prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: What Friday night programming block included what collective series that includes "Whatever Happened to... Robot Jones?"?

The following are given passages.
Context 1: Passage 1:
Whatever Happened, Happened
"Whatever Happened, Happened" is the 11th television episode of the fifth season of ABC's Lost  The 97th episode of the show overall, "Whatever Happened, Happened" aired April 1, 2009, on ABC in the United States  The episode was written by executive producers/show runners Damon Lindelof & Carlton Cuse and directed by "The Man Behind the Curtain" director Bobby Roth In 1977, Kate Austen (Evangeline Lilly) goes to extreme measures to save young Benjamin Linus (Sterling Beaumon) when Jack Shephard (Matthew Fox) refuses to help  In flashbacks, Kate takes care of Sawyer's (Josh Holloway) favor and begins to tell the truth to protect Aaron (William Blanchette) 

Plot
Flashbacks
Shortly after the Oceanic six's rescue, Kate Austen and a baby Aaron visit Cassidy, who is an ex-girlfriend of James "Sawyer" Ford  Kate gives Cassidy and Sawyer's daughter Clementine (Olivia Vickery) money from the severance pay from Oceanic  Cassidy deduces that Aaron is not Kate's baby, prompting her to tell her the truth about everything that happened on the island  Cassidy eventually leads Kate to realize that the reason she took Aaron as her own, is because Kate needed him in order to get over her emotional attachment to Sawyer  After the survivors's confrontation with Ben, Kate momentarily loses Aaron in a supermarket  She recovers it from a woman who bears a strong resemblance of Claire Littleton (Emilie de Ravin), Aaron's mother  After this, she decides to return to the island with the others who left  She leaves Aaron in the care of Carole Littleton (Susan Duerden), Aaron's biological grandmother  Kate also tells Carole that she is returning to the island to find Carole's daughter, Claire, and bring her home 

1977
After Sayid shoots a young Ben, Jin-Soo Kwon (Daniel Dae Kim) wakes up and notices the situation  He brings Ben to the barracks so that his injuries can be treated by Juliet Burke (Elizabeth Mitchell)  Juliet is unable to perform the necessary surgery on Ben and sends James "Sawyer" Ford (Josh Holloway) to retrieve Jack Shephard (Matthew Fox), a spinal surgeon  Meanwhile, Hugo "Hurley" Reyes (Jorge Garcia) and Miles Straume (Ken Leung) debate the nature of time travel  Hurley is convinced that they have changed the past, as in Back to the Future, but Miles tells him that these events always happened in the past  Hurley, however, points that an older Ben didn't recognize Sayid when he was tortured in 2004, as the man who shot him as a kid  Jack, knowing what Ben does in the future, refuses to help, saying that "he already saved him once"  This drives Kate Austen (Evangeline Lilly) to do everything she can to help Ben 
Kate goes to the sick bay where Ben is being treated and donates her blood because she is a universal donor  She strikes up a conversation with Ben's father, Roger (Jon Gries), who is upset that Ben stole his keys and freed Sayid from the jail  Once it becomes clear that Ben will succumb to his injuries without further intervention, Kate decides to take Ben to the Others, the island's native population  Sawyer comes to Kate's aid and they bring Ben to Richard Alpert (Nestor Carbonell), who warns them that if he treats Ben, he will not remember what has happened and will never be the same again  They agree anyway  Another Other urges Richard to inform "Ellie" of his intentions and implies that "Charles" will not be pleased if he finds out, but Richard says he doesn't answer to either of them  Richard then carries Ben into the temple 

2007
After being knocked out unconscious by Sun, Ben (Michael Emerson) wakes up in the infirmary, and is greeted by John Locke (Terry O'Quinn), who welcomes him back to "the land of the living" 

Notes
Passage 2:
SNICK
SNICK (short for Saturday Night Nickelodeon) was a two-hour programming block on the American cable television network Nickelodeon, geared toward older (preteen to teen) audiences, that ran from August 15, 1992 until January 29, 2005  It was aired on Saturdays starting at 8 p m and ending at 10 p m  ET  In 2005, SNICK was revamped as the Saturday night edition of TEENick  Nickelodeon continues to run a Saturday night programming block today, though since the TEENick name was removed from the lineup in February 2009, the block no longer goes by any name 
The block debuted on Saturday, August 15, 1992, with a pair of Sunday favorites (the teen sitcom Clarissa Explains It All and The Ren & Stimpy Show) and the network premieres of Roundhouse (a musical comedy variety series) and Are You Afraid of the Dark? (a horror fantasy-drama anthology series) 

Background
At the time of SNICK's creation, traditional networks such as ABC, NBC and CBS didn't like to program for younger viewers on Saturday nights  The consensus at the time was that viewers who were 50 years of age and older, were the only ones available, since younger viewers traditionally went out on Saturday nights  This would explain why shows such as NBC's The Golden Girls and Empty Nest were the most predominant shows on Saturday nights at the time  Previously on Saturdays, Nickelodeon themselves ceded the 8 p m  timeslot to the vintage sitcoms of the channel's late night programming block, Nick at Nite Then-Nickelodeon president Geraldine Laybourne wanted to expose the myth that there is no audience for kids and teen programming on Saturday nights  Laybourne on that end, was a purveyor of market niche-talk, which was a strategy of programming highly focused programs targeted to specific groups defined by age, gender, race, education, religion or any of a number of other factors  In theory, the audience who would most likely watch SNICK would be too young to be out on the town and subsequently too old to be in bed by eight Laybourne believed that the original shows on the SNICK block would double Nickelodeon's audience on Saturday night by as many as 650,000 to one million viewers  According to Nickelodeon, about one-third of The Ren & Stimpy Show's audience, more than a million viewers, were between the ages of 18 and 35  By early 1993, Nickelodeon according to A C  Nielsen ratings, was the number one network among viewers ages 6–11 on Saturday nights  With a 6 4 age-group rating, Nickelodeon beat Fox's 5 5, NBC's 5 2, CBS' 4 8, and ABC's 3 2

History
1999–2001: SNICK House
On October 16, 1999, SNICK was revamped and was renamed to the SNICK House  With this came a number of changes  The block was now hosted by Nick Cannon, and each week, a celebrity or music group made an appearance  The format was very similar to the former TEENick block, but was more of a party  Each week, kids could go online and vote for their favorite SNICK House Video Picks  The winning music video would then be played during the block  The SNICK House was cancelled on October 1, 2000, making the way for the return of the regular SNICK block 

2001–2002: Elevator Music Era
After SNICK was cancelled on June 30, 2001, with the last program aired being All That, Nick replaced SNICK's normal slot with "Nick Flicks", 90 minute Nicktoon specials followed by The Brothers García  This went on from July 7, 2001 to January 12, 2002 and from June 29, 2002 to September 7, 2002  On January 19, 2002, the brand new SNICK began with a whole new lineup, including a brand new season and subsequently a new cast of All That, which had been on hiatus for a year and a half  Bumpers now featured still pictures of various SNICK stars with a SNICK "talk bubble" above them, with elevator music playing in the background 

2002–2004: SNICK On-Air Dare
Starting in September 2002, SNICK featured a series of On-Air Dare segments featuring members of the All That cast  All but three members of the cast would pull a lever to determine the night's "dare", which one of the three would have to do  The three cast members from All That in each segment would be placed in a glass cylinder and one would be randomly chosen to participate in a dare  If chosen, two security guards enter and grab the cast member (as if he or she was arrested) so they don't escape  This appears to have been based on Fear Factor Some of these dares included singing the National Anthem in a diaper, apple bobbing in a toilet, taking a bath in a tub of raw eggs, eating a couple gallons of blue cheese, being painted with peanut butter and licked by dogs, hanging upside down and being dipped in dog food, having buckets of worms dumped on the cast member's head, drinking a gallon of sweat, sitting in a giant bowl of chili, eating 1,000 toe nails, the cast member putting an entire scorpion in their mouth, the cast member being pecked by hungry chickens, or shaving their school principal's legs 
During this era of SNICK, the SNICK line-ups went through some major transitions that included the phasing out of The Nick Cannon Show and Cousin Skeeter and the addition of a new show, Romeo! 
In 2003, design company Beehive created brand new bumpers for SNICK, featuring an orange splat morphing into a show's character  Instead of saying "SNICK", the announcer said "Saturday Night Nickelodeon" 

2004–2005: Saturday Night on Nickelodeon era and the end of SNICK
On September 4, 2004, SNICK was quietly rebranded as Saturday Night on Nickelodeon  However, the SNICK name was still used during live on-air segments  TEENick Saturday Night replaced SNICK for the 2004–2005 television season and onward  The TEENick block name was dropped in February 2009 in preparation for the launch of a separate channel named after the block, TeenNick  TeenNick launched in September 2009 and much of its programming was sourced from the original TEENick block 

2011: SNICK on The '90s Are All That
In 2011, TeenNick would begin airing 1990s era Nickelodeon shows starting at 12:00 AM Eastern Time under the banner The '90s Are All That  All That and Kenan & Kel are the most prominent and consistent SNICK shows to get reruns  It was announced that the week of December 26, 2011 up until New Year's Eve that TeenNick would air classic SNICK lineups from each year of the 1990s, with a special marathon airing New Year's Eve, all with classic SNICK and Nickelodeon bumpers from the 1990s 
On August 17, 2013, SNICK returned to The '90s Are All That, for its "SNICK-iversary", celebrating its 21st anniversary, reaching drinking age if it were a person  The original lineup was aired (Clarissa Explains It All, The Ren & Stimpy Show and Are You Afraid of the Dark?) with the exception of Roundhouse being replaced by All That 

2017: SNICK on NickSplat
Since the block's 2011 resurgence, SNICK has returned to TeenNick three times  The first two under the block timeslot of The '90s Are All That, which was renamed to The Splat on October 5, 2015, and was renamed once again as NickSplat on May 1, 2017  SNICK's third appearance on TeenNick was to celebrate SNICK's 25th anniversary by airing episodes Saturday nights during the month of August 2017 
August 5, 2017:

12AM The Adventures of Pete and Pete
12:30AM Clarissa Explains It All
1AM Are You Afraid of the Dark?
1:30AM The Ren & Stimpy ShowAugust 12, 2017:

12AM All That
12:30AM All That
1AM Kenan & Kel
1:30AM Kenan & KelAugust 15, 2017:

10PM Clarissa Explains It All
10:30PM Roundhouse
11PM The Ren & Stimpy Show
11:30PM Are You Afraid of the Dark?August 19, 2017:

12AM KaBlam!
12:30AM Rugrats
1AM CatDog
1:30AM The Angry BeaversAugust 26, 2017:

12AM The Amanda Show
12:30AM The Amanda Show
1AM All That
1:30AM All That

Ads and bumpers
Ads and bumpers for SNICK featured the programming block's "mascot," dubbed "The Big Orange Couch," in several locales, including in front of the Midnight Society's campfire, Ren and Stimpy's house, the Roundhouse, as well as various real life and fictional locations  It was retired in June 1999 (however the couch was briefly returned from 2000–2001, in which it was redesigned), when the iconic couch, stuffed with $25,000 and 6,000 cookies, was given away in a contest celebrating Nickelodeon's 20 years on television  In 2006, one of Nickelodeon's celebrities would take over Nickelodeon from Monday to Friday, sitting on the Big Orange Couch 

SNICK line-ups
The following are the shows aired during SNICK for the year listed  Although these are the standard shows aired, some days would see variation in the SNICK line-up 

Home video releases
In August 1993, Nickelodeon released two VHS video tapes meant to recreate the SNICK-watching experience by including episodes from all four of the original SNICK shows: Clarissa Explains It All, Roundhouse, The Ren & Stimpy Show, and Are You Afraid of the Dark?  The tapes also included episodes of the original The Adventures of Pete & Pete shorts in between each SNICK show  as well as SNICK bumpers featuring the Big Orange Couch  The videos were released through Sony Wonder and came in orange-colored cassette tapes 

Volume 1: Nick SNICKS Friendship
Clarissa Explains It All: Season 3 episode "Sam's Swan Song"
The Ren & Stimpy Show: Season 1 episode "The Littlest Giant"
Are You Afraid of the Dark: Season 1 episode "The Tale of the Lonely Ghost"
Roundhouse: Season 1 episode "New Kid In Town"
The Adventures of Pete & Pete shorts "Artie, the Strongest Man in the World," "X-Ray Man," and "Route 34"

Volume 2: Nick SNICKS The Family
Clarissa Explains It All: Season 1 episode "Cool Dad"
The Ren & Stimpy Show: Season 2 episode "Fake Dad"
Are You Afraid of the Dark: Season 1 episode "The Tale of the Hungry Hounds"
Roundhouse: Season 1 episode "You Can't Fire Your Family"
The Adventures of Pete & Pete shorts "The Burping Room," "Mom's Plate," and "The Punishment"

Notes
Passage 3:
CBS Block Party
CBS Block Party (referred to on-air as the CBS Friday Night Block Party) was a programming block that aired on the CBS television network during the 1997–1998 television season  The block was similar to, and was intended as direct competition to, ABC's TGIF lineup and aired on Friday nights from 8:00 p m  to 10:00 p m  ET, and included two former stalwarts of the TGIF lineup  Although the block was canceled after one year, the resulting audience fracture caused what turned out to be irreparable harm to the previously dominant TGIF, eventually clearing the way for CBS to dominate the Friday night lineup beginning in the next decade 

Background
When ABC (a network that was in the midst of an overhaul as The Walt Disney Company took over) canceled the long-running shows Family Matters and Step by Step, CBS picked them up, paying a $40 million sum to earn the rights to the shows, and made them the cornerstones of the new "Block Party " Two new family comedies were added  The first was a new production from Miller-Boyett Productions (the production company behind Family Matters and Step By Step among other TGIF series), Meego  Meego, in addition to being produced by TGIF alumni, also starred a TGIF alumnus: Bronson Pinchot, who previously starred as Balki Bartokomous in Perfect Strangers and as Jean-Luc Rieupeyroux in the sixth season of Step by Step (Pinchot even used a similar accent to the one he used for the Balki character); Meego also featured well-known contemporary child stars Michelle Trachtenberg and Jonathan Lipnicki  The second new series was The Gregory Hines Show, an eponymous sitcom featuring entertainer Gregory Hines; CBS head Leslie Moonves described the Hines show as being more mature and edgy than the other shows in the block, but still family-friendly enough that children could watch comfortably Jaleel White, who played Family Matters star character Steve Urkel, stated that the producers jumped at the opportunity to jump to CBS because ABC was already shifting the TGIF block toward a much more child- and teen-oriented image, moving away from the whole-family approach it had taken at the beginning of its run (White believed being paired with the likes of The Gregory Hines Show was a far better fit than shows such as Muppets Tonight and Aliens in the Family that had been appearing on TGIF at the time), and that they did not believe Disney would give Miller-Boyett as prominent of a role as they had held with ABC before Disney had bought it  CBS, still experiencing aftereffects from the loss of NFL rights and multiple key affiliates to Fox in 1994, saw the purchase as a golden opportunity to draw a younger demographic than it was drawing at the time The CBS Block Party was CBS's second and final attempt to compete with TGIF; in 1992, the network attempted a similar block, albeit targeting an older demographic than either TGIF or the Block Party, that featured The Golden Palace (the continuation of the long-running NBC sitcom The Golden Girls), Designing Women, Major Dad, and Bob  Like the Block Party, this block also failed after one season, and by the end of 1993, all four series had been canceled 

Lineup
8:00pm Family Matters
8:30pm Meego
Replaced midseason with Kids Say the Darndest Things
9:00pm The Gregory Hines Show
9:30pm Step by Step(all times U S  Eastern Time)

Aftermath
None of the shows in the initial lineup lasted beyond that season  Meego lasted a mere six weeks, and The Gregory Hines Show was gone after fourteen  Though the two ABC series were picked up for full seasons, they suffered badly from the network jump, with both series hitting all-time lows in the Nielsen ratings (Family Matters was nevertheless modestly successful enough to beat the show that replaced it in the TGIF lineup, You Wish; the success was short-lived when You Wish was canceled)  Family Matters also suffered due to extensive retooling: Steve Urkel was revamped to tone down his nerdiness, several characters were written out or reduced to guest appearances, and Jo Marie Payton left the show midseason after getting into an altercation with White that nearly turned into fisticuffs (her role as Harriette Winslow was recast with Judyann Elder playing her the rest of the season) 
When the series were canceled, none were afforded a series finale  Kids Say the Darndest Things, however, would continue for two additional seasons, usually paired on Friday nights with a revival of Candid Camera  Kids Say    and Candid Camera would have more sustained success against TGIF, which eventually declined over the next two years until it ended in 2000 CBS has mostly focused on dramatic programming in the time slot since the Block Party was canceled, a programming strategy that has been a relative success in the so-called "Friday night death slot "
Passage 4:
Bob Ferris (Likely Lads)
Robert Andrew Scarborough Ferris is a fictional character in British sitcoms The Likely Lads and Whatever Happened to the Likely Lads? and in The Likely Lads film, played by Bingley-born actor Rodney Bewes  He is single in The Likely Lads, marries Thelma Chambers in Whatever Happened to the Likely Lads? and is still married to her in the film  He works as an electrician and later as a civil engineer  Bob is a long-term friend of Terry Collier 

Early life
Bob was conceived in Scarborough (hence his middle name) by unmarried parents, the day before his father was posted to Catterick by the British Army  Sharing his birthdate with entertainer Bruce Forsyth - as we learn in 'Birthday Boy' - Bob was born on 22 February 1944 into a working-class family  Once he started school, he proved to be an impressionable child, on his own being conscientious, but being easily coaxed into trouble by friends, particularly Terry  At an early age Bob and Terry got into mild trouble, stealing Dinky toys from Woolworths and a hosepipe from a care home  Bob left school to become an electrical apprentice with Ellison's Electrical  While serving his apprenticeship, he also attended night school, eventually becoming a qualified electrician  In the last episode of The Likely Lads, he signs up for the British Army but is discharged for having flat feet  Terry, who only signed up in order to be alongside his friend, is accepted, and goes on to serve in Munchen Gladbach, West Germany 

Personality
Bob is keener than Terry to mask his working-class roots  After marrying Thelma, Bob aspires to be accepted into the middle class, much to Terry's disgust  Bob enjoys playing squash with Thelma, but equally enjoys drinking with Terry  He often blames his drinking, smoking and poor diet on Terry  Although that is in part true, Bob needs little persuasion to stay out drinking with Terry rather than going home to his wife 
Bob is hard-working, conscientious, fairly conventional, and (unlike Terry) ambitious, although he is usually in need of guidance in order to achieve his ambitions  However, he is not particularly assertive, which makes him easily led by his headstrong wife Thelma and equally headstrong friend Terry 
Despite Bob's ambition and enjoyment of his new-found status, he has often defended Terry's "down-to-earth" and "unpretentious" ways, on one occasion even offending one of his own and Thelma's friends in order to defend Terry 
Passage 5:
Whatever Happened to    Robot Jones?
Whatever Happened to    Robot Jones? (simply known as Robot Jones or WHTRJ?) is an American animated television series created by Greg Miller for Cartoon Network  It follows Robot Jones, a teenage robot who attends the fictional suburban Polyneux Middle School in a retrofuturistic 1980s world  Episodes follow Robot Jones researching aspects of human life, including music, facial hair, and gym class  Jones is guided by his three friends, Socks, Mitch, and Cubey  Robot Jones is often smitten with his crush, Shannon Westerburg, a tall, young girl with orthodontic headgear and a prosthesis  In school, Robot Jones interacts with his teachers, Mr  McMcMc, Mr  Workout, and Mrs  Raincoat; the principal, Mr  Madman; and janitor Clancy Q  Sleepyjeans  His arch-rivals, Lenny and Denny Yogman, try to sabotage Jones's research by making school more difficult for him 
Miller's first pilot aired on Cartoon Network on June 16, 2000, as part of "Voice Your Choice Weekend", a contest in which previously unaired pilots were broadcast for viewers to decide which should be given a full series  Even though the Robot Jones pilot ranked second below Grim & Evil in the event, Robot Jones was greenlit for its own series, which premiered on July 19, 2002  The first season voice of Robot Jones was created with a Microsoft Word 97 text-to-speech function  Beginning with the second season, Robot Jones's voice was dubbed over by child actor Bobby Block, and reruns of the first season were re-dubbed with Block's voice overs  The series ended on November 14, 2003, after 13 episodes and a pilot 

