prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: How long is the river The Atherton Bridge spans?

The following are given passages.
Context 1: Passage 1:
Pit River Bridge
The Pit River Bridge (officially the Veterans of Foreign Wars Memorial Bridge) is a double deck, deck truss, road and rail bridge over Shasta Lake in Shasta County, California  The bridge, carrying Interstate 5 on its upper deck and Union Pacific Railroad on its lower deck, was built in 1942 as part of the construction of the Shasta Dam/Shasta Lake reservoir system  The Pit River Bridge was constructed to replace the Lower Pit River Bridge, as the rising waters of the Shasta Lake reservoir would have put the older bridge underwater  The entire bridge spans 3,588 feet (1,094 m) long on the upper deck and 2,754 feet (839 m) on the lower deck  With a height of 500 feet (150 m) above the old Pit River bed, it is structurally the highest double decked bridge in the United States; however, today the bridge sits only about 40 feet (12 m) above the water when Shasta Lake is full  The bridge is Interstate 5's halfway point  
At the time it was built, the highway on the bridge was signed as U S  Route 99 and the rail line was owned by Southern Pacific  The Coast Starlight, the passenger train line operated by Amtrak that runs between Los Angeles and Seattle, also uses the bridge The bridge is officially known as the Veterans of Foreign Wars Memorial Bridge, to honor military veterans from California who have fought in foreign wars The Pit River Bridge was the subject of the 1954 Pulitzer Prize for Photography winner entitled "Rescue on Pit River Bridge", taken by Virginia Schau 

See also
 Transport portal
 Engineering portal
 California portal
Passage 2:
Atherton Bridge
The Atherton Bridge is a historic iron truss bridge in Lancaster, Massachusetts, spanning the South Branch of the Nashua River  It is a rare example of a hybrid pony truss that is similar to the 19th century truss design of Simeon S  Post  It was built by J  H  Cofrode & Co  of Philadelphia in 1870  It was the first iron bridge to be constructed in the town  The bridge was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1979 
The bridge formerly carried Bolton Road, but was closed to vehicular traffic in 1975 and bypassed by a modern highway bridge in the 1980s 
The bridge remained open to pedestrian traffic until April 2020, when a flash flood damaged the bridge's wooden deck and it was closed to all traffic  The long-term future of the bridge is uncertain The sign commemorating Atherton Bridge states:

 ATHERTON BRIDGE
There has been a bridge at this location since early settlement  It is named for 
James Atherton, one of the signers of the petition for incorporation of the town in 1652  The 1794 map lists the bridge as 90 feet long on a county way Lancaster’s first iron bridge was placed here in 1870 

Technical information
The Atherton Bridge has iron compression posts that incline inward towards the center of the span and diagonal tension rods that incline outward towards the abutments  Unusual features include double end posts with adjustable turnbuckles, channeled castings to join the lower chord bars, and patented Phoenix columns for all inclined posts  This bridge does not make use of Simeon Post's patented joints  The floor beams support a wood plank deck 
The bridge is 72 feet (22 m) long and 18 5 feet (5 6 m) feet wide, and is composed of eight panels  It rests on granite abutments 
The bridge was photographed in 1979 by Jet Lowe of the Historic American Engineering Record, and documented in 1990 as part of the Massachusetts Historic Bridge Project  At that time, it was one of only two known examples of the Post type of truss still surviving 

See also
Ponakin Bridge
National Register of Historic Places listings in Worcester County, Massachusetts
List of bridges documented by the Historic American Engineering Record in Massachusetts
List of bridges on the National Register of Historic Places in Massachusetts
Passage 3:
Walnut Street Bridge (Chattanooga)
Built in 1890, the 2,376-foot-long (724 m) Walnut Street Bridge connects Chattanooga, Tennessee's downtown with North Chattanooga  The bridge's main spans are pin-connected Pennsylvania through truss spans  The top chord of these truss spans are configured in five sections, making the spans similar to the Camelback truss design  The bridge is historically significant as an extremely long and old example of its type; according to the Historic American Engineering Record: "The bridge was apparently the first non-military highway bridge across the Tennessee River "

History
According to a plaque on the bridge, Edwin Thacher was the chief engineer for the bridge  The bridge's superstructure was assembled by the Smith Bridge Company of Toledo, Ohio, which was a prolific late 19th-century bridge builder  The bridge's substructure was constructed by Neeley, Smith, and Company of Chattanooga  Most of the parts for the bridge were manufactured by Manly Jail Works of Dalton, Georgia and then shipped to the site by rail  
A former Union officer from Ann Arbor, Michigan, William Andrew Slayton (1854–1935) was the stone contractor  Slayton lived in a stone house at 533 Barton Avenue, the house known for years by later inhabitants as the location of the "Little Art Shop"  It is not known if he built this house, but similarly to Washington Roebling and the Brooklyn Bridge, he could overlook the project from his window  Many of the low stone walls in North Chattanooga are made up of the remnants of stones deemed too small for use in the piers  Subdivision plats in Chattanooga suggest that Slayton developed some areas to facilitate the hauling of materials from quarries in northeastern Alabama, and Slayton Street and Slayton Avenue are found near the current public library location on Broad Street 
The "county bridge", as the Walnut Street Bridge was once known, connected the predominantly white city on the south side of the Tennessee River with the large black work force on the north side ("North Shore") in Hill City, a town that was annexed by Chattanooga in 1912 
The bridge also carried trolleys of the Chattanooga Traction Company to Signal Mountain Two black men were lynched on the bridge: Alfred Blount on February 14, 1893, was hanged from the first span for allegedly attacking a white woman; Ed Johnson on March 19, 1906, was hanged from the second span, also for allegedly attacking a white woman  Johnson's lynching initiated a court case (United States v  Shipp) before the Supreme Court that is notable for being the only criminal trial in its history 

Reconstruction
The bridge was closed to motor vehicles in 1978 and sat in disuse and disrepair for nearly a decade  Repairs and structural modifications have been made to turn the bridge into what is now a pedestrian walkway  The Walnut Street Bridge was added to the National Register of Historic Places on February 23, 1990  The 2,376-foot-long (724 m) pedestrian bridge sits near the heart of a massive and recently completed urban renewal project 
From December 2009 to May 2010, the bridge's deteriorating asphalt surface was replaced with wood planking  The City Council awarded a $1 3 million contract to Tower Construction for the bridge repair work The Walnut Street Bridge fund was started by Chattanooga Venture, a community group, to receive funds to be used by the city toward restoration of the bridge  Once the campaign was finished, the remaining funds were used for additional improvements to the bridge  These funds led to the replacement of original plaques which had been damaged, vandalized, or stolen  The original plaques have been renamed to The Parks Foundation, an organization committed to enhancements, improvements and programming to extend the utilization of all our parks and public space to the greatest number of people  The foundation is offering new plaques to donors that strive for the same mission 

Community events
Wine over Water is a wine tasting event that takes place on the Walnut Street Bridge  The event started in 1994  Over 150 wines from all over the world get tasted  During the festival, local restaurants offer different tasting plates for purchase  Regional musicians and bands come to play jazz and classic bluegrass  The event is not free and tickets are sold quickly due to popularity  
Every summer, Chattanooga hosts the Riverbend Festival where country music and rock bands come and play for the city  On the last night of the festival, fireworks are shot off for the spectators  The bridge is used to display a bright waterfall of fireworks, which fall down into the river below  The fireworks are displayed at the middle of the bridge, and boaters are not allowed within several hundred feet  
The Seven Bridges Marathon takes place in Chattanooga, and the participants use the Walnut Street Bridge as part of the course  Participants, local Chattanoogans as well as tourists, enjoy the views from the bridge that extend up and down the river  
Ironman is a world-renowned triathlon with events scheduled throughout the year all over the planet  Chattanooga has hosted Ironman in 2014, 2015 and hosted the Ironman world championship in 2017  Athletes use the Walnut Street bridge during the running portion of the race 

See also
List of bridges documented by the Historic American Engineering Record in Tennessee
Passage 4:
Nashua River
The Nashua River, 37 5 miles (60 4 km) long, is a tributary of the Merrimack River in Massachusetts and New Hampshire in the United States  It is formed in eastern Worcester County, Massachusetts, at the confluence of the North Nashua River and South Nashua River, and flows generally north-northeast past Groton to join the Merrimack at Nashua, New Hampshire  The Nashua River watershed occupies a major portion of north-central Massachusetts and a much smaller portion of southern New Hampshire 
The North Nashua River rises west of Fitchburg and Westminster  It flows about 30 miles (48 km) generally southeast past Fitchburg, and joins the South Nashua River, shown on USGS topographic maps as the main stem of the Nashua River, about 5 miles (8 km) below its issuance from the Wachusett Reservoir 

History
The river's name derives from an Algonkian word meaning "beautiful river with a pebbly bottom "The Nashua River was heavily used for industry during the colonial period and the early years of the United States  During the late 18th century and early 19th century, the heavy concentration of paper mills and the use of dyes near Fitchburg resulted in pollution that notoriously turned the river various colors downstream from the factories 
In the mid-1960s, Marion Stoddart started a campaign to restore the Nashua River and its tributaries  She built coalitions with labor leaders and business leaders, in particular the paper companies who were the worst polluters of the river  With federal help, eight treatment plants were built or upgraded along the river  A broad conservation buffer was created along about half the river and its two main tributaries  By the early-1990s, most of the industry was still located along the river, but many parts of the river were once again safe for swimming  Her work is the subject of a 30-minute documentary movie titled Marion Stoddart: Work of 1000 Recovery has sparked recreational use of the river at places like Mine Falls Park in Nashua 
The largely volunteer Nashua River Watershed Association, based in Groton, Massachusetts, oversees the condition of the river In 2013, Public Law 116–9 designated 27 mi (43 km) of the Nashua River as a National Wild and Scenic River  The legislation was sponsored by Rep  Niki Tsongas (D, MA-3), supported by the Nashua River Watershed Association and The Wilderness Society 

Watershed
From its impoundment at the Wachusett Reservoir in Clinton, Massachusetts, the South Nashua River flows north and joins the North Nashua River in Lancaster  The North Nashua River flows southeast from Fitchburg and Leominster to Lancaster  The Nashua River flows northward from Lancaster, meandering its way through the north-central Massachusetts towns of Harvard, Groton, Dunstable, and Pepperell, before eventually emptying into the Merrimack River at Nashua, New Hampshire  The Nashua River watershed has a total drainage area of approximately 538 square miles (1,390 km2), with 454 square miles (1,180 km2) of the watershed occurring in Massachusetts and 74 square miles (190 km2) in New Hampshire  The Nashua River flows for approximately 56 miles (90 km), with approximately 46 of those miles (74 km) flowing through Massachusetts  The Squannacook, Nissitissit, Stillwater, Quinapoxet, North Nashua, and South Nashua rivers feed it  The watershed encompasses all or part of 31 communities, 7 in southern New Hampshire and 24 in central Massachusetts  The watershed's largest water body is the Wachusett Reservoir, which provides drinking water to two-thirds of the Commonwealth's population 

Major watershed components
Wachusett Reservoir is the largest water body 
The Stillwater River feeds Wachusett Reservoir from the northwest 
The Quinapoxet River feeds Wachusett Reservoir from the west 
Wachusett Reservoir Dam impounds the South Nashua River 
The North Nashua River joins the South Nashua River at Lancaster from the northwest 
The Squannacook River joins the Nashua River from the northwest at the junction of the town boundaries of Shirley, Groton, and Ayer 
The Nissitissit River joins the Nashua River from the northwest at Pepperell 

Major tributaries
See also
List of rivers of Massachusetts
List of rivers of New Hampshire
Nashua River Rail Trail
Nashaway people
Passage 5:
Colorado River Bridge at Bastrop
The Colorado River Bridge at Bastrop is a 1,285-foot (392 m)-long bridge with three steel truss spans and concrete piers that crosses the Colorado River as part of Loop 150 through Bastrop, Texas  The three bridge spans over the river consist of identical Parker through trusses, each 192 feet (59 m) in length, supported on concrete piers  The bridge is one of the earliest surviving uses of the Parker truss in Texas 
The Colorado River Bridge was the second bridge crossing at this location  The first bridge at the crossing was built from 1889 to 1890 at a cost of $45,000  This bridge replaced the ferries across the river, which had been in use since the 1830s  The bridge was 1,268 feet (386 m) in length  It was originally a toll bridge, but was later purchased by the county and the tolls were removed 

With automobiles becoming the dominant form of transportation in the United States after World War I, a new bridge was needed to handle the increasing traffic between Houston and Austin  The original estimate of the cost of the Colorado River Bridge was $40,000 and was partially financed by bonds issued by Bastrop County  The rest was paid for with federal funds disbursed by the Texas State Highway Department  Bids on the project were solicited and the Kansas City Bridge Co  was selected as contractor  The final cost of the bridge's construction was $167,500  The bridge was completed in 1923 and opened for use in January 1924  The original bridge was sold and torn down in the early 1930s Ownership of the Colorado River Bridge probably passed from the county to the state during the Great Depression, as the local governments did not have the funds to maintain their road systems 
Growth in Bastrop in the 1990s strained the capacity of the narrow two-lane bridge  A wider concrete beam bridge was built parallel to the Colorado River Bridge  The State of Texas transferred ownership of the truss bridge to the City of Bastrop and the bridge became a pedestrian walkway  The bridge is also used for special events such as the annual "Art on the Bridge" art show and sale  The bridge was listed in the National Register of Historic Places on July 19, 1990 

See also
National Register of Historic Places listings in Bastrop County, Texas
List of bridges on the National Register of Historic Places in Texas
List of crossings of the Colorado River
Passage 6:
Miami Bridge
The Miami Bridge, also known as the McDaniel Memorial Bridge, is a new concrete girder bridge that was built to replace a cantilever through truss bridge over the Missouri River at Miami, Missouri between Saline County, Missouri and Carroll County, Missouri   The Miami Bridge carries Route 41   The Miami Bridge was built in 1939, and its deck was replaced in 1983 as part of a rehabilitation project  The old bridge's main cantilever span was 474 7 feet, while the two anchor spans  were each 415 feet in length, resulting in a total cantilever truss length of 1304 7 feet  There were 11 approach spans, including four Warren deck truss spans, three on the northern approach and one on the southern approach  All remaining approach spans were steel stringer (multi-beam/girder) spans  Total bridge length including approach spans is 2,071 9 feet   The bridge's deck width is 23 0 feet and it has vertical clearance of 16 5 feet 
The bridge was constructed with the assistance of the Federal Administration of Public Works also known as the Public Works Administration  Sverdrup and Parcel were consulting engineers for the structure, and Massman Construction Company was the contractor  The original plans for the bridge show plans for the original wooden toll building that was once located on the bridge  According to the plans, the toll building was painted white, featured wooden Slow and Stop signs, and included a cast iron stove for heating 
The Miami Bridge has been listed as eligible for the National Register of Historic Places  According to Clayton B Fraser who conducted Missouri's 1992 Historic Bridge Inventory, the Miami Bridge was eligible for the National Register of Historic Places as an "outstanding, large-scale example of steel truss construction, located on important great river crossing " Despite its historic significance, Missouri Department of Transportation decided against rehabilitating the bridge and instead has decided to demolish the bridge's superstructure and erect a new bridge using the piers and abutment of the old bridge  The project will begin with the bridge's closure, scheduled for October 5, 2009 

See also
List of crossings of the Missouri River
Passage 7:
Monocacy River bridge and viaduct
The Monocacy River Railroad Bridge and Viaduct is a 326-foot (99 m) open deck steel girder bridge with two main spans crossing the river and two viaduct sections crossing the floodplain, south of Walkersville, Maryland  Originally constructed by the Frederick and Pennsylvania Line Railroad Company (F&PL)  Construction began in late 1871, and continued until July 1872 when the railroad opened that year  It was rebuilt by the Pennsylvania Railroad prior first in 1900-1905 as an open deck riveted iron plate under girder bridge  In 1915, the bridge was surveyed as part of the Interstate Commerce Commission's ("ICC") effort to establish freight rates for the Parent railroad  In 1927, the Pennsylvania Railroad rebuilt the bridge again using deeper and thicker steel girders, but leaving the masonry piers intact  In 1972, the two 85 foot river spans were washed out by Hurricane Agnes  In 1982, the State of Maryland purchased the bridge as part of the railroad line  In 1995, the State rebuilt the river spans and Pier 3 which is located in the middle of the river crossing was completely reconstructed using concrete to replace the original masonry foundations   In 2015, the State performed minor maintenance on the structure and painted some spans   
As of 2016, the bridge is in active rail service, operated by the Walkersville Southern RR 

History
Construction
Bollman Iron Bridge
The original bridge was a "Bollman suspension truss"  The Monocacy river bridge and viaduct structures were a mixture of wrought iron tension members and cast iron compression members, including other decorative elements, such as Doric styled vertical members and end towers, all cast iron and detailed  In 1872, Bollman's firm, Patapsco Bridge and Iron Works completed the bridge and viaducts with a total length of 326 feet 

Pennsylvania Railroad Rebuilds
The ICC survey work papers  indicate two rebuilds were performed on the Monocacy bridge after the 1872 construction but prior to the 1915 inspection:

The Bollman iron truss bridge of unknown span lengths for the Monocacy crossing was replaced by the Pennsylvania railroad in 1900 as part of a major rebuild of the bridge which included the abutments In 1900, Pennsylvania replaced the river trusses with a steel under girder, open deck bridge of four spans  At that time, the abutment and pier masonry was augmented  Five years later in 1905, the Pennsylvania railroad replaced the remaining two spans that were erected by Bollman in 1872 
Later in 1927, Pennsylvania rebuilt the entire bridge using steel plate girders of half-inch thickness and measuring 85 inches in depth 
No later rebuild by PRR was made after 1927 and prior to 1982 when the bridge was conveyed to the State of Maryland  

United States Railway Administration (USRA) Rebuild
No known USRA rebuild scope has been identified for this bridge 

State Railroad Administration (SRA 1995 - )
Subsequent to the conveyance of the railroad from Conrail to the State of Maryland in 1982, State Railroad Administration or (SRA,1978-92), developed a Maryland State Rail Plan  
The SRA rebuilt the two 85 foot spans over the river that were damaged by Hurricane Agnes in 1972, as well as Pier 3 which was in the river in 1995   Currently, the Department of Transportation, Maryland Transit Administration (MTA), (2001-) owns and maintains the bridge  In 2015, MTA performed additional maintenance on the spans and painted two of the four spans as well 

Notes
Passage 8:
Port Mann Bridge
The Port Mann Bridge is a 10-lane cable-stayed bridge, 100 km/hr speed limit, in British Columbia, Canada that opened to traffic in 2012  It carries 10 lanes of traffic with space reserved for a light rail line The cable-stayed bridge replaced a steel arch bridge that spanned the Fraser River, connecting Coquitlam to Surrey in British Columbia in the Vancouver metro area  After its successor was opened to traffic, the old bridge was demolished by reverse construction, a process which took three years to complete 

