prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: Where is the airline company that operated United Express Flight 3411 on April 9, 2017 on behalf of United Express headquartered?

The following are given passages.
Context 1: Passage 1:
Bishop International Airport
Bishop International Airport (IATA: FNT, ICAO: KFNT, FAA LID: FNT) is a commercial and general aviation airport located in Flint, Michigan, United States  It is named after banker and General Motors board member Arthur Giles Bishop (April 12, 1851 – January 22, 1944), who donated 220 acres of his farmland for the airport in 1928   It is located in southwestern Flint, and is surrounded by Flint Township to the north, east and west; and Mundy Township to the south 
The third busiest airport in Michigan after those of Detroit and Grand Rapids, it surpassed competitor MBS near Saginaw in terms of airline operations in 2002  1,071,238 passengers used Bishop International Airport in 2007; 938,914 passengers used the airport in 2011 It is included in the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) National Plan of Integrated Airport Systems for 2021–2025, in which it is categorized as a non-hub primary commercial service facility The airport is currently served by three passenger airlines: Allegiant Air operates mainline service out of the airport, and regional services are provided by affiliates of United Express and American Eagle   The airlines offer passenger flights to 13 cities across the United States   The airport became a focus city for Allegiant on February 19, 2022 Accompanying the airlines is fixed-base operator AvFlight, which handles both general aviation and airline operations  Also based at the airport are flight schools Greater Flint Pilots Association, American Wings Aviation, and Crosswinds Aviation 

History
In 1928, the Arthur Giles Bishop family gave to the City of Flint 220 acres for aeronautical purposes  The city-operated Bishop Airport until 1987 when the city and Genesee County formed the Bishop International Airport Authority to run the airport The renovation and expansion of the current terminal, originally built in 1993, was designed by Reynolds, Smith & Hills 

Historic airline service
When the current terminal was completed in 1993, most airlines serving Flint were using propeller aircraft, which included Northwest Airlink and Skyway Airlines (operating as Midwest Connect)   US Air was the only airline providing jet service at the time, which they operated to their hub in Pittsburgh In 1997, ValuJet Airlines began service to Flint, which became Flint's first low-cost carrier   ValuJet was merged into AirTran Airways later that year, who continued to provide flights to Atlanta   The success of AirTran's flights led them to increase service which prompted Northwest Airlines, who operated a major hub nearby in Detroit, to also increase service to Flint   For much of the 2000s, competition between AirTran and Northwest brought growth in air service to Flint which included flights to Florida and Las Vegas   Competition between the two airlines was so heavy, both airlines would often announce new competing services within days of each other In 2001, Delta Air Lines began flights to Flint starting with Delta Connection flights to their hub in Cincinnati which operated for a few years   Delta flights to their hub in Atlanta were added in 2003 In 2002, ATA Connection (operated by Chicago Express Airlines) began flights from Flint to Chicago Midway Airport using Saab 340 turboprop aircraft   ATA Connection also briefly operated flights to Indianapolis before ATA Airlines shutdown ATA Connection in 2005   American Eagle subsequently started flights to Chicago O'Hare International Airport by the end of that year   American Eagle also had flights from Flint to Dallas/Fort Worth and LaGuardia Airport in New York in the late 2000s Northwest Airlines, who operated in Flint for many years, was merged into Delta Air Lines in 2009   After the merger, Delta continued to operate flights to Detroit and Minneapolis/St  Paul, which Northwest previously operated   However, Delta discontinued the short flights to Detroit in 2013 United Express added flights to Chicago O'Hare International Airport in 2014 after discontinuing flights to Cleveland (which had started years earlier by United's predecessor Continental Airlines) AirTran was merged into Southwest Airlines in 2014   Southwest continued to serve Flint briefly following the merger and offered Boeing 737 flights from Flint to Las Vegas, Orlando, Tampa, Baltimore, and seasonal service to Fort Myers before dropping them and serving only Chicago Midway Airport in 2016  While flights to Midway were full, Southwest did not see adequate profit from the short flight and ceased service to Flint in 2018 After Southwest's service downgrade in 2016, Allegiant Air saw the demand in Flint for low cost flights to popular tourist destinations and began service to Orlando/Sanford and Tampa/Clearwater – St  Petersburg in 2016  The success of those routes led to additional service to Punta Gorda, Florida, in 2018 and seasonal service to both Ft  Lauderdale and Myrtle Beach Although Allegiant was a welcome to passengers at Flint, the lack of daily flights that Southwest had offered plus the Delta Connection cancellation of their twice daily Minneapolis flight led Flint to their lowest passenger numbers in over a decade  Statistics from the airport for 2018 show the number of passengers boarding flights at Bishop down about 10%: from 400,781 in 2017 to 360,609 in 2018, the lowest number of departing flights from Flint since 2002  Allegiant Air added service between Flint and Nashville on June 5, 2020  On November 17, 2020, Allegiant announced it would begin service between Flint and Las Vegas, starting March 4, 2021  Allegiant has announced it will offer service to Boston and Jacksonville, Florida starting in March 2022  On February 1, 2022, Allegiant later announced it will begin serve between Flint and Savannah, Georgia beginning April 15, 2022 Despite the 2018 results, early 2019 saw Allegiant become the number-one air carrier in Flint, carrying 41% of Flint's passengers in February  Envoy Air (as American Eagle) also started a fourth daily flight to Chicago O'Hare  On April 11, 2019, PSA Airlines (as American Eagle) announced twice daily service to Charlotte to begin in September 2019   American's flights to Charlotte were discontinued in 2022 Delta Air Lines indefinitely suspended flights their last remaining service from Flint to Atlanta due to the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on aviation  Despite ending Flint service, Delta still serves nearby airports such as MBS International Airport near Saginaw and Detroit Metropolitan Airport 

Renovations
In early February 2007, Bishop International Airport unveiled a comprehensive five-year developmental plan that would be slated for continuation through late 2011  The program called for two phases of "Intermodal Facility Development," including the expansion of the West Cargo Apron, what is now known as the Abex and Emory GVA Freight Ramp, located on the airport's northwest side 
In May 2009, Bishop International Airport began Phase I of its Terminal Airside & Concourse Improvements program  Projects under this phase were developed in 2008  Included in this phase are upgrades to the terminal ramp, upon which the passenger concourse resides; the permanent closure and deconstruction of Runway 5/23; and the acquisition of new land for an envisioned Runway 09L/27R, which was scheduled to be designed in 2009 and constructed in 2010 
Runway 5/23 was closed permanently on May 4, 2009 as progress continued in the Capital Improvement Program 
The renovation and expansion of the terminal, originally built in 1993, was designed by Reynolds, Smith & Hills On April 24, 2012, the airport's board of directors approved a $1 348 million project to repair the airport's tarmac  On September 19, 2012, it was announced that the Federal Aviation Administration approved a grant to fund the project On October 6, 2012, a new Transportation Security Administration checkpoint opened in the terminal The completed terminal was dedicated on November 13, 2012 The airport's board allocated an additional $10 9 million for upgrades in 2013 and 2014 On August 29, 2013, the airport received a $2 87 million grant from the U S  Department of Transportation, which was used to repair taxiways and lighting and to buy a replacement snow truck On September 28, 2017, the airport received a $4 302 million grant from the Federal Aviation Administration which will be used to rehabilitate the pavement of Taxiway C, construct asphalt shoulders and install runway guard lights at each access point to the runway On July 30, 2018, the FAA gave the airport a $4,012,542 grant for taxiway construction, rehabilitation and lighting On June 5, 2019, the FAA gave the airport $8,056,505 for runway reconstruction, the addition of runway shoulders, and enhancements to the runway’s lighting system 

Facilities
Bishop International Airport covers 1,550 acres (6 km²) and has two runways:
Runway 18/36: 7,849 x 150 ft  (2,392 x 46 m), surface: asphalt/concrete
Runway 09/27: 7,201 x 150 ft  (2,195 x 46 m), surface: asphaltIn the year ending December 31, 2021, the airport had 44,632 operations, an average of 122 aircraft operations per day: 78% general aviation, 21% scheduled commercial / air taxi, and less than 1% military  At that time, there were 93 aircraft based at this airport: 70 single-engine, 21 multi-engine, and two jet aircraft 

Airlines and destinations
Passenger
Source:

Cargo
Source:

Statistics
Top destinations
Carrier shares
2020 was Bishop's worst year since 2002, with departures down about 42%: from 597,000 in 2019 to 346,000 in 2020  This was largely due to the COVID-19 pandemic 

Ground transportation
Bishop International Airport is accessible from I-69, I-75/US-23 and I-475 at Bristol Road  The airport is also served by a bus line operated by the Flint Mass Transportation Authority, local taxi services, and Uber which operates in the Flint area 
Several car rental agencies are also available at the airport 

Airport Authority Board
The Bishop International Airport Authority (BIAA) is the joint public authority created by Genesee County and the city of Flint to run Bishop International Airport  The Authority Board has nine members appointed to three-year terms  BIAA operates the airport's public safety and maintenance departments 
On January 27, 2014, airport director Jim Rice retired after 24 years of service  The service drive in front of the airport that leads to the terminal and front parking lot has since been renamed in his honor  The board later named Craig Williams, former Fort Wayne-Allen County Airport Authority board member, as his successor on July 22, 2014 

Accidents and incidents
On May 18, 1935, a Ford Trimotor operated by Knowles Flying Service crash landed at Flint-Bishop Airport due to fuel starvation  Two passengers and a pilot died out of the 12 on board 
On January 6, 1977, a Learjet 23 operated by Jet Avia crashed while on a runway 27 localizer back course approach in snow and a low ceiling  A failure to maintain airspeed was the probable cause  Both occupants were killed 
On November 16, 2011, a Piaggio P 180 Avanti operating as Avantair Flight 168 (Detroit Metro to West Bend Municipal, tail number N168SL) crashed upon landing due to an engine failure  The plane was damaged beyond repair, but everyone aboard survived with only minor injuries 
On December 12, 2011, four people from Saginaw were arrested at Bishop International Airport trying to smuggle 122 pounds (55 kg) of marijuana from Phoenix 
On June 21, 2017, airport police lieutenant Jeff Neville was stabbed in the neck by a man who shouted "Allahu Akbar" while doing so  A Tunisian-born Canadian man, Amor Ftouhi, was arrested at the scene as a suspect  Neville survived the attack  The attack was condemned by the Canadian government  Ftouhi was found guilty of three federal counts in November 2018  He was sentenced to life in prison in April 2019 
On January 18, 2019, it was reported that the Michigan Department of Environmental Quality had found elevated levels of PFAS in groundwater at the airport 

Gallery
Passage 2:
United Express Flight 3411 incident
On April 9, 2017 at Chicago O'Hare International Airport, four paying customers were selected to be involuntarily deplaned from United Express flight 3411 to make room for four deadheading employees  One of these passengers was David Dao, 69, a Vietnamese-American who was injured when he was dragged from the flight by Chicago Department of Aviation security officers  Dao, a pulmonologist, politely refused to leave his seat when directed because he needed to see patients the following day  In the process of removing him, the security officers struck his face against an armrest, then pulled him – apparently unconscious – by his arms down the aircraft aisle, past rows of onlooking passengers  The incident is widely characterized by critics – and later by United Airlines itself – as an example of mishandled customer service  
United removed the passengers to reposition a crew who had been delayed in reaching Louisville to staff a flight the next day  Prior to the confrontation, United agents made a general offer to the plane's passengers – of travel vouchers, accommodations, and a later flight – in exchange for their seats, but none of them accepted  United then algorithmically selected four passengers for involuntary removal from the flight, one of whom was Dao  The three other passengers cooperated with instructions to exit the plane Video of the incident recorded by passengers went viral on social media, resulting in anger over the use of force shown  Politicians expressed concern and called for an official investigation  President Donald Trump criticized United Airlines, calling its treatment of Dao "horrible" 
The next morning, United CEO Oscar Munoz issued a statement that appeared to downplay the treatment of Dao, referring to the incident as "re-accommodating the customers"  Munoz also sent an email to United staff commending the crew's actions for following established procedures and referring to Dao as "disruptive" and "belligerent"  This was contradicted by passengers' accounts and video of the incident; for example, Jason Powell asserted that Dao was not belligerent, saying instead, "He was very polite, matter-of-fact "Munoz and United were sharply criticized for their initial statements; United suffered a drop in its stock price  Two days after the incident, Munoz issued an additional statement, apologizing and promising that such an incident would never again occur on a United aircraft  He said, "No one should ever be mistreated this way " In a televised interview, Munoz was asked, "Do you think [Dao] was at fault in any way?" Munoz responded, "No  He can't be  He was a paying passenger sitting on our seat in our aircraft " Munoz's previously planned promotion to become United's chairman was delayed until May 2020 as a result of the incident  Dao reached an "amicable" settlement with United on April 27, 2017, though its terms were not publicly announced 

Incident
On April 9, 2017, four employees of Republic Airways – a United Airlines regional airline – located at the time in Chicago, had been assigned to crew a flight leaving the next day from Louisville  They were originally scheduled to travel to Louisville on Flight 4448 at 2:55 PM, but that plane was experiencing a significant mechanical delay  They were rebooked onto Flight 3411 at 5:21 PM  This was 19 minutes before its scheduled departure time, and the passengers had boarded the plane, an Embraer 170 operating as United Express Flight 3411, which was fully occupied 
Passengers were initially offered $400 in travel vouchers, a hotel stay, and a seat on a flight leaving more than 21 hours later if they would voluntarily give up their seats  With no volunteers, the offer was increased to $800 in vouchers  Just before 5:40 PM, the United Express gate agent announced that four passengers would be selected by computer and involuntarily removed to accommodate the four Republic employees  A United spokesperson later stated that the selection is based on several factors, and that frequent fliers and higher-paying customers are less likely to be chosen  Another spokesman stated that the flight was not overbooked prior to the four employees being assigned to it Three of the selected passengers, a couple and a woman thought to be David Dao's wife, cooperated with the instruction to leave the plane  The fourth, 69-year-old David Dao – a doctor from Elizabethtown, Kentucky and former folk musician – refused, protesting that he needed to see patients the next day at his clinic  United Airlines staff requested assistance from the Chicago Department of Aviation Security, a department with powers differing from those of the Chicago Police Department; for example, its officers cannot file arrest reports Dao refused to leave his seat and was dragged screaming from it  In the process, he suffered injuries to his head and mouth when, according to another passenger, aviation security officer James Long threw him against the armrest before dragging him down the aisle by his arms, apparently unconscious  During the altercation, several passengers distressed by the incident voluntarily left the aircraft  Passengers stated that officers laughed as Dao was dragged from the plane  The four United employees then sat in the vacated seats  Shortly afterward, Dao boarded the aircraft again, with blood on his face, repeatedly saying, "I have to go home," and "Just kill me"  After he collapsed in a seat, he was removed from the aircraft on a stretcher  The remaining passengers were then directed to exit the plane while the blood was cleaned up  Several passengers recorded the event on video using phone cameras and the videos were widely circulated on social media  Another passenger reported hearing Dao claim that he had been chosen because of his Asian ethnicity  Dao was taken to a hospital with non-life-threatening injuries, including a broken nose, loss of two front teeth, sinus injuries, and "a significant concussion"; the injuries required reconstructive surgery, according to Dao's lawyer The flight departed at 7:21 p m , and arrived at Louisville at 9:01 p m 

Passenger assessments
Several passengers stated that the situation escalated quickly and was inflamed by the demeanor of a United employee  According to passenger Tyler Bridges, "An airline supervisor walked onto the plane and brusquely announced, 'We have United employees that need to fly to Louisville tonight      This flight's not leaving until four people get off ' That rubbed some people the wrong way " Passenger John Fuller described the employee's behavior and said, "She was very terse      She said, 'Four people need to get off this plane, or we're not going anywhere '” Passenger Jason Powell corroborated this account and said that he did not understand why the employee had spoken with such a belligerent tone: "The tone immediately turned me off     She accelerated the situation  It was poor leadership " Powell said, "The disgusting mishandling of the situation included everyone from the rude ticket agent who demanded that this man give up his seat on the flight United overbooked    "Passenger John Klaassen later said, "after the first offer was made, the United employee left and it escalated     had they just tried some diplomacy, none of this had to take place     they were unwilling to negotiate" Passenger Mary Myers faulted the supervisor, saying, "I really put all of this on her shoulders  She could have made a difference  She could have handled it differently  She's the one who started it all " Myers also indicated that Dao had pleaded with the supervisor not to remove him from the flight and explained that as a doctor he could not miss his return flight home  "He said, 'I can’t get off the plane  I have to get home  I'm a doctor  I have to get to the hospital in the morning '" Myers stated that her response was not appropriate: "She said, 'Well, then I'll just have to call the police and have you escorted off the plane ' In my opinion, I think any good supervisor would never have let the situation escalate to that point  Honestly, I think I blame her for the whole entire occurrence  She didn't need to jump to that level "

Aftermath
On April 11, 2017, the law firms representing Dao, Golan Christie Taglia and Corboy & Demetrio, issued a statement indicating that Dao and his family "wants the world to know that they are very appreciative of the outpouring of prayers, concern and support "The three Chicago Department of Aviation (CDA) officers who responded to the incident were James Long, Mauricio Rodriguez, Jr , and Steven Smith  Their supervisor was Sergeant John Moore  Long had just returned to the job after a suspension for insubordination after having ignored a supervisor's orders to prevent vehicles from driving into a restricted area of the airport  Long was placed on administrative leave soon after the incident with Dao; Rodriguez and Smith were placed on administrative leave on April 12  Moore was placed on administrative leave on April 19  Moore had been disciplined at least seven times from 1999 to 2009 for failing to arrive at work without notifying a supervisor  The Chicago Department of Aviation said that "the incident on United Flight 3411 was not in accordance with our standard operating procedure and the actions of the aviation security officer are obviously not condoned by the Department    " The aviation police receive more training and higher pay compared to that received by private security guards, but less than that of officers of the Chicago Police Department 
City Inspector General Joseph Ferguson launched an investigation shortly after the incident  The Office of Inspector General (OIG) released its findings on October 17, 2017, establishing that the four officers had violated City of Chicago personnel rules  The report stated:Specifically, the first ASO violated the CDA Use of Force Policy when that ASO escalated a non-threatening situation into a physically violent one by forcefully removing a passenger from the aircraft  The ASO’s use of excessive force caused the passenger to hit his face on an armrest, resulting in the passenger sustaining a concussion, a broken nose, and the loss of two teeth  OIG’s investigation also established that the second ASO made misleading statements in two reports and the third ASO made material omissions in a report, regarding the first ASO’s forceful removal of the passenger from the aircraft  The investigation further established that the Sergeant deliberately removed material facts from the third ASO’s “To/From Report” and approved reports without all essential information  In response to the OIG report, the CDA discharged Long and Moore and issued five-day suspensions to Rodriguez and Smith 

Airport security changes
On June 29, 2017, the Illinois Law Enforcement Training and Standards Board decertified the Chicago Department of Aviation Police, stating the agency is "in no way" a police agency, merely a security force  The Chicago Police Department was designated as the primary responders to all future airport disturbance calls  The union representing the 300-officer department, Service Employees International Union (SEIU) Local 73, challenged the downgrade from police to security status in an unfair labor practices complaint Following a review prompted by the incident, in July 2017 the Chicago Department of Aviation reported that its unsworn, unarmed airport security personnel were not actually police officers under Illinois law  Their uniforms, badges and vehicles had been "improperly" labeled "police" for historical reasons  It promised that the incorrect insignia would be removed within months 

Social media
Video footage from passengers who remained on the aircraft throughout the incident was widely shared and was picked up by mainstream media agencies  One such video was shared 87,000 times and viewed 6 8 million times in less than a day The victim was initially thought to be Chinese-American, as one of the witnesses told The Washington Post, "He said, more or less, 'I'm being selected because I'm Chinese '" His daughter, Crystal Dao Pepper, later said in a press conference that her father was Vietnamese-Chinese  The incident drew outrage on mainland Chinese and Vietnamese social media, and became the number-one trending topic on the Chinese microblogging site Weibo, attracting the attention of more than 480 million users  An article in Foreign Policy noted the racial and political reasons for the wide spread of the video throughout the mainland Chinese mediasphere, where heated debates take place over the nature of America's political system and its relations to mainland China, and asserted that the video would serve the ends of the authorities and critics of America in challenging America's cultural sway in mainland China  In Vietnam, there was also bad reaction to the reporting into Dao's past, which was viewed as irrelevant and possibly racist The incident had taken place shortly after another controversy in which United refused boarding to two teenage girls wearing leggings  There were calls by social media users across the world, especially those in the United States, mainland China and Vietnam, to boycott United Airlines  Customers of the airline posted pictures of their United loyalty or credit cards cut into pieces  Another petition called on the U S  federal government to launch an investigation into the incident, invoking the Black Lives Matter movement by using the hashtag "#ChineseLivesMatters "

