new rattle Just then flew down a monstrous crow,
    As black as a tar-barrel;
Which frightened both the heroes so,
    They quite forgot their quarrel 

Origins
The words "Tweedle-dee and Tweedle-dum" make their first appearance in print as names applied to the composers George Frideric Handel and Giovanni Bononcini in "one of the most celebrated and most frequently quoted (and sometimes misquoted) epigrams", satirising disagreements between  Handel and Bononcini, written by John Byrom (1692–1763): in his satire, from 1725 

Some say, compar'd to Bononcini
That Mynheer Handel's but a Ninny
Others aver, that he to Handel
Is scarcely fit to hold a Candle
Strange all this Difference should be
'Twixt Tweedle-dum and Tweedle-dee!Although Byrom is clearly the author of the epigram, the last two lines have also been attributed to Jonathan Swift and Alexander Pope  While the familiar form of the rhyme was first printed in Original Ditties for the Nursery (c  1805), Byrom may have drawn on an existing rhyme 

Through The Looking-Glass
The characters are perhaps best known from Lewis Carroll's Through the Looking-Glass and what Alice Found There (1871)  Carroll, having introduced two fat little men named Tweedledee and Tweedledum, quotes the nursery rhyme, which the two brothers then go on to enact  They agree to have a battle, but never have one  When they see a monstrous black crow swooping down, they take to their heels  The Tweedle brothers never contradict each other, even when one of them, according to the rhyme, "agrees to have a battle"  Rather, they complement each other's words, which led John Tenniel to portray them as twins in his illustrations for the book 

Other depictions
Tweedledee and Tweedledum appear in Disney's 1951 version of Alice in Wonderland, both voiced by J  Pat O'Malley, and representing the sun and moon as they tell Alice the story of The Walrus and the Carpenter, and the first stanza of the poem called, You Are Old, Father William before Alice quietly leaves to find the White Rabbit  The Disney versions of the characters later appeared in the Disney television series House of Mouse and one of them in the final scene of Who Framed Roger Rabbit 
Tweedledee and Tweedledum appear in Once Upon a Time in Wonderland, portrayed by Ben Cotton and Matty Finochio  They appear as the Red Queen's servants where they started out working for the Red King  While Tweedledum is shown to be loyal to the Red Queen, Tweedledee is shown to be loyal to Jafar 


== Notes ==
Passage 10:
What Are Little Girls Made Of?
"What Are Little Girls Made Of?" is the seventh episode of the first season of the American science fiction television series, Star Trek  Written by Robert Bloch and directed by James Goldstone, it first aired on October 20, 1966 
In the episode, Nurse Chapel searches for her long lost fiancé and uncovers his secret plan to create sophisticated androids for galactic conquest 
The first episode of the series to be repeated on NBC, the title of the episode is taken from the fourth line of the 19th-century nursery rhyme, "What Are Little Boys Made Of?"

Plot
The USS Enterprise, under the command of Captain Kirk, travels to the icy planet Exo-III to search for the exobiologist Dr  Roger Korby  Korby was the fiancé of Dr  McCoy's temporary assistant, Nurse Christine Chapel, who signed on to the Enterprise to search for Korby 
At Korby's request, Kirk and Chapel beam down alone to a cavern entrance, but Korby is not there to meet them  Finding this suspicious, Kirk has two security officers beamed down from the Enterprise  One is instructed to stay at the entrance and keep a lookout, and the other accompanies Kirk and Chapel  The three begin to descend into a system of caves  When passing over a deep chasm, the security officer disappears  Shortly after, they meet Korby's aide Dr  Brown  Chapel recognizes him but is surprised the man does not remember her  Brown assures them that the security officer fell by accident, and the three continue on  Kirk contacts the remaining security officer and tells him to contact the Enterprise for reinforcements, but a strange creature kills the officer before he gets the chance  Meanwhile, Kirk, Chapel and Brown find Korby, who tells them that the caves were left by an extinct race  Korby shows Kirk and Chapel machinery that creates androids  With the help of Ruk, a still-functioning android from the time of the original inhabitants, Korby has created more androids, one being a beautiful woman he calls "Andrea"  Brown is also an android  It is also revealed that Ruk had killed the security officers 
Korby creates an android duplicate of Kirk as Chapel looks on  As Kirk's personality is imprinted on the android, the real Kirk imagines himself insulting Spock as a "half-breed"  Korby has the duplicate Kirk beamed aboard the Enterprise with orders to identify a planet suitable for creating more androids  When Spock questions the Kirk-android's orders, it repeats the insult Kirk had used  Spock, realizing that this is not Kirk, forms a security team to follow the Kirk-android back down to Exo-III  When it reaches the planet, the Kirk-android encounters Andrea, thinking it is the real Kirk, destroys him when he refuses to kiss her 
The real Kirk convinces Ruk that Korby is a threat to his existence  Ruk begins to recall the clash between the "Old Ones" and the androids that led to his civilization's demise centuries ago  Korby enters, and Ruk confronts him, but Korby destroys Ruk with a phaser  Shortly afterward, in a struggle with Kirk, the skin of Korby's hand is torn, revealing that he is also an android 
It is now revealed that Korby, dying of frostbite, had transferred his mind to an android body  He begs Chapel to believe that he is still the same man, but Chapel is repelled by what he has done to himself  Andrea, realizing she loves Korby, kisses him, and in despair, Korby fires Andrea's weapon between the embracing pair, destroying them both 
Spock arrives with the security force, but finds that the crisis has passed  When Spock inquires about Dr  Korby's whereabouts, Kirk replies, "Dr  Korby was never here " Chapel decides to stay on with the Enterprise and finish out her tour of duty  Spock tells Kirk about his dismay of using the term "half-breed" to warn that something was wrong  The captain says he will remember this should he find himself in a "similar situation "

Production
The episode was written by Robert Bloch, but received rewrites during shooting by Gene Roddenberry  The director of the second pilot "Where No Man Has Gone Before", James Goldstone, was hired to direct this episode, but due to problems with the script, shooting went two days over schedule and Goldstone was not re-hired Sherry Jackson, who plays the android woman Andrea, said that they had a censor on set to make sure that her costume fully covered her breasts and that side cleavage was not visible  She also said of William Shatner, "I must say when he kissed me on screen, he really kissed me!" and that Shatner's chest had to be shaved for his nude scenes in the android machine because Gene Roddenberry felt that Captain Kirk would not be hairy Reference to the works of H  P  Lovecraft was briefly made in Bloch's script, with its mention of "the Old Ones" and the look of the trapezoidal doors in the caverns 

Reception
Zack Handlen of The A V  Club gave the episode a "B+" rating, noting that the "repetitive plotting" took away any real sense of threat and that without Spock or McCoy to play off, Kirk's character is less interesting 

See also
Ship of Theseus
Allegiance (Star Trek: The Next Generation)
Redshirt (stock character)



ground_truth: Ellie Kemper

prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: What was the Roud Folk Song Index of the nursery rhyme inspiring What Are Little Girls Made Of?

