prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: The arena where the Lewiston Maineiacs played their home games can seat how many people?

The following are given passages.
Context 1: Passage 1:
Lewiston Maineiacs
The Lewiston Maineiacs were a junior ice hockey team of the Quebec Major Junior Hockey League based in Lewiston, Maine, United States  The team played its home games at the Androscoggin Bank Colisée   They were the second QMJHL team in the United States, and the only one to play a full season  They won the President's Cup in 2007, becoming the only American based franchise to accomplish the feat 
On May 31, 2011, the QMJHL decided to fold the team following eight years of financial losses 

History
Their franchise was granted for the 1969–70 season  They played in Trois-Rivières, Quebec, from 1969 to 1992  They were known as the Ducs from 1969 to 1973, and as the Draveurs from 1973 to 1992  They moved to Sherbrooke, Quebec, in 1992 to become the Faucons (1992–1998) and the Castors (1998–2003)  The Castors moved to Lewiston, Maine, in 2003 
The MAINEiacs clinched the Jean Rougeau Trophy for first overall in the regular season for 2006–07  During the same season, Lewiston increased its annual attendance totals to 94,903 tickets sold  In the playoffs that year, Lewiston went 16–1 to cruise to their first President's Cup 

2007 Memorial Cup
After winning the 2007 President's Cup, the MAINEiacs won eligibility to play in the 2007 Memorial Cup in Vancouver, British Columbia  Following an opening win over the Medicine Hat Tigers, the MAINEiacs suffered a huge loss with the injury of their captain, Marc-André Cliche, and never really found their scoring touch  They crashed out of the tournament in fourth place after losing consecutive games to the Vancouver Giants, Plymouth Whalers, and the Whalers again in the tie-breaker, scoring only three goals in three games in the process 

ScoresSaturday, May 19: Lewiston 3, Medicine Hat Tigers 1
Sunday, May 20: Vancouver Giants 2, Lewiston 1
Tuesday, May 22: Plymouth Whalers 2, Lewiston 1 (OT)
Thursday, May 24: Plymouth Whalers 5, Lewiston 1

Sale and aborted relocation
On January 25, 2009, it was announced that the MAINEiacs were negotiating with the city of Boisbriand, Quebec (a suburb of Montreal), in hopes of relocating the franchise for the 2009–10 season  Under the plan, Mark Just would remain majority owner with 51% of the shares, with former NHL defenseman Joel Bouchard owning the rest  On January 31, the team announced that they had filed their intent to relocate, and had submitted papers to do so to the QMJHL 
In a January 31 media release announcing the move of the MAINEiacs franchise, owner Mark Just said that community support for the team was a major consideration  During the six seasons since the team moved from Sherbrooke, Quebec, to Lewiston, the MAINEiacs never managed to break even  However, on February 2, Farrel Miller, owner of the QMJHL's Montreal Junior Hockey Club, issued a statement that his team would fight the MAINEiacs move to Boisbriand on territorial grounds 

The Montreal Junior Hockey Club has communicated to the QMJHL that it will retain, without modification, its exclusive geographic territory that it acquired in connection with its 2008 Franchise Agreement with the QMJHL  On January 21, 2009, the Montreal Junior Hockey Club communicated to the Governors of the QMJHL that (i) it has chosen to retain its exclusive territory without modification and (ii) that it is not seeking any financial compensation in connection with this issue After several weeks of negotiations with a number of Canadian cities (most notably Fredericton, New Brunswick), MAINEiacs Head Coach Don Macadam announced on March 24, 2009, that the MAINEiacs would be remaining in Lewiston  In June 2010, Lewiston businessman Paul Spellman became minority owner of the team, and in early August 2010, former Moncton Wildcats General Manager Bill Schurman was named as the team's Sports Management Consultant   However, relocation rumors continued to follow the team, with Summerside, Prince Edward Island (where Schurman, a native of that town, had recently been the municipality's Director of Community Services), and St  John's, Newfoundland and Labrador, named as a potential destinations in January 2011 
Schurman's denials of the team looking into a Summerside relocation proved unconvincing, and the rumours had a negative effect on attendance  However, Schurman's dream of moving the MAINEiacs to his home city ultimately failed, as a preliminary exploration to gauge support for a move to Summerside found little traction  The team then began to look at other possibilities, but found that few other relocation options existed 
The Lewiston franchise was disbanded by the QMJHL in the summer of 2011  To replace the defunct MAINEiacs club, the Sherbrooke Phoenix were scheduled to begin play for the 2012–13 season, the 3rd franchise to call Sherbrooke home in 25 years 

Takeover by league and disbanding
On May 31, 2011, the Quebec Major Junior Hockey League held a conference call to prepare an offer to purchase the team from Mark Just for 3 5 million dollars  Under the league's plan, the MAINEiacs would then be disbanded, with players being selected by other clubs in a dispersal draft  Late on May 31, the league issued a press release confirming the sale of the MAINEiacs to the league, and the subsequent disbanding / dispersal draft occurred the following week  Colisee stated they would search for a replacement team from outside of the QMJHL to take the MAINEiacs place The City of Lewiston and the Androscoggin Bank Colisee would end up getting the American Hockey League's Portland Pirates to move to the Colisee for the 2013-14 season after disputing their lease with the Cumberland County Civic Center in Portland  Starting in 2019, the NAHL Maine Nordiques and their partner organization, the NA3HL Lewiston-Auburn Nordiques, began play at the Colisee 

Coaches
Mario Durocher: 2003–04
Clément Jodoin: 2004–2007
Ed Harding: 2007 – January 12, 2009
Don MacAdam: January 13, 2009 – December 10, 2009 [1]
Jeff Guay: interim: December 10, 2009 – December 27, 2009 (then moved to assistant coach) 
Jean-François Houle: December 27, 2009 – May 31, 2011

Players
QMJHL award winners
Mike Bossy Trophy — best pro prospect: Alexandre Picard, 2004
Paul Dumont Trophy — personality of the year: Clement Jodoin, 2006
Ron Lapointe Trophy — Coach of the Year: Clement Jodoin, 2007
Guy Carbonneau Trophy — Best Defensive forward: Marc-André Cliche, 2007 
Guy Lafleur Trophy — QMJHL playoff's Most Valuable Player: Jonathan Bernier, 2007

All-stars
Jonathan Paiement: 1st team (defense) 2003–04
Alexandre Picard: 1st team (right wing) 2003–04,
Alex Bourret: 2nd team (right wing) 2004–05
Jonathan Bernier: 2nd team (goaltender) 2006–07
Peter Delmas: all-rookie team (goaltender) 2006–07
Stefano Giliati: 2nd team (left wing) 2007–08
Kevin Marshall: 2nd team (defense) 2007–08

Captains
2003–04: Francis Trudel
2004–05: No captain
2005 – January 2006: Brandon Roach
January 2006 – May 2007: Marc-André Cliche
September 2007 – March 2008: Marc-André Daneau
September 2008 – June 2009: Danick Paquette
September 2009 – May 2010: Billy Lacasse
September 2010 – 2011: Cameron Critchlow

NHL alumni
Nine MAINEiacs to date have played in the NHL:

Jonathan Bernier
Antoine Bibeau
Michael Chaput
Marc-André Cliche
Éric Gélinas
Jaroslav Halák
Kevin Marshall
David Perron
Alexandre Picard

NHL draftees
In addition, the MAINEiacs have had several players drafted by National Hockey League teams  They are:

2004 NHL Draft
Alexandre Picard (2004 1st round, #8 overall by Columbus Blue Jackets)
Jonathan Paiement (2004 8th round, #247 overall by New York Rangers)2005 NHL Draft
Alex Bourret (2005 1st round, #16 overall by Atlanta Thrashers)
Chad Denny (2005 2nd round, #49 overall by Atlanta Thrashers)
Marc-André Cliche (2005 2nd round, #56 overall by New York Rangers)
Olivier Legault (2005 4th round, #93 overall by Florida Panthers)
Mathieu Aubin (2005 5th round, #130 overall by Montreal Canadiens)2006 NHL Draft
Jonathan Bernier (2006 1st round, #11 overall by Los Angeles Kings)
Stefan Chaput (2006 5th round, #153 overall, by Carolina Hurricanes)2007 NHL Draft
David Perron (2007 1st round, #26 overall by St  Louis Blues)
Kevin Marshall (2007 2nd round #41 overall by Philadelphia Flyers)
Michael Ward (2007 7th round #197 overall by Tampa Bay Lightning)2008 NHL Draft
Peter Delmas (2008 2nd round, #61 overall by Colorado Avalanche)
Danick Paquette (2008 3rd round #64 overall by Atlanta Thrashers)2009 NHL Draft
Éric Gélinas (2009 2nd round, #54 overall by New Jersey Devils)2010 NHL Draft
Michael Chaput (2010 3rd round, #89 overall by Philadelphia Flyers)
Samuel Carrier (2010 6th round, #176 overall by Washington Capitals)

Yearly results
Regular season
Legend: OTL = Overtime loss, SL = Shootout loss

Playoffs
2003–04 – Lost to Rouyn-Noranda Huskies 4–3 in first round 
2004–05 – Defeated Shawinigan Cataractes 4–0 in first round  – Lost to Rimouski Océanic 4–0 in quarterfinals 
2005–06 – Lost to Halifax Mooseheads 4–2 in conference quarterfinals 
2006–07 – Defeated Shawinigan Cataractes 4–0 in conference first roundfinals   – Defeated Halifax Mooseheads 4–1 in conference quarterfinals  – Defeated Rouyn-Noranda Huskies 4–0 in league semifinals  – Defeated Val-d'Or Foreurs 4–0 in QMJHL finals  QMJHL CHAMPIONS – Finished Memorial Cup round-robin tied for third   – Lost to Plymouth Whalers 5–1 in the tiebreaker game 
2007–08 – Lost to Cape Breton Screaming Eagles 4–2 in conference quarterfinals 
2008–09 – Lost to Drummondville Voltigeurs 4–0 in conference quarterfinals 
2009–10 – Lost to Drummondville Voltigeurs 4–0 in conference quarterfinals 
2010–11 – Defeated Moncton Wildcats 4–1 in the round of 16   – Defeated Montreal Junior 4–2 in league quarterfinals   – Lost to Saint John Sea Dogs 4–0 in league semifinals 
Passage 2:
Billings Bulls
The Billings Bulls were a junior ice hockey organization based in Billings, Montana  They most recently played home games at the 550-seat Centennial Ice Arena and due to the arena's small size, the Bulls frequently sold out games  They previously played their home games in the Metrapark which had a max capacity of 9,000 for hockey games  However, a negotiating dispute with arena officials and local county commissioners resulted in the team losing its lease 

History
The Bulls joined the American Frontier Hockey League in 1993 which became the America West Hockey League (AWHL) in 1998  The Bulls joined the Tier II Jr  A North American Hockey League in 2003 when the AWHL merged with the NAHL (keeping the NAHL name)  The team played in the NAHL from 2003 to 2006 until the team and their rivals, the Bozeman Icedogs and Helena Bighorns, left to join the Northern Pacific Hockey League (NorPac), a regional league in the Pacific Northwest of the United States  When they joined the NorPac, the league was Tier III Junior B but promoted to Tier III Junior A by USA Hockey in 2007  In 2011, the Montana teams in the NorPac left the league to form the new regional American West Hockey League, made up of teams in Montana and Wyoming, including the Bulls  In March 2014, the new AWHL joined the North American 3 Hockey League (NA3HL) as the Frontier Division On the opening weekend of the 2017–18 NA3HL season, the Bulls announced they would be going dormant due to lack of players  At the time, the Bulls were the second-oldest organization in the NA3HL, behind only the St  Louis Jr  Blues 

Previous leagues
1993–1998 American Frontier Hockey League
1998–2003 America West Hockey League
2003–2006 North American Hockey League
2006–2011 Northern Pacific Hockey League
2011–2014 American West Hockey League
2014–2017 North American 3 Hockey League

Season-by-season records
NHL alumni
The franchise developed a number of collegiate and professional players, but only two have played in the NHL
Chris Holt, G (University of Nebraska-Omaha, last with Braehead Clan of the EIHL), formerly of the New York Rangers and St  Louis Blues 
Brian Lee, D retired, formerly of the Tampa Bay Lightning and Ottawa Senators 

Other notable alumni with professional or major college/junior experience
Jon Booras, F (Lake Superior State University, last with MAC Budapest of the MOL Liga)
Jacob Doty, F (currently with Braehead Clan of the EIHL)
Brad Gorham, D (University of Alaska Anchorage, last with the Alaska Aces of the ECHL)
Trevor Hammer, D (University of North Dakota, last played for Florida Seals)
Jeff Hazelwood, F (last played for Las Vegas Wranglers)
Jordan Hines, F (University of Findlay, last played for Fort Worth Fire)
Dan Knapp, D (University of Nebraska-Omaha, last played for Ontario Reign)
Mathias Lange, G (last played for the Iserlohn Roosters of the Deutsche Eishockey Liga)
Tom Reimann, D (University of Maine, last played for Colorado Eagles)
Cam Strong, F (currently with Dartmouth, NCAA Division 1)
Zach Tarkir, D (Northern Michigan University, last played for IF Troja/Ljungby of the HockeyAllsvenskan)
Kevin Ulanski, C (University of Denver, last played for the Bentley Generals)Stormy Knight, LW last played for Seattle Totems of the NPHL (current commisioner of The Mad House fantasy football league)
Passage 3:
Case Gym
Case Gym is a 1,800-seat multi-purpose arena at Boston University in Boston, Massachusetts  It opened in 1972 as part of the Harold Case Physical Education Center, which is named after the university's fifth president, Harold C  Case 
The gym is referred to as "The Roof" because it is located on the top level of the building, above Walter Brown Arena  It is home to the Boston University Terriers men's and women's basketball teams, as well as the men's wrestling team    Basketball games are also played in Agganis Arena, and on occasion Walter Brown Arena  When Boston University left the America East Conference for the Patriot League in July 2013, they announced that all home men's basketball conference games would be played at Agganis Arena, with the non-conference games to be played at Case Case Gym hosted the championship games of the 1997 and 2002 America East Conference men's basketball tournament as well as the championship game of the 2011 America East Conference women's basketball tournament  It has also hosted Ring Of Honor Wrestling Shows through wrestling promoter and Boston University alumnus Mike "Mongoose" Coughlin The center, whose recreational use has declined since the opening of the Fitness and Recreation Center adjacent to Agganis Arena, is approximately located where the left field "pavilion" seats at Braves Field were before the Boston Braves, a Major League Baseball club, were relocated to Milwaukee in 1953 

See also
List of NCAA Division I basketball arenas
Passage 4:
Robins Center
The Robins Center is a 7,201-seat multi-purpose arena in Richmond, Virginia  Opened in 1972, the arena is home to the University of Richmond Spiders basketball  It hosted the ECAC South (now known as the Colonial Athletic Association) men's basketball tournament in 1983   It is named for E  Claiborne Robins Sr, class of 1931, who, along with his family, have been leading benefactors for the school   The opening of the Robins Center returning Spider basketball to an on-campus facility for the first time since the mid-1940s when it outgrew Millhiser Gymnasium   In the intervening decades, the Spiders played home games in numerous locations around the Richmond area, including the Richmond Coliseum (1971–1972), the Richmond Arena (1954–1971), the Benedictine High School gymnasium (1951–1954), Grays' Armory (1950–1951) and Blues' Armory (1947–1950)  The Robins Center arena serves as the location of the University of Richmond's commencement exercises and hosted a 1992 Presidential debate involving Bill Clinton, George H  W  Bush, and Ross Perot 
The Robins Center saw a number of upgrades in the 2000s, including a new maple floor in 2003 and renovated locker rooms and offices in 2004  A new scoreboard and sound system was installed for the 2006–2007 season   A $17 million renovation started in March 2013, which added four corner video boards, a repainted ceiling and new floor, and the seat capacity decreased from 9,071 to around 7,201 once renovations were completed in January 2014  
In 2015, the playing surface was renamed "Dick Tarrant Court" in honor of Dick Tarrant, the school's all-time winningest coach In addition to the basketball arena, the Robins Center also serves as the home of many of the other athletic programs at the University of Richmond  The Robins Center Natatorium serves as the home of the women's swimming and diving team, while most of the other programs have their coaches' offices in the building  An addition to the Robins Center, known as the Weinstein Center for Fitness and Recreation, opened in January 2007 and provides expanded facilities for recreational use 

See also
List of NCAA Division I basketball arenas
Passage 5:
2007 Memorial Cup
The 2007 MasterCard Memorial Cup was played in May 2007 in Vancouver, British Columbia, at the Pacific Coliseum  It was the 89th annual Memorial Cup competition and determined the major junior ice hockey champion of the Canadian Hockey League (CHL)   The tournament was competed between the WHL champion, the Medicine Hat Tigers; the OHL champion, the Plymouth Whalers; the QMJHL champion, the Lewiston Maineiacs; and the host team and tournament champion, Vancouver Giants, who were competing in their second consecutive national junior championship  The Memorial Cup tournament was a four team tournament with a round-robin format  The Giants won their first Memorial Cup, defeating Medicine Hat 3–1 in the second all-WHL final in tournament history (the first was in 1989)   The tournament set a new Memorial Cup attendance record with 121,561 fans attending the nine games   The previous record of 84,686 was set at the 2003 tournament in Quebec City 
The tournament was the first to feature two league champions based in the United States, from Lewiston, Maine and Plymouth, Michigan, respectively  The only previous Memorial Cup to feature two American teams was the 1998 Memorial Cup, featuring the WHL champion, the Portland Winter Hawks and the host, the Spokane Chiefs  The 2007 MasterCard Memorial Cup was also the first to feature the two-referee system 
The Memorial Cup trophy's ties to Canadian military were evident when Canadian Forces units delivered it to the championship by sea, aboard HMCS Vancouver; by air, hoisted aboard a CH-149 Cormorant helicopter; and by land, via the armoured 39th Canadian Brigade Group Convoy 

Round-robin standings
Rosters
Schedule
Round robin
Playoff round
Tie breaker
Semi-final
Championship game
Leading scorers
Leading goaltenders
Goalies Have To Play A Minimum Of 60 Minutes To Be Listed 

Award winners
Stafford Smythe Memorial Trophy (MVP): Milan Lucic, Vancouver
George Parsons Trophy (Sportsmanship): Brennan Bosch, Medicine Hat
Hap Emms Memorial Trophy (Goaltender): Matt Keetley, Medicine Hat
Ed Chynoweth Trophy (Leading Scorer): Michal Repik, VancouverAll-star team

Goal: Matt Keetley, Medicine Hat
Defence: Brendan Mikkelson, Vancouver; Cody Franson, Vancouver
Forwards: Darren Helm, Medicine Hat; Michal Repik, Vancouver; Milan Lucic, Vancouver

Road to the cup
OHL playoffs
QMJHL playoffs
†Shawinigan seeded 8th in Eastern division 

WHL playoffs
Passage 6:
Dwyer Arena
The Robert and Concetta Dwyer Arena houses two ice surfaces, both 200 x 85 ft , and pro shop on Niagara University's campus in Lewiston, New York, United States  The main rink can seat up to 1,400 people and is the home to the Niagara Purple Eagles men's ice hockey team, which plays in Atlantic Hockey  The arena was formerly home to the women's ice hockey team, which played in College Hockey America  
The building was built in 1996  Prior to the 1999–2000 season, major renovation took place as a result of a gift by Bob and Connie Dwyer, both 1965 graduates, who contributed $3 million for facilities upgrades  Locker and training rooms, players' lounge, and lobby were upgraded, while separate entrances for the main and auxiliary rinks, new pro shop, and new ticket office were arranged  In the summer of 2007 a premium seating section was added in the area formerly occupied by the Party Deck, and as a result, capacity was increased from 1,600 to 2,100  The current seating capacity is 1,400 
It hosted the College Hockey America 2002, 2008, and 2010 men's conference tournaments and the 2004 and 2008 women's conference tournaments   Dwyer was home of the Buffalo Sabres Summer Development Camp in 2008, 2009, 2010 and 2011 which featured young prospects and draft picks in the Sabres organization   The arena co-hosted the 2011 World Junior Ice Hockey Championships 

External links
Official website
Passage 7:
2006–07 QMJHL season
The 2006–07 QMJHL season was the 38th season in the history of the Quebec Major Junior Hockey League  The regular season ran from September 14, 2006 to March 18, 2007  Eighteen teams played 70 games each in the schedule  The Lewiston Maineiacs finished first overall in the regular season winning their first Jean Rougeau Trophy  Lewiston won 16 playoff games, losing only one, en route to their first President's Cup, defeating the Val-d'Or Foreurs in the finals 

Final standings
Note: GP = Games played; W = Wins; L = Losses; OTL = Overtime loss; SL = Shootout loss; PTS = Points; GF = Goals for; GA = Goals against

complete list of standings 

Scoring leaders
Note: GP = Games played; G = Goals; A = Assists; Pts = Points; PIM = Penalty minutes

complete scoring statistics

Goaltending leaders
Note: GP = Games played; Mins = Minutes Played; W = Wins; L = Losses: OTL = Overtime losses; SL = Shootout losses; GA = Goals allowed; SO = Shutouts; GAA = Goals against average

Canada-Russia Challenge
The 2006 ADT Canada-Russia Challenge was hosted by the Rouyn-Noranda Huskies and the Val-d'Or Foreurs  On November 20, 2006, the QMJHL All-stars defeated the Russian Selects 6–2 at the Aréna Dave Keon  On November 21, 2006, the QMJHL All-stars defeated the Russian Selects 4–3 at the Centre Air Creebec  Since the tournament began in 2003, the QMJHL All-stars have won five games, the Russian Selects have three wins 

Playoffs
The top nine teams from the Telus division, and top seven teams from the Eastern division qualified for the playoffs  The ninth place team in the Telus division qualified in the Eastern division, and ranked by regular season points  All series were best-of-seven  Divisions crossed over in the semifinals 
Brad Marchand was the leading scorer of the playoffs with 40 points (16 goals, 24 assists) 

†Shawinigan seeded 8th in Eastern division 

All-star teams
First teamGoaltender - Ondrej Pavelec, Cape Breton Screaming Eagles
Left defence - Andrew MacDonald, Moncton Wildcats
Right defence - Kris Letang, Val-d'Or Foreurs
Left winger - Vyacheslav Trukhno, Gatineau Olympiques
Centreman - Mathieu Perreault, Acadie-Bathurst Titan
Right winger - Thomas Beauregard, Acadie-Bathurst TitanSecond teamGoaltender - Jonathan Bernier, Lewiston Maineiacs
Left defence - Oskars Bartulis, Cape Breton Screaming Eagles
Right defence - Jean-Claude Sawyer, Cape Breton Screaming Eagles
Left winger - Benoît Doucet, Victoriaville Tigres
Centreman - James Sheppard, Cape Breton Screaming Eagles
Right winger - François Bouchard, Baie-Comeau DrakkarRookie teamGoaltender - Peter Delmas, Lewiston Maineiacs
Left defence - Mark Barberio, Cape Breton Screaming Eagles / Moncton Wildcats
Right defence - Simon Lacroix, Shawinigan Cataractes
Left winger - Michael Frolik, Rimouski Océanic
Centreman - Christopher DiDomenico, Saint John Sea Dogs
Right winger - Jakub Voracek, Halifax Mooseheads
List of First/Second/Rookie team all-stars 

