prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: Which is a flowering plant, Pueraria or Pleiospilos?

The following are given passages.
Context 1: Passage 1:
Pueraria
Pueraria is a genus of 15–20 species of legumes native to Asia  The best known member is kudzu, also called Japanese arrowroot  The genus is named after 19th century Swiss botanist Marc Nicolas Puerari 
The genus, as traditionally circumscribed, is polyphyletic, with different species being more related to other species in the tribe Phaseoleae  Current research, reproduced below, splits the genus into five clades, one of which defines the current monophyletic genus 

Species
The genus Pueraria is highly polyphyletic; the below list is divided by clade following the result of A N Egan & B Pan (2016)  In 2015, the authors validly published their proposal in Phytotaxa  As of February 2022, Kew Plants of the World Online database accepts these names 

Pueraria sensu stricto
Pueraria sensu stricto includes the vast majority of species in the genus  They fall into a single clade sister to or containing Nogra 
P  alopecuroides Craib
P  calycina Franch 
P  candollei  Benth 
P  edulis Pamp 
P  imbricata Maesen
P  lacei Craib
P  mirifica Airy Shaw & Suvat  (= P  candollei var  mirifica in Egan)
P  montana (Lour ) Merr  – US invasive population comes from a hybrid of more than one of the subspecies Pueraria montana var  chinensis (Ohwi) Sanjappa & Pradeep (= P  chinensis, although ILDS and the plant list instead consider P  thomsonii the synonym)
Pueraria montana var  lobata (Willd ) Sanjappa & Pradeep (= P  lobata)
Pueraria montana var  thomsonii (Benth ) Wiersema ex D B  Ward (= P  thomsonii, missing in ILDS)
P  pulcherrima (Koord ) Koord -Schum 
P  sikkimensis Prain
P  tuberosa (Roxb ex Willd ) DC  – type species

Provisionally retained
The following are not included in the 2016 study due to insufficient material for sequencing  They are accepted by POWO 
P  bella Prain: conflicting proposals assigning either to the main clade or to Neonotonia (morphology) 
P  bouffordii H  Ohashi: presumably in the main clade (morphology) 
P  grandiflora Bo Pan & Bing Liu: presumably in the main clade (morphology) 
P  xyzhuii H  Ohashi & Iokawa: presumably in the main clade (morphology) The following are not included in Egan et al  2016 for other reasons, but are accepted by Kew POWO:

P  garhwalensis L R Dangwal & D S Rawat: excluded per van der Maesen (2002)
P  neocaledonica Harms: not mentioned
P  maesenii Niyomdham: not mentioned

Former members
The rest of the genus fall into four clades, sorted by distance from the main clade:
Neustanthus Benth  – sister to Sinodolichos
P  phaseoloides (Roxb ) Benth  → N  phaseoloides (Roxb ) Benth P  edulis, P  montana, and N  phaseoloides make up what is known as kudzu  The morphological differences between these species are subtle 
N  phaseoloides var  javanicus (= P  javanica (Benth ) Benth )
N  phaseoloides var  phaseoloides
N  phaseoloides var  subspicatus
Teyleria
P  stricta Kurz → T  stricta
Toxicopueraria A N Egan & B Pan – sister to Cologania
P  peduncularis Grah  → T  peduncularis
P  yunnanensis Franchet → T  yunnanensis
Haymondia A N Egan & B Pan – notably lies out of Glycininae near Kennediinae; known for a long time to be misplaced
P  wallichii DC  → H  wallichiiThe following names are not accepted even before Egan 2016 but have seen valid publication:

P  omeiensis Wang et Tang – P  montana: unaccepted name after Mount Omei 
P  stracheyi Baker → Apios carnea (Wall ) Benth  ex Baker 
P  maclurei (F  P  Metcalf) F  J  Herm  → Sinodolichos lagopus – still accepted by WFO
Passage 2:
Pleiospilos nelii
Pleiospilos nelii, the split rock, splitrock or living granite, is a species of flowering plant in the family Aizoaceae, native to South Africa  It grows in semi-arid areas with rainfall of between 150mm and 300mm, in the Karoo of South Africa 

Etymology
The species epithet nelii honours the South African botanist Gert Cornelius Nel  The common name "split rock" refers to the appearance of the plant's leaves 

Description
Pleiospilos nelii is a succulent perennial which can reach a height of 5–8 cm (2–3 in) and a diameter of about 10 cm (4 in)  This very short-stemmed, nearly stemless plant has one or more pairs of opposite, almost hemispherical, grey-green or brownish leaves  The surface of the leaves has many small dark spots  A new pair of leaves is produced each year, replacing an older pair  This plant closely resembles a small cracked rock (hence the common name), an appearance which may have evolved as a defence against herbivory  The superficially daisy-like flowers are yellow-orange, 6–7 5 cm (2–3 in) across, and emerge from the plant's apical bud  The flowers are large in relation to the size of the plant  Each flower opens in the afternoon and closes at sunset, over a bloom period of several days 

Cultivation
P  nelii is one of several plants cultivated for their rocklike appearance  They are sometimes collectively called mesembs  In temperate regions it is grown under glass for protection from excessive rain and hard freezes  It has gained the Royal Horticultural Society's Award of Garden Merit 

Gallery
Passage 3:
Pleiospilos simulans
Pleiospilos simulans (liver plant, split rock plant) is a species of flowering plant in the family Aizoaceae, once endemic to the Eastern Cape of South Africa  Known populations of the plant in the wild are now extinct due its collection as an ornamental plant for succulent collectors  It is a small, low-growing, perennial with succulent leaves and orange or yellow many-petaled flowers 
Passage 4:
Pleiospilos
Pleiospilos is a genus of succulent flowering plants of the family Aizoaceae, native to South Africa  The name is derived from the Greek pleios "many" and spìlos "spot"  The plants are also known as kwaggavy ("Quagga mesemb"), lewerplant ("liver plant"), lewervygie ("liver mesemb"), klipplant ("stone plant"), split rock or mimicry plant 
Pleiospilos species have two or four opposite, very fleshy, grey-green leaves growing from a short stem that may be underground  The leaves, with their hemispherical shape and pitted texture, often strongly resemble a pile of split pebbles to deter predators  Flowers emerge from the center of the leaves, and may be very big in relation to the overall size of the plant They reproduce both sexually and asexually  Vegetative offshoots emerge from the root system  Seed set occurs in early spring around March The species P  bolusii and  P  nelii are cultivated as ornamentals 

Species
Pleiospilos bolusii
Pleiospilos compactus
P  compactus subsp  compactus
P  compactus subsp  canus
P  compactus subsp  minor
P  compactus subsp  fergusoniae
P  compactus subsp  sororius
Pleiospilos nelii
Pleiospilos simulans
Passage 5:
Pleiospilos bolusii
Pleiospilos bolusii, the mimicry plant, is a species of flowering plant in the family Aizoaceae, native to the Eastern Cape of South Africa, where it grows at an altitude of 750–1,100 m (2,461–3,609 ft)  The species epithet bolusii honours Harry Bolus, a 19th-century South African botanist 
It is a small, stemless succulent perennial growing to 8 cm (3 in) tall by 15 cm (6 in) wide, with two or four opposite grey-green leaves, quite thick, fused at the base, almost triangular, with entire margins  The leaves are longer and more angular than those of the closely related P  nelii, but in both cases the shape and texture of the leaves resemble a pile of split pebbles, possibly to deter predators  The yellow, many-petaled, daisy-like flowers emerge from the center of the leaves, and are 6–8 cm (2–3 in) in diameter - large in relation to the overall size of the plant  The flowers are often coconut-scented  The flowering period extends from August to September 
The plant is one of several species cultivated for their rocklike appearance, which are sometimes collectively called mesembs  With a minimum temperature of 7 °C (45 °F), in temperate regions it is grown under glass  It has gained the Royal Horticultural Society's Award of Garden Merit 
Context 2: Passage 1:
Ardiente secreto
Ardiente secreto is a Mexican telenovela produced by Irene Sabido for Televisa in 1978  It is based on the Charlotte Brontë's 1847 novel Jane Eyre 

Plot
The orphan Mariana Cisneros was shut in (in a college) by an aunt who hates her, she suffers from some terrible pains, but she take advantage of the education and culture  When she turns 18 she finds a job as a governess of a silent and lonely child, Adela, who is the daughter of Eduardo  Mariana wins Adela's love and she is attracted by Eduardo  Mariana and Eduardo fall in love, but a terrible secret will take them apart  She discovers it on the day of their marriage  Mariana is desperate and she escapes, but for love she will return again 

Cast
Daniela Romo as Mariana
Joaquín Cordero as Eduardo
Lorena Velázquez
Virginia Manzano
Dolores Tinoco
Patricia Tanus as Adela
Ada Carrasco
Eduardo Liñán
Erika Carrasco as Mariana (child)
Passage 2:
El Ardiente Secreto
Ardiente secreto is a Mexican telenovela produced by Irene Sabido for Televisa in 1978  It is based on the Charlotte Brontë's 1847 novel Jane Eyre 

Plot
The orphan Mariana Cisneros was shut in (in a college) by an aunt who hates her, she suffers from some terrible pains, but she take advantage of the education and culture  When she turns 18 she finds a job as a governess of a silent and lonely child, Adela, who is the daughter of Eduardo  Mariana wins Adela's love and she is attracted by Eduardo  Mariana and Eduardo fall in love, but a terrible secret will take them apart  She discovers it on the day of their marriage  Mariana is desperate and she escapes, but for love she will return again 

Cast
Daniela Romo as Mariana
Joaquín Cordero as Eduardo
Lorena Velázquez
Virginia Manzano
Dolores Tinoco
Patricia Tanus as Adela
Ada Carrasco
Eduardo Liñán
Erika Carrasco as Mariana (child)
Passage 3:
Jeff Sampson
Jeff Sampson is a young adult and children's author  He was born on a U S  military base in Nuremberg, Germany on July 15, 1982  He started writing professionally at age eighteen  His first books were packaged series fiction  When Sampson was twenty-two, he had his first novel published as part of the Dragonlance series of fantasy novels  He since went on to write many original young adult and children's series, including Monster Slayers under the pen name Lukas Ritter for Wizards of the Coast; Deviants for Balzer + Bray, an imprint of HarperCollins Children’s Books; and The Last Dogs under the pen name Christopher Holt for Little, Brown Books for Young Readers  Jeff Sampson currently lives in Seattle, Washington in the United States 

Bibliography
The Last Dogs:
(as Christopher Holt)

The Vanishing (September 2012)
Dark Waters (June 2013)
The Long Road (November 2013)
Journey's End (June 2014)

Deviants
Vesper (January 2011)
Havoc (January 2012)
Ravage (January 2013)

Monster Slayers
(as Lukas Ritter)

Monster Slayers (May 2010)
Monster Slayers: Unleashed (May 2011)
Monster Slayers: Training Day (Short story, Wizards of the Coast website, April 2010)

Dragonlance: The New Adventures
Dragon Quartet, Vol  8: Dragon Spell (July 2005)
Trinistyr Trilogy, Vol  2: Wizard's Betrayal (January 2006)
Suncatcher Trilogy, Vol  1: The Wayward Wizard (September 2006)
Suncatcher Trilogy, Vol  2: The Ebony Eye (March 2007)
Suncatcher Trilogy, Vol  3: The Stolen Sun (September 2007)
Passage 4:
Story of O
Story of O (French: Histoire d'O, IPA: [istwaʁ do]) is an erotic novel published in 1954 by French author Anne Desclos under the pen name Pauline Réage, and published in French by Jean-Jacques Pauvert 
Desclos did not reveal herself as the author for 40 years after the initial publication  Desclos stated she wrote the novel as a series of love letters to her lover Jean Paulhan, who had admired the work of the Marquis de Sade  The novel shares with the latter themes such as love, dominance, and submission 

Plot
Story of O is a tale of female submission involving a beautiful Parisian fashion photographer named O, who is taught to be constantly available for oral, vaginal, and anal intercourse, offering herself to any male who belongs to the same secret society as her lover  She is regularly stripped, blindfolded, chained, and whipped; her anus is widened by increasingly large plugs; her labium is pierced and her buttocks are branded 
The story begins when O's lover, René, brings her to the château in Roissy, where she is trained to serve the members of an elite club  After this initial training, as a demonstration of their bond and his generosity, René hands O to his elder stepbrother Sir Stephen, a more severe master  René wants O to learn to serve someone whom she does not love, and someone who does not love her  Over the course of this training, O falls in love with Sir Stephen and believes him to be in love with her as well  During the summer, Sir Stephen sends O to an old mansion in Samois solely inhabited by women for advanced training and body modifications related to submission  There she agrees to receive permanent marks of Sir Stephen's ownership, in the form of a brand and a steel tag hanging from a labia piercing 
Meanwhile René has encouraged O to seduce Jacqueline, a vain fashion model, and lure her to Roissy  Jacqueline is repulsed when she first sees O's chains and scars, although O herself is proud of her condition as a willing slave  But Jacqueline's younger half-sister becomes enamored of O, and begs to be taken to Roissy 
At the climax, O is presented as a sexual slave, nude but for an owl-like mask and a leash attached to her piercing, before a large party of guests who treat her solely as an object  Afterward, she is shared by Sir Stephen and an associate of his who is referred to only as "The Commander" 
Some early editions included several different variations of an epilogue which note that Sir Stephen later abandoned O, though there is debate as to whether Desclos intended it to be included in the finished work; in one such version, O is so distraught by the threat of this abandonment that she insists she would rather die and asks for permission to commit suicide, which is granted 

Publishing history
In February 1955, Story of O won the French literature prize Prix des Deux Magots, but the French authorities still brought obscenity charges against the publisher  The charges were rejected by the courts, but a publicity ban was imposed for a number of years 
Olympia Press published the first English edition in 1965  Eliot Fremont-Smith (of The New York Times) called its publication "a significant event" 

Criticism
A critical view of the novel is that it is about, and derives its erotic power from, the ultimate objectification of a woman  The heroine has the shortest possible name  Though this is in fact a shortening of "Odile", it could also stand for "object" or "orifice", an O being a symbolic representation of any "hole"  The novel was strongly criticized by many feminists, who felt it glorified the abuse of women  An article by Susan Griffin that appears in  Against Sadomasochism: A Radical Feminist Analysis (reprinted from Griffin’s book Pornography and Silence with an introduction) criticizes the novel; Griffin argues that Story of O shows "how a pornographic society turns a woman's heart against herself "When the film Story of O was released, L'Express magazine ran a feature on the novel and film  This resulted in L'Express being picketed by feminists from the group Mouvement de libération des femmes, who found the novel and film objectionable  Journalist François Chalais also criticized Story of O, claiming the novel glorified violence; he described the novel as "bringing the Gestapo into the boudoir" 

Hidden identities
The author used a pen name, then later used another pen name, before finally, just before her death, revealing her true identity  Her lover, Jean Paulhan, wrote the preface as if the author were unknown to him According to Geraldine Bedell, "Pauline Réage, the author, was a pseudonym, and many people thought that the book could only have been written by a man  The writer's true identity was not revealed until ten years ago, when, in an interview with John de St  Jorre, a British journalist and sometime foreign correspondent of The Observer, an impeccably dressed 86-year-old intellectual called Dominique Aury acknowledged that the fantasies of castles, masks and debauchery were hers " According to several other sources, however, Dominique Aury was itself a pseudonym of Anne Desclos, born 23 September 1907 in Rochefort-sur-Mer, France, and deceased 26 April 1998 (at age 90) in Paris 
The Grove Press edition (U S , 1965) was translated by editor Richard Seaver (who had lived in France for many years) under the pseudonym Sabine d'Estrée 

Jean Paulhan
Jean Paulhan, the author's lover and the person to whom she wrote Story of O in the form of love letters, wrote the preface, "Happiness in Slavery"  Paulhan admired the Marquis de Sade's work and told Desclos that a woman could not write like Sade  Desclos took this as a challenge and wrote the book  Paulhan was so impressed that he sent it to a publisher  In the preface, he goes out of his way to appear as if he does not know who wrote it  In one part he says, "But from the beginning to end, the story of O is managed rather like some brilliant feat  It reminds you more of a speech than of a mere effusion; of a letter rather than a secret diary  But to whom is the letter addressed? Whom is the speech trying to convince? Whom can we ask? I don't even know who you are  That you are a woman I have little doubt " Paulhan also explains his own belief that the themes in the book depict the true nature of women  At times, the preface (when read with the knowledge of the relationship between Paulhan and the author), seems to be a continuation of the conversation between them 
In an interview Paulhan explained that O, in a religious-like obsession, was seeking the loss of responsibility for her body and mind much like many religious women seek to surrender themselves to the mercy of God  In both cases it is the joy of destruction  Paulhan was also quoted: "To be killed by someone you love strikes me as the epitome of ecstasy"  Discussing the ending, Paulhan states, "I too was surprised by the end  And nothing you can say will convince me that it is the real end  That in reality (so to speak) your heroine convinces Sir Stephen to consent to her death "One critic has seen Paulhan's essay as consistent with other themes in his work, including his interest in erotica, his "mystification" of love and sexual relationships, and a view of women that is arguably sexist 

Legacy
Emmanuelle Arsan claimed the Story of O inspired her to write her own erotic novel Emmanuelle (1967) A sequel to Story of O, Retour à Roissy (Return to Roissy, but often translated as Return to the Chateau, Continuing the Story of O), was published in 1969 in French, again with Jean-Jacques Pauvert, éditeur  It was published again in English by Grove Press, Inc , in 1971  It is not known whether this work is by the same author as the original 
The town Samois-sur-Seine is mentioned in Story of O as  the location of the fictional mansion managed by Anne-Marie, a lesbian dominatrix  In 1978, the name Samois was adopted by a lesbian-feminist BDSM organization based in San Francisco that existed from 1978 to 1983  It was the first lesbian BDSM group in the United States In 2007, the National Leather Association International inaugurated awards for excellence in SM/fetish/leather writing  The categories include the Pauline Reage (a pen name of Anne Desclos, author of Story of O) award for fiction novel In 2020, Anne Desclos (author of Story of O) was inducted into the Leather Hall of Fame 

Adaptations
Film
American experimental director Kenneth Anger made a 20 minute short film version, l'Histoire d'O, in 1961 
French director Henri-Georges Clouzot wanted to adapt the novel to film for many years, which was eventually done by director Just Jaeckin in 1975 as Histoire d'O (Story of O) produced by Eric Rochat and Gérard Lorin, starring Corinne Cléry and Udo Kier  The film met with far less acclaim than the book  It was banned in the United Kingdom by the British Board of Film Censors until February 2000 
In 1975, American director Gerard Damiano, well known for Deep Throat (1972) and The Devil in Miss Jones (1973), created the movie The Story of Joanna, highly influenced by the Story of O, by combining motifs from one of the book's chapters and from Jean-Paul Sartre's No Exit 
In 1979, Danish director Lars von Trier made the short movie entitled Menthe – la bienheureuse, as an homage to Story of O  His 2005 film Manderlay was also inspired by the book, particularly Paulhan's introduction Five years later, in 1984, actress Sandra Wey starred as "O" in Story of O - Chapter 2, written, directed and produced by Eric Rochat 
In 1992, a Brazilian miniseries in 10 episodes entitled A História de O starring Claudia Cepeda was written, directed and produced by Eric Rochat, who was the producer of the original 1975 movie 
In 2002, another version of O was released, called The Story of O: Untold Pleasures, with Danielle Ciardi playing the title character 

Comics
In 1975, it was adapted for comics by the Italian artist Guido Crepax  Both the original and Crepax's adaptation were parodied for comics in 2007 by Charles Alverson and John Linton Roberson 

Documentaries
Writer of O, a 2004 documentary film by Pola Rapaport, mixed interviews with re-enactments of certain scenes from the book  In the documentary, the real author of Story of O, Dominique Aury (actually a pen name of Anne Desclos), talks about the book A Girl in Love  This book was written about how Story of O was written 
A documentary was also made for BBC Radio 4 entitled The Story of O: The Vice Francaise, presented by Rowan Pelling, former editor of the Erotic Review, which looked at the history of the book and its author Anne Desclos 
Erotica: A Journey Into Female Sexuality, a documentary by filmmaker Maya Gallus, featured the final interview with 90-year-old Dominique Aury (a pen name of Story of O author Anne Desclos) before she died  In the film, she recounts the extraordinary love story behind Story of O and marvels that she has reached such a grand age 

