prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: Angelspit toured the United States with an American electronic music duo from Orlando, Florida, that formed in what year?

The following are given passages.
Context 1: Passage 1:
Blood on the Dance Floor (band)
Blood on the Dance Floor was an American electronic music group from Orlando, Florida, formed in 2006  The group's longest standing lineup, from 2009 to 2016, consisted of Jesus David Torres also known as Dahvie Vanity (born 1984) and Jayy Von Monroe (born 1991)  The group released nine studio albums before breaking up in 2016 following Von Monroe's departure  It was reformed by Vanity the following year, initially with Fallon Vendetta  After Vendetta's departure, Vanity became the sole member of the group  Since 2019, Vanity has performed under the name Kawaii Monster and most recently The Most Vivid Nightmares 

History
After falling out as a touring musician with multiple local musical acts in the Orlando, Florida area during 2006, Jesus David Torres, going by the moniker "Dahvie Vanity", formed a musical group with friends Matty "M" Malaret, Christopher Mongillo, and Rebecca Fugate  Initially the group was considered a joke, but developed into Blood on the Dance Floor in the summer of 2007  Malaret left the group in late 2007 before the group's self-released first album, Let's Start a Riot, in April 2008  Citing the inability to tour, Mongillo and Fugate left the band as well shortly thereafter During the recording of their second album, It's Hard to be a Diamond in a Rhinestone World, the band was picked up by producer and writer Rusty Wilmot  During the recording of this album, Garrett Marshal McLaughlin (Garrett Ecstasy) was recruited to do backup vocals and screaming  The CD was self-released in October 2008  Only 300 copies were made Vanity and Ecstasy recorded the singles "Siq With a Q" and "Suicide Club" as a duo in 2008, and released three extended plays over the first half of 2009, I Scream I Scream, OMFG Sneak Peak, and Extended Play  The duo embarked on the OMFG Tour with other local bands Electric Valentine, Weston Buck, The Greenlight District, and The Crush in promotion of their upcoming album then titled OMFG During the OMFG tour on a tour date in the state of Colorado, Vanity was arrested for sexual assault but was ultimately not criminally charged due to a lack of evidence and the tour continued with Ecstasy performing the remainder of the shows without Vanity  Ecstasy then left the band after accusing Vanity of being a sexual predator and was replaced by Jeremy Brian Griffis, known by his stage name "Jayy Von Monroe"  Along with Von Monroe, Vanity and the group's new drummer and rapper, Nick "Nasty" Wenzel, released "Horrifically Delicious" 
Many of the songs originally recorded with Ecstasy intended for the upcoming album OMFG were re-recorded with new vocals by Von Monroe  The previous concept of the OMFG album was scrapped, and rebranded as EPIC, set for release in 2010  The band went on tour over spring and summer 2010 to promote the release of Epic  With Jeffree Star they recorded three songs for that album  The collaborations with Jeffree Star were short lived because like former member Garrett Ecstasy, Star had also accused Vanity of being a pedophile and a predator, claiming to have witnessed questionable behavior  Star later chose to go back on his accusations and sweep what he claimed to have seen under the rug due to feeling like the band was being victimized  He was then featured on their 2014 single "Poison Apple", from the album Bitchcraft  As with the previous conflict with Garrett, the three singles featuring Jeffree's vocals were re-recorded with vocals by Von Monroe, and the original tracks were not featured on the final album 
In October 2010, the album Epic charted No  5 on the dance/electronic Billboard chart  The band headlined the Epic Tour and the Epic Tour Part II in support of the album Even before the release of Epic, recording began for Blood on the Dance Floor's fourth album, All the Rage!!  The duo collaborated with several artists for the album, including Lady Nogrady, JJ Demon, and Nick Nasty  The album was preceded by several singles to promote the release, including "Yo Ho", and "P L U R ", and "Bewitched" which became the band's biggest (and only) most well known song  The band later embarked on Warped Tour 2011 in June 2011, and released the album while on tour 
A music video for their hit single from the album, "Bewitched", featured Nicole "Lady" Nogrady, who later said that she felt disrespected by the band during production of the album as well as on the music video, and found herself having to confront the band directly in order for her name to appear on the credits of her work with them  The song was subsequently performed by other female vocalists in place of Nogrady at live shows, and was re-recorded with vocals by Haley Rose for their 2013 acoustic album Blood Unplugged 
The album peaked at No  13 on the Billboard Top Electronic Albums chart  At the end of 2011, the duo headlined the All the Rage Tour and was planning the 'Tis the Season to be Killing Tour In celebration of BOTDF's fourth anniversary, a digital compilation album entitled The Legend of Blood on the Dance Floor was set to be released on Halloween  The compilation's release date was pushed back, originally planned to be released as a CD, it was released as a SoundCloud playlist instead  The compilation features remastered versions of songs from the band's first four albums 
Blood on the Dance Floor's fifth album, Evolution, was released on June 19, 2012 along with a deluxe edition that featured acoustic versions of two songs  Two music videos and four singles were released from the album 
The album featured tracks in collaboration with Haley Rose, Amelia Arsenic, Shawn Brandon, Joel Madden of the band Good Charlotte, Elena Vladimirova, and Deuce As a thank you to their fans they released the three-song free EP Clubbed to Death! on June 20, 2012, for free through an app on Facebook  Their sixth EP, The Anthem of the Outcast, was released on October 30, 2012 Rumors of a breakup in 2013 were proven to be a hoax  Bad Blood was slated for release in September 2013  On February 18, 2013, the lead single "I Refuse to Sink! (Fuck the Fame)" was released, followed by the second single, "Crucified by Your Lies", and a third, "Something Grimm", on July 2, 2013 Andrew "Drew" Apathy joined in early 2014, and a new album, Bitchcraft, was released in June 2014  Their single "We're Takin over!" featuring Deuce was released February 7 Blood on the Dance Floor released their first single off their EP Cruel Pornography: "The Sexorcist"  In August, they released their new project and started planning the "Reign of Blood" tour  On February 14, 2016, the band released the single "Safe Word" on iTunes Mid-2016 marked the end of producing and co-writing by Rusty Wilmot (2008–2016) In April 2016, Blood on the Dance Floor announced a 24-date tour with Steven Joseph and BrokenCYDE  On August 17, BOTDF released their September 30-scheduled album Scissors on Apple Music On September 14, 2016, Dahvie Vanity said that the group would be disbanding after one final tour as a result of Jayy's departure earlier that month  For a while afterwards, Vanity created and worked on a new project called Sinners Are Winners, releasing an EP titled For Beginners and full-length The Invocation  Jayy Von Monroe also released a statement on his departure from the band after leaving stating that he was not paid for his time for the band and was forced to go on tour without treatment after his HIV diagnosis  Vanity denied these allegations in a video In April 2017, Vanity announced that there would be a new member, and that Blood on the Dance Floor would be returning on May 5 of that year without Jayy Von Monroe  In May 2017, it was revealed that Dahvie's girlfriend, Fallon Vendetta, had temporarily joined Blood on the Dance Floor  With Vendetta, they released the singles "Resurrection Spell", "Love Like Voodoo", "Six Feet Under", "Yo Ho 2 (Pirate's Life)", "Ghosting" and "Destroy"  Their album Kawaii Monster was released on October 31, 2017  Kawaii Monster pre-orders included a second disc, a remastered edition of Let's Start a Riot  The band also released an exclusive EP: You Are the Heart  In 2018, they released Haunted, followed by Cinema Erotica and You Are the Heart  Vendetta departed the group shortly afterward, leaving Vanity as the sole remaining member of the group 
In 2019, shortly after the band's second break up, Vanity started a new project: Kawaii Monster  He released the songs "From Heaven to Hell", "Total Nightmare", "Dear Best Friend", "It's a Sunny Place for Shady People", "I Am With You", "Finding Blessings in Dark Places", "The Violet Flame", "It's All Just a Dream" and "Rage Against the Dying Light" After a five-month break from making music, Vanity rebranded himself again as "The Most Vivid Nightmares" and released "Drowning in the Darkness" on November 13, 2020  He later released a second single: "Love Forever True"  On January 1, 2021, Vanity released a new version of Blood on the Dance Floor's "Bewitched" as "Bewitched Reimagined" featuring singer Sammy Beare  As of 2016, Jayy Von Monroe has continued to work as a drag monster under the name "The Dahli" and Vanity has continued to release music and merchandise by himself under both "The Most Vivid Nightmares" and "Dark Arts Official" 

Musical style and influences
The group's style has been described as having hypersexual lyrics combined with electronica or electronic music, but also heavily incorporates electropop, dance-pop, and crunkcore Vanity stated in an interview that Jeffree Star is a huge influence on Blood on the Dance Floor  Vanity also stated that he was inspired by Marilyn Manson in the past 

Sexual assault allegations against Dahvie Vanity
Since the allegations first surfaced in 2009, at least 21 women have made sexual assault, child molestation, and rape allegations against Vanity  Former bandmates Garrett Ecstasy, who left the band in 2009, and Jayy Von Monroe, who left in 2016, have described Vanity as a sexual predator  In an interview with television journalist Chris Hansen, Jayy Von Monroe accused Vanity of abuse as well, stating that Vanity forced him to tour without his HIV medication which caused him to nearly contract AIDS  Von Monroe also stated that he later made a full recovery after leaving the band in 2016  Jeffree Star and New Years Day members Ash Costello and Nikki Misery have stated that they observed Vanity engage in questionable or illegal sexual behavior during one of the Vans Warped Tours and also during the "All the Rage Tour 2012" in support of their third studio album of the same name around the early 2010s  Many of the accusers were underage during the alleged attacks  In response to the allegations, Combichrist removed Blood on the Dance Floor from their tour in 2014  Merchandising website Big Cartel removed the band's products in 2018 in response to the allegations, while Spotify and Google Play removed the band's music in April 2019 for violating their prohibited content policies against hate speech  Vanity has responded to the accusations on multiple occasions, usually with denial, threats or evasion In early 2020, Hansen announced an investigation on Vanity, including having multiple interviews with those who claim Vanity abused or raped them  The FBI have confirmed that they are also currently investigating the allegations against Vanity 

Members
Final line-up

Dahvie Vanity – lead vocals, guitar, keyboards, programming (2006–2016, 2017–2019)Former members

Touring musicians

Timeline

Discography
Albums as Blood on the Dance Floor
Let's Start a Riot (2008)
It's Hard to Be a Diamond in a Rhinestone World (2008)
Epic (2010)
All the Rage!! (2011)
Evolution (2012)
Bad Blood (2013)
Bitchcraft (2014)
Scissors (2016)
Kawaii Monster (2017)
Haunted (2018)
Cinema Erotica (2018)
You Are the Heart (2018)
Hollywood Death Star (2019)

Albums as Master of Death
Master of Death (2015)

Albums as Sinners Are Winners
For Beginners (2016)
The Invocation (2017)

Albums as Kawaii Monster
Poison Love (2019)
Love from Hell (2019)
The Balance (2020)
Traptendo (2022)

Albums as The Most Vivid Nightmares
Love Like Starlight (2022)
Torture Garden (2023)
Passage 2:
The Hundred in the Hands (album)
The Hundred in the Hands is the eponymous debut studio album by American electronic music duo The Hundred in the Hands, released on September 11, 2010 by Warp  The album received generally favorable reviews, with a Metacritic score of 74 out of 100, based on 13 reviews  In January 2011, the album earned the duo a nomination in the Pop/Rock category at The 10th Annual Independent Music Awards  The song "Pigeons" was used in the third episode of the fifth season of Gossip Girl, titled "The Jewel of Denial" and originally aired October 10, 2011 

Track listing
Notes^a  signifies an additional producer

Personnel
Credits adapted from the liner notes of The Hundred in the Hands 
The Hundred in the HandsThe Hundred in the Hands – production (all tracks); engineering (tracks 2, 3, 5, 8, 11); additional engineering (tracks 6, 10)
Eleanore Everdell – vocals, keyboards, synthesizer
Jason Friedman – bass, guitar, programmingAdditional personnelAlex Aldi – engineering (tracks 4, 9, 10); mixing (tracks 9, 10); programming (track 9)
Eric Broucek – engineering, production (tracks 6, 7); mixing (tracks 2, 3, 6, 7); additional engineering (tracks 2, 3); additional programming (tracks 2, 3, 6)
Heather Culp – photography
Pete Hofmann – mixing (tracks 1, 3, 4, 8, 11)
Jacques Renault – additional production, engineering (track 1); additional programming (tracks 1, 7); additional engineering, production (track 7)
Richard X – additional programming, production (tracks 1, 4, 5, 8); engineering (track 1); additional engineering (tracks 4, 5, 8); additional production (track 11)
Vito Roccoforte – live drums (tracks 1, 2, 4, 5, 8)
Noel Summerville – mastering
Utters – additional engineering, additional production, additional programming (track 7)
Chris Zane – engineering (tracks 4, 9, 10); live drums, mixing, production (tracks 9, 10); programming (track 9)

Release history
Passage 3:
The M Machine
The M Machine is an American electronic music duo from San Francisco, California, United States, formed in 2011 and currently consisting of Ben Swardlick and Eric Luttrell  They have released four EPs, a single and two remix collections on Skrillex's label Owsla  The group has reached the overall #1 slot on Beatport on multiple occasions 

Music career
The group originally went by the moniker Pance Party  They initially had viral success with a teaser video for their planned full-length album Metropolis, which later became split into two EPs  Their double A-side "Promise Me A Rose Garden" / "Glow" was released on Skrillex's label OWSLA in 2011, becoming the #1 Electro House release on Beatport, and #2 overall release for an entire week  "Promise Me A Rose Garden" was named Hottest Record in the World on October 20, 2011, by Zane Lowe on BBC Radio 1 In April 2012, the group released Metropolis Pt  I, the first installment of their two-part concept album  Metropolis Pt  I premiered online in Rolling Stone magazine, followed by a worldwide release the next day, reaching number one on the Beatport overall chart  Metropolis Pt  II was released February 19, 2013 on Owsla to critical acclaim, also reaching the number one overall spot on Beatport 
Inspired by Fritz Lang's influential film Metropolis, together the two EPs tell the story of the dystopian city of Metropolis  A text/illustrated version of the story is also available in the form of digital liner notes on the band's website  The Metropolis saga was completed with the release of Metropolis Remixed, a revamped retrospective of the previous two EPs that featured remixes from Kill The Noise, Digitalism, Robotaki, and more 
Also in January 2014, the group released the single "Superflat" on OWSLA, followed by the Just Like EP in November of that year  Just Like signaled a change in direction as the group moved towards more underground, club-oriented sound  A remix pack, Just Like Remixes was released in April 2015 featuring Manila Killa, CRNKN, and Worthy among others 
On January 28, 2015, Andy announced his departure from the group to pursue his interest in programming and technology, making the former trio a duo On February 23, 2017, they released their debut album Glare on Mad Zoo 
The group has toured in support of acts including Skrillex, Porter Robinson, The Glitch Mob, Madeon, Markus Schulz, and more, in addition to a slew of their own headline runs  They have also played premier music festivals including Ultra Music Festival, Electric Daisy Carnival, Holy Ship!, Hard Summer, Outside Lands, South by Southwest, TomorrowWorld, Mysteryland, Electric Zoo and Shambhala 
The group has contributed official remixes for Bruno Mars, Passion Pit, Empire of the Sun, Dog Blood, Madeon, Mat Zo, Arty, Datsik & Kill The Noise 

Discography
Studio albums
EPs
Singles
Other appearances
Remixes
Passage 4:
Setting Fires (song)
"Setting Fires" is a song by American DJ duo the Chainsmokers, released as the final single from the duo's second extended play, Collage (2016)  It features the vocal collaboration of American electronic music duo Xylø  The song was written by Melanie Fontana, Jon Asher and Andrew Taggart   "Setting Fires" was released on November 4, 2016, through Disruptor Records and Columbia Records 

Composition
The song is written in the key of G♯ minor with a common time tempo of 105 beats per minute  Xylø's vocals span from F♯3 to A♯5 in the song 

Chart performance
"Setting Fires" debuted and peaked at number 71 on the US Billboard Hot 100 issued for November 26, 2016  The Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA) certified the song Gold, which denotes 500,000 units based on sales and track-equivalent on-demand streams  On the Hot Dance/Electronic Songs chart, it entered at number eight and spent 20 weeks in total  "Setting Fires" peaked at number 35 on the Canadian Hot 100 and was certified Gold by Music Canada  The song reached number 50 in Australia and was certified Platinum  It charted within the top 40 of national record charts, at number 26 in Scotland, and number 31 in Czech Republic 

Track listing
Personnel
Credits adapted from the EP liner notes, Collage (2016) 
Jordan "DJ Swivel" Young – producer, mixing engineer, recording engineer
The Chainsmokers – producer, associated performer
Xylø – associated performer
Melanie Fontana – background vocals
Chris Gehringer – mastering engineer

Charts
Weekly charts
Year-end charts
Certifications
Passage 5:
In Return (Odesza album)
In Return is the second album by American electronic music duo Odesza, released on September 9, 2014 through Counter and Ninja Tune  It is the major label debut of the electronic duo after the release of their self-released debut album Summer's Gone two years prior and follows up that album 
The album debuted atop the Top Dance/Electronic Albums chart and was positively received by critics 
The "Say My Name" track (instrumental version) used in Windows 10 Promotional and Retail Demo Video 

Background and composition
During production, Mills and Knight were more open to experimentation, favoring more of a singer-songwriter approach with a greater focus on lyrical content  The result is a more vocally driven album, contrasting with their previous sample-based releases  Coming from a classically trained background, Knight was more concerned of the technicality of the music, while Mills focused on the production side  Knight's interest in pop and dance music influenced Mill's tastes, which contributed to the direction of the album  The track "It's Only" was distinguished by the duo as "the most mature growth [on the album]" due to its more unconventional production The album's name is a reference to the duo's appreciation of returning home after a long period of touring In Return was released a few weeks earlier than intended due to fan anticipation  On September 18, 2015, the deluxe edition of the album was released containing live and instrumental tracks from the standard edition album, in addition to the single "Light" featuring Little Dragon 

Critical reception
In Return received positive reviews from critics  David Jeffries from AllMusic gave the album a rating of 4 out of 5, calling the album a "humble crowd-pleaser" while praising its variety  Renowned for Sound's Angus Fitz-Bugden gave a rating of 4/5, complimenting the album's ambience and production 

Accolades
In Return was nominated for Top Dance/Electronic Album at the 2016 Billboard Music Awards  The RAC remix of "Say My Name" was also nominated for Best Remixed Recording, Non-Classical at the 58th Annual Grammy Awards 

Commercial performance
In Return debuted at number 1 on the Top Dance/Electronic Albums chart, selling 6,000 album-equivalent units in the first week  The album also debuted and peaked at number 42 on the Billboard 200 

