prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: What profession do Raj Kapoor and Mike Cahill share?

The following are given passages.
Context 1: Passage 1:
Ram Teri Ganga Maili
Ram Teri Ganga Maili (transl  Ram, Your Ganga is Tainted) is a 1985 Indian Hindi-language romantic drama film directed by Raj Kapoor  The film stars Mandakini and Rajiv Kapoor in lead roles  Music director Ravindra Jain received a Filmfare Award for this film 
The film generated controversy because of Mandakini's bold scenes of breastfeeding and bathing in a transparent saree, which wasn't something the conservative Indian Film Certification Board allowed then  Yet, it had a U (Universal) age rating, which was later amended to U/A  It was the last film directed by Raj Kapoor 
Ram Teri Ganga Maili is included in the 'All-Time Blockbusters' list of Indian Cinema  It was certified Diamond Jubilee in Mumbai and Golden Jubilee in other major cities  The film was the year's highest-grossing film  It was also one of the highest-grossing films of the 1980s, alongside Kranti (1981) and Maine Pyar Kiya (1989) 

Plot
Narendra Sahay a k a  "Naren" is the son of Jeeva Sahay  He is a rich politician in Calcutta  Naren visits Gangotri to study the source of the holy river Ganga, and to get some holy water for his wheelchair-using paternal grandmother  There he meets a very pretty girl named Ganga Singh  Ganga lives near Gangotri with her brother, Karam  Soon, they fall in love and decide to marry  They are happily married but suddenly Naren has to return to Calcutta as he wanted to convince his parents about Ganga  While leaving for Calcutta, he promised that he will soon return to her  But he is prevented from doing so 
Ganga became pregnant at the time of his leaving and soon, she becomes mother of a child  She faces many problems at her place because of her child and her beauty  Ganga was alone and no one was there to look after her; finally she decides to go to her husband, Naren  Ganga travels from her place, Gangotri to Calcutta to find her husband  At Rishikesh, she was exploited by two women and a man  Then at Benaras, she was molested by a Pandit, rescued by the police and given a ticket to Calcutta  She fell into the clutches of Manilal who lured her to a brothel near Benaras  At the end she meets her husband when he was marrying another girl  His father fixes his marriage with Radha Choudhary, who is the daughter of his friend, Bhagwat Choudhary  Naren was being informed that Ganga is dead  So, he decided to marry according to his father's wish  On the other hand, Ganga is invited to dance on her husband's marriage  But lastly, love wins and Naren recognizes his wife Ganga  They try to go away from there with their son but Bhagwat Choudhary shoots Ganga in a fit of rage  Ganga gets shot by him on her hand and Naren starts beating Bhagwat Choudhary, believing that he killed Ganga  But then Radha informs him that Ganga isn't dead yet  Naren stops beating Bhagwat and leaves with Ganga and their son 

Cast
Rajiv Kapoor as Narendra "Naren" Sahay
Mandakini as Ganga Sahay
Divya Rana as Radha B  Choudhary
Sushma Seth as Dadima
Saeed Jaffrey as Kunj Bihari
Kulbhushan Kharbanda as Jeeva Sahay
Raza Murad as Bhagwat Choudhary
Geeta Siddharth as Mrs  Sahay
Trilok Kapoor as Professor
Krishan Dhawan as Manilal
Vishwa Mehra as Postbabu
Urmila Bhatt as Tajeshwaribai
A K  Hangal as Brij Kishore
Gautam Sarin as Naren's fellow student
Monty Nath as Naren's fellow student who lost his watch
Kamaldeep as Chamanlal
Tom Alter as Karam Singh (Ganga's elder brother)
Javed Khan Amrohi as Manglu (Ganga's fiancé)

Production
According to Padmini Kolhapure, she was the initial choice for the female lead role but declined because the script had a kissing scene  Mandakini, who ultimately played the role, disputed Kolhapure's claims  She said Raj Kapoor wanted only a new face, rather than an established actress, as he believed he could not "make someone pure Ganga if they have an established image"  Mandakini also stated that she did not breastfeed despite popular belief, but the scene was shot in a way to suggest that 

Cultural allusions
According to Philip Lutgendorf, the movie is an allegory that "synthesizes classical and mythic narrative, soft-core political and social commentary (here condemning the corruption of politicians and capitalists and championing the nascent environmental initiatives of Prime Minister Rajiv Gandhi)  The narrative recapitulates the Abhijñānaśākuntalam story that first appeared in the epic Mahabharata and then was reworked, some six hundred years later, by the poet Kalidasa "
The final song sequence "Ek Radha ek Meera" brings Raj Kapoor's personal experiences with filmdom and reality  This song sequence is the climax of the plot where the bride-to-be is face-to-face with the other "saut", the culturally "polluted" dancer who has made that journey from the pure source of the Himalayas to the ever-flowing and ever-absorbing Ganges with all of the human impurities  It also differentiates between the love of Radha and Meera and reconnects the movie back to the Krishna Leelas 
The movie was a hit, and it earned Mandakini a Filmfare nomination as Best Actress  The film also caused a stir because of two scenes: one in which Mandakini bathes under a waterfall wearing only a flimsy white saree through which her breasts are clearly visible and another in which she is shown breast-feeding a child  Some critics claimed that the scenes were vulgar and exploitative, and were used to get around the Censor Board's stringent rules against nudity  Kapoor defended the inclusion of the scenes stating that they were tasteful 

Awards
33rd Filmfare Awards:Won

Best Film – Randhir Kapoor
Best Director – Raj Kapoor
Best Music Director – Ravindra Jain
Best Art Direction – Suresh J  Sawant
Best Editing – Raj KapoorNominated

Best Actress – Mandakini
Best Supporting Actor – Saeed Jaffrey
Best Lyricist – Hasrat Jaipuri for "Sun Sahiba Sun"
Best Male Playback Singer – Suresh Wadkar for "Main Hi Main Hoon"
Best Story – Raj Kapoor

Songs
Music of this movie was given by late Ravindra Jain, who won Fimfare Award for Best Music Director for this 

"Ek Dukhiyari Kahe" – Lata Mangeshkar & chorus Lyrics-Ravindra Jain
"Ek Radha Ek Meera" – Lata Mangeshkar Lyrics-Ravindra Jain
"Husn Pahadon Ka" – Lata Mangeshkar, Suresh Wadkar Lyrics-Ravindra Jain
"Ram Teri Ganga Maili Ho Gayee" – Part 1 – Suresh Wadkar Lyrics-Ravindra Jain
"Sun Sahiba Sun Pyaar Ki Dhun Maine Tujhe Chun Liya" – Lata Mangeshkar & chorus; Lyrics – Hasrat Jaipuri
"Tujhe Bulayen Yeh Meri Bahen" – Lata Mangeshkar Lyrics-Ravindra Jain
"Yaara O Yaara" – Lata Mangeshkar, Suresh Wadkar Lyrics-Ravindra Jain
"Ram Teri Ganga Maili Ho Gayee" – Part 2 – Suresh Wadkar & Chorus Lyrics-Ravindra Jain
"Main Hi Main Hoon -Suresh Wadkar; Lyrics – Amir Qazalbash
Passage 2:
Kal Aaj Aur Kal
Kal Aaj Aur Kal (transl  Yesterday, Today and Tomorrow) is a 1971 Indian Hindi-language film produced by Raj Kapoor and directed by his son Randhir Kapoor  The film's USP is the appearance of three generations of the famous Kapoor family  The film stars Prithviraj Kapoor, Raj Kapoor, Randhir Kapoor (in his acting debut) and his real-life wife-to-be Babita It was also the last Shankar Jaikishan score in a Raj Kapoor film  This film came after the heavy debacle of Mera Naam Joker, which was Raj Kapoor's dream project  It more than made up for his loss although it was still only a moderate success at the box office  The film marked one of Prithviraj Kapoor's final films as he died the following year of the film's release 

Plot
The title is an allegory to the ideological clash between three generations: Kal (Grandparent – representing the past), Aaj (Parent – representing the present), and Kal(Youth – representing the future)  Diwan Bahadur Kapoor (Prithviraj Kapoor) is the father of Ram Bahadur Kapoor (Raj Kapoor)  Ram's son Rajesh (Randhir Kapoor), who had been sent to London for higher studies, returns to India  Diwan Bahadur has promised his childhood friend that Rajesh's marriage will be done with the latter's granddaughter, Laxmi 
However, Rajesh is in love with his girlfriend Monica "Mona" (Babita),and objects to the marriage alliance by his grandfather  Both the grandfather and the grandson stick to their guns, little realizing that Ram is the real sufferer in the clash  Ram finds himself in trouble when Diwan threatens to leave if Rajesh marries Mona and Rajesh threatens to leave if Diwan makes him marry Laxmi  Unable to decide whether he wants his father or son, Ram leaves his home, leaving the grandfather and grandson blaming each other  
Ram's friend gives him a idea, where he pretends to only want to stay in a hotel and drink a lot  Rajesh and Diwan see his state and decide to pretend to have sorted their issues  The overjoyed Ram throws a party in celebration, however, he overhears his father and son talk about the act  Angered, he leaves the party 
Soon later, Diwan falls sick  He tells Rajesh and his father that he's happy with everything except not getting to see his grandson's wedding  The sad Rajesh decides to give up his love for his grandfather's happiness  He tells Mona the news and she accepts his decision and is ready to come to his wedding  At the wedding, he marries Laxmi but can't see Mona at all  Diwan asks him why he looks so sad and tells the bride to lift up the veil, revealing that the girl he married wasn't Laxmi but Mona instead  Diwan tells him that if he was ready to sacrifice so much for him, so he must sacrifice a little bit for Rajesh  After marriage, Rajesh scatters his grandfather's ashes and his son is born, with Ram happy at becoming a grandfather 

Cast
Prithviraj Kapoor as Diwan Bahadur Kapoor
Raj Kapoor as Ram Kapoor
Randhir Kapoor as Rajesh Kapoor
Babita Kapoor as Mona
Achala Sachdev as Achala
David as Munshi
Iftekhar as Ram's Friend
Roopesh Kumar as Sunny

Soundtrack
All music composed by Shankar–Jaikishan, in their last collaboration with R  K  Films  Three months prior to the film's release, Jaikishan passed away due to cirrhosis of the liver  Nonetheless, three Kishore Kumar numbers from the soundtrack became subsequent hits  These were the solo, Bhanware Ki Gunjan, and a couple duets with Asha Bhosle, Aap Yahan Aaye Kisliye and Tick Tick Tick Chalti Jaye Ghadi 
Passage 3:
Divya Rana
Divya Rana is a former Bollywood actress most noted for her role in Raj Kapoor's Ram Teri Ganga Maili  Divya began her career with the film Ek Jaan Hain Hum (1983) opposite Raj Kapoor's youngest son Rajiv Kapoor  Then she was selected as the second lead in Raj Kapoor's Ram Teri Ganga Maili (1985) co-starring Rajiv Kapoor & Mandakini  Divya later acted in films like Watan Ke Rakhwale, Ek Hi Maqsad, Aasmaan (1984), Maa Kasam (1985 film), Param Dharam and many others  She quit her acting career after her marriage and lives in Mumbai with her husband Fazal and goes by the name Salma Manekia   She works as a photographer and makes ceramic sculptures 

Selected filmography
Passage 4:
Prem Rog
Prem Rog (transl  Sickness Of Love) is a 1982 Hindi-language musical romantic drama directed by Raj Kapoor, with screenplay written by Jainendra Jain and Kamna Chandra  The film tells the story of a man's (Rishi Kapoor) love towards a woman, who is a higher status widow (Padmini Kolhapure)  This film marked Raj Kapoor's return to social themes 
Prem Rog released on 30 July 1982 and emerged as a major commercial success at the box-office, becoming the second highest-grossing film of 1982 after Vidhaata (also starring Kolhapure and Shammi Kapoor)  It received widespread critical acclaim for its direction, story, screenplay, soundtrack, cinematography and performances of the cast, with particular praise directed towards Kolhapure's performance  
At the 30th Filmfare Awards, Prem Rog received a leading 12 nominations, including Best Film, Best Actor (Rishi) and Best Supporting Actress (Nanda), and won a leading 4 awards (tying with Shakti), including Best Director (Raj) and Best Actress (Kolhapure) 
Over the years, Prem Rog has achieved the status of an all-time classic of Raj, Rishi and Kolhapure's careers 

Plot
Devdhar (Rishi Kapoor) is a poor orphan who in his childhood had a magnetic friendship with Manorama (Padmini Kolhapure), the only niece of the rich and powerful Bade Thakur (Shammi Kapoor), and daughter of Virender Singh known as Chhote Thakur (Kulbhushan Kharbanda), who has a secret affair with Chamiya (Bindu)  The benevolent Thakur helped Devdhar go to the city for higher studies  8 years later, Devdhar returns to his village, where he finds Manorama has grown up  After seeing her again, Devdhar falls in love and expects that Manorama also has feelings for her  However Manorama does not have reciprocal emotions  The day Devdhar intends to ask her hand from Bade Thakur, whom he considers to be broad minded of all the village elders, he meets Kunwar Narendra Pratap Singh (Vijayendra Ghatge) Manorama's to-be-groom, who not only is more wealthier than Manorama's family, but Manorama also expresses her infatuation towards the man  Devdhar does not express her feelings and only persons who with slight idea about it are his cousin Radha and Manorama's mother Chhoti Maa 
Kunwar Narendra Pratap Singh loves Manorama dearly however he dies three days after the marriage in a road accident and she becomes a widow  At her own home, she is being prepared to have her head shaved against the protest of Chhoti Maa and Bade Thakur when Raj Rani (Tanuja), sister-in-law of Kunwar Narendra Pratap Singh intervenes and takes Manorama with her  Where she slowly tries to piece her life together with help of her Raj Rani and her son but one day, after Raja Virendra Pratap Singh (Raza Murad), her brother-in-law, rapes her, she returns to her parental home  When Devdhar learns of the situation, he works to rebuild Manorama's life and bring a smile to her face  Devdhar is determined to revive her faith in life and love  In doing so, he eventually has to face the wrath of the powerful Thakur, armed with old-age traditions and customs in his favor 
Manorama had only confessed to her mother about the events post her widow ship  Her brother-in-law and father both are enraged about her affair with Devdhar and swear to kill Devdhar and force her to go back to her in-law's palace  A battle ensues in the village and in the end they both reunite 

Cast
Rishi Kapoor as Devdhar "Dev," a penniless-but-educated orphan raised by his maternal uncle
Padmini Kolhapure as Manorama "Rama" Singh, the daughter of the local aristocratic family
Shammi Kapoor as Bade Raja Thakur, Rama's paternal uncle
Nanda as Chhoti Maa, Rama's mother
Tanuja as Raj Rani, wife of Raja Virendra Pratap Singh
Sushma Seth as Badi Maa, wife of Bade Raja
Kulbhushan Kharbanda as Virendra "Vir" Singh, Rama's father
Raza Murad as Raja Virendra Pratap Singh Narendra's elder brother
Om Prakash as Panditji, the priest; Dev's maternal uncle
Dulari as Panditji's wife
Vijayendra Ghatge as Kunwar Narendra Pratap Singh, Rama's ex husband
Bindu as Chamiya

Soundtrack
All songs are composed by Laxmikant–Pyarelal 

Reception
Critical reception
Prem Rog received widespread critical acclaim for its direction, story, screenplay, soundtrack, cinematography and performances of the cast, with particular praise directed towards Kolhapure's performance 
It was listed by Cosmopolitan magazine as one of its "Top 10 Most Romantic Films Ever" 

Box-Office
Prem Rog grossed ₹13 crore, including a nett of ₹6 5 crore, becoming the second highest-grossing film of 1982 after Vidhaata  
Box Office India gave it a verdict of a 'blockbuster' 

Awards and nominations
Passage 5:
Shree 420
Shree 420 (also spelled as Shri 420; transl  Mr  420) is a 1955 Indian Hindi comedy-drama film directed and produced by Raj Kapoor from a story written by Khwaja Ahmad Abbas whose use of Shree with the negative connotations of 420 caused controversy  The film stars Nargis, Nadira, and Kapoor  The number 420 refers to Section 420 of the Indian Penal Code, which prescribes the punishment for the offence of fraud; hence, "Mr  420" is a derogatory term for a fraud  The film centers on Raj Kapoor, a poor but educated orphan who comes to Bombay with dreams of success  Kapoor's character is influenced by Charlie Chaplin's "little tramp", much like Kapoor's character in his 1951 Awaara  The music was composed by the team of Shankar Jaikishan, and the lyrics were penned by Shailendra and Hasrat Jaipuri 
Shree 420 was the highest-grossing Indian film of 1955, the highest grossing Indian film of all time at the time of its release and the song "Mera Joota Hai Japani" ("My Shoes are Japanese"), sung by Mukesh, became popular and a patriotic symbol of the newly independent India 

Plot
A country boy, Raj (Raj Kapoor), from Allahabad, travels to the big city, Bombay, by walking, to earn a living  He falls in love with the poor but virtuous Vidya (Nargis), but is soon seduced by the riches of a freewheeling and unethical lifestyle presented to him by an unscrupulous and dishonest businessman, Seth Sonachand Dharmanand (Nemo) and the sultry temptress Maya (Nadira)  He eventually becomes a confidence trickster, or "420," who even cheats in card gambling  Vidya tries hard to make Raj a good man, but fails Meanwhile, Sonachand comes up with a Ponzi scheme to exploit poor people, whereby he promises permanent homes to them at just Rs  100  The scheme pays off, as people start hoarding money for a home, even at the cost of other important things  Vidya's contempt for Raj increases even more  Raj becomes wealthy but soon realizes that he paid a very high price for it  When Raj discovers that Sonachand has no plans to fulfill his promises, he decides to make wrongs right 
Raj takes all the bond papers of the people's homes and tries to flee Sonachand's home, only to be caught by Sonachand and his cronies  In a scuffle that occurs, Sonachand shoots Raj and he falls unconscious  When people hear the shooting, they come and see Raj nearly dead  Sonachand tells police that Raj was trying to flee after stealing money from his safe, hence Sonachand shot him 
Upon this, the "dead" Raj springs back to life, and using pure logic, proves Sonachand's guilt  Sonachand and his partners are arrested, while Vidya happily forgives Raj  The film ends with Raj saying "Yeh 420 Nahin, Shree 420 Hain" ("These are not simply con men, they are respectable con men") 

Cast
Cast in order of the opening credits of the film

Allusions
The title refers to section 420 of the Indian penal code, where crimes of theft and deception are punished, which relates to the troubles of the main character 
In Sanskrit, the name of the main character, "Vidya", means knowledge, while "Maya" means Illusion 
The title of one of the songs in the movie is "Ramaiya Vastavaiya" is in Telugu, which means "Lord Ram, you will come"  The title alone is derived from an old Telugu folk song  Apart from that, the rest of the song's lyrics (and the film) are in Hindi  The story goes, the Telugu dubbed version of the film Aah, 1953 was so well received that Raj Kapoor was elated and showed his gratitude for Telugu audiences by having a song in the film beginning with these lines 
At the beginning of the movie, the main protagonist explains to a policeman that one needs to stand on one's head to make sense of this world  He mentions that this is the reason why even great leaders stand on their heads  This is an allusion to several political leaders of that time who enjoyed practicing the Shirshasana, a yoga asana where one stands on his head  In his autobiography, Nehru described that the shirshasana was his favorite pose, and how he often did the shirshasana in jail, too 

Production
Raj Kapoor's real life children Randhir, Ritu and Rishi were featured in the song "Pyar Hua Iqrar Hua", Rishi revealed that Nargis bribed him with chocolate and recalled it in a 2017 interview 

Reception
The song "Mera Joota Hai Japani", in which the singer asserts his pride in being an Indian, despite his clothes being from other countries, became, and remains, a patriotic favourite among many Indians  It is often referenced, including in an acceptance speech at the Frankfurt Book Fair in 2006 by Bengali author Mahasweta Devi 
The film proved to be popular in other countries, including the Soviet Union, Romania, and Israel  In Russia, it was said that Raj Kapoor was as popular as Jawaharlal Nehru, due to the success of Awaara and Shree 420  In Israel, the song "Ichak Dana Beechak Dana" (transliterated as "Ichikidana") became popular and was re-recorded by local singer Naim Rajuan 

Box office
At the Indian box office in 1955, the film grossed ₹3 9 crore (equivalent to ₹421 crore or US$53 million in 2023), with a net income of ₹2 crore (equivalent to ₹216 crore or US$27 million in 2023)  This record was beaten two years later by Mother India in 1957 It was released in the Soviet Union in 1956, coming second on the Soviet box office charts that year  Despite being imported at an unusually high price, it was the most successful foreign film of the year at the Soviet box office, drawing an audience of 35 million viewers 

Soundtrack
Awards
1956: Filmfare Awards
Best Cinematographer: Radhu Karmakar
Best Editing: G G  Mayekar
National Film Awards1956: Certificate of Merit for the Second Best Feature Film in Hindi

See also
Raju Ban Gaya Gentleman

Notes
Passage 6:
Karan Kapoor
Karan Kapoor (born 18 January 1962) is an Indian photographer, actor and model  He is the son of actors Shashi Kapoor and Jennifer Kendal  His paternal grandfather was Prithviraj Kapoor and his paternal uncles are Raj Kapoor and Shammi Kapoor  His elder brother Kunal Kapoor and younger sister Sanjana Kapoor have also acted in some films  His maternal grandparents, Geoffrey Kendal and Laura Kendal, were actors who toured India and Asia with their theatre group, Shakespearana, performing Shakespeare and Shaw  The Merchant Ivory film, Shakespeare Wallah, was loosely based on the family, which starred his father and his maternal aunt, actress Felicity Kendal 

Personal life
Karan Kapoor was born on 18 January 1962 to actor Shashi Kapoor and British theatre actress Jennifer Kendal  Early in his career he was a popular model made famous by the Bombay Dyeing advertisement campaign and he also acted in Sultanat (1986), opposite Juhi Chawla as well as later in Loha with Dharmendra  Karan now runs a photography company in the UK  He was married to English model Lorna Tarling Kapoor; the couple are now separated  They have a daughter, Aliya Kapoor and son Zak Kapoor 
Kapoor has two siblings  His brother Kunal Kapoor formerly acted in Bollywood movies and now runs ad company Adfilms Valas  Kunal was married to filmmaker Ramesh Sippy's daughter Sheena, who is a well known photographer  They also have two children, Shaira and Zahan  Kunal and Sheena are now divorced His sister Sanjana Kapoor runs the Prithvi Theatre 
Jennifer Kapoor was diagnosed with terminal colon cancer in 1982 and succumbed to the disease in 1984 