Premise
Robot Jones (voiced by a text-to-speech program in the pilot and season 1; Bobby Block in season 2 and season 1 reruns) is a teenage robot living in a fictional early 1980s version of Delaware where robots are commonplace  Robot attempts to learn human nature by attending Polyneux Middle School with his new friends Timothy "Socks" Morton (Kyle Sullivan), a tall boy who loves rock music, Mitch Davis (Gary LeRoi Gray), a headphones-wearing boy whose eyes are hidden by his long hair, and Charles "Cubey" Cubinacle (Myles Jeffrey), a shorter boy who loves video games  He holds a crush on Shannon Westerburg (Grey DeLisle), a girl with a large retainer and prosthetic metal leg 
In each episode, Robot Jones explores a concept faced by average teenagers, such as gym class or competitions  Robot immerses himself in each subject to fully understand it while trying to fit in with his human peers, but this is challenging due to his social ineptitude and others' lack of understanding  As Robot settles in at school, he explores humanoid concepts of his own will  Though the situations he finds himself in are usually at his parents' insistence, others are a result of Robot trying to get closer to Shannon  An example is in "Summer Camp" when Socks convinces Robot to go camping and Robot discovers the ability to feel jealous  Due to his polite nature and short stature, students at his school tend to ignore Robot or are oblivious to his existence  His good grades, poor social skills, and status as a robot are at odds with Principal Madman (Jeff Bennett), a technophobic principal, Mr  McMcMc (Rip Taylor), a jealous and insecure math teacher, and Lenny (Josh Peck) and Denny (Austin Stout) Yogman, two genius twin brothers  At the end of an episode, Robot reads a "data log entry" about what he learned that day and what conclusions he has arrived at on humanity 
The opening sequence, in which Robot Jones is factory-assembled and inserted into a school bus, is an homage to that of 1980s children's show You Can't Do That on Television  When the title of the show is spoken, a group of young children voice the "Whatever Happened to   " part in unison while the "Robot Jones?" part is done by a Macintosh Macintalk voice known as Trinoids  The first season has children speaking out episode titles while season 2 episode titles are spoken by voices of the characters 

Production
Greg Miller's original series pilot aired on Cartoon Network on June 8, 2000, in a contest featuring 11 animated shorts to be chosen for a spot on the network's 2000 schedule  During the weekend of August 25–27, 2000, all 11 pilots aired as part of a 52-hour marathon called "Voice Your Choice Weekend", in which viewers would vote for their favorite pilots  While Grim & Evil won the contest with 57% of the vote, Robot Jones came in second place with 23% and was given its own series run beginning July 19, 2002 Robot Jones's animation style can be seen as a throwback to 1970s and 1980s cartoons such as Schoolhouse Rock!, with an intentionally messy and rough look; it also strongly resembles classic newspaper comic strips such as Calvin and Hobbes  The series' animation technique is different from most American cartoons from the early 2000s  It was animated with traditional cel animation, at a time when many American cartoons had switched to digital ink and paint  The show was animated at Rough Draft Studios in Seoul, South Korea 
Greg Miller stated in an interview on Facebook that he used a Microsoft Word 97 text-to-speech software on his old Macintosh computer for Robot's voice during production for season one, but after the first season was completed, the executives of Cartoon Network didn't like how it sounded  Bobby Block was chosen to take the role of Robot in season two  Robot Jones's text-to-speech voice was also recorded for production of the second season, but because the voice change happened during the production of those episodes, this voice was never dubbed into the final prints  In that interview, he also said that he would want to do a revival of Robot Jones, but it would be up to Cartoon Network 
The aforementioned interview also revealed that the show was originally planned to be about Robot Jones growing up in the style of The Wonder Years only to take over the world in the style of The Terminator, and when asked how the show would have ended, Greg Miller explained it would end in the show's version of the 1990s with Robot Jones rallying a robot army to attack the human race 

Episodes
Series overview
Pilot (2000)
Season 1 (2002)
Season 2 (2003)
Broadcast
After production ceased on Robot Jones, it aired in syndication before being removed from Cartoon Network's schedule, but episodes were available online on Cartoon Network Video for a short period 
From 2005 to 2006, Robot Jones reran sporadically on The Cartoon Cartoon Show, along with segments of other Cartoon Cartoons from that time period 
Reruns began airing on Cartoon Network's Latin-American sister network Tooncast in 2015  It has also been added to the local version of HBO Max in 2022 
Robot Jones made a cameo appearance on the OK K O ! Let's Be Heroes episode "Crossover Nexus" that aired October 8, 2018, along with other Cartoon Network characters from current and ended shows  This marks the first appearance of Robot Jones's character since the show's cancellation and the first time since the first season where the character's voice was provided by the Microsoft Word 97 text-to-speech programmed voice 

See also
List of fictional robots and androids
List of science fiction universes
Passage 6:
Whatever Happened to    ?
Whatever Happened to   ? is a series of eleven plays broadcast in two series on BBC Radio 4 in 1994 and 1995  They covered the fate of various fictional characters, such as Popeye and Susan Foreman, the granddaughter of the Doctor in Doctor Who  The writer was Adrian Mourby, who in 1997 published a book called Whatever Happened to    ?: The Ultimate Sequels Book, in a similar vein with the further adventures of Frankenstein's Monster, The Artful Dodger, Snow White, Romeo, Big Bad Wolf, Pinocchio, Man Friday, Jane Eyre, Dorothy Gale from The Wonderful Wizard of Oz, and Jim Hawkins 

Episodes
Series one
Series two
Commercial releases
Whatever Happened to Susan Foreman? has been released as an extra on the Doctor Who DVD The Dalek Invasion of Earth 
The Radio 4 series starred Sir Michael Hordern, Jane Asher (as Susan), Lesley Philips (as the Big Bad Wolf), Roshan Seth (as Mowgli) Warren Mitchell and James Grout  The first series won Adrian Mourby the Sony Silver Award for Creative Writing on Radio 

External links
Whatever Happened to    ? at BBC Online
Episode listing on epguides com
Review of the Susan Foreman episode at pagefillers com
Passage 7:
Whatever Happened to Old-Fashioned Love
"Whatever Happened to Old-Fashioned Love" is a song recorded by American country music artist B  J  Thomas  It was released in May 1983 as the first single from the album New Looks  The song was written by Lewis Anderson 
The song was his biggest hit in over five years  "Whatever Happened to Old-Fashioned Love" was the second of three number ones on the country chart  It was his first number one since "(Hey Won't You Play) Another Somebody Done Somebody Wrong Song" eight years before  The single stayed at number one for one week and spent a total of fourteen weeks on the country chart  The song was Thomas' final entry on the pop chart, reaching number 93 
The song was a Top 20 pop hit in the UK for Daniel O'Donnell in the 1990s 

Charts
Weekly charts
Year-end charts
Passage 8:
Richard J  Maybury
Richard J  Maybury (born October 10, 1946) is the publisher of U S  & World Early Warning Report for Investors   He has written several entry level books on United States economics, law, and history from a libertarian perspective  He has written these things in epistolatory form, usually as an uncle writing to his nephew, answering questions  Maybury was a high school economics teacher  After failing to find a book which would give a clear explanation on his view of economics he wrote one himself  Some of his books include Uncle Eric Talks About Personal, Career & Financial Security; a book that is basically the foundation for his other books about the model perspective and Higher Law, Whatever Happened to Penny Candy?; a book that explains the history of the [United States] economic model and how it was based on free-market Austrian economics, Whatever Happened to Justice?; a book about his juris naturalist philosophical viewpoints regarding the foundations of America's legal system, British Common Law, the law of the Franks, and early Christian Ireland 

Early life and family
Richard J  Maybury was born on October 10, 1946 in Hamilton, Ohio, to parents Anthony J , and executive of a West Coast coffee company and co-author of Common Sense Business for Kids, and Ruth M  (née Wellinghoff) Maybury  He married Marilyn N  Williams on August 7, 1967   He has 4 siblings: David, Linda, Jane, and Debra 

Theories
Juris Naturalism
Maybury's viewpoint is "juris naturalism"  Maybury created the term juris naturalism, and called himself a juris naturalist, because he believed no other label was able to fully describe the concept, which he believed is modeled on the viewpoints of many of America's Founders 

Thousand Year War
Maybury has had disagreements with those who say that Muslims are terrorists  In his book, The Thousand Year War, he says that Muslims have been persecuted as much as the Jews by Western civilization through events such as the Crusades, and that they are retaliating after being wronged by the Europeans and the western culture, including the United States government  Maybury states that Muslim nations and people still treat events that occurred centuries ago as modern-day events, and that the recent attacks are retaliatory strikes against what they perceive to be their long-time enemies  He praises the mediaeval Muslim civilizations for their advances in many fields  He also states that Muslims are responsible for preserving the philosophies of ancient people, such as Aristotle 

Maybury's Two Laws
Maybury bases his work on common law, namely

Do all you have agreed to do
Do not encroach on other persons or their property The first law is related to contract law   A contract is an agreement between two or more parties, in which they promise to perform certain actions for and recognize certain rights of the other parties   The second law is related to some criminal law and tort law   Violators of these types of laws have committed acts like theft or violence against other people  (When referencing these two laws, Maybury has at times requested they be known as "Maybury's Laws," and stated exactly as above ) He has also mentioned that there may be another (or others) undiscovered law related to the subjects of law that the two he shows don't cover 

Chaostan
Maybury has declared that nearly a third of the Earth's surface is Chaostan, the land of great chaos  Chaostan is in his view prone to war, financial ill, and tyranny because they never received the Two Laws  The area extends from the Arctic Ocean to the Indian Ocean and Poland to the Pacific, plus North Africa 

The New Axis
Maybury thinks it is possible that some or all of the areas in Chaostan are secretly co-operating, either through political alliance or along ancient ethnic lines  This term was first used in May 1996 

Military Experience
Maybury was a sergeant in the United States Air Force from 1967 to 1971  He served with the 605th Air Commando Squadron in Central America, and with the 75th Military Airlift Squadron in Vietnam  He was also a General Military Training instructor at Travis Air Force Base; and participated in covert operations in South and Central America 

Books
Themes
Maybury's books are marked with emphasis on paradigms, or "models" as he calls them  One of his books, Are You Liberal, Conservative, or Confused is dedicated entirely to this topic  He commonly addresses his letters to an imaginary student named Chris 

Style
All of his books are written in the epistolatory style, as letters from the fictitious Uncle Eric to his nephew  The personal tone of the "letters" convey a certain sense of urgency, yet are remarkably understated compared to other revisionist and contrarian viewpoints 
The books have many illustrations, maps and pull-quotations of historical persons   Though, oddly to some, he rarely if ever quotes recent (20th century) writers   Perhaps it is because he distills the essence of free-market economic thought (what we often call "Libertarian") into fundamental terms that stand on their own   In other words, rather than quoting for instance Henry Hazlitt to support a thesis, he describes an idea in foundational terms that arrive at a conclusion that readers of Hazlitt may find familiar 

Titles
Maybury's in-print books to date are:

Ancient Rome: How It Affects You Today
Are You Liberal? Conservative? or Confused?
Evaluating Books: What Would Thomas Jefferson Think About This?
The Clipper Ship Strategy: For Success in Your Career, Business, and Investments
The Money Mystery: The Hidden Force Affecting Your Career, Business, and Investments
The Thousand Year War in the Mideast
Uncle Eric Talks About Personal, Career, and Financial Security
Whatever Happened to Justice?
Whatever Happened to Penny Candy? 5th Edition
World War I: The Rest of the Story and How It Affects You Today
World War II: The Rest of the Story & How It Affects You TodayAll of his books are published by Bluestocking Press

Journals & Newspapers
EWR
The US & World Investors Early Warning Report (EWR) is Maybury's monthly financial newsletter  EWR seeks to apply the Uncle Eric model to the real world and provide forecasts and warnings of financial changes before they happen  It is very cautious in outlook, and has low toleration of risk 

Freelance Work
Following his military experience, but prior to EWR, Maybury was a freelance writer whose works were featured in the Wall Street Journal, Washington Times, USA Today and other notable publications 

Moneyworld
Maybury was previously global affairs editor for Moneyworld
Passage 9:
The New CBS Tuesday Night Movies
The New CBS Tuesday Night Movies (known as The New CBS Friday Night Movies in its first season) was a weekly 90-minute motion picture made expressly for television   The series aired on CBS from 1971 to 1974  During its first two seasons, the program was similar to ABC's Movie of the Week, which presented a brand-new full-length feature film in a regular weekly time slot with no connecting theme or arc among the films   In the fall of 1972, the series moved from Friday nights to Tuesdays, with its Friday night slot given back to traditional previously released theatrical films under The CBS Friday Night Movies banner (The New CBS Friday Night Movies replaced The CBS Friday Night Movies during its first season) 
During the 1973-1974 television season, CBS revised the series into The New CBS Tuesday Night Movies   In the revision CBS adopted both the ABC and NBC approaches   They developed two rotating series, similar to The NBC Mystery Movie (both produced by MGM Television), and continued to premiere brand new feature-length films as television movies seen on alternating weeks 
The two series-like projects were:

Shaft, a series television version of the 1970s blaxploitation film franchise (itself based on Ernest Tidyman's 1970 novel of the same name), starring Richard Roundtree reprising the role of John Shaft 
Hawkins, starred James Stewart as Billy Jim Hawkins, a rural lawyer who investigated the cases he was involved in, not unlike Stewart's role in the 1959 film Anatomy of a Murder 
Every third week was a television movie The New CBS Tuesday Night Movies was cancelled after the 1973-1974 television season  Television films seen on CBS would be incorporated into its Thursday and Friday night movie programs, beginning with the 1974-1975 season 
Passage 10:
Cartoon Cartoons
Cartoon Cartoons is a collective name used by Cartoon Network for their original animated television series originally aired between 1995 and 2003 and produced in majority by Hanna-Barbera and/or Cartoon Network Studios  Beginning with its inception into cable broadcasting on October 1, 1992, Cartoon Network had focused its programming on reruns of older animated series which it had acquired through its parent company's film library  The Cartoon Cartoons label originated with Fred Seibert's animation anthology series What a Cartoon!, an animation showcase series featuring pilots of original cartoon ideas submitted by independent animators  Dexter's Laboratory was the first such pilot to be greenlit by the network for a full series in 1996  After other pilots were successfully produced into their own series, including Cow and Chicken, Johnny Bravo, and The Powerpuff Girls, the collective Cartoon Cartoons were featured on the network's Friday night programming block, Cartoon Cartoon Fridays from 1999 to 2003  Not all CN original series created around this time were officially recognized as Cartoon Cartoons; Samurai Jack, for example, did not bear the moniker 
The moniker was retired by the network in 2004, and its last surviving series, Ed, Edd n Eddy, ended in 2009 after a ten-year run  Since their heyday, reruns of the Cartoon Cartoons continued to air on The Cartoon Cartoon Show (2005–2008) and Cartoon Planet (2012–2014)  In 2021, the name was resurrected by the network for a new shorts program 

History
Cartoon Cartoons first appeared as shorts on animation showcase series What a Cartoon! in 1995, under the name of World Premiere Toons  The series was produced by Hanna-Barbera and Cartoon Network Studios under the direction of Fred Seibert  Seibert had been a guiding force for Nickelodeon (having overseen the creation of Nicktoons shortly prior to his departure) prior to joining Hanna-Barbera and would establish Frederator Studios years later Through What a Cartoon!, Cartoon Network was able to assess the potential of certain shorts to serve as pilots for spin-off series and signed contracts with their creators to create ongoing series  Dexter's Laboratory was the most popular short series according to a vote held in 1995, and became a full series in 1996  Dexter was retroactively labeled the first Cartoon Cartoon in 1997; however, the network's previous original shows, The Moxy Show and Space Ghost Coast to Coast, were not retroactively given the label 
The Cartoon Cartoon brand was first introduced in July 1997 for the network's Cartoon Cartoon Weekend block  Three more series based on shorts debuted in 1997: Johnny Bravo, Cow and Chicken, and I Am Weasel (the latter two as segments of the same show; I Am Weasel was later spun off into a separate show)  These were followed by The Powerpuff Girls in 1998 and Ed, Edd n Eddy in 1999, and Mike, Lu & Og and Courage the Cowardly Dog in 1999, creating a lineup of critically acclaimed shows  From 1999 to 2003, the Cartoon Cartoon Fridays block was the network's marquee night for premieres of new episodes and series 
In 2001, the network received Time Squad and Grim & Evil  Also in 2001, the show Samurai Jack premiered, but was not officially branded as a Cartoon Cartoon despite airing during the various programming blocks  In 2002, Codename: Kids Next Door became a full series after being chosen in the previous year's Big Pick Weekend  In 2003, Grim & Evil was split into The Grim Adventures of Billy & Mandy and Evil Con Carne; they were the last original series to officially carry the Cartoon Cartoon branding before it was discontinued 
The Cartoon Cartoons were intended to appeal to a wider audience than the average Saturday-morning cartoon  Linda Simensky, vice president of original animation, reminded adults and teenage girls that the cartoons could appeal to them as well  Kevin Sandler's article on them claimed that these cartoons were both less "bawdy" than their counterparts at Comedy Central and less "socially responsible" than their counterparts at Nickelodeon  Sandler pointed to the whimsical rebelliousness, high rate of exaggeration and self-consciousness of the overall output which each individual series managed In October 2003, the live-action Fridays premiered on the network as a replacement for Cartoon Cartoon Fridays  The Cartoon Cartoons bumpers (that appeared before and after episodes of its original series) were dropped after the network's CN City rebrand in June 2004  In August 2004, the block Cartoon Cartoons: The Top 5 was renamed to simply The Top 5  CN still kept the Cartoon Cartoons name around in various forms applying to their older series (such as for The Cartoon Cartoon Show from 2005 to 2008), but since newer shows such as Foster's Home for Imaginary Friends, Camp Lazlo, and Ben 10 were stylistically different from previous shows, the moniker was not applied to them 
However, internationally in places like Asia and Latin America, the moniker continued on until 2007 with shows like Foster's Home, Hi Hi Puffy AmiYumi, Camp Lazlo, and My Gym Partner's a Monkey 

Revival
On April 15, 2021, Cartoon Network announced a new iteration of the Cartoon Cartoons shorts program  On November 24, 2021, the first new Cartoon Cartoons shorts completed production  The first nine shorts include Accordions Geoffery & Mary Melodica by Louie Zong (of The Ghost and Molly McGee and We Bare Bears), Dang! It's Dracula by Levon Jihanian (of Tig n' Seek), Hungy Ghost by Jesse Moynihan (of Adventure Time), Fruit Stand at the End of the World by Rachel Liu, Off the Menu by Shavonne Cherry (of Ren & Stimpy and The Looney Tunes Show), Harmony in Despair by Andrew Dickman (of Looney Tunes Cartoons), Unravel by Alexis Sugden, Mouthwash Madness by Lisa Vandenberg (of Animaniacs), and Scaredy Cat by JJ Villard (of King Star King)  On June 7, 2022, More Cartoon Cartoons completed production  The next seven shorts include The All-Nimal by Nick Edwards (of Apple and Onion and The Fungies), Buttons' Gamezone by Fernando Puig (of The Cuphead Show and Tig n' Seek), Tib Tub, We Need You by Sean Godsey and Mike Rosenthal, I Love You Jocelyn by Tracey Laguerre (Art and Animation Director for brands like Google, Dreamworks, Buzzfeed and more) , Pig in a Wig by Sam Marin (of Regular Show), The Good Boy Report (based on the webcomic of the same name) by Kasey Williams (of Niko and the Sword of Light and Harley Quinn) and Maude Macher and Dom Duck by Kali Fontecchio (of The Looney Tunes Show and Jellystone!) 

