prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: Finally includes the song that peaked at what on the US Hot 100

The following are given passages.
Context 1: Passage 1:
Finally (CeCe Peniston song)
"Finally" is a song by American singer-songwriter CeCe Peniston, released in September 1991 as her debut single from her first album, Finally (1992)  It received critical acclaim, becoming Peniston's first (and biggest) hit song, peaking at number five on the US Billboard Hot 100 in January 1992  It is also her only US top-ten hit to date  Prior to that, the track was a major success on the Billboard Hot Dance Club Play chart, where it spent two weeks at number one in late 1991  In addition, a dance remix of the song, the "Choice Mix", peaked at number two on the UK Singles Chart in March 1992  The remix appeared on many dance music compilations in the early '90s  Its music video was directed by Claude Borenzweig 

Background and release
Peniston grew up in Phoenix and began writing pop songs during school  The words of "Finally"  were purportedly penned during a chemistry class, while thinking about dating in college  In 1989 and 1990, she won the Miss Black Arizona pageant, and took the Miss Galaxy pageant a short time later 
Her music career began in January 1991, when Felipe "DJ Wax Dawg" Delgado, her friend and a record producer based also in Phoenix, asked Peniston to record back-up vocals for Tonya Davis, a rapper known as Overweight Pooch  Though Overweight Pooch's album flopped on the market, Manny Lehman (a DJ and executive producer) had noticed the powerful voice of the back-up vocalist, Peniston  He offered Delgado a chance to produce a track for Peniston to cultivate her potential as a solo artist  Delgado called hometown friend and music producer, Rodney K  Jackson, to help co-produce Peniston's single, which would become "Finally" 

Peniston was 21 years old when "Finally" was released  When asked about the song in a 2012 interview, Peniston said, "It was actually a poem that I had turned into a song, and it was the very first song that I had written  I was doing backup for someone else, and they asked if I had something else and I was like yeah, something I’ve written, and I didn’t know if they’d like it  You know, you don’t really understand your gifts at that point, so when he said I have a hit, I was just like okay  At the time I didn’t understand what it means to have a number one song, I really had no idea  They said you have a hit on your hands and you’re going to have to go to Europe  All of a sudden I was traveling the world, one show turned into two, that little girl from Arizona was going everywhere! You know, I had been here and there, a couple of trips, but nothing at all like this  It was overwhelming "
New versions of "Finally" were released in 1997 and 2011 

Composition
The remix of this song is based on the piano riff from the house music classic "Someday" by CeCe Rogers from 1987  The song is performed in the key of B minor with a tempo of 120 beats per minute, following a chord progression of G(9) – G/A – Bm, and Peniston's vocals span from B3 to D5  In 2017, Peniston told about recording the song, "It was a great experience making this song  I remember being in the studio with producer Felipe Delgado, and we didn't have the second verse written  I had forgotten some of the lyrics and just ad-libbed some of them–that "yeah-yeah" part  They ended up sampling that, and it became a big part of the song  It's amazing how those raw moments happen "

Chart performance
The song was released in the fall of 1991, where it became an instant dance anthem, peaking in October at the top of the Billboard Hot Dance Music/Club Play chart in the United States for two weeks, while achieving respectable chart success overseas the following year  The song was re-released in the United Kingdom, where it reached a new peak of number two in its second week at the UK Singles Chart, on March 22, 1992  It was held off reaching the top spot by Shakespears Sister's "Stay"  "Finally" also charted at number-one in Zimbabwe and on the RPM Dance/Urban chart in Canada, and number eight in Australia and New Zealand  In Europe, the song reached number three in Belgium and number five in the Netherlands and Ireland  Following the single's success, Peniston completed her first album, Finally, in two months  The album was critically acclaimed, and Peniston celebrated a year-long run of awards success including the Billboard Award for Best New Artist (dance), and three ASCAP awards amongst numerous others  The song "Finally" has sold over 3 million copies to date 

Critical reception
J D  Considine from The Baltimore Sun felt the song "is a delightful surprise, marrying a muscular, insinuating groove to Peniston's soulful, insistent vocals " Larry Flick from Billboard complimented it as "a delicious peak-hour houser that is in a vein similar to Alison Limerick's "Where Love Lives"  Peniston wraps her lovely alto around a hook that seeps into the brain and body and never lets go " He also remarked that Peniston "proves her potential as a future diva on this brain-embedding, spine-stirring house anthem " Amy Linden from Entertainment Weekly commented, "The slammin’ house/pop single of the moment? It's CeCe Peniston's "Finally," and its sheer joy and verve " She explained further, "Grooving in the fabulousness of her newfound Mr  Right, and sorta amazed that it all happened, she wails deliciously, making you believe that true love will conquer all and that someday your prince (or princess) will come " Dave Sholin from the Gavin Report described it as a "bright and infectious" debut release and concluded, "I had a preview of this song back in July and have been in love with it ever since!" Dennis Hunt from Los Angeles Times viewed it as "lively" Pan-European magazine Music & Media stated that "this newcomer gives further evidence that dance is still developing into a more song-oriented direction  The violins give the tune the ambiance of "Backstabbers" by the O'Jays " Andy Beevers from Music Week complimented it as an "extremely classy and catchy garage-styled debut"  A reviewer from People Magazine felt that it's "overflowing with verve and loaded up with joyous girlie glee", noting the "ecstatic, beat-heavy power" of the track  James Hamilton from the RM Dance Update labeled it as "cheerful wailing" and a "ex-Miss America's catchy Crystal Waters-type US pop smash"  Adam Higginbotham from Select declared "Finally" as "a superb slice of feel-good pop music  From its bassline – purloined from Ce Ce (no relation) Rogers' classic garage tune 'Someday' — to the inanely cheery lyrics " Tom Doyle from Smash Hits viewed it as a "rousing house song"  Steve Pick from St  Louis Post-Dispatch wrote that "this is a catchy disco number, building energy through repetition of the simple hookline and a solid bass/drum throb  Get on the dance floor to this one, and you'll move "

Retrospective response
Bill Lamb from About com featured "Finally" in their list of "The Top 100 Best Party Songs", describing it as an "upbeat, celebratory song about love"  Steven E  Flemming, Jr  from Albumism noted that it "skillfully melded the insistent grace of all that’s right about dance production values with grand vocals " AllMusic editor Craig Lytle felt that the song and its follow-up, "We Got a Love Thang", "employ that rapid dancehall groove better known as house music"  Stopera and Galindo from BuzzFeed remarked, "When it comes to ‘90s dance songs you’d be hard-pressed to find another song that so perfectly incorporates other music genres that made the decade so great — i e , R&B, house, and pop — which is what makes “Finally" the quintessential ‘90s dance song  And honestly, it's a feel-good hit! Just try being in a bad mood after listening to it!" A writer from Complex said that "this was the sound of the early 1990s, when everything was turning colorful and bright " Pop Rescue called it "a great track, with that fantastic hand-clap, bassline and piano opening", adding that Peniston's vocals are "sublime" 

Music video
A music video was made for "Finally", directed by Claude Borenzweig  It is very simple, showing Peniston performing the song within a variety of shapes and colors, sometimes with a guy dancing  The video was later published by Vevo on YouTube in 2009, remastered in HD, and had generated more than 40 million views as of January 2023 

Impact and legacy
DJ Magazine ranked "Finally" number 64 in their list of "Top 100 Club Tunes" in 1998 VH1 ranked it number 29 in their list of the "100 Greatest Dance Songs" in 2000  [1]
MTV Dance ranked the song number 28 in their list of "The 100 Biggest '90s Dance Anthems of All Time" in November 2011  Heart TV ranked "Finally" number three in their list of "55 Biggest '90s Club Classics" in March 2017  BuzzFeed ranked the song number one in "The 101 Greatest Dance Songs of the '90s" in 2017, writing, "When it comes to ‘90s dance songs you’d be hard-pressed to find another song that so perfectly incorporates other music genres that made the decade so great — i e , R&B, house, and pop — which is what makes “Finally" the quintessential ‘90s dance song " Slant Magazine ranked it number 37 in their list of "The 100 Best Dance Songs of All Time" in 2020  The Guardian ranked it number 66 in their "The 70 Greatest No 2 Singles – Ranked!" in 2022  Alexis Petridis wrote, "House music as pure pop-soul, "Finally" was a hymn to an idealised boyfriend sung by a former Miss Black Arizona " Same year, Pitchfork ranked it number 87 in their countdown of "The 250 Best Songs of the 1990s" in 2022 

Accolades
Music awards and nominations
Track listings and formats
Credits and personnel
Management

Executive producers – Manny Lehman, Mark Mazzetti
Recording studio – Aztec Studios, Phoenix, Arizona
Publishing – Wax Museum Music, Mainlot Music (BMI), Polygram Music

Charts
Certifications
Release history
Reissues
"Finally '97"
In 1997, "Finally" was remixed by Eric Kupper to enhance the overseas issue of Peniston's album Finally, which was re-released in Europe and Japan along with her greatest collection, The Best Of CeCe Peniston  
The new remixed version of the song titled "Classic Funk Mix" (a k a  "Finally '97") successfully re-entered the British charts, peaking on September 13 at number 26 on the UK Singles Chart, meaning Peniston had three chart entries with one and the same title (in March 92, in September 97) 

Additional credits
Recording studio – Hysteria Recording
Publishing – PolyGram Music
Producer, engineering, programming, keyboards, guitar and bass – Eric Kupper
Remixing – Kupper, George Mitchell and Steven Doherty (as Sharp)
Design – Alex

Track listings and formats
Charts
Finally 2008
In the summer of 2008, the song was remixed by Kam Denny, an Australian DJ and producer, and Paul Zala, an electrohouse DJ based in Melbourne  Subtitled as "Kam Denny & Paul Zala Remix", or rather "Vandalism Remix", the promotional single was released in Australia on Bimbo Rock, a local indie dance/electro label formed by TV Rock  The new adaptation gained underground house music popularity and entered the local Club Tracks Chart, topping for four weeks at number one 

Additional credits
Producers and remixing – Kam Denny and Paul Zala

Charts
Finally 2011
On the twentieth anniversary of "Finally," Peniston made a number of additional remixes of the song for Paul Oakenfold, featuring Joyriders, and supported also by music video  Originally, the song was to be attached to her cancelled studio album CeCe 

Additional credits
Executive producer – Paul Oakenfold
Vocals – Peniston (re-recorded)
Performer – Joyriders
Producers and remixing – Roman Hunter, Digitalchord, Zen Freeman, Remy Le Duc, Mikael Nordgren (as Tiger Stripes), Chuckii Booker (as DJ Cii)
Vocal production – Kevin Lewis

Track listings and formats
Release #1

"Finally" (Roman Hunter Airplay Mix) – 2:58Release #2

"Finally" (Roman Hunter Remix) – 7:03
"Finally" (Digitalchord Remix) – 7:00
"Finally" (Zen Freeman & Remy Le Duc Remix) – 6:03
"Finally" (Tiger Stripes Remix) – 7:22
"Finally" (DJ Cii Remix) – 2:31Deep House Selection, Volume 6 (The Finest Deep House Tunes)

"Finally" (Tiger Stripes Radio Edit) – 3:15

In popular culture
The song features in the 1998 film Bimboland produced by Ariel Zeitoun  The 7-inch Choice Mix was used in the 1994 film The Adventures of Priscilla, Queen of the Desert and featured on its soundtrack album  The song is also featured in the stage musical based on the film For her ninth tour Showgirl: The Homecoming Tour that resumed on November 11, 2006, at Sydney Entertainment Centre (ended on January 23, 2007), Kylie Minogue used elements of Peniston's song when performing her 2000 comeback single "Spinning Around", co-written by Paula Abdul In November 2009, pop musician Lady Gaga used excerpts of "Finally" (Vandalism Remix) for the opening of The Monster Ball Tour in her song "Dance in the Dark" In July 2014, British singer Matt Fishel included a cover version of the song on his virtual EP Cover Boy  The accompanying video won the category for Best Lyric Video at the 2014 LGBT-based RightOutTV Music & Video Award In 2015, the song was also used in an advertisement for Ariel detergent in the Philippines, along with modified lyrics to promote the product  The commercial has since spawned numerous parodies poking fun at the campy nature of the commercial and the song used, with numerous people and fictional characters lip-syncing to the tune The song was used as a lip-sync song during the ninth season of RuPaul's Drag Race  On the seventh episode contestants Nina Bo'nina Brown and Aja had to lip-sync to avoid elimination; Aja was eliminated The song was also briefly featured in Season 2 Episode 9 of Dear White People In 2021, a remixed version used for a commercial for the dating app Bumble  American supermarket chain Kroger, along with its subsidiary supermarket names, uses the song for its animated commercials, promoting grocery delivery at home 

See also
The Best Dance Album in the World    Ever!
List of number-one dance singles of 1991 (U S )
List of top 10 singles in 1992 (UK)
List of Dance Dance Revolution songs
List of songs that made the biggest jump in the top 50 on the ARIA Singles Chart
Passage 2:
Y R N  (Young Rich Niggas)
Y R N  (Young Rich Niggas) is the third mixtape by American hip hop group Migos  It was released on June 13, 2013  The album features notable guest appearances from rappers Gucci Mane, Trinidad James, Riff Raff and Soulja Boy  This mixtape is notable for the single "Versace", the single reached number 99 on the US Billboard Hot 100 chart, number 31 on the US Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs chart, number 23 on the US Hot Rap Songs chart and number 11 on the US Top Heatseekers chart  "Versace" was placed in multiple year-end lists of 2013  Diplo included it in his 2013 round-up set on BBC Radio 1  XXL named it one of the top five hip hop songs of 2013  The official music video, directed by Gabriel Hart, was released on September 30, 2013  It shows Migos and Zaytoven at a luxurious mansion, wearing Versace clothes and accessories  The video also features a snippet of Migos second single off the mixtape "Hannah Montana"  As of April 2021, it has gained over 36 million views on YouTube  Y R N  later reached number 74 on the US Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums chart, their first mixtape to do so on the Billboard charts  The mixtape was premiered on LiveMixtapes com, on 06/13/2013 and has over 7 million views and 500,000 downloads   Offset only appears on some of the tracks, he was incarcerated in 2013 when Y R N  (Young Rich Niggas) came out 

Critical reception
Y R N  received favorable reviews from critics and was ranked as the third best mixtape of 2013 by Rolling Stone 

