prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: Are both Duke Energy and Affiliated Managers Group based in Massachusetts?

The following are given passages.
Context 1: Passage 1:
Sabal Trail Transmission Pipeline
Sabal Trail Transmission Pipeline is a natural gas pipeline that runs from central Alabama through southwest Georgia to Orange County, Florida  A minority stake in the venture is owned by NextEra Energy and Duke Energy  The pipeline has been being planned since before 2011  In July 2013 it was announced that Florida Power & Light Company (FPL) jointly awarded its parent corporation, NextEra Energy and Spectra Energy the bid to build the pipeline  In May 2015, Duke Energy bought an interest in the venture  Construction began in September 2016  The pipeline is currently scheduled to be in service by June 2017 

Environmental concerns and federal agency permission
The construction of the pipeline has drawn concern from the communities through which it is planned to be built  Protests in Albany, Georgia and Valdosta, Georgia have occurred in response to the plans to build the pipelines  The threat of eminent domain and the environmental impact are among the concerns that have been voiced by citizens 
In late October 2015, the United States Environmental Protection Agency recommended to Federal Energy Regulatory Commission that the pipeline be rerouted away from the Floridan aquifer because of the karst geology that is prone to sinkholes and also contains wetlands Environmental concerns have also been raised regarding threats to endangered species habitat along the route including crocodile, manatee and sea turtle breeding and nesting grounds  Others including Sanford Bishop, Hank Johnson, David Scott and John Lewis have voiced concern over the construction of a proposed compressor station near an already disadvantaged African American community in Albany, Georgia Despite the recommendations of Environmental Protection Agency, the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission approved the pipeline's route in February 2016  In August 2016, the Army Corps of Engineers approved the route through North Florida  Some citizens from the areas of the route continued to voice concerns about the environmental impact the pipeline would have the environment after it was approved by the various governmental agencies 
The federal permits require the companies constructing the pipeline to engage in mitigation banking 

Protests
The construction of the Sabal Trail resulted in extensive protests from environmentalists  On November 12, 2016, fourteen protesters were arrested at a pipeline construction site in Gilchrist County, Florida after one protester locked himself to truck on site and the others obstructed its path  They had been inspired by the Dakota Access Pipeline protests and used similar protest signage  In February of 2017, two protestors locked themselves inside a section of the pipeline, citing the danger to people and the environment which would result from a pipeline leak  On February 26, 2017 an apparent protester was seen firing a high powered rifle at the pipeline construction site  The man fled and was chased by police until he crashed and was killed by a deputy after he tried to engage police in a gunfight

Construction
In September 2016, construction began on the pipeline  
In late October 2016, drilling mud seepage began leaking into the Withlacoochee River at construction along the border of Brooks County, Georgia and Lowndes County, Georgia from a pilot hole that had been drilled underneath the river in preparation for the horizontal directional drilling hole  After the leakage was discovered, the Sabal Company installed containment booms at the site and posted a vacuum truck to capture the mud seepage  The spill prompted protests from concerned local citizens on November 16, 2016 As part of the company's biweekly report for the week ending on November 27 to the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission, it was reported that a sinkhole had developed 165 feet (50 m) southeast of the horizontal directional drilling (HDD) hole exit point at the work site near the Withlacoochee River  The sinkhole had been identified on November 5 by workers in the field 

Owners
Spectra Energy
NextEra Energy
Duke Energy (7 5%)

See also
Spectra Energy
Passage 2:
Duke Energy
Duke Energy Corporation is an American electric power and natural gas holding company headquartered in Charlotte, North Carolina 

Overview
Based in Charlotte, North Carolina, Duke Energy owns 58,200 megawatts of base-load and peak generation in the United States, which it distributes to its 7 2 million customers  The company has approximately 29,000 employees  Duke Energy's service territory covers 104,000 square miles (270,000 km2) with 250,200 miles (402,700 km) of distribution lines  Almost all of Duke Energy's Midwest generation comes from coal, natural gas, or oil, while half of its Carolinas generation comes from its nuclear power plants  During 2006, Duke Energy generated 148,798,332 megawatt-hours of electrical energy 
Duke Energy Renewable Services (DERS), a subsidiary of Duke Energy, specializes in the development, ownership, and operation of various generation facilities throughout the United States  This segment of the company operates 1,700 megawatts of generation  240 megawatts of wind generation were under construction and 1,500 additional megawatts of wind generation were in planning stages  On September 9, 2008, DERS updated its projections for future wind power capacity  By the end of 2008, it would have over 500 MW of nameplate capacity of wind power online, and an additional 5,000 MW in development 

Subsidiaries
Duke Energy Carolinas (formerly Duke Power)
Duke Energy Ohio (formerly Cincinnati Gas & Electric Company, via Cinergy)
Duke Energy Kentucky (formerly Union Light, Heat & Power, via Cinergy)
Duke Energy Indiana (formerly Public Service Indiana, via Cinergy)
Duke Energy Florida (formerly Florida Power Corporation, via Progress Energy)
Duke Energy Progress (formerly Carolina Power and Light, via Progress Energy)
Duke Energy Renewables
Duke Energy Retail
Duke Energy International
Duke Energy Sustainable Solutions
Duke Energy One

History
The company began in 1900 as the Catawba Power Company when Walker Gill Wylie and his brother financed the building of a hydroelectric power station at India Hook Shoals along the Catawba River near India Hook, South Carolina  When he needed additional funding to further his ambitious plan for construction of a series of hydroelectric power plants, Wylie convinced James B  Duke and his partner James Blaney to invest in the Southern Power Company, founded in 1905 
In 1917 James Blaney was the founder of the Wateree Power Company that was formed as a holding company for several utilities that had been founded and/or owned by Duke, and Blaney his associates, and in 1924 the name was changed to Duke Power  In 1927, most of the subsidiary companies, including Southern Power Company, Catawba Power Company, Great Falls Power Company, and Western Carolina Power Company were merged into Duke Power, although Southern Public Utilities, 100% owned by Duke Power, maintained a legally separate existence for the retail marketing of Duke-generated power to residential and commercial customers  Southern Public Utilities also operated transit systems, which Duke eventually converted from streetcars to buses 
In 1988, Nantahala Power & Light Co , which served southwestern North Carolina, was purchased by Duke and is now operated under the Duke Power Nantahala Area brand  In 1990, Duke sold its remaining transit operations  Duke Power merged with PanEnergy, a natural gas company, in 1997 to form Duke Energy  The Duke Power name continued as the electric utility business of Duke Energy until the Cinergy merger 

With the purchase of Cinergy Corporation announced in 2005 and completed on April 3, 2006, Duke Energy Corporation's customer base grew to include the Midwestern United States as well  The company operates nuclear power plants, coal-fired plants, conventional hydroelectric plants, natural-gas turbines to handle peak demand, and pumped hydro storage  During 2006, Duke Energy also acquired Chatham, Ontario-based Union Gas, which is regulated under the Ontario Energy Board Act (1998) 
On January 3, 2007, Duke Energy spun off its gas business to form Spectra Energy  Duke Energy shareholders received 1 share of Spectra Energy for each 2 shares of Duke Energy  After the spin-off, Duke Energy now receives the majority of its revenue from its electric operations in portions of North Carolina, South Carolina, Kentucky, Ohio, and Indiana  The spinoff to Spectra also included Union Gas, which Duke Energy acquired the previous year In 2011, Duke Energy worked with Charlotte's business leader community to help build Charlotte into a smart city  The group called the initiative "Envision Charlotte"  At the time, the group decided on a goal to reduce energy use in the "urban core of the city by 20 percent"  To do so, the group focused on making energy consumption changes to commercial buildings larger than 10,000 square feet On July 3, 2012, Duke Energy merged with Progress Energy Inc with the Duke Energy name being retained along with the Charlotte, North Carolina, headquarters Duke announced on June 18, 2013, that CEO Jim Rogers was retiring and Lynn Good would become the new CEO  Rogers has been CEO and Chairman since 2006, while Good was Chief Financial Officer of Duke since 2009, having joined Duke in the 2006 Cinergy merger  Rogers' retirement was part of an agreement to end an investigation into Duke's Progress Energy acquisition in 2012 In 2016, Duke Energy purchased Piedmont Natural Gas for $4 9 billion to become its wholly owned subsidiary   Duke Energy completed selling its remaining power operations in Central and South America for $1 2 billion months afterwards   At one point Duke Energy had more than 4,300 megawatts of electric generation in Latin America  It operated eight hydroelectric power plants in Brazil with an installed capacity of 2,307 megawatts The company expects to spend $13 billion upgrading the North Carolina grid from 2017 On December 3, 2022, an attack was carried out on two Duke Energy substations located in Moore County, North Carolina  Damage from the attack left up to 40,000 residents without electrical power for several days, with officials closing schools and declaring a state of emergency  The Federal Bureau of Investigation supported local investigators in case the incident met the definition of domestic terrorism under the Patriot Act 

New nuclear power plant
On March 16, 2006, Duke Power announced that a Cherokee County, South Carolina site had been selected for a potential new nuclear power plant  The site is jointly owned by Duke Power and Southern Company  Duke plans to develop the site for two Westinghouse Electric Company AP1000 (advanced passive) pressurized water reactors  Each reactor is capable of producing approximately 1,117 megawatts  (See Nuclear Power 2010 Program )
On December 14, 2007, Duke Power submitted a Combined Construction and Operating License to the Nuclear Regulatory Commission, with an announcement that it will spend $160 million in 2008 on the plant with a total cost of $5 billion to $6 billion  The plant was approved in 2016 In August 2017, Duke decided to seek permission from the North Carolina Utility Commission to cancel the project due to the bankruptcy of Westinghouse and "other market activity", although they will retain the option of restarting the project at some point in the future if circumstances change This site would have been adjacent to the old site, which was never completed and abandoned in the early 1980s, and used by James Cameron as a film set for the 1989 movie The Abyss 
In 2018, Duke Energy decided not to include new nuclear power in its long-range plans 

Headquarters buildings
J A  Jones designed the first headquarters building, known as the Power Building, which was completed in 1927 at 440 South Church  It was five stories and 503,000 square feet (46,700 m2)  The Electric Center at 526 South Church Street opened in 1975 with an addition in 1988  State Farm Insurance sold the Power Building in 2004 for $8 million to The Dilweg Cos , who anticipated significant development  Novare Group bought 5 13 acres (20,800 m2) at 408 South Church Street for $17 million from The Dilweg Cos  in a deal announced March 27, 2006   The Power Building was demolished February 24, 2007 Duke Energy Center at 550 South Tryon Street was announced as the company's headquarters in 2009  The company announced May 17, 2021 that the headquarters will move in 2023 to Duke Energy Plaza, across the street from the current headquarters  Childress Klein is developing the new building, which will allow Duke to sell its Church Street and College Street buildings, and end its lease at 400 South Tryon  Previously named Charlotte Metro Tower, the 40-story building will be purchased when completed for up to $675 million by Childress Klein and CGA Capital, in the largest real estate deal in the city's history, announced in December 2019 

Finances
For the fiscal year 2017, Duke Energy reported earnings of US$3 059 billion, with an annual revenue of US$23 565 billion, an increase of 3 6% over the previous fiscal cycle  Duke Energy's shares traded at over $79 per share, and its market capitalization was valued at over US$58 8 billion in November 2018 

Environmental record
In 1999, the United States Environmental Protection Agency commenced an enforcement action against Duke Energy for making modifications to very old and deteriorating coal-burning power plants without getting permits under the Clean Air Act  Duke asserted that a "modification" under the Clean Air Act did not require a permit  Environmental groups asserted that Duke was using loopholes in the law to increase emissions  Initially, Duke prevailed at the trial court level, but in 2006 the case was argued before the Supreme Court (Environmental Defense v  Duke Energy Corp  (05-848))  The Court unanimously ruled on April 2, 2007 that the modifications allowed the power plants to operate for more hours, increasing emissions, so Clean Air Act permits were needed In 2002, researchers at the University of Massachusetts Amherst identified Duke Energy as the 46th-largest corporate producer of air pollution in the United States, with roughly 36 million
pounds of toxic chemicals released annually into the air  Major pollutants included sulfuric and hydrochloric acid, chromium compounds, and hydrogen fluoride  The Political Economy Research Institute ranks Duke Energy 13th among corporations emitting airborne pollutants in the United States  The ranking is based on the quantity (80 million pounds in 2005) and toxicity of the emissions  This change reflects the purchase of fossil fuel-heavy Cinergy, which occurred in 2005 

In early 2008, Duke Energy announced a plan to build the new, 800-megawatt Cliffside Unit 6 coal plant 55 miles (89 km) west of Charlotte, North Carolina  The plan has been strongly opposed by environmental groups such as Rising Tide North America, Rainforest Action Network, the community-based Canary Coalition as well as the Southern Environmental Law Center, which has threatened to sue Duke if it does not halt construction plans  On April 1, activists locked themselves to machinery at the Cliffside construction area as part of Fossil Fools Day 
Duke Energy has been "one of the most vocal advocates" for a "cap-and-trade" system to combat global CO2 emissions, "and the company's CEO, Jim Rogers, thinks the company will profit from cap-and-trade"  The company left the National Association of Manufacturers in part over differences on climate policy In a joint venture with the French-based global energy firm AREVA, under the nominal name of ADAGE, Duke Energy has planned a "Green" biomass burning facility in Mason County, Washington and is negotiating with forestland owners to secure the 600,000 tons of wood debris it needs yearly to fuel its $250 million biomass plant 
The joint venture between electric power company Duke Energy and global nuclear services giant AREVA was created to build wood waste-to-energy power plants around the country 
ADAGE president Reed Wills announced the first Northwest outpost will be in the struggling timber town of Shelton, Washington 
The following pollutants are provided by DUKE-AREVA-ADAGE in their application for permit to the Department of Environmental Protection for a similar type of plant in Florida 

248 tons per year – particulate matter
288 tons per year – particulate matter 10
233 tons per year – particulate matter 2 5
249 tons per year – NOx (nitrogen oxides)
246 tons per year – SO2 (sulfur dioxide)
248 tons per year – CO (carbon monoxide)
40 tons per year – H2SO4 – (sulfuric acid mist)
63 tons per year – VOC (volatile organic compounds)
29 tons per year – F (fluorides)

Generating facilities
This list is partially complete due to the July 3, 2012, merger with Progress Energy 

Biomass fired
Shelton Biomass Facility (proposed)

Nuclear
Catawba Nuclear Station
McGuire Nuclear Station
Oconee Nuclear Station
Shearon Harris Nuclear Power Plant
H  B  Robinson Nuclear Generating Station
Brunswick Nuclear Generating Station
Crystal River Nuclear Power Plant (retired February 2013)
William States Lee III Nuclear Generating Station - Future

Coal-fired
Allen Steam Station
Belews Creek Steam Station
Beckjord Power Station
Cayuga Generating Station
Crystal River Energy Complex
East Bend Station
Edwardsport Station
Gallagher Station
Gibson Station
Marshall Steam Station
Mayo Plant
Miami Fort Power Station (purchased by Dynegy, 2014)
Riverbend Steam Station (retired)
Roxboro Steam Plant
Wabash River Station
William H  Zimmer Power Station (purchased by Dynegy, 2014)

Hydroelectric
Conventional hydro
Following is a list of Duke Energy's thirty conventional hydroelectric facilities, in order of average electric production   All properties are 100% owned by Duke, and all but Markland are located in North Carolina and South Carolina (Markland is located in southern Indiana) 
Blewett Falls Hydroelectric Plant
Cowans Ford Hydro Station, 350 MW average capacity
Keowee Hydro Station, 158 MW
Walters Hydroelectric Plant, 112 MW
Tillery Hydroelectric Plant, 87 MW
Rocky Creek & Cedar Creek Hydro Stations, combined 73 MW
Great Falls & Dearborn Hydro Stations, combined 70 MW
Markland Hydro Station, 65 MW
Mountain Island Hydro Station, 60 MW
Lake Wylie Hydro Station, 60 MW
Wateree Hydro Station, 56 MW
Fishing Creek Hydro Station, 37 MW
Oxford Hydro Station, 36 MW
Bridgewater Hydro Station at Lake James, 31 5 MW
Rhodhiss Hydro Station, 26 MW
Lookout Shoals Hydro Station, 26 MW
Blewett Hydroelectric Plant, 22 MW
Ninety-Nine Islands Plant, 18 MW
Gaston Shoals Plant, 9 MW
Tuxedo Plant, 5 MW
Marshall Plant, 4 MW
and ten clustered locations at Nantahala, in mountainous southwestern North Carolina, producing a cumulative 99 MW

Pumped-storage hydro
Bad Creek Hydroelectric Station
Jocassee Pumped-Storage Generating Station

Oil and gas-fired
Anclote Station
Asheville Combustion Turbines
Bartow Combined Cycle Station
Buck Steam Station
Buzzard Roost Station
Cayuga Combustion Turbine Station
Cliffside Steam Station
Connersville Peaking Station
Dan River Steam Station
Darlington County Electric Plant
Henry County Peaking Station
Hines Energy Complex
H F  Lee Energy Complex
Lee Steam Station
W S  Lee Steam Station
Lincoln Combustion Turbine Station
Madison Peaking Station
Miami-Wabash Peaking Station
Mill Creek Combustion Turbine Station
Noblesville Station
Rockingham Station
Smith Energy Complex
Sutton Combined Cycle Plant
Wabash River Repowering Station
Wheatland Peaking Station
Woodsdale Station

Solar farms
Citing the falling cost of building solar farms, Duke Energy announced plans in 2017 to launch three new such projects in Kentucky  Two will be in Kenton County and one will be in Grant County  Together the three plants will create more than 6 7 MW of power  These join several other solar farms including:

Davidson County Solar Farm
Martins Creek Solar Farm 1 MW (Murphy, NC)
Culberson Solar Farm 1 MW (Murphy, NC)
Osceola Solar Facility 4 MW (St Petersburg, Fla)Additionally, Duke Energy added 451 MW of solar capacity to North Carolina’s grid in 2017 
Hamilton Solar Power Plant 74 9 MW (Jasper, FL)
Columbia Solar Power Plant 74 9 MW (Fort White, FL) (opening in 2020)
Live Oak Solar Power Plant ? MW (Live Oak, FL)In 2020 Duke Energy began commercial operations of several farms in Texas, operating alongside its Farm from 2010 
Blue Wing Solar Project (San Antonio, TX)
Lapetus Solar Project 100 MW (Andrews County, TX)
Holstein Solar Project 200 MW (Nolan County, TX)
Rambler Solar Project 200 MW (Tom Green County, TX)

