prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: In what event was Harold Davis a former record holder, but now is held by Usain Bolt?

The following are given passages.
Context 1: Passage 1:
Jerry Schumacher
Jerry Schumacher is an American coach for the University of Oregon track and field and cross country program, specializing in distance running  He has coached Olympic silver medalist and the former American women's 10k record holder Shalane Flanagan, former Canadian 10k record holder Simon Bairu, the former men's American 10k record holder Chris Solinsky, the men's American two mile record holder Matt Tegenkamp, and the women's NCAA 10k record holder Lisa Koll  Prior to 2008 he was the head coach of the University of Wisconsin–Madison track and field team During his college years at the University of Wisconsin, Schumacher specialized in the 1500m, an event in which he would become an All-American and set a personal best of 3:39 
After a brief period of post-collegiate running, Schumacher quickly transitioned into coaching, accepting a job as an assistant coach at the University of North Carolina 
The Head Men's Distance Coaching job at Wisconsin opened up, and it was an easy decision to move back to his home state and coach the Badgers  Over the next 9 years, Schumacher established Wisconsin as one of the premier distance schools in the country by bringing in top-level recruits and slowly developing his athletes 
He is now the coach of the Bowerman Track Club, a running club based in Portland, Oregon which has produced 28 Olympians during his tenure  In July 2022, the University of Oregon announced the hire of Schumacher as head Cross Country and Track and Field Coach, replacing Robert Johnson Schumacher is the father of 4 children 
Passage 2:
Ato Boldon
Ato Jabari Boldon  (born 30 December 1973) is a Trinidadian former track and field athlete, politician, and four-time Olympic medal winner  He holds the Trinidad and Tobago national record in the 50, 60 and 200 metres events with times of 5 64, 6 49 and 19 77 seconds respectively, and also the Commonwealth Games record in the 100 m  He also held the 100m national record at 9 86s, having run it four times until Richard Thompson ran 9 85s on 13 August 2011 
After retiring from his track career, Boldon was an Opposition Senator in the Trinidad and Tobago Parliament, representing the United National Congress from 2006–2007  Boldon works as an NBC Sports television broadcast analyst for track and field 

Career
Early life and junior career
Boldon was born in Port of Spain, Trinidad and Tobago to a Jamaican mother, and Trinidadian father, Hope and Guy Boldon  He attended Fatima College (Secondary School) in Trinidad before leaving for the United States at age fourteen  In December 1989, as a soccer player at Jamaica High School in Queens, New York City, head track and field coach Joe Trupiano noticed his sprinting abilities during a soccer practice session In his first track season at age 16, Boldon finished with 21 20 seconds in the 200 metres and 48 40 seconds in the 400 metres, recording a double win at the Queens County Championships in 1990, and earning MVP honours  After transferring for his final year from Jamaica High to Piedmont Hills High School in San Jose, California, Boldon was selected to the San Jose Mercury News' Santa Clara all-county soccer team  He also continued to sprint, placing third in the 200 m at the CIF California State Meet in 1991  Athletics became his primary focus and he won the Junior Olympic Title that summer in Durham, North Carolina, in 200 m 
At 18, Boldon represented Trinidad and Tobago at 100 metres and 200 m in the 1992 Summer Olympics in Barcelona but did not qualify in the first round of either event  Boldon returned to the junior circuit, winning the 100 m and 200 m titles at the IAAF World Junior Championships in Athletics in Seoul, South Korea to become the first double sprint champion in World Junior Championships history 
Boldon was also an NCAA Champion while enrolled as a sociology major at the University of California at Los Angeles (UCLA) in 1995 in the 200 m  In 1996, he secured an NCAA 100 m Championship in Eugene, Oregon in the final race of his collegiate career, setting an NCAA meet record of 9 92  Boldon also held the collegiate 100 m record with 9 90 s from 1996 until it was broken by Travis Padgett, who ran 9 89s, in 2008  Ngonidzashe Makusha later equalled this record at the 2011 NCAA Championships in Des Moines, Iowa

Senior athletics
Boldon won his first international senior-level medal at the 1995 World Championships, taking home the bronze in the 100 m  At the time, he was the youngest athlete ever at 21 years of age to win a medal in that event  The following year at the 1996 Summer Olympics, he again placed third in the 100 m and 200 m events, both behind world records  In 1997, he won the 200 m at the World Championships in Athens, Greece; his country's first world title in the Athletics World Championships  This made him one of only a few male sprinters to win both a World Junior and World Senior title 
The following year saw Boldon reaching the peak of his career, setting a new personal best and national record of 9 86 s in the 100 m at the Mt  SAC Relays in Walnut, California on 19 April and repeating the feat in Athens on 17 June  He picked up gold in the 100 m at the 1998 Commonwealth Games held in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, setting a record time of 9 88 s, beating Namibia's Frankie Fredericks (9 96 s) and Barbados' Obadele Thompson (10 00 s)  The Commonwealth Games 100 m record remains unbroken In 1999, Boldon ran 9 86 s twice in the 100 m before sustaining a serious hamstring injury which forced him to miss the World Championships in Seville – the only Championship he missed in his career due to injury 
A silver medal in the 100 m and a bronze in the 200 m were Boldon's results of the 2000 Summer Olympics, which was a personal victory, considering his comeback from a career-threatening injury the year before  This win made him the most successful individual Olympic medallist from Trinidad and Tobago with four Olympic medals 
In 2001, Boldon tested positive at an early-season relay meet for the stimulant ephedrine, and was given a warning, but was not suspended or sanctioned, since ephedrine is a substance found in many over the counter remedies, and Boldon had been treating a cold  "It is in no way something where the blame is laid on the athlete," said IAAF General Secretary István Gyulai of the positive result 
Also in 2001, at the World Championships in Edmonton, Alberta, Canada, Boldon finished fourth and out of the medals in the 100 m with 9 98 s, and then ran the second leg of his country's 4 x 100-metre relay, finishing third in the finals  This was Trinidad and Tobago's first 4 x 100 m relay medal in either World or Olympic competition and Boldon states that making national history with this team of young men (the average age of his teammates was 19) was his greatest accomplishment in his career  The colours of his 2001 World Championship medals would change in 2005 as both his placings were improved – he received bronze in the 100 m and the bronze relay medals were upgraded to silver after all the times and performances of the American sprinter Tim Montgomery (who was second in the 100 m and won the 4 x 100 m with the US team) were nullified due to serious doping violations  That brought Boldon's career total to four World Championship medals, to match his four Olympic medals 
Boldon was seriously injured in a head-on crash with a drunk driver in Barataria, Trinidad and Tobago, in July 2002, and never again ran sub-ten seconds in the 100 m or sub-twenty seconds for 200 m, something he had done on 37 separate occasions prior to 2002  In 2006, a judge in Trinidad found that Boldon was not at fault in that accident, and he was paid substantial damages as a result  That accident left Boldon with a serious hip injury, and he was a shadow of his former self as a sprinter  In 2004 at the Athens Olympic Games, he failed to advance out of the first round of the 100 m heats but captained his country's 4 x 100 m relay team to their first-ever Olympic final, where they finished seventh 
Boldon is the eighth person to win a medal for Trinidad and Tobago at the Olympics and currently has the third most wind-legal sub-10 second 100 m performances in history with 28, behind former training partner Maurice Greene, who has 52, and Jamaica's former 100 m World Record holder Asafa Powell, who leads with 97 
On 20 April 2008 The Observer published the contents of a letter believed to be by Boldon to John Smith, his former coach, accusing Smith, Maurice Greene of betraying him by obtaining banned drugs without his knowledge, lying about Greene competing without drugs and damaging his own career  But for a quote on the matter to HellenicAthletes com, a website he wrote for at the time, Boldon has had no further official comment 

Broadcasting
At the 1999 World Championships in Seville, Spain, Boldon could not compete due to a serious injury  The British Broadcasting Corporation hired him to do commentary and analysis for their coverage of those Championships  He proved popular with the audience and was invited back as a track-side analyst for the BBC coverage of the U S  Olympic Track and Field Trials in 2000, from Sacramento, California 
From 2005 to 2009, Boldon was in the broadcast booth for the U S  Television network CBS as part of their commentary team for the NCAA Outdoor Track and Field Championships  In June 2007, he made his debut for NBC Sports as an analyst for the 2007 U S  National Championships, and he also was an integral part of Versus and NBC's coverage of 2007 Osaka World Championships  In 2008, he was the sprint analyst at the US Olympic Track and Field Trials and the 2008 Summer Olympics for NBC Sports  Boldon was widely praised for his NBC work by the press, including the Los Angeles Times, USA Today and The New York Times which called him "one of NBC's best analysts, a blend of athletic smarts, charisma, precise analysis and brashness " In 2010, Boldon joined the only U S  track and field broadcast team he had not previously been a regular part of, ESPN, after the departure of their long-time analyst, Larry Rawson  In 2012, he continued his role as the NBC track and field analyst for the 2012 Summer Olympics  In 2013, for his 2012 London Olympic commentary, Boldon became the first and only track and field broadcaster in US history to be nominated for a Sports Emmy Award  He was nominated in the category of Outstanding Sports Personality, Sports Event Analyst  Cris Collinsworth, his friend and colleague from NBC Sports' Sunday Night Football, eventually won the Emmy, his fifth win in a row  Alongside Tom Feuer, Boldon has served as a game analyst for Track & Field events for the Pac-12 NetworkIn 2017, Boldon joined NASCAR on NBC's broadcast as a features contributor 

Politics
Boldon was sworn in on 14 February 2006 as a Senator representing the Opposition United National Congress following the resignation of former Senator Roy Augustus, who resigned on 13 February in a dispute over the leadership style of then Leader of the Opposition Basdeo Panday  Boldon resigned on 11 April 2007 after 14 months as a senator, also citing issues with Panday's leadership ability 

Media
In 2006, Boldon wrote, produced and directed a 73-minute DVD film entitled Once in a Lifetime: Boldon in Bahrain which documented his voyage with fellow fans and Trinidad and Tobago nationals to the Kingdom of Bahrain, where the country's soccer team, the Soca Warriors, defeated Bahrain 1–0 in a playoff to become the smallest country ever to qualify for the FIFA World Cup, qualifying to play at the Germany 2006 tournament 

Coaching
Boldon began coaching Khalifa St  Fort around 2012 and helped her improve her 100 m from 12 3 to 11 5 seconds after one month  St  Fort won the silver medal at the 2015 World Youth Championships in Athletics and a bronze in the relay at the 2015 World Championships in Athletics 

Personal life
Boldon married entertainment executive/manager Cassandra Mills in 1998 after a three-year courtship  Boldon and Mills divorced in 2007  They had no children together  He has one daughter from a previous relationship  He had a daughter with news anchor Neki Mohan in 2007  They split up in 2018  He resides in Florida  Boldon also holds U S  citizenship In 2000, Boldon was made a sports ambassador by the Republic of Trinidad and Tobago and given a diplomatic passport  He is widely viewed as one of the all-time leading sportsmen in the history of the Caribbean, as well as one of its most internationally recognizable spokesmen  When Trinidad and Tobago hosted the 2001 FIFA U-17 World Championship in association football, one of the new stadiums constructed for the tournament was located in Couva and named Ato Boldon Stadium  The only other island sprinter to have a stadium named after him is 1976 Olympic champion Hasely Crawford (Hasley Crawford Stadium located in the capital Port of Spain) 
Boldon is a qualified pilot, having earned his private pilot's license in August 2005  He is a member of the AOPA, Aircraft Owners and Pilot's Association 

Achievements
On 4 November 2011, Boldon was inducted into the UCLA Athletics Hall of Fame 

Competition record
Personal bests
All information taken from IAAF profile 
Passage 3:
Richard Thompson (sprinter)
Richard "Torpedo" Thompson (born 7 June 1985) is a sprinter from Trinidad and Tobago who specializes in the 100 metres  His personal best of 9 82 seconds, set in June 2014, was one of the top ten fastest of all time, and a national record  In the 200 meters he has the fourth fastest time by a Trinidad and Tobago athlete Thompson studied at Louisiana State University (LSU) and broke the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) indoor 60 metres record in 2008, his final season of collegiate athletics At the 2008 Beijing Olympics, Thompson was the silver medalist in the 100 meters, running a then personal best of 9 89 seconds, and the gold medalist in the 4x100 meters relay along with Emmanuel Callender, Keston Bledman and Marc Burns  He also won the silver medal in the 4x100 meters at the 2012 Olympics with the same team he competed in the 2008 Olympics with  Also in the 2012 Olympics, he finished 6th following the disqualification of Tyson Gay in the final of the 100 meters  Thompson is a five time Trinidad and Tobago national champion  His current personal best of 9 82 was set at the 2014 Trinidad and Tobago national championships In 2017, fellow sprinter and 2008 Olympic Games men's relay gold medalist Nesta Carter was sanctioned by the International Olympic Committee for doping at the 2008 event, retroactively awarding the Trinidad and Tobago team which included Thompson Olympic Gold 

Early life
Born on 7 June 1985 in Cascade, Port of Spain, Thompson is the last of four children of Ruthven and Judith Thompson  He attended Queen's Royal College in Port of Spain where he was coached by Ashwin Creed  He competed at the 2004 Hampton Games running a time of 10 65 in the 100 meters 

Amateur career
He ran for Louisiana State University as a member of the LSU Tigers track and field team and set NCAA Indoor record in the 60 metres in 2008   That year he won the NCAA Men's Outdoor Track Athlete of the Year Award and the SEC Men's Outdoor Track Athlete of the Year award 

Professional career
In his first World Championships in Athletics in Osaka in 2007, Thompson reached the second round but finished eighth in a time of 10 44 seconds  His personal best time is 9 89 seconds, achieved in August 2008 in Beijing, China, during the Olympic 100 m final where he won silver  Thompson's personal best for the 200 metres is 20 18 s which ran in Fayetteville for LSU  His 60 metres best is 6 51 s, achieved in March 2008 in Fayetteville  He won the relay gold medal at the 2008 Central American and Caribbean Championships with Trinidad and Tobago 
In the 2008 Summer Olympics he competed in the 100 m sprint and placed first in his heat ahead of Martial Mbandjock with a time of 10 24 s  He qualified for the second round, beating Tyson Gay and Mbandjock, with a winning time of 9 99 s  He qualified in the semi-finals with a time of 9 93 s, finishing second to Asafa Powell  In the final he finished in second place; he was far behind winner Usain Bolt (9 69 s) but his time of 9 89 s was enough to win the silver medal and set a new personal best  His new best time made him the second fastest Trinidadian 100 m sprinter ever, after Ato Boldon Together with Keston Bledman, Aaron Armstrong and Marc Burns he also competed at the 4 x 100 metres relay  In their qualification heat they placed first in front of Japan, the Netherlands and Brazil  Their time of 38 26 s was the fastest of all sixteen teams participating in the first round and they qualified for the final  Armstrong was replaced by Emmanuel Callender for the final race and they sprinted to a time of 38 06 s, the second time after the Jamaican team, winning the silver medal  In 2022, Thompson and his teammates received the gold medal due to Jamaica's Nesta Carter testing positive for the prohibited substance methylhexaneamine Thompson was involved in a car accident on 1 January 2009, resulting in minor injuries which caused him to miss the indoor athletics season  He competed at the 2009 World Championships in Athletics and reached the 100 m final, finishing in fifth place with a season's best of 9 93 seconds in fastest ever race at that point in time  He teamed up with fellow finalist Marc Burns for the relay and ran a national record time of 37 62 seconds to finish as runners-up behind the Jamaican team He achieved a 100/200 m double at the 2010 national championships  His season was highlighted by a win on the 2010 IAAF Diamond League circuit, taking the 100 m at the Prefontaine Classic with a wind-assisted time of 9 89 seconds  In August Thompson broke the national record with a run of 9 85 s at the 2011 national championships  The achievement, which ranked him ninth fastest in all-time lists, eclipsed Ato Boldon's record by 0 01 seconds  Despite this form, he failed to make the 100 m final at the 2011 World Championships in Athletics, being eliminated in the semis, although he did anchor the relay team to fifth place in the final 
At the 2012 national championships he had his win streak beaten by Keston Bledman and had to settle for second with his time of 9 96 seconds In the 2012 100m Olympic final, he gained the distinction of becoming the first man to break ten seconds and finish in seventh place  However, upon the disqualification of Tyson Gay due to doping, Thompson was promoted to sixth place 
During the 2014 national championships he won the finals, improving the national record with a run of 9 82 s, becoming one of the 10 fastest 100 m runners ever 

Major competition record
1Disqualified in the final

Personal bests
60 m and 200 m taken from IAAF profile
100 m taken from NAAA TT Website

Notes
Passage 4:
Harold Davis (athlete)
Harold Davis may refer to:

H  L  Davis (1894–1960), Pulitzer Prize-winning novelist
Harold A  Davis, pulp fiction author working under the pseudonym Kenneth Robeson, 1930s, 1940s
Harold Davis (American football) (1934–2007), American quarterback
Harold Davis (footballer) (1933–2018), Scottish footballer who played for Rangers F C 
Harold Davis (sprinter) (1921–2007), American sprinter and former world record holder
Harold Davis (photographer) (born 1953), American photographer and author
Harold Thayer Davis (1892–1974), American mathematician

See also
Harold Davies (disambiguation)
Harry Davis (disambiguation)
Passage 5:
I Am Bolt
I Am Bolt is a 2016 British biographical documentary sports film co-directed by Benjamin Turner and Gabe Turner and produced by Leo Pearlman  It is based on the life of Jamaican sprinter and three times Olympic gold medalist and World Record holder for 100m, 200m, 4×100m relay, Usain Bolt, the fastest man in recorded human history The film describes Bolt's journey in winning nine gold medals and the incidents surrounding the Olympic titles  The film was released on 28 November 2016 in United Kingdom and then worldwide  The film received mostly positive reviews from critics 