Career
He made his debut in Shyam Benegal's critically acclaimed 1978 film Junoon, which also featured his parents and both siblings  He had a minor part in his father's production 36 Chowringhee Lane (1981)  He appeared in the British television series The Jewel in the Crown in 1984 
Karan had a short presenting stint for the BBC's Asian magazine Network East in 1994 
He made his debut in mainstream Bollywood films with Sultanat (1986), alongside Dharmendra, Sunny Deol and Juhi Chawla  He later acted in Loha (1987) and Afsar in 1988, but did not have many offers as an actor  He also modeled major Indian brands, including Bombay Dyeing He has since become a photographer and lives in Chelsea, London, with his wife Lorna, his daughter Aliya, and Zach, his son After a gap of nearly 25 years, Karan has now come back into the public and returned to India with a series of his photography exhibitions, Time & Tide  Karan's Time & Tide photography exhibition started in his home town Mumbai in November 2016 then taking place in Bangalore, Kolkata, New Delhi, Ahmedabad & Jaipur throughout 2017  Karan has done much research in the Anglo-Indian communities and travelled through various parts of India in the 1980s to meet these communities and has taken photographs  His articles were published in the BBC, Indian Express, Hindustan Times and other newspapers in November 2016  In his recent interview, Karan said that he is quite keen to do more photography projects in India, because his children have now grown up so he could spend more time in India  Karan also said that he was always interested in photography since his childhood even though being a part of very famous Bollywood family of Kapoors  Karan's elder brother Kunal Kapoor is now a leading ad-maker of India and younger sister Sanjana Kapoor runs the Junoon foundation to promote arts, culture and drama 

Filmography
Actor
TV Series
The Jewel in the Crown (1984 British TV Series on ITV) as Colin Lindsey
South of the Border (1990 British TV Series) as Max Wilding
The Tooting Lions (1993 British TV movie) as Kool
 BBC Network East 1994

Still photographer
The Bostonians (1984)
Utsav (1984)

Miscellaneous Crew
Vijeta (1982)

Awards
His photograph "Old Couple" won the International Photography Awards 2009 in the People/Lifestyle category  It was one of five nominations he received that year 
Passage 7:
Mera Naam Joker
Mera Naam Joker (transl  "My Name is Joker") is a 1970 Indian  romantic drama film, directed, edited and produced by Raj Kapoor under his banner R  K  Films, and written by Khwaja Ahmad Abbas  The film stars Raj Kapoor as the eponymous character, with his son Rishi Kapoor making his screen debut playing his younger version, along with Simi Garewal, Kseniya Ryabinkina, Padmini, Manoj Kumar and Dharmendra in supporting roles  The plot focuses on a clown who must make his audience laugh at the cost of his own sorrows; three women who shaped his life view his final performance 
The film is one of the lengthiest films of Indian cinema  Mera Naam Joker is the second and to date last Indian film to have two intervals, the first being Sangam (1964)  After Sangam became a blockbuster, Mera Naam Joker was highly anticipated as it was under production for six years and heavily publicized, loosely based on Kapoor's own life  The film was partly made with the participation of Soviet actors and was partly shot in Moscow  The film's music, still very popular, was composed by Shankar Jaikishan, for which the duo got their ninth Filmfare award  In India, upon release the film was critical and commercial failure, putting Kapoor into a financial crisis, as the film was panned for its length and plot  The film has gained a cult status, and is regarded as a classic today  Both audience's and critics' response has turned highly favourable with the passage of time 
An abridged version was released in the 1980s and had a highly successful run at the box office  Kapoor termed it his favourite film and described it as having deep philosophical depth and meaning  The film is regarded as one of Kapoor's finest works today with film experts labeling it as a "misunderstood masterpiece"  The film later on became a cult classic and is regarded as one of Raj Kapoor's best films and among the best Bollywood films of the 20th century  In the Soviet Union, the film also initially drew mixed reviews from critics, yet commercially became a blockbuster at the Soviet box office after it released there in 1972  Rather than being released as a single film, the film's three chapters were released separately as three parts in the Soviet Union  The three parts of the film collectively sold 73 1 million tickets at the Soviet box office 

Plot
Three women, Mary, Marina, and Meena, are each sent a toy clown and invited to the last performance of the famous clown Raj Ranbir aka Raju, in his first time on stage in 20 years  The stories of these three women and their relationships with Raju are told through a series of flashbacks during his performance 

Chapter I
As a chubby, clumsy 16 year old, Raju is known to his schoolmates as the class clown  Unlike the rest of the students at his private Christian school, Raju is poor and lives nearby with his mother and no one else  When a new teacher, Mary, comes to his school, she encourages Raju to find his ambitions and makes him more confident in himself  One day, after coming home, Raju asks his mother what his deceased father did  Despite rejecting this question in the past, she finally answers that he had worked as a clown in the circus, and died in an accident there  Raju proclaims that he will be just like his father and make everyone laugh, to the horror of his mother, who says his father had only given her tears  On a school trip to the forest, Mary accidentally falls into the river   After she comes out, Raju becomes entranced by the sight of her leg  He then follows her to a grove, where he sees her undressing  When he tries to sleep that night, Raju imagines her nude  He goes to the church to confess (Raju thinks himself a sinner for imagining his teacher nude); and after he does that Mary sees him there, and when he says he committed a sin she says that he can't have committed a sin as he is a child, Raju replies that he isn't one  When Mary and the rest of the students leave for the holidays, Raju gifts her a toy clown that his father had  Afterwards, he roams around the school, lonely and depressed  When Mary comes back, Raju is startled to discover that she has a male companion named David with her  After Raju comes to the couple's house, David starts becoming suspicious, and confronts him after he leaves but still waits outside  When Raju drops his books in shock, David discovers a paper with her picture and a heart surrounding it  Raju's mother becomes sick, and he starts dressing as a clown to sell various concoctions on the roadside to pay the school fees  However, after his classmate's mother sees him, Raju is expelled  Mary consoles him, and tells him that she will also be leaving to marry David  He attends the wedding as best man  Before the newlyweds drive off to their new life, David gifts Raju back the toy clown 

Chapter II
Raju and his ill mother move to several cities over the years before coming to Bombay  Now an adult, Raju is working as a clown at a local fair  When a group of Russian entertainers come to Gemini Circus to promote Indo-Soviet relations, he sneaks in with them and pockets their first payment  Raju claims that he is the Russian ringleader, which immediately causes Gemini's own ringleader, Sher Singh, to conspire against him  During his initial performance, Sher Singh switched off the lights, which lands Raju in a dangerous situation  After the actual ringmaster comes in, Sher Singh saves Raju and brings him to a meeting to explain himself  Raju explains that he needed a job to take care of his mother, and that he had to resort to this drama to get into the circus  Realizing his potential, circus owner Mahendra Kumar hires him  Marina, the lead trapezist, also notices him, and despite the language barrier, they become close  He comes back to his mother and tells her that he got a job, but leaves out the details  She hopes that he will be able to find a wife to "complete" the family  Soon, Raju is hired as a clown, and eventually he and Marina fall in love, with his toy clown being given away once again  However, Mahendra reminds him that the artists will be going back soon, and discourages his love  Raju and Marina meet again, and Marina realizes that his mother sees her as his future wife  She visits her again, but leaves her the toy clown departs tearfully  Raju's mother realizes through the poster that wrapped the toy that he is a clown once again, and rushes to the circus on the day of the Russians' last performance  Seeing him on the trapeze, Raju's mother dies, being reminded of the accident which caused her husband's death  Despite his sorrow, Raju performs as a clown that night  Afterwards, he decides to resign, citing his mother death  The chapter ends with Raju seeing Marina off at the airport 

Chapter III
Alone again, Raju wanders on the beach and throws his toy clown into the sea  A dog runs out to catch it and give it back  The dog belongs to the orphan Meenu, and the three partner up to make a roadside show and live together in an abandoned house  One day, Meenu's shirt is torn and Raju, upon discovering that she is a girl, deserts her  After a while, he comes back to her home, where she explains that her real name is Meena and that she had to act like a boy to survive on her own in the city, which she had fled to, to achieve her dream of becoming a famous actress  Raju gifts her a saree, but despite the explanation, Raju is mad that their friendship was based on a lie and leaves  After Meena confesses her love for him, Raju changes his mind  Their singing gets noticed and the duo start performing at a qawwali venue  One day, the dog gets taken by the city pound, mistaken for a stray  While Raju mourns the loss of their companion, Meena says that they have no use for it anymore  Her attitude shocks Raju and he figures that she only uses love as a tool to use others  Despite his pity for the qawwali venue owner who had already pre-paid them, Meena makes them move into theatre acting  While Meena maintains that she loves him, Raju is suspicious  After a while, Meena is noticed by movie star Rajendra Kumar, who wants a new heroine for his next film  Although Raju accompanies Meena to the screen tests, Kumar tells him that in order for her to become a great actress, Raju must leave  After a farewell at their old house, Raju is left alone with his toy clown 
The film then transitions back to his last show  After a song Raju announces an intermission of indeterminate length, but then reassures the audience that the "joker" still has more to perform to keep his audience laughing  The film ends with the words "Positively Not The End" 

Cast
Raj Kapoor as Raju
Rajendra Kumar as Self
Manoj Kumar as David
Dharmendra as Mahendra Kumar
Padmini as Meena Bansal / Meenu Master
Simi Garewal as Mary
Kseniya Ryabinkina as Marina
Dara Singh as Sher Singh
Om Prakash as Circus Surgeon
Rishi Kapoor as Junior Raju
Rajendra Nath as Circus Surgeon
Achala Sachdev as Raju's mother
Eduard Sjereda as a Member of the Soviet State Circus

Soundtrack
Production
Mera Naam Joker was under production for six years, with Raj Kapoor investing much of his own personal fortune  All his assets were mortgaged  The film has three chapters  Originally, it was to have six chapters  Khwaja Ahmad Abbas wrote the screenplay with Kapoor on mind, and several instances in the story was based on Kapoor's own life, such as the Christian school teacher episode  Kapoor approached each chapter as it were three separate films  He shot the third chapter first as Padmini and Rajendra Kumar were available at the time  By the time he began the first chapter, he was behind schedule and over the budget  The school scenes were shot at St  Paul's School, Jalapahar, Darjeeling, West Bengal, India  The film was five hours long The film also makes references to Raj Kapoor's career throughout  The popular title track of 'Awaara' (1951) is used near the end of the second chapter  In the song 'Kehta Hai Joker Saara Zamana', a child looks up reels of 'Shree 420' (1955) in a bioscope, which feature Nargis, who formed an iconic pair with Raj Kapoor in the 40s and 50s   The poster of Kapoor's previous film 'Sangam (1964 Hindi film)' is also seen 

Reception
India
Upon release in India, Mera Naam Joker was widely derided for its length and the experimental nature of its plot, and it became a critical and commercial failure  The film had two intervals  It later came to be considered a cult classic, and it is considered one of Kapoor's best films  Its reputation was revived, which happened after India was introduced to world cinema  Kapoor's mask was burned in a fire at RK Studios 

Soviet Union
In the Soviet Union, the film's distribution rights were sold for ₹15 lakh (US$199,351 44), the highest for an Indian film up until then  Upon release, the film initially also drew a mixed reaction from Russian critics  Despite this, the film became a commercial blockbuster at the Soviet box office after it released there in 1972  Rather than being released as a single film, the film's three chapters were released separately as three parts in the Soviet Union  The first part drew 29 million box office admissions, the second part drew 22 6 million admissions, and the final part 21 5 million admissions, adding up to a total of 73 1 million admissions at the Soviet box office  This was equivalent to an estimated 18 28 million Rbls ($22 13 million, ₹16 81 crore) at the time, or $155 million (₹1,059 crore) adjusted for inflation in 2022 

Themes and Analysis
The film was deeply philosophical which was part of the reason it wasn't a success when it same out 
The crux of the film is how Raju, the joker, entertains people and makes them laugh, but to do so hides many hardships and heartbreaks of his own life  The 'Joker' is an allegory for not just clowns, but artists and entertainers of all kinds, like Raj Kapoor himself 
The film shows that the audience does not concern itself with the person who is performing but accepts only the performer divorced from his personal situation, his emotions and even from his real persona, the audience embraces only the character that entertains them and does not associate with the real person playing that character  It also implies that life itself is a performance, literally turning Raju's life into chapters of a film  
Therefore, to the “Joker” there is no reality outside performance, he only belongs to the stage, to his character, to the performance, and the audience 
In the end Raju gives a speech to the audience where he says that the "show" will always go on, although it may have different characters, meaning that artists will go through the same across generations  
The film is also semi-autobiographical, reportedly based on the life experiences of Raj Kapoor 

Awards
18th National Film Awards:Best Child Artist – Rishi Kapoor
Best Male Playback Singer – Manna Dey for "Ae Bhai Zara Dekh Ke Chalo"
Best Cinematography (Color) – Radhu Karmakar
19th Filmfare Awards:
Won

Best Director – Raj Kapoor
Best Music Director – Shankar–Jaikishan
Best Male Playback Singer – Manna Dey for "Ae Bhai Zara Dekh Ke Chalo"
Best Cinematography – Radhu Karmakar
Best Sound Design – Allauddin Khan QureshiNominated

Best Film – Raj Kapoor
Best Lyricist – Gopaldas Neeraj for "Ae Bhai Zara Dekh Ke Chalo"

See also
List of highest-grossing Indian films in overseas markets
Passage 8:
Mike Cahill (director)
Mike Cahill (born July 5, 1979) is an American filmmaker 

Early life and education
Mike Cahill was born in New Haven, Connecticut, on July 5, 1979  His first forays into filmmaking were with Fisher-Price and VHS camcorders when he was young  He gained his first credit as a documentarian at the age of 17, when he and a friend directed a film titled The Pocket, about D C go-go music After high school, Cahill studied economics at Georgetown University, graduating in 2001  While a student there he formed a close relationship with professional colleague and friend Brit Marling, whom he met at a Georgetown film festival, and the two began working on short films together where Marling would act and Cahill would direct 

Career
While still in his senior year at Georgetown, Cahill began interning with National Geographic Television and Film, soon becoming their youngest field producer, editor and cinematographer  He and Marling collaborated on Boxers and Ballerinas (2004), an exploration of the U S –Cuba conflict through the lives of four characters, while living in Cuba  Cahill next moved to Los Angeles  There he was taken on as editor for two Sundance features, Leonard Cohen: I'm Your Man and Everyone Stares: The Police Inside Out 2011 was Cahill's pivotal year  His first feature film as director, co-written with Marling, Another Earth, about a parallel planet Earth, won the Alfred P  Sloan Prize at the 2011 Sundance Film Festival and was picked up for distribution by Fox Searchlight Pictures  Variety reported: "[It] has been deemed one of the more highly praised pics of the fest as it received a standing ovation after the screening and strong word of mouth from buyers and festgoers " The distributor Fox Searchlight Pictures won distribution rights to the film in a deal worth $1 5 million to $2 million, beating out other distributors including Focus Features and the Weinstein Company Cahill's second feature film I Origins again won the Alfred P  Sloan Prize, this time at the 2014 Sundance Film Festival, making Cahill the only person to have received the award twice  The film was picked up for distribution by Fox Searchlight In 2011, before the release of I Origins, a press release by Fox Searchlight stated that Cahill was working on a film about reincarnation and another about "a fashion designer who lives at the bottom of the sea " As of 2015 he is also working on a sequel of I Origins  "There's a sequel in the works  It's not scripted  We're not in production yet, but we set up at Fox Searchlight" Starting in 2015, Cahill is an executive producer of the Syfy TV show The Magicians, and directed the pilot episode  He is also an executive producer on The Path, and directed the first two episodes 

Influences
Cahill has cited Julian Schnabel as a significant influence on his work  He considers Krzysztof Kieslowski one of his favorite filmmakers, specifically citing The Double Life of Véronique as having a profound impact on him  Cahill, who has a casual interest in astronomy, was also influenced by the work of astronomer Richard Berendzen, in particular, Berendzen's audiobook Pulp Physics  He is also an admirer of Carl Sagan and Isaac Asimov He has always admired science His favorite movie of all time is 2001: A Space Odyssey  "Because that movie, what it presents to you, can’t be articulated in any other form than as a movie," he said 

Filmography
Awards and nominations
Passage 9:
Aag (1948 film)
Aag (English: Fire) is a 1948 Indian Hindi language musical drama film which is produced, directed by and stars Raj Kapoor  The film marked the debut of Kapoor as producer and director and was the first film produced by his R K  banner  Nargis, Premnath, Nigar Sultana and Kamini Kaushal also starred in supporting roles  Raj Kapoor's youngest brother Shashi Kapoor appeared as a child artist in this film playing the younger version of his character (Kewal)  This marked the first of more than a dozen films in which Raj Kapoor and Nargis appeared together

Plot
The film opens with a groom approaching his new bride, called Sudha, on their wedding night  The bride, upon seeing the groom screams because his face is disfigured due to burns  The groom then starts telling the bride his story and the remainder of the film is a flashback told to the bride by the groom  The story is about a boy, named Kewal (played by Shashi Kapoor), who is obsessed with theatre but is descended from a family of lawyers  The boy Kewal is fascinated by a girl named Nirmala, nicknamed Nimmi, a classmate in school when he was aged 10 years  They both enjoy theatre and Kewal shares his dream of opening a theatre company and starring in his play with Nimmi as the female lead while watching a play in their school  He soon plans to stage a play in his neighbourhood with Nimmi, but she deserts him because her family moves to a different city on the day of the premiere  The young Kewal takes this to heart, but after finishing school, Kewal (now played by Raj Kapoor) reluctantly submits to his father's (Kamal Kapoor) demands to continue the family tradition by studying law and become a successful lawyer just like him and his forefathers  At College, Kewal meets another Nirmala (who asks him to call her Nimmi, after hearing his story of childhood love)  He again plans to stage a play, but the second Nimmi also deserts him because her parents have decided to marry her off to a man who lives in England on the day of the premiere  Kewal is distracted and fails his law exam  This forces him to a reckoning that he has no real interest in becoming a lawyer and would like to pursue his childhood dream of owning his theatre company to write, direct, and produce plays  He argues with his father and is asked to leave the house and despite his mother's protestations, decides to chart his path in life and pursue his dreams  After a little struggle, he luckily finds a patron of the arts named Rajan, (Premnath), who is the owner of a theater company, that has closed down  Kewal and Rajin strike up a creative partnership and a friendship for Kewal to write and produce plays and Rajan to finance these  During the preparation for his play, Kewal discovers a woman made homeless by Partition (Nargis) and casts her as the lead in his play   With the finances and a leader in place, Kewal's dreams can now, at last, be realised; Kewal suggests that Nargis's character (who is not named) takes the name, Nimmi (a third incarnation)  Rajan is besotted by Nimmi, but Nimmi is in love with Kewal, who remains unaware of Nimmi's feelings towards him  This conflict comes to a head on the opening night of Rajan and Kewal's first production; Rajan goes berserk and rips all his pictures of Nimmi that he has painted  Kewal, only now, discovers the reality of the situation with Rajin and tries to convince Nimmi that she should get together with Rajan, who is his friend and mentor; Nimmi pleads that she is in love with Kewal and not Rajan  The play starts (with Kewal's parents with whom he has patched up relations are in the audience) and Kewal takes a lit torch (the Aag or fire) and burns his face  During this act, of what Kewal perceives as a sacrifice to save his friendship with Rajan, the stage catches fire and the whole production company is burnt to the ground and he is disfigured  Kewal then confronts Nimmi, who is repulsed by his disfigurement and tells her that she only liked him because of his outer beauty and only the true Nimmi liked him for who he is on the inside  Nimmi (Nargis's version) visits Kewal in the hospital with his face bandaged  Nimmi offers flowers and Kewal notices a ring on her finger which Nimmi tells him was given to her by Rajan; Kewal wishes her well and she slips away  The camera cuts back to the present, the wedding night, where Kewal is telling Sudha that his childhood Nimmi understood him and only she will accept him for who he is  Sudha suggests that Kewal would not know if Nimmi was standing in front of him  Sudha turns out to be the original Nimmi (from Kewal's childhood) and accepts Kewal for who he is  Kewal and Nimmi renew their vow of opening a theatre company together 

Cast
Raj Kapoor as Kewal Khanna
Shashi Kapoor as Young Kewal Khanna
Nargis as Nimmi
Kamini Kaushal as Miss Nirmala
Nigar Sultana as Sudha
Kamal Kapoor as Kewal Khanna's father
Premnath as Rajan

Music
The music for this film was composed and conducted by Ram Ganguly  For his next film Barsaat, Raj Kapoor took Shankar–Jaikishan as music director and this duo went on to produce subsequent scores for R  K  Films 
The tracks in this film are written by Behzad Lucknavi and Deepak 

Box office
This film was not a major success and did Average business at the box office  As a director, Raj Kapoor had his first major hit with Barsaat (1949) 
Passage 10:
Raj Kapoor
Raj Kapoor (pronounced [raːdʒ kəˈpuːɾ]; born Shrishti Nath Kapoor; 14 December 1924 – 2 June 1988), also known as Ranbir Raj Kapoor, was an Indian actor, film director and producer, who worked in Hindi cinema  He is considered one of the greatest and most influential actors and filmmakers in history of Indian cinema, and has been referred to as The Greatest Showman of Indian Cinema and as the Charlie Chaplin of Indian Cinema Born in Peshawar as the son of Prithviraj Kapoor of the Kapoor family, Raj Kapoor starred in and produced many films for which he received multiple accolades, including three National Film Awards and 11 Filmfare Awards in India  He was inspired by Charlie Chaplin and played characters based on The Tramp in films such as Awaara (1951, also as producer) and Shree 420 (1955)  His performance in Awaara was ranked as one of the "Top-Ten Greatest Performances of All Time in World Cinema" by Time magazine in 2005; both that and his other produced film Boot Polish (1954) competed for the Palme d'Or grand prize at the Cannes Film Festival 
His films were global commercial successes in parts of Asia, the Middle East, the Caribbean, Africa and the Soviet bloc  The Government of India honoured him with the Padma Bhushan in 1971 for his contributions to the arts  India's highest award in cinema, the Dadasaheb Phalke Award, was bestowed on him in 1987 by the Government of India 