Track listing
Charts
Passage 3:
Tyga discography
The discography of American rapper Tyga consists of seven studio albums, three compilation albums, twenty mixtapes, sixty-seven singles (including thirty-four as a featured artist) and forty-six music videos  In 2008, Tyga released his first studio album, No Introduction, on the record label Decaydance Records  The album included the single "Coconut Juice" (featuring Travie McCoy), the song peaked at number 94 on the US Billboard Hot 100, becoming Tyga's first song to appear on the chart  In 2010, Tyga and Virginia singer Chris Brown released the collaborative mixtape Fan of a Fan (2010), which included their hit single "Deuces": the song peaked at number 14 on the Billboard Hot 100 and became Tyga's first song to chart on the US Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs chart, peaking at number one The release of Tyga's second studio album (and his first to be released on the record label Young Money Entertainment), Careless World: Rise of the Last King (2012), was preceded by the release of the singles "Far Away", "Still Got It", "Rack City" and "Faded", with all four appearing on the Billboard Hot 100  "Rack City" was the most commercially successful single from the album, become Tyga's first single to reach the top 10 of the Billboard Hot 100, and also charting in Australia, Canada and the United Kingdom  Following several delays to its release date, Careless World: Rise of the Last King debuted at number 4 on the US Billboard 200 and at number one on both the US Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums and Top Rap Albums charts  His third studio album, Hotel California, was released on April 9, 2013 As of February 2017, Tyga has sold 600,000 albums and 12 2 million digital singles as a solo artist  His 2018 song "Taste" later became the best selling single of his career 

Albums
Studio albums
Collaboration albums
Compilation albums
Mixtapes
Singles
As lead artist
As featured artist
Promotional singles
Other charted and certified songs
Guest appearances
Music videos
Notes
Passage 4:
Wobble (song)
"Wobble" is the second single by rapper V I C  from his debut album Beast  The single was produced by Mr  Collipark  Before recording this song, he made a track called "Wobble (Skit)" to introduce the song "Wobble"  Both tracks are on the album  Atlanta's V-103 former radio personality Frank Ski is featured on the song on the intro and bridge, but isn't credited as a featured artist  The song grew in popularity after inspiring a dance  "Wobble" finally made its debut on the US Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs chart at number 89 on June 2, 2011, almost three years after its release, and has since peaked at number 77  It went on to debut at number 94 on the US Billboard Hot 100 on January 7, 2012  In 2020, the song made a resurgence after trending on the video sharing platform TikTok 

Track listing
Promo CD single
"Wobble (Skit)" (Main)
"Wobble" (Song)
"Wobble" (Instrumental)
"Wobble" (Acapella)

Charts
Certifications
Passage 5:
Finally (CeCe Peniston album)
Finally is the debut album by American singer CeCe Peniston, released on January 30, 1992, by A&M Records  Prior to the release of this album, Peniston released her debut single "Finally", which topped the US Billboard Hot Dance Music Club Play chart on October 26, 1991, peaking eventually at number five on the Billboard Hot 100 and at number two in the UK Singles Chart  The album yielded two additional singles which achieved dance number one status in the US; "We Got a Love Thang", co-written by Chantay Savage, and "Keep On Walkin'", written in collaboration with Kym Sims  Both songs entered the UK Singles Chart top 10 and the Billboard Hot 100 top 20 in the US  Despite the success of the singles, the album itself climbed only to number seventy on the US Billboard 200  However, during its thirty-six weeks long presence in the chart it sold over 554,000 copies in the US  The album peaked at number ten on the UK Albums Chart  The total worldwide sales of the album surpassed 3,000,000 units  Two further tracks were released from the album which were more in the R&B field; "Inside That I Cried" charted at number ten in the US R&B chart and at number forty-two in the UK, while "Crazy Love" peaked at number thirty-one in the US and at number forty-four in the UK  The album was part of the resurgence of dance music in the United States during the mid-1990s 

Critical reception
Finally received generally mixed to positive reviews from music critics  Craig Lytle from AllMusic lauded the album in his review as "outstanding", and it being a "solidly produced collection"  Giving the set four out of five stars, he wrote that the album warranted an additional single release  Amy Linden from Entertainment Weekly stated that Peniston has "a good enough voice" (which she stressed as a novelty among dance-music dollies), but apart from its title single, plus the funky ode "Virtue", she ranked the rest of album a B− for being "mainly standard issue and pretty dull"  Elena Oumano from Los Angeles Times wrote, "Like Patti LaBelle, CeCe Peniston scales a broad range of vocal peaks with electrifying ease, but where LaBelle stoops to played-out histrionics, Peniston’s operatic soul vibrates with freewheeling, youthful gusto on this debut album  While this exuberance works best when matched to a hammering house mix, Peniston’s heroic gymnastics ring genuine even in ballads  She just seems to feel more than ordinary folk  But that astonishing voice demands exceptional material; “Lifeline” and other pedestrian vehicles seem all the weaker for Peniston’s formidable gift "

Accoladees
Finally was nominated for Best R&B/Soul Album – Female at the 1993 Soul Train Music Awards, but lost to What's the 411? by Mary J  Blige 

Chart performance
Initially, Finally entered the albums charts overseas  On February 2, 1992, the album debuted in the UK Albums Chart at number ten, its peak, spending nineteen weeks in total on the chart  On February 15, the album appeared for the first time in the Canadian Albums Chart at number sixty, as well as on the US Billboard 200 at number ninety-nine  In both countries, the album reached its peak position in its fourth week on the chart; number twenty in Canada, where it spent twenty-two weeks in the chart, and number seventy in the US, where it spent thirty-six weeks on the chart, of which eighteen were within the Top 100  In the Dutch MegaCharts, the album began its twelve-week run on February 22 at number ninety, reaching number thirty-one  In Billboard's component chart, the album debuted on the R&B/Hip-Hop chart on March 7 at number eighty-eight, and climbed to number thirteen on August 8, spending fifty-two weeks in the chart  In addition, the album charted for two weeks in Austria, peaking there at number thirty-eight, its debut, on March 8 

Track listing
Notes

^[a]  signifies an additional producer

Personnel
Technical

Producers: Daniel Abraham, Felipe Delgado, R K  Jackson, Steve Lindsey, Brian Malouf, David Morales, DeVante Swing
Engineers: Craig Marcus, Tony Maserati, Rob Paustian, John Poppo, Larry Stur
Assistant engineers: Lolly Grodner
Mixing: Daniel Abraham, Terry Burrus, David Morales, DeVante Swing, Elliot Peters
Re-mixing: Brian MaloufPerformers and musicians

Arrangers: Steve Lindsey, DeVante Swing
Vocal arrangements: Danny Madden
Drums: Ed Greene
Percussion: Lenny Castro, Bashiri Johnson, David Morales, Steve Lindsey
Drum programming: Felipe Delgado, R K  Jackson, Peter "Ski" Schwartz
Keyboards, synthesizers: John Barnes, Robbie Buchanan, Terry Burrus, Claude Gaudette, Khris Kellow, Eric Kupper, Steve Lindsey, Peter "Ski" Schwartz
Guitars: Charles Fearing, Grant Geissman, Dean Parks
Saxophone: Brandon Fields

Charts
Promo EP
Along with the release of Peniston's single "Keep On Walkin'", a four-track promo EP titled The Heart and Soul of CeCe Peniston (Four Selections from Finally) was issued in the United States in support of Finally 
Apart from her third US Dance number-one hit "Keep On Walkin'", the EP also featured "Crazy Love", which was also promoted with a single, as well as two other songs from Finally—"I See Love", and "You Win, I Win, We Lose" (with background vocals by Malaika) 
The artwork of the EP included altered pictures on its front and back cover 

Track listing
Personnel
CeCe Peniston – lead vocals
Steve Hurley – production
Daniel Abraham – production
DeVanté Swing – production, arrangement
Darryl Pearson – co-production, arrangement
Felipe Delgado – production
Rodney K  Jackson – production
Rusty D'Agnolo – additional production, engineering
Brian Malouf – additional production, remixing
Larry Sturm – engineering
Tony Maserati – engineering
Lolly Grodner – engineering assistanceRecording details

Songs recorded and mixed at Tangle Wood Studios, Chicago; Right Track Studios, NYC; Chung King Studios, NYC
Songs published by Last Song Inc, George You've Got It Music/O'Hara Music/Music Corp (BMI)/IDG (ASCAP), Big Arm Music (ASCAP), and Urban Tracks Music/Mainlot Music (Broadcast Music Incorporated)
Administration by Third Coast Music (ASCAP)
Passage 6:
Light Poles and Pine Trees
Light Poles and Pine Trees is the third album from the southern hip hop duo Field Mob, and their first, and only, under the Disturbing tha Peace imprint  It was released in stores on June 20, 2006  Originally, the premiere single from the album was to be the track Friday Night but did not make the final album cut, although it was still released in early 2006 as a radio promo and appeared on international editions as an extra bonus track  Instead the first official single from the album was the Jazze Pha produced song "So What" featuring R&B singer Ciara  This has become the duo's most successful hit to date, climbing to #10 on the US Billboard Hot 100, and #3 and #4 on the US Hot Rap Tracks and US Hot R&B/Hip Hop Songs charts, respectively The album itself achieved #1 on the US Billboard Top Rap Albums and #7 on the US Billboard 200  It has sold over 200,000 copies The track "Georgia" is a reprise, originally appearing on the compilation Disturbing tha Peace 
The track "Baby Bend Over" is believed to be the original source of the infamous Chop snare, a widely used electronic snare drum sample 

Track listing
"1, 2, 3" – 4:18
"My Wheels" – 4:11
"So What" (featuring Ciara) – 3:36
"Baby Bend Over" (featuring Polow da Don) – 3:48
"Smilin'" (featuring Ludacris) – 4:18
"Area Code 229" – 4:35
"Blacker the Berry (Skit)" - 1:09
"Blacker the Berry" – 4:25
"I Hate You" – 3:43
"At the Park" – 3:40
"Eat 'Em Up, Beat 'Em Up" – 4:59
"Pistol Grip" – 4:14
"Sorry Baby" (featuring Bobby V) – 3:26
"It's Over" – 3:32
"Georgia" (featuring Jamie Foxx & Ludacris) – 4:23
"Friday Night" (International Editions Only) - 3:45

Charts
Passage 7:
Sam Hunt discography
American singer Sam Hunt has released two studio albums, one mixtape, three extended plays, ten singles, and ten music videos  Hunt signed a record deal with MCA Nashville and launched his musical career with the release of the single "Raised on It" in 2013; it received moderate chart success, peaking at number 49 on Hot Country Songs  Then came the launch of his debut studio album Montevallo in October 2014  It topped the Top Country Albums chart and peaked at number three on the Billboard 200  It was certified 2× Platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA) and reached a million sales in the country by February 2016  The album also peaked at number two on the Canadian Albums Chart and received a Gold certification from Music Canada  Montevallo spawned five singles, including the international hit "Take Your Time", which peaked at number 20 on the Billboard Hot 100 and topped Hot Country Songs; it was later certified 4× Platinum by the RIAA 

Albums
Studio albums
Mixtapes
Extended plays
Singles
As lead artist
As featured artist
Promotional singles
Other charted songs
Music videos
Writing credits
Notes
Passage 8:
Finger Eleven
Finger Eleven is a Canadian rock band from Burlington, Ontario, formed in 1990  They have released seven studio albums (six as Finger Eleven and one as Rainbow Butt Monkeys), with their album The Greyest of Blue Skies bringing them into the mainstream  Their 2003 self-titled album achieved Gold status in the United States and Platinum in Canada, largely from the success of the single "One Thing", which marked the band's first placing on the US Hot 100 Chart at number 16  Their 2007 album, Them vs  You vs  Me launched the single "Paralyzer", which went on to top the Canadian Hot 100 and both US rock charts, as well as reaching No  6 on the US Hot 100 and No  12 on the Australian Singles Chart  They won the Juno Award for Rock Album of the Year in 2008  The same album was later certified gold in the US and multi-platinum in Canada  They released their sixth studio album, Life Turns Electric, on October 5, 2010; it was nominated as Best Rock Album of the Year at the Juno Awards of 2011  Five Crooked Lines, their 7th studio album, was released in 2015  Between 1995 and 2016, Finger Eleven was among the top 75 best-selling Canadian artists in Canada and among the top 25 best-selling Canadian bands in Canada 

History
Letters from Chutney (1990–1996)
Finger Eleven first formed at Lester B  Pearson High School in Burlington, Ontario as Stone Soul Picnic, then changed their name to Rainbow Butt Monkeys  One of their first shows was at a school Christmas concert in 1990, and they won the 97 7 CHTZ (Hits) HTZ FM's Rock Search competition  At the time, the band's lineup consisted of Scott Anderson (vocals), James Black (guitar, vocals), Rick Jackett (guitar), Sean Anderson (bass), and Rob Gommerman (drums) 
They were signed by Mercury Records and, after releasing four EPs, they issued the album Letters from Chutney (1995), which received generally favourable reviews  In 1996, they were taken on by the management company Coalition Entertainment 

Tip (1997–1999)
In 1997, the band changed its name to Finger Eleven, which came from a demo of their song "Thin Spirits"  Their first album under the new name was Tip, produced by Arnold Lanni (Our Lady Peace)  Mercury dropped the band after the album's release; they were then signed to Wind-up Records, which re-released the record in 1998  During this period, the band toured heavily, as part of Edgefest, the Vans Warped Tour and, several times, opening for Creed and Fuel  In 1999, the track "Quicksand" was used in the TV series Roswell (uncredited) Following the release of Tip, drummer Rob Gommerman left the band  He was replaced by Rich Beddoe, whom James Black had met at an Alice in Chains concert in Toronto several years earlier 

The Greyest of Blue Skies (2000–2002)
In 2000, Finger Eleven released The Greyest of Blue Skies, again produced by Arnold Lanni  The album was commercially successful in Canada and was certified Gold  This was another period of heavy touring, with the band playing X-Fest, Edgefest, K-Rockathon, and the four-city Canadian festival Summersault 2000  Finger Eleven also began appearing on its own, and headlining concerts with other bands A song from this album, "Suffocate", was used in the 2000 film Scream 3  In 2001, the song "Drag You Down" was used in the animated sitcom Daria  In 2002, Finger Eleven covered and remixed the entrance theme for wrestler Kane, a song they called "Slow Chemical", which was recorded and mixed at Metalworks Studios in Mississauga, Ontario  Kane used the song from 2002 to 2008  It was also used in WrestleMania 20 (2004), WrestleMania 22 (2006), WWE Backlash (2006), WrestleMania 23 (2007), and in the video game WWE SmackDown vs  Raw 2008, as well as on the soundtrack for 2004's film The Punisher 

