prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: Kevin Yorn an American entertainment attorney who represents an Australian actor who  played the role of Josh Taylor in what soap opera?

The following are given passages.
Context 1: Passage 1:
Roman Brady
Roman Brady is a fictional character from the long-running NBC soap opera Days of Our Lives  The role was originated in 1981 by Wayne Northrop, who played the role until 1984 and from 1991 to 1994, and is currently being portrayed by series veteran Josh Taylor, who stepped into the role in 1997  Roman is a member of the fictional Brady family, and has been a central character on the show since his introduction in 1981  Over the years, Roman has been involved in a number of storylines, including romances, family conflicts, and mystery plots 

Casting
The role was originated on December 8, 1981, by Wayne Northrop  Northrop departed from the series on November 26, 1984, and the character was killed off during a battle with his arch-nemesis, international criminal mastermind Stefano DiMera  On November 27, 1985, the series introduced a character known as The Pawn, an amnesiac mystery man ostensibly controlled by Stefano but now in the custody of Stefano's rival and local businessman/mobster Victor Kiriakis  The role was portrayed by Robert Poynton until January 20, 1986, though the character's face is wrapped in bandages  On January 23, 1986, The Pawn's bandages were finally removed as Drake Hogestyn made his first appearance as John Black, a character with no memory of his past or knowledge of his real identity  In May 1986, Hogestyn's character of John is revealed to be Roman who had been treated to extensive brainwashing and plastic surgery courtesy of Stefano, and Hogestyn played the role written as Roman until 1991  When Northrop returned as Roman on August 30, 1991, the character that Hogestyn had been portraying for five years was retconned to be an entirely separate character that had been brainwashed to believe he was Roman Brady  Northrop once again departed from the series on August 2, 1994  On July 18, 1997, Josh Taylor appeared in the role as a recast of Roman Brady  The casting was met with criticism due to Taylor's previous portrayal of Chris Kositchek, one of Roman and Marlena's closest friends  Northrop was later recast as another new character, Dr  Alex North, and scenes from Northrop's time playing Roman were edited to create the new character's backstory 

Characterization
Roman is the retired police commissioner of the fictional Midwestern town of Salem, and currently manages and tends bar at his family's business, the Brady Pub  He is also a former agent of the fictional International Security Alliance (ISA), a spy agency focused on all sorts of unusually high-level global conspiracies that tended to center around his otherwise-quiet home town  During his portrayal by Northrop, he was established as a top-notch cop but also a bit of a renegade, often accepting deep-cover assignments, and a master of disguise (similar to Sherlock Holmes)  Hogestyn's character was more by-the-book on the job, although still dangerous with a dark side somewhat characteristic of an ex-spy (which later fed into the "John Black" persona), with expertise in Bruce Lee's Jeet Kune Do, and a little more of a ladies' man  Taylor's portrayal is more that of a "regular guy", with a bit less intrigue and more straightforward professionally, although still with an eye for the ladies and more inclined to engage in one-night stands with various women than the character as portrayed by Northrop or Hogestyn (such as with Kate Roberts, Billie Reed, ex-wives Anna DiMera and Marlena Evans, and a strongly hinted at – but never confirmed – rendezvous with Nicole Walker) 
Over the years, much has been made of the creation (and constant retcon of the backstory) of Hogestyn's character John Black as an entirely separate character than that of Roman Brady, especially after the show had invested over five years in establishing John's identity as Roman, complete with a plausible backstory (and flashbacks) of his “time away” (while he was being held captive, brainwashed, and trained—-unsuccessfully—-to be an assassin by Stefano DiMera), and "Roman's" reemerging memories  However, with Roman's recasts and changes in characterization over the years (while John has consistently been played by Hogestyn), in hindsight it can be said that it was actually John Black that remained more true to the original "Roman" persona, and that it was Roman that was gradually developed into a separate character  This was especially illustrated in 2016 when Roman, who had always been a straight-shooter with regard to the law, became complicit in the cover-up of sister-in-law Hope Brady's murder of Stefano DiMera, who she wrongly believed was responsible for the disappearance and later death of her husband (and Roman's brother) Bo Brady 

Storylines
1981–84
Roman Brady first appeared on Days to protect Marlena Evans from a serial killer  He slept on her floor  The chemistry between the actors, and the characters, led to love  In 1983 on Days of Our Lives, Roman and Marlena were married  Over the next year Roman became embroiled in a storyline with Stefano DiMera  Stefano was a powerful and ruthless business tycoon (and organized crime figure) from Europe who had come to town to set up shop in Salem, and Roman being the city's top cop had gone after him  Subsequently Stefano framed Roman for serial killings that were being committed by his nephew Andre DiMera  At the time Marlena saw Roman killing a woman  Later it was shown that Andre had used a realistic mask  Roman was jailed  Mrs  Alice Horton baked him some drugged doughnuts, and on the way to the hospital Roman escaped  He went on the run to prove his innocence, and he accomplished that  He was promoted, and Stefano was on the run 
In November 1984, Roman tracked Stefano to a Caribbean island where many other characters had crash-landed, too  Stefano was suffering from incurable cancer, and needed to collect three mysterious prisms to unlock a secret formula to cure himself  Roman caught up to him on a cliff, but Stefano pulled a gun  He shot Roman, who seemingly fell to his death  His brother Bo cradled him in his arms on the beach, but had to leave him for a few minutes  When he returned the body was gone  Bo assumed that while he was away, the tide had come in and washed Roman’s body out to sea, for which Bo blamed himself for years  Several episodes later Roman was shown aboard Stefano's yacht, motionless 

1986–1990
In 1986 an amnesiac known only as "The Pawn" appeared in Salem on January 23, 1986  He assumed the name "John Black" after reading it on a Vietnam War memorial in Salem  Eventually the character was revealed to be Roman Brady having undergone extensive plastic surgery, brainwashing, and martial arts training (purportedly to be trained as an assassin) by Stefano DiMera  After an uneasy "re-introduction" to his family and friends in Salem, the character resumed his life as Roman 
In 1988, a storyline featuring a reappearance by Stefano (who had been believed dead) focused on what had happened to Roman during his time in captivity (1984–1986)  Roman and loved ones traveled back to the Caribbean island where Roman had "died" in 1984, and it was revealed that the ISA knew all along that Roman was being held by Stefano and being trained via brainwashing, and extensive instruction by a martial arts master named Orion Hawk, to be one of Stefano's assassins  In fact, the ISA unsuccessfully tried to infiltrate Orion's training camp to extract Roman, but this failed due to the high level of security at Stefano's compound as well as Roman's brainwashed state  This tied into the introduction of Benjy, Stefano's son (and Orion's grandson) who was fostered for a while by Steve and Kayla Johnson  Although subtle hints pointed to the possibility of this "Roman" turning out to be someone else, abetted by speculation by fans and by Hogestyn himself, the clues seemed to tie back together with the resolution that, at least for the moment, the character portrayed by Hogestyn was in fact Roman Brady 

1991–94
After believing that Roman's wife, Marlena Evans, had been dead for some years, he had fallen in love with a woman named Isabella Toscano  In 1991 Marlena turns up alive  In August 1991 the character who had been presumed as Roman Brady since 1986 is retroactively revealed to be a separate character (now once again called John Black) who was brainwashed to believe he was Roman, when what would now be the real Roman (once again played by Wayne Northrop) was found on an island where he had been imprisoned by Stefano  Roman was shocked when he found he had been replaced and all his family had accepted John Black as him and John Black had a difficult time accepting he was not really Roman  Roman went back to his life, and he and Marlena tried to live once again as man and wife  After the death of Isabella, in his grief John turned to Marlena for comfort  The two found themselves unable to resolve their feelings for each other from their life together when John believed himself to be Roman  He and Marlena had an affair that resulted in the birth of a daughter, Isabella, named after Isabella Toscano, whom Roman believed to be his own daughter  When he discovered that Marlena and John had an affair and that Belle was not his real daughter, Roman was crushed  In August 1994, Roman leaves town broken and bitter, once again with no family  Later it was said that Roman had died on a mission for the ISA 

1997–present
In 1997 Josh Taylor was brought in as Roman, who was revealed by Stefano DiMera and Kristen Blake to be alive after being exposed to biological warfare while on a deep-cover ISA mission in South America  The cure to his ailment was discovered by John, Hope, and Stefano in a jungle mission that was engineered to drive John and Marlena apart, but in the end had the opposite result 
Roman was "killed" during the Salem Stalker Murders in December 2003 during his wedding reception to Kate Roberts, but again was revealed to not really be dead  He lived on the island of Melaswen (New Salem) with every other victim from the Salem Stalker Murders, including Marlena  Eventually, other Salemites arrived on the island, trying to find their "dead" loved ones  Some of them went out in the jungle, looking for a way off the island, while the rest remained in "Salem" waiting for help  Help finally arrived  Jennifer got to the island, then Hope and Patrick and finally Bo and John  Everyone banded together to get off the island, but Tony wasn't going to make it easy  He created a volcanic eruption, which eventually caused a giant wave  As everyone gathered on makeshift rafts to get off the island, the wave crashed over them  The Coast Guard arrived and managed to rescue some of them, but Roman, Marlena, Jack, and his daughter Cassie were not saved  They were in the clutches of Tony DiMera once again, and he took them to a remote European castle where he held them captive 
While in the castle, Tony DiMera (actually Andre DiMera) tormented Roman and Marlena with video of John and Kate growing ever closer back in Salem  Eventually, they believed the two of them had sex, and Roman and Marlena, needing comfort, had sex as well  Shortly thereafter, Jack made his way into their room  They escaped! Through fire and explosions, our group of intrepid Salemites – Marlena, Roman, Jack and Cassie – all got out and were on their way home 
On the ISA jet on the way back to Salem, Roman and Marlena made the decision to not tell Kate and John that they had sex  Marlena was uncomfortable with lying to John, but eventually agreed with Roman  When they arrived back they were shocked to learn that John and Kate had fallen in love and were engaged to be married, but Roman and Marlena still didn't tell the truth about their affair  Soon after they were back Marlena discovered that she was pregnant and that Roman had to be the father, but when the truth came out John wasn't too forgiving  During a fight between Roman and John, Marlena tumbled down the stairs, causing a miscarriage 
As the second decade of the 21st century has unfolded, Roman is the commissioner of the Salem police force  After an ill-fated marriage to Kate Roberts, he has remained single and adopted an elder-statesman, back-burner role on the show  He serves primarily as the de facto patriarch of the Brady family and the supervisor and occasional voice-of-reason to junior police officers and ISA agents (with a catchphrase of sorts developing from his consistent inquiries of "what da hell" is going on)  He has largely made peace with his past with Stefano DiMera, John Black, and Victor Kiriakis, and remains friends with ex-wives Anna, Marlena and Kate, and is occasionally shown as having a soft spot for all of them  In March 2017, he retires as police commissioner and is seen later tending bar at the Brady Pub  In 2018, he begins working with his friends John Black and Steve Johnson at their private detective business, Black Patch  Hattie Adams, Marlena's doppelganger, develops feelings for Roman and tries to trick him into thinking she is Marlena, but this does not work out  In 2021, he rekindles his romance with Kate, and they remarry the following year 

External links
Roman at soapcentral com
Passage 2:
Kevin Yorn
Kevin Brett Yorn (born July 4, 1965) is an American entertainment attorney and investor  He co-founded Yorn Barnes Levine Entertainment Law Firm where he is managing partner 

Early life and education
Yorn was born in Montville, New Jersey to father Dr  Lawrence Yorn, a dentist and captain in the Army, and his mother, Joan Yorn  He has two brothers, Pete Yorn, a musician and Rick Yorn, a talent manager Yorn is an alumnus of Muhlenberg College in Allentown, PA  He graduated with a Juris Doctor degree from Tulane University Law School in 1990 and was admitted to The State Bar of California in 1991  Yorn has collaborated with Tulane University, his alma mater and created funds to promote entertainment and media law at Tulane Law School as well as to support the Gender & Sexuality Studies program in the School of Liberal Arts 

Career
Early Career
Yorn became a deputy district attorney in L A  County after graduating from Tulane Law in 1990  He was in the D A ’s office for five years, working in the Hardcore Gang Investigations Unit 

Yorn Barnes Levine
In 1996 Yorn was recruited from the D A 's to partner with Michael Barnes, Kevin Morris and Brian Wolf, forming Barnes Morris Wolf & Yorn, based in Santa Monica Aspiring writer Anthony Zuiker asked Yorn for help in escaping a screenwriting contract so that he could go on to create the television series CSI, which premiered in 2000 In 2013, Yorn worked on the deal to renew DeGeneres' talk show through 2016-17 In the summer of 2014, Yorn's firm made a deal with Hulu for three years of South Park reruns, reportedly at a price of more than $80 million, and he helped Zuiker make content deals with YouTube and Yahoo  Yorn also created a joint venture with Warner Bros , Ellen DigitalVentures, to help take advantage of Ellen DeGeneres’ social media reach, digital video content, games and apps, including Heads Up! Yorn was listed among The Hollywood Reporter’s Top 100 Entertainment Attorneys in 2013 and 2014, and one of Hollywood's top power lawyers every year between 2015 and 2023 

Investing
In 2021, Yorn co-founded private equity investment firm Broadlight Holdings with his brother Rick and David Dorfman  The firm is focused on investments in the global technology and consumer landscape 

Personal life
Yorn lives in Los Angeles, California  His parents moved to Los Angeles in 2000, and his mother Joan became a receptionist at Yorn Barnes Levine In 1996, he married film producer Julie Silverman in a Jewish ceremony in Tarrytown, New York  They later divorced in 2005 
Passage 3:
L  Londell McMillan
L  Londell McMillan  (born in 1966 in Bedford–Stuyvesant, Brooklyn, New York) is an American entertainment attorney, producer, and publisher 

History
He graduated from Brooklyn Technical High School in 1983 and received his undergraduate degree from Cornell University, where he was a Quill and Dagger member, honors graduate, and Academic All-American mentioned football player  After his time at Cornell, McMillan pursued a law career at the New York University School of Law McMillan was a faculty member with the Practicing Law Institute; lecturer and featured case study subject of the Harvard Business School   He also has been a guest and commentator on The Oprah Winfrey Show, Today, Entertainment Tonight, and CNN  In 2008, McMillan was named as one of The National Law Journal’s 50 most Influential Minority Lawyers in America, and in 2007 was recognized as one of New York’s Super Lawyers   He was a recipient of the Metropolitan Black Bar Association Haywood W  Burns, Lawyer of the Year Award in 2001 and was featured on the cover of Black Enterprise magazine in December 2003   McMillan has also been honored among Crain’s 100 Most Powerful Minority Leaders    McMillan founded The McMillan Firm;  he was a partner and co-head of the Media and Entertainment Global Industry Sector Group at the international law firm of Dewey & LeBoeuf LLP until 2012   McMillan is also the Chairman of The NorthStar Group which owns and operates The Source Magazine (print and digital), Jones Magazine (print and digital) and produces music, arts and cultural events locally, nationally and worldwide   McMillan serves as a business advisor and business manager for individuals and organizations in the private sector and non-profit community 
His clients over the years have included Prince before his death and his estate after his death, Lil' Kim, Stevie Wonder, Chaka Khan,  Michael Jackson before his death, Roberta Flack, Isaac Hayes, Spike Lee, LL Cool J, Nas, Kanye West, Zhane, Estate of Christopher Wallace, 1996 Olympic Women's Basketball Players Lisa Leslie & Dawn Staley, among other professional athletes and entertainers   Among his corporate clients have been The Discovery Channel, Time Warner, Screenvision, Radio One, and National Football League, and Mercedes-Benz 

Community service
L  Londell McMillan is committed to community service, having served as General Counsel of the NAACP, Brooklyn Chapter, serves as Chair of NorthStar Charities, Co-Founder of the Artist Empowerment Coalition, Founder of SOURCE360, and served on the Fund for Public Schools (which raises private financial support for New York City's public schools), and the Benefit Committee of The Jazz Foundation of America, as well as being a member of the Board of Directors  McMillan is the current owner and group publisher of The NorthStar Group, which publishes Jones Magazine and The Source 
Passage 4:
Liam Hemsworth
Liam Hemsworth (born 13 January 1990) is an Australian actor  He played the roles of Josh Taylor in the soap opera Neighbours and Marcus in the children's television series The Elephant Princess  In American films, Hemsworth starred as Will Blakelee in The Last Song (2010), as Gale Hawthorne in The Hunger Games film series (2012–2015), and as Jake Morrison in Independence Day: Resurgence (2016) 

Early life
Hemsworth was born in Melbourne, Australia, to Leonie (née van Os), an English teacher, and Craig Hemsworth, a social-services counsellor  He has two older brothers, Chris Hemsworth and Luke Hemsworth, who are also actors  His maternal grandfather is a Dutch immigrant, and his other ancestry is English, Irish, Scottish, and German  Hemsworth has said that though there is competition for jobs among them, it is friendly: "We are brothers and we are always competitive, but it is a good thing, it pushes us and we are always happy whenever someone books something "When Hemsworth was in year 8 high school, he and his family relocated to Phillip Island, a small Australian island southeast of Melbourne where he spent much of his time there surfing with his brothers  In March 2009, Hemsworth moved to the United States to pursue his acting career  He and his brother Chris first stayed in the guest house of Chris's manager, William Ward, before renting their own Los Angeles apartment 

Career
2007–2010: Career beginnings
Prior to becoming an actor, Hemsworth laid floors for six months  He began to seriously consider following his elder brothers' footsteps in high school by participating in school plays  Eventually, Hemsworth retained an agent  He attended his first audition at the age of sixteen and began his career in 2007 with guest appearances on the shows Home and Away and McLeod's Daughters  The week of 8 July 2007, Hemsworth began filming episodes for Neighbours, an Australian soap opera his brother Luke had previously starred in  Hemsworth's character, Josh Taylor, was a recurring character from 2007 to 2008  In the show, Josh was an athletic paraplegic who supported and began a relationship with character Bridget Parker after she was paralysed down one side of her body in a car crash  In 2008, Hemsworth began acting on the children's television show The Elephant Princess, playing "Marcus", the lead guitarist of the protagonist's band  Hemsworth later had roles in the television series Satisfaction and starred in the British film Triangle  He also made a brief appearance as an MIT student in the film Knowing In 2009, Hemsworth was selected to act opposite Sylvester Stallone in Stallone's 2010 film, The Expendables, but his character was written out of the script (Hemsworth later co-starred in The Expendables 2)  Hemsworth's brother, Chris, told Movieline that just a few hours after Hemsworth learned he would not appear in The Expendables, director Kenneth Branagh called to ask him to test for the lead role in the 2011 film Thor  Hemsworth moved to the States in March 2009 for screen tests  Though he eventually lost the role to Chris in May, Disney announced later the same week that Hemsworth had landed the part of Will Blakelee in the 2010 drama The Last Song, based on the Nicholas Sparks novel by the same name  Hemsworth plays the love interest of Miley Cyrus's character in the film  Nikki Finke reported that Hemsworth had been in Los Angeles for just three weeks and had not yet found an agent when he was cast  Hemsworth next appeared in the music video for Cyrus' "When I Look at You" which was recorded on 16 August 2009 In September 2009, Hemsworth appeared at a dinner event to promote Foxtel, an Australian pay television company  In March 2010, Details magazine selected Hemsworth as one of their predictions for "The Next Generation of Hollywood's Leading Men"  Later that month, it was announced that Hemsworth was in negotiations to star in Arabian Nights, a 3D action film that will be directed by Chuck Russell for Inferno Entertainment  It was later confirmed that he will be starring in the movie  He has also reportedly been offered the lead role in Northern Lights after Taylor Lautner withdrew from the David Ellison-financed project Hemsworth was the Nickelodeon Australian Kids' Choice Awards 2010 host  He and Miley Cyrus won the "Fave Kiss" category Hemsworth starred in the music video for "Colder Weather" by the Zac Brown Band 

