prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: What lake in Australia is named after a Scottish Knight?

The following are given passages.
Context 1: Passage 1:
William Wallace
Sir William Wallace (Scottish Gaelic: Uilleam Uallas, pronounced [ˈɯʎam ˈuəl̪ˠəs̪]; Norman French: William le Waleys; c  1270 – 23 August 1305) was a Scottish knight who became one of the main leaders during the First War of Scottish Independence Along with Andrew Moray, Wallace defeated an English army at the Battle of Stirling Bridge in September 1297  He was appointed Guardian of Scotland and served until his defeat at the Battle of Falkirk in July 1298  In August 1305, Wallace was captured in Robroyston, near Glasgow, and handed over to King Edward I of England, who had him hanged, drawn and quartered for high treason and crimes against English civilians 
Since his death, Wallace has obtained a legendary status far beyond his homeland  He is the protagonist of Blind Harry's 15th-century epic poem The Wallace and the subject of literary works by Jane Porter and Sir Walter Scott, and of the Academy Award-winning film Braveheart 

Background
William Wallace was a member of the lesser nobility, but little is definitely known of his family history or even his parentage  William's own seal, found on a letter sent to the Hanse city of Lübeck in 1297, gives his father's name as Alan Wallace  This Alan Wallace may be the same as the one listed in the 1296 Ragman Rolls as a crown tenant in Ayrshire, but there is no additional confirmation  Others have speculated this Alan held an Ellerslie, near Kilmarnock, Ayrshire, and if true, the estate could be a possible birthplace for William; though there is no record of Wallaces' holding the estate, in the mid 13th century  Blind Harry's late-15th-century poem offers an alternate father for William, a Sir Malcolm of Elderslie, in Renfrewshire; and has similarly given rise to a possible birthplace for William  There is no contemporary evidence linking him with either location, although both areas had connections with the wider Wallace family  Records show early members of the family as holding estates at Riccarton, Tarbolton, Auchincruive in Kyle and Stenton in East Lothian  They were vassals of James Stewart, 5th High Steward of Scotland as their lands fell within his territory  It has been claimed that Wallace's brothers Malcolm and John are known from other sources, but there is a lack of verifiable evidence for John’s relationship with William The origins of the Wallace surname and its association with southwest Scotland are also far from certain, other than the name's being derived from the Old English wylisc (pronounced "wullish"), meaning "foreigner" or "Welshman"  It is possible that all the Wallaces in the Clyde area were medieval immigrants from Wales, but as the term was also used for the Cumbric-speaking Strathclyde kingdom of the Celtic Britons, it seems equally likely that the surname refers to people who were seen as being "Welsh" due to their Cumbric language  A family tradition states Wallace was descended from the sister of Saint Patrick, which would reinforce the Welsh origin theory 

Military career
Political crisis in Scotland
When Wallace was growing up, King Alexander III ruled Scotland  His reign had seen a period of peace and economic stability  On 19 March 1286, however, Alexander died after falling from his horse  The heir to the throne was Alexander's granddaughter, Margaret, Maid of Norway  As she was still a child and in Norway, the Scottish lords set up a government of guardians  Margaret fell ill on the voyage to Scotland and died in Orkney in late September 1290  The lack of a clear heir led to a period known as the "Great Cause", with a total of thirteen contenders laying claim to the throne  The most credible claims were John Balliol and Robert Bruce, grandfather of the future king Robert the Bruce With Scotland threatening to descend into civil war, King Edward I of England was invited in by the Scottish nobility to arbitrate  Before the process could begin, he insisted that all of the contenders recognise him as Lord Paramount of Scotland  In early November 1292, at a great feudal court held in the castle at Berwick-upon-Tweed, judgment was given in favour of John Balliol having the strongest claim in law based on being senior in genealogical primogeniture even though not in proximity of blood Edward proceeded to take steps to progressively undermine John's authority, treating Scotland as a feudal vassal state, demanding homage be paid towards himself and military support in his war against France — even summoning King John Balliol to stand before the English court as a common plaintiff  The Scots soon tired of their deeply compromised king, and the direction of affairs was allegedly taken out of his hands by the leading men of the kingdom, who appointed a Council of Twelve—in practice, a new panel of Guardians—at Stirling in July 1295  They went on to conclude a treaty of mutual assistance with France—known in later years as the Auld Alliance In retaliation for Scotland's treaty with France, Edward I invaded, storming Berwick-upon-Tweed and commencing the Wars of Scottish Independence  The Scots were defeated at Dunbar and the English took Dunbar Castle on 27 April 1296  Edward forced John to abdicate, which he did at Stracathro near Montrose on 10 July 1296  Here the arms of Scotland were formally torn from John's surcoat, giving him the abiding name of "Toom Tabard" (empty coat)  By July, Edward had instructed his officers to receive formal homage from some 1,800 Scottish nobles (many of the rest being prisoners of war at that time) 

Silent years prior to the Wars of Independence
Some historians believe Wallace must have had some earlier military experience in order to lead a successful military campaign in 1297  Campaigns like Edward I of England's wars in Wales might have provided a good opportunity for a younger son of a landholder to become a mercenary soldier  Wallace's personal seal bears the archer's insignia, so he may have fought as an archer in Edward's army 
Walter Bower states that Wallace was "a tall man with the body of a giant     with lengthy flanks     broad in the hips, with strong arms and legs     with all his limbs very strong and firm"  Blind Harry's Wallace reaches seven feet 

Start of the uprising
The first act definitely known to have been carried out by Wallace was his killing of William de Heselrig, the English High Sheriff of Lanark, in May 1297  He then joined with William the Hardy, Lord of Douglas, and they carried out the raid of Scone  This was one of several rebellions taking place across Scotland, including those of several Scottish nobles and Andrew Moray in the north The uprising suffered a blow when the nobles submitted to the English at Irvine in July  Wallace and Moray were not involved, and continued their rebellions  Wallace used the Ettrick Forest as a base for raiding, and attacked Wishart's palace at Ancrum  Wallace and Moray met and joined their forces, possibly at the siege of Dundee in early September 

Battle of Stirling Bridge
On 11 September 1297, an army jointly led by Wallace and Andrew Moray won the Battle of Stirling Bridge  Although vastly outnumbered, the Scottish army routed the English army  John de Warenne, 6th Earl of Surrey's feudal army of 3,000 cavalry and 8,000 to 10,000 infantry met disaster as they crossed over to the north side of the river  The narrowness of the bridge prevented many soldiers from crossing together (possibly as few as three men abreast), so, while the English soldiers crossed, the Scots held back until half of them had passed and then killed the English as quickly as they could cross  The infantry were sent on first, followed by heavy cavalry  The Scots' schiltron formations forced the infantry back into the advancing cavalry  A pivotal charge, led by one of Wallace's captains, caused some of the English soldiers to retreat as others pushed forward, and under the overwhelming weight, the bridge collapsed and many English soldiers drowned  Thus, the Scots won a significant victory, boosting the confidence of their army  Hugh de Cressingham, Edward's treasurer in Scotland, died in the fighting and it is reputed that his body was subsequently flayed and the skin cut into small pieces as tokens of the victory  The Lanercost Chronicle records that Wallace had "a broad strip [of Cressingham's skin]     taken from the head to the heel, to make therewith a baldrick for his sword" After the battle, Moray and Wallace assumed the title of Guardians of the Kingdom of Scotland on behalf of King John Balliol  Moray died of wounds suffered on the battlefield sometime in late 1297 Around November 1297, Wallace led a large-scale raid into northern England, through Northumberland and Cumberland In a ceremony, at the 'Kirk o' the Forest' (Selkirk), towards the end of the year, Wallace was knighted  This would have been carried out by one of three Scottish earls—Carrick, Strathearn or Lennox 

Battle of Falkirk
In April 1298, Edward ordered a second invasion of Scotland  Two days prior to the battle 25,781 foot soldiers were paid  More than half of them would have been Welsh  There are no clear cut sources for the presence of cavalry, but it is safe to assume that Edward had roughly 1,500 horse under his command  They plundered Lothian and regained some castles, but failed to bring William Wallace to combat; the Scots shadowed the English army, intending to avoid battle until shortages of supplies and money forced Edward to withdraw, at which point the Scots would harass his retreat  The English quartermasters' failure to prepare for the expedition left morale and food supplies low, and a resulting riot within Edward's own army had to be put down by his cavalry  In July, while planning a return to Edinburgh for supplies, Edward received intelligence that the Scots were encamped nearby at Falkirk, and he moved quickly to engage them in the pitched battle he had long hoped for Wallace arranged his spearmen in four schiltrons—circular, defensive hedgehog formations, probably surrounded by wooden stakes connected with ropes, to keep the infantry in formation  The English, however, employed Welsh longbowmen, who swung tactical superiority in their favour  The English proceeded to attack with cavalry and put the Scottish archers to flight  The Scottish cavalry withdrew as well, due to its inferiority to the English heavy horses  Edward's men began to attack the schiltrons, which were still able to inflict heavy casualties on the English cavalry  It remains unclear whether the infantry shooting bolts, arrows and stones at the spearmen proved the deciding factor, although it is very likely that it was the arrows of Edward's bowmen  Gaps in the schiltrons soon appeared, and the English exploited these to crush the remaining resistance  The Scots lost many men, including John de Graham  Wallace escaped, though his military reputation suffered badly By September 1298, Wallace resigned as Guardian of Scotland in favour of Robert the Bruce, Earl of Carrick and future king, and John Comyn, King John Balliol's nephew Details of Wallace's activities after this are vague, but there is some evidence that he left on a mission to the court of King Philip IV of France to plead the case for assistance in the Scottish struggle for independence  There is a surviving letter from the French king dated 7 November 1300 to his envoys in Rome demanding that they should help Sir William  It also suggests that Wallace intended to travel to Rome, although it is not known if he did  There is also a report from an English spy at a meeting of Scottish leaders, where they said Wallace was in France By 1304 Wallace was back in Scotland, and involved in skirmishes at Happrew and Earnside 

Capture and execution
Wallace evaded capture by the English until 5 August 1305, when John de Menteith, a Scottish knight loyal to Edward, turned Wallace over to English soldiers at Robroyston, near Glasgow, a site commemorated by a small monument in the form of a Celtic cross  Letters of safe conduct from Haakon V of Norway, Philip IV of France and John Balliol, along with other documents, were found in Wallace's possession and delivered to Edward by John de Segrave Wallace was transported to London, lodged in the house of William de Leyrer, then taken to Westminster Hall, where he was tried for treason and for atrocities against civilians in war, "sparing neither age nor sex, monk nor nun " He was crowned with a garland of oak to suggest he was the king of outlaws  He responded to the treason charge, "I could not be a traitor to Edward, for I was never his subject "

Following the trial, on 23 August 1305, Wallace was taken from the hall to the Tower of London, then stripped naked and dragged through the city at the heels of a horse to the Elms at Smithfield  He was hanged, drawn and quartered—strangled by hanging, but released while he was still alive, emasculated, eviscerated (with his bowels burned before him), beheaded, then cut into four parts  Wallace's head was dipped in tar and placed on a spike atop London Bridge  His preserved head was later joined by the heads of his brother John and his compatriots Simon Fraser and John of Strathbogie  Wallace's limbs were displayed, separately, in Newcastle, Berwick, Stirling and Perth  A plaque,  unveiled 8 April 1956, stands in a wall of St  Bartholomew's Hospital near the site of Wallace's execution at Smithfield  It includes in Latin the words "Dico tibi verum libertas optima rerum nunquam servili sub nexu vivito fili" (I tell you the truth  Freedom is what is best  Son, never live your life like a slave ), and in Gaelic "Bas Agus Buaidh" (Death and Victory), an old Scottish battle cry In 1869, the Wallace Monument was erected, close to the site of his victory at Stirling Bridge  The Wallace Sword, which supposedly belonged to Wallace, although some parts were made at least 160 years later, was held for many years in Dumbarton Castle and is now in the Wallace Monument 

In popular culture
Film
A popular depiction of Wallace's life is presented in the film Braveheart (1995), directed by and starring Mel Gibson as Wallace, written by Randall Wallace, and filmed in Scotland and Ireland  The film was criticised for many historical inaccuracies 
In the film Outlaw King (2018), Robert the Bruce (Chris Pine) is prompted to plan a revolt against the English after observing rioting induced by the public display of the quartered body of Wallace 

Literature
Blind Harry's 15th-century poem has been a major influence on the legend of Wallace, including details like a wife named Marion Braidfute, and claiming that Wallace killed the Sheriff of Lanark in revenge for the killing of his wife  However much of this poem is unsubstantiated, at variance with contemporary sources, or disputed by historians 
In 1793 Robert Burns wrote the lyrics to Scots Wha Hae wi Wallace bled 
Jane Porter penned a romantic version of the Wallace legend in the historical novel The Scottish Chiefs (1810) 

In her prize-winning poem of 1819, Wallace's Invocation to Bruce, Felicia Hemans imagines Wallace urging Bruce to continue the struggle for freedom after defeat at the Battle of Falkirk 
In 1828, Walter Scott wrote of "The Story of Sir William Wallace" in his Tales of a Grandfather (first series) 
G  A  Henty wrote a novel about this time period titled In Freedom's Cause: A Story of Wallace and Bruce (1885)  Henty, a producer of and writer for the Boy's Own Paper story paper, portrays the life of William Wallace, Robert the Bruce, The Black Douglas and others, while dovetailing the events of his novel with historical fiction 
Nigel Tranter wrote a historical novel titled The Wallace (1975), "admirably free of anything to do with Braveheart" 
The Temple and the Stone (1998), a novel by Katherine Kurtz and Deborah Turner Harris, includes a storyline creating a fictional connection between Wallace and Templar Knights 

Gaming
Wallace is the subject and protagonist of the tutorial campaign in realtime strategy game Age of Empires II 

Beer
A number of beers are named for Wallace  A brewery in Bridge of Allan, Scotland, makes a Scottish ale named "William Wallace", and Scottish Maclays Brewery had a beer called "Wallace" 

See also
Auchenbathie Tower – Wallace's Knowe
Clan Wallace
Wallace's Heel Well – an imprint of Wallace's heel in stone
Wallace's Well – Robroyston, Glasgow
Passage 2:
William Wallace (disambiguation)
William Wallace (died 1305) was a Scottish knight, landowner, and leader during the Wars of Scottish Independence 
William Wallace may also refer to:

Europeans
Willie Wallace (born 1940), Scottish footballer
William Wallace (footballer, born 1893) (1893–1917), English footballer
William Wallace of Failford (d  1616) Scottish courtier
William Wallace (mason) (died 1631), Scottish master mason and architect
William Vincent Wallace (1812–1865), Irish composer
William Wallace (philosopher) (1844–1897), Scottish philosopher
William Wallace (Scottish composer) (1860–1940), Scottish classical composer
William Wallace (Jesuit) (1863–1922), Irish Jesuit priest and Indologist
William Wallace, Baron Wallace of Saltaire (born 1941), British academic, writer and politician
William Wallace, real name of Ali Bongo (1929–2009), British comedy magician
Staker Wallace (1733–1798), United Irishman, sometimes referred to as William
William Herbert Wallace (1878–1933), English convicted 'murderer', later found to be innocent on appeal
William Kelly Wallace (1883–1969), Irish railway engineer
William Middleton Wallace (1892–1915), Scotland rugby player
William Wallace (mathematician) (1768–1843), Scottish mathematician
William Wallace (chemist) (1832–1888), Scottish chemist and city analyst for Glasgow
Sir William Wallace (marine engineer) (1881–1963), inventor of naval technology and Scottish businessman

Americans
William Wallace Lincoln (1850–1862), son of Abraham Lincoln
William A  A  Wallace (1817–1899), Texas Ranger captain with the nickname "Bigfoot"
William A  Wallace (organizational theorist) (born 1935), Professor at Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute
William A  Wallace (1827–1896), U S  Senator from Pennsylvania
William C  Wallace (1856–1901), U S  Representative from New York 
William E  Wallace (1917–2004), known as Ed Wallace to his friends and associates, physical chemist
William H  Wallace (1811–1879), first territorial governor and Congressional delegate from Idaho Territory
William Henry Wallace (1827–1901), Confederate general and South Carolina state legislator
W  H  L  Wallace (1821–1862), Union general in the American Civil War
William J  Wallace (Indianapolis mayor)
William A  Wallace (Illinois politician), Illinois state representative
William J  Wallace (USMC) (1895–1977), American Marine Corps aviation officer
William James Wallace (1837–1917), lawyer and federal judge in the United States
William M  Wallace (1911–2000), American historian
William Miller Wallace (1844–1924), U S  Army general
William O  Wallace (1906–1968), Hollywood set decorator
William Robert Wallace (1886–1960), American judge
William Ross Wallace (1819–1881), American poet
William S  Wallace (born 1946), General in the United States Army
William T  Wallace (1828–1909), Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of California and an Attorney General of California
William A  Wallace, historian, philosopher, and River Forest Thomist
Bill Wallace (American football) (1912–1993), American football player
Bill Wallace (martial artist) (born 1945), kickboxer

Canadians
William Wallace (Canadian politician) (1820–1887), Scottish-born merchant and politician in Ontario
William Tracy Wallace (1880–1947), Canadian-born artist in England
William Stewart Wallace (1884–1970), historian, librarian, and editor
William Wallace (rower) (1901–1967), Olympic rower
Bill Wallace (musician) (born 1949), musician

New Zealanders
Billy Wallace (1878–1972), New Zealand rugby union player
William Wallace (born 1971), actor, appeared in The Cult and Step Dave

South Americans
William Wallace (Brazilian footballer) (born 2002), Brazilian footballer

See also

Sir William Wallace Hotel, a historic pub in the suburb of Balmain, New South Wales, Australia
William Wallis (disambiguation)
Bill Wallace (disambiguation)
Passage 3:
William Keith of Galston
Sir William Keith of Galston (died 1337) was a Scottish Knight who fought in the Wars of Scottish Independence  He brought the bones and heart of James Douglas, as well as King Robert I of Scotland's heart, back to Scotland after Douglas was killed on crusade in Spain 

