prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: Where is the host of the American survival skills reality show, The Island, originally from?

The following are given passages.
Context 1: Passage 1:
Eugene Porter
Eugene Porter (full name in the television series:  Eugene Hermann Porter) is a fictional character from the comic book series The Walking Dead and is portrayed by Josh McDermitt beginning in the fourth season of the American television series of the same name  In both media he claims to be a scientist who knows the cure to the zombie plague and is being escorted to Washington, D C  by Sgt  Abraham Ford and Rosita Espinosa, and encounter Rick Grimes and his group and recruit them to assist their mission 
Eugene possesses virtually no survival skills of his own and is extremely dependent on the group, but is highly intelligent and resourceful in using technology to ensure the group's survival  Eventually, it is revealed that Eugene is not a scientist, but a high school science teacher, and that he does not know how to cure the virus but lied to manipulate the other survivors into taking him to Washington, D C  believing it to be the best chance for survival  This proves true as the group eventually finds the Alexandria Safe-Zone where Eugene becomes its primary engineer  Though his lie puts a strain on their friendship, Abraham eventually forgives him and they resume being friends 

Appearances
Comic book series
Eugene first appears at Hershel's farm, which is now occupied by the remaining prison survivors  Eugene claims to know what has caused the plague, but will not disclose any information with the remaining survivors, including Abraham and Rosita  He says he will only share information with officials in Washington, D C  His lie, along with a belief that Washington is the only safezone, prompts the rest of the survivors to head there in hopes of long-term survival During the journey, Eugene studies various zombies in order to gain knowledge about them, but is careful to shadow the convoy to protect himself Eugene's deception is discovered after the Hunter ordeal  Everyone learns of his true career as a science teacher, and that he is using the radio as an excuse to get to Washington, D C  He is hated by the group after this but remains a member, travelling with them to the Alexandria Safe-Zone, where he lives alone  After Rosita and Abraham break up, she moves in with Eugene, where he tries to create a relationship between them  Eugene eventually realizes he can begin to manufacture bullets in a repair shop nearby, where Abraham is killed when they scout it out only moments after they make amends  During the war with Negan, the shop is overrun by walkers and Eugene with his crew are captured by Negan  They are tortured for information but eventually escape with the help of Dwight, taking a van with a mix of Alexandrians and defecting Saviours back After the two-year time jump, Eugene and Rosita have a strained relationship  He works on many projects in the zone and is now a respected member of the community  It turns out Rosita is pregnant by another man but Eugene vows to raise the child like his own 

Television series
Season 4
Eugene, Abraham and Rosita are introduced to Tara and Glenn in the episode "Inmates"  Eugene claims to be a scientist with vital information to end the pandemic and needs to get to Washington D C , having secured Abraham and Rosita's escort ("Claimed")  Tara and Glenn join them, and soon their group is reunited with Maggie, Sasha, and Bob ("Us")  Eugene convinces Abraham that they should join with this group as they make their way to Terminus for supplies and more recruits  However, the group becomes captives of the residents of Terminus when they arrive ("A") 

Season 5
Rick Grimes helps to save Eugene and the other captured group from Terminus ("No Sanctuary") and continue to make their way north, taking shelter in the former church run by Father Gabriel ("Strangers")  After a day, Abraham believes they must continue on, but Rick wants to wait for Daryl and Carol who had gone looking for Beth  Abraham's group is joined by Tara, Glenn, and Maggie as they take one of the church buses to drive north  ("Four Walls and a Roof")  During a stop, Eugene purposely sabotages the bus, admitting he fears being abandoned if he does not succeed in abolishing the epidemic  Abraham finds a fire truck that allows them to continue, until they run into a section of road that is overwhelmed by hundreds of walkers  blocking their path  As the others try to figure out if they can go around, Eugene admits that he lied about being a scientist, having only used it to coerce Abraham into protecting him  Enraged, Abraham punches him, knocking Eugene out ("Self Help")  Once he recovers, the group decides to return to rejoin Rick's group, who had failed to save Beth after she had been kidnapped to Atlanta ("Crossed") 
Some time later, the group is invited to join the Alexandria Safe Zone community, a suburban development protected by strong walls  Eugene helps with maintenance of the community, and goes with Glenn, Noah, Tara, Aiden, and Nicholas to get electronics supplies from a nearby warehouse  The inexperienced Alexandrians Aiden and Nicholas create more problems, leading Tara to be injured  While Glenn and Noah attempt to cover for them, Eugene helps to rescue Tara to their van, and fights off Nicholas who wants to try to ditch the others and flee back to Alexandria with the van  Glenn arrives to stop Nicholas in time ("Spend")  Back in Alexandria, while watching over Tara as she heals, Eugene and Abraham apologize to each other, and Eugene thanks Abraham for getting them to Alexandria ("Conquer") 

Season 6
In the season premiere, "First Time Again", Eugene is in the food pantry gathering food for himself when he overhears one Alexandrian, Carter, trying to convince Deanna's son Spencer, Tobin, Francine, and Olivia to help kill Rick and take back Alexandria from Rick as he believes they are becoming dangerous and power-hungry  Eugene drops a glass jar which alerts Carter of his presence  Carter approaches Eugene and says that he heard the plan before aiming his gun at Eugene  Eugene states that he didn't hear anything  He is almost killed by Carter, but is saved as Rick, Michonne, and newcomer Morgan Jones walk in on them and disarm Carter  In "JSS", Eugene meets Dr  Denise Cloyd, who is the new doctor after Pete's death  In "Heads Up", Eugene is seen attending Rosita's lesson on how to use a machete, but seems very distracted by the noise of the walkers outside  He admits that he's scared of dying; Rosita tells him that dying is easy and that watching friends die is much harder to bear  In the mid-season finale, "Start to Finish", Eugene is rescued by Tara and Rosita from the herd of walkers, seconds after hearing Daryl on the radio and letting out a cry of help  The three seek refuge and get trapped in a nearby garage  Later, Eugene uses his lock-picking skills to escape the room  They stumble into the same room where Owen is holding Denise captive, with Carol and Morgan unconscious on the floor  He forces them to surrender their weapons and Eugene watches as the Wolf leaves the house, taking Denise with him  In the mid-season premiere "No Way Out", Eugene helps kill the remaining herd, showing his growing acts of bravery 
In the episode "Twice as Far", Eugene now goes on patrols with Abraham  He calls himself a survivor now  Eugene is furious after Abraham does not allow him to kill a walker and tells Abraham he no longer needs his protection and has outlived his usefulness to him  Abraham leaves and tells Eugene to find his own way home  After Denise is killed by Dwight, it is revealed that he and his men have captured Eugene  Dwight demands that he, Daryl and Rosita take them back to Alexandria and if they do not oblige, he will kill them  Eugene spots Abraham hiding behind oil barrels nearby and insists that they should kill him first  Dwight orders one of his men to investigate, and while he is distracted Eugene turns and bites his crotch  Abraham uses the distraction to shoot two Saviors, and Daryl and Rosita are able to retrieve their guns  Dwight manages to break free from Eugene, who is hit during the shootout  As Dwight and the remaining Saviors flee, Abraham, Rosita and Daryl carry Eugene back to Alexandria  Abraham reconciles with Eugene at home  In the season finale "Last Day on Earth", Eugene accompanies a small group to bring an ill Maggie to the Hilltop  The Saviors trap the group and Negan kills one of them after a twisted variation of the game, Eeny, meeny, miny, moe 

Season 7
Eugene and the others are forced to witness Negan kill Abraham and later Glenn before they are let go, but told to expect the Saviors to arrive at Alexandria for a portion of their supplies ("The Day Will Come When You Won't Be")  After Rosita berates Eugene for being a coward, Eugene discovers a nearby metalworking shop and constructs a single bullet, which he gives to her ("Sing Me a Song")  Negan and the Saviors arrive and start taking supplies, including ammunition  An altercation between Negan and Spencer leads to Negan killing him; in anger, Rosita fires Eugene's bullet at Negan, but only striking his bat  Negan prepares to have the Saviors kill Rosita, but Eugene steps forward and claims responsibility for making the bullet  Seeing the potential for his skills, Negan takes Eugene with the Saviors when they depart ("Hearts Still Beating")  At the Saviors' Sanctuary, Eugene claims he is a scientist and provides advice about dealing with walkers to Negan  Negan takes a liking to Eugene for this, as well as Eugene's willingness to submit to him, and makes him one of his lieutenants, giving him additional comforts and benefits ("Hostiles and Calamities")  Sasha and Rosita secretly arrive to try to kill Negan and rescue Eugene, but Eugene refuses to leave, and as a result, Sasha is captured ("Something They Need")  Eugene visits Sasha in captivity to try to convince her to join Negan, but Sasha flatly refuses, and insists instead Eugene bring her a weapon to use against Negan  He comes back later and secretly slips her a poison capsule ("Something They Need")  Knowing that Negan plans to bring Sasha to Alexandria in a coffin in order to kill her in front of Rick's group as payback for the death of one of his men, Eugene finds a music player to give to Sasha during transit  At Alexandria, when Negan goes to open the cabinet, a reanimated Sasha attacks him; Eugene realizes that Sasha had used the poison pill to commit suicide so she could attack Negan  The surprise causes chaos that eventually allows the Alexandrians with the other communities to ward off the Saviors' attack, and Negan, Eugene, and the other Saviors retreat  Back at Sanctuary, Eugene claims to have no idea how Sasha died in transit ("The First Day of the Rest of Your Lives") 

Season 8
Eugene appears as one of Negan's lieutenants in "Mercy," but is essentially ignored by Rick beyond a brief acknowledgment when Rick tries to negotiate with the lieutenants  Along with the rest of the Saviors, he is trapped in the Sanctuary by the herd the Militia lures there 
In "The Big Scary U," Eugene acts as part of the council trying to decide how to deal with the siege  Eugene disagrees with Simon's amoral plans for escape, backed up by Dwight  As a result, Eugene thanks Dwight for his help privately  Eugene later realizes that Dwight is the traitor in the Sanctuary helping Rick's group  After Gabriel is brought in as a prisoner, Eugene attempts to bring him food and discovers that Gabriel is deathly ill  Gabriel asks for Eugene's help in rescuing Doctor Harlan Carson from the Sanctuary so that Doctor Carson can aid Maggie in her pregnancy  In "Time for After," Eugene confronts Dwight about his betrayal  Though Dwight admits to it, he insists that all Eugene needs to do is let things play out as Rick only wishes Negan dead and is trying to force everyone else to surrender  Eugene is shown to have conflicted loyalties, drinking heavily and contemplating the seriously ill Gabriel's request to help rescue Doctor Carson  Eugene eventually comes up with a plan to lure the walkers away using the music player he gave Sasha, but is foiled by Dwight  Shortly afterwards, Daryl and Tara crash a garbage truck into the Sanctuary flooding it with walkers  Eugene refuses to help Gabriel, stating that he is now out only for himself  Eugene presents a plan to defeat the herd to Negan, but stops short of exposing Dwight's treachery 
In the mid-season finale "How It's Gotta Be," it is revealed that Eugene has found a way to clear the Sanctuary of walkers, allowing the Saviors to retaliate against Alexandria, the Hilltop and the Kingdom  Eugene continues to struggle with his conscience, drinking heavily to numb the guilt  Finally, Eugene decides to help Gabriel and Dr  Carson escape despite the likelihood that it will result in Gabriel's death due to his condition  Eugene discreetly disables one of the gate guards and leaves a vehicle for Gabriel and Carson to use that he "accidentally" drops the keys to before leaving the two  Though Gabriel requests that Eugene return with them, Eugene refuses 
In the mid-season premiere "Honor" in Carl's envisioned future, Eugene is tending the gardens in Alexandria and offers Judith a green apple  In "Dead or Alive Or", Eugene is questioned by Negan, who is unaware that Eugene helped two of his captives escape  A nervous Eugene inquires about the events that occurred at Alexandria, Negan questions his loyalty and sending him to his own outpost in a bullet factory to create ammunition for war 

Season 9
Season 10
Following the crash of a satellite, Eugene builds a long-range radio and begins communicating with a woman calling herself Stephanie, eventually falling in love with her and setting up a rendezvous  Following the destruction of the Hilltop, Eugene leads Ezekiel, Yumiko and Princess to meet with Stephanie  However, upon arriving at the meeting location after some mishaps, the group is captured and interrogated by the Commonwealth Army 

Season 11
After being allowed into the Commonwealth, Eugene begins a romantic relationship with the woman introducing herself as Stephanie, but finds himself caught up the machinations of the Commonwealth's Governor, Pamela Milton, and her right-hand man, Lance Hornsby  Eugene is eventually forced to lead the Commonwealth Army to Alexandria after an altercation with Milton's son Sebastian, arriving just in time to deliver vital food and rebuilding supplies for the community  After Alexandria joins up with the Commonwealth, Eugene permanently moves to the Commonwealth, becomes a schoolteacher, and writes a manuscript about Stephanie 
One day, Stephanie suddenly vanishes and Eugene begins an investigation, eventually discovering a rogue element within the Commonwealth led by Hornsby, who seeks power for himself  "Stephanie" turns out to be one of Hornsby's spies, Shira, who was assigned to seduce Eugene in order to find his community so as to further Hornsby's plans  Hornsby manipulates and shames Eugene into keeping quiet about his discoveries and Eugene burns his manuscript  However, shortly thereafter, Eugene finally meets the real Stephanie who turns out to be Milton's assistant Max Mercer  Max explains that her communications with Eugene had gotten intercepted, although her brother, General Michael Mercer, had kept Max from being discovered, resulting in her being unable to meet Eugene as promised  After some initial hesitation on both sides, Eugene and Max start a romantic relationship and become embroiled in the plan to sow dissent against Pamela 
As the communities prepare to go their separate ways, Eugene agrees to help Max expose the Miltons by conspiring to publicly play a recording that Max had made of Sebastian mocking the people of the Commonwealth  However, this stunt coincides with an attack by several reanimated Commonwealth janitors, murdered by Hornsby's forces, attacks a public festival  An enraged Sebastian tries to feed Max to a walker, but Eugene throws the walker off of her  However, the walker lands on Sebastian and kills him before Judith puts it down  As a result, Eugene becomes a wanted fugitive, hunted for the murder of Sebastian  Eugene eventually turns himself in and confesses, but lies that he had acted alone so as to protect Max 
Eugene is put on trial for Sebastian's murder, although Milton rigs the trial against him, while arresting his friends disappear and blackmailing Yumiko into prosecuting him  Although resigned to his fate, Eugene urges Yumiko not to lose faith in their friends or herself, and she decides to act as Eugene's defense attorney  Eugene and Yumiko use the trial to further expose Milton's corruption and reach out to the lower classes  At the end of the trial, Eugene makes a speech admitting to his faults, and urging the people to stand up to Milton  Although Eugene is sentenced to die, he is broken out by General Mercer and some of his troops, who are rebelling against Milton 
As a horde overruns the Commonwealth, Eugene reunites with his friends and helps Rosita to rescue her daughter  However, he is devastated to find that she has been bitten  Eugene helps to overthrow Milton and to destroy the horde  In the aftermath, Eugene confesses his love for Rosita and is at her bedside as she dies 
A year later, Eugene continues to reside in the Commonwealth which is now led by Ezekiel  During this time, Eugene has married Max and they have had a daughter named Rosie together 

Casting
The Eugene character was announced in a casting call for Episode 10 in July 2013, under code-name "Wayne Kasey"  The character's real name and the actor who would play the role (McDermitt) were confirmed during the show's panel at New York Comic Con 2013  The Hollywood Reporter and other media publicized the confirmation afterwards 

Critical reception
Writing for IGN, Dan Phillips praised Eugene's introduction in Issue #53 Noel Murray of Rolling Stone ranked Eugene Porter 12th in a list of 30 best Walking Dead characters, saying, "Since admitting that he can't cure zombie-ism, the former high school science teacher has become determined to earn others' loyalty for real, and his tentative steps toward confidence and courage have been inspiring to watch  Plus any actor who can rock a mullet like Josh McDermitt is a-ok in our book "
Passage 2:
Survive This
Survive This is a Canadian reality television show in which eight teenagers with limited survival skills training are taken into a forest and confronted with a number of survival challenges to test their skills and perseverance  The series aired on YTV in Canada and Cartoon Network in the United States  The show is hosted by Les Stroud, who narrates each episode, provides the teens with survival challenges, and assesses their performance  The show premiered on April 7, 2009, in Canada and on June 17, 2009, in the United States  Cartoon Network ceased to air Survive This after August 19, 2009, and screened the final three episodes only on the network's website 
The series' second season debuted on April 19, 2010 and ended on July 12, 2010 

Overview
The series began in 2009 with a single season of 13 episodes  A second season of 13 episodes began airing in April 2010  Each season begins with a fictional accident of some sort (a school bus crash in season one; a floatplane crash in season two) as a narrative hook and to introduce the participants to their first survival challenges 
Les Stroud, star and host of the television program Survivorman, introduces each episode and provides narrative commentary for the events depicted during the episode  Stroud also appears on camera at the beginning of each episode to meet with the participants, discuss their health and emotional status, and present them with the day's survival challenge  Stroud then departs  Stroud sometimes appears at halfway points in each episode to check on their status  Each challenge concludes with Stroud visiting the participants again, re-assessing their physical and emotional state, and asking whether anyone wishes to leave the show and go home The second season differed from the first as in the final episode, Les Stroud named one of the final participants, Colin as the "Ultimate Survivor"  The question Stroud asked to the participants if they wanted to leave was also changed from "Who wants out?" to "Who can survive?" 