2011–present: The Hunger Games series and beyond
On 4 April 2011, Lionsgate announced Hemsworth to be one of the leads, Gale Hawthorne, in The Hunger Games, which was released in 2012  In June 2011, he became attached to war drama Love and Honor which also stars Aimee Teegarden and Teresa Palmer In 2013, Hemsworth appeared in Empire State, with Emma Roberts, and Paranoia, co-starring Harrison Ford, Gary Oldman and Amber Heard  He reprised his role, Gale Hawthorne, in three sequels to The Hunger Games, The Hunger Games: Catching Fire, released in November 2013, The Hunger Games: Mockingjay – Part 1, released in November 2014, and The Hunger Games: Mockingjay – Part 2, released in November 2015 
On 11 June 2012, Los Angeles-based non-profit organization Australians in Film announced that Hemsworth would be honoured at an exclusive benefit dinner on 27 June 2012 in Hollywood  Hemsworth attended the invitation only event, held at the Intercontinental Hotel in Century City, with his then fiancée Miley Cyrus  It was their first public appearance together as an engaged couple In 2015, Hemsworth portrayed the love interest of Kate Winslet's character in the Australian literary adaptation The Dressmaker, which was filmed in Victoria in the summer of 2014  Hemsworth starred in director Roland Emmerich's 2016 film Independence Day: Resurgence  In 2019, following a three-year absence, he played a fantasy version of a romantic comedy leading man in the film Isn't It Romantic, and starred in the action crime film Killerman 
Hemsworth currently appears on the horror TV series, Most Dangerous Game, for Quibi, the short-form streaming platform  Hemsworth plays the lead role as a terminally ill man trying to provide for his pregnant wife before he dies In 2022, Hemsworth is set to star in the Netflix film Lonely Planet with Laura Dern  In October 2022, Netflix announced that Hemsworth would be replacing Henry Cavill as Geralt of Rivia from the start of Season 4 of The Witcher 

Personal life
Hemsworth is the ambassador of the Australian Childhood Foundation  Hemsworth talked about his association with the foundation, "I have the best parents you can have  They have worked in child protection for twenty years and have only ever given me encouragement and support  The world is a scary enough place as it is for children  It is important that home should always be a safe place for them " When asked if he believed he was a hero to children, Hemsworth said he did not know, but that he would like to be a good role model Hemsworth was vegan and told Men's Fitness in 2015 that he found "no negatives to eating like this  I feel nothing but positive, mentally and physically " In 2020, following hospitalization for kidney stones, he told Men's Health that he had to "completely rethink what [he] was putting in [his] body "After his separation from Cyrus, Hemsworth began a relationship with Australian model, Gabriella Brooks 

Relationship with Miley Cyrus
While filming The Last Song in June 2009, Hemsworth began a relationship with his co-star Miley Cyrus  After a three-year on-again, off-again relationship, the couple announced their engagement in June 2012  They lived together in Los Angeles but ended their engagement in September 2013  Rumours began in January 2016, stemming primarily from sightings of the couple together at his Malibu home and the reappearance of the engagement ring on Cyrus  Cyrus confirmed in an interview on The Ellen DeGeneres Show in October 2016, they were once again engaged In November 2018, Cyrus revealed on social media that her and Hemsworth's home had burned down in the Woolsey Fire, and expressed devastation for her community and gratitude for the safety of herself, Hemsworth, and their pets  The following morning, Hemsworth responded on his social media by posting a picture he had taken of the charred rubble of their former home  In his posts he praised the residents of his community on how they united in helping with the consequences of the fire, and encouraged his followers to donate their time, money, and resources to The Malibu Foundation, a non-profit established in the wake of the Woolsey fire, and to his fiancée's own non-profit organisation, the Happy Hippie Foundation, to further contribute help with the aftermath  On 13 November 2018, Hemsworth and Cyrus made a joint $500,000 donation to The Malibu Foundation through Cyrus's foundation Hemsworth and Cyrus married on 23 December 2018 at their home in Nashville, Tennessee  On 10 August 2019, Cyrus announced their separation  Eleven days later, Hemsworth filed for divorce, citing irreconcilable differences  On 28 January 2020, it was announced that their divorce had been finalized 

Filmography
Film
Television
Awards and nominations
On 27 June 2012, Liam Hemsworth was presented with the Australians in Film Breakthrough Award for international success 
Passage 5:
Stefan Dennis
Stefan Dennis (born 30 October 1958) is an Australian actor and singer best known for playing the role of cold-hearted and ruthless businessman Paul Robinson in the soap opera Neighbours from its first episode on March 18, 1985  He departed Neighbours in 1992 before returning for a short stint in 1993  He then returned in late 2004 and played the character up until the show's temporary ending in 2022 and is set to return to the role in 2023  During his time away from Neighbours he was a cast member of Scottish soap opera River City produced and set in Glasgow, Scotland  He is also known for his 1989 single "Don't It Make You Feel Good", which reached Number 16 in the Irish and UK Singles Chart 

Early life
Dennis was born in Tawonga, Victoria but his family moved to Queensland for 12 years, where he did most of his schooling  He started showing his genuine interest in music and acting at the age of seven and was eleven years old when he started in amateur theatre in Queensland  His debut with this first theatre company was in Oliver!  Also, at this time he and his brother formed a vocal duo and performed on many occasions  They played at weddings, charity events, and some large concerts By the age of 14, Dennis was convinced he wanted to go into the entertainment business  He understood the pitfalls associated with choosing the career of an entertainer, so he decided to get a trade behind him to support him through the times when he might be out of work  He left school at 15 and took an apprenticeship as a chef  On completion of his chef's certificate, he moved from the Gold Coast to Melbourne 

Career
Dennis started out in guest roles on programmes such as Cop Shop, Skyways, Carson's Law, Young Ramsay, Prisoner, Home, The Henderson Kids, The Sullivans, The Young Doctors and Sons and Daughters and many others  Dennis has a number of credits to his name  He had a major role in The Henderson Kids, a co-lead in an ABC children's show called Infinity Limited, and he co-starred in The Flying Doctors mini-series  In 1984, he auditioned for the roles of Shane Ramsay and Des Clarke in a new soap opera, Neighbours where he was later cast as Paul Robinson instead  His role in Neighbours brought opportunities such as appearing at the Royal Variety Performance alongside fellow cast members 
After finishing Neighbours in 1992, Dennis moved to the UK and worked on a variety of TV shows and theatre productions  He appeared in many pantomimes, plays, and musicals including the pantomime Cinderella in Bournemouth, UK from 10 December 1992 to 17 January 1993  In 1994, he played Mickey in Blood Brothers, touring in New Zealand and Australia before returning to the UK to appear in the show in both the West End, and in a national tour of the UK  He appeared in many television shows, including Dream Team, River City, The Bill and Casualty  He also returned to Australia from time to time for guest roles in shows such as Blue Heelers, Good Guys Bad Guys and Stingers  Dennis has worked as a voiceover artist for many years both in Australia and the UK He was part of the team that set a new world record in 1995 for 24-hour endurance outdoor karting  The team – Stefan Dennis, David Brabham, Russ Malkin, Steve Malkin – set the record of 1,664 7 km (1,034 397 mi) on a 1 3 km (0 808 mi) track at Brooklands, Weybridge, Surrey, UK on 24 and 25 February 1995  While in the UK, Dennis became a partner in Lex Film Entertainment, and was associate producer on the film The Truth About Love 
He returned to Neighbours at the end of 2004, and continued as a regular character until the show's final episode in 2022  He is the only current cast member who appeared in the first episode, although he is not the longest serving due to his long break  Of his role in Neighbours, Dennis has said that people struggle to tell the difference between himself and the character and "shy away" from him because "they think I'm going to bark at them"  He has conceded that it could be a testament to his acting and says "It's a real compliment though, as people know the character that well, they actually think I am like him in real life"  As a matter of fact, although he portrays Paul Robinson as having a prosthetic leg, he has two good legs of his own In 2009, Dennis was stalked by two fans while presenting the Best Villain award at the British Soap Awards  He hosted a documentary special celebrating Neighbours' 30th anniversary titled Neighbours 30th: The Stars Reunite, which aired in Australia and the UK in March 2015  In 2018, Dennis appeared in the recurring role of Michael Armstrong QC in the sixth series of Wentworth 

Music
In 1989, Dennis started a side-line music career, and released the single "Don't It Make You Feel Good", which reached No  16 in the UK Singles Chart, in May of that year  He released a second single, "This Love Affair", which reached No  67 in the UK in October 1989  Dennis is a talented pipe organist (cite Australian Organist Association 1990 march)
In 2013, Dennis sang and appeared as Santa Claus in the music video for his Neighbours co-star Alan Fletcher's song "If You Want a Happy Christmas" 

Personal life
Dennis' older brother, John, was killed by a drunk driver at the age of 12  Of the sentencing, Dennis has said: "That driver was fined just $50 for what he did  And that same weekend someone who killed a koala at Currumbin Wildlife Sanctuary got fined $200  So    well, that's hard " Dennis has used the incident to raise awareness about drink driving via his Twitter account Dennis previously dated Natalie Imbruglia and Gayle Blakeney in the 1990s while they were co-starring on Neighbours with him He met and married his wife, Gail when in the UK  The couple have two sons, Cameron and Declan, and a daughter Darci  The family reside in Australia 

Filmography
Television
Films
Theatre
Passage 6:
Lisa A  Callif
Lisa Anne Callif (born January 6, 1974) is an American entertainment attorney specializing in independent film  She works in all aspects of the field with a focus on clearance work – enabling filmmakers to use a limited amount of unlicensed material in their projects with the U S  Copyright Law's fair use doctrine In 2008, Callif became a named partner at the Beverly Hills law firm Donaldson & Callif  She has worked on such documentary films as I'm Still Here, Waiting for Superman and Inside Job  Filmmakers she has worked with include: Oliver Stone, Jason Blum and Elise Pearlstein  She is an adjunct associate professor of law at Southwestern Law School in Los Angeles 

As an author
In 2010, Callif released The American Bar Association's Legal Guide to Independent Film Making, which she co-authored with law partner Michael C  Donaldson, whose book Clearance & Copyright: Everything the Independent Filmmaker Needs to Know is used as a textbook in over 50 college and university film schools across America 

Recognition
In 2011 Callif was named one of "The Best and the Brightest" of Hollywood Law by Variety magazine 

Bibliography
The American Bar Association's Legal Guide To Independent Filmmaking (2010) (by Lisa A  Callif & Michael C  Donaldson)
Passage 7:
Ernest Del
Ernest Del (born January 16, 1952) is an American entertainment attorney  Del served as Senior Advisor at ZeniMax Media from 2017 till 2021 
Del previously served as President of ZeniMax from 1999 up until April 2017  He also serves as a director of Delivery Agent and of the Silver Eagle Acquisition Corporation 

Education
Del graduated with degrees in economics and political science from the University of California, Berkeley in 1973 and earned his J D  degree from Stanford University Law School in 1976 

Career
Del began his law career in 1976 as an antitrust litigator at the law firm of Wyman, Bautzer, Rothman & Kuchel, focused primarily on cases addressing the transformation of the nationwide Bell telephone system in the late 1970s before shifting to transactional entertainment law  Initially he worked exclusively on feature films in the United States and abroad  He later worked on television and digital media 
In December 1999, he became President at ZeniMax Media  He additionally served as president of ZeniMax Europe from December 2010 to August 2012   Del later became part of the law firm Del, Shaw, Moonves, Tanaka, Finkelstein & Lezcano 

Entertainment law
Del's clients include: Fox's former executive and current CEO of Tribune Company, Peter Liguori, Kevin Reilly (Chairman of Entertainment for the Fox Broadcasting Company), Former CW executive Dawn Ostroff, 20th TV's Dana Walden, Lionsgate CEO Jon Feltheimer, former The WB Television Network network president David Janollari, Leslie Moonves ( former president and CEO, CBS Corporation), actor-producer Paul Reiser, Stuart Bloomberg the former chairman of ABC Entertainment, Bob Greenblatt (chairman of NBC Entertainment)  Some of his associates from Hollywood sat on ZeniMax's Board of Directors: Leslie Moonves, Harry Sloan and Jerry Bruckheimer Del helped Harry E  Sloan to rebuild MGM, when Sloan was  chairman and CEO there  He also repped Providence Equity Partners in the creation of Hulu, as well as advising Bethesda Softworks  In 2009 and 2010, Del was called a power lawyer by The Hollywood Reporter 

See also
Greg Bautzer
Passage 8:
Umar Lubis
Umar Lubis (born July 14, 1973 in Jakarta) is an Indonesian actor  He is known for his numerous roles in soap operas  He always role in SinemArt soap opera  Usually he always role as father in soap opera  He is son in-law from Rae Sita  His name started to be known by public when he play in soap opera Intan  In that soap opera, he roled as Dr  Frans, father of Lila who is roled by Ingka Noverita 

Personal life
Umar married  Ravelra Ruth Supit (October 14, 1975) in 1996  From their marriage, they have four children, there are Nabil Raehan Lubis (January 1997), Ramzie Rif'at Lubis (July 7, 1998), Rania Rizqina Lubis (July 24, 2002), and Raafi Ali Lubis (April 2011) 

Filmography
Films
Soap Operas
TVM
Kupilih Jalanku Sendiri (2017) as Akmal Fatoni
Passage 9:
Michael C  Donaldson
Michael C  Donaldson (born October 13, 1939) is an American entertainment attorney, independent film advocate and a recipient of the International Documentary Association's Amicus Award, an honor bestowed upon only two others, Steven Spielberg and John Hendricks, in the 25-year history of the awards  He is a proponent of the 165-year-old fair-use doctrine and, through its use, is known for saving documentarians hundreds of thousands of dollars while preserving their First Amendment rights In addition to serving as general counsel to Film Independent (home of the Independent Spirit Awards and the Los Angeles Film Festival) and the Writers Guild of America/West Foundation, Donaldson practices at his Beverly Hills law firm, Donaldson & Callif, where, in 2008, entertainment attorney Lisa A  Callif became a partner 

United States v  Stevens
Donaldson played a significant part in the Supreme Court of the United States’ United States v  Stevens case by arranging the amicus brief that was filed by four documentary film organizations the members of which were directly affected by the Supreme Court's decision – the International Documentary Association, Film Independent, the Independent Feature Project, and the Independent Film & Television Alliance The amicus brief was filed on behalf of a documentary filmmaker who made a film about the history of pit bulls and included a clip of dog fights in Japan, where dog fighting is legal  Filmmaker Robert Stevens was sentenced to three years in prison for violating a federal statute that criminalizes the depiction of cruelty to animals in film 
Through this brief the organizations urged the court to rule in favor of Stevens because of the case's First Amendment implications 
On April 20, 2010, the United States Supreme Court ruled 8–1 in favor of voiding a 1999 animal cruelty law in favor of free speech protections guaranteed by the First Amendment to the United States Constitution 

Chevron v  Joe Berlinger
Donaldson prepared an amicus brief in support of filmmaker Joe Berlinger, who was ordered to hand over some 600 hours of raw footage shot in connection with his documentary Crude  Chevron Corporation requested the footage, intending to use it to defend itself in an Ecuadorian class-action lawsuit (filed against it for environmental contamination to the Amazon rainforest) as well as to help fend off the threatened criminal prosecution of two of its attorneys in the litigation The brief was prepared pro bono by Donaldson's firm and filed in an effort to protect against the potentially devastating consequences the subpoena could have on the role documentary filmmakers play in providing independent information on human rights and social issues through their use of the First Amendment right known as Reporters' Privilege  A number of industry organizations and individuals signed on to the brief, including Film Independent, IFP Inc , Alex Gibney, and Eddie Schmidt, who was president of the International Documentary Association Actor, director, and environmental activist Robert Redford, has made his thoughts on the issue known in public media platforms 

Digital Millennium Copyright Act
On July 26, 2010, the United States Copyright Office ruled that documentary filmmakers would be exempt from the provisions of the DMCA (Digital Millennium Copyright Act of 1998) that criminalize the act of circumventing electronic and digital copyright protection systems when ripping material from DVDs  The exemption was the result of an action spearheaded by Donaldson who assembled a coalition of award-winning documentarians and filmmaker organizations and provided pro bono legal council for the legal request Prior to the ruling, documentary filmmakers were forced to use technically inferior methods to obtain copyrighted material permitted them by the fair use doctrine in United States copyright law  The exemption allows documentarians to legally obtain portions of encrypted or digitally locked material from DVDs for non-infringing use in their films The exemption was in effect through October 28, 2012   On October 26, 2012, the Librarian of Congress published a new set of exemptions, effective October 28, 2001 through October 28, 2015, that provide substantially the same filmmaker rights 

Net neutrality
Donaldson assisted in the effort to ensure that documentary filmmakers have the same rights as major studios in terms of the speed at which their films will be able to travel the internet  He, along with Jack I  Lerner and the USC Intellectual Property and Technology Law Clinic, organized the efforts on a pro-bono bases in support of the principle termed Net Neutrality  The fight was led by the International Documentary Association and was supported by such additional organizations as Film Independent, University Film & Video Association, Independent Filmmaker Project, Independent Feature Project Chicago, IFP Minnesota and National Alliance for Media Arts and Culture 
On January 2, 2011, the FCC ruled in favor of net neutrality in a 3-to-2 vote 

Lee & William Storey v  Commissioner of Internal Revenue
In support of the documentary film community's tax status, Donaldson, along with his firm's team of attorneys, prepared an amicus brief on a pro-bono basis urging the United States Tax Court to recognize that documentary films are overwhelmingly undertaken in the pursuit of a profit  It was filed in response to the Internal Revenue Service's challenge of filmmaker Lee Storey's business expenses associated with his documentary Smile ‘Til It Hurts: The Up With People Story 
During Storey's March 2011 trial, a judge expressed an inclination to hold that documentaries are intended to “educate and expose” rather than make a profit 
If documentary filmmaking were to be viewed by the IRS as merely a means to persuade or entertain – and not intended to turn a profit – documentarians would no longer be able to claim deductions incurred in the production of such films On Thursday, April 19, 2012, U S  Tax Court Judge Diane L  Kroupa recognized documentary filmmaking as a legitimate business and ruled that Storey can write off the entirety of her filmmaking losses, which were in the amount of hundreds of thousands of dollars 

Judge Learned Hand
On May 5, 2013, Los Angeles Review of Books – an online literary review journal that covers the American and international book scene – published Donaldson's review of the book Reason and Imagination: the Selected Correspondence of Learned Hand, a collection of Judge Learned Hand's personal letters  Aside from a few members of the US Supreme Court, Hand is the most-quoted judge in American history  In his extensive, 2700-word review, Donaldson describes the book as "a sweeping retelling of American history from one of its most intelligent, dispassionate participants "

Escape from Tomorrow
Donaldson was the key proponent in assuring the film Escape from Tomorrow fell under the fair-use doctrine and was insurable 
Escape from Tomorrow premiered at the Sundance Film Festival in January 2013  The film was shot entirely guerilla-style at Disney World and Disneyland without obtaining permission from the parks  The issue with getting the movie insured was not merely that it was shot secretly inside the parks, but that the movie is a parody of Disney that portrays a “darker” side, which goes against the company brand In order to get the movie insured, Donaldson issued an opinion letter to the insurance company presenting a case for fair use, trademark, public domain, and access issues  The opinion letter was the longest that his office had ever written; it took 4 months to assemble  The E&O insurance policy was issued in the standard time of one week  The film was released to theaters and video on October 11, 2013 

The Central Park Five
Donaldson worked alongside New York attorney Andrew Cielli to prepare and file an amicus brief on behalf of documentary filmmakers Ken Burns, Sarah Burns, and David McMahon, who produced the documentary The Central Park Five  The brief was supported by the International Documentary Association, NAMAC, and Film Independent The Central Park Five chronicles the story of five men wrongfully accused of raping a Central Park jogger in 1989  They were later exonerated after another man confessed and provided DNA evidence  Eight years later the wrongfully accused filed a 50 million dollar lawsuit against the state of New York, claiming their confessions were coerced and their case was mishandled  In its defense, the state of New York attempted to obtain outtakes from the film, claiming the documentarians forfeited their journalistic privilege because they advocated on behalf of the subjects of the documentary Donaldson fought for the filmmakers, arguing that preservation of journalistic privilege is essential in order for documentarians’ work to be effective, despite how the story was discovered or how passionately they advocate for their subjects  On February 19, 2013, U S  Magistrate Judge Ronald L  Ellis ruled in favor of the documentary filmmakers preserving their journalistic privilege 

Orphan works legislation
On April 2, 2014, Donaldson testified before the House Judiciary Committee in Washington, DC on behalf of the Independent Documentary Association and Film Independent on the subject of orphan works  Orphan words are copyrighted works whose owners cannot be contacted or found despite a diligent search  Donaldson's testimony urged Congress to consider documentary and independent filmmakers when crafting new legislation on orphan works since, under current law, filmmakers are at risk of being hit with huge damages when using unlicensed material, no matter how diligent a search for the owners 