Life
Keith was the son of Robert de Keith, and grandson of John de Keith King's Marischal 
Keith fought alongside Thomas Randolph, Earl of Moray, and James Douglas, Lord of Douglas, during the street fighting during the capture of the town of Berwick from the English in 1318, which led to the surrender of Berwick Castle Upon the death of Robert I of Scotland in 1329, he accompanied Sir James Douglas with a retinue of Scottish nobles on crusade  The party stopped first at Sluys, Flanders, where confirmation was received that Alfonso XI of Castile was preparing a crusading campaign against the Muslims of the kingdom of Granada  The Scots sailed on to Seville, Spain to meet Alfonso XI and pledge their support  He was one of the few survivors of Douglas's party of knights and men-at-arms who survived the siege and battle of Teba, not being able to take part in the skirmish, after suffering a broken arm  He was responsible for returning the King's heart and Douglas' bones and heart to Scotland, where the King's heart was buried at Melrose Abbey, and Douglas's remains solemnly interred in the kirk of St Bride in Douglas 
He was in command at Berwick again in 1333 when the disastrous English victory at Halidon Hill took place  In 1334, he captured the English nobleman Richard Talbot, an ally of Edward Balliol, as he was attempting to pass into England from the north In 1335 Keith was an ambassador to England, and in 1337 he was fighting at the Siege of Stirling Castle, where he was killed 

Issue
William Keith had a daughter:

Jonetta Keith, married 1st David Hamilton of Cadzow; married 2nd Alexander Stewart of Darnley 
Passage 4:
Lake Wallace
Lake Wallace is a freshwater lake located in Edenhope in the Wimmera region of Victoria, Australia  The lake is named after William Wallace In 1866, Australian cricketer Tom Wills trained a team of Aborigines on the lake's banks  The team played throughout Victoria and New South Wales, and several members formed the Aboriginal team which toured England in 1868 
Passage 5:
David de Inchmartin
Sir David de Inchmartin (died 4 August 1306) was a Scottish knight who took part in the War of Scottish Independence, as a supporter of Robert de Brus  He was captured and later executed by the English in 1306

Life
David was the son of John de Inchmartin  He held lands in Inchmartine (now Inchture), in Perth and Kinross  He was with Robert the Bruce at the Battle of Methven  During the battle on 19 June 1306, David was captured by English forces under Aymer de Valence, Earl of Pembroke  A number of Bruce's closest supporters were also captured  The Earl of Pembroke refused to summarily execute the prisoners as ordered by Edward I of England  David was executed by hanging on 4 August at Newcastle-upon-Tyne 

Citations
Passage 6:
John de Seton
Sir John de Seton (d 4 August 1306) was a knight who took part in the War of Scottish Independence, as a supporter of Robert de Brus  He held lands in England and Scotland 
Seton was a son of Sir John de Seton of Skelton, Cumberland and Erminia Lascelles  His brothers were Christopher and Humphrey de Seton  This branch of the Seton family had long served the Bruces in Yorkshire, Cumberland and Scotland 
John performed fealty to King Edward I of England at Berwick on 28 August 1296  Seton was present on 10 February 1306 when Sir John Comyn, Lord of Badenoch was stabbed by Robert de Brus in Greyfriars Church, Dumfries  A letter of excommunication was issued naming the Robert de Brus, Earl of Carrick and three other knights, Sir Alexander Lindsay, Sir Christopher Seton and his brother, John as John Comyn's murderers  
He was captured by English forces after the fall of Tibbers Castle in 1306  John was hanged and drawn at Newcastle-upon-Tyne on 4 August 1306  He was executed on the basis that he was a witness to the murder of John Comyn, Lord of Badenoch by Robert de Brus, Earl of Carrick at Dumfries and holding Tibbers Castle against Edward I  His lands in Cumnock, Ayrshire were given to Roger, son of Finlay, in a charter from Robert de Brus, where it mentions a brother and a son 

Citations
Passage 7:
William Oliphant (died after 1313)
Sir William Oliphant (died aft  1313), was a Scottish knight and Governor of Stirling Castle during the Wars of Scottish Independence  He switched loyalties to the English and died in a Scottish prison 

Life
Sir William Oliphant fought at the Battle of Dunbar in 1296, where the Scots, under their king John Balliol, were defeated by the invading English  Following the battle he was captured and taken to Devizes Castle in England where he was imprisoned  He was freed on 8 September 1297 and with his fellow prisoner John of Strathbogie, Earl of Atholl returned to Scotland to serve in King Edward I's army  Breaking his pledge to Edward I, he next appears as the governor of Stirling Castle and when attacked by King Edward's army he refused to surrender without permission of the Guardian of Scotland, John de Soules who was in France at the time  His small garrison held out against the full might of Edward's army until 20 July 1304 when they were forced to surrender  While Edward agreed to favorable terms in writing, immediately after the surrender he broke the terms and imprisoned Oliphant in the Tower of London  In this same year all of Scotland with the exception of William Wallace swore fealty to Edward I In 1308, he was released on mainprise on 24 May 1308 and shortly afterwards returned to Scotland where he served king Edward II of England  In 1309 he was at Stirling castle  By 1312 Sir William was in command of the key English outpost, the fortified town of Perth  A six-week siege by Robert the Bruce had little effect so the Scots withdrew in open sight of the English garrison  Little more than a week later after nightfall, the Scots crossed the Lade, Perth's moat at the time, and climbed the wall  They took the town with little bloodshed  However many of the higher ranking Scots and English were executed while most of the English were allowed to go free  Sir William However, John Barbour said that King Robert "commanded on great pains" that only those who could not be captured were to be killed  Since Oliphant was not executed but was sent in chains to the western Isles, where he apparently died a prisoner there is some reason to think Barbour was correct  There is no further mention of him in any records 

Notes
Passage 8:
Bernard de Monte Alto
Sir Bernard de Monte Alto (de Mowat) was a Scottish knight who took part in the War of Scottish Independence, as a supporter of Robert de Brus 
Bernard was the son of Roger de Monte Alto, Sheriff of Cromarty and the younger brother of William de Monte Alto  He was with Robert the Bruce at the Battle of Methven on 19 June 1306 and was captured by English forces under Aymer de Valence, Earl of Pembroke  He was drawn and hanged at Newcastle-upon-Tyne on 4 August 1306  Bernard was executed for bearing arms against King Edward I of England on the side of Robert de Brus, fighting at the Battle of Methven, and killing Roger de Tany, the king's valet, in Selkirk Forest 

Notes
Passage 9:
Reginald Crawford (died 1307)
Sir Reginald Crawford (died 17 February 1307) was a Scottish knight who took part in the Wars of Scottish Independence 
In 1296 he was appointed as Sheriff of Ayr by the English administration   In June 1297 he was one of several Scots nobles who did a deal where they were released by the English to fight against Andrew Moray   This suggests that he may have taken  part in the revolt in early 1297 which ended in the capitulation at Irvine  
He became a supporter of Robert the Bruce and was captured during the Battle of Loch Ryan in February 1307  He was executed by hanging in Carlisle, England He may have been related to the Ronald Crawford who was hanged at the Barns of Ayr, but this issue is surrounded by uncertainty and later legend 
Passage 10:
David, Lord of Brechin
Sir David de Brechin (died 1320) was a Scottish knight who fought on both sides during the Wars of Scottish Independence 

Life
He was the son of Sir William de Brechin by Elena Comyn, daughter of Alexander Comyn, Earl of Buchan and Elizabeth de Quincy  Sir William was the son of Henry, an illegitimate son of David of Scotland, Earl of Huntingdon  Brechin is first attested to as a ward of a Sir John de Callendar in 1292 Brechin fought in the Earl of Surrey's army at the Battle of Dunbar, and was granted lands previously owned by Alan Durward He name appears twice on the 1296 Ragman Rolls for Forfarshire In the train of Robert the Bruce, he was present at Peebles when the Bruce, John Comyn, and William Lamberton were sworn in as Guardians of Scotland  Brechin returned to Galloway with Bruce By 1301, Sir David was still active in southwestern Scotland  On 8 September Brechin was in a force led by Sir John de Soulis and Sir Ingram de Umfraville, that attacked Lochmaben Castle, and was wounded in the fight Brechin returned to English service when he did homage to Edward I of England at the Siege of Stirling Castle Continuing in English service, Brechin was present at the Battle of Inverurie, and according to John Barbour, he retired after the battle to Brechin Castle where he was besieged by David Earl of Atholl  However this is contested by the historian and genealogist Sir James Balfour Paul  According to all records, Strathbogie was still in the service of the English, so the capture of Brechin Castle must have been accomplished by another of King Robert's following On 6 April 1320, Brechin appended his seal to the Declaration of Arbroath 
At a parliament at Scone (later known as the Black Parliament) in August that year, Brechin was found complicit along with William de Soules, the Countess of Strathearn and others in a conspiracy to depose the king   For this offence Brechin was executed Although there is no reason to doubt his guilt, his execution surprised many people, as he was seen as a "flower of chivalry", having acquitted himself well in battle against the Saracens during the crusades 

Marriages and issue
Brechin appears to have married Margaret de Bonkyll, widow of Sir John Stewart of Bonkyll, by 1304 when she is recorded as his wife  and had issue 

Margaret de Brechin, married in 1315 to Sir David de BarclayDavid de Brechin appears to have married secondly a Margaret Ramsay 



ground_truth: Lake Wallace

prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: Are Tantrix and Personal Preference both types of games?

The following are given passages.
Context 2: Passage 1:
Fishing rod tapers
Fishing rod tapers describe how much a fishing rod bends or flexes under pressure   Different tapers are used for different fishing scenarios as well as for personal preference 

Action
The action of a taper is described by the flex of the tip of a rod when pressure is applied perpendicular to the rod   Only a section of the rod starting at the tip of the rod should bend while the remainder of the rod should stay rigid 
Variations can be described in three main categories, fast, medium, or slow with variations in between each   A rod with a fast taper will only flex the top 20 percent  Medium fast and medium tapers will flex approximately 30 to 60 percent of the rod respectively  If the rod has a slow taper, almost the entire rod or blank will bend or flex under pressure 

Usage
Rod taper is important for several reasons  The feel for the lure being used and the fish being caught dictate the appropriate taper use 
A fast action tip will be used when fishing jig type lures   The angler can feel and therefore control what the lure is doing quite easily   Since only the very tip of the rod bends, when a fish strikes the angler has ample rod shaft and backbone to set the hook correctly 
In contrast to fast tapers, the slow flex rods offer the angler advantages when fighting large fish with light fishing line   This additional flex allows the rod to absorb the force of the fish as opposed to the line   This is often the angler who likes to fish split shot rigs or Lindy rigs for walleye 


== Notes ==
Passage 2:
Personal Preference
Personal Preference is a 1987 board game created by Donal Carlston that involves guessing the order in which a player prefers foods, activities, people, and other items compared to one another  The game was published by Broderbund in the United States, Playtoy Industries in Canada, and Parker Brothers International in Britain 
An updated version by the original creator was launched on Kickstarter on May 1, 2023  The new version contains updated cultural references and new categories 

Original 1987 Version
The game contains cards in four categories: Food & Drink, Activities, People, and Potpourri (miscellaneous)  Each card has a photo or drawing on each side and text indicating what that side represents (e g , chocolate éclairs, climbing a mountain, Harrison Ford, spy novels)  Each round, one player draws four cards from one category, or one from each category, depending on the player's position on the board  Each card is placed in a colored quadrant of the board  The player then ranks these four items according to his or her preference using color-coded cards that are placed in an envelope  Next, other players (or teams) use numbered tiles to guess that player's order, and move forward one space for each correct guess when the order is revealed  If players choose to double a guess by placing a tile towards the center of the board, they move forward two spaces if correct and back one space if incorrect  Players take turns drawing and ranking cards until someone reaches the end of the board 

Reviews
Games #89
Best Games of 1988 in Games #94
Passage 3:
Pie floater
The pie floater is an Australian dish particularly common in Adelaide  It consists of a meat pie in a thick pea soup, typically with the addition of tomato sauce  Believed to have been first created in the 1890s, the pie floater gained popularity as a meal sold by South Australian pie carts  In 2003, it was recognised as a South Australian Heritage Icon 

Development
Pea soup with meat has long been part of English culinary history, with mentions in the 19th century, including the "pea and pie supper" (in Yorkshire), "pea soup with eel", and suet dumplings or saveloys   (Dumplings in soup were known as "floaters" )  It may have developed from those dishes, which are useful for feeding groups of people on a budget, such as at a sports match or at harvest time  
A pie floater commonly consists of a traditional Australian-style meat pie, usually sitting, but sometimes submerged (traditionally upside down) in a bowl of thick pea soup made from blue boiler peas  It is often self-garnished with tomato sauce, and the consumer may also add a combination of mint sauce, salt, pepper, or malt vinegar according to personal preference 
Early records in South Australia state that the pie floater was reputedly born in Port Pirie conceived by one Ern "Shorty" Bradley in 1890s, but it remains unknown if he did and how it came about 

Pie carts
Pie floaters were typically purchased in the street from pie-carts as a late evening meal  Pie-carts are typically a form of caravan/trailer/cart, originally horse-drawn, with an elongated "window" along one or both sides where customers could sit or (more usually) stand to eat their purchases  The pie-cart was typically moved into position at lunchtime and in the evening  As traffic became busier and on-street car-parking in demand, the carts evolved to have one window on the "footpath side", and were moved into position after afternoon peak-hour traffic had ebbed  They did business until late evening or early morning, after which they were returned to their daytime storage locations South Australia has had pie carts in the Adelaide metropolitan area since the 1870s  In the evenings, the Norwood pie-cart was located on The Parade adjacent to the Norwood Town Hall  It was also the only place where members of the public could buy draft Hall's "Stonie" ginger beer directly from the keg  In the Adelaide city centre in the 1880s, there were 13 pie-carts operating in King William Street and North Terrace  By 1915 there were nine pie-carts in operation  By 1958 this had reduced to two: Balfour's pie-cart on North Terrace outside the Adelaide railway station, and Cowley's in Victoria Square outside the Adelaide General Post Office  In 2007, the Glenelg tram line was extended from Victoria Square along King William Street and North Terrace past Adelaide railway station, and the Balfour's pie-cart was forced to close In 2003, the South Australian National Trust traced the history of the pie floater back over 130 years  The pie floater was recognised as a South Australian Heritage Icon by the National Trust of South Australia, although it is now available at very few locations; among them are the Café de Vilis, Enjoy Bakery on Norwood Parade, The Kings Head Pub on King William Street  and the Upper Sturt General Store 

See also
List of legume dishes
Passage 4:
Personal Taste
Personal Taste (Korean: 개인의 취향; Hanja: 個人의 趣向; RR: Kaeinui Chwihyang; MR: Kaein-ŭi Ch‘wihyang; lit  "Kae-in's Taste" or "Kae-in's Preference"; also known as Personal Preference) is a 2010 South Korean television series, starring  Son Ye-jin and Lee Min-ho  It is adapted from Lee Se-in's 2007 novel of the same name about a furniture designer, Park Kae-in, who lives together with architect Jeon Jin-ho under the mistaken assumption that he's gay  It aired on MBC from March 31 to May 20, 2010, on Wednesdays and Thursdays at 21:55 (KST) time slot for 16 episodes 

Synopsis
Furniture designer Park Kae-in (Son Ye-jin) is kind, impulsive, clumsy, and is a complete slob in her personal habits  She lives in Sanggojae (meaning "a place for mutual love"), a modernized hanok (traditional Korean house) designed by her father, a famous and reclusive architecture professor (Kang Shin-il)  As an independent furniture designer, she struggles to produce successful products and is constantly trying to impress her father with her works  Her long-time boyfriend, Han Chang-ryul (Kim Ji-seok), breaks up with her, the reason being Kae-in is an easygoing woman and a pushover  Despite being upset, Kae-in attends the wedding of her friend and roommate, Kim In-hee (Wang Ji-hye), only to discover that she is marrying Chang-ryul; and that the two had been seeing each other behind her back for a while  After she finally comes face-to-face with them, the wedding ceremony turns chaotic and is cancelled  Kae-in is heartbroken and determined to never take a chance on love again 
Meanwhile, to keep his small firm afloat, architect Jeon Jin-ho (Lee Min-ho) is desperately trying to win a project bid for the Dam Art Center against Future Construction, the company owned and operated by Chang-ryul's father (Ahn Suk-hwan)  Chang-ryul's father was originally an employee under Jin-ho's father, who stole the latter's company  In order to win the project of Dam Arts Center, Jin-ho has to find a way to dig up more information about the tentative theme of project: Sanggojae, which has never been opened to the public 
Jin-ho decides to rent a part of Sanggojae to get access into the house while Kae-in rents the place to him believing that he is homosexual due to misunderstandings from their previous encounters  After knowing the reason behind his approval, Jin-ho decides to leave Sanggojae to avoid being misunderstood further but is stopped by his assistant, Noh Sang-jun, who convinces him otherwise by reminding him that their chance at revival of their sinking firm lies on their success in Dam Arts Center Project 
After starting to live together, Jin-ho tells Kae-in that she's miserable only because of herself and the lack of concreteness in her personality  He then encourages and helps her transform from an inveterate slob into a better version of herself, who is confident and strong-willed  Amidst the transformation and hidden truths, Kae-in and Jin-ho start developing feelings for each other which they constantly deny 
The DAC director, Choi Do-bin (Ryu Seung-ryong), impressed by Jin-ho's presentation, offers his support to him in the upcoming project  He also finds Kae-in's ideas creative and hires her to design a recreation centre for children  Do-bin, who is homosexual, later finds himself attracted to Jin-ho, which leaves Jin-ho in a tight spot 
What will happen when the man who's pretending to be gay and the woman who thinks he's gay develop feelings for each other?