Songs
The 2018 single "O" by the artist Shygirl is based on the book 

See also
1975 in film
Dominance and submission
Sadism and masochism in fiction
Story of O - Chapter 2
Venus in Furs
The Claiming of Sleeping Beauty
Fruits of Passion
Passage 5:
The Dice Man
The Dice Man is a 1971 novel by American novelist George Cockcroft, writing under the pen name "Luke Rhinehart"  The book tells the story of a psychiatrist who makes daily decisions based on the casting of a diсe  Cockcroft describes the origin of the title idea variously in interviews, once recalling a college "quirk" he and friends used to decide "what they were going to do that night" based on a die-roll, or sometimes to decide between mildly mischievous pranks  The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy user site describes the novel as a book that was viewed as subversive, as having "anti-psychiatry sentiment", and as "reflecting the mood of the early 1970s in permissiveness"  It has content that includes the protagonist's decisions to engage in rape and murder, and is described as having been "banned in several countries" At the time of its publication, "[i]t was not clear whether the book was fiction or autobiography", all the more because the protagonist and the alleged author were eponymous; both were described as having the same profession (psychiatry), and elements of the described lives of both (e g , places of residence, date of birth) were also in common; hence, curiosity over its authorship have persisted since its publication  Years later, in 1999, Emmanuel Carrère, writing for The Guardian, presented a long-form expose on Cockroft and the relationship between author and legend, disclosing him as a life-long English professor living "in an old farmhouse with a yard that slopes down to a duck pond", a husband of fifty-years, father of three, and a caregiver to a special-needs child On its initial publication, the cover bore the confident subheader, "Few novels can change your life  This one will"; in the United States this was altered to read, "This book will change your life"  The book quickly became, and remains thought of as, a cult classic  Writing in 2017 for The Guardian, Tanya Gold noted that "over the course of 45 years" it was still in print, had become famous, had devoted fans, and had "sold more than 2m copies in multiple languages"  As well, it has been republished a number of times  It initially sold poorly in the United States, but well in Europe, particularly England, Sweden, Denmark, and Spain  Cockroft continued themes of the book in two other novels, Adventures of Wim (1986) and The Search for the Dice Man (1993), and in a companion title, The Book of the Die (2000), none of which achieved the commercial success of The Dice Man 

Plot summary
As stated at the Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy user site:The book tells the story    of a psychologist named Luke [Rhinehart] who, feeling bored and unfulfilled in life, starts making decisions    based on a roll of a die  Along the way, there is sex, rape, murder, 'dice parties', breakouts by psychiatric patients, and various corporate and governmental machines being put into a spin  There is also a description of the cult that starts to develop around the man, and the psychological research he initiates, such as the 'F**k without Fear for Fun and Profit' programme 

Publishing history
ISBN 0-900735-00-7 - September 9, 1971
ISBN 0-246-11058-9 - July, 1978
ISBN 0-586-03765-9 - April 13, 1989
ISBN 0-87951-864-2 - July, 1998
ISBN 0-00-651390-5 - December 15, 1999
ISBN 0-00-716121-2 - April 7, 2003

In Pop Culture
British band The Fall based the song "Dice Man" (1979) on this novel 
British New Wave band Talk Talk wrote the song "Such A Shame" (1984) inspired by this novel 
British musician Richard D  James used the pseudonym The Dice Man for the track "Polygon Window" (1992) 

See also
"Flip Decision"
Yes Man (book)
Passage 6:
Colin Falconer (writer)
Colin Falconer (born 1953) is a pen name of Colin Bowles, who also uses the pen name Mark D'Abranville, an English-born Australian writer   Works published under the pen name include contemporary and historical thrillers, and children's books   Under his original name he has also published books of satirical fiction; non-fiction books about language; television and radio scripts; and many magazine articles and columns 

Biography
Born in North London, Bowles moved to Australia in his twenties and worked as a taxi driver and guitarist before joining an advertising agency  In 1984 he moved to Sydney to pursue a career as a writer 
He worked as a freelance journalist for various major magazines and wrote scripts for radio and television before becoming a full-time novelist in 1990  His books have been translated into 17 languages  He lived for many years near Dunsborough, Western Australia, where he and his late wife, Helen, raised two daughters  While writing, he also worked for many years in the volunteer ambulance service  He lives in Australia with his wife 

Awards
Novels by Colin Falconer
Falconer novels have an international audience  Harem (also published as The Sultan's Harem), the story of Suleiman the Magnificent, sold over 150,000 copies in Germany alone 

Harem (1993)
Aztec (1999)
Feathered Serpent (2002)
The Sultan's Harem (2004)
Silk Road (2011)
Anastasia (2012)
Isabella: Braveheart of France (2013)
East India (2014)
Nights in the Sun
Venom
Deathwatch (1991)
Fury
Opium
Triad
Dangerous
Disappeared
Rough Justice
The Certainty of Doing Evil
When We Were Gods
My Beautiful Spy
Pearls
Stairway to the Moon (sequel to Pearls)
Surfing Mr  Petrovic
Colossus
Stigmata
The Unkillable Kitty O'Kane (2017)
Lord of the Atlas (2022)

Works by Colin Bowles
These include:

Wit's Dictionary
G'day, Teach Yourself Australian
The Year We Seized the Day (2007, with Elizabeth Best)
"Flying Blind"
"Flying Hazzard"
Passage 7:
The Cuckoo Clock
The Cuckoo Clock is a British children's fantasy novel by Mary Louisa Molesworth, published in 1877 by Macmillan  It was originally published under the pen name Ennis Graham and reissued in 1882 as by Mrs  Molesworth, the name by which she is widely known  Both of those editions and many later ones were illustrated by Walter Crane; an 1893 uniform edition is available online at the University of Pennsylvania  An edition illustrated by Maria L  Kirk was published in 1914; it is available online at HathiTrust Digital Library 

Plot summary
A small child and a cuckoo from a cuckoo clock become unlikely friends  At night the clock transports her to magical places 

Genre and style
Her writing style is known to be very plain in context, and it has been criticized for this  But the plain text was most likely used so that the work was more accessible to children  Nothing she writes is too complicated for the readers, and there is an air of conversation in the text 

Themes
Love and friendship
Throughout the novel Griselda struggles with her new place of residence  She quickly finds that what she needs most is friendship  She finds these friends first in the Cuckoo, then her maids, and finally she finds a real friend in Master Phil  It is also realized at the end that throughout the novel her aunts have been showing her examples of real love all along 

Magic in fiction
This particular use of magic is through an enchanted object  The plot is furthered easily with the assumption that the object has no bounds of possibility  Children readers are also led to use their imagination to see all of the images the writer has concocted 

Sacrifices bring reward
Throughout the story Griselda struggles to finish her lessons during the day  The Cuckoo helps her to learn that with hard work there is eventually a reward  He rewards her greatly when she has improved in her lessons 

19th century children's literature
The second half of the 19th century is called the Golden age of children’s literature, because of the publication of so many notable stories that also appear in modern times  The fantasy novel for children was becoming very popular at this time  The Moral Didactic tale also continued with the popularity of the fantasy story  Often overlapping 

The didactic tale
The character of Griselda, has many interesting qualities  She is seen as a real child, who throws fits and is unhappy when she does not get her way  The Cuckoo, through these stories, teaches young Griselda how to control her feelings and urges  Learning the proper way to act is a major theme in many British children's books  Many books written in that age were meant for the betterment of the children reading them 

Critical reception
In the back of a copy of Mrs  Molesworth's The Tapestry Room there is a short review for The Cuckoo Clock:
"A beautiful little story    It will be read with delight by every child into whose hands it is placed    Ennis Graham deserves all that praise that has been, is, and will be, bestowed on The Cuckoo Clock  Children's stories are plentiful, but one like this not to be met with every day " –Pall Mall Gazette

Adaptation into animated film
Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer cartoon studio was adapted into animated short films titled The Cuckoo Clock that released in 1950 by Tex Avery  The story began, when the black cat scared the sound of the cuckoo clock 
Passage 8:
Jane Eyre
Jane Eyre ( AIR; originally published as Jane Eyre: An Autobiography) is a novel by the English writer Charlotte Brontë  It was published under her pen name "Currer Bell" on 19 October 1847 by Smith, Elder & Co  of London  The first American edition was published the following year by Harper & Brothers of New York  Jane Eyre is a Bildungsroman which follows the experiences of its eponymous heroine, including her growth to adulthood and her love for Mr Rochester, the brooding master of Thornfield Hall The novel revolutionised prose fiction by being the first to focus on its protagonist's moral and spiritual development through an intimate first-person narrative, where actions and events are coloured by a psychological intensity  Charlotte Brontë has been called the "first historian of the private consciousness", and the literary ancestor of writers like Marcel Proust and James Joyce The book contains elements of social criticism with a strong sense of Christian morality at its core, and it is considered by many to be ahead of its time because of Jane's individualistic character and how the novel approaches the topics of class, sexuality, religion, and feminism  It, along with Jane Austen's Pride and Prejudice, is one of the most famous romance novels 

Plot
Jane Eyre is divided into 38 chapters  It was originally published in three volumes in the 19th century, comprising chapters 1 to 15, 16 to 27, and 28 to 38 
The second edition was dedicated to William Makepeace Thackeray 
The novel is a first-person narrative from the perspective of the title character  Its setting is somewhere in the north of England, late in the reign of George III (1760–1820)  It has five distinct stages: Jane's childhood at Gateshead Hall, where she is emotionally and physically abused by her aunt and cousins; her education at Lowood School, where she gains friends and role models but suffers privations and oppression; her time as governess at Thornfield Hall, where she falls in love with her mysterious employer, Edward Fairfax Rochester; her time in the Moor House, during which her earnest but cold clergyman cousin, St John Rivers, proposes to her; and ultimately her reunion with, and marriage to, her beloved Rochester  Throughout these sections, it provides perspectives on a number of important social issues and ideas, many of which are critical of the status quo 
The five stages of Jane's life:

Gateshead Hall
Jane Eyre, aged 10, lives at Gateshead Hall with her maternal uncle's family, the Reeds, as a result of her uncle's dying wish  Jane was orphaned several years earlier when her parents died of typhus  Jane's uncle, Mr Reed, was the only one in the Reed family who was kind to Jane  Jane's aunt, Sarah Reed, dislikes her and treats her as a burden  Mrs Reed also discourages her three children from associating with Jane  As a result, Jane becomes defensive against her cruel judgement  The nursemaid, Bessie, proves to be Jane's only ally in the household, even though Bessie occasionally scolds Jane harshly  Excluded from the family activities, Jane lives an unhappy childhood 
One day, as punishment for defending herself against the bullying of her 14-year-old cousin John, the Reeds' only son, Jane is locked in the red room in which her late uncle had died; there, she faints from panic after she thinks she has seen his ghost  The red room is significant because it lays the grounds for the "ambiguous relationship between parents and children" which plays out in all of Jane's future relationships with male figures throughout the novel  She is subsequently attended to by the kindly apothecary Mr Lloyd to whom Jane reveals how unhappy she is living at Gateshead Hall  He recommends to Mrs Reed that Jane should be sent to school, an idea Mrs Reed happily supports  
Mrs Reed then enlists the aid of the harsh Mr Brocklehurst, who is the director of Lowood Institution, a charity school for girls, to enroll Jane  Mrs Reed cautions Mr Brocklehurst that Jane has a "tendency to deceit", which he interprets as Jane being a liar  Before Jane leaves, however, she confronts Mrs Reed and declares that she'll never call her "aunt" again  Jane also tells Mrs Reed and her daughters, Georgiana and Eliza, that they are the ones who are deceitful, and that she will tell everyone at Lowood how cruelly the Reeds treated her  Mrs Reed is hurt badly by these words, but does not have the courage or tenacity to show this 

Lowood Institution
At Lowood Institution, a school for poor and orphaned girls, Jane soon finds that life is harsh  She attempts to fit in and befriends an older girl, Helen Burns  During a class session, her new friend is criticised for her poor stance and dirty nails, and receives a lashing as a result  Later, Jane tells Helen that she could not have borne such public humiliation, but Helen philosophically tells her that it would be her duty to do so  Jane then tells Helen how badly she has been treated by Mrs Reed, but Helen tells her that she would be far happier if she did not bear grudges  
In due course, Mr Brocklehurst visits the school  While Jane is trying to make herself look inconspicuous, she accidentally drops her slate, thereby drawing attention to herself  She is then forced to stand on a stool, and is branded a sinner and a liar  Later, Miss Temple, the caring superintendent, facilitates Jane's self-defence and publicly clears her of any wrongdoing  Helen and Miss Temple are Jane's two main role models who positively guide her development, despite the harsh treatment she has received from many others 
The 80 pupils at Lowood are subjected to cold rooms, poor meals, and thin clothing  Many students fall ill when a typhus epidemic strikes; Helen dies of consumption in Jane's arms  When Mr Brocklehurst's maltreatment of the students is discovered, several benefactors erect a new building and install a sympathetic management committee to moderate Mr Brocklehurst's harsh rule  Conditions at the school then improve dramatically 

Thornfield Hall
After six years as a student and two as a teacher at Lowood, Jane decides to leave in pursuit of a new life, growing bored with her life at Lowood  Her friend and confidante, Miss Temple, also leaves after getting married  Jane advertises her services as a governess in a newspaper  The housekeeper at Thornfield Hall, Alice Fairfax, replies to Jane's advertisement  Jane takes the position, teaching Adèle Varens, a young French girl 
One night, while Jane is carrying a letter to the post from Thornfield, a horseman and dog pass her  The horse slips on ice and throws the rider  Despite the rider's surliness, Jane helps him get back onto his horse  Later, back at Thornfield, she learns that this man is Edward Rochester, master of the house  Adèle was left in his care when her mother, a famous dancer, abandoned her  It is not immediately apparent whether Adèle is Rochester's daughter or not 
At Jane's first meeting with Mr Rochester, he teases her, accusing her of bewitching his horse to make him fall  Jane stands up to his initially arrogant manner  Despite his strange behaviour, Mr Rochester and Jane soon come to enjoy each other's company, and they spend many evenings together 
Odd things start to happen at the house, such as a strange laugh being heard, a mysterious fire in Mr Rochester's room (from which Jane saves Rochester by rousing him and throwing water on him), and an attack on a house-guest named Mr Mason 
After Jane saves Mr Rochester from the fire, he thanks her tenderly and emotionally, and that night Jane feels strange emotions of her own towards him  The next day however he leaves unexpectedly for a distant party gathering, and several days later returns with the whole party, including the beautiful and talented Blanche Ingram  Just as she realises that she is in love with Mr Rochester, Jane sees that he and Blanche favour each other and starts to feel jealous, particularly because she also sees that Blanche is snobbish and heartless 
Jane then receives word that Mrs Reed has suffered a stroke and is calling for her  Jane returns to Gateshead Hall and remains there for a month to tend to her dying aunt  Mrs Reed confesses to Jane that she wronged her, bringing forth a letter from Jane's paternal uncle, Mr John Eyre, in which he asks for her to live with him and be his heir  Mrs Reed admits to telling Mr Eyre that Jane had died of fever at Lowood  Soon afterward, Mrs Reed dies, and Jane helps her cousins after the funeral before returning to Thornfield 
Back at Thornfield, Jane broods over Mr Rochester's rumoured impending marriage to Blanche Ingram  However, one midsummer evening, Rochester baits Jane by saying how much he will miss her after getting married and how she will soon forget him  The normally self-controlled Jane reveals her feelings for him  To her surprise, Rochester reciprocates, having courted Blanche only to make Jane jealous, and proposes marriage  Jane is at first skeptical of his sincerity, before accepting his proposal  She then writes to her Uncle John, telling him of her happy news 
As she prepares for her wedding, Jane's forebodings arise when a strange woman sneaks into her room one night and rips Jane's wedding veil in two  As with the previous mysterious events, Mr Rochester attributes the incident to Grace Poole, one of his servants  During the wedding ceremony, however, Mr Mason and a lawyer declare that Mr Rochester cannot marry because he is already married to Mr Mason's sister, Bertha  Mr Rochester admits this is true but explains that his father tricked him into the marriage for her money  Once they were united, he discovered that she was rapidly descending into congenital madness, and so he eventually locked her away in Thornfield, hiring Grace Poole as a nurse to look after her  When Grace gets drunk, Rochester's wife escapes and causes the strange happenings at Thornfield 
It turns out that Jane's uncle, Mr John Eyre, is a friend of Mr Mason's and was visited by him soon after Mr Eyre received Jane's letter about her impending marriage  After the marriage ceremony is broken off, Mr Rochester asks Jane to go with him to the south of France and live with him as husband and wife, even though they cannot be married  Jane is tempted but realises that she will lose herself and her integrity if she allows her passion for a married man to consume her, and she must stay true to her Christian values and beliefs  Refusing to go against her principles, and despite her love for Rochester, Jane leaves Thornfield Hall at dawn before anyone else is up 

Moor House
Jane travels as far from Thornfield Hall as she can using the little money she had previously saved  She accidentally leaves her bundle of possessions on the coach and is forced to sleep on the moor  She unsuccessfully attempts to trade her handkerchief and gloves for food  Exhausted and starving, she eventually makes her way to the home of Diana and Mary Rivers but is turned away by the housekeeper  She collapses on the doorstep, preparing for her death  Clergyman St John Rivers, Diana and Mary's brother, rescues her  After Jane regains her health, St John finds her a teaching position at a nearby village school  Jane becomes good friends with the sisters, but St John remains aloof 
The sisters leave for governess jobs, and St John becomes slightly closer to Jane  St John learns Jane's true identity and astounds her by telling her that her uncle, John Eyre, has died and left her his entire fortune of 20,000 pounds (equivalent to US $2 24 million in 2022)  When Jane questions him further, St John reveals that John Eyre is also his and his sisters' uncle  They had once hoped for a share of the inheritance but were left virtually nothing  Jane, overjoyed by finding that she has living and friendly family members, insists on sharing the money equally with her cousins, and Diana and Mary come back to live at Moor House
Context 3: Passage 1:
Primary Care Behavioral health
The primary care behavioral health (PCBH) consultation model is a psychological approach to population-based clinical health care that is simultaneously co-located, collaborative, and integrated within the primary care clinic  The goal of PCBH is to improve and promote overall health within the general population  This approach is important because approximately half of all patients in primary care present with psychiatric comorbidities, and 60% of psychiatric illness is treated in primary care Primary care practice has traditionally adopted a generalist approach whereby physicians are trained in the medical model and solutions to problems typically involve medications, procedures, and advice  Appointment times are short, with the goal of seeing a large number of patients in a day  Many patients present with behavioral health care needs that may overlap with medical disorders and that may exacerbate, complicate, or masquerade as physical symptoms  In addition, many medical problems present with associated psychological sequelae (such as stress, emotional reactions, dysfunctional lifestyle behaviors), that are amenable to change through behavioral interventions that can improve outcomes for these health problems 
The PCBH model enables early identification and behavioral/medical intervention that can prevent some acute problems from becoming chronic health care problems (such as chronic pain, diabetes, COPD, hypertension, obesity), which are the cause of many medical visits to primary care clinics  Behavioral health consultants (BHCs) work side-by-side with all members of the clinical care team (including primary care providers (PCPs) and nursing staff) to enhance preventive and clinical care for mental health problems that have traditionally been treated solely by physicians  The role of the BHC is to facilitate systemic change within primary care that facilitates a multidisciplinary approach both from a treatment and reimbursement standpoint  BHCs typically collaborate with physicians to develop treatment plans, monitor patient progress, and flexibly provide care to meet patients' changing needs  Moreover, the integrated care model increases behavioral health accessibility, fosters communication between patients and their primary care team, and improves patients' experiences receiving primary care 

