prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: What past honoree from the New Dramatists Organization is a powerful baritone who won the Tony Award for Best Actor in 2000?

The following are given passages.
Context 1: Passage 1:
Brian Stokes Mitchell
Brian Stokes Mitchell (born October 31, 1957) is an American actor and singer  A powerful baritone, he has been one of the central leading men of the Broadway theater since the 1990s  He won the Tony Award for Best Actor in a Musical in 2000 for his performance in Kiss Me, Kate 

Early life
Mitchell was born in Seattle, Washington, the youngest of four children of George Mitchell, an electronics engineer, and his wife Lillian (née Stokes), a school administrator  Mitchell grew up at various U S  military bases overseas, where his father was a civilian engineer for the U S  Navy  As a young boy, he lived in San Diego, California, where he began acting in school musicals  He did not attend college, having begun performing professionally while a student at Patrick Henry High School, although he did have private teachers in both acting and voice in his teen years  He has said that he studied film scoring, orchestration, and conducting through UCLA  Prior to Ragtime, he was known professionally as Brian Mitchell 

Career
Stage
Mitchell first performed on Broadway in the musical Mail in 1988, with music by Michael Rupert and lyrics by Jerry Cocker, winning the Theatre World award  His Broadway credits include an all-black revival of George and Ira Gershwin's Oh, Kay! (1990), Jelly's Last Jam (1992) based on the works of jazz artist Jelly Roll Morton, and Kander and Ebb's Kiss of the Spider Woman (1993) He originated the role of Coalhouse Walker Jr, in the musical Ragtime, which opened on Broadway in January 1998  He received a 1998 Tony Award nomination for Best Actor in a Musical  He appeared in the 1999 revival of Cole Porter's Kiss Me, Kate as Fred Graham / Petruchio, winning the Tony Award for Best Actor in a Musical  He appeared on Broadway in King Hedley II in 2001 (Tony Award nomination) and Man of La Mancha in 2002 (Tony Award nomination) He appeared in the New York City Center Encores! staged concert productions of Jule Styne's Do Re Mi (1999), Bob Merrill's Carnival! (2002), Kismet (2006), and The Band Wagon in 2014 He played the title role in the 2002 Kennedy Center production of Sweeney Todd, part of the Stephen Sondheim celebration On June 9, 2005, Mitchell appeared in a concert version of the Rodgers and Hammerstein musical South Pacific at Carnegie Hall  He starred as Emile, alongside Reba McEntire as Nellie Forbush and Alec Baldwin as Luther Billis  The production was taped and telecast by PBS in 2006  Of his performance, Ben Brantley wrote in The New York Times, "As for Mr  Mitchell, his place in the pantheon of romantic musical leads is now guaranteed "
Playbill Records released his debut solo CD, Brian Stokes Mitchell on June 6, 2006  Mitchell has also performed in a Christmas concert with the Mormon Tabernacle Choir later released as a CD and DVD entitled Ring Christmas Bells   His second solo CD, Simply Broadway, was released October 30, 2012, by CD Baby Mitchell returned to Broadway to star with Patti LuPone in the musical version of the Pedro Almodóvar film Women on the Verge of a Nervous Breakdown, which opened at the Belasco Theatre in November 2010 A new musical titled Shuffle Along, or, the Making of the Musical Sensation of 1921 and All That Followed, based on the making of Shuffle Along opened on Broadway on March 14, 2016 in previews, officially on April 21 at the Music Box Theatre  Mitchell played "F E  Miller", with Audra McDonald as "Lottie Gee", Billy Porter, Joshua Henry and Brandon Victor Dixon 

Television and film
Mitchell has a number of television and film credits, including the role of John Dolan in Roots: The Next Generations (1979), and a seven-year stint as Dr  Justin 'Jackpot' Jackson on Trapper John, M D  from 1979 to 1986   Mitchell made several appearances as a celebrity panelist on episodes of $25,000 Pyramid and $100,000 Pyramid in the 1980s, and was considered one of the game's better celebrity players, helping a contestant win the $100,000 grand prize on the latter show in February 1986   Mitchell also participated as a celebrity panelist in four weeks' worth of episodes of The Match Game-Hollywood Squares Hour, a short-lived NBC game show that ran from 1983-1984  He played recurring roles as Hilary Banks' news anchor fiancé Trevor Newsworthy/Collins on The Fresh Prince of Bel-Air and on Frasier as Dr  Frasier Crane's upstairs neighbor and nemesis Cam Winston   He supplied the singing voice of Jethro in the animated feature The Prince of Egypt (1998)   He guest starred in March 2010 in Ugly Betty as Wilhelmina Slater's ex-boyfriend, Don He appeared on the 57th episode of Glee, titled "Heart" in 2012, and the 58th, titled "On My Way," as one of Rachel's dads (LeRoy) along with Jeff Goldblum 
He also played a recurring role on the USA Network series Mr  Robot as Scott Knowles, CTO of E Corp  The series began in June 2015 and ended in December 2019 He has also done voice-overs for animation including Animaniacs, Capitol Critters, Tiny Toon Adventures, A Pup Named Scooby-Doo, The Further Adventures of SuperTed, Kid 'n Play, New Kids on the Block, Scooby-Doo! and the Reluctant Werewolf, Gravedale High, Potsworth & Co , Captain Planet and the Planeteers, The Tom and Jerry Kids Show, Yo Yogi!, Fantastic Max, Pound Puppies, The Addams Family, California Raisins, The Angry Beavers, James Bond Jr , Batman: The Animated Series, Paddington Bear, Pinky and the Brain, Defenders of Dynatron City, The Hot Rod Dogs and Cool Car Cats, Droopy, Master Detective, Denver, the Last Dinosaur, Mighty Max, Don Coyote & Sancho Panda, Vampirina, and the two Flintstones animated movies Hollyrock-a-Bye Baby and I Yabba-Dabba Do! 
Mitchell plays Nicholas Prophet in Wolverine: The Long Night, a scripted podcast serial 

Personal life
He has been married to actress Allyson Tucker since 1994 and has a son, Ellington 

Filmography
Film
Television
Video games
Theatre
Discography
Brian Stokes Mitchell (June 6, 2006)Track listing"Something's Coming" (West Side Story)
"The Best Is Yet to Come" (Cy Coleman)
"Pretty Women" (Sweeney Todd)
"Just In Time" (Bells are Ringing)
"Lazy Afternoon" (The Golden Apple)
"Another Hundred People" (Company)/"Take the 'A' Train"
"How Long Has This Been Going On?" (Funny Face)
"Life is Sweet" (Wonderful Town)
"Losing My Mind" (Follies)
"Being Alive" (Company)
"How Glory Goes" (Floyd Collins)
"Grateful"Simply Broadway (2012)
Plays With Music (2019)

Awards and nominations
Sources: Playbill BroadwayWorld

Honors
2004 - Mitchell was elected the Chairman of the Board of the Actors Fund of America
2016 - Mitchell received the Isabelle Stevenson Award "for his commitment to supporting members of the entertainment community in crisis or transition through his work with The Actors Fund "
Passage 2:
Nigel Hawthorne
Sir Nigel Barnard Hawthorne  (5 April 1929 – 26 December 2001) was an English actor  He is known for his stage acting and his portrayal of Sir Humphrey Appleby, the permanent secretary in the 1980s sitcom Yes Minister and the Cabinet Secretary in its sequel, Yes, Prime Minister  For this role, he won four BAFTA TV Awards for Best Light Entertainment Performance 
He won the BAFTA Award for Best Actor in a Leading Role and was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Actor for portraying King George III in The Madness of King George (1994)  He later won the BAFTA TV Award for Best Actor, for the 1996 series The Fragile Heart  He was also an Olivier Award and Tony Award winner for his work in theatre 

Early life
Hawthorne was born in Coventry, Warwickshire, England, the second of four children of Agnes Rosemary (née Rice) and Charles Barnard Hawthorne, a physician When Nigel was three years old, the family moved to Cape Town, South Africa, where his father had bought a practice  Initially they lived in the Gardens and then moved to a newly built house near Camps Bay He attended St George's Grammar School, Cape Town, and, although the family was not Catholic, at a now-defunct Christian Brothers College, where he played on the rugby team  He described his time at the latter as not being a particularly happy experience He enrolled at the University of Cape Town, where he met and sometimes acted in plays with Theo Aronson (later a well-known biographer), but withdrew and returned to the United Kingdom in the 1950s to pursue a career in acting 

Career
Hawthorne made his professional stage debut in 1950, playing Archie Fellows in a Cape Town production of The Shop at Sly Corner  Unhappy in South Africa, he decided to move to London, where he performed in various small parts before becoming recognized as a great character actor 
Finding success in London, Hawthorne decided to try his luck in New York City and eventually got a part in a 1974 production of As You Like It on Broadway  Around this time, he was persuaded by Ian McKellen and Judi Dench to join the Royal Shakespeare Company  He also supplemented his income by appearing in television advertisements, including one for Mackeson Stout 
He returned to the New York stage in 1990 in Shadowlands and won the 1991 Tony Award for Best Actor in a Play Although Hawthorne had appeared in small roles in various British television series since the late 1950s, his most famous role was as Sir Humphrey Appleby, the Permanent Secretary of the fictional Department of Administrative Affairs in the television series Yes Minister (and Cabinet Secretary in its sequel, Yes, Prime Minister), for which he won four BAFTA awards during the 1980s  He became a household name throughout the United Kingdom, which finally opened the doors to film roles  In 1982, Hawthorne appeared in Richard Attenborough's Gandhi, alongside a distinguished international cast including Martin Sheen, John Mills, Candice Bergen, John Gielgud, Ian Charleson and Ben Kingsley   That same year, he starred opposite Clint Eastwood in the cold war thriller Firefox, where he played a dissident Russian scientist 
Other film roles during this time included Demolition Man, which he detested for being "brainless" and a "cheap picture"  However, it led to his most famous role: that of King George III in Alan Bennett's stage play The Madness of George III (for which he won a Best Actor Olivier Award) and then the film adaptation entitled The Madness of King George, for which he received an Academy Award nomination for Best Actor and won the BAFTA Film Award for Best Actor 
After this success, his friend Ian McKellen asked him to play his doomed brother Clarence in Richard III, and Steven Spielberg asked him to play lame duck president Martin Van Buren in Amistad  He won a sixth BAFTA for the 1996 TV mini-series The Fragile Heart  He also drew praise for his role of Georgie Pillson in the London Weekend Television series "Mapp and Lucia "
Hawthorne was also a voice actor, and lent his voice to two Disney films: Fflewddur Fflam in The Black Cauldron (1985) and Professor Porter in Tarzan (1999)  He also voiced Captain Campion in the animated film adaptation of Watership Down (1978) 

Personal life
An intensely private person, he was annoyed at having been outed as gay in 1995 in the publicity surrounding the Academy Awards, but he did attend the ceremony with his long-time partner Trevor Bentham, and afterward, he spoke openly about being gay in interviews and in his autobiography, Straight Face, which was published posthumously They met in 1968 when Bentham was stage-managing the Royal Court Theatre  From 1979 until Hawthorne's death in 2001, they lived together in Radwell and then at Thundridge, both in Hertfordshire  The two of them became fund raisers for the North Hertfordshire hospice and other local charities 

Death
Hawthorne died from a heart attack at his home on 26 December 2001, aged 72  He had recently undergone several operations for pancreatic cancer, which he was diagnosed with in mid-2000, but had been discharged from hospital for the Christmas holidays  He was survived by Bentham, and his funeral service was held at St Mary's, the Parish Church of Thundridge near Ware, Hertfordshire, following which he was cremated at Stevenage Crematorium  His funeral was attended by Derek Fowlds, Maureen Lipman, Charles Dance, Loretta Swit and Frederick Forsyth along with friends and local people  The service was led by the Right Reverend Christopher Herbert, the Bishop of St Albans  The coffin had a wreath of white lilies and orchids and Bentham was one of the pallbearers On hearing of Hawthorne's death, Alan Bennett described him in his diary: "Courteous, grand, a man of the world and superb at what he did, with his technique never so obvious as to become familiar as, say, Olivier's did or Alec Guinness's "

Honours
He was appointed a Commander of the Order of the British Empire (CBE) in the 1987 New Years Honours List, and was knighted in the 1999 New Years Honours List "for services to the Theatre, Film and Television "

Filmography
Film
Television
Video games
Stage
Theatre
Awards and nominations
Passage 3:
Gordon Dahlquist
Gordon Dahlquist is an American playwright and novelist  A native of the Pacific Northwest, Dahlquist has lived and worked in New York City since 1988  His plays, which include Messalina and Delirium Palace (both Garland Playwriting Award winners), have been performed in New York and Los Angeles  Graduate of Reed College and Columbia University’s School of the Arts  He is an alumnus of New Dramatists Dahlquist's debut novel The Glass Books of the Dream Eaters, a hybrid of fantasy and science fiction set in a period similar to the Victorian era, was published on August 1, 2006, to notable critical acclaim  Dahlquist was reportedly paid an advance of $2,000,000 for The Glass Books of the Dream Eaters, the first of a two-book deal  Its sales were disappointing and it is estimated to have lost its publisher, Bantam, approximately $851,500   The sequel to The Glass Books of the Dream Eaters, The Dark Volume, was published in the UK by Penguin on May 1, 2008, and March 24, 2009 in the United States   A third volume, The Chemickal Marriage was published in July 2012   A young adult novel, The Different Girl was published in 2013  In 2015 he received the James Tait Black Prize for his play Tomorrow Come Today 

Plays
Babylon 55 (with Mark Worthington), premiere Sumus Theatre, Portland, OR, 1984
Reticence, premiere Horace Mann Theatre NYC
Severity's Mistress, premiere Walker Space NYC, 1995
Mission Byzantium, premiere The American Globe Theater NYC, 1995
Island of Dogs, premiere 4th Street Theater NYC, 1998
Vortex du Plaisir, premiere Ohio Theater NYC, 1999
The Secret Machine, premiere Walker Space NYC, 1999
Delirium Palace, premiere Evidence Room LA CA, 2001
Messalina, premiere Evidence Room LA CA, 2003
Babylon is Everywhere: A Court Masque, premiere NYC 2004
Venice Saved: A Seminar (with David Levine), premiere PS122 NYC, 2009
Tea Party, workshop premiere Bay Area Playwrights Foundation, 2012
Tomorrow Comes Today, premiere Undermain Theatre, Dallas, 2014
Red Chariot, premiere Undermain Theatre, Dallas, 2019

Novels
The Glass Books of the Dream Eaters (2006)
The Dark Volume (2008)
The Chemickal Marriage (2012)
The Different Girl  (2013)

Bibliography, Plays
Vortex du Plaisir, Playscripts Inc 
Delirium Palace, Breaking Ground, Stage & Screen, 2002
Babylon is Everywhere, Theater Magazine, Vol 34 #2, 2004

Bibliography, Novels
The Glass Books of the Dream Eaters, Bantam 2006
The Dark Volume, Bantam 2009
The Chemickal Marriage, Penguin 2012
The Different Girl, Dutton Juvenile, 2013
Passage 4:
Special Tony Award
The Special Tony Award category includes the Lifetime Achievement Tony Award and the Special Tony Award  These are non-competitive honorary awards, and the titles have changed over the years  The Tony Award for Lifetime Achievement in the Theatre is to "honor an individual for the body of his or her work " (The Tony Award for Best Special Theatrical Event was a competitive award, given from 2001 to 2009 ) Another non-competitive Tony award is the Tony Honors for Excellence in Theatre, to "recognize the achievements of individuals and organizations that do not fit into any of the competitive categories "

Award winners
1940s
1950s
1960s
1970s
1980s
1990s
2000s
2010s
2020s
See also
Regional Theatre Tony Award
Tony Honors for Excellence in Theatre
Passage 5:
Eddie Vedder
Eddie Jerome Vedder (born Edward Louis Severson III; December 23, 1964) is an American singer, musician, songwriter, and the lead vocalist and one of three guitarists for the rock band Pearl Jam  He previously was a guest vocalist for supergroup Temple of the Dog, a tribute band dedicated to the late singer Andrew Wood 
Vedder, who is known for his powerful baritone vocals, was ranked seventh on a list of "Best Lead Singers of All Time," based on a readers' poll compiled by Rolling Stone In 2007, Vedder released his first solo album as a soundtrack for the film Into the Wild (2007)  His second album, Ukulele Songs, and a live DVD titled Water on the Road were released in 2011  His third solo album Earthling was released in 2022 
In 2017, Vedder was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame as a member of Pearl Jam 

Early life and education
Vedder was born Edward Louis Severson III on December 23, 1964 in Evanston, Illinois, to Karen Lee Vedder and Edward Louis Severson Jr  His parents divorced in 1965 when Vedder was an infant  His mother soon remarried to a man named Peter Mueller  Vedder was raised believing that Mueller was his biological father, and he went by the name Edward Mueller for a time  Vedder's ancestry includes Dutch, German, and Danish on his mother' side (Vedder) and Norwegian on his father's side (Severson) While living in Evanston, Vedder's family fostered seven younger children in a group home  In the mid-1970s, the family, including Vedder's three younger half-brothers, moved to San Diego County, California  Vedder received a guitar from his mother on his 12th birthday, and began turning to music and surfing as a source of comfort  He especially found solace in The Who's 1973 album, Quadrophenia  He said, "When I was around 15 or 16   I was all alone—except for music " His mother and Mueller divorced when Vedder was in his late teens  His mother and brothers moved back to the Chicago area, but Vedder remained with his stepfather in California so he did not have to change schools 
After the divorce, Vedder learned the truth about his parentage and that Mueller was really his stepfather, not his father  Vedder met his biological father briefly as a child, but was led to believe that Severson was merely an old friend of his parents  By the time Vedder learned the truth, Severson had died of multiple sclerosis  During his senior year at San Dieguito High School, Vedder moved out to live in an apartment, supported himself with a nightly job at a drug store in Encinitas  Because of the pressure of work and school, Vedder dropped out of high school  He joined the rest of his family in the Chicago area, and changed his last name to Vedder, his mother's maiden name 
In the early 1980s, while working as a waiter, Vedder earned his high school GED from Oakton Community College 

Career
In 1984, Vedder returned to San Diego with his girlfriend Beth Liebling and his friend Frank  While living in the San Diego area, Vedder recorded demo tapes at his home and worked various jobs, including as a contracted security guard at the La Valencia Hotel in La Jolla  Vedder had several stints in San Diego area bands, including Surf and Destroy and the Butts  One of those bands, called Indian Style, included future Rage Against the Machine and Audioslave drummer Brad Wilk In 1988, Vedder became the vocalist for Bad Radio, a San Diego-based progressive funk rock band  The band's original incarnation was influenced by Duran Duran; however, after Vedder joined, the band moved to a more alternative rock sound influenced in part by the Red Hot Chili Peppers 

Temple of the Dog
In the 1980s, Vedder worked part time as a night attendant at a local gas station  Through the Southern California music scene, Vedder met former Red Hot Chili Peppers drummer Jack Irons, who became a friend and would play basketball with him  Later in 1990, Irons gave him the demo tape of a Seattle band looking for a singer  Vedder listened to the tape shortly before going surfing, where lyrics came to him  He wrote lyrics for three of the songs in what he later described as a "mini-opera" entitled Momma-Son  The songs tell the story of a young man who, like Vedder, learns that he had been lied to about his paternity and that his real father is dead, grows up to become a serial killer, and is eventually imprisoned and sentenced to death  Vedder recorded vocals for the three songs, and mailed the demo tape back to Seattle  The three songs would later become Pearl Jam's "Alive", "Once", and "Footsteps" 
After hearing Vedder's tape, former Mother Love Bone members Stone Gossard and Jeff Ament invited Vedder to come to Seattle to audition for their new band  They were instantly impressed with his unique sound  At the time, Gossard and Ament were working on the Temple of the Dog project founded by Soundgarden's Chris Cornell as a musical tribute to Mother Love Bone's frontman Andrew Wood, who died of a heroin overdose at age 24  Soundgarden drummer Matt Cameron and newcomer Mike McCready were also a part of the project  The song "Hunger Strike" became a duet between Cornell and Vedder  Cornell later said that Vedder "sang half of that song not even knowing that I'd wanted the part to be there and he sang it exactly the way I was thinking about doing it, just instinctively "Vedder also provided background vocals on several other Temple of the Dog songs  In April 1991, Temple of the Dog was released by A&M Records  "Hunger Strike" became Temple of the Dog's breakout single; it was also Vedder's first featured vocal on a record  "I really like hearing that song  I feel like I could be real proud of it –  because one, I didn't write it, and two, it was such a nice way to be ushered onto vinyl for the first time  I'm indebted to Chris (Cornell) time eternal for being invited onto that track", Vedder said in 2009  In the 2011 documentary Pearl Jam Twenty, Vedder said, "That was the first time I heard myself on a real record  It could be one of my favorite songs that I've ever been on – or the most meaningful " Vedder and Cornell performed the song together for the last time on October 26, 2014, at a benefit for Bridge School 