History
The original Port Mann Bridge opened on June 12, 1964  It was named after the community of Port Mann, through which the south end of the bridge passed  The old bridge consisted of three spans with an orthotropic deck carrying five lanes (originally four lanes) of Trans-Canada Highway traffic, with approach spans of three steel plate girders and concrete deck  The total length of the arch bridge was 2,093 m (6,867 ft), including approach spans  The main span was 366 m (1,201 ft), plus the two 110 m (360 ft) spans on either side  Volume on the old bridge was 127,000 trips per day  Approximately 8 percent of the traffic on the Port Mann bridge was truck traffic   The old bridge was the longest arch bridge in Canada and third-longest in the world at the time of its inauguration 
At the time of construction, it was the most expensive piece of highway in Canada  The first "civilian" to drive across the bridge was CKNW reporter Marke Raines  He was not authorized to cross, so he drove quickly In 2001 an eastbound HOV lane was added by moving the centre divider and by cantilevering the bridge deck outwards in conjunction with a seismic upgrade 

Replacement
On January 31, 2006, the British Columbia Ministry of Transportation introduced the Gateway Program as a means to address growing congestion  The project originally envisioned twinning the Port Mann Bridge by building a second bridge adjacent to it, but the project was changed to building a 10-lane replacement bridge, planned to be the widest in the world, and demolishing the original bridge  While the old bridge was found to be in "excellent shape, it is a fracture-critical structure with a tension member that runs the full length of the bridge  If that fractures anywhere, the bridge’s structural safety can be compromised heavily   There is no built-in redundancy [in this type of bridge]  It only takes a little undetected fatigue crack to grow for 10 years and then a member eventually just snaps through one cold morning when the wrong size truck rolls over it” 

Opposition to twinning plan
A number of groups lobbied to improve public transit rather than build a new bridge  Burnaby city council, Vancouver city council, and directors of the GVRD (now Metro Vancouver) passed resolutions opposing the Port Mann / Highway 1 expansion  Opponents of the expansion included local environmental groups, urban planners, and Washington state's Sightline Institute Opponents argued that increasing highway capacity would increase greenhouse gas emissions and only relieve congestion for a few years before increased traffic congested the area again, and that expanding road capacity would encourage suburban sprawl  The Livable Region Coalition urged the Minister of Transportation,  Kevin Falcon, to consider rapid transit lines and improved bus routes instead of building the new bridge  The David Suzuki Foundation claimed the plan violated the goals of Metro Vancouver's Livable Region Strategic Plan 

Construction and cost
The Port Mann / Highway 1 project added another HOV lane and will provide cycling and pedestrian access  The multi-use pedestrian/bicycle path opened July 1, 2015  A bus service was reintroduced over the Port Mann Bridge for the first time in over 20 years  However, critics claimed that the new bridge only delayed the reintroduction of bus service on the bridge  The new bus rapid transit service is now operated in the HOV lanes along Highway 1 from Langley to Burnaby The estimated construction cost was $2 46 billion, including the cost of the Highway 1 upgrade, a total of 37 kilometres (23 mi)  Of this, the bridge itself comprised roughly a third ($820 million)   The total cost, including operation and maintenance, was expected to be $3 3 billion  Now that the new bridge is completed, the existing bridge, which was more than 45 years old, has been taken down The project was intended to be funded by using a public-private partnership, and Connect B C  Development Group was chosen as the preferred developer  The Connect B C  Group included the Macquarie Group, Transtoll Inc , Peter Kiewit Sons Co , and Flatiron Constructors  Although a memorandum of understanding had been signed by the province, final terms could not be agreed upon  As a consequence, the province decided to fund the entire cost of replacement On September 18, 2012, the new Port Mann Bridge opened to eastbound traffic  At 65 metres (213 ft) wide, it was the world's widest long-span bridge, according to the Guinness World Records, overtaking the world-famous Sydney Harbour Bridge, which, at 49 metres (161 ft), held the record since 1932  The Port Mann Bridge was overtaken by the San Francisco–Oakland Bay Bridge in 2013 

Dismantling of original bridge
Work to dismantle the old Port Mann Bridge began in December 2012  Crews removed sections of the bridge piece by piece in opposite order in which they were originally constructed, starting with the road deck, followed by the bridge approach's girders, and concluding with the steel arch  It was fully removed by October 21, 2015 

New bridge
The new bridge is 2 02 kilometres (1 26 mi) long, up to 65 metres (213 ft) wide, carries 10 lanes of traffic, and has a 42 metres (138 ft) clearance above the river's high water level (the same length and clearance as the old bridge)  The towers are approximately 75 metres (246 ft) tall above deck level, with the total height approximately 163 metres (535 ft) from top of footing  The main span (between the towers) is 470 metres (1,540 ft) long, the second longest cable-stayed span in the western hemisphere  The main bridge (between the end of the cables) has a length of 850 metres (2,790 ft) with two towers and 288 cables  The new bridge was built to accommodate the future installation of light rapid transit 

Issues
On February 10, 2012, during construction of the replacement bridge, an overhead gantry crane collapsed, causing a 90-tonne concrete box-girder segment to drop into the water below  While no one was injured, the accident delayed subsequent construction  WorkSafeBC inspectors evaluated the safety practices on the construction site 
On December 19, 2012, cold weather caused ice to accumulate on the supporting cables, periodically dropping to the car deck below, dubbed "ice bombs"  ICBC, the vehicle insurance entity in British Columbia, reported 60 separate claims of ice damage during the incident  In addition, one driver required an ambulance due to injuries  The RCMP closed the bridge between 1:30 p m  and 6 p m  while engineers investigated  The Government installed collars on the cables that are manually released when conditions for ice accumulation are expected  They are installed on the tops of the cables on the towers and are released, falling down the cables by gravity to remove any snow build up During December 2016, "slush bombs" affected the bridge again though the BC Government stated that these weren't as severe as the 2012 "ice bombs " During December, the bridge was closed due to the threat of falling snow off of the cables and possible icy conditions 

Tolling (2012–2017)
In order to recover construction and operating costs, the bridge was electronically tolled when originally built  The toll rates increased to $1 60 for motorcycle, $3 15 for cars, $6 30 for small trucks and $9 45 for large trucks on August 15, 2015   Through increased prices and greater traffic, Transportation Investment Corporation (TI Corp), the public Crown corporation responsible for toll operations on the Port Mann Bridge, forecast its revenue would grow by 85% between fiscal years 2014 and 2017  These fees were assessed using radio-frequency identification (RFID) decals or licence plate photos  A B C  licensed driver who owes more than $25 in tolls outstanding 90 days is penalized $20 and is unable to purchase vehicle insurance or renew drivers permits without payment of the debt  Out-of-province drivers were also contacted for payment by a US-based contractor  A licence plate processing fee of $2 30 per trip was added to the toll rate for unregistered users who did not pay their toll within seven days of their passage  Monthly passes, which allowed unlimited crossing on the bridge, were available for purchase  Users may have set up an account for online payment of tolls  Users who opted for this method received a decal with an embedded RFID to place on their vehicle's windshield or headlight and avoid paying a processing fee  Tolls were expected to be removed by the year of 2050 or after collecting $3 3 billion  As announced by B C  Premier John Horgan in August 2017, all tolls on the Port Mann Bridge were removed on September 1, 2017   Debt service was transferred to the province of British Columbia at a cost of $135 million per year 

Traffic volumes
Monthly mean weekday traffic
As of January 2019

Total monthly traffic (in millions)
As of January 2019

See also

List of crossings of the Fraser River
List of bridges in Canada
Tallest structures in Canada
Passage 9:
Columbia River Bridge (Bridgeport, Washington)
The Columbia River Bridge, also known as the Bridgeport Bridge, at Bridgeport, Washington, was built to span the Columbia River in 1950  Composed of three spans, the bridge is a steel continuous riveted deck truss carrying Washington State Route 17 on a 26-foot-wide (7 9 m) roadway and two 3-foot (0 91 m) sidewalks  The center portion of the bridge spans 300 feet (91 m), flanked by 250-foot (76 m) end spans  The 70-foot (21 m) north approach span and the 100-foot (30 m) south approach span are supported by steel plate girders  The bridge played a significant role in the construction of the Chief Joseph Dam just upstream, as no bridge crossing had previously existed in the area  Construction on the dam started in 1945 and was completed, apart from the powerplant, in 1955  The bridge was designed and built by the U S  Army Corps of Engineers as part of the Chief Joseph Dam project, and is significant for its association with the project and as a major crossing of the Columbia The bridge was placed on the National Register of Historic Places on May 31, 1995 

See also
List of bridges documented by the Historic American Engineering Record in Washington (state)
Passage 10:
Maiden Lane Bridge
The Maiden Lane Bridge was a railroad bridge across the Hudson River between the city of Albany and Rensselaer County, New York  It was designed by Kellogg, Clark & Co , and was one of the largest bridges they designed  The bridge was owned and built by the Hudson River Bridge Company, which was owned jointly by the New York Central and Hudson River Railroad Company which owned 3/4, and the Boston and Albany Railroad Company which owned 1/4  The Maiden Lane Bridge was often referred to as the "South Bridge", while the Livingston Avenue Bridge was referred to as the "North Bridge"  The Livingston Ave  Bridge was used for freight (and through-traffic passenger trains) while passenger trains used the Maiden Lane Bridge for access to Union Station, which was completed less than 10 months later  The state of New York authorized construction on May 10, 1869, construction began in May 1870, and the first train crossed on December 28, 1871  The bridge consisted of four 185 5-foot (56 5 m) long fixed spans, one 274-foot (84 m) long draw span, seven 73-foot (22 m) long spans over the Albany Basin, one 110-foot (34 m) long span over Quay Street, and one 63-foot (19 m) long span over Maiden Lane  All the spans except the one over Maiden Lane were double tracked, through, and pin connected; the span over Maiden Lane was also double tracked, but was a deck and plate girder span  A reconstruction of the bridge, except for the draw span, was done in 1899 by Pencoyd Bridge Company and finished by January 3, 1900  The bridge lasted until the 1960s, when the Albany–Rensselaer Amtrak station was built on the east side of the Hudson in the city of Rensselaer and Interstate 787 was built along the west side in Albany, thereby eliminating the need of the bridge 

See also
History of Albany, New York
Downtown Albany Historic District
List of fixed crossings of the Hudson River
Context 2: Passage 1:
Shreekhandpur
Shreekhandapur (Nepal Bhasa: खम्पू) is a city situated in the Dhulikhel municipality in Kavrepalanchowk district in Nepal This historical town is about 28 km east from Kathmandu  The city is located roughly at 1400m above sea level  The main attraction of Shreekhandapur is the temple of Swet Bhairav, located approximately 1 km northeast of the town  The name Shreekhandapur was originally given due to the presence of the tree Shreekhand  Its name during the Licchavi period was खम्पू which is still used predominantly by the Newar community living in this town 

History
Shreekhandapur is historically important city which was a major part of the trade route towards the southern part of the country  Merchants would have to go through this city before the invent of modern transportation  The city was incorporated in the kingdom of Nepal by Prithvi Narayan Shah during his unification around 1820 Bikram Sambat  The various parts of the town have their own names as well 
The eastern part is referred to as bahatol, the part which has the Nasika temple towards north east is referred to as Nastol, the north west part is referred to as bhukhatol, the western part is referred to as basatol, and the middle part of the town is referred to as chaftol  The residents of chaftol were originally brought to Shreekhandapur from Bhaktapur and Lalitpur by Prithvi Narayan Shah to build economic foundation to this town during the unification of Nepal  Particularly, the Karmacharya's were from Bhaktapur and Dhunju's were from Lalitpur 

Festivals
Bisket Jatra is a major festival which is celebrated during the new year period based on the Bikram Sambat calendar  It is as important as the Dashain festival for the locals here in the city  A tree is brought from Bhaktapur and raised in the city for seven days to celebrate the festival  They carry the statue of Ganesh, Kumar, and Bhairav in specially made Chariot and take it around all parts of the town to celebrate the festival 
Gai Jatra is celebrated yearly by the locals to honor their late family members 

Transportation
The city is connected to the capital city Kathmandu through the Arniko Rajmarg 

Education
Shreekhandapur higher secondary school
Kathmandu University is located about 1 km towards east of the town
Passage 2:
Orosháza
Orosháza is a city situated in the westernmost part of Békés county, Hungary, on the Békés ridge bordered by the rivers Maros and Körös  Orosháza is an important cultural, educational and recreational centre of the region 

Main sights
The city's main attractions are the Orosháza-Gyopárosfürdő spa complex, the Szántó Kovács János Museum, the Darvas József Literary Memorial House, and the Town Art Gallery  The only museum in the country devoted to water wells is found in Orosháza  At the Rágyánszky Arboretum, more than 2000 plant species in 6000 varieties can be seen The Lutheran church, was built between 1777 and 1830 in late Baroque style  It is located in the centre of the town  The bell carried by the first settlers, who migrated from Zomba, is kept in front of the altar of the church 
A number of cultural and entertaining programmes are organised in the town every year 

Notable residents
The cantor Marcel Lorand was born in the city in 1912  He learned music with Béla Bartók and became the cantor of the Synagogue de la Paix in Strasbourg, France, in 1964  He died in 1988 
Júlia Goldman (b  1974), was born in Oroshaza and is noted as an "outstanding writer" of fantasy and adventure 
Gyula Gömbös, prime minister of Hungary was made an honorary citizen of the city in 1932 

Orosháza-Gyopárosfürdő spa complex
The Gyopárosfürdő dictrict of Orosháza is located 3 km from the city center  Gyopárosfürdő has been well known for its thermal water since 1869, which rises from a depth of 670 meters  Set in a 10-hectare park, the Orosháza-Gyopárosfürdő Thermal Spa, Park and Adventure Pools spa complex has 8 outdoor and 5 indoor pools, including adventure pools, thermal pools, children’s pools and even a 50-meter cold-water sports pool 
Official website: https://gyoparosfurdo-oroshaza hu/en

Gallery
Twin towns – sister cities
Orosháza is twinned with:
Passage 3:
Cachoeirinha
Cachoeirinha (lit  "Little Waterfall") is a city in the Brazilian state of Rio Grande do Sul  Cachoeirinha is an alternative for the people who want to be near Porto Alegre (capital of Rio Grande do Sul)  The city is situated at a strategic point in Rio Grande do Sul state  The city shares borders with Porto Alegre, Canoas, Esteio, Sapucaia do Sul, Gravataí and Alvorada  The city holiday is on May 15, the date on which the city declared its emancipation 

Municipal policy
The Executive of the Municipality of Cachoeirinha is represented by the mayor and his office of Secretary, following the model proposed by the Federal Constitution  Legislative Power is represented by the City Council, composed of 17 councilors elected to office for four years  The House vote enacts laws for the administration and the Executive, especially the municipal budget 

Population
One of Cachoeirinha's gaucho municipalities had higher population growth in the 1970s  As of 20, the city has 131,240 inhabitants and 43 9 square kilometers of land area 

Traditions
Traditions of the gaucho are celebrated by the Cachoeirinha Center Traditions  Rancho da Saudade holds popular events  The Creole round, held annually in the city, received the recognition of the Government of the State of Rio Grande do Sul, and is included in the official calendar  Rodeos held in Cachoeirinha attract people from various cities of Brazil 

Education
The city has 15 public schools and 8 private at the elementary level and one college 

External links
Cachoeirinha Mayor's Office (in Portuguese)
Passage 4:
Rancho Cucamonga, California
Rancho Cucamonga ( RAN-choh KOO-kə-MUNG-gə) is a city located just south of the foothills of the San Gabriel Mountains and Angeles National Forest in San Bernardino County, California, United States  About 37 mi (60 km) east of Downtown Los Angeles, Rancho Cucamonga is the 28th most populous city in California  The city's seal, which centers on a cluster of grapes, alludes to the city's agricultural history including wine-making  The city's proximity to major transportation hubs, airports, and highways has attracted the business of several large corporations, including Coca-Cola, Frito-Lay, Big Lots, Mercury Insurance Group, Southern California Edison, and Amphastar Pharmaceuticals The city had a population of 174,453 according to the 2020 United States Census  The city experiences an average of 287 sunny days per year, compared to a national average of 205 days  Its climate is classified as warm Mediterranean, or Csa, under the Köppen climate classification system In 2017, the California Department of Education announced that all four high schools were named California Gold Ribbon Schools The Jack Benny Program popularized the city's name, in particular the word "Cucamonga" 

History
By 1200 AD, Kukamongan Native Americans had established a village settlement in the area around present-day Red Hill, near the city's western border, where Red Hill Country Club stands today  Kukamonga derives its name from a Tongva word meaning "sandy place " Anthropologists have determined that this cluster of settlers likely belonged to the Tongva people or Kich people, at one time one of the largest concentrations of Native American peoples on the North American continent  In the 18th century, following an expedition led by Gaspar de Portola, the land was incorporated into the Mission System  established by Father Junipero Serra and his group of soldiers and Franciscan friars  

After a half century of political jockeying in the region, the land finally came under the control of Juan Bautista Alvarado, governor of Mexico  On March 3, 1839, Alvarado granted 13,000 acres of land in the area called "Cucamonga" to Tubercio Tapia, a first-generation Spanish native of Los Angeles, successful merchant, and notorious smuggler  Tapia went on to establish the first winery in California on his newly deeded land  Rancho Cucamonga was purchased by John Rains and his wife in 1858  The Rains family's home, Casa de Rancho Cucamonga, was completed in 1860 and now appears on the National Register of Historic Places During the ensuing years the town prospered and grew  In 1887, irrigation tunnels were dug into Cucamonga Canyon by Chinese laborers and the Santa Fe Railroad was extended through the area  Among the town's economic mainstays was agriculture, including olives, peaches, citrus, and, most notably, vineyards  In 1913, the Pacific Electric Railway was extended through Rancho Cucamonga in an effort to improve crop transportation  Several landmarks in existence today pay tribute to the city's multicultural founding  In particular, Our Lady of Mt  Carmel remains as a relic of the area's Mexican agriculture laborers while the Chinatown House stands as a reminder of the Chinese immigrants who labored in constructing the area's infrastructure In 1977, the unincorporated communities of Alta Loma, Cucamonga, and Etiwanda voted to incorporate, forming the city of Rancho Cucamonga 

Grapeland
The former community of Grapeland, first settled in 1869, lay roughly between today's Victoria Groves Park and Central Park  There was a schoolhouse which also doubled as a church  In 1890 an irrigation district was formed and $200,000 in bonds were sold to pay for improvements  The Sierra Vista reservoir was built in 1886-87 by J L  Scofield as the focal point of a network of irrigation pipes   The system was unused, however, because the bond issue was declared illegal  "Orchards and vineyards began to die," The Daily Report newspaper reported in a retrospective  "Residents moved out  The post office closed in 1905  Homes, buildings were destroyed or abandoned " The reservoir remained unused until 1956, when the Fontana Union Water Company filled it with 5 million gallons of water  The local school district was merged with the Etiwanda district in 1901  In 1957 the settlement was practically deserted, but there were still rabbit-proof stone walls marking boundaries of previous citrus orchards 

Geography
Rancho Cucamonga is part of the Inland Empire and San Bernardino County, a region that lies inland from the Pacific coast and directly east of Los Angeles County  Rancho Cucamonga is located about 37 mi (60 km) east of Los Angeles, bordered by Upland to its west, Ontario to its south, the San Gabriel Mountains to its north and I-15 and Fontana to its east  The city sits atop an alluvial plain and views of Cucamonga Peak, one of the tallest peaks of the San Gabriel Mountains, are available from all points throughout the city  The city has a total area of 39 9 sq mi (103 km2), 99 95% of which is land and 0 05% water 

Climate
The city's climate is classified as hot-summer Mediterranean, or Csa, under the Köppen climate classification system  Yearly precipitation is 17 68 in (449 mm) and the city experiences an average of 287 sunny days per year, compared to a national average of 205 days 