Track listing
Charts
Decade-end charts
Passage 6:
Angelspit
Angelspit is an electronic music band originally from Sydney, Australia, and currently based in Chicago, United States  The band was formed in 2004 by vocalists/synthesists Destroyx (Amelia Tan) and ZooG (Karl Learmont)  The band's music combines stylistic elements of horror, punk, pop and electronic music  Their work contains imagery revolving around medical experiments and grotesque societies  Angelspit has toured with Angel Theory, Ayria, Ikon, KMFDM, Tankt and The Crüxshadows, and have also shared the stage with bands such as The Sisters of Mercy, Nitzer Ebb, Skinny Puppy and Front Line Assembly  They performed with Lords of Acid during a 22-date U S  tour in March 2011 and toured the United States with Blood on the Dance Floor in October 2011 

History
Karl Learmont (ZooG) and Amelia Tan (Destroyx) met on an online zine forum  They shared an interest in zines and started the distro Vox Populis in 2002  They then started making zines for themselves which became the lyrical inspiration for releases to follow  Angelspit was formed in 2003, and the duo then self-released their debut EP, Nurse Grenade on 3 October 2004 
The band self-released their debut studio album, Krankhaus on 6 June 2006, and re-released it on 30 January 2007 with a bonus remix album, entitled Surgically Atoned, and in the US on Dancing Ferret Discs  The album featured remixes by Combichrist and Ego Likeness  A video for "Vena Cava" was released on 22 August 2007  The band toured Australia, the US and Europe where they lived in Berlin to record their second studio album, Blood Death Ivory 
The band released their second studio album, Blood Death Ivory on 11 June 2008  The album was written and recorded between 2006 and 2008  Again, the band continued to tour the new material around Europe and the USA  They released their debut remix album Black Kingdom Red Kingdom on 15 May 2009  Around this time the band began to produce "Blipverts", short video blogs and tutorials on various topics, including the production of the band's third studio album 
The band released their third studio album, Hideous and Perfect on 9 September 2009  A video for "Fuck the Revolution" was released on 28 September 2009  They released their second remix album Larva Pupa Tank Coffin on 10 October 2010  Larva Pupa Tank Coffin includes 4 brand new Angelspit tracks and remixes by the band themselves as well as other artists  A video for the remix of "Sleep Now" was released on 2 October 2010  They released their third remix album, Carbon Beauty on 8 March 2011  This new remix album contains 3 new tracks as well as 10 remixes of tracks from the Hideous and Perfect album  A video for "Toxic Girl" was released on 13 April 2011, and a video for "Like It? Lick It!" was released on 27 July 2011 
On 15 April 2011, Angelspit announced the addition of three new members: guitarist Valerie Gentile (Black Tape for a Blue Girl, The Crüxshadows), drummer Chris Kling (Hanzel und Gretyl, Mortiis) and videojammer The Liar  The new line-up of Angelspit released their fourth studio album, Hello My Name Is on 11 October 2011  Matt James replaced Chris Kling in early 2012, and former Crüxshadows guitarist George Bikos filled in for Valerie Gentile on the band's 2012 tour  On 23 March 2014, Angelspit announced DestroyX was taking time off to focus on her other projects and would be re-joining Angelspit on future recordings  She has now started a solo career under the name Amelia Arsenic 
Angelspit, now a four-piece led by ZooG (now known as Zoog Von Rock), has released two further albums - Cult of Fake in 2016 and Black Dog Bite in 2017 - while continuing to run their label Black Pill Red Pill  Zoog has also started a Patreon where he offers tips to aspiring musicians 

Band members
Current members
Zoog Von Rock (formerly ZooG) – vocals, programming (2003–present)
The Liar – video manipulation (2010–Present)
Matt Slegel – guitars, bass guitar (2017–present; live contributor: 2016)
Kitsu Noir – drums (2017–present)

Former members
Amelia Arsenic (formerly Destroyx) – vocals (2003–13)
Chris Kling – drums (2011–12; session musician: 2014)
Valerie Gentile – guitars, bass guitar (2011–2012)
George Bikos – guitars, bass guitar (2012–16; session musician: 2008, 2009, 2017)
Nick Delavega – programming, keyboards (2016; live contributor: 2015)
AJ Gapsevic – guitars, bass guitar (2016)
Lorelei – vocals (2016)

Live contributors
Peter Crane – keyboards (2007)
Roberto Massaglia – keyboards (2007)
John Von Ahlen – engineer (2007)
Matt James – drums (2012)
Miss Ballistic – vocals (2013; session musician: 2014)
Dita von Cheats – synthesizer (2013)

Session musicians
Graeme Charles Kent – guitars, bass guitar (2004–11, 2017)
Bradley R  Bills – drums (2014)
Alex Weaver – vocals (2014)

Timeline
Discography
Studio albums
Live albums
Compilation albums
Remix albums
Extended plays
Singles
Video albums
Music videos
Passage 7:
Ammunition (Krewella EP)
Ammunition is the third extended play by American electronic dance music band Krewella  It was released on May 20, 2016 by Columbia Records on streaming and digital download music services  Ammunition was preceded by the release of the single "Beggars", on April 28, 2016, shortly followed by the promotional single "Broken Record", which was released on May 10, 2016  It is a six-track extended play, and the duo's first major release since the departure of former member Kris Trindl  It is also their first major release since their debut album Get Wet 

Background
Just over a year after the release of their debut album "Get Wet" in 2013, Kris Trindl publicly announced a lawsuit, suing them $5 million for against Yasmine and Jahan Yousaf claiming they kicked him out of Krewella to gain high profits after he sobered up out of his alcohol addiction  The sisters then followed up with a counter lawsuit which stated "While on stage, Kris would generally stand to the side of Jahan and Yasmine and pump his arms, while pretending to DJ; he was onstage primarily for the sake of image " "Because Kris did not know how to DJ, he only had two effect buttons " In August 2015 a settlement was reached, but the verdicts were not released to the public  The situation eventually led to Deadmau5 siding with Kris, causing Krewella to receive a large amount of internet hatred The band announced in 2015 that they had been working on a new extended play, intended to be completed in time for a 2016 tour  From that time out prior to the release there were many snippets of upcoming music including the songs "Broken Record", "Helter Skelter", "Beggars" (with Diskord), "Louder Than Bombs", "Friends", "Superstar" (which  featured Pegboard Nerds and NGHTMRE) and "Marchin On"  Only three of them made the final track listing, with "Superstar" later being released as a non-album single 
Before the liberation of the EP, two songs were released: "Say Goodbye" on November 24, 2014 and "Somewhere to Run" on March 25, 2015 respectively 

Singles
"Beggars" was released as the lead single from the EP on April 28, 2016, which featured electronic duo Diskord  The music video was released on the same day 

Promotional singles
"Broken Record" was teased before the release of the extended play on May 10, 2016  A music video was later released on June 8, 2016 as a part of their celebrations for the day in which the duo (at the time a trio) abandoned other studies to become full-time musicians 

Promotion
On April 29, 2016 Krewella released a 30-second video of Yasmine rapping to the tune of Kanye West's song "I Love Kanye" stating "F**k tomorrow, we'll show you the new Krewella" prior to the release of the single "Beggars" with Diskord  The music video for the song was released at the same time On the last few days before the release, teasers for "Surrender the Throne", "Marching On", "Beggars", "Broken Record", "Ammunition", and "Can't Forget You" were released, with the latter being released one day before Ammunition's release Krewella are going on a headline tour later in 2016, set to span across 16 dates in North America and Canada and will feature new music and their entire live band 

Commercial performance
On the week ending June 11, 2016 Ammunition reached no  2 on the Billboard Top Dance/Electronic Albums chart and sold 3,000 copies in its debut week  Its lead single, Beggars reached No 24 on the top Dance/Electronic Digital Songs chart and No 33 on the Hot Dance/Electronic Song chart 

Track listing
Charts
Passage 8:
Streets of Gold
Streets of Gold is the third studio album by American electronic music duo 3OH!3  It was released on June 29, 2010 in the United States and July 19, 2010 in the United Kingdom  The album debuted at number seven on the US Billboard 200, selling 41,000 copies in its first week  Upon its release, Streets of Gold received generally mixed reviews from most music critics 

Background
3OH!3 released a video for the song "House Party" on April 8 as a teaser for Streets of Gold  The group hired Andrew W K  to do a rock remix of "House Party", which was released virally on Friday April 16, 2010  3OH!3 had met Andrew W K  at a house party in Memphis, Tennessee  First single, "My First Kiss" was released on their website at 3:03 PM EST May 3  and digitally at midnight on May 4  On May 18, 2010, the song "Touchin' on My" was released exclusively on iTunes Store  3OH!3 planned to release a new song every other Tuesday up to the release of the album  "Déjà Vu" was released on June 1, and "Double Vision" was released on June 15  On June 8, the song "I Can Do Anything" was released to members only on the 3OH!3 website 
The song "I Know How To Say" was used in a trailer for the animated Disney film Mars Needs Moms  An excerpt from the instrumental version of the song can be heard on the official Mars Needs Moms website 

Critical reception
The album received mixed reviews from most music critics  At Metacritic, which assigns a normalized rating out of 100 to reviews from mainstream critics, the album has received an average score of 48, based on 11 reviews, which indicates "generally mixed or average reviews"  AllMusic writer David Jeffries noted "over-the-top performances" and stated "3OH!3 are nothing if not loud and shameless, so if you expect end-to-end excellence from their albums, you’ve got a lot to learn about cheap thrills"  Entertainment Weekly's Leah Greenblatt gave the album a C+ rating and wrote that "Streets of Gold's beats still sound garage-sale-Casio cheap, but the album yields several doofy, affable sing-alongs"  Jon Caramanica of The New York Times complimented its incorporation of hip hop, rock, and electro-pop styles and described it as "an oppressive and convincing wall of sounds"  Alternative Press gave the album 4 out of 5 stars and wrote that it "sweeps across a broad range of stylistic tones, maintaining levity while dabbling in comparably serious musical pursuits"  The Washington Post's Sean Fennessey called 3OH!3 "cheeky stylists with quips that frequently devolve into misogyny" and noted "little depth", but concluded "Still, this is a group that excels when no one is listening to what they're saying, only to how they sound, which is always committed and fearlessly grand" In contrast, BBC Online's Fraser McAlpine panned the album's lyrics and called it "dumb for sure, but no fun whatsoever"  Ben Weisz of MusicOMH gave it 2 out of 5 stars and stated "the lyrics are generally unimaginative, sacrificing any shred of credibility to chase the cheap rhyme"  Stacey Anderson of Spin criticized the songs' "witticisms" and noted "brutish synths and hammy bleats"  Giving it 1 out of 5 stars, Jody Rosen of Rolling Stone called it "grim stuff – a soundtrack for beer-pong tournaments" and panned its formula of "dopey electro rock bolstering 'raps' about drinking    and getting girls to 'touch on' their privates"  NME's Mark Beaumont gave the album a 0/10 rating and called 3OH!3 "electro-hip-pop white bread American scum", stating "If Streets Of Gold's lyrics are unlikely to bother the Nobel committee, musically 3OH!3 are a boyband pendulum: the threat of the latter tamed and glossed by the cash-hungry urge to be the former" 

Commercial performance
Streets of Gold debuted at number seven on the Billboard 200 with 41,000 copies sold in its first week  The album has sold more than 100,000 copies in US 

Track listing
Personnel
Credits for Streets of Gold adapted from AllMusic 

Musicians
Production
Charts
Passage 9:
Harnessed the Storm
Harnessed the Storm is the second studio album by American electronic music duo Drexciya  It was released on Tresor in 2002  Designed as the first of seven conceptually linked albums that the duo produced over the course of a single year, it is the only one credited to Drexciya  Different aliases were used for the others 

Critical reception
Philip Downey of Exclaim! described Harnessed the Storm as "forward-looking, vocal-less, sci-fi stuff"  Andy Battaglia of The A V  Club felt that Drexciya "still creates some of the most visionary electro around", but concluded that the album's "Detroit-style formalism" sounds "too old-fashioned to sneak the future into the past" In 2010, Resident Advisor placed Harnessed the Storm at number 97 on its list of the "Top 100 Albums of the 2000s"  In 2017, Pitchfork placed it at number 11 on its list of "The 50 Best IDM Albums of All Time" 

Track listing
Passage 10:
White Noise (Disclosure song)
"White Noise" is a song by British electronic music duo Disclosure, featuring vocals from electronic music duo AlunaGeorge  It was released as a digital download in the United Kingdom on 1 February 2013  The song peaked at number two on the UK Singles Chart  The track is the second single from the duo's debut studio album, Settle (2013)  The song was written by Howard Lawrence, Guy Lawrence, Aluna Francis, George Reid and James Napier 

Reception
Critical reception
The track was met with very positive reviews upon its release  Pitchfork labeled it "Best New Music"  Robert Copsey of Digital Spy gave the song a positive review stating:

For their latest track 'White Noise' they've hooked up with trendy newbies AlunaGeorge – a savvy collaboration that's been carefully timed following their shared domination of last month's ones-to-watch lists  That's not to say it sounds forced; Disclosure's humming bassline, swirling synths and addictive clubby beeps are perfectly tailored to Aluna's pitched vocal  The result strikes a rarely-heard balance between hipster-friendly and potential chart-dominator   

Freddie Holmes of The Underclassed gave the track a mixed review, stating that "It's a great track nonetheless, especially to someone that hasn't heard any of either group's previous material, but my superfan standpoint has rendered me to be overly critical" Billboard named it the eighth greatest song of 2013  The website wrote about the song, "In a year in which Disclosure and AlunaGeorge watched their audiences and cultural cache grow exponentially, the two duos' wiry, icy-cool collaboration represented a high point for each" 

Commercial performance
The song entered at number 28 on the UK Singles Chart  The following week, it climbed 26 places to number two on the chart, beaten to the top by "Thrift Shop" by Macklemore & Ryan Lewis, featuring Wanz 

Live performances
At the 2014 BRIT Awards, Disclosure and Lorde performed an electro version of Lorde's song "Royals", which transitioned into "White Noise", for which AlunaGeorge appeared on stage  The "Royals/White Noise" performance was released at iTunes Stores by the BRIT Awards on 19 February 2014; proceeds from its sales went to the charity War Child 

Music video
The song's music video has a security guard and he starts in an abandoned warehouse 

Track listings
Digital download"White Noise" (featuring AlunaGeorge) – 5:40BRITs performance digital download"Royals / White Noise" – 4:59

Charts and certifications
Release history
Context 2: Passage 1:
Rabi cycle
In physics, the Rabi cycle (or Rabi flop) is the cyclic behaviour of a two-level quantum system in the presence of an oscillatory driving field  A great variety of physical processes belonging to the areas of quantum computing, condensed matter, atomic and molecular physics, and nuclear and particle physics can be conveniently studied in terms of two-level quantum mechanical systems, and exhibit Rabi flopping when coupled to an optical driving field  The effect is important in quantum optics, magnetic resonance and quantum computing, and is named after Isidor Isaac Rabi 
A two-level system is one that has two possible energy levels  These two levels are a ground state with lower energy and an excited state with higher energy  If the energy levels are not degenerate (i e  not having equal energies), the system can absorb a quantum of energy and transition from the ground state to the "excited" state  When an atom (or some other two-level system) is illuminated by a coherent beam of photons, it will cyclically absorb photons and re-emit them by stimulated emission  One such cycle is called a Rabi cycle, and the inverse of its duration is the Rabi frequency of the photon beam  The effect can be modeled using the Jaynes–Cummings model and the Bloch vector formalism 

Mathematical description
A detailed mathematical description of the effect can be found on the page for the Rabi problem  For example, for a two-state atom (an atom in which an electron can either be in the excited or ground state) in an electromagnetic field with frequency tuned to the excitation energy, the probability of finding the atom in the excited state is found from the Bloch equations to be

  
    
      
        
          |
        
        
          c
          
            b
          
        
        (
        t
        )
        
          
            |
          
          
            2
          
        
        ∝
        
          sin
          
            2
          
        
        ⁡
        (
        ω
        t
        
          /
        
        2
        )
        ,
      
    
    {\displaystyle |c_{b}(t)|^{2}\propto \sin ^{2}(\omega t/2),}
  where 
  
    
      
        ω
      
    
    {\displaystyle \omega }
   is the Rabi frequency 
More generally, one can consider a system where the two levels under consideration are not energy eigenstates  Therefore, if the system is initialized in one of these levels, time evolution will make the population of each of the levels oscillate with some characteristic frequency, whose angular frequency is also known as the Rabi frequency  The state of a two-state quantum system can be represented as vectors of a two-dimensional complex Hilbert space, which means that every state vector 
  
    
      
        
          |
        
        ψ
        ⟩
      
    
    {\displaystyle |\psi \rangle }
   is represented by complex coordinates:

  
    
      
        
          |
        
        ψ
        ⟩
        =
        
          
            (
            
              
                
                  
                    c
                    
                      1
                    
                  
                
              
              
                
                  
                    c
                    
                      2
                    
                  
                
              
            
            )
          
        
        =
        
          c
          
            1
          
        
        
          
            (
            
              
                
                  1
                
              
              
                
                  0
                
              
            
            )
          
        
        +
        
          c
          
            2
          
        
        
          
            (
            
              
                
                  0
                
              
              
                
                  1
                
              
            
            )
          
        
        ,
      
    
    {\displaystyle |\psi \rangle ={\begin{pmatrix}c_{1}\\c_{2}\end{pmatrix}}=c_{1}{\begin{pmatrix}1\\0\end{pmatrix}}+c_{2}{\begin{pmatrix}0\\1\end{pmatrix}},}
  where 
  
    
      
        
          c
          
            1
          
        
      
    
    {\displaystyle c_{1}}
   and 
  
    
      
        
          c
          
            2
          
        
      
    
    {\displaystyle c_{2}}
   are the coordinates If the vectors are normalized, 
  
    
      
        
          c
          
            1
          
        
      
    
    {\displaystyle c_{1}}
   and 
  
    
      
        
          c
          
            2
          
        
      
    
    {\displaystyle c_{2}}
   are related by 
  
    
      
        
          |
        
        
          c
          
            1
          
        
        
          
            |
          
          
            2
          
        
        +
        
          |
        
        
          c
          
            2
          
        
        
          
            |
          
          
            2
          
        
        =
        1
      
    
    {\displaystyle |c_{1}|^{2}+|c_{2}|^{2}=1}
    The basis vectors will be represented as 
  
    
      
        
          |
        
        0
        ⟩
        =
        
          
            (
            
              
                
                  1
                
              
              
                
                  0
                
              
            
            )
          
        
      
    
    {\displaystyle |0\rangle ={\begin{pmatrix}1\\0\end{pmatrix}}}
   and 
  
    
      
        
          |
        
        1
        ⟩
        =
        
          
            (
            
              
                
                  0
                
              
              
                
                  1
                
              
            
            )
          
        
      
    
    {\displaystyle |1\rangle ={\begin{pmatrix}0\\1\end{pmatrix}}}
   
All observable physical quantities associated with this systems are 2 × 2 Hermitian matrices, which means that the Hamiltonian of the system is also a similar matrix 

Procedure
One can construct an oscillation experiment through the following steps:
Prepare the system in a fixed state; for example, 
  
    
      
        
          |
        
        1
        ⟩
      
    
    {\displaystyle |1\rangle }
  
Let the state evolve freely, under a Hamiltonian H for time t
Find the probability 
  
    
      