Stock market
Shares of United Continental Holdings (UAL), the parent company of United Airlines, closed at $70 88 on April 7  On April 10, the first trading day after the incident, they rose by 0 9% to close at $71 52  Although UAL shares declined by 1 1% on April 11, they closed at $70 71, only $0 17 or 0 2% less than the April 7 closing price  UAL shares declined and closed at $69 93 on April 12, and closed at $69 07 on April 13, and ultimately declined and closed at $67 75 on April 18 
Research analysts S3 Partners commented on the effect the incident would have on UAL's future financial performance, saying that "consumers might not have much choice but to fly UAL due to airline consolidation, which has reduced competition over most routes  As a result, with passengers having fewer options these days when it comes to carriers, UAL's revenues may not suffer as much as expected unless passengers opt for longer and more expensive flights " Analysts Wolfe Research and Cowen & Co  were also confident of future performance Investor Warren Buffett, a major investor in airline stocks, said that United made a "terrible mistake," and that public perceptions were influenced by the CEO's initial reaction 

Consumer preference
A poll of 1,900 people conducted three days after the incident suggested that all else being equal, 79% of prospective fliers who had heard of the incident would choose a non–United Airlines flight  44% would choose a non–United Airlines flight even if it cost US$66 more and took an additional three hours Despite calls for a boycott, United Airlines reported 39% greater profits over the previous year in the second quarter of 2017, as well as increased sales  Economist John Kwoka, Jr , attributed this to the high level of consolidation of American airlines, with a majority of flights controlled by four corporations—United, Delta, American, and Southwest—making a boycott impractical  Additionally, for many travelers, ticket price is the primary deciding factor when booking flights, outweighing other considerations, such as customer service 

Industry behavior
In August 2017, data from the U S  Department of Transportation showed that bumped-passenger rates were at their lowest since 1995  The rate "markedly decreased" starting in April 2017 (the same month this incident occurred) from 0 62 per 10,000 passengers, to 0 44 per 10,000 in the second quarter of 2017 

Responses
United Airlines
On April 9, United issued a statement: "Flight 3411 from Chicago to Louisville was overbooked  After our team looked for volunteers, one customer refused to leave the aircraft voluntarily and law enforcement was asked to come to the gate  We apologize for the overbook situation  Further details on the removed customer should be directed to authorities " By April 11, United changed its prior statement, stating that the flight was in fact not overbooked, but sold out, and the four employees who needed the seats were considered "must-ride" passengers who had to travel to another city to work as aircraft crew United CEO Oscar Munoz stated on April 10: "This is an upsetting event to all of us here at United  I apologize for having to re-accommodate these customers  Our team is moving with a sense of urgency to work with the authorities and conduct our own detailed review of what happened  We are also reaching out to this passenger to talk directly to him and further address and resolve this situation " Munoz's use of the word "re-accommodate" received particular attention and ridicule from social media and commentators  The words "re-accommodate" and "re-accommodated" appear several times in the text of the standard United Airlines Contract of Carriage Later on April 10, in an e-mail to employees, Munoz praised and defended the crew's actions, while claiming the passenger was "disruptive and belligerent " He stated that "Our employees followed established procedures for dealing with situations like this " This led to an online petition calling for his resignation In a subsequent public statement released by United on the afternoon of April 11, 2017, Munoz was more conciliatory  His note described the Dao incident as "truly horrific" and expressed an understanding of the "outrage, anger, disappointment" felt by many  He took full responsibility and apologized, adding that "No one should ever be mistreated this way " He promised to conduct a thorough review and release a report by April 30  The public statement ends with "I promise you we will do better "During a television interview on April 12, Munoz announced that, effective immediately, United Airlines would no longer use police in involuntary bumping situations: "We're not going to put a law enforcement official     [onto a United aircraft] to remove a booked, paid, seated passenger " He apologized to Dao and his family and said, "That is not who our family at United is  You saw us at a bad moment; this can and will never happen again on a United Airlines flight  That is my promise " Asked if Dao was at fault in any way, Munoz hesitated, then replied, "No, he can't be     no one should be treated that way, period "In response to a signed petition, Munoz said he did not intend to resign Three days after the incident, United Airlines elected to provide all passengers aboard United Express Flight 3411 compensation equal to the cost of their tickets  An email obtained by CNN stated that this compensation was in the form of a $500 voucher toward future travel on United Airlines  The email also indicated that customers were eligible for the voucher if they "released" the airline from lawsuits  A United spokesperson later indicated that passengers would not be required to agree to those terms  On April 13, 2017, United internally announced a policy change to ensure that flight crews are booked "at least 60 minutes prior to departure " On April 18, Munoz reported that no one would be fired as a result of the incident On April 21, it was reported that Munoz would not become chairman of the airline, as had been planned, because of the incident  Munoz's employment agreement was amended subsequent to the incident to reflect that he would not be elevated to chairman  In a government filing, United said that the airline was developing a program for 2017 so that compensation was "directly and meaningfully tied to progress in improving the customer experience " In 2019, Munoz announced his impending transfer from United, to become chairman of parent company United Airlines Holdings United and Dao reached a confidential settlement on April 27  Although the financial terms of the settlement remain confidential, one of the stipulations of the settlement was that Dao could not sue the city of Chicago  At the same time, the airline announced ten policy changes in response to the incident  These included raising the maximum amount of travel vouchers to passengers "bounced" from flights to up to $10,000 and a $1,500 "no questions asked" fee for permanently lost luggage, and the airline promised to reduce overbooking 

Public relations professionals
The handling of the incident by Munoz was described as a "fumbling response" by Bloomberg News, part of a "public-relations disaster" for United  Munoz had been named "Communicator of the Year for 2017" by PRWeek in March 2017  Steve Barrett, editor-in-chief of PRWeek US, later noted: "It's fair to say that if PRWeek was choosing its Communicator of the Year now, we would not be awarding it to Oscar Munoz … In time, the episode and subsequent response will be quoted in textbooks as an example of how not to respond in a crisis " Public relations expert Rupert Younger, director of the Oxford University Centre for Corporate Reputation, called the handling of the situation "a major disappointment " In Younger's view, Munoz should have moved more quickly and been more genuinely apologetic from the start  Former Assistant Secretary of State for Public Affairs Philip J  Crowley said: "It's hard to think of a case study that went so compellingly wrong so rapidly "

United Master Executive Council
On April 13, 2017, the United Master Executive Council, the United Airlines bargaining unit of the Air Line Pilots Association, a trade union, issued a statement to shift blame from United to Republic Airline, one of the carriers under contract to operate United Express flights, and especially the Chicago Department of Aviation  The statement read in part: "this violent incident should never have happened and was a result of gross excessive force by Chicago Department of Aviation personnel "

Other airlines
Emirates launched an advertising campaign that parodies United Airlines' "Fly the Friendly Skies" slogan and Munoz's previous statements about airlines in the Middle East  Royal Jordanian put up a picture of a no-smoking sign on its Twitter account with the messages, "We would like to remind you that drags on flights are strictly prohibited by passengers and crew," and "We are here to keep you #united  Dragging is strictly prohibited "Delta Air Lines increased the amount of compensation supervisors can offer to displaced passengers from $1,350 to $9,950 with gate agents able to offer $2,000, up from $800  American Airlines also enacted a new policy: passengers who have already boarded will never be removed to seat others  Southwest Airlines announced they will no longer overbook flights 

United States government
Executive branch
The White House's "We the People" webpage received 100,000 petition signatures in one day—exceeding the threshold needed for official review—demanding a government investigation into the incident  White House Press Secretary Sean Spicer commented that "It was an unfortunate incident" and added "when you watch the video, it is troubling to see how that was handled "The United States Department of Transportation (USDOT) said it was reviewing the incident  "While it is legal for airlines to [involuntarily] bump passengers from an oversold flight when there are not enough volunteers, it is the airline's responsibility to determine its own fair boarding priorities," the agency said in a statement  On April 12, the USDOT stated that it was "reviewing the involuntary denied boarding of passenger(s) from United Express flight 3411 to determine whether the airline complied with the oversales rule "New Jersey Governor Chris Christie asked the United States Secretary of Transportation, Elaine Chao, to suspend allowing airlines to overbook passengers U S  President Donald Trump criticized United Airlines' response to Dao in an interview with The Wall Street Journal  He said the airline's treatment of their customer was "horrible" and that the airline should have further increased the financial offer to customers to voluntarily leave the plane, instead of choosing to use force  Trump told The Wall Street Journal: "You know, there's a point at which I'm getting off the plane     seriously  They should have gone up higher  But to just randomly say, 'You're getting off the plane,' that was terrible "On January 13, 2021, the United States Department of Transportation amended its rules, forbidding involuntarily bumping from an overbooked flight after boarding starting on April 21 

Congress
A bipartisan group of senators on the Senate Commerce, Science and Transportation Committee described the incident as "disturbing", and wrote to Munoz and the Chicago Department of Aviation  The group sought information about the crew-scheduling mix-up that required passengers to give up their seats, and asked whether United considers bumping a passenger to accommodate employees to be the same as an "oversold" situation  They asked the Chicago Department of Aviation about their security protocols and whether Dao had been passive or threatening during the incident  Both parties were given until April 20, 2017, to respond  United Airlines submitted their response on April 26, 2017 Separately, twenty-one Democratic U S  Senators wrote to Munoz to express their deep concern, and asked a range of questions about the incident, requesting a response by April 24, 2017 Congressional Delegate Eleanor Holmes Norton (D-DC) called for hearings from the House Transportation and Infrastructure (T&I) Committee  Dan Lipinski (D-IL), member of the House Transportation Committee's Aviation subcommittee, called on Congress to make legislative amendments to give passengers more rights and to prevent further similar incidents  Senator Robert Menendez (D-NJ) said the incident was disturbing and criticized Munoz's "empty apology "Senator Chris Van Hollen (D-MD) is drafting the "Customers Not Cargo Act", which would ban airlines from involuntarily bumping passengers who are already on the aircraft and seated  He previously said United must do more than "apologize", and called for a full investigation  Separately, congresswoman Jan Schakowsky (D-IL) stated she intended to introduce legislation to end involuntary bumping of passengers, requiring airlines to increase their offer until a customer voluntarily gives up their seat  On April 26, 2017, Senators Maggie Hassan (D-NH) and Brian Schatz (D-Hawaii) introduced a bill which would change how airlines handle their boarding and bumping policies 

Illinois General Assembly
Illinois state Representative Peter Breen has introduced the Airline Passenger Protection Act in the Illinois House of Representatives  The act forbids state or local government authorities from removing passengers that are not dangerous or causing a disturbance in non-emergency situations  It also forbids the state of Illinois from doing business with airlines whose policies allow removal of paying passengers to make room for employees traveling on non-revenue tickets 

Chicago City Council
Chicago City Council's Aviation Committee held hearings starting April 13 to investigate the incident  Committee Chairman Mike Zalewski said the incident had damaged the reputation of Chicago and O'Hare International Airport  Zalewski wanted responses from United, Aviation Commissioner Ginger Evans, and from the union representing aviation police, Service Employees International Union (SEIU) Local 73 An April 12 statement by the Chicago Department of Aviation offered these comments about their security staff: "While they do have limited authority to make an arrest, Sunday's incident was not within standard operating procedures nor will we tolerate that kind of action  That is why we quickly placed the aviation security officer on leave pending a thorough review of the situation  The action we have taken thus far reflects what we currently know, and as our review continues we will not hesitate to take additional action as appropriate "

Chicago Police Department
Chicago Aviation Security were instructed to remove the word "police" from their uniforms in January 2017, but they disobeyed this instruction  As a result, there was confusion as to what organization had responded to the event, with some thinking that the Chicago Police Department responded  The Chicago Police Department Office of Communications stated that Dr  Dao fell—a statement which contradicts what is seen in both videos  When questioned about this, the Chicago Police Department's chief spokesman Anthony Guglielmi said, "CPD didn't release an official statement on it  We were not involved  Dept  of Aviation has everything you will need " When pressed further about why CPD issued a response about an incident in which they were not involved, Guglielmi said this, "A takeaway for me is to ensure the department's press office is more consistent in referring to appropriate outside agencies for incidents in which CPD is not the acting or involved agency "

Litigation
Dao's personal injury lawyer asked the Cook County Circuit Court for an order requiring United and the city of Chicago to retain all video, cockpit recordings, and other reports from the flight, including personnel files of the Aviation Department officers who pulled Dao from the plane  United and the city of Chicago agreed, forgoing a court hearing Through his lawyers, Dao described his ordeal as "more horrifying" than his experience of the Fall of Saigon during the Vietnam War On April 24, Dao's attorney announced that Dao intended to file a lawsuit against United  Three days later, United and Dao reached a confidential settlement In April 2018, one of the Aviation Department officers, James Long, filed a lawsuit against United Airlines and the Chicago Department of Aviation alleging that he was not properly trained to handle misbehaving passengers, was unfairly fired, and slandered  The lawsuit was dropped in April 2019 After the  Chicago Department of Aviation Police was downgraded to be a security agency, a federal class action lawsuit was filed in 2018 over a perceived loss of employment benefits enjoyed by law enforcement officers by some of the now reclassified security guards  The lawsuit was eventually denied in September 2021, and is undergoing an appeal in the Seventh Circuit appellate courts as of September 2022 

Third-party legal commentary
Early reports and United Airlines initially characterized the incident as a consequence of overbooking, leading some experts to question whether that was the case  John Banzhaf, a professor of law at the George Washington University Law School, states that United was "citing the wrong federal rule to justify its illegal request to force a passenger already boarded and seated to disembark," since the regulation cited only covers denial of boarding, and not removing a passenger after boarding While United has asserted a right to remove passengers after boarding, none of the reasons for doing so specified in the airline's contract of carriage applied in this situation  One attorney pointedly stated United "had absolutely no right to remove that man from the airplane" and described the incident as "assault and battery "Chicago City Council alderman Michael Zalewski questioned whether the Chicago Airport Police even had the legal authority to enter the aircraft A partner at Kreindler & Kreindler, a law firm specializing in air disaster litigation, concluded, "United, if they're smart, will quickly and quietly settle the case "

Cultural impact
Comedian Jimmy Kimmel criticized United Airlines and its handling of the incident in a five-minute segment of Jimmy Kimmel Live! that aired on April 10, 2017, and included video of the incident  Kimmel, referring to the word "re-accommodate" used by Munoz, said, "That is such sanitized, say-nothing, take-no-responsibility, corporate B S  speak "The incident was discussed on numerous other comedy shows, including Conan, Ellen and Saturday Night Live  In an SNL sketch, Jimmy Fallon's character Doug proposes marriage to Cecily Strong's Jen after admitting that he made "one of the biggest mistakes a person can make " Jen replies, "No, Doug! You dragged a man off a plane this week!"The cover of the New Yorker May 22 issue depicted former FBI director James Comey, who had just been fired, being dragged down the aisle of an airplane by former U S  Attorney General Jeff Sessions American actor Will Ferrell mentioned the incident in his May 2017 commencement address to the University of Southern California's graduating class  Referring to his honorary Doctor of Humane Letters degree awarded on the same day, he quipped, "The next time I'm flying and they ask if there's a doctor on board, I can now confidently leap to my feet and scream, 'I'm a doctor, what can I do? Yes, no problem, I can absolutely deliver that baby ' Hopefully it will be on United Airlines, in which case I will be immediately be subdued and dragged off the aircraft, which we all know will be recorded on someone's iPhone and put on YouTube "

Similar incidents
A passenger on a United Airlines flight who bought a full-price first-class ticket from Lihue to Los Angeles was told to get off the plane because "they needed the seat for somebody more important " According to the passenger, the gate agent stated "We have a priority list, and you're at the bottom of it " The gate agent then said that he would be arrested and put in handcuffs  The passenger said a fellow passenger warned him that the airline is "really nasty about this stuff" and might call the police  He is considering legal action against United After paying approximately $1,000 for a seat for her two-year-old child, a woman was forced to hold the child on her lap for over three hours when United Airlines re-sold the child's seat to a standby passenger  The passenger appealed to the flight attendant, who rudely shrugged her shoulders and told her in an aggressive tone that the flight was full  The passenger was afraid to push the issue because of what had happened to Dao  When she flew back to Hawaii, United Airlines upgraded her to business class, provided access to the United lounge at the airport and gave her a lei A family on a Delta Air Lines flight was removed from an aircraft and threatened with jail time and the loss of custody of their children for not surrendering a seat that they had originally purchased for their teenage son, who was not on the flight, but instead used for their 2-year-old child  After a video recording of the incident went viral, Delta offered an apology and compensation to the family 

2019 interview with Dao
On April 9, 2019, two years after the incident, David Dao was interviewed by ABC News, speaking out for the first time since the incident  Dao claimed that when he watched the video, he "just cried "

See also
List of air rage incidents
"United Breaks Guitars", song about Dave Carroll's struggle with the airline to get compensation for a guitar allegedly damaged during transit on a United flight
Passage 3:
Air Wisconsin
Air Wisconsin Airlines is a regional airline based at Appleton International Airport in the town of Greenville, Wisconsin, near Appleton  Air Wisconsin originally operated as one of the original United Express partners in 1985, and operated then as US Airways Express on behalf of US Airways prior to becoming an American Eagle regional air carrier  Between March 2018 and April 2023, Air Wisconsin operated exclusively as a United Express regional air carrier once again with primary hubs located at Chicago's O'Hare International Airport (ORD) and Washington Dulles International Airport (IAD)  This came to an end in April 2023 as the carrier switched to conducting solely American Eagle branded flights, per a new contract with American Airlines 