Pearl Jam
Pearl Jam, initially called Mookie Blaylock after the former National Basketball Association player of the same name, was formed in 1990 by Jeff Ament, Stone Gossard, and Mike McCready, who then recruited Vedder as lead singer but hired and fired three different drummers  The band was forced to change its name when they signed to Epic Records in 1991, becoming Pearl Jam, and instead naming their debut album Ten after Blaylock's jersey number 
Ten became one of the best-selling alternative albums of the 1990s, being certified 13× Platinum  The single "Jeremy" received Grammy Award nominations for Best Rock Song and Best Hard Rock Performance in 1993  Pearl Jam received four awards at the 1993 MTV Video Music Awards for its music video for "Jeremy", including Video of the Year and Best Group Video  Ten ranks number 209 on Rolling Stone magazine's list of the 500 greatest albums of all time, and "Jeremy" was ranked number 11 on VH1's list of the 100 greatest songs of the '90s Following an intense touring schedule, the band recorded its second studio album, Vs , which was released in 1993  Upon its release, Vs  set the record at the time for most copies of an album sold in a week, and spent five weeks at number one on the Billboard 200  Vs  was nominated for a Grammy Award for Best Rock Album in 1995  From Vs , the song "Daughter" received a Grammy nomination for Best Rock Performance by a Duo or Group with Vocal and the song "Go" received a Grammy nomination for Best Hard Rock Performance Feeling the pressures of success, with much of the burden of Pearl Jam's popularity falling on Vedder, the band decided to decrease the level of promotion for its albums, including refusing to release music videos  Vedder's issue with fame came from what he stated as "what happens when a lot of these people start thinking you can change their lives or save their lives or whatever and create these impossible fuckin' expectations that in the end just start tearing you apart " In 1994, the band began a much-publicized boycott of Ticketmaster, which lasted for three years and limited the band's ability to tour in the United States  Vedder faced what he called a "pretty intense stalker problem" during the mid-1990s  Vedder would refer to the issue in the song "Lukin" from No Code Later that same year the band released its third studio album, Vitalogy, which became the band's third straight album to reach multi-platinum status  On the album, Vedder was featured more extensively on rhythm guitar, and also provided back up vocals and some drumming  The pressure of fame is a common theme of Vedder's songs on the album  The album received Grammy nominations for Album of the Year and Best Rock Album in 1996  Vitalogy was ranked 485th on Rolling Stone magazine's list of the 500 greatest albums of all time  The lead single "Spin the Black Circle" won a Grammy Award in 1996 for Best Hard Rock Performance  Although Dave Abbruzzese performed on the album Vitalogy, he was fired in August 1994, four months before the album was released  The band cited political differences between Abbruzzese and the other members; for example, he disagreed with the Ticketmaster boycott  He was replaced by Jack Irons, a close friend of Vedder and the former and original drummer of the Red Hot Chili Peppers The band subsequently released No Code in 1996 and Yield in 1998  In 1998, prior to Pearl Jam's U S  Yield Tour, Irons left the band due to dissatisfaction with touring  Pearl Jam enlisted former Soundgarden drummer Matt Cameron as Irons' replacement on an initially temporary basis, but he soon became the permanent replacement for Irons  "Do the Evolution" (from Yield) received a Grammy nomination for Best Hard Rock Performance  Vedder described Pearl Jam's approach in 1998, saying "We've had the luxury of writing our own job description   and that description has basically been cut down to just one line: make music "In 1998, Pearl Jam recorded "Last Kiss", a cover of a 1960s ballad made famous by J  Frank Wilson and the Cavaliers  It was released on the band's 1998 fan club Christmas single; however, by popular demand, the cover was released to the public as a single in 1999  "Last Kiss" peaked at number two on the Billboard charts and became the band's highest-charting single 
In 2000, the band released its sixth studio album, Binaural, and initiated a successful and ongoing series of official bootlegs  The band released seventy-two such live albums in 2000 and 2001, and set a record for most albums to debut in the Billboard 200 at the same time  "Grievance" (from Binaural) received a Grammy nomination for Best Hard Rock Performance  The band released its seventh studio album, Riot Act, in 2002  Pearl Jam's contribution to the 2003 film Big Fish, titled "Man of the Hour," was nominated for a Golden Globe Award in 2004  The band's eighth studio album, the eponymous Pearl Jam, was released in 2006  The band released its ninth studio album, Backspacer, in 2009, its tenth studio album, Lightning Bolt, in 2013, and its eleventh studio album, Gigaton, in 2020 
Vedder uses the pseudonym "Jerome Turner" on Pearl Jam records for his non-musical contributions such as design and artwork  He has also used the pseudonym "Wes C  Addle" ("West Seattle") 

Other musical projects
Soundtrack contributions
Vedder has contributed solo material to several soundtracks and compilations, including the soundtracks for the films Dead Man Walking (1995), I Am Sam (2001), A Brokedown Melody (2004), Body of War (2007), and Reign Over Me (2007)  Vedder collaborated with Pakistani musician Nusrat Fateh Ali Khan for his contributions to the Dead Man Walking soundtrack  He covered the Beatles' "You've Got to Hide Your Love Away" for the I Am Sam soundtrack  Vedder wrote "Man of the Hour" that Pearl Jam recorded for Tim Burton's Big Fish Soundtrack (2003)  Vedder wrote two songs for the 2007 feature documentary, Body of War, produced by Ellen Spiro and Phil Donahue: "No More" (a song referring to the Iraq War) and "Long Nights"  Vedder and the supergroup the Million Dollar Bashers, which includes members from Sonic Youth, Wilco, and Bob Dylan's band, covered Dylan's "All Along the Watchtower" for the biopic film, I'm Not There (2007)  Pearl Jam recorded a cover version of The Who's song "Love, Reign o'er Me" for the film Reign Over Me, which takes its title from the song  In 2010, Vedder recorded a new song, "Better Days", which appeared on the soundtrack to the 2010 film Eat Pray Love  Vedder contributed original music for the soundtrack to the 2021 film Flag Day, which also featured the musical debut of Vedder's daughter Olivia on lead vocals in the first single, "My Father’s Daughter", written by Vedder and Glen Hansard 

Into the Wild
Vedder contributed an album's worth of songs to the soundtrack for the 2007 film, Into the Wild  The soundtrack was released on September 18, 2007, through J Records  It includes covers of the Indio song "Hard Sun" and the Jerry Hannan song "Society"  Vedder said that having to write songs based on a narrative "simplified things"  He said, "There were fewer choices  The story was there and the scenes were there " Vedder's songs written for the film feature a folk sound  Thom Jurek of AllMusic called the soundtrack a "collection of folksy, rootsy tunes where rock & roll makes fleeting appearances " Vedder won a 2008 Golden Globe Award for the song "Guaranteed" from Into the Wild  He was also nominated for a Golden Globe Award for his contributions to the film's original score  At the 2008 Grammy Awards, "Guaranteed" received a nomination for Best Song Written for a Motion Picture, Television or Other Visual Media  "Guaranteed" was also nominated a 2008 World Soundtrack Award in the category of Best Original Song Written Directly for a Film  At the 2009 Grammy Awards, "Rise" received a nomination for Best Rock Vocal Performance, Solo Vedder promoted the Into the Wild soundtrack with his first solo tour, which began in April 2008  The April leg of the tour, dubbed the "April Fools Tour", began in Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada at The Centre on April 2, 2008, and was composed of ten dates focusing on the West Coast of the United States  Vedder continued the tour with a second leg in August 2008 composed of fourteen dates focusing on the East Coast and Canada  The second leg of the tour began in Boston, Massachusetts at the Boston Opera House and ended in Chicago, Illinois at the Auditorium Theatre  In June 2009, Vedder followed his 2008 solo tour with another solo tour composed of fourteen dates focusing on the Eastern United States and Hawaii, which began in Albany, New York at the Palace Theatre and continued through to Honolulu at the Hawaii Theatre 

Ukulele Songs
Vedder released his second solo album titled Ukulele Songs, a collection of original songs and covers performed on the ukulele, on May 31, 2011  The first single from the album, "Longing to Belong", was released through digital retailers on March 21  A live DVD titled Water on the Road, featuring live performances from two shows in Washington, D C  during Vedder's 2008 solo tour, was released the same day as Ukulele Songs 

Earthling
In September 2021, Vedder released the single "Long Way", taken from his third studio album Earthling  This was followed by "The Haves" on November 18, 2021, and "Brother the Cloud" on January 14, 2022  "Long Way" and "The Haves" have been released as a limited edition 7" vinyl  To tour the album, Vedder assembled a backing band dubbed "The Earthlings", which includes Glen Hansard on rhythm guitar and backing vocals, Josh Klinghoffer on guitar, keyboard and vocals, Chad Smith on drums, Chris Chaney on bass, and guitarist Andrew Watt  Watt also produced the album 

Collaborations
In addition to playing with Pearl Jam and Temple of the Dog, Vedder has performed or recorded with numerous well-known artists  He has appeared on albums by the Who, Ramones, Neil Young, R E M , Neil Finn, Bad Religion, Mark Seymour, Cat Power, Mike Watt, Fastbacks, Wellwater Conspiracy, Jack Irons, and John Doe, and has also recorded with the Strokes, Nusrat Fateh Ali Khan, Supersuckers, Susan Sarandon, and Zeke  In the months of June and July 2006, Vedder made live performances jamming with Tom Petty and the Heartbreakers, singing on many tracks, including lead vocals on "The Waiting" and backing vocals on "American Girl"  Vedder performed the songs "Break on Through (To the Other Side)", "Light My Fire" and "Roadhouse Blues" with the remaining members of the Doors at the 1993 Rock and Roll Hall of Fame induction ceremony  He also performed with R E M  at the 2007 Rock and Roll Hall of Fame induction ceremony and with the Stooges at the 2010 Rock and Roll Hall of Fame induction ceremony   Vedder made a guest appearance at the Ramones' last show on August 6, 1996, at the Palace in Hollywood 

Film
Vedder had a brief acting cameo in the 1992 movie, Singles, along with Jeff Ament and Stone Gossard of Pearl Jam  He appeared as himself, playing drums in lead actor Matt Dillon's backing band, Citizen Dick  He was also interviewed for the 1996 grunge documentary, Hype! He appears in the 2003 Ramones documentary, End of the Century: The Story of the Ramones  In 2007, he made a cameo as himself in the comedy film, Walk Hard: The Dewey Cox Story  He appears in the 2007 Tom Petty documentary, Runnin' Down a Dream, the 2008 political documentary, Slacker Uprising, and the 2009 Howard Zinn documentary, The People Speak, based upon A People's History of the United States  He was featured in the 2008 Greg Kohs documentary, Song Sung Blue, performing with Lightning and Thunder  He had a one-scene cameo in the second episode of the second season of the IFC television show Portlandia  He also appears in the 2012 documentary West of Memphis,  protesting against the case  Vedder made an appearance in the season 3 episode 16 of David Lynch's Twin Peaks Aug 2017   He was referred to by his birth name, Edward Louis Severson 
The character of Jackson Maine in the movie 'A Star is Born was partly influenced by Vedder  Bradley Cooper, who wrote the screenplay, produced, directed, and starred in the film as Jackson Maine, hung out with Vedder for four or five days to get some tips from him about the character 

Activism
Vedder has used his role as a musician to speak on several politically-oriented themes  In 2009, he said, "People on death row, the treatment of animals, women's right to choose  So much in America is based on religious fundamentalist Christianity  Grow up! This is the modern world!" In 1992, Spin printed an article by Vedder, titled "Reclamation", which detailed his views on abortion  Vedder and Pearl Jam performed at Rock for Choice in 1994  During the band's appearance on MTV Unplugged in 1992, Vedder stood up on his stool during the instrumental break of the song "Porch" and wrote "PRO-CHOICE" on his left arm with a magic marker Vedder was supportive of Green Party presidential candidate Ralph Nader in 2000 and played at Green Party super rallies in Chicago and New York City  Pearl Jam played a series of concerts on the 2004 Vote for Change tour, supporting the candidacy of John Kerry for U S  president  "I supported Ralph Nader in 2000, but it's a time of crisis  We have to get a new administration in", Vedder told Rolling Stone magazine in 2004  In 2005, during Pearl Jam's first South American tour, Vedder said, "next time we come to Brazil, the world will be a better place to live, as George Bush will no longer be the President of the United States " Vedder supported Barack Obama in the 2008 presidential election, and 2012, Bernie Sanders in the 2016 and 2020 primaries, Hillary Clinton in the 2016 presidential election, and Joe Biden in the 2020 presidential election against Donald Trump In his spare time, Vedder is a surfer and active in surf-related conservation efforts, including supporting The Surfrider Foundation  In 1993, Vedder supported fellow Surfrider Foundation member/environmentalist, Aaron Ahearn who had gone AWOL from the United States Navy in protest of the Navy's at sea dumping policies  Vedder and Pearl Jam performed a concert in San Francisco, donating over $3,000 to Ahearn's legal fees 
Vedder supports Earth First! with a tattoo on his right calf  The logo is of a pipe wrench crossed with a stone hammer Vedder was a longtime and outspoken supporter for the Free the West Memphis Three movement, a cause that advocated the release of three young men who were convicted in 1994 of the gruesome murders of three boys in West Memphis, Arkansas  In an interview with Larry King on December 19, 2007, Damien Echols, who was then on death row for the murders, said that Vedder had been the "greatest friend a person could have" and that he had collaborated with him while in prison  The song "Army Reserve" on Pearl Jam's 2006 self-titled album features a lyrical collaboration between Vedder and Echols  On August 19, 2011, Vedder and Natalie Maines attended the release hearing of the West Memphis Three Vedder is a gun control activist and has performed at benefit anti-gun violence concerts and participated on the 2019 Gun Sense Forum 

Musical style and influences
Music critic Jim DeRogatis has described Vedder's vocals as a "Jim Morrison-like vocal growl"  Greg Prato of AllMusic said, "With his hard-hitting and often confessional lyrical style and Jim Morrison-esque baritone, Vedder also became one of the most copied lead singers in all of rock " Vedder has inducted the Doors, Neil Young, the Ramones, and R E M  into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame, and in his induction speeches he has cited them all as influences  Other influences that Vedder has cited include Pete Townshend and The Who, which the singer considers to be his favorite band of all time, The Beatles, Bruce Springsteen, Pink Floyd, Talking Heads, Fugazi, and The Clash Vedder's lyrical topics range from personal ("Alive", from Ten; "Better Man", from Vitalogy) to social and political concerns ("Even Flow", from Ten; "World Wide Suicide", from Pearl Jam)  His lyrics have often invoked the use of storytelling and have included themes of freedom, individualism, and sympathy for troubled individuals  Other recurring themes include the use of water metaphors, and the concept of leaving everything behind to start again, which is featured in "Rearviewmirror", from Vs ; "MFC", from Yield; "Evacuation", from Binaural; and "Gone", from Pearl Jam) 
Although primarily a vocalist, Vedder began playing guitar on some Pearl Jam songs with the Vs  songs "Rearviewmirror" and "Elderly Woman Behind the Counter in a Small Town"  When the band started, Gossard and McCready were clearly designated as rhythm and lead guitarists, respectively  The dynamic began to change when Vedder started to play more rhythm guitar during the Vitalogy era  McCready said in 2006, "Even though there are three guitars, I think there's maybe more room now  Stone will pull back and play a two-note line and Ed will do a power chord thing, and I fit into all that " Vedder's guitar playing helped the band's sound progress toward a more stripped-down style; the songs "Rearviewmirror" and "Corduroy" (from Vitalogy) feature Vedder's raw, punk-influenced guitar playing  As he had more influence on the band's sound, Vedder sought to make the band's musical output less catchy  He said, "I felt that with more popularity, we were going to be crushed, our heads were going to pop like grapes " He has also contributed performances on the ukulele, harmonica, accordion, and electric sitar to various Pearl Jam recordings 

Live performances
Throughout Pearl Jam's career, Vedder has interacted with the crowd during the band's concerts  Early in Pearl Jam's existence, Vedder and the band became known for their intense live performances  Vedder participated in stage diving as well as crowd surfing  During the early part of Pearl Jam's career, Vedder was known to climb the stage lighting rig and hang from the stage roof  Looking back at this time, Vedder said, "It's hard for us to watch early performances, even though that's when people think we were on fire and young  Playing music for as long as I had been playing music and then getting a shot at making a record and at having an audience and stuff, it's just like an untamed force   a different kind of energy  And I find it kind of hard to watch those early performances because it's so just fucking, semi-testosterone-fueled or whatever  But it didn't come from jock mentality  It came from just being let out of the gates "Vedder began incorporating social commentary and political criticism into his lyrics and performances early in his career with Pearl Jam  He usually comments on politics between songs, often to criticize U S  foreign policy  During Pearl Jam's 2007 Lollapalooza headlining show, Vedder and the band played a song telling the crowd in Chicago to boycott the oil company BP because they had been polluting Lake Michigan Vedder is known to use a Mike Lull-modified, vintage Fender Telecaster that features a single coil pickup in the bridge position and a P-90 pickup in the neck position, and includes various stickers that The Who  He uses three vintage Fender Tweed amplifiers, including a 1959 Deluxe and a 1957 Custom Twin  His two main acoustic guitars are a 1930s-era Martin 00-17 and a vintage Gibson Pete Townshend Signature SJ-200 

Legacy
Lamenting the constant waning of rock 'n roll from the music scene, Bono, in 2017, expounded that "Rage" is the fundamental component of rock 'n roll and said, "Some great rock’n’roll tends to have that, which is why the Who were such a great band  Or Pearl Jam  Eddie has that rage "Vedder was ranked seventh on a list of "Best Lead Singers of All Time" compiled by Rolling Stone  Loudwire put him at number 35 on their Top 66 Hard Rock + Heavy Metal Frontmen of all time  He has been ranked at number 5 on a list of "Singer with the Most Unique Voice", compiled by Rolling Stone  Other singers like Roger Daltrey of the Who, Bruce Dickinson of Iron Maiden and John Densmore of the Doors have praised him for his singing ability  Hit Parader magazine placed him at number 23 on their list of the "Top 100 Metal Vocalists of All Time"  His solo album Into the Wild was ranked at no  20 on the list of Top 20 Rock 'n' Roll Solo Albums by Consequence of Sound  In 2023, Rolling Stone ranked Vender at number 105 on its list of the 200 Greatest Singers of All Time 

Personal life
Vedder attended San Dieguito High School, now called San Dieguito Academy, and donated proceeds from a 2006 Pearl Jam concert in San Diego toward the construction of a theater for the school in the name of his former drama teacher, Clayton E  Liggett  Liggett was Vedder's mentor in high school  Vedder wrote the song "Long Road" (from Merkin Ball) upon hearing of Liggett's death in 1995 While living in the basement of Pearl Jam manager Kelly Curtis' house in Seattle in the early 1990s, Vedder was roommates with Alice in Chains guitarist and vocalist Jerry Cantrell  Vedder was also friends with Alice in Chains' lead singer Layne Staley, and wrote the song "4/20/02" (from Lost Dogs) on the night that he found out about Staley's death, on April 20, 2002 (though Staley had actually died over two weeks earlier on April 5, his body was found on April 19)  Vedder also paid tribute to Staley during a Pearl Jam show in Chicago on August 22, 2016, which would have been Staley's 49th birthday; "It's the birthday of a guy called Layne Staley tonight, and we're thinking of him tonight too  49 years old", Vedder told the crowd before dedicating the song "Man of the Hour" to his late friend In 1994, Vedder married Hovercraft bass player Beth Liebling, whom he was dating since he was a teenager, circa 1984  Vedder was Hovercraft's drummer during their opening slot for Mike Watt's U S  tour in 1995  The couple divorced in September 2000  In an interview published in the June 29, 2006 edition of Rolling Stone magazine, Vedder said that his divorce from Liebling had devastated him  The divorce happened around the same time as the biggest tragedy of Pearl Jam's career, when nine fans were crushed to death during the band's set at the Roskilde Festival in Denmark on June 30, 2000  In an interview with Chris Cornell's daughter Lily in 2020, Vedder explained that their show started on a high because they had just been told about her birth, until about 40 minutes into their performance when the tragedy happened  Vedder revealed that Pete Townshend helped him through the early stages of dealing with the tragedy On September 18, 2010, Vedder married his longtime girlfriend, model Jill McCormick, whom he had been dating since 2000  They have two daughters, Olivia, born in 2004, and Harper, born in 2008  In 2011, McCormick appeared in the music video for Vedder's solo single, "Longing to Belong"  In 2014, Vedder and McCormick co-founded the EB Research Partnership, a non-profit organization dedicated to finding a cure for the genetic skin disorder epidermolysis bullosa  They have raised over $25 million to fund research to find a cure Vedder was a close friend of the late Chris Cornell, the Soundgarden and Audioslave frontman  Aside from Vedder's Pearl Jam bandmates, Cornell was one of the first people Vedder met after moving to Seattle in 1990  The two were neighbors for a while and shared vocal duties in Temple of the Dog  In the 2009 book Grunge Is Dead: The Oral History of Seattle Rock Music, Soundgarden manager Susan Silver recalled that Cornell carried Vedder onstage on his shoulders at Pearl Jam's second show in Seattle (the band was known as Mookie Blaylock at the time): "Everyone was still reeling from [Andrew Wood]'s death    The band came on and Chris carried Eddie onto the stage – he was on his shoulders  It was one of those super powerful moments, where it was all a big healing for everybody  He came out as this guy who had all the credibility in the world – in terms of people in Seattle – and Malfunkshun and Mother Love Bone were loved bands  Andy was such an endearing personality  It was a hard thing to do – to show up after people die  And Chris bringing Eddie out, and pointing at him, as much Pearl Jam lead guitarist Mike McCready recalled that Cornell had helped welcome the "'super, super shy'" Vedder to Seattle: "He was like, 'Hey, welcome to Seattle  I love Jeff [Ament] and Stone [Gossard]  I give you my blessing"  From then on [Vedder] was more relaxed  It was one of the coolest things I saw Chris do'"  In a 2009 interview with Uncut magazine, Vedder stated that Cornell is "the best singer that we've got on the planet"  About the impact that Cornell had in his life, Vedder told a crowd in Alpine Valley before performing "Hunger Strike" with him in September 2011; "I had no idea how he would affect my life and my views on music and my views on friendship and what a big impact he would have  These guys [the other members of Pearl Jam] know him much longer than me and his impact is profound"  The friendship between Vedder and Cornell is featured in the 2011 documentary Pearl Jam Twenty  During his solo concert in London on June 6, 2017, Vedder talked for the first time about Cornell since his death on May 18, 2017, saying that "he wasn't just a friend, he was someone I looked up to like my older brother" and "I will live with those memories in my heart and I will love him forever" Vedder is a friend of The Who guitarist Pete Townshend, who discouraged Vedder from retiring in 1993  In late 2007, Vedder wrote the foreword to a new Pete Townshend biography, Who Are You: The Life of Pete Townshend  The book was published in the UK in March 2008 and in the U S  in October 2008  Vedder was a close friend of the late Ramones guitarist Johnny Ramone, with Vedder being at his side when he died  Since Ramone's death, Vedder and Pearl Jam have played the Ramones' "I Believe in Miracles" regularly at live shows  While driving home from Ramone's funeral, Vedder wrote the lyrics for the Pearl Jam song "Life Wasted" (from Pearl Jam) While surfing with Tim Finn in New Zealand on March 25, 1995, Vedder was carried 250 feet (76 m) off the coast and had to be rescued by lifeguards  He also has paddled outrigger canoes on occasion and in 2005 was nearly lost at sea trying to paddle from Moloka'i to Oahu Vedder has written songs and lyrics that question religious authority  Vedder is a Chicago Bulls and Chicago Bears fan and a long-time, die-hard fan of the Chicago Cubs  In November 1993, Vedder and White Sox pitcher Jack McDowell were involved in a barroom brawl in New Orleans, Louisiana that resulted in Vedder being arrested for public drunkenness and disturbing the peace  Vedder sang the national anthem before the third game of the 1998 NBA Finals in Chicago, and has sung "Take Me Out to the Ball Game" at six Cubs games, including Game 5 of the 2016 World Series  In 2007, a few days before performing with Pearl Jam in Chicago for Lollapalooza, he threw out the first pitch at Wrigley Field, the home of the Cubs  Vedder wrote a song at the request of former Cubs shortstop and first baseman Ernie Banks paying tribute to the Cubs called "All the Way"  The day after the Cubs won the 2016 World Series, the Cubs' official Twitter account posted a montage video backed by Vedder's song in a tribute to Cubs fans The annual series between the Seattle Mariners and San Diego Padres is often nicknamed the Vedder Cup due to both cities being hometowns of the singer The singer is also a great admirer of the late American science fiction author Kurt Vonnegut  During an interview with Uncut Magazine, he stated that the novel Cat's Cradle is his favorite book of all time 