Early life and background
Raj Kapoor was born as Shrishti Nath Kapoor on 14 December 1924 at Kapoor Haveli, a large house then owned by his grandfather in the Qissa Khwani Bazaar neighborhood of Peshawar, British India into a Punjabi Hindu family of the Kapoor clan, who belonged to the Dhai Ghar Khatri community  His parents were Prithviraj Kapoor and Ramsarni Devi Kapoor (née Mehra)  The Kapoor family hailed originally from Samundri, Samundri Tehsil, Lyallpur District, Punjab Province, British India  He was the eldest sibling of six children in the family  He was the grandson of Dewan Basheshwarnath Kapoor, great-grandson of Dewan Keshavmal Kapoor, and great-great-grandson of Dewan Murli Mal Kapoor, and was part of the famous Kapoor family  His brothers were the late actors Shammi Kapoor and Shashi Kapoor  He also had a sister named Urmila Sial  Two other siblings died in infancy  Kapoor's family later on moved from Peshawar, North-West Frontier Province to Bombay, Bombay Presidency for residence and for education 
He is the nephew of actor Trilok Kapoor, who is the younger brother of his father Prithviraj Kapoor  His first cousin was actor Subbiraj who was his father's sister's son 
His father's cousin was film producer Surinder Kapoor, whose children are producer Boney Kapoor and actors Anil Kapoor and Sanjay Kapoor  His father's maternal first cousins were actors Kamal Kapoor, Ravindra Kapoor, and Nandkishore Kapoor  Kamal Kapoor's grandson is filmmaker Goldie Behl  His maternal first cousin, Juggal Kishore Mehra, was a singer, whose step-granddaughter, Salma Agha, later became an actress and singer 
As Prithviraj moved from city to city early in his career during the 1930s, the family had to move too  Raj Kapoor attended several different schools like Colonel Brown Cambridge School in Dera Doon, St Xavier's Collegiate School in Calcutta and Campion School in Bombay 

Career
At the age of ten, he appeared in a Hindi film for the first time, in 1935's Inquilab  Raj Kapoor's big break came with the lead role in Neel Kamal (1947) opposite Madhubala in her first role as a leading lady  In 1948, at the age of twenty-four, he established his own studio, R  K  Films, and became the youngest film director of his time making his directorial debut with Aag starring himself, Nargis, Kamini Kaushal and Premnath  In 1949 he co-starred alongside Dilip Kumar and Nargis in Mehboob Khan's Andaz which was his first big hit as an actor  He had his first success as producer, director and actor in another major blockbuster Barsaat which released later that year He went on to produce and star in several hit films made under his R  K  Banner including  Awaara (1951), Shree 420 (1955) and Jis Desh Men Ganga Behti Hai (1960), the last was directed by Radhu Karmakar, his longtime cinematographer, and which won Filmfare Award for Best Film  These films established his screen image modeled on Charlie Chaplin's most famous screen persona of The Tramp  Outside of his home productions, his other notable films as a leading actor included Dastan (1950), Anhonee (1952), Chori Chori (1956), Phir Subah Hogi (1958), Anari (1959), Chhalia (1960) and Dil Hi To Hai (1963)  He also produced the hit social films Boot Polish (1954) and Ab Dilli Door Nahin (1957) In 1964, he produced, directed and starred in the romantic musical Sangam alongside Rajendra Kumar and Vyjayanthimala which was his first film in colour  This was his last major success as a leading actor as his later films like  Around the World (1966) and Sapnon Ka Saudagar (1968) with younger starlets Rajshree and Hema Malini were box office flops  In 1965 he was a member of the jury at the 4th Moscow International Film Festival In 1970 he produced, directed and starred in his ambitious film Mera Naam Joker which took more than six years to complete  His son Rishi Kapoor made his debut in this film playing the younger version of his character  When released in 1970, it was a box office disaster and put Kapoor and his family into a financial crisis  In later years it was acknowledged as a cult classic  In 1971, he launched his eldest son Randhir Kapoor in the family drama Kal Aaj Aur Kal starring himself, his son Randhir, his father Prithviraj Kapoor as well as Randhir's to-be wife Babita  He launched his second son Rishi Kapoor's career in 1973 when he produced and directed Bobby which was a huge box office success and introduced actress Dimple Kapadia, later a very popular actress; it was the first of a new generation of teen romances  Dimple wore bikinis which was quite unique for Indian films then  In 1975 he acted alongside his son Randhir again in Dharam Karam, which Randhir also directed 
In the latter half of the 1970s and early 1980s he produced and directed films that focused on the female protagonists: Satyam Shivam Sundaram (1978) with Zeenat Aman, Prem Rog (1982) with Padmini Kolhapure and Ram Teri Ganga Maili (1985) which introduced Mandakini  He acted in fewer films by the late 1970s and early 1980s but played a notable supporting role alongside Rajesh Khanna in Naukri (1978) and as the titular character alongside Sanjay Khan in Abdullah (1980)  He played a detective in two comedy films: Do Jasoos (1975) and Gopichand Jasoos (1982), both directed by Naresh Kumar (brother of Rajendra Kumar)  In 1979 he was a member of the jury at the 11th Moscow International Film Festival  Raj Kapoor's last major film appearance was in Vakil Babu (1982) where he appeared with his younger brother Shashi  A film he had shot and completed in 1982 titled Chor Mandali in which he appeared opposite fellow veteran actor Ashok Kumar remained unreleased due to a legal dispute  His last acting role was a cameo appearance in a 1984 released British made-for-television film titled Kim 
He was set to direct Henna starring his son Rishi and Pakistani actress Zeba Bakhtiar before his death in 1988  His son Randhir directed the film and it released in 1991 

Personal life
On 12 May 1946, Raj Kapoor married Krishna Malhotra  Krishna was one of nine siblings, and following her marriage, many of them joined the Hindi film industry  Her brothers, Rajendra Nath, Prem Nath and Narendra Nath, later became actors, and her sister Uma is married to actor Prem Chopra 
Raj and Krishna Kapoor had five children: three sons, actors Randhir Kapoor (1947–), Rishi Kapoor (1952–2020) and Rajiv Kapoor (1962–2021), and two daughters, Ritu Nanda (1949–2020) and Rima Jain (1955–)  Randhir is married to former actress Babita and is the father of actresses Karishma Kapoor and Kareena Kapoor  Rishi was married to former actress Neetu Singh until his death and is father of two children, a daughter Riddhima Kapoor, and a son, actor Ranbir Kapoor  Raj Kapoor's elder daughter, Ritu Nanda, was married until their deaths to industrialist Rajan Nanda (scion of the family which promoted and controls the Escorts group), and she was the mother of two children :Her daughter Nitasha Nanda and her son, Nikhil Nanda, is married to Shweta, daughter of actors Amitabh Bachchan and Jaya Bachchan  Raj Kapoor's younger daughter, Rima Jain, is married to investment banker Manoj Jain and is the mother of Armaan Jain and Aadar Jain 
Both of Kapoor's brothers, all three of Kapoor's sons, two of Kapoor's daughters-in-law and three of Kapoor's grandchildren have been active at various times in the film industry  His granddaughters Karisma Kapoor and Kareena Kapoor (daughters of Kapoor's eldest son Randhir), and grandson Ranbir Kapoor (son of Kapoor's second son Rishi) are the latest Bollywood superstars from the Kapoor family, while another of his grandsons, Nikhil Nanda (Kapoor's daughter Ritu's son), is a noted industrialist 
Kapoor had a longtime romantic relationship with renowned actress Nargis Dutt during the 1940s and 1950s, despite being a married man, although neither ever publicly admitted to this  The couple starred in several films together, including Awaara and Shree 420  As Raj would not leave his wife and children, Nargis ended their relationship after Chori Chori and married Sunil Dutt with whom she fell in love on the set of Mother India (1957)  In 2017, his second son Rishi confirmed his father's affair in his autobiography Khullam Khulla Krishna Raj Kapoor died on 1 October 2018  Rajan Nanda, husband of Ritu Nanda died on 5 August 2018  In January 2020, Ritu Nanda herself died  She was followed three months later by her brother Rishi, Kapoor's second son, who died in April 2020  Kapoor's third and youngest son, Rajiv, died in February 2021 
Dilip Kumar, Mukesh, Dev Anand, Pran, Rajendra Kumar, Manna Dey, Shankar Jaikishan, Hrishikesh Mukherjee, Khwaja Ahmad Abbas and Rajesh Khanna were among Kapoor's closest friends from the movie industry 

Filmography
Death
Cause
Raj Kapoor suffered from asthma in his later years; he died of complications related to the disease in 1988 at the age of 63  He collapsed at the event where he was to receive the Dadasaheb Phalke Award in New Delhi, and was taken to the All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi for treatment  He was hospitalised for about a month before he succumbed to complications arising from his asthma  At the time of his death, he was working on the movie Henna (an Indo-Pakistan based love story)  The film was later completed by his sons Randhir Kapoor and Rishi Kapoor and was released in 1991 

Memorial at family farm in Pune
His and his parents' Samadhi (memorial) is at their family farm "Rajbaugh", which means the "gardens of king"  Located inside the MIT Art Design and Technology University (MIT ADTU), Rajbaugh lies on the banks of Mula-Mutha River in Loni Kalbhor village 30 km east of Pune in Maharashtra  Kapoor family sold part of 125 acres Rajbaugh to MIT ADTU which built a memorial for the Kapoor family on its campus  Memorial was unveiled in 2014 in the presence of Lata Mangeshkar and Kapoor clan  Kapoor family memorial has 7 pagodas showing elements of Raj Kapoor's movies, a museum or viewing gallery which showcases family photographs and moments from his movie making from 1945 to 1990  Raj Kapoor shot many of his films at this farm, including Satyam Shivam Sundaram, Mera Naam Joker, Bobby, and Prem Rog  The family Banglow inside the farm has been preserved; the popular song "Hum Tum Ek Kamre Mein Band Ho" was shot inside this banglow 

Legacy
Raj Kapoor is often referred as The Greatest Showman of Indian Cinema in the Indian media  Film historians and movie buffs speak of him as the "Charlie Chaplin of Indian cinema", since he often portrayed a tramp-like figure, who, despite adversity, was still cheerful and honest  His movies were popular in large parts of South/Central/Southeast Asia, the former Soviet Union/Bloc, China, the Middle East, and Africa; his movies were global commercial successes Siddharth Kak made, Raj Kapoor, a feature film documentary on the actor in 1987 which was produced by the Government of India's Films Division A postage stamp, bearing his face, was released by India Post to honour him on 14 December 2001  To honour him, a brass statue of his was unveiled at Walk of the Stars at Bandra Bandstand in Mumbai in March 2012 

Many of Raj Kapoor's movies had a patriotic theme  His films Aag, Shree 420 and Jis Desh Men Ganga Behti Hai (In the country where the Ganges flows) celebrated the newly independent India, and encouraged film-goers to be patriots  Raj Kapoor commissioned these famous lyrics for Mera Joota Hai Japani, a song from the movie Shree 420:

Mera joota hai Japani (My shoes are Japanese)
Ye patloon Inglistani (These trousers are English)
Sar pe lal topi Roosi (The red cap on my head is Russian)
Phir bhi dil hai Hindustani (But still, however, my heart is Indian)The song is still extremely popular and has been featured in a number of movies since Shree 420 was released  Indian author Mahasweta Devi stopped the show with her inaugural speech at the 2006 Frankfurt Book Fair when she used these lyrics to express her own heartfelt patriotism and debt to her country 
In 2014, Google commemorated his 90th birthday Raj Kapoor was a canny judge of filmi music and lyrics  Many of the songs he commissioned are evergreen hits  He introduced the music directors Shankar–Jaikishan and the lyricists Hasrat Jaipuri and Shailendra  He is also remembered for his strong sense of visual style  He used striking visual compositions, elaborate sets, and dramatic lighting to complete the mood set by the music  He introduced the actresses Nimmi, Dimple Kapadia, and Mandakini, as well as launching and reviving the careers of his sons Rishi, Randhir and Rajiv  Famous for making his actresses reveal the body, not very common then in Indian cinema, it was said his 'show-womanship' matched his showmanship Raj Kapoor's Shree 420 (1955) movie's Hindi song Mera Joota Hai Japani ("My Shoes are Japanese") was used in opening sequence of 20th Century Studios 2016 movie Deadpool, starring Ryan Reynolds The 1967 "Song about Yogis" (Russian: Песенка про йогов) by Vladimir Vysotsky mentions Raj Kapoor as one of the three best-known symbols of Indian culture in the Soviet Union, along with Shiva and yoga He was called "the Clark Gable of the Indian film industry" 

Awards and honors
Kapoor had received many awards throughout his career, including 3 National Film Awards, 11 Filmfare Awards and 21 nominations  His films Awaara (1951) and Boot Polish (1954) were nominated for the Palme d'Or at the Cannes Film Festival  His acting in the former was rated as one of the "Top Ten Performances of All Time in World Cinema" by Time magazine  His film Jagte Raho (1956) also won the Crystal Globe award at the Karlovy Vary International Film Festival 
The Government of India honoured him with the Padma Bhushan in 1971 and the Dadasaheb Phalke Award in 1987 – the highest award for cinematic excellence in India  In 2001, he was honoured with "Best Director of the Millennium" by Stardust Awards  He was named "Showman of the Millennium" by Star Screen Awards in 2002 
In June 2011, Noah Cowan, artistic director of TIFF Bell Lightbox, and Sabbas Joseph, Director, Wizcraft along with members of the Kapoor family came together to pay tribute to the life and work of Indian actor, director, mogul and legend Raj Kapoor, as presented in partnership by TIFF (Toronto International Film Festival), the International Indian Film Academy (IIFA), and the Government of Ontario  In 2011, it was announced that Kapoor will be inducted into the Brampton Walk of Fame in Ontario, Canada 

Association with other artists
Khwaja Ahmad Abbas
Khwaja Ahmad Abbas was a screenwriter and director for a number of Raj Kapoor's best films 
Awaara (1951)
Anhonee (1952)
Shree 420 (1955)
Jagte Raho (1956)
Char Dil Char Rahen (1959)
Mera Naam Joker (1970)
Bobby (1973)
Henna (1991)

Shankar–Jaikishan
Shankar–Jaikishan were Raj Kapoor's music directors of choice  He worked with them in 20 films in all including 10 of his own films from Barsaat until Kal Aaj Aur Kal   (Jagte Raho with Salil Chowdhury and Ab Dilli Dur Nahin being two exceptions in this period)  Only after Jaikishan died, did he turn to a different music director – Laxmikant–Pyarelal for Bobby, Satyam Shivam Sundaram and Prem Rog (later on, his children used Laxmikant-Pyarelal for Prem Granth as well), Rahul Dev Burman for Dharam Karam, and Ravindra Jain for (Ram Teri Ganga Maili and Henna)  Raj Kapoor acted in a movie with music by Madan Mohan only once (twice), i e  Dhoon (1953) & Ashiana (1952), which featured duet Hum Pyaar Karenge by Hemant Kumar and Lata Mangeshkar, the only instance of Hemant Kumar giving playback to Raj Kapoor, and did only one movie with O  P  Nayyar (Do Ustad) 
List of films with Shankar–Jaikishan: (18 Films)

Nargis
Raj Kapoor and Nargis worked together in 16 films including 6 of his own productions 

Mukesh and Manna Dey
Mukesh was Raj Kapoor's almost exclusive singing voice in almost all of his films  Also, when Mukesh died, Raj had said, Main ne apni aawaaz ko kho diya    (I have lost my voice   )  However Manna Dey has also sung many notable and super-hit songs for Raj Kapoor, for instance in Shree 420 and Chori Chori  Examples of such Manna songs are best illustrated by the following list:

"Laga Chunri Mein Daag" (Dil Hi To Hai)
"Ae Bhai Zara Dekh Ke Chalo" (Mera Naam Joker)
"Dil Ka Haal Sune Dil Wala" (Shree 420)
"Aaja Sanam Madhur Chandni Mein Hum" (Chori Chori)
"Jahan Mein Jati Hoon Wahin Chale Aate Ho" (Chori Chori)
"Yeh Raat Bhigi Bhigi, Yeh Mast Fizayen" (Chori Chori)
"Masti Bhara Hai Samaan" (Parvarish)
"Mud Mud Ke Na Dekh" (Shree 420)
"Pyar hua Iqrar hua hai" (Shree 420)
"Chalat Musafir" (Teesri Kasam)
"Belia Belia Belia" (Parvarish)
"Lallah Allah Tera Nigehbaan" (Abdullah)
"Mama O Mama" (Parvarish)
Context 2: Passage 1:
Picardy Spaniel
The Picardy Spaniel is a breed of dog developed in France for use as a gundog  It is related to the Blue Picardy Spaniel, and still has many similarities, but the Picardy Spaniel is the older of the two breeds  It is thought to be one of the two oldest continental spaniel breeds and was favoured by the French nobility, remaining popular for hunting after the French Revolution due to its weather resistant coat that enabled it to hunt in a variety of conditions and terrain  However its popularity waned following the influx of English hunting breeds in the early 20th century  Slightly smaller than an English Setter but larger than most of its spaniel cousins, it has no major health issues although as with many breeds with pendulous ears, it can be prone to ear infections 

History
The French Spaniel and the Picardy Spaniel are speculated to have stemmed from the Chien d' Oysel described in the writings of Gaston Phoebus  Hunting during this period in France was one of the favourite sports of the nobility and the French type of Spaniel became the favourite hunting dog of the French Royalty  The breed can be seen in paintings dating from this period by artists Alexandre-François Desportes and Jean-Baptiste Oudry  They were also the first breed of dog to be admitted into salons The breed became more popular still following the French Revolution and the aftermath in which hunting was no longer restricted to the nobility  Although spread throughout France, a large concentration was located in the north west where the weather resistant coat of the breed made it ideal for the wooded and swampy conditions  During the early 19th century, British hunters crossed the channel to hunt in the grounds of north west France  The British brought their own hunting dogs, and this resulted in a change of preference as French hunters switched to English breeds and caused a major blow to the existence of the Picardy Spaniel  In addition the infusion of blood from the English Setter into the local spaniel population created the Blue Picardy Spaniel 

Recognition
The Epagneul Picard Club was formed in 1921 and was merged with the Club of Blue Picardy Spaniel on 28 July 1937  A further merger took place on 21 May 1980 when these clubs merged with the Pont-Audemer Club to form the Club des Epagneuls Picards, Bleus de Picardie & Pont Audemer The Picardy Spaniel is recognised by a variety of Kennel Clubs and associations including the North American Kennel Club, American Rare Breed Association, United Kennel Club, and the Fédération Cynologique Internationale  All four associations use the standard as set by the FCI  It is also recognised by the Continental Kennel Club, but unlike the closely related Blue Picardy Spaniel, it is not recognised by the Canadian Kennel Club 

Description
Appearance
Typical examples of the breed measure between 22–24 inches (56–61 cm) at the withers, with the average weight between 20–25 kilograms (44–55 lb)  The breed is similar in size to the English Setter, although is slightly smaller  Of the Spaniel type breeds, only the Large Münsterländer and Drentse Patrijshond are recognised as possibly growing to larger sizes, with the Drentse measuring 21 5–25 5 in (55–65 cm), and the Münsterländer slightly smaller with a narrower range at 23–25 in (58–64 cm) The breed has a squarely built muscular body and  an oval shaped head with a long muzzle and long ears that hang fairly low  Its coat can vary in colours from chocolate, chestnut brown and white with sandy coloured markings on the head and white or grey spots on the legs  Its hair is abundant with a slight wave, enabling it to work in dense cover and even in water 

Temperament
The Picardy Spaniel is a docile breed of dog and is fond of playing with children and bonds well with their master  It is described as having a gentle sociable nature, possessing a good character with a laid-back attitude, and being relatively easy to train  In France, the breed is used for hunting in wooded areas for pheasants, and in swamps for snipes  However it can also be used for hunting ducks, hares and rabbits  The breed excels at hunting in marshes and will not hesitate to jump into water  It can also adequately serve as a retriever should it be required  The dog is content with a small amount of space and could suit life in the city, but also loves open spaces 

Health
The Picardy Spaniel has no known hereditary health problems, and has an average lifespan of 14 years  However being a hunting spaniel, the breed is prone to ear infections  These infections are common among dogs with pendulous ears, including Basset Hounds and other breeds of spaniel  Overfeeding a Picardy Spaniel may lead to
overweight 
Passage 2:
List of goat breeds
Goats - farm animals of domestic goat (Capra hircus) species, small ruminants - are widespread throughout the world and are used in almost any natural and climatic conditions, even those where other productive animals cannot live  Different breeds of goats are adapted to different livestock systems - from small herds of 3-5 heads on meager grazing to large intensive livestock farms, from year-round grazing to fully stable housing, with many intermediate variations between them  Goats are a source of several types of products, of which the main ones are milk, meat and wool  Among the goat breeds there are highly productive specialized, dual-triple-use and universal breeds  External differences between breeds are represented by many major and minor traits that vary in a very wide range  Goat breeds (especially dairy goats) are some of the oldest defined animal breeds for which breed standards and production records have been kept  Selective breeding of goats generally focuses on improving production of fiber, meat, dairy products or goatskin  Breeds are generally classified based on their primary use, though there are several breeds which are considered dual- or multi-purpose 

List
Passage 3:
Beaglier
This is a list of common dog crossbreeds  These are crossbreed dogs created deliberately by crossing two purebred dogs  Some are known as designer dogs and are bred as companion dogs, often given portmanteau names derived from those of the parent breeds; others are bred to combine specific working qualities inherent in the parent breeds 

Crossbreeds
See also
Dog crossbreed
List of dog breeds
Mongrel
Passage 4:
Beagle
The beagle is a breed of  small scent hound, similar in appearance to the much larger foxhound  The beagle was developed primarily for hunting hare, known as beagling  Possessing a great sense of smell and superior tracking instincts, the beagle is the primary breed used as a detection dog for prohibited agricultural imports and foodstuffs in quarantine around the world  The beagle is intelligent and is a popular pet due to its size, good temper, and a lack of inherited health problems 
The modern breed was developed in Great Britain around the 1830s from several breeds, including the Talbot Hound, the North Country Beagle, the Southern Hound, and possibly the Harrier 
Beagles have been depicted in popular culture since Elizabethan times in literature and paintings and more recently in film, television, and comic books 