Cast
Main
Son Ye-jin as Park Kae-inA clumsy, slobbish girl  She is an aspiring furniture designer, and daughter of the famous architect Park Chul-han  After being dumped by her ex-boyfriend, she decides to not open up to love once again easily Lee Min-ho as Jeon Jin-hoAn architect who is earnestly trying to keep his small firm afloat in a fair manner  He moves into Sanggojae to study it for his next project  Neat and organized, he is unable to stand Kae-in's living habits, and tries to change her into a better version of herself after she agrees to it Kim Ji-seok as Han Chang-ryulJeon Jin-ho's rival, and Kae-in's ex-boyfriend  Although he initially left Kae-in for her friend In-hee, he later grows feelings for Kae-in Wang Ji-hye as Kim In-heeA greedy woman who has multiple boyfriends and treats them as dispensable  Despite being Kae-in's best friend and having lived together for ten years, she betrays her and dates Chang-ryul  Later, In-hee falls for Jin-ho and tries to steal him from Kae-in Ryu Seung-ryong as Choi Do-binDirector of the DAAM project  He is homosexual and develops feelings for Jin-ho thinking he, too, is gay 

Supporting
Jo Eun-ji as Lee Young-sun, Kae-in's best friend
Jung Sung-hwa as Noh Sang-jun, Jin-ho's assistant
Lim Seul-ong as Kim Tae-hoon, Jin-ho's employee  He has a crush on Hye-mi 
Choi Eun-seo as Na Hye-mi, Jin-ho's childhood friend  She had a crush on Jin-ho since they were young 
Park Hae-mi as Jeon Jang-mi, Jin-ho's mother
Ahn Suk-hwan as Han Yoon-sub, Chang-ryul's father  He worked at Jin-ho's father's company in the past, but later betrayed him 
Jang Won-young as Secretary Kim
Kang Shin-il as Park Chul-han, Kae-in's father  A famous architect who designed Sanggojae for his wife and daughter 

Special appearances
Bong Tae-gyu as Lee Won-ho (ep  1-2)
Jung Chan as Groom (ep  1)
Song Seon-mi as Bride (ep  1)
Julien Kang as Joe (ep  7)
Yoon Eun-hye as Yoon Eun-soo (ep  8)
Kim Nam-gil as man sitting in the café (ep  11)

Architecture
One of the production's main sponsors was Design and Arts Arcadia of Myungseung, and the storyline contains many references to DAAM as the project that all the architectural firms are competing to design for The hanok used in the drama series (called Sanggojae in the script) is actually Rakgojae, a traditional guest house in Bukchon Hanok Village, Gye-dong, Jongno District  Meaning "a place to enjoy tradition", Rakgojae was renovated by master carpenter Chung Young-jin  It offers a glimpse of the lifestyle of Joseon-era scholars by incorporating fine art, music, dance and poetry through colorful cultural programs such as a tea ceremony, ink-and-wash painting lessons, Korean musical instrument lessons and kimchi-making classes One of the locations frequented by the main characters is Kring art gallery, in Gangnam District, southern Seoul  The creative cultural space showcases a variety of arts ranging from architecture and fashion to installations and digital art  The unique facade of the building is itself a large-scale urban sculpture  Circles are a theme throughout the building, but the front wall is reminiscent of stereo speakers, hinting at the name of the building  "Kring" means "circle" in Dutch 

Original soundtrack
Ratings
In the table below, the blue numbers} represent the lowest ratings and the red numbers represent the highest ratings 

Awards and nominations
International broadcast
The series was a mid-level hit in South Korea  Overseas rights were sold to the Philippines, Japan, China, Taiwan, Singapore, Hong Kong, Indonesian, and Thailand 
Passage 5:
Song Ji-hyo's Beauty View
Song Ji-hyo's Beauty View (Korean: 송지효의 뷰티뷰), is a South Korean television program on JTBC2 hosted by Song Ji-hyo, Gong Myung and beauty editor Kim Mi Gu  The show provides a perfect beauty guide to match the personal preference  It was used to air on every Thursday at 9 20pm KST on JTBC2 

Format
Ordinary people are invited as the makeup models on the show  The professional makeup artist uses her brushes and works wonders to show viewers about the fascinating beauty world 

List of Episodes
Passage 6:
Crab trap
Crab traps are used to bait, lure, and catch crabs for commercial or recreational use  Crabbing or crab fishing is the recreational hobby and commercial occupation of fishing for crabs  Different types of traps are used depending on the type of crab being fished for, geographic location, and personal preference 

History in the United States
Crab has been a viable food source since Native Americans lived and fished on the Delmarva Peninsula  The Chesapeake Bay, which is known for their Chesapeake Bay blue crabs (Callinectes sapidus) derives its name from "Chesepiook", a Susquehannock tribe word that means "Great Water"  These Susquehannock natives led European settlers to some of the best places to catch crabs  Even early treaties between European settlers and Native Americans included provisions for the rights of "Hunting, Crabbing, Fowling, and Fishing " Since then, generations of watermen made their living harvesting crabs and other resources along the Chesapeake Bay developing the most efficient method to catch crabs resulting in modern crab traps Since early European settlers in America, crabbing was an important food source to watermen of the Chesapeake and continues to be the source of income for many families  The Alaskan king crab fishing industry took off in the mid-1800s, and was one of the reasons Alaskans pushed so hard for statehood in 1959  Alaskans wanted to gain control of the area's natural resources, such as king crabs Benjamin F  Lewis invented the crab pot in the 1920s, patented it in 1928, and perfected it ten years later  The crab pot changed the way crabs are harvested on the Chesapeake Bay  The crab pot is the most common method used to catch and harvest crabs worldwide Commercial crabbing is a very tough and dangerous job, so it is very important that commercial crab traps catch as many crabs as possible to be able to turn a profit  Commercial crabbing is heavily regulated by local state laws to ensure that the crabs are not over fished and that they are given enough time to breed and repopulate Unlike normal traps, commercial crab traps are large in size; some can easily be over 60" in diameter, allowing the trap to hold a larger amount of crabs than recreational crab traps  Commercial crab traps also contain a small stainless steel plate like a dog tag, which identifies who the trap belongs to in case it is missed or swept by the current from its original location After World War II, Japanese crab vessels were competition for Alaskan king crab fishermen in the Bering Sea  Japanese crab vessels would crowd around cod boats, where king crabs devoured the fish waste  Ed Shields, a king crab fisherman was aboard a schooner at this time and recalls the Japanese encroaching on the Bristol Bay fishing area  Ed Shields says that his father sent a telegram to Seattle, ordering one dozen high-powered rifles for each vessel and one case of ammunition each Ed Shields states, "The coast guard didn’t care for this at all, the State Department didn’t care for it, but the news media did  It made good news  There’s no television at this time, but they did get in the national magazines like Time and Life  The adverse publicity to Japanese manufactured goods was so severe at that time from this campaign, the Japanese decided to pull out of Bristol Bay area and he sent a telegram saying, 'Bristol Bay is all clear now, Japanese gone home '"The Derelict Crab Trap Removal Program was created by the Louisiana Wildlife and Fisheries Commission in 2004  This was created to remove derelict crab traps from state-owned lakes and river-beds and to reduce the potential impact from these traps  There are also similar programs in other states  They are similar to the program in Louisiana where the traps are removed during a 30-day period  There are programs all over the Gulf Coast, including areas like Texas and Florida  These programs have also been successful with the help of volunteers working together, and over 30,000 derelict traps have been removed in Texas alone 

Types
Maryland
The Maryland crab pot is an enclosed framework of wire with four openings  These openings are constructed so that when the crabs enter to eat the bait, they cannot escape, and instead become immediately trapped  Once the crab becomes trapped and cannot leave the same way they entered, they float upward and go through the openings of the inner wire portion, which permanently traps the crab The Maryland crab pot is a cube, generally two cubic feet and when baited and weighted, might weigh fifteen pounds or more  Sometimes it is left on the bottom for twelve to twenty-four hours or more  The end of the nylon rope is attached to a marked floating buoy so the location can be found and the pot retrieved  The Maryland crab pot is baited from the bottom with several oily fish  This is done by turning the pot on its side, stuffing the bait into the wire container, and closing the opening by securing the flap under the rubber tubing  The pot is then dropped into the water and when the crab fisher returns, pulls the pot up and into their boat 

West Coast
West Coast crab pots, which are primarily used for catching Dungeness crabs, vary slightly from the Maryland style crab pot  When the crabs enter either of the two funnel-type openings in search of bait, they are unable to exit through these funnel openings and become entrapped in the pot 

Ring crab traps
Ring crab traps are very popular along the Oregon and Washington Coast  They are primarily used in river mouths and protected bays, but it is possible to use crab rings off the open shoreline  A crab ring is a simple piece of equipment that contains two wire rings that form the top and bottom of a collapsible basket  The lower ring is smaller than the upper ring and connected with a strong netting that forms the sides  Heavy chicken wire, cotton webbing or other suitable materials are used for the bottom After the bait is tied securely to the bottom of the basket, the lower basket sinks to the bay bottom where the sides collapse and the top and bottom rings lie together, leaving only a flat platform of tempting bait that the crab can easily reach  After the ring has been left on the bottom, the crabber raises the ring rapidly by pulling up with a rope, which prevents the crabs from escaping while the basket is pulled to the boat  While ring traps may allow crabs to escape more easily, their advantage is that they remain on the bottom for much shorter periods, typically a maximum of 20 minutes or so, versus the 30-45 minutes required for a crab pot to work effectively 

Pyramids
Pyramid crab traps are flat when lying on the bottom of the seafloor, but when raised to the surface, they form the shape of a pyramid  This trap is similar to the ring crab trap because there are no walls or cage that prevents the crabs from escaping before pulling it to the surface  The benefits of the pyramid crab trap over the ring crab trap is that the pyramid crab trap is slightly sturdier and can be used in waters with stronger currents 

Boxes
Box crab traps are made from a strong non-collapsible wire  The main advantages of this crab trap are that once the crab enters searching for the bait it cannot escape, guaranteeing a catch when the crab enters  Along with this comes the added bonus of not having to regularly check the trap  A downside of this trap is storing and transporting it since it does not collapse 

Trot lines
Trot line crab fishing was used exclusively by commercial crabbers from 1870 to 1929, but this method has since been almost entirely replaced by the use of crab pots and crab traps  A trotline is a baited, hook-less, long line that is usually anchored on the bottom and attached to anchored buoys  This trotline is baited and after some time, the fisherman pulls the trotline up with crabs hopefully biting on the bait 

Environmental effects
A crab trap which becomes lost or abandoned (usually by accidental detachment of the float) becomes an ongoing environmental hazard  Crabs will continue to enter this ghost trap to eat the bait, become trapped, and starve to death, attracting more crabs and other bottom-dwelling sea life; a single trap may kill dozens of crabs in this manner  For this reason, crab traps in many jurisdictions are required to have a "rot-out panel", a wooden panel the size of the largest entrance into the trap  This panel will disintegrate with a few weeks' exposure to seawater, opening the trap and allowing any crabs inside to escape  Other pots use biodegradable twine, that disintegrates within less than a week Whales become entangled in crabbing gear  They get entangled in the vertical lines between crab traps on the ocean floor and the surface buoys  For example, as of 2014 there was an increasing number of entanglements off the coasts of the United States  Management measures have been implemented by NOAA National Marine Fisheries Service 

See also
Fish trap
Lobster trapEnvironment:

The Derelict Crab Trap Program
Passage 7:
Jianbing
Jianbing (simplified Chinese: 煎饼; traditional Chinese: 煎餅; pinyin: jiānbǐng; lit  'pan-fried bing') is a traditional Chinese street food similar to crêpes  It is a type of bing generally eaten for breakfast and hailed as "one of China's most popular street breakfasts"  The main ingredients of jianbing are a batter of wheat and grain flour, eggs and sauces, cooked quickly by spreading the batter on a large frying pan or a specialized flat hotplate  It can be topped with different fillings and sauces such as baocui (薄脆, thin and crispy fried cracker), ham, chopped or diced mustard pickles, scallions and coriander, chili sauce or hoisin sauce depending on personal preference  It is often folded several times before serving 
Jianbing has seen international popularization in recent years and can be found in Western cities such as London, Dubai, New York City, Portland, Oregon, Seattle, Chicago, San Francisco, Toronto, Hamilton and Sydney, sometimes with modifications to cater to local tastes 

History
Jianbing originated in northern China, where wheat- and broomcorn-based flatbreads, pancakes and pies (collectively called bing) are common as staple foods  Its history can be traced back 2,000 years to Shandong province during the Three Kingdoms period (AD 220–280)  According to legend, Chancellor Zhuge Liang encountered the problem of feeding his soldiers after they lost their woks  He ordered the cooks to mix water with wheat flour to make batter, then spread it on shields, or flat copper griddles over a flame  The dish raised the soldiers’ morale and helped them win the battle  After that, jianbing was passed down through generations in Shandong province and gradually spread to different parts of China 
The raw materials used in ancient pancakes should be millet, and millet cereal pancakes are one of the common foods of the ancient northerners  In ancient times, pancakes were made using griddles (Chinese: 鏊; pinyin: ào)  Archaeological finds have been discovered in ancient times, except for the prehistoric pottery figurines dating back more than 5,000 years, as well as the iron shovel and bronze gongs belonging to Liao, Song, Jin, Western Xia and Yuan dynasty  Yangshao people have created pottery figurines and the like  The cooking utensils, which were later unearthed in various eras, also found a number of murals of pancakes from different eras, revealing the true existence of pancakes in history 

Reasons for popularity
One of the most popular street breakfasts in China, jianbing can be easily found in many cities  The characteristics of jianbing account for its popularity in China and the West 
First, jianbing is never "pre-cooked"  In order to preserve its crispness, customers have to wait for their turn, which often results in a queue, although the preparation time is short  Part of the attraction is that customers can watch the raw ingredients come together to form the dish Jianbing can satisfy different people's tastes as it can be made with many different ingredients and mixed with different sauces, jams and flavors in different proportions  According to the vendors outside East China Normal University, though some customers like spicy flavors and some do not like cilantro, they can create their own jianbing The low cost of jianbing is also one of the reasons for its popularity, as the basic ingredients are themselves inexpensive Besides, jianbing is a type of bing that has rich nutrient values  It contains abundant nutrients as it can be made of soybeans, mung beans, black beans, lettuce, peanuts and eggs 
Jianbing can be made from various grains such as wheat, beans, sorghum, corn, etc  They contain various nutrients of the grain itself  They are convenient to eat, and are the basic food for the body to replenish energy  They are then engulfed with various vegetables, eggs, meat and other ingredients 

Regional variations
The traditional jianbing originated in Shandong and flourished in Tianjin  Jianbing is basically made of flour and eggs with different fillings and sauces  As there are many variations depending on tastes and preferences in different regions, many cities have their own versions of jianbing  Shandong-style jianbing and Tianjin-style jianbing are the two most common versions of jianbing in China 

Shandong-style jianbing
Jianbing from Shandong province tastes crispy and harder as its batter is formed from the flour mixture that mainly contains coarse grains such as corn, sorghum and millet  In the old days, people had Shandong-style jianbing mainly by rolling it with scallions or serving it with meat soup  Nowadays, the variety of fillings are richer and differ according to one's preference, for example, sweet potatoes, lettuce and pork are also used as fillings 

Jianbing guozi
Jianbing from Tianjin is a transformation of the jianbing originated in Shandong  It is also called jianbing guozi and guozi refers to its youtiao stuffing  Tianjin-style jianbing tastes softer as its crepe is made of mung bean flour, which contains less gluten  Also, Tianjin-style jianbing is topped with youtiao (fried dough stick), while the Shandong-style one sold by street vendors is usually topped with baocui (薄脆, crispy fried crackers) 

Internationalized jianbing
Jianbing is also served in the U K , U S  and Australia by Western vendors and young Chinese entrepreneurs  In the U S , it has become one of the newest food trends and gains high popularity among Americans and East Asian customers, particularly Chinese overseas students  Western vendors were inspired to start jianbing business back home after first trying it in China Apart from the traditional Chinese jianbing, some vendors in the U S  offer various versions of it to cater to American customers’ taste, such as vegetarian jianbing and gluten-free jianbing  Culture-crossing fillings like barbecue pulled pork, bacon, cheese, hot dogs, and Spam are additionally provided to let customers create their own customized jianbing Besides, fillings of jianbing are diverse with new innovations  Tai Chi Jianbing from San Francisco carries fish floss jianbing, which is made with dried tuna  A food truck in New York called “The Flying Pig jianbing” provides different filling options such as dried pork floss, pork belly and bamboo shoots  In another shop called Mr  Bing, the crepe batter is made of millet flour, buckwheat flour and purple rice  Many characterized jianbing are also shown  For example, the cha chaan bing with peanut butter and condensed milk, and the Peking duck bing with the duck sauce, cucumber chunks and duck slices are introduced 
In the UK, street food stall Mei Mei's Street Cart brought jianbing into the London and UK street food scene back in 2012 - taking their jianbing to London, Manchester, Leeds, Sheffield and Brighton and winning two awards  They sell the traditional jianbing alongside their 'London' jianbing with fillings such as fried chicken and char siu pork, to build on the traditional jianbing and make it a more substantial dish 

See also
Crêpe, a French pancake cooked and served in similar fashion 
Dosa_(food), an popular South Indian rice crepe cooked and served in a similar fashion 
Senbei (煎餅), a Japanese rice cracker whose name is cognate to jianbing and is written with the same Chinese characters in Kanji, but is actually a different food 
Passage 8:
Tantrix
Tantrix is a hexagonal tile-based abstract game invented by Mike McManaway from New Zealand   Each of the 56 different tiles in the set contains three lines, going from one edge of the tile to another   No two lines on a tile have the same colour   There are four colours in the set: red, yellow, blue, and green   No two tiles are identical, and each is individually numbered from 1 through 56 

