prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: What was the first film scored by the man who composed the soundtrack for Udhayam NH4?

The following are given passages.
Context 1: Passage 1:
Manimaran
Manimaran is an Indian film director, working in the Tamil film industry 

Career
He made his directorial debut in Tamil, Udhayam NH4 (2013) featuring Siddharth and a newcomer Ashrita Shetty in lead roles  It was simultaneously dubbed and released in Telugu in the same year  Udhayam NH4 was produced by Meeka Entertainment and Grass Root Film Company for which director Vetrimaaran penned the story  Manimaran was born and brought up in a town Walajapet near Vellore  Manimaran was one of a former associate of director Vetrimaaran and had worked in Vetrimaaran's films Polladhavan and Aadukalam  He collaborated once again with director Vetrimaran and actor Dhanush as a second unit direct in the 2019 film, Asuran  In 2021, he directed Sangathalaivan  The Samuthirakani-starrer wears its Communist shirt proudly but fails to sell its politics convincingly  Manimaran is far too abrasive in that he projects his protagonist as simply no more than the average Tamil film hero 

Filmography
Passage 2:
The Godfather Part II (soundtrack)
The Godfather Part II is the Academy Award winning soundtrack from the movie of the same name, released in 1974 by ABC, and 1991 on compact disc by MCA  The original score was composed by Nino Rota and conducted by Carmine Coppola, who also provided source music for the film  Rota expands upon two of the three main themes from the first film: "The Godfather Waltz" and "Michael's Theme", while "The Love Theme" from the first film makes a brief appearance during a flashback sequence ("Remember Vito Andolini")  There are several new themes, including one for Kay (Diane Keaton), and two for young Vito (Robert De Niro): "The Immigrant Theme" and "The Tarantella", introduced in "A New Carpet" 

Track listing
Awards and nominations
Album chart
1975: The Godfather Part II: Pop albums: #184

Credits
Source:

Release history
Passage 3:
True Grit: Original Motion Picture Soundtrack
True Grit may refer to:

Fiction
True Grit (novel), a 1968 novel by Charles Portis
True Grit (1969 film), a film adaptation by Henry Hathaway, starring John Wayne
True Grit (2010 film), a film adaptation by the Coen Brothers, starring Jeff Bridges

Music
True Grit (1969 soundtrack), by Glen Campbell and Elmer Bernstein
"True Grit" (song), the album's title track
True Grit (2010 soundtrack), by Carter Burwell
True Grit (Bret Michaels album), 2015
"True Grit", a song by the Crystal Method from Legion of Boom, 2004

Other uses
True Grit (mascot), at University of Maryland, Baltimore County, US

See also
True Grit: A Further Adventure, a 1978 made-for-TV sequel
Grit (disambiguation)
Passage 4:
Ashrita Shetty
Ashrita Shetty (born 16 July 1993) is an Indian actress who predominantly works in Tamil language films 

Early life
Shetty was born on 16 July 1993 in a South Indian family from Karnataka  She hails from Mumbai and has studied finance 

Career
In 2010, Shetty participated in a beauty contest organised by The Times of India, Clean & Clear Fresh Face  Competing in Mumbai, she won the event there and then went on to win it again at the national level, eventually becoming the face of the brand for a year  She made her film debut in 2012, with a Tulu film, Telikeda Bolli  During the time, she appeared in various other television commercials  This was when film directors Vetrimaaran and Manimaran approached her to play the lead role in their venture, Udhayam NH4  The film saw her play a Bangalore-based Tamil-speaking college girl, who elopes with the character played by Siddharth  She gained mixed reviews for her portrayal in the film, with a reviewer noting she could be a promising actress in the making  Sangeeta Devi from The Hindu said "Newcomer Ashrita Shetty shows promise and her capability of bringing to the screen the vulnerability and innocence of a 17/18-year-old makes her endearing  This girl has huge potential " She then signed the lead in the action adventure film Indrajith opposite Gautham Karthik 

Personal life
Shetty married Indian cricketer Manish Pandey on 2 December 2019 

Filmography
Passage 5:
Grass Root Film Company
Grass Root Film Company is an Indian film production and distribution company  Established by Indian director Vetrimaaran in 2012, it debuted with Udhayam NH4, produced in collaboration with Meeka Entertainment  The company has collaborated with Wunderbar Films on several other films  Committed in 2012, it has since gone to produce several Tamil language films 

Filmography
Passage 6:
Music of the Mega Man Zero series
The Rockman Zero series, known as the Mega Man Zero series outside Japan, is a series of four video games for the Game Boy Advance set in Capcom's Mega Man video game franchise  The music of the series consists of the soundtracks to the four games, as well as the released albums associated with them  The music to Mega Man Zero, the first game, was composed by Ippo Yamada with one track by Setsuo Yamamoto; the music of Mega Man Zero 2 was composed by Yamada, Masaki Suzuki, Luna Umegaki, Chicken Mob, and Tsutomu Kurihara; the soundtrack of Mega Man Zero 3 was composed by Yamada, Suzuki, Kurihara, and Umegaki; and Mega Man Zero 4's music was composed by Yamada, Suzuki, Umegaki, and Shinichi Itakura 
The soundtracks for the first three games were released together as the Rockman Zero 1~3 Game Music Collection in 2004  Albums of remixed music have been released for each game, all in 2004, with Remastered Tracks Rockman Zero for the first, Remastered Tracks Rockman Zero Idea for the second, Remastered Tracks Rockman Zero Telos for the third, and Remastered Tracks Rockman Zero Physis for Rockman 4  A fifth album, Remastered Tracks Rockman Zero Mythos was released in 2010 to correspond with the release of the Mega Man Zero Collection compilation for the Nintendo DS  Remastered Tracks Rockman Zero, Telos, and Physis include in addition to their musical tracks several radio drama tracks, in which voice actors play in a drama whose story is related to the associated game 

Albums
Rockman Zero Game Music Complete Works -Rockman Zero 1~3-
Rockman Zero Game Music Complete Works - Rockman Zero 1~3- is a soundtrack album which contains music from Mega Man Zero, Mega Man Zero 2, and Mega Man Zero 3  The tracks were composed by Ippo Yamada, Luna Umegaki, Chicken Mob, Masaki Suzuki, Tsutomu Kurihara, and Makoto Tomozawa, though "Theme of ZERO", taken from the soundtrack of Mega Man X, was composed by Setsuo Yamamoto  The album was published by Suleputer on July 1, 2004 with the catalog numbers CPCA-1092/3   The two-disc album contains 103 tracks and covers a duration of 2:25:03  The album presents the tracks separated by game, with the Zero 2 tracks split by the disc boundary Track list

Remastered Tracks Rockman Zero
Remastered Tracks Rockman Zero is a soundtrack album which contains almost all remixed game tracks from Mega Man Zero, plus some drama tracks which explain events that occurred during the game  The majority of the tracks were composed by Ippo Yamada, though "Theme of ZERO", taken from the soundtrack of Mega Man X, was composed by Setsuo Yamamoto   The album was published by Inti Creates on January 23, 2004 with the catalog number INTIR-001  The album was released six months before the Rockman Zero 1~3 album, making it the first release of music from the game  It contains 26 tracks, of which 5 are drama tracks rather than songs, and covers a duration of 56:52  The drama tracks are marked in their official titles with a "*"  Literal translation of the original titles appear in (brackets) if different

Remastered Tracks Rockman Zero: Idea
Remastered Tracks Rockman Zero: Idea is a soundtrack album which contains remixed game tracks from Mega Man Zero 2, plus some remixes of extra tracks not included in the game  The tracks were composed and remixed by Ippo Yamada, Luna Umegaki, Masaki Suzuki, Chicken Mob, and Tsutomu Kurihara  The two-disc album was published by Inti Creates on May 28, 2004 with the catalog numbers INTIR-002/3  It contains 40 tracks and covers a duration of 1:52:22 Track list
 Literal translation of the original titles appear in (brackets) if different

Remastered Tracks Rockman Zero: Telos
Remastered Tracks Rockman Zero: Telos is a soundtrack album which contains remixed game tracks from Mega Man Zero 3  The tracks were composed and remixed by Ippo Yamada, Luna Umegaki, Masaki Suzuki, Makoto Tomozawa, and Tsutomu Kurihara  The two-disc album was published by Inti Creates on December 12, 2004 with the catalog numbers INTIR-004/5  It contains 47 tracks and covers a duration of 2:10:54  The last ten tracks of the second disc are drama tracks, which cover multiple events set both before Mega Man Zero 3 and during Track list
 Literal translation of the original titles appear in (brackets) if different

Remastered Tracks Rockman Zero: Physis
Remastered Tracks Rockman Zero: Physis is a soundtrack album which contains remixed game tracks from Mega Man Zero 4  The tracks were composed and remixed by Ippo Yamada, Luna Umegaki, Masaki Suzuki, Shinichi Itakura, and Chicken Mob  The two-disc album was published by Inti Creates on September 30, 2005 with the catalog numbers INTIR-006/7  It contains 41 tracks and covers a duration of 2:03:20  Several of the tracks are drama tracks rather than tunes; these focus on the events of the game rather than expanding on them as in previous albums  The last three tracks are karaoke versions of tracks from previous albums  The title of the drama tracks begin with "Ragnarok Record" Track list
 Literal translation of the original titles appear in (brackets) if different

Remastered Tracks Rockman Zero: Mythos
Remastered Tracks Rockman Zero: Mythos is a soundtrack album which contains remixed game tracks from Mega Man Zero Collection, a compilation release of the Mega Man Zero games for the Nintendo DS  The tracks were composed and remixed by Ippo Yamada, Luna Umegaki, and Tsutomu Kurihara  The album was published by Inti Creates on June 10, 2010 with the catalog number INTIR-0018  It contains 14 tracks, including one hidden track, and covers a duration of 48:18  Unlike the previous albums, Mythos does not include any drama tracks  At the same time that Mythos was released, a box set entitled Remastered Tracks Rockman Zero Limited Box was published, containing all five Remastered Tracks albums 
Passage 7:
JK Enum Nanbanin Vaazhkai
JK Enum Nanbanin Vaazhkai (transl  Life of a friend named JK) is a 2015 Indian Tamil-language romantic drama film written and directed by Cheran, which was simultaneously made and later released in Telugu as Rajadhi Raja (transl  King of Kings)  It stars Sharwanand and Nithya Menen while Prakash Raj and Santhanam play supporting roles  The film featured songs by G  V  Prakash Kumar and film scored by Siddharth Vipin  After failing to have a theatrical release in late 2013, the Tamil version of the film had a direct-to-video release in March 2015, becoming the first venture in a new initiative launched by Cheran known as Cinema2Home (C2H)  The Telugu version of the film had been indefinitely placed on hold, but was later released theatrically in June 2016, with the makers trying to profit from Sharwanand's popularity 

Plot
Jayakumar (Sharwanand), commonly known as JK, is a mid-20s man who does not care about family  Instead, he is obsessed with chatting on Facebook, partying, and passing time with friends  At work, he has a group of friends with similar interests  They all plan on going for a New Year Party 
Two years later, JK is shown to be a changed person – very invested in developing, earning money and taking care of his family  He is shown to make business models with an aim of earning a lot of money in a short period of time  He has goals such as getting his two sisters married and ensuring that his brother gets good education  In attempts to start business, he goes to meet a bank manager at his home  As they had to wait for the bank manager to come, JK and his friend notice that the house is not well-maintained and take on the job to organise it  Upon returning, bank manager appreciates their work and tells JK and his friend that it would be very helpful if they could help clean homes regularly  He also suggests that about 150 other flats in his apartment complex would also appreciate this service  This becomes JK's first business venture  For this, he also ropes in help from his school friend Nithya (Nithya Menen)  Together, JK, Nithya, and their friends go on to become very successful with multiple projects 
Later, the reason for change in JK's behaviour is explained  When JK and friends were planning to go for the New Year Party, Ravi also wants to go with them and becomes a good friend of JK  Ravi comes from a very poor background, and his family is dependent on him  After the party, the gang meets with an accident, resulting in Ravi's death and a serious head injury for JK  JK has only a couple of years left in his life  This makes him realise the importance of life, and he decides to make his family happy and make sure that they have enough money before he dies  However, JK does not tell this to anyone but Nithya  In the end, JK leaves the responsibilities of business and his family to Nithya and goes off to the USA (where he would likely die because of his illness)  Nithya is shown to be running the business and living with memories of time spent with her best friend JK 