As an author
Donaldson's Clearance & Copyright: Everything the Independent Filmmaker Needs to Know is used as a textbook in over 50 college and university film schools across America  He is also the author of Negotiating for Dummies, which has been translated into 9 languages, as well as Do It Yourself! Trademarks & Copyrights and Fearless Negotiating: The Wish, Want, Walk Method To Reaching Agreements That Work 
In 2010, Donaldson released The American Bar Association's Legal Guide To Independent Filmmaking, which he co-authored with his partner Lisa A  Callif 

Recognition
Donaldson was honored with the International Documentary Association's Amicus Award in 2009  He was included in The Hollywood Reporter's "Power Lawyers" list in 2010 and 2011  In 2012 he was included in Variety's Legal Impact Report 2012: Game-Changing Attorneys  And he was selected as a Super Lawyer in 2009, 2012 and 2013 

Bibliography
The E-Z Legal Guide to Trademarks & Copyrights (1995)
Do It Yourself! Trademarks & Copyrights (1995)
Clearance & Copyright: Everything the Independent Filmmaker Needs to Know (1996)
Negotiating for Dummies (1996)
Negotiating for Dummies 2nd Edition (2007)
Fearless Negotiating: The Wish, Want, Walk Method To Reaching Agreements That Work (2007)
Clearance & Copyright: Everything You Need to Know for Film and Television (2008)
The American Bar Association's Legal Guide To Independent Filmmaking (2010) (by Michael C  Donaldson & Lisa A  Callif)
Context 2: Passage 1:
Vocal fry register
The vocal fry register (also known as pulse register, laryngealization, pulse phonation, creaky voice, creak, croak, popcorning, glottal fry, glottal rattle, glottal scrape) is the lowest vocal register and is produced through a loose glottal closure that permits air to bubble through slowly with a popping or rattling sound of a very low frequency  During this phonation, the arytenoid cartilages in the larynx are drawn together, which causes the vocal folds to compress rather tightly and become relatively slack and compact  This process forms a large and irregularly vibrating mass within the vocal folds that produces the characteristic low popping or rattling sound when air passes through the glottal closure  The register (if well controlled) can extend far below the modal voice register, in some cases up to 8 octaves lower, such as in the case of Tim Storms who holds the world record for lowest frequency note ever produced by a human, a G−7, which is only 0 189 Hz, inaudible to the human ear 
Vocal fry is thought to have become more common among young female speakers of American English in the early 21st century, with the style of speaking being considered informal, nonaggressive and urban-oriented 

History of register classification
The vocal fry register has been a recognized and identifiable register in American English only within the past few decades, but its characteristic sound was recognized much earlier  Discussion of the vocal fry or pulse register began first within the field of phonetics and speech therapy and did not enter the vocabulary of vocal music pedagogists until the early 1970s, when it was initially controversial  However, the controversy surrounding the term within vocal music has subsided as more research into the use of the vocal fry register within the context of singing ensued  In particular, vocal pedagogist Margaret Greene's videotaping of the physiological processes occurring in the body while singers were phonating in the vocal fry register offered solid evidence that this type of vocal phonation should be considered a vocal register from both speech pathology and vocal music perspectives  Like any other vocal register, the vocal fry register has a unique vibratory pattern of the vocal folds, a certain series of pitches, and a certain type of sound that distinguishes it from other vocal registers 

In speech
Discussion of vocal fry is much more frequent in books related to phonetics and speech therapy than it is in those dealing with singing  Some authorities consider the use of vocal fry in speech a dysphonia, but others consider it so only if it is used excessively such as Hollien, Moore, Wendahl, and Michel:

It is simply our intent to suggest that ordinarily vocal fry constitutes one of several physiologically available types of voice production on the frequency-pitch continuum and hence, of itself, is not logically classified among the laryngeal pathologies  While the excessive use of fry could result in a diagnosis of voice disorder, this quality is too often heard in normal voices (especially in descending inflections where the voice fundamentally falls below frequencies in the modal register) to be exclusively a disorder 
Many are quick to point out that although vocal fry is minimally a part of routine speaking patterns, the continued use of such a pattern makes it non-utilitarian or pathological Some evidence exists of vocal fry becoming more common in the speech of young female speakers of American English in the early 21st century, but its frequency's extent and significance are disputed  Researcher Ikuko Patricia Yuasa suggests that the tendency is a product of young women trying to infuse their speech with gravitas by means of reaching for the male register and found that "college-age Americans     perceive female creaky voice as hesitant, nonaggressive, and informal but also educated, urban-oriented, and upwardly mobile "A 2014 national study of American adults found that speech with vocal fry was perceived more negatively than a voice without vocal fry, particularly in a labor market context  In young adult women, it was perceived as sounding less trustworthy, less competent, less attractive, and less hireable  The negative evaluation was stronger when the evaluator was also a woman The national study of 800 listeners across age groups found that people making hiring decisions preferred a voice without vocal fry to one with vocal fry  A limitation of the study was that the vocal fry samples were produced by imitators rather than natural vocal fry speakers  That suggests that more research is needed, as the negative reaction could be attributable to other factors In native speakers of American English, young women use vocal fry more frequently than men  When asked to read a passage, female speakers used vocal fry at a rate four times higher than male speakers Some languages, such as Jalapa Mazatec, use vocal fry (creaky voice) as a linguistically significant marker; the presence or absence of vocal fry can then change the meaning of a word 

Social implications
Some people seek out the help of speech pathologists as they feel vocal fry makes them appear unsure and less confident  Researchers have found that young adult women who use vocal fry are perceived as less competent and less hireable (listeners have less of a negative reaction to male voices)  Others argue that these perceptions are part of a broader attack on women's speech Vocal fry is generally seen as a negative characteristic in the workplace, but a study by Duke University researchers has determined the phenomenon is becoming more common and socially acceptable 

In singing
The croaking sound produced by male singers at the start of phrases in American country music is produced by moving from this to the modal register  Within choral music, when true basses are not available, choirs often rely on singers who can "fry" the low bass notes  Singers such as Tim Storms, Mike Holcomb and various other gospel basses use this technique to sing very low tones   Some styles of folk singing showcase the vocal fry register in the female voice  Vocal fry is also used in metal music, usually in combination with air from the diaphragm, in order to create a "growl" or "scream," which sounds aggressive and harsh The chief use of the vocal fry register in singing is to obtain pitches of very low frequency, which are not available to the singer in the modal register  The physiological production of the vocal fry register may be extended up into the modal register  In some cases, vocal pedagogues have found the use of vocal fry therapeutically helpful to students who have trouble producing lower notes  Singers often lose their low notes or never learn to produce them because of the excessive tension of the laryngeal muscles and of the support mechanism that leads to too much breath pressure Some throat singing styles such as kargyra use vocal techniques similar to vocal fry 

See also
Notes
Passage 2:
Bass (voice type)
A bass is a type of classical male singing voice and has the lowest vocal range of all voice types  According to The New Grove Dictionary of Opera, a bass is typically classified as having a vocal range extending from around the second E below middle C to the E above middle C (i e , E2–E4)  Its tessitura, or comfortable range, is normally defined by the outermost lines of the bass clef  Categories of bass voices vary according to national style and classification system 
Italians favour subdividing basses into the basso cantante (singing bass), basso buffo ("funny" bass), or the dramatic basso profondo (low bass)  The American system identifies the bass-baritone, comic bass, lyric bass, and dramatic bass 
The German Fach system offers further distinctions: Spielbass (Bassbuffo), Schwerer Spielbass (Schwerer Bassbuffo), Charakterbass (Bassbariton), and Seriöser Bass  These classification systems can overlap  Rare is the performer who embodies a single Fach without also touching repertoire from another category 

History
Cultural influence and individual variation create a wide variation in range and quality of bass singers  Parts for basses have included notes as low as the B-flat two octaves and a tone below middle C (B♭1), for example in Gustav Mahler's Symphony No  2 and the Rachmaninov's All-Night Vigil, A below that in Frederik Magle's symphonic suite Cantabile, G below that (e g  Measure 76 of Ne otverzhi mene by Pavel Chesnokov) or F below those in Kheruvimskaya pesn (Song of Cherubim) by Krzysztof Penderecki  Many basso profondos have trouble reaching those notes, and the use of them in works by Slavic composers has led to the colloquial term "Russian bass" for an exceptionally deep-ranged basso profondo who can easily sing these notes  Some traditional Russian religious music calls for A2 (110 Hz) drone singing, which is doubled by A1 (55 Hz) in the rare occasion that a choir includes exceptionally gifted singers who can produce this very low human voice pitch 
Many British composers such as Benjamin Britten have written parts for bass (such as the first movement of his choral work Rejoice in the Lamb) that center far higher than the bass tessitura as implied by the clef  The Harvard Dictionary of Music defines the range as being from the E below low C to middle C (i e  E2–C4) 

In choral music
In SATB four-part mixed chorus, the bass is the lowest vocal range, below the tenor, alto, and soprano  Voices are subdivided into first bass and second bass with no distinction being made between bass and baritone voices, in contrast to the three-fold (tenor–baritone–bass) categorization of solo voices  The exception is in arrangements for male choir (TTBB) and barbershop quartets (TLBB), which sometimes label the lowest two parts baritone and bass 

Range and Subtypes
Bass has the lowest vocal range of all voice types, with the lowest tessitura  The low extreme for basses is generally C2 (two Cs below middle C)  Some extreme bass singers, referred to as basso profondos and oktavists, are able to reach much lower than this  Within opera, the lowest note in the standard bass repertoire is D2, sung by the character Osmin in Mozart's Die Entführung aus dem Serail, but few roles fall below F2  
Although Osmin's note is the lowest 'demanded' in the operatic repertoire, lower notes are heard, both written and unwritten: for example, it is traditional for basses to interpolate a low C in the duet "Ich gehe doch rathe ich dir" in the same opera; in Richard Strauss' Der Rosenkavalier, Baron Ochs has an optional C2 ("Mein lieber Hippolyte")  The high extreme: a few bass roles in the standard repertoire call for a high F♯ or G (F♯4 and G4, the one above middle C), but few roles go over F4  In the operatic bass repertoire, the highest notes are a G♯4 (The Barber in The Nose by Shostakovich) and, in the aria "Fra l'ombre e gl'orrori" in Handel's serenata Aci, Galatea e Polifemo, Polifemo reaches an A4 
Within the bass voice type category are seven generally recognized subcategories: basso cantante (singing bass), hoher bass (high bass), jugendlicher bass (juvenile bass), basso buffo ("funny" bass), Schwerer Spielbass (dramatic bass), lyric bass, and dramatic basso profondo (low bass) 

Basso cantante/lyric high bass/lyric bass-baritone
Basso cantante means "singing bass"  Basso cantante is a higher, more lyrical voice  It is produced using a more Italianate vocal production, and possesses a faster vibrato, than its closest Germanic/Anglo-Saxon equivalent, the bass-baritone 

Hoher Bass/dramatic high bass/dramatic bass-baritone
Hoher Bass or "high bass" or often a dramatic bass-baritone 

Jugendlicher Bass
Jugendlicher Bass (juvenile bass) denotes the role of a young man sung by a bass, regardless of the age of the singer 

Masetto, Don Giovanni by Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart
Colline, La bohème by Giacomo Puccini

Basso buffo/lyric buffo
Buffo, literally "funny", basses are lyrical roles that demand from their practitioners a solid coloratura technique, a capacity for patter singing and ripe tonal qualities if they are to be brought off to maximum effect  They are usually the blustering antagonist of the hero/heroine or the comic-relief fool in bel canto operas 

Schwerer Spielbass/dramatic buffo
English equivalent: dramatic bass

Lyric basso profondo
Basso profondo (lyric low bass) is the lowest bass voice type  According to J  B  Steane in Voices, Singers & Critics, the basso profondo voice "derives from a method of tone-production that eliminates the more Italian quick vibrato  In its place is a kind of tonal solidity, a wall-like front, which may nevertheless prove susceptible to the other kind of vibrato, the slow beat or dreaded wobble "

Dramatic basso profondo
English equivalent: dramatic low bass  Dramatic basso profondo is a powerful basso profondo voice 

In Gilbert and Sullivan
All of the Gilbert and Sullivan Savoy operas, except Patience and The Yeomen of the Guard, have at least one lead bass  Notable roles include:

See also
Category of basses
Fach, the German system for classifying voices
Voice classification in non-classical music
List of basses in non-classical music
Passage 3:
Basso profondo
Basso profondo (Italian: "deep bass"), sometimes basso profundo, contrabass or oktavist, is the lowest bass voice type 

While The New Grove Dictionary of Opera defines a typical bass as having a range that is limited to the second E below middle C (E2), operatic bassi profondi can be called on to sing low C (C2), as in the role of Baron Ochs in Der Rosenkavalier  Often choral composers make use of lower notes, such as G1 or even F1; in such rare cases the choir relies on exceptionally deep-ranged bassi profondi termed oktavists or octavists, who sometimes sing an octave below the bass part 
Bass singer Tim Storms holds the Guinness World Record for the "lowest note produced by a human" 

Definition
According to Rousseau (1775): "Basse-contres – the most profound of all voices, singing lower than the bass like a double bass, and should not be confused with contrabasses, which are instruments "

Oktavist
An oktavist is an exceptionally deep-ranged basso profondo, especially typical of Russian Orthodox choral music  This voice type has a vocal range which extends down to A1 (an octave below the baritone range) and sometimes to F1 (an octave below the bass staff) with the extreme lows for oktavists, such as Mikhail Zlatopolsky or Alexander Ort, reaching C1 Slavic choral composers sometimes make use of lower notes such as B♭1 as in Rachmaninoff's All-Night Vigil, G#1 in "The Twelve Brigands" by Vladimir Pasjukov, G1 in "Ne otverzhi mene" by Pavel Chesnokov, or F1 in "Kheruvimskaya pesn" (Song of Cherubim) by Krzysztof Penderecki, although such notes sometimes also appear in repertoire by non-Slavic composers (e g  B♭1 appears in Gustav Mahler's Second and Eighth Symphonies) 
In popular culture, several a capella groups have bass singers with an oktavist range, such as Home Free's Tim Foust, VoicePlay's Geoff Castellucci, and Avi Kaplan formerly of Pentatonix, as well as Tony nominated broadway performer Patrick Page, each of these being able to reach down to a G1 or in some cases even lower, with Castellucci able to hit a B0 using subharmonic singing and Foust able to hit a G0 using growl 

See also
Bass
Fach
Vocal weight
Passage 4:
Cosmos (band)
Cosmos was a Latvian a cappella band that formed in Riga in 2002  The band comprised singers Jānis Šipkēvics, Andris Sējāns (both countertenors), Juris Lisenko (tenor), Jānis Ozols (baritone), Jānis Strazdiņš (bass) and Reinis Sējāns (rhythm) 
Cosmos gained national and international recognition after they were chosen to represent Latvia in the 2006 Eurovision Song Contest held in Athens, Greece with the song "I Hear Your Heart"  Despite winning the national Eirodziesma 2006 contest, the band finished in joint sixteenth place out of the twenty-four finalists, with thirty points 

Discography
Cosmos (2003)
Pa un par (2005)
Тетради любви (2005)
Ticu un viss (2005)
Turbulence (2008)
Pasaki man un tev (2009)

External links
Official website
Review of Pa un par Archived 2008-10-25 at the Wayback Machine at RARB org
Passage 5:
Cosmos Holidays
Cosmos (formerly Cosmos Tours) is a UK independent tour operator providing a range of package holidays to the UK market  The tour operator is connected to the international Globus Travel Group, founded in 1928, which remains family owned with headquarters in Lugano, Switzerland  Under parent company Cosmos Tours Ltd, the tour operator offers holidays through two brands: Cosmos and Avalon Waterways 
Cosmos Holidays was founded in 1961 as Cosmos Tours  It became Cosmos Holidays in 1987  After Globus Travel Group sold Monarch Travel Group to Greybull Capital in October 2014, Monarch stopped using Cosmos as a Monarch Group brand in 2015  However, in March 2017 it was announced that Cosmos Tours had regained full rights and licences to the Cosmos brand and Monarch would change its corporate name from Cosmos Holidays Limited to Monarch Holidays Limited 

Background
Origins of Cosmos (1928–1986)
In 1928, Antonio Mantegazza started a company specialising in coach touring called Globus Viaggi   The company began with a fleet of 12 coaches which operated local excursions for European tourists in Switzerland   By 1950, Globus Viaggi had grown to a fleet of 33 coaches and featured overnight excursions to Rome, Venice, the Dolomites and the French Riviera   Gradually these became regular scheduled tours and grew longer to cover more ground   Later that decade Globus pioneered the concept of Grand European Touring by offering first-class European tours to North Americans 
Cosmos Tours was founded in the UK in 1961 by Sergio Mantegazza  The company was created to provide British customers with affordable package holidays by coach and air travel to Europe   Destinations included Italy, Spain, Switzerland, and Austria by motor coach from London’s Victoria station, and by flights from Southend and Lympne airports   Although the company's main programme focused on motor coach tours, it soon increased the choice of air package holidays too   In 1968, the success of the company's air package holidays allowed Cosmos to form the airline Monarch Airlines Throughout the 1970s and 1980s, Cosmos Tours increased its UK departure airports to include Manchester, Birmingham, Glasgow, Edinburgh and East Midlands, serving new destinations including Portugal, Yugoslavia, Greece, Malta and Tunisia, and longhaul destinations such as Florida, Thailand and Mexico 
In 1986 Cosmos Tours became the first mainstream operator in the UK to launch a Christmas Lapland programme 

Expansion (1987–2009)
In 1987, the company changed its name from Cosmos Tours to Cosmos Holidays 
In September 1991, the Globus Travel Group acquired 80% of Avro Plc, a flight-only company set up by Paul Dendle  This acquisition enhanced the company’s charter seat-only presence in the market  In 1994, the Globus Group acquired the remaining 20% 
In 1994, Cosmos launched a direct-sell brand, Archers Direct (later Archers Holidays, shut down in November 2018), featuring a worldwide touring programme 
In 2002, Cosmos launched an accommodation-only brand, somewhere2stay, which supplied hotel, apartment and villa accommodation to the UK travel trade  Four years after launching somewhere2stay, sales made up £20-£40 million of an estimated £300-£350 million turnover in the accommodation-only sector  During 2006, the decision was made to run somewhere2stay separately from Cosmos Holidays In 2007, Cosmos announced they would introduce package holidays using Monarch’s full range of scheduled flights, in line with the expansion plans announced by the airline during the same year In 2009, executive chairman, Iain Rawlinson announced plans to reinvent the company as a scheduled carrier, after the company made financial losses  It was predicted at the time that the parent company of Cosmos Holidays would make a loss of around £45 million  During the same year, media coverage suggested there were problems with their approach  The Mantegazza family from Switzerland, which had owned Group Voyagers since its foundation, invested money into the group to cover the losses 

Consolidation (2014-present)
In 2014, the Mantegazza family announced plans to sell Monarch Holdings Ltd  Subsidiaries included Monarch Airlines, Monarch Aircraft Engineering, First Aviation, Cosmos Holidays, somewhere2stay and Avro  On 31 October 2014, the holiday group was sold to venture capitalists, Greybull Capital  Cosmos Tours & Cruises was retained by the Mantegazza Family In 2016, Cosmos introduced a private tour programme based on existing tour itineraries in Asia, Africa and India with a private guide/driver included 
From 1 April 2017, the tour operator regained all rights to the brand Cosmos, having reached a formal agreement with Monarch which terminated the licence covering the use of the name 

Destinations
Cosmos provides tours, cruises and rail journeys in over 40 countries, flying from up to 27 UK airports 
The tour operator with its origins in touring in Italy, offers holidays across Europe and the Mediterranean   Other destinations include North America & Canada, Central & South America, Asia and the Far East, Africa, the Persian Gulf, Indian Ocean, Australia and New Zealand 
In recent years, river and ocean cruises have been added to the product range of tours 

Awards
Cosmos has been shortlisted for travel industry and consumer awards including the TTG Travel Awards, the Globe Travel Awards, British Travel Awards as well as World of Cruising’s Wave Awards, and Cruise International’s Cruise Awards 
Passage 6:
List of basses in non-classical music
The bass singing voice has a vocal range that lies around the second E below middle C to the E above middle C (i e , E2–E4)  As with the contralto singing voice being the rarest female voice type, the bass voice is the rarest for males, and has the lowest vocal range of all voice types  However, the bass voice is determined not only by its vocal range, but also by its timbre, which tends to be darker than that of a baritone voice 
The term bass was developed in relation to classical and operatic voices, where the classification is based not merely on the singer's vocal range but also on the tessitura and timbre of the voice  For classical and operatic singers, their voice type determines the roles they will sing and is a primary method of categorization  In non-classical music, singers are primarily defined by their genre and their gender and not by their vocal range  When the terms soprano, mezzo-soprano, contralto, tenor, baritone, and bass are used as descriptors of non-classical voices, they are applied more loosely than they would be to those of classical singers and generally refer only to the singer's perceived vocal range 
The following is a list of singers in country, popular music, jazz, and musical theatre who have been described as basses 