Trophies and awards
TeamPresident's Cup - Playoff Champions, Lewiston Maineiacs
Jean Rougeau Trophy - Regular Season Champions, Lewiston Maineiacs
Luc Robitaille Trophy - Team that scored the most goals, Cape Breton Screaming Eagles
Robert Lebel Trophy - Team with best GAA, Lewiston MaineiacsPlayerMichel Brière Memorial Trophy - Most Valuable Player, Mathieu Perreault, Acadie-Bathurst Titan
Jean Béliveau Trophy - Top Scorer, François Bouchard, Baie-Comeau Drakkar
Guy Lafleur Trophy - Playoff MVP, Jonathan Bernier, Lewiston Maineiacs
Telus Cup – Offensive - Offensive Player of the Year
Telus Cup – Defensive - Defensive Player of the Year
Jacques Plante Memorial Trophy - Best GAA, Ondrej Pavelec, Cape Breton Screaming Eagles
Guy Carbonneau Trophy - Best Defensive Forward, Marc-André Cliche - Lewiston Maineiacs
Emile Bouchard Trophy - Defenceman of the Year, Kris Letang, Val-d'Or Foreurs
Kevin Lowe Trophy - Best Defensive Defenceman, Kris Letang, Val-d'Or Foreurs
Mike Bossy Trophy - Best Pro Prospect, Angelo Esposito, Quebec Remparts
RDS Cup - Rookie of the Year, Jakub Voracek, Halifax Mooseheads
Michel Bergeron Trophy - Offensive Rookie of the Year, Jakub Voracek, Halifax Mooseheads
Raymond Lagacé Trophy - Defensive Rookie of the Year, T  J  Brennan, St  John's Fog Devils
Frank J  Selke Memorial Trophy - Most sportsmanlike player, David Desharnais, Chicoutimi Saguenéens
QMJHL Humanitarian of the Year - Humanitarian of the Year, Roger Kennedy, Halifax Mooseheads
Marcel Robert Trophy - Best Scholastic Player, Alexandre Picard-Hooper, Baie-Comeau Drakkar
Paul Dumont Trophy - Personality of the Year, Kris Letang, Val-d'Or ForeursExecutiveRon Lapointe Trophy - Coach of the Year, Clément Jodoin, Lewiston Maineiacs
Maurice Filion Trophy - General Manager of the Year, Pascal Vincent, Cape Breton Screaming Eagles
John Horman Trophy - Executive of the Year, Pierre Dufour, Val D'Or Foreurs
Jean Sawyer Trophy - Marketing Director of the Year, Nadia Lacasse & Mélanie Allard, Rouyn-Noranda Huskies

See also
2007 Memorial Cup
2007 NHL Entry Draft
2006–07 OHL season
2006–07 WHL season
Passage 8:
Androscoggin Bank Colisée
The Colisée (formerly Androscoggin Bank Colisée, Central Maine Youth Center, Central Maine Civic Center and Lewiston Colisee) is a 4,000 capacity (3,677 seated) multi-purpose arena, in Lewiston, Maine, that opened in 1958  The Colisée was built to replace St  Dominics Regional High School Arena, and initially constructed and operated by the Catholic parish of SS  Peter and Paul  Currently, it is the home of the Maine Nordiques of the North American Hockey League  The Colisee is also used for concerts, conventions and trade shows  There is 17,000 square feet (1600 m2) of exhibit space  For conventions, the Colisee can accommodate up to 4,800 patrons 

History
The Maine Nordiques of the former professional North American Hockey League were the primary tenant at the Civic Center from 1973 to 1977  The Boston Celtics of the National Basketball Association played exhibition games at the Civic Center 
In 2003, the Lewiston Maineiacs came to the Central Maine Civic Center  The Central Maine Civic Center was renamed to the Lewiston Colisée (from the French word for colosseum, similar to the Colisée de Québec) to distinguish it from the Cumberland County Civic Center, the Augusta Civic Center, and the Bangor Civic Center  In 2007, the Maineiacs won the Presidents Cup, the QMJHL league championship  They remain the only U S -based QMJHL team to win the Presidents Cup  The Maineiacs folded at the end of the 2010–11 QMJHL season and the Sherbrooke Phoenix was created in its place The Federal Hockey League held five home games at the arena in 2011 and 2012  Due to renovations to the Cumberland County Civic Center, the Portland Pirates played at the Colisee during the 2012–13 AHL season for all but one of their home games On December 16, 2014, it was announced the New Hampshire Fighting Spirit from the North American 3 Eastern Hockey League, a Tier III junior league, would relocate to Lewiston and play home games at the Colisee as the L/A Fighting Spirit (with the L/A standing for Lewiston-Auburn) beginning with the 2015–16 season  In 2016, the Fighting Spirit joined the North American 3 Hockey League 
Firland Management, which had acquired the Colisee from the City of Lewiston in 2008, bought the Fighting Spirit in 2017 and rebranded the team as the Lewiston/Auburn Nordiques after the former professional team  In 2019, Cain, Darryl Antonacci, and Nolan Howe were granted an expansion team in the Tier II junior North American Hockey League and named the team the Maine Nordiques  In March 2020, Antonacci agreed to purchase the Colisée and the Tier III Nordiques from Cain  Antonacci folded the Tier III junior team and replaced it with Tier I youth teams The naming rights to the venue were sold to Androscoggin Bank in 2006  In 2020, the rights expired, and the bank's name was removed from the venue the following year 

Other uses
Ali vs  Liston fight
On May 25, 1965, the Youth Center was the venue for the WBC heavyweight boxing championship rematch between 34-year old former champ Sonny Liston and 23-year-old reigning champion Muhammad Ali  It was at this fight that Sports Illustrated photographer Neil Leifer took what Time magazine has called the "perhaps the greatest sports photo of the century "

Concerts
On March 19, 1977, Bruce Springsteen and the E Street Band played at the venue  Bob Dylan performed at the venue on November 13, 2000, May 17, 2008 and on April 10, 2013 

Mixed martial arts
Bellator MMA held their first event in Maine on March 21, 2013, Bellator 93 

Ring of Honor/New Japan Pro-Wrestling
On November 7, 2018, Ring of Honor made its Maine debut at the Coliseé  As a co-promoted Global Wars show with New Japan Pro-Wrestling, it also marked the Japanese promotion's first event in New England 
Passage 9:
2011–12 QMJHL season
The 2011–12 QMJHL season was the 43rd season of the Quebec Major Junior Hockey League (QMJHL)  The regular season, which consisted of 17 teams playing 68 games each, began in September 2011 and ended in March 2012  This season was Blainville-Boisbriand Armada's first season in the league, as the team relocated to Boisbriand from Verdun where they played as the Montreal Junior Hockey Club from 2008 to 2011  The league lost one of his charter teams when the Lewiston Maineiacs folded during after the previous season, the QMJHL later announce an expansion team to  Sherbrooke for the 2012–13 season  In the playoffs, the Saint John Sea Dogs became the seventh team in league history to capture consecutive President's Cup championships 

Regular season
Division standings
Note: GP = Games played; W = Wins; L = Losses; OTL = Overtime losses ; SL - Shootout losses ; GF = Goals for ; GA = Goals against; Pts = Points

x - team has clinched playoff spot
y - team is division leader
z - team has clinched division
e - team is eliminated from playoff contention

Scoring leaders
Note: GP = Games played; G = Goals; A = Assists; Pts = Points; PIM = Penalty minutes

Leading goaltenders
Note: GP = Games played; TOI = Total ice time; W = Wins; L = Losses ; GA = Goals against; SO = Total shutouts; SV% = Save percentage; GAA = Goals against average

2012 President's Cup playoffs
First round
(1) Saint John Sea Dogs vs  (16) Cape Breton Screaming Eagles
(2) Shawinigan Cataractes vs  (15) Rouyn-Noranda Huskies
(3) Blainville-Boisbriand Armada vs  (14) Gatineau Olympiques
(4) Victoriaville Tigres vs  (13) Baie-Comeau Drakkar
(5) Quebec Remparts vs  (12) Drummondville Voltigeurs
(6) Halifax Mooseheads vs  (11) Moncton Wildcats
(7) Rimouski Océanic vs  (10) Val-d'Or Foreurs
(8) Chicoutimi Saguenéens vs  (9) Acadie–Bathurst Titan
Quarter-finals
(1) Saint John Sea Dogs vs  (13) Baie-Comeau Drakkar
(2) Shawinigan Cataractes vs  (8) Chicoutimi Saguenéens
(3) Blainville-Boisbriand Armada vs  (7) Rimouski Océanic
(5) Quebec Remparts vs  (6) Halifax Mooseheads
Semi-finals
(1) Saint John Sea Dogs vs  (8) Chicoutimi Saguenéens
(6) Halifax Mooseheads vs  (7) Rimouski Océanic
QMJHL Championship
(1) Saint John Sea Dogs vs  (7) Rimouski Océanic
Playoff scoring leaders
Note: GP = Games played; G = Goals; A = Assists; Pts = Points; PIM = Penalty minutes

Playoff leading goaltenders
Note: GP = Games played; Mins = Minutes played; W = Wins; L = Losses; GA = Goals Allowed; SO = Shutouts; SV& = Save percentage; GAA = Goals against average

Memorial Cup
Trophies and awards
TeamPresident's Cup: Saint John Sea Dogs
Jean Rougeau Trophy - Regular Season Champions: Saint John Sea Dogs
Luc Robitaille Trophy - Team that scored the most goals: Victoriaville Tigres
Robert Lebel Trophy - Team with best GAA: Shawinigan CataractesPlayerMichel Brière Memorial Trophy - Most Valuable Player: Yanni Gourde, Victoriaville Tigres
Jean Béliveau Trophy - Top Scorer: Yanni Gourde, Victoriaville Tigres
Guy Lafleur Trophy - Playoff MVP: Charlie Coyle, Saint John Sea Dogs
Jacques Plante Memorial Trophy - Top Goaltender: Mathieu Corbeil-Thériault, Saint John Sea Dogs
Guy Carbonneau Trophy - Best Defensive Forward: Frederick Roy, Quebec Remparts
Emile Bouchard Trophy - Defenceman of the Year: Jérôme Gauthier-Leduc, Rimouski Océanic
Kevin Lowe Trophy - Best Defensive Defenceman: Morgan Ellis, Shawinigan Cataractes
Mike Bossy Trophy - Top Prospect: Mikhail Grigorenko, Quebec Remparts
RDS Cup - Rookie of the Year: Mikhail Grigorenko, Quebec Remparts
Michel Bergeron Trophy - Offensive Rookie of the Year: Mikhail Grigorenko, Quebec Remparts
Raymond Lagacé Trophy - Defensive Rookie of the Year: Zachary Fucale, Halifax Mooseheads
Frank J  Selke Memorial Trophy - Most sportsmanlike player: Zach O'Brien, Acadie–Bathurst Titan
QMJHL Humanitarian of the Year - Humanitarian of the Year:
Marcel Robert Trophy - Best Scholastic Player: Jonathan Brunelle, Cape Breton Screaming Eagles
Paul Dumont Trophy - Personality of the Year: Jonathan Huberdeau, Saint John Sea DogsExecutiveRon Lapointe Trophy - Coach of the Year: Jean-François Houle, Blainville-Boisbriand Armada
Maurice Filion Trophy - General Manager of the Year: Joël Bouchard, Blainville-Boisbriand Armada
John Horman Trophy - Executive of the Year:
Jean Sawyer Trophy - Marketing Director of the Year:All-Star TeamsFirst All-Star Team:

Roman Will, Goaltender, Moncton Wildcats
Jérôme Gauthier-Leduc, Defenceman, Rimouski Océanic
Xavier Ouellet, Defenceman, Blainville-Boisbriand Armada
Mikhail Grigorenko, Centre, Quebec Remparts
Yanni Gourde, Left Wing, Victoriaville Tigres
Frederick Roy, Right Wing, Quebec RempartsSecond All-Star Team:

Mathieu Corbeil-Thériault, Goaltender, Saint John Sea Dogs
Morgan Ellis, Defenceman, Cape Breton Screaming Eagles/Shawinigan Cataractes
Nathan Beaulieu, Defenceman, Saint John Sea Dogs
Zach O'Brien, Centre, Acadie–Bathurst Titan
Jonathan Huberdeau, Left Wing, Saint John Sea Dogs
Sébastien Trudeau, Right Wing, Acadie–Bathurst TitanAll-Rookie Team:

Zachary Fucale, Goaltender, Halifax Mooseheads
Nikolas Brouillard, Defenceman, Drummondville Voltigeurs
Samuel Morin, Defenceman, Rimouski Océanic
Mikhail Grigorenko, Centre, Quebec Remparts
Anthony Duclair, Left Wing, Quebec Remparts
Sven Andrighetto, Right Wing, Rouyn-Noranda Huskies

See also
2012 Memorial Cup
List of QMJHL seasons
2011–12 OHL season
2011–12 WHL season
2011 in ice hockey
2012 in ice hockey
Passage 10:
Loan modification in the United States
Loan modification is the systematic alteration of mortgage loan agreements that help those having problems making the payments by reducing interest rates, monthly payments or principal balances  Lending institutions could make one or more of these changes to relieve financial pressure on borrowers to prevent the condition of foreclosure  Loan modifications have been practiced in the United States since the 1930s  During the Great Depression, loan modification programs took place at the state level in an effort to reduce levels of loan foreclosures 
During the Subprime mortgage crisis, loan modification became a matter of national policy, with various actions taken to alter mortgage loan terms to prevent further economic destabilization 

United States 1930s
During the Great Depression in the United States a number of mortgage modification programs were enacted by the states to limit foreclosure sales and subsequent homelessness and its economic impact   Because of the shrinkage of the economy, many borrowers lost their jobs and income and were unable to maintain their mortgage payments  In 1933, the Minnesota Mortgage Moratorium Act was challenged by a bank which argued before the United States Supreme Court that it was a violation of the contract clause of the Constitution  In Home Building & Loan Association v  Blaisdell, the court upheld the law imposing a mandatory mortgage modification 

United States 2000s
According to the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC) chairman, Sheila C  Bair, looking back as far as the 1980s, "the FDIC applied workout procedures for troubled loans out of bank failures, modifying loans to make them affordable and to turn nonperforming into performing loans by offering refinances, loan assumptions, and family loan transfers "The U S  housing boom of the first few years of the 21st century ended abruptly in 2006  Housing starts, which peaked at more than 2 million units in 2005, plummeted to just over half that level  Home prices, which were increasing at double-digit rates nationally in 2004 and 2005, have fallen dramatically since (see Chart 1)  As home prices decline, the number of problem mortgages, particularly in sub-prime and Alt-A portfolios, is rising  As of third quarter 2007, the percentage of sub-prime adjustable-rate mortgages (ARMs) that were seriously delinquent or in foreclosure reached 15 6 percent, more than double the level of a year ago (see Chart 2)  The deterioration in credit performance began in the industrial Midwest, where economic conditions have been the weakest, but has now (2006–2007) spread to the former boom markets of Florida, California, and other coastal states 
Chart 1

Chart 2

During 2007, investors and ratings agencies have repeatedly downgraded assumptions about sub-prime credit performance  A Merrill Lynch study published in July estimated that if U S  home prices fell only 5 percent, subprime credit losses to investors would total just under $150 billion, and Alt-A credit losses would total $25 billion  On the heels of this report came news that the S&P/Case-Shiller Composite Home Price Index for 10 large U S  cities had fallen in August to a level that was already 5 percent lower than a year ago, with the likelihood of a similar decline over the coming year 
The complexity of many mortgage-backed securitization structures has heightened the overall risk aversion of investors, resulting in what has become a broader illiquidity in global credit markets  These disruptions have led to a precipitous decline in sub-prime lending, a significant reduction in the availability of Alt-A loans, and higher interest rates on jumbo loans (see Chart 3)  The tightening in mortgage credit has placed further downward pressure on home sales and home prices, a situation that now could derail the U S  economic expansion Chart 3

Residential mortgage credit quality continues to weaken, with both delinquencies and charge-offs on the rise at FDIC-insured institutions This trend, in tandem with upward pricing of hybrid adjustable-rate mortgage (ARM) loans, falling home prices, and fewer refinancing options, underscores the urgency of finding a workable solution to current problems in the sub-prime mortgage market  Legislators, regulators, bankers, mortgage servicers, and consumer groups have been debating the merits of strategies that may help preserve home ownership, minimize foreclosures, and restore some stability to local housing markets On December 6, 2007, an industry-led plan was announced to help avert foreclosure for certain sub-prime homeowners who face unaffordable payments when their interest rates reset  This plan provides for a streamlined process to extend the starter rates on sub-prime ARMs for at least five years in cases where borrowers remain current on their loans but cannot refinance or afford the higher payments after reset  An important component of the industry-led plan is detailed reporting of loan modification activity  Working with the United States Treasury Department and other bank regulators, the FDIC will monitor loan modification levels and seek adjustments to the protocols if warranted 

Loss Mitigation Mediation (LMM) Program
Mediation is usually a great way for a plaintiff and defendant to sit down with a neutral arbiter to hash out their differences and come to a resolution that is usually better than continued litigation  Mediation is successful in all types of disputes including personal injury cases, contract disputes and even divorces  However, in these cases, circuit court judges will readily punish a party who fails to attend mediation or who attends but fails to comply with the mediation order 
In 2009, the Florida Supreme Court forced every Florida Circuit Court (the courts in which Foreclosure Lawsuits are heard), to implement a mediation program for homeowners facing Foreclosure  This program was called the “Residential Mortgage Foreclosure Mediation” (RMFM) Program  The idea was for lenders to provide an in-person or telephonic meeting with the Homeowner/Defendant in the presence of an impartial mediator to discuss the Foreclosure Lawsuit and possible alternatives (including Loan Modification, Deed in Lieu of Foreclosure, and Short Sale) The RMFM Program was cancelled in 2011 following widespread criticism of the program  The RMFM failed because it had no teeth, because judges were reluctant to punish the mortgage companies for failing to mediate in good faith, and because borrowers were not receiving the cooperation they needed from the banks  In short, the RMFM was a complete waste of time, not because mediation is a bad idea but because of the limited loss mitigation options and because most state court judges could not or would not enforce the program In 2012, the Bankruptcy Court in the Middle District of Florida implemented its own version of the failed RMFM, but unlike the state court version, it has seen a much higher success rate  One Orlando bankruptcy attorney reported a 90% success rate, with 18% of his modifications involving principal reduction  Similar programs have also been instituted by Bankruptcy courts in New York and Rhode Island Following the lead of the Middle District, the Southern District of Florida Bankruptcy Court has initiated its own loss mitigation mediation (“LMM”) program  The LMM Program kicked off on April 1, 2013 and unlike the Middle District, the Southern District's program has more requirements for all parties and includes debtors in all chapters, not just Chapter 13  Chapter 7 debtors may use LMM to request a surrender of the property (a real surrender that provides for a transfer of title)  LMM may be used by Chapter 13 debtors to request and apply for modification through mediation or surrender of any property they no longer want to own 
The Southern District's program also includes the utilization of a document processing program called the DMM Portal  Participants in the LMM program will use this secure online portal for the exchange of documents and communication  This program will help ensure that documents sent between the lender and the borrower and not lost or misplaced  Instant uploads and verification of transmissions are a hallmark of the portal 
Election to participate in the LMM program will suspend any pending motions for relief from stay (“MFR”)  However, while an LMM is pending, debtors will be required to pay 31% of their gross monthly income through the Chapter 13 plan as an “adequate protection” payment  The fees a debtor will have to pay to participate in the program will typically include an $1,800 fee to their bankruptcy attorney for handling the modification through their Chapter 13 plan and an approximately $300 fee to the mediator While the bankruptcy mediation program does not guarantee a residential loan modification, it does make it much harder for a mortgage servicer to reject a modification because of the stringent requirement to act in good faith  For instance, if a servicer rejects a HAMP application, it will have to explain why  Often, a rejection is based upon a miscalculation, a misinterpretation, or an oversight  In this program, the debtor's attorney can demand that the servicer's representative explain his calculations  Often, the mistakes are found and corrected, resulting in the modification being accepted 
While mortgage modification and bankruptcy may not be the solution to all distressed mortgage problems, it will certainly provide an additional venue for homeowners in need  Applying for a modification through bankruptcy may provide relief from the dischargeable debts that are keeping the debtor from being able to make the mortgage payments and provide the lenders a guarantee that the borrower is no longer obligated by those burdens 

Streamlined modification process
The adoption of this streamlined modification framework is an additional tool that servicers will now have to help avoid preventable foreclosures  This framework will not only help homeowners who receive a streamlined modification, but will also further address servicer capacity concerns by freeing up resources, helping ensure that borrowers do not fall through the cracks because servicers aren't able to get to them This is the first time the industry has agreed on an industry standard  The benchmark ratio for calculating the affordable payment is 38 percent of monthly gross household income  Once the affordable payment is determined, there are several steps the servicer can take to create that payment – extending the term, reducing the interest rate, and forbearing interest  In the event that the affordable payment is still beyond the borrower's means, the borrower's situation will be reviewed on a case-by-case basis using a cash flow budget  This program resulted from a unified effort among the Enterprises, Hope Now and its 27 servicer partners, Treasury, the Federal Housing Administration (FHA) and Federal Housing Finance Agency (FHFA)  In addition, we’ve drawn on the FDIC's experience and assistance from developing the IndyMac streamlined approach and have greatly benefited from the FDIC's input and example  To accommodate the need for more flexibility among a larger number of servicers, the Streamlined Modification Program does differ from the IndyMac model in a few areas  However, it uses the same fundamental tools to achieve the same affordability target The Streamlined Modification Program (SMP) was developed in collaboration with the FHFA, the Department of Treasury, Freddie Mac, and members of the HOPE NOW Alliance 

SMP eligibility criteria
The SMP eligibility criteria include:

Conforming conventional or jumbo conforming mortgage loans originated on or before January 1, 2008;
At least three payments past due;
The loan is secured by a one-unit property that is the borrower's primary residence;
Current mark-to-market loan to value (LTV) of 90 percent or more; and
Property is not abandoned, vacant, condemned, or in a serious state of disrepair 
SMP is designed to reduce distressed borrowers' monthly mortgage payments to an amount equal to 38 percent of their monthly gross income  To do so, servicers may, in the following order:
Capitalize accrued interest, escrow advances and costs, if allowed by state law;
Extend the term of the mortgage loan by up to 480 months;
Reduce the mortgage loan interest rate in increments of  125% to a fixed rate that is not less than 3% (if this exercise results in a below market rate, it will, after 5 years, step up in annual increments to a market rate);
As a last resort, provide for principal forbearance, which will result in a balloon payment fully due and payable upon borrower's sale of the property or payoff or maturity of the loan Borrowers meeting the SMP eligibility requirements enter into a trial period in which they must make monthly loan payments equal to the proposed modified payment  Timely payments must be made for three consecutive months before a borrower's loan can be modified under the SMP The "Streamlined Modification Plan," or SMP, which is an expansion of what many lenders are already doing, was implemented starting December 15, 2008 