Wind farms
Los Vientos Wind Farm
Shirley Wind

Electric vehicles
Duke Energy announced in October 2018 that it would install 530 electric car charging stations around Florida  Ten percent of the stations will go into low income communities 

Awards
Duke Energy has been chosen as one of The 50 Best Employers In America by Business InsiderIn 2002, Duke Energy was awarded the Ig Nobel Prize in Economics for "adapting the mathematical concept of imaginary numbers for use in the business world" 

Criticism
In December 2000, Cinergy Corp agreed to pay $1 4B to settle allegations that its coal plants illegally polluted the air  Duke Energy completed its acquisition of Cinergy Corp in 2006 In July 2004, Duke Energy agreed to pay $208M to settle allegations that it had engaged in price gouging in California during the energy crisis of 2000 and 2001 In December 2009, Duke Energy agreed to spend approximately $93M to resolve violations of the Clean Air Act  Duke became obligated to make investments that were expected to reduce sulfur dioxide emissions by 86% On February 14, 2011, Greenpeace launched a campaign in which Phil Radford called on Duke Energy to abandon mountaintop removal coal, produce a third of its energy from renewable sources by 2020, and abandon coal altogether by 2030 "In May 2011, Duke agreed to pay $30M to resolve allegations that changes made to the company pension plan disproportionately harmed employees over 40, costing many of them up to half of their accrued benefits In December 2011, the non-partisan organization Public Campaign criticized Duke Energy for spending $17 47 million on lobbying  It also criticized Duke for not paying any taxes from 2008 to 2010 and receiving $216 million in tax rebates, in spite of turning a $5 4 billion profit and extensively raising executive compensations In 2012, Greenpeace protested Duke's lobbying of the Democratic Party, including its funding of the 2012 Democratic National Convention In July 2012, Duke Energy was criticized for paying former Progress Energy CEO Bill Johnson $44 7 million in compensation, including a $10 million severance, for something close to 20 minutes on the job as Duke's CEO In 2012, Duke Energy sued Citrus County, Florida claiming its tax bill was too high  The county hired an outside appraiser who found that there were a lot of unreported and underreported items and the tax claim was actually too low In May 2013, university students launched a campaign for Brown University to divest fossil fuels, specifically referring to Duke Energy and other coal plant operators On February 2 2014, the massive Dan River coal-ash spill led to a grand jury investigation into Duke Energy  The initial investigation was overseen by Governor Pat McCrory, who was accused of intervening on Duke's behalf as he had been a Duke Energy employee for 28 years  Prosecutors went looking for any cash or items of value that might have been given to Governor McCrory and members of his administration in exchange for cheap settlements  Duke Energy was prosecuted, pled guilty to nine charges of criminal negligence, and agreed to pay $102 million in fines and restitutions  Duke Energy was also ordered to close all of its 32 ash ponds in the state of North Carolina by 2029 In September 2016, the Government Pension Fund of Norway, then worth $900 billion, excluded Duke Energy and its subsidiaries from the fund, citing "risk of severe environmental damage" In August 2020, environmental watchdog EWG released a report accusing Duke Energy of charging Indiana ratepayers for $12 billion worth of failed projects  This was the direct consequence of a controversial bill passed in Indiana earlier that year  Projects included two natural gas pipelines and two retired nuclear power plants 
In 2021, investigative reporting by the Orlando Sun Sentinel revealed that Duke Energy, FPL (Nextera Energy), and TECO Energy put forth more than $3 million to promote "ghost" spoiler candidates in key Florida legislature races  The scheme involved former senator Frank Artiles and was effective in costing the Democrats at least one election In January 2021, Duke Energy agreed to a settlement, which the company proposed, to absorb $1 1 billion worth of coal-ash pond closure and cleanup costs, in North Carolina, between 2015 and 2030  The parties involved also waived all rights to challenge the “reasonableness and prudence” of Duke Energy’s coal ash management practices and costs before March 2020  Duke estimates the costs to be between $8 and $9 billion, the settlement reduces the cost on the ratepayer by 60% In August 2021, Indiana city officials from Bloomington, Carmel, and West Lafayette, and other lawmakers sent a letter to Duke Energy deploring its progress towards renewables and asking it to stop overcharging low-income homes for electricity 

December 2022 rolling blackouts
In December 2022, a major winter storm impacted much of the United States  On December 24, 2022, Christmas Eve, Duke Energy implemented rolling blackouts for the first time in their history, due to unprecedented energy demand  The rolling blackouts came without warning and lasted hours  In addition to facility failures, Duke reported failures related to the software that regulated the controlled blackouts  The Federal Energy Regulatory Commission initiated an investigation in response to the blackouts 

See also
2005 Atlantic Power Outage
Harlan County USA—1976 Academy Award-winning documentary film covering the efforts of 180 coal miners on strike against the Duke Power Company in Harlan County, Kentucky, in 1973 
Fixed bill
Holiday Junction
Passage 3:
Duke Energy Florida
Duke Energy Florida, formerly Florida Power, was the generation, transmission, and distribution sector of Florida Progress Corporation   The company distributed power over much of central and north Florida  Their service area covers approximately 13,000 square miles  Along with that, the company supplies electric service to approximately 1 8 million residential, commercial and industrial customers in the state  Florida Progress merged with Carolina Power & Light in 2000 to form Progress Energy  Progress Energy merged with Duke Energy in 2012  Today the Florida operations operate as Duke Energy Florida 

History
In 1899, Frank A  Davis founded the St  Petersburg Electric Light and Power Company in the newly founded town of St  Petersburg, Florida 
In 1911 it started offering 24 hour service to their customers 
After a series of expansions, in 1927 St  Petersburg Electric Light and Power Company became Florida Power Corporation 
Reddy Kilowatt became the company's mascot in In 1939 
The Honner family received free television from Florida Power Corporation in 1952 in celebration of the company installing its 200,000th meter 
In 1963, the company installed a specially designed underwater cable in the Gulf of Mexico  It was believed to be the longest one-piece installation in Florida back then  Land was also purchased to build their first nuclear power plant in Citrus County 
Andrew H  Hines became the company's president in 1972 
In 1977, the nuclear power plant was finally built in Citrus County 
In 1982, in hopes of diversifying beyond utility operations, Florida Power reorganized as a holding company, Florida Progress Corporation 
Louie the Lighting Bug became the mascot for their television ads in 1983 
The company reached 1 million customers in 1986 
In 2000, Florida Progress merged with Raleigh, North Carolina-based Carolina Power & Light to form Progress Energy Inc 
Progress Energy merged with Duke Energy in 2012 

Future Projects
On March 25, 2019, Duke Energy Florida announced the new locations of where they will be putting their newest universal solar power plants  The three locations are Lake Placid in Highlands County, Trenton in Gilchrist County, and DeBary in Volusia County   Duke Energy Florida is predicting that these three solar plants will eliminate nearly 800 million pounds of carbon dioxide emissions in Florida each year upon commercial operation 

External links
https://www duke-energy com/our-company/about-us/our-history


== Regerences ==
Passage 4:
Sean Healey
Sean Michael Healey (1961 – May 26, 2020) was an American businessman who was chairman and chief executive officer of Affiliated Managers Group, Inc  (NYSE: AMG), a global asset management firm whose affiliates in aggregate managed approximately $736 billion as of December 31, 2018 

Early life and education
Healey was born in San Rafael, California   Healey attended high school in Oceanside, California, followed by Harvard College, where he was a member of the varsity wrestling squad  In 1983, he received an A B  in history and literature, magna cum laude, and was elected to Phi Beta Kappa 
After graduating from Harvard, Healey was awarded a Rotary Scholarship to study philosophy at University College in Dublin, Ireland, and was awarded a master's degree in philosophy with first-class honors in 1984   In 1987, he earned a J D  from Harvard Law School, and he was an editor of the Harvard Law Review 

Early career
Upon graduation from law school, Healey joined Goldman Sachs as an associate in the Mergers and Acquisitions Department, then transferred to a group that provided investment-banking services to financial institutions, where he worked under J  Christopher Flowers 

Affiliated Managers Group
In April 1995, Healey was recruited to join Affiliated Managers Group (AMG), then a three-person start-up firm seeking to invest in boutique money managers  AMG was founded in 1993 with private equity backing from TA Associates and made its first investment in 1994  When Healey joined AMG as Executive Vice President, the firm had a single investment in a manager with under $1 billion of assets under management With Healey on board, AMG received its second round of capital and subsequently invested in several U S -based investment firms  By October 1996, AMG had approximately $18 billion under management  In October 1997, AMG closed its investment for a 70% stake in Tweedy, Browne Company LLC, a well-known value-oriented investment management firm In November 1997, Healey led AMG’s initial public offering in which the company raised $176 million, priced at $23 50 per share  With proceeds from the offering, AMG continued to expand, and named Healey president and chief operating officer in October 1999  In 2001, AMG was named in Fortune magazine’s list of 100 Fastest-Growing Companies and had approximately $81 billion in assets under management  Healey became president and chief executive officer in 2005, and chairman and chief executive officer in 2011 AMG’s business model of leaving a portion of equity with each firm’s management as motivation for continuing to produce good performance and growth has been highly successful under Healey's leadership   AMG also uses employment contracts to ensure that asset management firms retain talented managers, and establishes long-term succession plans with managers   Healey has also been noted for being extraordinarily selective of his affiliate partners, stating in a recent interview that the company ultimately backs away from many more potential investments than it pursues Healey also helped AMG to expand globally   AMG opened the firm’s first distribution office in Australia in 2007, and thereafter expanded into Europe, Asia and the Middle East, to help its affiliates develop relationships in overseas markets  AMG furthered its expansion with the formation of AMG Wealth Partners in 2011 After AMG posted three-year average earnings growth of 40%, Fortune magazine again named AMG to its list of 100 Fastest-Growing Companies in 2012 In May 2018, Healey was diagnosed with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (a motor neuron disease otherwise known as ALS, or Lou Gehrig's disease) and AMG announced that Healey was stepping back to become Executive Chairman while Nate Dalton, AMG's long-time President and Chief Operating Officer, was named CEO 

The Healey Center for ALS
In November 2018, Healey, with support from AMG and a group of friends and colleagues, established the Sean M  Healey and AMG Center for ALS at Massachusetts General Hospital with an initial donation of $40 million  The Healey Center is led by Dr  Merit Cudkowicz, a world-renowned ALS researcher and Chair of the Neurology Department at MGH  The Healey Center is the largest hospital-based ALS research program in the world and supports a broad range of early stage trials of promising ALS treatments 

Personal life
Healey held a number of nonprofit board positions, including serving as co-chairman of the board of trustees of the Peabody Essex Museum; as a member of the Council on Foreign Relations; the Visiting Committee of the Harvard Law School; and the board of trustees of the International Game Fish Association In 2006, Healey was appointed by President George W  Bush to serve on the President’s Export Council, the U S ’s principal advisory committee on international trade Healey was an avid big-game hunter and sport fisherman, having boated a 93 5 pound white marlin, which was the winning fish in the 2010 White Marlin Open, the world’s largest billfish tournament He was previously married to Kerry M  Healey, the former lieutenant governor of Massachusetts  They had two children  Healey remarried in 2018 to Amy Broch  The couple had one daughter  
Healey died from amytrophic lateral sclerosis on May 26, 2020, at the age of 59 
Passage 5:
Darrell Crate
Darrell W  Crate (born 1967) is an American investor, private equity manager, and philanthropist  He is currently the managing principal of Easterly, a private investment firm he founded in 2009 in Beverly, Massachusetts A native of New York City, Crate attended Bates College in Lewiston, Maine before attending Columbia Business School in New York City  He began his career with Chase Manhattan Bank and Chase Manhattan Securities  His last assignment as the managing director of Financial Institutions Group based in London  Soon after he was asked to join Affiliated Managers Group where he helped to scale the business from 1998 to 2011, as Chief Financial Officer 
After departing AMG, Crate founded Easterly, where he has focused on a number of ventures, including founding a publicly-traded REIT, sponsoring a SPAC and building an asset management platform which owns stakes in third-party investment management businesses and assists them with their strategic growth 

Early life and education
Crate was born in New York City in 1967  Crate received his Bachelor of Arts in economics from Bates College in 1989 and his M B A  from Columbia Business School in 1995 

Investment career
Chase bank
Crate began his career with Chase Manhattan and Chase Manhattan Securities in New York  His last assignment as the managing director of the Financial Institutions Group based in London, focusing exclusively on investment management firms in England, Spain, France, Italy, Germany and the Benelux region 

Affiliated Managers Group
As chief financial officer
From 1998 to 2011, he served as the chief financial officer of Affiliated Managers Group a publicly traded asset management holding company  During his tenure at AMG, assets under management grew from $50 billion to over $340 billion through mutual fund, pension, and high-net-worth accounts globally, with over half of its clients domiciled outside the United States  During his tenure as CFO, the firm acquired interests in over 30 firms including Third Avenue Management, ValueAct Capital, AQR Capital Management, BlueMountain Capital Management and Tweedy, Browne Company  Over this same period, the company’s valuation increased materially, from $450 million to $6 billion

Easterly
As founder
In 2009, Crate founded Easterly Capital, LLC, a firm based in Beverly, Massachusetts, that builds operating businesses to gain exposure to the growth in both asset management and non-bank finance sectors   He joined the firm full-time in 2011 

As chairman
In February 2015, Crate became the chairman of Easterly Government Properties, Inc , a publicly traded REIT on the New York Stock Exchange that is focused primarily on the acquisition, development and management of Class A commercial properties that are leased to U S  Government agencies that serve essential functions  According to Business Wire, Crate became the chairman of Easterly Acquisition Corp , a publicly traded blank check company in July 2015 In March 2019, Easterly purchased the institutional investment business of Levin Capital Strategies, establishing Levin Easterly Partners, a long-only asset manager  Levin Easterly had approximately $6 1 billion in assets under management upon closure of the transaction   Levin Easterly is a fundamental, contrarian value investment management firm focusing on US Large and All Cap Value strategies based in New York and New Canaan, CT  One area of focus for the firm has been special purpose acquisition companies (SPACs)  They are one of the most experienced investors in these vehicles, with a track record of investing in SPACs that spans over a decade In May 2020, Easterly acquired an equity interest in James Alpha Advisors, LLC, a boutique asset management firm specializing in Global REITs, Structured Credit and Hedged Equity  In addition, the firm provides a platform of liquid alternative portfolios for institutional and individual investors  James Alpha Advisors had over $1 1 billion in assets under management at the time of the transaction Easterly Alternatives is the alternatives-focused arm of Easterly and has raised more than $500 million in private and platform vehicles in sectors including real estate, healthcare and transportation  Easterly Alternatives recently has launched a SPAC Fund, in which it will invest in the best new-issue SPAC IPOs that come to market 

Personal life
Crate currently lives in Florida, Maine and Hamilton, Massachusetts He is involved with a number of non-profit, political, and charitable organizations  He has been a trustee of Bates College since 2003 and served on the college's advancement and investment committees  On February 8, 2016, the college announced that Crate was among seven families to donate $19 million to endow professorships and launch the college’s new digital and computational studies program  Crate also serves as a trustee of Think of Us, a not-for-profit technology platform with the ultimate goal of helping foster youth successfully transition into a prosperous adulthood 
Crate currently serves as Vice Chairman of the Aircraft Owners and Pilots Association (AOPA)  A licensed private pilot since 1993, Crate has more than 6,000 flight hours and has flown his single-engine TBM plane to all of the 48 continental states  He also serves on the advisory counsel to the National Park Foundation  He has a particular focus and interest in the National Parks located in Maine, North Carolina and Montana Crate is a member of the Advisory Council of the Robert F  Kennedy Children's Action Corps (2006), a national leader in child welfare and juvenile justice programs and services  In 2019, the RFK Children’s Action Corps honored Crate with its prestigious "Robert F  Kennedy Embracing the Legacy Award” for his work on behalf of at-risk youth  Crate also served as a Trustee of Think of Us, a not-for-profit technology platform with the ultimate goal of helping foster youth successfully transition into a prosperous adulthood Other interests include serving as a trustee of Islesboro Island Trust (2002), Adams Memorial Foundation (2011),  Ethel Walker School (2015) IRYS School of Technology and Trades (2020)and an advisor to The Trustees of Reservations (2002) 

Political involvement
According to Boston com, Crate served as treasurer and a member of the executive committee of the Romney for President campaign in 2012, a role that he also held during the 2008 cycle  From 2003 to 2007, Crate served as the chairman of the Massachusetts Republican Party, and a senior advisor to Governor Mitt Rommney 

See also
List of Bates College people
List of Columbia University people
Massachusetts Republican Party
Passage 6:
Affiliated Managers Group
Affiliated Managers Group, Inc  (NYSE: AMG) is a strategic partner to independent investment management firms globally, with equity stakes in a number of partner-owned traditional investment managers, hedge funds, and specialized private equity firms which it calls “Affiliates ” The company has principal offices in West Palm Beach, Florida; Prides Crossing, Massachusetts; Stamford, Connecticut; and London, United Kingdom  The company was founded in December 1993 by William J  Nutt in Boston, Massachusetts, as a privately owned company with initial backing from TA Associates; Its initial public offering on the New York Stock Exchange occurred in November 1997   Today, AMG’s Affiliates manage $651 billion in assets in aggregate  
AMG’s strategy is to generate value by investing in an array of independent firms and supporting their long-term growth, through an approach in which significant equity ownership is retained by the management partners of each Affiliate, and each Affiliate operates and invests autonomously from AMG and from other Affiliates   The Affiliate principals’ ‘skin in the game’ incents them to maximize long-term value creation, and their retained investment independence preserves the entrepreneurial cultures of each Affiliate firm   AMG’s approach aligns incentives between AMG shareholders, Affiliate principals, and Affiliate clients, and is unique in the investment industry   AMG also offers its Affiliates growth capital, distribution and marketing capabilities, and other strategic support, and its intention is to “magnify” its Affiliates’ growth opportunities without interfering in their operations 

