prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: Who had the lowest vocal range in Cosmos?

The following are given passages.
Context 1: Passage 1:
Vocal fry register
The vocal fry register (also known as pulse register, laryngealization, pulse phonation, creaky voice, creak, croak, popcorning, glottal fry, glottal rattle, glottal scrape) is the lowest vocal register and is produced through a loose glottal closure that permits air to bubble through slowly with a popping or rattling sound of a very low frequency  During this phonation, the arytenoid cartilages in the larynx are drawn together, which causes the vocal folds to compress rather tightly and become relatively slack and compact  This process forms a large and irregularly vibrating mass within the vocal folds that produces the characteristic low popping or rattling sound when air passes through the glottal closure  The register (if well controlled) can extend far below the modal voice register, in some cases up to 8 octaves lower, such as in the case of Tim Storms who holds the world record for lowest frequency note ever produced by a human, a G−7, which is only 0 189 Hz, inaudible to the human ear 
Vocal fry is thought to have become more common among young female speakers of American English in the early 21st century, with the style of speaking being considered informal, nonaggressive and urban-oriented 

History of register classification
The vocal fry register has been a recognized and identifiable register in American English only within the past few decades, but its characteristic sound was recognized much earlier  Discussion of the vocal fry or pulse register began first within the field of phonetics and speech therapy and did not enter the vocabulary of vocal music pedagogists until the early 1970s, when it was initially controversial  However, the controversy surrounding the term within vocal music has subsided as more research into the use of the vocal fry register within the context of singing ensued  In particular, vocal pedagogist Margaret Greene's videotaping of the physiological processes occurring in the body while singers were phonating in the vocal fry register offered solid evidence that this type of vocal phonation should be considered a vocal register from both speech pathology and vocal music perspectives  Like any other vocal register, the vocal fry register has a unique vibratory pattern of the vocal folds, a certain series of pitches, and a certain type of sound that distinguishes it from other vocal registers 

In speech
Discussion of vocal fry is much more frequent in books related to phonetics and speech therapy than it is in those dealing with singing  Some authorities consider the use of vocal fry in speech a dysphonia, but others consider it so only if it is used excessively such as Hollien, Moore, Wendahl, and Michel:

It is simply our intent to suggest that ordinarily vocal fry constitutes one of several physiologically available types of voice production on the frequency-pitch continuum and hence, of itself, is not logically classified among the laryngeal pathologies  While the excessive use of fry could result in a diagnosis of voice disorder, this quality is too often heard in normal voices (especially in descending inflections where the voice fundamentally falls below frequencies in the modal register) to be exclusively a disorder 
Many are quick to point out that although vocal fry is minimally a part of routine speaking patterns, the continued use of such a pattern makes it non-utilitarian or pathological Some evidence exists of vocal fry becoming more common in the speech of young female speakers of American English in the early 21st century, but its frequency's extent and significance are disputed  Researcher Ikuko Patricia Yuasa suggests that the tendency is a product of young women trying to infuse their speech with gravitas by means of reaching for the male register and found that "college-age Americans     perceive female creaky voice as hesitant, nonaggressive, and informal but also educated, urban-oriented, and upwardly mobile "A 2014 national study of American adults found that speech with vocal fry was perceived more negatively than a voice without vocal fry, particularly in a labor market context  In young adult women, it was perceived as sounding less trustworthy, less competent, less attractive, and less hireable  The negative evaluation was stronger when the evaluator was also a woman The national study of 800 listeners across age groups found that people making hiring decisions preferred a voice without vocal fry to one with vocal fry  A limitation of the study was that the vocal fry samples were produced by imitators rather than natural vocal fry speakers  That suggests that more research is needed, as the negative reaction could be attributable to other factors In native speakers of American English, young women use vocal fry more frequently than men  When asked to read a passage, female speakers used vocal fry at a rate four times higher than male speakers Some languages, such as Jalapa Mazatec, use vocal fry (creaky voice) as a linguistically significant marker; the presence or absence of vocal fry can then change the meaning of a word 

Social implications
Some people seek out the help of speech pathologists as they feel vocal fry makes them appear unsure and less confident  Researchers have found that young adult women who use vocal fry are perceived as less competent and less hireable (listeners have less of a negative reaction to male voices)  Others argue that these perceptions are part of a broader attack on women's speech Vocal fry is generally seen as a negative characteristic in the workplace, but a study by Duke University researchers has determined the phenomenon is becoming more common and socially acceptable 

In singing
The croaking sound produced by male singers at the start of phrases in American country music is produced by moving from this to the modal register  Within choral music, when true basses are not available, choirs often rely on singers who can "fry" the low bass notes  Singers such as Tim Storms, Mike Holcomb and various other gospel basses use this technique to sing very low tones   Some styles of folk singing showcase the vocal fry register in the female voice  Vocal fry is also used in metal music, usually in combination with air from the diaphragm, in order to create a "growl" or "scream," which sounds aggressive and harsh The chief use of the vocal fry register in singing is to obtain pitches of very low frequency, which are not available to the singer in the modal register  The physiological production of the vocal fry register may be extended up into the modal register  In some cases, vocal pedagogues have found the use of vocal fry therapeutically helpful to students who have trouble producing lower notes  Singers often lose their low notes or never learn to produce them because of the excessive tension of the laryngeal muscles and of the support mechanism that leads to too much breath pressure Some throat singing styles such as kargyra use vocal techniques similar to vocal fry 

See also
Notes
Passage 2:
Bass (voice type)
A bass is a type of classical male singing voice and has the lowest vocal range of all voice types  According to The New Grove Dictionary of Opera, a bass is typically classified as having a vocal range extending from around the second E below middle C to the E above middle C (i e , E2–E4)  Its tessitura, or comfortable range, is normally defined by the outermost lines of the bass clef  Categories of bass voices vary according to national style and classification system 
Italians favour subdividing basses into the basso cantante (singing bass), basso buffo ("funny" bass), or the dramatic basso profondo (low bass)  The American system identifies the bass-baritone, comic bass, lyric bass, and dramatic bass 
The German Fach system offers further distinctions: Spielbass (Bassbuffo), Schwerer Spielbass (Schwerer Bassbuffo), Charakterbass (Bassbariton), and Seriöser Bass  These classification systems can overlap  Rare is the performer who embodies a single Fach without also touching repertoire from another category 

History
Cultural influence and individual variation create a wide variation in range and quality of bass singers  Parts for basses have included notes as low as the B-flat two octaves and a tone below middle C (B♭1), for example in Gustav Mahler's Symphony No  2 and the Rachmaninov's All-Night Vigil, A below that in Frederik Magle's symphonic suite Cantabile, G below that (e g  Measure 76 of Ne otverzhi mene by Pavel Chesnokov) or F below those in Kheruvimskaya pesn (Song of Cherubim) by Krzysztof Penderecki  Many basso profondos have trouble reaching those notes, and the use of them in works by Slavic composers has led to the colloquial term "Russian bass" for an exceptionally deep-ranged basso profondo who can easily sing these notes  Some traditional Russian religious music calls for A2 (110 Hz) drone singing, which is doubled by A1 (55 Hz) in the rare occasion that a choir includes exceptionally gifted singers who can produce this very low human voice pitch 
Many British composers such as Benjamin Britten have written parts for bass (such as the first movement of his choral work Rejoice in the Lamb) that center far higher than the bass tessitura as implied by the clef  The Harvard Dictionary of Music defines the range as being from the E below low C to middle C (i e  E2–C4) 

In choral music
In SATB four-part mixed chorus, the bass is the lowest vocal range, below the tenor, alto, and soprano  Voices are subdivided into first bass and second bass with no distinction being made between bass and baritone voices, in contrast to the three-fold (tenor–baritone–bass) categorization of solo voices  The exception is in arrangements for male choir (TTBB) and barbershop quartets (TLBB), which sometimes label the lowest two parts baritone and bass 

Range and Subtypes
Bass has the lowest vocal range of all voice types, with the lowest tessitura  The low extreme for basses is generally C2 (two Cs below middle C)  Some extreme bass singers, referred to as basso profondos and oktavists, are able to reach much lower than this  Within opera, the lowest note in the standard bass repertoire is D2, sung by the character Osmin in Mozart's Die Entführung aus dem Serail, but few roles fall below F2  
Although Osmin's note is the lowest 'demanded' in the operatic repertoire, lower notes are heard, both written and unwritten: for example, it is traditional for basses to interpolate a low C in the duet "Ich gehe doch rathe ich dir" in the same opera; in Richard Strauss' Der Rosenkavalier, Baron Ochs has an optional C2 ("Mein lieber Hippolyte")  The high extreme: a few bass roles in the standard repertoire call for a high F♯ or G (F♯4 and G4, the one above middle C), but few roles go over F4  In the operatic bass repertoire, the highest notes are a G♯4 (The Barber in The Nose by Shostakovich) and, in the aria "Fra l'ombre e gl'orrori" in Handel's serenata Aci, Galatea e Polifemo, Polifemo reaches an A4 
Within the bass voice type category are seven generally recognized subcategories: basso cantante (singing bass), hoher bass (high bass), jugendlicher bass (juvenile bass), basso buffo ("funny" bass), Schwerer Spielbass (dramatic bass), lyric bass, and dramatic basso profondo (low bass) 

Basso cantante/lyric high bass/lyric bass-baritone
Basso cantante means "singing bass"  Basso cantante is a higher, more lyrical voice  It is produced using a more Italianate vocal production, and possesses a faster vibrato, than its closest Germanic/Anglo-Saxon equivalent, the bass-baritone 

Hoher Bass/dramatic high bass/dramatic bass-baritone
Hoher Bass or "high bass" or often a dramatic bass-baritone 

Jugendlicher Bass
Jugendlicher Bass (juvenile bass) denotes the role of a young man sung by a bass, regardless of the age of the singer 

Masetto, Don Giovanni by Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart
Colline, La bohème by Giacomo Puccini

Basso buffo/lyric buffo
Buffo, literally "funny", basses are lyrical roles that demand from their practitioners a solid coloratura technique, a capacity for patter singing and ripe tonal qualities if they are to be brought off to maximum effect  They are usually the blustering antagonist of the hero/heroine or the comic-relief fool in bel canto operas 

Schwerer Spielbass/dramatic buffo
English equivalent: dramatic bass

Lyric basso profondo
Basso profondo (lyric low bass) is the lowest bass voice type  According to J  B  Steane in Voices, Singers & Critics, the basso profondo voice "derives from a method of tone-production that eliminates the more Italian quick vibrato  In its place is a kind of tonal solidity, a wall-like front, which may nevertheless prove susceptible to the other kind of vibrato, the slow beat or dreaded wobble "

Dramatic basso profondo
English equivalent: dramatic low bass  Dramatic basso profondo is a powerful basso profondo voice 

In Gilbert and Sullivan
All of the Gilbert and Sullivan Savoy operas, except Patience and The Yeomen of the Guard, have at least one lead bass  Notable roles include:

See also
Category of basses
Fach, the German system for classifying voices
Voice classification in non-classical music
List of basses in non-classical music
Passage 3:
Basso profondo
Basso profondo (Italian: "deep bass"), sometimes basso profundo, contrabass or oktavist, is the lowest bass voice type 

While The New Grove Dictionary of Opera defines a typical bass as having a range that is limited to the second E below middle C (E2), operatic bassi profondi can be called on to sing low C (C2), as in the role of Baron Ochs in Der Rosenkavalier  Often choral composers make use of lower notes, such as G1 or even F1; in such rare cases the choir relies on exceptionally deep-ranged bassi profondi termed oktavists or octavists, who sometimes sing an octave below the bass part 
Bass singer Tim Storms holds the Guinness World Record for the "lowest note produced by a human" 

Definition
According to Rousseau (1775): "Basse-contres – the most profound of all voices, singing lower than the bass like a double bass, and should not be confused with contrabasses, which are instruments "

Oktavist
An oktavist is an exceptionally deep-ranged basso profondo, especially typical of Russian Orthodox choral music  This voice type has a vocal range which extends down to A1 (an octave below the baritone range) and sometimes to F1 (an octave below the bass staff) with the extreme lows for oktavists, such as Mikhail Zlatopolsky or Alexander Ort, reaching C1 Slavic choral composers sometimes make use of lower notes such as B♭1 as in Rachmaninoff's All-Night Vigil, G#1 in "The Twelve Brigands" by Vladimir Pasjukov, G1 in "Ne otverzhi mene" by Pavel Chesnokov, or F1 in "Kheruvimskaya pesn" (Song of Cherubim) by Krzysztof Penderecki, although such notes sometimes also appear in repertoire by non-Slavic composers (e g  B♭1 appears in Gustav Mahler's Second and Eighth Symphonies) 
In popular culture, several a capella groups have bass singers with an oktavist range, such as Home Free's Tim Foust, VoicePlay's Geoff Castellucci, and Avi Kaplan formerly of Pentatonix, as well as Tony nominated broadway performer Patrick Page, each of these being able to reach down to a G1 or in some cases even lower, with Castellucci able to hit a B0 using subharmonic singing and Foust able to hit a G0 using growl 

See also
Bass
Fach
Vocal weight
Passage 4:
Cosmos (band)
Cosmos was a Latvian a cappella band that formed in Riga in 2002  The band comprised singers Jānis Šipkēvics, Andris Sējāns (both countertenors), Juris Lisenko (tenor), Jānis Ozols (baritone), Jānis Strazdiņš (bass) and Reinis Sējāns (rhythm) 
Cosmos gained national and international recognition after they were chosen to represent Latvia in the 2006 Eurovision Song Contest held in Athens, Greece with the song "I Hear Your Heart"  Despite winning the national Eirodziesma 2006 contest, the band finished in joint sixteenth place out of the twenty-four finalists, with thirty points 

Discography
Cosmos (2003)
Pa un par (2005)
Тетради любви (2005)
Ticu un viss (2005)
Turbulence (2008)
Pasaki man un tev (2009)

External links
Official website
Review of Pa un par Archived 2008-10-25 at the Wayback Machine at RARB org
Passage 5:
Cosmos Holidays
Cosmos (formerly Cosmos Tours) is a UK independent tour operator providing a range of package holidays to the UK market  The tour operator is connected to the international Globus Travel Group, founded in 1928, which remains family owned with headquarters in Lugano, Switzerland  Under parent company Cosmos Tours Ltd, the tour operator offers holidays through two brands: Cosmos and Avalon Waterways 
Cosmos Holidays was founded in 1961 as Cosmos Tours  It became Cosmos Holidays in 1987  After Globus Travel Group sold Monarch Travel Group to Greybull Capital in October 2014, Monarch stopped using Cosmos as a Monarch Group brand in 2015  However, in March 2017 it was announced that Cosmos Tours had regained full rights and licences to the Cosmos brand and Monarch would change its corporate name from Cosmos Holidays Limited to Monarch Holidays Limited 

Background
Origins of Cosmos (1928–1986)
In 1928, Antonio Mantegazza started a company specialising in coach touring called Globus Viaggi   The company began with a fleet of 12 coaches which operated local excursions for European tourists in Switzerland   By 1950, Globus Viaggi had grown to a fleet of 33 coaches and featured overnight excursions to Rome, Venice, the Dolomites and the French Riviera   Gradually these became regular scheduled tours and grew longer to cover more ground   Later that decade Globus pioneered the concept of Grand European Touring by offering first-class European tours to North Americans 
Cosmos Tours was founded in the UK in 1961 by Sergio Mantegazza  The company was created to provide British customers with affordable package holidays by coach and air travel to Europe   Destinations included Italy, Spain, Switzerland, and Austria by motor coach from London’s Victoria station, and by flights from Southend and Lympne airports   Although the company's main programme focused on motor coach tours, it soon increased the choice of air package holidays too   In 1968, the success of the company's air package holidays allowed Cosmos to form the airline Monarch Airlines Throughout the 1970s and 1980s, Cosmos Tours increased its UK departure airports to include Manchester, Birmingham, Glasgow, Edinburgh and East Midlands, serving new destinations including Portugal, Yugoslavia, Greece, Malta and Tunisia, and longhaul destinations such as Florida, Thailand and Mexico 
In 1986 Cosmos Tours became the first mainstream operator in the UK to launch a Christmas Lapland programme 

Expansion (1987–2009)
In 1987, the company changed its name from Cosmos Tours to Cosmos Holidays 
In September 1991, the Globus Travel Group acquired 80% of Avro Plc, a flight-only company set up by Paul Dendle  This acquisition enhanced the company’s charter seat-only presence in the market  In 1994, the Globus Group acquired the remaining 20% 
In 1994, Cosmos launched a direct-sell brand, Archers Direct (later Archers Holidays, shut down in November 2018), featuring a worldwide touring programme 
In 2002, Cosmos launched an accommodation-only brand, somewhere2stay, which supplied hotel, apartment and villa accommodation to the UK travel trade  Four years after launching somewhere2stay, sales made up £20-£40 million of an estimated £300-£350 million turnover in the accommodation-only sector  During 2006, the decision was made to run somewhere2stay separately from Cosmos Holidays In 2007, Cosmos announced they would introduce package holidays using Monarch’s full range of scheduled flights, in line with the expansion plans announced by the airline during the same year In 2009, executive chairman, Iain Rawlinson announced plans to reinvent the company as a scheduled carrier, after the company made financial losses  It was predicted at the time that the parent company of Cosmos Holidays would make a loss of around £45 million  During the same year, media coverage suggested there were problems with their approach  The Mantegazza family from Switzerland, which had owned Group Voyagers since its foundation, invested money into the group to cover the losses 

Consolidation (2014-present)
In 2014, the Mantegazza family announced plans to sell Monarch Holdings Ltd  Subsidiaries included Monarch Airlines, Monarch Aircraft Engineering, First Aviation, Cosmos Holidays, somewhere2stay and Avro  On 31 October 2014, the holiday group was sold to venture capitalists, Greybull Capital  Cosmos Tours & Cruises was retained by the Mantegazza Family In 2016, Cosmos introduced a private tour programme based on existing tour itineraries in Asia, Africa and India with a private guide/driver included 
From 1 April 2017, the tour operator regained all rights to the brand Cosmos, having reached a formal agreement with Monarch which terminated the licence covering the use of the name 