Demographics
2010
The 2010 United States Census reported that Rancho Cucamonga had a population of 165,269  The population density was 4,145 2 inhabitants per square mile (1,600 5/km2)  The racial makeup of Rancho Cucamonga was 102,401 (62 0%) White (42 7% Non-Hispanic White), 15,246 (9 2%) African American, 1,134 (0 7%) Native American, 17,208 (10 4%) Asian, 443 (0 3%) Pacific Islander, 19,878 (12 0%) from other races, and 8,959 (5 4%) from two or more races   There were 57,688 residents of Hispanic or Latino ancestry, of any race (34 9%) The census reported that 162,145 people (98 1% of the population) lived in households, 136 (0 1%) lived in non-institutionalized group quarters, and 2,988 (1 8%) were institutionalized Out of a total of 54,383 households, 23,055 (42 4%) had children under the age of 18 living in them, 30,533 (56 1%) were opposite-sex married couples living together, 7,514 (13 8%) had a female householder with no husband present, and 3,257 (6 0%) had a male householder with no wife present, as well as 2,995 (5 5%) unmarried opposite-sex partnerships and 425 (0 8%) same-sex married couples or partnerships  9,956 households (18 3%) were made up of individuals, and 2,679 (4 9%) had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older  The average household size was 2 98   Over the 41,304 families (76 0% of all households), the average family size was 2 90 The age distribution of the city was as follows: 42,550 people (25 7%) under the age of 18, 17,365 people (10 5%) aged 18 to 24, 48,600 people (29 4%) aged 25 to 44, 43,710 people (26 4%) aged 45 to 64, and 13,044 people (7 9%) who were 65 years of age or older   The median age was 34 5 years  For every 100 females, there were 97 6 males   For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 95 2 males There were 56,618 housing units at an average density of 1,420 1 per square mile (548 3/km2), of which 35,250 (64 8%) were owner-occupied, and 19,133 (35 2%) were occupied by renters  The homeowner vacancy rate was 1 6%; the rental vacancy rate was 5 2%   110,570 people (66 9% of the population) lived in owner-occupied housing units and 51,575 people (31 2%) lived in rental housing units During 2009–2013, Rancho Cucamonga had a median household income of $77,835, with 6 9% of the population living below the federal poverty line 

2000
As of the 2000 census, there were 127,743 people, 40,863 households, and 31,832 families residing in the city   The population density was 1,317 0/km2 (3,411 4/mi2)   There were 42,134 housing units at an average density of 434 4/km2 (1,125 2/mi2)   The racial makeup of the city was 66 53% White, 9 00% Asian, 0 67% Native American, 5 99% African American, 0 27% Pacific Islander, 13 25% from other races, and 5 41% from a biracial or multiracial background  Hispanic or Latino of any race were 27 78% of the population There were 40,863 households, of which 44 7% had children under the age of 18   60 2% of households consist of a married couple living together   12 8% had a female householder with no husband present   22 1% were non-families  16 8% of all households were single-person and 4 1% had a person of 65 years of age or older   The average household size was 3 04 and the average family size was 3 44 In the city, the population spread was as follows: 29 9% were under the age of 18, 9 9% were from 18 to 24, 33 2% were from 25 to 44, 21 0% were from 45 to 64, and 6 1% were 65 years of age or older   The median age was 32 years  For every 100 females, there were 100 1 males   For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 98 0 males The median income for a household in the city was $78,428 and the median income for a family was $91,240  Males had a median income of $50,288 versus $40,952 for females  The per capita income for the city was $23,702   About 4 9% of families and 7 1% of the population were below the poverty line, including 7 6% of those under age 18 and 7 3% of those age 65 or over 

Economy
While most of the city's land area is devoted to residential areas, Rancho Cucamonga, like its neighbors Ontario and Fontana, is a major center for the logistics industry in Southern California  This is due to its proximity to two interstate highways and Ontario International Airport, and the space afforded by the large tracts of former agricultural land in the southern section of the city In the area around Milliken Avenue, between Archibald and Etiwanda Avenues, Foothill Boulevard, and Fourth Street, about seven square miles of land are primarily occupied by numerous massive distribution centers, and even more, smaller manufacturing companies  This area is ringed by office parks, mostly along Haven Avenue, and shopping strips, such as the Terra Vista Town Center (part of a nearly two-square-mile master-planned community in the center of the city), and malls, such as Victoria Gardens, and the Ontario Mills, across Fourth Street in Ontario The city is also home to a CMC Steel (formerly Gerdau, formerly TAMCO Steel) minimill, the only producer of long steel in California  This mill recycles ferrous scrap, such as junked cars and appliances, to produce rebar The city hosts LoanMart Field, (formerly known as The Epicenter), a minor-league baseball stadium, home of the Rancho Cucamonga Quakes  The Quakes' mascot, Tremor, is a "Rallysaurus "

Victoria Gardens
Victoria Gardens is a lifestyle center near the eastern end of the city, at the intersection of Foothill and Day Creek Boulevards  Since the city had never developed a traditional commercial downtown like neighboring cities Ontario and Upland had, efforts were made in the design of Victoria Gardens to bring elements of more traditional and urban town design to what had historically been a suburban city  While retaining many characteristics of traditional shopping malls, such as large anchor stores, a food court, and vast parking lots and garages, the smaller stores are arranged as city blocks in a grid of two-lane streets, featuring lush landscaping and metered "teaser parking" in front of the stores, which open onto the sidewalk  There are two "Main Streets", which run from west to east across the center  Running from north to south between them is a pedestrian axis leading from one of the Macy's anchor stores, through a "town square" between a pair of mixed-use office buildings, to the Victoria Gardens Cultural Center, which contains the Lewis Playhouse (a 570-seat theater) and a branch of the city library  The east side of the development has Southern California's only Bass Pro Shops Outdoor World superstore; the 180,000-square-foot (17,000 m2) facility includes a Tracker Boat Center and the Islamorada Fish Company restaurant  There are restaurants throughout the center, both well-known chains and unique eateries, including California Pizza Kitchen, The Cheesecake Factory, Fleming's, Gyu-Kaku Japanese BBQ Dining, Johnny Rockets, King's Fish House, Lucille's Bar-B-Que, N7 Creamery, P F  Chang's China Bistro, Richie's Diner, T G I  Friday's, and Yard House  The center features a 12-screen AMC Theatre 

Top employers
According to the city's 2022 Comprehensive Annual Financial Report, the principal employers in the city are:

Government
Local government
Rancho Cucamonga is a General Law City, incorporated in 1977 under the "Council-Manager" form of local government  The four-member Council, plus the Mayor, City Clerk, and City Treasurer, are all elected at-large by the voters of the city  The Council then appoints the City Manager, who acts as the administrative head of the city government, and is responsible for the day-to-day operations, code enforcement, and the fiscal soundness of the municipal government  The council itself serves as a local legislative body  
The city's elections, which are plurality, are held on a Tuesday after the first Monday in November of even-numbered years 
L  Dennis Michael has been the city's mayor since 2011, with John Gillison as the city manager According to a city Comprehensive Annual Financial Report, the city's various funds had $278 3 million in revenues, $243 6 million in expenditures, $1,400 7 million in total assets, $492 1 million in total liabilities, and $583 3 million in cash and investments 

Politics
In the California State Legislature, Rancho Cucamonga is in the  23rd Senate District, represented by Republican Rosilicie Ochoa Bogh, and in the  40th Assembly District, represented by Democrat Pilar Schiavo In the United States House of Representatives, Rancho Cucamonga is in California's  33rd congressional district, represented by Democrat Pete Aguilar In 2005, the non-partisan Bay Area Center for Voting Research ranked Rancho Cucamonga as the 28th most conservative city in the United States 

Law enforcement
Since incorporation in 1977, law enforcement services in Rancho Cucamonga City have been provided through a contract with the San Bernardino County Sheriff's Department Rancho Cucamonga is also home to the Foothill Communities San Bernardino County Courthouse, which is housed in a building adjacent to the Rancho Cucamonga Civic Center, in a government complex located at Haven Avenue and Civic Center Drive in the city  The Civic Center houses the Rancho Cucamonga city hall, the city police department, and other local government offices 

Education
Schools
Rancho Cucamonga has multiple public K–12 schools, operating under several different school districts, within its borders: Alta Loma School District, Central School District, Cucamonga School District, Etiwanda School District, and Chaffey Joint Union High School District  Private schools include Upland Christian Academy  In addition, Rancho Cucamonga is the home to Chaffey College and satellite campuses of the University of La Verne, Cambridge College, University of Redlands, Everest College, and University of Phoenix, as well as the automotive trade school 
High Schools

Alta Loma High School
Etiwanda High School
Los Osos High School
Rancho Cucamonga High School

Libraries
The city of Rancho Cucamonga has two public libraries, with a combined total of over 200,000 volumes  The library at 7368 Archibald Avenue opened in 1994 and was remodeled in the summer of 2008  The Paul A  Biane library at 12505 Cultural Center Drive at the Victoria Gardens Cultural Center opened in August 2006  In 2013, the Rancho Cucamonga Public Library was a recipient of the National Medal for Museum and Library Services, the nation's highest honor that can be bestowed on a Library or Museum 

Infrastructure
Rancho Cucamonga's location at the base of the San Gabriel Mountains has necessitated the use of numerous control channels and basins to reduce the seasonal flood danger from the several streams descending from the range  In past years, some of the city's roads were known for flooding  Hermosa Avenue, in particular, now features many high curbs and extra-large storm drain grates to reduce flooding 

Transportation
Rancho Cucamonga is served by Omnitrans bus service,  train service from Metrolink's Rancho Cucamonga station on the San Bernardino Line, and nearby Ontario International Airport, one of four major Los Angeles-area passenger airports with multiple daily flights by most domestic carriers as well as a major shipping hub for companies like UPS and FedEx 
Interstate 15 (I-15) and State Route 210 (SR-210) run through Rancho Cucamonga as well as the historic U S  Route 66 (as Foothill Boulevard) 
I-15 sits atop an elevated berm, and cuts a curve through the southeastern part of the city, isolating a mostly industrial area, a small shopping center, and several housing tracts from the larger part of the city  Further north, I-15 forms part of the northeastern border with neighboring Fontana before entering the Cajon Pass through the San Gabriel Mountains  I-15 provides connectivity with the High Desert, Nevada, and points north for the Inland Empire and much of Southern California 
SR-210 runs nearly straight east–west through the northern part of the city, roughly bisecting the residential communities of Alta Loma and Etiwanda, providing connection (in addition to I-10 and SR-60) from the San Gabriel Valley and points west to the San Bernardino area 

Utilities
Rancho Cucamonga receives natural gas from the Southern California Gas Company  The city's water supply and sewage are managed by the Cucamonga Valley Water District  Garbage collection is by Burrtec Disposal, phone service is from Frontier Communications and cable TV is provided by Charter Communications Electric power in Rancho Cucamonga is provided by Southern California Edison and the Rancho Cucamonga Municipal Utility, and the city is also home to the Reliant Energy Etiwanda Generating Station, on Etiwanda Avenue  This facility, one of five Reliant stations in California, is a natural gas-fired power plant, which began operation in 1963  At 640 MW (860,000 hp) net capacity, it is Reliant's second-highest capacity plant on the West Coast  It utilizes four steam turbine generators; of which units three and four remained active after turbines one and two, as well as a combustion turbine, were retired in 2003 and 2004, respectively  Several systems are in place to control gas emissions, and annually, over 900,000,000 US gal (750,000,000 imp gal; 3 4 GL) of recycled water are used for cooling On November 29, 2011, the Inland Empire Utilities Agency installed the first wind turbine in Rancho Cucamonga 

In popular culture
The name "Cucamonga" became well known to fans of Jack Benny's popular radio program, in which an announcer, voiced by Mel Blanc, would call out: "Train leaving on track five for Anaheim, Azusa and Cu-camonga!" This running gag became so well known that it eventually led to a statue of Benny in Cucamonga The city is the primary setting of the TV series Workaholics and the feature film Next Friday  Further mention of the city was made in the Netflix series Unsolved 
The city was claimed as the location where the "Flamin' Hot" flavor of Cheetos was created in the 1980s at the Frito-Lay factory Cucamonga is referenced in the Grateful Dead song "Pride of Cucamonga" on the From the Mars Hotel album, and in "Cucamonga" on Frank Zappa’s album Bongo Fury 

See also
List of people from Rancho Cucamonga, California
List of U S  cities with large Hispanic populations
Passage 5:
Witbank
Witbank (), officially Emalahleni, is a city situated on the Highveld of Mpumalanga, South Africa, within the Emalahleni Local Municipality  The name Witbank is Afrikaans for "white ridge", and is named after a white sandstone outcrop where wagon transport drivers rested  The city is known for its coal-mining in the surrounding region 
Witbank was renamed to Emalahleni meaning the place of coal in 2006 by the government of Mpumalanga, matching the municipality 

History
Witbank was founded in 1890 and early attempts to exploit the coal deposits failed until the railway from Pretoria reached the area in 1894  It was proclaimed a town in 1903 and became a municipality in 1914 
There are many stories about the city and its origination but the top story would be the arrival of Winston Churchill at the nearby Transvaal and Delagoa Bay Colliery during his escape from Boer imprisonment in Pretoria, on his way to Delagoa Bay (later Lourenço Marques, and then Maputo, in Mozambique)  
Some local residents, loyal to the Crown, assisted him in hiding and making the final leg of his escape, thus gaining Witbank the consequent credit once the details of these events could be made known  The town has grown since then from a farming community into a business destination where companies such as Anglo American, BHP, Evraz, Eskom, Exxaro, Komatsu, the Renova Group, SABMiller, and Xstrata, among many others have found substantial returns on their investments 

Name change
On 3 March 2006, Witbank was officially renamed to Emalahleni, meaning place of coal matching the name of the municipality that contains it  A large number of signs to the town have already changed, but many still remain  Some landmarks bearing the name Witbank have remained, while others (such as the Witbank/Emalahleni dam) have been renamed 
Despite attempts by governing bodies to establish the use of the name, Emalahleni, for the city as well as for the district, locals still tend to call the city by its original name  Similarly to the anglicised pronunciation of Johannesburg, English-speaking residents pronounce the name as “wit•bank” and not as “vit•bunk” as in the original Afrikaans pronunciation, nor as “vit•bank” as English-speaking visitors are prone to say 

Transport
Witbank is located along the railway line linking Pretoria to Maputo and for many years served as the transport gateway to the Mozambiquean port  In recent years, this line has been under frequent threat of collapse due to underground coal fires in disused mines in the area 
Two national highways, the N4 from Pretoria and the N12 from Johannesburg, converge at Witbank and then continue to Komatipoort, on the border of Mozambique  Together, these routes form the Maputo Corridor, a strategically important alternative to the South African ports of Richards Bay and Durban on the Indian Ocean shores of the country 

Economy
Witbank is in a coal mining area with more than 22 collieries in the municipal radius  There are a number of power stations (such as the Duvha Power Station), as well as a steel mill (Evraz Highveld Steel and Vanadium Limited) nearby which all require coal  The farm land surrounding Witbank is fast being bought by investors, coal mining companies and real estate developers to accommodate the rapid growth of the city which is good for local businesses and residents  The region has the dirtiest air in the world due to the coal mining and plant power stations Likewise, the sustained growth of the commercial areas and suburbs has presented significant challenges to the municipal government  Potable water supplies, sewage treatment, electricity distribution, refuse collection and road maintenance are particularly affected, arousing sustained ire amongst the local residents  Relatively high summer rainfall since 2008 has caused significant damage to municipal roads, creating large numbers of potholes and leaving large amounts of debris on the road surfaces 

Demographics
The 2001 census found that Witbank had a population of 61,093, of which 50 6% were female and 49 4% male 
As of 2011 (Statistics South Africa) the city's population stood at 108,674 people 

Ethnic groups
According to the 2011 census the largest ethnic groups in Witbank were Black African at 48 1%, Whites at 46 8% and the remainder consisting of Coloureds (2 0%) and Asians (2 5%) 

Language
Among the white population, Witbank (like the rest of Mpumalanga) is mainly Afrikaans speaking  The Black population speak mostly isiZulu, isiSwati, and isiNdebele, and Asians mostly English  According to the 2001 census the largest languages in Witbank were: Afrikaans (48 8%), Zulu (23 1%), English (11 7%), Northern Sotho (5 2%) and Swazi (3 0%) 

Communities
To the west of the city, two large communities, Vosman and Kwa-Guqa (“the Place of Kneeling” in Zulu), and two smaller communities, Lynnville, Ackerville and Schoongesicht, are home to approximately 440,000 (in 2005) residents, predominantly black  While many of these residents aspire to relocate to the more spacious suburbs around the city center, generally this has only been affordable to a few thousand, due to the prices of the suburban real estate  There are now communities on the northwest side of the city that have been established at Pine Ridge (consisting predominantly of Indian residents), Klarinet and Siyanqoba  Pressure to develop the city's suburbs has been exacerbated by the gradual de-population of the surrounding colliery villages as well as the continued development of new coal-fired power stations in the area 

Tourism
As Witbank is en route to travellers  from the Gauteng province to the Kruger National Park, attempts have been made to capture some of the potential tourist spend  Apart from a few hotels, there are many guest houses  These vary from the utilitarian to the luxurious, and also cater for many of the business travellers visiting Witbank as well as those travelling to Mbombela, eSwatini and Mozambique  A casino complex is accessible within a few hundred meters from the N4 highway, providing two hotels, cinemas, ten-pin bowling and restaurants as well as the traditional gambling facilities  The Highveld Mall is built immediately next to the casino and is a retail hub for locals as well as for many residents of towns in the vicinity 

Witbank dam
The Witbank dam is reputed to be the largest municipal dam in South Africa  Once a thriving resort for camping, water-sports and animal viewing, the area has come under increasing criticism due to degradation of the facilities 

Notable people
Anneline Kriel, Miss World of 1974, was born and brought up in Witbank 
Jackson Mthembu, South  African politician born in Witbank
Hugh Masekela, international jazz artist was born in Witbank 
Lindiwe Ntshalintshali,  MEC for the Mpumalanga Department of Culture, Sports and Recreation  Former Deputy President of the South African Local Government Association (SALGA)
Francois Pienaar, Captain of 1995 Springbok rugby team who won the world cup 
Percy Tau, (born 13 May 1994) in Witbank is a South African professional footballer
Leon Labuschagne, para-Olympic gold medalist for discus and shotput

Sport
Witbank was the home town of the Mpumalanga Black Aces who are dissolved football team and used to be the home town of the Pumas provincial rugby union which has since moved to Mbombela 

See also
Roman Catholic Diocese of Witbank
Witbank Spurs F C  – A football club based in Witbank
Tshwane University of Technology - Witbank Campus (incl  Mabaleng Residence)
Witbank magistrate Court
Passage 6:
Geography of Thiruvananthapuram
The Indian city of Thiruvananthapuram is located in Thiruvananthapuram district in the state of Kerala  The city is located at 8 5°N 76



ground_truth: 37.5

prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: Where does the city situated where Kellyville Ridge is located?