Cast
Soundtrack
The soundtrack features five songs composed by G  V  Prakash Kumar, with lyrics by Na  Muthukumar, Yugabharathi, Madhan Karky, Cheran  The album was released by Cheran's music company Dream Sounds Digital Solution on 15 September 2013  The film's score was composed by Siddharth Vipin who also composed three additional songs for the film  Milliblog wrote: "Cheran's last film as director – Pokkisham – had fantastic music from Sabesh Murali; the move to GV Prakash Kumar produces underwhelming results"  Indiaglitz wrote: "Funky, rocking and melodious, the album has everything that the youth these days want to listen to  Predominantly duets and only one solo to speak of, the album will certainly be a popular favourite among all"  Behindwoods wrote:"There are moments of classic GVP, but could have done with few more" 
Tamil
Telugu

Marketing
Sharwanand had dubbed for his character in Tamil  As part of the promotion Cheran initiated a project named JK Fest 2013, in which college students from Tamil Nadu could participate  Students were asked to visualise and use their creativity to enact the songs of JK Enum Nanbanin Vaazhkai without knowing the film's story  Cheran revealed that the film would be released on Internet, DVD and satellite, on the same day of its theatrical release  Cheran added that by releasing the film across all media on the same day, piracy could be curbed  However, the theatrical release did not happen; the film was instead released as a direct-to-video film on 6 March 2015, via Cheran's C2H (Cinema2Home) initiative  The Telugu version, initially titled Yemito Ee Maya, was later retitled as Rajadhi Raja and released theatrically on 24 June 2016, with the makers attempting to profit from Sharwanand's resurgence at the Telugu box office  However, this version failed commercially 

Reception
Baradwaj Rangan wrote for The Hindu, "JK Enum Nanbanin Vaazhkai feels like Cheran's attempt to show that he isn't, anymore, the sentimental, melodramatic filmmaker whose good intentions haven't always resulted in good movies (or good box-office collections)  He's trying to show us that he can be young, hip  [   ] JK Enum Nanbanin Vaazhkai may have worked if Cheran had stuck to his style"  Regarding the Telugu version, a critic from The Hans India wrote that "Rajadhi Raja is a breezy feel good film with colourful visuals, enchanting score and well sketched characters 
Passage 8:
Udhayam NH4
Udhayam NH4 is a 2013 Indian Tamil-language action thriller film directed by debutant Manimaran, a former associate of Vetrimaaran  The film stars Siddharth and newcomer Ashrita Shetty  Vetrimaaran wrote the script, did the screenplay, and penned the dialogues for this film  The story takes place in Bangalore, Karnataka  The film's soundtrack and background score were composed by G  V  Prakash Kumar  The film released along with a dubbed Telugu version titled NH4 on 19 April 2013 

Plot
Prabhu falls in love with Rithika, his classmate, who reciprocates his feelings, but are separated after Rithika's father disapproves of their relationship  Prabhu, lovelorn, discusses the route from Bangalore to Chennai with his friends and plan to kidnap Rithika to elope  Meanwhile, Rithika's father, Avinash Gowda, appoints encounter specialist ACP Manoj Menon IPS, who questions Rithika's male friend Deepak about Prabhu  Deepak claims that Prabhu is a drug addict and was always trying to woo Rithika, who started to avoid him because of Prabhu  After that, the plot continues when Manoj tries to track Prabhu and his friends  In the attempt, they track down a message from another friend named Umesh, asking Prabhu and friends to come to Bangarpet bus stand, only to find Manoj and his team arresting the guy for more information  Manoj goes to a railway station where the train in which Prabhu and Rithika are travelling to Chennai via Kuppam, Andhra Pradesh  He finds Rithika and forcefully drags her into his jeep  
As the flashback winds again (this time by Rithika), she fell for Prabhu after seeing him on many instances showing his presence of mind  As the flashback ends, Manoj finds Prabhu on the highway, where he does not stop until he runs over pieces of glass put down by Prabhu  They get into a brawl where Prabhu loses, and Manoj continues in the highway but has to stop in a railway signal at Andhra Pradesh-Karnataka border  Prabhu takes his chance and threatens Manoj, keeping his throat under a blade and taking Rithika with him  After a cat and mouse chase, Manoj calls Prabhu, saying that his friend needs immediate treatment after an accident  He goes in search of Manoj and involves in a fight with him again  Now, after the stroke of midnight, Rithika turns 18, giving her the right for choosing her partner  After that, Manoj leaves the highway, as he could not do anymore, according to the law 

Cast
Production
While working with Balu Mahendra for Adhu Oru Kana Kaalam (2005), producer Vetrimaaran prepared a script for Dhanush, who was the lead hero of the film he worked on, and Dhanush immediately accepted the offer after hearing the story  The film titled was Desiya Nedunchalai 47 was initially launched with Yuvan Shankar Raja as the music director and Ekambaram as the cinematographer  However, he found trouble finding producers with A  M  Rathnam and Salem Chandrasekhar leaving the project after initial interest, Dhanush's sister Dr  Vimala Geetha agreed to produce the film, but she also dropped the film  Dhanush's father Kasthuri Raja finally agreed to produce the film, and Kirat Bhattal was signed as heroine, while Harris Jayaraj was selected as music director  However, after two days of shoot, the film was shelved, and Dhanush opted to pursue other films after the surprise success of his Thiruvilayadal Arambam (2006)  The film's collapse saw Vetrimaaran approach producer Kadiresan and narrated to him the stories he had prepared, but the producer did not like Desiya Nedunchaalai 47, but later agreed to work on another project titled Polladhavan 
Vetrimaaran restarted the film as a creative producer with Dayanidhi Azhagiri, and chose to give the script to debutant director Manimaaran, who was initially nervous to take over a script by a National film winner  The team tried to re-take the title Desiya Nedunchalai, but this name was already registered by Dr  Srinivasan, which hence led to the renaming of the title to Udhayam NH4  Cloud Nine Movies approached Siddharth for the lead role, who immediately accepted it  Kishore, who was initially approached for a role in 2006, was re-approached but was unable to commit dates for the film  Subsequently Kay Kay Menon, who Vetrimaaran had been discussing a role in his next film Vada Chennai with, was signed on to play a pivotal role in the film  Debut actress Ashrita Shetty was selected to play the lead female role  Ramya was signed to appear in a cameo appearance in the film but eventually did not feature  Newbies Ajai, Kalai and Karthi play Siddharth's friends  Velraj is the cinematographer, music by G  V  Prakash Kumar editing will be by Kishore Te  The film will be produced jointly by Dayanidhi Azhagiri and Vetrimaaran as a tie-up between their companies Meeka Entertainment and Grass Root Film Company  The filming took place only on real locations, where crowds delayed shootings up to four days, making hidden cameras mandatory 

Soundtrack
The soundtrack album was composed by G  V  Prakash Kumar  The music rights were acquired by Sony Music India  On Valentine's day, the track "Yaaro Ivan" was unveiled at Suryan FM  Actor Siddharth sang the Telugu version of this song 

Release
The satellite rights for the film were secured by Sun TV  The film was given a "U/A" certificate by the Indian Censor Board  On 14 February 2013, the first film trailer was released at Sun Music Udhayam NH4 released in around 250 theatres across Tamil Nadu along with Gouravam (2013) 

Reception
Upon release, Udhayam NH4 generally received favourable reviews  Baradwaj Rangan of The Hindu thanked the film crew for a well treated, but slight story, "[   ] the constant infusion of colour keeps us hooked  I don’t think I’ve laughed so much at a cop telling his nagging wife he loves her " Behindwoods gave 3 of 5 stars and concluded, "To sum it all, Udhayam NH 4 comes across as a well packaged product that has many things going in its favor and is sure to have patrons from the youth along with other sections of the audience too " Sify recommended the film, "The presentation is unique as it doesn’t have the trappings of usual masala potboilers " in com rated the film 3 5 out of 5 and stated that the story is simple but the taut screenplay with unexpected twists and turns at the right time makes Udhayam a good watch  Mahalakshmi Prabhakaran of Daily News and Analysis criticized the performance of Ashrita Shetty heavily, "As the character who’s the prize catch for both the cop and the boyfriend, the role’s every debutante actress' dream  But Hrishita just doesn’t match up  We are not even going to comment on her poor delivery of Tamil  Yes, she might be a Kannadiga in the movie, but that’s no excuse!", giving the film an average rating of 3  S  Saarawathi of Rediff wrote, "Udhayam NH4 is a racy entertainer that keeps you glued to the screen " Sidharth Varma of The Times of India rated it 3 5 out of 5 stars and said, "The movie brings in a whiff of fresh air in the dialogue department  The characters switch between the four south Indian languages and English depending on the place where the scene is set and the situation, which adds to the authenticity of the movie  The drama is injected in the right doses through the incidents on the highway, and flashbacks tell us more about each character " Sangeetha Devi Dundoo of The Hindu recommended the film, "Take a ride down this highway just to see how a talented director can make a simple story engaging " Review Raja found the film to be "just an alright movie", and thought, that Ashrita Shetty wasn't capable enough to play the female lead role  Bangalore Mirror gave the film 3 5 out of 5 saying that the film is well crafted 
Passage 9:
Interstellar (soundtrack)
Interstellar: Original Motion Picture Soundtrack is the soundtrack album composed by Hans Zimmer for the 2014 film Interstellar by Christopher Nolan  The soundtrack garnered critical acclaim and was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Original Score and the Grammy Award for Best Score Soundtrack for Visual Media 

Background and production
Hans Zimmer had previously worked with director Christopher Nolan, scoring Nolan’s The Dark Knight film trilogy and Inception  Without revealing the plot of Interstellar, Nolan wrote a short story for Zimmer about a father leaving a child to complete an important job  The story contained two sentences of dialogue: “I’ll come back,” and “When?”  Nolan then asked Zimmer to spend one day composing some musical interpretations of the story 
I am going to give you an envelope with a letter in it  One page  It's going to tell you the fable at the center of the story  You work for one day, then play me what you have written 
In one night, Zimmer wrote a four-minute piano and organ piece that represented his idea of fatherhood  When he played it for Nolan, Nolan was pleased and explained the full plot and concept of the film, though it had not yet been written  Zimmer was originally skeptical, noting that he had written a "tiny, tiny little fragile" piece while Nolan had described an intense, epic space film  However, Nolan reassured Zimmer that the piano piece provided "the heart" of the film  The piece can be heard at the conclusion of the film For the film's signature organ, Zimmer specifically requested that organist Roger Sayer, the music director of Temple Church in London, play the church's 1926 four-manual Harrison & Harrison organ  The physical appearance of organ reminded Zimmer of spaceship afterburners, while the airiness of its sound evoked the reminder that every breath is precious for an astronaut  The rest of the ensemble consisted of 34 strings, 24 woodwinds, four pianos, and a mixed choir of 60 voices  The soundtrack was recorded at both Temple Church and AIR Lyndhurst Hall in late spring 2014 In 2022, Zimmer cited the Interstellar soundtrack as the best work of his career 

Release
Zimmer himself delayed the soundtrack album's release until two weeks after the film premiere because he wanted audiences to hear the score in theaters first 
We wanted people to really hear it for the first time with the movie on really big speakers in a theater    I just didn't want people to go and hear everything on tiny little speakers on their Mac or something like this  I wanted them to go and have the visceral experience of being pinned in their seats 
The soundtrack was released on November 17, 2014 via the WaterTower label  On November 13, 2020, WaterTower released an expanded edition of the soundtrack 