Production
Series production
Series creator Les Stroud says that he initially pitched Survive This, as a children's series similar to Survivorman and that several networks turned him down  The success of Survivorman enabled Stroud to pitch his original idea again, and this time the series was greenlighted in 2007 by 9 Story Entertainment, a Canadian entertainment company  Survive This is produced by 9 Story Entertainment, and two 9 Story executives (Vince Commisso and Steven Jarosz) serve as executive producers for the series  Les Stroud and his Survivorman production partner, David Brady, are also executive producers  Craig Baines is the producer The series was originally titled Survivorman: Kids Edition  The original concept was to create two teams of teens (age 13 to 17) and pit them against one another, testing their survivalist skills  This concept soon changed, however  In April 2008, 9 Story announced that the show (now called Survivorman Kids) would feature a single team of six 14- to 16-year-olds surviving in the wilderness for three weeks  The number of participants expanded to eight by the time filming began in summer 2008  In its final form, unlike other reality television shows, Survive This intentionally did not have a cash prize or other reward at the end of the season  Instead, the producers decided that contestants would leave the series with the knowledge that they survived a number of physically and mentally daunting challenges  Stroud refused to allow participants to vote their peers off the show or to win "immunity", arguing that this would change the focus of the series toward "backstabbing social networking" and away from survival skills and the wilderness experience Cast members were recruited in a variety of ways: Online, via forms at summer camps, and by several other means  After each person's application was screened by the producers, participants had to pass a telephone interview and a video interview before they were chosen for the show  Stroud was not involved in the actual selection process, but did provide some guidelines for the production company before the process began 
All I suggested within that process was get a good, wide selection of kids  Let’s get a wide selection of personalities and temperaments and certainly skill level  Don’t give me a whole bunch of boy scouts who are going to knock it dead out there and don’t give me a whole bunch of absolute beginners who are set up for failure  Give me a wide variety, let’s have regular, normal kids and don’t profile beyond that Once selected for the show, a camera crew filmed each teenager at home to get footage of them acting naturally in their home surroundings  The eight teenagers were taught for a week how to survive in a wilderness with limited supplies  They were also constantly filmed during this time, to acclimate them to the ever-present cameras and filmmakers 

Season One production
Eight teenagers, all between the ages of 14 and 17, were taken into a forest in Ontario, Canada, and initially asked to "survive" a school bus crash and spend two nights in the woods with limited food and other supplies The series was filmed on location in the forest north of Huntsville, Ontario, Canada  Filming occurred in the summer of 2008  Three days were spent on a small island northwest of Sandy Island on Georgian Bay in Lake Huron  Jeff Beitz, owner of the Georgian Bay Marina, acted as a location scout for the show, transported the participants to and from the island, and appeared on screen in Episode 11, "Island Castaways " Many of the challenges presented to the participants were based on situations Stroud himself faced on Survivorman A camera crew remained behind to film the participants as they carried out their survival challenges, some of which lasted several days  However, the camera crew was instructed not to interact with the participants  Several participants were also given hand-held video cameras and permitted to film their actions  A paramedic also was always on-site to provide emergency health care  Participants were forbidden to have any electronic devices with them, and could only speak to the producer or Stroud (who were both on-site)   Stroud says that the participants constantly played to the camera, positioned themselves at the right camera angle to achieve the best pose, and—even though they were forbidden to do so—talked to the cinematographers to try to put themselves in a good light  Several of the participants were upset at the way their videotaped comments appeared on television  Some also expressed shock and surprise at the things others said about them in privately videotaped moments which later aired during the series  For his part, Stroud purposefully adopted a serious demeanor that involved never smiling in front of the participants  He later told TV Guide Canada that not providing suggestions, encouragement, or other assistance was difficult for him The participants were given little in the way of supplies   They had no camp stoves or sleeping bags, and at times water was so scarce that they squeezed liquid from moss A one-hour Season One finale featured a search and rescue (SAR) operation to locate and extract the remaining participants  The Ontario Provincial Police (OPP) and the Georgian Bay Volunteer Search and Rescue (GBVSAR) participated in the filming of the final episode, which involved a GBVSAR search team and the OPP's K9, marine, and air units  Filming of the finale took a single day The final scenes were shot at the end of the summer of 2008  Some footage and a trailer for the show were shown at MIPCOM, a market and trade event in the entertainment industry held in Cannes, France  The first two completed episodes screened to buyers and markets at the MIPTV Media Market in March 2009  Corus Entertainment's YTV picked up the show for broadcast in Canada in April 2008  Time Warner's Cartoon Network agreed to air the show in the U S  in March 2009  The first season ended with a one-hour finale  9 Story Entertainment sold distribution rights to Cartoon Network's Boomerang Channel Latin America, YLE in Finland, and Teleview International in the Middle East in April 2009 Producer 9 Story Entertainment began to license the show in May 2009, seeking to put the Survive This logo and images from the show on board games, books, video games, role-playing games, and clothing 

Season Two production
Second season casting opened on June 5, 2009, and closed on July 10, 2009  Applicants were invited to a television production studio in Toronto, Ontario, Canada, where they met with the producers and had a screen test to determine how they came across on television  Participants were selected for the show, in part, based on their strong personalities  The final eight participants were told in early September 2009 that they were selected for the show  The eight teens who appear in the second season were required to sign a confidentiality agreement prior to the commencement of filming  All the participants were required to take a three-day survival program with David Arama, a wilderness survival expert and close friend of Les Stroud's  Training including how to build a shelter, fire-starting, edible plants, and using a compass Principal cinematography for the second season occurred in September 2009 (which meant some of the contestants missed the opening of school in order to finish the show)  Most of the second season was filmed around the Georgian Bay area of Lake Huron and Algonquin Provincial Park  None of the teens knew the location of the series, but were aware that they were not close to any cities or towns  The teens were always watched by an adult and were provided warm clothes at night  Initially, many of the contestants did not take the show or host Les Stroud seriously  According to contestant Patricia Robins, "We were calling him Les Stroodle     at first we all thought he was kind of a jerk, just because of his attitude  [But] toward the end we kind of adopted him as a father figure  He's really protective  We found that out later on "As in the first series, the teenaged contestants are introduced into the wilderness via an accident—in the second season, it is a floatplane crash  Two contestants were separated from the rest of the group and forced to spend a night alone  As in the previous season, the search for food is a major element of the show  In the first season, teenager Adam Deganis killed a pheasant (in the episode "Food") and a porcupine (in the episode "Deep Woods, Part I")   In the third episode of the second season, the participants decapitate and kill a snake for food  The show's format remains much the same, with a different challenge in each episode and Stroud asking the teens if they can survive at the end of each installment  An article about one of the contestants states that only one of the teens "survives" until the final episode, however this is incorrect  The actual number is determined by who drops out, and is mentioned on the official website's 'Synopsis page' 
The second season of Survive This consists of 13 episodes, with a one-hour finale  The second season debuted on the YTV cable TV channel on Monday, April 19, 2010 

Participants
Season One
In the first season, eight teenagers were given a week's survival training before being taken into the wilderness  The Season One cast included:

Adam—Adam Deganis is a 15-year-old native of Mississauga, Ontario, who attends Loyola Catholic Secondary School  Labeled as "the sportsman" on the series, his survival experiences consisted of hunting, fishing, and spending summers at his family vacation home  A fan of Survivorman, he applied to be on the series because he wanted to meet Les Stroud  Deganis is an arachnophobe 
Becca—Becca Mehaffey is a 16-year-old from Markham, Ontario, who has almost no outdoors experience  Her friends and family laughed at her when she applied to be on the show  She was called "the princess" on the show, and practices dance in her spare time 
Becky—Becky Tran is a 17-year-old  from Newmarket, Ontario, who was labeled "the environmentalist" on the series, but whom the other participants called "BT " Tran, who is admittedly "addicted" to her hair iron, was frightened of dirt, germs, and insects 
Catarina—Catarina is a 17-year-old who was described as "the tough girl" on the series 
Holden—Holden Adams is a 16-year-old who was called "the city boy" on the show  After the show ended, he admitted that lack of sleep, hunger, and physical exhaustion often led him to rest while others did the work of finding food and building shelter  Adams died in February 2015 
Jen—Jennifer Daub is a 16-year-old resident of Blind River, Ontario  She attends W  C  Eaket Secondary School  She was labeled "the hunter" on the series because she had spent time tracking and hunting deer with her father, and was an expert rifleman, all-terrain vehicle driver, and camper  One of her older brothers learned about the show and encouraged her to apply  She applied online by sending in a photo of herself with a deer she had shot and killed  She was often frustrated on the show by having to help other participants who had little outdoors experience 
Kareem—Kareem Ali is a 17-year-old native of Toronto, Ontario, Canada  Given the label of "the motivator" by the producers, he was seen as more competitive than the others  He attends Bloor Collegiate Institute 
Zac—Zac Siegel is a 14-year-old resident of Thornhill, Ontario, who attends Westmount Collegiate Institute  He applied to be on the show through a survival camp he was already enrolled at  He had extensive wilderness survival skills before he joined the show, has a photographic memory, and a high-level intelligence  He was extremely frustrated on the show because the other participants had so little wilderness survival skill  "In many cases I had to teach people to start a fire or build a proper shelter, collect berries, basically I spent a lot of time with those who didn't have a clue what Les was talking about," he told the press  Labeled as "the camp counselor" by the producers, the other participants saw him as an overachiever 

Season Two
In the first season, eight teenagers were given a week's survival training before being taken into the wilderness  The Season Two cast included:

Colin—Colin is a 15-year-old from Hamilton, Ontario  He believes that a balance between a social life and school is important  He was labelled "The Whiz Kid" 
Ian—Ian McBain is a 14-year-old from Ajax, Ontario  Interested in animals and the outdoors and seeking a career as a biologist, McBain was inspired to audition for the second season after seeing the first-season episode Swamp: "The episode from the first season that really motivated me to try to get on the show was the swamp episode  "Most people would think 'Oh gross  a swamp, there's leeches and stuff ' That was the turning point for me, I was like 'I have to get on this show, that looks so fun, so many different experiences ' He was dubbed "The Book Worm" McBain, who admits to being an unadventurous "wimp", says that he learned to trust other people and believe in himself during the show  For him, the toughest part of the series was getting through the nights and worrying about wild animal attacks 
Jade—Jade is a 13-year-old girl from Ancaster, Ontario  She was raised on a farm and was labelled "The Country Girl" 
Justin—Justin Cutajar is a 16-year-old from Mississauga, Ontario labelled "the Rock Star"  He had auditioned for the first season but did not make the cut  He auditioned for the second season because he still wanted to see how far he could push himself  He says being on the show was "a life-altering experience " The hardest part, for him, was the lack of food; he lost 12 pounds (5 4 kg) while filming the series  Back at home after the show, he says he never leaves food on his plate and reminds himself every day of how he has a bed to sleep in and home to live in  he cites patience, emotional strength, the will to live, and physical strength as the things which allowed him to get through the show 
Manaal—Manaal Ismacil is a 16-year-old from St  Catharines, Ontario labeled "The Diplomat"  Her mother is a Somalian who is a refugee from Somalia  Manaal was born in Kenya, but her family emigrated to the United States when she was seven years old and to Canada four years later  She attends Sir Winston Churchill Secondary School, loves to read and study, and has never been camping  She had not seen the first season, but applied after being urged to do so by her younger sister (who had)  She is interested in International relations, and wants a career as a human rights lawyer  She is a volunteer in many groups, including her school, the St  Catharines mayor's council, and Save the Children Canada 
Michael—Michael Lattouf is a 17-year-old from Brampton, Ontario, who attends Notre Dame Catholic Secondary School and wants to be an actor, earning him the label "The Entertainer"  He had no survival skills prior to appearing on the show  He says that he felt overwhelmed at first  The producers and Les Stroud "just threw us right in, and it was non-stop," and he felt the lack of food was the most challenging aspect of the show  He also felt that having eight teenagers on the show made for a lot of emotion  Lattouf says the show was very challenging, and he learned a great deal from it  "People live like this every day—homeless people, or people in poor countries—and it made me understand their struggles more "
Nicole—Nicole Ponce is a 14-year-old girl who is heavily involved in school athletics, giving her the label "the Athlete"  She resides in Etobicoke, Ontario and is a freshman at Michael Power/St  Joseph High School  At a young age, she was often bullied before organized sports made its way into her life  She plays competitively and with a positive attitude in a number of sports including soccer, basketball and volleyball  She hopes to someday become a pediatrician and aspires to help children in need  With her charming personality and newly found confidence, she is ready to take on every challenge the wilderness and life has to offer 
Patricia—Patricia (Trish) Robins is a 16-year-old from Niagara Falls, Ontario  She attends Stamford Collegiate Secondary School  She applied to be on the show without having seen the first season  She believed that only actors were admitted to the show, and felt that this would be a boost to her acting career  After seeing the first season, she resolved to turn down the show if offered a chance to compete and then later changes her mind  Labeled as "The Rebel" on the show, she says she is more of a diva 

Critical reception
Season One critical reception
At least one psychologist warned that Survive This risked being exploitative and might damage the mental health of the participants  "You're putting kids into real emotional situations for other people's enjoyment," said Jennifer Kolari, a child and family therapist and author  "It's okay to have some competition, it's okay to try out for things," she says  "Those are okay lessons for kids  But doing it on national television, to be watched and judged, that's where I feel it's a little bit exploitive, and I think we need to consider the mental health of the kids that are on that show " But other mental health experts declared the show safe, concluding that the participants merely displayed strong competitiveness and that social ostracization was largely avoided Several reviewers have strongly criticized Survive This  For example, the New Bedford Standard-Times was dismissive of the show's lack of originality, noting: "   a gruff, gritty, macho mountain man takes a group of high-school kids and dumps them in the deep woods where they must learn to put aside their 'drama' and adapt  Gee, where haven't we seen that before?"  Variety was equally critical of the show's lack of originality, observing that the show "play[ed] like junior editions of somebody else's reality franchise  The publication was also critical of the way the show pigeonholed and labeled each of the teenagers, eliminating the diversity of the racially and ethnically diverse cast  The Los Angeles Times also concluded that the show was vapid, but that it had slightly more "depth" than other Cartoon Network live-action programs Some critics have also blasted Cartoon Network for showing live-action programs rather than cartoons However, the Sudbury Star called the show "compelling" 

Season One ratings
Television ratings information on the show is difficult to come by   However, at least one newspaper said the show was not "catching on with viewers" on Cartoon Network, and that the show had never been among that network's top 10 series 

Season Two critical reception
In March 2010, Toronto resident Richard Code, a fan of Stroud's show Survivorman, was found dead from hypothermia near his campsite at the north end of Horn Lake (near McMurrich/Monteith, Ontario)  Code was on a winter camping trip with few supplies, similar to summer trips he'd taken before in admiration of the adventures he had seen on Survivorman  Learning of Code's death, Stroud said, "It's a terrible tragedy and I feel absolutely terrible for the families involved"—but did not know Code or the situation he was in, and refused to comment further on his death At least one reviewer has criticized Survive This for not mentioning Code's death or warning kids not to imitate what they see on the show  The Globe and Mail reviewer Catherine Dawson March wrote, "You'd think, just seven weeks after Code's headline-making death, that Survive This would make a passing nod to the tragedy      Some kind of 'don't try this on your own' advice  But no " Dawson praised the show as "captivating" with "lots of emotional drama", but concluded:  "It's great stuff, but YTV should acknowledge Code's death with a warning of their own " YTV replied, "As Survive This does not follow the same premise as Survivorman, there will not be a disclaimer before each episode "