Programming blocks
More shows premiered bearing the Cartoon Cartoons brand, airing throughout the network's schedule and prominently on Cartoon Cartoon Fridays, which became the marquee night for premieres of new episodes and shows beginning June 11, 1999  On June 9, 2000, the Cartoon Cartoon Fridays block began to be hosted each week by a different character from a Cartoon Cartoon series, with the first host being Eustace from Courage the Cowardly Dog  The June 9 broadcast also began the first week of The Big Pick, a showcase of cartoon pilots that could become full series based on the results of an online viewer poll  A similar event, The Big Pick II, aired the following year  On October 3, 2003, following a months-long switch to Summer Fridays and Fridays, the block was rebooted under a hybrid live-action format as Fridays, hosted by Tommy Snider and Nzinga Blake, the latter of whom was later replaced by Tara Sands  It aired shows outside the Cartoon Cartoon moniker, such as Foster's Home for Imaginary Friends, Hi Hi Puffy AmiYumi, The Life and Times of Juniper Lee, Camp Lazlo, My Gym Partner's a Monkey, Squirrel Boy, and Class of 3000  The last airing of Fridays was on February 23, 2007 
Cartoon Cartoons: The Top 5 (simply retitled The Top 5 in 2004), an hour-long program featuring a countdown of the week's five "best" Cartoon Cartoon episodes from the network's lineup, ran from 2002 to 2008  From 2005 to 2008, the Cartoon Cartoons label was primarily used for The Cartoon Cartoon Show, a half-hour program featuring episodes of older Cartoon Cartoons that were no longer shown regularly on the network 
The block Cartoon Planet was revived on Cartoon Network from 2012 to 2014, airing in a format similar to The Cartoon Cartoon Show  It featured Cartoon Cartoons such as Dexter's Laboratory, Johnny Bravo, Cow and Chicken, I Am Weasel, The Powerpuff Girls, Courage the Cowardly Dog, Ed, Edd n Eddy, Codename: Kids Next Door, The Grim Adventures of Billy & Mandy, and other original Cartoon Network Studios series such as Foster's Home for Imaginary Friends, Camp Lazlo, and Chowder 

List of series
Precursor
Full series
(+) Indicates that the show originally aired as part of Grim & Evil, and that the 2003-2004 episodes were not produced for the standalone show 

In other media
DC Comics ran an anthology comic based on the Cartoon Cartoons; the series ran from March 2001 to October 2004 for a total of 33 issues 
In the OK K O ! Let's Be Heroes episode "Crossover Nexus", the Cartoon Cartoon logo is shown in the bottom of a wall inside the Cartoon Network headquarters; the Cartoon Cartoon jingle theme song is played when Ben Tennyson (Ben 10) shape-shifts into different Cartoon Network characters 

See also
List of programs broadcast by Cartoon Network
Nicktoons

Notes
Context 2: Passage 1:
Fishing rod tapers
Fishing rod tapers describe how much a fishing rod bends or flexes under pressure   Different tapers are used for different fishing scenarios as well as for personal preference 

Action
The action of a taper is described by the flex of the tip of a rod when pressure is applied perpendicular to the rod   Only a section of the rod starting at the tip of the rod should bend while the remainder of the rod should stay rigid 
Variations can be described in three main categories, fast, medium, or slow with variations in between each   A rod with a fast taper will only flex the top 20 percent  Medium fast and medium tapers will flex approximately 30 to 60 percent of the rod respectively  If the rod has a slow taper, almost the entire rod or blank will bend or flex under pressure 

Usage
Rod taper is important for several reasons  The feel for the lure being used and the fish being caught dictate the appropriate taper use 
A fast action tip will be used when fishing jig type lures   The angler can feel and therefore control what the lure is doing quite easily   Since only the very tip of the rod bends, when a fish strikes the angler has ample rod shaft and backbone to set the hook correctly 
In contrast to fast tapers, the slow flex rods offer the angler advantages when fighting large fish with light fishing line   This additional flex allows the rod to absorb the force of the fish as opposed to the line   This is often the angler who likes to fish split shot rigs or Lindy rigs for walleye 


== Notes ==
Passage 2:
Personal Preference
Personal Preference is a 1987 board game created by Donal Carlston that involves guessing the order in which a player prefers foods, activities, people, and other items compared to one another  The game was published by Broderbund in the United States, Playtoy Industries in Canada, and Parker Brothers International in Britain 
An updated version by the original creator was launched on Kickstarter on May 1, 2023  The new version contains updated cultural references and new categories 

Original 1987 Version
The game contains cards in four categories: Food & Drink, Activities, People, and Potpourri (miscellaneous)  Each card has a photo or drawing on each side and text indicating what that side represents (e g , chocolate éclairs, climbing a mountain, Harrison Ford, spy novels)  Each round, one player draws four cards from one category, or one from each category, depending on the player's position on the board  Each card is placed in a colored quadrant of the board  The player then ranks these four items according to his or her preference using color-coded cards that are placed in an envelope  Next, other players (or teams) use numbered tiles to guess that player's order, and move forward one space for each correct guess when the order is revealed  If players choose to double a guess by placing a tile towards the center of the board, they move forward two spaces if correct and back one space if incorrect  Players take turns drawing and ranking cards until someone reaches the end of the board 

Reviews
Games #89
Best Games of 1988 in Games #94
Passage 3:
Pie floater
The pie floater is an Australian dish particularly common in Adelaide  It consists of a meat pie in a thick pea soup, typically with the addition of tomato sauce  Believed to have been first created in the 1890s, the pie floater gained popularity as a meal sold by South Australian pie carts  In 2003, it was recognised as a South Australian Heritage Icon 

Development
Pea soup with meat has long been part of English culinary history, with mentions in the 19th century, including the "pea and pie supper" (in Yorkshire), "pea soup with eel", and suet dumplings or saveloys   (Dumplings in soup were known as "floaters" )  It may have developed from those dishes, which are useful for feeding groups of people on a budget, such as at a sports match or at harvest time  
A pie floater commonly consists of a traditional Australian-style meat pie, usually sitting, but sometimes submerged (traditionally upside down) in a bowl of thick pea soup made from blue boiler peas  It is often self-garnished with tomato sauce, and the consumer may also add a combination of mint sauce, salt, pepper, or malt vinegar according to personal preference 
Early records in South Australia state that the pie floater was reputedly born in Port Pirie conceived by one Ern "Shorty" Bradley in 1890s, but it remains unknown if he did and how it came about 

Pie carts
Pie floaters were typically purchased in the street from pie-carts as a late evening meal  Pie-carts are typically a form of caravan/trailer/cart, originally horse-drawn, with an elongated "window" along one or both sides where customers could sit or (more usually) stand to eat their purchases  The pie-cart was typically moved into position at lunchtime and in the evening  As traffic became busier and on-street car-parking in demand, the carts evolved to have one window on the "footpath side", and were moved into position after afternoon peak-hour traffic had ebbed  They did business until late evening or early morning, after which they were returned to their daytime storage locations South Australia has had pie carts in the Adelaide metropolitan area since the 1870s  In the evenings, the Norwood pie-cart was located on The Parade adjacent to the Norwood Town Hall  It was also the only place where members of the public could buy draft Hall's "Stonie" ginger beer directly from the keg  In the Adelaide city centre in the 1880s, there were 13 pie-carts operating in King William Street and North Terrace  By 1915 there were nine pie-carts in operation  By 1958 this had reduced to two: Balfour's pie-cart on North Terrace outside the Adelaide railway station, and Cowley's in Victoria Square outside the Adelaide General Post Office  In 2007, the Glenelg tram line was extended from Victoria Square along King William Street and North Terrace past Adelaide railway station, and the Balfour's pie-cart was forced to close In 2003, the South Australian National Trust traced the history of the pie floater back over 130 years  The pie floater was recognised as a South Australian Heritage Icon by the National Trust of South Australia, although it is now available at very few locations; among them are the Café de Vilis, Enjoy Bakery on Norwood Parade, The Kings Head Pub on King William Street  and the Upper Sturt General Store 

See also
List of legume dishes
Passage 4:
Personal Taste
Personal Taste (Korean: 개인의 취향; Hanja: 個人의 趣向; RR: Kaeinui Chwihyang; MR: Kaein-ŭi Ch‘wihyang; lit  "Kae-in's Taste" or "Kae-in's Preference"; also known as Personal Preference) is a 2010 South Korean television series, starring  Son Ye-jin and Lee Min-ho  It is adapted from Lee Se-in's 2007 novel of the same name about a furniture designer, Park Kae-in, who lives together with architect Jeon Jin-ho under the mistaken assumption that he's gay  It aired on MBC from March 31 to May 20, 2010, on Wednesdays and Thursdays at 21:55 (KST) time slot for 16 episodes 

Synopsis
Furniture designer Park Kae-in (Son Ye-jin) is kind, impulsive, clumsy, and is a complete slob in her personal habits  She lives in Sanggojae (meaning "a place for mutual love"), a modernized hanok (traditional Korean house) designed by her father, a famous and reclusive architecture professor (Kang Shin-il)  As an independent furniture designer, she struggles to produce successful products and is constantly trying to impress her father with her works  Her long-time boyfriend, Han Chang-ryul (Kim Ji-seok), breaks up with her, the reason being Kae-in is an easygoing woman and a pushover  Despite being upset, Kae-in attends the wedding of her friend and roommate, Kim In-hee (Wang Ji-hye), only to discover that she is marrying Chang-ryul; and that the two had been seeing each other behind her back for a while  After she finally comes face-to-face with them, the wedding ceremony turns chaotic and is cancelled  Kae-in is heartbroken and determined to never take a chance on love again 
Meanwhile, to keep his small firm afloat, architect Jeon Jin-ho (Lee Min-ho) is desperately trying to win a project bid for the Dam Art Center against Future Construction, the company owned and operated by Chang-ryul's father (Ahn Suk-hwan)  Chang-ryul's father was originally an employee under Jin-ho's father, who stole the latter's company  In order to win the project of Dam Arts Center, Jin-ho has to find a way to dig up more information about the tentative theme of project: Sanggojae, which has never been opened to the public 
Jin-ho decides to rent a part of Sanggojae to get access into the house while Kae-in rents the place to him believing that he is homosexual due to misunderstandings from their previous encounters  After knowing the reason behind his approval, Jin-ho decides to leave Sanggojae to avoid being misunderstood further but is stopped by his assistant, Noh Sang-jun, who convinces him otherwise by reminding him that their chance at revival of their sinking firm lies on their success in Dam Arts Center Project 
After starting to live together, Jin-ho tells Kae-in that she's miserable only because of herself and the lack of concreteness in her personality  He then encourages and helps her transform from an inveterate slob into a better version of herself, who is confident and strong-willed  Amidst the transformation and hidden truths, Kae-in and Jin-ho start developing feelings for each other which they constantly deny 
The DAC director, Choi Do-bin (Ryu Seung-ryong), impressed by Jin-ho's presentation, offers his support to him in the upcoming project  He also finds Kae-in's ideas creative and hires her to design a recreation centre for children  Do-bin, who is homosexual, later finds himself attracted to Jin-ho, which leaves Jin-ho in a tight spot 
What will happen when the man who's pretending to be gay and the woman who thinks he's gay develop feelings for each other?

Cast
Main
Son Ye-jin as Park Kae-inA clumsy, slobbish girl  She is an aspiring furniture designer, and daughter of the famous architect Park Chul-han  After being dumped by her ex-boyfriend, she decides to not open up to love once again easily Lee Min-ho as Jeon Jin-hoAn architect who is earnestly trying to keep his small firm afloat in a fair manner  He moves into Sanggojae to study it for his next project  Neat and organized, he is unable to stand Kae-in's living habits, and tries to change her into a better version of herself after she agrees to it Kim Ji-seok as Han Chang-ryulJeon Jin-ho's rival, and Kae-in's ex-boyfriend  Although he initially left Kae-in for her friend In-hee, he later grows feelings for Kae-in Wang Ji-hye as Kim In-heeA greedy woman who has multiple boyfriends and treats them as dispensable  Despite being Kae-in's best friend and having lived together for ten years, she betrays her and dates Chang-ryul  Later, In-hee falls for Jin-ho and tries to steal him from Kae-in Ryu Seung-ryong as Choi Do-binDirector of the DAAM project  He is homosexual and develops feelings for Jin-ho thinking he, too, is gay 

Supporting
Jo Eun-ji as Lee Young-sun, Kae-in's best friend
Jung Sung-hwa as Noh Sang-jun, Jin-ho's assistant
Lim Seul-ong as Kim Tae-hoon, Jin-ho's employee  He has a crush on Hye-mi 
Choi Eun-seo as Na Hye-mi, Jin-ho's childhood friend  She had a crush on Jin-ho since they were young 
Park Hae-mi as Jeon Jang-mi, Jin-ho's mother
Ahn Suk-hwan as Han Yoon-sub, Chang-ryul's father  He worked at Jin-ho's father's company in the past, but later betrayed him 
Jang Won-young as Secretary Kim
Kang Shin-il as Park Chul-han, Kae-in's father  A famous architect who designed Sanggojae for his wife and daughter 

Special appearances
Bong Tae-gyu as Lee Won-ho (ep  1-2)
Jung Chan as Groom (ep  1)
Song Seon-mi as Bride (ep  1)
Julien Kang as Joe (ep  7)
Yoon Eun-hye as Yoon Eun-soo (ep  8)
Kim Nam-gil as man sitting in the café (ep  11)

Architecture
One of the production's main sponsors was Design and Arts Arcadia of Myungseung, and the storyline contains many references to DAAM as the project that all the architectural firms are competing to design for The hanok used in the drama series (called Sanggojae in the script) is actually Rakgojae, a traditional guest house in Bukchon Hanok Village, Gye-dong, Jongno District  Meaning "a place to enjoy tradition", Rakgojae was renovated by master carpenter Chung Young-jin  It offers a glimpse of the lifestyle of Joseon-era scholars by incorporating fine art, music, dance and poetry through colorful cultural programs such as a tea ceremony, ink-and-wash painting lessons, Korean musical instrument lessons and kimchi-making classes One of the locations frequented by the main characters is Kring art gallery, in Gangnam District, southern Seoul  The creative cultural space showcases a variety of arts ranging from architecture and fashion to installations and digital art  The unique facade of the building is itself a large-scale urban sculpture  Circles are a theme throughout the building, but the front wall is reminiscent of stereo speakers, hinting at the name of the building  "Kring" means "circle" in Dutch 

Original soundtrack
Ratings
In the table below, the blue numbers} represent the lowest ratings and the red numbers represent the highest ratings 

Awards and nominations
International broadcast
The series was a mid-level hit in South Korea  Overseas rights were sold to the Philippines, Japan, China, Taiwan, Singapore, Hong Kong, Indonesian, and Thailand 
Passage 5:
Song Ji-hyo's Beauty View
Song Ji-hyo's Beauty View (Korean: 송지효의 뷰티뷰), is a South Korean television program on JTBC2 hosted by Song Ji-hyo, Gong Myung and beauty editor Kim Mi Gu  The show provides a perfect beauty guide to match the personal preference  It was used to air on every Thursday at 9 20pm KST on JTBC2 

Format
Ordinary people are invited as the makeup models on the show  The professional makeup artist uses her brushes and works wonders to show viewers about the fascinating beauty world 

List of Episodes
Passage 6:
Crab trap
Crab traps are used to bait, lure, and catch crabs for commercial or recreational use  Crabbing or crab fishing is the recreational hobby and commercial occupation of fishing for crabs  Different types of traps are used depending on the type of crab being fished for, geographic location, and personal preference 

History in the United States
Crab has been a viable food source since Native Americans lived and fished on the Delmarva Peninsula  The Chesapeake Bay, which is known for their Chesapeake Bay blue crabs (Callinectes sapidus) derives its name from "Chesepiook", a Susquehannock tribe word that means "Great Water"  These Susquehannock natives led European settlers to some of the best places to catch crabs  Even early treaties between European settlers and Native Americans included provisions for the rights of "Hunting, Crabbing, Fowling, and Fishing " Since then, generations of watermen made their living harvesting crabs and other resources along the Chesapeake Bay developing the most efficient method to catch crabs resulting in modern crab traps Since early European settlers in America, crabbing was an important food source to watermen of the Chesapeake and continues to be the source of income for many families  The Alaskan king crab fishing industry took off in the mid-1800s, and was one of the reasons Alaskans pushed so hard for statehood in 1959  Alaskans wanted to gain control of the area's natural resources, such as king crabs Benjamin F  Lewis invented the crab pot in the 1920s, patented it in 1928, and perfected it ten years later  The crab pot changed the way crabs are harvested on the Chesapeake Bay  The crab pot is the most common method used to catch and harvest crabs worldwide Commercial crabbing is a very tough and dangerous job, so it is very important that commercial crab traps catch as many crabs as possible to be able to turn a profit  Commercial crabbing is heavily regulated by local state laws to ensure that the crabs are not over fished and that they are given enough time to breed and repopulate Unlike normal traps, commercial crab traps are large in size; some can easily be over 60" in diameter, allowing the trap to hold a larger amount of crabs than recreational crab traps  Commercial crab traps also contain a small stainless steel plate like a dog tag, which identifies who the trap belongs to in case it is missed or swept by the current from its original location After World War II, Japanese crab vessels were competition for Alaskan king crab fishermen in the Bering Sea  Japanese crab vessels would crowd around cod boats, where king crabs devoured the fish waste  Ed Shields, a king crab fisherman was aboard a schooner at this time and recalls the Japanese encroaching on the Bristol Bay fishing area  Ed Shields says that his father sent a telegram to Seattle, ordering one dozen high-powered rifles for each vessel and one case of ammunition each Ed Shields states, "The coast guard didn’t care for this at all, the State Department didn’t care for it, but the news media did  It made good news  There’s no television at this time, but they did get in the national magazines like Time and Life  The adverse publicity to Japanese manufactured goods was so severe at that time from this campaign, the Japanese decided to pull out of Bristol Bay area and he sent a telegram saying, 'Bristol Bay is all clear now, Japanese gone home '"The Derelict Crab Trap Removal Program was created by the Louisiana Wildlife and Fisheries Commission in 2004  This was created to remove derelict crab traps from state-owned lakes and river-beds and to reduce the potential impact from these traps  There are also similar programs in other states  They are similar to the program in Louisiana where the traps are removed during a 30-day period  There are programs all over the Gulf Coast, including areas like Texas and Florida  These programs have also been successful with the help of volunteers working together, and over 30,000 derelict traps have been removed in Texas alone 

Types
Maryland
The Maryland crab pot is an enclosed framework of wire with four openings  These openings are constructed so that when the crabs enter to eat the bait, they cannot escape, and instead become immediately trapped  Once the crab becomes trapped and cannot leave the same way they entered, they float upward and go through the openings of the inner wire portion, which permanently traps the crab The Maryland crab pot is a cube, generally two cubic feet and when baited and weighted, might weigh fifteen pounds or more  Sometimes it is left on the bottom for twelve to twenty-four hours or more  The end of the nylon rope is attached to a marked floating buoy so the location can be found and the pot retrieved  The Maryland crab pot is baited from the bottom with several oily fish  This is done by turning the pot on its side, stuffing the bait into the wire container, and closing the opening by securing the flap under the rubber tubing  The pot is then dropped into the water and when the crab fisher returns, pulls the pot up and into their boat 