Finger Eleven (2003–2006)
The band's 2003 self-titled album, Finger Eleven, was produced by Johnny K  This album, characterized by screamed vocals over repetitive rock guitar rhythms, included the hit single "One Thing", which earned them their first US Gold and Canadian Platinum albums  "One Thing" reached No 16 on Billboard's U S charts, and appeared in the TV shows Scrubs, Smallville, and Third Watch (uncredited)  It was also used on World Wrestling Entertainment's 2007 edition of Raw, during a tribute video for Chris Benoit, who had killed himself and his family on June 25  In 2004, Finger Eleven won the MuchMusic Video Award for Best Video for "One Thing" and performed the song on Live with Regis and Kelly and The Tonight Show with Jay Leno In 2003, the Finger Eleven song "Good Times" was used in the soundtrack for the snowboard racing game SSX 3  "Good Times" and "Conversations" were used in the Nintendo video game 1080° Avalanche  In 2004, the song "Stay in Shadow" was used in the video game Burnout 3: Takedown  In 2005, "Thousand Mile Wish" was used in the soundtrack of the superhero film Elektra The band followed this success with a tour of North America, Europe, and Australia, from 2003 to 2005  They played numerous festivals and opened for Evanescence, Nickelback, and The Tragically Hip 

Them vs  You vs  Me (2007–2009)
Finger Eleven's fifth studio album, Them vs  You vs  Me, was released on March 6, 2007, with Johnny K returning as producer  The style on this album was more mellow than previous work  The lead single, "Paralyzer", became the band's biggest hit; it spent fifty weeks on the charts and reached No  6 on the U S  Hot 100 in November 2007, as well as attaining the No  1 spot in Canada and on U S  rock charts  The album also featured the singles "Falling On", "I'll Keep Your Memory Vague", and "Talking to the Walls" 
"Paralyzer" was included in the soundtrack of the 2007 Victoria's Secret Fashion Show, in a 2008 episode of the TV series Gossip Girl and, in 2009, in the soundtrack of the video game Band Hero 
In December 2007, the DVD Us-vs-Then-vs-Now was released, with footage spanning the band's career up to that point Them vs  You vs  Me was certified Gold in the U S  in March 2008, peaking at No  14 on the Hot 100  The album also won Rock Album of the Year at the Juno Awards of 2008  At the ceremony, the band performed live on national television with the Calgary Youth Orchestra During this period, Finger Eleven continued to tour heavily, playing various festivals and numerous concerts with Seether, 3 Doors Down, and Kid Rock  They also performed at the 2007 NHL Awards Show in Toronto and, in 2009, played a show for Canadian and US troops in Kandahar, Afghanistan

Life Turns Electric (2010–2012)
Finger Eleven's sixth album, Life Turns Electric, was released in October 2010  The first single from the record, "Living in a Dream", was released on iTunes in July of that year; it added elements of funk rock and dance rock  A music video for the second single, "Whatever Doesn't Kill Me", was released in January 2011  The video was directed by Alon Isocianu  The remaining singles, "Stone Soul" and "Pieces Fit", were released without music videos  The album received mixed reviews  It peaked at No 88 on the Billboard Charts Finger Eleven toured in support of the record throughout 2011 and 2012, again playing numerous festivals and concerts with Seether, Papa Roach, and Three Days Grace 

Five Crooked Lines (2013–2016)
At the end of 2013, drummer Rich Beddoe left the band; he was replaced by Steve Molella the following year  In the interim, Finger Eleven recorded their next album with session drummer Chris Powell  Also in 2013, Wind-Up Records' catalogue was sold to the Bicycle Music Company which, in 2015, merged with Concord Music Group, so that Finger Eleven's new label became Concord Bicycle Music 
The band toured during the summer of 2015 with Three Days Grace 
(In 2015, former Three Days Grace frontman Adam Gontier would team up with Beddoe, Staind guitarist Mike Mushok, and bassist Corey Lowery to form the supergroup Saint Asonia) Finger Eleven issued their seventh album, Five Crooked Lines, on July 31, 2015, and released the lead single "Wolves and Doors" to Canadian radio  The album received favourable reviews, charted for one week, and reached No 44 on the charts  They set out on their cross-Canada Fall of the Hammer Tour in support of the release  In some markets, the band participated with media partners in an opening-act contest 

Twentieth anniversary of Tip and Rainbow Butt Monkeys reunion (2017–present)
Finger Eleven scheduled three shows in southern Ontario to celebrate the twentieth anniversary of the Canadian release of Tip, on March 23 in Burlington, March 24 in St  Catharines, and March 31 in Toronto  All three of these shows had a similar format: there was an exclusively acoustic set, with Q&A before the show  For the main event, the band played Tip in its entirety; this was followed by an encore of Best of the Rest, a selection of band favourites from their other albums On June 9, 2018, the rockers performed as Rainbow Butt Monkeys for the first time since 1997, playing at Burlington's Sound of Music Festival and showcasing songs from their debut album, Letters from Chutney  They have since played festivals and concerts throughout North America On May 10, 2023, the band released a music video for their song "Together Right", their first new material in over seven years, from their upcoming compilation album 

Band members
Current
Scott Anderson – lead vocals (1990–present)
James Black – lead guitar, backing vocals (1990–present)
Rick Jackett – rhythm guitar (1990–present)
Sean Anderson – bass (1990–present)
Steve Molella – drums (2014–present)Past

Rob Gommerman – drums (1990–1998)
Rich Beddoe – drums (1998–2013)Session musicians

Chris Powell – drums (2014)

Timeline
Discography
Studio albums

Letters from Chutney (1995) (as Rainbow Butt Monkeys)
Tip (1997)
The Greyest of Blue Skies (2000)
Finger Eleven (2003)
Them vs  You vs  Me (2007)
Life Turns Electric (2010)
Five Crooked Lines (2015)

Awards and nominations
See also
Canadian rock
Music of Canada
Passage 9:
Nu Nu
"Nu Nu" is the second single of Chicago house-musc artist Lidell Townsell,which featured duo M T F  The song was released from his 1992 Mercury/PolyGram Records album release Harmony 

Chart performance
"Nu Nu" reached #1 on the US Hot Dance Music/Maxi Singles chart and #2 on the US Hot Dance Music/Club Play chart  It was #26 on the Billboard Hot 100 and #44 on the US Hot Hip-Hop & R&B Singles 

FannyPack version
New York's hip hop/electronica group FannyPack covered the song, renaming it "Nu Nu (Yeah Yeah)," in 2005  The Double J & Haze Extended Mix of this version appeared on the soundtrack of the 2006 film "Stick It" and on the soundtrack of the 2009 film "Fired Up!"This version was used in promos by American television network NBC on its weeknight talk show Late Night with Jimmy Fallon during 2010 

Austin Mahone/Pitbull Mmm Yeah sampled version
The 2014 song “Mmm Yeah,” sung by Austin Mahone and featuring Pitbull, heavily samples the lyrics and verses from “Nu Nu” and most notably samples the chorus 
Passage 10:
Birdman discography
The discography of American rapper Birdman consists of 5 studio albums (4 as a solo artist, and 1 collaborative album with rapper Lil Wayne), 2 mixtapes, 23 music videos, 48 singles, including 23 as a featured artist, and 7 promotional singles  In 2002, Birdman released his debut studio album Birdman (also known under the title Baby aka the #1 Stunna) under the recording name Baby  It peaked at number 24 on the US Billboard 200, spending 23 weeks on the chart  Three singles were released from the album; the first, "Do That   ", reached number 33 on the US Billboard Hot 100, and the second, "What Happened to That Boy", reached number 45 on the same chart  The third single, "Baby You Can Do It", only charted on the US Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Singles Sales chart  In 2003, Birdman collaborated with singer Ginuwine on the single "Hell Yeah" and rapper Bow Wow on the single "Let's Get Down", which reached numbers 17 and 14 respectively on the Hot 100 In 2005, Birdman released his second album Fast Money  It peaked at number 9 on the Billboard 200, and the album's two singles, "Get Your Shine On" and "Neck of the Woods", both charted in the top 75 of the US Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs chart  In 2006, Birdman released Like Father, Like Son, a collaboration album with fellow rapper Lil Wayne  It peaked at number three on the Billboard 200 and topped the Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums and Top Rap Albums charts  Like Father, Like Son produced four singles, including "Stuntin' Like My Daddy", which peaked at number 21 on the Hot 100  Birdman's third studio album 5 * Stunna was released in 2007, and included the singles "Pop Bottles" – which peaked at number 38 on the Hot 100 – "100 Million" and "I Run This" 
Birdman's fourth studio album Priceless was released in 2009  It peaked at number 33 on the Billboard 200, number 5 on the Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums chart and number 3 on the Top Rap Albums chart  Priceless included four singles; "Always Strapped", which peaked at number 54 on the Hot 100, "Written on Her", "Money to Blow", which peaked at number 26 on the Hot 100 and was certified platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA), and "4 My Town (Play Ball)", which peaked at number 92 on the Hot 100  In 2010, Birdman, Lil Wayne and singer Jay Sean appeared on the Kevin Rudolf single "I Made It (Cash Money Heroes)", which reached number 21 on the Hot 100 and charted in Australia, New Zealand and the United Kingdom  Since 2010, Birdman has also released the singles "Loyalty", "Fire Flame", "I Get Money", "Y U  Mad" and "Born Stunna", all of which have reached the top 65 of the Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs chart 

Albums
Studio albums
Collaboration albums
Mixtapes
Collaborative mixtapes
Singles
As lead artist
As featured artist
Promotional singles
Other charted and certified songs
Guest appearances
Music videos
As lead artist
See also
Big Tymers discography
Cash Money Millionaires discography

Notes
Context 2: Passage 1:
2014 6 Hours of Silverstone
The 2014 6 Hours of Silverstone was an endurance sports car racing event held at the Silverstone Circuit near Silverstone, England on 17–20 April 2014   The event served as the opening round of the 2014 World Endurance Championship, and overall race winners were awarded the annual Tourist Trophy by the Royal Automobile Club   Toyota became the first Japanese manufacturer to win Silverstone's endurance race, with Anthony Davidson, Sébastien Buemi, and Nicolas Lapierre leading the team's second TS040 Hybrid to a 1–2 finish   The race, which had run under mixed weather conditions, was stopped in the final half-hour of competition due to heavy rains and not restarted Porsche, making their return to the prototype categories with the debuting 919 Hybrid, completed the overall race podium with third place  Accidents ended the race of both Audi R18 e-tron quattro cars after the World Champions had started strongly   Rebellion Racing's Nicolas Prost, Nick Heidfeld, and Mathias Beche were the only team to reach the finish in the LMP1-L category, while G-Drive Racing's Morgan-Nissan won the LMP2 class   Lock-out 1–2 victories were also earned by Porsche in LMGTE Pro and British marque Aston Martin in LMGTE Am 

Qualifying results
Pole position winners in each class are marked in bold 

Race
Race result
Class winners in bold 

See also
2014 4 Hours of Silverstone
Passage 2:
2013 6 Hours of São Paulo
The 2013 6 Hours of São Paulo was an endurance auto race held at the Autódromo José Carlos Pace, São Paulo, Brazil on 30 August – 1 September 2013   The race was the fourth round of the 2013 FIA World Endurance Championship and the second consecutive running of the 6 Hours of São Paulo   Audi continued their streak of four overall victories following an accident for the sole Toyota in LMP1, with André Lotterer, Marcel Fässler, and Benoît Tréluyer leading the Joest Racing duo to the checkered flag   G-Drive Racing earned their first victory in the LMP2 category ahead of OAK Racing, while AF Corse Ferrari led home Aston Martin Racing in the LMGTE Pro class by a gap of less than two seconds   Aston Martin however prevailed in LMGTE Am, ahead of the 8 Star Ferrari 

Qualifying result
Pole position winners in each class are marked in bold 
^1  The No  61 AF Corse Ferrari was deemed to be below the minimum ride height in post-qualifying scrutineering   The car was penalized to the back of the starting grid 
^2  The No  57 Krohn Ferrari and No  76 IMSA Porsche both had drivers who failed to meet the minimum lap time requirements   Both cars were penalized to the back of the starting grid 
^3  Although the No  25 Delta-ADR Oreca-Nissan failed to set a qualifying time, the car was allowed to start from the back of the LMP2 field on the grid for safety reasons 

Race result
Class winners in bold   Cars failing to complete 70% of winner's distance marked as Not Classified (NC) 
Passage 3:
6 Hours of Silverstone
The 4 Hours of Silverstone (formerly the 1000 km of Silverstone and 6 Hours of Silverstone) is an endurance sports car race held at Silverstone Circuit near the Northamptonshire villages of Silverstone and Whittlebury   First run in 1976 as part of the World Sportscar Championship, the race was a part of the FIA World Endurance Championship between 2013 and 2019, but the 2020 race was cancelled due to the COVID-19 pandemic and the race didn’t return for 2021  The RAC Tourist Trophy has been awarded to the winners of the event 

History
In 1975, a round of the World Championship of Makes was not held in Britain for one of the first times since 1966  The 1000 km Brands Hatch which had been run almost consecutively during that period went under hiatus while track upgrades were carried out  Following upgrades of its own in 1975, plans were made for sportscars to return to Britain by using Silverstone instead of Brands Hatch  The event was a six-hour endurance, part of the Group 5 World Championship 
The first running consisted of a small field as some season competitors chose not to compete  British drivers John Fitzpatrick and Tom Walkinshaw managed to upset the factory teams by scoring the inaugural victory in a BMW  The following year, competition grew as the factory Porsche team, under the guise of Martini Racing, earned their first of two consecutive victories for drivers Jochen Mass and Jacky Ickx  The Porsche factory team was not able to continue their streak into 1979 when their lead car crashed, leaving the privateer Gelo Racing Porsche to a dominant win 
1980 saw the first victory by a sports-prototype  Alain de Cadenet managed to win the home event as a driver, team owner, as well as a constructor when he and Desiré Wilson won by 18 seconds in a car of his own design  A Group 5 car took its final victory in 1981 with the all-German Velga Racing Team before the class was phased out 
1982 was the first year of the Group C category in the World Championship, although the race that year was actually won by an older Group 6 Lancia  The first Group C victory came in 1983 as Porsche returned to their factory dominance of the event, going on to win the 1984 and 1985 events as well  Jacky Ickx and Jochen Mass still hold record of most wins, having won the race four times in 1977, 1978, 1984 and 1985  In 1986 British success returned as the Jaguar factory team was able to upset Porsche for the first time since the company had returned to racing  Jaguar then began to dominate in a fashion similar to Porsche, as they too won the next two years   American Eddie Cheever co-drove in each of the three victories 
No race was held in 1989 as Donington temporarily replaced Silverstone on the schedule, but sportscars returned in 1990 for a shorter 480 km event  Jaguar returned to their winning ways straight away before going on to earn a fifth straight victory in a 430 km event in 1991  Only after Jaguar officially retired from the World Championship was another manufacturer able to once again earn victory at Silverstone, this time being Peugeot  A lack of entrants however lead to the cancellation of the World Championship, temporarily ending endurance racing at the circuit  The race did make a one-year comeback in 2000 as part of the American Le Mans Series  The race served as a precursor to the European Le Mans Series that followed in 2001 
In 2004, the new Le Mans Endurance Series was created to resurrect several 1000 km endurance races in a modern era  Among these was Silverstone, running at its original distance   Once again, British success started off the return of the event as Allan McNish and the British Audi team won the event  Audi and McNish won again the following year, this time under the control of the French Oreca team, although the race was heavily hampered by rain   Silverstone took a brief hiatus in 2006 as Donington replaced the event once again, only to return once again in 2007  Peugeot earned their second victory, this time with a diesel-powered Le Mans prototype  The 2010 edition was the inaugural race of the Le Mans Intercontinental Cup, as well as the first time the race used the new 5 901 km (3 667 mi) "Arena" configuration  The race continued in 2012 as a part of the FIA World Endurance Championship 