History
In 1963 investors from the Fox Cities raised $110,000 to start a new airline  The airline was established as an independent commuter air carrier in 1965 and started operations on August 23, 1965, just one day after the brand new Outagamie County Regional Airport was opened using de Havilland Dove commuter aircraft configured with nine passenger seats  It was founded to connect Appleton with Chicago and initially had 17 employees and two de Havilland Dove aircraft  According to the August 23, 1965 Air Wisconsin timetable, the airline was flying one route between Appleton and Chicago–O'Hare with four round trips on weekdays and two round trips on Saturdays and Sundays operated with the British-manufactured Dove twin prop aircraft By the mid 1970s, Air Wisconsin was flying two small commuter turboprop airliner types, being the de Havilland Canada DHC-6 Twin Otter and Swearingen Metro, and was operating a small hub at Chicago's O'Hare Airport with service primarily to destinations in Indiana, Michigan, and Wisconsin as well as to Minneapolis/Saint Paul from several small cities in Wisconsin In September 1978 the airline was certified by the Civil Aeronautics Board (CAB) as a regional air carrier (Air Wisconsin previously had commuter air carrier status with the CAB)  In October 1978 it had over $10 million in assets  Joining Air Wisconsin in 1965 as traffic manager and eventually becoming president, Preston H  Wilbourne's leadership oversaw Air Wisconsin grow to an airline serving 29 cities in an eleven state area with 32 aircraft boarding over 10,000 passengers daily  Air Wisconsin gained the nicknames "Air Willy" and "Rag Tag" and more recently "Air Wis" and "Air Wisky" By 1985, Air Wisconsin had become a large independent regional air carrier operating British Aerospace BAe 146-200 and British Aircraft Corporation BAC One-Eleven jets as well as de Havilland Canada Dash 7 turboprops with flights as far west as Grand Island, Nebraska, and Minneapolis/Saint Paul, and as far east as Bridgeport and New Haven, Connecticut, with a large connecting hub located at Chicago's O'Hare Airport (ORD)  By early 1986, the airline was serving sixteen airports with its British-manufactured jets with flights to Appleton, Bridgeport, Cedar Rapids, Iowa, Chicago–O'Hare, Flint, Michigan, Fort Wayne, Indiana, Grand Island, Green Bay, Wisconsin, Kalamazoo, Michigan, Lincoln, Nebraska, Moline, Illinois/Quad Cities, New Haven, South Bend, Indiana, Toledo, Ohio, Waterloo, Iowa, and Wausau/Stevens Point, Wisconsin, with other flights and destinations in its route system being served with the Canadian-manufactured four engine Dash 7 turboprop Air Wisconsin pioneered the concept of code sharing on behalf of United Airlines when the carrier began operating as United Express on May 1, 1985  As an independent air carrier prior to its business agreement with United to provide passenger feed, Air Wisconsin rapidly became the nation's largest regional airline in the 1980s  On May 17, 1985, it merged with Mississippi Valley Airlines (MVA) and continued to fly as United Express, operated by Air Wisconsin 
By late 1989 Air Wisconsin was operating United Express code share service from two United hubs: Chicago–O'Hare (ORD) and Washington–Dulles (IAD)  According to the Official Airline Guide (OAG) at this time, United Express flights were operated with BAe 146-200 jets and Fokker F27 turboprops nonstop to Chicago–O'Hare from Akron/Canton, Ohio, Appleton, Cedar Rapids, Champaign, Illinois, Fort Wayne, Green Bay, Kalamazoo, La Crosse, Wisconsin, Lansing, Michigan, Lexington, Kentucky, Moline/Quad Cities, Oshkosh, Wisconsin, Peoria, Illinois, Roanoke, Virginia, South Bend, Toledo, and Wausau, and with BAe 146-200 jets and Short 360 turboprops nonstop to Washington Dulles from Charleston, West Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, and Richmond, Virginia, as well as Harrisburg, Reading, and State College, Pennsylvania 
In 1990 Air Wisconsin acquired Denver-based Aspen Airways and was itself bought by United Airlines a year later 
During the 1990s, Air Wisconsin operated British Aerospace (BAe) ATP turboprop aircraft as well as BAe 146-100, BAe 146-200, and BAe 146-300 jet aircraft on United Express services  These were all large aircraft types when compared to other regional aircraft in operation at the time  Air Wisconsin was the only U S  operator of the BAe ATP turboprop and also the BAe 146–300, which is the largest member of the BAe 146 family of jet aircraft  United Airlines sold Air Wisconsin and the BAe 146 fleet to CJT Holdings in 1993  Air Wisconsin was then renamed Air Wisconsin Airlines Corporation (AWAC) as UAL retained the rights to the Air Wisconsin name and logo  During the ski seasons, Air Wisconsin was operating British Aerospace BAe 146 jet shuttle service as United Express on the former Aspen Airways route between Aspen, Colorado, and Denver with at least fourteen daily nonstop flights in each direction In February 1998 AWAC acquired the assets of Mountain Air Express including Dornier 328 turboprop aircraft which were used to expand United Express service in the west  In the fall of 2003 AWAC acquired ten Bombardier CRJ regional jet aircraft from bankrupt Midway Airlines and became a feeder for AirTran Airways under the name AirTran JetConnect, but this relationship was discontinued in July 2004  Towards the end of the contract with United Airlines Air Wisconsin was unable to secure a long-term deal or extension to continue providing regional service for UAL  United failed to renew its contract with AWAC, allowing it to expire in April 2005, and the last flight under the United flag operated on April 16, 2006, using the BAe 146 
During 2005 AWAC invested $175 million U S  into US Airways for their bankruptcy exit financing in exchange for a long-term contract operating as US Airways Express  In 2005 AWAC began operating all of its CRJ-200 regional jets as a US Airways Express carrier with flight crew bases located in Philadelphia, New York LaGuardia, Washington Reagan National, and Norfolk, Virginia  US Airways has since merged with American Airlines and Air Wisconsin operated as an American Eagle regional air carrier via a code sharing agreement with American until March 2018 
On November 20, 2014, it was reported that Air Wisconsin was nearing an agreement with Delta Air Lines to fly as a Delta Connection carrier beginning in January 2015  Under the terms of the deal, 26 CRJ-200 aircraft were to be transferred to Air Wisconsin from Endeavor Air  In January 2015, Air Wisconsin said that negotiations had ended and that it did not want to fly under the Delta Connection brand In 2016, it was announced that Air Wisconsin would close all of its ground handling operations in all cities served by the air carrier primarily due to the formation of a wholly-owned subsidiary of United called United Ground Express  This would leave only three American Eagle ground handling cities served, which the airline deemed uneconomical 
On March 1, 2017, Air Wisconsin announced a new agreement with United Airlines to once again operate under the United Express banner upon the expiration of the airline's current agreement with American Eagle in 2018  Additionally, the new agreement with United would provide for the creation of a career pathway program whereby Air Wisconsin pilots would be offered the opportunity to move up to United upon meeting its hiring standards In September 2021, the company announced that they had signed a lease for at least 1 Bombardier CRJ200SF (converted cargo aircraft) set to enter service from December 2021 On 22 August 2022, Air Wisconsin announced a five year contract to operate up to 60 of the American Eagle CRJ-200s, starting in March 2023  These aircraft are based at Chicago-O'Hare, to fill in for the Envoy Air Embraer E145s that will be transferred over to Piedmont Airlines  The airline also plans to utilize some CRJ-700s  This ended their partnership with United Airlines 

Destinations
Air Wisconsin operating as American Eagle serves 53 destinations with nearly 350 flights per day, transporting nearly six million passengers on an annual basis 

Crew domiciles
Operating as American Eagle, Air Wisconsin pilots and flight attendants have crew domiciles at the following locations:
Chicago, Illinois – O'Hare International Airport (ORD)
Philadelphia, PA – Philadelphia International Airport (PHL)

Fleet
The Air Wisconsin fleet comprises the following aircraft (as of June 2023):

Historical fleet
In 2016, the airline retired four CRJ-200 regional jets that had met their structural time limit and sent them to Tupelo Regional Airport (TUP) in Tupelo, Mississippi 
The following aircraft types were formerly operated by Air Wisconsin:

Jet aircraft
BAe 146-100 (via acquisition of Aspen Airways)
BAe 146-200
BAe 146-300 (only U S  operator of the BAe 146-300)
BAC One-Eleven

Turboprop aircraft
Beechcraft Model 99
British Aerospace ATP
de Havilland Canada Dash 6
de Havilland Canada Dash 7
de Havilland Canada Dash 8-100
de Havilland Canada Dash 8-300
Dornier 328 (via acquisition of Mountain Air Express)
Fokker F27
Short 360 (via merger with Mississippi Valley Airlines)
Short 330 (via merger with Mississippi Valley Airlines)
Swearingen Metro

Piston aircraft
de Havilland Dove

Aircraft maintenance
Air Wisconsin performs CRJ maintenance activities at the following locations:

Appleton, Wisconsin (Appleton International Airport)
Milwaukee, Wisconsin (Milwaukee Mitchell International Airport)
Dayton, Ohio (Dayton International Airport)Air Wisconsin also contracts aircraft maintenance-heavy checks at a facility in Oklahoma City, Oklahoma (OKC) 
Past heavy check maintenance was conducted in Montreal, Canada, and Hot Springs, Arkansas (HOT) 
Air Wisconsin's primary aircraft painting is located in Fort Worth, Texas – Meacham International (FTW) 

Incidents and accidents
See also
Air transportation in the United States
List of airports in Wisconsin
Passage 4:
United Express Flight 2415
United Express Flight 2415 was a regularly scheduled flight in the northwest United States from Seattle to Pasco, Washington, operated using a BAe Jetstream 31  Late on Tuesday, December 26, 1989, Flight 2415 crashed while attempting to land at Pasco's Tri-Cities Airport, killing both pilots and all four passengers aboard 

Aircraft, crew, and flight information
North Pacific Airlines, operating as United Express, operated Flight 2415 as a regularly scheduled flight from Seattle to Pasco, with an intermediate stop in Yakima   
On the night of the accident, Flight 2415 was operated using a BAe Jetstream 31 twin-turboprop airliner, registration number N410UE : 9  The aircraft was manufactured two years earlier in October 1987, and had accumulated approximately 4,972 flight hours at the time of the accident : 9   The aircraft was not equipped with a ground proximity warning system: 31  and did not have a cockpit voice recorder or flight data recorder : 13 The captain was 38-year-old Barry W  Roberts  He had 6,600 flight hours, including 670 hours on the Jetstream  The first officer was 25-year-old Douglas K  McInroe, who had 2,792 flight hours with 213 of them on the Jetstream : 5–9, 62

Accident
Flight 2415 departed Seattle at 20:45 PST, and arrived at Yakima with no reported mechanical difficulties : 1  A company station agent at Yakima witnessed First Officer McInroe knocking ice off the wings of the aircraft, with the assistance of another company first officer  The station agent asked Captain Roberts whether he wanted his aircraft deiced, but the captain declined : 1   The station agent also asked if the captain wanted Flight 2415's tail deiced, since the first officers deicing the wings would be unable to reach the tail surfaces   Roberts declined this as well : 1–2  Flight 2415 was the only flight to depart Yakima that afternoon/evening that was not deiced prior to departure : 2 At 21:59, air traffic controllers at the Yakima tower announced that Yakima airport was closed due to weather conditions : 2  However, at 22:00, Flight 2415 contacted Yakima ground controllers and were cleared to proceed to Yakima's runway 27 for departure  Ground controllers advised Flight 2415 of "light to moderate mixed icing" between 4,000 and 18,000 feet (1,200 and 5,500 m), which Flight 2415 acknowledged : 2   At 22:01, Flight 2415 departed Yakima en route to Pasco, and climbed to a cruising altitude of 11,000 feet (3,400 m) : 2–3 At 22:26, Flight 2415 was cleared for an Instrument Landing System (ILS) approach to runway 21R at Pasco's Tri-Cities Airport : 3  Conversations between Flight 2415 and controllers were normal in the minutes leading up to the crash, and no distress call was made At 22:30, while Flight 2415 was on final approach, the Pasco tower controller observed Flight 2415 flying "higher than normal" for a final approach, and also descending faster than normal : 5  The controller watched Flight 2415 descend until it struck the ground 400 feet (120 m) short of runway 21R  The controller alerted emergency response crews, who arrived at the crash site at 22:34;: 5  the aircraft was destroyed, and there were no survivors : 5

Investigation
The accident was investigated by the National Transportation Safety Board   Investigators determined that the airplane was flying well above the glideslope for an ILS approach : 40  From the plane's last recorded position, investigators determined that Flight 2415 would need to follow a 7-degree glidepath in order to descend rapidly enough to reach the runway threshold : 40  This is more than twice the glidepath angle for an ILS approach and would have required a high descent rate of 2,000 to 3,000 feet (610 to 915 m) per minute : 40  Investigators also determined that ice had likely built up on the plane's wings during the flight, creating a higher risk of a stall at low speeds : 40  According to radar data, Flight 2415 had slowed to 110 knots (205 km/h; 125 mph) as it attempted to descend  The combination of an excessively steep descent, low speed, and aircraft icing likely resulted in loss of control of the aircraft : 40 On November 4, 1991, the NTSB issued its final report on the crash, which contained the following conclusions:: 47 
The National Transportation Safety Board determines that the probable cause of this accident was the flightcrew's decision to continue an unstabilized instrument landing system approach that led to a stall, most likely of the horizontal stabilizer, and loss of control at low altitude  Contributing to the accident was the air traffic controller's improper vectors that positioned the airplane inside the outer marker while it was still well above the glideslope  Contributing to the stall and loss of control was the accumulation of airframe ice that degraded the aerodynamic performance of the airplane 
Passage 5:
Republic Airline
Republic Airways Inc  is a regional airline subsidiary of Republic Airways Holdings that operates service as American Eagle, Delta Connection, and United Express using a fleet of Embraer 170 and Embraer 175 regional jets  It is headquartered in Indianapolis, Indiana  Its call sign "Brickyard" is derived from the nickname of the Indianapolis Motor Speedway 

History
In 1999, Republic Airways Holdings incorporated a new subsidiary, "Republic Airline, Inc " but the subsidiary had no activity prior to 2004 and no ability to operate aircraft prior to 2005  In 2004 the holding company activated Republic Airways in reaction to a pilots' suit against American Airlines 
American had awarded the flying of 44-seat regional jets to Chautauqua Airlines, then the main operating subsidiary of Republic Airways Holdings  However, Chautauqua later started to operate 70-seat regional jets on behalf of United Airlines, and this caused American to be in violation of its pilot union scope clause, which prevented an airline from operating on behalf of American if that airline was operating jet aircraft of more than 50 seats, even if such aircraft were operating on behalf of a carrier other than American  To repair the situation, Republic Airways Holdings activated Republic Airline, and upon Part 121 certification in 2005 allowing Republic Airline to operate commercial service  Republic Airways Holdings then transferred the offending 70-seat regional jets from Chautauqua to Republic Airline  American was then no longer in violation of its pilot union scope clause  Republic Airways Holdings paid $6 6 million to the pilot union of American Airlines to settle the issue US Airways' pilots had a scope clause prohibiting the airline from operating large regional jets such as the Embraer E170  The airline negotiated around this clause by offering flight deck jobs to laid-off US Airways pilots, in a program known as "Jets for Jobs"  This agreement created a subsidiary, MidAtlantic Airways  As part of US Airways' bankruptcy restructuring, the 25 Embraer E170s delivered to MidAtlantic were bought by Republic to help US Airways come out of bankruptcy; Republic operates them along with additional newly delivered aircraft 
In 2007, Frontier Airlines signed an 11-year service agreement with Republic Airways  Under the agreement, Republic would operate 17 Embraer E170 aircraft for the Frontier Airlines operation  The first aircraft was placed into service in March 2007, and the last aircraft was expected to be placed into service by December 2008  On April 23, 2008, Republic Airways Holdings (parent of Republic Airline) terminated its service agreement with Frontier Airlines, which entered Chapter 11 bankruptcy in early April 2008  Subsequently, Republic Air Holdings purchased Frontier Airlines in bankruptcy  Frontier-branded Republic Airways E190 aircraft provided regional capacity support  In September 2013, Republic Airways Holdings sold Frontier Airlines  As part of the sale, Republic Airways terminated the Frontier branded E190 from flying 
On February 1, 2008, Republic Airways opened a base at John Glenn Columbus International Airport in Columbus, Ohio 
On September 3, 2008, Republic signed a new 10-year codeshare agreement with Midwest Airlines  The aircraft would be based at Kansas City International Airport beginning October 1, 2008  Twelve aircraft would be placed in service with Midwest  On June 23, 2009, Republic announced it would acquire Midwest Airlines for $31 million In January 2013, Republic Airways Holdings reached a capacity purchase agreement with American Airlines to operate Embraer E175 airplanes under the American Eagle brand beginning in mid-2013  Republic began service as an American Eagle affiliate on August 1, 2013, from Chicago to New Orleans, Pittsburgh, and Albuquerque On February 25, 2016, the airline filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy protection  The airline was hit hard because of pilot shortages, but a new contract ratified in October 2015 helped restructure the airline  At the time of filing, Republic Holdings claimed $2 97 billion in liabilities and $3 56 billion in assets  On November 16, 2016, Republic Airways Holdings filed their Plan of Reorganization with intentions to emerge from Chapter 11 during the first quarter of 2017 It was announced that parent company Republic Airways Holdings would merge subsidiaries Shuttle America and Republic Airways into one company, with Republic Airways being chosen as the surviving company  On January 31, 2017, Shuttle America merged with Republic Airways  In December 2018, the operating division was renamed Republic Airways to match its parent company 
As of January 31, 2017, Republic Airways has the largest fleet of Embraer E170 and Embraer E175 aircraft in the world 

Destinations
As of January 2023, Republic operates for American Eagle, Delta Connection, and United Express 

Fleet
Current fleet
As of April 2022, the Republic Airways fleet consists of the following aircraft:

Fleet development
The Embraer E175 made its United States domestic debut when the first aircraft was delivered to Republic Airways in March 2007  Total orders were for 36 aircraft, which were operated in an 80-seat configuration under the US Airways Express brand name In July 2010, Republic ordered a further 24 Embraer E190 aircraft In May 2012, Republic Airways agreed to fly the 28 Bombardier Q400s for United Express that bankrupt Pinnacle Airlines planned to return to its lessors  The Q400 fleet was retired in 2017 
Republic Airways Holdings signed a three-year contract in October 2012 with Caesars Entertainment Corporation where its Republic Airways subsidiary would operate five Embraer E190 aircraft to provide more than 1,500 charter flights annually for Caesars  Service began in January 2013  This contract ended in August 2015 and all E190 aircraft were sold or returned to the lease holders In January 2013, Republic Airways Holdings reached a capacity purchase agreement with American Airlines to operate 47 Embraer E175 airplanes under the American Eagle brand beginning in mid-2013  The regional jets would be deployed out of American's Chicago hub  In addition, Republic would have options to purchase an additional 47 Embraer aircraft beginning in 2015  Republic took first delivery of the E175 jets in July 2013 and service began August 1, 2013, from Chicago to New Orleans, Pittsburgh and Albuquerque  Republic began using Miami as an American Eagle hub in October 2014 and in New York-JFK in May 2015 
In late 2015, it was announced Republic Airways achieved approval from the FAA for Extended Overwater Operations (EOW), which allows Republic to operate up to 162 nautical miles from shore  As of January 31, 2017, only Republic E175 aircraft operating for American Airlines are equipped to operate as an EOW aircraft  American Airlines uses Republic to operate aircraft out of Miami International Airport to various Caribbean and Central American destinations, including the Bahamas, Mexico, Panama, Belize, Honduras, Costa Rica, Turks & Caicos, Cuba, Guadeloupe, and the French West Indies 
In late 2016 it was announced, due to the impending merger with Shuttle America, that the 80-seat Embraer E175s operated for American Eagle (previously US Airways Express) would have the last row of seats removed (4 in total) to conform with Delta's scope clause, which limits all regional jets to a maximum of 76 seats  These aircraft were retrofitted to American's standard Embraer E175 layout 
On January 31, 2017, all existing aircraft operating under the Shuttle America operating certificate were transferred to the Republic Airline Inc  operating certificate, thus ceasing operations for Shuttle America, and completing the merger process of both subsidiaries  The move made Republic the largest operator of Embraer E170 and Embraer E175 aircraft in the world 
On December 20, 2018, Republic Airways announced that it had finalized a firm order for 100 Embraer E175 aircraft, stating that deliveries for the new aircraft would start in the second half of 2020 In October 2019, Republic received the first of 30 E175s to be transferred from Compass Airlines upon the cancellation of their contract with Delta In September 2021, Republic agreed to sell 11 E170s and 6 E175s to Envoy 

Retired fleet
Incidents
On 9 April 2017, a passenger was forced off of a Republic-operated United Express flight in Chicago bound for Louisville  The passenger was forced off the flight by Department of Aviation officers after he refused to give up his seat to an airline employee  He attempted to run back onto the aircraft, but was forcibly removed  A video posted on social media showing him being injured and dragged off the plane led to a public outcry against United Airlines 
On 21 June 2018, a Republic-owned E170 registered N876RW was damaged by a fire while undergoing maintenance at John Glenn Columbus International Airport  The aircraft was deemed to be damaged beyond economical repair 
On 10 May 2019, a Republic-owned E175 operating Delta Connection flight 5935 was heading towards New York's LaGuardia Airport when a suicidal passenger attempted to open a cabin door in mid-flight, causing the pilots to declare an emergency shortly before landing  The situation was brought under control, after which the plane landed safely and was met by law enforcement at the gate 
On 6 November 2019, a Republic-owned E175 operating American Eagle Flight 4439 returned to Hartsfield-Jackson Atlanta International Airport after suffering severe controllability issues after takeoff: ATC flight data recorded the crew stating a "trim runaway" and a "stalling situation"  The data shows the aircraft rapidly climbing to 15,100 ft (4,600 m) and slowing down to 160 knots (300 km/h) while performing nearly two full right turns 
On June 4, 2022, a Republic Airways flight from Indianapolis to Chicago aborted its takeoff after an odor of smoke was reported in the aircraft  The aircraft was evacuated on a taxiway  No injuries were reported 

See also
Air transportation in the United States
Passage 6:
United Express Flight 5925
United Express Flight 5925, operated by Great Lakes Airlines with a Beechcraft 1900 twin turboprop, was a regularly scheduled flight from Chicago O'Hare International Airport to Quincy, Illinois, with an intermediate stop in Burlington, Iowa  On November 19, 1996, the aircraft collided on landing at Quincy with another Beechcraft, a private King Air, that was taking off from an intersecting runway  The crash was known as the Quincy runway disaster  Fourteen people (twelve on board the 1900 and two on board the King Air) were killed as a result 

Accident
United Express Flight 5925 had departed from Chicago at 15:25, with Captain Kate Gathje (30), First Officer Darren McCombs (24), and ten passengers  After a stop at Burlington, Iowa, the flight proceeded to Quincy  Two aircraft at Quincy were ready for departure when Flight 5925 was on approach  Both aircraft, a Beechcraft King Air and a Piper Cherokee were proceeding to Runway 4  As Quincy is a non-towered airport, all three aircraft were communicating on the Common Traffic Advisory Frequency  On approach, Captain Gathje inquired as to whether the King Air would hold short of the runway, or depart before their arrival  After receiving no response, Gathje called again and received a reply from the Cherokee that they were holding short of Runway 4  However, because of a simultaneous sound emitted by the ground proximity warning system in the 1900's cockpit, only part of the transmission was received by the 1900  As a result,  the United Express crew misunderstood the transmission as an indication that both the King Air and the Cherokee would not take off until after Flight 5925 had cleared the runway Assuming that both planes were holding short, Flight 5925 landed on Runway 13  However, the King Air had taxied into position on Runway 4 and had begun its takeoff roll when Flight 5925 landed  Both aircraft collided at the intersection of Runways 4 and 13  The aircraft skidded for 110 feet (34 m), coming to rest alongside Runway 13, and caught fire  All 12 aboard the United Express flight survived the initial impact but were trapped inside by a jammed door  Several pilots in the vicinity of the crash came to the scene but were unable to open the doors of the aircraft before both planes were destroyed by fire  All 12 aboard Flight 5925 and both pilots of the King Air, Neal Reinwald (63) and Laura Winkleman Brooks (34), died from smoke inhalation : 19

Cause
The National Transportation Safety Board determined that the cause of the accident was the King Air pilots' failure to effectively monitor both the common frequency and to scan for traffic  A contributing factor was the Cherokee's transmission at the same time as the United Express transmission  Lack of adequate rescue and firefighting equipment was cited as a factor in the high fatality rate 

In popular culture
The crash was featured in the 15th season of the television documentary series Mayday in an episode titled "Fatal Transmission", which featured interviews with witnesses and accident investigators and a dramatic reenactment of the crash 

See also
Los Angeles runway disaster
Tenerife airport disaster
Linate Airport disaster
Madrid runway disaster
1990 Wayne County Airport runway collision
TWA Flight 427
Air Canada Flight 759



ground_truth: Indianapolis, Indiana

prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: The Panel with striding lion  was one of many that lined the way north of the gate to the inner city of what location?