History
The origin of the beagle is not known  In the 11th century, William the Conqueror brought the St  Hubert Hound and the Talbot hound to Britain  In Britain, both of these strains were then crossed with Greyhounds to give them speed and stamina for deer hunting  Beagles are similar to the Harrier and the extinct Southern Hound, though they are smaller and slower 
From medieval times, beagle was used as a generic description for the smaller hounds, though these dogs differed considerably from the modern breed  Miniature breeds of beagle-type dogs were known from the times of Edward II and Henry VII, who both had packs of Glove Beagles, so named since they were small enough to fit on a glove, and Queen Elizabeth I kept a breed known as a Pocket Beagle, which stood 8 to 9 inches (20 to 23 cm) at the shoulder  Small enough to fit in a "pocket" or saddlebag, they rode along on the hunt  The larger hounds would run the prey to ground, then the hunters would release the small dogs to continue the chase through underbrush  Elizabeth I referred to the dogs as her singing beagles and often entertained guests at her royal table by letting her Pocket Beagles cavort amid their plates and cups  19th-century sources refer to these breeds interchangeably and it is possible that the two names refer to the same small variety  In George Jesse's Researches into the History of the British Dog from 1866, the early 17th-century poet and writer Gervase Markham is quoted referring to the beagle as small enough to sit on a man's hand and to the: little small mitten-beagle, which may be companion for a ladies kirtle, and in the field will run as cunningly as any hound whatere, only their musick is very small like reeds 
By the 18th century, two breeds had been developed for hunting hare and rabbit: the Southern Hound and the North Country Beagle (or Northern Hound)  The Southern Hound, a tall, heavy dog with a square head, and long, soft ears, was common from south of the River Trent and probably closely related to the Talbot Hound  Though slow, it had stamina and an excellent scenting ability  The North Country Beagle, possibly a cross between an offshoot of the Talbot stock and a Greyhound, was bred chiefly in Yorkshire and was common in the northern counties  It was smaller than the Southern Hound, less heavy-set, and with a more pointed muzzle  It was faster than its southern counterpart but its scenting abilities were less well-developed Standards for the Pocket Beagle were drawn up as late as 1901; these genetic lines are now extinct, although modern breeders have attempted to recreate the variety 

Development of the modern breed
Reverend Phillip Honeywood established a beagle pack in Essex in the 1830s and it is believed that this pack formed the basis for the modern breed  Although details of the pack's lineage are not recorded, it is thought that North Country Beagles and Southern Hounds were strongly represented; William Youatt suspected that Harriers formed a good majority of the beagle's bloodline, but the origin of the Harrier is itself obscure  Honeywood's Beagles were small, standing at about 10 inches (25 cm) at the shoulder, and pure white according to John Mills (writing in The Sportsman's Library in 1845)  Prince Albert and Lord Winterton also had Beagle packs around this time, and royal favor no doubt led to some revival of interest in the breed, but Honeywood's pack was regarded as the finest of the three 
Although credited with the development of the modern breed, Honeywood concentrated on producing dogs for hunting and it was left to Thomas Johnson to refine the breeding to produce dogs that were both attractive and capable hunters  Two strains were developed: the rough-coated and smooth-coated varieties  The rough-coated beagle survived until the beginning of the 20th century, and there were even records of one making an appearance at a dog show as late as 1969, but this variety is now extinct, having probably been absorbed into the standard beagle bloodline In the 1840s, a standard beagle type was beginning to develop; the distinction between the North Country Beagle and Southern Hound had been lost, but there was still a large variation in size, character, and reliability among the emerging packs  In 1856, "Stonehenge" (the pseudonym of John Henry Walsh), writing in the Manual of British Rural Sports, was still dividing beagles into four varieties: the medium beagle; the dwarf or lapdog beagle; the fox beagle (a smaller, slower version of the Foxhound); and the rough-coated or terrier beagle, which he classified as a cross between any of the other varieties and one of the Scottish terrier breeds  Stonehenge also gives the start of a standard description:

In size the beagle measures from 10 inches, or even less, to 15  In shape they resemble the old southern hound in miniature, but with more neatness and beauty; and they also resemble that hound in style of hunting 
By 1887 the threat of extinction was on the wane: there were 18 beagle packs in England  The Beagle Club was formed in 1890 and the first standard drawn up at the same time  The following year the Association of Masters of Harriers and Beagles was formed  Both organisations aimed to further the best interests of the breed, and both were keen to produce a standard type of beagle  By 1902, the number of packs had risen to 44 

Export
Beagles were in the United States by the 1840s at the latest, but the first dogs were imported strictly for hunting and were of variable quality  Since Honeywood had only started breeding in the 1830s, it is unlikely these dogs were representative of the modern breed, and the description of them as looking like straight-legged Dachshunds with weak heads has little resemblance to the standard  Serious attempts at establishing a quality bloodline began in the early 1870s when General Richard Rowett from Illinois imported some dogs from England and began breeding  Rowett's Beagles are believed to have formed the models for the first American standard, drawn up by Rowett, L  H  Twadell, and Norman Ellmore in 1887  The beagle was accepted as a breed by the American Kennel Club (AKC) in 1885  In the 20th century the breed has spread worldwide 

Popularity
On its formation, the Association of Masters of Harriers and Beagles took over the running of a regular show at Peterborough that had started in 1889, and the Beagle Club in the UK held its first show in 1896  The regular showing of the breed led to the development of a uniform type, and the beagle continued to prove a success up until the outbreak of World War I when all shows were suspended  After the war, the breed was again struggling for survival in the UK: the last of the Pocket Beagles was probably lost during this time, and registrations fell to an all-time low  A few breeders (notably Reynalton Kennels) managed to revive interest in the dog and by World War II, the breed was once again doing well  Registrations dropped again after the end of the war but almost immediately recovered As purebred dogs, beagles have always been more popular in the United States and Canada than in their native country England  The National Beagle Club of America was formed in 1888 and by 1901 a beagle had won a Best in Show title  As in the UK, activity during World War I was minimal, but the breed showed a much stronger revival in the U S  when hostilities ceased  In 1928 it won a number of prizes at the Westminster Kennel Club's show and by 1939 a beagle – Champion Meadowlark Draughtsman – had captured the title of top-winning American-bred dog for the year   On 12 February 2008, a beagle, K-Run's Park Me In First (Uno), won the Best In Show category at the Westminster Kennel Club show for the first time in the competition's history  In North America they have been consistently in the top-ten most-popular breeds for over 30 years  From 1953 to 1959 the beagle was ranked No  1 on the list of the American Kennel Club's registered breeds; in 2005 and 2006 it ranked 5th out of the 155 breeds registered  In the UK they are not quite so popular, placing 28th and 30th in the rankings of registrations with the Kennel Club in 2005 and 2006 respectively  In the United States the beagle ranked 4th most popular breed in 2012 and 2013, behind the Labrador Retriever (#1), German Shepherd (#2), and Golden Retriever (#3) breeds 

Name
According to the Oxford English Dictionary, the first mention of the beagle by name in English literature dates from c  1475 in The Squire of Low Degree  The origin of the word "beagle" is uncertain, although it has been suggested that the word derives from the French begueule which means "gate throat" It is not known why the black and tan Kerry Beagle, present in Ireland since Celtic times, has the beagle description, since at 22 to 24 inches (56 to 61 cm) it is significantly taller than the modern day beagle, and in earlier times was even larger  Some writers suggest that the beagle's scenting ability may have come from cross-breeding earlier strains with the Kerry Beagle  Originally used for hunting stags, it is today used for hare and drag hunting 

Appearance
The general appearance of the beagle resembles a miniature Foxhound, but the head is broader and the muzzle shorter, the expression completely different and the legs shorter in proportion to the body   They are generally between 13 and 16 inches (33 and 41 cm) high at the withers and weigh between 18 and 35 lb (8 2 and 15 9 kg), with females being slightly smaller than males on average 
They have a smooth, somewhat domed skull with a medium-length, square-cut muzzle, and a black (or occasionally liver) gumdrop nose  The jaw is strong, and the teeth scissor together with the upper teeth fitting perfectly over the lower teeth  Both sets align square to the jaw  The eyes are large, hazel or brown, with a mild, hound-like pleading look  The large ears are long, soft, and low-set, turning towards the cheeks slightly and rounded at the tips  Beagles have a strong, medium-length neck (which is long enough for them to easily bend to the ground to pick up a scent), with little folding in the skin but some evidence of a dewlap; a broad chest narrowing to a tapered abdomen and waist and a long, slightly curved tail (known as the "stern") tipped with white  The white tip, known as the flag, was bred for selectively, as the tail remains easily seen when the dog's head is down following a scent  The tail does not curl over the back, but is held upright when the dog is active  The beagle has a muscular body and a medium-length, smooth, hard coat  The front legs are straight and carried under the body while the rear legs are muscular and well bent at the stifles 
The tricolored beagle—white with large black areas and light brown shading—is the most common   Tricolored beagles occur in a number of shades, from the "Classic Tri" with a jet black saddle (also known as "Blackback"), to the "Dark Tri" (where faint brown markings are intermingled with more prominent black markings), to the "Faded Tri" (where faint black markings are intermingled with more prominent brown markings)  Some tricolored dogs have a broken pattern, sometimes referred to as pied  These dogs have mostly white coats with patches of black and brown hair  Tricolor beagles are almost always born black and white  The white areas are typically set by eight weeks, but the black areas may fade to brown as the puppy matures   (The brown may take between one and two years to fully develop ) Some beagles gradually change colour during their lives, and may lose their black markings entirely 
Two-colour varieties always have a white base colour with areas of the second colour  Tan and white is the most common two-colour variety, but there is a wide range of other colours including lemon, a very light tan; red, a reddish, almost orange, brown; and liver, a darker brown, and black  Liver is not common and is not permitted in some standards; it tends to occur with yellow eyes  Ticked or mottled varieties may be either white or black with different coloured flecks (ticking), such as the blue-mottled or bluetick beagle, which has spots that appear to be a midnight-blue colour, similar to the colouring of the Bluetick Coonhound  Some tricolour beagles also have ticking of various colours in their white areas 

Sense of smell
Alongside the Bloodhound and Basset Hound, the beagle has one of the best developed senses of smell of any dog  In the 1950s, John Paul Scott and John Fuller began a 13-year study of canine behavior  As part of this research, they tested the scenting abilities of various breeds by putting a mouse in a one-acre field and timing how long it took the dogs to find it  The beagles found it in less than a minute while Fox Terriers took 15 minutes and Scottish Terriers failed to find it at all  The long ears and large lips of the beagle probably assist in trapping the scents close to the nose 

Variations
Breed varieties
The American Kennel Club recognises two separate varieties of beagle: the 13-inch for hounds less than 13 inches (33 cm), and the 15-inch for those between 13 and 15 inches (33 and 38 cm)  The Canadian Kennel Club recognises a single type, with a height not exceeding 15 inches (38 cm)   The Kennel Club (UK) and FCI affiliated clubs recognise a single type, with a height of between 13 and 16 inches (33 and 41 cm) 

English and American varieties are sometimes mentioned  However, there is no official recognition from any Kennel Club for this distinction  Beagles fitting the American Kennel Club standard – which disallows animals over 15 inches (38 cm) – are smaller on average than those fitting the Kennel Club standard which allows heights up to 16 inches (41 cm) 
Pocket Beagles are sometimes advertised for sale but while the UK Kennel Club originally specified a standard for the Pocket Beagle in 1901, the variety is now not recognised by any Kennel Club 
A strain known as Patch Hounds was developed by Willet Randall and his family from 1896 specifically for their rabbit hunting ability  They trace their bloodline back to Field Champion Patch, but do not necessarily have a patchwork marking 

Crossbreeds
In the 1850s, John Henry Walsh (Stonehenge) recommended a cross between a Beagle and a Scottish Terrier as a retriever  He found the crossbreed to be a good worker, silent and obedient, but it had the drawback that it was small and could barely carry a hare  More recently, the trend has been for "designer dogs" and one of the most popular has been the Beagle/Pug cross known as a Puggle  Some puppies of this cross are less excitable than a Beagle and with a lower exercise requirement, similar to the Pug parent; but many are highly excitable and require vigorous exercise 

Temperament
The beagle has an even temper and gentle disposition  Described in several breed standards as "merry", they are amiable and typically neither aggressive nor timid, although this depends on the individual  They enjoy company, and although they may initially be standoffish with strangers, they are easily won over  They make poor guard dogs for this reason, although their tendency to bark or howl when confronted with the unfamiliar makes them good watch dogs  In a 1985 study conducted by Ben and Lynette Hart, the beagle was given the highest excitability rating, along with the Yorkshire Terrier, Cairn Terrier, Miniature Schnauzer, West Highland White Terrier, and Fox Terrier They are ranked 72nd in Stanley Coren's The Intelligence of Dogs, as Coren places them among the group with the lowest degree of working/obedience intelligence  Coren's scale, however, does not assess understanding, independence, or creativity 
Beagles are excellent with children and this is one of the reasons they have become popular family pets  Beagles are pack animals; they are prone to separation anxiety, a condition which causes them to destroy things when left unattended   Not all beagles will howl, but most will bark when confronted with strange situations, and some will bay (also referred to as "speaking", "giving tongue", or "opening") when they catch the scent of potential quarry  They also generally get along well with cats and other dogs  They are not too demanding with regard to exercise; their inbred stamina means they do not easily tire when exercised, but they also do not need to be worked to exhaustion before they will rest  Regular exercise helps ward off the weight gain to which the breed is prone 

Health
The typical longevity of beagles is 12–15 years, which is a common lifespan for dogs of their size Beagles may be prone to epilepsy, but this can often be controlled with medication  Hypothyroidism and a number of types of dwarfism occur in beagles  Two conditions in particular are unique to the breed: "Funny Puppy", in which the puppy is slow to develop and eventually develops weak legs, a crooked back and although normally healthy, is prone to a range of illnesses; and Musladin-Lueke syndrome (MLS) in which the eyes are slanted and the outer toes are underdeveloped but otherwise development is as normal  Hip dysplasia, common in Harriers and in some larger breeds, is rarely considered a problem in beagles  Beagles are considered a chondrodystrophic breed, meaning that they are prone to types of disk diseases 
In rare cases, beagles may develop immune mediated polygenic arthritis (where the immune system attacks the joints) even at a young age  The symptoms can sometimes be relieved by steroid treatments  Another rare disease in the breed is neonatal cerebellar cortical degeneration  Affected puppies are slow, have lower co-ordination, fall more often, and do not have a normal gait  It has an estimated carrier rate of 5% and affected rate of 0 1%  A genetic test is available Their long floppy ears can mean that the inner ear does not receive a substantial air flow or that moist air becomes trapped, and this can lead to ear infections  Beagles may also be affected by a range of eye problems; two common ophthalmic conditions in beagles are glaucoma and corneal dystrophy  "Cherry eye", a prolapse of the gland of the third eyelid, and distichiasis, a condition in which eyelashes grow into the eye causing irritation, sometimes exist; both these conditions can be corrected with surgery  They can suffer from several types of retinal atrophy  Failure of the nasolacrimal drainage system can cause dry eye or leakage of tears onto the face As field dogs they are prone to minor injuries such as cuts and sprains, and, if inactive, obesity is a common problem as they will eat whenever food is available and rely on their owners to regulate their weight  When working or running free they are also likely to pick up parasites such as fleas, ticks, harvest mites, and tapeworms, and irritants such as grass seeds can become trapped in their eyes, soft ears, or paws Beagles may exhibit a behavior known as reverse sneezing, in which they sound as if they are choking or gasping for breath, but are actually drawing air in through the mouth and nose  The exact cause of this behavior is not known, but it can be a common occurrence and is not harmful to the dog 

Reproduction
The average size of a beagle litter is six puppies  When mother beagles give birth to litters of puppies, the little pups weigh just a few ounces each 

Hunting
Beagles were developed primarily for hunting hare, an activity known as beagling  They were seen as ideal hunting companions for the elderly who could follow on horseback without exerting themselves, for young hunters who could keep up with them on ponies, and for the poorer hunters who could not afford to maintain a stable of good hunting horses  Before the advent of the fashion for foxhunting in the 19th century, hunting was an all day event where the enjoyment was derived from the chase rather than the kill  In this setting the tiny beagle was well matched to the hare, as unlike Harriers they would not quickly finish the hunt, but because of their excellent scent-tracking skills and stamina they were almost guaranteed to eventually catch the hare  The beagle packs would run closely together ("so close that they might be covered with a sheet") which was useful in a long hunt, as it prevented stray dogs from obscuring the trail  In thick undergrowth they were also preferred to spaniels when hunting pheasant With the fashion for faster hunts, the beagle fell out of favor for chasing hare, but was still employed for rabbit hunting  In Anecdotes of Dogs (1846), Edward Jesse says:

In rabbit-shooting, in gorse and thick cover, nothing can be more cheerful than the beagle  They also are easily heard over long distances and in thick cover  They have been called rabbit-beagles from this employment, for which they are peculiarly qualified, especially those dogs which are somewhat wire-haired In the United States they appear to have been employed chiefly for hunting rabbits from the earliest imports 
Hunting hare with beagles became popular again in Britain in the mid-19th century and continued until it was made illegal in Scotland by the Protection of Wild Mammals (Scotland) Act 2002 and in England and Wales by the Hunting Act 2004  Under this legislation beagles may still pursue rabbits with the landowner's permission  Drag hunting is popular where hunting is no longer permitted or for those owners who do not wish to participate in hunting a live animal, but still wish to exercise their dog's innate skills 
The traditional foot pack consists of up to 40 beagles, marshaled by a Huntsman who directs the pack and who is assisted by a variable number of whippers-in whose job is to return straying hounds to the pack  The Master of the Hunt is in overall day-to-day charge of the pack, and may or may not take on the role of Huntsman on the day of the hunt 
As hunting with beagles was seen as ideal for young people, many of the British public schools traditionally maintained beagle packs  Protests were lodged against Eton's use of beagles for hunting as early as 1902 but the pack is still in existence today  In 2001, the Wye College beagle pack was taken by the Animal Liberation Front  School and university packs are still maintained by Eton, Marlborough, Radley, the Royal Agricultural University, and Christ Church, Oxford In addition to organised beagling, beagles have been used for hunting or flushing to guns (often in pairs) a wide range of game including snowshoe hare, cottontail rabbits, game birds, roe deer, red deer, bobcat, coyote, wild boar, and foxes, and have even been recorded as being used to hunt stoat  In most of these cases, the beagle is employed as a gun dog, flushing game for hunter's guns 

Detection
Beagles are used as detection dogs in the Beagle Brigade of the United States Department of Agriculture  These dogs are used to detect food items in luggage being taken into the United States  After trialling several breeds, beagles were chosen because they are relatively small and unintimidating for people who are uncomfortable around dogs, easy to care for, intelligent and work well for rewards  They are also used for this purpose in a number of other countries including by the Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry in New Zealand, the Australian Quarantine and Inspection Service, and in Canada, Japan, and the People's Republic of China  Larger breeds are generally used for detection of explosives as this often involves climbing over luggage and on large conveyor belts, work for which the smaller Beagle is not suited 

Testing
Beagles are the dog breed most often used in animal testing, due to their size and passive nature  In the United States, as many as 65,000 beagles are used every year for medical, cosmetic, beauty, and other chemical tests  They are purpose bred and live their lives in cages undergoing experiments  The Rescue + Freedom Project (formerly Beagle Freedom Project) has successfully advocated for beagles to be released from labs  This organisation has freed hundreds of animals Beagles are used in a range of research procedures: fundamental biological research, applied human medicine, applied veterinary medicine, and protection of man, animals, or the environment  Of the 8,018 dogs used in testing in the UK in 2004, 7,799 were beagles (97 3%)  In the UK, the Animals (Scientific Procedures) Act 1986 gave special status to primates, equids, cats and dogs and in 2005 the Animal Procedures Committee (set up by the act) ruled that testing on mice was preferable, even though a greater number of individual animals were involved  In 2005 beagles were involved in less than 0 3% of the total experiments on animals in the UK, but of the 7670 experiments performed on dogs 7406 involved beagles (96 6%)  Most dogs are bred specifically for this purpose, by companies such as Harlan  In the UK companies breeding animals for research must be licensed under the Animals (Scientific Procedures) Act 

Bans and activism against beagle testing
Testing of cosmetic products on animals is banned in the member states of the European Community, although France protested the ban and has made efforts to have it lifted  It is permitted in the United States but is not mandatory if safety can be ascertained by other methods, and the test species is not specified by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA)  When testing toxicity of food additives, food contaminants, and some drugs and chemicals the FDA uses beagles and miniature pigs as surrogates for direct human testing  Minnesota was the first state to enact a Beagle Freedom adoption law in 2014, mandating that dogs and cats are allowed to be adopted once they have completed research testing Anti-vivisection groups have reported on abuse of animals inside testing facilities  In 1997 footage secretly filmed by a freelance journalist inside Huntingdon Life Sciences in the UK showed staff punching and screaming at beagles  Consort Kennels, a UK-based breeder of beagles for testing, closed down in 1997 after pressure from animal rights groups There are various examples of activists utilizing Freedom of Information Act (FOIA) requests to obtain information about taxpayer funding of animal testing  For example, the White Coat Waste Project, a group of activists that hold that taxpayers should not have to pay $20 billion every year for experiments on animals, highlighted that the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases provided $400,000 in taxpayer money to fund experiments in which 28 beagles were infected by disease-causing parasites   The White Coat Project found reports that said dogs taking part in the experiments were "vocalizing in pain" after being injected with foreign substances  Following public outcry, People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals (PETA) made a call to action that all members of the National Institute of Health resign effective immediately and that there is a "need to find a new NIH director to replace the outgoing Francis Collins who will shut down research that violates the dignity of nonhuman animals "

Other roles
Although bred for hunting, Beagles are versatile and are nowadays employed for various other roles in detection, therapy, and as family pets Beagles are used as sniffer dogs for termite detection in Australia, and have been mentioned as possible candidates for drug and explosive detection  Because of their gentle nature and unimposing build, they are also frequently used in pet therapy, visiting the sick and elderly in hospital  In June 2006, a trained Beagle assistance dog was credited with saving the life of its owner after using her owner's mobile phone to dial an emergency number   In the aftermath of the 2010 Haiti earthquake, a Beagle search and rescue dog with a Colombian rescue squad was credited with locating the owner of the Hôtel Montana, who was subsequently rescued after spending 100 hours buried in the rubble  Beagles were hired by New York City to help with bedbug detection, although some have expressed doubts about the role of such dogs in this type of detection 

