prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: The winner of the the London Riders' Championship in 1953 scored how many points in the 1952 Individual Speedway World Championship?

The following are given passages.
Context 1: Passage 1:
Jack Young (speedway rider)
Jack Ellis Young (31 January 1925 in Adelaide, South Australia – 28 August 1987 in Adelaide) was a Motorcycle speedway rider who won the Speedway World Championship in 1951 and 1952  He also won the London Riders' Championship 1953 and 1954 and was a nine time South Australian Champion between 1948 and 1964 By winning the 1951 and 1952 World Championships, Young became the first Australian to win two World Championships in any form of motorsport 

Career
Australia
Jack Young started racing bikes with younger brother Frank on the Sand Pits at Findon in Adelaide, before starting his speedway career at the Kilburn Speedway on 9 May 1947 riding a 1926 Harley-Davidson Peashooter borrowed from his brother  There he rode alongside older brother Wally "Joey" Young (b  1916 – d  1990), and younger brother Frank  Jack and Frank both represented Australia in test matches against England  Quickly proving himself to be one of the best riders in Adelaide, Jack placed an impressive second in the SA title in 1947 (after only having raced at a couple of meetings), and would win his first South Australian Championship in 1948  He would go on to win the SA Championship again in 1954, 1955, 1956, 1958, 1959, 1960, 1963 and 1964, all at Rowley Park Speedway  Young would win the Queensland State Championship in 1953 at the Brisbane Exhibition Ground, and the Victorian State Championship in 1957 at the Tracey's Speedway in Melbourne 
Despite his two World Championships, nine South Australian Championships and the Queensland and Victorian titles, Jack Young would never win or even place in the Australian Individual Speedway Championship, which during his time were held almost exclusively in New South Wales (at the Sydney Showground or Sydney Sports Ground), or in Queensland at the Exhibition Ground  Young declined several invitations to ride in the Australian championship, often preferring to take a break from speedway to enjoy the Australian summer and go fishing  He did finish third in an unofficial "Australian Championship" staged at the Harringay Stadium in London, England in 1950  The promoters of the speedway had a clearing in their schedule and decided fill the space by inviting the top Australian riders in the British Leagues at the time to ride in an Australian Championship (the field included Aussie born New Zealander Ronnie Moore)  Brisbane rider Graham Warren won the meeting from NSW rider Aub Lawson and Young 
Jack Young announced his retirement from Speedway in December 1963 on the night he won his ninth and last SA Championship (counted as the 1963/64 Championship)  Young and the rider who would succeed him as South Australia's best rider John Boulger, jointly hold the record for SA title wins with nine each 
A lover of fishing, at his home in Adelaide Young was known to use his two World Championship trophies as a place to store his sinkers 
Just a year after his death, Jack Young was inducted into the Sport Australia Hall of Fame for his services to speedway In 2008, Young was posthumously inducted into the Australian Speedway Hall of Fame 
In November 2014, Jack Young was inducted into the Motorcycling South Australia Hall of Fame 

International
After winning his first South Australian championship in 1948 at Kilburn, as well as impressive displays for Australia in home Test's against England, Jack Young had the attention of British promoters  He was signed by the Edinburgh Monarchs in 1949 after they paid his fare to come over for a trial  He scored maximum points on his debut, winning all six of his rides 
In 1949, 1950 and 1951, Young won the Scottish Riders Championship (now the Scottish Open) at Old Meadowbank in Edinburgh 
In 1951, Jack Young made history by becoming the first second division rider to become World Champion when he won the title at the Wembley Stadium in London  He defeated England's Split Waterman and fellow Australian Jack Biggs in a three way run-off for the title after each had finished the meeting on 12 points In 1952 Young moved up a division by joining the West Ham Hammers for a then record transfer fee of UK£3,750  He also retained his World title in front of 93,000 fans at Wembley, thus becoming the first dual World Champion and the first rider to win the title two years in succession 
He stayed with the Hammers until the end of the 1955 season and is remembered by many West Ham riders and fans alike as the best rider to ever race for the team  Young stayed home in Adelaide for the next two seasons riding mainly at his home track of Rowley Park, but in 1958 he returned to the UK to ride for the Coventry Bees  After again returning home to Adelaide in 1959, he again rode for the Bees in 1960 and 1961 
Jack Young's last World Final appearance was as a reserve rider for the 1961 Championship at the Malmö Stadion in Malmö, Sweden (the first World Championship Final not held at Wembley)  Neither Young, nor the other reserve rider, Swede Leif Larsson, got to ride in the final 
Jack Young also represented Australia in test matches both at home and overseas and had the honour of captaining his country on many occasions  He first represented Australia in the 7th test against England on 17 February 1950 at the Kilburn Speedway in Adelaide and proved his class by top scoring on the night with 17 points  During the early part of his career when riding for the Edinburgh Monarchs, Young also represented Scotland in some matches 

Career Highlights
World Champion – 1951, 1952
South Australian Champion – 1948, 1954, 1955, 1956, 1958, 1959, 1960, 1963, 1964
Scottish Riders Champion – 1949, 1950, 1951
Adelaide Golden Helmet winner – 1949 (4 wins at Kilburn Speedway) and 1950 (2 wins at Rowley Park Speedway)
Tom Farndon Memorial Trophy – 1951, 1961
Queensland State Champion – 1953
London Riders' Champion – 1953, 1954
National Trophy (with West Ham Hammers) – 1955
Victorian State Champion – 1957
12 times in succession British Match Race Champion over a two-year period, unbeaten in 33 successive meetings in Britain
Holds the record for the highest points won in a season in Britain 
Inducted into the Sport Australia Hall of Fame – 1988
Inducted into the Australian Speedway Hall of Fame – 2008
Inducted into the Motorcycling South Australia Hall of Fame – 2014

World Final Appearances
1950 –  London, Wembley Stadium – 8th – 7pts
1951 –  London, Wembley Stadium – Winner – 12+3pts
1952 –  London, Wembley Stadium – Winner – 14pts
1953 –  London, Wembley Stadium – 5th – 10pts
1954 –  London, Wembley Stadium – 4th – 11pts
1955 –  London, Wembley Stadium – 7th – 10pts
1960 –  London, Wembley Stadium – 10th – 6pts
1961 –  Malmö, Malmö Stadion – Reserve – Did not Ride

Death
Jack died of a lung disorder in Adelaide's Modbury Hospital on 28 August 1987 at the age of sixty two  Years of riding through dust clouds on British cinder tracks, as well as being a heavy cigarette smoker had left Young with Emphysema  He was survived by his wife Joan whom he had married on 12 May 1945 in the All Saints Church of England in the Adelaide suburb of Hindmarsh  Jack and Joan Young (born Joan Mary Carroll) had one son and two daughters 
Jack Young was the idol of a young rider from Christchurch, New Zealand who rode against him in Australia during the early 1960s, with the two forming a friendship that would last until Jack's passing in 1987  That rider, Ivan Mauger, who was actually based at Rowley Park at the time, would go on to win a record six Speedway World Championships (1968, 1969, 1970, 1972, 1977, 1979), three Long Track World Championships (1971, 1972, 1976), four Speedway World Team Cups (1968, 1971, 1972, 1979), and two Speedway World Pairs Championships (1969, 1970)  Mauger credits advice he received from Young at the 1960 Australian Long Track Championship in the South Australian coastal town of Port Pirie for putting him on the path to becoming a World Champion 

Jack Young Solo Cup
The Jack Young Solo Cup (formerly known as the Jack Young Memorial Cup) is held in his honour every year at the Gillman Speedway in Adelaide after being previously held from 1990 to 1997 at Gillman's predecessor North Arm Speedway  The first cup was won by Swedish rider Jimmy Nilsen at the conclusion of an Australia vs the Rest of the World test match  The second running of the race again saw a win by a Swedish rider, 1984 and 1988 Ice Racing World Champion Erik Stenlund  The race was again run at the conclusion of Test, this time between Australia and Sweden  The international flavour continued in 1992 when the Cup was won by England's Steve Schofield  The first Australian winner was Mildura rider Jason Lyons who won the Cup in 1993 
Ten times Australian Solo Champion Leigh Adams from Mildura holds the record with five wins in 1994 and 1997 (North Arm), and 2001, 2002 and 2003 (Gillman)  The first South Australian rider to win the cup was Shane Bowes who won in 1996 
1995 winner Tomasz Gollob from Poland (who was based at North Arm for the 1994/95 Australian season) is the only rider to win the cup who has emulated Young's feat of winning the Individual Speedway World Championship  Gollob won the 2010 Speedway Grand Prix series to become the World Champion, while Leigh Adams was the 1992 World Under-21 Champion and Eric Stenlund was a dual Ice Racing World Champion 
With the closure of North Arm in 1997, and the new Gillman Speedway not ready for championship meetings until 2001, the Jack Young Solo Cup was not held from 1998 to 2000  Leigh Adams won the Cup the last time it was held at North Arm in 1997 as well as the first time it was run at Gillman in 2001  The 2001 meeting, held on 26 January (Australia Day), was also the official opening of the new Gillman Speedway 
After being a single, six lap race for many years, the Jack Young Solo Cup is currently run in a championship format with riders earning points in the heats before the top scorers go into a semi final and then the final  The current holder of the Jack Young Solo Cup is Tyron Proctor who won his third JYSC in four years on 28 November 2015 * Note: The winner of the "Scottish Open Championship", of which Young was a three time winner, also receives the "Jack Young Memorial Scottish Open Trophy" in honour of the former Edinburgh Monarchs star rider  Adelaide's Rory Schlein is the only rider to have won both Jack Young Memorial trophies 

Jack Young Solo Cup Winners
Passage 2:
British Speedway Championship
The British Speedway Championship is an annual motorcycle speedway competition open to British national speedway riders 
The winner of the event becomes the British Speedway Champion 

History
Inaugurated in 1961 as a qualifying round of the Speedway World Championship it was open to riders from Britain and the British dominions  It was initially dominated by riders from New Zealand such as Barry Briggs and Ivan Mauger because of the British Final forming part of the World Speedway championship qualifying rounds  Briggs and Mauger were multiple world champions  It was not until 1975 that the final was restricted to British riders  Countries such as Australia and New Zealand then held their own World Individual Speedway championship qualifying rounds  In the first dozen finals, it was only won twice by a British born rider, both times by Peter Craven Australians Rory Schlein and Jason Crump rode under an ACU (British) licence 

British Champions
Medals classification
See also
British Speedway Under 18 Championship
British Speedway Under 21 Championship
Speedway in the United Kingdom
Passage 3:
Kurt Hansen (speedway rider)
Kurt Hansen (born 2 October 1964) is a former motorcycle speedway rider from Denmark 

Career
He competed in two finals of the Speedway Under-21 World Championship (known as the European Championship at the time)  The first was as a reserve  in the 1984 Individual Speedway Junior European Championship and the second as an outright qualifier in the 1985 Individual Speedway Junior European Championship, where he finished in 9th place He only rode in the British leagues for two seasons (1984 and 1985) for the Halifax Dukes He represented the Denmark national under-21 speedway team 
Passage 4:
1952 Individual Speedway World Championship
The 1952 Individual Speedway World Championship was the seventh edition of the official World Championship to determine the world champion rider Australian rider Jack Young became the first rider to win a second title (and the first to win two in a row) when he won his second straight World Championship after scoring 14 points  Second was Welshman Freddie Williams on 13 points, with England's Bob Oakley third on 12 points 

Qualification
Nordic Final
20 June 1952
 Växjö
First 8 to Continental Final

Continental Final
22 June 1952
 Falköping
First 8 to Championship Round

Championship Round
Venues
10 events in Great Britain 

Scores
Top 16 qualify for World final, 17th & 18th reserves for World final

World final
18 September 1952
 London, Wembley Stadium

Classification
Podium
  Jack Young (Australia)
  Freddie Williams (Wales)
  Bob Oakley (England)
Passage 5:
1989 Individual Speedway World Championship
The 1989 Individual Speedway World Championship was the 44th edition of the official World Championship to determine the world champion rider  It was the second time the championship was held in West Germany after previously being held in Norden in 1983 The World Final was held at the Olympic Stadium in Munich  Hans Nielsen made up for his 1988 run-off defeat to fellow Dane Erik Gundersen by scoring a 15-point maximum to take his third World Championship  Nielsen joined fellow Danes Ole Olsen and Erik Gundersen as a three time Speedway World Champion Simon Wigg from England finished second with the slick, 400 metres (440 yards) track suiting his long track style  Wigg defeated fellow Englishman Jeremy Doncaster in a run-off for second and third places  In what would prove to be his last World Final before his career ending crash in the World Team Cup Final at the Odsal Stadium in England just two weeks later, Erik Gundersen finished in fourth place  His chances of an outright second-place finish (after having finished second behind Nielsen in Heat 4) ended when his bike's engine seized while leading heat 9 causing him to not finish the race  In a sad twist, it was also seized engine in Heat 1 of the World Team Cup Final that would cause Gundersen's career ending crash 
Australian rider Troy Butler had a lucky passage to the World Final  After being seeded to the Commonwealth Final, he finished eighth to qualify for the Overseas Final  He then finished tenth in the Overseas Final to be the first reserve for the Intercontinental Final  He then got a start in the Intercontinental Final at Bradford when Overseas champion Sam Ermolenko injured his back in a horrific Long track motorcycle racing crash and was forced to withdraw (the American would be out for over 6 months)  Butler would finish twelfth in the IC Final to become a reserve for the World Final where he once again came in as an injury replacement when Dane Jan O  Pedersen was forced to pull out  The 1986 Australian Champion ultimately finished twelfth in Munich, finishing with 4 points (two second places) from his 5 rides 

First Round (Overseas Series)
New Zealand Qualification
First 2 from New Zealand final to Commonwealth final (Mitch Shirra seed to Commonwealth Final)Final  Western Springs Stadium, 28 January

Australian Qualification
Winner of Australian final to Commonwealth final (Stephen Davies & Troy Butler seeded to Commonwealth Final)
Final  Newcastle Motordrome, 15 January

Swedish Qualification
Swedish Final

May 16, 17 & 18
 SWE Nässjö, Nyköping & Karlstad
First 5 to Nordic Final plus 1 reserve

Danish Final
May 19
 Vojens, Speedway Center
First 6 to Nordic final plus 1 reserve

British Final
May 21
 Coventry, Brandon StadiumFirst 10 to Commonwealth final plus 1 reserve
Passage 6:
Speedway World Championship Competitions
There are annual world championship events in the sport of motorcycle speedway for individual riders - the Speedway Grand Prix - and for national teams - the Speedway World Cup  Each has a counterpart for riders under 21: the Speedway World Under 21 Championship and the Team Speedway Junior World Championship  A pairs event, the Speedway World Pairs Championship, ran until 1993 
In addition there are two Ice Speedway World Championships for individuals and teams   The first Ice World Championships were held in 1966 Another form of speedway on larger tracks takes place called Longtrack and there is a World Championship called the Individual Speedway Long Track World Championship  Since 1998 it has been a combination of grasstrack and longtrack
Passage 7:
2010 Speedway Grand Prix Qualification
The 2010 Individual Speedway World Championship Grand Prix Qualification were a series of motorcycle speedway meetings used to determine the three riders who qualified for the 2010 Speedway Grand Prix  The top eight riders finishing the 2009 Grand Prix series automatically qualified for 2010  The final round of qualification – the Grand Prix Challenge – took place on 18 September 2009, in Coventry, England  The Grand Prix Challenge was won by Magnus Zetterström who finished ahead of Chris Holder and former Grand Prix rider Jarosław Hampel  All three riders qualified for the 2010 Grand Prix 

Calendar
Domestic Qualifications
Deutscher Motor Sport Bund nominated five riders and two track reserve in February 2009  Avto-Moto Zveza Slovenije nominated three riders in March 2009 

Czech Republic
Autoklub of the Czech Republic nominated six riders in October 2008: Lukáš Dryml, Aleš Dryml, Jr , Luboš Tomíček, Jr , Adrian Rymel, Matěj Kůs and Filip Šitera  A last rider, who will be started in SGP Qualification will be nominated in 2009 

Poland
The top three riders from 2008 Golden Helmet Final qualified for Grand Prix Qualification (Damian Baliński, Jarosław Hampel and Adrian Miedziński)  Four riders will be qualified after Domestic Final  Last rider and one reserve will be nominated by Main Commission of Speedway Sport  Two Polish 2009 Speedway Grand Prix permanent (Rune Holta and Grzegorz Walasek will be started in Domestic Final  Tomasz Gollob (#3) and Sebastian Ułamek (#14) will be not started 

Finał krajowych eliminacji do GP IMŚ (Final of Domestic Qualification to Individual World Championship Grand Prix)
7 April 2009 (18:00)
 Gdańsk
Referee: Andrzej Terlecki
Beat Time: 63 26 - Piotr Protasiewicz (heat 3)
Qualify: 4 and 1 + 1R by Main Commission of Speedway Sport