Critical reception
The score received critical acclaim  Reviewing for BBC News, Nicholas Barber felt, "Hans Zimmer's music makes the film seem even more colossal than it would otherwise: Zimmer invokes the original meaning of 'pulls out all the stops', rattling our teeth with reverberating pipe-organ chords " Scott Foundas, a chief film critic at Variety, stated, "Hans Zimmer contributes one of his most richly imagined and inventive scores, which ranges from a gentle electronic keyboard melody to brassy, Strauss-ian crescendos Many critics have noted distinct similarities between the score and the work of Philip Glass, especially Koyaanisqatsi (1982)  However, despite Interstellar's near-identical central melody and instrumentation, few have criticized Zimmer when drawing the comparison  Time Out London's Dave Calhoun exclaimed, "Listen to unnerving silence as well as Hans Zimmer's organ-heavy score!" Tim Robey of The Telegraph felt "With the vast sounds of a composer set loose on his grandest ever assignment  But it relies less on Straussian majesty à la 2001 than something rather more pointed: the hypnotic, metronomically surging, and oddly sacred homage Zimmer gives us to Koyaanisqatsi by Philip Glass " Todd McCarthy, reviewing for The Hollywood Reporter, praised it as, "soaring, sometimes domineering and unconventionally orchestrated wall-of-sound score" Richard Corliss of Time called it "pounding organ score"  Jeremy Aspinall of Radio Times called the score subtle but evocative  Critic Jeffrey M  Anderson for The San Francisco Examiner writes, "rumbling and thundering sound effects and music"  At The Irish Times, Donald Clarke wrote that "Hans Zimmer slumps on the biggest pipe organ in town"  For NPR, Chris Klimek stated that Zimmer's gives a church-organ score  Joe Morgenstern for Wall Street Journal felt that "At one point the orchestral churnings of Hans Zimmer's score suggest something epic under way"  American film critic Peter Travers at Rolling Stone noted, "thrilling images oomphed by Hans Zimmer's score, and you'll get the meaning of "‘rock the house ‘"  For The Globe and Mail, Liam Lacey stated, "Throughout, Hans Zimmer's music throbs obtrusively, occasionally fighting with the dialogue for our attention " "As usual, Nolan's frequent collaborator Hans Zimmer has come up with a score that fits the impossible dimensions of the film, and the music adds tremendously to the excitement", said critic Rene Rodriguez, writing for The Miami Herald  Ann Hornaday for The Washington Post commented, "Hans Zimmer's basso profundo organ-music score and pummeling sound effects " Steven Biscotti of Soundtrack net too praised the soundtrack stating, "Hans Zimmer has created a close to perfect musical canvas for those extremely dedicated to the audio experience  The compositional technique on the album may turn off a few, as it is different than Zimmer's recent offerings  However, for those that stick with the album, they will see it 'not go gentle into that good night ' Zimmer's Interstellar rages!" and awarded a perfect five out of five stars In response to criticisms about the music being too overpowering and at times drowning out the dialogue, Nolan told The Hollywood Reporter: "Many of the filmmakers I’ve admired over the years have used sound in bold and adventurous ways  I don’t agree with the idea that you can only achieve clarity through dialogue  Clarity of story, clarity of emotions—I  try to achieve that in a very layered way using all the different things at my disposal—picture and sound "Jonathan Broxton of Movie Music UK acclaimed the album, stating, "The orchestration choices, especially the stripped down ensemble and the use of the pipe organ, shows a composer not afraid to think outside the box, and find unique solutions to the musical problems his film presents, and the emotional content of the score is high, but not overwhelming", and summarised with, "It's an absolute lock for an Oscar nomination, and is one of the best scores of 2014 " Tangerine Circus's guitarist Francesc Messeguer cited the score and the film as one of his top five favorite albums and films, respectively In his in-depth musical analysis, Mark Richards of Film Music Notes concludes: "Rather than simply being associated with a certain character or group of characters, Zimmer’s themes tend to emphasize the emotions a particular character or group is feeling at various points in the film  [   ] Interstellar has at its core an emotional story of love between a father and his daughter  Appropriately, Hans Zimmer places the Murph and Cooper theme front and center in the score [   ]  Of course, since the film also includes some riveting action sequences, the score does make use of an action theme, but in typical Zimmer style, this theme serves two different functions as it is also the familial love theme  [   ] And Zimmer also captures Interstellar’s focus on the wonder of the natural world in a separate theme  Thus, the score provides an effective glue for the film by drawing emotional links between various events, character motivations, and visual spectacles that might otherwise seem rather disconnected "

Track listing
Standard edition
Deluxe edition bonus tracks
Illuminated Star Projection edition
Vinyl Edition (Standard)
MovieTickets com bonus track
Personnel
Credits adapted from CD liner notes 
All music composed by Hans Zimmer

Charts
Certifications
Passage 10:
G  V  Prakash Kumar
G  V  Prakash Kumar is an Indian music composer, playback singer, actor and producer known for his work in Tamil films and a few Telugu films as well  His first film was S Pictures' Veyil (2006) and he gained fame in Tamil films by the early 2010s  He made his debut in acting on 2015 through Darling  He has won one National Award and three Filmfare Awards in his film career 

Early life
Prakash Kumar is the only son of G  Venkatesh and playback singer A  R  Reihana, who is the elder sister of music director A  R  Rahman  He also has a younger sister named Bhavani Sre, who is an actress and appeared in films such as "Vidudhalai"Ka Pae Ranasingam and Paava Kadhaigal 

Personal life
Prakash married his schoolmate, singer Saindhavi, in 2013  The couple became parents to a daughter named Anvi in 2020 

Career
Music direction
He first appeared as a vocalist on the soundtrack of director S  Shankar's Tamil film Gentleman (1993), composed by his maternal uncle, A  R  Rahman  He has also contributed to some of Rahman's other projects  He had also worked with Harris Jayaraj and sang two songs in Anniyan (2005) and Unnale Unnale (2007) 
G V  Prakash's introduction as a film composer was in the critically acclaimed Tamil film Veyil (2006) directed by Vasanthabalan and produced by director S  Shankar  His music in the film Madrasapattinam (2010), directed by A  L  Vijay was appreciated, especially his song "Pookal Pookum Tharunam" 
He went on to win critical acclaim for his music in Selvaraghavan's fantasy action adventure film Aayirathil Oruvan (2009), National award winning Aadukalam (2010) and drama film Mayakkam Enna (2011), which became his third collaboration that featured Dhanush in the lead role  The album's five songs were written by Selvaraghavan and Dhanush, with the pair also coming together to sing the song "Kadhal En Kadhal"  The album also included the song "Pirai Thedum", which Prakash sang himself along with his fiancée, Saindhavi whilst another song "Voda Voda Voda", written and sung by Dhanush, was composed in just 5 minutes and recorded within an hour  Rediff com reviewed the soundtrack claiming that Prakash had "tried very hard to walk away from his comfort zone and provide the kind of edgy numbers Selvaraghavan demands, and has risen to the challenge"  Critics from entertainment portal Behindwoods com cited that Prakash "reiterates his talent once again" and gave a verdict that the album is "intoxicating enough"  In late September 2011, a single track "Oru Murai", written by Thamarai and composed and sung by Prakash in R  S  Infotainment's Muppozhudhum Un Karpanaigal (2012) was released  His subsequent releases include the political satire Saguni (2012) and the background score of the Hindi crime film Gangs of Wasseypur and also composed Sunrisers Hyderabad's first anthem  Songs of the movie Darling (2015) were hits  Especially "Vandha Mala", "Anbe Anbe" and "Sattunu Idi Mazhai" This is also the debut film for Prakash as an actor  Prakash's songs in Kaaka Muttai (2015) were massive hits  "Karuppu Karuppu" song was on charts for a few months  "Karuppu Nerathazhagi" was a huge hit from Komban (2015)  G V  Prakash signed his 50th film with director Atlee that is Vijay's 59th, which is named Theri (2016) GV Prakash's Last two releases as a composer and not his film as an actor are Vetrimaaran-Dhanush's Asuran (2019) and Sudha Kongara-Suriya's Soorarai Pottru (2020) 

Film production
In 2013, Prakash Kumar launched his own production house under the name "GV Prakash Kumar Productions"  His first film Madha Yaanai Koottam, was directed by Vikram Sugumaran, a former assistant of Balu Mahendra 

Acting
In 2012, director A R  Murugadoss approached Kumar regarding a potential acting venture  Prakash agreed to star in the project, however, the film later failed to take off  He subsequently signed on to appear in three films in quick succession, with the three entering production simultaneously  In order to further his acting ability, he took lessons from actor Aadukalam Naren and has noted that his stage performances as a singer were also helpful in demonstrating his potential as an actor Prakash was going to make his acting debut in a film titled Pencil, opposite Sri Divya, where he will be playing a school student  However, as Pencil's release was delayed, his first release became the horror film Darling  A remake of the 2013 Telugu film Prema Katha Chitram  Thereafter, Trisha Illana Nayanthara (2015)  The film deals with the present day definition of love and the perspective of today's youngsters of both genders about love, relationship, virginity etc  In 2016, he appeared in Pencil and two comedies films Enakku Innoru Per Irukku and Kadavul Irukaan Kumaru  The next is Bruce Lee  (2017)  He acted in the climax sequence as cameo appearance with Silambarasan's Anbanavan Asaradhavan Adangadhavan (2017)  In 2018, he starred in Bala's action crime Naachiyaar  He acted in second role next to Jyothika  Then the comedy-drama, Semma released on May  In 2019, he had five releases this year with Sarvam Thaala Mayam, Kuppathu Raja, Watchman, Sivappu Manjal Pachai and 100% Kadhal 
In 2021, his film Vanakkam Da Mappilei was a direct to OTT release  It was marks the second collaboration of G  V  Prakash and Rajesh after 2016's Kadavul Irukaan Kumaru  Following Bachelor and Jail were released in December 

Discography
Original scores
#Film score by another composer
#2Soundtrack by another composer
Upcoming films as composerThe films are listed in order that the music released, regardless of the dates the film released 
The year next to the title of the affected films indicates the release year of the either dubbed or remade version in the named language later than the original version 
• indicates original language release  Indicates simultaneous makes, if featuring in more languages
♦ indicates a remade version, the remaining ones being dubbed versionsTelevision

As singer
Film songsInternational Single

Independent songs

Filmography
As actor
As producerMadha Yaanai Koottam (2013)

As dubbing artist
Awards and nominations
Context 3: Passage 1:
Sabal Trail Transmission Pipeline
Sabal Trail Transmission Pipeline is a natural gas pipeline that runs from central Alabama through southwest Georgia to Orange County, Florida  A minority stake in the venture is owned by NextEra Energy and Duke Energy  The pipeline has been being planned since before 2011  In July 2013 it was announced that Florida Power & Light Company (FPL) jointly awarded its parent corporation, NextEra Energy and Spectra Energy the bid to build the pipeline  In May 2015, Duke Energy bought an interest in the venture  Construction began in September 2016  The pipeline is currently scheduled to be in service by June 2017 

Environmental concerns and federal agency permission
The construction of the pipeline has drawn concern from the communities through which it is planned to be built  Protests in Albany, Georgia and Valdosta, Georgia have occurred in response to the plans to build the pipelines  The threat of eminent domain and the environmental impact are among the concerns that have been voiced by citizens 
In late October 2015, the United States Environmental Protection Agency recommended to Federal Energy Regulatory Commission that the pipeline be rerouted away from the Floridan aquifer because of the karst geology that is prone to sinkholes and also contains wetlands Environmental concerns have also been raised regarding threats to endangered species habitat along the route including crocodile, manatee and sea turtle breeding and nesting grounds  Others including Sanford Bishop, Hank Johnson, David Scott and John Lewis have voiced concern over the construction of a proposed compressor station near an already disadvantaged African American community in Albany, Georgia Despite the recommendations of Environmental Protection Agency, the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission approved the pipeline's route in February 2016  In August 2016, the Army Corps of Engineers approved the route through North Florida  Some citizens from the areas of the route continued to voice concerns about the environmental impact the pipeline would have the environment after it was approved by the various governmental agencies 
The federal permits require the companies constructing the pipeline to engage in mitigation banking 

Protests
The construction of the Sabal Trail resulted in extensive protests from environmentalists  On November 12, 2016, fourteen protesters were arrested at a pipeline construction site in Gilchrist County, Florida after one protester locked himself to truck on site and the others obstructed its path  They had been inspired by the Dakota Access Pipeline protests and used similar protest signage  In February of 2017, two protestors locked themselves inside a section of the pipeline, citing the danger to people and the environment which would result from a pipeline leak  On February 26, 2017 an apparent protester was seen firing a high powered rifle at the pipeline construction site  The man fled and was chased by police until he crashed and was killed by a deputy after he tried to engage police in a gunfight

Construction
In September 2016, construction began on the pipeline  
In late October 2016, drilling mud seepage began leaking into the Withlacoochee River at construction along the border of Brooks County, Georgia and Lowndes County, Georgia from a pilot hole that had been drilled underneath the river in preparation for the horizontal directional drilling hole  After the leakage was discovered, the Sabal Company installed containment booms at the site and posted a vacuum truck to capture the mud seepage  The spill prompted protests from concerned local citizens on November 16, 2016 As part of the company's biweekly report for the week ending on November 27 to the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission, it was reported that a sinkhole had developed 165 feet (50 m) southeast of the horizontal directional drilling (HDD) hole exit point at the work site near the Withlacoochee River  The sinkhole had been identified on November 5 by workers in the field 

Owners
Spectra Energy
NextEra Energy
Duke Energy (7 5%)

See also
Spectra Energy
Passage 2:
Duke Energy
Duke Energy Corporation is an American electric power and natural gas holding company headquartered in Charlotte, North Carolina 