In popular culture
Anthropomorphic Beagles appeared in comic strips and animated cartoons since the 1950s with the Peanuts character Snoopy, who was billed as "the world's most famous Beagle"  The animated series Courage the Cowardly Dog also features an anthropomorphic beagle as its title character 
Porthos is a beagle that belongs to Jonathan Archer, the captain on the television series Star Trek: Enterprise 
Former US President Lyndon Baines Johnson had several beagles, and caused an outcry when he picked up one of them by its ears during an official greeting on the White House lawn 
The ship on which Charles Darwin made the voyage which provided much of the inspiration for On the Origin of Species was named HMS Beagle after the breed, and, in turn, lent its name to the ill-fated British Martian lander Beagle 2 
An American bred 15 inch male Beagle with the registered name of Ch K-Run's Park Me In First and the pet name of "Uno" won the 2008 Westminster Kennel Club Dog Show 
A Canadian bred 15 inch female Beagle with the registered name of Gr Ch Tashtins Lookin For Trouble and the pet name of "Miss P" won the 2015 Westminster Kennel Club Dog Show 

Notable Beagles
Frodo, awarded the PDSA Gold Medal for animal bravery
Uno, who in 2008 became the first Beagle to win the Westminster Kennel Club Dog Show 
Miss P, winner of the 2015 Westminster Kennel Club Dog Show
Passage 5:
List of turkey breeds
Turkey breeds are reported to the DAD-IS breed database of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations by more than sixty countries  The breeds reported include commercial/industrial strains, local types and recognised breeds in many countries 

United States
Twenty breeds are reported to DAD-IS by the United States
Context 3: Passage 1:
Celtic studies
Celtic studies or Celtology is the academic discipline occupied with the study of any sort of cultural output relating to the Celtic-speaking peoples (i e  speakers of Celtic languages)  This ranges from linguistics, literature and art history, archaeology and history, the focus lying on the study of the various Celtic languages, living and extinct  The primary areas of focus are the six Celtic languages currently in use: Irish, Scottish Gaelic, Manx, Welsh, Cornish, and Breton 
As a university subject, it is taught at a number of universities, most of them in Ireland, the United Kingdom, or France, but also in the United States, Canada, Australia, Germany, Poland, Austria and the Netherlands 

History
Written studies of the Celts, their cultures, and their languages go back to classical Greek and Latin accounts, possibly beginning with Hecataeus in the 6th century BC and best known through such authors as Polybius, Posidonius, Pausanias, Diodorus Siculus, Julius Caesar and Strabo  Modern Celtic studies originated in the 16th and 17th centuries, when many of these classical authors were rediscovered, published and translated Academic interest in Celtic languages grew out of comparative and historical linguistics, which was itself established at the end of the 18th century  In the 16th century, George Buchanan studied the Goidelic languages  The first major breakthrough in Celtic linguistics came with the publication of Archaeologia Britannica (1707) by the Welsh scholar Edward Lhuyd, who was the first to recognise that Gaulish, British and Irish belong to the same language family  He also published an English version of a study by Paul-Yves Pezron of Gaulish 
In 1767 James Parsons published his study The Remains of Japhet, being historical enquiries into the affinity and origins of the European languages  He compared a 1000-word lexicon of Irish and Welsh and concluded that they were originally the same, then comparing the numerals in many other languages 
The second big leap forwards was made when the Englishman Sir William Jones postulated that Sanskrit, Greek, Latin and many other languages including "the Celtic" derived from a common ancestral language  This hypothesis, published in The Sanscrit Language (1786), would later be hailed as the discovery of the Indo-European language family, from which grew the field of Indo-European studies  The Celtic languages were definitively linked to the Indo-European family over the course of the 19th century 
Although Jones' trail-blazing hypothesis inspired numerous linguistic studies, of which Celtic languages were a part, it was not until Johann Kaspar Zeuss's monumental Grammatica Celtica (volume 1, 1851; volume 2, 1853) that any truly significant progress was made  Written in Latin, the work draws on the earliest Old Irish, Middle Welsh and other Celtic primary sources to construct a comparative grammar, which was the first to lay out a firm basis for Celtic linguistics  Among other achievements, Zeuss was able to crack the Old Irish verb 

Celtic studies in the German-speaking world and the Netherlands
German Celtic studies (Keltologie) is seen by many as having been established by Johann Kaspar Zeuss (1806–1856) (see above)  In 1847, he was appointed professor of linguistics at the Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich  Until the middle of the 19th century, Celtic studies progressed largely as a subfield of linguistics  Franz Bopp (1791–1867) carried out further studies in comparative linguistics to link the Celtic languages to the Proto-Indo-European language  He is credited with having finally proven Celtic to be a branch of the Indo-European language family  From 1821 to 1864, he served as a professor of oriental literature and general linguistics in Berlin In 1896, Kuno Meyer and Ludwig Christian Stern founded the Zeitschrift für celtische Philologie (ZCP), the first academic journal solely devoted to aspects of Celtic languages and literature, and still in existence today  In the second half of the century, significant contributions were made by the Orientalist Ernst Windisch (1844–1918)  He held a chair in Sanskrit at the University of Leipzig; but he is best remembered for his numerous publications in the field of Celtic studies  In 1901, the Orientalist and Celtologist Heinrich Zimmer (1851–1910) was made professor of Celtic languages at Friedrich Wilhelm University in Berlin, the first position of its kind in Germany  He was followed in 1911 by Kuno Meyer (1858–1919), who, in addition to numerous publications in the field, was active in the Irish independence movement Perhaps the most important German-speaking Celticist is the Swiss scholar Rudolf Thurneysen (1857–1940)  A student of Windisch and Zimmer, Thurneysen was appointed to the chair of comparative linguistics at the University of Freiburg in 1887; he succeeded to the equivalent chair at the University of Bonn in 1913  His notability arises from his work on Old Irish  For his masterwork, Handbuch des Altirischen ("Handbook of Old Irish", 1909), translated into English as A Grammar of Old Irish, he located and analysed a multitude of Old Irish manuscripts  His work is considered as the basis for all succeeding studies of Old Irish In 1920, Julius Pokorny (1887–1970) was appointed to the chair of Celtic languages at Friedrich Wilhelm University, Berlin  Despite his support for German nationalism and Catholic faith, he was forced out of his position by the Nazis on account of his Jewish ancestry  He subsequently emigrated to Switzerland but returned to Germany in 1955 to teach at Ludwig Maximilians University of Munich  In Berlin, he was succeeded in 1937 by Ludwig Mühlhausen, a devout Nazi After World War II, German Celtic studies took place predominantly in West Germany and Austria  Studies in the field continued at Freiburg, Bonn, Marburg, Hamburg as well as Innsbruck; however an independent professorship in Celtic studies has not been instituted anywhere  In this period, Hans Hartmann, Heinrich Wagner and Wolfgang Meid made notable contributions to the scientific understanding of the boundaries of the Celtic language area and the location of the homeland of the Celtic peoples  The Berlin chair in Celtic languages has not been occupied since 1966 Today, Celtic studies is only taught at a handful of German universities, including those of Bonn, Trier, and Mannheim, the Johannes Gutenberg University of Mainz, and the Philipps University of Marburg  It is also taught at the University of Vienna  Only Marburg, Vienna and Bonn maintain formal programs of study, but even then usually as a subsection of comparative or general linguistics  Only Marburg offers an M A  course specifically in Celtic Studies  No Celtic studies research has taken place in the former centres of Freiburg, Hamburg or Berlin since the 1990s  The last remaining chair in Celtic studies, that at Humboldt University of Berlin, was abolished in 1997 The only Chair of Celtic studies in Continental Europe is at Utrecht University (in the Netherlands)  It was established in 1923, when Celtic studies were added to the Chair of Germanic studies on the special request of its new professor A  G  van Hamel 

Celtic studies in Ireland
Celtic studies are taught in universities in Northern Ireland and the Republic of Ireland  These studies cover language, history, archaeology and art  In addition, the Irish language is taught to a greater or lesser extent in schools across the island of Ireland 
The beginning of Celtic Studies as a university subject in Ireland might be dated to Eugene O'Curry's appointment as professor of Irish history and archaeology at the Catholic University of Ireland in 1854  Celtic Studies, either as full Celtic Studies programmes or as Irish language programmes, are now offered in the National University of Ireland, Galway, University College Cork, University College Dublin (the successor institution to the Catholic University), National University of Ireland, Maynooth, Trinity College Dublin, University of Limerick, Mary Immaculate College, Limerick, Dublin City University, Queen's University Belfast and Ulster University  The Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies (DIAS), School of Celtic Studies, is a research institution but does not award degrees  DIAS and the Royal Irish Academy are leading publishers of Celtic Studies research, including the journals Celtica and Ériu 

Celtic studies in the United Kingdom and the Isle of Man
Celtic studies are taught in universities in England, Wales, Scotland and Northern Ireland  These studies cover language, history, archaeology and art  In addition, Celtic languages are taught to a greater or lesser extent in schools in Wales, Scotland, Northern Ireland, Cornwall and the Isle of Man 
The formal study of Celtic Studies at British universities in the late nineteenth century gave rise to the establishment of chairs for Sir John Rhys, first Jesus Professor of Celtic at the University of Oxford, in 1874 and for Donald MacKinnon, first Chair of Celtic at the University of Edinburgh, in 1882  Institutions in the United Kingdom that have Celtic Studies departments and courses are: the Universities of Aberdeen, Aberystwyth, Bangor, Cambridge, Cardiff, Edinburgh, Exeter (which houses the Institute of Cornish Studies), Glasgow, Oxford, Swansea, Trinity St David's, Queen's University Belfast, Ulster University, the University of the Highlands and Islands and the University of Wales, Centre for Advanced Welsh and Celtic Studies  The top five rated degree-awarding programmes/departments as of 2017 are; (1) Department of Anglo-Saxon, Norse and Celtic at University of Cambridge (2) Welsh and Celtic Studies at Bangor University (3) Welsh and Celtic Studies at Cardiff University (4) Celtic and Gaelic at University of Glasgow (5) Irish and Celtic Studies at Queen's University, Belfast 
A major funder of UK Celtic Studies doctoral studies is the AHRC-funded Centre for Doctoral Training in the Celtic Languages, which admitted PhD students in the period 2014–2019  The CDT in Celtic Languages is administered through Celtic and Gaelic at the University of Glasgow and its director is Prof  Katherine Forsyth 

Celtic studies in North America
In North America, Celtic scholars and students are represented professionally by the Celtic Studies Association of North America 

In Canada
Several universities in Canada offer some Celtic studies courses, while only two universities offers a full B A  as well as graduate courses  St  Michael's College at the University of Toronto and St  Francis Xavier University offers the only B A  of its kind in Canada with a dual focus on Celtic literature and history, while the Pontifical Institute of Mediaeval Studies at the University of Toronto offers courses at a graduate level through their Centre for Medieval Studies, along with St  Francis Xavier University 
Other Canadian universities which offer courses in Celtic, Scottish or Irish studies include Cape Breton University, Saint Mary's University, Halifax, Simon Fraser University, the University of Guelph and the University of Ottawa 

In the United States of America
In the United States, Harvard University is notable for its Doctorate program in Celtic studies  Celtic studies are also offered at the universities of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, California–Berkeley, California–Los Angeles, Bard College, and many others, including programs in which a student may minor, like at the College of Charleston  Some aspects of Celtic studies can be accessed through Irish Studies programmes, such as at the University of Notre Dame 

Celtic studies in France
In 1804, the Académie Celtique was founded with the goal of unearthing the Gallic past of the French people  France also produced the first academic journal devoted to Celtic studies, Revue Celtique  Revue Celtique was first published in 1870 in Paris and continued until the death of its last editor, Joseph Loth, in 1934  After that point it was continued under the name Études Celtiques 
The University of Western Brittany (Brest) offers a two-year, an international European-Union certified master's degree course entitled "Celtic languages and Cultures in Contact"  It is part of the Centre for Breton and Celtic Research (CRBC)  Closely linked to this MA programme, the University of Western Brittany organizes an intensive two-week Summer School in Breton Language and Cultural Heritage Studies every year in June  This Summer School is also sponsored by the CRBC and welcomes scholars from around the world with an interest in the Celtic (and minority) languages and cultures to study Breton, the least known of the living Celtic languages 

Celtic studies elsewhere
Celtic studies are also taught at other universities elsewhere in Europe, including the Charles University in Prague (Czech Republic), University of Poznań (Poland), The John Paul II Catholic University of Lublin (Poland), Moscow State University (Russia), Uppsala University (Sweden)Irish studies are taught at the University of Burgos (Spain) and the University of A Coruña (Galicia)  Galicia also has its own Institute for Celtic Studies 
Celtic Studies are taught at both undergraduate and postgraduate levels at the University of Sydney (Australia), which also hosts the triennial Australian Conference of Celtic Studies 

International Congress of Celtic Studies
The International Congress of Celtic Studies is the foremost academic conference in the field of Celtic Studies and is held every four years  It was first held in Dublin in 1959  The XV International Congress of Celtic Studies was held at the University of Glasgow in 2015  In 2019, the XVI ICCS was held at Bangor University and the XVII ICCS will be held at Utrecht University in 2023 

Areas of Celtic studies
Archaeology
Linguistics and philology (historical linguistics)
Ethnology
Folklore
History
Literature
Onomastics (Toponymy)
Religious studies (see Celtic Christianity)
Political science

Notable Celticists
Notable academic journals
Zeitschrift für celtische Philologie (ZCP), est  1896, Halle 
Revue Celtique (RC), est  1870, Paris; continued after 1934 by Études celtiques 
Ériu est  1904, Dublin 
The Bulletin of the Board of Celtic Studies (BBCS), est  1921, Cardiff; merged with Studia Celtica in 1993 
Études Celtiques (EC), est  1936, Paris 
Celtica  Journal of the School of Celtic Studies, est  1949, Dublin 
Studia Celtica, est  1966, Cardiff 
Éigse  A Journal of Irish Studies, est  1939, Dublin 
Cambrian Medieval Celtic Studies (CMCS), est  1993, Aberystwyth; formerly Cambridge Medieval Celtic Studies 
Peritia  Journal of the Medieval Academy of Ireland, Cork 

The Derek Allen Prize
The Derek Allen Prize, awarded annually by the British Academy since 1977, rotates between Celtic Studies, Numismatics and Musicology  Recent winners in the field of Celtic Studies include: Prof  Máire Herbert (2018), Prof  Pierre-Yves Lambert (2015) and Prof  Fergus Kelly (2012)  Prof  Herbert is the first female Celticist to be awarded this prize 

See also
Irish American Cultural Institute

Citations
General references
Busse, Peter E  "Zeitschrift für celtische Philologie"  In Celtic Culture  A Historical Encyclopedia, ed  J T  Koch  5 vols: vol  5  Santa Barbara et al , 2006  p  1823 

Further reading
Brown, Terence (ed )  Celticism  Studia imagologica 8  Amsterdam: Rodopi, 1996 
Fischer, Joachim and John Dillon (eds )  The correspondence of Myles Dillon, 1922–1925: Irish-German relations and Celtic studies  Dublin: Four Courts, 1999 
Huther, Andreas  "'In Politik verschieden, in Freundschaft wie immer': The German Celtic scholar Kuno Meyer and the First World War"  In The First World War as a clash of cultures, ed  Fred Bridgham  Columbia (SC): Camden House, 2006  pp  231–44  ISBN 1-57113-340-2 
Koch, John T  "Celtic Studies"  In A century of British medieval studies, ed  Alan Deyermond  British Academy centenary monographs  Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2007  pp  235–61  ISBN 978-0-19-726395-2  RHS record
Mac Mathúna, Séamus (2006)  "The History of Celtic Scholarship in Russia and the Soviet Union"  Studia Celto-Slavica  1: 3–41  doi:10 54586/ASMH5209 
Meek, Donald E  (2001)  "'Beachdan Ura à Inbhir Nis/ New opinions from Inverness': Alexander MacBain (1855–1907) and the foundation of Celtic studies in Scotland"  Proceedings of the Society of Antiquaries of Scotland  131: 23–39  ISSN 0081-1564 
Ó Lúing, Seán  Celtic studies in Europe and other essays  Dublin: Geography Publications, 2000 
Schneiders, Marc and Kees Veelenturf  Celtic studies in the Netherlands: a bibliography  Dublin: DIAS, 1992 
Sims-Williams, Patrick (1998)  "Celtomania and Celtoscepticism"  Cambrian Medieval Celtic Studies



ground_truth: director

prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: Are both French Spaniel and Beagle universally recognized breeds?

The following are given passages.
Context 2:  Eight of them are recognised by the American Poultry Association in its breed standard, the American Standard of Perfection, where however they are classified as "varieties" rather than as breeds  This may be because the original genotype for domestic turkeys was for Bronze, and all other color varieties are due to mutations from it 

APA varieties
Europe
Twelve breeds are recognized by the Entente Européenne d'Aviculture et de Cuniculture  Others with breed standards of European national associations are accepted 

EE breeds
Other varieties not recognized by the APA or EE include the following: 

Auburn or Light Brown is an extremely rare as its numbers are not considered high enough for inclusion in the Standard  An extremely rare variant of the Auburn is called the Silver Auburn 
Buff (or Jersey Buff) is a very rare heritage breed 
Chocolate breed is chocolate brown in color  Day-old poults are white-faced with chocolate bodies 
Midget White is a rare heritage breed sometimes confused with the Beltsville Small White 
Zagorje (Zagorski puran) is a Croatian variant of turkey 

See also
Turkey genus
Wild turkey of North America
Domestic turkey
Ocellated turkey, a species of turkey residing primarily in the Yucatán Peninsula in Mexico 
Passage 6:
French Spaniel
The French Spaniel (Epagneul Français) is a breed of dog of the Spaniel-like setter  It was developed in France and Canada as a hunting dog, descended from dogs of the 14th century  Popular with royalty during the Middle Ages, it nearly became extinct by the turn of the 20th century but was saved by the efforts of Father Fournier, a French priest  One of the largest breeds of Spaniel, it typically has a white coat with brown markings  It is a friendly breed that has few health issues, but can be affected by a syndrome called acral mutilation and analgesia  The breed is recognised by Canadian and international kennel clubs but not by The Kennel Club (UK)  The American Kennel Club has included the breed in its Foundation Stock Service, the first step to full recognition 

History
Spaniels were first mentioned in France during the 14th century in Gaston III of Foix-Béarn's work Livre de chasse, later translated into English as The Master of Game  The French Spaniel was referred to as a specific type of Spaniel by 1660 and was noted as being distinctive from the King Charles Spaniel of the Holland type The breed was popular during the Middle Ages with it used for falconry and as a settling dog for net hunting  They became a favourite of French Royalty and Kings and Princes at the royal courts of Versailles favored them over other breeds of hunting dogs  In addition, Catherine I of Russia (1684–1727) was known to have owned a French Spaniel named Babe  During this period, the French Spaniel was known to have split into several regional types The Sporting Magazine wrote of the French Spaniel and the hunting of mallards in 1805, "The rough French Spaniel has been found the best companion on these occasions: he watches the conduct of the sportsman, and, with a velocity unequalled, darts on the wounded prey, presents it with all possible speed at the feet of his master " In the 1850s, the Brittany (formerly known as Brittany Spaniel) was developed from crossing French Spaniels with English Setters James de Connick established the first breed standard for the French Spaniel in 1891  At the turn of the 20th century, the numbers of French Spaniels dropped so low that they nearly became extinct due to competition from foreign sporting dogs, in particular as French hunters chose to hunt particularly with English breeds of hunting dogs  A French priest named Father Fournier undertook the task of gathering the remaining French Spaniels in his Saint Hillaire kennels in order to preserve the breed  There he built the lineages that are representatives of those we now have  The French Spaniel Club was founded in 1921, with Father Fournier as the president of the association  The modern French Spaniel is one of a group of recognised French Spaniels, including the Brittany, Picardy and Blue Picardy 

Recognition
The French Spaniel was little known outside France and neighboring countries until it was introduced in the Canadian province of Quebec in the 1970s  It quickly became a popular dog for hunting woodcock and grouse  The Club de l'Épagneul Français du Canada was formed in 1978 to ensure the French Spaniel would continue to meet breed standards and to pursue official recognition by the Canadian Kennel Club, by which the breed was recognised in 1985 French Spaniels are also recognized by the Fédération Cynologique Internationale, and the United Kennel Club  The Kennel Club (UK) and the American Kennel Club do not recognize the French Spaniel, but is recognised by the North American Versatile Hunting Dog Association, and can be registered with US dog registries in order to record their registries and compete in associated dog shows, such as the Dog Registry of America, American Canine Association, and America's Pet Registry To qualify for recognition by the American Kennel Club, a national breed club must first be established and a written request needs to be sent to the AKC along with a breed standard  This enables qualification for the Foundation Stock Service  The next step is to qualify to compete in the Miscellaneous Class  This requires a minimum of one hundred active members in the national breed club, along with a minimum of three to four hundred dogs in the United States with a three generation pedigree (all dogs in those pedigrees must be of the same breed)  In addition, they must be geographically spread across twenty states or more, and finally the clubs by-laws and constitution must be reviewed as well as breed observations made by AKC staff  There is a typical stay of between one and three years in the Miscellaneous Class before full recognition is granted  During this time, the breed club must be seen to be active and hold seminars, matches as well as local and national speciality shows  The Kennel Club (UK) does not have a miscellaneous class or foundation stock service, instead it requires British bred dog and three generation pedigrees of them, along with details from the country of origin including the breed standard  This allows listing on the Imported Breeds Register, with full recognition granted at the discretion of the Kennel Club Review Committee 

Description
The French Spaniel is one of the two tallest spaniel breeds, being taller than the English Springer Spaniel  Males can range in height from 22–24 inches (56–61 cm), and females are about an inch shorter  Dogs can range in weight from 45–60 pounds (20–27 kg) A normal dog has a muscular appearance with a deep chest and strong legs  The French Spaniel has eyes of a dark amber colour, and a thick tail that tapers towards the tip  The hair is medium, dense, with long feathers on the ears, backs of the legs and tail  It has some waviness on the chest and otherwise lies flat on the body  The normal colour of a French Spaniel's coat is white with brown markings rather in shade from a light cinnamon to dark liver  Historically, the coat was only white with black markings, but the breed was mixed with other colours of Spaniels during the 19th century 