The following are given passages.
Context 2: 9°E﻿ / 8 5; 76 9 on the west coast, near the southern tip of mainland India  The city situated on the west coast of India, and is bounded by Arabian Sea to its west and the Western Ghats to its east  The city and the suburbs spans an area of 250 km2 (96 53 sq mi)  The average elevation of the city is 16 ft above sea level  The highest point within the city limits is the observatory  (60 metres (197 ft)) Agastya Mala, which has an elevation of 1,868 metres (6,129 ft) is only about 60 km from the city  The Ponmudi hill station which has an elevation of 1,100 metres (3,609 ft) is also near the city 

Geography
The district is situated between North latitudes at 8 17°–8 54° and East longitudes 76 41°–77 17°  The southernmost extremity, Parassala, is just 54 kilometres (34 mi) away from the southern peninsular tip of India, Cape Comorin (Kanya Kumari)  The district stretches 78 kilometres (48 mi) along the shores of the Arabian Sea on the west, Kollam district lies on the north with Tirunelveli and Kanyakumari districts of Tamil Nadu on the east and south respectively Unlike the flat portion of the Kerala coast, at the northern coastal region cliffs are found adjacent to the Arabian Sea at Varkala  These tertiary sedimentary formation cliffs are considered as a unique geological feature  It is known among geologists as the "Varkala Formation" and a geological monument as declared by the Geological Survey of India 
The district can be divided into three geographical regions: Highlands, Midlands, and Lowlands  The Varkala, Chirayinkeezhu and Thiruvananthapuram taluks are in the midland and lowland regions, the Nedumangad taluk lies in the midland and highland regions, and the Neyyattinkara taluk stretches over all three 
The highland regions on the east and the northeast comprises the Western Ghats  This area is ideal for major cash crops like rubber, tea, cardamom and other spices  Timber trees like teak and rosewood are grown in this region  The Ghats maintain an average elevation of 814 metres (2,671 ft)  The part Agasthyarkoodam, which is the second-highest peak in the Western Ghats (1,869 m or 6,132 ft above sea level), lies in the district  The forests in the tail end of Western Ghats form the most diverse and unknown ecosystem in Peninsular India The midland region lying between the Western Ghats and lowlands is made up of small and tiny hills and valleys  This is an area of intense agricultural activities  This region is rich in produce such as paddy, tapioca, rubber, eucalyptus, spices and cashews  The lowlands are comparatively narrow, consisting of rivers, deltas and seashore  This area is densely covered with coconut trees  Water bodies cover about 55 25 km2 (21 3 sq mi), while forest area is estimated to be 498 61 km2 (193 sq mi) 

Forests
Thiruvananthapuram district has a reserve forest area of 495 1 km2 (191 sq mi) and vested forest area of 3 534 km2 (1 4 sq mi)  The forests are spread over three ranges: the Kulathupuzha range in the north, Palode range in the middle, and the Paruthipalli range in the south 
These forests may be broadly classified into three categories: Southern tropical wet evergreen forests, Southern tropical and semi-evergreen forests, and Southern tropical moist deciduous forests  Social forestry programmes are being implemented under the World Bank-aided Kerala Social Forestry Project, National Rural Employment Programme (NREP) and Rural Fuel Wood Schemes to assist small and marginal farmers 

Rivers
Among the three rivers in the district, the Neyyar (56 km or 35 mi), the southernmost river of the Kerala state, has its origin in the Agasthyamala, the second-highest peak in the Western Ghats  The Karamana river (67 km or 42 mi) originates from Vayuvanthol (Vazhuvanthol), another mountain in Western Ghats  The Vamanapuram River has its origin from Chemunji Mottai of the Western Ghats  There are 10 major back waters in the district  The major lakes are Veli, Kadinamkulam, Anchuthengu (Anjengo), Kaappil, Akathumuri and the Edava-Nadayara  Besides these, there is a fresh-water lake at Vellayani in Thiruvananthapuram taluk, which has the potential to become the major water source of Thiruvananthapuram city in future 

Climate
The climate of Thiruvananthapuram district is generally hot tropical  The large forest reserves favourably affect the climate and induce rains  Cold weather is experienced in the mountain ranges, whereas lower down, the weather is bracing and is generally hot in the coastal regions  The mean maximum temperature is 95 °F (35 °C) and the mean minimum temperature is 69 °F (20 °C) 
As the district stretches from north to south with the Arabian Sea in the west side, the relative humidity is generally high  It rises up to about 95% during the South-West monsoon The total annual average rainfall in the district is about 1,500 mm (59 in) per annum  The southwest monsoon, from June to September is the principal rainy season  The district receives most of its annual rainfall in this season  The second rainy season is the Northeast monsoon  It is from October to November 
The district also gets thunderstorm rains in the pre-monsoon months of April and May December to February are the coolest months  The average temperature goes down to 69 °F (20 °C) in these months  It is generally considered as the winter season  The summer season starts in February and continues until May  The average temperature goes up to 95 °F (35 °C) in these months 

Seismology
The Geological Survey of India has identified Thiruvananthapuram as a moderately earthquake-prone urban centre and categorized the city in the Seismic III Zone 
Passage 7:
Kellyville Ridge, New South Wales
Kellyville Ridge is a suburb of Sydney, in the state of New South Wales, Australia  Kellyville Ridge is located 41 kilometres north-west of the Sydney central business district in the local government area of City of Blacktown  It is part of Greater Western Sydney 

History
The suburb takes its name from the ridge, the main geographical feature of vertical significance in the northern part of the area  Kellyville Ridge is thought to be the area where the Castle Hill Rebellion (also known as the Second Battle of Vinegar Hill) took place, many roads and reserves are named after it in Kellyville and a memorial was placed in Castlebrook Lawn Cemetery in 1988  Kellyville Ridge was originally part of Kellyville and became a separate suburb when the area west of Windsor Road was renamed in 2002 

Heritage listings
Kellyville Ridge has a number of heritage-listed sites, including:

Merriville House and Gardens

Population
In the 2016 Census, there were 10,468 people in Kellyville Ridge  58 2% of people were born in Australia  The next most common countries of birth were India 8 3%, Philippines 4 0%, China 2 1%, Fiji 2 0% and England 1 9%  58 6% of people spoke only English at home  Other languages spoken at home included Punjabi 4 5%, Hindi 4 3%, Mandarin 2 6%, Tagalog 2 0% and Arabic 1 5%  The most common responses for religion were Catholic 29 7%, No Religion 15 4%, Anglican 10 1% and Hinduism 9 1% 

Growth
Kellyville Ridge is one of the fastest growing suburbs in Sydney  Population estimates by the Australian Bureau of Statistics indicated that Kellyville Ridge and surrounding neighborhoods had the largest growth in 2013–14 in Sydney  The area experienced one of metropolitan Sydney's fastest growth rates, with a 9 per cent increase in population in 12 months 

Commercial area
The Ponds Shopping Centre, opened on 30 May 2015, is the main shopping facility that services Kellyville Ridge  It is located on the western perimeter of the suburb at the intersection of The Ponds Boulevard and Riverbank Drive  It houses Woolworths plus other 25 specialty stores, cafes and restaurants  It also features a Medical and Dental Centre and a Priceline Pharmacy Stanhope Village is a shopping centre adjacent to the suburb, with Aldi, Coles, Kmart and other specialised retail, service, fashion and food outlets 
Alternative shopping is provided by the Rouse Hill Town Centre, located 1 kilometre away at Rouse Hill, where approximately 250 retail stores are available featuring Coles, Woolworths, Target, Big W and Reading Cinemas  Castle Towers, located 9 kilometres away, and Westpoint Blacktown, located 10 kilometres away, provide for other places of shopping 

Education
School located in Kellyville Ridge includes:

Kellyville Ridge Public School (Public Primary School, Corner of Greenwich St & Singleton Ave, Kellyville Ridge NSW 2155)Kellyville Ridge has the following public school catchment:

John Palmer Public School (Public Primary School, The Ponds) 
The Ponds High School (Public High School, The Ponds) 
Rouse Hill High School (Public High School, Rouse Hill) 

Transport
Road to Sydney CBD
Transport to the city is provided by the M2 and M7 motorway  Driving time to Sydney CBD is approximately 34 minutes by car 

Train to Sydney CBD via Parramatta
Kellyville Ridge is located within 8 minutes drive (5 2 km) to Schofields railway station and 10 minutes (6 km) to Quakers Hill railway station  Trip by train from these stations to Sydney CBD takes around 47 minutes  Both stations have free all-day commuters parking  The train services also stop at the busy business area of Parramatta, Westmead and Strathfield 

Buses to Sydney CBD
CDC NSW services take around 1 hour to Sydney CBD from Kellyville Ridge  The suburb is serviced by the 616X which travels through Kellyville Ridge 

Sydney Metro to Chatswood
The North West Rail Link which opened 26 May 2019 – now known as Sydney Metro Northwest – provides high frequency services to Kellyville Ridge, linking it to Sydney CBD in around 50 minutes, which will drop to 40 minutes on completion of the second stage of the project  The metro service passes through Norwest Business Park, Castle Hill, Epping, Macquarie Park and University, North Ryde, Chatswood, and North Sydney Kellyville Ridge is positioned in a strategic location surrounded by three railway stations sitting on its perimeters; Tallawong, Rouse Hill and Kellyville  Both Tallawong and Kellyville provide all-day commuter parking  CDC NSW route 663 and Busways route 731 connect Kellyville Ridge with the Rouse Hill metro station, whilst CDC NSW routes 603, 632 (from Merriville Road and Perfection Ave) and 651 (from Merriville T-way) connect to Kellyville station 

Buses to other business areas
CDC NSW provides services to Parramatta (603, 663, 665), Rouse Hill (603, 632, 651, 663, 665), Epping (651) and Pennant Hills (632) 
Busways provides services to Blacktown (731, 735) and Rouse Hill (731, 735) 

Entertainment
The Ettamogah Pub renovated in 2014 is located on the corner of Merriville & Windsor Roads  The hotel received from the Australian Hotel Association the award for Best Family Friendly Hotel in New South Wales 

Housing
Kellyville Ridge has gone under many new developments since 2002, with new estates developing quickly  There are also several medium-rise apartments on the southern side of the suburb, backing Windsor Road 
Passage 8:
Halkarni
Halkarni is a city situated in the south west corner of Maharashtra, TK: Gadhinglaj Taluka, Kolhapur district - 416506, India  The population of Halkarni is around 9,000  It is surrounded by hills  The distance between Gadhinglaj and Halkarni is about 20  km  Buggdikatti and  Terani  are  villages  surrounding it   A police  station  is situated  in  the village  for  the security  of people  There are  number  of  private  hospitals and medicals are available in  the village  A government  hospital  was  built  Water is  supplied to the  whole  village  through  a well  in  NAREWADI  village  through a pipeline  Farming  is the  main  occupation  of  the  villagers  They  have  a  side  business  of  selling  milk  cow or buffalo to  the  milk dairies  A Maharashtra state  electricity board (MSEB) substation  is  installed  outside  the village  Halkarni  is  connected  to  Gadahinglaj  via  state  transport  buses (ST buses)  Halkarni  is  also  connected  to Karnataka  via  Khanapur  through Karnataka  state  transport  buses   The  route  of  entering  in  Karnataka  from  Maharashra is  HALKARNI TO  SANKESHWAR 
Private  traveller  companies  came  to  exist  which  gives  services  to  reach  Mumbai and  Pune 

Language
Marathi being the state language is also spoken as a local language in Halkarni  Marathi is widely understood in Halkarni  English is also used in social communication 
Halkarni is popular for its market area  It is famous for tobacco powder (in Marathi called as Tapkir)  It is surrounded by Basarge, Khanapur, and there are many temples like Ramling, Virbhadra, laxmi, Hanuman, the Jain temple, etc 
The schools are in Halalkarni :
Halkarni Bhag High School, Halkarni  Now junior college is also started   
Urdu Vidya Mandir Halkarni, Now started Urdh High School    
Passage 9:
Lansing, Kansas
Lansing is a city in Leavenworth County, Kansas, United States   It is situated along the west side of the Missouri River and Kansas-Missouri state border   As of the 2020 census, the population of the city was 11,239   It is the second most populous city of Leavenworth County and is a part of the Kansas City metropolitan area   The Lansing Correctional Facility (formerly the Kansas State Penitentiary), which includes the state's main maximum-security prison, is located in Lansing 

History
Lansing is named for James Lansing, a pioneer settler   Formerly William Lansing Taylor, James changed his name upon his enlistment in 1862 as a hospital steward in the 7th Kansas Cavalry   Following the Civil War, he earned a position at the new state penitentiary in Kansas as a hospital steward   He later resigned and opened a general mercantile store, which held the post office and an apothecary business, in the area called “Town of Progress”   “Doc Lansing”, as he became known, and his friend John C  Schmidt became co-owners of 90 acres (360,000 m2) of land that was platted into town lots in 1878; they named the area “Town of Lansing”   Lansing did not become an incorporated city until 1959 The Kansas State Penitentiary, later renamed the Lansing Correctional Facility in 1990, was authorized by the Kansas Constitution in 1859; it is the state's largest and oldest facility for detention and rehabilitation of male adult felons   With the opening of the coal mine at the prison the town became an important shipping point for this product Lansing was ranked 88 in the top 100 of Money Magazine's 2007 list of best places to live 

Geography
Lansing is located at 39°14′55″N 94°53′31″W (39 248689, -94 891880)   The city is situated along the western bank of the Missouri River which also marks the Kansas-Missouri state border   It is bordered by the city of Leavenworth to the north; Kansas City is less than a half-hour to the southeast   U S  Route 73 passes through the city 
According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 12 50 square miles (32 37 km2), of which, 12 39 square miles (32 09 km2) is land and 0 11 square miles (0 28 km2) is water 

Climate
The climate in this area is characterized by hot, humid summers and generally mild to cool winters   According to the Köppen Climate Classification system, Lansing has a humid subtropical climate, abbreviated "Cfa" on climate maps 

Demographics
2010 census
As of the census of 2010, there were 11,265 people, 3,180 households, and 2,496 families living in the city  The population density was 909 2 inhabitants per square mile (351 0/km2)  There were 3,371 housing units at an average density of 272 1 per square mile (105 1/km2)  The racial makeup of the city was 80 2% White, 13 2% African American, 0 8% Native American, 2 0% Asian, 0 1% Pacific Islander, 0 8% from other races, and 2 8% from two or more races  Hispanic or Latino of any race were 5 1% of the population 
There were 3,180 households, of which 41 9% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 62 4% were married couples living together, 11 8% had a female householder with no husband present, 4 3% had a male householder with no wife present, and 21 5% were non-families  18 1% of all households were made up of individuals, and 6 7% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older  The average household size was 2 79 and the average family size was 3 15 
The median age in the city was 37 6 years  22 9% of residents were under the age of 18; 8 1% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 31 2% were from 25 to 44; 29 3% were from 45 to 64; and 8 3% were 65 years of age or older  The gender makeup of the city was 59 4% male and 40 6% female 

2000 census
As of the U S  Census in 2000, there were 9,199 people, 2,435 households, and 1,913 families living in the city  The population density was 1,080 1 inhabitants per square mile (417 0/km2)  There were 2,548 housing units at an average density of 299 2 per square mile (115 5/km2)  The racial makeup of the city was 81 0% White, 12 5% Black or African American, 1 2% Native American, 1 3% Asian, 0 2% Pacific Islander, 1 3% from other races, and 2 6% from two or more races  Hispanic or Latino of any race were 3 9% of the population 
There were 2,435 households, out of which 42 2% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 65 0% were married couples living together, 9 4% had a female householder with no husband present, and 21 4% were non-families  18 4% of all households were made up of individuals, and 7 1% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older  The average household size was 2 79 and the average family size was 3 17 
In the city, the population was spread out, with 22 0% under the age of 18, 8 8% from 18 to 24, 38 5% from 25 to 44, 23 1% from 45 to 64, and 7 5% who were 65 years of age or older  The median age was 36 years  For every 100 females, there were 164 8 males  For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 184 9 males 
The median income for a household in the city was $60,994, and the median income for a family was $65,639  Males had a median income of $36,326 versus $28,315 for females  The per capita income for the city was $21,655  About 1 9% of families and 2 4% of the population were below the poverty line, including 1 5% of those under age 18 and 3 5% of those age 65 or over 

Education
The community is served by Lansing USD 469 public school district, and operates four schools with more than 2,000 students 
Lansing Elementary School, grades K–3
Lansing Intermediate School, grades 4–5
Lansing Middle School, grades 6–8
Lansing High School, grades 9–12

Notable people
John Bradford, member of Kansas House of Representatives 
Paul Ranous Greever, United States Representative from Wyoming born in Lansing 

See also
Lansing Man
Passage 10:
City of Blacktown
Blacktown City Council is a local government area in Western Sydney, situated on the Cumberland Plain, approximately 35 kilometres (22 mi) west of the Sydney central business district, in the state of New South Wales, Australia  Established in 1906 as the Blacktown Shire and becoming the Municipality of Blacktown in 1961 before gaining city status in 1979, the City occupies an area of 246 9 square kilometres (95 3 sq mi) and has a population of 366,534, making it the second most populous local government area in Sydney The mayor of the Blacktown City Council is Cr  Tony Bleasdale, OAM, a member of the Australian Labor Party, who was elected on 9 October 2019 following the resignation of Stephen Bali, MP 

Suburbs and localities of the City of Blacktown
These are the suburbs and localities in the local government area:

History
The first road from Prospect to Richmond became known as the "Black Town Road" and in 1860 the Railway Department gave the name of "Black Town Road Station" to the railway station at the junction of the railway and the Black Town Road, with the name shortening to "Blacktown" by 1862  The Blacktown area was first incorporated on 6 March 1906 as the "Shire of Blacktown" alongside 132 other new shires across the state as a result of the passing of the Local Government (Shires) Act, 1905  The first five-member temporary council was appointed on 15 May 1906 and first met on 20 June in the Rooty Hill School of Arts  The Blacktown Shire became the "Municipality of Blacktown" on 17 June 1961 and was granted city status on 9 March 1979, becoming the "City of Blacktown" 

Blacktown Council Chambers and Civic Centre
In 1937 Blacktown council discussed the need for new Council Chambers, with the present arrangements seen as inadequate and unable to accommodate growing staff needs  In August 1938, the council discussed two schemes from architect Leslie J  Buckland for the new council chambers, with the scheme that created a new wing facing Flushcombe Road while retaining the old council chambers for other uses being the most favoured  Designed in the modernist Inter-war Functionalist style by Buckland and constructed by J  H  Abbey of Epping at a cost of £7,000, the Council Chambers were officially opened on 29 July 1939 by the Minister for Public Works and Local Government, Eric Spooner By the early 1960s, Blacktown Council resolved to develop a new council seat and 'civic centre' and an International style design by Parramatta architects, Leslie J  Buckland & Druce (George Harley, project architect), for a multi-storey administration building, a performance hall, library and basement parking was accepted at a cost of £500,000  Built of concrete and brick, with decorative facade panels and glass curtain walling, the Civic Centre was constructed by S  J  Wood & Co Lty Ltd, with A  S  Nicholson as the consulting engineer The foundation stone for the Civic Centre was laid by Premier of NSW, Bob Heffron, on 17 June 1961, on the same occasion marking the change of Blacktown from a Shire to a Municipality  The Civic Centre was officially opened on 25 October 1965 by the Minister for Local Government and Highways, Pat Morton, with the mayor, Alfred Ashley-Brown, declaring "It is my sincere wish we will as a council cherish the heritage which brings us here tonight – that this chamber will be a place wherein good government within our sphere of responsibility will be made manifest, and that all decisions which are made shall be for the good of the people of the Municipality of Blacktown"  On 10 April 1967, the old 1939 Council Chambers were transformed into the first Blacktown Municipal Library, which was later demolished and became the Max Webber Library from 1980 In 1984, with the Civic Centre being overcrowded and suffering from lack of space, the council approved significant extensions to the Civic Centre at a cost of $2,781,550 that added 2,000 square metres of office floor space and enabled the consolidation of all council departments in a single location  The extensions were constructed by McNamara Constructions Pty Limited 