History
In 1993, AMG was founded by William Nutt In 1997, AMG invested in Tweedy, Browne and completed its initial public offering, listing on the New York Stock Exchange  
In 2004, AMG established a U S  retail platform which would enable its Affiliates to manufacture, market, and distribute products to the U S  wealth marketplace   AMG also made a minority investment in AQR, a quantitative investment manager and hedge fund firm, its first investment in an alternative investment firm, and its first minority investment In 2005, Sean M  Healey was named chief executive officer In 2007, AMG opened its first non-U S  institutional distribution office in Sydney, Australia, to provide sales and marketing services to institutional clients in Australia and New Zealand   Today, AMG operates distribution capabilities serving the Asia, Australia, Europe / U K , and Middle East marketplaces In 2009, AMG announced investments in Harding Loevner and Gannett Welsh & Kotler In 2010, AMG acquired a majority stake in Pantheon Ventures   The private equity company was AMG’s largest investment to date   AMG also invested in Artemis Investment Management  In 2016, AMG made an investment in leading technology-driven liquid alternative firm Systematica Investments In 2018, after being diagnosed with ALS, Sean Healey stepped down from his position as chief executive officer  He died in May 2020   Nathaniel Dalton, previously president and chief operating officer, succeeded him In 2019, Jay Horgen succeeded Dalton as president and chief executive officer   Horgen joined AMG in 2007 and previously served as chief financial officer, as well as executive vice president, focusing on investments in new AMG Affiliates In 2021, AMG invested in four companies, including Parnassus Investments, the largest ESG-dedicated fund manager in the U S In 2022, AMG increased its investment in Systematica Investments, a quantitative and systematic investment firm Other Information
AMG is known for its research  ,, on independent firms’ advantages in consistently generating excess returns The company is also known for its commitment to corporate citizenship and community engagement   AMG was a founding donor to the Sean M  Healey and AMG Center for ALS at Massachusetts General Hospital, and continues to support the Center with fundraising and charitable events 
Passage 7:
Progress Energy Inc
Progress Energy, headquartered in Raleigh, North Carolina, is a subsidiary of Duke Energy and prior to its merger with Duke Energy was a Fortune 500 energy company with more than 21,000 megawatts of generation capacity and $9 billion in annual revenues  Progress Energy includes two major electric utilities that serve approximately 3 1 million customers in the Carolinas and Florida  As an independent company, the last chairman and CEO of Progress Energy was William D  Johnson; his predecessor was Robert McGehee, who died on October 9, 2007 at the age of 64 of a stroke while on a business trip to London 
Progress Energy is the majority owner and operator of the Brunswick, Crystal River 3, Robinson, and Shearon Harris nuclear power plants 
On October 16, 1999, third quarter earnings of Florida Progress Corp  fell 20 5 percent as damage from Hurricane Floyd On August 24, 1999, Carolina Power & Light Co  said that it would acquire Florida Progress Corp  for $5 3 billion, creating the nation's ninth-largest electric utility The company's current slogan is, "People, performance, excellence "

History
In 2000, Carolina Power & Light bought Florida Power Corporation and changed its name to Progress Energy  Progress Energy represents a family of companies, including CP&L, Florida Power, Progress Telecom, NCNG and SRS, and an important new organization, Energy Ventures  The company built a new headquarters in downtown Raleigh in 2004 On January 10, 2011, Duke Energy announced plans to take over Progress Energy in a $26 billion deal resulting in the country's largest electric utility with 7 1 million customers  Duke Energy plans to "maintain substantial operations in Raleigh " When the merger was completed on July 3, 2012, Duke Chairman James E  (Jim) Rogers became Chairman and CEO of the new combined company, while Progress CEO Bill Johnson resigned 

Environmental record
In 2008, the Corporate Responsibility Officer named Progress Energy to its list of 100 Best Corporate Citizens  Progress Energy was named to the Dow Jones Sustainability Index in 2009, 2008, 2007, 2006 and 2005 The company is investing $300,000 in a UNC Chapel Hill study to map the offshore wind power potential of North Carolina  Progress Energy launched its SunSense-branded solar incentive programs in 2009 Progress Energy has installed flue-gas desulfurization technology, or scrubbers, to remove sulfur dioxide emissions from its nine largest coal-fired power plant units Researchers at the University of Massachusetts Amherst have identified Progress Energy as the 29th-largest corporate producer of Air pollution in the United States in 2002, when it released roughly 39 million pounds of toxic chemicals into the air  Major pollutants included nickel compounds, chromium compounds, sulfuric acid, and hydrochloric acid  Progress has also been named a potentially responsible party at the Carolina Transformer Co  Superfund toxic waste site, according to the Center for Public Integrity 

Naming rights
Progress Energy owns the naming rights to the University of Central Florida's Progress Energy Welcome Center, St  Petersburg's Progress Energy Park, home of Al Lang Field, Progress Energy Center for the Arts-Mahaffey Theater, and the "Progress Energy Center for the Performing Arts" in downtown Raleigh, NC 

See also
List of power stations in Florida
Passage 8:
Gulfstream Natural Gas Pipeline
Gulfstream Natural Gas Pipeline is a natural gas pipeline that brings gas from Mississippi and Alabama, underwater across the Gulf of Mexico, to Florida   It was owned by Duke Energy, but is now owned by Enbridge   Its FERC code is 183 

See also
Florida Gas Transmission Pipeline
Passage 9:
Crystal River Energy Complex
The Crystal River Energy Complex consists of seven power-generating plants on a 4,700-acre (1,900 ha) site near the mouth of the Crystal River in Citrus County, Florida   Crystal River 1, 2, 4, and 5 are fossil fuel power plants  Crystal River 3 was previously the sole nuclear power plant on the site (1977-2013)  The Crystal River Combined Cycle site consists of two Mitsubishi gas turbines, which came on-line in 2018   The complex was developed in the early 1960s by the Florida Power Corporation and sold to Progress Energy Inc in 2000  Following Progress Energy's merger with Duke Energy in 2012, the facility is owned and operated by Duke Energy In February 2013, Duke Energy announced that Crystal River 3 would be permanently shut down 

Power plants
See also
Levy County Nuclear Power Plant
Progress Energy Inc
List of power stations in Florida
Passage 10:
Crescent Communities
Crescent Communities is a real estate investor, developer, and operator of mixed-use communities with headquarters in Charlotte, North Carolina  It has approximately 115 employees  The company has offices in Charlotte, Washington, D C , Atlanta, Orlando, Nashville, Dallas, Denver, Phoenix, and Salt Lake City 

History
In 1939, Duke Power (now Duke Energy) established a forestry department to manage company land not used for power generation  In 1963, this department became the company South Carolina Land and Timber  As the holdings expanded to include land in North Carolina, the organization was renamed Crescent Land and Timber in 1969  Some of the original land was sold to Crescent Land and Timber by the Singer Corporation In the mid-1980s, the company was renamed Crescent Resources as it began to actively develop residential communities  Crescent Resources began work on its first commercial development, Coliseum Centre, in 1990  As of 1991, Crescent Resources managed 270,000 acres of land  Holdings included part of what became Lake James State Park, which it later sold to the state of North Carolina  Crescent Resources became a separate entity from Duke Energy in 2006,  with Duke Energy selling its 49% stake to Morgan Stanley Crescent Resources filed for bankruptcy in 2009, and has emerged from it separated from the utility company  The company aimed to rebrand itself, renaming itself "Crescent Communities" in 2013 

External links
Crescent Communities
Context 2: Passage 1:
Vincent Kling (translator)
Vincent Kling is an American scholar and translator of German literature  He studied at La Salle College, the University of Pennsylvania and Temple University  His PhD thesis was based on the works of Hugo von Hofmannsthal  He also spent some time at Georg-August-Universität in Göttingen, Germany, and later taught at the University of Vienna under a Fulbright scholarship 
Kling's scholarly interests are wide-ranging, and he has published on subjects as diverse as Johann Breitwieser, Rainer Werner Fassbinder, Anthony Hecht, Aglaja Veteranyi and W G  Sebald  As a prominent scholar of Austrian literature, he has written on the works of Austrian writers such as Heimito von Doderer, Heimrad Bäcker, Lilian Faschinger, Andreas Pittler, Ödön von Horváth, Gert Jonke and Gerhard Fritsch 
Kling won the Schlegel-Tieck Prize for his translation of Aglaja Veteranyi's novel Why the Child Is Cooking in the Polenta  He has also translated Gert Jonke's The System of Vienna: From Heaven Street to Earth Mound Square  He is currently translating Heimito von Doderer for the NYRB Classics series 
Passage 2:
Sally-Ann Spencer
Sally-Ann Spencer is a British translator, specialising in German literature  She studied languages at Cambridge University before going to work in the publishing industry  In 2005, she moved to New Zealand, at the same time choosing literary translation as her full-time profession  She completed a PhD on German literature at the Victoria University of Wellington As a translator, Spencer has won the Schlegel-Tieck Prize for her translation of Frank Schätzing's sci-fi novel The Swarm  She now lives in Wellington 

Selected translations
Juli Zeh: The Method (Corpus Delicti)  Harvill Secker, 2012
Peter Schössow: My First Car was Red (Mein erstes Auto war rot)  Gecko Press, 2011
Markus Heitz: The War of the Dwarves (Der Krieg der Zwerge)  Orbit, 2010
Markus Heitz: The Dwarves (Die Zwerge)  Orbit, 2009
Sebastian Fitzek: Therapy (Die Therapie)  Pan Books, 2008
Frank Schätzing: The Swarm (Der Schwarm)  Hodder and Stoughton, 2006
Passage 3:
Hugo von Hofmannsthal
Hugo Laurenz August Hofmann von Hofmannsthal (German: [ˈhuːɡo fɔn ˈhoːfmanstaːl]; 1 February 1874 – 15 July 1929) was an Austrian novelist, librettist, poet, dramatist, narrator, and essayist 

Early life
Hofmannsthal was born in Landstraße, Vienna, the son of an upper-class Christian Austrian mother, Anna Maria Josefa Fohleutner (1852–1904), and a Christian Austrian–Italian bank manager, Hugo August Peter Hofmann, Edler von Hofmannsthal (1841–1915) His grandfather was Augustin Emil Hofmann von Hofmannsthal and his great-grandfather was Isaak Löw Hofmann, Edler von Hofmannsthal, from whom his family inherited the noble title "Edler von Hofmannsthal", was a Jewish tobacco farmer ennobled by the Austrian emperor He was schooled in Vienna at Akademisches Gymnasium, where he studied the works of Ovid, later a major influence on his work  He began to write poems and plays from an early age  Some of his early works were written under pseudonyms, such as Loris Melikow and Theophil Morren, because he was not allowed to publish as a student  He met the German poet Stefan George at the age of seventeen and had several poems published in George's journal, Blätter für die Kunst  He studied law and later philology at the University of Vienna but decided to devote himself to writing upon graduating in 1901  Along with Peter Altenberg and Arthur Schnitzler, he was a member of the avant garde group Young Vienna (Jung–Wien) 

Career
In 1900 Hofmannsthal met the composer Richard Strauss for the first time  He later wrote libretti for several of his operas, including Elektra (1909), Der Rosenkavalier (1911), the plot of which he developed together with Harry Graf Kessler, Ariadne auf Naxos (1912, rev  1916), Die Frau ohne Schatten (1919), Die ägyptische Helena (1928), and Arabella (1929, but first performed in 1933) Between 1891 and 1899 Hofmannsthal wrote a number of short verse plays, influenced by the static dramas of the Belgian writer Maurice Maeterlinck, the dramatic monologues of the English Romantic poet Robert Browning, and the proverbes dramatiques of the French poet Alfred de Musset In 1911 he adapted the 15th century English morality play Everyman as Jedermann, and Einar Nilson wrote the music for it  The play later became a staple at the Salzburg Festival During World War I Hofmannsthal held a government post  He wrote speeches and articles supporting the war effort, and emphasizing the cultural tradition of Austria-Hungary  The end of the war spelled the end of the Habsburg monarchy in Austria; this was a blow from which the patriotic and conservative-minded Hofmannsthal never fully recovered Nevertheless, the years after the war were very productive ones for Hofmannsthal; he continued with his earlier literary projects, almost without a break  He wrote several new libretti for Richard Strauss operas  In 1920, Hofmannsthal, along with Max Reinhardt, founded the Salzburg Festival  His later plays revealed a growing interest in religious, particularly Roman Catholic, themes  Among his writings was a screenplay for a film version of Der Rosenkavalier (1925) directed by Robert Wiene 

Thought
On 18 October 1902 Hofmannsthal published a fictive letter in the Berlin Daily, Der Tag (The Day) titled simply "Ein Brief" ("A Letter")  It was purportedly written in 1603 by Philip, Lord Chandos, to Francis Bacon  In this letter Chandos says that he has stopped writing because he has "lost completely the ability to think or to speak of anything coherently"; he has given up on the possibility of language to describe the world  This letter reflects the growing distrust of and dissatisfaction with language that so characterizes the Modern era, and Chandos's dissolving personality is not only individual but societal Growing up the son of a wealthy merchant who was well connected with the major artists of the time, Hofmannsthal was raised in what Carl Schorske refers to as "the temple of art"  This perfect setting for aesthetic isolation allowed Hofmannsthal the unique perspective of the privileged artist, but also allowed him to see that art had become a flattened documenting of humanity, which took our instincts and desires and framed them for viewing without acquiring any of the living, passionate elements  Because of this realization, Hofmannsthal’s idea of the role of the artist began to take shape as someone who created works that would inspire or inflame the instinct, rather than merely preserving it in a creative form  He also began to think that the artist should not be someone isolated and left to his art, but rather a man of the world, immersed in both politics and art Hofmannsthal saw in English culture the ideal setting for the artist  This was because the English simultaneously admired Admiral Nelson and John Milton, both war heroes and poets, while still maintaining a solid national identity  "In [Hofmannsthal’s] view, the division between artist (writer) and man of action (politician, explorer, soldier) does not exist in England  Britain provides her subjects with a common base of energy which functions as equilibrium, a force lacking in fragmented Germany" (Weiss)  This singular and yet pragmatic identity must have appealed to Hofmannsthal to a certain degree due to the large scale fragmentation of Austria at the time, which was witnessing the birth of radical nationalism and anti-Semitism, a nation in which the progressive artist and the progressive politician were growing more different and hostile to each other by the day 

Influence
The Austrian author Stefan Zweig wrote in his memoirs The World of Yesterday (1942) on Hofmannsthal's early accomplishments and their influence on Zweig's generation:

The appearance of the young Hofmannsthal is and remains notable as one of the greatest miracles of accomplishment early in life; in world literature, except for Keats and Rimbaud, I know no other youthful example of a similar impeccability in the mastering of language, no such breadth of spiritual buoyancy, nothing more permeated with poetic substance even in the most casual lines, than in this magnificent genius, who already in his sixteenth and seventeenth year had inscribed himself in the eternal annals of the German language with unextinguishable verses and prose which today has still not been surpassed  His sudden beginning and simultaneous completion was a phenomenon that hardly occurs more than once in a generation 

Personal life
In 1901 he married Gertrud "Gerty" Schlesinger, the daughter of a Viennese Jewish banker  Gerty converted to Christianity before their marriage, and they settled in Rodaun (now part of Liesing), not far from Vienna, and had three children:

Christiane von Hofmannsthal (1902–1987), who married German indologist Heinrich Zimmer in early 1929  Zimmer taught at University of Greifswald, Heidelberg University, and Balliol College, Oxford  After they moved to New Rochelle, he became a visiting lecturer at Columbia University 
Franz von Hofmannsthal (1903–1929), who committed suicide on 13 July 1929 
Raimund von Hofmannsthal (1906–1974), who married Ava Alice Muriel Astor, daughter of John Jacob Astor IV and Ava Lowle Willing in 1933  After divorcing Ava in 1939, Raimund later married Lady Elizabeth Paget, daughter of the 6th Marquess of Anglesey Two days after his elder son Franz committed suicide, Hugo himself died of a stroke while dressing for his funeral at Rodaun  He was buried wearing the habit of a Franciscan tertiary, as he had requested  His widow, who acquired Schloss Prielau in 1932, died in London in 1959 

Selected works
Plays
Libretti
Narrations and fictitious conversations
Novel (fragment)
Essays, speeches, prose
Poetry
Passage 4:
George Guțu
George Guțu (born March 16, 1944) is a Romanian philologist, teacher in the Department of German Language and Literature of the Faculty of Foreign Languages and Literatures, University of Bucharest  He is also director of the Paul Celan Center for Research and Excellence and the Master programme "Intercultural Literary and Linguistic Communication Strategies" (Strategii comunicaționale interculturale – literare și lingvistice), initiated by the Department of Germanic Languages and Literatures together with other departments of the Faculty of Foreign Languages and Literatures  His academic activity is based on the history of German literature (Age of Enlightenment, Sturm und Drang, Classicism, Romanticism); German and Austrian contemporary literature; German literature from Romania, cultural inter-referentiality in Central and Southeast Europe, particularly in Bukovina, poetics, literary theory, translation, the history of German studies and guidance for PhD students  His research domains are the history of German literature; comparative literature; German literature from Romania; cultural inter-referentiality; imagology; the history and aesthetics of reception; theory and practice of translation 

Studies
George Guțu studied at Mihail Kogălniceanu High School in Galați, where he learned Russian and German as foreign languages  In 1963, he took the baccalaureate exam, followed by the entrance exam at the Faculty of Romanian Language and Literature, University of Bucharest  Starting in 1963, he studied two semesters at the University of Bucharest, but in 1964 he applied for a scholarship of the Ministry of Education of Romania in socialist countries  He attended two semesters in order to prepare for the baccalaureate exam for higher education in German at the Herder Institute in Leipzig  From 1965 to 1969 he studied German Studies and Cultural Sciences at the University of Leipzig  He wrote his first intermediate paper entitled "Zur Lyrik von Ingeborg Bachmann"("Ingeborg Bachmann's Poetry") and a graduation thesis "Das Problem der 'Biographie' bei Max Frisch  (Unter gelegentlicher Bezugnahme auf Ingeborg Bachmanns Erzählungen)" ["The Problem of 'Biography' of Max Frisch (with occasional references to Ingeborg Bachmann's work)"]  In 1969, Guțu obtained his diploma in German Studies with "excellent" results, together with Sergio Bertocchi from Italy, he was ranked the best student of the class  In recognition of this, both were offered the opportunity to continue PhD studies at the University of Leipzig  He decided in 1973 to attend extramural PhD studies at the University of Leipzig with professor Walter Dietze and later with professor Walfried Hartinger  On October 14, 1977, he presented his PhD dissertation "Die rumänische Koordinate der Lyrik Paul Celans" ("The Romanian Coordinate of Paul Celan's poetry") 