Temperament
The French Spaniel has a friendly and outgoing personality and is well balanced and patient  It is not a naturally aggressive dog, is eager to please and thus can be trained easily  A dog of this breed will form a strong bond with its master, being typically a working dog  It has a high level of stamina and requires vigorous exercise 

Health
The breed is robustly healthy with few issues and adapts well to wet weather conditions  A dermatological condition known as acral mutilation and analgesia may affect French Spaniels  It is a newly recognised disorder, with symptoms becoming apparent between three and a half months and a year of age  It was first reported in thirteen dogs in Canada and shares symptoms with the acral mutilation syndromes of the German Shorthaired Pointer, English Pointer and English Springer Spaniels  Dogs who are affected will lick, bite and mutilate their extremities resulting in ulcers with secondary bacterial infections  Self amputation of claws, digits and footpads can happen in extreme cases  The majority of the initial dogs identified were euthanised within days to months of being diagnosed 
Passage 7:
American Cocker Spaniel
The American Cocker Spaniel is a breed of sporting dog  It is a spaniel type dog that is closely related to the English Cocker Spaniel; the two breeds diverged during the 20th century due to differing breed standards in the US and the UK  In the United States, the breed is usually called a Cocker Spaniel, while elsewhere in the world, it is called an American Cocker Spaniel to distinguish it from its older English cousin  The word cocker is commonly held to stem from their use to hunt woodcock in England, while spaniel is thought to be derived from the breed's origins in Spain 
The first spaniel in America came across with the Mayflower in 1620, but it was not until 1878 that the first Cocker Spaniel was registered with the American Kennel Club (AKC)  A national breed club was set up three years later and the dog considered to be the father of the modern breed, Ch  Obo II, was born around this time  By the 1920s the English and American varieties of Cocker had become noticeably different and in 1946 the AKC recognized the English type as a separate breed  It was not until 1970 that The Kennel Club in the UK recognized the American Cocker Spaniel as being separate from the English type  The American Cocker was the most popular breed in the United States during the 1940s and 1950s and again during the 1980s, reigning for a total of 18 years  They have also won the best in show title at the Westminster Kennel Club Dog Show on four occasions, the best in show title at Crufts in 2017, and have been linked to the President of the United States on several occasions, with owners including Richard Nixon and Harry S  Truman   In 2013, the cocker spaniel ranked 29th the American Kennel Club registration statistics of historical comparisons and notable trends 
The breed is the smallest of the sporting dogs recognized by the AKC, and its distinctly shaped head makes it immediately recognizable  In addition, there are some marked differences between it and its English relative  It is a happy breed with average working intelligence, although by being bred to a show standard it is no longer an ideal working dog  Members of the breed suffer from a wide variety of health ailments including problems with their hearts, eyes and ears 

History
The word spanyell is thought to date from the late 12th century when it was used to name a type of dog imported into England from Spain, with the span part of the word referring to the country of origin  Records from the mid-14th century show that selective breeding was already in place, with the breed being separated into two distinct types, called water spaniels and land spaniels  By 1801, the smaller variety of land spaniel was called the Cocker or Cocking Spaniel, so named for its use in flushing woodcock According to historical records, the first spaniel was brought to North America aboard the Mayflower which sailed from Plymouth, England and landed in New England in 1620  The first Cocker Spaniel recorded in America was a liver and white dog named Captain, who was registered with the American Kennel Club in 1878  In 1881, the American Cocker Spaniel Club was formed; it would later become the American Spaniel Club (ASC) and is now known as the oldest breed club for dogs in the United States  The task of the club was initially to create a standard to separate the Cocker Spaniel in America from other types of land spaniels, a task which would take over 20 years, only being completed in 1905 The dog considered to be the father of the American Cocker Spaniel was sired by the dog considered to be the father of the English Cocker Spaniel  Ch  Obo was bred to Ch  Chloe II, who was shipped to America while she was pregnant  Once in the United States, she whelped a dog who became Ch  Obo II  He differed greatly from the modern breed, being only 10 inches (25 cm) tall and with a long body, but was considered to be an excellent dog of that era and became a popular sire Towards the end of the 19th century, the breed had become popular in America and Canada due to their dual use as a family pet and a working dog  In the early 20th century the breeders on either side of the Atlantic had created different breed standards for the Cocker Spaniel and the breed gradually diverged from one another, with the two becoming noticeably different by the 1920s  The American Cockers by now had a smaller muzzle, their coats were softer and the dogs overall were lighter and smaller  The differences were so apparent that in 1935, breeders founded the English Cocker Spaniel Club and restricted breeding between the two types of spaniel  The two types of Cocker Spaniel in America were shown together as one breed, with the English type as a variety of the main breed, until 1946 when the American Kennel Club recognized the English Cocker Spaniel as a separate breed 

Return to the UK
Initially in the United Kingdom there were a few American Cockers that had accompanied service personnel to American bases in the 1950s and 1960s  In addition, several came over with embassy staff and business people returning home The first UK Kennel Club registered American Cocker Spaniel was Aramingo Argonaught, born January 17, 1956, and bred by Herbert L  Steinberg  Two judges confirmed that the dog was an American Cocker and not an English Cocker before the Kennel Club permitted the dog to be shown  In the 1960s they were shown as a rare breed, which meant that they did not have a show class of their own and could only be shown in variety classes  This included Aramingo Argonaught, who was the first American Cocker Spaniel to be shown at Crufts in 1960 in a class entitled "Any variety not classified at this show"  In 1968, the KC agreed to have the breed shown in the category "Any variety gundog other than Cocker" and stated that the American Cocker was not a variety of "Spaniel (Cocker)"  There were around 100 registrations between 1966 and 1968 In 1970 the breed was given a separate register in the Kennel Club Breed Supplement, as it was previously included in "Any other variety"  Registration numbers increased to 309 by 1970 following this full recognition 

Notable American Cockers and popularity
American Cocker Spaniels have won best in show at the Westminster Dog Show on four occasions, with the first win in 1921 by Ch  Midkiff Seductive  Ch  My Own Brucie won the title twice in 1940 and 1941, and became known as the most photographed dog in the world Brucie's win in 1940 coincided with the American Cocker Spaniel becoming the most popular breed of dog in the United States, and they would remain the most popular until 1952  The breed won the title for the fourth time in 1954 with the victory going to Ch  Carmor's Rise and Shine  The popularity of the American Cocker increased once again in the 1980s with it becoming the most popular breed again from 1984 until 1990  In more recent years the popularity of the breed has decreased, with it ranked 15th most popular by the American Kennel Club in 2005  The breeds most recent victory came in 2017 when it won the best in show title at Crufts 
American Cocker Spaniels have had several links to the United States Presidency  In 1952, an American Cocker Spaniel became a household name when United States Senator Richard Nixon made his Checkers speech on September 23  A parti-colored American Cocker Spaniel named Dot was one of several dogs owned by Rutherford B  Hayes; and a buff colored dog named Feller caused a scandal for Harry S  Truman when the dog was received as an unwanted gift with the President subsequently giving it away to a White House physician  More recently, a Cocker named Zeke lived with Bill Clinton while he was the governor of Arkansas 

Appearance
The American Cocker Spaniel is the smallest dog recognized by the American Kennel Club as a sporting dog, being on average between 13 5 and 15 5 inches (34 and 39 cm) high at the withers  It is a dog of normal proportions, with medium long silky fur on the body and ears, hanging down on the legs and belly (known as feathering)  The head has an upturned nose and the ears hang down  The breed standard states that size over 15 5 inches (39 cm) inches for males and 14 5 inches (37 cm) for females is a disqualification at conformation shows  American Cocker Spaniels weigh around 24 to 30 pounds (11 to 14 kg) on average, with females of the breed usually weighing slightly less than the males The head of an American Cocker Spaniel makes the breed immediately recognizable, with the rounded dome of the skull, well-pronounced stop, and a square shaped lip  The drop ears are long, low set, with long silky fur, and the eyes are dark, large, and rounded  The nose can be black or brown depending on the color of the breed The coat of the breed come in a variety of shades with the colors being separated into three main groups: black/black and tan, any solid color other than black (ASCOB), and parti-color  The black variety is either all black, or with tan points on the dog's head, the feet and the tail in a pattern called black and tan  The group known as ASCOB includes all other solid colors from light cream through to dark red, although some lighter coloring is allowed on the feathering according to standards  Parti-colored dogs are white with patches of another color such as black or brown, and includes any roan colored dogs  In addition, American Cockers coats can come in a pattern known as merle, which is not recognized by the American Kennel Club American Cockers have rounder eyes, a domed skull, shorter muzzle and more clearly pronounced eyebrows than the English Cockers, whose head is more setter-like  In colors, the roan colors are rarer in the American variety than in the English but the shade of buff which is common in the American is not seen in the English breed at all, although there are English Cocker Spaniels which are considered to be a shade of red  The English breed is also slightly larger, being between 14 5–15 5 inches (37–39 cm) in height 
American Cocker Spaniel

Temperament
Known as the "Merry Cocker", the American Cocker Spaniel breed standard defines the ideal dog of the breed as being "equable in temperament with no suggestion of timidity " The breed ranks 20th in Stanley Coren's The Intelligence of Dogs, a rating that indicates good "Working or Obedience Intelligence", or trainability  IQ tests run on a variety of breeds in the 1950s and 1960s showed that the American Cocker performed the best when tested on its ability to show restraint and delayed response to a trigger, a trait which was put down to the breed's bred-in ability when hunting to freeze upon finding a bird before flushing it out on command  However, they proved to be the worst breed tested when it came to manipulating objects with their paws, for instance uncovering a dish of food or pulling on a string With a good level of socialization at an early age, an American Cocker can get along with people, children, other dogs and other pets  This breed seems to have a perpetually wagging tail and prefers to be around people; it is not best suited to the backyard alone  Cockers can be easily stressed by loud noises and by rough treatment or handling Members of the breed were originally used as hunting dogs, but increased in popularity as a show dog  It was bred more and more in conformation with the breed standard, resulting in certain attributes, such as a long coat, which no longer make it an ideal working dog 

Health
American Cocker Spaniels in UK and USA/Canada surveys had a median lifespan of about 10 to 11 years, which is on the low end of the typical range for purebred dogs, and one to two years less than other breeds of their size  The larger English Cocker Spaniel typically lives about a year longer than the American Cocker Spaniel  In a 2004 UK Kennel Club survey, the most common causes of death were cancer (23%), old age (20%), cardiac (8%), and immune-mediated (8%)  In a 2003 USA/Canada Health Survey with a smaller sample size, the leading causes of death were cancer, hepatic disease, and immune-mediated American Cockers previously high popularity resulted in the breed frequently being bred by backyard breeders or in puppy mills  This indiscriminate breeding has increased the proliferation of breed related health issues in certain bloodlines American Cocker Spaniels are susceptible to a variety of illnesses, particularly infections affecting their ears and, in some cases, their eyes  Although the number or percent of afflicted dogs is not known, progressive retinal atrophy (PRA), glaucoma, and cataracts have been identified in some members of the breed  The American Spaniel Club recommends annual eye exams by a veterinary ophthalmologist for all dogs that are to be used for breeding  Autoimmune problems in Cockers have also been identified in an unknown number or percent of the breed, including autoimmune hemolytic anemia (AIHA)  Ear inflammations are common in drop-eared breeds of dog, including the American Cocker, and luxating patellas and hip dysplasia have been identified in some members of the breed Heart conditions such as dilated cardiomyopathy, where the heart becomes weakened and enlarged, and sick sinus syndrome, which is a type of abnormal heart beating which causes low blood pressure, have been identified in the breed  Phosphofructokinase deficiency is a condition caused by a recessive gene in the breed which prevents the metabolism of glucose into energy, causing the dog to have extremely low energy and be unable to exercise  The gene which causes this appears in around 10 percent of the population, but DNA testing can prevent two carrier dogs from breeding and thus creating puppies with this condition American Cockers are also prone to canine epilepsy and the related condition known as Rage Syndrome  The latter is a form of epilepsy which can cause a normally placid dog to engage in sudden and unprovoked violent attacks  Initial research shows that both conditions appear to be inheritable 

In popular culture
The film Lady and the Tramp features the character Lady who is an American Cocker Spaniel 
Trilby from the Australian-American TV series Raggs is an American Cocker Spaniel 
Mags from Turbo Dogs is an American Cocker Spaniel 
Passage 8:
Water spaniel
Water spaniel (capitalized in the names of standardized breeds) was originally a term for water dogs generally, and today refer to several different breeds of water dogs that actually are spaniels, such as:

American Water Spaniel
English Water Spaniel, extinct
Irish Water Spaniel
Tweed Water Spaniel, extinct
Passage 9:
Welsh Springer Spaniel
The Welsh Springer Spaniel (Welsh: Llamgi Cymru) is a breed of dog and a member of the spaniel family  Thought to be comparable to the old Land Spaniel, they are similar to the English Springer Spaniel and historically have been referred to as both the Welsh Spaniel and the Welsh Cocker Spaniel  They were relatively unknown until a succession of victories in dog trials by the breed increased its popularity  Following recognition by The Kennel Club in 1902, the breed gained the modern name of Welsh Springer Spaniel  The breed's coat only comes in a single colour combination of white with red markings, usually in a piebald pattern  Loyal and affectionate, they can become very attached to family members and are wary of strangers  Health conditions are limited to those common among many breeds of dog, although they are affected more than average by hip dysplasia and some eye conditions  They are a working dog, bred for hunting, and while not as rare as some varieties of spaniel, they are rarer than the more widely known English Springer Spaniel with which they are sometimes confused 

History
The origin of the Welsh Springer Spaniel is unknown, but dogs resembling the breed with its distinctive red and white coat are frequently depicted in old pictures and prints  This type of dog was known as the Land Spaniel, and is considered to be similar to the modern Welsh Springer  John Caius, writing in 1570, said "Spaniels whose skynnes are white and if marked with any spottes they are commonly red"  It is thought that these Spaniels may have made their way into the Welsh valleys where local sportsman and hunters managed to conserve them in a pure state At one time called the Welsh Starter, it was used to spring game, originally for hunters using falcons  The traditional red and white colour of the Welsh Springer was once also found in English dogs, but by the early 20th century any such dogs were considered to have "died out long ago" The Welsh Springer Spaniel was also at one time called the Welsh Spaniel, and also at one point was included in the Kennel Club (UK) studbook as Cocker Spaniels, and was known as the Welsh Cocker  During the 19th century were several different varieties of Cocker Spaniel, including the English, the Welsh and the Devonshire as the term was used to describe the size of the dog rather than the breed  Unusually, in John George Wood's 1865 book The Illustrated Natural History, an image is described showing a Welsh Cocker Spaniel as a solid coloured dark spaniel  The same inscription is used in the 1867 work The Dog in Health and Disease by Stonehenge and he further describes the Welsh Cocker and the Devonshire Cocker as "both being of a deep-liver colour"  The Welsh Springer was relatively unknown during the 19th Century, but this changed in 1900 when Mr  A  T  Williams of Ynis-y-Gerwn won the team stake at the Sporting Spaniel Club Trials  The trials were held on Mr  Williams' own estate, and it was thought that when his team defeated eight well known teams it was because of the home advantage  This was disproved when dogs from the same kennel went on to win in successive years around the UK  His conformation show champion dog Corrin was the first Welsh Springer Spaniel to be photographed 

Welsh Springers were recognised by The Kennel Club, after the breed had gained popularity, in 1902 under the new name of Welsh Springer Spaniel  Until then the breed was shown alongside the English Springer Spaniel  The Welsh Springer Spaniel was transported to America in the late 19th century and gained recognition by the American Kennel Club in 1906 World War I caused problems for the breed in the United Kingdom, and when the war was over there were no dogs whose parents had registered pedigrees  The breed restarted with the remaining unregistered dogs, and it is these dogs that formed the modern day breed  The breeders in the 1920s and 1930s developed these dogs into the type of Welsh Springer Spaniel which remains today  The Welsh Springer Spaniel Club (UK) was formed in 1923, registrations slowly increased between the wars but all records held by the breed club were destroyed in an air raid during World War II  Following the two World Wars, it was thought that no Welsh Springers remained in the United States  The breed was reintroduced, and the descendants of those dogs make up the breed today in the United States and Canada  The breed was officially imported into Australia in 1973 In 2000, The Kennel Club registered 424 Welsh Springer Spaniels, compared with 12,599 English Springer Spaniels and 13,445 English Cocker Spaniels  Numbers remained steady, with 420 Welsh Springer Spaniels being registered in 2004, however numbers of English Springer Spaniels increased to 14,765 and English Cocker Spaniels to 16,608  Numbers remain closer to the American Cocker Spaniel which registered 610 in 2000, and 599 in 2004  The breed remains more popular than some other breeds of Spaniel, including the Clumber Spaniel, Field Spaniel, Sussex Spaniel and Irish Water Spaniel  Total registrations in the UK during 2016 fell to 299 qualifying it to be included on The Kennel Club's list of Vulnerable Native Breeds 

Description
Appearance
The Welsh Springer Spaniel is a compact, solidly built dog, bred for hard work and endurance  Their body can give the impression of length due to its obliquely angled forequarters and developed hindquarters  The build of the Welsh Springer Spaniel should be slightly off square, meaning that the length of the dog should be slightly greater than the height at the withers  However, some dogs may be square, and this is not penalised in the show ring as long as the height is never greater than the length   Traditionally a docked breed, dependent on legislation in the country of origin, and where allowed the dew claws can be removed In conformation showing, eyes should be brown in colour; yellow eyes do sometimes occur but are penalised in the show ring  Ears are small, pendulous (suspended and hanging), vine-shaped and with a light setter-like feathering  Nostrils are well developed and are black or any shade of brown; a pink nose is penalised in the AKC standard for the show ring, in Britain the colour is not specified in The Kennel Club's breed standard  In showing, a scissors bite is preferred with an undershot jaw severely penalised  Unlike the English Springer Spaniel and English Cocker Spaniel, there is no divergence into show and field styles of the breed Male dogs are 46 to 48 centimetres (18 to 19 in) high at the withers, with females a little smaller at 43 to 46 centimetres (17 to 18 in)  On average, members of the breed weigh between 16 and 20 kg (35 and 45 lb)  The back of the legs, chest, and underside of the body are feathered, and the ears and tail are lightly feathered  The only colour is a rich red-and-white  Any pattern is acceptable and any white area may be flecked with red ticking Welsh Springers are often confused with the English Springer Spaniel, but there are marked differences  The Welsh Springer is slightly smaller, and its reddish markings on a white background as opposed to the English Springers black or liver-coloured markings  Both breeds are admired for their hunting abilities and their trademark trait of "springing" at game  This can be seen during play also, as a dog may "spring" on his toy  Some experts believe that the Welsh Springer Spaniel and the Brittany share the same ancestry as there is a great deal of resemblance between the two breeds  The colours of the Welsh Springer, while exclusive from the English Springer, appear in the Brittany and the Brittany and Welsh Springers are both of similar sizes  The Welsh Springer is larger than the English Cocker Spaniel 

Temperament
The Welsh Springer Spaniel is active, loyal, and affectionate  They may meet strangers barking when in their territory, or act aloof, cautious or wary  The breed is well known for being friendly and demonstrative to all members of the family, especially children, and accepting other pets of the household with a friendly, playful attitude The breed is quick to learn but can be headstrong, though with correct training can become very obedient  The Welsh Springer was bred for work and endurance, and as with many breeds of hunting dogs requires a regular exercise routine to keep them healthy and content  Without adequate exercise, a Welsh Springer Spaniel may appear hyperactive  Some Welsh Springers can become clingy towards their owners and suffer separation anxiety when alone 

Health
The Welsh Springer is generally a healthy breed, but some can suffer conditions common to many breeds such as hip dysplasia, Canine glaucoma and like other dogs with pendulous ears, they are prone to ear infections such as otitis externa  Some Welsh Springer Spaniels are predisposed to become overweight  In a survey of over a hundred breeds of dog conducted in 1997, the Welsh Springer Spaniel was ranked 14th for worst hip score, with the average score of the breed being 18 45  The average lifespan is 12 to 15 years 

Eye disorders
Welsh Springers can be prone to entropion, which is a disorder that affects the eyelids  The condition causes them to curl inwards, pressing the eyelashes against the surface of the eye itself and causing them to scratch it  This can lead to irritation and damage to the cornea  In most cases it only affects the lower eyelid on one or both eyes, but in some cases the upper eyelid can be affected as well  Symptoms can include tearing, squinting, the rubbing of the eyes, thick discharge from the eyes and rolling of the eyelid along with wetness on the hairs next to the eyelids  There is no medical treatment for entropion, and surgical correction may be necessary depending on the severity of the case  This condition may be present soon after birth, or later in life as a secondary condition to other eye related diseases or infections  Other breeds also affected by the condition include the Chow Chow, Great Dane, Golden Retriever and the English Springer Spaniel Narrow/closed angle glaucoma is an autosomal dominant inheritable trait in the breed  It is a leading cause of blindness in dogs, and is where there is increased fluid pressure within the eye  If the fluid is not reduced, the pressure causes permanent damage to the retina and optic nerve  Loss of eyesight can happen as quickly as within 24 hours if the pressure if elevated enough, or slowly over time if it is only a mild elevation  The sudden, rapid elevation of pressure is more common with narrow/closed angle glaucoma which is more common to the breed than the slower open angle glaucoma  Symptoms can include redness in the eye, the eye itself looking cloudy, sensitivity to light and the dog may rub at their eye, or even rub it along other objects and carpet as the condition is moderate to extremely painful  Treatment can vary depending on the severity of the condition but if inherited glaucoma appears in one eye then it usually occurs in the other eye eventually 

See also
Hunting dog
Sporting Group
Context 3:  36: 1–35 
Wiley, Dan  "Celtic studies, early history of the field"  In Celtic Culture: A Historical Encyclopaedia, ed  J  T  Koch  Santa Barbara et al , 2006 