Blacktown City Libraries
In 1947, Blacktown Shire Council formally adopted the Act 1939/ {{{4}}} (NSW), which had been passed to encourage (including financial subsidies) local governments to establish free public libraries, but no further action was taken due to a lack of finance  However it was not until the 1960s, with the significant growth in the area's population, the Council identified a clear need for a library service, and when the Civic Centre opened in 1965, council appointed the first Chief Librarian in 1966 and resolved to establish the first library in the old 1939 Council Chambers building on the opposite side of Flushcombe Road  The first Blacktown Municipal Library was officially opened on 10 April 1967 The Blacktown City Libraries service expanded with the opening of Library Branches at Lalor Park (1968), Mount Druitt (1977) and Riverstone (1978)  In 1979, Blacktown council commissioned a new Blacktown branch library, with the old library and 1939 Council Chambers building demolished and replaced by a new building designed by architects Allen Jack & Cottier, and constructed by R  W  Tims (Builders) Pty Ltd  On 31 October 1979, Council resolved to name this new library after the Town Clerk of Blacktown, Max Webber, and the Max Webber Library was officially opened by the Deputy Premier Jack Ferguson on 8 March 1980  A new branch library in Stanhope Gardens was officially opened on 7 August 2009, and was also named after a former Town Clerk as the Dennis Johnson Branch Library 

Demographics
At the 2016 census, there were 336,962 people resident in the Blacktown local government area, of these 49 7 per cent were male and 50 3 per cent were female  Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people made up 2 8 per cent of the population, roughly equal to the NSW and Australian averages of 2 9 and 2 8 per cent respectively  The median age of people in the City of Blacktown was 33 years, which was significantly lower than the national median of 38 years  Children aged 0 – 14 years made up 22 8 per cent of the population and people aged 65 years and over made up 9 0-10 3 per cent of the population  Of people in the area aged 15 years and over, 52 3 per cent were married and 9 9 per cent were either divorced or separated Population growth in the City of Blacktown between the 2001 census and the 2006 census was 6 47 per cent; and in the subsequent five years to the 2011 census, population growth was 10 82 per cent  At the 2016 census, the population in the local government area increased by 11 91 per cent  When compared with total population growth of Australia for the same period, being 8 8 per cent, population growth in Blacktown local government area was in excess of 35% more than the national average  The median weekly income for residents within the City of Blacktown was generally on par with the national average At the 2016 census, the proportion of residents in the Blacktown local government area who stated their ancestry as Filipino, was in excess of six times the national average  The proportion of residents who stated a religious affiliation with Hinduism was in excess of three times the national average; the proportion of Catholics was 33 per cent above the national average; and the proportion of residents with no religion about half the national average  Meanwhile, as at the census date, the area was linguistically diverse, with Tagalog, Hindi, Punjabi, or Filipino languages spoken in households, and ranged from five times to eight times the national averages  Pacific Island languages such as Samoan and Tongan were also noticeable in the area 

Council
Current composition and election method
Blacktown City Council is composed of fifteen councillors elected proportionally as five separate wards, each electing three councillors  All councillors are elected for a fixed four-year term of office  The mayor is elected by the councillors at the first meeting of the council and since 2016 has served a two-year term  The mayor from 2014 to 2019, Stephen Bali was required to stand down from council as a mayor and councillor by October 2019, due to the Local Government Amendment (Members of Parliament) Act, 2012 which requires state members of parliament to relinquish local government offices no more than two years after their election  With Bali's resignation on 9 October 2019, Cr Tony Bleasdale was elected Mayor The most recent election was held on 4 December 2021, and the makeup of the council is as follows:
The current Council, elected in 2021, in order of election by ward, is:

Office-holders
Shire Presidents and Mayors
Shire/Town Clerks and General Managers
Coat of arms
After becoming a city in 1979, the council resolved to investigate and if possible obtain a coat of arms, making a request to the Chester Herald of Arms, Hubert Chesshyre  With the design completed by March 1981, Council resolved to adopt the Coat of Arms at its meeting on 1 April 1981 

Heritage listings
The City of Blacktown has a number of heritage-listed sites, including those on the New South Wales State Heritage Register:

Prospect, Upper Canal System
Prospect, Great Western Highway: Veteran Hall Remains
Prospect, Ponds Road: St Bartholomew's Anglican Church and Cemetery
Prospect, Reservoir Road: Former Great Western Road Alignment, Prospect
Prospect, Reservoir Road: Prospect Reservoir
Prospect, East of Reservoir: Prospect Reservoir Valve House
Prospect, 385 Reservoir Road: Royal Cricketers Arms Inn
Prospect, 23 Tarlington Place: Prospect Post Office

Sister cities
Blacktown City Council has sister city relations with the following cities:
 Porirua, Wellington Region, North Island, New Zealand, since 1984
 Suseong-gu, Daegu, South Korea, since 1994
 Liaocheng, Shandong, China, since 2003
 Liverpool Plains, New South Wales, Australia, since 2005
Context 3: Passage 1:
Elle King
Tanner Elle Schneider (born July 3, 1989), known professionally as Elle King, is an American singer, songwriter, musician, and actress  Her musical style is influenced by country, rock and blues In 2012, King released her debut EP, The Elle King EP, on RCA; one track from that EP, "Playing for Keeps", is the theme song for VH1's Mob Wives Chicago series She released her debut album, Love Stuff, in 2015  It produced the US top ten single "Ex's & Oh's", which earned her two Grammy Award nominations  King has also toured with acts such as Of Monsters and Men, Train, James Bay, The Chicks, Heart, Joan Jett, Michael Kiwanuka, and Miranda Lambert  Her parents are actor and comedian Rob Schneider and former model London King   She uses her mother's surname to distinguish herself and her career and identity from her father's, telling ABC News that "I think that my voice and my music speaks for itself: that I am my own person "King is a four-time Grammy Award nominee, two each in the rock and country categories, and received honors from the Country Music Association Awards and the Academy of Country Music Awards 

Early life
King was born on July 3, 1989, in Los Angeles, California, to then-Saturday Night Live cast member Rob Schneider and London King, a former model  Her parents divorced and her mother remarried  She grew up living in Ohio, between Wellston and Columbus  When she was nine, her stepfather, Justin Tesa, gave her a record by all-female hard-rock band the Donnas; she views this as the pivotal moment when she decided she wanted to be a musician  Around this time, she also started listening to the Runaways and Blondie, and she made her acting debut alongside her father in the movie Deuce Bigalow: Male Gigolo At the age of 13, King started playing guitar, immersing herself in the music of Otis Redding, the Yeah Yeah Yeahs, Etta James, Aretha Franklin, Al Green, Hank Williams, Johnny Cash, AC/DC (she has the phrase "dirty deeds" tattooed on her biceps), and Earl Scruggs  Her interest in the country and bluegrass of Hank Williams and Earl Scruggs inspired her to learn the banjo  During her teenage years, she attended Buck's Rock camp in Connecticut, where she starred successfully in a number of musicals King spent her teenage years in New York City, but she has also lived in Los Angeles, Philadelphia, and Copenhagen, Denmark  Upon graduating from Elisabeth Irwin High School/Little Red School House, she moved to Philadelphia to enroll at the University of the Arts, studying painting and film  During these college years, she had an artistic epiphany seeing a live show where the band onstage used a banjo purely for accompaniment purposes, eschewing the bluegrass and country musical vocabulary traditionally associated with the instrument  King then began to use the banjo as a compositional tool  After college, she briefly lived in Copenhagen and Los Angeles, before moving back to New York where she currently resides in Bushwick, Brooklyn 

Career
1999–2013: Career beginnings
In 1999, she debuted as an actress in her father's film Deuce Bigalow: Male Gigolo  In 2005, at age 16, she started gigging around New York City, using a fake ID to gain entry to the local nightclubs  King immersed herself in the local songwriting scene and honed her performance skills by busking around town  King was then signed by newly appointed RCA Chairman Peter Edge  Her debut single "Good To Be A Man", was released on March 13, 2012, as a digital download and also as a 7" vinyl single  On June 12, 2012, the four-song The Elle King EP was released on RCA  The EP was recorded in New York and was produced by Andy Baldwin and Chris DeStefano, with King herself producing a track  The EP's lead track, "Playing for Keeps", was chosen as the theme song for VH1's Mob Wives Chicago series that premiered on June 10, 2012, on VH1 King was spotlighted as an "Artist to Watch in 2012" by Esquire Magazine and made television appearances on VH1 Big Morning Buzz Live and the Late Show with David Letterman  King has played Austin, Texas, at the South by Southwest Festival, as well as the Hammersmith Apollo  She has also taped her own PBS Arts In Context special for KLRU Austin at the Austin City Limits recording studio  She toured with Of Monsters and Men, Train and Michael Kiwanuka and has opened for Dashboard Confessional, Dropkick Murphys, Dry the River, James Bay and Ed Sheeran 

2014–present: Love Stuff, Shake the Spirit and Come And Get Your Wife
In September 2014, King released "Ex's & Oh's", which serves as the lead single off her debut album  She released the album, Love Stuff on February 17, 2015  She performed "Ex's & Oh's" the next day on The Today Show to promote it  The song reached number 10 on the Billboard Hot 100, becoming King's first top ten single in the United States  "Ex's & Oh's" received two nominations at the 58th Grammy Awards: Best Rock Performance and Best Rock Song  In July 2015, King supported Modest Mouse on their UK tour  "Under the Influence" and "America's Sweetheart" were later released as singles for rock radio and mainstream radio, respectively  In 2016, her single "Good Girls" featured on the Ghostbusters soundtrack and played over the movie's credits  In 2016, she teamed up with country singer Dierks Bentley for the song "Different for Girls"  They performed this song at the 50th CMA Awards on November 2, 2016, when she and Bentley won the award for Musical Event of the Year On March 6, 2017, she premiered a new single "Wild Love" featuring a sparse electronic production, marking a slight departure from her previous style in music  King released her second studio album, Shake the Spirit, on October 19, 2018, which she made with her band the Brethren  On August 3, 2019, she was featured singing on a version of  Lindsey Stirling's "The Upside"  Throughout 2019, King served as a guest co-host on the MTV series Catfish: The TV Show opposite lead host Nev Schulman King's third album, Come Get Your Wife, was released on January 27, 2023, and displays a move into country music 

Musical style and influences
According to The Guardian, King's musical style is "steeped in every genre of vintage Americana  – sassy rock'n'roll, vampy R&B, country sadness and a little blues " King's music was classified as blues rock by Nylon, and as alternative country by Alternative Nation  According to King, "I say that I sing a little bit of country blues, [   ] it kind of changes from song to song, whatever I'm listening to or feeling  Sometimes it's really country, sometimes it's soulful, sometimes it's, like, wrist-slitting folk music; sad songs " She cited Etta James, Aretha Franklin, Al Green, Otis Redding, Hank Williams, Johnny Cash and AC/DC as her musical influences 

Personal life
King started dating Andrew Ferguson in January 2016  The couple met in a hotel lobby in London and were engaged 12 days later on a sailing trip around the San Francisco Bay  They married on February 14, 2016, and confirmed their intent to divorce on May 15, 2017  On April 23, 2017, Ferguson was arrested and charged with felony domestic violence after allegedly grabbing King by the throat and threatening to kill her, though this charge was later dropped  King and Ferguson briefly reconciled in late 2017 On October 9, 2020, King and tattoo artist Dan Tooker became engaged when simultaneously proposing to each other on their first anniversary of dating  Five months later, it was revealed she was pregnant with their first child  On September 1, 2021, she gave birth to a son named Lucky  The couple broke up in 2023 
King has several tattoos, and worked at a tattoo company called East Side Ink 

Discography
Studio albums

Love Stuff (2015)
Shake the Spirit (2018)
Come Get Your Wife (2023)

Filmography
Concert tours
Headlining
Love Stuff Tour (2015)
Shake The Spirit Tour (2019)
A-FREAKIN-MEN Tour (2022)

Opening act
Dashboard Confessional – The Swiss Army Romance (2010)
Of Monsters and Men – My Head Is an Animal Tour (2011)
Train – California 37 Tour (2012)
Michael Kiwanuka – Home Again Tour (2012)
Dropkick Murphys – Signed and Sealed in Blood Tour (2013)
Ed Sheeran – + Tour (2013)
Dry the River – Alarms in the Heart Tour (2014)
James Bay – Chaos and the Calm Tour (2015)
Modest Mouse – Strangers to Ourselves Tour (2015)
Maroon 5 – Maroon V Tour (2016)
Dixie Chicks – DCX MMXVI World Tour (2016)
Miranda Lambert – Roadside Bars and Pink Guitars Tour (2019)
Joan Jett & Heart – Love Alive Tour (2019)
Chris Stapleton - Chris Stapleton's All-American Road Show (2022)

Awards and nominations
Passage 2:
Big Stan
Big Stan is a 2007 American prison comedy film starring, produced and directed by Rob Schneider in his directorial debut with help from his company From Out of Nowhere Productions while the rest of the cast consisting of Jennifer Morrison, Scott Wilson, Henry Gibson, Richard Kind, Sally Kirkland, Jackson Rathbone, M  Emmet Walsh, Dan Haggerty and David Carradine  It tells the story of a real estate con artist who gets sentenced to three years in prison and spends the six months before it getting trained to survive in prison by a martial arts guru  This film was Gibson's final role before his death in 2009 
Although released in some markets during the fall of 2008, it was released straight to DVD in the U S  on March 24, 2009  It debuted at number 17 on the DVD rental charts of March 23–30, 2009 

Plot
Stan Minton (Rob Schneider) is a wealthy real estate con artist, married to Mindy (Jennifer Morrison)  One day, he is arrested for conning elderly people out of their savings  His lawyer Mal (Richard Kind) defends him at the trial presided over by Judge Perry (Richard Riehle) as the forewoman (Sally Kirkland) finds him guilty where the sentencing will be tomorrow 
While talking with Stan, Mal refuses to bribe Judge Perry since he does not practice that kind of law and states to Stan that any shyster on the street would do it for him  Inspired by the bench advertisement outside, Stan fires Mal from the case and hires Lew Popper (M  Emmet Walsh) as a replacement for the sentencing  Judge Perry sentences Stan to 3 years at the Oakfield Correctional Facility while giving him 6 months by Judge Perry to "reorganize the charity" Stan established to teach music to mentally disabled children 
As he can't go on a permanent vacation to Brazil on Lew's advice due to his assets being frozen, Stan gets drunk and visits a biker bar where he has the fear of jailhouse rape instilled in him by a biker ex con (Dan Haggerty) that strains his marriage to Mindy  This leads him to hire the mysterious guru known as "The Master" (David Carradine) who helps transform him into a Martial Arts expert 
During his incarceration, Stan befriends an elderly inmate named Larry (Henry Gibson) who is serving a life sentence for murdering his partner  Stan also befriends a sympathetic prison guard named Bullard (Kevin Gage) and learns more about the cliques and gang activities formed inside the prison  He then uses his new-found skills to bring peace and harmony to the prison yard by intimidating his fellow inmates like Big Raymond (Bob Sapp) into preventing them from harming each other  With this, peace is restored in at Verlaine State Correctional Facility and Stan gains their respect, eventually becoming their leader 
However, the corrupt warden Gasque (Scott Wilson) has plans to force its closure with a riot and sell off the property as valuable real estate  Stan helps him with the real estate aspects in exchange for early parole  However, his peacemaking efforts threaten the warden's plan for a riot and he is persuaded to bring back violence 
In a last minute attack of conscience, he deliberately blows the parole hearing to rush back and prevent the deaths of his fellow inmates only to discover that his message of peace has sunk in and the prisoners are dancing instead of fighting  Warden Gasque orders the guards to open fire on the dancing men  When they refuse, he grabs a gun in front of the Board of Governors and shoots wildly  Warden Gasque attempts to shoot Stan, but he is stopped by Mindy and the Master, who had sneaked in  Stan was surprised that the Master had trained Mindy during his incarceration when he thought they were having an affair during an earlier Conjugal 
Three years later, Stan leaves the prison where Bullard had been sworn in as the new warden of Verlaine State Correctional Facility  Gasque becomes the new inmate following his arrest for his illegal activities as Big Raymond intimidates him to say goodbye to Stan  Lew is also an inmate after he had foreseen that he would be arrested for having slept with a member of the jury and for being a corrupted lawyer  Stan is met by his wife, his young daughter Mindy Jr , and the Master outside the prison  While the Master has become Mindy Jr 's nanny, Stan is annoyed that he has been smoking near her 

Cast
Rob Schneider as "Big" Stan Minton, a rich real estate con artist 
Jennifer Morrison as Mindy Minton, Stan's wife 
Scott Wilson as Francis Gasque, the corrupt prison warden of Verlaine State Correctional Facility who seeks to get the prison closed down so that he can sell the land 
Henry Gibson as Larry / "Shorts", an inmate that Stan befriends who is serving a life sentence for killing his partner 
Richard Kind as Mal, Stan's lawyer 
Sally Kirkland as Madame Foreman, a jury member that finds Stan guilty 
Jackson Rathbone as Robbie, an inmate who is a hippie and former drug dealer 
M  Emmet Walsh as Lew Popper, a shyster that Stan replaces Mal with during his trial 
David Carradine as The Master, a martial arts guru that trains Stan to survive prison 
Marcelo Ortega as Big Haa, an inmate 
Marcia Wallace as Alma
Diego Corrales as Julio
Randy Couture as Carnahan
Don Frye as Nation Member
Brandon Molale as Guard Piken
Lil Rob as Inmate
Brandon T  Jackson as Deshawn, an inmate 
Olivia Munn as Maria, a secretary 
Barbara Dodd as Mrs  Darby, an old lady that Stan tried to con 
Richard Riehle as Judge Perry, a judge that presides over Stan's trial 
Kevin Gage as Bullard, a sympathetic prison guard 
Dan Inosanto as Prison Chef
Bob Sapp as Big Raymond, a tough inmate 
Tsuyoshi Abe as Dang, a Vietnamese Mafia member and one of the Master's students 
Ahman Green as Lee Otis, a former bank robber and inmate 
Salvator Xuereb as Patterson, the leader of the Nazi Prison Gang 
Buddy Lewis as Cleon, the leader of the Black Prison Gang 
Peter Vasquez as Juanito, the leader of the Mexican Prison Gang 
Megan Cavanagh as a Parole Board member 
Dan Haggerty as an ex-con who is gay
Faith Womack as Mindy Jr , Stan and Mindy's daughter 
Andrew Bernhard as InmateRob Schneider's mother Pilar cameos as one of the Board of Governors  Wes Takahashi, former animator and visual effects supervisor for Industrial Light & Magic, makes a cameo appearance as a bartender 