IndyMAC plan
With the George W  Bush administration refusing to enact FDIC Chairwoman Sheila Bair's controversial loan modification plan, lawmakers are taking matters into their own hands 
Offer proactive workout solutions designed to address borrowers who have the willingness but limited capacity to pay Return the loan to a current status 
Capitalize delinquent interest and escrow 
Modify the loan terms based on waterfalls, starting at a front-end 38 percent HTI ratio down to a 31 percent HTI ratio subject to a formal net present value (NPV) floor 
Reduce interest rate to as low as 3 percent 
Extend, if necessary, the amortization and/or term of the loan to 40 years 
Forbear principal if necessary Provide borrowers the opportunity to stay in their home while making an affordable payment for the life of the loan Require the borrower to make one payment at the time of the modification 
Cap the interest rate at the Freddie Mac Weekly Survey rate effective as required to meet the target HTI ratio, fixing the adjusted rate and monthly payment amount for 5 years 
Step up the initial interest rate gradually starting in year 6 by increasing it one percentage point each year until reaching the Freddie Mac Weekly Survey rate cap Use a financial model with supportable assumptions to ensure investor interests are protected Input borrower specific income information into the NPV Tool, which provides a real-time workout solution 
Perform automated loan level underwriting across large segments of the portfolio to support pre-approved bulk mailings 
Verify income information the borrower provided via check stubs, tax returns, and/or bank statements 
Compare the cost of foreclosure to mitigate losses 
Mandate that the cost of the modification must be less than the estimated foreclosure loss Borrower eligibilityThe loan is at least 60 days delinquent where the loan is considered one day delinquent on the day following the next payment due date  Many servicing contracts often contain a standard clause allowing the servicer to modify seriously delinquent or defaulted mortgages, or mortgages where default is “reasonably foreseeable” 
Foreclosure sale is not imminent and the borrower is currently not in bankruptcy, or has not been discharged from Chapter 7 bankruptcy since the loan was originated 
The loan was not originated as a second home or an investment property "We (IndyMac Bank) commend FDIC Chairman Sheila Bair for her leadership in developing a systematic loan modification protocol  FHFA, the GSEs and HOPE NOW relied heavily on the IndyMac model in developing this new protocol"   
As history unfolds on the U S  Housing and Finance crisis that caused the persistent recession, the (IndyMac Bank) bankruptcy and ensuing scandal are important to understand   A dynamic interplay between social good, capital ownership and the rule of law is ongoing in the U S  experiment with the democratic process   Much of the business models of IndyMac and also the government backed FrannieMae and FreddieMac quasi-banks were based on concentrated debt   This model became very high risk as it was based on the faulty assumption that housing values would increase   In fact, the prevalence of their mortgages greatly fed the housing bubble with significant crossfunding and possible corruption to the government regulatory function through dramatic campaign funding contributions from these organizations   In the less regulated business climate of the late 1800s, speculative bubbles were corrected by painful financial panics   True understanding is yet to be documented for the speculative housing bubble of 2008, but federal government management has seemingly replaced the severity of a financial panic with a persistent yet less severe correction   This correction is becoming known at the Great Recession 

Fannie Mae/Freddie Mac Plan
In the task at hand to make headway against foreclosures and the depressed housing market  Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac entered a new phase on December 9, 2008 for a fast-track program meant to make "hundreds of thousands of mortgages affordable to people who can't currently meet their monthly payments "Through the SMP, servicers may change the terms of a loan to reduce a borrower's first lien monthly mortgage payment, including taxes, insurance and homeowners association payments, to an amount equal to 38 percent of gross monthly income  The changes in terms may include one or more of the following:
Adding the accrued interest, escrow advances and costs to the principal balance of the loan, if allowed by state law;
Extending the length of the mortgage loan as appropriate;
Reducing the mortgage loan interest rate in increments of 0 125 percent to an interest rate that is not less than 3 percent  If the new rate is set below the market interest rate, after five years it  will step up in annual increments to either the original loan interest rate or the market interest rate at the time of the modification, whichever is lower;
Forbearing on a portion of the principal, which will require the borrower to make a balloon payment when the loan matures, is paid off, or is refinanced 

Eligibility requirements
Conforming conventional and jumbo conforming mortgage loans originated on or before January 1, 2009;
Borrowers who are at least three or more payments past due and are not currently in bankruptcy;
Only one-unit, owner-occupied, primary residences; and
Current mark-to-market loan-to-value ratio of 90 percent or more 

New servicer guidance
Fannie Mae's foreclosure prevention efforts have generally been made available to a borrower only after a delinquency occurs  Under Fannie Mae's new guidance, loan servicers can use foreclosure prevention tools to assist distressed borrowers when a borrower demonstrates the need  As noted above, these guidelines apply to borrowers who are still current in their payments, but whose default is reasonably foreseeable  This new guideline is effective immediately, and borrowers may obtain information on eligibility at MakingHomeAffordable gov 

Hope for Homeowners Plan (HUD)/FHA
The HOPE for Homeowners Act (H4H) Program is effective for endorsements on or after October 1, 2008, through September 30, 2011 
Affordability versus value:  lenders will take a loss on the difference between the existing obligations and the new loan, which is set at 96 5 percent of current appraised value   The lender may choose to provide homeowners with an affordable monthly mortgage payment through a loan modification rather than accepting the losses associated with declining property values 
Borrower eligibility:  Lenders that determine the H4H program is a feasible and effective option for mitigating losses will assess the homeowner's eligibility for the program:The existing mortgage was originated on or before January 1, 2008;
Existing mortgage payment(s) as of March 1, 2008 exceeds 31 percent of the borrowers gross monthly income for fixed-rate mortgages; For ARMs, the existing mortgage payment(s) exceeds 31 percent of the borrowers gross monthly income as of March 1, 2008 OR the date of the new loan application 
The homeowner did not intentionally default, does not have an ownership interest in other residential real estate and has not been convicted of fraud in the last 10 years under Federal and state law; and
The homeowner did not provide materially false information (e g , lied about income) to obtain the mortgage that is being refinanced into the H4H mortgage 

Original cost
3 percent upfront mortgage insurance premium and a 1 5 percent annual premium,
Equity and appreciation sharing with the Federal government, and
Prohibition against new junior liens against the property unless they are directly related to property maintenance The HUDS fact sheet gives full details 

Updated Hope for Homeowners improvements
Eliminates 3% upfront premium
Reduces 1 5% annual premium to a range between  55% and  75%, based on risk-based pricing (also makes technical fix to permit discontinuation of fees when loan balance drops below certain levels, consistent with normal FHA policy)
Raises maximum loan to value (LTV) from 90% to 93% for borrowers above a 31% mortgage debt to income (DTI) ratio or above a 43% ratio
Eliminates government profit sharing of appreciation over market value of home at time of refi  Retains government declining share (from 100% to 50% after five years) of equity created by the refi, to be paid at time of sale or refi as an exit fee
Authorizes payments to servicers participating in successful refis
Administrative simplification:
eliminates borrower certifications regarding not intentionally defaulting on any debt,
eliminates special requirement to collect two years of tax returns,
eliminates originator liability for first payment default,
eliminates March 1, 2008 31% debt-to-income ratio (DTI) test,
eliminates prohibition against taking out future second loans,
requires Board to make documents, forms, and procedures conform to those under normal FHA loans to the maximum extent possible consistent with statutory requirements 

Troubled Assets Relief Program
The Troubled Assets Relief Program is a systematic foreclosure prevention and mortgage modification program established by the Secretary, in consultation with the Chairperson of the Board of Directors of the FDIC and the Secretary of Housing and Urban Development, that—

Provides lenders and loan servicers with certain compensation to cover administrative costs for each loan modified according to the required standards; and
Provides loss sharing or guarantees for certain losses incurred if a modified loan should subsequently re-default 

Commitment of resources
The comprehensive plan established pursuant to subsection (a) shall require the commitment of funds made available to the Secretary under title I of the Emergency Economic Stabilization Act of 2008 in an amount up to $100,000,000,000 but in no case less than $40,000,000,000 In a press conference Tuesday, Federal Housing Finance Agency director James Lockhart said the program would target high-risk borrowers — those 90 or more days delinquent on their mortgages — and employ various modification strategies to get borrowers down to an “affordable” mortgage payment, defined as 38 percent of a household's monthly gross income on a first mortgage payment 

Analysis of the results of the government-sponsored programs
The Office of the Comptroller of the Currency and the Office of Thrift Supervision reported on 2009-04-03

"Nearly one in four loan modifications in the fourth quarter actually resulted in increased monthly payments"   This can occur when late fees or past-due interest are added to the monthly payment 
The redefault rate was about 50 percent where the monthly payment was unchanged or increased, and 26 percent where the payment was decreased 

Home Affordable Modification Program
Program Formed
Purpose
The Home Affordable Modification Program (HAMP) was established on February 18, 2009 to help up from 7 to 8 million struggling homeowners at risk of foreclosure by working with their lenders to lower monthly mortgage payments  The Program is part of the Making Home Affordable Program which was created by the Financial Stability Act of 2009  The program was built as collaboration with banks, services, credit unions, the FHA, the VA, the USDA and the Federal Housing Finance Agency, to create standard loan modification guidelines for lenders to take into consideration when evaluating a borrower for a potential loan modification   Over 110 major lenders have already signed onto the program   The Program is now looked upon as the industry standard practice for lenders to analyze potential modification applicants Early 2012 the Treasury redesigned the HAMP as Tier 1 for the original first-lien modification process and on June 1, 2012 Tier 2 became available  Tier 2 is for either owner-occupied properties or rental properties  For mortgages secured by rental properties, only those that are two or more payments delinquent are eligible 

Eligibility requirements
The program abides by the following eligibility and verification criteria: 

Loans originated on or before January 1, 2009
First-lien loans on owner-occupied properties with unpaid principal balance up to $729,750
Higher limits allowed for owner-occupied properties with 2-4 units
All borrowers must fully document income, including signed IRS 4506-T, proof of income (i e  paystubs or tax returns), and must sign an affidavit of financial hardship
Property owner occupancy status will be verified through borrower credit report and other documentation; no investor-owned, vacant, or condemned properties
Incentives to lenders and servicers to modify at risk borrowers who have not yet missed payments when the servicer determines that the borrower is at imminent risk of default
Modifications can start from now until December 31, 2016; loans can be modified only once under the program

Loan modification terms and procedures
Participating servicers are required to service all eligible loans under the rules of the program unless explicitly prohibited by contract; servicers are required to use reasonable efforts to obtain waivers of limits on participation 
Participating loan servicers will be required to use a net present value (NPV) test on each loan that is at risk of imminent default or at least 60 days delinquent  The NPV test will compare the net present value of cash flows with modification and without modification  If the test is positive: meaning that the net present value of expected cash flow is greater in the modification scenario: the servicer must modify absent fraud or a contract prohibition 
Parameters of the NPV test are spelled out in the guidelines, including acceptable discount rates, property valuation methodologies, home price appreciation assumptions, foreclosure costs and timelines, and borrower cure and redefault rate assumptions 
Servicers will follow a specified sequence of steps in order to reduce the monthly payment to no more than 31% of gross monthly income (DTI) 
The modification sequence requires first reducing the interest rate for trial period of 3–9 months(subject to a rate floor of 2%), then if necessary extending the term or amortization of the loan up to a maximum of 40 years, and then if necessary forbearing principal  Principal forgiveness or a Hope for Homeowners refinancing are acceptable alternatives 
It is noteworthy that this interest rate is not fixed, and will generally increase 1%/year until it reaches what ever the current rate is 5 years after the modification  Often it includes a balloon payment at the end of the first 5 years   This practice has been found controversial by many in the financial world as it is expected to bring about a slurry of new foreclosures in 5 years when homeowners will once again not be able to pay their mortgage due to the interest rate hike, or the balloon payment 
The monthly payment includes principal, interest, taxes, insurance, flood insurance, homeowner's association and/or condominium fees  Monthly income includes wages, salary, overtime, fees, commissions, tips, social security, pensions, and all other income 
Servicers must enter into the program agreements with Treasury's financial agent on or before December 31, 2009 

Payments to servicers, lenders, and responsible borrowers
The Program will share with the lender/investor the cost of reductions in monthly payments from 38% DTI to 31% DTI 
Servicers that modify loans according to the guidelines will receive an up-front fee of $1,000 for each modification, plus “pay for success” fees on still-performing loans of $1,000 per year 
Homeowners who make their payments on time are eligible for up to $1,000 of principal reduction payments each year for up to five years 
The program will provide one-time bonus incentive payments of $1,500 to lender/investors and $500 to servicers for modifications made while a borrower is still current on mortgage payments 
The program will include incentives for extinguishing second liens on loans modified under this program 
No payments will be made under the program to the lender/investor, servicer, or borrower unless and until the servicer has first entered into the program agreements with Treasury's financial agent 
Similar incentives will be paid for Hope for Homeowner refinances 

Transparency and accountability
Measures to prevent and detect fraud, such as documentation and audit requirements, will be central to the program 
Servicers will be required to collect, maintain and transmit records for verification and compliance review, including borrower eligibility, underwriting, incentive payments, property verification, and other documentation 
Freddie Mac is appointed the compliance officer of the program 

Warnings to people looking to apply for program
Foreclosure rescue and mortgage modification scams are a growing problem  Homeowners must protect themselves so they do not lose money or their home   Scammers make promises that they cannot keep, such as guarantees to “save” your home or lower your mortgage, often for a fee  Scammers may pretend that they have direct contact with your mortgage servicer when they do not Even amongst reputable refinance organizations, the fundamental education of the house owner is not stressed   Some may even request struggling homeowners to pledge their time to become politically active   The controversy exists between personal integrity and the concept of a 'right to homeownership'   Many euphemisms are used to implicitly stress the concept that homeownership is not the result of a lifetime of effort but a government-given right   These euphemisms like "HOPE, relief and Save-the-Dream" as used above in naming or implementing the loan modification programs   The origins of the word 'mortgage' is a death pledge—a concept that perhaps even exceeds the common view of personal integrity   At the foundation of homeownership should be a personal long-term commitment to pay the terms of the mortgage   On the bankers side of the contract, their business model is regulated by the 'social good' which are implemented by government by chartering banks   If the banks implement policies that lead to financial bubbles and panics, a democratic government is equipped with the tools to uncharter and redistribute a banks assets Bank crisis in the united states

Free resources for potential applicants
There are free resources available for potential applicants   

Homeowners can call the Homeowner's HOPE Hotline at 1-888-995-HOPE (4673) for information about the Making Home Affordable Program and to speak with a HUD approved housing counselor  Assistance is available in English and Spanish, and other languages by appointment 
HUD org helps applicants find a local counselor  HUD gov
MakingHomeAffordable gov computes estimated payments and has other resources  Making Home Affordable
Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac allow applicants see if their loan is owned by one of them and thus potentially eligible for the program Fannie Mae Loan Look Up Freddie Mac Loan Look Up

Lender participants
A list of lenders signed on is on the Making Home Affordable website  List of HAMP Lenders

See also
Escrow
Neighborhood Assistance Corporation of America (NACA)
Mortgage assumption
Predatory lending
Context 3: Passage 1:
Richie Ginther
Paul Richard "Richie" Ginther (Hollywood, California, August 5, 1930 – September 20, 1989 in France) was a racecar driver from the United States  During a varied career, the 1965 Mexican Grand Prix saw Ginther take Honda's first Grand Prix victory, a victory which would also prove to be Ginther's only win in Formula One  Ginther competed in 54 World Championship Formula One Grand Prix races and numerous other non-Championship F1 events 

Early career
Richie Ginther was born in Hollywood but his family moved to Ohio for his father's work before moving back to California and to Santa Monica, the same Californian town as future Formula One World Champion Phil Hill, and it was through Hill, a friend of Ginther's older brother, George, that he first began to race  After finishing school in 1948, Ginther followed in his father's footsteps and went to work for Douglas Aircraft, initially in the tool and die shop  In his spare time he helped Hill to repair, maintain and race his collection of old cars and hot rods, as Hill's racing career began to gather pace  Ginther made his race debut at Pebble Beach in 1951, driving a Ford-engined MG T-type sports car However, Ginther's career was put on hold shortly after, when he was drafted for two years of national service during the Korean War  During this time he received training and experience working in aircraft and engine mechanics, skills which he would later put to good use during his driving career  On emergence from the military, Hill requested that Ginther join him, principally as a riding mechanic, in driving a privately entered 4 1-liter Ferrari in the 1953 Carrera Panamericana  The pair ran high in the rankings until Hill lost control, crashed, and wrote off the car  Both Ginther and Hill were unharmed and returned in 1954 to take second place, beaten only by the works Ferrari of Umberto Maglioli 
Nineteen fifty-four was also the year that Ginther returned to race driving himself, mostly in a self-prepared Austin-Healey  His results were impressive enough that the following year VW and Porsche dealer John von Neumann hired him to drive a Porsche in domestic competitions  When von Neumann started dealing in Ferrari cars in 1956, Ginther also got the chance to drive these  In between working in von Neumann's Ferrari dealership — including trips to the Ferrari factory in Italy to sort customer problems — Ginther began to build an impressive racing reputation on the West Coast  This, and his choice of Ferrari mounts, brought him to the attention of the East Coast Ferrari franchise-holder, three-time 24 Hours of Le Mans-winner, Luigi Chinetti  Aside from importing Ferrari road cars, Chinetti also operated a successful race team, soon to metamorphose into Ferrari's official motorsport presence in North America: NART  Ginther first raced for Chinetti in 1957 and with him made his first appearances in international-level events, first in the 12 Hours of Sebring and then driving a two-liter Ferrari 500 TR in the 1957 Le Mans race 
Also in 1957, Ginther was signed to drive the Aston Martin of Joe Lubin and over the next three years would continue to compete in many sports car racing events in both Aston and Ferrari machinery, with great success  That June, he won a 15-lap GT race at the new Lime Rock Park, and won the opening race of the national championship in his Ferrari  In early-1958, he piloted a two-liter Ferrari to victory at the County Fairgrounds in Pomona, California, averaging 83 8 mph (134 9 km/h), and won in a three-liter GT in a five-lap qualifying preliminary for the SCCA Pacific Coast Championship  By the end of the year Ginther had captured the Pacific Coast Sports Car Championship outright  He triumphed by a wide margin at Pomona at the opening sports car race of 1959, in a von Neumann 4 1-liter Ferrari, and in June 1959, won in a three-liter Ferrari TR in the first Hourglass road races in San Diego, California  Throughout this period he continued to mix his race driving with a steady job at von Neumann's dealership, and by late 1959 the strain was beginning to show 

Formula One
Ferrari
Ginther made his F1 debut at the 1960 Monaco Grand Prix driving for Ferrari, which he stayed with through 1961  In the September 1960 Italian Grand Prix in Monza, he placed second to Hill  Ginther led from the start until the 25th lap when Hill passed him and led until the finish Following the 1960 season the Ferrari team gave up 1000 cc in engine size  The 2500 cc engine,
permitted the previous year, was replaced by a 1 5-liter rear-engine model, with 110 less horsepower  However, the newer engine was superior in both "profiling" and handling  The conservative Enzo Ferrari was the last major Formula 1 race car manufacturer to make the transition to cars with engines in the rear 
In 1961, Ginther was the No  3 Ferrari driver, behind No  1 Wolfgang Von Trips and No  2 Hill  Giancarlo Baghetti occasionally piloted a fourth car  The team manager was Romulo Tavoni On May 14, 1961, Ginther finished second to Stirling Moss at the 1961 Monaco Grand Prix, 3 6 seconds behind, a few hundred feet  He was driving a new rear-engine Ferrari with a 120-degree V-6 which had a lower center of gravity  Ginther had qualified second, just ahead of Hill, with an average speed of 70 7 mph (113 8 km/h), and a qualifying time of 1:39 3  He eclipsed the previous course record of 1:39 6, before Moss took pole position the day after In August 1961, Ginther and Baghetti were teammates at the Pescara Grand Prix, a world auto manufacturers' championship event  Their Ferrari was leading on the 10th lap when it stopped on a straight stretch with a flat tire  Ginther averaged more than 133 mph (214 km/h) on the 6 2-mile (10 0 km) Autodromo Nazionale Monza in September 1961, to lead the first day of qualifying for the 1961 Italian Grand Prix  Von Trips qualified first with Ginther taking the third starting position after Ricardo Rodriguez  Ginther retired in the race  Von Trips died in a spectacular crash on the second lap, which also killed eleven spectators, when his Ferrari climbed a 5-foot-high (1 5 m) earth embankment  
It brushed a wire fence employed to restrain a portion of the crowd and struck the spectators  Some who were injured eventually succumbed and brought the total to 15 deaths  The Ferrari team ceased competition until January 1, 1962, as a mark of respect to Von Trips 

BRM and Honda
In 1962, Ginther switched to the British-based BRM team to race alongside Graham Hill  The highlight of his time at BRM was finishing equal-second (with Hill) in the 1963 World Championship  Ginther scored more points than his British teammate over the whole season, but only a driver's six best scores were counted towards the championship 
His reputation as a solid "team player" and excellent test and development driver earned him an invitation to join the works Honda F1 team for 1965, for whom he scored his one and only GP win, at the 1965 Mexican Grand Prix  The win was also Honda's first in Formula 1  Ginther averaged 151 7 kilometres per hour (94 3 mph) over the curving 5 kilometres (3 1 mi) track in the 65 lap Mexico City event  His speed eclipsed the previous course record of 150 185 km/h (93 321 mph) established by Dan Gurney in 1964  It was the first time Honda had entered the Mexican Grand Prix  Honda reentered international competition in the 1966 Italian Grand Prix  The team was three years old and had encountered difficulty in the preparation of a larger engine  Ginther led in Italy before his car crashed into a retaining wall and he broke his collarbone  He signed with the Eagle F1 team in 1967 and raced in the Race of Champions  His last race entered was the Monaco Grand Prix, but he failed to qualify 
Ginther won one race, achieved 14 podiums, and scored a total of 107 championship points 
He appeared in an uncredited role in the 1966 film Grand Prix as John Hogarth, a driver in the Japanese funded "Yamura" team  He also acted as one of the technical racing advisors for the movie 
While making an attempt to qualify for the 1967 Indianapolis 500, Ginther broke a fuel line in his American Eagle Indy Car   A mix of ethanol and gasoline, was sprayed down his back   This experience, along with the recent fiery death of close friend Lorenzo Bandini, along with other factors, led to his sudden retirement He participated in a rally with sixty-five other competitors, including actor James Garner, in June 1969  The California Sports Car Club event was three hours cross country from Los Angeles to Huntington Beach  It benefited students from the Braille Institute 
Ginther managed a Porsche 911S with two American drivers during the 39th 24 hours of Le Mans, in June 1971 