The following are given passages.
Context 2: Passage 1:
Varugad
Varugad Fort  (Man T; 18� 00' N, 74� 00' E; RS Lonand 22 m  NW; p  880), in Man  lies, as the crow flies, about twelve miles north-west of Dahivadi, within the limits of Panvan village  The best way to it is to camp at Pingli Budrukh four miles south-west of Dahivadi and to travel thence by the Tasganv-Mograla road for about ten miles to Jadhavvadi, a hamlet of Bijvadi village lying almost a quarter of a mile east and within sight of the road; from here a well marked track due west goes to the village of Tondle, and from Tondle a path leads direct to the fort over rough ground broken but perfectly passable by a pony, and skirting the northern base of the long plateau of Panvan  The direction of the path is generally a little north of west and it crosses innumerable small ravines and water-courses which lead through rough hill tracts to the edge of the plateau of which the Man  taluka chiefly consists  These streams pour down the bare sides of the main hill range, here some 1,000 to 1,500 feet high, on to the plain of Girvi adjoining the Phaltan taluka  The country all the way from Pingli is terribly bare and rocky  Here the stony hills and ravines are interrupted by fairly level plateaus with tolerable soil and good sites for cultivation and grazing  A few small deer and chinkharawill probably be seen, while cattle are everywhere browsing in considerable numbers  Three hamlets, one of them known as Ghodavadi, are reached, and some well-to-do cultivators will probably meet the visitor and turn out to be Gadkaris or descendants of the ancient hereditary fort garrison  The hamlet is situated on a projection between the two ravines, and has been built on a hill of a truncated conical shape 
The hill rises about 250 feet above the level of the plateau, which itself constitutes the summit of the Mahadev range at this point  The cone with the walls on it is seen from a great distance and appears very small indeed  But on near approach it is seen to be but the inner citadel of a place of considerable size and strength for the times in which it was built  On the south-west the outer wall or enceinte is entered by a rude gateway of a single pointed arch about eight feet high and five feet broad  As usual there is a curtain of solid masonry inside  The gate lies about 150 yards east of the edge of the plateau, which there terminates in an almost unbroken vertical precipice of several hundred feet in height and receding in a north-easterly direction  No wall was built along about three hundred yards of this part which is absolutely unscalable, but for the rest of the way the walling is continued along the edge of the cliff in a north-east direction for about another three hundred yards  Here it turns still following the cliff to the south-east for another seven hundred yards, and then gradually rounds to the westward covering four hundred and fifty yards more till it meets the gateway  But for the break of the inaccessible precipice this outer wall would form a nearly equilateral triangle with the corners rounded off, the side being of some six hundred and fifty yards  Facing nearly north, about fifty yards from the north-east angle, is a gateway with a couple of curtains in solid masonry  This entrance is cut in the sides of the cliff about twenty feet below the top which is reached by some dozen steps  It consisted as usual of a pointed arch, the top fallen in, about ten feet high by five broad  It leads out to the path down to Girvi, a village in the plains below and it probably formed the communication with Phaltan  This road winds down the face of the range for some five hundred feet till it hits the shoulder of a spur which it then follows to the base  The walling on the south side, from the edge of the cliff to some hundred yards east of the southern gate, is not more than a couple of feet in thickness and consists of all-fitting stones unmortared  The rest is massive and well mortared and still fairly preserved  The average height is from seven to ten feet  In the south-east angle is a rude temple of Bhairavnath and a few houses with the remains of Man y more  On the right side of the southern gate is a well preserved stone pond about thirty yards square with steps leading down to it  Next to and on the north of Bhairavnath's temple is another pond  The way up to the fort proper or upper and lower citadels is from the north side  The path up the hill side, which is steep but with grass and soil left in Man y places, is almost destroyed  About 150 feet up is the outer citadel built on a sort of shoulder of the hill and facing almost due west  It contains two massive bastions of excellent masonry looking north-west and south-west so that guns planted on them could comMan d respectively the north and south gateways  This citadel was connected with the main wall by a cross wall running across the whole breadth of the fort from east to west  Its entrance lies close below that to the upper citadel  A masonry curtain projects so as to hide the arch itself, which is not more than seven feet high by three broad, and has to be entered from due east  On the south side the walls are carried right up to the scarp of the upper citadel and are some ten feet high, so that to take the lower citadel in rear or flank must have been difficult  The upper citadel is above a vertical scarp some thirty feet high  The entrance to it lies some thirty feet above that to the lower citadel, and is cut in the rock about eight feet wide  There is a gateway of a pointed arch with the top fallen in and twenty odd steps leading up to it and ten more cut out of the rock, and winding up past the inside curtain on to the top  The walls of this upper citadel are still in tolerable preservation  They were originally about ten feet high and built of fair masonry  There is a large turret on the south-west corner, evidently meant to comMan d the southern gate  About ten yards to the east of this turret is a new looking building which was the headquarters or sadar  Immediately east of this and below it is a great pit about thirty feet square and equally deep roughly cut in the rock and said by the people to be a dungeon  Next to it on the south is a small pond evenly cut and lined with mortar used for storing water  There are some remains of sepoys' houses, and, near the turret, a small stone wheel said to belong to a gun  The outer walls east of the gates have bastions at every turn of the cliffs, and the masonry here is particularly strong and well preserved  It would appear that attacks were dreaded chiefly from the plain below  The assailants could either come up the spur towards the north entrance or they might attempt the spurs on the other side of the eastern ravine and attack the southern gateway  Hence apparently the reason for strengthening the walls of the enceinte on this side  After passing the southern gateway the assailants would be comMan ded from the lower citadel  They Would then be encountered by the cross wall  If that obstacle was overcome the besieged would run round the east side and into the two citadels  The appearance from the fort of the plain in the north is most formidable  The Panvan plateau completely comMan ds and indeed almost overhangs it  The fort is believed to have been built by Shivaji to resist the Moghals whose attacks he must have dreaded from the plain below  The Karkhanis or Superintendent of the fort was a Prabhu  The fort garrison consisted of 200 Ramoshis, Mahars, and other hereditary Gadkaris besides sepoys  It was surrendered in 1818 to Vitthal Pant Phadnis of the Raja of Satara left in charge of the town  He detached 200 men to take possession, being part of a force then raised to protect the town from the enterprizes of Bajirav's garrisons then in the neighbourhood  [Elphinstone in Pendhari and Maratha War Papers, 245 ]
Passage 2:
Zhengyangmen
Qianmen (simplified Chinese: 前门; traditional Chinese: 前門; pinyin: Qiánmén; Wade–Giles: Ch'ien-men; lit  'Front Gate') is the colloquial name for Zhengyangmen (simplified Chinese: 正阳门; traditional Chinese: 正陽門; pinyin: Zhèngyángmén; Wade–Giles: Cheng-yang-men; Manchu:ᡨᠣᠪᡧᡠᠨ ᡳᡩᡠᡴᠠ; Möllendorff:tob šun-i duka, literally meaning "Gate of the Zenith Sun"), a gate in Beijing's historic city wall  The gate is situated to the south of Tiananmen Square and once guarded the southern entry into the Inner City  Although much of Beijing's city walls were demolished, Zhengyangmen remains an important geographical marker of the city  The city's central north–south axis passes through Zhengyangmen's main gate  It was formerly named Lizhengmen (simplified Chinese: 丽正门; traditional Chinese: 麗正門; pinyin: Lìzhèngmén), meaning "beautiful portal" 

History
Zhengyangmen was first built in 1419 during the Ming dynasty and once consisted of the gatehouse proper and an archery tower, which were connected by side walls and together with side gates, formed a large barbican  The gate guarded the direct entry into the imperial city  The city's first railway station, known as the Qianmen Station, was built just outside the gate  During the Boxer Rebellion of 1900 in the late Qing dynasty, the gate sustained considerable damage when the Eight-Nation Alliance invaded the city  The Hui and Dongxiang Muslim Kansu Braves under Ma Fulu engaged in fierce fighting during the Battle of Beijing at Zhengyangmen against the Eight-Nation Alliance  Ma Fulu and 100 of his fellow Hui and Dongxiang soldiers from his home village died in that battle  Ma Fulu's cousins, Ma Fugui (馬福貴) and Ma Fuquan (馬福全), and his nephews, Ma Yaotu (馬耀圖) and Ma Zhaotu (馬兆圖), were killed in action during the battle  The Qing Empire later violated the Boxer Protocol by having a tower constructed at the gate The gate complex was extensively reconstructed in 1914  The barbican side gates were torn down in 1915 After the Communist victory in the Chinese Civil War in 1949, the Zhengyangmen gatehouse was occupied by the Beijing garrison of the People's Liberation Army  The military vacated the gatehouse in 1980, which has now become a tourist attraction  At 42 metres high, the Zhengyangmen gatehouse was, and remains, the tallest of all gates in Beijing's city wall  Zhengyangmen gatehouse survived the demolition of city walls in the late 1960s during the construction of the Beijing Subway, while other gates such as Deshengmen in the north and Dongbianmen in the southeast only have their archery towers standing  Xibianmen retains only part of its barbican while Yongdingmen's gatehouse was rebuilt in 2007 Today, Qianmen Avenue (Dajie) cuts between the Zhengyangmen gatehouse and the archery tower to the south  Line 2's Qianmen Station is also located between the two structures inside the space once surrounded by the barbican 
Qianmen remains one of the enduring symbols of old Beijing 

Geographical Significance
The Zhengyangmen is situated on the central north–south axis of Beijing  The main gateway of the gatehouse is aligned with Yongdingmen Gate to the south, the Mausoleum of Mao Zedong and the Monument to the People's Heroes in Tiananmen Square, the Tiananmen Gate itself, the Meridian Gate, and the imperial throne in the Hall of Supreme Harmony in the Forbidden City, the city's Drum and Bell Towers and the entrance to the Olympic Green in the far north 
The kilometre zero point for highways in China is located just outside the Zhengyangmen Gate  It is marked with a plaque in the ground, with the four cardinal points, four animals, and "Zero Point of Highways, China" in English and Chinese 

Surrounding area
The area near Qianmen includes several areas of historical significance  The avenue which proceeds south from the Qianmen is known as "Qianmen Street", and has been a commercial centre for several centuries, although it now mainly caters to tourists from other parts of China  Since a redevelopment in the 2000s by property developer SOHO China, shopfront tenants along Qianmen Street have been predominantly international brands which cater neither to local residents nor domestic visitors, with the result that Qianmen Avenue is now often largely deserted  Dashilanr is a well-known cross-street with a similar character  The Peking duck restaurant Quanjude is located on Qianmen Street  The Qianmen area is also home to Beijing's narrowest hutong, the Qianshi hutong 

Transportation
Beijing Subway Line 2 and Line 8 has a stop at Qianmen  Beijing bus routes 8, 17, 48, 66, 67, 69, 71, 82, 93, 126, 623, BRT1 (快速公交1), Tourist route 2 (观光2), Special 4 (特4), and Special 7 (特7) have a terminal at Qianmen 
Passage 3:
Striding Lion
Striding Lion, a wall relief made from polychrome glazed, fired bricks, is one of the most iconic objects on display at the Royal Ontario Museum, Toronto  It came from Babylon, Iraq, and dates to the time of Nebuchadnezzar II (605-562 BCE), king of the Neo-Babylonian Empire  Striding Lion is one of many such reliefs that decorated the walls of the palace's ceremonial hall and very similar to the lions that line the processional way from the Ishtar Gate to the temple of Marduk 
A large group of such figures is part of the Processional Way leading to the Ishtar Gate, a centrepiece display of the Pergamon Museum in Berlin   Other panels were sold by Berlin, such as the Panel with striding lion in New York 

Description
The relief measures 122 cm (height) by 183 cm (width) by 8 cm (depth) Several of the bricks are stamped with the inscription: "Nebuchadnezzar, king of Babylon, the first born son of Nabopolassar, the king of Babylon" 

Origin
The ceremonial hall in the palace of Nebuchadnezzar II had a tiled wall decorated with glazed columns, lotus buds and palmettes with lions striding around the base, of which the example in the Royal Ontario Museum is one From 1899 to 1917, Robert Koldewey led a German expedition that excavated Babylon  The fragments of tile found in the ceremonial hall of the palace, also referred to as the throne room of the Southern Citadel, were taken back to Berlin and painstakingly reassembled, as were the tiles from the Ishtar Gate and Processional Way  In 1937 the Royal Ontario Museum purchased the reconstructed striding lion relief from the State Museums of Berlin 

Production method
Robert Koldewey suggested that the lions, and other reliefs lining the Processional Way, were made using molds taken from a master clay panel, or from a temporary wall with a plaster facing that had been cut down into brick sized segments  Care had been taken to ensure the joints were not too visible and the relief work such as to facilitate removal from a mold  The bricks were then fired in a kiln, and then glazed with the appropriate colours  Marks were made on a tile's upper edge to enable it to be placed in proper sequence when assembled  The system of marks used for assembling the reliefs could be most clearly seen on the tiles from the ceremonial hall because of the way they had fallen after robbers had taken bricks from the wall 

Significance of lion symbolism
Lions were symbolic of royalty because of their strength, and fighting a lion gave a king great prestige  The lion was also the symbol of Ishtar, the goddess of love and war  In her role of the goddess of war she is depicted, bow in hand, on a chariot drawn by seven lions 
Passage 4:
Chongwenmen
Chongwenmen (Chinese: 崇文門; pinyin: Chóngwénmén; Manchu: ᡧᡠᠪᡝᠸᡝᠰᡳᡥᡠᠯᡝᡵᡝᡩᡠᡴᠠ; Möllendorff: šu be wesihulere duka) was a gate that was part of Beijing's city wall in what is now Dongcheng District  The gate stood in the southeastern part of Beijing's inner city, immediately south of the old Beijing Legation Quarter  In the 1960s, the gate and much of the wall was torn down to make room for Beijing's second ring road  Today, Chongwenmen is marked by the intersection of Chongwenmen Nei (Inner) and Chongwenmen Wai (Outer) Street, which run north-south through the former gate, Chongwenmen East and Chongwenmen West Street, which run east-west where the wall stood, and Beijing Station West Street, a diagonal street, going northwest to the Beijing railway station  Chongwenmen is a transport node in Beijing   Chongwenmen Station is an interchange station on Lines 2 and 5 of the Beijing Subway   Chongwen District, an administrative division of the city from 1952 to 2010 and now folded into Dongcheng District, was named after Chongwenmen 

History
During the Yuan dynasty, the gate was called Wenmingmen (文明門)  Because the residence of the Mongol prince Hada was located close by, the gate was also popularly known as Hadamen (traditional 哈達門, simplified 哈大門) or Hademen (traditional 哈德門, simplified 哈德门)  The name Hademen survived well into the twentieth century, and was even the name of a popular cigarette brand  The Hademen Hotel now overlooks where the gate once stood   To the east of Chongwenmen, the Ming City Wall Relics Park has the best preserved remaining section of Beijing's Ming city wall 

Transport
Chongwenmen is served by Chongwenmen Station on Line 2 and Line 5 of the Beijing Subway  It is also served by numerous Beijing Bus routes 
Passage 5:
New Town, Tasmania
New Town is a suburb of the city of Hobart, Tasmania, Australia, about 4 kilometres (2 mi) north of the central business district of Hobart   It is generally considered Hobart's oldest suburb, settled just a week after Sullivans Cove  It was historically the home of many of Hobart's wealthiest citizens, and New Town features a large number of grand residences, churches, and public buildings  The large farms were broken up following the world wars and it is now an inner city residential suburb  Many of its streets are lined with Federation style cottages  It is surrounded by the suburbs of North Hobart, Mount Stuart, Lenah Valley and Moonah, with the Queen's Domain just to the south-east  Most of the locality is within the Hobart local government area, with 2 5% within Glenorchy 

History
At the time of Hobart's re-settlement on the western shore of the Derwent River in 1804, the first free settlers were landed at New Town Bay a day after the military and convict landing on Hunter Island on 20/21 February  Some early buildings remain including Pitt Farm which is the second oldest farmhouse in Australia 
St John's Anglican Church in New Town has an unbroken record of use as a parish church, from the first service on 20 December 1835 up to the present   The building was designed by the Tasmanian government civil engineer and architect, John Lee Archer 
New Town Post Office opened on 1 January 1842 Video City opened the largest video rental shop in Australia on New Town Road in 2002  The store remained a vibrant cultural institution long after the arrival of online streaming services in the 2010s  After selling its catalogue of over 30,000 video titles, the store ceased trading in 2019 

Today
New Town has the only two single-sex public schools in Tasmania - Ogilvie High School for girls, and New Town High School for boys   There is also a third main school in New Town, the Catholic Sacred Heart College, New Town Campus, with over 1000 students  New Town Primary School is over a hundred years old  The major shopping centre is Centro New Town Plaza, which houses a Kmart, a Coles Supermarket and several smaller specialty shops 
New Town is well known for its leafy streets flanked by Colonial, Georgian, Federation, Italianate and Art Deco residences, with many large homes and mansions scattered throughout the suburb  Architects who have worked on New Town homes include Thomas Reibey Atkinson, grandson of Mary Reibey, and Henry Hunter, one of Hobart's most prominent early colonial architects 
The InterCity Cycleway passes directly through the suburb, on its course from Claremont to the city 
The main road in New Town is known as "New Town Road" and follows on from Elizabeth Street in Hobart  The road connects Hobart with the neighbouring city of Glenorchy  Other main roads in New Town are Augusta Road, which leads into Lenah Valley, and Giblin Street which becomes Forster Street and then becomes Risdon Road as it continues down towards the Brooker Highway 
Passage 6:
Ishtar Gate
The Ishtar Gate was the eighth gate to the inner city of Babylon (in the area of present-day Hillah, Babil Governorate, Iraq)  It was constructed circa 575 BCE by order of King Nebuchadnezzar II on the north side of the city  It was part of a grand walled processional way leading into the city 
The original structure was a double gate with a smaller frontal gate and a larger and more grandiose secondary posterior section  The walls were finished in glazed bricks mostly in blue, with animals and deities (also made up of colored bricks) in low relief at intervals  The gate was 50 feet (15 meters) high, and the original foundations extended another 45 feet (14 meters) underground German archaeologist Robert Koldewey led the excavation of the site from 1904 to 1914  After the end of the First World War in 1918, the smaller frontal gate was reconstructed in the Pergamon Museum in Berlin Other panels from the facade of the gate are located in many other museums around the world, including various European countries and the United States The façade of the Iraqi embassy in Beijing, China includes a replica of the Ishtar Gate 

History
King Nebuchadnezzar II reigned 604–562 BCE, the peak of the Neo-Babylonian Empire  He is known as the biblical conqueror who captured Jerusalem  He ordered the construction of the gate and dedicated it to the Babylonian goddess Ishtar  The gate was constructed using glazed brick with alternating rows of bas-relief mušḫuššu (dragons), aurochs (bulls), and lions, symbolizing the gods Marduk, Adad, and Ishtar respectively The roof and doors of the gate were made of cedar, according to the dedication plaque  The bricks in the gate were covered in a blue glaze meant to represent lapis lazuli, a deep-blue semi-precious stone that was revered in antiquity due to its vibrancy  The blue-glazed bricks would have given the façade a jewel-like shine  Through the gate ran the Processional Way, which was lined with walls showing about 120 lions, bulls, dragons, and flowers on yellow and black glazed bricks, symbolizing the goddess Ishtar  The gate itself depicted only gods and goddesses  These included Ishtar, Adad, and Marduk  During celebrations of the New Year, statues of the deities were paraded through the gate and down the Processional Way 

Design
The front of the gate has a low-relief design with a repeated pattern of images of two of the major gods of the Babylonian pantheon  Marduk, the national deity and chief god, with his servant dragon Mušḫuššu  is depicted as a dragon with a snake-like head and tail, a scaled body of a lion, and powerful talons for back feet  Marduk was seen as the divine champion of good against evil, and the incantations of the Babylonians often sought his protection 

