prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: In modern history of Syria this kingdom lasted for only four months, this kingdom surrendered to who?

The following are given passages.
Context 1: Passage 1:
Arab Kingdom of Syria
The Arab Kingdom of Syria (Arabic: المملكة العربية السورية, al-Mamlakah al-‘Arabīyah as-Sūrīyah) was a self-proclaimed, unrecognized constitutional monarchy existing briefly in the territory of historical Syria  It was announced on 5 October 1918 as a fully and independent Arab constitutional government with the permission of the British military  It gained de facto independence as an Emirate after the withdrawal of the British forces from OETA East on 26 November 1919, and was proclaimed as a Kingdom on 8 March 1920 
As a Kingdom it existed only a little over four months, from 8 March to 25 July 1920  During its brief existence, the kingdom was led by Sharif Hussein bin Ali's son Faisal bin Hussein  Despite its claims to the territory of Greater Syria, Faisal's government controlled a limited area and was dependent on Britain which, along with France, generally opposed the idea of a Greater Syria and refused to recognize the kingdom  The kingdom surrendered to French forces on 25 July 1920 

History
Foundations
The Arab Revolt and the McMahon–Hussein Correspondence were crucial factors in the foundation of the Arab Kingdom of Syria  In the McMahon–Hussein Correspondence promises of an Arab Kingdom were made by the British in return for an Arab uprising against the Ottomans : 209–215  As the British were promising independence, The French made the Sykes–Picot Agreement  Ultimately, the implementation of the Sykes–Picot Agreement would lead to the undermining and end of the Arab Kingdom of Syria  Despite the significance of the Arab Revolt to modern Arab countries formed in its wake, at the time there was significant distrust and even opposition to the idea of an Arab Kingdom or series of Arab Kingdoms 
This opposition was due in part to the heavy influence of the French and the British in facilitating the revolt and the establishment of what would be considered, by modern standards, puppet states : 185–191  The involvement of foreign powers in distributing large sums of money and military support to establish an empire that would be led by imperial aspirants, rather than legitimate Arab nationalists, was instrumental in the disintegration of the majority of the early Hashemite Kingdoms (Kingdom of Hejaz and Kingdom of Iraq)  Additionally, at the time, many Arabs expressed grave concerns that the family of the Sharif of Mecca, the Hashemites, could wrest control from the Ottoman Sultan, with whom their loyalty had rested for centuries : 187

Arab constitutional government
Near the end of World War I, the British Egyptian Expeditionary Force, under command of Edmund Allenby, captured Damascus on 30 September 1918  Shortly thereafter, on 3 October, Faisal entered the city : 30  The jubilation would be short lived, as Faisal would soon be made aware of the Sykes–Picot agreement  Faisal had come to expect an independent Arab kingdom in the name of his father but was soon told of the division of territory and how Syria fell under French protective power  Faisal saw this admission as a betrayal by the British, but believed the actual settlement would be worked out at a later date when the war had ended  There was some likelihood that by then the British would have changed their support for French pretensions in Syria 
On 5 October, with the permission of General Allenby, Faisal announced the establishment of a fully and absolutely independent Arab constitutional government : 34  Faisal announced it would be an Arab government based on justice and equality for all Arabs regardless of religion  The French Prime Minister Georges Clemenceau found disconcerting the establishment of a semi-independent Arab state without international recognition and under the auspices of the British  Even reassurances by Allenby that all actions taken were provisional did not ease the looming tensions between the British, the French, and the Arabs  For Arab nationalists, and many of the Arabs who fought in the Arab Revolt, this independent state would be the realization of a long hard-fought goal 

Determining the status
After the war, at the Paris Peace Conference of 1919, Faisal pushed for Arab independence  At the Conference, the victorious Allies decided what was to become of the defeated nations of the Central Powers, especially who was to control their territories, such as the Ottoman Empire's Middle East possessions  The status of the Arab lands in the Middle East was the subject of intense negotiations between the French and British  In May 1919, the French and British prime ministers met in Quai d’Orsay to decide between them their respective claims to territories or spheres of influence in the Middle East  The meeting determined that in return for a British guarantee of French control in Syria, the British would be given a mandate over Mosul and Palestine 
At about the same time, an American compromise resulted in an agreement to set up a commission to determine the wishes of the inhabitants  Though they initially supported the idea, Britain and France eventually backed out, leaving the King–Crane Commission of 1919 solely American : 268  The findings of the commission, not published until 1922 after the vote on the mandates in the League of Nations, indicated strong Arab support for an independent Arab state and opposition to a French presence 

Creation
These events in Europe led Syrian nationalist societies like al-Fatat (the Young Arab Society) to make preparations for a national congress  These Syrian nationalist societies advocated complete independence for an Arab Kingdom that united Arabs under Faisal  The King–Crane Commission encouraged efforts to unify, and hasty elections were called including representatives from all over the Arab lands, including Palestine and Lebanon, although French officials prevented many of their representatives from arriving  The first official session of the Syrian Congress was held on 3 June 1919 and al-Fatat member Hashim al-Atassi was elected its president : 17 When the King–Crane Commission arrived in Damascus on 25 June 1919, it was met with a flurry of leaflets saying "Independence or Death" 
On 2 July the Syrian National Congress in Damascus passed the Damascus Program, a series of resolutions calling for a completely independent constitutional monarchy with Faisal as king, asking for assistance from the United States, and rejecting any rights claimed by the French : 19  The resolutions defined the borders as 

on the north, the Taurus Range; on the south, a line running from Rafah to Al-Jauf and following the Syria-Hejaz border below 'Aqaba; on the east, the boundary formed by the Euphrates and Khabur rivers and a line stretching from some distance east of Abu-Kamal to some distance east of al-Jauf; on the west, the Mediterranean Sea 
Any hope that Faisal may have had that either the British or Americans would come to his aid and counter French moves quickly faded, especially after the Anglo-French Agreement for the withdrawal of British troops from Syria and the end of the British military government in Syria  The British withdrew from the region on 26 November 1919 In January 1920, Faisal was forced into an agreement with France which stipulated that France would uphold the existence of the Syrian state and would not station troops in Syria as long as the French government remained the only government supplying advisers, counselors and technical experts : 167  News of this compromise did not bode well with Faisal's vehemently anti-French and independence-minded supporters who immediately pressured Faisal to reverse his commitment, which he did  In the aftermath of this reversal, violent attacks against French forces took place and the Syrian Congress assembled in March 1920 to declare Faisal the king of Syria as well as to officially set up the Arab Kingdom of Syria with Hashim al-Atassi as Prime Minister and Yusuf al-'Azma as Minister of War and Chief of Staff 
This unilateral action was immediately repudiated by the British and French and the San Remo Conference was called by the Allied Powers in April 1920 to finalise the allocation of League of Nations mandates in the Middle East  This was in turn repudiated by Faisal and his supporters  After months of instability and failure to make good on the promises to the French, the commander of French forces General Henri Gouraud gave an ultimatum to King Faisal on 14 July 1920 declaring he surrender or fight : 215

Dissolution
Worried about the results of a long bloody fight with the French, King Faisal surrendered  However, Yusuf al-'Azma, the defense minister, ignored the King's order, and led a small army to confront the French advance into Syria  This army depended mainly on individual weapons and were no match to the French artillery  At the Battle of Maysalun, the Syrian army was easily defeated by the French, with General al-'Azma being killed during the battle  The loss led to the siege and capture of Damascus on 24 July 1920 and the French Mandate for Syria and the Lebanon was put into effect thereafter 

Legacy
After surrendering to French forces, Faisal was expelled from Syria and went to live in the United Kingdom in August 1920  In August 1921 he was offered the crown of Iraq under the British Mandate of Iraq 
A pro-French government under the leadership of 'Alaa al-Din al-Darubi was installed one day after the fall of Damascus, on 25 July 1920 : 37  On 1 September 1920, General Gouraud divided the French mandate territory of Syria into several smaller states as part of a French scheme to make Syria easier to control 
The Kingdom, through its short and tumultuous existence, would become a subject of great inspiration to later Arab liberation movements  It would be the often-repeated story of an Arab people breaking out from their colonial bonds only to be castigated for their revolutionary fervor and for their resistance to the imperial powers  The symbolism of the fall of the Kingdom of Syria also imparted deep mistrust of European powers, who were seen as liars and oppressors 

Politics of Syria (1918–1920)
Heads of Government
King
Prime Ministers
Gallery
Passage 2:
Gouding
Gouding (Chinese: 句町) was a monarchical state that lasted approximately 400 years, from 111 BC to 316 AD, and was centered on Guangnan County in modern-day Wenshan Zhuang and Miao Autonomous Prefecture, Yunnan province, China 

In December 2015, artifacts unearthed from Gouding were on display at the Guangnan Minorities Museum 

See also
Đông Sơn drums
Neighbouring kingdoms of Dian and Yelang 
Southward expansion of the Han dynasty
Zomia (geography)
Passage 3:
Modern history of Syria
The modern history of Syria begins with the termination of Ottoman control of Syria by French forces and the establishment of the Occupied Enemy Territory Administration during World War I  The short-lived Arab Kingdom of Syria emerged in 1920, which was however soon committed under the French Mandate, which produced the short-lived autonomous State of Aleppo, State of Damascus (later State of Syria), Alawite State and Jabal al-Druze (state); the autonomies were transformed into the Mandatory Syrian Republic in 1930  Syrian Republic gained independence in April 1946  The Republic took part in the Arab-Israeli War and remained in a state of political instability during the 1950s and 1960s 
The 8 March 1963 coup resulted in the installation of the National Council for the Revolutionary Command (NCRC), a group of military and civilian officials who assumed control of all executive and legislative authority  The takeover was engineered by members of the Ba'ath Party led by Michel Aflaq and Salah al-Din al-Bitar  He was overthrown in early 1966 by Marxist-Leninist military dissidents of the party led by General Salah Jadid  Since the Arab Spring of 2011, Bashar al-Assad's government has been involved in the ongoing Syrian civil war 

Syria under the Mandate
OETA
The Occupied Enemy Territory Administration (OETA) was a joint British and French military administration over Levantine and Mesopotamian provinces of the former Ottoman Empire between 1918 and 1920, set up following the Sinai and Palestine Campaign of World War I  The administration ended following the assignment of the Mandate for Syria and the Lebanon and British Mandate for Palestine at the 19–26 April 1920 San Remo conference 

Initial civil administration
Following the San Remo conference in April 1920 and the defeat of King Faisal's short-lived monarchy in Syria at the Battle of Maysalun on 24 July 1920, the French general Henri Gouraud established civil administration in the territory  The mandate region was subdivided into six states  They were the states of Damascus (1920), Aleppo (1920), Alawites (1920), Jabal Druze (1921), the autonomous Sanjak of Alexandretta (1921) (modern-day Hatay), and the State of Greater Lebanon (1920), which later became the modern country of Lebanon 
The drawing of those states was based in part on the sectarian make-up on the ground in Syria  However, nearly all the Syrian sects were hostile to the French mandate and to the division it created  This was best demonstrated by the numerous revolts that the French encountered in all of the Syrian states  Maronite Christians of Mount Lebanon, on the other hand, were a community with a dream of independence that was being realized under the French; therefore, Greater Lebanon was the exception to the newly formed states 

Syrian Federation (1922-24)
In July 1922, France established a loose federation between three of the states: Damascus, Aleppo, and the Alawite state under the name of the Syrian Federation (Fédération syrienne)  Jabal Druze, Sanjak of Alexandretta, and Greater Lebanon were not parts of this federation, which adopted a new federal flag (green-white-green with French canton)  On 1 December 1924, the Alawite state seceded from the federation when the states of Aleppo and Damascus were united into the State of Syria 

The Great Syrian Revolt
In 1925, a revolt in Jabal Druze led by Sultan Pasha el Atrash spread to other Syrian states and became a general rebellion in Syria  France tried to retaliate by having the parliament of Aleppo declare secession from the union with Damascus, but the voting was foiled by Syrian patriots 

First Syrian Republic
The red stars that represented the three districts of the republic (Damascus, Aleppo, and Deir ez Zor) 

1936 Independence treaty
In 1936, the Franco-Syrian Treaty of Independence was signed, a treaty that would not be ratified by the French legislature  However, the treaty allowed Jabal Druze, the Alawite (now called Latakia), and Alexandretta to be incorporated into the Syrian republic within the following two years  Greater Lebanon (now the Lebanese Republic) was the only state that did not join the Syrian Republic  Hashim al-Atassi, who was Prime Minister under King Faisal's brief reign (1918–1920), was the first president to be elected under a new constitution adopted after the independence treaty 

Separation of Hatay
In September 1938, France again separated the Syrian district of Alexandretta and transformed it into the Republic of Hatay  The Republic of Hatay joined Turkey in the following year, in June 1939  Syria did not recognize the incorporation of Hatay into Turkey and the issue is still disputed until the present time 

World War II and the founding of the UN
With the fall of France in 1940 during World War II, Syria came under the control of the Vichy Government until the British and Free French invaded and occupied the country in July 1941  Syria proclaimed its independence again in 1941 but it was not until 1 January 1944 that it was recognized as an independent republic 
On 27 September 1941, France proclaimed, by virtue of, and within the framework of the Mandate, the independence and sovereignty of the Syrian State  The proclamation said "the independence and sovereignty of Syria and Lebanon will not affect the juridical situation as it results from the Mandate Act  Indeed, this situation could be changed only with the agreement of the Council of the League of Nations, with the consent of the Government of the United States, a signatory of the Franco-American Convention of 4 April 1924, and only after the conclusion between the French Government and the Syrian and Lebanese Governments of treaties duly ratified in accordance with the laws of the French Republic Benqt Broms said that it was important to note that there were several founding members of the United Nations whose statehood was doubtful at the time of the San Francisco Conference and that the Government of France still considered Syria and Lebanon to be mandates Duncan Hall said "Thus, the Syrian mandate may be said to have been terminated without any formal action on the part of the League or its successor  The mandate was terminated by the declaration of the mandatory power, and of the new states themselves, of their independence, followed by a process of piecemeal unconditional recognition by other powers, culminating in formal admission to the United Nations  Article 78 of the Charter ended the status of tutelage for any member state: 'The trusteeship system shall not apply to territories which have become Members of the United Nations, relationship among which shall be based on respect for the principle of sovereign equality '"On 29 May 1945, France bombed Damascus and tried to arrest its democratically elected leaders  While French planes were bombing Damascus, Prime Minister Faris al-Khoury was at the founding conference of the United Nations in San Francisco, presenting Syria's claim for independence from the French Mandate 
Continuing pressure from Syrian nationalist groups and British pressure forced the French to evacuate their last troops on 17 April 1946 

Republic of Syria 1946-1963
Syrian independence was acquired in 1946  Although rapid economic development followed the declaration of independence, Syrian politics from independence through the late 1960s was marked by upheaval  The early years of independence were marked by political instability 
In 1948, Syria was involved in the Arab-Israeli War with the newly created State of Israel  The Syrian army was pressed out of the Israeli areas, but fortified their strongholds on the Golan and managed to keep their old borders and occupy some additional territory  In July 1949, Syria was the last Arab country to sign an armistice agreement with Israel 
In March 1949, Syria's national government was overthrown by a military coup d'état led by Husni al-Zaim in a coup  Some authors claim involvement by the United States CIA Later that year Zaim was overthrown by his colleague Sami al-Hinnawi and Adib al-Shishakli  The latter undermined civilian rule and led to Shishakli's complete seizure of power in 1951  Shishakli continued to rule the country until 1955, when growing public opposition forced him to resign and leave the country  The national government was restored, but again to face instability, this time from abroad  After the overthrow of President Shishakli in a 1954 coup, continued political maneuvering supported by competing factions in the military eventually brought Arab nationalist and socialist elements to power  Between 1946 and 1956, Syria had 20 different cabinets and drafted four separate constitutions 
During the Suez Crisis of 1956, after the invasion of the Sinai Peninsula by Israeli troops, and the intervention of British and French troops, martial law was declared in Syria  Later Syrian and Iraqi troops were brought into Jordan to prevent a possible Israeli invasion  The November 1956 attacks on Iraqi pipelines were in retaliation for Iraq's acceptance into the Baghdad Pact  In early 1957 Iraq advised Egypt and Syria against a conceivable takeover of Jordan 
In November 1956 Syria signed a pact with the Soviet Union, providing a foothold for communist influence within the government in exchange for planes, tanks, and other military equipment being sent to Syria  This increase in the strength of Syrian military technology worried Turkey, as it seemed feasible that Syria might attempt to retake Iskenderon, a formerly Syrian city now in Turkey  On the other hand, Syria and the USSR accused Turkey of amassing its troops at the Syrian border  During this standoff, communists gained more control over the Syrian government and military  Only heated debates in the United Nations (of which Syria was an original member) lessened the threat of war 
Syria's political instability during the years after the 1954 coup, the parallelism of Syrian and Egyptian policies, and the appeal of Egyptian President Gamal Abdal Nasser's leadership in the wake of the Suez crisis created support in Syria for union with Egypt  On 1 February 1958, Syrian president Shukri al-Kuwatli and Nasser announced the merging of the two countries, creating the United Arab Republic, and all Syrian political parties, as well as the Communists therein, ceased overt activities 
The union was not a success, however  Following a military coup on 28 September 1961, Syria seceded, reestablishing itself as the Syrian Arab Republic  Instability characterised the next 18 months, with various coups culminating on 8 March 1963, in the installation by leftist Syrian Army officers of the National Council of the Revolutionary Command (NCRC), a group of military and civilian officials who assumed control of all executive and legislative authority  The takeover was engineered by members of the Arab Socialist Resurrection Party (Ba'ath Party), which had been active in Syria and other Arab countries since the late 1940s  The new cabinet was dominated by Ba'ath members 

Ba'athist Arab Republic of Syria 1963-today
First Ba'ath government
The Ba'ath takeover in Syria followed a Ba'ath coup in Iraq, the previous month  The new Syrian Government explored the possibility of federation with Egypt and with Ba'ath-controlled Iraq  An agreement was concluded in Cairo on 17 April 1963, for a referendum on unity to be held in September 1963  However, serious disagreements among the parties soon developed, and the tripartite federation failed to materialize  Thereafter, the Ba'ath governments in Syria and Iraq began to work for bilateral unity  These plans foundered in November 1963, when the Ba'ath government in Iraq was overthrown 
In May 1964, President Amin al-Hafiz of the NCRC promulgated a provisional constitution providing for a National Council of the Revolution (NCR), an appointed legislature composed of representatives of mass organisations—labour, peasant, and professional unions—a presidential council, in which executive power was vested, and a cabinet 

Second Ba'ath government
On 23 February 1966, a group of army officers carried out a successful, intra-party coup, imprisoned President Hafiz, dissolved the cabinet and the NCR, abrogated the provisional constitution, and designated a regionalist, civilian Ba'ath government on 1 March  The coup leaders described it as a "rectification" of Ba'ath Party principles  In June 1967 Israel captured and occupied the Golan Heights  The Six Day War had significantly weakened the radical socialist government established by the 1966 coup 
On 18 September 1970, during the events of Black September in Jordan, Syria tried to intervene on behalf of the Palestinian guerrillas  Hafez al-Assad sent in armored forces equivalent to a brigade, with tanks, some of them allegedly hastily rebranded from the regular Syrian army for the purpose  Other Syrian units were the 5th Infantry Division and Commandos  On 21 September, the Syrian 5th Division broke through the defenses of the Jordanian 40th Armoured Brigade, and pushed it back off the ar-Ramtha crossroads  On 22 September, the Royal Jordanian Air Force began attacking Syrian forces, which were badly battered as a result  The constant airstrikes broke the Syrian force, and on the late afternoon of 22 September the 5th Division began to retreat  The swift Syrian withdrawal was a severe blow to Palestinian guerillas  Jordanian armored forces steadily pounded their headquarters in Amman, and threatened to break them in other regions of the Kingdom as well  Eventually, the Palestinian factions agreed to a cease-fire  King Hussein and Yasser Arafat attended the meeting of the Arab League in Cairo, where the hostilities briefly ended  The Jordanian-Palestinian Civil War shortly resumed, but without Syrian intervention 
By 1970 a conflict had developed between an extremist military wing and a more moderate civilian wing of the Ba'ath Party  The 1970 retreat of Syrian forces sent to aid the PLO during the "Black September" hostilities with Jordan reflected this political disagreement within the ruling Ba'ath leadership 