Death
Ginther died of a heart attack while on vacation with his family in France, in Touzac, near Bordeaux, on September 20, 1989 

Awards
He was inducted into the Motorsports Hall of Fame of America in 2008 

Biography
In 2020, to mark what would have been Ginther's 90th birthday, a biography was released about Richie's life and career by Richard Jenkins, published by Performance Publishing  "Richie Ginther: Motor Racing's Free Thinker" won the RAC Motoring Book of the Year Award for its depth of research and previously unpublished information

Racing record
Formula One World Championship results
(key) (Races in italics indicate fastest lap)

Non-Championship Formula One results
(key)

Complete British Saloon Car Championship results
(key) (Races in bold indicate pole position; races in italics indicate fastest lap )

† Events with 2 races staged for the different classes 

Footnotes
Passage 2:
Bobby Santos III
Robert Santos III (born October 3, 1985) is an American professional racing driver from Franklin, Massachusetts  He graduated in 2004 from Tri-County Regional Vocational Technical High School  Santos, nicknamed "Bobby New England", is the grandson of Bobby Santos, a former modified racer   His sister, Erica Santos, is also a racecar driver  He is the cousin of former University of New Hampshire quarterback Ricky Santos 

Early career
Before stock cars, Santos was a successful midget racer  He raced in the Northeastern Midget Association, USAC, PRA Big Car, and ISMA   He had the most wins of any driver in the USAC National Midget Tour in 2006, collecting five wins, including a win at O'Reilly Raceway Park on the Night Before the 500  He was signed to Bill Davis Racing 

ARCA career
In 2006, Santos made his stock car debut at Iowa Speedway for Bill Davis Racing in the #02 Dodge  He started 10th and finished 6th   Bobby returned to ARCA in 2007 for Bill Davis, now in a Toyota Camry  He won Toyota's first stock car pole at USA International Speedway in Lakeland, Florida   While leading the race, he was involved in an incident with a lapped car and did not finish  He returned at Nashville Superspeedway, but had a mid-pack run  At Kansas Speedway, Bobby started second, but a blown engine relegated him to another DNF   Santos broke his dry spell at Kentucky Speedway when he started fourth and finished third, behind Erik Darnell and Erin Crocker   Santos placed third in the next race at Kentucky, as well   The third-generation racer won a pole at Pocono Raceway in early August and qualified fifth at Talladega Superspeedway, but was unable to back up either with a strong finish 

NASCAR career
In 2007, Santos made his NASCAR Busch Series debut at Richmond International Raceway for the new Riley D'Hondt Motorsports team  He qualified seventh in his #91 Toyota but faded back to a thirtieth-place finish after running in the top 10 at the beginning of the race  He also qualified fourth for the Camping World 200 at New Hampshire Motor Speedway and was running in the top 10 before being hit by a lapped car  He ran two additional races for RDHM but did not finish better than 30th 
Santos has also participated in the Whelen Modified Tour, collecting his first two wins at Thompson International Speedway in October 2007, and the Ice Breaker, also at Thompson International Speedway, in April 2010  He parlayed his season-opening Icebreaker win into the 2010 Whelen Modified Tour championship, collecting a total of four wins and four poles on the season Santos ran the 2011 Nationwide Series opener for Jimmy Means in what was a back-up JR Motorsports car after wrecking the 52 in practice; the Earnhardt family has a long friendship with the independent owner and former driver  Santos finished 17th after vowing to run the race in its entirety 

Current career
After his stint in stock car racing, Santos returned to his roots, racing the full NASCAR Whelen Modified Tour for Bob Garbarino's Mystic Missile Racing team and a limited schedule in all three USAC divisions  Santos also made select appearances in the NEMA ranks in 2009   Santos' post-NASCAR career has been highlighted by wins in many of the nation's largest midget races, including the Turkey Night Grand Prix and Copper World Classic  He also won the 2020 Little 500 USAC Sprint car race at Anderson Speedway He will drive part-time in the NASCAR Nationwide Series in 2012 for Tommy Baldwin Racing and will continue to compete on the NASCAR Whelen Modified Tour behind the wheel of the Tinio Corporation No  44 
Santos registered back-to-back Musket 250 wins in 2019 and 2020 

Motorsports career results
NASCAR
(key) (Bold – Pole position awarded by qualifying time  Italics – Pole position earned by points standings or practice time  * – Most laps led )

Nationwide Series
Camping World Truck Series
1 Ineligible for series points

Whelen Modified Tour
ARCA Re/Max Series
(key) (Bold – Pole position awarded by qualifying time  Italics – Pole position earned by points standings or practice time  * – Most laps led )

Superstar Racing Experience
(key) * – Most laps led  1 – Heat 1 winner  2 – Heat 2 winner 

* Season still in progress
Passage 3:
1971 Canadian Grand Prix
The 1971 Canadian Grand Prix was a Formula One motor race held at Mosport Park on September 19, 1971  It was race 10 of 11 in both the 1971 World Championship of Drivers and the 1971 International Cup for Formula One Manufacturers  
During a Formula Ford preliminary race, one of the twenty drivers of the field spun at Turn 1 involving four other competitors and a group of marshals  Four of them suffered severe injuries and were taken to hospital  One lap later, Wayne Kelly, a 37‐year‐old driver from Ottawa, was killed instantly when he crashed into a stationary ambulance parked on the outside of Turn 1 whose crew was helping the injured marshals and competitors  
The events of the Formula Ford race meant that the Grand Prix was delayed, and when it did start, it was raining and thick fog had arrived  Jackie Stewart took the win after the race was stopped after 64 laps of the scheduled 80 due to the weather  American Mark Donohue finished third on his F1 debut 
This was the first ever Formula One race to be red flagged 

Qualifying
Qualifying classification
Race
Classification
Championship standings after the race

Note: Only the top five positions are included for both sets of standings 
Passage 4:
Peter Ryan (racing driver)
Peter Barry Ryan (June 10, 1940 in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States – July 2, 1962 in Paris, France) was an American-born Canadian racecar driver from Mont-Tremblant, Quebec  He had a short Formula One career  He participated in one Grand Prix, the 1961 United States Grand Prix at Watkins Glen, finishing ninth  He scored no championship points  However, he became the first Canadian ever to take part in a Formula One Grand Prix 

Career
Ryan first came to prominence as a skier, winning the National Ski Association's junior downhill championship at Mount Rose, Nevada, in 1957  "Immediately after Ryan's victory, Americans protested that Canadians could not win an American championship " The protest was disallowed  His Olympic prospects were such that a dispute arose as to which country he should represent  The Americans asserted that he: "was born in the United States as were his father, the late Joseph P  Ryan, and his mother " Ryan expressed a preference for the Canadian team: "But while he would like to ski for Canada, he wouldn't care to give up his American citizenship " "An outstanding skier, Ryan shifted to auto racing in 1959 after a ski crackup in which both his legs were broken "On April 25, 1959, Denise McCluggage, writing in Competition Press, reported: "Peter Ryan of the Mont Tremblant Ryans bought Bernie Vihl's beautifully kept old 550 Porsche in which to take up racing-sports car racing that is  Peter at 19, is an old hand at ski racing being a downhill expert " Ryan's successes came in sports cars racing in Canada, the US and Nassau  On October 1, 1960, Ryan co-drove with Roger Penske in a Porsche RS60 to win the six-hour Sundown Grand Prix at Harewood, in Ontario, Canada  The next week Ryan was entered in the 230-mile Formula Libre road race at Watkins Glen, New York  In qualifying he was "the surprise of the day, taking the fifth position over England's Roy Salvadori " Ahead of him were Stirling Moss, Jack Brabham, Joakim Bonnier and Olivier Gendebien  He was driving Bill Sadler's Formula Libre special, known as "Formula Ferocious," a rear-engined single-seater device, when his motor blew on lap 56 
At Sebring on March 25, 1961, Ryan, teamed with Frances Bradley and Ludwig Heimrath, finished eighth overall in the Florida International 12-Hour Grand Prix of Endurance, driving a Porsche RS  In June 1961 Ryan withdrew from a race at Mosport  He "was expected to give Moss his stiffest competition, but did not compete  He withdrew at the last minute  Ryan, a member of the Sports Car Club of America, feared he would lose his amateur status in the United States if he entered the race 
The S C C A  ordered its members not to compete in the Canadian race because prize money was being given " In July 1961 Peter Ryan (Comstock Sadler-Chevrolet) was leading the Meadowdale Grand Prix when Roger Penske (Maserati birdcage Telar Special): "banged into him from the rear on the 18th lap " Ryan clung on to the lead, but after spinning recovered to finish second  On August 6, 1961, Ryan won the Vanderbilt Cup for Formula Junior cars at Bridgehampton, New York, driving a Lotus 20, averaging 87 95 miles an hour Ryan was the winner of the inaugural Canadian Grand Prix, in a Lotus Monte Carlo-Climax, held at Mosport on September 30, 1961, when it was a non-Championship sports car race  Second that day was Pedro Rodriguez (Ferrari V12) and third Stirling Moss (Lotus Monte Carlo)  The win at Mosport led to an invitation from Colin Chapman to drive a Lotus in the 1961 United States Grand Prix 
In the first 3-hr Daytona Continental GT and sports car race at Daytona on February 11, 1962, Ryan finished 15th overall, sharing a Ferrari 3 0-litre with Ricardo Rodriguez  The previous day he had finished fifth in the Lurani Trophy Race for Formula Junior cars, driving a Lotus 20  At Sebring on March 24, 1962, Ryan, teamed with John Fulp, finished thirteenth overall in the Florida International 12-Hour Grand Prix of Endurance, driving a Ferrari 248 SP for the North American Racing Team An offer of a factory-Lotus Formula Junior drive in Europe for 1962 did not materialise: "The young Canadian-American, bitterly disappointed, has gone to England to see what arrangements can be made for the coming season " "Placed under a three-year contract by Team Lotus he was lent to the Ian Walker Racing Team for the 1962 season,  " On May 27, 1962, Ryan was teamed with Paul Hawkins in an Ian Walker Racing Team Lotus 23 at the Nurburgring 1,000 km sports car race  The car suffered from overheating and was unplaced  At Monaco on June 2, 1962, Ryan won a heat race in an FJ Lotus, finishing eleventh in the final  Denis Jenkinson commented: "The driving of Ryan, the Canadian, and Spence, both in Ian Walker Lotus-Juniors, was very impressive,  " At Mallory Park, England, on June 11, 1962, Ryan drove an FJ Lotus: "The Formula Junior event saw Peter Ryan adding to his growing reputation in Europe by tailing Peter Arundell's works Lotus for the whole race, then nipping through on lap 28 to win by a second "Ryan made his Le Mans debut on June 23 and 24, 1962, partnered by John 'Buck' Fulp, driving the #18 NART Ferrari 250 TRI/61  The car completed 150 laps and 15 hours when it was crashed by Ryan  "Poor Peter Ryan put his Ferrari in the sandbank at Mulsanne and dug for ages before giving up,  "Ryan's last race was in the Coupe Internationale des Juniors Formula Junior race at Rheims, on July 2, 1962  "First of the heats, run at 10 a



ground_truth: 3,677 seated

prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: Who stars in the title role of a Netflix show co-created by Robert Carlock?

The following are given passages.
Context 2: Passage 1:
List of Unbreakable Kimmy Schmidt episodes
Unbreakable Kimmy Schmidt is an American sitcom created by Tina Fey and Robert Carlock, starring Ellie Kemper in the title role, that has streamed on Netflix since March 6, 2015  Originally set for a 13-episode first season on NBC for spring 2015, the show was sold to Netflix and given a two-season order  The fourth and final season concluded on January 25, 2019  On May 8, 2019, it was announced that the series would return with an interactive special, which premiered on May 12, 2020 
During the course of the series, 52 episodes of Unbreakable Kimmy Schmidt were released over four seasons 
The series follows 29-year-old Kimmy Schmidt (Kemper) as she adjusts to life in New York City after her rescue from a doomsday cult in Indiana where she and three other women had been held by Reverend Richard Wayne Gary Wayne (Jon Hamm) for 15 years  Determined to be seen as something other than a victim and armed only with a positive attitude, Kimmy decides to restart her life by moving to New York City, where she quickly befriends her street-wise landlady Lillian Kaushtupper (Carol Kane), finds a roommate in struggling actor Titus Andromedon (Tituss Burgess), and gains a job as a nanny for the melancholy and out-of-touch socialite Jacqueline Voorhees (Jane Krakowski)  With their help, Kimmy struggles to adapt to an unfamiliar world and jump-start the adult life that had been taken away from her 

Series overview
Episodes
Season 1 (2015)
Season 2 (2016)
Season 3 (2017)
Season 4 (2018–19)
Special (2020)
Passage 2:
Robert Carlock
Robert Morgan Carlock (born September 21, 1972) is an American screenwriter and producer  He has worked as a writer for several NBC television comedies, and as a showrunner for 30 Rock, which was created by his recurring collaborator, comedian Tina Fey  He co-created Unbreakable Kimmy Schmidt with Fey  He co-created the television show Mr  Mayor starring Ted Danson, again with Fey 

Early life
Carlock was born in Waltham, Massachusetts, the son of Martha and Roger Emery Carlock  Raised in Weston, Massachusetts, he graduated from Belmont Hill School in 1991 and cum laude from Harvard University in 1995, where he became president of the Fly Club, an all-male social club, and an editor for the Harvard Lampoon 

Career
Carlock began writing for the Dana Carvey Show in 1996  Following that, he was a member of the writing staff of Saturday Night Live from 1996 to 2001, contributing to 99 episodes of the show  One of his notable SNL sketches was NPR's Delicious Dish with Ana Gasteyer and Molly Shannon  In 2011, Ben and Jerry's released a new ice cream flavor based on the sketch written by Carlock and named it "Schweddy Balls" Carlock left SNL in 2001 to write for Friends in Los Angeles, working on the show until 2004 when he joined the staff of Friends spinoff Joey for two years  Carlock then moved back to New York to work on an "Untitled Tina Fey Project" in 2006, which became 30 Rock, which he wrote for and produced  He then worked on Fey's next sitcom, Unbreakable Kimmy Schmidt, which debuted in 2015  He also wrote the screenplay for Fey's film Whiskey Tango Foxtrot (2016) 
Carlock has won several awards for his work on 30 Rock, including Primetime Emmys, Writers Guild of America Awards, and Producers Guild of America Awards, as well as being named one of the top 50 power showrunners of 2011 In 2021, Carlock co-created the series Mr  Mayor with Fey which premiered on NBC on January 7, 2021  The series has received generally positive reviews from critics  In April 2021, the series was renewed for a second season 

Personal life
On December 31, 2001, Carlock married Jennifer Nielsen Rogers, a Wellesley graduate and former CNNfn producer/reporter  Rogers now works as an anchor for Yahoo Finance  She was previously an anchor and reporter for Reuters TV 

Filmography
Awards and nominations
In addition to winning three Emmy Awards for Outstanding Comedy Series, Carlock has been nominated for the Emmys' individual writing award three times  He has won multiple Producers’ Guild and Writers’ Guild Awards as well as recognition from the American Film Institute  His work on 30 Rock also garnered Carlock a Peabody Award, a Television Critics Association Award, a GLAAD Award, a Gold Plaque from the Hugo Television Awards, a Golden Nymph from the Monaco Film and Television Festival, a Bravo A-List Award, some award that's shaped like a Calder stabile, a Comedy Central Comedy Award, and a Golden Globe The following awards are categorized under the year they were announced (and not necessarily the year covered by the award ceremony) 
Passage 3:
Live Show
"Live Show" is the fourth episode of the fifth season of the American television comedy series 30 Rock, and the 84th episode overall  It was directed by Beth McCarthy-Miller, and co-written by series creator Tina Fey and co-showrunner and executive producer Robert Carlock  The episode originally aired live on the NBC television network in the United States on October 14, 2010, with separate versions for the East and West Coast television audiences  "Live Show" featured appearances by Rachel Dratch, Bill Hader, Matt Damon, Jon Hamm, and Julia Louis-Dreyfus 
30 Rock follows the production of the fictional sketch comedy program The Girlie Show with Tracy Jordan (TGS)  In this episode, on the night of a show, head writer Liz Lemon grows increasingly infuriated when no one seems to remember her 40th birthday  Just before TGS's live taping, Tracy Jordan decides to break character, to his co-workers' chagrin  Meanwhile, television executive Jack Donaghy struggles with the consequences of his promise to give up drinking while his girlfriend Avery Jessup is pregnant with their child 
"Live Show" was an experiment for 30 Rock—filming with a multiple-camera setup before a studio audience to broadcast live—and the episode received positive reviews for its boldness as well as the nostalgia it showed for classic sitcom conventions and meta-humor—for instance, guest star Louis-Dreyfus portrays Liz Lemon in some cutaway scenes where it would be physically impossible for series regular Fey to be on two separate stages at once  The episode was also a ratings success, improving upon the audience that 30 Rock had grown since its previous season 
On June 22, 2020, it was revealed that the East Coast version would be one of the episodes being pulled from syndication due to issues with the presence of blackface and other racially insensitive humor, however, the West Coast version would remain since it did not include the offending scene 

Plot
Liz Lemon—the head writer of The Girlie Show with Tracy Jordan (TGS)—is preparing to air another episode of TGS, but is angry that her co-workers have forgotten her 40th birthday  Tracy Jordan frustrates her further by deciding to break character during the show's live broadcast in an homage to The Carol Burnett Show  TGS co-star Jenna Maroney is determined to not let Tracy upstage her and declares she will have a deliberate wardrobe malfunction and bare her breast on live television if Tracy does not stop  As the show goes awry due to Tracy and Jenna's unprofessionalism, Liz is forced to cut away from their regularly scheduled programming to commercials for Dr  Leo Spaceman's new album of erotic ballads to cure erectile dysfunction and Drew Baird's public service announcement for hand-transplant surgery 
Meanwhile, Jack Donaghy struggles with a promise that he made to his girlfriend Avery Jessup—he will not drink alcohol during her entire pregnancy in a show of solidarity with her  Instead, he takes up knitting and stage magic, but finds the urge to drink so strong that he begins sniffing paint cans and Jenna's breath just to get a whiff of alcohol  During TGS, Liz gets a phone call from her boyfriend airline pilot Carol informing her that he is going through extreme turbulence and may crash his plane 
In the final act of the show, Jack conspires with the cast and crew to give Liz a last-minute birthday surprise which he wants to appear as though it had been planned all along  Meanwhile, Carol safely lands his plane and rushes to greet Liz on set  All they can muster on short notice is a polka band and a large cake with Fonzie on it—gifts that were intended to celebrate janitor Jadwiga's birthday  Jagwida proceeds to ruin the TGS goodnights and tear into the cake with her bare hands  In Jack's office, Liz and Jack share a drink as Liz's birthday wish  In the final scene, as Jack takes a drink, the program reverts to a pre-recorded segment and Jack says, "That's more like it " The episode ends with a live goodnight from its cast on the TGS stage, a la Saturday Night Live 

Production
"Live Show" was co-written by series creator, executive producer, and lead actress Fey and co-showrunner and executive producer Robert Carlock  It was directed by Beth McCarthy-Miller, a long-time television director who worked with Fey on the sketch comedy show Saturday Night Live 
On July 30, 2010, the NBC network announced that an episode of 30 Rock's fifth season would be filmed and broadcast live on two occasions in the evening of October 14, 2010  The decision was made in part due to lagging ratings for all of NBC's Must-See TV line-up  The idea was originally conceived during the 2007–2008 Writers Guild of America strike, when the cast performed two live versions of the season two episode "Secrets and Lies" as a benefit at the Upright Citizens Brigade Theatre in New York City  When asked by Entertainment Weekly the reason for doing a live episode, Fey said "[The live performance] was what made us think that it would be fun to do [a live episode]  And how far we've come    Now we're going to do it on TV " In this same interview, Fey revealed that the episode would also be performed in front of a live audience  "It will be exciting for us to do it for a live audience and see if we get live laughter " Fey noted that the experience "was so fun to feel the different timing of the show live and the audience response, which you just don't get in a single-camera show " In another interview, Fey revealed that the staff have talked about doing a live show for years "because we felt we had sort of interesting personnel for it " Following the conclusion of the writers' strike they spoke to NBC about performing live and attempted to film it during the fourth season; however, they were unable to schedule it  For the fifth season, the writing staff began planning the live performance and waited until McCarthy-Miller—a recurring 30 Rock director—was available to helm it  Fey and Carlock said in separate discussions that another decision to do this episode of 30 Rock was based on the cast having theater and improvisation experience  Alec Baldwin had previously performed in the East and West live broadcasts of the Will & Grace season 8 premiere episode, "Alive and Schticking" 
Prior to the broadcast, the cast rehearsed "Live Show" for three days and had one rehearsal before a live audience the day of broadcast  The two separate broadcasts of the episode resulted in a live telecast to American viewers in both the East and West Coasts of the United States (with viewers in the Central Time Zone receiving the East Coast feed live, per standard U S  broadcasting practice)—the crew briefly considered a third broadcast for the Mountain Time Zone, but decided against it  The initial East Coast broadcast included a theme song sung by Jane Krakowski and the later West Coast version's song was performed by Cheyenne Jackson—the two also performed to warm-up the crowd in the rehearsal  In addition, the two episodes had a few scripted differences, such as the lyrics to Spaceman's song, Liz Lemon mocking Jack Donaghy's office assistant Jonathan by referring to him as a character from Slumdog Millionaire in the East Coast broadcast and as Aladdin in the West Coast airing, and the subtitle in the Fox News skit  Additionally, the fictional commercial that featured Drew Baird is different—in the East Coast broadcast he is given a hand transplant from an executed black man; in the West Coast broadcast he has a woman's hand  This episode marks Rachel Dratch's first appearance on 30 Rock since season one, and her first work since giving birth to her son Eli on August 24, 2010 The DVD includes the West Coast version as a bonus feature, but not the entire East Coast version  Instead, the primary version of the episode as presented on DVD is edited together from both East and West, trimmed for time (some scenes are missing and some transitions and awkward pauses are shortened), and presented with standard cast and crew credits (as opposed to the SNL-style crawl), presumably to fit standard rerun length and format  The mix-and-match episode uses the West Coast version for most of the first seven-and-a-half minutes (except Jenna's East Coast title sequence), cuts Jenna's "It's Your Birthday, Slut" sequence and the second Yadwiga scene ("sit on it") entirely, and uses West for various short parts (including, most likely, part of the Fox News sketch preparation, half a minute before Carol's phone call, a minute from the last few moments of the call to "I will slip a nip", the first twenty seconds of Jack's paint can sniffing scene, Jenna's nip slip threat before the second commercial ("to commercial go!"), possibly Jack's Capital One plug, and the last seventy seconds or so of the birthday cake scene)  It doesn't use the West Coast version for the next moments of the paint can scene where Jack's grammar is corrected  As a result, some differences outlined in the other Alternate Versions entry won't be available to anyone with the DVD, including the Slumdog Millionaire variant listed above and many flubs and goofs 