List of names
Gallery
See also
Voice classification in non-classical music
List of baritones in non-classical music
List of tenors in non-classical music
List of contraltos in non-classical music
List of mezzo-sopranos in non-classical music
List of sopranos in non-classical music
Voice type

Notes
Passage 7:
Alto
The musical term alto, meaning "high" in Italian (Latin: altus), historically refers to the contrapuntal part higher than the tenor and its associated vocal range  In 4-part voice leading alto is the second-highest part, sung in choruses by either low women's or high men's voices  In vocal classification these are usually called contralto and male alto or countertenor 
Such confusion of "high" and "low" persists in instrumental terminology  Alto flute and alto trombone are respectively lower and higher than the standard instruments of the family (the standard instrument of the trombone family being the tenor trombone), though both play in ranges within the alto clef  Alto recorder, however, is an octave higher, and is defined by its relationship to tenor and soprano recorders; alto clarinet is a fifth lower than B-flat clarinet, already an 'alto' instrument  There is even a contra-alto clarinet, (an octave lower than the alto clarinet), with a range B♭0 – D4 

Etymology
In choral music for mixed voices, "alto" describes the lowest part commonly sung by women  The explanation for the anomaly of this name is to be found not in the use of adult falsettists in choirs of men and boys but further back in innovations in composition during the mid-15th century  Before this time it was usual to write a melodic cantus or superius against a tenor (from Latin tenere, to hold) or 'held' part, to which might be added a contratenor, which was in counterpoint with (in other words, against = contra) the tenor  The composers of Ockeghem's generation wrote two contratenor parts and designated them as contratenor altus and contratenor bassus; they were respectively higher and lower than the tenor part  From these derive both the modern terms "alto" (and contralto) and "bass" 

Solo voices
The contralto voice is a matter of vocal timbre and tessitura as well as range, and a classically trained solo contralto would usually have a range greater than that of a normal choral alto part in both the upper and lower ranges  However, the vocal tessitura of a classically trained contralto would still make these singers more comfortable singing in the lower part of the voice  A choral non-solo contralto may also have a low range down to D3 (thus perhaps finding it easier to sing the choral tenor part), but some would have difficulty singing above E5  In a choral context mezzo-sopranos and contraltos might sing the alto part, together with countertenors, thus having three vocal timbres (and two means of vocal production) singing the same notes The use of the term "alto" to describe solo voices is mostly seen in contemporary music genres (pop, rock, etc ) to describe singers whose range is lower than that of a mezzo-soprano but higher than that of a true contralto, and is very rarely seen in classical music outside of soloists in choral works  In classical music, most women with an alto range would be grouped within mezzo-sopranos, but many terms in common usage in various languages and in different cultures exist to describe solo classical singers with this range  Examples include contralto, countertenor, haute-contre, and tenor altino, among others 

In choral music
In SATB four-part mixed chorus, the alto is the second-highest vocal range, above the tenor and bass and below the soprano  The alto range in choral music is approximately from F3 (the F below middle C) to F5 (the second F above middle C)  In common usage, alto is used to describe the voice type that typically sings this part, though this is not strictly correct  Alto, like the other three standard modern choral voice classifications (soprano, tenor and bass) was originally intended to describe a part within a homophonic or polyphonic texture, rather than an individual voice type; neither are the terms alto and contralto interchangeable or synonymous, though they are often treated as such 
Although some women who sing alto in a choir are contraltos, many would be more accurately called mezzo-sopranos (a voice of somewhat higher range and different timbre)  Men singing in this range are countertenors, although this term is a source of considerable controversy, some authorities preferring the usage of the term "male alto" for those countertenors who use a predominantly falsetto voice production (boys singing in their natural range may be termed "boy altos") 

See also
Voice classification in non-classical music
Passage 8:
List of contraltos in non-classical music
The contralto singing voice has a vocal range that lies between the F below "middle C" (F3) to two Fs above middle C (F5) and is the lowest type of female voice   In the lower and upper extremes, some contralto voices can sing from two Bs below middle C (B2) to two B♭s above middle C (B♭5) The term contralto was developed in relation to classical and operatic voices, where the classification is based not merely on the singer's vocal range but also on the tessitura and timbre of the voice  For classical and operatic singers, their voice type determines the roles they will sing and is a primary method of categorization  In classical music, a "pure" contralto is considered the rarest type of female voice  In non-classical music, singers are primarily defined by their genre and their gender, not their vocal range  When the terms soprano, mezzo-soprano, contralto, tenor, baritone, and bass are used as descriptors of non-classical voices, they are applied more loosely than they would be to those of classical singers and generally refer only to the singer's perceived vocal range  Contemporarily, the informal term alto is sometimes used interchangeably with contralto The following is a list of singers in country, popular music, jazz, and musical theatre who have been described as contraltos 

List of names
See also
List of mezzo-sopranos in non-classical music
List of sopranos in non-classical music
List of basses in non-classical music
List of baritones in non-classical music
List of tenors in non-classical music
List of operatic contraltos
Voice classification in non-classical music
Voice type

Notes
Passage 9:
Georgia Brown (Brazilian singer)
Rossana Monti, better known by the stage name Georgia Brown, is a Brazilian singer noted for her extensive vocal range 

Career
At the age of fifteen, Brown toured as backup vocalist for Brazilian singer Jorge Ben, during his "W Brasil Tour" in 1995  Following the conclusion of the tour, she entered in contests "Skol Rock" and "Fest Valda"  In 1997, Brown relocated to California in the United States of America to begin recording her first album  In 2001, Brown released her debut album "Black Nature"  The album spawned the singles: "Commit A Crime" and "Hold On"  Following the release of her debut album, she headlined her first tour "Black Nature Tour"  In 2002, "Black Nature" was certified gold in Brazil with sales in excess of 120,000 copies 
In 2003, she released a single "Forgiven"  The song was remixed by DJ Patife and featured on his album "Na Estrada", released in 2005  In 2004, she released her second album Heart Beats, which became certified platinum in Brazil  She headlined first international tour "Heart Beats World Tour" in 2004  In the same year, Brown broke American singer Mariah Carey's vocal records on Guinness World Records and received a certificate for two records: "World's Greatest Vocal Range by a Female B2-F8" and "World's Highest Note "F8" In 2006, Brown began recording her third album  In 2008, she released her third studio album The Renascence of Soul  In 2010, Brown released house music single titled "Love 4 Real"  In 2012, she released an extended play entitled Me & Myself 
In July 2018, Brown released a single "#HighVibration (Sweet Sensation)" 

Discography
AlbumsBlack Nature (2001)
Heart Beats (2004)
The Renascence of Soul (2008)
Me & Myself – EP (2012)Singles"Commit A Crime" (2001)
"Hold On" (2001)
"Forgiven" (2003)
"Lost Love" (2004)
"Art A Shield for Me" (2008)
"Save My Soul" (2008)
"Loneliness" (2009)
"Love 4 Real" (2010)
"#HighVibration (Sweet Sensation)" (2018)
Passage 10:
Range (music)
In music, the range, or chromatic range, of a musical instrument is the distance from the lowest to the highest pitch it can play  For a singing voice, the equivalent is vocal range  The range of a musical part is the distance between its lowest and highest note 

Compass
Among British English speakers, and perhaps others, compass means the same thing as chromatic range—the interval between the lowest and highest note attainable by a voice or musical instrument 

Other ranges
The terms  sounding range, written range,  designated range, duration range and dynamic range have specific meanings 
The sounding range refers to the pitches produced by an instrument, while the written range refers to the compass (span) of notes written in the sheet music, where the part is sometimes transposed for convenience  A piccolo, for example, typically has a sounding range one octave higher than its written range  The designated range is the set of notes the player should or can achieve while playing  All instruments have a designated range, and all pitched instruments have a playing range  Timbre, dynamics, and duration ranges are interrelated and one may achieve registral range at the expense of timbre  The designated range is thus the range in which a player is expected to have comfortable control of all aspects 
The duration range is the difference between the shortest and longest rhythm used  Dynamic range is the difference between the quietest and loudest volume of an instrument, part or piece of music 

Range limits
Although woodwind instruments and string instruments have no theoretical upper limit to their range (subject to practical limits), they generally cannot go below their designated range   Brass instruments, on the other hand, can play beyond their designated ranges  Notes lower than the brass instrument's designated range are called pedal tones  The playing range of a brass instrument depends on both the technical limitations of the instrument and the skill of the player 
Classical arrangements seldom make woodwind or brass instruments play beyond their designed range  String musicians play the bottom of their ranges very frequently, but the top of a string instrument's range is rather fuzzy, and it is unusual for a string player to exceed the designated range  It is quite rare for wind musicians to play the extremes of their instruments  The most common exception is that in many 20th century works, pedal tones are called for in bass trombones 
This chart uses standard numberings for octaves where middle C corresponds to C4  In the MIDI language middle C is referred to as MIDI note number 60 
The lowest note that a pipe organ can sound (with a true pipe) is C−1 (or CCCC), which is 8 Hz, below the range of human hearing and not visible on this chart  However, if acoustic combination (a note and its fifth) counts, the lowest note is C−2 (or CCCCC), which is 4 Hz 
In terms of recording and reproduction, many speakers have a low limit of around 40–60 Hz 

Typical ranges
*This chart only displays down to C0, though some pipe organs, such as the Boardwalk Hall Auditorium Organ, extend down to C−1 (one octave below C0)  Also, the fundamental frequency of the subcontrabass tuba is B♭−1 

See also
Tessitura
Extension (music)
Sub-bass
Hearing range



ground_truth: Neighbours

prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: Who had the lowest vocal range in Cosmos?

The following are given passages.
Context 3: Passage 1:
Brett Scallions
Brett Allen Scallions (born December 21, 1971) is an American singer  He is best known for being the original lead vocalist and rhythm guitarist for the alternative rock band Fuel from 1993 to 2006 and then from 2010 to 2020  During that time, the band released four major-label albums including the double platinum Something Like Human  His initial stint with the band ended in February 2006  Scallions has been ranked in the Top 100 Heavy Metal Vocalists by Hit Parader (#50) 

Early life
Scallion was born in Brownsville, Tennessee  As a child, he listened to Elvis records  He would sing in choir in church and was cast as lead actor in plays throughout his high school  He was awarded scholarships to Lambuth University for music and theater 

Career
Fuel
Scallions joined Fuel in 1993 after bassist Jeff Abercrombie saw him perform in a bar in Jackson, Tennessee  The band achieved its greatest success with Scallions as lead singer  Scallions later moved to Harrisburg, Pennsylvania with the rest of the band where they would perform at local bars and nightclubs under the name Real 2 Reel 

World Fire Brigade
Outside Re-Fueled, Scallions was busy with Sean Danielsen of Smile Empty Soul and producer Eddie Wohl, writing and recording an album under the name World Fire Brigade  "It's much heavier than anything I ever did with Fuel," Scallions said of World Fire Brigade's sound in August 2009  "We've done a lot of stuff in lower tones which is a first for me also, it's very deep, heavy, and even growly at times " He also said that the World Fire Brigade album was "almost three-quarters of the way complete, and planned to be released early next spring, fingers crossed"  Two new tracks "Shot Down" and "Take Me Away" were available on MySpace since March 2011  The album is currently available for streaming through Riptide Music website (under working title Weight of the World) The debut album titled Spreading My Wings was released by FrostByte Media Inc  on August 28, 2012 The World Fire Brigade line-up consisted of Scallions (vocals/guitar), Sean Danielsen (vocals/guitar), and Eddie Wohl (keyboards)  Guest musicians on the album included former Candiria drummer Ken Schalk, Mike McCready (Pearl Jam), Rob Caggiano (Anthrax), and Andy Andersson (Black Robot)  Brad Stewart had been announced as the group's touring bassist  Even though he recorded bass tracks for the album, Scallions had stated that he will be playing rhythm guitar when the group goes on tour 
On April 3, 2013, the following message was posted on the World Fire Brigade Facebook page:
"Thanks to everyone that has discovered our music and has questions about touring and new music  Right now we're all too busy with our other bands to tour, but that doesn't mean it will never happen " The post went on to invite fans to support the bands Fuel and Smile Empty Soul "on the road all year" 

Post-Fuel / other projects
After leaving Fuel, Scallions joined bands with The X's and Circus Diablo playing bass  Both bands ultimately became one-album projects and concluded shortly after subsequent tours 
In March 2007, Scallions was selected as the lead singer for Riders on the Storm, a project featuring former members of The Doors, Robby Krieger and Ray Manzarek 
Brett Scallions contributed lead vocals to the charity single "Something to Believe", released by the band Hollow on iTunes via Koch Records on March 9, 2010 

Departure and return to Fuel
Scallions left Fuel in early 2006  According to an interview with Alternative Addition, Scallions cited the reason due to the band becoming a "one-man band" throughout the years  The three remaining members of the band, however, chose to continue with new vocalist Toryn Green  With Green, Fuel would record one unsuccessful album, 2007's Angels & Devils and would largely be inactive by 2008 due to legal issues with their then-label Epic Records During Fuel's inactivity, Scallions and bassist Jeff Abercrombie teamed up for the first time since Scallions' departure in 2006 to tour as "Re-Fueled"  Scallions and Abercrombie recruited guitarist Yogi Lonich of Chris Cornell and Buckcherry fame and drummer Ken Schalk, formerly of Candiria to round out the unit  Their debut performance was a free event that took place on August 28, 2009 at the Tempe Marketplace, playing songs from the Sunburn and Something Like Human albums exclusively Still without word from the official incarnation of Fuel and with Re-Fueled increasing its tour schedule, speculation surrounding the future for Fuel began to increase including some confusion on the part of vocalist Toryn Green  Green explained he had not heard anything from the other members, but expressed his support for seeing Scallions back on stage singing classic Fuel songs again   Finally, On April 8, 2010, it was announced that Re-Fueled had disbanded, and that original guitarist/songwriter Carl Bell, and bassist Jeff Abercrombie had left Fuel to pursue other endeavors  Toryn Green and drummer Tommy Stewart left the band as well  On the same day, Brett Scallions reformed Fuel with Lonich, Schalk, and former Shinedown bassist Brad Stewart 
A couple of new songs worked their way into Fuel's live sets between 2010 and 2013, beginning with a track titled "Headache", and in March 2012 it was announced that Fuel intended to release a new album, which would be the first Fuel contribution to include Scallions since 2003's Natural Selection  By the end of April 2013, tracking for the new album had been completed and the band promised that a new single was soon to come 
On December 5, 2013, the first new track from the forthcoming Puppet Strings album was unveiled, and the first official single was set for a January 2014 release with the album release to follow on March 4 In June 2014, the album release was followed-up with the song "Cold Summer" being released as a single  Scallions has stated that he penned the song during his original tenure in Fuel, somewhere around 2002  Originally known as "Hit and Sorry", he recalls having recorded it so many times he almost gave up on the track  After adding a new chorus with contributions from producer Eddie Wohl and consulting the opinions of his bandmates, the decision was made to include the song on the album In 2015, Scallions embarked on his first unplugged tour  He performed Fuel songs as well as covering some of his favorite songs that were seminal in his musical journey 
Scallions again chose to leave Fuel after internal conflicts with original bandmates arose in October 2020 

Personal life
Scallions is married to Abby Gennet, guitarist and lead singer of Slunt  They have two sons together; born 2007 and 2010 
Passage 2:
Memo from Turner
"Memo from Turner" is a solo single by Mick Jagger, featuring slide guitar by Ry Cooder, from the soundtrack of Performance, in which Jagger played the leading role of Turner, a reclusive rock star  It was re-released in October 2007 on a 17-song retrospective compilation album The Very Best of Mick Jagger, making a re-appearance as a Jagger solo effort  After its original release in 1970, it was included on Rolling Stones compilations, such as Singles Collection: The London Years as a track credited to the Jagger/Richards songwriting partnership  "Memo from Turner" was ranked No  92 in the 100 Greatest Guitar Songs list of Rolling Stone Music critic Robert Christgau has said, "Jagger's version of Jagger–Richard's scabrous, persona-twisted "Memo From Turner" is his envoi to the 60s "

Versions
Three versions of "Memo from Turner" have been released, and another "Alternative Take" version is available on bootleg recordings 
The first version, which is not officially released, is a slow, brooding version recorded by members of the band Traffic  It features Steve Winwood on all instruments except drums, which are played by Jim Capaldi  The second version, released on Metamorphosis in 1975 on the Allen Klein Decca/London pre-existing legacy contracts of the Stones 1960s recordings, was a different version recorded by The Rolling Stones in November 1968, and has a looser feel than the released version  This version supposedly features Al Kooper on guitar, and perhaps Keith Richards as well   Either Charlie Watts or Capaldi plays drums on this recording  Credited to "Jagger/Richards", it is not clear how many of the Rolling Stones besides Jagger actually played on it 
The third version of the song, typified by its slide guitar, was the one recorded for the soundtrack to the film Performance, starring Mick Jagger as the song title's "Turner"  It is featured prominently in the movie, with Mick Jagger, as Turner, lip-synching it  This is the more well-known version of the song, as it was released as a solo single by Jagger in England in 1970 and is featured on the later Singles Collection: The London Years  This track was recorded in Los Angeles in early 1970, and uses the vocal track of the first, slow version  The tape of Jagger's vocals was sent to Jack Nitzsche, where all music parts were recorded by Ry Cooder on slide guitar, Russ Titelman (guitar), Randy Newman (piano), Jerry Scheff (bass) and Gene Parsons (drums) Besides the differing lineup between the two released versions, there are also slight changes to the lyrics  The track was reviewed as Jagger: 

   puts on his best drawling speak-sing voice for the lyrics, spinning bizarre mini-snapshots of decadent, cruel gangster behavior    The music isn't grim, though; it's more in a sly, ironic happy-go-lucky vein, as if to illustrate the callous, carefree glee gangsters take in such antics  It's not a celebration of the gangster mentality, though, so much as a subtle, mocking look at its decadence, with hints of repressed homosexuality and almost gruesome imagery of dog-eat-dog behavior 

The lyric about "the man who works the soft machine" may be a reference to the William S  Burroughs novel The Soft Machine  Burroughs and writer Robert Palmer assume this connection in a 1972 Rolling Stone magazine interview, and strong Burroughsian themes are contained in the film Ronnie Wood performed "Memo from Turner" live at various club gigs in 1987–88, including some of his shows with Bo Diddley 
Martin Scorsese used the track—the solo version by Mick Jagger, incorrectly credited as the Rolling Stones version—in a scene from Goodfellas where Ray Liotta's character Henry Hill is driving to the hospital to pick up his brother after unsuccessfully trying to sell some pistol silencers to Jimmy Conway 

Cover versions
Dramarama covered the song on their 1991 album Vinyl  British band Diesel Park West covered the song on their outtakes album Flipped  Deborah Harry performed this song on several shows from her 'Debravation tour' (1993-1994)   A softer cover was performed by Patty Palladin just before & during the credits of "Donald Cammell: The Ultimate Performance" (Kevin Macdonald, Chris Rodley, 1998)   This was a documentary about Donald Cammell, who directed Performance (1970), which starred Mick Jagger (among others) 
Passage 3:
Jagger/Richards
Jagger–Richards (spelled Jagger–Richard from 1963 to 1978) is the songwriting partnership between English musicians Mick Jagger (born 1943) and Keith Richards (born 1943), founder members of rock band the Rolling Stones  They are one of the most successful songwriting partnerships in history  In addition to Jagger and Richards' songwriting partnership, they have also produced or co-produced numerous Rolling Stones albums under the pseudonym the Glimmer Twins 
Similar to the contemporary English songwriting partnership of John Lennon and Paul McCartney, both Jagger and Richards write lyrics and music 

History
Jagger and Richards have different recollections about their first songwriting endeavours but both credit manager Andrew Loog Oldham as the catalyst for their collaboration  Richards agrees that it was Oldham who pressed the pair to write songs after the duo had first emphasized other people's material; Oldham noted that there weren't that many obscure great songs out there for the band to cover  Richards recalled:

So what Andrew Oldham did was lock us up in the kitchen for a night and say, "Don't come out without a song " We sat around and came up with "As Tears Go By"  It was unlike most Rolling Stones material, but that's what happens when you write songs, you immediately fly to some other realm  The weird thing is that Andrew found Marianne Faithfull at the same time, bunged it to her and it was a fuckin' hit for her – we were songwriters already! But it took the rest of that year to dare to write anything for the Stones 
Jagger remembered it differently:

Keith likes to tell the story about the kitchen, God bless him  I think Andrew may have said something at some point along the lines of "I should lock you in a room until you've written a song" and in that way he did mentally lock us in a room, but he didn't literally lock us in  One of the first songs we came out with was that tune for George Bean, the very memorable "It Should Be You" 

According to John Lennon, he and Paul McCartney might have been instrumental in inspiring Jagger and Richards to start writing their own material  In 1963 Lennon and McCartney gave the Stones one of their compositions, "I Wanna Be Your Man " In a Playboy interview in 1980, Lennon recalled:

 We were taken down to meet them at the club where they were playing in Richmond by Brian Epstein and some other guy  They wanted a song and we went to see what kind of stuff they did  Mick and Keith heard we had an unfinished song – Paul just had this bit and we needed another verse or something  We sort of played it roughly to them and they said, "Yeah, OK, that's our style " But it was only really a lick, so Paul and I went off in the corner of the room and finished the song off while they were all still sitting there talking  We came back, and that's how Mick and Keith got inspired to write     because, "Jesus, look at that  They just went in the corner and wrote it and came back!" You know, right in front of their eyes we did it  So we gave it to them 
The first original Jagger/Richards song to be released as the A-side of a Rolling Stones single was "Tell Me (You're Coming Back)", from their debut album  Released as a single in the US only, it peaked at number 24 on the charts there  The earlier "Good Times, Bad Times" had been released as the B-side to their cover of Bobby and Shirley Womack's "It's All Over Now"  The band's first UK single featuring an A-side Jagger/Richards original was "The Last Time"; released in February 1965, it went to number one in the UK and number nine in the US Although most Jagger/Richards compositions have been collaborations, some of the songs credited to the partnership have been solo songwriting from either Jagger, whose examples include "Sympathy for the Devil" and "Brown Sugar", or Richards, whose examples include "Happy", "Ruby Tuesday", and "Little T&A"  This is comparable to the Lennon–McCartney partnership, who also adhered to a tradition of joint credits even on numbers that were written by just one of the pair  Mick Jagger stated in his comprehensive 1995 interview with Jann Wenner of Rolling Stone magazine "I think in the end it all balances out "On 26 June 2013, the duo's songwriting credits were handed over to BMG, marking the first time they would be managed by an outside company in over 40 years 

Co-credits
Jagger and Richards have shared credits with very few others  Among them are:

Jagger–Richards compositions released only by other artists
Jagger–Richards compositions that have been released only by artists other than the Rolling Stones include:
"That Girl Belongs to Yesterday", a January 1964 single by Gene Pitney
"Will You Be My Lover Tonight"/"It Should Be You", a January 1964 single by George Bean
"Each and Every Day", B-side of the February 1964 single "All I Want Is My Baby" by Bobby Jameson (London 45–9730)   The A-side was co-written by Richards and Andrew Loog Oldham 
"Shang a Doo Lang", a March 1964 single by Adrienne Posta
"So Much in Love", an August 1964 single by the Mighty Avengers, also recorded by the Herd (with Peter Frampton and Louis Cennamo) in 1966 and the Lonely Boys for their self-titled 1996 album 
"Act Together", on Ronnie Wood's September 1974 LP I've Got My Own Album to Do and the associated July 1974 The First Barbarians: Live from Kilburn concert (released in October 2007)
"Sure the One You Need", on Wood's I've Got My Own Album to Do and The First Barbarians: Live from Kilburn; and on the New Barbarians' May 1979 concert album Buried Alive: Live in Maryland (released in October 2006) 
"Lonely at the Top", on Mick Jagger's February 1985 LP She's the Boss 

Production as the Glimmer Twins and origin of the name
Jagger and Richards adopted the nickname "The Glimmer Twins" after a vacation cruise they took to Brazil in December 1968/January 1969 with their then-girlfriends, Marianne Faithfull and Anita Pallenberg  An older English couple on the ship kept asking Richards and Jagger who they were  When they refused to reveal their identities, the woman reportedly kept asking, "just give us a glimmer" (as in "give us a hint about who you are"), which amused Jagger and Richards Jagger and Richards began to produce the Stones' albums under the pseudonym "The Glimmer Twins" starting with It's Only Rock 'n' Roll (released in 1974)  The Glimmer Twins were the sole credited producers for the band's studio and live albums from then, up to and including Still Life (released in 1982)  Starting with Undercover (released in 1983), the Glimmer Twins have shared production credit for the Rolling Stones albums with other producers, most frequently Don Was (five times) and Chris Kimsey (three times) 
Besides their production work for the Rolling Stones, Jagger and Richards also used the Glimmer Twins for their co-production credit on Peter Tosh's album Bush Doctor, released in 1978  A rare exception to Jagger and Richards' use of the Glimmer Twins name for production credits appeared on John Phillips' Pay Pack & Follow album, recorded 1973–1979 and released in 2001, for which Jagger and Richards were credited as producers under their own names 

Legacy
The partnership of Jagger and Richards has been described by Rolling Stone as the sixth greatest songwriter of all time  Rolling Stone considers the duo to have "defined a rock song's essential components   and established a blueprint for future rockers to follow "

See also
The Rolling Stones discography
List of songs recorded by the Rolling Stones
Nanker Phelge
Lennon–McCartney

Notes
Passage 4:
Mick Jagger
Sir Michael Philip Jagger (born 26 July 1943) is an English singer and songwriter  He is the lead vocalist and one of the founder members of rock band the Rolling Stones  His songwriting partnership with Keith Richards is one of the most successful in history  Jagger's career has spanned over six decades, and he has been widely described as one of the most popular and influential frontmen in the history of rock music  His distinctive voice and energetic live performances, along with Richards' guitar style, have been the Rolling Stones' trademark throughout the band's career  Jagger gained notoriety for his romantic involvements, illicit drug use, and has often been portrayed as a countercultural figure 
Jagger was born and grew up in Dartford  He studied at the London School of Economics before abandoning his studies to join the Rolling Stones  Jagger has written most of the Rolling Stones' songs together with Richards, and they continue to collaborate musically  In the late 1960s, Jagger starred in the films Performance (1970) and Ned Kelly (1970), to mixed receptions  Beginning in the 1980s, he released a number of solo works, including four albums and the single "Dancing in the Street", a 1985 duet with David Bowie that reached No  1 in the UK and Australia and was a top-ten hit in other countries  
In the 2000s, he co-founded a film production company, Jagged Films, and through produced feature films through the company beginning with a 2001 historical drama Enigma   He began a solo recording career in 1985, releasing his first solo album, She's the Boss, and joined the electric supergroup SuperHeavy in 2009  Relationships with his fellow Rolling Stones' members, particularly Richards, deteriorated during the 1980s, but Jagger has always found more success with the band than with his solo and side projects  He was married to Bianca Pérez-Mora Macias from 1971 to 1978, and has had several other relationships; he has eight children with five women 
In 1989, Jagger was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame and, in 2004, into the UK Music Hall of Fame with the Rolling Stones  As a member of the Rolling Stones and as a solo artist, he reached No  1 on the UK and U S  singles charts with 13 singles, the top 10 with 32 singles and the top 40 with 70 singles  In 2003, he was knighted for his services to popular music  The genus Jaggermeryx naida and the type species Aegrotocatellus jaggeri are named for him  Jagger is credited with bringing a style and sexiness to rock and roll and with being a trailblazer in pop music that have been imitated and proven influential with subsequent generations of musicians 

Early life and education
Jagger was born into a middle-class family in Dartford, Kent, on 26 July 1943  His father, Basil Fanshawe "Joe" Jagger, was a gymnast and physical education teacher who helped popularise basketball in Britain  His paternal grandfather, David Ernest Jagger, was also a teacher  His mother, Eva Ensley Mary (née Scutts), born in Sydney but of English descent, was a hairdresser who was politically active in the Conservative Party in the United Kingdom  His parents were married in 1940 at Holy Trinity Church in Dartford  Jagger's younger brother, Chris (born 19 December 1947), is also a musician, and the two have performed together Although he was encouraged to follow his father's career path growing up, Jagger has said, "I always sang as a child  I was one of those kids who just liked to sing  Some kids sing in choirs; others like to show off in front of the mirror  I was in the church choir and I also loved listening to singers on the radio—the BBC or Radio Luxembourg—or watching them on TV and in the movies "In September 1950, Keith Richards and Jagger first met as classmates at Wentworth Primary School in Dartford, prior to the Jagger family's 1954 move to Wilmington, Kent  The same year he passed the eleven-plus examination and attended Dartford Grammar School, which now has the Mick Jagger Centre performing arts venue  Jagger and Richards lost contact with each other when they went to different schools In the mid-1950s, Jagger began his music career, forming a garage band with Dick Taylor, a friend of Jagger  The group played songs by Muddy Waters, Chuck Berry, Little Richard, Howlin' Wolf, and Bo Diddley  Jagger met Richards again on 17 October 1961 on platform two of Dartford railway station  The Chuck Berry and Muddy Waters records Jagger was carrying revealed a shared interest in rhythm and blues  A musical partnership began shortly afterwards  Richards and Taylor often met Jagger at his house  In late 1961, the meetings moved to Taylor's house, where Alan Etherington and Bob Beckwith joined the trio  The quintet called themselves the Blues Boys Jagger left school in 1961 after passing seven O-levels and two A-levels  He and Richards moved into a flat at Edith Grove in Chelsea, London, with guitarist Brian Jones  While Richards and Jones planned to start their own rhythm and blues group, Jagger continued to study finance and accounting on a government grant as an undergraduate student at the London School of Economics  He had seriously considered becoming either a journalist or a politician, comparing the latter to a pop star Brian Jones, using the name Elmo Lewis, began working at the Ealing Club, where a loose music ensemble known as Blues Incorporated was performing, under the leadership of Alexis Korner  Jones, Richards, and Jagger began playing with the group, and Jagger eventually becoming the band's lead singer  Jones, Richards, and Jagger  began meeting on their own to practise, establishing the foundation for what would become the Rolling Stones 

The Rolling Stones
1960s
At the beginning of the Rolling Stones' founding in the early 1960s, the band mostly played for no money at a basement club opposite London's Ealing Broadway tube station, which was subsequently named Ferry's Club  The group had very little equipment and borrowed Korner's gear to play  Their first appearance, under the name the Rollin' Stones, after one of their favourite Muddy Waters songs, was performed at the Marquee Club, a London jazz club, on 12 July 1962  They later changed their name to the Rolling Stones, since it seemed more formal The initial band members included Jagger, Richards, Jones, Ian Stewart on piano, Dick Taylor on bass, and Tony Chapman on drums, but Richards wrote in Life, his memoir, that, "The drummer that night was Mick Avory–not Tony Chapman, as history has mysteriously handed it down   " In June 1963, the band began a five-month residency at Eel Pie Island Hotel, which the BBC later credited with shaping the band's career  By that autumn, Jagger left the London School of Economics to pursue a musical career with the Rolling Stones The group initially played songs by American rhythm and blues artists, including Chuck Berry and Bo Diddley  The band's first two UK No  1 hits were cover versions, "It's All Over Now" by Bobby Womack and "Little Red Rooster" by Willie Dixon  Encouraged by manager Andrew Loog Oldham, Jagger and Richards soon began  writing their own songs  Their songwriting partnership took time to develop; one of their early compositions was "As Tears Go By", a song written for Marianne Faithfull, a young singer Loog Oldham was promoting 
For the Rolling Stones, the duo wrote "The Last Time", the group's third No   1 single in the UK, based on "This May Be the Last Time", a traditional Negro spiritual song recorded by the Staple Singers in 1955  Jagger and Richards also wrote their first international hit, "(I Can't Get No) Satisfaction"  It established the Rolling Stones' image as defiant troublemakers in contrast to the Beatles as "lovable moptop[s]"  Jagger told Stephen Schiff in a 1992 Vanity Fair profile: I wasn't trying to be rebellious in those days; I was just being me  I wasn't trying to push the edge of anything  I'm being me and ordinary, the guy from suburbia who sings in this band, but someone older might have thought it was just the most awful racket, the most terrible thing, and where are we going if this is music?    But all those songs we sang were pretty tame, really  People didn't think they were, but I thought they were tame 
The group's first albums, including Out of Our Heads, Aftermath, and Between the Buttons, were largely unsuccessful commercially  In 1967, Jagger, Richards, and Jones were hounded by authorities over their recreational drug use after News of the World published a three-part feature, "Pop Stars and Drugs: Facts That Will Shock You"  The feature describe alleged LSD parties hosted by the Moody Blues and attended by The Who's Pete Townshend and Cream's Ginger Baker, and alleged admissions of drug use by leading pop musicians  The first article targeted Donovan, who was raided and charged soon after the feature aired  The second installment, published on 5 February, targeted the Rolling Stones A reporter who contributed to the story spent an evening at the London club Blaise's, where a member of the Rolling Stones allegedly took several Benzedrine tablets, displayed a piece of hashish, and invited his companions back to his flat for a "smoke"  The article claimed this was Mick Jagger, but it turned out to be a case of mistaken identity; the reporter had been eavesdropping on Brian Jones  Two days after the article was published, Jagger filed a writ for libel against the News of the World Jagger and Richards were later arrested on drug charges and given unusually harsh sentences  Jagger was sentenced to three months' imprisonment for possession of four over-the-counter pep pills he had purchased in Italy, and Richards was sentenced to one year in prison for allowing cannabis to be smoked on his property  The traditionally conservative editor of The Times, William Rees-Mogg, wrote an article critical of the sentences  On appeal, Richards' sentence was overturned and Jagger's was amended to a conditional discharge, although he spent one night in London's Brixton Prison  The Rolling Stones continued to face legal battles for the next decade By the release of the Stones' album Beggars Banquet, Brian Jones was contributing only sporadically to the band  Jagger said Jones was "not psychologically suited to this way of life"  His drug use became a hindrance, and he could not obtain a U S  visa  Richards reported that in a June meeting with Jagger, Richards and Watts were at Jones' house, and Jones admitted he was unable to "go on the road again"  Jones left the band, saying,  "I've left, and if I want to I can come back"  On 3 July 1969, less than a month later, Jones drowned under mysterious circumstances in the swimming pool at his home, Cotchford Farm, in Hartfield, East Sussex  When asked if he felt guilty about Jones's death, Jagger told Rolling Stone in 1995:

No, I don't really  I do feel that I behaved in a very childish way, but we were very young, and in some ways we picked on him  But, unfortunately, he made himself a target for it; he was very, very jealous, very difficult, very manipulative, and if you do that in this kind of a group of people you get back as good as you give, to be honest  I wasn't understanding enough about his drug addiction  No one seemed to know much about drug addiction  Things like LSD were all new  No one knew the harm  People thought cocaine was good for you 
On 5 July 1969, two days after Jones' death, the Rolling Stones played a previously scheduled concert at Hyde Park, attended by 250,000 people, dedicating it as a tribute to Jones  It was their first concert with new guitarist, Mick Taylor, who replaced Jones  At the beginning of the Hyde Park concert, Jagger read an excerpt from Percy Bysshe Shelley's poem "Adonaïs", an elegy written on the death of John Keats, after which thousands of butterflies were released in Jones' memory  The band began the concert with "I'm Yours and I'm Hers", a song by Johnny Winter  During the concert, they band played three new songs from two forthcoming albums, "Midnight Rambler" and "Love in Vain", from Let It Bleed,  released in December 1969, and "Loving Cup", which appeared on Exile on Main St , released May 1972  They also played "Honky Tonk Women", released as a single the previous day 

1970s
In 1970, Jagger bought Stargroves, a manor house and estate near East Woodhay in Hampshire  The Rolling Stones and several other bands recorded there using the Rolling Stones Mobile Studio  In 1970, Nicolas Roeg's film Performance, produced in 1968 and featuring Jagger, was released  In the film, Jagger plays the role of Turner, a reclusive rock star  Keith Richards' girlfriend Anita Pallenberg also appeared in the film Jagger and the rest of the Rolling Stones moved to Southern France as tax exiles in 1971 to avoid paying a 93 percent supertax imposed by Harold Wilson's Labour government on the country's top earners  After the band's acrimonious split with their second manager, Allen Klein, in 1971, and Richards' heroin addiction, Jagger assumed control of the band's business affairs, leading to feuds between Jagger and Richards  Jagger has managed the group ever since, with Prince Rupert Loewenstein acting as business adviser and financial manager from 1968 until 2007 Jagger and the rest of the band changed their look and style as the 1970s progressed  While in France, Jagger learned to play guitar and contributed guitar parts for songs on Sticky Fingers (1971) and the Stones' subsequent albums except Dirty Work in 1986  For the Rolling Stones' highly publicised 1972 American tour, Jagger wore glam-rock clothing and glitter makeup on stage  Their interest in the blues had been made manifest on the 1972 album Exile on Main St   Music critic Russell Hall described Jagger's emotional singing on the gospel-influenced "Let It Loose", which appears on Exile on Main St , as the singer's best vocal achievement In 1972, Jagger, Charlie Watts, Bill Wyman, Nicky Hopkins, and Ry Cooder released Jamming with Edward!, an album recorded during the band's Let It Bleed sessions  The album includes loose jams while the rest of the Stones (reportedly) were waiting for Keith Richards to return to the studio In November 1972, the band began recording sessions in Kingston, Jamaica, for the album Goats Head Soup, which was released in 1973 and reached No  1 in both the UK and U S  The album includes the song "Angie", a global hit that was the first in a string of commercially successful singles to emerge from tepidly received studio albums  The sessions for Goats Head Soup produced unused material, including "Waiting on a Friend", a ballad that was not released until the Tattoo You LP nine years later Another legal battle over drugs, dating back to their stay in France, interrupted the making of Goats Head Soup  Authorities issued a warrant for Richards' arrest, and the other band members returned briefly to France for questioning related to the incident  Along with Jagger's 1967 and 1970 convictions on drug charges, this complicated the band's plans for their Pacific tour in early 1973  The band was denied permission to play in Japan and was nearly banned from playing in Australia  A European tour followed in September and October 1973, which bypassed France after Richards' arrest in England on drug charges The 1974 album It's Only Rock 'n Roll was recorded in the Musicland Studios in Munich; it reached No  2 in the UK and No  1 in the U S  Jagger and Richards produced the album credited as "the Glimmer Twins"  The album and the single of the same name were both hits Following Mick Taylor's exodus from the band in December 1974, the Stones needed a new guitarist  The recording sessions for the next album, Black and Blue (1976) (No  2 in the UK, No  1 in the US), in Munich provided an opportunity for some guitarists hoping to join the band to work while trying out  Several guitarists were auditioned, some without even knowing they were auditioning  Ronnie Wood, then the guitarist of the band Faces was selected and joined the band in 1975  Woods has sometimes functioned as a mediator in the group, especially between Jagger and Richards  His first full-length LP with the band was Some Girls (1978), on which they ventured into disco and punk, a move primarily led by Jagger 