West Coast
West Coast crab pots, which are primarily used for catching Dungeness crabs, vary slightly from the Maryland style crab pot  When the crabs enter either of the two funnel-type openings in search of bait, they are unable to exit through these funnel openings and become entrapped in the pot 

Ring crab traps
Ring crab traps are very popular along the Oregon and Washington Coast  They are primarily used in river mouths and protected bays, but it is possible to use crab rings off the open shoreline  A crab ring is a simple piece of equipment that contains two wire rings that form the top and bottom of a collapsible basket  The lower ring is smaller than the upper ring and connected with a strong netting that forms the sides  Heavy chicken wire, cotton webbing or other suitable materials are used for the bottom After the bait is tied securely to the bottom of the basket, the lower basket sinks to the bay bottom where the sides collapse and the top and bottom rings lie together, leaving only a flat platform of tempting bait that the crab can easily reach  After the ring has been left on the bottom, the crabber raises the ring rapidly by pulling up with a rope, which prevents the crabs from escaping while the basket is pulled to the boat  While ring traps may allow crabs to escape more easily, their advantage is that they remain on the bottom for much shorter periods, typically a maximum of 20 minutes or so, versus the 30-45 minutes required for a crab pot to work effectively 

Pyramids
Pyramid crab traps are flat when lying on the bottom of the seafloor, but when raised to the surface, they form the shape of a pyramid  This trap is similar to the ring crab trap because there are no walls or cage that prevents the crabs from escaping before pulling it to the surface  The benefits of the pyramid crab trap over the ring crab trap is that the pyramid crab trap is slightly sturdier and can be used in waters with stronger currents 

Boxes
Box crab traps are made from a strong non-collapsible wire  The main advantages of this crab trap are that once the crab enters searching for the bait it cannot escape, guaranteeing a catch when the crab enters  Along with this comes the added bonus of not having to regularly check the trap  A downside of this trap is storing and transporting it since it does not collapse 

Trot lines
Trot line crab fishing was used exclusively by commercial crabbers from 1870 to 1929, but this method has since been almost entirely replaced by the use of crab pots and crab traps  A trotline is a baited, hook-less, long line that is usually anchored on the bottom and attached to anchored buoys  This trotline is baited and after some time, the fisherman pulls the trotline up with crabs hopefully biting on the bait 

Environmental effects
A crab trap which becomes lost or abandoned (usually by accidental detachment of the float) becomes an ongoing environmental hazard  Crabs will continue to enter this ghost trap to eat the bait, become trapped, and starve to death, attracting more crabs and other bottom-dwelling sea life; a single trap may kill dozens of crabs in this manner  For this reason, crab traps in many jurisdictions are required to have a "rot-out panel", a wooden panel the size of the largest entrance into the trap  This panel will disintegrate with a few weeks' exposure to seawater, opening the trap and allowing any crabs inside to escape  Other pots use biodegradable twine, that disintegrates within less than a week Whales become entangled in crabbing gear  They get entangled in the vertical lines between crab traps on the ocean floor and the surface buoys  For example, as of 2014 there was an increasing number of entanglements off the coasts of the United States  Management measures have been implemented by NOAA National Marine Fisheries Service 

See also
Fish trap
Lobster trapEnvironment:

The Derelict Crab Trap Program
Passage 7:
Jianbing
Jianbing (simplified Chinese: 煎饼; traditional Chinese: 煎餅; pinyin: jiānbǐng; lit  'pan-fried bing') is a traditional Chinese street food similar to crêpes  It is a type of bing generally eaten for breakfast and hailed as "one of China's most popular street breakfasts"  The main ingredients of jianbing are a batter of wheat and grain flour, eggs and sauces, cooked quickly by spreading the batter on a large frying pan or a specialized flat hotplate  It can be topped with different fillings and sauces such as baocui (薄脆, thin and crispy fried cracker), ham, chopped or diced mustard pickles, scallions and coriander, chili sauce or hoisin sauce depending on personal preference  It is often folded several times before serving 
Jianbing has seen international popularization in recent years and can be found in Western cities such as London, Dubai, New York City, Portland, Oregon, Seattle, Chicago, San Francisco, Toronto, Hamilton and Sydney, sometimes with modifications to cater to local tastes 

History
Jianbing originated in northern China, where wheat- and broomcorn-based flatbreads, pancakes and pies (collectively called bing) are common as staple foods  Its history can be traced back 2,000 years to Shandong province during the Three Kingdoms period (AD 220–280)  According to legend, Chancellor Zhuge Liang encountered the problem of feeding his soldiers after they lost their woks  He ordered the cooks to mix water with wheat flour to make batter, then spread it on shields, or flat copper griddles over a flame  The dish raised the soldiers’ morale and helped them win the battle  After that, jianbing was passed down through generations in Shandong province and gradually spread to different parts of China 
The raw materials used in ancient pancakes should be millet, and millet cereal pancakes are one of the common foods of the ancient northerners  In ancient times, pancakes were made using griddles (Chinese: 鏊; pinyin: ào)  Archaeological finds have been discovered in ancient times, except for the prehistoric pottery figurines dating back more than 5,000 years, as well as the iron shovel and bronze gongs belonging to Liao, Song, Jin, Western Xia and Yuan dynasty  Yangshao people have created pottery figurines and the like  The cooking utensils, which were later unearthed in various eras, also found a number of murals of pancakes from different eras, revealing the true existence of pancakes in history 

Reasons for popularity
One of the most popular street breakfasts in China, jianbing can be easily found in many cities  The characteristics of jianbing account for its popularity in China and the West 
First, jianbing is never "pre-cooked"  In order to preserve its crispness, customers have to wait for their turn, which often results in a queue, although the preparation time is short  Part of the attraction is that customers can watch the raw ingredients come together to form the dish Jianbing can satisfy different people's tastes as it can be made with many different ingredients and mixed with different sauces, jams and flavors in different proportions  According to the vendors outside East China Normal University, though some customers like spicy flavors and some do not like cilantro, they can create their own jianbing The low cost of jianbing is also one of the reasons for its popularity, as the basic ingredients are themselves inexpensive Besides, jianbing is a type of bing that has rich nutrient values  It contains abundant nutrients as it can be made of soybeans, mung beans, black beans, lettuce, peanuts and eggs 
Jianbing can be made from various grains such as wheat, beans, sorghum, corn, etc  They contain various nutrients of the grain itself  They are convenient to eat, and are the basic food for the body to replenish energy  They are then engulfed with various vegetables, eggs, meat and other ingredients 

Regional variations
The traditional jianbing originated in Shandong and flourished in Tianjin  Jianbing is basically made of flour and eggs with different fillings and sauces  As there are many variations depending on tastes and preferences in different regions, many cities have their own versions of jianbing  Shandong-style jianbing and Tianjin-style jianbing are the two most common versions of jianbing in China 

Shandong-style jianbing
Jianbing from Shandong province tastes crispy and harder as its batter is formed from the flour mixture that mainly contains coarse grains such as corn, sorghum and millet  In the old days, people had Shandong-style jianbing mainly by rolling it with scallions or serving it with meat soup  Nowadays, the variety of fillings are richer and differ according to one's preference, for example, sweet potatoes, lettuce and pork are also used as fillings 

Jianbing guozi
Jianbing from Tianjin is a transformation of the jianbing originated in Shandong  It is also called jianbing guozi and guozi refers to its youtiao stuffing  Tianjin-style jianbing tastes softer as its crepe is made of mung bean flour, which contains less gluten  Also, Tianjin-style jianbing is topped with youtiao (fried dough stick), while the Shandong-style one sold by street vendors is usually topped with baocui (薄脆, crispy fried crackers) 

Internationalized jianbing
Jianbing is also served in the U K , U S  and Australia by Western vendors and young Chinese entrepreneurs  In the U S , it has become one of the newest food trends and gains high popularity among Americans and East Asian customers, particularly Chinese overseas students  Western vendors were inspired to start jianbing business back home after first trying it in China Apart from the traditional Chinese jianbing, some vendors in the U S  offer various versions of it to cater to American customers’ taste, such as vegetarian jianbing and gluten-free jianbing  Culture-crossing fillings like barbecue pulled pork, bacon, cheese, hot dogs, and Spam are additionally provided to let customers create their own customized jianbing Besides, fillings of jianbing are diverse with new innovations  Tai Chi Jianbing from San Francisco carries fish floss jianbing, which is made with dried tuna  A food truck in New York called “The Flying Pig jianbing” provides different filling options such as dried pork floss, pork belly and bamboo shoots  In another shop called Mr  Bing, the crepe batter is made of millet flour, buckwheat flour and purple rice  Many characterized jianbing are also shown  For example, the cha chaan bing with peanut butter and condensed milk, and the Peking duck bing with the duck sauce, cucumber chunks and duck slices are introduced 
In the UK, street food stall Mei Mei's Street Cart brought jianbing into the London and UK street food scene back in 2012 - taking their jianbing to London, Manchester, Leeds, Sheffield and Brighton and winning two awards



ground_truth: Cartoon Cartoon Fridays

prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: Are Tantrix and Personal Preference both types of games?

The following are given passages.
Context 2:  They sell the traditional jianbing alongside their 'London' jianbing with fillings such as fried chicken and char siu pork, to build on the traditional jianbing and make it a more substantial dish 

See also
Crêpe, a French pancake cooked and served in similar fashion 
Dosa_(food), an popular South Indian rice crepe cooked and served in a similar fashion 
Senbei (煎餅), a Japanese rice cracker whose name is cognate to jianbing and is written with the same Chinese characters in Kanji, but is actually a different food 
Passage 8:
Tantrix
Tantrix is a hexagonal tile-based abstract game invented by Mike McManaway from New Zealand   Each of the 56 different tiles in the set contains three lines, going from one edge of the tile to another   No two lines on a tile have the same colour   There are four colours in the set: red, yellow, blue, and green   No two tiles are identical, and each is individually numbered from 1 through 56 

Gameplay
In the multiplayer version of the game, each player chooses a colour, so there are between two and four players   Each draws one tile from the bag, and the person who draws the highest number goes first 

Each player then takes five more tiles from the bag, and places all six tiles face up in front of them  The first person plays one tile, usually with their colour on it  Play then rotates clockwise  After playing a tile, each player takes a replacement tile from the bag, so that they always have six in front of them  Tiles played must match the colour of the edges adjoining it 
When three tiles surround an empty space so that it is effectively half covered this is called a forced space  If the person whose turn it is has a tile that fills that space they must play it  The player repeats this process until there are no more forced spaces that they can fill, at which stage they make a free move, where they can play any tile as long as they don't breach the three restriction rules given below   Once they have had a free move, they must then fill any more forced spaces that they can  Thus one player's turn can consist of several moves  
The three restriction rules are:

Once there are no tiles left in the bag, the three restriction rules do not apply 
The aim of the game is to get the longest line or loop in your colour   Each tile in a line counts as one point, and in a loop is two points   Only the highest-scoring line or loop counts 

Online play
Although quiet and underpopulated compared to the standards of Yahoo! Games and the like, playing Tantrix online has gained a dedicated following with players from all over the world competing against each other or against computer robots  Players are rated out of 1000 points according to their wins and losses and taking into account of their opponents rank  The aim of top players is to get to 1000 points (which only three players have managed so far)  The goal of a regular player is to reach the score of 950 which is difficult to reach  Once this score has been attained the player can gain Tournament Rankings (ELO) and eventually earn the title "Master"  Masters can then play "master games" which have a different scoring system  Only a few players achieve master status, with a limit of 120 total imposed 
Serious players of Tantrix take part in a number of structured tournaments each year  Although the winners only play for bragging rights, and in the major tournaments a small trophy to keep for a year, these events are taken seriously, and are the ultimate challenge for tantricists 
The WORLD TANTRIX CHAMPIONSHIP begins every August, and takes nearly four months to complete  Only 47 competitors took place in the second WTC in 1998, but that number had grown to 200 by 2006  The tournament starts in a qualifying round, where the lower-ranked players compete for selection into the main draw (128-player knockout tournament) 
There are three other "world-wide" tournaments held online each year:

The World Team Tantrix Championship (WTTC)  involving teams of five from one country or region, first in held in 2002
The World Junior Tantrix Championship (WJTC)  a world championship for players under 16, first held in 2002
The World Doubles Tantrix Championship (WDTC)  first played in 2005There are also three continental tournaments each year:

The European Championship (Euro)  the major dedicated continental tournament, first run in 1999
The Pan-American Tantrix Championship (Pan-Am)  first held in 1999
The Afro-Asian Championship (AsAf) the African Championship was first held in 1999 once, then re-established in 2004, incorporating Asian competitors at the same timeAnd many national online tournaments:

The New Zealand Tantrix Championship  first held in 2000
The Australian Tantrix Championship   first held in 2001
The Hungarian Tantrix Championship  first held in 2002
The Hungarian Masters Tournament  first held in 2002
The Swedish Tantrix Championship   first held in 2003
The French Tantrix Championship   first held in 2007
The Dutch Tantrix Championship  first held in 2008
The German Tantrix Championship  first held in 2008
The Spanish Tantrix Championship  first held in 2008
The Polish Tantrix Championship  first held in 2008
The Norwegian Tantrix Championship  first held in 2009
The Czech Tantrix Championship first held in 2010

Face-to-face play
In addition to these online tournaments, offline tournaments (referred to as 'Table Opens') are growing in popularity  The first Table tournament was the 2002 British Open and was mostly a local affair with 13 of the 14 entrants from Britain  As the player base widened, players started traveling more  Table Opens in Europe soon became the most popular because of the larger playing population   By 2009 there was enough demand to hold a World Tantrix Open 
World Opens

2014 World Tantrix Table Open (Bischoffen, Germany)[1]
2013 World Tantrix Table Open (Trosa, Sweden)[2]
2011 World Tantrix Table Open (Almere, Netherlands)[3]
2010 World Tantrix Table Open (Budapest, Hungary)[4]
2009 World Tantrix Table Open (Edinburgh, United Kingdom)[5]National Opens

The British Table Open, first held in 2002
The New Zealand Table Open, first held in 2004
The Swedish Table Open, first held in 2004
The German Table Open, first held in 2005
The French Table Open, first held in 2005
The Spanish Table Open, first held in 2005
The Hungarian Table Open, first held in 2005
The Dutch Table Open, first held in 2006
The Polish Table Open, first held in 2007
The Australian Table Open, first held in 2007
The Israeli Table Open, first held in 2007

History
The first version of Tantrix was created by Mike McManaway in 1988 and was called Mind Game[6]  It used 56 cardboard pieces with only two coloured lines, red and black [7] Owning a games shop, McManaway sold the game directly and following customer feedback continued to change the rules and design  In 1991, the tiles were changed to plastic and two more colours were added, allowing for four-player games 

The tiles were (and still are) hand-painted, featuring different colours to those now used, even pink  The early form of the game featured eight "triple intersections", but these were found to slow the game play as they only fitted into three different forced spaces (compared to six for all other tiles)  So in 1993, the triple intersections were removed from the game Along with the multiplayer version of the game, McManaway created smaller solitaire puzzles using 10 or 12 tiles that required the player to put the tiles together to create loops of certain colours 
McManaway has also created many solitaire puzzles, including 3-D versions, match only versions (requiring players to colour match tiles within a confined space) and loop and line versions (requiring players to use all the nominated tiles to complete a loop or line in a specific colour)  However many of the editions are no longer available 
The main versions sold in most countries are:

Tantrix Discovery: A solo version, consisting of 10 tiles, where players attempt puzzles that take between 30 seconds and 45 minutes 
Tantrix Solitaire: A set of 14 tiles designed to play Tantrix Solitaire combined with expanded Tantrix Discovery puzzles 
Tantrix Match: Tantrix meets sudoku  A number of pre-placed clues controls the difficulty of each puzzle 
Tantrix Game Pack: A bag with all 56 Tantrix tiles, with which players can play all editions of Tantrix Tantrix got its first big contract in 1994 when Air France bought the game to give to children on its flights   In 2003 Tantrix was named Toy of the Year in Hungary and won the British National Association of Toy and Leisure Libraries gold award in the games category 

Tileset
See also
Black Path Game
List of world championships in mind sports
Palago, a hexagonal tile game co-invented by Mike McManaway
Serpentiles
Trax, a connection game played with similar tiles but different gameplay

Notes
External links
Official Tantrix website, including the history of Tantrix and Tournaments and online play 
Tantrix an online Tantrix puzzle
Tantrix   at BoardGameGeek
Tantrix puzzles and their solutions
Passage 9:
Sexual racism
Concepts of race and sexuality have interacted in various ways in different historical contexts  While partially based on physical similarities within groups, race is understood by scientists to be a social construct rather than a biological reality  Human sexuality involves biological, erotic, physical, emotional, social, or spiritual feelings and behaviors The ways in which people perceive the relationship between these two concepts implicitly informs attitudes toward interracial sexual relationships and sexual preferences for particular races expressed by individuals  Racial bias may involve a sexual dimension, which often takes the form of racial fetishism 

Attitudes towards interracial relationships
In the United States before the Civil Rights Era
After the abolition of slavery in 1865, white Americans showed an increasing fear of racial mixing  The remnants of the racial divide became stronger post-slavery as the concept of whiteness developed  There was a widely held belief that uncontrollable lust threatens the purity of the nation   This increased white anxiety about interracial sex, and has been described through Montesquieu's climatic theory in his book The Spirit of the Laws, which explains how people from different climates have different temperaments, "The inhabitants of warm countries are, like old men, timorous; the people in cold countries are, like young men, brave " At the time, black women held the "Jezebel" stereotype, which claimed black women often initiated sex outside of marriage and were generally sexually promiscuous  This idea stemmed from the first encounters between European men and African women  As the men were not used to the extremely hot climate, they misinterpreted the women's lack of clothing for vulgarity  Similarly, black men were stereotyped as having a specific lust for white women  This stereotype triggered tensions, implying that white men were having sex with black women because black women were more lustful than white women were, and in turn, black men would lust after white women in the same way that white men would lust after black women 
There are a few potential reasons as to why such strong ideas on interracial sex developed  The Reconstruction Era which followed the Civil War started to disassemble traditional aspects of Southern society  Now, the Southerners who were used to being dominant were no longer legally allowed to run their farms by practicing slavery  Many whites struggled with this reformation and they attempted to get around it by searching for legal loopholes which would have allowed them to continue their practice of exploiting black laborers  Additionally, the white Democrats were not pleased with the outcome of this reformation and white men felt inadequate as a result  This radical reconstruction of the South was deeply unpopular and it slowly unraveled, leading to the introduction of Jim Crow laws  There was an increase in the sense of white dominance and sexual racism among the Southern people 
Generally, tensions heightened after the end of the civil war in 1865, and as a result, the sexual anxiety which existed in the white population intensified  The Ku Klux Klan was formed in 1867, an event which triggered violence and terrorism which targeted the black population  There was an increase in the number of acts of lynch-mob violence in which many black men were falsely accused of committing rape  These acts of violence were not just senseless, they were attempts to preserve 'whiteness' and prevent the blurring of racial distinctions; some racist whites wanted to maintain a system of racial separation and prevent the occurrence of interracial sexual activity  For example, mixed race couples that chose to live together were sought out and lynched by the KKK  The famous case of Emmett Till, who was lynched by two men when he was fourteen years old, , shows the extent of the acts of violence which were committed against black people who flirted with white people  Till was lynched because the two men who lynched him believed that he had whistled at a white woman, but in actuality, he had whistled for his own reasons  When Jim Crow laws were eventually overturned, it took years for the court to resolve the numerous acts of discrimination 