Connection with television tropes
As the live broadcast of "Live Show" was recorded with TV cameras edited live to video rather than film stock, the video quality for this episode was noticeably different from standard episodes of 30 Rock  Jack acknowledges this at the start of the episode by asking why everything looks like a "Mexican soap opera " Throughout the episode, the characters broke the fourth wall: Tracy Jordan's unprofessional acting within the TGS episode, Jack's references to the video quality, Julia Louis-Dreyfus' portrayal of Liz in cut-away sequences, and the re-hashing of standard sitcom plot elements In addition, there were several connections with SNL: Fey, Morgan, Dratch, Bill Hader, Louis-Dreyfus, Parnell, and director McCarthy-Miller are all SNL alumni (fellow alumnus Will Ferrell was asked to reprise his recurring "Bitch Hunter" character, but had a scheduling conflict); the show was filmed in SNL's Studio 8H before a live audience; the ending sequence was a good night from the cast while the credits scrolled (and the credits used the same font as SNL); and promos leading up to the episode were voiced by long-time SNL announcer Don Pardo  The music for the episode—both for the TGS sequences and incidental underscore—was provided live by the SNL house band under the direction of Fey's husband Jeff Richmond and Leon Pendarvis  Furthermore, long-time SNL producer Lorne Michaels attended the rehearsal and performances to give his advice  Each commercial break during the show was predicated on an emergency commercial break on TGS, including a fictional commercial and a fake NBC technical difficulties screen 

Blackface scene
The "blackface" scene is a short skit where a white male character (Jon Hamm), who had both hands replaced with hooks, having lost them in accidents, announces he has been the recipient of a hand transplant  However, as in a horror movie, the transplanted hand has a mind of its own and acts independently  In the East Coast version, the transplanted hand is from a black male executed criminal  In the West Coast version, the transplanted hand is from a white female who lost it in an explosion at a Josh Groban concert 

Reception
"Live Show" drew in the largest audience for 30 Rock, season five, with 6 701 million viewers, and reached a season high 3 1 Nielsen rating/9% share with adults 18–49, which was a 43% increase over the previous episode and a 15% increase from the season premiere; it trailed CBS competitor and timeslot leader $h*! My Dad Says by 0 1  This rating was the show's highest since December 10, 2009, episode "Secret Santa" and the highest overall for NBC in the 8:30 p m  Thursday timeslot for non-sports events since December 2009 Critical reception of the episode was largely positive  Emily St  James of The A V  Club gave the episode an A−, noting the nostalgia for classic television and specifically three-camera sitcoms that this episode displayed  While the pace and tone of "Live Show" were different from a standard episode of 30 Rock, the author considers this episode, "an experiment, as a weird hybrid of 30 Rock, an old sitcom, and Saturday Night Live" and ultimately a success  James Poniewozik of Time also wrote that the episode was uneven, but successful as a tribute to television  TV Squad's Bob Sassone was impressed by the episode, specifically Fey's performance and Louis-Dreyfus' imitation of Liz Lemon  Other positive reviews have noted the lack of mistakes in the comic timing and performance, the strength of the guest stars, and the performers' ability to keep up the pace that is expected in a 30 Rock episode  Frazier Moore of the Associated Press gave the episode a negative review, calling it "vaudevillian" and "a slice of self-indulgence and excess " Mark Perigard of the Boston Herald considered the episode "so-so" due to its "humdrum script " As a live television experiment, reviewers have considered it a success, particularly in reference to other live broadcast experiments, such as NBC drama ER's 1997 episode "Ambush" and SNL, with Entertainment Weekly declaring it "like SNL, only funny " In reviewing the best television programs of 2010, The A V  Club named 30 Rock number 18 and cited this episode as amongst the best of the year  McCarthy-Miller was nominated for a Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Directing for a Comedy Series for this episode On March 21, 2012, Baldwin announced in an interview with Extra that a second live episode—"Live from Studio 6H"—would air the following April 26 
Passage 4:
Episode 210
The untitled tenth episode of the second season of the television series 30 Rock was first broadcast in the United States on January 10, 2008, on the NBC network  The episode was written by show runner Robert Carlock and Donald Glover, and was directed by Richard Shepard  Guest stars include Kevin Brown, Grizz Chapman, Edie Falco, Toby Huss and Gladys Knight, who appeared as herself  The episode focuses on Liz Lemon (Tina Fey) and her decision to invest in real-estate, Jack Donaghy's (Alec Baldwin) choice between his job and his girlfriend, and Kenneth Parcell's (Jack McBrayer) addiction to coffee The production and broadcasting of this episode was heavily affected by the 2007–2008 Writers Guild of America strike  Despite never being officially named by NBC, Episode 210 has been unofficially titled "Liz the Business Woman" and "Coffee & TV"  Although not unanimously praised by critics, the episode attracted generally positive reviews and was particularly appreciated for its cast's rendition of the 1973 Gladys Knight & the Pips hit "Midnight Train to Georgia"  Liz also sings a snippet of Alanis Morissette's "You Oughta Know" when leaving a message for the co-op board 

Plot
Liz takes Jack's advice to invest in real estate, and Jenna Maroney tells Liz that her business manager is selling his apartment  The sale is subject to the approval of the building's cooperative board, but Liz makes a bad impression and her purchase offer is rejected  Liz gets herself drunk and makes numerous phone calls to the board 
Jack is involved in negotiations to acquire a German cable television network, but is struggling to juggle his job and his relationship with C C , whose work as a congresswoman keeps her busy in Washington D C  Unable to see each other when they want to, the couple decide to "meet in the middle" (in a betting parlor in Pennsylvania), but this arrangement proves unsuitable and they later decide to break up  Jack, in conversation with Liz, compares his relationship to Liz's previous relationship with Floyd, and Liz declares in song that she has to go Tracy Jordan buys a coffee machine and puts it on Kenneth Parcell's desk, causing him to develop a caffeine addiction  Comparing New York to Sodom, Kenneth claims that he has been "sodomized," and feels guilty that he has let New York change him, contrary to a promise he made to his mother  He therefore decides to return to Georgia on the midnight train; however, he quickly returns, explaining that the train was actually departing at 11:45 and he missed it 

Production
Parts of this episode were filmed during the week of November 5, 2007, which coincided with the 2007–2008 Writers Guild of America strike  The strike, which began at 00:01 EST on November 5, 2007, did not affect the episode as it had been written earlier and filming was finished on November 9  Members of Writers Guild of America, East and Writers Guild of America, West voted to end the writers' strike on February 12, 2008, and although writers were allowed to return to work on the same day, Robert Carlock returned to work on February 11  The remaining writers resumed work on February 13, which began the production of the next episode, "MILF Island"  During the filming, actor and executive producer Tina Fey had to balance her duties in order not to breach WGA strike rules  Fey also took to the picket lines along with co-star Jack McBrayer  Alec Baldwin wrote blogs on The Huffington Post website in order to demonstrate his support for the WGA writers Episode 210 was broadcast on January 10, 2008 and was the final episode, including repeats, of 30 Rock to be broadcast until the episode "MILF Island" in April  This episode is also notable for being officially unnamed; NBC billed this episode on its press releases as "Episode 210"  This led some critics to give it the unofficial title of "Liz the Business Woman", while others named it "Coffee & TV" 

Reception
On its original broadcast in the United States, Episode 210 was viewed by 6 0 million viewers and earned a 2 8/7 in the 18- to 49-year-old demographic  This means that it was seen by 2 8% of all 18- to 49-year-olds, and 7% of all 18- to 49-year-olds watching television at the time of the broadcast Entertainment Weekly's Jeff Labrecque wrote "the episode really finished strong with a fabulous Gladys Knight musical number"  Matt Webb Mitovich of TV Guide also praised the musical number, saying "that 'Midnight Train to Georgia' number at the end of tonight's episode    Wow  So out of nowhere and so fun " Bob Sassone of AOL's TV Squad said that the episode "was a good episode to go into the hiatus with, if that makes things better"  He criticized the fact that the fictional TGS writing staff was not present in this episode, even though they could have been effectively used  Michael Neal of Television Without Pity awarded the episode a grading of A+  The Boston Globe's Joanna Weiss reviewed the episode positively, saying "[the episode] concluded with a musical interlude that was both hilarious and wistful" Despite the good reviews, there was no universal acclaim from critics as a whole  Robert Canning of IGN said that "[this episode] wasn't the most spectacular half-hour from this truncated season" and "unfortunately, there wasn't all that much that was funny about it  Sure, there were a couple of decent one-liners, but overall [Kenneth's storyline] offered up nothing new " Despite these criticisms, Canning added further praise to the "Midnight Train to Georgia" performance  Canning gave this episode a rating of 8 4 out of 10 Edie Falco was nominated for the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Guest Actress in a Comedy Series for this episode 

See also
2007–2008 Writers Guild of America strike
Effect of the 2007–08 Writers Guild of America strike on television
Passage 5:
Azie Mira Dungey
Azie Mira Dungey is an American actress, producer, and writer  She wrote and played the lead role in the comedic web series "Ask a Slave," and is currently, "     writing a book as a follow-up to the series " Dungey also wrote for the Emmy nominated Netflix series Unbreakable Kimmy Schmidt and Girls5eva, both produced by Tina Fey and Robert Carlock  She also wrote and produced on Sweetbitter  on Starz based on the bestselling novel of the same title by Stephanie Danler  Dungey wrote and hosted on Season 1 of Say It Loud, an educational series for PBS Digital  In 2019, she was executive producer and writer for Lena Waithe's Twenties,  a sit-com on BET and Showtime, as well as the Tracy Oliver and Amy Poehler produced comedy series, Harlem for Amazon Studios 

Early life and education
Dungey was born in Washington, DC  She spent her early childhood in Philadelphia, PA and later moved to Maryland where she attended middle and high school  She was a drama major at New York University, graduating from the Tisch School of the Arts Dungey is Pamunkey (also Mattaponi) and a very active member of the Native community  The tribe's enrollment policies that excluded members who married or had children with African Americans was exposed by the Congressional Black Caucus during their recognition process in 2013  Dungey comes from a family that was victim to Pamunkey anti-Black tribal law and they are currently seeking enrollment 

Career
Dungey took part in a number of theatre productions in Washington, DC, including The Walworth Farce at Studio Theatre Dungey performed the role of a slave as part of an ongoing historical reenactment of life at the Mount Vernon plantation in Virginia, USA, once owned by President George Washington  Part of her job was to answer tourists' questions about slavery while staying in character  She worked there part-time for nearly two years from 2010 to 2012 In 2013, Dungey moved to Los Angeles  She then wrote the script for a web series called Ask a Slave, and performed the lead role, that of Lizzie Mae, a slave   The series includes actual incidents from her experiences on the plantation  The series has received more than two million views As a result, Salon magazine listed her as one of 10 black women SNL could hire 
Passage 6:
Operation Righteous Cowboy Lightning
"Operation Righteous Cowboy Lightning" is the twelfth episode of the fifth season of the American television comedy series 30 Rock  It was written by executive producer Robert Carlock  The director of this episode was Beth McCarthy-Miller  It originally aired on NBC in the United States on January 27, 2011  Guest stars in this episode include Robert De Niro, Lester Holt, Sherri Shepherd, and Dean Winters 
In the episode, Jack Donaghy (Alec Baldwin) decides to pre-tape a celebrity benefit for a natural disaster, but his plan goes terribly wrong  Meanwhile, Tracy Jordan (Tracy Morgan) continues to drive Liz Lemon (Tina Fey) crazy with his irresponsibility  However, when a reality show camera crew starts to follow Tracy around, Liz tries to use it to her advantage 
"Operation Righteous Cowboy Lightning" was universally well received and praised by television critics  According to Nielsen Media Research, the episode was watched by 4 922 million households during its original broadcast, and received a 2 4 rating/7 share among viewers in the 18–49 demographic 

Plot
Liz Lemon (Tina Fey) and Jack Donaghy (Alec Baldwin) watch the installation of a large Kabletown sign on 30 Rockefeller Plaza  No longer a GE employee and now working for Kabletown, Jack decides to conquer this new phase in his life just as he did before  After researching, he finds that the most watched reality programs of the past five years are celebrity benefits for natural disasters  Since all the networks air benefits at the same time, no one network has an advantage nor dominates in the ratings  To combat this, Jack decides to pre-tape a benefit to air on the night of the next natural disaster  When a disaster devastates an island called Mago, Jack is ecstatic until he finds out that the island is owned by the infamous troubled actor, Mel Gibson  Regardless, the event is a success 
Meanwhile, Tracy Jordan (Tracy Morgan) pushes Liz's buttons as usual by not showing up to rehearsals and leaving work to do something insane  However, Tracy's demeanor instantly changes when a camera crew starts to follow him around for his wife's new reality show  He starts to act responsible and respectful in front of the cameras, as he wants to avoid ruining his chances of winning an Oscar  Liz has the idea to use Tracy's fake good behavior to get him to do things he blew off in the past, knowing that he can't refuse while taped  This works until Tracy finds a loophole  When Liz tries to get Tracy to do more things, he refuses and insults Liz to the melody of "Uptown Girl" by Billy Joel  Since the song is copyrighted, any footage containing that song can't be used  Therefore, Tracy's irresponsibility wouldn't be aired on the show  Liz tries to outcrazy him with autotune, but she later realizes that she can't match his insanity  They finally talk it out alone and each argues that the other person would have been a failure without their help  Nevertheless, cameras manage to film this and Tracy and Liz refuse to make up  However, when the show edits their various confrontations and uses two look-alikes to create a make up scene along to the song "Secrets" by OneRepublic, both Liz and Tracy are moved to tears and make up for real 

Cultural references
This episode continues to satirize the acquisition of NBC by Comcast  Liz tries to tell Jack what a Snart is (which is to sneeze and fart simultaneously) because it is ten o'clock  This refers 30 Rock's move from the 8:30 pm to the 10:00 pm timeslot  Tracy plans to get an island like Nicolas Cage, Celine Dion, and Charles Widmore, the latter being a fictional character from Lost  The whole cast of TGS is being filmed by the cameras of Angie Jordan's (wife of Tracy) new reality show, Queen of Jordan, which Jack commissioned in the previous episode, "Mrs  Donaghy"  Eventually, an episode of 30 Rock was filmed as an episode of "Queen of Jordan" 
The episode references the ongoing storyline of Liz's desire to become a mother when Kenneth gives Liz a memo he could not put in her mailbox because it was full of unread adoption materials  This story first began in the show's first season and continued in the third season Tracy and Liz fight in several ways, all of them involving masking their arguments in ways that cannot be used in the reality show for copyright reasons, such as singing along with the Billy Joel song "Uptown Girl" or wearing a New York Rangers goalie mask 
Jack films a pre-taped disaster event special, which he uses when a hurricane strikes Mago Island  This backfires because there were only two victims  The victims were the island's owner, actor Mel Gibson, who was highly publicized for his personal troubles, and his guest, Jon Gosselin 
While considering his new position as a Kabletown executive, Jack mentions "stout Cortez" and quotes the poem "On First Looking into Chapman's Homer" by John Keats  Tracy later also mentions feeling like "Stout Cortez," but this time in reference to his gardener 

Reception
According to Nielsen Media Research, "Operation Righteous Cowboy Lightning" was watched by 4 922 million households in its original American broadcast  It earned a 2 4 rating/7 share in the 18–49 demographic  This means that it was seen by 2 4 percent of all 18- to 49-year-olds, and 7 percent of all 18- to 49-year-olds watching television at the time of the broadcast  This was a decrease from the previous episode, "Mrs  Donaghy", which was watched by 5 338 million American viewers  It turned out to be the most-watched episode of the show until the series finale on January 31, 2013 
Passage 7:
Kidney Now!
"Kidney Now!" is the twenty-second episode and season finale of the third season of the American television comedy series 30 Rock, and the 58th overall episode of the series  It was directed by series producer Don Scardino, and written by show producers Jack Burditt and Robert Carlock  The episode originally aired on NBC in the United States on May 14, 2009  Guest stars in this episode include Alan Alda, Kay Cannon, Donald Glover, Napiera Groves, Chris Parnell, Paula Pell, and Sherri Shepherd  In addition, "Kidney Now!" featured many musical guest stars including Clay Aiken, Elvis Costello, Mary J  Blige, Sheryl Crow, the Beastie Boys (Mike D and Ad Rock), Steve Earle, Adam Levine, Sara Bareilles, Wyclef Jean, Norah Jones, Talib Kweli, Michael McDonald, Rhett Miller, Moby, Robert Randolph, Rachael Yamagata and Cyndi Lauper, all as themselves In the episode, Jack Donaghy (Alec Baldwin) gets to know his newly discovered father, Milton Greene (Alda), but quickly learns that Milton needs a kidney transplant, and discovers he is not a suitable donor  As a result, Jack decides to use the liberal media to find an alternate way to get him a kidney donor  Meanwhile, people seek Liz Lemon (Tina Fey) out as a relationship expert as a result of her "Dealbreaker" sketches, and Kenneth Parcell (Jack McBrayer) helps Tracy Jordan (Tracy Morgan) deal with his embarrassment over not finishing high school 
The song "He Needs a Kidney" was written by show composer and co-executive producer Jeff Richmond  The concept of doing a charity concert was based on Robert Carlock and series creator Tina Fey wanting to include a musical performance in the episode with the Milton Greene character in need of a kidney donor  Carlock and Fey wanted "He Needs a Kidney" to be similar to the 1985 charity song, "We Are the World"  Following the airing of this 30 Rock episode, NBC released the musical performance video of "He Needs a Kidney" on iTunes with all proceeds from the sales going to the National Kidney Foundation "Kidney Now!" was generally well received among television critics  According to the Nielsen Media Research, this episode was watched by 5 7 million viewers  Jack Burditt and Robert Carlock were nominated for a Primetime Emmy Award nomination in the category for Outstanding Writing in a Comedy Series for their work in this episode  In addition, Tony Pipitone and Griffin Richardson received a Creative Arts Emmy Award nomination in the category for Outstanding Sound Mixing for a Comedy or Drama Series (half-hour) and Animation 

Plot
Jack Donaghy (Alec Baldwin) gets to know his newly discovered father, Milton Greene (Alan Alda) but soon discovers Milton has a serious medical condition and is in search of a kidney donor  After discovering he is an unsuitable donor by Dr  Leo Spaceman (Chris Parnell), Jack uses his contacts—musicians Clay Aiken, Sara Bareilles, the Beastie Boys (Mike D and Ad-Rock), Mary J  Blige, Elvis Costello, Sheryl Crow, Steve Earle, Wyclef Jean, Norah Jones, Talib Kweli, Cyndi Lauper, Adam Levine, Michael McDonald, Rhett Miller, Moby, Robert Randolph, and Rachael Yamagata—to arrange a charity benefit entitled "Kidney Now!" in attempt to find a donor for Milton 
Meanwhile, Liz Lemon (Tina Fey) gains notoriety after making an appearance on The Vontella Show, along with Jenna Maroney (Jane Krakowski), as a relationship expert after her "Dealbreaker" sketches on the fictitious comedy sketch show The Girlie Show with Tracy Jordan (TGS)  As a result of the success she received as the relationship expert on The Vontella Show, Liz becomes more well known and begins dispensing relationship advice to the female staff of TGS, and to Angie Jordan (Sherri Shepherd) and Paula Hornberger (Paula Pell), the wives of TGS star Tracy Jordan (Tracy Morgan) and producer Pete Hornberger (Scott Adsit), respectively  Though, Tracy and Pete are upset with the advice Liz gave to their wives, Liz blows them off and goes to Quizno's to meet with an agent to write a prospective Dealbreaker book  The deal goes through and Liz tells Jack that she is "getting [hers] "
At the same time, Tracy is invited to speak at the graduation ceremony of his former high school (named after Frank Lucas, the infamous Harlem drug lord)  NBC page and friend Kenneth Parcell (Jack McBrayer) tries to help him overcome troubling memories from his high school experience  Kenneth persuades Tracy to go to the graduation, which he does, where Tracy gives his speech and receives an honorary diploma 

Production
"Kidney Now!" was directed by series producer Don Scardino, and written by 30 Rock producers Jack Burditt and Robert Carlock  This was Burditt and Carlock's fourth script collaboration, having penned the episodes "Cleveland", "Subway Hero", and "Sandwich Day"  This was Scardino's twenty-first directed episode  "Kidney Now!" originally aired on NBC in the United States on May 14, 2009, as the twenty-second episode and season finale of the show's third season and the 58th overall episode of the series 

"Kidney Now!" was first read by its cast on March 5, 2009; it was filmed on March 16–17, 2009  "He Needs a Kidney", the charity song featured in this episode, was written by show composer and co-executive producer Jeff Richmond  Richmond is married to series creator, executive producer and lead actress Tina Fey  In discussion of the development of "Kidney Now!", Richmond said that Carlock and Fey "were trying to figure out a way to highlight Jack's dad in getting a kidney and how they're going to deal with that", and that the two came to the decision to "take advantage of the singing", as they have done so in the past with different 30 Rock episodes, in which the show's characters have sung songs  Carlock and Fey agreed to the idea that a song be included in the season finale, but that it be an anthem like the 1985 charity song, "We Are the World",  as the cause is that the Milton Greene character is in need of a kidney donor  "Basically, the parameters were if 'We Are the World' but they want to get a kidney  I think we had angles that everyone has two kidneys and you'll only need one kidney, and we thought 'Alright, we'll get some distance on that'", said Richmond  While working on the track, Fey suggested to Richmond that he incorporate Milton Greene's name in one part of the song, which he did, as this was sung by singers Cyndi Lauper and Robert Randolph Giancarlo Vulcano, a music editor and associate arranger on the show, revealed that Richmond taught him the song one morning at Silvercup Studios—where the show is filmed—and they played the first half of "He Needs a Kidney" at the script's read-through  According to Vulcano, the 30 Rock staff loved the song and the two were satisfied with the reception of it  While arranging the instrumentation, Richmond hired violinists for the episode's background music and for "He Needs a Kidney", which according to him he usually does not get the opportunity to have a lot of violin sounds on the show  The recording sessions with the musical guests took place on Stage 1 at Silvercup Studios; Stage 1 serves as the set for TGS with Tracy Jordan, a fictitious comedy sketch show featured on 30 Rock  Richmond and Vulcano were complimentary towards the musicians—Clay Aiken, Sara Bareilles, the Beastie Boys (Mike D and Ad-Rock), Mary J  Blige, Elvis Costello, Sheryl Crow, Steve Earle, Wyclef Jean, Norah Jones, Talib Kweli, Cyndi Lauper, Adam Levine, Michael McDonald, Rhett Miller, Moby, Robert Randolph, and Rachael Yamagata—who performed "He Needs a Kidney"  In the DVD commentary for this episode, Richmond believed that the entire song would not make it into the airing  Elvis Costello was once approached to do an appearance on 30 Rock, but the appearance fell-through  At an Oscar's after party, Fey ran into Costello and asked him if he could appear, which he agreed to  According to Fey, none of the music artists got paid to appear on the show as "they all did [it] for free " The reason for this was due to a joke in the song in which Sheryl Crow was the only individual to get paid, as the rest said they did it for free  Following the broadcast of this episode of 30 Rock, the musical performance video was made available for digital download on iTunes with all the proceeds from the sales going to the National Kidney Foundation 