See also
Survive This (Season One)
Survive This (Season Two)
Passage 3:
Cody Lundin
Cody Lundin  (born March 15, 1967) is a survival instructor at the Aboriginal Living Skills School in Prescott, Arizona, which he founded in 1991  There he teaches modern wilderness survival skills, primitive living skills, urban preparedness, and homesteading  Lundin was also a former co-host of Discovery Channel's reality television series, Dual Survival Lundin is an only child whose father was in the military  He spent his early childhood moving around until finally settling in Laramie, Wyoming, where he attended junior high and high school  After graduating from high school he lived on the streets, in a commune, in the backyards of friends, and then in a brush shelter while he attended college in Prescott, Arizona  Lundin holds a B A  in Depth Psychology and Holistic Health from Prescott College Lundin is the author of two books on survival and preparedness: 98 6 Degrees: The Art of Keeping Your Ass Alive and When All Hell Breaks Loose: Stuff You Need to Survive When Disaster Strikes  Lundin has also provided a foreword for Steve Hart's Citizen Survivor's Handbook, a parody of British wartime propaganda focusing on the importance of psychological endurance in times of crisis 
In 2004, Lundin hosted the Discovery Channel show, Lost in the Wild Lundin was a co-host of the television series Dual Survival from 2010 until 2014  On the show, Lundin demonstrated various survival skills while wearing shorts in all weather and going barefoot  On February 17, 2014 Lundin announced on his Facebook page and on his website that he had been fired from the series due to differences of opinion on matters of safety  Lundin says that he lives off-the-grid in a self-designed, passive solar earth home in the high-desert wilderness of northern Arizona, collecting rainwater, composting waste, and paying nothing for utilities 

Bibliography
Lundin, Cody (2003)  98 6 Degrees: The Art of Keeping Your Ass Alive  Gibbs Smith  ISBN 1586852345 
Lundin, Cody (2007)  When All Hell Breaks Loose: Stuff You Need To Survive When Disaster Strikes  Gibbs Smith  ISBN 978-1423601050 

See also
Dave Canterbury
Passage 4:
Les Stroud
Les Stroud (born October 20, 1961) is a Canadian survival expert, filmmaker and musician best known as the creator, writer, producer, director, cameraman and host of the television series Survivorman   Stroud was named Chief Scout by Scouts Canada on November 22, 2021   After a short career behind the scenes in the music industry, Stroud became a full-time wilderness guide, survival instructor and musician based in Huntsville, Ontario  Stroud has produced survival-themed programming for The Outdoor Life Network, The Discovery Channel, The Science Channel, and YTV   The survival skills imparted from watching Stroud's television programs have been cited by several people as the reason they lived through harrowing wilderness ordeals 

Biography
Stroud was born in the Mimico neighbourhood of Toronto and graduated from Mimico High School  He went on to complete the Music Industry Arts program at Fanshawe College in London, Ontario  Stroud worked for several years at the Toronto-based music video channel MuchMusic, and as a songwriter for the band New Regime before a Temagami canoe trip sparked a career change  During this time he also worked as garbage collector for the City of Toronto In 1990 Stroud became a guide for Black Feather Wilderness Adventures leading canoe excursions into the Northern Ontario wilds  It was also during this time while on a survival course he met his future wife, photographer Sue Jamison  They married in 1994 and together left for a year-long honeymoon in the remote Wabakimi area of Ontario which was to become the basis of the documentary Snowshoes and Solitude  Afterwards, the couple moved to Yellowknife in the Northwest Territories where Stroud was employed as an outdoor instructor to special needs individuals of aboriginal descent  Stroud and Jamison then settled in Huntsville, Ontario where they had two children and started both the outdoor instructional outfit Wilderness Voice and the media company Wilderness Spirit Productions Inspired by the popularity of the television show Survivor, Stroud pitched a more authentic version of the show to The Discovery Channel Canada  Stroud produced two programs titled One Week in the Wilderness  and Winter in the Wilderness for @discovery ca in 2001  The success of these specials led to the development of Survivorman, a show that followed a similar format of leaving Stroud on his own, with minimal equipment, in the wilderness to videotape his survival experience 

Film and television
After his marriage to  Jamison in 1994, the two of them spent one year in the Canadian wilderness to attempt a paleolithic existence  They travelled to Goldsborough Lake (50°41′55″N 89°20′46″W) deep in the Wabakimi, first building a tipi then an attached A-frame while using no metal, plastic, or otherwise manufactured tools  For the first half of the year, they took a store of traditional foods such as wild rice, squash, beaver and moose meat, bear fat, and maple sugar  In late September, Stroud's friends Doug Getgood and Fred Rowe brought in food for the next six months and chopped firewood for the couple  Stroud and Jamison built and equipped a winter cabin using an axe, a modern bow saw, and a trapper's tin wood stove left by Getgood and Rowe, along with a metal pot they found 
Family and medical emergencies brought them out of the bush on three occasions  Once when Stroud's father was dying from cancer, another when they both went to be treated for giardiasis, and again when Jamison had a miscarriage  Stroud filmed their primitive living experience and released the 50 minute documentary, Snowshoes and Solitude, which was named Best Documentary at the Muskoka Film Festival and Best Film at the Waterwalker Film Festival In 2001 Stroud produced two one-hour specials for the science news show @discovery ca  These segments follow the same format as Survivorman with Stroud filming his own survival in the wilderness  They were originally broadcast as daily segments over the course of one week but were repackaged as two one-hour specials titled Stranded  The popularity of these pilots spawned the show Survivorman  Stroud produced 23 episodes of the show which began airing in 2004  Stroud also composed and performed the opening theme music of Survivorman In 2006, Stroud produced a 90-minute special documenting his family's journey to building an off-the-grid home  The show, Off the Grid with Les Stroud, chronicled the process of buying property and refitting an old farm house with solar and wind power, a raincatcher and well, as well as the adjustments the Stroud family had to make to adapt to this style of living  Stroud has made multiple television appearances including on  The Late Late Show with Craig Ferguson, The View, The Ellen DeGeneres Show, and Larry King Live Stroud has also hosted an episode of the Discovery channel show I Shouldn't Be Alive titled Lost In The Snow, which aired during its first season and the TV program Surviving Urban Disasters, which aired on the Science Channel and the 20th annual Shark Week on the Discovery Channel In 2010, Stroud hosted and produced the Gemini nominated hit kids TV series Survive This and Survive This 2 (YTV, Cartoon Network) that takes teens into the wilderness to teach them how to survive by giving them some instruction and challenging them with survival scenarios  Stroud's follow-up show to Survivorman was titled Beyond Survival with Les Stroud and debuted in 2010 On April 27, 2018, National Geographic aired Stroud's Alaska's Grizzly Gauntlet on their NGW channel  In 4 episodes, Stroud explores the survival methods and social structure of the Kodiak brown bear 

Music
In addition to film making and wilderness survival, Stroud has also worked in the music industry as a professional musician  After graduation, Stroud worked both as an associate producer for the nascent music channel MuchMusic as well as production manager on music videos for artists such as Rush and Corey Hart  During this time Stroud also played in the David Bowie cover band Diamond Dogs and played lead guitar and composed music for his band New Regime which signed with RCA Records shortly after Stroud left the band As frequently illustrated in his show Survivorman, Stroud is considered an exceptional blues harmonica player 
This instrument is featured prominently in his self-titled debut CD which has been described as "a collection of diverse roots/blues and traditional folk, acoustic music that reflects the uniquely northern spirit of freedom and adventure " Several songs off of this album can be downloaded from his official site  Stroud has performed in and around the Muskoka area and at the Orillia Blues Festival and Toronto Beaches International Jazz Festival 
Stroud and The Northern Pikes have struck up a musical collaboration under the name Les Stroud and the Pikes  Throughout 2005 and 2006 they performed together live several times, and an EP born from this collaboration entitled Long Walk Home was released in the spring of 2007 

Awards
Stroud has received several accolades as a musician   He has won "Best Acoustic/Folk Act", "Best Blues Act" and "Best Overall" awards at the Spirit of the North music festival in New Liskeard, Ontario Stroud's documentary Snowshoes and Solitude was named Best Documentary at the Muskoka Film Festival and Best Film at the Waterwalker Film Festival Stroud was nominated for six Gemini Awards for his work on Survivorman  In 2010, Stroud and his production team was nominated for Best Children's or Youth Non-Fiction Program or Series for Survive This 

Personal life
Stroud has extensive experience with survival and primitive living skills, initially training with expert David Arama  He went on to study with many others including John "Prairie Wolf" McPherson Stroud has been an active participant in adventure racing and has competed at the Canadian championships In late 2008, Stroud and his wife, Sue Jamison, separated 
Passage 5:
The Island (U S  TV series)
The Island is an American survival skills reality television series, hosted by adventurer and survivalist Bear Grylls on NBC, which began airing on May 25, 2015 

Synopsis
Bear Grylls seeks to find out whether a modern American man can survive on a deserted island for one month without the luxuries or the basics of contemporary everyday life  Unlike traditional reality television shows, The Island does not include any prizes, eliminations, or winners 

Production
It is based on the British series The Island with Bear Grylls  The first season has six episodes  In the UK all episodes are available on All 4  In the series' premiere, fourteen men from various occupations and backgrounds are taken to a remote, uninhabited island by Bear Grylls, where they were left completely alone  Filming themselves, the men hunt for food, source water, erect shelter, build community and try to survive using only their strength, determination and know-how  They are equipped with limited tools, a basic medical kit, and a satellite phone for medical emergencies  On August 16, 2016, NBC cancelled The Island after one season 

Cast
Rob Brothers, Stay-at-home Father
Davion Carrillo, Firefighter
Taylor Cole, Radio Producer
Matthew Getz, Embedded Cameraman
Benji Lanpher, Embedded Cameraman
Earnest Marshall, Iraq War Veteran
Dakota Mortensen, Bird Farmer
Jim Murray, Retired Police Chief
Jud Nichols, Criminal Defense Attorney
Dr  Buck Parker M D , Trauma Surgeon
Michael Rossini, Engineer
Graham Sheldon, Embedded Cameraman
Rick Smith, Embedded Cameraman
Trey Williams, Digital Marketing ManagerEvacuated off the islandTaylor Cole (medical, episode 1)
Michael Rossini (medical, episode 2)
Davion Carrillo (medical, episode 3)
Earnest Marshall (personal issues episode 4)
Trey Williams (medical, episode 5)

Episodes
Passage 6:
Bear Grylls
Edward Michael "Bear" Grylls  (; born 7 June 1974) is a British adventurer, writer, television presenter and businessman  He first drew attention after embarking on a number of adventures, and then became widely known for his television series Man vs  Wild (2006–2011)  He is also involved in a number of wilderness survival television series in the UK and US, such as Running Wild with Bear Grylls and The Island with Bear Grylls  In July 2009, Grylls was appointed as The Scout Association’s youngest-ever Chief Scout of the United Kingdom and Overseas Territories at age 35, a post he has held for a second term since 2015 

Personal life
Grylls was born in Donaghadee, Northern Ireland on 7 June 1974  His family has a strong cricketing background, his grandfather Neville Ford and great-great-grandfather William Augustus Ford having both been first-class cricketers  He grew up in Donaghadee, Northern Ireland, until the age of four, when his family moved to Bembridge on the Isle of Wight He is the son of Conservative politician Sir Michael Grylls and his wife Sarah "Sally" (née Ford)  Grylls has one sibling, an elder sister, Lara Fawcett, who gave him the nickname 'Bear' when he was a week old From an early age, he learned to climb and sail with his father, who was a member of the prestigious Royal Yacht Squadron  As a teenager, he learned to skydive and earned a second dan black belt in Shotokan karate  He speaks English, Spanish, and French  He is an Anglican, and has described his Christian faith as the "backbone" in his life: "You can't keep God out  He's all around us, if we're just still enough to listen "Grylls married Shara Cannings Knight in 2000  They have three sons, born in 2003, 2006 and 2009 In August 2015, Grylls left his 11-year-old son on Saint Tudwal's Island along the North Wales coast, as the tide approached, leaving him to be rescued by the Royal National Lifeboat Institution (RNLI) as part of their weekly practice missions  The child was unharmed, though the RNLI later criticised Grylls for the stunt, saying its crew "had not appreciated" that a child would be involved Grylls used to be a vegan but now consumes a diet predominant in animal-based foods, fruits and honey 

Education
Grylls was educated at Eaton House, Ludgrove School and Eton College, where he helped start its first mountaineering club  He studied Spanish and German at the University of the West of England, Bristol and at Birkbeck College, where he graduated with a 2:2 bachelor's degree, obtained part-time, in Hispanic studies in 2002 

Military service
After leaving school, Grylls briefly hiked in the Himalayan mountains of Sikkim and West Bengal  From 1994–1997, he served in the Territorial Army with 21 SAS as a trooper  His time in the SAS ended as the result of a free fall parachuting accident in Kenya in 1996; his parachute failed to open, causing him to break three vertebrae In 2004, Grylls was awarded the honorary rank of lieutenant commander in the Royal Naval Reserve  Then in 2013 he was awarded the honorary rank of lieutenant colonel in the Royal Marines Reserve, and promoted to Honorary Colonel in June 2021 

Expeditions
Everest
On 16 May 1998, Grylls achieved his childhood dream of climbing to the summit of Mount Everest in Nepal, 18 months after breaking three vertebrae in a parachuting accident  At 23, he was at the time among the youngest people to have achieved this feat  There is some dispute over whether he was the youngest Briton to have done so, as he was preceded by James Allen, a climber holding dual Australian and British citizenship, who reached the summit in 1995 at age 22  The record has since been surpassed by Jake Meyer and then Rob Gauntlett who summitted at age 19  To prepare for climbing at such high altitudes in the Himalayas, in 1997, Grylls became the youngest Briton to climb Ama Dablam, a peak once described by Sir Edmund Hillary as "unclimbable", although now the third most popular in the Himalayas for permitted expeditions 

Circumnavigation of the UK
In 2000, Grylls led the team to circumnavigate the British Isles on jet skis, taking about 30 days, to raise money for the Royal National Lifeboat Institution (RNLI)  He also rowed naked in a homemade bathtub along the Thames to raise funds for a friend who lost his legs in a climbing accident 

Crossing the North Atlantic
In 2003, he led a team of five, including his childhood friend, SAS colleague, and Mount Everest climbing partner Mick Crosthwaite, on an unassisted crossing of the north Atlantic Ocean, in an open rigid inflatable boat  Grylls and his team traveled in an eleven-metre-long boat and encountered force 8 gale winds with waves breaking over the boat while passing through icebergs in their journey from Halifax, Nova Scotia to John o' Groats, Scotland 

Dinner party at altitude
In 2005, alongside the balloonist and mountaineer David Hempleman-Adams and Lieutenant Commander Alan Veal, leader of the Royal Navy Freefall Parachute Display Team, Grylls created a world record for the highest open-air formal dinner party, which they did under a hot-air balloon at 7,600 metres (25,000 ft), dressed in full mess dress and oxygen masks  To train for the event, he made over 200 parachute jumps  This event was in aid of The Duke of Edinburgh's Award and The Prince's Trust 

Paramotoring over the Himalayas
In 2007, Grylls embarked on a record-setting Parajet paramotor in Himalayas near Mount Everest  He took off from 4,400 metres (14,500 ft), 8 miles (13 km) south of the mountain  Grylls reported looking down on the summit during his ascent and coping with temperatures of −60 °C (−76 °F)  He endured dangerously low oxygen levels and eventually reached 9,000 metres (29,500 ft), almost 3,000 metres (10,000 ft) higher than the previous record of 6,102 metres (20,019 ft)  The feat was filmed for Discovery Channel worldwide as well as Channel 4 in the UK  While Grylls initially planned to cross over Everest itself, the permit was only to fly to the south of Everest, and he did not traverse Everest out of risk of violating Chinese airspace 

Journey Antarctica 2008
In 2008, Grylls led a team of four to climb one of the most remote unclimbed peaks in the world in Antarctica, to raise funds for children's charity Global Angels and promote the use of alternative energies  During this mission the team also aimed to explore the coast of Antarctica by inflatable boat and jetski, part powered by bioethanol, and then to travel across some of the vast ice desert by wind-powered kite-ski and electric powered paramotor  However, the expedition was cut short after Grylls suffered a broken shoulder while kite skiing across a stretch of ice  Travelling at speeds up to 50 km/h (30 mph), a ski caught on the ice, launching him in the air and breaking his shoulder when he came down  He had to be medically evacuated 