The following are given passages.
Context 3: Passage 1:
In My Sleep
In My Sleep is a 2010 suspense thriller film written, directed and produced by film director Allen Wolf   It stars Philip Winchester, Lacey Chabert, Tim Draxl, Abigail Spencer and Kelly Overton   It also features Kirsten Vangsness from Criminal Minds in a cameo role and Tony Hale from Veep in a cameo as well   The story is about a massage therapist with chronic insomnia who fears he may have murdered a good friend while sleepwalking 

Plot
Marcus (Philip Winchester) wakes up in a cemetery with no memory of how he got there  He suffers from parasomnia, a sleep disorder which causes him to do things while asleep which he cannot remember, and so is plagued with questions: "Where was I last night? Who was I with?"  Hoping to deal with his use of one-night stands to escape his problems, Marcus joins a Sexaholics Anonymous support group, where SA sponsor Derek (Michael Badalucco) helps him work through his problems   His disorder takes a turn for the worse when he wakes up and finds himself covered in blood with a knife at his side and the police banging at his door  In a panic he hides the evidence and then learns from the police that Ann (Kelly Overton), wife of his best friend Justin (Tim Draxl), was found stabbed to death  Marcus is terrified to put together the pieces of how she might have been murdered  A series of mysterious phone calls make him believe that someone is watching him  Desperate to figure out what happens after he goes to sleep at night, he investigates his own nocturnal activities  His quest for the truth ends in a shocking revelation 

Cast
Philip Winchester as Marcus
Tim Draxl as Justin
Lacey Chabert as Becky
Kelly Overton as Ann
Abigail Spencer as Gwen
Beth Grant as Evelyn
Michael Badalucco as Derek
Tony Hale as Ben
Kevin Kilner as Greg
Amy Aquino as Detective Curwen
Aidan Mitchell as Young Marcus
Marcelle Larice as Carissa
Allan Wasserman as Dr  Schwarz
Alexandra Paul as Roxana
Patrick Labyorteaux as Rob
Bellamy Young as Olivia
Kirsten Vangsness as Madge
Shanna Collins as Jennifer
Kevin Michael Curran as David
Christopher Darga as Officer Etling
Robert Joseph as Officer
Larry Clarke as Officer Knachez
Joe Nunez as Mr  Mather
Vanessa Lee Evigan as Kelly
Bunny Levine as RachelForo De Cine
MovieWeb

Production notes
Allen Wolf wrote, directed and produced In My Sleep   The film entered post production in August 2009, after having resolved several technical glitches before moving into sound design, music scoring and visual effects   Sound design was handled by Hollywood's Jonathan Miller, whose works include Independence Day, Saw, Narc, Trainspotting, The Hills Have Eyes Part II, and many others, while music scoring was completed by Conrad Pope, who also orchestrated Indiana Jones and the Kingdom of the Crystal Skull, Horton Hears a Who! and Julie & Julia and The Curious Case of Benjamin Button, and who recorded the score in Bulgaria and Los Angeles   Ralph Winter was the executive producer   Alyssa Weisberg, who won an Emmy for casting Lost and also cast Star Trek, was the casting director 

Release
Premiere
On November 6, 2009, In My Sleep screened at the Fort Lauderdale Film Festival, where it won the Audience Choice Award   The film has sold to over seventy countries around the world and has been translated into German, French and Spanish 

Box office
In My Sleep has gotten a limited release, screening in more than fifteen cities and still in theatrical release in 2011, earning as  much as $9,285 in one screening, becoming the #1 new indie movie of opening weekend in Los Angeles  As of July 2011 the film's total gross has come to $90,093 

Critical response
On Rotten Tomatoes the film has an approval rating of 13% based on reviews from 16 critics   While critics conceded that the premise was interesting, they denounced the film as talky, dull, and technically shoddy  In a positive review, Duane Burges of The Hollywood Reporter wrote "A well-stirred titillation that will appeal to twentysomething audiences and movie-buff viewers who appreciate the pursued-pursuer, Hitchcockian style of suspenser  "In My Sleep" works because the protagonist, while flawed, is completely likable and honorable  Philip Winchester exudes an integrity, as well as a gritty determination, which makes us root for him  John Anderson wrote in Variety that it "boasts all the cerebral and aesthetic restraint of a West Hollywood dance club," and "Production values are dire, with too much lighting and not enough design "  In the Los Angeles Times, Gary Goldstein wrote "Writer-director Allen Wolf loads In My Sleep with so much psychosexual baggage you wish he just focused on one emotional affliction to propel this mediocre whodunit," and concludes "It's ultimately all too contrived and superficial to feel convincing, despite the story's often lurid appeal "

Awards
The film has won several festival awards:  "Audience Award" at Fort Lauderdale Film Festival, "Best Feature Film" at Omaha Film Festival, "Best Narrative Film" at the Las Vegas Film Festival, "Audience Award" at the Kansas City Film Festival, "Gold Kahuna Award" at Honolulu Festival and was a finalist for "Best Feature" at Kansas City Film Festival and the Orlando Film Festival 
Passage 2:
Cameo appearance
A cameo role, also called a cameo appearance and often shortened to just cameo (), is a brief appearance of a well-known person in a work of the performing arts  These roles are generally small, many of them non-speaking ones, and are commonly either appearances in a work in which they hold some special significance (such as actors from an original movie appearing in its remake) or renowned people making uncredited appearances  Short appearances by celebrities, film directors, politicians, athletes or musicians are common  A crew member of the movie or show playing a minor role can be referred to as a cameo role as well, such as Alfred Hitchcock's frequent cameos 

Concept
Originally, in the 1920s, a "cameo role" meant "a small character part that stands out from the other minor parts"  The Oxford English Dictionary connects this with the meaning "a short literary sketch or portrait", which is based on the literal meaning of "cameo", a miniature carving on a gemstone  More recently, in the late 20th century, a "cameo" has come to refer to any short appearance as a character, such as the examples below Cameos are generally not credited because of their brevity, or a perceived mismatch between the celebrity's stature and the film or television series in which they are appearing  Many are publicity stunts  Others are acknowledgements of an actor's contribution to an earlier work, as in the case of many film adaptations of television series, or of remakes of earlier films  Others honour artists or celebrities known for work in a particular field One of the best-known series of cameos was by Stan Lee, who made very brief appearances in most of the Marvel movies Cameos also occur in novels and other literary works  "Literary cameos" usually involve an established character from another work who makes a brief appearance to establish a shared universe setting, to make a point, or to offer homage  Balzac often employed this practice, as in his Comédie humaine  Sometimes a cameo features a historical person who "drops in" on fictional characters in a historical novel, as when Benjamin Franklin shares a beer with Phillipe Charboneau in The Bastard by John Jakes A cameo appearance can be made by the author of a work to put a sort of personal "signature" on a story  Vladimir Nabokov often put himself in his novels, for instance as the very minor character Vivian Darkbloom (an anagram of his name) in Lolita Cameos are also a tradition of The Muppets many projects over the years 

Film directors
Alfred Hitchcock is known for his frequent cameos in his movies, as early as in his third film The Lodger (1927)  In Lifeboat, as the action was restricted to the titular lifeboat, Hitchcock appeared in a newspaper ad 
Quentin Tarantino provides brief cameos or small roles in all his movies Likewise, Peter Jackson has made brief cameos in all of his movies, except for his first feature-length film Bad Taste in which he plays a main character, as well as The Battle of the Five Armies, though a portrait of him appears in the film  For example, he plays a peasant eating a carrot in The Fellowship of the Ring and The Desolation of Smaug; a Rohan warrior in The Two Towers and a Corsair of Umbar boatswain in The Return of the King  All four were non-speaking "blink and you miss him" appearances, although in the Extended Release of The Return of the King, his character was given more screen time and his reprise of the carrot eating peasant in The Desolation of Smaug was featured in the foreground in reference to The Fellowship of the Ring - last seen twelve years earlier  In addition, when he was directing Heavenly Creatures (1994), he appeared as a drunk person bumping into the main characters, and in the Frighteners, Jackson appeared as a man with piercings with his real-life son in a bouncer 
Director Tim Burton briefly appears in his films  He makes a slight appearance as a street thug who confronts Pee-wee in the back alley in Pee-wee's Big Adventure, and a visitor at the fair in Blackpool who gets a skeleton thrown at him in Miss Peregrine's Home for Peculiar Children Director Martin Scorsese appears in the background of his films as a bystander or an unseen character  In Who's That Knocking at My Door (1967), he appears as one of the gangsters; he is a lighting crewman in After Hours and a passenger in Taxi Driver  He opens up his film The Color of Money with a monologue on the art of playing pool  In addition, he appears with his wife and daughter as wealthy New Yorkers in Gangs of New York, and he appears as a theatre-goer and is heard as a movie projectionist in The Aviator 
In a same way, Roman Polanski appears as a hired hoodlum in his film Chinatown, slitting Jack Nicholson's nose with the blade of his clasp knife F  Gary Gray has made many appearances in the films he's directed including Friday, Set It Off, Law Abiding Citizen, and Straight Outta Compton 