The second god shown in the pattern of reliefs on the Ishtar Gate is Adad (also known as Ishkur), whose sacred animal was the aurochs, a now-extinct ancestor of cattle  Adad had power over destructive storms and beneficial rain  The design of the Ishtar Gate also includes linear borders and patterns of rosettes, often seen as symbols of fertility The bricks of the Ishtar gate were made from finely textured clay pressed into wooden forms  Each of the animal reliefs was also made from bricks formed by pressing clay into reusable molds  Seams between the bricks were carefully planned not to occur on the eyes of the animals or any other aesthetically unacceptable places  The bricks were sun-dried and then fired once before glazing  The clay was brownish red in this bisque-fired state The background glazes are mainly a vivid blue, which imitates the color of the highly prized lapis lazuli  Gold and brown glazes are used for animal images  The borders and rosettes are glazed in black, white, and gold  It is believed that the glaze recipe used plant ash, sandstone conglomerates, and pebbles for silicates  This combination was repeatedly melted, cooled, and then pulverized  This mixture of silica and fluxes is called a frit  Color-producing minerals, such as cobalt, were added in the final glaze formulations  This was then painted onto the bisque-fired bricks and fired to a higher temperature in a glaze firing The creation of the gate out of wood and clay glazed to look like lapis lazuli could possibly be a reference to the goddess Inanna, who became syncretized with the goddess Ishtar during the reign of Sargon of Akkad  In the myth of Inanna's descent to the underworld, Inanna is described as donning seven accoutrements of lapis lazuli symbolizing her divine power  Once captured by the queen of the underworld, Inanna is described as being lapis lazuli, silver, and wood, two of these materials being key components in the construction of the Ishtar Gate  The creation of the gate out of wood and "lapis lazuli" linking the gate to being part of the Goddess herself 
After the glaze firing, the bricks were assembled, leaving narrow horizontal seams from one to six millimeters  The seams were then sealed with a naturally occurring black viscous substance called bitumen, like modern asphalt  The Ishtar Gate is only one small part of the design of ancient Babylon that also included the palace, temples, an inner fortress, walls, gardens, other gates, and the Processional Way  The lavish city was decorated with over 15 million baked bricks, according to estimates The main gate led to the Southern Citadel, the gate itself seeming to be a part of Imgur-Bel and Nimitti-Bel, two of the most prominent defensive walls of Babylon  There were three primary entrances to the Ishtar Gate: the central entrance which contained the double gate structure (two sets of double doors, for a fourfold door structure), and doors flanking the main entrance to the left and right, both containing the signature double door structure 

Ishtar Gate and Processional Way
Once per year, the Ishtar Gate and connecting Processional Way were used for a New Year's procession, which was part of a religious festival celebrating the beginning of the agricultural year  In Babylon, the rituals surrounding this holiday lasted twelve days  The New Year's celebrations started immediately after the barley harvest, at the time of the vernal equinox  This was the first day of the ancient month of Nisan, equivalent to today's date of March 20 or 21 The Processional Way, which has been traced to a length of over 800 meters, extended north from the Ishtar Gate and was designed with brick relief images of lions, the symbol of the goddess Ishtar (also known as Inanna) the war goddess, the dragon of Marduk, the lord of the gods, and the bull of Adad, the storm god  Worshipped as the Mistress of Heaven, Ishtar represented the power of sexual attraction and was thought to be savage and determined  Symbolized by the star and her sacred animal, the lion, she was also the goddess of war and the protector of ruling dynasties and their armies  The idea of protection of the city is further incorporated into this gateway design by the use of crenelated buttresses along both sides to this entrance into the city Friezes with sixty ferocious lions representing Ishtar decorated each side of the Processional Way, designed with variations in the color of the fur and the manes  On the east side, they had a left foot forward, and on the west side, they had the right foot forward  Each lion was made of forty-six molded bricks in eleven rows  The lion is pictured upon a blue enameled tile background and an orange coloured border that runs along the very bottom portion of the wall  Having a white body and yellow mane, the lion of Ishtar was an embodiment of vivid naturalism that further enhanced the glory of Babylon's Procession Street The purpose of the New Year's holiday was to affirm the supremacy of Marduk and his representative on Earth, the king, and to offer thanks for the fertility of the land The Processional Way was paved with large stone pieces set in a bed of bitumen and was up to 66 feet (20 meters) wide at some points  This street ran from the Euphrates through the temple district and palaces and onto the Ishtar Gate 

Inscription of Nebuchadnezzar II
The inscription of the Ishtar Gate is written in Akkadian cuneiform in white and blue glazed bricks and was a dedication by Nebuchadnezzar to explain the gate's purpose  On the wall of the Ishtar Gate, the inscription is 15 meters tall by 10 meters wide and includes 60 lines of writing  The inscription was created around the same time as the gate's construction, around 605–562 BCE Inscription:

Nebuchadnezzar, King of Babylon, the pious prince appointed by the will of Marduk, the highest priestly prince, beloved of Nabu, of prudent deliberation, who has learnt to embrace wisdom, who fathomed Their (Marduk and Nabu) godly being and pays reverence to their Majesty, the untiring Governor, who always has at heart the care of the cult of Esagila and Ezida and is constantly concerned with the well being of Babylon and Borsippa, the wise, the humble, the caretaker of Esagila and Ezida, the first born son of Nabopolassar, the King of Babylon, am I 
Both gate entrances of the (city walls) Imgur-Ellil and Nemetti-Ellil following the filling of the street from Babylon had become increasingly lower  (Therefore,) I pulled down these gates and laid their foundations at the water table with asphalt and bricks and had them made of bricks with blue stone on which wonderful bulls and dragons were depicted  I covered their roofs by laying majestic cedars lengthwise over them  I fixed doors of cedar wood adorned with bronze at all the gate openings  I placed wild bulls and ferocious dragons in the gateways and thus adorned them with luxurious splendor so that Mankind might gaze on them in wonder 

I let the temple of Esiskursiskur, the highest festival house of Marduk, the lord of the gods, a place of joy and jubilation for the major and minor deities, be built firm like a mountain in the precinct of Babylon of asphalt and fired bricks 

Excavation and display
A reconstruction of the Ishtar Gate and Processional Way was built at the Pergamon Museum in Berlin out of material excavated by Robert Koldewey  It includes the inscription plaque  It stands 14 m (46 ft) high and 30 m (100 ft) wide  The excavation ran from 1902 to 1914, and, during that time, 14 m (45 ft) of the foundation of the gate was uncovered 

Claudius Rich, British resident of Baghdad and a self-taught historian, did personal research on Babylon because it intrigued him  Acting as a scholar and collecting field data, he was determined to discover the wonders to the ancient world  C  J  Rich's topographical records of the ruins in Babylon were the first ever published, in 1815  It was reprinted in England no fewer than three times  C  J  Rich and most other 19th-century visitors thought a mound in Babylon was a royal palace, and that was eventually confirmed by Robert Koldewey's excavations, who found two palaces of King Nebuchadnezzar and the Ishtar Gate  Robert Koldewey, a successful German excavator, had done previous work for the Royal Museum of Berlin, with his excavations at Surghul (Ancient Nina) and Al-hiba (ancient Lagash) in 1887  Koldewey's part in Babylon's excavation began in 1899 The method that the British were comfortable with was excavating tunnels and deep trenches, which was damaging the mud brick architecture of the foundation  Instead, it was suggested that the excavation team focus on tablets and other artefacts rather than pick at the crumbling buildings  Despite the destructive nature of the archaeology used, the recording of data was immensely more thorough than in previous Mesopotamian excavations  Walter Andrea, one of Koldewey's many assistants, was an architect and a draftsman, the first at Babylon  His contribution was documentation and reconstruction of Babylon, and then later, the smuggling of the remains out of Iraq and into Germany  A small museum was built at the site, and Andrea was the museum's first director 
As the German Oriental Society had provided such large funding for the project, the German archeologists involved felt that they needed to justify the cost by smuggling much of the material back to Germany  For example, of the 120 lion friezes along the Procession Street, the Germans took 118  Walter Andrea played a key role in this endeavor using the strong links (or wasta) that he had cultivated with German intelligence officers and with local Iraqi tribal sheikhs  The Gate's ceramic pieces were disassembled according to a complex numbering system and were then packed in straw in coal barrels in order to disguise them  These barrels were then transported down the Euphrates River to Shatt al-Arab, where they were loaded onto German ships and taken to Berlin The rebuilding of Babylon's Ishtar Gate and Processional Way in Berlin was one of the most complex architectural reconstructions in the history of archaeology  Hundreds of crates of glazed brick fragments were carefully desalinated and then pieced together  Fragments were combined with new bricks fired in a specially designed kiln to re-create the correct color and finish  It was a double gate; the part that is shown in the Pergamon Museum today is the smaller, frontal part  The larger, back part was considered too large to fit into the constraints of the structure of the museum; it is in storage 

Parts of the gate and lions from the Processional Way are in various other museums around the world  Only four museums acquired dragons, while lions went to several museums  The Istanbul Archaeology Museum has lions, dragons, and bulls  Ny Carlsberg Glyptotek in Copenhagen, Denmark, has one lion, one dragon and one bull  The Detroit Institute of Arts houses a dragon  The Röhsska Museum in Gothenburg, Sweden, has one dragon and one lion; the Louvre, the State Museum of Egyptian Art in Munich, the Kunsthistorisches Museum in Vienna, the Royal Ontario Museum in Toronto, the Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York, the Oriental Institute in Chicago, the Rhode Island School of Design Museum, the Museum of Fine Arts in Boston, and the Yale University Art Gallery in New Haven, Connecticut, each have lions  One of the processional lions was recently loaned by Berlin's Vorderasiatisches Museum to the British Museum A smaller reproduction of the gate was built in Iraq under Saddam Hussein as the entrance to a museum that has not been completed  Along with the restored palace, the gate was completed in 1987  The construction was meant to emulate the techniques that were used for the original gate  The replica appears similar to the restored original but is notably smaller  The purpose of the replica's construction was an attempt to reconnect to Iraq's history  Damage to this reproduction has occurred since the Iraq War (see Impact of the U S  military) 

Controversy and attempted repatriation
The acquisition of the Ishtar Gate by the Pergamon Museum is surrounded in controversy as the gate was excavated as part of the excavation of Babylon, and immediately shipped off to Berlin where it remains to this day  The government of Iraq has petitioned the German government to return the gate many times, notably in 2002 as well as in 2009  The Ishtar Gate is frequently used as a prime example in the debate regarding repatriating artifacts of cultural significance to countries affected by war and whether these pieces of material culture are better off in a safer environment where they could be preserved  The example in the case of the Ishtar Gate is concerning its safety in the aftermath of the Iraq War, and whether or not the gate would be safer remaining at the Pergamon Museum 

Gallery
Passage 7:
Remuera
Remuera  is an affluent suburb in East Auckland, New Zealand  It is located four kilometres southeast of the city centre  Remuera is characterised by many large houses, often Edwardian or mid 20th century  A prime example of a "leafy" suburb, Remuera is noted for its quiet tree lined streets  The suburb has numerous green spaces, most obvious of which is Ōhinerau / Mount Hobson – a volcanic cone with views from the top overlooking Waitematā Harbour and Rangitoto 
The suburb extends from Hobson Bay and the Ōrākei Basin on the Waitematā Harbour to the north and east, to the main thoroughfare of State Highway 1 in the southwest  It is surrounded by the suburbs of Ōrākei, Meadowbank, Saint Johns, Mount Wellington, Ellerslie, Greenlane, Epsom, Newmarket and Parnell  Remuera is home to many well-known New Zealanders, including the late Sir Edmund Hillary and the race car driver Bruce McLaren 

History
Remuera has had a long history of human occupation, starting back in the early 13th century when Māori came to the area  The area was very attractive to Maori as much of the Auckland isthmus was devoid of trees and covered only in native flax, bracken and scrub  Remuera was different, having patches of woodland which were the habitat of many birds suitable for trapping while the adjacent harbour and basins were good fishing areas  Remuera Road began as a walking track, connecting the eastern and northern sections of the Auckland isthmus John Logan Campbell describes early 19th century Remuera in his book Poenamo:

Beautiful was Remuera's shore, sloping gently to Waitemata's sunlit waters in the days of which I write  The palm fern-tree was there with its crown of graceful bending fronds and black feathery-looking young shoots; and the karaka, with its brilliantly-polished green leaves and golden-yellow fruit, contrasting with the darker crimped and varnished leaf of the puriri, with its bright cherrylike berry  Evergreen shrubs grew on all sides, of every shade from palest to deepest green; lovely flowering creepers mounted high overhead, leaping from tree to tree and hanging in rich festoons; of beautiful ferns there was a profusion underfoot  The tui, with his grand rich note made the wood musical; the great fat stupid pigeon cooed down upon you almost within reach, nor took the trouble to fly away 
The suburb is named after a pā (fortification) named Remuwera, on Ōhinerau / Mount Hobson  Remu-wera literally translates to "burnt edge of kilt", commemorating the occasion where a chieftainess of Hauraki was allegedly captured and consumed  Although the most common definition in reference literature, the accuracy of this definition has been described as "highly doubtful" Around 1741, Te Wai-o-Hua iwi was driven away by the Ngāti Whātua and Te Taoū iwi  Later, these iwi merged with Te Roroa and Te Uri-o-Hau into Ngāti Whātua-o-Ōrākei, which is the main iwi on the Tāmaki isthmus  In May 1844 one of the largest Māori feasts ever held in New Zealand took place in Remuera  It was organised by the Waikato iwi and about 4000 Māori and many Pākehā (Europeans) were present  The festivities lasted for a week and large amounts of food and drinks were served: 11,000 baskets of potatoes, 9,000 sharks, 100 pigs, and large amounts of tea, tobacco and sugar  Governor Robert FitzRoy visited the festivities on 11 May 1844 when a haka was performed by 1,600 Māori, armed with guns and tomahawks When the European settlers wanted to buy the land on the Tāmaki isthmus from the Māori, they first declined  But in 1851, Henry Tacy Kemp, an interpreter to the Land Claims Commissioners, bought 700 acres for £5000  Subsequently, more plots of land were sold and put up for public auction  The land was suitable for pasture land and as the town of Auckland was some distance away people did not really start to build houses (as opposed to farmhouses) until the 1860s  One of the early farmer-settlers who bought land at Remuera was Archibald Clark, who became Auckland's first mayor in 1851  Many of the large villas stood on quite big properties, as their owners needed pasturing for carriage and riding horses and enjoyed creating landscape gardens  Some even had secondary houses for gardeners or estate managers  Many of these early houses still stand, surrounded now by later suburban developments or converted into institutions such as schools 

Smaller suburban houses began appearing in the area nearest Newmarket and began to spread along Remuera Road  The first shops opened in 1890 at the intersection with Victoria Avenue  Railway stations at Newmarket and Market Road encouraged residents to commute to town  Likewise one of the most important routes for the electric tram system created in 1902 was to the Remuera shops, with an extension to the bottom of Victoria Avenue  One of the first businesses was L J  Keys' grocery store on the Clonbern Road corner, which currently houses a café  Nowadays, Remuera's main business and shopping area stretches along Remuera Road from Armadale Road to St Vincent's Avenue  Smaller shopping areas are situated at Upland Road and Benson Road 
Remuera Road initially began as an unsealed cart track leading from Newmarket to Tāmaki  By the 1860s, the Remuera Road Board was formed to help administer the area surrounding the road, by organising roads, drainage, water and power, and the Remuera District School was established in 1873  In the early 1900s the Auckland electric tramway service began servicing Remuera Road, which led to the district doubling in population between 1901 and 1911 to over 5,000 residents  By the 1910s, ratepayers in the area opposed the Remuera area being administered separately to Auckland  The Remuera Ratepayers Association organised a petition in 1912, which included 791 ratepayers (over 50%) signing to join with the adjacent Auckland City, against the Remuera Road Board's wishes  A commission of inquiry was appointed, which recommended amalgamation  Again the Road Board declined and it was only after the Department of Internal Affairs intervened that the Road Board gave in  The union was ratified in February 1915 and the 2,520 acres of Remuera became part of Auckland  J  Dempsey said that Auckland had received "the brightest jewel in her crown today", although a subsequent report by the city engineer pointed out that Remuera had not been surveyed, it had 60 miles of primitive roading, and lacked proper stormwater drainage, sewerage and other services 
The 1920s and 1930s saw increased development of Remuera, with commercial precincts such as the Avenue Buildings, Coles Building, Hellaby Building and the Skeltons Building allowing the area to act as a commercial hub  The first mile of Remuera Road was concreted in 1921, and the existing tram line was doubled in 1924, followed by an extension of the service to Meadowbank  Auckland City Council embarked on a series of improvements for the new area  One of its first acts was to provide a free public library for the area in 1915, later replaced by the current building in 1926  In 1919 however local residents were incensed by the council's building of public toilets at the Remuera shops that they demanded be torn down 
In 1927 the Remuera rugby league club reformed after initially forming in 1914 when former All Black and Kiwi, George A  Gillett coached the club  A year later in 1928, the Tudor Theatre cinema and dance hall opened, becoming a central part of Remuera social life for decades  The theatre closed in 1973, and after demolition the location became the Tudor Mall in 1980  In 1930, the electric tramway was extended from Remuera to Meadowbank In more recent history, the infamous Bassett Road machine gun murders took place in Remuera on 7 December 1963  Two men were shot with a  45 calibre Reising submachine gun at 115 Bassett Road and word quickly spread about a "Chicago-style" gang murder  Two suspects were sentenced to life imprisonment 

Demographics
Remuera covers 8 25 km2 (3 19 sq mi) and had an estimated population of 23,400 as of June 2022, with a population density of 2,836 people per km2 

Remuera had a population of 23,586 at the 2018 New Zealand census, an increase of 333 people (1 4%) since the 2013 census, and an increase of 918 people (4 0%) since the 2006 census  There were 8,028 households, comprising 11,298 males and 12,291 females, giving a sex ratio of 0 92 males per female, with 4,179 people (17 7%) aged under 15 years, 5,100 (21 6%) aged 15 to 29, 10,746 (45 6%) aged 30 to 64, and 3,564 (15 1%) aged 65 or older 
Ethnicities were 70 6% European/Pākehā, 4 0% Māori, 1 9% Pacific peoples, 27 4% Asian, and 2 9% other ethnicities  People may identify with more than one ethnicity 
The percentage of people born overseas was 37 4, compared with 27 1% nationally 
Although some people chose not to answer the census's question about religious affiliation, 46 4% had no religion, 40 9% were Christian, 2 4% were Hindu, 0 9% were Muslim, 2 6% were Buddhist and 2 2% had other religions 
Of those at least 15 years old, 9,519 (49 0%) people had a bachelor's or higher degree, and 1,125 (5 8%) people had no formal qualifications  6,993 people (36 0%) earned over $70,000 compared to 17 2% nationally  The employment status of those at least 15 was that 9,915 (51 1%) people were employed full-time, 2,877 (14 8%) were part-time, and 498 (2 6%) were unemployed 

Landmarks and features
Notable buildings and sites
Remuera has several places of historic interest, some of which have been incorporated into the Remuera Heritage Walk 
St Mark's Anglican Church  This is a Selwyn church (wooden Gothic church) built in the 1860s by Philip Herepath replacing an earlier structure from 1848 by Frederick Thatcher  Consecrated by Bishop Selwyn  John Kinder was minister here at a time when this was a rural parish  Scoriarock foundations 
St Mark's Graveyard  The first burial was in 1849, and the last in 1963  The names of many well-known early Aucklanders appear here, including James Dilworth 
Former Remuera Freemasons Hall, Remuera Road   Probably designed by the architect Henry G  Wade, the Hall was consecrated on 9 November 1880, at a ceremony presided over by the Deputy Grand Master of the Auckland Grand Lodge District (E C ), William Lodder  The Remuera Masonic Hall survives as the oldest purpose-built lodge premises in the former Auckland Grand Lodge District (E C )  Sold by the Freemasons in 1993 
Saint Michael's Catholic Church, 6 Beatrice Road  A large Italian Romanesque style church designed by the noted architects Tole and Massey  Opened on 1 October 1933 
St Luke's Presbyterian Church, Remuera Road  Masonry Gothic church from 1932 replacing an 1874 wooden building  Designed by Francis Drummond Stewart who also designed the Chateau Tongariro (1928)  The present church was modeled on the parish kirk in the Scottish mining village of Twechar, built in 1902  Reinforced concrete and  brick construction, with an external cladding of Putāruru stone  The foundation stone was laid in 1931 by Miss Sarah Dingwall 
King's School, 258 Remuera Road  King's College started in 1896 occupying the house called "The Tower", built for David Graham, brother of the founder of Ellerslie, Robert Graham 
4 Garden Road  Garden Road was originally the driveway to Number 4, a house designed by prominent architect C  Reginald Ford (of the firm Gummer and Ford)as his own residence  Built in an eclectic architectural mix with French and Italian influences, number 4 later became the "Remuera Ladies College" whose students included Jean Batten 
Skeltons Building 1928, 339–345 Remuera Road  Built for Robert Skelton, a carrier and one of Remuera's first businessmen  This set of shops retain their original tiled shopfronts 
Hellaby Building 1926, 357–365 Remuera Road was built for Frederick Hellaby whose family ran a chain of Butcher's shops 
Remuera Pharmacy, 375–377 Remuera Road  1909 building for a business operated by Fred Blott 
Cole's Building, 382–394 Remuera Road  1923 building; the first tenant was Wylies Pharmacy 
L J  Keys’ grocery store  Corner of Clonbern Road – this was the first shop in the area (1907) 
Former Remuera Post Office, cnr Victoria Ave and Remuera Road  Built in 1914 to the designs of the Government Architect John Campbell 
Brick shops 1929  411–413 Remuera Road  These two-storey shops replaced the wooden building constructed in 1902 as the Remuera Road Board office, which later became the first Remuera Public Library after the demise of the Board in 1915 
The Remuera Public Library  Designed by the Auckland architects Gummer and Ford, the library was built in 1928 in a neo-Georgian style reminiscent of American colonial architecture  Faced with red brick, this building has very fine details, especially around the windows  In 1928, the architects were awarded Gold Medals from the New Zealand Institute of Architects (NZIA) for the design of the building  The building has also won the conservation award in 2004 for the renovations that were done 
Cotter House, 4 St Vincent Avenue  Built around 1848 for prominent teetotaller Joseph Newman, who died childless at 77 following injuries sustained when a billboard on Queen Street advertising whisky fell on his head  The house was sold to Thomas Cotter, a prominent Auckland solicitor and King's Counsel, whose family owned it until 1926, when the land was further subdivided 
St Paul's Methodist Church, 12 St Vincent Avenue  Red brick church from 1922 
Saint Aidan's Anglican Church, 1904 wooden gothic / Arts & Crafts style church noted for its lychgate 
Elmstone, 468 Remuera Rd  Large Neo-Classical House with Arts&Crafts features built in 1904 for V J Larner 
Hellaby House, 542 Remuera Rd  Designed in 1921 by Roy Keith Binney for Amy Mary Hellaby Other special buildings in Remuera are the Remuera Railway Station and Signal Box  These were built in 1907–1908 and the station is the best preserved in Auckland  Whilst the other stations were regularly modernised, Remuera's has been kept almost in its original state and is still used for suburban passenger trains 