Longest indoor freefall
Grylls, along with the double amputee Al Hodgson and the Scotsman Freddy MacDonald, set a Guinness world record in 2008 for the longest continuous indoor freefall  The previous record was 1 hour 36 minutes by a US team  Grylls, Hodgson, and MacDonald, using a vertical wind tunnel in Milton Keynes, broke the record by a few seconds  The attempt was in support of the charity Global Angels 

Northwest Passage expedition
In September 2010, Grylls led a team of five to take an ice-breaking rigid-inflatable boat (RIB) through 5,700 nautical miles (10,600 km) of the ice-strewn Northwest Passage  The expedition intended to raise awareness of the effects of global warming and to raise money for children's charity Global Angels 

Career
Books
Grylls' first book, Facing Up (UK)/The Kid Who Climbed Everest (US), described his expedition and achievements climbing to the summit of Mount Everest  His second was Facing the Frozen Ocean  His third book Born Survivor: Bear Grylls was written to accompany the TV series of the same name  He also wrote an extreme guide to outdoor pursuits, titled Bear Grylls Outdoor Adventures In 2011, Grylls released his autobiography, Mud, Sweat and Tears: The Autobiography, followed by A Survival Guide for Life in late 2012 and True Grit in 2013 Grylls also wrote the Mission Survival series of children's adventure survival books titled: Mission Survival: Gold of the Gods, Mission Survival: Way of the Wolf, Mission Survival: Sands of the Scorpion, Mission Survival: Tracks of the Tiger and Mission Survival: Claws of the Crocodile  He has written two thriller novels based around his character Will Jaeger; Ghost Flight released in 2015 and Burning Angels in 2016 In 2019, Grylls published a Christian devotional titled Soul Fuel In October 2021, Grylls released his second autobiography, Never Give Up; covering some of his most memorable events and adventures In 2022, Grylls published Mind Fuel: Simple Ways to Build Mental Resilience Every Day   Grylls told The Christian Post that it "offers honest and practical ways to practice better mental health    a crucial part of living a healthy, God-glorying life "In April 2023, Grylls released You Vs the World: The Bear Grylls Guide to Never Giving Up; a motivational book aimed at children 

Television
Grylls was used by the UK Ministry of Defence to head the Army's anti-drugs TV campaign, and featured in the first ever major advertising campaign for Harrods  Grylls has been a guest on numerous talk shows including Friday Night with Jonathan Ross, The Oprah Winfrey Show, Late Night with Conan O'Brien, The Tonight Show with Jay Leno, Attack of the Show!, Late Show with David Letterman, Jimmy Kimmel Live! and Harry Hill's TV Burp  Grylls recorded two advertisements for Post's Trail Mix Crunch Cereal, which aired in the US from January 2009  He also appeared as a "distinguished instructor" in Dos Equis' Most Interesting Academy in a webisode named "Survival in the Modern Era"  He appeared in a five-part web series that demonstrates urban survival techniques and features Grylls going from bush to bash  He also has marketed the Alpha Course, a course on the basics of the Christian faith  In 2013, Grylls appeared in an airline safety video for Air New Zealand entitled Bear Essentials of Safety, filmed against the backdrop of the Routeburn Track on the southern tip of New Zealand's South Island  In 2014, Grylls appeared on Piers Morgan's Life Stories 

Escape to the Legion
Grylls filmed a four-part TV show in 2005, called Escape to the Legion, which followed Grylls and eleven other "recruits" as they took part in a shortened re-creation of the French Foreign Legion's basic desert training in the Sahara  The show was first broadcast in the UK on Channel 4, and in the US on the Military Channel 

Born Survivor/Man vs  Wild
Grylls hosts a series titled Born Survivor: Bear Grylls for the British Channel 4 and broadcast as Man vs  Wild in Australia, New Zealand, Canada, India, and the United States, and as Ultimate Survival on the Discovery Channel in Europe, Asia, and Africa  The series features Grylls dropped into inhospitable places, showing viewers how to survive  Man vs  Wild debuted in 2006, and its success led it to lasting seven seasons over five years 
The show has featured stunts including Grylls climbing cliffs, parachuting from helicopters, balloons, and planes, paragliding, ice climbing, running through a forest fire, wading rapids, eating snakes, wrapping his urine-soaked T-shirt around his head to help stave off the desert heat, drinking urine saved in a rattlesnake skin, drinking fecal liquid from elephant dung, eating deer droppings, wrestling alligators, field dressing a camel carcass and drinking water from it, eating various "creepy crawlies" [insects], using the corpse of a sheep as a sleeping bag and flotation device, free climbing waterfalls and using a bird guano/water enema for hydration The show caused controversy after a programme consultant revealed that Grylls actually stayed in a hotel on some nights — including an episode in Hawaii in which Grylls was ostensibly stranded on a deserted island — and that certain scenes were staged for him  Grylls subsequently apologized to viewers who might have felt misled In March 2012, the Discovery Channel dropped Grylls from its lineup because of a contractual dispute, although he has subsequently worked with them again 
In August 2019, Bear Grylls appeared with Indian Prime Minister, Narendra Modi in a special episode shot in the India's Jim Corbett National Park, Uttarakhand  The episode was showcased in more than 180 countries across the world on the Discovery, Inc  network 

Worst-Case Scenario
In 2010, Grylls came out with a new project titled Worst-Case Scenario which aired on Discovery in the US  It is based on the popular books of the same name  Twelve episodes were produced before the show was cancelled 

Bear's Wild Weekend
In 2011, he made two specials under the title Bear's Wild Weekend for Channel 4 in the UK which was broadcast over the Christmas holiday that year  Each special featured Grylls taking either Jonathan Ross or Miranda Hart on short two-day adventures; Ross to rainforest in the Canary Islands, Hart to the Swiss Alps  These screened in the US under the title Bear Grylls' Wild Adventure  A third episode with Stephen Fry, this time in the Dolomite mountains of South Tyrol, screened in late 2013 In 2014, two further episodes were aired in the UK under the title Wild Weekends  The first of these was the 2011 special of Man vs  Wild featuring Jake Gyllenhaal, and the second was the Running Wild episode featuring Ben Stiller 

Get Out Alive
Grylls hosted Get Out Alive with Bear Grylls, a reality competition series filmed in New Zealand, which premiered on NBC on 8 July 2013 

Escape from Hell
In Bear Grylls: Escape from Hell, he reveals the true life stories of ordinary people trapped in extraordinary situations of survival  The six-episode series premiered on the Discovery Channel in the UK on 4 October 2013, and in the US on 11 November 2013 

The Island
He presented The Island with Bear Grylls, first shown on Channel 4 on 5 May 2014  An American version of the show was also made and it premiered on 25 May 2015 on NBC 

Running Wild with Bear Grylls
In this adventure TV series from NBC, which premiered on 28 July 2014, Grylls takes celebrities on a two-day trip in the wilderness  The celebrities who took part in Season 1 are Zac Efron, Ben Stiller, Tamron Hall, Deion Sanders, Channing Tatum, and Tom Arnold  Celebrities who took part in Season 2 were Kate Winslet, Kate Hudson, Drew Brees, Jesse Tyler Ferguson, Ed Helms, Michelle Rodriguez, Ajay Devgan, Akshay Kumar, Rajanikanth, India's prime minister Narendra Modi, James Marsden, Michael B  Jordan, and President Barack Obama 

Mission Survive
In 2015, he began presenting the six-part ITV series Bear Grylls: Mission Survive which features eight celebrities on a twelve-day survival mission  The series began airing on 20 February 2015  Mission Survive returned for a second series in 2016 

Bear Grylls Survival School
In 2016, he presented a CITV series called Bear Grylls Survival School  Filming started in August 2015  The series began airing on 10 January 2016  A second series was scheduled to begin on 7 January 2017 

Survivor Games
In summer 2015, China's Dragon TV ordered a Grylls-fronted adventure series titled Survivor Games (Chinese: 跟着贝尔去冒险)  The series featured Grylls and eight Chinese celebrities and premiered on Dragon TV on 16 October 2015 

Bear's Mission
In 2018, ITV began airing a new series similar to the USA series "Running Wild with Bear Grylls" called "Bear's Mission with   "  This show focuses on one British celebrity taking an overnight adventure with Bear each episode  The series premiered on ITV on early 2018 

You vs  Wild
Later, Grylls went on to release an interactive series on streaming service Netflix 

World's Toughest Race: Eco-Challenge Fiji
Grylls presented the revival of the Eco-Challenge series, which is titled World's Toughest Race: Eco-Challenge Fiji  It involved teams from around the world competing in an adventure race, which took place in Fiji  The series premiered on Amazon Prime Video on 14 August 2020 

Bear Grylls Wild Adventure
Spring 2021, two-part ITV series featuring Jonny Wilkinson and Nicola Adams, respectively 

Running Wild With Bear Grylls: The Challenge
Premiered in July 2022, it is a spin-off of Grylls' long running Running Wild With Bear Grylls series 

Bear Grylls Meets President Zelenskyy
In this documentary that aired on Channel 4 on 28 March 2023, Grylls travels to Ukraine to meet President Zelenskyy and to meet civilians caught up in the war with Russia 

I Survived Bear Grylls
Upcoming eight-part competition series; co-hosted with comedian Jordan Conley 

Motivational speaking
Outside of TV, Grylls works as a motivational speaker, giving speeches worldwide to corporations, churches, schools, and other organisations 

Be Military Fit
Bear Grylls Ventures and NM Capital purchased British Military Fitness in September 2018 and re-branded as "Be Military Fit with Bear Grylls", to retain the existing abbreviation BMF  The company runs outdoor group fitness classes in 140 public parks and outdoor spaces across the United Kingdom  The classes are led by former or serving members of the British Armed Forces with recognised fitness training qualifications  It is Europe's largest outdoor fitness company 

Charity and politics
Grylls is an ambassador for The Prince's Trust, an organisation which provides training, financial, and practical support to young people in the United Kingdom Global Angels, a UK charity which seeks to aid children around the world, were the beneficiaries of his 2007 accomplishment of taking a powered para-glider higher than Mount Everest  Grylls' held the highest ever dinner party at 7,600 metres (25,000 ft) in aid of The Duke of Edinburgh's Award Scheme, and launched the 50th anniversary of the Awards  His successful circumnavigation of Britain on jet skis raised money for the Royal National Lifeboat Institution 
Grylls' Everest climb was in aid of SSAFA Forces Help, a British-based charitable organisation set up to help former and serving members of the British Armed Forces and their families and dependents  His 2003 Arctic expedition detailed in the book Facing the Frozen Ocean was in aid of The Prince's Trust  His 2005 attempt to para-motor over the Angel Falls was in aid of the charity Hope and Homes for Children In August 2010, Grylls continued his fund-raising work for Global Angels by undertaking an expedition through the Northwest Passage in a rigid inflatable boat  Many of his expeditions also support environmental causes such as his Antarctica expedition and his circumnavigation of Britain which tested a pioneering new fuel made from rubbish  In 2011, Grylls was in New Zealand during the February 2011 Christchurch earthquake  Following the incident, he appeared on New Zealand advertisements encouraging people to donate money to help rebuild the city Grylls is also an ambassador for Care for Children, an organisation that partners with governments in Asia to help create a positive alternative to institutional care through local family-based care for disadvantaged children  In 2014, Grylls designed a Scouts-themed Paddington Bear statue, one of fifty located around London prior to the release of the film Paddington, which was auctioned to raise funds for the National Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Children (NSPCC) Grylls said he spoke "from the heart" in backing "Remain" in the 2016 referendum  "At such a time for the UK to retreat, run and cut ourselves loose from Europe, when there are so many challenges on our doorstep, to me just doesn't feel either courageous or kind," he said  "Europe has many flaws, but I also believe the way to help resolve many of those tough issues is from within    I have never been a good quitter and I am so proud of the UK and our values: tolerance, kindness, respect, courage and resilience  This is why I want us to stay together and Remain in Europe " In January 2020, he announced that he had asserted his right to Irish citizenship and had obtained an Irish passport Grylls was appointed Officer of the Order of the British Empire (OBE) in the 2019 Birthday Honours for services to young people, the media and charity 

Positions in Scouting
Designation of Chief Ambassador of World Scouting
On 16 November 2018, The World Organization of the Scout Movement announced the appointment of Bear Grylls as its first Chief Ambassador  Upon his appointment, he said "I'm very proud and humbled to take on this new role as Chief Ambassador of World Scouting and continue to promote the great work Scouting is doing across the globe  Scouting is a worldwide force for good that unites young people with positive values and an adventurous spirit  We aim to make a difference in our communities, help young people learn new skills, and be kind to all people "Bear has long been a supporter of Scouting around the world often visiting Scout groups on his filming missions and appeared at the 24th World Scout Jamboree in his role as Chief Ambassador

Term as Chief Scout of the Scout Association
On 17 May 2009, The Scout Association announced Grylls would be appointed Chief Scout following the end of Peter Duncan's five-year term in July 2009  He was officially made Chief Scout at Gilwell 24 on 11 July 2009 in a handover event featuring Peter Duncan in front of a crowd of over 3,000 Explorer Scouts  He is the tenth person to hold the position and the youngest Chief Scout since the role was created for Robert Baden-Powell in 1920 On 9 April 2015, The Scout Association announced that Grylls would continue as Chief Scout until 2018  Grylls wrote, "I am so proud that the largest youth movement on the planet has asked me to continue in my role as UK Chief Scout "On 5 June 2015, Grylls, in an interview with The Telegraph, praised the challenge of being Britain's youngest Chief Scout, saying "Scouting humbles me every day"  He remains Chief Scout in 2022 

Ambasador in United24
On 29 March 2023, Bear Grylls has become an ambassador for the UNITED24 platform  His education company BecomingX, together with Amazon and Accenture, is developing the BecomingX Ukraine learning platform for Ukrainians 

See also
Scouting portal
Context 2: Passage 1:
Nüyou
Nüyou (Chinese: 女友; lit  'Female Friend') is a bilingual (English and Chinese) monthly fashion and beauty magazine targeting women  The magazine is based in Singapore 

History and profile
Nüyou was started in 1976  The magazine is part of SPH Magazines and is published on a monthly basis  It covers articles about fashion, beauty tips and celebrities and targets women between the ages of 25 and 30 years-old  The magazine is published in English and Chinese languages In April 2013 Terence Lee became the editor-in-chief of Nüyou  He replaced Grace Lee in the aforementioned post In 2009 Nüyou was redesigned  The magazine had a Malaysian edition which was belong to Blu Inc Media Sdn Bhd  The company ceased operations since the Malaysian movement control order due to the COVID-19 pandemic which interfered with distribution of the magazine 
Passage 2:
List of Allure cover models
Allure is a women's beauty magazine published by Condé Nast Publications  A famous woman, typically an actress, singer, or model, is featured on the cover of each month's issue  Following are the names of each cover subject from the first issue of Allure in March 1991 to the most recent issue 

Allure
1990s
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000s
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010s
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
2016
2017
2018
2019
2020s
2020
2021
2022
Allure Russia
Russian edition of Allure magazine was published from September 2012 to December 2016 

2012
2013
2014
2015
2016
Passage 3:
Alfredo Hoyos (doctor)
Alfredo Hoyos, M D is a Colombian plastic surgeon who created High-definition liposuction and other advanced body contouring techniques in plastic surgery  He specializes in Plastic Surgery, Aesthetic Plastic Surgery, Maxillofacial surgery, and Hand Surgery  He is also a medical illustrator, painter and sculptor  Dr  Hoyos is featured as a speaker of different companies of the most innovative technologies in the field, not only in Colombia , his natal country, also worldwide  He is also featured in the Aesthetics & Beauty Magazine  Chief and creator of TOTAL DEFINER brand that is an integral programs that show surgeons in the different scenarios of the medical field, how optimize their practice and their team  “THE MOST COMPLETE GUIDE FOR PLASTIC SURGEONS”

Early life and education
Born on March 26, 1972, in Bogota Colombia, Dr  Alfredo Hoyos had  his bachelor's degree education in School Mayor Del Rosario, Colombia and his M D in Del Rosario University Colombia  He completed visiting fellowships in Aesthetic surgery at New York University, New York City  He did same for Maxillofacial surgery at Mount Sinai Hospital, New York, and  also for Facial Aesthetic surgery at Manhattan Eye, Ear and Throat Hospital, New York 

