prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: Broadbent Arena and Freedom Hall are landmarks of which U.S. city?

The following are given passages.
Context 1: Passage 1:
Louisville Thunder
Louisville Thunder was an indoor soccer club based in Louisville, Kentucky that was one of the founding clubs competing in the American Indoor Soccer Association  Peter Mahlock served as President and General Manager and Keith Tozer was the head coach   During the first season Tozer moved from just coaching to logging shifts as a player/coach   In their debut season of 1984–1985, goalkeeper Rick Schweizer won the 'Goalkeeper of the Year' award, and made it on to the All-Star team   The Louisville Thunder played its home games at the Broadbent Arena 
However, in 1987 after winning the AISA league championship over the Canton Invaders, the team disbanded due to ownership problems 
The team did produce several league all-stars during its existence including Rick Schweizer, Zoran Savic, Art Hughes and Chris Hellenkamp 

Coaches
Keith Tozer (1984–87)

Individual player honors
1984–1985 Rick Schweizer – Goalkeeper of the Year
1984–1985 All-Star TEAM Rick Schweizer & Art Hughes
1985–1986 Zoran Savic – Top Points Scorer (81)
1985–1986 All-Star TEAM Zoran Savic & Art Hughes
1986–1987 All-Star TEAM Zoran Savic, Art Hughes &  Chris Hellenkamp

Year-by-year
See also
Sports in Louisville, Kentucky
Passage 2:
Louisville Icehawks
The Louisville Icehawks were a professional ice hockey team competing in the East Coast Hockey League  The team, based in Louisville, Kentucky, played from 1990 to 1994  Their home venue was Broadbent Arena at the Kentucky Exposition Center  The mascot was called Tommy Hawk, a play on tomahawk, and resembled The San Diego Chicken, but with coloration and costume matching the team's  Tommy Hawk was "banned" from the inside portion of the arena for a period of time, due to an altercation with a visiting player who was in the penalty box  In the 1995–96 season, the team was renamed and moved to Florida to become the Jacksonville Lizard Kings 
For a period of time the Louisville Icehawk's parent team/NHL Affiliate were the Pittsburgh Penguins 
Trevor Buchanan was a player for the Icehawks that spent a great deal of time in the penalty box, thus spawning his own fan club 

Playoffs
1990–91: Defeated Knoxville 3–0 in quarterfinals; lost to Greensboro 4–0 in semifinals 
1991–92: Defeated Toledo 4–1 in first round; received quarterfinals bye; defeated Cincinnati 3–1 in semifinals; lost to Hampton Roads 4–0 in finals 
1992–93: Did not qualify 
1993–94: Defeated Knoxville 2–1 in first round; lost to Birmingham 3–0 in quarterfinals 

See also
Sports in Louisville, Kentucky
Passage 3:
Kentucky Athletic Hall of Fame
The Kentucky Athletic Hall of Fame is a sports hall of fame for the U S  state of Kentucky established in 1963  Individuals are inducted annually at a banquet in Louisville and receive a bronze plaque inside Louisville's Freedom Hall  The Kentucky Athletic Hall of Fame other wise known as the Kentucky Sports Hall of fame, is a non-profit organization funded by the Kentucky Lottery and owned and operated by the Louisville Sports Commission 

Notable Inductees
Honorees have included Louisville native Muhammad Ali  A three-time world champion and six-time Golden Glove recipient, he won a gold medal in the light heavyweight division at the 1960 Summer Olympics (at age eighteen) and turned professional later that year  Also included is American football player and coach Bo McMillin (who played for Centre College in Danville, Kentucky); and basketball player and coach Pat Riley, who played in college for the Kentucky Wildcats men's basketball team  While at the University of Kentucky, Riley managed to average a double double during his entire career there  He is also a ten-time NBA champion, winning one ring as a player with the Los Angeles Lakers and the rest as a coach and an owner in the NBA  Coach Riley was inducted into the Hall of Fame in 2005  Bob Baffert an American racehorse trainer who trained the 2015 Triple Crown winner American Pharoah and 2018 Triple Crown winner Justify  Baffert's horses have won a record seven Kentucky Derbies, seven Preakness Stakes, three Belmont Stakes, and three Kentucky Oaks  Most recently inducted  A more recent inductee Dwane Casey inducted in the 2021 class who is the head coach for the Detroit Pistons of the National Basketball Association  He is a former NCAA basketball player and coach, having played and coached there for over a decade before moving on to the NBA The 2013 class included people such as Jerry Carroll who was a golf professional, Donna Bender a student-athlete/athletic director at Sacred Heart Academy, University of Louisville basketball player Pervis Ellison, Calvin Borel who was a Kentucky horse racer, Pro football player for the Pittsburgh Steelers Dwayne D  Woodruff, and Tennis player Julie Ditty Inducted in the 2015 class were tennis player Mel Purcell,( he captured the 1980 NCAA doubles title with Rodney harmon and was named an all-American ) women's basketball coach Paul Sanderford, basketball player Sharon Garland, college basketball manager and King of the Bluegrass Men's Basketball Tournament founder and director Lloyd Gardner, Major League Baseball umpire Randy Marsh, track and field athlete Boyd Smith, and Lexington's Keeneland Race Course  Scott Davenport, the current men's basketball coach at Bellarmine University was also inducted 
The 2016 class included American football player Shaun Alexander, basketball player Darel Carrier, college basketball coach Scott Davenport, basketball player Kyra Elzy, high school basketball coach Philip Haywood, Kentucky Wesleyan basketball play-by-play announcer Joel Utley, and the Lakeside Swim Club  Kyra Elzy is a Kentucky native and currently holds the position as the University of Kentucky's Women's Basketball Head Coach  She also played basketball for the University of Tennessee and assisted for their team after her career 

Selection committee
The 2021 Selection Committee has the following members:
Jeff Bidwell, WPSD-TV
Drew Deener, ESPN Radio
Jody Demling, iHeart Media
Mike Fields, retired Lexington Herald Leader staff writer
Jason Frakes, Courier Journal
Kendrick Haskins, WAVE 3
Reina Kempt, Courier Journal
Zack Klemme, The Daily Independent
Mark Mathis, Owensboro Messenger-Inquirer
Marques Maybin, ESPN Radio
Brian Milam, WKYT-TV
Steve Moss, WKYT-TV
Kevin Patton, The Gleaner
Kent Spencer, WHAS-TV
Mark Story, Lexington Herald-Leader

Inductees
The Hall of fame has been honoring athletes for the past 58 years  These are some of the athletes inducted in the past 6 years  Here is the link to the full list of inductees 

2021
John Asher - Kentucky Derby ambassador  He is known as the voice and face of horseracing in Kentucky 
Dwane Casey - American Professional basketball coach who attended Union County High School in Morganfield, Kentucky and played four years at the University of Kentucky winning a National Championship in 1977-78  He began His coaching career at the Western Kentucky University before becoming the first African American assistant coach at The University of Kentucky, before moving to the NBA 
Romeo Crennel - American football coach  Before becoming a defensive coordinator, he was a star at Western Kentucky, where he was a four-year starter and a team captain as a senior in 1969  He then embarked on his coaching career that spanned six decades and included five Super Bowl rings as an assistant 
Rachel Komisarz Baugh - American swimmer, Olympic gold medalist, and former world record-holder  She swam at the University of Kentucky and became a seven-time All American swimmer and three-time SEC Champion by the end of her four years at the University 
Keith Madison - Head coach of the Kentucky Wildcats baseball team from 1979 to 2003  He remains the most winningest baseball coach in program history with 735 wins 
Elmore Smith - Former American professional basketball player  Played at Kentucky State University and went on to play in the NBA for the Buffalo Braves 

2020
Pete Browning - American professional baseball player that was a pioneer for the major league games, which included several seasons with the Louisville Colonels 
Anna May Hutchison- Louisville native, she played in the All-American Girls Professional Baseball League 
Clarence "Cave" Wilson- Basketball player  Wilson led the Horse Cave, KY, Colored School to 65 consecutive basketball victories in the 1940s  He was a forward and a point guard for the Harlem Globetrotters (1949-1964)

2019
Derek Anderson- American former professional basketball player  In 1996, Anderson helped the University of Kentucky win the NCAA Men's Basketball      Championship as part of a team that featured nine future NBA players under their coach Rick Pitino, known as the “untouchables”
Deion Branch- is a former American football player for the NFL  He played college football as a wide receiver at Louisville under coach John L  Smith  Branch was named the Most Valuable Player of Super Bowl XXXIX 
William Exum was the head of the Kentucky State University Physical Education Department and later head of the Athletics Department  He coached the KSU men's cross country team to an NCAA Division II championship in 1964  He was also the manager of the United States Track and Field teams at the 1972 and 1976 Olympics 
Ralph Hacker spent 34 years on the UK Radio Network  He served as the men's basketball analyst for many years with broadcaster Cawood Ledford
Willis Augustus Lee was a Kentucky native and a skilled sport shooter that won seven medals in the 1920 Olympics shooting events, including five gold medals  He was tied with teammate Lloyd Spooner for the most anyone had ever received in a single Olympics  Their record stood for 60 years 
Nate Northington- He was the first African-American to play in a college football SEC game with the Kentucky Wildcats 

2018
Bob Baffert
Sam Ball
Bob Beatty
Bernie Bickerstaff
Ken Ramsey
Nicky Hayden

2017
Mike Battaglia
Howard Beth
Rodger Bird
Rob Bromley
Swag Hartel
Kenny Klein
Dennis Lampley
Marion Miley

2016
Shaun Alexander
Darel Carrier
Scott Davenport
Kyra Elzy
Philip Haywood
Joel Utley
Lakeside Swim Club*Selection on hiatus 1965
**Selection on hiatus 1967-1974
**Selection on hiatus 1976-1984
Passage 4:
Freedom Hall
Freedom Hall is a multi-purpose arena in Louisville, Kentucky, on the grounds of the Kentucky Exposition Center, which is owned by the Commonwealth of Kentucky  It is best known for its use as a basketball arena, previously serving as the home of the University of Louisville Cardinals and, since November 2020, as the home of the Bellarmine University Knights  It has hosted Kiss, Chicago, AC/DC, WWE events, Mötley Crüe, Elvis Presley, The Doors, Janis Joplin, Creed, Led Zeppelin, Van Halen and many more  As well as the Louisville Cardinals men's basketball team from 1956 to 2010, the arena’s tenants included the Kentucky Colonels of the American Basketball Association from 1970 until the ABA-NBA merger in June 1976, and the Louisville Cardinals women's team from its inception in 1975 to 2010  The Kentucky Stickhorses of the North American Lacrosse League used Freedom Hall from 2011 until the team folded in 2013  From 2015 to 2019 it has hosted the VEX Robotics Competition World Championship Finals yearly in mid-April 
The arena lost its status as Kentuckiana's main indoor sporting and concert venue when the downtown KFC Yum! Center opened in 2010   It is still used regularly, however, hosting concerts, horse shows, conventions, and basketball games 

History
Freedom Hall was completed in 1956 in the newly opened Kentucky Fair and Exposition Center located 5 miles (8 0 km) south of Downtown Louisville  It received its name as the result of a statewide essay contest sponsored by the State Fair Board and the American Legion  Charlotte Owens, a senior at DuPont Manual High School, submitted the winning entry over 6,500 others  Designed for the nation's premier equestrian competition, the Kentucky State Fair World's Championship Horse Show, the floor length and permanent seating were designed specifically for the almost 300-foot (91 m)-long show ring (in comparison, a regulation hockey rink is 200 feet (61 m) long, and a basketball court is only 94 feet)  The North American International Livestock Exposition also is held there each November  Muhammad Ali fought his first professional fight at Freedom Hall when he won a six-round decision over Tunney Hunsaker  Freedom Hall was also one of the major stops on the Motortown (later MOTOWN) traveling music revue during the early and mid-1960s 
Grateful Dead played Freedom Hall 4 times including 6/18/74, 4/9/89, 6/15/93, and 6/16/93  6/18/74 was officially released as Road Trips Volume 2 Number 3 
Judgment Day (2000) was also held at the Freedom Hall  A collegiate wrestling tournament was held at the arena in 2019 
Freedom Hall has hosted campaign rallies for two U S  presidents: John F  Kennedy and Donald Trump 

Tenant history
The Kentucky Colonels fielded successful teams during their tenure at Freedom Hall, winning the American Basketball Association (ABA) Championship in the 1974–75 season and reaching the ABA Finals two other times  The 1970-71 team played in the ABA Championship Finals, losing to the Utah Stars in 7 games  The 1972-73 team advanced to the Finals again, losing to the Indiana Pacers in 7 games  The Colonels were disbanded when the ABA merged with the National Basketball Association in 1976  Hall of Fame players Dan Issel and Artis Gilmore played for the Colonels during their successful run  Hall of Fame Coach Hubie Brown coached the Colonels Championship team In 1984 the facility was refurbished, including lowering the floor to allow maximum capacity to increase from 16,664 to 18,865 for basketball  It was the full-time home of Cardinal men's basketball from the 1957–58 season to 2010, with the team winning 82% of home games in 50+ seasons  The University of Louisville was ranked in the Top 5 in attendance for the past 25 years, with 16 of the last 19 years averaging more than 100% of capacity 
In addition to being the home of the Cardinals, Freedom Hall has hosted NCAA tournament games ten times, including six Final Fours between 1958 and 1969  The arena has also hosted 11 conference tournaments, nine Metro Conference Tournaments and two Conference USA tournaments—2001 and 2003  It has also hosted the Kentucky Boys' High School State Basketball Tournament (also known as the Sweet 16) 23 times, including every year from 1965 to 1978  In 1984, the floor of the arena was lowered about 10 feet (3 0 m) to increase the capacity of the arena from 16,613 to its current figure  In the 1996–97 season Freedom Hall averaged an attendance of 19,590 surpassing arena capacity  Freedom Hall hosts the Championship tractor pull every February during the National Farm Machinery Show 
From 2001 to 2008, the arena football team Louisville Fire of the af2 played in Freedom Hall before ceasing operations 
On the lower level is the Kentucky Athletic Hall of Fame where an engraved bronze plaque honors each inductee The University of Louisville men's basketball team played their final game at Freedom Hall in front of a record crowd of 20,138 on March 6, 2010, against Syracuse University, the #1 ranked team in the nation  Louisville won in an upset 78–68 
The arena began to gain new tenants in 2012 with the addition of the Kentucky Stickhorses, and in 2013, with the addition of the Kentucky Xtreme  However, the Kentucky Stickhorses folded in 2014 after the lack of wins and the lack of attendance  The Kentucky Xtreme were suspended mid-season with other teams playing the remainder of their season  In 2020, the Bellarmine University Knights selected Freedom Hall as their home for men's and women's basketball 