Destinations
Cosmos provides tours, cruises and rail journeys in over 40 countries, flying from up to 27 UK airports 
The tour operator with its origins in touring in Italy, offers holidays across Europe and the Mediterranean   Other destinations include North America & Canada, Central & South America, Asia and the Far East, Africa, the Persian Gulf, Indian Ocean, Australia and New Zealand 
In recent years, river and ocean cruises have been added to the product range of tours 

Awards
Cosmos has been shortlisted for travel industry and consumer awards including the TTG Travel Awards, the Globe Travel Awards, British Travel Awards as well as World of Cruising’s Wave Awards, and Cruise International’s Cruise Awards 
Passage 6:
List of basses in non-classical music
The bass singing voice has a vocal range that lies around the second E below middle C to the E above middle C (i e , E2–E4)  As with the contralto singing voice being the rarest female voice type, the bass voice is the rarest for males, and has the lowest vocal range of all voice types  However, the bass voice is determined not only by its vocal range, but also by its timbre, which tends to be darker than that of a baritone voice 
The term bass was developed in relation to classical and operatic voices, where the classification is based not merely on the singer's vocal range but also on the tessitura and timbre of the voice  For classical and operatic singers, their voice type determines the roles they will sing and is a primary method of categorization  In non-classical music, singers are primarily defined by their genre and their gender and not by their vocal range  When the terms soprano, mezzo-soprano, contralto, tenor, baritone, and bass are used as descriptors of non-classical voices, they are applied more loosely than they would be to those of classical singers and generally refer only to the singer's perceived vocal range 
The following is a list of singers in country, popular music, jazz, and musical theatre who have been described as basses 

List of names
Gallery
See also
Voice classification in non-classical music
List of baritones in non-classical music
List of tenors in non-classical music
List of contraltos in non-classical music
List of mezzo-sopranos in non-classical music
List of sopranos in non-classical music
Voice type

Notes
Passage 7:
Alto
The musical term alto, meaning "high" in Italian (Latin: altus), historically refers to the contrapuntal part higher than the tenor and its associated vocal range  In 4-part voice leading alto is the second-highest part, sung in choruses by either low women's or high men's voices  In vocal classification these are usually called contralto and male alto or countertenor 
Such confusion of "high" and "low" persists in instrumental terminology  Alto flute and alto trombone are respectively lower and higher than the standard instruments of the family (the standard instrument of the trombone family being the tenor trombone), though both play in ranges within the alto clef  Alto recorder, however, is an octave higher, and is defined by its relationship to tenor and soprano recorders; alto clarinet is a fifth lower than B-flat clarinet, already an 'alto' instrument  There is even a contra-alto clarinet, (an octave lower than the alto clarinet), with a range B♭0 – D4 

Etymology
In choral music for mixed voices, "alto" describes the lowest part commonly sung by women  The explanation for the anomaly of this name is to be found not in the use of adult falsettists in choirs of men and boys but further back in innovations in composition during the mid-15th century  Before this time it was usual to write a melodic cantus or superius against a tenor (from Latin tenere, to hold) or 'held' part, to which might be added a contratenor, which was in counterpoint with (in other words, against = contra) the tenor  The composers of Ockeghem's generation wrote two contratenor parts and designated them as contratenor altus and contratenor bassus; they were respectively higher and lower than the tenor part  From these derive both the modern terms "alto" (and contralto) and "bass" 

Solo voices
The contralto voice is a matter of vocal timbre and tessitura as well as range, and a classically trained solo contralto would usually have a range greater than that of a normal choral alto part in both the upper and lower ranges  However, the vocal tessitura of a classically trained contralto would still make these singers more comfortable singing in the lower part of the voice  A choral non-solo contralto may also have a low range down to D3 (thus perhaps finding it easier to sing the choral tenor part), but some would have difficulty singing above E5  In a choral context mezzo-sopranos and contraltos might sing the alto part, together with countertenors, thus having three vocal timbres (and two means of vocal production) singing the same notes The use of the term "alto" to describe solo voices is mostly seen in contemporary music genres (pop, rock, etc ) to describe singers whose range is lower than that of a mezzo-soprano but higher than that of a true contralto, and is very rarely seen in classical music outside of soloists in choral works  In classical music, most women with an alto range would be grouped within mezzo-sopranos, but many terms in common usage in various languages and in different cultures exist to describe solo classical singers with this range  Examples include contralto, countertenor, haute-contre, and tenor altino, among others 

In choral music
In SATB four-part mixed chorus, the alto is the second-highest vocal range, above the tenor and bass and below the soprano  The alto range in choral music is approximately from F3 (the F below middle C) to F5 (the second F above middle C)  In common usage, alto is used to describe the voice type that typically sings this part, though this is not strictly correct  Alto, like the other three standard modern choral voice classifications (soprano, tenor and bass) was originally intended to describe a part within a homophonic or polyphonic texture, rather than an individual voice type; neither are the terms alto and contralto interchangeable or synonymous, though they are often treated as such 
Although some women who sing alto in a choir are contraltos, many would be more accurately called mezzo-sopranos (a voice of somewhat higher range and different timbre)  Men singing in this range are countertenors, although this term is a source of considerable controversy, some authorities preferring the usage of the term "male alto" for those countertenors who use a predominantly falsetto voice production (boys singing in their natural range may be termed "boy altos") 

See also
Voice classification in non-classical music
Passage 8:
List of contraltos in non-classical music
The contralto singing voice has a vocal range that lies between the F below "middle C" (F3) to two Fs above middle C (F5) and is the lowest type of female voice   In the lower and upper extremes, some contralto voices can sing from two Bs below middle C (B2) to two B♭s above middle C (B♭5) The term contralto was developed in relation to classical and operatic voices, where the classification is based not merely on the singer's vocal range but also on the tessitura and timbre of the voice  For classical and operatic singers, their voice type determines the roles they will sing and is a primary method of categorization  In classical music, a "pure" contralto is considered the rarest type of female voice  In non-classical music, singers are primarily defined by their genre and their gender, not their vocal range  When the terms soprano, mezzo-soprano, contralto, tenor, baritone, and bass are used as descriptors of non-classical voices, they are applied more loosely than they would be to those of classical singers and generally refer only to the singer's perceived vocal range  Contemporarily, the informal term alto is sometimes used interchangeably with contralto The following is a list of singers in country, popular music, jazz, and musical theatre who have been described as contraltos 

List of names
See also
List of mezzo-sopranos in non-classical music
List of sopranos in non-classical music
List of basses in non-classical music
List of baritones in non-classical music
List of tenors in non-classical music
List of operatic contraltos
Voice classification in non-classical music
Voice type

Notes
Passage 9:
Georgia Brown (Brazilian singer)
Rossana Monti, better known by the stage name Georgia Brown, is a Brazilian singer noted for her extensive vocal range 

Career
At the age of fifteen, Brown toured as backup vocalist for Brazilian singer Jorge Ben, during his "W Brasil Tour" in 1995  Following the conclusion of the tour, she entered in contests "Skol Rock" and "Fest Valda"  In 1997, Brown relocated to California in the United States of America to begin recording her first album  In 2001, Brown released her debut album "Black Nature"  The album spawned the singles: "Commit A Crime" and "Hold On"  Following the release of her debut album, she headlined her first tour "Black Nature Tour"  In 2002, "Black Nature" was certified gold in Brazil with sales in excess of 120,000 copies 
In 2003, she released a single "Forgiven"  The song was remixed by DJ Patife and featured on his album "Na Estrada", released in 2005  In 2004, she released her second album Heart Beats, which became certified platinum in Brazil  She headlined first international tour "Heart Beats World Tour" in 2004  In the same year, Brown broke American singer Mariah Carey's vocal records on Guinness World Records and received a certificate for two records: "World's Greatest Vocal Range by a Female B2-F8" and "World's Highest Note "F8" In 2006, Brown began recording her third album  In 2008, she released her third studio album The Renascence of Soul  In 2010, Brown released house music single titled "Love 4 Real"  In 2012, she released an extended play entitled Me & Myself 
In July 2018, Brown released a single "#HighVibration (Sweet Sensation)" 

Discography
AlbumsBlack Nature (2001)
Heart Beats (2004)
The Renascence of Soul (2008)
Me & Myself – EP (2012)Singles"Commit A Crime" (2001)
"Hold On" (2001)
"Forgiven" (2003)
"Lost Love" (2004)
"Art A Shield for Me" (2008)
"Save My Soul" (2008)
"Loneliness" (2009)
"Love 4 Real" (2010)
"#HighVibration (Sweet Sensation)" (2018)
Passage 10:
Range (music)
In music, the range, or chromatic range, of a musical instrument is the distance from the lowest to the highest pitch it can play  For a singing voice, the equivalent is vocal range  The range of a musical part is the distance between its lowest and highest note 

Compass
Among British English speakers, and perhaps others, compass means the same thing as chromatic range—the interval between the lowest and highest note attainable by a voice or musical instrument 

Other ranges
The terms  sounding range, written range,  designated range, duration range and dynamic range have specific meanings 
The sounding range refers to the pitches produced by an instrument, while the written range refers to the compass (span) of notes written in the sheet music, where the part is sometimes transposed for convenience  A piccolo, for example, typically has a sounding range one octave higher than its written range  The designated range is the set of notes the player should or can achieve while playing  All instruments have a designated range, and all pitched instruments have a playing range  Timbre, dynamics, and duration ranges are interrelated and one may achieve registral range at the expense of timbre  The designated range is thus the range in which a player is expected to have comfortable control of all aspects 
The duration range is the difference between the shortest and longest rhythm used  Dynamic range is the difference between the quietest and loudest volume of an instrument, part or piece of music 

Range limits
Although woodwind instruments and string instruments have no theoretical upper limit to their range (subject to practical limits), they generally cannot go below their designated range   Brass instruments, on the other hand, can play beyond their designated ranges  Notes lower than the brass instrument's designated range are called pedal tones  The playing range of a brass instrument depends on both the technical limitations of the instrument and the skill of the player 
Classical arrangements seldom make woodwind or brass instruments play beyond their designed range  String musicians play the bottom of their ranges very frequently, but the top of a string instrument's range is rather fuzzy, and it is unusual for a string player to exceed the designated range  It is quite rare for wind musicians to play the extremes of their instruments  The most common exception is that in many 20th century works, pedal tones are called for in bass trombones 
This chart uses standard numberings for octaves where middle C corresponds to C4  In the MIDI language middle C is referred to as MIDI note number 60 
The lowest note that a pipe organ can sound (with a true pipe) is C−1 (or CCCC), which is 8 Hz, below the range of human hearing and not visible on this chart  However, if acoustic combination (a note and its fifth) counts, the lowest note is C−2 (or CCCCC), which is 4 Hz 
In terms of recording and reproduction, many speakers have a low limit of around 40–60 Hz 

Typical ranges
*This chart only displays down to C0, though some pipe organs, such as the Boardwalk Hall Auditorium Organ, extend down to C−1 (one octave below C0)  Also, the fundamental frequency of the subcontrabass tuba is B♭−1 

See also
Tessitura
Extension (music)
Sub-bass
Hearing range
Context 2: Passage 1:
Red Branch (novel)
Red Branch (ISBN 080410591X, 1989), by the Irish-American author Morgan Llywelyn, is a novel about the life of the Irish hero Cú Chulainn   Red Branch novelizes several stories from the Ulster Cycle of Irish mythology, including the well-known Táin Bó Cúailnge (Cattle Raid of Cooley) and Deirdre (of the Sorrows) 
Passage 2:
Robert Jordan
James Oliver Rigney Jr  (October 17, 1948 – September 16, 2007), better known by his pen name Robert Jordan, was an American author of epic fantasy  He is known best for his series  The Wheel of Time (finished by Brandon Sanderson after Jordan's death) which comprises 14 books and a prequel novel  He is one of several writers to have written original Conan the Barbarian novels; his are considered by fans to be some of the best of the non-Robert E  Howard efforts  Jordan also published historical fiction using the pseudonym Reagan O'Neal, a western as Jackson O'Reilly, and dance criticism as Chang Lung  Jordan claimed to have ghostwritten an "international thriller" that is still believed to have been written by someone else 

Early life
Jordan was born in Charleston, South Carolina  He went to Clemson University after high school, but dropped out after one year and enlisted in the U S  Army  He served two tours of duty during the Vietnam War as a helicopter gunner  He was awarded the Distinguished Flying Cross with oak leaf cluster, the Bronze Star with "V" and oak leaf cluster, and two Vietnamese Gallantry Crosses with palm After returning from Vietnam in 1970, Jordan studied physics at The Citadel  He graduated in 1974 with a Bachelor of Science degree and began working for the U S  Navy as a nuclear engineer  He began writing in 1977 

Personal life
Robert Jordan was a history buff and enjoyed hunting, fishing, sailing, poker, chess, pool, and pipe-collecting  He described himself as a "High church" Episcopalian and received communion more than once a week  Politically, he described himself as a "libertarian monarchist"  He lived with his wife, Harriet McDougal, who works as a book editor (currently with Tor Books; she was also Jordan's editor) in a house built in 1797  He listed John D  MacDonald, Jane Austen, Louis L'Amour, Charles Dickens, Robert A  Heinlein, Mark Twain and Montaigne as his favorite authors 

Illness and death
On March 23, 2006, Jordan disclosed that he had been diagnosed with cardiac amyloidosis and that, with treatment, his median life expectancy was four years  In a separate weblog post, he encouraged his fans not to worry about him and stated that he intended to have a long and creative life He began chemotherapy at Mayo Clinic during early April 2006  He participated in a study of the drug Revlimid, which had been approved recently for multiple myeloma but not yet tested for primary amyloidosis Jordan died on September 16, 2007, from complications stemming from Multiple Myeloma  His funeral service was on September 19, 2007  He was cremated and his ashes buried in the churchyard of St  James Church in Goose Creek, outside Charleston, South Carolina Jordan's papers can be found in the special collections of the College of Charleston 

Selected works
The Wheel of Time
Jordan published 11 books of 14 in the main sequence of the Wheel of Time series  Reviewers and fans of the earlier books noted a slowing of the pace of events in the last few installments written solely by Jordan owing to the expansion of the scale of the series as a whole  Because of his health problems, Jordan did not work at full force on the final installment A Memory of Light (later split into three volumes beginning with The Gathering Storm), but blog entries confirmed that he continued work on it until his death, and he shared all of the significant plot details with his family not long before he died  He maintained that in doing so the book would get published even if "the worst actually happens"  On December 7, 2007, Tor Books announced that Brandon Sanderson had been chosen to finish the Wheel of Time series  Harriet McDougal, Jordan's widow, chose him after reading Mistborn: The Final Empire 
All paperback (PB) page totals given are for the most widely available mass-market paperback editions  The page count for the hardback (HB) editions does not include glossary or appendix page counts 
The World of Robert Jordan's The Wheel of Time is an encyclopedia for the series about the unnamed world where the plot takes place, which is often referred to by fans of the series as the World of the Wheel  It is published in the United States by Tor Books and in the United Kingdom by Orbit Books  The bulk of the text was written by Teresa Patterson based on notes and information provided by Jordan, who also served as the overall editor on the project  While the information in the guide is broadly canonical, the book is deliberately written with vague, biased, or even downright false (or guessed) information in places, as Patterson felt this would reflect a key theme of the series (the mutability of knowledge across time and distance) 

Conan the Barbarian
Jordan was one of several writers who has written Conan the Barbarian stories  When Tom Doherty obtained the rights, he needed a novel very quickly, so Jordan's wife Harriet McDougal recommended him because she knew he had written his first novel, Warriors of the Altaii, in thirteen days 

So he thought I could write something fast, and he was right, and I liked it  It was fun writing something completely over the top, full of purple prose, and in a weak moment I agreed to do five more and the novelization of the second Conan movie  I've decided that those things were very good discipline for me  I had to work with a character and a world that had already been created and yet find a way to say something new about the character and the world  That was a very good exercise 
Conan the Invincible (1982)
Conan the Defender (1982)
Conan the Unconquered (1983)
Conan the Triumphant (1983)
Conan the Magnificent (1984)
Conan the Destroyer (1984) (adaptation of the movie of the same title)
Conan the Victorious (1984)They were packed into two separate volumes par Conan the Destroyer:

The Conan Chronicles
The Further Chronicles of Conan (The Conan Chronicles II in the UK, different contents)Jordan also compiled a well-known Conan Chronology 
Passage 3:
Lion of Ireland
Lion of Ireland, by the American-Irish author Morgan Llywelyn, is a novel about the life of the Irish hero and High King Brian Boru 

Plot summary
The story begins with Brian as a child of around 8 or 9 and it ends with him as an 88-year-old man  The book shows his rise to power and his struggle to maintain it  His personal life is an important part of the plot, because Brian's war against Máel Mórda (leader of the Leinstermen) and Sihtric (king of Dublin) was to be inextricably connected with his complicated marital relations, in particular his marriage to Gormlaith, Máel Mórda's sister and Sihtric's mother, who had been in turn the wife of Amlaíb Cuarán, king of Dublin and York, then of Máel Sechnaill  Even though the book is based on a historical figure, most of it is fiction 

Film adaptation
In 2003, Ireland based RiverFilms proposed a film adaptation of the book as Braveheart and El Cid meet The Vikings On March 4, 2019, it was announced in Deadline that a new movie adaptation was in the works  The series would be created by Irish author Michael Scott  The article was subsequently picked up the Sunday Times, and Irish Central who listed both Scott and BCDF Pictures as producers 
Passage 4:
List of locations in The Wheel of Time
The Wheel of Time is a series of high fantasy novels by American author Robert Jordan, with Brandon Sanderson as a co-author for the final three novels  Originally planned as a six-book series at its debut in 1990, The Wheel of Time came to span 14 volumes, in addition to a prequel novel and two companion books  Jordan died in 2007 while working on what was planned to be the final volume in the series  He prepared extensive notes which enabled fellow fantasy author Brandon Sanderson to complete the final book, which grew into three volumes: The Gathering Storm (2009), Towers of Midnight (2010), and A Memory of Light (2013) 
The series draws on numerous elements of both European and Asian mythology, most notably the cyclical nature of time found in Buddhism and Hinduism; the metaphysical concepts of balance, duality, and a respect for nature found in Taoism; the Abrahamic concepts of God and Satan; and Leo Tolstoy's War and Peace The Wheel of Time is notable for its length, detailed imaginary world, and magic system, and its large cast of characters  The eighth through fourteenth books each reached number one on the New York Times Best Seller list  After its completion, the series was nominated for a Hugo Award  As of 2021, the series has sold over 90 million copies worldwide, making it one of the best-selling epic fantasy series since The Lord of the Rings  Its popularity has spawned a collectible card game, a video game, a roleplaying game, and a soundtrack album  A TV series adaptation produced by Sony Pictures and Amazon Studios premiered in 2021 