Plastic surgery career
Dr  Alfredo Hoyos combines his plastic surgery techniques with different technologies, such as Ultrasound-assisted VASER, Bodytite, Microaire, Wells Johnson, Renuvion  to get the best results in liposculpture  He invented the High Definition Liposculpture (HDL), known today as H4D LIPO, Lipo HD and Dynamic Definition at Lipoplasty (4D) as well as other advanced techniques that focus on body contouring  as EVE Technique ( Tummy tuck and Mini Tummy tuck High Def )  He has also refined techniques in fat transfer (Buttock and Pectoral Lipograft) and breast augmentation  Dr  Hoyos alongside his colleagues has performed  several High Def Lipo procedures with consistent results   He continues to refine these techniques while researching and developing new applications of HD in additional anatomical regions and the field of cosmetic surgery  He has performed plastic surgeries for  many celebrities including Belinda Peregrín Dr  Hoyos is the author of books and several scientific articles that discuss innovations and new technologies that work on body contour  Author of High Definition Body Sculpting: Art and Advanced Lipoplasty Techniques in which he reveals details of his techniques and new technologies in body contouring  He travels to share his knowledge with cosmetic surgeons and also serves as a consultant for media and non-scientific magazines Dr Hoyos has extensive experience as lecturer and trainer for Vaser, Bodytite, Microaire and other different technologies  He has trained hundreds of plastic surgery physicians in the Liposculpture procedures  Among his trainees include: Dr  Anthony Lockwood of Charleswood Clinic, Canada, Dr  Aguirre of Aguiire Specialist Care, Denver, Dr  Cynthia M  Lopez, Dr  Pazmino, Dr  Sam Sukkar of Houston Texas, and Dr   Shapiro, Dr  Emmanuel de la Cruz, Dr  Hossam Tahseen, Dr  Augusto Pupio, Dr Felipe Massignan,

Certifications
Colombian Society of Plastic Surgery, (SCCP) 
International Confederation of Plastic Reconstructive and Aesthetic Surgery (IPRAS) 
He is a member of the American Society for Aesthetic Plastic Surgery (ASAPS)
He is a member of the International Society of Aesthetic Plastic Surgery (ISAPS)
He is a member of the American Society of Plastic Surgeons (ASPS)
He is a member of the International Federation for Adipose Therapeutics and Science (IFATS)

See also
High-definition liposuction
Liposuction
Plastic surgery

Awards
The Brazilian Plastic Surgery Association 2019 Honorable Mention for his numerous and valuable contribution to Worldwide Plastic Surgery field
Ted Lockwood Award (Excellence in Body Contouring) 2019 by ASAPS
SAPS Award 2018  for his great contributions to the Worldwide Plastic Surgery field
ISCG Award 2014 for his Outstanding contribution to Cosmetic Surgery
New Economy Award 2014 for his High Definition Liposculpture Technique
Cutting Edge Award 2014 for his innovative video about High Definition Lipo procedure
RIYADH, SAUDI ARABIA 2014 Mention for his Outstanding contribution to the Plastic Surgery field
Passage 4:
Allure (magazine)
Allure is an American women's magazine focused on beauty, published monthly by Condé Nast in New York City  It was founded in 1991 by Linda Wells  Michelle Lee replaced Wells in 2015  A signature of the magazine is its annual Best of Beauty awards—accolades given in the October issue to beauty products deemed the best by Allure's staff 

History
In 1990, S I  Newhouse Jr , chairman of Condé Nast, and then editorial director Alexander Liberman approached Linda Wells to develop a concept they had for a beauty magazine  At the time, Wells was the beauty editor and the food editor at The New York Times Magazine The magazine's prototype was shredded shortly before the scheduled launch date and, after overhauling everything (including the logo), Allure made its debut in March 1991  designed by Lucy Sisman  The magazine's original format was oversize, but this prevented it from fitting into slots at grocery-store checkouts and required advertisers to resize their ads or create new ones  After four issues, Allure changed to a standard-size glossy format On August 29, 2022, Conde Nast announced the December 2022 issue will be the last print issue of the magazine before transitioning to digital-only  Allure employees unionized in 2022  Conde states, “It’s our mission to meet the audience where they are and with this in mind, after our December print issue, we are making Allure an exclusively digital brand ”

Impact
Allure focuses on beauty, fashion, and women's health  Allure was the first women's magazine to write about the health risks associated with silicone breast implants, and has reported on other controversial health issues 
After Lee took the helm in late 2015, the brand was celebrated for promoting diversity and inclusivity  In 2017, Adweek named Allure Magazine of the Year and awarded Lee as Editor of the Year The magazine's circulation, initially 250,000 in 1991, is over 1 million as of 2011 
Many writers have contributed to Allure  Among them are Arthur Miller, John Updike, Jhumpa Lahiri, Michael Chabon, Kathryn Harrison, Frank McCourt, Isabel Allende, and Francine du Plessix Gray  Elizabeth Gilbert’s essay “The Road to Rapture,” published in Allure in 2003, was the precursor to her 2006 memoir, Eat, Pray, Love (Viking Adult)  Photographers who have shot for Allure include Michael Thompson, Mario Testino, Patrick Demarchelier, Norman Jean Roy, Tina Barney, Marilyn Minter, Carter Smith, Steven Klein, Steven Meisel, and Helmut Newton  Cover subjects have included Demi Lovato, Jennifer Aniston, Jennifer Lopez, Helen Mirren, Zendaya, Julia Roberts, Angelina Jolie, Reese Witherspoon, Mary-Kate and Ashley Olsen, Victoria Beckham, Beyoncé, Fergie, Britney Spears, Lupita Nyong'o, Jessica Simpson, Kate Hudson, Christina Aguilera, Ariana Grande, Rihanna, and Gwen Stefani 
(See List of Allure cover models) 

Best of Beauty Awards
Allure began its Best of Beauty awards program in the mid-1990s, at the initiative of Wells, to help readers choose among the vast array of makeup, skincare, and hair-care products on the market  In 2019, the magazine introduced the Allure Best of Beauty Clean Seal award to products that met the publication's "clean" standards Allure has two sets of awards, one judged by the magazine's editors and the other by readers  A "winners' seal" logo, developed by Allure, appears on many of the winning products  To ensure that its judgments are neutral, Allure's ad department isn't involved in the selections 
In 2010, the magazine developed an iPhone app that highlights the winning products and tells users where they can buy them based on their location 

Controversy
The magazine faced online criticism when it showed Marissa Neitling with an Afro haircut Singer Halsey has announced she will no longer do press after Allure failed to use her preferred pronouns in its August cover story and promoted the interview by allegedly taking quotes out of context 

Awards (for Allure)
Magazine of the Year from Adweek (2017)
Bronze Clio Award for Allure Unbound augmented reality app (2017)
The National Magazine Award for Design (1994)
The Editorial Excellence Award from Folio (2001)
The Circulation Excellence Award from Circulation Management (2001)
"Ring Leader", an essay by Natalie Kusz from the February 1996 issue of Allure, was selected for The Best American Essays 1997 (Houghton Mifflin) 
The magazine has been on Adweek’s Hot List in 1993, 1994, 1995, 2003, and 2007 
Allure has received 29 awards from the American Academy of Dermatology, nine journalism awards from The Fragrance Foundation, and the Excellence in Media Award from the Skin Cancer Foundation 

Awards (for Linda Wells)
The Achiever Award from Cosmetic Executive Women (2001)
The Matrix Award for magazine leadership from New York Women in Communications, Inc  (2009)

Awards (for Michelle Lee)
Editor of the Year from Adweek (2017)
Digiday's Glossy 50 (2017)
A100 Most Influential Asians from Gold House (2018)
Creative 100 from Create & Cultivate (2017)

In the media
Wells, along with Allure editors Michael Carl and Kelly Atterton, have appeared as judges on the Bravo TV series Shear Genius 
Allure editors have appeared as experts on television programs such as the Today show and 60 Minutes, and Allure stories frequently receive national attention 
Hilary Duff played an Allure intern in Cheaper by the Dozen 2 

See also
List of Allure cover models
List of Allure Editor
Passage 5:
List of W Korea cover models
W Korea is a women's beauty magazine published by Doosan Magazine under license from Condé Nast Publications  A famous person, usually an actress, singer, or model, is featured on the cover of each month's issue  Following are the names of each cover subject from the most recent issue to the first issue of W Korea under editorship of Lee Hye Joo in March 2005



ground_truth: Northern Ireland

prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: Which is a beauty magazine, Allure or Claudia?

The following are given passages.
Context 2: 

2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
2016
2017
2018
2019
2020
2021
2022
2023
Passage 6:
Anders Manga
Anders Manga is an American recording artist best known for his self named Darkwave work and under the name Bloody Hammers  His first release was under the name "Coffin Moth" in 1997, a Deathrock music project  In 2012, Anders' song "Glamour" was featured in Season 4 Episode 04 of The Vampire Diaries
In 2019, he released "The Summoning, a new album by Bloody Hammers, his heavy rock project with wife Devallia  In late 2013 he signed Bloody Hammers to Napalm Records and have since released four albums with the label  In 2015 he started another project inspired by horror soundtracks from the seventies and eighties called Terrortron which was featured on the Rue Morgue (magazine) compilation titled "They Came From Rue Morgue" 

Personal life
He is currently married to band member Devallia since 2005 

Musical Influences
Anders was eleven years old when he first began teaching himself Bass guitar, after borrowing a bass from a neighborhood friend 
Anders identifies Alice Cooper as having been his main musical influence as a child, and has said that he was the reason why he wanted to pursue music  Other artists such as Gary Numan, Nick Cave, Roky Erickson, The Sisters of Mercy and Black Sabbath also had a major influence on his musical tastes 

Current Band Members
Devallia (Organ) & Anders Manga (Vocals, Bass, Guitar)

Discography
Albums
Coffin Moth
Coffin Moth (1997) (Self Released)

Solo releases
Murder in the Convent (1999) (Vampture)
One Up for the Dying (2004) (Vampture)
Left of an All-Time Low (2005) (Vampture)
Welcome to the Horror Show (2006) (Vampture)
Blood Lush (2007) (Vampture)
X's & the Eyes (2008) (Vampture)
Perfectly Stranger (2018) (Sacrificial Records)
Andromeda (2020)

Bloody Hammers
Bloody Hammers (2012) (SoulSeller Records)
Spiritual Relics (2013) (SoulSeller Records)
Under Satan's Sun (2014) (Napalm Records)
Lovely Sort of Death (2016) (Napalm Records)
The Horrific Case of Bloody Hammers (2016) (Napalm Records)
The Summoning (2019) (Napalm Records)
Songs of Unspeakable Terror (2021) (Napalm Records)

Terrortron
Hexed (2015) (Sacrificial Records)
Necrophiliac Among the Living Dead (2016) (Sacrificial Records)
Orgy of the Vampires (2017) (Sacrificial Records)

Other releases
The Traumatics - The Traumatics (1993) (Irregular Records)
The Traumatics - Republic (1995) (Irregular Records)
The Dogwoods - The Dogwoods  (1997) (Irregular Records)
A Tribute to Alice Cooper (1998) (Wasted Records)
Interbreeding VIII: Elements of Violence (2006) (BLC Productions)
Sweet Leaf - A Tribute to Black Sabbath (2015) (Cleopatra Records)
Passage 7:
Claudia (magazine)
Claudia is a monthly women's magazine published in Warsaw, Poland  The magazine has been in circulation since 1993 

History and profile
Claudia was established in 1993  Gruner + Jahr was the founding company  The magazine was published by Burda Publishing Polska SP  Z O O  on a monthly basis  It is published by Grupa Kobieta  The headquarters of the monthly is in Warsaw  It targets Polish women around 20-45 years old who live in small cities Claudia achieved record circulation numbers in Poland at the beginning of the 2000s  In 2001 it was the twenty-third best-selling women's magazine worldwide with a circulation of 799,000 copies  In 2002 it was the most popular magazine in Poland The magazine sold 307,729 copies in 2010 and 261,716 copies in 2011  Its circulation rose to 276,752 copies in 2012 

See also
List of magazines in Poland
Passage 8:
Beautycounter
Beautycounter is an American direct to consumer company that sells skin care and cosmetic products  As of 2018, the company had 150 products with over 65,000 independent consultants, and with national retailers 

History
Beautycounter was founded by Gregg Renfrew in 2013  Renfrew had previously worked with merchandising executives such as Martha Stewart and Susie Hilfiger  Beautycounter released nine products in March 2013, including facial cleansers, eye creams, and shampoo  The company launched as a direct retail brand, selling through its website, independent consultants, and retailers including J Crew, Target and Sephora Beautycounter was one of Allure magazine's Best of Beauty award recipients for their lip sheer in twig (2014) and dew skin tinted moisturizer (2015)  Beautycounter became a founding member of the nonprofit Environmental Working Group's verification program, which aims to make it easier for consumers to identify consumer goods that do not contain toxic ingredients  The company compiled a "never list" of reportedly harmful chemicals omitted from their products In 2016, Beautycounter launched its first mascara line  Later that year, Beautycounter's Lengthening Mascara was one of Allure's Best of Beauty products in the natural category  In June 2016, Beautycounter acquired the worldwide assets of Nude Skincare, Inc  and Nude Brands, Ltd , Ali Hewson's natural beauty line, from LVMH  As part of the acquisition, Hewson's husband Bono became an investor in Counter Brands, LLC , Beautycounter's parent company, and Hewson became a board member In 2018, the company opened its first brick and mortar store in Manhattan  A second location opened in 2019, in Denver, Colorado  In March, the company was named to Fast Company's Most Innovative Companies list, for its efforts to promote nontoxic ingredients in beauty products  In June, the company was also named to CNBC's 2020 Disruptor 50 list, as a next generation billion dollar business  In December, the company opened a hybrid retail store and livestream content studio in Los Angeles In February 2020, the company released a documentary Transparency: The Truth About Mica, as part of its efforts to promote ethical mining  The documentary films an in-person audit of the company's mica supply chain, to ensure responsible sourcing In April 2021, American private equity firm The Carlyle Group acquired a majority stake in Beautycounter, which valued parent Counter Brands, LLC  at $1B In January 2022, Marc Rey was named as the company's new CEO, and founder Renfrew became executive chair 

Legislation
In 2014, Renfrew hired public health and environmental advocate Lindsay Dahl to lead company advocacy and lobbying efforts to reduce harmful chemicals used in the cosmetic industry  Renfrew and Beautycounter hosted a congressional briefing in Washington, D C , in fall 2015, regarding the potential dangers of under-regulated beauty products  In May 2016, Renfrew went to Washington, D C , with a group of 100 women representing all 50 U S  states to discuss the importance of regulation in the beauty industry with senators, representatives, and legislative staff  Renfrew also testified in a congressional hearing on cosmetic reform in December 2019 In 2021, Beautycounter led two days of virtual lobbying with members of Congress on federal standards regarding clean beauty 
Passage 9:
Betty Irabor
Betty Irabor is a Nigerian columnist, philanthropist, writer, publisher and founder of Genevieve magazine  She previously had a column in Black & Beauty magazine in the United Kingdom  She also has a foundation that promotes breast cancer awareness, early detection and treatment 

Career
Irabor studied English in university and then ventured into publishing  She worked as a journalist at Concord Newspapers, took freelance writing jobs at the Vanguard, The Guardian, This Day as well as Black & Beauty magazine and others abroad  She later ventured into telecommunications 
In 2003 she founded the glossy magazine Genevieve Magazine, which has been described as "Nigeria's leading inspirational and lifestyle magazine"  It is headquartered in Lekki, with a staff of fourteen   Ten issues are published each year  The magazine website focuses on celebrity news  Irabor is the editor-in-chief and chief executive officer In 2018 her memoir Dust to Dew was published   In it she chronicles her struggles with depression She is also a philanthropist, public speaker and champion for breast cancer awareness with her nonprofit known as the Genevieve PinkBall Foundation She is also the host and presenter of Life's Lessons with Betty Irabor  She is a speaker and ambassador who shares promotional and modeling shots 

Personal life
Irabor was born on March 25, 1957, and raised in Nigeria  She's married to Soni Irabor and they have two children  Their son made a short film that was selected by the Zanzibar International Film Festival 

Award and honors
Irabor was honored by the Association of Professional Women Bankers as The Most Accomplished Female Publisher in Nigeria 2011 
Passage 10:
Elle Girl
Elle Girl was the largest older-teen fashion and beauty magazine brand in the world with twelve editions  Launched in August 2001, it was the younger sister version of Elle magazine, and similarly focused on beauty, health, entertainment and trendsetting bold fashion—its slogan: "Dare to be different"  The magazine was published monthly and was based in New York City 