Cast
Usain Bolt himself
Pelé himself
Neymar himself
Serena Williams herself
Asafa Powell himself
Sebastian himself
Ziggy Marley himself
Nas with voice
Glen Mills himself
Ricky Simms himself
Chronixx himself
Yohan Blake himself
Maurice Greene himself
Wellesley and Jennifer Bolt – his parents themselves
Dwayne Jarrett – Bolt's school coach himself
Nugent Walker – Bolt's manager himself
Dwayne Barnett himself

Reception
Critical response
I Am Bolt received positive reviews  On review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes, the film has an approval rating of 83% based on 242 reviews, with an average rating of 7/10  The site's critical consensus reads, "
Bolt's golden era may be too recent and the sponsors too dominant for any real warts to be included, but his charm and sheer physical wonder make this a compelling watch regardless "Justin Lowe of The Hollywood Reporter reacted positively, saying: "Athletic achievements don’t get much more unbeatable than the records held by Jamaican runner Usain Bolt, who’s won nine consecutive Olympic gold medals and even more World Championship awards  Considered the fastest sprinter who’s ever logged track time, Bolt is a hero to millions and admired on a level comparable to global sports legends like Muhammad Ali and Pele "Xan Brooks of The Guardian gave it 2/5, stating "Fans of Usain Bolt will find much to relish in this gushing homage to the nine-time Olympic gold medallist, which chases its idol from his 2015 slump, via scenes of downtime in Jamaica to the podium in Rio 
Passage 6:
Glen Mills
Glen Mills OD (born 14 August 1949) is a sprinting athletics coach from Jamaica  He was the head coach of the Jamaican Olympic athletics team between 1987 and 2009  He is currently head coach of the Racers Track Club which includes world and Olympic record holder Usain Bolt and the 100-metre World Champion Yohan Blake  Other athletes that he has coached in the past include Kim Collins, and Ray Stewart 

Early years
Mills enjoyed athletics from an early age and, after moving to Camperdown High School, promptly joined the sprinting team at age 13  After his first year he was dissatisfied with his performances and gave up on the idea of becoming a professional sprinter  Despite this setback Mills was still enamoured with athletics and frequently attended the practice meetings to watch the others run  The high school coach, Henry McDonald Messam, noticed his interest and reluctance to participate and so assigned him various tasks and chores to keep him busy  Two years after, Mills had learnt well from the head coach and was given the job of coaching a class of younger track and field athletes  He retained the job after graduation, progressing to form an official part of the Camperdown High School coaching staff  The arrival of a new head of the sports department threatened Mills coaching opportunities and he was sacked in favour of a more experienced coach  The move backfired as many of the school's better athletes chose to stand by Mills, training with him at his new, unofficial training ground  Mills was quickly reinstated at the school and went on to train many successful sprinters, including Olympic silver medallist Raymond Stewart By the early 1970s, Mills had trained a significant number of male sprinters in the national junior team  The Jamaica Amateur Athletic Association (JAAA) called on him to work on the team, for the CARIFTA Games  Following this appointment Mills became a prominent coach in the Jamaican athletics scene  He continued to work on his coaching style and earned a diploma from the International Olympic Committee training centre in Mexico and a qualification in High-Level Sprint Tech training at the IAAF Training Centre in Puerto Rico  During his time as a coach in Jamaica he has worked with a number of Caribbean athletes including Yohan Blake, Aleen Bailey, Xavier Brown, Leroy Reid and Kim Collins  In addition, Mills also coached British sprinter Dwain Chambers when his athletics ban expired 

Training Bolt
Mills was approached by Usain Bolt shortly after the Athens Olympics and he became the sprinter's coach in late 2004  Bolt was initially a 200 metres specialist but Mills suggested that his young charge should improve his stamina to run over 400 metres  With upcoming competitions for Bolt, there was no time for him to prepare for 400m and Bolt asked if he could run the 100m  Bolt completed 100m in 10 03, an excellent time without any explosive training    At the 2007 Jamaican Championships in June, Bolt broke Donald Quarrie's 36-year-old record by 0 11 seconds, running 19 75 seconds  Mills agreed to Bolt's demands and let him run the 100 m event  The acceptance of the request paid dividends for both sprinter and coach as Mills was impressed with Bolt's new drive and focus in training  By the end of 2007, Mills was pleased with Bolt's performances and the coaching had improved his technique, particularly with a more efficient stride frequency and better balancing  In a trade-off the two agreed to a two part training programme in preparation for the 2008 Beijing Olympics  Mills would help Bolt work on his speed for the 100 m initially then turn his focus to the stamina needed for the 200 m  The program paid off as Bolt set three world records and took gold in both 100 m and 200 m events in Beijing  Bolt praised Mills, saying it was his coaching which made him improve, not only as an athlete, but also as a person  Despite Bolt's unprecedented achievements in Beijing, Mills still felt he could improve if his stride frequency was further improved and his technique perfected Mills stepped down as the Olympic Jamaican athletics coach in late 2009, having overseen athletes to 71 world championship and 33 Olympic medals in his 22 years in the role  He said other prominent coaches deserved a chance at undertaking the position and decided he wanted to focus more on his Racers Track Club team 

Drug controversy
In June 2009, five Jamaican athletes were found positive for banned substances  At least two of the athletes belong to the Racers Track Club and were coached by Mills  The athletes were later revealed to be Yohan Blake, Marvin Anderson, Allodin Fothergill, Lansford Spence and Sheri-Ann Brooks, who all tested positive for the stimulant Methylhexanamine, a compound similar to Tuaminoheptane, and were subsequently banned for three months by the Jamaica Anti-Doping Commission 

Awards
NACAC Coach of the Year 2008
Passage 7:
Kozo Haraguchi
Kozo Haraguchi (原口 幸三, Haraguchi Kōzō, June 20, 1910 in Kobayashi, Miyazaki – January 11, 2011 in Miyazaki City, Kyushu) was a track and field athlete and former World Masters Athletics record holder in the 100 m sprint for men aged 90–94 (18 08 seconds, 2000) as well as the former record holder for men aged 95–100 (21 69 seconds, August 27, 2005)  Haraguchi began competing in track and field events when he turned 65, with his exercise regimen which included a one-hour walk every morning 
Passage 8:
Mosito Lehata
Mosito Lehata (born 8 April 1989 in Maseru) is a Mosotho athlete competing in sprinting events  He is the current holder of the Lesotho national record for the 100-meter at 10 11 seconds, and has consistently won the national track championships on shorter tracks  He was eliminated in the first round of the men's 200 m event at the 2012 Summer Olympics  Lehata found success in the 200 m event at the 2013 World Championships in Athletics when he finished in the first round ahead of Jamaican sprinter Usain Bolt and advanced to the semifinals   He set a new national record in the 200 m at the 2014 Commonwealth Games, finishing in 4th, four hundredths of a second behind the bronze medal winner At the 2016 Summer Olympics, he competed in the 100 m and 200 m events  He finished 4th in his heat for the 100 m with a time of 10 25 seconds and did not qualify for the semifinals  He finished 7th in his heat for the 200 m with a season best time of 20 65 seconds, but did not qualify for the semifinals  He was the flagbearer for Lesotho during the Parade of Nations 

Competition record
1Did not start in the semifinals
2Disqualified in the semifinals
3Did not finish in the semifinals

Personal bests
Outdoor

100 metres – 10 11 (+1 4 m/s, Réduit 2015)
200 metres – 20 36 (+0 5 m/s, Glasgow 2014)Indoor

60 metres – 7 00 (Istanbul 2012)
Passage 9:
Warren Weir
Warren Weir (born October 1989) is a retired Jamaican sprinter, who specialized in the 200 metres  He was the bronze medallist in the event at the 2012 London Olympics, helping Jamaica sweep the medals  In 2013 at the Moscow World Championships, Warren Weir won the silver medal equalling his personal best  He finished behind Usain Bolt who set a World Leading time  His personal best is 19 79 seconds set at the National Stadium in his home country Kingston, Jamaica  He has since equalled his personal best in Moscow, in the World Championship final  He trained with the Glen Mills-coached Racers Track Club, alongside Usain Bolt and Yohan Blake 

Career
At the start of his career, Weir competed in the short sprints and the 110 metres hurdles  Born in Trelawny Parish, he ran the 100 m and 200 m for Calabar High School at the Jamaican High School Championships  At the 2007 Jamaican junior championships he set a hurdles best of 13 65 seconds for second place and set a 100 m dash best of 10 69 seconds  He was a hurdles finalist at the 2007 Pan American Junior Athletics Championships and a silver medallist at the 2008 CARIFTA Games, where he also shared in the 4×100 metres relay gold medal  In his first appearance on the global stage, Weir reached the semi-finals at the 2008 World Junior Championships in Athletics  He competed sparingly in his first years as a senior, although he did run personal bests in the 100 m (10 50) and the 400 metres hurdles (53 28) in 2009 Weir began to emerge as a 200 m specialist in 2011 after joining the Racers Track Club under coach Glen Mills  He and Mills noticed that the hurdles were leaving him with knee pain and both decided that Weir should focus on sprinting instead  He dipped under 21 second for the first time and placed sixth at the Jamaican Championships  He was invited to European meetings for the first time and performed well at his first Diamond League meeting, taking second place to Walter Dix with a personal best of 20 43 seconds into a strong headwind  He began 2012 by bringing his 200 m best down to 20 21, then 20 13 seconds  A time of 20 08 seconds brought him third place at the Adidas Grand Prix in New York in June At the Jamaican Olympic Trials in 2012, Weir broke twenty seconds with a personal best of 19 99 seconds in the 200 m semi final and a third-place finish in the final, behind Yohan Blake and Usain Bolt, earned him a spot on the Jamaican team for the 2012 Summer Olympics  In the Olympic 200 m final he was a surprise bronze medallist, securing a new personal best of 19 84 seconds in the process  His medal made it an all-Jamaican podium finish alongside fellow Racers Track Club athletes Bolt and Blake – the first time Jamaican men had achieved such a medal sweep at the Olympics Weir started out his 2013 season with a victory of 20 11 seconds in the Adidas Grand Prix in New York City  In June, he registered a 10 02 100m run, a massive personal best from his previous record of 10 51 seconds in 2008  Later in the 2013 Jamaican National Championships, Weir cruised to the finish line in the 200m final in 19 79 seconds, tying Bolt's world leading mark at that point  Having won the first two of his diamond league 200m races (in the Golden Grand Prix and the Adidas Grand Prix), Weir finished second to Bolt at the Meeting Areva, where Bolt set a world lead and meeting record of 19 73  Despite the clear loss to Bolt in Paris, Weir looked to be the closest to a challenger for Bolt at the World Championships that year  At the London Anniversary Games Weir clocked an impressive 19 89 and followed this up with a meeting record in the relay, clocking 37 75 
Come the 2013 World Championships in Athletics, Weir took the heats easily and made it to the final  In the final, Bolt won the race in a world leading time of 19 66 to become the first man to win the 200m at the world championships three times  Weir got clear silver at 19 79, equalling his best, and Curtis Mitchell the bronze in 20 04  Weir would later collect a gold in the 4 × 100 m, after running in the heats  Weir finished his season off by winning the 200m at the Memorial Van Damme in Brussels and hence won the Diamond League 
In 2014, Weir competed in the Commonwealth Games, running the 200m   After winning his heats, Weir won the silver medal in the final 
He is known for saying "No English, straight Patois," sparking calls on social networks for T-shirts to be printed with the phrase In August 2017 Weir announced his retirement from competition via his Instagram account, after not advancing from the heats in the 200m at the 2017 World Championships in Athletics in London In a change of sport, Weir was a member of the Jamaica rugby sevens team that came third at the 2018 Central American and Caribbean Games 

Statistics
Personal bests
100 metres: 10 02 sec (2013)
200 metres: 19 79 sec (2013)
400 metres: 46 10 sec (2013)
110 metres hurdles (junior): 13 65 sec (2007)
400 metres hurdles: 53 28 sec (2009)

International competition record
Passage 10:
Men's 100 metres world record progression
The first record in the 100 metres for men (athletics) was recognised by the International Amateur Athletics Federation, now known as World Athletics, in 1912 
As of 21 June 2011, the IAAF had ratified 67 records in the event, not including rescinded records 

Unofficial progression before the IAAF
IAAF record progression
"Wind" in these tables refers to wind assistance, the velocity of the wind parallel to the runner - positive values are from the starting line towards the finish line, negative are from the finish line towards the starting line, 0 is no wind in either direction, and all values are measured in metres per second   Any wind perpendicular to the runners (from left to right, right to left, or up to down or down to up, although the conditions of the track generally preclude those wind directions) is ignored and not listed 
"Auto" refers to automatic timing, and for the purposes of these lists, indicates auto times which were either also taken for hand-timed records, or were rounded to the tenth or hundredth of a second (depending on the rounding rules then in effect) for the official record time 

Records 1912–1976
The first manual time of 9 9 seconds was recorded for Bob Hayes in the final of the 100 metres at the 1964 Olympics  Hayes' official time of 10 0 seconds was determined by rounding down the electronic time of 10 06 to the nearest tenth of a second, giving the appearance of a manual time  This method was unique to the Olympics of 1964 and 1968, and the officials at the track recorded Hayes' time as 9 9 seconds 

Records since 1977
Since 1975, the IAAF has accepted separate automatically electronically timed records for events up to 400 metres  Starting on January 1, 1977, the IAAF has required fully automatic timing to the hundredth of a second for these events Jim Hines' October 1968 Olympic gold medal run was the fastest recorded fully electronic 100 metre race up to that date, at 9 95 seconds  Track and Field News has compiled an unofficial list of automatically timed records starting with the 1964 Olympics and Bob Hayes' gold medal performance there  Those marks are included in the progression 
The event is linked on some of the dates 

Low-altitude record progression 1968–1987
The IAAF considers marks set at high altitude as acceptable for record consideration  However, high altitude can significantly assist sprint performances  One estimate suggests times in the 200 m sprint can be assisted by between 0 09 s and 0 14 s with the maximum allowable tailing wind of (2 0 m/s), and gain 0 3 s at altitudes over 2000 m  For this reason, unofficial low-altitude record lists have been compiled 
After the IAAF started to recognise only electronic times in 1977, the then-current record and subsequent record were both set at altitude  It was not until 1987 that the world record was equalled or surpassed by a low-altitude performance  The following progression of low-altitude records therefore starts with Hines's low-altitude "record" when the IAAF started to recognise only electronic timing in 1977, and continues to Lewis's low-altitude performance that equalled the high-altitude world record in 1987  (Ben Johnson's 9 95 run in 1986 and 9 83 run in 1987 are omitted )

See also
Women's 100 metres world record progression
Men's 200 metres world record progression
100-yard dash

Notes



ground_truth: 100 metres

prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: What city, located in Lincoln County, Montana, United States, is Vegepet based in?

The following are given passages.
Context 2: Passage 1:
Troy, Montana
Troy is a city in Lincoln County, Montana, United States  The population was 797 at the 2020 census  It lies at the lowest elevation of any settlement in Montana  The town is on U S  Route 2, near Montana Highway 56, in the Kootenai River gorge by the Kootenai National Forest 
Originally inhabited by the Kutenai, Salish, and Piegan Blackfeet tribes, the area was settled by miners in the 1880s  Troy was registered as a town in 1892 and grew quickly after the Great Northern Railway built a freight station there, leading to a boom in workers, miners, their families, and associates  The area narrowly missed wildfire damage in 1910 and expanded its services throughout the following years, though its population would drop due to a series of misfortunes in the late 1920s before rebounding in the following decades  Troy suffered from the area's contamination from nearby vermiculite mines contaminated with particularly fragile asbestos, leading to the town's inclusion in the United States Environmental Protection Agency's (EPA) National Priorities List status in 2002 and Public Health Emergency event in 2009  According to the EPA, most risk was reduced by 2015 Troy is on U S  Route 2, between Yaak and Libby  Montana Highway 56 is three miles southeast and the Troy Airport is two miles northwest  The town's economy has historically been supported by mining and logging, while in recent times, mining has remained, with the addition of education, retail, and tourism  Local natural features such as the Kootenai Falls have attracted tourism to the area and have been featured in movies such as The River Wild (1994) and The Revenant (2015)  There is a public school district (which created ceramic ornaments used to decorate the National Christmas Tree in 2017) and a public library, and the town is in-district for Flathead Valley Community College 

History
Before the westward expansion of the United States, various indigenous peoples lived in the area, with the Kutenai and Salish as the most recent and the Piegan Blackfeet earlier  They lived in base camps and seasonal camps based on the availability of plants and fish: "lower elevations in the winter and     uplands in the summer and fall," with spring camps near camas prairies, which had edible bulbs  Due to the area's geography and settler fears of the Kutenai, the area remained unsettled until gold was discovered in the 1860s and galena and vermiculite in the 1880s  In 1886, the first miners arrived, prospecting on the Kootenai River at a tent camp first known as "Lake Camp, Lake Creek Camp, and Lake City", and making land claims on Grouse Mountain  In 1892, a William O'Brien surveyed the Lake City claim, renaming it Troy 