Nature areas
Remuera includes some interesting nature areas and parks  Unlike the rest of the isthmus of Auckland, which was largely void of large trees and covered with native grass, flax and manuka, Remuera retained patches of native bush and woodland 
The Ōrākei Basin, a tidal lagoon popular for water sport activities, is the submerged crater of a volcano  There is a 3 km public walkway around the basin whereby the flora and fauna of the area can be observed at close hand Mount Hobson Domain includes the volcanic cone, previously used as a pā (a defended settlement) by the Māori and in later times as a quarry and pasture land  Ōhinerau / Mount Hobson (143m high) is one of Auckland's better preserved and least modified volcanic cones  Formed some 25,000 years ago, the volcanic hill has a horse-shoe shaped crater opening to the southwest  Terraces and pits are still evident from the Maori occupation  Like the other volcanic hills of the Auckland isthmus, in the 20th century, water reservoirs were built on the summit and the lower southwest side  a water reservoir was incorporated into Ōhinerau / Mount Hobson to supply water to the surrounding area  Still evident on the south-east side of the mountain is the concrete base remnant of a WWII medical store for the US Navy Mobile Hospital in nearby Market Rd – a site now occupied by the Dilworth Junior School  As you walk up the path from the entrance, you will soon come to a stone seat – a memorial to Remuera boys who died in WWII  This overlooks a field of jonquils and daffodils which bloom in winter or early spring Waiatarua Reserve  To the south of Remuera Road lies Waiatarua Reserve  This is a natural basin, prone to seasonal flooding  On several 19th century maps this was shown as a lake and referred to as 'Lake Remuera', 'Lake St John' or 'Lake Waiatarua' although in reality it was largely an area of swampy ground in which a sheet of shallow water would appear sporadically in the wet season  In 1918, 133 acres (54 hectares) of this land was given to the City Council to create Waiatarua Reserve  As the surrounding farm land was transformed into suburban housing this area became problematic – although in theory the "lake" afforded a picturesque view for the new houses, it was also a breeding ground for mosquitos  Moreover, the basin was composed of a peat-like substance subject to smouldering fires which were difficult to put out  In 1929 a drain was bored through the hill to the south west enabling the water to be drained into the adjacent natural stream which feeds into the nearby Ōrākei Basin; this drainage system is still in place  In 1934, 50 acres (20 hectares) of the park were leased to the Remuera Golf Club and a course was laid out  The clubhouse was completed in 1935  In 1938 a new course was built around the original layout in response to members’ complaints about the course conditions  In 1968 the Course was redesigned by golf course specialist Harold Babbage and a new Club House built 

Economy
Retail
The Remuera Town Centre includes Airlie Court, Remuera Mall, Tudor Mall, Victoria Mews Arcade and Remuera Village Green  It has 130 shops including a 
New World supermarket and has about 400 carparks 

Education
Remuera Intermediate is a coeducational intermediate school (years 7-8) with a roll of 850 Remuera School, Meadowbank School and Victoria Avenue School are coeducational contributing primary schools  (years 1-6) with rolls of 555, 728 and 430 respectively Baradene College of the Sacred Heart is a state integrated Catholic girls' secondary school  (years 7-13) with a roll of 1417  St Michael's Catholic School is a coeducational state-integrated contributing primary school (years 1-6) with a roll of 227 Mount Hobson Middle School is a private coeducational composite school (years 7-10) with a roll of 97 King's School, St Kentigern Primary School and Saint Kentigern Girls' School are private single-sex full primary schools (years 1-8) with rolls of 719, 647 and 343 respectively Rolls are as of April 2023 

Politics
Remuera is a part of the Epsom electorate for the Parliamentary representation  Local government of Remuera is the responsibility of the Ōrākei Local Board, which also includes the suburbs of Ōrākei, Mission Bay, Kohimarama, St Heliers, Glendowie, St Johns, Meadowbank, and Ellerslie 

Remuera Golf Club
The Remuera Golf Club started to develop in 1934 and the club house was finished in 1935  It was not an ideal location for a golf club, as it was established in a natural basin prone to seasonal flooding  In fact on several 19th century maps this was actually shown as a lake and referred to as 'Lake Remuera' or 'Lake St John' although in reality it was largely an area of swampy ground in which a sheet of shallow water would appear sporadically in the wet season  133 acres (54 hectares) of land in the gully was given to the City Council in 1918 as Waiatarua Reserve  As the surrounding farm land was transformed into suburban housing this area became problematic – although the "lake" afforded a picturesque view for the new houses it was also a breeding ground for mosquitos  Moreover, the basin was composed of a peat-like substance subject to smouldering fires which were difficult to put out  In 1929 a drain was bored through the hill to the south west enabling the water to be drained into the adjacent natural stream which feeds into the nearby Oraki Basin; this drainage system is still in place 
Fifty acres of the park were leased to the Golf Club in 1934 and a course was laid out  In 1938 a new course was built around the original layout in response to members’ complaints about the course conditions  In 1968 the Course was redesigned by golf course specialist Harold Babbage and a new Club House has been built 

Connections
Remuera's reputation as a desirable residential area around the turn of the 20th century was reflected in the use of its name for a luxury liner  SS Remuera was a steamship launched in 1911  She was the last delivered of three 11000 tonners built by the William Denny Organization between 1909 and 1911 for the New Zealand Shipping Company (sister ships Ruahine and Rotorua)  Her inaugural voyage in 1911 was from London to Wellington  In September 1914 she was the first British ship to pass through the newly complete Panama Canal 
During the First War she was commandeered by the British Government  After the war she returned to the UK to New Zealand route, as a sign of the changing times she was now refitted to accommodate two classes of passengers as opposed to her initial layout of First, Second and Steerage  Again commandeered at the outbreak of war in 1939 she was torpedoed in the North Sea in September 1940 

Notable residents
Jean Batten was a student at a Girls School at 4 Garden Road 
Archibald Clark – MP (1805–1875) Auckland's first Mayor in 1851 
James Clark – Mayor of Auckland 1880–1883  Lived at 258 Remuera Road (now King's School) 
Thomas Cotter – Auckland solicitor and King's Counsel – Lived at 4 Vincent Avenue 
William Crowther (1834–1900) – Mayor of Auckland  Horse Tram Company Operator 
James Dilworth –  Served on the Auckland Provincial Council for eight years  He and his wife Isabella left money to create the well known Dilworth School which takes in and educates boys living in straitened circumstances 
Sir Edmund Hillary (1919–2008) – Mountaineer, explorer and Bee-Keeper  Hillary built a home in Remuera in 1956 where he lived until his death in 2008  His home was removed from its original location in 2010 and stored until moved in 2011 to Sir Edmund Hillary Collegiate in Otara where it now houses a training programme for young leaders 
Sir Paul Holmes (1950–2013)
Alfred George Horton (1842–1903) – Founder of The New Zealand Herald newspaper 
Dame Rosie Horton (philanthropist) and Michael Horton – 44 Victoria Avenue 
Rev John Kinder MA DD MD – Minister of St Mark's Remuera 
Bruce McLaren (1937–1970) – Race car driver  He was born in the suburb and his family lived above their garage and service station on 586–592 Remuera Road until they moved around the corner to 8 Upland Road when he was 9 
Sir Edwin Mitchelson (1845–1934) Mitchelson was an MP, Chairman of the Remuera Road Board and Auckland's Mayor at the same time  He was Mayor from 1903 to 1905 and was knighted in 1920 
Joseph Newman – Lived at 4 St Vincent Avenue in a house he built in 1848, now called Cotter House  Newman was a Stockbroker  A well-known teetotaller, Newman died at the age of 77 from injuries sustained when a billboard on Queen Street advertising whisky fell on his head (10 September 1890) 
James Pascoe – Jeweller
Sir John Reed, Supreme Court Judge – 239 Remuera Rd 
Hon  Joseph Tole, Minister of Justice from 1884 to 1887 – 251 Remuera Rd 
William Chisholm Wilson – founder of The New Zealand Herald newspaper 
Desley Simpson – local council politician 
Christopher Luxon – Leader of the National Party, Leader of the Opposition 
Passage 8:
Panel with striding lion
The Panel with striding lion (MA 31 13 1) is a panel of Neo-Babylonian glazed ceramic bricks or tiles dated to 604–562 B C , now in the Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York  It was one of many that lined the Processional Way north of the Ishtar Gate  It was excavated by R  Koldewey in 1902, and at the Staatliche Museen zu Berlin from 1926, before coming into the possession of the Met in 1931 A large group of such figures is part of the Processional Way leading to the Ishtar Gate, a centrepiece display of the Pergamon Museum in Berlin 
Lions were symbolic of royalty because of their strength, and fighting a lion gave a king great prestige  The lion was also the symbol of Ishtar, the goddess of love and war  In her role of the goddess of war she is depicted on a chariot drawn by seven lions with bow in hand

See also
Striding Lion, a similar panel in Toronto

Notes


== Sources ==
Context 3: Passage 1:
Shystie
Chanelle Scot Calica (born 25 December 1983), better known by her stage name Shystie, is an English rapper, songwriter and actress  
She grew up in Hackney, East London  Shystie became famous in 2003 with her white label response to Dizzee Rascal's "I Luv U" and a tour with Basement Jaxx, The Streets and 50 Cent, which led to her being signed by major label Polydor  She is also the leading actress in the television series Dubplate Drama 

Debut album - Diamond in the Dirt
Shystie's debut studio album, Diamond in the Dirt was released in the UK only in 2004 by Polydor Records 
Her debut single was "One Wish", which peaked on its first week on the UK Singles Chart at number 40, having no mainstream radio or music channels' support besides Channel U and MTV Base  The B-side was "One Wish Remix", featuring Kano and produced by Terror Danja  Her second single was "Make It Easy" and the B-side was "Juiced"; it charted at number 57  Shystie's debut album went on to sell 60,000 copies across the UK, the same year she was nominated for 'Best Newcomer' at the MOBO Awards In 2004, Shystie featured in the computer game with her own character, Juiced, albeit only in the Acclaim beta version  She also recorded an accompanying song and video entitled "Juiced", which was featured on the game's beta soundtrack and her album as a bonus track  In the final version, Shystie is replaced by Sue Yen  This version of her song does not appear 

Dubplate Drama
Dubplate Drama is a British television series that aired on Channel 4 between 11 November 2005 and 3 July 2009  The show was created by Luke Hyamms, Shystie and her manager  The premise of the series involved a group of young musicians, with the leading role by Shystie, who was attempting to make it big by securing a record deal  Three series of the show were broadcast  The first series contained six fifteen-minute episodes, the second contained six thirty-minute episodes, and the third contained two feature-length specials of sixty minutes each  The show was described as "the world's first interactive drama series", as it allowed viewers to vote on the outcome of each episode  The first two series were released on DVD, with the third remaining unreleased  The show was notable for its well-known British talent, including roles played by Shystie, Noel Clarke, Adam Deacon, N-Dubz and Tim Westwood 

Kidulthood
In March 2006, Shystie had two songs, "One Wish" and "Woman’s World", featured in the film Kidulthood 

Adulthood
In June 2008, Shystie played the role of Lisa in the film Adulthood, the sequel to Kidulthood  She wrote the theme song "Arms Open Wide" which featured on the Adulthood soundtrack 

Sket
In September 2011, Shystie wrote the theme song for the feature film Sket along with writing four other songs which were used for the film 

Illegal Activity
In March 2012, Shystie played the role of Toya in the short film Illegal Activity, which premiered at the Bafta HQs 

Recent activity
In April and July 2011, Shystie released two mixtapes entitled You're Welcome and Blue Magic 
In September, Shystie modelled for English designer Nasir Mazhar at the London Fashion Week and was featured in Vogue for her performance 
In March 2012, Shystie released a promotional single and video for "Bad Gyal" and, in August, released her second promotional single and video for "Feel It", both from her EP Pink Mist, which was produced by LzBeatz 
In February 2013, Shystie modelled and performed at London Fashion Week again, and was featured in Vogue for the second time  The next month Shystie and Azealia Banks went from being friends to enemies after Banks posted on Twitter that Shystie and Azealia's "Control It" video was "bogus" and "not Azalea"  Shystie released a diss track directed at Banks called "Doppelganger"  The track replaced "Control It" as the third track on Pink Mist 
On 28 April 2013, Shystie released her EP independently through her in-house team Starwork Music, entitled Pink Mist via iTunes  It debuted at number 4 in the charts 

Filmography
Discography
Studio albums/EPs
Mixtapes
Singles
Promotional singles
Singles as featured artist
Soundtrack appearances
Music videos
Featured music videos
Awards and nominations
MOBO Awards 2004 - Best Newcomer - nominated
Broadcasting Press Guild Awards 2006 - Best Television Series [Dubplate Drama] - nominated
OMA Awards 2012 - Best Female for 2011 - nominated
OMA Awards 2012 - Best Video for a Mixtape for 2011 - nominated
OMA Awards 2012 - Best Grime Mixtape for 2011 - nominated
Passage 2:
Nathaniel Gist
Nathaniel Gist (15 October 1733 – 1812) was born in Maryland and fought during the French and Indian War and the American Revolutionary War  He was reputed to be the father of Sequoyah the famous Cherokee by Wurteh Watts  Like his father Christopher Gist (1706–1759), he served in Braddock's Expedition in 1755 and the Forbes Expedition in 1758  The outbreak of the American Revolution found him on the frontier  At first suspected of sympathizing with the British, he convinced the Americans of his loyalty 
George Washington, a close friend of his father, authorized him to form Gist's Additional Continental Regiment in January 1777  Gist probably participated in Light Horse Harry Lee's Paulus Hook Raid in 1779  He and his regiment were captured at the Siege of Charleston in May 1780  After the war, he took an American wife Judith Cary Bell (1750–1833) and the couple had four daughters, one of whom married Francis P  Blair  He is variously said to have died in 1796, 1812, or at the end of the War of 1812  He is confused with his uncle Nathaniel Gist (1707–1780)  He was a first cousin of Mordecai Gist 

French and Indian War
Born on 15 October 1733 in Baltimore, Province of Maryland, Gist's parents were Christopher Gist (1706–1759) and Sarah Howard (b  1711)  The surname was sometimes rendered Guest  In 1753 his father made a remarkable trek through the wilderness with George Washington  By this time the 20-year-old Nathaniel Gist was a trader living with the Overhill Cherokee near Echota  He and a partner Richard Pearis sold his father's goods to the Native Americans  Both men coveted the land at Long Island in the Holston River (now Kingsport, Tennessee) and soon fell out   Governor Robert Dinwiddie blamed the quarrel for the failure of the Cherokees to aid the British against the French  In 1755 Gist accompanied Braddock's Expedition in 1755, serving as a lieutenant in his father's ranger company in Washington's colonial regiment  He continued his military service in 1756, protecting the frontier against raids by pro-French Indians In 1757, Gist received promotion to captain and was given responsibility for 200 Cherokees living in Virginia  He was credited with leading these native peoples as an auxiliary force during the successful Forbes Expedition of 1758  In 1760, Gist accompanied Daniel Boone and other hunters on a trek to Abingdon, Virginia, then called Wolf Hill  The two then split up, with Boone going on to Long Island and Gist traveling to Cumberland Gap  He was said to have sired Sequoyah in 1760 or 1761, but this is unlikely because the Anglo-Cherokee War was raging and Gist was serving in Adam Stephen's colonial Virginia regiment against the Cherokees  This unit advanced as far as Long Island before peace was made between the two sides 

American Revolutionary War
Samuel C  Williams believed that Gist fathered Sequoyah around 1775 by his mother Wurteh Watts  Of a prominent clan, she was related to Old Tassel  Williams dismissed the story that Sequoyah's father was an itinerant German peddler by the name of Guess  He noted that Sequoyah went by George Guess, Guest, and Gist, and that he finished the Cherokee alphabet in 1821 when he was about 40  This was much too young for a man born in 1761  Williams noted that a letter showed that in 1828, Sequoyah visited Gist relatives in Kentucky and was acknowledged as a family member The year 1775 found Gist living with the Overhill Cherokees  After a trip to West Florida, he returned to Cherokee country with Henry Stuart, the brother of John Stuart, the British agent to the southern tribes  At this time, the Stuarts and another agent Alexander Cameron were trying to get the white settlers on the Nolichucky and Watauga Rivers to move to West Florida  When the American Revolution broke out, the British agents desired to separate the American loyalist settlers from the rebels, so that the Indians could attack the rebels  They apparently hoped to enlist Gist in the effort  Jarret Williams, a settler got back to Virginia with the news that Gist was working with the British  In fact, Gist was in the pay of Cameron at the time  For his part, Gist warned the Cherokees not to start a war, but they began attacking the settlements anyway 

In 1776, Virginia sent an expedition under William Christian against the Cherokees  He was enjoined to capture the Stuarts, Cameron, and Gist as enemies  When the column reached the French Broad River, Gist came into the Virginian camp under a flag of truce  On 15 October 1776, Christian reported to Governor Patrick Henry that some of the Virginia troops recalled Gist's exploits on the frontier in a good light, while most of the soldiers wanted to lynch him as a British spy  Christian thought Gist was remorseful for becoming involved with the British agents, but did not entirely trust him  Nevertheless, he kept him from harm and Gist later regained his popularity  Gist maintained that it was impossible for him to escape so he appeared to go along with the enemy purpose, a story that was accepted by Governor Henry and the Virginia council in December Washington appointed Gist colonel in command of Gist's Additional Continental Regiment on 11 January 1777  The regiment was intended to be a light infantry unit  Four companies of southern frontier rangers would be enrolled  In addition, Gist was to recruit 500 natives from the Cherokee and other tribes to serve as scouts  Aside from the military purpose, it was believed that enlisting the braves would bind the tribes in an alliance with the American cause  Only three companies were formed from Virginians and Marylanders  The regiment did not fight as a whole  Instead, the companies of Captains John Gist and Joseph Smith were attached to the 3rd Maryland Regiment while the company of Captain Samuel Lapsley served with the 12th Virginia Regiment  The three companies that comprised the regiment fought with the main army in the Philadelphia Campaign in the summer and fall of 1777 and at the Battle of Monmouth in June 1778 On 22 April 1779, Gist's Regiment absorbed Grayson's Additional Continental Regiment and Thruston's Additional Continental Regiment  The consolidated regiment reformed in the strength of eight companies  The unit was assigned to the 1st Virginia Brigade on 12 May  Gist preferred charges against Light Horse Harry Lee after the latter's capture of British prisoners at the Battle of Paulus Hook on 19 August 1779  Brigadier General George Weedon, who evidently disagreed with the charges, called Gist "the head of the Wrongheads"  On 4 December, the regiment was ordered to march to Charleston, South Carolina  On 6 April 1780, William Woodford's contingent of 750 Virginia Continentals arrived, having marched 500 miles (805 km)  Gist and his regiment were captured on 12 May 1780 at the Siege of Charleston  He retired from the army on 1 January 1783 Gist received 7,000 acres in Kentucky for his services in the war  He moved there in 1793 and built an estate called Canewood  At that time he was described as six feet tall and "stout-framed", with a dark complexion  Williams believed that he died around the end of the War of 1812  Historian Francis B  Heitman asserted that Gist died in 1796 