Gameplay
In the multiplayer version of the game, each player chooses a colour, so there are between two and four players   Each draws one tile from the bag, and the person who draws the highest number goes first 

Each player then takes five more tiles from the bag, and places all six tiles face up in front of them  The first person plays one tile, usually with their colour on it  Play then rotates clockwise  After playing a tile, each player takes a replacement tile from the bag, so that they always have six in front of them  Tiles played must match the colour of the edges adjoining it 
When three tiles surround an empty space so that it is effectively half covered this is called a forced space  If the person whose turn it is has a tile that fills that space they must play it  The player repeats this process until there are no more forced spaces that they can fill, at which stage they make a free move, where they can play any tile as long as they don't breach the three restriction rules given below   Once they have had a free move, they must then fill any more forced spaces that they can  Thus one player's turn can consist of several moves  
The three restriction rules are:

Once there are no tiles left in the bag, the three restriction rules do not apply 
The aim of the game is to get the longest line or loop in your colour   Each tile in a line counts as one point, and in a loop is two points   Only the highest-scoring line or loop counts 

Online play
Although quiet and underpopulated compared to the standards of Yahoo! Games and the like, playing Tantrix online has gained a dedicated following with players from all over the world competing against each other or against computer robots  Players are rated out of 1000 points according to their wins and losses and taking into account of their opponents rank  The aim of top players is to get to 1000 points (which only three players have managed so far)  The goal of a regular player is to reach the score of 950 which is difficult to reach  Once this score has been attained the player can gain Tournament Rankings (ELO) and eventually earn the title "Master"  Masters can then play "master games" which have a different scoring system  Only a few players achieve master status, with a limit of 120 total imposed 
Serious players of Tantrix take part in a number of structured tournaments each year  Although the winners only play for bragging rights, and in the major tournaments a small trophy to keep for a year, these events are taken seriously, and are the ultimate challenge for tantricists 
The WORLD TANTRIX CHAMPIONSHIP begins every August, and takes nearly four months to complete  Only 47 competitors took place in the second WTC in 1998, but that number had grown to 200 by 2006  The tournament starts in a qualifying round, where the lower-ranked players compete for selection into the main draw (128-player knockout tournament) 
There are three other "world-wide" tournaments held online each year:

The World Team Tantrix Championship (WTTC)  involving teams of five from one country or region, first in held in 2002
The World Junior Tantrix Championship (WJTC)  a world championship for players under 16, first held in 2002
The World Doubles Tantrix Championship (WDTC)  first played in 2005There are also three continental tournaments each year:

The European Championship (Euro)  the major dedicated continental tournament, first run in 1999
The Pan-American Tantrix Championship (Pan-Am)  first held in 1999
The Afro-Asian Championship (AsAf) the African Championship was first held in 1999 once, then re-established in 2004, incorporating Asian competitors at the same timeAnd many national online tournaments:

The New Zealand Tantrix Championship  first held in 2000
The Australian Tantrix Championship   first held in 2001
The Hungarian Tantrix Championship  first held in 2002
The Hungarian Masters Tournament  first held in 2002
The Swedish Tantrix Championship   first held in 2003
The French Tantrix Championship   first held in 2007
The Dutch Tantrix Championship  first held in 2008
The German Tantrix Championship  first held in 2008
The Spanish Tantrix Championship  first held in 2008
The Polish Tantrix Championship  first held in 2008
The Norwegian Tantrix Championship  first held in 2009
The Czech Tantrix Championship first held in 2010

Face-to-face play
In addition to these online tournaments, offline tournaments (referred to as 'Table Opens') are growing in popularity  The first Table tournament was the 2002 British Open and was mostly a local affair with 13 of the 14 entrants from Britain  As the player base widened, players started traveling more  Table Opens in Europe soon became the most popular because of the larger playing population   By 2009 there was enough demand to hold a World Tantrix Open 
World Opens

2014 World Tantrix Table Open (Bischoffen, Germany)[1]
2013 World Tantrix Table Open (Trosa, Sweden)[2]
2011 World Tantrix Table Open (Almere, Netherlands)[3]
2010 World Tantrix Table Open (Budapest, Hungary)[4]
2009 World Tantrix Table Open (Edinburgh, United Kingdom)[5]National Opens

The British Table Open, first held in 2002
The New Zealand Table Open, first held in 2004
The Swedish Table Open, first held in 2004
The German Table Open, first held in 2005
The French Table Open, first held in 2005
The Spanish Table Open, first held in 2005
The Hungarian Table Open, first held in 2005
The Dutch Table Open, first held in 2006
The Polish Table Open, first held in 2007
The Australian Table Open, first held in 2007
The Israeli Table Open, first held in 2007

History
The first version of Tantrix was created by Mike McManaway in 1988 and was called Mind Game[6]  It used 56 cardboard pieces with only two coloured lines, red and black [7] Owning a games shop, McManaway sold the game directly and following customer feedback continued to change the rules and design  In 1991, the tiles were changed to plastic and two more colours were added, allowing for four-player games 

The tiles were (and still are) hand-painted, featuring different colours to those now used, even pink  The early form of the game featured eight "triple intersections", but these were found to slow the game play as they only fitted into three different forced spaces (compared to six for all other tiles)  So in 1993, the triple intersections were removed from the game Along with the multiplayer version of the game, McManaway created smaller solitaire puzzles using 10 or 12 tiles that required the player to put the tiles together to create loops of certain colours 
McManaway has also created many solitaire puzzles, including 3-D versions, match only versions (requiring players to colour match tiles within a confined space) and loop and line versions (requiring players to use all the nominated tiles to complete a loop or line in a specific colour)  However many of the editions are no longer available 
The main versions sold in most countries are:

Tantrix Discovery: A solo version, consisting of 10 tiles, where players attempt puzzles that take between 30 seconds and 45 minutes 
Tantrix Solitaire: A set of 14 tiles designed to play Tantrix Solitaire combined with expanded Tantrix Discovery puzzles 
Tantrix Match: Tantrix meets sudoku  A number of pre-placed clues controls the difficulty of each puzzle 
Tantrix Game Pack: A bag with all 56 Tantrix tiles, with which players can play all editions of Tantrix Tantrix got its first big contract in 1994 when Air France bought the game to give to children on its flights   In 2003 Tantrix was named Toy of the Year in Hungary and won the British National Association of Toy and Leisure Libraries gold award in the games category 

Tileset
See also
Black Path Game
List of world championships in mind sports
Palago, a hexagonal tile game co-invented by Mike McManaway
Serpentiles
Trax, a connection game played with similar tiles but different gameplay

Notes
External links
Official Tantrix website, including the history of Tantrix and Tournaments and online play 
Tantrix an online Tantrix puzzle
Tantrix   at BoardGameGeek
Tantrix puzzles and their solutions
Passage 9:
Sexual racism
Concepts of race and sexuality have interacted in various ways in different historical contexts  While partially based on physical similarities within groups, race is understood by scientists to be a social construct rather than a biological reality  Human sexuality involves biological, erotic, physical, emotional, social, or spiritual feelings and behaviors The ways in which people perceive the relationship between these two concepts implicitly informs attitudes toward interracial sexual relationships and sexual preferences for particular races expressed by individuals  Racial bias may involve a sexual dimension, which often takes the form of racial fetishism 

Attitudes towards interracial relationships
In the United States before the Civil Rights Era
After the abolition of slavery in 1865, white Americans showed an increasing fear of racial mixing  The remnants of the racial divide became stronger post-slavery as the concept of whiteness developed  There was a widely held belief that uncontrollable lust threatens the purity of the nation   This increased white anxiety about interracial sex, and has been described through Montesquieu's climatic theory in his book The Spirit of the Laws, which explains how people from different climates have different temperaments, "The inhabitants of warm countries are, like old men, timorous; the people in cold countries are, like young men, brave " At the time, black women held the "Jezebel" stereotype, which claimed black women often initiated sex outside of marriage and were generally sexually promiscuous  This idea stemmed from the first encounters between European men and African women  As the men were not used to the extremely hot climate, they misinterpreted the women's lack of clothing for vulgarity  Similarly, black men were stereotyped as having a specific lust for white women  This stereotype triggered tensions, implying that white men were having sex with black women because black women were more lustful than white women were, and in turn, black men would lust after white women in the same way that white men would lust after black women 
There are a few potential reasons as to why such strong ideas on interracial sex developed  The Reconstruction Era which followed the Civil War started to disassemble traditional aspects of Southern society  Now, the Southerners who were used to being dominant were no longer legally allowed to run their farms by practicing slavery  Many whites struggled with this reformation and they attempted to get around it by searching for legal loopholes which would have allowed them to continue their practice of exploiting black laborers  Additionally, the white Democrats were not pleased with the outcome of this reformation and white men felt inadequate as a result  This radical reconstruction of the South was deeply unpopular and it slowly unraveled, leading to the introduction of Jim Crow laws  There was an increase in the sense of white dominance and sexual racism among the Southern people 
Generally, tensions heightened after the end of the civil war in 1865, and as a result, the sexual anxiety which existed in the white population intensified  The Ku Klux Klan was formed in 1867, an event which triggered violence and terrorism which targeted the black population  There was an increase in the number of acts of lynch-mob violence in which many black men were falsely accused of committing rape  These acts of violence were not just senseless, they were attempts to preserve 'whiteness' and prevent the blurring of racial distinctions; some racist whites wanted to maintain a system of racial separation and prevent the occurrence of interracial sexual activity  For example, mixed race couples that chose to live together were sought out and lynched by the KKK  The famous case of Emmett Till, who was lynched by two men when he was fourteen years old, , shows the extent of the acts of violence which were committed against black people who flirted with white people  Till was lynched because the two men who lynched him believed that he had whistled at a white woman, but in actuality, he had whistled for his own reasons  When Jim Crow laws were eventually overturned, it took years for the court to resolve the numerous acts of discrimination 

Challenges to attitudes
Sexual racism is presumed to exist in all sexual communities across the globe  The prevalence of interracial couples may demonstrate how attitudes have changed in the last 50 years  A case that received heightened publicity is that of Mildred and Richard Loving  The couple lived in Virginia yet had to marry outside the state due to the anti-miscegenation laws present in nearly half of the US states in 1958  Once married, the pair returned to Virginia, and were both arrested in their home for the infringement of the Racial Integrity Act, and each sentenced to a year in prison, a sentence which was ultimately overturned by the United States Supreme Court 

Around a similar time, the controversy involving Seretse and Ruth Khama broke out  Seretse was the chief of an eminent Botswanan tribe, and Ruth a British student  The pair married in 1948 but experienced frequent hardships from the onset of the relationship, including Seretse's removal from his tribal responsibilities as chief in Bechuanaland  For nearly 10 years, Seretse and Ruth lived as exiles in Britain, as the government refused to allow Seretse to return to Bechuanaland  Once the couple were allowed to return to Bechuanaland in 1956, they became prominent campaigners for social equality, contributing to Seretse's election as president of the independent Botswana in 1966  Later, they continued campaigning for the legalization of interracial marriage around the globe More recent examples portray the increasingly accepting attitudes of the majority to interracial relationships and marriage  In 1999, Jeb Bush was elected as Governor of Florida, accompanied by his wife, Columba, a Mexican woman he met in León who did not speak English when they met  They were one of the first interracial couples to stand in power side by side  Other prominent interracial couples in American politics are Senate minority leader Mitch McConnell and former Secretary of Transportation Elaine Chao, as well as New York City mayor Bill de Blasio and his wife Chirlane McCray  The political success of these couples is seen by some to demonstrate that attitudes toward interracial marriage (at least in the United States) are much more positive and optimistic than in previous decades  Across much of the world, it is ever increasingly the situation that interracial couples can live, marry and have children without prosecution that was previously rife, due to major changes in law along with reductions in discriminatory attitudes 

Sexual preferences
While discrimination among partners based on perceived racial identity has been asserted by some to be a form of racism, it is generally considered a matter of personal preference  A study by Callander, Newman, and Holts quoted author Laurence Watts from the Huffington Post, who argued that sexual attraction and racism are not the same:
Just because someone isn't sexually attracted to someone of Asian origin does not mean they wouldn't want to work, live next to, or socialize with him or her, or that they believe they are somehow naturally superior to them  This suggests that people find it possible to view larger systemic racial preference as problematic, while viewing racial preferences in romantic or sexual personal relationships as not problematic  Researchers noted that racial preferences in one's own dating life were generally tolerated and that calling them "racist" is not a commonly accepted view 

Heterosexual community
Online dating
In the last 15 years, online dating has overtaken previously preferred methods of meeting with potential partners, surpassing both the occupational setting and area of residence as chosen locations  This spike is consistent with an increase in access to the internet in homes across the globe, in addition to the number of dating sites available to individuals differing in age, gender, race, sexual orientation and ethnic background  Partner race is the most highly selected preference chosen by users when creating their online profiles, ahead of both educational and religious characteristics  Research has indicated a progressive acceptance of interracial relationships by white individuals  The majority of white Americans are not against interracial relationships and marriage, though these beliefs do not imply that the person in question will pursue an interracial marriage themselves  Currently, fewer than 5% of white Americans wed outside their own race; indeed, less than 46% of white Americans are willing to date an individual of any other race  Overall, African Americans appear to be the most open to interracial relationships, yet are the least preferred partner by other racial groups  However, regardless of stated preferences, racial discrimination still occurs in online dating Each group significantly prefers to date intra-racially  Beyond this, in the online dating world, preferences appear to follow a racial hierarchy  White Americans are the least open to interracial dating, and select preferences in the order of Hispanic Americans, Asian Americans and then African American individuals last at 60 5%, 58 5% and 49 4% respectively  African American preferences follow a similar pattern, with the most preferred partner belonging to the Hispanic group (61%), followed by white individuals (59 6%) and then Asian Americans (43 5%)  Both Hispanic and Asian Americans prefer to date a white individual (80 3% and 87 3%, respectively), and both are least willing to date African Americans (56 5% and 69 5%)  In all significant cases, Hispanic Americans are preferred to Asian Americans, and Asian Americans are significantly preferred over African Americans  Hispanic Americans are less likely to be excluded in online dating partner preferences by whites seeking a partner, as Latinos are often viewed as an ethnic group that is increasingly assimilating more into white American culture Another aspect of racial preferences is that women of any race are significantly less likely to date inter-racially than a male of any race  Specifically, Asian men and black men and women face more obstacles to acceptance online  White women are the most likely to only date their own race, with Asian and black men being the most rejected groups by them  The rejection of Asian men was asserted by one author to be due to a hypothetical effeminate portrayal in media  The preference for men of other races remains present even when considering high-earning Asian men with an advanced educational background  Increased education does however influence choices in the other direction, such that a higher level of schooling is associated with more optimistic feelings towards interracial relationships  White men are most likely to exclude black women, as opposed to women of another race  High levels of previous exposure to a variety of racial groups is correlated with decreased racial preferences  Racial preferences in dating are also influenced by the area of residence  Those residing in the south-eastern regions in American states are less likely to have been in an interracial relationship and are less likely to interracially date in the future  People who engaged in regular religious customs at age 12 are also less likely to interracially date  Moreover, those from a Jewish background are significantly more likely to enter an interracial relationship than those from a Protestant background A 2015 study of interracial online dating within multiple European countries, analyzing the dating preferences of Europeans, as well as Arabs, Africans, Asians and Hispanics in Diaspora, found that in aggregate all races ranked Europeans as most preferred, followed by Hispanics and Asians as intermediately preferable, then by Arabs and finally Africans as the least preferred  Country-specific results were more variable, with countries with more non-Europeans showing more openness for Europeans to engage in interracial dating, while exceptions resulted in those with tensions between racial groups (such as in cases where tensions existed between Europeans and Arabs due to Arab Anti-Western sentiment and Western Anti-Arab populism) showed a marked decrease in preference for interracial dating between the two  The researchers noted that Arabs tended to have higher same-race preferences in regions with higher Arabic populations, possibly due to more traditional cultural norms on marriage  The researchers did note a portion of the study was influenced by selection bias, as the data gathered may have disproportionately drawn from people already inclined to engage in interracial dating Currently, there are websites specifically targeted to different demographic preferences, such that singles can sign up online and focus on one particular partner quality, such as race, religious beliefs or ethnicity  In addition to this, there are online dating services that target race-specific partner choices, and a selection of pages dedicated to interracial dating that allow users to select partners based on age, gender and particularly race  Online dating services experience controversy in this context as debate is cast over whether statements such as "no Asians" or "not attracted to Asians" in user profiles are racist or merely signify individual preferences Non-white ethnic minorities, mostly Indians and Asians, who feel they lack dating prospects as a result of their race, sometimes refer to themselves as ricecels, currycels, or more broadly ethnicels, a term related to the incel, who is generally considered to be white  Racial preferences can sometimes considered as a subset of lookism 

LGBT community
Hoang Tan Nguyen, an Assistant Professor of English and Film Studies at Bryn Mawr College, wrote that Asian men are often feminized and desexualized by both mainstream and LGBT media   The gay Asian-Canadian author Richard Fung has opined that he believes that while black and Arab men are portrayed as hypersexualized, gay Asian men are portrayed as being desexualized  Again according to Fung, gay Asian men supposedly tend to ignore or display displeasure with races such as Arabs, Blacks, and other Asians but seemingly give sexual acceptance and approval to gay white men  However, gay white men supposedly are more likely than other racial groups to state "No Asians" when seeking partners Asian American women also report similar discrimination in lesbian, gay, bisexual (LGB) communities  According to a study by Sung, Szymanski, and Henrichs-Beck (2015), Asian American participants who identified as lesbian or bisexual often reported invisibility, stereotyping, and fetishism in LGB circles and the larger U S  culture Multiple studies in European gay communities have shown, that while many immigrants from the Mediterranean, such as Amazighs, Turks, Greeks, Arabs, Albanians and Romanians tend to be discriminatory towards and avoidant of homosexuals, with many being openly homophobic, they are actively sought after and fetishized as hypermasculine  "Südländer" or "Mediterraneans", as they are called in German subculture, are often explicitly requested, with frequent statements of "Nur Südländer", "Only Mediterraneans" being not too uncommon, though the demand is rarely met Racial preferences are also prevalent in gay online dating  Phua and Kaufman (2003) noted that men seeking men online were more likely than men seeking women to look at racial traits In a qualitative study conducted by Paul, Ayala, and Choi (2010) with Asian and Pacific Islanders (API), Latino, and African American men seeking men, participants interviewed endorsed racial preference as a common criterion in online dating partner selection 