Qualifying rounds


== Semi-finals ==
Passage 8:
Brian Andersen
Brian Askel Andersen (born 13 March 1971) is a Danish former international motorcycle speedway rider 

Career
Andersen reached the final of the Under-21 World Championship in 1990 and then won the event the following year  to become the 1991 Junior World Champion The success brought him to the attention of British leagues and Coventry Bees signed him for the 1992 British League season He drove up his average over the following seasons for Coventry and established himself as one of their leading riders  In 1995, he won the Individual Speedway Danish Championship  In 1996, he finished second in the 1996 Intercontinental Final, which qualified him for his first Speedway Grand Prix series He rode in the Grand Prix between 1997 and 2001, and won two bronze medals in the Speedway World Team Cup  He won the Danish Championship for the second time in 1999, which was also his last season for Coventry before he moved to join Oxford Cheetahs for the 2000 Elite League speedway season In 2001, he was part of the Oxford Cheetahs title winning team in 2001 

Family
His brother Jan Andersen was a speedway rider  His son Mikkel Andersen is also a speedway rider and the 2022 FIM Speedway Youth World Championship (SGP3) world champion 

Major results
World individual Championship
1997 Speedway Grand Prix - 6th (80 pts) including winning the 1997 Speedway Grand Prix of Great Britain
1998 Speedway Grand Prix - 16th (31 pts)
1999 Speedway Grand Prix - 22nd (12 pts)
2000 Speedway Grand Prix - 23rd (15 pts)
2001 Speedway Grand Prix - 18th (23 pts)

World team Championships
1996 Speedway World Team Cup - bronze medal
1998 Speedway World Team Cup - bronze medal
2000 Speedway World Team Cup  - =5th
2001 Speedway World Cup - 4th

See also
Denmark national speedway team
List of Speedway Grand Prix riders
Passage 9:
1936 Individual Speedway World Championship
The 1936 Individual Speedway World Championship was the first ever Speedway World Championship and was won by Lionel Van Praag of Australia  The forerunner to the World Championship was generally regarded to be the Star Riders' Championship  The final was held at London's Wembley Stadium in front of 74,000  It was the first of a record 26 times that Wembley would host the World Final with the last being in 1981 

Summary
The World Championship would consist of a semi final round, where points would be added to the final to determine the winner  One of the favourites Jack Parker had a broken hand injury and was unable to compete in the final  Joe Abbott was also unable to line up for the final due to injury, despite qualifying for the final  They were replaced by Norman Parker and Bill Pitcher Despite being unbeaten in the Final, Australian Bluey Wilkinson only finished third as the Championship was decided by bonus points accumulated in previous rounds plus the score from the final  Van Praag defeated England's Eric Langton in a runoff to be declared the inaugural Speedway World Champion As they lined up at the tapes for the runoff, Langton broke them which would ordinarily lead to disqualification  However, Van Praag stated he did not want to win the title by default and insisted that a race should take place  At the restart Langton made it to the first bend in front and led until the final bend on the last lap when Van Praag darted through the smallest of gaps to win by less than wheel length Afterwards, controversial allegations were abound that the two riders had 'fixed' the match race, deciding between them that the first person to the first bend would win the race and the Championship and split the prize money; Langton led into the first bend but was overtaken by Van Praag  Van Praag reportedly paid Langton £50 "conscience money" after the race for going back on the agreement 

Qualifying
The top 16 riders over 7 rounds would qualify for the World final  Ron Johnson and Bill Pitcher qualified as first reserves 

Podium
Lionel Van Praag (Australia)
  Eric Langton (Great Britain)
  Bluey Wilkinson (Australia)

World final
10 September 1936
 London, Wembley Stadium
Passage 10:
2010 Individual Speedway Polish Championship
The 2010 Individual Speedway Polish Championship (Polish: Indywidualne Mistrzostwa Polski, IMP) was the 2010 version of Individual Speedway Polish Championship organized by the Polish Motor Union (PZM)  The Championship was won by Janusz Kołodziej, who beat Krzysztof Kasprzak in the Run-off  Third was Rafał Dobrucki  Kołodziej, who won 2009 (host in 2010), 2010 Golden Helmet and 2010 Speedway World Cup was award nomination to the 2011 Speedway Grand Prix  The defending Champion, Tomasz Gollob, who was a 2010 Speedway Grand Prix leader, resigned from the IMP Final 

Format
In four quarter-finals was started 64 riders and to semi-finals was qualify 27 riders (top 6 from Lublin' QR and top 7 from Opole, Piła and Poznań meetings  This 27 riders and 5 seeded was started in two semi-finals  This five riders was Grand Prix permanent riders (Tomasz Gollob, Rune Holta and Jarosław Hampel) and top 3 from 2009 Polish Championship Final (Gollob, Krzysztof Kasprzak and Janusz Kołodziej)  The top 8 riders from both SF was qualify for the final in Zielona Góra  The hosting of the final is traditionally awarded to the defending Team Polish Champion, Falubaz Zielona Góra 

Quarter-finals
Semi-finals
The final
7 August 2010 18 September 2010
 Zielona Góra
Referee:
Context 2: Passage 1:
Bajura District
Bajura District (Nepali: बाजुरा जिल्ला Listen ), a part of Sudurpashchim Province, is one of the seventy-seven districts of Nepal  The district, with Martadi (today part of Badimalika municipality) as its district headquarters, covers an area of 2,188 km2 (845 sq mi) and had a population of 108,781 in 2001 and 134,912 in 2011 The annual rainfall is about 13,433 mm and temperatures vary from 0 °C to 40 °C  The livelihood of more than 80% of the district population depends on agriculture farming, mainly small scale livestock  Due to low level of agricultural production, the majority of the households face acute food shortages for a large part of the year  According to the National Census 2011, the total population of the district is 134,912 comprising 69,106 female (51%) and 65,806 male (49%) residing in 24,908 households  Bajura district has an average population density of around 62 people per square km  The average family size is 5 4  Life expectancy of the people is 58 years  The average literacy rate is about 32%  Bajura district has a multi ethnic composition with Chhetri, Kami, Thakuri, Brahman, Damai, SarkI and Sanyashi (Giri and Puri)  The common language is Nepali (96%) followed by Bhote Sherpa (0 46%) and Tamang (0 42%)  Although accessibility to Bajura is very poor, this is improving rapidly  The Government strategy is mainly focused on the connection of VDC headquarters with all-weather motor able roads to SRN or District headquarters  Moreover, the DDC body of Bajura district has given higher priority on rural roads 

Geography and Climate
The district has nine municipalities, 9 Ilakas (administrative areas) and 1 constituency areas  The district is situated in Longitude between 81° 10′ 20″ to 81° 48′ 27″ East and Latitude 29° 16′ 21″ to 29° 56′ 56″ North  Geographically the district is divided in three distinct regions from north to south viz  Higher Himalayan Region, Higher Mountain and mid – Mountains  The Higher Himalayan region comprises Saipal Himalayan range; High Mountain region comprises Doha Lekh and Ghori Lekh  Similarly, Mid-Mountain range comprises different ranges of mountains e g  Badimalika Temple  The District has started from 300m to 6400m in height 

Demographics
At the time of the 2011 Nepal census, Bajura District had a population of 134,912 
As their first language, 99 2% spoke Nepali, 0 5% Sherpa, 0 1% Tamang and 0 1% other languages Ethnicity/caste: 57 8% were Chhetri, 9 8% Kami, 7 0% Hill Brahmin, 5 2% Thakuri, 5 0% Sarki, 4 2% Damai/Dholi, 3 9% Lohar, 2 4% Sanyasi/Dasnami, 1 4% Badi, 1 0% Bhote, 0 9% other Dalit, 0 3% Kumal, 0 2% Teli, 0 1% Limbu, 0 1% Magar, 0 1% Mallaha, 0 1% Musalman, 0 1% Tamang, 0 1% other Terai, 0 1% Tharu and 0 2% others Religion: 98 7% were Hindu, 1 1% Buddhist, 0 1% Christian and 0 1% Muslim,Literacy: 55 4% could read and write, 2 5% could only read and 42 1% could neither read nor write 

Administration
The district consists of nine municipalities, out of which four are urban municipalities and five are rural municipalities  These are as follows:
Badimalika Municipality
Triveni Municipality
Budhiganga Municipality
Budhinanda Municipality
Gaumul Rural Municipality
Jagnnath Rural Municipality
Swamikartik Khapar Rural Municipality
Chhededaha Rural Municipality
Himali Rural Municipality

Former Village Development Committees
Prior to the restructuring of the district, Bajura District consisted of the following Village development committees:

Health care
The small health centres in many VDCs are without Auxiliary Health Workers (AHWs), Auxiliary Nurse Midwives (ANMs) and Community Health Workers (CHWs)  Primary or normal treatment can be done in the district headquarters and also in Bayalpata Hospital of neighbouring district Accham while people seeking severe cases have to travel a long distance to Kathmandu or other major cities or end up dying because of lack of treatment  Many people still believe in Dhami and Jhakri and do not always seek medical or go to the hospital for treatment  An NGO, PHASE Nepal provides many health care facilities and training programs to six VDCs: Kolti, Wai, Kotila, Pandusain, Rugin and Bandhu  Many people residing in these VDCs have benefited from the program Currently PHASE Nepal is working on several projects in this district including community health and education, livelihood, hygiene, sanitation and diarrhoea mitigation programmes  PHASE Nepal also conduct education programs like teacher training and girls empowerment programme 

Colleges and School in Bajura
Martadi, Bajura

Bajura Multiple CampusIt has been conditioning the bachelor level programs with affiliation to Tribhuwan University, Kirtipur, Kathmandu, Nepal 

Badimalika English Boarding School
Converse Academy
Shree Malika Higher Secondary SchoolKolti, Bajura 

Shree Jana Prakash Higher Secondary SchoolNaubis, Bajura

Shree Bhanodaya higher Secondary School
Badimalika Multiple CampusIt is conducting the Bachelor's level program BBS, BEd & B A  with affiliation to Tribhuwan University
Triveni, Bajura

Ratna Higher Secondary School, Seliphal, Bajura It was established in 2022 BS, it recently started offering +2 level program in Humanities and Education stream 

Masteshwori Higher Secondary School, Pandhara, Bajura The school is providing plus two level program in Humanities and Education stream 

Tolidewal Danda Secondary School, Toli, Bajura The school is providing plus two level program in Humanities and Education stream 

Tribhuwaneshwari Secondary School, Chhatara, Bajura The school is providing plus two level program in Management and Education stream 

Shree Parvati Secondary School, Paima, Bajura
Nateshwori Secondary School, Khripata, Bajura
Damtha Secondary School, Kailashmandu Bajura
Bajura Model Academy, Khirpata Bajura
Bahrabis, Bajura

Shree Trishakti Higher Secondary School, Tallakot, BajuraThe school is providing plus two level education in Management and Education faculty 

Photos of Bajura
Passage 2:
Gap Mountain
Gap Mountain, located in Troy, New Hampshire, United States, is a small monadnock with three summits ranging between 1,820 feet (555 m) and 1,900 feet (579 m) above sea level  The lower north and middle summits are mostly bald and offer panoramic views of the surrounding rural landscape and of the higher and more popular Mount Monadnock  The Metacomet-Monadnock Trail passes over the north and middle peaks  The higher southern summit is wooded with no views  The mountain, located entirely within the Gap Mountain Reservation managed by the Society for the Protection of New Hampshire Forests, is named for the cleft separating the south peak from the north and middle summits 

The mountain is flanked by Mount Monadnock 3 miles (5 km) to the north and Little Monadnock Mountain 4 miles (6 km) to the southwest; the mountain's slopes drain to the east and south into the Millers River, thence into the Connecticut River to Long Island Sound  To the north and west, the slopes drain into the Ashuelot River, thence to the Connecticut River 

History and conservation
Gap Mountain was cleared of timber in the 19th century and used for pasture for nearby dairy farmers  The summit was still open pasture as late as 1950 but has become progressively more wooded since  In the 1960s the mountain was put up for sale and passed hands several times; a housing development and a ski resort were proposed  Local citizens, concerned about the fate of the mountain, formed a coalition and, with the help of the Society for the Protection of New Hampshire Forests, began a twenty-year effort to purchase and conserve Gap Mountain and its environs  Several land donations completed the project, enlarging it to more than 1,100 acres (4 5 km2)  The mountain supports a variety of wildflower species unusual to New Hampshire  The north / middle summits of the mountain are still more or less bare and support extensive blueberry heath   The south summit is entirely wooded and no longer supports extensive views 

Recreation
Hiking and blueberry picking are commonly enjoyed activities on the mountain  The Metacomet-Monadnock Trail, a 114-mile (183 km) trail which stretches from the Massachusetts/Connecticut border to Mount Monadnock, crosses the bald northern and middle summits  Two parking lots provide access to the trail  It is about 1 3 miles (2 1 km) from the south parking lot to the middle summit and about 1 2 miles (1 9 km) from the north parking lot to the north summit  The middle and north summits are about one tenth of a mile apart  The parking lots were constructed and are maintained by the Society for the Protection of New Hampshire Forests 
Passage 3:
Skarstind
Skarstind or Skardstinden is a prominent part of the Galdhøpiggen mountain range in northwestern Jotunheimen, Norway, and is the sixth highest summit in the country  The mountain has three summits, the main summit at 2,373 metres (7,785 ft) above sea level, Nåle (the Needle) at 2,310 metres (7,580 ft) and the small western summit at 2,215 metres (7,267 ft)  It is located within the municipality of Lom in Innlandet county  The mountain is located on the eastern side of the Leirdalen valley, and the summit can be seen from the road along the valley floor  There are several other peaks in the vicinity, but only Galdhøpiggen, a few kilometers to the east, is higher  The mountain can be seen from most of the higher peaks in Jotunheimen and Breheimen to the northwest  
The summit was reached for the first time in 1884 by Severin Wleugel, Sig  Thor, Oskar Kristiansen  The first ascent of the two lower summits remains unknown, but it is probable that they were climbed at the same time 

Location
The mountain sits about 25 kilometres (16 mi) southwest of the village of Fossbergom and about 45 kilometres (28 mi) northeast of the village of Øvre Årdal  The mountain is surrounded by several other notable mountains including Storgrovtinden and Storgrovhøe to the north; Veslpiggen to the northeast; Galdhøpiggen, Keilhaus topp, and Storjuvtinden to the east; Store Tverråtinden and Svellnosbreahesten to the southeast; Bukkehøe and Lindbergtinden to the south; and Loftet to the west 
 
The views, except towards the east, where Galdhøpiggen blocks the view, are among the best in Jotunheimen  To the west, you see the Smørstabbtindene range, the Hurrungane range and the Jostedalsbreen glacier  To the northwest you see the Hestbrepiggane range and to the south you see most of the summits in central Jotunheimen 
The shape of the mountain is extremely characteristic  Only from northwest does it look like a 'tind' a high pointy summit in Norwegian  From the east, from Galdhøpiggen, it shows its steep wall with Nåle balancing on the left flank, as seen in the table  This wall is one of the more inaccessible in Jotunheimen and is climbed rarely  The southwest face is less forbidding, and it is possible to find a way up through the partly snow-covered talus slopes  The mountain, as its neighbors, consists of the hard gabbro rock, which withstands erosion better than most other rocks  The orientation of the layers of gabbro in Skarstind is uncommon  Normally they rise from northwest towards southeast, which is why many summits are easiest to reach from the north side  At Skarstind the layers rise from southwest towards northeast  This is easily seen on the photo in the table 

Access
The summit can be reached without equipment if the conditions are good and there is very little snow on the talus slopes on the southwest face  The normal ascent starts from Leirdalen up to Dummhøe, which is an easy, but rather steep climb of more than 1,000 metres (3,300 ft)  Up to approximately 1,500 metres (4,900 ft), there is a path, made by sheep and goats, and used by mountaineers, but from there one has to follow the ridge up to Dummhøe, which is more of a small plain than a mountain  The plain is followed up to the summit of Western Skarstind, but from that small summit you can see the difficult west wall of the main summit   
There are four small walls to climb, but they may all be outflanked on the right side if the conditions are good  From the Western summit the flank seems nearly as forbidding as the wall itself, but at a close distance it is not too difficult and no equipment should be necessary  However, on poor conditions, the Talus may be very loose and great caution is advised  On days with fresh snow, like the last picture, equipment will probably be necessary on all routes 
Nåle seems to be very difficult, but it is much easier than the summit itself 
Skarstind is quite popular, given the mountain's high rank among Norwegian peaks; on most days during the short summer season peakbaggers climb the mountain, but the summit is hardly ever crowded  A winter ascent is only for the very experienced 