Discography
Solo discography
Extended plays
Singles
Music videos
"Hard Sun" (2007)
"Guaranteed" (2008)
"No More" (2008)
"Better Days" (2010)
"You're True" (2011)
"Longing to Belong" (2011)
"Can't Keep" (2011)
"Sleeping by Myself" (2012)
"Matter of Time" (2020)
"Say Hi" (2020)
"Long Way" (2021)
"The Haves" (2021)
"Brother the Cloud" (2022)

Studio contributions and collaborations
Live contributions and collaborations
Guest appearances
Temple of the Dog discography
Pearl Jam discography
Filmography
Television
Performer and actor

Film
Performer and actor*denotes performance with Pearl Jam
**note: "Animal" performed with Pearl Jam and "Rockin' in the Free World" performed with Neil Young & Pearl Jam
^note: In the acceptance speech, Eddie notoriously states, "I don't know what this means, I don't think it means anything "
^^note: Vedder also performed the songs: "Mary Anne with the Shaky Hand" and "Getting in Tune" with the Who, but they were not released on the DVD 2017 Documentary, "Let's Play Two" featuring Eddie Vedder and Pearl Jam  Can be found on Amazon Prime and was directed by Danny Clinch  Concert documentary centering around Pearl Jams August 2016 shows at Wrigley Field 

Awards and nominations
Passage 6:
Paulo Szot
Paulo Szot is a Brazilian operatic baritone singer and actor  He made his opera debut in 1997 and his international career has included performances with the Metropolitan Opera, La Scala di Milano, Opera de Paris, Bayerische Staatsoper, Opera Australia, Liceo de Barcelona, among many others  In 2008, he made his Broadway debut as Emile De Becque in a revival of South Pacific, for which he won the Tony Award for Best Performance by a Leading Actor in a Musical, the Drama Desk Award, the Outer Critics Circle Award and the Theatre World Award  In 2012 he was nominated for a Laurence Olivier Award for best actor in a musical, and in 2014 was nominated for the MAC Award for best Celebrity Artist becoming the first Brazilian to receive such honors  In 2022, he originated the role of "Lance" in the hit Broadway musical & Juliet 

Biography
Szot was born in São Paulo to Polish parents who emigrated to Brazil after World War II  He began his musical training in piano at the age of five and later added violin and classical ballet  However, at age 21, a knee injury cut short any aspirations for a career in dance, causing him, with encouragement from his instructor, to pursue singing instead Szot studied at Jagiellonian University in Poland  He began singing professionally in 1990 with the National Song & Dance Ensemble "Śląsk"  Later, he made his professional opera debut in a production of Il barbiere di Siviglia at the Municipal Theatre of São Paulo in 1997  Since then, he has performed with the New York City Opera, the Palm Beach Opera, the Canadian Opera Company, Opéra de Marseille, and Vlaamse Opera, among others, in such operas as L'elisir d'amore, La bohème, Don Giovanni, Cavalleria rusticana, Pagliacci, Carmen, Così fan tutte, Le nozze di Figaro and Maria Golovin  In March 2010 he made his debut at the Metropolitan Opera as Kovalyov in Dmitri Shostakovich's The Nose  Szot returned to the Metropolitan Opera as Escamillo sharing the stage with the French tenor Roberto Alagna and as Lescaut in Manon along with Anna Netrebko  Szot returned to the Met in 2014 as the Captain of the Achille Lauro in The Death of Klinghoffer  He sang the role of Guglielmo in Mozart's Così fan tutte at the Palais Garnier, and at the Aix-en-Provence Festival in Le nozze di Figaro  In 2013 he sang in The Nose at Teatro dell'Opera di Roma and at La Scala in the role of Filip Filippovich, the protagonist of Alexander Raskatov's 2009 opera A Dog's Heart  In 2018 and 2019, Szot sang the role of the Celebrant in the Chicago Symphony Orchestra's performance of Leonard Bernstein's Mass under the direction of Marin Alsop with the Chicago Children's Choir and the Highland Park High School Marching Band 
Of his performance in South Pacific, Ben Brantley of The New York Times wrote: "When he delivers 'Some Enchanted Evening' or 'This Nearly Was Mine,' it's not as a swoon-making blockbuster (though of course it is), but as a measured and honest consideration of love "

Stage productions
Il Barbiere di Siviglia – 1996 – Teatro Paulo Eiró, São Paulo
Gianni Scchicchi – 1997 – Sesc Ipiranga, São Paulo
La Bohème – 1998 – Teatro Alfa Real, São Paulo
Le Barbier de Séville – 1997 – Teatro Municipal de Santo André
Carmen – 1998 – Teatro Municipal de São Paulo
La Bohème – 1998 – Teatro Municipal de São Paulo
L'elisir d'amore – 1998 – Festival Ópera de Manaus
Don Giovanni – 1999 – Teatro Alfa Real, São Paulo
Le Barbier de Séville – 1999 – Teatro São Pedro, São Paulo
Don Giovanni – 1999 – Municipal de São Paulo
Le Barbier de Séville – 1999 – Teatro São Pedro de Porto Alegre
O Guarani – 1999 – Teatro Amazonas
Carmen – 2000 – Teatro Municipal do Rio de Janeiro
Cavaleria Rusticana – 2000 – Teatro Alfa Real, São Paulo
I Pagliacci – 2000 – Teatro Alfa Real, São Paulo
Die Fledermaus – 2000 – Teatro Rio de Janeiro
Cavaleria Rusticana – 2000 – Teatro Municipal de São Paulo
Pagliacci – 2000 – Teatro Municipal de São Paulo
Tanhäuser – 2001 – Teatro Municipal do Rio de Janeiro
Carmen – 2001 – Teatro Alfa, São Paulo
Carmen – 2001 – Teatro Municipal de São Paulo
Don Giovanni – 2001 – Teatro Amazonas
La Bohème – 2001 – Teatro Amazonas
Hansel et Gretel – 2001 – Teatro Municipal de São Paulo
Manon – 2002 – Teatro Amazonas
Manon – 2002 – Teatro Alfa – São Paulo
Pagliacci – 2002 – Teatro Amazonas
Il Barbiere di Siviglia - 2003 - Palacio das Artes
Hansel et Gretel – 2003 – Teatro Municipal de São Paulo
Cavaleria Rusticana – 2003 – Teatro Amazonas
Don Pasquale – 2003 – Teatro São Pedro, São Paulo
Don Pasquale – 2003 – Teatro Municipal de Santo André
Lustige Witwe – 2003 – Porto Alegre
Carmen – 2003 – New York City Opera
Don Giovanni – 2003 – Michigan Opera
Le Nozze di Figaro – 2004 – New York City Opera
Carmen – 2004 – Palm Beach Opera
Eugène Onegin – 2004 – Ópera de Marseille
Orfeo – 2004 – Teatro Sérgio Cardoso
L'elisir d'amore – 2005 – New York City Opera
Rita – 2005 – Festival de Campos do Jordão
Dido et Aeneas – 2005 – Opera de Marseille
Don Giovanni – 2005 – Opera de Toulon
Don Giovanni – 2005 – Opera de Bordeaux
Così fan tutte – 2006 – Opera de Marseille
Maria Golovin – 2006 – Opera de Marseille
Don Giovanni – 2006 – Opera de Bogota - Colombia
Così fan tutte – 2007 – Opera de Nice
Le nozze di Figaro – 2007 – Boston
Maria Golovin – Spoleto Opera Festival, 2007 - Italy
Le Portrait de Manon – 2007 – Liceo de Barcelona
Le Nozze di Figaro – 2007 – Vlaamse Opera, Anvers
Le Nozze di Figaro – 2008 – Vlaamse Opera, Gand
South Pacific – 2008 – Lincoln Center Theater, New York
La Veuve Joyeuse – 2008 – Opera de Marseille
South Pacific – 2009 – Lincoln Center Theater, New York
The Nose – 2010 – Metropolitan Opera New York
South Pacific – 2010 – Lincoln Center Theater, New York
Carmen – 2011 – Metropolitan Opera New York
Così fan tutte – 2011 – Opera Garnier, Paris
South Pacific – 2011 – Barbican, London
Carmen – 2011 – San Francisco Opera
South Pacific – 2011 – Oxford
Manon – 2012 – Metropolitan Opera House New York
Le Nozze di Figaro – 2012 – Festival d'Aix-en-Provence
Don Giovanni – 2012 – Washington Opera
The Nose - Il Naso – 2013 – Opera di Roma
A Dog's Heart - Cuore di Cane  – 2013 – La Scala
The Nose – 2013 – Metropolitan Opera
Die Fledermaus - 2013/2014 – Metropolitan Opera
Eugène Onegin - 2014 - Melbourne Opera House
Candide — 2014 — Sala São Paulo - OSESP
The Death of Klinghoffer – 2014 – Metropolitan Opera
Le Nozze di Figaro – 2014 - Théâtre National de Bahreïn / Aix-en-Provence
Manon Lescaut - Teatro Municipal de Sao Paulo - Lescaut - 2015
Die Fledermaus - The Metropolitan Opera - 2015/2016 - Falke
Madama Butterfly - Opera de Marseille - 2016 - Sharpless
Romeo et Juliette - Palacio das Artes - 2016 - Mercutio
My Fair Lady - Teatro Santander - 2016 - Henry Higgins
Così fan tutte - "Don Alfonso" -  2017 - Palais Garnier Opéra National de Paris
The New Prince - 2017 - Dutch Opera - Hamilton/Clinton/Nixon - Amsterdam - Nederlands
Carmen - Bayerische Staatsoper - Munich - Escamillo - 2017 - Germany
Evita - Shakespeare Festival - Pennsylvania - Juan Peron - 2017 -  USA
Street Scene - Teatro Real - Madri - 2018 - Frank Maurant
La Traviata - Palacio das Artes - BH - 2018 - Giorgio Germont
La Traviata - Teatro Municipal de Sao Paulo - 2018 - G  Germont
Mass - Leonard Bernstein - South Bank Centre - 2018 - Celebrant - London
Mass - Leonard Bernstein - Ravinia Festival - 2018 - Celebrant - USA
Evita - A  L  Webber - Opera Australia - Sydney and Melbourne - 2018/2019 - Juan Peron
Merry Widow - Franz Lehar  - Opera di Roma - 2019 - Danilo
Mass - Leonard Bernstein - Ravinia Festival - 2019 - Celebrant - USA
Madama Butterfly - Puccini - Metropolitan Opera - New York - 2019 - Sharpless
Chicago on Broadway - Ambassador Theater - New York - 2020 and 2021 - Billy Flynn
Street Scene - Opera de Monte Carlo - 2020 - Frank
Chicago - Teatro Santander - São Paulo - 2022 - Billy Flynn
La boheme - Puerto Rico - 2022 - Marcello
& Juliet - Princess of Wales Theatre - Toronto - 2022 - Lance
& Juliet - Sondheim Theater - Broadway - 2023 - Lance
Cosi fan tutte - Opera de Paris - 2024 - Don Alfonso

Awards
Passage 7:
New Dramatists
New Dramatists is an organization of playwrights founded in 1949 and located at 424 West 44th Street between Ninth and Tenth Avenues in the Hell's Kitchen (Clinton) neighborhood of Manhattan, New York City 
The members of New Dramatists participate in seven-year residencies to build up their playwriting skills and develop their careers   In addition to housing resident playwrights, New Dramatists also holds workshops for young authors  The organization hosts an annual luncheon at which actors and producers who have made contributions to American theatre are honored  Brian Stokes Mitchell, Glenn Close, and Meryl Streep are among past honorees The New Dramatists have a library that is open to the public on weekdays 

Building
New Dramatists is located in a former church built in the 1880s in the Gothic Revival style  It was the location in turn of St  Matthew's German Lutheran Church, the Lutheran Church of the Redeemer, the Lutheran Metropolitan Inner Mission Society, and, by the mid-1960s, the All People's Church 

Alumni
New Dramatists' alumni include:

Glen Berger
Kia Corthron
Jorge Ignacio Cortiñas
Erin Courtney
Carson Kreitzer
Peter Maloney (actor)
Tarell Alvin McCraney
Suzan-Lori Parks
Harrison David Rivers
Charles Smith, playwright
Charise Castro Smith, television writer and actor
Octavio Solis
Mark St  Germain, playwright, author, and film and television writer 
Gaye Taylor Upchurch, who has directed plays at the Studio Theatre (Washington, D C ), the Summer Play Festival, and the Pacific Playwrights Festival

Awards
Nathan Lane was awarded the New Dramatists' 2019 Distinguished Achievement Award  Audra McDonald, Brian Stokes Mitchell, Daryl Roth, Paula Vogel, and Denzel Washington have received this award in prior years 

History
New Dramatists was established in 1949 as the New Dramatists Committee  Its formation was instigated by Michaela O'Harra, who became the first executive secretary of the Committee  Howard Lindsay was the first chair; other founders included Benjamin Schankman, Russel Crouse, Richard Rodgers, and Oscar Hammerstein II  The Committee was initially funded by contributions from the Playwrights Company, the Cornell-McClintic Foundation and a donation from John Golden 
Passage 8:
Steve Cosson
Steven Cosson (born August 1968) is a writer and director specializing in the creation of new theater work inspired by real life  He is the founding Artistic Director of the New York-based investigative theater company The Civilians 

Early life and education
Cosson was born in the Washington, D C  area  He received his BA from Dartmouth College and holds an MFA in directing from the University of California San Diego, where he studied under director and Joint Stock member Les Waters 

Career
Cosson led The Civilians as the first theater company in residence at the Metropolitan Museum of Art  He wrote the first major American play about climate change, The Great Immensity, which generated significant controversy from Republicans in Congress and right-wing media, and was featured as a TED Talk at the main TED conference in 2012 Cosson collaborated repeatedly with composer Michael Friedman on works with The Civilians and other companies, until Friedman's death in 2017  Other notable accomplishments include developing and directing Anne Washburn's Mr  Burns, a Post-Electric Play, named the 4th Best American Play of the past 25 Years by The New York Times Credits include:

book-writer and director of The Abominables at Children's Theatre Company (2018)
writer and director of The Undertaking at BAM Next Wave Festival (2016), US tour, Theatre de la Ville, Paris
director of José Rivera's Another Word for Beauty, world premiere at the Goodman Theatre (2016)
writer/director, Rimbaud in New York at the Brooklyn Academy of Music (2016)
director of Michael Friedman and Bess Wohl's musical Pretty Filthy (2015)
the Off-Broadway revival of The Belle of Amherst, starring Joely Richardson (2014)With The Civilians: 

writer/director of The Great Immensity (2014), music by Michael Friedman, created in residence with the Princeton Environmental Institute and the Princeton Atelier
co-writer and director of This Beautiful City, which premiered in 2009 to excellent reviews at the Humana Festival of New American Plays and then completed a critically acclaimed run at the Vineyard Theatre (Drama Desk, Drama League, Lortel nominations)
co-writer and director of Brooklyn at Eye Level, produced at Brooklyn's Lyceum Theatre in 2008
co-writer/director of Paris Commune produced in 2004 in The Public Theater's PublicLAB series
writer/director of the long-running hit Gone Missing which toured for several years throughout the U S  and the U K , culminating in 2007 in a seven-month Off-Broadway run at Barrow Street Theater (New York Times’ Top 10 of 2007 list)
writer/director (I Am) Nobody's Lunch (2006) (Fringe First award)
director of the company's first show Canard, Canard, Goose? (2002)Cosson has also directed The Civilians’ work at A R T , Actors Theatre of Louisville, La Jolla Playhouse, HBO's Aspen Comedy Festival, The Museum of Modern Art; London's Gate Theatre, and the Soho Theatre, among many others 
As a freelance director of new plays, musicals, and classics, Cosson's other directing credits include Ethel's Documerica (BAM Next Wave Festival); Dael Orlandersmith's Stoop Stories; Spring Awakening (Olney Theatre Center); Bus Stop (Kansas City Repertory Theatre); Anne Washburn’s A Devil at Noon (Humana Festival of New American Plays); Michael Friedman's Adventures in Reality (Lincoln Center Theater), and the U S  premiere of Attempts on Her Life; and new plays at theaters including Hartford Stage, Soho Rep, O’Neill Conference, New Harmony Project, and others His plays have been published by Oberon Books in the UK, Dramatists Play Service, and an anthology of his plays with The Civilians was published by Playscripts, Inc 

Plays
2018 The Abombinables, music/lyrics by Michael Friedman
2016 The Undertaking
2016 Rimbaud in New York, various composers
2015 The End and the Beginning
2014 The Great Immensity, music/lyrics by Michael Friedman
2012 Paris Commune with Michael Friedman
2010 In The Footprint, music/lyrics by Michael Friedman
2009 This Beautiful City, with Jim Lewis, interviews by the company, music/lyrics by Michael Friedman
2006 (I Am) Nobody's Lunch, interviews by company, music/lyrics by Michael Friedman
2003 Gone Missing, interviews by the company, music/lyrics by Michael Friedman
2001 Canard, Canard, Goose?  head writer, company-devised, music/lyrics by Michael Friedman
1998 Fingered
Context 2: Passage 1:
Fifty Shades Freed (film)
Fifty Shades Freed is a 2018 American erotic romantic drama film directed by James Foley and written by Niall Leonard, and based on E  L  James's 2012 novel of the same name  It is the third and final installment in the Fifty Shades film series, following Fifty Shades of Grey (2015) and Fifty Shades Darker (2017)  The film stars Dakota Johnson and Jamie Dornan as Anastasia Steele and Christian Grey, respectively, and follows the couple as they marry, and must deal with Ana's former boss (Eric Johnson), who begins to stalk them 
Following the first film premiered in February 2015, development on the sequels promptly began  By November 2015, Foley was hired to direct both sequels, which would be shot back-to-back in 2016 Principal photography on Fifty Shades Freed began simultaneously with Darker in February 2016, in Paris and Vancouver, and ended in July 2016 
Fifty Shades Freed was released in the United States on February 9, 2018, including a limited IMAX release  It was a box office success, grossing over $370 million worldwide against a production budget of $55 million, but the lowest-grossing film of the trilogy  Like its two predecessors, Fifty Shades Freed received negative reviews, with criticism for its screenplay and acting 

Plot
Newlyweds Christian and Anastasia are forced to cut their honeymoon short and return home after receiving news of a break-in at his corporate headquarters  Some computer files were stolen and security camera tapes identify the perpetrator as Jack Hyde, Ana's former boss who was fired for sexual assault  Meanwhile, Ana is introduced to her new personal security team 
Christian surprises Ana with a new house and has hired an attractive architect, Gia Matteo, to rebuild it for her  She is annoyed when Gia openly flirts with him in her presence  Ana privately threatens to fire Gia if she keeps it up, forcing her to stop 
When Christian is away on a business trip, Ana disregards his wishes that she stay at home, and meets her friend, Kate Kavanagh, for a drink  Kate is dating Christian's older brother Elliot and fears Elliot may be having an affair with Gia, his business associate  Jack Hyde attempts to kidnap Ana when she gets home  Ana's security team subdues him and he is arrested 
After arguing with Christian about her night out with Kate, Ana berates him for being overly controlling and possessive and demands more freedom  Soon after, he surprises her with a trip to Aspen, bringing along Kate, Elliot, Mia, and José  Elliot proposes to Kate, who accepts  It is revealed that Gia was only helping Elliot choose the ring 
The newlyweds continue with their erotic sexual experimentation, but it becomes complicated when Ana announces she is pregnant  Christian is deeply disturbed, saying he had other plans for their early years together  He leaves, going on a night-long drunken bender  After he returns, Ana discovers that Christian had texted and met his ex-lover and former BDSM dominant, Elena Lincoln  She becomes angry with him and locks herself in the playroom for the night  He searches for Ana in the morning and they continue arguing, with Ana telling Christian how important the baby is to her 
Shortly after, Hyde is released on a $500,000 bond and phones demanding a ransom for Mia, Christian's abducted sister  Hyde demands $5 million in cash in two hours and threatens to kill her if his demands are not met  He warns Ana to tell no one and to bring the money alone  Ana takes a chequebook and revolver from Christian's desk and goes to the bank to withdraw the full amount 
The suspicious bank manager calls Christian  He thinks Ana is leaving him but then notices it coincides with Hyde's recent release, Mia's unknown whereabouts, and Ana's sudden large cash withdrawal  Hyde instructs Ana to get into a car parked in the alley and to hand over her phone to the driver to discard  She tricks Hyde by taking the bank manager's phone and slipping hers into the bag of money  She exits the back entrance to discover that the driver and Jack's accomplice is her co-worker, Liz 
Ana arrives at the drop-off site with the money  Hyde, psychotic and vengeful, attacks her, kicking her abdomen  Liz tries to stop him as Ana pulls out the revolver and shoots him in the leg  Christian and his security team, who electronically tracked Ana's cell phone, arrive and apprehend Hyde and Liz  Ana blacks out as she hears Christian's voice 
Ana awakens three days later in the hospital with Christian at her side  Though angry at her recklessness and still anxious about fatherhood, he realizes how important their baby is to her, and they reconcile  Christian's adoptive mother, Grace, assures him that Ana will not leave him  She returns home the next day 
Christian's private investigator, Welch, has left a report showing that Christian and Hyde had shared the same foster family, though he has no memory of this  Hyde was envious of Christian being adopted by the wealthy Grey family instead of him  Hyde also blackmailed Liz into being his accomplice  Christian and Ana also find out where his birth mother is buried  They visit her grave and he lays flowers on it 
While Christian is playing his piano, Ana walks through the hallway to the living room to watch Christian  As she's watching him, flashbacks of Christian and Ana's time together are shown with "Love Me like You Do" playing  Ana then decides she wants to play  She sends him a text message to get his attention  As Christian joins Ana in the playroom, the music continues to play as Christian shuts the door, right after seeing Ana smile 
Seven months later, Christian and Ana have a son named Teddy and Two years later Ana is pregnant with their second child 