Closure
Its staffers were informed in early April 2006 that Elle Girl (USA)'s final issue would be its June/July 2006 Summer Issue, while they were recently in the middle of working on the August 2006 issue, which is traditionally the largest issue of the year-covering fall fashion and back-to-school topics  The company intended to continue updating the Elle Girl website, and create new media in conjunction with Alloy com, as well as publishing bi-annual special issues 
Hachette Filipacchi CEO Jack Kliger, who was also responsible for closing three other Hachette magazines—George, Mirabella, and Travel Holiday, commented on Elle Girl's future on the Internet and explained, "When teen girls are not on the Web, they are on their cells  The company will keep the website and work on Elle Girl ringtones, wallpaper mobile pages and projects in the mobile blogging area "
ELLEgirl com relaunched in early 2008 after parting ways with Alloy  The new version included a blog, more simple navigation, and a strengthened association with ELLE com under Executive Editor Keith Pollock  Hearst Magazines bought the website in 2011  As of May 2014, the ELLEgirl website redirects to the main Elle website 

International editions
The UK edition of Elle Girl magazine closed for business shortly before the American version  As of August 2005, international editions continued to be published in South Korea, the Netherlands, Canada, Taiwan, Japan, Russia, France, Germany, and China  Elle Girl USA offers most foreign editions 60% of their content, yet it was not announced whether all of the foreign editions would also fold  Sarra Manning, author of YA novels Guitar Girl and Let's Get Lost, was on the launch team of Elle Girl UK and edited the magazine for a short period 
Context 3: Passage 1:
PLOS ONE
PLOS One (stylized PLOS ONE, and formerly PLoS ONE) is a peer-reviewed open access mega journal published by the Public Library of Science (PLOS) since 2006  The journal covers primary research from any discipline within science and medicine  The Public Library of Science began in 2000 with an online petition initiative by Nobel Prize winner Harold Varmus, formerly director of the National Institutes of Health and at that time director of Memorial Sloan–Kettering Cancer Center; Patrick O  Brown, a biochemist at Stanford University; and Michael Eisen, a computational biologist at the University of California, Berkeley, and the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory 
Submissions are subject to an article processing charge, and according to the journal, papers are not to be excluded on the basis of lack of perceived importance or adherence to a scientific field  All submissions go through a pre-publication review by a member of the board of academic editors, who can elect to seek an opinion from an external reviewer  In January 2010, the journal was included in the Journal Citation Reports and received its first impact factor of 4 411  According to Journal Citation Reports, PLOS ONE's 2022 impact factor is 3 7  PLOS One papers are published under Creative Commons licenses 

History
Development
The Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation awarded PLOS a $9 million grant in December 2002 and $1 million grant in May 2006 for its financial sustainability and launch of new free-access biomedical journals  Later, PLOS One was launched in December 2006 as a beta version named PLOS One  It launched with commenting and note-making functionality, and added the ability to rate articles in July 2007  In September 2007, the ability to leave "trackbacks" on articles was added  In August 2008, the journal moved from a weekly to a daily publication schedule, publishing articles as soon as they became ready  PLOS One came out of "beta" in October 2008 
In September 2009, as part of its article-level metrics program, PLOS One made its full online usage data, including HTML page views and PDF or XML download statistics, publicly available for every published article  In mid-2012, as part of a rebranding of PLoS as PLOS, the journal changed its name to PLOS One 

Output and turnaround
The number of papers published by PLOS One grew rapidly from inception to 2013 and has since declined somewhat   By 2010, it was estimated   to have become the largest journal in the world, and in 2011, 1 in 60 articles indexed by PubMed were published by PLOS One  By September 2017, PLOS One confirmed they had published over 200,000 articles  By November 2017, the journal Scientific Reports overtook PLOS One in terms of output At PLOS One, the median review time has grown from 37 days to 125 days over the first ten years of operation, according to Himmelstein's analysis, done for Nature  The median between acceptance and posting a paper on the site has decreased from 35 to 15 days over the same period  Both numbers for 2016 roughly correspond to the industry-wide averages for biology-related journals  The average acceptance rates for submission across 2020 and 2021 range from 47 9 to 49 9% [1]

Management
The founding managing editor was Chris Surridge  He was succeeded by Peter Binfield in March 2008, who was publisher until May 2012  Damian Pattinson then held the chief editorial position until December 2015  Joerg Heber was as editor-in-chief from November 2016 before Emily Chenette took over in that position in March 2021 

Publication concept
PLOS One is built on several conceptually different ideas compared to traditional peer-reviewed scientific publishing in that it does not use the perceived importance of a paper as a criterion for acceptance or rejection  The idea is that, instead, PLOS One only verifies whether experiments and data analysis were conducted rigorously, and leaves it to the scientific community to ascertain importance, post publication, through debate and comment 
Each submission will be assessed by a member of the PLOS ONE Editorial Board before publication  This pre-publication peer review will concentrate on technical rather than subjective concerns and may involve discussion with other members of the Editorial Board and/or the solicitation of formal reports from independent referees  If published, papers will be made available for community-based open peer review involving online annotation, discussion, and rating 
According to Nature, the journal's aim is to "challenge academia's obsession with journal status and impact factors"  Being an online-only publication allows PLOS One to publish more papers than a print journal  In an effort to facilitate publication of research on topics outside, or between, traditional science categories, it does not restrict itself to a specific scientific area Papers published in PLOS One can be of any length, contain full color throughout, and contain supplementary materials such as multimedia files  Reuse of articles is subject to a Creative Commons Attribution License  In the first four years following launch, it made use of over 40,000 external peer reviewers  The journal uses an international board of academic editors with over 6,000 academics handling submissions and publishes approximately 50 % of all submissions, after review by, on average, 2 9 experts  Registered readers can leave comments on articles on the website 

Business model
As with all journals of the Public Library of Science, open access to PLOS One is financed by an article processing charge, typically paid by the author's institution or by the author  This model allows PLOS journals to make all articles available to the public for free immediately upon publication   As of April 2021, PLOS One charges a publication fee of $1,745 to publish an article  Depending on circumstances, it may waive or reduce the fee for authors who do not have sufficient funds PLoS had been operating at a loss until 2009 but covered its operational costs for the first time in 2010, largely due to the growth of PLOS One   The success of PLOS One has inspired a series of other open access journals, including some other mega journals having broad scope, low selectivity, and a pay-to-publish model using Creative Commons licenses 

Reception
In September 2009, PLOS One received the Publishing Innovation Award of the Association for Learned and Professional Society Publishers  The award is given in recognition of a "truly innovative approach to any aspect of publication as adjudged from originality and innovative qualities, together with utility, benefit to the community and long-term prospects"  In January 2010, it was announced that the journal would be included in the Journal Citation Reports, and the journal received an impact factor of 4 411 in 2010  According to the Journal Citation Reports, the journal has a 2022 impact factor of 3 7 

Abstracting and indexing
The articles are indexed in:

Response to controversial publications
Alleged sexism in one peer review instance
On April 29, 2015, Fiona Ingleby and Megan Head, postdoctoral fellows at the University of Sussex and Australian National University respectively, posted a rejection letter, which they said was sent to them by a peer reviewer for a journal they did not wish to name  The rejection letter concerned Ingleby and Head's paper about differences in PhD-to-postdoc transition between male and female scientists  The reviewer argued that the authors should "find one or two male biologists to work with" to ensure the manuscript doesn't drift into "ideologically biased assumptions", comments which the authors found to be "unprofessional and inappropriate" and veering into sexism  Shortly afterward, the journal was reported to be PLOS One  By May 1, PLOS had announced that it was severing ties with the reviewer responsible for the comments and asking the editor who relayed them to step down  PLOS One also issued an apology statement following the incident 

CreatorGate
On March 3, 2016, the editors of PLOS One initiated a reevaluation of an article about the functioning of the human hand due to outrage among the journal's readership over a reference to "Creator" inside the paper  The authors, who received grants from the Chinese National Basic Research Program and National Natural Science Foundation of China for this work, responded by saying "Creator" is a poorly-translated idiom (造化(者), literally "(that which) creates or transforms") which means "nature" in the Chinese language  Despite the authors' protests, the article was retracted  
A less sympathetic explanation for the use of "Creator" was suggested to The Chronicle of Higher Education by Chinese-language experts who noted that the academic editor listed on the paper, Renzhi Han, previously worked at the Chinese Evangelical Church in Iowa City Sarah Kaplan of The Washington Post presented a detailed analysis of the problem, which she named #CreatorGate, and concluded that the journal's hasty retraction may have been an even bigger offense than the publication of the paper in the first place  To contrast PLOS One's handling of the problem, she used a 12-year history of retraction of the fraudulent paper on vaccine and autism by The Lancet and the lack of a retraction of a debunked study on "arsenic life" by Science  Others added the history of the article in Nature on "water memory" that was not retracted either Jonathan Eisen, chair of the advisory board of a sister journal PLOS Biology and an advocate for open-access, commended PLOS One for their prompt response on social media, which in his words "most journals pretend doesn't even exist"  David Knutson issued a statement about the paper processing at PLOS One, which praised the importance of post-publication peer review and described their intention to offer open signed reviews in order to ensure accountability of the process  From March 2 to 9, the research article received a total of 67 post-publication reader comments and 129 responses on PLOS One site  Signe Dean of SBS put #CreatorGate in perspective: it is not the most scandalous retraction in science, yet it shows how a social media outrage storm does expedite a retraction 

Rapid-onset gender dysphoria controversy

On August 27, 2018, the editors of PLOS One initiated a reevaluation of an article they published two weeks earlier submitted by Brown University School of Public Health assistant professor Lisa Littman  The study described a phenomenon of social contagion, or "cluster outbreaks" in gender dysphoria among young people, which Littman called "rapid-onset gender dysphoria"  Data was obtained from a survey placed on three websites for concerned parents of children with gender dysphoria, asking for responses from parents whose children had experienced "sudden or rapid development of gender dysphoria beginning between the ages of 10 and 21"  The study was criticized by transgender activists like Julia Serano and medical professionals like developmental and clinical psychologist Diane Ehrensaft, as being politicized and having self-selected samples, as well as lacking clinical data or responses from the adolescents themselves On March 19, 2019, PLOS One completed its review  PLOS One psychology academic editor Angelo Brandelli Costa acted as a reviwer criticizing the methods and conclusion of the study in a formal comment, saying, "The level of evidence produced by the Dr  Littman's study cannot generate a new diagnostic criterion relative to the time of presentation of the demands of medical and social gender affirmation " In a separate letter apologizing for the failure of peer review to address the issues with the article, PLOS One Editor-in-chief Joerg Heber said, "we have reached the conclusion that the study and resultant data reported in the article represent a valid contribution to the scientific literature  However, we have also determined that the study, including its goals, methodology, and conclusions, were not adequately framed in the published version, and that these needed to be corrected "The paper was republished with updated Title, Abstract, Introduction, Methodology, Discussion, and Conclusion sections, but the Results section was mostly unchanged  In her correction, Littman emphasized that the article was "a study of parental observations which serves to develop hypotheses", saying "Rapid-onset gender dysphoria (ROGD) is not a formal mental health diagnosis at this time  This report did not collect data from the adolescents and young adults (AYAs) or clinicians and therefore does not validate the phenomenon  Additional research that includes AYAs, along with consensus among experts in the field, will be needed to determine if what is described here as rapid-onset gender dysphoria (ROGD) will become a formal diagnosis "
Passage 2:
Behavior Genetics (journal)
Behavior Genetics is a peer-reviewed scientific journal published monthly by Springer Science+Business Media that is covering "research in the inheritance of behavior"  It is the official journal of the Behavior Genetics Association  The journal was established in 1971 with Steven G  Vandenberg as its founding editor-in-chief  The abstracts of the annual meetings are printed in the journal  Each year, the editorial board chooses a particularly meritorious paper in the previous year's volume of the journal for the Fulker Award, acknowledged by "$1000 and a good bottle of wine" as well as a citation made in the journal  This award was created in the honor of David Fulker, a past president of the Behavior Genetics Association (1982) and former editor-in-chief of the journal 

Abstracting and indexing
The journal is abstracted in Biological Abstracts/BIOSIS Previews, CAB Abstracts, Current Awareness in Biological Sciences, Current Contents/Social & Behavioral Sciences and Life Sciences, EMBASE, PsycINFO, PubMed/MEDLINE, Science Citation Index, Scopus, Social Sciences Citation Index, and The Zoological Record  According to the Journal Citation Reports, the journal has a 2020 impact factor of 2 805 
Passage 3:
Bosque (journal)
Bosque is a scientific journal published by the Forestry Faculty of the Southern University of Chile  It publishes articles on a wide range of forestry-related topics, primarily on issues that are relevant to Chile, Latin America and the Southern Hemisphere  The published articles include peer-reviewed scientific research papers, items of current interest and opinion pieces  Bosque's first issue was published in 1975 and the journal was issued yearly until 1985  From 1985 to 2003 it was issued twice a year and from 2003 on three times a year  The topics covered in Bosque are management and production of forestry resources, wood science and technology, silviculture, forest ecology, natural resources conservation, and rural development associated with forest ecosystems  The journal publishes research articles, notes and opinions, both in Spanish and English  Bosque was included in the Science Citation Index Expanded in 2009  The journal is also indexed in The Zoological Record 

See also
List of forestry journals
Passage 4:
Geophysical Journal International
Geophysical Journal International is a monthly peer-reviewed scientific journal published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the Royal Astronomical Society and the Deutsche Geophysikalische Gesellschaft (German Geophysical Society)  The journal publishes original research papers, research notes, letters, and book reviews  It was established in 1922  The editor-in-chief is Joerg Renner (Ruhr University Bochum)  The journal covers research on all aspects of theoretical, computational, applied and observational geophysics 

History
The journal was formerly entitled Geophysical Journal (Oxford) from January 1988 to June 1989  The Geophysical Journal was itself formed by the merger of three other publications: Geophysical Journal of the Royal Astronomical Society, Journal of Geophysics, and Annales Geophysicae, Series B: Terrestrial and Planetary Physics Geophysical Journal of the Royal Astronomical Society was in existence from March 1958 to December 1987 and was preceded by Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, Geophysical Supplement  The Journal of Geophysics was in existence from 1974 to 1987, and preceded by the German-language journal, Zeitschrift für Geophysik (1924–1973) Finally, Annales Geophysicae, Series B: Terrestrial and Planetary Physics was in existence from 1986 to 1987, and preceded by Annales Geophysicae (Gauthier-Villars) (1983–1985)  Annales Geophysicae was formed by the merger of two other journals: Annales de Géophysique (Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique) (1942–1982), and Annali di Geofisica (1948–1982) 

Abstracting and indexing
The journal is abstracted and indexed in:

According to the Journal Citation Reports, the journal has a 2021 impact factor of 3 352, ranking it 35th out of 100 journals in the category "Geochemistry & Geophysics" 
Passage 5:
Scientific journal
In academic publishing, a scientific journal is a periodical publication intended to further the progress of science, usually by sharing findings from research with readers  They are normally specialized based on discipline, with authors picking which one they send their manuscripts to 

Content
Scientific journals
There are thousands of scientific journals in publication, with one estimate from 2012 indicating that there were 28,100 that were active, and many more have been published at various points in the past (see list of scientific journals)  Most journals are highly specialized, although some of the oldest journals such as Science and Nature publish articles and scientific papers across a wide range of scientific fields  Scientific journals contain articles that have been peer reviewed, in an attempt to ensure that articles meet the journal's standards of quality and scientific validity Although scientific journals are superficially similar to professional magazines (or trade journals), they are actually quite different   Among others, scientific journals' papers' authors are experts who must cite everything (and have a bibliography)   They also deal with research, and are peer reviewed   Meanwhile, trade journals are aimed at people in different fields, they focus on how people in them can do their jobs better, they cover information related to work, and they include tips and advice for improving performance   Also, they are not scholarly 