Actors and writers
Directors sometimes cast well-known lead actors with whom they have worked in the past in other films  In Jane Eyre, Elizabeth Taylor makes a cameo appearance as Helen Burns, Jane's friend from school who dies from a cold  Mike Todd's film Around the World in 80 Days (1956) was filled with cameo roles: John Gielgud as an English butler, Frank Sinatra playing piano in a saloon, and others  The stars in cameo roles were pictured in oval insets in posters for the film, and gave the term wide circulation outside the theatrical profession It's a Mad, Mad, Mad, Mad World (1963), an "epic comedy", also features cameos from nearly every popular American comedian alive at the time, including The Three Stooges, Jerry Lewis, Buster Keaton and a voice-only cameo by Selma Diamond Won Ton Ton, the Dog Who Saved Hollywood (1976) features cameos from dozens of actors from Hollywood's golden age 
The Player (1992) features cameos from 65 Hollywood actors 
Run for Your Wife (2012) is filled with cameos from 80 of Britain's film and TV stars from the 1960s, 70s and 80s 
Aaron Sorkin also had cameos in some works he wrote: as a bar customer speaking about the law in his debut film screenplay A Few Good Men (1992), as an advertising executive in The Social Network and as a guest at the inauguration of President Matt Santos in the final episode of The West Wing 
Franco Nero, the actor who portrayed the Django character in the original 1966 film, appears in a bar scene of the Tarantino film Django Unchained  There, he asks Django (Jamie Foxx) to spell his name, which led to the famous promotional tagline for the film - "The 'D' is silent"  Franco's character responds simply, "I know "
Many cameos featured in Maverick (1994), directed by Richard Donner  Among them, Danny Glover – Mel Gibson's co-star in the Lethal Weapon franchise also directed by Donner – appears as the lead bank robber  He and Maverick (Gibson) share a scene where they look as if they knew each other, but then shake it off  As Glover makes his escape with the money, he mutters "I'm too old for this shit", his character's catchphrase in the Lethal Weapon films  In addition, a strain of the main theme from Lethal Weapon plays in the score when Glover is revealed  Actress Margot Kidder made a cameo appearance in the same film as a robbed villager: she had previously starred as Lois Lane in Donner's Superman (1978) Ben Stiller, Vince Vaughn, Owen Wilson, Luke Wilson and Will Ferrell have made appearances in so many of the same films (whether as lead characters or cameos) that USA Today coined the term "Frat Pack" to name the group  Actor Adam Sandler is also known for frequently casting fellow Saturday Night Live performers (including Rob Schneider and David Spade) in various roles in his films (as well as making cameo appearances of his own in theirs, most of which he co-produces)  Sam Raimi frequently uses his brother Ted and Bruce Campbell in his films The American singer/actress Cher has had a couple of cameos over the years  She had two cameos in Will & Grace and she even had a few in the 1990s Actor Edward Norton appears as himself in the satirical film The Dictator (2012) starring Sacha Baron Cohen 
Al Pacino has an extended cameo in the film Jack and Jill (2011) starring Adam Sandler, where Pacino plays a fictional version of himself 
The mangaka Shotaro Ishinomori made many cameos in his Kamen Rider series 
The animated series Adventures of Tintin featured its author Hergé in all the episodes 

Stephen King is famous for making short cameo appearances in almost every movie that is made based on his novels An Adventure in Space and Time, a drama about how Doctor Who began, features many actors from the show's past, including two past companions in a party scene, another as a mother calling her children in for dinner and a fourth in a car park at the BBC as a guard In the movie adaptation of Les Miserables, Colm Wilkinson, who originated the role of Jean Valjean in the West End and on Broadway, made a cameo as the Bishop of Digne In the Soviet film Moscow Does Not Believe in Tears, famous actor Innokenty Smoktunovsky appears for a minute as himself 

Other
Films based on actual events occasionally include cameo guest appearances by the people portrayed in them  In The Pursuit of Happyness, Chris Gardner makes a cameo at the end  24 Hour Party People, a film about Tony Wilson, has a cameo by the real Tony Wilson and many other notable people  In the film Apollo 13, James Lovell (the real commander of that flight) and his wife Marilyn appear next to the actors playing them (Tom Hanks and Kathleen Quinlan respectively)  Domino Harvey makes a short appearance in the credits of Domino, while the real Erin Brockovich has a cameo appearance as a waitress named Julia in the eponymous movie (where her role is played by the actress Julia Roberts)  Sophie Wilson has a cameo as a barmaid in Micro Men, which shows her work for Acorn Computers  In a flashback sequence in Fear and Loathing in Las Vegas, Raoul Duke (played by Johnny Depp) runs into the real-life Hunter S  Thompson, upon whom the character of Duke is based, leading him to remark "There I was   mother of God, there I am! Holy fuck "
Maria Von Trapp made an uncredited brief cameo appearance in the film version of her life, The Sound of Music  She appears in the background during the song "I Have Confidence" with her daughter Rosmarie and stepson Werner Von Trapp  
Tom Morello, American guitarist and musician, makes an appearance in the Marvel film Iron Man (2008), in which he also participated in the soundtrack 
Elon Musk and Larry Ellison, both founders of large technology companies, are featured in cameos in Iron Man 2 (2010) The king of Sweden, Carl XVI Gustaf, was in the children's program Mika (Mika och renen Ossian på äventyr) when Mika was in Stockholm with his reindeer In The Wolf of Wall Street (2013), the real Jordan Belfort appears as an emcee to introduce Leonardo DiCaprio (who plays Belfort in the film) at the final scene 
Boxer Roberto Duran and his wife Felicidad made a cameo appearance towards the end of the film Hands of Stone , about Duran's life where Duran was portrayed by Edgar Ramirez and his wife was played by Ana de Armas Wikipedia itself made a cameo in Breaking Bad 3x12 "Half Measures" by Skyler White; after telling Saul Goodman she was a book keeper and knew what money laundering was, was seen reading the 'money launderying' wikipedia page 
An unusual example of a famous non-actor being given a small but speaking fictional role occurred in the Star Trek: The Next Generation episode "Second Chances " Dr  Mae Jemison, an astronaut, the first Black woman in space, and a long-time fan of Star Trek, was offered the opportunity to appear on the show  She was given the role of a Starfleet crewmember and a few lines, becoming the first real-life astronaut to appear on Star Trek 

See also
Cameo (website)
Allusion
Bit part
Extra
Crossover fiction
Self-insertion
Stan Lee
List of cameo appearances by Stan Lee
Passage 3:
The Cool Ones
The Cool Ones (aka Cool, Baby Cool) is a 1967 film starring Roddy McDowall and directed by Gene Nelson  The 1960s novelty singer known as Mrs  Miller performs in a cameo role, and the film features performances by the bands the Leaves and the Bantams as well as a brief appearance by Glen Campbell, playing a fictional singer 

Plot
Hallie Rodgers is a backup singer on the TV show Whizbang  One evening, she boldly steps out of the chorus and begins singing “Just One of Those Things ” The young people in the audience love her singing, but the producer Fred MacElewine fires her  
A little later she goes into a bar, and Cliff Donner, a former singing star, tells Hallie he saw her on television and liked her singing  Tony Krum, a music promoter, suggests Hallie and Cliff sing together, and the duo become popular recording artists  They also fall in love 

Cast
In an uncredited appearance: one of the dancers is Teri Garr, specifically as one of the Whiz-Bam girls 