Gallery
See also
List of events at Freedom Hall
KFC Yum! Center
Sports in Louisville, Kentucky
List of attractions and events in the Louisville metropolitan area
Passage 5:
Cleveland City Hall
Cleveland City Hall is the seat of government for the City of Cleveland, Ohio, and the home of Cleveland City Council and the office of the Mayor of Cleveland  It opened in 1916 and is located at 601 Lakeside Avenue in the Civic Center area of Downtown Cleveland  The building was the first of its kind designed by Cleveland architect J  Milton Dyer for governmental purposes for a major U S  city  At the time of its construction, City Hall was to continue the city planning of Daniel Burnham's 1903 Group Plan  City Hall stands as a historic landmark that was added to the Cleveland Landmarks Commission The rotunda in the building has been the site of numerous weddings, rallies, protests, and galas  The body of U S  Representative Louis Stokes lay in state in the rotunda for the public to pay their respects after his death in 2015 

Construction
The original design had been finalized by 1907 and features Neoclassical elements, but it would take nearly 10 more years before that design would be realized  By the time of its construction, Dyer had undertaken several important building commissions in the Cleveland area and was known for his ornate but refined style of architecture  The building cost $3 million in 1916 (equivalent to $81 million in 2022) and took nearly five years to complete with construction commencing in 1912  The building is located on the bluff that overlooks the North Coast Harbor district that abuts Lake Erie and the Port of Cleveland  
The Cleveland City Council Chambers underwent major renovations in 1951 and 1977  However, the outside of the building has remained largely unchanged since 1916, save for normal repairs, refittings and the usual upkeep of the superstructure  City Hall stands next to Willard Park and The Mall and is across the street from Public Hall 

Occupants
The following city agencies are in building:
Mayor's Office Subdivisions
Building and Housing
Civil Service Commission
Community Development
Community Relations
Finance
Law
Personnel and Human Resources
Public SafetyThe city of Cleveland has numerous other agencies and departments spread throughout downtown buildings, these include, Carl B  Stokes Public Works Building which is headquarters to Cleveland Division of Water, the Tower at Erieview, Cleveland Public Powerhouse and Public Hall, among others  As with other major U S  cities as the city expanded and diversified, the City Hall building could no longer house all of the needed departments 

See also
Downtown Cleveland
Civic Center (Cleveland)
Passage 6:
Louisville RiverFrogs
The Louisville RiverFrogs were a professional ice hockey team competing in the East Coast Hockey League (ECHL), which was a mid-level professional American hockey league with teams from all over the United States as well as one franchise from Canada  The team was based in Louisville, Kentucky and played from 1995 to 1998  Their home venue was Broadbent Arena (nicknamed "The Swamp" for their duration; capacity 6,600) at the Kentucky Exposition Center 
At the conclusion of the 1997–1998 season, the franchise was sold and moved to Florida to become the Miami Matadors for a year before moving to Ohio as the Cincinnati Cyclones in 2001  The Cyclones are still currently playing in the ECHL  They started out playing their games in Cincinnati Gardens, but they now play at the Heritage Bank Center  The Cyclones are also the minor league affiliate to the Rochester Americans of the American Hockey League (AHL), as well as the Buffalo Sabres of the National Hockey League (NHL) 
The team's mascot was Rowdy River Frog  The RiverFrogs games were locally known for the amount of non-hockey-related entertainment at shows, including a giant frog blimp, hot tubs, and concession booths 

See also
Sports in Louisville, Kentucky
Passage 7:
Louisville Fire
The Louisville Fire was an arena football team that played its home games at the Brown-Forman Field in Freedom Hall in Louisville, Kentucky  They were a 2001 expansion team of the af2   Their owner/operator was former Pro Bowl lineman and Louisville native Will Wolford  The team was somewhat successful  After a rocky first few seasons they finally found success in 2004 and then made it all the way to the Arena Cup in the 2005 season 
On December 19, 2001, Jeff Brohm was named the head coach of the Louisville Fire arena football team  The Fire started the 0–7 before they defeated the Carolina Rhinos 31–28 to improve to 1–7  The Fire would finish the season 2–14 In 2003, English was hired to replace Brohm as the head coach of the Louisville Fire af2 team  He was fired after just two games with a record of 2–2 In July 2007, it was announced that the team planned on selling portions of the team to local ownership (aka the NFL's Green Bay Packers) in an attempt to boost season ticket sales and then buy the shares back in time before the team joined the AFL In November 2008, the Louisville Fire ceased operations 

Award winners
2004 – Takua Furutani – International Player of the Year
2005 – Matthew Sauk – Offensive Player of the Year
2005 – Danny Kight – Kicker of the Year
2006 – Brett Dietz – Rookie of the Year
2006 – Rob Mager – Offensive Player of the Year
2008 – Elizabeth "Liz" Horrall – Miss Louisville Fire Football

Season-by-season
Coaching staff
See also
Sports in Louisville, Kentucky
Louisville Cardinals
Passage 8:
Broadbent Arena
Broadbent Arena is a 6,600 seat multi-purpose arena in Louisville, Kentucky  It was home to the Louisville Icehawks and Louisville RiverFrogs ECHL teams   The arena, along with Cardinal Stadium and Freedom Hall, is located on the grounds of the Kentucky Exposition Center in Louisville   The arena is used for equestrian events, and other fairground type activities  As of January 2021, the arena is being used as a major distribution site for COVID-19 vaccines 

See also
Sports in Louisville, Kentucky
Passage 9:
Freedom Hall Civic Center
Freedom Hall Civic Center is a multi-purpose arena in Johnson City, Tennessee Starting in 2014, it became the basketball venue for East Tennessee State University 

History
Freedom Hall Civic Center opened in 1974 on the Liberty Bell Complex next to Science Hill High School  The arena was built by the city of Johnson City to be used as an entertainment venue and additional space for the middle and high schools located on the property  Over the years the venue has been used for sporting events, theatrical productions, concerts, ice shows, and a rodeo venue 
Former and current entertainment include concerts from Van Halen, Bon Jovi, Eric Clapton, Def Leppard, Poison (band), Ozzy Osbourne, Mötley Crüe,  KISS, Bruce Springsteen, Third Day, For King & Country, Chicago, AC/DC, Lynyrd Skynyrd (original band), Metallica, Elvis Presley, Elton John, and Aerosmith  Entertainment from professional wrestling organizations Jim Crockett Promotions, WWE, Smoky Mountain Wrestling, and from the Ringling Bros  and Barnum & Bailey Circus 

See also
List of NCAA Division I basketball arenas
Passage 10:
Johnson City 2001
Johnson City 2001 is a complete concert album by Widespread Panic   The three disc set is the fifth release from the Widespread Panic archives   The performance was recorded live at Freedom Hall Civic Center in Johnson City, Tennessee on November 20, 2001  The multi-track recording featured all original band members including the late guitarist, Michael Houser 

Track listing
Disc 1
"L A " (Widespread Panic) - 4:45
"Wondering" (Widespread Panic) - 7:41
"It Ain't No Use" (Joseph "Zigaboo" Modeliste / Art Neville / Leo Nocentelli / George Porter Jr ) - 10:27
"Impossible" (Widespread Panic) - 5:04
"Worry" (Widespread Panic) - 7:16
"New Blue" (Widespread Panic) - 4:41
"Holden Oversoul" (Widespread Panic) - 8:03
"Stop-Go" (Widespread Panic) - 10:20
"Makes Sense To Me" (Daniel Hutchens) - 4:27

Disc 2
"Weak Brain, Narrow Mind" (Willie Dixon) - 9:13
"One Arm Steve" (Widespread Panic) - 4:04
"Old Neighborhood" (Widespread Panic) - 6:22
"Trouble" (Cat Stevens) - 2:57
"Love Tractor" (Widespread Panic) - 7:18
"Pigeons" (Widespread Panic) - 11:37
"Airplane" (Widespread Panic) - 14:06
"Drums" (Widespread Panic) - 16:27

Disc 3
"Drums and Bass" (Widespread Panic) - 7:41
"Astronomy Domine" (Syd Barrett) - 2:45
"Good Morning Little School Girl (Sonny Boy Williamson I)"- 8:16
"The Waker" (Widespread Panic) - 4:50
"She Caught the Katy (Taj Mahal / James Rachell)" - 4:21
"Gimme" (Widespread Panic) - 5:24
"Chunk of Coal" (Billy Joe Shaver) - 4:23

Personnel
Widespread Panic
John Bell - Vocals, Guitar
Michael Houser - Guitar, Vocals
Dave Schools - Bass, Vocals
Todd Nance - Drums
John "Jojo" Hermann - Keyboards, Vocals
Domingo "Sunny" Ortiz - Percussion

Production
Mixed by Chris Rabold and Drew Vandenberg at Chase Park Transduction in Athens, GA 
Recorded by Brad Blettenberg
Mastered by Drew Vandenberg at Chase Park Transduction Studios in Athens, GA 
Setlist by Garrie Vereen
Additional audience recordings provided by Charles Fox
Context 2: Passage 1:
Baraki Barak airstrike
The Baraki Barak airstrike was a coalition airstrike that occurred on August 26, 2011, in Eastern Afghanistan  Six Afghan civilians from the same family were killed in the air strike in the Baraki Barak district of Logar province, Afghanistan  Four insurgents and three Afghan army members were also killed Logar provincial police chief Ghulam Sakhi Rogh Lewani said the operation had targeted a Taliban commander, Qari Hijran, who had a bounty on his head  The top official in the district, Mohammad Rahim Amin, claimed that the incident occurred when a local teacher provided shelter for the commander in his home 
Passage 2:
Baraki Barak District
Baraki Barak District (Persian: ولسوالی برکی برک ; Pashto: برکي برک ولسوالۍ) is situated in the western part of Logar Province, Afghanistan  It borders Wardak Province to the west and northwest, Puli Alam District to the north and east and Kharwar and Charkh districts to the south  The district's population is around 101,000(2006) with a majority of over 90% Tajiks  The district center is the town of Baraki Barak - the former provincial capital, located in the northern part of the district in the valley of the Logar River  Baraki Rajan is another important town of this district which lies 4 km away from district center  The district is named after the historical Ormur tribe, also locally known as Baraki 

Politics and security
During the Soviet-Afghan War, the Soviet forces perpetrated the Baraki Barak massacre in September 1984 The Baraki Barak District Sub-Governor is Mohammad Rahim "Amin"   Mr  Rahim replaced Yasin Lodin in January 2010 Mr  Rahim called the first Shura for his newly elected District Community Council (DCC) in February 2010   The 45 member council consists of elected representatives from the five sub-districts of Baraki Barak, religious leaders and five female representatives   The DCC is sub-divided into three sectors: Security, Rule of Law and Development    The female representatives will serve in the Development Sector   According to the Afghanistan Social Outreach Program (ASOP), the community councils will also "strengthen security by fostering community solidarity, provide a forum for conflict resolution and provide quality assurance for sustainable development projects "
The 8 March marked the first time International Women's Day (IWD) was celebrated in Baraki Barak District   76 burqa clad women began arriving at the District Center as early as 08:30   General Khatol Mohammadzai was the keynote speaker at the ceremony and the only female General in the Afghan National Army (ANA)   General Mohammadzai is also the only woman to be airborne qualified with more than 500 free and competition parachute jumps   General Mohammadzai spoke about the equality of men and women and expressed her hope that other women might follow in her footsteps and also fight for Afghanistan's future by joining the ANA    The General is also an accomplished poet and has written poetry that proclaims the importance of women   General Mohammadzai's poems condemn discrimination and harsh treatment of women   Other speakers included Sub-Governor Rahim Amin and a female member of the Afghan Parliament – Dr  Shakila Hashimi   Upon completion of the ceremony General Khatol Mohammadzai assisted in distributing humanitarian assistance to every woman attending the ceremony 
On 27 October 2009 the Baraki Barak District Center officially opened  The district center houses offices for the district sub-governor, the local mayor and three judges who handle everything from land disputes to criminal issues On 22 November 2009 it was reported that several militants were detained in both the village of Kashimiri Bala and Ebrahim Kheyl in an attempt to locate a Taliban weapons facilitator actively operating in the area On 23 November 2009 it was reported that a government employee was abducted in the district According to some reports, as of 1 December 2009, insurgent activity has gone down as much as 80% since the summer of 2009 in the district capital although this could be attributed to the arrival of the winter months  The 2009 Afghan "surge" was stated to have created a security bubble for the district capital, covering about half of the district's population  However the increase in aid and US troops to the region has caused additional problems, as more civilians are targeted by the Taliban for co-operating with the government and foreign forces 
In 2008 the area experienced an influx of anti-government forces into the district  Around the beginning of 2009, no American troops were located in this district, a fact which has changed significantly as of the end of the same year as the new "Ink Spot" strategy was implemented in the area  As of 1 December 2009, at least 150 American troops from the 10th Mountain Division were located in the district, among others  Furthermore, attacks are down approximately 50% and thousands of refugees have begun to return to the area 

See also
Districts of Afghanistan
Passage 3:
Baraki Barak
Barakī Barak (Dari/Pashto/Ormuri: برکی برک) is a town and the center of Baraki Barak District, Logar Province, Afghanistan  It was also the former capital of Logar Province  The town is in a mountainous area in the valley of the Logar River  The main road Ghazni-Kabul passes about 20 km to the West of the town  The town is named after the historical Ormur tribe, also locally known as Baraki 

Ethnography
Baraki Barak has historically been home to the Ormur tribe, also known as "Burki" or "Baraki", and to other Pashtuns and Tajiks  The town is named after the Baraki people, some of whom still speak the Ormuri (Baraki) language; they live to the northwest and west of the town, and also inside the town 