Racial bias
A 2015 study on sexual racism among gay and bisexual men found a strong correlation between test subjects' racist attitudes and their stated racial preferences Philosopher Amia Srinivasan argued for racialized origins of Western beauty standards in her 2018 essay "Does anyone have the right to sex?", and stated that racial bias can shape sexual desire 

Racial fetishism
Racial fetishism is sexually fetishizing a person or culture belonging to a specific race or ethnic group 

Theories
Homi K  Bhabha explains racial fetishism as a version of racist stereotyping, which is woven into colonial discourse and based on multiple/contradictory and splitting beliefs, similar to the disavowal which Sigmund Freud discusses  Bhabha defines colonial discourse as that which activates the simultaneous "recognition and disavowal of racial/cultural/historical differences" and whose goal is to define the colonized as 'other', but also as fixed and knowable stereotypes  Racial fetishism involves contradictory belief systems where the 'other' is both demonized and idolized The effects of racial fetishism as a form of sexual racism are discussed in research conducted by Plummer  Plummer used qualitative interviews within given focus groups, and found that specific social locations came up as areas in which sexual racism commonly manifests  These mentioned social locations included pornographic media, gay clubs and bars, casual sex encounters as well as romantic relationships  This high prevalence was recorded within Plummer's research to be consequently related to the recorded lower self-esteem, internalized sexual racism, and increased psychological distress in participants of color Fetishism can take multiple forms and has branched off to incorporate different races  The theories of naturalist Darwin can offer some observations in regards to why some people might find other races more attractive than their own  Attraction can be viewed as a mechanism for choosing a healthy mate  People's minds have evolved to recognize aspects of other peoples' biology that makes them an appropriate or good mate  This area of theory is called optimal outbreeding hypothesis 

Examples
White women
Rey Chow argues that the fetishism of white women in Chinese media does not have to do with sex  Chow describes it as a type of commodity fetishism  White women, according to Chow, are seen as a representation of what China does not have: an image of a woman as something more than the heterosexual opposite to man Perry Johansson argues that following the globalization of China, the perception of Westerners changed drastically  With the Opening of China to the outside world, representations of Westerners shifted from enemies of China to individuals of great power, money, and pleasure  In a study of Chinese advertisements from 1990 to 1995, marketed solely to the Chinese people, Johansson concluded that, in China, the racial fetish of Western women does have to do with sex  Chinese advertisements depict Western women as symbols of strength and sexuality  The body language of Chinese models in ads expresses shyness and subordination with canting of heads and bodies, lying down and covering of faces, while the body language of Western women demonstrates power and uninhibited unashamedness  Western women more often hold their heads high, stare straight into the camera, and do not cover their mouths while laughing   The study suggested Western women represent a shift in the power dynamics between women and men and are even presented with qualities otherwise considered to be "masculine" in Chinese culture 

Asian women
An Asian fetish focusing on East Asian, Southeast Asian and to some extent South Asian women has been documented in Australasia, North America, and Scandinavia According to a 2008 article from the Washington and Lee Journal of Civil Rights and Social Justice by Sunny Woan, the "Asian fetish" syndrome is born out of the male desire for dominance and the stereotype of Asian women as individuals open to domination  For example, following the 1970s and a peak in the American feminist movement, many white men turned to mail-order bride companies in search of a loyal, understanding, and subservient partner  They saw women of their own race as too career-oriented and strong-willed  Asian women were the antithesis to their perception of white women  While white women resisted powerlessness and subjugation to the white man, Asian women were seen as open to the subjugation, even depicted as enjoying it The song "Yellow Fever" by The Bloodhound Gang includes lyrics such as, "She's an oriental rug cause I lay her where I please", and "Then I blindfold her with dental floss and get down on her knees " Both of these instances exemplify the stereotype of Asians as submissive  Margaret Cho has labeled Gwen Stefani's Harajuku Girls as a "minstrel show" because they represent fetishized East Asian stereotypes  The girls follow Stefani around on tour and are contractually obligated not to speak English in public  The performer had "renamed" them corresponding to her album title and clothing brand, L A M B : Love, Angel, Music, and Baby Furthermore, there have been many cases of Asian fetishism leading to criminal activity  In one case in 2000, two men, David Dailey and Edmund Ball, and a woman, Lana Vickery, abducted and blindfolded two Japanese women in Washington, one who was eighteen and the other who was nineteen  Vickery said Ball specifically targeted these Japanese students because he thought that they were submissive and were less likely to report sexual abuse  In another case, in 2005, Michael Lohman, a doctoral student at Princeton University, was charged by the state of New Jersey for reckless endangerment, theft, harassment as well as tampering with a food product  Michael had cut locks of hair off at least nine Asian women  He also poured his semen and urine into the drinks of Asian Princeton students more than fifty times  In his apartment, Michael also had mittens filled with hairs of Asian women 

Arab and Middle Eastern women
According to multiple articles, the West's fetishization of fully covered Arab women has led to the stereotype that Arab women and women from the Muslim world are oppressed and therefore submissive  When French armies invaded Algeria, they had anticipated Algerian women to be sexually available and hookah smokers  To their surprise, Algerian women actually appeared to have been more modestly dressed and covered from their head to toes  Many French photographers paid Algerian women to remove part of their religious attire and pose for photos to make French postcards  In his book Desiring Arabs, Joseph Massad talks about how the West's interpretation of Arab culture has painted the stereotype of Arab women being exotic and desirable  Massad's book was largely influenced by Edward Said's book Orientalism 

Mixed race women/Latin woman
In her book Sex Tourism in Bahia Ambiguous Entanglements, Erica Lorraine Williams published the first full-length ethnography of sex tourism in Brazil, including interviews with tourists who come solely to participate in sexual tourism, which may be considered a form of racialized fetishism  One of the tourists interviewed described his experience, "I've had a thing for Latin, brown-skinned women since my early twenties  I'm from [a place] where there are a lot of blonde, white girls  Whatever you have, you like the opposite – they're exotic, intriguing "

Black women
The fetishization of black women expanded during the Colonial Era, as some white male slave owners raped and sexually abused their black, female slaves  They justified their actions by labeling the women as hyper-sexual property  These labels solidified into what is commonly referred to as the "Jezebel" stereotype  The opposite of this "Jezebel" identity or persona is the "Mammy" figure who loses all of her sexual agency and autonomy, and becomes an asexual figure   L  H  Stallings notes that the creation and identities for the Jezebel or Mammy figures are "dependent upon patriarchy and heterosexuality " An example of racial fetishism within the colonial era is that of Sarah Baartman  Baartman's body was utilized as a means to develop an anatomically accurate representation of a black woman's body juxtaposed to that of a  white European woman's body during the age of biological racism  The scientist studying her anatomy went as far as making a mold of Baartman's genitalia postmortem because she refused him access to examine her vaginal region while she was alive  The data collected on Baartman is the origin of the black female body stereotype, i e  large buttocks and labia Charmaine Nelson suggests that every nude painting feeds into the voyeuristic male gaze, but the way black women are painted has even more undertones  "The black female body defies the white male subject's desire for a single subject of 'pure' origin in two ways: firstly, through a sexual 'otherness' as woman, and secondly through a racial and color 'otherness' as black  It is the combined power of these two markers of social location which has enabled western artists to represent black women at the margins of societal boundaries of propriety " Nelson asserts that any black woman is considered a fetish in these paintings and that she is only viewed in a sexual lens One of the more recent popular discourses around the fetishization of black women surrounds the release of Nicki Minaj's popular song, "Anaconda" in 2014  The entire song and music video revolves around the largeness of black women's bottoms  While some praise Minaj's work for its embrace of female sexuality, some criticized that this song continues to reduce black women to be the focus of the male gaze  The 2020 song "WAP" ("Wet-Ass Pussy") by Cardi B and Megan Thee Stallion received a similar mixed reception, with some outlets praising its embrace of black female sexuality and others claiming it was degrading or objectifying women of color 

Black men
"Big black cock", usually shortened to "BBC", is a sexual slang and genre of ethnic pornography, that focuses on Black men with large penises  The stereotype of larger penis size in black men has been subjected to scientific scrutiny, with inconclusive results  The theme is found in both straight and gay pornography 

In BDSM
There is also a practice in BDSM which involves fetishizing race called "raceplay"  Susanne Schotanus defined raceplay as "a sexual practice where the either imagined or real racial background of one or more of the participants is used to create this power-imbalance in a BDSM-scene, through the use of slurs, narratives and objects laden with racial history " Feminist author Audre Lorde cautions that this kind of BDSM "operates in tandem with social, cultural, economic, and political patterns of domination and submission" creating the perpetuation of negative stereotypes for black women in particular However, race play can also be used within BDSM as a curative practice for black individuals to take back their autonomy from a history of subjugation  One BDSM Dominatrix explains that raceplay provides her with an "emotional sense of reparations"  "Violence for black female performers in BDSM becomes not just a vehicle of intense pleasure but also a mode of accessing and critiquing power "

See also
Afrophobia
Anti-miscegenation laws
Discrimination based on skin color
Discrimination in the United States
Ethnic pornography
Gendered racism
Interracial marriage
Race and crime
Racism against African Americans
Racism in the United States
Sexual capital#Race
Sexual objectification
Stereotypes of African Americans
Stereotypes of groups within the United States



ground_truth: yes

prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: Which City in the Miami metropolitan area is home to the Primetime Race Group?

The following are given passages.
Context 3: Passage 1:
Miami Gardens, Florida
Miami Gardens is a city in north-central Miami-Dade County, Florida, United States  It is located 16 miles (26 km) north of Downtown Miami with city boundaries that stretch from I-95 and Northeast 2nd Avenue to its east to Northwest 47th and Northwest 57th Avenues to its west, and from the Broward County line to its north to 151st Street to its south  The city's name originated from Florida State Road 860, a major roadway through the area also known as Miami Gardens Drive  
Miami Gardens had a population of 111,640 as of 2020  It is Florida's most populous city with a majority African American population and also home to the largest percentage of African Americans (66 97 percent) of any city in Florida, according to the U S  Census Bureau  It is a principal city within the Miami metropolitan area, the nation's ninth largest and world's 65th largest metropolitan area with a population of 6 158 million people as of 2020  
Miami Gardens is the home of Hard Rock Stadium, a 64,767 capacity multi-purpose stadium that serves as the home field for both the Miami Dolphins of the National Football League and the Miami Hurricanes, the University of Miami's NCAA Division I college football team, which has won five national championships since 1983 

History
In the wake of the construction of I-95 in the late 1960s, many middle- and upper-income African American and West Indian American families migrated from Miami neighborhoods like Liberty City to what became Miami Gardens (also called Carol City, Norland or Norwood) as race-based covenants were outlawed with the Fair Housing Act, and mostly lower income blacks moved into the Liberty City and Little Haiti neighborhoods surrounding Liberty Square and Edison Courts 
Miami Gardens was incorporated on May 13, 2003  The city's neighborhoods of Andover, Bunche Park, Carol City, Lake Lucerne, Norland, Opa-locka North, and Scott Lake were previously unincorporated areas within Miami-Dade County 
In 2007, Mayor Shirley Gibson said that the city would no longer allow any low-income housing developments; many residents blamed the developments for spreading crime and recreational drugs throughout the city  Around that time, the city's tax revenues dropped to the third-lowest in Miami-Dade County In 2012, Oliver Gilbert, only the second mayor the city has had, proposed forming a community redevelopment agency (CRA)  CRAs are formed to remove "slum and blight", to improve the physical environment of the city and to combat the social and economic problems typical of slum areas  CRAs are funded with property tax increases, which funds are used, in part, to stimulate private investment in the rehabilitation of the community During the 2026 FIFA World Cup, Hard Rock Stadium will host multiple matches during the tournament 

Demographics
The city was incorporated in 2003, but various parts of the city appear as census designated places in the 2000 census and previous censuses  They now make up the neighborhoods of Andover, Bunche Park, Carol City, Lake Lucerne, Norwood, Opa-locka North, and Scott Lake  The United States Census Bureau enumerated that the population of Miami Gardens was 111,640 per the 2020 census 

Hispanic population
2010 Census
In 2010, there were 34,284 housing units of which 6 0% were vacant  As of 2016, the age distribution was 5 6% under the age of 5, 6 7% from 5 to 9, 6 5% from 10 to 14, 15 5% from 15 to 24, 14 6% from 25 to 34, 12 7% 35 to 44, 13 1% 45 to 54, 12 6% 55 to 64, and 12 7% who were 65 years of age or older  The population was 46 9% male and 53 1% female  Families made up 72% of households, while 28% were non-families  The average household size was 3 52 members, and the city covered 20 square miles (52 km2) 

Crime rates
According to City Rating, Miami Gardens crime statistics have decreased in the past 13 years  The crimes that have decreased the most are property crimes and violent crimes  The crime rate for Miami Gardens for 2018 is expected to be lower than in 2016  Miami Garden's 2016 violent crime rate was 63 64% higher than the national violent crime rate, and the property crime rate was 30 99% higher than the national property crime rate In 2016, Miami Gardens' violent crime rate was higher than that in Florida by 50 99%, and the property crime rate was 19 49% higher In 2016, there were 432 reported cases of aggravated assault, 22 reported cases of arson, 509 reported cases of burglary, 24 cases of forcible rape, 2,743 cases of larceny and theft, 419 reported cases of motor vehicle theft, 22 reported cases of murder and manslaughter, and 265 cases of robbery The projected 2018 crime data is as follows: 286 reported cases of aggravated assault, 26 reported cases of arson, 435 reported cases of burglary, 7 cases reported of forcible rape, 2,139 cases reported of larceny and theft, 205 cases reported of motor vehicle theft, 18 reported cases of murder and manslaughter, and 102 reported cases of robbery 

Sports facilities
The Calder Race Course opened in 1971 
Miami Gardens is home to the Miami Dolphins, who play in Hard Rock Stadium on land that was part of the Lake Lucerne CDP  This stadium also hosts the annual Orange Bowl college football game, and is the home field for the University of Miami Hurricanes football team   The Miami Open tennis tournament is held on the grounds of the stadium  The Florida Marlins of Major League Baseball shared Hard Rock Stadium with the Dolphins for almost two decades until, in 2012, they relocated to Miami and changed their name to the Miami Marlins 
In 2022 and 2023, the Miami International Autodrome hosted the Miami Grand Prix for Formula One 

Healthcare
The city of Miami Gardens has several health care clinics and facilities that offer medical care and support to its residents  Although the city has no hospital directly within its limits, Jackson North Medical Center, Concentra Urgent Care, and, Chen Medical Center provide medical services to the residents of Miami Gardens  Supplementing this, several health care clinics and facilities provide medical services that include general medicine, walk-in/urgent care, dental services, gynecology, physical therapy, chiropractor services, laboratory tests, x-rays, sonograms, osteoporosis screening, vaccinations, and health and exercise programs 

Government
Miami Gardens is governed by a seven-member city council  Members include Mayor Oliver Gilbert (since 2012), and six council members, four elected from districts and two elected citywide  The mayor recommends – and the city council hires – the City Manager, City Attorney, and City Clerk 
These are 17 of the many departments for which the City Manager of Miami Gardens creates a budget 

Mayors
Shirley Gibson, 2003–2012
Oliver G  Gilbert III, 2012–2020
Rodney Harris, 2020–Present

Police
The Miami Gardens Police Department is the lead law enforcement agency for the 110,000 residents living within the city's 20 square miles (52 km2)  The department operates under a unified command structure with its headquarters located at 1020 NW 163 Drive, Miami Gardens, Florida 33169  The department became operational on Sunday, December 16, 2007 with 159 sworn officers  Since then, the department has grown to 259 members consisting of 201 sworn positions with 58 non-sworn support positions 

Police controversy
In 2013, law enforcement abuses were alleged regarding the Miami Gardens Police Department by several news outlets  The abuses were first uncovered when it became public that a convenience store employee, Earl Sampson was arrested 27 times for trespassing, while working at and around the store at which he was employed   Video evidence was gathered by the owner of the store, Ali Saleh, showing Miami Garden police involved in clear and repeated misconduct involving his employee, and customers   According to the Miami Herald's Julie K  Brown:  "The videos show, among other things, cops stopping citizens, questioning them, aggressively searching them and arresting them for trespassing when they have permission to be on the premises"   It appeared Sampson had been arrested in this way due to police quotas, a department culture, and that Sampson was easy to arrest   Sampson always pleaded guilty so they would let him out almost immediately, with one exception where he pleaded not guilty, and he was jailed for 20 days   The guilty plea would validate the officers' improper arrest and increment their quota, so he became a continuous target 

Volume of stops
It was reported that, between 2008 and 2013, 99,980 stops occurred in Miami Gardens, involving 56,922 people, over half of the city's population   In the City of Miami, 3,753 stops occurred during the same period, with four times the population   Some stops involved children aged 5 to 7, totaling more than 1,000 children   These numbers were compiled after news regarding Earl Sampson 

Resignation and lawsuits
Following these reports, the police chief resigned  
Civil rights lawsuits have been filed against the Miami Gardens Police Department by the store owner and others who were illegally detained and/or arrested 
A police officer filed a lawsuit claiming that he had been fired for reporting abuses 

Education
Public schools
Miami-Dade County Public Schools operates area public schools 

Norland Middle School, in the Miami Gardens area, has a magnet program in dance, music, theatre and art, which began in 1985  The young actors Alex R  Hibbert and Jaden Piner, who starred in the Oscar-winning film Moonlight, were trained at this school 