Challenges to attitudes
Sexual racism is presumed to exist in all sexual communities across the globe  The prevalence of interracial couples may demonstrate how attitudes have changed in the last 50 years  A case that received heightened publicity is that of Mildred and Richard Loving  The couple lived in Virginia yet had to marry outside the state due to the anti-miscegenation laws present in nearly half of the US states in 1958  Once married, the pair returned to Virginia, and were both arrested in their home for the infringement of the Racial Integrity Act, and each sentenced to a year in prison, a sentence which was ultimately overturned by the United States Supreme Court 

Around a similar time, the controversy involving Seretse and Ruth Khama broke out  Seretse was the chief of an eminent Botswanan tribe, and Ruth a British student  The pair married in 1948 but experienced frequent hardships from the onset of the relationship, including Seretse's removal from his tribal responsibilities as chief in Bechuanaland  For nearly 10 years, Seretse and Ruth lived as exiles in Britain, as the government refused to allow Seretse to return to Bechuanaland  Once the couple were allowed to return to Bechuanaland in 1956, they became prominent campaigners for social equality, contributing to Seretse's election as president of the independent Botswana in 1966  Later, they continued campaigning for the legalization of interracial marriage around the globe More recent examples portray the increasingly accepting attitudes of the majority to interracial relationships and marriage  In 1999, Jeb Bush was elected as Governor of Florida, accompanied by his wife, Columba, a Mexican woman he met in León who did not speak English when they met  They were one of the first interracial couples to stand in power side by side  Other prominent interracial couples in American politics are Senate minority leader Mitch McConnell and former Secretary of Transportation Elaine Chao, as well as New York City mayor Bill de Blasio and his wife Chirlane McCray  The political success of these couples is seen by some to demonstrate that attitudes toward interracial marriage (at least in the United States) are much more positive and optimistic than in previous decades  Across much of the world, it is ever increasingly the situation that interracial couples can live, marry and have children without prosecution that was previously rife, due to major changes in law along with reductions in discriminatory attitudes 

Sexual preferences
While discrimination among partners based on perceived racial identity has been asserted by some to be a form of racism, it is generally considered a matter of personal preference  A study by Callander, Newman, and Holts quoted author Laurence Watts from the Huffington Post, who argued that sexual attraction and racism are not the same:
Just because someone isn't sexually attracted to someone of Asian origin does not mean they wouldn't want to work, live next to, or socialize with him or her, or that they believe they are somehow naturally superior to them  This suggests that people find it possible to view larger systemic racial preference as problematic, while viewing racial preferences in romantic or sexual personal relationships as not problematic  Researchers noted that racial preferences in one's own dating life were generally tolerated and that calling them "racist" is not a commonly accepted view 

Heterosexual community
Online dating
In the last 15 years, online dating has overtaken previously preferred methods of meeting with potential partners, surpassing both the occupational setting and area of residence as chosen locations  This spike is consistent with an increase in access to the internet in homes across the globe, in addition to the number of dating sites available to individuals differing in age, gender, race, sexual orientation and ethnic background  Partner race is the most highly selected preference chosen by users when creating their online profiles, ahead of both educational and religious characteristics  Research has indicated a progressive acceptance of interracial relationships by white individuals  The majority of white Americans are not against interracial relationships and marriage, though these beliefs do not imply that the person in question will pursue an interracial marriage themselves  Currently, fewer than 5% of white Americans wed outside their own race; indeed, less than 46% of white Americans are willing to date an individual of any other race  Overall, African Americans appear to be the most open to interracial relationships, yet are the least preferred partner by other racial groups  However, regardless of stated preferences, racial discrimination still occurs in online dating Each group significantly prefers to date intra-racially  Beyond this, in the online dating world, preferences appear to follow a racial hierarchy  White Americans are the least open to interracial dating, and select preferences in the order of Hispanic Americans, Asian Americans and then African American individuals last at 60 5%, 58 5% and 49 4% respectively  African American preferences follow a similar pattern, with the most preferred partner belonging to the Hispanic group (61%), followed by white individuals (59 6%) and then Asian Americans (43 5%)  Both Hispanic and Asian Americans prefer to date a white individual (80 3% and 87 3%, respectively), and both are least willing to date African Americans (56 5% and 69 5%)  In all significant cases, Hispanic Americans are preferred to Asian Americans, and Asian Americans are significantly preferred over African Americans  Hispanic Americans are less likely to be excluded in online dating partner preferences by whites seeking a partner, as Latinos are often viewed as an ethnic group that is increasingly assimilating more into white American culture Another aspect of racial preferences is that women of any race are significantly less likely to date inter-racially than a male of any race  Specifically, Asian men and black men and women face more obstacles to acceptance online  White women are the most likely to only date their own race, with Asian and black men being the most rejected groups by them  The rejection of Asian men was asserted by one author to be due to a hypothetical effeminate portrayal in media  The preference for men of other races remains present even when considering high-earning Asian men with an advanced educational background  Increased education does however influence choices in the other direction, such that a higher level of schooling is associated with more optimistic feelings towards interracial relationships  White men are most likely to exclude black women, as opposed to women of another race  High levels of previous exposure to a variety of racial groups is correlated with decreased racial preferences  Racial preferences in dating are also influenced by the area of residence  Those residing in the south-eastern regions in American states are less likely to have been in an interracial relationship and are less likely to interracially date in the future  People who engaged in regular religious customs at age 12 are also less likely to interracially date  Moreover, those from a Jewish background are significantly more likely to enter an interracial relationship than those from a Protestant background A 2015 study of interracial online dating within multiple European countries, analyzing the dating preferences of Europeans, as well as Arabs, Africans, Asians and Hispanics in Diaspora, found that in aggregate all races ranked Europeans as most preferred, followed by Hispanics and Asians as intermediately preferable, then by Arabs and finally Africans as the least preferred  Country-specific results were more variable, with countries with more non-Europeans showing more openness for Europeans to engage in interracial dating, while exceptions resulted in those with tensions between racial groups (such as in cases where tensions existed between Europeans and Arabs due to Arab Anti-Western sentiment and Western Anti-Arab populism) showed a marked decrease in preference for interracial dating between the two  The researchers noted that Arabs tended to have higher same-race preferences in regions with higher Arabic populations, possibly due to more traditional cultural norms on marriage  The researchers did note a portion of the study was influenced by selection bias, as the data gathered may have disproportionately drawn from people already inclined to engage in interracial dating Currently, there are websites specifically targeted to different demographic preferences, such that singles can sign up online and focus on one particular partner quality, such as race, religious beliefs or ethnicity  In addition to this, there are online dating services that target race-specific partner choices, and a selection of pages dedicated to interracial dating that allow users to select partners based on age, gender and particularly race  Online dating services experience controversy in this context as debate is cast over whether statements such as "no Asians" or "not attracted to Asians" in user profiles are racist or merely signify individual preferences Non-white ethnic minorities, mostly Indians and Asians, who feel they lack dating prospects as a result of their race, sometimes refer to themselves as ricecels, currycels, or more broadly ethnicels, a term related to the incel, who is generally considered to be white  Racial preferences can sometimes considered as a subset of lookism 

LGBT community
Hoang Tan Nguyen, an Assistant Professor of English and Film Studies at Bryn Mawr College, wrote that Asian men are often feminized and desexualized by both mainstream and LGBT media   The gay Asian-Canadian author Richard Fung has opined that he believes that while black and Arab men are portrayed as hypersexualized, gay Asian men are portrayed as being desexualized  Again according to Fung, gay Asian men supposedly tend to ignore or display displeasure with races such as Arabs, Blacks, and other Asians but seemingly give sexual acceptance and approval to gay white men  However, gay white men supposedly are more likely than other racial groups to state "No Asians" when seeking partners Asian American women also report similar discrimination in lesbian, gay, bisexual (LGB) communities  According to a study by Sung, Szymanski, and Henrichs-Beck (2015), Asian American participants who identified as lesbian or bisexual often reported invisibility, stereotyping, and fetishism in LGB circles and the larger U S  culture Multiple studies in European gay communities have shown, that while many immigrants from the Mediterranean, such as Amazighs, Turks, Greeks, Arabs, Albanians and Romanians tend to be discriminatory towards and avoidant of homosexuals, with many being openly homophobic, they are actively sought after and fetishized as hypermasculine  "Südländer" or "Mediterraneans", as they are called in German subculture, are often explicitly requested, with frequent statements of "Nur Südländer", "Only Mediterraneans" being not too uncommon, though the demand is rarely met Racial preferences are also prevalent in gay online dating  Phua and Kaufman (2003) noted that men seeking men online were more likely than men seeking women to look at racial traits In a qualitative study conducted by Paul, Ayala, and Choi (2010) with Asian and Pacific Islanders (API), Latino, and African American men seeking men, participants interviewed endorsed racial preference as a common criterion in online dating partner selection 

Racial bias
A 2015 study on sexual racism among gay and bisexual men found a strong correlation between test subjects' racist attitudes and their stated racial preferences Philosopher Amia Srinivasan argued for racialized origins of Western beauty standards in her 2018 essay "Does anyone have the right to sex?", and stated that racial bias can shape sexual desire 

Racial fetishism
Racial fetishism is sexually fetishizing a person or culture belonging to a specific race or ethnic group 

Theories
Homi K  Bhabha explains racial fetishism as a version of racist stereotyping, which is woven into colonial discourse and based on multiple/contradictory and splitting beliefs, similar to the disavowal which Sigmund Freud discusses  Bhabha defines colonial discourse as that which activates the simultaneous "recognition and disavowal of racial/cultural/historical differences" and whose goal is to define the colonized as 'other', but also as fixed and knowable stereotypes  Racial fetishism involves contradictory belief systems where the 'other' is both demonized and idolized The effects of racial fetishism as a form of sexual racism are discussed in research conducted by Plummer  Plummer used qualitative interviews within given focus groups, and found that specific social locations came up as areas in which sexual racism commonly manifests  These mentioned social locations included pornographic media, gay clubs and bars, casual sex encounters as well as romantic relationships  This high prevalence was recorded within Plummer's research to be consequently related to the recorded lower self-esteem, internalized sexual racism, and increased psychological distress in participants of color Fetishism can take multiple forms and has branched off to incorporate different races  The theories of naturalist Darwin can offer some observations in regards to why some people might find other races more attractive than their own  Attraction can be viewed as a mechanism for choosing a healthy mate  People's minds have evolved to recognize aspects of other peoples' biology that makes them an appropriate or good mate  This area of theory is called optimal outbreeding hypothesis 

Examples
White women
Rey Chow argues that the fetishism of white women in Chinese media does not have to do with sex  Chow describes it as a type of commodity fetishism  White women, according to Chow, are seen as a representation of what China does not have: an image of a woman as something more than the heterosexual opposite to man Perry Johansson argues that following the globalization of China, the perception of Westerners changed drastically  With the Opening of China to the outside world, representations of Westerners shifted from enemies of China to individuals of great power, money, and pleasure  In a study of Chinese advertisements from 1990 to 1995, marketed solely to the Chinese people, Johansson concluded that, in China, the racial fetish of Western women does have to do with sex  Chinese advertisements depict Western women as symbols of strength and sexuality  The body language of Chinese models in ads expresses shyness and subordination with canting of heads and bodies, lying down and covering of faces, while the body language of Western women demonstrates power and uninhibited unashamedness  Western women more often hold their heads high, stare straight into the camera, and do not cover their mouths while laughing   The study suggested Western women represent a shift in the power dynamics between women and men and are even presented with qualities otherwise considered to be "masculine" in Chinese culture 

Asian women
An Asian fetish focusing on East Asian, Southeast Asian and to some extent South Asian women has been documented in Australasia, North America, and Scandinavia According to a 2008 article from the Washington and Lee Journal of Civil Rights and Social Justice by Sunny Woan, the "Asian fetish" syndrome is born out of the male desire for dominance and the stereotype of Asian women as individuals open to domination  For example, following the 1970s and a peak in the American feminist movement, many white men turned to mail-order bride companies in search of a loyal, understanding, and subservient partner  They saw women of their own race as too career-oriented and strong-willed  Asian women were the antithesis to their perception of white women  While white women resisted powerlessness and subjugation to the white man, Asian women were seen as open to the subjugation, even depicted as enjoying it The song "Yellow Fever" by The Bloodhound Gang includes lyrics such as, "She's an oriental rug cause I lay her where I please", and "Then I blindfold her with dental floss and get down on her knees " Both of these instances exemplify the stereotype of Asians as submissive  Margaret Cho has labeled Gwen Stefani's Harajuku Girls as a "minstrel show" because they represent fetishized East Asian stereotypes  The girls follow Stefani around on tour and are contractually obligated not to speak English in public  The performer had "renamed" them corresponding to her album title and clothing brand, L A M B : Love, Angel, Music, and Baby Furthermore, there have been many cases of Asian fetishism leading to criminal activity  In one case in 2000, two men, David Dailey and Edmund Ball, and a woman, Lana Vickery, abducted and blindfolded two Japanese women in Washington, one who was eighteen and the other who was nineteen  Vickery said Ball specifically targeted these Japanese students because he thought that they were submissive and were less likely to report sexual abuse  In another case, in 2005, Michael Lohman, a doctoral student at Princeton University, was charged by the state of New Jersey for reckless endangerment, theft, harassment as well as tampering with a food product  Michael had cut locks of hair off at least nine Asian women  He also poured his semen and urine into the drinks of Asian Princeton students more than fifty times  In his apartment, Michael also had mittens filled with hairs of Asian women 

Arab and Middle Eastern women
According to multiple articles, the West's fetishization of fully covered Arab women has led to the stereotype that Arab women and women from the Muslim world are oppressed and therefore submissive  When French armies invaded Algeria, they had anticipated Algerian women to be sexually available and hookah smokers  To their surprise, Algerian women actually appeared to have been more modestly dressed and covered from their head to toes  Many French photographers paid Algerian women to remove part of their religious attire and pose for photos to make French postcards  In his book Desiring Arabs, Joseph Massad talks about how the West's interpretation of Arab culture has painted the stereotype of Arab women being exotic and desirable  Massad's book was largely influenced by Edward Said's book Orientalism 

Mixed race women/Latin woman
In her book Sex Tourism in Bahia Ambiguous Entanglements, Erica Lorraine Williams published the first full-length ethnography of sex tourism in Brazil, including interviews with tourists who come solely to participate in sexual tourism, which may be considered a form of racialized fetishism  One of the tourists interviewed described his experience, "I've had a thing for Latin, brown-skinned women since my early twenties  I'm from [a place] where there are a lot of blonde, white girls  Whatever you have, you like the opposite – they're exotic, intriguing "

Black women
The fetishization of black women expanded during the Colonial Era, as some white male slave owners raped and sexually abused their black, female slaves  They justified their actions by labeling the women as hyper-sexual property  These labels solidified into what is commonly referred to as the "Jezebel" stereotype  The opposite of this "Jezebel" identity or persona is the "Mammy" figure who loses all of her sexual agency and autonomy, and becomes an asexual figure   L  H  Stallings notes that the creation and identities for the Jezebel or Mammy figures are "dependent upon patriarchy and heterosexuality " An example of racial fetishism within the colonial era is that of Sarah Baartman  Baartman's body was utilized as a means to develop an anatomically accurate representation of a black woman's body juxtaposed to that of a  white European woman's body during the age of biological racism  The scientist studying her anatomy went as far as making a mold of Baartman's genitalia postmortem because she refused him access to examine her vaginal region while she was alive  The data collected on Baartman is the origin of the black female body stereotype, i e  large buttocks and labia Charmaine Nelson suggests that every nude painting feeds into the voyeuristic male gaze, but the way black women are painted has even more undertones  "The black female body defies the white male subject's desire for a single subject of 'pure' origin in two ways: firstly, through a sexual 'otherness' as woman, and secondly through a racial and color 'otherness' as black  It is the combined power of these two markers of social location which has enabled western artists to represent black women at the margins of societal boundaries of propriety " Nelson asserts that any black woman is considered a fetish in these paintings and that she is only viewed in a sexual lens One of the more recent popular discourses around the fetishization of black women surrounds the release of Nicki Minaj's popular song, "Anaconda" in 2014  The entire song and music video revolves around the largeness of black women's bottoms  While some praise Minaj's work for its embrace of female sexuality, some criticized that this song continues to reduce black women to be the focus of the male gaze  The 2020 song "WAP" ("Wet-Ass Pussy") by Cardi B and Megan Thee Stallion received a similar mixed reception, with some outlets praising its embrace of black female sexuality and others claiming it was degrading or objectifying women of color 

Black men
"Big black cock", usually shortened to "BBC", is a sexual slang and genre of ethnic pornography, that focuses on Black men with large penises  The stereotype of larger penis size in black men has been subjected to scientific scrutiny, with inconclusive results  The theme is found in both straight and gay pornography 

In BDSM
There is also a practice in BDSM which involves fetishizing race called "raceplay"  Susanne Schotanus defined raceplay as "a sexual practice where the either imagined or real racial background of one or more of the participants is used to create this power-imbalance in a BDSM-scene, through the use of slurs, narratives and objects laden with racial history " Feminist author Audre Lorde cautions that this kind of BDSM "operates in tandem with social, cultural, economic, and political patterns of domination and submission" creating the perpetuation of negative stereotypes for black women in particular However, race play can also be used within BDSM as a curative practice for black individuals to take back their autonomy from a history of subjugation  One BDSM Dominatrix explains that raceplay provides her with an "emotional sense of reparations"  "Violence for black female performers in BDSM becomes not just a vehicle of intense pleasure but also a mode of accessing and critiquing power "

See also
Afrophobia
Anti-miscegenation laws
Discrimination based on skin color
Discrimination in the United States
Ethnic pornography
Gendered racism
Interracial marriage
Race and crime
Racism against African Americans
Racism in the United States
Sexual capital#Race
Sexual objectification
Stereotypes of African Americans
Stereotypes of groups within the United States
Context 3: Passage 1:
Brett Scallions
Brett Allen Scallions (born December 21, 1971) is an American singer  He is best known for being the original lead vocalist and rhythm guitarist for the alternative rock band Fuel from 1993 to 2006 and then from 2010 to 2020  During that time, the band released four major-label albums including the double platinum Something Like Human  His initial stint with the band ended in February 2006  Scallions has been ranked in the Top 100 Heavy Metal Vocalists by Hit Parader (#50) 

Early life
Scallion was born in Brownsville, Tennessee  As a child, he listened to Elvis records  He would sing in choir in church and was cast as lead actor in plays throughout his high school  He was awarded scholarships to Lambuth University for music and theater 

Career
Fuel
Scallions joined Fuel in 1993 after bassist Jeff Abercrombie saw him perform in a bar in Jackson, Tennessee  The band achieved its greatest success with Scallions as lead singer  Scallions later moved to Harrisburg, Pennsylvania with the rest of the band where they would perform at local bars and nightclubs under the name Real 2 Reel 

World Fire Brigade
Outside Re-Fueled, Scallions was busy with Sean Danielsen of Smile Empty Soul and producer Eddie Wohl, writing and recording an album under the name World Fire Brigade  "It's much heavier than anything I ever did with Fuel," Scallions said of World Fire Brigade's sound in August 2009  "We've done a lot of stuff in lower tones which is a first for me also, it's very deep, heavy, and even growly at times " He also said that the World Fire Brigade album was "almost three-quarters of the way complete, and planned to be released early next spring, fingers crossed"  Two new tracks "Shot Down" and "Take Me Away" were available on MySpace since March 2011  The album is currently available for streaming through Riptide Music website (under working title Weight of the World) The debut album titled Spreading My Wings was released by FrostByte Media Inc  on August 28, 2012 The World Fire Brigade line-up consisted of Scallions (vocals/guitar), Sean Danielsen (vocals/guitar), and Eddie Wohl (keyboards)  Guest musicians on the album included former Candiria drummer Ken Schalk, Mike McCready (Pearl Jam), Rob Caggiano (Anthrax), and Andy Andersson (Black Robot)  Brad Stewart had been announced as the group's touring bassist  Even though he recorded bass tracks for the album, Scallions had stated that he will be playing rhythm guitar when the group goes on tour 
On April 3, 2013, the following message was posted on the World Fire Brigade Facebook page:
"Thanks to everyone that has discovered our music and has questions about touring and new music  Right now we're all too busy with our other bands to tour, but that doesn't mean it will never happen " The post went on to invite fans to support the bands Fuel and Smile Empty Soul "on the road all year" 