Winners
† - Race went under a 6-hour time limit  Only 776 km of the 1000 km scheduled were covered 

External links
Le Mans Series - 2007 1000 km of Silverstone
Passage 4:
Renato Molinari
Renato Molinari (born 27 February 1946 in Nesso) is an Italian powerboat racer, and the inaugural winner of the John Player Special F1 Powerboat World Championship in 1981, and won titles again in 1983 and 1984  In addition to this success, Molinari is an 18-time World Champion (in different categories); 11-time European Champion (in different categories), 4-time winner of the Rouen 24 hours, 4-time winner of the Paris 6 hours; twice winner of the Parker Enduro and 3-time winner of the Berlin 6 hours 

Career
Molinari began his boating career in 1964, and won the Formula 1 championship in 1981, 1983 and 1984 
Passage 5:
2013 6 Hours of Bahrain
The 2013 6 Hours of Bahrain was an endurance auto race held at the Bahrain International Circuit in Sakhir, Bahrain on 30 November 2013  The race was the eighth and final showdown of the 2013 FIA World Endurance Championship season  The race was won by Sébastien Buemi, Stéphane Sarrazin and Anthony Davidson driving the No 8 Toyota TS030 Hybrid of Toyota Racing 

Qualifying
Qualifying result
Pole position winners in each class are marked in bold 

Race
Race result
Class winners in bold  Cars failing to complete 70% of winner's distance marked as Not Classified (NC) 
Passage 6:
Allan McNish
Allan McNish (born 29 December 1969) is a British former racing driver, commentator, and journalist from Scotland  He is a three-time winner of the 24 Hours of Le Mans, most recently in 2013, as well as a three-time winner of the American Le Mans Series, which he last won in 2007  He won the FIA World Endurance Championship (FIA WEC) in 2013  He has also been a co-commentator and pundit for BBC Formula One coverage on TV, radio and online and was team principal of the Audi Sport ABT Schaeffler Formula E team 

Early life
McNish was born in Dumfries, Scotland and played football while at school  He was a fan of Nottingham Forest and also supported his local club Queen of the South  It was not until McNish began in karting that he found something at which he excelled 

Early career
McNish began his career in karting like fellow Dumfries and Galloway driver David Coulthard  McNish credited the start given to both of them and Dario Franchitti as being largely down to David Leslie senior and junior McNish and Coulthard both were recognised with a McLaren/Autosport BRDC Young Driver of the Year award having moved up to car racing  In 1988 he won the Formula Vauxhall Lotus championship and in 1989 finished runner up to David Brabham in a close fought British Formula 3 Championship  During the late 1980s McNish shared a house with teammate Mika Häkkinen Tipped as a future Formula One driver, he tested with both McLaren and Benetton, whilst also competing in F3000, then the recognised second tier of European motorsport, in 1990–1992  Whilst racing his first season in F3000, McNish suffered a crash at a race in Donington Park where a bystander was fatally injured  He went on to finish fourth overall in the championship that season  Concentrating on Formula One opportunities meant he appeared in F3000 only once during 1994, at Pau 
When a Formula One drive failed to materialise, he returned to F3000 in 1995 with Paul Stewart Racing (run by the son of Sir Jackie Stewart who went on to form Stewart Grand Prix)  While he was arguably the fastest driver of the year, a series of mishaps saw him well beaten by Super Nova drivers Vincenzo Sospiri and Ricardo Rosset in the title race  McNish's career appeared to stall in early 1996 after a deal to race in Formula Nippon fell through and Mark Blundell was preferred for a drive with the PacWest CART team  He also tested for Benetton during the year 

Sports cars
Despite devoting his career to the pursuit of a Formula One chance, McNish has become one of the world's most highly rated sportscar drivers  His sportscar career began in 1996 with Porsche, at a time when their 911 GT1 model revolutionised sportscar racing  With the factory team he took this car to victory in the 1998 24 Hours of Le Mans, partnered by Laurent Aïello and Stephane Ortelli  He subsequently appeared for Toyota and Audi in the race, and after losing a likely victory in the dying stages of the 2007 event, scored a second triumph in 2008 with Tom Kristensen and Rinaldo Capello driving an Audi R10  He has also raced with great success for Audi in the American Le Mans Series, winning the title with Dindo Capello in 2006 and 2007, and taking four overall victories at the 12 Hours of Sebring (2004, 2006, 2009 and 2012)  At the 2011 Le Mans McNish destroyed the car in a spectacular crash early in the race and ended the race for Audi No  3  And again at the 2012 Le Mans, McNish made a driving error and lost a first place by crashing the Audi No  2 car a few hours before the finish  He also codrove the No  8 Starworks Motorsport Riley-Ford to a second-place finish at the 2012 24 Hours of Daytona 
In the 2000 American Le Mans Series season McNish set a track record for the full circuit configuration at Sears Point International Raceway 

Formula One
McNish finally found an opening into Formula One in 2001, when the newly formed Toyota F1 team required a development driver  Given his link with Toyota through sportscars he was an obvious choice for this role, and after impressing in testing he was hired to race for the season  He did not score any points during the season's 17 races, and he and teammate Mika Salo were replaced with a new line-up of Olivier Panis and Cristiano da Matta for 2003



ground_truth: number five

prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: Who is a winner of the 2013 6 Hours of Silverstone a co-commentator for?

The following are given passages.
Context 2:  Salo had scored points for the team on their debut in Melbourne and McNish had very nearly done the same in the Malaysian Grand Prix, only for a pit lane mistake by the team to cost him the result  Both drivers were told of their replacement before Da Matta was announced, and ITV's Martin Brundle commented that "replacing Salo and McNish with Panis and A N  Other" was not, in his view, a step forward McNish had a dramatic accident at the 130R corner while practising for Toyota's home race the Japanese Grand Prix at Suzuka, but escaped serious injury  This led to the corner being reprofiled the following year 

After Formula One
In 2003 he was a test driver for Renault F1, also doing a little TV work for ITV, but the next year he returned to his successful sports car racing career, winning the 12 Hours of Sebring, combining this in 2005 with a venture into the highly competitive DTM (German Touring Car Championship), where he competed against the likes of former Formula One drivers Mika Häkkinen and Jean Alesi  He also won sportscar driver of the year awards from  Autosport and Le Mans magazines and the (Jackie) Stewart Medal Award for services to Scottish motor sport  He was made the president of the Scottish Motor Racing Club at their annual prize giving and dinner in 2007, succeeding Stewart 

In 2006, he continued racing with the Audi factory team and was part of the driving line-up which won the 12 Hours of Sebring in the new Audi R10 TDI diesel, setting pole position and breaking the lap record  In 2008, McNish won the 24 Hours of Le Mans for Audi alongside Tom Kristensen and Rinaldo Capello  It was his first win at la Sarthe since 1998  McNish won the 2013 24 Hours of Le Mans as well with Tom Kristensen and Loïc Duval   In 2011 McNish suffered a catastrophic crash at the Le Mans race, one which left his car virtually disintegrated   However McNish walked away from the vehicle unharmed thanks largely due to the safety improvements that had been made in recent years In 2013, McNish became a world champion as he won the 2013 FIA World Endurance Championship alongside Kristensen and Duval 
Since Formula One has introduced the drivers' representative on the stewards panel at all Grands Prix, McNish has featured as the drivers' representative twice in the 2011 season, in Monaco and most recently in Hungary and on both occasions he has penalised the McLaren driver Lewis Hamilton for various transgressions  He has also appeared in a Scania video test driving their new R 730 V8 
On 17 December 2013, McNish announced his retirement from Audi Sport and from racing full-time  He has not ruled out racing individual events in the future  After retiring he took on a role with Audi Sport, including liaising between the team's drivers and engineers, between the team and motorsport organisers, and driver development  He is also manager of racing driver Harry Tincknell  He also works for BBC Sport as a commentator and pundit for their Formula One coverage  McNish became team principal for Audi's Formula E team, starting for the 2017–18 season, following Audi's official take over of the Abt Sportsline run entry 
McNish is two-time winner of the Segrave Trophy (2009/2014), was awarded the BRDC Gold Star in 2014, and won the BARC Gold Medal in 2015 

Other formulae
As well as those above, McNish has also raced in the following racing series:

Karting
Formula Ford
Vauxhall Lotus
British Formula 3
North American GT
FIA GT

Personal life
He lives in Monaco with his wife Kelly and their two children  Prior to his marriage, McNish's stag party in Dumfries was attended by Dario and Marino Franchitti and included watching a Queen of the South football match 
He speaks English and French 

Racing record
Complete International Formula 3000 results
(key) (Races in bold indicate pole position; races in italics indicate fastest lap )

Complete 24 Hours of Le Mans results
Complete American Le Mans Series results
Complete 12 Hours of Sebring results
Complete Formula One results
(key)

† Driver did not finish the Grand Prix, but was classified as he completed over 90% of the race distance 

Complete DTM results
(key)

Complete Le Mans Series results
Complete FIA World Endurance Championship results
Passage 7:
2013 6 Hours of Shanghai
The 2013 6 Hours of Shanghai was an endurance auto race held at the Shanghai International Circuit in Shanghai, China on 9 November 2013   The race was the seventh round of the 2013 FIA World Endurance Championship season 
The race was won by André Lotterer, Benoît Tréluyer and Marcel Fässler of Audi Sport Team Joest  Allan McNish, Tom Kristensen and Loïc Duval won the World Drivers' Championship at the event after finishing in third place 

Qualifying
Qualifying result
Pole position winners in each class are marked in bold 

Race
Race result
Class winners in bold  Cars failing to complete 70% of winner's distance marked as Not Classified (NC) 
Passage 8:
2013 6 Hours of Fuji
The 2013 6 Hours of Fuji was intended to have been an automobile endurance race held at the Fuji Speedway, Oyama, Japan on 20 October 2013   The race was the sixth round of the 2013 FIA World Endurance Championship season   Heavy rains forced race officials to start the race under safety car conditions, completing eight laps before the race was temporarily stopped due to no improvement in track conditions   Following a two-hour delay the race was restarted once more under the safety car, lapping another eight circuits before officials stopped the race again and eventually called an end to the event   The No  7 Toyota was declared the race winner, gaining the lead following a pit stop under caution from the Audi which started on pole position, while the majority of the field finished in the same position they started the race  Only half points were awarded towards the various championships being held under the WEC umbrella 
As a result of the race, which did not take the green flag, the FIA imposed a rule change effective 2014 where points are only scored if two laps are run under green flag conditions to prevent a repeat of what happened in Fuji 

Qualifying
Qualifying result
Pole position winners in each class are marked in bold 

Race
Race result
Class winners in bold   Cars failing to complete 70% of winner's distance marked as Not Classified (NC) 
Passage 9:
Trela nera
The Euripus Strait (Greek: Εύριπος [ˈevripos]) is a narrow channel of water separating the Greek island of Euboea in the Aegean Sea from Boeotia in mainland Greece  The strait's principal port is Chalcis on Euboea, located at the strait's narrowest point 
The strait is subject to strong tidal currents which reverse direction approximately four times a day  Tidal flows are very weak in the Eastern Mediterranean, but the strait is a remarkable exception   Water flow peaks at about 12 kilometres per hour (7 5 mph; 6 5 kn), either northwards or southwards, and lesser vessels are often incapable of sailing against it   When nearing flow reversal, sailing is even more precarious because of vortex formation 
The Swiss scholar François-Alphonse Forel contributed to an understanding of the enigmatic phenomenon by his study of limnology and the discovery of seiche, where layers of water of differing temperature oscillate in thickness in a confined body of water  But the problem was solved completely only by D  Eginitis, director of the Athens Observatory, who published his conclusions in 1929 

Etymology
From Ancient Greek εὔριπος (eúrīpos, "any strait or narrow sea, where the flux and reflux is violent"); from εὖ (eû, "well") + ῥιπή (rhipḗ, “swing or force with which anything is thrown”), from ῥίπτω (rhíptō, "to throw") 

Bridges
There are two road bridges across the strait, both at Chalcis  One is the Euripus Bridge or Chalcis Bridge, a two-pylon, cable-suspended bridge built south of town in 1992, and commonly called the "New" or "High" bridge, with a span of about 215 m (705 ft)  The strait is 160 m (525 ft) wide at this point   The bridge is accessible via a fork on the main road at Aulis 
The "Old" or "Low" or "Sliding" Bridge lies across midtown, and can slide away to allow shipping traffic  It is located at the narrowest point of the strait, where it is only 38 m (125 ft) wide   It accommodates two lanes of vehicular traffic   It was originally built as a retractable bridge in 1858, replaced by a rotating one in 1896   The existing, originally wooden bridge was built in 1962 and was extensively refurbished in 1998 