Cast
Dakota Johnson as Anastasia "Ana" Grey, Christian's wife and Teddy's mother 
Jamie Dornan as Christian Grey, Ana's husband and Teddy's father
Eric Johnson as Jack Hyde, Ana's former boss and stalker 
Eloise Mumford as Katherine Kavanagh, Ana's best friend and Elliot Grey's fiancée 
Rita Ora as Mia Grey, the adoptive daughter of Carrick Grey and Dr  Grace Trevelyan Grey, and younger sister of Christian and Elliot Grey 
Luke Grimes as Elliot Grey, older brother of Christian and Mia Grey, and Katherine's fiancé 
Victor Rasuk as José Rodriguez, one of Anastasia's friends 
Max Martini as Jason Taylor, Christian's bodyguard 
Jennifer Ehle as Carla May Wilks, Anastasia's mother 
Kim Basinger as Elena Lincoln, Christian's former dominant  (Unrated Version only)
Marcia Gay Harden as Grace Trevelyan Grey, Christian's adoptive mother 
Bruce Altman as Jerry Roach 
Arielle Kebbel as Gia Matteo, the architect recommended by Elliot Grey to design Anastasia and Christian's future home 
Callum Keith Rennie as Ray, Anastasia's former stepfather 
Robinne Lee as Ros Bailey, Christian's second in command 
Brant Daugherty as Luke Sawyer, Ana's bodyguard 
Amy Price-Francis as Liz Morgan, Jack's accomplice 
Tyler Hoechlin as Boyce Fox, a popular author whose books are published by SIP 
Ashleigh LaThrop as Hannah, Ana's co-worker and friend 
Fay Masterson as Gail Jones, Christian's housekeeper 
Hiro Kanagawa as Detective Clark 

Production
Universal Pictures and Focus Features secured the rights to the trilogy in March 2012  The films were produced by Michael De Luca Productions  At a fan screening of the first film in New York City on February 6, 2015, director Sam Taylor-Johnson confirmed that the book sequels Fifty Shades Darker and Fifty Shades Freed would also be adapted, with the first sequel then set to be released in 2016  After the announcement, Taylor-Johnson told Digital Spy that "It's not my decision [to return], and I haven't been privy to any of the discussions " On November 12, 2015, TheWrap reported that James Foley would direct both sequels, which would be shot back-to-back in 2016, with Niall Leonard writing the script and Michael De Luca and Dana Brunetti returning to produce, along with E  L  James and Marcus Viscidi  Dakota Johnson and Jamie Dornan were also set to return in the lead roles  On February 8, 2016, Arielle Kebbel was cast in the film to play Gia Matteo, a beautiful architect who is hired by Christian to build his home, and on February 12, 2016, Eric Johnson was cast as Jack Hyde, Ana's boss at SIP and stalker  On February 20, 2016, Brant Daugherty signed on to play Sawyer, the personal bodyguard for Anastasia 

Filming
In November 2015, Universal Studios announced that Fifty Shades Darker and Fifty Shades Freed would be shot back-to-back, with principal photography scheduled to commence in early 2016  Filming took place in Paris and Vancouver from February 9, 2016, to July 12, 2016, under the working title "Further Adventures of Max and Banks 2 & 3" 

Music
The lead single from the film's soundtrack, "For You", performed by Rita Ora and Liam Payne, was released on January 5, 2018  The soundtrack's track list was released on January 8, 2018, including artists Julia Michaels, Sia, Jessie J, Black Atlass, Ellie Goulding, Hailee Steinfeld, Dua Lipa, and Miike Snow on the 22-song album 

Release
Fifty Shades Freed was released to theatres on February 9, 2018  The film released had a digital on April 24, 2018, with a Blu-ray Disc, DVD and 4K Ultra HD Blu-ray release following on May 8, 2018 

Reception
Box office
Fifty Shades Freed grossed $100 4 million in the United States and Canada, and $270 2 million in other territories, for a worldwide total of $371 2 million, against a production budget of $55 million In the United States and Canada, Fifty Shades Freed was released alongside Peter Rabbit and The 15:17 to Paris, and was projected to gross $37–40 million from 3,768 theaters in its opening weekend  It made $5 6 million from Thursday night previews, down 2% from the $5 7 million taken in by Fifty Shades Darker the previous year  It ended up making $38 6 million over the weekend, the lowest of the trilogy, but enough to take first place at the box office  The film grossed $10 8 million on Valentine's Day, the third-highest total for when the holiday fell on a weekday, behind The Vow ($11 6 million in 2012) and Darker ($11 million), and bringing its five-day gross to $56 1 million  In its second weekend the film only made $17 3 million, a 55 1% drop Worldwide, the film was expected to make $80–90 million from 57 countries, including France, Germany, the UK, Australia, Brazil, Mexico and Japan, for a worldwide debut of $113–130 million in its first three days  It ended up grossing $98 1 million from overseas for a global debut of $136 9 million 

Critical response
The film garnered overwhelmingly negative reviews by critics and audiences alike  On review aggregation website Rotten Tomatoes, the film has an approval rating of 11%, based on 196 reviews, and an average rating of 3 3/10  The website's critical consensus reads, "Fifty Shades Freed brings its titillating trilogy to a clumsy conclusion, making for a film franchise that adds up to a distinctly dissatisfying ménage à trois " On Metacritic, the film has a weighted average score of 31 out of 100, based on 43 critics, meaning "generally unfavorable reviews " Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "B+" on an A+ to F scale, the same score earned by Darker, while PostTrak reported that 56% of women (who made up 81% of the opening weekend audience) gave the film a "definite recommend" Writing for Variety, Guy Lodge was critical of the film, saying "Indeed, a sex-free, PG-13 version of Freed could be cut without shedding a second of narrative coherence, such as it is; one could ask what the point of that would be, though similar queries might be leveled at the film as it stands " Rolling Stone's Peter Travers gave the film zero out of four, stating "With this last entry, we have officially hit the bottom of the barrel  Whips, chains, butt plugs and nipple clips are nothing compared to the sheer torture of watching this movie " Robbie Collin of The Telegraph gave the film one out of five stars, and wrote "This is a film in which one of the more emotionally detailed performances is given by a product-placement Audi "Jeannette Catsoulis, writing for The New York Times, found the film to be significantly inferior to Kim Basinger's 9½ Weeks, stating: "Layering a damp-squib thriller subplot beneath what appears to be an ad campaign for the one-percent lifestyle, the returning director and screenwriter test the newly married couple with an inconvenient pregnancy and an unconvincing car chase  There's an out-of-left-field abduction and a marital tiff over email addresses; but these narrative fragments, lazily tossed together alongside a neglected supporting cast, are no more than a flimsy causeway connecting bonking sessions "Conversely, IndieWire reviewer Manuela Lazic gave the film three out of four stars, saying "Finally, the Fifty Shades phenomenon has yielded a disarming comedy that makes this ridiculous material fun to watch "

Accolades
Passage 2:
Fifty Shades of Grey
Fifty Shades of Grey is a 2011 erotic romance novel by British author E  L  James  It became the first instalment in the Fifty Shades novel series that follows the deepening relationship between a college graduate, Anastasia Steele, and a young business magnate, Christian Grey  It is notable for its explicitly erotic scenes featuring elements of sexual practices involving BDSM (bondage/discipline, dominance/submission, and sadism/masochism)  Originally self-published as an ebook and print-on-demand in June 2011, the publishing rights to the novel were acquired by Vintage Books in March 2012 
Fifty Shades of Grey has topped best-seller lists around the world  It has been translated into 52 languages and set a record in the United Kingdom as the fastest-selling paperback of all time  Critical reception of the book, however, has tended towards the negative, with the quality of its prose generally seen as poor, while its portrayal of BDSM has been targeted for criticism from a variety of perspectives  Universal Pictures and Focus Features produced an American film adaptation, which was released on 13 February 2015, and was also panned upon release, though it was a box office success 
The second and third volumes of the original trilogy, Fifty Shades Darker and Fifty Shades Freed, were published in 2012  The trilogy had sold over 150 million copies worldwide by October 2017  A version of the novel from Christian's point of view, Grey: Fifty Shades of Grey as Told by Christian, was published in June 2015 as the fourth book, followed by Darker: Fifty Shades Darker as Told by Christian in November 2017 and Freed: Fifty Shades Freed as Told by Christian in June 2021 

Plot
Twenty-one-year-old Anastasia "Ana" Steele is an English literature major at the Washington State University's branch campus in Vancouver, Washington  Her best friend, Katherine "Kate" Kavanagh, writes for the college newspaper  Due to an illness, Kate is unable to interview Christian Grey, a successful and wealthy Seattle entrepreneur  She asks Ana to take her place  Ana finds the 27-year-old Christian both attractive and intimidating  She stumbles through the interview and believes it went poorly  Ana, not expecting to meet Christian again, is surprised when he appears at the hardware store where she works and purchases various items  When Ana mentions that Kate would like a photo for her article, Christian offers to arrange a photo session 
The next day Ana, along with Kate and their photographer friend, José Rodriguez, arrive at Christian's hotel for the photo shoot  After, Christian asks Ana out for coffee  When he asks if she is dating someone, Ana replies that she is not seeing anyone  During the conversation, Christian claims he is not romantic, then abruptly ends the date, leaving Ana to believe she is not attractive enough for him  Later, Christian sends Ana a first edition copy of Tess of the d'Urbervilles  Later that night, Ana goes out with her friends and ends up drunk dialing Christian, who says he is coming to pick her up  When Ana goes outside for some fresh air, José attempts to kiss her, but he is abruptly stopped by Christian's arrival  Ana leaves with Christian, but not before she discovers that Kate has been flirting with Christian's brother, Elliot  Ana awakens to find herself in Christian's hotel room  He assures her nothing happened, but scolds her for her careless behavior  Christian says he would like to have a sexual relationship with her but Ana must first fill out some paperwork  He later goes back on this statement to make out with her in the elevator 
Christian flies Ana to Seattle in his helicopter  At his penthouse, Christian insists that she sign a non-disclosure agreement (NDA) regarding their time together, which Ana agrees to sign  He also mentions other paperwork, but first takes her to his playroom filled with BDSM objects and gear  Christian informs her that the second contract will be about dominance and submission, and there will be no romantic relationship, only a sexual one  The contract even forbids Ana from touching Christian or making eye contact with him  At this point, Christian realises that Ana is a virgin  Not wanting her first sexual experience to be a BDSM experience, he has conventional sex with her and sleeps in her bed  The following morning, Christian's adoptive mother, Grace, unexpectedly arrives; she is surprised to meet Ana, having never seen her son with a woman  Christian later reveals to Ana that he lost his virginity at age 15 to one of his mother's friends, Elena Lincoln, and that his previous dominant/submissive relationships failed due to incompatibility  Christian also reveals that in his first dominant/submissive relationship, he was the submissive  Christian and Ana plan to meet again, and he takes Ana home, where she discovers several job offers 
Over the next few days, Ana receives several packages from Christian  This includes a laptop to replace her broken one and research the BDSM lifestyle in consideration of the contract  Ana and Christian discuss the contract  Ana becomes overwhelmed by the potential BDSM arrangement and having a non-romantic sexual relationship  Ana leaves and does not see Christian again until her college graduation, where he is the keynote speaker  During this time, Ana agrees to sign the dominant/submissive contract  She and Christian meet to formally discuss the contract and go over Ana's hard and soft limits  Christian spanks Ana for the first time, and the experience leaves her both enticed and slightly confused  This confusion is exacerbated by Christian's lavish gifts and the fact that he brings her to meet his family  The two continue with the arrangement without Ana having yet signed the contract  After landing a job with Seattle Independent Publishing (SIP), Ana further bristles under the NDA's restrictions and her complex relationship with Christian  The tension between Ana and Christian eventually comes to a head after Ana asks Christian to punish her in order to show her how extreme a BDSM relationship with him could be  Christian fulfills Ana's request, beating her with a belt  Ana realizes they are incompatible  Devastated, she breaks up with Christian and returns to the apartment she shares with Kate 

Background and publication
The Fifty Shades trilogy was developed from a Twilight fan fiction series originally titled Master of the Universe and published by James episodically on fan fiction websites under the pen name "Snowqueen Icedragon"  The piece featured characters named after Twilight author Stephenie Meyer's characters in Twilight, Edward Cullen and Bella Swan   After comments concerning the sexual nature of the material, James removed the story and published it on her own website, FiftyShades com  Later she rewrote Master of the Universe as an original piece, with the principal characters renamed Christian Grey and Anastasia Steele, and removed it from her website before publication  Meyer commented on the series, saying "that's really not my genre, not my thing    Good on her—she's doing well  That's great!"This reworked and extended version of Master of the Universe was split into three parts  The first, titled Fifty Shades of Grey, was released as an e-book and a print on demand paperback in May 2011 by The Writers' Coffee Shop, a virtual publisher based in Australia  The second volume, Fifty Shades Darker, was released in September 2011; and the third, Fifty Shades Freed, followed in January 2012  The Writers' Coffee Shop had a restricted marketing budget and relied largely on book blogs for early publicity, but sales of the novel were boosted by word-of-mouth recommendation  The book's erotic nature and perceived demographic of its fan base as being composed largely of married women over thirty led to the book being dubbed "Mommy Porn" by some news agencies  The book has also reportedly been popular among teenage girls and college women  By the release of the final volume in January 2012, news networks in the United States had begun to report on the Fifty Shades trilogy as an example of viral marketing and of the rise in popularity of female erotica, attributing its success to the discreet nature of e-reading devices  Due to the heightened interest in the series, the license to the Fifty Shades trilogy was picked up by Vintage Books for re-release in a new and revised edition in April 2012  The attention that the series has garnered has also helped to spark a renewed interest in erotic literature  Many other erotic works quickly became best-sellers following Fifty Shades' success, while other popular works, such as Anne Rice's The Sleeping Beauty trilogy, have been reissued (this time without pseudonyms) to meet the higher demand On 1 August 2012, Amazon UK announced that it had sold more copies of Fifty Shades of Grey than it had any individual book in the Harry Potter series, although worldwide, at that time, the Harry Potter series had sold more than 450 million copies, compared with Fifty Shades of Grey's sales of 60 million copies 

Reception
Fifty Shades of Grey has topped best-seller lists around the world, including those of the United Kingdom and the United States  The series had sold over 125 million copies worldwide by June 2015, while by October 2017 it had sold more than 150 million copies worldwide  The series has been translated into 52 languages, and set a record in the United Kingdom as the fastest-selling paperback of all time 

Critical response
It has received mixed to negative reviews, as most critics noted the poor literary qualities of the work  Salman Rushdie said about the book: "I've never read anything so badly written that got published  It made Twilight look like War and Peace " Maureen Dowd described the book in The New York Times as being written "like a Brontë devoid of talent," and said it was "dull and poorly written " Jesse Kornbluth of The Huffington Post said: "As a reading experience, Fifty Shades     is a sad joke, puny of plot" Princeton professor April Alliston wrote, "Though no literary masterpiece, Fifty Shades is more than parasitic fan fiction based on the recent Twilight vampire series " Entertainment Weekly writer Lisa Schwarzbaum gave the book a "B+" rating and praised it for being "in a class by itself " British author Jenny Colgan in The Guardian wrote "It is jolly, eminently readable and as sweet and safe as BDSM (bondage, discipline, sadism and masochism) erotica can be without contravening the trade descriptions act" and also praised the book for being "more enjoyable" than other "literary erotic books"  The Daily Telegraph noted that the book was "the definition of a page-turner", noting that the book was both "troubling and intriguing"  A reviewer for the Ledger-Enquirer described the book as guilty fun and escapism, and that it "also touches on one aspect of female existence [female submission]  And acknowledging that fact – maybe even appreciating it – shouldn't be a cause for guilt " The New Zealand Herald stated that the book "will win no prizes for its prose" and that "there are some exceedingly awful descriptions," although it was also an easy read; "(If you only) can suspend your disbelief and your desire to – if you'll pardon the expression – slap the heroine for having so little self respect, you might enjoy it " The Columbus Dispatch stated that, "Despite the clunky prose, James does cause one to turn the page " Metro News Canada wrote that "suffering through 500 pages of this heroine's inner dialogue was torturous, and not in the intended, sexy kind of way"  Jessica Reaves, of the Chicago Tribune, wrote that the "book's source material isn't great literature", noting that the novel is "sprinkled liberally and repeatedly with asinine phrases", and described it as "depressing" The book garnered some accolades  In December 2012, it won both "Popular Fiction" and "Book of the Year" categories in the UK National Book Awards  In that same month, Publishers Weekly named E  L  James the 'Publishing Person of the Year', a decision whose criticism in the LA Times and the New York Daily News was referred to by and summarised in The Christian Science Monitor   Earlier, in April 2012, when E  L  James was listed as one of Time magazine's "100 Most Influential People in the World", Richard Lawson of The Atlantic Wire criticised her inclusion due to the trilogy's fan fiction beginnings 

Controversy
Fifty Shades of Grey has attracted criticism due to its depictions of BDSM, with some BDSM participants stating that the book confuses the practice with abuse, and presents it as a pathology to be overcome, as well as showing incorrect and possibly dangerous BDSM techniques Coinciding with the release of the book and its surprising popularity, injuries related to BDSM and sex toy use spiked dramatically  In the year after the novel's publishing in 2012, injuries requiring Emergency Room visits increased by over 50% from 2010 (the year before the book was published)  This is speculated to be due to people unfamiliar with both the proper use of these toys and the safe practice of bondage and other "kinky" sexual fetishes in attempting to recreate what they had read There has also been criticism against the fact that BDSM is a part of the book  Archbishop Dennis Schnurr of Cincinnati said in an early February 2015 letter, "The story line is presented as a romance; however, the underlying theme is that bondage, dominance, and sadomasochism are normal and pleasurable " The feminist anti-pornography organization Stop Porn Culture called for a boycott of the movie based on the book because of its sex scenes involving bondage and violence  By contrast, Timothy Laurie and Jessica Kean argue that "film fleshes out an otherwise legalistic concept like 'consent' into a living, breathing, and at times, uncomfortable interpersonal experience," and "dramatises the dangers of unequal negotiation and the practical complexity of identifying one's limits and having them respected "Several critics and scientists have expressed concern that the nature of the main couple's relationship is not BDSM at all, but rather is characteristic of an abusive relationship  In 2013, social scientist Professor Amy E  Bonomi published a study wherein multiple professionals read and assessed the books for characteristics of intimate partner violence, or IPV, using the CDC's standards for emotional abuse and sexual violence  The study found that nearly every interaction between Ana and Christian was emotionally abusive in nature, including stalking, intimidation, and isolation  The study group also observed pervasive sexual violence within the CDC's definition, including Christian's use of alcohol to circumvent Ana's ability to consent, and that Ana exhibits classic signs of an abused woman, including constant perceived threat, stressful managing, and altered identity A second study in 2014 was conducted to examine the health of women who had read the series, compared with a control group that had never read any part of the novels  The results showed a correlation between having read at least the first book and exhibiting signs of an eating disorder, having romantic partners that were emotionally abusive and/or engaged in stalking behavior, engaging in binge drinking in the last month, and having 5 or more sexual partners before age 24  The authors could not conclude whether women already experiencing these "problems" were drawn to the series, or if the series influenced these behaviors to occur after reading by creating underlying context  The study's lead researcher contends that the books romanticize dangerous behavior and "perpetuate dangerous abuse standards " The study was limited in that only women up to age 24 were studied, and no distinction was made among the reader sample between women who enjoyed the series and those that had a strong negative opinion of it, having only read it out of curiosity due to the media hype or other obligation At the beginning of the media hype, Dr  Drew and sexologist Logan Levkoff discussed on The Today Show whether the book perpetuated violence against women; Levkoff said that while that is an important subject, this trilogy had nothing to do with it – this was a book about a consensual relationship  Dr  Drew commented that the book was "horribly written" in addition to being "disturbing" but stated that "if the book enhances women's real-life sex lives and intimacy, so be it "

Censorship
Fifty Shades of Grey has often been challenged, banned, and removed in the United States  The book landed on the American Library Association's Top 10 List of Banned and Challenged Books in 2012 (4), 2013 (4), and 2015 (2) because it is sexually explicit and unsuited for the age group; has nudity and offensive language; and for religious viewpoints  Challengers also stated the book was "poorly written," and they were concerned "a group of teenagers will want to try [BDSM] " Ultimately, the book became the eighth-most banned book between 2010 and 2019 In March 2012, branches of the public library in Brevard County, Florida, removed copies of Fifty Shades of Grey from their shelves, with an official statement that it did not meet the selection criteria for the library and that reviews for the book had been poor  A representative for the library stated that it was due to the book's sexual content and that other libraries had declined to purchase copies for their branches  Deborah Caldwell-Stone of the American Library Association commented that "If the only reason you don't select a book is that you disapprove of its content, but there is demand for it, there's a question of whether you're being fair  In a public library there is usually very little that would prevent a book from being on the shelf if there is a demand for the information " Brevard County public libraries later made their copies available to their patrons due to public demand In Macaé, Brazil, Judge Raphael Queiroz Campos ruled in January 2013 that bookstores throughout the city must either remove the series entirely from their shelves or ensure that the books are wrapped and placed out of the reach of minors  The judge stated that he was prompted to make such an order after seeing children reading them, basing his decision on a law stating that "magazines and publications whose content is improper or inadequate for children and adolescents can only be sold if sealed and with warnings regarding their content" In February 2015, the Malaysian Home Ministry banned the Fifty Shades of Grey books shortly after banning its film adaptation after permitting them for three years in local bookstores, citing morality-related reasons 

Media
Film adaptation
A film adaptation of the book was produced by Focus Features, Michael De Luca Productions, and Trigger Street Productions, with Universal Pictures and Focus Features securing the rights to the trilogy in March 2012  Universal is also the film's distributor  Charlie Hunnam was originally cast in the role of Christian Grey alongside Dakota Johnson in the role of Anastasia Steele, but Hunnam gave up the part in October 2013, with Jamie Dornan announced for the role on 23 October The film was released on 13 February 2015, and although popular at the box office, critical reactions were mixed to negative 