Ba'ath Party under Hafez al-Assad, 1970–2000
Power takeover
On 13 November 1970, Minister of Defense Hafez al-Assad effected a bloodless military coup, ousting the civilian party leadership and assuming the role of President 
Upon assuming power, Hafez al-Assad moved quickly to create an organizational infrastructure for his government and to consolidate control  The Provisional Regional Command of Assad's Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party nominated a 173-member legislature, the People's Council, in which the Ba'ath Party took 87 seats  The remaining seats were divided among "popular organizations" and other minor parties 
In March 1971, the party held its regional congress and elected a new 21-member Regional Command headed by Assad  In the same month, a national referendum was held to confirm Assad as president for a 7-year term  In March 1972, to broaden the base of his government, Assad formed the National Progressive Front, a coalition of parties led by the Ba'ath Party, and elections were held to establish local councils in each of Syria's 14 governorates  In March 1973, a new Syrian constitution went into effect followed shortly thereafter by parliamentary elections for the People's Council, the first such elections since 1962 

October War
On 6 October 1973, Syria and Egypt began the Yom Kippur War (also called the "Ramadan War" or "October War" because Syria and Egypt attacked during Muslim Ramadan holiday) by staging a surprise attack against Israel  Despite the element of surprise, Egypt and Syria lost their initial gains in a three-week-long warfare, and Israel continued to occupy the Golan Heights and the Sinai peninsula 

Intervention in Lebanon
In early 1976, the Lebanese Civil War was going poorly for the Maronite Christians, so the Lebanese President Elias Sarkis officially requested Syria intervene militarily  After receiving their first mandate from the Lebanese President, Syria was given a second mandate by the Arab League to intervene militarily in Lebanon  Syria sent 40,000 troops into the country to prevent the Christians from being overrun, but soon became embroiled in this war, beginning the 30 year Syrian presence in Lebanon  Over the following 15 years of civil war, Syria fought both for control over Lebanon, and as an attempt to undermine Israel in southern Lebanon, through extensive use of Lebanese allies as proxy fighters  Many saw the Syrian Army's presence in Lebanon as an occupation, especially following the end of the civil war in 1990, after the Syrian-sponsored Taif Agreement  Syria then remained in Lebanon until 2005, exerting a heavy-handed influence over Lebanese politics, that was deeply resented by many 
About one million Syrian workers came into Lebanon after the war ended to find jobs in the reconstruction of the country  Syrian workers were preferred over Palestinian Arabs and Lebanese workers because they could be paid lower wages, but some have argued that the Syrian government's encouragement of citizens entering its small and militarily dominated neighbor in search of work, was in fact an attempt at Syrian colonization of Lebanon  In 1994, under pressure from Damascus, the Lebanese government controversially granted citizenship to over 200,000 Syrians resident in the country 

Muslim Brotherhood uprising and Hama Massacre
On 31 January 1973, Assad implemented the new Constitution which led to a national crisis  Unlike previous constitutions, this one did not require that the  president of Syria must be a Muslim, leading to fierce demonstrations in Hama, Homs and Aleppo organized by the Muslim Brotherhood and the ulama  They labeled Assad as the "enemy of Allah" and called for a jihad against his rule  Robert D  Kaplan has compared Assad's coming to power to "an untouchable becoming maharajah in India or a Jew becoming tsar in Russia—an unprecedented development shocking to the Sunni majority population which had monopolized power for so many centuries " The authoritarian government was not without its critics, a serious challenge arose in the late 1970s from fundamentalist Sunni Muslims, who reject the basic values of the secular Ba'ath program and object to rule by the Alawis whom they consider heretical  From 1976 until its suppression in 1982, the arch-conservative Muslim Brotherhood led an armed insurgency against the government  In response to an attempted uprising by the brotherhood in February 1982, the government crushed the fundamentalist opposition centered in the city of Hama, leveling parts of the city with artillery fire and causing many thousands of dead and wounded  During the rest of Hafez al-Assad's reign, public manifestations of anti-government activity were very limited 

During Gulf War
Syria's 1990 participation in the U S -led multinational coalition aligned against Saddam Hussein marked a dramatic watershed in Syria's relations both with other Arab states and with the Western world  Syria participated in the multilateral Middle East Peace Conference in Madrid in October 1991, and during the 1990s engaged in direct, face-to-face negotiations with Israel  These negotiations failed, and there have been no further Syrian-Israeli talks since President Hafiz al-Assad's meeting with President Bill Clinton in Geneva in March 2000 

Internal power struggle
In what has become known as the 1999 Latakia incident, violent protests and armed clashes erupted following the 1998 People's Assembly's Elections  The violent events were an explosion of a long-running feud between Hafez al-Assad and his younger brother Rifaat, who previously attempted to initiate a coup against Hafez in 1984, but was eventually expelled from Syria  Two people were killed in fire exchanges of Syrian police and Rifaat's supporters during police crack-down on Rifaat's port compound in Latakia  According to opposition sources, denied by the government, the clashes in Latakia resulted in hundreds of dead and injured 

Drought in Syria
From 2006 to 2010, Syria experienced its worst drought in modern history  The drought resulted in a mass migration from the Syrian countryside into urban centers, which notably strained existing infrastructure already burdened by the influx of some 1 5 million refugees from Iraq  The drought itself has been linked to human caused global climate change  It has also been directly linked as a contributing factor to the socieoeconomic conditions that led to initial protests and uprising  Adequate water supply continues to be an issue in the ongoing civil war and the supply is frequently the target of military action 

Under Bashar al-Assad, 2000–present
The Damascus Autumn
Hafiz al-Assad died on 10 June 2000, after 30 years in power  Immediately following al-Assad's death, the Parliament amended the constitution, reducing the mandatory minimum age of the President from 40 to 34, which allowed his son, Bashar al-Assad, to become legally eligible for nomination by the ruling Ba'ath party  On 10 July 2000, Bashar al-Assad was elected president by referendum in which he ran unopposed, garnering 97 29% of the vote, according to Syrian government statistics Bashar, who speaks French and English and has a British-born wife, was said to have "inspired hopes" for reform, and a "Damascus Spring" of intense political and social debate took place from July 2000 to August 2001  The period was characterized by the emergence of numerous political forums or salons where groups of like minded people met in private houses to debate political and social issues  The phenomenon of salons spread rapidly in Damascus and to a lesser extent in other cities  Political activists, such as, Riad Seif, Haitham al-Maleh, Kamal al-Labwani, Riyad al-Turk, and Aref Dalila were important in mobilizing the movement  The most famous of the forums were the Riad Seif Forum and the Jamal al-Atassi Forum  The Damascus Spring ended in August 2001 with the arrest and imprisonment of ten leading activists who had called for democratic elections and a campaign of civil disobedience 

International and internal tensions
On 5 October 2003, Israel bombed a site near Damascus, claiming it was a terrorist training facility for members of Islamic Jihad  Islamic Jihad said the camp was not in use; Syria said the attack was on a civilian area  The Israeli action was condemned by European governments  The German Chancellor said it "cannot be accepted" and the French Foreign Ministry said "The Israeli operation… constituted an unacceptable violation of international law and sovereignty rules " The Spanish UN Ambassador Inocencio Arias called it an attack of "extreme gravity" and "a clear violation of international law "The United States Congress passed the Syria Accountability Act in December 2003, with the goal of ending what the U S  sees as Syrian involvement in Lebanon, Iraq, terrorism, and weapons of mass destruction through international sanctions 
Ethnic tensions increased in Syria, following an incident in a football stadium in Al Qamishli, 30 people were killed and more than 160 were injured in days of clashes starting from 12 March  Kurdish sources indicated that Syrian security forces used live ammunition against civilians after clashes broke out at a football match between Kurdish fans of the local team and Arab supporters of a visiting team from the city of Deir al-Zor  The international press reported that nine people were killed on 12 March  According to Amnesty International hundreds of people, mostly Kurds, were arrested after the riots  Kurdish detainees were reportedly tortured and ill-treated  Some Kurdish students were expelled from their universities, reportedly for participating in peaceful protests In June 2005, thousands of Kurds demonstrated in Qamishli to protest the assassination of Sheikh Khaznawi, a Kurdish cleric in Syria, resulting in the death of one policeman and injury to four Kurds Renewed opposition activity occurred in October 2005 when activist Michel Kilo launched with leading opposition figures the Damascus Declaration, which criticized the Syrian government as "authoritarian, totalitarian and cliquish" and called for democratic reform On 6 September 2007 a Syrian facility was bombed in the Deir ez-Zor region  While no one claimed responsibility for this act, Syria accused Israel, which in turn declared that the indicated site was a nuclear facility with a military purpose  Syria denied the claim 
On 26 October 2008 helicopter-borne CIA paramilitary officers and United States Special Operations Forces carried out a raid to the Syrian territory from Iraq The Syrian government called the event a "criminal and terrorist" attack on its sovereignty, alleging all of the reported eight fatalities were civilians  An unnamed U S  military source, however, alleged that the target was a network of foreign fighters who travel through Syria to join the Iraqi insurgency against the United States-led Coalition in Iraq and the Iraqi government 

Syrian civil war
The Syrian civil war is an ongoing internal violent conflict in Syria  It is a part of the wider Arab Spring, a wave of upheaval throughout the Arab World  Public demonstrations across Syria began on 26 January 2011 and developed into a nationwide uprising  Protesters demanded the resignation of President Bashar al-Assad, the overthrow of his government, and an end to nearly five decades of Ba’ath Party rule 
Since spring 2011, the Syrian government deployed the Syrian Army to quell the uprising, and several cities were besieged, though the unrest continued  According to some witnesses, soldiers, who refused to open fire on civilians, were summarily executed by the Syrian Army  The Syrian government denied reports of defections, and blamed armed gangs for causing trouble  Since early autumn 2011, civilians and army defectors began forming fighting units, which began an insurgency campaign against the Syrian Army  The insurgents unified under the banner of the Free Syrian Army and fought in an increasingly organized fashion; however, the civilian component of the armed opposition lacked an organized leadership 
The uprising has sectarian undertones, though neither faction in the conflict has described sectarianism as playing a major role  The opposition is dominated by Sunni Muslims, whereas the leading government figures are Alawites, affiliated with the Shia Islam  As a result, the opposition is winning support from the Sunni Muslim states, whereas the government is publicly supported by the Shia dominated Iran and the Lebanese Hizbullah 
According to various sources, including the United Nations, up to 13,470–19,220 people have been killed, of which about half were civilians, but also including 6,035–6,570 armed combatants from both sides and up to 1,400 opposition protesters  Many more have been injured, and tens of thousands of protesters have been imprisoned  According to the Syrian government, 9,815–10,146 people, including 3,430 members of the security forces, 2,805–3,140 insurgents and up to 3,600 civilians, have been killed in fighting with what they characterize as "armed terrorist groups " To escape the violence, tens of thousands of Syrian refugees have fled the country to neighboring Jordan, Iraq and  Lebanon, as well to Turkey  The total official UN numbers of Syrian refugees reached 42,000 at the time, while unofficial number stood at as many as 130,000 
UNICEF reported that over 500 children have been killed, Another 400 children have been reportedly arrested and tortured in Syrian prisons  Both claims have been contested by the Syrian government  Additionally, over 600 detainees and political prisoners have died under torture  Human Rights Watch accused the government and Shabiha of using civilians as human shields when they advanced on opposition held-areas  Anti-government rebels have been accused of human rights abuses as well, including torture, kidnapping, unlawful detention and execution of civilians, Shabiha and soldiers  HRW also expressed concern at the kidnapping of Iranian nationals  The UN Commission of Inquiry has also documented abuses of this nature in its February 2012 report, which also includes documentation that indicates rebel forces have been responsible for displacement of civilians The Arab League, US, EU states, GCC states, and other countries have condemned the use of violence against the protesters  China and Russia have avoided condemning the government or applying sanctions, saying that such methods could escalate into foreign intervention  However, military intervention has been ruled out by most countries  The Arab League suspended Syria's membership over the government's response to the crisis, but sent an observer mission in December 2011, as part of its proposal for peaceful resolution of the crisis  The latest attempts to resolve the crisis has been made through the appointment of Kofi Annan, as a special envoy to resolve the Syrian crisis in the Middle East  Some analysts however have posited the partitioning the region into a Sunnite east, Kurdish north and Shiite/Alawite west 

See also
Politics of Syria
Foreign relations of Syria
Passage 4:
Ganzhou Uyghur Kingdom
The Ganzhou Uyghur Kingdom (traditional Chinese: 甘州回鶻; simplified Chinese: 甘州回鹘; pinyin: Gānzhōu Huíhú), also referred to as the Hexi Uyghurs, was established in 894 around Ganzhou in modern Zhangye  The kingdom lasted from 894 to 1036; during that time, many of Ganzhou's residents converted to Buddhism The Hexi Corridor, located within modern Gansu, was traditionally a Chinese inroad into Central Asia  From the 9th to 11th centuries this area was shared between the Ganzhou Uyghurs and the Guiyi Circuit  By the early 11th century both the Uyghurs and Guiyi Circuit were conquered by the Tangut people of the Western Xia dynasty The Ganzhou Uyghur rulers were descended from the House of Yaglakar 

History
There was a pre-existing community of Uyghurs at Ganzhou by 840 at the very latest In 874, remnant forces of the Tibetan Empire known as the Wenmo, Han Chinese slave soldiers under the Tibetan Empire, in Ganzhou drove out the Uyghurs Around the years 881 and 882, Ganzhou slipped from the control of the Guiyi Circuit 
In 894 the Uyghurs led by Pangteqin (Huaijian Khagan) established the Ganzhou Uyghur Kingdom in Ganzhou In 902 the Ganzhou Uyghurs sent military aid to Emperor Zhaozong of Tang In 910 the Ganzhou Uyghurs attacked the Kingdom of Jinshan (Guiyi) 
In 911 the Ganzhou Uyghurs attacked the Kingdom of Jinshan and forced them into an alliance as a lesser partner In 916 a Ganzhou Uyghur princess was married to Cao Yijin, governor of the Guiyi Circuit 
In 920 Huaijian Khagan became sickly 
In 924 Huaijian Khagan died and his sons Diyin and Renmei fought over the throne with Diyin coming out on top  They received a royal appointment from the Later Tang dynasty  The Khitans of the Liao dynasty offered to let the Ganzhou Uyghurs return to their former homeland on the Orkhon but they refused the offer In 925 Cao Yijin led an attack on the Ganzhou Uyghurs and defeated them 
In 926 Diyin died and Aduoyu succeeded him as Shunhua Khagan  Shunhua Khagan married Cao Yijin's daughter 
In 930 Cao Yijin visited the Ganzhou Uyghur court in Ganzhou 
In 933 Shunhua Khagan died and Jingqiong succeeded him 
In 961 the Ganzhou Uyghurs accepted the Song dynasty as suzerains In 975 Jingqiong died and Yeluohe Mili'e succeeded him 
In 983 Jingqiong died and Lusheng succeeded him 
In 1003 Lusheng died and Zhongshun Baode Khagan succeeded him  The Tanguts attacked the Ganzhou Uyghurs but were defeated In 1008 the Ganzhou Uyghurs and Tanguts engaged in combat and the Uyghurs emerged victorious  The Liao dynasty attacked the Ganzhou Uyghurs and defeated them In 1009 the Ganzhou Uyghurs captured Liangzhou 
In 1010 the Liao dynasty attacked the Ganzhou Uyghurs and defeated them In 1016 Zhongshun Baode Khagan died and Huaining Shunhua Khagan succeeded him 
In 1023 Huaining Shunhua Khagan died and Guizhong Baoshun Khagan succeeded him 
In 1026 the Ganzhou Uyghurs were defeated in battle by the Liao dynasty In 1028 the Ganhzhou Uyghurs were defeated by the Tanguts  Guizhong Baoshun Khagan died and Baoguo Khagan succeeded him 
In 1036 the Ganzhou Uyghur Kingdom was annexed by the Tanguts  After the destruction of their realm, the Ganzhou Uyghurs migrated and settled in Dunhuang (Shazhou) and Guazhou  The Guazhou Uyghurs surrendered to the Tanguts in 1030 and Shazhou surrendered in 1036  A record of a Huolasan Khan ruling in Shazhou in 1127 shows that the Uyghurs there retained some amount of autonomy in Western Xia  Another group that settled between Dunhuang and the Qaidam Basin came to be known as the Yellow Head Uyghurs  They practiced Buddhism and lived as pastoral nomads  In the 13th century they were called the Sali Uyghurs  Their descendants are today known as the Yugurs 

Religion
The Uyghurs of Ganzhou originally practiced Manichaeanism as their state religion but abandoned it for Buddhism at the end of the 10th century due to pressure from the Tanguts  Like the Tanguts, they sent Buddhist pilgrimages to Mount Wutai, but the real reason for the expeditions may have been to spy on the Liao dynasty  According to Hong Hao, a Song dynasty diplomat on his way to the Jurchen Jin dynasty, the Uyghurs of the Hexi Corridor still practiced Buddhism:

The Uighur believe mostly in Buddhism  They place the (Buddhist) sculptures in the hall  At each sacrifice, they must slaughter a lamb  Some drink alcohol merrily  Then they dip their finger into the blood of the lamb and dye the mouth of the Buddha with blood  Some hold the foot of the Buddha screaming, which was meant to show intimacy and respect for the Buddha  When chanting the Scripture, they wore Kasaya (the monk’s robe) and used the Indian language 

Modern era
The modern day descendants of the Ganzhou Uyghurs are known as the Yugur 

See also
Yugur
Turkic peoples
Timeline of the Turkic peoples (500–1300) 
Uyghur Khaganate
Qocho
Passage 5:
Omukama of Toro
The Omukama of Tooro is the name given to the king of Tooro, one of the East African kingdom of Tooro  The kingdom was founded in 1830 by Omukama Kaboyo Olimi l who was the son of Kyebambe lll Nyamutukura, the king of Bunyoro  Since that time, Tooro existed as an independent kingdom until 1967 when President Apollo Milton Obote banned all kingdoms in Uganda  The kingdoms were reinstated as cultural institutions in 1993 
The Omukama of Tooro and the other kings play a vital role in Ugandan politics as cultural leaders and agents of peace and stability in their respective kingdoms  Tooro and Bunyoro kingdoms enjoy a close relationship 