See also
Kaniguram
Baraki Rajan
Passage 4:
Lunda Norte Province
Lunda Norte (English: North Lunda) is a province of Angola  It has an area of 103,760 km² and a population of 862,566  Angola's first President, Agostino Neto, made Lucapa the provincial capital after independence, but the capital was later moved to Dundo  The province borders the Democratic Republic of Congo in the northeast and Lunda Sul in the south  The province is rich in gold and diamonds, but remains vastly underdeveloped and impoverished  UNITA used the money generated from the sale of diamonds to fund war efforts  Cuango River valley, the richest diamond area of Angola is located in the province  Mining is done by notable companies like DeBeers and Endiama  The Lunda province whose capital was Saurimo was created by the Portuguese colonial empire on July 13, 1895  It was divided into Lunda-Sul and Lunda-Norte subdivisions through a constitution act in 1978 by the People's Movement for the Liberation of Angola (MPLA) government  Iron and manganese mining are also important economic activities  It is well known for its sculptures  The most notable one is The Thinker (O Pensador), a sculpture of a man holding his head  It is rich in terms of flora and fauna Lunda Norte is populated by Chokwe, Lunda, and other ethnical groups  Ernesto Muangala is the current governor of the province  Lino dos Santos, Deolinda Odia Paulo Satula Vilarinho and Ângêlica Nené Curita Ihungo are the deputy governors for Technical and Infrastructure Services, Economic Sector Area and Political and Social Sector Area respectively  An ethnographic museum located in the province is visited by many tourists  During the Angolan Civil War (1975-2002) many civilians were killed in the clashes between National Union for the Total Independence of Angola (UNITA) and Angolan Armed Forces (FAA)  Diamond mining operations were also affected  Many landmines laid during the civil war are still present in the province  Leprosy and Elephantiasis are major disease which affect the province 

Municipalities
The province of Lunda Norte contains ten municipalities (Portuguese: municípios):

Capenda-Camulemba (Capemba-Camulemba)
Cambulo (Caumbo)
Caungula
Chitato (Tchitato)
Cuango
Cuilo
Lóvua
Lubalo
Lucapa
Shah-Muteba

Communes
The province of Lunda Norte contains the following communes (Portuguese: comunas); sorted by their respective municipalities:

Capemba-Camulemba Municipality: – Capenda-Camulemba, Xinge
Cambulo Municipality: – Cachimo, Cambulo, Canzar, Luia
Caungula Municipality: – Camaxilo, Caungula
Chitato Municipality: – Dundo-Chitato, Luachimo
Cuango Municipality: – Cuango, Luremo
Cuilo Municipality: – Caluango, Cuilo
Lóvua Municipality: – Lóvua
Lubalo Municipality: – Luangue, Lubalo, Muvulege (Muvuluege)
Lucapa Municipality: – Camissombo, Capaia, Lucapa, Xa–Cassau (Shah-Cassau)
Xá-Muteba Municipality: –  Cassanje-Calucala, Iongo, Xá-Muteba (Shah-Muteba)

List of governors of Lunda Norte
Up to 1991, the official name was Provincial Commissioner 
Passage 5:
Mahsud
The Mahsud or Mehsood (Pashto: محسود), also spelled Maseed (Pashto: ماسيد), is a Karlani Pashtun tribe inhabiting mostly the South Waziristan Agency in the former Federally Administered Tribal Areas (FATA) of Pakistan, now merged within Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province of Pakistan A minor number of Maseed  are settled in the Logar Province of Afghanistan, especially in Charkh District, Baraki barak and Muhammad Agha, but also in Wardak, Ghazni and Kunduz Provinces 
The Maseeds inhabit the center and north of South Waziristan valley, surrounded on three sides by the Darweshkhel Wazirs, and being shut off by the Bettanis Pashtun tribe on the east from the Derajat and Bannu districts 
Two Pashtun tribes, the Ahmadzai Wazirs and the Maseeds (Mahsuds), inhabit and dominate South Waziristan  Within the heart of Maseed territory in South Waziristan lies the influential Ormur (Burki) tribe's stronghold of Kaniguram The Ormurs are considered by other tribes of South Waziristan to be close brethren of the Maseeds due to marital and other ties and the fact that the Ormurs have lived in and controlled Kaniguram for over a thousand years  There are also some Maseeds living in the UAE, Germany and the United Kingdom 
The Maseeds  usually pronounce their name Māsīd  They are divided into three great clans or subtribes, namely Alizai, Bahlolzai, and Shamankhel   Maseeds usually call these Drei Māsīd, meaning the "Three Maseeds"  Each tribe has his own Khan In the words of Sir Olaf Caroe, who acted as the former governor of the British Indian Frontier, "The Maseed tribe are a people who can never even think of submitting to a foreign power "  From 1860 to 1937, the English forces repeatedly attacked Maseed positions, but never got a foothold in the area 

History
The Maseeds  originally lived in the centre of Waziristan  area of FATA  In the later 14th century, they migrated eastwards, and fell into dispute with the Bannuchi and Khattak tribes settled in the Shawal area  The Maseeds and the Wazirs succeeded in defeating the Khattaks and pushed them northeastwards towards Bannu and Kohat  Eventually, the Mahsuds settled at the center of Waziristan, in the Makeen, Kaniguram and Lada area During the British colonial period, the Maseeds were invaded several times by the British Empire, in 1860, 1881, 1894–95, 1900–01, 1919–20 and in 1925's Pink's War 

Primary locations
The Maseed tribe inhabits a large portion of the center of Waziristan, which is drained by the Tank Zam and Shahur Rivers  The Maseed territory is a rough triangle between Jandola, the hills north of Razmak, and from Shuidar to Janimela, north of Wana  No portion of their territory touches the "settled" districts, and the tribe is surrounded on the north and west by the Wazirs, on the east by the Bhittanis, and on the south by the Wazirs and Shranis 
With the exception of a few Shabi Khel in the Bannu District, some land near Gumal in the Tank Tehsil, and the colonies at Chark and elsewhere in the Logar Valley in Afghanistan, none of the Maseed own land outside of South Waziristan Agency  To escape the severe cold in the higher hills during the winter, a large number move down to the lower valleys but always keep within the Maseed territorial limits  Many of these people live in caves or tents 
"South Waziristan is mountainous with several high peaks; Pirghal, for example, being 11,600 feet  The Gomal is the main river, in addition to which there are many hill torrents, which…remain dry for most of the year "
The mountains and valleys geographically isolate the Maseed from large scale movements of invaders and provide excellent opportunities to conduct effective ambushes on enemies 
The cave villages along the Shahur River near Barwand and along the Split Toi provide excellent hiding places and defensive positions 

Culture
It is a tribal society having its own subculture  Nearly all Mehsud  follow Islamic traditions, celebrate the same holidays, dress the same, consume the same food, listen to the same music and are multi-lingual to a certain extent  In the southern and eastern region,  Mehsuds live in accordance with the Pashtun culture and are usually bilingual in maseedwola  also known as maseedo 

Migratory patterns
Many Maseed inhabit in the lower valleys during the winter  They return to family compounds at higher elevations during the summer 

Key terrain features
Valleys: Makeen, Wacha Khwara, Ladha, Baddar, Darra Algad, Khaisara, Mastang, Shaktu, Sheranna, Split Toi, Tak Zam
Plains: Razmak Malik Allah Neer:velleys Kotkai
Mountains: Kundeygaar, Pre Ghal, Spin Ghar, Spinkamar
Rivers: Tak Zam, Gomal, Shahur, Shinkai Toi, Baddar Toi, Split Toi, Lower Khaisara Toi, Tauda China, Kundygar, Osspass, Karrama, Torwam, Thangi Parkhai

Climate
The climate in the region is hot in summer, with high temperatures around 110 degrees Fahrenheit, and cool in winter, with low temperatures around 35 degrees Fahrenheit  There is modest rainfall in July and August and in January and February 

Recent history
On many occasions the Afghan throne was saved with the help of the Maseed (like general Ramzan Khan Maseed Shamankhel, Shabaram Khan Machikhel, Bakhan Maseed, Mosa Khan Maseed, Miajee Maseed, Jagar Maseed etc ), Burki/Baraki, and Wazirs from Waziristan, Pakistan  Of those who fought during this time, most came back to their homeland, but those who stayed were given high ranks of office, such as Faiz Muhammad Maseed, who was appointed as an interior minister during the Reign of Daud Khan in the 1970s 
Today the majority of Maseeds are still in Logar Province, with the title of Waziri, but by caste, they are Maseeds  The majority of these are with a sub-caste of Malik Denai, Dramankel, Faridi, Shamirai شمیرائی, Shabi khel, etc  When the Soviet–Afghan War started, some of these families came back to Waziristan but could not stay there, so they moved to cities like Peshawar and Karachi  Some of them stayed in Waziristan and D I  Khan  The Maseed helped in  defeating the British invading troops and saved Afghanistan, they contributed a lot because Afghanistan was nearly in the hands of British 

John Ayde described the Maseeds:
They are poor but brave… and although turbulent and difficult to deal with, still have a great love of their country and cherish their independence, possessing qualities that we admire ourselves, and which deserve consideration and respect 
Maseed are very good marksmen and have the reputation of trustworthiness  Maseed is the most independent of all the tribes  Even their own maliks have a very limited control over them  However, Maseed have been increasingly integrated within Pakistani society since independence 

Sir Olaf Caroe in his book published just after partition of the British India about Mahsuds

They hold aloof, and are continually engaged in aggressive warfare against their Wazir cousins, at whose expense they have encroached to acquire new lands  And to those who know both tribes, they present a different appearance  Pass along a road which is being used by babirs, or caravans, of these tribes- men, and it is not so hard to distinguish one from the other, not by his dress, for that is much the same, but by something indefinable in his air and carriage  The nearest I can get to it is to liken the Mahsud to a wolf, the Wazir to a panther  Both are splendid creatures; the panther is slier, sleeker and has more grace, the wolf-pack is more purposeful, more united and more dangerous 

The Saintly Poet of the East (Dr  Allama Iqbal) has  also prayed for the dominant tribes of Waziristan

Sher Shah Suri has so well said:
The distinction of tribes is the cause of all ruin 
Waziris and Mahsuds are names dearest to heart;
Alas! They feel no pride in being Afghans 
The Muslims of the mountains are divided into thousand tribes,
And every tribe has its own idol 
The same sanctuary is filled with Lat and Manat;
May God grant you power to break them all 
                                                         Zarb-e-Kaleem (Iqbal)

In 1850, Lewat's tribesmen the Great Baromi's (Shabi Khel) defeated 3,000 British troops with only 300 fighters, using guerrilla tactics by attacking the British in the Valley of Bobar (Waziristan) from all sides with outdated rifles and swords  This attack demoralized the British and made them fearful of the Maseeds  Survivors of this attack reported that the sight of the Maseed tribesmen charging at them (with loud roars and wearing long hair and beards like Lions) affected them mentally In 1860, three thousand Maseed tribesmen attacked the British regiment base in Tank (present South Waziristan)  The British struggled to defeat them In 1897, Mujahed tribesmen again stood up against the British all the way from Quetta kakar, and the British experienced difficulty when engaging them  It was during this time that the name of Mulla Powinda [Jagar Draman Khil][Miajee] [Laly Malik Denai] [Mulla ShaSaleem kaka] emerged  Powindah comes from the Pashto language, meaning "nomad" 
Day after day, Mulla Powinda grew more popular and famous  His right hand mulla Shasaleem Kaka Machikhel was popular among Wazirs and Maseed tribe  He emerged as a legendary figure among the people of the region and beyond  There was even a time the British considered him to be the sole leader of the Waziristan country  His followers would sporadically kill individual British officers   However, the British were not able to capture the attackers, who would return to their mountain hideouts  All attempts to stop these attacks were unsuccessful In 1907, the Wazir and Maseed tribesmen were blocked from entry into any government-controlled territory  Economic sanctions were imposed, blocking even basic amenities, such as food and medicine  The British commander of that time blockaded the areas of Makeen and Kaniguram  Various areas were searched to arrest Mulla Powinda without success  The British thought that the tribesmen were receiving weapons by sea, from the coast of Balochistan and responded by creating check posts, but no weapons were confiscated 
Mulla Powindah died in 1913  It could be said that he was the crownless emperor of one of the most fearsome of the Pashtun Tribes, the Maseeds  Upon his death, his son Shah Fazal Din was given leadership and his son-in-law, Mulla Abdul Hakeem Kakar, was appointed his adviser  They have good relations with Amir Abdul Rahman Khan, the Amir of Afghanistan When World War I started in 1915, the British were concerned that they would be engaged in battle on more than one front  This was a threat to their safety and economy, so they decided to close those fronts of lesser significance  They abandoned their ‘Forward Policy’ for the time being and sent a message of friendship and peace to the tribes  The tribes did not trust the British and rejected these peace proposals  Instead, the Maseed assembled a militia to attack the British 
By this time, the British had established an air force in the subcontinent, which was used to harass the tribesmen, and as a result the tribe's hatred of the British increased  As a result of their suffering, they were bent upon taking revenge, and hence their morale increased  A series of attacks were made by the Maseeds, inflicting heavy losses on the enemy  The attack on the Marhatta Regiment resulted in the deaths of hundreds of sepoys and five British Officers  In the attack on the Punjab Regiment, the Maseed warriors slaughtered everyone  The aerial bombardments had inflicted significant losses on the tribesmen, but they were content that they were also doing well and had killed around 250 of the enemy forces 
After the end of World War I, the British returned to Waziristan  This time, they built roads and forts throughout the land  The sophistication and constant patrols of the British Air Force helped create a secure atmosphere for their ground troops  With this sense of security, the British Army constructed a road from Jandola to Ladha  At Razmak, they constructed a cantonment for their army officers and soldiers 
By 1922–23, all the British forces had moved from Wana to Razmak  They had constructed an airport there and instead of flying all the way from India, their aircraft would fly from Razmak Airport and bomb the countryside  Because of this, the countryside of Makeen was totally devastated  The Maseed deemed it appropriate at this time to agree to a ceasefire because this new British tactic was inflicting widespread losses on their side  The ceasefire, they imagined, would also enable them to devise a strategy for countering the latest British advances 
In 1925, the Royal Air Force successfully put down a Maseed rebellion by strafing the tribes' mountain strongholds   The action, which came to be known as Pink's War led to the tribal leaders seeking peace terms In 1927 Ghazi Ramadan Khan Mahsud attacked Wana camp with a huge lashkar (tribal militia)   The result was a big loss for the British army  In 1928 Ghazi Ramadan Khan Mahsud  re-assembled his lashkar again for his next attack, on Sararogha Fort  This time he attacked with a powerful force, killed all of the defending soldiers (numbering 300) and took hold of the Fort 

Lashkar invasion of Kashmir
Immediately after Pakistan came into existence, Maseeds raised a tribal militia under Gaideen Khan Abdullai which entered Kashmir to help the newly created state Pakistan to capture Kashmir  They quickly reached Baramulla town, instead of pressing on to the capital, Srinagar, to seize Kashmir completely A large number of tribals from Pakistan attacked Kashmir under the code name "Operation Gulmarg" to seize Kashmir  The invading tribals started moving along Rawalpindi-Murree-Muzaffarabad-Baramulla Road on 22 October 1947 with Muzaffarabad fell on 24 October 1947  They reached and captured Baramulla on 25 October 1947 