Overview
Based in Charlotte, North Carolina, Duke Energy owns 58,200 megawatts of base-load and peak generation in the United States, which it distributes to its 7 2 million customers  The company has approximately 29,000 employees  Duke Energy's service territory covers 104,000 square miles (270,000 km2) with 250,200 miles (402,700 km) of distribution lines  Almost all of Duke Energy's Midwest generation comes from coal, natural gas, or oil, while half of its Carolinas generation comes from its nuclear power plants  During 2006, Duke Energy generated 148,798,332 megawatt-hours of electrical energy 
Duke Energy Renewable Services (DERS), a subsidiary of Duke Energy, specializes in the development, ownership, and operation of various generation facilities throughout the United States  This segment of the company operates 1,700 megawatts of generation  240 megawatts of wind generation were under construction and 1,500 additional megawatts of wind generation were in planning stages  On September 9, 2008, DERS updated its projections for future wind power capacity  By the end of 2008, it would have over 500 MW of nameplate capacity of wind power online, and an additional 5,000 MW in development 

Subsidiaries
Duke Energy Carolinas (formerly Duke Power)
Duke Energy Ohio (formerly Cincinnati Gas & Electric Company, via Cinergy)
Duke Energy Kentucky (formerly Union Light, Heat & Power, via Cinergy)
Duke Energy Indiana (formerly Public Service Indiana, via Cinergy)
Duke Energy Florida (formerly Florida Power Corporation, via Progress Energy)
Duke Energy Progress (formerly Carolina Power and Light, via Progress Energy)
Duke Energy Renewables
Duke Energy Retail
Duke Energy International
Duke Energy Sustainable Solutions
Duke Energy One

History
The company began in 1900 as the Catawba Power Company when Walker Gill Wylie and his brother financed the building of a hydroelectric power station at India Hook Shoals along the Catawba River near India Hook, South Carolina  When he needed additional funding to further his ambitious plan for construction of a series of hydroelectric power plants, Wylie convinced James B  Duke and his partner James Blaney to invest in the Southern Power Company, founded in 1905 
In 1917 James Blaney was the founder of the Wateree Power Company that was formed as a holding company for several utilities that had been founded and/or owned by Duke, and Blaney his associates, and in 1924 the name was changed to Duke Power  In 1927, most of the subsidiary companies, including Southern Power Company, Catawba Power Company, Great Falls Power Company, and Western Carolina Power Company were merged into Duke Power, although Southern Public Utilities, 100% owned by Duke Power, maintained a legally separate existence for the retail marketing of Duke-generated power to residential and commercial customers  Southern Public Utilities also operated transit systems, which Duke eventually converted from streetcars to buses 
In 1988, Nantahala Power & Light Co , which served southwestern North Carolina, was purchased by Duke and is now operated under the Duke Power Nantahala Area brand  In 1990, Duke sold its remaining transit operations  Duke Power merged with PanEnergy, a natural gas company, in 1997 to form Duke Energy  The Duke Power name continued as the electric utility business of Duke Energy until the Cinergy merger 

With the purchase of Cinergy Corporation announced in 2005 and completed on April 3, 2006, Duke Energy Corporation's customer base grew to include the Midwestern United States as well  The company operates nuclear power plants, coal-fired plants, conventional hydroelectric plants, natural-gas turbines to handle peak demand, and pumped hydro storage  During 2006, Duke Energy also acquired Chatham, Ontario-based Union Gas, which is regulated under the Ontario Energy Board Act (1998) 
On January 3, 2007, Duke Energy spun off its gas business to form Spectra Energy  Duke Energy shareholders received 1 share of Spectra Energy for each 2 shares of Duke Energy  After the spin-off, Duke Energy now receives the majority of its revenue from its electric operations in portions of North Carolina, South Carolina, Kentucky, Ohio, and Indiana  The spinoff to Spectra also included Union Gas, which Duke Energy acquired the previous year In 2011, Duke Energy worked with Charlotte's business leader community to help build Charlotte into a smart city  The group called the initiative "Envision Charlotte"  At the time, the group decided on a goal to reduce energy use in the "urban core of the city by 20 percent"  To do so, the group focused on making energy consumption changes to commercial buildings larger than 10,000 square feet On July 3, 2012, Duke Energy merged with Progress Energy Inc with the Duke Energy name being retained along with the Charlotte, North Carolina, headquarters Duke announced on June 18, 2013, that CEO Jim Rogers was retiring and Lynn Good would become the new CEO  Rogers has been CEO and Chairman since 2006, while Good was Chief Financial Officer of Duke since 2009, having joined Duke in the 2006 Cinergy merger  Rogers' retirement was part of an agreement to end an investigation into Duke's Progress Energy acquisition in 2012 In 2016, Duke Energy purchased Piedmont Natural Gas for $4 9 billion to become its wholly owned subsidiary   Duke Energy completed selling its remaining power operations in Central and South America for $1 2 billion months afterwards   At one point Duke Energy had more than 4,300 megawatts of electric generation in Latin America  It operated eight hydroelectric power plants in Brazil with an installed capacity of 2,307 megawatts The company expects to spend $13 billion upgrading the North Carolina grid from 2017 On December 3, 2022, an attack was carried out on two Duke Energy substations located in Moore County, North Carolina  Damage from the attack left up to 40,000 residents without electrical power for several days, with officials closing schools and declaring a state of emergency  The Federal Bureau of Investigation supported local investigators in case the incident met the definition of domestic terrorism under the Patriot Act 

New nuclear power plant
On March 16, 2006, Duke Power announced that a Cherokee County, South Carolina site had been selected for a potential new nuclear power plant  The site is jointly owned by Duke Power and Southern Company  Duke plans to develop the site for two Westinghouse Electric Company AP1000 (advanced passive) pressurized water reactors  Each reactor is capable of producing approximately 1,117 megawatts  (See Nuclear Power 2010 Program )
On December 14, 2007, Duke Power submitted a Combined Construction and Operating License to the Nuclear Regulatory Commission, with an announcement that it will spend $160 million in 2008 on the plant with a total cost of $5 billion to $6 billion  The plant was approved in 2016 In August 2017, Duke decided to seek permission from the North Carolina Utility Commission to cancel the project due to the bankruptcy of Westinghouse and "other market activity", although they will retain the option of restarting the project at some point in the future if circumstances change This site would have been adjacent to the old site, which was never completed and abandoned in the early 1980s, and used by James Cameron as a film set for the 1989 movie The Abyss 
In 2018, Duke Energy decided not to include new nuclear power in its long-range plans 

Headquarters buildings
J A  Jones designed the first headquarters building, known as the Power Building, which was completed in 1927 at 440 South Church  It was five stories and 503,000 square feet (46,700 m2)  The Electric Center at 526 South Church Street opened in 1975 with an addition in 1988  State Farm Insurance sold the Power Building in 2004 for $8 million to The Dilweg Cos , who anticipated significant development  Novare Group bought 5 13 acres (20,800 m2) at 408 South Church Street for $17 million from The Dilweg Cos  in a deal announced March 27, 2006   The Power Building was demolished February 24, 2007 Duke Energy Center at 550 South Tryon Street was announced as the company's headquarters in 2009  The company announced May 17, 2021 that the headquarters will move in 2023 to Duke Energy Plaza, across the street from the current headquarters  Childress Klein is developing the new building, which will allow Duke to sell its Church Street and College Street buildings, and end its lease at 400 South Tryon  Previously named Charlotte Metro Tower, the 40-story building will be purchased when completed for up to $675 million by Childress Klein and CGA Capital, in the largest real estate deal in the city's history, announced in December 2019 

Finances
For the fiscal year 2017, Duke Energy reported earnings of US$3 059 billion, with an annual revenue of US$23 565 billion, an increase of 3 6% over the previous fiscal cycle  Duke Energy's shares traded at over $79 per share, and its market capitalization was valued at over US$58 8 billion in November 2018 

Environmental record
In 1999, the United States Environmental Protection Agency commenced an enforcement action against Duke Energy for making modifications to very old and deteriorating coal-burning power plants without getting permits under the Clean Air Act  Duke asserted that a "modification" under the Clean Air Act did not require a permit  Environmental groups asserted that Duke was using loopholes in the law to increase emissions  Initially, Duke prevailed at the trial court level, but in 2006 the case was argued before the Supreme Court (Environmental Defense v  Duke Energy Corp  (05-848))  The Court unanimously ruled on April 2, 2007 that the modifications allowed the power plants to operate for more hours, increasing emissions, so Clean Air Act permits were needed In 2002, researchers at the University of Massachusetts Amherst identified Duke Energy as the 46th-largest corporate producer of air pollution in the United States, with roughly 36 million
pounds of toxic chemicals released annually into the air  Major pollutants included sulfuric and hydrochloric acid, chromium compounds, and hydrogen fluoride  The Political Economy Research Institute ranks Duke Energy 13th among corporations emitting airborne pollutants in the United States  The ranking is based on the quantity (80 million pounds in 2005) and toxicity of the emissions  This change reflects the purchase of fossil fuel-heavy Cinergy, which occurred in 2005 

In early 2008, Duke Energy announced a plan to build the new, 800-megawatt Cliffside Unit 6 coal plant 55 miles (89 km) west of Charlotte, North Carolina  The plan has been strongly opposed by environmental groups such as Rising Tide North America, Rainforest Action Network, the community-based Canary Coalition as well as the Southern Environmental Law Center, which has threatened to sue Duke if it does not halt construction plans  On April 1, activists locked themselves to machinery at the Cliffside construction area as part of Fossil Fools Day 
Duke Energy has been "one of the most vocal advocates" for a "cap-and-trade" system to combat global CO2 emissions, "and the company's CEO, Jim Rogers, thinks the company will profit from cap-and-trade"  The company left the National Association of Manufacturers in part over differences on climate policy In a joint venture with the French-based global energy firm AREVA, under the nominal name of ADAGE, Duke Energy has planned a "Green" biomass burning facility in Mason County, Washington and is negotiating with forestland owners to secure the 600,000 tons of wood debris it needs yearly to fuel its $250 million biomass plant 
The joint venture between electric power company Duke Energy and global nuclear services giant AREVA was created to build wood waste-to-energy power plants around the country 
ADAGE president Reed Wills announced the first Northwest outpost will be in the struggling timber town of Shelton, Washington 
The following pollutants are provided by DUKE-AREVA-ADAGE in their application for permit to the Department of Environmental Protection for a similar type of plant in Florida 

248 tons per year – particulate matter
288 tons per year – particulate matter 10
233 tons per year – particulate matter 2 5
249 tons per year – NOx (nitrogen oxides)
246 tons per year – SO2 (sulfur dioxide)
248 tons per year – CO (carbon monoxide)
40 tons per year – H2SO4 – (sulfuric acid mist)
63 tons per year – VOC (volatile organic compounds)
29 tons per year – F (fluorides)

Generating facilities
This list is partially complete due to the July 3, 2012, merger with Progress Energy 

Biomass fired
Shelton Biomass Facility (proposed)

Nuclear
Catawba Nuclear Station
McGuire Nuclear Station
Oconee Nuclear Station
Shearon Harris Nuclear Power Plant
H  B  Robinson Nuclear Generating Station
Brunswick Nuclear Generating Station
Crystal River Nuclear Power Plant (retired February 2013)
William States Lee III Nuclear Generating Station - Future

Coal-fired
Allen Steam Station
Belews Creek Steam Station
Beckjord Power Station
Cayuga Generating Station
Crystal River Energy Complex
East Bend Station
Edwardsport Station
Gallagher Station
Gibson Station
Marshall Steam Station
Mayo Plant
Miami Fort Power Station (purchased by Dynegy, 2014)
Riverbend Steam Station (retired)
Roxboro Steam Plant
Wabash River Station
William H  Zimmer Power Station (purchased by Dynegy, 2014)

Hydroelectric
Conventional hydro
Following is a list of Duke Energy's thirty conventional hydroelectric facilities, in order of average electric production   All properties are 100% owned by Duke, and all but Markland are located in North Carolina and South Carolina (Markland is located in southern Indiana) 
Blewett Falls Hydroelectric Plant
Cowans Ford Hydro Station, 350 MW average capacity
Keowee Hydro Station, 158 MW
Walters Hydroelectric Plant, 112 MW
Tillery Hydroelectric Plant, 87 MW
Rocky Creek & Cedar Creek Hydro Stations, combined 73 MW
Great Falls & Dearborn Hydro Stations, combined 70 MW
Markland Hydro Station, 65 MW
Mountain Island Hydro Station, 60 MW
Lake Wylie Hydro Station, 60 MW
Wateree Hydro Station, 56 MW
Fishing Creek Hydro Station, 37 MW
Oxford Hydro Station, 36 MW
Bridgewater Hydro Station at Lake James, 31 5 MW
Rhodhiss Hydro Station, 26 MW
Lookout Shoals Hydro Station, 26 MW
Blewett Hydroelectric Plant, 22 MW
Ninety-Nine Islands Plant, 18 MW
Gaston Shoals Plant, 9 MW
Tuxedo Plant, 5 MW
Marshall Plant, 4 MW
and ten clustered locations at Nantahala, in mountainous southwestern North Carolina, producing a cumulative 99 MW

Pumped-storage hydro
Bad Creek Hydroelectric Station
Jocassee Pumped-Storage Generating Station

Oil and gas-fired
Anclote Station
Asheville Combustion Turbines
Bartow Combined Cycle Station
Buck Steam Station
Buzzard Roost Station
Cayuga Combustion Turbine Station
Cliffside Steam Station
Connersville Peaking Station
Dan River Steam Station
Darlington County Electric Plant
Henry County Peaking Station
Hines Energy Complex
H F  Lee Energy Complex
Lee Steam Station
W S  Lee Steam Station
Lincoln Combustion Turbine Station
Madison Peaking Station
Miami-Wabash Peaking Station
Mill Creek Combustion Turbine Station
Noblesville Station
Rockingham Station
Smith Energy Complex
Sutton Combined Cycle Plant
Wabash River Repowering Station
Wheatland Peaking Station
Woodsdale Station

Solar farms
Citing the falling cost of building solar farms, Duke Energy announced plans in 2017 to launch three new such projects in Kentucky  Two will be in Kenton County and one will be in Grant County  Together the three plants will create more than 6 7 MW of power



ground_truth: Veyyil

prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: Which retired Argentine footballer who played as a forward was a main player for Valencia CF?