Reception
The film received mostly negative reviews, and it now is viewed as something of a 1960s cult musical  From the blog Comet Over Hollywood:The Cool Ones has earned a place on my list of the worst movies that I have ever seen  But then at the same time, it’s so bad you can’t look away and have to watch the whole movie 
And from the New York Times:The Cool Ones [is] a rock 'n' roll comedy, so-called, about a pop singer (Debbie Watson) who is on the rise and a big-name crooner (Gil Peterson) who is on the skids  Roddy McDowall is their manager who engineers them into a publicity romance which has—shall we say?—repercussions  I venture to guess this will disgust even the kids 

See also
List of American films of 1967
Passage 4:
Leonard Logsdail
Leonard Logsdail (born September 11, 1950, in London, England) is a bespoke tailor, based in Manhattan, New York, specializing in men's suits  He is described as one of the finest bespoke tailors in the men's suit business  All of Logsdail's suits are crafted and perfected on-site in his New York City location  He is credited for making Savile Row tailoring a local option in New York  Logsdail is known for creating high-end suits, including lining jackets with Hermes silk scarves  CNBC talk show host, economist and fashion icon Larry Kudlow has his suits made by Leonard Logsdail  Logsdail has created suits for award-winning films, and is recognized as one of cinema's most sought-after tailors  Logsdail has collaborated with esteemed film directors Steven Spielberg, Robert De Niro, Oliver Stone, Ridley Scott, and Martin Scorsese  He has had a cameo acting role as a tailor in The Wolf of Wall Street, Wall Street 2: Money Never Sleeps and The Good Shepherd 

Career
Logsdail left traditional school at the age of 15, and spent 3 years in tailoring school before entering the industry with high aspirations and a passion for men's suits  By the age of 21, Logsdail started his own business  He opened his doors in 1971 on Carnaby Street in London  A few years later, he moved his business to Savile Row  In 1991, Logsdail moved his business from Savile Row to midtown Manhattan New York  His atelier has remained in the same location since 1991, at 9 East 53rd Street, New York, NY 

Personal life
While his tailoring business was in London, Logsdail made business trips to the United States, where he met his future wife and they married in 1988  They reside in Stamford, Connecticut and have eight children  His son, Leonard, began working with him in 2012 

Costume and Wardrobe in Film and Television
Passage 5:
The Life of Emile Zola
The Life of Emile Zola is a 1937 American biographical film about the 19th-century French author Émile Zola starring Paul Muni and directed by William Dieterle 
It premiered at the Los Angeles Carthay Circle Theatre to great critical and financial success  Contemporary reviews ranked it as the greatest biographical film made up to that time 
In 2000, it was selected for preservation in the United States National Film Registry by the Library of Congress as being "culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant "Produced during the Great Depression and after the Nazi Party had taken power in Germany, the film failed to explore the key issue of antisemitic injustice in France in the late 19th century, when Zola became involved in the Dreyfus affair and worked to gain the officer's release  Some recent studies have noted the film as an example of Hollywood's timidity at the time: antisemitism was not mentioned in the film, nor was "Jew" said in dialogue  Some explicitly anti-Nazi films were canceled in this period, and other content was modified  This was also the period when Hollywood had established the Production Code, establishing an internal censor, in response to perceived threats of external censorship 
The Life of Emile Zola became the second biographical film to win the Academy Award for Best Picture 

Plot
Set in the mid through late 19th century, the film depicts Émile Zola's early friendship with Post-Impressionist painter Paul Cézanne and his rise to fame through his prolific writing  It also explores his involvement late in the Dreyfus affair 
In 1862 Paris, struggling writer Zola shares a drafty Paris attic with Cézanne  His fiancée Alexandrine procures him a desk clerk job at a bookshop, but he is soon fired after he arouses the ire of his employer and an agent of police with his provocative novel The Confessions of Claude  He then witnesses many injustices in French society, such as a crowded river slum, unlawful mining conditions and corruption in the army and government  Finally, a chance encounter with a street prostitute hiding from a police raid inspires his first bestseller, Nana, an exposé of the steamy underside of Parisian life 
Despite the chief censor's pleading, Zola writes other successful books such as The Downfall, a scathing denunciation of the French commanders' blunders and disunity that led to a disastrous defeat in the Franco-Prussian War of 1870  He becomes rich and famous, marries Alexandrine and settles down to a comfortable life in his mansion  One day, his old friend Cézanne, still poor and unknown, visits him before leaving the city  He accuses Zola of having become complacent because of his success and terminates their friendship 
An intercepted letter for the German embassy confirms that there is a spy within the French government  With little thought, the army commanders decide that Captain Alfred Dreyfus, a Jew, is the traitor  He is court-martialed, publicly degraded and imprisoned on Devil's Island in French Guiana 
Later, Colonel Picquart, the new chief of intelligence, discovers evidence implicating Major Walsin-Esterhazy, an infantry officer of Hungarian descent, as the spy  But Picquart is ordered by his superiors to remain silent to avert official embarrassment, and he is quickly reassigned to a remote post 
Four years have passed since Dreyfus's degradation  His loyal wife Lucie pleads with Zola to take up her husband's cause  Zola is reluctant to surrender his comfortable life, but Lucie brings forth new evidence to pique his curiosity  He publishes an open letter known as "J'accuse" in the newspaper L'aurore accusing the high command of covering up the monstrous injustice, and it causes a firestorm throughout Paris  Zola barely escapes from an angry mob incited by military agents provocateurs as riots erupt in the city streets 
As expected, Zola is charged with libel  His attorney Maitre Labori does his best against the presiding judge's refusal to allow him to introduce evidence about the Dreyfus affair and the perjury and biased testimony committed by all the military witnesses, except for Picquart  Zola is found guilty and sentenced to a year in prison and a 3,000-franc fine  He reluctantly accepts his friends' advice flee to London in order to continue the campaign on behalf of Dreyfus 
With the demand for justice reaching a worldwide level, a new French administration finally proclaims that Dreyfus is innocent, and those responsible for the coverup are dismissed or commit suicide  Walsin-Esterhazy flees the country in disgrace  After his return to Paris, Zola dies of accidental carbon monoxide poisoning caused by a faulty stove the night before the public ceremony in which Dreyfus is exonerated and inducted into the Legion of Honor  His body is buried in the Panthéon in Paris and he is given the farewell of a hero and warrior 

Cast
Production
In 1936, literary agent Heinz Herald first proposed the story to producer Henry Blanke, and Hal B  Wallis, Warner Bros ' executive producer for biographical pictures, assigned Herald and Geza Herczeg to develop the script  Their first treatment, titled Emile Zola: The Conscience of Humanity, centered around the Dreyfus affair, with Zola's literary career merely a background plot  Herald and Herczeg saw Zola's struggles to be similar to those faced by Louis Pasteur in The Story of Louis Pasteur, and their script ended with Zola triumphantly speaking out as a voice of truth as a parallel for the incipient turmoil taking place in Europe  Their 200-page script draft was submitted in November 1936, which staff writer Norman Reilly Raine was assigned to revise  Blanke supervised the creation of the final script, which included further contributions by Herald, Herczeg and Raine but also those from star Paul Muni, director William Dieterle and Wallis  The final script was ready by February 1937, and an initial budget of $699,000 was allocated to the production of the film Wallis and Blanke's relationship during production of the film was contentious; while Wallis wished to follow the successful formula established by The Story of Louis Pasteur, Blanke fought for the integrity of the project  The two men clashed over nearly every aspect of production, including the casting of the female lead; Wallis wished to cast Josephine Hutchinson, who had played Pasteur's wife, but Blanke disagreed and a compromise was reached in the casting of Gloria Holden  Blanke was determined to imbue the picture with authenticity and argued that Muni's appearance should differ starkly from that of the Pasteur picture, but Wallis, concerned with Muni's box-office appeal, overruled Blanke and instructed the makeup artist to maintain Muni's recognizable features above all else  Blanke threatened to leave the project following a bitter dispute over the hiring of a costumer, but Wallis relented Filming began in March 1937 and was scheduled for 42 days  Muni's climactic courtroom speech was filmed in one six-minute take, but Wallis requested that Blanke and Dieterle intersperse the scene with crowd shots  Wallis and Blanke also argued over the quality of actor Ben Welden's performance as Paul Cézanne, and actor Vladimir Sokoloff was brought in to reshoot Welden's scenes  The reshoots caused the production of the film to extend ten days over schedule, and filming was completed on May 10 Wallis and Blanke also fought over the film's title  While Wallis favored The Story of Emile Zola, Blanke suggested alternatives such as The Truth Is on the March, I Accuse and Destiny before The Life of Emile Zola was chosen, though the film does not actually depict much of Zola's life Muni was paid $50,000 for his performance 