Associated terms
Primary care psychology
Provision of clinical mental health services through a population-based focus on the common problems confronting a majority of individuals  Such issues treated in primary care may include response to physical illness, stress, affective concerns, substance use and abuse, and developmental and situational issues among others  Primary care psychologists are co-located with primary care providers and usually share the same physical space in practice  Primary care psychologists may retain the traditional session length of specialty care or may adhere to a brief, consultative approach that is solution-focused  Primary care psychologists may often be trained in health psychology programs, but not exclusively so Behavioral health consultant
Behavioral health consultants and primary care physicians collaborate within the same system  The behavioral health provider works as part of the medical team to meet the wide range of needs with which patients present Collaborative care
This model uses databases or what are known as registries to track and monitor patients with certain conditions  Typical examples in primary care include diabetes and depression  Often the person managing the registry is a nurse or mental health professional who performs follow-up phone calls and assists the primary care team in following evidence-based protocols  There is often also a consulting psychiatrist who oversees the provision of care in primary care 

Rationale
Primary care has often been termed the de facto mental health system in the United States  Research shows that approximately half of all mental health care services are provided solely by primary care providers  Furthermore, primary care practitioners prescribe about 70% of all psychotropic medications and 80% of antidepressants  Thus, while it seems there are various "specialty" mental health clinics and psychiatrists alike, the primary care environment continues to lend itself to an array of psychiatric issues  One reason is that physical health problems can contribute to psychological dysfunction and vice versa  Examples of the frequent comorbity between medical and psychological problems include: chronic pain can cause depression; panic symptoms can lead to complaints of heart palpitations; and stress can contribute to irritable bowl syndrome  While these mind-body relationships may seem obvious, often the presenting problem is far less clear, with the physical health problem being masked by psychosocial concerns  In fact, of the 10 most common complaints in primary care, less than 16% had a diagnosable physical etiology  The psychosocial impact on primary care is tremendous (approximately 70% of all visits); however, it is curious that few mental health providers have traditionally placed themselves where the demand for their services is arguably the greatest  
Despite the availability of outpatient mental health resources, research indicates that patients are still driven to the primary care setting  In fact, studies show that as little as 10% of patients actually follow through when being referred by a physician to receive outpatient mental health treatment  Many experts believe this low completion rate is tied to the stigma that often surrounds mental health care, causing patients to deny or refuse to seek help for psychiatric needs  As a general rule, patients who do choose to address their mental health concerns express a preference for services in primary care likely due to its familiarity and less stigmatizing environment  However, as many medical providers will admit, their training has left them ill-prepared to appropriately treat the psychiatric sequalae that presents in their clinic  The PCBH model has sought to address this dilemma by providing access to mental health services on site to more effectively target the biological, psychological, and social aspects of patient care  Resulting from close collaboration between physicians and mental health providers, the patients' needs are more adequately met by care that is more comprehensive and collaborative between physicians and mental health providers  Furthermore, the patients are more likely to follow through with primary care services, with referral rates around 80–90% 

The behavioral health consultant model
Behavioral health consultants are culturally competent generalists who provide treatment for a wide variety of mental health, psychosocial, motivational, and medical concerns, including management of anxiety, depression, substance abuse, smoking cessation, sleep hygiene, and diabetes among others  BHCs also provide support and management for patients with severe and persistent mental illness and tend to be familiar with psychopharmacological interventions  Paralleling general medicine, patients who require more extensive mental health treatment are typically referred to specialty care  BHC appointments are typically 15–30 minutes long with the goal of utilizing brief interventions to reduce functional impairment for the population as a whole  BHCs tend to provide focused feedback to PCPs with succinct, action oriented recommendations to help effectively manage patients' needs  BHC interventions tend to be more cost effective and offer increased access to care, with improved patient and provider satisfaction 

Evidence base
A comparison of an enhanced-referral system to a BHC model found that more than 80% of medical providers rated communication between themselves and the BHC as occurring "frequently," relative to less than 50% in an enhanced-referral model of care  Providers strongly preferred an integrated care model to the enhanced-referral model  Another single-site study at an urban community health center found that embedding BHCs resulted in reduced referrals to specialty mental health (8% of depressed patients were referred) along with improved adherence to evidence-based guidelines for the care of depression and reduced prescriptions for antidepressants  Moreover, a recent literature review revealed that improved outcomes in mental health care were associated with several fundamental characteristics, including collaboration and co-location with PCP and mental health providers, as well as systematic follow-up, medication compliance, patient psycho-education, and patient input into treatment modality  In general the number of empirical investigations that have examined the clinical impact and cost-offset of the BHC model is still limited, although a growing body of evidence supports the utility of other integrated behavior health programs (with varying degrees of integration) in academic settings, Veterans Affairs Medical Centers, and community health care settings  A 2011 Cochrane review found that counselling in primary care settings resulted in significantly greater clinical effectiveness in short term mental health outcomes compared to usual care but provided no longer term benefits  Since all of the studies reviewed were from the United Kingdom, how well these findings can be generalized to other settings is unknown 

Depression care
Specifically targeting depression, Schulberg, Raue, & Rollman (2002) reviewed 12 randomized controlled trials (RCTs) that examined evidence-based treatments for major depression (interpersonal psychotherapy & cognitive-behavior therapy) and problem-solving therapy, compared to usual care by PCP's (i e  antidepressant medication, drug placebo, or unspecified control)  The authors concluded that evidence-based psychotherapies adapted for the primary care setting are comparable to pharmacotherapy alone and superior to PCP's usual care  The use of brief evidence-based psychotherapies, such as those reviewed by Schulberg et al , 2002, are fundamental within the PCBH model  The PCBH model emphasizes a problem-focused and functional-contextual approach to assessment and treatment of behavioral health and mental disorders  Wolf and Hopko's (2008) recent review of treatments for depression in primary care concluded that adaptations of CBT for depression in primary care are "probably efficacious " Research also shows that providing basic training in CBT to PCPs is not enough to produce robust clinical outcomes (King et al , 2002); highlighting the importance of the BHC's integrated role in primary care  With respect to the impact of behavioral health consultation on pharmacological treatment of major and minor depression, compared to usual care Katon et al  (1995) found improved medication adherence, increased patient satisfaction with treatment, and overall greater improvements in mood over time for major depression  Inclusion of a behavioral health professional in the treatment of depression in primary care improves outcomes, patient and physician satisfaction, and costs less than usual care  The PCBH model prioritizes the usage of treatment algorithms based on scientific guidelines that include pharmacological and psychotherapeutic interventions  This approach seeks to ensure that patients receive the safest and most effective treatments available 

Anxiety care
Although less empirical attention has been directed toward improving treatment of anxiety disorders in primary care, Stanley et al  found 8 sessions of CBT delivered in a co-located model, superior to usual care for generalized anxiety disorder  Additionally, a collaborative care approach that packaged brief CBT with pharmacotherapy reduced disability, increased remitted symptoms, and decreased anxiety sensitivity for individuals diagnosed with panic disorder relative to usual care and demonstrated greater improvement in depression, anxiety, and disability measures at 6 month follow-up,  Further, clinical guidelines for the treatment of generalized anxiety disorder and panic disorder in primary care recommend behavior therapy and/or SSRI 

Health behavior change
In regard to other health behaviors, strict utilization of the BHC model has shown significant improvements in sleep difficulties, while less integrated models of behavioral health have produced favorable outcomes for smoking cessation, diabetes adherence, and pain disorders  Whitlock et al , suggest brief behavioral interventions have only a modest impact on health behavior change  However, they also suggested that within a population-based model of care modest changes in behavioral health "translate to significant effects "

Alternative models of care
Traditional outpatient psychotherapy
Commonly called "specialty" care, traditional outpatient psychotherapy usually involves treatment of mental health concerns in an outpatient clinic or another setting independent of medical care  Sessions are usually 50 minutes in length and the duration of treatment may vary from weeks to years depending on the mental health concern  Typically, little contact occurs between therapists and patients' physicians or psychiatrists, and coordination of care may be difficult, time consuming, and expensive  The payment and access systems for specialty mental health are also usually distinct from and more cumbersome than that for primary care treatment 

Co-located care model
Behavioral health providers and PCPs practice within the same office or building but maintain separate care delivery systems, including records and treatment plans  However, behavioral health providers and PCPs may consult one another for enhanced treatment outcomes 

Policy
Funding has been a barrier to the implementation of the PCBH consultant model  The cost of treatment and lack of affordable health care has been a barrier for many people with mental illness to receive treatment  In the private sector insurance market mental health treatment is often segregated from other medical care, isolated in separate systems of care and payment  Typically this makes it more difficult for patients to access services readily, if at all  For uninsured patients the United States federal government can provide (depending on eligibility criteria) Medicaid which provides insurance coverage for a large number of individuals with severe and persistent mental illness  The federal government provides money to each state to fund Medicaid programs and provides general mandates on how the money must be spent  Because the federal government has special relationships with Veteran's Administration hospitals and clinics and federally qualified health centers and because several federal agencies have identified integrated care as key targets for improved primary care, the PCBH model has been able to take root in these systems whereas only a few PCBH programs exist in private insurance environments  One major barrier in some states (states can set some of their own rules with regard to Medicaid) is the prohibition of same-day billing  This makes it impossible for a PCBH program since the fundamental concept behind PCBH is the provision of services (medical and mental health visit) on the same day  Typically eligible professionals for Medicaid reimbursement in federally qualified health centers include psychiatrists, psychologists and licensed clinical social workers  Access to care and payment tends to be less restrictive with Medicare, another federal program for persons without private insurance 
The other major issue impacting the development of the PCBH model is the dearth of well-trained mental health workers  At present professional training programs with an emphasis in primary care are limited in number which has led to the growth of internships of varying kinds to train students and retrain professionals (see training programs below) 

PCBH and health disparities in the United States
As the population of the United States becomes more diverse, the approach to population-based care must also adjust accordingly  Projections published by the U S  Census Bureau estimate that by the year 2042 White, non-Hispanic people will no longer be the majority of the population in the United States  According to the 2010 census, White, non-Hispanic people are no longer the majority of the population in Texas, California, the District of Columbia, Hawaii, and New Mexico  The changing population of the United States is generating a need to incorporate cultural competence into the way primary care services are delivered  These changes in the population are concurrent with increasing evidence of disparities in the quality of care that is provided to historically underserved populations within the United States  Underserved populations have low levels of access and utilization based on economic, cultural, and systemic barriers to care 
Behavioral health providers in primary care settings have an opportunity to directly impact health care disparities by designing "…strategies to enhance cooperative or healthy behavior"  "The premise is that mismatches in models (i e , expectations about illness and health interactions) between the patient and the health provider may render medical care 'psychologically' inaccessible to ethnic minorities, resulting in poorer health outcomes for these populations (possibly via noncompliance) " Strategies that help bridge mismatches improve treatment outcomes and make care more accessible for underserved populations 
By establishing a role in primary care, the front-line of health-care delivery, behavioral health providers gain direct access to patients and providers  Healthy People 2010, published in 2007, recommended "that early intervention efforts to protect and promote mental health, including screening and the promotion of mental health awareness, become an essential component of primary care visits and school health assessments "  This objective has been largely retained in the proposed objectives for Healthy People 2020  As Hass and deGruy pointed out, "The primary care patient may or may not believe that she has a mental problem, and may or may not be ready to agree to psychological treatment     primary care psychologists [must] make services accessible and understandable to patients…"  Because of the difference in how patients, particularly those from underserved groups, may express their distress and respond to the stigma of mental illness providing Behavioral Health services through primary care will likely make services more psychologically and physically accessible 
Providing culturally-competent, population based care can difficult to conceptualize, particularly in the context of the fast-paced environment of primary care  Hunter et al  propose "a patient-centered, culturally competent approach for effective communication and care…that includes the Explanatory model of health and illness, Social and environmental factors affecting adherence, Fears and concerns about medication and side effects, Treatment understanding model of culturally competent practice"  By adopting this kind of approach, Behavioral Health providers can help primary care providers meet the medical, psychological, and cultural needs of the patient 

History
In the early 1960s, Kaiser Permanente, an early HMO, uncovered that 60% of physician visits were either individuals who were somatizing stress or whose physical condition was exacerbated by emotional factors  These findings prompted Kaiser to explore various strategies to better manage psychosocial complaints, with ultimate goal of cost reduction  Psychotherapy, which was offered as a prepaid benefit, was studied as a method to reduce primary care visits while also more properly (and less expensively) addressing the problem at hand  Studies revealed that by participating in brief psychotherapy, medical utilization reduced by 65%  The initiatives at Kaiser Permanente set in motion a large body of research on medical cost-offset, a term for the reduction in medical costs that occurs as a result of a patient receiving appropriately designed behavior health services in lieu of more expensive medical services  The National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH) funded several replications examining medical cost offset in the years to follow, with reductions of cost around 30 to 65%  One important trend that emerged in this literature was the greater the collaboration between primary care, the better the cost offset  Likewise, the more "traditional" the behavioral interventions, the less the medical cost offset 
In 1981, the Health Care Financing Administration (HCFA) sponsored the Hawaii Medicaid Project, a seven-year prospective study examining the impact of a new, collaborative behavioral health system among 36,000 Medicaid beneficiaries and 91,000 federal employees in Honolulu  This landmark trial compared the medical cost-offset among patients who received brief and targeted interventions, those who received a 52-session annual psychotherapy benefit, and those who received no treatment  The results showed that the brief, targeted interventions reduced saved $350 per patient per year while psychotherapy actually increased costs by $750 per year  The Hawaii Medicaid Project became the prototype for cost offset research and spawned future projects among managed care organizations, with goal of reducing costs  In 1987, Humana followed suit by studying brief behavioral intervention among Medicare recipients in Florida, with the intention of reducing medical utilization among recent widows and widowers  Known as the Bereavement Program, Humana learned after 2 years $1400 could be saved per patient via brief group intervention for bereavement  In the 1990s, other HMOs and regional group practices began to integrate behavioral health services into primary care, including Kaiser Permanente, Healthcare Partners, Group Health Cooperative of Puget Sound, Kaiser Group Health of Minnesota, and Duke University Medical Center In the years to follow, behavioral health integration started to gain support from a federal level, as United States Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) systems began to conduct research around the impact of primary care psychologists, beginning with the Healthcare Network of Upstate New York (VISN2)  In the last decade, additional VA systems have followed suit with primary care behavioral health programs of their own to meet the increasing mental health demands of soldiers returning from war  More recently, federal support has begun to take hold by increasing funding for integrated behavioral health services for various federally qualified health centers (FQHCs) in the United States  Primary care behavioral health was seen as a solution in FQHCs to address the mental health needs of the Medicaid and uninsured populations, with the goal of better treatment and reduced overall costs 
Passage 2:
Fredric Rieders
Fredric Rieders (July 9, 1922 – November 26, 2005) was an internationally renowned forensic toxicologist  He was born in Vienna, Austria and reportedly emigrated to the United States alone at age 16 to escape Nazism  During the O J  Simpson murder trial, he testified that the presence of detectable amounts of the preservative EDTA found in blood at the scene indicated it may not have come from a human being, but possibly was planted Other of his well-known cases include the Robert Curley, in which Curley's wife, Joann, poisoned him with thallium; another case is that of Michael Swango, or "Dr  Death"—a serial killer who killed as many as 60 of his patients at various hospitals he worked at using succinylcholine and epinephrine  Rieders also offered testimony in 1991 at one of the many trials at which Jack Kevorkian was a defendant  Rieders testified that Kevorkian might have used an excessive amount of the sedative thiopental, and the sedative might actually have killed her before a lethal dose of potassium chloride had a chance to stop her heart, as Dr  Kevorkian had intended Rieders received his PhD in Pharmacology-Toxicology from Thomas Jefferson University  He worked as the Chief Toxicologist for the City of Philadelphia for fourteen years  He later founded National Medical Services in Willow Grove, Pennsylvania in 1970  Now called NMS Labs, it is a private toxicology lab that handles forensic and clinical toxicology Rieders established the non-profit Fredric Rieders Family Renaissance Foundation  Most notably, he established the non-profit Forensic Sciences Mentoring Institute, described as a "hands-on research and academic instruction organization designed to support scientific and humanitarian activities serving students of all ages but specifically the young and especially the disadvantaged " Currently the Foundation is affiliated with Arcadia University's Master of Science in Forensic Science program  Rieders died on November 26, 2005, aged 83 

O J  Simpson murder trial
Dr  Rieders testified in the criminal trial of O J Simpson on July 24, 1995 and August 14, 1995  His testimony was interrupted because he had to leave the country  When he returned, according to the Los Angeles Times, "Not only did he refuse to answer questions directly, but his mood ranged from belligerent to confused "
Passage 3:
Vilma Santos
Rosa Vilma Tuazon Santos-Recto (Tagalog pronunciation: [ˈsantɔs ˈrɛktɔ], born November 3, 1953) is a Filipino actress, singer, dancer, TV host, producer, and politician  She served as a House Deputy Speaker from 2019 to 2022 and as the Representative of Batangas' 6th district from 2016 to 2022 
Her career as an actress has spanned more than five decades, beginning when she debuted as a child actress in the 1963 film Trudis Liit, for which she won her first FAMAS Award (Best Child Performer)  She won the FAMAS Award for Best Actress for her dual role in Dama de Noche (1972)  She has portrayed the superhero Darna in four films beginning with Lipad, Darna, Lipad! (1973)  Santos produced Pagputi ng Uwak, Pag-itim ng Tagak (1978), which won both the FAMAS Award for Best Picture and the Gawad Urian for Best Film  In local media, she has been referred to as "Star for All Seasons" for the varied genres of her films and holds the titles of Grand Slam Queen, Queen of Queens, and the Longest Reigning Box Office Queen of Philippine Cinema  She was hailed as the enduring Grand Dame of the Philippine Film Industry by a foreign critic at the 2013 Toronto International Film Festival, the first Filipina actress to be bestowed such a tile Santos is also a prominent politician, and had served as governor of Batangas for three consecutive terms and as mayor of Lipa for also three consecutive terms  She was elected as the Representative of the 6th District of Batangas which comprise only the City of Lipa in 2016  She was encouraged by various political parties to run for the Senate in 2019, but refused to do so 

Acting career
Vilma Santos is widely considered as the most lastingly successful Filipino film and television actress of all time  She was adjudged as the greatest movie actress of the Philippines for the years 2000 to 2020 by the Philippine Entertainment Portal for her continued portrayal of a wide range of award-winning roles as well as for being a consistent box-office draw despite being in the industry for nearly six decades  Vilma's venture into politics made her semi-retire from showbusiness in the late 1990's yet she still emerged as the actress with the most number of local best actress awards so far in the 21st century She started her acting career when one of her uncles, who was a cameraman at Sampaguita Pictures, convinced her to try out for the movies  Initially, Sampaguita Pictures had planned a child star role for her in Anak, Ang Iyong Ina (1963)  When Santos was in the studio, she noticed a long line of little girls  Thinking that that line was the line for her audition, she decided to queue in  The long line turned out to be for an audition for Sampaguita Pictures' offering Trudis Liit (Little Trudis) 
When it was her turn to audition, she was asked by the panel to sing, dance and cry on cue  She got the part of "Trudis Liit" for which she received the FAMAS Awards Best Child Performer award for 1963 She was cast in Sa Bawat Pintig ng Puso (1964), Maria Cecilia (1965), Kasalanan Kaya? (1968), Iginuhit ng Tadhana (1965) and later in its sequel Pinagbuklod ng Langit (1969) 

Political career
Mayor of Lipa City
In 1998, she entered politics and ran for mayor of Lipa City, Batangas where she won three consecutive elections, becoming the city's first female mayor In 2005, the University of the Philippines Diliman conferred on her the Gawad Plaridel Award for her achievements and contributions both as an actress and a public servant  In the same year she was conferred an honorary doctorate degree (honoris causa) in humanities by the Lipa City College  She was again honored in 2006 by UP Diliman as one of the four awardees in UP's First Diwata Awards 