Professional career
In 1978, he began his career on the faculty of the University of Bucharest  He was awarded a Romanian degree as a Doctor of Philology became a lecturer in the Department of German Language and Literature at the University of Bucharest  In 1990, he became an assistant professor of German Language and Literature  Later, he was elected as a member of the Goethe Society in Weimar and received a scholarship from that institution  In January 2004, he was re-elected as head of the Department of German Language and Literature, University of Bucharest  From October 1, 2004, to July 31, 2005, he served as professor and titular of the Department "Elias Canetti" for Southeast European Intercultural Studies of Viadrina European University in Frankfurt (Oder), Germany  He was an academic teacher at the Institute of German Studies and Institute of Romance Studies of the Sapienza University of Rome from October to December 2006  In 2007 he initiated and founded the Paul Celan Centre for Research and Excellence  of the Department of German Language and Literature, University of Bucharest  Over the years 2010 and 2011, he debuted as the initiator and director of the Master programme "Intercultural Literary and Linguistic Communication Strategies", promoted by the Department of German Language and Literature in collaboration with the Departments of Romance, Classical, Slavic and Canadian Studies of the Faculty of Foreign Languages and Literatures  In 2012 he was invited for a special seminar, "Interculturalism beyond the Borders of Bukovina", at the Faculty of Cultural Sciences, Viadrina European University  Guțu is a scholar of the Ministry of Education in Romania, the Goethe Institute, DAAD in Bonn, of Österreich-Kooperation, Vienna, the Austrian Society for Literature, the Erasmus, Socrates and Leonardo da Vinci programmes 

Memberships
Member of the Writers Union of Romania;
Founding member of the Institute for Germans' Culture and History in Southeast Europe University "Ludwig Maximilian" in Munich;
President of the Society of Romanian Germanists (S R G );
President of "Goethe" Society from Romania;
Since 2007: Member of the scientific board of the magazine "Annals of the University of Bucharest – Foreign Languages and Literatures Series" ISSN 1220-0263;
Since 2008: Member of the scientific board of the periodical "Futark  Revista de Investigacion y Cultura" from Seville (Spain) ISSN 1886-9300; Scientific reviewer of the magazine "Annals of the "Spiru Haret" University – Philology Series";
Since 2009: Member of the board of scientific reviewers (peer review) of the publication "Germanistische Beiträge" in Sibiu ISSN 1454-5144;
Since 2010: Member of the scientific board of the publication "Kronstädter germanistischen Beiträge zur Forschung " in Brasov;
2009–2010: Member of the International Scientific Council for organizing and conducting the Biennial and Festival of Translation Europa Spazio di Traduzione, organized by the Naples Eastern University, with the participation of the Centre for Research and Excellence "Paul Celan", University of Bucharest; Organizer and moderator of the Round Table "Vita e vitalità delle 'lingue minori'";
Since 2011: Member of the Board "Institut zur Erforschung und Förderung regionaler und transnationaler Kulturprozesse" (INST, Vienna); Honorary Member of the Society "Simion C  Mândrescu" in Romania;

Prizes and awards
October 2006: Diploma of Honor "Virtue et Sapientia " of the University of Bucharest "for excellent performance om researching during the year 2005";
July 2011: Awarded with the Order of Cultural Merit – Knight of the Romanian Presidency;
March 2012: Awarded with the Austrian Cross of Honour for Science and Art 

Selection from Released Books
George Guțu has written numerous scientific publications such as books, studies, reviews or reports  

1986 "Abriß der Geschichte der rumäniendeutschen Literatur  Teil I: Von den Anfängen bis 1918 – Spezialvorlesung" Printing House of the University of Bucharest;
1990 "Die Lyrik Paul Celans und der geistige Raum Rumäniens";
1992 The initiative of establishing a specialized magazine of the S G R , "Zeitschrift der Germanisten Rumäniens";
1994 Translation "Dans în lanțuri", Hans Bergel;
1994 "Die Lyrik Paul Celans und die rumänische Dichtung der Zwischenkriegszeit";
1995 Translation "Lupul de stepă", Hermann Hesse, printing 1995 / 2005 / 2006;
1996 Translation "Siddhartha  O poemă indiană", Hermann Hesse, printing 1996 / 2005 / 2006;
1997 Book series "GGR-Beiträge zur Germanistik", the first volume "Beiträge zur Geschichte der Germanistik in Rumänien";
1997 "Germanistik an Hochschulen in Rumänien  Verzeichnis der Hochschullehrerinnen und Hochschullehrer";
1998 Translation "Când vin vulturii", Hans Bergel;
1998 Translation "Liniștea de după lovitura de secure", Matthias Buth;
2001 "Geschichte der deutschen Literatur  Textanthologie  Bd  I:  Ältere deutsche Literatur";
2002–2010 "transcarpathica germanistisches jahrbuch rumänien";
2002 Translation "Vis cu ochii deschiși  Poeme ", Rose Ausländer;
2002 Translation "Ecouri răzlețe", Hans Dama;
2005 Translation "Episcop în România într-o epocă a conflictelor naționale și religioase", Raymund Netzhammer;
2005 Translation  "Antichitățile creștine din Dobrogea", Raymund Netzhammer;
2009 "Geschichte der deutschen Literatur  Textanthologie  Bd  II: Humanismus  Reformation  Barock (1400–1700)";
2009 Translation "Scrisori către Wolfgang Kraus 1971–1990", Emil Cioran;
2010 Translation "Din România  Incursiuni prin această țară și istoria ei", Raymund Netzhammer 

Released Books in Cooperation
2002 "Stundenwechsel  Neue Perspektiven zu Alfred Margul-Sperber, Rose Ausländer, Paul Celan, Immanuel Weissglas (GGR-Beiträge zur Germanistik)", in cooperation with Martin Hainz, Andrei Corbea-Hoisie;
2003 "Kindheit: Fragment einer Autobiographie (Bukowiner Literaturlandschaft)", in cooperation with Doris Rosenkranz;
2005 "Interkulturelle Grenzgänge  Akten der Wissenschaftlichen Tagung des Bukarester Instituts für Germanistik zum 100  Geburtstag", in cooperation with Doina Sandu;
2007 "Fremde Arme – arme Fremde  "Zigeuner" in Literaturen Mittel- und Osteuropas", in cooperation with Herbert Uerlings, Iulia-Karin Patrut;
2008 "Minderheitenliteraturen – Grentzerfahrung und Reterritorialisierung  Festschrift für Stefan Sienerth", in cooperation with Ioana Crăciun-Fischer, Iulia-Karin Patrut;
2009 ""   dass ich in der Welt zu Hause bin " Hans Bergels Werk in sekundärliterarischem Querschnitt", in cooperation with Mariana Lăzărescu, Raluca Rădulescu;
2009 "Sprachheimat: Zum Werk von Dieter Schlesak in Zeiten von Diktatur und Exil", in cooperation with Jürgen Egyptien;
2011 "Die Buche: Eine Anthologie deutschsprachiger Judendichtung aus der Bukowina", in cooperation with Alfred Margul-Sperber, Peter Motzan, Stefan Sienerth;
2012 "Ost-West-Identitäten und -Perspektiven : Deutschsprachige Literatur in und aus Rumänien im interkulturellen Dialog (Veröffentlichungen des Instituts     der Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München)", in cooperation with Ioana Crăciun-Fischer, Sissel Laegreid, Peter Motzan;
2015 "Kindheit – Hörbuch, 6 Audio-CDs: Fragment einer Autobiographie (Bukowiner Literaturlandschaft", in cooperation with Moses Rosenkranz;
2015 "Briefe an Alfred Margul-Sperber: (1930–1963) mit autobiographischen sowie literaturkritischen Dokumenten (Bukowiner Literaturlandschaft)", in cooperation with Moses Rosenkranz, Jürgen Kostka;
2016 "Jugend – Hörbuch, MP3-CD: Fragment einer Autobiographie (Bukowiner Literaturlandschaft)", in cooperation with Moses Rosenkranz, Matthias Huff, Jürgen Kostka, Nikolaus Paryla 

Other Cultural Activities
1990:The initiative of establishing the "Society of Romanian Germanists" ("S G R ; Gesellschaft der Germanisten Rumäniens") as a continuation of the tradition from the interwar period;
1997:The initiative of establishing and creation of S G R  web page (among the first in Europe in the field) and its constantly update;
1998: The initiative of establishing the "Goethe" Society in România ("Goethe-Gesellschaft in Rumänien"), election as its president;
1999: The initiative of organizing the International Symposium dedicated to the celebration of 250 years since the birth of Johann Wolfgang Goethe by the "Goethe" Society in Romania, in cooperation with the Romanian Academy, S G R , Ministry of Culture of Romania and "Goethe]]" Society in Weimar;
2002: The initiative of organizing the International Symposium "Rose Ausländer" at Bucharest;
December 2006: Co-organizer of the jubilee celebrations dedicated to the 15th anniversary of establishing Libraries "Austria" from Romania and Bulgaria in Vienna, in collaboration with the Romanian Embassy in Vienna and the Austrian Ministry of Foreign Affairs;
2008–2010: Co-initiator and coordinator from the Centre for Research and Excellence "Paul Celan" of the international project European Partnership of Intercultural Communications "Leonardo da Vinci", approved and funded by the European Union, with the participation of universities in Bucharest, Munich, Debrecen and Veliko Tarnovo 

Political career
1969 (autumn) – 1970 (summer): Reviewer at the Ministry of Foreign Affairs on his own initiative;
1994: The organization of the III International Congress of Romanian Germanists (May 16–19, 1994, Neptun) after a break of 62 years of tradition started in the interwar period of these congresses;
1997: The organization of the IV International Congress of Romanian Germanists (May 2–5, 1997, Sinaia);
2000: The organization of the V International Congress of Romanian Germanists (May 22–25, 2000, Iași);
2003: The organization of the VI International Congress of Romanian Germanists (May 26–29, 2003, Sibiu);
2006: The organization of the VII International Congress of Romanian Germanists (May 22–25, 2006, Timișoara);
2009: The organization of the VIII International Congress of Romanian Germanists (May 25–28, 2009, Cluj-Napoca);
2012: The organization of the VIII International Congress of Romanian Germanists (Juni 4-7, 2012, Bucharest)


== Notes ==
Passage 5:
Austrian literature
Austrian literature (German: Österreichische Literatur) is mostly written in German, and is closely connected with German literature 

Origin and background
From the 19th century onward, Austria was the home of novelists and short-story writers, including Adalbert Stifter, Arthur Schnitzler, Franz Werfel, Stefan Zweig, Franz Kafka, Thomas Bernhard, Joseph Roth, and Robert Musil, and of poets Georg Trakl, Rose Ausländer, Franz Grillparzer, Rainer Maria Rilke, and Paul Celan  Famous contemporary playwrights and novelists include Elfriede Jelinek and Peter Handke, and well-known essayists such as Robert Menasse and Karl-Markus Gauß  Despite Austria's contributions to architecture and revered musical traditions, no Austrian literature made it to the classical canon until the 19th century  In the early 18th century, Lady Mary Wortley Montagu, whilst visiting Vienna, was stunned to meet no writers at all Several reasons can be given  First, the arts were the preserve of the imperial court, who saw culture as a political tool, as propaganda  Fine baroque palaces, imperial portraits, and commissions of music could all work very well to this aim, but literature was deemed less suitable and thus not encouraged  Second, the late emergence of German literature; while much was published in German, hardly had the caliber to become "classic" until the late 18th century, when Goethe and Schiller began writing  In Austria, the imperial state also censored all books mercilessly; The Sorrows of Young Werther, Goethe's novel depicting a young man's ecstatic love and suicide, spawned a string of copycat suicides across Germany, and many states banned the work, but Austrian authorities also banned Goethe's entire opus  It came mostly from Empress Maria Theresa's 'Chastity Commission', intended to uphold public morals, but it had the effect not only of creating a facade of decency but a stunted intellectual front  Perhaps the primary reason for Austria's late literary fruition was its cultural mindset  According to the cultural historian Carl Emil Schorske, 'profoundly Catholic, it was a deeply sensuous, plastic culture'  The outlook of a leisured aristocracy, it was copied by the lower classes  This mentality was not necessarily bad; the emphasis on beauty and fantasy was integral to establishing the imperial capital of Vienna, and it made Vienna the greatest center of music in Europe  But it was not the best ground for the literary experiment  Nevertheless, the liberalization of Austria in the late 19th century created a more dynamic climate for writing, which soon produced a flowering 

The search for a definition
The main problem of defining a dynamic development may be that any definition will fall short of the various currents which lead to a certain type of literature  Through the centuries, there have been different approaches, but most of them have been criticized to be biased - cultural, ideological, or political  Austrian literature developed out of a symbiosis of different regional traditions and languages 
In the Middle Ages, there was a homogeneous zone along the Danube River, spanning from Bavaria down to the eastern territories  Travelers and bards moved along this route, bringing with them new influences  At the same time Alps had their forbidding little valleys, which were virtually untouched - they developed their own regional culture 
This is important because it remains characteristic through the centuries  On the other hand, there were writers strictly in the tradition of a region (like towns, countries etc ) language or culture, on the other hand there was a continuous influence on each other's writing and thinking 
The multi-ethnic Habsburg monarchy, Austrian Empire and eventually Austro-Hungarian Empire should therefore not be reduced to the German parts of the empire  There were large ethnic or religious minorities in nearly all regional capitals, like Prague, Budapest or Vienna—microcosmi with their own traditions and characteristics 
Franz Kafka may be a good example: while in some of his writings he declared himself to be "German" this was meant more in relation to the ethnic minority living in Prague than as a declaration for another part of the empire  So perhaps he was a "German-speaking-secular-Jewish-Prague-born-Austro-Hungarian-Austro-Czech writer" - a term which best shows the difficulties that are to be faced 
Besides the national differences between the provinces, there were also different regions which influenced the writing style  There were Alps with their distinctive traditions, the deep woods, the coastal regions around Trieste (now Italy and Slovenia) and the Croatian islands, which served as the Austro-Hungarian equivalent to the French Côte d'Azur, a center for writers, painters and other artists at value - and that often-meant religious texts - were written down  In addition, most texts were also translated into Latin before they were put down (e g  Germanic tribal laws) 
Different sources however suggest that there also existed aristocratic historical records (like Heldenlieder), lyric folklore (dance, love songs, spells)  Only by accident individual texts were preserved in monasteries  Examples for this are the "Merseburger Zaubersprüche", two Germanic spells being the only written proofs for pagan religion in the German-speaking lands  The "Hildebrandslied" is important as a voucher of Germanic hero literature 
The first German texts were written to translate Latin religious books around 750 in the early Middle Ages  The Benedictine communities in Melk and Salzburg were carrying on notable literary and religious activities  Ava (1060–1127), who was the first known German female writer, wrote in this religiously inspired tradition and lived in the territories which were then and now within the borders of Austria 

High and Late Middle Ages (1170–1500)
With the Crusades around 1160, knights became more important and prosperous  The oral minnesang was a new form, dealing with their love  The topics of the ballads were also more worldly with themes ranging from love and war to political criticism  There was a lot of travelling along the Danube River, with travelling bards (Minnesänger) bringing news and new songs  The towns were getting rich and independent  The first representatives of this movement and first known male writers in German were Der von Kürenberg and Dietmar von Aist (12th century)  At the end of the 12th century, one of the most important literary works of the times, Nibelungenlied, emerged  It was created by an unknown minnesang poet most probably in the territories of Austria  As the tradition of minnesang grew, the older poets started teaching younger ones  For example, probably the most known German bard Walther von der Vogelweide (13th century) learnt his craft from Reinmar von Hagenau at the court in Vienna  Among other known minnesang poets are Neidhart, Jans der Enikel, Ulrich von Liechtenstein, and Oswald von Wolkenstein 
In the 12th century, satire was also developing  Seifried Helbling was an example of a writer who wrote texts of this type 
Later on the minnesang, which was cultivated by knights, became a craft practiced by burghers – meistersingers  Its center was more to the west, in Nuremberg  Michael Beheim was a meistersinger poet strongly connected with the court in Vienna  Yet another form that developed at that time was drama  Especially, presentations of Passion were regularly played  Das Wiener Passionsspiel is worth mentioning here 
An Austrian representative of Holy Grail literature is Heinrich von dem Tuerlîn (also written Türlin)  He wrote the poem Diu Crône, which has about 30,000 lines  The edition of the original text in Middle High German has completed recently by the Viennese Germanists Fritz Peter Knapp, Manuela Niesner (Part I, Altdeutsche Textbibliothek, Tübingen 2000), Alfred Ebenbauer and Florian Kragl (Part II, Altdeutsche Textbibliothek, Tübingen 2005), who are preparing a translation to Modern German 

Renaissance
Around 1600, humanism, with its rediscovery of ancient cultures and ideals, spread from Italy throughout Europe  Emperor Maximilian I was a big supporter of this movement  He managed to gather around his court in Vienna humanists such as Conrad Celtes – the founder of Collegium Poetarum or in the later time poet laureat Vadian (Joachim von Watt) who wrote in Latin  Eleonore of Austria translated to German a widely read French adventure novel Pontus et la belle Sidonie  Big figures of the Catholic Church of that time Nicholas of Cusa and Petrus Canisius were connected with the Austrian court and a few of their works were written in German 

Baroque
The Thirty Years War had multiple effects on European literary trends; some writers based their work on the sufferings of the time, or withdrew into writings of a religious nature  Others responded with escapism, providing beautiful and peaceful worlds readers could flee to  The humorous stories (Schelmenromane) brought relief to the suffering people  This trend is apparent with Abraham a Sancta Clara's religious and comical works, and Catharina Regina von Greiffenberg's religious poetry 
As a reaction to the Protestant movements of the Reformation, which rocked the Catholic-led Habsburg territories, many Catholic schools emerged on the territories of Austria  These colleges led by the Jesuit order developed plays and operas that were Italian in style and impressed most by their luxurious equipment  Sermons were an important genre of baroque literature, rooted as it was in the Counter-Reformation  The aforementioned Benedictine monk Abraham a Sancta Clara was a notable preacher of the times  A Jesuit, Georg Scherer, is another example of a monk whose sermons were published and had a wider audience 
Another literary form were improvised plays called "Hanswurstspiele"  This direction was represented by Josef Anton Stranitzky, Gottfried Prehauser, Joachim Perinet and Josef Felix von Kurz-Bernardon 
Examples of baroque epic are the chivalric fiction and "Schelmenromane" of Johann Beer, which represent a realistic description of the reality at that time 