Reception and interpretation
Following a successful preview screening that did not yet include Max Steiner's musical score, The Life of Emile Zola premiered on August 11, 1937 and became an immediate sensation  Soon after, Warner Bros  placed full-page advertisements in several Los Angeles newspapers congratulating the cast and crew Contemporary reviews were nearly unanimous in their praise  Frank S  Nugent of The New York Times wrote: 

"Rich, dignified, honest, and strong, it is at once the finest historical film ever made and the greatest screen biography, greater even than The Story of Louis Pasteur with which the Warners squared their conscience last year     Paul Muni's portrayal of Zola is, without doubt, the best thing he has done "
Variety wrote that the film was "a vibrant, tense and emotional story     It is finely made and merits high rating as cinema art and significant recognition as major showmanship " Harrison's Reports described it as "A dignified, powerful, and at times stirring historical drama, brilliantly directed, and superbly acted by Paul Muni, as Zola, the great French writer "John Mosher of The New Yorker praised the film as "a picture of considerable distinction" with "no nonsense "Writing for Night and Day, Graham Greene offered a neutral review, noting that despite its inaccuracies, "truth to the film mind is the word you see on news-posters " Greene commented that appearances from seemingly significant characters such as Cézanne were largely irrelevant to the plot and that all of the events in the film happen suddenly The Life of Emile Zola topped Film Daily's year-end poll of 531 critics as the best film of 1937 Certain scenes were interpreted at the time as "indirect attacks on Nazi Germany " As David Denby writes about the movie in 2013, "At the end, in an outpouring of the progressive rhetoric that was typical of the thirties, Zola makes a grandiloquent speech on behalf of justice and truth and against nationalist war frenzy " However, the film is silent about the fact that Dreyfus was Jewish and the victim of French antisemitism The French government allegedly banned the movie in 1939, possibly because of the sensitivity of the Dreyfus affair On Rotten Tomatoes, the film holds a rating of 91% from 68 reviews with the consensus: "Urgently relevant in an era of escalating bigotry and fascism, The Life of Emile Zola is a respectful and staid tribute to the French novelist, enlivened by Paul Muni's chameleonic prowess "

Academy Award wins and nominations
At the 10th Academy Awards, the film received ten nominations (and thereby became the first film in Academy Award history to reach double digits for nominations) and won three awards 

Controversy
In his 2013 book titled The Collaboration: Hollywood's Pact with Hitler, Ben Urwand wrote that Hollywood producers made a pact to avoid antagonizing Adolf Hitler and aided the Nazis by suppressing films that portrayed the Nazis' brutality: "The studios cancelled several explicitly anti-Nazi films planned for production, and deleted from several other movies anything that could be construed as critical of the Nazis, along with anything that might be seen as favorable to the Jews—or even a simple acknowledgment that they existed "Urwand wrote that Jewish studio head Jack L  Warner ordered the word "Jew" to be excised from the script and that Georg Gyssling, the Nazi consul to the United States in Los Angeles, was occasionally allowed to review and provide recommendations on films before they were released, with changes sometimes made based on his comments  However, Urwand's thesis that Warner was collaborating with the Nazis has been strongly disputed by Warner's family members, especially Alicia Meyer In his study Hollywood and Hitler, 1933–1939, Thomas Doherty also analyzed the topic  David Denby, who wrote a long overview article about the issue in The New Yorker, points out that while Doherty supports some of Urwand's thesis, Doherty provides more context for the studios' behavior, setting it against the political culture of the period  The studios were under social pressure during the Great Depression to produce films that helped the United States weather the crisis  There were fears of political radicalism in the U S  while European movements, from the Nazis to communism in the Soviet Union, were considered threats  Denby believes that the predominantly Jewish studio heads were timid and overly cautious, appearing to be fearful of their place in American society 
Passage 6:
Ajab Gazabb Love
Ajab Gazabb Love (transl



ground_truth: 821

prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: Leonard Logsdail had a cameo role in the biographical film directed by whom?

The following are given passages.
Context 3:  Strange and amazing love) is a 2012 Indian Hindi-language romantic comedy film directed by Sanjay Gadhvi and produced by Vashu Bhagnani  The film stars Arjun Rampal in a double role, along with Jackky Bhagnani opposite Nidhi Subbaiah in lead roles and Darshan Jariwala and Kirron Kher in supporting roles, whilst Arshad Warsi appears in a cameo role  The screenplay and dialogues were written by Mayur Puri  The theatrical trailer of the film revealed on 13 August 2012, whilst the film released worldwide on 26 October 2012, and received mostly negative response  The storyline is remade from the Telugu film Seema Tapakai 

Plot
The story revolves around Rajveer, a hard-working, rich youngster who is the heir of his father, Yashvardhan Grewal, and his company, Grewal Motors Co  When Rajveer falls in love with Madhuri, he realises that she hates all rich people, and has much sympathy for poor families  Therefore, Rajveer starts a drama, in which he pretends to be poor along with his family to gain Madhuri's love  However, when Madhuri's elder brother Karan Singh Chauhan, arrives to meet Rajveer's family, he begins to suspect him, and as the truth slowly foils out, mayhem strikes!

Cast
Arjun Rampal as Karan Singh Chauhan / Arjun Singh Chauhan (dual role)
Jackky Bhagnani as Rajveer Grewal
Nidhi Subbaiah as Madhuri “Maddy” Singh Chauhan
Darshan Jariwala as Yashvardhan Grewal
Kirron Kher as Rashmi Grewal
Arshad Warsi as Subramanium Seth (Subhu)
Anuja Sachdeva as Switty Grewal
Prageet Pandit as Adarsh Grewal
Mayur Puri as T2
Mokshad Dodwani

Production
The film is a remake of Seema Tapakai, a Telugu film starring Allari Naresh and Shamna Kasim 

Soundtrack
The songs were composed by Sajid–Wajid, with lyrics penned by Priya Panchal and Kausar Munir  The songs were sung by Mika Singh, Mohit Chauhan and Antara Mitra amongst others  Punjabi track "Nachde Punjabi" by Dalvinder Singh and Tarli Digital, which was released in the early 20s, was remade for the film by Sachin–Jigar 
The film score is composed by Sandeep Shirodkar 

Critical reception
Ajab Gazabb Love received average to negative reviews from film critics upon its release  Madhureeta Mukherjee of Times of India gave it 2 5/5 stars  "This film is all about a bunch of people going bananas, yet, it doesn't leave you in splits  But if you care for a few giggles, go watch it !!!" said ToI  Rediff Movies said "Ajab Gazabb Love is reminiscent of the bad films of the bad 1990s" and gave it 2 stars  Nayandeep of Koimoi gave it 2 stars "There is nothing 'ajab' or 'gazabb' about this extremely ordinary rom-com " wrote Nayandeep  Social Movie Rating site MOZVO gave it a rating of 2 3 putting it in 'Below Average' category  Taran Adarsh of Bollywood Hungama gave it 3 stars  Kanika Sikka of DNA gave it 1 5 stars 