Articles in scientific journals
Articles in scientific journals are mostly written by active scientists such as students, researchers, and professors instead of professional journalists   Their intended audience is others in the field (such as students and experts), plus their content is more advanced and sophisticated than what is found regular publications  They have different purposes, depending on the type   Ones with original research are meant to share it with others in the field, review articles give summaries of research that has already been done, and perspective articles give researchers' views on research that their peers performed Each article has several different sections, including the following:
The title;
Information about the author(s);
The abstract, which is a one-paragraph summary of the article;
The introduction, including a background, why the research was done, research on this topic that has been done before, and (possibly) a hypothesis;
The methodology or method, which includes the way the research was done, details concerning the study's sample, measures for assessment, and the procedure;
Findings or results, which summarize what the study found;
Conclusion, comments, or discussion, which both explain how the results answered the questions that were posed, as well as areas that could be researched in the future; and
A list of works that the article's author cited Scientific journal articles are not read casually like a person would read a magazine   For, whereas magazine articles can be read in a more casual manner, reading one in a scientific periodical would require a lot more concentration   More to the point, reading an article in a scientific journal would entail first reading the title, to see if it was related to the desired topic   If it was, the next step would be to read the abstract (or summary or conclusion, if it is missing the abstract), to see if it seems worth reading   And, if it seemed like reading it would be worthwhile, the reader would then read the whole article Publishing research results is an essential part of helping science to advance  If scientists are describing experiments or calculations, they should explain how they did them so that an independent researcher could repeat the experiment or calculation to verify the results, or so that they could evaluate whatever the research article's findings were  Each such journal article also becomes part of the permanent scientific record 

Scope
Articles in scientific journals can be used in research and higher education  Scientific articles allow researchers to keep up to date with the developments of their field and direct their own research  An essential part of a scientific article is citation of earlier work  The impact of articles and journals is often assessed by counting citations (citation impact)  Some classes are partially devoted to the explication of classic articles, and seminar classes can consist of the presentation by each student of a classic or current paper  Schoolbooks and textbooks have been written usually only on established topics, while the latest research and more obscure topics are only accessible through scientific articles  In a scientific research group or academic department it is usual for the content of current scientific journals to be discussed in journal clubs  Public funding bodies often require the results to be published in scientific journals  Academic credentials for promotion into academic ranks are established in large part by the number and impact of scientific articles published  Many doctoral programs allow for thesis by publication, where the candidate is required to publish a certain number of scientific articles 

Wording
Articles tend to be highly technical, representing the latest theoretical research and experimental results in the field of science covered by the journal  They are often incomprehensible to anyone except for researchers in the field and advanced students  In some subjects this is inevitable given the nature of the content  Usually, rigorous rules of scientific writing are enforced by the editors; however, these rules may vary from journal to journal, especially between journals from different publishers  Articles are usually either original articles reporting completely new results or reviews of current literature  There are also scientific publications that bridge the gap between articles and books by publishing thematic volumes of chapters from different authors  Many journals have a regional focus, specializing in publishing papers from a particular geographic region, like African Invertebrates 

History
In the 17th century, scientists wrote letters to each other, and included scientific ideas with them   Then, in the mid-17th century, scientists began to hold meetings and share their scientific ideas   Eventually, they led to starting organizations, such as the Royal Society (1660) and the French Academy of Sciences (1666)  In 1665, the French Journal des sçavans and the English Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society began systematically publishing research results  Over a thousand, mostly ephemeral, were founded in the 18th century, and the number has increased rapidly since then Peer review did not begin until the 1970s, and was seen as a way of enabling researchers who were not as well-known to have their papers published in journals that were more prestigious   Though it was originally done by mailing copies of papers to reviewers, it is now done online 

Publishing process
The authors of scientific articles are active researchers instead of journalists; typically, a graduate student or a researcher writes a paper with a professor  As such, the authors are unpaid and receive no compensation from the journal  However, their funding bodies may require them to publish in scientific journals  The paper is submitted to the journal office, where the editor considers the paper for appropriateness, potential scientific impact and novelty  If the journal's editor considers the paper appropriate, the paper is submitted to scholarly peer review  Depending on the field, journal and paper, the paper is sent to 1–3 reviewers for evaluation before they can be granted permission to publish  Reviewers are expected to check the paper for soundness of its scientific argument, including whether the author(s) are sufficiently acquainted with recent relevant research that bears on their study, whether the data was collected or considered appropriately and reproducibly, and whether the data discussed supports the conclusion offered and the implications suggested  Novelty is also key: existing work must be appropriately considered and referenced, and new results improving on the state of the art presented  Reviewers are usually unpaid and not a part of the journal staff—instead, they should be "peers", i e  researchers in the same field as the paper in question 

Standards and impact
The standards that a journal uses to determine publication can vary widely  Some journals, such as Nature, Science, PNAS, and Physical Review Letters, have a reputation of publishing articles that mark a fundamental breakthrough in their respective fields  In many fields, a formal or informal hierarchy of scientific journals exists; the most prestigious journal in a field tends to be the most selective in terms of the articles it will select for publication, and usually will also have the highest impact factor  In some countries, journal rankings can be utilized for funding decisions and even evaluation of individual researchers, although they are poorly suited for that purpose 

Reproducibility and replicability
For scientific journals, reproducibility and replicability of the scientific results are core concepts that allow other scientists to check and reproduce the results under the same conditions described in the paper or at least similar conditions and produce similar results with similar measurements of the same measurand or carried out under changed conditions of measurement  While the ability to reproduce the results based only on details included in the article is expected, verification of reproducibility by a third party is not generally required for publication  The reproducibility of results presented in an article is therefore judged implicitly by the quality of the procedures reported and agreement with the data provided  However, some journals in the field of chemistry such as Inorganic Syntheses and Organic Syntheses require independent reproduction of the results presented as part of the review process  The inability for independent researches to reproduce published results is widespread, with 70% of researchers reporting failure to reproduce another scientist's results, including more than half who report failing to reproduce their own experiments  Sources of reproducibility vary, including publication of falsified or misrepresented data and poor detailing of procedures 

Types of articles
There are several types of journal article; the exact terminology and definitions vary by field and specific journal, but often include:

Letters (also called communications, and not to be confused with letters to the editor) are short descriptions of important current research findings that are usually fast-tracked for immediate publication because they are considered urgent 
Research notes are short descriptions of current research findings that are considered less urgent or important than Letters 
Articles are usually between five and twenty pages and are complete descriptions of current original research findings, but there are considerable variations between scientific fields and journals—80-page articles are not rare in mathematics or theoretical computer science 
Supplemental articles contain a large volume of tabular data that is the result of current research and may be dozens or hundreds of pages with mostly numerical data  Some journals now only publish this data electronically on the Internet  Supplemental information also contains other voluminous material not appropriate for the main body of the article, like descriptions of routine procedures, derivations of equations, source code, non-essential data, spectra or other such miscellaneous information 
Review articles do not cover original research but rather accumulate the results of many different articles on a particular topic into a coherent narrative about the state of the art in that field  Review articles provide information about the topic and also provide journal references to the original research  Reviews may be entirely narrative, or may provide quantitative summary estimates resulting from the application of meta-analytical methods 
Data papers are articles dedicated to describe datasets  This type of article is becoming popular and journals exclusively dedicated to them have been established, e g  Scientific Data and Earth System Science Data 
Video papers are a recent addition to practice of scientific publications  They most often combine an online video demonstration of a new technique or protocol combined with a rigorous textual description The formats of journal articles vary, but many follow the general IMRAD scheme recommended by the International Committee of Medical Journal Editors  Such articles begin with an abstract, which is a one-to-four-paragraph summary of the paper  The introduction describes the background for the research including a discussion of similar research  The materials and methods or experimental section provides specific details of how the research was conducted  The results and discussion section describes the outcome and implications of the research, and the conclusion section places the research in context and describes avenues for further exploration 
In addition to the above, some scientific journals such as Science will include a news section where scientific developments (often involving political issues) are described  These articles are often written by science journalists and not by scientists  In addition, some journals will include an editorial section and a section for letters to the editor  While these are articles published within a journal, in general they are not regarded as scientific journal articles because they have not been peer-reviewed 

Electronic publishing
Electronic publishing is a new area of information dissemination  One definition of electronic publishing is in the context of the scientific journal  It is the presentation of scholarly scientific results in only an electronic (non-paper) form  This is from its first write-up, or creation, to its publication or dissemination  The electronic scientific journal is specifically designed to be presented on the internet  It is defined as not being previously printed material adapted, or retooled, and then delivered electronically Electronic publishing will likely continue to exist alongside paper publishing for the foreseeable future, since whilst output to a screen is important for browsing and searching, it is not well suited for extensive reading  Formats suitable both for reading on paper, and for manipulation by the reader's computer will need to be integrated  Many journals are electronically available in formats readable on screen via web browsers, as well as in portable document format PDF, suitable for printing and storing on a local desktop or laptop computer  New tools such as JATS and Utopia Documents provide a 'bridge' to the 'web-versions' in that they connect the content in PDF versions directly to the World Wide Web via hyperlinks that are created 'on-the-fly'  The PDF version of an article is usually seen as the version of record, but the matter is subject to some debate Electronic counterparts of established print journals already promote and deliver rapid dissemination of peer-reviewed and edited, "published" articles  Other journals, whether spin-offs of established print journals, or created as electronic only, have come into existence promoting the rapid dissemination capability, and availability, on the Internet  In tandem with this is the speeding up of peer review, copyediting, page makeup, and other steps in the process to support rapid dissemination Other improvements, benefits and unique values of electronically publishing the scientific journal are easy availability of supplementary materials (data, graphics and video), lower cost, and availability to more people, especially scientists from non-developed countries  Hence, research results from more developed nations are becoming more accessible to scientists from non-developed countries Moreover, electronic publishing of scientific journals has been accomplished without compromising the standards of the refereed, peer review process One form is the online equivalent of the conventional paper journal  By 2006, almost all scientific journals have, while retaining their peer-review process, established electronic versions; a number have moved entirely to electronic publication  In a similar manner, most academic libraries buy the electronic version and purchase a paper copy only for the most important or most-used titles 
There is usually a delay of several months after an article is written before it is published in a journal, making paper journals not an ideal format for announcing the latest research  Many journals now publish the final papers in their electronic version as soon as they are ready, without waiting for the assembly of a complete issue, as is necessary with paper



ground_truth: Allure

prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: What was the first year a scientific journal published by an organization located in the Bronx was published?

The following are given passages.
Context 3:  In many fields in which even greater speed is wanted, such as physics, the role of the journal at disseminating the latest research has largely been replaced by preprint databases such as arXiv org  Almost all such articles are eventually published in traditional journals, which still provide an important role in quality control, archiving papers, and establishing scientific credit 

Cost
Many scientists and librarians have long protested the cost of journals, especially as they see these payments going to large for-profit publishing houses  To allow their researchers online access to journals, many universities purchase site licenses, permitting access from anywhere in the university, and, with appropriate authorization, by university-affiliated users at home or elsewhere  These may be quite expensive, sometimes much more than the cost for a print subscription, although this may reflect the number of people who will be using the license—while a print subscription is the cost for one person to receive the journal; a site-license can allow thousands of people to gain access Publications by scholarly societies, also known as not-for-profit-publishers, usually cost less than commercial publishers, but the prices of their scientific journals are still usually several thousand dollars a year  In general, this money is used to fund the activities of the scientific societies that run such journals, or is invested in providing further scholarly resources for scientists; thus, the money remains in and benefits the scientific sphere 
Despite the transition to electronic publishing, the serials crisis persists Concerns about cost and open access have led to the creation of free-access journals such as the Public Library of Science (PLoS) family and partly open or reduced-cost journals such as the Journal of High Energy Physics  However, professional editors still have to be paid, and PLoS still relies heavily on donations from foundations to cover the majority of its operating costs; smaller journals do not often have access to such resources 
Based on statistical arguments, it has been shown that electronic publishing online, and to some extent open access, both provide wider dissemination and increase the average number of citations an article receives 

Copyright
Traditionally, the author of an article was required to transfer the copyright to the journal publisher  Publishers claimed this was necessary in order to protect authors' rights, and to coordinate permissions for reprints or other use  However, many authors, especially those active in the open access movement, found this unsatisfactory, and have used their influence to effect a gradual move towards a license to publish instead  Under such a system, the publisher has permission to edit, print, and distribute the article commercially, but the authors retain the other rights themselves 
Even if they retain the copyright to an article, most journals allow certain rights to their authors  These rights usually include the ability to reuse parts of the paper in the author's future work, and allow the author to distribute a limited number of copies  In the print format, such copies are called reprints; in the electronic format, they are called postprints  Some publishers, for example the American Physical Society, also grant the author the right to post and update the article on the author's or employer's website and on free e-print servers, to grant permission to others to use or reuse figures, and even to reprint the article as long as no fee is charged  The rise of open access journals, in which the author retains the copyright but must pay a publication charge, such as the Public Library of Science family of journals, is another recent response to copyright concerns 

See also
Passage 6:
Mycologia
Mycologia is a peer-reviewed scientific journal that publishes papers on all aspects of the fungi, including lichens  It first appeared as a bimonthly journal in January 1909, published by the New York Botanical Garden under the editorship of William Murrill  It became the official journal of the Mycological Society of America, which still publishes it today  It was formed as a merger of the Journal of Mycology (14 volumes; 1885–1908) and the Mycological Bulletin (7 volumes; 1903–1908)  The Mycological Bulletin was known as the Ohio Mycological Bulletin in its first volume 

Editors
The following persons have been editor-in-chief of the journal:

The following persons have been managing editor of the journal:

Abstracting and indexing
Mycologia is abstracted and indexing in the following databases:
Passage 7:
The Raffles Bulletin of Zoology
The Raffles Bulletin of Zoology is a peer-reviewed open-access scientific journal published by the Lee Kong Chian Natural History Museum at the National University of Singapore 

Overview
It covers the taxonomy, ecology, and conservation of Southeast Asian fauna  Supplements are published as and when funding permits and may cover topics that extend beyond the normal scope of the journal depending on the targets of the funding agency  It was established as the Bulletin of the Raffles Museum in 1928 and renamed Bulletin of the National Museum of Singapore in 1961, before obtaining its current title in 1971 

See also
List of zoology journals
Passage 8:
New York Botanical Garden
The New York Botanical Garden (NYBG) is a botanical garden at Bronx Park in the Bronx, New York City  Established in 1891, it is located on a 250-acre (100 ha) site that contains a landscape with over one million living plants; the Enid A  Haupt Conservatory, a greenhouse containing several habitats; and the LuEsther T  Mertz Library, which contains one of the world's largest collections of botany-related texts  As of 2016, over a million people visit the New York Botanical Garden annually 
NYBG is also a major educational institution, teaching visitors about plant science, ecology, and healthful eating through NYBG's interactive programming  Nearly 90,000 of the annual visitors are children from underserved neighboring communities  An additional 3,000 are teachers from New York City's public school system participating in professional development programs that train them to teach science courses at all grade levels  NYBG operates one of the world's largest plant research and conservation programs 
NYBG was established in 1891 and the first structures on the grounds opened at the end of that decade  Since 1967, the garden has been listed as a National Historic Landmark, and several buildings have been designated as official New York City landmarks 

Mission statement
The New York Botanical Garden is an advocate for the plant world  The Garden pursues its mission through its role as a museum of living plant collections arranged in gardens and landscapes across its National Historic Landmark site; through its comprehensive education programs in horticulture and plant science; and through the wide-ranging research programs of the International Plant Science Center 

History
Context
As early as 1877, ideas had been circulating in New York City to create a botanical garden; funding could not be obtained at the time, although the efforts led to parkland being set aside for future use  By 1888, the Torrey Botanical Society was promoting the construction of a large botanical garden in New York City  The Garden's creation followed a fund-raising campaign led by the Torrey Botanical Society and Columbia University botanist Nathaniel Lord Britton and his wife Elizabeth Gertrude Britton, who were inspired to emulate the Royal Botanic Gardens in London : 2 In 1889, the Torrey Botanical Society's members decided to build the botanical garden at Bronx Park in the center of the Bronx, New York City's northernmost borough : 2  The Lorillard family owned most of the land at that location : 147  The city had already been given authorization to acquire the land as part of the 1884 New Parks Act, which was intended to preserve lands that would soon become part of New York City : 166  Some 640 acres (2 6 km2) of land surrounding the Lorillard estate was acquired by the City of New York as part of Bronx Park in 1888–1889 : 147