Post American settlement
Throughout 1892, Troy was filed as a town in then-Missoula County and grew rapidly as the Great Northern Railway chose a nearby site as a "division yard", or freight terminal, which was first renamed "West Troy" before just becoming Troy itself as the Lake City area was abandoned  The town's first hotel, then called the Windsor Hotel, was built  One transplant described the town as such: "Fifteen saloons gaily lit filled to the doors with “wild men and wild women” yelling, singing, dancing, and cursing, with glasses held high, such was Troy  Two large dance halls were in evidence, one grocery store run by John Bowen, several 'beaneries' (called restaurants by some), one drug store owned by 'Doc' Sailey and many shacks and tents where the 'wild women' congregated  Fights and ribaldry were the order of the days and nights " Another grocery store followed in 1893, the first one-room schoolhouse was built in 1894, and more mining companies, land claims, and support services such as ferries sprung up as gold was discovered on the Yaak River in 1895 The 1910s brought change  After the Windsor Hotel had been destroyed by fire in 1906 and rebuilt in 1907, wildfires during the summer of 1910 narrowly missed Troy by a few miles but raged throughout the area, causing lasting damage to the newly-protected Kootenai National Forest  In 1912, Troy's first bridge across the Kootenai River was built, along with bridges in Libby and Rexford, after a county vote  Previously, crossings were made on horseback – dangerous – or via ferries, which had started operating in 1892  Phone service reached the area in 1913  U S  Route 2 was proposed and a volunteer fire department was created  The 1918 flu closed the local mill and schools temporarily  By 1920, there was a Chinese restaurant, a church, and an electric plant in town, and World War I increased the town's mining activity; the rapid expansion and labor conditions sometimes led to strikes and labor conflicts 
The town's population reached 1000 residents in 1924, and the same year, the town's Lincoln Theatre opened  The population peaked around 1926, but in March of that year, the Great Northern Railway moved its freight terminal elsewhere, leaving "only three supervisors and [a] small force of Japanese [workers] " Fires destroyed a concentrator in 1927 and a sawmill in 1928, with neither rebuilt, and the region's mines decreased in activity The population dropped to as low as 428 during 1930 in the Great Depression  Still, the Lincoln Theatre began playing talking movies and the Windsor Hotel was renamed to the Great Northern Hotel, which stood until it burned down (for the second time) in 1941  A coffee house and cable shop operate on its former location  The Lincoln Theatre was remodeled in 1994 In 2006, the Troy Jail and the Theodore Roosevelt Memorial Bridge were added to the National Register of Historic Places 

Vermiculite cleanup
After citizens, media, and local government raised concerns, the United States Environmental Protection Agency began in 1999 to investigate the contamination of the area surrounding Libby and Troy from vermiculite mines in Libby, which were themselves contaminated with a toxic and easily crumbled form of tremolite-actinolite series asbestos, sometimes named Libby Amphibole asbestos (LA)  Removal actions began in 2000, and in 2002 the site was moved to the EPA's Superfund National Priorities List  In 2009, the EPA declared a Public Health Emergency (the first in the EPA's history) "to provide federal health care assistance for victims of asbestos-related disease "In 2015, an EPA review of toxicity and risks found that the cleanups had managed asbestos exposure risk effectively  By the end of 2018, the EPA had removed "more than one million cubic yards of contaminated soil," and area cleanup was completed that year, except for the location of the former mine, which is the disposal site of the contaminated soil  Contaminated construction materials were disposed of "in a specially designed landfill cell " The remaining contamination is limited to the forests and property in or near the former mine, with cleanup plans pending and with controls for higher exposures during wildfire fighting The EPA transferred control of the site to the Montana Department of Environmental Quality in 2020 

Geography
Troy lies in a valley along the Kootenai River between the Purcell Mountains to the northeast and the Cabinet Mountains to the southwest According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 0 78 square miles (2 02 km2), of which 0 76 square miles (1 97 km2) is land and 0 02 square miles (0 05 km2) is water  Troy has an elevation of approximately 1,800 feet (550 m) above sea level and is the lowest town in elevation in Montana  Troy is 12 miles (19 km) from the border of Montana and Idaho  Troy's next closest city is Libby, which is 18 miles (29 km) away The Troy Mine, which produced silver and copper, was scheduled for closure in February 2015 An early worker described the original flora of the city site as "a carpet of velvety green grass, thickly studded with wild flowers of most every hue and color " There are groves of ancient western red cedars nearby, some up to 12 feet (3 7 m) in diameter, which are a home for species of wildlife including pikas and flying squirrels Troy is located in the Kootenai River Gorge, which is geologically composed of "sandstone and thin layers of shale, with folds from compression that dates back 50 to 100 million years ago  The rock was deposited 1 5 million years ago, when much of Montana was covered by water  Ancient ripple marks and large stromatolites (the remains of algae mats) are visible in the canyon "

Climate
This climatic region is typified by large seasonal temperature differences, with warm to hot (and often humid) summers and cold (sometimes severely cold) winters  According to the Köppen Climate Classification system, Troy has a humid continental climate, abbreviated "Dsb" on climate maps  Troy's annual mean temperature is 46 4 °F (8 0 °C) and its annual mean precipitation is 24 6 inches (620 mm)  Flooding is an issue for the area 

Demographics
2010 census
As of the census of 2010, there were 938 people, 454 households, and 240 families residing in the city  The population density was 1,234 2 inhabitants per square mile (476 5/km2)  There were 490 housing units at an average density of 644 7 per square mile (248 9/km2)  The racial makeup of the city was 94 3% White, 0 2% African American, 1 7% Native American, 0 5% Asian, 0 1% from other races, and 3 1% from two or more races  Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1 9% of the population There were 454 households, of which 25 1% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 37 2% were married couples living together, 9 5% had a female householder with no husband present, 6 2% had a male householder with no wife present, and 47 1% were non-families  37 4% of all households were made up of individuals, and 13 8% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older  The average household size was 2 07 and the average family size was 2 71 The median age in the city was 46 8 years  20% of residents were under the age of 18; 5 5% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 21 9% were from 25 to 44; 35 7% were from 45 to 64; and 16 8% were 65 years of age or older  The gender makeup of the city was 49 3% male and 50 7% female 

Economy and recreation
The area is covered by the Lincoln County Port Authority  Troy's modern economy is largely based on "mining, education, retail, and tourism," while its historical economy was based on mining and logging  A train freight yard, a sawmill, and an ore processing facility were the main employers until they were lost to relocation and fires in the late 1920s, just before the Great Depression  Gold, galena, and vermiculite were mined beginning in the late 1800s  During World War I, the town's mines produced lead, zinc, and silver, with much zinc exported to Belgium  In 2020, the Montana Community Solar Project assessed Troy public schools for their solar power potential and found the high school building had good potential  Since 2008, the school and city have been partially fueled by wood pellet waste from nearby lumber mills, replacing fuel oil use Notable nearby attractions include the Kootenai Falls and the Kootenai Falls Swinging Bridge, which was rebuilt in 2019 due to its increasing popularity  The Theodore Roosevelt Memorial Bridge in Troy is listed on the National Register of Historic Places Local activities include hiking, snowmobiling, camping, boating, rafting, bird watching, fishing, and geocaching  The Rocky Mountain Elk Foundation was founded by four Troy hunters to help conserve elk and other wildlife species  There is a disc golf course at the Troy Museum and Visitors' Center, which also hosts art events with the local glass art guild  Nearby parks host various cultural and music festivals 

Education
Troy has a public library, a branch of the Lincoln County Public Libraries  The town's branch opened in 1922 after the Lincoln County's Free County Library expanded Troy's first school, a one-room schoolhouse, was built in 1894  In 1937, the Bull Lake School in Bull Lake Valley and Fall Creek School by Schoolhouse Lake were consolidated into the Troy public school district  The public school district includes:
W F  Morrison Elementary School (Kindergarten–Sixth grade)
Troy Junior-Senior High School (Seventh grade–Twelfth grade)The high school provides adult education classes in the fall and spring  The school has a "school-to-work" program in which students can participate in summer projects based in the local economy and in which an AmeriCorps volunteer serves as a mentor for student college applications/visits and community involvement in student activities  After the Troy Art Club's ceramic ornaments were some of the ones chosen for the US National Christmas Tree in 2017, the club created a business, Wild In Montana, "assisting [the] economically depressed community and offering a class with real-world skills "Other nearby schools with Troy addresses include:
McCormick Elementary School (K-8)
Yaak Elementary School (K-8)The area qualifies for in-district tuition at Flathead Valley Community College (FVCC) in Kalispell, Montana, as well as FVCC's Lincoln County Campus in Libby, which has the "Glacier Bank Adult Basic Education Learning Center where students can take free classes in preparation for their GED exams "

Transportation
Troy is on U S  Route 2, between Yaak to the north and Libby to the southeast  Montana Highway 56 is three miles to the southeast of Troy The Troy Airport is one mile northwest of the majority of the town of Troy The closest Amtrak stop is Libby station, 18 miles (29 km) away  The Empire Builder served Troy until February 15, 1973 

Notable people
Les Balsiger, religious activist with a Troy office
Rachel Dolezal, civil rights activist
B  C  Edwards, football coach (died in Troy)
Genevieve Pezet, American-French artist
Jay Ward, Major League Baseball player who retired in Troy

Popular culture
Troy is featured in Max Brooks' post-apocalyptic zombie novel World War Z as a safe zone for humanity 2011 novella Train Dreams mentions the town The nearby Kootenai Falls and the Swinging Bridge were featured in the 1994 movie The River Wild  The original bridge was constructed by the Civilian Conservation Corps during the Great Depression, and the falls are a sacred site to the Kutenai tribes who originally lived in the area The Kootenai Falls were featured in the 2015 movie The Revenant 
Passage 2:
Lincolnton–Lincoln County Regional Airport
Lincolnton–Lincoln County Regional Airport (ICAO: KIPJ, FAA LID: IPJ) is a public use airport located five nautical miles (9 km) east of the central business district of Lincolnton, a city in Lincoln County, North Carolina, United States  It is owned by the City of Lincolnton & Lincoln County  According to the FAA's National Plan of Integrated Airport Systems for 2009–2013, it is a general aviation airport (it had previously been a reliever airport) 
Although many U S  airports use the same three-letter location identifier for the FAA and IATA, this airport is assigned IPJ by the FAA but has no designation from the IATA 

Facilities and aircraft
Lincolnton–Lincoln County Regional Airport covers an area of 453 acres (183 ha) at an elevation of 877 feet (267 m) above mean sea level  It has one runway designated 5/23 with an asphalt surface measuring 5,500 by 100 feet (1,676 x 30 m) For the 12-month period ending June 6, 2008, the airport had 34,100 aircraft operations, an average of 93 per day: 97% general aviation and 3% military  At that time there were 71 aircraft based at this airport: 87% single-engine, 10% multi-engine and 3% helicopter 
Passage 3:
Lincoln County, Arkansas
Lincoln County is located between the Arkansas Timberlands and Arkansas Delta in the U S  state of Arkansas  It is also within the Pine Bluff metro area, and on the outer edge of the Central Arkansas region  The county is named for President Abraham Lincoln  Created as Arkansas's 65th county on March 28, 1871, Lincoln County has three incorporated cities, including Star City, the county seat and most populous city  The county contains 46 unincorporated communities and ghost towns, Cane Creek State Park at the confluence of Cane Creek and Bayou Bartholomew, and nine listings on the National Register of Historic Places to preserve the history and culture of the county 
Lincoln County occupies 572 17 square miles (148,190 ha) and contained a population of 12,941 as of the 2020 Census  The rural economy is largely based on agriculture  The state has built two prisons here that also provide some local jobs  Poverty and unemployment rates are above national averages, but steady  Household incomes are below state and national averages  Politically, the white-majority Lincoln County has transitioned from reliably Democratic in presidential elections to steadily Republican since the election of Barack Obama 
Lincoln County is served by two school districts, Star City School District and Dumas Public Schools  Higher education and healthcare are available in Pine Bluff to the north or Monticello to the south  Although no Interstate highways serve Lincoln County, the county has access to two United States highways (U S  Route 65 [US 65], US 425) and eight Arkansas state highways  Lincoln County is also served by one public owned/public use general aviation airport, Star City Municipal Airport, and six community water systems provide potable water to customers in the county 

History
The county was established in 1871 during the Reconstruction era by the Arkansas General Assembly from parts of Arkansas, Bradley, Desha, Drew, and Jefferson counties  It was named for President Abraham Lincoln  The Republican Party was chosen by most freedmen after they got the franchise, as it was the one that secured their emancipation after the Civil War  Some white Union sympathizers, including veterans who decided to stay in the South, also voted for Republican candidates, and some were elected to state offices in former Confederate states County government was first permanently established in Star City  The county had a second county seat at Varner from 1885 to 1912 

Geography
Lincoln County's geography is defined by two physiographic regions of Arkansas: the Arkansas Timberlands and the Arkansas Delta (in Arkansas, usually referred to as "the Delta")  These two regions are separated by Bayou Bartholomew, the world's longest bayou, which approximately splits the county into eastern and western halves with significant differences in geography  In the east, the Arkansas Delta is a subregion of the Mississippi Alluvial Plain, which is a flat area consisting of rich, fertile sediment deposits from the Mississippi River between Louisiana and Illinois  The western half is part of the Arkansas Timberlands, a portion of the Gulf Coastal Plain characterized by flat pine and cypress forests and silviculture rather than row agriculture  The county is the eighth-smallest in Arkansas, with a total area of 572 17 square miles (1,481 9 km2), of which 561 20 square miles (1,453 5 km2) is land and 10 97 square miles (28 4 km2) (1 9%) is water The county is located approximately 68 miles (109 km) southeast of Little Rock, 170 miles (270 km) southwest of Memphis, Tennessee, and 200 miles (320 km) northwest of Jackson, Mississippi  Lincoln County is surrounded by two Delta counties to the east, Arkansas County and Desha County, and a Timberlands county to the west, Cleveland County  Jefferson County to the north and Drew County are border counties similar to Lincoln County, with Bayou Bartholomew delineating a similarly split geography 

Protected areas
Lincoln County contains two protected areas  Cane Creek State Park is a 2,053-acre (831-hectare) state park located on the border between the West Gulf Coastal Plain and Arkansas Delta, with a 1,675 acres (678 hectares) lake at the center  Fishing, canoeing, and kayaking are available on the lake in addition to pavilions, trails, and a visitor center with gift shop on land  The park offers 29 RV/tent camping sites with water and electric hookups, and is owned and operated by the Arkansas Department of Parks and Tourism Huff's Island Public Use Area is located on the Arkansas River in northeastern Lincoln County  Managed by the United States Army Corps of Engineers, the park does not have a boat ramp or camping, but offers day use, river bank access from March–September, and four picnic sites 

Demographics
2020 census
As of the 2020 United States census, there were 12,941 people, 3,773 households, and 2,711 families residing in the county 

2000 census
As of the 2000 census, there were 14,492 people, 4,265 households, and 3,130 families residing in the county  The population density was 26 inhabitants per square mile (10/km2)  There were 4,955 housing units at an average density of 9 per square mile (3 5/km2)  The racial makeup of the county was 64 88% White, 32 92% Black or African American, 0 40% Native American, 0 06% Asian, 0 01% Pacific Islander, 0 99% from other races, and 0 75% from two or more races  1 81% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race 
There were 4,265 households, out of which 34 80% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 54 30% were married couples living together, 14 80% had a female householder with no husband present, and 26 60% were non-families  23 50% of all households were made up of individuals, and 10 60% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older  The average household size was 2 63 and the average family size was 3 11 
In the county, the population was spread out, with 22 20% under the age of 18, 12 40% from 18 to 24, 33 20% from 25 to 44, 20 40% from 45 to 64, and 11 90% who were 65 years of age or older  The median age was 35 years  For every 100 females, there were 142 30 males  For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 154 70 males 
The median income for a household in the county was $29,607, and the median income for a family was $35,408  Males had a median income of $28,890 versus $19,990 for females  The per capita income for the county was $12,479  About 15 50% of families and 19 50% of the population were below the poverty line, including 26 60% of those under age 18 and 17 90% of those age 65 or over 

Economy
The Arkansas Department of Correction, which operates the Cummins Unit and the Varner Unit in Lincoln County, is one of the county's major employers 

Human resources
Education
Educational attainment in Lincoln County is typical for a rural Arkansas county, with a 2012 study finding 78 4% of Lincoln County residents over age 25 held a high school degree or higher and 8 9% holding a bachelor's degree or higher  The Lincoln County rates are below Arkansas averages of 84 8% and 21 1%, and significantly below national averages of 86 7% and 29 8%, respectively 

Primary and secondary education
One public school district is based in Lincoln County; the Star City School District, which serves the western two-thirds of the county  The remainder of the county is served by the Dumas Public School District, based in Dumas  Successful completion of the curriculum of these schools leads to graduation from Star City High School or Dumas New Tech High School, respectively  Both high schools offer Advanced Placement (AP) courses and are accredited by the Arkansas Department of Education (ADE)  Dumas Public Schools is also accredited by AdvancED 

The school districts at Gould and Grady were merged into Dumas and Star City for the 2004–05 school year pursuant to the Public Education Reorganization Act passed by the Arkansas Legislature 

Higher education
Lincoln County does not contain any institutions of higher education  The three nearest institutions in the region are University of Arkansas at Monticello to the south and Southeast Arkansas College (SEARK) and University of Arkansas at Pine Bluff in Pine Bluff to the north, all public four-year colleges 

Library system
The Star City Branch Library in downtown Star City is a member library of the Southeast Arkansas Regional Library system  The location offers books, e-books, media, reference, youth, business and genealogy services 

Public health
Lincoln County's above-average poverty rate suggests a high Medicaid eligibility rate  As of 2012, 25 6% of Lincoln County was eligible for Medicaid, with 62 8% of children under 19 eligible for ARKids First, a program by the Arkansas Department of Human Services that combines children's Medicaid (ARKids A) and other programs for families with higher incomes (ARKids B)  These values are more in line with statewide averages than typical values for rural Arkansas counties The county's population is significantly above healthy weight, with 69 8% of adults and 43 5% of children/adolescents ranking as overweight or obese, above the state averages of 67 1% and 39 3%, themselves significantly above national averages of 62 9% and 30 3%, respectively The Jefferson Regional Medical Center in Pine Bluff is a community hospital offering acute inpatient care, emergency care, cardiology, home health, inpatient hospice, neurology, surgery, and the UAMS South Central Family Residency Program  The facility is rated as a Level 4 Trauma Center by the Arkansas Department of Health  Baptist Health Medical Center and CHI St  Vincent Infirmary are referral hospitals in Little Rock  The nearest Level 1 Trauma Centers are Arkansas Children's Hospital (ACH, or "Children's") and University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences (UAMS), both in Little Rock 