        P
        (
        t
        )
      
    
    {\displaystyle P(t)}
  , that the state is in 
  
    
      
        
          |
        
        1
        ⟩
      
    
    {\displaystyle |1\rangle }
  If 
  
    
      
        
          |
        
        1
        ⟩
      
    
    {\displaystyle |1\rangle }
   is an eigenstate of H, 
  
    
      
        P
        (
        t
        )
        =
        1
      
    
    {\displaystyle P(t)=1}
   and there will be no oscillations  Also if the two states 
  
    
      
        
          |
        
        0
        ⟩
      
    
    {\displaystyle |0\rangle }
   and 
  
    
      
        
          |
        
        1
        ⟩
      
    
    {\displaystyle |1\rangle }
   are degenerate, every state including 
  
    
      
        
          |
        
        1
        ⟩
      
    
    {\displaystyle |1\rangle }
   is an eigenstate of H  As a result, there will be no oscillations 
On the other hand, if H has no degenerate eigenstates, and the initial state is not an eigenstate, then there will be oscillations  The most general form of the Hamiltonian of a two-state system is given

  
    
      
        
          H
        
        =
        
          
            (
            
              
                
                  
                    a
                    
                      0
                    
                  
                  +
                  
                    a
                    
                      3
                    
                  
                
                
                  
                    a
                    
                      1
                    
                  
                  −
                  i
                  
                    a
                    
                      2
                    
                  
                
              
              
                
                  
                    a
                    
                      1
                    
                  
                  +
                  i
                  
                    a
                    
                      2
                    
                  
                
                
                  
                    a
                    
                      0
                    
                  
                  −
                  
                    a
                    
                      3
                    
                  
                
              
            
            )
          
        
      
    
    {\displaystyle \mathbf {H} ={\begin{pmatrix}a_{0}+a_{3}&a_{1}-ia_{2}\\a_{1}+ia_{2}&a_{0}-a_{3}\end{pmatrix}}}
  here, 
  
    
      
        
          a
          
            0
          
        
        ,
        
          a
          
            1
          
        
        ,
        
          a
          
            2
          
        
      
    
    {\displaystyle a_{0},a_{1},a_{2}}
   and 
  
    
      
        
          a
          
            3
          
        
      
    
    {\displaystyle a_{3}}
   are real numbers  This matrix can be decomposed as,

  
    
      
        
          H
        
        =
        
          a
          
            0
          
        
        ⋅
        
          σ
          
            0
          
        
        +
        
          a
          
            1
          
        
        ⋅
        
          σ
          
            1
          
        
        +
        
          a
          
            2
          
        
        ⋅
        
          σ
          
            2
          
        
        +
        
          a
          
            3
          
        
        ⋅
        
          σ
          
            3
          
        
        ;
      
    
    {\displaystyle \mathbf {H} =a_{0}\cdot \sigma _{0}+a_{1}\cdot \sigma _{1}+a_{2}\cdot \sigma _{2}+a_{3}\cdot \sigma _{3};}
  The matrix 
  
    
      
        
          σ
          
            0
          
        
      
    
    {\displaystyle \sigma _{0}}
   is the 2 
  
    
      
        ×
      
    
    {\displaystyle \times }
   2 identity matrix and the matrices 
  
    
      
        
          σ
          
            k
          
        
        
        (
        k
        =
        1
        ,
        2
        ,
        3
        )
      
    
    {\displaystyle \sigma _{k}\;(k=1,2,3)}
   are the Pauli matrices  This decomposition simplifies the analysis of the system especially in the time-independent case where the values of 
  
    
      
        
          a
          
            0
          
        
        ,
        
          a
          
            1
          
        
        ,
        
          a
          
            2
          
        
      
    
    {\displaystyle a_{0},a_{1},a_{2}}
   and 
  
    
      
        
          a
          
            3
          
        
      
    
    {\displaystyle a_{3}}
  are constants  Consider the case of a spin-1/2 particle in a magnetic field 
  
    
      
        
          B
        
        =
        B
        
          
            
              z
              ^
            
          
        
      
    
    {\displaystyle \mathbf {B} =B\mathbf {\hat {z}} }
    The interaction Hamiltonian for this system is

  
    
      
        
          H
        
        =
        −
        
          μ
        
        ⋅
        
          B
        
        =
        −
        γ
        
          S
        
        ⋅
        
          B
        
        =
        −
        γ
         
        B
         
        
          S
          
            z
          
        
      
    
    {\displaystyle \mathbf {H} =-{\boldsymbol {\mu }}\cdot \mathbf {B} =-\gamma \mathbf {S} \cdot \mathbf {B} =-\gamma \ B\ S_{z}}
  , 
  
    
      
        
          S
          
            z
          
        
        =
        
          
            ℏ
            2
          
        
        
        
          σ
          
            3
          
        
        =
        
          
            ℏ
            2
          
        
        
          
            (
            
              
                
                  1
                
                
                  0
                
              
              
                
                  0
                
                
                  −
                  1
                
              
            
            )
          
        
        ,
      
    
    {\displaystyle S_{z}={\frac {\hbar }{2}}\,\sigma _{3}={\frac {\hbar }{2}}{\begin{pmatrix}1&0\\0&-1\end{pmatrix}},}
  where 
  
    
      
        μ
      
    
    {\displaystyle \mu }
   is the magnitude of the particle's magnetic moment, 
  
    
      
        γ
      
    
    {\displaystyle \gamma }
   is the Gyromagnetic ratio and 
  
    
      
        
          σ
        
      
    
    {\displaystyle {\boldsymbol {\sigma }}}
   is the vector of Pauli matrices  Here the eigenstates of Hamiltonian are eigenstates of 
  
    
      
        
          σ
          
            3
          
        
      
    
    {\displaystyle \sigma _{3}}
  , that is 
  
    
      
        
          |
        
        0
        ⟩
      
    
    {\displaystyle |0\rangle }
   and 
  
    
      
        
          |
        
        1
        ⟩
      
    
    {\displaystyle |1\rangle }
  , with corresponding eigenvalues of 
  
    
      
        
          E
          
            +
          
        
        =
        
          
            ℏ
            2
          
        
        γ
        B
         
        ,
         
        
          E
          
            −
          
        
        =
        −
        
          
            ℏ
            2
          
        
        γ
        B
      
    
    {\displaystyle E_{+}={\frac {\hbar }{2}}\gamma B\ ,\ E_{-}=-{\frac {\hbar }{2}}\gamma B}
    The probability that a system in the state 
  
    
      
        
          |
        
        ψ
        ⟩
      
    
    {\displaystyle |\psi \rangle }
   can be found in the arbitrary state 
  
    
      
        
          |
        
        ϕ
        ⟩
      
    
    {\displaystyle |\phi \rangle }
   is given by 
  
    
      
        
          
            
              |
            
            ⟨
            ϕ
            
              |
            
            ψ
            ⟩
            
              |
            
          
          
            2
          
        
      
    
    {\displaystyle {|\langle \phi |\psi \rangle |}^{2}}
   
Let the system be prepared in state 
  
    
      
        
          |
          
            +
            X
          
          ⟩
        
      
    
    {\displaystyle \left|+X\right\rangle }
   at time 
  
    
      
        t
        =
        0
      
    
    {\displaystyle t=0}
    Note that 
  
    
      
        
          |
          
            +
            X
          
          ⟩
        
      
    
    {\displaystyle \left|+X\right\rangle }
   is an eigenstate of 
  
    
      
        
          σ
          
            1
          
        
      
    
    {\displaystyle \sigma _{1}}
  :

  
    
      
        
          |
        
        ψ
        (
        0
        )
        ⟩
        =
        
          
            1
            
              2
            
          
        
        
          
            (
            
              
                
                  1
                
              
              
                
                  1
                
              
            
            )
          
        
        =
        
          
            1
            
              2
            
          
        
        
          
            (
            
              
                
                  1
                
              
              
                
                  0
                
              
            
            )
          
        
        +
        
          
            1
            
              2
            
          
        
        
          
            (
            
              
                
                  0
                
              
              
                
                  1
                
              
            
            )
          
        
         
      
    
    {\displaystyle |\psi (0)\rangle ={\frac {1}{\sqrt {2}}}{\begin{pmatrix}1\\1\end{pmatrix}}={\frac {1}{\sqrt {2}}}{\begin{pmatrix}1\\0\end{pmatrix}}+{\frac {1}{\sqrt {2}}}{\begin{pmatrix}0\\1\end{pmatrix}} }
  Here the Hamiltonian is time independent  Thus by solving the stationary Schrödinger equation, the state after time t is given by  with total energy of the system 
  
    
      
        E
      
    
    {\displaystyle E}
    So the state after time t is given by:

  
    
      
        
          |
        
        ψ
        (
        t
        )
        ⟩
        =
        
          e
          
            
              
                −
                i
                
                  E
                  
                    +
                  
                
                t
              
              ℏ
            
          
        
        
          
            1
            
              2
            
          
        
        
          |
        
        0
        ⟩
        +
        
          e
          
            
              
                −
                i
                
                  E
                  
                    −
                  
                
                t
              
              ℏ
            
          
        
        
          
            1
            
              2
            
          
        
        
          |
        
        1
        ⟩
      
    
    {\displaystyle |\psi (t)\rangle =e^{\frac {-iE_{+}t}{\hbar }}{\frac {1}{\sqrt {2}}}|0\rangle +e^{\frac {-iE_{-}t}{\hbar }}{\frac {1}{\sqrt {2}}}|1\rangle }
   Now suppose the spin is measured in x-direction at time t  The probability of finding spin-up is given by:where 
  
    
      
        ω
      
    
    {\displaystyle \omega }
   is a characteristic angular frequency given by 
  
    
      
        ω
        =
        
          
            
              
                E
                
                  +
                
              
              −
              
                E
                
                  −
                
              
            
            ℏ
          
        
        =
        γ
        B
      
    
    {\displaystyle \omega ={\frac {E_{+}-E_{-}}{\hbar }}=\gamma B}
  , where it has been assumed that 
  
    
      
        
          E
          
            −
          
        
        ≤
        
          E
          
            +
          
        
      
    
    {\displaystyle E_{-}\leq E_{+}}
    So in this case the probability of finding spin-up in x-direction is oscillatory in time 
  
    
      
        t
      
    
    {\displaystyle t}
   when the system's spin is initially in the 
  
    
      
        
          |
          
            +
            X
          
          ⟩
        
      
    
    {\displaystyle \left|+X\right\rangle }
   direction  Similarly, if we measure the spin in the 
  
    
      
        
          |
          
            +
            Z
          
          ⟩
        
      
    
    {\displaystyle \left|+Z\right\rangle }
  -direction, the probability of measuring spin as 
  
    
      
        
          
            
              ℏ
              2
            
          
        
      
    
    {\displaystyle {\tfrac {\hbar }{2}}}
   of the system is 
  
    
      
        
          
            
              1
              2
            
          
        
      
    
    {\displaystyle {\tfrac {1}{2}}}
    In the degenerate case where 
  
    
      
        
          E
          
            +
          
        
        =
        
          E
          
            −
          
        
      
    
    {\displaystyle E_{+}=E_{-}}
  , the characteristic frequency is 0 and there is no oscillation 
Notice that if a system is in an eigenstate of a given Hamiltonian, the system remains in that state 
This is true even for time dependent Hamiltonians  Taking for example 
  
    
      
        
          
            
              H
              ^
            
          
        
        =
        −
        γ
         
        
          S
          
            z
          
        
        B
        sin
        ⁡
        (
        ω
        t
        )
      
    
    {\textstyle {\hat {H}}=-\gamma \ S_{z}B\sin(\omega t)}
  ; if the system's initial spin state is 
  
    
      
        
          |
          
            +
            Y
          
          ⟩
        
      
    
    {\displaystyle \left|+Y\right\rangle }
  , then the probability that a measurement of the spin in the y-direction results in 
  
    
      
        +
        
          
            
              ℏ
              2
            
          
        
      
    
    {\displaystyle +{\tfrac {\hbar }{2}}}
   at time 
  
    
      
        t
      
    
    {\displaystyle t}
   is 
  
    
      
        
          
            
              |
              
                ⟨
                
                  
                  +
                  Y
                  
                    |
                  
                  ψ
                  (
                  t
                  )
                
                ⟩
              
              |
            
          
          
            2
          
        
        
        =
        
          cos
          
            2
          
        
        ⁡
        
          (
          
            
              
                
                  γ
                  B
                
                
                  2
                  ω
                
              
            
            cos
            ⁡
            
              (
              
                ω
                t
              
              )
            
          
          )
        
      
    
    {\textstyle {\left|\left\langle \,+Y|\psi (t)\right\rangle \right|}^{2}\,=\cos ^{2}\left({\frac {\gamma B}{2\omega }}\cos \left({\omega t}\right)\right)}
   

Derivation using nonperturbative procedure by means of the Pauli matrices
Consider a Hamiltonian of the formThe eigenvalues of this matrix are given bywhere 
  
    
      
        
          W
        
        =
        
          W
          
            1
          
        
        +
        i
        
          W
          
            2
          
        
      
    
    {\displaystyle \mathbf {W} =W_{1}+iW_{2}}
   and 
  
    
      
        
          
            
              |
              W
              |
            
          
          
            2
          
        
        =
        
          
            
              W
              
                1
              
            
          
          
            2
          
        
        +
        
          
            
              W
              
                2
              
            
          
          
            2
          
        
        =
        W
        
          W
          
            ∗
          
        
      
    
    {\displaystyle {\left\vert W\right\vert }^{2}={W_{1}}^{2}+{W_{2}}^{2}=WW^{*}}
  , so we can take 
  
    
      
        
          W
        
        =
        
          
            |
            W
            |
          
        
        
          e
          
            i
            ϕ
          
        
      
    
    {\displaystyle \mathbf {W} ={\left\vert W\right\vert }e^{i\phi }}
   
Now, eigenvectors for 
  
    
      
        
          E
          
            +
          
        
      
    
    {\displaystyle E_{+}}
   can be found from equationSoApplying the normalization condition on the eigenvectors, 
  
    
      
        
          
            
              |
              a
              |
            
          
          
            2
          
        
        +
        
          
            
              |
              b
              |
            
          
          
            2
          
        
        =
        1
      
    
    {\displaystyle {\left\vert a\right\vert }^{2}+{\left\vert b\right\vert }^{2}=1}
    SoLet 
  
    
      
        sin
        ⁡
        θ
        =
        
          
            
              |
              W
              |
            
            
              
                
                  Δ
                
                
                  2
                
              
              +
              
                
                  
                    |
                    W
                    |
                  
                
                
                  2
                
              
            
          
        
      
    
    {\displaystyle \sin \theta ={\frac {\left\vert W\right\vert }{\sqrt {{\Delta }^{2}+{\left\vert W\right\vert }^{2}}}}}
   and 
  
    
      
        cos
        ⁡
        θ
        =
        
          
            Δ
            
              
                
                  Δ
                
                
                  2
                
              
              +
              
                
                  
                    |
                    W
                    |
                  
                
                
                  2
                
              
            
          
        
      
    
    {\displaystyle \cos \theta ={\frac {\Delta }{\sqrt {{\Delta }^{2}+{\left\vert W\right\vert }^{2}}}}}
    So 
  
    
      
        tan
        ⁡
        θ
        =
        
          
            
              |
              W
              |
            
            Δ
          
        
      
    
    {\displaystyle \tan \theta ={\frac {\left\vert W\right\vert }{\Delta }}}
   
So we get 
  
    
      
        
          
            
              |
              a
              |
            
          
          
            2
          
        
        +
        
          
            
              |
              a
              |
            
          
          
            2
          
        
        
          
            
              (
              
                1
                −
                cos
                ⁡
                θ
              
              
                )
                
                  2
                
              
            
            
              
                sin
                
                  2
                
              
              ⁡
              θ
            
          
        
        =
        1
      
    
    {\textstyle {\left\vert a\right\vert }^{2}+{\left\vert a\right\vert }^{2}{\frac {({1-\cos \theta })^{2}}{\sin ^{2}\theta }}=1}
    That is 
  
    
      
        
          
            
              |
              a
              |
            
          
          
            2
          
        
        =
        
          cos
          
            2
          
        
        ⁡
        
          (
          
            
              
                θ
                2
              
            
          
          )
        
      
    
    {\displaystyle {\left\vert a\right\vert }^{2}=\cos ^{2}\left({\tfrac {\theta }{2}}\right)}
  , using the identity 
  
    
      
        tan
        ⁡
        (
        
          
            
              θ
              2
            
          
        
        )
        =
        
          
            
              
                1
                −
                cos
                ⁡
                (
                θ
                )
              
              
                sin
                ⁡
                (
                θ
                )
              
            
          
        
      
    
    {\textstyle \tan({\tfrac {\theta }{2}})={\tfrac {1-\cos(\theta )}{\sin(\theta )}}}
   
The phase of 
  
    
      
        a
      
    
    {\textstyle a}
   relative to 
  
    
      
        b
      
    
    {\textstyle b}
   should be 
  
    
      
        −
        ϕ
      
    
    {\textstyle -\phi }
   
Choosing 
  
    
      
        a
      
    
    {\textstyle a}
   to be real, the eigenvector for the eigenvalue 
  
    
      
        
          E
          
            +
          
        
      
    
    {\displaystyle E_{+}}
   is given bySimilarly, the eigenvector for eigenenergy 
  
    
      
        
          E
          
            −
          
        
      
    
    {\textstyle E_{-}}
   isFrom these two equations, we can writeSuppose the system starts in state 
  
    
      
        
          |
        
        0
        ⟩
      
    
    {\displaystyle |0\rangle }
   at time 
  
    
      
        t
        =
        0
      
    
    {\textstyle t=0}
  ; that is,For a time-independent Hamiltonian, after time t, the state evolves asIf the system is in one of the eigenstates 
  
    
      
        
          |
        
        
          E
          
            +
          
        
        ⟩
      
    
    {\displaystyle |E_{+}\rangle }
   or 
  
    
      
        
          |
        
        
          E
          
            −
          
        
        ⟩
      
    
    {\displaystyle |E_{-}\rangle }
  , it will remain the same state  However, for a time-dependent Hamiltonian and a general initial state as shown above, the time evolution is non trivial   The resulting formula for the Rabi oscillation is valid because the state of the spin may be viewed in a reference frame that rotates along with the field The probability amplitude of finding the system at time t in the state 
  
    
      
        
          |
        
        1
        ⟩
      
    
    {\displaystyle |1\rangle }
   is given by 
  
    
      
        
          ⟨
          
             
            1
            
              |
            
            ψ
            (
            t
            )
          
          ⟩
        
        =
        
          e
          
            i
            ϕ
          
        
        sin
        ⁡
        
          (
          
            
              
                θ
                2
              
            
          
          )
        
        cos
        ⁡
        
          (
          
            
              
                θ
                2
              
            
          
          )
        
        
          (
          
            
              e
              
                
                  
                    −
                    i
                    
                      E
                      
                        +
                      
                    
                    t
                  
                  ℏ
                
              
            
            −
            
              e
              
                
                  
                    −
                    i
                    
                      E
                      
                        −
                      
                    
                    t
                  
                  ℏ
                
              
            