Post-Fuel / other projects
After leaving Fuel, Scallions joined bands with The X's and Circus Diablo playing bass  Both bands ultimately became one-album projects and concluded shortly after subsequent tours 
In March 2007, Scallions was selected as the lead singer for Riders on the Storm, a project featuring former members of The Doors, Robby Krieger and Ray Manzarek 
Brett Scallions contributed lead vocals to the charity single "Something to Believe", released by the band Hollow on iTunes via Koch Records on March 9, 2010 

Departure and return to Fuel
Scallions left Fuel in early 2006  According to an interview with Alternative Addition, Scallions cited the reason due to the band becoming a "one-man band" throughout the years  The three remaining members of the band, however, chose to continue with new vocalist Toryn Green  With Green, Fuel would record one unsuccessful album, 2007's Angels & Devils and would largely be inactive by 2008 due to legal issues with their then-label Epic Records During Fuel's inactivity, Scallions and bassist Jeff Abercrombie teamed up for the first time since Scallions' departure in 2006 to tour as "Re-Fueled"  Scallions and Abercrombie recruited guitarist Yogi Lonich of Chris Cornell and Buckcherry fame and drummer Ken Schalk, formerly of Candiria to round out the unit  Their debut performance was a free event that took place on August 28, 2009 at the Tempe Marketplace, playing songs from the Sunburn and Something Like Human albums exclusively Still without word from the official incarnation of Fuel and with Re-Fueled increasing its tour schedule, speculation surrounding the future for Fuel began to increase including some confusion on the part of vocalist Toryn Green  Green explained he had not heard anything from the other members, but expressed his support for seeing Scallions back on stage singing classic Fuel songs again   Finally, On April 8, 2010, it was announced that Re-Fueled had disbanded, and that original guitarist/songwriter Carl Bell, and bassist Jeff Abercrombie had left Fuel to pursue other endeavors  Toryn Green and drummer Tommy Stewart left the band as well  On the same day, Brett Scallions reformed Fuel with Lonich, Schalk, and former Shinedown bassist Brad Stewart 
A couple of new songs worked their way into Fuel's live sets between 2010 and 2013, beginning with a track titled "Headache", and in March 2012 it was announced that Fuel intended to release a new album, which would be the first Fuel contribution to include Scallions since 2003's Natural Selection  By the end of April 2013, tracking for the new album had been completed and the band promised that a new single was soon to come 
On December 5, 2013, the first new track from the forthcoming Puppet Strings album was unveiled, and the first official single was set for a January 2014 release with the album release to follow on March 4 In June 2014, the album release was followed-up with the song "Cold Summer" being released as a single  Scallions has stated that he penned the song during his original tenure in Fuel, somewhere around 2002  Originally known as "Hit and Sorry", he recalls having recorded it so many times he almost gave up on the track  After adding a new chorus with contributions from producer Eddie Wohl and consulting the opinions of his bandmates, the decision was made to include the song on the album In 2015, Scallions embarked on his first unplugged tour  He performed Fuel songs as well as covering some of his favorite songs that were seminal in his musical journey 
Scallions again chose to leave Fuel after internal conflicts with original bandmates arose in October 2020 

Personal life
Scallions is married to Abby Gennet, guitarist and lead singer of Slunt  They have two sons together; born 2007 and 2010 
Passage 2:
Memo from Turner
"Memo from Turner" is a solo single by Mick Jagger, featuring slide guitar by Ry Cooder, from the soundtrack of Performance, in which Jagger played the leading role of Turner, a reclusive rock star  It was re-released in October 2007 on a 17-song retrospective compilation album The Very Best of Mick Jagger, making a re-appearance as a Jagger solo effort  After its original release in 1970, it was included on Rolling Stones compilations, such as Singles Collection: The London Years as a track credited to the Jagger/Richards songwriting partnership  "Memo from Turner" was ranked No  92 in the 100 Greatest Guitar Songs list of Rolling Stone Music critic Robert Christgau has said, "Jagger's version of Jagger–Richard's scabrous, persona-twisted "Memo From Turner" is his envoi to the 60s "

Versions
Three versions of "Memo from Turner" have been released, and another "Alternative Take" version is available on bootleg recordings 
The first version, which is not officially released, is a slow, brooding version recorded by members of the band Traffic  It features Steve Winwood on all instruments except drums, which are played by Jim Capaldi  The second version, released on Metamorphosis in 1975 on the Allen Klein Decca/London pre-existing legacy contracts of the Stones 1960s recordings, was a different version recorded by The Rolling Stones in November 1968, and has a looser feel than the released version  This version supposedly features Al Kooper on guitar, and perhaps Keith Richards as well   Either Charlie Watts or Capaldi plays drums on this recording  Credited to "Jagger/Richards", it is not clear how many of the Rolling Stones besides Jagger actually played on it 
The third version of the song, typified by its slide guitar, was the one recorded for the soundtrack to the film Performance, starring Mick Jagger as the song title's "Turner"  It is featured prominently in the movie, with Mick Jagger, as Turner, lip-synching it  This is the more well-known version of the song, as it was released as a solo single by Jagger in England in 1970 and is featured on the later Singles Collection: The London Years  This track was recorded in Los Angeles in early 1970, and uses the vocal track of the first, slow version  The tape of Jagger's vocals was sent to Jack Nitzsche, where all music parts were recorded by Ry Cooder on slide guitar, Russ Titelman (guitar), Randy Newman (piano), Jerry Scheff (bass) and Gene Parsons (drums) Besides the differing lineup between the two released versions, there are also slight changes to the lyrics  The track was reviewed as Jagger: 

   puts on his best drawling speak-sing voice for the lyrics, spinning bizarre mini-snapshots of decadent, cruel gangster behavior    The music isn't grim, though; it's more in a sly, ironic happy-go-lucky vein, as if to illustrate the callous, carefree glee gangsters take in such antics  It's not a celebration of the gangster mentality, though, so much as a subtle, mocking look at its decadence, with hints of repressed homosexuality and almost gruesome imagery of dog-eat-dog behavior 

The lyric about "the man who works the soft machine" may be a reference to the William S  Burroughs novel The Soft Machine  Burroughs and writer Robert Palmer assume this connection in a 1972 Rolling Stone magazine interview, and strong Burroughsian themes are contained in the film Ronnie Wood performed "Memo from Turner" live at various club gigs in 1987–88, including some of his shows with Bo Diddley 
Martin Scorsese used the track—the solo version by Mick Jagger, incorrectly credited as the Rolling Stones version—in a scene from Goodfellas where Ray Liotta's character Henry Hill is driving to the hospital to pick up his brother after unsuccessfully trying to sell some pistol silencers to Jimmy Conway 

Cover versions
Dramarama covered the song on their 1991 album Vinyl  British band Diesel Park West covered the song on their outtakes album Flipped  Deborah Harry performed this song on several shows from her 'Debravation tour' (1993-1994)   A softer cover was performed by Patty Palladin just before & during the credits of "Donald Cammell: The Ultimate Performance" (Kevin Macdonald, Chris Rodley, 1998)   This was a documentary about Donald Cammell, who directed Performance (1970), which starred Mick Jagger (among others) 
Passage 3:
Jagger/Richards
Jagger–Richards (spelled Jagger–Richard from 1963 to 1978) is the songwriting partnership between English musicians Mick Jagger (born 1943) and Keith Richards (born 1943), founder members of rock band the Rolling Stones  They are one of the most successful songwriting partnerships in history  In addition to Jagger and Richards' songwriting partnership, they have also produced or co-produced numerous Rolling Stones albums under the pseudonym the Glimmer Twins 
Similar to the contemporary English songwriting partnership of John Lennon and Paul McCartney, both Jagger and Richards write lyrics and music 

History
Jagger and Richards have different recollections about their first songwriting endeavours but both credit manager Andrew Loog Oldham as the catalyst for their collaboration  Richards agrees that it was Oldham who pressed the pair to write songs after the duo had first emphasized other people's material; Oldham noted that there weren't that many obscure great songs out there for the band to cover  Richards recalled:

So what Andrew Oldham did was lock us up in the kitchen for a night and say, "Don't come out without a song " We sat around and came up with "As Tears Go By"  It was unlike most Rolling Stones material, but that's what happens when you write songs, you immediately fly to some other realm  The weird thing is that Andrew found Marianne Faithfull at the same time, bunged it to her and it was a fuckin' hit for her – we were songwriters already! But it took the rest of that year to dare to write anything for the Stones 
Jagger remembered it differently:

Keith likes to tell the story about the kitchen, God bless him  I think Andrew may have said something at some point along the lines of "I should lock you in a room until you've written a song" and in that way he did mentally lock us in a room, but he didn't literally lock us in  One of the first songs we came out with was that tune for George Bean, the very memorable "It Should Be You" 

According to John Lennon, he and Paul McCartney might have been instrumental in inspiring Jagger and Richards to start writing their own material  In 1963 Lennon and McCartney gave the Stones one of their compositions, "I Wanna Be Your Man " In a Playboy interview in 1980, Lennon recalled:

 We were taken down to meet them at the club where they were playing in Richmond by Brian Epstein and some other guy  They wanted a song and we went to see what kind of stuff they did  Mick and Keith heard we had an unfinished song – Paul just had this bit and we needed another verse or something  We sort of played it roughly to them and they said, "Yeah, OK, that's our style " But it was only really a lick, so Paul and I went off in the corner of the room and finished the song off while they were all still sitting there talking  We came back, and that's how Mick and Keith got inspired to write     because, "Jesus, look at that  They just went in the corner and wrote it and came back!" You know, right in front of their eyes we did it  So we gave it to them 
The first original Jagger/Richards song to be released as the A-side of a Rolling Stones single was "Tell Me (You're Coming Back)", from their debut album  Released as a single in the US only, it peaked at number 24 on the charts there  The earlier "Good Times, Bad Times" had been released as the B-side to their cover of Bobby and Shirley Womack's "It's All Over Now"  The band's first UK single featuring an A-side Jagger/Richards original was "The Last Time"; released in February 1965, it went to number one in the UK and number nine in the US Although most Jagger/Richards compositions have been collaborations, some of the songs credited to the partnership have been solo songwriting from either Jagger, whose examples include "Sympathy for the Devil" and "Brown Sugar", or Richards, whose examples include "Happy", "Ruby Tuesday", and "Little T&A"  This is comparable to the Lennon–McCartney partnership, who also adhered to a tradition of joint credits even on numbers that were written by just one of the pair  Mick Jagger stated in his comprehensive 1995 interview with Jann Wenner of Rolling Stone magazine "I think in the end it all balances out "On 26 June 2013, the duo's songwriting credits were handed over to BMG, marking the first time they would be managed by an outside company in over 40 years 

Co-credits
Jagger and Richards have shared credits with very few others  Among them are:

Jagger–Richards compositions released only by other artists
Jagger–Richards compositions that have been released only by artists other than the Rolling Stones include:
"That Girl Belongs to Yesterday", a January 1964 single by Gene Pitney
"Will You Be My Lover Tonight"/"It Should Be You", a January 1964 single by George Bean
"Each and Every Day", B-side of the February 1964 single "All I Want Is My Baby" by Bobby Jameson (London 45–9730)   The A-side was co-written by Richards and Andrew Loog Oldham 
"Shang a Doo Lang", a March 1964 single by Adrienne Posta
"So Much in Love", an August 1964 single by the Mighty Avengers, also recorded by the Herd (with Peter Frampton and Louis Cennamo) in 1966 and the Lonely Boys for their self-titled 1996 album 
"Act Together", on Ronnie Wood's September 1974 LP I've Got My Own Album to Do and the associated July 1974 The First Barbarians: Live from Kilburn concert (released in October 2007)
"Sure the One You Need", on Wood's I've Got My Own Album to Do and The First Barbarians: Live from Kilburn; and on the New Barbarians' May 1979 concert album Buried Alive: Live in Maryland (released in October 2006) 
"Lonely at the Top", on Mick Jagger's February 1985 LP She's the Boss 

Production as the Glimmer Twins and origin of the name
Jagger and Richards adopted the nickname "The Glimmer Twins" after a vacation cruise they took to Brazil in December 1968/January 1969 with their then-girlfriends, Marianne Faithfull and Anita Pallenberg  An older English couple on the ship kept asking Richards and Jagger who they were  When they refused to reveal their identities, the woman reportedly kept asking, "just give us a glimmer" (as in "give us a hint about who you are"), which amused Jagger and Richards Jagger and Richards began to produce the Stones' albums under the pseudonym "The Glimmer Twins" starting with It's Only Rock 'n' Roll (released in 1974)  The Glimmer Twins were the sole credited producers for the band's studio and live albums from then, up to and including Still Life (released in 1982)  Starting with Undercover (released in 1983), the Glimmer Twins have shared production credit for the Rolling Stones albums with other producers, most frequently Don Was (five times) and Chris Kimsey (three times) 
Besides their production work for the Rolling Stones, Jagger and Richards also used the Glimmer Twins for their co-production credit on Peter Tosh's album Bush Doctor, released in 1978  A rare exception to Jagger and Richards' use of the Glimmer Twins name for production credits appeared on John Phillips' Pay Pack & Follow album, recorded 1973–1979 and released in 2001, for which Jagger and Richards were credited as producers under their own names 

Legacy
The partnership of Jagger and Richards has been described by Rolling Stone as the sixth greatest songwriter of all time  Rolling Stone considers the duo to have "defined a rock song's essential components   and established a blueprint for future rockers to follow "

See also
The Rolling Stones discography
List of songs recorded by the Rolling Stones
Nanker Phelge
Lennon–McCartney

Notes
Passage 4:
Mick Jagger
Sir Michael Philip Jagger (born 26 July 1943) is an English singer and songwriter  He is the lead vocalist and one of the founder members of rock band the Rolling Stones  His songwriting partnership with Keith Richards is one of the most successful in history  Jagger's career has spanned over six decades, and he has been widely described as one of the most popular and influential frontmen in the history of rock music  His distinctive voice and energetic live performances, along with Richards' guitar style, have been the Rolling Stones' trademark throughout the band's career  Jagger gained notoriety for his romantic involvements, illicit drug use, and has often been portrayed as a countercultural figure 
Jagger was born and grew up in Dartford  He studied at the London School of Economics before abandoning his studies to join the Rolling Stones  Jagger has written most of the Rolling Stones' songs together with Richards, and they continue to collaborate musically  In the late 1960s, Jagger starred in the films Performance (1970) and Ned Kelly (1970), to mixed receptions  Beginning in the 1980s, he released a number of solo works, including four albums and the single "Dancing in the Street", a 1985 duet with David Bowie that reached No  1 in the UK and Australia and was a top-ten hit in other countries  
In the 2000s, he co-founded a film production company, Jagged Films, and through produced feature films through the company beginning with a 2001 historical drama Enigma   He began a solo recording career in 1985, releasing his first solo album, She's the Boss, and joined the electric supergroup SuperHeavy in 2009  Relationships with his fellow Rolling Stones' members, particularly Richards, deteriorated during the 1980s, but Jagger has always found more success with the band than with his solo and side projects  He was married to Bianca Pérez-Mora Macias from 1971 to 1978, and has had several other relationships; he has eight children with five women 
In 1989, Jagger was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame and, in 2004, into the UK Music Hall of Fame with the Rolling Stones  As a member of the Rolling Stones and as a solo artist, he reached No  1 on the UK and U S  singles charts with 13 singles, the top 10 with 32 singles and the top 40 with 70 singles  In 2003, he was knighted for his services to popular music  The genus Jaggermeryx naida and the type species Aegrotocatellus jaggeri are named for him  Jagger is credited with bringing a style and sexiness to rock and roll and with being a trailblazer in pop music that have been imitated and proven influential with subsequent generations of musicians 

Early life and education
Jagger was born into a middle-class family in Dartford, Kent, on 26 July 1943  His father, Basil Fanshawe "Joe" Jagger, was a gymnast and physical education teacher who helped popularise basketball in Britain  His paternal grandfather, David Ernest Jagger, was also a teacher  His mother, Eva Ensley Mary (née Scutts), born in Sydney but of English descent, was a hairdresser who was politically active in the Conservative Party in the United Kingdom  His parents were married in 1940 at Holy Trinity Church in Dartford  Jagger's younger brother, Chris (born 19 December 1947), is also a musician, and the two have performed together Although he was encouraged to follow his father's career path growing up, Jagger has said, "I always sang as a child  I was one of those kids who just liked to sing  Some kids sing in choirs; others like to show off in front of the mirror  I was in the church choir and I also loved listening to singers on the radio—the BBC or Radio Luxembourg—or watching them on TV and in the movies "In September 1950, Keith Richards and Jagger first met as classmates at Wentworth Primary School in Dartford, prior to the Jagger family's 1954 move to Wilmington, Kent  The same year he passed the eleven-plus examination and attended Dartford Grammar School, which now has the Mick Jagger Centre performing arts venue  Jagger and Richards lost contact with each other when they went to different schools In the mid-1950s, Jagger began his music career, forming a garage band with Dick Taylor, a friend of Jagger  The group played songs by Muddy Waters, Chuck Berry, Little Richard, Howlin' Wolf, and Bo Diddley  Jagger met Richards again on 17 October 1961 on platform two of Dartford railway station  The Chuck Berry and Muddy Waters records Jagger was carrying revealed a shared interest in rhythm and blues  A musical partnership began shortly afterwards  Richards and Taylor often met Jagger at his house  In late 1961, the meetings moved to Taylor's house, where Alan Etherington and Bob Beckwith joined the trio  The quintet called themselves the Blues Boys Jagger left school in 1961 after passing seven O-levels and two A-levels  He and Richards moved into a flat at Edith Grove in Chelsea, London, with guitarist Brian Jones  While Richards and Jones planned to start their own rhythm and blues group, Jagger continued to study finance and accounting on a government grant as an undergraduate student at the London School of Economics  He had seriously considered becoming either a journalist or a politician, comparing the latter to a pop star Brian Jones, using the name Elmo Lewis, began working at the Ealing Club, where a loose music ensemble known as Blues Incorporated was performing, under the leadership of Alexis Korner  Jones, Richards, and Jagger began playing with the group, and Jagger eventually becoming the band's lead singer  Jones, Richards, and Jagger  began meeting on their own to practise, establishing the foundation for what would become the Rolling Stones 