Enlightenment
With the start of Enlightenment around 1720, philosophy and the need of literature to educate the reader (Lehrdichtung, Bildungsroman) were two new and strong motivations for literature 
Aristotle and his school of thinking was revived  These ideas developed on the territories of Austria during the rule of Maria Theresa and her son Joseph II  Around 1790 the ideas of Enlightenment were firmly rooted and the ancient classic cultures (Greek and Roman) were the inspiration for poets, artists, architects and writers  Harmony and Beauty were some of the ideals of that time 
Austrian literature was also under the strong influence of Freemasonry and strongly connected with the criticism towards clergy  All of these circumstances caused the literature to become more educative and instructional  Satire started to be one of the most frequently used literary genres 
The literary life of Enlightenment concentrated around an almanac Wienerischer Musen-Almanach  It was started in 1777 (from 1786 under a changed title Wiener Musen-Almanach) by Joseph Franz von Ratschky and Gottlieb von Leon  Aloys Blumauer was also its editor since 1781 (he even edited a few editions alone)  
A notable poet in the Austrian literature of this period has Johann Baptist von Alxinger who wrote chivalric epics Doolin von Maynz (1787) and Bliomberis (1791) which were inspired by the tradition of Freemasonry  Alxinger also wrote poetry based on anticlerical ideas  
The writings of a might-have-been monk Johann Pezzl also had a profile of this kind  He wrote journalistic and epic texts  
Classical vision of poetry promoted by Joseph Schreyvogel strongly influenced later authors (for instance Franz Grillparzer)  Schreyvogel improved considerably the quality of the Austrian theatre  He was a dramatic adviser at the Wiener Burgtheater from 1814 to 1832 
Another important dramatist was Johann Nepomuk von Kalchberg, but historical themes of his dramas give his work the flavour of Romanticism 

First half of 19th century
Around 1790 these ideas were firmly rooted and the ancient classic cultures (Greek and Roman) were the inspiration for poets, artists, architects and writers  Harmony and Beauty were some of the ideals of that time  There was a lot of philosophical and aesthetic writing which accumulated in the Romantic era around 1820 (mostly writers from the nobility)  With the Napoleonic Wars going on, a lot of people wanted literature which took them away in a fantasy world  A lot of religious writing was also providing people with new hope  Klemens Maria Hofbauer, Eduard von Bauernfeld and Franz Grillparzer are but three of the writers influenced by these events  The German writer Karl Wilhelm Friedrich von Schlegel also lived and worked in Vienna around 1809 
Between the years 1815, the end of the Napoleonic Wars, and 1848, the year of the European revolutions the Biedermeier contrasted with the Romantic era which preceded it partly  Biedermeier can be identified with two trends in early 19th-century history 
The first trend is growing urbanization and industrialization leading to a new urban middle class  The early Lieder of Schubert, which were performable at the piano without substantial musical training, serve as examples  Further, Biedermeier writers were mainly middle-class, as opposed to the German Romantics, who were mainly drawn from the nobility  The second trend is the growing political oppression following the end of the Napoleonic Wars prompting people to concentrate on the domestic and the non-political 

Biedermeier
Biedermeier refers to work in the fields of literature, music, the visual arts and interior design in the period between the years 1815 (Vienna Congress), the end of the Napoleonic Wars, and 1848, the year of the European revolutions and contrasts with the Romantic era which preceded it 
Biedermeier can be identified with two trends in early 19th-century German history 
The first trend is growing urbanization and industrialization leading to a new urban middle class  The early Lieder of Schubert, which were performable at the piano without substantial musical training, serve as examples  Further, Biedermeier writers were mainly middle-class, as opposed to the Romantics, who were mainly drawn from the nobility 
The second trend is the growing political oppression following the end of the Napoleonic Wars prompting people to concentrate on the domestic and (at least in public) the non-political  The strict publication rules and the censorship had the consequence, that the main topics written about were unpolitical, e g  Historical Fiction or Books about the quiet life in the countryside  This does not mean that there was not a lot of political discussion going on, but it happened at home and in the presence of close friends  This explosive situation finally led to the revolutions in Europe in the year 1848 
Poets of that time in Austria were Nikolaus Lenau (1802–1850) and Franz Grillparzer  The latter is often mentioned as a representative of Austrian Classicism in literature 
Playwrights at that time were Franz Grillparzer (1791–1872), Friedrich Halm (1806–1871) - also an accomplished writer of "Novellen" (novellas and short stories) -, Johann Nepomuk Nestroy (1801–1862) and Ferdinand Raimund (1790–1836)  Grillparzer wrote tragedies in the tradition of the "Weimarer Klassik", Nestroy and Raimund were representatives for the "Wiener Volksstück" mainly played at the Viennese theater "Volkstheater Wien" 
Charles Sealsfield - a pseudonym of Karl Postl - lived a long time in the US and wrote novels set in the Wild West  On the other hand, he managed to write about Austria and to criticize the Austrian absolutism during Biedermeier without being recognized by Austrian authorities 
The end of Biedermeier is marked by the writings of Adalbert Stifter (1805–1868)  His first work Nachsommer was published in 1857 but was still believed to be one of the finest works of biedermeier  Stifter not only influenced Peter Rosegger but also German writers like Ganghofer, Heyse, Freytag, Wildenbruch and later authors (the time of "Bürgerlichen Realismus") like Storm, Fontane and through them Thomas Mann and Hesse 

Realism
Austrian writers of Realism are primarily the writer of short novels Ferdinand von Saar, Marie von Ebner-Eschenbach and the aforementioned Adalbert Stifter  Marie von Ebner-Eschenbach is known for her psychological novels and novellas as well as for her social engagement  Ferdinand Kürnberger was a novelist much like Leopold von Sacher-Masoch, who became famous with Venus in Furs - the erotic behavior he described, would later be called masochism according to his name 
Another writer to mention is Bertha von Suttner  She wrote social novels whose literary quality usually is not appreciated highly by literary critiques and Germanists, but Suttner received the Nobel Prize for Peace for her novel Die Waffen nieder (Lay down your arms) in 1905 
While in Germany Realism paved the way for Naturalism, a similar literary movement has never developed in Austria  Instead, the successors were Jugendstil and Expressionism 

20th century
First half of the 20th century
The Jugendstil movement was primarily a cultural movement of architecture and decorative arts  However, Viennese Jugendstil was marked by the presence of artists of every genre, including compositors and writers  Viennese writers, such as Arthur Schnitzler and Stefan Zweig, are often included in this movement  Arthur Schnitzler was a very typical writer of that time  He wrote his major works between 1890 and the end of World War I, namely novels, short stories and theater plays
Context 3: Passage 1:
Kody Lostroh
Kody Lostroh (born September 18, 1985) is an American former professional rodeo cowboy who specialized in bull riding  He was the 2009 Professional Bull Riders (PBR) world champion 

Background
Kody Lostroh was born on September 18, 1985 in Longmont, Colorado  Lostroh watched a video of Cheyenne Frontier Days so many times that his mother Dena Schlutz signed him up to ride at the Boulder County Fair in 1993, when he was seven years old  He won a Little Britches Rodeo National Bull Riding title in 2003 and the Colorado High School Rodeo Bull Riding Championship three consecutive years  Kody was attending the University of Wyoming, but quit after a semester to pursue the Professional Bull Riders (PBR) tour 

Career
In 2005, Lostroh won the PBR Rookie of the Year award and in 2009, he won the PBR Built Ford Tough Series World Championship  He qualified for the PBR World Finals 10 consecutive times (2005 to 2014)  Lostroh suffered multiple injuries throughout his career  For example, Lostroh injured his riding hand in January 2014 and missed most of the first half of that season  In August 2017, he was considering retirement to spend more time with his two daughters, when he began experiencing significant health problems  He was eventually diagnosed with a tumor wrapped around his carotid artery, requiring surgery  He went back to the PBR but still had some reservations On March 29, 2018, Lostroh announced his retirement from bull riding In 2022, Lostroh became the assistant coach to head coach Cord McCoy of the Oklahoma Freedom; one of eight bull riding teams of the PBR’s Team Series, which debuted that year  In September of that year, the Oklahoma Freedom won the event at Cowboy Days in Winston-Salem, North Carolina; the hometown event of rival team, the Carolina Cowboys  The very next weekend, the Freedom won their own hometown event at Freedom Fest in Oklahoma City  They were the first team to win their hometown event  The Freedom ended up finishing in fourth place at the conclusion of the inaugural PBR Team Series season 

Personal life
He raises bucking bulls in Ault, Colorado, at the Shield of Faith Cattle Company  As of 2016, Lostroh and his wife, Candace, who is a barrel racer, live in Ault, Colorado, with their two daughters 
Passage 2:
Bones (bull)
Bones #05 (born March 31, 2003) is an American former bucking bull  He competed in the Professional Bull Riders (PBR) circuit and was the PBR World Champion Bull in 2008 and 2010  Two other bulls, Dillinger and Smooth Operator, have also won the title two times  Three other bulls, Little Yellow Jacket, Bushwacker, and Bruiser won the award three times  In 2011, the year after Bones won the 2010 World Champion Bull title, when he was 7 years old, his owner, Tom Teague announced his retirement from the sport  Bones lives on Teague's ranch in his retirement  In 2014, the bull was inducted into the PBR Brand of Honor 

Background
Bones was born on March 31, 2003  Bones grew up at Teague Bucking Bulls in Graham, North Carolina  Teague was the 2006 PBR Co-Stock Contractor of the Year   Bones got his name when one of Tom Teague's workers described him as a "bag of bones " Lee Holt said, "He was the poorest little thing " He was too small to take care of himself with the other calves so they moved him to be alone in the barn  Through the years, he grew into a brawny 1,550 pounds (700 kg) pounds  He is a black bull with a white face Bones' sire was 263 Bone Collector  Bone Collector's jumping prowess while bucking was well known  Bones' paternal grandsire was 64 Psycho  His mother is a daughter of Whitewater, a well-known breeding bull  Whitewater's sire was No  34 Oscar's Velvet, the 1983 Professional Rodeo Cowboys Association (PRCA) Bucking Bull of the Year  Oscar's Velvet was the son of Oscar, a ProRodeo Hall of Fame bucking bull  Bones is also a half-brother of the retired and highly ranked bucking bull Troubadour owned by Julio Moreno Teague raised Bones and retained full ownership of the bull throughout his bucking career and into retirement  This was not the first time Teague had ownership in a World Champion Bull, as he also had part ownership in world champion bulls Little Yellow Jacket, Mossy Oak Mudslinger, and Big Bucks, including gaining full ownership of Little Yellow Jacket for most of his retirement  This was, however, the first time Teague retained full ownership in a bull that he raised himself  He intended to keep Teague Bucking Bulls continuing in that direction, but decided in April 2014 to leave the stock contractor business  However, in an interview with the PBR, Teague stated that he would continue his position on the board of directors and aid them in "taking the sport to the next level "

Career
One of the ways that Teague exercised Bones was in a circular sand pit that he had made, where he installed a type of hot walker sometimes used for horses  Once an animal was inside, there were walls that moved around in a circular direction, forcing the bull to walk in between them  Teague compared working in deep sand to walking on the beach – it took more effort than walking on hard ground Bones bucked in the PBR, mostly on the Built Ford Tough Series (BFTS), the elite series of the circuit, for four seasons, but only three were complete seasons, as he only bucked at one BFTS event in 2007  Two-time PBR World Champion bull rider Justin McBride stated that Bones is the "real deal"  He said Bones is one of only two bulls he got on more than once who bucked him off each time—he never got a qualified ride on Bones  McBride first got on the bull at an event at Columbus, Ohio, in 2008 when Bones was a fairly unknown five-year-old  Bones bucked him off 

2008 title
Bones qualified for the PBR World Finals his first time in 2008  McBride again picked him in round two and Bones bucked him off faster than in their first meeting  According to McBride, Bones had gotten better and "handed him his hat"  Bones bucked off all three riders at his first finals  Bones made what became his trademark set of bucking moves, going up high and bringing the rider over his shoulder and then down  In 4 7 seconds, McBride bucked off Bones  "It had been a long time since a bull had treated me that way," McBride said  For the other two riders, in round four Zack Brown bucked off Bones in 2 8 seconds, and in the final round 2008 World Champion Guilherme Marchi bucked off in 4 seconds  Bones finished the evening with bull scores of 47 points, 46 points, and 47 25 points  His bull score of 47 25 points was a career best  Bulls are scored from 1 to 50 points, half of the total score  The bull rider gets the other half of the score; together it totals up to 100  These bull scores were high enough to win the 2008 World Champion Bull title 

Betting events
An event between Bones and J B  Mauney on February 13, 2009, was billed as the best bull against the best bull rider  Tom Teague claimed that "no cowboy wearing spurs could stay on his star bull for the eight-second count", resulting in extensive comments from fans and stock contractors on the PBR site  The event took place that night as part of the PBR Express Classic event at the Ford Center, now known as Chesapeake Energy Arena, in Oklahoma City, Oklahoma  Teague pitted his unridden bull Bones head to head against the current world standings leader and 2013 world champion with a prize of $20,000  Bones had been 13–0 on the BFTS circuit so far  Bones had bucked off, or "dusted", both McBride and 2002 World Champion Ednei Caminhas twice  He had dusted Marchi three times, and the last time, Marchi lost the opportunity to win $20,000; Teague bet that much against Marchi  Since Mauney was the world standings leader, he felt "slighted" that he was not offered an opportunity at Bones when Marchi got two  When Marchi fell the third time, Mauney asked Teague for a turn  Mauney would earn $20,000 if he became the first to make a successful eight-second qualifying ride on Bones, while Teague bet he would hit the dust in four seconds  Mauney succeeded  He rode Bones for a qualifying time and scored 93 5 points out of a maximum of 100  Although there was a great deal of hype about the event that weekend, Mauney stated that he just did what he did with every bull, "kept my hand shut and held on"  Teague said he was happy to see Mauney prove why he is the number one bull rider in the world  That score of 93 5 points became the highest-combined score of Bones' career In February 2009, stock contractor Chad Berger made it known in an interview that he reached his fill of hearing from Teague and others how great Bones is  Berger owned a rival bull named Big Tex, who he considered better than Bones  The then-current Stock Contractor of the Year challenged Teague to a contest for $25,000  Teague countered for $50,000 and Berger accepted  The match-up pitted the two bulls in the championship round of the Enterprise Rent-a-Car Invitational  World champion cowboy Ty Murray attested that they were both great bulls, and the outcome might depend on which bull rider drew which bull  The round took place in the Scottrade Center in St  Louis, Missouri, on Sunday, March 1, 2009  NBCSN's program Versus broadcast it in prime time  It was the first time the PBR sponsored a contest like this  No other bull vs bull challenge earned an owner such a large sum of money before  Zack Brown drew Big Tex, and 2004 World Champion Mike Lee drew Bones  Both men bucked off  It was an extremely close match, with Big Tex narrowly winning with a bull score of 46 to Bones' 45 5, giving Berger some relief  Berger received more relief later that year when a bull he owned an interest in, Code Blue, won that year's World Champion Bull title 

2010 title
PBR Livestock Director Cody Lambert believed that Bones was matched up with the best riders, and he proved he was their equal or better  Due to his bull scores, athleticism, and buck off percentages, he distinguished himself from the other bulls  In the 2010 PBR World Finals, Lambert did not hesitate to praise Bones when the bull won the World Champion Bull title again, this time against the favorite, Bushwacker  According to Lambert, it was surprising Bones won, but it was not a complete upset At the finals, Bones first bucked off Mauney, who had ridden him back in 2009  Mauney only lasted four seconds  Bones was given a 45 25 bull score  Some argued his score was slightly lower due to the judges foreseeing a qualified ride from Mauney  Marchi, who was up next, tied his hand down too far, according to fellow bull rider J W  Hart  This prevented Marchi from keeping up with Bones' change of direction; Bones bucked him off easily in two seconds, and was scored 47 25 which won him the World Champion Bull title  McBride felt winning two titles under different circumstances was impressive: the first time because he was an unknown, and the second time because other he was an underdog due to other bulls like Bushwacker who were favored to win 

Summary
Bones bucked on the PBR tour a total of 45 times  He was ridden for a qualified ride only five times, giving him an 88 89% buckoff percentage at all levels  Bones bucked on the BFTS 34 times  Of those, he was ridden for a qualified ride four times, for an 88 24% buckoff percentage in the BFTS  Bones ranked 14th overall in the BFTS as of April 2017 according to Probullstats  Out of his four years on the BFTS, he qualified for the PBR World Finals three times  His average bull score was 45 56 points for all four years  Most do not take his first year on the BFTS seriously, since he only bucked one time that year, which was 2007  He had three scores over 90 points  On February 18, 2009, in Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, Mauney rode him for 93 50 points  On October 30, 2009, in Las Vegas, Nevada, at the PBR World Finals, Pete Farley rode him for 93 25 points  And, on January 8, 2010, at Madison Square Garden, in New York City, Shane Proctor rode him for 91 25 points  Scores of 90 or higher points are tracked in the PBR's 90 Point Club  Mauney's ride did not count because it was a special match staged to top off the event, and not part of the BFTS circuit Bones was active from 2006 until 2010 at all levels  He won the World Champion Bull title in 2008 and 2010  He also won the Bull of the World Finals title both those same years  He, Dillinger, and Smooth Operator are the only two-time World Champion Bull title winners; Bones was the first bull to win multiple World Champion Bull titles in non-consecutive years  Only three other bulls won the title three times: Bushwacker, Little Yellow Jacket, and Bruiser



ground_truth: no

prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: An American who is a German literature translator and did a thesis on an Austrian prodigy born in 1874 taught at which university?