Setting
The series is set in a future unnamed world and that, due to the cyclical nature of time as depicted in the series, is simultaneously the distant past and the distant future Earth  Fans have come to refer to this world as Randland (from the name of the central character) or the World of the Wheel (cf  a section of the companion book The World of Robert Jordan's The Wheel of Time) 

Premise
At the dawn of time, a deity known as the Creator forged the universe and the Wheel of Time, which spins the Pattern of the Ages using the lives of men and women as its threads  The Wheel has seven spokes, each representing an age, and it is rotated by the One Power, which flows from the True Source  The One Power is divided into male and female halves, saidin and saidar, which work in opposition and in unison to drive the Wheel  Humans who can use its power are known as channelers; their principal organization is called the Aes Sedai or "Servants of All" in the Old Tongue 
The Creator imprisoned its antithesis, "Shai'tan", the Dark One, at the moment of creation, sealing him away from the Wheel  However, in a time called the Age of Legends, an Aes Sedai experiment inadvertently breached the Dark One's prison, allowing his influence to seep back into the world  He rallied the proud, the corrupt, and the ambitious to his cause and these servants began an effort to fully free the Dark One from his prison, so he might remake time and reality in his own image  In response to this threat, the Wheel spun out the Dragon, a channeler of immense power, to be a champion for the Light  In the Age of Legends, the Dragon was a man named Lews Therin Telamon, who eventually rose to command the Aes Sedai and their allies in the struggle against the Dark One's forces  After a grueling 10-year war, Lews Therin led his forces to victory in a daring assault on the volcano of Shayol Ghul (the site of the earthly link to the Dark One's prison) and was able to reseal the prison  However, at the moment of victory, the Dark One was able to taint saidin, driving male channelers of the One Power insane  Lews Therin killed his friends and family and then, by intentionally overloading himself with the One Power, killed himself  The other male channelers devastated the world with the One Power, unleashing earthquakes and tidal waves that reshaped the world  Eventually, the last male channeler was killed or cut off from the One Power, leaving the human race all but destroyed and only women able to wield the One Power safely  The Aes Sedai reconstituted and guided humanity out of this dark time  Mankind now lived under the shadow of a prophecy that the Dark One would break free from his prison and the Dragon would be reborn to fight him once more, and although he is humanity's only hope against the Dark One, he would devastate the world a second time in the process 
After a span of three thousand years, the human race has rebuilt a level of technology roughly comparable to that of the Late Middle Ages or Early Modern Era, though with a higher level of general education and understanding of hygiene and anatomy, but nevertheless an almost complete lack of formal science, industrial production, and academic institutions  This can be traced to the post-apocalyptic nature of the world, where much knowledge has survived, but the structures and institutions that made that knowledge possible were destroyed  One major difference from our history is that women enjoy full equality with men in most societies, and are superior in some  This is attributed to the power and prestige of the female-only Aes Sedai influencing the larger society 
Several major wars have ravaged the main continent since the defeat of the Dark One, such as the Trolloc Wars, when the surviving servants of the Dark One tried to destroy civilization once more but were defeated by an alliance of nations led by the Aes Sedai; and the War of the Hundred Years, a devastating civil war that followed the fall of a continent-spanning empire ruled by the high king, Artur Hawkwing  These wars have prevented the human race from regaining the power and high technology of the Age of Legends and also left humanity divided  Even the prestige of the Aes Sedai has fallen, with their shrinking numbers and the emergence of rival organizations such as the Children of the Light, a military order who believe that all who channel the One Power are servants of the Shadow  The nations of the modern era are able to unite in defense against the warrior-clans of the Aiel, who cross into the western kingdoms on a mission of vengeance after they suffer a grievous insult, but are too divided to work effectively together in other areas 

Plot summary
The prequel novel, New Spring, takes place during the Aiel War and chronicles the end of the conflict  The Aes Sedai discover that the Prophecies of the Dragon have been fulfilled and the Dragon has been Reborn  Aes Sedai agents are dispatched to try to find the newborn child before servants of the Shadow can do the same 
The series proper commences almost 20 years later in the Two Rivers district of the kingdom of Andor, a near-forgotten backwater place  A young sheep herder named Rand al’Thor (the series protagonist) and his father Tam al’Thor travel to the nearby town of Emond's Field to deliver cider  Rand, keen to further explore his romance with the mayor's daughter, Egwene al’Vere, becomes caught up with an Aes Sedai called Moiraine Damodred, and her Warder, Lan, after his father sustains a serious wound  Rand and his friends, Matrim "Mat" Cauthon and Perrin Aybara discover from Moiraine that servants of the Dark One are searching for one particular young man living in the area  Unfortunately, Moiraine is unable to determine which of three men it is: Rand himself, Mat, or Perrin, and so takes all three of them out of the Two Rivers district along with his romantic interest Egwene (whom Moiraine has determined can channel the One Power and would teach to be Aes Sedai) and the village "Wisdom" (a local healer) Nynaeve al'Meara after a terrible battle with creatures created by The Dark One  The first novel depicts their flight from various agents of the Shadow and their attempts to escape to the Aes Sedai city of Tar Valon 
From then, the story expands and protagonist Rand, as well as the other characters, are frequently split into different groups, pursuing different missions or agendas aimed at furthering the cause of the Dragon Reborn, sometimes thousands of miles apart  Broadly speaking, the original group of characters from the Two Rivers make new allies, gain experience, and become figures of some influence and authority  As they struggle to unite the western kingdoms against the Dark One's forces, their task is complicated by rulers of the nations who refuse to give up their authority and by factions such as the Children of the Light, who do not believe in the prophecies, and the Seanchan, the people of a long-lost colony of Artur Hawkwing's empire across the western ocean who have returned, believing it is their destiny to conquer the world  The Aes Sedai also become divided between those who believe the Dragon Reborn should be strictly controlled and those who believe he must lead them into battle as he did in the earlier war  As the story expands, new characters representing different factions are introduced; although this expansion of the narrative allows the sheer scale of the growing struggle to be effectively depicted, it has been criticized for slowing the pace of the novels and sometimes reducing the appearances of the original or main cast to extended cameos 
By the sixth novel, it has become clear that the Last Battle, caused when the Dark One is able to exert its influence directly on the world once more, is imminent, as only three Seals (keys to the Dark One's prison) are intact  Once the remaining Seals break, the Dark One will be free to touch the world  The Last Battle, Tarmon Gai'don, is depicted in the fourteenth and final novel in the series, A Memory of Light 

Books in the series
All paperback (PB) page totals given are for the most widely available mass-market paperback editions  The page count for the hardback (HB) editions does not include a glossary or appendix, page counts 
In 2002 the first book, The Eye of the World, was repackaged as two volumes with new illustrations for younger readers: From the Two Rivers, including an extra chapter (Ravens) before the existing prologue, and To the Blight with an expanded glossary  In 2004 the same was done with The Great Hunt, with the two parts being The Hunt Begins and New Threads in the Pattern 

Prologue eBooks
On several occasions, chapters from various books in the series were released several months in advance of publication  These were released in eBook format as promotional tools for the then-upcoming release 
The prologue eBook releases included:

Snow: The Prologue to Winter's Heart (September 2000)
Glimmers: The Prologue to Crossroads of Twilight (July 17, 2002)
Embers Falling on Dry Grass: The Prologue to Knife of Dreams (July 22, 2005) 
What the Storm Means: The Prologue to The Gathering Storm (September 17, 2009) 
Chapter 1 of The Gathering Storm, Tears from Steel, was released free on Friday September 4, 2009 on Tor com
Chapter 2 of The Gathering Storm, The Nature of Pain, was released in Audio form free on Thursday September 24, 2009 on Tor com
Distinctions: The Prologue to Towers of Midnight (Tuesday September 21, 2010) 
Chapter 1 of Towers of Midnight, Apples First, was released free on Friday October 1, 2010 on Tor com
Chapter 2 of Towers of Midnight, Questions of Leadership was released in Audio form free on Tuesday October 19, 2010
Chapter 8 of Towers of Midnight, The Seven-Striped Lass (on September 16, 2010, Chapter 8, The Seven-Striped Lass, was revealed as part of The Great Hunt scavenger hunt setup by Brandon on his website beginning August 30, 2010 in relation to his new book: The Way of Kings) 
By Grace And Banners Fallen: The Prologue to A Memory Of Light (Wednesday September 19, 2012) 
A segment of chapter 1 of A Memory Of Light was released in mid-2012 on Dragonmount com
A segment of chapter 11 of A Memory Of Light was similarly released publicly in mid-2012 on Dragonmount com

Short stories
Jordan wrote two short stories within the franchise in the late 1990s  The first, The Strike at Shayol Ghul, predates the main series by several thousand years  It was made available on the Internet and was later published in The World of Robert Jordan's The Wheel of Time  Jordan also wrote a short story entitled New Spring, for the 1998 Legends anthology edited by Robert Silverberg  Jordan later expanded this into the stand-alone novel New Spring that was published in January 2004 
During Brandon Sanderson's work on A Memory of Light, two sections of the book were cut and later published as short stories in anthologies  The first, River of Souls, was published in Unfettered: Tales by Masters of Fantasy (2013)  The second, A Fire Within the Ways was published in Unfettered III in 2019  Unlike "River of Souls", "A Fire Within the Ways" is not considered canon 

Encyclopedic works
Tor Books published a companion book to the series, entitled The World of Robert Jordan's The Wheel of Time, in November 1997, which contains much hitherto unrevealed background information about the series including the first maps of the entire world and the Seanchan home continent  Jordan co-authored the book with Teresa Patterson  Jordan ruled the book broadly canonical but stated that it was written from the perspective of an historian within The Wheel of Time universe and was prone to errors of bias and guesswork On November 3, 2015, The Wheel of Time Companion: The People, Places, and History of the Bestselling Series was released in hardback format, written by Harriet McDougal, Alan Romanczuk, and Maria Simons from Tor Books  Alan Romanczuk and Maria Simons were Robert Jordan's editorial assistants  The book is an encapsulating glossary of the entire series  The authors began compiling material for the volume as early as 2005, and the final book was released after the series' conclusion Origins of The Wheel of Time by Michael Livingston was released on November 8, 2022 

Development
Writing and conception
The novel proved extremely difficult to write because characters and storylines changed considerably during the writing process  The series was originally centered on an older man who discovered relatively late in life that he was the 'chosen one' who had to save the world  However, Jordan deliberately decided to move closer to the tone and style of J  R  R  Tolkien's The Fellowship of the Ring and made the characters younger and less experienced  Once this decision had been made, writing proceeded much more easily and Jordan completed the second volume, The Great Hunt, at roughly the same time the first book was published Jordan wrote full-time at breakneck speed for the next several years until he completed the seventh volume, A Crown of Swords, at which point he slowed down, delivering a book every two years  Fans objected when he took some time off to expand a short story into a prequel novel called New Spring, so he decided to shelve his plans for additional prequels in favor of finishing off the last two volumes in the series  He rejected criticisms of the later volumes of the series slowing down in pace in order to concentrate on minor secondary characters at the expense of the main characters from the opening volumes but acknowledged that his structure for the tenth volume, Crossroads of Twilight (where he showed a major scene from the prior book, Winter's Heart, from the perspective of the main characters that were not involved in the scene), had not worked out as he had planned  Knife of Dreams, the eleventh volume, had a much more positive reception from critics and fans alike and Jordan announced the twelfth volume, which he had previously announced would have the working title A Memory of Light, would conclude the series  According to Forbes, Jordan had intended for it to be the final book "even if it reaches 2,000 pages "

Jordan's death, and completion by Sanderson
Jordan was diagnosed with the terminal heart disease primary amyloidosis with cardiomyopathy in December 2005, and while he intended to finish at least A Memory of Light even if the "worse comes to worst," he made preparations in case he was not able to complete the book: "I'm getting out notes, so if the worst actually happens, someone could finish A Memory of Light and have it end the way I want it to end "With Jordan's death on September 16, 2007, the conclusion of the series was in question  On December 7, of that year the publisher Tor Books announced that fantasy author Brandon Sanderson was to finish A Memory of Light  Sanderson, a longtime fan of the series, was chosen by Jordan's widow Harriet McDougal partly because she liked Sanderson's novels and partly because of a eulogy he had written for Jordan On March 30, 2009, Tor Books announced that A Memory of Light would be split into three volumes, with Brandon Sanderson citing timing and continuity reasons  By his estimate in early 2009, the book would have taken several years to write and would have reached 800,000 words  McDougal doubted that Jordan could have concluded it in a single volume  The three volumes were published from 2009 to 2013,  as The Gathering Storm, Towers of Midnight, and A Memory of Light, with the last book using Jordan's title 

After A Memory of Light
Prior to his death, Jordan had often discussed adding an additional two prequels and an 'outrigger' sequel trilogy  In a Q&A following the release of A Memory of Light, Sanderson ruled out the completion of these works; Jordan had left very little in the way of notes for these additional novels – only two sentences in the case of the sequel trilogy Sanderson went on to release two cut portions of A Memory of Light as short stories  These were released in Unfettered anthologies, part of a charitable endeavour to support authors and artists with medical debt
Context 3: Passage 1:
Shystie
Chanelle Scot Calica (born 25 December 1983), better known by her stage name Shystie, is an English rapper, songwriter and actress  
She grew up in Hackney, East London  Shystie became famous in 2003 with her white label response to Dizzee Rascal's "I Luv U" and a tour with Basement Jaxx, The Streets and 50 Cent, which led to her being signed by major label Polydor  She is also the leading actress in the television series Dubplate Drama 

Debut album - Diamond in the Dirt
Shystie's debut studio album, Diamond in the Dirt was released in the UK only in 2004 by Polydor Records 
Her debut single was "One Wish", which peaked on its first week on the UK Singles Chart at number 40, having no mainstream radio or music channels' support besides Channel U and MTV Base  The B-side was "One Wish Remix", featuring Kano and produced by Terror Danja  Her second single was "Make It Easy" and the B-side was "Juiced"; it charted at number 57  Shystie's debut album went on to sell 60,000 copies across the UK, the same year she was nominated for 'Best Newcomer' at the MOBO Awards In 2004, Shystie featured in the computer game with her own character, Juiced, albeit only in the Acclaim beta version  She also recorded an accompanying song and video entitled "Juiced", which was featured on the game's beta soundtrack and her album as a bonus track  In the final version, Shystie is replaced by Sue Yen  This version of her song does not appear 

Dubplate Drama
Dubplate Drama is a British television series that aired on Channel 4 between 11 November 2005 and 3 July 2009  The show was created by Luke Hyamms, Shystie and her manager  The premise of the series involved a group of young musicians, with the leading role by Shystie, who was attempting to make it big by securing a record deal  Three series of the show were broadcast  The first series contained six fifteen-minute episodes, the second contained six thirty-minute episodes, and the third contained two feature-length specials of sixty minutes each  The show was described as "the world's first interactive drama series", as it allowed viewers to vote on the outcome of each episode  The first two series were released on DVD, with the third remaining unreleased  The show was notable for its well-known British talent, including roles played by Shystie, Noel Clarke, Adam Deacon, N-Dubz and Tim Westwood 

Kidulthood
In March 2006, Shystie had two songs, "One Wish" and "Woman’s World", featured in the film Kidulthood 

Adulthood
In June 2008, Shystie played the role of Lisa in the film Adulthood, the sequel to Kidulthood  She wrote the theme song "Arms Open Wide" which featured on the Adulthood soundtrack 

Sket
In September 2011, Shystie wrote the theme song for the feature film Sket along with writing four other songs which were used for the film 

Illegal Activity
In March 2012, Shystie played the role of Toya in the short film Illegal Activity, which premiered at the Bafta HQs 

Recent activity
In April and July 2011, Shystie released two mixtapes entitled You're Welcome and Blue Magic 
In September, Shystie modelled for English designer Nasir Mazhar at the London Fashion Week and was featured in Vogue for her performance 
In March 2012, Shystie released a promotional single and video for "Bad Gyal" and, in August, released her second promotional single and video for "Feel It", both from her EP Pink Mist, which was produced by LzBeatz 
In February 2013, Shystie modelled and performed at London Fashion Week again, and was featured in Vogue for the second time  The next month Shystie and Azealia Banks went from being friends to enemies after Banks posted on Twitter that Shystie and Azealia's "Control It" video was "bogus" and "not Azalea"  Shystie released a diss track directed at Banks called "Doppelganger"  The track replaced "Control It" as the third track on Pink Mist 
On 28 April 2013, Shystie released her EP independently through her in-house team Starwork Music, entitled Pink Mist via iTunes  It debuted at number 4 in the charts 