          
          )
        
      
    
    {\textstyle \left\langle \ 1|\psi (t)\right\rangle =e^{i\phi }\sin \left({\tfrac {\theta }{2}}\right)\cos \left({\tfrac {\theta }{2}}\right)\left(e^{\frac {-iE_{+}t}{\hbar }}-e^{\frac {-iE_{-}t}{\hbar }}\right)}
   
Now the probability that a system in the state 
  
    
      
        
          |
        
        ψ
        (
        t
        )
        ⟩
      
    
    {\displaystyle |\psi (t)\rangle }
   will be found to be in the state 
  
    
      
        
          |
        
        1
        ⟩
      
    
    {\textstyle |1\rangle }
   is given byThis can be simplified to 

This shows that there is a finite probability of finding the system in state 
  
    
      
        
          |
        
        1
        ⟩
      
    
    {\displaystyle |1\rangle }
   when the system is originally in the state 
  
    
      
        
          |
        
        0
        ⟩
      
    
    {\displaystyle |0\rangle }
    The probability is oscillatory with angular frequency 
  
    
      
        ω
        =
        
          
            
              
                E
                
                  +
                
              
              −
              
                E
                
                  −
                
              
            
            
              2
              ℏ
            
          
        
        =
        
          
            
              
                
                  Δ
                
                
                  2
                
              
              +
              
                
                  
                    |
                    W
                    |
                  
                
                
                  2
                
              
            
            ℏ
          
        
      
    
    {\displaystyle \omega ={\frac {E_{+}-E_{-}}{2\hbar }}={\frac {\sqrt {{\Delta }^{2}+{\left\vert W\right\vert }^{2}}}{\hbar }}}
  , which is simply unique Bohr frequency of the system and also called Rabi frequency  The formula (1) is known as Rabi formula  Now after time t the probability that the system in state 
  
    
      
        
          |
        
        0
        ⟩
      
    
    {\displaystyle |0\rangle }
   is given by 
  
    
      
        
          
            
              |
            
            ⟨
             
            0
            
              |
            
            ψ
            (
            t
            )
            ⟩
            
              |
            
          
          
            2
          
        
        =
        1
        −
        
          sin
          
            2
          
        
        ⁡
        (
        θ
        )
        
          sin
          
            2
          
        
        ⁡
        
          (
          
            
              
                (
                
                  E
                  
                    +
                  
                
                −
                
                  E
                  
                    −
                  
                
                )
                t
              
              
                2
                ℏ
              
            
          
          )
        
      
    
    {\displaystyle {|\langle \ 0|\psi (t)\rangle |}^{2}=1-\sin ^{2}(\theta )\sin ^{2}\left({\frac {(E_{+}-E_{-})t}{2\hbar }}\right)}
  , which is also oscillatory 
These types of oscillations of two-level systems are called Rabi oscillations, which arise in many problems such as Neutrino oscillation, the ionized Hydrogen molecule, Quantum computing, Ammonia maser, etc 

In quantum computing
Any two-state quantum system can be used to model a qubit   Consider a spin-
  
    
      
        
          
            
              1
              2
            
          
        
      
    
    {\displaystyle {\tfrac {1}{2}}}
   system with magnetic moment 
  
    
      
        
          μ
        
      
    
    {\displaystyle {\boldsymbol {\mu }}}
   placed in a classical magnetic field 
  
    
      
        
          B
        
        =
        
          B
          
            0
          
        
         
        
          
            
              z
              ^
            
          
        
        +
        
          B
          
            1
          
        
        
          (
          
            cos
            ⁡
            
              (
              ω
              t
              )
            
             
            
              
                
                  x
                  ^
                
              
            
            −
            sin
            ⁡
            
              (
              ω
              t
              )
            
             
            
              
                
                  y
                  ^
                
              
            
          
          )
        
      
    
    {\displaystyle {\boldsymbol {B}}=B_{0}\ {\hat {z}}+B_{1}\left(\cos {(\omega t)}\ {\hat {x}}-\sin {(\omega t)}\ {\hat {y}}\right)}
     Let 
  
    
      
        γ
      
    
    {\displaystyle \gamma }
   be the gyromagnetic ratio for the system  The magnetic moment is thus 
  
    
      
        
          μ
        
        =
        
          
            ℏ
            2
          
        
        γ
        
          σ
        
      
    
    {\displaystyle {\boldsymbol {\mu }}={\frac {\hbar }{2}}\gamma {\boldsymbol {\sigma }}}
     The Hamiltonian of this system is then given by 
  
    
      
        
          H
        
        =
        −
        
          μ
        
        ⋅
        
          B
        
        =
        −
        
          
            ℏ
            2
          
        
        
          ω
          
            0
          
        
        
          σ
          
            z
          
        
        −
        
          
            ℏ
            2
          
        
        
          ω
          
            1
          
        
        (
        
          σ
          
            x
          
        
        cos
        ⁡
        ω
        t
        −
        
          σ
          
            y
          
        
        sin
        ⁡
        ω
        t
        )
      
    
    {\displaystyle \mathbf {H} =-{\boldsymbol {\mu }}\cdot \mathbf {B} =-{\frac {\hbar }{2}}\omega _{0}\sigma _{z}-{\frac {\hbar }{2}}\omega _{1}(\sigma _{x}\cos \omega t-\sigma _{y}\sin \omega t)}
   where 
  
    
      
        
          ω
          
            0
          
        
        =
        γ
        
          B
          
            0
          
        
      
    
    {\displaystyle \omega _{0}=\gamma B_{0}}
   and 
  
    
      
        
          ω
          
            1
          
        
        =
        γ
        
          B
          
            1
          
        
      
    
    {\displaystyle \omega _{1}=\gamma B_{1}}
     One can find the eigenvalues and eigenvectors of this Hamiltonian by the above-mentioned procedure   Now, let the qubit be in state 
  
    
      
        
          |
        
        0
        ⟩
      
    
    {\displaystyle |0\rangle }
   at time 
  
    
      
        t
        =
        0
      
    
    {\displaystyle t=0}
     Then, at time 
  
    
      
        t
      
    
    {\displaystyle t}
  , the probability of it being found in state 
  
    
      
        
          |
        
        1
        ⟩
      
    
    {\displaystyle |1\rangle }
   is given by  
  
    
      
        
          P
          
            0
            →
            1
          
        
        (
        t
        )
        =
        
          
            (
            
              
                
                  ω
                  
                    1
                  
                
                Ω
              
            
            )
          
          
            2
          
        
        
          sin
          
            2
          
        
        ⁡
        
          (
          
            
              
                Ω
                t
              
              2
            
          
          )
        
      
    
    {\displaystyle P_{0\to 1}(t)=\left({\frac {\omega _{1}}{\Omega }}\right)^{2}\sin ^{2}\left({\frac {\Omega t}{2}}\right)}
   where 
  
    
      
        Ω
        =
        
          
            (
            ω
            −
            
              ω
              
                0
              
            
            
              )
              
                2
              
            
            +
            
              ω
              
                1
              
              
                2
              
            
          
        
      
    
    {\displaystyle \Omega ={\sqrt {(\omega -\omega _{0})^{2}+\omega _{1}^{2}}}}
     This phenomenon is called Rabi oscillation   Thus, the qubit oscillates between the 
  
    
      
        
          |
        
        0
        ⟩
      
    
    {\displaystyle |0\rangle }
   and 
  
    
      
        
          |
        
        1
        ⟩
      
    
    {\displaystyle |1\rangle }
   states  The maximum amplitude for oscillation is achieved at 
  
    
      
        ω
        =
        
          ω
          
            0
          
        
      
    
    {\displaystyle \omega =\omega _{0}}
  , which is the condition for resonance  At resonance, the transition probability is given by 
  
    
      
        
          P
          
            0
            →
            1
          
        
        (
        t
        )
        =
        
          sin
          
            2
          
        
        ⁡
        
          (
          
            
              
                
                  ω
                  
                    1
                  
                
                t
              
              2
            
          
          )
        
      
    
    {\displaystyle P_{0\to 1}(t)=\sin ^{2}\left({\frac {\omega _{1}t}{2}}\right)}
    To go from state 
  
    
      
        
          |
        
        0
        ⟩
      
    
    {\displaystyle |0\rangle }
   to state 
  
    
      
        
          |
        
        1
        ⟩
      
    
    {\displaystyle |1\rangle }
   it is sufficient to adjust the time 
  
    
      
        t
      
    
    {\displaystyle t}
   during which the rotating field acts such that 
  
    
      
        
          
            
              
                ω
                
                  1
                
              
              t
            
            2
          
        
        =
        
          
            π
            2
          
        
      
    
    {\displaystyle {\frac {\omega _{1}t}{2}}={\frac {\pi }{2}}}
   or 
  
    
      
        t
        =
        
          
            π
            
              ω
              
                1
              
            
          
        
      
    
    {\displaystyle t={\frac {\pi }{\omega _{1}}}}
    This is called a 
  
    
      
        π
      
    
    {\displaystyle \pi }
   pulse  If a time intermediate between 0 and 
  
    
      
        
          
            π
            
              ω
              
                1
              
            
          
        
      
    
    {\displaystyle {\frac {\pi }{\omega _{1}}}}
   is chosen, we obtain a superposition of 
  
    
      
        
          |
        
        0
        ⟩
      
    
    {\displaystyle |0\rangle }
   and 
  
    
      
        
          |
        
        1
        ⟩
      
    
    {\displaystyle |1\rangle }
    In particular for 
  
    
      
        t
        =
        
          
            π
            
              2
              
                ω
                
                  1
                
              
            
          
        
      
    
    {\displaystyle t={\frac {\pi }{2\omega _{1}}}}
  , we have a 
  
    
      
        
          
            π
            2
          
        
      
    
    {\displaystyle {\frac {\pi }{2}}}
   pulse, which acts as: 
  
    
      
        
          |
        
        0
        ⟩
        →
        
          
            
              
                |
              
              0
              ⟩
              +
              i
              
                |
              
              1
              ⟩
            
            
              2
            
          
        
      
    
    {\displaystyle |0\rangle \to {\frac {|0\rangle +i|1\rangle }{\sqrt {2}}}}
    This operation has crucial importance in quantum computing  The equations are essentially identical in the case of a two level atom in the field of a laser when the generally well satisfied rotating wave approximation is made  Then 
  
    
      
        ℏ
        
          ω
          
            0
          
        
      
    
    {\displaystyle \hbar \omega _{0}}
   is the energy difference between the two atomic levels, 
  
    
      
        ω
      
    
    {\displaystyle \omega }
   is the frequency of laser wave and Rabi frequency 
  
    
      
        
          ω
          
            1
          
        
      
    
    {\displaystyle \omega _{1}}
   is proportional to the product of the transition electric dipole moment of atom 
  
    
      
        
          
            
              d
              →
            
          
        
      
    
    {\displaystyle {\vec {d}}}
   and electric field 
  
    
      
        
          
            
              E
              →
            
          
        
      
    
    {\displaystyle {\vec {E}}}
   of the laser wave that is 
  
    
      
        
          ω
          
            1
          
        
        ∝
        ℏ
         
        
          
            
              d
              →
            
          
        
        ⋅
        
          
            
              E
              →
            
          
        
      
    
    {\displaystyle \omega _{1}\propto \hbar \ {\vec {d}}\cdot {\vec {E}}}
    In summary, Rabi oscillations are the basic process used to manipulate qubits  These oscillations are obtained by exposing qubits to periodic electric or magnetic fields during suitably adjusted time intervals 

See also
Atomic coherence
Bloch sphere
Laser pumping
Optical pumping
Rabi problem
Vacuum Rabi oscillation
Neutral particle oscillation
Passage 2:
Steven Kahn
Steven Michael Kahn (born 1954) is an American physicist currently the Cassius Lamb Kirk Professor at Stanford University and formerly the I  I  Rabi Professor of Physics at Columbia University and is an Elected Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences and American Physical Society Kahn graduated summa cum laude from Columbia College in 1975, and received a PhD in physics from University of California, Berkeley in 1980  He was a post-doctoral fellow at the Center for Astrophysics | Harvard & Smithsonian from 1980 to 1982 

Honors
Asteroid 179413 Stevekahn, discovered by astronomers with the Sloan Digital Sky Survey in 2001, was named in his honor  The official naming citation was published by IAU's WGSBN on 7 February 2022 
Passage 3:
Rabbi Jonathan
Rabbi Jonathan (Hebrew: רבי יונתן, Rabi Yonatan) was a tanna of the 2nd century and schoolfellow of R  Josiah, apart from whom he is rarely quoted 
Jonathan is generally so cited within further designation; but there is ample reason for identifying him with the less frequently occurring Jonathan (or Nathan) b  Joseph (or "Jose") 

Biography
In consequence of the Hadrianic religious persecutions he determined to emigrate from Israel, and with several other scholars started on a journey to foreign parts  But his patriotism and innate love for the Holy Land would not permit him to remain abroad Jonathan and Josiah were educated together at the academy of Ishmael ben Elisha, whose dialectic system, as opposed to that of Rabbi Akiva, they acquired  It is even reported that Jonathan all but converted Ben Azzai, a "fellow student" of Akiva, to Ishmael's system, and made him deeply regret his failure to study it more closely  Ben 'Azzai then exclaimed, "Woe is me that I have not waited on Ishmael"  Nevertheless, in later years, probably after Ishmael's death, both Jonathan and Josiah adopted some of Akiva's principles  Of Jonathan it is expressly stated that "he followed the system of his teacher Akiva" 

Teachings
Together, Jonathan and Josiah devoted their analytical minds to midrash halachah, interpreting laws as they understood them from the corresponding Scriptural texts, but not suggesting them  Only one halakhah unconnected with a Scriptural text bears their names  Their argumentations are mostly embodied in the Mekhilta (about thirty) and in the Sifre to Numbers (over forty)  Neither Jonathan nor Josiah appears in Rebbi's compilation of the Mishnah, with the exception of a single teaching, in the name of Jonathan Of other ancient compilations, the Tosefta cites these scholars once, while the Sifra mentions them twice by their names; once "Jonathan ben Joseph" occurs; and some of R  Josiah's midrashim are cited, but anonymously Contrary to the astrological views of his times, Jonathan taught the Scriptural idea of natural phenomena; quoting Jeremiah 10:2, he added: "Eclipses may frighten Gentiles, but they have no significance for Jews"  To the question as to the permissibility of profaning the Sabbath to save human life he answered, "The Law says 'The children of Israel shall keep the Sabbath, to observe the Sabbath throughout their generations'; but one may profane one Sabbath in order to preserve a man that he may observe many Sabbaths"  According to him, an am ha'aretz is one who has children and does not train them in the knowledge of the Law  Jonathan contradicted the general opinion of earlier and contemporaneous rabbis that a ben sorer umoreh ("rebellious son"; Deuteronomy 21:18-21) never was and never will be executed, and that the ir nidachat never did and never will occur; he declared that he himself had sat on the grave of an executed rebellious son and had seen a ruined ir nidachat 

Quotes
Jonathan was the author of many aphorisms, among them:

He that observes the Torah in poverty shall in the end observe it in wealth; and he that neglects the Torah in wealth shall in the end neglect it in poverty The angry man is controlled by many and variegated manifestations of hell Consoling the mourner, visiting the sick, and practical beneficence bring heavenly grace into the world 
Passage 4:
Albert Potter Wills
Albert Potter Wills (1873–1937) was an American physicist who researched magnetic materials and was the PhD advisor of the Nobel Prize winner Isidor Isaac Rabi 
During his career he investigated magnetic susceptibilities, magnetic shielding, magnetostriction, conduction of electricity through mercury vapor, and hydrodynamics  He also wrote a textbook on vector analysis 
Wills received his PhD from Clark University in 1897 under Arthur Gordon Webster with a thesis entitled: On the susceptibility of diamagnetic and weakly magnetic substances 
During 1898–1899 Wills worked at the University of Göttingen and the University of Berlin  During 1899–1902 he was at Bryn Mawr College and 1902–1903 at the Cooper Hewitt Laboratory  His final appointment, 1903–1937, was at Columbia University 
In 1909 at Columbia University, Max Planck gave eight lectures in German  Wills translated the lectures into English, and in 1915 Columbia University Press published his translation 
Passage 5:
Isidor Isaac Rabi
Isidor Isaac Rabi (; born Israel Isaac Rabi, July 29, 1898 – January 11, 1988) was an American physicist who won the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1944 for his discovery of nuclear magnetic resonance, which is used in magnetic resonance imaging  He was also one of the first scientists in the United States to work on the cavity magnetron, which is used in microwave radar and microwave ovens 
Born into a traditional Polish-Jewish family in Rymanów, Galicia, Rabi came to the United States as an infant and was raised in New York's Lower East Side  He entered Cornell University as an electrical engineering student in 1916, but soon switched to chemistry  Later, he became interested in physics  He continued his studies at Columbia University, where he was awarded his doctorate for a thesis on the magnetic susceptibility of certain crystals  In 1927, he headed for Europe, where he met and worked with many of the finest physicists of the time 
In 1929, Rabi returned to the United States, where Columbia offered him a faculty position  In collaboration with Gregory Breit, he developed the Breit–Rabi equation and predicted that the Stern–Gerlach experiment could be modified to confirm the properties of the atomic nucleus  His techniques for using nuclear magnetic resonance to discern the magnetic moment and nuclear spin of atoms earned him the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1944  Nuclear magnetic resonance became an important tool for nuclear physics and chemistry, and the subsequent development of magnetic resonance imaging from it has also made it important to the field of medicine 
During World War II he worked on radar at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) Radiation Laboratory (RadLab) and on the Manhattan Project  After the war, he served on the General Advisory Committee (GAC) of the Atomic Energy Commission, and was chairman from 1952 to 1956  He also served on the Science Advisory Committees (SACs) of the Office of Defense Mobilization and the Army's Ballistic Research Laboratory, and was Science Advisor to President Dwight D  Eisenhower  He was involved with the establishment of the Brookhaven National Laboratory in 1946, and later, as United States delegate to UNESCO, with the creation  of CERN in 1952  When Columbia created the rank of University Professor in 1964, Rabi was the first to receive that position  A special chair was named after him in 1985  He retired from teaching in 1967, but remained active in the department and held the title of University Professor Emeritus and Special Lecturer until his death 