Culture
Pir Roshan is the first person who founded the Pashto alphabet  He was born in Kanygram of Waziristan  The Roshani Ghorzang was one of the great revolutions in the land of Pshtonkhwa  Mula Shasleem kaka, Mula Pawenda Maseed and Haji Mirza Ali Khan Fight several years for the unity of both side Pashtons 

Jarga
Maseed have a Maseed Jarga for large problems  The Jarga is a tribal assembly of elders which takes decisions by consensus, particularly among the Pashtun people 

Music and Attan
Attan, is the famous dance of Maseed tribe  Dhol is also widely used in Waziristan 

Mehsud Sub-tribes
Like other Pashtun tribes, the Mehsud tribe also has its own individual subtribes and clans:

Shaman Khel
Alizai
BahlolzaiThese subtribes are then divided into more clans amongst themselves 

Notable Mahsuds
Abdullah Mehsud
Alamzaib Mahsud
Baitullah Mehsud
Hakimullah Mehsud
Jamal Malyar Maseed
Kamal Mahsud
Manzoor Pashteen
Mulla Powinda
Naqeebullah Mehsud
Noor Wali Mehsud
Said Alam Mahsud
Salahuddin Khan Mehsud
Zaman Mehsud

See also
Pashtun culture#Mahsud Attan (dance)
Pashtun Tahafuz Movement
Passage 6:
Kathiawar Agency
The Kathiawar Agency, on the Kathiawar peninsula in the western part of the Indian subcontinent, was a political unit of some 200 small princely states under the suzerainty of the Bombay Presidency of British India The agency's headquarters were at Rajkot, the town where the Political Agent used to reside  He reported to the Political Department office at Bombay, Bombay Presidency 

History
The agency was formed in 1822, after the princely states in the area became British protectorates 
The region was severely affected by the famine of 1899–1900  Between 1891 and 1901, the population of the states covered by the Agency decreased by 15 per cent, largely due to the results of the famine On 10 October 1924, the agency was abolished and merged into the Western India States Agency, which had three subdivisions:
Eastern Kathiawar Agency (from 1926 onwards)
Western Kathiawar Agency (from 1926 onwards)
Sabar Kantha Agency (merged with Eastern Kathiawar Agency on 1 September 1943) including Banas Kantha Agency (former Palanpur Agency)

Princely states
There were altogether 193 states of varying size and importance, of which fourteen exercised independent jurisdiction, while the rest were to varying degrees under British administration  The eight states of the first class were Bhavnagar State, Dhrangadhra State, Gondal State, Jafarabad State, Junagadh State, Morvi State, Nawanagar State, and Porbandar State  The agency covered an area of 20,882 square miles (54,080 km2), and in 1901 the population was 2,329,196  The headquarters of the political agent (who oversaw the affairs of the princely states on behalf of the Governor-General) was at Rajkot, in the centre of the peninsula; this was also the site of the Rajkumar College, Rajkot, where many of the sons of the rulers were educated  There was a similar school for girasias, or chiefs of lower rank, at Gondal 
The estimated gross revenue of the several states was 1,278,000 rupees in 1911; total tribute (payable to the British, the Gaekwar of Baroda and the nawab of Junagadh), was 70,000 rupees   An excellent system of metre-gauge railways was built at the cost of the leading states  Maritime trade was also very active, the chief ports being Porbandar, Mangrol and Veraval  In 1903–1904 the total seaborne exports were valued at 1,300,000 rupees, and the imports at 1,120,000 

See also
Western India States Agency
Passage 7:
Baraki Rajan
Baraki Rajan (Dari/Pashtun: برکی راجان) is a town within the Baraki Barak District of Logar Province, Afghanistan  Baraki Rajan lies approximately 3 km south of the town of Baraki Barak, the capital of the Baraki Barak District  Baraki Rajan is the location of the largest bazaar in the Baraki Barak District, with over 1,200 shops and businesses, with a 50+ bed hospital near the town center, making Baraki Rajan an important center for commerce within the District 
The population of mainly Tajiks  and Pashtuns is estimated at 15,000 people  The town is named after the historical Ormur tribe, also locally known as Baraki 

History
Baraki Rajan experienced some of the heaviest clashes between the Soviet forces and Afghan Mujaheddin fighters throughout the Soviet–Afghan War  Baraki Rajan based Mujaheddin would launch attacks on Soviet convoys traveling on the nearby Kabul-Gardez and Kabul-Kandahar highways, which would result in harsh reprisals from the Soviet military  Throughout the Soviet–Afghan War, the area remained an active battle ground between the Mujaheddin and the Soviet military and the Soviet-backed military of the Democratic Republic of Afghanistan 
According to a report by a Swedish committee in July 1982, in a massive operation by Soviet forces in Baraki Rajan, numerous war crimes were committed  In a three-day-long operation, villages were bombed, shops burnt and hundreds of people, including 208 resistance fighters and 25 children, were killed  Following this operation, Soviet-backed government control was never restored, not only in Baraki Rajan but the entire Baraki Barak District Various Mujahideen groups were active in the area with Jamiat-e Islami being the most prominent and influential in the District 

Economy
The economy of Baraki Rajan, much like the rest of Baraki Barak district is heavily dependent on agriculture  Farmers grow wheat, grains, fruits and vegetables, utilizing deep-well and canal-flood irrigation techniques  Animal husbandry is another prominent source of income for individuals in the district, who raise sheep, cattle and goats  The town center has many businesses which support the local populace, including a large textile bazaar, bakeries, groceries, mechanic shops, electronic stores, hardware stores and medical and dental facilities 

Current security situation
Baraki Rajan sits on a faultline between ethnic Tajiks and Pashtuns  There are also political factions active in the area, notably Jamiat-e-Islami and Hizb-e-Islami, with histories of mutual antagonism dating back to the Afghan civil war of the early 1990s 
Local criminal gangs have also used the instability to align themselves with the Taliban  As government power in Baraki Rejan failed late 2008, Taliban-allied men from the Pashtun village of Shahmazar to the South of Baraki Rajan began preying on the area  "They walked around with weapons robbing the people," said one, who blamed Shahmazar gunmen for the attack
As a major center of commerce and culture within the Baraki Barak district, ISAF and Afghan forces stationed in nearby Baraki Barak since late 2008 have made Baraki Rajan a major focus of their counter-insurgency efforts, and Baraki Rajan has seen an increased security element stationed in Afghan National Army and Afghan National P
Passage 8:
Logar Province
Logar (Dari: لوگر, lit  'greater mountain'; Pashto: لوې غر) is one of the 34 provinces of Afghanistan located in the eastern section of the country  It is divided into 7 districts and contains hundreds of villages  Ahmadzai Pashtuns are influential in this region  Puli Alam is the capital of the province  As of 2021, Logar has a population of approximately 442,037  It is a multi-ethnic tribal society consisting of Pashtuns and Tajiks, with a 60% Pashtun majority The Logar River enters the province through the west and leaves to the north 

History
Pre Islamic era
A 2,600-year-old Zoroastrian fire temple was found at Mes Aynak (about 25 miles or 40  kilometers southeast of Kabul)  Several Buddhist stupas and more than 1,000 statues were also found  Smelting workshops, miners’ quarters (even then the site's copper was well known), a mint, two small forts, a citadel, and a stockpile of Kushan, Sassanian and Indo-Parthian coins were also found at the site 

Recent history
During the Soviet–Afghan War, Logar was known among some Afghans as the Bab al-Jihad (Gates of Jihad) because it became a fierce theatre of war between US-backed/trained mujahideen groups and the Soviet-backed Afghan government troops  Ahmadzai Pashtuns is dominant in this region  Haji Shuja, Haji Zareen and Haji Bahadur were the prominent traders and chieftains in the region before the soviet invasion of Afghanistan  It was one of the main supply routes of mujahideen rebels coming from Pakistan  Like other parts of the country, Logar has also seen heavy fighting since the Soviets started a crackdown against the elders of the Ahmadzai tribe during the 1980s   Swedish journalist Borge Almqvist, who visited the province in 1982, wrote that: "Everywhere in the Logar province the most common sight except for ruins are graves"  Soviet operations included using bombing, the use of flammable liquids to burn alive people in hiding, poisoning of drinking water, and destruction of crops and farmland  One writer who witnessed the events argues that the Soviet actions in Logar amounted to genocide By 1995, the province had fallen to the Taliban government  After the removal of the Taliban and the formation of the Karzai administration in late 2001, the International Security Assistance Force (ISAF) and Afghan National Security Forces (ANSF) gradually took over security of the area  The Provincial Reconstruction Team Logar (PRT Logar) was established in March 2008  It provided several benefits to the locals, including security, development, and jobs 
In the meantime, Taliban insurgents are often causing major disturbances in the area  This includes major attacks on key projects, suicide bombings in civilian areas, and assassinations of Afghan government employees  On 19 August 2014, a major Taliban offensive took place with 700 militants aiming to take control of the province, while the NATO-led foreign force mistakenly killed three civilians in an airstrike in December 2014 On 20 January 2019, the Taliban claimed responsibility for a car bomb attack on the province's governor and his convoy, which killed eight security forces and wounded at least 10 on the highway to Kabul  The governor and the provincial head of the National Directorate of Security were uninjured On 14 August 2021, the Taliban offensive reached Puli Alam (the province capital), and the province of Logar fell to the Taliban, setting their sights to Kabul the following day 

Geography
Logar can be generally described as a relatively flat river valley in the north and central regions, surrounded by rugged mountains to the east, south, and southwest  The district of Azra, in the east, consists almost entirely of mountains, while travel to the Paktia Province to the south is limited to the Tera Pass, a 2896 m high road that was recently completed as part of the international reconstruction effort in Afghanistan  The Kabul-Khost Highway runs north–south through Logar Province, from the Mohammed Agha District 
The government of Afghanistan officially recognizes all the districts of the Logar province as part of the province 

Capital city
Puli Alam is the capital city of Logar province, located in the district of Puli Alam  It's on the main road running south and southeast from Kabul to Khost 
Rebuilding of the city is going on  There is a lot of room for infrastructure and investment 
Puli Alam has seen reconstruction since the fall of the Taliban  The main road to Kabul was completed in 2006, significantly reducing travel time to the national capital  Additional projects include numerous schools, radio stations, government facilities, and a major Afghan National Police base situated south of the city 
The city is open for investment 
Like many Afghan cities, there is municipal planning and services 
During the tenure of President Ashraf Ghani the city gained electricity, clean drinking and water facilities 

Economics
Logar is an agricultural province with a wealth of minerals such as copper and chromite  In terms of industry, the province has one textile and one copper factory  Agriculture, commerce and services, and livestock products account for the majority of commercial operations  Agriculture is a significant source of income for 31% of households  However, commerce and services provide income to 30% of rural households, while non-farm-related labor provides income to 46% of rural households  Tobacco and sugar extract are the two most important industrial crops  The main industry is honey production, which is a small industry  Jewelry, ceramics, and carpets are made in a small number of settlements  Eighty-four percent of the province's households have access to irrigated land  Wheat, maize, potatoes, alfalfa, clover, and other feed are among the most significant field crops  Sheep, cattle, camels, and poultry are the most frequent livestock 

Healthcare
The percentage of households without clean drinking water fell from 45% in 2005 to 14% in 2011   
The percentage of births attended to by a skilled birth attendant increased from 9% in 2005 to 73% in 2011 In 2008, the province of Logar has 32 health clinics and a 137-bed hospital  According to data from 2008, the Ministry of Health employs 48 doctors and 218 other health professionals in the province  There are 156 pharmacies in the province  The majority of villages do not have a permanent health worker  To access their nearest health center, the majority of the populace must travel 5 to 10 kilometers 

Education
The overall literacy rate (6+ years of age) increased from 21% in 2005 to 30% in 2011   
The overall net enrolment rate (6–13 years of age) increased from 22% in 2005 to 45% in 2011 The overall literacy rate in Logar province was 21% in 2005 however, while nearly one-third (31%) of men are literate this is true for just under one-tenth (9%) of women  There are around 168 primary and secondary schools in the province catering for 81,538 students  There are nearly 2,082 teachers working in schools in the Logar province  There are several girls schools in the province, mostly located in Koshi and Pul-e-alam  Due to the large Taliban presence in Chark and Baraki Barak, the freedom of women in Logar does not always allow for an education  As of 2007, the province had a literacy rate of 17% There are 19 religious centers including a Dar-ul-Ulum, three Darul Hifaz and the rest are Madrasas Three technical and vocational high schools and two private high schools function in Logar Province 

Demographics
As of 2021, the total population of Logar province is about 442,037  Logar is dominantly Sunni, multi-ethnic and a tribal society  Pashtuns and Tajiks  make up the majority population of Logar province, while minority 7 2 percent of the population lived below the national poverty line, the lowest of all of Afghanistan's provinces In 2008, the population of Logar was estimated to be at 349,000 people  The province has 44,209 households, with an average of eight individuals per home  Rural districts are home to 72 percent of the population  Farsi/Dari is spoken by two-thirds of villages and 60% of the population, whereas Pashto is spoken by one-third of villages and 40% of the people  Kochi people(nomads) live in the province of Logar, and their numbers fluctuate with the seasons  In the winter, 96,280 people, or 4% of the Kochi people population, stay in Logar and live in 29 settlements  During the summer, the Kochi people population swells to 208,339, making Logar the province with the second-highest number of Kochi people after Kabul province 

Districts
Until 2005 the district was administratively subdivided into five districts  In that year the province gained Azra District from neighboring Paktia Province; also part of Charkh District was split off into the new district of Kharwar 

Sport
Cricket is the most popular sport in the province  Logar has been a major supplier of players for the Afghanistan national cricket team  Former players include Dawlat Ahmadzai, Ahmad Shah Pakteen and former national team captain Raees Ahmadzai  Among the active national players hailing from Logar are: Mohammad Nabi (captain of the national team), Shahpoor Zadran, Hashmatullah Shahidi, Nasir Jamal Ahmadzai and Gulbadin Naib Ahmadzai 
Football is the second most popular sport in the province  De Abasin Sape (meaning "Waves of Abasin") plays in the Afghanistan Premier League  Abasin means "father of the rivers" in Pashto and refers to the Indus River  The team represents the provinces of Khost, Paktia, Logar, and Paktika 
Other popular sports are volleyball, boxing, taekwondo, Washoe, kick boxing and wrestling 