Public safety
The Lincoln County Sheriff's Office is the primary law enforcement agency in the county  The agency is led by the Lincoln County Sheriff, an official elected by countywide vote every four years 
The county is under the jurisdiction of the Lincoln County District Court, a state district court  State district courts in Arkansas are courts of original jurisdiction for criminal, civil (up to $25,000), small claims, and traffic matters  State district courts are presided over by a full-time District Judge elected to a four-year term by a districtwide election  The district is subdivided into the Star City (city), Star City (county), Gould, and Grady departments  All departments of Lincoln County District Court are located at 300 South Drew, and are presided over by one District Judge, who is elected in a countywide election  Superseding district court jurisdiction is the 11th West Judicial Circuit Court, which covers Jefferson and Lincoln counties  The 11th West Circuit contains six circuit judges, elected to six-year terms circuitwide 

State prisons
The Arkansas Department of Correction operates two prisons in unincorporated areas in the county  The Varner Unit is located in Varner, and the Cummins Unit is near Varner 

Government
The county government is a constitutional body granted specific powers by the Constitution of Arkansas and the Arkansas Code  The quorum court is the legislative branch of the county government and controls all spending and revenue collection  Representatives are called justices of the peace and are elected from county districts every even-numbered year  The number of districts in a county vary from nine to fifteen, and district boundaries are drawn by the county election commission  The Lincoln County Quorum Court has nine members  Presiding over quorum court meetings is the county judge, who serves as the chief operating officer of the county  The county judge is elected at-large and does not vote in quorum court business, although capable of vetoing quorum court decisions 

Politics
Lincoln County historically followed the Solid South voting trend of strong support for Democrats  However, following the election of Arkansas Governor Bill Clinton, the county has turned increasingly Republican, including in state and local races 

In Congress, Arkansas has been represented by two Republican senators (John Boozman and Tom Cotton) since January 3, 2015, ending a long history of Democratic hegemony  In the House of Representatives, Lincoln County is within the Arkansas 1st district with many other agricultural Delta counties on the eastern side of the state  The Arkansas 1st has been represented by Rick Crawford since 2010 
In the Arkansas State Senate, Lincoln County is split essentially in half between north and south  The northern half is within District 25, which also includes most of Jefferson and Phillips counties and a small portion of Desha County  The district has been represented by Stephanie Flowers, a Democratic lawyer from Pine Bluff, since January 2013  The southern half of Lincoln County is within District 26, which reaches to the southeastern corner of the state  District 26 has been represented by Eddie Cheatham, a Democratic retired educator from Crossett, since January 2013 
In the Arkansas House of Representatives, Lincoln County is split among three districts  The western third of Lincoln County is within District 10, which includes parts of four nearby counties  District 10 has been represented by Mike Holcomb since January 2013  Holcomb was initially elected as a Democrat, but switched to the Republican party in August 2015  The eastern third of the county is within District 12, which extends across Arkansas and Desha counties to include all of Phillips County  District 12 has been represented by Chris Richey, a Democratic pastor from Helena-West Helena, since January 2013  A small portion in northern Lincoln County, including Grady and Varner, is within District 16  The district contains the eastern half of Jefferson County, including the southeastern half of Pine Bluff, and has been represented by Ken Ferguson, a Democrat, since January 2015  District 13 has been represented by David Hillman since 2013 

Taxation
Property tax is assessed by the Lincoln County Assessor annually based upon the fair market value of the property and determining which tax rate, commonly called a millage in Arkansas, will apply  The rate depends upon the property's location with respect to city limits, school district, and special tax increment financing (TIF) districts  This tax is collected by the Lincoln County Collector between the first business day of March of each year through October 15th without penalty  The Lincoln County Treasurer disburses tax revenues to various government agencies, such as cities, county road departments, fire departments, libraries, and police departments in accordance with the budget set by the quorum court 

Communities
Cities
Gould
Grady
Star City (county seat)Lincoln County has 46 unincorporated communities and ghost towns within its borders  This is due to early settlers in Arkansas tending to settle in small clusters rather than incorporated towns  For example, communities like Varner had a post office and dozens of buildings at some point in their history  Other communities are simply a few dwellings at a crossroads that have adopted a common place name over time  Some are officially listed as populated places by the United States Geological Survey, and others are listed as historic settlements 

Unincorporated communities
Historical communities
Townships
Townships in Arkansas are the divisions of a county   Each township includes unincorporated areas; some may have incorporated cities or towns within part of their boundaries   Arkansas townships have limited purposes in modern times   However, the United States census does list Arkansas population based on townships (sometimes referred to as "county subdivisions" or "minor civil divisions")   Townships are also of value for historical purposes in terms of genealogical research   Each town or city is within one or more townships in an Arkansas county based on census maps and publications   The townships of Lincoln County are listed below; listed in parentheses are the cities, towns, and/or census-designated places that are fully or partially inside the township 

Source:

Infrastructure
Aviation
Lincoln County contains one public owned/public use general aviation airport, Star City Municipal Airport  For the twelve-month period ending February 28, 2014, the facility saw 5,400 general aviation operations  The nearest commercial service airport is Clinton National Airport in Little Rock 

Major highways
The most heavily traveled highway in Lincoln County is U S  Highway 65, with 7,700 vehicles per day estimated in Gould in 2016  The route connects travelers to Pine Bluff (and Little Rock via Interstate 530 [I-530]) to the north, and Mississippi and Louisiana to the south  U S  Highway 425 crosses the county from south to north, passing through Star City  Highway 530 was opened to traffic in 2013 as two lanes of a future four-lane controlled access facility between Pine Bluff and the future Interstate 69 in Monticello  Currently, the route serves as direct access to Pine Bluff and points north for Star City travelers, in less distance than US 65 
Eleven state highways serve the traveling public in the county, varying from short connector routes to long highways traversing the entire county  Highway 11 is an important highway in the county, running from US 63 just over the Cleveland County line northeast through Star City and Grady to Huff's Island park on the Arkansas River  Highway 54 crosses the county from east to west on a winding, indirect route between Dumas and Pine Bluff  Highway 114 and Highway 212 serves as east–west routes across the county  Highway 83, Highway 199, and Highway 293 are rural routes in the south, north and southeast parts of Lincoln County, respectively  Highway 388 runs from US 65 toward Cummins and Varner units  Highway 980 connects Star City Municipal Airport to Highway 114  Two unsigned state highways Highway 600 and Highway 831, serve as institutional roads for Cane Creek State Park and the state prisons, respectively 

Utilities
Water
The Arkansas Department of Health (ADH) is responsible for the regulation and oversight of public water systems throughout the state  Six community water systems are based in Lincoln County: Yorktown Water Association, Arkansas Department of Corrections - Cummins Unit, Star City Water, Gould Municipal Water/Sewer, Grady Waterworks, and the Garrett Bridge Water Association  All of these utilities use the Sparta Sand Aquifer for source water  Small, rural parts of the county are served by the Highway 63 Water Association and the Ladd Water Association Yorktown Water Association has the largest retail population, with 8,169 total retail population, mostly within Lincoln County  ADC Cummins Unit has a retail population of 3,800, followed by Star City with 2,842, Gould with 1,041, and all others under 1,000 retail population served 

Wastewater
The Arkansas Department of Environmental Quality (ADEQ) regulates and oversees wastewater treatment and discharge permits in the state  Lincoln County contains three municipal wastewater systems, and one active domestic NPDES permit for Cummins Unit 

See also
List of lakes in Lincoln County, Arkansas
National Register of Historic Places listings in Lincoln County, Arkansas

Notes
Passage 4:
Siletz Reservation
The Siletz Reservation is a 5 852 sq mi (15 157 km²) Indian reservation in Lincoln County, Oregon, United States, owned by the Confederated Tribes of Siletz  The reservation is made up of numerous non-contiguous parcels of land in east-central Lincoln County, mostly east of the city of Siletz, between it and the Polk County line 

History
Establishment
In November 1855 President of the United States Franklin Pierce issued an executive order creating a reservation for the relocation of the indigenous peoples of the coastal region of the Oregon Territory  A 120-mile-long strip of land was designated for the Coast Indian Reservation  This reservation extended from Cape Lookout in Tillamook County on the north coast, extending to the Siltcoos River, near Florence in the South As Oregon's population grew, the federal government opened up some reservation lands for settlement by white newcomers, who displaced the indigenous peoples  The reservation Area was reduced and fragmented by the executive order December 21st 1865 of President Andrew Johnson and by the Act of Congress March 3rd 1875  Tribal groups reestablished a presence in isolated portions of their traditional homelands Under the Dawes Act of 1887, the government divided communal tribal lands for allocation of individual plots of 160 acres each to heads of households of tribal members; any remaining acreage was classified as "surplus" and sold to non-natives  This break-up of communal lands accelerated the process of atomization of the state's indigenous peoples Since the late 20th century, the federally recognized Confederated Tribes of Siletz Indians has established casino gambling on its lands and generated monies for its people's welfare, as well as contributing to county needs 

Culture and lifestyle
Tribal housing
The Siletz tribe has built several different areas for tribal members to live  The tribe has created a rent-to-buy style program so that tribal members are able to own their own houses  The tribe has also created elders housing units for the elderly tribal members, and they boast several different areas where members are able to rent tribal apartments, these apartments are spread all over the city on tribal properties 

Tribal events
The Siletz reservation is home to many tribal programs  The most prominent is the annual celebration held in Siletz on top of Government Hill, the Nesika Illahee Pow-wow  [1] This event happens during the second weekend of August  The pow-wow opens up every year with a parade and leads into the celebration that lasts all weekend  Siletz is also home to many other cultural events such as a culture camp, youth activities, and activities for elders  The reservation also houses the Siletz dance house where solstice celebrations take place along with many other events like weddings and coming-of-age ceremonies 

Education
There is one K-12th grade school in Siletz, the Siletz Valley Charter School also known as the Siletz Valley Early College Academy  The school had been closed for many years but reopened in 2006 due to funding provided by Chinook Winds Casino  It is a public school within the Lincoln County School District 

See also
Tolowa language

Footnotes
Further reading
David R M  Beck, "'Standing Out Here in the Surf': The Termination and Restoration of the Coos, Lower Umpqua and Siuslaw Indians of Western Oregon in Historical Perspective," Oregon Historical Quarterly, vol  110, no  1 (Spring 2009), pp  6–37  In JSTOR 
C F  Coan, "The Adoption of the Reservation Policy in Pacific Northwest, 1853–1855," Quarterly of the Oregon Historical Society, vol  23, no  1 (March 1922), pp  1–38  In JSTOR 
Wilkinson, Charles F  The People Are Dancing Again: The History of the Siletz Tribe of Western Oregon  Seattle: University of Washington Press, 2010 

External links
Confederated Tribes of Siletz homepage
Passage 5:
Marv Skie–Lincoln County Airport
Marv Skie–Lincoln County Airport (FAA LID: Y14) is a public use airport in Lincoln County, South Dakota, United States  It is owned by Lincoln County and located two nautical miles (4 km) northeast of the central business district of Tea, South Dakota  This airport is included in the National Plan of Integrated Airport Systems for 2011–2015, which categorized it as a general aviation facility 

Background
The airport was named for Marvin A  Skie (1914–1997) of Lennox, Lincoln County 

Facilities and aircraft
Marv Skie–Lincoln County Airport covers an area of 134 acres (54 ha) at an elevation of 1,515 feet (462 m) above mean sea level  It has one runway designated 16/34 with a concrete surface measuring 3,650 by 60 feet (1,113 x 18 m) For the 12-month period ending September 28, 2011, the airport had 40,860 aircraft operations, an average of 111 per day: 99% general aviation and 1% air taxi  At that time there were 89 aircraft based at this airport: 98% single-engine and 2% multi-engine 

See also
List of airports in South Dakota
Passage 6:
Kemmerer, Wyoming
Kemmerer is the largest city in and the county seat of Lincoln County, Wyoming, United States  Its population was 2,415 at the 2020 census 

History
Explorer John C  Frémont discovered coal in the area during his second expedition in 1843  The Union Pacific Coal Company opened the first underground mine in 1881 after construction of the Oregon Short Line Railroad from Granger to Oregon Patrick J  Quealy (1857–1930) founded Kemmerer as an "independent town" in 1897 when he was vice-president of the Kemmerer Coal Company, located 6 miles (9 7 km) south of the original townsite   He named the company and town after his financial backer, Pennsylvania coal magnate Mahlon S  Kemmerer (1843–1925)  In 1950, the operation converted to strip mining and became the world's largest open pit coal mine  In 1980 the Kemmerer Coal Co  was sold to the Pittsburg & Midway Coal Company, now a subsidiary of the Westmorland Coal Company  The pit remains in operation with an annual output of about 5 million tons 
Quealy sold lots in the townsite rather than lease them, which permitted the establishment of independent businesses  The company's subsidiary, Frontier Supply Company, provided electricity by utilizing a used $1,150 generator acquired in Utah  Quealy immigrated from Ireland  In Wyoming, he and his wife became active in Democratic Party politics and in St  Patrick's Church, for which the company donated land 
Quealy was the founding president of the First National Bank, established in 1900  Kemmerer Savings Bank was founded in 1909   Its president Asbury D  Hoskins was manager of the Blyth-Fargo-Hoskins Company, and was elected Wyoming state treasurer in 1919 
The J  C  Penney company store was founded in Kemmerer in 1902 

Geography
According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 7 81 square miles (20 23 km2), of which 7 80 square miles (20 20 km2) is land and 0 01 square miles (0 03 km2) is water The Fossil Butte National Monument is located 15 miles west of Kemmerer, on U S  Highway 30 

Climate
According to the Köppen Climate Classification system, Kemmerer has a warm-summer humid continental climate, abbreviated "Dfb" on climate maps  The hottest temperature recorded in Kemmerer was 99 °F (37 °C) on July 12, 1990, while the coldest temperature recorded was −39 °F (−39 °C) on December 22, 1990 

Demographics
2020 census
As of the census of 2020, there were 2,415 people, 1,251 households, and 538 families living in the city  The population density was 309 2 inhabitants per square mile (119 4/km2)  There were 1,454 housing units at an average density of 186 2 per square mile (71 9/km2)  The racial makeup of the city was 91 4% White, > 1% African American,  8% Native American, > 7% Asian, 1 6% from other races, and 5 4% from two or more races  Hispanic or Latino of any race were 5 5% of the population 
There were 1,251 households, of which 23 4% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 39 8% were married couples living together, 4 9% had a female householder with no husband present, 2 3% had a male householder with no wife present, and 52 8% were non-families  48 3% of all households were made up of individuals, and 2 3% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older  The average household size was 1 88 and the average family size was 3 12 
The median age in the city was 39 1 years  25 6% of residents were under the age of 18; 5 1% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 26 1% were from 25 to 44; 12 3% were from 45 to 64; and 21 1% were 65 years of age or older  The gender makeup of the city was 53 7% male and 46 3% female 

2010 census
As of the census of 2010, there were 2,656 people, 1,078 households, and 704 families living in the city  The population density was 340 5 inhabitants per square mile (131 5/km2)  There were 1,265 housing units at an average density of 162 2 per square mile (62 6/km2)  The racial makeup of the city was 93 2% White, 0 2% African American, 1 2% Native American, 0 4% Asian, 3 9% from other races, and 1 0% from two or more races  Hispanic or Latino of any race were 7 8% of the population 
There were 1,078 households, of which 30 7% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 57 7% were married couples living together, 4 2% had a female householder with no husband present, 3 4% had a male householder with no wife present, and 34 7% were non-families  29 0% of all households were made up of individuals, and 8 8% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older  The average household size was 2 42 and the average family size was 3 03 
The median age in the city was 38 2 years  24 5% of residents were under the age of 18; 7 6% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 26% were from 25 to 44; 30 4% were from 45 to 64; and 11 4% were 65 years of age or older  The gender makeup of the city was 52 2% male and 47 8% female 

2000 census
As of the census of 2000, there were 2,651 people, 1,034 households, and 695 families living in the city  The population density was 359 7 people per square mile (138 9/km2)  There were 1,208 housing units at an average density of 163 9 per square mile (63 3/km2)  The racial makeup of the city was 96 72% White, 0 11% African American, 0 49% Native American, 0 60% Asian, 0 04% Pacific Islander, 1 17% from other races, and 0 87% from two or more races  Hispanic or Latino of any race were 3 36% of the population 
There were 1,034 households, out of which 34 1% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 58 3% were married couples living together, 4 9% had a female householder with no husband present, and 32 7% were non-families  28 6% of all households were made up of individuals, and 10 3% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older  The average household size was 2 53 and the average family size was 3 13 
In the city, the population was spread out, with 28 4% under the age of 18, 7 1% from 18 to 24, 28 0% from 25 to 44, 25 7% from 45 to 64, and 10 8% who were 65 years of age or older  The median age was 38 years  For every 100 females, there were 103 9 males  For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 102 0 males 
The median income for a household in the city was $47,353, and the median income for a family was $55,529  Males had a median income of $45,921 versus $23,382 for females  The per capita income for the city was $21,478  About 5 1% of families and 6 6% of the population were below the poverty line, including 7 1% of those under the age of 18 and 5 7% of those 65 and older 

Economy
Naughton Power Plant is a coal-fired power station located on the southwest edge of Kemmerer   The plant employs 230 people, and is scheduled to close in 2025  In 2021, TerraPower announced it would open a sodium-cooled nuclear power plant in Kemmerer in 2028, at an estimated cost of $4 billion  The company plans to employ workers from Naughton Power Plant 