Establishment
By act of the New York State Legislature, the New York Botanical Garden was established on April 28, 1891  The garden occupied part of the grounds of the Lorillard estate and a parcel that was formerly the easternmost portion of the campus of St  John's College (now Fordham University);: 147  the latter included three graves of the Fordham University Cemetery, which were then relocated  The stated purpose of the act was:

    for the purpose of establishing and maintaining a botanical garden and museum and arboretum therein, for the collection of and culture of plants, flowers, shrubs and trees, the advancement of botanical science and knowledge, and the prosecution of original researches therein and in kindred subjects, for affording instruction in the same, for the prosecution and exhibition of ornamental and decorative horticulture and gardening, and for the entertainment, recreation and instruction of the people : 2 
As per the acts of incorporation, a board of directors would manage the NYBG  The board of directors included Columbia College's president and professors of biology, chemistry, and geology; the presidents of the Torrey Society, New York City Board of Education, and the Department of Public Parks' board of commissioners; the Mayor of New York City; and nine other members elected to the board : 2  The legislation would provide 250 acres (100 ha) within Bronx Park to the NYBG, and enable the board of directors to construct a library and conservatory, if at least $250,000 was raised within five years  If this condition were reached, the city would then issue $0 5 million in bonds : 2  The principal officers of the new corporation set up for the garden were Cornelius Vanderbilt, Andrew Carnegie and J P  Morgan, with Nathaniel Lord Britton as the new secretary Prominent civic leaders and financiers, including Vanderbilt, Carnegie, and Morgan, agreed to match the City's commitment to finance the buildings and improvements : 2  By May 1895, the $250,000 in bonds had been raised but the plans had not been fully confirmed  The Board of Directors then asked landscape architect Calvert Vaux and his partner, Parks Superintendent Samuel Parsons Jr , to consult on site selection  The north end of Bronx Park was decided as the best location for the NYBG  By August 1895, the architects had started a survey on the site  Because the Bronx River and various small tributaries ran through the park, drainage was a major consideration  Though Vaux's preliminary layout was approved in October 1895, he died the following month : 3  The topographical survey was completed in March 1896  The master plan was created by a team that included Britton & Parsons, as well as landscape engineer John R  Brinley, landscape gardener Samuel Henshaw, botanist Lucien Marcus Underwood, and architects Robert W  Gibson and Lincoln Pierson (the latter from the firm Lord & Burnham) : 3 The LuEsther T  Mertz Library and Enid A  Haupt Conservatory were among the first structures at the NYBG to open  The Library was built between 1897 and 1900,: 4  and the Conservatory was built around the same time, being completed in 1902 

Later operations
For over a century after its opening, the NYBG refused to charge admission  Because of this, as well as insufficient government and private funding, its budget deficit started to increase in the 1950s  After the city cut the NYBG's budget in 1970, the garden was forced to remain closed for 3 to 4 days a week, and officials worried that this could eventually lead to permanent closure  In 1974, for the first time in the botanical garden's history, officials had to annually petition New York State Legislature for funds  That year, the NYBG announced a major renovation to the conservatory and the addition of a building dedicated to displaying plants in different habitats  The next year, budget cuts related to the 1975 New York City fiscal crisis resulted in the NYBG being closed on weekdays for the first time in its history In 1988, the NYBG announced a renovation of its museum building, including the addition of a new annex, which was supposed to open in 1991  By the early 1990s, the NYBG facilities were neglected  The garden did not have enough space in its parking lots to accommodate all its visitors, turning away potential guests  Many areas were neglected, except for the 40 acres (16 ha) surrounding the conservatory, and a wetland had even been created unintentionally due to a broken sewer  A controversy arose in 1994 when the adjacent Fordham University proposed building a 480-foot-tall (150 m) radio tower for its radio station WFUV directly across from the Haupt Conservatory  The dispute continued until 2002, after several years of failed resolutions, when Montefiore Medical Center offered to move WFUV's antenna to its own facilities By the mid-1990s, additions to the NYBG were being undertaken to reverse years of neglect  In 1994 the formerly free garden started charging an admission fee to fund these improvements as well as the continued maintenance of existing facilities  The Everett Children's Garden opened in mid-1998  By 2000, the NYBG had requested $300 million for renovations, including a new gift shop and renovation of the greenhouses and roads  A new visitor center and gift shop were announced the following year, which would replace temporary facilities built in 1990  The new main entrance, with a gift shop, bookstore, plaza, restrooms, cafe, and information kiosks, was completed in 2004 at a cost of $21 million  Meanwhile, the addition of the library annex was delayed to 1994, then to 2000  Construction on the annex started in 1998 and it opened in 2002 as the International Plant Science Center Through the next two decades, a number of projects were completed and programs were implemented  In 2004, the Leon Levy Visitor Center opened as the Botanical Garden's main entrance  It included the NYBG Shop and the Pine Tree Café  The following year, the Nolen Greenhouses for Living Collections opened with its publicly accessible Bourke-Sullivan Display House  Off-site, the institution opened The New York Botanical Garden Midtown Education Center in Manhattan in 2010  NYBG added a parking garage, the Peter J  Sharp Building, nearby in 2012, along with a Bedford Gate entrance to the Garden  NYBG restored its Lorillard Snuff Mill in 2010 and it was named the Lillian and Amy Goldman Stone Mill  NYBG's Humanities Research Institute, supported by The Andrew W  Mellon Foundation, was created in 2014 to stimulate public discourse about humankind's relationship with nature and the environment  NYBG opened an on-site restaurant, the Hudson Garden Grill, in 2015  It redesigned and reopened its East Gate entrance in 2017  The Edible Academy, an educational facility for teaching children, families, educators, and the general public about vegetable gardening, nutrition awareness, and environmental stewardship, opened in 2018  In February 2020, NYBG announced that it was partnering with Douglaston Development to create affordable apartments on the northwest edge of the garden 

Grounds
The different spaces
The Garden contains 50 different gardens and plant collections  There is a serene cascade waterfall, as well as wetlands and a 50-acre (20 ha) tract of original, never-logged, old-growth New York forest Garden highlights include the 1890s-vintage Haupt Conservatory, designed by Lord & Burnham; the Peggy Rockefeller Rose Garden, originally laid out by Beatrix Jones Farrand in 1916; an alpine rock garden, designed and installed by Thomas H  Everett in the 1930s; an Herb Garden, designed by Penelope Hobhouse; and a 37-acre (15 ha) conifer collection  The NYBG's extensive research facilities include a propagation center, 550,000-volume research library, and an herbarium of 7 2 to 7 8 million botanical specimens dating back more than three centuries, among the largest in the world At the heart of the Garden is the Thain Family Forest, an old-growth forest  It is the largest existing remnant of the original forest which covered all of New York City before the arrival of European settlers in the 17th century  The forest, which was never logged, contains oaks, American beeches, cherry, birch, tulip and white ash trees, some more than two centuries old The forest itself is split by the Bronx River, the only freshwater river in New York City, and this stretch of the river includes a riverine canyon and rapids  Along the shores sits the Stone Mill, previously known as the Lorillard Snuff Mill, built in 1840  Sculptor Charles Tefft created the Fountain of Life on the grounds in 1905 : 9 The Ladies' Border, originally commissioned by the Women's Auxiliary Committee in the 1920s, was designed by Ellen Shipman and installed between 1931 and 1933   In 2000, designer Lynden B  Miller created a new plan for the Ladies' Border  The Jane Watson Irwin Perennial Garden was designed in the 1970s by Dan Kiley and redefined by Miller in the 1980s and again in 2003 In addition to restoring or redesigning existing gardens and collections, such as the Ladies' Border (2002), the Benenson Ornamental Conifers (2004), the Peggy Rockefeller Rose Garden (2007), the Thain Family Forest (2011), and the Marjorie G  Rosen Seasonal Walk by Piet Oudolf (2014), The New York Botanical Garden added new gardens and collections to its grounds: the Home Gardening Center (2005), the Maureen K  Chilton Azalea Garden (2011) by landscape architect Shavaun Towers of Towers|Golde LLC, and Native Plant Garden (2013), by landscape architect Sheila Brady of Oehme, van Sweden 

Research laboratories
The Pfizer Plant Research Laboratory, built with funding from the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, New York State and New York City, and named for its largest private donor, is a major new research institution at the Garden that opened in 2006  The laboratory is a pure research institution, with projects more diverse than research in universities and pharmaceutical companies 
The laboratory's research emphasis is on plant genomics, the study of how genes function in plant development  One question scientists hope to answer is Darwin's "abominable mystery"; when, where, and why flowering plants emerged  The laboratory's research also furthers the discipline of molecular systematics, the study of DNA as evidence that can reveal the evolutionary history and relationships of plant species  Staff scientists also study plant use in immigrant communities in New York City and the genetic mechanisms by which neurotoxins are produced in some plants, work that may be related to nerve disease in humans 
A staff of 200 trains 42 doctoral students at a time  Since the 1890s, scientists from the NYBG have mounted about 2,000 exploratory missions worldwide to collect plants in the wild 
At the Pfizer Plant Research Laboratory, genomic DNA from many different species of plants is extracted to create a library of the DNA of the world's plants  This collection is stored in a 768-square-foot (71 3 m2) DNA storage room with 20 freezers housing millions of specimens, including rare, endangered or extinct species  To protect the collection during winter power outages, there is a backup 300-kilowatt electric generator 
The Alfred P  Sloan Foundation has granted the NYBG $572,000 to begin a project called TreeBOL, the Tree Barcode of Life  By sampling the DNA from all 100,000 different species of trees from around the world, TreeBOL will document the diversity of plant life, and advance the process of plant DNA barcoding 

LuEsther T  Mertz Library
Founded in 1899 and named after supporter LuEsther Mertz, the LuEsther T  Mertz Library is located in the northern section of NYBG  A 2002 New York Times article mentioned that the library had 775,000 items and 6 5 million plant specimens in its collection  However, a book published in 2014 by the NYBG mentioned that the library had "550,000 physical volumes and 1,800 journal titles"  As of 2016 the Mertz Library still contained one of the world's largest collections of botany-related texts  Stephen Sinon, who leads the NYBG's special collections, research and archives, called its collection "the largest of its kind in the world under one roof" The library is housed in what was formerly known as the NYBG's Museum Building or Administration Building  Construction started in 1897 and it was completed in 1900  The structure was designed by Robert W  Gibson in the Renaissance Revival style : 1

Enid A  Haupt Conservatory
The Enid A  Haupt Conservatory, named after Enid A  Haupt, is a greenhouse near the western end of the NYBG  The conservatory was designed by the major greenhouse company of the late 1890s, Lord and Burnham Co  The design was modeled after the Palm House at the Royal Botanic Garden and Joseph Paxton's Crystal Palace in Italian Renaissance style  Groundbreaking took place on January 3, 1899, and the conservatory was completed in 1902 at a cost of $177,000  The building was constructed by John R  Sheehan under contract for the New York City Department of Parks and Recreation  Since the original construction, major renovations took place in 1935, 1950, 1978, and 1993 The conservatory houses numerous tropical plants and flowers, cacti and other desert plants, and rainforest vegetation  In summer months, the two pools adjacent to the conservatory display many varieties of lotuses and water lilies 

William & Lynda Steere Herbarium
The William & Lynda Steere Herbarium, in the International Plant Science Center behind the library, is one of the largest herbaria in the world, with approximately 7 2 million to 7 8 million specimens  after the French National Museum of Natural History in Paris  Founded in 1891, the herbarium quickly became a repository for many important collections  In 1895 the garden incorporated the herbarium of Columbia College, an acquisition of approximately 600,000 specimens, including the private herbaria of John Torrey and C  F  Meisner  In 1945 the garden incorporated the herbaria of the Columbia College of Pharmacy and Princeton University   The herbarium is named after William Steere (son of William C  Steere) and his wife Lynda, who endowed the herbarium in 2002 The Index Herbariorum code assigned to this botanic garden is NY and it is used when citing housed specimens 

School of Professional Horticulture
In 1932, Thomas H  Everett expanded an existing training program into a robust curriculum for developing professional horticulturists   Patterned after diploma programs at the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew and the Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh, the School for Gardeners combined academic studies with hands-on practical experience in a two-year, full-time program  With the exception of a hiatus during and after the Second World War, the School has trained students since then  Now called the School of Professional Horticulture, this fully-accredited program continues to develop horticulturists of the highest caliber for positions in both public and private gardens  After successfully completing the program, students receive The New York Botanical Garden's Diploma in Horticulture 

Exhibitions
The New York Botanical Garden has mounted public exhibitions throughout its history  In 1992, NYBG began presenting what would eventually be called the Holiday Train Show, an annual exhibition of model trains running through a display of New York landmarks made of natural materials  In 2002, it introduced The Orchid Show, an annual exhibition of orchid displays and designed installations with changing themes  Beginning in 2007, the Garden added an annual fall exhibition of kiku, Japanese chrysanthemums trained to grow in modern and ancient forms The New York Botanical Garden has also presented large-scale, stand-alone exhibitions, including: Sculpture from the Museum of Modern Art at The New York Botanical Garden (2002), Chihuly at The New York Botanical Garden (2006), Darwin's Garden: An Evolutionary Adventure (2008), Moore in America: Monumental Sculpture at The New York Botanical Garden (2008–2009), Emily Dickinson's Garden: The Poetry of Flowers (2010), Spanish Paradise: Gardens of the Alhambra (2011), Monet's Garden (2012), Manolo Valdés: Monumental Sculpture (2012), Frida Kahlo: Art, Garden, Life (2015), Impressionism: American Gardens on Canvas (2016), CHIHULY (2017), Georgia O'Keeffe: Visions of Hawai'i (2018), Brazilian Modern: The Living Art of Roberto Burle Marx (2019), and KUSAMA: Cosmic Nature (2021) 

Executive leadership
Dr  Nathaniel Lord Britton (1891–1929)
Elmer D  Merrill (1930–1935)
Dr  Marshall A  Howe (1935–1936)
Dr  Henry A  Gleason (acting, 1937–1938)
Dr  William J  Robbins (1938–1958)
Dr  William C  Steere (1958–1972)
Dr  Howard S  Irwin (1973–1979)
James M  Hester (1980–1989)
Gregory Long (1989–2018)
Dr  Carrie Rebora Barratt (2018–2020)
Jennifer Bernstein (2021–Present)

Publications
The NYBG published The Garden Journal (ISSN 0016-4585) from 1977 to 1990 and from 1931 has produced the scientific journal, Brittonia 

Landmark status
The New York Botanical Garden was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1967  In addition, three structures are designated as individual New York City landmarks: the Enid A  Haupt Conservatory (designated in 1973),: 1  the LuEsther T  Mertz Library (2009),: 1  and the Lorillard Snuff Mill (1966, also separately on the National Register of Historic Places) 

See also
Education in New York City
List of herbaria in North America
List of botanical gardens and arboretums in New York
List of museums and cultural institutions in New York City
List of National Historic Landmarks in New York City
National Register of Historic Places listings in Bronx County, New York
Other botanical gardens in New York City
Brooklyn Botanic Garden
Queens Botanical Garden
Staten Island Botanical Garden
Passage 9:
ACS Macro Letters
ACS Macro Letters is a peer-reviewed scientific journal published by the American Chemical Society  As of 2017, ACS Macro Letters has the highest impact factor of any journal in the field of polymer science (6 131)  With the launch of ACS Macro Letters, all Communications to the Editor that were formerly published in Macromolecules will be published as Letters in ACS Macro Letters  Researchers are advised turn to ACS Macro Letters for reports of early, urgent results in polymer science and to Macromolecules for more detailed discussions of comprehensive research findings 

Scope
Examining both synthetic and naturally occurring polymers, ACS Macro Letters reports major advances in polymer synthesis, modification reactions, characteristics, theory, simulation, surface properties, and kinetics and mechanisms   The journal reports on all areas of soft matter science where macromolecules play a key role, including nanotechnology, self-assembly, supramolecular chemistry, biomaterials, energy, and sustainable materials 

Readership
ACS Macro Letters is intended for researchers in polymer science as well as materials science, nanotechnology, pharmaceuticals, and energy   The journal makes it possible for these researchers to stay abreast of the most urgent research results in polymer science and its related disciplines 

Types of Articles
ACS Macro Letters publishes peer-reviewed…

Letters: Short reports of original research focused on an individual finding of great significance to the field of polymer science 
Viewpoints: In-depth examinations and perspective on topics of current interest to researchers in the field 

Editor-in-Chief
Timothy P  Lodge served as the Founding Editor-in-Chief of ACS Macro Letters (2011–2017)  In 2018, Lodge was succeeded by Stuart J  Rowan, who was formerly the Deputy Editor 

Submissions
ACS Macro Letters enables researchers in the field to bring their important findings in polymer science and related disciplines to the attention of the global scientific community   Manuscripts are typically published within four to six weeks of manuscript submission   The journal encourages submissions and publishes Letters from around the world 

See also
Biomacromolecules
Macromolecules



ground_truth: 1909