Film soundtrack
E  L  James announced the film's soundtrack would be released on 10 February 2015  Prior to the soundtrack's release, the first single, "Earned It", by The Weeknd, was released on 24 December 2014  On 7 January 2015, the second single, "Love Me like You Do" by Ellie Goulding was released  Australian singer Sia released the soundtrack's third single, "Salted Wound", on 27 January 2015 

Classical album
An album of songs selected by E  L  James was released on 11 September 2012 by EMI Classics under the title Fifty Shades of Grey: The Classical Album, and reached number four on the US Billboard classical music albums chart in October 2012  A Seattle P-I reviewer favourably wrote that the album would appeal both to fans of the series and to "those who have no intention of reading any of the Grey Shades" 

Parodies
The Fifty Shades of Grey trilogy has inspired many parodies in print, in film, online, and on stage  In November 2012, Universal Studios attempted to prevent the release of Fifty Shades of Grey: A XXX Adaptation, a pornographic film based on the novel, citing copyright and trademark infringement  Smash Pictures, the porn producer, later responded to the lawsuit with a counterclaim that "much or all" of the Fifty Shades material was placed in the public domain in its original Twilight-based form, but later capitulated and stopped distribution of their film 

In print
Fifty Shames of Earl Grey by Andrew Shaffer
Fifty Thousand Shades of Grey by British YouTuber and author Stuart Ashen  The title is literal, as the book simply consists of the phrase "Shades of Grey" repeated 50,000 times 

In film
Scary Movie 5 (2013)
Fifty Shades of Black (2016)

Online
Parodying the fan fiction origins of Fifty Shades of Grey, Ivy League MBA students have created Erotic FinFiction, a blog containing steamy entries written in business jargon 

On stage
Stage productions include:

50 Shades! The Musical Parody
Spank! The Fifty Shades Parody

On television
In the television series Birds of a Feather, Dorien Green's (played by Lesley Joseph) book 50 Shades of Green was sued by the publisher of Fifty Shades of Grey 

See also
BDSM in culture and media
Maestra, a 2016 novel sometimes compared to Fifty Shades of Grey
Nine and a Half Weeks, a 1978 memoir
Sadism and masochism in fiction
Secretary (2002 film)
365 Dni
Passage 3:
Robinne Lee
Robinne Lee (born July 16, 1974) is an American actress and author  She made her screen debut in the 1997 independent film Hav Plenty, and later has appeared in films National Security (2003), Deliver Us from Eva (2003), Hitch (2005), Seven Pounds (2008), Fifty Shades Darker (2017), and Fifty Shades Freed (2018) 

Life and career
Lee was born in Mount Vernon, New York on July 16  A graduate of Yale University and Columbia Law School, Lee began her acting career as part of the ensemble cast of the romantic comedy Hav Plenty in 1997, which was shown at Toronto Film Festival  She spent the following years working in smaller films, and well as co-starred in television movies include The Runaway opposite Debbi Morgan  On television, Lee also guest-starred on Buffy the Vampire Slayer, and Numbers  She also appeared in R&B singer Usher's music video for his 2004 single "Confessions Part II" 
In 2003, Lee appeared in two films, action comedy National Security, with Martin Lawrence and Steve Zahn, and opposite LL Cool J and Gabrielle Union in the romantic comedy Deliver Us from Eva  In 2005, Lee had a role in box-office hit Hitch, starring Will Smith  In 2008, she co-starred again with Smith in the drama film Seven Pounds playing his character's fiancee  As lead actress, she starred in the 2008 comedy-drama This Is Not a Test  In 2009, Lee co-starred alongside Don Cheadle in the comedy film Hotel for Dogs 
In 2007, Lee had the recurring role on the TBS sitcom Tyler Perry's House of Payne and shot an independent film called This Is Not a Test  From 2013 to 2014, she played Avery Daniels in the first season of the critically acclaimed BET drama series, Being Mary Jane  From 2017 to 2018, she starred in the Syfy horror drama series, Superstition 
Lee played Ros Bailey in Fifty Shades Darker (2017) and Fifty Shades Freed (2018), the sequels to Fifty Shades of Grey Lee's debut novel The Idea Of You was published on 13 June 2017 by St  Martin's Press  The story follows Solène Marchand, a 40-year-old mother and owner of a prestigious art gallery in Los Angeles, who falls for a considerably younger British popstar, idolized  by her 12-year-old daughter  The audiobook, read by Lee herself, was released on 3 April 2018 by Tantor Media  A film adaptation by Jennifer Westfeldt was announced in June 2021 and entered production in 2022 starring Anne Hathaway 

Filmography
Film/Movie
Television
Passage 4:
E  L  James
Erika Mitchell (born 7 March 1963), known by her pen name E  L  James, is a British author  She wrote the best-selling erotic romance trilogy Fifty Shades of Grey, Fifty Shades Darker, and Fifty Shades Freed, along with the companion novels Grey: Fifty Shades of Grey as Told by Christian, Darker: Fifty Shades Darker as Told by Christian, and Freed: Fifty Shades Freed as Told by Christian  Prior to this, she wrote the Twilight fan fiction "Master of the Universe" that served as the basis for the Fifty Shades trilogy under the web name Snowqueens Icedragon  In 2019 she published her first book unconnected with the fictional world of Fifty Shades, The Mister, to negative critical reaction The Fifty Shades novels have sold over 150 million copies worldwide, over 35 million copies in the United States and set the record in the United Kingdom as the fastest selling paperback of all time  In 2012, Time magazine named her one of "The World's 100 Most Influential People"  The novels were subsequently adapted into the films Fifty Shades of Grey, Fifty Shades Darker, and Fifty Shades Freed 

Early life
Erika Mitchell was born on 7 March 1963 in Willesden, Middlesex to a Chilean mother and a Scottish father who was a BBC cameraman  She was brought up in Buckinghamshire James was educated at the independent Pipers Corner School and at Wycombe High School, a state grammar school for girls in the town of High Wycombe in Buckinghamshire, followed by the University of Kent in South East England where she studied History After leaving university, James became a studio manager's assistant at the National Film and Television School in Beaconsfield  She married Niall Leonard, a novelist and screenwriter from Northern Ireland, in 1987  They have two sons  As of 2012, they reside in Brentford, West London 

Career
James says the idea for the Fifty Shades trilogy began as a response to the vampire novel series Twilight  In late 2008, James saw the movie Twilight, and then became intensely absorbed with the novels that the movie was based on  She read the novels several times over in a period of a few days, and then, for the first time in her life, sat down to write a book: basically a sequel to the Twilight novels  Between January and August 2009, she wrote two such books in quick succession  She says she then discovered the phenomenon of fan fiction, and this inspired her to publish her novels as Kindle books under the pen name "Snowqueens Icedragon"  Beginning in August 2009, she then began to write the Fifty Shades books James has spoken of her shock at the success of the books  "The explosion of interest has taken me completely by surprise" she said  James has described the Fifty Shades trilogy as "my midlife crisis, writ large  All my fantasies in there, and that's it " She did not start to write until January 2009, as she revealed while still active on FanFiction Net: "I started writing in January 2009 after I finished the Twilight saga, and I haven't stopped since  I discovered Fan Fiction in August 2009  Since then I have written my two fics and plan on doing at least one more  After that     who knows?" In August 2013, James topped the Forbes' list of the highest-earning authors due to her book sales with earnings of $95m which included $5m for the film rights to Fifty Shades of Grey  On 1 June 2015 James announced the upcoming release of Grey: Fifty Shades of Grey as Told by Christian, which was released into stores on 18 June 2015  Darker: Fifty Shades Darker as Told by Christian was released 28 November 2017 

Awards and honours
2012 Time 100 by Time magazine, "The 100 Most Influential People in the World"
2012 Publishers Weekly "Publishing Person of the Year" 
2012 National Book Award (UK), "Popular Fiction Book of the Year", Fifty Shades of Grey
2012 National Book Award (UK), "Book of the Year", Fifty Shades of Grey

Bibliography
Fifty Shades of Grey (2011)
Fifty Shades Darker (2012)
Fifty Shades Freed (2012)
Grey: Fifty Shades of Grey as Told by Christian (2015)
Darker: Fifty Shades Darker as Told by Christian (2017)
The Mister (2019)
Freed: Fifty Shades Freed as Told by Christian (2021)

Filmography
Passage 5:
Fifty Shades of Oy Vey: A Parody
Fifty Shades of Oy Vey: A Parody by E  L  Jamesbergstein is a parody of E L  James' Fifty Shades of Grey  It was published in print and e-book editions by Alfred A  Knish in 2013  Described on its book jacket as "So erotic, you'll plotz", the comic novel, which follows the outline of the original Fifty Shades of Grey, tells the story of the relationship between a beautiful young woman, Anatevka Stein, and a portly bagel tycoon, Chaim Silver 

Synopsis
When Baruch college senior Anatevka Stein goes to interview Chaim Silver for the Hillel Newsletter, she encounters a brilliant, lecherous owner of a bagel making plant  Successful, overweight and reeking of herring, he still lives with his mother  Anatevka finds herself irresistibly drawn to all of these qualities  In a series of encounters, Chaim introduces Anatevka to increasingly unusual sexual techniques, often involving Jewish food and Jewish holidays  He also asks her to sign a Kinky Ketubah spelling out their respective sexual obligations  At times, he serenades her with melancholy music on his accordion  As the love story progresses, it gradually reveals the reasons for Chaim Silver's inner sadness and neurotic behavior 

Reception
Journalists and reviewers in the U S , Canada and overseas have mentioned the spoof of the Fifty Shades books in a generally positive way  Fifty Shades of Oy Vey: A Parody was also cited and its cover used on the WCBS website's coverage of Fifty Shades of Grey and its parodies  An excerpt appeared on the Jewish erotica website Jewrotica org on March 9, 2015 
Passage 6:
Fifty Shades Darker
Fifty Shades Darker is a 2012 erotic romance novel by British author E  L  James  It is the second installment in the Fifty Shades trilogy that traces the deepening relationship between a college graduate, Anastasia Steele, and a young business magnate, Christian Grey  The first and third volumes, Fifty Shades of Grey and Fifty Shades Freed, were published in 2011 and 2012, respectively  The novel is published by Vintage Books and reached No  1 on the USA Today best seller list 

Plot
Three days after leaving Christian, Anastasia "Ana" Steele begins her job as personal assistant to Jack Hyde, an editor at Seattle Independent Publishing (SIP)  He asks Ana out often which, though it makes her uneasy, she writes off   Later, Christian emails her about a gallery exhibit José Rodriguez started in Portland, which she'd forgotten  Ana and Christian attend the show together and kiss in an alley  The same night, they have dinner in a restaurant and Christian reveals he wants her any way possible  He later asks that they resume their relationship but under Ana's conditions: no rules and no punishments  She agrees 
Christian reveals to Ana that he bought SIP but that the deal must stay secret for another month  Feeling he is interfering in her career, especially after he freezes the company's accounts preventing her from going on an overnight business trip to New York with Jack, Ana finds it annoying  Christian insists his actions were for her own protection because Jack is a "known philanderer" who has apparently harassed his last five assistants  Christian's concerns prove correct when Jack corners Ana after hours and blackmails her, demanding sexual favors  Ana escapes using her self-defense training, and Christian has Jack fired and confiscates his work computer 
Meanwhile, when attending a masquerade ball at the home of Christian's parents, Ana meets Christian's ex-lover Elena Lincoln (whom Ana nicknames Mrs  Robinson) and discovers that Elena and Christian own a salon business together  Later, Ana is auctioned off and Christian bids $100,000 for the first dance with her  Ana is disgusted to learn that Christian continues to be friends with Elena, the woman who seduced him when he was only 15 years old and introduced him to the BDSM lifestyle  When Elena realizes that Christian sees Ana as a girlfriend and not a submissive, she becomes antagonistic towards Ana, trying to sow discord in the budding relationship 
Meanwhile, Ana is stalked at work by a disturbed Leila Williams, one of Christian's former submissives, a situation made more intense when Ana learns Leila has a gun  Leila's obsession with Christian and Ana began after she left her husband four months before, leading to a mental breakdown  Leila breaks into Ana's apartment and threatens her at gunpoint  Christian defuses the situation by using their dominant/submissive dynamic, leaving Ana worried that Christian cannot be satisfied with a vanilla relationship  Ana confronts Christian about Leila  Fearing Ana is leaving him again, Christian impulsively puts out his marriage proposal  Ana does not answer, claiming she needs time to consider it 
José, whom Christian still views as a romantic rival, drives to Seattle to visit Ana, which Christian only permits if they both stay at Escala  Ana becomes worried on the night before Christian's 28th birthday when he goes missing flying from Portland to Seattle in his helicopter with Ros Bailey  However, he eventually makes it back to Escala safely, explaining that both the helicopter's engines failed; sabotage is suspected  Ana realizes she never wants to be without him and accepts his marriage proposal 
The next day, the Grey family throws Christian a large birthday party at their mansion  Ana's friend Kate worries after finding an email between Ana and Christian, discussing the BDSM contract, but Ana assures her that her relationship with Christian is a vanilla one  After Christian and Ana announce their engagement, Elena, who is still in love with Christian, angrily confronts Ana, accusing her of being a gold-digger and claiming that a vanilla relationship will never satisfy Christian  Enraged, Ana throws her drink at Elena and tells her to mind her own business  As they fight, Christian comes in and confronts Elena  He reminds her that while Elena taught him how to take control of his own life, she never once taught him to love like Ana did  Christian's adoptive mother, Grace, overhears the argument and is furious that Elena preyed on her teenage son  After slapping her across the face, Grace rails at Elena for her actions and orders her out of her family's life for good  She leaves in disgrace and Grace confronts Christian about it  After telling Grace the whole story, he decides to end his business relationship with Elena and give back the salon to her 
Christian takes Ana to the boathouse, which has been decorated with flowers and soft lights  He proposes properly with a ring and Ana accepts  Outside the Greys' mansion, Jack Hyde secretly watches the party; he is the one who sabotaged Christian's helicopter and he has sworn revenge 

Characters
Reception
The novel reached No  2 on the USA Today best seller list and is considered by The Guardian to be No  11 on the Top 100 Bestselling Books of All Time in the United Kingdom 

Film adaptation
In March 2014, the producer for the eponymous film adaptation of Fifty Shades of Grey, Dana Brunetti, had said there were, as of then, no solid plans to make a sequel  That film was released on 13 February 2015  Before the first film premiered, there was still high anticipation from fans for the sequel to the film  After the first film premiered at a special fan screening in New York City on 6 February 2015, director Sam Taylor-Johnson confirmed two sequels to be succeeded after the first film, with Fifty Shades Darker to be released in 2016  Principal photography commenced in June 2015 in Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada  In April 2015, at the Universal CinemaCon in Las Vegas, Universal announced the release dates of the film along with its sequel  The film is scheduled to be released on 10 February 2017  The first still from the film was released on Friday, 24 April 2015, showing Jamie Dornan as Christian Grey in a black mask looking into a mirror  In April 2015, Universal Pictures chairman Donna Langley told The Hollywood Reporter that the second instalment will be "more of a thriller"  In November 2015, Universal Studios announced that both films will be shot back-to-back with principal photography scheduled to commence in early 2016  Filming began in Canada on 9 February 2016 and continued through 12 July 2016  On 28 January 2016, producer Charolette McKinney broke ground on the new project, and it was announced that Kim Basinger would play Elena Lincoln 

See also
BDSM in culture and media
Sadism and masochism in fiction
Passage 7:
Fifty Shades Freed
Fifty Shades Freed is the third and final installment of the erotic romance Fifty Shades Trilogy by British author E  L  James  After accepting entrepreneur CEO Christian Grey's proposal in Fifty Shades Darker, Anastasia Steele must adjust not only to married life but to her new husband's wealthy lifestyle and controlling nature  The paperback edition was first published in April 2012 

Plot
Anastasia 'Ana' Steele and Christian Grey return to Seattle after a long honeymoon  Christian is upset to find that Ana has kept her maiden name at work  After some resistance, Ana relents and changes her name at work to Grey after realizing how important it is to Christian  As a belated wedding gift, Christian gives Seattle Independent Publishing to Ana, and plans to rename it Grey Publishing 
While Christian is on a business trip in New York, Anastasia goes out for a drink with longtime friend Kate Kavanagh, doing so against Christian's wishes  Returning home, she finds that her former boss, Jack Hyde, who was fired for attempting to sexually assault her, has been apprehended by the security staff  Duct tape is found in his pocket and in his van there are tranquilizers and a ransom note—all indications that he had intended to kidnap her  Jack is arrested  Angry with Ana for defying him, Christian cuts short his New York business trip and returns to Seattle  Furious that Ana reneged on her promise to have Kate over rather than go out, an upset Christian sulks while Ana sleeps  Eventually, the two argue and Ana berates him for being overly controlling and possessive  She demands more freedom and access to her friends  Christian finally relents after realizing how much Ana's friends mean to her and that Ana did the right thing by staying with Kate rather than at home  Soon after, Christian surprises her with a trip to Aspen, with Kate, Elliot, Mia, and Kate's brother, Ethan  While there, Elliot proposes to Kate, and she accepts 
Ana's step-father, Ray, is in a medically-induced coma after a car accident  When he awakens a few days later, Ana and Christian arrange to move him to Seattle to recover  It is also Ana's birthday weekend, and Christian surprises her with all her family and friends at a dinner  He gives her a charm bracelet with the charms representing all their "firsts" including an ice cream cone to represent their "vanilla" relationship  Christian also gives her an  Audi R8  Soon after, Ana learns that she is pregnant  Christian angrily accuses her of getting pregnant on purpose and leaves  He returns early the next morning drunk, claiming Ana will choose the baby - whom he believes to be a boy - over him  Ana says it could be a girl, though Christian refuses to accept that due to his sexist and chauvinistic nature  Ana becomes furious when she discovers a text message on Christian's phone from his ex-lover Elena Lincoln, the woman who seduced him when he was fifteen and introduced him to the BDSM lifestyle  The message indicates they met for a drink 
The next two mornings, Anastasia and Christian barely speak to each other: Christian is angry over the unplanned pregnancy; Anastasia is upset about his late-night encounter with Elena, though Christian insists their relationship is long-since over  When Christian is away on a business for a few days, Ana receives a call from Jack Hyde  He has kidnapped Mia Grey and demands $5 million in two hours  He warns Ana not to tell anyone or he will kill Mia 
Anastasia feigns illness and returns home to escape her bodyguard, Sawyer  She takes a gun and goes to the bank  While collecting the money, the suspicious bank manager calls Christian, who believes Ana is leaving him  To protect Mia's life, Ana lies to Christian, saying she is leaving him to raise the baby alone  Hyde instructs Ana to leave her phone but she tricks him by taking the bank manager's phone instead and dropping it in the trash  She leaves via the back entrance to a waiting car, shocked that Hyde's accomplice is Elizabeth Morgan, her co-worker  When handing over the money, Hyde tries to kill Ana out of vengeance for losing his job, causing Elizabeth to feel guilty for being involved  Angered by his behavior and his hurting Ana, Elizabeth argues with Hyde  On the ground and bruised, Ana shoots Hyde in the leg  As Ana starts to black out she hears Christian calling her name 
Ana wakes three days later in the hospital with Christian at her side  Though he is angry at Ana's recklessness and still anxious about fatherhood, he realizes how important their baby is to her, and they reconcile  Ana returns home the next day  Christian learns from his private investigator, Welch, that he and Hyde had the same foster family  He tells Ana about how he met and was seduced by Elena  By introducing him to the world of BDSM, Elena helped Christian learn to take control of his life  If she had not intervened, he would still be plagued with horrible memories of his mother and would never have been able to control his life  Ana feels guilty for her behavior when he explains how he ended up seeing Elena  He had been looking for his psychiatrist, Dr  Flynn, because he needed help and when he could not contact Flynn, Christian wound up at Elena's salon to talk to someone about his problems  Elena happened to be at the salon while she was closing  She knew Christian and Ana had a fight about the pregnancy  Elena took him to her favorite bar for a drink and to help him relax  Although she made a pass at him, Elena realized that Christian loved Ana and finally agreed to leave on good terms  He reassures her that she did the right thing to call him out for his behavior because Dr  Flynn had been right that he still has a lot of growing up to do 
The next day, a furious Christian discovers from Welsh that Elena's ex-husband, Eric Lincoln, had bailed Jack from jail out of spite for her affair with Christian  Christian tells Ana that after learning about the affair, Eric severely beat Elena and divorced her  Despite Christian's urging, Elena refused to press charges against Eric out of guilt for the affair  Christian retaliated by buying out Eric Lincoln's logging company to sell it off  It is also learned Elizabeth confessed to police that she was blackmailed by Hyde to be his accomplice  (However, her ultimate fate remains a mystery )
Seven months later Ana and Christian have a son named Theodore Raymond Grey, nicknamed Teddy  Two years later Ana is six months pregnant with their second child, a daughter whom they decide to name Phoebe Grey  
Elliot and Kate have married and have a two-month-old daughter named Ava  At the end, after having BDSM sex, Ana and Christian are getting ready to celebrate Teddy's second birthday with their family and friends 

Characters
Reception
Fifty Shades Freed entered The New York Times Best Seller list at number three  In the UK the novel sold over two million copies 

Film adaptation
Sam Taylor-Johnson, the director of the film adaptation of the first installment of the book series, Fifty Shades of Grey, confirmed on 6 February 2015 that both Fifty Shades Freed and the second book in the trilogy, Fifty Shades Darker, would also be adapted for film  In November 2015, Universal Studios announced that both films would be shot back-to-back with principal photography scheduled to commence in early 2016  The film was scheduled to be released on 9 February 2018 
Passage 8:
Fifty Shades (film series)
Fifty Shades is a British-American film trilogy series based on the Fifty Shades trilogy by English author E  L  James  It is distributed by Universal Studios and stars Dakota Johnson and Jamie Dornan as the lead roles Anastasia Steele and Christian Grey, respectively  Sam Taylor-Johnson directed the first film, and James Foley directed the second and third films The first film, Fifty Shades of Grey, was released on February 13, 2015, while the second, Fifty Shades Darker, was released on February 10, 2017  Fifty Shades Freed, the third film, was released on February 9, 2018  Although the films were poorly received critically, the series grossed over $1 32 billion worldwide, making it the seventh highest-grossing R-rated franchise of all-time 