External links

Finding the Celtic project (FtC)
International Congress of Celtic Studies
Association of Celtic Students in Ireland and Britain
Celtic Studies in the Soviet Union
Passage 2:
Zeitschrift für celtische Philologie
The Zeitschrift für celtische Philologie is an academic journal of Celtic studies, which was established in 1897 by the German scholars Kuno Meyer and Ludwig Christian Stern  It was the first journal devoted exclusively to Celtic languages and literature and is the oldest significant journal of Celtic studies still in existence today  The emphasis is on (early) Irish language and literature and Continental Celtic languages, but other aspects of Celtic philology and literature (including modern literature) also receive attention Apart from Stern and Meyer, previous editors include Julius Pokorny, Ludwig Mühlhausen, Rudolf Thurneysen, Rudolf Hertz, Heinrich Wagner, Hans Hartmann, and Karl Horst Schmidt  The current editors-in-chief are Jürgen Uhlich, Torsten Meißner and Bernhard Maier 
In addition to the regular volumes, the journal also has a subsidiary series, Buchreihe der Zeitschrift für celtische Philologie The journal features in a poem by Flann O'Brien which satirises scholars who "rose in their nightshift / To write for the Zeitschrift" 
Passage 3:
Pan Celtic Festival
The Pan Celtic Festival (Irish: Féile Pan Cheilteach; branded simply using the Irish name Pan Cheilteach) is a Celtic-language music festival held annually in the week following Easter, in Ireland, since its inauguration in 1971  The first Pan Celtic Festival took place in Killarney, County Kerry, Ireland  Its aim is to promote the modern Celtic languages and cultures and artists from six Celtic nations: Brittany, Cornwall, Ireland (Republic of Ireland and Northern Ireland compete as a single entity), Isle of Man, Scotland and Wales 
Each participating nation holds its own national selection event to choose its representatives at the Festival  The most successful nation is Wales with fourteen wins, with Ireland in second having won eleven times  Bénjad, who represented Cornwall in 2012 and 2013, became the first artist in the festival's history to have won twice  The Isle of Man is the least successful nation, having only won once in 2014 

Origins and history
Formed in Killarney, County Kerry, Ireland, the Pan Celtic Festival was organised as a music festival to be held every Spring, to promote the modern cultures and Celtic languages through the medium of music  It was originally entitled Gŵyl Gerdd Bach (Welsh for "Small Music Festival"), by Con O'Connaill, but later changed to its current name  In May 1971, the first festival took place in Killarney; and featured performers from Wales (Phyllis and Meredydd Evans), Ireland (Scoil na Toirbhirte), and Brittany (Les Tregerez Group and Alan Stivell) Meredydd Evans engaged in discussions with the event organiser, Ó Connaill, following the 1971 Festival, and invited him to the National Eisteddfod of Wales  At the Eisteddfod, Ó Connaill met members from other Celtic nations, and formed a committee for the Pan Celtic Festival  Participants from the six Celtic nations of Brittany (Breizh), Cornwall (Kernow), Wales (Cymru), Scotland (Alba), Ireland (Éire) and the Isle of Man (Mannin) took part in the second Pan Celtic Festival, again held in Killarney in 1972  It was during this festival that the core structure of the event was finalised following a meeting with committee members  These principles of the event are to promote the languages, musical talents and cultures within the six territories recognised as Celtic nations 

Participation
Eligibility to compete at the Pan Celtic Festival is for Celtic nations, which are territories in Northern and Western Europe where Celtic languages or cultural traits have survived, and are members of the Celtic League  The term "nation" is used in its original sense to mean a community of people who share a common identity and culture and are identified with a traditional territory  It is not synonymous with "sovereign state" 

National selections
Brittany: Gouelioù Etrekeltiek An Oriant
The Gouelioù Etrekeltiek An Orient (English: Inter-Celtic Festival of Lorient, or French: Festival Interceltique de Lorient) is an annual Celtic festival, located in the city of Lorient, Brittany, France  The event also acts as a national selection process to determine the Breton representative for the annual Pan Celtic Festival  It was founded in 1971 by Polig Montjarret  This annual festival takes place every August and is dedicated to the cultural traditions of the Celtic nations (pays celtes in Brittany), highlighting celtic music and dance and also including other arts such as painting, photography, theatre, sculpture, traditional artisan as well as sport and gastronomy 

Cornwall: Kan Rag Kernow
Kan Rag Kernow (English: A Song for Cornwall) is a Cornish annual song contest to find a representative for Cornwall at the Pan Celtic Festival, held annually in Ireland  The Cornish group, The Changing Room, won the 2015 Kan Rag Kernow on 30 January 2015  The group went on to represent Cornwall at the 2015 Pan Celtic Festival, finishing in first place with the song "Hal an Tow" (Flora Day) 

Ireland: Comórtas Amhrán Náisiúnta
The Comórtas Amhrán Náisiúnta (English: National Song Contest) is the Irish selection process to determine the representatives for Ireland at the annual Pan Celtic Festival  In 2015, the selection show was held at the Seven Oaks Hotel, in Carlow, on 7 March 

Isle of Man: Arrane son Mannin
The Arrane son Mannin (English: Song for the Isle of Man) is the Manx competition through which a song is selected for the Pan Celtic Festival  In 2015, Shenn Scoill, a quartet whose name means "Old School", were chosen to represent the island 

Scotland: Am Mòd Nàiseanta Rìoghail
Am Mòd Nàiseanta Rìoghail (English: The Royal National Mòd) is the Scottish Gaelic selection process, organised by An Comunn Gàidhealach, to find the Scottish representative for the Pan Celtic Festival, held annually in Ireland  The Scottish band, Na h-Òganaich, were the first representatives for Scotland at the 1971 Pan Celtic Festival  They represented Scotland again in 1972, with the song "Mi le m’Uillin", finishing in first place 

Wales: Cân i Gymru
Cân i Gymru (English: A Song for Wales, Welsh pronunciation: [ˈkaːn i ˈɡəmrɨ]) is a Welsh television show broadcast on S4C annually  It was first introduced in 1969 when BBC Cymru wanted to enter the Eurovision Song Contest  It has taken place every year since, except in 1973  Cân i Gymru is different from most talent shows; whereas the majority invite the public to participate, Cân i Gymru welcomes only professional artists  The winner of the contest represents Wales at the annual Pan Celtic Festival held in Ireland and is also awarded a cash prize Wales made their debut participation in the Eurovision Choir of the Year 2017, which marked the second time in any of the Eurovision Family of Events that the country was not represented as part of the unified state of the United Kingdom, after 1994, when Wales participated lastly in the Jeux Sans Frontières  Wales used the talent show Côr Cymru, to select their representatives 

Festival hosts
The festivals, since 1971, have been held in various towns and cities in Ireland  Below is a list of the host cities and their respective years of hosting  The 2001 festival was cancelled due to the foot-and-mouth outbreak  As is shown below, County Kerry have hosted the festival twenty-nine times since 1971, with the most recent the 2011 Festival, in the town of Dingle, who first hosted the event in 2010  County Clare have only hosted once in 1997 

List of winners
By festival
The table below lists all of the annual Pan Celtic Festival winners since its inaugural event in 1971 

By Celtic nation
The table below lists all of the Pan Celtic Festival winners by Celtic Nations, since its inaugural event in 1971  Wales is the most successful nation to date, with fifteen wins; with Ireland coming in second with eleven wins  The Isle of Man achieved their one and only win to date in 2014 
Passage 4:
Insular Celtic languages
Insular Celtic languages are the group of Celtic languages spoken in Brittany, Great Britain, Ireland, and the Isle of Man   All surviving Celtic languages are in the Insular group, including Breton, which is spoken on continental Europe in Brittany, France  The  Continental Celtic languages, although once quite widely spoken in mainland Europe and in Anatolia, are extinct 
Six Insular Celtic languages are extant (in all cases written and spoken) in two distinct groups:

Brittonic (or Brythonic) languages: Breton, Cornish, and Welsh
Goidelic languages: Irish, Manx, and Scottish Gaelic

Insular Celtic hypothesis
The "Insular Celtic hypothesis" is a theory that they evolved together in those places, having a later common ancestor than any of the Continental Celtic languages such as Celtiberian, Gaulish, Galatian, and Lepontic, among others, all of which are long extinct 
The proponents of the hypothesis (such as Cowgill 1975; McCone 1991, 1992; and Schrijver 1995) point to shared innovations among these – chiefly:

inflected prepositions
shared use of certain verbal particles
VSO word order
differentiation of absolute and conjunct verb endings as found extensively in Old Irish and less so in Middle Welsh (see Morphology of the Proto-Celtic language) The proponents assert that a strong partition between the Brittonic languages with Gaulish (P-Celtic) on one side and the Goidelic languages with Celtiberian (Q-Celtic) on the other, may be superficial, owing to a language contact phenomenon   They add the identical sound shift (/kʷ/ to /p/) could have occurred independently in the predecessors of Gaulish and Brittonic, or have spread through language contact between those two groups  Further, the Italic languages had a similar divergence between Latino-Faliscan, which kept /kʷ/, and Osco-Umbrian, which changed it to /p/  Some historians, such as George Buchanan in the 16th century, had suggested the Brythonic or P-Celtic language was a descendant of the Picts' language   Indeed the tribe of the Pritani has Qritani (and, orthographically orthodox in modern form but counterintuitively written Cruthin) (Q-Celtic) cognate forms The family tree of the Insular Celtic languages is thus as follows:

This table lists cognates showing the development of Proto-Celtic */kʷ/ to /p/ in Gaulish and the Brittonic languages but to /k/ in the Goidelic languages 

^  In Welsh orthography ⟨u⟩ denotes [i] or [ɪ]A significant difference between Goidelic and Brittonic languages is the transformation of *an, *am to a denasalised vowel with lengthening, é, before an originally voiceless stop or fricative, cf  Old Irish éc "death", écath "fish hook", dét "tooth", cét "hundred" vs  Welsh angau, angad, dant, and cant  Otherwise:

the nasal is retained before a vowel, i̯, w, m, and a liquid:
Old Irish: ben "woman" (< *benā)
Old Irish: gainethar "he/she is born" (< *gan-i̯e-tor)
Old Irish: ainb "ignorant" (< *anwiss)
the nasal passes to en before another n:
Old Irish: benn "peak" (< *banno) (vs  Welsh bann)
Middle Irish: ro-geinn "finds a place" (< *ganne) (vs  Welsh gannaf)
the nasal passes to in, im before a voiced stop
Old Irish: imb "butter" (vs  Breton aman(en)n, Cornish amanyn)
Old Irish: ingen "nail" (vs  Old Welsh eguin)
Old Irish: tengae "tongue" (vs  Welsh tafod)
ing "strait" (vs  Middle Welsh eh-ang "wide")

Insular Celtic as a language area
In order to show that shared innovations are from a common descent it is necessary that they do not arise because of language contact after initial separation  A language area can result from widespread bilingualism, perhaps because of exogamy, and absence of sharp sociolinguistic division 
Ranko Matasović has provided a list of changes which affected both branches of Insular Celtic but for which there is no evidence that they should be dated to a putative Proto-Insular Celtic period  These are:

Phonological Changes
The lenition of voiceless stops
Raising/i-affection
Lowering/a-affection
Apocope
Syncope
Morphological Changes
Creation of conjugated prepositions
Loss of case inflection of personal pronouns (historical case-inflected forms)
Creation of the equative degree
Creation of the imperfect
Creation of the conditional mood
Morphosyntactic and Syntactic
Rigidisation of VSO order
Creation of preposed definite articles
Creation of particles expressing sentence affirmation and negation
Creation of periphrastic construction
Creation of object markers
Use of ordinal numbers in the sense of "one of" 

Absolute and dependent verb
The Insular Celtic verb shows a peculiar feature unknown in any other attested Indo-European language: verbs have different conjugational forms depending on whether they appear in absolute initial position in the sentence (Insular Celtic having verb–subject–object or VSO word order) or whether they are preceded by a preverbal particle  The situation is most robustly attested in Old Irish, but it has remained to some extent in Scottish Gaelic and traces of it are present in Middle Welsh as well 
Forms that appear in sentence-initial position are called absolute, those that appear after a particle are called conjunct (see Dependent and independent verb forms for details)  The paradigm of the present active indicative of the Old Irish verb beirid "carry" is as follows; the conjunct forms are illustrated with the particle ní "not" 

In Scottish Gaelic this distinction is still found in certain verb-forms across almost all verbs (except for a very few)  This is a VSO language  The example given in the first column below is the independent  or absolute  form, which must be used when the verb is in clause-initial position (or preceded in the clause by certain preverbal particles)  Then following it is the dependent  or conjunct  form which is required when the verb is preceded in the clause by certain other preverbal particles, in particular interrogative or negative preverbal particles  In these examples, in the first column we have a verb in clause-initial position  In the second column a negative particle immediately precedes the verb, which makes the verb use the verb form or verb forms of the dependent  conjugation 

Note that the verb forms in the above examples happen to be the same with any subject personal pronouns, not just with the particular persons chosen in the example  Also, the combination of tense–aspect–mood properties inherent in these verb forms is non-past but otherwise indefinite with respect to time, being compatible with a variety of non-past times, and context indicates the time  The sense can be completely tenseless, for example when asserting that something is always true or always happens  This verb form has erroneously been termed ‘future’ in many pedagogical grammars  A correct, neutral term ‘INDEF1’ has been used in linguistics texts 
In Middle Welsh, the distinction is seen most clearly in proverbs following the formula "X happens, Y does not happen" (Evans 1964: 119):

Pereid y rycheu, ny phara a'e goreu "The furrows last, he who made them lasts not"
Trenghit golut, ny threingk molut "Wealth perishes, fame perishes not"
Tyuit maban, ny thyf y gadachan "An infant grows, his swaddling-clothes grow not"
Chwaryit mab noeth, ny chware mab newynawc "A naked boy plays, a hungry boy plays not"The older analysis of the distinction, as reported by Thurneysen (1946, 360 ff ), held that the absolute endings derive from Proto-Indo-European "primary endings" (used in present and future tenses) while the conjunct endings derive from the "secondary endings" (used in past tenses)  Thus Old Irish absolute beirid "s/he carries" was thought to be from *bʰereti (compare Sanskrit bharati "s/he carries"), while conjunct beir was thought to be from *bʰeret (compare Sanskrit a-bharat "s/he was carrying") 
Today, however, most Celticists agree that Cowgill (1975), following an idea present already in Pedersen (1913, 340 ff ), found the correct solution to the origin of the absolute/conjunct distinction: an enclitic particle, reconstructed as *es after consonants and *s after vowels, came in second position in the sentence  If the first word in the sentence was another particle, *(e)s came after that and thus before the verb, but if the verb was the first word in the sentence, *(e)s was cliticized to it  Under this theory, then, Old Irish absolute beirid comes from Proto-Celtic *bereti-s, while conjunct ní beir comes from *nī-s bereti 
The identity of the *(e)s particle remains uncertain  Cowgill suggests it might be a semantically degraded form of *esti "is", while Schrijver (1994) has argued it is derived from the particle *eti "and then", which is attested in Gaulish  Schrijver's argument is supported and expanded by Schumacher (2004), who points towards further evidence, viz , typological parallels in non-Celtic languages, and especially a large number of verb forms in all Brythonic languages that contain a particle -d (from an older *-t) 
Continental Celtic languages cannot be shown to have any absolute/conjunct distinction  However, they seem to show only SVO and SOV word orders, as in other Indo-European languages  The absolute/conjunct distinction may thus be an artifact of the VSO word order that arose in Insular Celtic 

Possible pre-Celtic substratum
Insular Celtic, unlike  Continental Celtic, shares some structural characteristics with various Afro-Asiatic languages which are rare in other Indo-European languages  These similarities include verb–subject–object word order, singular verbs with plural post-verbal subjects, a genitive construction similar to construct state, prepositions with fused inflected pronouns ("conjugated prepositions" or "prepositional pronouns"), and oblique relatives with pronoun copies  Such resemblances were noted as early as 1621 with regard to Welsh and the Hebrew language The hypothesis that the Insular Celtic languages had features from an Afro-Asiatic substratum (Iberian and Berber languages) was first proposed by John Morris-Jones in 1899  The theory has been supported by several linguists since: Henry Jenner (1904); Julius Pokorny (1927); Heinrich Wagner (1959); Orin Gensler (1993); Theo Vennemann (1995); and Ariel Shisha-Halevy (2003) Others have suggested that rather than the Afro-Asiatic influencing Insular Celtic directly, both groups of languages were influenced by a now lost substrate  This was suggested by Jongeling (2000)  Ranko Matasović (2012) likewise argued that the "Insular Celtic languages were subject to strong influences from an unknown, presumably non-Indo-European substratum" and found the syntactic parallelisms between Insular Celtic and Afro-Asiatic languages to be "probably not accidental"  He argued that their similarities arose from "a large linguistic macro-area, encompassing parts of NW Africa, as well as large parts of Western Europe, before the arrival of the speakers of Indo-European, including Celtic" The Afro-Asiatic substrate theory, according to Raymond Hickey, "has never found much favour with scholars of the Celtic languages"  The theory was criticised by Kim McCone in 2006, Graham Isaac in 2007, and Steve Hewitt in 2009  Isaac argues that the 20 points identified by Gensler are trivial, dependencies, or vacuous  Thus, he considers the theory to be not just unproven but also wrong  Instead, the similarities between Insular Celtic and Afro-Asiatic could have evolved independently 

Notes
Passage 5:
Celtic nations
The Celtic nations are a cultural area and collection of geographical regions in Northwestern Europe where the Celtic languages and cultural traits have survived  The term nation is used in its original sense to mean a people who share a common identity and culture and are identified with a traditional territory 
The six regions widely considered Celtic nations are Brittany (Breizh), Cornwall (Kernow), Ireland (Éire), the Isle of Man (Mannin, or Ellan Vannin), Scotland (Alba), and Wales (Cymru)  In each of the six nations a Celtic language is spoken to some extent: Brittonic or Brythonic languages are spoken in Brittany (Breton), Cornwall (Cornish), and Wales (Welsh), whilst Goidelic or Gaelic languages are spoken in Scotland (Scottish Gaelic), Ireland (Irish), and the Isle of Man (Manx) Before the expansions of Ancient Rome and the Germanic and Slavic-speaking tribes, a significant part of Europe was dominated by Celtic-speaking cultures, leaving behind a legacy of Celtic cultural traits  Territories in north-western Iberia—particularly northern Portugal, Galicia, Asturias, León, and Cantabria (together historically referred to as Gallaecia and Astures), covering north-central Portugal and northern Spain—are considered Celtic nations due to their culture and history  Unlike the others, however, no Celtic language is attested there, unlike Celtiberia, and has been spoken in modern times 

Core nations
Each of the six nations has its own Celtic language  In Brittany, Ireland, Scotland, and Wales these have been spoken continuously through time, while Cornwall and the Isle of Man have languages that were spoken into modern times but later died as spoken community languages  In the latter two regions, however, language revitalisation movements have led to the adoption of these languages by adults and produced a number of native speakers Ireland, Wales, Brittany and Scotland contain areas where a Celtic language is used on a daily basis; in Ireland these areas are called the Gaeltacht; in Wales Y Fro Gymraeg, Breizh-Izel (Lower Brittany) in western Brittany and Breizh-Uhel (Upper Brittany) in eastern Brittany  Generally these communities are in the west of their countries and in more isolated upland or island areas  Welsh, however, is much more widespread, with much of the north and west speaking it as a first language, or equally alongside English  Public signage is in dual languages throughout Wales and it is now a requirement to possess at least basic Welsh in order to be employed by the Welsh Government  The term Gàidhealtachd historically distinguished the Gaelic-speaking areas of Scotland (the Highlands and islands) from the Lowland Scots (i e  Anglo-Saxon-speaking) areas  More recently, this term has also been adopted as the Gaelic name of the Highland council area, which includes non-Gaelic speaking areas  Hence, more specific terms such as sgìre Ghàidhlig ("Gaelic-speaking area") are now used In Wales, the Welsh language is a core curriculum (compulsory) subject, which all pupils study  Additionally, 20% of schoolchildren in Wales attend Welsh medium schools, where they are taught entirely in the Welsh language  In the Republic of Ireland, all school children study Irish as one of the three core subjects until the end of secondary school, and 7 4% of primary school education is through Irish medium education, which is part of the Gaelscoil movement  In the Isle of Man, there is one Manx-medium primary school, and all schoolchildren have the opportunity to learn Manx 

Other territories
Parts of the northern Iberian Peninsula, namely Galicia, Cantabria, Asturias and Northern Portugal, also lay claim to this heritage  Musicians from Galicia and Asturias have participated in Celtic music festivals, such as the Ortigueira's Festival of Celtic World in the village of Ortigueira or the Breton Festival Interceltique de Lorient, which in 2013 celebrated the Year of Asturias, and in 2019 celebrated the Year of Galicia  Northern Portugal, part of ancient Gallaecia (Galicia, Minho, Douro and Trás-os-Montes), also has traditions quite similar to Galicia  However, no Celtic language has been spoken in northern Iberia since probably the Early Middle Ages Irish was once widely spoken on the island of Newfoundland, but had largely disappeared there by the early 20th century  Vestiges remain in some words found in Newfoundland English, such as scrob for "scratch", and sleveen for "rascal" There are virtually no known fluent speakers of Irish Gaelic in Newfoundland or Labrador today  Knowledge seems to be largely restricted to memorized passages, such as traditional tales and songs Canadian Gaelic dialects of Scottish Gaelic are still spoken by Gaels in other parts of Atlantic Canada, primarily on Cape Breton Island and adjacent areas of Nova Scotia  In 2011, there were 1,275 Gaelic speakers in Nova Scotia, and 300 residents of the province considered a Gaelic language to be their "mother tongue" Patagonian Welsh is spoken principally in Y Wladfa in the Chubut Province of Patagonia, with sporadic speakers elsewhere in Argentina  Estimates of the number of Welsh speakers range from 1,500 to 5,000 

Celtic languages
The Celtic languages form a branch of the greater Indo-European language family  SIL Ethnologue lists six living Celtic languages, of which four have retained a substantial number of native speakers  These are the Goidelic languages (i e  Irish and Scottish Gaelic, which are both descended from Middle Irish) and the Brittonic languages (i e  Welsh and Breton, which are both descended from Common Brittonic) Taken together, there were roughly one million native speakers of Celtic languages as of the 2000s  In 2010, there were more than 1 4 million speakers of Celtic languages 

Celtic identity
Formal cooperation between the Celtic nations is active in many contexts, including politics, languages, culture, music and sports:
The Celtic League is an inter-Celtic political organisation, which campaigns for the political, language, cultural and social rights, affecting one or more of the Celtic nations Established in 1917, the Celtic Congress is a non-political organisation that seeks to promote Celtic culture and languages and to maintain intellectual contact and close cooperation between Celtic peoples Festivals celebrating the culture of the Celtic nations include the Festival Interceltique de Lorient (Brittany), the Pan Celtic Festival (Ireland), CeltFest Cuba (Havana, Cuba), the National Celtic Festival (Portarlington, Australia), the Celtic Media Festival (showcasing film and television from the Celtic nations), and the Eisteddfod (Wales) Inter-Celtic music festivals include Celtic Connections (Glasgow), and the Hebridean Celtic Festival (Stornoway)  Due to immigration, a dialect of Scottish Gaelic (Canadian Gaelic) is spoken by some on Cape Breton Island in Nova Scotia, while a Welsh-speaking minority exists in the Chubut Province of Argentina  Hence, for certain purposes—such as the Festival Interceltique de Lorient—Gallaecia, Asturias, and Cape Breton Island in Nova Scotia are considered three of the nine Celtic nations Competitions are held between the Celtic nations in sports such as rugby union (Pro14—formerly known as the Celtic League), athletics (Celtic Cup) and association football (the Nations Cup—also known as the Celtic Cup) The Republic of Ireland enjoyed a period of rapid economic growth between 1995 and 2007, leading to the use of the phrase Celtic Tiger to describe the country  Aspirations for Scotland to achieve a similar economic performance to that of Ireland led the Scotland First Minister Alex Salmond to set out his vision of a Celtic Lion economy for Scotland, in 2007 

Genetic studies
A Y-DNA study by an Oxford University research team in 2006 claimed that the majority of Britons, including many of the English, are descended from a group of tribes which arrived from Iberia around 5000 BC, before the spread of Celtic culture into western Europe  However, three major later genetic studies have largely invalidated these claims, instead showing that haplogroup R1b in western Europe, most common in traditionally Celtic-speaking areas of Atlantic Europe like Ireland and Brittany, would have largely expanded in massive migrations from the Indo-European homeland, the Yamnaya culture in the Pontic–Caspian steppe, during the Bronze Age along with carriers of Indo-European languages like proto-Celtic  Unlike previous studies, large sections of autosomal DNA were analyzed in addition to paternal Y-DNA markers  They detected an autosomal component present in modern Europeans which was not present in Neolithic or Mesolithic Europeans, and which would have been introduced into Europe with paternal lineages R1b and R1a, as well as the Indo-European languages  This genetic component, labelled as "Yamnaya" in the studies, then mixed to varying degrees with earlier Mesolithic hunter-gatherer or Neolithic farmer populations already existing in western Europe



ground_truth: no

prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: In which six Western European territories have Celtic languages or cultural traits survived?