Early years
Israel Isaac Rabi was born on July 29, 1898, into a Polish-Jewish Orthodox family in Rymanów, Galicia, in what was then part of Austria-Hungary but is now Poland  Soon after he was born, his father, David Rabi, emigrated to the United States  The younger Rabi and his mother, Sheindel, joined David there a few months later, and the family moved into a two-room apartment on the Lower East Side of Manhattan  At home the family spoke Yiddish  When Rabi was enrolled in school, Sheindel said his name was Izzy, and a school official, thinking it was short for Isidor, put that down as his name  Henceforth, that became his official name  Later, in response to anti-Semitism, he started writing his name as Isidor Isaac Rabi, and was known professionally as I I  Rabi  To most of his friends and family, including his sister Gertrude, who was born in 1903, he was known simply as "Rabi", which was pronounced "Robby"  In 1907, the family moved to Brownsville, Brooklyn, where they ran a grocery store As a boy, Rabi was interested in science  He read science books borrowed from the public library and built his own radio set  His first scientific paper, on the design of a radio condenser, was published in Modern Electrics when he was in elementary school  After reading about Copernican heliocentrism, he became an atheist  "It's all very simple", he told his parents, adding, "Who needs God?" As a compromise with his parents, for his Bar Mitzvah, which was held at home, he gave a speech in Yiddish about how an electric light works  He attended the Manual Training High School in Brooklyn, from which he graduated in 1916  Later that year, he entered Cornell University as an electrical engineering student, but soon switched to chemistry  After the American entry into World War I in 1917, he joined the Student Army Training Corps at Cornell  For his senior thesis, he investigated the oxidation states of manganese  He was awarded his Bachelor of Science degree in June 1919, but since at the time Jews were largely excluded from employment in the chemical industry and academia, he did not receive any job offers  He worked briefly at the Lederle Laboratories, and then as a bookkeeper 

Education
In 1922 Rabi returned to Cornell as a graduate chemistry student, and began studying physics  In 1923 he met, and began courting, Helen Newmark, a summer-semester student at Hunter College  To be near her when she returned home, he continued his studies at Columbia University, where his supervisor was Albert Wills  In June 1924 Rabi landed a job as a part-time tutor at the City College of New York  Wills, whose specialty was magnetism, suggested that Rabi write his doctoral thesis on the magnetic susceptibility of sodium vapor  The topic did not appeal to Rabi, but after William Lawrence Bragg gave a seminar at Columbia about the electric susceptibility of certain crystals called Tutton's salts, Rabi decided to research their magnetic susceptibility, and Wills agreed to be his supervisor Measuring the magnetic resonance of crystals first involved growing the crystals, a simple procedure often done by elementary school students  The crystals then had to be prepared by skillfully cutting them into sections with facets that had an orientation different from the internal structure of the crystal, and the response to a magnetic field had to be painstakingly measured  While his crystals were growing, Rabi read James Clerk Maxwell's 1873 A Treatise on Electricity and Magnetism, which inspired an easier method  He lowered a crystal on a glass fiber attached to a torsion balance into a solution whose magnetic susceptibility could be varied between two magnetic poles  When it matched that of the crystal, the magnet could be turned on and off without disturbing the crystal  The new method not only required much less work, it also produced a more accurate result  Rabi sent his thesis, entitled On the Principal Magnetic Susceptibilities of Crystals, to Physical Review on July 16, 1926  He married Helen the next day  The paper attracted little fanfare in academic circles, although it was read by Kariamanickam Srinivasa Krishnan, who used the method in his own investigations of crystals  Rabi concluded that he needed to promote his work as well as publish it Like many other young physicists, Rabi was closely following momentous events in Europe  He was astounded by the Stern–Gerlach experiment, which convinced him of the validity of quantum mechanics  With Ralph Kronig, Francis Bitter, Mark Zemansky and others, he set out to extend the Schrödinger equation to symmetric top molecules and find the energy states of such a mechanical system  The problem was that none of them could solve the resulting equation, a second-order partial differential equation  Rabi found the answer in a book by the 19th-century mathematician Carl Gustav Jacob Jacobi  The equation had the form of a hypergeometric equation to which Jacobi had found a solution  Kronig and Rabi wrote up their result and sent it to Physical Review, which published it in 1927 

Europe
In May 1927, Rabi was appointed a Barnard Fellow  This came with a stipend of $1,500 ($25,270 in 2022 dollars) for the period from September 1927 to June 1928
Context 3: Passage 1:
Siberian roe deer
The Siberian roe deer, eastern roe deer, or Asian roe deer (Capreolus pygargus), is a species of roe deer found in northeastern Asia  In addition to Siberia and Mongolia, it is found in Kazakhstan, the Tian Shan Mountains of Kyrgyzstan, eastern Tibet, the Korean Peninsula, and northern China 
Its specific name pygargus, literally "white-rumped", is shared by the pygarg, an antelope known in antiquity  The name was chosen by the German biologist Peter Simon Pallas in the late 18th century  The Siberian roe deer has long antlers 

Taxonomy
The Siberian roe deer was once considered to be the same species as the European roe deer (Capreolus capreolus), but it is now considered to be a separate species 
The two subspecies of the Siberian roe deer are C  p  pygargus and C  p  tianschanicus (the latter is named for the Tian Shan mountains) 

Description
The Siberian roe deer is a medium-sized metacarpalian deer, with a long neck and large ears  It is typically up to 146 cm (4 8 ft) in body length and 59 kg (130 lb) in weight, making it larger than C  capreolus where populations from Ural and Northern Kazakhstan are the largest on average, followed by those from Transbaikal, Amur, and Primolskil regions  It has larger antlers with more branches than those of European roe deer  Siberian roe deer generally live about 8–12 years, with a maximum of about 18 years  In winter the northern populations exhibit light gray coloring, but their southern counterparts are grayish brown and ochraceous  The belly is creamy and the caudal patch is white  In the summer, their coloring is reddish  Young have a spotted coat  Males are larger and have three-tined antlers, widely spaced and slanting upward, which are shed in the autumn or early winter and begin to regrow shortly thereafter 

Distribution and habitat
Siberian roe deer are found within the temperate zone of Eastern Europe and Central and East Asia  Fossil records show their territory once stretched to the northern Caucasus Mountains, as well as eastern Ukraine  In the late 19th and early 20th centuries, their range was diminished by overhunting in Eastern Europe, northern Kazakhstan, western Siberia, and the northern regions of eastern Siberia  Due to a division in their range, two morphologically different subspecies resulted (Tian Shan and Siberian)   The Siberian and European roe deer meet at the Caucasus Mountains with the Siberian roe deer occupying the northern flank, and the European roe deer occupying the southern flank, Asia Minor, and parts of northwestern Iran 
The Siberian roe deer has a light, slender build adapted for tall, dense grass  They live in forest and steppe habitats and develop high densities in tall-grass meadows and floodplains  They are adapted to severe weather extremes It may have become naturalized in England for a short period in the early 20th century as an escapee from Woburn, but it was extirpated by 1945 

Ecology
Diet
The diet of the Siberian roe deer consists of over 600 species of plants – mostly herbaceous dicotyledons (58%), monocotyledons (16%), and woody species (22%)  In winter, without proper sustenance, they have a lowered metabolic rate  In summer, their dietary need for sodium necessitates visits to natural salt licks  Water is usually obtained through moisture-rich foods as opposed to directly from the source 

Behavior
Siberian roe deer can jump distances up to 15 m (49 ft), and mating occurs in August and September  Female Siberian roe deer are the only ungulates to undergo embryonic diapause  Embryonic implantation takes place in January and gestation lasts 280–300 days  Females usually have two young at a time, which are weaned after 4–5 months  Females reach sexual maturity in their first year of age but usually do not breed until their second  Males usually mate in their third year of life  The life-span of the Siberian roe deer does not usually exceed 10 years Males mark their territory with olfactory marks, using secretion glands on the head skin, which they rub against trees, shrubs, and high grasses, or with visual marks, by fraying trees with their antlers  Vocal signals are also a form of communication in Siberian roe deer  They have six signals: squeaking or whistling, rasping, barking, whining, screaming, and nonvocal sounds Some Siberian roe deer perform mass migrations 

Predation
The Siberian roe deer is preyed upon by the Amur leopard, Siberian lynx, snow leopard, Himalayan wolf, and Siberian tiger 

See also
Animals portal
 Siberia portal
Passage 2:
Bambi, a Life in the Woods
Bambi, a Life in the Woods (German title: Bambi: Eine Lebensgeschichte aus dem Walde) is a 1923 Austrian coming-of-age novel written by Felix Salten, and originally published in Berlin by Ullstein Verlag  The novel traces the life of Bambi, a male roe deer, from his birth through childhood, the loss of his mother, the finding of a mate, the lessons he learns from his father, and the experience he gains about the dangers posed by human hunters in the forest  It is also, in its most complete translation, seen as a parable of the dangers and persecution faced by Jews in Europe An English translation by Whittaker Chambers was published in North America by Simon & Schuster in 1928, and the novel has since been translated and published in over thirty languages around the world  Salten published a sequel, Bambi's Children, in 1939 
The novel was well received by critics and is considered a classic, as well as one of the first environmental novels  It was adapted into a theatrical animated film, Bambi, by Walt Disney Productions in 1942, as well as two Russian live-action adaptations in 1985 and 1986, a ballet in 1987, and a stage production in 1998  Another ballet adaptation was created by an Oregon troupe, but never premiered  Janet Schulman published a children's picture book adaptation in 2000 that featured realistic oil paintings and many of Salten's original words 

Plot
Bambi is a roe deer fawn born in a thicket in late spring one year  Over the course of the summer, his mother teaches him about the various inhabitants of the forest and the ways deer live  When she feels he is old enough, she takes him to the meadow, which he learns is a wonderful but also dangerous place, as it leaves the deer exposed and in the open  After some initial fear over his mother's caution, Bambi enjoys the experience  On a subsequent trip, Bambi meets his Aunt Ena and her twin fawns Faline and Gobo  They quickly become friends and share what they have learned about the forest  While they are playing, they encounter princes, male deer, for the first time  After the stags leave, the fawns learn that those were their fathers, but that the fathers rarely stay with or speak to the females and young 
As Bambi grows older, his mother begins to leave him alone  While searching for her one day, Bambi has his first encounter with "He" – the animals' term for humans – which terrifies him  The man raises a firearm and aims at him; Bambi flees at top speed, joined by his mother  After he is scolded by a stag for crying for his mother, Bambi gets used to being alone at times  He later learns the stag is called the "Old Prince", the oldest and largest stag in the forest, who is known for his cunning and aloof nature  During the winter, Bambi meets Marena, a young doe, Nettla, an old doe who no longer bears young, and two princes, Ronno and Karus  Mid-winter, hunters enter the forest, killing many animals including Bambi's mother  Gobo also disappears and is presumed dead 
After this, the novel skips ahead a year, noting that Bambi, now a young adult, was cared for by Nettla and that when he got his first set of antlers he was abused and harassed by the other males  It is summer and Bambi is now sporting his second set of antlers  He is reunited with his cousin Faline  After he battles and defeats first Karus, then Ronno, Bambi and Faline fall in love with each other  They spend a great deal of time together  During this time, the Old Prince saves Bambi's life when he nearly runs towards a hunter imitating a doe's call  This teaches the young buck to be cautious about blindly rushing toward any deer's call  During the summer, Gobo returns to the forest, having been raised by a man who found him collapsed in the snow during the hunt where Bambi's mother was killed  While his mother and Marena welcome him and celebrate him as a "friend" of man, the Old Prince and Bambi pity him  Marena becomes his mate, but several weeks later Gobo is killed when he approaches a hunter in the meadow, falsely believing the halter he wore would keep him safe from all men 
As Bambi continues to age, he begins spending most of his time alone, including avoiding Faline though he still loves her in a melancholic way  Several times he meets with the Old Prince, who teaches him about snares, shows him how to free another animal from one, and encourages him not to use trails, to avoid the traps of men  When Bambi is later shot by a hunter, the Prince shows him how to walk in circles to confuse the man and his dogs until the bleeding stops, then takes him to a safe place to recover  They remain together until Bambi is strong enough to leave the safe haven again  When Bambi has grown gray and is "old", the Old Prince shows him that men are not all-powerful by showing him the dead body of a man who was shot and killed by another man  When Bambi confirms that he now understands that "He" is not all-powerful, and that there is "Another" over all creatures, the stag tells him that he has always loved him and calls him "my son" before leaving 
At the end of the novel, Bambi meets with twin fawns who are calling for their mother, and he scolds them for not being able to stay alone  After leaving them, he thinks to himself that the girl fawn reminded him of Faline, and that the male was promising, and that Bambi hoped to meet him again when he was grown 

Publication history
Felix Salten, himself an avid hunter, penned Bambi: Eine Lebensgeschichte aus dem Walde after World War I, targeting an adult audience  The novel was first published in Vienna in serialized form in the newspaper the Neue Freie Presse from 15 August to 21 October 1922, and as a book in Germany by Ullstein Verlag in 1923, and republished in 1926 in Vienna 

Translations
Max Schuster, a German Jewish émigré and co-founder of Simon & Schuster, led the effort to publish Bambi in English  Clifton Fadiman, an editor there, engaged his Columbia University classmate Whittaker Chambers to translate it  Simon & Schuster published this first English edition in 1928, with illustrations by Kurt Wiese, under the title Bambi: A Life in the Woods  The New York Times Book Review praised the prose as "admirably translated" that made the book "literature of a high order " The translation immediately became "a Book-of-the-Month Club hit " Simon & Schuster printed a first-run of 75,000 copies and sold more than 650,000 copies between 1928 and 1942  (Jonathan Cape published the book in the UK starting in 1928 as well ) Chambers' translation has been reprinted repeatedly with different illustrations  Bambi, along with Salten's Fifteen Rabbits and The City Jungle, all translated by Chambers, remain in print from Simon & Schuster  In 2015, an Austrian scholar voiced objections to Simon & Schuster's "publication strategies" and "marketing strategy," as well as Chambers' translation for "opening the possibility for the story to be understood less as a human story about persecution, expulsion or assimilation and more as an animal story conveying a strong message about the protection of animals and the necessity of conservation "A translation by Hannah Correll was published in 2019 by Clydesdale Press  A translation by Jack Zipes was published in 2022 by Princeton University Press  Zipes commented the conversation between animals is "reminiscent of Austrian German you'd hear in cafes around Vienna  The original translation didn't capture that and I hope mine does," while a grandson of Chambers countered that the 1928 translation is more poetic  One reviewer wrote: "Chambers and Zipes differ moderately in style, with Zipes cleaving more faithfully to the German ("polecat") and Chambers privileging his American audience ("ferret")  An aim of Zipes’ translation is to restore Salten's more overt anthropomorphism, which Chambers softened  To a reader familiar with the 1928 translation, some of Zipes' more faithful anthropomorphic choices are jarring; it feels odd to read that a fawn "yelled," for example  And Zipes occasionally increases the anthropomorphism beyond that suggested by Salten, as when he uses the pronouns "he" and "she" in a conversation between two autumn leaves, which are genderless in the original text  The Zipes translation is also not quite complete: one reviewer noted omissions ranging from short phrases and individual sentences to an entire passage recounting Bambi's first meeting with the old roebucks  A translation by Damion Searls was published in 2022 by The New York Review of Books  The translations have been reviewed in various newspapers and magazines 

Formats
Over 200 editions of the novel have been published, with almost 100 German and English editions alone, and numerous translations and reprintings in over 30 languages  It has also been published in a variety of formats, including printed medium, audiobook, Braille, and E-book formats 

Copyright dispute
When Salten originally published Bambi in 1923, he did so under Germany's copyright laws, which required no statement that the novel was copyrighted  In the 1926 republication, he did include a United States copyright notice, so the work is considered to have been copyrighted in the United States in 1926  In 1936, Salten sold some film rights to the novel to MGM producer Sidney Franklin who passed them on to Walt Disney for the creation of a film adaptation  After Salten's death in 1945, his daughter Anna Wyler inherited the copyright and renewed the novel's copyrighted status in 1954 (U S  copyright law in effect at the time provided for an initial term of 28 years from the date of first publication in the U S , which could be extended for an additional 28 years provided the copyright holder filed for renewal before the expiration of the initial copyright)  In 1958, she formulated three agreements with Disney regarding the novel's rights  Upon her death in 1977, the rights passed to her husband, Veit Wyler, and her children, who held on to them until 1993 when he sold the rights to the publishing house Twin Books  Twin Books and Disney disagreed on the terms and validity of Disney's original contract with Anna Wyler and Disney's continued use of the Bambi name When the two companies were unable to reach a solution, Twin Books filed suit against Disney for copyright infringement  Disney argued that because Salten's original 1923 publication of the novel did not include a copyright notice, by American law it was immediately considered a public domain work  It also argued that as the novel was published in 1923, Anna Wyler's 1954 renewal occurred after the deadline and was invalid  The case was reviewed by the U S  District Court for the Northern District of California, which ruled that the novel was copyrighted upon its publication in 1923, and not a public domain work then  However, in validating 1923 as the publication date, this confirmed Disney's claim that the copyright renewal was filed too late and the novel became a public domain work in 1951 Twin Books appealed the decision, and in March 1996 the U S  Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit reversed the original decision, stating that the novel was a foreign work in 1923 that was not in its home country's public domain when published, therefore the original publication date could not be used in arguing American copyright law  Instead, the 1926 publication date, the first in which it specifically declared itself to be copyrighted in the United States, is considered the year when the novel was copyrighted in America  Anna Wyler's renewal was therefore timely and valid, and Twin Books' ownership of the copyright was upheld The Twin Books decision is still regarded as controversial by many copyright experts  David Nimmer, in a 1998 article, argued that the Twin Books ruling meant that an ancient Greek epic, if only published outside the U S  without the required formalities, would be eligible for copyright protection  Although Nimmer concluded that Twin Books required this finding (within the Ninth Circuit), he characterized the result as "patently absurd "The American copyright of the novel expired on January 1, 2022, while in Austria and other countries of the European Union it entered the public domain on January 1, 2016 

Sequel
While living in exile in Switzerland, after being forced to flee Nazi-occupied Austria, Salten wrote a sequel to Bambi that follows the birth and lives of Bambi's twin offspring, Geno and Gurri  The young fawns interact with other deer, and are educated and watched over by Bambi and Faline as they grow  They also learn more about the ways of man, including both hunters and the gamekeeper seeking to protect the deer  Due to Salten's exiled status – he had lost his Austrian publisher Paul Zsolnay Verlag – the English translation of the novel was published first, in the United States in 1939 by Bobbs-Merrill; it would take a year before the sequel was published in the original German language in Switzerland by his new publisher 

Reception
In the United States, the 1928 translation of Bambi was "hugely popular", selling 650,000 copies by 1942  When Felix Salten visited the United States as a member of a European delegation of journalists in May–July 1930, he was greeted warmly because of Bambi wherever the delegation went, as was testified by the Finnish member of the delegation, Urho Toivola  In his own travel book, Salten did not boast about this; only when describing his visit to a "Negro college" of Atlanta, he mentions passingly that the children praised his books In 1936 Nazi Germany however, the government banned the original as "political allegory on the treatment of Jews in Europe " Many copies of the novel were burned, making original first editions rare and difficult to find 