The following are given passages.
Context 2: Passage 1:
José Daniel Valencia
José Daniel Valencia (born 3 October 1955) is an Argentine former professional footballer who played as an attacking midfielder  He is perhaps most famous for having been part of the 1978 World Cup winning squad 

Club career
Valencia started his club career at Gimnasia y Esgrima de Jujuy but was soon transferred to Talleres de Córdoba, the club at which he would play most of his career 
At Talleres, Valencia suffered the disappointment of finishing runner-up in Nacional 1977, finishing third in Metropolitano 1980, and losing the semi-finals on four occasions 
In 1986, he  had a spell in Ecuadorian football with Liga Deportiva Universitaria de Quito, but only stayed one year before returning to Talleres for a further two seasons 
In 1988, he left Talleres to play for third division club Guaraní Antonio Franco in Misiones, Argentina  After a short spell in the lower leagues, he made a brief return to the first division with Rosario Central in 1989 before moving to Bolivia where he played for Club Jorge Wilstermann and then Club San José 
At San José, he again experienced the disappointment of being a losing finalist on two occasions; in the 1991 Clausura and the 1992 season  He also got his first taste of Copa Libertadores football, but with little success, as San José finished bottom of their group in both 1992 and 1993 
Valencia retired from club football in 1993 at the age of 37 

International career
The highlight of Valencia's footballing career came in 1978 when he was selected to represent Argentina at the FIFA World Cup tournament  Although he featured in the first game, he was dropped due to a tactical reshuffle by manager César Luis Menotti  He was unlucky to miss out on the World Cup final in the Monumental stadium, but he did play a part in helping Argentina win their first World Cup 
Valencia was selected to play for Argentina at 1982 World Cup, but the team had a disappointing campaign, eliminated in the second group phase  He retired from international football at the end of the tournament, having represented his country 41 times, scoring five goals 

Honours
Club
Talleres de Córdoba

Copa Hermandad: 1977
Liga Cordobesa de Fútbol: 1975, 1976, 1977, 1978, 1979

International
Argentina

FIFA World Cup: 1978
Passage 2:
Mariano Campodónico
Mariano Alejandro Campodónico (born 4 May 1974) is a retired Argentine footballer who played as a forward and current manager  He is the brother of former footballer Pablo Campodónico 

Career
Campodónico started his career in 1994, his first club was Banfield, he remained with them for four years before joining Platense with whom he made 17 appearances  1999 saw Campodónico leave Platense and complete a move to San Martín (SJ) before subsequently agreeing to join Arsenal de Sarandí in 2000 and El Porvenir in 2001  In 2002, Campodónico moved out of Argentina for the first-team as he agreed to sign for Venezuelan Primera División club Caracas, however his spell with Caracas was short as he soon departed to join Ecuadorian Serie A side Aucas One year later he left to join fellow Ecuadorian team Deportivo Quito  Moves to Gimnasia, Chiapas, Ferro Carril Oeste and Belgrano followed between 2003 and 2007  In 2004, Campodónico, playing for Ferro Carril Oeste scored twice against Sarmiento  Sarmiento's goalkeeper was Campodónico's own brother, Pablo  Mariano told reporters that "this was the worst thing that's happened to me in my football career"  In 2006, while playing for Belgrano, Campodónico was sentenced to eight days in prison for making "obscene gestures" at the opposing team during a football game He joined Nueva Chicago in 2007 and made 12 appearances before leaving not long after joining to complete a transfer to San Martín (T)  6 goals in 10 appearances followed for San Martín (T) before Campodónico moved to Paraguay to play for Cerro Porteño  He was with Cerro Porteño for one season, 2008, before eventually joining Aldosivi, which meant he was at the same team as his brother, Pablo, for the first-time  After leaving Aldosivi, he joined All Boys before then moving to Belgrano (second spell), Temperley and Talleres  Campodónico played for Mitre in 2015 and Cañuelas in 2016 before announcing his retirement 

Coaching career
Retiring in the summer 2017, Campodónico began his coaching career at his last club as a player, Cañuelas, where he was appointed manager on 28 December 2017  However, he decided to resign on 19 June 2018 A few days after leaving Cañuelas, Campodónico was appointed manager of Club Luján at the end of June 2018  After only two victories, four draws and seven defeats, he was fired 15 October 2018 On 3 February 2019, Campodónico was appointed manager of Sacachispas FC  He left his position on 16 September 2019 After Israel Damonte was appointed manager of Huracán on 3 January 2020, Campodónico also joined the club as his assistant coach, alongside his brother, Pablo Campodónico, who was appointed goalkeeper coach  They left in March 2021

Honours
Club
San Martín (T)Primera B Nacional (1): 2007–08
Passage 3:
Luis Artime
Luis Artime (born 2 December 1938) is an Argentine former footballer, who played as a striker, and scored more than 1,000 goals during his career  His son Luis Fabián Artime is also a retired Argentine footballer who played in the 1990s 

Club career
Artime was born in Parque Civit in Mendoza Province  He had a remarkably successful career in club football, he was top scorer four times in the Argentine league, three times in the Uruguayan league and once in the Copa Libertadores  He won one Argentine league title, three Uruguayan league titles and the Copa Libertadores in 1971 
Artime started his career at Club Atlético Atlanta but in 1962 he was transferred to Argentine giants River Plate where he became the top scorer in Argentina on three occasions  In 1966 he moved to Independiente where he helped the team to win the Nacional 1967, he was also topscorer in the tournament 
In 1969, he moved to Brazil to play for Palmeiras, but he did not stay long, and soon left to join Nacional of Uruguay  His first spell at Nacional was the most productive of his career; he won three Urugauyan league titles in a row, topscoring in each tournament, and in 1971 he helped the team to win the Copa Libertadores 
In 1972, he tried his luck in Brazil for a second time, but returned to Nacional in Uruguay after only one season at Fluminense  His second spell at Nacional was overshadowed by the successes of eternal rivals Peñarol  Artime retired from football in 1974 

International career
Playing for the Argentina national football team, Artime scored 24 goals in 25 caps, making him Argentina's 8th highest goalscorer to date  His strike rate of 0 96 goals per game for Argentina also makes him one of the most prolific goalscorers in Argentine international football  He played at the 1966 FIFA World Cup and at the South American Championship 1967, where he was the top goalscorer 

Honours
Club
Independiente

Argentine Primera División: 1967 NacionalPalmeiras

Campeonato Brasileiro: 1969Nacional

Uruguayan Primera División: 1969, 1970, 1971
Copa Libertadores: 1971
Intercontinental Cup: 1971

National Team
Argentina

Taça das Nações: 1964

Individual
Primera Division Argentina Top Scorer: 1962 (25 goals), 1963 (25 goals), 1966 (23 goals), Nacional 1967 (11 goals)
South American Championship Top Scorer: 1967 (5 goals)
Primera División Uruguaya Top Scorer: 1969 (24 goals), 1970 (21 goals), 1971 (16 goals)
Copa Libertadores Top Scorer: 1971 (10 goals)
Copa Intercontinental Top Scorer: 1971 (19 goals)
Passage 4:
José Aveiro
José Raúl Aveiro Lamas (born 18 July 1936) is a Paraguayan former professional footballer who played as a striker 

Career
Born in Asunción, Aveiro played for Sportivo Luqueño, Valencia, Valencia Mestalla, Elche, Ontinyent and Constància He was also a member of the Paraguay national team between 1957 and 1959 
Passage 5:
List of Valencia CF Femenino seasons
This is a list of seasons played by Valencia CF Femenino, the women's section of Spanish football club Valencia CF, and its predecessor DSV Colegio Alemán  The team was created in its original form in 1998, and has represented Valencia CF since the 2009–10 season 

Summary
Passage 6:
Higinio Ortúzar
Higinio Ortúzar Santamaría (10 January 1915 – 8 November 1982) was a Chilean footballer who made his entire career in Spain 

Career
The first Chilean in the Spanish football, he made his debut for Erandio Club in 1935, and next he played for Barakaldo CF, Athletic Bilbao, Valencia CF, Real Valladolid and Real Sociedad  He was loaned to Racing de Santander in 1936 for 4,500 pesetas, but he couldn't play due to the Spanish coup of July While at Athletic (one of few players born outside the Basque region to play for the club under their signing policy and the only from Chile in the history), he won a League and Cup double in 1943, and followed this up with further league titles playing for Valencia in 1944 and 1947  In his 30s he featured for Valladolid and Real Sociedad in successive seasons, helping each to gain promotion from the second tier 
After retiring as a player, he became a football coach, and managed sides including CD Logroñés 

Personal life
Born in Santiago, Chile, his parents were Basques  He returned to Euzkadi at early age, after his mother died He made his home in Areeta and managed a bar in Mayor Street 
Passage 7:
1998–99 Valencia CF season
Valencia CF had a successful season, finishing in the top four of La Liga and thus qualifying for the UEFA Champions League for the first time in almost 30 years, thanks to the extension of the competition to include more teams from the top leagues  Valencia also won the Copa del Rey, ending a long trophy drought and marking a successful end to Italian coach Claudio Ranieri's first spell at the club  Among the main players behind the success included Gaizka Mendieta, Javier Farinós and lethal striker Claudio López 
At the end of the season, Ranieri left to manage Atlético Madrid; he was replaced by Argentine Héctor Cúper, who had led Mallorca to third place and the Cup Winners' Cup final 

Squad
Squad at end of seasonNote: Flags indicate national team as defined under FIFA eligibility rules  Players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality 

Transfers
Left club during season
Note: Flags indicate national team as defined under FIFA eligibility rules  Players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality 

Competitions
La Liga
League table
Results by round
Matches
Top scorers
Claudio López 21
 Adrian Ilie 11
 Angulo 8
 Gaizka Mendieta 7
 Stefan Schwarz 4

Copa del Rey
Eightfinals

Quarterfinals
Semifinals
Final
UEFA Intertoto Cup
Quarterfinals
Semifinals
Finals
UEFA Cup
First round
Second round
Statistics
Players statistics
Passage 8:
Mario Kempes
Mario Alberto Kempes Chiodi (Spanish pronunciation: [ˈmaɾjo alˈβeɾto ˈkempes ˈtʃjoði], Italian: [ˈkjɔːdi]; born 15 July 1954) is an Argentine former professional footballer who played as a striker or attacking midfielder  A prolific goalscorer, he finished as La Liga's top goalscorer twice with Valencia where he amassed 116 goals in 184 league games 
At international level, Kempes was the focal point of Argentina's 1978 World Cup win where he scored twice in the final and received the Golden Boot as top goalscorer  He also won the Golden Ball for the player of the tournament, making him one of only three players to have won all three awards at a single World Cup, along with Garrincha in 1962 and Paolo Rossi in 1982 
Kempes won South American Footballer of the Year, Onze d'Or European footballer of the Year and World Cup Golden Ball in 1978  In 2004, he was named as one of the Top 125 greatest living footballers as part of FIFA's 100th anniversary celebration  Kempes was nicknamed El Toro and El Matador 