List of Abakama (Kings) of Tooro
The following is a list of the Abakama of Tooro, starting around 1800 AD:
Kaboyo Olimi I, (Kasunsu Nkwanzi) c  1830 - 1861
Kazaana Ruhaga l, c 1861- 1862
Nyaika Kasunga Kyebambe I, c  1862-1863 and c  1864 - 1874
Kato Rukidi I, 1863-64
Mukabirere Olimi II, c  1874 -1876
Mukarusa Kyebambe II, c  1876 - 1877
Isingoma Rukidi ll, c  1877
Rubuubi Kyebambe lll c  1878 and 1879
Kakende Nyamuyonjo c  1878 and 1881 - 1882
Katera Rujwenge, c 1878–1879 a period of Interregnum, 1880–1891; reverted to Bunyoro
Daudi Kasagama Kyebambe IV, 1891–1928
George David Kamurasi Rukidi III, 1929–1965
Patrick David Matthew Kaboyo Olimi III, 1966–1995 interrupted by the discontinuation by the Ugandan government, 1967–1993
Oyo Nyimba Kabamba Iguru Rukidi IV, 1995–present

See also
Omukama of Bunyoro
Kabaka of Buganda
Toro Kingdom
Passage 6:
Omukama of Bunyoro
Omukama wa Bunyoro  Translates to The King of Bunyoro is the title given to rulers of the East African kingdom of Bunyoro-Kitara   The kingdom lasted as an independent state from the 16th to the 19th century  The Omukama of Bunyoro remains an important figure in Ugandan politics, especially among the Banyoro people of whom he is the titular head  He is closely related to the Omukama of Toro Kingdom 
The Royal Palace, called Ekikaali Karuziika, (Karuziika Palace) is located in Hoima  The current Omukama is Rukirabasaija Solomon Iguru I Gafabusa Amooti and his wife is Omugo (the Queen) Margaret Karunga Adyeri  As a cultural head, the King is assisted by his Principal Private Secretary, a Cabinet of 21 Ministers and  Orukurato (a Parliament) 

Constitutional recognition
In 1962, the United Kingdom granted independence to Uganda  In February 1966, Prime Minister Milton Obote suspended the constitution and seized power, abolishing all of the traditional kingdoms—including Bunyoro—in 1967  The Omukama (King) of Bunyoro-Kitara Kingdom was reinstated by Statute No  8 of 1993, enacted by the Parliament of Uganda after the monarchy had been abolished for many years  Unlike the pre-1967 Omukama, who was both titular head and a political figure of the government of Bunyoro, the Omukama today is a cultural leader above partisan politics, although the king remains the titular head of the Bunyoro regional government Article 246 of the 1995 Ugandan constitution provides:

Etymology of Omukama
Omukama means ‘the milker’, as the leader of the kingdom provides his citizens with food and wealth  The word comes from Runyoro-Rutooro omu- (singular human-being class prefix) and -kama ‘to milk’, which ultimately comes from Proto-Bantu kám ‘squeeze, wring’ 
In modern Runyoro-Rutooro, however, dropping the initial vowel of this word (mukama ‘boss, sir’) changes its meaning considerably 

History of the Omukama of Bunyoro-Kitara dynasties
Babiito dynasty
The Bachwezi dynasty was followed by the Babiito dynasty of the current Omukama of Bunyoro-Kitara  Any attempt to pinpoint the dates of this, or any other dynasty before it, is pure conjecture; as there were no written records at the time  Modern day historians place the beginning of the Babiito dynasty at around the time of the invasion of Bunyoro by the Luo from the North  The first mubiito (singular) king was Isingoma Mpuga Rukidi I, whose reign is placed around the 14th century  To date, there have been a total of 27 Babiito kings of Bunyoro-Kitara 
Source: The official Bunyoro-Kitara Kingdom website

List of Omukamas of the Babiito dynasty
Rukidi of Bunyoro, late fifteenth century
Ocaki of Bunyoro, late fifteenth/early sixteenth century
Oyo Nyiba of Bunyoro, early sixteenth century
Winyi I of Bunyoro, early sixteenth century
Olimi I of Bunyoro, mid sixteenth century
Nyabongo of Bunyoro, mid sixteenth century
Winyi II of Bunyoro, late sixteenth century/early seventeenth century
Olimi II of Bunyoro, mid seventeenth century
Nyarwa of Bunyoro, mid seventeenth century
Cwamali of Bunyoro, mid seventeenth century
Masamba of Bunyoro, late seventeenth century
Anabwani I of Bunyoro, late seventeenth century
Kyebambe I of Bunyoro, late seventeenth century
Winyi III of Bunyoro, early eighteenth century
Nyaika of Bunyoro, early eighteenth century
Kyebambe II of Bunyoro, early eighteenth century
Olimi III of Bunyoro, c  1710–1731
Duhaga of Bunyoro, 1731–c  1782
Olimi IV of Bunyoro, c  1782–1786
Nyamutukura Kyebambe III of Bunyoro, 1786–1835
Nyabongo II of Bunyoro, 1835–1848
Olimi V of Bunyoro, 1848–1852
Kyebambe IV of Bunyoro, 1852–1869
Kabalega of Bunyoro, 1869–1898
Kitahimbwa of Bunyoro, 1898–1902
Duhaga II of Bunyoro, 1902–1924
Winyi IV of Bunyoro, 1925–1967
Monarchy discontinued by the Ugandan government, 1967–1994
Solomon Iguru I, 1994–present
Passage 7:
Syrian National Congress
The Syrian National Congress, also called the Pan-Syrian Congress and General Syrian Congress (GSC), was convened in May 1919 in Damascus, Syria, after the expulsion of the Ottomans from Syria  The mission of the Congress was to consider the future of "Syria", by which was meant Greater Syria: present-day Syria, Lebanon, Israel, Palestine, and Jordan  The Congress also intended to present Arab views to the American King-Crane Commission of inquiry  The Congress was considered the first national parliament in the modern history of Syria 
The Congress was attended by representatives from all parts of Greater Syria, including Lebanon and Palestine, and was headed by Hashim al-Atassi  Some participants showed support for King Faisal's demands, while others were beginning to question his willingness to make concessions to pro-Zionist groups  In its final report it pleaded that "there be no separation of the southern part of Syria, known as Palestine, nor of the littoral western zone, which includes Lebanon, from the Syrian country " The King-Crane Commission recommended "the unity of Syria be preserved" in response The  Congress declared an independent Arab Kingdom of Syria on March 8, 1920, proclaiming:
The full and absolute independence of our country Syria, including Palestine, within her natural boundaries, based on a civil, representative form of government, protection of the rights of minorities, and rejection of the claims of the Zionists to Palestine as a national homeland or place of immigration for the Jews 
The new state intended to included Syria, Palestine, Lebanon and portions of northern Mesopotamia  King Faisal was declared the head of state  At the same time Prince Zeid, Faisal's brother, was declared regent of Mesopotamia  Hashim al-Atassi was named Prime Minister and Yusuf al-'Azma became Minister of War and Chief of Staff 
The Congress continued during the short-lived life of the Kingdom until July 17, 1920, when the French gave Faisal an ultimatum to surrender or fight, and Faisal surrendered, bringing to an end the Kingdom and dissolving its institutions 

Gallery
See also
Elizabeth F  Thompson (2020)  How the west stole democracy from the Arabs: The Syrian Arab Congress of 1920 and the Destruction of its Historic Liberal-Islamic Alliance  Grove Atlantic  ISBN 978-0-8021-4820-9  OL 29824859M  Wikidata Q108862853 
Passage 8:
Herodian dynasty
The Herodian dynasty was a royal dynasty of Idumaean (Edomite) descent, ruling the Herodian Kingdom of Judea and later the Herodian Tetrarchy as a vassal state of the Roman Empire  The Herodian dynasty began with Herod the Great, who assumed the throne of Judea, with Roman support, bringing down the century-old Hasmonean Kingdom  His kingdom lasted until his death in 4 BCE, when it was divided among his sons as a tetrarchy, which lasted for about 10 years  Most of those tetrarchies, including Judea proper, were incorporated into Judaea Province from 6 CE, though limited Herodian de facto kingship continued until Agrippa I's death in 44 CE and nominal title of kingship continued until 92 CE, when the last Herodian monarch, Agrippa II, died and Rome assumed full power over his de jure domain 

History
Origin
During the time of the Hasmonean ruler John Hyrcanus (134–104 BCE), Judea conquered Edom (Idumea) and forced the Edomites to convert to Judaism The Edomites were gradually integrated into the Judean nation, and some of them reached high-ranking positions  In the days of Alexander Jannaeus, the Edomite Antipas was appointed governor of Edom  His son Antipater, father of Herod the Great, was the chief adviser to Hasmonean Hyrcanus II and managed to establish a good relationship with the Roman Republic, who at that time (63 BCE) extended their influence over the region, following conquest of Syria and intervention in a civil war in Judea 
There are differing genealogies for the dynasty, depending on the source  According to Sextus Julius Africanus, Antipater's father was named Herod, and Epiphanius of Salamis writes that this Herod's father was named Antipas  It is Josephus who states that Antipas fathered Antipater, without further delineating his ancestry  This model is usually accepted by scholars 
Julius Caesar appointed Antipater to be procurator of Judea in 47 BCE and he appointed his sons Phasael and Herod to be governors of Jerusalem and Galilee respectively  Antipater was murdered in 43 BCE; however, his sons managed to hold the reins of power and were elevated to the rank of tetrarchs in 41 BCE by Mark Antony 

Rise to power
In 40 BCE, the Parthians invaded the eastern Roman provinces and managed to drive the Romans out of many areas  In Judea, the Hasmonean dynasty was restored under king Antigonus II Mattathias as a pro-Parthian monarch  Herod the Great, the son of Antipater the Idumaean and Cypros (possibly of Nabataean descent), managed to escape to Rome  After convincing the Roman Senate of his sincere intentions in favor of Romans he eventually was announced as king of the Jews by the Roman Senate Despite his announcement as king of the whole of Judea, Herod did not fully conquer it until 37 BCE  He subsequently ruled the Herodian kingdom as a vassal king for 34 years, crushing the opposition while also initiating huge building projects, including the harbor at Caesarea Maritima, the plaza surrounded by retaining walls at the Temple Mount, the Masada and the Herodium, among other fortresses and public works  Herod ruled Judea until 4 BCE; at his death, his kingdom was divided among his three sons as a tetrarchy 

Tetrarchies
Herod Archelaus, son of Herod and Malthace the Samaritan, was given the title of ethnarch and ruled over the main part of the kingdom: Judea proper, Idumea, and Samaria  He ruled for ten years until 6 CE, when he was "banished to Vienna in Gaul, where according to Cassius Dio, "Hist  Roma," lv  27—he lived for the remainder of his days " See also Census of Quirinius 
Philip, sometimes erroneously called Herod Philip II, was the son of Herod and his fifth wife Cleopatra of Jerusalem  He was given the title of tetrarch with jurisdiction over the northeast part of his father's kingdom: Iturea, Trachonitis, Batanaea, Gaulanitis, Auranitis, and Paneas  He ruled until his death in 34 CE 
Herod Antipas, another son of Herod and Malthace, was made a tetrarch of Galilee and Perea; he ruled there until he was exiled to Spain by emperor Caligula in 39 CE, according to Josephus  Herod Antipas is the person referenced in the Christian New Testament Gospels, playing a role in the death of John the Baptist and the trial of Jesus  The Gospel of Luke states that Jesus was first brought before Pontius Pilate for trial, since Pilate was the governor of Roman Judea, which encompassed Jerusalem where Jesus was arrested  Pilate initially handed him over to Antipas, in whose territory Jesus had been most active, but Antipas sent him back to Pilate's court 

Last rulers
Herod Agrippa was the grandson of Herod  Thanks to his friendship with Caligula, the emperor appointed him ruler with the title of king over the territories of Philip in 37 CE, which were after Philip's death in 34 CE shortly part of the Roman province of Syria, and in 40 CE he was given the territories of Herod Antipas  In 41 CE, Emperor Claudius added to his territory the parts of Judea province that previously belonged to Herod Archelaus  Thus Agrippa I practically re-united his grandfather's kingdom under his rule  Agrippa died in 44 CE 
Agrippa's son Herod Agrippa II was appointed a tetrarch of Chalcis and later king of the territories previously ruled by Philip  He actively participated in the quelling of the Great Revolt of Judea on the Roman side  Agrippa II was the last of the Herodians; with his death in c  92 or 100 CE the dynasty was extinct, and the kingdom became fully incorporated into the Roman province of Judaea 
In addition, Herod of Chalcis ruled as king of Chalcis, and his son, Aristobulus of Chalcis, was tetrarch of Chalcis and king of Armenia Minor 

List of Herodian rulers (47 BCE – 100 CE)
Antipater the Idumaean (Procurator of Judaea) 47–44 BCE
Herod the Great
Governor of Galilee 47–44 BCE
Tetrarch of Galilee 44–40 BCE
Elected king of all Judaea by the Roman Senate 40 BCE, reigned 37–4 BCE
Phasael (Governor of Jerusalem) 47–40 BCE
Pheroras (Governor of Perea) 20–5 BCE
Herod Archelaus (Ethnarch of Judaea) 4 BCE – 6 CE
Herod Antipas (Tetrarch of Galilee) 4 BCE – 39 CE
Philip the Tetrarch (Tetrarch of Batanaea) 4 BCE – 34 CE
Salome I (Tetrach of Jabneh) 4 BCE – 10 CE
Tigranes V of Armenia (King of Armenia) 6–12 CE
Herod Agrippa
King of Batanaea 37–41 CE
King of Galilee 40–41 CE
King of all Judaea 41–44 CE, previously Judaea (Roman province), given to him by Claudius, and reinstated as a province after his death 
Herod of Chalcis (King of Chalcis) 41–48 CE
Herod Agrippa II
Tetrarch of Chalcis 48–53 CE
King of Batanaea 53–100 CE
Aristobulus of Chalcis
King of Armenia Minor 55–72 CE
Tetrarch of Chalcis 57–92 CE
Tigranes VI of Armenia (King of Armenia) 58–61 CE
Gaius Julius Alexander (King of Cetis) 58–72 CE

Herodian dynasty in later culture
Literature
Novels
Hordos u-Miryam (1935), a Hebrew novel by Aaron Orinowsky
Mariamne (1967), a Swedish novel by Pär Lagerkvist
Claudius the God (1934), an English novel by Robert Graves, features Herod Agrippa I as an important character

Plays
Herod appears in some cycles of the Mystery Plays, played as an over the top villain   Such portrayals were still in folk memory in William Shakespeare's time, for Hamlet instructs the players not to "out-Herod Herod" (Act 3, Scene 2) 
Marianna (1565), an Italian drama by Lodovico Dolce
Mariam, the Faire Queene of Jewry (1613) an English drama by Elizabeth Tanfield Cary
Herod and Antipater, with the Death of Faire Mariam (1622), an English drama by Gervase Markham and William Sampson
Mariamne (1636), a French drama by François Tristan l'Hermite
La mort des enfants d’Hérode; ou, Suite de Mariamne (1639), a French drama by Gathier de Costes de la Calprenède
Herod and Mariamne (1673), an English drama by Samuel Pordage
La Mariamne (1696), an Italian opera by Giovanni Maria Ruggeri (mus ) and Lorenzo Burlini (libr )
Mariamne (1723), a French drama by Elijah Fenton
Herod features in two 18th century French plays on Mariamne, by Nadal and Voltaire 
Herodes und Mariamne (1850), a German drama by Christian Friedrich Hebbel
Myriam ha-Hashmonayith (1891), a Yiddish drama by Moses Seiffert
Tsar Irod I tsaritsa Mariamna (1893), a Russian drama by Dmitri Alexandrov
Herod and Mariamne (1938), an English drama by Clemence Dane

Poetry
Herod and Mariamne (1888), an English poem by Amelie Rives
Mariamne (1911), an English poem by Thomas Sturge Moore

Movies
The King of Kings (1927) by Cecil B  DeMille
Salome (1953) by William Dieterie
King of Kings (1961) by Nicholas Ray
The Greatest Story Ever Told (1965) by George Stevens, David Lean, Jean Nugelesco
Herod the Great (1959) (Italy) by Victor Tourjansky

Figurative arts
Painting
Mariamne Leaving the Judgment Seat of Herod (1887), a painting by John William Waterhouse

Performing arts
Music
Herod’s Lament for Mariamne (1815), an English song by Isaac Nathan (mus ) and George Byron (libr )
Herodes und Mariamne (1922), incidental music by Karol Rathaus
Lied der Mariamne (ohne Worte) (1927), incidental music by Mikhail Gnesin

Ballet
La Marianna (1785), an Italian ballet by Giuseppe Banti (chor )

Opera
Marianne (1796), opera in French with music by Nicolas Dalayrac and a libretto of Benoît-Joseph Marsollier
Hérodiade (1881), opera in French by Jules Massenet after Gustave Flaubert's play Hérodias (1877)
Salome (1905), opera in German by Richard Strauss after Oscar Wilde's play's Salome

Family tree of the Herodian dynasty
See also
Hasmonean dynasty
History of ancient Israel and Judah#Roman occupation
Herod's Temple
Herodian coinage
Herodian kingdom
Kings of Israel and Judah
Kings of Judah
List of High Priests of Israel
Promagistrate
Siege of Jerusalem (37 BC)
Context 2: Passage 1:
Chad Plummer
Chad J  Plummer (born November 30, 1975) is a former American and Canadian football wide receiver in the National Football League (NFL) and Canadian Football League (CFL)  He was drafted by the Denver Broncos in the sixth round of the 1999 NFL Draft  He also played for the Indianapolis Colts, Toronto Argonauts, Winnipeg Blue Bombers and Hamilton Tiger-Cats  He played college football at Cincinnati as a quarterback and wide receiver  He was the MVP of the 1997 Humanitarian Bowl 
Passage 2:
Mike Eben
Michael Eben (born January 29, 1946) is a former wide receiver who played ten seasons in the Canadian Football League, mainly for the Toronto Argonauts  Eben also played for the Hamilton Tiger-Cats, Ottawa Rough Riders and Edmonton Eskimos  Eben was initially drafted by the BC Lions in 1968 as the first overall draft pick in the CFL draft  Eben played college football at the University of Toronto and won the Hec Crighton Trophy in 1967 as the most outstanding Canadian university player  While playing professional football he earned his doctorate in German literature from the University of Toronto 
He taught at Upper Canada College for 22 years  Eben taught French at Sterling Hall School, an independent school in Toronto, Canada following his retirement from UCC  He now consults at various schools in the Toronto area  Married with two children, Eben has been doing voice over work and narration for radio and television for more than fifteen years  He has done numerous commercials, sports promotions and recently was a German translator on the 10 part series "The Greatest Tank Battles" featured on The History Channel 

External links
MIKE EBEN (1968-69, 71-77)
Passage 3:
Arland Bruce III
Arland Richard Bruce III (born November 23, 1977) is a former Canadian football wide receiver  He is a two-time Grey Cup champion, having won in 2004 with the Toronto Argonauts and in 2011 with the Lions  He has played 10 seasons in the CFL with the Winnipeg Blue Bombers, Toronto Argonauts, Hamilton Tiger-Cats and BC Lions  During the 2011 season, he became the 14th CFL receiver to record over 10,000 yards receiving in a career 

High school career
Bruce attended Olathe North High School in Olathe, Kansas, and was a letterman in football  As a senior, he was a BlueChip Illustrated Top-100 pick, the Kansas State Player of the Year, and finished the year with 1,696 rushing yards   Bruce finished his high school career with more than 3,000 rushing yards and 50 touchdowns 

Junior college career
Bruce then attended Hutchinson Community College in Hutchinson, Kansas  As a freshman, he was named a First-team All-American selection and rushed for over 1,000 yards  During his sophomore season, he ran for 997 yards and 10 touchdowns and was named a Second-team All-American selection 