Production
Reception
On Rotten Tomatoes the film has an approval rating of 11% based on reviews from 9 critics (1 positive, 8 negative), with an average rating of 3 00/10 Julie Rigg of the Australian Broadcasting Corporation was highly critical of the rape-based humor, and concluded " I wasted two valuable hours of my life on Big Stan—don't make the same mistake " Writing for The Sydney Morning Herald, Paul Byrnes asked "If there's been a clumsier, dumber, more casually put together collection of badly timed gags, racial stereotypes and lazy performances this year, I have yet to see it   How could [Schneider] be in so many movies over a 20-year career and learn so little about making a movie?" Brian Orndorf of DVDTalk com called it "a forgettable, unfunny waste of time"  He criticized the "unrelenting" repetition of rape jokes, but believed that Schneider acted the character's fear of rape convincingly MovieHole rated it 3 5 out of 5 and called it Schneider's best film since The Hot Chick 
Passage 3:
John Schneider (producer)
John Steven Schneider (born April 23, 1962) is an American film, television and multi-media producer and artists' manager based in Los Angeles, California  The Pacifica, California, native made his first forays into show business when he took on the position of personal manager for his younger brother, comedian and actor Rob Schneider, and subsequently managed the San Francisco area rock band Head On  Eventually, John transitioned into producing movies such as The Hot Chick and Deuce Bigalow: Male Gigolo, alongside executive producers Adam Sandler and Jack Giarraputo 
John was the executive producer of Rob, a situation comedy starring Rob Schneider, which aired on the CBS television network in 2012, and co-produced the Academy Award-nominated 2012 feature film Hitchcock  He also serves as the personal manager of comedian, talk-show host and actor Tom Green, and creative consultant for Limp Bizkit frontman Fred Durst  Schneider produced Tom Green Live—the weekly talk show hosted by Green on entrepreneur/media mogul Mark Cuban's AXS TV channel—and is currently engaged in program development for CBS-TV, Showtime and The CW networks in conjunction with The Tannenbaum Company  In addition to his various production and management credits, John previously owned and operated the San Francisco nightclub DNA Lounge, and, at the age of 23, was elected to the Pacifica, California school board  He now resides in the Los Angeles area with his wife and three daughters 

Filmography
On the Road with Tom Green (TV special) (2015) - executive producer
Tom Green Live (2013) - executive producer
Hitchcock (2012) - co-producer
Rob (TV series) (2012) - executive producer
The Chosen One (2010) - producer
American Virgin (2009) - executive producer
Big Stan (2007) - producer
Deuce Bigalow: European Gigolo (2005) - producer
The Hot Chick (2002) - producer
The Animal (2001) - co-producer
Passage 4:
Sarah Price (filmmaker)
Sarah Price (born 1970) is an American filmmaker, director and producer known for the feature documentary American Movie (1999 Winner of the Grand Jury Prize for Documentary at the Sundance Film Festival, released by Sony Pictures Classics) Price is a member of the Directors Guild of America 

Early life
Price spent the first five years of her life in London, England, her early school years in the American Midwest and East Coast, and later attended high school at the International Schools in Frankfurt, Germany and Nairobi, Kenya   Price was educated at the University of Iowa 

Career
She directed Caesar's Park (2001 SXSW Int'l Film Fest, Sundance Channel), The Yes Men (2003 Toronto Int'l Film Festival, released by United Artist/MGM), and Summercamp! (2006 Toronto Int'l Film Fest, Sundance Channel)  Price was also a cinematographer on The Yes Men Fix the World (2009 Sundance Film Fest/HBO), and a Co-Producer of Youssou N’dour: I Bring What I Love (2008 Toronto Int’l Fest)   In 2009, she expanded into commercial directing and is represented by Independent Media Inc   Sarah further expanded into episodic television in 2014, directing The Carrie Diaries for Warner Brothers 
In 2016, Sarah Price's documentary film "L7: Pretend We're Dead" was first screened   Price describes hearing a song by L7 while working as a DJ at her college radio station as the seed of her curiosity and interest in the group   The film was nominated for the Jury Prize at the 2017 Hollywood Film Festival and for the Indiemusic Schweppes Award at the IndieLisboa International Independent Film Festival in 2018   "L7: Pretend We're Dead" won the Jury Prize at the Bordeaux Rock - Musical Ecran in 2018 
Passage 5:
Registered Offender
Registered Offender is the debut comedy album by actor and stand-up comedian Rob Schneider   Released in July 2010 by Oglio Records, it contains a mixture of sketches and songs, with all voices performed by Schneider   The content is adult in nature and features various scatological references   The album was recorded at various times and locations during 2007–2009   A 7" vinyl single of the musical track "She's Gonna Come" b/w "Swain the Legend" was released simultaneously with the CD version of the album 

Background
"She's Gonna Come" features Schneider backed by a studio ensemble dubbed the Fabulous Dunderheads - which consists of members of the San Diego, CA-based alternative rock band The Night Marchers, led by former Rocket from the Crypt singer/guitarist John Reis 

Track listing
What I Want
Iraq Love
Yoko and Julian
She's Gonna Come
Swain the Legend
Virtual Kidnappers
Car Wash
The Perfect S--t
Agent for Porn Stars
Sex Offenders
The Liar Corp 
Welcome to the Jungle
Sea of J--z
Mom and Dad Party
Graduation Speech
Hidden Bonus Track
Passage 6:
Real Rob
Real Rob (stylized onscreen as REⱯL ROB) is an American streaming television sitcom created by Rob Schneider  It premiered on December 1, 2015, on Netflix, and follows the everyday life of Schneider, including his real-life wife Patricia and daughter Miranda  On July 27, 2016, the series was renewed for a second season, which premiered on September 29, 2017 

Cast
Main
Rob Schneider as himself
Patricia Schneider as herself, Rob's wife who is of Mexican descent and younger than he is 
Jamie Lissow as himself, Rob's incompetent assistant 
Miranda Scarlett Schneider as herself, introduced in the series as the 11-month-old daughter of Rob and Patricia 

Co-Starring
Max Amini as Stalker, a guy who watches Rob's every move 
Andrei Aldochine as Udo, a male stripper whom Patricia hires as their nanny 
Adam Korson as Andy, Rob's agent 

Also Starring
Kym Jackson as Margaret, Jamie's girlfriend who works at a marijuana store 
Keith Stubbs as Rob's Accountant The series guest stars David Spade, Norm Macdonald, Adam Sandler, Michael Madsen, Danny Trejo, and George Lopez 

Episodes
Episodes were directed by Rob Schneider and written by Rob Schneider, Patricia Schneider and Jamie Lissow 

Season 1 (2015)
Season 2 (2017)
Reception
"Real Rob" was met with a largely negative response from critics  The show held a score of 36 on Metacritic based on 5 critic reviews, and a 0% rating on Rotten Tomatoes based on 8 critic reviews On February 20, 2016, Internet personality Arin Hanson voiced his frustrations regarding Real Rob on his daily Let's Play webseries Game Grumps  Hanson felt the show's main issue was that Schneider's character was both unlikable and unrelatable, going as far as to say that "it's a show with no demographic " While Hanson's overall feelings toward the show were negative, he stated that he felt compelled to keep watching and also praised the performance of Patricia Schneider, citing her as a legitimately funny presence  Schneider eventually saw Hanson's rant and later appeared as a special guest on the show along with Patricia on May 16, 2016 
Passage 7:
Rob Schneider
Robert Michael Schneider (; born October 31, 1963) is an American actor, stand-up comedian, screenwriter, producer, and director  After several years performing stand-up comedy, Schneider found wider success during his tenure as a cast member and writer for the NBC sketch comedy series Saturday Night Live from 1988 to 1994  Following his departure from SNL, he went on to a career in feature films, including starring roles in the comedy films Deuce Bigalow: Male Gigolo (1999) and its 2005 sequel, The Animal (2001), The Hot Chick (2002), The Benchwarmers (2006), and Big Stan (2007)  Schneider is the father of singer Elle King 

Early life
Schneider was born in San Francisco, California on Halloween Day in 1963, and grew up in the nearby suburb of Pacifica  His parents were Pilar (née Monroe), a former kindergarten teacher and ex-school board president, and Marvin Schneider, a real estate broker  His father was Jewish and his mother was Catholic  Schneider's maternal grandmother was a Filipina who met and married his grandfather, a white American army private, while he was stationed in the Philippines  His mixed background has been a common theme throughout his career  Schneider graduated from Terra Nova High School in 1982 and then attended San Francisco State University  His older brother, John, is a producer 

Career
Early career
Schneider made his debut appearance on television in 1987, on HBO's 13th Annual Young Comedians special, which was hosted by comedian Dennis Miller 

Saturday Night Live
Schneider was part of the comedy team at NBC sketch comedy series Saturday Night Live (From 1990 to 1994 at SNL), he played such roles as "Tiny Elvis", "Orgasm Guy", Richard Laymer, the office worker beside the photocopier, who addressed each of his fellow employees with an endless stream of annoying gossip  Schneider is featured in the video release The Bad Boys of Saturday Night Live, along with colleagues Adam Sandler, Chris Rock, David Spade, and Chris Farley 

Recurring SNL characters
The Richmeister, an office worker who annoys people by giving them nicknames as they make copies 
Carlo, from the Il Cantore Restaurant sketches
The Sensitive Naked Man, a nude man who gives advice to other characters

Feature films, sitcoms, and endorsements
After leaving SNL, Schneider played supporting roles in a series of movies including Surf Ninjas, Judge Dredd, The Beverly Hillbillies, Home Alone 2: Lost in New York, Demolition Man, and Down Periscope  He also appeared in a recurring part on the television series Coach  In 1996, he co-starred in the NBC sitcom Men Behaving Badly, an American take on the hit British series of the same name  The U S  version ran for two seasons 
Schneider starred in the 1999 feature film Deuce Bigalow: Male Gigolo, a tale of a fish-tank cleaner who incurs a massive debt and is forced to become a "man-whore " This was followed by The Animal, about a man given animal powers by a mad scientist; The Hot Chick, wherein the body of a petty thief named Clive Maxtone (played by Schneider) is mystically switched with the body of a pretty, but mean-spirited high school cheerleader named Jessica Spencer (played by Rachel McAdams in her film debut); and the sequel Deuce Bigalow: European Gigolo  The latter movie was not well received by critics or moviegoers, and as a result, Schneider won a 2005 Worst Actor Razzie Award for his role in the film In 2006, Schneider co-starred in the baseball-themed family comedy The Benchwarmers, along with his fellow SNL alumnus David Spade as well as Jon Heder  Other film roles include Schneider's appearance with Jim Henson's Muppets in the 1999 film Muppets from Space, and his role as a San Francisco hobo in the 2004 remake of Around the World in 80 Days 
Schneider's directorial debut, the comedy Big Stan, was released in some overseas markets during the fall of 2008, with a U S  release in early 2009  In the film, he starred as a real estate con artist who is arrested for perpetrating real-estate scams  He is sentenced to prison, so he takes a crash-course in martial arts to survive incarceration 
Schneider has also appeared in numerous comedies starring his SNL comrade Adam Sandler, including 1998's The Waterboy, 2010's Grown Ups, and 2020's Hubie Halloween  The comedic characters Schneider plays in these films include an overly enthusiastic Cajun man who proclaims the catch-phrase, "You can do it!"; an amiable Middle Eastern delivery boy; a prison inmate; and Sandler's one-eyed Hawaiian sidekick, Ula  Schneider has uttered the line "You can do it!" as a running gag in Sandler's films The Waterboy, Little Nicky, 50 First Dates, The Longest Yard, and Bedtime Stories, as well as in a deleted scene from Click (a sample of Schneider saying the phrase also turns up in the song "Original Prankster" by The Offspring)  Returning the favor, Sandler appeared in a cameo to spout the same line in Schneider's The Animal  Schneider narrated Sandler's 2002 animated movie Eight Crazy Nights, and voiced the part of a Chinese waiter  Schneider also had an uncredited cameo as a Canadian-Japanese wedding-chapel minister in the 2007 Sandler-Kevin James comedy I Now Pronounce You Chuck & Larry, and played a Palestinian cab driver who serves as the title character's nemesis in the 2008 Sandler film You Don't Mess with the Zohan 
Schneider played a variety of roles in the 2005 television special Back to Norm, starring another former SNL player Norm Macdonald, and appeared on episodes of the popular television shows Seinfeld and Ally McBeal  Schneider hosted the Sports Illustrated: Swimsuit '97 TV special, and the 2005 Teen Choice Awards, and was a frequent guest on NBC's late-night variety program The Tonight Show with Jay Leno  In Schneider's appearance with Leno on the July 24, 2007 episode of The Tonight Show, he showed up in drag as actress Lindsay Lohan after the latter cancelled following a controversial arrest for driving under the influence Besides his efforts in movies and television, Schneider released his first comedy album Registered Offender in July 2010  Registered Offender is composed of audio sketches and songs, with Schneider himself doing all of the character voices on the recording  He also revived his stand-up comedy career in 2010 with an international tour of theaters, clubs, and casinos Schneider appeared in the music video for country singer Neal McCoy's "Billy's Got His Beer Goggles On", as the song's title character  McCoy and Schneider met while the two went on a USO tour in support of U S  troops two months after the September 11, 2001 terrorist attacks on the World Trade Center and the Pentagon 
Schneider starred as the title character in the CBS sitcom Rob, which was loosely based on his real life  The series was canceled by CBS in May 2012   In 2015, he produced, directed and starred in Real Rob, a sitcom that follows his life and includes his real-life wife Patricia and daughter Miranda  Netflix released a season of 8 episodes, and a second season in 2017 Schneider is the official celebrity spokesperson for the Taiwan Tourism Bureau and the Ten Ren Tea company in Taipei Schneider was spokesperson for State Farm Insurance, but was dropped in 2014 due to his anti-vaccination views In May 2016, Schneider was featured as a special guest on the Let's Play webseries Game Grumps, alongside his wife Patricia, commentating over Midway's Mortal Kombat Trilogy  They reappeared on the show in November 2017, then commentating over Konami's Contra 
In 2021, Schneider competed on season six of The Masked Singer as the wild card contestant "Hamster"  A running gag is that "Hamster" would pantomime urinating on Nick Cannon and get affectionate with him  When unmasked on the fifth week, Schneider dedicated his performance of Luis Miguel's Sabor a Mí to Patricia and his daughters Miranda, Madeline, and Elle  In addition, Schneider did a variation of his Townie character's "You can do it" line by quoting Hamster's final words "You can do it Masked Singer, all night long!"
In 2022, he starred, produced, and directed in Daddy Daughter Trip, which served as his third film as a director and also starred his wife Patricia and daughter Miranda  The film will be exclusively shown in Harkins Theaters 

Personal life
Schneider has a daughter with former model London King, musician Elle King, who was born in 1989  On September 1, 2021, King gave birth to a son named Lucky, Schneider's first grandchild In 1996, Schneider established the Rob Schneider Music Foundation  The foundation returned music education to Pacifica's elementary schools by paying the teachers' salaries and providing funds for instruments and other equipment  Prior to Schneider's efforts, the school system did not have music education programs for many years Schneider once co-owned the DNA Lounge, a San Francisco nightclub On April 23, 2011, Schneider married television producer Patricia Azarcoya Arce, in Beverly Hills, California  Their first child, Miranda Scarlett Schneider, was born in 2012  The couple had their second daughter, Madeline Robbie Schneider, in September 2016  The family supports Mexican soccer club Tigres, which is based in Patricia's hometown of Monterrey 

Political views and positions
In 2013, Schneider switched political parties from the Democratic Party to the Republican Party, explaining: "The state of California is a mess, and the super majority of Democrats is not working  I've been a lifelong Democrat and I have to switch over because it no longer serves the people of this great state "That same year, Schneider endorsed Republican Assemblyman Tim Donnelly for governor in the election the following year In an interview on Larry King Now in 2017, Schneider said he was an independent but leaned more conservative 

Anti-vaccination activism
Schneider has been an outspoken critic of childhood vaccinations  In an interview with News10 in Sacramento, Schneider opined that "The efficacy of these shots have not been proven     And the toxicity of these things – we're having more and more side effects  We're having more and more autism " Schneider's statements have been discredited as lacking any factual basis  He also views the actions from the state to mandate vaccinations as government overreach Schneider has actively opposed the passage of two California laws, California Assembly Bill 2109 and California Senate Bill 277, which both intended to make childhood vaccination exemptions harder to obtain  On September 28, 2012, Schneider and California State Assemblyman Tim Donnelly spoke at the "Medical Freedom Rally", where they urged California Governor Jerry Brown to veto Assembly Bill 2109, which would have made it more difficult for parents to utilize philosophical reasons for exemptions from mandatory childhood vaccinations  While the bill was not vetoed, Governor Brown added a signing message instructing the Department of Health to add a religious exemption and to make sure the process is not overly burdensome to parents In 2015, Schneider fought against California Senate Bill 277, which removed exemptions to mandatory vaccinations due to personal beliefs, even leaving a phone message to California state Assemblywoman and bill co-author Lorena Gonzalez saying that he would spend money against her in her next re-election  Gonzalez, in an interview with The Washington Times, said that she found the message to be disturbing, but upon calling back, she said, "he was actually much nicer to me, but let's be honest … that is 20 mins of my life I'll never get back arguing that vaccines don't cause autism with Deuce Bigalow: Male Gigolo  #vaccinateyourkids "

Filmography
Film
Television
Video games
Passage 8:
Deuce Bigalow: Male Gigolo
Deuce Bigalow: Male Gigolo is a 1999 American sex comedy film directed by Mike Mitchell and written by Harris Goldberg and Rob Schneider  The film stars Schneider in the title role, with William Forsythe, Eddie Griffin, and Arija Bareikis in supporting roles  The film tells the story of a hapless fishtank cleaner who goes into business as a male prostitute in an attempt to earn enough money to repair damage he caused while house-sitting  The film is notable for being the first film produced by Happy Madison Productions 
Deuce Bigalow: Male Gigolo was released in the United States on December 10, 1999, by Buena Vista Pictures  While the film received generally negative reviews from critics, it was a box office success, grossing over $92 million worldwide against a $17 million budget A sequel, titled Deuce Bigalow: European Gigolo, was released in August 2005 by Sony Pictures Releasing 

Plot
Deuce Bigalow, an insecure fishtank cleaner, is fired for cleaning the tank at a public aquarium while naked  Deuce is unsuccessful in attracting women, so he attempts to keep himself busy at work  On a house call, he meets the Argentinian male prostitute Antoine Laconte  Antoine is going on a business trip, and so asks Deuce to care for his sick lionfish and protect his home while he is away  Deuce accidentally sets Antoine's kitchen on fire when trying to make a grilled cheese sandwich in the toaster, and breaks an expensive fish tank, causing a lot of water damage 
Fearing Antoine will kill him (Antoine even tells him he will if he messes the place up), Deuce is forced to find a way to pay $6,000 for the damage  Low-rent pimp T J  Hicks offers to help Deuce make enough money to buy a new fish tank, and convinces Deuce to take over the absent Antoine's role as a gigolo  Deuce decides to make the clients feel better about themselves since he only desires to have sex with beautiful women 
Deuce meets unusual clients but he still manages to get along with them, despite there being no sex involved, by helping them with certain issues in their lives  The clients include Carol, a woman who is severely narcoleptic; Ruth, who has Tourette syndrome with coprolalia, and therefore is afraid of socializing; Fluisa, a mannish obese woman weighing close to 750 pounds; and Tina, a woman that has a pituitary gland disorder and is extremely tall  Deuce's list of clients gradually increases, with each client being satisfied by much more fulfilling measures due to his personal attention and friendship  However, Deuce falls in love with one of his clients, Kate, who has a prosthetic leg  She later breaks up with Deuce when she finds out that he was a prostitute hired by her friends 
Meanwhile, Deuce is being stalked by Detective Chuck Fowler, who demands Antoine's "black book" of clients and threatens to take Deuce to jail if he does not comply  Deuce eventually helps Fowler please his wife by stripping and erotically dancing for her, and the two make amends  Deuce is still taken into custody on prostitution charges, as Fowler needs someone to bring in and Deuce refuses to betray his friend T J  At the hearing, it is revealed that Deuce never slept with any of the clients except for Kate  Since Deuce gave back the money to Kate and was not paid for sex with her, he is cleared of all charges 
Using the money he made, Deuce restores Antoine's fish tank, although due to time constraints, he is warned that the glass may not be installed properly  Unfortunately, Kate's blind roommate accidentally kills the prize fish in Antoine's aquarium when she starts the mixer in which the fish was being kept  Deuce buys a replacement fish and returns to Antoine's house just before he returns  Antoine taps the new aquarium and the glass shatters  Deuce then reveals his prostituting adventures to the furious Antoine  Enraged, Antoine tries to kill Deuce and at one point shoots a crossbow bolt at him  Fluisa shows up, comes between the two men, and saves Deuce's life (she is not killed because the bolt hits her breasts, between which she has hidden a roast chicken)  Antoine is then arrested by Detective Fowler and Deuce marries Kate 
The end sequences then follow  Deuce's father becomes a male prostitute  Fluisa underwent extensive liposuction and became a model in Victoria's Secret known as Naomi  Ruth opens up an all-girls school for people with Tourette's  Carol manages to fulfill her dream trip to France and dies falling off the Eiffel Tower  T J  starts his own reality show dedicated to his experiences as a male prostitute  An incarcerated Antoine marries Tina 