The Rolling Stones
1960s
At the beginning of the Rolling Stones' founding in the early 1960s, the band mostly played for no money at a basement club opposite London's Ealing Broadway tube station, which was subsequently named Ferry's Club  The group had very little equipment and borrowed Korner's gear to play  Their first appearance, under the name the Rollin' Stones, after one of their favourite Muddy Waters songs, was performed at the Marquee Club, a London jazz club, on 12 July 1962  They later changed their name to the Rolling Stones, since it seemed more formal The initial band members included Jagger, Richards, Jones, Ian Stewart on piano, Dick Taylor on bass, and Tony Chapman on drums, but Richards wrote in Life, his memoir, that, "The drummer that night was Mick Avory–not Tony Chapman, as history has mysteriously handed it down   " In June 1963, the band began a five-month residency at Eel Pie Island Hotel, which the BBC later credited with shaping the band's career  By that autumn, Jagger left the London School of Economics to pursue a musical career with the Rolling Stones The group initially played songs by American rhythm and blues artists, including Chuck Berry and Bo Diddley  The band's first two UK No  1 hits were cover versions, "It's All Over Now" by Bobby Womack and "Little Red Rooster" by Willie Dixon  Encouraged by manager Andrew Loog Oldham, Jagger and Richards soon began  writing their own songs  Their songwriting partnership took time to develop; one of their early compositions was "As Tears Go By", a song written for Marianne Faithfull, a young singer Loog Oldham was promoting 
For the Rolling Stones, the duo wrote "The Last Time", the group's third No   1 single in the UK, based on "This May Be the Last Time", a traditional Negro spiritual song recorded by the Staple Singers in 1955  Jagger and Richards also wrote their first international hit, "(I Can't Get No) Satisfaction"  It established the Rolling Stones' image as defiant troublemakers in contrast to the Beatles as "lovable moptop[s]"  Jagger told Stephen Schiff in a 1992 Vanity Fair profile: I wasn't trying to be rebellious in those days; I was just being me  I wasn't trying to push the edge of anything  I'm being me and ordinary, the guy from suburbia who sings in this band, but someone older might have thought it was just the most awful racket, the most terrible thing, and where are we going if this is music?    But all those songs we sang were pretty tame, really  People didn't think they were, but I thought they were tame 
The group's first albums, including Out of Our Heads, Aftermath, and Between the Buttons, were largely unsuccessful commercially  In 1967, Jagger, Richards, and Jones were hounded by authorities over their recreational drug use after News of the World published a three-part feature, "Pop Stars and Drugs: Facts That Will Shock You"  The feature describe alleged LSD parties hosted by the Moody Blues and attended by The Who's Pete Townshend and Cream's Ginger Baker, and alleged admissions of drug use by leading pop musicians  The first article targeted Donovan, who was raided and charged soon after the feature aired  The second installment, published on 5 February, targeted the Rolling Stones A reporter who contributed to the story spent an evening at the London club Blaise's, where a member of the Rolling Stones allegedly took several Benzedrine tablets, displayed a piece of hashish, and invited his companions back to his flat for a "smoke"  The article claimed this was Mick Jagger, but it turned out to be a case of mistaken identity; the reporter had been eavesdropping on Brian Jones  Two days after the article was published, Jagger filed a writ for libel against the News of the World Jagger and Richards were later arrested on drug charges and given unusually harsh sentences  Jagger was sentenced to three months' imprisonment for possession of four over-the-counter pep pills he had purchased in Italy, and Richards was sentenced to one year in prison for allowing cannabis to be smoked on his property  The traditionally conservative editor of The Times, William Rees-Mogg, wrote an article critical of the sentences  On appeal, Richards' sentence was overturned and Jagger's was amended to a conditional discharge, although he spent one night in London's Brixton Prison  The Rolling Stones continued to face legal battles for the next decade By the release of the Stones' album Beggars Banquet, Brian Jones was contributing only sporadically to the band  Jagger said Jones was "not psychologically suited to this way of life"  His drug use became a hindrance, and he could not obtain a U S  visa  Richards reported that in a June meeting with Jagger, Richards and Watts were at Jones' house, and Jones admitted he was unable to "go on the road again"  Jones left the band, saying,  "I've left, and if I want to I can come back"  On 3 July 1969, less than a month later, Jones drowned under mysterious circumstances in the swimming pool at his home, Cotchford Farm, in Hartfield, East Sussex  When asked if he felt guilty about Jones's death, Jagger told Rolling Stone in 1995:

No, I don't really  I do feel that I behaved in a very childish way, but we were very young, and in some ways we picked on him  But, unfortunately, he made himself a target for it; he was very, very jealous, very difficult, very manipulative, and if you do that in this kind of a group of people you get back as good as you give, to be honest  I wasn't understanding enough about his drug addiction  No one seemed to know much about drug addiction  Things like LSD were all new  No one knew the harm  People thought cocaine was good for you 
On 5 July 1969, two days after Jones' death, the Rolling Stones played a previously scheduled concert at Hyde Park, attended by 250,000 people, dedicating it as a tribute to Jones  It was their first concert with new guitarist, Mick Taylor, who replaced Jones  At the beginning of the Hyde Park concert, Jagger read an excerpt from Percy Bysshe Shelley's poem "Adonaïs", an elegy written on the death of John Keats, after which thousands of butterflies were released in Jones' memory  The band began the concert with "I'm Yours and I'm Hers", a song by Johnny Winter  During the concert, they band played three new songs from two forthcoming albums, "Midnight Rambler" and "Love in Vain", from Let It Bleed,  released in December 1969, and "Loving Cup", which appeared on Exile on Main St , released May 1972  They also played "Honky Tonk Women", released as a single the previous day 

1970s
In 1970, Jagger bought Stargroves, a manor house and estate near East Woodhay in Hampshire  The Rolling Stones and several other bands recorded there using the Rolling Stones Mobile Studio  In 1970, Nicolas Roeg's film Performance, produced in 1968 and featuring Jagger, was released  In the film, Jagger plays the role of Turner, a reclusive rock star  Keith Richards' girlfriend Anita Pallenberg also appeared in the film Jagger and the rest of the Rolling Stones moved to Southern France as tax exiles in 1971 to avoid paying a 93 percent supertax imposed by Harold Wilson's Labour government on the country's top earners  After the band's acrimonious split with their second manager, Allen Klein, in 1971, and Richards' heroin addiction, Jagger assumed control of the band's business affairs, leading to feuds between Jagger and Richards  Jagger has managed the group ever since, with Prince Rupert Loewenstein acting as business adviser and financial manager from 1968 until 2007 Jagger and the rest of the band changed their look and style as the 1970s progressed  While in France, Jagger learned to play guitar and contributed guitar parts for songs on Sticky Fingers (1971) and the Stones' subsequent albums except Dirty Work in 1986  For the Rolling Stones' highly publicised 1972 American tour, Jagger wore glam-rock clothing and glitter makeup on stage  Their interest in the blues had been made manifest on the 1972 album Exile on Main St   Music critic Russell Hall described Jagger's emotional singing on the gospel-influenced "Let It Loose", which appears on Exile on Main St , as the singer's best vocal achievement In 1972, Jagger, Charlie Watts, Bill Wyman, Nicky Hopkins, and Ry Cooder released Jamming with Edward!, an album recorded during the band's Let It Bleed sessions  The album includes loose jams while the rest of the Stones (reportedly) were waiting for Keith Richards to return to the studio In November 1972, the band began recording sessions in Kingston, Jamaica, for the album Goats Head Soup, which was released in 1973 and reached No  1 in both the UK and U S  The album includes the song "Angie", a global hit that was the first in a string of commercially successful singles to emerge from tepidly received studio albums  The sessions for Goats Head Soup produced unused material, including "Waiting on a Friend", a ballad that was not released until the Tattoo You LP nine years later Another legal battle over drugs, dating back to their stay in France, interrupted the making of Goats Head Soup  Authorities issued a warrant for Richards' arrest, and the other band members returned briefly to France for questioning related to the incident  Along with Jagger's 1967 and 1970 convictions on drug charges, this complicated the band's plans for their Pacific tour in early 1973  The band was denied permission to play in Japan and was nearly banned from playing in Australia  A European tour followed in September and October 1973, which bypassed France after Richards' arrest in England on drug charges The 1974 album It's Only Rock 'n Roll was recorded in the Musicland Studios in Munich; it reached No  2 in the UK and No  1 in the U S  Jagger and Richards produced the album credited as "the Glimmer Twins"  The album and the single of the same name were both hits Following Mick Taylor's exodus from the band in December 1974, the Stones needed a new guitarist  The recording sessions for the next album, Black and Blue (1976) (No  2 in the UK, No  1 in the US), in Munich provided an opportunity for some guitarists hoping to join the band to work while trying out  Several guitarists were auditioned, some without even knowing they were auditioning  Ronnie Wood, then the guitarist of the band Faces was selected and joined the band in 1975  Woods has sometimes functioned as a mediator in the group, especially between Jagger and Richards  His first full-length LP with the band was Some Girls (1978), on which they ventured into disco and punk, a move primarily led by Jagger 

1980s
Following the success of Some Girls, the band released the album Emotional Rescue in mid-1980  During recording sessions for the album, a rift between Jagger and Richards began developing  Richards wanted to tour in the summer or autumn of 1980 to promote Emotional Rescue, but Jagger declined  Emotional Rescue hit the top of the charts on both sides of the Atlantic and the title track reached No  3 in the US In early 1981, the Rolling Stones reconvened and began touring the U S  that year, leaving little time to write and record a new album  The band's album Tattoo You, released in 1981, featured several outtakes, including "Start Me Up", the album's lead single that reached No  2 in the US and ranked No  22 on Billboard's Hot 100 year-end chart  Two songs, "Waiting on a Friend" (US No  13), and "Tops", feature Mick Taylor's unused rhythm guitar tracks  Jazz saxophonist Sonny Rollins plays on three Tattoo You songs, "Slave", "Neighbours", and "Waiting on a Friend"  The album reached No  2 in the UK and No  1 in the U S While continuing to tour and release albums with the Rolling Stones, Jagger began a solo career  According to a February 1985 article in Rolling Stone, Jagger did so to "establish an artistic identity for himself apart from the Rolling Stones"   his "boldest attempt yet"  Jagger started writing and recording material for his first solo album She's the Boss  Released on 19 February 1985, the album, produced by Nile Rodgers and Bill Laswell, features Herbie Hancock, Jeff Beck, Jan Hammer, Pete Townshend and the Compass Point All Stars  It sold well, and the single "Just Another Night" was a Top Ten hit  During this period, he collaborated with the Jacksons on the song "State of Shock", sharing lead vocals with Michael Jackson In 1985, Jagger performed without the Rolling Stones at Live Aid, a multi-venue charity concert in 1985  Jagger performed at Philadelphia's JFK Stadium, where he also performed a duet of "It's Only Rock and Roll" with Tina Turner, highlighted by Jagger tearing away Turner's skirt, and a cover of "Dancing in the Street" with David Bowie, who was performing at Wembley Stadium in London



ground_truth: yes

prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: Are Mick Jagger and Brett Scallions both musicians?

The following are given passages.
Context 3:  The video was shown simultaneously on the screens of both Wembley and JFK Stadiums  The song reached No  1 in the UK the same year 
Richards ended his heroin use and became more present in decision making, but Jagger was not accustomed to Richards' presence and did not like his authority over the band diminished  This led to a feud between Jagger and Richards that has been referred to as "World War III" with concern at the time that Jagger touring without the Stones could prove a "death sentence" for the band  When the Stones released Dirty Work in March 1986, Jagger's relations with Richards had reached an all-time low, leading Jagger to refuse to tour with the band to support the new album  Jagger responded, saying: I think that one ought to be allowed to have one's artistic side apart from just being in the Rolling Stones  I love the Rolling Stones—I think it's wonderful, I think it's done a lot of wonderful things for music  But, you know, it cannot be, at my age and after spending all these years, the only thing in my life 
Jagger released his second solo album, Primitive Cool, in 1987  Though it failed to match the commercial success of his debut solo album, it was critically well received  Richards released his first solo album, Talk is Cheap, shortly afterwards  Many felt the respective solo efforts marked the end of the Rolling Stones as a band  In 1988, Jagger produced the songs "Glamour Boys" and "Which Way to America" on Living Colour's album Vivid  Between 15 and 28 March, he also performed a solo concert tour in Japan, playing in Tokyo, Nagoya, and Osaka 
Jagger and Richards reunited in the Barbados in 1988 and produced dozens of new songs  Richards recalls:We just started in  And within two days, we realized we had five or six songs happening  I did have to take Mick to a few discos—which are not my favourite places in the world—because Mick likes to go out and dance at night  So I did that  That was my sacrifice  I humoured him  And that's when I knew we could work together 
Ron Wood believes the modest sales of Jagger's Primitive Cool "surprised" Jagger and made him "realize the strength of the band"  Richards recalled, "We've been stuffed together for years and one of the consequences of the break was making us realize we were stuck together whether we liked it or not  Jagger said, "Because we've been doing it for so long, we don't really have to discuss it  When we come up with a lick or a riff or a chorus, we already know if it's right or if it's wrong " On 29 August 1989, the band's released its 19th UK and 21st U S  album, Steel Wheels 

1990s
The 1989–1990 Steel Wheels/Urban Jungle Tour was the band's first world tour in seven years and their biggest stage production to date  Opening acts included Living Colour and Guns N' Roses  Recordings from the tour were released in a 1991 concert album, Flashpoint, which reached No  6 in the UK and No  16 in the U S , and the concert film Live at the Max, released in 1991  The tour was Bill Wyman's last  After years of deliberation, Wyman chose to leave the band, although his departure was not made official until January 1993 Following the success of Steel Wheels, and the end of Jagger and Richards' well-publicised feud, Jagger attempted to reestablish himself as a solo artist  He acquired Rick Rubin as co-producer in January 1992 for his third solo album, Wandering Spirit  Sessions for the album began that month in Los Angeles and ended nine months later, in September 1992  Richards recorded his second solo studio album, Main Offender, at the same time On Wandering Spirit, Jagger used Lenny Kravitz as a vocalist on his cover of Bill Withers' "Use Me" and bassist Flea from Red Hot Chili Peppers on three separate tracks  Jagger signed with Atlantic Records, which had signed the Stones in the 1970s, to distribute the solo album  Wandering Spirit, released in February 1993, and The Very Best of Mick Jagger, a compilation album containing no new material, were both released by Atlantic Records  Wandering Spirit was commercially successful, reaching No  12 in the UK and No  11 in the U S In 1993, the Stones were ready to start recording their next studio album, and Charlie Watts recruited bassist Darryl Jones, a former sideman of Miles Davis and Sting, as Wyman's replacement for the recording of Voodoo Lounge, released in 1994  Jones continued to perform with the band as the band's touring and session bassist  The album was well received critically and proved commercially successful, going double platinum in the U S  Reviews of the Voodoo Lounge noted and credited the album's "traditionalist" sounds to the Rolling Stones' new producer Don Was  Voodoo Lounge won the Grammy Award for Best Rock Album at the 1995 Grammy Awards  It reached No  1 in the UK and No  2 in the US The Voodoo Lounge Tour to support Voodoo Lounge lasted into 1996, grossing $320 million and becoming the world's highest-grossing tour ever at the time  On 8 September 1994, the Stones performed "Love Is Strong", a new song, and "Start Me Up" at the 1994 MTV Video Music Awards at Radio City Music Hall in New York City  The band was awarded the Lifetime Achievement Award at the 1994 MTV ceremony The Rolling Stones ended the 1990s with the album Bridges to Babylon, released in 1997 to mixed reviews  It reached No  6 in the UK and No  3 in the U S  The music video for the single "Anybody Seen My Baby?" featuring Angelina Jolie was played in steady rotation on both MTV and VH1  Sales were roughly equal to those of previous records (about 1 2 million copies sold in the U S )  The subsequent Bridges to Babylon Tour, which  crossed Europe, North America, and other destinations, proved the band remained a strong live music attraction  Another live album, No Security, was released from the tour  No Security included all new songs, except "Live With Me" and "The Last Time", which had been previously unreleased on live albums  The album reached No  67 in the UK and No  34 in the U S  In 1999, the Rolling Stones staged the No Security Tour in the U S  and continued the Bridges to Babylon tour in Europe 

2000s
In 2001, Jagger released his fourth solo album, Goddess in the Doorway, spawning the single "Visions of Paradise", which reached No  44 in the UK  Following the 11 September attacks, Jagger joined Richards in the Concert for New York City, a benefit concert in response to the terrorist attack, to sing "Salt of the Earth" and "Miss You" From 1989 to 2001, according to Fortune, the Stones generated more than US$1 5 billion in total gross revenue, surpassing the revenue of U2, Bruce Springsteen, and Michael Jackson  Jagger celebrated the Rolling Stones' 40th anniversary by touring with the band on the year-long Licks Tour, supporting the band's commercially successful career retrospective, Forty Licks, a double album  In 2007, the band grossed US$437 million on A Bigger Bang Tour, earning the band an entry in the 2007 edition of Guinness World Records for the most lucrative music tour ever  Asked if the band would retire after the tour, Jagger said, "I'm sure the Rolling Stones will do more things and more records and more tours  We've got no plans to stop any of that really "Two years later, in October 2009, Jagger joined U2 to perform "Gimme Shelter" with Fergie and will i am, and "Stuck in a Moment You Can't Get Out Of" with U2 at the 25th Anniversary Rock & Roll Hall of Fame Concert 

2010s
On 20 May 2011, Jagger announced the formation of a new supergroup, SuperHeavy, including Dave Stewart, Joss Stone, Damian Marley, and A R  Rahman  The group started with a phone call Jagger received from Stewart  Stewart had heard three sound systems playing different music at the same time in his home in St Ann's Bay, Jamaica  This gave him the idea of creating a group with Jagger, fusing the musical styles of several artists  After multiple phone calls and deliberation, the other members of the group were decided upon  SuperHeavy released one album and two singles in 2011, reportedly recording 29 songs in ten days  Jagger is featured on will i am's 2011 single "T H E  (The Hardest Ever)" along with Jennifer Lopez, officially released to iTunes on 4 February 2012 
On 21 February 2012, Jagger, B B  King, Buddy Guy and Jeff Beck, and a blues ensemble, performed at the White House concert series before President Barack Obama  When Jagger held out a mic to him, Obama twice sang the line "Come on, baby don't you want to go" of the blues cover "Sweet Home Chicago", the blues anthem of Obama's hometown  Jagger hosted the season finale of Saturday Night Live on 19 and 20 May 2012, doing several comic skits and playing some Rolling Stones' hits with Arcade Fire, Foo Fighters and Jeff Beck Jagger performed in 12-12-12: The Concert for Sandy Relief with the Rolling Stones on 12 December 2012  The Stones played the Glastonbury festival in 2013, headlining on Saturday, 29 June  This was followed by two concerts in London's Hyde Park as part of their 50th anniversary celebrations, their first there since their famous 1969 performance  In 2013, Jagger teamed up with his brother Chris Jagger for two new duets on his album Concertina Jack, released to mark the 40th anniversary of his debut album  On 7 October 2016, the Stones headlined the first night of the three day music festival Desert Trip and covered the Beatles' 1969 single "Come Together"; Paul McCartney performed the next night  In July 2017, Jagger released the double A-sided single "Gotta Get a Grip" / "England Lost"  They were released as a response to the "anxiety, unknowability of the changing political situation" in a post-Brexit UK, according to Jagger  Accompanying music videos were released for both songs In March 2019, a Rolling Stones tour of the US and Canada from April to June had to be postponed as Jagger needed a transcatheter aortic valve replacement  On 4 April 2019, it was announced that Jagger had successfully undergone the procedure at NewYork–Presbyterian Hospital, and was in great health  After a six-week delay while Jagger recovered, the No Filter Tour resumed with two performances at Chicago's Soldier Field 