NCAA Division I-A career
Bruce played college football for the University of Minnesota   As a senior, he helped lead his team to an 8–3 record and a Sun Bowl berth 

Professional career
Kansas City Chiefs
On April 19, 2000, Bruce was signed by the Kansas City Chiefs only to be cut by the team later on 

Winnipeg Blue Bombers
On May 1, 2001, Bruce joined the CFL's Winnipeg Blue Bombers where he got his first opportunity as a professional to receive significant playing time, playing in all 18 regular season games   In his rookie season, Bruce had 818 receiving yards with 7 touchdowns   His team went on to play in the Grey Cup championship, only to lose to the Calgary Stampeders 
In 2002, Bruce surpassed the 1000 yard receiving mark by amassing 1062 receiving yards with 12 touchdowns in 17 games 

San Francisco 49ers
In 2003, Bruce returned to the U S  to try his luck once more with the NFL   On March 3 of that year, he signed with the San Francisco 49ers where he spent much of his playing time on special teams 

Toronto Argonauts
In 2004, after being released by the 49ers following their training camp, Bruce returned to the CFL with the Toronto Argonauts, signing with them on September 3, more than halfway through the CFL season and just shortly before their Labour Day Classic game against the Hamilton Tiger-Cats in which he played   For the remaining seven games in the regular season, Bruce had 247 receiving yards with just one touchdown   In addition to playing receiver, Bruce also served as one of two kick returners on the team alongside incumbent Bashir Levingston   In that role, Bruce returned two kick returns for touchdowns that season   In the East Division final, Bruce led all receivers with 12 receptions for 101 yards, and returned a kickoff 97 yards for a touchdown in the first quarter, helping the Argonauts advance to the Grey Cup championship that year   In the big game, the kick returning threat of both Bruce & Levingston induced the opposing BC Lions to punt the ball out of bounds for much of the game to neutralize the threat   In addition, Bruce was once again a go to receiver amassing 79 yards on 5 receptions   Bruce and the Argos went on to win the Grey Cup 

In 2005, Bruce established himself as the Argonauts top receiver with 1205 receiving yards and 11 touchdowns   In that same year, Bruce was named an East division all-star marking the first time in his CFL career he had ever been named to an all-star team 
In 2008, after acquiring a touchdown against the Hamilton Tiger-Cats, Bruce was fined an undisclosed amount by the CFL for donning a Spider-Man mask during his touchdown celebration In 2009, he received two objectionable conduct penalties and an undisclosed fine from the CFL for a touchdown celebration against the Tiger-Cats on July 1, in which he removed his helmet, jersey, and shoulder pads, and laid down in the end zone in what he said was a tribute to the recently deceased pop star, Michael Jackson  The Argonauts publicly supported the fine and disciplined Bruce additionally and he apologized to teammates at a team meeting the following day  Head coach Bart Andrus took some responsibility on himself, however, noting that, "I made the mistake of telling him in camp that once he got to the end zone I didn't care what he did but he's straight with it now and I think next time around he will celebrate in an appropriate manner "

Hamilton Tiger-Cats
On July 29, 2009, Bruce was traded to the Hamilton Tiger-Cats in exchange for the rights to Corey Mace, a third round pick in the 2010 CFL Draft, and a conditional third round pick in the 2011 CFL Draft a week after a dispute with coach Andrus became public and Bruce was left home for the Week 4 game in Winnipeg In July 2011, Bruce declared his intention to change his name to "Runako Reth" 

BC Lions
On August 3, 2011, Bruce was traded to the BC Lions in exchange for a third-round draft pick in the 2012 CFL Draft and an additional conditional draft pick in the 2013 CFL Draft  Bruce had a productive season with the Lions, recording 49 catches for 755 yards and eight touchdowns in 12 games  In the 99th Grey Cup game against the Winnipeg Blue Bombers, he had 73 yards receiving and a touchdown and won his second championship  During the following off-season, he signed a contract extension with the Lions  On January 18, 2013, Bruce was released by the BC Lions 

Montreal Alouettes
On January 21, 2013, Bruce signed with the Montreal Alouettes of the Canadian Football League  Arland Bruce had a respectable 2013 season with the Alouettes  He contributed 64 pass receptions, his most since 2010, for 851 yards with 5 touchdowns  In February 2014, Bruce was fined an undisclosed amount by the CFL following his Instagram post in which he told openly gay NFL prospect Michael Sam to, "get on his knees and submit to God fully"  Bruce was released by the Alouettes in late February  Bruce's high salary along with the belief that new head coach Tom Higgins would start two Canadian wide receivers were cited as the reasons for his dismissal 

Statistics
Personal life
His parents are Yolanda Bruce and Arland Richard Bruce Jr  Bruce was married to Linda Bruce, their children include three sons named Arland Bruce IV, Aiden Bruce, and Akobi Bruce  He has two sisters Denise (Kansas) and Kama (California) and one brother Bryson (North Carolina)  Bruce is the cousin of former NFL wide receiver Isaac Bruce 
Passage 4:
Oklahoma Sooners football
The Oklahoma Sooners football program is a college football team that represents the University of Oklahoma (variously "Oklahoma" or "OU")  The team is a member of the Big 12 Conference, which is in Division I Football Bowl Subdivision (formerly Division I-A) of the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA)  The program began in 1895 and is one of the most successful in history, having won 934 games and possessing a  725 winning percentage, both sixth all time  As of the end of the 2022 season, Oklahoma has appeared in the AP poll 882 times, including 101 No  1 rankings, both third all time 
The program claims seven national championships, 50 conference championships, 167 first-team All-Americans (82 consensus), and seven Heisman Trophy winners  In addition, the school has had 29 former players and coaches inducted into the College Football Hall of Fame and holds the record for the longest winning streak in Division I history with 47 straight victories  Oklahoma is also the only program with which four coaches have won more than 100 games each The Sooners play their home games at Gaylord Family Oklahoma Memorial Stadium in Norman, Oklahoma  Brent Venables is the head coach and has served since 2022 
On July 26, 2021, while showing interest in joining the Southeastern Conference (SEC), the University of Oklahoma and the University of Texas sent a joint letter of intent to the Big 12 Conference stating that they do not intend to extend their media rights contracts with the conference, which are set to expire after the 2024 season  In February 2023, the Big 12 announced that the schools had negotiated a combined $100 million early termination fee in order to leave for the SEC in 2024, prior to the expiration of the media rights deals and a year earlier than initially intended 

History
Early history (1895–1904)
The first football game in the university's history was played on December 14, 1895, 12 years before Oklahoma became a state  The team was organized by John A  Harts, a student from Winfield, Kansas who had played the game in his home state  Oklahoma was shut out 34–0 by a more experienced team from the Oklahoma City High School in what was the Sooners' only game that season  Oklahoma failed to record a first down throughout the entire game, which was played on a field of low prairie grass just Northwest of the current site of Holmberg Hall  Several members of the Oklahoma team were injured, including Harts; by the end of the game, the Oklahoma team was borrowing members from the opposing squad so they would have a full lineup  After that year, Harts left Oklahoma to become a gold prospector 

After playing two games without a coach in 1896, a professor named Vernon Louis Parrington became head coach in 1897  Parrington had played football at Harvard and was more exposed to the game, having come from the East Coast  In his four years as head coach, Parrington's teams recorded nine wins, two losses, and one tie  After the 1900 season, football began interfering with Parrington's teaching, and he stepped down as head coach  He would go on to win the Pulitzer Prize for History in 1928 at the University of Washington The Sooners had three more coaches over the next four seasons, beginning with Fred Roberts, who led the Sooners to a 3–2 record in 1901  Mark McMahon followed, finishing 11–7–3 in his two years as coach in 1902 and 1903  Fred Ewing followed McMahon, achieving a 4–3–1 record in 1904  The 1904 season marked the first game between Oklahoma and in-state rival Oklahoma A&M  The game was played on November 6 at Mineral Wells Park in Guthrie, Oklahoma, with Oklahoma winning 75–0  The game was the first football matchup in the Bedlam Series, the athletic rivalry between the University of Oklahoma and Oklahoma State University 

Bennie Owen era (1905–1926)
After a decade of football, the program acquired its first long-term head coach in Bennie Owen, a former quarterback of the undefeated 1899 Kansas Jayhawks team led by coach Fielding H  Yost  Owen had previously coached under Yost at Michigan, and his Bethany College teams had defeated Oklahoma in 1903 and 1904 

Owen's first two years at Oklahoma were spent between Norman and Arkansas City since Oklahoma lacked a large enough budget to employ him all year  As a result of these budgetary limitations, Owen would occasionally schedule up to three road games in a single short trip, exhausting his players in the process  However, even early in his tenure, Owen's teams found success  In 1905, Oklahoma won its first victory over rival Texas, winning the eighth meeting between the two schools by a 2–0 margin  In 1908, the Sooners went 8–1–1, losing only to the undefeated Kansas Jayhawks  Owen's 1908 team relied on hand-offs to large runners, as the forward pass was just becoming common  In contrast, his 1911 team had several small and fast players that the quarterback would pass to directly  That team finished 8–0 Oklahoma had undefeated seasons in 1915 and 1918  In 1920, the Sooners moved to the Missouri Valley Intercollegiate Athletic Association after three seasons in the Southwest Conference, of which it was a founding member  In the new conference, they went 6–0–1, tying only Kansas State  Owen retired after the 1926 season  During his 22-year career at Oklahoma, he went 122–54–16 ( 677), won three conference championships, and achieved four undefeated seasons  In 1951, the inaugural year of the College Football Hall of Fame, he became Oklahoma's first inductee 

Between Owen and Wilkinson (1927–1946)
In 1927, Adrian Lindsey became Oklahoma's first new head coach in over two decades  Like Owen, Lindsey had played football at Kansas and been the head coach at Bethany College prior to his arrival in Norman  However, he was unable to achieve Owen's success, resigning quietly after a five-year tenure  The Sooners achieved a notable win in 1930, defeating Nebraska 20–7 in the Cornhuskers' worst in-conference loss in two decades  Despite this achievement, Lindsey finished an inconsistent stint in Norman with a 19–19–6 record Following Lindsey's resignation, Owen, who had remained Oklahoma's athletic director after his retirement from coaching, hired Vanderbilt backfield coach Lewie Hardage as head coach  Upon his hire, Hardage emphasized speed by fabricating new lighter uniforms and trimming the grass on Owen Field  However, in three seasons he failed to produce a successful team  His final record at Oklahoma was 11–12–4, making him the first coach in program history with a losing record aside from John A  Harts, who only coached a single game 

Although the next head coach, Lawrence "Biff" Jones, went an unspectacular 9–6–3 across two seasons, his impact on the athletic department's administration and finances was significant  Jones was inducted into the College Football Hall of Fame in 1954 following a career that also included coaching stints at Army, LSU, and Nebraska  After his departure from Norman, assistant coach Tom Stidham became head coach  In 1938, Stidham led the team to a 10–1 record, a fourth-place finish in the final AP poll, and the first bowl game in school history, a 17–0 Orange Bowl loss to undefeated Tennessee  Although Stidham's other teams would not be as successful, he left Oklahoma after four seasons with a  750 winning percentage, the highest of any coach since Vernon Louis Parrington ( 792) Stidham left for Marquette in 1941, and assistant coach Dewey "Snorter" Luster succeeded him  After Luster's first season, a 6–3 campaign, with the United States having entered World War II, many players left the team to join the military  The Sooners regressed to a 3–5–2 record in 1942 but rebounded to finish 7–2 in 1943 and 6–3–1 in 1944  Luster stepped down after the 1945 season due to ill health  He attained a 27–18–3 record in five seasons at Oklahoma, and his teams never finished below second place in the Big Six  However, despite two conference championships, the Sooners were not invited to a bowl game during Luster's tenure After Luster's resignation, several candidates were interviewed for the head coaching job, among them North Carolina native Jim Tatum  Tatum was joined at his interview by his assistant, Bud Wilkinson, with whom athletic director Lawrence Haskell was more impressed  However, it was decided that usurping Tatum and giving the job to Wilkinson would be unethical  Tatum was hired as head coach, with Wilkinson joining the staff as an assistant, over several other coaches, including Bear Bryant  The 1946 season saw the Sooners finish 8–3, including a 73–12 Bedlam Series win and a victory over NC State in the Gator Bowl  Tatum left Oklahoma after one season to accept the head coach position at Maryland 

Bud Wilkinson era (1947–1963)
Following Tatum's departure, Bud Wilkinson was promoted to head coach 
In his first season, the Sooners went 7–2–1 and shared the conference title with Kansas for the second year in a row  Over the next two years, Oklahoma lost only a single game and went undefeated in conference play, winning two straight Sugar Bowls  In 1949, despite going undefeated and winning the Sugar Bowl, the Sooners were not awarded the national championship, which went to the Notre Dame Fighting Irish, though they did not play in a bowl game  At the time, however, most major championship selectors, including the AP and Coaches Polls, did not consider bowl game results when deciding their champion In 1950, Wilkinson guided the Sooners to their first national championship, though they lost the Sugar Bowl to Bear Bryant's Kentucky team  That loss was the Sooners' first since a season-opening defeat to Santa Clara in 1948, 31 games earlier  The team's success began to influence the culture of football at the university  "People talk a lot about the tradition of football at Oklahoma  The person who started that tradition was Bud Wilkinson," Oklahoma native and Hall of Fame wide receiver Steve Largent later said  In 1951, while seeking funding to improve the school, university president George Lynn Cross told the Oklahoma legislature that he "would like to build a university of which the football team would be proud "In 1952, Oklahoma had its first Heisman Trophy winner in halfback Billy Vessels, a local player from Cleveland, Oklahoma  Vessels became the first thousand-yard rusher to win the Heisman and scored 18 touchdowns for the Sooners, who finished 8–1–1, their only loss coming on the road to Notre Dame  The 1953 team would open the season with a loss to the Fighting Irish and a tie with Pitt 

47-game winning streak
The Sooners went undefeated for the remainder of the 1953 season, culminating in an Orange Bowl victory over national champions Maryland, coached by Jim Tatum  They went 10–0 in 1954 and 11–0 in 1955, concluding the latter season with another Orange Bowl win over Tatum and Maryland  The Sooners won the national championship in 1955 and repeated the feat in 1956, when they went 10–0, including a 40–0 rout of Notre Dame that marked the 35th win in the streak At the start of the 1957 season, with the streak standing at 40 games, speculation arose that the team was not as good as it had been in previous years, having lost 18 lettermen from 1956  Wilkinson commented that "this year we'll have to work faster and organize better than ever before " The Sooners won their first seven games that year, but fell to Notre Dame on November 16, suffering their first defeat in more than three years The record of 47 consecutive wins has never been seriously threatened; since it ended, no FBS school has achieved a streak longer than 35 wins  During the streak, the Sooners outscored their opponents 1620–269 and recorded 23 shutouts  In addition to their back-to-back national championships during the streak, the Sooners won 14 straight conference titles from 1946 to 1959, one under Jim Tatum and 13 under Wilkinson  Oklahoma went undefeated in conference play from November 23, 1946, to October 31, 1959; their record was only blemished by two ties 

Dominance and decline
Wilkinson's best teams came during the first 11 years of his tenure  In that time, he recorded winning streaks of 31 and 47 games and went 114–10–3 for a  909 winning percentage  After a pair of one-loss seasons in 1957 and 1958, the Sooners fell to 7–3 in 1959, then 3–6–1 in 1960  Oklahoma would finish that season unranked, the first time that they had done so under Wilkinson  They finished unranked in 1961 as well, and although they rebounded to secure a conference championship in 1962, the Sooners were unable to replicate the success of the previous decade  Wilkinson retired from coaching after the 1963 season, finishing with a record of 145–29–4, 14 conference titles, and 123 straight games without being shut out  He was elected to the College Football Hall of Fame in 1969 

Prentice Gautt
During Wilkinson's tenure, Prentice Gautt became the first black football player at the University of Oklahoma  Gautt had been a superior student in high school, where during his junior and senior years he had helped his team amass a 31-game winning streak  He was also the first black player to participate in the Oklahoma state all-star game  Some members of Gautt's team did not want to play with him; one player even left Oklahoma because he refused to play with an African American  However, most of the team had his support  After a freshman game in Tulsa, when Gautt was refused service at a restaurant, his teammates left and found a restaurant that would serve him  Gautt was twice named to the All-Conference team and scored a touchdown in the 1959 Orange Bowl 

Jones, Mackenzie, and Fairbanks (1964–1972)
Following Wilkinson's retirement, his assistant coach, Gomer Jones, was promoted to head coach, a move supported by Wilkinson  His first year was a sharp contrast from Wilkinson's early years; the Sooners went 6–4–1  Less than a month before the team's Gator Bowl loss to Florida State, it was discovered that four starters had signed professional football contracts before their college eligibility had expired, and they were dismissed from the team Following a 3–7 season in his second year as head coach, Oklahoma's worst record since its inaugural season in 1895, Jones was replaced by Arkansas assistant Jim Mackenzie  Seeking discipline from his players, Mackenzie set a curfew and required them to enroll in a physical education class  His first team went 6–4, including a win in the Red River Showdown over a rival Texas team coached by former Oklahoma defensive back Darrell Royal, their first win over Texas since 1957  They also beat rival Nebraska, then ranked fourth in the nation, by a score of 10–9  On April 28, 1967, at the age of 37, Mackenzie died of a heart attack Assistant coach Chuck Fairbanks succeeded Mackenzie, and in 1967, the Sooners went 10–1, including a 26–24 win over second-ranked Tennessee in the Orange Bowl  The Sooners finished the season ranked third in the country  The Sooners lost four games in each of the next three seasons, with highlights including Steve Owens becoming the Sooners' second Heisman Trophy winner in 1969 

The wishbone offense
In the 1970s, several college football teams began implementing the wishbone offense, a run-based scheme designed to expand the possibilities of the option offense by placing three rushers in the backfield behind the quarterback  In a traditional option play, the quarterback determines which rusher carries the ball by reading the alignment of the defense  The wishbone relies on the triple option, in which the quarterback has three potential candidates to carry the ball (himself and two backfield rushers)  One innovation of the wishbone was to place a third rusher in the backfield to serve as a lead blocker  Head coach Fairbanks and offensive coordinator Barry Switzer were among the early adopters of the wishbone and used it to widespread success in Norman  Their 1970 team tied an Alabama squad that also used the wishbone in the Astro-Bluebonnet Bowl  During the next season, the Sooners beat No  17 USC, No  3 Texas and No  6 Colorado in consecutive weeks  After these wins, Oklahoma was ranked second in the country ahead of a "Game of the Century" matchup against top-ranked Nebraska  On November 25, Nebraska edged Oklahoma, 35–31, Oklahoma's only loss of the season  Nebraska went on to win the national championship with a 13–0 record, while Oklahoma went on to beat No  5 Auburn in the Sugar Bowl to finish the season ranked second  Led by quarterback Jack Mildren and running back Greg Pruitt, Oklahoma's wishbone offense averaged 44 5 points per game, at the time the second most in team history  The offense gained 472 36 rushing yards per game, an FBS record that still stands  Pruitt averaged nine yards per carry, and Mildren's performance led to his adopting the moniker "the Godfather of the Wishbone "In 1972, the Sooners went 11–1, finishing the year at No  2 after a Sugar Bowl victory over Penn State  Following the season, Fairbanks left Oklahoma to become the head coach of the New England Patriots 