According to Fey, there were discussions on whether or not to use a real talk show host from New York, for the "Dealbreakers" segment, but ultimately decided to make one up and went with actress Napiera Groves who plays talk show host Vontella in "Kidney Now!"  The Tracy character plot was based on Tracy Morgan who in real-life was given a diploma by his former high school, DeWitt Clinton High School  Like the Tracy character, who dropped out of high school after being asked to dissect a frog, Morgan dropped out of DeWitt Clinton when his father became ill  Jack and Liz's scene, along with Tracy and Kenneth's, at the end where they watch the charity concert, was filmed the day before the musical number took place  "They were pretending to look at the singing", revealed Fey  They forced that shot in so that the episode not just end with the performance Professor Milton Greene was played by guest actor Alan Alda, best known for his role as Hawkeye Pierce from the television series M*A*S*H  This was Alda's second appearance, having appeared in the previous episode "Mamma Mia"  In a scene of "Kidney Now!", Tracy breaks down crying and says "There is no baby  I was chicken! I was chicken!" then Milton, who sees this, asks "A guy crying about a chicken and a baby? I thought this was a comedy show " This was a reference to Alda's M*A*S*H character in the series finale episode in which Hawkeye breaks down after realizing he had seen a woman smother her baby to death, not a chicken as Hawkeye had originally recalled in his repressed mind  Comedian actor Chris Parnell, who played Dr  Leo Spaceman in the season finale, has appeared in the main cast of Saturday Night Live (SNL), a weekly sketch comedy series which airs on NBC in the United States  Fey was the head writer on SNL from 1999 until 2006  Comedian actress Sherri Shepherd reprised her role as Angie Jordan, the wife of Tracy, for the fifth time  Paula Pell made her second guest spot as the character Paula Hornberger, the wife of Pete Hornberger, played by Scott Adsit  In "Kidney Now!", Angie and Paula ask Liz for relationship advice  In addition, 30 Rock writers Jack Burditt, Kay Cannon, and Donald Glover appear in the episode; Burditt and Cannon appear in The Vontella Show segment as members from the audience who ask Liz questions  When Tracy accepts an honorary diploma from his former high school, in his speech, Tracy outs Glover's character  The success of the benefit concert for Milton is not explicitly referenced until Alda's character alludes to it in the season five episode "Christmas Attack Zone", though in the season four episode "Into the Crevasse", Milton is shown to have finished his book entitled From Peanut to President, a biography of U S  President Jimmy Carter One filmed scene from "Kidney Now!" was cut out from the airing  Instead, the scene was featured on 30 Rock's season three DVD as part of the deleted scenes in the Bonus feature  In the scene, Liz enters the TGS writer's room, and tells the writing staff that she got recognized from her appearance on The Vontella Show as the relationship expert from "Dealbreakers"  Pete cannot believe that Liz gave actual relationship advice on the program, citing Liz's own past relationship faults 

Reception
According to the Nielsen Media Research, "Kidney Now!" was watched by 5 7 million viewers during its original United States broadcast  The rating was an 8 percent drop in viewership from the previous week's episode, "Mamma Mia", which was seen by 6 2 million American viewers  The show claimed a 2 8 rating/7 share among viewers aged 18 to 49, meaning that 2 8 percent of all people in that group, and 7 percent of all people from that group watching television at the time, watched the episode  Jack Burditt and Robert Carlock received a Primetime Emmy Award nomination for Outstanding Writing in a Comedy Series for their work on "Kidney Now!", but they lost it to fellow 30 Rock writer Matt Hubbard for the episode "Reunion" at the 61st Primetime Emmy Awards  At the same awards show, Tony Pipitone and Griffin Richardson were nominated for a Creative Arts Emmy Award for Outstanding Sound Mixing for a Comedy or Drama Series (half-hour) and Animation IGN contributor Robert Canning wrote that the ending from this episode "did have a season finale feel to it with the big musical number  [   ] Still, it was a great season, and I loved going out with two of the best characters on TV summing up the moment perfectly – Liz: 'We sure had quite a year ' Jack: 'What are you talking about? It's May '" Canning gave it an 8 5 out of 10 rating  Television columnist Alan Sepinwall for The Star-Ledger wrote that the "all-star cast of musicians" featured were not able to dominate the episode "to the point where the episode didn't work " Sepinwall, however, added that despite "Kidney Now!" not being a classic 30 Rock episode "it was [still] funny enough – which, I suppose, also makes it an appropriate finale for this uneven season " Further in the review, Sepinwall was complimentary towards Liz's plot, writing that the character's sequence on The Vontella Show was "hilarious, and a fine demonstration of how much confidence Tina Fey has gained as an actress over the years " The A V  Club's Nathan Rabin also enjoyed the Liz character, reporting that she "delivered a virtuoso performance in [The Vontella Show], instantly homing in on the fatal flaw in every relationship and obliterating it with highly quotable sass " In discussion to Tracy's plot, Rabin opined it was the "weakest of the various threads" in this episode  Bob Sassone of AOL's TV Squad confessed in his recap that he was going to summarize "Kidney Now!" as "a little disappointing, but then I hit rewind on my DVR and watched it again and realized, wow, they actually hit all of the season finale notes rather perfectly [   ] This episode was quite funny "Rick Porter of Zap2it worried how the series would fit in "the likes" of Elvis Costello, Mary J  Blige, Sheryl Crow, Clay Aiken and Adam Levine "without it overwhelming the episode", and reported that the answer to that "turned out to be 'very effectively '" In regards to the storylines, itself, he noted that Jack's quest in getting Milton a kidney "balanced nicely" with Liz's story, and that Tracy's "had some good moments"  In conclusion, Porter wrote "For a show that doesn't always know how to end episodes, it's done really well at ending seasons " TV Guide Magazine's Sandra Kofler wrote that the "He Needs a Kidney" song was hilarious, and that it "stole [30 Rock's] season finale " Patrick Goldstein, a contributor for the Los Angeles Times, was favorable to the musical number, reporting "[t]he song itself is a hoot, highlighted by a wonderful spoken-word kidney donation pitch that begins with Costello saying: 'Listen, when someone starts talking in the middle of a song, you know it's serious '" Entertainment Weekly contributor Annie Barrett said "Kidney Now!" was "sweet and all", and noted that the "Vontella-as-Tyra spoof" was "brilliant"  Time contributor James Poniewozik wrote that this episode "was a fitting end for a guest-star-heavy     season of 30 Rock", but added that the finale overall was "maybe average", however, "the ending at least delivered the goods, with the best sitcom celebrity benefit song" 
Passage 8:
100 (30 Rock)
"100" is a double episode of the American television comedy series 30 Rock, comprising the 20th and 21st episodes of the fifth season, and the 100th and 101st episodes overall of the series  It was written by Jack Burditt and the show's executive producers Robert Carlock and Tina Fey, who is also the series' creator, head writer, and star  The episode originally aired on NBC in the United States on April 21, 2011  Commemorating the 100th episode of the series, this episode was one hour long and included a multitude of guest stars including Michael Keaton, Tom Hanks, Rachel Dratch, Will Forte, Brian Williams, among others 
In the episode, Liz Lemon (Tina Fey) faces news of cancellation for TGS from Hank Hooper after the departure of Tracy Jordan (Tracy Morgan) brought in terrible ratings  Jack Donaghy (Alec Baldwin) promises Hank the return of Tracy and asks for one more chance for TGS to prove itself with its 100th episode  Meanwhile, a gas leak in the building leads to hallucinations among the characters, such as Jack's imaginings of alternate versions of himself visiting him  In a subplot, Jenna Maroney (Jane Krakowski) considers becoming a mother following a joke she made to Kenneth Parcell (Jack McBrayer) five years earlier 

Plot
Hank Hooper (Ken Howard), CEO of the fictional NBC parent Kabletown, informs Liz Lemon (Tina Fey) and Jack Donaghy (Alec Baldwin) of his decision to cancel TGS due to its struggles during the absence of Tracy Jordan (Tracy Morgan)  Jack supports Liz, informing Hank that Tracy is returning and convinces him to reconsider the cancellation until after their upcoming hundredth episode  Meanwhile, Kenneth Parcell (Jack McBrayer) suggests to Jenna Maroney (Jane Krakowski) that she'd make a great mother, which causes her to have a hysterical pregnancy in order to augment her career 
Tom the janitor (Michael Keaton) discovers a gas leak that is seeping into the ventilation system of TGS, necessitating the evacuation of all personnel and delaying production of the 100th episode  While repairing the gas leak, Tom inadvertently breaks the ventilation system on the 52nd floor, causing Jack to hallucinate  a visit by an alternate reality version of himself  Alternate Jack declares that he fired Liz because she was holding him back and that without her, he had made his way to the top of GE  As a consequence, Jack meets with Liz and severs their relationship 
Liz is then approached by her ex-boyfriend, Dennis (Dean Winters), whom she had apparently called while under the influence of the gas, hoping to rekindle their relationship  Liz rejects Dennis, who subsequently realizes that he needs to sabotage the ventilation system in order to get her back 
Elsewhere, Tracy goes on multiple morning television shows in an attempt to sabotage the respect he has earned  Unfortunately, his attempts fail, as not only do the hosts interpret his crude behavior as artistic expression, but he also manages to save a man from drowning  Tracy discusses the problem with Jenna and the two realize the only way he could ruin his public image is to shoot someone  Tracy convinces Kenneth to volunteer as his shooting victim on the roof of the building 
As the gas spreads, Jack is visited by two more versions of himself  One is a past version who agrees with his original alternate version  The other is a future version who claims that he needs Liz to distract him from his blind ambition and that he will be much happier if he doesn't fire her  He warns Jack that Liz is about to sign a lease with Dennis, which will lead to them getting married and living in Jacksonville, Florida 
Jack finds Liz and prevents her from signing the lease  Meanwhile, Tom repairs the sabotaged gas line and Dennis is escorted out of the building  Liz then tells Jack that she saw Kenneth and Tracy heading for the roof with a gun  Jenna joins them and the group runs into Hank Hooper on the way, who pitches Jenna a daytime talk show, which causes her hysterical pregnancy to suddenly vanish in light of this new opportunity  They reach the roof just in time to prevent Tracy from shooting Kenneth  Jack advises Tracy that the best way to lose respect as an actor is to return to television, giving a speech alluding to events from Baldwin's own career 
Jack, Liz, Tracy, Jenna, and Kenneth make it back to the TGS set, where Liz discovers that the entire show was written under the influence of the gas and is essentially worthless  She breaks the gas line once again, and with Hooper and the entire studio audience affected by the gas, the show is a hit  A hallucinatory Hooper renews it for "a billion more episodes"  Liz and Jack apologize to each other  They then toast to their friendship with imaginary champagne  Tom Hanks, upon seeing Tracy back on TV while watching the episode at home, calls George Clooney (who does not appear) on a red phone and tells him to have Tracy removed from the "official A-list" 

Reception
According to the Nielsen Media Research, this episode of 30 Rock was watched by 4 60 million households in its original American broadcast—with 4 80 million watching the first half-hour and 4 44 million watching the last half hour  It earned a 2 2 rating/6 share in the 18–49 demographic  This means that it was seen by 2 2 percent of all 18- to 49-year-olds, and 6 percent of all 18- to 49-year-olds watching television at the time of the broadcast 
"100" received positive reviews  The A V  Club gave the episode a B− grade, praising the characterisation but criticising some of the more implausible plot elements (such as the gas leak and Jenna's sudden yearning for children) 
Passage 9:
Unbreakable Kimmy Schmidt
Unbreakable Kimmy Schmidt is an American sitcom created by Tina Fey and Robert Carlock, starring Ellie Kemper in the title role  It premiered on March 6, 2015 on Netflix and ran for four seasons, ending on January 25, 2019  An interactive special premiered on May 12, 2020 
The series follows 29-year-old Kimmy Schmidt (Kemper) as she adjusts to life after being rescued from a doomsday cult in the fictional town of Durnsville, Indiana, where she and three other women were held captive by Reverend Richard Wayne Gary Wayne (Jon Hamm) for 15 years  Determined to be seen as something other than a victim and armed only with a positive attitude, she decides to restart her life by moving to New York City, where she quickly befriends her street-wise landlady Lillian Kaushtupper (Carol Kane), finds a roommate in struggling actor Titus Andromedon (Tituss Burgess), and gains a job as a nanny for melancholic and out-of-touch socialite Jacqueline Voorhees (Jane Krakowski) 
Throughout its run, the series received critical acclaim, with critic Scott Meslow calling it "the first great sitcom of the streaming era"  It received 20 Primetime Emmy Award nominations, including four nominations for Outstanding Comedy Series and a nomination for Outstanding Television Movie for the 2020 special Kimmy vs  the Reverend 

Synopsis
Kimmy Schmidt (Ellie Kemper) was in eighth grade when she was kidnapped by Reverend Richard Wayne Gary Wayne (Jon Hamm)  He held Kimmy and three other women captive for 15 years in an underground bunker and convinced them that a nuclear apocalypse had left them the sole survivors of humanity 
In the first season, the women are rescued, and go on to appear on the Today Show in New York City  After the show, Kimmy decides she doesn't want to return to Indiana or be seen as a victim, so she starts a new life in New York City  Roaming around the city, she comes across landlady Lillian Kaushtupper (Carol Kane), who offers Kimmy a chance to room with Titus Andromedon (Tituss Burgess) in her downstairs apartment  However, to get the apartment, Kimmy has to find a job  When she tries to get a job at a nearby candy store, she sees a boy stealing candy  She pursues him back to his home and encounters his mother, Jacqueline Voorhees (Jane Krakowski), a Manhattan trophy wife, who mistakes her for a nanny, and whom Kimmy mistakes as someone trapped in a cult  Jacqueline hires Kimmy as a nanny for her 10-year-old son  As Season 1 continues, Kimmy falls in love with Dong (Ki Hong Lee), a Vietnamese man from her G E D  class; goes to court to testify against the Reverend, and discovers how the world has changed in the 15 years she was held captive  
In the second season, Kimmy is sick of working for Jacqueline and gets a job at a year-round Christmas store and then as an Uber driver  She tries to get over Dong, who enters a green card marriage with another G E D  student and is eventually deported  As Kimmy tries to move on, so do Titus and Jacqueline, who both find boyfriends  Titus begins dating construction worker Mikey Politano (Mike Carlsen) and Jacqueline begins dating lawyer Russ Snyder (David Cross)  Jacqueline also goes back to her Native American heritage and decides to take down the Washington Redskins, who her boyfriend's father happens to own  Kimmy reunites with Gretchen and Cyndee to save them from joining another cult and getting married on television, respectively  When Season 2 ends, Titus leaves to be a performer on a cruise and Lillian protests the invasion of hipsters in her neighborhood, while Kimmy makes amends with her mother (Lisa Kudrow) after advice from her therapist (Tina Fey) before receiving a phone call from the Reverend in prison, telling her that they need to get a divorce 
In the third season, Kimmy proceeds with the divorce from the Reverend but hits a snag when she learns that a devoted fan (guest star Laura Dern) wants to marry him  After getting her G E D , Kimmy decides to go to college and ends up at Columbia University, where she is popular but fails academically  She forms a friendship with Perry (Daveed Diggs), a philosophy and religion transfer student who, like Kimmy, does not fit in with the rich, elitist Ivy League students  Titus returns from his stint on the cruise harboring a secret and, determined to come home to Mikey with money and a job, he auditions for Sesame Street  However, after the man auditioning Titus asks him to perform sexual acts on a puppet, Titus leaves and runs home to Mikey  However, Titus sees Mikey out with another man, and breaks up with him  Lillian is elected to the city council and attempts to block the construction of a supermarket chain for fear it will gentrify the neighborhood  She later starts a relationship with the owner of the chain (Peter Riegert)  Meanwhile, Jacqueline and Russ execute their plan to force his family to change the name of the Redskins and Titus makes it big with the single "Boobs in California"  At the end of season three, Titus vows to win Mikey back from his new boyfriend, Jacqueline finds a profession, and Kimmy lands a job at a tech start-up 
In the fourth and final season, Kimmy is working at Giztoob, the tech company started by a former classmate at Columbia, and Jacqueline is representing Titus as his agent  After acting in an anti-bullying performance for a middle school, Titus gets a job as director of the school play and, in an attempt to impress Mikey, pretends to write and star in a superhero television show called The Capist, starring Greg Kinnear  Meanwhile, Lillian's boyfriend Artie dies and she is put in charge of his adult daughter's trust  Kimmy reunites with Donna Maria, who is now a successful businesswoman  Outraged and inspired by men's rights activists, Kimmy writes a children's book that empowers girls and encourages boys to be kind; by the end of season four, Kimmy has found success as a children's author  Season 4 features two episodes that veer from the main plot  In the first, a standalone mockumentary episode, Jacqueline's former boy toy Doug, a k a  DJ Fingablast, creates a true crime documentary called Party Monster: Scratching the Surface, which sympathizes with the Reverend and paints Kimmy and the other Mole Women negatively  The second episode, "Sliding Van Doors", presents an alternate universe in which Kimmy is never kidnapped, Titus does not audition for The Lion King in 1998, Jacqueline does not marry Julian Voorhees, and Lillian runs a Latin street gang  The series concludes with each of the main four characters finding success and purpose in new ventures 

Episodes
Cast and characters
Main
Ellie Kemper as Kimberly "Kimmy" Cougar Schmidt, the titular character  Armed with only unflagging optimism,  a childlike sense of wonder and an eighth-grade education, she attempts to regain the life that was taken from her and navigate her way through the unfamiliar struggles of New York life 
Tituss Burgess as Titus Andromedon (born Ronald Wilkerson), Kimmy's gay, flamboyant roommate and an aspiring actor and singer  Melodramatic and self-absorbed, Titus nevertheless cares deeply for, and is very protective of Kimmy  Despite his talent and ego, he is plagued by self-doubt after years of rejection in the business  Titus hails from Chickasaw County, Mississippi, and moved to New York City in 1998 
Carol Kane as Lillian Kaushtupper, Kimmy and Titus' odd landlady  A proud born-and-bred New Yorker with a long, complex criminal history, she fights against the possible gentrification of her neighborhood (although it soon becomes clear that she hates any form of progress or technology)  Despite her willingness to do anything to make a buck, she has a very big heart and will go out of her way to help her tenants 
Jane Krakowski as Jacqueline White (formerly Voorhees; née Jackie Lynn White), a wealthy and insecure socialite who hires Kimmy as a nanny  Despite coming across as arrogant, condescending and out of touch, she is very fond of (and heavily reliant on) her new employee, who helps her gain perspective on her unhappy marriage  She is secretly of Lakota Native American descent and is passing for white  As the series progresses, she gradually reconnects with her family and her culture  She is the mother of Buckley Voorhees and the former step-mother of Xanthippe Lannister Voorhees  Her ex-husband is Julian Voorhees 

Recurring
Guest
Production
Development
The show was created by Tina Fey and Robert Carlock when NBC executives asked them to develop a show for Ellie Kemper  Fey said that they found an "innocence" about Kemper's face, but also noted a "strength" to it  One idea was for the show to center on Kemper's character waking up from a coma, but this idea was abandoned in favor of the cult-survivor storyline The show was initially under development for NBC under the title Tooken  NBC ultimately sold the series to Netflix  Fey said that this was in partly due to NBC's "not feeling confident about watching comedies"  Prior to the sale, NBC planned to air the series as either a mid-season replacement or as a summer series  It was sold to Netflix with a two-season order On June 13, 2017, it was renewed for a fourth and final season, with the first six episodes premiering on May 30, 2018  The second half was released on January 25, 2019  On May 8, 2019, it was announced that it would return with an interactive special, which premiered on May 12, 2020 

Casting
Casting announcements for the remaining roles were made in March 2014, with Tituss Burgess cast as Kimmy's roommate, Titus, and Carol Kane as Kimmy's and Titus's landlady, Lillian Shortly afterwards, Sara Chase was cast Cyndee, Kimmy's closest friend during their years in the cult; and Lauren Adams as Gretchen, a 10-year member of the cult who believes everything she is told  Jane Krakowski was later cast as Jacqueline Voorhees, a wealthy Manhattanite who hires Kimmy as a nanny  Megan Dodds was originally cast before Krakowski replaced her 

Music
The show's theme song, "Unbreakable", was produced by The Gregory Brothers and written by Jeff Richmond  It is a tribute to The Gregory Brothers' YouTube show Songify the News – auto-tuned news interviews that became popular videos  It specifically parodies the mannerisms of Antoine Dodson in the "Bed Intruder Song"  Richmond also wrote "Peeno Noir", a song performed by character Titus Andromedon during season 1, episode 6 

Artwork
Artwork for the show's opening sequence was produced by a team at Pentagram that included feminist artist Deva Pardue 

Home video releases
Reception
The show has been widely acclaimed by television critics, who have praised the writing and cast 

Season 1
On Rotten Tomatoes, the first season has a rating of 95%, based on 55 reviews, with an average rating of 7 5/10  The site's critical consensus reads, "Blessed with originality and a spot-on performance from Ellie Kemper, The Unbreakable Kimmy Schmidt is as odd as it is hilarious " On Metacritic, the first season has a score of 78 out of 100, based on 29 critics, indicating "generally favorable reviews" Scott Meslow of The Week called the series "the first great sitcom of the streaming era", praising its wit, edge, and feminist tone  Brian Moylan of The Guardian noted that it is "the sort of show that could benefit from multiple viewings, because the jokes are so packed in you’re sure to miss something while laughing " TV Guide named it the "best new comedy of 2015"  IGN reviewer Max Nicholson gave the first season an 8 3 out of 10 'Great' rating, saying "Tina Fey and Robert Carlock's Unbreakable Kimmy Schmidt is another winner in Netflix's original series catalog  Not only is it charming and funny, but it's unabashedly kooky, and Ellie Kemper nails the lead role "The first season was nominated for seven Primetime Emmy Awards 
Some reviewers have criticized the show's portrayal of Native Americans, with Vulture referring to a prominent Native American subplot as "offensive"  BuzzFeed wrote that the show has a "major race problem" and cited the lack of a plurality of portrayals of Native Americans as the main issue with the subplot, stating that "the way Native Americans are represented on this show matters  It's not one representation among a cornucopia of representations; it's the single mainstream representation in years " The Daily Beast stated that when it comes to race, “especially in its portrayal of a key Vietnamese character, the show leaves much to be desired ”In the wake of the controversy, Tina Fey responded: "I feel like we put so much effort into writing and crafting everything, they need to speak for themselves  There's a real culture of demanding apologies, and I'm opting out of that "