2020s
The band's 1973 album Goats Head Soup was reissued on 4 September 2020 and featured previously unreleased outtakes, such as "Criss Cross", which was released as a single and music video on 9 July 2020, "Scarlet", featuring Jimmy Page, and "All the Rage"  On 11 September 2020, the album topped the UK Albums Chart as the Rolling Stones became the first band to top the chart across six different decades The Rolling Stones—featuring Jagger, Richards, Watts and Wood at their homes—were one of the headline acts on Global Citizen's One World: Together at Home on-line and on-screen concert on 18 April 2020, a global event featuring dozens of artists and comedians to support frontline healthcare workers and the World Health Organization during the COVID-19 pandemic  On 23 April, Jagger announced through his Facebook page the release (the same day at 5pm BST) of the single "Living in a Ghost Town", a new Rolling Stones single recorded in London and Los Angeles in 2019 and finished in isolation (part of the new material that the band were recording in the studio before the COVID-19 lockdown), a song that the band "thought would resonate through the times we're living in" and their first release of original material since 2012  The song reached No  1 on the German Singles Chart, the first time the Stones had reached the top spot in 52 years, and making them the oldest artists ever to do so 
In August 2021, it was announced that Charlie Watts would undergo an unspecified medical procedure and would not perform on the remainder of the No Filter tour; the longtime Stones associate Steve Jordan filled in as drummer  Watts died unexpectedly at a London hospital on 24 August 2021, at the age of 80, with his family around him  Jagger, Richards and Wood paid tribute to him, along with former bandmate Wyman  It was discussed whether the band would continue, and they opted to carry on as it was what "Charlie wanted us to do"  During their first show after Watts' death, Jagger told the crowd:It's a bit of a poignant night for us  Because this is our first tour in 59 years that we’ve done without our lovely Charlie Watts  We all miss Charlie so much  We miss him as a band  We miss him as friends, on and off the stage  We've got so many memories of Charlie  I'm sure some of you that have seen us before have got memories of Charlie as well  And I hope you'll remember him like we do  So we'd like to dedicate this show to Charlie In a May 2022 interview, Jagger stated "I don't really expect him to be there any more if I turn round during a show  But I do think about him  Not only during rehearsals or on stage, but in other ways too "  On the one year anniversary of Watts' death, Jagger shared what Rolling Stone described as a "moving tribute" on social media, which included a voiceover by Jagger backed with "Till the Next Goodbye"  That same year, Jagger cowrote "Strange Game" for the television series Slow Horses after being emailed "out of the blue" by composer Daniel Pemberton, whom he didn't know; the song was released on 1 April and subsequently nominated for an Emmy award  That June, two shows scheduled in the Stones' Sixty tour were postponed after Jagger contracted COVID-19  The tour resumed following Jagger's recovery in late June  Jagger launched his own line of harmonicas the following January in collaboration with whynow Music and Lee Oskar, expressing a desire to encourage younger musicians to take up the instrument 

Relationship with Keith Richards
His songwriting partnership with Richards is one of the most successful in history  His relationship with Richards is frequently described as "love/hate" by the media  Richards said in a 1998 interview: "I think of our differences as a family squabble  If I shout and scream at him, it's because no one else has the guts to do it or else they're paid not to do it  At the same time I'd hope Mick realises that I'm a friend who is just trying to bring him into line and do what needs to be done "Dirty Work (a UK & US No  4) was released in March 1986 to mixed reviews, despite the US top five hit "Harlem Shuffle"  With relations between Richards and Jagger at a low, Jagger refused to tour to promote the album, and instead undertook his own solo tour, which included Rolling Stones' songs  Richards has referred to this period in his relations with Jagger as "World War III"  As a result of the animosity within the band at this time, they almost broke up Jagger's solo records, She's the Boss (UK No  6; US No  13) (1985) and Primitive Cool (UK No  26; US No  41) (1987), met with moderate success and, in 1988, with the Rolling Stones mostly inactive, Richards released his first solo album, Talk Is Cheap (UK No  37; US No  24)  It was well received by fans and critics, going gold in the US  The following year 25×5: the Continuing Adventures of the Rolling Stones, a documentary spanning the career of the band, was released for their 25th anniversary Richards' autobiography, Life, was published on 26 October 2010  According to a 15 October 2010 article, Richards described Jagger as "unbearable", noting that their relationship had been strained "for decades"  By 2015, Richards' opinion had softened  While saying Jagger could come off as a "snob", he added "I still love him dearly     your friends don't have to be perfect "

Acting and film production
Jagger has had an intermittent acting career  His most significant role was in Donald Cammell and Nicolas Roeg's Performance (1968), and as Australian bushranger Ned Kelly in the film of the same name (1970)  He composed an improvised soundtrack for Kenneth Anger's film Invocation of My Demon Brother on the Moog synthesiser in 1969 Jagger auditioned for the role of Dr  Frank N  Furter in the 1975 film adaptation of The Rocky Horror Show, a role that was eventually played by Tim Curry, the original performer from its theatrical run in London's West End  Director Alejandro Jodorowsky approached him in the same year to play the role of Feyd-Rautha in his proposed adaptation of Frank Herbert's Dune, but the movie never made it to the screen  Jagger appeared as himself in the Rutles' film All You Need Is Cash (1978) and was cast as Wilbur, a main character in Werner Herzog's Fitzcarraldo, in the late 1970s  The illness of principal actor Jason Robards (later replaced by Klaus Kinski), and a delay in the film's notoriously difficult production, resulted in him being unable to continue because of schedule conflicts with a Stones' tour; some footage of Jagger's work is shown in the documentaries Burden of Dreams and My Best Fiend  Jagger developed a reputation for playing the heavy later in his acting career in films including Freejack (1992), Bent (1997), and The Man From Elysian Fields (2002) In 1991, Jagger founded Jagged Films with Victoria Pearman and, in 1995, founded the film production company Lip Service with Steve Tisch  Jagged Films' first release was the World War II drama Enigma (2001), starring Kate Winslet as one of Bletchley Park's Enigma codebreakers  That same year, Jagged Films produced a documentary about Jagger entitled Being Mick  The programme, which first aired in the US on ABC on 22 November, coincided with the release of his fourth solo album, Goddess in the Doorway  In 2008 the company began work on The Women, an adaptation of the George Cukor's film of the same name, directed by Diane English 
As a member of the Rolling Stones Jagger appears in several documentaries, including Gimme Shelter, filmed during the band's 1969 tour of the US, and Sympathy for the Devil (1968) directed by French New Wave director Jean-Luc Godard  Martin Scorsese worked with Jagger on Shine a Light, a documentary film featuring the band with footage from the A Bigger Bang Tour during two nights of performances at New York's Beacon Theatre  It screened in Berlin in February 2008  McCarthy predicted the film would fare better once released to video than in its limited theatrical runs Jagger was a co-producer of, and guest-starred in the first episode of the short-lived American comedy television series The Knights of Prosperity  He also co-produced the James Brown biopic Get On Up (2014)  Alongside Martin Scorsese, Rich Cohen and Terence Winter, Jagger co-created and executive produced the period drama series Vinyl (2016), which starred Bobby Cannavale and aired for one season on HBO before its cancellation  Jagger portrays an English art dealer-collector and patron in Giuseppe Capotondi's thriller The Burnt Orange Heresy (2020) 

Personal life
Family and relationships
Jagger has been married and divorced once, and has had other relationships, resulting in eight children with five women  As of 2021, he also has five grandchildren and three great-grandchildren Jagger dated Chrissie Shrimpton between 1963 and 1966  From 1966 to 1970, he had a relationship with Marianne Faithfull, the English singer-songwriter/actress with whom he wrote "Sister Morphine", a song on Sticky Fingers  Jagger met the American singer Marsha Hunt in 1969 and, though she was married, the pair had a relationship  When it ended in June 1970, Hunt was pregnant with Jagger's first child, Karis Hunt Jagger, who was born on 4 November 1970  Hunt is the inspiration for the song "Brown Sugar", also from Sticky Fingers In 1970, he met Nicaraguan-born Bianca Pérez-Mora Macias  They married on 12 May 1971 in a Catholic ceremony in Saint-Tropez, France  Their daughter, Jade Sheena Jezebel Jagger, was born on 21 October 1971   They separated in 1977, and in May 1978 she filed for divorce on the grounds of his adultery  During his marriage to Pérez-Mora Macias, Jagger had an affair with then-Playboy model Bebe Buell from 1974 to 1976 In late 1977, Jagger began dating American model Jerry Hall  They had an unofficial private marriage ceremony in Bali, Indonesia, on 21 November 1990, and lived at Downe House in Richmond, London  The couple had four children: Elizabeth 'Lizzie' Scarlett Jagger (born 2 March 1984), James Leroy Augustin Jagger (born in 1985), Georgia May Ayeesha Jagger (born 12 January 1992), and Gabriel Luke Beauregard Jagger (born in 1997) During his relationship with Hall, Jagger had an affair from 1991 to 1994 with Italian singer/model Carla Bruni, who later became the First Lady of France when she married then-President of France Nicolas Sarkozy in 2008  Jagger's relationship with Hall ended after she discovered that he had had an affair with Brazilian model Luciana Gimenez, who gave birth to Jagger's seventh child, Lucas Maurice Morad Jagger, in May 1999  Jagger's unofficial marriage to Hall was declared invalid, unlawful, and null and void by the High Court of England and Wales in London in 1999  From 2000 to 2001 Jagger was in a relationship with the English model Sophie Dahl Jagger was in a relationship with fashion designer L'Wren Scott from 2001 until her suicide in 2014  She left her entire estate, estimated at US$9 million, to him  Jagger set up the L'Wren Scott scholarship at London's Central Saint Martins College Since Scott died in 2014, Jagger has been in a relationship with American ballet dancer Melanie Hamrick  Jagger was 73 when Hamrick gave birth to their son Deveraux Octavian Basil Jagger in 2016 Jagger's father, Basil "Joe" Jagger, died of pneumonia on 11 November 2006 at age 93  Although the Rolling Stones were on the A Bigger Bang tour, Jagger flew to Britain to see his father before returning the same day to Las Vegas, where he was to perform that night, after being informed his father's condition was improving  The show went ahead as scheduled, despite Jagger learning of his father's death that afternoon  Jagger's friends said that the show going on was "what Joe would have wanted"  Jagger called his father the "greatest influence" in his life 

Interests and philanthropy
Jagger is a supporter of music in schools, a patron of The Mick Jagger Centre in Dartford, and sponsors music through his Red Rooster Programme in its local schools  The Red Rooster name is taken from the title of one of the Rolling Stones' earliest singles An avid cricket fan, Jagger founded Jagged Internetworks to cover the sport  He keenly follows the England national football team, and has regularly attended FIFA World Cup games  In 2021, Fox Business quoted an estimate that his net worth was US$500 million and called him "one of music's more identifiable figures"  Earlier that same year, The Times had quoted it at approximately £310 million 

Honours
Jagger was honoured with a knighthood for services to popular music in the Queen's 2002 Birthday Honours, and on 12 December 2003 he received the accolade from The Prince of Wales  Jagger's father and daughters Karis and Elizabeth were present  Jagger stated that although the award did not have significant meaning for him, he was "touched" by the significance that it held for his father, saying that his father "was very proud"  In 1989, Jagger was inducted into the American Rock and Roll Hall of Fame alongside the other Stones, including Mick Taylor and Ronnie Wood as well as Brian Jones and Ian Stewart (posthumously)  In November 2004, the Rolling Stones were among the inaugural inductees into the UK Music Hall of Fame In 2014, the Jaggermeryx naida ("Jagger's water nymph"), a 19-million-year-old species of 'long-legged pig', was named after Jagger  Jaw fragments of the long-extinct anthracotheres were discovered in Egypt  The trilobite species Aegrotocatellus jaggeri was also named after Jagger  On Jagger's 75th birthday, scientists named seven fossil stoneflies after present and former members of the band  Two species, Petroperla mickjaggeri and Lapisperla keithrichardsi, were placed within a new family Petroperlidae  The new family was named in honour of the Rolling Stones, derived from the Greek "petra" that stands for "stone"  The scientists referred to the fossils as "Rolling Stoneflies" 

In popular culture
From the time that the Rolling Stones developed their anti-establishment image in the mid-1960s, Jagger, with Richards, has been an enduring icon of the counterculture  This was enhanced by his drug-related arrests, sexually charged on-stage antics, provocative song lyrics, and his role in Performance  One of his biographers, Christopher Andersen, describes him as "one of the dominant cultural figures of our time," adding that Jagger was "the story of a generation"  Jagger, who at the time described himself as an anarchist and espoused the leftist slogans of the era, took part in a demonstration against the Vietnam War outside the US Embassy in London in 1968  This inspired him to write "Street Fighting Man" that same year In 1967, Cecil Beaton photographed Jagger's naked buttocks, a photo that sold at Sotheby's auction house in 1986 for $4,000 
Jagger was reported to be a contender for the anonymous subject of Carly Simon's 1972 hit song "You're So Vain", on which he sings backing vocals  Pop artist Andy Warhol painted a series of silkscreen portraits of Jagger in 1975, one of which was owned by Farah Diba, wife of the Shah of Iran  It hung on a wall inside the royal palace in Tehran 
In 2010, a retrospective exhibition of portraits of Jagger was presented at the festival Rencontres d'Arles, in France  The catalogue of the exhibition is the first photo album of Jagger and shows his evolution over 50 years Jagger's relationships served as the inspiration for the theatrical show parody "Jumpin' Jack", written by Lyle Victor Albert  In the show, the protagonist, Jack, is "a member of that ever-expanding, worldwide club made up of Mick Jagger's illegitimate children "Maroon 5's song "Moves like Jagger" is about Jagger, who acknowledged the song in an interview, calling the concept "very flattering"  Kesha's song "Tik Tok", the Black Eyed Peas' hit "The Time (Dirty Bit)" reference Jagger, and his vocal delivery is referenced by rapper Ghostface Killah in his song "The Champ", from his 2006 album Fishscale, which was later referenced by Kanye West in the 2008 T I  and Jay-Z single "Swagga Like Us" On television, the ITV satirical puppet show Spitting Image caricatured Jagger as perpetually high throughout its run in the 1980s and 1990s  In 1998, the MTV animated show Celebrity Deathmatch had a clay-animated fight to the death between Jagger and Aerosmith lead singer Steven Tyler; Jagger wins the fight by using his tongue to stab Tyler through the chest  The 2000 film Almost Famous, set in 1973, refers to Jagger: "Because if you think Mick Jagger'll still be out there, trying to be a rock star at age 50     you're sadly, sadly mistaken " This was a view that Jagger similarly shared in 1975, once quipping to People magazine "I’d rather be dead than sing ‘Satisfaction’ when I'm 45" In 2012, Jagger was among the British cultural icons selected by artist Sir Peter Blake to appear in a new version of his most famous artwork—the Beatles' Sgt  Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band album cover—to celebrate the British cultural figures of his life that he most admires In more recent decades, Jagger has been seen as a "poster boy" for healthy living and, as of 2006, was "said to run 12 km a day, to kick-box, lift weights, cycle, and practise ballet and yoga"; he has his own personal trainer  It has been estimated that during the average show, he covers between 5 and 12 miles on stage "while strutting and shimmying through shows at dizzying speeds" 

Legacy
In the words of British dramatist and novelist Philip Norman, "the only point concerning Mick Jagger's influence over 'young people' that doctors and psychologists agreed on was that it wasn't, under any circumstances, fundamentally harmless"  According to Norman, even Elvis Presley at his most scandalous had not exerted a "power so wholly and disturbingly physical"  "[W]hile [Presley] made girls scream, [he] did not have Jagger's ability to make men feel uncomfortable " Norman likens Jagger in his early performances with the Rolling Stones in the 1960s to a male ballet dancer, with "his conflicting and colliding sexuality: the swan's neck and smeared harlot eyes allied to an overstuffed and straining codpiece" His performance style has been studied by academics who analysed gender, image and sexuality  Musicologist Sheila Whiteley noted that Jagger's performance style "opened up definitions of gendered masculinity and so laid the foundations for self-invention and sexual plasticity which are now an integral part of contemporary youth culture"  His stage personas also contributed significantly to the British tradition of popular music that always featured the character song and where the art of singing becomes a matter of acting—which creates a question about the singer's relationship to his own words His voice has been described as a powerful expressive tool for communicating feelings to his audience, and expressing an alternative vision of society  To express "virility and unrestrained passion" he developed techniques previously used by African American preachers and gospel singers such as "the roar, the guttural belt style of singing, and the buzz, a more nasal and raspy sound"  Steven Van Zandt wrote: "The acceptance of Jagger's voice on pop radio was a turning point in rock & roll  He broke open the door for everyone else  Suddenly, Eric Burdon and Van Morrison weren't so weird—even Bob Dylan "Over time, Jagger has developed into the template for rock frontmen and, with the help of the Stones, has, in the words of the Telegraph, "changed music" through his contributions to it as a pioneer of the modern music industry  Jagger is often described as one of the most popular and influential frontmen in the history of rock & roll; in 1994 the New York Times noted that his "influence hangs heavily over contemporary British rock" as many singers "incorporated elements" of his onstage presence into their personas  In 2015, Billboard ranked him among the best rock frontmen of all time, referring to him as "the rock and roll frontman" whose "swagger brought a style and sexiness to rock music that he built on for decades" and openly wondering "would we even have rock stars without Mick?"Musician David Bowie joined many rock bands with blues, folk, and soul orientations in his first attempts as a musician in the mid-1960s, and he was to recall: "I used to dream of being their Mick Jagger " Bowie  suggested, "I think Mick Jagger would be astounded and amazed if he realized that to many people he is not a sex symbol, but a mother image " Jagger appeared on Rolling Stone's List of 100 Greatest Singers at No  16; in the article, Lenny Kravitz wrote: "I sometimes talk to people who sing perfectly in a technical sense who don't understand Mick Jagger  [   ] His sense of pitch and melody is really sophisticated  His vocals are stunning, flawless in their own kind of perfection " This edition also cites Jagger as a key influence on Jack White, Steven Tyler and Iggy Pop  Jagger also has been known to seek out newcomer artists to the music industry and advise them The Telegraph has called Mick Jagger "the Rolling Stone who changed music"  CNN has called Jagger's "greatest talent, besides strutting and singing" his "ability to surround himself and the rest of the band with a group of very able executives "As Jagger has aged, his continued vitality has provoked comment  Bon Jovi frontman Jon Bon Jovi said: "I can't get over it   I'm   dying already and I'm gonna go out there and play four songs  How do they do it?" Since his early career Jagger has embodied what some authors describe as a "Dionysian archetype" of "eternal youth" personified by many rock stars and the rock culture Jagger has repeatedly said that he will not write an autobiography, but according to John Blake, after a slew of unauthorised biographies, Jagger was persuaded by Lord Weidenfeld in the early 1980s to prepare his own for a £1 million advance  The resulting 75,000-word manuscript is held by Blake, who briefly planned to publish it until Jagger withdrew support "Mick Jagger is the least egotistical person," observed Watts in 2008  "He'll do what's right for the band  He's not a big head—and, if he was, he went through it thirty years ago "

Discography
Solo studio albums
Filmography
As actor
Jagger was slated to appear in the 1982 film Fitzcarraldo and some scenes were shot with him, but he had to leave for a Rolling Stones tour and his character was eliminated 

As producer
Running Out of Luck (1987)
Enigma (2001)
Being Mick (2001)
The Women (2008)
Get on Up (2014)
Mr  Dynamite: The Rise of James Brown (2014)
Vinyl (2016)

Notes
Passage 5:
Disease (song)
"Disease" is the first single released from American rock band Matchbox Twenty's third album, More Than You Think You Are  The track was co-written by Matchbox Twenty lead singer Rob Thomas and Rolling Stones frontman Mick Jagger  Released on September 30, 2002, the song peaked at number 29 on the US Billboard Hot 100  "Disease" was one of two songs written by Thomas and presented to Jagger while he was producing his solo album Goddess in the Doorway, alongside "Visions of Paradise"  Jagger returned "Disease" to Thomas, saying "It sounds like you  It's your song "

Music video
The video, directed by Phil Harder, starts with a man turning on his colorful boomboxing, then roller skating over a wide section of New York City, amid images of the band illuminated on moving billboards  During the second chorus, we see the band performing in a large outdoor roller-rink, complete with a disco ball  They are surrounded by a crowd dancing along, and to begin the 3rd chorus, Rob slides off the stage on all fours onto the dance floor past the crowd  At the end of the song, the roller skater shuts off his beat box and then proceeds up some stairs, presumably to his home 

Track listings
Charts
Release history



ground_truth: yes