Governor of Batangas
In 2007, Santos-Recto was on her third and final term as Mayor of Lipa and was barred for seeking another term  She became a reluctant candidate for Governor of Batangas as her brother-in-law, incumbent Vice Governor Richard Recto, is seeking the governorship 
On March 5, 2007, during the regular flag-raising ceremony at the Lipa City Hall, Santos-Recto ask for a week to decide if she will run or not  This was attended by thousands of her supporters not only in Lipa but from different towns in Batangas  On March 12, 2007, she made her final decision, running for Governor of Batangas despite having her brother-in-law as her rival, including incumbent governor Arman Sanchez and former police chief Nestor Sanares 
On the day of her filing of her candidacy, Richard Recto decided to withdraw his candidacy and run for Congress instead 
Santos-Recto was proclaimed Governor-elect of Batangas on May 21, 2007, after garnering 475,740 votes against incumbent Arman Sanchez's 344,969, becoming the first female governor of the province  She was reelected to her second term as Governor of Batangas in 2010, defeating incumbent Santo Tomas Mayor Edna Sanchez, who substituted her husband Arman Sanchez who died few weeks before the election  She was re-elected to her third and final term as Governor in 2013 

Member, House of Representatives
After her election for her third and final term as Governor of Batangas, speculations circulated that Santos-Recto would run for the national level  However, she declined every offer to run for a higher level  She decided to run as the first representative of the newly formed 6th District of Batangas, would comprise only the City of Lipa  Santos-Recto won by a landslide, defeating Bernadette Sabili She became chairman of the Committee on Civil Service and Professional Regulation  However, she was removed from the post by the House leadership for her rejection of the reimposition of capital punishment  She is the vice chair of the Committee on Globalization and WTO and the Committee on Local Government  She is also a member of the committees on Basic Education and Culture, Cooperatives Development, Information and Communications Technology, Interparliamentary Relations and Diplomacy, Labor and Employment, Poverty Alleviation, Public Works and Highways, Southern Tagalog Development, Ways and Means, Welfare af Children, and Women and Gender Equality 
She is co-author of the SOGIE Equality bill (Anti-discrimination bill), Magna Carta for Day Care Workers, Maternity Leave Increase bill, Cancer Awareness bill, expanded Senior Citizens bill, and Post-graduate Education for Teachers bill In September 2018, she switched from the Liberal Party, where she was a member since 2009, to the Nacionalista Party On July 10, 2020, she is one of the 11 representatives who voted favor to grant ABS-CBN's legislative franchise  in which she supported the network's cause for the people and culture  ABS-CBN is also responsible for the restoration of some of her films as well as preservation, which includes Kapag Langit ang Humatol, Anak, Haplos, and Dekada '70 
Although she's eligible to run for a third term, and due to speculations that she might run for a national post, Santos-Recto decided not to seek another term, nor run in any position in the 2022 elections, due to the COVID-19 pandemic 

Personal life
Vilma Santos-Recto is married to Senator Ralph Recto  They have one son, named Ryan Christian  She also has one son, Luis Manzano from her previous marriage to Edu Manzano 

Filmography
Television
Film
Awards in television
1998 – Ading Fernando Lifetime Achievement Award – Star Awards for TV

Awards in film
1983 – FAMAS Medallion of Excellence (Child Actress)
1983 – FAMAS Medallion of Excellence (Lead Actress)
1983 – FAMAS Medallion of Excellence (Producer)
1989 – FAMAS Hall of Fame
1990 – PMPC Star Awards Darling of the Press
1990 – Gawad Urian Aktres ng Dekada '80 (Actress of the Decade '80)
1997 – FAP Lifetime Achievement Award
1998 – FAMAS Lifetime Achievement Award
1999 – PMPC Star Awards Special Citation for winning at the Brussels Int'l Film Festival
1999 – Natatanging Artista ng Taon
2000 – Gawad Urian Aktress ng Dekada '90(Actress of Decade '90)
2000 – Cinemanila Lifetime Achievement Award
2000 – Pelikula At Lipunan Special Award
2002 – Cinemanila Lifetime Achievement Award
2003 – S Magazine's Actress of The Year
2004 – Natatanging Gawad Tanglaw
2005 – PMPC Star Dekada Award in Acting
2005 – Feminist Centennial Filmfest – Outstanding Achievement in Film Acting
2005 – GAWAD PLARIDEL for Outstanding Achievement in Film
2005 – GMMSF All-Time Favorite Actress
2005 – Gawad Suri Award for Exemplary Film Practitioner
2006 – First Pioneer Filipino Animation Awards – for Darna, given by the United Animation Inc  and United Staffing Registry Inc 
2006 – University of the Philippines Diwata Awards
2008 – 25th PMPC Star Awards Lifetime Achievement Awardee
2008 – Fil-Am Visionary Legend Award
2009 – 7th ENPRESS Golden Screen Awards Lifetime Achievement Awardee
2009 – FAMAS Exemplary Achievement Awardee
2009 – Cinema One Original Filmfest Legend Award
2011 – Golden Screen Awards Movie Icon of our Time Awardee
2011 – Gawad Tanglaw Artista Ng Dekada
2012 – Yahoo Awards Major Impact
2014 – Cinema One Numero Uno Icon Award
2015 – NCCA Ani ng Dangal for Ekstra
2016 – FAMAS Presidential Award
2016 – FAP Golden Reel Award
2017 – PMPC Star Awards for Movies Ginintuang Bituin ng Penikulang Pilipino
2017 – Natatanging Gawad Urian
2019 – Gawad Pasado Best Actress Hall of Famer (Films Bata Bata Paano Ka Ginawa?,(1998), Anak (2000), Dekada 70 (2002), Everything About Her (2017)
2019 – PMPC Star Awards for Movies Natatanging Bituin ng Siglo
2019 – SPEED Awards for Movies – Eddys Icon Awards
2021 – PEP Greatest Movie Actress for the Years 2000-2021
2022 – MMFF Marichu Vera Pere Memorial Award
2023 – FDCP Sining Lifetime Achievement Award

Discography
Albums
2000 – Anak Soundtrack
2005 – Vilma (CD, collection of 23 songs)

Songs/covers
1969 – "Sixteen"
1969 – "Da Doo Ron Ron"
1969 – "Wonderful to Be in Love"
1969 – "I Saw Mommy Kissing Santa Claus"
1970 – "Breaking Up Is Hard to Do"
1970 – "Something Stupid"
1970 – "Bring Back Your Love"
1970 – "You're All I Want for Christmas"
1970 – "I Wonder Why"
1971 – "Abadaba Honeymoon"
1971 – "Bobby, Bobby, Bobby"
1971 – "Dry Your Eyes"
1971 – "Love, Love"
1971 – "It's Been a Long Long Time"
1971 – "Baby Cakes"
1971 – "I Love You Honey"
1971 – "Then Along Came You, Edgar"
1971 – "Mandolin in the Moonlight"
1971 – "Sealed with a Kiss"
1971 – "Tweddle Dee"
1971 – "Raindrops Keep Falling on My Head"
1971 – "Don't You Break My Heart"
1971 – "Wonderful World of Music"
1971 – "You Made Me Love You"
1971 – "The Birds and the Bees"
1972 – "Rick Tick Song"
1972 – "Sad Movies (Make Me Cry)"
1972 – "My Boy Lollipop"
1973 – "Palung-Palo Ako"
1973 – "Walang Umiibig"
1974 – "Tok Tok Palatok"
1974 – "Isipin Mong Basta't Mahal Kita"
1974 – "Batya't Palu Palo"
1974 – "Mamang Kutsero"
1976 – "Mga Rosas sa Putikan"

Awards in music
Passage 4:
Atlanta murders of 1979–81
The Atlanta murders of 1979–1981, sometimes called the Atlanta child murders, was a series of murders committed in Atlanta, Georgia, between July 1979 and May 1981  Over the two-year period, at least 28 children, adolescents, and adults were killed 
Wayne Williams, an Atlanta native who was 23 years old at the time of the last murder, was arrested, tried, and convicted of two of the adult murders and sentenced to two consecutive life terms  Police subsequently have attributed a number of the child murders to Williams, although he has not been charged in any of those cases, and Williams himself maintains his innocence, although the killings ceased after his arrest  In March 2019, the Atlanta police, under the order of Mayor Keisha Lance Bottoms, reopened the cases in hopes that new technology will lead to a conviction for the murders that were never resolved  In July 2021, Bottoms announced that DNA had been identified and sampled in two cases that will be subjected to additional analysis by a private lab  Additionally, investigators combed through 40% of the original DNA evidence and sent that to the same private lab for testing on June 21, 2021 

Timeline of murders
1979
In the middle of 1979, Edward Hope Smith (also known as "Teddy"), 14, and Alfred Evans (also known as "Q"), 13, disappeared four days apart  Their bodies were found on July 28 in a wooded area, Smith with a  22 caliber gunshot wound in his upper back  They were believed to be the first victims of the putative "Atlanta Child Killer "
On September 4, the next victim, 14-year-old Milton Harvey, disappeared while on an errand to the bank for his mother  He was riding a bike which was found a week later in a remote area of Atlanta  His body was not recovered until November of that year 
On October 21, 9-year-old Yusuf Bell went to a store to buy Bruton snuff for a neighbor, Eula Birdsong, at Reese Grocery on McDaniel Street  A witness said she saw Yusuf near the intersection of McDaniel and Fulton getting into a blue car before he disappeared  His body was found on November 8 in the abandoned E  P  Johnson Elementary School by a school janitor who was looking for a place to urinate  Bell's body was found clothed in the brown cut-off shorts he was last seen wearing, though they had a piece of masking tape stuck to them  He had been hit over the head twice, and the cause of death was strangulation  Police did not immediately link his disappearance to the previous killings 

1980
On March 4, 1980, the first female victim, 12-year-old Angel Lenair, disappeared  She left her house around 4 pm, wearing a denim outfit, and was last seen at a friend's house watching the television program Sanford and Son  Lenair's body was found six days later, in a wooded vacant lot along Campbellton Road, wearing the same clothes in which she had left home  A pair of white panties that did not belong to Lenair were stuffed in her mouth, and her hands were bound with an electrical cord  The cause of death was strangulation 
On March 11, one week after Lanier's disappearance, 11-year-old Jeffery Mathis disappeared while on an errand for his mother  He was wearing gray jogging pants, brown shoes, and a white and green shirt  Months later a girl said she saw him get into a blue car with a light-skinned man and a dark-skinned man  The body of Jeffrey Mathis was found in a "briar-covered patch of woodlands," 11 months after he disappeared, by which time it was not possible to identify a cause of death 
On May 18, 15-year-old Eric Middlebrooks disappeared  He was last seen answering the telephone at home and then leaving in a hurry on his bicycle, taking with him a hammer to repair the bicycle  His body was found the following day next to his bicycle in the rear garage of an Atlanta bar  The bar was located next door to what was then the Georgia Department of Offender Rehabilitation  His pockets were turned inside out, his chest and arms had slight stab wounds, and the cause of death was determined to be blunt force trauma to the head  A few weeks before he disappeared, Middlebrooks had testified against three juveniles in a robbery case 
On June 9, 12-year-old Christopher Richardson went missing on his way to a local pool  He was last seen walking towards the DeKalb County's Midway Recreation Center in Midway Park  He was wearing blue shorts, a light blue shirt and blue tennis shoes  His body was not found until the following January, clothed in unfamiliar swim trunks, along with the body of a later victim, Earl Terrell  The cause of Richardson's death was not determined 
On June 22, 7-year-old LaTonya Wilson disappeared from her parents' apartment  According to a witness, she appeared to have been abducted by two men, one of whom was seen climbing into the apartment window and then holding Wilson in his arms as he spoke to the other man in the parking lot  On October 18, Wilson's body was found in a fenced-in area at the end of Verbena Street in Atlanta  By then, the body had skeletonized, and no cause of death could be established 
The next day, June 23, 10-year-old Aaron Wyche disappeared after having been seen near a local grocery store, getting into a blue Chevrolet with either one or two black men  A female witness says she saw Wyche being led from Tanner's Corner Grocery by a 6-foot-tall 180-pound black male, approximately 30 years old, with a mustache and goatee  The witness's description of the car matched a description of a similar car implicated in the earlier Jeffrey Mathis disappearance  At 6 pm, Wyche was seen at a shopping center  The following day, Wyche's body was found under a bridge; the official cause of death was asphyxiation from a broken neck suffered in a fall 
In July 1980, two more children, 9-year-old Anthony Carter and 10-year-old Earl Terrell, were murdered 
Clifford Jones, aged 13, disappeared on August 20  He was found dead from strangulation  His body was found on August 21 behind a dumpster in the rear of the former Hollywood Plaza shopping center 
Darron Glass, aged 10, was reported missing on September 14  His body has not been recovered 
Charles Stephens, aged 12, was reported missing on October 9  His body was found the next day on Norman Berry Drive near the entrance to a Trailer Park



ground_truth: Pleiospilos

prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: The telenova "El Ardiente Secreto" was based ona novel published under what pen name?

The following are given passages.
Context 2: 

Proposals
Thinking that the pious and conscientious Jane will make a suitable missionary's wife, St John asks her to marry him and to go with him to India, not out of love, but out of duty  Jane initially accepts going to India but rejects the marriage proposal, suggesting they travel as brother and sister  As Jane's resolve against marriage to St John begins to weaken, she seems to hear Mr Rochester's voice calling her name  Jane then returns to Thornfield Hall to see if Rochester is all right, only to find blackened ruins  She learns that Rochester sent Mrs Fairfax into retirement and Adèle to school a few months following her departure  Shortly afterwards, his wife set the house on fire and died after jumping from the roof  While saving the servants and attempting to rescue his wife, Rochester lost a hand and his eyesight  
Jane reunites with Rochester, and he is overjoyed at her return, but fears that she will be repulsed by his condition  "Am I hideous, Jane?", he asks  "Very, sir; you always were, you know", she replies  Now a humbled man, Rochester vows to live a purer life, and reveals that he has intensely pined for Jane ever since she left  He had even called out her name in despair one night, the very call that she heard from Moor House, and heard her reply from miles away, signifying the connection between them  Jane asserts herself as a financially independent woman and assures him of her love, declaring that she will never leave him  Rochester proposes again, and they are married  They live blissfully together in an old house in the woods called Ferndean Manor  The couple stay in touch with Adèle as she grows up, as well as Diana and Mary, who each gain loving husbands of their own  St John moves to India to accomplish his missionary goals, but is implied to have fallen gravely ill there  Rochester regains sight in one eye two years after his and Jane's marriage, enabling him to see their newborn son 

Major characters
In order of first line of dialogue:

Chapter 1
Jane Eyre: The novel's narrator and protagonist, she eventually becomes the second wife of Edward Rochester  Orphaned as a baby, Jane struggles through her nearly loveless childhood and becomes a governess at Thornfield Hall  Small and facially plain, Jane is passionate and strongly principled and values freedom and independence  She also has a strong conscience and is a determined Christian  She is ten at the beginning of the novel, and nineteen or twenty at the end of the main narrative  As the final chapter of the novel states that she has been married to Edward Rochester for ten years, she is approximately thirty at its completion 
Mrs Sarah Reed (née Gibson): Jane's maternal aunt by marriage, who reluctantly adopted Jane in accordance with her late husband's wishes  According to Mrs Reed, he pitied Jane and often cared for her more than for his own children  Mrs Reed's resentment leads her to abuse and neglect the girl  She lies to Mr Brocklehurst about Jane's tendency to lie, preparing him to be severe with Jane when she arrives at Brocklehurst's Lowood School 
John Reed: Jane's fourteen-year-old first cousin who bullies her incessantly and violently, sometimes in his mother's presence  Addicted to food and sweets, causing him ill health and bad complexion  John eventually ruins himself as an adult by drinking and gambling and is rumoured to have committed suicide 
Eliza Reed: Jane's thirteen-year-old first cousin  Envious of her more attractive younger sister and a slave to a rigid routine, she self-righteously devotes herself to religion  She leaves for a nunnery near Lisle (France) after her mother's death, determined to estrange herself from her sister 
Georgiana Reed: Jane's eleven-year-old first cousin  Although beautiful and indulged, she is insolent and spiteful  Her elder sister Eliza foils Georgiana's marriage to the wealthy Lord Edwin Vere when the couple is about to elope  Georgiana eventually marries a "wealthy worn-out man of fashion "
Bessie Lee: The nursemaid at Gateshead Hall  She often treats Jane kindly, telling her stories and singing her songs, but she has a quick temper  Later, she marries Robert Leaven with whom she has three children 
Miss Martha Abbot: Mrs Reed's maid at Gateshead Hall  She is unkind to Jane and tells Jane she has less right to be at Gateshead than a servant does 

Chapter 3
Mr Lloyd: A compassionate apothecary who recommends that Jane be sent to school  Later, he writes a letter to Miss Temple confirming Jane's account of her childhood and thereby clears Jane of Mrs Reed's charge of lying 

Chapter 4
Mr Brocklehurst: The clergyman, director, and treasurer of Lowood School, whose maltreatment of the pupils is eventually exposed  A religious traditionalist, he advocates for his charges the most harsh, plain, and disciplined possible lifestyle, but, hypocritically, not for himself and his own family  His second daughter, Augusta, exclaimed, "Oh, dear papa, how quiet and plain all the girls at Lowood look… they looked at my dress and mama's, as if they had never seen a silk gown before "

Chapter 5
Miss Maria Temple: The kind superintendent of Lowood School, who treats the pupils with respect and compassion  She helps clear Jane of Mr Brocklehurst's false accusation of deceit and cares for Helen in her last days  Eventually, she marries Reverend Naysmith 
Miss Scatcherd: A sour and strict teacher at Lowood  She constantly punishes Helen Burns for her untidiness but fails to see Helen's substantial good points 
Helen Burns: Jane's best friend at Lowood School  She refuses to hate those who abuse her, trusts in God, and prays for peace one day in heaven  She teaches Jane to trust Christianity and dies of consumption in Jane's arms  Elizabeth Gaskell, in her biography of the Brontë sisters, wrote that Helen Burns was 'an exact transcript' of Maria Brontë, who died of consumption at age 11 

Chapter 11
Mrs Alice Fairfax: The elderly, kind widow and the housekeeper of Thornfield Hall; distantly related to the Rochesters 
Adèle Varens: An excitable French child to whom Jane is a governess at Thornfield Hall  Adèle's mother was a dancer named Céline  She was Mr Rochester's mistress and claimed that Adèle was Mr Rochester's daughter, though he refuses to believe it due to Céline's unfaithfulness and Adèle's apparent lack of resemblance to him  Adèle seems to believe that her mother is dead (she tells Jane in chapter 11, "I lived long ago with mamma, but she is gone to the Holy Virgin")  Mr Rochester later tells Jane that Céline actually abandoned Adèle and "ran away to Italy with a musician or singer" (ch  15)  Adèle and Jane develop a strong liking for one another, and although Mr Rochester places Adèle in a strict school after Jane flees Thornfield Hall, Jane visits Adèle after her return and finds a better, less severe school for her  When Adèle is old enough to leave school, Jane describes her as "a pleasing and obliging companion—docile, good-tempered and well-principled", and considers her kindness to Adèle well repaid 
Grace Poole: "…a woman of between thirty and forty; a set, square-made figure, red-haired, and with a hard, plain face…" Mr Rochester pays her a very high salary to keep his mad wife, Bertha, hidden and quiet  Grace is often used as an explanation for odd happenings at the house such as strange laughter that was heard not long after Jane arrived  She has a weakness for drinking that occasionally allows Bertha to escape 

Chapter 12
Edward Fairfax Rochester: The master of Thornfield Hall  A Byronic hero, he has a face "dark, strong, and stern " He married Bertha Mason years before the novel begins 
Leah: The housemaid at Thornfield Hall 

Chapter 17
Blanche Ingram: Young socialite whom Mr Rochester plans to marry  Though possessing great beauty and talent, she treats social inferiors, Jane in particular, with undisguised contempt  Mr Rochester exposes her and her mother's mercenary motivations when he puts out a rumour that he is far less wealthy than they imagine 

Chapter 18
Richard Mason: An Englishman whose arrival at Thornfield Hall from the West Indies unsettles Mr Rochester  He is the brother of Rochester's first wife, the woman in the attic, and still cares for his sister's well-being  During the wedding ceremony of Jane and Mr Rochester, he exposes the bigamous nature of the marriage 