History
The Euripus was closed by a dike of coarse sediment until about 6000 years ago, when it was opened by an (unrecorded) earthquake  Herodotus mentions the strait during his description of the Battle of Artemisium (480 BC), with the account implying that it was navigable by large fleets of triremes  Diodorus Siculus reports that in 411 BC the Euboeans closed the strait by mostly rebuilding the dike, with the goal of making themselves part of Boeotia, therefore not an island subject to Athenian hegemony  Diodorus states that gaps had to be left in the dike to allow the Euripus tides to flow through; the narrowness of the remaining passage made the current much more intense  Only a single passage was left navigable, just wide enough for a single ship  There is no mention of the closure of the strait in either Thucydides' History of the Peloponnesian War or Xenophon's Hellenica  Strabo wrote that at an unspecified later date the strait was crossed by a bridge two plethra long (approximately 50 m (160 ft), which is probably an exaggeration)  Some vestiges of the artificial dike probably remained, so the gap spanned by the bridge could have been narrower than the channel that existed before 411 BC  Ancient historians do not record the depth of the channel; even the passage under Strabo's bridge may have been scoured by the tides to a depth sufficient for ancient shipping Procopius reports that during the reign of Emperor Justinian I (527 to 565 AD) there were two channels in the Euripus, the large original channel and a new narrower cleft to the east of it, so narrow that it could be crossed with a single plank of wood  This later stream was later widened to make the present shipping channel  At the time when Procopius wrote, the name of the fortress on the Euripus was probably "Euripus," which had become "Egripos" by 1204, and was adopted and slightly altered to "Nigriponte" by the Latins who occupied the place in 1205   (The name has nothing to do with any sort of "Black Bridge," except as a Veronese or Venetian joke, or folk-etymological corruption or re-interpretation in reference to the old bridge across the channel )

In 1395, Nicola di Martoni came to Negropont during the return from his pilgrimage to Egypt and Palestine   He is clear that the main shipping channel in the Venetian period was on the side of the Boeotian mainland, and mentions the mills on the narrower channel, which he says were sometimes broken in the speed and turbulence of the flow there 
We have further information about the shipping channel and its single wooden bridge from various documents in the archives of the Venetian Empire  In 1408, the formation of a reef under the bridge severely affected shipping (http://www archiviodistatovenezia it/divenire/collezioni htm  Senato, Deliberazioni, Misti  48,43v) and in 1439 there was concern over the tendency of the current to erode the surroundings of the pilings that supported the bridge  (http://www archiviodistatovenezia it/divenire/collezioni htm  Senato, Deliberazioni, Misti  60,140r–42r) Evliya Çelebi, in his Travel Journal (SN VIII250a27, ff ), tells us that the narrow channel was first opened out enough for a galley to pass through at some time in the late 16th century, and was still just barely wide enough at the time of his visit in 1668 for a galley to squeeze through, even though the old shipping channel had been abandoned 
By the end of the 18th century it was well on its way to being the width of the modern channel 

See also
List of Greek place names

Notes
Passage 10:
2013 6 Hours of Silverstone
The 2013 6 Hours of Silverstone was an auto racing event held at the Silverstone Circuit, near Silverstone, England on 12–14 April 2013   The event was the opening round of the 2013 FIA World Endurance Championship season, and served as the annual award for the Royal Automobile Club's Tourist Trophy   Briton Allan McNish, Dane Tom Kristensen, and Frenchman Loïc Duval won the race for Audi, just over three seconds ahead of their teammates   The British Delta-ADR team were victorious in the LMP2 category, while Aston Martin Racing secured both the LMGTE Pro and LMGTE Am classes 
The event weekend was shared with the European Le Mans Series, which ran the 3 Hours of Silverstone, and the FIA European Formula 3 Championship 

Qualifying
The 6 Hours of Silverstone was the first instance in which the WEC utilized a new qualifying procedure in which two drivers were required to set laps during the qualifying session   The grid would then be determined by averaging the total of the two best laps set by each of the drivers   Following the Silverstone qualifying session, several drivers felt the new format was too risky as all teams only had enough time to set four laps during the wet session   The FIA later announced that qualifying would be extended by ten minutes for the next round at Spa to allow teams more leeway 

Qualifying result
Pole position winners in each class are marked in bold 

Race
Race result
Class winners in bold   Cars failing to complete 70% of winner's distance marked as Not Classified (NC) 
Context 3: Passage 1:
Averill Park, New York
Averill Park is a census-designated place within the town of Sand Lake in Rensselaer County, New York, United States  The population was 2,098 at the 2020 census 
The community is named after the local Averill family  It is located on Route 43, south of Crystal Lake and east of West Sand Lake 
The Sand Lake Baptist Church was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2004 

Demographics
History
Originally known only as part of greater Sand Lake, the community along with neighboring towns grew with the nineteenth-century development of wool and cotton textile manufacturing by local watermills and knitting factories along the Wynants Kill tributary of the Hudson River  By the 1880s, several independent local mills produced hosiery, undergarments, and knit shirts The hamlet was named Averill in 1880 after a local leading family, then in 1882 renamed Averill Park in promotion of local summer-resort development and of the Troy & New England Railway, a never-completed trolley and freight line intended to connect the city of Troy, New York with the mills and summer resorts of Averill Park and its “upstate Coney Island” recreational Crystal Lake Beach, and with the mills of the neighboring town of West Sand Lake The local mills declined after the increasing efficiency of steam and electrical power improved competition from regional factories, and were then destroyed by a 1891 river flood  The Faith Knitting Company (later Faith Mills), founded in 1897, restored local industry by buying and re-equipping the old mills and rehiring local labor  Other late-nineteenth- and early-twentieth-century firms included Jake Warger’s Dry Goods Store; Gilbert Beebe’s blacksmith shop; Stout’s Hardware; and Park Pharmacy, where Jerry Lewis worked as a soda jerk in 1942 when his father was a superintendent at Faith Mills Mid-nineteenth- to early twentieth-century seasonal hotels included Al’s Place, Hilke’s Averill Park Hotel (previously housing Scram’s Collegiate Institute), Traveler’s Rest (aka Sand Lake House, Tillotson’s Hotel, and Wagner’s Hotel), the Lake View Hotel (aka Blake’s and the Gabler Hotel, later housing the Averill Park Female Seminary), and Clum’s  For mill workers and townspeople, Faith Mills’s Clubhouse was “the entertainment center of the town for many years,” complete with dance hall, motion picture parlor, cafeteria, bowling alleys, pocket billiard room, and shower room Faith Mills’s decline, and with it that of Averill Park, began in the Great Depression, during which local textile mills did not regain business till 1932  During World War II, manufacture of wool blankets and long woolen underwear for the military earned Faith Mills four rare “excellence in production” Army-Navy "E" Awards From 1955 to 1962, Faith Mills, by then one of only three remaining U S  manufacturers of woolen long underwear “considered obsolete by most persons” as the market shifted to cotton undergarments, was sold to holding companies and downsized to one factory in Averill Park employing as few as 54 workers, finally closing in 1962  In 1965, the factory was to manufacture a “floor-sweeping compound” and become a warehouse for corrugated shipping containers, employing 15 workers 

2010 demographics
As of the census of 2010, The racial makeup of the CDP was 85 4% White, 6 5% African American, 4 1% Asian, and 4 0% from two or more races  Hispanic or Latino of any race were 7 4% of the population 
There were 571 households in the CDP, out of which 41 0% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 58 2% were married couples living together, 12 2% had a female householder with no husband present, and 26 4% were non-families  20 2% of all households were made up of individuals, and 9 7% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older  The average household size was 2 68 and the average family size was 3 09  In the CDP, the population was spread out, with 28 8% under the age of 18, 7 9% from 18 to 24, 24 3% from 25 to 44, 29 7% from 45 to 64, and 9 3% who were 65 years of age or older  The median age was 39 years  For every 100 females, there were 93 7 males  For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 93 9 males  The median income for a household in the CDP was $44,000, and the median income for a family was $49,367  Males had a median income of $34,909 versus $26,890 for females  The per capita income for the CDP was $26,226  About 8 0% of families and 17 3 of the population were below the poverty line, including 10 4% of those under age 18 and 19 1% of those age 65 or over 

2000 demographics
As of the census of 2000, there were 1,517 people, 597 households, and 420 families residing in the CDP  The population density was 507 2 inhabitants per square mile (195 8/km2)  There were 628 housing units at an average density of 210 0 per square mile (81 1/km2)  The racial makeup of the CDP was 96 89% White, 1 26% African American, 1 46% Asian, and 1 38% from two or more races  Hispanic or Latino of any race were 2 99% of the population 

Schools
Averill Park School District
Averill Park High School
Miller Hill - Sand Lake Elementary School
Specialty Schools
Luis LaBoy Technical School
Crenshaw Charter School
Taborton Alternative School

Climate
This climatic region is typified by large seasonal temperature differences, with warm to hot (and often humid) summers and cold (sometimes severely cold) winters   According to the Köppen Climate Classification system, Averill Park has a humid continental climate, abbreviated "Dfb" on climate maps 

Sites of interest
Arts Letters & Numbers, on Burden Lake Road, is a nonprofit arts center offering workshops, performances, and residencies, housed in a complex including the former Sand Lake Cotton Factory, which operated as Arnolds, Hunt & Co  until 1875 and was later run by Faith Mills; and also the residence built by mill owner George Arnold Hollywood Drive-In Theatre, on New York State Route 66, is a four-hundred-car drive-in theater built in 1952 
Passage 2:
Sand Lake, Michigan
Sand Lake is a village in Kent County in the U S  state of Michigan  The population was 522 at the 2020 census 

History
The village of Sand Lake was founded in 1869 in northern Kent County and has long served as a bedroom community about 25 miles (40 2 km) northeast of the city of Grand Rapids   In 2009, the village had the highest tax rates of the five villages in Kent County, and some residents petitioned for a vote to have the village disincorporated in order to lower taxes   This proposal was defeated, and Sand Lake continued as an incorporated village 

Geography
According to the U S  Census Bureau, the village has a total area of 0 74 square miles (1 92 km2), of which 0 71 square miles (1 84 km2) is land and 0 03 square miles (0 08 km2) (4 05%) is water 

Demographics
2010 census
As of the census of 2010, there were 500 people, 188 households, and 116 families living in the village   The population density was 625 per square mile   There were 211 housing units at an average density of 263 75 per square mile   The racial makeup of the village was 94 6% White, 0 80% African American, 0 2% Native American, 1% Asian, 1 4% from other races, and 2% from two or more races  Hispanic or Latino of any race were 5 2% of the population 
There were 188 households, of which 34% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 39 9% were married couples living together, 14 4% had a female householder with no husband present, and 38 3% were non-families  33% of all households were made up of individuals, and 26 1% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older   The average household size was 2 66 and the average family size was 3 34 
In the village, the population was spread out, with 33% under the age of 20, 7% from 20 to 24, 23 4% from 25 to 44, 24 8% from 45 to 64, and 11 8% who were 65 years of age or older   The median age was 33 2 years  For every 100 females, there were 65 29 males   For every 100 females age 20 and over, there were 95 91 males 

2000 census
As of the census of 2000, there were 492 people, 184 households, and 110 families living in the village   The population density was 670 5 inhabitants per square mile (258 9/km2)   There were 207 housing units at an average density of 282 1 per square mile (108 9/km2)   The racial makeup of the village was 96 34% White, 0 20% African American, 1 22% Native American, 0 81% Asian, 1 02% from other races, and 0 41% from two or more races  Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1 02% of the population 
There were 184 households, out of which 35 9% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 47 3% were married couples living together, 9 8% had a female householder with no husband present, and 40 2% were non-families  34 2% of all households were made up of individuals, and 19 6% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older   The average household size was 2 64 and the average family size was 3 43 
In the village, the population was spread out, with 32 1% under the age of 18, 8 3% from 18 to 24, 28 7% from 25 to 44, 15 0% from 45 to 64, and 15 9% who were 65 years of age or older   The median age was 33 years  For every 100 females, there were 85 7 males   For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 80 5 males 
The median income for a household in the village was $31,875, and the median income for a family was $46,250  Males had a median income of $27,500 versus $21,985 for females  The per capita income for the village was $14,184   About 9 3% of families and 14 5% of the population were below the poverty line, including 9 0% of those under age 18 and 34 0% of those age 65 or over 

Education
Tri County Area Schools, which operates Tri County High School, serves Sand Lake  The district was a consolidation of the Sand Lake and Howard City school boards  It came into existence on April 3, 1962, the day members of those communities voted in favor of consolidating their schools  The consolidated schools began operation in fall 1962 Prior to the consolidation, Sand Lake High School, a K-12 school, served the community  Impetus for consolidation occurred when the State of Michigan adopted new standards for education which required school systems to spend additional funds  Some Sand Lake residents wished to consolidate with Cedar Springs Schools in Cedar Springs due to the strength of the Cedar Springs industrial economy and the good reputation of its school system, while others wished to consolidate with Howard City  Charles Northup, a former member of the Sand Lake school board, stated that Cedar Springs residents would have had primary control and naming of a consolidated school district including Sand Lake, while a consolidation with Howard City would result in joint control between the communities  According to a former principal of Sand Lake High, Earl Clegg, "community friction" occurred in the consolidation debate  About 300 people went to a meeting in Sand Lake on proposed school consolidation on February 13, 1961 The Nelson Township Branch of the Kent District Library is located in Sand Lake 

Notable people
Dick Terwilliger, Major League Baseball pitcher
Passage 3:
West Sand Lake, New York
West Sand Lake is a hamlet and census-designated place in Rensselaer County, New York, United States  The population was 2,845 people in 2015  The community is located in the northwestern corner of the town of Sand Lake 

Geography
West Sand Lake is located at 42°38′40″N 73°36′21″W (42 644579, -73 605928) According to the United States Census Bureau, the town has a total area of 4 8 square miles (12 km2), of which 4 7 square miles (12 km2)  is land and 0 04 square miles (0 10 km2)  (0 84%) is water 

Demographics
As of 2015, there were 2,845 people living in the town  The population density was 592 71 per square mile  The racial makeup of West Sand Lake was 95 8% Non Hispanic White, 0 2% African American, 0 08% Native American,  6 % Asian, and 1 5% from two or more races  Hispanic or Latino were 1 7% of the population  There were 907 households, out of which 38 0% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 63 2% were married couples living together, 9 2% had a female householder with no husband present, and 24 4% were non-families  20 2% of all households were made up of individuals, and 9 7% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older  The average household size was 2 68 and the average family size was 3 09 
In the CDP, the population was spread out, with 26 8% under the age of 18, 5 9% from 18 to 24, 27 3% from 25 to 44, 28 7% from 45 to 64, and 11 3% who were 65 years of age or older  The median age was 39 years  For every 100 females, there were 93 7 males  For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 91 9 males 
The median income for a household in West Sand Lake was $85,000, and the median income for a family was $92,367  The per capita income for the town was $36,235 About 5 0% of families and 7 8 of the population were below the poverty line, including 7 4% of those under age 18 and 19 1% of those age 65 or over 
The area has a population density of 592 71 people per sq  mile 