Filmography
Discography
Studio albums/EPs
Mixtapes
Singles
Promotional singles
Singles as featured artist
Soundtrack appearances
Music videos
Featured music videos
Awards and nominations
MOBO Awards 2004 - Best Newcomer - nominated
Broadcasting Press Guild Awards 2006 - Best Television Series [Dubplate Drama] - nominated
OMA Awards 2012 - Best Female for 2011 - nominated
OMA Awards 2012 - Best Video for a Mixtape for 2011 - nominated
OMA Awards 2012 - Best Grime Mixtape for 2011 - nominated
Passage 2:
Nathaniel Gist
Nathaniel Gist (15 October 1733 – 1812) was born in Maryland and fought during the French and Indian War and the American Revolutionary War  He was reputed to be the father of Sequoyah the famous Cherokee by Wurteh Watts  Like his father Christopher Gist (1706–1759), he served in Braddock's Expedition in 1755 and the Forbes Expedition in 1758  The outbreak of the American Revolution found him on the frontier  At first suspected of sympathizing with the British, he convinced the Americans of his loyalty 
George Washington, a close friend of his father, authorized him to form Gist's Additional Continental Regiment in January 1777  Gist probably participated in Light Horse Harry Lee's Paulus Hook Raid in 1779  He and his regiment were captured at the Siege of Charleston in May 1780  After the war, he took an American wife Judith Cary Bell (1750–1833) and the couple had four daughters, one of whom married Francis P  Blair  He is variously said to have died in 1796, 1812, or at the end of the War of 1812  He is confused with his uncle Nathaniel Gist (1707–1780)  He was a first cousin of Mordecai Gist 

French and Indian War
Born on 15 October 1733 in Baltimore, Province of Maryland, Gist's parents were Christopher Gist (1706–1759) and Sarah Howard (b  1711)  The surname was sometimes rendered Guest  In 1753 his father made a remarkable trek through the wilderness with George Washington  By this time the 20-year-old Nathaniel Gist was a trader living with the Overhill Cherokee near Echota  He and a partner Richard Pearis sold his father's goods to the Native Americans  Both men coveted the land at Long Island in the Holston River (now Kingsport, Tennessee) and soon fell out   Governor Robert Dinwiddie blamed the quarrel for the failure of the Cherokees to aid the British against the French  In 1755 Gist accompanied Braddock's Expedition in 1755, serving as a lieutenant in his father's ranger company in Washington's colonial regiment  He continued his military service in 1756, protecting the frontier against raids by pro-French Indians In 1757, Gist received promotion to captain and was given responsibility for 200 Cherokees living in Virginia  He was credited with leading these native peoples as an auxiliary force during the successful Forbes Expedition of 1758  In 1760, Gist accompanied Daniel Boone and other hunters on a trek to Abingdon, Virginia, then called Wolf Hill  The two then split up, with Boone going on to Long Island and Gist traveling to Cumberland Gap  He was said to have sired Sequoyah in 1760 or 1761, but this is unlikely because the Anglo-Cherokee War was raging and Gist was serving in Adam Stephen's colonial Virginia regiment against the Cherokees  This unit advanced as far as Long Island before peace was made between the two sides 

American Revolutionary War
Samuel C  Williams believed that Gist fathered Sequoyah around 1775 by his mother Wurteh Watts  Of a prominent clan, she was related to Old Tassel  Williams dismissed the story that Sequoyah's father was an itinerant German peddler by the name of Guess  He noted that Sequoyah went by George Guess, Guest, and Gist, and that he finished the Cherokee alphabet in 1821 when he was about 40  This was much too young for a man born in 1761  Williams noted that a letter showed that in 1828, Sequoyah visited Gist relatives in Kentucky and was acknowledged as a family member The year 1775 found Gist living with the Overhill Cherokees  After a trip to West Florida, he returned to Cherokee country with Henry Stuart, the brother of John Stuart, the British agent to the southern tribes  At this time, the Stuarts and another agent Alexander Cameron were trying to get the white settlers on the Nolichucky and Watauga Rivers to move to West Florida  When the American Revolution broke out, the British agents desired to separate the American loyalist settlers from the rebels, so that the Indians could attack the rebels  They apparently hoped to enlist Gist in the effort  Jarret Williams, a settler got back to Virginia with the news that Gist was working with the British  In fact, Gist was in the pay of Cameron at the time  For his part, Gist warned the Cherokees not to start a war, but they began attacking the settlements anyway 

In 1776, Virginia sent an expedition under William Christian against the Cherokees  He was enjoined to capture the Stuarts, Cameron, and Gist as enemies  When the column reached the French Broad River, Gist came into the Virginian camp under a flag of truce  On 15 October 1776, Christian reported to Governor Patrick Henry that some of the Virginia troops recalled Gist's exploits on the frontier in a good light, while most of the soldiers wanted to lynch him as a British spy  Christian thought Gist was remorseful for becoming involved with the British agents, but did not entirely trust him  Nevertheless, he kept him from harm and Gist later regained his popularity  Gist maintained that it was impossible for him to escape so he appeared to go along with the enemy purpose, a story that was accepted by Governor Henry and the Virginia council in December Washington appointed Gist colonel in command of Gist's Additional Continental Regiment on 11 January 1777  The regiment was intended to be a light infantry unit  Four companies of southern frontier rangers would be enrolled  In addition, Gist was to recruit 500 natives from the Cherokee and other tribes to serve as scouts  Aside from the military purpose, it was believed that enlisting the braves would bind the tribes in an alliance with the American cause  Only three companies were formed from Virginians and Marylanders  The regiment did not fight as a whole  Instead, the companies of Captains John Gist and Joseph Smith were attached to the 3rd Maryland Regiment while the company of Captain Samuel Lapsley served with the 12th Virginia Regiment  The three companies that comprised the regiment fought with the main army in the Philadelphia Campaign in the summer and fall of 1777 and at the Battle of Monmouth in June 1778 On 22 April 1779, Gist's Regiment absorbed Grayson's Additional Continental Regiment and Thruston's Additional Continental Regiment  The consolidated regiment reformed in the strength of eight companies  The unit was assigned to the 1st Virginia Brigade on 12 May  Gist preferred charges against Light Horse Harry Lee after the latter's capture of British prisoners at the Battle of Paulus Hook on 19 August 1779  Brigadier General George Weedon, who evidently disagreed with the charges, called Gist "the head of the Wrongheads"  On 4 December, the regiment was ordered to march to Charleston, South Carolina  On 6 April 1780, William Woodford's contingent of 750 Virginia Continentals arrived, having marched 500 miles (805 km)  Gist and his regiment were captured on 12 May 1780 at the Siege of Charleston  He retired from the army on 1 January 1783 Gist received 7,000 acres in Kentucky for his services in the war  He moved there in 1793 and built an estate called Canewood  At that time he was described as six feet tall and "stout-framed", with a dark complexion  Williams believed that he died around the end of the War of 1812  Historian Francis B  Heitman asserted that Gist died in 1796 

Family
Nathaniel had two brothers, Richard Gist, who was born on 2 September 1729 and died at the Battle of King's Mountain in 1780, and Thomas Gist, who moved to Kentucky after the American Revolutionary War  Heitman states that it was Nathaniel Gist Jr , an ensign in his father's regiment, who died at King's Mountain  His father had two brothers  Nathaniel is sometimes confused with his uncle Nathaniel  In 1783, Gist married Judith Cary Bell and the couple had four daughters, Eliza Violet, Sarah Howard, Anne Cary, and Maria  Eliza married Francis Preston Blair and was the mother of Montgomery Blair who served in Abraham Lincoln's cabinet and Francis Preston Blair Jr  a Union general and US Senator  Sarah married Jesse Bledsoe who became a US Senator, Anne wed Dr  Joseph Boswell, and Maria married Benjamin Gratz  The noted Maryland officer Mordecai Gist was his first cousin 

Notes
Footnotes

Citations
Passage 3:
Erik Watts
Erik Watts (born December 19, 1967) is an American semi-retired professional wrestler  He is best known for his appearances with World Championship Wrestling and the World Wrestling Federation in the 1990s  He is the son of wrestler Bill Watts 

Early life
Watts attended the University of Louisville, where he was a quarterback for the Louisville Cardinals 

Professional wrestling career
World Championship Wrestling (1992–1994)
Watts trained as a wrestler under his father, Bill Watts, and after wrestling for three months, he was hired by World Championship Wrestling  He debuted on August 27, 1992 in McMinnville, TN, and began a house show series against Buddy Lee Parker and Mark Canterbury  Still undefeated three months later, Watts would defeat Scotty Flamingo (later known as Raven), Vinnie Vegas, and a rookie Diamond Dallas Page  On November 2 Watts defeated Michael Hayes on WCW Saturday Night, and went on to score multiple victories against Mike Thor and Tex Slazenger  On November 8 he achieved a time-limit draw with Steve Austin on a live event in Winston-Salem, NC  In late November he entered his first feud, facing members of The Dangerous Alliance  On November 25 he upset Bobby Eaton in Baltimore, MD, winning by submission with an STF  The following month Watts took WCW US Champion Rick Rude to several time limit draws, and he gained his first pinfall victory over Steve Austin on December 5 in St Paul, MN  On December 7th at WCW Saturday Night his undefeated streak was ended by Rude  His constant pushes were controversial in that his father was WCW's booker at the time, leading to accusations of nepotism  On December 28, at Starrcade, Watts teamed with Jushin Thunder Liger, in a Lethal Lottery tag team match, losing to "Dr  Death" Steve Williams and Sting 
In January 1993 Watts gained victories over The Barbarian, Tony Atlas, and a returning Paul Orndorff  In February Watts teamed with Buff Bagwell and to take on Hollywood Blonds in a tag team match at SuperBrawl III, which Watts and Bagwell lost  Later in February, he was entered into a tournament to crown a new WCW TV Champion after previous titleholder Scott Steiner had departed four months earlier for the WWF  After defeating Johnny Gunn in the opening round, Watts beat Maxx Payne by disqualification in the quarter-finals  The last two rounds of the tournament were held on March 2 in Macon, GA  Watts pinned Vinnie Vegas in the semifinals, but was defeated by Paul Orndorff in the finals  Following his father's departure from WCW, Erik was targeted by Arn Anderson and began a house show series with The Enforcer as the Four Horsemen began the reformation  Watts continued to perform strongly against lower level competition, but was defeated by Steve Regal on July 18, 1993 at Beach Blast  In August, he began a house show series with Chris Benoit and came out victorious in each encounter  A month later however he began his first losing streak, dropping matches to WCW TV Champion Steve Regal on multiple occasions On November 30, 1993 he was involved in a major angle on WCW Saturday Night  After defeating Paul Orndorff, Paul Roma came out to ringside and attacked Watts  This would lead to the formation of eventual tag-team champions Pretty Wonderful  Meanwhile, Watts continued to be victorious in 1994 against lower level competition, but was unable to break through against more experienced competition like Regal or Orndorff  His final match was on August 1, 1994 against Jean Paul Levesque in Ft Pierce, FL 

World Wrestling Federation (1995–1996)
In 1995, Watts followed his father to the World Wrestling Federation  In the WWF, Watts was renamed "Troy" and, together with Chad Fortune as "Travis", formed Tekno Team 2000  Wearing silver smocks and tight zubaz, their gimmick was that they represented the cutting edge of cyberculture  Their tag team made its debut on the May 27, 1995 episode of Superstars in a victorious effort against The Brooklyn Brawler and Barry Horowitz  They wrestled two more matches on TV the following month, but disappeared from television until reappearing at In Your House 2 pay-per-view, acting as lumberjacks for the main event  After being absent from TV for a year, they resurfaced in 1996, but still failed to achieve any success and both men were released from the WWF 

Return to WCW (1998–1999)
On the April 16, 1998 edition of Thunder, Watts returned to WCW for a match against Yuji Nagata  Eight months later Watts made a full-time return, and would win his first 2 matches back out of the gate  Before mainly being used as enhancement talent working on Saturday Night, WorldWide and on rare occasions on Monday Nitro  He would receive a shot at the WCW Television Championship on the March 30 edition of WCW Saturday Night, but would fall short at the hands of Booker T  His last TV appearance was on November 13 as he lost a match against Disco Inferno on Saturday Night 

Extreme Championship Wrestling (2000)
Watts joined the Philadelphia-based Extreme Championship Wrestling promotion in 2000, losing to Spike Dudley in his ECW Arena debut  He remained with the promotion for two months before departing 

All Japan Pro Wrestling (2000)
In late 2000, Watts worked for All Japan Pro Wrestling 

Turnbuckle Championship Wrestling (2001)
In 2001, Watts worked for Dusty Rhodes's Turnbuckle Championship Wrestling in Philadelphia where he won the TCW Tag Team titles with Scotty Riggs 

NWA Total Nonstop Action (2002–2005)
In 2002, Watts joined NWA Total Nonstop Action  He eventually formed a heel stable with David Flair and Brian Lawler (two other second generation wrestlers whose careers were overshadowed by those of their famous fathers, Ric and Jerry) known as "The Next Generation"  After the faction disbanded, Watts turned face  He acted as the TNA Director of Authority from July 23, 2003 to January 28, 2004, before being ousted from his position by Don Callis  Watts then feuded with his on-screen girlfriend, Goldy Locks, throughout 2004  In late 2004, he feuded with Raven, defeating him at Final Resolution on January 16, 2005 before leaving the promotion in February 

Retirement (2005–present)
After leaving TNA, Watts began working primarily for the Georgia-based Great Championship Wrestling promotion  He also appeared with AWA Superstars of Wrestling, defeating Diamond Dallas Page for the vacant International Heavyweight Championship on February 4, 2005 in Tucson, Arizona in a match refereed by Mick Foley  The title was retired by the AWA Board of Directors later that year  In November 2009, Watts returned to Great Championship Wrestling, now based in Phenix City, Alabama, to be the promotion's booker  He is also playing an authority role on their weekly live events 

Championships and accomplishments
AWA Superstars of Wrestling
AWA Superstars of Wrestling International Heavyweight Championship (1 time)
Great Championship Wrestling
GCW Heavyweight Championship (2 times)
GCW Tag Team Championship (1 time) – with John Bogie
NWA Spinebuster
NWA Spinebuster Heavyweight Championship (1 time)
Pro Wrestling Illustrated
Rookie of the Year (1992)
Ranked No  37 of the top 500 singles wrestlers in the PWI 500 in 1998
Turnbuckle Championship Wrestling
TCW Tag Team Championship (1 time) – with Scotty Anton
Wrestling Observer Newsletter
Most Overrated Wrestler (1992)
Readers' Least Favorite Wrestler (1992)
Most Disgusting Promotional Tactic (1992) Being pushed by WCW
Passage 4:
TCW Tag Team Championship
The TCW Tag Team Championship was the primary professional wrestling tag team title of Turnbuckle Championship Wrestling  It was originally won by Scott Anton and Erik Watts who defeated Glacier and Jorge Estrada, coincidentally opponents for the TCW Heavyweight Championship, in Dothan, Alabama on March 3, 2001  Unlike the singles titles, the tag team titles changed hands very often when the promotion toured outside the state of Georgia, as far away as Alabama and Tennessee 

Title history
Passage 5:
Ockelbo-Lundgren
Ockelbo-Lundgren was the nickname of Erik Lundgren (19 February 1919 – 16 September 1967), a Swedish racing driver that produced replica cars and boats under the name Ockelbo He first became known during the 1940s as "Trollkarlen från Ockelbo" (The Wizard from Ockelbo) when he participated in several races in a Ford 38 powered by a V8 engine with eight carburettors producing 280 hp – at speeds up to 220 km/h Lundgren built and sold tuning items and in the mid-1950s he heard about a burned-out Alfa Romeo Giulietta Sprint and got the idea to make his own bodywork for it  He made a fibreglass mould using Uffe Norinder's Ferrari 500 Mondial and then started making his own bodies  They were considered very good (according to some better than the original) and could take many different donors for chassis and drive line, like VW Beetle, Saab, DKW, MG, Simca, Porsche, etc  As of 2014, the Ockelbo-Ferrari was still made (under the Pagano brand) Later Lundgren also made fibreglass boats, from the company Ockelbo-Båtar AB that was in business until 1979 

Formula One World Championship results
(key) (Races in bold indicate pole position; Races in italics indicate fastest lap)
Passage 6:
Bill Watts
William F  Watts Jr  (born May 5, 1939) is a retired American professional wrestler, promoter and former American football player  Watts garnered fame under his "Cowboy" gimmick in his wrestling career, and then as a promoter in the Mid-South United States, which grew to become the Universal Wrestling Federation (UWF) 
In 1992, Watts was the Executive Vice President of World Championship Wrestling (WCW) but after clashes with management over a number of issues, as well as feeling pressure from Hank Aaron over a racially insensitive interview, he resigned  He was subsequently replaced by Ole Anderson In 1995, Watts briefly worked as a booker for the World Wrestling Federation (WWF)  In 2009, he was inducted into the WWE Hall of Fame 

Football career
Watts played as a linebacker for his high school football team, the Putnam City Pirates  Bud Wilkinson recruited him to play for the Oklahoma Sooners, where he played as a guard during his sophomore and junior years  However, his junior year was marred by a near fatal car accident involving him and his mother, resulting in him going into a coma  When he came out, he had lost a significant amount of weight, and had to put it back on, despite the coaches at the time preferring their players to be small and quick, which Watts had struggled with before the accident  Former Sooners teammate Wahoo McDaniel (then of the Houston Oilers of the AFL), introduced him to professional wrestling for the first time, something McDaniel did in the off-season  Watts turned professional in 1961 and joined the Oilers, but did not last long there, and according to a shoot interview, he left after knocking out a coach Through McDaniel's friendship with defensive coach Bob Griffin, Watts played for the Indianapolis Warriors of the United Football League, while also being able to wrestle for NWA Indianapolis  Watts then had a try-out with the Minnesota Vikings of the National Football League (NFL), but after a discussion with general manager Jim Finks, who wanted him to quit his wrestling career, Watts left the Vikings having decided he could make more money back in Oklahoma 

Professional wrestling career
Wrestling career (1962–1979)
As a professional wrestler, he famously feuded with WWWF Champion Bruno Sammartino, but was unable to win the title  In the 1960s, he wrestled in many areas, such as San Francisco, Chicago, St  Louis, and even Japan for All Japan Pro Wrestling (AJPW)  During these periods, Watts challenged for both the National Wrestling Alliance (NWA) and American Wrestling Association (AWA) versions of the World Title 