Private schools
The Archdiocese of Miami operates area Catholic schools  Monsignor Edward Pace High School is in the Miami Gardens city limits  The archdiocese formerly operated Saint Monica School in Miami Gardens 

Colleges and universities
St  Thomas University
Florida Memorial University
Sullivan and Cogliano Training Centers

Public libraries
Miami-Dade Public Library System operates the North Dade Regional Library, which opened in September 1979 

Notable people
Denzel Curry, rapper and songwriter
Diamante, professional wrestler known also known as "Angel Rose"
Andre Johnson, retired professional NFL football player for Houston Texans
Trayvon Martin, shooting victim of George Zimmerman
Peter O’Brien, professional baseball player
Jo Marie Payton, actress and singer
Omar Jeffery Pineiro, rapper, songwriter and producer known by his stage name "Smokepurpp"
Lil Pump, rapper and songwriter
Flo Rida, rapper and songwriter
Rick Ross, rapper and songwriter
Earl Sampson, convenience store worker notable for being arrested 288 times in five years

Surrounding areas
Broward County (Miramar)
 Broward County (Miramar)    Broward County (West Park)
Country Club, Miami Lakes    Ives Estates, Ojus, North Miami Beach, Unincorporated Miami-Dade County
  Miami Lakes    Unincorporated Miami-Dade County
  Unincorporated Miami-Dade County, North Miami Beach
Passage 2:
Sport in Miami
The Greater Miami area is home to five major league sports teams — the Miami Dolphins of the National Football League, the Miami Heat of the National Basketball Association, the Miami Marlins of Major League Baseball, the Florida Panthers of the National Hockey League and Inter Miami CF of Major League Soccer 
Miami is also home to the Miami Open for professional tennis, numerous greyhound racing tracks, marinas, jai alai venues, and golf courses  The city streets has hosted professional auto races, the Miami Indy Challenge and later the Grand Prix Americas, whereas the Homestead-Miami Speedway oval located 35 miles (56 km) southwest currently hosts NASCAR national races, and the Miami International Autodrome has hosted the Miami Grand Prix in Formula One since 2022  Miami is also home to Paso Fino horses, where competitions are held at Tropical Park Equestrian Center 

Major league teams
The Miami area is home to five major league sports franchises  Currently, the Miami Heat and the Miami Marlins play their games within Miami's city limits  The Heat play their home games at the FTX Arena in Downtown Miami  The Miami Marlins home ballpark is LoanDepot Park, located in the Little Havana section of the city on the site of the old Orange Bowl stadium 
The city's first entry into the American Football League was the Miami Dolphins, which competed in the fourth AFL league from 1966 to 1969  In 1970 the Dolphins joined the NFL when the AFL–NFL merger occurred  The team made its first Super Bowl appearance in Super Bowl VI, but lost to the Dallas Cowboys  The following year, the Dolphins completed the NFL's only perfect season culminating in a Super Bowl win   The 1972 Dolphins were the third NFL team to accomplish a perfect regular season, and they went on to win that year's Super Bowl VII, as well as the next year's Super Bowl VIII  Miami also appeared in Super Bowl XVII and Super Bowl XIX, losing both games  The Miami Dolphins play their games at Hard Rock Stadium in suburban Miami Gardens 
The Orange Bowl, a member of the College Football Playoff, hosts their college football bowl game annually at Hard Rock Stadium  The stadium has also hosted the Super Bowl; the Miami metro area has hosted the game a total of eleven times (six Super Bowls at the now Hard Rock Stadium, including most recently Super Bowl LIV and five at the Miami Orange Bowl), more than any other metro area 
The Miami Heat of the National Basketball Association were formed in 1988 as an expansion team  They have won three league championships (in 2006, 2012 and 2013), and seven conference titles 
The Miami Marlins of Major League Baseball began play in the 1993 season  They won the World Series in 1997 and 2003 
The Florida Panthers of the National Hockey League were founded in 1993 as an expansion team  They have made two appearances in the Stanley Cup Finals, in 1996 and 2023  They play in nearby Sunrise at the FLA Live Arena 
Inter Miami CF of Major League Soccer was founded in 2018 as an expansion team  Inter Miami CF will play their first two seasons at the new Inter Miami modular stadium, which was built on the site of the old Lockhart Stadium in Fort Lauderdale  After its first two seasons should construction of the Miami Freedom Park be approved and completed in time the site will move to Miami  Inter Miami has demolished the old Lockhart stadium and has built a new modular stadium and 50,000 square-foot training facility  The site will remain the permanent training complex for the Clubs’ teams, including its youth Academy and Inter Fort Lauderdale CF  The agreement between them and the City of Fort Lauderdale required that their USL affiliate will use the site and not abbreviate the word "Fort "

Other professional teams
College sports
Greater Miami is home to many college sports teams with football and basketball having preeminent status  The most prominent are the University of Miami Hurricanes whose football team plays at Hard Rock Stadium in Miami Gardens and whose men's and women's basketball teams play at Watsco Center on the University of Miami's campus in Coral Gables  The Florida Atlantic University Owls football team plays at FAU Stadium, and its men's basketball team plays at FAU Arena in Boca Raton  The Florida International University Panthers football team plays at FIU Stadium, and its basketball team plays at Ocean Bank Convocation Center in University Park 

Defunct and relocated teams
A number of defunct teams were located in Miami, including:

Basketball: Miami Floridians (ABA), Miami Sol (WNBA), Miami Tropics (ABA) 
Ice hockey: Miami Matadors (ECHL), Miami Screaming Eagles (WHA), Miami Manatees (WHA2), Tropical Hockey League 
Soccer: Miami Toros / Ft  Lauderdale Strikers (NASL), Miami Fusion (NPSL)
American football: Miami Seahawks (AAFC), Miami Tropics (SFL), Miami Hooters (Arena Football League) The Miami Fusion, a defunct Major League Soccer team, played at Lockhart Stadium in nearby Broward County  The Miami Kickers, a Women's Premier Soccer League, played at American Heritage School in Plantation, Broward County 
In 1946, the Miami Seahawks played in the All-America Football Conference for one season, 1946, and then folded 
In 1996, Miami acquired the AFL team the Sacramento Attack, which was renamed as the Miami Hooters (due to its association with the Florida-based Hooters restaurant chain), and it played from 1993 to 1995  In 1996, the association with the chain was completed, and the team moved to West Palm Beach and renamed as the Florida Bobcats 

2026 FIFA World Cup
Miami will be one of eleven US host cities for the 2026 FIFA World Cup with matches set to be played at Hard Rock Stadium 

Notes
See also
Miami Women's Rugby Club
Sports in Florida
U S  cities with teams from four major sports
[[Miami Sports Teams Signed Miami Marlins Miami Dolphins Miami Heat Shirt]]
Passage 3:
Primetime Race Group
The Primetime Race Group is a privateer motorsport team from Hollywood, Florida which currently competes in the American Le Mans Series (ALMS) and the International Motor Sports Association (IMSA) Lites Series, a support series of the ALMS 
The team was founded in 2007 by owner and driver Joel Feinberg  In addition to Feinberg, the team consists of driver Chris Hall and team manager and crew chief Brent O’Neill 
In 2009, the team runs a Dodge Viper Competition Coupe in  the GT2 class of the ALMS series, the only team to feature this vehicle  The team also runs an Élan Motorsport Technologies DP02 in the IMSA Prototype Lites series 

2007 season
The team's debut in the ALMS series was at the 2007 Detroit Sports Car Challenge   Drivers Joel Feinberg and Chapman Ducote also competed at the Petit Le Mans and the Monterey Sports Car Championships for a total of 3 races during the season   The Primetime team also competed in the SPEED World Challenge and the IMSA Lites series   They finished third in the L1 class in 2007 

2008 season
2008 was the team's first full season of racing   During the 2008 American Le Mans Series season, the team raced with Hankook Tires   The best result was a 5th-place finish in the GT2 class at the season opening race of 12 Hours of Sebring   The team finished tied for 10th place in the GT2 standings 

2009 season
For the 2009 season, the team expanded into open wheel racing, entering into the Atlantic Championship series with the acquisition of 2008 championship-winning No  8 car and the No  88 car from Brooks Associates Racing 
The team still competes with the Viper in the American Le Mans Series, now using Dunlop Tires, and also in IMSA Lites where Joel won the 2009 L1 drivers championship 
Passage 4:
Hollywood, Florida
Hollywood is a city in southern Broward County, Florida  It is a key suburb of the Miami metropolitan area, which was home to 6 14 million people in 2020  As of the 2020 census, the population was 153,067, making it the third-largest city in Broward County, the fifth-largest city in the Miami metro area, and the 12th-largest city in Florida  The average temperature is between 69 and 83 °F (21 and 28 °C) 

History
In 1920, Joseph Young arrived in South Florida to create his own "Dream City in Florida"  His vision included the beaches of the Atlantic Ocean stretching westward with man-made lakes, infrastructure, roads, and the Intracoastal Waterway  He wanted to include large parks, schools, churches, and golf courses; these were all industries and activities that were very important to Young's life  After Young spent millions of dollars on the construction of the city, he was elected as the first mayor in 1925  This new town quickly became home to northerners known as "snowbirds", who fled the north during the winter and then escaped the south during the summer to avoid the harsh weather   By 1960, Hollywood had more than 2,400 hotel units and  12,170 single-family homes  Young bought up thousands of acres of land around 1920, and named his new town "Hollywood by the Sea" to distinguish it from his other real-estate venture, "Hollywood in the Hills", in New York 

The Florida guide, published by the Federal Writers' Project, describes the early development of Hollywood, an early example of a planned community that proliferated in Florida during the real-estate boom of the 1920s:

During the early days of development here, 1,500 trucks and tractors were engaged in clearing land and grading streets; two yacht basins, designed by General George Washington Goethals, chief engineer in the construction of the Panama Canal, were dredged and connected with the Intracostal Waterway  A large power plant was installed, and when the city lights went on for the first time, ships at sea reported that Miami was on fire, and their radio alarms and the red glow in the sky brought people to the rescue from miles around 

Prospective purchasers of land were enticed by free hotel accommodation and entertainment, and "were driven about the city-to-be on trails blazed through palmetto thickets; so desolate and forlorn were some stretches that many women became hysterical, it is said, and a few fainted  Young had a vision of having lakes, golf courses, a luxury beach hotel (Hollywood Beach Hotel, now Hollywood Beach Resort), country clubs, and a main street, Hollywood Boulevard  After the 1926 Miami hurricane, Hollywood was severely damaged; local newspapers reported that Hollywood was second only to Miami in losses from the storm  Following Young's death in 1934, the city encountered other destructive hurricanes, and the stock market crashed with personal financial misfortunes Hurricane Irma hit Florida in 2017, wreaking widespread damage  Due to the spontaneity of the hurricane, nearly 700 elderly nursing-home residents died  In an investigation following the hurricane, some of the deaths were found to be not actually a result of the hurricane, but the poor conditions to which they were exposed in the aftermath  Four nursing-home staff charged with negligence and counts of manslaughter  Following the damage inflicted by Hurricane Irma in 2017, an initiative called Rebuild Florida was created by the Florida Department of Economic Opportunity to provide aid to citizens affected by the natural disaster  The initial focus of Rebuild Florida was its Housing Repair Program, which offered assistance in rebuilding families' homes that were impacted by Hurricane Irma  The program gave priority to low-income vulnerable residents, such as the disabled, the elderly, and those families with children under five  The success of this program has various results across the city, with hundreds of citizens claiming they were left without help 

Timeline
1921 – Hollywood by the Sea platted on land of Joseph Wesley Young
1923
Hollywood Hotel opens  Later renamed the Park View Hotel when the Hollywood Beach Hotel opens 
1925
Hollywood incorporated
Hollywood Police Department established
Hollywood Boulevard Bridge built (approximate date)
Joseph Wesley Young becomes mayor; C H  Windham becomes city manager
Joseph Wesley Young House built
1926
Hollywood Beach Hotel in business
September 18: 1926 Miami hurricane demolished city
1928 – Port Everglades opened near Hollywood
1930
Hollywood Hills Inn built
Population: 2,689 
1932 – Riverside Military Academy Hollywood campus established
1935 – Fiesta Tropicale began
1937 – Florida Theatre built
1947 – Hurricanes occur
1948 – Broward County International Airport opened
1950 – Population: 14,351
1952 – Joseph Watson became city manager (until c  1970)
1953 – Hollywood Memorial Hospital opened
1957
Seminole Tribe of Florida gained official recognition by the federal government, with tribal headquarters located in Hollywood 
McArthur High School opened
1958 – Diplomat Hotel in business
1959 – Seminole Tribe's Okalee Indian Village in business 
1960 – Population: 35,237
1962 – Arrow Drive-In cinema in business
1964 – Home Federal Tower hi-rise built 
1967 – Hollywood West Elks Lodge founded
1970 – Population: 106,873
1971
Pageant of the Unconquered Seminoles held in Hollywood
Topeekeegee Yugnee Park opened
1972 – Broward County Historical Commission established 
1974 – Broward County Library System established 
1975 – Art and Culture Center of Hollywood opened
1981
July 27: Murder of Adam Walsh
"U S  Supreme Court affirms Tribe's right to high-stakes bingo at Hollywood in Seminole Tribe of Florida vs  Butterworth"
1982 – West Lake Park opened
1983 – Seminole Tribune newspaper begins publication 
1996
Kolb Nature Center opened in West Lake Park
City website online (approximate date)
1997 – New Times Broward-Palm Beach newspaper began publication
2004 – Seminole Tribe of Florida's Seminole Hard Rock Hotel & Casino Hollywood in business
2010 – Population: 140,768
2013 – Frederica Wilson became U S  representative for Florida's 24th congressional district
2016 – Josh Levy became mayor
2018 - The first hotel in almost 50 years, Circ By Sonder, opens in Downtown Hollywood 
2019 – Hard Rock Live guitar shaped hotel opened, with pool and manmade lake

Geography
According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 30 8 square miles (80 km2), of which 3 46 square miles (9 km2) are covered by water (11 23%) Hollywood is in southeastern Broward County, and includes about 5 to 6 miles (8 0 to 9 7 km) of Atlantic Ocean beach, interrupted briefly by a portion deeded to Dania Beach  It is bounded by these municipalities:

Neighborhoods
These neighborhoods and communities are officially recognized by the City of Hollywood:

Climate
Hollywood has a tropical rainforest climate (Köppen climate classification Af), with long, hot, humid, and rainy summers and short, warm, and dry winters 

Demographics
As of 2000, Hollywood had the 75th-highest percentage of Cuban residents in the U S , at 4 23% of the city's population, and the 65th-highest percentage of Colombian residents in the US, at 2 26% of the city's population (tied with both the town and village of Mount Kisco, New York ) It also had the fifty-seventh highest percentage of Peruvian residents in the US, at 1 05% of the city's population (tied with Locust Valley, New York), and the 20th-highest percentage of Romanian residents in the US, at 1 1% of its population (tied with several other areas in the US) 

Economy
Prior to their dissolutions, Commodore Cruise Line and its subsidiary Crown Cruise Line had their headquarters in Hollywood Aerospace and electronics parts manufacturer HEICO has its headquarters in Hollywood Since 1991, the Invicta Watch Group, a manufacturer and marketer of timepieces and writing instruments, has had its headquarters in Hollywood, where it also operates its customer-service call center 

Top employers
According to the city's 2019 Comprehensive Annual Financial Report, the top employers in the city are:

Tourism
Guided tours along the Intercostal Waterway are common in Hollywood  The waterway, parallel to the Atlantic Ocean, provides both tourists and locals with the exploration of nature and observation of surroundings 
Young Circle is another area surrounded by shops, restaurants, and bars  A Food-Truck Takeover occurs every Monday, during which dozens of local food trucks park and offer a variety of cuisines, including Cuban, Venezuelan, Mediterranean, Mexican, Jamaican, and Peruvian foods, in addition to barbecue, burgers, gourmet grilled cheese, and desserts 

Parks and recreation
Hollywood has about 60 parks, seven golf courses, and sandy beaches 
Hollywood Beach has a broadwalk that extends about 2 5 miles along the Atlantic Ocean  Parking is available on side streets or in parking garages for a fee, and public trolleys run through the day  Restaurants and hotels line the broadwalk, along with a theatre, children's playground, and other attractions, including bicycle-rental shops, ice-cream parlors, souvenir shops, and a farmer's market  The broadwalk is used for walking and jogging, and has a bike lane for bicyclists and rollerbladers 

Government
Mayor
Joseph Wesley Young, circa 1925
Arthur W  Kellner, circa 1935
Lester Boggs, 1943–1947, 1949–1953
Alfred G  Ryll, 1954–1955
William G  Zinkil Sr , 1955–1957, 1959–1967
E  L  McMorrough, c  1959
David Keating
Mara Giulianti, circa 2002
Peter Bober, circa 2016
Josh Levy, 2016–present

Education
Hollywood has a diverse and broad number of educational institutions throughout the city, including 32 public (and charter) schools with 24 private schools  The public schools are operated by the Broward County Public Schools 

Public schools
Broward County operates 24 public schools, consisting of four high schools, six middle schools, and 14 elementary schools 
The public high schools situated in Hollywood are: Hollywood Hills High School, McArthur High School, South Broward High School, and Sheridan Technical College and High School 
The public middle schools include: Apollo Middle School, Attucks Middle School, Driftwood Middle School, McNicol Middle School, Olsen Middle School and Beachside Montessori Village The 14 elementary schools comprise:

Public (charter) schools
In addition to these public schools, eight public 'charter' schools operate independently from Broward County  They are: Hollywood Academy of Arts and Science (K–8), New Life Charter Academy, Championship Academy of Distinction at Hollywood K–5, Championship Academy of Distinction, Avant Garde Academy of Broward (K–12), BridgePrep Academy at Hollywood Hills, Ben Gamla Preparatory Academy and Bridge Prep Academy 