1980s
Following the success of Some Girls, the band released the album Emotional Rescue in mid-1980  During recording sessions for the album, a rift between Jagger and Richards began developing  Richards wanted to tour in the summer or autumn of 1980 to promote Emotional Rescue, but Jagger declined  Emotional Rescue hit the top of the charts on both sides of the Atlantic and the title track reached No  3 in the US In early 1981, the Rolling Stones reconvened and began touring the U S  that year, leaving little time to write and record a new album  The band's album Tattoo You, released in 1981, featured several outtakes, including "Start Me Up", the album's lead single that reached No  2 in the US and ranked No  22 on Billboard's Hot 100 year-end chart  Two songs, "Waiting on a Friend" (US No  13), and "Tops", feature Mick Taylor's unused rhythm guitar tracks  Jazz saxophonist Sonny Rollins plays on three Tattoo You songs, "Slave", "Neighbours", and "Waiting on a Friend"  The album reached No  2 in the UK and No  1 in the U S While continuing to tour and release albums with the Rolling Stones, Jagger began a solo career  According to a February 1985 article in Rolling Stone, Jagger did so to "establish an artistic identity for himself apart from the Rolling Stones"   his "boldest attempt yet"  Jagger started writing and recording material for his first solo album She's the Boss  Released on 19 February 1985, the album, produced by Nile Rodgers and Bill Laswell, features Herbie Hancock, Jeff Beck, Jan Hammer, Pete Townshend and the Compass Point All Stars  It sold well, and the single "Just Another Night" was a Top Ten hit  During this period, he collaborated with the Jacksons on the song "State of Shock", sharing lead vocals with Michael Jackson In 1985, Jagger performed without the Rolling Stones at Live Aid, a multi-venue charity concert in 1985  Jagger performed at Philadelphia's JFK Stadium, where he also performed a duet of "It's Only Rock and Roll" with Tina Turner, highlighted by Jagger tearing away Turner's skirt, and a cover of "Dancing in the Street" with David Bowie, who was performing at Wembley Stadium in London  The video was shown simultaneously on the screens of both Wembley and JFK Stadiums  The song reached No  1 in the UK the same year 
Richards ended his heroin use and became more present in decision making, but Jagger was not accustomed to Richards' presence and did not like his authority over the band diminished  This led to a feud between Jagger and Richards that has been referred to as "World War III" with concern at the time that Jagger touring without the Stones could prove a "death sentence" for the band  When the Stones released Dirty Work in March 1986, Jagger's relations with Richards had reached an all-time low, leading Jagger to refuse to tour with the band to support the new album  Jagger responded, saying: I think that one ought to be allowed to have one's artistic side apart from just being in the Rolling Stones  I love the Rolling Stones—I think it's wonderful, I think it's done a lot of wonderful things for music  But, you know, it cannot be, at my age and after spending all these years, the only thing in my life 
Jagger released his second solo album, Primitive Cool, in 1987  Though it failed to match the commercial success of his debut solo album, it was critically well received  Richards released his first solo album, Talk is Cheap, shortly afterwards  Many felt the respective solo efforts marked the end of the Rolling Stones as a band  In 1988, Jagger produced the songs "Glamour Boys" and "Which Way to America" on Living Colour's album Vivid  Between 15 and 28 March, he also performed a solo concert tour in Japan, playing in Tokyo, Nagoya, and Osaka 
Jagger and Richards reunited in the Barbados in 1988 and produced dozens of new songs  Richards recalls:We just started in  And within two days, we realized we had five or six songs happening  I did have to take Mick to a few discos—which are not my favourite places in the world—because Mick likes to go out and dance at night  So I did that  That was my sacrifice  I humoured him  And that's when I knew we could work together 
Ron Wood believes the modest sales of Jagger's Primitive Cool "surprised" Jagger and made him "realize the strength of the band"  Richards recalled, "We've been stuffed together for years and one of the consequences of the break was making us realize we were stuck together whether we liked it or not  Jagger said, "Because we've been doing it for so long, we don't really have to discuss it  When we come up with a lick or a riff or a chorus, we already know if it's right or if it's wrong " On 29 August 1989, the band's released its 19th UK and 21st U S  album, Steel Wheels 

1990s
The 1989–1990 Steel Wheels/Urban Jungle Tour was the band's first world tour in seven years and their biggest stage production to date  Opening acts included Living Colour and Guns N' Roses  Recordings from the tour were released in a 1991 concert album, Flashpoint, which reached No  6 in the UK and No  16 in the U S , and the concert film Live at the Max, released in 1991  The tour was Bill Wyman's last  After years of deliberation, Wyman chose to leave the band, although his departure was not made official until January 1993 Following the success of Steel Wheels, and the end of Jagger and Richards' well-publicised feud, Jagger attempted to reestablish himself as a solo artist  He acquired Rick Rubin as co-producer in January 1992 for his third solo album, Wandering Spirit  Sessions for the album began that month in Los Angeles and ended nine months later, in September 1992  Richards recorded his second solo studio album, Main Offender, at the same time On Wandering Spirit, Jagger used Lenny Kravitz as a vocalist on his cover of Bill Withers' "Use Me" and bassist Flea from Red Hot Chili Peppers on three separate tracks  Jagger signed with Atlantic Records, which had signed the Stones in the 1970s, to distribute the solo album  Wandering Spirit, released in February 1993, and The Very Best of Mick Jagger, a compilation album containing no new material, were both released by Atlantic Records  Wandering Spirit was commercially successful, reaching No  12 in the UK and No  11 in the U S In 1993, the Stones were ready to start recording their next studio album, and Charlie Watts recruited bassist Darryl Jones, a former sideman of Miles Davis and Sting, as Wyman's replacement for the recording of Voodoo Lounge, released in 1994  Jones continued to perform with the band as the band's touring and session bassist  The album was well received critically and proved commercially successful, going double platinum in the U S  Reviews of the Voodoo Lounge noted and credited the album's "traditionalist" sounds to the Rolling Stones' new producer Don Was  Voodoo Lounge won the Grammy Award for Best Rock Album at the 1995 Grammy Awards  It reached No  1 in the UK and No  2 in the US The Voodoo Lounge Tour to support Voodoo Lounge lasted into 1996, grossing $320 million and becoming the world's highest-grossing tour ever at the time  On 8 September 1994, the Stones performed "Love Is Strong", a new song, and "Start Me Up" at the 1994 MTV Video Music Awards at Radio City Music Hall in New York City  The band was awarded the Lifetime Achievement Award at the 1994 MTV ceremony The Rolling Stones ended the 1990s with the album Bridges to Babylon, released in 1997 to mixed reviews  It reached No  6 in the UK and No  3 in the U S  The music video for the single "Anybody Seen My Baby?" featuring Angelina Jolie was played in steady rotation on both MTV and VH1  Sales were roughly equal to those of previous records (about 1 2 million copies sold in the U S )  The subsequent Bridges to Babylon Tour, which  crossed Europe, North America, and other destinations, proved the band remained a strong live music attraction  Another live album, No Security, was released from the tour  No Security included all new songs, except "Live With Me" and "The Last Time", which had been previously unreleased on live albums  The album reached No  67 in the UK and No  34 in the U S  In 1999, the Rolling Stones staged the No Security Tour in the U S  and continued the Bridges to Babylon tour in Europe 

2000s
In 2001, Jagger released his fourth solo album, Goddess in the Doorway, spawning the single "Visions of Paradise", which reached No  44 in the UK  Following the 11 September attacks, Jagger joined Richards in the Concert for New York City, a benefit concert in response to the terrorist attack, to sing "Salt of the Earth" and "Miss You" From 1989 to 2001, according to Fortune, the Stones generated more than US$1 5 billion in total gross revenue, surpassing the revenue of U2, Bruce Springsteen, and Michael Jackson  Jagger celebrated the Rolling Stones' 40th anniversary by touring with the band on the year-long Licks Tour, supporting the band's commercially successful career retrospective, Forty Licks, a double album  In 2007, the band grossed US$437 million on A Bigger Bang Tour, earning the band an entry in the 2007 edition of Guinness World Records for the most lucrative music tour ever  Asked if the band would retire after the tour, Jagger said, "I'm sure the Rolling Stones will do more things and more records and more tours  We've got no plans to stop any of that really "Two years later, in October 2009, Jagger joined U2 to perform "Gimme Shelter" with Fergie and will i am, and "Stuck in a Moment You Can't Get Out Of" with U2 at the 25th Anniversary Rock & Roll Hall of Fame Concert 

2010s
On 20 May 2011, Jagger announced the formation of a new supergroup, SuperHeavy, including Dave Stewart, Joss Stone, Damian Marley, and A R  Rahman  The group started with a phone call Jagger received from Stewart  Stewart had heard three sound systems playing different music at the same time in his home in St Ann's Bay, Jamaica  This gave him the idea of creating a group with Jagger, fusing the musical styles of several artists  After multiple phone calls and deliberation, the other members of the group were decided upon  SuperHeavy released one album and two singles in 2011, reportedly recording 29 songs in ten days  Jagger is featured on will i am's 2011 single "T H E  (The Hardest Ever)" along with Jennifer Lopez, officially released to iTunes on 4 February 2012 
On 21 February 2012, Jagger, B B  King, Buddy Guy and Jeff Beck, and a blues ensemble, performed at the White House concert series before President Barack Obama  When Jagger held out a mic to him, Obama twice sang the line "Come on, baby don't you want to go" of the blues cover "Sweet Home Chicago", the blues anthem of Obama's hometown  Jagger hosted the season finale of Saturday Night Live on 19 and 20 May 2012, doing several comic skits and playing some Rolling Stones' hits with Arcade Fire, Foo Fighters and Jeff Beck Jagger performed in 12-12-12: The Concert for Sandy Relief with the Rolling Stones on 12 December 2012  The Stones played the Glastonbury festival in 2013, headlining on Saturday, 29 June  This was followed by two concerts in London's Hyde Park as part of their 50th anniversary celebrations, their first there since their famous 1969 performance  In 2013, Jagger teamed up with his brother Chris Jagger for two new duets on his album Concertina Jack, released to mark the 40th anniversary of his debut album  On 7 October 2016, the Stones headlined the first night of the three day music festival Desert Trip and covered the Beatles' 1969 single "Come Together"; Paul McCartney performed the next night  In July 2017, Jagger released the double A-sided single "Gotta Get a Grip" / "England Lost"  They were released as a response to the "anxiety, unknowability of the changing political situation" in a post-Brexit UK, according to Jagger  Accompanying music videos were released for both songs In March 2019, a Rolling Stones tour of the US and Canada from April to June had to be postponed as Jagger needed a transcatheter aortic valve replacement  On 4 April 2019, it was announced that Jagger had successfully undergone the procedure at NewYork–Presbyterian Hospital, and was in great health  After a six-week delay while Jagger recovered, the No Filter Tour resumed with two performances at Chicago's Soldier Field 

2020s
The band's 1973 album Goats Head Soup was reissued on 4 September 2020 and featured previously unreleased outtakes, such as "Criss Cross", which was released as a single and music video on 9 July 2020, "Scarlet", featuring Jimmy Page, and "All the Rage"  On 11 September 2020, the album topped the UK Albums Chart as the Rolling Stones became the first band to top the chart across six different decades The Rolling Stones—featuring Jagger, Richards, Watts and Wood at their homes—were one of the headline acts on Global Citizen's One World: Together at Home on-line and on-screen concert on 18 April 2020, a global event featuring dozens of artists and comedians to support frontline healthcare workers and the World Health Organization during the COVID-19 pandemic  On 23 April, Jagger announced through his Facebook page the release (the same day at 5pm BST) of the single "Living in a Ghost Town", a new Rolling Stones single recorded in London and Los Angeles in 2019 and finished in isolation (part of the new material that the band were recording in the studio before the COVID-19 lockdown), a song that the band "thought would resonate through the times we're living in" and their first release of original material since 2012  The song reached No  1 on the German Singles Chart, the first time the Stones had reached the top spot in 52 years, and making them the oldest artists ever to do so 
In August 2021, it was announced that Charlie Watts would undergo an unspecified medical procedure and would not perform on the remainder of the No Filter tour; the longtime Stones associate Steve Jordan filled in as drummer  Watts died unexpectedly at a London hospital on 24 August 2021, at the age of 80, with his family around him  Jagger, Richards and Wood paid tribute to him, along with former bandmate Wyman  It was discussed whether the band would continue, and they opted to carry on as it was what "Charlie wanted us to do"  During their first show after Watts' death, Jagger told the crowd:It's a bit of a poignant night for us  Because this is our first tour in 59 years that we’ve done without our lovely Charlie Watts  We all miss Charlie so much  We miss him as a band  We miss him as friends, on and off the stage  We've got so many memories of Charlie  I'm sure some of you that have seen us before have got memories of Charlie as well  And I hope you'll remember him like we do  So we'd like to dedicate this show to Charlie In a May 2022 interview, Jagger stated "I don't really expect him to be there any more if I turn round during a show  But I do think about him  Not only during rehearsals or on stage, but in other ways too "  On the one year anniversary of Watts' death, Jagger shared what Rolling Stone described as a "moving tribute" on social media, which included a voiceover by Jagger backed with "Till the Next Goodbye"  That same year, Jagger cowrote "Strange Game" for the television series Slow Horses after being emailed "out of the blue" by composer Daniel Pemberton, whom he didn't know; the song was released on 1 April and subsequently nominated for an Emmy award  That June, two shows scheduled in the Stones' Sixty tour were postponed after Jagger contracted COVID-19  The tour resumed following Jagger's recovery in late June  Jagger launched his own line of harmonicas the following January in collaboration with whynow Music and Lee Oskar, expressing a desire to encourage younger musicians to take up the instrument 

Relationship with Keith Richards
His songwriting partnership with Richards is one of the most successful in history  His relationship with Richards is frequently described as "love/hate" by the media  Richards said in a 1998 interview: "I think of our differences as a family squabble  If I shout and scream at him, it's because no one else has the guts to do it or else they're paid not to do it  At the same time I'd hope Mick realises that I'm a friend who is just trying to bring him into line and do what needs to be done "Dirty Work (a UK & US No  4) was released in March 1986 to mixed reviews, despite the US top five hit "Harlem Shuffle"  With relations between Richards and Jagger at a low, Jagger refused to tour to promote the album, and instead undertook his own solo tour, which included Rolling Stones' songs  Richards has referred to this period in his relations with Jagger as "World War III"  As a result of the animosity within the band at this time, they almost broke up Jagger's solo records, She's the Boss (UK No  6; US No  13) (1985) and Primitive Cool (UK No  26; US No  41) (1987), met with moderate success and, in 1988, with the Rolling Stones mostly inactive, Richards released his first solo album, Talk Is Cheap (UK No  37; US No  24)  It was well received by fans and critics, going gold in the US  The following year 25×5: the Continuing Adventures of the Rolling Stones, a documentary spanning the career of the band, was released for their 25th anniversary Richards' autobiography, Life, was published on 26 October 2010  According to a 15 October 2010 article, Richards described Jagger as "unbearable", noting that their relationship had been strained "for decades"  By 2015, Richards' opinion had softened  While saying Jagger could come off as a "snob", he added "I still love him dearly     your friends don't have to be perfect "

Acting and film production
Jagger has had an intermittent acting career  His most significant role was in Donald Cammell and Nicolas Roeg's Performance (1968), and as Australian bushranger Ned Kelly in the film of the same name (1970)  He composed an improvised soundtrack for Kenneth Anger's film Invocation of My Demon Brother on the Moog synthesiser in 1969 Jagger auditioned for the role of Dr  Frank N  Furter in the 1975 film adaptation of The Rocky Horror Show, a role that was eventually played by Tim Curry, the original performer from its theatrical run in London's West End  Director Alejandro Jodorowsky approached him in the same year to play the role of Feyd-Rautha in his proposed adaptation of Frank Herbert's Dune, but the movie never made it to the screen  Jagger appeared as himself in the Rutles' film All You Need Is Cash (1978) and was cast as Wilbur, a main character in Werner Herzog's Fitzcarraldo, in the late 1970s  The illness of principal actor Jason Robards (later replaced by Klaus Kinski), and a delay in the film's notoriously difficult production, resulted in him being unable to continue because of schedule conflicts with a Stones' tour; some footage of Jagger's work is shown in the documentaries Burden of Dreams and My Best Fiend  Jagger developed a reputation for playing the heavy later in his acting career in films including Freejack (1992), Bent (1997), and The Man From Elysian Fields (2002) In 1991, Jagger founded Jagged Films with Victoria Pearman and, in 1995, founded the film production company Lip Service with Steve Tisch  Jagged Films' first release was the World War II drama Enigma (2001), starring Kate Winslet as one of Bletchley Park's Enigma codebreakers  That same year, Jagged Films produced a documentary about Jagger entitled Being Mick  The programme, which first aired in the US on ABC on 22 November, coincided with the release of his fourth solo album, Goddess in the Doorway  In 2008 the company began work on The Women, an adaptation of the George Cukor's film of the same name, directed by Diane English 
As a member of the Rolling Stones Jagger appears in several documentaries, including Gimme Shelter, filmed during the band's 1969 tour of the US, and Sympathy for the Devil (1968) directed by French New Wave director Jean-Luc Godard  Martin Scorsese worked with Jagger on Shine a Light, a documentary film featuring the band with footage from the A Bigger Bang Tour during two nights of performances at New York's Beacon Theatre  It screened in Berlin in February 2008  McCarthy predicted the film would fare better once released to video than in its limited theatrical runs Jagger was a co-producer of, and guest-starred in the first episode of the short-lived American comedy television series The Knights of Prosperity  He also co-produced the James Brown biopic Get On Up (2014)  Alongside Martin Scorsese, Rich Cohen and Terence Winter, Jagger co-created and executive produced the period drama series Vinyl (2016), which starred Bobby Cannavale and aired for one season on HBO before its cancellation  Jagger portrays an English art dealer-collector and patron in Giuseppe Capotondi's thriller The Burnt Orange Heresy (2020) 

Personal life
Family and relationships
Jagger has been married and divorced once, and has had other relationships, resulting in eight children with five women  As of 2021, he also has five grandchildren and three great-grandchildren Jagger dated Chrissie Shrimpton between 1963 and 1966  From 1966 to 1970, he had a relationship with Marianne Faithfull, the English singer-songwriter/actress with whom he wrote "Sister Morphine", a song on Sticky Fingers  Jagger met the American singer Marsha Hunt in 1969 and, though she was married, the pair had a relationship  When it ended in June 1970, Hunt was pregnant with Jagger's first child, Karis Hunt Jagger, who was born on 4 November 1970  Hunt is the inspiration for the song "Brown Sugar", also from Sticky Fingers In 1970, he met Nicaraguan-born Bianca Pérez-Mora Macias  They married on 12 May 1971 in a Catholic ceremony in Saint-Tropez, France  Their daughter, Jade Sheena Jezebel Jagger, was born on 21 October 1971   They separated in 1977, and in May 1978 she filed for divorce on the grounds of his adultery  During his marriage to Pérez-Mora Macias, Jagger had an affair with then-Playboy model Bebe Buell from 1974 to 1976 In late 1977, Jagger began dating American model Jerry Hall  They had an unofficial private marriage ceremony in Bali, Indonesia, on 21 November 1990, and lived at Downe House in Richmond, London  The couple had four children: Elizabeth 'Lizzie' Scarlett Jagger (born 2 March 1984), James Leroy Augustin Jagger (born in 1985), Georgia May Ayeesha Jagger (born 12 January 1992), and Gabriel Luke Beauregard Jagger (born in 1997) During his relationship with Hall, Jagger had an affair from 1991 to 1994 with Italian singer/model Carla Bruni, who later became the First Lady of France when she married then-President of France Nicolas Sarkozy in 2008  Jagger's relationship with Hall ended after she discovered that he had had an affair with Brazilian model Luciana Gimenez, who gave birth to Jagger's seventh child, Lucas Maurice Morad Jagger, in May 1999  Jagger's unofficial marriage to Hall was declared invalid, unlawful, and null and void by the High Court of England and Wales in London in 1999  From 2000 to 2001 Jagger was in a relationship with the English model Sophie Dahl Jagger was in a relationship with fashion designer L'Wren Scott from 2001 until her suicide in 2014  She left her entire estate, estimated at US$9 million, to him  Jagger set up the L'Wren Scott scholarship at London's Central Saint Martins College Since Scott died in 2014, Jagger has been in a relationship with American ballet dancer Melanie Hamrick  Jagger was 73 when Hamrick gave birth to their son Deveraux Octavian Basil Jagger in 2016 Jagger's father, Basil "Joe" Jagger, died of pneumonia on 11 November 2006 at age 93  Although the Rolling Stones were on the A Bigger Bang tour, Jagger flew to Britain to see his father before returning the same day to Las Vegas, where he was to perform that night, after being informed his father's condition was improving  The show went ahead as scheduled, despite Jagger learning of his father's death that afternoon  Jagger's friends said that the show going on was "what Joe would have wanted"  Jagger called his father the "greatest influence" in his life 

Interests and philanthropy
Jagger is a supporter of music in schools, a patron of The Mick Jagger Centre in Dartford, and sponsors music through his Red Rooster Programme in its local schools  The Red Rooster name is taken from the title of one of the Rolling Stones' earliest singles An avid cricket fan, Jagger founded Jagged Internetworks to cover the sport  He keenly follows the England national football team, and has regularly attended FIFA World Cup games  In 2021, Fox Business quoted an estimate that his net worth was US$500 million and called him "one of music's more identifiable figures"  Earlier that same year, The Times had quoted it at approximately £310 million 