Development
Two years after the trilogy's first novel was released, several distribution companies had bid for the rights of the trilogy  Warner Bros , Sony, Paramount and Universal, as well as Mark Wahlberg's production company, put in bids for the film rights  The winning bid went to Universal Studios and Focus Features, at $5 million  With James gaining control over the process of the making of the film, she hand-picked Dana Brunetti and Michael De Luca as the producers 

Films
Fifty Shades of Grey (2015)
When Anastasia "Ana" Steele, a literature student, goes to interview the wealthy Christian Grey, as a favor to her roommate Kate Kavanagh, she encounters a handsome, brilliant and intimidating man  The innocent and naive Ana, startled to realize she wants him, despite his enigmatic reserve and advice, finds herself desperate to get close to him  Not able to resist Ana's beauty and independent spirit, Grey admits he wants her too, but on his own terms  Ana hesitates as she discovers the singular tastes of Grey; despite the embellishments of success – his multinational businesses, his vast wealth, his loving family – Grey is consumed by the need to control everything  As they get close, Steele starts to discover Grey's secrets and explores her own BDSM desires 

Fifty Shades Darker (2017)
Following the events of the first film, Anastasia Steele and Christian Grey resume their relationship under Ana's terms  However, their relationship is tested when Christian's past threatens the couple 

Fifty Shades Freed (2018)
Believing they've left behind the shadowy figures from the past, billionaire Christian Grey and his new wife, Anastasia, fully embrace their inextricable connection and shared life of luxury  Just as the Greys begin to step into their new roles, sinister events come to light and jeopardize their happy ending before it even begins 

Cast and crew
Cast
Crew
Production
Directors
On June 19, 2013, Sam Taylor-Johnson was chosen to direct the first film  On February 6, 2015, Taylor-Johnson announced the sequels, prompting she would return to direct the sequels  It was later revealed that Taylor-Johnson would not return  On August 20, 2015, it was revealed by Deadline Hollywood that James Foley was the front-runner to direct the sequel and third film Fifty Shades Freed 

Screenwriters
Kelly Marcel was chosen as the screenwriter for the first film On April 22, 2015, it was announced that author E L  James' husband, Niall Leonard, would write the script for the sequel  Leonard also went on to write the script for the third film 

Casting
The casting for the lead roles was considered controversial  Many contenders considered for the film included Ryan Gosling, Garrett Hedlund, Theo James, Alexander Skarsgård, François Arnaud, Charlie Hunnam, Scott Eastwood, Luke Bracey, Ian Somerhalder and Billy Magnussen as Christian Grey  Alicia Vikander, Imogen Poots, Elizabeth Olsen, Shailene Woodley, Alexis Bledel and Felicity Jones were all considered for the role of Anastasia Steele On September 2, 2013, Dakota Johnson and Charlie Hunnam were cast as Anastasia Steele and Christian Grey respectively  As a result, the displeasure of the casting from fans caused controversy  In response, Brunetti stated, "There is a lot that goes into casting that isn't just looks  Talent, availability, their desire to do it, chemistry with other actor, etc  So if your favorite wasn't cast, then it is most likely due to something on that list  Keep that in mind while hating and keep perspective " On October 12, it was announced Hunnam had quit the role of Grey and the studio was in the process of searching for a new actor  On October 23, Jamie Dornan was cast as the replacement for Christian Grey In October 2013, Jennifer Ehle was cast as Carla Wilks  On October 31, 2013, Victor Rasuk was cast as José Rodriguez, Jr  On November 22, 2013, Eloise Mumford was cast as Kate Kavanagh  On December 2, 2013, singer Rita Ora was cast as Christian's younger sister Mia  On December 3, 2013, Marcia Gay Harden was cast as Christian's mother, Grace On January 28, 2016, Kim Basinger joined the franchise to play the role of Elena Lincoln in the sequels, Grey's business partner and former lover, while Luke Grimes, Eloise Mumford and Max Martini would be returning for the sequels  On February 5, Bella Heathcote was cast as Leila, one of Grey's former submissives  In the same month, Eric Johnson was cast to play Jack Hyde, Ana's boss at SIP  On February 18, 2016, Robinne Lee and Fay Masterson joined the film's cast  On February 20, Brant Daugherty signed on to play Luke Sawyer, the personal bodyguard for Anastasia in the third film 

Filming
For Fifty Shades of Grey, principal photography was filmed in Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada, which began on December 1, 2013  Scenes were filmed in the Gastown district of Vancouver  Bentall 5 was used as the Grey Enterprises building  The University of British Columbia serves as Washington State University Vancouver, from which Ana graduates  The Fairmont Hotel Vancouver was used as the Heathman Hotel  The film was also shot at the North Shore Studios  The production officially ended on February 21, 2014  Reshoots involving scenes between Dornan and Johnson took place in Vancouver during the week of October 13, 2014 For Fifty Shades Darker and Fifty Shades Freed, principal photography was to commence in June in Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada  This was later to be impossible, due to the script being unwritten at that moment  In November 2015, Universal Studios announced that both films would be shot back-to-back with principal photography scheduled to commence in early 2016  Filming began in Paris and Vancouver from February 9, 2016, to July 12, 2016, under the working title "Further Adventures of Max and Banks 2 & 3 " Filming on Fifty Shades Darker concluded on April 11, 2016 

Reception
With a combined worldwide gross over $1 3 billion, the franchise was one of the biggest R-rated franchises ever, behind only The Matrix ($1 6 billion over three films), The Hangover ($1 4 billion over three films) and Alien ($1 328 billion not counting the PG-13 Alien vs  Predator) 

Box office performance
Critical and public response
Accolades
Passage 9:
Fifty Shades (novel series)
Fifty Shades is a series of erotic novels by E  L  James, initially a trilogy consisting of Fifty Shades of Grey (2011), Fifty Shades Darker (2012) and Fifty Shades Freed (2012)  The series traces the deepening relationship between college graduate Anastasia Steele and young businessman Christian Grey, who introduces Ana to the world of BDSM 
The author has spoken of her shock at the success of the book: "The explosion of interest has taken me completely by surprise " James has described the Fifty Shades trilogy as "my midlife crisis, writ large  All my fantasies in there, and that's it " She did not start to write until January 2009, as she revealed while still active on FanFiction Net: "I started writing in January 2009 after I finished reading the Twilight saga, and I haven't stopped since  I discovered Fan Fiction in August 2009  Since then I have written two fics and plan on doing at least one more  After that     who knows?" In August 2013, sales of the trilogy saw James top the Forbes' list of the highest-earning authors with earnings of $95 million, which included $5 million for the film rights to Fifty Shades of Grey  In spite of the success, the books have also been largely panned by critics, with the first entry in particular "being ridiculed by virtually every critic who has read it "Since 2015 the series has been expanded with a parallel set of novels "as told by Christian": Grey follows the events of Fifty Shades of Grey but from the perspective of Christian Grey, Darker (2017) and Freed (2021) do the same for Fifty Shades Darker and Fifty Shades Freed, respectively 

Plot overview
Original trilogyFifty Shades of Grey (2011)
Fifty Shades Darker (2012)
Fifty Shades Freed (2012)Told by Christian trilogyGrey (2015)
Darker (2017)
Freed (2021)

Main characters
Critical reception
Salman Rushdie said about the book: "I've never read anything so badly written that got published  It made Twilight look like War and Peace " Maureen Dowd described the book in The New York Times as being written "like a Brontë devoid of talent", and said it was "dull and poorly written"  Jesse Kornbluth of The Huffington Post said: "As a reading experience, Fifty Shades     is a sad joke, puny of plot" Princeton professor April Alliston wrote, "Though no literary masterpiece, Fifty Shades is more than parasitic fan fiction based on the recent Twilight vampire series " Entertainment Weekly writer Lisa Schwarzbaum gave the book a "B+" rating and praised it for being "in a class by itself"  British author Jenny Colgan in The Guardian wrote "It is jolly, eminently readable and as sweet and safe as BDSM (bondage, discipline, sadism and masochism) erotica can be without contravening the trade descriptions act" and also praised the book for being "more enjoyable" than other "literary erotic books"  However, The Telegraph criticized the book as "treacly cliché" but also wrote that the sexual politics in Fifty Shades of Grey will have female readers "discussing it for years to come"  A reviewer for the Ledger-Enquirer described the book as guilty fun and escapism, but that it "also touches on one aspect of female existence [female submission]  And acknowledging that fact – maybe even appreciating it – shouldn't be a cause for guilt " The New Zealand Herald stated that the book "will win no prizes for its prose" and that "there are some exceedingly awful descriptions", but it was also an easy read; "(If you only) can suspend your disbelief and your desire to – if you'll pardon the expression – slap the heroine for having so little self respect, you might enjoy it "The Columbus Dispatch stated that, "Despite the clunky prose, James does cause one to turn the page " Metro News Canada wrote that "suffering through 500 pages of this heroine's inner dialogue was torturous, and not in the intended, sexy kind of way"  Jessica Reaves, of the Chicago Tribune, wrote that the "book's source material isn't great literature", noting that the novel is "sprinkled liberally and repeatedly with asinine phrases", and described it as "depressing"  The book garnered some accolades  In December 2012, it won both "Popular Fiction" and "Book of the Year" categories in the UK National Book Awards  In that same month, Publishers Weekly named E  L  James the 'Publishing Person of the Year', causing an "outcry from the literary world"  For example, "What was Publishers Weekly thinking?" asked Los Angeles Times writer Carolyn Kellogg, while a New York Daily News headline read, "Civilization ends: E L  James named Publishers Weekly's 'Person of the Year' "

Depiction of BDSM
The Fifty Shades trilogy has also attracted criticism due to its depictions of BDSM, with Katie Roiphe of Newsweek asking "But why, for women especially, would free will be a burden?     It may be that power is not always that comfortable, even for those of us who grew up in it; it may be that equality is something we want only sometimes and in some places and in some arenas; it may be that power and all of its imperatives can be boring " Zap2it's Andrea Reiher expressed frustration at Roiphe's depiction of the series, stating that "[b]eing submissive sexually is not tantamount to being the victim of abuse" or that they're "giving up their power or their equality with their partner"  Other sites such as Jezebel have responded to the article, with Jezebel listing reasons for Fifty Shades of Grey's popularity, stating that "the vast majority of fans fawn over the emotional relationship Anastasia and Christian have, not about the sex "In an interview with Salon, several dominatrices have responded that while submission can be an escape from daily stresses, they also frequently have male clients and that trust is a big factor in dominant/submissive relationships  One interviewed former dominatrix and author, Melissa Febos, stated that even if the book's popularity was a result of women's "current anxieties about equality" that it "doesn't mean that it's 'evidence of unhappiness, or an invalidation of feminism,'    it might actually be a sign of progress that millions of women are so hungrily pursuing sexual fantasies independent of men " Writing in The Huffington Post, critic Soraya Chemaly argued that interest in the series was not a trend, but squarely within the tradition and success of the romance category which is driven by tales of virgins, damaged men and submission/dominance themes  Instead, she wrote, the books are notable not for transgressive sex but for how women are using technology to subvert gendered shame by exploring explicit sexual content privately using e-readers  Instead of submission fantasies representing a post-feminist discomfort with power and free will, women's open consumption, sharing and discussion of sexual content is a feminist success  At the beginning of the media hype, Dr  Drew and sexologist Logan Levkoff discussed the book on The Today Show, about whether Fifty Shades perpetuated violence against women; Levkoff said that while that is an important subject, this trilogy had nothing to do with it – this was a book about a consensual relationship  Dr  Drew commented that the book was "horribly written" in addition to being "disturbing" but stated that "if the book enhances women's real-life sex lives and intimacy, so be it " Amy Bonomi, a Human Development and Family Studies professor argues that the relationship portrayed is non-consensual: "Unable to bear the thought of being alone, Christian employs strategies to "trap" Anastasia, including keeping his violent tendencies private, limiting Anastasia's availability of help and support from her friends and family through his nondisclosure agreement and through verbal and nonverbal intimidation, and attempts to convince Anastasia that she finds his punishments pleasurable"

Censorship or removal of books
In March 2012, branches of the public library in Brevard County, Florida, removed copies of Fifty Shades of Grey from their shelves, with an official stating that it did not meet the selection criteria for the library and that reviews for the book had been poor  A representative for the library stated that it was due to the book's sexual content and that other libraries had declined to purchase copies for their branches  Deborah Caldwell-Stone of the American Library Association commented that "If the only reason you don't select a book is that you disapprove of its content, but there is demand for it, there's a question of whether you're being fair  In a public library there is usually very little that would prevent a book from being on the shelf if there is a demand for the information " Brevard County public libraries later made their copies available to their patrons due to public demand In Macaé, Brazil, Judge Raphael Queiroz Campos ruled in January 2013 that bookstores throughout the city must either remove the series entirely from their shelves or ensure that the books are wrapped and placed out of the reach of minors  The judge stated that he was prompted to make such an order after seeing children reading them, basing his decision on a law stating that "magazines and publications whose content is improper or inadequate for children and adolescents can only be sold if sealed and with warnings regarding their content" 

Film adaptations
A film adaptation of the book was produced by Focus Features, Michael De Luca Productions, and Trigger Street Productions, with Universal Pictures and Focus Features securing the rights to the trilogy in March 2012  Universal is also the film's distributor  Charlie Hunnam was originally cast in the role of Christian Grey alongside Dakota Johnson in the role of Anastasia Steele, but Hunnam gave up the part in October 2013, with Jamie Dornan announced for the role on 23 October  The film was released on 13 February 2015, and became an immediate success, making it to #1 at the box office with $558 5 million  However, critical reactions were generally negative  After the first film premiered at a special fan screening in New York City on 6 February 2015, director Sam Taylor-Johnson confirmed two sequels to be succeeded after the first film, with Fifty Shades Darker releasing on 10 February 2017 and Fifty Shades Freed releasing on 9 February 2018 

See also
BDSM in culture and media
Sadism and masochism in fiction
Secretary (2002)

Further reading
Upstone, Sara (2016)  "Beyond the bedroom: motherhood in E  L  James's Fifty Shades of Grey Trilogy"  Frontiers: A Journal of Women Studies  37 (2): 138–164  doi:10 5250/fronjwomestud 37 2 0138  JSTOR 10 5250/fronjwomestud 37 2 0138  S2CID 146280020 
Context 3: Passage 1:
WLLZ-LP
WXII-LD (channel 12) is a low-power television station in Cedar, Michigan, United States, serving the Traverse City–Cadillac area with programming from MyNetworkTV and Cozi TV  Owned by Bridge Media Networks, it is sister to Lake City-licensed NewsNet flagship WMNN-LD (channel 26)  Both stations share studios on West 13th Street in Cadillac, while WXII-LD's transmitter is located west of downtown Traverse City near Harris and Cedar Run roads 
Despite having a digital signal of its own, WXII-LD is only 1 5 kW whereas WMNN-LD is 15 kW, so WXII-LD is simulcast over WMNN-LD's fifth digital subchannel (UHF channel 17 5 or virtual channel 26 5) to expand its over-the-air reach 

History
On December 12, 1996, the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) issued a construction permit for a low-power television station on UHF channel 51 in Pinconning, Michigan with the call sign W51CS  In 2001, the permit was moved to VHF channel 12 in Traverse City under call letters W12CX  In 2003, the call letters were changed to WLLZ-LP  From 1980 to 1996, the WLLZ calls were used by an album oriented rock FM radio station broadcasting on 98 7 in the Detroit area, nicknamed "Detroit's Wheelz" (later Smooth Jazz WVMV "V98 7" and now top-40 "AMP Radio" WDZH)  After the FM station dropped the call letters, they were used for several years on an AM station in the market, and were picked up by Channel 12 after the AM station dropped them in 2003  WLLZ's owner at the time, P & P Cable Holdings, is known for picking up calls discarded by other Michigan radio and television stations for use on their own stations 
WLLZ-LP signed on in January 2004 as an affiliate of Urban America Television  It added America One programming to its schedule in Summer 2004  WLLZ became a full affiliate of the network in May 2006 when Urban America Television ceased operations 

In June 2008, the station was added to Charter digital channel 202 throughout the northern Lower Peninsula  It moved to the basic tier on channel 72 in December 2008 and has now moved to channel 11 in 18 counties on Charter cable  Also in December 2008, WLLZ became a primary affiliate of MyNetworkTV; the station was then branded as "My TV 12"  Until then, there was no local affiliate in the northern Michigan market 
On May 15, 2009, WLLZ discontinued an affiliation with The Sportsman Channel (which was phasing out its over-the-air affiliations) and added RTV, with America One programming significantly reduced (though not eliminated)  Previously from 2007 until 2008, NBC affiliate WPBN-TV (channel 7) carried RTV on a second digital subchannel  This was dropped in favor of a simulcast of ABC affiliate WGTU (channel 29)  Due to its low-powered status, WLLZ was exempt from switching to digital-only broadcasting on June 12, 2009 
The station discontinued their affiliation with America One in 2015, when it merged with Youtoo TV into Youtoo America, allowing a contractual out of that agreement  With the start of the 2015–16 season, WLLZ has wound down carrying nearly all of their syndicated programming, with Cozi TV being carried most of the day and MyNetworkTV in prime time 
On November 1, 2017, the FCC approved the sale of WLLZ-LP to Freelancer Television Broadcasting, Inc  On December 4, 2017, the sale to Freelancer Television Broadcasting was completed, making it a sister station to WMNN-LD; the station then modified its branding to "MI TV 12"  It changed its call sign to WXII-LP on December 21, 2017 On April 23, 2019, the FCC granted WXII-LP a construction permit to operate a digital companion channel on UHF channel 30  In the meantime, digital over-the-air access to this station had been being provided through a simulcast over a digital subchannel of co-owned station WMNN-LD; that simulcast continued post-transition to improve this station's over-the-air reach and also to feed local cable systems  On September 14, 2021, WXII-LP commenced digital operations and the FCC changed this station's call sign to WXII-LD to reflect this station's new digital operations  Concurrent with the launch of this station's digital operations, an uninterrupted national feed of the NewsNet service, absent of any locally-produced content, was added as a second subchannel On January 13, 2022, Freelancer Television Broadcasting's portfolio, including NewsNet, WMNN-LD, and WXII-LD, were sold to investor Manoj Bhargava, with Eric Wotila retaining 10% ownership in the new company Bridge News, LLC  Under the terms of the deal, Bridge News would operate the stations via a time brokerage agreement with Freelancer Television Broadcasting  The sale was consummated on March 24 

News programming
Until May 2009, WLLZ aired INN National News, a newscast produced by Independent News Network in Davenport, Iowa from America One  It also carried a video simulcast of an hour of radio station WMKT's morning show hosted by Greg Marshall  The simulcast was discontinued in early 2011 
In late 2017, following the station's callsign switch to WXII-LP, sister station WMNN-LD began producing 90-second news updates for channel 12 that aired during prime time over the first commercial break aired each hour  News programming expanded in March 2018, when WMNN-LD began producing hour-long 7:00 and 11:00 p m  newscasts for the station each weeknight  The early newscast competes against a half-hour newscast produced by CBS affiliate WWTV (channel 9) that airs on Fox affiliate WFQX-TV (channel 32), while the 11:00 p m  competes against longer-established late night newscasts on WWTV (and its Sault Ste  Marie satellite WWUP, channel 10), and WPBN-TV (and its Cheboygan satellite WTOM-TV, channel 4) as well as a pre-recorded broadcast on the latter's sister ABC affiliate, WGTU (and Sault Ste  Marie satellite WGTQ, channel 8) 

Technical information
Subchannels
The station's digital signal is multiplexed:
Passage 2:
White House, Tennessee
White House is a city in Robertson and Sumner counties in the United States state of Tennessee  The population was listed as 12,982 in the 2020 census  It is approximately twenty-two miles north of downtown Nashville 

History
Settlers
The area that is now White House was purchased around 1828 by Richard Stone Wilks, a settler from Virginia   A trail running from Kentucky to Nashville, originally created by Native Americans, cut through the area   This trail was originally known as the Louisville & Nashville Turnpike during the mid-19th century   In 1928, the trail was renamed US Highway 31W 

Naming the town
In the mid-19th century, the Carter, Thomas, and Hough Stagecoach Company traveled the L&N Turnpike carrying passengers  A typical stop along the way was a white, two-story house built by Wilks in 1829  The house was a popular stop for lodging, food, and changing out horses  President Andrew Jackson was even heard to have stayed here during his travels between his home and the White House   During this time, houses were rarely painted white, particularly in this underdeveloped area  The stage coach drivers began to call this stop and the surrounding area White House 

Original White House torn down, building replaced
The monument for which the town was named was torn down in 1951 to make way for new development   However, in 1986, the community erected a replica of the original building   The reproduction, called the White House Inn Library and Museum, currently sits in the center of town next to the Fire Department   It contains the library, a museum with artifacts from the area's early years, and the city's Chamber of Commerce  In 2015, the replica White House Inn Library and Museum was turned solely into a museum and Chamber of Commerce after the city built a new library 

Growth and development
White House was incorporated in 1971  Currently, the young town is experiencing population growth, economic progress, and community development, with many apartment projects and subdivisions planned for the area  There are over 800 homes planned for the area, and at least 5 apartment subdivisions are planned for the city  The city is located north of Nashville within the greater Nashville region, and is anticipated to grow rapidly in the future as a suburb of Nashville 

Geography
According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 9 0 square miles (23 2 km2), all land 
White House is located along Interstate 65 at the intersection of State Highway 76 and US Highway 31W  The town, as of 2007, covers eleven square miles and is situated about 22 miles (35 km) north of downtown Nashville, lying in both Robertson and Sumner Counties 

Climate
Demographics
2020 census
As of the 2020 United States census, there were 12,982 people, 4,345 households, and 3,512 families residing in the city 