In his foreword, John Galsworthy called it a "delicious book – delicious not only for children but for those who are no longer so fortunate" and a "little masterpiece" that shows a "delicacy of perception and essential truth"  He observed that while reading the galley proof of the novel while crossing the English Channel, he, his wife, and his nephew read each page in turn over the course of three hours in "silent absorption" Among US reviewers, New York Times reviewer John Chamberlain praised Salten's "tender, lucid style" that "takes you out of yourself"  He felt that Salten captured the essence of each of the creatures as they talked, catching the "rhythm of the different beings who people his forest world" and showed particular "comprehension" in detailing the various stages of Bambi's life  He also considered the English translation "admirably" done  A reviewer for Catholic World praised the approach of the subject, noting that it was "marked by poetry and sympathy [with] charming reminders of German folklore and fairy tale" but disliked the "transference of certain human ideals to the animal mind" and the vague references to religious allegory  The Boston Transcript called it a "sensitive allegory of life"  The Saturday Review considered it "beautiful and graceful" piece that showed a rare "individuality"  Isabel Ely Lord, reviewing the novel for the American Journal of Nursing, called the novel a "delightful animal story" and Salten a "poet" whose "picture of the woods and its people is an unforgettable one " In comparing Bambi to Salten's later work Perri – in which Bambi makes a brief cameo – Louise Long of the Dallas Morning News considered both to be stories that "quietly and completely [captivate] the heart"  Long felt the prose was "poised and mobile and beautiful as poetry" and praises Salten for his ability to give the animals seemingly human speech while not "[violating] their essential natures " Vicky Smith of Horn Book Magazine felt the novel was gory compared to the later Disney adaptation and called it a "weeper"  While criticizing it as one of the most esteemable anti-hunting novels available, she concedes the novel is not easily forgettable and praises the "linchpin scene" where Bambi's mother dies, stating "the understated conclusion of that scene, 'Bambi never saw his mother again,' masterfully evokes an uncomplicated emotional response"  She questions Galsworthy's recommendation of the novel to sportsmen in the foreword, wondering "how many budding sportsmen might have had conversion experiences in the face of Salten's unrelieved harangue and how many might have instead become alienated " In comparing the novel to the Disney film, Steve Chapple of Sports Afield felt that Salten viewed Bambi's forest as a "pretty scary place" and the novel as a whole had a "lot of dark adult undertones"  Interpreting it as an allegory for Salten's own life, Chapple felt Salten came across as "a little morbid, a bleeding heart of a European intellectual " A half century later,The Wall Street Journal's James P  Sterba also considered it an "antifascist allegory" and sarcastically notes that "you'll find it in the children's section at the library, a perfect place for this 293-page volume, packed as it is with blood-and-guts action, sexual conquest and betrayal" and "a forest full of cutthroats and miscreants  I count at least six murderers (including three child-killers) among Bambi's associates "Among UK reviews, the Times Literary Supplement stated that the novel is a "tale of exceptional charm, though untrustworthy of some of the facts of animal life "

Impact
Some critics have argued that Bambi is one of the first environmental novels 

Adaptations
Film
Walt Disney animated film
With World War II looming, Max Schuster aided the Jewish Salten's flight from Nazi controlled Austria and Nazi Germany and helped introduce him, and Bambi, to Walt Disney Productions  Sidney Franklin, a producer and director at Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer, purchased the film rights in 1933, initially desiring to make a live-action adaptation of the work  Deciding such a film would be too difficult to make, he sold the rights to Walt Disney in April 1937 in hopes of it being adapted into an animated film instead  Disney began working on the film immediately, intending it to be the company's second feature-length animated film and his first to be based on a specific, recent work The original novel, written for an adult audience, was considered too "grim" and "somber" for the young audience Disney was targeting, and with the work required to adapt the novel, Disney put production on hold while it worked on several other projects  In 1938, Disney assigned Perce Pearce and Carl Fallberg to develop the film's storyboards, but attention was soon drawn away as the studio began working on Fantasia



ground_truth: 2006

prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: The physicist who is responsible for identifying the Rabi cycle won what award?

The following are given passages.
Context 2:  He immediately applied for a year's leave of absence from the City College of New York so he could study in Europe  When this was refused, he resigned  On reaching Zürich, where he hoped to work for Erwin Schrödinger, he met two fellow Americans, Julius Adams Stratton and Linus Pauling  They found that Schrödinger was leaving, as he had been appointed head of the Theoretical Institute at Friedrich Wilhelm University in Berlin  Rabi therefore decided to seek a position with Arnold Sommerfeld at the University of Munich instead  In Munich, he found two more Americans, Howard Percy Robertson and Edward Condon  Sommerfeld accepted Rabi as a postdoctoral student  German physicists Rudolf Peierls and Hans Bethe were also working with Sommerfeld at the time, but the three Americans became especially close On Wills' advice, Rabi traveled to Leeds for the 97th annual meeting of the British Association for the Advancement of Science, where he heard Werner Heisenberg present a paper on quantum mechanics  Afterwards, Rabi moved to Copenhagen, where he volunteered to work for Niels Bohr  Bohr was on vacation, but Rabi went straight to work on calculating the magnetic susceptibility of molecular hydrogen  After Bohr returned in October, he arranged for Rabi and Yoshio Nishina to continue their work with Wolfgang Pauli at the University of Hamburg Although he came to Hamburg to work with Pauli, Rabi found Otto Stern working there with two English-speaking postdoctoral fellows, Ronald Fraser and John Bradshaw Taylor  Rabi soon made friends with them, and became interested in their molecular beam experiments, for which Stern would receive the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1943  Their research involved non-uniform magnetic fields, which were difficult to manipulate and hard to measure accurately  Rabi devised a method of using a uniform field instead, with the molecular beam at a glancing angle, so the atoms would be deflected like light through a prism  This would be easier to use, and produce more accurate results  Encouraged by Stern, and greatly assisted by Taylor, Rabi managed to get his idea to work  On Stern's advice, Rabi wrote a letter about his results to Nature, which published it in February 1929, followed by a paper entitled Zur Methode der Ablenkung von Molekularstrahlen ("On the method of deflection of molecular beams") to Zeitschrift für Physik, where it was published in April By this time the Barnard Fellowship had expired, and Rabi and Helen were living on a $182 per month stipend from the Rockefeller Foundation  They left Hamburg for Leipzig, where he hoped to work with Heisenberg  In Leipzig, he found Robert Oppenheimer, a fellow New Yorker  It would be the start of a long friendship  Heisenberg departed for a tour of the United States in March 1929, so Rabi and Oppenheimer decided to go to the ETH Zurich, where Pauli was now the professor of physics  Rabi's education in physics was enriched by the leaders in the field he met there, which included Paul Dirac, Walter Heitler, Fritz London, Francis Wheeler Loomis, John von Neumann, John Slater, Leó Szilárd and Eugene Wigner 

Molecular Beam Laboratory
On March 26, 1929, Rabi received an offer of a lectureship from Columbia, with an annual salary of $3,000  The dean of Columbia's physics department, George B  Pegram, was looking for a theoretical physicist to teach statistical mechanics and an advanced course in the new subject of quantum mechanics, and Heisenberg had recommended Rabi  Helen was now pregnant, so Rabi needed a regular job, and this job was in New York  He accepted, and returned to the United States in August on the SS President Roosevelt  Rabi became the only Jewish faculty member at Columbia at the time 

As a teacher, Rabi was underwhelming  Leon Lederman recalled that after a lecture, students would head to the library to try to work out what Rabi had been talking about  Irving Kaplan rated Rabi and Harold Urey as "the worst teachers I ever had"  Norman Ramsey considered Rabi's lectures "pretty dreadful", while William Nierenberg felt that he was "simply an awful lecturer"  Despite his shortcomings as a lecturer, his influence was great  He inspired many of his students to pursue careers in physics, and some became famous Rabi's first daughter, Helen Elizabeth, was born in September 1929  A second girl, Margaret Joella, followed in 1934  Between his teaching duties and his family, he had little time for research, and published no papers in his first year at Columbia, but was nonetheless promoted to assistant professor at its conclusion  He became a professor in 1937 In 1931 Rabi returned to particle beam experiments  In collaboration with Gregory Breit, he developed the Breit-Rabi equation, and predicted that the Stern–Gerlach experiment could be modified to confirm the properties of the atomic nucleus  The next step was to do so  With the help of Victor W  Cohen, Rabi built a molecular beam apparatus at Columbia  Their idea was to employ a weak magnetic field instead of a strong one, with which they hoped to detect the nuclear spin of sodium  When the experiment was conducted, four beamlets were found, from which they deduced a nuclear spin of 3⁄2 Rabi's Molecular Beam Laboratory began to attract others, including Sidney Millman, a graduate student who studied lithium for his doctorate  Another was Jerrold Zacharias who, believing that the sodium nucleus would be too difficult to understand, proposed studying the simplest of the elements, hydrogen  Its deuterium isotope had only recently been discovered at Columbia in 1931 by Urey, who received the 1934 Nobel Prize in Chemistry for this work  Urey was able to supply them with both heavy water and gaseous deuterium for their experiments  Despite its simplicity, Stern's group in Hamburg had observed that hydrogen did not behave as predicted  Urey also helped in another way; he gave Rabi half his prize money to fund the Molecular Beam Laboratory  Other scientists whose careers began at the Molecular Beam Laboratory included Norman Ramsey, Julian Schwinger, Jerome Kellogg and Polykarp Kusch  All were men; Rabi did not believe that women could be physicists  He never had a woman as a doctoral or postdoctoral student, and generally opposed women as candidates for faculty positions At the suggestion of C  J  Gorter, the team attempted to use an oscillating field  This became the basis for the nuclear magnetic resonance method  In 1937, Rabi, Kusch, Millman and Zacharias used it to measure the magnetic moment of several lithium compounds with molecular beams, including lithium chloride, lithium fluoride and dilithium  Applying the method to hydrogen, they found that the moment of a proton was 2 785±0 02 nuclear magnetons, and not 1 as predicted by the then-current theory, while that of a deuteron was 0 855±0 006 nuclear magnetons  This provided more accurate measurements of what Stern's team had found, and Rabi's team had confirmed, in 1934  Since a deuteron is composed of a proton and a neutron with aligned spins, the neutron's magnetic moment could be inferred by subtracting the proton's magnetic moment from the deuteron's  The resulting value was not zero, and had a sign opposite to that of the proton  Based on curious artifacts of these more accurate measurements, Rabi suggested that the deuteron had an electric quadrupole moment  This discovery meant that the physical shape of the deuteron was not symmetric, which provided valuable insight into the nature of the nuclear force binding nucleons  For the creation of the molecular-beam magnetic-resonance detection method, Rabi was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1944 

World War II
In September 1940, Rabi became a member of the Scientific Advisory Committee of the U S  Army's Ballistic Research Laboratory  That month, the British Tizard Mission brought a number of new technologies to the United States, including a cavity magnetron, a high-powered device that generates microwaves using the interaction of a stream of electrons with a magnetic field  This device, which promised to revolutionize radar, demolished any thoughts the Americans had entertained about their technological leadership  Alfred Lee Loomis of the National Defense Research Committee decided to establish a new laboratory at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) to develop this radar technology  The name Radiation Laboratory was chosen as both unremarkable and a tribute to the Berkeley Radiation Laboratory  Loomis recruited Lee DuBridge to run it Loomis and DuBridge recruited physicists for the new laboratory at an Applied Nuclear Physics conference at MIT in October 1940  Among those who volunteered was Rabi  His assignment was to study the magnetron, which was so secret that it had to be kept in a safe  The Radiation Laboratory scientists set their sights on producing a microwave radar set by January 6, 1941, and having a prototype installed in a Douglas A-20 Havoc by March  This was done; the technological obstacles were gradually overcome, and a working US microwave radar set was produced  The magnetron was further developed on both sides of the Atlantic to permit a reduction in wavelength from 150 cm to 10 cm, and then to 3 cm  The laboratory went on to develop air-to-surface radar to detect submarines, the SCR-584 radar for fire control, and LORAN, a long-range radio navigation system  At Rabi's instigation, a branch of the Radiation Laboratory was located at Columbia, with Rabi in charge In 1942 Oppenheimer attempted to recruit Rabi and Robert Bacher to work at the Los Alamos Laboratory on a new secret project  They convinced Oppenheimer that his plan for a military laboratory would not work, since a scientific effort would need to be a civilian affair  The plan was modified, and the new laboratory would be a civilian one, run by the University of California under contract from the War Department  In the end, Rabi still did not go west, but did agree to serve as a consultant to the Manhattan Project  Rabi attended the Trinity test in July 1945  The scientists working on Trinity set up a betting pool on the yield of the test, with predictions ranging from total dud to 45 kilotons of TNT equivalent (kt)  Rabi arrived late and found the only entry left was for 18 kilotons, which he purchased  Wearing welding goggles, he waited for the result with Ramsey and Enrico Fermi  The blast was rated at 18 6 kilotons, and Rabi won the pool 

Later life
In 1945, Rabi delivered the Richtmyer Memorial Lecture, held by the American Association of Physics Teachers in honor of Floyd K  Richtmyer, wherein he proposed that the magnetic resonance of atoms might be used as the basis of a clock  William L  Laurence wrote it up for The New York Times, under the headline "'Cosmic pendulum' for clock planned"  Before long Zacharias and Ramsey had built such atomic clocks  Rabi actively pursued his research into magnetic resonance until about 1960, but he continued to make appearances at conferences and seminars until his death 

Rabi chaired Columbia's physics department from 1945 to 1949, during which time it was home to two Nobel laureates (Rabi and Enrico Fermi) and eleven future laureates, including seven faculty (Polykarp Kusch, Willis Lamb, Maria Goeppert-Mayer, James Rainwater, Norman Ramsey, Charles Townes and Hideki Yukawa), a research scientist (Aage Bohr), a visiting professor (Hans Bethe), a doctoral student (Leon Lederman) and an undergraduate (Leon Cooper)  Martin L  Perl, a doctoral student of Rabi's, won the Nobel Prize in 1995  Rabi was the Eugene Higgins professor of physics at Columbia but when Columbia created the rank of University Professor in 1964, Rabi was the first to receive such a chair  This meant that he was free to research or teach whatever he chose  He retired from teaching in 1967 but remained active in the department and held the title of University Professor Emeritus until his death  A special chair was named after him in 1985 A legacy of the Manhattan Project was the network of national laboratories, but none was located on the East Coast  Rabi and Ramsey assembled a group of universities in the New York area to lobby for their own national laboratory  When Zacharias, who was now at MIT, heard about it, he set up a rival group at MIT and Harvard  Rabi had discussions with Major General Leslie R  Groves, Jr , the director of the Manhattan Project, who was willing to go along with a new national laboratory, but only one  Moreover, while the Manhattan Project still had funds, the wartime organization was expected to be phased out when a new authority came into existence  After some bargaining and lobbying by Rabi and others, the two groups came together in January 1946  Eventually nine universities (Columbia, Cornell, Harvard, Johns Hopkins, MIT, Princeton, Pennsylvania, Rochester and Yale) came together, and on January 31, 1947, a contract was signed with the Atomic Energy Commission (AEC), which had replaced the Manhattan Project, that established the Brookhaven National Laboratory 

Rabi suggested to Edoardo Amaldi that Brookhaven might be a model that Europeans could emulate  Rabi saw science as a way of inspiring and uniting a Europe that was still recovering from the war  An opportunity came in 1950 when he was named the United States Delegate to the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO)  At a UNESCO meeting at the Palazzo Vecchio in Florence in June 1950, he called for the establishment of regional laboratories  These efforts bore fruit; in 1952, representatives of eleven countries came together to create the Conseil Européen pour la Recherche Nucléaire (CERN)  Rabi received a letter from Bohr, Heisenberg, Amaldi and others congratulating him on the success of his efforts  He had the letter framed and hung it on the wall of his home office 

Military matters
The Atomic Energy Act of 1946 that created the Atomic Energy Commission provided for a nine-man General Advisory Committee (GAC) to advise the Commission on scientific and technical matters  Rabi was one of those appointed in December 1946  The GAC was enormously influential throughout the late 1940s, but in 1950 the GAC unanimously opposed the development of the hydrogen bomb  Rabi went further than most of the other members, and joined Fermi in opposing the hydrogen bomb on moral as well as technical grounds  However, President Harry S  Truman overrode the GAC's advice, and ordered development to proceed  Rabi later said:

I never forgave Truman for buckling under the pressure  He simply did not understand what it was about  As a matter of fact, after he stopped being President he still didn't believe that the Russians had a bomb in 1949  He said so  So for him to have alerted the world that we were going to make a hydrogen bomb at a time when we didn't even know how to make one was one of the worst things he could have done  It shows the dangers of this sort of thing 
Oppenheimer was not reappointed to the GAC when his term expired in 1952, and Rabi succeeded him as chairman, serving until 1956  Rabi later testified on Oppenheimer's behalf at the Atomic Energy Commission's controversial security hearing in 1954 that led to Oppenheimer being stripped of his security clearance  Many witnesses supported Oppenheimer, but none more forcefully than Rabi:

So it didn't seem to me the sort of thing that called for this kind of proceeding    against a man who has accomplished what Dr  Oppenheimer has accomplished  There is a real positive record    We have an A-bomb and a whole series of it, and we have a whole series of super bombs, and what more do you want, mermaids?
Rabi was appointed a member of the Science Advisory Committee (SAC) of the Office of Defense Mobilization in 1952, serving as its chairman from 1956 to 1957  This coincided with the Sputnik crisis  President Dwight Eisenhower met with the SAC on October 15, 1957, to seek advice on possible US responses to the Soviet satellite success  Rabi, who knew Eisenhower from the latter's time as president of Columbia, was the first to speak, and put forward a series of proposals, one of which was to strengthen the committee so it could provide the President with timely advice  This was done, and the SAC became the President's Science Advisory Committee a few weeks later  He also became Eisenhower's Science Advisor  In 1956 Rabi attended the Project Nobska anti-submarine warfare conference, where discussion ranged from oceanography to nuclear weapons  He served as the US Representative to the NATO Science Committee at the time that the term "software engineering" was coined  While serving in that capacity, he bemoaned the fact that many large software projects were delayed  This prompted discussions that led to the formation of a study group that organized the first conference on software engineering 

Honors
In the course of his life, Rabi received many honors in addition to the Nobel Prize  These included the Elliott Cresson Medal from the Franklin Institute in 1942, the Medal for Merit and the King's Medal for Service in the Cause of Freedom from Great Britain in 1948, the officer in the French Legion of Honour in 1956, Columbia University's Barnard Medal for Meritorious Service to Science in 1960, the Niels Bohr International Gold Medal and the Atoms for Peace Award in 1967, the Oersted Medal from the American Association of Physics Teachers in 1982, the Four Freedoms Award from the Franklin and Eleanor Roosevelt Institute and the Public Welfare Medal from the National Academy of Sciences in 1985, the Golden Plate Award of the American Academy of Achievement and the Vannevar Bush Award from the National Science Foundation in 1986  He was a Fellow (elected 1931) of the American Physical Society, serving as its president in 1950, and a member of the National Academy of Sciences, the American Philosophical Society, and the American Academy of Arts and Sciences  He was internationally recognized with membership in the Japan Academy and the Brazilian Academy of Sciences, and in 1959 was appointed a member of the Board of Governors of the Weizmann Institute of Science in Israel  The most valuable of Columbia University's undergraduate research scholarships, designed to motivate and support promising young scientists, is named after him, so is the street, Route Rabi at CERN, on the Prévessin site in France 