Season 2
On Rotten Tomatoes, the second season holds a 100% approval rating, based on 24 reviews, with an average rating of 7 6/10  The site's critical consensus reads, "Not letting up in season two, Unbreakable Kimmy Schmidt is still odd in the best of ways, wonderfully building on its unique comedy stylings and brilliantly funny cast " On Metacritic, the second season has a score of 82 out of 100, based on 16 reviews, indicating "universal acclaim" The second season was nominated for four Primetime Emmy Awards 
There was controversy surrounding the third episode from this season, “Kimmy Goes to a Play!,” which involved the use of yellow-face and the name of a group of Asian-Americans who were critical of yellow-face  The group is referred to as "Respectful Asian Portrayals in Entertainment", or "R A P E" for short  The Asian-Americans shown protesting against yellow-face in the episode are conveyed as unlikable buffoons  Anna Akana criticized the use of yellow-face and the R A P E  acronym during her 2016 Asians in Entertainment Key Note speech  Alex Abad-Santos wrote, “The odd thing about this episode is that it's another Tina Fey project that paints Asian people, specifically Asian women, as crappy characters  [   ] The plot feels like a pointed, ironic response to anyone who has criticized Fey's past projects for being lazy and racist ”

Season 3
On Rotten Tomatoes, the third season holds a 97% approval rating, based on 29 reviews, with an average rating of 8 11/10  The site's critical consensus states: "Unbreakable Kimmy Schmidt continues to thrive with a comically agile cast, notable guest stars, and a forceful influx of funny " On Metacritic, the third season has a score of 78 out of 100, based on 12 reviews, indicating "generally favorable reviews" The third season was nominated for five Primetime Emmy Awards 

Season 4
On Rotten Tomatoes, the fourth season holds a 94% approval rating, based on 32 reviews, with an average rating of 7 77/10  The site's critical consensus states: "Unbreakable Kimmy Schmidt ends with a final season that's as topical as it is cheerily irreverent " On Metacritic, the fourth season has a score of 85 out of 100, based on 6 reviews, indicating "universal acclaim" The fourth season was nominated for two Primetime Emmy Awards 

Special
On Rotten Tomatoes, the Unbreakable Kimmy Schmidt: Kimmy vs  the Reverend special has an approval rating of 94%, based on 32 reviews, with an average rating of 7 81/10  The site's critical consensus reads: "Kimmy and company return as resilient as ever in a fun and fast paced special that makes excellent use of its interactive capabilities to produce maximum fabulosity "The special was nominated for two Primetime Emmy Awards 
Context 3: m  round an almost deserted circuit, began as a terrific scrap between Peter Ryan's Ian Walker Lotus, Bill Moss's Gemini, Gardner's Brabham with Love's Cooper and Arundell's Lotus lurking just behind  This struggle continued until the 5th lap, when Ryan's Lotus and Bill Moss's Gemini touched as they left the very fast right-hand bend past Gueux  Both cars left the road at high speed and were totally wrecked; Bill Moss escaped with minor injuries but Ryan was taken to hospital seriously hurt " He succumbed to his injuries in a Paris hospital where he was taken following the accident 
Peter Garnier, writing in Autocar, said of Peter Ryan: "During his all too-brief-spell on British and Continental circuits, he had proved himself to be extremely skilful and fast, with just that touch of fire which can often indicate the makings of a great driver "Peter Ryan was inducted into the Canadian Motorsport Hall of Fame as one of the initial inductees in 1993 

Complete Formula One results
(key)
Passage 5:
Bob Drake (racing driver)
Phil Robert "Bob" Drake (December 14, 1919 – April 18, 1990) was an American racecar driver  He participated in one Formula One Grand Prix, on November 20, 1960  He scored no championship points  Drake was the last driver to race the famous Maserati 250F in a Formula One World Championship Grand Prix, the 1960 United States Grand Prix  The 250F was a 2 5 litre front-engined Grand Prix car that was considered obsolete in 1961 due to new engine rules 
Aside from being a race car driver, he was a naval diver, restaurateur, and stunt performer 

Complete Formula One World Championship results
(key)
Passage 6:
2010 Canadian Grand Prix
The 2010 Canadian Grand Prix (formally the Formula 1 Grand Prix du Canada 2010) was the eighth round of the 2010 Formula One season  It was held in Montreal, Quebec, Canada at the Circuit Gilles Villeneuve on 13 June 2010  This was the first Grand Prix to be held on the North American continent since the 2008 Canadian Grand Prix  The race was won by McLaren driver Lewis Hamilton, his second Canadian Grand Prix victory, ahead of teammate Jenson Button and Ferrari driver Fernando Alonso 
This was McLaren's last 1-2 finish until the 2021 Italian Grand Prix and the last  one-two finish between British drivers until the 2022 São Paulo Grand Prix 

Report
Background
After dominating the previous three races, it was widely expected that the Montreal circuit would not play to the Red Bull's strengths, with intense media speculation that the controversial crash between Sebastian Vettel and Mark Webber whilst fighting for the lead of the Turkish Grand Prix would only worsen the team's chances  However, while neither driver was prepared to accept full responsibility for causing the accident, both expressed a desire to forget about it and move on None of the teams planned to introduce major updates for the race, though several brought customised packages specifically for the high-speed, low-downforce circuit  Those who had developed an "F-duct" system for the previous race were still running it in the trial phase 

Free Practice
The Friday sessions passed without incident save for minor off-track excursions by several drivers and a spin by Pedro de la Rosa at l'Epingle  Lucas di Grassi was the only driver who failed to set a time in the first session after stopping on the circuit  While reigning World Champion Jenson Button set the fastest time of the first session, Hispania Racing improved dramatically, beating both the Virgins, while Karun Chandhok also beat the Lotus of Jarno Trulli  The session also showed the progress of the new teams as a whole, with Heikki Kovalainen finishing the session just over a second adrift of Jaime Alguersuari; the difference between the new and established teams had been as great as three seconds in the first race of the season  Kovalainen would go on to repeat his feat in the second session, finishing just over half a second behind Alguersuari and a full second ahead of Chandhok, the next-fastest driver 
The biggest story of the day was the extreme tyre degradation the drivers experienced while running on the super-soft compound  Several sections of the circuit had been resurfaced since Formula One's previous visit in 2008, with the net result being that they offered comparatively little grip compared to other circuits  Hirohide Hamashima, Bridgestone's director of motosport tyre development, commented that the problem was a result of the tyres being unable to reach their optimum operating temperature  With several teams expecting rain at some point during the weekend, the lack of grip and unpredictable conditions made setting the car up exceptionally difficult  Sebastian Vettel was the fastest driver in the session, narrowly outclassing the Ferrari of Fernando Alonso and Mercedes' Nico Rosberg  Despite setting the fastest times of the first session, the McLarens both struggled, with Lewis Hamilton finishing seventh and Button only managing eleventh 
McLaren bounded back in time for the third session, with Hamilton comfortably setting the fastest time of both the session and the weekend, ahead of Webber, Alonso and Schumacher  Hamilton was sighted clipping the concrete walls lining the circuit as one point, as did Felipe Massa, but both were able to continue without damage  Pedro de la Rosa very nearly came unstuck at the same point, but Karun Chandhok was less fortunate, his Hispania F110 stopping on the circuit early on  Nico Rosberg was sidelined with a clutch problem for most of the session  The only other incident was Lucas di Grassi losing control under braking at l'Epingle and coming to rest in the gravel trap shortly after he recorded the fastest speed – 324 km/h (201 mph) – through the speed trap 

Qualifying
To compound the problems associated with heavy graining, overnight rain washed away whatever rubber had been laid down on the circuit during the Friday practice sessions, further reducing grip  With ambient temperatures being no higher than on Friday and the forecast predicting more of the same for the race, Bridgestone projected that a one-stop strategy in the race would be impossible with the harder prime compound losing up to seven seconds over half race distance, and the super-soft option tyres losing over sixteen seconds in the same window  With the rules dictating that drivers must start the race on the tyres they set their best qualifying time on, tyre selection for qualifying was therefore crucial 
On Saturday afternoon, qualifying started without rain on the track  The first qualifying session had no surprises when both drivers from HRT, Virgin Racing and Lotus failed to make the cut, they were joined by BMW Sauber pilot Kamui Kobayashi  The second qualifying session saw Michael Schumacher miss the cut as the only surprise elimination  With two more cars setting faster times, Schumacher started the race from thirteenth  Barrichello was the fastest of this group followed by Hülkenberg, Schumacher, Petrov, Buemi, Alguersuari and de la Rosa 

At the third and final session all eyes were on Lewis Hamilton as he had set the fastest time in both qualifying sessions  But it was Mark Webber who grabbed the lead early on  The teams were running different tyres, making the results unpredictable  On the very last lap, Hamilton snatched the pole from Webber who could not answer  With Hamilton ending Red Bull's run of pole positions after seven races, Webber was set to start second right in front of his teammate Sebastian Vettel  Fernando Alonso was fourth, Jenson Button fifth followed by Vitantonio Liuzzi, who qualified at a career-best sixth; Felipe Massa, Robert Kubica, Adrian Sutil and Nico Rosberg completed the top ten 
On the cool down lap, Hamilton was instructed by his team to slow down and stop on the circuit because the team realised he would not have enough fuel left in his tank for a sample to be taken by the FIA  Hamilton turned his car off and let it continue rolling down the back straight of the circuit  He undid his belts and sat higher up in the cockpit of his car, relaxed until his McLaren nearly came to a stop  Hamilton then got out and started to push his still rolling car down the back straight  A group of circuit marshalls finally came to help him and he was picked up by the course car and taken to the press conference  The FIA later handed Hamilton a reprimand and fined the McLaren team $10,000 for not completing the cool down lap in the given time, with Hamilton retaining his pole position 

Race
The race was the first of the season in which all twenty-four cars started on the grid; prior to the Montreal race, at least one car—usually from Virgin, Lotus or Hispania—was forced to start from the pit lane with a mechanical issue of some kind  Mark Webber was demoted from second place on the grid to seventh after Red Bull found iron filings in a sample of oil taken from the gearbox used in Webber's car during qualifying  This finding, which suggested damage to the internals of the gearbox and necessitated a gearbox change under parc ferme conditions, resulted in the five-place grid penalty 
The opening lap saw drama unfold before the field had even cleared the start gantry  While Lewis Hamilton won the drag race to the first corner, in the middle of the pack, Vitaly Petrov jumped the start and was forced onto the grassy verge as he attempted to go around the outside  This resulted in a spin that forced Pedro de la Rosa to take evasive action; Petrov earned two drive-through penalties in the space of one hundred metres for his efforts and spent the rest of the race fighting with the new teams  Felipe Massa and Vitantonio Liuzzi made contact three times in one corner, with the Italian getting spun around in the process and sliding down the order  As Hamilton, Vettel and Alonso established the running order, Kamui Kobayashi and Nico Hülkenberg tangled on the run into the final corners  While the Williams driver cut the chicane to avoid further contact, Kobayashi was not as lucky and he became the Wall of Champions' 2010 victim  He retired a lap later with accident damage  After avoiding the spinning Petrov at the start, Kobayashi's Sauber teammate Pedro de la Rosa joined him on the sidelines shortly thereafter and gave the team the unenviable record of eleven retirements from sixteen starts 

The predicted early round of stops passed without incident, although Red Bull elected to run their drivers on separate strategies; Mark Webber ran the harder prime compound back-to-back with a finish on the softer options, while Vettel ran the options in his middle stint and picked up the primes for the run to the finish  Every other driver except Robert Kubica had qualified on and subsequently started the race with the softer options  The tyre lottery produced an unlikely winner with Toro Rosso's Sébastien Buemi inheriting the lead for a lap before his stop, the first time a Toro Rosso had led a race since Sébastien Bourdais led three laps at the 2008 Japanese Grand Prix  Elsewhere in the field, Hülkenberg proved to be his own worst enemy when he over-extended himself under brakes while attempting to pass Nico Rosberg at l'Epingle and damaging his front wing in the process  He was then flagged for speeding in the pit lane when he pitted to replace the wing, robbing himself of a potential points place as he was forced to serve a drive-through penalty 
An accident between Michael Schumacher and Robert Kubica was narrowly avoided as Schumacher emerged from the first of his scheduled stops  Schumacher refused to yield on the approach to the fourth corner and the two took a short trip across the grassy verge  The altercation damaged Kubica's undertray while the incident was investigated by the stewards  It was the first of many incidents involving Schumacher, with the Mercedes driver later tangling with Adrian Sutil and Felipe Massa  Massa's race was marked by a perpetual battle with the Force India drivers including several near-misses in the second corner, the scene of his first-lap tangle with Liuzzi  Massa would later force his way past Sutil as the two closed in on the Lotus of Heikki Kovalainen, the cars running three-abreast into turn six  His late altercation with former Ferrari teammate Schumacher required him to pit for a replacement front wing and, like Hülkenberg before him, the Brazilian driver was cited for speeding in the pit lane  Twenty seconds were added to his time after the race as punishment 

Webber's tyre strategy initially paid off but, as the race wore on, his tyres began to deteriorate rapidly  Hamilton, running second at the time, quickly reduced the Australian's lead and caught him with twenty laps to go, dragging the Ferrari of Alonso through in the process  Webber eventually pitted, emerging behind teammate Vettel in fifth place as Vettel struggled with an unspecified but serious problem that he had to nurse to the finish; the team later clarified this as being related to the gearbox  As Hamilton settled back into the lead, reigning World Champion Jenson Button took Alonso by surprise, passing him around the back half of the circuit and positioning McLaren for their second consecutive one-two finish  Button briefly attempted a run at his teammate, narrowing Hamilton's lead to just two seconds with ten laps to go, but Hamilton responded with a fast lap that dissuaded Button from making further attempts  The top five—Hamilton, Button, Alonso, Vettel and Webber—would remain in place until the very end with Vettel stopping on the circuit just after he crossed the finish line at the end of the race  Nico Rosberg fended off a late surge from Kubica to claim sixth while Buemi finished eighth and a lap down  Liuzzi and Sutil both found their way past Schumacher on the final lap—in Sutil's case this was in the final corner—as the Mercedes driver struggled with tyres that were almost completely out of grip and leaving the seven-time World Champion scoreless in what BBC commentator Martin Brundle later described as the German's "worst weekend of his career"  Kovalainen was the best of the new teams, two laps down and fighting off Petrov for the final phase of the race, while Karun Chandhok and Lucas di Grassi were the final cars home, four and five laps down respectively 

The race was notably short of attrition compared to previous races at the Circuit Gilles Villeneuve, which have seen the safety car deployed so often that teams factor an accident into their strategies  However, the 2010 race was so short of retirements that it boasted the greatest number of finishers in the season to date with nineteen classified drivers  In addition to the dual retirements for BMW Sauber, Bruno Senna was once again the victim of a gearbox problem while Jarno Trulli stopped in the pit entry on lap forty-seven with terminal brake problems  Timo Glock retired due to a steering rack leak that crippled his VR-01 on lap fifty-five 
The final result meant that Hamilton leapfrogged both Button and Webber in the championship standings with six points covering the top three drivers  With McLaren claiming the lead of the constructors' championship from Red Bull in Turkey, their maximum points score in Montreal placed them a further twenty points clear of the Austrian team  The race was also the first time since the 1991 United States Grand Prix that three former drivers' champions stood on the podium and the last 1–2 finish for the McLaren team until the 2021 Italian Grand Prix  The race was also the last time until the 2022 São Paulo Grand Prix where British drivers finished first and second on the podium 

Classification
Qualifying
Notes:

1 ^  – Mark Webber was demoted five places on the grid after the gearbox in his car was changed pre-race 
2 ^  – Karun Chandhok was given a five place penalty after the gearbox in his car was changed overnight  It did not affect his starting position 

Race
Notes

1 ^  – Felipe Massa was given a 20-second time penalty post-race for exceeding the pit lane speed limit in the closing stages of the race  However, as Massa finished one lap down and one lap clear of the next-placed car, the penalty did not affect his finishing position 

Championship standings after the race
Note: Only the top five positions are included for both sets of standings 
Passage 7:
Kevin Cogan
John Kevin Cogan (born in Culver City, California on March 31, 1956) is a former race car driver who drove in Formula One from 1980 to 1981  Driving a RAM Williams in the 1980 Canadian Grand Prix, he failed to qualify, suffering the same result driving for Tyrrell at the 1981 US GP West  He then moved over to Indy cars in 1982 but his career was cut short by a series of accidents 

Racing career
Cogan made his Indycar debut at the 1981 Indianapolis 500, driving the No  32 Sugaripe Prunes Phoenix PR-01-Cosworth DFX for Jerry O'Connell Racing, as part of the USAC Gold Crown Championship  Cogan qualified in 12th place and finished the race in fourth place with 197 laps completed  Despite this Cogan lost the Rookie of the Year Award to Josele Garza  Cogan then competed in the rival CART/PPG World Series for O'Connell  In his debut, the Gould Rex Mays Classic at the Milwaukee Mile, Cogan qualified in seventh place and finished in second  After the race, he was ranked fifth in points  Cogan participated in four more races that season with his best finish coming at the Los Angeles Times 500 at Riverside International Raceway  Cogan finished his first CART season 23rd in points 
In 1982 Cogan joined Team Penske to drive the No  4 Norton Spirit Penske PC-10-Cosworth DFX  At the season-opening Kraco Car Stereos 150 at Phoenix International Raceway, he qualified and finished in third place  The remainder of his season was inconsistent, highlighted by a second-place finish at the Domino's Pizza Pocono 500 at Pocono International Raceway to teammate Rick Mears  Cogan also had two pole positions at the Budweiser Cleveland 500 at Burke Lakefront Airport and the AirCal 500 at Riverside International Raceway  He finished the season sixth in points while Mears won the championship  Penske released Cogan at the end of the season 

1982 Indianapolis 500 controversy
During qualifying, Cogan set a new one-lap track record of 204 638 mph (329 333 km/h) and a record four-lap average of 204 082 mph (328 438 km/h)  He was beaten only by his teammate, Mears 
Cogan started from the middle of the front row, next to pole-sitter Mears, and A  J  Foyt  As the field approached the start-finish line to start the race, Cogan suddenly swerved right, touching and bouncing off Foyt's car, and directly into the path of and collecting Mario Andretti  The cars of Dale Whittington and Roger Mears, deeper in the field, were also damaged due to the field checking up  Bobby Rahal also reported getting hit from behind, but was undamaged  The race was immediately red-flagged 
Cogan's shocking accident took out four cars, including himself and Andretti  Foyt's team was able to make repairs and pushed his car out for the restart attempt  Meanwhile, Andretti and Foyt were furious and outspoken about their displeasure with Cogan  Andretti shunned Cogan's attempts to explain himself with a light shove 
Andretti on live radio and television said,  "This is what happens when you have children doing a man's job up front " Back in the garage area, Andretti complained about Cogan's abilities, claiming that Cogan was "looking for trouble", that he "couldn't handle the responsibilities of the front row" and that the Penske car he was driving was "too good for him" The commonly outspoken Foyt also chimed in during comments to ABC's Chris Economaki with, "   he ran right square into my goddamned left front   'Coogin' " Later, Foyt said back in the garage area,  of the crash and of Cogan that "It was a stupid deal  The guy had his head up his ass "
Gordon Johncock, Johnny Rutherford and Bobby Unser later placed some blame for the accident on the polesitter Rick Mears, for bringing the field down at such a slow pace  Johncock, who went on to win the 1982 race, pointed out that Andretti had jumped the start, and could have avoided the spinning car of Cogan had he been lined up properly in the second row  Foyt wrote a memoir of his career in 1983 and when mentioning the crash, in a more analytic form, assigned some blame on Mears for the slow start, while assigning Cogan the rest of the responsibility 
At the end of the USAC Gold Crown season, Cogan finished 47th in points  The reason was that Cogan ran the 1981 race without a USAC Class I license and received no points for his 4th-place finish 

Aftermath
Cogan quickly fell out of favor following the humiliation stemming from the accident  It was followed by a noticeable "blacklisting" by fans and press  Cogan nearly had the dubious distinction of taking out two of the most famous American auto racing legends (Foyt and Andretti) in one move in the biggest race of the season  The incident also further rehashed a standing feud between Team Penske and Patrick Racing  A year earlier, Penske and Patrick were the key fixtures in the controversial 1981 race  In a post-wreck interview, Penske stood behind Cogan, although he also refused to confirm nor deny the broken CV-joint believed to be responsible  As a result, Cogan faced a firestorm of controversy that impacted the remainder of his career 
Cogan never managed to win a race in 1982, and was possibly fired by Roger Penske because of it and replaced by Al Unser in 1983 
The accident was never explained by the Penske team, however, several experts had differing opinions  Rodger Ward, working for the IMS Radio Network immediately believed the rear brakes locked up  It was a common practice for drivers in the turbocharged era to "ride the brakes" during warm up laps in order to engage the turbocharger  Others theorized it may have happened due to a broken CV joint  Some feel that Sam Posey on ABC-TV inadvertently may have added to the controversy when he proclaimed "absolutely no idea" to the question of how it could have happened, and saying "it was as if he turned the wheel intentionally " The comments led many to conclude that the accident may have been entirely of Cogan's doing  As soon as he climbed from the car, Cogan was observed looking at the rear end axle, suggesting that he thought something broke 

1983–1993
In 1983 Cogan began driving for Bignotti-Cotter Racing in the No  6 Master Mechanic/Caesar's Palace March 83C-Cosworth DFX (numbered 16 at Indianapolis only)  During the season results were hard to come by for Cogan with his best finish being a 5th place at the Indianapolis 500 where teammate Tom Sneva won  Helping neither Cogan nor Sneva was that Bignotti-Cotter began to develop the Theodore 83 rather than continue to use the proven March 83C  At the end of the season Cogan finished 15th in the CART standings and 6th in the USAC standings  At year's end, team co-owner George Bignotti retired and sold his share of the operation to co-owner Dan Cotter, who did not retain Cogan for 1984 
For 1984 Cogan was originally going to drive the No  98 Dubonnet/Curb Records Ligier LC02-Cosworth DFX for Curb Racing and the No  98 Dubonnet Eagle 84SB-Pontiac V8 for All American Racers each in select races  At the season-opening Toyota Grand Prix of Long Beach on the Streets of Long Beach Cogan would start 21st and finish in 28th place in the Ligier  At the Dana Jimmy Bryan 150 at Phoenix International Raceway Cogan would finish in 8th place aboard the Eagle  Then at the Indianapolis 500 Cogan returned to the Ligier  The car was off the pace at the beginning of practice and Cogan faced the possibility of failing to qualify  Cogan would eventually qualify for the race after Ligier and Curb parted ways and when Michael Chandler suffered career-ending injuries in the Eagle  During this time Mike Curb and Dan Gurney merged their teams to form Curb-All American Racers  In the race Cogan qualified in 27th place, setting a new speed record for stock block engines at Indianapolis  In the race Cogan retired to 20th place after suffering a frozen wheel after 137 laps  Cogan would leave Curb-All American Racers after the Budweiser Cleveland Grand Prix at Burke Lakefront Airport  Cogan would then start driving for Forsythe Racing in the No  33 Skoal Bandit March 84C-Cosworth DFX  Initially results were good as Cogan was able to start 5th and finish 8th in his debut for the team at the Michigan 500 at Michigan International Speedway and would follow it up with a 10th-place finish at the Provimi Veal 200 at Road America  During practice for the Domino's Pizza 500 at Pocono International Raceway Cogan would suffer season-ending injuries  Cogan would finish 24th in points 
In 1985 Cogan would begin to drive for Kraco Racing in the No  18 Kraco Car Stereo/Wolff Systems March 85C-Cosworth DFX  The season had its ups and downs uch as Cogan nearly failing to qualify for the Indianapolis 500, eventually starting in 32nd place and finishing 11th  Cogan would also get a 4th-place finish at the Detroit News 200 at Michigan International Speedway and a 5th-place finish at the Stroh's/G I  Joe's 200 at Portland International Raceway to get a 14th-place finish in points 
For 1986 Cogan joined Patrick Racing to drive the No  7 7-Eleven March 86C-Cosworth DFX



ground_truth: Ellie Kemper

prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: Which racecar driver who performed in the 1971 Canadian Grand Prix was born in 1937?