See also
Provinces of Afghanistan
Mes Aynak – the world's second largest copper deposit
Passage 9:
Forward Operating Base Shank
Forward Operating Base Shank (IATA: OAA, ICAO: OASH, also known as Rocket City) is a former Forward operating base of the U S  military, located in Logar Province of eastern Afghanistan, about 12 km south-east of the city of Baraki Barak   During Operation Enduring freedom, FOB Shank was one of the most heavily rocketed forward operating bases in Afghanistan   In 2014, the base was turned over to Afghan National Army, who established Camp Maiwand at the northern end of the FOB   American forces later returned and reoccupied the southern portion of the FOB, under the name Camp Dahlke 

History
In 2008 FOB Shank was built by Alpha Company of the 508th Special Troops Batalion of the 82nd Airborne Division with assistance from the 555th Engineer Battalion  The FOB was dedicated after SSG Michael A  Shank, an who was killed in the Logar Province in 2006  International Security Assistance Force (ISAF) used the base to train the Afghan National Police (ANP)   The Police Academy, led by a U S  Police Mentoring Training team, cooperated daily with the Czech Provincial Reconstruction Team Logar, composed of 200 Czech Soldiers and about 10 civilians 
These efforts were focused on training the Afghanistan National Auxiliary Police to become members of the ANP 
As of 8 July 2008, Czech and Afghan instructors were teaching the fourth group of cadets at the Academy  Each group attended a three-week cycle which included first-aid treatment, tactics, patrolling, weapons training, vehicle-check-point procedures and many other police-related subjects  The practical part of the training also included scenarios where cadets were ambushed by simulated oppositional forces During 2014 the base was downsized partly by 252 Engineer Company, 133rd Engineer Battalion and was turned over to the ANA   The ANA utilized the northern portion of the base only, which they renamed Camp Maiwand The last few convoys containing equipment from FOB Shank back to Bagram Airbase were completed during October 2014 by the 730th Transportation Company, 419th Combat Sustainment Support Battalion, 4th Resolute Support Sustainment Brigade Following the shutdown of FOB Shank, a new American base was established at the southern end of the perimeter, called FOB Dahlke or Camp Dahlke   Camp Dahlke was expanded in 2018 to support the deployment of the 1st Security Force Assistance Brigade  Camp Dahlke had facilities to house 800 soldiers 

Deployed units
Aviation

October 2008-October 2009
101st Airborne
October 2009–October 2010
3rd Infantry Division 4-3 AVN Battalion "BRAWLER" under Lt  Col Ault
December 2008-December 2009
710BSB 3RD IBCT 10th MTN2010–2010 10th Mountain

April 2011
10th Combat Aviation Brigade
Company F, 2nd Battalion (Aviation Support)
August 2011–August 2012
82nd Combat Aviation Brigade (TF Corsair)
Unknown Company, 3rd Battalion
All Companies, 2nd Battalion, 82nd Aviation Regiment (UH-60M)
Company B, 3rd Battalion, 82nd Aviation Regiment (CH-47F)
Company B, 2nd Battalion, 135th Aviation Regiment (CH-47)
Company F, 1st Attack Battalion, 1st Air Combat Brigade, 227th Aviation Regiment, 1st Cavalry Division (Gray Eagle) (3/2012 - 03/2013) – first unit to operate Gray Eagle at Shank  This company was deployed as a standalone company and attached to the 82nd Airborne Division upon arrival to Shank  After TF Corsair left, F 227 was attached to the incoming unit until its tour of duty was completed 
Elements of 122nd Aviation Support Battalion
June – December 2013
10th Combat Aviation Brigade (TF Knighthawk)
Headquarters and Headquarters Company, 2nd Assault Battalion, 10th Aviation Regiment
Company C, 2nd Assault Battalion, 10th Aviation Regiment (UH-60M)
Company E, 2nd Assault Battalion, 10th Aviation Regiment (Aviation Support)
Company A, 2nd Assault Battalion, 10th Aviation Regiment (AH-64)
Company B, 3rd General Support Aviation Battalion, 10th Aviation Regiment (CH-47F)
Company C, 3rd General Support Aviation Battalion, 10th Aviation Regiment (HH-60M)
December 2013–August 2014Taskforce Wings
4-101 Aviation Regiment

Taskforce Lift
Company C (DUSTOFF), 7-101 General Support Aviation Battalion, 159th Combat Aviation Brigade, 101 Airborne Division
6-101 Aviation Battalion, 159th Combat Aviation Brigade, 101 Airborne Division
2014
82nd Combat Aviation Brigade (TF Pegasus)Company E, 1st Attack Reconnaissance Battalion, 82nd Aviation Regiment (UH-60)
Company F, 2nd Attack Helicopter Battalion, 82nd Aviation Regiment
Company B, 3rd General Support Helicopter Battalion, 82nd Aviation Regiment using the Boeing CH-47F Chinook
Company B, 122nd Aviation Support Battalion
October 2014
Company B, 1st General Support Aviation Battalion, 169th Aviation Regiment (CH-47)
May 2016 – Unknown
40th Combat Aviation BrigadeCompany C, 1st Battalion, 104th Aviation Regiment (DUSTOFF)
Company F, 2nd Battalion, 238th Aviation Regiment (UH-60)
Company B, 1st Battalion, 140th Aviation Regiment
1st Battalion, 10th Aviation Regiment (AH-64)
2018
101st Combat Aviation Brigade (TF Eagle Assault)
5th Battalion, 101st Aviation Regiment (CH-47, UH-60, AH-64E)
Company B, 3rd General Support Battalion, 25th Aviation Regiment (CH47F)
2019
1st Armored Division, Combat Aviation Brigade (TF Apocalypse)
3rd Battalion (UH-60)
16th Combat Aviation Brigade, B Company (CH-47) "Sugarbears"
1st Combat Aviation Brigade, 1-1 Attack Battalion, Bravo Company (AH-64E) "Wolf Pack" "LUOFY"
2-10 Combat Aviation Brigade, 10th Mountain DivisionGround forces

A, B and C Companies, 710th Brigade Support Battalion, 3rd Brigade Combat Team, 10th Mountain Division between December 2008 and 2009 and December 2009 
Alpha Battery, 4th Battalion, 319th Airborne Field Artillery Regiment, 173rd Airborne Brigade Combat Team during July 2012 
M777 howitzer
M119 howitzer
A Co, 1st Battalion – 41st Infantry Regiment, 3rd Infantry Brigade Combat Team, 1st Armored Division during 2011–2012 
3rd Infantry Brigade Combat Team, 1st Armored Division from Fort Bliss, Tx, from 2011–2012 
628th Forward Surgical Team, from San Antonio, Tx, 2011–2012
Elements of 427th BSB (NY ARNG) attached to 401st AFSB during 2011–2012
1st Squadron (Airborne) 91st Cavalry, 173rd Airborne Brigade Combat Team, June 2012–March 2013 
102nd Sapper Company, 307th Engineer Battalion, June 2012- March 2013
6th Squadron, 8th Cavalry Regiment, 4th Infantry Brigade Combat Team, 3rd Infantry Division, March 2013–November 2013 
Bravo Company “Mongoose Bravo” 1st Battalion, 5th Cavalry Regiment, 2nd Brigade Combat Team, August 2013–March 2014
710th Brigade Support Battalion and 2nd Battalion, 87th Infantry Regiment, 3rd Brigade Combat Team, 10th Mountain Division between October 2013 and July 2014
388th Clearance Company, January 2014–October 2014 
B CO, 1st Battalion – 502nd Infantry Regiment, 2nd Brigade Combat Team, 101st Airborne (Air Assault) Division during January 2014–October 2014 
2nd Squadron 3rd Cavalry Regiment between June 2014 to October 2014 
1982nd Forward Surgical Team during 2015 
Alpha Battery 1st Battalion 265th ADA Regiment; 164th ADA Brigade Florida Army National Guard, June 2015–February 2016 ADA
207th Engineer Construction Company, Over The Horizon, 2017
136th Combat Sustainment Support Battalion during October 2017 
2-174 ADA C-RAM (Ohio National Guard) 2017–2018
659th Engineer Construction Company, Over The Horizon, 2017–2018
2nd Squadron 1st Cavalry Regiment, Fort Carson 2018–2019
Elements of 495th Combat Sustainment Support Battalion 2018–2019 
3rd Platoon, Alpha Company, 1-38 Infantry Battalion, 1st SBCT, 4th ID  2018–2019
Elements of the 329th Combat Sustainment Support Battalion, TF Viking 2019–2020
801st Engineering Company, Over The Horizon, 2019
829 Engineering Company, TF Over The Horizon, 2020
Bravo and Delta Co and Headquarters Elements of the 1st Battalion 178 Infantry Regiment (Illinois National Guard) TF Southeast, September 2019–January 2020 
Elements of Bravo Company and HHC 1st Battalion 508th Parachute Infantry Regiment, 3BCT, 82ND ABN DIV (TF FURY), October 2019–January 2020
10th Mountain 1-32 Infantry

See also
List of ISAF installations in Afghanistan
Passage 10:
Camptown (country subdivision)
A camptown, in the country of Lesotho, refers to a district capital for one of the ten districts of Lesotho  The largest camptown is the city of Maseru in Maseru District  Camptowns are usually commerce hubs for the district and are the location for the central government offices for the district  Camptowns usually take the same name as the district in which they are located  For example, as mentioned the camptown for Maseru is Maseru but also the camptown for Thaba-Tseka District is Thaba-Tseka  The exceptions to this rule are Berea District whose capital is called Teyateyaneng, Quthing District whose capital is called Moyeni and Leribe District whose capital is most often called Hlotse 
It presumably derives from the 19th century police camps, then (now archaic) in Sesotho likampo  Official colonial government terminology was government reserve, which prosaically became urban area post-independence 



ground_truth: Louisville

prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: Baraki Barak District is situated in the western part of a province whose capital is what?

The following are given passages.
Context 4: Passage 1:
August Hirt
August Hirt (28 April 1898 – 2 June 1945) was an anatomist with Swiss and German nationality who served as a chairman at the Reich University in Strasbourg during World War II  He performed experiments with mustard gas on inmates at the Natzweiler-Struthof concentration camp and played a lead role in the murders of 86 people at Natzweiler-Struthof for the Jewish skull collection  The skeletons of his victims were meant to become specimens at the Institute of anatomy in Strasbourg, but completion of the project was stopped by the progress of the war  He was an SS-Hauptsturmführer (captain) and in 1944, an SS-Sturmbannführer (major) 

World War I, post-war education and joining the Nazi party
Hirt was the son of a Swiss business man  In 1914, he volunteered, while still a high school student, to fight in World War I on the German side  In October 1916, he was wounded in the upper jaw by a bullet  He received the Iron Cross and returned to Mannheim in 1917  He studied medicine at Heidelberg University  In 1921, he gained German citizenship  In 1922, Hirt obtained his doctorate in medicine with "Der Grenzstrang des Sympathicus bei einigen Sauriern" (English: The Ganglions in the Sympathetic Nervous System of Some Lizards)  He then worked at the Anatomical Institute in Heidelberg and in 1925 he was authorized to teach thanks to a thesis on nerve cells  In 1930 he became professor at Heidelberg University 
In September 1932, Hirt joined the Militant League for German Culture  On 1 April 1933, he joined the Schutzstaffel (SS-Nr  100 414), and was promoted to Hauptsturmführer (captain) on 1 July 1937, but he was only a member of the Nazi Party from 1 May 1937, when he enrolled in the universities of the Reich (Mitgliedsnr  4012784)  From 1 March 1942, he was a member of the personal staff of the RuSHA, the organisation in charge of "racial and ideological purity" of the members of the SS  He attained the rank of Sturmbannführer (major) in 1944 
Hirt was married and had a son and a daughter 

World War II
From 1 April 1936 Hirt was associate director of the Institute of  anatomy at University of Greifswald  On 1 October 1938, he obtained the same post at Goethe University  At the beginning of the Second World War he was an SS medical chief (from August 1939 to April 1941)  During this time the Battle of France took place, resulting in the fall of France and its occupation by German forces, and Hirt participated in the battle  He then became director of the new Institute of anatomy at the Reichsuniversität Straßburg 

Jewish skeleton collection
The Ahnenerbe under the Third Reich was a society that organised "medical experiments" on prisoners  Hirt conceived and directed one called the Jewish skeleton collection, which was begun but not completed as intended  He also performed experiments on cadavers and collected human skulls  He was appointed director since 1941 of the Institute of Anatomy in Strasbourg  He wanted to create a collection of skulls of "Judeo-Bolsheviks", as part of his research on race  According to him, the Jewish race was on the point of extinction and he wished to gather a collection of them while there was still time  Hirt sent his project to Heinrich Himmler  Hirt wrote of this project: "There are important collections of skulls of nearly all the races and peoples  Except for the Jews, of which science has so few skulls, so it is not possible to draw any meaningful inferences  The war in the East gives us the opportunity to fill the gap  We have the opportunity to acquire a tangible scientific document by procuring the skulls of Jewish-Bolsheviks who embody the disgusting but characteristic subhuman ": 882 Hirt conceived the project to go beyond a collection of skulls, to a collection of Jewish skeletons and so presented his research plan to Himmler  He approved the project so that Hirt could begin his "medical experiments " Working with the Ahnenerbe division, Wolfram Sievers, Bruno Beger, Hans Fleischhacker and Hirt together collected people from among the Auschwitz inmates in order to create an anatomical specimen collection specifically of Jews  Hirt proposed to use the small-scale gas chamber at Natzweiler-Struthof to murder the people selected, keeping their corpses intact, and then have their corpses shipped immediately to the Anatomical Institute in Strasbourg for the casts and skeletons he wanted for this collection : 882 Hirt directed that 115 persons be selected for measurements: 79 Jewish men, 30 Jewish women, 2 Poles, and 4 "Asians" : 882  They were selected among the inmates in August 1943 at Auschwitz by his assistants, the anthropologists Bruno Beger and Hans Fleischhacker  The group was quarantined to protect them from a typhus epidemic in the camp  Measurements were taken of the selected inmates at Auschwitz  Of those initially selected, it is believed that 89 persons (60 men and 29 women) were sent to Natzweiler-Struthof  Three men died en route, leaving 86 people 