Chapter 21
Robert Leaven: The coachman at Gateshead Hall, who brings Jane the news of the death of the dissolute John Reed, an event which has brought on Mrs Reed's stroke  He informs her of Mrs Reed's wish to see Jane before she dies 

Chapter 26
Bertha Antoinetta Mason: The first wife of Edward Rochester  After their wedding, her mental health began to deteriorate, and she is now violent and in a state of intense derangement, apparently unable to speak or go into society  Mr Rochester, who insists that he was tricked into the marriage by a family who knew Bertha was likely to develop this condition, has kept Bertha locked in the attic at Thornfield Hall for years  She is supervised and cared for by Grace Poole, whose drinking sometimes allows Bertha to escape  After Richard Mason stops Jane and Mr Rochester's wedding, Rochester finally introduces Jane to Bertha: "In the deep shade, at the farther end of the room, a figure ran backwards and forwards  What it was, whether beast or human being, one could not, at first sight, tell… it snatched and growled like some strange wild animal: but it was covered with clothing, and a quantity of dark, grizzled hair, wild as a mane, hid its head and face " Eventually, Bertha sets fire to Thornfield Hall and throws herself to her death from the roof  Bertha is viewed as Jane's "double": Jane is pious and just, while Bertha is savage and animalistic  Though her race is never mentioned, it is sometimes conjectured that she was of mixed race  Rochester suggests that Bertha's parents wanted her to marry him, because he was of "good race", implying that she was not pure white, while he was  There are also references to her "dark" hair and "discoloured" and "black" face  A number of writers during the Victorian period suggested that madness could result from a racially "impure" lineage, compounded by growing up in a tropical West Indian climate 

Chapter 28
Diana and Mary Rivers: Sisters in a remote moors house who take Jane in when she is hungry and friendless, having left Thornfield Hall without making any arrangements for herself  Financially poor but intellectually curious, the sisters are deeply engrossed in reading the evening Jane appears at their door  Eventually, they are revealed to be Jane's cousins  They want Jane to marry their stern clergyman brother so that he will stay in England rather than journey to India as a missionary  Diana marries naval Captain Fitzjames, and Mary marries clergyman Mr Wharton  The sisters remain close to Jane and visit her and Rochester every year 
Hannah: The kindly housekeeper at the Rivers home; "…comparable with the Brontës' well-loved servant, Tabitha Aykroyd "
St John Eyre Rivers: A handsome, though severe and serious, clergyman who befriends Jane and turns out to be her cousin  St John is thoroughly practical and suppresses all of his human passions and emotions, particularly his love for the beautiful and cheerful heiress Rosamond Oliver, in favour of good works  He wants Jane to marry him and serve as his assistant on his missionary journey to India  After Jane rejects his proposal, St John goes to India unmarried 

Chapter 32
Rosamond Oliver: A beautiful, kindly, wealthy, but rather simple young woman, and the patron of the village school where Jane teaches  Rosamond is in love with St John, but he refuses to declare his love for her because she wouldn't be suitable as a missionary's wife  She eventually becomes engaged to the respected and wealthy Mr Granby 
Mr Oliver: Rosamond Oliver's wealthy father, who owns a foundry and needle factory in the district  "…a tall, massive-featured, middle-aged, and grey-headed man, at whose side his lovely daughter looked like a bright flower near a hoary turret " He is a kind and charitable man, and he is fond of St John 

Context
The early sequences, in which Jane is sent to Lowood, a harsh boarding school, are derived from the author's own experiences  Helen Burns's death from tuberculosis (referred to as consumption) recalls the deaths of Charlotte Brontë's sisters, Elizabeth and Maria, who died of the disease in childhood as a result of the conditions at their school, the Clergy Daughters School at Cowan Bridge, near Tunstall, Lancashire  Mr Brocklehurst is based on Rev  William Carus Wilson (1791–1859), the Evangelical minister who ran the school  Additionally, John Reed's decline into alcoholism and dissolution recalls the life of Charlotte's brother Branwell, who became an opium and alcohol addict in the years preceding his death  Finally, like Jane, Charlotte became a governess  These facts were revealed to the public in The Life of Charlotte Brontë (1857) by Charlotte's friend and fellow novelist Elizabeth Gaskell The Gothic manor of Thornfield Hall was probably inspired by North Lees Hall, near Hathersage in the Peak District in Derbyshire  This was visited by Charlotte Brontë and her friend Ellen Nussey in the summer of 1845, and is described by the latter in a letter dated 22 July 1845  It was the residence of the Eyre family, and its first owner, Agnes Ashurst, was reputedly confined as a lunatic in a padded second floor room  It has been suggested that the Wycoller Hall in Lancashire, close to Haworth, provided the setting for Ferndean Manor to which Mr Rochester retreats after the fire at Thornfield: there are similarities between the owner of Ferndean—Mr Rochester's father—and Henry Cunliffe, who inherited Wycoller in the 1770s and lived there until his death in 1818; one of Cunliffe's relatives was named Elizabeth Eyre (née Cunliffe)  The sequence in which Mr Rochester's wife sets fire to the bed curtains was prepared in an August 1830 homemade publication of Brontë's The Young Men's Magazine, Number 2  Charlotte Brontë began composing Jane Eyre in Manchester, and she likely envisioned Manchester Cathedral churchyard as the burial place for Jane's parents and Manchester as the birthplace of Jane herself 

Adaptations and influence
The novel has been adapted into a number of other forms, including theatre, film, television, and at least two full-length operas  The novel has also been the subject of a number of significant rewritings and related interpretations, notably Jean Rhys's seminal 1966 novel Wide Sargasso Sea 

Reception
Contemporary reviews
Jane Eyre's initial reception contrasts starkly to its reputation today  In 1848, Elizabeth Rigby (later Elizabeth Eastlake), reviewing Jane Eyre in The Quarterly Review, found it "pre-eminently an anti-Christian composition," declaring: "We do not hesitate to say that the tone of mind and thought which has overthrown authority and violated every code human and divine abroad, and fostered Chartism and rebellion at home, is the same which has also written Jane Eyre "An anonymous review in The Mirror of Literature, Amusement, and Instruction writes of "the extraordinary daring of the writer of Jane Eyre"; however, the review is mostly critical, summarising: "There is not a single natural character throughout the work  Everybody moves on stilts—the opinions are bad—the notions absurd  Religion is stabbed in the dark—our social distinctions attempted to be levelled, and all absurdly moral notions done away with "There were some who felt more positive about the novel contemporaneously  George Henry Lewes said, "It reads like a page out of one’s own life; and so do many other pages in the book " Another critic from the Atlas wrote, "It is full of youthful vigour, of freshness and originality, of nervous diction and concentrated interest    It is a book to make the pulses gallop and the heart beat, and to fill the eyes with tears "A review in The Era praised the novel, calling it "an extraordinary book", observing that "there is much to ponder over, rejoice over, and weep over, in its ably-written pages  Much of the heart laid bare, and the mind explored; much of greatness in affliction, and littleness in the ascendant; much of trial and temptation, of fortitude and resignation, of sound sense and Christianity—but no tameness "The People's Journal compliments the novel's vigour, stating that "the reader never tires, never sleeps: the swell and tide of an affluent existence, an irresistible energy, bears him onward, from first to last  It is impossible to deny that the author possesses native power in an uncommon degree—showing itself now in rapid headlong recital, now in stern, fierce, daring dashes in portraiture—anon in subtle, startling mental anatomy—here in a grand illusion, there in an original metaphor—again in a wild gush of genuine poetry "American publication The Nineteenth Century defended the novel against accusations of immorality, describing it as "a work which has produced a decided sensation in this country and in England    Jane Eyre has made its mark upon the age, and even palsied the talons of mercenary criticism  Yes, critics hired to abuse or panegyrize, at so much per line, have felt a throb of human feeling pervade their veins, at the perusal of Jane Eyre  This is extraordinary—almost preternatural—smacking strongly of the miraculous—and yet it is true    We have seen Jane Eyre put down, as a work of gross immorality, and its author described as the very incarnation of sensualism  To any one, who has read the work, this may look ridiculous, and yet it is true "The Indicator, concerning speculation regarding the gender of the author, wrote, "We doubt not it will soon cease to be a secret; but on one assertion we are willing to risk our critical reputation—and that is, that no woman wrote it  This was our decided conviction at the first perusal, and a somewhat careful study of the work has strengthened it  No woman in all the annals of feminine celebrity ever wrote such a style, terse yet eloquent, and filled with energy bordering sometimes almost on rudeness: no woman ever conceived such masculine characters as those portrayed here "

Twentieth century
Literary critic Jerome Beaty believed the close first-person perspective leaves the reader "too uncritically accepting of her worldview", and often leads reading and conversation about the novel towards supporting Jane, regardless of how irregular her ideas or perspectives are In 2003, the novel was ranked number 10 in the BBC's survey The Big Read 

Romance genre
Before the Victorian era, Jane Austen wrote literary fiction that influenced later popular fiction, as did the work of the Brontë sisters produced in the 1840s  Brontë's love romance incorporates elements of both the gothic novel and Elizabethan drama, and "demonstrate[s] the flexibility of the romance novel form "

Themes
Race
Throughout the novel there are frequent themes relating to ideas of ethnicity (specifically that of Bertha), which are a reflection of the society that the novel is set within  Mr Rochester claims to have been forced to take on a "mad" Creole wife, a woman who grew up in the West Indies, and who is thought to be of mixed-race descent  In the analysis of several scholars, Bertha plays the role of the racialised "other" through the shared belief that she chose to follow in the footsteps of her parents  Her alcoholism and apparent mental instability cast her as someone who is incapable of restraining herself, almost forced to submit to the different vices she is a victim of  Many writers of the period believed that one could develop mental instability or mental illnesses simply based on their race This means that those who were born of ethnicities associated with a darker complexion, or those who were not fully of European descent, were believed to be more mentally unstable than their white European counterparts were  According to American scholar Susan Meyer, in writing Jane Eyre Brontë was responding to the "seemingly inevitable" analogy in 19th-century European texts which "[compared] white women with blacks in order to degrade both groups and assert the need for white male control"  Bertha serves as an example of both the multiracial population and of a ‘clean’ European, as she is seemingly able to pass as a white woman for the most part, but also is hinted towards being of an ‘impure’ race since she does not come from a purely white or European lineage  The title that she is given by others of being a Creole woman leaves her a stranger where she is not black but is also not considered to be white enough to fit into higher society Unlike Bertha, Jane Eyre is thought of as being sound of mind before the reader is able to fully understand the character, simply because she is described as having a complexion that is pale and she has grown up in a European society rather than in an "animalistic" setting like Bertha  Jane is favoured heavily from the start of her interactions with Rochester, simply because like Rochester himself, she is deemed to be of a superior ethnic group than that of his first wife  While she still experiences some forms of repression throughout her life (the events of the Lowood Institution) none of them are as heavily taxing on her as that which is experienced by Bertha  Both women go through acts of suppression on behalf of the men in their lives, yet Jane is looked at with favour because of her supposed "beauty" that can be found in the colour of her skin  While both are characterised as falling outside of the normal feminine standards of this time, Jane is thought of as superior to Bertha because she demands respect and is able to use her talents as a governess, whereas Bertha is seen as a creature to be confined in the attic away from "polite" society 

Wide Sargasso Sea
Jean Rhys intended her critically acclaimed novel Wide Sargasso Sea as an account of the woman whom Rochester married and kept in his attic  The book won the notable WH Smith Literary Award in 1967  Rhys explores themes of dominance and dependence, especially in marriage, depicting the mutually painful relationship between a privileged English man and a Creole woman from Dominica made powerless on being duped and coerced by him and others  Both the man and the woman enter marriage under mistaken assumptions about the other partner  Her female lead marries Mr Rochester and deteriorates in England as "The Madwoman in the Attic"  Rhys portrays this woman from a quite different perspective from the one in Jane Eyre 

Feminism
The idea of the equality of men and women emerged more strongly in the Victorian period in Britain, after works by earlier writers, such as Mary Wollstonecraft  R  B  Martin described Jane Eyre as the first major feminist novel, "although there is not a hint in the book of any desire for political, legal, educational, or even intellectual equality between the sexes " This is illustrated in chapter 23, when Jane responds to Rochester's callous and indirect proposal:

Do you think I am an automaton? a machine without feelings?   Do you think, because I am poor, obscure, plain, and little, I am soulless and heartless? You think wrong—I have as much soul as you,—and full as much heart   I am not talking to you now through the medium of custom, conventionalities, nor even of mortal flesh;—it is my spirit that addresses your spirit; just as if both had passed through the grave, and we stood at God's feet, equal,—as we are The novel "acted as a catalyst" to feminist criticism with the publication by S  Gilbert and S  Gubar's The Madwoman in the Attic (1979), the title of which alludes to Rochester's wife  The Brontës' fictions were cited by feminist critic Ellen Moers as prime examples of Female Gothic, exploring woman's entrapment within domestic space and subjection to patriarchal authority, and the transgressive and dangerous attempts to subvert and escape such restriction  Both Wuthering Heights and Jane Eyre explore this theme 

Notes
Passage 9:
Aunt Jane's Nieces
Aunt Jane's Nieces is the title of a juvenile novel published by Reilly & Britton in 1906, and written by L  Frank Baum under the pen name "Edith Van Dyne " Since the book was the first in a series of novels designed for adolescent girls, its title was applied to the entire series of ten books, published between 1906 and 1918 

Inception
The book and the series were designed to appeal to the same audience as Louisa May Alcott's Little Women and Little Men  This was expressly stipulated in Baum's contract with Reilly & Britton, which stated:

Baum shall deliver to the Reilly and Britton Co  on or before March 1, 1906, the manuscript of a book for young girls on the style of the Louisa M  Alcott stories, but not so good, the authorship to be ascribed to "Ida May McFarland," or to "Ethel Lynne" or some other mythological female 

Plot
Jane Merrick is a wealthy, elderly, difficult invalid woman who is preparing for her approaching death  In her youth, she inherited her money and estate from her fiancé, Thomas Bradley, who died before their wedding took place  With no children of her own, she calls for her three teenage nieces to visit her, so she can decide who will inherit her estate  They are Louise Merrick, Elizabeth De Graf, and Patsy Doyle, children of Jane's younger brother and sisters 
Louise, seventeen years old, was small when her father died after struggling and failing to succeed in business  Aunt Jane refused his request for financial assistance  He left only his life insurance money, and Louise and her mother lived cheaply on the proceeds for years  However, they developed a plan to improve their lot  They decided to spend the entire principle of their funds on a three-year spree of fancy living to gain Louise an entrance into society, with a goal of finding a suitable husband to support them 
Beth, fifteen, has two parents who can barely make ends meet, living under a tightly stretched budget  Aunt Jane refused a request for money from Beth's father just the previous year, and Beth cannot even trust him with her own money  Beth is a brooding small-town beauty, given to sullenness 
Sixteen-year-old Patsy manages and dotes on her Irish father after the death of her mother  Aunt Jane refused the only plea this sister ever made, for a loan to pay for medical care that might have saved her life  Patsy is a temperamental redhead who resents Aunt Jane's past neglect and determines to have nothing to do with the old woman's money 
The nieces visit Aunt Jane  (Patsy resists at first, but the willful Aunt Jane sends her lawyer to fetch the girl ) The three cousins display their contrasting traits: Louise, sweet but manipulative; Beth, her bluntness tinged with bitterness; and Patsy, forthright and gifted with a natural integrity  Patsy quickly takes herself out of the running for Aunt Jane's fortune, refusing to have any part of it  Yet the old woman takes a liking to the girl, precisely for her vigor, candor, and stubbornness 
Beth finds Aunt Jane distasteful, but makes friends with the servants  Louise insists on "nursing" Aunt Jane, and showers her with gushing affection that Jane finds insincere but hard to resist  Patsy, having declared she does not want the money, visits Aunt Jane's room when she wishes, with an independence which pleases the invalid considerably 
Living on the estate is Jane's dead fiancé's nephew, Kenneth Forbes, who was born long after Thomas Bradley died  As charged in the will, Jane has provided for him since his mother died eight years previously, but despises him, putting him in a room in a distant wing of the house, and never dining with him  The humiliated and neglected boy has become sullen, shy and awkward  Despite his lessons, he seems ignorant, but has nowhere else to go, as Jane will not pay for better education for him  Kenneth's only supporter is Jane's lawyer, Silas Watson, who sees glimmers of Kenneth's possibilities and tries to convince Jane to do him justice  Kenneth is beginning to show some abilities at drawing, but does not think anything of his skill 
Aunt Jane has several servants, but the most unusual is James, the gardener, who loves the flowers as much as she does  He was with Thomas Bradley when he died, which traumatized him so badly that he rarely speaks 
Aunt Jane is also visited in her final days by her long-lost older brother, the girls' Uncle John  He dresses shabbily, and is presumed to be down and out; his sister gives him a place to stay  Uncle John exhibits the honesty, kindness and good sense that are lacking in most of the family  He befriends everyone, including poor Kenneth, in whom he takes a genuine interest 
The nieces gradually learn to accommodate themselves to their contrasting personalities  An incident electrifies the family: Beth and Louise have routinely been teasing Kenneth, causing him to flee the house via a plank stretched from the rooftop to a tree  When Patsy comes to see him about a horse, he runs for his escape, but falls off the edge  In full view of her aunt, she heroically pulls him up and saves him, but loses her balance and falls to the ground, breaking a leg 
This accident brings the young people together, breaking down the barriers between them  Kenneth learns to socialize with the girls and overcome his shyness, and the nieces begin to enjoy each other's company  Kenneth receives a mysterious gift of drawing materials, and begins to show his work to the girls  However, Jane's health continues to deteriorate, and she decides to make a will leaving the bulk of the estate to Patsy  Patsy refuses, and insists Jane should leave the estate to Kenneth  After fighting over this for many days, Jane pretends to give in to Patsy, but secretly invalidates the new will 
A short while later Jane passes away in the garden, and poor gardener James is the unlucky one who finds her  He runs shrieking away, to hide in his room for days 
The inheritance drama comes to a head over not one last will and testament, but three  After the funeral, Silas Watson opens the envelope containing the last will, and discovers that Jane has torn off the signatures and voided it  Her previous will, leaving the estate to Patsy with token amounts to the others, comes into effect  Patsy pledges to give the estate to Kenneth when she comes of age, and to increase her cousin's cash portions 
The group is suddenly called to James' room, where he lies dying after being kicked by a horse  This has shocked him into his right mind for the first time since Thomas Bradley's death years ago  He tells them about the accident, and how he drew the grievously injured man from the wreck  He explains that "Master Tom" demanded paper to make out a new will  The conductor and James both signed it to make it legal  However, the dying James does not recognize the people around him, who look so old to his now-young brain, and refuses to give them the will  He dies, and Watson and Uncle John search the room and find it  In the hasty will, Thomas bequeathed to Jane the use of his estate during her lifetime, after which it should revert to his sister and her descendants  In other words, Jane had no ability to will anything to anyone, and Kenneth is the sole rightful heir 
When this is announced, the group is shocked  There are no cash bequests to anyone – the fortune is all Kenneth's  The girls decide to go home; since Uncle John seems homeless, Patsy invites him to move in with her and her father 
Back in New York, Uncle John is quietly bemused by their poor apartment and his bed on the sofa  When they leave for work, he slips into an uptown banker's office where he meets with important people who treat him deferentially  After a week, Patsy receives her first surprise from an unknown benefactor – keys to a lovely furnished apartment provided free for at least three years  When they nervously visit it, they discover it has been fitted out completely, and a maid rings the bell reporting for duty, all her wages prepaid 
While Patsy and her father retrieve their things from the old apartment, Uncle John makes a quick visit to Louise and her mother, who treat him coldly  He leaves, embarrassed, but in the distance Louise's banker neighbor points him out: "he's worth from eighty to ninety millions, at least, and controls most of the canning and tin-plate industries of America "Patsy is concerned about the apartment, but Uncle John says, "There is nothing too good for a brave, honest girl who's [sic] heart is in the right place " Subsequently, Patsy reports for work and is told she's been fired  When she returns home, she finds a lady waiting to tutor her, to prepare her for women's college  That afternoon, to her delight, a piano teacher arrives  In the meantime, her father is informed that his firm's bankers would like to employ him, in a job that requires very few hours and pays a generous sum  Days later, he encounters Uncle John at the bank conducting his business, and learns the truth  At home, John points out that they all assumed he was poor, and he simply did not correct them  He promises to give the use of substantial money to both of the other girls' families, which can then be left to the nieces, so that they will not be in need 
Uncle John asks if he can continue to stay with Patsy and her father  She says, "I never meant to part with you, when I thought you poor, and I'll not desert you now that I know you're rich "