Barry Switzer era (1973–1988)
Switzer ascended to head coach following the departure of Fairbanks  His tenure began with a scandal when the university self-reported violations involving the alteration of a player's high school transcript  Although the Sooners forfeited eight games from the 1972 season, the university now recognizes the wins and the Big Eight Conference championship won that year 
The Big Eight punished the team with a two-year bowl ban beginning in 1973 and a two-year ban on television appearances beginning in 1974  During the next three years, while the bans were in place, Oklahoma went 32–1–1 and won three straight conference championships  They claimed back-to-back national championships in 1974 and 1975, the two years in which they could not appear on television during the regular season  As it was a postseason game, NBC did air Oklahoma's 1976 Orange Bowl win over Michigan, which secured the team's fifth national championship Oklahoma performed exceptionally well during their probation  In 1973, the Sooners had seven ranked teams on their 11-game schedule and beat six of them, tying No  1 USC and finishing the year undefeated  In 1974, the run-heavy wishbone offense averaged 43 points per game and set an FBS record that still stands with 73 91 rushing attempts per game  In both 1974 and 1975, the team had six players rush for over 300 yards, with Joe Washington earning All-America honors in both seasons as the team's rushing leader  Additionally, due to the frequency of quarterback rushes in the wishbone, signal caller Steve Davis rushed for more yards than he passed in both seasons Following the 1975 season, several key players left the team  Defensive tackle Lee Roy Selmon was selected first overall in the 1976 NFL Draft, and Washington was taken three picks later  Davis departed and was replaced at quarterback by Dean Blevins, who was unable to match his predecessor's contributions in the running game  In 1978, Oklahoma would get their third Heisman Trophy winner in running back Billy Sims, who rushed for 1,896 yards and broke the Big Eight regular season rushing record  The Sooners finished third in the final AP poll after an Orange Bowl victory over Nebraska, the closest they came to a national championship in the second half of the 1970s  Despite never losing more than two games in any season during the these years, Oklahoma never finished in the top two in the final AP poll During the 1970s, Switzer's teams went 73–7–2 in seven years, and the Sooners won the Big Eight every year from 1972 to 1980  However, during the early 1980s, the team's performance worsened  They lost four games each in 1981, 1982, and 1983  In 1984, the team improved to 9–2–1 and defeated Nebraska when the Cornhuskers were ranked No  1 in the country  The win allowed Oklahoma to claim a share of the conference championship and receive an Orange Bowl bid against Washington, which they subsequently lost Switzer's teams returned to contention for the national championship during the next three seasons, earning an 11–1 record and a Big Eight title in each  However, in all three years, the Sooners lost to Miami, directly costing them the opportunity to win at least one championship  In 1985, the Sooners won the national championship despite their loss, rebounding to defeat top-ranked Penn State in the Orange Bowl  In 1986, the Sooners won another Orange Bowl but finished No  3 behind Penn State and Miami, who had faced each other for the championship in the Fiesta Bowl with the Nittany Lions emerging victorious  1987 saw the Sooners play in two No  1 vs  No  2 games in a row, defeating top-ranked Nebraska to end their regular season undefeated before facing Miami the Orange Bowl to decide the national title  No  2 Miami defeated the Sooners, who had risen to the top of the polls following the Nebraska game, 20–14  In 1988, the Sooners finished 9–3, with highlights including a 70–24 win against Kansas State in which the team rushed for 768 yards, which remains an FBS record Switzer's tenure ended in scandal  After the 1988 season, the NCAA placed the Sooners on probation for violating several rules, including offering improper benefits to players and recruits  In one example, a recruit was offered $1,000 to enroll at the university  It was determined that Switzer had personally paid for rental cars for students entertaining recruits on campus  Meanwhile, several of his players were in trouble with the law  Despite knowing that certain players had problems with alcohol or drugs, Switzer had recruited them anyway due to their talent  Notable players Charles Thompson and Brian Bosworth were found to be involved with drugs or steroids  Switzer's home was robbed in 1989, and Thompson was alleged to be one of the burglars  On multiple occasions, players were caught attempting to sell cocaine to undercover agents  A shooting and a gang rape took place in the athletic dorm within eight days of each other; two players were later convicted for the rape  Former Sooner Jim Riley later said that amid the turmoil, "Barry was just trying to keep it together "The probation lasted three years, including a two-year bowl ban, a one-year television ban, and a two-year reduction in scholarships  Facing immense pressure to resign, Switzer stepped down as head coach in 1989  He finished his tenure in Norman with a 157–29–4 record, an  837 winning percentage, 12 conference championships, and three national titles 

Gibbs, Schnellenberger, and Blake (1989–1998)
Switzer's ouster marked the beginning of what Stan Dorsey, writing for The Sporting News, called "a pratfall of unspeakable scope and unfathomable dimension" for the Sooners  Defensive coordinator Gary Gibbs was promoted to head coach  Dorsey characterized Gibbs as being uncomfortable around alumni and the media, as well as with being a head coach in general  During his six-year tenure, while Oklahoma attempted to recover from probation, the team finished a combined 44–23–2, never reaching higher than second in the conference or No  16 in the final AP poll  Gibbs punctuated a middling record with losses to Oklahoma's rivals; the Sooners went a combined 2–15–1 against Texas, Nebraska, and Colorado during his tenure  He announced his resignation prior to the end of the 1994 season Gibbs was replaced by Howard Schnellenberger, whose resume included a national championship at Miami  Convinced that the 1994 Copper Bowl loss to BYU was "clearly the lowest point in the great history of Oklahoma football," Schnellenberger sought to reshape the program, beginning by ordering files from previous seasons to be thrown out  Instead, they were archived without his knowledge  Schnellenberger often said that "they will write books and make movies about my time [at Oklahoma]," and his first team started out well  The Sooners rose to No  10 in the AP poll after three wins to begin the 1995 season, but a home loss to fourth-ranked Colorado started a 2–5–1 stretch to finish the year  The season ended with shutout losses to Oklahoma State and national champions Nebraska  Schnellenberger resigned after one season in Norman, having failed to live up to his own expectations for success Oklahoma then hired former player John Blake as head coach  Although he was Switzer's preferred candidate, Blake had very little experience, having never previously held a head coach or coordinator position  In the 101 years preceding Blake's hire, Oklahoma had nine losing seasons  Under Blake, the Sooners had three losing seasons in three years  The team's eight losses in 1996 set a team record that was matched the following season  Blake's 12–22 record gave him the worst winning percentage of any Oklahoma head coach since the single-game tenure of John A  Harts in 1895  He was fired after presiding over the worst three-year stretch in team history Despite his poor record as head coach, Blake contributed to success after his tenure by recruiting several players who would help achieve more favorable results for his successor  Future NFL players Roy Williams and Rocky Calmus were key starters on teams that returned the Sooners to national prominence under Bob Stoops 

Bob Stoops era (1999–2016)
Under pressure to find a head coach who would turn the program around, athletic director Joe Castiglione vetted each candidate personally  He eventually selected Stoops, then the defensive coordinator at Florida, who improved the Sooners to 7–5 in his first season 

Perennial BCS contention
Oklahoma began the 2000 season ranked No  19 in the AP poll, their first preseason AP poll appearance in five years  After a 4–0 start, the Sooners defeated No  11 Texas 63–14; running back Quentin Griffin broke a school record with six rushing touchdowns in the game  The next week, the Sooners beat No  2 Kansas State 41–31, then defeated top-ranked Nebraska 31–14 two weeks later  The Sooners finished the regular season undefeated and beat Kansas State in the conference championship game to win their first conference title since 1987  In the years since that victory, the Big Eight had dissolved and the Sooners had joined its successor conference, the Big 12  Additionally, the BCS format had been established, with each season culminating in a national championship game between the top two teams in the system's rankings  Oklahoma was ranked No  1 following the conference championship win and played Florida State in the Orange Bowl for the BCS title  The Sooners defeated the heavily favored Seminoles 13–2 to claim the school's seventh national championship  The team produced consensus All-Americans for the first time since 1988, including quarterback Josh Heupel, who finished runner-up for the Heisman in one of the closest votes in the award's history to that point The influence of John Blake's recruiting classes on the championship would be a difficult question for Stoops, even years after the title  More than half of the 2000 team's starters were recruited by Blake, although Stoops brought in the quarterback (Heupel) and running back (Griffin)  Despite continued success throughout the rest of his tenure in Norman, Stoops never won another national championship after 2000 
The following years saw Oklahoma contend for conference and national championships while qualifying for major bowl games  In 2001, after rivalry losses to Nebraska and Oklahoma State, Oklahoma did not earn a spot in the conference championship game, but the Sooners were granted a Cotton Bowl Classic berth, their first in school history, against unranked Arkansas and won 10–3  In 2002, the Sooners won the Big 12 and advanced to the Rose Bowl for the first time, defeating No  7 Washington State 34–14 

Oklahoma went undefeated in the regular season in both 2003 and 2004  2003 included a 77–0 defeat of 2003 Texas A&M and a 65–13 defeat of Texas, the latter being the biggest win in Red River Showdown history  Led by Heisman Trophy winner Jason White, the team was ranked No  1 in every AP poll of the season until an upset in the Big 12 Championship Game by Kansas State dropped them to third  However, the Sooners were ranked first in the BCS rankings and were thus able to play for the national championship in the Sugar Bowl  They were defeated 21–14 by LSU  White, a Tuttle, Oklahoma native, threw for 3,846 yards and 40 touchdowns in his Heisman campaign but was kept in check by the LSU defense, completing just over 35 percent of his passes and throwing two interceptions  The next year, freshman running back Adrian Peterson emerged as a star with 1,925 yards and 15 touchdowns on the ground  The AP, Coaches Poll, and BCS all ranked USC at No  1 and Oklahoma at No  2 in every poll of the season until the two undefeated conference champions met in the Orange Bowl for the national championship  Oklahoma would lose their second straight national championship game, and Peterson would finish second in Heisman voting behind USC quarterback Matt Leinart  Following the season, several key players departed as 10 Sooners were selected in the 2005 NFL Draft, more than any other school 

Postseason letdowns
The 2005 season saw Oklahoma fall out of the AP poll for the first time since the 1999 season en route to an 8–4 record and a Holiday Bowl victory over No  6 Oregon  In both 2006 and 2007, the Sooners won the Big 12 but suffered upset losses in their bowl games  In the 2007 Fiesta Bowl, the Sooners lost a back-and-forth game in overtime when Boise State executed a Statue of Liberty play on a two-point conversion attempt to win 43–42  Oklahoma qualified for the Fiesta Bowl again the following year and were favored against West Virginia, however, a 48–28 loss ended their season Prior to the 2007 season, the NCAA announced sanctions due to violations committed by players on the 2005 team who had been paid for unperformed work at a Norman car dealership  The NCAA found Oklahoma guilty of a "failure to monitor" the improper employment benefits and punished the team by vacating its victories from the 2005 season  However, in 2008, the NCAA partially reversed its decision and reinstated the vacated wins At the end of the 2008 regular season, the Big 12 South finished in a three-way tie between Oklahoma, Texas, and Texas Tech, with each team having suffered one loss at the hands of another  As the team with the highest BCS ranking, Oklahoma advanced to the conference championship game on a tie-breaker  The Sooners won the game, and quarterback Sam Bradford won the Heisman Trophy  His 53 combined passing and rushing touchdowns are tied for the most ever in a Heisman campaign  The Sooners advanced to the BCS National Championship Game but were defeated by Florida 

Late Stoops era
After a Fiesta Bowl victory in 2010, the Sooners, led by Stoops and new co-offensive coordinator Josh Heupel, were ranked No  1 in the polls to start the 2011 season  After maintaining their ranking for three weeks, the Sooners achieved their 100th No  1 ranking in the AP poll, becoming the first team to accomplish the feat since the poll began in 1936 2011 marked the final time that the Sooners were ranked No  1 under Stoops  However, Oklahoma remained competitive throughout the rest of the BCS era, including a 2014 Sugar Bowl win over defending national champions Alabama in their last game before the introduction of the College Football Playoff  Under this system, four teams are selected to compete in yearly national semifinal games in which the winners advance to the national championship game  The Sooners received their first playoff berth in 2015 and subsequently lost 37–17 to Clemson in their semifinal game, the Orange Bowl  Despite winning the Big 12 in 2016, Oklahoma lost two regular season games and did not make the playoff  They defeated Auburn in the Sugar Bowl, 35–19 In 2017, Stoops announced that he was stepping down as head coach, with offensive coordinator Lincoln Riley immediately appointed as his replacement  Stoops said that he felt that the time was right to retire, with a source indicating to Gene Wojciechowski of ESPN that Stoops wanted to leave on his own terms while he still could, without the university or his health forcing him to step aside  During his tenure in Norman, Stoops produced a 190–48 ( 798) record, 10 conference titles, and a school-record 18 bowl game appearances  His 2008 team scored the most points in college football history to that point, averaging over 51 per game  In 2021, he was inducted into the College Football Hall of Fame 

Riley and Venables (2017–present)
In his first season, Riley led the Sooners to 12 wins, beating the 10-win record held by Chuck Fairbanks and Barry Switzer for most victories by a first-year coach in program history  The Sooners entered the playoff against Georgia in the Rose Bowl, losing 54–48 in double overtime  2017 was the first of three consecutive 12–2 seasons for the Sooners under Riley, however, each ended in a College Football Playoff semifinal loss  As of the end of the 2022 season, Oklahoma has an 0–4 playoff record and more playoff appearances without a win than any other FBS team  However, the Sooners did win the 2017, 2018, 2019, and 2020 Big 12 Championship Games during Riley's tenure Under Riley, the Sooners had two consecutive Heisman Trophy winners who became No  1 overall picks in the NFL Draft  In 2017, Baker Mayfield broke his own FBS record for single-season passing efficiency while throwing for over 4,600 yards and 43 touchdowns  He was selected first overall in the 2018 NFL Draft  The following season, ex-Texas A&M starter Kyler Murray topped Mayfield's passing efficiency mark and became the seventh Heisman winner in program history  He was selected first overall in the 2019 NFL Draft  To replace Murray for the 2019 season, Riley turned to ex-Alabama starter Jalen Hurts  The Sooners lost 63–28 to eventual national champion LSU in the Peach Bowl, and Hurts finished second in Heisman voting to LSU quarterback Joe Burrow  As of the end of the 2022 season, Mayfield, Murray, and Hurts collectively own four of the top 12 passing efficiency seasons in FBS history In July 2021, Oklahoma and Texas announced that they would leave the Big 12 for the Southeastern Conference (SEC) upon the conclusion of the Big 12's current media rights contracts, which are set to expire in 2025  The surprising move initiated a widespread wave of conference realignment that saw, among many other moves, Pac-12 teams USC and UCLA announce their intention to join the Big Ten  Oklahoma and Texas have been criticized for abandoning their historic conference roots and setting the stage for other teams to do so, thereby creating a landscape in which the SEC and Big Ten are poised to dominate the sport at the expense of other conferences  In February 2023, the two defecting universities negotiated a combined $100 million early termination fee with the Big 12 in order to leave the conference a year early, prior to the end of the media rights deals  Oklahoma and Texas are currently scheduled to begin SEC play in the 2024 season 
Prior to the end of the 2021 season, Riley accepted the head coach position at USC, becoming the first head coach to leave Oklahoma for a different job since Chuck Fairbanks in 1973  Chuck Carlton, writing for The Dallas Morning News, said that the departure "blindsided most of the college football world " During his tenure in Norman, Riley compiled a 55–10 ( 846) record and achieved the highest winning percentage of any coach in program history  Bob Stoops was named interim head coach for the team's Alamo Bowl appearance and led the Sooners to a victory  Clemson defensive coordinator Brent Venables, who had once held the same position at Oklahoma under Stoops, was hired as Riley's replacement  In his first year at the helm, the Sooners finished 6–7, their season punctuated by a 49–0 loss to Texas, Oklahoma's worst loss in Red River Showdown history and the biggest shutout loss that the Sooners have ever suffered 

Conference affiliations
Oklahoma has been independent and a member of three conferences 
Independent (1895–1914)
Southwest Conference (1915–1919)
Big Eight Conference (1920–1995)
Big 12 Conference (1996–present)
Southeastern Conference (joining on July 1, 2024)

Championships
National championships
Oklahoma claims seven consensus national championships won by selection in the major college football polls : 13  In addition, in ten years other than those seven championship seasons, Oklahoma has appeared atop lists by selectors designated by the NCAA as "major", primarily using math rating formulas : 108–115

Claimed national championships
Unclaimed national championships
In general, math formula rankings are not recognized as national championships   For years other than the seven in which Oklahoma was selected by a major poll as national champion, the following created math rating systems that selected Oklahoma:

Richard Billingsley: 1915*
Clyde P  Berryman: 1953*, 1957*, 1986*, 2003
Richard Poling: 1967, 1978
Richard C  Dunkel, Sr : 1973, 1978, 1980, 1986
Harry DeVold: 1973, 1978, 1986
Jeff Sagarin: 1973*, 1978, 1986
David Rothman: 1978
Edward Litkenhous: 1978
Herman Matthews: 1978, 1980
The New York Times: 1986Others:

own selection: Bill Schroeder 1978
member polling: College Football Researchers Association 1949* 1953*, 1973*, 1986* retrospective selection

Conference championships
The team has captured 50 conference titles, including 14 in a row from 1946 to 1959 
† Co-championship
‡ Both Nebraska and Oklahoma: 6  claim the 1972 championship, despite Oklahoma in early 1973 forfeiting eight games from the 1972 season and the Big 8 crown 

Division championships
The Sooners have been a member of only one division, the Big 12 South, in their entire history  They were members from 1996 until 2010, after which the Big 12 ceased divisional play 

† Co-championship

Head coaches
The Sooners have had 23 head coaches in their history  The current head coach, Brent Venables, was hired on December 5, 2021  Since the first head coach, John A  Harts, guided the team for one game in 1895, the Sooners have played in more than 1,300 games  Four men have coached the team in more than 100 games; all of them have more than 100 wins at Oklahoma  Oklahoma is the only program with four 100-win coaches in its history  The coach with the highest winning percentage in school history is Lincoln Riley, who went 55–10 ( 846) across five seasons  The lowest winning percentage aside from Harts, who lost his only game, belongs to John Blake, who went 12–22 ( 353) across three seasons Ten coaches have led the Sooners to postseason bowl games: Tom Stidham, Jim Tatum, Bud Wilkinson, Gomer Jones, Chuck Fairbanks, Barry Switzer, Gary Gibbs, Bob Stoops, Riley, and Venables  Nine coaches have won conference championships with the Sooners: Bennie Owen, Stidham, Dewey Luster, Tatum, Wilkinson, Fairbanks, Switzer, Stoops, and Riley 
Wilkinson, Switzer, and Stoops have each received National Coach of the Year honors from at least one organization  Six Sooner coaches (Owen, Lawrence Jones, Tatum, Wilkinson, Switzer, and Stoops) have been inducted into the College Football Hall of Fame 

Coaching staff
Stadium
The Sooners play their home games at Gaylord Family Oklahoma Memorial Stadium also known as The Palace on the Prairie  The stadium was formerly called Oklahoma Memorial Stadium but the administration decided to add 'Gaylord Family' to recognize the contributions made by Edward K  Gaylord and his family over the years (estimated at over $50 million)  The playing surface is called Owen Field after Bennie Owen, Oklahoma's coach from 1905 to 1926  The stadium was built in 1923 with an original capacity of 500  In 1925, 16,000 seats were added and 16,000 more seats were added in 1929 bringing the total capacity to 32,000  The stadium has had a natural grass playing surface for the majority of its existence  The stadium had an artificial turf from 1970 to 1994  The stadium had a major renovation in 2003 when a new upper deck was added to the east side of the stadium, adding over 8,400 new seats  The official seating capacity of the stadium, following renovations in 2015, is 83,489  which makes it the 15th largest college stadium in the U S  and second largest in the Big 12 Conference  Despite the official capacity, the Sooners routinely average well above capacity, most recently 86,735 for the 2018 season  The largest crowd ever was 88,308 on November 11, 2017, against TCU 