The following are given passages.
Context 3:  At the season opening Dana 200 for Special Olympics at Phoenix International Raceway Cogan scored his first Indycar win, leading 2nd place Tom Sneva by a lap  It was also the first time Cogan led the CART standings in his career  With 13 laps to go in the Indianapolis 500, Cogan made a bold move to pass Rick Mears and Bobby Rahal in less than a lap when both were held up by the slower car of Randy Lanier  Despite his car conspicuously oversteering in the turns, Cogan pulled away to a 3-second lead before a caution came out on lap 195 for a crash by Arie Luyendyk in turn four  Cogan did not get a good restart on lap 198 and was passed by Rahal, eventually finishing in 2nd place  Cogan still led the standings after Indianapolis but suffered retirements in seven of the fourteen remaining races and fell to 6th in the championship 
For 1987 Cogan would return with Patrick, making it the first team Cogan drove for in consecutive years, driving the No  7 Marlboro March 87C-Ilmor-Chevrolet Indy V8 265A  The season would turn out to be a disappointment as Cogan got a best finish of 5th at the Escort Radar Warning 200 at Mid-Ohio Sports Car Course and the Bosch Spark Plug Grand Prix at Nazareth Speedway to get a 16th-place finish in points 
In 1988 Cogan would begin to drive for Machinists Union Racing in the No  11 Schaefer Beer/Playboy Fashions March 88C-Cosworth DFX (although an 87C was used at the Miller High Life 200 at the Milwaukee Mile)  The season started off well as Cogan got a 3rd-place finish at the Toyota Grand Prix of Long Beach on the Streets of Long Beach  After seven rounds Cogan was ranked 11th in points when he was injured while competing at the Molson Indy Toronto at Exhibition Place  Cogan would miss four races but would still finish 13th in points on the strength of a 4th-place finish at the Nissan Indy Challenge at Tamiami Park 
For 1989 Cogan returned with the Machinists Union driving the No  11 Schaefer Beer/Playboy Fashions March 88C-Cosworth DFX  Another frustrating season saw Cogan finish 14th in points with a best finish of 8th at the Champion Spark Plug 300K at Laguna Seca Raceway  The only 'highlight' of Cogan's season was a major crash at the Indianapolis 500  At the end of the third lap, Cogan spun in turn four and hit the entrance to the pit lane  The car broke in half, rebounded and slammed into the end of the pit wall before finally sliding to a stop on its side in the pit lane  To everyone's surprise, Cogan immediately climbed from his destroyed car unharmed 
In 1990 Cogan could only get a drive for Indianapolis for Vince Granatelli Racing in the No  11 Tuneup Masters Penske PC18-Buick V6  In the race Cogan qualified in 15th place and finished in 9th place  Cogan would later get a second race at the Marlboro 500 at Michigan International Speedway for Stoops Racing in the No  17 Conseco Lola T9000-Cosworth DFS starting 13th and finishing 20th  Cogan would finish out the season 23rd in points 
In 1991 Cogan would join Team Menard to drive the No  9 Glidden/Menards Lola T9100-Buick V6 at the Indianapolis 500  During qualifying Cogan was unable to make an attempt due to rain and would have to wait for the second day  Cogan would easily qualify for the race in 16th place with a speed that would have placed him easily in the top ten along with other drivers, such as teammate Gary Bettenhausen, Arie Luyendyk, Emerson Fittipaldi and Stan Fox  In the race Cogan was involved in a crash with Roberto Guerrero on lap 25  In the wreck Cogan broke his arm and leg  Original television footage was inconclusive, and Cogan firmly assessed the blame on Guerrero, claiming that Guerrero cut down on him  An amateur home video shot from the grandstands surfaced, however, which showed that Cogan may have moved up into Guerrero  At the very least, the video showed that it may have been a simple racing accident, although Cogan still holds Guerrero responsible  As a result of the crash Cogan missed the remainder of the year (Menard wasn't going to do anymore races) and the next year  Cogan scored no points during the season 
For 1993 Cogan would drive for Galles-Kraco Racing in the No  11 Conseco Lola T9300-Ilmor-Chevrolet Indy V8 265A in a part-time schedule  At Cogan's debut for the year, the Indianapolis 500 Cogan was on the bubble on Bump Day and was nearly bumped by Bobby Rahal  Rahal was not successful and Cogan started in 14th place and would lead for four laps during pit stops, eventually finishing in 14th place  Cogan would drive in three more races for Galles-Kraco, getting a best finish of 13th at the Budweiser Grand Prix of Cleveland at Burke Lakefront Airport  Cogan would again score no points towards the championship 
Cogan would retire from racing at the end of 1993 with 6th place in 1982 and 1986 being his best finish in the CART standings and his win at Phoenix in 1986 being his only win 

Personal life
Since leaving IndyCar, Cogan has distanced himself from racing to concentrate on a real estate business in Los Angeles, Palos Verdes Estates LLC  Cogan declined invitations to be interviewed for the centennial era of the Indianapolis Motor Speedway (2009) in which many IndyCar legends and IndyCar drivers were interviewed by ESPN  Cogan also refused invitations to participate in Indianapolis 500 festivities during the 100th anniversary of the race in 2011 (9)
In 1988, ESPN reporter Jack Arute reported that Cogan was married, to Tracy, and had a son  The couple has since been divorced since 2004  In a 2015 interview with a news reporter, it was revealed that Cogan has 2 more children, a daughter and a son, since his retirement 

Racing record
SCCA National Championship Runoffs
Complete USAC Mini-Indy Series results
Complete Formula One World Championship results
(key)

American open-wheel racing
(key)

CART
Indianapolis 500
24 Hours of Le Mans
Passage 8:
Mark Donohue
Mark Neary Donohue Jr  (March 18, 1937 – August 19, 1975), nicknamed "Captain Nice," and later "Dark Monohue," was an American race car driver and engineer known for his ability to set up his own race car as well as driving it to victories Donohue is probably best known as the driver of the 1500+ bhp "Can-Am Killer" Porsche 917-30 and as the winner of the Indianapolis 500 in 1972  Cars that Donohue raced include: AMC Javelin, AMC Matador, Chevrolet Camaro, Eagle-Offy, Elva Courier, Ford GT40 MK IV, Ferrari 250LM, Ferrari 512, Lola T70, Lola T330, Lotus 20, McLaren M16, Porsche 911, Porsche 917/10, Porsche 917/30, Shelby Cobra, and Shelby Mustang GT350R 

Early life
Born in Haddon Township, New Jersey, Donohue grew up in Summit, graduated from the Pingry School in Hillside, and entered Brown University in Providence, Rhode Island  At the age of 22 while a senior at Brown, Donohue began racing his 1957 Corvette  He won the first event he entered, a hillclimb in Belknap County, New Hampshire  He graduated from Brown in 1959 with a bachelor's degree in mechanical engineering Donohue won the SCCA national championship in an Elva Courier in 1961  Experienced race driver Walt Hansgen (who worked for Inskip Motors in New York & Rhode Island) recognized Donohue's ability and befriended him, eventually providing an MGB (through Inskip Motors in Providence, RI and prepped by their race shop Competition Engineering) for Donohue to race at the 1964 Bridgehampton 
500-mile (800 km) SCCA endurance event, which he won  Hansgen arranged for Donohue to become his teammate in 1965, co-driving a Ferrari 275 at the 12 Hours of Sebring endurance race, which they finished in 11th place  That year, Donohue also won two divisional championships: in SCCA B Class in a GT350 and in SCCA Formula C in a Lotus 20B Donohue was hired on March 29, 1964, by Jack Griffith [Griffith Motors, Syosset, N Y /Plainview, N Y ] as design engineer for the Griffith, formerly TVR Grantura Mk III, powered by a Ford 289 cid (4 7l) V8 engine  He went on to assist TVR's David Hives in designing the Series 400 Griffith and then working on the ill-fated Bob Cumberford-designed, Intermeccanica-(Torino, Italy) produced Series 600 Griffith 
During its production life, there were 192 Series 200 Griffiths built, 59 of the Series 400 and only 10 of the Series 600 
During his tenure at Griffith Mark drove the Griffith-owned Shelby 289 Cobra making his mark on the SCCA circuit 
In February of '65 Donohue was named comptroller at Griffith Motors, but was soon lured from Griffith by Roger Penske early in 1966 
The Griffith company went defunct in November, 1966 

Ford GT40 and joining with Penske
In 1966, thanks to his friendship with Hansgen, word quickly spread to the Ford Motor Company about the young driver  Ford immediately signed Donohue to drive one of their GT-40 Mk II race cars campaigned at the 24 Hours of Le Mans by the Holman & Moody racing team   Le Mans proved frustrating for Donohue   Hansgen died while testing the GT40 in preparation for Le Mans so Donohue partnered with Australian Paul Hawkins   Donohue and Hawkins completed only twelve laps due to differential failure and finished 47th  Earlier that year, co-driving with Hansgen, Donohue finished third at the 24 Hours of Daytona and second at the 12 Hours of Sebring At Hansgen's funeral, Roger Penske spoke to Donohue about driving for him  In his first race for Penske, at Watkins Glen in June 1966, Donohue qualified well but crashed the car at the top of a hill, destroying it Donohue was invited back to Le Mans by Ford in 1967  Ford had developed a new GT, the Mark IV  Donohue co-drove in the No  4 yellow car with sports car driver and race car builder Bruce McLaren for Shelby American Racing  The two drivers disagreed on many aspects of racing and car setup, but as a team were able to muster a fourth-place finish in the endurance classic In 1967, Penske contacted Donohue about driving Penske's brand new Lola T70 spyder in the United States Road Racing Championship   Donohue dominated the 1967 race, driving a Lola T70 MkIII Chevrolet for Penske  Donohue raced in seven of the eight races that year, winning six (at Las Vegas, Riverside, Bridgehampton, Watkins Glen, Pacific Raceways, and Mid-Ohio) and finishing third at the Laguna Seca Raceway round behind Lothar Motschenbacher and Mike Goth 
In 1968, Donohue and Penske returned to defend their USRRC championship with the McLaren M6A Chevrolet  Donohue did not start the first race of the year at Circuit Hermanos Rodriguez in Mexico City due to problems getting the engine to start  Despite this, Donohue still dominated the series, even though he suffered three DNFs during the season due to mechanical problems with the M6A 

Trans-Am
Donohue began his Trans-Am series campaign in 1967, winning three of twelve races in a Roger Penske-owned Chevrolet Camaro  In 1967 and 1968, Trans-Am schedule included two of the most prized endurance races in the world, the 24 Hours of Daytona and the 12 Hours of Sebring  Donohue finished fourth at Daytona and won the Trans-Am class at the 12 Hours of Sebring 
1968 would be a banner year for Donohue in the Trans-Am series, as he successfully defended his 12 Hours of Sebring victory by partnering with Craig Fisher and driving his Penske Chevrolet Camaro to victory  Donohue went on to win 10 of 13 races, a Trans-Am series record which would stand until Tommy Kendall went 11 for 13 in the 1997 Trans-Am championship, winning the first 11 races that year in his All-Sport liveried Mustang 
Donohue was considered a leading Trans-Am driver of the late 1960s and early 1970s  Had there been a Drivers' Championship in place at the time, he would have won three of them (his last in 1971) while driving Camaros in 1968 and 1969, and an AMC Javelin in 1971, all for Roger Penske Racing 
During their enormous success in Trans-Am, Penske and Donohue would begin to experiment with their Camaros  They discovered that using a drag racing trick of dipping a car in an acid bath would eat away small amounts of metal, which in turn made the car incrementally lighter, and allowed it to be driven faster  The 1967 Z-28 won its last race by lapping the entire field of cars, causing suspicion throughout the paddock During a post-race inspection, race stewards discovered that the car was 250 pounds lighter than the 2,800-pound minimum weight requirement  Donohue was about to have his race victory taken away for cheating, but Roger Penske stepped in  Penske warned that any disqualification would have the potential of motivating Chevrolet to pull all support for the Trans-Am series  After considering the potential consequences, the race stewards allowed Donohue's victory to stand, but the rules for the 1968 season incorporated a change whereby all cars would be weighed during the technical inspection before the race 
Penske and Donohue did not stop acid-dipping after this, however  Continuing the practice of reducing weight allowed them to place weights of certain sizes strategically in specific locations within the car, thus helping to balance the car while being driven on the limit  Acid-dipping car bodies was prevalent with competing Trans-Am teams also 
They continued to use the "lightweight" car in 1968, at the Sebring 12-hour race  They changed the grille and taillight to the 1968 model, and then painted both cars identically  They sent the legal weight car through the technical inspection with the number 15 and again with the number 16 on it  Then they put both cars in the race, number 15 and 16, one car being 250 pounds lighter  They won the race, finished third overall, and went on to win 10 out of 13 races that year 
They also acid-dipped the body on the Camaro and had to caution people not to lean against it, for fear it would dent  The lightweight car was featured on an episode of Dream Car Garage on Speed TV in 2005 
In 1970 new Javelin team owner Roger Penske and driver Mark Donohue would breathe new life into the AMC team  Donohue drove the Javelin to three victories, with AMC finishing second overall in the Manufacturers' Championship  In 1971, of the ten races that the Over 2 5L Class cars participated in, Donohue won seven of them, including the final six races in a row, with AMC winning the Manufacturers' championship for the first time ever  In the final race of the season, Javelins finished in first, second and third place, with George Follmer becoming the only other Javelin driver to win besides Donohue 

Indianapolis 500
In 1969, Penske and Donohue raced in their first Indianapolis 500, with Donohue finishing seventh, winning the rookie of the year award  Donohue raced at Indianapolis each year following, finishing second in 1970 and 25th in 1971 
Donohue won in 1972, driving for Penske  He finished the race in his McLaren-Offy setting a record speed of over 162 mph (261 km/h), which stood for twelve years  The victory was the first for Penske in the Indy 500 

NASCAR
Donohue raced in several NASCAR Grand American races and a NASCAR pony car division from 1968 until 1971  In the 1972–1973 season, driving an AMC Matador for Penske Racing in NASCAR's top division, the Winston Cup Series, Donohue won the season-opening event at Riverside  That race was Penske's first NASCAR win in a long history of NASCAR participation  Although photographs of Donohue with the more aerodynamic 1974 Matador coupe exist and are published, he did not drive it in competition 

Can-Am Porsche
Between 1971 and 1972, Penske Racing (along with Donohue as the primary test and development driver) was commissioned by Porsche to help develop the 917-10 to compete in the Can-Am series  During testing at Road Atlanta, Donohue recommended larger brake ducts, believing that more cooling would slow the brakes' degradation during a race 
The Porsche engineers obliged, but the new ducts interfered with the bodywork closure pins that attached body panels to the car  Coming out of turn seven at about 150 mph (240 km/h), the rear bodywork flew off the car, which became extremely unstable, lifted off the ground, and tumbled down the track  The front of the car was torn away, leaving Donohue, still strapped to his safety seat, with his legs dangling outside the car  Amazingly, Donohue only suffered an internal derangement of his knee with meniscus damage and limited cruciate plus collateral ligament damage  (He was operated on at Piedmont Hospital in Atlanta by Drs  J  Funk and J  L  Watts )  George Follmer, Donohue's old Trans-Am teammate, took over testing the 917-10 for Donohue, who said:

It just doesn't feel right  Seeing another man driving your car, a car you know so well  I imagine it must feel like watching another man in bed with your wife 

Porsche, Penske, and Donohue quickly started the development of the 917-30, complete with a reworked aerodynamic "Paris" body and a 5 4-liter turbocharged flat-12 engine whose output could be adjusted from about 1,100 to 1,500 bhp by turning a boost knob in the cockpit  During the development of this motor, the German Porsche engineers often asked Donohue if the motor finally had enough power  He answered, "It will never have enough power until I can spin the wheels at the end of the straightaway in high gear "
On August 9, 1975, Donohue drove the 917–30 to a world closed-course speed record at the Talladega Superspeedway in Talladega, Alabama  His average speed around the 2 66-mile (4 28 km) high-banked oval was 221 120 mph (355 858 km/h)  Donohue held the record for 11 years, until it was broken by Rick Mears at Michigan International Speedway 
The 917-30 is referred to as the "Can-Am killer"  as it dominated the competition, winning all but two races of the 1973 Can-Am championship (which is an untrue statement, because OPEC killed the Can-Am series in 1975–1976)  After the Arab oil embargo in 1973, it led the SCCA, IMSA and other race series to impose fuel limitations on motor sport racing as a whole, which hampered the performance of the 917/30, making it uncompetitive in the Can-Am series  Brian Redman drove it once in 1974, and that was it for the car as far as Penske campaigning it  The 917/30 generally is considered one of the most powerful and most dominant racing machines ever created 

First IROC champion
Donohue raced in the inaugural IROC series in 1973–74, racing identical, specially-prepared Porsche RSRs  In the four-race series, Donohue won the first and third of three races at Riverside and the final race of the year at Daytona  The only person to beat Donohue was his former Penske Trans-Am teammate, George Follmer  In winning the first IROC championship, Donohue beat the best racing drivers of that era from all of the major championships, such as Denny Hulme, Richard Petty, A  J  Foyt, Emerson Fittipaldi, Bobby Allison, David Pearson, Peter Revson, Bobby Unser, and Gordon Johncock 

Retirement and Formula One
The pressures of racing and designing the car took their toll on Donohue  By 1973, the "Captain Nice" nickname he had earned earlier in his career was being supplanted by the nickname "Dark Monohue"   Donohue announced that he would retire from racing after the 1973 Can-Am season  In addition, the horrific events at the 1973 Indianapolis 500 and the subsequent death of his friend, Swede Savage, pushed him to quit  His retirement was short-lived, however, as he was lured back to full-time competitive driving by Penske when he formed a Formula One team, Penske Cars Ltd, to compete in the final two events of the 1974 Formula One World Championship, and to continue competing in 1975 with the new Penske PC1 

Donohue previously had debuted in Formula One on September 19, 1971, with a Penske-sponsored McLaren at the Canadian Grand Prix at Mosport Park, finishing on the podium in third place  After coming out of retirement with his former boss, Penske, Donohue returned to Formula One, entering into the final two races of the 1974 Formula One season  Donohue finished in 12th place at the Canadian Grand Prix, but failed to finish at the United States Grand Prix 
A full season of racing for the 1975 Formula One season was planned  The 1975 season turned out to be a difficult one for Donohue and Penske   Donohue was able to muster fifth-place finishes at the Swedish Grand Prix and the British Grand Prix, but the new Penske PC1 chassis proved problematic, as evidenced by three retirements in the first six races  At the Austrian Grand Prix, Donohue's career, along with Roger Penske's Formula One aspirations, took a tragic turn 

Death
Midway through the 1975 F1 season, Penske abandoned the troublesome PC1 and started using the March 751  Donohue recently had arrived in Austria for the Austrian Grand Prix at the Österreichring race track following the successful closed-course speed record attempt at Talladega Superspeedway in Alabama just a few days earlier  During a practice session for the race, Donohue lost control of his March after a tire failed, sending him into the catch fencing at the fastest corner on the track, Vöest Hügel Kurve  A track marshal was killed by debris from the accident, but Donohue did not appear to be injured significantly  It is said that Donohue's head struck either a catch fencing post or the bottom of the wood frame for an advertising billboard located alongside of the racetrack  A headache resulted, however, and worsened  After going to the hospital in Graz the next day, Donohue lapsed into a coma from a cerebral hemorrhage and died  He was survived by his second wife and two sons from his first marriage  Donohue is buried at St  Teresa Cemetery in Summit, New Jersey 

Commemorations and legacy
In 2003, in commemoration of Penske Racing's 50th NASCAR win, Nextel Cup driver Ryan Newman drove a Dodge Intrepid painted to resemble Donohue's 1973 AMC (with a No  12 and current Alltel decals) at the fall Rockingham, North Carolina, race 
Penske's new Penske Racing complex in Mooresville, North Carolina is decorated with various murals of Donohue and his racing cars, most notably the AMC stock car and the various Porsche prototypes that Donohue drove through his career 
Donohue chronicled his entire racing career in the book, The Unfair Advantage (co-written with noted motorsports and engineering journalist Paul Van Valkenburgh)  The book documents his career from his first races to his final full season of racing the year before he was killed  This was not merely a celebrity autobiography, but a detailed, step-by-step record of the engineering approach he took to getting the absolutely highest performance from every car he drove, always looking for that elusive "unfair advantage"  Donohue (along with Penske) were pioneers in many rights, some as notable as the use of a skidpad as a tool for developing and perfecting race car suspension designs and setups  The book told how Donohue learned to exploit the antilock braking system and the powerful turbocharged engine of several prototype Porsches, as well as how he learned from various mishaps, including a near-fatal crash  The book was published shortly before Donohue's death 
The book was re-released in 2000 by Bentley Publishers (Cambridge, Massachusetts)  It includes information and additional photography that was not available before the first edition was published 
Donohue's racing tradition is carried on by his son, David Donohue, a successful road racer in his own right 

Awards
Drexel University presented Mark Donohue with its Engineering and Science Award in 1973 
Mark Donohue was inducted into the International Motorsports Hall of Fame in 1990 
He was also inducted in the Motorsports Hall of Fame of America in 1990 
He was inducted in the Sports Car Club of America Hall of Fame in its 2006 class 

Motorsports career results
SCCA National Championship Runoffs
Formula One World Championship
(key)

Formula One Non-Championship
(key)

Complete USAC Championship Car results
Indianapolis 500 results
NASCAR
Winston Cup Series
Daytona 500
International Race of Champions
(key) (Bold – Pole position  * – Most laps led )

Complete Canadian-American Challenge Cup results
(key) (Races in bold indicate pole position) (Races in italics indicate fastest lap)

Complete 24 Hours of Le Mans results
See also
Roger Penske
Indianapolis Motor Speedway
George Follmer
Walt Hansgen
Skidpad
Turbocharger
Brown University
Lola Cars
Vehicle Dynamics
Elva (car manufacturer)



ground_truth: Mark Neary Donohue Jr.