Name
The first element is the genitive of skard which means 'gap' or 'pass'  The last element is the finite form of tind which means 'mountain peak'  Hence the name means mountain pass peak, but it is impossible to say which pass has given its name to the mountain  It might be the pass to the south or it might be the pass between the summit itself and the pinnacle, Nåle  Nåle, which means 'the Needle', got its name from the local word for pinnacle, which describes the shape of it 
Passage 4:
Maple Mountain (Ontario)
Maple Mountain is a mountain, located within Lady Evelyn-Smoothwater Provincial Park, Northeastern Ontario, Canada, estimated 642 m (2,106 ft) above mean sea level  It has a higher vertical rise over the surrounding landscape, 37 m (121 ft) higher than the Ishpatina Ridge, which is the highest point of land in Ontario rising over Scarecrow Lake  Maple Mountain rises over Tupper Lake and is considerably better known than Ishpatina Ridge  It ranks thirteenth, but when ranked by vertical rise it is the highest of the top 25 peaks in Ontario  The 100-ft fire tower is also still intact and attracts many hikers  A 3 2 kilometre long hiking trail leads to the abandoned fire tower 
Located in Timiskaming District of Northeastern Ontario, the mountain is not very accessible; roads and trails in the remote area are difficult to travel in poor weather  The most popular approach routes to Maple Mountain are by canoe and/or float plane 
The indigenous Temagami First Nation call the mountain Chee-bay-jing, meaning "the place where the spirits go" and consider it a sacred site  The English name of the mountain was given by Dr  Robert Bell of the Geological Survey of Canada in 1888  Bell was the first known non-aboriginal to scale the mountain 

See also
Ishpatina Ridge
Temagami Magnetic Anomaly
List of highest points of Canadian provinces and territories

External links
Maple Mountain Myth - The highest point in Ontario
Maple Mountain firetower
Ontario's Highest Elevations
Friends of Temagami
Passage 5:
Tongshanjiabu
Tongshanjiabu is a mountain in the Himalayas 

Location
At 7,207 metres (23,645 ft) tall, Tongshanjiabu is the 103rd tallest mountain in the world  It sits in the disputed border territory between Bhutan and China  The name "Tongshanjiabu" is indicated on a map from the Japanese Alpine News, May 2003, p  44  The region's highpoint is sometimes given as "Teri Kang", but this appears to be the name of a subsidiary top 

Climbing history
Tongshanjiabu has never been officially climbed 

See also
Mountains of Bhutan
List of Ultras of the Himalayas
Passage 6:
Himalchuli
Himalchuli (also sometimes written as two words, Himal Chuli) is the second-highest mountain in the Mansiri Himal, part of the Nepalese Himalayas, and the 18th-highest mountain in the world (using a cutoff of 500 meters prominence, or re-ascent)  It lies south of Manaslu, one of the eight-thousanders  Himalchuli has three main peaks: East (7893 m), West (7540 m) and North (7371 m) 

Himalchuli is also notable for its large vertical relief over local terrain  For example, it rises 7,000 meters over the Marsyangdi River to the southwest in about 27 km (17 mi) horizontal distance 

Climbing history
Exploratory visits to the peak were made in 1950 and 1954, and a first attempt in 1955 failed early on  Further reconnaissance and attempts followed in 1958 and 1959 
The first ascent was made on May 24, 1960, by Hisashi Tanabe and Masahiro Harada, of Japan  The route followed the "Sickle Ridge" from the southwest  They first climbed to the saddle between the West and Main peaks, where they placed the last of six camps  This ascent was somewhat unusual for a sub-8000m peak in using bottled oxygen 
The Himalayan Index lists five other ascents of this peak, and 10 additional unsuccessful attempts  The ascents were by various routes on the south, southwest, and southeast sides of the mountain 
The West Peak was first climbed in 1978 by two members of a Japanese expedition to the main peak of Himalchuli  They climbed from the south (the Dordi Khola) and approached the summit of the West Peak from the east 
The North Peak was first climbed in 1985 by a Korean expedition, via the North Face 
Passage 7:
Nanda Devi
Nanda Devi is the second-highest mountain in India, after Kangchenjunga, and the highest located entirely within the country  (Kangchenjunga is on the border of India and Nepal ) Nanda Devi is the 23rd-highest peak in the world 
Nanda Devi was considered the highest mountain in the world before computations in 1808 proved Dhaulagiri to be higher  It was also the highest mountain in India until 1975, when Sikkim, an independent kingdom until 1948 and a protectorate of India thereafter, became a part of the Republic of India  It is located in Chamoli district of Uttarakhand, between the Rishiganga valley on the west and the Goriganga valley on the east 
The peak, whose name means "Bliss-Giving Goddess", is regarded as the patron goddess of the Garhwal and Kumaon Himalayas  In acknowledgment of its religious significance and for the protection of its fragile ecosystem, the Government of India declared the peak as well as the circle of high mountains surrounding it—the Nanda Devi sanctuary—off-limits to both locals and climbers in 1983  The surrounding Nanda Devi National Park was declared a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1988 

Description and notable features
Nanda Devi is a two-peaked massif, forming a 2-kilometre-long (1 2 mi) high ridge, oriented east–west  The western summit is higher than the eastern summit, which is called Nanda Devi East, (locally known as Sunanda Devi)  The main summit stands guarded by a barrier ring comprising some of the highest mountains in the Indian Himalayas, twelve of which exceed 6,400 metres (21,000 ft) in height, further elevating its sacred status as the daughter of the Himalaya in Indian folklore  The interior of this almost insurmountable ring is known as the Nanda Devi Sanctuary, and is protected as the Nanda Devi National Park  Nanda Devi East lies on the eastern edge of the ring (and of the Park), at the border of Chamoli, Pithoragarh and Bageshwar districts 
Together the peaks may be referred to as the peaks of the goddesses Nanda and Sunanda  These goddesses have occurred together in ancient Sanskrit literature (Srimad Bhagvatam or Bhagavata Purana) and are worshipped together as twins in the Kumaon, Garhwal and elsewhere in India  The first published reference to Nanda Devi East as Sunanda Devi appears to be in a recent novel (Malhotra 2011) that has the Kumaon region as backdrop 
In addition to being the 23rd highest independent peak in the world, Nanda Devi is also notable for its large, steep rise above local terrain  It rises over 3,300 metres (10,800 ft) above its immediate southwestern base on the Dakshini Nanda Devi Glacier in about 4 2 kilometres (2 6 mi), and its rise above the glaciers to the north is similar  This makes it among the steepest peaks in the world at this scale, closely comparable, for example, to the local profile of K2  Nanda Devi is also impressive when considering terrain that is a bit further away, as it is surrounded by relatively deep valleys  For example, it rises over 6,500 metres (21,300 ft) above the valley of the Goriganga in only 50 km (30 mi) On the northern side of the massif lies the Uttari Nanda Devi Glacier, flowing into the Uttari Rishi Glacier  To the southwest, one finds the Dakkhini Nanda Devi Glacier, flowing into the Dakkhini Rishi Glacier  All of these glaciers are located within the Sanctuary, and drain west into the Rishiganga  To the east lies the Pachu Glacier, and to the southeast lie the Nandaghunti and Lawan Glaciers, feeding the Lawan Gad; all of these drain into the Milam Valley  To the south is the Pindari Glacier, draining into the Pindar River  Just to the south of Sunanda Devi, dividing the Lawan Gad drainage from the Dakkhini Nanda Devi Glacier, is Longstaff Col, 5,910 m (19,390 ft), one of the high passes that guard access to the Nanda Devi Sanctuary  For a list of notable peaks of the Sanctuary and its environs, see Nanda Devi National Park 

Exploration and climbing history
The ascent of Nanda Devi necessitated fifty years of arduous exploration in search of a passage into the Sanctuary  The outlet is the Rishi Gorge, a deep, narrow canyon which is very difficult to traverse safely, and is the biggest hindrance to entering the Sanctuary; any other route involves difficult passes, the lowest of which is 5,180 m (16,990 ft)  Hugh Ruttledge attempted to reach the peak three times in the 1930s and failed each time  In a letter to The Times he wrote that 'Nanda Devi imposes on her votaries an admission test as yet beyond their skill and endurance', adding that gaining entry to the Nanda Devi Sanctuary alone was more difficult than reaching the North Pole [1]
In 1934, the British explorers Eric Shipton and H  W  Tilman, with three Sherpa companions, Angtharkay, Pasang and Kusang, finally discovered a way through the Rishi Gorge into the Sanctuary 

When the mountain was later climbed in 1936 by a British-American expedition, it became the highest peak climbed by man until the 1950 ascent of Annapurna, 8,091 metres (26,545 ft)  (However, higher non-summit elevations had already been reached by the British on Mount Everest in the 1920s, and it is possible that George Mallory reached Everest's summit in 1924 ) It also involved steeper and more sustained terrain than had been previously attempted at such a high altitude  The expedition climbed the south ridge, also known as the Coxcomb Ridge, which leads relatively directly to the main summit  The summit pair were H  W  Tilman and Noel Odell; Charles Houston was to be in place of Tilman, but he contracted severe food poisoning  Noted mountaineer and mountain writer H  Adams Carter was also on the expedition, which was notable for its small scale and lightweight ethic: it included only seven climbers, and used no fixed ropes, nor any Sherpa support above 6,200 m (20,300 ft)  Eric Shipton, who was not involved in the climb itself, called it "the finest mountaineering achievement ever performed in the Himalaya "After abortive attempts by Indian expeditions in 1957 and 1961, the second ascent of Nanda Devi was accomplished by an Indian team led by N  Kumar in 1964, following the Coxcomb route 

CIA mission
From 1965 to 1968, attempts were made by the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA), in co-operation with the Intelligence Bureau (IB), to place a nuclear-powered telemetry relay listening device on the summit of Nanda Devi  This device was designed to intercept telemetry signals from missile test launches conducted in the Xinjiang Province, at a time of relative infancy in China's missile program  The expedition retreated due to dangerous weather conditions, leaving the device near the summit of Nanda Devi  They returned the next spring to search for the device, which ended without success  As a result of this activity by the CIA, the Sanctuary was closed to foreign expeditions throughout much of the 1960s  In 1974 the Sanctuary re-opened 

Subsequent climbs
A difficult new route, the northwest buttress, was climbed by a 13-person team in 1976  Three Americans, John Roskelley, Jim States and Louis Reichardt, summitted on 1 September  The expedition was co-led by Reichardt, H  Adams Carter (who was on the 1936 climb,) and Willi Unsoeld, who climbed the West Ridge of Everest in 1963  Unsoeld's daughter, Nanda Devi Unsoeld, who was named after the peak, died on this expedition  She had been suffering from "diarrhea and flare-up of an inguinal hernia, which had shown up originally on the second day of the approach march", and had been at 7,200 metres (23,600 ft) for nearly five days In 1980, the Indian Army Corps of Engineers made an unsuccessful attempt 
This was followed in 1981 by another Indian Army expedition of the Parachute Regiment, which attempted both main and eastern peaks simultaneously  The expedition had placed a memorial to Nanda Devi Unsoeld at the high altitude meadow of Sarson Patal prior to the attempt  The successful attempt lost all its summiteers 
In 1993, a 40-member team of the Indian Army from the Corps of Engineers was given special permission  The aim of the expedition was multifold: to carry out an ecological survey, clean up the refuse left behind by previous expeditions, and scale the summit  The team led by Lt Col V K  Bhatt included a number of wildlife scientists and ecologists from Wildlife Institute of India, Salim Ali Centre for Ornithology and Natural History, World Wide Fund for Nature and Govind Ballabh Pant Institute for Himalayan Environment and Development amongst others  The expedition carried out a comprehensive ecological survey and removed from the park, by porter and helicopter, over 1,000 kilogrammes of litter  Additionally, five summiteers reached the summit: Amin Naik, Anand Swaroop, G  K  Sharma, Didar Singh and S  P  Bhatt 

Recent history and conservation
After the re-opening of the sanctuary in 1974 to foreign climbers, trekkers and locals, the fragile ecosystem was soon compromised by firewood cutting, littering and grazing  Serious environmental problems were noted as early as 1977, and the sanctuary was closed again in 1983  Currently, Nanda Devi forms the core of the Nanda Devi Biosphere Reserve (which includes Nanda Devi National Park), declared by the Indian government in 1982  In 1988, Nanda Devi National Park was declared a UNESCO World Heritage Site, "of outstanding cultural or natural importance to the common heritage of humankind " The entire sanctuary, and hence the main summit (and interior approaches to the nearby peaks), are off-limits to locals and to climbing expeditions, although a one-time exception was made in 1993 for a 40-member team from the Indian Army Corps of Engineers to check the state of recovery and to remove garbage left by prior expeditions  Sunanda Devi remains open from the east side, leading to the standard south ridge route  After a sustained campaign by the local community as reflected in the Nanda Devi Declaration of 2001, the core zone of the Nanda Devi was opened for limited eco-tourism activity in 2003  In 2006, the campaign invited women trekkers from 4 countries during the inaugural trek inside the National Park  As a follow up, the Campaign for Cultural Survival and Sustainable Livelihoods has now designed an Interpretive Trek to the Nanda Devi National Park  An Interpretation Centre on Bio Cultural Diversity of the Nanda Devi National Park is under development in the village of Lata, the gateway to the Nanda Devi National Park  A maximum number of 500 trekkers are now allowed to enter the core zone until Dharansi between May and October  The trek to Nanda Devi National Park starts from the village of Lata, located 25 kilometres upstream from the town of Joshimath on Niti-Malari highway 

2021 flood
On 7 February 2021 it was reported that a portion of the Nanda Devi glacier broke away, causing the Dhauliganga and the Rishiganga rivers to flood  One dam at the Dhauliganga hydropower project at Reni village was destroyed and another suffered a partial collapse  Initial reports said nine people were dead and 140 missing  Water levels on the Alaknanda also rose 

Gallery
Passage 8:
Sumas Mountain (British Columbia)
Sumas Mountain, also referred to as Canadian Sumas to distinguish it from an identically-named mountain just 10 km (6 2 mi) to the south in U S  state of Washington across the border, is a mountain in eastern Fraser Lowland, in the Lower Mainland region of the Canadian province of British Columbia   It sits on the south bank of the Fraser River, west of the smaller Chilliwack Mountain across the Vedder River mouth, and serves as a geographic landmark dividing the Fraser Valley into "Upper" and "Lower" sections  Sumas Peak is an official name for the summit located on the south shore of the Fraser River in the Fraser Valley between Abbotsford and Chilliwack, British Columbia  Elevation 910 m (2,986 ft) above sea level, prominence 875 m (2,871 ft) 
The mountain is separated from the Vedder Mountain and the North Cascades by the drained Sumas Lake, now a flatland called Sumas Prairie that is part of the greater floodplain of the Fraser River basin, south of which is a same-named sister mountain (American Sumas) in Washington state's Whatcom County   West of the mountain is Matsqui Prairie, another floodplain, and north of the Fraser, which lies along the mountain's north flank, are similar floodplains - Nicomen Island and Hatzic Prairie 
The urban area of Abbotsford is located to the mountain's west, and it is home to a number of Abbotsford's suburban areas, notably Clayburn   In its central portion is the historic community of Straiton, officially named in 1904 for Thomas Bell Straiton who founded a homestead on Sumas Mountain in 1893 and also a store and post office  Its higher eastern reaches tower over Greendale, a community within the City of Chilliwack and is mostly wilderness; the mountain's summit, Sumas Peak, is located in this area, along with Chadsey Lake 
Sumas Mountain Provincial Park is located in the higher, northern reaches of the mountain  Historic industry on the mountain includes livestock and crop farming, logging, and mining, notably brick-clay, which gave rise to the mining community of Clayburn  Farming, gravel mining, and logging continue on the mountain to the present day  Located on the mountain's north foot, adjacent to the Fraser, is a Canadian Forces base naval station   On its south side is the reserve of the Sumas First Nation 
The mountain protects McDonald Park, a dark-sky preserve, from the light pollution caused by the nearby cities of Abbotsford, Chilliwack, and Mission 

Name
"Sumas" is a Halqemeylem word meaning "a big level opening", referring to the Sumas Prairie area south of the mountain, formerly Sumas Lake   A common 19th Century spelling of Sumas was "Smess"; Simon Fraser's journal recorded the name as "shemotch" 
Passage 9:
Mountain bike orienteering
Mountain bike orienteering (MTB-O or MTBO) is an orienteering endurance racing sport on a mountain bike where navigation is done along trails and tracks  Compared with foot orienteering, competitors usually are not permitted to leave the trail and track network  Navigation tactics are similar to ski-orienteering, where the major focus is route choice while navigating  The main difference compared to ski-orienteering is that navigation is done at a higher pace, because the bike can reach higher speeds  As the biker reaches higher speeds, map reading becomes more challenging 