The following are given passages.
Context 3:  Furthermore, a 2016 study also found that Bronze Age remains from Rathlin Island in Ireland dating to over 4,000 years ago were most genetically similar to modern Irish, Scottish and Welsh, and that the core of the genome of insular Celtic populations was established by this time In 2015 a genetic study of the United Kingdom showed that there is no unified 'Celtic' genetic identity compared to 'non-Celtic' areas  The 'Celtic' areas of the United Kingdom (Scotland, Northern Ireland, Wales and Cornwall) show the most genetic differences among each other  The data shows that Scottish and Cornish populations share greater genetic similarity with the English than they do with other 'Celtic' populations, with the Cornish in particular being genetically much closer to other English groups than they are to the Welsh or the Scots 

Terminology
The term Celtic nations derives from the linguistics studies of the 16th century scholar George Buchanan and the polymath Edward Lhuyd  As Assistant Keeper and then Keeper of the Ashmolean Museum, Oxford (1691–1709), Lhuyd travelled extensively in Great Britain, Ireland and Brittany in the late 17th and early 18th centuries  Noting the similarity between the languages of Brittany, Cornwall and Wales, which he called "P-Celtic" or Brythonic, the languages of Ireland, the Isle of Man and Scotland, which he called "Q-Celtic" or Goidelic, and between the two groups, Lhuyd published Archaeologia Britannica: an Account of the Languages, Histories and Customs of Great Britain, from Travels through Wales, Cornwall, Bas-Bretagne, Ireland and Scotland in 1707  His Archaeologia Britannica concluded that all six languages derived from the same root  Lhuyd theorised that the root language descended from the languages spoken by the Iron Age tribes of Gaul, whom Greek and Roman writers called Celtic  Having defined the languages of those areas as Celtic, the people living in them and speaking those languages became known as Celtic too  There is some dispute as to whether Lhuyd's theory is correct  Nevertheless, the term Celtic to describe the languages and peoples of Brittany, Cornwall and Wales, Ireland, the Isle of Man and Scotland was accepted from the 18th century and is widely used today These areas of Europe are sometimes referred to as the "Celt belt" or "Celtic fringe" because of their location generally on the western edges of the continent, and of the states they inhabit (e g  Brittany is in the northwest of France, Cornwall is in the south west of Great Britain, Wales in western Great Britain and the Gaelic-speaking parts of Ireland and Scotland are in the west of those countries)  Additionally, this region is known as the "Celtic Crescent" because of the near crescent shaped position of the nations in Europe 

Endonyms and Celtic exonyms
The Celtic names for each nation in each language illustrate some of the similarity between the languages  Despite differences in orthography, there are many sound and lexical correspondences between the endonyms and exonyms used to refer to the Celtic nations 

Territories of the ancient Celts
Iberian Peninsula
Modern-day Galicians, Asturians, Cantabrians and northern Portuguese claim a Celtic heritage or identity  Despite the extinction of Iberian Celtic languages in Roman times, Celtic heritage is attested in toponymics and language substratum, ancient texts, folklore and music 

England
Movements of population between different parts of Great Britain over the last two centuries, with industrial development and changes in living patterns such as the growth of second home ownership, have greatly modified the demographics of these areas, including the Isles of Scilly off the coast of Cornwall, although Cornwall in particular retains Celtic cultural features, and a Cornish self-government movement is well established 

Formerly Gaulish regions
Most French people identify with the ancient Gauls and are well aware that they were a people that spoke Celtic languages and lived Celtic ways of life Walloons occasionally characterise themselves as "Celts", mainly in opposition to the "Teutonic" Flemish and "Latin" French identities 
Others think they are Belgian, that is to say Germano-Celtic people different from the Gaulish-Celtic French 

Italian Peninsula
The Canegrate culture (13th century BC) may represent the first migratory wave of the proto-Celtic population from the northwest part of the Alps that, through the Alpine passes, had already penetrated and settled in the western Po valley between Lake Maggiore and Lake Como (Scamozzina culture)  It has also been proposed that a more ancient proto-Celtic presence can be traced back to the beginning of the Middle Bronze Age (16th–15th century BC), when North Westwern Italy appears closely linked regarding the production of bronze artifacts, including ornaments, to the western groups of the Tumulus culture (Central Europe, 1600–1200 BC)  La Tène cultural material appeared over a large area of mainland Italy, the southernmost example being the Celtic helmet from Canosa di Puglia Italy is home to the Lepontic, the oldest attested Celtic language (from the 6th century BC)  Anciently spoken in Switzerland and in Northern-Central Italy, from the Alps to Umbria  According to the Recueil des Inscriptions Gauloises, more than 760 Gaulish inscriptions have been found throughout present-day France—with the notable exception of Aquitaine—and in Italy The French- and Arpitan-speaking Aosta Valley region in Italy also presents a claim of Celtic heritage 
The Northern League autonomist party often exalts what it claims are the Celtic roots of all Northern Italy or Padania 

Central and Eastern European regions
Celtic tribes inhabited land in what is now southern Germany and Austria 
Many scholars have associated the earliest Celtic peoples with the Hallstatt culture  The Boii, the Scordisci, and the Vindelici are some of the tribes that inhabited Central Europe, including what is now Slovakia, Serbia, Croatia, Poland and the Czech Republic as well as Germany and Austria  The Boii gave their name to Bohemia  The Boii founded a city on the site of modern Prague, and some of its ruins are now a tourist attraction  There are claims among modern Czechs that the Czech people are as much descendants of the Boii as they are from the later Slavic invaders (as well as the historical Germanic peoples of Czech lands)  This claim may not only be political: according to a 2000 study by Semino, 35 6% of Czech males have y-chromosome haplogroup R1b, which is common among Celts but rare among Slavs 
Celts also founded Singidunum near present-day Belgrade, though the Celtic presence in modern-day Serbian regions is limited to the far north (mainly including the historically at least partially Hungarian Vojvodina) 
The modern-day capital of Turkey, Ankara, was once the center of the Celtic culture in Central Anatolia, giving the name to the region—Galatia 
The La Tène culture—named for a region in modern Switzerland—succeeded the Halstatt era in much of central Europe 

Celtic diaspora
In the years between 1815, when vast industrial changes began to disrupt the old life-styles in Europe, and Canadian Confederation in 1867, when immigration of that era passed its peak, more than 150,000 immigrants from Ireland flooded into Saint John  Those who came in the earlier period were largely tradesmen, and many stayed in Saint John, becoming the backbone of its builders  But when the Great Famine raged between 1845 and 1852, huge waves of Famine refugees flooded these shores  It is estimated that between 1845 and 1847, some 30,000 arrived, more people than were living in the city at the time  In 1847, dubbed "Black 47," one of the worst years of the Famine, some 16,000 immigrants, most of them from Ireland, arrived at Partridge Island, the immigration and quarantine station at the mouth of Saint John Harbour  However, thousands of Irish were living in New Brunswick prior to these events, mainly in Saint John 

After the partitioning of the British colony of Nova Scotia in 1784 New Brunswick was originally named New Ireland with the capital to be in Saint John In New Zealand, the southern regions of Otago and Southland were settled by the Free Church of Scotland  Many of the place names in these two regions (such as the main cities of Dunedin and Invercargill and the major river, the Clutha) have Scottish Gaelic names, and Celtic culture is still prominent in this area 

See also
Passage 6:
Journal of Celtic Linguistics
The Journal of Celtic Linguistics is a peer-reviewed annual academic journal established in 1992 with the goal of encouraging and publishing original linguistic research in the Celtic languages  The journal is published by the University of Wales Press, but has specialist editors in all six Celtic languages  The current editor-in-chief, since volume 16, is Simon Rodway (Aberystwyth University), who replaced Graham Isaac (National University of Ireland, Galway) 

External links
Official website
Passage 7:
Alexei Kondratiev
Alexei Kondratiev (February 15, 1949–May 28, 2010) was an American author, linguist, and teacher of Celtic languages, folklore and culture  He taught the Irish language and Celtic history at the Irish Arts Center in Manhattan, New York from 1985 until his death on May 28, 2010  Nine editions of his book, The Apple Branch, were published in English and Spanish from 1998 to 2004  At various times, he taught all six of the living Celtic languages A long-time member of the Mythopoeic Society, Kondratiev was the Scholar Guest of Honor at the organization's Mythcon 33 convention in 2002, papers coordinator for Mythcon 39 in 2008, and maintained a book review column in its publication, Mythlore  In 2010, the society named a new award after Kondratiev, the Alexei Kondratiev Memorial Student Paper Award, to be presented for the first time at its Mythcon 41 convention in Dallas, July 9–12, 2010 He contributed significant portions of the text used on the website of the Celtic League's American Branch and book reviews for the organization's magazine, Keltoi On the File 770 science fiction fandom blog, Ken Gale reported that Kondratiev "spoke over 60 languages and was fluent in 13 to 20 of them"  In the Northeast Tolkien Society's tribute to Kondratiev, co-chairs Anthony S  Burdge and Jessica J  Burke reminisced about how he offered advice on the pronunciation of key Algonquian terms for a paper at Mythcon 37 in 2006, and his passion for the Polynesian culture and language at the Hawaii Mythcon Kondratiev encouraged students to think of language as a tool to connect with and understand the culture of its people  The collection of languages he acquired included the Native American languages of Cherokee, Lenape, Lakota, and Navajo 

Early years
Born on February 14, 1949 in New York, son of a Russian father and French mother, Kondratiev became fluent in the languages spoken by his parents: Russian, French and English  English was the later of these three languages; he did not speak it until he started school in New York  He was the eldest of six children, with four sisters and one brother Kondratiev grew up in both New York City and Bourgogne, France, as he traveled back and forth between the home of his parents in New York City and his grandparents' home in the Saone Valley  His interest in the Celtic culture began as a child, exploring the ancient Celtic ruins near his grandparents' home in eastern France  He began learning the Irish language from library books In the 1960s, Kondratiev studied the Celtic languages and culture while traveling through Brittany, Wales, Ireland and Scotland  He lived for a while among native speakers of the Irish language on Inishmaan, the middle island of the Aran Islands group, where he acquired fluency in Irish Gaelic   During that period, the Aran Islands were still home to elderly Gaeilge monoglots 

Education
A graduate of New York's Columbia University (anthropology and linguistics), Kondratiev also studied Celtic philology at the Ecole des Hautes Etudes in Paris  His studies at both schools included archaeology  During the 1970s, he took music courses at the Mannes College in New York 

Neopagan community
A frequent participant and occasional speaker at science fiction conventions, Kondratiev met Judy Harrow at a science fiction convention in the early 1980s  During an interview at the Etheracon convention in Poughkpeepsie in January 1993, Kondratiev commented about how Harrow practiced a "heretic" form of Gardnerian Wicca  He attributed his gradual attraction to Neopaganism in the 1980s to his contact with science fiction fans who had become Neopagans  When he met Harrow, Kondratiev still considered himself a Christian, and continued to identify himself as such throughout the 1980s while attending Neopagan religious ceremonies 

"Children of Memory"
Although he did not join Harrow's Proteus Coven, Kondratiev was initiated into the "Proteus tradition" by  Night Rainbow  After his initiation, he joined Mnemosynides Coven  This group was founded by Len Rosenberg (known in the Neopagan community as "Black Lotus") with Erich Heinemann ("Ophion") in 1988  Mnemosynides, which means "Children of Memory," was named after the titaness of Greek mythology, Mnemosyne  Mnemosynides Coven belonged to the Protean-Gardnerian tradition of Wicca, which originated with Judy Harrow's Proteus Coven  Kondratiev remained a member of Mnemosynides, and a Christian, until his death in 2010 At the time of his death, Kondratiev had been high priest of Mnemosynides for more than 20 years  In her "Memoriam" to the group's former high priest, published by Circle Sanctuary, Mnemosynides high priestess Lisa Bodo explained how he taught her the importance of "the bridge between Celtic Paganism and early Celtic Christianity " He did not consider his Neopagan and Christian beliefs to be in conflict and never renounced his Christianity 

Guest speaker and teacher
His knowledge of Celtic mythology and language made Kondratiev a frequent guest speaker at conventions, conferences and retreats, especially events with an emphasis on magic, Neopaganism or Wicca  He taught classes  and served as program director for the Esotericon convention (which focused on science fiction, fantasy, magick and Neopaganism) in New Jersey from 1985 until 1991, when the convention discontinued  Then he served as a guest speaker for Etheracon, a similar convention which was started in Poughkeepsie, New York in 1992  In more recent years, Kondratiev has been a guest at the Sacred Space and Ecumenicon conferences in Maryland, and the CWPN Harvest Gathering in Connecticut  As a featured guest at the Chesapeake Pagan Summer Gathering (Maryland) in 2008, he recited 108 names of the Hindu goddess, Kali, at a puja led by Len Rosenberg 

Bird watcher
His friends remember Kondratiev as an avid bird watcher  Queens was one of his favorite locations for studying birds, as well as a center for cultural diversity  He commented that over 100 different species of birds could be observed in a single day while walking through the park in Queens  Birds and animals are one of the interests Alexei Kondratiev had for all of his life 

Bibliography
Books
Devoted to You: Honoring Deity In Wiccan Practice  Co-authored with Judy Harrow, Geoffrey W  Miller, and Marueen Reddington-Wilde  Kensington Publishing Corp  (2003)  ISBN 0-8065-2392-1 
Celtic Rituals: A Guide to Ancient Celtic Spirituality  Scotland: New Celtic Pub  (1999)  ISBN 1-902012-18-6 
The Apple Branch: A Path to Celtic Ritual  Cork, Ireland: The Collins Press (1998)   American edition: Citadel Press (2003)  ISBN 0-8065-2502-9 
Learning the Celtic languages: a resource guide for the student of Irish, Welsh, Scottish Gaelic, Breton, Manx, or Cornish  Co-authored with Liam O Caiside  New York: Celtic League American Branch (1991) 

Comic books
Dangerous Times, Featuring Beleagean Days and Vidorix the Druid, Evolution Comics (1989)  A series of six comic books, with Vidorix the Druid by Alexei Kondratiev and Beleagean Days by Margie Spears  Artwork for Vidorix the Druid was by Jim Fletcher, Don Hudson, Jordan Raskin and Sandu Florea  The series of six comic books published under the trade name, Evolution Comics, by Ken Gale and Mercy Van Vlack in 1989, is unrelated to a comic book publisher with the same trade name founded by Nicholas Ahlhelm in 2007  Cover art for volume 1 of the series was by Michael Kaluta 

Significant articles and papers
"Samhain: Season of Death and Renewal"  An Tríbhís Mhór: The  IMBAS Journal of Celtic Reconstructionism, volume 2, issue 1/2, Samhain 1997, Iombolg 1998 
"Basic Celtic Deity Types"  IMBAS website  Retrieved 2010-06-01 
"Thou Shalt Not Suffer a Witch to Live: an Enquiry into Biblical Mistranslation " Enchante, Number 18 (1994)  pp  11–15 

Contributions to periodicals
Alexei Kondratiev also contributed articles about folklore, mythology and Celtic culture to the following publications 
Mythlore  Semi-annual journal of the Mythopoeic Society 
Mythprint  Monthly bulletin of the Mythopoeic Society 
Keltoi  Magazine published by the Celtic League American Branch 
CARN  Quarterly magazine of the International Celtic League 
Keltria: A Journal of Druidism and Keltic Magick  Quarterly publication by the Henge of Keltria, an organization of modern Druids 
Six Nations, One Soul  Quarterly newsletter of the Celtic League American Branch 
Butterbur's Woodshed  Mythopoeic Society's discussion group 

Radio show guest
Nuff Said!, a radio show devoted to comic books and related subjects, produced by Ken Gale for WBAI radio  Alexei Kondratiev was a guest on five of the show's broadcasts from 1993 to 2002, speaking on the subjects of comic books, Celtic culture, mythology, history, and works of J  R  R  Tolkien  Notes in the show's archives for February 5, 2002, when Kondratiev talked about Tolkien, claimed that he could also speak Elvish, but did not identify which of the Elvish languages fabricated from Tolkien's stories 
Moorish Orthodox Radio Crusade, a radio show about radical environmentalism, produced by Bill Weinberg for WBAI radio  Kondradiev was an occasional guest of the show, talking about the works of J  R  R  Tolkien 
"Eco-Logic," a radio show on environmental issues, produced for WBAI-FM by Ken Gale   Alexei was on the Dec  29, 2009 episode speaking on "Natural Cycles "
Passage 8:
Continental Celtic languages
The Continental Celtic languages are the now-extinct group of the Celtic languages that were spoken on the continent of Europe and in central Anatolia, as distinguished from the Insular Celtic languages of the British Isles and Brittany  Continental Celtic is a geographic, rather than linguistic, grouping of the ancient Celtic languages 
These languages were spoken by the people known to Roman and Greek writers as the Keltoi, Celtae, Galli, and Galatae  They were spoken in an area arcing from the northern half of Iberia in the west to north of Belgium, and east to the Carpathian basin and the Balkans as Noric, and in inner Anatolia (modern day Turkey) as Galatian 
Even though Breton has been spoken in Continental Europe since at least the 6th century AD, it is not considered one of the Continental Celtic languages, as it is a Brittonic language, like Cornish and Welsh  A Gaulish substratum in Breton has been suggested, but that is debated 

Attested languages
It is likely that Celts spoke dozens of different languages and dialects across Europe in pre-Roman times, but only a small number are attested:

Lepontic (6th to 4th century BC) was spoken on the southern side of the Alps  It is evidenced in a number of inscriptions as well as place names 
Gaulish (3rd century BC to 5th (?) century AD) was the main language spoken in greater Gaul  This is often considered to be divided into two dialects, Cisalpine (spoken in what is now Italy) and Transalpine (spoken in what is now France)  It is evidenced in a number of inscriptions as well as place names and tribal names in writings of classical authors  It may have been a substratum to Breton (see below) 
Galatian, which was spoken in the region of Ankara of what is now central Turkey  Classical writers say that the language is similar to that of Gaul  There is also evidence of invasion and settlement of the Ankara area by Celts from Europe 
Noric, which is the name given sometimes to the Celtic spoken in Central and Eastern Europe  It was spoken in Austria and Slovenia; only two fragmentary texts are preserved 
Celtiberian or Northeastern Hispano-Celtic (3rd to 1st century BC) is the name given to the language in northeast Iberia, between the headwaters of the Douro, Tagus, Júcar and Turía rivers and the Ebro river  It is attested in some 200 inscriptions as well as place names  It is distinct from Iberian 
Gallaecian also called Gallaic or Northwestern Hispano-Celtic, attested in a set (corpus) of Latin inscriptions containing isolated words and sentences that are unmistakably Celtic  It was spoken in the northwest of the Iberian Peninsula comprising today's Spanish regions of Galicia, western Asturias and western Castile and León, and the Norte Region in northern Portugal 

Use of term
The modern term Continental Celtic is used in contrast to Insular Celtic  While many researchers agree that Insular Celtic is a distinct branch of Celtic (Cowgill 1975; McCone 1991, 1992; Schrijver 1995) that has undergone common linguistic innovations, there is no evidence that the Continental Celtic languages can be similarly grouped  Instead, the group called Continental Celtic is paraphyletic, and the term refers simply to non-Insular Celtic languages  Since little material has been preserved in any of the Continental Celtic languages, historical linguistic analysis based on the comparative method is difficult to perform  However, other researchers see the Brittonic languages and Gaulish as forming part of a subgroup of the Celtic languages that is known as P-Celtic  Continental languages are P-Celtic except for Celtiberian, which is Q-Celtic  They have had a definite influence on all of the Romance languages 

See also
Italo-Celtic



ground_truth: Brittany, Cornwall, Ireland, Isle of Man, Scotland and Wales.