Family
Nathaniel had two brothers, Richard Gist, who was born on 2 September 1729 and died at the Battle of King's Mountain in 1780, and Thomas Gist, who moved to Kentucky after the American Revolutionary War  Heitman states that it was Nathaniel Gist Jr , an ensign in his father's regiment, who died at King's Mountain  His father had two brothers  Nathaniel is sometimes confused with his uncle Nathaniel  In 1783, Gist married Judith Cary Bell and the couple had four daughters, Eliza Violet, Sarah Howard, Anne Cary, and Maria  Eliza married Francis Preston Blair and was the mother of Montgomery Blair who served in Abraham Lincoln's cabinet and Francis Preston Blair Jr  a Union general and US Senator  Sarah married Jesse Bledsoe who became a US Senator, Anne wed Dr  Joseph Boswell, and Maria married Benjamin Gratz  The noted Maryland officer Mordecai Gist was his first cousin 

Notes
Footnotes

Citations
Passage 3:
Erik Watts
Erik Watts (born December 19, 1967) is an American semi-retired professional wrestler  He is best known for his appearances with World Championship Wrestling and the World Wrestling Federation in the 1990s  He is the son of wrestler Bill Watts 

Early life
Watts attended the University of Louisville, where he was a quarterback for the Louisville Cardinals 

Professional wrestling career
World Championship Wrestling (1992–1994)
Watts trained as a wrestler under his father, Bill Watts, and after wrestling for three months, he was hired by World Championship Wrestling  He debuted on August 27, 1992 in McMinnville, TN, and began a house show series against Buddy Lee Parker and Mark Canterbury  Still undefeated three months later, Watts would defeat Scotty Flamingo (later known as Raven), Vinnie Vegas, and a rookie Diamond Dallas Page  On November 2 Watts defeated Michael Hayes on WCW Saturday Night, and went on to score multiple victories against Mike Thor and Tex Slazenger  On November 8 he achieved a time-limit draw with Steve Austin on a live event in Winston-Salem, NC  In late November he entered his first feud, facing members of The Dangerous Alliance  On November 25 he upset Bobby Eaton in Baltimore, MD, winning by submission with an STF  The following month Watts took WCW US Champion Rick Rude to several time limit draws, and he gained his first pinfall victory over Steve Austin on December 5 in St Paul, MN  On December 7th at WCW Saturday Night his undefeated streak was ended by Rude  His constant pushes were controversial in that his father was WCW's booker at the time, leading to accusations of nepotism  On December 28, at Starrcade, Watts teamed with Jushin Thunder Liger, in a Lethal Lottery tag team match, losing to "Dr  Death" Steve Williams and Sting 
In January 1993 Watts gained victories over The Barbarian, Tony Atlas, and a returning Paul Orndorff  In February Watts teamed with Buff Bagwell and to take on Hollywood Blonds in a tag team match at SuperBrawl III, which Watts and Bagwell lost  Later in February, he was entered into a tournament to crown a new WCW TV Champion after previous titleholder Scott Steiner had departed four months earlier for the WWF  After defeating Johnny Gunn in the opening round, Watts beat Maxx Payne by disqualification in the quarter-finals  The last two rounds of the tournament were held on March 2 in Macon, GA  Watts pinned Vinnie Vegas in the semifinals, but was defeated by Paul Orndorff in the finals  Following his father's departure from WCW, Erik was targeted by Arn Anderson and began a house show series with The Enforcer as the Four Horsemen began the reformation  Watts continued to perform strongly against lower level competition, but was defeated by Steve Regal on July 18, 1993 at Beach Blast  In August, he began a house show series with Chris Benoit and came out victorious in each encounter  A month later however he began his first losing streak, dropping matches to WCW TV Champion Steve Regal on multiple occasions On November 30, 1993 he was involved in a major angle on WCW Saturday Night  After defeating Paul Orndorff, Paul Roma came out to ringside and attacked Watts  This would lead to the formation of eventual tag-team champions Pretty Wonderful  Meanwhile, Watts continued to be victorious in 1994 against lower level competition, but was unable to break through against more experienced competition like Regal or Orndorff  His final match was on August 1, 1994 against Jean Paul Levesque in Ft Pierce, FL 

World Wrestling Federation (1995–1996)
In 1995, Watts followed his father to the World Wrestling Federation  In the WWF, Watts was renamed "Troy" and, together with Chad Fortune as "Travis", formed Tekno Team 2000  Wearing silver smocks and tight zubaz, their gimmick was that they represented the cutting edge of cyberculture  Their tag team made its debut on the May 27, 1995 episode of Superstars in a victorious effort against The Brooklyn Brawler and Barry Horowitz  They wrestled two more matches on TV the following month, but disappeared from television until reappearing at In Your House 2 pay-per-view, acting as lumberjacks for the main event  After being absent from TV for a year, they resurfaced in 1996, but still failed to achieve any success and both men were released from the WWF 

Return to WCW (1998–1999)
On the April 16, 1998 edition of Thunder, Watts returned to WCW for a match against Yuji Nagata  Eight months later Watts made a full-time return, and would win his first 2 matches back out of the gate  Before mainly being used as enhancement talent working on Saturday Night, WorldWide and on rare occasions on Monday Nitro  He would receive a shot at the WCW Television Championship on the March 30 edition of WCW Saturday Night, but would fall short at the hands of Booker T  His last TV appearance was on November 13 as he lost a match against Disco Inferno on Saturday Night 

Extreme Championship Wrestling (2000)
Watts joined the Philadelphia-based Extreme Championship Wrestling promotion in 2000, losing to Spike Dudley in his ECW Arena debut  He remained with the promotion for two months before departing 

All Japan Pro Wrestling (2000)
In late 2000, Watts worked for All Japan Pro Wrestling 

Turnbuckle Championship Wrestling (2001)
In 2001, Watts worked for Dusty Rhodes's Turnbuckle Championship Wrestling in Philadelphia where he won the TCW Tag Team titles with Scotty Riggs 

NWA Total Nonstop Action (2002–2005)
In 2002, Watts joined NWA Total Nonstop Action  He eventually formed a heel stable with David Flair and Brian Lawler (two other second generation wrestlers whose careers were overshadowed by those of their famous fathers, Ric and Jerry) known as "The Next Generation"  After the faction disbanded, Watts turned face  He acted as the TNA Director of Authority from July 23, 2003 to January 28, 2004, before being ousted from his position by Don Callis  Watts then feuded with his on-screen girlfriend, Goldy Locks, throughout 2004  In late 2004, he feuded with Raven, defeating him at Final Resolution on January 16, 2005 before leaving the promotion in February 

Retirement (2005–present)
After leaving TNA, Watts began working primarily for the Georgia-based Great Championship Wrestling promotion  He also appeared with AWA Superstars of Wrestling, defeating Diamond Dallas Page for the vacant International Heavyweight Championship on February 4, 2005 in Tucson, Arizona in a match refereed by Mick Foley  The title was retired by the AWA Board of Directors later that year  In November 2009, Watts returned to Great Championship Wrestling, now based in Phenix City, Alabama, to be the promotion's booker  He is also playing an authority role on their weekly live events 

Championships and accomplishments
AWA Superstars of Wrestling
AWA Superstars of Wrestling International Heavyweight Championship (1 time)
Great Championship Wrestling
GCW Heavyweight Championship (2 times)
GCW Tag Team Championship (1 time) – with John Bogie
NWA Spinebuster
NWA Spinebuster Heavyweight Championship (1 time)
Pro Wrestling Illustrated
Rookie of the Year (1992)
Ranked No  37 of the top 500 singles wrestlers in the PWI 500 in 1998
Turnbuckle Championship Wrestling
TCW Tag Team Championship (1 time) – with Scotty Anton
Wrestling Observer Newsletter
Most Overrated Wrestler (1992)
Readers' Least Favorite Wrestler (1992)
Most Disgusting Promotional Tactic (1992) Being pushed by WCW
Passage 4:
TCW Tag Team Championship
The TCW Tag Team Championship was the primary professional wrestling tag team title of Turnbuckle Championship Wrestling  It was originally won by Scott Anton and Erik Watts who defeated Glacier and Jorge Estrada, coincidentally opponents for the TCW Heavyweight Championship, in Dothan, Alabama on March 3, 2001  Unlike the singles titles, the tag team titles changed hands very often when the promotion toured outside the state of Georgia, as far away as Alabama and Tennessee 

Title history
Passage 5:
Ockelbo-Lundgren
Ockelbo-Lundgren was the nickname of Erik Lundgren (19 February 1919 – 16 September 1967), a Swedish racing driver that produced replica cars and boats under the name Ockelbo He first became known during the 1940s as "Trollkarlen från Ockelbo" (The Wizard from Ockelbo) when he participated in several races in a Ford 38 powered by a V8 engine with eight carburettors producing 280 hp – at speeds up to 220 km/h Lundgren built and sold tuning items and in the mid-1950s he heard about a burned-out Alfa Romeo Giulietta Sprint and got the idea to make his own bodywork for it  He made a fibreglass mould using Uffe Norinder's Ferrari 500 Mondial and then started making his own bodies  They were considered very good (according to some better than the original) and could take many different donors for chassis and drive line, like VW Beetle, Saab, DKW, MG, Simca, Porsche, etc  As of 2014, the Ockelbo-Ferrari was still made (under the Pagano brand) Later Lundgren also made fibreglass boats, from the company Ockelbo-Båtar AB that was in business until 1979 

Formula One World Championship results
(key) (Races in bold indicate pole position; Races in italics indicate fastest lap)
Passage 6:
Bill Watts
William F  Watts Jr  (born May 5, 1939) is a retired American professional wrestler, promoter and former American football player  Watts garnered fame under his "Cowboy" gimmick in his wrestling career, and then as a promoter in the Mid-South United States, which grew to become the Universal Wrestling Federation (UWF) 
In 1992, Watts was the Executive Vice President of World Championship Wrestling (WCW) but after clashes with management over a number of issues, as well as feeling pressure from Hank Aaron over a racially insensitive interview, he resigned  He was subsequently replaced by Ole Anderson In 1995, Watts briefly worked as a booker for the World Wrestling Federation (WWF)  In 2009, he was inducted into the WWE Hall of Fame 

Football career
Watts played as a linebacker for his high school football team, the Putnam City Pirates  Bud Wilkinson recruited him to play for the Oklahoma Sooners, where he played as a guard during his sophomore and junior years  However, his junior year was marred by a near fatal car accident involving him and his mother, resulting in him going into a coma  When he came out, he had lost a significant amount of weight, and had to put it back on, despite the coaches at the time preferring their players to be small and quick, which Watts had struggled with before the accident  Former Sooners teammate Wahoo McDaniel (then of the Houston Oilers of the AFL), introduced him to professional wrestling for the first time, something McDaniel did in the off-season  Watts turned professional in 1961 and joined the Oilers, but did not last long there, and according to a shoot interview, he left after knocking out a coach Through McDaniel's friendship with defensive coach Bob Griffin, Watts played for the Indianapolis Warriors of the United Football League, while also being able to wrestle for NWA Indianapolis  Watts then had a try-out with the Minnesota Vikings of the National Football League (NFL), but after a discussion with general manager Jim Finks, who wanted him to quit his wrestling career, Watts left the Vikings having decided he could make more money back in Oklahoma 

Professional wrestling career
Wrestling career (1962–1979)
As a professional wrestler, he famously feuded with WWWF Champion Bruno Sammartino, but was unable to win the title  In the 1960s, he wrestled in many areas, such as San Francisco, Chicago, St  Louis, and even Japan for All Japan Pro Wrestling (AJPW)  During these periods, Watts challenged for both the National Wrestling Alliance (NWA) and American Wrestling Association (AWA) versions of the World Title 

Booking career (1979-1995)
Mid-South Wrestling / Universal Wrestling Federation (1979–1987)
Watts is perhaps even more famous for being a pioneering promoter in the Mid-South area of the United States, with his base of operation being in the Shreveport, Louisiana area  His promotion was known as Mid-South Wrestling  He is often credited with creating the current and popular "episodic" style of TV wrestling, building solid creative storylines week-on-week, with an emphasis on solid in-ring action with dependable wrestlers like "Dr  Death" Steve Williams, The Junkyard Dog, Ted DiBiase and Jim Duggan  He is an outspoken critic on breaking kayfabe and "smart" wrestling fans  A Watts-run promotion always had face and heel wrestlers dress in different locker rooms and to have faces and heels not meet publicly  He has also been known to revamp his booking plans in order to protect the business from such fans 
After losing over half a million dollars, Watts sold the UWF to NWA Mid-Atlantic's Jim Crockett Promotions, who kept many of their stars, such as Sting  Instead of having UWF as a separate organization, Crockett sent his mid-card wrestlers to the UWF and had them quickly win their titles  Eventually, the UWF folded, and Crockett would be bought out by Ted Turner in 1988  In April 1989, after firing George Scott, WCW offered Watts the chance to book, but he declined the offer and WCW instead decided to go with a booking committee, which included Ric Flair and Kevin Sullivan  It is said that Flair would seek advice on booking or how to formulate a document correctly from Jim Cornette, who is often miscredited as a member of the actual committee 

World Championship Wrestling (1992–1993)
Watts became Executive Vice President of World Championship Wrestling (succeeding Kip Frey) in 1992  He took many of his old-school values with him, such as banning moves from the top rope and the babyfaces and heels separation  His tenure was not long, nor were his ideas overly embraced  According to his autobiography, Controversy Creates Ca$h, Eric Bischoff (who worked under Watts at the time) felt Watts would intimidate anyone he was talking to and was only interested in taking the WCW product back to 1970s standards, with poorly lit arenas and house shows in remote rural towns 
The circumstances of Watts' departure in 1993 are controversial  Prior to 1992, he had given an interview to a wrestling newsletter  Most notably, Watts had commented on Lester Maddox, a restaurant owner (and future Governor of Georgia) who was told he had to serve black people but instead closed down his business  Watts felt Maddox stood up for what he believed in and acted accordingly  He also made several other controversial statements pertaining to race and sexual orientation  When he was hired by WCW, Watts had explained the situation to Turner president Bill Shaw, apparently to his satisfaction  However, a year later wrestling journalist Mark Madden brought the interview to the attention of Hank Aaron, himself a vice president in the Turner organization with the Atlanta Braves, who then pushed for Watts' removal  While Madden takes credit for Watts getting fired, Watts himself disputes this account, saying he was not fired for the comments but quit his position out of frustration over "backstabbing" by Shaw and (unbeknownst to Shaw) had already resigned by the time Aaron got the newsletter  Watts was replaced by Ole Anderson 

World Wrestling Federation (1995)
Watts later went on to a position of booking power in the World Wrestling Federation (WWF)  His tenure there was short, as he stated in later interviews that he was only there on a three-month contract and had no interest in staying long-term  On April 4, 2009, Watts was inducted into the WWE Hall of Fame as a part of the Class of 2009



ground_truth: Babylon

prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: When was Erik Watts' father born?

The following are given passages.
Context 3: 

Personal life
Watts has five children  From his first marriage, he has a son, William III (nicknamed Biff), and from his second marriage, he has three sons, Joel, Erik, Micah and a daughter, Ene  In March 2006, Watts released his autobiography The Cowboy and the Cross: The Bill Watts Story: Rebellion, Wrestling and Redemption through ECW Press  The book chronicles his upbringing, his career as first a wrestler, then a promoter, along with events in his personal life  The book also details his becoming a born-again Christian 
Watts is a Republican, and in an ROH shoot interview with Jim Cornette, filmed in 2006, he criticised Bill Clinton and the Democrats numerous times  He also said, "All men are equal, but some men are more talented than others, and worth more "
Watts served as co-host of a sports talk radio show on The Sports Animal in Tulsa, Oklahoma until late 2008  He was a longtime resident of Bixby, a Tulsa suburb 

Championships and accomplishments
American Wrestling Alliance
AWA United States Heavyweight Championship (1 time)
Cauliflower Alley Club
Other honoree (2001)
Championship Wrestling from Florida
NWA Florida Heavyweight Championship (3 times)
NWA Southern Heavyweight Championship (Florida version) (1 time)
George Tragos/Lou Thesz Professional Wrestling Hall of Fame
Class of 2013
Gulf Coast Championship Wrestling
NWA Gulf Coast Heavyweight Championship (1 time)
Japan Wrestling Association
NWA International Tag Team Championship (1 time) – with Tarzan Tyler
Mid-South Sports
NWA Georgia Heavyweight Championship (1 time)
NWA Tri-State / Mid-South Wrestling Association
Mid-South North American Heavyweight Championship (2 times)
Mid-South Tag Team Championship (1 time) – with Buck Robley
NWA Louisiana Tag Team Championship (1 time) – with Buck Robley
NWA North American Heavyweight Championship (Tri-State version) (7 times)
NWA Tri-State Brass Knuckles Championship (2 times)
NWA Tri-State Tag Team Championship (5 times) – with Jerry Kozak (1), Billy Red Lyons (1), Greg Valentine (1), Billy Robinson (1) and Buck Robley (1)
Professional Wrestling Hall of Fame
Class of 2013
Southwest Sports, Inc 
NWA Texas Heavyweight Championship (1 time)
World Wide Wrestling Federation / World Wrestling Entertainment
WWWF United States Tag Team Championship (1 time) – with Gorilla Monsoon
WWE Hall of Fame (Class of 2009)
Wrestling Observer Newsletter awards
Most Obnoxious (1992)
Wrestling Observer Newsletter Hall of Fame (Class of 1996)
Passage 7:
Vicki Fowler
Vicki Fowler is a fictional character from the BBC soap opera EastEnders, played by Emma Herry from the character's birth in 1986 to 1988, Samantha Leigh Martin from 1988 to 1995, and Scarlett Alice Johnson from 2003 to 2004  She is the daughter of Michelle Fowler (Susan Tully) and Den Watts (Leslie Grantham)  The character is born in the serial, conceived in a controversial storyline about teenage pregnancy  Exploiting a whodunnit angle, at the time of the first showing, viewers were not initially told who was the father, and press interest in the fledgling show escalated as journalists attempted to guess  The audience finally discovered his identity in October 1985 in episode 66  Written by series co-creator/script-editor Tony Holland and directed by co-creator/producer Julia Smith, it was considered a landmark episode in the show's history  Early suspects were Ian Beale (Adam Woodyatt) and Kelvin Carpenter (Paul J  Medford), but then four possible suspects are seen leaving the Square early in the episode: Tony Carpenter (Oscar James), Ali Osman (Nejdet Salih), Andy O'Brien (Ross Davidson), and Den Watts  As Michelle waits by their rendezvous point, a car pulls up and the fluffy white legs of the soap landlord's poodle Roly leap out of a car to give it all away: Den Watts is the father of Michelle's baby  After this storyline the programme started to appear in newspaper cartoons as it moved more and more into the public mainstream Vicki's character was written out in 1995, after Susan Tully, who played Vicki's mother Michelle, decided to leave the soap  After an eight-year absence, she was reintroduced by Executive Producer Louise Berridge in 2003 as a rebellious teenager  Her reintroduction was part of the soap's attempt to rebuild the Watts clan, a successful family headed by Den, which had featured prominently in the 1980s  Johnson quit the role in 2004  The media was generally critical about the character upon her return, due to her American accent and its sudden disappearance  During the character's original stint, a storyline featuring Vicki being kidnapped was criticised due to its coincidental airing alongside the real-life abduction and murder of toddler James Bulger 