Cast
Production
Deuce Bigalow: Male Gigolo was the first film released by the Happy Madison Productions film production company  Adam Sandler served as the film's executive producer  Sandler also starred behind the scenes and can be heard yelling the infamous "Freak!' line and other various lines in the background 

Soundtrack
"Call Me" - Blondie
"Spill the Wine" - Eric Burdon and War
"You Sexy Thing" - Hot Chocolate
"Get Down Tonight" - KC and the Sunshine Band
"Let's Get It On" - Marvin Gaye
"I'm Not in Love" - 10cc
"Magnet and Steel" - Walter Egan
"No Worries" - Hepcat
"Can't Smile Without You" - Sean Beal
"Lift Me Up" - Jeff Lynne
"Call Me" - Emilia Maiello

Release
Box office
Deuce Bigalow: Male Gigolo opened theatrically on December 10, 1999 in 2,154 venues and earned $12,224,016 in its opening weekend, ranking third in the North American box office behind Toy Story 2's fourth weekend and fellow newcomer The Green Mile  The film ended its run, having grossed $65,538,755 in the United States and Canada, and $27,400,000 overseas for a worldwide total of $92,938,755  Based on a $17 million budget, the film was a box office success 

Critical reception
Deuce Bigalow: Male Gigolo received negative reviews from critics  On Rotten Tomatoes, it has an approval rating of 22% based on 76 reviews, with an average rating of 4 01/10  The site's consensus states: "According to critics, Deuce Bigalow is just too dumb and filled with old, tired gags " On Metacritic it has a score of 30 out of 100 based on reviews from 26 critics, indicating "generally unfavorable reviews"  Audiences surveyed by CinemaScore gave the film a grade B Roger Ebert of the Chicago Sun-Times gave the film one-and-a-half out of four stars, stating "It's the kind of picture those View n' Brew theaters were made for, as long as you don't View " Kendall Morgan from The Dallas Morning News writes in her review, "Deuce Bigalow: Male Gigolo makes There's Something About Mary look like Masterpiece Theatre "

Sequel
In 2005, a sequel, Deuce Bigalow: European Gigolo, was released by Sony Pictures Releasing 
Passage 9:
Rob (TV series)
Rob (stylized as ¡Rob!) is an American sitcom television series that premiered on CBS on January 12, 2012, at 8:30 pm (ET) as a mid-season replacement for Rules of Engagement, and ended on March 1, 2012  The series stars Rob Schneider alongside Cheech Marin, Claudia Bassols, Diana Maria Riva, Eugenio Derbez, Ricky Rico, and Lupe Ontiveros  The show was produced by Two and a Half Men's The Tannenbaum Company and CBS Productions 
On May 13, 2012, CBS canceled the series after one season 

Synopsis
The series follows Rob (Rob Schneider), a former lifelong bachelor and landscape architect with Obsessive Compulsive Disorder, who marries into a tight-knit Mexican American family and attempts to be closer to them, often ending in disastrous results despite his good intentions 

Cast and characters
Rob Schneider as Rob
Claudia Bassols as Maggie, Rob's much-younger wife
Cheech Marin as Fernando, Maggie's cynical father
Diana Maria Riva as Rosa, Maggie's wise cracking and sarcastic mother who sees through all of Fernando's ploys
Eugenio Derbez as Hector, Rosa's brother, Maggie's uncle, and the self-proclaimed "best friend" of Rob
Lupe Ontiveros as Abuelita, Fernando's mother and Maggie's grandmother

Production
The pilot first appeared on CBS's development slate in October 2010  On February 4, 2011, CBS placed a pilot order, written by Rob Schneider and Lew Morton, and directed by Jamie Widdoes  The series' executive producers were Schneider, Morton, and Kim and Eric Tannenbaum  The series then premiered January 12, 2012, and concluded on March 1, 2012, after eight episodes 

Episodes
U S  Nielsen ratings
International broadcast
In Canada, the series airs on Global and premiered on January 19, 2012, after The Office 

Reception
Reviews for Rob were generally unfavorable  Jace Lacob of The Daily Beast described it as CBS's "worst new show" and wrote of the first episode that "there isn’t a single Latin name among the writers or producers" and that it "offers a wafer-thin appreciation and awareness of Mexican culture, one that doesn’t go beyond guacamole and the occasional use of the Spanish endearment mija (my daughter) " Robert Bianco of USA Today wrote in his review that "Some of this barrage of stereotypes might be passable if even one character were intelligently written and skillfully played, but there's hardly a moment or performance in Rob that doesn't reek of the leftover and the second-rate" and that "Schneider's the only actor who even seems to be trying " In a more positive review, Glenn Garvin of The Miami Herald wrote in his review that the show is a "rather funny sitcom about the cultural collisions that occur every day in an increasingly blended America"  The show received a 28/100 rating on Metacritic 

Season ratings
Passage 10:
The Hot Chick
The Hot Chick is a 2002 American fantasy comedy film written and directed by Tom Brady, with additional writing by Rob Schneider  Schneider stars as Clive Maxtone, a middle-aged criminal who switches bodies with mean-spirited cheerleader Jessica Spencer, played by Rachel McAdams  Anna Faris stars as Jessica's best friend, April, and Matthew Lawrence plays Jessica's steady boyfriend  
Adam Sandler served as executive producer and has a small role in the film as the Mambuza Bongo Player, a character based on one played by Schneider in a Saturday Night Live sketch  Sisters Tia and Tamera Mowry and singers Ashlee Simpson, Angie Stone, and Michelle Branch also had small roles  Parts of the film were shot at Redondo Union High School and El Segundo High School  The film was a moderate box office success, but received negative reviews from critics who criticized the jokes and Schneider's performance 

Plot
In 50 BC, in an Abyssinian castle, the princess Nawa uses a pair of enchanted earrings to escape an arranged marriage by swapping bodies with a slave girl  When each woman wears one of the earrings, their bodies are magically swapped while their minds remain in place 
In her modern-day suburban home, Jessica Spencer is a beautiful but mean-spirited "hot chick"  Her closest friends are April, Keecia, and Lulu  April is Jessica's best friend, and all four girls are cheerleaders  At school one day, Jessica makes fun of an overweight girl named Hildenburg and a Wiccan girl named Eden  After that, she and her friends visit the local mall, where Jessica gets her rival Bianca into trouble and finds the earrings in an African-themed store  The earrings are not for sale, so Jessica steals them 
Shortly afterward, small-time criminal Clive Maxtone robs a nearby gas station  When Jessica and her friends stop there and mistake him for an employee, he services their car to avoid raising suspicion  She accidentally drops one of the earrings on the ground, the girls drive away, and Clive picks up the earring  That evening, in their respective homes, Jessica and Clive put on their earrings  When they wake up the next morning, each of them is trapped in the other's body  This is especially difficult for Jessica, who has a cheering competition and the school prom coming up soon 
After Jessica convinces her friends of who she is, they help her investigate the body swap  Hildenburg, Eden, and Bianca are all innocent, Hildenburg and Eden join Jessica after she apologizes to them, and Eden finds a picture of the earrings on the internet  When the girls return to the African store, the owner explains how the earrings work and tells the girls they must find the other earring soon or the change will become permanent 
Meanwhile, Jessica is hired for two jobs while secretly living with April  At her own home, where she works as a gardener, her parents tell her about their marital problems and she helps them rekindle their sex life  
At school, while cleaning the boys' locker room as a custodian, she spies on her boyfriend Billy, who truly loves her, and April's boyfriend Jake, who has been cheating on her  Faced with Jake's infidelity, April begins to fall in love with Jessica, who agrees to take her to the prom  
At the cheering competition, Jessica signals romantically to Billy while disguised as the school mascot, but when the head of her suit falls off, he becomes confused and leaves with Bianca  
Jessica goes to the prom with April and they kiss  Jake sees this and is so upset, he spills his drink on his date  April confesses to being in love with Jessica, who tells April she is perfect and doesn't need anybody  Jessica tries to win Billy back, telling Billy it's her in Clive's body, but he is so shocked and confused that he runs off  
During this time, Clive has been using Jessica's body to make money from men, including Billy, who gives him his money and car, believing he is Jessica  Clive then tries to run him over  On the evening of the prom, Hildenburg sees a video of Clive in Jessica's body robbing a man on the TV news, goes to the scene of the crime, and finds a business card for the club where Clive works as a pole dancer  She informs Jessica at the prom, and the girls go to the club  
When they find Clive, Jessica steals his earring and puts it on herself along with the other one  With both earrings now on the same person, Jessica's and Clive's bodies return to their original owners 
After Jessica makes up with Billy, the film ends with the school's graduation ceremony, followed by a scene in which Clive, running from the law and still dressed in lingerie and handcuffs, is picked up by a bartender who believes he is a homosexual  The bartender turns around slowly with a sinister smile on his face to look at Clive, and locks the doors  Clive screams in horror 

Cast
Wes Takahashi, former animator and visual effects supervisor for Industrial Light & Magic, makes a cameo appearance as a news reporter  Schneider's mother Pilar appears as a judge of the cheerleading contest 

Production
Filming took place at University High School in West Los Angeles  Speaking on the film, Schneider commented: "No man is a hundred-percent masculine and no woman is a hundred-percent feminine – we're all just somewhere on the scale there  So what I tried to do was just play it with an innocence and gentleness, and then find some physical keys to lock-in on "

Casting
Singers Ashlee Simpson and Michelle Branch each make their feature film debut with cameo roles 

Soundtrack
Release
The Hot Chick was originally rated R, but several scenes were edited out in order to receive the broader PG-13 rating  The R version was classified 12A in Britain, maintaining the same rating given to the PG-13 theatrical version 

Reception
Box office
The film opened at #5 at the U S  box office on the weekend of December 13–15, 2002, taking in US$7,401,146, averaging $3,338 across the 2,217 theatres where it was shown  It went on to earn a total worldwide gross of $54,639,553 

Critical response
The Hot Chick received negative reviews  On Rotten Tomatoes, the film had an approval rating of 21% based on reviews from 82 critics, with an average score of 3 90/10  The critical consensus read: "The Hot Chick's one-note concept gets stretched thin, and a lot of the jokes fall flat " On Metacritic, as of October 2020, the film had a score of 29 out 100 based on reviews from 22 critics, indicating "generally unfavorable reviews"  Audiences surveyed by CinemaScore gave the film a grade B+ on scale of A to F Roger Ebert and Richard Roeper gave the film two thumbs way down  Ebert gave the film half a star (out of a possible four), declaring, "The MPAA rates this PG-13  It is too vulgar for anyone under 13, and too dumb for anyone over 13 " Roeper panned the film saying "it's in color  And, it was mostly in focus "Dennis Harvey of Variety magazine wrote: "At best routinely assembled—at worst barely competent  The slapstick is labored, and the bigger setpieces flat "

Accolades
Rob Schneider was nominated for a Razzie Award for Worst Actor of the Decade for his performance in the film 

Home media
The Hot Chick was released May 13, 2003 on VHS and DVD  The DVD featured the deleted scenes that would have made the film an R, including an alternate ending 

See also
Freaky Friday  (1976)
Big (1988)
Body swaps in films



ground_truth: on the Cumberland Plain

prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: Sarah Price and Rob Schneider are both what profession? 

The following are given passages.
Context 4:  No date for consideration of the revised resolution has been set 

Geography
Topography
Traverse City is a part of the greater Northern Michigan region, located in the northwest of Michigan's Lower Peninsula  The city is the main inland port of Grand Traverse Bay, a long, natural harbor separated from the waters of Lake Michigan by the Leelanau Peninsula  The bay is divided into an East Arm and West Arm by the Old Mission Peninsula, a thin strip of rolling hills and farmland known for its cherry crop and viticulture industry  As Traverse City contains shores on both of Grand Traverse Bay's East and West Arms, one cannot access the Old Mission Peninsula without entering Traverse City 
The Boardman River is a prominent river bisecting Traverse City from south to north  It also snakes through Traverse City's downtown district, effectively forming a peninsula, and dividing it from the Grandview Parkway  The river terminates at the Grand Traverse Bay northeast of downtown Traverse City  The river's 287-square-mile (740 km2) watershed contributes one-third of the water volume to the bay and is one of Michigan's top-ten fisheries, with more than 36 miles (58 km) of its 179 miles (288 km) designated as a Blue Ribbon trout fishery  It is also a state-designated "Natural River"  As of 2023, only one of the five dams constructed on the Boardman River remains 
According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 8 66 square miles (22 43 km2), of which, 8 33 square miles (21 57 km2) of it is land and 0 33 square miles (0 85 km2) is water 
Traverse City is surrounded by a substantial suburban ring, especially within Garfield Township, to its southwest  Garfield Township is the largest municipality in Northern Michigan by population  Other adjacent townships, East Bay, Elmwood, and Peninsula, and nearby Blair and Long Lake townships, boast significant suburban populations dependent upon Traverse City 

Layout and cityscape
Traverse City, like most of Grand Traverse County and many other cities in the United States, is laid out in a grid plan  Major streets run east–west and north–south  
Traverse City's tallest building is the Park Place Hotel (at 10 stories), although recently, many proposals have been made to build taller buildings  One of these was the River West building, which was canceled in 2017 

Neighborhoods
Traverse City is divided into the following neighborhoods:
Base of the Peninsula (BOOM)
Boardman
Central Neighborhood
Downtown
East Bay
Fernwood
Grand Traverse Commons
Hilltop
Kids Creek
Morgan Farms
North Boardman Lake (NoBo)
Oak Park
Oakwood
Old Towne
Slabtown
Traverse Heights
Triangle Neighborhood

City parks
Traverse City is home to the following parks:

Superfund site
Traverse City has one superfund site, according to the Environmental Protection Agency  This is the Avenue E Groundwater Contamination Site  At this location, toxic runoff from the Coast Guard Air Station contaminated the groundwater along Avenue E 

Climate
Traverse City has a warm-summer continental climate (Köppen Dfb) close to being a hot-summer continental climate (Dfa) 
Its location near the 45th parallel is tempered by the strong and moderating effects of Lake Michigan and Grand Traverse Bay, which have a particularly noteworthy effect on the peninsulas that branch north of the city  As a result, they have viticulture and cherry orchards 
Consequently, it generally experiences warm, mild summers and severe winters  Lake Michigan especially, but also Grand Traverse Bay, greatly impact the area's diverse coastal weather patterns, which occasionally consist of sudden and/or large amounts of precipitation during the seasonally active periods  Lake-effect snowfall constitutes a large percentage of the total annual snow accumulation, which averages around 80 inches (203 cm)  Periods of snowfall typically last from November to April, although light snow as late as May or as early as late September sometimes occur 
Traverse City's record high temperature is 105 °F (41 °C), recorded in 1936, and its low temperature is −37 °F (−38 °C), recorded on February 17, 1979 

Demographics
2010 census
As of the census of 2010, there were 14,674 people, 6,675 households, and 3,369 families residing in the city  The population density was 1,761 6 inhabitants per square mile (680 2/km2)  There were 7,358 housing units at an average density of 883 3 per square mile (341 0/km2)  The racial makeup of the city was 94 4% White, 0 7% African American, 1 8% Native American, 0 7% Asian, 0 5% from other races, and 1 9% from two or more races  Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1 9% of the population 
There were 6,675 households, of which 22 3% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 35 6% were married couples living together, 10 9% had a female householder with no husband present, 4 0% had a male householder with no wife present, and 49 5% were non-families  38 4% of all households were made up of individuals, and 13 3% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older  The average household size was 2 08 and the average family size was 2 77 
The median age in the city was 40 8 years  18 2% of residents were under the age of 18; 10 3% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 26 7% were from 25 to 44; 28 3% were from 45 to 64; and 16 7% were 65 years of age or older  The gender makeup of the city was 47 4% male and 52 6% female 

2000 census
As of the census of 2000, there were 14,532 people, 6,443 households, and 3,485 families residing in the city  The population density was 1,728 7 inhabitants per square mile (667 5/km2)  There were 6,842 housing units at an average density of 813 9 per square mile (314 2/km2)  The racial makeup of the city was 96 00% White, 0 65% African American, 0 98% Native American, 0 50% Asian, 0 03% Pacific Islander, 0 48% from other races, and 1 36% from two or more races  Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1 67% of the population 
There were 6,443 households, out of which 24 5% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 39 7% were married couples living together, 11 2% had a female householder with no husband present, and 45 9% were non-families  35 9% of all households were made up of individuals, and 13 7% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older  The average household size was 2 15 and the average family size was 2 82 
In the city, the population was spread out, with 20 3% under the age of 18, 10 8% from 18 to 24, 29 6% from 25 to 44, 24 1% from 45 to 64, and 15 2% who were 65 years of age or older  The median age was 38 years  For every 100 females, there were 90 5 males  For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 87 2 males 
The median income for a household in the city was $37,330, and the median income for a family was $46,912  Males had a median income of $31,587 versus $22,512 for females  The per capita income for the city was $22,247  About 4 8% of families and 8 4% of the population were below the poverty line, including 7 2% of those under age 18 and 7 9% of those age 65 or over 

Religion
Traverse City is part of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Gaylord  It is part of the Episcopal Diocese of Western Michigan and served by Grace Episcopal Church 

Government
Traverse City is a home rule, charter city under the Home Rule Cities Act, incorporated on May 18, 1895  The city is governed by six commissioners and a mayor, elected at-large  Together they compose a seven-member legislative body  The commission appoints a city manager who serves as chief executive for city operations 
As of 2023, the city commission consists of Richard Lewis (mayor), Amy Shamroe (mayor pro tempore), and commissioners Linda Koebert, Mi Stanley, Mitchell Treadwell, Tim Werner, and Mike Wilson  The city clerk of Traverse City is Benjamin Marentette  The office of city manager has been vacant since April 11, 2023, upon the departure of Marty Colburn  Until a replacement is found, duties are held by interim city manager Nate Geinzer Traverse City's current mayor, Richard Lewis, was elected to office in 2021, running unopposed  Lewis previously served as Traverse City city manager, and interim city manager of Evart  Lewis identifies as a moderate Democrat Traverse City is located within Michigan's 1st congressional district, represented by Jack Bergman (R–Watersmeet)  As with the rest of Michigan, it is served by senators Debbie Stabenow and Gary Peters (both Democratic) in the United States Senate  It is represented in the Michigan House of Representatives by Betsy Coffia (D–Traverse City), and is a part of the 103rd district  It is also represented in the Michigan Senate by John Damoose (R–Harbor Springs) and is a part of the 37th senate district 