Booking career (1979-1995)
Mid-South Wrestling / Universal Wrestling Federation (1979–1987)
Watts is perhaps even more famous for being a pioneering promoter in the Mid-South area of the United States, with his base of operation being in the Shreveport, Louisiana area  His promotion was known as Mid-South Wrestling  He is often credited with creating the current and popular "episodic" style of TV wrestling, building solid creative storylines week-on-week, with an emphasis on solid in-ring action with dependable wrestlers like "Dr  Death" Steve Williams, The Junkyard Dog, Ted DiBiase and Jim Duggan  He is an outspoken critic on breaking kayfabe and "smart" wrestling fans  A Watts-run promotion always had face and heel wrestlers dress in different locker rooms and to have faces and heels not meet publicly  He has also been known to revamp his booking plans in order to protect the business from such fans 
After losing over half a million dollars, Watts sold the UWF to NWA Mid-Atlantic's Jim Crockett Promotions, who kept many of their stars, such as Sting  Instead of having UWF as a separate organization, Crockett sent his mid-card wrestlers to the UWF and had them quickly win their titles  Eventually, the UWF folded, and Crockett would be bought out by Ted Turner in 1988  In April 1989, after firing George Scott, WCW offered Watts the chance to book, but he declined the offer and WCW instead decided to go with a booking committee, which included Ric Flair and Kevin Sullivan  It is said that Flair would seek advice on booking or how to formulate a document correctly from Jim Cornette, who is often miscredited as a member of the actual committee 

World Championship Wrestling (1992–1993)
Watts became Executive Vice President of World Championship Wrestling (succeeding Kip Frey) in 1992  He took many of his old-school values with him, such as banning moves from the top rope and the babyfaces and heels separation  His tenure was not long, nor were his ideas overly embraced  According to his autobiography, Controversy Creates Ca$h, Eric Bischoff (who worked under Watts at the time) felt Watts would intimidate anyone he was talking to and was only interested in taking the WCW product back to 1970s standards, with poorly lit arenas and house shows in remote rural towns 
The circumstances of Watts' departure in 1993 are controversial  Prior to 1992, he had given an interview to a wrestling newsletter  Most notably, Watts had commented on Lester Maddox, a restaurant owner (and future Governor of Georgia) who was told he had to serve black people but instead closed down his business  Watts felt Maddox stood up for what he believed in and acted accordingly  He also made several other controversial statements pertaining to race and sexual orientation  When he was hired by WCW, Watts had explained the situation to Turner president Bill Shaw, apparently to his satisfaction  However, a year later wrestling journalist Mark Madden brought the interview to the attention of Hank Aaron, himself a vice president in the Turner organization with the Atlanta Braves, who then pushed for Watts' removal  While Madden takes credit for Watts getting fired, Watts himself disputes this account, saying he was not fired for the comments but quit his position out of frustration over "backstabbing" by Shaw and (unbeknownst to Shaw) had already resigned by the time Aaron got the newsletter  Watts was replaced by Ole Anderson 

World Wrestling Federation (1995)
Watts later went on to a position of booking power in the World Wrestling Federation (WWF)  His tenure there was short, as he stated in later interviews that he was only there on a three-month contract and had no interest in staying long-term  On April 4, 2009, Watts was inducted into the WWE Hall of Fame as a part of the Class of 2009



ground_truth: Jānis Strazdiņš

prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: Who was born first,  Morgan Llywelyn or Robert Jordan?

The following are given passages.
Context 2:  River of Souls, a canonical segment removed from the published book due to pacing, was released in the first volume in 2013  A Fire in the Ways, a non-canon alternate sequence of events around the climax of the final book, was included in the third volume in 2019  A glossary to the series, The Wheel of Time Companion was released in 2015 

Themes and influences
The Wheel of Time is a novel from the modern fantasy genre, specifically high fantasy  The book is set in a world that is simultaneously the distant past and distant future of the real world, as a result of time being cyclical rather than linear  The opening of the first book establishes the concept:

The Wheel of Time turns, and Ages come and pass, leaving memories that become legend  Legend fades to myth, and even myth is long forgotten when the Age that gave it birth comes again  In one Age, called the Third Age by some, an Age yet to come, an Age long past, a wind rose   Jordan acknowledged the influence of J  R  R  Tolkien, including deliberately modelling the setting of the first chapters on the Shire in The Lord of the Rings  Concepts drawn from Abrahamic religions include the duality between good and evil and between "Creator" (Light) and Shai'tan, "The Dark One" (Shaitan is an Arabic word that, in Islamic contexts, is used as a name for the Devil or Satan)  Other influences include Arthurian legends, Norse mythology and Irish mythology, as well as real life history In addition, Jordan also drew influences from Eastern mythology, which was rare for a Western fantasy series  The concept of a wheel of time was drawn from Hinduism  Versions of the concept include the Yuga cycle in Hinduism and Kalachakra in Buddhism  The series was also influenced by the concepts of reincarnation and balance, and the symbol of the Aes Sedai resembles the yin and yang 
Fate is an important theme to the series  The series explores in great detail the implications of a common fantasy premise, in which an ordinary boy on the verge of adulthood discovers he is fated to lead a major struggle  It also deals with the divide between fate and free will  Some major characters are ta'veren, who have exceptional abilities to influence the course of history in a tumultuous period, but even they can only go so far as permitted by "The Pattern" that is being set by the Wheel of Time 
The series also featured alternative portrayals of the role of gender in society  The nature of magic in its world means that only women can safely use it  This disparity influences the power dynamics at multiple levels of its societies, including familial, communal and political levels; many of its societies are ruled by women 

Adaptations
Comic books
In 2004, Jordan sold the film, television, video game, and comic rights to the series to production company Red Eagle Entertainment  Dabel Brothers began adapting the series in comic book form, starting with the prequel New Spring in July 2005  The series initially ran on a monthly schedule, but then went on a three-year hiatus after the fifth issue  Red Eagle cited delays and changes to the creative team on the DB Pro end  The final three issues were ultimately completed and published in 2009–10 
In 2009 Dabel moved on to their adaptation of the first book of the series proper, The Eye of the World  On March 17, 2009, they showcased ten pages of art from the prelude to the series "The Wheel of Time: Eye of the World #0 – Dragonmount" on their website  Dynamite Entertainment published 35 issues of Robert Jordon's The Wheel of Time: The Eye of the World comic book series, which concluded in March 2013 When asked in a 2013 interview about whether the comics would continue their run, Harriet McDougal replied "Well, eventually, [we'll] do the whole thing, unless it stops selling in a dreadful way  In other words, I don't really know " The 43 New Spring and Eye of the World comics were later collected together and released as a series of six graphic novels, the last of which was released in February 2015 

Games
There is a Wheel of Time MUD, identified as such or by the initialism WoTMUD, which is based on a world like that of the Wheel of Time but set in a time frame around 30 world years prior   It has been in operation almost continuously since 1993  Notably, the WoTMUD had gained written permission from the author to use his creation including all but major characters A Wheel of Time computer game was released in 1999  Over the course of the game, Aes Sedai must track down a robber following an assault on the White Tower, and prevent the Dark One from being released prematurely  She eventually learns of and executes a long-forgotten ritual at Shayol Ghul to ensure the Dark Lord remains sealed within the prison  While Robert Jordan was consulted in the creation of the game, he did not write the storyline himself, and the game is not considered canon The Wheel of Time Roleplaying Game was released in 2001 from Wizards of the Coast using the d20 rules developed for the third edition of the Dungeons and Dragons game  The game had a single adventure module published in 2002, Prophecies of the Dragon  Shortly after the release of the adventure book Wizards of the Coast announced they would not be releasing any further products for the game  Robert Jordan cited some problems with the roleplaying game, such as storyline details in the adventure module that contradicted the books In early 2009 EA Games announced that they had bought the rights for a MMORPG, with the plan to publish it through the EA Partners-Program  The following year Obsidian Entertainment announced that they would be working on the project, for a PlayStation 3, Xbox 360, and PC release  However, the project was seemingly dropped around 2014 

Music
In 1999, A Soundtrack for the Wheel of Time was released, featuring music by Robert Berry and inspired by the books 
The German power metal band Blind Guardian have written two songs dedicated to the Wheel of Time series as part of their 2010 album At the Edge of Time: "Ride into Obsession" and "Wheel of Time"  Swedish heavy metal band Katana also wrote a song, entitled "The Wisdom of Emond's Field", on their 2012 album Storms of War  The American power metal band Noble Beast, on their 2014 album of the same name, wrote a song entitled "The Dragon Reborn", in reference to Rand al'Thor  The American black metal band Shaidar Logoth takes its name from an adaptation of the city of Shadar Logoth, and lyrically expands on the character Padan Fain  The Austrian metal band Dragony, on their 2018 album "Masters of the Multiverse", released the song "Flame of Tar Valon", referencing the Amyrlin Seat  The Swedish metal band Freternia, on their 2019 album "The Gathering", released the song "Reborn", referencing the Dragon Reborn, Rand al'Thor  The American band Lyra wrote the song "The Sword That Could Not Be Broken", about the history of Manetheren, as well as the song "Betrayer of Hope", in reference to Ishamael  The Dread Crew of Oddwood produced the song "The Gleeman", which refers to Thom's battle with a Myrddraal in Whitebridge  The Scottish metal band Farseer, on their 2016 album "Fall Before the Dawn", released the song "Luck of the Joker", which references the most important events that happen to Matrim Cauthon during the whole series In the tradition of the literature-inspired symphonic poem, American composer Seth Stewart produced a full-scale orchestral work entitled "Age of Legends", inspired by the eponymous era of myth and magic described throughout the Wheel of Time series  The orchestral piece was premiered and recorded in 2011 at the Beall Concert Hall 

Television and film
In a 2000 chat on CNN com, Robert Jordan mentioned that NBC had purchased an option to do a miniseries of The Eye of the World  But he expressed doubts that the series would be made stating "key people involved in getting that contract together have left NBC " The series was optioned by Universal Pictures in 2008 for film adaptations, with plans to adapt The Eye of the World as the first film  Neither project ultimately emerged 
In February 2015, Red Eagle Entertainment paid air time to cable network FXX to air Winter Dragon, a  low-budget 22-minute pilot for a potential The Wheel of Time series that allowed Red Eagle to hold on to the rights to the series  The pilot, based on the prologue to The Eye of the World, starred Max Ryan as Lews Therin Thelamon and Billy Zane as Ishamael and aired after Midnight with no announcements or publicity  Harriet McDougal initially stated she was unaware of the show ahead of time, and that the film rights to The Wheel of Time were set to revert to the Bandersnatch Group, her company, a few days later on February 11, 2015  Her comments triggered a slander lawsuit with Red Eagle, which was ultimately dismissed during settlement talks that July  In an interview with io9, Red Eagle Entertainment's CEO Rick Selvage stated "it was more of an [issue of] getting it on the air "  A spokesman for FXX stated that the channel was paid to air the show, but Selvage hinted that it was indeed produced with a future series in mind  "We think there's huge demand for the television series internationally, and we're looking forward to producing it and getting it out in the marketplace "On April 29, 2016, Harriet McDougal confirmed that the legal issues had been resolved and that a TV series was in development  Further details emerged on 20 April 2017, when it was announced that Sony Pictures Television would be handling the adaptation, with Rafe Judkins as writer and executive producer  In February 2018, Amazon Studios revealed that it had struck a deal with Sony Pictures Television to co-develop the series for distribution on Amazon's video streaming service  The series was formally greenlit in October 2018  Production began in late 2019, but was hindered in part due to the COVID-19 pandemic  The series premiered on 19 November 2021 

Fan culture
Many fans of The Wheel of Time attend Dragon Con, which had an exclusive Wheel of Time content track from 2001 through 2012  The Wheel of Time now has its own annual convention, JordanCon, which has been held annually in Atlanta, Georgia, since 2009  The 2020 convention was cancelled due to the COVID-19 pandemic  Instead, it took place over the Internet, some aspects being held through the use of the Zoom platform  The 2023 convention in April was the 15th anniversary of the founding of JordanCon 
In 2022, a new convention titled WoT Con, took place in Dublin, OH  This convention was created to be dedicated to the world of the Wheel of Time in all media aspects: novels, social media, and the television show  The second convention will take place July 14-16, 2023 
Passage 5:
The World of Robert Jordan's The Wheel of Time
The World of Robert Jordan's The Wheel of Time is an encyclopedia for the bestselling The Wheel of Time epic fantasy series of novels by Robert Jordan about the unnamed world where the plot takes place, which is often referred by fans of the series as the World of the Wheel  It is published in the United States by Tor Books and in the United Kingdom by Orbit Books  The bulk of the text was written by Teresa Patterson based on notes and information provided by Jordan, who also serves as overall editor on the project  While the information in the guide is broadly canonical, the book is deliberately written with vague, biased, or even downright false (or guessed) information in places, as Patterson felt this would reflect a key theme of the series (the mutability of knowledge across time and distance) 

Publication history
The book has been printed in several formats  The original release on 6 November 1997 was a large-format hardback with a predominantly white cover  This led to the book being dubbed 'The Big White Book' by fans  Some additional fans, citing poor quality of the internal illustrations, have dubbed the volume "The Big Book With Bad Art"  This edition of the book runs to 304 pages  The book was reprinted in a slightly different edition of the same size a year later  This edition has a different cover (a map of the Westlands) and the gallery has been expanded to include the cover of the eighth novel, The Path of Daggers, which was released at the same time  A large-format paperback edition followed in November 1999  On 6 June 2002 Orbit re-released the book as a 461-page mass-market paperback, stripped of all illustrations apart from the maps  This is the 'current' UK edition 

Description
The book is an attempt to fill in the enormous backstory of The Wheel of Time novels and also serves as 'guidebook' to the world presented in the books  The original large-editions of the book were presented with full-colour art by Todd Cameron Hamilton and includes maps by Ellisa Mitchell, John M  Ford and Thomas Canty  The covers of the novels, painted by Darrell K  Sweet, were also included  The mass-market paperback editions only include the Mitchell, Ford, and Canty maps, however  The original artwork by Hamilton was fiercely criticised on release The book consists of six sections, outlined as follows:

The Wheel and the Power: a description and explanation of The Wheel of Time, the True Source and the One Power, the relationships between the three, and how they are tapped and used 
The Age of Legends: a historical overview of the Age of Legends, the War of the Shadow and the Breaking of the World  Includes biographies and character studies of the thirteen Forsaken and information on the Friends of the Dark and Shadowspawn 
The World Since the Breaking: a historical overview of events since the Breaking, including the founding of the White Tower and the rise of the Ten Nations, the Trolloc Wars, the rise of Artur Hawkwing in the War of the Second Dragon, the colonisation of Seanchan, the War of the Hundred Years, the start of the New Era, the Whitecloak War, and the Aiel War 
Narrative Paintings: the cover artwork for the first seven (expanded to eight in later editions) novels in the series  This section is missing from mass-market paperback editions of the book 
The World of the Wheel: a gazetteer to the world of the novels, including information on Shara, Seanchan, the Aiel Waste, the Land of the Madmen, and the Ogier  A map of the whole world is shown, along with a more detailed map of Shara and the Aiel Waste, and another of the Seanchan home continent  Information on history, customs, and the Seanchan exotic animals is also included 
Within the Land: focuses on the fourteen nations and the major city-states that make up the main continent shown in the books, featuring information on holidays, prophecies, military forces, governments, trade, and the influence of the Aes Sedai 
Passage 6:
Morgan Llywelyn
Morgan Llywelyn (born December 3, 1937) is an American-Irish historical interpretation author of historical and mythological fiction and historical non-fiction  Her interpretation of mythology and history has received several awards and has sold more than 40 million copies, and she herself is recipient of the 1999 Exceptional Celtic Woman of the Year Award from Celtic Women International 

Biography
Llywelyn was born Sally Snyder in New York in 1937  She was the daughter of Joseph John (an attorney) and she attended high school in Dallas  In her teens, Llywelyn moved to the Dallas area, where she developed a love of horses  By the age of 16, Llywelyn was competing in professional horse shows across the United States  By age 18, she modeled for Neiman Marcus and Arthur Murray  After 15 years of experience as a horse trainer and instructor, she tried out for and narrowly missed making the 1976 United States Olympic Team in dressage  She was instead shortlisted, missing the cut off score by  05 percent With her mother's encouragement and a successfully published article on horse training, she refocused her efforts in tracing the Llywelyn family history and eventually made a career out of writing historical novels that allowed the exploration of her Celtic roots  In reference to this career change, Llywelyn had this to say:

I have a strong strain of Welsh on my mother's side, which does indeed go back to Llywelyn ap Iorwerth  And Llywelyn the Great! (We have the proven genealogy from the College of Heralds ) She was very proud of her royal Welsh connection  That is why she was so interested in genealogy in the first place, and inspired me to get involved as well     leading in turn to THE WIND FROM HASTINGS  But both my parents were predominantly Irish – my father totally so – and I spent half the years of my childhood here  So I have always been much more interested in Ireland and its history and legends 
Llywelyn has received several awards for her works  She received the Novel of the Year Award from the National League of American Penwomen for her novel, The Horse Goddess, as well as the Woman of the Year Award from the Irish-American Heritage Committee for Bard: The Odyssey of the Irish  The latter award was presented to her by Ed Koch, then-mayor of New York City Although Llywelyn's grandparents have their roots in Ireland, it was only after the death of her parents and her husband in 1985 that she relocated to Ireland  Llywelyn now lives outside Dublin and has become an Irish citizen In 1990, Llywelyn began her focus on writing books geared for younger readers  These works started with Brian Boru: Emperor of the Irish, for which she won an Irish Children's Book Trust Bisto Award in 1991, and includes other titles, such as Strongbow: The Story of Richard and Aoife, for which she won a Bisto Award in the Historical Fiction category, 1993 and the Reading Association of Ireland Award, 1993, and Star Dancer, which departed from her usual Celtic topic and was centered on her experiences with dressage  Further works include The Vikings in Ireland, an exploration of when the Norsemen arrived in Ireland, and Pirate Queen, a younger reader's version of the story of Grace O'Malley, told through letters from Granuaile to her beloved son 