The following are given passages.
Context 2: 
A very important center of Austrian literature during the ca  20 years before the end of World War I was Prague  It was the center of many German-speaking, mostly Jewish, authors who contributed significantly to Austrian and partly even to world literature  Their influence endured until the 1930s  Authors to mention are Oskar Baum, Max Brod, Franz Kafka, the journalist Egon Erwin Kisch, Gustav Meyrink, Robert Musil, Rainer Maria Rilke, Franz Werfel, and Oskar Wiener 
Expressionism was presented primarily by the poet Georg Trakl and the dramatist and narrator Hugo von Hofmannsthal, both originating from Salzburg 
The end of World War I reduced Austria to a very small and mainly German-speaking country  Some Austrian (and German writing) authors relocated to new emerging countries, such as Kafka and Werfel to Czechoslovakia  Others, such as Robert Musil, Rainer Maria Rilke, and Elias Canetti, migrated to Vienna  The political rupture and the fact that this small German-speaking Austria had lost most of its territory, industry, and agriculture, led to the fatal conviction of many Austrians that only a union with Germany would be able to save the country from a total downfall, a conviction which paved the way to its later annexation by Hitler in 1938  The texts of some writers give an insight to this conviction  Robert Musil and Hugo von Hofmannsthal expressed their "German centric" point of view, while others, such as Stefan Zweig, Franz Werfel and Alexander Lernet-Holenia, strictly spoke up for Austria and Austrian tradition and culture 
The time between the two world wars gave way to rich literature in Austria  Robert Musil wrote the well-known novel The Man without Qualities, Stefan Zweig published a multitude of essays, stories and novels, Karl Kraus edited the magazine Die Fackel (The Torch), for which he wrote almost all articles by himself, Franz Werfel wrote some of his best novels, e g  The Forty Days of Musa Dagh which narrates the Armenian tragedy of 1915, and after Franz Kafka's death, his life-time friend Max Brod began to publish Kafka's unfinished novels  Later Nobel Prize winner Elias Canetti studied and lived in Vienna and wrote his only novel Auto-da-Fe, before the Anschluss he fled to England  In analogy to Musil's Kakania (from the anagram for the k  u  k , i e  imperial and royal monarchy till 1918), Fritz von Herzmanovsky-Orlando created Tarockania for the weird figures of his humorous novels and stories 

Austrofascism and Nazi dictatorship
Catholic and conservative Austrofascism came into power after the Austrian Civil War and revitalized censorship  A more important influence on Austrian literature resulted however from Nazi empowerment in Germany in 1933  It has to be understood that not only the majority of German speaking readers live in Germany, but almost all large and important publishers for literature in German are situated in Germany as well  In 1933 it came to a breakup at the P E N  conference in Dubrovnik  The members discussed an official protest against the prosecution of writers and the burning of books by the Nazis  In consequence the German delegation left the conference and referred to the organization's principle not to interfere with politics  Some members of the Austrian delegation solidarized with the Germans, while others supported the resolution  This breakup continued afterwards in Vienna and led to a separation of liberal and "German nationalistic" authors; the latter left the Austrian PEN Club and later worshipped Hitler and his annexation of Austria  Nazi Germany observed the events carefully, boycotted immediately the liberal authors, who couldn't go on publishing in Germany and lost most of their readers and income  After the annexation, these authors were prosecuted as well as their German counterparts since years, and many of them, especially the Jewish, were murdered or forced to emigration 
Stefan Zweig flew to Brazil, Franz Werfel escaped to the US together with the German writer Heinrich Mann, Elias Canetti to England  Others, like Jura Soyfer, were killed by the Nazis  In 2007, the Theodor Kramer Society published an anthology of Austrian poetry written in exile, under the title In welcher Sprache träumen Sie? (Which Language Do You Dream In?)  The editors present 278 authors whose names in many cases have been wiped out  The better known among them are Ilse Aichinger, Franz Theodor Csokor, Albert Drach, Albert Paris Gütersloh, Hermann Hakel, Theodor Kramer, Josef Luitpold Stern, Felix Pollak, Paula von Preradović, Joseph Roth, Hilde Spiel, Wilhelm Szabo, Hans Weigel, Stefan Zweig 
During the Nazi dictatorship, which had factually wiped out the Austrian state, the Austrian PEN Club was in exile in London and continued its work in Austria from 1946 on  Until 1973, PEN was the only Austrian writers' organization of importance 

After World War II: Group of Vienna
The literature after World War II combined many different movements  While some authors were in search for reorientation, such as Ilse Aichinger, Ingeborg Bachmann, Heimito von Doderer, Alexander Lernet-Holenia, Gerhard Fritsch and Hans Lebert, others came back from concentration camps, such as Jean Améry, from former (in times of monarchy) Austrian territories, such as Rose Ausländer and Paul Celan, or from exile, such as Hans Weigel and Friedrich Torberg, while others again did not come back from exile, such as Hermann Broch or Franz Werfel  On the other hand, some former "Nazi" writers kept their positions, such as Max Mell, Franz Nabl and Karl Heinrich Waggerl  The latter and other, catholic, writers began to form a very conservative block within the Austrian literature  Through the Austrian PEN Club, they even seemed to control statal subsidies for literature as well as literary awards till the 1970s 
Some authors had good relations to the Group 47 based in Germany or were members  Among them Ilse Aichinger who published the novel Die größere Hoffnung (Greater Hope) and the narrator and poet Ingeborg Bachmann  Both were awarded the Group 47 Prize for Literature  Other Austrian members of the Group 47 were Paul Celan and Erich Fried  While Celan, after some time in Vienna, went to live in Paris, Fried moved to Berlin  In 1954, the Wiener Gruppe (Group of Vienna) was formed by H  C  Artmann and others  Friedrich Achleitner, Konrad Bayer, Gerhard Rühm and Oswald Wiener belonged to the group, as well as Ernst Jandl and Friederike Mayröcker 
Hans Lebert wrote the novel Wolfshaut (Wolf's Skin), in which he described a fictional village named Schweigen (Silence), an allegory for the silence of many Austrians after the Nazi dictatorship, who pretended to know nothing about what had happened in their country 
Several volumes of Diaries contain the war memories of Heimito von Doderer  However, this author was best known for his novels, which he designed meticulously, such as The Strudlhofstiege, The Demons, The Waterfalls of Slunj, and The Merowingians  Doderer influenced many other authors with his novelistic art, e g , Robert Schindel 

1970–2000
In 1973, a new writers' association was founded in Graz (Styria), mostly as a protest against the conservatism of P E N  and their controlling position, e g  concerning literature prizes  The new association was called Grazer Autorenversammlung (GAV)  Among its founders and first members include Barbara Frischmuth, Peter Handke, Ernst Jandl, Alfred Kolleritsch, Friederike Mayröcker, and Michael Scharang  Eventually, the GAV became the largest writers' association in Austria with more than 500 members 
The end of the 1960s and eventually the 1970s were characterized by experimental theater plays  Peter Handke tried out new ways of theater communication with his play Offending the Audience in 1966 Ernst Jandl and Friederike Mayröcker wrote a new sort of experimental poetry, Konkrete Poesie, working with the sounds of speech than with semantics 
One of the most important writers after World War II was Thomas Bernhard (1931–1989)  He wrote nine novels, several books of stories and short prose, some autobiographical works, and numerous plays  His works triggered public controversies as Bernhard constantly attacked a typical Austrian manner of ignoring the Nazi past  One of the dramas is called Heldenplatz, an open allusion to Vienna's central imperial place, from which Adolf Hitler had held his first speech after the country's annexation by Nazi German troops in front of hundreds of thousands of cheering Austrians 
Marianne Fritz (1948–2007) was known as a novelist  Her third novel, Dessen Sprache du nicht verstehst (Whose speech you don't understand), was published in 1985  On more than three thousand pages, Fritz describes a linguistic and fictional universe that deals with the decline of the Austrian empire  She used an artificial language that broke many linguistic norms, to achieve a more rhythmic speech  Marianne Fritz intensified this individual esthetics with her fourth and fifth novel 
During the 1980s, especially after the political scandal around former UN secretary and eventually Austrian federal president Kurt Waldheim, a new and more distinctive Jewish literature formed  Robert Schindel published the novel Gebirtig, which deals with a contemporary Jewish society within Austria and the difficult memories of the Shoah  Robert Menasse is known for his novels and especially for his essays on Austria  Another author who works with Jewish topics is Doron Rabinovici 

Christoph Ransmayr mixes historical facts with fiction  The acclaimed novel Morbus Kithara creates a scenario, in which Austria did not get aid from the Marshall Plan after World War II and was condemned to become an exclusively agrarian country  On this background, the author writes about the time after the war, about ex-soldiers, ex-Nazis and concentration camp survivors, and thus depicts the complexity of post-war Austria 
Josef Haslinger wrote the novel Opernball, in which he described a fictitious attack at the Vienna Opera Ball, in which all attendants, incl  the entire Austrian government, is killed by combat gas  This attack brings a new fascist party to power, which a handful of idealistic journalists try to tell the world  Haslinger is also the author of an essay about the Waldheim affair  Also Milo Dor, a born Serb who wrote all of his books in German and became a very important figure in Austria's literary scene, chose the danger of ultra-right wing parties as topic for one of his narrative texts, Wien, Juli 1999  Other books describe the destiny of immigrants after the world war 
Essays have also a tradition in Austrian literature  While the roots may be found with Franz Grillparzer, Hermann Bahr and especially Karl Kraus, one of the most important essayists after World War II is Jean Améry whose oeuvre primarily consists of essays, articles and critiques  The historian and scholar Friedrich Heer is the author of about fifty thousand pages, most of them essays on Austrian and European topics, on history and philosophy as well as on religion and literature  A younger representative of Austrian essayism is Karl-Markus Gauß who writes for several newspapers and magazines in Austria, Switzerland and Germany  His books speak about Central and Eastern European peoples, cultures, and literatures  He is also the editor in chief of the magazine Literatur und Kritik 
Authors in Slovene, originating in Carinthia, are Florjan Lipuš, Cvetka Lipuš and Janko Messner  Usually they write either exclusively in Slovene, or in Slovene and German  Another famous Carinthian writer, Peter Handke, has translated several works from Slovene to German 

Nobel Prizes for Literature
In 1981, Elias Canetti (1905–1994) received the Nobel Prize in Literature  Born in Bulgaria, he spent much of his early adult life in Vienna, and wrote all his books in German  In 1938, following Austria's Anschluss with Germany, Canetti moved to London, becoming a British subject  During his later years, he also lived in Zurich, Switzerland  Among his most acclaimed works are the novel, Auto-da-Fe, and his work of nonfiction, Crowds and Power  His three volumes of well-acclaimed memoirs are also seen to give a personal insight into Austrian society during the decades preceding World War II 
In 2004, Elfriede Jelinek (*1946) received the Nobel Prize in Literature for her "musical flow of voices and counter-voices in novels and plays that, with extraordinary linguistic zeal, reveal the absurdity of society's clichés and their subjugating power"  Her works comprise novels such as The Piano Teacher, Lust and Die Kinder der Toten (Children of the Dead), as well as theater plays such as Clara S , Burgtheater and Bambiland  In the 1960s she began to write poetry and stories 

21st century
While some of the well-known authors, such as Franzobel, Peter Handke, Peter Henisch, Elfriede Jelinek, Gerhard Roth, and Robert Schneider, still publish regularly, there are rich literary movements, mostly driven by a younger generation  In some cases, literary magazines play an important role in gathering writers and fostering their works 

Literary magazines and publishers
Literatur und Kritik and Erostepost are published in Salzburg, Manuskripte, Sterz, Schreibkraft and Lichtungen in Graz, Wespennest and Kolik in Vienna, Cognac & Biskotten in Innsbruck, DUM in Lower Austria  They count among the most traditional and important literary magazines in contemporary Austria  In addition, the literary magazine Buchkultur has been around since 1989 
Notable publishing houses include Residenz, Droschl, Haymon, Zsolnay, and Deuticke  Residenz played an important role during the 1970s and 1980s, when numerous important Austrian writers were published there  Especially smaller publishers, such as Arovell, Drava, FZA-Verlag, Mitter, Otto Müller, Pichler, Ritter, Skarabaeus, Sonderzahl, Wieser, etc  bring emerging and younger authors to the public  On the other hand, many Austrian writers publish their books in Germany, which offers much larger and powerful publishing houses  Of course, the economic regrouping of publishing houses and their mergers have also an influence on Austrian publishers  Thus, Zsolny and Deuticke already belong to the German publishing group Hanser 

Literature awards and subsidies
In addition to subsidies and awards financed and organized by the Austrian and federal governments, several smaller literary prizes award Austrian and other German writing authors  Alfred-Gesswein-Literaturpreis, Erostepost-Literaturpreis, Franz-Kafka-Preis, Feldkircher Lyrikpreis, Wiener Werkstattpreis, Anton-Wildgans-Preis, and Manuskripte-Preis belong to this aspect of Austrian literature 
The scholar Klaus Zeyringer states that public subsidies represent the backbone of today's literary production and especially publishing in Austria, and this would be one reason why the frame conditions obviously differ from those in Germany  Public subsidies add to the funding of publishing houses, literary magazines, public events, book publications, and to writer's income  Zeyringer points out that on one hand this custom also enables the publication of non-mainstream and complicated literary works but on the other hand reduces the awareness of the necessity of adequate marketing activities of many cultural organizations, including publishers 

Contemporary authors
Book publications, magazines, public readings and literary prizes chronicle a multitude of writers, including novelists, playwrights, prosaists, essayists and poets  These include Marie Anders, Reinhold Aumaier, Zdenka Becker, Adelheid Dahimène, Dimitré Dinev, Martin Dragosits, Klaus Ebner, Günter Eichberger, Olga Flor, Karin Geyer, Thomas Glavinic, Constantin Göttfert, Marianne Gruber, Egyd Gstättner, Wolf Haas, Klaus Händl, Ludwig Laher, Gabriel Loidolt, Wolfgang Kauer, Daniel Kehlmann, Michael Köhlmeier, Melamar, Hanno Millesi, Gabriele Petricek, Judith Nika Pfeifer, Wolfgang Pollanz, Doron Rabinovici, Julya Rabinowich, Kathrin Röggla, Gudrun Seidenauer, Linda Stift, Erwin Uhrmann, Vladimir Vertlib, Philipp Weiss, Christine Werner, Peter Paul Wiplinger  Usually these authors publish not only in Austria, but also in Germany and Switzerland 

Cultural melting pot
In its history, the country and Austrian literature have been a cultural melting pot that put together different ethnicities, ideas, and cultures  Today, this element has shrunk enormously but is still not wiped out  Examples of this are novelist Zdenka Becker who emigrated from Slovakia, Dimitré Dinev from Bulgaria, and Vladimir Vertlib who was born in Russia  Very often their topics have to do with immigration and interculturality 
There is some literature written by members of the autochthonous minorities in Austria  To mention the daughter of Florjan Lipuš, the poet Cvetka Lipuš, who has lived in the US for several years  Her poetry has been published in Slovene and in German 
Some authors have chosen to live in countries other than Austria, while still writing literature in German  Their experiences living in another country have some impact on their writing  For example, Marlene Streeruwitz and Ann Cotten live in Berlin, Raoul Schrott lived several years in Ireland and also Christoph Ransmayr has moved there 

See also
List of Austrian writers
List of Austrian women writers

Notes
Sources (books)
Heer, Friedrich: Der Kampf um die österreichische Identität  Böhlau Verlag, Wien 1981/1996/2001, ISBN 3-205-99333-0
Herz-Kestranek, Miguel, Konstantin Kaiser and Daniela Strigl (Ed ): In welcher Sprache träumen Sie? Österreichische Exillyrik  Verlag der Theodor Kramer Gesellschaft, Wien 2007, ISBN 978-3-901602-25-2
Zeman, Herbert and Fritz P  Knapp (Ed ): Geschichte der Literatur in Österreich  7 volumes, Akademische Druck- und Verlagsanstalt, Vienna 1994ff , Vol  1: ISBN 978-3-201-01611-7, Vol  2: ISBN 978-3-201-01721-3 and ISBN 978-3-201-01812-8, Vol  7: ISBN 978-3-201-01687-2
Zeyringer, Klaus: Österreichische Literatur seit 1945  Haymon Verlag, Innsbruck 2001, ISBN 978-3-85218-379-4
Žmegač, Viktor (Ed ): Kleine Geschichte der deutschen Literatur  Von den Anfängen bis zur Gegenwart  Marix, Wiesbaden 2004  ISBN 3-937715-24-X

External links
Austrian Studies Association, ASA
eLibrary Austria Project (eLib Austria text in German)
WikiReader Austrian Literature (German)
IG Autoren (interest group of all Austrian writers and professional associations of writers)
Österreichischer Schriftstellerverband (writers' association)
P E N -Club (writers' association)
Grazer Autorenversammlung (writers' association)
Österreichische Gesellschaft für Literatur (Austrian Society for Literature)
Passage 6:
Inta Ezergailis
Inta Miške Ezergailis (11 September 1932 in Riga, Latvia – 1 January 2005, in Ithaca, New York), was a Latvian American professor emerita of German literature at Cornell University from 1969 to 1999, specializing in Thomas Mann and contemporary women writers  In 1965, she began graduate study at Cornell University and after earning the doctorate in 1969, she was appointed to the Cornell faculty as an assistant professor of German literature 
In addition to books, she published numerous articles, in English and Latvian, in scholarly and intellectual periodicals 
During the last decade of her life, she turned from academic prose to poetry  Posthumously, her poems have been published by Ulysses House in four volumes: Inta's poems I, II, and III, Alzheimer's Poems, the Vanishing of a Mother  The last volume is devoted to her mother, who died of dementia 
She was married to Andrew Ezergailis 

Books
Male and Female: An Approach to Thomas Mann's Dialectic (1975)
Woman Writers - The Divided Self (1982)  (Study of Christa Wolf, Ingeborg Bachmann, Doris Lessing, Erica Jong, Karin Struck, Francine du Plessix Gray and others )
Thomas Mann, Critical Essays on Thomas Mann (1988)
Nostalgia and Beyond: Eleven Latvian Women Writers (1998) 
Passage 7:
İhsan Oktay Anar
İhsan Oktay Anar (born 1960 in Yozgat, Turkey), is a Turkish writer, illustrator, literature translator and an academic 
He studied philosophy in Ege University on undergraduate (1984), graduate (1989) and doctoral levels  Anar now teaches at the same university, lecturing in antique philosophy and Greek  In 2009, he won the Erdal Öz Literature Award "for his valuable novels and original style" Anar published his first novel, The Atlas of Misty Continents (Puslu Kıtalar Atlası) in 1995  The book was translated to a number of languages, including French, German and Hungarian, and a comic book version by caricaturist İlban Ertem was released in Spring of 2015  His novels are fantasy pieces supported by historical facts and rumors especially related to the Ottoman Empire and a narration resembling fairy tales  He is known for well developed, various and original characters and providing a philosophical basis for his fantasy plots  Supernatural elements and references to folk literature and culture are commonly seen in his works  He uses a mixture of Ottoman and folk terminology within his Turkish writings, giving references to myths and historical scriptures  A trivial fact is that each of his books have a character named "Uzun İhsan" (meaning "Ihsan the Tall"), which is in fact a reference to himself  Anar is a tall and imposing figure, with a height over six feet four 

Works
Novels
Tiamat (Tiamat) (2022)
The Nasty Hero (Galiz Kahraman) (2014)
Seventh Day (Yedinci Gün) (2012)
Taciturns (Suskunlar) (2007)
Amat (Amat) (2005)
Tales of Afrasiab (Efrasiyab`ın Hikayeleri)  (1998) - later adapted for stage
The Book of Devices (Kitab-ül Hiyel) (1996)
The Atlas of Misty Continents (Puslu Kıtalar Atlası) (1995)Illustrations for Kitab-ül Hiyel
has published articles in the former newspaper Yeni Binyıl
has published a story in the book 1002 Gece MasallarıAcademic articles published in Turkish
Anar, İ O , Er Efsanesinin Muhtemel Kökenleri, Seminar, 1993, P 30-44 
Anar, İ O , Sokrates Sorunu, Seminar  1990  pp  1–9 
Passage 8:
Michael Werner (publisher)
Michael Werner (born 1965 in Frankenthal, Germany) is a publisher of Pennsylvania German publications and writer of Pennsylvania German articles, prose and poetry  He is the founder and publisher of the only existing Pennsylvania German newspaper, Hiwwe wie Driwwe 