Natzweiler-Struthof camp
These 86 people were sent to Natzweiler-Struthof concentration camp on 30 July 1943  They were fed reasonably well to improve their appearance for the body casts  They were divided into four groups and successively gassed by Josef Kramer, on 11, 13, 17, and 19 August 1943  Their bodies were returned to Hirt at the anatomical laboratory of the Reich University in Strasbourg for preparation as an anthropological display, taking body casts and preparing the skeletons In September 1944, the rapid approach of the Allies led to the project being abandoned and Himmler ordered the destruction of all traces of this compromising collection : 883  That order was not completed, nor had the casts been taken or the skeletons been prepared  The Allies found corpses and partial remains preserved in formalin for eighty-six bodies upon the liberation of Strasbourg : 884  The corpses were buried 23 October 1945 in the municipal cemetery of Strasbourg-Robertsau before being transferred in 1951 to the Jewish cemetery of Strasbourg-Cronenbourg  The names of the victims were not known, and the purpose for their presence at the Anatomical Institute were not known  Some information was learned in post-war trials as to the project proposed by Hirt 
August Hirt fled Strasbourg in September 1944, hiding in Tübingen in southern Germany across the river from Alsace 

Death
Hirt committed suicide on 2 June 1945, aged 47, at Schluchsee, Baden-Württemberg, in the Black Forest  His suicide was not known when he was tried in absentia at the Military War Crimes Trial at Metz on 23 December 1953 for his war crimes  His death was finally confirmed in the mid-1960s when the Israeli secret service had his body exhumed, and an Israeli pathologist conclusively identified the bones Some records prepared for his trial are in possession of the US National Archives, including the list of identification numbers tattooed on the prisoners at Auschwitz and "Photocopies of certificates of proof of ancestry, in connection with research on prisoners in the Konzentrationslager Natzweiler,    Feb  9-Nov  3, 1942  Partial copies of slips for the admittance of prisoners into the Konzentrationslager Natzweiler, medical examinations on prisoners, and a death certificate, Dec  9, 1942-Aug  9, 1944  Feb  9, 1942-Aug  9, 1944" 

Posthumous
In the book, Die Namen der Nummern (The Names of the Numbers, 2004, ISBN 978-3455094640), Hans-Joachim Lang describes this mass murder  He also recounts how he was able to determine the identities of 86 victims, 60 years after they were murdered  In November 2005, the remains of some of these victims were buried in the Jewish cemetery of Cronenbourg on the outskirts of Strasbourg, in the same area where bodies of other victims were buried in 1951, names unknown  On 11 December 2005, a memorial engraved with the names of the 86 victims was placed there  In addition, a memorial plaque honoring the victims was placed outside the Anatomy Institute at Strasbourg's University Hospital  In 2015, a researcher, Raphael Toledano, identified tissue samples of victims in test tubes and a jar in the Strasbourg Medical Institute's closed collection  This followed his discovery of a 1952 letter from the then-director of the Institute, Camille Simonin, about the experiments directed by Hirt  On 6 September 2015, these remains were buried in the Cronenbourg Cemetery 

See also
Block 10
Anton Dilger
Eduard Pernkopf
Hermann Stieve
Passage 2:
BAFTA Rising Star Award
The British Academy of Film and Television Arts (BAFTA) Rising Star Award, currently styled as the EE Rising Star Award for commercial reasons and previously known as the Orange Rising Star Award, is an award that acknowledges new talents in the acting industry  The award was created after Mary Selway's death in 2004  She has been recognised for her successful role as a casting director and has helped many new actors and actresses to their claim to fame  The five nominees are chosen regardless of gender, nationality and whether they have made a breakthrough in television, film or both  Despite the nominees being chosen by the BAFTA juries, the winner is chosen entirely by public votes via text, internet or phone  This award was sponsored by Orange UK until 2012 and has been sponsored by EE since 2013  The first winner was James McAvoy in 2006  Eva Green, Shia LaBeouf and Kristen Stewart have been the only non-British winners  The current holder of the award is Emma Mackey, who won in 2023 

Winners and nominees
2000s
2010s
2020s
Notes
Passage 3:
Jolyon James
Jolyon James is an Australian-born actor, writer and visual artist who creates work predominantly for young people  In 2018 he wrote directed and designed the Helpmann Award winning 'Robot Song' for Arena Theatre Company, the premiere work produced by the company after its relocation to regional Victoria  
Other recent works by Jolyon include Trapper and A Cautionary Tales for Children starring Virginia Gay  As a visual artist Jolyon has exhibited regularly in Victoria and was a finalist in the National Photographic Portrait Prize in 2012  He performed the role of the Moonshadow in Cat Stevens's musical of the same name which is played in Melbourne’s Princess Theatre for 12 weeks from 31 May 2012 

Early life
James was born in Western Australia in a remote country town  He studied at the Western Australian Academy of Performing Arts (WAAPA), graduating in 1997  He performed the role of Jean Prouvaire, and understudied and performed the role of Enjolras in the 1999 Australian tour of Les Misérables and appeared on numerous Australian TV shows before moving to the UK in 2002 to broaden his horizons 

Acting career
After graduating from WAAPA, James guest starred in Australian television shows Water Rats, Blue Heelers and The Secret Life of Us, as well as a role in the TV movie Never Tell Me Never  James secured the major role of Police Officer Con Stavros in the 2000 TV series Above the Law  In 2001 James starred as Sky in the Melbourne run of Mamma Mia! James directed the play This is Our Youth in Melbourne in 2002 and Perth in January 2003  After moving to London, James played a supporting role in the UK TV series Mad About Alice, and in 2005 appeared briefly in the Hollywood film The Wedding Date, playing Debra Messing's character's ex-boyfriend "Woody" 
Back in Australia, James appeared on TV screens again in shows such as Headland, City Homicide, Rush and Offspring, as well as playing Schuurman in the 2008 TV movie Krakatoa  He is a Director and member of the creative team behind Doorstep Ensemble, a theatre company which seeks to give up and coming community theatre performers a foot in the door to the professional industry, and he has both appeared in and directed a number of their productions  In 2011 James was both a tutor and mentor with Showfit, a 12-month course focused on developing performers’ skills and confidence and eventually showcasing them to industry professionals In 2012 James appeared in the title role of Moonshadow, a musical by Cat Stevens which premiered in Melbourne at the Princess Theatre, and performed the role of Indian John in Eddie Perfect's Shane Warne the Musical the following year James has been in two Stephen Sondheim musicals  He first appeared in the 1998 Melbourne cast of Into the Woods as Rapunzel's Prince, and then in the 2014 Melbourne cast of Passion as Major Rizzolli 

Photography
James is also a photographic artist and is involved in a long term collaboration with Raphael Ruz entitled BILLIEJEANISNOTMYLOVER  They are based in Melbourne 
James also creates animation and video content for theatre productions and music video clips including the single "Magnet" by Kate Ceberano  He is a writer, director and producer and is currently the Artistic Associate for the Arena Theatre Company 
Passage 4:
Cat Stevens
Yusuf Islam (born Steven Demetre Georgiou; 21 July 1948), commonly known by his stage names Cat Stevens, Yusuf, and Yusuf / Cat Stevens,  is a British singer-songwriter and musician  To date, he has sold over 100 million records and has over 2 billion streams  His musical style consists of folk, pop, rock, and, later in his career, Islamic music  Following two decades in which he only performed music which met strict religious standards, he returned to making secular music in 2006  He was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 2014 His 1967 debut album and its title song "Matthew and Son" both reached top ten in the UK charts  Stevens' albums Tea for the Tillerman (1970) and Teaser and the Firecat (1971) were certified triple platinum in the US   His 1972 album Catch Bull at Four went to No 1 on the Billboard 200 and spent weeks at the top of several other major charts  He earned ASCAP songwriting awards in 2005 and 2006 for "The First Cut Is the Deepest", which has been a hit for four artists  His other hit songs include "Father and Son", "Wild World", "Moonshadow", "Peace Train", and "Morning Has Broken" 
Stevens converted to Islam in December 1977, and adopted the name Yusuf Islam the following year  In 1979, he auctioned all of his guitars for charity, and left his musical career to devote himself to educational and philanthropic causes in the Muslim community  He has since bought back at least one of these guitars as a result of the efforts of his son Yoriyos  He was embroiled in a long-running controversy regarding comments he made in 1989, about the death fatwa placed on author Salman Rushdie in response to the publication of Rushdie's novel The Satanic Verses  He has explained the incident stating: "I was cleverly framed by certain questions  I never supported the fatwa " He has received two honorary doctorates and awards for promoting peace as well as other humanitarian awards 
In 2006, he returned to pop music by releasing his first new studio album of new pop songs in 28 years, entitled An Other Cup  With that release and subsequent ones, he dropped the surname "Islam" from the album cover art – using the stage name Yusuf as a mononym  In 2009, he released the album Roadsinger and, in 2014, he released the album Tell 'Em I'm Gone and began his first US tour since 1978   His second North American tour since his resurgence, featuring 12 shows in intimate venues, ran from 12 September to 7 October 2016  In 2017, he released the album The Laughing Apple, now using the stage name Yusuf / Cat Stevens, using the Cat Stevens name for the first time in 39 years  In September 2020, he released Tea for the Tillerman 2, a reimagining of his classic album Tea for the Tillerman to celebrate its 50th anniversary, and in June 2023, King of a Land, a new studio album 

Life and career
Early life (1948–1965)
Steven Demetre Georgiou, born on 21 July 1948 in the Marylebone area of London, was the youngest child of a Cypriot father, Stavros Georgiou (1900–1978), and a Swedish mother, Ingrid Wickman (1915–1989)   He has an older sister, Anita (b  1937), and a brother, David Gordon  The family lived above the Moulin Rouge, a restaurant his parents operated on the north end of Shaftesbury Avenue, a short walk from Piccadilly Circus in the Soho theatre district of London  All family members worked in the restaurant  His parents divorced when he was about eight years old but continued to maintain the family restaurant and live above it  Stevens has a half-brother, George Georgiou, born in Greece, presumably from his father's first marriage in Greece Although his father was Greek Orthodox and his mother was a Baptist, Georgiou was sent to St Joseph Roman Catholic Primary School, Macklin Street, which was closer to his father's business on Drury Lane  Georgiou developed an interest in piano at a young age, eventually using the family baby grand piano to work out the chords, since no one else there played well enough to teach him  At 15, inspired by the popularity of the Beatles, he became interested in the guitar  He persuaded his father to pay £8 (equivalent to £200 in 2021) for his first guitar, and he began playing it and writing songs  He occasionally escaped his family responsibilities by going to the rooftop above their home and listening to the tunes of the musicals drifting from around the corner on Denmark Street, then the centre of the British music industry  Stevens said that West Side Story particularly affected him and gave him a "different view of life"  With interests in both art and music, he and his mother moved to Gävle, Sweden, where he attended primary school (Solängsskolan) and started developing his drawing skills after being influenced by his uncle Hugo Wickman, a painter  They subsequently returned to England He attended other local West End schools, where he says he was constantly in trouble and did poorly in everything but art  He was called 'the artist boy' and said, "I was beat up, but I was noticed"  He took a one-year course at Hammersmith School of Art, considering a career as a cartoonist  Though he enjoyed art (his later record albums featured his original artwork), he decided to pursue a musical career  He began performing under the name "Steve Adams" in 1965 while at Hammersmith  At that point, his goal was to become a songwriter  As well as the Beatles, other musicians who influenced him were the Kinks, Bob Dylan, Nina Simone, blues artists Lead Belly and Muddy Waters, Biff Rose (particularly Rose's first album), Leo Kottke and Paul Simon  He also sought to emulate composers of musicals, such as Ira Gershwin and Leonard Bernstein  In 1965, he signed a publishing deal with Ardmore & Beechwood and recorded several demos, including "The First Cut Is the Deepest" 

Musical career (1966–1978)
Early musical career
Georgiou began performing his songs in London coffee houses and pubs  At first he tried to form a band, but realised he preferred performing solo  Thinking his birth name might be difficult to remember, he chose the stage name Cat Stevens, partly because a girlfriend said he had eyes like a cat, but mainly because "I couldn't imagine anyone going to the record store and asking for 'that Steven Demetre Georgiou album'  And in England, and I was sure in America, they loved animals "In 1966, at age 18, he was heard by manager/producer Mike Hurst, formerly of British vocal group the Springfields  Hurst arranged for him to record a demo and helped him get a record deal  Stevens's first singles were hits: "I Love My Dog" reached number 28 on the UK Singles Chart; and "Matthew and Son", the title song from his debut album, reached number 2 in the UK  "I'm Gonna Get Me a Gun" was his second UK top 10 single, reaching number 6, and the album Matthew and Son reached number 7 on the UK Albums Chart Over the next two years, Stevens recorded and toured with an eclectic group of artists ranging from Jimi Hendrix to Engelbert Humperdinck  He was considered a fresh-faced teen star, placing several single releases in the British pop music charts  Some of that success was attributed to the pirate radio station Wonderful Radio London, which gained him fans by playing his records  In August 1967, he was one of several recording artists who had benefited from the station to broadcast messages during its final hour to mourn its closure His December 1967 album New Masters failed to chart in the United Kingdom  The album is now most notable for "The First Cut Is the Deepest", a song he sold for £30 (equivalent to £600 in 2021) to P  P  Arnold and which became a massive hit for her and an international hit for Keith Hampshire, Rod Stewart, James Morrison, and Sheryl Crow  Forty years after he recorded the first demo of the song, it earned him back-to-back ASCAP "Songwriter of the Year" awards, in 2005 and 2006 

Tuberculosis
Stevens contracted tuberculosis in 1969 and was close to death at the time of his admission to the King Edward VII Hospital, Midhurst, Sussex  He spent months recuperating in the hospital and a year of convalescence  During this time, Stevens began to question aspects of his life and spirituality  He later said, "To go from the show business environment and find you are in hospital, getting injections day in and day out, and people around you are dying, it certainly changes your perspective  I got down to thinking about myself  It seemed almost as if I had my eyes shut "He took up meditation, yoga, and metaphysics, read about other religions and became a vegetarian  As a result of his serious illness and long convalescence and as a part of his spiritual awakening and questioning, he wrote as many as 40 songs, many of which would appear on his albums in later years 