Honours
Jagger was honoured with a knighthood for services to popular music in the Queen's 2002 Birthday Honours, and on 12 December 2003 he received the accolade from The Prince of Wales  Jagger's father and daughters Karis and Elizabeth were present  Jagger stated that although the award did not have significant meaning for him, he was "touched" by the significance that it held for his father, saying that his father "was very proud"  In 1989, Jagger was inducted into the American Rock and Roll Hall of Fame alongside the other Stones, including Mick Taylor and Ronnie Wood as well as Brian Jones and Ian Stewart (posthumously)  In November 2004, the Rolling Stones were among the inaugural inductees into the UK Music Hall of Fame In 2014, the Jaggermeryx naida ("Jagger's water nymph"), a 19-million-year-old species of 'long-legged pig', was named after Jagger  Jaw fragments of the long-extinct anthracotheres were discovered in Egypt  The trilobite species Aegrotocatellus jaggeri was also named after Jagger  On Jagger's 75th birthday, scientists named seven fossil stoneflies after present and former members of the band  Two species, Petroperla mickjaggeri and Lapisperla keithrichardsi, were placed within a new family Petroperlidae  The new family was named in honour of the Rolling Stones, derived from the Greek "petra" that stands for "stone"  The scientists referred to the fossils as "Rolling Stoneflies" 

In popular culture
From the time that the Rolling Stones developed their anti-establishment image in the mid-1960s, Jagger, with Richards, has been an enduring icon of the counterculture  This was enhanced by his drug-related arrests, sexually charged on-stage antics, provocative song lyrics, and his role in Performance  One of his biographers, Christopher Andersen, describes him as "one of the dominant cultural figures of our time," adding that Jagger was "the story of a generation"  Jagger, who at the time described himself as an anarchist and espoused the leftist slogans of the era, took part in a demonstration against the Vietnam War outside the US Embassy in London in 1968  This inspired him to write "Street Fighting Man" that same year In 1967, Cecil Beaton photographed Jagger's naked buttocks, a photo that sold at Sotheby's auction house in 1986 for $4,000 
Jagger was reported to be a contender for the anonymous subject of Carly Simon's 1972 hit song "You're So Vain", on which he sings backing vocals  Pop artist Andy Warhol painted a series of silkscreen portraits of Jagger in 1975, one of which was owned by Farah Diba, wife of the Shah of Iran  It hung on a wall inside the royal palace in Tehran 
In 2010, a retrospective exhibition of portraits of Jagger was presented at the festival Rencontres d'Arles, in France  The catalogue of the exhibition is the first photo album of Jagger and shows his evolution over 50 years Jagger's relationships served as the inspiration for the theatrical show parody "Jumpin' Jack", written by Lyle Victor Albert  In the show, the protagonist, Jack, is "a member of that ever-expanding, worldwide club made up of Mick Jagger's illegitimate children "Maroon 5's song "Moves like Jagger" is about Jagger, who acknowledged the song in an interview, calling the concept "very flattering"  Kesha's song "Tik Tok", the Black Eyed Peas' hit "The Time (Dirty Bit)" reference Jagger, and his vocal delivery is referenced by rapper Ghostface Killah in his song "The Champ", from his 2006 album Fishscale, which was later referenced by Kanye West in the 2008 T I  and Jay-Z single "Swagga Like Us" On television, the ITV satirical puppet show Spitting Image caricatured Jagger as perpetually high throughout its run in the 1980s and 1990s  In 1998, the MTV animated show Celebrity Deathmatch had a clay-animated fight to the death between Jagger and Aerosmith lead singer Steven Tyler; Jagger wins the fight by using his tongue to stab Tyler through the chest  The 2000 film Almost Famous, set in 1973, refers to Jagger: "Because if you think Mick Jagger'll still be out there, trying to be a rock star at age 50     you're sadly, sadly mistaken " This was a view that Jagger similarly shared in 1975, once quipping to People magazine "I’d rather be dead than sing ‘Satisfaction’ when I'm 45" In 2012, Jagger was among the British cultural icons selected by artist Sir Peter Blake to appear in a new version of his most famous artwork—the Beatles' Sgt  Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band album cover—to celebrate the British cultural figures of his life that he most admires In more recent decades, Jagger has been seen as a "poster boy" for healthy living and, as of 2006, was "said to run 12 km a day, to kick-box, lift weights, cycle, and practise ballet and yoga"; he has his own personal trainer  It has been estimated that during the average show, he covers between 5 and 12 miles on stage "while strutting and shimmying through shows at dizzying speeds" 

Legacy
In the words of British dramatist and novelist Philip Norman, "the only point concerning Mick Jagger's influence over 'young people' that doctors and psychologists agreed on was that it wasn't, under any circumstances, fundamentally harmless"  According to Norman, even Elvis Presley at his most scandalous had not exerted a "power so wholly and disturbingly physical"  "[W]hile [Presley] made girls scream, [he] did not have Jagger's ability to make men feel uncomfortable " Norman likens Jagger in his early performances with the Rolling Stones in the 1960s to a male ballet dancer, with "his conflicting and colliding sexuality: the swan's neck and smeared harlot eyes allied to an overstuffed and straining codpiece" His performance style has been studied by academics who analysed gender, image and sexuality  Musicologist Sheila Whiteley noted that Jagger's performance style "opened up definitions of gendered masculinity and so laid the foundations for self-invention and sexual plasticity which are now an integral part of contemporary youth culture"  His stage personas also contributed significantly to the British tradition of popular music that always featured the character song and where the art of singing becomes a matter of acting—which creates a question about the singer's relationship to his own words His voice has been described as a powerful expressive tool for communicating feelings to his audience, and expressing an alternative vision of society  To express "virility and unrestrained passion" he developed techniques previously used by African American preachers and gospel singers such as "the roar, the guttural belt style of singing, and the buzz, a more nasal and raspy sound"  Steven Van Zandt wrote: "The acceptance of Jagger's voice on pop radio was a turning point in rock & roll  He broke open the door for everyone else  Suddenly, Eric Burdon and Van Morrison weren't so weird—even Bob Dylan "Over time, Jagger has developed into the template for rock frontmen and, with the help of the Stones, has, in the words of the Telegraph, "changed music" through his contributions to it as a pioneer of the modern music industry  Jagger is often described as one of the most popular and influential frontmen in the history of rock & roll; in 1994 the New York Times noted that his "influence hangs heavily over contemporary British rock" as many singers "incorporated elements" of his onstage presence into their personas  In 2015, Billboard ranked him among the best rock frontmen of all time, referring to him as "the rock and roll frontman" whose "swagger brought a style and sexiness to rock music that he built on for decades" and openly wondering "would we even have rock stars without Mick?"Musician David Bowie joined many rock bands with blues, folk, and soul orientations in his first attempts as a musician in the mid-1960s, and he was to recall: "I used to dream of being their Mick Jagger " Bowie  suggested, "I think Mick Jagger would be astounded and amazed if he realized that to many people he is not a sex symbol, but a mother image " Jagger appeared on Rolling Stone's List of 100 Greatest Singers at No  16; in the article, Lenny Kravitz wrote: "I sometimes talk to people who sing perfectly in a technical sense who don't understand Mick Jagger  [   ] His sense of pitch and melody is really sophisticated  His vocals are stunning, flawless in their own kind of perfection " This edition also cites Jagger as a key influence on Jack White, Steven Tyler and Iggy Pop  Jagger also has been known to seek out newcomer artists to the music industry and advise them The Telegraph has called Mick Jagger "the Rolling Stone who changed music"  CNN has called Jagger's "greatest talent, besides strutting and singing" his "ability to surround himself and the rest of the band with a group of very able executives "As Jagger has aged, his continued vitality has provoked comment  Bon Jovi frontman Jon Bon Jovi said: "I can't get over it   I'm   dying already and I'm gonna go out there and play four songs  How do they do it?" Since his early career Jagger has embodied what some authors describe as a "Dionysian archetype" of "eternal youth" personified by many rock stars and the rock culture Jagger has repeatedly said that he will not write an autobiography, but according to John Blake, after a slew of unauthorised biographies, Jagger was persuaded by Lord Weidenfeld in the early 1980s to prepare his own for a £1 million advance  The resulting 75,000-word manuscript is held by Blake, who briefly planned to publish it until Jagger withdrew support "Mick Jagger is the least egotistical person," observed Watts in 2008  "He'll do what's right for the band  He's not a big head—and, if he was, he went through it thirty years ago "

Discography
Solo studio albums
Filmography
As actor
Jagger was slated to appear in the 1982 film Fitzcarraldo and some scenes were shot with him, but he had to leave for a Rolling Stones tour and his character was eliminated 

As producer
Running Out of Luck (1987)
Enigma (2001)
Being Mick (2001)
The Women (2008)
Get on Up (2014)
Mr  Dynamite: The Rise of James Brown (2014)
Vinyl (2016)

Notes
Passage 5:
Disease (song)
"Disease" is the first single released from American rock band Matchbox Twenty's third album, More Than You Think You Are  The track was co-written by Matchbox Twenty lead singer Rob Thomas and Rolling Stones frontman Mick Jagger  Released on September 30, 2002, the song peaked at number 29 on the US Billboard Hot 100  "Disease" was one of two songs written by Thomas and presented to Jagger while he was producing his solo album Goddess in the Doorway, alongside "Visions of Paradise"  Jagger returned "Disease" to Thomas, saying "It sounds like you  It's your song "

Music video
The video, directed by Phil Harder, starts with a man turning on his colorful boomboxing, then roller skating over a wide section of New York City, amid images of the band illuminated on moving billboards  During the second chorus, we see the band performing in a large outdoor roller-rink, complete with a disco ball  They are surrounded by a crowd dancing along, and to begin the 3rd chorus, Rob slides off the stage on all fours onto the dance floor past the crowd  At the end of the song, the roller skater shuts off his beat box and then proceeds up some stairs, presumably to his home 

Track listings
Charts
Release history



ground_truth: Jānis Strazdiņš

prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: Are Mick Jagger and Brett Scallions both musicians?

The following are given passages.
Context 4:  In March 2003 the Soo Theatre Project Inc  purchased it for $85,000  After that the theater began restoration so plays and other types of entertainment could be put on once again 
Holy Name of Mary Pro-Cathedral (Sault Ste  Marie, Michigan) was begun by Jesuits in 1668  There are only two other parishes, one in St  Augustine, Florida and the other in Santa Fe, New Mexico, that are older in the United States [3] On January 9, 1857 Pope Pius IX established the Diocese of Sault Ste  Marie[4] and St  Mary's was named the cathedral church for the new diocese  The present church, the fifth for the parish, was built in 1881  It was designed by Canadian architect Joseph Connolly in the Gothic Revival style  The church was extensively remodeled in three phases from the mid-1980s to the mid-1990s  In 1968 the parish built the Tower of History as a shrine to the Catholic missionaries who served the community [5] It was designed to be a part of a larger complex that was to include a community center and a new church  Parish priorities changed and the structure was sold to Sault Historic Sites in 1980, who continues to operate it  Proceeds from the Tower of History still benefit the church 
The Soo Locks are a set of parallel locks which enable ships to travel between Lake Superior and the lower Great Lakes  They are on the St  Marys River between Lake Superior and Lake Huron, between the Upper Peninsula of the U S  state of Michigan and the Canadian province of Ontario  They bypass the rapids of the river, where the water falls 21 feet (7 m)  The locks pass an average of 10,000 ships per year,[4] despite being closed during the winter from January through March, when ice shuts down shipping on the Great Lakes  The winter closure period is used to inspect and maintain the locks  The locks share a name (usually shortened and anglicized as Soo) with the two cities named Sault Ste  Marie, in Ontario and in Michigan, on either side of the St  Marys River  The Sault Ste  Marie International Bridge between the United States and Canada permits vehicular traffic to pass over the locks  A railroad bridge crosses the St  Marys River just upstream of the highway bridge 
Taffy Abel Arena is the home of Lake Superior State University's Division 1 hockey team  The 4,000-seat arena is part of the Norris Center athletic complex on LSSU's campus  It was renovated in 1995 and is named after Clarence "Taffy" Abel  Abel was the first American born player to become an NHL regular and was born in the Soo 
Lake Superior State University sits on the former site of U S  Army's Fort Brady  The university has converted most of the buildings to serve housing and administrative needs for its students, faculty, guests and employees  The 115-acre campus includes several buildings which are listed in the National Register of Historic Places  The university has an enrollment of around 2500 students 

Sister cities
Sault Ste  Marie, Ontario, Canada (also twin city)

See also
Media in Sault Ste  Marie, Ontario
Passage 3:
Saskatchewan Highway 316
Highway 316 is a highway in the Canadian province of Saskatchewan  It runs from Highway 16 near Clavet to Highway 5  Highway 316 is about 17 km (11 mi ) long   This area is an industrial commercial area along Highway #316 which extends from Clavet north to the PCS Patience Lake Mine which is just 10 miles from the city of Saskatoon   Highway 316 is a primary weight highway, and also runs near the Canadian National Railway line which goes from Saskatoon through Clavet  In 1941, the Canadian Pacific Railway ran from Saskatoon through Cheviot and on south eastward Highway 316 passes near the community of Cheviot and intersects Highway 394 

Communities along the route
Clavet is a village which can be found at  52°00′00″N 106°23′00″W or legal land description of Section 9 Township 35 Range 3 -West of the 3rd Meridian
Cheviot, Saskatchewan, a small unincorporated area was the childhood home of  Neil McArthur inducted into the Saskatchewan Agricultural Hall of Fame   This area is located at  52°02′00″N 106°22′00″W or legal land description of Section 28 - Township  35- Range 3 -West of the 3rd Meridian
Muskeg Lake First Nation Indian Reserve 102A

Rural municipalities along the route
Blucher No  343 is home to several industrial/commercial enterprises  Potash mining, anhydrous ammonia-bulk fertilizer distribution centres, canola crushing plant, as well as a large inland grain terminal 

Major attractions
Potash Corporation of Saskatchewan (PCS) Patience Lake Mine
Cheviot Lake is located at 52°02′00″N 106°20′00″W or legal land description of Township  35 - Range 3 -West of the 3rd Meridian which is just east of Cheviot The following lakes are all north of Highway 316:

Porter Lake   52°17′00″N 106°17′00″W or legal land description of Township 37- Ranges 2,3 - W of the 3rd Meridian
Patience Lake Is located at   52°07′00″N 106°20′00″W or legal land description of Township 36 - Range 3 -West of the 3rd Meridian
Burke Lake is located at 52°10′00″N 106°18′00″W or legal land description of Township 37- Range 3 -West of the 3rd Meridian
Passage 4:
H-63 (Michigan county highway)
H-63 is a county-designated highway (CDH) in the Upper Peninsula of the US state of Michigan  The highway parallels the Interstate 75 (I-75) corridor between St  Ignace and Sault Ste  Marie  The road is called Mackinac Trail after the Upper Peninsula branch of an Indian trail used before European settlers reached the area  Originally, the roadway was built as a section of US Highway 2 (US 2) before being added to the CDH system in the 1970s 
H-63 serves as a two-lane alternative to the I-75 freeway across the eastern end of the Upper Peninsula  Between the northern side of St  Ignace, the roadway has connections to two state highways before running concurrently with M-48 near Rudyard  H-63 ends on the south side of Sault Ste  Marie 

Route description
H-63 starts a winding trail at Business Loop I-75 (BL I-75) north of St  Ignace in rural Mackinac County  From there, the highway heads northward towards the Kewadin Casino  The road then passes within viewing distance of I-75 past the Horseshoe Bay Wilderness  As it continues, H-63 has a connection to the southern terminus of M-123 with access to I-75 via a connecting road to M-123  After crossing to the west side of I-75, H-63 has access to I-75 via a connecting road to the western terminus of M-134  The CDH runs to the north and into Chippewa County  As it does so, H-63 turns away from I-75 as the latter curves northeastward  South of Rudyard and into center of the community, H-63 runs concurrently with M-48 for about three miles (4 8 km) From Rudyard northward,  H-63 turns northeasterly toward, and runs parallel to, I-75  At Kinross, there is an interchange between I-75 and M-80; H-63 has a brief concurrency with M-80 so that the latter can connect to all of the ramps in the interchange  The trail then crosses to the eastern side of I-75  Near Dafter, the CDH intersects M-28  Along this section, H-63 is roughly a half mile (0 8 km) away from the I-75 freeway at any given point as it continues northward to the Sault Ste  Marie area  H-63 terminates at its intersection with  Business Spur I-75 (BS I-75) on the south side of the city 

History
The first transportation route in the area was the Mackinac Trail, used by Native Americans before the Europeans arrived in the area; the trail in the area was the Upper Peninsula branch of a longer route that also connected the modern-day Saginaw with Mackinaw City and the Straits of Mackinac  Until 1933, no roadway was built along the path of the Indian trail  After that year, US 2 was rerouted between St  Ignace and Sault Ste  Marie using the modern routing of H-63  This placed the Mackinac Trail on the state trunkline highway system for the first time  In 1962 and 1963, the state transferred the highway to county control when US 2 was rerouted to follow the completed I-75 freeway  With the transfer to local control, Mackinac Trail became a county road  Later, it was given the  H-63 designation after October 5, 1970, as part of the County-Designated Highway System  The designation on the 1971 state map follows the routing used today 

Major intersections
See also
Michigan Highways portal
Passage 5:
County Road 492 (Marquette County, Michigan)
County Road 492 (CR 492, Co  Rd  492) is a primary county road in Marquette County, Michigan  The road serves as an alternate route between Negaunee and Marquette  Several historic sites line the roadway as it runs south and parallel to the main highway, U S  Highway 41 (US 41) and M-28, through the Marquette Iron Range in Michigan's Upper Peninsula  The path of the road runs near tracks of the Lake Superior and Ishpeming Railroad (LS&I)  The locally created Iron Ore Heritage Trail will follow CR 492 through Eagle Mills and Morgan Meadows upon completion  The western terminus of the county road is on US 41/M-28 in Negaunee and the eastern end is in Marquette next to Lake Superior 
CR 492 was previously known as the Marquette–Negaunee Road before it was made a part of the State Trunkline Highway System  It was originally designated as a part of M-15 as early as 1917  The superintendent of the Marquette County Road Commission, Kenneth Ingalls Sawyer, painted the first rural highway centerline on the roadway on Dead Man's Curve  The highway was later a part of M-28 before being transferred back to county control  The highway assumed its current form by 2001  The eastern section along Brookton Road in Marquette Township was redesignated as a county secondary highway when a new connection to US 41/M-28 was opened, and the designation was extended along Wright Street on the west and north sides of Marquette 

Route description
In the city of Negaunee, CR 492 is a part of Maas Street, which runs east–west through town starting at Teal Lake  CR 492 begins at the intersection of Maas Street and US 41/M-28 in Negaunee next to Miners Park  From there, CR 492 passes some businesses near the highway before running through a residential area  East of Woodland Drive, the street runs downhill into a more rural section of town  In this area, the roadway runs through forested terrain parallel to tracks of the LS&I  The road then loops to the north away from the tracks, crossing the Carp River next to the Forge Road intersection  Through this area, the Iron Ore Heritage Trail, a multi-use trail system, was built to follow CR 492, and opened in 2013  Forge Road runs north to the Michigan Iron Industry Museum on the site of the Carp River Forge, the original iron ore forge in the region  Maas Street runs along the south side of the city cemetery  The cemetery main gate is located near the city limits, where Maas Street ends and CR 492 continues into Negaunee Township 

CR 492 intersects M-35 near Eagle Mills Location  M-35 approaches the county road from the north before it turns east to run concurrently with CR 492  The two roadway designations cross a rail track before M-35 separates and turns south; traffic along the state highway must yield the right-of-way to traffic on the county road in the process  Eagle Mills is the location of the main LS&I rail yard and the former Pioneer Pellet Plant, the first such iron ore pelletizing plant in the country  CR 492 curves away from this industrial area to the northeast  The roadway crosses Morgan Creek and enters the Morgan Heights area on the border of Negaunee Township and Marquette Township  This is the site of the first tuberculosis sanatorium in the Upper Peninsula built in 1911; the facility is said to have been haunted before the main buildings were torn down around 2002  The road continues east through forested lands in Marquette Township, rounding Dead Man's Curve and running downhill into the Morgan Meadows area  CR 492 passes a convent of the Sisters of St  Paul de Chartres before entering a residential area  The road curves north past these subdivisions, meeting the western end of CR 500 (Grove Street)  Further north, CR 492 intersects Brookton Road before the western segment terminates at US 41/M-28 in the middle of Marquette Township's commercial corridor 