Education
Kemmerer is located within Lincoln County School District #1, which includes Canyon Elementary School, New Frontier High School and Kemmerer High School  Teresa Chaulk is the Superintendent of Schools Kemmerer has a public library, a branch of the Lincoln County Library System 

Notable people
John Buck (born 1980), former MLB catcher
Jerry Buss (1933–2013), owner of the Los Angeles Lakers, lived in Kemmerer as a teenager
William L  Carlisle (1890–1964), one of America's last train robbers, lived in Kemmerer after his release from prison in 1936
Edgar Herschler (1918–1990), governor of Wyoming from 1975 to 1986
James Cash Penney (1875–1971), founder of the J C  Penney chain of stores
Mollie Hemingway (c  1974), journalist, was raised in Kemmerer

See also
Fossil Butte National Monument
Kemmerer Municipal Airport
Passage 7:
Star Valley High School
Star Valley High School is a high school located in rural Afton, Lincoln County, Wyoming, United States  It is one of three high schools in Lincoln County School District Number 2, along with Cokeville High School, and Swift Creek High School   It is one of four high schools, along with Cokeville High School, Swift Creek High school, and Kemmerer High School, in Lincoln County 
Principal Shannon Harris was named 2009 Wyoming High School Principal of the Year At the beginning of the 2012–2013 school year, Star Valley High School was a recipient of the National Blue Ribbon School of Excellence award from the National Department of Education 
The school was expected to average 188 students per grade through the 2010–2011 school year  The student population is 46 8% female and 53 2% male, with 97 14% Caucasian students and 1 5% Hispanic   20 4% of the students receive free or reduced lunch   Despite the relative poverty of its students, it is ranked high in academics (9 out of 10) Star Valley competes in classes 3A and 4A in Wyoming high school athletics 

Alumni
Rulon Gardner, Olympic wrestler

See also
List of high schools in Wyoming
Education in Lincoln County
Passage 8:
Vegepet
Vegepet is a line of dietary supplement products for dogs and cats being fed a vegan diet, sold by Compassion Circle 

Nutritional study
In 2004, a study published in the Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association evaluated two commercial vegetarian pet foods for nutritional adequacy, which included Vegecat KibbleMix supplement   The study concluded that both Vegecat KibbleMix and the other vegetarian pet food had multiple nutritional inadequacies, particularly taurine, when compared against the AAFCO minimal nutrient profile for cat diets  Vitamin A level leaned high but was still within the AAFCO maximum safe
intake  In an apologetic reply, the manufacturer of Vegecat attributed the test results to a manufacturing error during the mixing process and an inaccurate nutrient profile of a food yeast, and said they were taking steps to correct the problems 

See also
Vegetarian and vegan dog diet
Dog food § Vegetarian and vegan dog diet
Cat food § Vegetarian and vegan diet
Passage 9:
Merrill, Wisconsin
Merrill is a city in and the county seat of Lincoln County, Wisconsin, United States  It is located to the south of and adjacent to the Town of Merrill  The population was 9,347, according to the 2020 census  Merrill is part of the United States Census Bureau's Merrill MSA, which includes all of Lincoln County  Together with the Wausau MSA, which includes all of Marathon County, it forms the Wausau-Merrill CSA 

History
Merrill was first inhabited by the Chippewa Native Americans  The first European settlement there was a logging town named Jenny Bull Falls  By 1843, a trading post was constructed near the town; John Faely was the first settler  Within four years a dam, started by Andrew Warren, was constructed over the Wisconsin River  Warren then established the first mill powered by the dam, and other saw mills in the area  In 1870, T  B  Scott succeeded Warren, and the mill soon became increasingly successful  In 1899 the mill burned down  During that time the name of the community was changed to Merrill, in honor of Sherburn S  Merrill (1818–1885), the general manager of the Chicago, Milwaukee, St  Paul, and Pacific Railroad In 1881, the Wisconsin Telephone Company began operation, with 20 phones in service  In 1883, the first City Council met and T  B  Scott was named the first mayor  By 1885, the population had risen to 7,000, approximately 3,000 less than Merrill's population today  The railroad and passenger depot was a hub of social activity through the lumber industry's boom years and after  It later became a community youth center, but has since been razed  By 1900, the timber industry was in decline and the community was compelled to diversify its economy 
In July 1912, the Wisconsin River and several of its tributaries flooded from Rothschild to Merrill, destroying several dams (active and abandoned), as well as causing hundreds of thousands of dollars in damage in Merrill 

Geography
Merrill is located at 45°10′57″N 89°41′44″W (45 182569, -89 69559), along the Wisconsin River at its confluence with the Prairie River 
According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 8 08 square miles (20 93 km2), of which, 7 5 square miles (19 42 km2) is land and 0 58 square miles (1 50 km2) is water Merrill is located west of US Route 51 on State Highway 64 (Main Street) 
Council Grounds State Park is due west of the city 

Demographics
2020 census
As of the census of 2020, the population was 9,347  The population density was 1,245 6 inhabitants per square mile (480 9/km2)  There were 4,503 housing units at an average density of 600 1 per square mile (231 7/km2)  The racial makeup of the city was 93 1% White, 0 7% Native American, 0 7% Black or African American, 0 4% Asian, 1 0% from other races, and 4 1% from two or more races  Ethnically, the population was 2 6% Hispanic or Latino of any race 

2010 census
As of the census of 2010, there were 9,661 people, 4,175 households, and 2,516 families residing in the city  The population density was 1,334 4 inhabitants per square mile (515 2/km2)  There were 4,619 housing units at an average density of 638 0 per square mile (246 3/km2)  The racial makeup of the city was 96 3% White, 0 5% African American, 0 4% Native American, 0 6% Asian, 0 8% from other races, and 1 2% from two or more races  Hispanic or Latino of any race were 2 0% of the population 
There were 4,175 households, of which 29 4% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 43 0% were married couples living together, 12 4% had a female householder with no husband present, 4 9% had a male householder with no wife present, and 39 7% were non-families  35 0% of all households were made up of individuals, and 17 4% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older  The average household size was 2 25 and the average family size was 2 88 
The median age in the city was 40 4 years  23 9% of residents were under the age of 18; 7 2% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 24 9% were from 25 to 44; 24 5% were from 45 to 64; and 19 4% were 65 years of age or older  The gender makeup of the city was 47 6% male and 52 4% female 

2000 census
As of the census of 2000, there were 10,146 people, 4,183 households, and 2,631 families residing in the city  The population density was 1,441 7 people per square mile (556 4/km2)  There were 4,397 housing units at an average density of 624 8 per square mile (241 1/km2)  The racial makeup of the city was 97 77% White, 0 20% Black or African American, 0 54% Native American, 0 42% Asian, 0 04% Pacific Islander, 0 36% from other races, and 0 66% from two or more races  1 03% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race 
There were 4,183 households, out of which 31 0% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 47 2% were married couples living together, 11 9% had a female householder with no husband present, and 37 1% were non-families  32 3% of all households were made up of individuals, and 17 6% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older  The average household size was 2 34 and the average family size was 2 96 
In the city, the population was spread out, with 25 3% under the age of 18, 8 5% from 18 to 24, 27 5% from 25 to 44, 19 1% from 45 to 64, and 19 7% who were 65 years of age or older  The median age was 37 years  For every 100 females, there were 89 8 males  For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 84 4 males 
The median income for a household in the city was $33,098, and the median income for a family was $45,860  Males had a median income of $30,789 versus $21,372 for females  The per capita income for the city was $17,429  About 5 7% of families and 9 5% of the population were below the poverty line, including 10 7% of those under age 18 and 15 0% of those age 65 or over 

Government
The Lincoln County Courthouse, begun in 1903, was completed at a cost of $119,882  Its central rotunda is 32 feet in diameter; second floor offices lead off its balcony  A 48-inch bell and one-ton clock were mounted on the roof tower  It was added to the National Register of Historic Places on April 19, 1978 

Education
Merrill is served by the Merrill Area Public School District  Northcentral Technical College's Public Safety Training center was built in Merrill in 2005 

Public schools
Kate Goodrich Elementary School
Washington Elementary School
Prairie River Middle School
Merrill High School

Private schools
Trinity Lutheran School
St  John Lutheran School
St  Francis Xavier Catholic School
New Testament Church Christian Academy

Transportation
Highways
From 1889 to 1921 a streetcar line was operated by the Merrill Railway & Lighting Co , which also operated one of the earliest trolleybus lines in the United States in 1913 

Local transit
The City of Merrill operates an on-demand bus system within the city limits, known as the Merrill Transit System (formerly Merrill-Go-Round)  As of 2019, the fee is $2 00 general and $1 00 for the elderly and disabled The community supports a private Blue Jay Taxi service  The service is in part supported by the Merrill/Tomahawk Tavern League through its SafeRide Home program providing over 1,200 free ride vouchers annually, and is locally funded by the annual Lobsterfest event  The program unique to Wisconsin and is considered an effective means by other states to eliminate drunk driving 

Airport
Merrill is served by the Merrill Municipal Airport (KRRL)  Located one mile northwest of the city's center, the airport handles approximately 18,600 operations per year, with roughly 96% general aviation and 4% air taxi  The airport has a 5,100-foot asphalt runway with approved GPS approaches (Runway 7-25) and a 2,997-foot asphalt crosswind runway (Runway 16-34) 

Parks and recreation
Parks
Recreation
Historic places
Notable people
Images



ground_truth: Troy, Montana

prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: Which utility holding company did Alfred A. Marcus work as a consultant?

The following are given passages.
Context 3: Passage 1:
North American Light and Power Company
The North American Light and Power Company was a utility holding company formed in South Bend, Indiana and run since 1916 by its president, Clement Studebaker, Jr , of the family famous for the Studebaker automobiles  The utility company remained a major subsidiary of the North American Company, until that conglomerate's 1940s breakup by the U S  Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) 

History
Clement Studebaker, Jr  (1871–1932) was born the son of Clement Studebaker (1831–1901), the carriage and automobile manufacturer of South Bend, Indiana In 1911, the company founded by the Studebaker brothers joined forces with Everitt-Metzker-Flanders Company of Detroit to form the Studebaker Corporation  In one of his several executive positions, Clement Studebaker, Jr  served as Vice President of the E-M-F Company By 1916 Clement Studebaker, Jr  had formed the publicly traded North American Light and Power Company, and issued stock, with certificates  printed by the American Banknote Company Clement Studebaker, Jr  also served as President and Chairman of the Board of the Illinois Power and Light Company (and of its subsidiary, the Illinois Traction Company), the South Bend Watch Company, and as Treasurer of the Chicago South Shore and South Bend Railroad 

North American Company
North American Company had once been one of the original stocks in the Dow Jones Industrial Average North American Light and Power remained under the ownership of North American Company for the next decade after Clement's death, as a major subsidiary holding company of other lines  
By 1940, North American Company had become a US$2 3 billion holding company heading up a pyramid of by then 80 companies  It controlled ten major direct subsidiaries in eight of which it owned at least 79%  North American Light and Power Company was by then one of the three major holding companies among the ten direct subsidiaries North American Company was broken up by the SEC, following the United States Supreme Court decision of April 1, 1946 
Passage 2:
Southern Company
Southern Company is an American gas and electric utility holding company based in the southern United States  It is headquartered in Atlanta, Georgia, with executive offices also located in Birmingham, Alabama  The company is the second largest utility company in the U S  in terms of customer base, as of 2021  Through its subsidiaries it serves 9 million gas and electric utility customers in 6 states  Southern Company's regulated regional electric utilities serve a 120,000-square-mile (310,000 km2) territory with 27,000 miles (43,000 km) of distribution lines 

Overview
Southern Company is one of the largest energy providers in the United States and is ranked 126th on the Fortune 500 listing of the largest U S  corporations  The company has approximately 31,300 employees  It has more than 500,000 shareholders (NYSE: SO) and has been traded since September 30, 1949 
Southern Company subsidiaries are operating or developing renewable: solar, wind, and biomass facilities across the U S , as well as the first new nuclear units in the U S  in 30 years at Plant Vogtle near Augusta, Georgia 
Southern Company's three retail operating companies—Alabama Power, Georgia Power, and Mississippi Power—serve 120,000 square miles (310,000 km2) in three states  Southern Power serves wholesale electricity customers across the U S  Southern Company Gas serves utility customers in seven states 
Southern Company owns the following companies:

Alabama Power - operating company, based in Birmingham, Alabama  Serves the southern two-thirds of Alabama 
Georgia Power - operating company, based in Atlanta  Serves all of Georgia, except for mostly rural counties 
Mississippi Power - operating company, based in Gulfport, Mississippi  Serves the Mississippi Gulf Coast 
Southern Company Services (originally named Southern Services, Inc ) - Birmingham, Alabama - Common Services
Southern Linc - cellular telephone provider - Atlanta, Georgia
Southern Nuclear - engineering and operations for nuclear power plants - Birmingham, Alabama  (Southern Company is the majority owner and operator of the Farley, Hatch, and Vogtle nuclear power plants )
Southern Company Generation - fossil fuels and hydro operations - Birmingham, Alabama 
Southern Power - wholesale power generation - Birmingham, Alabama 
Southern Telecom - wholesale fiber optic communications and data services - Atlanta, Georgia 
Southern Company Gas - serves gas utility customers and operates natural gas pipelines - Atlanta, Georgia 
PowerSecure - distributed infrastructure technologies - Wake Forest, North Carolina 
Atlanta Gas Light - provides natural gas delivery service to more than 1 6 million customers in Georgia 
Chattanooga Gas - provides retail natural gas sales and transportation services to approximately 66,000 customers in Hamilton and Bradley counties in southeast Tennessee 
Nicor Gas - Provider of natural gas throughout northern Illinois 
Virginia Natural Gas - Provider of Natural Gas in southeastern Virginia 
Sequent Energy Management - optimizes natural gas assets and effectively utilize transportation and storage services 
Southern Wholesale Energy - markets the retail operating companies' surplus generating capacity to the wholesale market 
Southern Company Transmission - conducts transmission business in accordance with the Southern Companies Open Access Transmission Tariff approved by FERC Prior to 2019, Southern Company also owned Gulf Power, an electric utility based in Pensacola, Florida that serves most of the Florida Panhandle  An agreement was reached in May 2018 to sell Gulf Power to rival utility company NextEra Energy  The sale was completed on January 1, 2019  Gulf Power would become the Northwest Florida division of Florida Power & Light (FPL) in 2021, with the Gulf Power name retired in favor of FPL in 2022 

History
Southern Company can be traced back to 1924, when Southeastern Power & Light was formed as a holding company for Alabama Traction, Light and Power (formed 1906), the immediate forerunner of Alabama Power  Later that year, it formed Mississippi Power as a subsidiary, with Gulf Power following in 1925  In 1926, it merged with Georgia Power (formed 1902)  In 1930, Southeastern Power & Light merged into the Commonwealth & Southern Corporation  The new system included five Northern companies and six Southern companies  However, in the late 1940s Commonwealth & Southern was dissolved to meet the Public Utility Holding Company Act of 1935  Four of Commonwealth & Southern's Deep South operating companies—Alabama Power, Georgia Power, Gulf Power, and Mississippi Power—were deemed to be an integrated system and thus were allowed to remain under common ownership  A new holding company, Southern Company, was incorporated in Delaware on November 9, 1945  It commenced operation in 1949, and moved to Georgia in 1950  In 1954–55, the company was involved in the Dixon-Yates contract with the Atomic Energy Commission, and the associated political controversy In 1981, Southern Company became the first electric utility holding company in 46 years to diversify its operations by forming an unregulated subsidiary  In January 1982, Southern Energy, Inc , began official operations as a global energy company, growing to serve 10 countries on four continents  On April 2, 2001, Southern Company completed the spinoff of Southern Energy as Mirant Corporation 
Another Southern Company subsidiary—Southern Nuclear—began providing services in 1991 to the system's nuclear power plants 
In 1996, Southern Communications Services began providing digital wireless communications services to Southern Company's subsidiaries and also began marketing these services to the public within the Southeast as Southern Linc  Southern Telecom, a telecommunications subsidiary of Southern Company, was founded in 1997  Southern Telecom provides colocation and dark fiber optic lines to network businesses On January 9, 2001, Southern Company received final approval from the Securities and Exchange Commission to form Southern Power, a subsidiary to own, manage and finance wholesale generating assets in the Southeast  The new subsidiary targets wholesale customers 
On July 19, 2002, Southern Company Gas received certification from the Georgia Public Service Commission to enter the retail gas market  After nearly four years of operations, the company was sold and customers transferred to Cobb EMC's newly formed affiliate, Gas South 
In 2011, Southern Company and Turner Renewable Energy purchased a 30 MW solar project from First Solar  Located in Cimarron, New Mexico, it began generating electricity in 2011 In June 2012, the Nacogdoches Generating Facility began its commercial operation  The facility is a 115 MW biomass-fueled electric generating plant, located near Sacul in Nacogdoches County, Texas 
In 2016, Southern Company acquired PowerSecure, a distributed energy infrastructure technologies company, and AGL Resources (which was renamed Southern Company Gas)  As a result of the AGL Resources merger, Southern Company doubled its customer base, expanded its footprint and broadened the scope of its business by increasing its natural gas presence 