Changes in musical sound after illness
The lack of success of Stevens' second album mirrored a difference of personal tastes in musical direction  He felt a growing resentment of producer Mike Hurst's attempts to re-create the style of his debut album, with heavy-handed orchestration and over-production, rather than the folk rock sound Stevens was attempting to produce  He admits having purposely sabotaged his own contract with Hurst, by making outlandishly expensive orchestral demands and threatening legal action; this achieved his goal: to be released from his contract with Deram Records, a sub-label of Decca Records On regaining his health at home after his release from the hospital, Stevens recorded some of his newly written songs on his tape recorder and played his changing sound for several new record executives  He hired an agent, Barry Krost, who arranged an audition with Chris Blackwell of Island Records  Blackwell offered him a "chance to record [his songs] whenever and with whomever he liked and, more importantly to Cat, however he liked"  With Krost's recommendation, Stevens signed Paul Samwell-Smith, previously the bassist of the Yardbirds, as his new producer 

Height of popularity
Samwell-Smith paired Stevens with guitarist Alun Davies, who was at that time working as a session musician  Davies was the more experienced veteran of two albums that had already begun to explore the emerging genres of skiffle and folk rock music  Davies was also thought to be a perfect fit with Stevens, particularly for his "fingerwork" on the guitar, harmonising, and backing vocals  They originally met just to record Mona Bone Jakon, but soon developed a friendship  Davies, like Stevens, was a perfectionist, appearing at all sound checks to be sure that all the equipment and sound were prepared for each concert The first single released from Mona Bone Jakon was "Lady D'Arbanville", which Stevens wrote about his young American girlfriend Patti D'Arbanville  The record had a madrigal sound, unlike most music played on pop radio, with djembes and bass in addition to Stevens' and Davies' guitars  It reached number 8 in the UK and was the first of his hits to get real airplay in the US  The single sold over 1 million copies and earned him a gold record in 1971  Other songs written for D'Arbanville included "Maybe You're Right" and "Just Another Night"  "Pop Star", a song about his experience as a teen star, and "Katmandu", with Genesis frontman Peter Gabriel playing flute, were also featured  Mona Bone Jakon was an early example of the solo singer-songwriter album format that was becoming popular for other artists as well  Rolling Stone magazine compared its popularity with that of Elton John's Tumbleweed Connection, saying it was played "across the board, across radio formats" 
Mona Bone Jakon was the precursor of Stevens' international breakthrough album, Tea for the Tillerman, which became a Top 10 Billboard hit  Within six months of its release, it had sold over 500,000 copies, attaining gold record status in the United Kingdom and the United States  The combination of Stevens' new folk rock style and accessible lyrics, which spoke of everyday situations and problems, mixed with the beginning of spiritual questions about life, remained in his music from then on  The album features the Top 20 single "Wild World"; a parting song after D'Arbanville moved on  "Wild World" has been credited as the song that gave Tea for the Tillerman 'enough kick' to get it played on FM radio  The head of Island Records, Chris Blackwell, was quoted as calling it "the best album we've ever released"  Other album tracks include "Hard-Headed Woman", and "Father and Son" – sung by Stevens in baritone and tenor, portraying the struggle between fathers and sons who contrast their personal choices in life  In 2001, this album was certified by the RIAA as a Multi-Platinum record, having sold 3 million copies in the United States at that time  It is ranked at No  206 in the 2003 list of "Rolling Stone's 500 Greatest Albums of All Time" After his relationship with D'Arbanville ended, Stevens noted the effect it had on his writing, saying, "Everything I wrote while I was away was in a transitional period and reflects that  Like Patti  A year ago we split; I had been with her for two years  What I write about Patti and my family    when I sing the songs now, I learn strange things  I learn the meanings of my songs late    "
Having established a signature sound, Stevens enjoyed a string of successes in the following years  1971's Teaser and the Firecat album reached number two and achieved gold record status within three weeks of its release in the United States  It yielded several hits, including "Peace Train", "Morning Has Broken", and "Moonshadow"  The album was also certified by the RIAA as a Multi-Platinum record in 2001, with over 3 million sold in the United States through that time  When interviewed on a Boston radio station, Stevens said about Teaser and the Firecat:

I get the tune and then I just keep on singing the tune until the words come out from the tune  It's kind of a hypnotic state that you reach after a while when you keep on playing it where words just evolve from it  So you take those words and just let them go whichever way they want    'Moonshadow'? Funny, that was in Spain, I went there alone, completely alone, to get away from a few things  And I was dancin' on the rocks there     right on the rocks where the waves were, like, blowin' and splashin'  Really, it was so fantastic  And the moon was bright, ya know, and I started dancin' and singin' and I sang that song and it stayed  It's just the kind of moment that you want to find when you're writin' songs 
For seven months, in 1971 and 1972, Stevens was romantically linked to popular singer Carly Simon, while both were being produced by Samwell-Smith  During that time, they each wrote songs for, and about, one another  Simon wrote and recorded at least two Top 50 songs, "Legend in Your Own Time" and "Anticipation" about Stevens  He reciprocated with a song to her, written after their romance, entitled "Sweet Scarlet" His next album, Catch Bull at Four, released in 1972, was his most rapidly successful album in the United States, reaching gold record status in 15 days and holding the number one position for three weeks on the Billboard 200 and fifteen weeks at number one in the Australian ARIA Charts 

Film and television soundtracks
In July 1970, Stevens recorded one of his songs, "But I Might Die Tonight", for the Jerzy Skolimowski film Deep End  He contributed two songs to the 1971 film Harold and Maude, but was annoyed when director Hal Ashby decided to use the original demos instead of allowing Stevens to finish them  The film used seven other Stevens songs as well but, perhaps because of the dispute, the soundtrack album was not released until 2007 After his religious conversion in the late 1970s, Stevens stopped granting permission for his songs to be used in films  However, almost 20 years later, in 1997, the film Rushmore received his permission to use his songs "Here Comes My Baby" and "The Wind"; this showed a new willingness on his part to release music from his Western "pop star" days  In 2000, "Peace Train" was included in the movie Remember the Titans, and Almost Famous used the song "The Wind"  In 2006 "Peace Train" featured in the soundtrack to We Are Marshall 

Later recordings
Subsequent releases in the 1970s also did well on the charts and in ongoing sales, although they did not touch the success Stevens had from 1970 to 1973  In 1973, Stevens moved to Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, as a tax exile from the United Kingdom; however, he later donated the money to UNESCO  During that time he created the album Foreigner, which was a departure from the music that had brought him to the height of his fame  It differed in several respects: it was entirely written by Stevens; he dropped his band; and, with the exception of some guitar on the title track and "100 I Dream", he produced the record without the assistance of Samwell-Smith, who had played a large role in catapulting him to fame 

In June 1974, while in Australia, Cat Stevens was presented with a plaque representing the sale of forty gold records, the largest number ever presented to an artist in Australia In April 1977, his Izitso album updated his pop rock and folk rock style with the extensive use of synthesisers, giving it a more synthpop style  "Was Dog a Doughnut", in particular, was an early techno-pop fusion track and a precursor to the 1980s electro music genre, making early use of a music sequencer  Izitso included his last chart hit, "(Remember the Days of the) Old Schoolyard", an early synthpop song that used a polyphonic synthesiser; it was a duet with fellow UK singer Elkie Brooks His final original album under the name Cat Stevens was Back to Earth, released in late 1978  It was also the first album produced by Samwell-Smith since the peak in Stevens' single album sales in the early 1970s  Several compilation albums were released before and after he stopped recording  After Stevens left Decca Records, they bundled his first two albums together as a set, hoping to ride the commercial tide of his early success; later his newer labels did the same, and Stevens also released compilations  The most successful of the compilation albums was the 1975 Greatest Hits which has sold over 4 million copies in the United States  In May 2003, he received his first Platinum Europe Award from the IFPI for Remember Cat Stevens: The Ultimate Collection, indicating over one million European sales 

Religious conversion
While on holiday in Marrakesh, Stevens was intrigued by the sound of the adhān, the Islamic ritual call to prayer, which was explained to him as "music for God"  Stevens said, "I thought, music for God? I'd never heard that before – I'd heard of music for money, music for fame, music for personal power, but music for God!?"In 1976, Stevens nearly drowned off the coast of Malibu, California, and said he shouted, "Oh, God! If you save me I will work for you "  He stated that, immediately afterwards, a wave appeared and carried him back to shore  This brush with death intensified his long-held quest for spiritual truth  He had looked into "Buddhism, Zen, I Ching, numerology, tarot cards, and astrology"  Stevens' brother David Gordon, a convert to Judaism, brought him a copy of the Qur'an as a birthday gift from a trip to Jerusalem Stevens said on BBC's Desert Island Discs: "I would never have picked up the Qur'an myself as a free spirit; I was more aligned to my father's Greek Orthodox beliefs " His brother's timely gift was quickly absorbed and he was taken with its content, soon beginning his transition and conversion to Islam, which would change forever his private and professional life During the time he was studying the Qur'an, Stevens began to identify more and more with the story of Joseph, a man bought and sold in the market place, which is how he said he had increasingly felt within the music business  Regarding his conversion, in his 2006 interview with Alan Yentob, he stated, "To some people, it may have seemed like an enormous jump, but for me, it was a gradual move to this " And, in a Rolling Stone magazine interview, he reaffirmed that, saying, "I had found the spiritual home I'd been seeking for most of my life  And if you listen to my music and lyrics, like "Peace Train" and "On The Road To Find Out", it clearly shows my yearning for direction and the spiritual path I was travelling "Stevens formally converted to the Muslim faith on 23 December 1977, taking the name Yusuf Islam in 1978  Yusuf is the Arabic rendition of the name Joseph; he stated that he "always loved the name Joseph" and was particularly drawn to the story of Joseph in the Qur'an  Although he discontinued his pop career, he was persuaded to perform one last time before what became his 25-year musical hiatus



ground_truth: Puli Alam

prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: What is the name of this suburb within the Central Coast Council local government area, where Tessa, of Microwave Jenny, grew up?

The following are given passages.
Context 3: Passage 1:
Avoca Beach, New South Wales
Avoca Beach is a coastal suburb of the Central Coast region of New South Wales, Australia, about 95 kilometres (59 mi) north of Sydney  Avoca Beach is primarily a residential suburb, Avoca Beach is also a popular tourist destination  Avoca Beach is known for its surfing and state (regional) surf competitions  Avoca Beach village has a variety of restaurants and cafes as well as a post office, newsagent, pharmacy and mini-mart  Avoca Beach also has a historic cinema, a hotel, bowling club, motel and caravan park  It is located within the Central Coast Council local government area 
This suburb is unrelated to the NSW Southern Highlands suburb of Avoca, New South Wales, except in name only 

Geography
Avoca Beach is located on the Tasman Sea 17 kilometres (11 mi) east-southeast of the Gosford central business district, and about halfway between Newcastle and Sydney, being about 95 kilometres (59 mi) from each  It is bordered to the north by the Bulbararing Lagoon, to the west by Saltwater Creek and to the east by the ocean 

History
The area was originally inhabited by the Darkinjung & Awabakal Aboriginal people  "Avoca" is an Irish name meaning "great estuary" or "where the river meets the sea", and is also the name of a town in County Wicklow, Ireland On 4 January 1830, 640 acres (259 ha) of land in the area were promised to Irish army officer John Moore  However, the official deeds were not issued until 30 September 1839, due to the difficulty in surveying the land  He built a house opposite Bulbararing Lake (now known as Avoca Lake) and planted vines, cereals and fruit trees  He left the area in 1857 for the Victorian goldfields  In the late 19th century, Tom Davis leased the area in order to exploit local timber, which was transported by tram to a mill at Terrigal via what is now Tramway Road in North Avoca 

In the 1950s, commercial buildings began to be built and populated, including bakery, service station, butchery, mini mart, caravan park and the Avoca Beach Picture Theatre 
Residential development in Avoca Beach began during the 20th century, and the area subsequently became a popular holiday retreat with wealthy residents of Sydney's North Shore In February 2010, following the proposal to scuttle the frigate HMAS Adelaide off the beach as a dive wreck in late March, a resident action group was formed to protest against this  The group claims that the wreck will negatively affect surf conditions, tides, and littoral sand drift, and is concerned over the thoroughness of inspection and removal of dangerous materials and chemicals from the former warship, with the chance that marine life and people could be poisoned  An appeal to the Administrative Appeals Tribunal three days before the planned scuttling date of 27 March led to a postponement of the plan until the residents' claims were investigated  The decision from the Tribunal, in favor of the project going ahead after further cleanup work, was handed down on 15 September 2010, and despite further attempts to delay, Adelaide was scuttled on 13 April 2011 

Demographics
At the ABS 2016 census, Avoca Beach had a population of 4,584 people  76 4% of people were born in Australia  The next most common country of birth was England at 8 9%  90 9% of people only spoke English at home  The most common responses for religion in Avoca Beach were No Religion 34 0%, Catholic 22 5% and Anglican 19 9% Avoca Beach residents had a median age of 41, compared with the median of 42 for the Central Coast local government area  Median individual incomes in Avoca Beach were above average for the region — $764 per week compared with $600 per week  The 2016 Census reported 1,527 occupied private dwellings, of which 83 3% were separate houses, and the median monthly housing loan repayment of $2,167 was well above the regional average of $1,750 
In 2020, Avoca Beach's median house price was $1,150,000 versus $940,000 for the Central Coast region 

Education
Avoca Beach has a state primary school, which first opened in 1935  The suburb is within Kincumber High School's catchment area 

Politics
At federal level, Avoca Beach is within the Division of Robertson  In the Federal election of May 2022 it was won by Gordon Reid of the Australian Labor Party, previously held for nine years by Lucy Wicks of the Liberal Party of Australia 
In the New South Wales Legislative Assembly, Avoca Beach is within the electorate of Terrigal, currently held by Adam Crouch of the Liberal Party 
Polling place statistics are presented below from the Avoca Beach polling place in the elections leading up to and including the 2019 federal and state elections as indicated 

Gallery
Passage 2:
Hamlyn Terrace, New South Wales
Hamlyn Terrace is a suburb of the Central Coast region of New South Wales, Australia  It is part of the Central Coast Council local government area  The suburb was formerly part of Warnervale and is part of the Warnervale development precinct  The suburb is split between two governmental wards in the Central Coast Council governmental area, the northern part is in the Budgiewoi ward and the rest is in the Wyong ward 
Passage 3:
Woy Woy Bay, New South Wales
Woy Woy Bay is a suburb located in the Central Coast region of New South Wales, Australia, as part of the Central Coast Council local government area  Most of the suburb's area belongs to the Brisbane Water National Park, although a small community on Woy Woy Bay (part of Brisbane Water) containing a community hall, public reserve and wharf is also located within the suburb  Woy Woy Bay is commonly used by boaters on the weekend because of the open expanses of the bay  The main thoroughfare is Taylor Street 