The county road designation resumes to the west at a roundabout on US 41/M-28 about 1,300 feet (400 m) from the previous intersection  From this location, CR 492 runs northward between several businesses  North of this commercial development, the roadway curves to the northeast to round the northern side of the North Star Academy and merge onto Wright Street  The roadway leaves the commercial corridor and returns to woodland before the intersection with Forestville Road and Commerce Drive  Wright Street curves to the northeast and then the east crossing into the westernmost section of the City of Marquette  As Wright Street continues eastward, it runs through a residential section along part of the city line before completely crossing into Marquette  The roadway passes the Holy Cross Cemetery and the north side of the campus of Northern Michigan University (NMU)  The northern main entrance to campus is located at the intersection with CR 550 (Sugar Loaf Avenue) and Tracy Avenue  Wright Street passes through residential neighborhoods east of CR 550 before meeting Presque Isle Avenue  East of that intersection, CR 492 crosses onto the northern edge of NMU's campus immediately north of the Superior Dome  Wright Street ends as it curves around to the south into a junction with Lakeshore Boulevard at the shore of Lake Superior 

History
The first roadway along the route of the modern CR 492 was a plank road built by the Cleveland and Sharon Iron Companies in the 1850s  The roadway was originally named the Marquette–Negaunee Road, due to its endpoints  The road was included as a section of "Division 8" in the State Trunkline Highway System when that was created on May 13, 1913  In 1917, the first highway centerline in the nation was painted along a section of the road known as "Dead Man's Curve"  The centerline was painted by Kenneth Ingalls Sawyer, long-time superintendent of the county road commission  Traffic along the road was heavy for the era, and along the curves, drivers would follow the innermost side instead of keeping to their own lane  Sawyer added arrows to indicate travel direction and found that motorists used the appropriate travel lanes 

At this time, the road carried an unsigned designation of "Trunk Line 15" (T L  15) as designated by the Michigan State Highway Department (MSHD)  This designation was changed to M-15 by the time the state highway system was signed by MSHD in 1919  With the creation of the United States Highway System on November 11, 1926, M-15 in Michigan was redesignated as a part of the larger US 41  Between Negaunee and Marquette, US 41 was routed north of the Marquette–Negaunee Road, following a section of M-35 out of downtown Negaunee  At the same time, M-28 was extended eastward through the Upper Peninsula of Michigan  Between Negaunee and Marquette, M-28 followed the old routing of M-15  By 1936, M-28 was shifted to follow US 41 between Negaunee and Marquette, transferring the old Marquette–Negaunee Road to county control After this transfer, the roadway carried the CR 492 designation  In 1964, several abandoned underground mine shafts collapsed underneath M-35 in Negaunee, and M-35 was rerouted out of the city along its current roadway through Negaunee Township, connecting with CR 492  The eastern end of CR 492 was moved by 2001  Before this realignment, CR 492 followed Brookton Road, parallel to US 41/M-28 before turning to the previous terminus just west of the border between Marquette Township and the City of Marquette  After the change, CR 492 turned north to intersect the highway opposite of Wright Street  The CR 492 designation was extended along Wright Street at the same time  In 2006, the city of Marquette extended Wright Street to end at Lakeshore Boulevard In 2010, the county road commission built an extension to Commerce Drive across US 41/M-28  This extension was designed to connect the southern and northern segments of CR 492 severed by traffic flow changes along US 41/M-28  Traffic wishing to cross between the two segments needs to follow US 41/M-28 to a median turn around in a maneuver similar to a Michigan left  After the project was completed, motorists gained a second option to cross between the two segments of CR 492 following Brookton Road to the Commerce Drive extension and around the Westwood Mall to Wright Street  This newer connector is designed for 35-mile-per-hour (56 km/h) traffic  The stop light at the US 41/M-28 intersection was installed in early November to complete the project  In August 2010, the speed limits along Wright Street were increased  After the results of a speed study, the limits were increased from 25 and 35 mph (40 and 56 km/h) to 35, 40 and 45 mph (56, 64 and 72 km/h) In 2019, two intersections controlled by stoplights along US 41/M-28 in Marquette Township were rebuilt as roundabouts  The easternmost of the two is located at the southwestern end of the northeastern segment of CR 492 

Major intersections
The entire road is in Marquette County 

See also
Michigan Highways portal
Passage 6:
Manistee County, Michigan
Manistee County ( man-iss-TEE) is a county located in the U S  state of Michigan  As of the 2020 Census, the population was 25,032  The county seat is Manistee  The county is named for the Manistee River  Manistee County is part of Northern Michigan and has a shoreline on Lake Michigan 

History
Manistee County was set off in 1840 from Michilimackinac County as an unorganized county  In 1851, it was attached to Grand Traverse County for legal purposes  Manistee County was organized in its own right on February 13, 1855 

Etymology
The name "Manistee" is from an Ojibwe word first applied to the principal river of the county  The derivation is not certain, but it may be from ministigweyaa, "river with islands at its mouth" 

Historical markers
There are thirteen recognized Michigan historical markers in the county:
Harriet Quimby Childhood Home
John J  Makinen Bottle House
First Congregational Church, Manistee
Great Fire of 1871
Holy Trinity Episcopal Church
Holy Trinity Episcopal Church Rectory
Kaleva, Michigan
Manistee City Library
Manistee Fire Hall
Our Saviour's Lutheran Church
Ramsdell Theatre
Trinity Lutheran Church [Arcadia]
William Douglas House

Geography
According to the U S  Census Bureau, the county has a total area of 1,281 square miles (3,320 km2), of which 542 square miles (1,400 km2) is land and 738 square miles (1,910 km2) (58%) is water  Manistee County is considered to be part of Northern Michigan 

Adjacent counties
By land

Benzie County - north
Grand Traverse County - northeast
Wexford County - east
Lake County - southeast
Mason County - southBy water

Manitowoc County, Wisconsin - southwest
Kewaunee County, Wisconsin - west

Protected areas
Manistee National Forest (part)
Nordhouse Dunes Wilderness
Orchard Beach State Park

Transportation
Airport
Manistee County-Blacker Airport is approximately 3 miles (4 8 km) northeast of Manistee  It offers direct flights to Chicago O'Hare International Airport 

Major highways
US 31 runs through Manistee and Bear Lake, paralleling Lake Michigan further inland than M-22 
 M-22 begins five miles (8 0 km) north of Manistee and goes through Onekama and Arcadia, paralleling the Lake Michigan shoreline and offering a scenic route 
 M-55 begins two miles (3 2 km) north of Manistee and runs across the Lower Peninsula to Tawas City via Cadillac, Lake City, Houghton Lake, and West Branch 
 M-115 is a diagonal highway, running southeast–northwest across the northeast corner of the county  It enters Benzie County to the north and Wexford County to the east Previously, an additional highway, M-110, was designated to run from US 31 at Parkdale to Orchard Beach State Park  However, the highway was returned to local control in 2003 

Bicycle routes
USBR 35 comes from Mason County and goes through Manistee, Onekama, and Arcadia to proceed north to Benzie County with M-22

Demographics
As of the census of 2000, there were 24,527 people, 9,860 households, and 6,714 families residing in the county  The population density was 45 people per square mile (17 people/km2)  There were 14,272 housing units at an average density of 26 per square mile (10/km2)  The racial makeup of the county was 94 16% White, 1 63% Black or African American, 1 30% Native American, 0 32% Asian, 0 03% Pacific Islander, 1 01% from other races, and 1 55% from two or more races  2 61% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race  23 5% were of German, 16 9% Polish, 8 8% English, 8 8% American and 7 1% Irish ancestry  96 2% spoke English and 2 3% Spanish as their first language 
There were 9,860 households, out of which 27 40% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 55 10% were married couples living together, 9 10% had a female householder with no husband present, and 31 90% were non-families  27 30% of all households were made up of individuals, and 13 20% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older  The average household size was 2 37 and the average family size was 2 86 
In the county, the population was spread out, with 22 60% under the age of 18, 6 70% from 18 to 24, 26 30% from 25 to 44, 26 30% from 45 to 64, and 18 10% who were 65 years of age or older  The median age was 42 years  For every 100 females there were 103 40 males  For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 102 00 males 
The median income for a household in the county was $34,208, and the median income for a family was $41,664  Males had a median income of $33,211 versus $20,851 for females  The per capita income for the county was $17,204  About 6 90% of families and 10 30% of the population were below the poverty line, including 13 50% of those under age 18 and 7 90% of those age 65 or over 

Government
The county government operates the jail, maintains rural roads, operates the major local courts, keeps files of deeds and mortgages, maintains vital records, administers public health regulations, and participates with the state in the provision of welfare and other social services  The county board of commissioners controls the budget but has only limited authority to make laws or ordinances  In Michigan, most local government functions — police and fire, building and zoning, tax assessment, street maintenance, etc  — are the responsibility of individual cities and townships 
Manistee County was one of two counties in the United States in which James M  Cox and Charles Evans Hughes both won — the other being Polk County, North Carolina 

Elected officials
Prosecuting Attorney: Jason Haag
Sheriff: Brian Gutowski
County Clerk: Jill Nowak
County Treasurer: Rachel Nelson
Register of Deeds: Penny Pepera
Drain Commissioner: Ken Hilliard
County Surveyor: Patrick Bentley(information as of February 2012)

Fire departments and emergency medical services
County ambulance service
As of early 2021 North Flight EMS has since transferred the primary ambulance service to Mobile Medical Response 

Fire departments
Arcadia Township Fire Department
Bear Lake Township Fire Department
City of Manistee Fire Department
Cleon Township Fire Department
Dickson Township Fire Department
East Lake Township Fire Department
Filer Township Fire Department
Manistee Township Fire Department [1]
Maple Grove Township Fire Department
Norman Township Fire Department
Onekama Township Fire Department
Stronach Township Fire Department

Communities
City
Manistee (county seat)

Villages
Bear Lake
Copemish
Eastlake
Kaleva
Onekama

Census-designated places
Other unincorporated communities
Townships
Education
School districts include:
Bear Lake School District
Benzie County Central School
Kaleva Norman Dickson School District
Manistee Area Schools
Mason County Eastern District
Mesick Consolidated Schools
Onekama Consolidated Schools

See also
List of Michigan State Historic Sites in Manistee County, Michigan
National Register of Historic Places listings in Manistee County, Michigan
Passage 7:
Saginaw County, Michigan
Saginaw County, officially the County of Saginaw, is a county located in the U S  state of Michigan  As of the 2020 Census, the population was 190,124  The county seat is Saginaw  The county was created by September 10, 1822, and was fully organized on February 9, 1835  The etymology of the county's name is uncertain  It may be derived from Sace-nong or Sak-e-nong (English: Sauk land), as the Sauk (French: Sac) tribe is believed by some to have once lived there  A more likely possibility is that it comes from Ojibwe words meaning "place of the outlet" –sag (English: an opening) and ong (English: place of)  See List of Michigan county name etymologies 
Saginaw County comprises the Saginaw, MI Metropolitan Statistical Area and is included in the Saginaw-Midland-Bay City Combined Statistical Area, the 5th largest metropolitan area in Michigan 

Etymology
The name Saginaw is widely believed to mean "where the Sauk were" in Ojibwe, from Sace-nong or Sak-e-nong (Sauk Town), due to the belief that the Sauk once lived there  But it is more likely that the name means "place of the outlet", from the Ojibwe sag (opening) and ong (place of) When Natives told Samuel de Champlain that the Sauk nation was on the western shore of Lake Michigan, Champlain mistakenly placed them on the western shore of Lake Huron  This mistake was copied on subsequent maps, and future references identified this as the place of the Sauks  Champlain himself never visited what is now Michigan 

History
The area was inhabited from about 1000 B C  to 1000 A D  by the Native American Hopewell culture, followed by the Anishnabeg  Some historians believe that the Sauk at one time lived in the area and were driven out by Ojibwe (Chippewa), before the area was first visited by Europeans 
The Saginaw region includes an extensive network of many rivers and streams which converge into the Saginaw River and provided a means for easy travel for the Native American population among numerous settlements and hunting areas, as well as access to Lake Huron  Saginaw was also a frequent meeting location for councils of the Ojibwe, Pottawatomi, and Ottawa—the Three Fires of the Anishnabeg What is today Saginaw County was inhabited by the Ojibwe at the time of the arrival of Euro-Americans  The Ojibwe were still the dominant force in the area in the 1820s, and in 1827 they were attacked by a two groups of Winnebago people coming from Wisconsin  The Ojibwe prevailed in this fight with the aid of local Euro-American settlers In 1853 the Ojibwe and Ottawa both established large hunting camps along the Saginaw River, although Euro-American settlers were beginning to establish saw mills and farms in the area by that point 

Geography
According to the U S  Census Bureau, the county has a total area of 816 square miles (2,110 km2), of which 800 square miles (2,100 km2) is land and 16 square miles (41 km2) (1 9%) is water   It is part of the Flint/Tri-Cities region of Mid-Michigan  The median elevation in Saginaw County, Michigan is 620 feet (190 m) above sea level 

Primary rivers
Saginaw River
Shiawassee River
Cass River
Flint River
Bad River
Tittabawassee River

Wildlife refuge
Shiawassee National Wildlife Refuge

Adjacent counties
Bay County  (northeast)
Midland County  (northwest)
Tuscola County  (east)
Gratiot County  (west)
Genesee County  (southeast)
Shiawassee County  (south)
Clinton County  (southwest)

Demographics
The 2010 United States Census indicates Saginaw County had a 2010 population of 200,169  This is a decrease of -9,870 people from the 2000 United States Census  Overall, the county had a -4 7% growth rate during this ten-year period  In 2010 there were 79,011 households and 52,287 families in the county  The population density was 250 2 per square mile (96 6 per square kilometer)  There were 86,844 housing units at an average density of 108 5 per square mile (41 9 per square kilometer)  The racial and ethnic makeup of the county was 70 5% White, 18 6% Black or African American, 0 3% Native American, 1 0% Asian, 7 8% Hispanic or Latino, 0 1% from other races, and 1 6% from two or more races 
There were 79,011 households, out of which 30 5% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 45 4% were husband and wife families, 16 0% had a female householder with no husband present, 33 8% were non-families, and 28 2% were made up of individuals  The average household size was 2 44 and the average family size was 2 99 
In the county, 23 4% of the population was under the age of 18, 10 6% from 18 to 24, 22 9% from 25 to 44, 27 8% from 45 to 64, and 15 3% was 65 years of age or older  The median age was 40 years  For every 100 females there were 93 6 males  For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 90 4 males 
The 2010 American Community Survey 1-year estimate indicates the median income for a household in the county was $41,938 and the median income for a family was $52,243  Males had a median income of $27,691 versus $16,488 for females  The per capita income for the county was $21,025  About 12 4% of families and 16 9% of the population were below the poverty line, including 24 1% of those under the age 18 and 10 1% of those age 65 or over 

Religion
The Roman Catholic Diocese of Saginaw is the controlling regional body for the Catholic Church 

Government and politics
The county government operates the jail, maintains rural roads, operates the
major local courts, keeps files of deeds and mortgages, maintains vital records, administers
public health regulations, and participates with the state in the provision of welfare and
other social services  The county board of commissioners controls the
budget but has only limited authority to make laws or ordinances  In Michigan, most local
government functions — police and fire, building and zoning, tax assessment, street
maintenance, etc  — are the responsibility of individual cities and townships 
Starting in 1988, Saginaw County became a reliable Democratic stronghold at the Presidential level  However, in recent elections it has become increasingly competitive, with Donald Trump narrowly winning the county in 2016 while narrowly losing it in 2020 by about 300 votes 

Elected officials
Prosecuting Attorney: John McColgan Jr 
Sheriff: William Federspiel
County Clerk: Vanessa Guerra
County Treasurer: Timothy M  Novak
Register of Deeds: Katheryn A  Kelly
Public Works Commissioner: Brian WendlingAll countywide officers are elected for four-year terms  The next scheduled election for these offices is November of 2024 
(information as of April 2021)

Parks and Recreation Commission
Saginaw County Parks and Recreation Commission is a county-wide government organization founded by William H  Haithco Sr  in 1969  Haithco then served as chairman from 1972 to 1999  The organization operates six parks throughout the county - Imerman Memorial Park, Veterans Memorial Park, Ringwood Forest, Price Nature Center, William H  Haithco Recreation Area, and The Saginaw Valley Rail Trail  These parks comprise over 550 acres, including 18 miles of hiking trails, two boat launches, four fishing access sites, a swimming beach, picnic shelters, and recreation programs 

Economy
The largest employers in Saginaw County are:

Transportation
Saginaw County was the destination of a Sauk footpath that became one of the first roads in what is now Michigan, the Saginaw Trail  The trail, first authorized in 1819, was completed to Saginaw in 1841  Since then, Saginaw's access to the outside world has expanded with the development of maritime, rail, air, and freeway links to the major cities of Michigan and neighboring states and nations 

Airports
Scheduled airline service is available from MBS International Airport near Freeland, Michigan and  Bishop International Airport in Flint, Michigan   Harry Browne Airport in Buena Vista Charter Township also serves the region 

Highways
I-75, a major north–south freeway running from Sault Ste  Marie, Michigan to Miami-Dade County, Florida
 I-675, a business route freeway from Interstate 75 passing through downtown Saginaw
 US 23
 M-13 runs from I-69 through downtown Saginaw and north to Standish 
 M-15
 M-46 is a cross peninsular road, running across the mitten and the thumb—from Port Sanilac on the Lake Huron shore; through Saginaw near Saginaw Bay; and then on to Muskegon on the Lake Michigan shore   This east-west surface route nearly bisects the Lower Peninsula of Michigan latitudinally 
 M-47 passes through the western suburbs and provides a direct connection to MBS International Airport in Freeland before ending at US 10 in nearby Bay County 
 M-52 runs from the Ohio border through Adrian and Owosso before ending at M-46, in the western suburbs of Saginaw  M-52 also provides an alternate connection to Lansing, Michigan's state capitol 
 M-54
 M-57
 M-58 runs from M-47 to I-675 
 M-81 runs east from M-13 to Caro and Cass City and ends at M-53 in Sanilac County 
 M-83
 M-84 runs from M-25 in downtown Bay City to M-58 in Saginaw 

Maritime
The Saginaw River is maintained by the Corps of Engineers, and from time to time, dredged to maintain a shipping channel down the river to Bay City, and from there, to the Great Lakes 

Education
Primary and secondary education
Public schools
Most of Saginaw County is served by the Saginaw Intermediate School District (SISD), which coordinates the efforts of local boards of education, but has no operating authority over schools  Local school boards in Michigan retain great autonomy over day-to-day operations  A number of charter schools also operate in the county 
School districts in the county (including any with any territory, no matter how slight, even if the schools and/or administration are in other counties) include:

Former school districts include:
Buena Vista School District

Higher education
Saginaw Valley State University (SVSU) is a four-year state university located in eastern Kochville Township 
Delta College is a two-year community college that serves Saginaw County, but is located in neighboring Bay County, a few miles to the north of the SVSU campus 

Notable natives
George C  Hinkley (1892-1936), Wisconsin State Assemblyman and businessman, was born in Saginaw County 
Theodore Roethke (1908–1963) Pulitzer prize and National Book Award-winning poet was born and buried here 

Historical markers
There are twenty eight recognized historical markers in the county:  They are:

Bliss Park
Burt Opera House / Wellington R  Burt
Coal Mine No  8
The Cushway House / Benjamin Cushway and Adelaide Cushway
First Congregational Church [Saginaw]
Fowler Schoolhouse (Fremont Township)
Frankenmuth / Saint Lorenz Evangelical Lutheran Church
Frankenmuth Bavarian Inn
Freeland United Methodist Church
George Nason House
Hess School
Hoyt Library
Leamington Stewart House
Michigan's German Settlers
Morseville Bridge
Presbyterian Church of South Saginaw
Saginaw Club
Saginaw Oil Industry
Saginaw Post Office
Saginaw Valley Coal
Saginaw Valley Lumbering Era
St  Mary's Hospital
Saint Michael Catholic Parish
St  Paul's Episcopal Mission
Shroeder House
Theodore Roethke / Childhood Home

Communities
Cities
Frankenmuth
Saginaw (county seat)
Zilwaukee

Villages
Birch Run
Chesaning
Merrill
Oakley
Reese (partially)
St  Charles

Charter townships
Bridgeport Charter Township
Buena Vista Charter Township
Saginaw Charter Township

Civil townships
Census-designated places
Bridgeport
Buena Vista
Burt
Freeland
Hemlock
Robin Glen-Indiantown
Shields

Other unincorporated communities
See also
List of Michigan State Historic Sites in Saginaw County, Michigan
National Register of Historic Places listings in Saginaw County, Michigan
Saginaw Trail



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