Equipment
Preferred bike type is a robust mountain bike meant for cross-country cycling, but any type of bike can be used  Depending on terrain type either hard tailed or full suspension mountain bikes are more appropriate  Clipless pedals with a special cycling shoe are mostly used by serious cyclists to enable maximum power output, and to keep feet secure on the pedals  Bicycle helmets are usually a requirement in competitions 

Special equipment
A map holder attached to the handlebar of the bike is an essential piece of equipment in mountain bike orienteering, and most holders allow the map to be rotated  Known brands for map holders are Orifix, Mapdec, Miry, Devotech, Nordenmark, Autopilot and Windchill  Compasses may be used but electronic navigational aids (such as GPS-based watches) are not permitted  Competitors may carry repair tools and spare parts during races 

Map
Maps are usually smaller scale (1:5 000 – 1:30 000) and less detailed than standard orienteering maps  Trails and tracks are marked on mountain bike orienteering maps based on their riding difficulty, with four classifications: easy, slow, difficult and impossible to ride  Also, obstacles that require a dismount are usually marked on the map 

Organization and events
MTB-O is one of four orienteering sports governed by the International Orienteering Federation  The first World Championship event was held in 2002 in Fontainebleau, France  Since 2004 the World Championships have been held annually  European Championships have been held annually since 2006  Mountain bike orienteering is most popular in European countries and Australia 

M17 and W17 (Youth) is for competitors who reach the age of 17, or younger, in the year which the event is held 
M20 and W20 (Junior) is for competitors who reach the age of 20, or younger, in the year which the event is held 
M21 and W21 (Elite) is meant for competitors who reach the age of 21, or older, in the year which the event is held  Any competitor, regardless of their age, can however compete in the elite classes There are annual World Championships in the elite and junior classes  There are also world championships for masters, which is for competitors aged 35 and up 
There are annual European Championships in elite, junior and youth classes 

Mountain bike orienteerers
The most successful mountain bike orienteerer is Anton Foliforov from Russia, who has taken 31 World Championship and 11 European Championship medals  Other successful mountain bike orienteers are Michaela Gigon, Ruslan Gritsan, Adrian Jackson, Christine Schaffner and Päivi Tommola 
For a full list of all medals taken by mountain bike orienteerers at World- and European Championships, visit MTBO Info

Time-Keeping
In order to keep track of the competitors' riding times, Sportident is typically used  Each rider has a 'card' (chip) on their finger, and they 'punch' the Control point (orienteering) as shown on the image below  The card registers when the punch was made, which can be used for keeping track of riding times and split-times for each control point a rider has punched 
In recent years, time-keeping has become more modern, and mountain bike orienteering events typically use touch-free time-keeping, meaning that competitors can maintain their speed while punching the control points  The competitors can ride past the control points at up to 180 cm range and still punch the controls 
Another time-keeping system is Emit, which works in a similar fashion to Sportident 

Disciplines
In mountain bike orienteering there are 5 main disciplines which can be competed in at the world championships 
Generally, all disciplines have around 25 control points along the way 

Sprint
The sprint is the shortest discipline, with estimated winning-times of 20–25 minutes for M21 and W21 (elite classes), and 16–20 minutes for M20 and W20 (junior classes)  Sprints often take place in cities, towns or industrial districts  Competitors race individually, typically starting with 1–2 minute gaps between the competitors  Fastest time to punch all the controls in the right order and cross the finish line wins 

Middle Distance
The middle distance is somewhere between the sprint and long distance  Winning times are 50–55 minutes for M21 and W21, and 40–45 minutes for M20 and W20  Middle distances often take place in forests  Competitors race individually, typically starting with 2 minute gaps between the competitors  Fastest time to punch all the controls in the right order and cross the finish line wins 

Long Distance
The long distance is the longest discipline  Winning times are 105–115 minutes for M21 and W21, and 84–92 minutes for M20 and W20  Long distances often take place in forests  Competitors race individually, typically starting with 3 minute gaps between the competitors  Fastest time to punch all the controls in the right order and cross the finish line wins 

Mass Start
The mass start is known as the most chaotic discipline  Winning times are 75–85 minutes for M21 and W21, and 60–68 minutes for M20 and W20  Mass starts often take place in forests  Competitors all start at the same time, hence the name mass start  In order to keep competitors from just following each other and ensuring they have to orienteer themselves, there are 'forkings' on mass starts  This means that not all competitors have to ride to the control points in the same order  It could for example be 2 loops called A and B where half the competitors do A first and then B, and the other half does B first and then A  All competitors will end up riding the exact same course in the end, but will have to split up during the race  First competitor to punch all controls in the right order and cross the finish line wins 

Relay
The relay is a team-discipline  There are 3 competitors on each team, taking turn to ride their course  Winning times are 120–135 minutes (total) for M21 and W21, and 90–105 minutes for M20 and W20  Relays often take place in forests  The first competitors on all teams start at the same time, similar to the mass start  When they cross the finish line and touch their team's next competitor, the next competitor continues the race  Similarly to the mass start, there are forkings on the relay, so competitors can't just follow other riders  All teams will end up riding the exact same courses in the end, but in different orders  First team to all finish their courses and cross the finish line wins 

Rules
There is a set of rules which must be followed when competing at events  If not followed, it can lead to disqualification  The most prominent rules are:

Competitors may not leave their bike; it has to be ridden, carried or pushed at all times 
Competitors may only ride on paths and roads that are on the map, unless otherwise described  In some countries or areas riders are allowed to ride off-track, which will be specified in the event bulletin 
Competitors may not use GPS devices while competing in a race For a full list of the rules, see MTBO Competition Rules

Most recent World Championships
The most recent World Championships were in Finland, Kuortane from 9 to 18 June 2021  The winners and World Champions of each discipline were as follows:

Mass StartM21: Samuel Pökälä 

W21: Svetlana Foliforova 

M20: Morten Örnhagen Jørgensen 

W20: Kaarina Nurminen 

Sprint DistanceM21: Krystof Bogar 

W21: Marika Hara 

M20: Mikkel Brunstedt Nørgaard 

W20: Kaarina Nurminen 

Middle DistanceM21: Samuel Pökälä 

W21: Svetlana Foliforova 

M20: Morten Örnhagen Jørgensen 

W20: Kaarina Nurminen 

Long DistanceM21: Andre Haga 

W21: Camilla Søgaard 

M20: Morten Örnhagen Jørgensen 

W20: Lucie Nedomlelova 

RelayM21: Andre Haga, Pekka Niemi, Samuel Pökälä 

W21: Cæcilie Christoffersen, Nikoline Splittorff, Camilla Søgaard 

M20: Noah Tristan Hoffmann, Mikkel Brunstedt Nørgaard, Morten Örnhagen Jørgensen 

W20: Ekaterina Landgraf, Daria Toporova, Alena Aksenova

See also
Alleycat races
Adventure racing
Passage 10:
Avalanche Lake (New York)
Avalanche Lake is a 9-acre (3 6 ha) mountain lake located in the Adirondack High Peaks in New York  Avalanche Lake sits at 2,885 feet (879 m) between 4,714-foot (1,437 m) Mount Colden and 3,816-foot (1,163 m) Avalanche Mountain  The two mountains rise in vertical cliffs from the surface of the lake  Immediately west of Avalanche Mountain (formerly known as Caribou Mountain) lies the MacIntyre Range: 5,115-foot (1,559 m) Algonquin Peak (the second highest mountain in the state), 4,829-foot (1,472 m) Boundary Peak, 4,843-foot (1,476 m) Iroquois Peak and 4,380-foot (1,340 m) Mount Marshall  Mount Marcy is 2 5 miles (4 0 km) to the east  Avalanche Lake feeds Lake Colden to the south, in the Hudson River watershed  To the north, the trail to the lake from the Adirondak Loj surmounts Avalanche Pass, which is only slightly above lake level but separates it from the Lake Champlain (St  Lawrence River) watershed  Following the lake toward Lake Colden, the trail is choked with large boulders, and a number of wooden ladders have been built to make passage possible  There are also three places where the trail takes to wooden catwalks, first built in the 1920s, that are bolted directly into the cliff face  This section is known as the "Hitch-Up Matilda;" in 1868 when a mountain guide waded to carry one of his clients past a point with no footing on shore, her husband urged her to sit higher on his shoulders 

History
The European discovery of the lake dates to an 1833 surveying party led by Judge John Richards and Major Reuben Sanford; it was named by William C  Redfield  A large avalanche occurred on August 20, 1869, that created a number of the landslides on Mount Colden, the rubble from which substantially raised the level of the lake  Another avalanche in 1942 caused further slides that raised the lake level by 10 feet (3 0 m) 



ground_truth: 14

prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: Which mountain is higher, Tongshanjiabu or Himalchuli?

The following are given passages.
Context 3: Passage 1:
Bonus Army
The Bonus Army was a group of 43,000 demonstrators – 17,000 veterans of U S  involvement in World War I, their families, and affiliated groups – who gathered in Washington, D C , in mid-1932 to demand early cash redemption of their service bonus certificates  Organizers called the demonstrators the Bonus Expeditionary Force (B E F ), to echo the name of World War I's American Expeditionary Forces, while the media referred to them as the "Bonus Army" or "Bonus Marchers"  The demonstrators were led by Walter W  Waters, a former sergeant 
Many of the war veterans had been out of work since the beginning of the Great Depression  The World War Adjusted Compensation Act of 1924 had awarded them bonuses in the form of certificates they could not redeem until 1945  Each certificate, issued to a qualified veteran soldier, bore a face value equal to the soldier's promised payment with compound interest  The principal demand of the Bonus Army was the immediate cash payment of their certificates 
On July 28, 1932, U S  Attorney General William D  Mitchell ordered the veterans removed from all government property  Washington police met with resistance, shot at the protestors, and two veterans were wounded and later died  President Herbert Hoover then ordered the U S  Army to clear the marchers' campsite  Army Chief of Staff General Douglas MacArthur commanded a contingent of infantry and cavalry, supported by six tanks  The Bonus Army marchers with their wives and children were driven out, and their shelters and belongings burned 
A second, smaller Bonus March in 1933 at the start of the Roosevelt administration was defused in May with an offer of jobs with the Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC) at Fort Hunt, Virginia, which most of the group accepted  Those who chose not to work for the CCC by the May 22 deadline were given transportation home  In 1936, Congress overrode President Roosevelt's veto and paid the veterans their bonus nine years early 

Origin of military bonuses
The practice of war-time military bonuses began in 1776, as payment for the difference between what a soldier earned and what he could have earned had he not enlisted  The practice derived from English legislation passed in the 1592–93 session of Parliament to provide medical care and maintenance for disabled veterans and bonuses for serving soldiers 
In August 1776, Congress adopted the first national pension law providing half pay for life for disabled veterans  Considerable pressure was applied to expand benefits to match the British system for serving soldiers and sailors but had little support from the colonial government until mass desertions at Valley Forge that threatened the existence of the Continental Army led George Washington to become a strong advocate 
In 1781, most of the Continental Army was demobilized  Two years later, hundreds of Pennsylvania war veterans marched on Philadelphia, then the nation's capital, surrounded the State House, where the U S  Congress was in session, and demanded back pay  Congress fled to Princeton, New Jersey, and several weeks later, the U S  Army expelled the war veterans from Philadelphia  Congress progressively passed legislation from 1788 covering pensions and bonuses, eventually extending eligibility to widows in 1836 Before World War I, the soldiers' military service bonus (adjusted for rank) was land and money; a Continental Army private received 100 acres (40 ha) and $80 00 (2017: $1,968 51) at war's end, while a major general received 1,100 acres (450 ha)  In 1855, Congress increased the land-grant minimum to 160 acres (65 ha), and reduced the eligibility requirements to fourteen days of military service or one battle; moreover, the bonus also applied to veterans of any Indian war  The provision of land eventually became a major political issue, particularly in Tennessee where almost 40% of arable land had been given to veterans as part of their bonus  By 1860, 73,500,000 acres (29,700,000 ha) had been issued and lack of available arable land led to the program's abandonment and replacement with a cash-only system  Breaking with tradition, the veterans of the Spanish–American War did not receive a bonus and after World War I, that became a political matter when they received only a $60 bonus ($1,010 in 2023)  The American Legion, created in 1919, led a political movement for an additional bonus 
On May 15, 1924, President Calvin Coolidge vetoed a bill granting bonuses to veterans of World War I, saying: "patriotism    bought and paid for is not patriotism " Congress overrode his veto a few days later, enacting the World War Adjusted Compensation Act  Each veteran was to receive a dollar for each day of domestic service, up to a maximum of $500 (equivalent to $8,500 in 2022), and $1 25 for each day of overseas service, up to a maximum of $625 ($10,670 in 2023)  Deducted from this was $60, for the $60 they received upon discharge  Amounts of $50 or less were immediately paid  All other amounts were issued as Certificates of Service maturing in 20 years There were 3,662,374 Adjusted Service Certificates issued, with a combined face value of $3 64 billion (equivalent to $62 billion in 2021)  Congress established a trust fund to receive 20 annual payments of $112 million that, with interest, would finance the 1945 disbursement of the $3 638 billion for the veterans  Meanwhile, veterans could borrow up to 22 5% of the certificate's face value from the fund; but in 1931, because of the Great Depression, Congress increased the maximum value of such loans to 50% of the certificate's face value  Although there was congressional support for the immediate redemption of the military service certificates, Hoover and Republican congressmen opposed such action and reasoned that the government would have to increase taxes to cover the costs of the payout and so any potential economic recovery would be slowed The Veterans of Foreign Wars continued to press the federal government to allow the early redemption of military service certificates The first march of the unemployed was Coxey's Army in 1894, when armies of men from various regions streamed to Washington as a "living petition" to demand that the federal government create jobs by investing in public infrastructure projects  In January 1932, a march of 25,000 unemployed Pennsylvanians, dubbed "Cox's Army", had marched on Washington, D C , the largest demonstration to date in the nation's capital, setting a precedent for future marches by the unemployed 

Campsite
Most of the Bonus Army (Bonus Expeditionary Force or BEF) camped in a form of a "Hooverville" on the Anacostia Flats (now Section C of Anacostia Park), a swampy, muddy area away from the federal core of Washington  Other veterans lived much closer, in partially demolished buildings on Pennsylvania Avenue near the Third Street SW  Although occupation of Anacostia Flats was against federal law, Glassford obtained permission off the record from his friend Major General Ulysses S  Grant III, Director of Public Buildings and Public Parks in the Capital, who promised to make no objection  The chosen site was located in the historically African American side of Anacostia; nearby were tennis courts and a baseball diamond, the latter of which was used by children of the camp  The War Department had refused a request by Senator James Hamilton Lewis to set up billets, so veterans, women and children lived in the shelters they built from materials dragged out of a junk pile nearby, which included old lumber, packing boxes, and scrap tin covered with roofs of thatched straw  The shack city was nicknamed Camp Marks, after the friendly Police Captain S J  Marks 
Camp Marks was tightly controlled by the veterans, who laid out streets, built sanitation facilities, set up an internal police force and held daily parades  A vibrant community arose revolving around several key sections, including the religious tent, where marchers could be heard expressing forbearance, trust in God and gratitude for what they had compared to other victims of the Depression  Also popular was the Salvation Army lending library, where marchers wrote letters home in its makeshift post office (postage stamps were more prized than cigarettes, it was said)  To live in the camps, veterans were required to register and to prove they had been honorably discharged or provided a bonus certificate, at which point a membership card would be issued  The Superintendent of the D C  Police, Pelham D  Glassford, worked with camp leaders to supply the camp with food and supplies 
On June 15, 1932, the US House of Representatives passed the Wright Patman Bonus Bill (by a vote of 211–176) to move forward the date for World War I veterans to receive their cash bonus  Over 6,000 bonus marchers massed at the U S  Capitol on June 17 as the U S  Senate voted on the Bonus Bill  The bill was defeated by a vote of 62–18 

Police shooting
On July 28, under prodding from President Herbert Hoover, the D C  Commissioners ordered Pelham D  Glassford to clear their buildings, rather than letting the protesters drift away as he had previously recommended  When the veterans rioted, an officer (George Shinault) drew his revolver and shot at the veterans, two of whom, William Hushka and Eric Carlson, died later 
William Hushka (1895–1932) was an immigrant to the United States from Lithuania  When the US entered World War I in 1917, he sold his butcher shop in St  Louis, and joined the army  After the war, he lived in Chicago  He was buried in Arlington National Cemetery a week after being shot and killed by police 
Eric Carlson (1894–1932) was a veteran from Oakland, California, who fought in the trenches of France in World War I  He was interred in Arlington National Cemetery During a previous riot, the Commissioners asked the White House for federal troops  Hoover passed the request to Secretary of War Patrick J  Hurley, who told MacArthur to take action to disperse the protesters  Towards the late afternoon, cavalry, infantry, tanks and machine guns pushed the "Bonusers" out of Washington 

Reports on communist elements
An Army intelligence report claimed that the BEF intended to occupy the Capitol permanently and instigate fighting, as a signal for communist uprisings in all major cities  It also conjectured that at least part of the Marine Corps garrison in Washington would side with the revolutionaries, hence Marine units eight blocks from the Capitol were never called upon  The report of July 5, 1932, by Conrad H  Lanza in upstate New York was not declassified until 1991 The Department of Justice released an investigative report on the Bonus Army in September 1932, noting that communists had attempted to involve themselves with the Bonus Army from the start, and had been arrested for various offenses during protests:

As soon as the bonus march was initiated, and as early as May, 1932, the Communist party undertook an organized campaign to foment the movement, and induced radicals to join the marchers to Washington  As early as the edition of May 31, 1932, the Daily Worker, a publication which is the central organ of the Communist party in the United States, urged worker veteran delegations to go to Washington on June 8th In 1932, Hoover stated that the bulk of Bonus Army members behaved reasonably and a minority of what he described as communists and career criminals were responsible for most of the unrest associated with the events: "I wish to state emphatically that the extraordinary proportion of criminal, Communist, and nonveteran elements amongst the marchers as shown by this report, should not be taken to reflect upon the many thousands of honest, law-abiding men who came to Washington with full right of presentation of their views to the Congress  This better element and their leaders acted at all times to restrain crime and violence, but after the adjournment of Congress a large portion of them returned to their homes and gradually these better elements lost control " In his 1952 memoir, Hoover stated that at least 900 of the Bonus Army were "ex-convicts and Communists "In his memoir The Whole of Their Lives (1948) Benjamin Gitlow of the Communist Party USA reported that a number of communists had joined the Bonus Army during their trek across the nation, with the goal of recruiting people to the communist cause A 2009 Encyclopedia Britannica blog post asserted these would-be communist organizers were largely rejected by the Bonus Army marchers: "[T]here were communists present in the camps, led by John T  Pace from Michigan  But if Pace believed that Bonus Army was a ready-made revolutionary cadre, he was mistaken  The marchers routinely expelled avowed communists from the camps  They destroyed communist leaflets and other literature  And among their other slogans the veterans adopted a motto directed at the communists, 'Eyes front—not left!'"