Rivalries
Nebraska
Oklahoma's rivalry with the Nebraska Cornhuskers historically had national championship implications, with the winner usually advancing to the Orange Bowl  The teams often met on Thanksgiving  For the majority of the 20th century Oklahoma and Nebraska competed as part of the Big Eight Conference where from 1907 to 1995 the programs won a combined 77 conference titles  The teams are noted for playing in the Game of the Century, in 1971 which OU lost 35–31  In 1996, the teams joined the Big XII Conference when Nebraska joined the North Division, and Oklahoma joined the South Division, thus ending the annual match-ups between the programs in 1998 and 1999  In 2000 the series resumed with Nebraska and Oklahoma being ranked number one and two in the BCS rankings  OU won 31–14  Oklahoma leads the series 47–38–3  On September 18, 2021, Oklahoma  defeated Nebraska 23–16  Oklahoma beat Nebraska 49–14 on the last matchup on September 17, 2022 

Oklahoma State
Oklahoma leads the series 91–19–7 through the end of the 2022 season 

Texas
The Red River Showdown or the OU–Texas Game is the annual matchup in Dallas during the State Fair of Texas between Oklahoma and the Texas Longhorns  Since 1929, the game has been played annually at the Cotton Bowl, halfway between Norman and Austin  For the majority of the 20th century the game was a non-conference match-up  Texas competed in the Southwest Conference  In 1996, the two programs became part of the Big XII Conference South division  That year Oklahoma won the first overtime game of the series, after a tie the previous year  The stadium is split along the 50-yard line with Oklahoma fans occupying the south half of the field  Texas leads the series 63–50–5 through the end of the 2022 season 

Missouri
Oklahoma leads the inactive series 67–24–5  As of the end of the 2022 season, the most recent game in the series was played in 2011  Once Oklahoma joins the SEC in 2024, the series, which will be Missouri's most-played conference rivalry by a significant margin, will continue 

Pageantry
School colors
Oklahoma's official school colors are crimson and cream  These colors were picked in 1895 by May Overstreet, the only female faculty member at the time  The colors were her own personal choice and she decided on them after viewing many color samples and materials  After her decision, the colors were brought in front of the student body who enthusiastically approved of her selections  In recent years, red and white have sometimes replaced crimson and cream 

Mascot
Oklahoma has had several mascots  The first was a stray dog named Mex  Mex was found in Mexico during the Mexican Revolution by Mott Keys, an army hospital medic  Keys' company adopted the dog and Keys took the dog back to Hollis, Oklahoma when he completed his duty  When Keys was enrolled in the university, he took Mex with him to Norman  With his experience as an army medic, Keys landed a job with the football team and a residence at the Kappa Sigma fraternity house  Mex's main duty during games was to keep stray dogs from roaming the field  He wore a red sweater with a big "O" letter on the side  Mex received national attention in October 1924 when the Oklahoma football team lost a game against Drake University  Mex was lost when the team boarded a train in Arkansas City, Kansas  The media blamed the loss on the field on the loss of their mascot  Mex was found later by two Oklahoma graduates  Mex died of old age on April 30, 1928  The campus was closed and classes were canceled on the day of his funeral  He was buried in a casket somewhere under the stadium 

Never an official mascot, Little Red began appearing at games in 1953  He was an Indian who wore red tights, breech cloth and a war bonnet and was last portrayed by Randy Palmer   In April 1970, Little Red was banished by Oklahoma president John Herbert Hollomon, Jr  The student court issued a temporary restraining order to keep Little Red from appearing at Sooner games  Despite this order, Palmer showed up as Little Red for the 1970 season opener where he was met with cheers from the crowd  When Palmer was drafted after the 1971 season, no one showed up for try-outs to replace him The mascot for Oklahoma is the Sooner Schooner, a conestoga wagon similar to the primary method of transportation used by early settlers in Oklahoma  The Schooner is maintained and driven by members of the RUF/NEKS, the university's all-male spirit organization, along with two white ponies named Boomer and Sooner  In 2005, the university also introduced two costumed mascots also named Boomer and Sooner to serve as mascots for football games and events that do not permit a covered wagon 

Music
The official fight song of the Sooners is "Boomer Sooner "  This song is played frequently at football games and is played by the band after touchdowns, field goals, after significant plays, and when the team or crowd need a boost of energy   "OK Oklahoma" is another school song that is played after an extra point and when the Sooner Schooner rolls onto the field   The official Alma Mater song is the "OU Chant", which is sung by OU fans before sporting events and at ceremonial occasions   Other tunes frequently heard at OU football games include the state song "Oklahoma" and "Fight for OKU "
The Pride of Oklahoma Marching Band is a nationally renowned ensemble founded in 1904   The largest student organization on campus, the band performs at all home games and frequently travels to other games   The band holds a game ball from the Bedlam Series game in 1983, the day "the Pride" won 

Awards
Heisman Trophy
The Heisman Trophy is awarded annually to the nation's most outstanding college football player  Seven Oklahoma players have won the Heisman Trophy, six more finished runner-up  Kyler Murray is the most recent winner having won the 2018 Heisman Trophy 

Other awards
All-Americans
Every year, several publications release rosters of the best college football players in the country  The athletes on these lists are referred to as All-Americans  The NCAA recognizes five All-American lists  They are the Associated Press, American Football Coaches Association, Football Writers Association of America, The Sporting News, and the Walter Camp Football Foundation  A consensus All-American is typically defined as a player who is named to three or more lists  Oklahoma has had 167 first-team All-Americans in its history, with 82 of them being named consensus All-Americans 

College Football Hall of Fame
Oklahoma has 29 inductees in the College Football Hall of Fame  The first was coach Bennie Owen, who was inducted as part of the inaugural class in 1951  The most recent is Roy Williams, who was inducted in 2022 

Future opponents
SEC Conference opponents
The Oklahoma football program will join the SEC in 2024  The SEC will expand the conference to 16 teams and will eliminate its two divisions in 2024, causing a new scheduling format for their members to play against the other members of the conference  Only the 2024 conference schedule was announced on June 14, 2023, while the conference still considers a new format for the future 

2024 Conference Schedule
Non-conference opponents
Announced non-conference schedules as of June 25, 2023 

See also
The Pride of Oklahoma Marching Band
RUF/NEKS
OU Chant
List of Oklahoma Sooners in the NFL Draft
Play Like a Champion Today
Heisman Trophy

Notes
Passage 5:
Djems Kouamé
Djems Kouamé (born April 5, 1989, in Montreal, Quebec) is a former professional Canadian football wide receiver and defensive back in the Canadian Football League who is currently a free agent  He was drafted 18th overall by the Toronto Argonauts in the 2011 CFL Draft and signed with the team on May 31, 2011  He played college football for the Montreal Carabins  On June 17, 2013, Kouamé was released by the Argonauts 
Passage 6:
Justin Brown (wide receiver)
Justin Brown (born March 10, 1991) is a wide receiver for the Toronto Argonauts of the Canadian Football League (CFL)  Before his 2013 draft selection by the Pittsburgh Steelers, he played college football at Oklahoma for his senior season after transferring from Penn State   After being drafted, Brown was on the Steelers practice squad for his rookie season  He played eight games during the 2014 season for a total of 12 passes for 94 yards and one lost fumble  Following the 2014 NFL season, Brown was waived by the Steelers  On February 3, 2015, the Buffalo Bills claimed Brown off waivers  On August 9, 2015, Brown was waived/injured by the Bills  On August 13, 2015, he reached an injury settlement with the Bills and was released 
On May 11, 2017, Brown signed with the Toronto Argonauts of the Canadian Football League 
Passage 7:
Mike Bradwell
Mike Bradwell (born July 11, 1986) is a former Canadian football wide receiver who played for the Toronto Argonauts of the Canadian Football League  He was drafted in the second round of the 2008 CFL Draft by the Toronto Argonauts  He began playing football in his final year at Leaside High School and played CIS football with McMaster University 

Personal life
Bradwell enjoys watching movies and golfing in his free time and is a strong supporter of the Sian Bradwell Fund For Children With Cancer  He has two older siblings, Dave, a PhD graduate from M I T , and Suzanne, an emergency department doctor in St  Catharines  Bradwell majored in civil engineering at McMaster University and works as a field co-op student with PCL Constructors during the off-season 
Passage 8:
Rashaun Woods
Rashaun Dorrell Woods (born October 17, 1980) is a former American college and professional football player who was a wide receiver in the National Football League (NFL) and Canadian Football League (CFL) for two seasons during the early 2000s   Woods played college football for Oklahoma State University, and received All-American honors   He was selected by the San Francisco 49ers in the first round of the 2004 NFL Draft, and played professionally for the NFL's 49ers and the CFL's Toronto Argonauts 
Woods currently coaches at Enid High School in Enid, Oklahoma (2019-present) 

Early years
Woods was born in Oklahoma City, Oklahoma   He attended Millwood High School in Oklahoma City, and played for the Millwood high school football team 

College career
While attending Oklahoma State University, Woods played for the Oklahoma State Cowboys football team from 2000 to 2003   He finished his college career with 293 receptions, 4,414 yards and 42 touchdowns—all Big 12 records   Woods was a two-time all-American, including being recognized as a consensus first-team All-American in 2002   He became the eighth player in NCAA Division I-A annals to gain over 1,000 yards receiving in a season three times in a career   Woods also holds the NCAA single-game record for most touchdown receptions in a game (7 against Southern Methodist University in 2003) and most touchdown receptions in a half (5 in the first half of the same SMU game)  All seven touchdowns were thrown by former Kansas City Royals infielder Josh Fields   In 2001, his biggest touchdown catch made during his college career was against Oklahoma Sooners down in Norman, where the unranked OSU Cowboys upset the highly ranked Sooners  Also, the following year he had 3 touchdowns against the Sooners, in the annual Bedlam game 2002 
Woods has two brothers who followed him to Oklahoma State  D'Juan who graduated in 2007, who played wide receiver and Donovan, a former Oklahoma State linebacker who spent time at safety and quarterback, graduated in 2008  D'Juan was picked up by the Jacksonville Jaguars as a free agent after the 2007 NFL draftJaguars com while Donovan was a practice squad member of the 2008-09 Pittsburgh Steelers Super Bowl Championship team 

Professional career
Woods had 7 catches for 160 yards and 1 touchdown in his rookie season (2004) and spent the 2005 season on injured reserve with torn ligaments in his thumb   In April 2006, he was traded to the San Diego Chargers for cornerback Sammy Davis  In August 2006, he was cut from the San Diego Chargers  On August 3, 2006, he was claimed off waivers by the Denver Broncos but failed his physical and was released  In Dec  of 2006 he worked out with the Minnesota Vikings [1]

NFL Europa
In 2007, the Hamburg Sea Devils selected Woods in the 5th round of the NFL Europa free agent draft 

CFL career
On July 23, 2007, Woods signed with the Toronto Argonauts of the Canadian Football League   He was released by the Toronto Argonauts on August 8, 2007   He was signed by the Hamilton Tiger-Cats on October 4, 2007  On June 22, 2008 Woods was 1 of 14 players to be cut from the Hamilton Tiger-Cats final roster 

Coaching career
After his playing career ended, Woods worked as an assistant football coach at Millwood and at Star Spencer High School, and also as a high school football radio commentator and professional bass fisherman  In January 2013, Woods was selected to be head football coach at John Marshall High School in Oklahoma City  He led John Marshall to the 3A state championship in 2017  In January 2019, Woods was named head football coach for Enid High School in Enid, Oklahoma   Rashaun Woods announced Friday morning, Jan  20, 2023, he has accepted a head football coaching position at Tyler High School in Tyler, TX, effective immediately 

See also
List of NCAA major college football yearly receiving leaders
List of NCAA Division I FBS career receiving touchdowns leaders
Passage 9:
Emanuel Tolbert
Emanuel Tolbert (born December 2, 1958) is a former American college and professional football player who was a slotback and wide receiver in the Canadian Football League (CFL) for eleven seasons during the 1980s and early 1990s   Tolbert played college football for Southern Methodist University, where he was an All-American  He played professionally for the Saskatchewan Roughriders, Toronto Argonauts, Calgary Stampeders and British Columbia Lions of the CFL, and played a key role in the Argonauts' 1983 Grey Cup victory by recovering a fumble on the game-winning drive 
Tolbert was tried for and convicted of rape and violating a minor in 2001   He was sentenced to 15 years in prison for the rape plus four years for the violation, to be served concurrently 
Context 3: Passage 1:
Avocado soup
Avocado soup is a fruit soup prepared using avocados as a primary ingredient  Ingredients used in its preparation in addition to ripe avocados can include milk, cream, half-and-half or buttermilk, soup stock or broth, water, lime juice, lemon juice, salt and pepper  Additional ingredients used can include onions, shallots, garlic, hot sauce, cilantro, red pepper, cayenne pepper and cumin, and water can be used to thin the soup  It is enjoyed widely in areas of Mexico as a classic dish 
The avocados are typically puréed or mashed, and sliced, diced or cubed avocado can be used as a garnish  Additional garnishes can include sliced lime, sour cream, chives, crab meat, shrimp and salsa fresca  It can be prepared and served as a cold or hot soup Avocado soup's color can change as time passes because oxidation causes avocados to brown, but this does not affect the soup's flavor  It can be a relatively easy dish to prepare that does not require a great deal of time 

See also
Avocado § Culinary uses
List of avocado dishes
List of cold soups
List of soups
Passage 2:
Lettuce soup
Lettuce soup is a soup prepared with lettuce as a primary ingredient  It may be prepared with myriad lettuces and other ingredients, and some lettuce soups may use several cultivars of lettuce in their preparation  It is a part of French cuisine and Chinese cuisine  Cream of lettuce soup is a type of lettuce soup prepared using milk or cream  The soup may be served with toast or rolls as a side dish or with the soup atop them  It may be served as an appetizer, a side dish or as a main dish, and may be served hot or cold 

Preparation
Lettuce is a primary ingredient, and several types of lettuce can be used, such as butter lettuce, cos lettuce, Boston lettuce, romaine lettuce, green leaf lettuce and iceberg lettuce, among others  The lettuce may be chopped, torn, shredded or sliced into ribbons  Additional ingredients may include, but are not limited to, chicken stock, beef stock, cream, milk, wine, lemon juice, egg or egg yolk, meats, rice, potato, greens, sorrel, watercress, Swiss chard, escarole, peas, parsley/dried parsley, bread crumbs, onion, shallot, garlic, salt and pepper, among others  Some preparations purée all of the ingredients together, and some preparations are strained in a sieve  Lettuce soup is sometimes served with toast or rolls, either as a side dish or with the soup poured upon it  Sometimes croutons or chopped bacon are used in the dish or to garnish it  In French cuisine, lettuce soup is usually served poured atop thin slices of lightly toasted French bread  Some versions are served cold  Total calories can vary depending on the ingredients used  For example, versions that use milk may have fewer calories than those that use cream 

Dishes
Chinese versions include Cantonese dishes such as "minced chicken with lettuce soup" and "fish with lettuce soup" 

See also
Lettuce sandwich
List of Chinese soups
List of French soups and stews
List of soups
List of vegetable soups
Passage 3:
Spinach soup
Spinach soup is a soup prepared using spinach as a primary ingredient  A common dish around the world, the soup can be prepared as a broth-based or cream-based soup, and the latter can be referred to as "cream of spinach soup " In China, a spinach and tofu soup is also known as "emerald and white jade soup"; spinach and tofu represent emerald and white jade respectively, and thus the spinach soup itself can be called "emerald soup"  Fresh, canned or frozen spinach can be used, and the spinach can be used whole, puréed or chopped  Additional ingredients can include onion, green onion, carrot, celery, tomatoes, potatoes, lemon juice, olive oil, seasonings, salt and pepper  Spinach soup is typically served hot, but can also be served as a cold soup  Prior to being served, it can be topped or garnished with ingredients such as sour cream and crème fraîche 

Gallery
See also
Passage 4:
Spring soup
Spring soup is a soup made with ingredients that are only in season for a short period during spring  Although asparagus largely characterizes spring soup, spring soup may include just about any spring vegetable added to a broth, chowder, or bisque  Spring soup is popular largely because it includes fresh ingredients not seen for a while by the consumer 

Characteristics
Where winter soups are hearty to "warm and fortify", spring soups aim to celebrate "new skies and freshness" by being "delicate and light, pretty and promising " Spring soups need lighter, brighter tastes and textures than their winter counterparts  A reason for this is that spring soups "capture the essence of the season in a clean-tasting, refreshing broth that showcases the pure flavors" of its ingredients Ingredients used in spring soup include a purée of pea, asparagus, rapini, and fennel, with asparagus being considered the quintessential spring vegetable to largely characterize spring soup  Spring soups typically show a subtle green color to reflect spring 

History
In 1828, The British Almanac provided housekeepers' information to add spring soup to a July menu  In 1896, the Holland Society of New York published a spring soup recipe that included amontillado, olives, almonds, chicken, and radishes  In 1898, spring soup was defined as a soup having a stock with any spring vegetables added that have first been parboiled in water, with the soup often colored with caramel 

See also
List of vegetable soups

Notes
Passage 5:
Tidewater region
Tidewater refers to the north Atlantic Plain region of the United States 

Definition
Culturally, the Tidewater region usually includes the low-lying plains of southeast Virginia, northeastern North Carolina, southern Maryland and the Chesapeake Bay  Speaking geographically, however, it covers about 50,000 square miles, from New York's Long Island in the north to the southernmost edge of North Carolina in the south, an area that includes the state of Delaware and the Delmarva Peninsula 
The cultural Tidewater region got its name from the effects of the changing tides on local rivers, sounds, and the ocean  The area has a centuries-old cultural heritage that sets the Tidewater region apart from the adjacent inland parts of the United States, especially with respect to its distinctive dialects of English, which are gradually disappearing, along with its islands and its receding shoreline 

Geography
The tidewater region developed when sea level rose after the last ice age, resulting in the flooding of river valleys in the coastal plain  Such flooded river valleys now make up the tidewater since tides continue to affect water levels far inland, in some cases all the way west to the Fall Line  It is generally flat and low, with large expanses near the tidal shorelines composed of tidal marsh and swamp  Much of the area is covered with pocosin and the higher areas are used for agricultural farmlands  Geographically, in North Carolina and Virginia the Tidewater area is the land between the Suffolk Scarp and the Atlantic Ocean  In Maryland the Tidewater area is the flooded river areas below the Fall Line   The Hampton Roads area of Virginia is considered to be  a Tidewater region   Southern Maryland and the Eastern Shore, parts of Delaware round out the northern part of the region on the Chesapeake and Delaware Bays 
The term tidewater may be correctly applied to all portions of any area, including Virginia, where the water level is affected by the tides (more specifically, where the water level rises when the tide comes in)  In the case of Virginia, the Tidewater region includes the land east of the Fall Line, the natural border with the Piedmont Region  It includes Hampton Roads, the rest of the Virginia Peninsula, the Middle Peninsula, the Northern Neck, and the Eastern Shore 
Planters in the early American colonies extended their tobacco and peanut productions above the Fall Line, where waterfalls or rapids mark the end of the Tidewater and the beginning of the foothill region known as the Piedmont Tidewater is host to flora commonly associated with the South Atlantic pine forests and lower Southeast Coastal Plain maritime flora, the latter found primarily in southeastern Virginia 