Plant Vogtle
Southern Company subsidiaries operate hydroelectric, gas, coal, and nuclear generation sources to generate approximately 200 terawatt-hours of electricity  In 2009, coal represented 57 percent of the company's output, followed by nuclear (23%) and natural gas (16%)  Renewable hydroelectric power represented 4 percent of Southern's generation  Coal-based generation dropped significantly in 2009 from an average of 70% between 2005 and 2008  As of 2017 Coal-based generation had dropped to 30% In June 2010, the United States Department of Energy awarded an $8 3 billion loan guarantee to facilitate the construction of two new nuclear reactors at Plant Vogtle, near Augusta, Georgia  A Southern Company subsidiary, Georgia Power, owns 45 7% of the current 2,430 MW facility, with co-owners Oglethorpe Power (30%) Municipal Electric Authority of Georgia (22 7%) and the City of Dalton (1 6%)  The plant is operated by Georgia Power  The $14 billion construction project is scheduled to be completed by 2022 and would double the plant's capacity The construction of two 1,154 MW reactors has been hailed by Energy Secretary Steven Chu as "the first new nuclear power plant to break ground in decades"  It is expected to create up to 3,500 jobs during the construction phase, and 800 once operational  However, in March 2017 Westinghouse Electric Company, who were building the plant, filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy because of $9 billion of losses from its two U S  nuclear construction projects  The U S  government had given $8 3 billion of loan guarantees on the financing of the four nuclear reactors being built in the U S , and it is expected a way forward to completing the plant can be agreed 

Plant Ratcliffe
In September 2013 the EPA introduced new provisions regarding output of carbon emissions in new power facilities  The proposed emission limit for new energy sources will be 1,100lbs of carbon dioxide per megawatt hour of electricity  Preemptively recognizing the need for these changes, Southern Company broke ground on its 21st-century clean coal facility in June 2010  Southern's subsidiary, Mississippi Power will operate the plant  The Kemper County Energy Facility, or Kemper Project, takes advantage of the abundant lignite, or poor quality coal, available in Mississippi  Additionally, it employs Transport Gasifier (TRIG) technology  TRIG technology is built on the idea of dry-feed, non-slag gasifiers, which operate at lower temperatures than other coal gasifiers  This dry-feed is crushed, heated, and circulated in the gasifier, producing a flammable synthetic gas, syngas  Syngas can generate electricity with fewer emissions  Of course, other byproducts are produced, like ammonia and sulphuric acid  These particular products are sold for commercial use The EPA considers the Kemper Coal Project and other planned facilities like it, to be a lifeline for the coal industry in the wake of the new climate change plan  Between 2010 and 2014, approximately 150 coal plants were shut down As of April 2014, the US Department of Energy had invested $270m in this project  Southern Company, and its subsidiary, Mississippi Power anticipate that the Kemper Coal Plant will generate enough energy to serve more than 187,000 customers  Upon opening, the Kemper Coal Project is expected to be capable of stripping out at least 65% of the carbon dioxide, significantly exceeding the EPA's proposed requirement of 40% 

Partnerships
Southern Company works with the US Department of Energy on a variety of projects including transmission and distribution of infrastructure and smart grid initiatives, environmental research programs, and nuclear generation  One of the more significant joint efforts, the DOE's National Carbon Capture Center, is managed by Southern Company and represents national efforts to reduce greenhouse gas emissions from coal-based power generation  At this location, Southern Company has been working with scientists and technology developers from government, industry, and universities who are creating the next generation of carbon capture technologies Along with the DOE, Southern Company has been working with KBR, another technology partner, to perfect its TRIG advanced coal gasification technology  This process of breaking down "dirty coal", or lignite, into its chemical components is not only cleaner, but it is also less expensive and more reliable  This technology is currently being implemented at Southern Company's Kemper County power plant, one of the few new coal facilities working to keep the US coal industry alive  This new facility will be built on a lignite seam, is expected to strip out two-thirds of carbon dioxide emissions, leaving emissions at about the same level as natural gas  The Kemper Coal Plant is expected to fall well under new regulations implemented by the EPA, which limits coal plants to 1,100lbs of carbon dioxide emissions per megawatt hour of electricity In an effort to make this technology more attainable, Southern Company has partnered with China's Shenhua Group to collaborate on further research, development, and deployment of clean coal technologies in the US, China, and around the world  This partnership with Shenhua, who is currently expected to add more than 400,000 megawatts of coal-fired capacity by 2035, could lead to wide deployment of TRIG-equipped power plants across Asia  TRIG technology has the potential to not only assist China with their growing carbon issue, but also enable the country to tap into their own low quality coal In 2009, the U S  Department of Energy granted Southern Company a $165 million Smart Grid Investment Grant to implement a smart grid and to make the grid more reliable  Through matching funds and other investments, the company spent $363 million on the initiative, which it completed in 2014  The upgraded smart grid allows Southern Company the ability to monitor and control its electric infrastructure in real time and respond to problems 

Financial data
Carbon footprint
Southern Company reported Total CO2e emissions (Direct + Indirect) for the twelve months ending 31 December 2020 at 75,300 Kt (-13,100 /-14 8% y-o-y) and aims to reach net zero emissions by 2050 

Political donations
In May 2018, it was reported that Southern Company had donated $1 million to America First Policies, a pro-Donald Trump advocacy group 

Controversies
Environmental impact
Southern Company is the third-largest producer of greenhouse gas emissions in the United States, emitting 86,244,286 metric tons of carbon dioxide equivalent in 2019 In 2005, the company announced it would open a Mercury Research Center at Plant Crist Pensacola, Florida, hoping to find new ways to reduce mercury emissions On April 25, 2006, Alabama Power, a subsidiary of Southern Company, agreed to pay $200M to settle allegations that its coal-fired James H  Miller, Jr  Plant near West Jefferson, Alabama emitted harmful amounts of SO2 and NOx In response to growing public and financial community interest, the company has enacted assorted environmental measures  Southern Company participates in Renew Our Rivers, a volunteer program to remove debris from rivers and other waterways throughout the Southeast, which claims over 11 million pounds of trash removed or recycled in Renew Our Rivers events  The company also manages and operates the National Carbon Capture Center, a focal point of the US Department of Energy's efforts to develop carbon capture and greenhouse gas reduction technologies, under which various projects to test geologic sequestration are in progress at Plant Gorgas in Alabama, Plant Daniel in Mississippi and other company sites  However, critics have argued that CCS seldom works and prolongs the life of fossil fuels 

Climate change denial
Southern Company has a long history of funding climate change denial and has been a "driving force behind climate disinformation," sponsoring campaigns in opposition to climate science, against limiting greenhouse gas emissions, and slowing the transition to renewable energy sources Between 1993 and 2004 Southern Company paid over $62 million to organizations that spread disinformation about climate change  The utility paid for advertising claiming that climate change was not real and made payments to public relations companies, industry groups, law firms and thinktanks to dispute the scientific consensus for climate change and attack legislative solutions  The utility paid $20 million to the trade group Edison Electric Institute, which creates media campaigns to attack proponents of global warming  In the 1990s, Southern Company and the Center for Energy and Economic Development hosted energy workshops broadcast to schoolteachers through the company's satellite network to promote pro-coal messages about climate change and the environment 

Kemper Project controversies
In February 2015, the Mississippi Supreme Court ordered Southern Company's subsidiary Mississippi Power to restore $377 million to South Mississippi ratepayers for rate increases related to the Kemper Project, a "clean" coal plant  These fees were derived from Mississippi's Baseload Act, allowing Mississippi Power to charge ratepayers for powerplants under construction 
In May 2016, Southern Company and its subsidiary Mississippi Power announced they were being investigated by the Securities and Exchange Commission related to overruns at the Kemper Project  The project had been repeatedly delayed and costs increased from $2 88 billion to $6 58 billion  In recorded conversations, at least six engineers from the Kemper Project claimed that delays, cost overruns, safety violations, and shoddy work, were in part due to mismanagement or fraud 
In June 2016, Mississippi Power was sued by Treetop Midstream Services over the cancellation of a contract to receive carbon dioxide from the Kemper Project as part of the carbon capture and storage design  Treetop had contracted to buy carbon dioxide from the Kemper plant and had built a pipeline in preparation to receive the gas  Treetop alleged Mississippi Power had fraudulently and "intentionally misrepresenting and concealing the start date" for the Kemper Project, though Mississippi Power stated the suit was without merit 
The company was also found to have unlawfully fired a whistle-blower who had criticized alleged false statements by company management 

Vogtle nuclear power plant
In June 2021, Georgia Power, a subsidiary of Southern Company, was scrutinized by the Georgia Public Service Commission over the lengthy delays and ballooning costs of its new Vogtle nuclear plant in Burke County, Georgia 

Willie Soon
In February 2015, it was revealed that climate change denier Willie Soon had been paid by Southern Company and several other fossil fuel interest groups  Over the course of 14 years, Soon received a total of $1 25m from Southern Company, Exxon Mobil, the American Petroleum Institute (API) and a foundation run by the Koch brothers, the documents obtained by Greenpeace show  At $410,000, Southern Company was the largest donor  The scientist described his studies to fossil fuel executives as "deliverables", and permitted anonymous pre-publication reviews  Soon advanced the widely discredited theory that changes in solar activity are to blame for climate change, and called into question the severity and extent of climate change in all his studies, never revealing his backers 

See also
Jacob Horton
List of United States electric companies
Electric utility

Notes
External links
Business data for Southern Company: 
DOE guarantee press info
PR Newswire release
Southern Company Media Room
Official website
Forbes Global 2000 Biggest Companies Utility Industry
Passage 3:
TECO Energy
TECO Energy Inc  is an energy-related holding company based in Tampa, Florida, and a subsidiary of Emera Incorporated  TECO Energy has several subsidiaries: Tampa Electric, which provides electricity to the Tampa Bay Area and parts of Central Florida; Peoples Gas Company, which provides natural gas throughout Florida; and TECO Services, which provides IT, HR, legal, facilities, and other services to current and former TECO subsidiaries  Previously the company was in the S&P 500 before it became private due its acquisition by Emera 
TECO Energy businesses include New Mexico Gas Company  TECO's three utilities serve a total of 1 6 million customers in Florida and New Mexico  In 2012, TECO exited its business in Guatemala 

History
Tampa Electric began in 1899 to manage electric trolley systems in the city of Tampa  On September 4, 2015, Emera, a utility holding company based in Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada, announced the pending acquisition of TECO Energy  That purchase closed on July 1, 2016, and TECO Energy, Inc  became a wholly owned subsidiary of Emera, Inc 

Environmental record
Researchers at the University of Massachusetts Amherst in 2006 identified TECO Energy as the 37th-largest corporate producer of air pollution in the United States in 2002, with roughly 11 million pounds of toxic chemicals released annually into the air  Major pollutants indicated by the study included hydrochloric acid, sulfuric acid, chromium compounds, arsenic compounds, and nickel compounds In 2000, TECO Energy was fined $3 5 million for making changes to emissions producing facilities without installing new updated pollution controls  This led to the switch from coal to natural gas in one of its plants by 2004 and optimization of pollution controls in another  These changes were enacted to drastically cut emissions, notably sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxide emissions On July 6, 2019 People’s Gas a Division of Tampa Electric Company, caused an explosion of a shopping center in Plantation, Florida known as the Market on University because People’s Gas failed to close and lock a gas line after a customer request dating back to December 2018  The failure to close and lock the gas line is a violation of Federal law and Florida law  Peoples/TECO claims that a computer program cancelled the shutoff order unbeknownst to the utility  TECO/Peoples hid the claimed computer error from state investigators  The computer error caused hundreds of gas line shutoff orders to be cancelled system wide  TECO/Peoples also blame the owner of the shopping center for not capping the gas line when the tenant removed a gas pizza oven  Over 60 lawsuits were filed in response to the explosion many of which remain pending 
In 2017, TECO had an explosion at its Big Bend power plant near Tampa, Florida killing 5 workers who were performing a dangerous procedure water jetting molten slag in a coal fired furnace  The workers were killed because an explosion occurred  TECO experienced the same type of accident 10 years prior and developed a policy to prevent future accidents but failed to train workers on the safety policy  In May 2022, TECO pleaded guilty to violating an OSHA safety regulation requiring a meeting to ensure workers are properly trained that would have prevented the deaths of the 5 workers  In August 2022 TECO was sentenced to a $500,000 fine and 3 years of probation  TECO admitted that it willfully violated an OSHA safety regulation as part of its guilty plea  
On September 28, 2017, TECO announced it was adding 600 MW of solar to its electricity-producing portfolio 

See also
List of power stations in Florida
TECO Line Streetcar (No longer operated by TECO)
Tampa Electric Co  v  Nashville Coal Co 
Passage 4:
Xcel Energy
Xcel Energy Inc  is a U S  regulated electric utility and natural gas delivery company based in Minneapolis, Minnesota, serving more than 3 7 million electric customers and 2 1 million natural gas customers across parts of eight states (Colorado, Minnesota, Wisconsin, Michigan, North Dakota, South Dakota, Texas and New Mexico)  It consists of four operating subsidiaries: Northern States Power-Minnesota, Northern States Power-Wisconsin, Public Service Company of Colorado, and Southwestern Public Service Co In December 2018, Xcel Energy announced it would deliver 100 percent clean, carbon-free electricity by 2050, with an 80 percent carbon reduction by 2035 (from 2005 levels)  This makes Xcel the first major US utility to set such a goal 

History
Xcel Energy was built on three companies: Minneapolis-based Northern States Power Company (NSP), Denver-based Public Service Company of Colorado (PSCo), and Amarillo-based Southwestern Public Service (SPS)  Southwestern Public Service Co  (SPS) dates its origins to 1904 and the Pecos Valley in New Mexico when Maynard Gunsell received an electricity franchise for the city of Roswell, New Mexico and its 2,000 residents  The financial strain of creating this new enterprise soon overwhelmed him and he sold the franchise to W H  Gillenwater, who named his utility the Roswell Electric Light Co  He later sold the company to an investment firm in Cleveland, Ohio, which already owned the Roswell Gas Co Northern States Power Company's timeline begins with the organization of the Washington County Light & Power Co  in 1909  When H  M  Byllesby began building his utility holding company across the Northwestern region of the US, he renamed it the Consumers Power Co  in 1910 and which was renamed the Northern States Power Co  in 1916  While the bulk of NSP's territory grew across central and southern Minnesota (starting from the Twin Cities), it acquired territory in North Dakota (centering on Fargo, Grand Forks, and Minot) and extended southwest into South Dakota (centering on Sioux Falls)  NSP's system also extended east into Wisconsin, but because of utility ownership laws in that state, it was operated as an entity separate from the rest of the company 
Public Service Company of Colorado (PSCo) was formed in 1923 to provide an electric generating station for the Denver area   By 1924, it had acquired most of the electric companies in northern and central Colorado  Originally a subsidiary of Cities Service Company, it became an independent autonomous operation in November 1943   By this time, it served 80 percent of Colorado's gas and electricity needs  As demand for energy continued to grow, so did PSCo   Eventually, the company merged with SPS to form New Century Energies (NCE) in 1995 Northern States Power and Wisconsin Energy Corporation had planned to merge into a new outfit that was to be called Primergy - but in 1997, the merger fell through because of the time it was taking to gain the required approvals from state and federal agencies  After the failed Primergy merger, NSP (both the Minnesota and Wisconsin companies) merged with New Century Energies to form Xcel Energy   In 2005, Xcel sold Cheyenne Light, Fuel and Power to Black Hills Corporation   Cheyenne Light, Fuel and Power had been a subsidiary of PSCo since the 1920s, and had become an operating company of NCE after the merger with SPS 
In December 2018, Xcel Energy became the first major US utility to pledge to go carbon-free, aiming for 80% carbon reduction by 2030, and 100% reduction by 2050 Utility industry magazine Utility Dive awarded Xcel Energy its 2018 "Utility of the Year" award for its plans for add 12 wind farms, its project with Google to develop new ways for customers to personalize energy management, and its plan to retire 50 percent of its coal-powered capacity by 2026 (and replacing it with a combination of renewable energy, efficiency, and natural gas) On May 20, 2019, Xcel Energy announced its intent to close all of its remaining coal-fired plants in Minnesota by 2030 while compensating by increasing solar production capacity by 1,400%  It also declared its plans to continue operating its Monticello nuclear plant near Monticello, Minnesota until at least 2040 On March 16, 2023, Xcel Energy announced that a significant unplanned release of radioactive water from its Monticello nuclear power plant took place on November 21, 2022, which was reported only to state and federal authorities but was concealed from the public until now  Xcel estimated the leak to be 400 thousand gallons of contaminated water containing radioactive tritium  The leak occurred in a water pipe that runs between two buildings 

Generation portfolio
Across Xcel Energy's eight-state service area, 49% of the power provided in 2021 came from carbon-free sources: biomass, hydroelectric and nuclear plants, solar panels and wind turbines Xcel Energy currently has 13 coal plants with a capacity of 7,697 MW  Seven of those plants are operated in Colorado  Xcel Energy owns and operates three wind farms  In October 2011, Xcel Energy set a world record for electricity from wind power, with an hourly penetration of 55 6% of production from wind Xcel Energy generates over 500 megawatts of hydroelectric power from 27 plants in Wisconsin, Minnesota, and Colorado  This accounts for only four percent of their electricity generation  They also purchase large amounts of hydro-generated electricity from Manitoba Hydro 

Biomass electricity comes from organic fuel sources  Xcel Energy has contracts for about 110 megawatts of electricity from biomass generators  Two in northern Minnesota are fueled by forest harvest residue, such as treetops and limbs  A third facility, brought on line in 2007 in western Minnesota, generates power using turkey litter Xcel Energy's Bay Front plant in Ashland, Wisconsin, is a three-unit generating station that has become a model for the creative use of fuels: coal, waste wood, railroad ties, discarded tires, natural gas, and petroleum coke   Two of the three Bay Front operating units already use biomass as their primary fuel   Xcel Energy recently proposed a plan to install biomass gasification technology at Bay Front  The waste-to-energy facilities use waste that would otherwise end up in landfills  The Wisconsin waste-to-energy plant burns wood waste in combination with refuse-derived fuel (RDF) Xcel Energy owns and operates two nuclear power plants: 