Army intervention
At 1:40 pm, General Douglas MacArthur ordered General Perry Miles to assemble troops on the Ellipse immediately south of the White House  Within the hour the 3rd Cavalry led by George S  Patton, then a Major, crossed the Memorial Bridge, with the 12th Infantry arriving by steamer about an hour later  At 4 pm, Miles told MacArthur that the troops were ready, and MacArthur (like Eisenhower, by now in service uniform) said that Hoover wanted him to "be on hand as things progressed, so that he could issue necessary instructions on the ground" and "take the rap if there should be any unfavorable or critical repercussions "At 4:45 pm, commanded by MacArthur, the 12th Infantry Regiment, Fort Howard, Maryland, and the 3rd Cavalry Regiment, supported by five M1917 light tanks commanded by Patton , formed in Pennsylvania Avenue while thousands of civil service employees left work to line the street and watch  The Bonus Marchers, believing the troops were marching in their honor, cheered the troops until Patton ordered the cavalry to charge them, which prompted the spectators to yell, "Shame! Shame!"
After the cavalry charged, the infantry, with fixed bayonets and tear gas (adamsite, an arsenical vomiting agent) entered the camps, evicting veterans, families, and camp followers  The veterans fled across the Anacostia River to their largest camp, and Hoover ordered the assault stopped  MacArthur chose to ignore the president and ordered a new attack, claiming that the Bonus March was an attempt to overthrow the US government  55 veterans were injured and 135 arrested  A veteran's wife miscarried  When 12-week-old Bernard Meyer died in the hospital after being caught in the tear gas attack, a government investigation reported he died of enteritis, and a hospital spokesman said the tear gas "didn't do it any good "During the military operation, Major Dwight D  Eisenhower, later the 34th president of the United States, served as one of MacArthur's junior aides  Believing it wrong for the Army's highest-ranking officer to lead an action against fellow American war veterans, he strongly advised MacArthur against taking any public role: "I told that dumb son-of-a-bitch not to go down there," he said later  "I told him it was no place for the Chief of Staff " Despite his misgivings, Eisenhower wrote the Army's official incident report that endorsed MacArthur's conduct Although the troops were ready, Hoover twice sent instructions to MacArthur not to cross the Anacostia bridge that night, both of which were received  Shortly after 9 pm, MacArthur ordered Miles to cross the bridge and evict the Bonus Army from its encampment in Anacostia  This refusal to follow orders was claimed by MacArthur's assistant chief of staff George Van Horn Moseley  However, MacArthur's aide Dwight Eisenhower, Assistant Secretary of War for Air F  Trubee Davison, and Brigadier General Perry Miles, who commanded the ground forces, all disputed Moseley's claim  They said the two orders were never delivered to MacArthur and they blamed Moseley for refusing to deliver the orders to MacArthur for unknown reasons  The shacks in the Anacostia Camp were then set on fire, although who set them on fire is somewhat unclear 

Aftermath
Joe Angelo, a decorated hero from the war who had saved Patton's life during the Meuse-Argonne offensive on September 26, 1918, approached him the day after to sway him  Patton, however, dismissed him quickly  This episode was said to represent the proverbial essence of the Bonus Army, each man the face of each side: Angelo the dejected loyal soldier; Patton the unmoved government official unconcerned with past loyalties Though the Bonus Army incident did not derail the careers of the military officers involved, it proved politically disastrous for Hoover, and it is considered a contributing factor to his losing the 1932 election in a landslide to Franklin D  Roosevelt Police Superintendent Glassford was not pleased with the decision to have the Army intervene, believing that the police could have handled the situation  He soon resigned as superintendent 
MGM released the movie Gabriel Over the White House in March 1933, the month Roosevelt was sworn in as president  Produced by William Randolph Hearst's Cosmopolitan Pictures, it depicted a fictitious President Hammond who, in the film's opening scenes, refuses to deploy the military against a march of the unemployed and instead creates an "Army of Construction" to work on public works projects until the economy recovers  First Lady Eleanor Roosevelt judged the movie's treatment of veterans superior to Hoover's During the presidential campaign of 1932, Roosevelt had opposed the veterans' bonus demands  A second bonus march planned for the following year in May by the "National Liaison Committee of Washington," disavowed by the previous year's bonus army leadership, demanded that the Federal government provide marchers housing and food during their stay in the capital  Despite his opposition to the marchers' demand for immediate payment of the bonus, Roosevelt greeted them quite differently than Hoover had done   The administration set up a special camp for the marchers at Fort Hunt, Virginia, providing forty field kitchens serving three meals a day, bus transportation to and from the capital, and entertainment in the form of military bands Administration officials, led by presidential confidant Louis Howe, tried to negotiate an end to the protest  Roosevelt arranged for his wife, Eleanor, to visit the site unaccompanied  She lunched with the veterans and listened to them perform songs  She reminisced about her memories of seeing troops off to World War I and welcoming them home  The most that she could offer was a promise of positions in the newly created Civilian Conservation Corps  One veteran commented, "Hoover sent the army, Roosevelt sent his wife " In a press conference following her visit, the First Lady described her reception as courteous and praised the marchers, highlighting how comfortable she felt despite critics of the marchers who described them as communists and criminals On May 11, 1933, Roosevelt issued an executive order allowing the enrollment of 25,000 veterans in the CCC, exempting them from the normal requirement that applicants be unmarried and under the age of 25  Congress, with Democrats holding majorities in both houses, passed the Adjusted Compensation Payment Act in 1936, authorizing the immediate payment of the $2 billion in World War I bonuses, and then overrode Roosevelt's veto of the measure  The House vote was 324 to 61, and the Senate vote was 76 to 19 

In literature
The shootings are depicted in Barbara Kingsolver's novel The Lacuna The Bonus Marchers are detailed in John Ross's novel Unintended Consequences (novel)
A fictionalized version of the Bonus March is depicted in the opening scenes of the 1995 movie In Pursuit of Honor

See also
Coxey's Army
Fry's Army
List of rallies and protest marches in Washington, D C 
List of incidents of political violence in Washington, D C 
On-to-Ottawa Trek by Canadian veterans, 1935
Passage 2:
List of Occupy movement protest locations
The Occupy Wall Street protests, which started in 2011, inspired a wide international response  There have been hundreds of Occupy movement protests worldwide over time, intended and organized as non-violent protest against the wealthy, as well as banking institutions  Months before the Occupy movement began, the Movimiento 15-M planned to hold events in many nations on October 15, 2011   The Occupy movement joined in and also held many events in many nations on that day  A list of proposed events for the 15 October 2011 global protests listed events in 951 cities in 82 countries  Protest camps were built at many of the protest locations, often near banking institutions or stock markets  Many locations had further manifestations at the following weekends until "Guy-Fawkes" day since the Guy Fawkes mask had become protester fashion  Many American Occupy groups were active until 2012, some are still active 
On the one-year anniversary of the Occupy Movement (September 17, 2012), The Guardian published the "Occupy Directory"'s "map of the Occupy world" 

Africa
America
Canada
Latin America
United States
Asia
Europe
Oceania
See also
Other U S  protests

Other international protests

Related articles
Passage 3:
Manjolai Labourers massacre
Manjolai labourers massacre or Thamirabarani massacre of 23 July 1999 was the death of 17 Dalit labourers, including two women and a two-year-old child, when they got into the river to escape Tamil Nadu Police lathi-charge  Public were going in procession to Tirunelveli Collectorate to submit a memorandum demanding wage settlement for the tea plantation workers of Manjolai estate  An altercation between the police and the marchers resulted in a lathi charge by police  When the marchers ran helter-skelter, many fell into the river and died Human Rights Watch condemned the brutal police attack and killing of Dalit tea plantation workers 

Background
On 23 July 1999, a large number of labourers from the Tea estates of Manjolai congregated in Tirunelveli and marched towards the Collectorate demanding the release of a number of estate workers, who were arrested earlier for staging protest demanding better wages  The workers were being paid  70 per Day then and they were demanding the pay to be increased to  100  The workers were also demanding maternity leave, periodical breaks for women during the eight-hour-long duty  They were also opposing the decision of the estate owners to force workers to stay in sheds with poor facilities and deny right to rear cattle or even raise Gardens 
A large contingent of stone throwing and lathi-wielding police brutally assaulted the protesters forcing them to run towards the river  As police continued to chase them to the river, many got into the river and drowned  Justice Mohan Commission that probed into the incident submitted that 11 of the 17 died due to drowning, while rest died due to injuries 
Even now, much of their demands have not been met, but the estate workers have since been kept satisfied with a pay of  138 per Day 

Documentary film
The theme of the incident is the basis for Death of a river (Oru Nathiyin Maranam) a Tamil language documentary film released in 1999  The 59-minute Tamil film is the work of the Kanchanai Film Society, produced and directed by R R Srinivasan 

See also
Paramakudi riots
1957 Ramnad riots
Passage 4:
Pelham Road
Pelham Road, known as Shore Road within the Bronx, is a historic 4 1-mile (6 6 km) east-west arterial road that runs along the Long Island Sound shoreline from Pelham Bay Park in the Bronx through the southern Westchester County, New York communities of New Rochelle and Pelham Manor  The thoroughfare had its beginning as a Native American trail linking the important villages on Davenport Neck to those on Pelham Neck in Pelham  Between these points along the shore line there was an almost continuous chain of small Indian villages and camps  This waterfront area was especially advantageous, with many small coves in secure harbors and protected by adjacent islands and many small streams of water and abundant springs The segment of Pelham Road in Westchester County is internally designated, but not signed, as County Route 65 

History
From early times, the section of the road from New Rochelle to the Pelham Town line was called the "way to Mr  Pell's" and "Road to Pell's Manor"  Once at the Town of Pelham, the road was merely a private way of the Pells' through their Manor  There was little need for a public highway beyond that point for the manor was private property, and was of little importance to New Rochelle settlers who were not tenants of the Lord of the Manor and held their land practically free of all manorial rights The Huguenot settlers of New Rochelle, in laying out their home lots from the Boston Road to the waterfront, crossed the trail with each lot, which was thereby cut into two parts  These lots were largely taken up by settlers interested in commercial enterprises north of the waterfront  Once the present Center Avenue, Drake Avenue and Weyman Avenue were opened to the shore from the Boston Road, public landings were built at their ends along the waterfront  By 1710, there were more than twice the number of houses along the New Rochelle shore as in the central part of the town on the Boston Road, however, the original Indian trail had still not been officially laid out as a road Cooper-shops were put up along the shore and, as other trades increased, the neighborhood became more and more important as a business district  A patent was issued on November 20, 1754, to Samuel Rodman and John Wooley who established a ferry across the Sound to Cow Neck, Long Island and, in 1785, another ferry was established by Richard Sands, both landing adjacent to the Pelham Road  "  From this time on, for a century or more, Pelham Road more than held its own in competition with the Boston Road, although the latter had the advantage of being the through route from New York City to Boston, and was the stagecoach and mail route 
As early as 1829, the steamboat came to Pelham Road as a means of travel  The early boats landed at Town Dock Road, but they were transferred before 1833 to a new dock on Neptune Island, where they continued to land thereafter 
This was followed by the building of the Neptune House hotel on that island in 1837  Before this, a bridge had been erected across Eastchester Bay and a direct road opened connecting with Westchester Village, West Farms, Morrisania and New York City  These added to the importance of the Pelham Road by making it a major through route The opening of the New York and New Haven Railroad in 1849 and the rapid development of traffic by train, rather than by boats or stagecoach, caused Pelham Road to dwindle in significance as a through route for travel  The business that had developed from the early days of the settlement along its route, gradually gave way to the rapid increase along the railroad route and the Boston Turnpike (Main Street) 
After the incorporation of the Village of New Rochelle (1857), the section of the road west of Center Avenue came to be called Pelham Road  In 1886, the New Rochelle and Pelham Railroad (horse-cars), was constructed along Shore Road from Center Avenue to the Neptune House Road, to connect with the ferry to Starin's Glen Island and the Government ferry to Davids Island  In 1898, an electric trolley line was substituted for the horse-cars, coming through Drake Avenue, and the tracks on Pelham Road were removed from Drake Avenue to Center Avenue  In 1928, by action of Westchester County, the road was widened and straightened over its entire length and became a through route for travel between New York City and New England points 

Present day
The irregularly meandering waterfront has been populated from the days of the Siwanoy Indians  Today, it is dotted by a series of water related businesses as well as private homes, and a number of private clubs and marinas  Davenport Neck juts into the Sound at the foot of Franklin Avenue  Once the provenance of the Davenport and Iselin families who maintained spacious estates on the Neck, it was subdivided into building lots, and with the exception of a few historic homes, is essentially a residential neighborhood built during the last third of the Twentieth Century The area directly along Pelham Road is one of the more densely populated residential section of the city consisting of mid-rise apartment buildings, condominiums, and town-home complexes  It is the only major through route in the area and connects the affluent residential communities on Davenport's Neck and along the shore with the Downtown business district and northern New Rochelle 
A number of parks and recreational areas are located here  Glen Island, at the south end of the City, contains Glen Island Park  Neptune Park is located at the foot of Fort Slocum Road on Neptune Island  Hudson Park, and the City's public beach, is located at Bonnefoy Point on the eastern end of Davenport Neck  The New Rochelle Rowing Club and the New Rochelle Municipal Marina are located adjacent to the north side of the park  On Echo Bay, the north end of the shoreline, are Five Islands Park, Clifford Island, Echo Island and Premium Point 
The College of New Rochelle, with its landmark "Castleview", is located in this area as is the late 1800s planned community Residence Park neighborhood 
Passage 5:
Westchester Avenue
Westchester Avenue is a major east-west street in the South and East portions of the Bronx, New York City  It runs from Third Avenue and East 150th Street in the Hub to Pelham Bay Park in the Pelham Bay section  It crosses many neighborhoods of the Bronx, which include Melrose, Longwood, Soundview, Parkchester, and Pelham Bay  Westchester Avenue parallels the Bruckner Expressway until their junction at Pelham Bay Park 
With the exception of 0 5 miles (0 80 km) of its length, Westchester Avenue is underneath elevated tracks of the New York City Subway  The IRT White Plains Road Line (2 and ​5 trains) runs over Westchester Avenue from Brook Avenue to Southern Boulevard and the IRT Pelham Line (6 and <6>​ trains) runs over Westchester Avenue from Whitlock Avenue to its terminus at Pelham Bay Park  The Bx4/Bx4A buses use Westchester Avenue between Bergen Avenue and Parkchester (Bx4A) or Westchester Square (Bx4) while the Bx24 uses Westchester Avenue north of Westchester Square  The Bx8 and Bx27 use the road for short segments 
Passage 6:
Hong Kong 1 July marches
The Hong Kong 1 July protests was an annual protest rally originally held by the Civil Human Rights Front from the day of handover in 1997 on the HKSAR establishment day  However, it was not until 2003 that the march drew large public attention by opposing the legislation of Basic Law Article 23  The 2003 protest, with 500,000 marchers, was the second-largest protest seen in Hong Kong since the 1997 handover Prior to this, only the pro-democracy protest on 21 May 1989 drew more people with 1 5 million marchers in Hong Kong sympathising with the participants of the Tiananmen Square protests of 1989  The introduction of Article 23 legislation was left aside due to the protest  Since then, 1 July marches have been organised every year to demand for democracy, universal suffrage, rights of minorities, protection of freedom of speech, and a variety of other political concerns 
In 2019, the anti-extradition bill protest on 16 June broke the record of largest protest in Hong Kong with nearly 2 million marchers  The 1 July march in the same year with 550,000 marchers, was the largest 1 July march In 2020, despite a police ban citing gathering limits during the COVID-19 pandemic, and a dramatically altered legal situation due to the national security law that had come into force only the previous evening, marches with a total of tens of thousands of participants took place in several parts of the city  Police made more than 370 arrests, among which at least ten were on alleged violations of the new law 