2000 census
As of the census of 2000, there were 7,220 people, 2,497 households, and 2,060 families residing in the city  The population density was 805 3 inhabitants per square mile (310 9/km2)  There were 2,578 housing units at an average density of 287 5 per square mile (111 0/km2)  The racial makeup of the city was 97 35% White, 1 33% African American, 0 25% Native American, 0 35% Asian, 0 30% from other races, and 0 42% from two or more races  Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1 02% of the population 
There were 2,497 households, out of which 48 8% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 71 0% were married couples living together, 8 4% had a female householder with no husband present, and 17 5% were non-families  15 4% of all households were made up of individuals, and 5 7% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older  The average household size was 2 89 and the average family size was 3 22 
In the city, the population was spread out, with 31 7% under the age of 18, 6 6% from 18 to 24, 37 8% from 25 to 44, 17 6% from 45 to 64, and 6 3% who were 65 years of age or older  The median age was 32 years  For every 100 females, there were 99 6 males  For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 93 8 males 
The median income for a household in the city was $51,649, and the median income for a family was $55,731  Males had a median income of $38,448 versus $26,216 for females  The per capita income for the city was $19,890  About 2 3% of families and 3 3% of the population were below the poverty line, including 2 6% of those under age 18 and 9 0% of those age 65 or over 

Government
White house was incorporated under the Mayor and Aldermanic charter in 1971  The town's current mayor is John Corbitt 

Notable People
Mason Jones

Education
Public schools
The city is split into two counties, and therefore has two public school districts 
Sumner County public schools:

Harold B  Williams Elementary School (K-4)
White House Middle School (5-8)
White House High School (9-12)Robertson County public schools:

Robert F  Woodall Elementary School (K-2)
White House Heritage Elementary School (3-6)
White House Heritage High School (7-12)

Private schools
Christian Community Schools (CCS)
Dayspring Academy (DSA)
Passage 3:
Kokomo, Indiana metropolitan area
The Kokomo Metropolitan Statistical Area, as defined by the United States Census Bureau, is an area consisting of Howard county in Indiana, anchored by the city of Kokomo  As of the 2000 census, the MSA had a population of 101,541 (though a July 1, 2009 estimate placed the population at 98,787)  The official 2013 population estimate for the metro area is 82,760 people are in the Kokomo metropolitan area  The MSA formerly included Tipton County, Indiana  Kokomo is also the principal city of the area known as North Central Indiana, the area around Kokomo with economic ties   The six county area including Cass, Clinton, Fulton, Howard, Miami, and Tipton counties had population of 228,331 people in 2010 

Counties
Howard
Tipton (no longer included)

Communities
Incorporated places
Cities
Elwood (partial)
Kokomo (Principal city)
Tipton (no longer included)
Towns
Greentown
Kempton
Russiaville
Sharpsville
Windfall

Census-designated places
Note: All census-designated places are unincorporated 

Indian Heights (annexed to city of Kokomo in 2012)

Unincorporated places
Townships
Howard County
Tipton County
Cicero
Jefferson
Liberty
Madison
Prairie
Wildcat

Demographics
As of the census of 2000, there were 101,541 people, 41,269 households, and 28,307 families residing within the MSA  The racial makeup of the MSA was 91 13% White, 5 50% African American, 0 33% Native American, 0 90% Asian, 0 02% Pacific Islander, 0 76% from other races, and 1 36% from two or more races  Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1 88% of the population 
The median income for a household in the MSA was $46,017, and the median income for a family was $54,566  Males had a median income of $42,938 versus $25,814 for females  The per capita income for the MSA was $21,988 

Combined Statistical Area
The Kokomo–Peru Combined Statistical Area (CSA) is made up of three counties in Indiana  The statistical area includes one metropolitan area and one micropolitan area  As of the 2000 Census, the CSA had a population of 137,623 (though a July 1, 2009 estimate placed the population at 134,788)  A 2013 population estimate placed the combined statistical area at 118,900 however, which again, further leads to the idea that the Kokomo Metropolitan area now only includes Howard County 

Components
Metropolitan Statistical Areas (MSAs)
Kokomo (Howard and Tipton counties)
Micropolitan Statistical Areas (μSA)
Peru (Miami County)

See also
Indiana census statistical areas
Passage 4:
Salt Lake City metropolitan area
The Salt Lake City metropolitan area is the metropolitan area centered on the city of Salt Lake City, Utah  The Office of Management and Budget and the United States Census Bureau currently define the Salt Lake City, Utah Metropolitan Statistical Area as comprising two counties: Salt Lake and Tooele  As of the 2020 census, the MSA had a population of 1,257,936  The Salt Lake City Metropolitan Area and the Ogden-Clearfield Metropolitan Area were a single metropolitan area known as the Salt Lake City-Ogden Metropolitan Area until being separated in 2005 The metropolitan area is part of the Salt Lake City–Provo–Ogden, UT Combined Statistical Area, which also includes the Ogden–Clearfield metropolitan area, the Provo–Orem metropolitan area, and the Heber City, Utah micropolitan area  As of the 2020 census, this CSA had a population of 2,701,129, comprising 82 6 percent of Utah's then 3,271,616 residents 

Counties
Salt Lake
Tooele

Communities
Incorporated places
Unincorporated places
Demographics
As of the census of 2000, there were 968,858 people, 318,150 households, and 231,606 families residing within the MSA  The racial makeup of the MSA was 86 63% White, 1 04% African American, 0 90% Native American, 2 43% Asian, 1 15% Pacific Islander, 5 33% from other races, and 2 53% from two or more races  Hispanic or Latino of any race were 11 71% of the population 
The median income for a household in the MSA was $53,036, and the median income for a family was $59,139  Males had a median income of $40,683 versus $26,302 for females  The per capita income for the MSA was $23,426 

Combined Statistical Area
The Salt Lake City–Provo–Ogden Combined Statistical Area is made up of ten counties in northern Utah  The statistical area includes three metropolitan areas and one micropolitan area 

Metropolitan Statistical Areas (MSAs)
Salt Lake City MSA (Salt Lake and Tooele counties)
Ogden–Clearfield MSA (Box Elder, Davis, Morgan, and Weber counties)
Provo–Orem MSA (Juab and Utah counties)
Micropolitan Statistical Areas (μSAs)
Heber City (Summit and Wasatch counties)

See also
Utah census statistical areas
Wasatch Front
Passage 5:
Mount Kaukau
Mount Kaukau (Māori: [kaʉkaʉ]) is a large hill in the northern suburbs of Wellington, New Zealand near Johnsonville, Khandallah and Ngaio   The summit is 445 metres above sea level and is the most visible high point in the Wellington landscape further accentuated by Wellington's main television transmitter mast, which stands 122m from the summit  The city, harbour and the Remutaka and Tararua Ranges can be seen from the summit  On a clear day Mt  Tapuae-o-Uenuku and the Kaikoura Ranges in the South Island may be seen, whilst northwest is the Porirua Basin and the Tasman Sea 

Name
The hill's original name Tarikākā means 'where the parrots rested' and is shared with the nearby settlement in Ngaio at the base of the mountain  Before the clearing of the native totara forest on the slopes and general area, the native parrot kākā was common through the city  Over a hundred years later today, the population of kākā has begun to regenerate thanks mostly to the efforts at Zealandia, and are becoming a more regular sight throughout the city and in the rejuvenating native forest on the slopes of Mount Kaukau 

Slopes and surrounding area
Much of the eastern 'city side' slopes of Mount Kaukau make up Khandallah Park, which is one of the oldest parks in New Zealand, established in 1888 and then registered as a domain in 1909  Khandallah Park has more than 60 hectares of native forest  Native birds such as the kererū, tūī and New Zealand fantail are common sights when walking through the native forest  Stumps of the old totara trees can also be seen walking through the first lower parts of the forest  In mid 2017 an old bunker off Woodmancote Road, at the base of Mount Kaukau, was rediscovered after it had been sealed off and forgotten many years previously  The bunker in an 'H' shape, had been built for Royal New Zealand Signals Corps in 1942  Due to poor construction the bunker was very leaky and was never used  Mount Kaukau forms part of the Northern Skyline track from Johnsonville to Karori and Makara 

Recreation
Khandallah Park has 9 kilometres of walking tracks allowing access to the peak of Mt Kaukau from Khandallah, Johnsonville, Ngaio and Crofton Downs  Some tracks are also open to mountain biking and e-biking 

Transmitter
The 122-metre Mount Kaukau television transmitter was built in 1965 to transmit television channel WNTV1 offering improved coverage over the channel's previous transmitter at Mount Victoria  Today it is the main television and FM radio transmitter for the Wellington metropolitan area 
In May 2022, Kordia removed the top 18 metres of the aerial, as the section was redundant following the end of analogue television broadcast 

Transmission frequencies
The following table contains television and radio frequencies currently operating at Mount Kaukau:

Former analogue television frequencies
The following frequencies were used until 29 September 2013, when Kaukau switched off analogue broadcasts (see Digital changeover dates in New Zealand) 

Kaukau Challenge
Every year Khandallah School, which is at the base of Mount Kaukau, organises a fun walk / fun run from the school to the summit and back, called the Kaukau Challenge  The Kaukau Challenge has been an annual event since 2006 with about 500 people taking part each year 

Snowfall of 2011
In mid-August 2011, two Wellington men, Nick Fone and Daniel McFadyen claimed to be the first people to ski and snowboard down Mount Kaukau when they took advantage of the unusual weather pattern delivering snow to most parts of the North Island  As Wellington has a temperate climate, snow down to near sea level is extremely rare, happening less often than once every 15 years 
Passage 6:
Traverse City, Michigan
Traverse City ( TRAV-ərs) is a city in the U S  state of Michigan  It is the county seat of Grand Traverse County, although a small portion extends into Leelanau County



ground_truth: Brian Stokes Mitchell

prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: What is the nationality of the author of Fifty Shades Freed?

The following are given passages.
Context 3:  It is the largest city in the 21-county Northern Michigan region  The population was 15,678 at the 2020 census, with 153,448 in the four-county Traverse City micropolitan area  Traverse City is also the second-largest city in Michigan north of the Tri-Cities, behind Marquette 
Traverse City is located at the head of the East and West arms of Grand Traverse Bay, a 32-mile-long (51 km) bay of Lake Michigan  Grand Traverse Bay is divided into arms by the 17-mile-long (27 km) Old Mission Peninsula, which is attached at its base to Traverse City  The city borders four townships–East Bay, Elmwood, Garfield, and Peninsula–all of which contain substantial suburban sprawl 

Traverse City is well-known for being a cherry production hotspot, as the area was  the largest producer of tart cherries in the United States in 2010  The city hosts the National Cherry Festival, attracting approximately 500,000 visitors annually  The area is also known for its viticulture industry, and is one of the centers of wine production in the Midwest  The city is home to a redeveloped psychiatric hospital and an active Coast Guard air base  Traverse City is located near the Sleeping Bear Dunes National Lakeshore, as well as a number of freshwater beaches, downhill skiing areas, and numerous forests  For these reasons, Traverse City is a year-round tourism hotspot, winning multiple accolades and awards  Traverse City has also been noted as one of Michigan's top LGBT-friendly locations 

History
19th century
American Indians
The Traverse City area is home to the Ojibwe, Ottawa, and Potawatomi people  They lived through the European colonization and the establishment of the Northwest Territory  These people groups inhabited the area surrounding the Great Lakes, including Michigan  The Traverse City area was known to Natives as gichi-wiikwedoongsing (Ojibwe: 'at the head of the great bay'), which was often anglicized to Wequetong  This settlement was located near the current-day mouth of the Boardman River, then known as adaawewiziibi (Ojibwe: 'river of trade'), however Wequetong was abandoned upon the advent of European settlement to the region 

European-American settlement
After the colonists came in, they discovered the Grand Traverse Bay  The bay earned its name from 18th-century French voyageurs who made la grande traverse, or "the long crossing", across the mouth of bay, from present-day Norwood to Northport  The area was owned by the French, followed by Great Britain as the Province of Quebec  After 1776, the area was owned by the Americans  On the Old Mission Peninsula, Rev  Peter Doughtery established the first permanent settlement in 1839  This was called "Grand Traverse", and is today known as Old Mission In 1847, Captain Horace Boardman of Naperville, Illinois, purchased the land at the mouth of the Boardman River (then known as the Ottawa River) at the head of the west arm of the bay, which at the time was still inhabited by Native Americans  In 1847, the captain, his son, and their employees built a dwelling and sawmill near the mouth of the river  In 1851 the Boardmans sold the sawmill to Hannah, Lay & Co (made up of Perry Hannah, Albert Tracy Lay and James Morgan), who improved the mill greatly  The increased investment in the mill attracted additional settlers to the new community  Perry Hannah today is known as the founding father of Traverse City 
Traverse City was originally part of Omeena County, which was originally set off in 1840 from Michilimackinac County  The county remained unorganized, lacking a central government until 1851, when it was reorganized as Grand Traverse County  The newly designated county government was assigned a county seat at Boardman's Mills, a location in present-day downtown Traverse City 

Further growth
As of 1853, the only operating post office in the Grand Traverse Bay region was the one located at Old Mission, which was then known as "Grand Traverse"  While in Washington, D C  in 1852, Mr  Lay had succeeded in getting the U S  Post Office to authorize a new post office at his newer settlement  As the newer settlement had become known as "Grand Traverse City", after the Grand Traverse Bay, Lay proposed this name for its post office, but the Post Office Department clerk suggested dropping the "Grand" from the name, as to limit confusion between this new office and the one at nearby Old Mission  Mr  Lay agreed to the new, shortened name of "Traverse City" for the post office, and the village took on this name  Also around this time, the first cherry trees were being planted on the Old Mission Peninsula, something the peninsula is widely known for today 

Late 19th century
In December 1872, rail service arrived in Traverse City via a Traverse City Railroad Company spur from the Grand Rapids and Indiana Railroad line at Walton Junction  The railroad tracked along the Boardman River and along Boardman Lake into Traverse City, and ended at a station along the Grand Traverse Bay, at the corner of present-day Grandview Parkway and Park Street  This new line of transportation from Southern Michigan opened up the area to settlement and industrial development  Many more people started flocking to the small community, and in 1881, Traverse City was incorporated as a village  This began the major commercial growth of the town 
In 1890, another rail line was extended to Traverse City, this one from Baldwin via Copemish and Interlochen  This line primarily served lumber companies, such as the Buckley & Douglas Lumber Company, and was used to transport logs from the vast forest of Northwest Michigan to sawmills in Manistee and Traverse City  Two years later, new railroads were extended out of Traverse City  One line was extended along the bay into Leelanau County, and curved south to a preexisting spur at Lake Ann  Another line was extended east into present-day Williamsburg, and to Charlevoix and Petoskey  This railroad was largely to serve tourists 
In 1881, the Northern Michigan Asylum, later the Traverse City State Hospital, was established as the demand for a third psychiatric hospital in Michigan, in addition to those established in Kalamazoo and Pontiac, began to grow  Perry Hannah, by then a prominent Michigan Republican, used his political influence to secure its location in Traverse City  Under the supervision of prominent architect Gordon W  Lloyd, the first building, known as Building 50, was constructed in Victorian-Italianate style according to the Kirkbride Plan  The hospital opened in 1885 with 43 residents  Under Dr  James Decker Munson, the first superintendent from 1885 to 1924, the institution expanded  Twelve housing cottages and two infirmaries were built between 1887 and 1903 to meet the specific needs of male and female patients  The institution became the city's largest employer and contributed to its growth  While the hospital was established for the care of the mentally ill, its use expanded during outbreaks of tuberculosis, typhoid, diphtheria, influenza, and polio  It also cared for the elderly, served as a rehab for drug addicts, and was used to train nurses 
On May 18, 1895, Traverse City was incorporated as a city  Perry Hannah served as the first mayor of Traverse City, after also serving as first and third village president 

20th century
The first National Cherry Festival was held in Traverse City in 1925  It was first called "Blessing of the Blossoms" and held in the spring to attract people during the blooming season  With the exception of the years before and during World War II, this tradition has been carried on since in Traverse City  The legislature moved the date of the festival to the summer, and it attracts tourists from around the state  During the week the festival takes place, the population of Traverse City rises from about 15,000 to about 500,000  In 2004 the legislature added "Blossom Days", again as a spring festival 
Also in 1925, Munson Medical Center opened, and has since grown to serve much of Northern Michigan and serves as one of Traverse City's largest employers In 1929, Traverse City's first airport, Ransom Field, opened, offering flights to Grand Rapids  It closed in 1936, when the new Traverse City Airport (now called Cherry Capital Airport) was opened  In 1953 the grounds of Ransom Field were redeveloped as Memorial Gardens Cemetery 
In 1934, the original Traverse City High School building burnt down, with no casualties  For three years, while the high school was being rebuilt, classes were moved to the Perry Hannah House, the former residence of the city's founder  Classes were moved back to the new school building in September 1937  In 1960, the high school was moved from downtown Traverse City to a new college-style campus on the grounds of Northwestern Michigan College, which opened a few years prior in 1951  The former high school building was converted to Traverse City Junior High  In 1997, the high school split into Traverse City Central and Traverse City West High Schools due to extreme overcrowding at the 1960s building In 1989, the Traverse City State Hospital closed, leaving hundreds without jobs, massive abandoned buildings, and many homeless former patients  Since 2000, the Minervini Group has undertaken the project of renovating the entire property into a social center, including many restaurants, retail spaces, office space, and residential space 

21st century
In 2005, Michigan filmmaker Michael Moore organized the first Traverse City Film Festival in downtown Traverse City  In 2015 and 2016, Traverse City was called the best small town in America by Livability com On November 3, 2015, Traverse City elected Jim Carruthers, its first openly gay mayor  After serving as mayor of Traverse City for 6 years, in June 2021 Jim Carruthers announced he would not run for his 4th mayoral term May 18, 2020, served as the city's 125th anniversary of Traverse City's incorporation as a city in 1895, and was known as the "quarantine quasquicentennial" On June 1, 2020, commissioners of Traverse City approved a plan that would close two blocks of Front Street and return State Street to two-way traffic, until Labor Day of that year  This was enacted in order to prevent crowding in reopening businesses following the COVID-19 pandemic  This followed the cancelation of the 2020 National Cherry Festival and Traverse City Film Festival On November 2, 2020, President Donald Trump and Vice President Mike Pence appeared at a campaign rally at Traverse City's Cherry Capital Airport, the day before the 2020 election In April 2021, a group composed mostly of White students from two Traverse City area school districts held an online mock slave auction via social media app in a private group chat titled "Slave Trade", wherein they traded their Black student peers for monetary amounts while using derogatory language  After the local community was made aware of this event, a coalition of community members and Traverse City Area Public School (TCAPS) Board of Education officials drafted in response a resolution which denounced the behavior  The draft of the resolution itself led to community backlash initiated largely by White conservative parents and community members who regarded the planned resolution to be "   interlaced with critical race theory"  In the aftermath of the backlash, the resolution was edited by TCAPS school board officials  No date for consideration of the revised resolution has been set 

Geography
Topography
Traverse City is a part of the greater Northern Michigan region, located in the northwest of Michigan's Lower Peninsula  The city is the main inland port of Grand Traverse Bay, a long, natural harbor separated from the waters of Lake Michigan by the Leelanau Peninsula  The bay is divided into an East Arm and West Arm by the Old Mission Peninsula, a thin strip of rolling hills and farmland known for its cherry crop and viticulture industry  As Traverse City contains shores on both of Grand Traverse Bay's East and West Arms, one cannot access the Old Mission Peninsula without entering Traverse City 
The Boardman River is a prominent river bisecting Traverse City from south to north  It also snakes through Traverse City's downtown district, effectively forming a peninsula, and dividing it from the Grandview Parkway  The river terminates at the Grand Traverse Bay northeast of downtown Traverse City  The river's 287-square-mile (740 km2) watershed contributes one-third of the water volume to the bay and is one of Michigan's top-ten fisheries, with more than 36 miles (58 km) of its 179 miles (288 km) designated as a Blue Ribbon trout fishery  It is also a state-designated "Natural River"  As of 2023, only one of the five dams constructed on the Boardman River remains 
According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 8 66 square miles (22 43 km2), of which, 8 33 square miles (21 57 km2) of it is land and 0 33 square miles (0 85 km2) is water 
Traverse City is surrounded by a substantial suburban ring, especially within Garfield Township, to its southwest  Garfield Township is the largest municipality in Northern Michigan by population  Other adjacent townships, East Bay, Elmwood, and Peninsula, and nearby Blair and Long Lake townships, boast significant suburban populations dependent upon Traverse City 

Layout and cityscape
Traverse City, like most of Grand Traverse County and many other cities in the United States, is laid out in a grid plan  Major streets run east–west and north–south  
Traverse City's tallest building is the Park Place Hotel (at 10 stories), although recently, many proposals have been made to build taller buildings  One of these was the River West building, which was canceled in 2017 

Neighborhoods
Traverse City is divided into the following neighborhoods:
Base of the Peninsula (BOOM)
Boardman
Central Neighborhood
Downtown
East Bay
Fernwood
Grand Traverse Commons
Hilltop
Kids Creek
Morgan Farms
North Boardman Lake (NoBo)
Oak Park
Oakwood
Old Towne
Slabtown
Traverse Heights
Triangle Neighborhood

City parks
Traverse City is home to the following parks:

Superfund site
Traverse City has one superfund site, according to the Environmental Protection Agency  This is the Avenue E Groundwater Contamination Site  At this location, toxic runoff from the Coast Guard Air Station contaminated the groundwater along Avenue E 

Climate
Traverse City has a warm-summer continental climate (Köppen Dfb) close to being a hot-summer continental climate (Dfa) 
Its location near the 45th parallel is tempered by the strong and moderating effects of Lake Michigan and Grand Traverse Bay, which have a particularly noteworthy effect on the peninsulas that branch north of the city  As a result, they have viticulture and cherry orchards 
Consequently, it generally experiences warm, mild summers and severe winters  Lake Michigan especially, but also Grand Traverse Bay, greatly impact the area's diverse coastal weather patterns, which occasionally consist of sudden and/or large amounts of precipitation during the seasonally active periods  Lake-effect snowfall constitutes a large percentage of the total annual snow accumulation, which averages around 80 inches (203 cm)  Periods of snowfall typically last from November to April, although light snow as late as May or as early as late September sometimes occur 
Traverse City's record high temperature is 105 °F (41 °C), recorded in 1936, and its low temperature is −37 °F (−38 °C), recorded on February 17, 1979 

Demographics
2010 census
As of the census of 2010, there were 14,674 people, 6,675 households, and 3,369 families residing in the city  The population density was 1,761 6 inhabitants per square mile (680 2/km2)  There were 7,358 housing units at an average density of 883 3 per square mile (341 0/km2)  The racial makeup of the city was 94 4% White, 0 7% African American, 1 8% Native American, 0 7% Asian, 0 5% from other races, and 1 9% from two or more races  Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1 9% of the population 
There were 6,675 households, of which 22 3% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 35 6% were married couples living together, 10 9% had a female householder with no husband present, 4 0% had a male householder with no wife present, and 49 5% were non-families  38 4% of all households were made up of individuals, and 13 3% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older  The average household size was 2 08 and the average family size was 2 77 
The median age in the city was 40 8 years  18 2% of residents were under the age of 18; 10 3% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 26 7% were from 25 to 44; 28 3% were from 45 to 64; and 16 7% were 65 years of age or older  The gender makeup of the city was 47 4% male and 52 6% female 

2000 census
As of the census of 2000, there were 14,532 people, 6,443 households, and 3,485 families residing in the city  The population density was 1,728 7 inhabitants per square mile (667 5/km2)  There were 6,842 housing units at an average density of 813 9 per square mile (314 2/km2)  The racial makeup of the city was 96 00% White, 0 65% African American, 0 98% Native American, 0 50% Asian, 0 03% Pacific Islander, 0 48% from other races, and 1 36% from two or more races  Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1 67% of the population 
There were 6,443 households, out of which 24 5% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 39 7% were married couples living together, 11 2% had a female householder with no husband present, and 45 9% were non-families  35 9% of all households were made up of individuals, and 13 7% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older  The average household size was 2 15 and the average family size was 2 82 
In the city, the population was spread out, with 20



ground_truth: English

prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: What is the population of the city at which the transmitter of WLLZ-LP was placed? 