Bibliography
Novels and short fiction collections
1978 The Wind from Hastings, Tor Books, ISBN 9781429983563
1980 Lion of Ireland, Forge Books, ISBN 9780765302571
1983 The Horse Goddess, Tor Books, ISBN 9781429983464
1984 Bard: The Odyssey of the Irish, Tor Books, ISBN 9780765334886 
1984 Personal Habits, Doubleday
1986 Grania: She-King of the Irish Seas, Forge Books, ISBN 9781429920636
1987 Xerxes, Chelsea House Publications, ISBN 0877544476
1989 The Isles of the Blest, Olmstead Press, ISBN 9781587541131
1989 Red Branch, Ivy Books, ISBN 9780804105910
1990 Brian Boru: Emperor of the Irish, Tor Books, ISBN 9780812544619
1989 On Raven's Wing, Mandarin, ISBN 9780749302054
1991 Druids, Del Rey, ISBN 9780804108447
1992 The Last Prince of Ireland: A Novel, W  Morrow, ISBN 9780688107949
1992 O'Sullivan's March
1993 The Elementals, Tor Books, ISBN 9780312855680
1993 Star Dancer, The O'Brien Press, ISBN 9780862783310
1994 Finn Mac Cool, Forge Books, ISBN 9781250754226  
1995 Cold Places
1995 Ireland: A Graphic History (with Michael Scott)
1995 Silverhand (Arcana, Book 1; with Michael Scott), Baen, ISBN 9780671877286
1996 19 Railway Street (with Michael Scott), Poolbeg Press Ltd, ISBN 9781853716423
1996 The Vikings in Ireland
1996 Strongbow: The Story of Richard & Aoife, The O'Brien Press, ISBN 9780862782740
1996 Silverlight (Arcana, Book 2; with Michael Scott)
1996 Pride of Lions
1998 1916, A Novel Of the Irish Rebellion, Forge Books, ISBN 9780765386144 
1999 The Essential Library for Irish Americans
2000 Etruscans (with Michael Scott), Tor Books, ISBN 9780312875510
2000 A Pocket History of Irish Rebels
2000 The Earth Is Made Of Stardust, Borgo Press, ISBN 9781587151590
2001 1921, The War for Independence, Forge Books, ISBN 9780765326935 
2001 Granuaile, The Pirate Queen (republished as Pirate Queen in 2006), The O'Brien Press, ISBN 9780862789749
2003 1949, The Irish Republic, Forge Books, ISBN 9780765381347
2005 1972, A Novel of Ireland's Unfinished Revolution, Forge Books, ISBN 9780765381330
2006 The Greener Shore: A Novel of the Druids of Hibernia, Del Rey, ISBN 9780345477675, 0345477677
2006 The Young Rebels, The O'Brien Press, ISBN 9780862785796
2006 The History of Irish Rebels
2006 The Vikings in Ireland
2008 1999 - A Novel of the Celtic Tiger and the Search for Peace, Forge Books, ISBN 9781429927062
2010 Brendan - The Remarkable Life and Voyage of Brendan of Clonfert, Forge Books, ISBN 9780312860998
2012 Cave of Secrets, The O'Brien Press, ISBN 9781847172075
2013 After Rome, Forge Books, ISBN 9781429987400 
2014 1014: Brian Boru & the Battle for Ireland, Dover Publications, ISBN 9780486842004
2016 Only the Stones Survive, Forge Books, ISBN 9780765337931 
2018 Drop by Drop, Tor Books, ISBN 9781250245311 
2019 Step by Step
2020 Inch by Inch, Tor Books, ISBN 9781250245328 
2021 Breath by Breath, Tor Books, ISBN 9780765388728

Awards
Passage 7:
Grania: She-King of the Irish Seas
Grania: She-King of the Irish Seas is a 1986 historical fiction novel about Grace O'Malley (Irish: Gráinne Ní Mháille), the so-called "Sea Queen of Connemara", by American-born Irish author Morgan Llywelyn  Llywelyn's novel is a heavily fictionalized account of O'Malley's life, with the author having created characters as needed for the plot of the story  The novel was the basis for the 2007 Broadway musical The Pirate Queen 
Passage 8:
Pride of Lions (novel)
Pride of Lions (ISBN 9780812536508, 1996), by the American-Irish author Morgan Llywelyn, is a novel about the lives of the children of Irish hero and High King Brian Boru, particularly his son, Donough, after the Battle of Clontarf  It is a sequel to Lion of Ireland published in 1980 
Passage 9:
Bard: The Odyssey of the Irish
Bard: The Odyssey of the Irish is a 1984 historical fantasy novel by Morgan Llywelyn  It depicts the migration of Galicians to Ireland, led by Amergin the bard and the Sons of the Mil  It is loosely based on the Early Irish Lebor Gabála Érenn or The Book of Invasions found in several medieval manuscripts 

Plot summary
Official tagline: "The sweeping historical tale of the coming of the Irish to Ireland, and of the men and women who made the Emerald Isle their own "
In the 4th century BC a group of Gaelic speaking people living in the northwest of Iberia, the Galicians, are waning in prosperity  A group of Phoenician traders unexpectedly arrives and gives hope to the tribe 
The story follows Amergin, druid and chief bard of the Galicians, and his brothers; Éremón, Colptha, Éber Finn, Donn, and Ír - all sons of Milesios  After years of declining prosperity, the Gaelicians hope that the Phoenician traders, led by Age-Nor, will help bring them back  Unfortunately, neither side has anything of much worth to trade 
At a reception in the Heroes' Hall, Age-Nor is attacked by Ír, while Milesios is asleep and unaware  Amergin uses his bardic talent to entrance Ír, thus saving Age-Nor 
Later in the novel, Age-Nor rewards Amergin, despite the bard's vehement protests, by giving him a servant, a shipwright named Sakkar, and regaling him with a tale of a fabled land to the north, Ierne  After a series of mishaps and bad decisions, it is eventually decided that a group of the Gaelicians, led by the Sons of the Mil, will settle this land 
The tribe builds a series of ships with the help of Sakkar, and set sail 
When they arrive on Ierne, they are confronted by the mysterious Tuatha Dé Danann, People of the Goddess Danu  After a battle, the Dananns vanish with no trace, leaving Ierne for the Milesians after Éiru (A Goddess of the Tuatha De Dannan) hands over Ireland to Amergin for it was foretold 

External links
Morgan Llywelyn
Passage 10:
Finn Mac Cool (novel)
Finn Mac Cool is a 1994 novel by the Irish-American author Morgan Llywelyn  It is based on the Fenian Cycle about the Irish hero Finn Mac Cool and the fianna  Terri Windling described it as "a skilfully crafted Irish novel       in the shadowy realm between history and mythology" 
Context 3: 

Personal life
Watts has five children  From his first marriage, he has a son, William III (nicknamed Biff), and from his second marriage, he has three sons, Joel, Erik, Micah and a daughter, Ene  In March 2006, Watts released his autobiography The Cowboy and the Cross: The Bill Watts Story: Rebellion, Wrestling and Redemption through ECW Press  The book chronicles his upbringing, his career as first a wrestler, then a promoter, along with events in his personal life  The book also details his becoming a born-again Christian 
Watts is a Republican, and in an ROH shoot interview with Jim Cornette, filmed in 2006, he criticised Bill Clinton and the Democrats numerous times  He also said, "All men are equal, but some men are more talented than others, and worth more "
Watts served as co-host of a sports talk radio show on The Sports Animal in Tulsa, Oklahoma until late 2008  He was a longtime resident of Bixby, a Tulsa suburb 

Championships and accomplishments
American Wrestling Alliance
AWA United States Heavyweight Championship (1 time)
Cauliflower Alley Club
Other honoree (2001)
Championship Wrestling from Florida
NWA Florida Heavyweight Championship (3 times)
NWA Southern Heavyweight Championship (Florida version) (1 time)
George Tragos/Lou Thesz Professional Wrestling Hall of Fame
Class of 2013
Gulf Coast Championship Wrestling
NWA Gulf Coast Heavyweight Championship (1 time)
Japan Wrestling Association
NWA International Tag Team Championship (1 time) – with Tarzan Tyler
Mid-South Sports
NWA Georgia Heavyweight Championship (1 time)
NWA Tri-State / Mid-South Wrestling Association
Mid-South North American Heavyweight Championship (2 times)
Mid-South Tag Team Championship (1 time) – with Buck Robley
NWA Louisiana Tag Team Championship (1 time) – with Buck Robley
NWA North American Heavyweight Championship (Tri-State version) (7 times)
NWA Tri-State Brass Knuckles Championship (2 times)
NWA Tri-State Tag Team Championship (5 times) – with Jerry Kozak (1), Billy Red Lyons (1), Greg Valentine (1), Billy Robinson (1) and Buck Robley (1)
Professional Wrestling Hall of Fame
Class of 2013
Southwest Sports, Inc 
NWA Texas Heavyweight Championship (1 time)
World Wide Wrestling Federation / World Wrestling Entertainment
WWWF United States Tag Team Championship (1 time) – with Gorilla Monsoon
WWE Hall of Fame (Class of 2009)
Wrestling Observer Newsletter awards
Most Obnoxious (1992)
Wrestling Observer Newsletter Hall of Fame (Class of 1996)
Passage 7:
Vicki Fowler
Vicki Fowler is a fictional character from the BBC soap opera EastEnders, played by Emma Herry from the character's birth in 1986 to 1988, Samantha Leigh Martin from 1988 to 1995, and Scarlett Alice Johnson from 2003 to 2004  She is the daughter of Michelle Fowler (Susan Tully) and Den Watts (Leslie Grantham)  The character is born in the serial, conceived in a controversial storyline about teenage pregnancy  Exploiting a whodunnit angle, at the time of the first showing, viewers were not initially told who was the father, and press interest in the fledgling show escalated as journalists attempted to guess  The audience finally discovered his identity in October 1985 in episode 66  Written by series co-creator/script-editor Tony Holland and directed by co-creator/producer Julia Smith, it was considered a landmark episode in the show's history  Early suspects were Ian Beale (Adam Woodyatt) and Kelvin Carpenter (Paul J  Medford), but then four possible suspects are seen leaving the Square early in the episode: Tony Carpenter (Oscar James), Ali Osman (Nejdet Salih), Andy O'Brien (Ross Davidson), and Den Watts  As Michelle waits by their rendezvous point, a car pulls up and the fluffy white legs of the soap landlord's poodle Roly leap out of a car to give it all away: Den Watts is the father of Michelle's baby  After this storyline the programme started to appear in newspaper cartoons as it moved more and more into the public mainstream Vicki's character was written out in 1995, after Susan Tully, who played Vicki's mother Michelle, decided to leave the soap  After an eight-year absence, she was reintroduced by Executive Producer Louise Berridge in 2003 as a rebellious teenager  Her reintroduction was part of the soap's attempt to rebuild the Watts clan, a successful family headed by Den, which had featured prominently in the 1980s  Johnson quit the role in 2004  The media was generally critical about the character upon her return, due to her American accent and its sudden disappearance  During the character's original stint, a storyline featuring Vicki being kidnapped was criticised due to its coincidental airing alongside the real-life abduction and murder of toddler James Bulger 

Storylines
1986–1995
16-year-old Michelle Fowler gets pregnant in 1985 after a one-night stand with her best friend Sharon's (Letitia Dean) father, Den Watts (Leslie Grantham)  Her family decide Michelle should have an abortion but she refuses, keeping the baby but keeping the father's name a secret  Vicki, named in honour of her great-grandparents Lou Beale (Anna Wing) and Lou's late husband Albert, is born in 1986 and Den is allowed to hold her but he and Michelle agree that he should keep his distance so nobody guesses he is her father  Michelle raises Vicki with her fiancé, Lofty Holloway (Tom Watt), who she marries after jilting him at the altar, although Den provides for Vicki secretly  After Sue Osman (Sandy Ratcliff) realises that she has had a phantom pregnancy, she is devastated and suggests to Michelle that she lets her and Ali Osman (Nejdet Salih) adopt Vicki, which infuriates Michelle  Vicki's grandmother, Pauline Fowler (Wendy Richard), realises Den is Vicki's father when she sees him give money to Michelle and slaps him  Lofty begins to pressure Michelle to let him adopt Vicki and have another child, but their marriage soon breaks down after Michelle has an abortion and Michelle refuses to name Vicki's father upon Lofty's departure  When Den is shot and presumed dead, Michelle tells Sharon that Vicki is her half-sister and Sharon is devastated whilst Arthur is furious  Vicki survives meningitis but Dr Legg (Leonard Fenton) fails to diagnose it, reuniting Michelle and Sharon 
Michelle decides to go on the run with Clyde Tavernier (Steven Woodcock) after he is accused of murdering Eddie Royle (Michael Melia), taking Vicki and Kofi Tavernier (Marcel Smith), Clyde's son, with them  Michelle and Clyde are caught by the police when trying to flee the country and Vicki and Kofi are sent to a children's home, but are later collected by their grandmothers  Vicki is kidnapped when an old woman, Audrey Whittingham (Shirley Dixon), takes her from outside her school  A national police investigation is launched and Vicki is returned home safely  When Michelle is shot by Dougie Briggs (Max Gold), Vicki discovers she is Sharon's half-sister when she stays with Sharon and her husband, Grant Mitchell (Ross Kemp) and the following day, Sharon tells Vicki about her father, which infuriates Michelle  The truth about Vicki's paternity spreads and Michelle's aunt, Kathy Beale (Gillian Taylforth), is upset about not being told by Michelle herself, finding out from Mandy Salter (Nicola Stapleton)  In October 1995, Michelle and 9-year-old Vicki leave Walford for Birmingham, Alabama, in the United States 

2003–2004
A teenage Vicki returns to Walford in February 2003 when she runs away from home  She has been arguing regularly with Michelle and it is decided that she can stay in Walford  After clashing with her grandmother Pauline, Vicki moves in with Sharon  Manipulative and mischievous, Vicki does as she pleases  Just weeks later, she discovers that she and Sharon have a half-brother, Dennis Rickman (Nigel Harman) – and persuades him to move to Walford  When she becomes pregnant by Spencer Moon (Christopher Parker), Sharon, who believes she is infertile, offers Vicki £10,000 to give her the baby to bring up as her own  Spencer wants to be a father but Vicki terminates the pregnancy 
Dennis soon tells Vicki that Den, who had supposedly died in 1989, is alive and living in Spain, and she brings him back to the Square to reunite with his family  She's horrified to discover that Sharon and Dennis have started a romantic relationship  Although they aren't biologically related, Vicki cannot accept it and rebels by dating Ash Ferreira (Raji James), which ends when he realizes that she is using him to get at her siblings  Eventually, Vicki and Den's objections take their toll on Sharon and Dennis and they end the relationship 
In 2004, an 18-year-old Vicki starts a relationship with her 46-year-old college lecturer, Tommy Grant (Robert Cavanah); her family, particularly stepmother Chrissie Watts (Tracy-Ann Oberman), are outraged  Tommy feigns love for Vicki and they talk about leaving Walford to go travelling  Knowing that Tommy is untrustworthy, Chrissie attempts to seduce him  After a brief kiss, Chrissie strips him naked in the toilets of The Queen Victoria public house, on the promise that she will soon join him  She steals his clothes and forces Vicki to see him for the lying cheat he is  Vicki is devastated and initially furious with Chrissie but eventually realizes she had her best interests at heart 
During a family meal on Christmas Day 2004, Sharon and Dennis announce that they have resumed their romantic relationship, only for Dennis's girlfriend Zoe Slater (Michelle Ryan) to announce that she is pregnant  Sharon decides to go to America alone and persuades Dennis to stay with Zoe and their baby  Den talks to Sharon alone, trying to persuade her to stay  Vicki overhears him say he does not love Vicki as much as he loves Sharon  Deciding she cannot live with such a father, Vicki decides to return to her mother in America  It is later revealed that she has moved to Australia and reunited with Spencer 
In January 2014, Sharon tells Spencer's brother, Alfie Moon (Shane Richie), that they need someone to help them open a bar in Sydney, so Alfie goes there for a few weeks to work with them  Vicki and Spencer are unable to attend Sharon's wedding to Phil Mitchell (Steve McFadden) in September 2014, nor are they able to attend the wedding of Vicki's relative Ian Beale (Adam Woodyatt) to Jane Beale (Laurie Brett) in February 2015  When Lofty returns to Walford in 2019, he gives Sharon  a £20,000 cheque to give to Vicki  In 2022, Vicki is revealed to be back in the USA when Sharon flies over to be with her whilst Vicki undergoes emergency surgery 

Creation and development
Conception and childhood characterisation
The conception of Vicki Fowler in 1985 was one of the first controversial storylines featured in EastEnders since its inception that February, as it involved the pregnancy of a schoolgirl, Michelle Fowler (Susan Tully)  Exploiting a Whodunit angle, viewers were not initially told who was the father, and press interest in the fledgling show escalated as journalists attempted to guess  The audience finally discovered his identity in October 1985 on episode 66  Written by series co-creator/script-editor Tony Holland and directed by co-creator/producer Julia Smith, it was considered a landmark episode in the show's history  Four possible suspects were seen leaving the Square early in the episode: Tony Carpenter (Oscar James), Ali Osman (Nejdet Salih), Andy O'Brien (Ross Davidson), and Den Watts (Leslie Grantham)  As Michelle waited by their rendezvous point, a car pulled up and the fluffy white legs of the soap landlord's poodle Roly leapt out of a car and gave it all away: Den Watts had fathered Michelle's baby  After this storyline the programme started to appear in newspaper cartoons as it moved more and more into the public mainstream Baby Emma Henry originated the role and played Vicki until 1988, when her parents moved to Scotland  The role was recast to Samantha Leigh Martin, who learned to call Susan Tully "Mummy Shell" and referred to Letitia Dean who played her mum's best friend, "Daddy Sharon"  Tully has commented, "What's lovely about working with Samantha is that she's always happy  When it comes to work, she knows it's playing a pretend game, she knows my real name but she knows to call me 'Mummy Shell' when the cameras are running  If she isn't involved for a couple of weeks, I like to visit her at home, so she's always relaxed with me " Tully worried about this when it came to filming scenes in 1989 where Vicki contracted meningitis and was hospitalised and placed in an incubator with tubes attached to her body  Tully said, "[Samantha] has seen me in all kinds of situations but I didn't know how she'd cope if I cried over her"  At Tully's suggestion, the BBC built a hospital room with minimal equipment and a consultant was present to make sure the BBC had the details correct and that neither the viewers or Samantha would be too distressed  Tully insisted that the child was not present when she had to film scenes of Michelle sobbing over the incubator In 1995, after 9 years onscreen being featured in various plot lines such as kidnapping, Vicki was written out of EastEnders, moving to America with Michelle 