Box office
Ajab Gazabb Love had collected ₹67 6 million (US$850,000) in its first week 
Passage 7:
Shiva Mecchida Kannappa
Shiva Mecchida Kannappa (transl  Kannappa who was blessed by Shiva) is a 1988 Indian Kannada-language film directed by Vijay  The film is a rehashed version of the 1954 film Bedara Kannappa, the debut film of actor Rajkumar  Produced by Raghavendra Rajkumar, the film is about the life of Kannappa, a hunter who becomes a Lord Shiva devotee; Kanappa is played by Puneeth Rajkumar in younger days and Shivarajkumar in adult life  The rest of the cast includes Geetha, Sarala Devi, C  R  Simha and Rajkumar himself playing a brief cameo role in the role of Shiva  The film has musical score by T  G  Lingappa and the dialogues and lyrics written by Chi  Udaya Shankar 

Cast
Soundtrack
The musical score by T  G  Lingappa was positively reviewed 

Release
The film was released on 24 March 1988 
Passage 8:
Adhu
Adhu (transl  That) is a 2004 Tamil-language horror film directed by Ramesh Balakrishnan, starring Sneha as a spirit possessed girl  The film, that has Aravind, a newcomer, Suha, Kazan Khan and Vijayan in supporting and Abbas in a cameo role, is a remake of the 2002 Hong Kong-Thai-Singaporean film The Eye  The film, with music scored by Yuvan Shankar Raja and cinematography by P  Selvakumar, released on 15 October 2004 and received generally negative reviews and is considered a box-office disaster 

Plot
Meera (Sneha) is transplanted with the eyes of Kayalvizhi (Suha) which enables her to see able to see "things" not visible to other's eyes  Haunted and harassed by Kayalvizhi's Spirit, Meera goes all the way to Vijayanagaram to get to the bottom of the intrigue, because the spirit orders her to do so getting to know of Kayalvizhi's story and the injustice done to her by the village head (Vijayan)  The spirit of Kayalvizhi seeks revenge and retribution  How it achieves this forms the story

Cast
Sneha as Meera
Aravind as Arvind
Suha as Kayalvizhi
Kazan Khan
Vijayan
Saranya as Meera's mother
Shanmugarajan as Muthu
Aryan as sorcerer
Abbas as Doctor Raj (cameo)

Music
The film score was composed by Yuvan Shankar Raja, which was said to be one of the few highlights of the film  The film has only one song, a soundtrack was not released 
Passage 9:
The Wolf of Wall Street (2013 film)
The Wolf of Wall Street is a 2013 American epic biographical black comedy crime film directed by Martin Scorsese and written by Terence Winter, based on Jordan Belfort's 2007 memoir of the same name  It recounts Belfort's career as a stockbroker in New York City and how his firm, Stratton Oakmont, engaged in rampant corruption and fraud on Wall Street, leading to his downfall  Leonardo DiCaprio, who was also a producer of the film, stars as Belfort in his fifth collaboration with Scorsese following Gangs of New York (2002), The Aviator (2004), The Departed (2006) and Shutter Island (2010)  The film also stars Jonah Hill as his business partner and friend Donnie Azoff, Margot Robbie as his second wife, Naomi Lapaglia, and Kyle Chandler as FBI agent Patrick Denham 
DiCaprio and Warner Bros  secured the rights to Belfort's memoir in 2007, with Scorsese set to direct, but content restrictions stalled production  The project was later greenlit by the independent production house Red Granite Pictures  Filming took place in late 2012 in New York City and was shot mostly on film stock 
The film premiered in New York City on December 17, 2013, and was released in the United States on December 25, 2013, by Paramount Pictures  It was the first major American film to be released exclusively through digital distribution  It was a major commercial success, grossing $406 9 million worldwide during its theatrical run, becoming Scorsese's highest-grossing film  The film was controversial for its moral ambiguity and lack of sympathy for victims, as well as explicit sexual content, extreme profanity, depiction of hard drug use, and use of animals during production  It set a Guinness World Record for the most instances of swearing in a film  The film's financing became implicated in the 1Malaysia Development Berhad corruption scandal; the U S  Department of Justice and the Malaysian Anti-Corruption Commission investigated Red Granite Pictures, and producer Riza Aziz was arrested in 2019 
The film received positive reviews (and some moral censure) from critics and appeared on several "best of the year" lists  It was nominated for several awards, including five at the 86th Academy Awards ceremony: Best Picture, Best Director, Best Adapted Screenplay, Best Actor (for DiCaprio) and Best Supporting Actor (for Hill)  DiCaprio won Best Actor – Musical or Comedy at the 71st Golden Globe Awards, where the film was also nominated for Best Picture – Musical or Comedy 

Plot
In 1987, Jordan Belfort lands a job as a Wall Street stockbroker for L F  Rothschild, employed under Mark Hanna  He is quickly enticed by the drug-fueled stockbroker culture and Hanna's belief that a broker's only goal is to make money for himself  Jordan loses his job following Black Monday, the largest one-day stock market drop in history, and takes a job at a boiler room brokerage firm on Long Island that specializes in penny stocks  He makes a small fortune thanks to his aggressive pitching style and the high commissions 
Jordan befriends his neighbor Donnie Azoff, and the two found their own company  They recruit several of Jordan's friends, whom Jordan trains in the art of the "hard sell"  Jordan's tactics and salesmanship largely contribute to the success of his pump and dump scheme, in which misleading, positive statements inflate a stock's price so it can be sold at an artificially high price  When the scheme's perpetrators sell their overvalued securities, the price plummets, and those who were conned into buying at the inflated price are left with stock that is suddenly worth much less than they paid for it  To cloak this, Jordan gives the firm the respectable-sounding name Stratton Oakmont in 1989 
After an exposé in Forbes, hundreds of ambitious young financiers flock to his company  Jordan becomes immensely successful and slides into a decadent lifestyle of prostitutes and drugs  He has an affair with a woman named Naomi Lapaglia; when his wife finds out, Jordan divorces her and marries Naomi in 1991  Meanwhile, the SEC and the FBI begin investigating Stratton Oakmont 
In 1993, Jordan illegally makes $22 million in three hours after securing the IPO of Steve Madden  This brings him and his firm further FBI attention  To hide his money, Jordan opens a Swiss bank account with corrupt banker Jean-Jacques Saurel in the name of Naomi's aunt Emma, who is a British subject and thus outside the immediate reach of American authorities  He uses the wife and in-laws of his friend Brad Bodnick, who have European passports, to smuggle the cash into Switzerland 
Donnie and Brad get into a heated argument in public during a money exchange, resulting in Brad's arrest, but Donnie escapes  Jordan learns from his private investigator that the FBI is wiretapping his phones  Fearing for his son, Jordan's father advises him to leave Stratton Oakmont and lie low while Jordan's lawyer negotiates a deal to keep him out of prison, but Jordan cannot bear to quit and talks himself into staying in the middle of his farewell speech 
In 1996, Jordan, Donnie, and their wives are on a yacht trip to Italy when they learn that Emma has died  Jordan proceeds to Switzerland to forge her name and save the account  To bypass border controls, he orders his yacht captain to sail to Monaco, but the ship capsizes in a storm  After their rescue, the plane sent to take them to Geneva is destroyed when a seagull flies into the engine; Jordan takes this as a sign from God to address his worsening drug addiction and attempts to sober up 
In 1998 Saurel gets arrested for a separate crime and informs the FBI about Jordan  Since the evidence against him is overwhelming, Jordan agrees to gather evidence on his colleagues in exchange for leniency  Naomi tells Jordan she is divorcing him and wants full custody of their daughter and infant son  In a cocaine-fueled rage, Jordan hits Naomi and tries to drive away with his daughter but crashes his car in the driveway 
Later, Jordan wears a wire to work but slips a note to Donnie, warning him  The FBI discovers this, arrests Jordan, and raids and shuts down Stratton Oakmont  Despite breaching his deal, Jordan receives a reduced sentence of 36 months in a minimum security prison for his testimony and is released in 2000 after serving 22 months  After his release, Jordan makes a living hosting seminars on sales techniques 