Club career
Kempes was born in Bell Ville, Córdoba  His father, Mario Quemp, was of German heritage  His mother, Teresa Chiodi, was Italian  At the age of seven he began playing with a junior team and at fourteen he joined the Talleres reserves 
Kempes' career started at local club Instituto, where he played alongside Osvaldo Ardiles before quickly moving on to Rosario Central, where he established himself as a remarkable goalscorer, scoring 85 goals in 105 matches, prompting Valencia to sign him  At Mestalla he would go on to win the Copa del Rey, the European Cup Winners' Cup and the UEFA Super Cup as well as two consecutive Pichichis, scoring 24 and 28 goals in the 1976–77 and 1977–78 seasons  Famous as a hard-working forward, he used to strike from outside the penalty area with his surging runs towards goal and was not the traditional center-forward operating solely inside the box  Many defenders found difficulty handling his attacking style 
Before the 1978 World Cup, Kempes was the only foreign-based player on the list of coach César Luis Menotti's Argentina national team  when announcing the squad he had selected for the 1978 tournament, Menotti described him with these words: "He's strong, he's got skill, he creates spaces and he shoots hard  He's a player who can make a difference, and he can play in a centre-forward position "
Kempes had been the top scorer in La Liga the previous two seasons and was determined to show on home soil that he could deliver against the best on the sport's greatest stage  However, he had failed to get on the score-sheet in West Germany in 1974, at the age of 20, and after the first round group stage in 1978, his name was still missing among goal scorers in the tournament 
After leaving Valencia in 1984, Kempes spent two years at Hércules in nearby Alicante before spending six years at various Austrian clubs  His play declined in his 30s and he did not compete for top scorer honours in the Austrian top flight  He rounded off his career with stints at more obscure clubs in Indonesia, Chile and Albania during the 1990s 

International career
During his club career he won 43 caps for Argentina and scored 20 times  He represented his country in three World Cups in 1974, 1978 and 1982, winning the competition in 1978  He was the leading goalscorer in the 1978 tournament, scoring six goals in three braces: the first two in Argentina's first semi-final group stage match against Poland, another two against Peru, and the last two in the final against the Netherlands, which Argentina won 3–1  His second goal, in the 105th minute, was the game winner in extra time  However, in the same tournament, he notoriously stopped a goal with his hand in a second-round match against Poland  This resulted in a penalty kick that was promptly saved by Ubaldo Fillol  His goals in the 1978 World Cup Final were his last for Argentina at the age of just 23 
In 1978, he was named South American Football Player of the Year ("El Mundo," Caracas, Venezuela)  He was named by Pelé as one of the top 125 greatest living footballers in March 2004 

Managerial career
Kempes made his full-time managing debut in Albania  His brief spell with Lushnja was groundbreaking, as he became the first foreign manager who signed a foreign player in Albanian football history  His career in Albania came to a quick end in 1997  The following year, he landed a job with Venezuelan side Mineros de Guayana  In 1999, Kempes moved to Bolivia and managed The Strongest, before taking charge of Blooming in 2000  Previously, he had worked as assistant coach for Uruguayan manager Héctor Núñez in Valencia and as a player-manager of Indonesian League champions Pelita Jaya 

Commentary career
He currently works as a football analyst and commentator in Spanish for ESPN Deportes (ESPN's Spanish-language version)  With Fernando Palomo and Ciro Procuna he provides the commentary in the Latin American version of the FIFA franchise video games FIFA 13, FIFA 14, FIFA 15, FIFA 16, FIFA 17, FIFA 18, FIFA 19, FIFA 20, FIFA 21, FIFA 22 and FIFA 23 

Career statistics
Club
International
Scores and results list Argentina's goal tally first, score column indicates score after each Kempes goal 

Honours
Valencia

Copa del Rey: 1978–79
UEFA Cup Winners' Cup: 1979–80
UEFA Super Cup: 1980River Plate

Primera División: 1981 NacionalPelita Jaya

Galatama: 1993–94 Argentina

FIFA World Cup: 1978Individual

Argentine Primera División top scorers: 1974 Nacional, 1976 Metropolitan
Pichichi Trophy: 1977, 1978
FIFA World Cup Golden Boot: 1978
FIFA World Cup Golden Ball: 1978
FIFA World Cup All-Star Team: 1978
Ballon d'Or: 1978 - Le nouveau palmarès (the new winners)
Onze d'Or: 1978
Olimpia de Plata: 1978
South American Footballer of the Year: 1978
UEFA Cup Winners' Cup top scorers: 1979–80
FIFA 100: 2004
South American Player of the Century: Ranking Nº 23: 2006
Golden Foot: 2007, as football legend
Estadio Mario Alberto Kempes: 2010, The stadium in Córdoba, Argentina was named after him 
AFA Team of All Time (published 2015)
Passage 9:
Claudio López (footballer)
Claudio Javier López (Spanish pronunciation: [ˈklawðjo ˈlopes], born 17 July 1974) is an Argentine former footballer, who played as a forward  Nicknamed Piojo (louse), he is best known for his spells with Valencia in Spain and Lazio in Italy  López also had a notable impact in the Argentina national team, participating in two World Cups 

Club career
Early career
López began his professional career with Estudiantes de La Plata in his native Argentina in 1990 as a 16-year-old  However, he moved to Racing the next year, where he would remain until he transferred in 1996 to Spanish club Valencia 

Europe
After a slow start in 1996–97, Claudio López would enjoy a prolific spell with Valencia over the 3 years that followed, averaging 20 goals each season between 1997–98 and 1999–2000  That included a season best in 1998–99 which saw him find the net on 30 occasions across competitions to become the club's top scorer (3rd best in la Liga behind Raul and Rivaldo, despite taking fewer penalties than his rivals) 
Valencia entrenched their status as one of Spain's emerging clubs throughout the late 1990s, rising from their usual mid-table position to 4th in 1998–99 and 3rd in 1999–2000, which was Lopez's last season with the club  The Argentine formed a devastating partnership with Romanian Adrian Ilie and played alongside such stars as Jocelyn Angloma, Santiago Cañizares and Gaizka Mendieta, who would later be his teammate at Lazio as well 
López remained with Valencia for five years, helping the team to the final of the UEFA Champions League in the 1999–2000 season, when he was transferred to Lazio of Serie A for €35 million  During the first half of his spell in Italy's capital, he was partnered with compatriot Hernán Crespo in the front-line  However, López suffered from injury problems during his time at Lazio  During the 2000–2001 UEFA Champions League, he scored a direct goal from a corner kick against Anderlecht in the Stadio Olimpico 
After Crespo left for Inter in the summer of 2002, López was partnered with newcomer Bernardo Corradi  They formed a solid partnership that yielded a combined 25 Serie A goals as Lazio finished 4th to qualify for the Champions League under new coach Roberto Mancini  The Argentine scored 15 of those goals, his best league tally during his years in Italy; the 4th-place finish for Lazio was also the best the club would achieve until 2011–12 
In December 2002 he made headlines during a Serie A clash with Inter that ended 3-3: after netting a hat-trick that gave his side a 3-0 lead, Claudio López improvised an "Aserejé" goal celebration with teammate Bernardo Corradi, inspired by the dance routine of Spanish band Las Ketchup  In an interview 13 years later, he explained that the unexpected celebration had happened because "crazy Corradi enjoyed doing such things!"In the UEFA Cup, López found the net twice to help his team reach the semi-finals, where they would be knocked out by the eventual winners, Jose Mourinho's FC Porto  The following season was less successful for Lazio as they only finished 6th in Serie A and crashed out of the Champions League at the group stage  Claudio López only found the net 4 times in 36 appearances  He did manage, however, to win his second piece of silverware with the Roman club as they overcame Juventus in the two-legged Coppa Italia Final 

Mexico, return to Racing
López joined Club América for the 2004 Apertura, where he played in 17 games, scoring four goals  The following season, Clausura 2005 brought better results, with López scoring a total of 14 goals overall and helping the team to its tenth League championship in its history  It was his first and only league championship with any team  Claudio was instrumental to the team's success, also helping them win the CONCACAF Champions' Cup by scoring two goals in the Final over Tecos UAG  He played the 2006 FIFA Club World Cup 
In 2007 López returned to Racing, 11 years after his departure from the club, and the country  In most of those games, usually coming in as a late sub, López scored several important goals 

Major League Soccer
On 7 March 2008, it was announced López had signed with the Kansas City Wizards on a free transfer  López fell under the league's designated player qualification, which means only the first $415,000 of his salary counted against Kansas City Wizards’ team salary cap  He later had his contract restructured to take him below designated player status 
 He scored on his debut for Kansas City against D C  United on 29 March 2008 
On 23 February 2010 the Argentine striker left after two seasons Kansas City Wizards  "We would have liked to have Claudio back in 2010, but unfortunately it became clear early in the contract negotiations that we could not give him what he desired," Wizards Manager Peter Vermes said López was later signed by league rivals Colorado Rapids on 2 April 2010 After the 2010 MLS season Colorado declined López's contract option and Lopez elected to participate in the 2010 MLS Re-Entry Draft  López became a free agent in Major League Soccer when he was not selected in the Re-Entry draft 

International career
López had a distinguished career with Argentina  After winning a silver medal with the Under-23 team during the 1996 Summer Olympics, López made appearances in both the 1998 and 2002 World Cups  He scored a goal against the Netherlands in the 1998 FIFA World Cup quarter-final, when he kicked the ball between Edwin van der Sar's legs to tie the match temporarily, although Argentina were ultimately defeated 2–1 

Style of play
A talented, hardworking, and well-rounded forward, with notable tactical intelligence and versatility, López was capable of playing anywhere along the front-line, as a striker, in a supporting role, and on the wing  He was highly regarded for his pace, technique, and dribbling skills, as well as his powerful striking ability with his left foot  He was also an effective set-piece and penalty taker  Throughout his career, he was known by the nickname "El Piojo", meaning "the louse" 

Media
López was sponsored by sportswear company Nike and appeared in Nike commercials  In a global Nike advertising campaign in the run-up to the 2002 World Cup in Korea and Japan, he starred in a "Secret Tournament" commercial (branded "Scopion KO") directed by Terry Gilliam, appearing alongside football players such as Thierry Henry, Ronaldo, Edgar Davids, Fabio Cannavaro, Francesco Totti, Ronaldinho, Luís Figo and Hidetoshi Nakata, with former player Eric Cantona the tournament "referee" 

Career statistics
Club
International
Honours
Valencia

Copa del Rey: 1998–99
Supercopa de España: 1999
UEFA Intertoto Cup: 1998
UEFA Champions League runner-up: 1999–2000,Lazio

Coppa Italia: 2003–04
Supercoppa Italiana: 2000América

Primera División de México: Clausura 2005
Campeón de Campeones: 2005
CONCACAF Champions' Cup: 2006Colorado Rapids
MLS Cup: 2010
MLS Eastern Conference: 2010

See also
List of current MLS players with national team caps
Passage 10:
2002–03 Valencia CF season
Valencia CF did not succeed in defending their La Liga title, finishing in slumped 5th place  Los Che also got to the quarter-finals of the UEFA Champions League, where former coach Héctor Cúper and Inter got the upper hand over Valencia and Rafael Benítez  The main player during the season was Pablo Aimar, who was the only player making waves in the season, where the previously solid defense did not perform as previously 

Squad
Note: Flags indicate national team as defined under FIFA eligibility rules  Players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality 

Transfers
Competitions
La Liga
League table
Results by round
Matches
Copa del Rey
Round of 64
Round of 32
UEFA Champions League
First group stage
Group B
Second group stage
Group B
Quarter-finals
Statistics
Players statistics
Context 3:  These join several other solar farms including:

Davidson County Solar Farm
Martins Creek Solar Farm 1 MW (Murphy, NC)
Culberson Solar Farm 1 MW (Murphy, NC)
Osceola Solar Facility 4 MW (St Petersburg, Fla)Additionally, Duke Energy added 451 MW of solar capacity to North Carolina’s grid in 2017 
Hamilton Solar Power Plant 74 9 MW (Jasper, FL)
Columbia Solar Power Plant 74 9 MW (Fort White, FL) (opening in 2020)
Live Oak Solar Power Plant ? MW (Live Oak, FL)In 2020 Duke Energy began commercial operations of several farms in Texas, operating alongside its Farm from 2010 
Blue Wing Solar Project (San Antonio, TX)
Lapetus Solar Project 100 MW (Andrews County, TX)
Holstein Solar Project 200 MW (Nolan County, TX)
Rambler Solar Project 200 MW (Tom Green County, TX)

Wind farms
Los Vientos Wind Farm
Shirley Wind

Electric vehicles
Duke Energy announced in October 2018 that it would install 530 electric car charging stations around Florida  Ten percent of the stations will go into low income communities 