Recast (2003)
In 2002, executive producer Louise Berridge decided to reintroduce the character 8 years after she had last appeared  Auditions were held to cast the role to a professional actor; however, auditionees were not informed which character they were auditioning for  The first audition was a group workshop of 30 auditionees, who were asked to perform improvisations  After whittling down potential actors from 500 to 4, the second stage of the audition process was an interview with EastEnders' Casting Director  The auditionees were asked to perform a monologue in front of a camera and do a screen test with one of the actors already in the show, Christopher Parker, who played Spencer Moon 17-year-old actress Scarlett Alice Johnson was cast: "At the second audition they gave me a monologue to read, but they'd been really careful about it  They hadn't said what the character's name was, they didn't give away anything in the monologue that might tell me who I was auditioning for  So I didn't know until I got the part who I was going to be playing—I'd been guessing for ages!" Asked how she felt when she knew she was playing Vicki Fowler, a character linked to the show's early history who is the daughter of 2 prominent original characters, Johnson said: "I felt very honoured, but it was quite scary  I knew there'd be a lot of people out there with expectations of what she'd be like  But it's good fun actually  It means you don't have to introduce yourself to everyone  You can really play with that [   ] My family are EastEnders addicts, we've watched it our whole lives  I remember the first Vicki, I remember Michelle and I definitely remember Dirty Den! My knowledge of the show really helped a lot, because I didn't have to do any research into the character  When I joined the show, I felt like I was meeting the actors for a second time  I'd already met them in my home on TV, then I had to actually meet them in real life!" The character made her reappearance in January 2003, turning up unexpectedly at her grandmother Pauline's (Wendy Richard) house To signify the character's eight years living in America, Johnson was required to use an American accent while playing Vicki  She was given a voice coach and a sheet of American phrases to practice weekly  She commented, "It is hard work, but it's becoming second nature now  As soon as I know that I'm Vicki, the accent just comes with it " After 6 months in the role, Vicki dropped the American accent  Johnson explained the reason for the change in 2004: "The producers knew that I had to have an American accent when I came into the show because my character had been living in America but it's not the kind of accent that you'd want to have for a long time on a show like EastEnders  It's not something that's going to fit in for a long period of time  What would have been perfect would have been to have it gradually fade out, but as you film 8 episodes at a time, this would be nigh on impossible  The decision was made that in the story Vicki was coming to terms with the fact that she wanted to live in London so therefore she was going to make a conscious effort to fit in with everyone around her and blend in with London life "The reintroduction of Vicki was part of the producers' plan to reform the Watts family, including the resurrection of Vicki's father Den, who had been presumed dead for 14 years  Discussing working with Leslie Grantham, who played Vicki's "iconic" father Den, Johnson said, "I was 2 when he left EastEnders [in 1989] so I never witnessed the hype surrounding him  I'm very aware of the legend  How could I not be? My only concern was that he should take me seriously [and] It's been fabulous  I can't wait for our scenes to be shown  They're really edgy and no one does edgy better than Leslie  It's been a massive challenge but I think the results are incredibly hard-hitting  EastEnders is becoming more like a serial drama than a soap  It's so well-written "

Personality
Vicki has been described as a "little madam" and a rebel   An EastEnders source commented, "Vicki has inherited a lot of her dad Den's traits – she is going to be a right handful"  Johnson has said, "Everyone loves to hate her, but I rather like that  I'd be more upset if she was nondescript  At least I provoke a passionate response in people  It's great being a bad girl "

Departure (2004)
In August 2004, the BBC announced that Johnson had decided to quit her role as Vicki  She commented, "I've had a really good two years, enjoyed all the experiences but it's time to move on"  Johnson filmed her final scenes in October and her departure coincided with that of Vicki's half-sister, Sharon (Letitia Dean)   Vicki departed on the Christmas Day episode of 2004  12 3 million viewers watched the episodes that involved the Watts family's disbandment  Media reports claimed that there were plans to bring Vicki back the following year, played by a new actress; this proved to be false  Her character was notably absent at the funerals of Vicki's father Den in September 2005, her brother Dennis in January 2006, and her grandmother Pauline in January 2007 
Following her departure from EastEnders, Johnson was more candid in her reasons for leaving: "I've had a great time but it got to the point where I was sat in bed at night thinking: 'Tomorrow will my character be crying, getting drunk or having an argument?'  It soon became physically exhausting and draining [   ] I don't think the producers were very happy when I said I wanted to leave  I was still very new and they had just set up the new Watts dynasty but no-one could have made me change my mind  When I said to the producers I wanted to go they told me they might have to recast Vicki  I don't mind  Life goes on and EastEnders goes on  I wouldn't want to go back at the moment – but never say never "

Reception
According to author Hilary Kingsley, the scenes in EastEnders' early years that showed toddler Vicki  "chattering happily" with the baby actor who played her uncle Martin (Jon Peyton Price) were viewer favourites  EastEnders was criticised in 1993 for featuring a storyline about child abduction at an inappropriate time  In the storyline, six-year old Vicki was abducted, leaving Michelle frantic with worry  In what has been described as a "coincidence of ill-timing", the storyline was screened at the same time as the real-life abduction and murder of two-year-old James Bulger  The BBC was forced to transmit a health warning prior to the airing of the episodes, announcing that the storyline would be "resolved positively" In the book, Social Issues in Television, a senior, nameless script editor opined that the abduction storyline sought to engage the audience at the expense of any parent's realistic concerns: "We get it wrong when we take the easy route like the kidnap snatch with Vicki  My argument about this was that I am a father but have never had my kids snatched  If I'm just sitting at home and my children are out late at night and they say they're going to be back at midnight and they don't come back, you immediately think they're dead and you start to worry  If they'd actually been snatched, it would have affected my entire life forever  I would never have recovered from it  I would have been frightened every time one of them left my side  Therefore the consequence of running a storyline like that is immense  If we were being totally responsible about it the fallout on Michelle would have been, well I just don't think she would have been the same person again "
The character received media criticism due to her American accent upon her reintroduction in 2003  Johnson said, "I knew that would happen because I'm the only character who speaks differently  I haven't taken any of that to heart " However, when the accent was altered from American to British, this received criticism too with Ian Hyland from the Daily Mirror describing it as "hilarious" and branding the character "Go Away Again Vicki"   He added, "Presumably the producers decided the reason viewers found her so annoying was her whiny American voice  Try again, guys " Upon her departure in 2004, Johnson was also critical about her character's alternating accent: "When I took the job they weren't sure what accent they wanted Vicki to have and about a week before they told me it should be American  I did that for a few months and then one day out of the blue I arrived on set and they told me they wanted me to change to Cockney  It was the producer's decision  I was as stunned as everyone else – all the criticism was perfectly justified  It's probably the most stupid decision they could have made  People assumed I was slipping out of the accent – but it was nothing to do with me  I've taken a lot of stick  But it doesn't bother me because I know the truth "A proportion of viewers responded negatively when Vicki was shown to have an abortion  Johnson claims she received abusive letters from fans of the show and that she was stopped in the street twice by older women who told her "it was quite wrong [   ] to have got rid of the baby  I found that awkward at the time  But, gradually, I came to realise it was rather flattering  Those women believed in my character so completely they forgot she wasn't real  So now I think I must have been doing a good job " Johnson has since been critical of the storylines given to her character describing them as weak 
Passage 8:
James Prinsep Beadle
James Prinsep Beadle (22 September 1863 – 13 August 1947) was an English painter of historical and military scenes 

early life
Born in Calcutta on 22 September 1863, his father was Major-General James Pattle Beadle  For three years, he studied with Legros at the Slade School in London and at the Ecole des Beaux Arts in Paris under Alexandre Cabanel; his final studies were back in London with G  F  Watts 

Painting career
Beadle first exhibited at the Royal Academy in 1884 and also at the Paris Salon  Five years later, he was awarded a bronze medal at the Paris Exposition Universelle  Growing up in a military family, the artist was particularly attracted to military subjects and one of his earliest pieces depicted the inspection of the Duke of Yorks Own Loyal Suffolk Hussars at Bury St  Edmonds in 1893  From then on, he was a frequent exhibitor of 'battle' paintings at the RA, the New Gallery and elsewhere  In a review published in the Illustrated London News on 19 May 1894, Beadle's military pieces were singled-out for praise: "He does not go out of his way to flatter 'Tommy Atkins', but he shows him to the public under many forms and in many becoming uniforms  He has studied him at home and abroad, at peace and at war, on horseback and on foot   "
While many of his scenes represented contemporary events such as the Franco-Prussian War, the Boer War and the First World War, Beadle found the subject of the Peninsular War, particularly interesting and visited Spain and Portugal in 1912 to sketch the battlefields  As late as 1924, the artist was still paintings scenes from the Peninsular War, but the events of 1914-1918 were also occupying his mind, and several notable paintings were produced including Neuve Chapelle, 10 March 1915, Dawn: Waiting to go over, and Breaking the Hindenburg Line  In his final years, he lived in Kensington and died at his home on Eldon Road on 13 August 1947, leaving his widow, A M G  Beadle 

Paintings
George II knighting Trooper Brown (Queen's Royal Hussars)
The Rearguard (Retreat to Corunna) (The Rifles)
Sahagun, December 1808 (The Light Dragoons)
Vitoria, 21 June 1813: The Village of Gamara Mayor carried by the 4th, 47th and 59th Regiments of General Robinson's Brigade (Nuneaton Art Gallery)
St  Sebastian, August 1813 (Regimental Museum, King's Own Royal Regiment, Lancaster)
Salamanca (Regimental Museum, King's Own Royal Regiment, Lancaster)
The Passage of the Bidassoa by Wellington's Army, 7 October 1813 (1908 - Queen's Royal Hussars)
Napoleon's last inspection at Waterloo
"1815 " The Captive Eagle  Corporal Styles of the Royal Dragoons, etc (1892 - Norfolk Museums Service)
Saving the Guns at Maiwand (1893 - National Army Museum)
The Victors of Paardeberg
The Empty Saddle: South Africa, 1900 (Queen's Royal Lancers)
Bergendal, South Africa: Charge of the 2nd Battalion Rifle Brigade (1914 - The Rifles)
Battle of Gheluveldt, 31 October 1914 (1920 - Worcester Museum and Art Gallery)
Dawn: Waiting to go over (Imperial War Museum)
Neuve Chapelle, 10 March 1915: 2nd Rifle Brigade and 39th Garwal Rifles clearing the village (Maidstone Museum & Art Gallery)
Battle of the Somme: Attack of the Ulster Division, 1 July 1916 (Belfast City Hall)
Breaking the Hindenburg Line (Imperial War Museum)
The Lost Patrol (East Riding Yeomanry in Palestine, 1917 (Queen's Own Yeomanry, York)
The Action of the 6th Mounted Brigade (The Bucks, Berks and Dorset Yeomanry) at El Mughar (1922 - Crown Commissioners, Institute of Directors, Pall Mall)
Charge of the Bucks, Berks, and Dorset Yeomanry at El Mughar, Palestine Campaign, 13 November 1917 (1936 - Staff College, Camberley)
Passage 9:
The Watts Prophets
The Watts Prophets were an American political poetry group from Watts, California, United States  Like their contemporaries The Last Poets, the group combined elements of jazz music and spoken-word performance, making the trio one that is often seen as a forerunner of contemporary hip-hop music  
Formed in 1967, the group comprised Richard Dedeaux, Fr Amde Hamilton (born Anthony Hamilton), and Otis O'Solomon (also billed as Otis O'Solomon Smith) (O'Solomon removed the "Smith" from his name in the 1970s)  Hamilton is the last surviving member as of March 2022 

History
Hamilton, O'Solomon, and Dedeaux first met and collaborated at the Watts Writers Workshop, an organization created by Budd Schulberg in the wake of the Watts Riots, as the Civil Rights Movement was beginning to take a new cultural turn  Fusing music with jazz and funk roots, and rapid-fire, spoken-word poetry, they created a sound that gave them a considerable local following  They released two albums, 1969's The Black Voices: On the Streets in Watts and 1971's Rappin' Black in a White World, which established a strong tendency toward social commentary and a reputation for militancy  The group was unable to secure another record deal; a promising deal with Bob Marley's Tuff Gong label famously fell through  Unable to sustain success, the group has performed only sporadically since the mid-1970s 
In recent years, the group's profile has improved somewhat  The 1997 recording, When the 90's Came, found them in the studio with pianist Horace Tapscott, and a European tour reunited the trio with former collaborator DeeDee McNeil  In 2005, Things Gonna Get Greater: The Watts Prophets 1969-1971 combined the group's first two efforts, bringing them back into print for the first time in more than a decade 
Amde Hamilton, who is now a priest of the Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church, can be seen performing a spoken-word piece at the 1981 funeral service of Bob Marley in Jamaica in the 1982 film Land of Look Behind  He also claims to have baptized Nina Simone (who was later funeralized in a Catholic church—the faith in which Hamilton was raised) 
In 1994, the group appeared on the Red Hot Organization's compilation CD, Stolen Moments: Red Hot + Cool, appearing on a track entitled "Apprehension" alongside Don Cherry (trumpeter)  The album, meant to raise awareness of the AIDS epidemic in African-American society was named "Album of the Year" by Time Magazine Richard Dedeaux died in December 2013  O'Solomon died in March 2022 

Discography
1969 - The Black Voices: On the Streets in Watts
1971 - Rappin' Black in a White World
1997 - When the 90's Came
2005 - Things Gonna Get Greater: The Watts Prophets 1969-1971 (compilation)

See also
The Last Poets
Gil Scott-Heron
Passage 10:
Angela Lonsdale
Angela Lonsdale (née Smith; 13 October 1967) is an English actress 

Biography
Born to a policeman father, Lonsdale trained at Brewery Youth Theatre at the Brewery Arts Centre, Kendal  She took part in a large number of amateur productions, including plays by local playwrights John Newman-Holden and Tim Bull  After initial rejection, Lonsdale then graduated from the Royal Scottish Academy of Music and Drama  Lonsdale is best known for playing police officer Emma Taylor on Coronation Street, later the wife of Curly Watts  Both characters left the programme in 2003 
She then took a regular part in the long-running television series The Bill  Lonsdale appeared as DI Eva Moore in the daytime BBC series Doctors  She left in October 2008, after her character was shot and presumed dead  She made a brief return to Doctors in September 2011  In 2012 and 2013 Lonsdale played the role of the mother in a family of wolves in children's TV drama Wolfblood 

Personal life
In 2005 Lonsdale married actor Perry Fenwick, who plays Billy Mitchell in EastEnders  They separated in 2010 

Filmography



ground_truth: Morgan Llywelyn

prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: When was Erik Watts' father born?

The following are given passages.
Context 4:  Outraged and inspired by men's rights activists, Kimmy writes a children's book that empowers girls and encourages boys to be kind; by the end of season four, Kimmy has found success as a children's author  Season 4 features two episodes that veer from the main plot  In the first, a standalone mockumentary episode, Jacqueline's former boy toy Doug, a k a  DJ Fingablast, creates a true crime documentary called Party Monster: Scratching the Surface, which sympathizes with the Reverend and paints Kimmy and the other Mole Women negatively  The second episode, "Sliding Van Doors", presents an alternate universe in which Kimmy is never kidnapped, Titus does not audition for The Lion King in 1998, Jacqueline does not marry Julian Voorhees, and Lillian runs a Latin street gang  The series concludes with each of the main four characters finding success and purpose in new ventures 

Episodes
Cast and characters
Main
Ellie Kemper as Kimberly "Kimmy" Cougar Schmidt, the titular character  Armed with only unflagging optimism,  a childlike sense of wonder and an eighth-grade education, she attempts to regain the life that was taken from her and navigate her way through the unfamiliar struggles of New York life 
Tituss Burgess as Titus Andromedon (born Ronald Wilkerson), Kimmy's gay, flamboyant roommate and an aspiring actor and singer  Melodramatic and self-absorbed, Titus nevertheless cares deeply for, and is very protective of Kimmy  Despite his talent and ego, he is plagued by self-doubt after years of rejection in the business  Titus hails from Chickasaw County, Mississippi, and moved to New York City in 1998 
Carol Kane as Lillian Kaushtupper, Kimmy and Titus' odd landlady  A proud born-and-bred New Yorker with a long, complex criminal history, she fights against the possible gentrification of her neighborhood (although it soon becomes clear that she hates any form of progress or technology)  Despite her willingness to do anything to make a buck, she has a very big heart and will go out of her way to help her tenants 
Jane Krakowski as Jacqueline White (formerly Voorhees; née Jackie Lynn White), a wealthy and insecure socialite who hires Kimmy as a nanny  Despite coming across as arrogant, condescending and out of touch, she is very fond of (and heavily reliant on) her new employee, who helps her gain perspective on her unhappy marriage  She is secretly of Lakota Native American descent and is passing for white  As the series progresses, she gradually reconnects with her family and her culture  She is the mother of Buckley Voorhees and the former step-mother of Xanthippe Lannister Voorhees  Her ex-husband is Julian Voorhees 

Recurring
Guest
Production
Development
The show was created by Tina Fey and Robert Carlock when NBC executives asked them to develop a show for Ellie Kemper  Fey said that they found an "innocence" about Kemper's face, but also noted a "strength" to it  One idea was for the show to center on Kemper's character waking up from a coma, but this idea was abandoned in favor of the cult-survivor storyline The show was initially under development for NBC under the title Tooken  NBC ultimately sold the series to Netflix  Fey said that this was in partly due to NBC's "not feeling confident about watching comedies"  Prior to the sale, NBC planned to air the series as either a mid-season replacement or as a summer series  It was sold to Netflix with a two-season order On June 13, 2017, it was renewed for a fourth and final season, with the first six episodes premiering on May 30, 2018  The second half was released on January 25, 2019  On May 8, 2019, it was announced that it would return with an interactive special, which premiered on May 12, 2020 