Monticello Nuclear Generating Plant near Monticello, Minnesota
Prairie Island Nuclear Generating Plant near Red Wing, Minnesotaand stores the spent fuel from these nuclear plants on site in independent spent fuel storage installations  (ISFSIs) 

System information and transmission
Xcel Energy operates the fourth largest transmission system in the United States, spanning 10 states  In 2011, Xcel Energy's transmission system was worth $3 3 billion The transmission system is operated on a non-discriminatory basis under the open access requirements of the Federal Government  This means that all wholesale buyers and sellers of electricity can use the transmission system under the same terms and conditions used to serve Xcel Energy's own retail customers   The transmission lines are utilized to carry 115,000 volts, 230,000 volts, and 345,000 volts   There is also a 500,000 volt transmission line that runs from the Dorsey Substation outside of Winnipeg, Manitoba in Canada to the Chisago Substation located in Chisago County just north of St  Paul, Minnesota 

Grid security
In 2017, Xcel Energy partnered with the Financial Services Information Sharing and Analysis Center to create a new "threat information sharing community" intended to share cyber and physical security intelligence with the energy sector  The new community is called the Energy Analytic Security Exchange (EASE)  It is run by the FS-ISAC Sector Services team; FS-ISAC is an organization that gathers cyber and physical risk intelligence for the financial services industry  Additionally, the North American Electric Reliability Council (NERC) manages the Electricity Information Sharing and Analysis Center, which is another resource that the energy sector uses to gather threat intelligence 

Advanced Grid in Colorado
In 2016, Xcel Energy announced the Advanced Grid Intelligence and Security (AGIS) initiative, a long-term effort related to power reliability, distributed generation, and information sharing with customers  Through the initiative, Xcel would build an "intelligent grid" in Colorado in order to improve grid security  The company filed a request for permission with the Colorado Public Utilities Commission for the program, which would cost $500 million 

Programs
Since 1998, Xcel Energy's Windsource program has allowed customers to designate that part or all of their electricity comes from a renewable energy source  In 2015, about 96,000 people were enrolled in Windsource  In 2011, more than 2 3 million electric and 261,800 natural gas customers took part in Xcel Energy's energy efficiency programs for homes and businesses Xcel Energy also offers customers incentives to install solar panels  At the end of 2011, more than 10,600 photovoltaic systems had been installed, with a capacity of about 121 megawatts (DC)  In early 2011, Xcel Energy suspended the solar rebate program before reaching a settlement a month later with representatives of solar power companies to restore the solar incentive program until it is fully reviewed by the Public Utilities Commission 

Controversies
On August 1, 2002, Xcel Energy Inc  was sued because of engaging in "round-trip" energy trades that provided no economic benefit for the company, and because the company lacked the necessary internal controls to adequately monitor the trading of its power  Xcel paid $80,000,000 in a settlement The Cabin Creek Fire occurred on October 2, 2007, at Xcel Energy's Hydropower Generation plant in Georgetown, Colorado  On June 1, 2011, Federal prosecutors opened their charges that Xcel Energy was criminally liable for the deaths of the five RPI workers  On June 28, the jury found Xcel Energy not guilty  On December 19, 2011, RPI Coating pleaded guilty to workplace safety violations and paid $1 55 million in a cash settlement  The company took responsibility for the deaths of five workers and the injuries to three  The U S  Chemical Safety and Hazard Investigation Board conducted an investigation of the incident  Its report can be found on the CSB website  It is considered one of the worst unmitigated incidents to occur in a permit-required confined space The parent company to Xcel Energy, and later Xcel Energy itself have operated the Prairie Island Nuclear Power Plant since 1973  Over that time, nuclear waste produced by the power plant has been stored adjacent to the Prairie Island Indian Community  The homes of some members of the community are within 600 yards of the nuclear waste containment site and, sitting within the banks of the Mississippi River, the island is very vulnerable to seasonal flooding  While in 1991, the Minnesota Public Utilities Commission capped the storage of nuclear waste on the island to 17 casks, the legislature has since permitted this number to increase  Environmentalists and members of the Prairie Island Indian Community have been working since 1994 to have this nuclear waste transported away from their reservation due to the combined risk of the temporary design of the storage facility, unpredictable flooding and single evacuation road in the event nuclear waste is released from containment 

See also
Plant X, Lamb County, Texas
Passage 5:
Electric Bond and Share Company
The Electric Bond and Share Company (Ebasco) was a United States electric utility holding company organized by General Electric  It was forced to divest its holding companies and reorganize due to the passage of the Public Utility Holding Company Act of 1935  Following the passage of the Act, the U S  Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) selected the largest of the U S  holding companies, Ebasco to be the test case of the law before the U S  Supreme Court  The court case known as Securities and Exchange Commission v  Electric Bond and Share company was settled in favor of the SEC on March 28, 1938  It took twenty-five years of legal action by  the SEC to break up Ebasco and the other major U S  electric holding companies until they conformed with the 1935 act  It was allowed to retain control of its foreign electric power holding company known as the American & Foreign Power Company (A&FP)  After its reorganization, it became an investment company, but soon turned into a major designer and engineer of both fossil fuel and nuclear power electric generation facilities  Its involvement in the 1983 financial collapse of the Washington Public Power Supply System's five nuclear reactors led to Ebasco's demise because of the suspension of nuclear power orders and lawsuits that included numerous asbestos claims  The U S  nuclear industry stopped all construction of new facilities following the 1979 nuclear meltdown at Three Mile Island, going into decline because of radiation safety concerns and major construction cost overruns 

History
The Electric Bond and Share Group was organized in 1905 as a holding company for electric utility company securities by General Electric using its employees' retirement investment fund  Morgan used his control of General Electric and his position as the country's most powerful financier to set in motion a plan to monopolize the entire country's electric industry via the Electric Bond and Share Group  Until his death in 1913, Morgan was opposed to any form of government regulation  His firing of Samuel Insull resulted with Insull moving to Chicago, where he organized the second-largest holding company in the country, the Middle West Utilities Company or what is known today as Exelon  Insull would actively promote the idea of a regulated monopoly because of the high cost of electrical infrastructure  About the same time as Teddy Roosevelt's trust busting campaign against Morgan, Rockefeller and other elites was gaining national attention, the National Civic Federation (NCF) was formed   It carried out extensive investigations and debates among prominent business men and organized labor over the issue of public vs  private ownership of electric power  Insull's public support for regulation helped popularize NCF's model legislation that quickly spread nationwide after the state of New York adopted its own variation  Morgan's son J  P  Morgan Jr  carried on with the House of Morgan, including his father's goal of a national electric monopoly but was up against the reformist progressive era 
By 1925, General Electric's Electric Bond & Share Group was the largest owner of U S  and foreign electric companies holding over 10% of the country's companies as subsidiaries organized into five major holding companies   General Electric made a purely symbolic gesture to reduce growing public anger by divesting control of the company leaving Morgan still in financial control  The Commonwealth & Southern Corporation, which owned several utility operating companies in the Midwest and the South, some of which became part of the Southern Company, and the reorganized Electric Bond And Share Company (EBASCo) were both part of J  P Morgan's syndicate via his J P  Morgan & Co  In 1926, its headquarters in New York City had over 1,000 employees, and controlled companies in 33 states worth $1 25 billion As public concern continued to mount by ratepayers of private electric power companies, the Federal Trade Commission carried out extensive investigations between 1928 and 1935  The commission's 48,000-page report included entire volumes for each of the country's major utility companies  The FTC valued EBASCo and its five holding companies at $3 5 billion, along with major investments in dozens of other major U S  companies  Within the five main holding companies were 121 U S  subsidiaries, along with a foreign holding company that operated in 16 countries and had 70 subsidies 
Because he was a strong proponent of public power, Franklin D  Roosevelt used the collapse of Samuel Insull's Middle West Utilities electric empire in June 1932 as one of his most important election campaign issues  The failed assassination attempt on his life in February 1933 later became part of U S  Marine Corps General Smedley Butler's claim of a Business Plot against Roosevelt by J  P  Morgan  On Roosevelt's first day in office, following his inauguration, he ordered the closure of the nation's banks, known as the bank holiday of 1933  In a joint session of the House and Senate, he pushed through the Emergency Banking Act along with Executive Order 6102 that blocked the hoarding of gold and stopped the major New York banks from taking gold supplies out of the country   Roosevelt then selected Ferdinand Pecora to investigate Morgan and the country's other major banks  Both Pecora and the Federal Trade Commission investigations  exposed the fact that the electric industry was the most capital intensive industry  The May 24th, 1933 Pecora hearings rocked the country, focusing on J P  Morgan and his financial empire, whose top lieutenants paid no taxes  In his 1939 book Wall Street Under Oath: The Story of Our Modern Money Changers, Ferdinand Pecora stated that "Undoubtedly, this small group of highly placed financiers, controlling the very springs of economic activity, holds more real power than any similar group in the United States "The 1933 Pecora Commission hearings identified the National City Company, known today as Citibank, as the location where Morgan conducted EBASCo's investment operations, which played a prominent role in the passage of the Glass–Steagall legislation  The Pecaro investigation along with the findings from the seven-year Federal Trade Commission investigation into electric holding companies nationwide led to the passage of the Public Utility Holding Company Act of 1935  which some historians say was "the fiercest congressional battle in history "  Following the act's passage, Ebasco sued the United States government claiming it was unconstitutional, but lost the case before the Supreme Court in 1938  Wendell Willkie, who was the president of one of J P  Morgan and Ebasco's biggest investments, known as the Southern Company, ran against Franklin D  Roosevelt in the 1940 presidential race, but lost 

EBASCo, known on Wall Street as (EBS) was included in the Dow Jones Utility Average from  1938 to 1947 

Securities and Exchange Commission breakup of EBASCo
Following the passage of the Public Utility Holding Company Act of 1935, the U S  Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) oversaw the closure, re-organization or divestment of EBASCo's holding companies except for its American & Foreign Power Co , making annual reports on its monumental legal breakup case between 1936 and 1961  The act was used to break up the country's electric industry into regions confined by state boundaries so that state agencies could properly regulate each company  Each year, the SEC reported on the compliance status of the industry   As of 1949, 210 holding companies affecting 918 of the country's electric companies had come under the SEC's legal jurisdiction and procedures, with 46 holding companies still active   In its 1949 annual report, the SEC documented the history of their order for EBASCo to break up its five major holding companies' combined assets worth $3 5 billion 
In 1940, congressional investigations of brokerage firms, insurance companies and their relationship to the electric industry exposed that Middle South Utilities, the Southern Group and Ebasco were all financed by Morgan Stanley, with Wall Street having financial influence over nearly 80% of the country's electric industry 
Following the passage of the 1935 Act, Ebasco went into the U S  court system in an attempt overturn the act but failed (see external links for major court cases)  Ebasco was then required to register its holding companies and comply with SEC orders  On August 23, 1941, its holding company known as the National Power & Light Co  was ordered to break up its 27 subsidiaries  On March 22, 1949, the SEC signed off on the final breakup of National that included major holdings in Pennsylvania PPL Corporation, the Carolinas and Alabama (see subsidiary list) 
On August 22, 1942, the SEC ordered the breakup of Ebasco's holding companies known as American Power & Light Corp  that included 35 subsidiaries and the Electric Power & Light Corporation with its 24 subsidiaries  American appealed the ruling but lost before the U S  Supreme Court on November 25, 1946  As of 1949, all but one of American's subsidiaries were in compliance  Electric Power and its sub-holding company United Gas Corporation finally agreed to its breakup on March 2, 1949  Electric Power was then re-organized as Middle South Utilities Inc  and is known today as Entergy 
In 1939, proceedings before the SEC were initiated to break up EBASCo's American Gas & Electric Company  On December 28, 1945, the agency agreed to allow it to retain control of its central region of subsidiaries in Indiana, Kentucky, Michigan, Ohio, Tennessee, Virginia, and West Virginia, if it let go of its companies in Pennsylvania and New Jersey  In 1946, it attempted to acquire the Continental Gas & Electric Corp  but was denied   American Gas & Electric Company was finally spun off in 1958 to become American Electric Power (AEP) 
As part of a national campaign to deregulate the electric industry, the Bush administration and Congress passed the Energy Policy Act of 2005 that repealed the 1935 Public Utility Holding Company Act 

EBASCo holding companies prior to 1935
The following EBASCo holding companies, which includes some of its subsidiaries came under enforcement by the Securities and Exchange Commission with the passage of the Public Utilities Holding Company Act of 1935 

American Gas & Electric Company
Incorporated in 1906, and controlled by EBASCo , American Gas & Electric Company was finally spun off in 1958 and became American Electric Power  AEP currently serves over 5 million electricity customers in eleven states  It is currently the 6th largest gas & electric company in the United States  Check the reference here for a recent list of AEP's  subsidiaries 
Appalachian Electric Power Co  - Known today as Appalachian Power
Ohio Power Co  - Known today as AEP Ohio
Indiana & Michigan Electric Co  - known today as Indiana Michigan Power
The Scranton Electric Co  was sold to PPL Corporation in 1956
Atlantic City Elec  Co  - Is currently a subsidiary of Exelon
Ky  & W  Va  Power Co  - known today as Kentucky Power
Wheeling Electric Co  - is currently a subsidiary of AEP
Indiana General Service Co 
Kingsport Utilities, Inc  - known today as Kingsport Power Company

American Power & Light Company
American Power & Light had over 35 subsidiaries prior to 1935   In 1942, the Securities and Exchange Commission ordered the holding company to be broken up, which was completed by 1951  Many of these companies are still in existence today  

Citizens Power & Light Co , Council Bluffs, Iowa 
Central Arizona Light & Power Co , Phoenix, Arizona, merged with Arizona Edison in 1952 to form Arizona Public Service
Florida Power & Light Co , Miami, Florida  It is a subsidiary of NextEra Energy Resources
Fort Worth Power & Light Co , Fort Worth, Texas  Became part of TU Electric in 1984 
Helena Gas & Electric Co , Helena, Montana 
Kansas Gas & Electric Co , general office, Wichita, Kansas, merged with Kansas Power and Light of Topeka in 1992 to form Westar Energy
Minnesota Power & Light Co , general office, Duluth, Minnesota 
Missoula Public Service Co , Missoula, Montana, acquired by Montana Power Company in 1929
Montana Power Company, Butte, Montana  is still operating today 
Nebraska Power Co , Omaha, Nebraska 
Northern Power Co , Superior, Wisconsin 
Northwestern Electric Co , Portland, Oregon 
Pacific Power & Light Co , Portland, Oregon  is known today as PacifiCorp and owned by Berkshire Hathaway Energy 
Portland Gas & Coke Co , Portland, Oregon 
St  Augustine Co , St  Augustine, Florida 
Superior Water, Light & Power Co , Superior, Wisconsin 
Texas Electric Service Co , Dallas, Texas  Became part of TU Electric in 1984 
Texas Power & Light Co , Dallas, Texas  Became part of TU Electric in 1984 
Texas Public Utilities Corp , Dallas, Texas  Became part of TU Electric 
Washington Water Power Co  (The), group, Spokane, Washington is known today as Avista 

Electric Power & Light Corporation
Incorporated in 1925 as a holding company for various Electric Bond & Shares Co  subsidiaries  The SEC ordered it sold off, a process that was completed in 1949, when it was renamed as Mid South Utilities, Inc  Today, it is known as Entergy 

Arkansas Power & Light Co , Little Rock, Arkansas 
Dallas Power & Light Cd  Dallas, Texas 
Idaho Power Co , Boise, Idaho 
Louisiana Gas & Fuel Co , Shreveport, Louisiana 
Louisiana Power & Light Co , New Orleans, Louisiana 
Mississippi Central Power Co , Jackson, Mississippi 
Mississippi Power & Light Co , Jackson, Mississippi 
Nevada Power Co , Boise, Idaho 
New Orleans Public Service Inc , New Orleans, Louisiana 
Salmon River Power & Light Co , Boise, Idaho 
Utah Light & Traction Co , Salt Lake City, Utah 
Utah Power & Light Co , Salt Lake City, Utah 
Western Colorado Power Co , Durango, Colorado 

National Power & Light Company
Incorporated 1925 as new holding company for various Electric Bond & Shares Co  subsidiaries  As part of the SEC's order, National Power was combined with Lehigh Power Securities with most of its other companies broken up   Today, National Power is known today as PPL Corporation

Birmingham Electric Co , Birmingham, Alabama 
Carolina Power & Light Co , Raleigh, North Carolina
Holston River Electric Corporation, Rogersville, Tennessee 
Houston Lighting & Power Co , Houston, Texas 
Knoxville Power & Light Co , Knoxville, Tennessee 
Memphis Power & Light Co , Memphis, Tennessee 
South Texas Utilities Co , Houston, Texas 
Tennessee Public Service Co , Newport, Tennessee 
West Tennessee Power & Light Co , Jackson, Tennessee 

Lehigh Power Securities Corporation
The Lehigh Power Securities Company was merged with EBASCo's National Power & Light Company 

Pennsylvania Power & Light Co , Allentown, Pennsylvania  - PPL Corporation today 
Lancaster Group, Edison Electric Co , Lancaster,  Pennsylvania 
Transit Group, Lehigh Valley Transit Co , Allentown, Pennsylvania 