Notable residents
John Della Bosca (1956–), former politician: New South Wales Legislative Council 1999–2010 
Belinda Neal (1963–), former politician: Australian House of Representatives (2007–2010); New South Wales Legislative Council (1994–1998) and Gosford City Council Alderman (1992–1994) 
Passage 4:
Phegans Bay, New South Wales
Phegans Bay () is a suburb within the local government area of the Central Coast Council on the Central Coast of New South Wales, Australia 
Phegans Bay is located 6 kilometres (4 mi) west of Woy Woy between Brisbane Water National Park and Woy Woy Inlet 
Passage 5:
Umina Beach, New South Wales
Umina Beach ( you-MY-nə) is a suburb within the Central Coast Council local government area on the Central Coast of New South Wales, Australia  Umina Beach is situated 85 kilometres (53 mi) north of Sydney and 111 kilometres (69 mi) south of Newcastle 
Umina Beach is locally known on the Central Coast as being on 'The Peninsula' (or 'Woy Woy Peninsula')  A natural peninsula that includes the towns of Umina Beach, Woy Woy, Blackwall, Booker Bay and Ettalong Beach  The main street, West Street, is the retail centre of The Peninsula with key national brands represented through Coles, Woolworths, Aldi and Bunnings 
Moving from north to south, Umina Beach begins where Woy Woy and Blackwall end: at Veron Road and Gallipoli Avenue 
Umina Beach is the most populated suburb on the Central Coast 

Geography
Umina Beach has one unbroken sand shoreline that has been divided in name only: Umina Beach (south western section) and Ocean Beach (north eastern section)  Both beaches have their own Surf Life Saving Club (refer to Sports Clubs section)  The only other type of shoreline is located at Umina Point (Mt Ettalong), a Hawkesbury Sandstone headland that adjoins the south western end of Umina Beach 
Umina Beach is geographically located on the north side of Broken Bay at the river mouth of Hawkesbury River  The formation of Umina Beach and 'The Peninsula' is due to sand deposition that has been influenced by (and not limited to) climatic conditions, soil-binding flora, Hawkesbury Sandstone formations (e g ; Box Head, Barrenjoey and Umina Point), wave patterns and tidal amplitude from the Tasman Sea, Hawkesbury River and Brisbane Water 

History
The word "Umina" was derived from the Australian Aboriginal word meaning Place of sleep The Woy Woy and Umina district was home to the Guringai Australian Aboriginal tribe  This tribe stretched from the north side of Port Jackson, north through Pittwater, Broken Bay and Brisbane Water, to the southern end of Lake Macquarie European entry to the region was first recorded in March 1788 when Governor Arthur Phillip landed with a party at Ettalong Beach 
In June 1789, a more thorough investigation of Brisbane Water was conducted  A rest stop was made at Ettalong Beach before the group passed through 'The Rip' (a dangerous passage leading into Brisbane Water)  On return, the party camped at Ettalong Beach before sailing to Dangar Island in the Hawkesbury River The first land subdivision occurred in 1914 which led to the current commercial and residential centre  Umina Beach celebrated its 100th anniversary in 2014 

Schools
Umina Beach is served by two public schools, Umina Public School (primary school) and Brisbane Water Secondary College (high school) Opened on 3 February 1956, Umina Public School's population approximates 800 students and 50 staff  It currently has 29 classes from kindergarten to year 6 

Business
Umina Beach town centre has been represented by the Peninsula Chamber of Commerce since the late 1980s  It is affiliated with the NSW Business Chamber  The town centre is serviced by Woolworths, Coles, Bunnings Hardware, Aldi Supermarkets and McDonald's, along with a number of local shops, takeaway restaurants and cafes, including the multi-award-winning Bremen Patisserie on West street  The town is also serviced by a number of medical and specialist practices, the Central Coast Council Library, and two service stations 

Transport Links
Umina Beach is well serviced by regular bus services (Busways) with connections to Woy Woy Rail Station and Gosford  The town centre is easily accessed with an efficient grid system of connecting roads with primary access from Ocean Beach Road, West Street and Barrenjoey Road 
Substantial car parking facilities adjacent to the town centre contribute to its success as a retail hub 

Media
Community Papers:

Peninsula Community Access News, fortnightly free distribution within the 2256 and 2257 postcode areas 
Central Coast Express Advocate, published by News Limited's Cumberland Courier Newspapers, is distributed free every Wednesday & Friday 
Central Coast Sun Weekly was last published on 30 April 2009 Radio Broadcasting:
Umina Beach is locally serviced by the national public broadcaster, Australian Broadcasting Corporation, via ABC Local Radio 2BL/T 92 5 FM 
Commercial licences covering Umina Beach are:
Analogue FM and AM signals can be received from Sydney and Newcastle  As a result, Umina Beach is located within the most saturated radio market in Australia 
As of August 2010, there was no launch date known for Digital Radio services for the Central Coast 

Sports fields
Umina Oval, located at the southern end of Melbourne Avenue, is the home ground for four pitch team sports: Soccer, Rugby league, Cricket and Tennis McEvoy Oval, located at the western end of McEvoy Avenue, is used for Track and Field Athletics, Touch Football and Cricket 

Sports clubs
Club Umina RSL Bowls Club is located in Melbourne Avenue, Umina Beach, within the Club Umina complex  Membership is available to ex and existing Servicemen of the Australian Defence Force and its allies who are financial members of both Club Umina and either Full or Associate Members of Merrylands RSL Club Sub-Branch 
Ocean Beach Malibu Club 
Ocean Beach Surf Life Saving Club is located at the southern end of Trafalgar Avenue, Umina Beach 
Ocean Beach Surfers Association 
Umina Beach "Bunnies" Rugby League Football Club is based at Umina Oval and play on the Col Gooley Field  The club is affiliated with the Central Coast Division of Country Rugby League (refer also to Country Rugby League) within the New South Wales Rugby League  The Bunnies team sheet has included Australian Kangaroos experience: Mark Geyer in 1993 and Cliff Lyons as Captain-Coach in 2001 
Umina Boardriders 
Umina "Bunnies" Junior Rugby League Football Club is based at Umina Oval and play on the Col Gooley Field  The club is affiliated with the Central Coast Division Junior Rugby League which is part of the Central Coast Division of Country Rugby League (refer also to Country Rugby League) within the New South Wales Rugby League 
Umina Beach "Bunnies" Netball Club are emotionally linked to Umina Junior Rugby League Football Club and do not have a physical presence in Umina Beach  The club conducts committee meetings at Woy Woy Leagues Club, Blackwall Road, Woy Woy, has a postal address in Ettalong Beach and plays in the Woy Woy Peninsula Netball Associations competition, located in Lagoon Street, Ettalong Beach 
Umina Beach Surf Life Saving Club is located at the southern end of Ocean Beach Road, Umina Beach 
Umina "Devils" Cricket Club is based at Umina Oval and has 2 cricket fields  The main cricket field, Field 1, is located on the eastern side of the oval, on Col Gooley Field, and has multiple grass pitches  Field 2 is located on the western side of the oval and has one artificial cricket pitch  The club caters for both senior and junior players from 5 years of age 
The Umina cup is an annual father's vs sons soccer game at Umina beach holiday park  This game has been played 4 times and has been won by the sons all 4 times  The most famous ground is sand field as there has been 3 of the 4 games played their 
Umina United "Eagles" Soccer Club is based at Umina Oval  The club caters for both senior and junior players from 5 years of age  The club is affiliated with Central Coast Football 
Woy Woy Peninsula Little Athletics Centre is based at McEvoy Oval   The club is affiliated with Central Coast Little Athletics  The club caters for junior athletes from 6 years of age Umina Beach is known as the home of "Upball"

Community Groups
Umina Community Group– The Umina Community Group is committed to improving Umina Beach by providing a unified voice to lobby the Central Coast Council and government bodies  Umina Beach is a growing community, along with its many visitors, this means improvements to local infrastructure and services in Umina Beach and Ocean Beach are essential to allow Umina Beach to thrive as a modern coastal community 
Umina Beach Men's Shed– The Men's Shed is a place where members of the community of all different life experiences come together at their own pace, share skills, swap ideas, solve problems and be involved in projects for the benefit of the community 

Notable residents
Belinda Emmett (1974–2006), actress and singer, grew up in Umina Beach
Mark Geyer (born 1967), rugby league player and radio host
James Harrison OAM (born 1936), Anti-D Vaccine blood donor
Dane Searls (1988–2011), BMX rider
Eric Worrell MBE (1924–1987), zoologist and writer
Passage 6:
Shelly Beach, New South Wales
Shelly Beach is a coastal suburb of the Central Coast region of New South Wales, Australia, located east of Tuggerah Lake and bordering the Pacific Ocean south of The Entrance  It is part of the Central Coast Council local government area  It is 66 km south of Newcastle & 93 km north of Sydney   Shelly Beach is considered one of the most popular surfing beaches on the Central Coast 
Shelly Beach Golf Club (previously Tuggerah Lakes Gold Club) is an 18-hole golf course located at the eastern end of Shelly Beach Road, overlooking Shelly Beach  It was formally established in 1930, originally being located at Killarney Vale until 1954 when it moved to its present location 
Within the suburb there is the Shelly Beach Surf Club and the Shelly Beach Fossils soccer club 

Transportation
Red Bus Services operates routes through Shelly Beach (11, 12, 21, 22, 23)   Bus 21 operates from The Entrance North to Gosford regularly 

Notable people
Nikki Garrett – golfer
Banjo Paterson – poet

Accommodation
Shelly Beach Cabins
Bluewater Resort
Sun Valley Tourist Park
Passage 7:
Magenta, New South Wales
Magenta () is a coastal location of the Central Coast region of New South Wales, Australia  It is part of the Central Coast Council local government area, and contains a significant portion of the Wyrrabalong National Park 
Magenta is a relatively new area to be developed for residence, with the suburb gazetted in 1991  Previously it was the location for rutile mining and as the garbage tip for The Entrance, New South Wales  The location is traversed south–north by Wilfred Barrett Drive linking The Entrance and Toukley, named after a Wyong Shire President  The road was designated part of the Central Coast Highway in 2006 

Magenta Shores
The Magenta Shores Golf Resort consists of an 18-hole golf course, private housing and a resort 
Passage 8:
Gorokan, New South Wales
Gorokan is a suburb of the Central Coast region of New South Wales, Australia  It is part of the Central Coast Council local government area  The word "Gorokan" means "The Morning Dawn" from the language of the Awabakal (an Aboriginal tribe)  There are two schools in the area, Gorokan Public School and Gorokan High School  Electricity was first brought to the area as a part of a £42,000 programme for electricity reticulation under the Brisbane Water County Council 
Located on the shores of Lake Tuggerah, Gorokan has long been a holiday destination with the Quoy family first buying land in the area in 1923 where they built and rented a series of holiday homes  Other families such as the Gedlings (by way of Gordon and Margaret Gedling) built a holiday house on the Gorokan waterfront in 1956 
Passage 9:
Kulnura, New South Wales
Kulnura () is a suburb of the Central Coast region of New South Wales, Australia, located north of Mangrove Mountain along George Downes Drive  It is within Central Coast Council local government area  Kulnura's name is an Aboriginal word meaning "in sight of the sea" or "up in the clouds", it was named in 1914 by a meeting of the early pioneers Messrs Archibold, Collins, Gatley, Penn, Young, Williams and Gibson  Its population of approximately 600 people rely mostly on the town's fruit and cattle industries for income, however many commute to regional centres of Gosford, Wyong and even to Sydney for work  It is also home to the biggest catchment area on the Central Coast, Mangrove Creek Dam which has a capacity of 190 000 ML, and has a free tourist kiosk on the site   "Mangrove Mountain Bottlers Pty Ltd" bottle still water at their plant at Kulnura, as well as for private label mass-retailers, such as 7–11 
Another one of Kulnura's attractions is the Paintball Place, which holds paintball skirmishes for people over 16 

District
Kulnura extends from the intersection of Bloodtree Road and George Downes Drive in the south, to the Great Northern Road in the north, to include the Mangrove Creek reservoir in the west, to down Bumble Hill Road in the east and to Red Hill Road in the southeast  Map of Kulnura in Google Maps
Kulnura General Store-café, petrol station and a bottle shop are located just opposite Kulnura Hall at the intersection of Greta Road with George Downes Drive 
Kulnura's One Stop convenience store is also a popular resting place for passing motorcyclists and tourists 
Kulnura Public School is situated at 9 Williams Road 

Festival
Every year Kulnura is host to the Bloodtree Festival, which is a celebration of life in the Mangrove Mountain area  It has been running for the past five years at Kulnura Oval, adjacent to Kulnura Hall 
Passage 10:
Microwave Jenny
Microwave Jenny is an Australian pop/folk/jazz duet that consists of Tessa Nuku on vocals and Brendon Boney on guitar and vocals  They both have Indigenous backgrounds with Brendon having been born and raised in Wagga Wagga, and Tessa having been born in Ulladulla, New South Wales before moving to and growing up in Umina Beach, New South Wales Brendon was the singing voice for the character Willie in film Bran Nue Dae  The phrase 'Microwave Jenny' comes from the 1997 film The Castle  The duo are married and have a daughter  Brendon has a solo alternative, hip/hop project called The Magpie Swoop 

Live performance
The band play live in multiple formats either as an Acoustic Duet, Trio, Quartet or full band  The duo feature heavily on the Australian music festival circuit with notable live performances including Bluesfest, Woodford Folk Festival, Peats Ridge Festival and Nannup Music Festival They also supported Thirsty Merc on their 2011 national tour of Australia 

Influences
Microwave Jenny have cited James Taylor, Janis Ian, Bill Withers and Van Morrison as musical influences 

Awards and nominations
They were recipients of the 2009 Peter Garrett Breathrough Grant  Brendon won an APRA Professional Development Award in 2011 for his songwriting and composing  In 2009, Microwave Jenny was nominated for a Deadly Award for Most Promising New Artist but did not win 

Discography
They have released two EPs

Summer
1  "Mellow" – 3:59
2  "Mr Man in the Moon" – 3:47
3  "I'll Never Learn" – 5:02
4  "Summer" – 3:35

Crazy, Crazy Things
1  "Stuck on the Moon" – 3:06
2  "Homemade Lemonade" – 3:52
3  "Lyin" – 3:18
4  Locked in the Closet" – 3:54



ground_truth: Umina Beach, New South Wales