1997–2002
After the 1997 handover to 2002, marches were organised annually by the Hong Kong Alliance in Support of Patriotic Democratic Movements of China   By the end of 2002, the proposed anti-subversion legislation, as required by the Article 23 of the Basic Law, the constitutional document of the territory, sparked off heated debate and opposition  The public was worried civil rights and liberties would be adversely affected  The Civil Human Rights Front was formed by grassroots civil organisations and pro-democracy politicians  A march was held on 15 December 2002 from Victoria Park to the Central Government Offices, with a turnout of 65,000 
The government attempted to pass Article 23 in Legislative Council, tabling the vote for 9 July 2003  The debate continued for months, with the Hong Kong Government refusing to any concessions   The bill eventually led to a series of 1 July marches 

2003
Motivation
The headline theme for the 2003 march was to oppose the anti-subversion Hong Kong Basic Law Article 23   Fear of the loss of freedom of speech along with other freedoms, as well as a general dissatisfaction against the Hong Kong Government prompted a mass protest of hundreds of thousands of people on 1 July 2003  The government attempted to pass Article 23 in Legislative Council, tabling the vote for 9 July 2003  The debate continued for months, with the Government refusing to make any concessions  Other issues include a number of blunders by the Tung Chee Hwa administration adding to people's frustrations, including the "Lexusgate" scandal involving the Financial Secretary Antony Leung and the government's incompetent handling of the SARS health crisis, all against the backdrop of the state of the economy 

Formation
The planners originally wanted all four football courts in Victoria Park, but all courts were booked for a pro-Beijing festival and fair  The organisers originally predicted only 20,000 demonstrators would participate  The actual number ranged from 350,000 (as quoted by the police) to 700,000 (as quoted by protesters) and even 1,000,000 (quoted from a pro-Falun Gong agency)  The generally accepted figure is 500,000, a little less than one tenth the population at the time  Some Christian churches led by Rev  Chu Yiu Ming (朱耀明) of the Baptist Church and Roman Catholics led by Bishop Joseph Zen organised a prayer gathering in Victoria Park before the march which was attended by some 40,000 people  The Civil Human Rights Front was also organised  Members of Falun Gong also took part in the protest, but have been asked by the organisers to march at the end of the rally  The march was originally scheduled to start at 2:30 pm at the football pitch in Victoria Park, arriving at the government headquarter building  Their route stretched from Victoria Park football field through Causeway Bay and Central to the Government's Central offices  Nonetheless, the large numbers meant that people were still starting the march as late as 10 pm 

Aftermath
After half-million people protested against the law, James Tien resigned from the Executive Council to vote against proposals for legislation as required under Article 23 of the Hong Kong Basic Law  The Government then backed down on the proposal because it lacked the necessary votes to pass the legislation after losing the support of Tien's Liberal Party   Afterwards, Regina Ip and Antony Leung resigned, stating "personal reasons" 

2004
The headline theme for 1 July 2004 march was "Striving For Universal Suffrage in '07 & '08 for the chief executive and Legislature respectively (爭取07, 08普選) " As the National People's Congress Standing Committee attempted to modify the Basic Law on 6 April 2004 to deny direct elections for the chief executive in 2007 and the Legislative Council in 2008  There was much criticism as to the slogan for the 2004 protest by some Beijing bureaucrats and pro-Beijing political parties  The phrase "Return power to the people" was particularly inflammatory, because it implied that power was taken away from the people, according to pro-Beijing parties  Some pro-democracy political leaders such as Lau Chin-shek had considered changing the phrase, but many criticised this move as it was seen to be satisfying Beijing  The organisers kept the phrase 

White was the dress code for the day representing the desire for universal suffrage  On the other hand, pro-government groups lobbied the public to wear red (the colour traditionally worn for celebratory occasion in Chinese culture) to take part in a counter-protest they were holding  Despite the dazzling heat, the number of turn out was still very high   Numerous sources debated on the size of the actual turnouts  The organisers, Civil Human Rights Front, estimated that 530,000 took part in the demonstration, surpassing the number from the previous year, while the police set the figure at 200,000  The figures were disputed by many, saying that the number could not have been over 200,000  Dr  P S  Yip Senior Lecturer of the Department of Statistics & Actuarial Science of the University of Hong Kong, suggested that the maximum number of participants could only have been around 192,000  The general acceptance is that the crowd size was smaller than the 2003 crowd 

2005
Following the 2004 protest, the next major event was Tung Chee-hwa's resignation in March 2005   Two protests were held in 2005 including the annual 1 July event and a separate December 2005 protest for democracy   The theme for the march was "Oppose government collusion, striving for universal suffrage (反對官商勾結，爭取全面普選)"  The July protest mostly build its momentum from the 2004 protest with emphasis that a high degree of autonomy is needed along with more democracy   The protest mostly stood up to the National People's Congress Standing Committee for trying to distort the Basic Law again   Further questions were raised regarding maximum working hours, minimum wage, increase of sexual violence, divide between the rich and poor 

2006
The theme for the march in 2006 was "Creating Hopes for Universal Suffrage and Democracy With an Equal and Just Hong Kong (平等公義新香港，民主普選創希望)" 
Not only did she openly support the implementation of universal suffrage in Hong Kong via the mass media, former Chief Secretary Anson Chan also called on Hong Kongers to express their desire by taking to the street  Some saw the move as Chan testing the water, paving way to the next chief executive election  Chan declined to comment until she formally announced that she has no interests in running for chief executive in September 
Like previous years, counter-protest parade was held in the morning while the protest organised by the Civil Human Rights Front started at 15:00 the same day, marching from Victoria Park to Central Government Offices  58,000 people took part in the protest this year, according to the organiser and the demonstration ended at about 19:00 peacefully 

2007
"Achieving Universal Suffrage, Improving Livelihood (爭取普選，改善民生)" was the theme for this year's demonstration  The organiser, Civil Human Rights Front, submitted an application for Notification of Public Procession to the Hong Kong Police (HKP) about twenty days before the march  Prior to the start of the protest, Chinese Communist Party General Secretary Hu Jintao had already left Hong Kong via the Shenzhen bay port The police insisted that the organisers wrapped up the demonstration before 18:30 to facilitate the fireworks display that would take place that night over Victoria Harbour   Displeased with by the limitations and restrictions set by the police, the organisers filed an appeal to the Appeal Board, which ruled on 26 June that the demonstration could last for four hours, from 14 30 to 18:30  Furthermore, the appeal board also required the police to open up all three westbound lanes to marchers   The elder and physically challenged marchers would slack behind at the rally, and restricted the number of wheelchair participants to ten 
Civil Human Rights Front estimated the turn out to be 68,000 while the Hong Kong Police put the figure with those who left from Victoria Park between 14:30 to 16:30 at 20,000  The University of Hong Kong estimated between 29,000 and 35,000 people took place in the demonstration   Organisers suggested an estimate of 58,000 people Cardinal Joseph Zen joined the march for the first time  Former Chief Secretary, Anson Chan has also taken part 

2008
Organisers said more than 40,000 people attended   Police put the starting figure at 13,000 when the march began   One of the issues include Chief executive Donald Tsang, who was under fire for the hiring of his 17 new highly paid appointees   Critics say they were handpicked allies brought in to boost his power base  Protest turnout for the year was expected to be less, with no pressing issues to be resolved 

2009
Pan-democrats had expected at least 100,000 to take the streets for the march  Previously the 20th anniversary of the 1989 Tiananmen Square protests and massacre at Hong Kong Victoria Park had a large turnout to commemorate the event   Seven different events were expected to attract a total of 130,000 participants, as it was supposed to be the largest number of protests in a single day on Hong Kong island  A "unity parade" was organised by the pro-Beijing camp in the morning at Hong Kong Stadium  This celebrated the 12th anniversary of Hong Kong's return to China since 1997  Xinhua News Agency also set up a website to commemorate the event  The spectacle was matched with stadium performances as well as sports car displays on the streets   Other events include protests by the Alliance of Lehman Brothers victims and one by the handicapped protesting at discrimination  chief executive Donald Tsang led senior government officials at the flag-raising ceremony at Wan Chai Golden Bauhinia Square   The police band followed by a sea parade and fly-past by the disciplined services  The 2009 Hong Kong Broadcasting Authority forum followed on 14 July to talk about broadcast freedom 

2010
Previously the pan-democracy camp was united in their goal to fight for universal suffrage for the city of 7 million people in 2012 and nothing less  After the consultation document for selecting the Chief exec and Legco politicians was passed in late June, there was no more universal suffrage   Instead, Beijing signed an alternative method to choose the CE and Legco politicians  A controversial graffiti incident even took place after the consultations 
The pan-democrat camp was split   Several hundred democratic party members faced verbal abuse throughout the march to the HK government headquarters for selling out to Beijing   Protesters hurling chants of "Shame on you" and "You betrayed Hong Kong people " About 52,000 people took part in the protest  A 2,000-person anniversary parade was organised by opposition pro-government groups  Two weeks after the protests, many have questioned the state of the Democratic party and whether protests are of any use, especially since HK is not a place where citizens make decisions for themselves   Party chairman Albert Ho publicly responded "Even if you replaced Donald Tsang with another chief, you still have to deal with the People's Liberation Army, which is another type of power 

2011
The turnout for the 2011 protest was the highest since 2004  Organisers of the protest claimed a turnout of 218,000 people  There were quite a number of issues  Just two days before the protest, the government led by Stephen Lam tried to pass a bill to no longer allow by-elections, to block any more events similar to the Five Constituencies referendum  There were demands for Donald Tsang to step down, and bring in universal suffrage to both the 2012 chief executive and Legco election There were complaints with land hogging and control by real estate companies  Unionists portrayed real estate tycoon Li Ka-shing as the devil  Other groups carried coffins to represent the small homes poor people live in  Hawkers complained about the high property rent that made it impossible to run their business There were complaints of allowing more women from mainland China to give birth in Hong Kong  There were also people against the introduction of "Patriotic education (國民教育)" in primary and high schools in the special administrative region  Just a few days ago, 22 top HK schools rejected the plan, claiming they were against this type of "brain wash education"  The post-90s generation were quite against this  During the protest about 228 protesters at Connaught Road were arrested On 13 July People Power group led a three-day sit-in to protest against Stephen Lam, the blocking of by-elections and a number of issues   About 1000 people put on handcuffs and surrounded the Legco building 3 times to protest police actions from 1 July march   Hundreds of people also threw paper aeroplanes at the Legco building with political messages 

2012
The 2012 protest on 1 July was the largest yet, with activists claiming 400,000 took part and police claiming 63,000 took part, both of which would have been the largest attendance at 1 July protests  These protests coincided with the 15th anniversary of the handover of Hong Kong attended by CPC General Secretary Hu Jintao and his swearing in of new chief executive CY Leung, who is alleged to be a closet member of the Chinese Communist Party, and has conflicts of interests over his business interests and has had unauthorised building work at his home In addition, the widening gap between the rich and poor, with 20% of the city living in poverty, an influx of mothers from Mainland China, continued denial of universal suffrage to all individuals and suppression of freedom of speech in the Mainland featured in the protests According to the University of Hong Kong, only 34% of locals said they are proud of being Chinese citizens, the lowest figure since 2001  Many protesters waved the British Hong Kong flag, showing resentment of the post-handover situation Following the protests, a human rights group based in the city, the Chinese People's Rights Alliance claimed that disguised mainland Chinese security police followed and harassed them   It also alleged that several mainlander protesters have gone missing once returning home to Mainland China 

2013
The 1 July protest in 2013 focused on universal suffrage and other major issues  The Civil Human Rights Front, organiser of the annual march, said 430,000 people took part on Monday, compared to 400,000 last year  But police said just 35,500 left Victoria Park and 66,000 participated at its peak  The University of Hong Kong's public opinion programme estimated 93,000 took part 

2014
Before the protests, a white paper by the Chinese government proclaimed that Hong Kong does not enjoy full autonomy, and that Hong Kong's high degree of autonomy was granted by the Chinese government  The departure in wording from emphasising the high degree of autonomy guaranteed by the Hong Kong Basic Law sparked controversy that the Chinese government was suggesting it could intervene in Hong Kong affairs, in effect redefining one country, two systems  The Hong Kong government earlier promised to residents that they will be able to vote for their new chief executive in the upcoming 2017 election, but it has been feared that the final process will favour candidates approved by Beijing 
On 1 July 2014, organisers said over 500,000 protesters marched along the streets of Hong Kong, while city officials estimated 100,000  A police force of around 5000 officers was present during the protest, and over 500 demonstrators were arrested for illegal assembly during a sit-in protest that followed on 2 July and disrupting traffic in Chater Road 

2015
On 1 July, approximately 48,000 protesters marched to mark an anniversary of the British 1997 turnover of Hong Kong to China  The protesters call for "full democracy" and Leung Chun-ying's resignation as the city's leader  This protest had one of the lowest turnout in recent years, due to it being held after the veto of the 2014–15 Hong Kong electoral reform  The reform consultation process had sparked massive protests and widespread civil disobedience movements, including the Umbrella Revolution, and organisers of the 2015 July 1 March recognised that many democratically minded people preferred to rest after the controversial reform package had been stopped 

2016
Organisers claim that around 110,000 people turned up to protest for various causes, but police claimed 19,300 joined the protest rally 

2017
Organisers claim that around 66,000 people turned up to protest for various causes, but police claimed 14,500 joined the protest rally 

2018
Organisers claim that around 50,000 people turned up to protest for various causes, but police claimed 9,800 joined the protest rally 

2019
The 1 July marches coincided with the ongoing anti-extradition bill protests  Organisers claim that around 550,000 people turned up to protest, a record breaking turnout as the organisers claimed  However, police claimed 190,000 joined the protest rally  Researchers combining artificial intelligence and statistical counting techniques reported an initial count of 265,000 people marched, and an adjusted total of 276,970 was published a peer-reviewed journal  Independent polling organisation, PORI, estimated attendance at 260,000  Reuters counted the number of protestors at one location over 15-minute periods during the march and came to an estimate of 227,000 people in total Before the march, youths had begun besieging the Legislative Council building  The march was later diverted to Chater Road in Central due to the people amassed in front of the Legislative Council At around 9 pm local time, hundreds of protesters stormed the legislature after breaking through the glass walls and metal doors of the building  Protesters caused extensive damage by ransacking the premises, damaging portraits of former pro-Beijing presidents of the Legislative Council, and smashing furniture  Protesters spray-painted slogans, hung up signs and erected barricades  The police started using tear gas to disperse protesters around the LegCo at 12:05 am, and reached the building 15 minutes later By early 5 July, there had been at least 66 arrests and first formal charges laid in connection with the incident 

2020
Despite a ban from the police, tens of thousands of protesters showed up alongside heavy police presence in Causeway Bay, Wan Chai, and Tin Hau, and lingered in the area for almost six hours to voice their objection against the newly implemented national security law  The police responded by deploying water cannon at journalists and protesters and dispersed many tear gas and pepper balls  A journalist was knocked down by a police water cannon truck  Police made more than 370 arrests, among which at least ten were due to alleged violation of the new law 

2021 and demise
The streets of Hong Kong were subdued on 1 July 2021, as the former British colony marked the anniversary of its handover to Chinese sovereignty 24 years ago  The date, which this year coincided with celebrations on the mainland for the 100th Anniversary of the Chinese Communist Party, is usually a time of protest in Hong Kong  But this year, police cited pandemic concerns as they denied applications to hold a proposed march against "political suppression," and some 10,000 officers were deployed across Hong Kong to prevent unauthorised protests 