Death
Rabi died at his home on Riverside Drive in Manhattan from cancer on January 11, 1988  His wife, Helen, survived him and died at the age of 102 on June 18, 2005  In his last days, he was reminded of his greatest achievement when his physicians examined him using magnetic resonance imaging, a technology that had been developed from his ground-breaking research on magnetic resonance  The machine happened to have a reflective inner surface, and he remarked: "I saw myself in that machine    I never thought my work would come to this "

Books
Rabi, Isidor Isaac (1960)  My Life and Times as a Physicist  Claremont, California: Claremont College  OCLC 1071412 
Rabi, Isidor Isaac (1970)  Science: The Center of Culture  New York: World Publishing Co  OCLC 74630 
Rabi, Isidor Isaac; Serber, Robert; Weisskopf, Victor F ; Pais, Abraham; Seaborg, Glenn T  (1969)  Oppenheimer: The Story of One of the Most Remarkable Personalities of the 20th Century  Scribner's  OCLC 223176672 

Notes
See also
List of Jewish Nobel laureates
Context 3:  Finally, on 17 August 1939, production on Bambi began in earnest, although it progressed slowly due to changes in the studio personnel, location and the methodology of handling animation at the time  The writing was completed in July 1940, by which time the film's budget had swelled to $858,000  Disney was later forced to slash 12 minutes from the film before final animation, to save costs on production Heavily modified from the original novel, Bambi was released to theaters in the United States on 8 August 1942  Disney's version severely downplays the naturalistic and environmental elements found in the novel, giving it a lighter, friendlier feeling  The addition of two new characters, Thumper the Rabbit and Flower the Skunk, two sweet and gentle forest creatures, contributed to giving the film the desired levity  Considered a classic, the film has been called "the crowning achievement of Walt Disney's animation studio" and was named as the third best film in the animation genre of the AFI's 10 Top 10 "classic" American film genres On January 28, 2020, a computer-animated remake of the Disney film was announced to be in development with a script co-written by Geneva Robertson-Dworet and Lindsey Beer while Paul Weitz, Chris Weitz, and Andrew Miano will produce the film 

Russian live-action films
In 1985, a Russian-language live-action adaptation, Russian: Детство Бемби (Detstvo Bembi, lit  Bambi's Childhood), was produced and released in VHS format in the Soviet Union by Gorky Film Studios  It was directed by Natalya Bondarchuk, who also co-wrote the script with Yuri Nagibin, and featured music by Boris Petrov  Natalya 's son Ivan Burlyayev and her husband Nikolay Burlyaev starred as the young and adolescent Bambi, respectively, while Faline (renamed Falina) was portrayed by Yekaterina Lychyova as a child and Galina Belyayeva as an adult  In this adaptation, the film starts using animals, changes to using human actors, then returns to using animals for the ending A sequel, Russian: Юность Бемби (Yunost Bembi), lit  Bambi's Youth, followed in 1986 with Nikolay and Galina reprising their voice roles as Bambi and Falina  Featuring over 100 species of live animals and filmed in various locations in Crimea, Mount Elbrus, Latvia and Czechoslovakia, the film follows new lovers Bambi and Felina as they go on a journey in search of a life-giving flower  Both films were released to Region 2 DVD with Russian and English subtitle options by the Russian Cinema Council in 2000  The first film's DVD also included a French audio soundtrack, while the second contained French subtitles instead 

Horror film
On November 21, 2022, a live-action horror film, titled Bambi: The Reckoning, was announced to be in development for ITN Studios and Jagged Edge Productions with Scott Jeffrey directing and Rhys Frake-Waterfield producing  The film will be about the titular character getting revenge after the death of his mother  The film is expected to begin principal photography in mid-2023 

Ballet
The Estonian composer Lydia Auster composed the ballet Bambi in 1986 which was premièred in Tartu, Vanemuine theater, in 1987 The Oregon Ballet Theatre adapted Bambi into an evening-length ballet entitled Bambi: Lord of the Forest  It was slated to premiere in March 2000 as the main production for the company's 2000–2001 season  A collaboration between artistic director James Canfield and composer Thomas Lauderdale, the ballet's production was to be an interpretation of the novel rather than the Disney film  In discussing the adaptation, Canfield stated that he was given a copy of the novel as a Christmas present and found it to be a "classic story about coming of age and a life cycle " He went on to note that the play was inspired solely by the novel and not the Disney film  After the initial announcements, the pair began calling the work The Collaboration, as Disney owns the licensing rights for the name Bambi and they did not wish to fight for usage rights  The local press began calling the ballet alternative titles, including Not-Bambi which Canfield noted to be his favorite, out of derision at Disney  Its premiere was delayed for unexplained reasons, and it has yet to be performed 

Theater
Playwright James DeVita, of the First Stage Children's Theater, created a stage adaptation of the novel  The script was published by Anchorage Press Plays on 1 June 1997  Crafted for young adults and teenagers and retaining the title Bambi – A Life in the Woods, it has been produced around the United States at various venues  The script calls for an open-stage setup, and utilizes at least nine actors: five male and four female, to cover the thirteen roles  The American Alliance Theatre and Education awarded the work its "Distinguished Play Award" for an adaptation 

Book
In 1999, the novel was adapted into an illustrated hardback children's book by Janet Schulman, illustrated by Steve Johnson and Lou Fancher, and published by Simon & Schuster as part of its "Atheneum Books for Young Readers" imprint  In the adaptation, Schulman attempted to retain some of the lyrical feel of the original novel  She notes that rather than rewrite the novel, she "replicated Salten's language almost completely  I reread the novel a number of times and then I went through and highlighted the dialogue and poignant sentences Salten had written " Doing so retained much of the novel's original lyrical feel, though the book's brevity did result in a sacrifice of some of the "majesty and mystery" found in the novel  The illustrations were created to appear as realistic as possible, using painted images rather than sketches  In 2002, the Schulman adaptation was released in audiobook format by Audio Bookshelf, with Frank Dolan as the reader 

See also
Bambi Awards
Bambi effect
Bambi's Children
Fifteen Rabbits
Passage 3:
Felix Salten
Felix Salten (German: [ˈzaltn̩]; 6 September 1869 – 8 October 1945) was an Austro-Hungarian author and literary critic in Vienna 

Life
Salten was born Siegmund Salzmann on 6 September 1869 in Pest, Austria-Hungary  His father was Fülöp Salzmann, the telegraph office's clerk in Pest; his mother was Maria Singer  He was the grandson of an Orthodox rabbi  When he was four weeks old, his family relocated to Vienna, as many Jews did after the Imperial government had granted full citizenship rights to Jews in 1867 
When his father went bankrupt, the sixteen-year-old Salten quit school and began working for an insurance agency  He also began submitting poems and book reviews to journals  He became part of the "Young Vienna" movement (Jung-Wien) and soon received work as a full-time art and theater critic for Vienna's press (Wiener Allgemeine Zeitung, Zeit)  In 1900, he published his first collection of short stories  In 1901, he initiated Vienna's first, short-lived literary cabaret Jung-Wiener Theater Zum lieben Augustin 
He was soon publishing, on an average, one book a year, of plays, short stories, novels, travel books, and essay collections  He also wrote for nearly all the major newspapers of Vienna  In 1906, Salten went to Ullstein as an editor in chief of the B Z  am Mittag and the Berliner Morgenpost, but relocated to Vienna some months later  He wrote also film scripts and librettos for operettas  In 1927 he became president of the Austrian P E N  club as successor of Arthur Schnitzler 
His best remembered work is Bambi (1923)  A translation in English was published by Simon & Schuster in 1928, and became a Book-of-the-Month Club success  In 1933, he sold the film rights to the American director Sidney Franklin for only $1,000, and Franklin later transferred the rights to the Walt Disney Studios, which formed the basis of the animated film Bambi (1942) 
Life in Austria became perilous for Jews during the 1930s  In Germany, Adolf Hitler had Salten's books banned in 1936  Two years later, after Germany's annexation of Austria, Salten moved to Zurich, Switzerland, with his wife, and spent his final years there  Felix Salten died on 8 October 1945, at the age of 76  He is buried at Israelitischer Friedhof Unterer Friesenberg 
Salten married actress Ottilie Metzl (1868–1942) in 1902, and had two children: Paul (1903–1937) and Anna Katharina (1904–1977), who married Swiss actor Hans Rehmann  He composed another book based on the character of Bambi, titled Bambi’s Children: The Story of a Forest Family (1939)  His stories Perri and The Hound of Florence inspired the Disney films Perri (1957) and The Shaggy Dog (1959), respectively 
Salten was himself an avid hunter Salten is now considered the probable author of a successful erotic novel, Josephine Mutzenbacher: The Life Story of a Viennese Whore, as Told by Herself published anonymously in 1906, filled with social criticism 

Selected works
1899 – Der Gemeine
1906 – Josephine Mutzenbacher, authorship assumed – in German: Josefine Mutzenbacher oder Die Geschichte einer Wienerischen Dirne von ihr selbst erzählt (Vienna: Privatdruck [Fritz Freund], 1906)
1907 – Herr Wenzel auf Rehberg und sein Knecht Kaspar Dinckel
1910 – Olga Frohgemuth
1911 – Der Wurstelprater
1922 – Das Burgtheater
1923 – Der Hund von Florenz; English translation by Huntley Paterson, illustrated by Kurt Wiese, The Hound of Florence (Simon & Schuster, 1930), OCLC 1826868
1923 – Bambi: Eine Lebensgeschichte aus dem Walde; English transl  Whittaker Chambers, illus  Kurt Wiese, foreword John Galsworthy, as Bambi, a Life in the Woods (US: Simon & Schuster, 1928, OCLC 69170544; UK: Jonathan Cape, June/July 1928, OCLC 8454451); re-illustrated by Barbara Cooney (S&S, 1970), OCLC 824177272
1925 – Neue Menschen auf alter Erde: Eine Palästinafahrt
1927 – Martin Overbeck: Der Roman eines reichen jungen Mannes
1929 – Fünfzehn Hasen: Schicksale in Wald und Feld; English transl  Whittaker Chambers, as Fifteen Rabbits (US: Simon & Schuster, 1930, OCLC 1050794154); revised and enlarged (New York : Grosset & Dunlap, 1942, illus  Kurt Wiese), OCLC 4026552)
1931 – Freunde aus aller Welt: Roman eines zoologischen Gartens; English transl  Whittaker Chambers, illus  Kurt Wiese, as The City Jungle (US: Simon & Schuster, 1932, OCLC 2079025)
1931 – Fünf Minuten Amerika
1933 – Florian: Das Pferd des Kaisers; transl  Erich Posselt and Michel Kraike, Florian: The Emperor’s Stallion (Bobbs-Merrill, 1934), OCLC 8990860
1938 – Perri; German, Die Jugend des Eichhörnchens Perri
1939 – Bambi's Children, English translation (Bobbs-Merrill); German original, Bambis Kinder: Eine Familie im Walde (1940)
1940 – Renni the Rescuer
1942 – A Forest World
1945 – Djibi, the Kitten, illus  Walter Linsenmaier; U S  transl , Jibby the Cat (Messner, 1948)

Selected filmography
Doctor Schotte (1918)
Modern Marriages (1924)
Comedians (1925)
Storm in a Water Glass (1931)
Poor as a Church Mouse (1931)
Scampolo (1932)
The Empress and I (1933)
The Only Girl (1933)
Florian (1940)
Bambi (1942)
Perri (1957)
The Shaggy Dog (1959)

See also
Exilliteratur
Fable
Salzmann
Passage 4:
Roe Green Park
Roe Green Park is a park in the London Borough of Brent, northwest London, England  The Barn Hill Conservation Group maintain the Roe Green walled garden that is within the park  Roe Green Village was built between 1918 and 1920, using Prussian/German prisoners of war as cheap labour after World War I  The park was incorporated and thus taken under council control between 1935 and 1938 

History
This now much used park in Kingsbury came about because of the rapid growth of suburban housing in this part of the district in the early 1930s  In 1933 the local Council identified a 5-acre (2 0 ha) site on the north side of Kingsbury Road for a park, but this was subject to plans for housing (Manor Close) by the developer, George Cloke  He had moved into Kingsbury Manor in 1929, and bought most of the land of Valley Farm the following year  Under pressure from the local Ratepayers' Association, the Council negotiated with Mr Cloke to purchase some of his other land for a park, and in March 1935 two fields on the south side of Bacon Lane (about 21 acres) were bought for about £27,000, with Middlesex County Council contributing 25% of the money  As the entrance to this new park was from Roe Green, it was given the name "Roe Green Park" 
While the purchase was going through, Wembley Urban District Council decided to use part of the park fronting Kingsbury Road as the site for an open air swimming pool  In 1936 and 1937 Roe Green Park was used as the venue for a week-long Carnival and Fete to raise money for Wembley Hospital (which was run by a charity in these days before the National Health Service) and also for brass band concerts on summer Sunday evenings, but these events were transferred to Silver Jubilee Park when work started on building Kingsbury Swimming Pool in 1938  The Olympic-sized pool opened in May 1939 
After buying the two fields, the Council wanted to acquire further land, to make the park more accessible from the main shopping centre and Kingsbury Station  After three years of negotiations, they bought the 5-acre (2 0 ha) Westcroft field for £13,750 from another local developer, Henry Higinbotham, in 1938  In the same year, Kingsbury Manor and its 10-acre (4 0 ha) grounds were purchased from George Cloke  This was a joint purchase with Middlesex County Council, who wanted to use the large, secluded house as a Maternity Hostel for unmarried mothers 
The land for the park as it now exists had been acquired, but soon the outbreak of the Second World War meant that all of the park was ploughed up to provide allotments where local people could grow vegetables and fruit  After the war, twenty "pre-fab" bungalows were built along the Kingsbury Road edge of the park between the swimming pool and the Kingsbury Manor lodge, as emergency housing for families, and it was only around 1960 that local residents could enjoy the use of all of the park again The pool was closed in 1988 and demolished a few years later, replaced by green pitches 

John Logie Baird
John Logie Baird, the television pioneer, leased the former stables and coach house at Kingsbury Manor in 1928  He employed H  Barton-Chapple to take charge of his experiments there, which included designing and building prototype TV receivers  In May 1929, two 25-metre high masts were erected, and the first international moving picture transmissions, from Berlin in Germany to England, were received here  The following year, the first combined sound and vision signals were received  For many years afterwards the former stables were known as Kingsbury Manor Studio, and are now the home of Kingsbury Veterans' Club  The masts were taken down at the start of the Second World War, as they would have been a landmark for German bombers, but the concrete base of one of the masts can still be seen in Roe Green Park    A plaque to commemorate Baird's work here was unveiled next to this by Wembley History Society in the 1950s, which was moved to the Veterans' Club after damage by vandals 

Homicide
The park was in the news headlines in February 2002 when the fire-blistered body of an 18-year-old Sri Lankan man was found there  A year later, four other Sri Lankans – including ring-leader Senthamil Thillainathan – were found guilty of murder and sentenced to life imprisonment  Senthamil had also murdered another man in an axe attack in nearby Wembley eight months earlier 

George Michael
The video for the 2004 single "Round Here" from George Michael's fifth solo album, Patience, features several clips of Roe Green Park  The song is about the singer's childhood, and includes the lyric "I hear my mamma call/In Kingsbury Park" 
Passage 5:
Deer of Great Britain
Six species of deer are living wild in Great Britain: Scottish red deer, roe deer, fallow deer, sika deer, Reeves's muntjac, and Chinese water deer  Of those, Scottish red and roe deer are native and have lived in the isles throughout the Holocene  Fallow deer have been reintroduced twice, by the Romans and the Normans, after dying out in the last ice age  The other three are escaped or released alien species 

Native
Scottish red deer - (subspecies)
Roe deer

Introduced
Fallow deer
Sika deer
Reeves's muntjac
Water deer

Reintroduced
Eurasian elk - (on private reserves)
Reindeer - (on private reserves)

Extinct
Irish elk

Gallery
Passage 6:
Roe deer
The roe deer (Capreolus capreolus), also known as the roe, western roe deer, or European roe deer, is a species of deer  The male of the species is sometimes referred to as a roebuck  The roe is a small deer, reddish and grey-brown, and well-adapted to cold environments  The species is widespread in Europe, from the Mediterranean to Scandinavia, from Scotland to the Caucasus, and east as far as northern Iran 

Etymology
The English roe is from the Old English rā or rāha, from Proto-Germanic *raihô, cognate with Old Norse rá, Old Saxon rēho, Middle Dutch and Dutch ree, Old High German rēh, rēho, rēia, German Reh  It is perhaps ultimately derived from a PIE root *rei-, meaning "streaked, spotted or striped" The word is attested on the 5th-century Caistor-by-Norwich astragalus – a roe deer talus bone, written in Elder Futhark as ᚱᚨᛇᚺᚨᚾ, transliterated as raïhan In the English language, this deer was originally simply called a 'roe', but over time the word 'roe' has become a qualifier, and it is now usually called 'roe deer' The Koiné Greek name πύγαργος, transliterated 'pygargos', mentioned in the Septuagint and the works of various writers such as Hesychius, Herodotus and later Pliny, was originally thought to refer to this species (in many European translations of the Bible), although it is now more often believed to refer to the addax  It is derived from the words pyge 'buttocks' and argo 'white' 
The taxonomic name Capreolus is derived from capra or caprea, meaning 'billy goat', with the diminutive suffix -olus  The meaning of this word in Latin is not entirely clear: it may have meant 'ibex' or 'chamois'  The roe was also known as capraginus or capruginus in Latin 

Taxonomy
Linnaeus first described the roe deer in the modern taxonomic system as Cervus capreolus in 1758  The initially monotypic genus Capreolus was first proposed by John Edward Gray in 1821, although he did not provide a proper description for this taxon  Gray was not actually the first to use the name Capreolus, it has been used by other authors before him  Nonetheless, his publication is seen as taxonomically acceptable  He was generally ignored until the 20th century, most 19th-century works having continued to follow Linnaeus 
The name Capreolus capreolus is a tautonym Roe deer populations gradually become somewhat larger as one moves further to the east, peaking in Kazakhstan, then becoming smaller again towards the Pacific Ocean  The Soviet mammalogist Vladimir Sokolov had recognised this as a separate species from 1985 already using electrophoretic chromatography to show differences in the fractional protein content of the body tissues, the next year he showed that there were differences in the skull morphology, and a year after he used sonographs to demonstrate that the fawns, females and males made very different noises between species  Alexander S  Graphodatsky looked at the karyotypy to present more evidence to recognise these Russian and Asian populations as a separate species, now renamed the eastern or Siberian roe deer (Capreolus pygargus), in his 1990 paper  The taxa are differentiated by the B chromosomes found in C  pygargus, populations of this species gain more of these strange 'junk' chromosomes as one moves further east 
This new taxonomic interpretation (circumscription) was first followed in the American book Mammal Species of the World in 1993  Populations of the roe deer from east of the Khopyor River and Don River to Korea are considered to be this species 