Storylines
1986–1995
16-year-old Michelle Fowler gets pregnant in 1985 after a one-night stand with her best friend Sharon's (Letitia Dean) father, Den Watts (Leslie Grantham)  Her family decide Michelle should have an abortion but she refuses, keeping the baby but keeping the father's name a secret  Vicki, named in honour of her great-grandparents Lou Beale (Anna Wing) and Lou's late husband Albert, is born in 1986 and Den is allowed to hold her but he and Michelle agree that he should keep his distance so nobody guesses he is her father  Michelle raises Vicki with her fiancé, Lofty Holloway (Tom Watt), who she marries after jilting him at the altar, although Den provides for Vicki secretly  After Sue Osman (Sandy Ratcliff) realises that she has had a phantom pregnancy, she is devastated and suggests to Michelle that she lets her and Ali Osman (Nejdet Salih) adopt Vicki, which infuriates Michelle  Vicki's grandmother, Pauline Fowler (Wendy Richard), realises Den is Vicki's father when she sees him give money to Michelle and slaps him  Lofty begins to pressure Michelle to let him adopt Vicki and have another child, but their marriage soon breaks down after Michelle has an abortion and Michelle refuses to name Vicki's father upon Lofty's departure  When Den is shot and presumed dead, Michelle tells Sharon that Vicki is her half-sister and Sharon is devastated whilst Arthur is furious  Vicki survives meningitis but Dr Legg (Leonard Fenton) fails to diagnose it, reuniting Michelle and Sharon 
Michelle decides to go on the run with Clyde Tavernier (Steven Woodcock) after he is accused of murdering Eddie Royle (Michael Melia), taking Vicki and Kofi Tavernier (Marcel Smith), Clyde's son, with them  Michelle and Clyde are caught by the police when trying to flee the country and Vicki and Kofi are sent to a children's home, but are later collected by their grandmothers  Vicki is kidnapped when an old woman, Audrey Whittingham (Shirley Dixon), takes her from outside her school  A national police investigation is launched and Vicki is returned home safely  When Michelle is shot by Dougie Briggs (Max Gold), Vicki discovers she is Sharon's half-sister when she stays with Sharon and her husband, Grant Mitchell (Ross Kemp) and the following day, Sharon tells Vicki about her father, which infuriates Michelle  The truth about Vicki's paternity spreads and Michelle's aunt, Kathy Beale (Gillian Taylforth), is upset about not being told by Michelle herself, finding out from Mandy Salter (Nicola Stapleton)  In October 1995, Michelle and 9-year-old Vicki leave Walford for Birmingham, Alabama, in the United States 

2003–2004
A teenage Vicki returns to Walford in February 2003 when she runs away from home  She has been arguing regularly with Michelle and it is decided that she can stay in Walford  After clashing with her grandmother Pauline, Vicki moves in with Sharon  Manipulative and mischievous, Vicki does as she pleases  Just weeks later, she discovers that she and Sharon have a half-brother, Dennis Rickman (Nigel Harman) – and persuades him to move to Walford  When she becomes pregnant by Spencer Moon (Christopher Parker), Sharon, who believes she is infertile, offers Vicki £10,000 to give her the baby to bring up as her own  Spencer wants to be a father but Vicki terminates the pregnancy 
Dennis soon tells Vicki that Den, who had supposedly died in 1989, is alive and living in Spain, and she brings him back to the Square to reunite with his family  She's horrified to discover that Sharon and Dennis have started a romantic relationship  Although they aren't biologically related, Vicki cannot accept it and rebels by dating Ash Ferreira (Raji James), which ends when he realizes that she is using him to get at her siblings  Eventually, Vicki and Den's objections take their toll on Sharon and Dennis and they end the relationship 
In 2004, an 18-year-old Vicki starts a relationship with her 46-year-old college lecturer, Tommy Grant (Robert Cavanah); her family, particularly stepmother Chrissie Watts (Tracy-Ann Oberman), are outraged  Tommy feigns love for Vicki and they talk about leaving Walford to go travelling  Knowing that Tommy is untrustworthy, Chrissie attempts to seduce him  After a brief kiss, Chrissie strips him naked in the toilets of The Queen Victoria public house, on the promise that she will soon join him  She steals his clothes and forces Vicki to see him for the lying cheat he is  Vicki is devastated and initially furious with Chrissie but eventually realizes she had her best interests at heart 
During a family meal on Christmas Day 2004, Sharon and Dennis announce that they have resumed their romantic relationship, only for Dennis's girlfriend Zoe Slater (Michelle Ryan) to announce that she is pregnant  Sharon decides to go to America alone and persuades Dennis to stay with Zoe and their baby  Den talks to Sharon alone, trying to persuade her to stay  Vicki overhears him say he does not love Vicki as much as he loves Sharon  Deciding she cannot live with such a father, Vicki decides to return to her mother in America  It is later revealed that she has moved to Australia and reunited with Spencer 
In January 2014, Sharon tells Spencer's brother, Alfie Moon (Shane Richie), that they need someone to help them open a bar in Sydney, so Alfie goes there for a few weeks to work with them  Vicki and Spencer are unable to attend Sharon's wedding to Phil Mitchell (Steve McFadden) in September 2014, nor are they able to attend the wedding of Vicki's relative Ian Beale (Adam Woodyatt) to Jane Beale (Laurie Brett) in February 2015  When Lofty returns to Walford in 2019, he gives Sharon  a £20,000 cheque to give to Vicki  In 2022, Vicki is revealed to be back in the USA when Sharon flies over to be with her whilst Vicki undergoes emergency surgery 

Creation and development
Conception and childhood characterisation
The conception of Vicki Fowler in 1985 was one of the first controversial storylines featured in EastEnders since its inception that February, as it involved the pregnancy of a schoolgirl, Michelle Fowler (Susan Tully)  Exploiting a Whodunit angle, viewers were not initially told who was the father, and press interest in the fledgling show escalated as journalists attempted to guess  The audience finally discovered his identity in October 1985 on episode 66  Written by series co-creator/script-editor Tony Holland and directed by co-creator/producer Julia Smith, it was considered a landmark episode in the show's history  Four possible suspects were seen leaving the Square early in the episode: Tony Carpenter (Oscar James), Ali Osman (Nejdet Salih), Andy O'Brien (Ross Davidson), and Den Watts (Leslie Grantham)  As Michelle waited by their rendezvous point, a car pulled up and the fluffy white legs of the soap landlord's poodle Roly leapt out of a car and gave it all away: Den Watts had fathered Michelle's baby  After this storyline the programme started to appear in newspaper cartoons as it moved more and more into the public mainstream Baby Emma Henry originated the role and played Vicki until 1988, when her parents moved to Scotland  The role was recast to Samantha Leigh Martin, who learned to call Susan Tully "Mummy Shell" and referred to Letitia Dean who played her mum's best friend, "Daddy Sharon"  Tully has commented, "What's lovely about working with Samantha is that she's always happy  When it comes to work, she knows it's playing a pretend game, she knows my real name but she knows to call me 'Mummy Shell' when the cameras are running  If she isn't involved for a couple of weeks, I like to visit her at home, so she's always relaxed with me " Tully worried about this when it came to filming scenes in 1989 where Vicki contracted meningitis and was hospitalised and placed in an incubator with tubes attached to her body  Tully said, "[Samantha] has seen me in all kinds of situations but I didn't know how she'd cope if I cried over her"  At Tully's suggestion, the BBC built a hospital room with minimal equipment and a consultant was present to make sure the BBC had the details correct and that neither the viewers or Samantha would be too distressed  Tully insisted that the child was not present when she had to film scenes of Michelle sobbing over the incubator In 1995, after 9 years onscreen being featured in various plot lines such as kidnapping, Vicki was written out of EastEnders, moving to America with Michelle 

Recast (2003)
In 2002, executive producer Louise Berridge decided to reintroduce the character 8 years after she had last appeared  Auditions were held to cast the role to a professional actor; however, auditionees were not informed which character they were auditioning for  The first audition was a group workshop of 30 auditionees, who were asked to perform improvisations  After whittling down potential actors from 500 to 4, the second stage of the audition process was an interview with EastEnders' Casting Director  The auditionees were asked to perform a monologue in front of a camera and do a screen test with one of the actors already in the show, Christopher Parker, who played Spencer Moon 17-year-old actress Scarlett Alice Johnson was cast: "At the second audition they gave me a monologue to read, but they'd been really careful about it  They hadn't said what the character's name was, they didn't give away anything in the monologue that might tell me who I was auditioning for  So I didn't know until I got the part who I was going to be playing—I'd been guessing for ages!" Asked how she felt when she knew she was playing Vicki Fowler, a character linked to the show's early history who is the daughter of 2 prominent original characters, Johnson said: "I felt very honoured, but it was quite scary  I knew there'd be a lot of people out there with expectations of what she'd be like  But it's good fun actually  It means you don't have to introduce yourself to everyone  You can really play with that [   ] My family are EastEnders addicts, we've watched it our whole lives  I remember the first Vicki, I remember Michelle and I definitely remember Dirty Den! My knowledge of the show really helped a lot, because I didn't have to do any research into the character  When I joined the show, I felt like I was meeting the actors for a second time  I'd already met them in my home on TV, then I had to actually meet them in real life!" The character made her reappearance in January 2003, turning up unexpectedly at her grandmother Pauline's (Wendy Richard) house To signify the character's eight years living in America, Johnson was required to use an American accent while playing Vicki  She was given a voice coach and a sheet of American phrases to practice weekly  She commented, "It is hard work, but it's becoming second nature now  As soon as I know that I'm Vicki, the accent just comes with it " After 6 months in the role, Vicki dropped the American accent  Johnson explained the reason for the change in 2004: "The producers knew that I had to have an American accent when I came into the show because my character had been living in America but it's not the kind of accent that you'd want to have for a long time on a show like EastEnders  It's not something that's going to fit in for a long period of time  What would have been perfect would have been to have it gradually fade out, but as you film 8 episodes at a time, this would be nigh on impossible  The decision was made that in the story Vicki was coming to terms with the fact that she wanted to live in London so therefore she was going to make a conscious effort to fit in with everyone around her and blend in with London life "The reintroduction of Vicki was part of the producers' plan to reform the Watts family, including the resurrection of Vicki's father Den, who had been presumed dead for 14 years  Discussing working with Leslie Grantham, who played Vicki's "iconic" father Den, Johnson said, "I was 2 when he left EastEnders [in 1989] so I never witnessed the hype surrounding him  I'm very aware of the legend  How could I not be? My only concern was that he should take me seriously [and] It's been fabulous  I can't wait for our scenes to be shown  They're really edgy and no one does edgy better than Leslie  It's been a massive challenge but I think the results are incredibly hard-hitting  EastEnders is becoming more like a serial drama than a soap  It's so well-written "

Personality
Vicki has been described as a "little madam" and a rebel   An EastEnders source commented, "Vicki has inherited a lot of her dad Den's traits – she is going to be a right handful"  Johnson has said, "Everyone loves to hate her, but I rather like that  I'd be more upset if she was nondescript  At least I provoke a passionate response in people  It's great being a bad girl "

Departure (2004)
In August 2004, the BBC announced that Johnson had decided to quit her role as Vicki  She commented, "I've had a really good two years, enjoyed all the experiences but it's time to move on"  Johnson filmed her final scenes in October and her departure coincided with that of Vicki's half-sister, Sharon (Letitia Dean)   Vicki departed on the Christmas Day episode of 2004  12 3 million viewers watched the episodes that involved the Watts family's disbandment  Media reports claimed that there were plans to bring Vicki back the following year, played by a new actress; this proved to be false  Her character was notably absent at the funerals of Vicki's father Den in September 2005, her brother Dennis in January 2006, and her grandmother Pauline in January 2007 
Following her departure from EastEnders, Johnson was more candid in her reasons for leaving: "I've had a great time but it got to the point where I was sat in bed at night thinking: 'Tomorrow will my character be crying, getting drunk or having an argument?'  It soon became physically exhausting and draining [   ] I don't think the producers were very happy when I said I wanted to leave  I was still very new and they had just set up the new Watts dynasty but no-one could have made me change my mind  When I said to the producers I wanted to go they told me they might have to recast Vicki  I don't mind  Life goes on and EastEnders goes on  I wouldn't want to go back at the moment – but never say never "

Reception
According to author Hilary Kingsley, the scenes in EastEnders' early years that showed toddler Vicki  "chattering happily" with the baby actor who played her uncle Martin (Jon Peyton Price) were viewer favourites  EastEnders was criticised in 1993 for featuring a storyline about child abduction at an inappropriate time  In the storyline, six-year old Vicki was abducted, leaving Michelle frantic with worry  In what has been described as a "coincidence of ill-timing", the storyline was screened at the same time as the real-life abduction and murder of two-year-old James Bulger  The BBC was forced to transmit a health warning prior to the airing of the episodes, announcing that the storyline would be "resolved positively" In the book, Social Issues in Television, a senior, nameless script editor opined that the abduction storyline sought to engage the audience at the expense of any parent's realistic concerns: "We get it wrong when we take the easy route like the kidnap snatch with Vicki  My argument about this was that I am a father but have never had my kids snatched  If I'm just sitting at home and my children are out late at night and they say they're going to be back at midnight and they don't come back, you immediately think they're dead and you start to worry  If they'd actually been snatched, it would have affected my entire life forever  I would never have recovered from it  I would have been frightened every time one of them left my side  Therefore the consequence of running a storyline like that is immense  If we were being totally responsible about it the fallout on Michelle would have been, well I just don't think she would have been the same person again "
The character received media criticism due to her American accent upon her reintroduction in 2003  Johnson said, "I knew that would happen because I'm the only character who speaks differently  I haven't taken any of that to heart " However, when the accent was altered from American to British, this received criticism too with Ian Hyland from the Daily Mirror describing it as "hilarious" and branding the character "Go Away Again Vicki"   He added, "Presumably the producers decided the reason viewers found her so annoying was her whiny American voice  Try again, guys " Upon her departure in 2004, Johnson was also critical about her character's alternating accent: "When I took the job they weren't sure what accent they wanted Vicki to have and about a week before they told me it should be American  I did that for a few months and then one day out of the blue I arrived on set and they told me they wanted me to change to Cockney  It was the producer's decision  I was as stunned as everyone else – all the criticism was perfectly justified  It's probably the most stupid decision they could have made  People assumed I was slipping out of the accent – but it was nothing to do with me  I've taken a lot of stick  But it doesn't bother me because I know the truth "A proportion of viewers responded negatively when Vicki was shown to have an abortion  Johnson claims she received abusive letters from fans of the show and that she was stopped in the street twice by older women who told her "it was quite wrong [   ] to have got rid of the baby  I found that awkward at the time  But, gradually, I came to realise it was rather flattering  Those women believed in my character so completely they forgot she wasn't real  So now I think I must have been doing a good job " Johnson has since been critical of the storylines given to her character describing them as weak 
Passage 8:
James Prinsep Beadle
James Prinsep Beadle (22 September 1863 – 13 August 1947) was an English painter of historical and military scenes 

early life
Born in Calcutta on 22 September 1863, his father was Major-General James Pattle Beadle  For three years, he studied with Legros at the Slade School in London and at the Ecole des Beaux Arts in Paris under Alexandre Cabanel; his final studies were back in London with G  F  Watts 

Painting career
Beadle first exhibited at the Royal Academy in 1884 and also at the Paris Salon  Five years later, he was awarded a bronze medal at the Paris Exposition Universelle  Growing up in a military family, the artist was particularly attracted to military subjects and one of his earliest pieces depicted the inspection of the Duke of Yorks Own Loyal Suffolk Hussars at Bury St  Edmonds in 1893  From then on, he was a frequent exhibitor of 'battle' paintings at the RA, the New Gallery and elsewhere  In a review published in the Illustrated London News on 19 May 1894, Beadle's military pieces were singled-out for praise: "He does not go out of his way to flatter 'Tommy Atkins', but he shows him to the public under many forms and in many becoming uniforms  He has studied him at home and abroad, at peace and at war, on horseback and on foot   "
While many of his scenes represented contemporary events such as the Franco-Prussian War, the Boer War and the First World War, Beadle found the subject of the Peninsular War, particularly interesting and visited Spain and Portugal in 1912 to sketch the battlefields  As late as 1924, the artist was still paintings scenes from the Peninsular War, but the events of 1914-1918 were also occupying his mind, and several notable paintings were produced including Neuve Chapelle, 10 March 1915, Dawn: Waiting to go over, and Breaking the Hindenburg Line  In his final years, he lived in Kensington and died at his home on Eldon Road on 13 August 1947, leaving his widow, A M G  Beadle 

Paintings
George II knighting Trooper Brown (Queen's Royal Hussars)
The Rearguard (Retreat to Corunna) (The Rifles)
Sahagun, December 1808 (The Light Dragoons)
Vitoria, 21 June 1813: The Village of Gamara Mayor carried by the 4th, 47th and 59th Regiments of General Robinson's Brigade (Nuneaton Art Gallery)
St  Sebastian, August 1813 (Regimental Museum, King's Own Royal Regiment, Lancaster)
Salamanca (Regimental Museum, King's Own Royal Regiment, Lancaster)
The Passage of the Bidassoa by Wellington's Army, 7 October 1813 (1908 - Queen's Royal Hussars)
Napoleon's last inspection at Waterloo
"1815 " The Captive Eagle  Corporal Styles of the Royal Dragoons, etc (1892 - Norfolk Museums Service)
Saving the Guns at Maiwand (1893 - National Army Museum)
The Victors of Paardeberg
The Empty Saddle: South Africa, 1900 (Queen's Royal Lancers)
Bergendal, South Africa: Charge of the 2nd Battalion Rifle Brigade (1914 - The Rifles)
Battle of Gheluveldt, 31 October 1914 (1920 - Worcester Museum and Art Gallery)
Dawn: Waiting to go over (Imperial War Museum)
Neuve Chapelle, 10 March 1915: 2nd Rifle Brigade and 39th Garwal Rifles clearing the village (Maidstone Museum & Art Gallery)
Battle of the Somme: Attack of the Ulster Division, 1 July 1916 (Belfast City Hall)
Breaking the Hindenburg Line (Imperial War Museum)
The Lost Patrol (East Riding Yeomanry in Palestine, 1917 (Queen's Own Yeomanry, York)
The Action of the 6th Mounted Brigade (The Bucks, Berks and Dorset Yeomanry) at El Mughar (1922 - Crown Commissioners, Institute of Directors, Pall Mall)
Charge of the Bucks, Berks, and Dorset Yeomanry at El Mughar, Palestine Campaign, 13 November 1917 (1936 - Staff College, Camberley)
Passage 9:
The Watts Prophets
The Watts Prophets were an American political poetry group from Watts, California, United States  Like their contemporaries The Last Poets, the group combined elements of jazz music and spoken-word performance, making the trio one that is often seen as a forerunner of contemporary hip-hop music  
Formed in 1967, the group comprised Richard Dedeaux, Fr Amde Hamilton (born Anthony Hamilton), and Otis O'Solomon (also billed as Otis O'Solomon Smith) (O'Solomon removed the "Smith" from his name in the 1970s)  Hamilton is the last surviving member as of March 2022 

History
Hamilton, O'Solomon, and Dedeaux first met and collaborated at the Watts Writers Workshop, an organization created by Budd Schulberg in the wake of the Watts Riots, as the Civil Rights Movement was beginning to take a new cultural turn  Fusing music with jazz and funk roots, and rapid-fire, spoken-word poetry, they created a sound that gave them a considerable local following  They released two albums, 1969's The Black Voices: On the Streets in Watts and 1971's Rappin' Black in a White World, which established a strong tendency toward social commentary and a reputation for militancy  The group was unable to secure another record deal; a promising deal with Bob Marley's Tuff Gong label famously fell through  Unable to sustain success, the group has performed only sporadically since the mid-1970s 
In recent years, the group's profile has improved somewhat  The 1997 recording, When the 90's Came, found them in the studio with pianist Horace Tapscott, and a European tour reunited the trio with former collaborator DeeDee McNeil  In 2005, Things Gonna Get Greater: The Watts Prophets 1969-1971 combined the group's first two efforts, bringing them back into print for the first time in more than a decade 
Amde Hamilton, who is now a priest of the Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church, can be seen performing a spoken-word piece at the 1981 funeral service of Bob Marley in Jamaica in the 1982 film Land of Look Behind  He also claims to have baptized Nina Simone (who was later funeralized in a Catholic church—the faith in which Hamilton was raised) 
In 1994, the group appeared on the Red Hot Organization's compilation CD, Stolen Moments: Red Hot + Cool, appearing on a track entitled "Apprehension" alongside Don Cherry (trumpeter)  The album, meant to raise awareness of the AIDS epidemic in African-American society was named "Album of the Year" by Time Magazine Richard Dedeaux died in December 2013  O'Solomon died in March 2022 

Discography
1969 - The Black Voices: On the Streets in Watts
1971 - Rappin' Black in a White World
1997 - When the 90's Came
2005 - Things Gonna Get Greater: The Watts Prophets 1969-1971 (compilation)

See also
The Last Poets
Gil Scott-Heron
Passage 10:
Angela Lonsdale
Angela Lonsdale (née Smith; 13 October 1967) is an English actress 

Biography
Born to a policeman father, Lonsdale trained at Brewery Youth Theatre at the Brewery Arts Centre, Kendal  She took part in a large number of amateur productions, including plays by local playwrights John Newman-Holden and Tim Bull  After initial rejection, Lonsdale then graduated from the Royal Scottish Academy of Music and Drama  Lonsdale is best known for playing police officer Emma Taylor on Coronation Street, later the wife of Curly Watts  Both characters left the programme in 2003 
She then took a regular part in the long-running television series The Bill  Lonsdale appeared as DI Eva Moore in the daytime BBC series Doctors  She left in October 2008, after her character was shot and presumed dead  She made a brief return to Doctors in September 2011  In 2012 and 2013 Lonsdale played the role of the mother in a family of wolves in children's TV drama Wolfblood 

Personal life
In 2005 Lonsdale married actor Perry Fenwick, who plays Billy Mitchell in EastEnders  They separated in 2010 

Filmography



ground_truth: May 5, 1939