Regional accents
A distinctive non-rhotic accent of the Old South was spoken in the Tidewater coastal region of Virginia, best associated with upper-class white speakers of the 19th and early 20th centuries  In the actual islands of the Chesapeake themselves, a separate, rhotic accent survives among the locals, sometimes known as "Hoi Toider" 

See also
Hampton Roads
Inner Banks
Southern Maryland
Eastern Shore (Maryland)
Eastern Shore (Virginia)
Passage 6:
Peanut soup
Peanut soup or groundnut soup is a soup made from peanuts, often with various other ingredients  It is a staple African cuisine but is also eaten in East Asia (Taiwan), the United States (mainly in Virginia) and other areas around the world  It is also common in some regions, such as Argentina northwest, Bolivia and Peru, where it can sometimes be served with bone meat and hollow short pasta or fries  In Ghana it is often eaten with fufu or omo tuo and is often very spicy  Groundnut soup is also a native soup of the Benin (Edo) people in Nigeria and it is often eaten with pounded yam   Some of the essential ingredients used in making it are Piper guineense (uziza seed) and Vernonia amygdalina (bitter leaf) It is prepared from groundnut which is mashed into a paste, usually termed as groundnut paste  Groundnut soup is eaten with eba, fufu, banku, kenkey and so on  It is a delicacy that Nigerian, Ghanaian and people in other African countries consume, such as in Sierra Leone  In Ghana, it is known as nkatenkwan in Akan language 

Gallery
See also
Peanut stew
Palm nut soup
List of peanut dishes
List of soups
Passage 7:
She-crab soup
She-crab soup is a rich soup, similar to bisque, made of milk or heavy cream, crab or fish stock, Atlantic blue crab meat, and (traditionally) crab roe, and a small amount of dry sherry added as it is plated  It may be thickened either by heat reduction or with a purée of boiled rice; it may also include such seasonings as mace and shallots or onions   The soup is a regional specialty from the South Carolina Lowcountry   It is commonly featured on the menus of many Charleston, South Carolina and Savannah, Georgia restaurants The soup is named for the "she-crab", or female crab, originally a gravid (roe-carrying) crab, as the orange crab roe comprise a chief ingredient in traditional she-crab soup   As with turtle soup, other ingredients may be added to the soup or substituted for others, although crabmeat is found in all versions 
Regulations in Maryland and other states restrict the collection of egg-bearing female crabs 

See also
Partan bree
List of cream soups
List of regional dishes of the United States
List of soups
Passage 8:
Syodon
Syodon is an extinct genus of dinocephalian therapsids that lived approximately 267-260 million years ago during the middle Permian period of the Paleozoic era  These therapsids, located in Russia  were initially believed to be true mammals   Syodon was first named by Stephan Kutorga in 1838  The fossils of these synapsids were first discovered in the Molotov Province region of Russia in limestone beds with a high content of copper  However, scientists believe that these organisms likely come from higher rock beds due to increased specializations in their morphology 

Etymology
The name Syodon is derived from Greek meaning pig's tooth  This name likely stemmed from the protruding canines similar to that of the lower canines of a wild boar 

Diet
Syodon is characterized as a carnivore, likely feeding on small-bodied prey   They lack the ‘expansion of supraorbital bones over the orbits, which would act as a stress sink’ in certain hypercarniverous species such as thalattosuchian Dakosaurus  This thickened supraorbital regions also found in large theropods would have alleviated cranial stress used for feeding on large prey  Since this adaption is not found in Syodon it is thought they were limited to small animals and prey which they could easily consume with their limited jaw architecture 

Paleobiology
Syodon is characterized by possessing "bulbous" post-canines featuring significant wear facets in adults, whereas juveniles tend to have ‘bladelike’ post canines  The canine of Syodon is highly distinctive and allows it to be distinguished easily  They also possess a large, strongly curved ‘hook-like canine  Syodon also feature a set of smaller, replacement teeth out-of-place from the main palatine tooth row The snout of Syodon is relatively long narrow compared to the rest of the body  The snout comprises approximately 1/4 the length of the skill  These synapsids reached 1 2 m (4 ft) in length 

See also
List of therapsids
Archaeosyodon
Microsyodon
Passage 9:
Watercress soup
Watercress soup is a soup prepared using the leaf vegetable watercress as a primary ingredient  It may be prepared as a cream soup or as a broth/stock-based soup using vegetable or chicken stock  Additional ingredients used can include vegetables such as potato, leeks, spinach, celery and turnips, cheese, butter, lemon juice, salt and pepper  Watercress soup can be prepared as a puréed soup by mixing the ingredients in a food processor  It can be served hot or cold, and may be garnished with crème fraîche, shaved Parmesan cheese, drizzled olive oil and watercress leaves 

Gallery
See also
Cabbage soup
List of soups
Spinach soup
Vegetable soup
List of vegetable soups
Passage 10:
1996 PW
1996 PW is an exceptionally eccentric trans-Neptunian object and damocloid on an orbit typical of long-period comets but one that showed no sign of cometary activity around the time it was discovered  The unusual object measures approximately 10 kilometers (6 miles) in diameter and has a rotation period of 35 4 hours and likely an elongated shape 

Description
1996 PW orbits the Sun at a distance of 2 5–504 AU once every 4,033 years (semi-major axis of 253 AU)  Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0 99 and an inclination of 30° with respect to the ecliptic Simulations indicate that it has most likely come from the Oort cloud, with a roughly equal probability of being an extinct comet and a rocky body that was originally scattered into the Oort cloud  The discovery of 1996 PW prompted theoretical research that suggests that roughly 1 to 2 percent of the Oort cloud objects are rocky 1996 PW was first observed on 9 August 1996 by the Near-Earth Asteroid Tracking (NEAT) automated search camera on Haleakala Observatory, Hawaii  It is the first object that is not an active comet discovered on an orbit typical of long-period comets 1996 PW has a rotation period of 35 44±0 02 hours and a double-peaked lightcurve with a high amplitude of 0 44±0 03 magnitude (U=3)  Its spectrum is moderately red and featureless, typical of D-type asteroids and bare comet nuclei  Its spectrum suggests an extinct comet  The upper limit on 1996 PW's dust production is 0 03 kg/s 

See also
Extinct comets
List of Solar System objects by greatest aphelion



ground_truth: French

prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: A wide receiver for the Toronto Argonauts played college football for a team that represents the University of Oklahoma, which belongs to what conference?

The following are given passages.
Context 4: Passage 1:
Jerry Schumacher
Jerry Schumacher is an American coach for the University of Oregon track and field and cross country program, specializing in distance running  He has coached Olympic silver medalist and the former American women's 10k record holder Shalane Flanagan, former Canadian 10k record holder Simon Bairu, the former men's American 10k record holder Chris Solinsky, the men's American two mile record holder Matt Tegenkamp, and the women's NCAA 10k record holder Lisa Koll  Prior to 2008 he was the head coach of the University of Wisconsin–Madison track and field team During his college years at the University of Wisconsin, Schumacher specialized in the 1500m, an event in which he would become an All-American and set a personal best of 3:39 
After a brief period of post-collegiate running, Schumacher quickly transitioned into coaching, accepting a job as an assistant coach at the University of North Carolina 
The Head Men's Distance Coaching job at Wisconsin opened up, and it was an easy decision to move back to his home state and coach the Badgers  Over the next 9 years, Schumacher established Wisconsin as one of the premier distance schools in the country by bringing in top-level recruits and slowly developing his athletes 
He is now the coach of the Bowerman Track Club, a running club based in Portland, Oregon which has produced 28 Olympians during his tenure  In July 2022, the University of Oregon announced the hire of Schumacher as head Cross Country and Track and Field Coach, replacing Robert Johnson Schumacher is the father of 4 children 
Passage 2:
Ato Boldon
Ato Jabari Boldon  (born 30 December 1973) is a Trinidadian former track and field athlete, politician, and four-time Olympic medal winner  He holds the Trinidad and Tobago national record in the 50, 60 and 200 metres events with times of 5 64, 6 49 and 19 77 seconds respectively, and also the Commonwealth Games record in the 100 m  He also held the 100m national record at 9 86s, having run it four times until Richard Thompson ran 9 85s on 13 August 2011 
After retiring from his track career, Boldon was an Opposition Senator in the Trinidad and Tobago Parliament, representing the United National Congress from 2006–2007  Boldon works as an NBC Sports television broadcast analyst for track and field 

Career
Early life and junior career
Boldon was born in Port of Spain, Trinidad and Tobago to a Jamaican mother, and Trinidadian father, Hope and Guy Boldon  He attended Fatima College (Secondary School) in Trinidad before leaving for the United States at age fourteen  In December 1989, as a soccer player at Jamaica High School in Queens, New York City, head track and field coach Joe Trupiano noticed his sprinting abilities during a soccer practice session In his first track season at age 16, Boldon finished with 21 20 seconds in the 200 metres and 48 40 seconds in the 400 metres, recording a double win at the Queens County Championships in 1990, and earning MVP honours  After transferring for his final year from Jamaica High to Piedmont Hills High School in San Jose, California, Boldon was selected to the San Jose Mercury News' Santa Clara all-county soccer team  He also continued to sprint, placing third in the 200 m at the CIF California State Meet in 1991  Athletics became his primary focus and he won the Junior Olympic Title that summer in Durham, North Carolina, in 200 m 
At 18, Boldon represented Trinidad and Tobago at 100 metres and 200 m in the 1992 Summer Olympics in Barcelona but did not qualify in the first round of either event  Boldon returned to the junior circuit, winning the 100 m and 200 m titles at the IAAF World Junior Championships in Athletics in Seoul, South Korea to become the first double sprint champion in World Junior Championships history 
Boldon was also an NCAA Champion while enrolled as a sociology major at the University of California at Los Angeles (UCLA) in 1995 in the 200 m  In 1996, he secured an NCAA 100 m Championship in Eugene, Oregon in the final race of his collegiate career, setting an NCAA meet record of 9 92  Boldon also held the collegiate 100 m record with 9 90 s from 1996 until it was broken by Travis Padgett, who ran 9 89s, in 2008  Ngonidzashe Makusha later equalled this record at the 2011 NCAA Championships in Des Moines, Iowa

Senior athletics
Boldon won his first international senior-level medal at the 1995 World Championships, taking home the bronze in the 100 m  At the time, he was the youngest athlete ever at 21 years of age to win a medal in that event  The following year at the 1996 Summer Olympics, he again placed third in the 100 m and 200 m events, both behind world records  In 1997, he won the 200 m at the World Championships in Athens, Greece; his country's first world title in the Athletics World Championships  This made him one of only a few male sprinters to win both a World Junior and World Senior title 
The following year saw Boldon reaching the peak of his career, setting a new personal best and national record of 9 86 s in the 100 m at the Mt  SAC Relays in Walnut, California on 19 April and repeating the feat in Athens on 17 June  He picked up gold in the 100 m at the 1998 Commonwealth Games held in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, setting a record time of 9 88 s, beating Namibia's Frankie Fredericks (9 96 s) and Barbados' Obadele Thompson (10 00 s)  The Commonwealth Games 100 m record remains unbroken In 1999, Boldon ran 9 86 s twice in the 100 m before sustaining a serious hamstring injury which forced him to miss the World Championships in Seville – the only Championship he missed in his career due to injury 
A silver medal in the 100 m and a bronze in the 200 m were Boldon's results of the 2000 Summer Olympics, which was a personal victory, considering his comeback from a career-threatening injury the year before  This win made him the most successful individual Olympic medallist from Trinidad and Tobago with four Olympic medals 
In 2001, Boldon tested positive at an early-season relay meet for the stimulant ephedrine, and was given a warning, but was not suspended or sanctioned, since ephedrine is a substance found in many over the counter remedies, and Boldon had been treating a cold  "It is in no way something where the blame is laid on the athlete," said IAAF General Secretary István Gyulai of the positive result 
Also in 2001, at the World Championships in Edmonton, Alberta, Canada, Boldon finished fourth and out of the medals in the 100 m with 9 98 s, and then ran the second leg of his country's 4 x 100-metre relay, finishing third in the finals  This was Trinidad and Tobago's first 4 x 100 m relay medal in either World or Olympic competition and Boldon states that making national history with this team of young men (the average age of his teammates was 19) was his greatest accomplishment in his career  The colours of his 2001 World Championship medals would change in 2005 as both his placings were improved – he received bronze in the 100 m and the bronze relay medals were upgraded to silver after all the times and performances of the American sprinter Tim Montgomery (who was second in the 100 m and won the 4 x 100 m with the US team) were nullified due to serious doping violations  That brought Boldon's career total to four World Championship medals, to match his four Olympic medals 
Boldon was seriously injured in a head-on crash with a drunk driver in Barataria, Trinidad and Tobago, in July 2002, and never again ran sub-ten seconds in the 100 m or sub-twenty seconds for 200 m, something he had done on 37 separate occasions prior to 2002  In 2006, a judge in Trinidad found that Boldon was not at fault in that accident, and he was paid substantial damages as a result  That accident left Boldon with a serious hip injury, and he was a shadow of his former self as a sprinter  In 2004 at the Athens Olympic Games, he failed to advance out of the first round of the 100 m heats but captained his country's 4 x 100 m relay team to their first-ever Olympic final, where they finished seventh 
Boldon is the eighth person to win a medal for Trinidad and Tobago at the Olympics and currently has the third most wind-legal sub-10 second 100 m performances in history with 28, behind former training partner Maurice Greene, who has 52, and Jamaica's former 100 m World Record holder Asafa Powell, who leads with 97 
On 20 April 2008 The Observer published the contents of a letter believed to be by Boldon to John Smith, his former coach, accusing Smith, Maurice Greene of betraying him by obtaining banned drugs without his knowledge, lying about Greene competing without drugs and damaging his own career  But for a quote on the matter to HellenicAthletes com, a website he wrote for at the time, Boldon has had no further official comment 

Broadcasting
At the 1999 World Championships in Seville, Spain, Boldon could not compete due to a serious injury  The British Broadcasting Corporation hired him to do commentary and analysis for their coverage of those Championships  He proved popular with the audience and was invited back as a track-side analyst for the BBC coverage of the U S  Olympic Track and Field Trials in 2000, from Sacramento, California 
From 2005 to 2009, Boldon was in the broadcast booth for the U S  Television network CBS as part of their commentary team for the NCAA Outdoor Track and Field Championships  In June 2007, he made his debut for NBC Sports as an analyst for the 2007 U S  National Championships, and he also was an integral part of Versus and NBC's coverage of 2007 Osaka World Championships  In 2008, he was the sprint analyst at the US Olympic Track and Field Trials and the 2008 Summer Olympics for NBC Sports  Boldon was widely praised for his NBC work by the press, including the Los Angeles Times, USA Today and The New York Times which called him "one of NBC's best analysts, a blend of athletic smarts, charisma, precise analysis and brashness " In 2010, Boldon joined the only U S  track and field broadcast team he had not previously been a regular part of, ESPN, after the departure of their long-time analyst, Larry Rawson  In 2012, he continued his role as the NBC track and field analyst for the 2012 Summer Olympics  In 2013, for his 2012 London Olympic commentary, Boldon became the first and only track and field broadcaster in US history to be nominated for a Sports Emmy Award  He was nominated in the category of Outstanding Sports Personality, Sports Event Analyst  Cris Collinsworth, his friend and colleague from NBC Sports' Sunday Night Football, eventually won the Emmy, his fifth win in a row  Alongside Tom Feuer, Boldon has served as a game analyst for Track & Field events for the Pac-12 NetworkIn 2017, Boldon joined NASCAR on NBC's broadcast as a features contributor 

Politics
Boldon was sworn in on 14 February 2006 as a Senator representing the Opposition United National Congress following the resignation of former Senator Roy Augustus, who resigned on 13 February in a dispute over the leadership style of then Leader of the Opposition Basdeo Panday  Boldon resigned on 11 April 2007 after 14 months as a senator, also citing issues with Panday's leadership ability 

Media
In 2006, Boldon wrote, produced and directed a 73-minute DVD film entitled Once in a Lifetime: Boldon in Bahrain which documented his voyage with fellow fans and Trinidad and Tobago nationals to the Kingdom of Bahrain, where the country's soccer team, the Soca Warriors, defeated Bahrain 1–0 in a playoff to become the smallest country ever to qualify for the FIFA World Cup, qualifying to play at the Germany 2006 tournament 

Coaching
Boldon began coaching Khalifa St  Fort around 2012 and helped her improve her 100 m from 12 3 to 11 5 seconds after one month  St  Fort won the silver medal at the 2015 World Youth Championships in Athletics and a bronze in the relay at the 2015 World Championships in Athletics 

Personal life
Boldon married entertainment executive/manager Cassandra Mills in 1998 after a three-year courtship  Boldon and Mills divorced in 2007  They had no children together  He has one daughter from a previous relationship  He had a daughter with news anchor Neki Mohan in 2007  They split up in 2018  He resides in Florida  Boldon also holds U S  citizenship In 2000, Boldon was made a sports ambassador by the Republic of Trinidad and Tobago and given a diplomatic passport  He is widely viewed as one of the all-time leading sportsmen in the history of the Caribbean, as well as one of its most internationally recognizable spokesmen  When Trinidad and Tobago hosted the 2001 FIFA U-17 World Championship in association football, one of the new stadiums constructed for the tournament was located in Couva and named Ato Boldon Stadium  The only other island sprinter to have a stadium named after him is 1976 Olympic champion Hasely Crawford (Hasley Crawford Stadium located in the capital Port of Spain) 
Boldon is a qualified pilot, having earned his private pilot's license in August 2005  He is a member of the AOPA, Aircraft Owners and Pilot's Association 

Achievements
On 4 November 2011, Boldon was inducted into the UCLA Athletics Hall of Fame 

Competition record
Personal bests
All information taken from IAAF profile 
Passage 3:
Richard Thompson (sprinter)
Richard "Torpedo" Thompson (born 7 June 1985) is a sprinter from Trinidad and Tobago who specializes in the 100 metres  His personal best of 9 82 seconds, set in June 2014, was one of the top ten fastest of all time, and a national record  In the 200 meters he has the fourth fastest time by a Trinidad and Tobago athlete Thompson studied at Louisiana State University (LSU) and broke the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) indoor 60 metres record in 2008, his final season of collegiate athletics At the 2008 Beijing Olympics, Thompson was the silver medalist in the 100 meters, running a then personal best of 9 89 seconds, and the gold medalist in the 4x100 meters relay along with Emmanuel Callender, Keston Bledman and Marc Burns  He also won the silver medal in the 4x100 meters at the 2012 Olympics with the same team he competed in the 2008 Olympics with  Also in the 2012 Olympics, he finished 6th following the disqualification of Tyson Gay in the final of the 100 meters  Thompson is a five time Trinidad and Tobago national champion  His current personal best of 9 82 was set at the 2014 Trinidad and Tobago national championships In 2017, fellow sprinter and 2008 Olympic Games men's relay gold medalist Nesta Carter was sanctioned by the International Olympic Committee for doping at the 2008 event, retroactively awarding the Trinidad and Tobago team which included Thompson Olympic Gold 

Early life
Born on 7 June 1985 in Cascade, Port of Spain, Thompson is the last of four children of Ruthven and Judith Thompson  He attended Queen's Royal College in Port of Spain where he was coached by Ashwin Creed  He competed at the 2004 Hampton Games running a time of 10 65 in the 100 meters 