Life
Werner was raised in the Palatinate (Germany)  Members of his family had emigrated from this area to the U S  in the 19th century  He studied at the University of Mannheim and holds a Master's degree in General Linguistics, Germans Studies and Sociology  His Ph D  Thesis is dealing with Pennsylvania German literature  Werner is working as publishing director of a B2B publishing house in Mainz (Germany)  He lives in Ober-Olm 

Activities
In 1993, he became a student of C  Richard Beam (1925-2018), director of the Center for Pennsylvania German Studies at Millersville University (PA)  In the same year, Werner started a private "Archive for Pennsylvania German Literature" in the Palatinate, Germany  In 1996, the newspaper Hiwwe wie Driwwe was founded by him in Ebertsheim, Palatinate (Germany)  Actually, it is being published bi-annually  Since 1998, he has been a member of the jury of the oldest Palatine Dialect Writers Contest in Bockenheim an der Weinstraße, Palatinate (Germany)  In 2003, Michael Werner was one of the co-founders of the German-Pennsylvanian Association and the first president of the association (until 2010)  Since 2008, Werner invites speakers of Pennsylvania German to give presentations about the language and culture in Germany  In 2013, "Hiwwe wie Driwwe" started a cooperation with the Pennsylvania German Cultural Heritage Center at Kutztown University (PA)  The editorial office was moved to Pennsylvania in 2015  In 2017, Werner donated his private archive of Pennsylvania German literature and folk life to the Mennonite Research Center at Weierhof (Palatinate, Germany), where it will be presented to the public as "Deutsch-Pennsylvanisches Archiv" (German-Pennsylvanian Archive)  In 2020, he was one of the founders of Groundhog Lodge No  19 in Bockenheim (Palatinate, Germany)  In 2021, Werner published a German trip advisor to the Pennsylvania Dutch Country 

Trivia
His journalistic work over a period of three decades inspired two German cinema documentaries: "Hiwwe wie Driwwe 1" (2019) and "Hiwwe wie Driwwe 2" (coming up 2024) 

Works
Werner, Michael (Ed ): Hiwwe wie Driwwe  The Pennsylvania German Review (Newspaper)  Ebertsheim/Ober-Olm/Kutztown 1997- 
Werner, Michael: "Ebbes aus em alte Land"  Newspaper Column  In: The Pennsylvania German Review (Kutztown, PA), 2001-2003 
Werner, Michael: "Ebbes in die Mudderschprooch"  Newspaper Column  In: The Diary (Gordonville, PA), 2003-2005 
Werner, Michael: "S Katz Deitsch Schtick"  Internet Blog  In: hiwwe-wie-driwwe de  Ober-Olm 2002- 
Werner, Michael et al  (Ed ): Mit Pennsylvanisch-Deitsch darich's Yaahr  A Pennsylvania German Reader for Grandparents and Grandchildren  Neckarsteinach 2006 
Werner, Michael (Transl ): Es globbt beim Sammy in der Nacht (Children's Book)  Neckarsteinach 2012 
Werner, Michael: "Der Uncle Saem findt uns gedrei" - A Multimedia Performance (Texts, Music, Pictures & Videos), presented by the "New Paltz Band"  Ober-Olm/Frankenthal/Schifferstadt 2013- 
Werner, Michael (Transl ): Kumm, mer gehne Baere yaage (engl  Original: We're Going on a Bear Hunt, by Michael Rosen)  Neckarsteinach/Morgantown (PA) 2014 
Werner, Michael: Pennsylvanisch-Deitsch im Yahr 2015  A Hiwwe wie Driwwe Documentary  Published on youtube com (30 minutes) 
Werner, Michael (Ed ): DEITSCH  News und Geschichten aus dem Pennsylvania Dutch Country  A Hiwwe wie Driwwe Publication (E-Paper)  Ober-Olm 2015-2017 
Werner, Michael / Louden, Mark / Sauer, Walter (Eds ): Die Erschte Dausend Wadde in Pennsilfaanisch Deitsch  Neckarsteinach 2018 
Werner, Michael: En neier Sound im neie Land - 32 New Songs in Pennsylvania Dutch  Ober-Olm 2019 
Werner, Michael: Hiwwe wie Driwwe - Der Pennsylvania ReiseVERführer  Neustadt an der Weinstraße 2021 
Werner, Michael / Donmoyer, Patrick (Eds ): 25 Yaahre Hiwwe wie Driwwe - Celebrating a Quarter Century of Transatlantic Friendship  Morgantown (PA) 2022 

Films
Hiwwe wie Driwwe - Pfälzisch in Amerika (2018)  Calimedia/Cinewa (Landau)  - Expert advice and participation 
Die Rezeptsucherin: Pennsylvania (2018)  SWR (Mainz)  - Expert advice 
Hiwwe wie Driwwe - The Roots of the Pennsylvania Dutch (2019)  Calimedia/Cinewa (Landau) 
Driwwe im neie Land - Pfälzisch in Amerika (2020)  SWR (Mainz) 
Rumspringa (2022)  Constantin Film (Munich)  - Expert advice and language training of the actors (Pennsylvania Dutch) 

Publishing
Awards and acknowledgements
1998: Member of the jury of the Palatine Dialect Writers Contest in Bockenheim (Palatinate, Germany)
2007: "10th J  William Frey Lecturer", Franklin & Marshall College (Lancaster, PA)
2012: "Medienpreis Pfalz", Bezirksverband Pfalz (short list) - for "Hiwwe wie Driwwe"
2015: "Emichsburg-Preis", Förderkreis Mundart Bockenheim e V  - together with Frank Kessler and Dr  Walter Sauer in place of the "German-Pennsylvanian Association" (Deutsch-Pennsylvanischer Arbeitskreis e V )
2020: "Hermann Sinsheimer Plakette", City of Freinsheim (Palatinate, Germany) - for his services to the Palatine and Pennsylvania German literature
Context 3:  Their performances and the number of titles won is part of the reason these bulls (except Smooth Operator and Bruiser) were each selected to receive the Professional Bull Riders Heroes and Legends Celebration: Brand of Honor  This honor was inaugurated in 2011 and first given to Little Yellow Jacket  Bones was the 2014 inductee 

Retirement and legacy
Teague retired Bones after the 2010 BFTS season when he was 7 years old  He announced it at the beginning of the 2011 BFTS season  Bones was still in the peak of his career at the time  Four years later, in 2014, the PBR announced that they were honoring Bones with the Heroes and Legends Celebration: Brand of Honor  Bones was the fourth recipient to receive the Brand of Honor  The PBR created the Brand of Honor in 2011 to honor exemplary bulls in the sport  The ceremony usually takes place during the PBR World Finals, currently held at T-Mobile Arena on the Las Vegas Strip  Lambert was not surprised Bones received the Brand of Honor  He felt that Bones was one of the finest bulls ever to compete in the PBR  Lambert also felt the honor was appropriate because otherwise it is difficult for people to recall great bulls once they are not around  He compared Bones to bulls like Bushwacker, Voodoo Child, and even famous bulls of the past such as Mr  T and 105 of Dell's Hall As far as retiring Bones if he won the 2010 title, Teague said he had made up his mind to do it  McBride and Lambert both believed Teague wanted to see Bones go out while he was still on top  Teague also didn't want to chance Bones getting injured after he had already got two titles  Teague said, "What more can you ask for out of a bull? I couldn't be happier with him " Some think Bones could have matched Little Yellow Jacket's three title record  Teague has stated that he is happy with the way things ended  Bones is retired at Teague's ranch in Graham, North Carolina Two months before the PBR World Finals in 2014, McBride said Bones was one of the most gifted bulls he had been on, and was even harder to ride than World Champion Mossy Oak Mudslinger  At the time, Little Yellow Jacket was the solo holder of three World Champion titles, but McBride believed that Bones was more difficult to ride than Little Yellow Jacket  He compared Bones to other bulls that could yank a rider down to make them lose their seat like Rampage and Hollywood  Hearing of Bones receiving the Brand of Honor was no surprise to McBride, as he considered him one of the greats  That year, Bushwacker would win his third World Champion Bull title, and Lambert compared Bones to Bushwacker at the same stage of their bucking careers, noting that Bushwacker and Bones had a similar physicality and demeanor  "[Bones] excelled in all five categories: buck, kick, direction change, intensity and degree of difficulty " He could get his front feet 3 to 4 feet (0 91 to 1 22 m) in the air and then break over  He had a sense for knowing who was on his back  He performed at his best with the toughest riders  Lambert added that Bones was perhaps the second-best bull the PBR has seen  It is widely established that the PBR regards Bushwacker as the best bull they have ever seen 

Honors
2008 PBR World Champion Bull
2008 PBR Bull of the World Finals
2010 PBR World Champion Bull
2010 PBR Bull of the World Finals
2014 PBR Brand of Honor
Passage 3:
Colin Fleming (racing driver)
Colin Fleming (born April 27, 1984) is an American former racing driver & Formula 1 test driver who competed in the World Series by Renault 3 5, Formula Renault 2 0 Eurocup, and Formula Renault 2000 Germany with Jenzer Motorsport and Carlin Motorsport after a successful go-karting career, winning 10 North American and National Championships 

Racing career
A former member from the Red Bull Junior Team, Fleming finished 3rd in the Formula Renault 2 0 Eurocup in 2004 and was rookie of the year in the Formula Renault 2000 Germany also in that year  He raced against fellow American and Californian and future Formula One driver Scott Speed  In 2005, he switched to the Formula Renault 3 5 with Swiss team Jenzer Motorsport, despite three DNS in the first 3 and missing one race of that season he finished 13th with 34 points with a best finish of 3rd in the second race in the Bugatti Circuit in LeMans, France  In 2006, he joined Carlin where he finished 6th in the first race of the season in Zolder  Later that year, he finished 4th in Circuit de Monaco and 8th in both races in Istanbul Park, but left Carlin and the Red Bull Junior team after the latter  Red Bull replaced him with fellow Red Bull Junior Team member and future Formula One Champion Sebastian Vettel After leaving Red Bull, he returned to the United States to complete in the Atlantic Championship mid-season 

Personal life
He is currently a Executive Vice President of Marketing with Salesforce 

Complete motorsports results
American Open-Wheel racing results
(key) (Races in bold indicate pole position, races in italics indicate fastest race lap)

2003 Barber Dodge Pro Series (Rookie of the Year, 5th in championship)
2004 German Formula Renault – 2nd in the Championship
2004 European Formula Renault – 3rd in the Championship
World Series by Renault 3 5
(key) (Races in bold indicate pole position) (Races in italics indicate fastest lap)
Passage 4:
Jan Bull
Jan Bull (7 January 1927 – 16 December 1985) was a Norwegian author and theater instructor  Born in Paris,  he was son of the Norwegian poet Olaf Bull and the grandson of author Jacob Breda Bull 

Bibliography
13 poetry – poetry (1957) 
Marianne – (1959)
Sommerfuglene (1960)
Den siste fuglen – poetry (1961)
Sodoma – poetry (1964)
En vanligvis godt underrettet kilde – poetry (1967)
Masker – poetry (1976)
Døden ville lese Dickens – novel (1981)

Awards
1981– Riksmål Society Literature Prize
Passage 5:
Buxtehude Bull
The Buxtehude Bull (German: Buxtehuder Bulle) is an award for youth literature, established in 1971 by Winfried Ziemann, a local book merchant from Buxtehude, a Hanseatic City located in the Hamburg Metropolitan Region  The town council took over the sponsorship of the award in 1981  The award is given annually to the best children's or young-adults' book published in German (either native language or translated) in the preceding year  The writer is presented with a small steel statue of the bull (German: Bulle)  Ferdinand, from the popular work The Story of Ferdinand by Munro Leaf, and also receives a monetary prize  of €5,000 

Awards
1971: Alexander Sutherland Neill, Die grüne Wolke
1972: Cili Wethekam, Tignasse, Kind der Revolution
1973: Tilman Röhrig, Thoms Bericht
1974: Gail Graham, Zwischen den Feuern
1975: Johanna Reiss, Und im Fenster der Himmel
1976: Jaap ter Haar, Behalt das Leben lieb
1977: Gudrun Pausewang, Die Not der Familie Caldera
1978: Leonie Ossowski, Stern ohne Himmel
1979: Michael Ende, Die unendliche Geschichte (The Neverending Story)
1980: Hermann Vinke, Das kurze Leben der Sophie Scholl
1981: Myron Levoy, Der gelbe Vogel (Alan and Naomi)
1982: Rudolf Frank, Der Junge, der seinen Geburtstag vergaß
1983: Gudrun Pausewang, Die letzten Kinder von Schewenborn (The Last Children of Schewenborn)
1984: Mildred D  Taylor, Donnergrollen hör mein Schrei'n
1985: Urs M  Fiechtner, Annas Geschichte
1986: Joan Lingard, Über die Barrikaden
1987: James Watson, Hinter vorgehaltener Hand
1988: Isolde Heyne, Sternschnuppenzeit
1989: Heidi Glade-Hassenmüller, Gute Nacht, Zuckerpüppchen
1990: Maria Seidemann, Rosalie
1991: Ursula Wölfel, Ein Haus für alle
1992: Mecka Lind, Manchmal gehört mir die ganze Welt
1993: Klaus Kordon, Der erste Frühling
1994: Katarina von Bredow, Ludvig meine Liebe
1995: Tonke Dragt, Turmhoch und meilenweit
1996: Jostein Gaarder, Durch einen Spiegel, in einem dunklen Wort (Through a Glass, Darkly)
1997: Ralf Isau, Das Museum der gestohlenen Erinnerungen
1998: Andreas Steinhöfel, Die Mitte der Welt
1999: John Marsden, Gegen jede Chance (Third Day, the Frost)
2000: Sherryl Jordan, Junipers Spiel
2001: David Grossman, Wohin du mich führst
2002: Hanna Jansen, Über tausend Hügel wandere ich mit dir
2003: Nancy Farmer, Das Skorpionenhaus (The House of the Scorpion)
2004: Rainer M  Schröder, Die Lagune der Galeeren
2005: Kevin Brooks, Lucas
2006: Stephenie Meyer, Bis(s) zum Morgengrauen (Twilight)
2007: Anne C  Voorhoeve, Liverpool Street
2008: Markus Zusak, Die Bücherdiebin (The Book Thief)
2009: Suzanne Collins, Die Tribute von Panem – Tödliche Spiele (The Hunger Games)
2010: Susan Beth Pfeffer, Die Welt, wie wir sie kannten
2011: Lauren Oliver, Delirium
2012: John Green, Das Schicksal ist ein mieser Verräter
2013: Christine Fehér, Dann mach ich eben Schluss
2014: David Safier, 28 Tage lang
2015: Victoria Aveyard, Die Farben des Blutes: Die rote Königin
2016: Tamara Ireland Stone, Mit anderen Worten: ich
2017: John Boyne, Der Junge auf dem Berg (The Boy at the Top of the Mountain)
2018: Amy Giles, Jetzt ist alles, was wir haben (Now Is Everything)
2019: Wendelin Van Draanen, Acht Wochen Wüste (Wild Bird)
2020: Alan Gratz, Vor uns das Meer  Drei Jugendliche, drei Jahrzehnte, eine Hoffnung (Refugee)
2021: Malene Sølvsten, Ansuz – Das Flüstern der Raben
Passage 6:
Balarama (elephant)
Balarama (c  1956 – 7 May 2023) was the lead elephant of the Mysore Dasara procession and carried the idol of goddess Chamundeshwari on the fabled Golden Howdah thirteen times between 1999 and 2011  Balarama was a bull born about 1958 and was accompanied in the procession by other Dasara Elephants  Of the many (about 16) elephants participating, Balarama was one of the star attractions when he carried on his back the sacred idol of goddess Chamundeshwari in the 750 kilograms (1,650 lb) golden howdah on the auspicious 10th day of Dasara celebrations 

History
Balarama was captured in 1987 in the Kattepura forest near Somwarpet, in the Kodagu region of Karnataka  Balarama has taken part in the Dasara procession since 1994, carrying the golden howdah  A very silent bull (against the norm for elephants), he was said to be an introvert, and had to have special training so he could withstand the firing of cannons that occurs during the festival He succeeded Drona as the carrier of the Golden Howdah 
Balarama was not the first choice to carry the Howdah after Drona  Elephant Arjuna, a 44-year-old bull weighing 5,600 kilograms (12,300 lb) was supposed to be the carrier of the howdah, but was sidelined for accidentally killing a Mahout  One day, Arjuna went to bathe in a river with elephant Bahadur and Bahadur's trainer Annayya  While crossing a road, the elephants were startled by a vehicle and in the chaos that ensued, the rider Annayya fell down to the ground, only to be stamped on the head by Arjuna  He was crushed to death  People opined that an elephant that had killed a man was unfit to carry the religious duties of Dasara  So Arjuna, while being as capable as Drona, was not given the honorable duty, though he did have the honour of carrying the Chinnada Ambari once before being replaced by Balarama  Balarama had been rested from the duty of carrying the Golden Howdah due to his reducing weight and has been succeeded by Arjuna  Balarama led the procession as the 'nishane aane' or the lead elephant 
Balarama's Mahout Sannappa once refused to mount Balarama after his family were stopped by the police from watching him ride during Dasara 
Balarama refused food given to him by anybody other than his Mahout  Balarama weighed about 4590 Kilograms and he conquered the hearts of human beings by his majestic looks and the silence that he possessed  He was looked after at the Morkal Elephant camp at Nagarahole national park and his previous mahout Sannappa has retired and his new master Thimma has taken over 
The 67-year-old elephant was critically ill and under the care of a veterinarians at the Bhimanakatte elephant camp in the Hunsur range of the Nagarhole park  Despite the efforts of the medical team, Balarama’s condition deteriorated  According to reports, Balarama had been recovering from an ulcer in his mouth but the veterinarian treating him suspected that he may have been suffering from tuberculosis  He died on 7 May 2023 

See also
List of individual elephants
Passage 7:
Justin Tranchita
Justin Chase Tranchita  (born June 22, 1981) is an American singer, songwriter, actor, and businessman  Born in Geneva, Illinois and raised in Princeton, Illinois  He achieved popularity by his recurring role on Game of Pawns and his music 