Criticism
The novel "is genuinely original and interesting  It focuses on three adolescent girls, two of whom combine basic good character with ugly traits not usually found in fiction for young girls  Baum starts with a trite situation that could occasion prosy moralizing   and gives it several original twists "

The series
The rest of the novels in the series feature travel, adventures, accidents, a kidnapping and rescue, romances, and a marriage for Louise  The final novel, Aunt Jane's Nieces in the Red Cross, was originally published in 1915, when the United States was still neutral in World War I; the nieces treat the wounded of both sides, and express the hope that the War will soon be over  The publisher issued a revised edition in 1918, with a darker treatment of the subject 
Aunt Jane's Nieces, 1906 (2005)
Aunt Jane's Nieces Abroad, 1907 (2007)
Aunt Jane's Nieces at Millville, 1908 (2005)
Aunt Jane's Nieces at Work, 1909 (2005)
Aunt Jane's Nieces in Society, 1910 (2005)
Aunt Jane's Nieces and Uncle John, 1911 (2005)
Aunt Jane's Nieces on Vacation, 1912 (2005)
Aunt Jane's Nieces on the Ranch, 1913
Aunt Jane's Nieces Out West, 1914 (2005)
Aunt Jane's Nieces in the Red Cross, 1915/1918 (2006)In the original editions, each book had a cover illustration and a frontispiece  The first eight volumes in the series were illustrated by Emile A  Nelson, and the ninth by James McCracken  The tenth was illustrated by Norman P  Hall, who had contributed one picture to Baum's 1901 collection American Fairy Tales 
(The Edith Van Dyne pseudonym was also used for other Baum works, the two Flying Girl books of 1911–12, and his Mary Louise stories of 1916–20 )

Popular success
In their era, the Aunt Jane's Nieces books were as successful with their target audience as the Oz books were with younger children  In 1911 the six titles then in print sold 22,569 copies  Indeed, toward the end of Baum's life they outsold the Oz books  (The books were popular as grammar-school graduation gifts for girls ) After the 1920s the books were largely forgotten for the rest of the century, except for Baum enthusiasts and a small but growing coterie of Baum scholars  By the turn of the 21st century, however, the trend of re-evaluation and re-publication of Baum's works reached the series: nine of the ten books were reprinted between 2005 and 2007 
Context 3:  Stephens' body was missing his T-Shirt, and one of his shoes, he remained wearing his dark blue pants  Police determined that his cause of death was asphyxiation, rub marks were identified on his nose and mouth  Dog hairs and two Caucasian head hairs were found on the body along with two pubic hairs, which did not belong to Stephens or Williams, which were found on his boxers 950 feet away  The state considered this a 'pattern case' in Williams' trial 
Aaron Jackson, aged 9, went missing on November 1  His body was discovered the next day strangled, lying face-up on a river bank 
Patrick Rogers, aged 16, knew several of the previous victims  He went missing on November 30  His body was found on December 7 in the Chattahoochee river  Police speculated that he was dropped from the bridge above 

1981
The murders continued into 1981  The first known victim in the new year was 14-year-old Lubie Geter, who disappeared on January 3  Geter's body was found on February 5 
Geter's friend, 15-year-old Terry Pue went missing in January  An anonymous caller told the police where to find Pue's body  Terry lived in the same apartment as Edward "Teddy" Smith, who was killed in 1979 
In February and March 1981, six more bodies were discovered, believed to be linked to the previous homicides  Among the deceased was the body of 21-year-old Eddie Duncan, the first adult victim 
In April, 20-year-old Larry Rogers, 28-year-old John Porter, and 21-year-old Jimmy Ray Payne were murdered  Porter and Payne were ex-convicts and had just recently been released from Arrendale State Prison after serving time for burglary 
On May 12, 1981, FBI agents found the body of 17-year-old William "Billy Star" Barrett on a curb in a wooded area near his home  A witness, 32-year-old Harold Wood, a custodian from Southwest High School, had run out of gas about a mile from the scene  Wood described a black man standing over and observing the location where the body was found before driving away in a white-over-blue Cadillac 
During the end of May 1981, the last reported victim was added to the list: 27-year-old Nathaniel Cater  He was last seen by gardener Robert I  Henry at the entrance of the Rialto Theatre in Atlanta, reportedly holding hands with Wayne Williams  His body was discovered two days later 
Investigator Chet Dettlinger created a map of the victims' locations  Despite the difference in ages, the victims fell within the same geographic parameters  They were connected to Memorial Drive and 11 major streets in the area 

Capturing the suspect
During the murders, more than 100 agents were working on the investigation  The city of Atlanta imposed curfews, and parents in the city removed their children from school and forbade them from playing outside 
As the media coverage of the killings intensified, the FBI predicted that the killer might dump the next victim into a body of water to conceal any evidence  Police staked out nearly a dozen area bridges, including crossings of the Chattahoochee River  During a stakeout on May 22, 1981, detectives got their first major break when an officer heard a splash beneath a bridge  Another officer saw a white 1970 Chevrolet station wagon turn around and drive back across the bridge Two police cars later stopped the suspect station wagon about a half-mile from the bridge  The driver was 23-year-old Wayne Bertram Williams, a supposed music promoter and freelance photographer  The Chevrolet wagon belonged to his parents  During questioning, Williams said he was on his way to audition a woman, Cheryl Johnson, as a singer  Williams claimed she lived in the nearby town of Smyrna  Police did not find any record of her or the appointment 
Two days later, on May 24, the nude body of Nathaniel Cater, 27, was found floating downriver a few miles from the bridge where police had seen the suspicious station wagon  Based on this evidence, including the police officer's hearing of the splash, police believed that Williams had killed Cater and disposed of his body while the police were nearby 
Investigators who stopped Williams on the bridge noticed gloves and a 24-inch nylon cord sitting in the passenger seat  According to investigators, the cord looked similar to ligature marks found on Cater and other victims, but the cord was never taken into evidence for analysis  Adding to a growing list of suspicious circumstances, Williams had handed out flyers in predominantly black neighborhoods calling for young people ages 11–21 to audition for his new singing group that he called Gemini  Williams failed an FBI-administered polygraph examination, though polygraph results are not admissible as evidence in criminal courts Fibers from a carpet in the Williams residence were found to match those observed on two of the victims  Additional fibers from the Williams's home, vehicles, and pet dog were later matched to fibers discovered on other victims  Furthermore, witness Robert Henry claimed to have seen Williams holding hands and walking with Nathaniel Cater on the night Cater is believed to have died On June 21, 1981, Williams was arrested  A grand jury indicted him for first-degree murder in the deaths of Nathaniel Cater and Jimmy Ray Payne, aged 22  The trial date was set for early 1982 
When the news of Williams's arrest was officially released (his status as a suspect had previously been leaked to the media), FBI Agent John E  Douglas stated that, if it was Williams, then he was "looking pretty good for a good percentage of the killings " Douglas had previously conducted an interview with People magazine about profiling the killer as a young black man  This was widely reported as the FBI effectively declaring Williams guilty, and Douglas was officially censured by the Director of the FBI 

Trial
Jury selection began on December 28, 1981, and it lasted six days  Nine women and three men comprised the jury, among them were eight African Americans and four Caucasians 
The trial officially began on January 6, 1982, with Judge Clarence Cooper presiding  The most important evidence against Williams was the fiber analysis between the victims who he was indicted for murdering, Jimmy Ray Payne and Nathaniel Cater, and the 12 pattern-murder cases in which circumstantial evidence culminated in numerous links between the crimes  This evidence included witnesses who testified that they had seen Williams with the victims, and some witnesses suggested that he had solicited sexual favors The prosecution's presentation of the case has been criticized, to the extent that in some jurisdictions it might have resulted in a mistrial  In particular, two separate FBI special agents testified that the chances of the victims not having come into contact with Williams was "virtually impossible," based solely on the comparative rarity of the fibers which were found on the victims which seemed to match the fibers which were found in the suspect's car and home  After reviewing the case, Georgia Supreme Court Justice George T  Smith deemed the evidence, or the lack thereof, inadmissible On February 27, 1982, after 11 hours of deliberation, the jury found Wayne Bertram Williams guilty of the two murders  He was sentenced to two consecutive life terms in Georgia's Hancock State Prison in Sparta 

Later developments
In a September 1986 issue of American music magazine Spin, journalists Robert Keating and Barry Michael Cooper (the latter of whom would later find fame as a screenwriter) reported that the Georgia Bureau of Investigation – who had been conducting a secret investigation into potential involvement of the Ku Klux Klan in the crimes, in tandem to that of the Special Task Force on Missing and Murdered Children – discovered members of the group may have been involved in the murder of victim Lubie Geter, and may have been linked to the murders of fourteen others  Allegedly, a family of Klansmembers living outside of Atlanta had hoped to ignite a race war in Atlanta, and attempted to recruit others for this purpose  Charles T  Sanders, a narcotics dealer and recruiter for the group, was said to have told a criminal informant he intended to kill Geter several weeks before his body was found  After Geter had backed a go-cart into his car, Sanders allegedly told the informant "I'm gonna kill that black bastard  I'm gonna strangle him with my dick " Shortly thereafter, Sander's brother Don was recorded telling another Klan member he was going out to look for "another little boy " Additionally, Charles Sanders was said to have a scar matching a description given by an eyewitness who reported seeing Geter enter the car of a White man with a "jagged scar on his neck," and a dog with similar hair to that found on Geter's and other victims' bodies  The article reported that, in 1981, members of the GBI and officials in other law enforcement agencies opted to close their investigation and seal their findings, before a handwritten transcript of a conversation between Klansmembers regarding Geter's murder was sent anonymously to Lynn Whatley in 1985, an attorney who was then representing Wayne Williams  At a 1991 hearing on Williams' request for a new trial, wherein he was represented by attorneys Alan Dershowitz, William Kunstler, and Bobby Lee Cook, investigators from both Atlanta and Georgia law-enforcement agencies testified they had little or no knowledge of the GBI's investigation  At the same hearing, an informant for the GBI reported that in 1981, Charles Sanders had admitted to killing Geter while Whitaker was wearing a concealed microphone In May 2004, about six months after becoming the DeKalb County Police Chief in November 2003, Louis Graham reopened the investigations into the deaths of the five DeKalb County victims: 10-year-old Aaron Wyche, 13-year-old Curtis Walker, 9-year-old Yusuf Bell, 17-year-old William Barrett, and 11-year-old Patrick Baltazar  Graham, one of the original investigators in these cases, said he doubted that Wayne Williams, the man convicted of two of the killings and blamed for 22 others, was guilty of all of them  On June 21, 2006, the DeKalb County Police dropped its reinvestigation of the Atlanta child murders  After resigning, Graham was replaced by the acting chief, Nick Marinelli, who said, "We dredged up what we had, and nothing has panned out, so until something does or additional evidence comes our way, or there's forensic feedback from existing evidence, we will continue to pursue the [other] cold cases that are [with]in our reach "Criminal profiler John E  Douglas said that, while he believes that Williams committed many of the murders, he does not think that he committed them all  Douglas added that he believes that law enforcement authorities have some idea of who the other killers are, cryptically adding, "It isn't a single offender, and the truth isn't pleasant "On January 29, 2007, attorneys for the State of Georgia agreed to allow DNA testing of the dog hair that was used to help convict Williams  This decision was a response to a legal filing as a part of Williams' efforts to appeal his conviction and life sentences  Williams' lawyer, Jack Martin, asked a Fulton County Superior Court judge to allow DNA tests on canine and human hair and blood, stating the results might help Williams win a new trial 
On June 26, 2007, the DNA test results showed that the hairs on the bodies contained the same mitochondrial DNA sequence as Williams' dog — a sequence that occurs in only about 1 out of 100 dogs  Dr  Elizabeth Wictum, director of the UC Davis laboratory that carried out the testing, told The Associated Press that while the results were "fairly significant," they "don't conclusively point to Williams' dog as the source of the hair" because the lab was able to test only for mitochondrial DNA, which, unlike nuclear DNA, cannot be shown to be unique to one dog Later in 2007, the FBI performed DNA tests on two human hairs found on one of the victims  The mitochondrial DNA sequence in the hairs would eliminate 99 5% of persons by not matching their DNA  The mitochondrial DNA sequence in the hairs would eliminate 98% of African American persons by not matching their DNA  However, they matched Williams' DNA and so did not eliminate the possibility that the hairs were his On March 21, 2019, Atlanta Mayor Keisha Lance Bottoms and Atlanta Police Chief Erika Shields announced that officials would re-test evidence from the murders, which will be gathered by the Atlanta Police Department, Fulton County District Attorney's Office, and Georgia Bureau of Investigation  In a news conference, Mayor Bottoms said, "It may be there is nothing left to be tested  But I do think history will judge us by our actions and we will be able to say we tried "As of 2019, Wayne Williams continues to maintain his innocence 

Known victims
Media coverage and adaptations
The first national media coverage of the case was in 1980, when a team from ABC News 20/20, Stanhope Gould and Bill Lichtenstein, producer Steve Tello, and correspondent Bob Sirkin from the ABC Atlanta bureau looked into the case  They were assigned to the story after ABC News president Roone Arledge read a tiny story in the newspaper that said police had ruled out any connection between a daycare explosion, which turned out to be a faulty furnace, and the cases of lost and missing children, which had been previously unreported in the national media  In a week, the team reported on the dead and missing children, and they broke the story that the Atlanta Police Task Force was not writing down or following up on every lead they received through the police hotline that had been set up In 1981, British novelist Martin Amis published "The Killings in Atlanta" for The Observer, later compiled into The Moronic Inferno: And Other Visits to America (1986) 
In 1982, writer Martin Pasko dedicated an issue of the comic book Saga of the Swamp Thing to "the good people of Atlanta, that they may put the horror behind them   but not forget " The story revolved around a serial killer who targeted minority children in the fictional town of Pineboro, Arkansas, who is revealed to be a demon who had possessed TV host "Uncle Barney" (a thinly veiled parody of Fred Rogers)  While the demon is ultimately vanquished, the story ends on an ominous note criticizing the social inequalities that made the non-white children such attractive targets, as well as children's television shows that encourage blind trust of strangers In 1985, the television miniseries The Atlanta Child Murders was released  The film was centered around the murders and the arrest of the suspect  The film revolved mainly around the aftermath of the killings and the trials  The film starred Calvin Levels, Morgan Freeman, James Earl Jones, Rip Torn, Jason Robards, Martin Sheen, and Bill Paxton  Atlanta officials criticized the film, claiming that it distorted the facts of the case  After a series of negotiations, CBS executives agreed to insert a disclaimer alerting viewers that the film is based on fact but contains fictional elements 
Also in 1985, James Baldwin published The Evidence of Things Not Seen, a non-fiction examination not only of the case and Williams' trial, but also of race relations in Atlanta and, by extension, America  The book grew out of an assignment to write about the murders for Playboy, commissioned by then-editor Walter Lowe In 2000, Showtime released a drama film titled Who Killed Atlanta's Children? starring James Belushi and Gregory Hines In 2002, Tayari Jones published the novel Leaving Atlanta  The book focuses on the lives and experiences of three fictional fifth graders at Oglethorpe Elementary School, Tasha Baxter, Rodney Green, and Octavia Fuller, during the murder spree  During the time of the murders, Jones attended Oglethorpe Elementary School and was classmates with two of the real-life victims, Yusuf Bell and Terry Pue 
On June 10, 2010, CNN broadcast a documentary, The Atlanta Child Murders, with interviews by Soledad O'Brien with some of the people involved, including Wayne Williams  The two-hour documentary invited viewers to weigh the evidence presented and then go to CNN com to cast votes on whether Williams was guilty, whether he was innocent, or if the case was "not proven " 68 6% of respondents said Williams was guilty, 4 3% said he was innocent, and 27 1% chose "not proven "In the 2016 song "the ends" by American rapper Travis Scott featuring American rapper André 3000, on the former's second studio album, Birds in the Trap Sing McKnight, Atlanta-native André 3000 raps about the killings 
In January 2018, documentary filmmaker Payne Lindsey began releasing a podcast called Atlanta Monster, covering the murders with interviews from family members of victims, law enforcement officials, individuals alive in the Atlanta area at the time of the murders, and Wayne Williams 
The second season of Mindhunter (released in August 2019) covers the murders  The series, which is focused on the history of the FBI's Behavioral Science Unit (BSU) builds that dramatic arc of the series over the FBI's two BSU agents who join the Atlanta investigation  In the series fictional treatment, Agent Ford has the role of insisting that the 13 murders (at the time of the series arc) they are investigating are the work of one single serial killer, and that to gain the victims' trust, he may be African-American himself  This line of deduction clashes with that of his colleague Agent Tench, the Atlanta Police Department, and the African-American community of Atlanta – many of whom believe, in light of Georgia's history of hate crimes and racial violence, that the killings are the work of the Ku Klux Klan The Atlanta Child Murders, a three-part documentary series produced by Will Packer Productions, aired on Investigation Discovery in March 2019 In April 2020, HBO released a 5-part documentary titled Atlanta's Missing and Murdered: The Lost Children, directed by Sam Pollard and Maro Chermayeff 
HBO's documentary revealed information that focused heavily on the appellate process of the case against Wayne Williams  Williams' attorneys filed a habeas corpus document and it was denied  Similarly, his request for a retrial was denied in 2004 

See also
List of fugitives from justice who disappeared
Post–civil rights era in African-American history
Passage 5:
Michael Swango
Michael Joseph Swango (born October 21, 1954) is an American serial killer and licensed physician who is estimated to have been involved in as many as 60 fatal poisonings of patients and colleagues, although he admitted to only causing four deaths  He was sentenced in 2000 to three consecutive life terms without the possibility of parole and is serving his sentence at ADX Florence at his own request 

Early life
Michael Swango was born in Tacoma, Washington and raised in Quincy, Illinois, the middle child of Muriel and John Virgil Swango  Swango's father was a career United States Army officer who served in the Vietnam War, was listed in Who's Who in Government 1972–1973, and became an alcoholic  Upon his return from Vietnam, John Swango became depressed and he and his wife Muriel divorced  Growing up, Swango saw little of his father and as a result was closer to his mother  He was valedictorian of his 1972 Quincy Catholic Boys High School class  During high school, he played clarinet in the band 
Swango served in the Marine Corps, graduating from recruit training at Marine Corps Recruit Depot, San Diego  He received an honorable discharge in 1980  He saw no action overseas during his service, but his training in the Marines left him with a commitment to physical exercise  When not studying, he was frequently seen jogging or performing calisthenics on the Quincy University campus and he was known to perform pushups as a form of self-punishment when criticized by instructors  Swango graduated from Quincy summa cum laude and was given the American Chemical Society Award  Following his graduation, Swango went to medical school at Southern Illinois University School of Medicine (SIU) : 28 Swango displayed troubling behavior during his time at SIU  Although he was a brilliant student, he preferred to work as an ambulance attendant rather than concentrate on his studies  A fascination with dying patients was observed during this time  Barely noticed at the time, many of Swango's assigned patients ended up "coding", or suffering life-threatening emergencies, with at least five of them dying Swango's lackadaisical approach to his studies caught up with him a month before he was due to graduate, when it was discovered that he had faked checkups during his OB/GYN rotation  Some of his fellow students had suspected he had been faking checkups as early as his second year, but this was the first time he had been caught  He was nearly expelled, but was allowed to remain when one member of the committee voted to give him a second chance  At the time, a unanimous vote was required for a student to be dismissed  Even earlier, several students and faculty members had raised concerns about Swango's competence to practice medicine  Eventually, the school allowed him to graduate one year after his entering classmates, on condition that he repeat the OB/GYN rotation and complete several assignments in other specialties 