Amateur career
He ran for Louisiana State University as a member of the LSU Tigers track and field team and set NCAA Indoor record in the 60 metres in 2008   That year he won the NCAA Men's Outdoor Track Athlete of the Year Award and the SEC Men's Outdoor Track Athlete of the Year award 

Professional career
In his first World Championships in Athletics in Osaka in 2007, Thompson reached the second round but finished eighth in a time of 10 44 seconds  His personal best time is 9 89 seconds, achieved in August 2008 in Beijing, China, during the Olympic 100 m final where he won silver  Thompson's personal best for the 200 metres is 20 18 s which ran in Fayetteville for LSU  His 60 metres best is 6 51 s, achieved in March 2008 in Fayetteville  He won the relay gold medal at the 2008 Central American and Caribbean Championships with Trinidad and Tobago 
In the 2008 Summer Olympics he competed in the 100 m sprint and placed first in his heat ahead of Martial Mbandjock with a time of 10 24 s  He qualified for the second round, beating Tyson Gay and Mbandjock, with a winning time of 9 99 s  He qualified in the semi-finals with a time of 9 93 s, finishing second to Asafa Powell  In the final he finished in second place; he was far behind winner Usain Bolt (9 69 s) but his time of 9 89 s was enough to win the silver medal and set a new personal best  His new best time made him the second fastest Trinidadian 100 m sprinter ever, after Ato Boldon Together with Keston Bledman, Aaron Armstrong and Marc Burns he also competed at the 4 x 100 metres relay  In their qualification heat they placed first in front of Japan, the Netherlands and Brazil  Their time of 38 26 s was the fastest of all sixteen teams participating in the first round and they qualified for the final  Armstrong was replaced by Emmanuel Callender for the final race and they sprinted to a time of 38 06 s, the second time after the Jamaican team, winning the silver medal  In 2022, Thompson and his teammates received the gold medal due to Jamaica's Nesta Carter testing positive for the prohibited substance methylhexaneamine Thompson was involved in a car accident on 1 January 2009, resulting in minor injuries which caused him to miss the indoor athletics season  He competed at the 2009 World Championships in Athletics and reached the 100 m final, finishing in fifth place with a season's best of 9 93 seconds in fastest ever race at that point in time  He teamed up with fellow finalist Marc Burns for the relay and ran a national record time of 37 62 seconds to finish as runners-up behind the Jamaican team He achieved a 100/200 m double at the 2010 national championships  His season was highlighted by a win on the 2010 IAAF Diamond League circuit, taking the 100 m at the Prefontaine Classic with a wind-assisted time of 9 89 seconds  In August Thompson broke the national record with a run of 9 85 s at the 2011 national championships  The achievement, which ranked him ninth fastest in all-time lists, eclipsed Ato Boldon's record by 0 01 seconds  Despite this form, he failed to make the 100 m final at the 2011 World Championships in Athletics, being eliminated in the semis, although he did anchor the relay team to fifth place in the final 
At the 2012 national championships he had his win streak beaten by Keston Bledman and had to settle for second with his time of 9 96 seconds In the 2012 100m Olympic final, he gained the distinction of becoming the first man to break ten seconds and finish in seventh place



ground_truth: Big 12 Conference

prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: Which ocean would the ingredients likely come from for the She-crab soup?

The following are given passages.
Context 4:  However, upon the disqualification of Tyson Gay due to doping, Thompson was promoted to sixth place 
During the 2014 national championships he won the finals, improving the national record with a run of 9 82 s, becoming one of the 10 fastest 100 m runners ever 

Major competition record
1Disqualified in the final

Personal bests
60 m and 200 m taken from IAAF profile
100 m taken from NAAA TT Website

Notes
Passage 4:
Harold Davis (athlete)
Harold Davis may refer to:

H  L  Davis (1894–1960), Pulitzer Prize-winning novelist
Harold A  Davis, pulp fiction author working under the pseudonym Kenneth Robeson, 1930s, 1940s
Harold Davis (American football) (1934–2007), American quarterback
Harold Davis (footballer) (1933–2018), Scottish footballer who played for Rangers F C 
Harold Davis (sprinter) (1921–2007), American sprinter and former world record holder
Harold Davis (photographer) (born 1953), American photographer and author
Harold Thayer Davis (1892–1974), American mathematician

See also
Harold Davies (disambiguation)
Harry Davis (disambiguation)
Passage 5:
I Am Bolt
I Am Bolt is a 2016 British biographical documentary sports film co-directed by Benjamin Turner and Gabe Turner and produced by Leo Pearlman  It is based on the life of Jamaican sprinter and three times Olympic gold medalist and World Record holder for 100m, 200m, 4×100m relay, Usain Bolt, the fastest man in recorded human history The film describes Bolt's journey in winning nine gold medals and the incidents surrounding the Olympic titles  The film was released on 28 November 2016 in United Kingdom and then worldwide  The film received mostly positive reviews from critics 

Cast
Usain Bolt himself
Pelé himself
Neymar himself
Serena Williams herself
Asafa Powell himself
Sebastian himself
Ziggy Marley himself
Nas with voice
Glen Mills himself
Ricky Simms himself
Chronixx himself
Yohan Blake himself
Maurice Greene himself
Wellesley and Jennifer Bolt – his parents themselves
Dwayne Jarrett – Bolt's school coach himself
Nugent Walker – Bolt's manager himself
Dwayne Barnett himself

Reception
Critical response
I Am Bolt received positive reviews  On review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes, the film has an approval rating of 83% based on 242 reviews, with an average rating of 7/10  The site's critical consensus reads, "
Bolt's golden era may be too recent and the sponsors too dominant for any real warts to be included, but his charm and sheer physical wonder make this a compelling watch regardless "Justin Lowe of The Hollywood Reporter reacted positively, saying: "Athletic achievements don’t get much more unbeatable than the records held by Jamaican runner Usain Bolt, who’s won nine consecutive Olympic gold medals and even more World Championship awards  Considered the fastest sprinter who’s ever logged track time, Bolt is a hero to millions and admired on a level comparable to global sports legends like Muhammad Ali and Pele "Xan Brooks of The Guardian gave it 2/5, stating "Fans of Usain Bolt will find much to relish in this gushing homage to the nine-time Olympic gold medallist, which chases its idol from his 2015 slump, via scenes of downtime in Jamaica to the podium in Rio 
Passage 6:
Glen Mills
Glen Mills OD (born 14 August 1949) is a sprinting athletics coach from Jamaica  He was the head coach of the Jamaican Olympic athletics team between 1987 and 2009  He is currently head coach of the Racers Track Club which includes world and Olympic record holder Usain Bolt and the 100-metre World Champion Yohan Blake  Other athletes that he has coached in the past include Kim Collins, and Ray Stewart 

Early years
Mills enjoyed athletics from an early age and, after moving to Camperdown High School, promptly joined the sprinting team at age 13  After his first year he was dissatisfied with his performances and gave up on the idea of becoming a professional sprinter  Despite this setback Mills was still enamoured with athletics and frequently attended the practice meetings to watch the others run  The high school coach, Henry McDonald Messam, noticed his interest and reluctance to participate and so assigned him various tasks and chores to keep him busy  Two years after, Mills had learnt well from the head coach and was given the job of coaching a class of younger track and field athletes  He retained the job after graduation, progressing to form an official part of the Camperdown High School coaching staff  The arrival of a new head of the sports department threatened Mills coaching opportunities and he was sacked in favour of a more experienced coach  The move backfired as many of the school's better athletes chose to stand by Mills, training with him at his new, unofficial training ground  Mills was quickly reinstated at the school and went on to train many successful sprinters, including Olympic silver medallist Raymond Stewart By the early 1970s, Mills had trained a significant number of male sprinters in the national junior team  The Jamaica Amateur Athletic Association (JAAA) called on him to work on the team, for the CARIFTA Games  Following this appointment Mills became a prominent coach in the Jamaican athletics scene  He continued to work on his coaching style and earned a diploma from the International Olympic Committee training centre in Mexico and a qualification in High-Level Sprint Tech training at the IAAF Training Centre in Puerto Rico  During his time as a coach in Jamaica he has worked with a number of Caribbean athletes including Yohan Blake, Aleen Bailey, Xavier Brown, Leroy Reid and Kim Collins  In addition, Mills also coached British sprinter Dwain Chambers when his athletics ban expired 

Training Bolt
Mills was approached by Usain Bolt shortly after the Athens Olympics and he became the sprinter's coach in late 2004  Bolt was initially a 200 metres specialist but Mills suggested that his young charge should improve his stamina to run over 400 metres  With upcoming competitions for Bolt, there was no time for him to prepare for 400m and Bolt asked if he could run the 100m  Bolt completed 100m in 10 03, an excellent time without any explosive training    At the 2007 Jamaican Championships in June, Bolt broke Donald Quarrie's 36-year-old record by 0 11 seconds, running 19 75 seconds  Mills agreed to Bolt's demands and let him run the 100 m event  The acceptance of the request paid dividends for both sprinter and coach as Mills was impressed with Bolt's new drive and focus in training  By the end of 2007, Mills was pleased with Bolt's performances and the coaching had improved his technique, particularly with a more efficient stride frequency and better balancing  In a trade-off the two agreed to a two part training programme in preparation for the 2008 Beijing Olympics  Mills would help Bolt work on his speed for the 100 m initially then turn his focus to the stamina needed for the 200 m  The program paid off as Bolt set three world records and took gold in both 100 m and 200 m events in Beijing  Bolt praised Mills, saying it was his coaching which made him improve, not only as an athlete, but also as a person  Despite Bolt's unprecedented achievements in Beijing, Mills still felt he could improve if his stride frequency was further improved and his technique perfected Mills stepped down as the Olympic Jamaican athletics coach in late 2009, having overseen athletes to 71 world championship and 33 Olympic medals in his 22 years in the role  He said other prominent coaches deserved a chance at undertaking the position and decided he wanted to focus more on his Racers Track Club team 

Drug controversy
In June 2009, five Jamaican athletes were found positive for banned substances  At least two of the athletes belong to the Racers Track Club and were coached by Mills  The athletes were later revealed to be Yohan Blake, Marvin Anderson, Allodin Fothergill, Lansford Spence and Sheri-Ann Brooks, who all tested positive for the stimulant Methylhexanamine, a compound similar to Tuaminoheptane, and were subsequently banned for three months by the Jamaica Anti-Doping Commission 

Awards
NACAC Coach of the Year 2008
Passage 7:
Kozo Haraguchi
Kozo Haraguchi (原口 幸三, Haraguchi Kōzō, June 20, 1910 in Kobayashi, Miyazaki – January 11, 2011 in Miyazaki City, Kyushu) was a track and field athlete and former World Masters Athletics record holder in the 100 m sprint for men aged 90–94 (18 08 seconds, 2000) as well as the former record holder for men aged 95–100 (21 69 seconds, August 27, 2005)  Haraguchi began competing in track and field events when he turned 65, with his exercise regimen which included a one-hour walk every morning 
Passage 8:
Mosito Lehata
Mosito Lehata (born 8 April 1989 in Maseru) is a Mosotho athlete competing in sprinting events  He is the current holder of the Lesotho national record for the 100-meter at 10 11 seconds, and has consistently won the national track championships on shorter tracks  He was eliminated in the first round of the men's 200 m event at the 2012 Summer Olympics  Lehata found success in the 200 m event at the 2013 World Championships in Athletics when he finished in the first round ahead of Jamaican sprinter Usain Bolt and advanced to the semifinals   He set a new national record in the 200 m at the 2014 Commonwealth Games, finishing in 4th, four hundredths of a second behind the bronze medal winner At the 2016 Summer Olympics, he competed in the 100 m and 200 m events  He finished 4th in his heat for the 100 m with a time of 10 25 seconds and did not qualify for the semifinals  He finished 7th in his heat for the 200 m with a season best time of 20 65 seconds, but did not qualify for the semifinals  He was the flagbearer for Lesotho during the Parade of Nations 

Competition record
1Did not start in the semifinals
2Disqualified in the semifinals
3Did not finish in the semifinals

Personal bests
Outdoor

100 metres – 10 11 (+1 4 m/s, Réduit 2015)
200 metres – 20 36 (+0 5 m/s, Glasgow 2014)Indoor

60 metres – 7 00 (Istanbul 2012)
Passage 9:
Warren Weir
Warren Weir (born October 1989) is a retired Jamaican sprinter, who specialized in the 200 metres  He was the bronze medallist in the event at the 2012 London Olympics, helping Jamaica sweep the medals  In 2013 at the Moscow World Championships, Warren Weir won the silver medal equalling his personal best  He finished behind Usain Bolt who set a World Leading time  His personal best is 19 79 seconds set at the National Stadium in his home country Kingston, Jamaica  He has since equalled his personal best in Moscow, in the World Championship final  He trained with the Glen Mills-coached Racers Track Club, alongside Usain Bolt and Yohan Blake 

Career
At the start of his career, Weir competed in the short sprints and the 110 metres hurdles  Born in Trelawny Parish, he ran the 100 m and 200 m for Calabar High School at the Jamaican High School Championships  At the 2007 Jamaican junior championships he set a hurdles best of 13 65 seconds for second place and set a 100 m dash best of 10 69 seconds  He was a hurdles finalist at the 2007 Pan American Junior Athletics Championships and a silver medallist at the 2008 CARIFTA Games, where he also shared in the 4×100 metres relay gold medal  In his first appearance on the global stage, Weir reached the semi-finals at the 2008 World Junior Championships in Athletics  He competed sparingly in his first years as a senior, although he did run personal bests in the 100 m (10 50) and the 400 metres hurdles (53 28) in 2009 Weir began to emerge as a 200 m specialist in 2011 after joining the Racers Track Club under coach Glen Mills  He and Mills noticed that the hurdles were leaving him with knee pain and both decided that Weir should focus on sprinting instead  He dipped under 21 second for the first time and placed sixth at the Jamaican Championships  He was invited to European meetings for the first time and performed well at his first Diamond League meeting, taking second place to Walter Dix with a personal best of 20 43 seconds into a strong headwind  He began 2012 by bringing his 200 m best down to 20 21, then 20 13 seconds  A time of 20 08 seconds brought him third place at the Adidas Grand Prix in New York in June At the Jamaican Olympic Trials in 2012, Weir broke twenty seconds with a personal best of 19 99 seconds in the 200 m semi final and a third-place finish in the final, behind Yohan Blake and Usain Bolt, earned him a spot on the Jamaican team for the 2012 Summer Olympics  In the Olympic 200 m final he was a surprise bronze medallist, securing a new personal best of 19 84 seconds in the process  His medal made it an all-Jamaican podium finish alongside fellow Racers Track Club athletes Bolt and Blake – the first time Jamaican men had achieved such a medal sweep at the Olympics Weir started out his 2013 season with a victory of 20 11 seconds in the Adidas Grand Prix in New York City  In June, he registered a 10 02 100m run, a massive personal best from his previous record of 10 51 seconds in 2008  Later in the 2013 Jamaican National Championships, Weir cruised to the finish line in the 200m final in 19 79 seconds, tying Bolt's world leading mark at that point  Having won the first two of his diamond league 200m races (in the Golden Grand Prix and the Adidas Grand Prix), Weir finished second to Bolt at the Meeting Areva, where Bolt set a world lead and meeting record of 19 73  Despite the clear loss to Bolt in Paris, Weir looked to be the closest to a challenger for Bolt at the World Championships that year  At the London Anniversary Games Weir clocked an impressive 19 89 and followed this up with a meeting record in the relay, clocking 37 75 
Come the 2013 World Championships in Athletics, Weir took the heats easily and made it to the final  In the final, Bolt won the race in a world leading time of 19 66 to become the first man to win the 200m at the world championships three times  Weir got clear silver at 19 79, equalling his best, and Curtis Mitchell the bronze in 20 04  Weir would later collect a gold in the 4 × 100 m, after running in the heats  Weir finished his season off by winning the 200m at the Memorial Van Damme in Brussels and hence won the Diamond League 
In 2014, Weir competed in the Commonwealth Games, running the 200m   After winning his heats, Weir won the silver medal in the final 
He is known for saying "No English, straight Patois," sparking calls on social networks for T-shirts to be printed with the phrase In August 2017 Weir announced his retirement from competition via his Instagram account, after not advancing from the heats in the 200m at the 2017 World Championships in Athletics in London In a change of sport, Weir was a member of the Jamaica rugby sevens team that came third at the 2018 Central American and Caribbean Games 

Statistics
Personal bests
100 metres: 10 02 sec (2013)
200 metres: 19 79 sec (2013)
400 metres: 46 10 sec (2013)
110 metres hurdles (junior): 13 65 sec (2007)
400 metres hurdles: 53 28 sec (2009)

International competition record
Passage 10:
Men's 100 metres world record progression
The first record in the 100 metres for men (athletics) was recognised by the International Amateur Athletics Federation, now known as World Athletics, in 1912 
As of 21 June 2011, the IAAF had ratified 67 records in the event, not including rescinded records 

Unofficial progression before the IAAF
IAAF record progression
"Wind" in these tables refers to wind assistance, the velocity of the wind parallel to the runner - positive values are from the starting line towards the finish line, negative are from the finish line towards the starting line, 0 is no wind in either direction, and all values are measured in metres per second   Any wind perpendicular to the runners (from left to right, right to left, or up to down or down to up, although the conditions of the track generally preclude those wind directions) is ignored and not listed 
"Auto" refers to automatic timing, and for the purposes of these lists, indicates auto times which were either also taken for hand-timed records, or were rounded to the tenth or hundredth of a second (depending on the rounding rules then in effect) for the official record time 

Records 1912–1976
The first manual time of 9 9 seconds was recorded for Bob Hayes in the final of the 100 metres at the 1964 Olympics  Hayes' official time of 10 0 seconds was determined by rounding down the electronic time of 10 06 to the nearest tenth of a second, giving the appearance of a manual time  This method was unique to the Olympics of 1964 and 1968, and the officials at the track recorded Hayes' time as 9 9 seconds 

Records since 1977
Since 1975, the IAAF has accepted separate automatically electronically timed records for events up to 400 metres  Starting on January 1, 1977, the IAAF has required fully automatic timing to the hundredth of a second for these events Jim Hines' October 1968 Olympic gold medal run was the fastest recorded fully electronic 100 metre race up to that date, at 9 95 seconds  Track and Field News has compiled an unofficial list of automatically timed records starting with the 1964 Olympics and Bob Hayes' gold medal performance there  Those marks are included in the progression 
The event is linked on some of the dates 

Low-altitude record progression 1968–1987
The IAAF considers marks set at high altitude as acceptable for record consideration  However, high altitude can significantly assist sprint performances  One estimate suggests times in the 200 m sprint can be assisted by between 0 09 s and 0 14 s with the maximum allowable tailing wind of (2 0 m/s), and gain 0 3 s at altitudes over 2000 m  For this reason, unofficial low-altitude record lists have been compiled 
After the IAAF started to recognise only electronic times in 1977, the then-current record and subsequent record were both set at altitude  It was not until 1987 that the world record was equalled or surpassed by a low-altitude performance  The following progression of low-altitude records therefore starts with Hines's low-altitude "record" when the IAAF started to recognise only electronic timing in 1977, and continues to Lewis's low-altitude performance that equalled the high-altitude world record in 1987  (Ben Johnson's 9 95 run in 1986 and 9 83 run in 1987 are omitted )

See also
Women's 100 metres world record progression
Men's 200 metres world record progression
100-yard dash

Notes



ground_truth: Atlantic Ocean