Casting
Casting announcements for the remaining roles were made in March 2014, with Tituss Burgess cast as Kimmy's roommate, Titus, and Carol Kane as Kimmy's and Titus's landlady, Lillian Shortly afterwards, Sara Chase was cast Cyndee, Kimmy's closest friend during their years in the cult; and Lauren Adams as Gretchen, a 10-year member of the cult who believes everything she is told  Jane Krakowski was later cast as Jacqueline Voorhees, a wealthy Manhattanite who hires Kimmy as a nanny  Megan Dodds was originally cast before Krakowski replaced her 

Music
The show's theme song, "Unbreakable", was produced by The Gregory Brothers and written by Jeff Richmond  It is a tribute to The Gregory Brothers' YouTube show Songify the News – auto-tuned news interviews that became popular videos  It specifically parodies the mannerisms of Antoine Dodson in the "Bed Intruder Song"  Richmond also wrote "Peeno Noir", a song performed by character Titus Andromedon during season 1, episode 6 

Artwork
Artwork for the show's opening sequence was produced by a team at Pentagram that included feminist artist Deva Pardue 

Home video releases
Reception
The show has been widely acclaimed by television critics, who have praised the writing and cast 

Season 1
On Rotten Tomatoes, the first season has a rating of 95%, based on 55 reviews, with an average rating of 7 5/10  The site's critical consensus reads, "Blessed with originality and a spot-on performance from Ellie Kemper, The Unbreakable Kimmy Schmidt is as odd as it is hilarious " On Metacritic, the first season has a score of 78 out of 100, based on 29 critics, indicating "generally favorable reviews" Scott Meslow of The Week called the series "the first great sitcom of the streaming era", praising its wit, edge, and feminist tone  Brian Moylan of The Guardian noted that it is "the sort of show that could benefit from multiple viewings, because the jokes are so packed in you’re sure to miss something while laughing " TV Guide named it the "best new comedy of 2015"  IGN reviewer Max Nicholson gave the first season an 8 3 out of 10 'Great' rating, saying "Tina Fey and Robert Carlock's Unbreakable Kimmy Schmidt is another winner in Netflix's original series catalog  Not only is it charming and funny, but it's unabashedly kooky, and Ellie Kemper nails the lead role "The first season was nominated for seven Primetime Emmy Awards 
Some reviewers have criticized the show's portrayal of Native Americans, with Vulture referring to a prominent Native American subplot as "offensive"  BuzzFeed wrote that the show has a "major race problem" and cited the lack of a plurality of portrayals of Native Americans as the main issue with the subplot, stating that "the way Native Americans are represented on this show matters  It's not one representation among a cornucopia of representations; it's the single mainstream representation in years " The Daily Beast stated that when it comes to race, “especially in its portrayal of a key Vietnamese character, the show leaves much to be desired ”In the wake of the controversy, Tina Fey responded: "I feel like we put so much effort into writing and crafting everything, they need to speak for themselves  There's a real culture of demanding apologies, and I'm opting out of that "

Season 2
On Rotten Tomatoes, the second season holds a 100% approval rating, based on 24 reviews, with an average rating of 7 6/10  The site's critical consensus reads, "Not letting up in season two, Unbreakable Kimmy Schmidt is still odd in the best of ways, wonderfully building on its unique comedy stylings and brilliantly funny cast " On Metacritic, the second season has a score of 82 out of 100, based on 16 reviews, indicating "universal acclaim" The second season was nominated for four Primetime Emmy Awards 
There was controversy surrounding the third episode from this season, “Kimmy Goes to a Play!,” which involved the use of yellow-face and the name of a group of Asian-Americans who were critical of yellow-face  The group is referred to as "Respectful Asian Portrayals in Entertainment", or "R A P E" for short  The Asian-Americans shown protesting against yellow-face in the episode are conveyed as unlikable buffoons  Anna Akana criticized the use of yellow-face and the R A P E  acronym during her 2016 Asians in Entertainment Key Note speech  Alex Abad-Santos wrote, “The odd thing about this episode is that it's another Tina Fey project that paints Asian people, specifically Asian women, as crappy characters  [   ] The plot feels like a pointed, ironic response to anyone who has criticized Fey's past projects for being lazy and racist ”

Season 3
On Rotten Tomatoes, the third season holds a 97% approval rating, based on 29 reviews, with an average rating of 8 11/10  The site's critical consensus states: "Unbreakable Kimmy Schmidt continues to thrive with a comically agile cast, notable guest stars, and a forceful influx of funny " On Metacritic, the third season has a score of 78 out of 100, based on 12 reviews, indicating "generally favorable reviews" The third season was nominated for five Primetime Emmy Awards 

Season 4
On Rotten Tomatoes, the fourth season holds a 94% approval rating, based on 32 reviews, with an average rating of 7 77/10  The site's critical consensus states: "Unbreakable Kimmy Schmidt ends with a final season that's as topical as it is cheerily irreverent " On Metacritic, the fourth season has a score of 85 out of 100, based on 6 reviews, indicating "universal acclaim" The fourth season was nominated for two Primetime Emmy Awards 

Special
On Rotten Tomatoes, the Unbreakable Kimmy Schmidt: Kimmy vs  the Reverend special has an approval rating of 94%, based on 32 reviews, with an average rating of 7 81/10  The site's critical consensus reads: "Kimmy and company return as resilient as ever in a fun and fast paced special that makes excellent use of its interactive capabilities to produce maximum fabulosity "The special was nominated for two Primetime Emmy Awards 
Passage 7:
List of 30 Rock episodes
30 Rock is an American satirical television sitcom that was broadcast on NBC  Created by Tina Fey, the series follows the lives of the head writer of The Girlie Show with Tracy Jordan (TGS), Liz Lemon (Tina Fey), the other staff members of TGS, and their network executive, Jack Donaghy (Alec Baldwin) 
30 Rock was a critical success, winning several major awards (including Primetime Emmy Awards for Outstanding Comedy Series in 2007, 2008, and 2009), and achieving the top ranking on many critics' year-end best of 2006 and 2007 lists  On July 14, 2009, the series was nominated for 22 Primetime Emmy Awards, the most in a single year for a comedy series  Despite the acclaim, the series struggled in the ratings throughout its run  It broadcast a total of 138 episodes over seven seasons, from October 11, 2006, to January 31, 2013  In addition, a special episode premiered on July 16, 2020 

Series overview
Episodes
Season 1 (2006–07)
Season 2 (2007–08)
Season 3 (2008–09)
Season 4 (2009–10)
Season 5 (2010–11)
Season 6 (2012)
Season 7 (2012–13)
Special episode (2020)
Passage 8:
Cooter (30 Rock)
"Cooter" is the fifteenth and final episode of the second season of 30 Rock and the thirty-sixth episode of the series  It was written by series' creator Tina Fey and was directed by one of the season's producers, Don Scardino  The episode first aired on May 8, 2008, on the NBC network in the United States  "Cooter" follows Jack Donaghy's (Alec Baldwin) attempt to get fired from his new job in politics; Liz Lemon's (Fey) pregnancy scare and decision to adopt a baby; Tracy Jordan's (Tracy Morgan) creation of a pornographic video game; and Kenneth Parcell's (Jack McBrayer) aspiration to be an NBC page at the Beijing Olympics  The episode is an unofficial season finale, due to the season being shortened by the 2007–2008 Writers Guild of America strike 
"Cooter" received positive reviews from critics, and several considered it to be among the series' best episodes  Several critics noted that Liz had a pregnancy scare the same week that Fey's film Baby Mama was released, possibly used as cross promotion  The episode was watched by 5 61 million American viewers on its original broadcast, and was nominated for two awards, winning one 

Plot
Jack gets a job in politics as the "Homeland Security Director for Crisis and Weather Management"; however, it is not what he expected  When he learns that Don Geiss (Rip Torn), the CEO of General Electric, said "Jackie Boy" while in his coma, he schemes with another government employee, Cooter Burger (Matthew Broderick), to get fired after his letter of resignation is rejected  Jack also enlists the help of Celeste "C C " Cunningham (Edie Falco), his Congresswoman (D-VT) ex-girlfriend, to approve research into a "gay bomb"  Jack hopes that the bomb, an old Pentagon project that is expensive, inefficient and offensive to "both the red states and the gayer blue states", will ultimately result in their dismissal 
Meanwhile, Liz thinks she may be pregnant and is horrified when she discovers it is most likely the baby of her ex-boyfriend, Dennis Duffy (Dean Winters)  After several pregnancy tests, she tells a visiting Jack that the positive tests are a result of her eating "Sabor de Soledad" ("Taste of Loneliness" in Spanish) cheese puffs, which contain bull semen  Nevertheless, she tells Jack that she is ready to have a child and wants to adopt  Kenneth learns of an opportunity to be an NBC page at the Beijing Olympics, however, head page Donny Lawson (Paul Scheer) tries to make sure that he does not submit his essay on time  Jenna Maroney (Jane Krakowski) helps him complete his essay, but Donny stalls Kenneth by forcing him to deliver paper  This begins a sequence which references several Summer Olympic events  Pete shoots Donny in the leg with an arrow (archery), dressed in his gear from when he was an Olympic archer  Kenneth then goes through a series of obstacles themed to different Summer Olympic events  He begins by running and jumping over a "Wet Floor" sign (low hurdles) and then an airplane chair prop carried by two men (high hurdles)  Kenneth next grabs a bamboo pole and runs with it, using it to push the button on the elevator before throwing it to another page (likely pole vault, but possibly javelin throw)  He then does a forward flip into the elevator, ending with him standing and saluting to the back and front of the elevator (gymnastics/floor routine)  Finally, Kenneth makes it to the 27th floor only to see his way blocked by workmen painting  As an executive opens the door to the NBC Olympic Headquarters, Kenneth spins and throws his application pack through the closing door (discus)  He finally runs forward a few feet to break the blue painter's tape and collapse victorious, then throws up (sprint)  Tracy's invention, the world's first pornographic video game, is nearly complete  He gives Frank, who has helped him, the prototype copy of the game 
The episode shows what happens three months later, in August 2008  Jack and Cooter present their "gay bomb" to the Pentagon, which works only in enclosed areas, making it useless in combat  However, Cooter accidentally breaks the vial, causing everybody in the room, including Vice President Dick Cheney, to "feel weird"  Frank emerges from his office after playing Tracy's game non-stop for three months, not realizing the amount of time that has passed  While in Beijing, Kenneth gets involved with a Chinese woman who wants his kidneys  The last point was said in Mandarin without subtitles, leaving the English-speaking audience unaware of Kenneth's trouble 
The conversation roughly translates as:
Lady: "Kenneth, I like you, because I am attracted to your two healthy kidneys "
Kenneth: "What?"
(Man breaks down the door with gun drawn)
Kenneth: "I had no idea!"
The conversation in Mandarin:
Lady: Kenneth, 我喜歡你，因為我看上了你那兩個健壯的腎。
Kenneth: 什麼？
(Man breaks down the door with gun drawn)
Kenneth: 真沒想到！

Production
The title of the episode is one of Fey's favorite words, which she used multiple times when she appeared as an anchor on the Saturday Night Live sketch Weekend Update  Fey explains that she likes the word because "it's one of the least graphic ways to describe the female genitals"  This episode marks the final appearance of Edie Falco, who was hired for a three-episode arc  Falco made her debut in the episode "Somebody to Love" as Celeste Cunningham, a Congresswoman and romantic interest of Jack's  She appeared in "Secrets and Lies", where James Carville helps the fledgling relationship  The pair breaks up in Episode 210, when they realize their careers prevent them from staying together  Falco said that she was "thrilled for the opportunity to work with such great comic actors", and expressed her enjoyment of watching the series  Fey was "thrilled to have such an amazing actress come join us", and joked that "a lot of guys on our crew want The Sopranos ending explained to them", in which Falco was a series star 

Reception
"Cooter" was watched by 5 6 million viewers, and received a 2 6 rating and 7 share in the 18–49 demographic  The 2 6 refers to 2 6% of all 18- to 49-year-olds in the U S , and the 7 refers to 7% of all 18- to 49-year-olds watching television in the U S  at the time of the broadcast  By comparison CBS's CSI was viewed by 17 82 million viewers, ABC's Grey's Anatomy received 15 60 million viewers, Fox's Don't Forget the Lyrics! received 6 22 million viewers, and The CW's Supernatural received 2 53 million viewers   The finale was watched by 206,000 more viewers than the previous episode Terry Morrow of the Knoxville News Sentinel said that, although 30 Rock is struggling to find viewers, this "tiny show   shines with absolute brilliance", and judged "Cooter" as one of its best episodes  He speculated that the lack of viewers might have been because the show had failed to create an emotional bond with its audience, despite its being "happy to be a very witty sitcom"   He felt the entire cast was "spot on", but singled out Jane Krakowski for her "scene-stealing" moments when she revealed the art of backhanded compliments  Verne Gay of Newsday praised Jenna's and Kenneth's storylines, and liked the cameo by Broderick, stating his "comic chops [were] on full display"  Robert Canning of IGN praised Kenneth's and Tracy's storylines, and described Tracy's voice-recording session for his porn video game as "thank-goodness-this-is-airing-later-than-8:30"   Alan Sepinwall of The Star-Ledger felt that the "nearly-perfect" episode was marred by Kenneth's page-rivalry, which "didn't work"  Time called "Cooter" the eighth-best episode of 2008 Mark A  Perigard of the Boston Herald felt that "Cooter" was one of the best episodes of 30 Rock's shortened season, with something for everyone in the ensemble cast to do   He noted that Fey's character, Liz, has a pregnancy scare the same week that Fey's film, Baby Mama, was in theaters, asking "How much mama drama does Tina Fey think viewers want?" Bob Sassone of TV Squad originally thought the episode might have been secretly cross promoting Baby Mama, but ultimately decided against this judgment  Jeff Labrecque of Entertainment Weekly was disappointed that Liz was not actually pregnant, and hoped that her former boyfriend, Dennis, would continue to reappear in the next season  Oscar Dahl of BuddyTV speculated that the episode may have been hinting at Alec Baldwin's real-life political plans  (He was considering running for office )The episode was nominated for Primetime Emmy Awards, winning one  Tina Fey won for Outstanding Writing for a Comedy Series, and Ken Eluto was nominated for Outstanding Single-Camera Picture Editing for a Comedy Series 
Passage 9:
Louie (season 4)
The fourth season of the American television comedy series Louie premiered on May 5, 2014, and concluded on June 16, 2014  It consists of fourteen episodes (an additional episode more than previous seasons), most running approximately 23 minutes in length  FX broadcast the fourth season on Mondays at 10:00 and 10:30 pm in the United States with back-to-back episodes  The season was produced by 3 Arts Entertainment and the executive producers were Louis C K , Dave Becky and M  Blair Breard 
Louie was created, written and directed by Louis C K , who stars as a fictionalized version of himself, a comedian and newly divorced father raising his two daughters in New York City  The show has a loose format atypical for television comedy series, consisting of largely unconnected storylines and segments (described as "extended vignettes") that revolve around Louie's life, punctuated by live stand-up performances 

Production
FX announced in July 2012 that it had renewed Louie for a fourth season to consist of 13 episodes, and was later confirmed in October 2012 that the season would be delayed from airing in summer 2013 to May 2014, to give more time for Louie C K  to develop the season  C K  said, "I want season four to go somewhere new   I'm looking back to when I did the first season and the time I took to do the show and decide which directions to go in and I want that back again  I want a little breathing room " In March 2014, FX announced the season would premiere on May 5, 2014, moving to Mondays and would air back-to-back episodes for seven consecutive weeks, containing an additional fourteenth episode  C K  said that the fourth season would include a multi-part, connected storyline after the third episode C K  collaborated with comedian Steven Wright (who previously guest starred on the series as himself) on some of the scripts for the fourth season, and Wright is credited as a consulting producer for the season  According to guest star Jeremy Renner, Philip Seymour Hoffman was supposed to appear in an episode this season, however, Hoffman died in February 2014  Episodes 11 and 12, "In the Woods" have an extended run time of an hour and a half (with commercials) 

Cast
Main cast
Louis C K  as Louie

Recurring cast
Guest stars
Episodes
Reception
Reviews
The fourth season of Louie received universal acclaim from critics, receiving a Metacritic score of 93 out of 100, based on 28 reviews  Robert Llyod of the Los Angeles Times wrote that  "Each [episode] stands on its own as a TV art film, an independent work of short fiction " Andrew Romano of The Daily Beast wrote that "Season 4 is just as brilliant as the seasons that preceded it " On Rotten Tomatoes, the season has an approval rating of 93% with an average score of 8 9 out of 10 based on 43 reviews  The website's critical consensus reads, "Thanks to Louis C K 's unique brand of awkward, brutally honest humor, Louie remains one of the best written and most relatable comedies on television "

Ratings
The season 4 premiere received 941,000 total viewers, a 19 percent boost over last season's average 

Accolades
For the 30th TCA Awards, Louie won for Outstanding Achievement in Comedy and Louis C K  received a nomination for Individual Achievement in Comedy  For the 4th Critics' Choice Television Awards, Louie received nominations for Best Comedy Series, C K  for Best Actor in a Comedy Series, and Sarah Baker for Best Guest Performer in a Comedy Series  For the 66th Primetime Emmy Awards, the series was nominated for Outstanding Comedy Series, and Louie C K  was nominated for Outstanding Lead Actor in a Comedy Series and Outstanding Directing for a Comedy Series for the episode "Elevator, Part 6", and won for Outstanding Writing for a Comedy Series for the episode "So Did the Fat Lady"  For the 67th Writers Guild of America Awards, the series won for Best Comedy Series and C K  won for Best Episodic Comedy for "So Did the Fat Lady"  For the 21st Screen Actors Guild Awards, C K  was nominated for Best Comedy Actor  For the 72nd Golden Globe Awards, C K  was nominated for Best Actor – Television Series Musical or Comedy  For the 67th Directors Guild of America Awards, C K  was nominated for Outstanding Directing – Comedy Series for the episode "Elevator Part 6" 

Broadcast
The season premiered on OSN First Comedy HD in the Middle East on September 4, 2014 



ground_truth: May 5, 1939