Private schools
Hollywood, Florida has an abundance of private schools scattered across the city  These are:

Infrastructure
Transportation
Hollywood is served by Fort Lauderdale-Hollywood International Airport, the 22nd busiest airport in the United States  Broward County Transit operates several bus routes that pass through the city of Hollywood, such as the 1 on US 1 (federal highway)  It is also served by Tri-Rail stations at Sheridan Street and Hollywood 

Police department
The Hollywood Police Department is an entity within the city government tasked with law enforcement 

Notable people
Davey Allison, former NASCAR driver
Jayne Atkinson, actress, House of Cards
Herbert L  Becker, former magician known as Kardeen, author, businessman
Steve Blake, retired NBA player
Lauren Book, politician
Ethan Bortnick, piano child prodigy
Chris Britton, baseball pitcher, San Diego Padres
Marquise Brown, NFL player
Janice Dickinson, model, author
Joe DiMaggio, iconic professional baseball player, lived and died in Hollywood
Mike Donald, professional golfer
Scotty Emerick, singer-songwriter
Seth Gabel, actor
Josh Gad, actor
Adam Gaynor, former member of Matchbox Twenty
Alan Gelfand, developer of Ollie (skateboarding trick)
Michael Heverly, model
Rosemary Homeister, Jr , jockey
Erasmus James, defensive end in the NFL
Evan Jenne, politician
Victoria Justice, actress, model, singer
Joe Klink, retired MLB pitcher
Veronica Lake, actress, World War II pin-up girl
Bethany Joy Lenz, actress, One Tree Hill
Jeff Marx, composer and lyricist of Broadway musical Avenue Q
Oddibe McDowell, MLB center fielder
Bryant McFadden, cornerback for NFL's Pittsburgh Steelers
Danny McManus, former CFL quarterback; broadcaster for TSN's CFL games
Fred Melamed, actor
Tracy Melchior, actress
Billy Mitchell, videogame player
Michael Mizrachi, professional poker player
Mike Napoli, MLB catcher and first baseman, member of 2013 World Series champion Boston Red Sox
Norman Reedus, actor
Moshe Reuven, music artist
Ian Richards, County Court Judge of Florida's 17th Judicial Circuit
Patti Rizzo, golfer, 1982 LPGA Tour Rookie of the Year
Jon Pernell Roberts, drug trafficker
Latrice Royale, drag entertainer
Jabaal Sheard, defensive end for Super Bowl LI champion New England Patriots
Megan Timpf, Canadian softball player, competitor at 2008 Summer Olympics
Joe Trohman, Fall Out Boy lead guitarist
John Walsh, host of America's Most Wanted
Scott Weinger, actor, writer, producer
Robert Wexler, former member of the U S  House of Representatives
Lorenzo White, former Houston Oilers running back

Crime and terrorism
In popular culture
The television game show Hollywood Squares taped a week of shows at the historic Diplomat Hotel in 1987 and featured aerial footage shot over Hollywood, Florida Episode 15 of season six of the HBO crime drama The Sopranos featured scenes shot in the vicinity of the Hollywood Beach Marriott along Carolina Street The Art and Culture Center of Hollywood is the exterior of the police substation in the now-cancelled TV show The Glades 
The comedy series Big Time in Hollywood, FL is set in Hollywood, Florida 

Sister cities
Hollywood's sister cities are:

See also
Big Time in Hollywood, FL

Notes
Passage 5:
Miami metropolitan area
The Miami metropolitan area (also known as South Florida, SoFlo, the Gold Coast, the Tri-County Area, or the Greater Miami), officially known as the Miami–Fort Lauderdale–Pompano Beach Metropolitan Statistical Area,  is a coastal metropolitan area in the southeastern part of the state of Florida  It is the ninth-largest metropolitan statistical area in the United States, the fifth-largest in the Southern United States, and the largest in the state of Florida  With a population of 6 14 million, it has more people than 31 of the nation's 50 states as of 2022  It comprises the three most populated counties in the state: Miami-Dade County, Broward County, and Palm Beach County 
With 1,279 2 sq mi (3,313 km2) of urban landmass, the Miami metropolitan area also is one of the most populous urban agglomerations in the world  The City of Miami is the financial and cultural core of the metropolis  The metropolitan area includes Miami-Dade, Broward, and Palm Beach Counties, which rank as the first-, second-, and third-most populous counties in Florida  Miami-Dade, with 2,716,940 people in 2019, is the seventh-most populous county in the United States  The metropolitan area's principal cities include Miami, Fort Lauderdale, Pompano Beach, West Palm Beach, Boca Raton, Sunrise, Miami Beach, Deerfield Beach, Pembroke Pines, Kendall, Boynton Beach, Delray Beach, Jupiter, Doral, Palm Beach Gardens, and Coral Gables  The Miami metropolitan area sits within the South Florida region, which includes the Everglades and the Florida Keys 
Because the population of South Florida is largely confined to a strip of land between the Atlantic Ocean and the Everglades, the Miami urbanized area (that is, the area of contiguous urban development) is about 100 miles (160 km) long (north to south), but never more than 20 miles (32 km) wide, and in some areas only 5 miles (8 km) wide (east to west)  The Miami metropolitan statistical area is longer than any other urbanized area in the United States except for the New York metropolitan area  It was the eighth most densely populated urbanized area in the United States in the 2000 census As of the 2000 census, the urbanized area had a land area of 1,116 square miles (2,890 km2), with a population of 4,919,036, for a population density of 4,407 4 per square mile (1,701 7 per km2)  Miami and Hialeah, the second-largest city in the metropolitan area, had population densities of more than 10,000/sq mi (more than 3,800/km2)   The Miami Urbanized Area was the fourth-largest urbanized area in the United States in the 2010 census 
The Miami metropolitan area also includes several urban clusters (UCs) as of the 2000 Census, which are not part of the Miami urbanized area  These are the Belle Glade UC, population 24,218, area 20 717 km2 and population density of 3027 6/sq mi; Key Biscayne UC, population 10,513, area 4 924 km2 and population density of 5529 5/sq mi; Redland UC, population 3,936, area 10 586 km2 and population density of 963 0/sq mi; and West Jupiter UC, population 8,998, area 24 737 km2 and population density of 942 1/sq mi The most notable colleges and universities in the Miami metropolitan area include Florida Atlantic University, Florida International University, Nova Southeastern University, and the University of Miami, as well as community colleges such as Broward College, Miami Dade College, and Palm Beach State College  Some of these institutions, such as Florida International University and Miami Dade College, make up some of the largest institutions of higher learning in the United States 

Definitions
Miami metropolitan area
As of 2023, the Miami metropolitan area is defined by the U S  Office of Management and Budget as the Miami-Fort Lauderdale-Pompano Beach Metropolitan Statistical Area (MSA), with a 2020 population of 6,138,333  The MSA is made up of three "metropolitan divisions" :

Miami-Miami Beach-Kendall Metropolitan Division, coterminous with Miami Dade County (2020 population 2,701,767) 
Fort Lauderdale-Pompano Beach-Sunrise Metropolitan Division, coterminous with Broward County (2020 population 1,944,375) 
West Palm Beach-Boca Raton-Boynton Beach Metropolitan Division, coterminous with Palm Beach County (2020 population 1,492,191) The MSA is the most populous metropolitan area in the Southeastern United States and has an area of 6,137 sq  mi (15,890 km2) 
The original MSA for Miami, as defined by the OMB, included only Dade County (now Miami-Dade County)  By 1995, the Miami-Hialeah and Fort Lauderdale-Hollywood-Pompano Beach MSAs had been merged into the Miami-Fort Lauderdale Consolidated MSA, consisting of the Miami Primary MSA (Dade County) and the Fort Lauderdale Primary MSA (Broward County)  In 2003, the West Palm Beach-Boca Raton-Boynton Beach MSA was merged with the consolidated MSA to form the Miami-Fort Lauderdale-Miami Beach Metropolitan Statistical Area, consisting of: the Fort Lauderdale-Pompano Beach-Deefield Beach Metropolitan Division (Broward County), the Miami-Miami Beach-Kendall Metropolitan Division (Miami-Dade County), and the West Palm Beach-Boca Raton-Boynton Beach Metropolitan Division (Palm Beach County) 

Miami-Port Saint Lucie-Fort Lauderdale Combined Statistical Area
The Census Bureau also defines a wider commercial region based on commuting patterns, the Miami-Port Saint Lucie-Fort Lauderdale Combined Statistical Area (CSA), with a population of 6,887,655 in 2020 
As of 2023, the CSA consists of three component metropolitan statistical areas (MSAs) and one Micropolitan statistical area (μSA):

The Miami-Fort Lauderdale-Pompano Beach MSA (2020 pop  6,138,333)
The Port Saint Lucie MSA (2020 pop  486,660), consisting of:
Martin County (2020 pop  158,431)p  28
Saint Lucie County (2020 pop  329,226)p  28
The Sebastian-Vero Beach MSA, coterminous with Indian River County (2020 pop  159,788)
The Key West μSA, coterminous with Monroe County (2020 pop  82,874) When the CSA was defined in 2013, it included the Okeechobee μSA, coterminous with Okeechobee County, but not the Key West μSA  In 2018 the Okeechobee μSA was removed from the CSA and the Key West μSA was added 

Gold Coast
The Miami metropolitan area is frequently named the "Gold Coast" in convention with Florida's other coast regions, including the Space Coast, Treasure Coast, Sun Coast, Nature Coast, Forgotten Coast, Fun Coast, and First Coast  Like several of the others, it seems to have originated at the time the area first saw major growth  One of the best known of Florida's vernacular regions, the name is a reference to the wealth and ritzy tropical lifestyle that characterizes the area 

Climate and geography
Climate
South Florida/Miami metropolitan area has a tropical climate, similar to the climate found in much of the Caribbean  It is the only metropolitan area in the 48 contiguous states that falls under that category  More specifically, it generally has a tropical monsoon climate (Köppen climate classification, Am)  The South Florida  metropolis sees most of its rain in the summer (wet season) and is quite dry in the winter (dry season)  The wet season, which is hot and humid, lasts from May to October, when daily thunderstorms and passing weak tropical lows bring downpours during the late afternoon  The dry season often starts in late October and runs through late April  During the height of the dry season from February through April, South Florida is often very dry, and often brush fires and water restrictions are an issue  At times cold fronts can make it all the way down to South Florida and provide some modest rainfall in the dry season  The hurricane season largely coincides with the wet season In addition to its sea-level elevation, coastal location and position near the Tropic of Cancer and the Caribbean, the area owes its warm, humid climate to the Gulf Stream, which moderates climate year-round  A typical summer day does not see temperatures below 75 °F (24 °C)  Temperatures in the high 80s to low 90s (30–35 °C) accompanied by high humidity are often relieved by afternoon thunderstorms or a sea breeze that develops off the Atlantic Ocean, which then allow lower temperatures, although conditions still remain very muggy 
During winter, dry air often dominates as dew points are often very low  Average daily high temperatures across South Florida during the winter are around 74–77 °F (23–25 °C)  Although daily highs can sometimes reach 82–85 °F (28–29 °C) even in January and February  Daily low temperatures during the winter are generally around 55–63 °F (13–17 °C)  Each winter, cold fronts occasionally make their way down to the northern Bahamas and South Florida  As a result, daytime high temperatures in South Florida may only reach around 65 °F (18 °C) or cooler  When this occurs low temperatures can dip into the 40s during the early morning hours before quickly warming-up toward late morning/early afternoon  It is rare for temperatures to drop below 40 °F (4 °C), however, low temperatures at or around 35 °F (2 °C) have occurred some years  South Florida only experiences these cold spells about twice each winter and they typically only last a day or two before temperatures return to the mid 70s  On average South Florida is frost-free, although there can be a light frost in the inland communities about once every decade 
Hurricane season officially runs from June 1 through November 30, although hurricanes can develop outside that period  The most likely time for South Florida to be hit is during the peak of the Cape Verde season, mid-August through the end of September  Due to its location between two major bodies of water known for tropical activity, South Florida is also statistically the most likely major area to be struck by a hurricane in the world, trailed closely by Nassau, Bahamas, and Havana, Cuba  Many hurricanes have affected the metropolis, including Betsy in 1965, Andrew in 1992, Irene in 1999, Hurricanes Katrina and Wilma in 2005, and Irma in 2017  In addition, a tropical depression in October 2000 passed over the city, causing record rainfall and flooding  Locally, the storm is credited as the No Name Storm of 2000, though the depression went on to become Tropical Storm Leslie upon entering the Atlantic Ocean 

Component counties, subregions, and cities
Largest cities
The following is a list of the twenty largest cities in the Miami metropolitan area as ranked by population 

Areas with between 10,000 and 100,000 inhabitants
Areas with fewer than 10,000 inhabitants
Demographics
There is a strong divide between the northern and southern parts of the region in terms of dominant language  In 2010, English was the household language of 73 1% of Palm Beach County residents and 63 4% of Broward County residents but only 28 1% of Miami-Dade County residents  In contrast, 63 8% of Miami-Dade County residents spoke Spanish at home 

Religion
According to a 2014 study by the Pew Research Center, Christianity is the most prevalent religion in the Miami metropolitan area (68%), with 39% professing attendance at a variety of churches that could be considered Protestant and 27% professing Roman Catholic beliefs  Judaism is second (9%), followed by Islam, Buddhism, Hinduism and a variety of other religions have smaller followings; 21% of the population did not identify with any religion 
The Miami area has one of the largest Jewish communities in the United States  10 2% of the population identified as Jewish in the 2000 Census  According to a 2011 survey of American Judaism, Palm Beach County had the most Jews of any Florida county both in absolute numbers (205,850) and as a percentage of the overall population (15 8%)  Broward County came in second place with 170,700 Jewish reidents or 9 8% of the population, and Miami-Dade County came in third with 106,300 or 4 3% 

Housing
Changes in house prices for the area are publicly tracked on a regular basis using the Case–Shiller index; the statistic is published by Standard & Poor's and is also a component of S&P's 10-city composite index of the value of the residential real estate market 
As of 2005, the Miami area had a total of 2 3 million housing units, 13% of which were vacant  Of the total housing units, 52% were in single-unit structures, 45% were in multi-unit structures, and 3% were mobile homes  25% of the housing units were built since 1990  As of 2019, over 70% of Miami's residents are renters with median rent of $1,355, $180 over the national average 
Households and families: There were 2,338,450 households, The average household size was 2 6 people  Families made up 65% of the households in the Miami area  This figure includes both married-couple families (45%) and other families (20%)  Nonfamily households made up 35% of all households in Miami  Most of the nonfamily households were people living alone, but some consisted of people living in households in which no one was related to the householder 
Occupied housing unit characteristics: In 2005, the Miami area had 2 0 million occupied housing units – 1 3 million (66%) owner occupied and 688,000 (34%) renter occupied 
As of 2010, housing costs in the Miami area typically represented 40% of household income, compared to 34% nationwide Property tax increase: In March 2009, Miami area lawmakers passed a 5–10% hike in property tax millage rates throughout the metropolitan area to fund the construction of new schools and to fund understaffed schools and educational institutions, resulting in an increase in residents' property tax bills beginning in the 2009 tax year 

Politics
Politically, metropolitan Miami is strongly Democratic, like most large metropolitan regions in the United States  Broward County is the second-most heavily Democratic county in the state, behind only Gadsden County, which is much smaller  This contrasts with most of the rest of Florida, whose heavier Southern influence and high population of elderly voters makes it a swing or Republican-leaning state  Miami-Dade County has a relatively high percentage of Republican voters for an urban county, due partially to its Cuban-American population, which leans Republican as a result of its anti-communist views, but Miami-Dade County still remains very Democratic when compared with most of Florida's other counties  Despite being more suburban and affluent, Palm Beach County is reliably Democratic as well and in the 2020 presidential election voted for Democratic candidate Joe Biden by a higher margin than Miami-Dade County did 
In the 2016 presidential election, 62 3% of voters in the Miami metropolitan area voted Democratic  This was the 6th highest of any metro area in the United States  However, in recent years the area has shifted hard to the Republicans, with former president Donald Trump losing the metro area by 16 points in 2020 compared to losing it by 30 in 2016 (Fueled especially by Miami Dade County shifting 22 points to the right between 2016 and 2020), and Governor Ron DeSantis winning the metro area outright in the 2022 gubernatorial election, winning both Miami Dade and Palm Beach Counties (With the former being won by double digits) while losing Broward only by less than 16 points  This may be attributed in part to a broader rightward shift among Hispanic voters in these years 

Government
The metropolitan area is governed by 3 counties  In total there are 107 municipalities or incorporated places in the metropolis  Each one of the municipalities has its own city, town or village government, although there is no distinction between the 3 names  Much of the land in the metropolis is unincorporated, which means it does not belong to any municipality, and  therefore is governed directly by the county it is located in 

Congressional districts
The Miami metropolitan area contains all or part of nine Congressional districts: the 18th, 20th, 21st, 22nd, 23rd, 24th, 25th, 26th, and 27th districts  As of 2017 (the 113th Congress), the Cook Partisan Voting Index listed four as being Republican-leaning: the 18th, 25th, 26th, and 27th, with the 25th being the most Republican-leaning at R+5, and five as being Democratic-leaning: the 20th, 21st, 22nd, 23rd, and 24th, with the 24th being the most Democratic-leaning at D+34, making it the ninth-most Democratic-leaning district in the nation 