Cast
Production
Development
In 2007, DiCaprio and Warner Bros  won a bidding war for the rights to Belfort's memoir The Wolf of Wall Street, with Belfort making $1 million off the deal  Having worked on the film's script, Scorsese was considered to direct the film but abandoned the project to work on Shutter Island (2010)  He has said he "wasted five months of [his] life" without getting a green light on production dates from Warner Bros  In 2010, Warner Bros  offered the directorial role to Ridley Scott, with DiCaprio playing Belfort, but the studio eventually abandoned the project In 2012, the independent company Red Granite Pictures greenlit the project without content restrictions  Scorsese came back on board  Red Granite Pictures also asked Paramount Pictures to distribute the film; Paramount agreed to do so in North America and Japan, but passed on the rest of the international market  Universal Pictures acquired the international distribution rights According to Belfort, Random House asked him to tone down or excise the depictions of debauchery in his memoir before publication, especially those relating to his bachelor party, which featured zoophilia, and rampant use of drugs like nitrous oxide; neither the published memoir nor the film contains references to this In the film, most of the real-life characters' names have been changed from Belfort's original memoir  Donnie Azoff is based on Danny Porush  The name was changed after Porush threatened to sue the filmmakers  Porush maintains that much of the film is fictional and that Azoff is not an accurate depiction of him  Former Donna Karan Jeanswear CEO Elliot Lavigne does not appear in the film, but an incident recounted in the book, in which Belfort gives Lavigne mouth-to-mouth resuscitation to save him from choking to death, is similar to a scene in the film involving Donnie  The FBI agent Patrick Denham is the stand-in for real-life Gregory Coleman, and lawyer Manny Riskin is based on Ira Sorkin  Belfort's first wife, Denise Lombardo, is renamed Teresa Petrillo, and his second wife, Nadine Caridi, is Naomi Lapaglia on-screen  In contrast, Mark Hanna's name remains the same as the LF Rothschild stockbroker who, like Belfort, was convicted of fraud and served time in prison  Belfort's parents Max and Leah Belfort's names remained the same for the film  The role of Aunt Emma was initially offered to Julie Andrews, who refused it as she was recovering from an ankle injury, and was replaced by Joanna Lumley  Olivia Wilde auditioned for the role of Naomi, but she was rejected as she was deemed "too old" for the role, the role eventually went to Margot Robbie  In January 2014, Jonah Hill revealed in an interview with Howard Stern that he had made only $60,000 on the film (the lowest possible SAG-AFTRA rate for his amount of work), while DiCaprio (who also produced) received $10 million 

Filming
Filming began on August 8, 2012, in New York City  Hill announced on Twitter that his first day of shooting was September 4, 2012  Filming also took place in Closter, New Jersey, and Harrison, New York  Vitamin D powder was used as the fake substance for cocaine in the film; Hill was hospitalized with bronchitis due to snorting large quantities during filming Scorsese's longtime editor Thelma Schoonmaker, who has received seven Academy Award nominations for Best Film Editing, said the film would be shot digitally instead of on film  Scorsese had been a proponent of shooting on film, but decided to shoot Hugo digitally because it was being photographed in 3D  Despite being filmed in 2D, The Wolf of Wall Street was originally planned to be shot digitally  Schoonmaker expressed her disappointment with the decision: "It would appear that we've lost the battle  I think Marty just feels it's unfortunately over, and there's been no bigger champion of film than him " After extensive comparison tests during pre-production, eventually the majority of the film was shot on film stock, while scenes that used green screen effects or low light were shot with the digital Arri Alexa camera system  The film contains 400–450 VFX shots 

Profanity
The film set a Guinness World Record for the most instances of swearing in a motion picture  It uses the word "fuck" 506 times, "cunt" thrice, "twat" twice, "fuckface" once, and "prick" four times, averaging 2 81 profanities per minute  The previous record holders were Scorsese's 1995 gangster film Casino, which had 422 uses of the word, and the 1997 British film Nil by Mouth, which had 428  The record has since been broken by Swearnet: The Movie, which uses the word 935 times, but it still holds the record for a major theatrical release The film's distributor in the United Arab Emirates cut 45 minutes of scenes of swearing, religious profanity, drug use, and sex, and "muted" dialogue containing expletives  The National reported that filmgoers in the UAE believed the film should not have been shown rather than being edited so heavily 

Release
Theatrical
The Wolf of Wall Street premiered at the Ziegfeld Theatre in New York City on December 17, 2013, followed by a wide release on December 25  Its original release date of November 15 was pushed back after cuts were made to reduce the runtime  On October 22, it was reported that the film was set for release that Christmas  On October 29, Paramount officially confirmed that the film would release on Christmas Day, with a runtime of 165 minutes  This was changed to 180 minutes on November 25  It was officially rated R by the Motion Picture Association for "sequences of strong sexual content, graphic nudity, drug use and language throughout, and for some violence"  In the UK, the film received an 18 certificate from the British Board of Film Classification for "very strong language, strong sex [and] hard drug use" The film is banned in Kenya, Malaysia, Nepal, and Zimbabwe because of its scenes depicting sex and drugs and excessive profanity, and additional scenes have been cut in the versions playing in India  In Singapore, after cuts were made to an orgy scene as well as some religiously profane or denigrating language, the film was passed R21 The release of The Wolf of Wall Street marked a shift in cinema history when Paramount became the first major studio to distribute movies to theaters exclusively in a digital format, eliminating 35mm film entirely  Anchorman 2: The Legend Continues was the last Paramount production to include a 35mm film version 

Home media
The Wolf of Wall Street was released on DVD and Blu-ray on March 25, 2014  On January 27, 2014, it was announced that a four-hour director's cut would be attached to the home release  Paramount Pictures and Red Granite Pictures later announced that the home release would feature only the theatrical release  A 4K Ultra HD Blu-ray was released on December 14, 2021 

Reception
Box office
The Wolf of Wall Street grossed $116 9 million in North America and $289 million internationally, for a total of $406 9 million, making it Scorsese's highest-grossing film worldwide  In North America, the film opened at number five in its first weekend, with $19 4 million in 3,387 theaters, behind The Hobbit: The Desolation of Smaug, Frozen, Anchorman 2: The Legend Continues, and American Hustle  In Australia, it is the highest grossing R-rated film, earning $12 96 million 

Critical response
On Rotten Tomatoes, The Wolf of Wall Street holds an approval rating of 80% based on 289 reviews and an average rating of 7 80/10  The site's critical consensus reads, "Funny, self-referential, and irreverent to a fault, The Wolf of Wall Street finds Martin Scorsese and Leonardo DiCaprio at their most infectiously dynamic " On Metacritic, the film has a weighted average score of 75 out of 100 based on 47 reviews, indicating "generally favorable reviews" 

Peter Travers of Rolling Stone magazine named The Wolf of Wall Street the third-best film of 2013, behind 12 Years a Slave and Gravity  Mick LaSalle of the San Francisco Chronicle wrote, "it is the best and most enjoyable American film to be released this year " Richard Brody of The New Yorker called the film "Olympian", saying that if it was Scorsese's last film it "would rank among the most harshly awe-inspiring farewells of the cinema " The Chicago Sun-Times's Richard Roeper gave the film a B+, calling it "good, not great Scorsese" Dana Stevens of Slate was more critical, calling the film "epic in size, claustrophobically narrow in scope " Marshall Fine of The Huffington Post argued that the story "wants us to be interested in characters who are dull people to start with, made duller by their delusions of being interesting because they are high"  Some critics viewed the film as an irresponsible glorification of Belfort and his associates rather than a satirical takedown  DiCaprio defended the film, arguing that it does not glorify the excessive lifestyle it depicts In 2016, the film was ranked #78 on the BBC's 100 Greatest Films of the 21st Century list  In 2017, Richard Brody named The Wolf of Wall Street the second-best film of the 21st century so far, behind Jean-Luc Godard's In Praise of Love  In 2019, Brody named The Wolf of Wall Street the best film of the 2010s 