Murders
Despite a very poor evaluation in his dean's letter from SIU, Swango gained a surgical internship at Ohio State University Medical Center in 1983, to be followed by a residency in neurosurgery  While he worked in Rhodes Hall at OSU, nurses noticed that apparently healthy patients began dying mysteriously with alarming frequency  Each time, Swango had been the floor intern  One nurse caught him injecting some "medicine" into a patient who later became strangely ill The nurses reported their concerns to administrators but were met with accusations of paranoia  Swango was cleared by a cursory investigation in 1984  However, his work had been so slovenly that OSU pulled its residency offer after his internship ended in June  Later, it emerged that OSU officials feared that Swango would sue if he were fired without cause, and resolved to quietly push him out of the hospital as soon as possible after his internship ended In July 1984, Swango returned to Quincy and began working as an emergency medical technician with the Adams County Ambulance Corps even though he had been fired from an ambulance service in Springfield for making a heart patient drive to the hospital  Soon, many of the paramedics on staff began noticing that whenever Swango prepared the coffee or brought any food in, several of them usually became violently ill, with no apparent cause  In October of that year, Swango was arrested by the Quincy Police Department after arsenic and other poisons were found in his possession  On August 23, 1985, Swango was convicted of aggravated battery for poisoning co-workers  He was sentenced to five years' imprisonment Swango's conviction led to recriminations at OSU  A scathing review by law school dean James Meeks concluded that the hospital should have called in the police, and also revealed several glaring shortcomings in its initial investigation of Swango  Nonetheless, it was another decade before OSU formally conceded it should have called in outside investigators  Prosecutors in Franklin County, Ohio (where Columbus is located) also considered bringing charges of murder and attempted murder against Swango, but they decided against it for lack of physical evidence In 1989, Swango was released from prison  He worked as a counselor at the state career development center in Newport News, Virginia  However, he was forced out after being caught working on a scrapbook of disasters on work time  Swango then worked as a laboratory technician in Newport News for ATICoal (which later became Vanguard Energy, a division of CITA Logistics)  During his time there, several employees sought medical attention with complaints of persistent and increasing stomach pains  Around this time, Swango met Kristin Lynn Kinney, a nurse at Riverside Hospital  The couple fell in love and planned to marry  He was employed until 1991, when he resigned his position to seek out a new position as a doctor 

In 1991, Swango legally changed his name to Daniel J  Adams and tried to apply for a residency program at Ohio Valley Medical Center in Wheeling, West Virginia  In July 1992, he began working at Sanford USD Medical Center in Sioux Falls, South Dakota  In both cases, Swango forged several legal documents that he used to reestablish himself as a physician and respected member of society  He forged a fact sheet from the Illinois Department of Corrections that falsified his criminal record, stating that he had been convicted of a misdemeanor for getting into a fistfight with a co-worker and received six months in prison, rather than the five years for felony poisoning that he served 
Most states will not grant a medical license to a violent felon, considering such a conviction to be evidence of unprofessional conduct  He forged a Restoration of Civil Rights letter from Virginia Governor Gerald L  Baliles, falsely stating that Baliles had decided to restore Swango's right to vote and serve on a jury, based on "reports from friends and colleagues" that he had committed no further crimes after his "misdemeanor" and was leading an "exemplary lifestyle" Swango established a sterling reputation at Sanford  However, when he attempted to join the American Medical Association (AMA), it conducted a more thorough background check than Sanford and found out about the poisoning conviction  That Thanksgiving Day, the Discovery Channel aired an episode of Justice Files that included a segment on Swango  Amid the AMA report and calls from frightened colleagues, Sanford fired Swango  Kinney went back to Virginia soon afterward after suffering from violent migraines  After she left Swango, the headaches stopped 
The AMA temporarily lost track of Swango, who managed to find a place in the psychiatric residency program at the Stony Brook University School of Medicine in New York  His first rotation was in the internal medicine department at the Veterans Affairs Medical Center in Northport, New York  Once again, his patients began dying for no explicable reason  Four months later, Kinney died by suicide and arsenic was found in her body at the time of her death Kinney's mother, Sharon Cooper, was horrified to find out that a person with Swango's history could be allowed to practice medicine  She contacted a friend of Kinney who was a nurse at Sanford, who in turn alerted Sanford's dean, Robert Talley, to Swango's whereabouts  Talley telephoned Jordan Cohen, the dean at Stony Brook  Under intense questioning from the head of Stony Brook's psychiatry department, Alan Miller, Swango admitted he had lied about his poisoning conviction in Illinois  He was immediately fired  The public outcry resulted in Cohen and Miller being forced to resign before the end of the year  Before he resigned, Cohen sent a warning about Swango to all 125 medical schools and all 1,000 teaching hospitals across the US, effectively blacklisting Swango from getting a medical residency at any American institution Since the latest Swango incident took place at a Veterans Affairs facility, federal authorities got involved  Swango dropped out of sight until mid-1994, when the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) found out he was living in Atlanta and working as a chemist at a computer equipment company's wastewater facility  Soon after the FBI alerted the company, Swango was fired for lying on his job application  The FBI obtained a warrant charging Swango with using fraudulent credentials to gain entry to a Veterans Affairs hospital By that time, Swango had fled the country  In November 1994, he settled in Zimbabwe and used forged documents to obtain a job at Mnene Lutheran Mission Hospital in the center of the country  Again, his patients began dying mysteriously  As a result of suspicions of the medical director there, Dr  Christopher Zishiri, Swango was suspended  Because of the failure to perform adequate autopsies, no firm conclusions could be drawn 
During his suspension, Swango hired lawyer David Coltart to enable him to return to clinical practice  He also appealed to the authorities at Mpilo Hospital, Bulawayo, to allow him in the interim to continue working voluntarily there; however, this was opposed by Abdollah Mesbah, a surgical resident, who had often found him snooping around mysteriously in the wards and in the intensive care unit (ICU) even when not on call  He had suspected that sudden deaths of some patients were due to Swango, but had no proof at that stage 
At this time, Swango rented a room in Bulawayo from a widowed woman who subsequently became violently sick after a meal she had prepared for herself and a friend  The woman consulted a local surgeon, Michael Cotton, who suspected arsenic poisoning and persuaded her to send hair samples for forensic analysis to Pretoria, South Africa  These clippings confirmed toxic levels of arsenic in the hair  The lab reports were passed on by the Zimbabwe Republic Police Criminal Investigation Department (CID) through Interpol to the FBI, who subsequently visited Zimbabwe to interview Cotton and the pathologist in Bulawayo, Stanford Mathe In the meantime, Swango had sensed that authorities were closing in on him  He crossed the border to Zambia and subsequently to Namibia, where he found temporary medical work  He was charged in absentia with poisonings  In March 1997, he applied for a job at the Royal Hospital in Dhahran, Saudi Arabia, using a false résumé 

Arrest and guilty plea
While this was happening, Tom Valery, chief investigator for the Office of Inspector General of the Department of Veterans Affairs (VA), consulted with Charlene Thomesen, a forensic psychiatrist  Because of her considerable clinical expertise, Thomesen was able to review documents and evidence and give a criminal profile of Swango, along with her assessment of why he had committed such crimes  Valery was called by the FBI to discuss holding Swango  He called Richard Thomesen, who was stationed in the DEA's Manhattan field office to discuss the case  Thomesen's conversation focused on Swango lying on his government application to work at the VA, where he prescribed narcotic medications  There was enough evidence for Immigration and Naturalization Service agents to arrest Swango in June 1997, on a layover at Chicago O'Hare International Airport on his way to Saudi Arabia Faced with hard evidence of his fraudulent activities and the possibility of an extended inquiry into his time in Zimbabwe, Swango pleaded guilty to defrauding the government in March 1998  In July 1998, he was sentenced to three-and-a-half years in prison  The sentencing judge ordered that Swango not be allowed to prepare or deliver food, or have any involvement in preparing or distributing drugs Although the FBI, the VA, and prosecutors for the Eastern District of New York were convinced Swango was a serial killer, they knew it would be difficult to prove beyond a reasonable doubt  They also knew that they had a limited amount of time to amass that proof  Federal inmates must serve at least 85 percent of their sentences before being eligible for time off with good behavior, meaning that they likely had only three years to prove that Swango was indeed a murderer  They feared that if they could not find enough evidence to convict Swango, he would likely kill again  The government used this time to amass a dossier of Swango's crimes  As part of that investigation, prosecutors exhumed the bodies of three patients and found poisonous chemicals in them  They also found evidence that Swango paralyzed patient Baron Harris with an injection of what was supposedly a sedative  The sedative caused him to lapse into a coma, and Harris died on November 9, 1993 Additionally, prosecutors found evidence that Swango lied about the death of Cynthia Ann McGee, a patient he treated during his internship at OSU  Swango claimed she suffered heart failure; he had killed her by giving her a potassium injection that stopped her heart  On July 11, 2000, less than a week before he was due to be released from prison on the fraud charge, federal prosecutors on Long Island, New York, filed a criminal complaint charging Swango with three counts of murder and one count each of assault, false statements, mail fraud, and conspiracy to commit wire fraud  At the same time, Zimbabwean authorities charged him with poisoning seven patients, five of whom died  A week before the indictment was handed up, FBI agents interviewed Swango in prison  They told him that on the day he was due to be released, he would be extradited to Zimbabwe to face charges of murder and attempted murder  Knowing that he would likely face the death penalty for his crimes in Zimbabwe, Swango began talks for a plea agreement  Eventually, prosecutors agreed to not pursue the death penalty or extradition in return for Swango accepting a sentence of life in prison without parole Swango was formally indicted on July 17, 2000, and pleaded not guilty  On September 6, he pleaded guilty to the three murder counts, as well as counts of wire fraud and mail fraud, before Judge Jacob Mishler  At his sentencing hearing, Swango admitted to causing three murders, lying about his role in causing a fourth death, and lying about his 1985 conviction Prosecutors read lurid passages from Swango's notebook, describing the joy he felt during his crimes  Judge Mishler sentenced Swango to three consecutive terms of life without parole  He is incarcerated at ADX Florence  He was sent to ADX at his own request; he had been stabbed by another inmate while serving time for lying to the VA, and feared he would be attacked again if he were placed in general population  In his book Blind Eye, Quincy native James B  Stewart estimated that counting the suspicious deaths at SIU, circumstantial evidence links Swango to 35 suspicious deaths  The FBI believes he may be responsible for as many as 60 deaths, which would make him one of the most prolific serial killers in American history 

Modus operandi
Swango rarely changed his murder methods  With non-patients, such as his coworkers at the emergency medical service, he used poisons, usually arsenic, slipping them into foods and beverages  With patients, he sometimes used poisons as well, but usually, he administered an overdose of whichever drug the patient had been prescribed, or wrote unnecessary prescriptions for dangerous drugs 

See also
List of serial killers in the United States
List of medical and pseudo-medical serial killers
John Bodkin Adams – British doctor and suspected serial killer
H  H  Holmes
Jayant Patel
Harold Shipman – doctor and Britain's most prolific serial killer
Beverley Allitt
Lainz Angels of Death
Malmö Östra hospital murders
2011 Stepping Hill Hospital poisoning incident
Niels Högel – German nurse who murdered approximately 100 patients
Christina Aistrup Hansen
Donald Harvey – American serial killer of medical background that, like Swango, used cyanide (among other poisons) in his murders



ground_truth: "Currer Bell"

prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: Who did Fredric Rieders tesify agains who had killed as many as 60 patients and recieved three consecutive life terms to be served in Florence Colorado?

The following are given passages.
Context 4: On December 6, 2012, Danny Strong announced that he would be writing the third and fourth films  On February 15, 2013, Lionsgate confirmed the script for Part 1 was written by Strong, giving him permission to write Part 2  Later in August, Hemsworth confirmed that shooting of the film would begin in September 2013 The film's production began on September 16, 2013, in Boston, Atlanta, and Los Angeles  Studio Babelsberg co-produced and oversaw production services for the film 

Casting
On August 26, 2013, it was announced that actress Stef Dawson had joined the cast and would portray Annie Cresta  Lionsgate announced on September 13, 2013, that Julianne Moore had joined the cast of both Mockingjay's parts to play President Alma Coin  Over the next month, Patina Miller, Mahershala Ali, Wes Chatham, and Elden Henson joined the cast as Commander Paylor, Boggs, Castor, and Pollux, respectively  There was a casting call for extras on September 23  Robert Knepper was cast as Antonius, a character who does not appear in the books and is an addition to the adaptation  Knepper has stated that during his audition he knew that the lines he received were not what he would end up doing, adding that "they [Lionsgate] are so secretive about this " Wyatt Russell was originally offered a role in both parts of Mockingjay, but his father Kurt confirmed in September 2013 that he turned down the offer to star in 22 Jump Street 

Filming
Shooting began on September 23, 2013 in Atlanta and concluded on June 20, 2014 in Berlin  Part 1 was filmed back-to-back with Part 2  In mid-October, the crews were spotted filming in Rockmart  The crew and cast took a break to promote The Hunger Games: Catching Fire and filming resumed on December 2, 2013  On December 14, 2013, shooting took place at the Marriott Marquis in Atlanta, Georgia  On December 18, shooting began at Caldwell Tanks in Newnan, Georgia Philip Seymour Hoffman died on February 2, 2014  Lionsgate released a statement stating that Hoffman had completed filming most of his scenes prior to his death  A dedication to him appears ahead of the closing credits 
On April 18, 2014, producer Nina Jacobson announced that filming in Atlanta had just wrapped up, followed by director Francis Lawrence announcing the next day about moving production to Europe  It was announced that they would be filming battle scenes in Paris and at Berlin Tempelhof Airport in Berlin  They began filming in the streets of Paris and in the city of Ivry-sur-Seine on May 7, where Lawrence and Hemsworth were spotted during the filming of some scenes among extras On May 9, it was reported that filming was taking place in Noisy le Grand, Paris where Lawrence, Hemsworth, Hutcherson, and Claflin were spotted on the set which re-created the world of Panem  It is the same location where Brazil was filmed in 1984 

Costumes
Christian Cordella, a costume illustrator on the first movie, returned to sketch the outfits for District 13 

Music
The music was created to convey the dark feel of the film  On October 9, 2014, it was revealed that the Trinity School boys' choir recorded tracks for the score, written by James Newton Howard  Jennifer Lawrence performed the film's version of the song "The Hanging Tree", originally featured in the novel, but was not thrilled about having to sing and cried the day of the performance  As of the evening of November 25, 2014, the song was #4 on the Apple's iTunes top 150 list  "The Hanging Tree" also peaked at #1 in Austria and Hungary and peaked at #12 on Billboard Hot 100 in the U S 

Score
Marketing
Tim Palen, the head of marketing for Lionsgate said, "When we started, we decided to look at this as one big movie that's eight hours long  Otherwise, it's going to be kind of overwhelming to do a new campaign for each movie " He also added that he saw the biggest potential in international growth and that they matched Iron Man 3 domestically, but were aiming to improve internationally for the two Mockingjay films  He revealed in an interview with Variety that there would be reveals of the marketing campaign at the Cannes Film Festival in May and San Diego Comic Con in July On May 14, 2014 TheHungerGamesExclusive com was launched  It featured three stills from the movie, featuring Woody Harrelson, Julianne Moore, Philip Seymour Hoffman and Jeffrey Wright with an additional behind-the-scenes still of director Francis Lawrence and Mahershala Ali  The website also featured other content, including a short GIF image of Julianne Moore as President Coin and a video interview with Moore  There was also an in-depth interview with director Francis Lawrence, producer Nina Jacobson and screenwriter Peter Craig  A page from the script of Part 1 was also released in addition to a motion poster, with the tagline, "Fire burns brighter in the darkness "On May 17, 2014, while principal photography was underway in Paris, some of the cast and crew including Lawrence, Hutcherson, Hemsworth, Claflin, Moore, Sutherland, Lawrence, and Jacobson attended the 2014 Cannes Film Festival for a photo shoot and party bash to excite international investors  Co-chairman of Lionsgate Rob Friedman said in response to why they would incur such big expense even though the film isn't actually playing at the festival that it was convenient as the cast were in Europe already and that "it's a big opportunity for our international distributors to actually hear what the worldwide plans are for the film, which opens in November  Cannes is the best publicity opportunity from an international penetration perspective "Kabam announced their partnership with Lionsgate to create a mobile game based on The Hunger Games: Mockingjay Part 1, to tie in with the film's release  Kabam produced an exclusive role playing, card collection mobile game  In the game, players assume the identity of District members sent on a mission in order to build their alliance, liberate their District, and rebuild Panem  "Lionsgate has an unparalleled track record of developing and producing blockbuster movie franchises like The Hunger Games," said Kabam Chief Operating Officer Kent Wakeford  "Partnering with Lionsgate, Kabam will build a mobile game that's as much fun to play as the movie is to watch  The game will be developed in Kabam's China studio, the same place where the hit film-based game The Hobbit: The Battle of the Five Armies was created and went on to generate more than $100 million in revenue during its first year "The film was not listed on the schedule for San Diego Comic-Con International 2014, which raised questions on their absence by fans and the press  Lionsgate announced on July 18, 2014, a week before the event, that the film would have a presence at the convention  Lionsgate partnered up with Samsung to debut the (including the viral videos which were considered 'teasers', third) teaser trailer on Samsung's new Galaxy Tab S at a special event on Friday, July 25, which was being hosted off-site at the Hard Rock Hotel  The partnership allowed Samsung users to view the trailer before the online release, download the first two movies for free as well as be given a free complimentary ticket to the movie  On July 28, the teaser trailer officially debuted online through the movie's official Facebook page and YouTube account   Within minutes, #MockingjayTeaserTrailerToday, #OurLeadertheMockingjay, and #OfficialTeaserTrailer became trending topics worldwide on Twitter  A full worldwide official trailer was released on September 15 

Viral marketing
A viral marketing campaign began on June 21, 2014, with the return of TheCapitol PNOn June 25, TheCapitol PN viral site released a video titled "President Snow's Address - 'Together As One'" featuring a speech by Donald Sutherland, in character as President Snow addressing the citizens of Panem and warning them that if they fight the system, they will be the ones to face the repercussions  The video also briefly features Josh Hutcherson, in character as Peeta Mellark, who at the final events of the previous film was taken hostage by the Capitol  The video went viral on YouTube becoming the most watched trailer during the last week of June in the US while trending as the most "Popular Video on YouTube" in Australia and Canada  The video, billed as a teaser trailer, was attached to screenings of Transformers: Age of Extinction beginning June 28 Two weeks later on July 9, Capitol TV released a second viral video titled 'President Snow's Address — Unity' featuring again another speech by President Snow with Peeta Mellark standing beside him, but this time accompanied by Jena Malone in character as Johanna Mason, who was also captured by the Capitol at the end of the previous film, and a group of peacekeepers  The speech was interrupted by Jeffrey Wright, in character as Beetee Latier, a technician from District 13, to announce that "the Mockingjay lives " Within minutes, #TheMockingjayLives and '#2 - Unity' became the top two trending topics worldwide on Twitter  The video, billed as the second teaser trailer for the film, was played with screenings of Dawn of the Planet of the Apes On July 24, shortly before the trailer's official release, a teaser poster for the movie was posted on The Capitol's Instagram account, but was quickly deleted  Shortly after the removal of the poster, the account issued an apology "[for the] technical issues", presenting the poster's posting as a hack from the District 13 rebellions On August 6, after few clues given on the official Facebook page, www district13 co in was launched  The website introduced new posters for the District 13 characters including Beetee, Coin, Plutarch, Finnick, Haymitch and Effie 

Political ramifications
On November 20, 2014, some showings were reportedly canceled in Thailand because protestors were using the three-finger salute at demonstrations against the country's military government On November 24, 2014, it was reported that in relation to the Ferguson unrest following the shooting of Michael Brown, a protester had scrawled graffiti reading "If we burn, you burn with us" on an arch in St  Louis, Missouri On September 11, 2015, some Catalan pro-independence protesters used the three-finger salute at the Free Way to the Catalan Republic against Spain's government 