Subspecies
The Integrated Taxonomic Information System, following the 2005 Mammal Species of the World, gives the following subspecies:
Capreolus capreolus capreolus (Linnaeus, 1758)
Capreolus capreolus canus Miller, 1910 - Spain
Capreolus capreolus caucasicus Nikolay Yakovlevich Dinnik, 1910 - A large-sized subspecies found in the region to the north of the Caucasus Mountains; although Mammal Species of the World appears to recognise the taxon, this work bases itself on a chapter by Lister et al  in the 1998 book The European roe deer: the biology of success, which only recognises the name as provisional 
Capreolus capreolus italicus Enrico Festa, 1925 - ItalyThis is just one (extreme) interpretation among a number of them  Two main specialists did not recognise these taxa and considered the species to be without subspecies in 2001  The European Union's Fauna Europaea recognised in 2005 two subspecies, but besides the nominate form recognises the Spanish population as the endemic Capreolus capreolus garganta Meunier, 1983  In 2008 the IUCN recognised three infraspecific taxa: the nominate and the subspecies garganta and italicus 

Systematics
Roe deer are most closely related to the water deer, and, counter-intuitively, the three species in this group, called the Capreolini, are most closely related to moose and reindeer Although roe deer were once classified as belonging to the Cervinae subfamily, they are now classified as part of the Odocoileinae, which includes the deer from the New World 

Hybrids
Both the European roe deer and Siberian roe deer have seen their populations increase, both around the 1930s  In recent times, since the 1960s, the two species have become sympatric where their distributions meet, and there is now a broad 'hybridization zone' running from the right side of the Volga River up to eastern Poland  It is extremely difficult for hunters to know which species they have bagged  In line with Haldane's rule, female hybrids of the two taxa are fertile, while male hybrids are not  Hybrids are much larger than normal and a Cesarean section was sometimes needed to birth the fawns, becoming larger than their mothers at the age of 4–5 months  F1 hybrid males may be sterile, but backcrosses with the females are possible 22% of the animals around Moscow carry the mtDNA of the European roe deer and 78% of the Siberian  In the Volgograd region, the European roe deer predominates  In the Stavropol and Dnipropetrovsk regions of Ukraine, most of the deer are Siberian roe deer  In northeastern Poland there is also evidence of introgression with the Siberian roe deer, which was likely introduced  In some cases, such as around Moscow, former introductions of European stock is likely responsible 

Description
The roe deer is a relatively small deer, with a body length of 95–135 cm (3 ft 1 in – 4 ft 5 in) throughout its range, and a shoulder height of 63–67 cm (2 ft 1 in – 2 ft 2 in), and a weight of 15–35 kg (35–75 lb)  Populations from Urals and northern Kazakhstan are larger on average growing to 145 cm (4 ft 9 in) in length and 85 cm (2 ft 9 in) at shoulder height, with body weights of up to 60 kg (130 lb), with the populations becoming smaller again further east in the Transbaikal, Amur Oblast, and Primorsky Krai regions  In healthy populations, where population density is restricted by hunting or predators, bucks are slightly larger than does  Under other conditions, males can be similar in size to females, or slightly smaller Bucks in good conditions develop antlers up to 20–25 cm (8–10 in) long with two or three, rarely even four, points  When the male's antlers begin to regrow, they are covered in a thin layer of velvet-like fur which disappears later on after the hair's blood supply is lost  Males may speed up the process by rubbing their antlers on trees, so that their antlers are hard and stiff for the duels during the mating season  Unlike most cervids, roe deer begin regrowing antlers almost immediately after they are shed 

Distribution
Within Europe the roe deer occurs in most areas with the exception of northernmost Scandinavia, in Norway it occurs throughout the country with the exception of parts of northern Vestland and northernmost Nordland (north of Narvik), and the islands of Iceland, Ireland and those of the Mediterranean Sea islands



ground_truth: Nobel Prize

prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: What was the home city of the author of the famous novel tracing the life of a male roe deer from his birth onward?

The following are given passages.
Context 3:  In the Mediterranean region, it is largely confined to mountainous areas, and is absent or rare at low altitudes There is an early Neolithic fossil record from Jordan It is known that there are roe deer that live in the Red Forest near Chornobyl in Ukraine 

Belgium
In Flanders the roe deer was mostly confined to the hilly regions in the east, but like in neighbouring countries the population has expanded in recent times  A theory is that the expansion of maize cultivation, which are higher than traditional crops and afford more shelter, has aided their expansion to the west 

Britain
In England and Wales, roe deer have experienced a substantial expansion in their range in the latter half of the 20th century and continuing into the 21st century  This increase in population also appears to be affecting woodland ecosystems  At the start of the 20th century, they were almost extirpated in Southern England, but since then have hugely expanded their range, mostly due to restrictions and decrease in hunting, increases in forests and reductions in arable farming, changes in agriculture (more winter cereal crops), a massive reduction in extensive livestock husbandry, and a general warming climate over the past 200 years  Furthermore, there are no large predators in Britain  In some cases, roe deer have been introduced with human help  In 1884 roe deer were introduced from Württemberg in Germany into the Thetford Forest, and these spread to populate most of Norfolk, Suffolk, and substantial parts of Cambridgeshire  In southern England, they started their expansion in Sussex (possibly from enclosed stock in Petworth Park) and from there soon spread into Surrey, Berkshire, Wiltshire, Hampshire, and Dorset, and for the first half of the 20th century, most roe deer in Southern England were to be found in these counties  By the end of the 20th century, they had repopulated much of southern England and had expanded into Somerset, Devon, Cornwall, Oxfordshire, Gloucestershire, Warwickshire, Lincolnshire and South Yorkshire, and had even spread into Wales from the Ludlow area where an isolated population had appeared  At the same time, the surviving population in Scotland and the Lake District had pushed further south beyond Yorkshire and Lancashire and into Derbyshire and Humberside In the 1970s, the species was still completely absent from Wales  Roe deer can now be found in most of rural England except for southeast Kent and parts of Wales; anywhere in the UK mainland suitable for roe deer may have a population  Not being a species that needs large areas of woodland to survive, urban roe deer are now a feature of several cities, notably Glasgow and Bristol, where in particular they favour cemeteries  In Wales, they are least common, but they are reasonably well established in Powys and Monmouthshire 

Iran
Roe deer are found in northern Iran in the Caspian region: they occur in the Hyrcanian woodlands and agricultural lands of the Alborz Mountains (Golestan National Park, Jahan Nama Protected Area) 

Ireland
Scottish roe deer were introduced to the Lissadell Estate in County Sligo in Ireland around 1870 by Sir Henry Gore-Booth  The Lissadell roe deer were noted for their occasional abnormal antlers and survived in that general area for about 50 years before they died out  According to the National Biodiversity Data Centre, in 2014 there was a confirmed sighting of roe deer in County Armagh  There have been other, unconfirmed, sightings in County Wicklow 

The Netherlands
In the Netherlands, roe deer were extirpated from the entirety of the country except for two small areas around 1875  As new forests were planted in the country in the 20th century, the population began to expand rapidly  Although it was a protected species in 1950, the population is no longer considered threatened and it has lost legal protection  As of 2016 there are some 110,000 roe deer in the country  The population is primarily kept in check through the efforts of hunters 

Israel
In 1991, a breeding colony of 27 roe deer coming from France, Hungary and Italy were brought in the Hai-Bar Carmel Reserve  A small number of this roe deer population has been reintroduced to the Carmel Mountains from the Carmel Hai-Bar Nature Reserve, with the first deer being released in 1996  24 to 29 animals had been released by 2006  Some of the reintroduced animals were hand-reared and could be monitored by their responses to their keeper calls 

Ecology
Habitat
This species can utilize a large number of habitats, including open agricultural areas and above the tree line, but a requisite factor is access to food and cover  It retreats to dense woodland, especially among conifers, or bramble scrub when it must rest, but it is very opportunistic and a hedgerow may be good enough  Roe deer in the southern Czech Republic live in almost completely open agricultural land  The animal is more likely to be spotted in places with nearby forests to retreat to  A pioneer species commonly associated with biotic communities at an early stage of succession, during the Neolithic period in Europe when farming humans began to colonise the continent from the Middle East, the roe deer was abundant, taking advantage of areas of forest or woodland cleared by Neolithic farmers 

Behaviour
In order to mitigate risk, roe deer remain within refuge habitats (such as forests) during the day  They are likelier to venture into more open habitats at night and during crepuscular periods when there is less ambient activity  It scrapes leaf litter off the ground to make a 'bed' When alarmed it will bark a sound much like a dog and flash out its white rump patch  Rump patches differ between the sexes, with the white rump patches heart-shaped on females and kidney-shaped on males  Males may also bark or make a low grunting noise  Does (the females) make a high-pitched "pheep" whine to attract males during the rut (breeding season) in July and August  Initially the female goes looking for a mate and commonly lures the buck back into her territory before mating  The roe deer is territorial, and while the territories of a male and a female might overlap, other roe deer of the same sex are excluded unless they are the doe's offspring of that year 

Diet
It feeds mainly on grass, leaves, berries, and young shoots  It particularly likes very young, tender grass with a high moisture content, i e , grass that has received rain the day before  Roe deer will generally not venture into a field that has or has had livestock in it 

Reproduction
The polygamous roe deer males clash over territory in early summer and mate in early autumn  During courtship, when the males chase the females, they often flatten the underbrush, leaving behind areas of the forest in the shape of a circle or figure eight called 'roe rings'  These tend to be 1-3m in diameter  In 1956 it was speculated based on some field evidence that they choose where to form rings around plants with ergot mould, but this has not been substantiated further  Males may also use their antlers to shovel around fallen foliage and soil as a way of attracting a mate  Roebucks enter rutting inappetence during the July and August breeding season  Females are monoestrous and after delayed implantation usually give birth the following June, after a 10-month gestation period, typically to two spotted fawns of opposite sexes  The fawns remain hidden in long grass from predators; they are suckled by their mother several times a day for around three months  Young female roe deer can begin to reproduce when they are around 6 months old  During the mating season, a male roe deer may mount the same doe several times over a duration of several hours 

Population ecology
A roe deer can live up to 20 years, but it usually does not reach such an age  A normal life span in the wild is seven to eight years, or 10 years The roe deer population shows irruptive growth  It is extremely fecund and can double its population every year; it shows a retarded reaction to population density with females continuing to have a similar fecundity at high population densities 
Population structure is modified by available nutrition, where populations are irrupting there are few animals over six years old  Where populations are stagnant or moribund, there is huge fawn mortality and a large part of the population is over seven years old  Mortality is highest in the first weeks after birth due to predation, or sometimes farm machinery; or in the first winter due to starvation or disease, with up to 90% mortality 

Community ecology
It is a main prey of the Persian leopard (Panthera pardus tulliana) in the Alborz Mountains of Iran The nematode Spiculopteragia asymmetrica infects this deer Compared to the other large herbivores and omnivores in Iran, it is a poor disperser of plant seeds, despite consuming relatively more of them 

Uses
The roe deer is a game animal of great economic value in Europe, providing large amounts of meat and earning millions of euros in sport hunting  In 1998, some 2,500,000 roe deer were shot per year in Western Europe  In Germany alone, 700,000 were shot a year in the 1990s  This is insufficient to slow down the population growth, and the roe deer continues to increase in number It is the main source of venison in Europe  In the 2000s, there was growing interest among consumers in alternative and organic food products such as game meat  Frozen roe venison should not be stored longer than 10 to 12 months at −25 °C to maintain a high quality  Storage time and quality can decrease if the bullet has travelled through the digestive tract and contaminated the meat  The meat, like most game meat, is darker in colour than most farmed meat 

Palaeontology
Roe deer are thought to have evolved from a species in the Eurasian genus Procapreolus, with some 10 species occurring from the Late Miocene to the Early Pleistocene, which moved from the east to Central Europe over the millennia, where Procapreolus cusanus (also classified as Capreolus cusanus) occurred  It may not have evolved from C  cusanus, however, because the two extant species split from each other 1 375 and 2 75 Myr ago, and the western species first appeared in Europe 600 thousand years ago As of 2008 over 3,000 fossil specimens of this species have been recovered from Europe, which affords a good set of data to elucidate the prehistoric distribution  The distribution of the European species has fluctuated often since entering Europe  During the some periods during the last ice age it was present in central Europe, but during the Last Glacial Maximum it retreated to refugia in the Iberian Peninsula (two refugia here), southern France, Italy (likely two), the Balkans and the Carpathians  When the last Ice Age ended the species initially abruptly expanded north of the Alps to Germany during the Greenland Interstadial, 12 5–10 8 thousand years ago, but during the cooling of the Younger Dryas, 10 8–10 thousand years ago, it appears to have disappeared again from this region  It reappeared 9 7–9 5 thousand years ago, reaching northern central Europe  The modern population in this area appears to have recolonised it from the Carpathians and/or further east, but not the Balkans or other refugia  This is opposite to the red deer, which recolonised Europe from Iberia  There has been much admixture of these populations where they meet, also possibly due to human intervention in some cases It is thought that during the Middle Ages the two species of roe deer were kept apart due to hunting pressure and an abundance of predators; the different species may have met in the period just before that, and yet, during the Ice Age they were also kept apart 

Conservation
Populations are increasing throughout Europe; it is considered a species of 'least concern' 

Culture
In the Hebrew Bible Deuteronomy 14:5, the יַחְמ֑וּר, yahmur, derived from 'to be red', is listed as the third species of animal that may be eaten  In most Bibles this word has usually been translated as 'roe deer', and it still means as much in Arabic (أحمر, pronounced 'ahmar) -it was still said to be a common species in the Mount Carmel area in the 19th century  The King James Bible translated the word as 'fallow deer', and in other English Bible translations the word has been translated as a number of different species  When Modern Hebrew was reconstructed to serve as the language of the future Israel in late Ottoman and British Mandatory Palestine, the King James Bible interpretation was chosen, despite the fallow deer being fallow, not red 
Bambi, the titular character of the book Bambi, A Life in the Woods and its sequel Bambi's Children was originally a roe deer  When the story was adapted to the animated film Bambi by Walt Disney Pictures, the main character was changed to a white-tailed deer Albino roe deer were exceedingly rare in history, and they were regarded as national treasures or sacred animals in ancient times in China 
Passage 7:
5 6×57mm
The 5 6×57mm (designated as the 5,6 × 57 by the C I P ) cartridge was created by Rheinisch-Westfälische Sprengstoffwerke (RWS) in Germany in 1964 by necking down popular 7×57mm Mauser (similarly to how Paul Mauser himself created 6 5×57mm Mauser) for hunting small deer such as roe deer, and for chamois  The calibre has a significant following among European sportsmen, and most European mass production riflemakers chamber several models of rifle for this cartridge   During the 1970-1990 period this cartridge was widely and successfully used in the Republic of Ireland for deer shooting, since security considerations at a period of Provisional Irish Republican Army violence had led to a ban on the civilian ownership of calibres larger than  224in   Some British small deer specialist hunters use the 5 6×57 mm with great success on roe deer, muntjac and Chinese water deer With a factory-load velocity of 3,500 ft/s (1,100 m/s) with a 74-grain, cone-pointed bullet, it is approximately 100 ft/s (30 m/s) faster than the  220 Swift cartridge firing a bullet of equivalent weight   The larger case capacity means that handloaders can produce 50-grain loads that, with velocities in excess of 4,100 ft/s (1,200 m/s), will outpace anything that can safely be achieved by the Swift  The  223 Winchester Super Short Magnum is a 21st-century cartridge that is comparable to the 5 6×57 mm The 5 6×57mm cartridge case has a distinctively thick case wall, and this causes significant problems when handloading, owing to the force that needs to be used through the press when re-sizing the case neck   It has been suggested that this unusual neck thickness is the result of the use of  22 rimfire chamber adapters in centrefire rifles chambered for this cartridge 

5 6×57mm rimmed variant
The 5 6×57mmR (designated as the 5,6 × 57 R by the C I P ) is a rimmed variant of the 5 6×57mm  The rimmed variant was designed for break-open rifles and is almost identical to the rimless variant except for the rim 

Specifications
Bullet diameter: 5 69 mm ( 224")
Loads:
74 gr @ 1040 m/s (3412 ft/s)
60 gr @ 3700 ft/s
Passage 8:
Whitetail Deer Cutaneous Fibroma
Cutaneous fibromas (also known as deer warts) are common neoplasms occurring in wild and domestic deer of many species and are caused by host-specific viral infections  The fibromas occur most frequently in animals under 2 years of age, with cases in older deer reported occasionally or rarely Deer fibromas appear on the skin as hard and round tumors that can be up to 1 cm in diameter  The tumors are blackish or brown and have a rough-textured surface  They do not cause the animal harm unless clumps of fibromas interfere with breathing, eating, or walking 
Fibromas have been reported in white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus), mule deer (Odocoileus hemionus), fallow deer (Cervus dama), red deer (Cervus elaphus), roe deer (Capreolus capreolus), Sika deer (Cervus nippon), moose (Alces alces), and caribou (Rangifer caribou) " They occur across the entirety of the white-tail deer's range 

Clinical signs and symptoms
The only visible signs of cutaneous fibroma in white-tailed deer are fleshy wart-like growths on the skin  These growths can vary from single to clusters of warts  These warts can also vary in size from small to very large  They are only attached to the skin, not to the underlying muscle and bone, so their only physical effects on the deer stem from their ability to impair the deer's sight and range of motion if they are large enough to inhibit normal behavior  Deer with these growths can still be in perfect health and usually show no symptoms of ill health 

Transmission
The fibromas are most often caused by host-specific papillomaviruses  They may also be due to host-specific poxviruses The transmission of cutaneous fibromas in the white-tailed deer is caused by a virus that is thought to be transmitted through a variety of insect bites or by a deer coming in contact with any contaminated object that scratches or penetrates the skin of the deer or contaminates wounded/damaged skin  Deer tend to frequent particular trails during their movements, and may thus potentially become infected by contact with objects on the path previously contaminated by other deer  As fibromas occur more commonly in bucks, the virus is probably often transmitted during sparring This disease appears temporary, manifesting after about 7 weeks after inoculation and lasting only about two months  Cutaneous fibromas are not transmissible to other livestock or to humans if their meat is consumed 

Occurrence
Fibromas occur most frequently in animals under 2 years of age  The tumor has been diagnosed in 2 1% of males and 0 4% of females  More bucks are shot (either by law or hunter preference), which influences the sampling 

Treatment and control
Treatment is not a feasible option for most wild populations  The disease has not been a problem in captive herds  The growths could be removed surgically if they became important, but that would rarely be an issue  Because exposure to the virus leads to immunity, it should be possible to develop a vaccine if prevention becomes necessary  To date, this disease has been too rare to justify such actions 

Prognosis
Large, ulcerated fibromas are infrequent  In most deer, the fibromas develop to only a few millimeters in diameter  Tumors then regress; this has been observed both in naturally occurring and experimentally induced cases  Only in an occasional deer do they develop into conspicuous skin tumors  Results of a New York survey indicated that wild deer are exposed and develop an immunity to the fibroma virus early in life 

Significance
Fibromatosis is not an important cause of deer mortality  The disease is not known to infect humans  Although they do not harm the meat, fibromas are repulsive to most people, so they discourage them from consuming the deer Some domesticated animals (cattle, dogs, etc ) are subject to "warts" common to their species  Fibromatosis of deer is quite unlikely to be infectious to domestic animals 

See also
Shope papilloma virus



ground_truth: Vienna