Education
Public schools
The public school district serving Traverse City is Traverse City Area Public Schools  This district includes 10 elementary schools serving grades Pre-K through 5, two middle schools serving grades 6 through 8, and two high schools serving grades 9 through 12: Traverse City Central and Traverse City West  In addition, the district includes an alternative high school (Traverse City High School) and a montessori elementary school 
Traverse City offers a handful of charter schools, including the Woodland School, the Old Mission Peninsula School, and Grand Traverse Academy Vocational career training is offered to high school students within the Traverse Bay Area Intermediate School District at the TBAISD Career Tech Center (CTC), located within just outside Traverse City  Students are bussed to and from their respective high schools to the Career Tech Center daily, and are eligible to receive credit for each  Courses include:
Agriscience
Arts & Communication
Business Management, Marketing & Technology
Engineering/Manufacturing & Industrial Technology
Health Services
Human Services

Private schools
Traverse City offers a number of private schools Just outside Traverse City sits the Children's House, an independent montessori school  The Pathfinder School is another independent school near Greilickville 

Religious schools
Traverse City contains a number of private religious schools
The Grand Traverse Area Catholic Schools district (GTACS) offers students of the area a catholic education, with high school students attending St  Francis High School  Another school is the Traverse City Christian School, offering non-denominational Christian education to Traverse City students  The Trinity Lutheran School offers a lutheran education to K-8 students in Traverse City  Other smaller religious schools include the Traverse Bay Mennonite School and the Traverse City Adventist School 

Higher education
Traverse City is home to Northwestern Michigan College, a two-year community college  Its annual enrollment is around 5,100  One of its campuses is at the Cherry Capital Airport, and offers aviation and auto service classes  Another campus is at the Hagerty Center on Grand Traverse Bay, which is home to Great Lakes Maritime Academy, Great Lakes Culinary Institute, Great Lakes Water Studies Institute, and the Hagerty Conference Center 

Libraries
Traverse City is served by the Traverse Area District Library, which has six branch libraries in Grand Traverse County 

Media
Print
The Traverse City Record-Eagle is one of northwest lower Michigan's daily newspapers  It is circulated in the 13 counties surrounding the city  In December 2006 it was sold by Ottaway Newspapers Inc , the community newspaper subsidiary of Dow Jones & Company to Community Newspaper Holdings, Inc  (CNHI)  It is the newspaper of record for Grand Traverse County  Daily editions of the Detroit Free Press, The Detroit News, and The Grand Rapids Press also are available on news stands throughout the region  Other local publications have included Traverse (a monthly regional magazine), NM3 Magazine (a local lifestyle and entertainment publication, no longer published), Grand Traverse Insider (a local weekly community newspaper), Northern Express Weekly, Traverse City Business News, Edible Grande Traverse magazine dedicated to the food, farms and chefs of the area, and Grand Traverse Woman Magazine 
At least seven national magazines were published in Traverse City, including Thirdeye Magazine  Village Press is based in Traverse City; it publishes the Home Shop Machinist, Live Steam and Outdoor Railroading, Machinists' Workshop, Just Labs, Pointing Dog Journal, Retriever Journal and Twin and Turbine magazines 
Traverse City is also the home of Arbutus Press, one of the leading Michigan publishers for regional non-fiction  The company has published many books including four books selected by the Library of Michigan as Michigan Notable Books: Historic Cottages of Mackinac Island (awarded in 2002), Asylum for the Insane: History of Kalamazoo State Hospital (awarded in 2009), Vintage Views Along the West Michigan Pike (awarded in 2012), and Fishtown (awarded in 2013) 

Television
Traverse City is the largest city in the Traverse City–Cadillac–Sault Ste  Marie designated market area, the largest television market in area east of the Mississippi River  Accordingly, most stations in this region are broadcast simultaneously on widely spaced transmitters on separate channels, with no difference in their feeds besides FCC-mandated station identification 
Traverse City has two television stations licensed directly to the city:

Channel 7: WPBN-TV "TV 7&4" (NBC) (simulcast on channel 4, Cheboygan)
Channel 29: WGTU "ABC 29&8" (ABC) (simulcast on channel 8, Goetzville)Additionally, WFQX operates a CW Plus station on its second digital subchannel and Northern Michigan cable television systems, branded as “The CW Northern Michigan; prior to 2018 the station was owned by WGTU and was broadcast on their second digital subchannel 
Stations licensed to nearby Cadillac are considered local to Traverse City:

Channel 9: WWTV "9&10 News" (CBS) (simulcast on channel 10, Raber Township, Michigan in the eastern Upper Peninsula)
Channel 27: WCMV (PBS)
Channel 32: WFQX-TV "Local 32" (Fox) (simulcast on channel 45, Vanderbilt)Fox's sister network, MyNetworkTV, did not have an affiliate in the market when it launched back in September 2006  This changed in 2008 when WLLZ-LP channel 12 (now WXII-LD) added the network 
Cable television service is provided within Traverse City and many outlying communities by Charter Spectrum  Public-access television cable TV programming is provided on channel 189 

Radio
Traverse City is the home of Northern Michigan talk radio station WTCM News/Talk 580 AM  Other talk stations available in the Traverse City area include WJML, WMKT, WSRT, and WLDR  AM 1310 ESPN Radio (operated by WCCW) broadcasts national ESPN content along with Detroit Pistons, Tigers, Red Wings and Lions games  MSU Football and Basketball can also be heard on 1310 
There are 16  commercial radio stations in a variety of radio formats  WKLT-97 5/98 9-FM is the area's longest serving rock station, known for its show Lunch at the Leetsville Cafe with Terri Ray, and the iconic Giant Red Radio party trailer  WNMC 90 7 FM is a community public radio station that is committed to a wide variety of musical genres and local events, with a broadcast focus on jazz, blues, and world music 
Traverse City has three religious radio stations: W201CM (a translator at 88 1) and WLJN AM/FM 89 9 FM and 1400 AM  In 2014 WLJN added another frequency at 95 9 playing contemporary Christian music 24 hours a day 
Interlochen Center for the Arts broadcasts the NPR member station dubbed Interlochen Public Radio  It serves a large portion of Northwest Lower Michigan via two stations:
88 7 is music and 91 5 is talk 
WLDR was for 10 years Sunny Country 101 9 until October 22, 2014, when the station switched back to an adult contemporary format  The station went on the air in 1966 with owner Roderick Maxson serving the Grand Traverse area and surrounding counties  They were the first to broadcast in HD radio in Michigan  They have been the sponsor for several major events in Traverse City, including The Beach Bum Games, Horses by the Bay, the Make-A-Wish Motorcycle Tour, and the Traverse City Easter Egg Hunt 

Culture
Most of Traverse City's economy is based on tourism  As part of the 2011 tourism advertising campaign the Traverse City Visitors Bureau, Traverse City Cherry Capital Airport and local businesses sponsored a video to be played on all Delta flights to and from Cherry Capital Airport in the month of June 2011  The National Cherry Festival, usually in the first week of July, tends to host hundreds of thousands of tourists and locals to the area at the end of July  It has become a focal point within the craft brewing trend  In November Beer Week is celebrated, with tours of breweries including samplings of craft brews, dinners and workshops The National Cherry Festival, held during the first full week of July every year, is a draw for tourists to Traverse City  The festival features parades, fireworks, an air show, election of festival royalty, live music, a pie-eating contest and cherries  It is estimated that the Grand Traverse region produces up to 360,000,000 pounds (163,000,000 kg) of cherries annually  The largest variety of cherry produced locally is the Montmorency cherry, or the "pie cherry"  Other cherries grown in the region include the Ulster, or sweet cherry, and the Balaton (from Lake Balaton in Hungary), a cherry situated between the Montmorency and Ulster in terms of color and taste 
The Traverse City Film Festival, held at the end of July and beginning of August every year from 2005 to 2019, was another draw for tourists and film buffs to Traverse City  The festival was started by Michael Moore, Doug Stanton and John Robert Williams as a way to bring more culture into the area via cinema 
The locale and topography is conducive for road bicycling, aided by the TART trail system  A map with routes, different trips, advice and local knowledge is available  Lake Michigan presents a location for sailing, fishing, and kayaking The Traverse City State Park, with about 250 campsites, is located three miles (4 8 km) east of downtown on 47 acres (19 ha) including a quarter mile beach on the East Bay arm of Grand Traverse Bay 
The Boardman River Nature Center is the interpretive center and management headquarters for the Grand Traverse Natural Education Reserve, a 505-acre local park and natural area 

The sandy soil is conducive to viticulture, and there are over 50 wineries in the Traverse City area  Most offer free wine tasting  Traverse City is located at the base of the Old Mission Peninsula wine region 

Performing arts and exhibits
The City Opera House, located in downtown Traverse City features plays, movies, and other performances 
The Traverse Symphony Orchestra (TSO), founded in 1952 by community leader Elnora Milliken as the Northwestern Michigan Symphony Orchestra, has grown from a small group of volunteer musicians to a paid professional orchestra of 60 contracted members  There was a connection over the years with Interlochen Center for the Arts, providing a core of musicians and conductors from among faculty and students  Until 1985 it was known as the Northwestern Michigan Symphony Orchestra The Dennos Museum Center, located on the campus of Northwestern Michigan College, is home to a collection of Inuit art including sculpture, drawing and prints  The center is also home to an interactive gallery, as well as various ongoing exhibitions in their large exhibition space  The museum expanded in 2017 and added two new wings of galleries to display art from its permanent collection (both of Inuit art and non-Inuit art) 

Historical markers
There are eleven recognized Michigan historical markers in the Traverse City area  They are:

Bingham District No  5 Schoolhouse
City Opera House
Congregation Beth El
Grand Traverse Bay
Grand Traverse County Courthouse
Great Lakes Sport Fishery
Ladies Library Association
Novotny's Saloon
Park Place Hotel
Perry Hannah House
Traverse City State Hospital

Viticulture
Traverse City was named by USA Today among the Top Ten Places for Local Wine  There are nine wineries on the Old Mission Peninsula and 21 wineries on the Leelanau Peninsula, both just a few minutes drive from downtown Traverse City  Both peninsulas sit close to the 45th parallel, a latitude known for growing grapes  The two arms of Grand Traverse Bay provide a maritime climate  Northern Michigan specializes in growing white grapes and is known for its Rieslings which grow well in the summer months and late fall which Traverse City is known for  Every October the wineries host a harvest fest  Some Riesling grapes are spared being picked in the fall to be picked when they freeze, from which ice wine is made  The wineries along the Old Mission Peninsula are Black Star Farms, 2 Lads Winery, Bowers Harbor Vineyards, Brys Estate Vineyard & Winery, Chateau Chantal Winery And Inn, Chateau Grand Traverse, Bonobo Winery, Mari Vineyards, and Peninsula Cellars  The wineries along the Leelanau Peninsula are Black Star Farms, Leelenau Cellars, Silver Leaf Vineyard and Winery, Gill's Pier Vineyard and Winery, Raftshol Vineyards, Circa Estate Winery, Forty-Five North Vineyard and Winery, Good Harbor Vineyards, Chateau Fontaine, Boskydel Vineyards, L  Mawby Vineyards, Ciccone Vineyard and Winery, Willow Vineyards, Chateau de Leelanau Vineyard and Winery, Shady Lane Cellars, Cherry Republic Winery, Longview Winery, Boathouse Winery, Verterra, Brengman Brothers, Bel Lago Winery, and Rove Estate Vineyard and Winery 

Sports
Traverse City is home to many public sporting facilities  These include the Grand Traverse County Civic Center, which is a large sports complex in the heart of the city, housing seven baseball/softball fields, a skatepark, a mile-long walk trail, an amphitheater, sledding hill, pavilion, playground, an indoor pool, and an indoor hockey rink  Other complexes include the Grand Traverse Bay YMCA, four complexes that offer public swimming, soccer, and tennis  The Huntington Rink indoor arena is used primarily for ice hockey, and is the home of the Traverse City North Stars hockey team  Many of the city parks in Traverse City also offer volleyball, soccer, and basketball 

During their annual offseason, the Detroit Red Wings of the National Hockey League hold their training camp at Traverse City's Centre Ice Arena  In addition to training camp every September, the Red Wings host an NHL Prospect Tournament, consisting of prospects of participating teams around the league  In 2021, the Traverse City Prospect Tournament consisted of players from the Detroit Red Wings, Toronto Maple Leafs, Columbus Blue Jackets, Dallas Stars, and St  Louis Blues  The Red Wings' influence in Traverse City goes beyond training camp, however; multiple former Red Wings have lived in Traverse City, including Dallas Drake and the legendary Gordie Howe  For this reason, Traverse City is often referred to as Hockeytown North, in reference to Detroit's popular nickname, Hockeytown 

Economy
Traverse City is home to a number of local businesses including Hagerty Insurance Agency and Munson Medical Center  There is a significant manufacturing presence, as well  In recent years, the city has developed a growing technology industry, with numerous tech start-ups, a startup incubator, podcasts, and breweries  Traverse City and its micropolitan area are known for their small business, which bring in a multitude of people during the summer months 

Traverse City's central business district is located along Front Street downtown  Another major shopping district is on US 31 southwest of town, where several big box stores are located, as well as a shopping malls, the Grand Traverse Mall, anchored by Target, JCPenney, Macy's  The Buffalo Ridge Shopping Center is also on US 31 about a mile northwest of the Grand Traverse Mall  Another mall, the Cherryland Center, is located on Garfield Avenue on the south end of town; this mall features Big Lots  Two Meijer stores, one Walmart, one Sam's Club, one Costco, one Target, one Menards, and a multitude of local grocery store chains offer grocery and other options to big-box shopping 

Transportation
Airports
With a new terminal completed in 2004, Cherry Capital Airport provides regularly scheduled passenger airline service to Chicago and Detroit, with seasonal flights to Dallas-Fort Worth, Minneapolis-Saint Paul, Atlanta, New York City, Denver, Boston, Mesa, Ponte Vedra, St  Petersburg, Orlando, and Newark  It is the fourth largest airport in Michigan  Around the area, there are smaller nearby paved and unpaved airports 

Ships and boats
Adjacent to the airport is Coast Guard Air Station Traverse City, responsible for both maritime and land-based search and rescue operations in the northern Great Lakes region  On April 7, 2010, the USCG designated Traverse City a Coast Guard City  Traverse City is the second city in Michigan and tenth in the country to receive this honor 
Located in the harbor of the Great Lakes Maritime Academy is the T/S State of Michigan, a 224-foot (68 m) former Navy submarine surveillance vessel  The vessel is used as a classroom and laboratory while cadets of the academy are underway and shore side 
A tall ship, the schooner Manitou is berthed at Traverse City, and offers passages to the public 
Near Traverse City, there are two other tall ships, the schooner Madeline and the 55-foot-long (17 m) replica of the sloop Welcome, an 18th-century British warship sloop, which was built for the 1976 Bicentennial of the American Revolution  They are the only two boats recognized by the State of Michigan for their historic significance  From May through October, trained volunteers conduct tours (when in port), and give a history of the boats and Great Lakes sailing  The Madeline is berthed at Elmwood Township "Coal Dock" (Heritage Harbor), West Bayshore, just south of the Elmwood Township Marina Both are maintained by the Maritime Heritage Alliance 
The Nauti-Cat, a 43-passenger catamaran books passages on Grand Traverse bay  The Nauti-Cat is the largest commercial sailing catamaran on the Great Lakes at 47 feet (14 m) long, 29 feet (8 8 m) wide and has a 63-foot (19 m) mast  They offer cruises seven days a week, four times a day 

Buses
The area is served by Indian Trails Bus service, an intercity bus system that connects to St  Ignace to the north and to Grand Rapids and Kalamazoo to the south  The bus station is located at 107 Hall Street with connection to the BATA transfer station 
Traverse City also has a public transportation system, the Bay Area Transportation Authority (BATA) which serves most of the Grand Traverse and Leelanau region  With link services and a fixed route bus service, called the Loops, serves Traverse City and the urbanized areas of Garfield Township  BATA put into service its first hybrid bus in December 2005  BATA's downtown bus transfer terminal on Hall Street opened July 21, 2006  The terminal is used to transfer riders to different buses on different routes 

Major highways
US 31 is a major north–south highway, and serves as the primary thoroughfare through Traverse City  US 31 enters Michigan from Indiana, and runs through communities such as Benton Harbor, Holland, Grand Haven, Muskegon, Ludington, Manistee, Charlevoix, and Petoskey  Throughout its route, US 31 parallels the coast of Lake Michigan 
 M-22 is a scenic highway that parallels the shore of Grand Traverse Bay and Lake Michigan  The highway begins at an intersection in Traverse City, and runs north through Greilickville and Suttons Bay, before turning back south along Lake Michigan, through communities such as Leland, Glen Arbor, Empire, Frankfort, and Onekama, before ending at US 31 near Manistee 
 M-37 is a north–south highway  Largely following the route of US 31 in Traverse City, M-37 exits to the north, running about 18 miles (29 km) up the Old Mission Peninsula before terminating at a cul-de-sac near the Mission Point Lighthouse  South of Traverse City, M-37 runs through communities such as Mesick, Baldwin, Grand Rapids, Hastings, and Battle Creek 
 M-72 is an east–west highway that traverses the width of the Lower Peninsula  Beginning at M-22 in Empire, M-72 follows the Grandview Parkway in Traverse City, and continues east toward communities such as Kalkaska, Grayling, Mio, and Harrisville on Lake Huron 

Railroads
The Great Lakes Central Railroad (GLCR) provides freight rail service to the Traverse City area on track owned by the state of Michigan  The tracks were once owned by the Chesapeake and Ohio Railway (ex-Pere Marquette Railway) and the Pennsylvania Railroad (ex-Grand Rapids and Indiana Railroad) but were purchased by the state in the late 1970s and early 1980s to preserve rail service in the area  Current freight traffic includes fruit/perishables, scrap metal, and lumber 
On February 20, 1982, the Chesapeake and Ohio Railway stopped using the line after the last long train serve Traverse City  Then the railroad was dismantled next year from Manistee to Grawn and from Williamsburg to Charlevoix Since then, excursion passengers trains have operated in and out of Traverse City on an irregular basis  Recently, Lake Central Rail Tours has operated a summer excursion during the Cherry Festival until 2008  On May 11, 1996, the Grand Traverse Dinner Train began year round service from the Traverse City depot to Williamsburg and to Walton Junction  Dinner train service was suspended in 2004 after a contract dispute with the Tuscola and Saginaw Bay Railway and additional difficulties  The train itself was removed to Owosso in mid-July 2006  However, in 2015 a study was started by the Michigan Department of Transportation, and passenger rail is gaining interest 

Sister city
Traverse City has one sister city:
 Tsuchiyama (Koka), Shiga (Japan) 

Notable people
See also
Cherry production in Michigan
Former Traverse City State Hospital, historical Kirkbride Building
Munson Medical Center, regional medical referral center serving patients from 32 counties in Northern Michigan and the Upper Peninsula
Watershed Center Grand Traverse Bay

Notes



ground_truth: director