Life and career
Early life and career beginning
Justin was born to Joseph James Tranchita and Julee Ann Child in Geneva, Illinois, on June 22, 1981  His paternal grandfather was an immigrant from Marsala, Italy, while his mother was of Jewish and Irish ancestry  He has four elder siblings, Joe (born 1971), Julie (born 1974), Pam (born 1976) and Angie (born 1978) and four younger siblings, Jonathan (born 1983), Elliott (born 1990), Joshua (born 1995) and Marie (born 2000) 
He was raised in Princeton, Illinois just past the Red Covered bridge on a farm with animals surrounded by corn fields  He attended Princeton High school and played football for the school but due to his parents religious beliefs he was pulled out of attendance and home schooled after his sophomore year  Tranchita went on several humanitarian trips as a boy taking him all over America and twice to Israel  After his parents divorced his senior year in high school Tranchita had a crisis of faith and left Princeton  He later told the Bureau County Republican that "It was kind of a long road out of Princeton but it was the best place a kid could grow up  " Justin received a music scholarship to Greenville College and attended in 1999  In 2000 he dropped out of college and relocated to Branson , Missouri where he met Don Williams brother of American singer Andy Williams and Robert Vinton son of American singer Bobby Vinton  who helped Justin take the leap into a career in music and television 

Television and music
Tranchita starred on the television series Game of Pawns which airs on the Discovery Channel globally  The series was filmed in 2013 by High Noon Entertainment and is based on the goings on in a pawn shop in Branson, Missouri  Justin is joined by Scott Velvet and Brian Roman in this television game show which continues to run as re-runs in the United States and around the world on Discovery networks Recorded with producer and writer Steve Messer, the song "This is America" features lyrics about American politics  It first became noticed when the Ben Carson presidential campaign heard the song and decided to use it as their campaign song for 2016  Quickly after Ben Carson used the song it had commercial success by reaching number one on the Billboard Twitter Emerging Artist chart on November 28th, 2015 where it continued to stay on the chart for weeks  The song was controversial in nature and garnered mixed reviews, digg com said it was "one of the worste campaign songs of all time " Dan Fallon of digg com wrote "Props to Tranchita for almost getting the lyric "While governmental power tends to grow continuously" to not sound super awkward " Tranchita told The Guardian, "When I started to look into Ben Carson and what he stood for   people who have a faith – I identify with them because it does separate from people who do not ” Ben Carson personally thanked Justin for allowing him to use the song publicly in a statement to his Facebook followers, This is America returned to the number one spot again in 2016 after spending ten weeks on Billboards Emerging chart  This gave Tranchita a number one hit with the same song in two different years 

Discography
The Devil Song, (single)  (2012)
Cock of The Walk (2012)
This is America (single) (2015)
American Man 2016

Michigan State House Run
After the song "This is America" vaulted Tranchita into the political limelight he decided to run for the Michigan State House, district 32 in March of 2016  He was among Macomb County Republicans competing in state House races  Tranchita said the popularity of his song was responsible in part for his run, he told The Detroit News, "Millions of people have responded to [the song]    There's some angst, some anger, and people are feeling like their voices aren't heard  I feel that  I'm a blue-collar guy, not some elitist or crony that wants to be in the ruling class " After a very hard fought race Tranchita was narrowly defeated in his first ever political campaign by six percent in the August 2016 primary 
Passage 8:
Cock and Bull (book)
Cock and Bull is the title of a volume composed of two novellas by Will Self, which includes the stories Cock and Bull  The two stories are characterized by empty, emotionless, phatic sex; rape; cruelty; and violence  The book was originally published in 1992 by Bloomsbury 

Plot summaries
Cock
A woman grows a penis and then uses it to rape her tedious, alcoholic husband and his patronising, evangelical mentor from Alcoholics Anonymous  In the story's final twist, the woman comes into non-consensual contact with her violating member, and makes allusions to The Rime of the Ancient Mariner 

Bull
A sensitive rugby player-cum-writer for a small magazine grows a vagina behind his knee  His megalomaniacal general practitioner, having discovered the vagina during an examination, conceals it from Bull, telling him it was 'a burn and a wound', though later visits Bull at home, fixated on this popliteal yoni  The doctor, removing the bandages from the site, reveals the truth, and seduces Bull while he is traumatised and huddled beneath the sink 
Gender stereotypes are examined; much fun is made of modern literary criticism and its often clichéd takes on the gender debate 

Reviews
"In recounting such events, Mr  Self demonstrates an uncanny ability, similar to that displayed by Kafka in The Metamorphosis, to lend utterly absurd events an aura of verisimilitude by grounding the fantastic in the mundane  He possesses all those gifts a satiric writer might want: an eye for the telling detail, an ear for the pretensions of contemporary locution, an ability to write idiosyncratic prose that twinkles with cleverness and wit  Unfortunately, in this volume, these copious gifts are all too frequently put in the service of a misogynistic and ridiculously sophomoric vision  " Michiko Kakutani, The New York Times
Passage 9:
Will Self
William Woodard Self (born 26 September 1961) is an English author, journalist, political commentator and broadcaster  He has written 11 novels, five collections of shorter fiction, three novellas and nine collections of non-fiction writing  Self is currently Professor of Modern Thought at Brunel University London, where he teaches psychogeography His 2002 novel Dorian, an Imitation was longlisted for the Booker Prize, and his 2012 novel Umbrella was shortlisted  His fiction is known for being satirical, grotesque and fantastical, and is predominantly set within his home city of London  His writing often explores mental illness, drug abuse and psychiatry 
Self is a regular contributor to publications including The Guardian, Harper's Magazine, The New York Times and the London Review of Books  He currently writes a column for the New Statesman, and he has been a columnist for the Observer, The Times, and the Evening Standard  His columns for Building Design on the built environment, and for the Independent Magazine on the psychology of place brought him to prominence as a thinker concerned with the politics of urbanism 
Self is a regular contributor to British television, initially as a guest on comic panel shows such as Have I Got News for You  In 2002, Self replaced Mark Lamarr on the BBC comedy panel show Shooting Stars  for two series, but was himself replaced by comedian Jack Dee when the programme returned in 2008   He has since appeared on current affairs programmes such as Newsnight and Question Time



ground_truth: University of Vienna

prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: What year was the author of Cock and Bull born? 

The following are given passages.
Context 3:  Self is a contributor to the BBC Radio 4 programme A Point of View, to which he contributes radio essays delivered in his familiar "lugubrious tones"  In 2013, Self took part in discussions about becoming the inaugural BBC Radio 4 Writer-in-Residence, but later withdrew 

Early life
Self was born in Charing Cross Hospital and brought up in North London, between the suburbs of East Finchley and Hampstead Garden Suburb  His parents were Peter John Otter Self, Professor of Public Administration at the London School of Economics, and Elaine Rosenbloom, from Queens, New York, who worked as a publisher's assistant  His paternal grandfather was Sir Albert Henry Self  Self spent a year living in Ithaca in upstate New York Self's parents separated when he was nine, and divorced when he was 18  Despite the intellectual encouragement given by his parents, he was an emotionally confused and self-destructive child, harming himself with cigarette ends and knives before beginning to experiment with drugs Self was a voracious reader from a young age  When he was 10, he developed an interest in works of science fiction such as Frank Herbert's Dune and the works of J  G  Ballard and Philip K  Dick  Into his teenage years, Self claimed to have been "overawed by the canon", which stifled his ability to express himself  Self's use of drugs increased in step with his prolific reading  He started smoking cannabis at the age of 12, progressing by way of amphetamines, cocaine and LSD to heroin, which he started injecting at 18  Self struggled with mental health issues during this period, and aged 20 became a hospital outpatient Self attended University College School, an independent school for boys in Hampstead  He later attended Christ's College, Finchley, from where he went to Exeter College, Oxford, reading Philosophy, Politics and Economics and graduated with a third class degree  At Oxford, he was editor of and frequent contributor to an underground left-wing student newspaper called Red Herring/Oxford Strumpet, copies of which are archived in the Bodleian Library 

Career
After graduating from Oxford, Self worked for the Greater London Council, including as a road sweeper, while residing in Brixton  He pursued a career as a cartoonist for the New Statesman and other publications and as a stand-up comedian  He moved to Gloucester Road around 1985  In 1986 he entered a treatment centre in Weston-super-Mare, where he claimed that his heroin addiction was cured  In 1989, "through a series of accidents", he "blagged" his way into running a small publishing company The publication of his short story collection The Quantity Theory of Insanity brought him to public attention in 1991  Self was hailed as an original new talent by Salman Rushdie, Doris Lessing, Beryl Bainbridge, A  S  Byatt and Bill Buford  In 1993, he was nominated by Granta magazine as one of the 20 "Best Young British Novelists"  Conversely, Self's second book, My Idea of Fun, was "mauled" by the critics Self joined the Observer as a columnist in 1995  He gained negative publicity in 1997 when he was sent to cover the election campaign of John Major and was caught by a rival journalist using heroin on the Prime Minister's jet; he was fired as a result  At the time, he argued "I'm a hack who gets hired because I do drugs"  He joined the Times as a columnist in 1997  In 1999 he left the Times to join the Independent on Sunday, which he left in 2002 for the Evening Standard He has made many appearances on British television, especially as a panellist on Have I Got News for You and as a regular on Shooting Stars  Since 2008 Self has appeared five times on Question Time  He stopped appearing in Have I Got News for You, stating the show had become a pseudo-panel show  Between 2003 and 2006, he was a regular contributor to the BBC2 television series Grumpy Old Men Since 2009, Self has written two alternating fortnightly columns for the New Statesman  The Madness of Crowds explores social phenomena and group behaviour, and in Real Meals he reviews high street food outlets  For a May 2014 article in The Guardian, he wrote: "the literary novel as an art work and a narrative art form central to our culture is indeed dying before our eyes", explaining in a July 2014 article that his royalty income had decreased "dramatically" over the previous decade  The July article followed the release of a study of the earnings of British authors that was commissioned by the Authors' Licensing and Collecting Society Self is a professor of Modern Thought at Brunel University London  He was appointed in 2012 

Literary style
According to M  Hunter Hayes, Self has given his reason for writing as follows: "I don't write fiction for people to identify with and I don't write a picture of the world they can recognise  I write to astonish people " "What excites me is to disturb the reader's fundamental assumptions  I want to make them feel that certain categories within which they are used to perceiving the world are unstable "When he was ten, he developed an interest in works of science fiction such as Frank Herbert's Dune and those of J  G  Ballard and Philip K  Dick  Self admires the work of J  G  Ballard, Alasdair Gray and Martin Amis  He has said that he previously admired William Burroughs but went off him  He has cited influences such as Jonathan Swift, Franz Kafka, Lewis Carroll and Joseph Heller as formative influences on his writing style  Other influences on his fiction include Hunter S  Thompson  Self credits Céline's book Journey to the End of the Night with inspiring him to write fiction Zack Busner is a recurring character in Self's fiction, appearing in the short story collections The Quantity Theory of Insanity, Grey Area and Dr  Mukti and Other Tales of Woe, as well as in the novels Great Apes, The Book of Dave, Umbrella and Shark  Busner is a psychiatrist and psychoanalyst practising in London, and is prone to self-promotion at the expense of his patients  He is often the antagonist of the stories he appears in, although not always with villainous intent 
Among Self's admirers was the American critic Harold Bloom  Journalist Stuart Maconie has described him as "that rarity in modern cultural life, a genuine intellectual with a bracing command of words and ideas who is also droll, likeable and culturally savvy "

Political views
In the 2015 UK general election Self voted Labour in a general election for the first time since 1997  In May 2015, he wrote in The Guardian: "No, I'm no longer a socialist if to be one is to believe that a socialist utopia is attainable by some collective feat of will – but I remain a socialist, if 'socialism' is to be understood as an antipathy to vested interests and privileges neither deserved nor earned, and a strong desire for a genuinely egalitarian society " In March 2017, he wrote in the New Statesman: "Nowadays I think in terms of compassionate pragmatism: I'll leave socialism to Žižek and the other bloviators "In July 2015 Self endorsed Jeremy Corbyn's campaign in the Labour Party leadership election  He said during a Channel 4 News interview that Corbyn represents a useful ideological divide within Labour, and could lead to the formation of a schism in the party Self is a republican 

Personal life
Self's mother died in 1988  He was married from 1989 to 1997 to Kate Chancellor  They have two children, a son, Alexis, and a daughter, Madeleine  They lived together in a terraced house just off the Portobello Road  In 1997, Self married journalist Deborah Orr, with whom he has sons Ivan and Luther  In 2017, Orr and Self separated, and Self was living in a rented flat in Stockwell  Orr died on 20 October 2019 
Self has stated that he has abstained from drugs, except for caffeine and nicotine, since 1998  He sent his younger children to private schools after they experienced bullying at state schools in Lambeth Self was diagnosed with the blood disease Polycythaemia vera in 2011 He has described himself as a psychogeographer and modern flâneur, and has written about walks he has taken  In December 2006, he walked 26 miles (42 kilometres) from his home in South London to Heathrow Airport  Upon arriving at Kennedy Airport he walked 20 miles (32 kilometres) from there to Manhattan  In August 2013, Self wrote of his anger following an incident in which he was stopped and questioned by police in Yorkshire while out walking with his 11-year-old son, on suspicion of being a paedophile  The police were alerted by a security guard at Bishop Burton College  He had asked the security guard for permission to cross the school grounds In September 2018 Self was accused of "mental cruelty" by Orr in relation to their divorce, in a series of posts on Twitter Self has discussed his Jewish heritage and its impact on his identity  In 2006, Self  'resigned' as a Jew as a protest against the Israeli invasion of Lebanon  In 2018 he stated in an interview with the BBC that he had rethought his position, due to the resurgence of anti-Semitism in Britain Self is 6 feet 5 inches (196 cm) tall, collects vintage typewriters and smokes a pipe  His brother is the author and journalist Jonathan Self Self became a vegetarian in 2019 

Legacy
In 2016, the British Library acquired Self's archive; the collection is a hybrid archive of paper and born-digital material  The Papers of Will Self are divided into two parts: family papers and personal and literary papers  The papers can be accessed through the British Library catalogue 

Awards
1991: Geoffrey Faber Memorial Prize for The Quantity Theory of Insanity
1998: Aga Khan Prize for Fiction from The Paris Review for Tough Tough Toys for Tough Tough Boys
2008: Bollinger Everyman Wodehouse Prize for Comic Fiction for The Butt

Works
Novels
Cock and Bull (1992)
My Idea of Fun (1993)
The Sweet Smell of Psychosis (illustrated novella) (1996)
Great Apes (1997)
How the Dead Live (2000)
Dorian, an Imitation (2002)
The Book of Dave (2006)
The Butt (2008)
Walking to Hollywood (2010)
Umbrella (2012)
Shark (2014)
Phone (2017)

Short story collections
The Quantity Theory of Insanity (1991)
Grey Area (1994)
Tough, Tough Toys for Tough, Tough Boys (1998)
Dr  Mukti and Other Tales of Woe (2004)
Liver: A Fictional Organ with a Surface Anatomy of Four Lobes (2008)
The Undivided Self: Selected Stories (2010)

Non-fiction
Self has also compiled several books of work from his newspaper and magazine columns which mix interviews with counter-culture figures, restaurant reviews and literary criticism 

Junk Mail (1996)
Perfidious Man (2000) photography by David M  Gamble
Sore Sites (2000)
Feeding Frenzy (2001)
Psychogeography (2007)
Psycho Too (2009)
The Unbearable Lightness of Being a Prawn Cracker (2012)
Will (2019)
Why Read: Selected Writings 2001-2021 (2022)

Television
The Minor Character – Self's short story was turned into a short film on Sky Arts which starred David Tennant as "Will" 
Passage 10:
Guilherme Marchi
Guilherme Marchi (pronounced Gih-lare-mee Mar-kee) (born July 22, 1982) is a Brazilian former professional rodeo cowboy who specialized in bull riding, and competed in the Professional Bull Riders (PBR) circuit  He was the 2008 PBR World Champion 

Background
Marchi is 6 feet 0 inches (1 83 m) tall and weighs 198 pounds (90 kg)  He is from Leme, São Paulo, and is of Italian descent on his father's side  He rode his bulls right-handed  His special interests include soccer, team roping, and surfing 

Career
Marchi competed very briefly in the Championship Bull Riding (CBR) tour in 2004 before joining the PBR full-time  He debuted late in the Built Ford Tough Series (BFTS) season that year, qualifying for his first-ever PBR World Finals and finishing 41st in the world  After finishing in the runner-up position for the PBR World Championship in three consecutive years, he won his world title in 2008  Statistically, Marchi was one of the most consistent riders on the tour  He would go on to qualify for the World Finals all 15 years of his PBR career (2004 to 2018) In 2005, Guilherme Marchi was the biggest threat to Justin McBride’s dream of being the PBR World Champion  McBride won, Marchi came in second  However, Marchi was the PBR World Finals event champion that year  
In 2006, during one of the last few regular-season BFTS events before the World Finals, Marchi won $90,000 by successfully riding Scene of the Crash in the Mossy Oak Shootout in Greensboro, North Carolina  At the World Finals, Marchi once again failed to win when fellow Brazilian Adriano Moraes came from behind to claim the PBR world championship, with Marchi placing second  
Yet again, in 2007, Marchi finished the season in the number two position behind Justin McBride at the PBR World Finals in Las Vegas In 2008, Marchi dominated the PBR circuit, riding nearly 75% of his bulls, winning five events, and earning over $1 5 million (nearly three times as much as any other PBR rider) on his way to his PBR world championship title and the $1 million bonus that went with it In March 2014, in the opening round of the BFTS event in Phoenix, Arizona, Marchi became the first bull rider to successfully complete 500 qualified rides in the PBR, riding Pandora’s Pyxis On April 8, 2017, Marchi rode Shocker for 86 25 points in Round 2 of the BFTS event in Billings, Montana  In doing so, he became the first PBR rider to reach 600 qualified rides and received a commemorative belt buckle On August 12, 2018, Marchi announced that 2018 would be his final year of bull riding, with the intention of retiring after the PBR World Finals  He finished his professional career with 635 qualified rides (the most ever in PBR history), 36 PBR event wins, and over $5 3 million in career earnings Marchi officially retired from bull riding following his victory at the 2018 PBR Brazil event in Goiânia, Goiás In 2023, Marchi became the assistant coach to head coach J W  Hart of the Kansas City Outlaws; one of eight bull riding teams of the PBR’s Team Series, which debuted the previous year and holds events in the United States from the summer through autumn  Marchi will also work on the team’s recruiting and development efforts for riders in Brazil 

Honors
On November 5, 2019, Marchi was inducted into the PBR Ring of Honor On May 14, 2022, Marchi was inducted into the Bull Riding Hall of Fame 

Personal
On April 19, 2018, Marchi married long-time girlfriend Maria in Texas  She is his second wife  They have a son  Marchi also has two other children, a daughter and son, from his first wife, Patricia  All of his children were born in the United States  While competing in the U S  PBR circuit, Marchi lived in Ferris, Texas  After retiring from bull riding, he moved back to Brazil with his family 



ground_truth: 1961