Notable people
Douglas Marland, writer of daytime drama
Edward W  Pattison, member of the United States House of Representatives 1975–1979
Passage 4:
Stone Lake (CDP), Wisconsin
Stone Lake is an unincorporated census-designated place in Sawyer and Washburn counties, Wisconsin, United States  Stone Lake is located on the eastern shore of Stone Lake and along Wisconsin Highway 70, 12 miles (19 km) west-northwest of Couderay  The Sawyer County portion of the community is located in the town of Sand Lake, while the Washburn County portion is located in the town of Stone Lake  As of the 2010 census, its population is 178 
Passage 5:
Carlton, Alabama
Carlton is an census-designated place in Clarke County, Alabama, United States  As of the 2020 census, its population was 46  It was formerly known as Hal's Lake  The Isaac Nettles Gravestones are located in Carlton in the Mount Nebo Baptist Church Cemetery  They are listed on the National Register of Historic Places  There was one convenience store in Carlton until 2009 

Geography
Carlton is located in southern Clarke County at 31 343°N 87 846°W﻿ / 31 343; -87 846 and has an elevation of 171 feet (52 m) 

Demographics
Passage 6:
Sand Lake Township, Itasca County, Minnesota
Sand Lake Township is a township in Itasca County, Minnesota, United States  The population was 146 at the 2010 census 

Geography
According to the United States Census Bureau, the township has a total area of 37 6 square miles (97 3 km2), of which 29 5 square miles (76 5 km2) is land and 8 0 square miles (20 8 km2), or 21 37%, is water 

Demographics
As of the census of 2000, there were 128 people, 58 households, and 37 families living in the township  The population density was 4 3 people per square mile (1 7/km2)  There were 211 housing units at an average density of 7 1/sq mi (2 8/km2)  The racial makeup of the township was 89 06% White, 1 56% African American, 2 34% Native American, and 7 03% from two or more races 
There were 58 households, out of which 19 0% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 62 1% were married couples living together, 1 7% had a female householder with no husband present, and 36 2% were non-families  34 5% of all households were made up of individuals, and 17 2% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older  The average household size was 2 21 and the average family size was 2 86 
In the township the population was spread out, with 23 4% under the age of 18, 2 3% from 18 to 24, 14 8% from 25 to 44, 39 1% from 45 to 64, and 20 3% who were 65 years of age or older  The median age was 50 years  For every 100 females, there were 141 5 males  For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 108 5 males 
The median income for a household in the township was $21,429, and the median income for a family was $29,583  Males had a median income of $27,917 versus $41,250 for females  The per capita income for the township was $11,320  There were 31 4% of families and 35 1% of the population living below the poverty line, including 45 1% of under eighteens and 30 4% of those over 64 
Passage 7:
Sand Lake Baptist Church
Sand Lake Baptist Church is a historic Baptist church at 2960 State Route 43 in Averill Park, Rensselaer County, New York  The church was built in 1805 and is a Federal period frame building  It is a rectangular, two-story, heavy wood-frame building set on a stone foundation  The church has a gable roof and features a two-stage, semi-engaged Greek Revival style tower added in 1840  The front facade features a Palladian window  Also on the property is a contributing parsonage (1846) and garage (1939) The church was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2004 
Passage 8:
Nathalie, Virginia
Nathalie is an unincorporated community and census-designated place (CDP) in Halifax County, Virginia, United States, in the south-central region of the state  The population as of the 2010 census was 183 

Geography
Located in northern Halifax County at 36°56′6″N 78°56′50″W (36 9348619, −78 9472347), at an altitude of 524 feet (160 m), it lies along Road 603 15 miles (24 km) north of the town of Halifax, the county seat of Halifax County  According to the U S  Census Bureau, the CDP has a total area of 3 0 square miles (7 8 km2), of which 0 02 square miles (0 06 km2), or 0 76%, are water  The community is drained by tributaries of Catawba Creek, which flows northeast to the Roanoke River at Clarkton 

History
It received its name in 1890 or 1891, being named after Natalie Otey (not "Nathalie"), daughter of Mrs  Rebecca Wimbish, an important local landowner  Prior to that time, the village at this location was considered to be a part of the Nathaniel Barksdale plantation  It had included a church since 1773 (the first Catawba Baptist Church) and a post office since 1828  This post office continues to operate today with the ZIP code of 24577 The former Clarkton Bridge over the Roanoke or "Staunton" River 4 miles (6 km) northeast of town was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2006 
Passage 9:
Wynantskill, New York
Wynantskill is a census-designated place (CDP) in Rensselaer County, New York, United States  The population was 3,276 at the 2010 census   Wynantskill is located at the northern town line and the northeastern corner of the town of North Greenbush  The community is a suburb of Troy  state route 66 (Pawling Ave  in Troy, Main Ave  in Wynantskill) is the main route through the community  Wynantskill has a major grocery store, several banks and restaurants, a craft beverage store, convenience stores, a post office, and a bowling alley, with almost all houses located on side streets off Main Ave  Other major roads are Whiteview Road (NY 136), a primarily residential road that leads to US 4; and West Sand Lake Road (NY 150) 

Geography
Wynantskill is located at 42°41′32″N 73°38′40″W (42 692139, -73 644580) According to the United States Census Bureau, the CDP has a total area of 2 4 square miles (6 2 km2), all land 

Location
Demographics
As of the census of 2000, there were 3,018 people, 1,246 households, and 857 families residing in the CDP  The population density was 1,245 1 inhabitants per square mile (480 7/km2)  There were 1,284 housing units at an average density of 529 7 per square mile (204 5/km2)  The racial makeup of the CDP was 97 81% White, 0 53% African American, 0 20% Native American, 0 30% Asian, 0 03% Pacific Islander, 0 03% from other races, and 1 09% from two or more races  Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0 43% of the population 
There were 1,246 households, out of which 28 3% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 55 6% were married couples living together, 10 0% had a female householder with no husband present, and 31 2% were non-families  26 8% of all households were made up of individuals, and 16 7% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older  The average household size was 2 42 and the average family size was 2 94 
In the CDP, the population was spread out, with 21 4% under the age of 18, 6 5% from 18 to 24, 27 3% from 25 to 44, 25 9% from 45 to 64, and 18 9% who were 65 years of age or older  The median age was 42 years  For every 100 females, there were 90 5 males  For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 88 4 males 
The median income for a household in the CDP was $51,988, and the median income for a family was $61,951  Males had a median income of $40,391 versus $30,086 for females  The per capita income for the CDP was $23,277  About 0 4% of families and 1 3% of the population were below the poverty line, including none of those under age 18 and 1 8% of those age 65 or over 

Schools
Wynantskill is served by the Wynantskill Union Free School District, home to the K-8 Gardner-Dickinson Elementary/Middle School, but contains no high school   Most children from Wynantskill attend high school at nearby Troy High School, in the Averill Park Central School District, the Brunswick (Brittonkill) Central School District, or the East Greenbush Central School District   Students also have the option to attend Tech Valley High School 
At present time, the District is in solid academic and financial standing 

See also
Kill (body of water)
Passage 10:
Sand Lake, New York
Sand Lake is a town in south-central part of Rensselaer County, New York, United States  Sand Lake is about 13 miles east of Albany, New York  Within the town are three hamlets: Averill Park, Glass Lake and the hamlet of Sand Lake  Its four lakes are a source of recreation  Many commercial enterprises of the 19th century and into the 20th century relied on power generated from the Wynants Kill Creek and Burden Lake mills  The area is known for its fertile soil for grazing and agriculture  The estimated population for 2016 census was 8,490 

History
Early history
Sand Lake was first home to Native Americans  In 1629, Kiliaen van Rensselaer acquired a 700,000-acre land grant to establish a Dutch colony, encompassing what later became Sand Lake  Called the Manor of Rensselaerswyck, it was 48 miles across and 24 miles long  In 1664, it became a colony of England and was called the Province of New York  It flipped back to the Dutch in 1672, and returned to the English in 1674 In the 1750s, Dutch settlers moved into what is now Sand Lake, followed by German pioneers  By 1772, present day Sand Lake was in the Rensselaerwyck District of Albany County  It was held by the English until the Revolutionary War (1775–1783)  In 1792, when the town of Rensselaerwyck was divided into two towns, Greenbush and Stephentown  Present day Sand Lake extended into both towns In 1805, the Union Meetinghouse was built for worship by Methodists, Baptists, and Presbyterians  It was the town's oldest public building and was a station on the Underground Railroad 

Town of Sand Lake
The town of Sand Lake was formed from Greenbush and Berlin from an act of the legislature on March 21, 1812 and it was officially made a town on March 1, 1813  Municipal positions were established to be responsible to its citizens, including town clerk, assessors, and more  Calvin Thompson became the first Supervisor  The first postmaster, in 1815, was Daniel M  Gregory  The soil, especially on the eastern lowlands, is fertile for grazing and agriculture, particularly small fruit, strawberries, and other berrys A new church building was established for the Trinity Lutheran Church in 1816  The Zion Evangelical Lutheran Church opened in 1816 at the West Sand Lake site  There were a number of changes in the churches and its membership around the 1830s  The present town borders were established on March 2, 1848 when the town of Sand Lake was divided into towns, Sand Lake and Poestenkill  The town was governed by a supervisor, town clerk and four justices of the peace  Town business was conducted in homes and inns for decades 

There were a number of public and private schools established between 1825 and the early 20th century  A one-room schoolhouse operated in Sand Lake from 1895 until 1929 In 1866, the Wynantskill Improvement Association created three Burden Lakes from Wynantskill Creek  The lake water turned the Burden water wheel that powered commercial enterprises, like mills, of the Industrial Revolution The Troy and New England Railway provided electric trolley service into Sand Lake from 1895 to 1925  The nine-mile route ran from Albia (of Troy) east to Averill Park  The town's economy grew with tourism and people who became residents during the summer Municipal Home Rule Law was enacted in 1964 by the State Legislature, which gave towns greater powers  In 1968, Rensselaer County revised its form of government, replacing the Board of Supervisors with a County Executive and a County Legislature  In 1972, a town hall was established in the former Presbyterian Church The Albert R  Fox House was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2001 

Hamlets
Averill Park, Sand Lake, and West Sand Lake are three hamlets within the greater town of Sand Lake 

Averill Park
Averill Park is a hamlet near the center of the town  The Averill post office was established in 1880, with Frank Pettit as first postmaster; the name was changed to Averill Park in 1882  Faith Mills (1829-1966) is one of the textile factories that were established,  starting in the early 19th century, along what is now Burden Lake Road  It was powered with water from the Wynantskill  It is located east of West Sand Lake and has a number of retail businesses, two churches, and the Averill Park High School  The main street has businesses from the mid-19th century 

Sand Lake
Sand Lake is the smallest hamlet of Sand Lake  There are several retail business, the Sand Lake Center for the Arts, a post office, town hall, a tavern, cemetery, and an elementary school  Historic and stately houses are found in Sand Lake, with houses further away from one another than the other two hamlets 

West Sand Lake
West Sand Lake is a hamlet in the northwestern corner of the town  In 1793, Bernhard Uhlein, a soldier of the American Revolutionary War, settled here and established a 325-acre farm  He received the land from a land grant from Patroon VanRensselaer  The settlement was first known as Ulinesville  The post office for was established in 1834, with Frost Myers as postmaster The community became West Sand Lake in 1838  It is the largest of the three hamlets, with the most residents  There are houses dating back to the early 1800s in the western part of the hamlet  It has a number of retail businesses, schools, banks, two churches and a post office 

Other areas
Sand Lake also has populated places named Maple Grove, Sliter's Corner, and Taborton 

Glass Lake
The Glass Lake area grew up around the Rensselaer Glass Factory that Jeremiah Van Rensselaer founded in 1804  It had homes for 34 workers, a store, school, doctor's office, and more residential and commercial buildings  It is located at Glass Lake, which is the headwaters of the Wynants Kill Creek  A historical marker is located at Routes 43 and 66 at Glass Lake Road 

South Sand Lake
The South Sand Lake post office was established there in 1854, with William Stevens as first postmaster 

Geography
While the surface of the town is undulating in the west, it is quite mountainous in the east, a part of the Rensselaer Plateau  Oak and Perigo hills are about 900 feet above sea level  According to the United States Census Bureau, the town has a total area of 36 2 square miles (94 km2), of which 35 2 square miles (91 km2)  is land and 0 9 square miles (2 3 km2)  (2 63%) is water 

Lakes
Within Sand Lake, there are four lakes: Burden Lake, Crooked Lake, Crystal Lake, and Glass Lake  The lakes, stocked with many kinds of fresh water fish, draws tourists to the area  Glass Lake is between Crooked and Crystal Lakes  At 123 acres, it is located in Averill Park and Nassau  Burden Lake is located in the southern part of the town of Sand Lake and is partially in the town of Nassau, it is a total of 369 acres  Crystal Lake, formerly called Sand Lake, is the largest lake in the Averill Park hamlet in the town of Sand Lake  It is 66 acres in size  Crooked Lake is located in the southern part of the town of Sand Lake, south of Glass Lake  It is 113 acres  Wynants Kill is a stream that flows from Crooked Lake, through Glass and Burden Lakes, and drains into both Richard Pond and the Hudson River 

Location
Demographics
As of the census of 2010, there were  8,530 people, 3,009 households, and 2,229 families residing in the town   The population density was 226 9 inhabitants per square mile (87 6/km2)   There were 3,277 housing units at an average density of 93 1 per square mile (35 9/km2)   The racial makeup of the town was 96 4% Non Hispanic White, 0 4% African American, 0 11% Native American, 0 50% Asian and 1 1% from two or more races  Hispanic or Latino origin were 1 5% of the population  Ancestries: German (25 2%), Irish (22 6%), English (14 6%), Italian (13 8%), French (8 9%), Polish (6 1%) 
There were 3,009 households, out of which 37 1% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 58 6% were married couples living together, 11 8% had a female householder with no husband present, and 25 9% were non-families  20 6% of all households were made up of individuals, and 7 9% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older   The average household size was 2 65 and the average family size was 3 08 
In the town, the population was spread out, with 26 6% under the age of 18, 6 1% from 18 to 24, 28 6% from 25 to 44, 28 1% from 45 to 64, and 10 6% who were 65 years of age or older   The median age was 39 years  For every 100 females, there were 95 7 males   For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 93 7 males 
The median income for a household in the town was $77,372, and the median income for a family was $97,009  Males had a median income of $67,132 versus $48,321 for females  The per capita income for the town was $36,103  The Median household income for White households is $75,474 compared to $2,157,374 for Asian households and $223,858 for African American households  About 6 7% of families and 7 7% of the population were below the poverty line, including 6 3% of those under age 18 and 10 3% of those age 65 or over 

Notes



ground_truth: BBC Formula One

prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: Sand Lake Baptist Church is located in a hamlet with a population of what at the 2010 census?