Economy
Among those employed in the Miami metropolitan area, 32% were management, professional, and related occupations, 30% were sales and office occupations, 18% were service occupations, 11% were construction, extraction, maintenance and repair occupations, and 9% were production, transportation, and material moving occupations  81% of the people employed were Private wage and salary workers; 12% were Federal, state, or local government workers; and 7% were self-employed 
The median income of households in the Miami area was $43,091  78% of the households received earnings and 13% received retirement income other than Social Security  30% of the households received Social Security  The average income from Social Security was $13  These income sources are not mutually exclusive; that is, some households received income from more than one source 
In 2005, for the employed population 16 years and older, the leading industries in the Miami area were educational services, health care, and social assistance, which accounted for 18%, and Professional, scientific, and management, and administrative and waste management services, which accounted for 13% of the population  79% of Miami area workers drove to work alone in 2005, 10% carpooled, 4% took public transportation, and 4% used other means  The remaining 3% worked at home  Among those who commuted to work, it took them on average 28 5 minutes to get to work 

Culture
Miami dialect
In  Miami-Dade County a unique dialect, commonly called the Miami dialect, is widely spoken  The dialect developed among second- or third-generation Hispanics, including Cuban-Americans, whose first language was English, though some non-Hispanic white, black, and other races who were born and raised in Miami-Dade tend to adopt it as well  It is based on a fairly standard American accent but with some changes very similar to dialects in the Mid-Atlantic, especially the New York area dialect, Northern New Jersey English, and New York Latino English  Unlike Virginia Piedmont, Coastal Southern American, and Northeast American dialects and Florida Cracker dialect of the Miami accent is rhotic; it also incorporates a rhythm and pronunciation heavily influenced by Spanish in which rhythm is syllable-timed It is possible to differentiate the Miami accent from a variety of interlanguages spoken by second-language speakers  THE Miami accent does not generally display addition of /ɛ/ before initial consonant clusters with /s/, speakers do not confuse of /dʒ/ with /j/, (e g , Yale with jail), and /r/ and /rr/ are pronounced as alveolar approximant [ɹ] instead of alveolar tap [ɾ] or alveolar trill [r] in Spanish The Miami accent is much less common in Broward County and Palm Beach County, where the majority of the population is non-Hispanic 

Area codes
305: Miami-Dade County and the Florida Keys; overlaid by 786
786: Miami-Dade County and the Florida Keys; overlays 305
954: All of Broward County: Fort Lauderdale, Hollywood, Coral Springs, Pompano Beach, overlaid by 754
754: All of Broward County: Fort Lauderdale, Hollywood, Coral Springs, Pompano Beach, overlays with 954
561: All of Palm Beach County: West Palm Beach, Boca Raton, Boynton Beach, Delray Beach, will be overlaid by 728
728: All of Palm Beach County: West Palm Beach, Boca Raton, Boynton Beach, Delray Beach, will overlay with 561

Media
Greater Miami is served by several English-language and two major Spanish-language daily newspapers  The Miami Herald, headquartered in Doral, is Miami's primary newspaper with over a million readers  It also has news bureaus in Broward County, Monroe County, and Nassau, Bahamas  The South Florida Sun-Sentinel circulates primarily in Broward and southern Palm Beach counties and also has a news bureau in Havana, Cuba  The Palm Beach Post serves mainly Palm Beach County, especially the central and northern regions, and the Treasure Coast  The Boca Raton News publishes five days a week and circulates in southern Palm Beach County  El Nuevo Herald, a subsidiary of the Miami Herald, and Diario Las Americas, are Spanish-language daily papers that circulate mainly in Miami-Dade County  La Palma and El Sentinel are weekly Spanish newspapers published by the Palm Beach Post and Sun-Sentinel, respectively, and circulate in the same areas as their English-language counterparts 
There are several university student-run newspapers in the area, including The Miami Hurricane at the University of Miami, University Press at Florida Atlantic University, PantherNOW at Florida International University, and The Current at Nova Southeastern University 
Greater Miami is split into two separate television/radio markets: The Miami-Fort Lauderdale market serves Miami-Dade, Broward and the Florida Keys  The West Palm Beach market serves Palm Beach County and the Treasure Coast region 
Miami-Fort Lauderdale is the 12th largest radio market and the 16th-largest television market in the U S  television stations serving the Miami-Fort Lauderdale area include WAMI-TV (UniMas), WBFS-TV (MyNetworkTV), WSFL-TV (The CW), WFOR-TV (CBS), WHFT-TV (TBN), WLTV (Univision), WPLG (ABC), WPXM (ION), WSCV (Telemundo), WSVN (FOX), WTVJ (NBC), WLRN-TV (PBS), and WPBT (also PBS), the latter television station being the only channel to serve the entire metropolitan area 
In addition to the Miami-Fort Lauderdale market, West Palm Beach has its own  It is the 49th largest radio market and the 38th-largest television market in the U S   Television stations serving the West Palm Beach area include WPTV (NBC), WPEC (CBS), WPBF (ABC),  WFLX (FOX), WTVX (The CW), WXEL (PBS), WTCN (MyNetworkTV), and  WPXP (ION)   The West Palm Beach market shares use of WSCV and WLTV for Telemundo and Univision respectively    Also, both markets cross over and tend to be available interchangeably between both areas   In 2015, WPBT and WXEL merged their operations, to form South Florida PBS, although both stations have maintained separate programming schedules and social media platforms, but share the same subchannel lineup 

Education
In Florida, each county is also a school district  Each district is headed by an elected school board  A professional superintendent manages the day-to-day operations of each district, who is appointed by and serves at the pleasure of the school board 
The Miami-Dade County Public School District is currently the 4th-largest public school district in the nation  The School District of Palm Beach County is the 4th-largest in Florida and the 11th-largest in the United States  Broward County Public School District is the 6th-largest in the United States 
The University of Miami is the one of the top-ranked research institutions in the United States, and is the most selective major university in Florida 
As of 2023, Florida International University is ranked the 8th largest public university by enrollment in the United States 
Some colleges and universities in Greater Miami include:

Barry University (private/Catholic)
Broward College (public)
Carlos Albizu University (private)
Chamberlain University (private)
Florida Atlantic University (public)
Florida International University (public)
Florida Memorial University (private/Baptist)
Florida National University (private)
Jersey College (private)
Keiser University (private)
Lynn University (private)
Miami Dade College (public)
Northwood University (private)
Nova Southeastern University (private)
Palm Beach Atlantic University (private/Christian)
Palm Beach State College (public)
St  Thomas University (private/Catholic)
University of Miami (private)In 2005, 82% of people 25 years and over had at least graduated from high school and 28% had a bachelor's degree or higher  Among people 16 to 19 years old, 7% were dropouts; they were not enrolled in school and had not graduated from high school  The total school enrollment in the Miami metro area was 1 4 million in 2005  Nursery school and kindergarten enrollment was 170,000 and elementary or high school enrollment was 879,000  College or graduate school enrollment was 354,000 

Transportation
Roads
The Miami metropolitan area is served by five interstate highways operated by the Florida Department of Transportation (FDOT) in conjunction with local agencies  Interstate 95 (I-95) runs north to south along the coast, ending just south of Downtown Miami at South Dixie Highway (US 1)  I-75 runs east to west, turning south in western Broward County and connecting suburban north Miami-Dade to Naples on the Southwest Coast via Alligator Alley, which transverses the Florida Everglades before turning north  I-595 connects the Broward coast and Downtown Fort Lauderdale to I-75 and Alligator Alley  In Miami, I-195 and I-395 relay the main I-95 route east to Biscayne Boulevard (US 1) and Miami Beach across Biscayne Bay via the Julia Tuttle and MacArthur causeways 
In greater Miami, the Miami-Dade Expressway Authority and Florida's Turnpike Enterprise (FTE) maintain eight state expressways in conjunction with FDOT  The Airport Expressway (SR 112) and the Dolphin Expressway (SR 836) relay western Miami-Dade suburbs to the eastern urban coast at I-95, and to Miami Beach via  I-195 and I-395 at the Airport and Midtown interchanges  The Gratigny Parkway (SR 924) connects northern Miami suburbs to the southern end of I-75  The Palmetto Expressway (SR 826) is the primary beltway road of urban Miami, relaying I-95 and Florida's Turnpike (SR 91) at the Golden Glades Interchange near northeastern North Miami Beach to the southern inland suburbs of Kendall and Pinecrest  The Don Shula Expressway (SR 874) and the Homestead Extension of Florida's Turnpike (SR 821) form the southernmost end of the beltway, connecting the Palmetto Expressway to the bedroom communities of Homestead and Florida City  The Snapper Creek Expressway (SR 878) relays the Don Shula Expressway to South Dixie Highway (US 1) 
The urban bypass expressway in greater Fort Lauderdale is the Sawgrass Expressway (SR 869), connecting the northern Broward County coast at I-95 and Deerfield Beach to I-595 and I-75 at Alligator Alley in Sunrise 
Express lanes on I-95 start in Miami-Dade County and continue into Broward County  With an increased presence of traffic in South Florida, it is projected that express lanes will soon be implemented in southern Palm Beach County 

Major freeways and tollways
Interstate 95
 Interstate 75
 Interstate 195 /  State Road 112 (Airport Expressway)
 Interstate 395 /  State Road 836 (Dolphin Expressway)
 Interstate 595 (Port Everglades Expressway)
 Florida's Turnpike, including Homestead Extension
 State Road 924 (Gratigny Parkway)
 State Road 874 (Don Shula Expressway)
 State Road 878 (Snapper Creek Expressway)
 State Road 869 (Sawgrass Expressway)
 State Road 826 (Palmetto Expressway)

Major airports
The metropolitan area is served by three major commercial airports  These airports combine to make the fourth largest domestic origin and destination market in the United States, after New York City, Los Angeles, and Chicago 
The following smaller general aviation airports are also in the metro area:

Seaports
The metropolis also has four seaports, the largest and most important being the Port of Miami  Others in the area include Port Everglades, Port of Palm Beach and the Miami River Port   On August 21, 2012, PortMiami and the U S  Army Corps of Engineers signed the Partnership Agreement (PPA) construction agreement that will allow the Deep Dredge project to go out for bid   The Deep Dredge will deepen the Port's existing channels to minus 50/52 feet to prepare for the Panama Canal expansion, now scheduled for completion in early 2015   PortMiami's deeper channel will provide ships with an economically efficient, reliable and safe navigational route into the Port  PortMiami will be the only U S  Port south of Norfolk, Virginia to be at the minus 50 foot depth in sync with the opening of the expanded Canal  Deep Dredge is expected to create more than 30,000 direct, indirect, and induced jobs in Florida and allow the Port to meet its goal to double its cargo traffic over the next decade 

Public transportation
Miami-Dade Transit (MDT) is the largest public transit agency in Florida, operating rapid transit, people movers, and an intercity bus system  Metrorail is Florida's only rapid transit, currently with 23 stations on a 24 4-mile (39 3 km) track  The Downtown Miami people mover, Metromover, operates 20 stations and three lines on a 4 4-mile (7 1 km) track through the Downtown neighborhoods of the Arts & Entertainment District, the Central Business District, and Brickell  Metrobus serves the entirety of Miami-Dade County, also serving Monroe County as far south as Marathon, and Broward County as far north as Downtown Fort Lauderdale  In Broward County, Broward County Transit runs public buses, as does Palm Tran in Palm Beach County  Additionally, the South Florida Regional Transportation Authority operates Tri-Rail, a commuter rail train that connects the three of the primary cities of South Florida (Miami, Fort Lauderdale, and West Palm Beach), and most intermediate points  Brightline provides service to Miami, Aventura, West Palm Beach, Fort Lauderdale, Boca Raton, and Central Florida's Orlando, with talks to expand to Tampa and Jacksonville 

Sports
Professional
The Miami metro area is home to five major league professional sports teams:

The Miami Dolphins of the National Football League play at Hard Rock Stadium in Miami Gardens
The Inter Miami CF of Major League Soccer play at Inter Miami CF Stadium in Fort Lauderdale
The Miami Heat of the National Basketball Association play at Miami-Dade Arena in Downtown Miami
The Miami Marlins of Major League Baseball play at Marlins Park in Little Havana
The Florida Panthers of the National Hockey League play at BB&T Center in Sunrise

College sports
The most prominent college sports program in the Miami metropolitan area are the Miami Hurricanes of the University of Miami in Coral Gables, who compete in Division I of the National Collegiate Athletic Association, the highest level of collegiate athletics  The University of Miami's football team has won five national championships since 1983 and its baseball team has won four national championships since 1982 
Other collegiate sports programs in the metropolitan area include the Florida Atlantic Owls of Florida Atlantic University in Boca Raton, the FIU Panthers of Florida International University in University Park, the Nova Southeastern Sharks of Nova Southeastern University in Davie, and the Barry Buccaneers of Barry University in Miami Shores 

Minor league and other sports
The Miami area is also host to minor league sports teams, including:

The Miami Marlins and St  Louis Cardinals conduct spring training in Jupiter at Roger Dean Stadium 
The Houston Astros and Washington Nationals conduct spring training in West Palm Beach at The Ballpark of the Palm Beaches 
Inter Miami CF will have a reserve team that will play in USL League One 
The Homestead-Miami Speedway oval has hosted NASCAR Cup Series and IndyCar Series events  Temporary street circuits at Museum Park hosted several CART, IMSA GT, and American Le Mans Series races between from 1986 to 1995, as well as a Formula E race in 2015  The Palm Beach International Raceway is a minor road course 

See also
South Florida
United States metropolitan area
Table of United States Metropolitan Statistical Areas
Largest metropolitan areas in the Americas

Notes
Passage 6:
Miami metropolitan area (disambiguation)
The Miami metropolitan area is the metropolitan area centered on Miami, Florida 
The Miami metropolitan area may also refer to:

The Miami, Oklahoma micropolitan area, United States

See also
Miami (disambiguation)
Passage 7:
Tidal flooding
Tidal flooding, also known as sunny day flooding or nuisance flooding, is the temporary inundation of low-lying areas, especially streets, during exceptionally high tide events, such as at full and new moons  The highest tides of the year may be known as the king tide, with the month varying by location  These kinds of floods tend not to be a high risk to property or human safety, but further stress coastal infrastructure in low lying areas This kind of flooding is becoming more common in cities and other human-occupied coastal areas as sea level rise  associated with climate change and other human-related environmental impacts such as coastal erosion and land subsidence increase the vulnerability of infrastructure  Geographies faced with these issues can utilize coastal management practices to mitigate the effects in some areas, but increasingly these kinds of floods may develop into coastal flooding that requires managed retreat or other more extensive climate change adaptation practices are needed for vulnerable areas 

Effects on infrastructure
Tidal flooding is capable of greatly inhibiting natural gravity-based drainage systems in low-lying areas when it reaches levels that are below visible inundation of the surface, but which are high enough to incapacitate the lower drainage or sewer system  Thus, even normal rainfall or storm surge events can cause greatly amplified flooding effects  One passive solution to intrusion through drainage systems are one way back-flow valves in drainage ways  However, while this may prevent a majority of the tidal intrusion, it also inhibits drainage during exceptionally high tides that shut the valves  In Miami Beach, where resilience work is underway, the pump systems replace insufficient gravity-based systems 

Relation to climate change
Sunny day flooding is often associated with coastal regions, where sea level rise attributed to global warming can send water into the streets on days with elevated high tides  Further, regions with glaciers also experience sunny day flooding as climate change alters the dynamics of glacier meltwater  Abnormally hot temperatures not only swell rivers and creeks directly through accelerated snowmelt, but can burst ice dams and cause water from glacial lakes to swell waterways less predictably A warming climate causes physical changes to the types of ice on a glacier  As glaciers retreat, there is less firn (water-retaining snow) so that more meltwater runs directly into the watershed over deeper, impervious glacial ice 

Affected geographies
United States
Most of the coastal communities in the Eastern Seaboard of the United States are vulnerable to this kind of flooding as sea level rise increases Due to changing geography such as subsidence, and poorly planned development, tidal flooding may exist separate from modern nuisance flooding associated with sea level rise and anthropocentric climate change  The widely publicized Holland Island in Maryland for example has disappeared over the years mainly due to subsidence and coastal erosion  In the New Orleans area on the Gulf Coast of Louisiana, land subsidence results in the Grand Isle tide gauge showing an extreme upward sea level trend 

Florida
In Florida, controversy arose when state-level government mandated that the term "nuisance flooding" and other terms be used in place of terms such as sea level rise, climate change and global warming, prompting allegations of climate change denial, specifically against Governor Rick Scott  This amid Florida, specifically South Florida and the Miami metropolitan area being one of the most at risk areas in the world for the potential effects of sea level rise, and where the frequency and severity of tidal flooding events increased in the 21st century  The issue is more bipartisan in South Florida, particularly in places like Miami Beach, where a several hundred million dollar project is underway to install more than 50 pumps and physically raise roads to combat the flooding, mainly along the west side of South Beach, formerly a mangrove wetland where the average elevation is less than one meter (3 3 feet) 
In the Miami metropolitan area, where the vast majority of the land is below 10 ft (3 0 m), even a one-foot increase over the average high tide can cause widespread flooding  The 2015 and 2016 king tide event levels reached about 4 feet (1 2 m) MLLW, 3 feet (0 9 m) above mean sea level, or about 2 ft (0 61 m) NAVD88, and nearly the same above MHHW  While the tide range is very small in Miami, averaging about 2 ft (0 61 m), with the greatest range being less than 2 m (6 6 ft), the area is very acute to minute differences down to single inches due to the vast area at low elevation  NOAA tide gauge data for most stations shows current water level graphs relative to a fixed vertical datum, as well as mean sea level trends for some stations  During the king tides, the local Miami area tide gauge at Virginia Key shows levels running at times 1 foot (0 30 m) or more over datum 
Fort Lauderdale has installed over one hundred tidal valves since 2013 to combat flooding  Fort Lauderdale is nicknamed the "Venice of America" due to its roughly 165 miles (266 km) of canals A recent University of Florida study correlated the increased tidal flooding in south Florida, at least from 2011–2015 to episodic atmospheric conditions  The rate was about 3/4 of an inch (19 mm) per year, versus the global rate of just over a tenth of an inch (3 mm) per year 

See also
Acqua alta, tidal peaks in the northern Adriatic Sea which cause flooding in the Venetian Lagoon



ground_truth: Hollywood, Florida