Release
The Hunger Games: Mockingjay – Part 1 was released on November 19, 2014, in 9 territories including France, Greece, Scandinavia and Brazil, and then expanded to a further 59 on November 20, 2014, including the UK, Germany, Australia, Italy, Mexico and South Korea  With 17 more released on November 21, 2014, including the United States, the total launch was in 85 markets, making it the biggest release of the year and Lionsgate's widest release ever  This was surpassed by its sequel across 87 markets in 2015  The film was released in China on February 8, 2015, in 2D and 3D, making it the first film in the franchise to be released in 3D in any territory and debuted in more than 4,000 screens   Director Francis Lawrence stated: "we recently saw the 3-D version of Mockingjay – Part 1 before its release in China, and the new level of immersion was really fantastic " The film was dedicated to the memory of Philip Seymour Hoffman 

Home video
The Hunger Games: Mockingjay – Part 1 was released on Digital HD on February 17, 2015, and was followed by a Blu-ray/DVD release on March 6, 2015  It topped the home video sales chart for two consecutive weeks despite facing competition from Night at the Museum: Secret of the Tomb  The film's home video sales earned a $73 1 million with 4 5 million copies sold, making it the fifth best-selling title of 2015  The entire Hunger Games series was released on 4K UHD Blu-Ray on November 8, 2016 

Reception
Box office
The Hunger Games: Mockingjay – Part 1 grossed $337 1 million in the USA & Canada, and $418 2 million in other countries, for a worldwide total of $755 4 million against $125 million budget ($190 million including promotion and advertising costs)  Calculating in all expenses, Deadline Hollywood estimated that the film made a profit of $211 61 million  Worldwide, it is the fifth-highest-grossing film of 2014  Its worldwide opening of $273 8 million is the sixteenth-largest of all time, the second-largest opening of 2014 behind Transformers: Age of Extinction ($302 1 million), and the largest among The Hunger Games franchise 

North America
In the U S  and Canada, the film was released across 3,200 theaters on Thursday night, November 20, 2014, and was widened to 4,151 theaters on Friday, November 21, 2014  The film earned $17 million from Thursday night previews which is the biggest of 2014 but was lower than its two predecessors  It earned $55 million in its opening day which is the largest opening day of 2014 and the sixth-largest in November but nevertheless still lower than its predecessors  It is the fifteenth film to debut on Friday with $50 million or more, and the nineteenth film to earn $50 million or more in a single day  The film topped the box office in its opening weekend with $121 9 million, and became the biggest opening of 2014 surpassing the $100 million record of Transformers: Age of Extinction as well as becoming the fifteenth-largest,  the 28th film to debut atop with over $100 million, and the only franchise to have three films earn over $100 million in a weekend  Its opening weekend is also the sixth-largest of November  Its opening weekend gross was still relatively lower than the openings of The Hunger Games ($152 million) and Catching Fire ($158 million)  In its second weekend the film remained at the summit earning $56 9 million and set a record for the third-highest 5-day Thanksgiving gross with $82 6 million behind The Hunger Games: Catching Fire ($109 9 million) and Frozen ($93 6 million) and the fifth-highest 3-day Thanksgiving gross with $56 9 million  The film topped the box office for three consecutive weekends before being overtaken by Exodus: Gods and Kings in its fourth weekend  The film passed the $300 million mark in its 6th weekend (37 days later) and became the second film of 2014 to earn over $300 million at the box office after Guardians of the Galaxy  On Wednesday, January 21, 2015, sixty-one days after its initial release, the film surpassed Guardians of the Galaxy and became the highest-grossing film of 2014 in North America until it was surpassed by American Sniper in the next two months It earned $337 1 million at the North American box office making it the third-highest-grossing film in The Hunger Games franchise, the second-highest-grossing film of 2014 (behind American Sniper), the fourth-highest-grossing science fiction film based on a book, the fourth-highest-grossing young-adult adaptation  and the 36th-highest-grossing film in North America  It is also the first film to cross the $300 million mark without 3D or IMAX since Indiana Jones and the Kingdom of the Crystal Skull (2008), and also the highest-grossing non-3D, non IMAX film since Pirates of the Caribbean: Dead Man's Chest (2006) 

Outside North America
Outside North America, Mockingjay – Part 1 was also released on the same day in 85 other markets, with the notable exceptions of China, Japan, and India, making it the widest release of any film in 2014  The film earned over $33 million in two days (Wednesday–Thursday) and $67 5 million in three days (Wednesday–Friday) from 17,000 screens  In its opening weekend overseas, the film earned $154 3 million from 17,963 screens in 85 markets which is 4% higher than Catching Fire  The film remained at number one in its second and third weekend overseas earning $67 million and $32 9 million, respectively  In its fourth weekend, the film fell to number two as a result of being overtaken by The Hobbit: The Battle of the Five Armies The film's top openings occurred in the UK, Ireland and Malta ($19 9 million), Germany ($13 7 million), Mexico ($12 1 million), Russia and the CIS ($11 1 million), France ($10 5 million), Australia ($10 1 million), Brazil ($8 8 million) and India ($5 1 million)  The film also grossed $3 9 million in the Philippines  In China, where the film was released over two and a half months later—on February 8, 2015, it had a strong opening day with $9 87 million and went on to earn $31 4 million through its opening week, which is more than what Catching Fire earned through its entire run  The film had an unsuccessful opening in Japan with $500,000 debuting at eighth place at the Japanese box office and ended up making a mere $1 6 million after its run It became the highest-grossing Hunger Games film of all time in 31 countries including Brazil, Italy, Chile, Venezuela, Central America, and Portugal 

Critical response
The Hunger Games: Mockingjay – Part 1 received generally positive reviews from critics, with praise aimed at its political subtext and acting performances (particularly that of Lawrence), but criticism for its lack of action and the makers' splitting the source material for two separate adaptations  Review aggregation website Rotten Tomatoes reported a 69% approval rating, based on 304 reviews, with an average score of 6 3/10  The site's consensus reads: "The Hunger Games: Mockingjay – Part 1 sets up the franchise finale with a penultimate chapter loaded with solid performances and smart political subtext, though it comes up short on the action front " The film holds a Metacritic score of 64 out of 100, based on 46 critics, indicating "generally favorable reviews"  Audiences surveyed by CinemaScore gave the film an "A−" grade, indicating positive reactions from paying viewers Cath Clarke of Time Out gave the film four out of five stars  She praised the politics as "tensely gripping" and felt it had a lot to say about the "ethical ambiguities of war " She praised Lawrence's performance as "strong, smart, stubborn, angry and full of heart" and noted it had grown "deeper and darker " Kevin Harley, who reviewed the film for Total Film, also awarded the film four out of five stars  He felt the film held up due to Lawrence's performance and solid supporting cast  He also offered praise to the action scenes and diverse story telling  He concluded that the movie was "gutsy" and managed to successfully divide the novel into a film "less on scraps than strategy" and "less on action than debates" though he noted this threatened to "distance viewers "Robbie Collin awarded the film three out of five stars  In his review for The Telegraph, he praised the film for being "intense, stylish, topical, well-acted" and declared that it "remains one of the most fascinating, vividly realised fantasy landscapes in recent cinema " Despite praising Lawrence and Hoffman's performance, he felt that it was overcrowded with "two hours of preamble with no discernible payoff " He concluded that the film "fell short" and "could not be called satisfying " Henry Barnes of The Guardian also gave the film three out of five stars  He felt it offered "thrills" despite "lacking a solid structure" and featured "limp special effects " He was also critical of the "creaky script" and felt it lacked some of the "terror" of the previous installments, but praised Lawrence for her performance Todd McCarthy, who reviewed the film for The Hollywood Reporter, felt the installment was "disappointingly bland and unnecessarily protracted " He was critical of the film's leisurely pace and noted it felt "like a manufactured product through and through, ironic and sad given its revolutionary theme " Richard Corliss of Time felt the film was a placeholder for the second installment and noted "Lawrence isn't given much opportunity to do anything spectacularly right here "

Accolades
Sequel
On July 10, 2012, Lionsgate announced that the second part of the Mockingjay adaptation was set for a release on November 20, 2015   Francis Lawrence announced that he would return to direct the final part as well 
Passage 7:
The Hunger Games (film series)
The Hunger Games film series is composed of science fiction dystopian adventure films, based on The Hunger Games trilogy of novels by American author Suzanne Collins  The films are distributed by Lionsgate and produced by Nina Jacobson and Jon Kilik  The series feature an ensemble cast including Jennifer Lawrence as Katniss Everdeen, Josh Hutcherson as Peeta Mellark, Liam Hemsworth as Gale Hawthorne, Woody Harrelson as Haymitch Abernathy, Elizabeth Banks as Effie Trinket, Stanley Tucci as Caesar Flickerman, and Donald Sutherland as President Snow 
The first three films set various box office records  The Hunger Games (2012) set records for the opening day and the biggest opening weekend for an original IP  Catching Fire (2013) set the record for biggest opening weekend of November  Mockingjay – Part 1 (2014) had the largest opening day and weekend of 2014  The films, including Mockingjay – Part 2 (2015), were praised for their themes and Lawrence's performance 
The Hunger Games is the 21st-highest-grossing film franchise of all time, having grossed over US$2 97 billion worldwide 
A prequel film, titled The Hunger Games: The Ballad of Songbirds & Snakes, based on the eponymous novel, is set to be released on November 17, 2023 

Background
Following the release of Suzanne Collins's novel The Hunger Games, on September 14, 2008, Hollywood film studios began looking to adapt the book into film  In March 2009, Color Force, an independent studio founded by producer Nina Jacobson, bought the film rights to the book : 12  She then sought out production company Lionsgate to help her produce the film  Collins was also attached to adapt the novel; she began the first draft after completing the third novel in the series, Mockingjay (2010)  The search for a director began in 2010 with three directors in the running; David Slade, Sam Mendes, and Gary Ross  Ross was ultimately chosen to direct  By the time Collins had finished the script, Ross decided to go through the script with Collins and screenwriter Billy Ray 
In October 2010, scripts were sent to the actors, and casting occurred between March and May 2011  The first role cast was of the protagonist, Katniss Everdeen  As many as thirty actresses were in talks to play the part, with Jennifer Lawrence, Hailee Steinfeld, Abigail Breslin, and Chloë Grace Moretz being mentioned most  The role was given to Lawrence The roles of Peeta Mellark, Katniss' fellow tribute, and Gale Hawthorne, her best friend, began casting later that month  Top contenders for Peeta included Josh Hutcherson, Alexander Ludwig (later cast as Cato), Hunter Parrish, Evan Peters, and Lucas Till  Contenders for Gale included Robbie Amell, Liam Hemsworth, David Henrie, and Drew Roy  On April 4, it was reported that Hemsworth had been cast as Gale, and Hutcherson had been cast as Peeta 

Films
The Hunger Games (2012)
Every year, in the ruins of what was once North America, the Capitol of the nation of Panem forces each of the 12 districts to send a boy and girl tribute between the ages of 12 and 18 to compete in the Hunger Games: a nationally televised event in which the 'tributes' fight each other to the death until one survivor remains  When Primrose Everdeen is "reaped," her older sister Katniss volunteers in her place as tribute to enter the games and is forced to rely upon her sharp instincts and knowledge when she's pitted against highly trained and fierce "tributes" from all of the other districts and has to think quickly on her feet to survive 

The Hunger Games: Catching Fire (2013)
Along with fellow District 12 victor Peeta Mellark, Katniss Everdeen returns home safely after winning the 74th Annual Hunger Games  Winning means that they must leave their loved ones behind and embark on a Victory Tour throughout the districts for a couple of days  Along the way Katniss senses a rebellion simmering upon the Capitol - one that she and Peeta may have sparked  - but the Capitol is still under control as President Snow prepares for the 75th Hunger Games - the Third Quarter Quell in which past victors will be reaped - that could change Panem forever 

The Hunger Games: Mockingjay (2014–2015)
Part 1 (2014)
Following her rescue from the devastating Quarter Quell, Katniss Everdeen awakes in the complex beneath the supposedly destroyed District 13  Her home, District 12, has been reduced to rubble by the Capitol  Peeta Mellark was kidnapped by the Capitol and is now brainwashed and being held captive by President Snow  Snow wants Peeta to forget everything he had loved about Katniss  At the same time, Katniss also learns about a secret rebellion spreading throughout Panem - a rebellion that places her at the center of attention, and compels her to turn the tables on President Snow 

Part 2 (2015)
Realizing the stakes are no longer just for survival, Katniss Everdeen teams up with her closest friends, Peeta Mellark, Gale Hawthorne, and Finnick Odair, on the ultimate mission for peace  Together, they leave District 13, to liberate citizens from a war that tears Panem apart more than ever  President Snow becomes obsessed with destroying Katniss Everdeen and everyone and everything she loves  Ahead lie mortal traps, dangerous enemies, and moral choices that will determine the future of millions 

The Hunger Games: The Ballad of Songbirds & Snakes (2023)
In August 2017, Lionsgate CEO Jon Feltheimer expressed interest in spin-offs of The Hunger Games, with intentions to create a writers room to explore the concept  In June 2019, Chairman of the Lionsgate Motion Picture Group Joe Drake, announced that the company is communicating and working closely with Suzanne Collins in options to adapt the prequel to the original trilogy, The Ballad of Songbirds and Snakes, which was released on May 19, 2020 By April 2020, a film adaptation was announced to be officially in development  Francis Lawrence will return as director, with a script written by Michael Arndt, from a story adaptation by Suzanne Collins  Nina Jacobson will return as producer, alongside Brad Simpson  The project will be developed by Color Force, and distributed by Lionsgate  In August 2021, Drake stated that the film was expected to start production during the first half of 2022 for a projected late 2023 or early 2024 release date, and was reportedly in pre-production  In April 2022, it was revealed that the film would be released on November 17, 2023  In June 2022, filming for the film began in Berlin with Tom Blyth and Rachel Zegler shooting their roles 

Cast and crew
Additional crew
Production
Development
Filming for the franchise began on May 23, 2011, and finished on June 20, 2014 : 138 Suzanne Collins and Louise Rosner acted as executive producers on the first two films  Other executive producers of the first film include Robin Bissell and Shantal Feghali  Co-producers are Diana Alvarez, Martin Cohen, Louis Phillips, Bryan Unkeless, and Aldric La'auli Porter  Color Force and Lionsgate collaborated on all four films  It was announced on November 1, 2012, that the studio had decided to split the final book, Mockingjay (2010), into two films: The Hunger Games: Mockingjay – Part 1 (2014) and The Hunger Games: Mockingjay – Part 2 (2015), much like Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows – Part 1 (2010) and 2 (2011), and The Twilight Saga: Breaking Dawn – Part 1 (2011) and 2 (2012) 

Directors
Gary Ross directed the first film (The Hunger Games), and despite initially stating otherwise on April 10, 2012, Lionsgate announced that Ross would not return to direct the sequel  On April 19, 2012, it was confirmed that Francis Lawrence would direct the sequel instead, and on November 1, 2012, it was confirmed that Lawrence would return and direct the final two films in the series, based on the novel Mockingjay 

Scripts
Suzanne Collins began adapting the first book to film after she finished writing Mockingjay  Collins had experience in writing screenplays after writing Clifford's Puppy Days and other children's television shows  When Gary Ross was announced as director for the film in 2010, he began to work with Collins and veteran writer Billy Ray to bring the novel to life  After Francis Lawrence took over as director, he brought in Simon Beaufoy and Michael Arndt to write the script for Catching Fire  The final two films of the series were written by Danny Strong and Peter Craig 

Casting
Once the three leads were cast, casting shifted to the other tributes  Jack Quaid was cast as Marvel, Leven Rambin as Glimmer, Amandla Stenberg as Rue, and Dayo Okeniyi as Thresh  Alexander Ludwig (who auditioned for Peeta) was cast as Cato, Isabelle Fuhrman (who auditioned for Katniss) as Clove, and Jacqueline Emerson as Foxface  Following the casting of tributes, the adult cast began to come together  Elizabeth Banks was cast as Effie Trinket, the District 12 escort  Woody Harrelson was cast as Haymitch Abernathy, District 12's mentor  Lenny Kravitz was cast as Cinna, Katniss' stylist  Wes Bentley was cast as game maker Seneca Crane  Stanley Tucci was cast as Caesar Flickerman, Panem's celebrity host  Donald Sutherland was cast as Coriolanus Snow, Panem's president  Willow Shields was cast as Primrose Everdeen, Katniss' younger sister In July 2012, the cast for the second film was announced  Jena Malone would play Johanna Mason  Philip Seymour Hoffman would play Plutarch Heavensbee, Sam Claflin would play Finnick Odair  It was later announced that Jeffrey Wright was cast as Beetee, Alan Ritchson as Gloss, Lynn Cohen as Mags, and Amanda Plummer as Wiress 
In August and September 2013, it was revealed that Stef Dawson would play Annie Cresta, Natalie Dormer would play Cressida, Evan Ross would play Messalla, and Julianne Moore would play President Alma Coin in the final two films 
In May 2022, it was announced that Tom Blyth was cast as the younger version of Coriolanus Snow in the prequel film  Later the same month, Rachel Zegler was cast in the role of Lucy Gray Baird  The following month, Josh Andrés Rivera, Hunter Schafer and Jason Schwartzman were cast in the roles of Sejanus Plinth, Tigris Snow and Lucretius "Lucky" Flickerman  respectively 

Filming
Principal photography for The Hunger Games began on May 24, 2011, and concluded on September 15, 2011  Charlotte, NC was used for the Capitol scenes  An abandoned village in Hickory, NC was the filming location for District 12  The arena scenes were filmed on the outskirts of Wilmington, NC Principal photography for The Hunger Games: Catching Fire began on September 10, 2012, in Atlanta, Georgia and concluded in April 2013  In November 2012, production moved to Hawaii to film the arena scenes  Filming took a Christmas break before filming resumed for two weeks in mid-January  In March 2013, the film went back to Hawaii for re-shoots  Atlanta was used for all Capitol scenes  Hawaii for the arena scenes, and Oakland, New Jersey, for District 12 scenes 
Principal photography for The Hunger Games: Mockingjay began on September 23, 2013 and concluded on June 20, 2014  Majority of filming for the Mockingjay films was filmed in soundstages in a studio in Atlanta, until April 18, 2014  Production then moved to Paris, with filming beginning there on May 5, 2014 
Philip Seymour Hoffman, who portrays Plutarch Heavensbee, died on February 2, 2014  At the time of his death, he had completed filming his scenes for The Hunger Games: Mockingjay – Part 1 and had a week left of shooting for Part 2  Lionsgate released a statement stating that, since the majority of Hoffman's scenes were completed, the release date for Part 2 would not be affected 

Reception
Box office performance
All the Hunger Games films finished first at the North American box office during both their opening and second weekend  In North America, The Hunger Games film series is the second highest-grossing film series based on young adult books, after the Harry Potter series, earning over $1 4 billion  Worldwide, it is the third highest-grossing film series based on young-adult books after the film series of Harry Potter and The Twilight Saga, respectively, having grossed over $2 9 billion  In North America, it is the eighth highest-grossing film franchise of all time  Worldwide, it is currently (11 April 2022) the 21st highest-grossing film franchise of all time 

Critical and public response
Each  installment of the Hunger Games series received positive reviews from critics  The first two installments (notably the second) were critically acclaimed, while the last two films were met with generally positive  responses from critics  All The Hunger Games films received a "Fresh Rating" (>60%) on the review aggregation website Rotten Tomatoes, with the first two films receiving a "Certified Fresh" rating (>75%) 

Accolades
Music
Soundtracks
Singles
"Safe & Sound"
"Eyes Open"
"Atlas"
"We Remain"
"Elastic Heart"
"Who We Are"
"Everybody Wants to Rule the World"
"Meltdown"
"All My Love"
"Yellow Flicker Beat"
"The Hanging Tree"

See also
Battle Royale (film)
Battle royale genre



ground_truth: Michael Swango