The following are given passages.
Context 4:  moved to be closer to her husband  He then was sent to a camp near Manchester  They found the duality of their lives harsh, and the gruelling, regimented nature of the training felt hard for the sensitive professional poet  He felt fundamentally different from the other men, more given to intellectual pursuits than unending physical labour that left him little time to write  Their sporadic meetings were emotionally wrenching and the couple could make no plans for their future together  He encouraged H D  to return to America where she could make a safer and more stable home  They both watched news come in of heavy troop losses in France at the Somme and on other battlefields  She could not have information given on her husband's future postings overseas, all held to be secret  Rationing and the forced draft began as the war turned against the British When Aldington was sent to the front in December 1916, the couple's relationship became epistolary  He wrote that he'd managed to complete 12 poems and three essays since joining up and wanted to work on producing a new book, in order to keep his mind on literature, despite his work of digging graves  He found the soldier's life degrading, living with lice, cold, mud and little sanitation  His encounters with gas on the front would affect him for the rest of his life  He was given leave in July 1917 and the couple enjoyed a reunion during this brief reprieve  He felt distant from old Imagist friends like Pound who had not undergone the tortuous life of the soldiers on the front and could not imagine the living conditions Aldington joined up in the 11th Leicestershires and was later commissioned as a second lieutenant in the Royal Sussex Regiment (November 1917)  He finished the war as a signals officer and temporary captain, being demobilised in February 1919  He may never have completely recovered from the war, writing of his own field experiences in the collections Images of War and Images of Desire (1919), which were suffused with a new melancholy  He ended the war feeling disconsolate about his own talent as a poet  Exile and Other Poems (1923) also dealt with the process of trauma  A collection of war stories Roads to Glory, appeared in 1930  After this point he became known as a critic and biographer Towards the end of the war H D  lived with composer Cecil Gray, a friend of D  H  Lawrence's  They had a daughter together in March 1919, the pregnancy much complicated by H D 's catching pneumonia towards the end  Neither Gray nor Aldington wanted to accept paternity  By the time of Aldington's return H D  was involved with the female writer Bryher  H D  and Aldington formally separated and had relationships with other people, but they didn't divorce until 1938  They remained friends for the rest of their lives  He destroyed all the couple's pre-1918 correspondence Aldington helped T  S  Eliot by persuading Harriet Shaw Weaver to appoint Eliot as Aldington's successor at The Egoist magazine  In 1919 he introduced Eliot to the editor Bruce Richmond of The Times Literary Supplement  Aldington was on the editorial board of Chaman Lall's London literary quarterly Coterie (published 1919–1921), accompanied by Conrad Aiken, Eliot, Lewis and Aldous Huxley  Eliot had a job in the international department of Lloyds Bank and well-meaning friends wanted him full-time writing poetry  Ezra Pound, plotting a scheme to "get Eliot out of the bank", was supported by Lady Ottoline Morrell, Leonard Woolf and Harry Norton Aldington began publishing in journals such as the Imagist The Chapbook  In reply to Eliot's The Waste Land, Aldington wrote A Fool i' the Forest (1924) 

Aldington suffered a breakdown in 1925  His interest in poetry waned, and he developed an animosity towards Eliot's celebrity  Aldington grew closer to Eliot but gradually became a supporter of Vivienne Eliot in the troubled marriage  Aldington satirised her husband as "Jeremy Cibber" in Stepping Heavenward (1931)  He had a relationship with writer Valentine Dobrée and a lengthy and passionate affair with Arabella Yorke, a lover since Mecklenburgh Square days, coming to an end when he went abroad Aldington helped Irene Rathbone publish her semi-autobiographical novel We That Were Young in 1932  They had an affair that ended in 1937  Rathbone dedicated her 1936 novel They Call it Peace to him, and she wrote a long poem, Was There a Summer?: A Narrative Poem, in 1943 about their relationship 

Exile
Aldington went into self-imposed exile in 1928  He lived in Paris for years, living with Brigit Patmore and fascinated by Nancy Cunard, whom he met in 1928  Following his divorce in 1938 he married Netta, née McCullough, previously Brigit's daughter-in-law 
Death of a Hero (1929), which Aldington called a "jazz novel," was his semi-autobiographical response to the war  He started writing it almost immediately after the armistice was declared  The novel condemned Victorian materialism as a cause of the tragedy and waste of the war  Rejectionist, an "Expressionist scream", it was commended by Lawrence Durrell as "the best war novel of the epoch"  It was developed mostly while Aldington was living on the island of Port-Cros in Provence, building on the manuscript from a decade before  Opening with a letter to the playwright Halcott Glover, the book takes a satirical, cynical, and critical stance on Victorian and Edwardian cant  Published in September 1929, by Christmas it had sold more than 10,000 copies in England alone, part of a wave of war remembrances from writers such as Remarque, Sassoon, and Hemingway  The book was quickly translated into German and other European languages  In Russia the book was taken to be a wholesale attack on bourgeois politics, "the inevitable result of the life which had preceded it", as Aldington wrote  "The next one will be much worse"  It was praised by Gorky as revolutionary, and the book, along with Aldington's later fiction, received huge Russian distribution  Aldington was, however, fiercely non-partisan in his politics, despite his passion for iconoclasm and feminism The character of George Winterbourne is loosely based on Aldington as an artist (Winterbourne a painter rather than writer), having a mistress before and through the war, and the novel portrays locations strongly resembling those he had travelled to  One of these locations, fictionally named "The Chateau de Fressin," strongly resembled a castle he wrote about in a letter to H  D Death of a Hero, like many other novels published around this time about the war, suffered greatly from censorship  Instead of changing or cutting parts of his novel, he replaced objectionable words with asterisks  Although they looked awkward on the page, Aldington, among others, wanted to call attention to censoring by publishers In 1930 Aldington published a translation of The Decameron and then the romance All Men are Enemies (1933)  In 1942, having relocated to the United States with his new wife Netta, he began to write biographies, starting with Wellington: The Duke: Being an Account of the Life & Achievements of Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington (1943)  It was followed by works on D  H  Lawrence: Portrait of a Genius, But     (1950), Robert Louis Stevenson: Portrait of a Rebel (1957), and T  E  Lawrence: Lawrence of Arabia: A Biographical Inquiry (1955)  Under financial pressure, he also worked as a Hollywood screenwriter 
Aldington's excoriating biography of T  E  Lawrence caused a scandal on its publication in 1955  In the spirit of iconoclasm, he was the first to bring public notice to Lawrence's illegitimacy and asserted that he was a homosexual, a liar, a charlatan, an "impudent mythomaniac", a "self-important egotist", a poor writer and even a bad motorcyclist  The biography dramatically coloured popular opinion of Lawrence  Foreign and War Office files concerning Lawrence's career were released during the 1960s and further biographies continued to analyse the 'British hero'  There was speculation that Aldington's spite was driven by jealousy and a sense of exclusion by the British establishment  Lawrence had attended Oxford, and his father was a baronet; Aldington suffered in the bloodbath of Europe during the First World War while Lawrence gained a heroic reputation in the Middle Eastern theatre and became an international celebrity, a homosexual icon, as Aldington saw it  Robert Graves noted in a review of the book, "instead of a carefully considered portrait of Lawrence, I find the self-portrait of a bitter, bedridden, leering, asthmatic, elderly hangman-of-letters "

Last years
Aldington lived in Sury-en-Vaux, Cher, France, from 1958  His last significant book was a biography of the Provençal poet and winner of the Nobel Prize in Literature, Frédéric Mistral (1956) Aldington died in Sury on 27 July 1962, shortly after being honoured in Moscow on the occasion of his seventieth birthday and the publication of some of his novels in Russian translation  He was fêted in the USSR, "even if some of the fêting was probably because he had, in his writings, sometimes suggested that the England he loved could, in certain of its aspects, be less than an earthly paradise " He is buried in the local cemetery in Sury  He left one daughter, Catherine, the child of his second marriage; she died in 2010 

Legacy
On 11 November 1985 Aldington was among 16 Great War poets commemorated in stone at Westminster Abbey's Poet's Corner  The inscription on the stone is a quotation from the work of a fellow Great War poet, Wilfred Owen  It reads: "My subject is War, and the pity of War  The Poetry is in the pity "

Style and bitterness
Alec Waugh described Aldington as having been embittered by the war, but took it that he worked off his spleen in novels like The Colonel's Daughter (1931) rather than letting it poison his life  Douglas Bush describes his work as "a career of disillusioned bitterness " His novels contained thinly veiled portraits of some of his friends, including Eliot, Lawrence and Pound; the friendship not always surviving  Lyndall Gordon characterises the sketch of Eliot in Aldington's memoirs Life for Life's Sake (1941) as "snide " As a young man, he was cutting about Yeats, but they remained on good terms 
Aldington's obituary in The Times of London in 1962 described him as "[a]n angry young man of the generation before they became fashionable     who remained something of an angry old man to the end" 

Works
Images (1910–1915) (The Poetry Bookshop, London, 1915) & (historical reproduction by Bibliobazaar ISBN 978-1-113-27518-9) 2009
Images Old and New (Four Seas Co , Boston, 1916) & (historical reproduction by Bibliobazaar ISBN 978-1-113-39283-1) 2009
The Poems of Anyte of Tegea (1916) translator
The Little Demon, by Feodor Sologub, authorised translation by John Cournos and Richard Aldington (London: Martin Secker, 1916) 
Images of Desire (Elkin Mathews, 1919) & (historical reproduction by Bibliobazaar) ISBN 978-1-115-45071-3) 2009
Images of War, A Book of Poems (Beaumont Press, London, 1919) & (historical reproduction by Bibliobazaar) ISBN 978-1-171-58428-5) 2009
War and Love: Poems 1915–1918 (1919)
Greek Songs in the Manner of Anacreon (1919) translator
Hymen (Egoist Press, 1921) with H D 
Medallions in Clay (1921)
The Good-Humoured Ladies: A Comedy by Carlo Goldoni (1922) translator, with Arthur Symons
Exile and Other Poems (1923)
Literary Studies and Reviews (1924) essays
Sturly, by Pierre Custot (1924) translator
The Mystery of the Nativity: Translated from the Liegeois of the XVth Century (Medici Society, 1924) translator
A Fool i' the Forest: A Phantasmagoria (1924) poem
A Book of 'Characters' from Theophrastus, Joseph Hall, Sir Thomas Overbury, Nicolas Breton, John Earle, Thomas Fuller, and Other English Authors; Jean de La Bruyère, Vauvenargues, and Other French Authors, compiled and translated by Richard Aldington, with an introduction and notes (1924)
Voltaire (1925)
French Studies and Reviews (1926)
The Love of Myrrhine and Konallis: and other prose poems (1926)
Cyrano De Bergerac, Voyages to the Moon and the Sun (1927) translator
D H  Lawrence: An Indiscretion (1927) (34-page pamphlet)
Letters of Madame de Sévigné to Her Daughter and Her Friends, selected, with an introductory essay, by Richard Aldington (1927) translator
Letters of Voltaire and Frederick the Great (1927) translator
Candide and Other Romances by Voltaire (1928) translator with Norman Tealby
Collected Poems (1928)
Fifty Romance Lyric Poems (1928) translator
Hark the Herald (Hours Press, 1928)
Remy de Gourmont: Selections From All His Works Chosen and Translated by Richard Aldington (1928)
Remy de Gourmont: A Modern Man of Letters (1928)
The Treason of the Intellectuals (La Trahison des Clercs), by Julien Benda (1928) translator
Death of a Hero: A Novel (1929)
The Eaten Heart (Hours Press, 1929) poems
A Dream in the Luxembourg: A Poem (1930)
Euripides' Alcestis (1930) translator
At All Costs (William Heinemann, Ltd , 1930) 45-page story
D H  Lawrence (1930) (43-page pamphlet; its contents are identical to D H  Lawrence: An Indiscretion (1927), except for the dropping of the subtitle and the addition of a one-paragraph note following the title page )
Last Straws (Hours Press, 1930)
Medallions from Anyte of Tegea, Meleager of Gadara, the Anacreontea, Latin Poets of the Renaissance (1930) translator
The Memoirs of Marmontel (1930) editor, with Brigit Patmore
Roads to Glory (1930) stories
Tales from the Decameron (1930) translator
Two Stories (Elkin Mathews, 1930): "Deserter" and "The Lads of the Village"
Letters to the Amazon, by Remy de Gourmont (1931) translator
Balls and Another Book for Suppression (1931) (13 pages)
The Colonel's Daughter: A Novel (1931)
Stepping Heavenward: A Record (1931) satire aimed at T  S  Eliot
Aurelia by Gérard de Nerval (1932) translator
Soft Answers (1932) five short novels
All Men Are Enemies: A Romance (1933)
Last Poems of D H  Lawrence (1933) edited with Giuseppe Orioli
Poems of Richard Aldington (1934)
Women Must Work: A Novel (1934)
Artifex: Sketches and Ideas (1935) essays
D H  Lawrence: A complete list of his works, together with a critical appreciation by Richard Aldington (1935) (22-page pamphlet)
The Spirit of Place (1935), editor, D H  Lawrence prose anthology
Life Quest (1935) poem
Life of a Lady: A Play in Three Acts (1936) with Derek Patmore
The Crystal World (1937)
Very Heaven (1937)
Seven Against Reeves: A Comedy-Farce (1938) novel
Rejected Guest (1939) novel
W  Somerset Maugham: An Appreciation (1939)
Life for Life's Sake: A Book of Reminiscences (1941)
Poetry of the English-Speaking World (1941) anthology, editor
The Duke: Being an account of the life & achievements of Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington (1943)  Later edition: Wellington: Being an account of the life & achievements of Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington (1946) 
A Wreath for San Gemignano (1945) with illustrations by Netta Aldington and sonnets of Folgóre da San Gimignano titled The Garland of Months and translated by Richard Aldington
Great French Romances (1946) novels by Madame de La Fayette, Choderlos De Laclos, Abbé Prévost, Honoré de Balzac
Oscar Wilde: Selected Works (1946) editor
The Romance of Casanova: A Novel (1946)
Complete Poems (1948)
Four English Portraits, 1801–1851 (1948) (The four are the Prince Regent, the young Disraeli, Charles "Squire" Waterton, and the young Dickens )
Selected Works of Walter Pater (1948)
Jane Austen (1948)
Decameron of Giovanni Boccaccio (two volumes) (1949) translator
The Strange Life of Charles Waterton, 1782–1865 (1949)
A Bibliography of the Works of Richard Aldington from 1915 to 1948 (1950) with Alister Kershaw
Selected Letters of D H  Lawrence (1950) editor
The Indispensable Oscar Wilde (1950) editor
Portrait of a Genius, But       (The Life of D H  Lawrence, 1885–1930) (1950)
D H  Lawrence: An Appreciation (1950) (32-page pamphlet, which borrows from the 1927, 1930, and 1935 pamphlets on Lawrence listed above)
The Religion of Beauty: Selections from the Aesthetes (1950) anthology, editor
Ezra Pound and T  S  Eliot: A Lecture (Peacocks Press, 1954) (22 pages)
Lawrence L'imposteur: T  E  Lawrence, the Legend and the Man (1954) Paris edition; also published as Lawrence of Arabia: A Biographical Enquiry (1955)
Pinorman: Personal Recollections of Norman Douglas, Pino Orioli and Charles Prentice (1954)
A  E  Housman and W  B  Yeats: Two Lectures (Hurst Press, 1955)
Introduction to Mistral (1956) (biography of French poet Frédéric Mistral)
Frauds (1957)
Portrait of a Rebel: The Life and Work of Robert Louis Stevenson (1957)
The Viking Book of Poetry of the English-Speaking World, Volume II (1958) editor
"The Composite Biography as Biography," in Moore, Harry T , ed , A D H  Lawrence Miscellany, Southern Illinois University Press (1959) and William Heinemann Ltd (1961), pp  143-152  "[This] essay serves as the Introduction of Vol  3 of Edward Nehls's D H  Lawrence: A Composite Biography, copyright, 1959, by the University of Wisconsin Press   ," p  143 n 
Larousse Encyclopedia of Mythology (1960) translator with Delano Ames
Switzerland (1960)
Famous Cities of the World: Rome (1960)
A Tourist's Rome (1961)
Richard Aldington: Selected Critical Writing, 1928–1960 (1970) edited by Alister Kershaw  Contains chapters on ten writers: Remy de Gourmont, Aldous Huxley, Wyndham Lewis, Somerset Maugham, Oscar Wilde, Walter Pater, Jane Austen, Roy Campbell, Lawrence Durrell, and D  H  Lawrence 
A Passionate Prodigality: Letters to Alan Bird from Richard Aldington, 1949–1962 (1975) edited by Miriam J  Benkovitz
Literary Lifelines: The Richard Aldington and Lawrence Durrell Correspondence (1981)
In Winter: A Poem (Typographeum Press, 1987)
Austria/L'Autriche/Österreich: A Book of Photographs, with an introduction by Richard Aldington  London: Anglo-Italian Publication, [1950-1960?]
France/La France/Frankreich: A Book of Photographs, with an introduction by Richard Aldington  London: Anglo-Italian Publications, [1950-1965?]
Italy/L'Italie/Italien: A Book of Photographs, with an introduction by Richard Aldington  London: Anglo-Italian Publications, [1958?]
Passage 7:
Ivan Coyote
Ivan E  Coyote (born August 11, 1969) is a Canadian spoken word performer, writer, and LGBT advocate  Coyote has won many accolades for their collections of short stories, novels, and films  They also visit schools to tell stories and give writing workshops  The CBC has called Coyote a "gender-bending author who loves telling stories and performing in front of a live audience " Coyote is non-binary and uses singular they pronouns  Many of Coyote's stories are about gender, identity, and social justice  Coyote currently resides in Vancouver, British Columbia 