Awards
Duke Energy has been chosen as one of The 50 Best Employers In America by Business InsiderIn 2002, Duke Energy was awarded the Ig Nobel Prize in Economics for "adapting the mathematical concept of imaginary numbers for use in the business world" 

Criticism
In December 2000, Cinergy Corp agreed to pay $1 4B to settle allegations that its coal plants illegally polluted the air  Duke Energy completed its acquisition of Cinergy Corp in 2006 In July 2004, Duke Energy agreed to pay $208M to settle allegations that it had engaged in price gouging in California during the energy crisis of 2000 and 2001 In December 2009, Duke Energy agreed to spend approximately $93M to resolve violations of the Clean Air Act  Duke became obligated to make investments that were expected to reduce sulfur dioxide emissions by 86% On February 14, 2011, Greenpeace launched a campaign in which Phil Radford called on Duke Energy to abandon mountaintop removal coal, produce a third of its energy from renewable sources by 2020, and abandon coal altogether by 2030 "In May 2011, Duke agreed to pay $30M to resolve allegations that changes made to the company pension plan disproportionately harmed employees over 40, costing many of them up to half of their accrued benefits In December 2011, the non-partisan organization Public Campaign criticized Duke Energy for spending $17 47 million on lobbying  It also criticized Duke for not paying any taxes from 2008 to 2010 and receiving $216 million in tax rebates, in spite of turning a $5 4 billion profit and extensively raising executive compensations In 2012, Greenpeace protested Duke's lobbying of the Democratic Party, including its funding of the 2012 Democratic National Convention In July 2012, Duke Energy was criticized for paying former Progress Energy CEO Bill Johnson $44 7 million in compensation, including a $10 million severance, for something close to 20 minutes on the job as Duke's CEO In 2012, Duke Energy sued Citrus County, Florida claiming its tax bill was too high  The county hired an outside appraiser who found that there were a lot of unreported and underreported items and the tax claim was actually too low In May 2013, university students launched a campaign for Brown University to divest fossil fuels, specifically referring to Duke Energy and other coal plant operators On February 2 2014, the massive Dan River coal-ash spill led to a grand jury investigation into Duke Energy  The initial investigation was overseen by Governor Pat McCrory, who was accused of intervening on Duke's behalf as he had been a Duke Energy employee for 28 years  Prosecutors went looking for any cash or items of value that might have been given to Governor McCrory and members of his administration in exchange for cheap settlements  Duke Energy was prosecuted, pled guilty to nine charges of criminal negligence, and agreed to pay $102 million in fines and restitutions  Duke Energy was also ordered to close all of its 32 ash ponds in the state of North Carolina by 2029 In September 2016, the Government Pension Fund of Norway, then worth $900 billion, excluded Duke Energy and its subsidiaries from the fund, citing "risk of severe environmental damage" In August 2020, environmental watchdog EWG released a report accusing Duke Energy of charging Indiana ratepayers for $12 billion worth of failed projects  This was the direct consequence of a controversial bill passed in Indiana earlier that year  Projects included two natural gas pipelines and two retired nuclear power plants 
In 2021, investigative reporting by the Orlando Sun Sentinel revealed that Duke Energy, FPL (Nextera Energy), and TECO Energy put forth more than $3 million to promote "ghost" spoiler candidates in key Florida legislature races  The scheme involved former senator Frank Artiles and was effective in costing the Democrats at least one election In January 2021, Duke Energy agreed to a settlement, which the company proposed, to absorb $1 1 billion worth of coal-ash pond closure and cleanup costs, in North Carolina, between 2015 and 2030  The parties involved also waived all rights to challenge the “reasonableness and prudence” of Duke Energy’s coal ash management practices and costs before March 2020  Duke estimates the costs to be between $8 and $9 billion, the settlement reduces the cost on the ratepayer by 60% In August 2021, Indiana city officials from Bloomington, Carmel, and West Lafayette, and other lawmakers sent a letter to Duke Energy deploring its progress towards renewables and asking it to stop overcharging low-income homes for electricity 

December 2022 rolling blackouts
In December 2022, a major winter storm impacted much of the United States  On December 24, 2022, Christmas Eve, Duke Energy implemented rolling blackouts for the first time in their history, due to unprecedented energy demand  The rolling blackouts came without warning and lasted hours  In addition to facility failures, Duke reported failures related to the software that regulated the controlled blackouts  The Federal Energy Regulatory Commission initiated an investigation in response to the blackouts 

See also
2005 Atlantic Power Outage
Harlan County USA—1976 Academy Award-winning documentary film covering the efforts of 180 coal miners on strike against the Duke Power Company in Harlan County, Kentucky, in 1973 
Fixed bill
Holiday Junction
Passage 3:
Duke Energy Florida
Duke Energy Florida, formerly Florida Power, was the generation, transmission, and distribution sector of Florida Progress Corporation   The company distributed power over much of central and north Florida  Their service area covers approximately 13,000 square miles  Along with that, the company supplies electric service to approximately 1 8 million residential, commercial and industrial customers in the state  Florida Progress merged with Carolina Power & Light in 2000 to form Progress Energy  Progress Energy merged with Duke Energy in 2012  Today the Florida operations operate as Duke Energy Florida 

History
In 1899, Frank A  Davis founded the St  Petersburg Electric Light and Power Company in the newly founded town of St  Petersburg, Florida 
In 1911 it started offering 24 hour service to their customers 
After a series of expansions, in 1927 St  Petersburg Electric Light and Power Company became Florida Power Corporation 
Reddy Kilowatt became the company's mascot in In 1939 
The Honner family received free television from Florida Power Corporation in 1952 in celebration of the company installing its 200,000th meter 
In 1963, the company installed a specially designed underwater cable in the Gulf of Mexico  It was believed to be the longest one-piece installation in Florida back then  Land was also purchased to build their first nuclear power plant in Citrus County 
Andrew H  Hines became the company's president in 1972 
In 1977, the nuclear power plant was finally built in Citrus County 
In 1982, in hopes of diversifying beyond utility operations, Florida Power reorganized as a holding company, Florida Progress Corporation 
Louie the Lighting Bug became the mascot for their television ads in 1983 
The company reached 1 million customers in 1986 
In 2000, Florida Progress merged with Raleigh, North Carolina-based Carolina Power & Light to form Progress Energy Inc 
Progress Energy merged with Duke Energy in 2012 

Future Projects
On March 25, 2019, Duke Energy Florida announced the new locations of where they will be putting their newest universal solar power plants  The three locations are Lake Placid in Highlands County, Trenton in Gilchrist County, and DeBary in Volusia County   Duke Energy Florida is predicting that these three solar plants will eliminate nearly 800 million pounds of carbon dioxide emissions in Florida each year upon commercial operation 

External links
https://www duke-energy com/our-company/about-us/our-history


== Regerences ==
Passage 4:
Sean Healey
Sean Michael Healey (1961 – May 26, 2020) was an American businessman who was chairman and chief executive officer of Affiliated Managers Group, Inc  (NYSE: AMG), a global asset management firm whose affiliates in aggregate managed approximately $736 billion as of December 31, 2018 

Early life and education
Healey was born in San Rafael, California   Healey attended high school in Oceanside, California, followed by Harvard College, where he was a member of the varsity wrestling squad  In 1983, he received an A B  in history and literature, magna cum laude, and was elected to Phi Beta Kappa 
After graduating from Harvard, Healey was awarded a Rotary Scholarship to study philosophy at University College in Dublin, Ireland, and was awarded a master's degree in philosophy with first-class honors in 1984   In 1987, he earned a J D  from Harvard Law School, and he was an editor of the Harvard Law Review 

Early career
Upon graduation from law school, Healey joined Goldman Sachs as an associate in the Mergers and Acquisitions Department, then transferred to a group that provided investment-banking services to financial institutions, where he worked under J  Christopher Flowers 

Affiliated Managers Group
In April 1995, Healey was recruited to join Affiliated Managers Group (AMG), then a three-person start-up firm seeking to invest in boutique money managers  AMG was founded in 1993 with private equity backing from TA Associates and made its first investment in 1994  When Healey joined AMG as Executive Vice President, the firm had a single investment in a manager with under $1 billion of assets under management With Healey on board, AMG received its second round of capital and subsequently invested in several U S -based investment firms  By October 1996, AMG had approximately $18 billion under management  In October 1997, AMG closed its investment for a 70% stake in Tweedy, Browne Company LLC, a well-known value-oriented investment management firm In November 1997, Healey led AMG’s initial public offering in which the company raised $176 million, priced at $23 50 per share  With proceeds from the offering, AMG continued to expand, and named Healey president and chief operating officer in October 1999  In 2001, AMG was named in Fortune magazine’s list of 100 Fastest-Growing Companies and had approximately $81 billion in assets under management  Healey became president and chief executive officer in 2005, and chairman and chief executive officer in 2011 AMG’s business model of leaving a portion of equity with each firm’s management as motivation for continuing to produce good performance and growth has been highly successful under Healey's leadership   AMG also uses employment contracts to ensure that asset management firms retain talented managers, and establishes long-term succession plans with managers   Healey has also been noted for being extraordinarily selective of his affiliate partners, stating in a recent interview that the company ultimately backs away from many more potential investments than it pursues Healey also helped AMG to expand globally   AMG opened the firm’s first distribution office in Australia in 2007, and thereafter expanded into Europe, Asia and the Middle East, to help its affiliates develop relationships in overseas markets  AMG furthered its expansion with the formation of AMG Wealth Partners in 2011 After AMG posted three-year average earnings growth of 40%, Fortune magazine again named AMG to its list of 100 Fastest-Growing Companies in 2012 In May 2018, Healey was diagnosed with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (a motor neuron disease otherwise known as ALS, or Lou Gehrig's disease) and AMG announced that Healey was stepping back to become Executive Chairman while Nate Dalton, AMG's long-time President and Chief Operating Officer, was named CEO 

The Healey Center for ALS
In November 2018, Healey, with support from AMG and a group of friends and colleagues, established the Sean M  Healey and AMG Center for ALS at Massachusetts General Hospital with an initial donation of $40 million  The Healey Center is led by Dr  Merit Cudkowicz, a world-renowned ALS researcher and Chair of the Neurology Department at MGH  The Healey Center is the largest hospital-based ALS research program in the world and supports a broad range of early stage trials of promising ALS treatments 

Personal life
Healey held a number of nonprofit board positions, including serving as co-chairman of the board of trustees of the Peabody Essex Museum; as a member of the Council on Foreign Relations; the Visiting Committee of the Harvard Law School; and the board of trustees of the International Game Fish Association In 2006, Healey was appointed by President George W  Bush to serve on the President’s Export Council, the U S ’s principal advisory committee on international trade Healey was an avid big-game hunter and sport fisherman, having boated a 93 5 pound white marlin, which was the winning fish in the 2010 White Marlin Open, the world’s largest billfish tournament He was previously married to Kerry M  Healey, the former lieutenant governor of Massachusetts  They had two children  Healey remarried in 2018 to Amy Broch  The couple had one daughter  
Healey died from amytrophic lateral sclerosis on May 26, 2020, at the age of 59 
Passage 5:
Darrell Crate
Darrell W  Crate (born 1967) is an American investor, private equity manager, and philanthropist  He is currently the managing principal of Easterly, a private investment firm he founded in 2009 in Beverly, Massachusetts A native of New York City, Crate attended Bates College in Lewiston, Maine before attending Columbia Business School in New York City  He began his career with Chase Manhattan Bank and Chase Manhattan Securities  His last assignment as the managing director of Financial Institutions Group based in London  Soon after he was asked to join Affiliated Managers Group where he helped to scale the business from 1998 to 2011, as Chief Financial Officer 
After departing AMG, Crate founded Easterly, where he has focused on a number of ventures, including founding a publicly-traded REIT, sponsoring a SPAC and building an asset management platform which owns stakes in third-party investment management businesses and assists them with their strategic growth 

Early life and education
Crate was born in New York City in 1967  Crate received his Bachelor of Arts in economics from Bates College in 1989 and his M B A



ground_truth: Claudio Javier López

prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: Are both Duke Energy and Affiliated Managers Group based in Massachusetts?