See also
Politics of Hong Kong
List of politics-related topics
Hong Kong new year marches
20th anniversary of the 1989 Tiananmen Square protests and massacre
2014 Hong Kong protests
Memorials for the 1989 Tiananmen Square protests and massacre
Passage 7:
Nichidatsu Fujii's movement
In 1981, Nichidatsu Fujii dispatched his followers to march and chant around the globe in support of the U N  2nd  special session for disarmament  In the U S , marchers began in New Orleans, Los Angeles and San Francisco, and in Canada, marchers began in Montreal and Toronto  The San Francisco March began on Oct  21, 1981 with a ceremony on Alcatraz  13 marchers, being Buddhist followers of Nipponzan-Myōhōji, Native Americans, U S  and German citizens, began the S F  march  marching about 20 mile per day they were hosted each night by community groups in every town and on Native reservations  many mayors and town councils made proclamations and such honoring the peace and disarmament marchers  Over the course of the march citizens were moved to join  By the time they arrived in Chicago the S F  marchers numbered about 30  In May 1982 the group of about 40 marchers from Toronto joined the S F  group in Buffalo N Y  at the International Peace Bridge doubling the size of the group  Through the state of N Y  10 to 20 people joined the march daily  When the S F  group walked across the George Washington Bridge they numbered about 300  The groups on other march routes also grew over the 7 months  On June 12, 1982, in Central Park Nipponzan-Myōhōji marchers from the U S A , Europe, Africa, and Asia, joined with mobilization for survival organizers and religious and peace groups from around the world in a peaceful demonstration for disarmament of many million people 
Passage 8:
Pelham, New York
Pelham  is a suburban town in Westchester County, approximately 10 miles northeast of Midtown Manhattan  As of the 2020 census, it had a population of 13,078, an increase from the 2010 census    Historically, Pelham was composed of five villages and became known as "the Pelhams"  Pelham currently contains two independently incorporated villages: the Villages of Pelham and Pelham Manor Approximately 28 minutes away from Grand Central Terminal by the Metro-North Railroad's New Haven Line, Pelham is home to many New York City commuters and has an active social community for its residents  The Bronx–Whitestone Bridge is approximately 8 5 miles (13 7 km) south of the town  It is also 13 miles (21 km) northeast of LaGuardia Airport and 19 5 miles (31 4 km) north of John F  Kennedy International Airport 

Geography
According to the United States Census Bureau, the town has a total area of 2 4 square miles (6 2 km2)  It is directly north of the New York City borough of the Bronx, and borders Eastchester, New Rochelle, and Mount Vernon 

History
In 1654, Thomas Pell bought the area within the present-day town from the Siwanoy Indians  He named his manor "Pelham" in honor of his tutor, Pelham Burton The Town of Pelham was part of Westchester County when it was established by the post-Revolution New York State legislature in 1788  It included all of City Island and present-day Pelham Bay Park east of the Hutchinson River  In 1889, the town was incorporated at its current boundaries  In 1891, the village of Pelham Manor incorporated  In 1896, the village of North Pelham and the village of Pelham incorporated  In 1975, the villages of North Pelham and Pelham merged, forming the present village of Pelham The Village of Pelham and the Village of Pelham Manor share several services such as school and recreational activities   There is a grassroots movement to continue the consolidation of services in order to reduce taxes  Given the differences in debt levels, tax rates, population and tax base such a consolidation has been opposed by many Pelham Manor residents  Such a merger is unlikely under current conditions 
For many years after 1916, Pelham was the headquarters of the Sanborn Map Company, which produced Sanborn maps 
The Pelham Picture House was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 2010 The book, The Haunted History of Pelham, New York, documents the history of Pelham and the region, including ghost stories 

Demographics
As of the census of 2000, there were 12,107 people, 4,149 households and 3,190 families residing in the town  The population density was 5,523 4 people per square mile (2,132 6 people/km2)  There were 4,246 housing units at an average density of 1,976 4 per square mile (763 1/km2) 
The racial makeup of the town was 87 33% White, 4 57% Black or African American, 0 08% Native American, 3 96% Asian, 1 82% from other races and 2 23% from two or more races  Hispanic or Latino people of any race were 6 02% of the population 
There were 4,149 households, out of which 41 3% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 64 4% were married couples living together, 9 7% had a female householder with no husband present and 23 1% were non-families  19 4% of all households were made up of individuals, and 8 3% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older  The average household size was 2 86 and the average family size was 3 31 
In the town, the population was spread out, with 28 6% under the age of 18, 5 1% from 18 to 24, 28 3% from 25 to 44, 25 1% from 45 to 64 and 12 9% who were 65 years of age or older  The median age was 38 years  For every 100 females, there were 93 4 males 
For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 86 9 males 
The median income for a household in the town was $91,810 and the median income for a family was $112,339  Males had a median income of $74,760 versus $46,086 for females  The per capita income for the town was $51,548  About 2 2% of families and 3 7% of the population were below the poverty line, including 4 3% of those under age 18 and 3 2% of those age 65 or over 

Economy
Major employers in Pelham include Pico Electronics, Barksdale Home Care Services Corp , Pelham Public Schools, the New York Athletic Club, and the De Cicco & Sons grocery  Other companies based in Pelham include Archie Comics 

Climate
Education
Pelham is home to four elementary schools (two located in each village), one middle school, and one high school  The elementary schools are Hutchinson, Colonial, Siwanoy, and Prospect Hill  Pelham Middle School and Pelham Memorial High School gather students for all of Pelham  These are all part of the Pelham Union Free School District  There are also several private and religious based schools  Since 1948, New York City has paid the district to educate children who live in Bronx Manor, as doing so is less expensive than sending school buses there 

Fire department
The Village of Pelham Fire Department has 10 firefighters and five lieutenants, using one fire station  The fleet has two engines, one ladder, one utility unit, and a command vehicle  The Pelham Fire Department responds to approximately 800 emergency calls annually 

Religion
St  Catharine's Catholic Church
St  Catharine's was originally a mission church of St Gabriel's parish in New Rochelle  In July 1896 a frame church was built in the newly incorporated village of Pelham on land donated by Mr  and Mrs  Patrick Farrell  In December 1897 St  Catharine's became a separate parish with Rev  Francis P  McNichol as first pastor  A school was established in 1904, staffed by the Sisters of St  Francis  At the end of the school year in 1983 St  Catharine's School closed bringing to an end 75 years of Catholic education in the parish  The school building was converted to a Parish Center to provide space for Religious Education classes, parish activities and groups to meet  A new church was dedicated in 1909 In 1936 W  T  Grant, who owned a chain of five-and-ten cent stores, gave property in Pelham Manor to St  Catharine's to serve as a separate “mission”  The mission evolved to become Our Lady of Perpetual Help parish, with its own church building  In 2014 it was announced that the two parishes would merge, with the newer, larger Our Lady of Perpetual Help building designated as the parish church  However, St  Catharine's Church in the Village of Pelham was retained as a worship center 

Transportation
The Bee-Line Bus System provides bus service to Pelham On Amtrak, Pelham is located closest to the New Rochelle station ("NRO") on the Northeast Corridor  On Metro-North Railroad, the Pelham station is within Fare Zone 12 on the New Haven Line  Pelham is also about 28 minutes from Grand Central Terminal 

Notable people
Nancy Allen, New York Philharmonic harpist
Liborio Bellomo, boss of the Genovese crime family
Alessandra Biaggi (born 1986), New York State Senator
Nick Bollettieri (1931-2022), tennis coach
Charles Lewis Bowman, architect, designed nine homes
Felix Cavaliere (born 1942), musician- founder of The Young Rascals
Antonio Ciacca, jazz pianist, composer and conductor
Joseph Cross, Hollywood actor, starred in films such as Jack Frost, Milk, and Lincoln
Tony DeMeo, retired college football coach, author, and motivational speaker
Kate Douglass, 2020 Tokyo Olympics swimmer, bronze medal winner
Brett Gardner (born 1983), Major League Baseball player
C  P  H  Gilbert, architect best known for designing townhouses and mansions, retired in Pelham Manor at his home on 216 Townsend Avenue
Herman 'Jackrabbit' Smith-Johannsen (1875-1987), Norwegian credited for introducing cross-country skiing to North America
Mary Lorson, musician
Richard Rood (born 1955), Grammy Award-winning violinist
Clinton Roosevelt (1804–1898), politician and inventor
Ethel Schwabacher (1903—1984), abstract expressionist painter
Michael Schwerner (1939-1964), civil rights worker murdered by the Ku Klux Klan while helping African-Americans register to vote in Mississippi
Gary Scott (born 1968), Major League Baseball player
Gene Stone (born 1951), writer and editor
James M  Stone, Founder, Chairman, and CEO, Plymouth Rock Assurance
Dame Nita Barrow, Ambassador to the United Nations for Barbados

Image gallery
Passage 9:
Pelham D  Glassford
Pelham Davis Glassford (August 8, 1883 – August 9, 1959) was a United States Army officer who attained the rank of brigadier general during World War I  He later served as Superintendent of the District of Columbia Police Department, and was in large measure held responsible for the violence that ended the 1932 Bonus Army protests 
The son of a career Army officer, Glassford graduated from the United States Military Academy in 1904 and was commissioned in the Field Artillery  His early assignments included the 1st Field Artillery Regiment at Fort Riley, the West Point faculty and 1st Field Artillery postings to the Philippines and Hawaii  In 1916 and 1917 he served with the 5th Field Artillery during the Pancho Villa Expedition 
During World War I, Glassford directed two artillery schools in France, commanded a Field Artillery regiment, and then commanded a Field Artillery brigade  He was promoted to brigadier general in 1918, and was the Army’s youngest general officer at the time 
After the war, Glassford commanded a Field Artillery Brigade in the Army of Occupation  He also graduated from the Army War College, served in several staff and faculty assignments, and commanded the 1st Field Artillery Regiment  He retired from the Army in 1931 
Following his military retirement, Glassford was Superintendent of the District of Columbia Police, a position he resigned because of disagreement over the actions taken against the Bonus Army in 1932  He subsequently served briefly as chief of police in Phoenix, and was a federal labor-management mediator in California  During World War II, Glassford returned to active duty and served for nearly two years in the office of the Provost Marshal General 
In his later years, Glassford’s hobbies included painting; he created landscapes and seascapes in watercolors   His works continue to be exhibited, and are bought and sold by collectors 
Glassford died in California in 1959  He was buried at Fort Rosecrans National Cemetery 

Early life
Glassford was born in Las Vegas, New Mexico on August 8, 1883, the son of Allie (Seymour) Glassford and Army officer William A  Glassford (1853–1931)   He graduated from West Point in 1904 ranked 18th of 124 graduates, and was commissioned as a second lieutenant of Field Artillery 

Start of career
After his initial service at Fort Riley, Kansas, in 1907 Glassford was promoted to first lieutenant and graduated from the Mounted Service School   He was then posted to West Point to serve on the faculty as an instructor in the department of drawing From 1911 to 1913, Glassford served in the Philippines with the 1st Field Artillery Regiment   In 1913 he was assigned to Hawaii with the 1st Field Artillery, and in 1914 he was promoted to captain In 1916 and 1917, Glassford served on the US-Mexico border with the 5th Field Artillery during the Pancho Villa Expedition   At the start of World War I, he was promoted to major and assigned as adjutant of the 5th Field Artillery during its premobilization training 

World War I
Upon arrival in France with his regiment, Glassford was promoted to temporary lieutenant colonel and assigned as secretary of the Field Artillery School of Instruction in Saumur   He was subsequently assigned as director of the I Corps field artillery school   In early 1918, Glassford returned to the Saumur school as commandant, and he served until he was promoted to temporary colonel and named commander of the 103rd Field Artillery Regiment in June Glassford commanded the 103rd Field Artillery until August, and took part in several battles, including Xivray-et-Marvoisin, the Second Battle of the Marne, the Battle of Château-Thierry, and the Meuse-Argonne Offensive   He was wounded in September, but continued in command In October, Glassford was promoted to temporary brigadier general and assigned to command the 51st Field Artillery Brigade, 26th Division; at the time of this promotion, he was the youngest general officer in the Army   During the war, Glassford became known for riding a motorcycle between his subordinate units so he could perform reconnaissance and conduct command and control based on personal observations rather than reports to a command post   Glassford trained his brigade to become proficient in the technique of reloading on a cannon's recoil; while this practice posed risk to crew members who might be injured by the moving recoil mechanism, it enabled 26th Division artillery crews to shoot so fast that German soldiers were convinced the Americans had automatic fire artillery pieces 

Post-World War I
Glassford commanded the 51st Field Artillery Brigade until February 1919, when he was assigned to command the 152nd Field Artillery Brigade, a unit of the 77th Division   He returned to the United States with his brigade in July, reverted to his permanent rank of major, and was assigned to the office of the Chief of Field Artillery   Later that year he was assigned to the faculty of the General Service Schools at Ft  Leavenworth In 1924, Glassford graduated from the Army War College, after which he remained at the school to serve on the faculty   In 1927 and 1928, Glassford commanded the 1st Field Artillery Regiment at Fort Sill Glassford subsequently returned to the War Department staff and served as chief of the Mobilization Branch in the Operations and Training Division  He was promoted to lieutenant colonel in 1928   Glassford retired in July 1931, and his rank of brigadier general was restored at his retirement as the result of a 1930 law which enabled World War I generals to retire at the highest rank they had held During his career, Glassford was known for his out of the ordinary excursions into fields outside the Army   He would frequently save his military leave, and then use it in large blocs to take long motorcycle trips or work in jobs that were atypical for a military professional, which included circus barker and newspaper reporter 

Later career
Washington, DC police chief
In November 1931, Glassford was appointed Superintendent of the District of Columbia’s Metropolitan Police Department   Known for his sense of humor, when queried by a reporter as to his qualifications for the job, Glassford quipped: "Well, I've been arrested   Once for driving through a red light and once for speeding on a motorcycle "  His tenure was most notable for the Summer 1932 response to the Bonus Army, World War I veterans who converged on Washington during the Great Depression to advocate for early payment of bonuses that were scheduled to be paid in 1945 Members of the Bonus Army established encampments in and around the District of Columbia   Glassford worked to accommodate them, visiting their leaders daily by motorcycle to help maintain order, and arranging for volunteers to provide medical care, as well as donations of food, clothing, tents, and other supplies   Favorable Congressional action was not forthcoming, and many Bonus Army members accepted the government's offer of free transportation home   President Herbert Hoover ordered the remaining veterans to be removed, by force if necessary   Glassford managed to obtain a six day extension before enforcement, hoping to persuade the Bonus Army members to depart voluntarily   On July 28, U S  Attorney General William D  Mitchell ordered the veterans who remained to be removed from government property   Glassford’s police began to execute the order; they were met with resistance, and during an exchange of shots, two veterans were wounded and later died After the shooting, President Herbert Hoover ordered the Army to force the veterans' out of the Washington area   General Douglas MacArthur, the Chief of Staff of the Army, took personal command of infantry and cavalry units, which were supported by six tanks  The Army forcibly ejected the Bonus Army members, and wives and children who had accompanied some of them were also forced to leave   The Army then burned the campsites Glassford had established a positive relationship with leaders of the Bonus Army, and disagreed with Hoover and Mitchell about the need to eject the members and destroy the campsites   He also disagreed with the need to use Army troops against the Bonus Army, which brought him into conflict with other members of the police department leadership   When Glassford was unable to name appointees who agreed with his policies, he submitted his own resignation, and left the police department in December 1932 

Move to Arizona
Glassford retired to a farm near Phoenix   He mounted a brief run for governor of Arizona in 1934, and also that year accepted a federal appointment to mediate labor-management disputes between workers and owners of lettuce and cantaloupe farms in Imperial Valley, California   Faced with workers striking in an effort to obtain better pay and working conditions, conservative farm owners resorted to violence, spying on attorneys sent to California to aid the workers, and propaganda asserting that the strike was communist-inspired   Though Glassford was initially sympathetic to the farm owners, their tactics caused him to come down on the side of the workers 

Phoenix police chief
In March 1936, Glassford was hired to serve as chief of the Phoenix Police Department for 90 days   The temporary appointment came with a mandate to reorganize and reform the department to end corruption and outside political influence, and restore morale   He left the position on May 1, when a new mayor and city council took office and decided on a different reorganization plan   In September 1936, Glassford was an unsuccessful candidate for the Democratic nomination in Arizona's 1st congressional district 

World War II
In March 1942, Glassford was recalled to active duty for World War II and assigned to duty as internal security director in the office of the Provost Marshal General   He retired again in December 1943 

Awards
Glassford was a recipient of the Distinguished Service Medal, Silver Star, Legion of Merit, and Purple Heart 

Career as artist
Glassford was an artist; among friends in the military, he was well known for his paintings of fireplace screens   After his military retirement, he worked primarily in watercolors; his second wife and he resided in Laguna Beach, California, and many of Glassford’s paintings depicted scenes of Newport Beach, Balboa Harbor and other areas of the southern California coast 

Death and burial
Glassford died in Laguna Beach on August 9, 1959   He was buried at Fort Rosecrans National Cemetery in San Diego 

Family
In 1908, Glassford married Cora Carleton (1887–1958), the daughter of US Army General Guy Carleton (1857–1946)   They were the parents of four children: Guy Carleton (1908–1974), Cora Elizabeth (Mrs  Lee Parke) (1910–1986), Pelham Davis (1911–1992), and Dorothy Seymour (Mrs  William Graham) (1913–1977) The Glassfords divorced in 1932  In 1934, Pelham Glassford married Lucille Painter (1906–1957) Glassford’s brother William A  Glassford, was a graduate of the United States Naval Academy who attained the rank of vice admiral before retiring in 1946 

Biography
Cora Carleton Glassford prepared a biography of her husband, One Life is Not Enough, the manuscript for which is part of the Cora Carleton Glassford Papers   Cora Carleton Glassford's papers are included in the collections of the Daughters of the Republic of Texas Library 

Dates of rank



ground_truth: Himalchuli has three main peaks: East (7893 m), West (7540 m) and North (7371 m)

prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: How many marchers were in the protest that Pelham D. Glassford ended? 