Audience response
The film received an average grade of C on an A+ to F scale from audiences surveyed by CinemaScore, the lowest rating of any film opening that week  The Los Angeles Times suggested that the film's marketing may have attracted conservative viewers who expected a more moralistic tone than the film presents Christina McDowell, daughter of Tom Prousalis, who worked closely with Belfort at Stratton Oakmont, wrote an open letter to Scorsese, DiCaprio, and Belfort, criticizing the film for insufficiently portraying the victims of Stratton Oakmont's financial crimes, disregarding the damage done to her family as a result, and giving celebrity status to people (Belfort and his partners, including her father) who do not deserve it Steven Perlberg of Business Insider saw an advance screening of the film at a Regal Cinemas near the Goldman Sachs building with an audience of finance workers  Perlberg reported cheers from the audience at what he considered all the wrong moments, writing, "When Belfort—a drug addict attempting to remain sober—rips up a couch cushion to get to his secret coke stash, there were cheers "Former Assistant United States Attorney Joel M  Cohen, who prosecuted Belfort, criticized both the film and the book on which it is based  He said that he believes some of Belfort's claims were "invented": for instance, Belfort "aggrandized his importance and reverence for him by others at his firm " He strongly criticized the film for not depicting the "thousands of victims who lost hundreds of millions of dollars", not accepting the filmmakers' argument that it would have diverted attention from the wrongdoers  He deplored the ending—"beyond an insult" to Belfort's victims—in which the real Belfort appears, while showing "a large sign advertising the name of Mr  Belfort's real motivational speaking company", and a positive depiction of Belfort uttering "variants of the same falsehoods he trained others to use against his victims" 

Top ten lists
The Wolf of Wall Street was listed on many critics' top ten lists for films released in 2013, and was chosen as one of the top ten films of the year by the American Film Institute  Metacritic analysis found the film was the ninth-most mentioned film on "best of the year" film rankings and the 22nd-most mentioned on "best of the decade" film rankings 

Controversies
Use of animals
The Wolf of Wall Street uses animals, including a chimpanzee, a lion, a snake, a fish, and dogs  The chimpanzee and the lion were provided by the Big Cat Habitat wildlife sanctuary in Sarasota County, Florida  The four-year-old chimpanzee Chance spent time with DiCaprio and learned to roller skate in three weeks  The sanctuary also provided a lion named Handsome because the trading company depicted in the film used a lion as its symbol  Danny Porush denied that there were any animals in the office, although he admitted to eating an employee's goldfish In December 2013, before the film premiered, the organization Friends of Animals criticized the use of the chimpanzee and organized a boycott of the film  Variety reported, "Friends of Animals thinks the chimp     suffered irreversible psychological damage after being forced to act " The Guardian commented on the increasing criticism of Hollywood's use of animals, writing, "The Wolf of Wall Street's use of a chimpanzee arrives as Hollywood comes under ever-increasing scrutiny for its employment of animals on screen"  PETA also launched a campaign to highlight mistreatment of ape "actors" and to petition for DiCaprio not to work with great apes 

1MDB scandal
In 2015, Red Granite Pictures and the film's financing became implicated in the 1Malaysia Development Berhad scandal, a major international corruption scandal that began in Malaysia  The Malaysian Anti-Corruption Commission (MACC) alleged the film was financed by money producer Riza Aziz stole from the Malaysian 1Malaysia Development Berhad (1MDB) sovereign wealth fund  Aziz is the stepson of then-Malaysian Prime Minister Najib Razak  Aziz was arrested in connection with the scandal and pleaded not guilty to money laundering charges in July 2019  According to court filings, a company owned by fugitive businessman Jho Low gave the film's producers a $9 million advance  Low was given a "special thanks" in the film's credits The film is part of a broader investigation into these illicit monetary movements, and in 2016 was named in a series of civil complaints the United States Department of Justice filed "for having provided a trust account through which hundreds of millions of dollars belonging to the 1MDB fund were illicitly siphoned"  To settle the civil lawsuit, Red Granite Pictures agreed to pay the U S  government $60 million with no "admission of wrongdoing or liability on the part of Red Granite"  This settlement was part of a more expansive U S  effort to seize approximately $1 7 billion in assets allegedly purchased with funds embezzled from 1MDB  In January 2020, Belfort sued Red Granite for $300 million, also wishing to void his rights deal; he said that he would never have sold the rights to Red Granite if he had known how the film was being financed 

Thematic controversy and debate
Various people have criticized the film as materialistic, encouraging greedy behavior, extreme wealth, and advocating for the infamous individuals portrayed in the film  Christina McDowell, whose father, Tom Prousalis, worked in association with Belfort, accused the filmmakers of "exacerbating our national obsession with wealth and status and glorifying greed and psychopathic behavior"  She emphasized the gravity and significance of Belfort's crimes, saying that Wolf of Wall Street is a "reckless attempt at continuing to pretend that these sorts of schemes are entertaining, even as the country is reeling from yet another round of Wall Street scandals" After DiCaprio defended himself from criticism, Variety journalist Whitney Friedlander called the film "three hours of cash, drugs, hookers, repeat" and argued that the film is a "celebration of this lifestyle" and implies that short-lived extreme wealth and extraordinary experiences are superior to normal behavior Nikole TenBrink, vice president of marketing and membership at Risk and Insurance Management Society, has said the film is a "cautionary tale of what can happen when fraud is left unchecked"  She describes Belfort's business acumen, his talent in communicating and selling his ideas, and his ability to motivate others as offering "valuable lessons for risk professionals as they seek to avoid similar pitfalls" 

Belfort's reaction
Belfort said of the film's depiction of himself and Stratton Oakmont that it did an excellent job at describing the "overall feeling" of those years, adding, "the camaraderie, the insanity, that was accurate"  Of his drug use, Belfort said that his actual habits were "much worse" than is depicted in the film and that he was "on 22 different drugs at the end" Belfort also analyzed the inaccuracies in the film's oversimplification of Stratton Oakmont's gradual transition from advocating for "speculative stocks" in order to "help build America" to committing crimes  He said he "didn't like hearing" overly simplified and blunt depictions of his crimes because "it made me look like I was just trying to rip people off"  But Belfort did acknowledge the cinematic benefits of these oversimplifications as "a very easy way in three hours" to "move the audience emotionally" 

Nadine Maculoso's reaction
On September 28, 2022, Nadine Maculoso, Belfort's ex-wife on whom the character Naomi was based, said that the depiction of Belfort and their relationship was accurate and that she hopes to educate people on signs of domestic abuse and toxic relationships 

Accolades
The film was nominated for five Academy Awards: Best Picture, Best Director for Scorsese, Best Adapted Screenplay for Winter, Best Actor for DiCaprio, and Best Supporting Actor for Hill  It was also nominated for four BAFTAs, including Best Director, Best Actor and Best Adapted Screenplay, and two Golden Globe Awards, including Best Motion Picture – Musical or Comedy  DiCaprio won the Golden Globe Award for Best Actor – Motion Picture Musical or Comedy 

Soundtrack
The film's soundtrack features both original and preexisting music tracks  It was released on December 17, 2013, for digital download  More than 60 songs are used in the film, but only 16 are on the official soundtrack  Among the notable exceptions are original compositions by Theodore Shapiro 

See also
The Wolf of Wall Street (1929 film)
Scam 1992
The Big Bull
Boiler Room (film)
Gordon Gekko
Microcap stock fraud
List of films that most frequently use the word "fuck"



ground_truth: Martin Scorsese