The following are given passages.
Context 3:  from Columbia Business School in 1995 

Investment career
Chase bank
Crate began his career with Chase Manhattan and Chase Manhattan Securities in New York  His last assignment as the managing director of the Financial Institutions Group based in London, focusing exclusively on investment management firms in England, Spain, France, Italy, Germany and the Benelux region 

Affiliated Managers Group
As chief financial officer
From 1998 to 2011, he served as the chief financial officer of Affiliated Managers Group a publicly traded asset management holding company  During his tenure at AMG, assets under management grew from $50 billion to over $340 billion through mutual fund, pension, and high-net-worth accounts globally, with over half of its clients domiciled outside the United States  During his tenure as CFO, the firm acquired interests in over 30 firms including Third Avenue Management, ValueAct Capital, AQR Capital Management, BlueMountain Capital Management and Tweedy, Browne Company  Over this same period, the company’s valuation increased materially, from $450 million to $6 billion

Easterly
As founder
In 2009, Crate founded Easterly Capital, LLC, a firm based in Beverly, Massachusetts, that builds operating businesses to gain exposure to the growth in both asset management and non-bank finance sectors   He joined the firm full-time in 2011 

As chairman
In February 2015, Crate became the chairman of Easterly Government Properties, Inc , a publicly traded REIT on the New York Stock Exchange that is focused primarily on the acquisition, development and management of Class A commercial properties that are leased to U S  Government agencies that serve essential functions  According to Business Wire, Crate became the chairman of Easterly Acquisition Corp , a publicly traded blank check company in July 2015 In March 2019, Easterly purchased the institutional investment business of Levin Capital Strategies, establishing Levin Easterly Partners, a long-only asset manager  Levin Easterly had approximately $6 1 billion in assets under management upon closure of the transaction   Levin Easterly is a fundamental, contrarian value investment management firm focusing on US Large and All Cap Value strategies based in New York and New Canaan, CT  One area of focus for the firm has been special purpose acquisition companies (SPACs)  They are one of the most experienced investors in these vehicles, with a track record of investing in SPACs that spans over a decade In May 2020, Easterly acquired an equity interest in James Alpha Advisors, LLC, a boutique asset management firm specializing in Global REITs, Structured Credit and Hedged Equity  In addition, the firm provides a platform of liquid alternative portfolios for institutional and individual investors  James Alpha Advisors had over $1 1 billion in assets under management at the time of the transaction Easterly Alternatives is the alternatives-focused arm of Easterly and has raised more than $500 million in private and platform vehicles in sectors including real estate, healthcare and transportation  Easterly Alternatives recently has launched a SPAC Fund, in which it will invest in the best new-issue SPAC IPOs that come to market 

Personal life
Crate currently lives in Florida, Maine and Hamilton, Massachusetts He is involved with a number of non-profit, political, and charitable organizations  He has been a trustee of Bates College since 2003 and served on the college's advancement and investment committees  On February 8, 2016, the college announced that Crate was among seven families to donate $19 million to endow professorships and launch the college’s new digital and computational studies program  Crate also serves as a trustee of Think of Us, a not-for-profit technology platform with the ultimate goal of helping foster youth successfully transition into a prosperous adulthood 
Crate currently serves as Vice Chairman of the Aircraft Owners and Pilots Association (AOPA)  A licensed private pilot since 1993, Crate has more than 6,000 flight hours and has flown his single-engine TBM plane to all of the 48 continental states  He also serves on the advisory counsel to the National Park Foundation  He has a particular focus and interest in the National Parks located in Maine, North Carolina and Montana Crate is a member of the Advisory Council of the Robert F  Kennedy Children's Action Corps (2006), a national leader in child welfare and juvenile justice programs and services  In 2019, the RFK Children’s Action Corps honored Crate with its prestigious "Robert F  Kennedy Embracing the Legacy Award” for his work on behalf of at-risk youth  Crate also served as a Trustee of Think of Us, a not-for-profit technology platform with the ultimate goal of helping foster youth successfully transition into a prosperous adulthood Other interests include serving as a trustee of Islesboro Island Trust (2002), Adams Memorial Foundation (2011),  Ethel Walker School (2015) IRYS School of Technology and Trades (2020)and an advisor to The Trustees of Reservations (2002) 

Political involvement
According to Boston com, Crate served as treasurer and a member of the executive committee of the Romney for President campaign in 2012, a role that he also held during the 2008 cycle  From 2003 to 2007, Crate served as the chairman of the Massachusetts Republican Party, and a senior advisor to Governor Mitt Rommney 

See also
List of Bates College people
List of Columbia University people
Massachusetts Republican Party
Passage 6:
Affiliated Managers Group
Affiliated Managers Group, Inc  (NYSE: AMG) is a strategic partner to independent investment management firms globally, with equity stakes in a number of partner-owned traditional investment managers, hedge funds, and specialized private equity firms which it calls “Affiliates ” The company has principal offices in West Palm Beach, Florida; Prides Crossing, Massachusetts; Stamford, Connecticut; and London, United Kingdom  The company was founded in December 1993 by William J  Nutt in Boston, Massachusetts, as a privately owned company with initial backing from TA Associates; Its initial public offering on the New York Stock Exchange occurred in November 1997   Today, AMG’s Affiliates manage $651 billion in assets in aggregate  
AMG’s strategy is to generate value by investing in an array of independent firms and supporting their long-term growth, through an approach in which significant equity ownership is retained by the management partners of each Affiliate, and each Affiliate operates and invests autonomously from AMG and from other Affiliates   The Affiliate principals’ ‘skin in the game’ incents them to maximize long-term value creation, and their retained investment independence preserves the entrepreneurial cultures of each Affiliate firm   AMG’s approach aligns incentives between AMG shareholders, Affiliate principals, and Affiliate clients, and is unique in the investment industry   AMG also offers its Affiliates growth capital, distribution and marketing capabilities, and other strategic support, and its intention is to “magnify” its Affiliates’ growth opportunities without interfering in their operations 

History
In 1993, AMG was founded by William Nutt In 1997, AMG invested in Tweedy, Browne and completed its initial public offering, listing on the New York Stock Exchange  
In 2004, AMG established a U S  retail platform which would enable its Affiliates to manufacture, market, and distribute products to the U S  wealth marketplace   AMG also made a minority investment in AQR, a quantitative investment manager and hedge fund firm, its first investment in an alternative investment firm, and its first minority investment In 2005, Sean M  Healey was named chief executive officer In 2007, AMG opened its first non-U S  institutional distribution office in Sydney, Australia, to provide sales and marketing services to institutional clients in Australia and New Zealand   Today, AMG operates distribution capabilities serving the Asia, Australia, Europe / U K , and Middle East marketplaces In 2009, AMG announced investments in Harding Loevner and Gannett Welsh & Kotler In 2010, AMG acquired a majority stake in Pantheon Ventures   The private equity company was AMG’s largest investment to date   AMG also invested in Artemis Investment Management  In 2016, AMG made an investment in leading technology-driven liquid alternative firm Systematica Investments In 2018, after being diagnosed with ALS, Sean Healey stepped down from his position as chief executive officer  He died in May 2020   Nathaniel Dalton, previously president and chief operating officer, succeeded him In 2019, Jay Horgen succeeded Dalton as president and chief executive officer   Horgen joined AMG in 2007 and previously served as chief financial officer, as well as executive vice president, focusing on investments in new AMG Affiliates In 2021, AMG invested in four companies, including Parnassus Investments, the largest ESG-dedicated fund manager in the U S In 2022, AMG increased its investment in Systematica Investments, a quantitative and systematic investment firm Other Information
AMG is known for its research  ,, on independent firms’ advantages in consistently generating excess returns The company is also known for its commitment to corporate citizenship and community engagement   AMG was a founding donor to the Sean M  Healey and AMG Center for ALS at Massachusetts General Hospital, and continues to support the Center with fundraising and charitable events 
Passage 7:
Progress Energy Inc
Progress Energy, headquartered in Raleigh, North Carolina, is a subsidiary of Duke Energy and prior to its merger with Duke Energy was a Fortune 500 energy company with more than 21,000 megawatts of generation capacity and $9 billion in annual revenues  Progress Energy includes two major electric utilities that serve approximately 3 1 million customers in the Carolinas and Florida  As an independent company, the last chairman and CEO of Progress Energy was William D  Johnson; his predecessor was Robert McGehee, who died on October 9, 2007 at the age of 64 of a stroke while on a business trip to London 
Progress Energy is the majority owner and operator of the Brunswick, Crystal River 3, Robinson, and Shearon Harris nuclear power plants 
On October 16, 1999, third quarter earnings of Florida Progress Corp  fell 20 5 percent as damage from Hurricane Floyd On August 24, 1999, Carolina Power & Light Co  said that it would acquire Florida Progress Corp  for $5 3 billion, creating the nation's ninth-largest electric utility The company's current slogan is, "People, performance, excellence "

History
In 2000, Carolina Power & Light bought Florida Power Corporation and changed its name to Progress Energy  Progress Energy represents a family of companies, including CP&L, Florida Power, Progress Telecom, NCNG and SRS, and an important new organization, Energy Ventures  The company built a new headquarters in downtown Raleigh in 2004 On January 10, 2011, Duke Energy announced plans to take over Progress Energy in a $26 billion deal resulting in the country's largest electric utility with 7 1 million customers  Duke Energy plans to "maintain substantial operations in Raleigh " When the merger was completed on July 3, 2012, Duke Chairman James E  (Jim) Rogers became Chairman and CEO of the new combined company, while Progress CEO Bill Johnson resigned 

Environmental record
In 2008, the Corporate Responsibility Officer named Progress Energy to its list of 100 Best Corporate Citizens  Progress Energy was named to the Dow Jones Sustainability Index in 2009, 2008, 2007, 2006 and 2005 The company is investing $300,000 in a UNC Chapel Hill study to map the offshore wind power potential of North Carolina  Progress Energy launched its SunSense-branded solar incentive programs in 2009 Progress Energy has installed flue-gas desulfurization technology, or scrubbers, to remove sulfur dioxide emissions from its nine largest coal-fired power plant units Researchers at the University of Massachusetts Amherst have identified Progress Energy as the 29th-largest corporate producer of Air pollution in the United States in 2002, when it released roughly 39 million pounds of toxic chemicals into the air  Major pollutants included nickel compounds, chromium compounds, sulfuric acid, and hydrochloric acid  Progress has also been named a potentially responsible party at the Carolina Transformer Co  Superfund toxic waste site, according to the Center for Public Integrity 

Naming rights
Progress Energy owns the naming rights to the University of Central Florida's Progress Energy Welcome Center, St  Petersburg's Progress Energy Park, home of Al Lang Field, Progress Energy Center for the Arts-Mahaffey Theater, and the "Progress Energy Center for the Performing Arts" in downtown Raleigh, NC 

See also
List of power stations in Florida
Passage 8:
Gulfstream Natural Gas Pipeline
Gulfstream Natural Gas Pipeline is a natural gas pipeline that brings gas from Mississippi and Alabama, underwater across the Gulf of Mexico, to Florida   It was owned by Duke Energy, but is now owned by Enbridge   Its FERC code is 183 

See also
Florida Gas Transmission Pipeline
Passage 9:
Crystal River Energy Complex
The Crystal River Energy Complex consists of seven power-generating plants on a 4,700-acre (1,900 ha) site near the mouth of the Crystal River in Citrus County, Florida   Crystal River 1, 2, 4, and 5 are fossil fuel power plants  Crystal River 3 was previously the sole nuclear power plant on the site (1977-2013)  The Crystal River Combined Cycle site consists of two Mitsubishi gas turbines, which came on-line in 2018   The complex was developed in the early 1960s by the Florida Power Corporation and sold to Progress Energy Inc in 2000  Following Progress Energy's merger with Duke Energy in 2012, the facility is owned and operated by Duke Energy In February 2013, Duke Energy announced that Crystal River 3 would be permanently shut down 

Power plants
See also
Levy County Nuclear Power Plant
Progress Energy Inc
List of power stations in Florida
Passage 10:
Crescent Communities
Crescent Communities is a real estate investor, developer, and operator of mixed-use communities with headquarters in Charlotte, North Carolina  It has approximately 115 employees  The company has offices in Charlotte, Washington, D C , Atlanta, Orlando, Nashville, Dallas, Denver, Phoenix, and Salt Lake City 

History
In 1939, Duke Power (now Duke Energy) established a forestry department to manage company land not used for power generation  In 1963, this department became the company South Carolina Land and Timber  As the holdings expanded to include land in North Carolina, the organization was renamed Crescent Land and Timber in 1969  Some of the original land was sold to Crescent Land and Timber by the Singer Corporation In the mid-1980s, the company was renamed Crescent Resources as it began to actively develop residential communities  Crescent Resources began work on its first commercial development, Coliseum Centre, in 1990  As of 1991, Crescent Resources managed 270,000 acres of land  Holdings included part of what became Lake James State Park, which it later sold to the state of North Carolina  Crescent Resources became a separate entity from Duke Energy in 2006,  with Duke Energy selling its 49% stake to Morgan Stanley Crescent Resources filed for bankruptcy in 2009, and has emerged from it separated from the utility company  The company aimed to rebrand itself, renaming itself "Crescent Communities" in 2013 

External links
Crescent Communities



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