The following are given passages.
Context 4:  2016  Dublin, Irlandia 
Official Selection  Fantoche Internasional Animation Festival Film  2016  Baden, Swiss 
Special Screening  Athena Animfest  2016  Athena, Yunani 
Special Screening  New Chitose Internasional Animation Festival  2016  Hokkaido, Jepang 
Nominee of Best Foreign Animation Trailer  Annual Golden Trailer Award  2014  California, Amerika Serikat 
Nominee of Apresiasi Film Indonesia  Art and Film Board of Ministry of Culture & Education  2012  Jakarta, Indonesia 
First Winner of Indigo Fellowship Category  PT Telekomunikasi Indonesia  2012  Jakarta, Indonesia 
Winner of ICT Award Category  Digital Animation Inaicta   Minister for Communication and Information Technology  2012  Jakarta, Indonesia 
Nominee of Animafest 2D Short Animated Film MNCTV  (Briptu Dorman)  2011  Jakarta, Indonesia 
Second Winner of Digital Animation (The Adventure of Abdan – Honesty)  Exhibition of Indonesian Production   Minister of Industry Republic of Indonesia  2009  Jakarta, Indonesia 
Nominasi International Urbanimation  (The Adventure of Abdan – Kites)  2008  Jakarta, Indonesia 
Merit Winner ICT Award Category  Digital Animation Inaicta  Minister for Communication and Information Technology  2000  Jakarta, Indonesia 
Passage 6:
Seasoned Veteran
Seasoned Veteran is the third studio album by American rapper Richie Rich  It was released November 5, 1996 on Def Jam Recordings, and to date is the only major label release for the artist  The album was produced by Ali Malik, DJ Daryl, Doug Rasheed, Jermaine Dupri, Lev Berlak, Mike Mosley, Richie Rich and Rick Rock  It peaked at number 11 on the Billboard Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums and at number 35 on the Billboard 200  Two of the singles released, "Let's Ride" and "Do G's Get To Go To Heaven?", both appeared on multiple Billboard singles charts  The album features guest performances by 2Pac, E-40, Luniz, D'wayne Wiggins, T-Boz, and Rame Royal of Rhythm & Green 
Along with the single, a music video was produced for the song, "Let's Ride"  A second single, "Do G's Get To Go To Heaven?", was also released as a music video, featuring Bo-Roc, and is dedicated to the memory of Tupac Shakur 
In the song "Niggas Done Changed" Feat  Tupac, 2Pac predicts his own death by saying “I been shot and murdered, can't tell you how it happened, word for word / But best believe niggas gonna get what they deserve ”

Critical reception
The Source – "   Seasoned Veteran is one of the few albums available in the reality rap genre that lives up to its name and comes close to meeting the listener's expectations   "

Track listing
Samples
Fresh Out

"For the Love of Money" by The O'JaysLet's Ride

"(Not Just) Knee Deep" by FunkadelicPillow

"(Lay Your Head on My) Pillow" by Tony! Toni! Toné!

Chart history
AlbumSingles

Personnel
Passage 7:
Lev Kuleshov
Lev Vladimirovich Kuleshov (Russian: Лев Владимирович Кулешов; 13 January [O S  1 January] 1899 – 29 March 1970) was a Russian and Soviet filmmaker and film theorist, one of the founders of the world's first film school, the Moscow Film School  He was given the title People's Artist of the RSFSR in 1969  He was intimately involved in development of the style of film making known as Soviet montage, especially its psychological underpinning, including the use of editing and the cut to influence the emotions of audience, a principle known as the Kuleshov effect  He also developed the theory of creative geography, which is the use of the action around a cut to connect otherwise disparate settings into a cohesive narrative 

Life and career
Lev Kuleshov was born in 1899 into an intellectual Russian family  His father Vladimir Sergeyevich Kuleshov was of noble heritage; he studied art in the Moscow School of Painting, Sculpture and Architecture, despite his own father's disapproval  He then married a village schoolteacher Pelagia Aleksandrovna Shubina who was raised in an orphanage, which only led to more confrontation  They gave birth to two sons: Boris and Lev 
At the time Lev Kuleshov was born, the family became financially broke, lost their estate and moved to Tambov, living a modest life  In 1911 Vladimir Kuleshov died; three years later Lev and his mother moved to Moscow where his elder brother was studying and working as an engineer  Lev Kuleshov decided to follow the steps of his father and entered the Moscow School of Painting, although he didn't finish it  In 1916 he applied to work at the film company led by Aleksandr Khanzhonkov  He produced scenery for Yevgeni Bauer's pictures, such as The King of Paris, For Happiness and others  With time Kuleshov became more interested in film theory  He co-directed his first movie Twilight in 1917  His next film was released under the Soviet patronage During 1918–1920 he covered the Russian Civil War with a documentary crew  In 1919 he headed the first Soviet film courses at the National Film School  Kuleshov may well be the very first film theorist as he was a leader in the Soviet montage theory – developing his theories of editing before those of Sergei Eisenstein (briefly a student of Kuleshov)  He contributed the article "Kinematografichesky naturshchik" to the first issue of Zrelishcha in 1922  Among his other notable students were Vsevolod Pudovkin, Boris Barnet, Mikhail Romm, Sergey Komarov, Porfiri Podobed, Vladimir Fogel and Aleksandra Khokhlova who became his wife  For Kuleshov, the essence of the cinema was editing, the juxtaposition of one shot with another  To illustrate this principle, he created what has come to be known as the Kuleshov effect  In this now-famous editing exercise, shots of an actor were intercut with various meaningful images (a casket, a bowl of soup, etc ) in order to show how editing changes viewers' interpretations of images  Another one of his famous inventions was creative geography, also known as artificial landscape  Those techniques were described in his book The Basics of Film Direction (1941) which was later translated into many languages 
In addition to his theoretical and teaching work, Kuleshov directed a number of feature-length films  Among his most notable works are an action-comedy The Extraordinary Adventures of Mr  West in the Land of the Bolsheviks (1924), a psychological drama By the Law (1926) adapted from the short story by Jack London and a biographical drama The Great Consoler (1933) based on O  Henry's life and works  In 1934 and 1935 Kuleshov went to Tajikistan to direct there Dokhunda, a movie based on the novel by Tajik national poet Sadriddin Ayni, but the project was regarded with suspicion by the authorities as possibly exciting Tajik nationalism, and stopped  No footage survives 

After directing his last film in 1943, Kuleshov served as an artistic director and an academic rector at VGIK where he worked for the next 25 years  He was a member of the jury at the 27th Venice International Film Festival, as well as a special guest during other international film festivals 
Lev Kuleshov died in Moscow in 1970  He was buried at the Novodevichy Cemetery  He was survived by his wife Aleksandra Khokhlova (1897–1985) – an actress, film director and educator, granddaughter of Pavel Tretyakov and Sergey Botkin – and Aleksandra's son Sergei from her first marriage 

Awards and honours
Order of the Red Banner of Labour (1944)
Order of Lenin (1967)
People's Artist of the RSFSR (1969)

Filmography
Passage 8:
Pamela B  Davis
Pamela B  Davis is a pediatric pulmonologist specializing in cystic fibrosis research  She has been Dean of the School of Medicine at Case Western Reserve University since 2007  She was elected to the Institute of Medicine in 2014 
Passage 9:
Pamela Gilbert
Pamela B  Gilbert (born October 3, 1958) is an American lawyer and has been a partner of the law firm Cuneo Gilbert & LaDuca, LLP since 2003, where she heads the firm's lobbying practice   Gilbert is a noted consumer rights advocate who has testified before Congress over fifty times and made dozens of appearances in the national print and electronic media  Gilbert leads the Committee to Support Antitrust laws (COSAL), an organization supportive of antitrust legislation 

Early career and education
Gilbert graduated magna cum laude from Tufts University with a B A  in Mathematics in 1980 and received her J D  degree from New York University in 1984  She was a Root-Tilden scholar at NYU Law School After law school, Gilbert served as Consumer Program Director at the U S  Public Interest Research Group from 1984-1989 where she specialized in consumer protection issues  She led the effort for congressional enactment of legislation to protect children from toxic art supplies From 1989-1994, Gilbert was Legislative Director and later Executive Director of Public Citizen's Congress Watch, a Washington-based consumer advocacy organization 

Public service
Gilbert served as Executive Director of the U S  Consumer Product Safety Commission (CPSC) from 1995-2001   In 2001 she left the government to serve as Chief Operating Officer of M&R Strategic Services, a national firm set up to lobby and conduct grassroots and media campaigns around public policy issues 
In 2009, after the election of President Barack Obama, Gilbert headed the Presidential Transition Team for the Consumer Product Safety Commission 

Post-government career
Gilbert represented the National Association of Shareholder and Consumer Attorneys to oppose efforts in Congress to change the rules for bringing class action lawsuits   Gilbert subsequently represented the Center for Justice & Democracy, opposing efforts in Congress to impose Federal government restrictions on malpractice laws 

2007-2009
In 2007, Gilbert worked with public interest organizations and victims of Enron's collapse to persuade the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) and the Bush Administration to adopt a position in a case pending before the U S  Supreme Court – Stoneridge Investment Partners LLC v  Scientific-Atlanta Inc  and Motorola Inc  – that would ensure that people slighted by Enron could sue the investment banks that participated in the frauds that led to Enron's failure   Gilbert's firm held press conferences in Washington, D C  and elsewhere, meeting with administration officials such as then-SEC Chairman Christopher Cox 
On November 15 of that same year, Gilbert testified before the Subcommittee on Commercial and Administrative Law of the House Committee on the Judiciary on "Protecting the Playroom: Holding Foreign Manufacturers Accountable for Defective Products "In 2008, Gilbert worked with the Center for Justice and Democracy to bring before Congress families with children who developed lead poisoning from hazardous toys, to urge the passage of the Consumer Product Safety Improvement act of 2008   This landmark legislation placed limits on the amount of lead that can be used in children's products 
Also that year, Gilbert testified before the Federal Communications Commission on behalf of consumers who were assessed fees for switching cell phone companies before their contracts expired  Her position was that such fees were unfair   She urged the FCC not to preempt state laws and state-based lawsuits intended to protect consumers from these allegedly unfair practices by cell phone companies Over the course of three years from 2007–2009, Gilbert organized a coalition of over a dozen labor and nonprofit organizations to support legislation that would provide a pathway for the approval of generic versions of costly medicines   A version of this legislation was later incorporated in national health care reform policies 
In 2009, Gilbert worked with people injured by defects in Chrysler and General Motors vehicles to urge the Obama administration and the automobile companies to modify their bankruptcy agreements to ensure that personal injury victims would have an opportunity to receive compensation   As a result, the agreements were modified to allow people injured in the future by vehicles manufactured before the bankruptcy to be compensated for their injuries 

2010
On February 4, 2010, Gilbert participated in a webcast sponsored by OMB Watch on "The Obama Administration and Public Protections "On behalf of the Committee to Support the Antitrust Laws, Gilbert worked with Congress and the Obama Administration to amend the Antitrust Criminal Penalty Enhancement and Reform Act to ensure that members of criminal antitrust conspiracies adequately cooperate with civil lawsuits in return for reduced damages 
On June 10, 2010, Pamela Gilbert was appointed to the board of directors of the AAI (American Antitrust Institute) 

2011–Present
On behalf of Consumers for Auto Reliability and Safety (CARS), Gilbert led the successful lobbying effort to pass a federal law prohibiting rental car companies from renting or selling recalled cars until they are repaired  Gilbert worked with Mrs  Cally Houck, whose two daughters were killed in a rental car that caught on fire and crashed as a result of an unrepaired defect that had been subject to a safety recall   President Obama on December 4, 2015 signed into law the "Raechel and Jacqueline Houck Safe Rental Car Act" (H R  2198, S  1173), sponsored by Reps  Capps, Jones, Schakowsky and Butterfield and Sens  Schumer, Boxer, McCaskill and others, as part of the Fixing America's Surface Transportation Act (FAST Act) 
Gilbert represents SD3, LLC, which owns SawStop, a table saw manufacturer whose table saws are equipped with technology that stops a spinning saw blade in milliseconds when it comes in contact with human flesh   Gilbert has worked with SawStop and a coalition of consumer protection groups in an effort to enact a mandatory safety standard so that all table saws contain injury mitigation technology to prevent amputations and other serious laceration injuries  The CPSC published a notice of proposed rulemaking in 2011  and in 2015 the commission's staff urged adoption of the new requirement Gilbert is working with a coalition of patients with diseases caused by asbestos exposure and their families to defeat the proposed Furthering Asbestos Claims Transparency (FACT) Act of 2015 (H R  526, S  357)  The proposal would require asbestos trusts to file quarterly reports about the payouts they make and personal information on the victims who receive them in a publicly accessible database  Opponents argue that this would violate the privacy of victims and use trust funds to meet the new administrative requirements, making it more difficult for asbestos claimants to receive timely and full compensation 

Notable writings
In 2008, Gilbert wrote a chapter entitled "Consumer Product Safety Commission: Safety First" for Change for America: A Progressive Blueprint for the 44th President, published by the Center for American Progress and the New Democracy Project In 2010, Gilbert authored a chapter in Materials on Tort Reform by Professor Andrew Popper of the Washington College of Law at American University In 2012, Gilbert co-authored with Victoria Romanenko a chapter in Private Enforcement of the Antitrust Laws in the United States (edited by Albert A  Foer and Randy M  Stutz) 

Controversy
In 2001, Gilbert stepped down as executive director of the Consumer Product Safety Commission (CPSC) after President Bush sparked a constitutional controversy by seeking to replace the leadership of the Commission, citing his powers under Article Two of the United States Constitution   Later, in 2008, Gilbert was mentioned as a possible appointee by President Barack Obama to be Chairman of the Commission   However, her nomination was criticized on the grounds that while she was executive director of the CPSC, the agency was known for its "strident enforcement efforts" contrary to large business interests 

Personal life
Gilbert is married to Charles Lewis, Professor of Journalism at American University, founder of the Center for Public Integrity, and a former producer for 60 Minutes   With Lewis she raises two children, Cassandra and Gabriel 

See also
Cuneo Gilbert & LaDuca, LLP
U S  Consumer Product Safety Commission
Passage 10:
Eliezer ben Jacob I
Eliezer ben Jacob I (Hebrew: אליעזר בן יעקב) was a Tanna of the 1st century; contemporary of Eleazar Chisma and Eliezer ben Hyrcanus, and senior to Judah ben Ilai Of his personal history nothing is known, except that he had seen the Temple at Jerusalem and was familiar with the specific purposes of its many apartments, a subject on which he was considered an authority  Some of the details, however, he eventually forgot, and was reminded of them by Abba Saul ben Batnit Simon ben Azzai, Rabbi Akiva's contemporary, relates that he had discovered a genealogical roll wherein was stated, "The Mishnah of R  Eliezer ben Jacob is only a kab [small in proportion], but clean [of all deficiencies]"; as a result, subsequent generations generally adopted Eliezer's views as law In the aggadah, too, he is mentioned  According to him, Deuteronomy 11:13 ("To serve Him with all your heart and with all your soul") is an admonition to the priests that, when officiating, they shall entertain no thought foreign to their duty Eliezer ben Jacob bequeathed to Israel many agrarian laws, such as the laws concerning the bringing of the Bikkurim to Jerusalem and who is eligible to recite the Avowal, as well as the laws concerning Kil'ayim grown in a vineyard He is buried near the old Kefar Hanaiah, in Galilee 



ground_truth: 43,000 marchers