Career
Coyote started performing spoken word in 1992, and their work deals with contemporary issues of family, class gender, identity and social justice  In 1996, Coyote co-founded the queer performance group Taste This with Anna Camilleri, Zoe Eakle, and Lyndell Montgomery  Taste This was a multi-genre performance that incorporated live music, poetry and story-telling  The group disbanded in 2000  In 2001, Coyote briefly taught short fiction at Capilano University in North Vancouver  In 2010, Coyote, Camilleri and Montgomery regrouped as Swell, and premiered at the 2010 Vancouver Pride in Art Festival They joined Arsenal Pulp Press in 2000 and have published 10 books with them  Coyote regularly combines storytelling and music and has worked with a number of musicians including Veda Hille, Dan Mangan and Rae Spoon  Coyote has been a columnist for the LGBTQ+ magazines Xtra! and Xtra! West  and regularly contributes to The Georgia Straight and CBC Radio Coyote has been writer-in-residence for Carleton University in 2007, Vancouver Public Library in 2009, the University of Winnipeg in 2011, and the University of Western Ontario in 2012  They also served on the jury of the 2012 Dayne Ogilvie Prize, a literary award for emerging LGBT writers in Canada, selecting Amber Dawn as that year's winner In 2009, their performanceYou Are Here was scheduled for a cabaret run at Hysteria: A Festival of Women at Buddies in Bad Times Theatre, but was cancelled in January of that year In 2008 they performed spoken word at Montreal's Edgy Women festival and taught a writing workshop In 2012, Coyote and Spoon collaborated on Gender Failure, a touring multimedia show in which they performed music and spoken word pieces about their failed attempts at fitting into the gender binary  A performance of Gender Failure, as performed at the 27th London Lesbian & Gay Film Festival, is also available on YouTube  A book based on the show was published by Arsenal Pulp Press in 2014 On November 14, 2015 Coyote did a TED talk in Vancouver entitled "We all need a safe place to pee," where they discuss the need to have gender neutral bathrooms in all public places In 2016, they delivered the Florence Bird Lecture at Carleton University  Their lecture was titled "Neither, Nor: How to Circumnavigate the Gender Binary in Seven Thousand Easy Steps" In 2020, Coyote performed as part of CBC Gem's Queer Pride Inside special 

Writing
Coyote has written eleven books: one with Press Gang Publishers and ten with Arsenal Pulp Press  Common themes in their work involve identity, gender, community, and class 
Coyote's first book, Boys Like Her (Press Gang Publishers, 1998), was adapted from a live show that was performed by their theater troop, Taste This Close to Spiderman (Arsenal Pulp Press, 2000) and One Man's Trash (Arsenal Pulp Press, 2002) are both collections of stories told by Coyote's grandmother and written by Coyote Missed Her (Arsenal Pulp Press, 2010) is another book of compiled short stories  The works were first published in columns with Xtra Vancouver One in Every Crowd (Arsenal Pulp Press, 2012) is an anthology of Coyote's work that was put together by the request of high school teachers and librarians who wanted to share Coyote's writing with students  Without more mature parts of their writing, their works could be accepted by school administration and parents  It was specifically composed for queer youth Tomboy Survival Guide (Arsenal Pulp Press, 2016), has won the Stonewall Book Award Honor—an award given to outstanding LGBT literature—and has been long-listed for the BC National Award for Canadian Non-Fiction in 2017 Rebent Sinner (Arsenal Pulp Press, 2019) is a collection of stories and personal essays that has been favourably received  Coyote toured in 2019 with musician Sarah MacDougall, performing selections from the book along with music Care Of (Penguin Random House, 2021) is a collection of communications Coyote has received from audience members and the responses they have written in return 

Reception
Coyote has made significant contributions to the representation of queerness in Canadian literature  Their first collection of short stories, Close to Spider Man, was a finalist for the Danuta Gleed Literary Award for short fiction, and it received widespread acclaim across the Canadian critical community for its semi-autobiographical depiction of young, queer women growing up in the Yukon  Although their short stories received no awards recognition until their collection The Slow Fix was shortlisted for the Lambda Literary Award in 2008, and their collections One Man's Trash and Loose End received similar recognition as their debut, with outlets such as Herizons and the Lambda Book Report which praised the brevity and directness of Coyote's writing as it relates to depictions of the complexities of gender, sexuality, and identity Bow Grip, Coyote's only full-length novel, was the winner of the 2007 ReLit Award for Best Fiction and the Stonewall Honor Book Award, as well as being shortlisted for the Ferro Grumley Award  Their 2016 autobiography Tomboy Survival Guide also garnered numerous accolades, having been long-listed for the British Columbia's National Award for Canadian Non-Fiction and winning the 2017 Stonewall Book Award 

Bibliography
Passage 8:
Going Down Fast
Going Down Fast (ISBN 0-449-24480-6) is a 1969 novel by Marge Piercy  It tells the story of Anna, a woman living with multiple losses; Rowley, a blue-eyed soul singer; Leon, an underground film-maker; and Caroline, a woman with a dark secret  They all live in an area of an unnamed city where a swathe of blocks are being demolished to make way for a university 

Reception
A New York Times book review said that "Piercy burns anger and conviction" 

External links
"Marge Piercy Papers (1958-2004, bulk 1966-2003) " University of Michigan 
"Piercy, Marge 1936- " Encyclopedia com 
Passage 9:
Barbie Doll (poem)
"Barbie Doll" is a narrative poem written by American writer, novelist, and social activist Marge Piercy  It was published in 1971, during the time of second-wave feminism  It is often noted for its message of how a patriarchal society puts expectations and pressures on women, partly through gender role stereotyping  It tells a story about a girl who dies trying to meet the unrealistic expectations that society holds for her  It starts off talking about a little girl, and then continues chronologically through the girl’s life  Using strong diction, purposeful syntax, and various rhetorical devices, the poem hits on prominent feminist issues such as gender stereotypes, sexism, and the effect of a patriarchal society 

Background
Marge Piercy wrote this poem during an era of second wave feminism, a time in which women were concerned about sexuality, family, and the workplace  The poem expresses the stereotypes, sexism, and patriarchal influences that women were submitted to during the 1960s  Not only were women subjected to poor treatment because of their gender, women also experienced discrimination and unequal treatment because of their race  While this poem discusses the topic of gender and gender stereotypes, it is important to recognize that the development of the doll that inspired the poem has brought up the racial discrepancies woman faced during this time  According to Elizabeth Chin, “These toys were designed and marketed specifically to reshape a territory dominated by an assumption of whiteness, but paradoxically, they have integrated the toy world while at the same time fixing racial boundaries more firmly   Although not addressed in this poem, the racial discrepancies that arose after the creation of the Barbie Doll, such as "hair type, facial features, and skin color” have been addressed throughout the years  Therefore, the purpose of the poem was to display the struggle women faced because of these societal issues in hopes of changing them  The poem shows the idealist view that is created by the appearance of the doll that causes people to question social norms and expectations that seem to exist in society 

Analysis
First stanza
The first stanza begins with a girl being born, fitting perfectly into a mold provided by the society she was born into  The stanza lists toys that any little girl might play with, such as dolls and miniature GE stoves and irons  She was also given lipstick, compared to cherry candy using a metaphor  
 In a patriarchal society, women hold the positions of cooking and cleaning in the household  This, along with the makeup she was given, shows that from a very young age this girl was taught to conform to a specific gender stereotype, without even realizing it  The doll is also an important part of this stanza, as well as the entire poem  The Barbie Doll has been a cultural icon since it was created in 1959, a little over 10 years before this poem was published  It is somewhat controversial whether it is viewed as a “role model for young girls, an icon of American culture, and a model of aesthetic perfection” or on the other hand “a tool of racism, classism, and sexism, and disparaged as a contemporary epitomization of the cult of thinness ”   In the context of this poem, the Barbie Doll ends up being a negative aspect of the girl’s life, creating a poor self-body image among other problems  
  At the end of this stanza, the girl goes through puberty  Someone in the girl’s class commented negative things about her body, saying she had a large nose and fat thighs  This is the point in the poem at which her insecurities have been grounded  Throughout the rest of the poem, she grows up striving to meet unattainable societal standards that her Barbie doll  represents 

Second stanza
The next stanza talks about the girl in terms of what attributes she held, but also how she and society did not see them  She was described as healthy, smart, strong, sexually able, and fast, yet she did not see any of these things  According to Robert Perrin, Barbie is described using "robust terms" throughout this stanza; however, she immediately apologizes for her positive attributes as if she was not good enough in the eyes of society   She had learned from the time when she was a just a child that she had imperfections and was not good enough  She compared herself to her doll, and therefore apologized to society for her imperfections  She did not see the good in herself, only the comparison between what she was and what society says she should be  In this stanza, her qualities are listed one after another, which is then followed by her disapproval  This syntax helps the reader see all of the good aspects of the girl all at once, which then makes the reader question why the girl does not see them  The stanza finishes with saying everyone, meaning society, only sees her for her fat nose and thick legs, the same thing she was told by her classmate when she was a child 

Third stanza
The third stanza talks about the sexist expectations that patriarchal society has placed upon her  As a girl, “she was advised to play coy, exhorted to come on hearty, exercise, diet, smile and wheedle ” 
  This list shows the expectations that are placed upon women in society  The patriarchal power within the society is what is responsible for the belief of certain “standards” of women  Women are expected to play nice, come across as good girls, be skinny, eat little, and be happy all of the time  Because of external pressures, they try to do all of it  There is sexism represented in these lines because only women have lengthy expectations to meet  Piercy’s diction in this stanza “create[s] a powerful vision of the way people exert their influence on impressionable young women, as well as undermine young women who, at heart, want to resist the influences of the dominant culture ”  The girl in the poem is easily influenced because she has conformed to society since she was a little girl  Because of this, she aims to meet all of these expectations, but cannot sustain them  She is worn down further and further “like a fan belt "
 and eventually kills herself trying to become as perfect as society wants her to be  She finally gave society her nose and legs because she could not live in this way anymore 

Fourth stanza
The fourth and final stanza talks about the girl’s death  She ultimately died trying to be as perfect as her Barbie Doll, a cookie cutter woman molded by society  She died trying to reach something that was unattainable, yet encouraged, which is where the real problem in lies  She was displayed in her casket, all dolled up  Society had finally made her who it wanted her to be but at the cost of her life  Now that she was covered in makeup, reconstructed, and nicely dressed, she was considered pretty  The stanza finishes with the line “to every woman a happy ending " 
 This shows that in the end, this was all the girl wanted  She strove and strove to meet society’s unrealistic expectations and when she died trying, she finally did  Being viewed as pretty by society was her goal, and she accomplished it 

Conclusion
The girl in the poem was born in innocence and labeled "girlchild" but because of the society she was born and raised in to, she became corrupted  This poem shows a sad case of girl who lived trying to be perfect and died trying  From the very beginning she was taught to cook, clean, and be who she was “supposed” to be, or in other words, who society told her she was  Because of these sexist and patriarchal influences, she was never completely satisfied with herself  The tortures of society cost the girl her life 

Other analyses of the poem
Barbie Doll’ and ‘G  I  Joe’: Exploring Issues of Gender
Robert Perrin uses his students to examine Marge Piercy's poem  " Perrin provides insight into how younger generations are affected by the stereotyping that is shown by the Barbie Doll itself  This journal gives an analysis on Marge Piercy's poem that can help the reader better understand her criticism 



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