The following are given passages.
Context 3: 3% under the age of 18, 10 8% from 18 to 24, 29 6% from 25 to 44, 24 1% from 45 to 64, and 15 2% who were 65 years of age or older  The median age was 38 years  For every 100 females, there were 90 5 males  For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 87 2 males 
The median income for a household in the city was $37,330, and the median income for a family was $46,912  Males had a median income of $31,587 versus $22,512 for females  The per capita income for the city was $22,247  About 4 8% of families and 8 4% of the population were below the poverty line, including 7 2% of those under age 18 and 7 9% of those age 65 or over 

Religion
Traverse City is part of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Gaylord  It is part of the Episcopal Diocese of Western Michigan and served by Grace Episcopal Church 

Government
Traverse City is a home rule, charter city under the Home Rule Cities Act, incorporated on May 18, 1895  The city is governed by six commissioners and a mayor, elected at-large  Together they compose a seven-member legislative body  The commission appoints a city manager who serves as chief executive for city operations 
As of 2023, the city commission consists of Richard Lewis (mayor), Amy Shamroe (mayor pro tempore), and commissioners Linda Koebert, Mi Stanley, Mitchell Treadwell, Tim Werner, and Mike Wilson  The city clerk of Traverse City is Benjamin Marentette  The office of city manager has been vacant since April 11, 2023, upon the departure of Marty Colburn  Until a replacement is found, duties are held by interim city manager Nate Geinzer Traverse City's current mayor, Richard Lewis, was elected to office in 2021, running unopposed  Lewis previously served as Traverse City city manager, and interim city manager of Evart  Lewis identifies as a moderate Democrat Traverse City is located within Michigan's 1st congressional district, represented by Jack Bergman (R–Watersmeet)  As with the rest of Michigan, it is served by senators Debbie Stabenow and Gary Peters (both Democratic) in the United States Senate  It is represented in the Michigan House of Representatives by Betsy Coffia (D–Traverse City), and is a part of the 103rd district  It is also represented in the Michigan Senate by John Damoose (R–Harbor Springs) and is a part of the 37th senate district 

Education
Public schools
The public school district serving Traverse City is Traverse City Area Public Schools  This district includes 10 elementary schools serving grades Pre-K through 5, two middle schools serving grades 6 through 8, and two high schools serving grades 9 through 12: Traverse City Central and Traverse City West  In addition, the district includes an alternative high school (Traverse City High School) and a montessori elementary school 
Traverse City offers a handful of charter schools, including the Woodland School, the Old Mission Peninsula School, and Grand Traverse Academy Vocational career training is offered to high school students within the Traverse Bay Area Intermediate School District at the TBAISD Career Tech Center (CTC), located within just outside Traverse City  Students are bussed to and from their respective high schools to the Career Tech Center daily, and are eligible to receive credit for each  Courses include:
Agriscience
Arts & Communication
Business Management, Marketing & Technology
Engineering/Manufacturing & Industrial Technology
Health Services
Human Services

Private schools
Traverse City offers a number of private schools Just outside Traverse City sits the Children's House, an independent montessori school  The Pathfinder School is another independent school near Greilickville 

Religious schools
Traverse City contains a number of private religious schools
The Grand Traverse Area Catholic Schools district (GTACS) offers students of the area a catholic education, with high school students attending St  Francis High School  Another school is the Traverse City Christian School, offering non-denominational Christian education to Traverse City students  The Trinity Lutheran School offers a lutheran education to K-8 students in Traverse City  Other smaller religious schools include the Traverse Bay Mennonite School and the Traverse City Adventist School 

Higher education
Traverse City is home to Northwestern Michigan College, a two-year community college  Its annual enrollment is around 5,100  One of its campuses is at the Cherry Capital Airport, and offers aviation and auto service classes  Another campus is at the Hagerty Center on Grand Traverse Bay, which is home to Great Lakes Maritime Academy, Great Lakes Culinary Institute, Great Lakes Water Studies Institute, and the Hagerty Conference Center 

Libraries
Traverse City is served by the Traverse Area District Library, which has six branch libraries in Grand Traverse County 

Media
Print
The Traverse City Record-Eagle is one of northwest lower Michigan's daily newspapers  It is circulated in the 13 counties surrounding the city  In December 2006 it was sold by Ottaway Newspapers Inc , the community newspaper subsidiary of Dow Jones & Company to Community Newspaper Holdings, Inc  (CNHI)  It is the newspaper of record for Grand Traverse County  Daily editions of the Detroit Free Press, The Detroit News, and The Grand Rapids Press also are available on news stands throughout the region  Other local publications have included Traverse (a monthly regional magazine), NM3 Magazine (a local lifestyle and entertainment publication, no longer published), Grand Traverse Insider (a local weekly community newspaper), Northern Express Weekly, Traverse City Business News, Edible Grande Traverse magazine dedicated to the food, farms and chefs of the area, and Grand Traverse Woman Magazine 
At least seven national magazines were published in Traverse City, including Thirdeye Magazine  Village Press is based in Traverse City; it publishes the Home Shop Machinist, Live Steam and Outdoor Railroading, Machinists' Workshop, Just Labs, Pointing Dog Journal, Retriever Journal and Twin and Turbine magazines 
Traverse City is also the home of Arbutus Press, one of the leading Michigan publishers for regional non-fiction  The company has published many books including four books selected by the Library of Michigan as Michigan Notable Books: Historic Cottages of Mackinac Island (awarded in 2002), Asylum for the Insane: History of Kalamazoo State Hospital (awarded in 2009), Vintage Views Along the West Michigan Pike (awarded in 2012), and Fishtown (awarded in 2013) 

Television
Traverse City is the largest city in the Traverse City–Cadillac–Sault Ste  Marie designated market area, the largest television market in area east of the Mississippi River  Accordingly, most stations in this region are broadcast simultaneously on widely spaced transmitters on separate channels, with no difference in their feeds besides FCC-mandated station identification 
Traverse City has two television stations licensed directly to the city:

Channel 7: WPBN-TV "TV 7&4" (NBC) (simulcast on channel 4, Cheboygan)
Channel 29: WGTU "ABC 29&8" (ABC) (simulcast on channel 8, Goetzville)Additionally, WFQX operates a CW Plus station on its second digital subchannel and Northern Michigan cable television systems, branded as “The CW Northern Michigan; prior to 2018 the station was owned by WGTU and was broadcast on their second digital subchannel 
Stations licensed to nearby Cadillac are considered local to Traverse City:

Channel 9: WWTV "9&10 News" (CBS) (simulcast on channel 10, Raber Township, Michigan in the eastern Upper Peninsula)
Channel 27: WCMV (PBS)
Channel 32: WFQX-TV "Local 32" (Fox) (simulcast on channel 45, Vanderbilt)Fox's sister network, MyNetworkTV, did not have an affiliate in the market when it launched back in September 2006  This changed in 2008 when WLLZ-LP channel 12 (now WXII-LD) added the network 
Cable television service is provided within Traverse City and many outlying communities by Charter Spectrum  Public-access television cable TV programming is provided on channel 189 

Radio
Traverse City is the home of Northern Michigan talk radio station WTCM News/Talk 580 AM  Other talk stations available in the Traverse City area include WJML, WMKT, WSRT, and WLDR  AM 1310 ESPN Radio (operated by WCCW) broadcasts national ESPN content along with Detroit Pistons, Tigers, Red Wings and Lions games  MSU Football and Basketball can also be heard on 1310 
There are 16  commercial radio stations in a variety of radio formats  WKLT-97 5/98 9-FM is the area's longest serving rock station, known for its show Lunch at the Leetsville Cafe with Terri Ray, and the iconic Giant Red Radio party trailer  WNMC 90 7 FM is a community public radio station that is committed to a wide variety of musical genres and local events, with a broadcast focus on jazz, blues, and world music 
Traverse City has three religious radio stations: W201CM (a translator at 88 1) and WLJN AM/FM 89 9 FM and 1400 AM  In 2014 WLJN added another frequency at 95 9 playing contemporary Christian music 24 hours a day 
Interlochen Center for the Arts broadcasts the NPR member station dubbed Interlochen Public Radio  It serves a large portion of Northwest Lower Michigan via two stations:
88 7 is music and 91 5 is talk 
WLDR was for 10 years Sunny Country 101 9 until October 22, 2014, when the station switched back to an adult contemporary format  The station went on the air in 1966 with owner Roderick Maxson serving the Grand Traverse area and surrounding counties  They were the first to broadcast in HD radio in Michigan  They have been the sponsor for several major events in Traverse City, including The Beach Bum Games, Horses by the Bay, the Make-A-Wish Motorcycle Tour, and the Traverse City Easter Egg Hunt 

Culture
Most of Traverse City's economy is based on tourism  As part of the 2011 tourism advertising campaign the Traverse City Visitors Bureau, Traverse City Cherry Capital Airport and local businesses sponsored a video to be played on all Delta flights to and from Cherry Capital Airport in the month of June 2011  The National Cherry Festival, usually in the first week of July, tends to host hundreds of thousands of tourists and locals to the area at the end of July  It has become a focal point within the craft brewing trend  In November Beer Week is celebrated, with tours of breweries including samplings of craft brews, dinners and workshops The National Cherry Festival, held during the first full week of July every year, is a draw for tourists to Traverse City  The festival features parades, fireworks, an air show, election of festival royalty, live music, a pie-eating contest and cherries  It is estimated that the Grand Traverse region produces up to 360,000,000 pounds (163,000,000 kg) of cherries annually  The largest variety of cherry produced locally is the Montmorency cherry, or the "pie cherry"  Other cherries grown in the region include the Ulster, or sweet cherry, and the Balaton (from Lake Balaton in Hungary), a cherry situated between the Montmorency and Ulster in terms of color and taste 
The Traverse City Film Festival, held at the end of July and beginning of August every year from 2005 to 2019, was another draw for tourists and film buffs to Traverse City  The festival was started by Michael Moore, Doug Stanton and John Robert Williams as a way to bring more culture into the area via cinema 
The locale and topography is conducive for road bicycling, aided by the TART trail system  A map with routes, different trips, advice and local knowledge is available  Lake Michigan presents a location for sailing, fishing, and kayaking The Traverse City State Park, with about 250 campsites, is located three miles (4 8 km) east of downtown on 47 acres (19 ha) including a quarter mile beach on the East Bay arm of Grand Traverse Bay 
The Boardman River Nature Center is the interpretive center and management headquarters for the Grand Traverse Natural Education Reserve, a 505-acre local park and natural area 

The sandy soil is conducive to viticulture, and there are over 50 wineries in the Traverse City area  Most offer free wine tasting  Traverse City is located at the base of the Old Mission Peninsula wine region 

Performing arts and exhibits
The City Opera House, located in downtown Traverse City features plays, movies, and other performances 
The Traverse Symphony Orchestra (TSO), founded in 1952 by community leader Elnora Milliken as the Northwestern Michigan Symphony Orchestra, has grown from a small group of volunteer musicians to a paid professional orchestra of 60 contracted members  There was a connection over the years with Interlochen Center for the Arts, providing a core of musicians and conductors from among faculty and students  Until 1985 it was known as the Northwestern Michigan Symphony Orchestra The Dennos Museum Center, located on the campus of Northwestern Michigan College, is home to a collection of Inuit art including sculpture, drawing and prints  The center is also home to an interactive gallery, as well as various ongoing exhibitions in their large exhibition space  The museum expanded in 2017 and added two new wings of galleries to display art from its permanent collection (both of Inuit art and non-Inuit art) 

Historical markers
There are eleven recognized Michigan historical markers in the Traverse City area  They are:

Bingham District No  5 Schoolhouse
City Opera House
Congregation Beth El
Grand Traverse Bay
Grand Traverse County Courthouse
Great Lakes Sport Fishery
Ladies Library Association
Novotny's Saloon
Park Place Hotel
Perry Hannah House
Traverse City State Hospital

Viticulture
Traverse City was named by USA Today among the Top Ten Places for Local Wine  There are nine wineries on the Old Mission Peninsula and 21 wineries on the Leelanau Peninsula, both just a few minutes drive from downtown Traverse City  Both peninsulas sit close to the 45th parallel, a latitude known for growing grapes  The two arms of Grand Traverse Bay provide a maritime climate  Northern Michigan specializes in growing white grapes and is known for its Rieslings which grow well in the summer months and late fall which Traverse City is known for  Every October the wineries host a harvest fest  Some Riesling grapes are spared being picked in the fall to be picked when they freeze, from which ice wine is made  The wineries along the Old Mission Peninsula are Black Star Farms, 2 Lads Winery, Bowers Harbor Vineyards, Brys Estate Vineyard & Winery, Chateau Chantal Winery And Inn, Chateau Grand Traverse, Bonobo Winery, Mari Vineyards, and Peninsula Cellars  The wineries along the Leelanau Peninsula are Black Star Farms, Leelenau Cellars, Silver Leaf Vineyard and Winery, Gill's Pier Vineyard and Winery, Raftshol Vineyards, Circa Estate Winery, Forty-Five North Vineyard and Winery, Good Harbor Vineyards, Chateau Fontaine, Boskydel Vineyards, L  Mawby Vineyards, Ciccone Vineyard and Winery, Willow Vineyards, Chateau de Leelanau Vineyard and Winery, Shady Lane Cellars, Cherry Republic Winery, Longview Winery, Boathouse Winery, Verterra, Brengman Brothers, Bel Lago Winery, and Rove Estate Vineyard and Winery 

Sports
Traverse City is home to many public sporting facilities  These include the Grand Traverse County Civic Center, which is a large sports complex in the heart of the city, housing seven baseball/softball fields, a skatepark, a mile-long walk trail, an amphitheater, sledding hill, pavilion, playground, an indoor pool, and an indoor hockey rink  Other complexes include the Grand Traverse Bay YMCA, four complexes that offer public swimming, soccer, and tennis  The Huntington Rink indoor arena is used primarily for ice hockey, and is the home of the Traverse City North Stars hockey team  Many of the city parks in Traverse City also offer volleyball, soccer, and basketball 

During their annual offseason, the Detroit Red Wings of the National Hockey League hold their training camp at Traverse City's Centre Ice Arena  In addition to training camp every September, the Red Wings host an NHL Prospect Tournament, consisting of prospects of participating teams around the league  In 2021, the Traverse City Prospect Tournament consisted of players from the Detroit Red Wings, Toronto Maple Leafs, Columbus Blue Jackets, Dallas Stars, and St  Louis Blues  The Red Wings' influence in Traverse City goes beyond training camp, however; multiple former Red Wings have lived in Traverse City, including Dallas Drake and the legendary Gordie Howe  For this reason, Traverse City is often referred to as Hockeytown North, in reference to Detroit's popular nickname, Hockeytown 

Economy
Traverse City is home to a number of local businesses including Hagerty Insurance Agency and Munson Medical Center  There is a significant manufacturing presence, as well  In recent years, the city has developed a growing technology industry, with numerous tech start-ups, a startup incubator, podcasts, and breweries  Traverse City and its micropolitan area are known for their small business, which bring in a multitude of people during the summer months 

Traverse City's central business district is located along Front Street downtown  Another major shopping district is on US 31 southwest of town, where several big box stores are located, as well as a shopping malls, the Grand Traverse Mall, anchored by Target, JCPenney, Macy's  The Buffalo Ridge Shopping Center is also on US 31 about a mile northwest of the Grand Traverse Mall  Another mall, the Cherryland Center, is located on Garfield Avenue on the south end of town; this mall features Big Lots  Two Meijer stores, one Walmart, one Sam's Club, one Costco, one Target, one Menards, and a multitude of local grocery store chains offer grocery and other options to big-box shopping 

Transportation
Airports
With a new terminal completed in 2004, Cherry Capital Airport provides regularly scheduled passenger airline service to Chicago and Detroit, with seasonal flights to Dallas-Fort Worth, Minneapolis-Saint Paul, Atlanta, New York City, Denver, Boston, Mesa, Ponte Vedra, St  Petersburg, Orlando, and Newark  It is the fourth largest airport in Michigan  Around the area, there are smaller nearby paved and unpaved airports 

Ships and boats
Adjacent to the airport is Coast Guard Air Station Traverse City, responsible for both maritime and land-based search and rescue operations in the northern Great Lakes region  On April 7, 2010, the USCG designated Traverse City a Coast Guard City  Traverse City is the second city in Michigan and tenth in the country to receive this honor 
Located in the harbor of the Great Lakes Maritime Academy is the T/S State of Michigan, a 224-foot (68 m) former Navy submarine surveillance vessel  The vessel is used as a classroom and laboratory while cadets of the academy are underway and shore side 
A tall ship, the schooner Manitou is berthed at Traverse City, and offers passages to the public 
Near Traverse City, there are two other tall ships, the schooner Madeline and the 55-foot-long (17 m) replica of the sloop Welcome, an 18th-century British warship sloop, which was built for the 1976 Bicentennial of the American Revolution  They are the only two boats recognized by the State of Michigan for their historic significance  From May through October, trained volunteers conduct tours (when in port), and give a history of the boats and Great Lakes sailing  The Madeline is berthed at Elmwood Township "Coal Dock" (Heritage Harbor), West Bayshore, just south of the Elmwood Township Marina Both are maintained by the Maritime Heritage Alliance 
The Nauti-Cat, a 43-passenger catamaran books passages on Grand Traverse bay  The Nauti-Cat is the largest commercial sailing catamaran on the Great Lakes at 47 feet (14 m) long, 29 feet (8 8 m) wide and has a 63-foot (19 m) mast  They offer cruises seven days a week, four times a day 

Buses
The area is served by Indian Trails Bus service, an intercity bus system that connects to St  Ignace to the north and to Grand Rapids and Kalamazoo to the south  The bus station is located at 107 Hall Street with connection to the BATA transfer station 
Traverse City also has a public transportation system, the Bay Area Transportation Authority (BATA) which serves most of the Grand Traverse and Leelanau region  With link services and a fixed route bus service, called the Loops, serves Traverse City and the urbanized areas of Garfield Township  BATA put into service its first hybrid bus in December 2005  BATA's downtown bus transfer terminal on Hall Street opened July 21, 2006  The terminal is used to transfer riders to different buses on different routes 

Major highways
US 31 is a major north–south highway, and serves as the primary thoroughfare through Traverse City  US 31 enters Michigan from Indiana, and runs through communities such as Benton Harbor, Holland, Grand Haven, Muskegon, Ludington, Manistee, Charlevoix, and Petoskey  Throughout its route, US 31 parallels the coast of Lake Michigan 
 M-22 is a scenic highway that parallels the shore of Grand Traverse Bay and Lake Michigan  The highway begins at an intersection in Traverse City, and runs north through Greilickville and Suttons Bay, before turning back south along Lake Michigan, through communities such as Leland, Glen Arbor, Empire, Frankfort, and Onekama, before ending at US 31 near Manistee 
 M-37 is a north–south highway  Largely following the route of US 31 in Traverse City, M-37 exits to the north, running about 18 miles (29 km) up the Old Mission Peninsula before terminating at a cul-de-sac near the Mission Point Lighthouse  South of Traverse City, M-37 runs through communities such as Mesick, Baldwin, Grand Rapids, Hastings, and Battle Creek 
 M-72 is an east–west highway that traverses the width of the Lower Peninsula  Beginning at M-22 in Empire, M-72 follows the Grandview Parkway in Traverse City, and continues east toward communities such as Kalkaska, Grayling, Mio, and Harrisville on Lake Huron 

Railroads
The Great Lakes Central Railroad (GLCR) provides freight rail service to the Traverse City area on track owned by the state of Michigan  The tracks were once owned by the Chesapeake and Ohio Railway (ex-Pere Marquette Railway) and the Pennsylvania Railroad (ex-Grand Rapids and Indiana Railroad) but were purchased by the state in the late 1970s and early 1980s to preserve rail service in the area  Current freight traffic includes fruit/perishables, scrap metal, and lumber 
On February 20, 1982, the Chesapeake and Ohio Railway stopped using the line after the last long train serve Traverse City  Then the railroad was dismantled next year from Manistee to Grawn and from Williamsburg to Charlevoix Since then, excursion passengers trains have operated in and out of Traverse City on an irregular basis  Recently, Lake Central Rail Tours has operated a summer excursion during the Cherry Festival until 2008  On May 11, 1996, the Grand Traverse Dinner Train began year round service from the Traverse City depot to Williamsburg and to Walton Junction  Dinner train service was suspended in 2004 after a contract dispute with the Tuscola and Saginaw Bay Railway and additional difficulties  The train itself was removed to Owosso in mid-July 2006  However, in 2015 a study was started by the Michigan Department of Transportation, and passenger rail is gaining interest 

Sister city
Traverse City has one sister city:
 Tsuchiyama (Koka), Shiga (Japan) 

Notable people
See also
Cherry production in Michigan
Former Traverse City State Hospital, historical Kirkbride Building
Munson Medical Center, regional medical referral center serving patients from 32 counties in Northern Michigan and the Upper Peninsula
Watershed Center Grand Traverse Bay

Notes



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