American & Foreign Power Company
Following the failed merger negotiations with Canada's Royal Securities Corporation, American & Foreign Power Co  was created as a wholly owned EBASCo holding company in 1923 that had the goal of owning electric companies worldwide  With its agenda of enforcing patents, General Electric (GE) had been buying up electric stocks worldwide, but also started taking control of companies via its equipment sales and other services formerly performed by its holding company, the Electric Bond and Share Group   In 1917, Electric Bond and Share Group's first major foreign electric acquisition, at the request of the U S  government, to take control of electric production for two cities near the Panama Canal as a counter strategy against nearby German interests    In 1920, Electric Bond obtained control of Guatemalan electric facilities that the U S  government had seized from Germany during the war    This was followed in 1922 by a dramatic burst of purchasing across central and South America that was followed the next year by the formation of the American & Foreign Power Company 
In 1925, GE would dispose of its Ebasco stocks because of negative public opinion, however GE's chairman continued to sit on American & Foreign Power's board of directors while its founding president Sydney Z  Mitchell also stayed as president   In 1929 American & Foreign Power claimed to have worldwide assets of $750 million  By 1931 the holding company was supplying power to just under 1,000 communities around the world  Following the passage of the Public Utility Holding Company Act of 1935, Ebasco was allowed to retain control of American & Foreign Power Company as the law only applied to U S  based electric utility companies 
Electric development in Cuba is of unique historic concern   Following the Spanish–American War in 1898 the country was forced into an exclusive relationship with the United States   The U  S  allowed Cuba to be independent, but required it to operate under the Platt Amendment of 1901, turning it into an exclusive U S  plantation colony with its sugar exports only allowed to be marketed in the U S    Business interests deployed a combination of Scientific racism and Scientific management practices that left the country exclusively in the hands of American companies 
It started in 1922 with GE's representative, Henry Catlin purchasing General Gerardo Machado's electric company and then donating $500,000 to the general's successful bid to become Cuba's president in 1924  GE would spend $100 million to purchase control of Cuba's entire electric infrastructure    This led to 40 years of societal stresses, years of military dictatorships, the infamous U S  Mafia operations in Havana and the Cuban Revolution which allowed Cuba to  nationalize American & Foreign Power's control of the country's electric utilities 
American & Foreign Power Company also had operations in the following countries:

Argentina - 100 different electric companies
Brazil
Canada - British Columbia Power Corporation
Chile - all major electric utilities 
China - 1929 Shanghai Power Company purchased for $32 million
Colombia
Costa Rica
Cuba - Cuba Electric Co  taken public by Cuba in 1960
Ecuador
Guatemala
India
Italy - Italian Superpower Corporation
Japan -  Two Companies
Mexico
Panama - 1917 purchased two companies at the request of the U S  around the Panama Canal
Venezuela

Dixon-Yates Affair
With the election of President Eisenhower in 1952 as the first republican to hold office in 20 years, a major policy shift called "no new starts" began   All federal water and power projects that had been closely tied to local, state or federal ownership were ended   The scale of this policy shift was exposed with the Dixon-Yates affair, identifying the plan's source as the Pacific Gas & Electric Company   PG&E was known for getting conservative politicians to kill all funding to the massive Central Valley Project's grid, forcing the U S  Bureau of Reclamation to rely on the company to deliver the electricity  As a result, cooperatives in communities across northern California that were set up to get the low cost surplus power collapsed 
In 1954, President Eisenhower ordered the Atomic Energy Commission to buy 600,000 kilowatts of electricity for its Oak Ridge National Laboratory from two private electric companies rather than purchase power from the Tennessee Valley Authority in what is known as the Dixon-Yates contract   The attempt to bypass TVA's public power system next door to Oak Ridge stirred a national scandal following the testimony of James D Stietenroth, who was the secretary-treasurer of Mississippi Power Company who said that Middle South Utilities was still dominated by Ebasco Services  Stietenroth was fired the next day   Following the release of a secret report by industry insiders meant only for the president's eyes, Eisenhower was forced to cancel the contract on July 11, 1955 
In 1961, after 26 years of legal cases, Electric Bond and Share had complied with the SEC's orders and was no longer listed as an electric power holding company  In 1967, Electric Bond and Share merged with its former holding company, the American & Foreign Power Co  and was renamed Ebasco Industries the following year   Ebasco Industries held onto Ebasco Services Inc  as a subsidiary 

Ebasco Services
On November 27, 1935, the Electric Bond & Share Company setup Ebasco Services to manage its holding company empire, the day after the SEC filed a lawsuit ordering the company to register as a holding company as required by the passage of the Public Utility Company Holding Company Act  According to the asbestos legal case of FENICLE v  BOISE CASCADE COMPANY, Boise Cascade purchased control of Ebasco Industries and its subsidiary Ebasco Services in 1969  The Plaintiff's suit was countered by a legal maneuver called Piercing the corporate veil  In 1973 Halliburton purchased Ebasco Services from Boise Cascade, but the Justice Department reversed the sale over concerns that it gave Halliburton control over too much of the industry's engineering expertise By the mid-1970s, Ebasco had stepped beyond its 1961 filing with the SEC, claiming its intention of becoming an investment company  It was now actively involved with the construction of nuclear and fossil fuel power facilities  In 1976, according to Encyclopedia com a Texas oil company named  Ensearch acquired Ebasco  Ensearch was originally known as Texas Power & Light Co  and had been one of Ebasco's original subsidiaries prior to 1935, that is now TXU Energy  By 1980, EBASCO had three divisions: A/E Ebasco Services, Ebasco Environmental, which provided environmental services, and Ebasco Engineering and Construction  On November 16, 1982, according to a filing made with the Texas Secretary of state, Ebasco Engineering and Construction filed as a foreign for-profit company  Ebasco Environmental was sold to Foster Wheeler, Inc , becoming Foster Wheeler Environmental 
Ebasco had become one of the major US architect-engineers, coordinating the design of many nuclear power plants both in the US and abroad  On May 22, 1956, Ebasco's subsidiary, American & Foreign Power Co  announced plans to build two nuclear power facilities in Latin America, very likely in Cuba since they held 100% of the country's electric production  Other major nuclear construction plans included the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant (units 1, 2 and 6)  It also had the original contract to design and build the Bataan Nuclear station in the Philippines, but was replaced by Westinghouse  Ebasco's involvement with the financial collapse of the Washington Public Power Supply System's (WPPSS) massive five nuclear reactors  led to a lawsuit against the company in 1992 over asbestos contamination Raytheon acquired Ebasco in 1994 and was known as Raytheon Ebasco Overseas Ltd  At this time, Ebasco was known to have subsidiaries in 11 foreign countries  The Raytheon subsidiary, Raytheon Engineers & Constructors that owned Ebasco Services was later sold to Morrison Knudsen Corporation where the combined company was named the Washington Group International, Inc , a firm with more than $5 billion in annual revenues and a backlog of some $6 6 billion, marking it one of the largest in the engineering and construction industry at that time with more than 38,000 employees at work in more than 40 countries  Washington Group International, which filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy in 2001  At the time of the filing, there were four known Ebasco entities involved in the bankruptcy that included the Delaware-based Ebasco International Corporation   The Washington Group's headquarters were at the World Trade Center in 2001  Ebasco had been at the WTC since 1980 and at one point was its largest tenant with over 2,000 employees, leasing over 600,000 sq  ft  There were less than 20 employees of the 180 still at the World Trade Center on 911  In 2007 Washington Group was purchased by URS Corporation, which was purchased by AECOM in 2014 that is now one of the largest engineering firms in the world 
Following the 2007 takeover of TXU Corp , which included plans to construct two new next generation nuclear power stations at Commanche Peak, the company eventually ran into further financial difficulties and filed for bankruptcy in 2014   On February 27, 2018, Energy Futures Holdings (EFH), formerly known as TXU Corp , which was one of Ebasco's pre-1935 subsidiaries came out of bankruptcy reorganization as TXU Energy  EFH had a subsidiary known as EEC Holdings which owned Ebasco Canada Ltd  that was incorporated in Delaware  Ebasco Canada was shut down on April 29, 2014, as part of the EFH bankruptcy process According to a 2015 Sun Sentinel news story, Ebasco's American and Foreign Power Company is owned by another company - Office Depot  The article says that when Boise Cascade sold off Ebasco Services to Raytheon, it held onto American & Foreign Power Co 's foreign investments   Boise Cascade purchased OfficeMax and took its name in 2003   According to the article, OfficeMax was then purchased by Office Depot in 2013, and was proposing to merge with Staples in 2015  One of the subsidiaries of American & Foreign Power Co   was the former Cuban Power Co  that has filed a $267 5 million claim against Cuba with the Foreign Claims Settlement Commission that still has thousands of investors holding stock in the nationalized company  The Office Depot and Staples merger was abandoned in 2016 after a judge blocked the plan In 2016, The Indian subsidiary Raytheon Ebasco Overseas Ltd  appeared in an Indian court over Tax problems Meanwhile, the Dutch registered CT Corporation is listing itself as the agent for Ebasco in 43 states and the District of Columbia 
See Boise Cascade v  United States for more background on the activities of Ebasco Industries In addition, The law firm of Reid and Priest used to be part of the army of lawyers that failed to stop Ebasco from being dismantled   It became part of Reid, Priest and Thelen LLP which also just dissolved 
Today there is a company Named Ebasco Trading Co  listed in Dubai  Its unknown what its relationship is to the original company 
See Ebasco Services for its whistle-blowing problems  See External links for a list of major legal cases Ebasco has been involved in   Note that this list is no where exhaustive since the company was constantly caught up in legal cases against its own employees, insurance companies and regulatory oversight agencies nationwide 
The Public Utilities Holding Company Act of 1935 was repealed by the Energy Policy Act of 2005
Passage 6:
Spire Inc
Spire Inc  (NYSE: SR) is a regional public utility holding company based in St  Louis, Missouri, providing natural gas service through its regulated core utility operations while engaging in non-regulated activities that provide business opportunities  Its primary subsidiary Laclede Gas Company is the largest natural gas distribution utility in Missouri, serving approximately 631,000 residential, commercial and industrial customers in the City of St  Louis and ten counties in eastern Missouri   Its corporate headquarters is located in the 700 Market building in downtown St  Louis 
On April 29, 2016, the company began trading on the New York Stock Exchange under the symbol SR   It had previously been known as the Laclede Group, trading under the symbol LG 

History
Laclede Gas Company was one of the original 12 industrial companies that made up the Dow Jones Industrial Average but was removed in 1899  On December 7, 2009, executives from The Laclede Group visited the New York Stock Exchange (NYSE) to ring the closing bell and commemorate the company’s 120th anniversary of trading on the exchange  The Company first listed its stock on November 14, 1889, making it the 8th-oldest listed stock on the NYSE 
On February 1, 2012, Laclede hired its first female CEO, Suzanne Sitherwood  Sitherwood earned a bachelor of science degree in industrial engineering technology from the Southern College of Technology and an MBA from Brenau University In 2013, The Laclede Group acquired Missouri Gas Energy from Southern Union Company, expanding their Missouri holdings to include Kansas City 
In 2014 Laclede acquired Alabama Gas Corporation (Alagasco), which serves the Greater Birmingham, East Lauderdale County, Gadsden, Jasper, Anniston-Oxford, Greater Tuscaloosa, Greater Montgomery, Opelika-Auburn, Tuskegee, Selma, and many Black Belt communities as Spire Alabama Inc 
On April 28, 2016, The Laclede Group shareholders approved renaming the company to Spire   Later in 2016, Spire acquired Energy South, Inc from Sempra U S  Gas & Power, the parent company of Mobile Gas and Willmut Gas   Mobile Gas operates in Mobile, Alabama as Spire Gulf Coast Inc  while Willmut gas operates in Hattiesburg, Mississippi as Spire Mississippi Inc  

See also
Laclede Gas Company - Subsidiary of the Laclede Group
Laclede Gas Building
Passage 7:
North American Company
The North American Company was a holding company incorporated in New Jersey on June 14, 1890, and controlled by Henry Villard, to succeed to the assets and property of the Oregon and Transcontinental Company  It owned public utilities and public transport companies and was broken up in 1946, largely to comply with the Public Utility Holding Company Act of 1935 
Its headquarters were at 60 Broadway in Manhattan 

Holdings
In 1889 New Jersey passed legislation to facilitate the control of other companies by another corporation with a goal of encouraging trusts to convert into holding companies and relocate to that state  To take advantage of these expanded corporate powers, in 1890 Oregon and Transcontinental, which was an Oregon corporation, re-incorporated as a holding company in New Jersey and became the North American Company By 1940, North American was a US$2 3 billion holding company directly and indirectly heading up  80 companies  It controlled ten major direct subsidiaries in eight of which it owned at least 79%  Three of the ten were major holding companies:
Union Electric Company of St  Louis, Missouri
Washington Railway and Electric Company
North American Light and Power CompanyFour of the ten direct subsidiaries were operating companies:

Cleveland Electric Illuminating Company
Pacific Gas and Electric
Detroit Edison Company
Wisconsin Electric Power CompanyThe remaining three of the ten direct subsidiaries were:

North American Utility Securities Corporation
West Kentucky Coal Company
60 Broadway Building CorporationAt various times during its existence, North American also owned substantial interests in these other companies as well:

The Milwaukee Electric Railway and Light Company: Formed in 1896 as a subsidiary of the North American Company  By 1929, it operated within North American Company along with Wisconsin Electric Power Company, which became the consolidated name of the two operating companies in 1938  It now belongs to Wisconsin Energy Corporation (NYSE: WEC)
Capital Transit: Formed on December 1, 1933, in Washington, D C  from merger of Washington Railway, Capital Traction, and Washington Rapid Transit  North American owned it through its holding company subsidiary, Washington Railway and Electric Company, which in turn was the holding company for the merged lines, owning 50% of Capital Transit 
Potomac Electric Power Company
Cincinnati Gas & Electric Company
Union Light, Heat and Power of Covington, Kentucky
Northern Natural Gas Company
Butte Electric and Power Company
Laclede Gas Company
Edison Securities Corporation
Wired Radio, Inc  (Muzak)
North American Edison Company
St  Louis United Railways Company

History
The Public Utility Holding Company Act of 1935 passed with the intent of breaking up interstate electric holding companies by limiting company operations to a single state, thus subjecting them to effective state regulation  The North American Company fought the legislation in court, and the company was not broken up by the Securities and Exchange Commission until their loss before the Supreme court in North American Co  v  SEC on April 1, 1946 

Dow Jones Industrial Average
North American's stock was one of the twelve component stocks of the May 1896 original Dow Jones Industrial Average, but it was replaced later that same year  In 1928, when the number of stocks comprising the DJIA was increased to 30, North American was re-added to the list but was replaced again in 1930  The two periods when it was a component were:

May 26, 1896 – August 26, 1896, replaced by U  S  Cordage
October 1, 1928 – January 29, 1930, replaced by Johns-Manville

See also
John I  Beggs (former director)
Clement Studebaker Jr  (chairman of North American Light and Power Co)
Passage 8:
Alfred A  Marcus
Alfred Allen Marcus (born 1950) is an American author and the Edson Spencer Professor of Strategy and Technology Leadership at the Carlson School of Management, University of Minnesota and the Technological Leadership Institute  He has worked as a consultant with companies such as 3M, Corning Inc , Xcel Energy, Medtronic, General Mills, and IBM and has also taught as a visiting professor at Technion, INCAE, BI Norwegian Business School, Fordham University, and MIT 

Environmental and energy policy career
Marcus was born in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania and grew up in the Squirrel Hill neighborhood  He attended the University of Chicago for his bachelor's and master's degrees, before finishing his PhD in political science at Harvard University under James Q  Wilson  Outside academy, he has worked on environmental and energy policy analysis during the Carter and Reagan years at the Battelle Human Affairs Research Centers in Seattle, Washington  There he conducted and participated in studies on the commercialization of alternative energy technologies and new energy saving technologies 
Following the Three Mile Island nuclear power incident, he also became involved in the work carried out by the Nuclear Regulatory Commission on the organization and management of nuclear power plants  Marcus has written many academic articles relating to organizational safety in publications like the Academy of Management Journal, the Strategic Management Journal, and Organization Science 

Published works
His work focuses primarily on  the relationship between public policy, the environment, and American business and his books include: 

Promise and Performance: Choosing and Implementing an Environmental Policy (1980) - Praeger  ISBN 0-313-207070
The Adversary Economy (1984) - Praeger  ISBN 0-899-300553
Managing Environmental Issues: A Casebook (1992) - Prentice Hall  ISBN 0-135-638917
Controversial Issues in Energy Policy (1992) - SAGE Publications  ISBN 0-803-939701
Reinventing Environmental Regulation: Lessons from Project XL (2002) -Routledge  ISBN 1-891-853090
Strategic Foresight - A New Look at Scenarios (2010)  - Palgrave Macmillan  ISBN 0-230-611729
Innovations in Sustainability (2015) - Cambridge University Press  ISBN 1-107-42111X

Selected bibliography
See also
Paul Shrivastava
Passage 9:
North American Co  v  SEC
North American Co  v  Securities and Exchange Commission, 327 U S  686 (1946), is a United States Supreme Court case holding that a Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) order under the Public Utility Holding Company Act (PUHCA) directing a public utility holding company to divest its securities of all companies except for one electric company did not violate the Commerce Clause or the Fifth Amendment to the United States Constitution 

Background
PUHCA was one of a number of trust-busting and securities regulation initiatives that were enacted in response to the Wall Street Crash of 1929 and ensuing Great Depression, including the collapse of Samuel Insull's public utility holding companies  By 1932, the eight largest utility holding companies controlled 73 percent of the investor-owned electric industry  Their complex, highly leveraged, corporate structures were very difficult for individual states to regulate  PUHCA required electric company holding companies to register with the SEC, and authorized the SEC to limit a holding company to a single integrated electric system through the divestiture of its other public utility and unrelated companies 
The North American Company, formed in 1890, was a holding company in a system that by 1940 contained 80 companies operating in seventeen states and the District of Columbia  These included the Union Electric Company, which operated an electric system around St  Louis, Missouri, and subsidiaries in Illinois and Iowa, the Washington Railway and Electric Company, and the North American Light and Power Company with systems in Kansas, Missouri, Illinois, and Iowa and its subsidiaries Cleveland Electric Illuminating Company, Pacific Gas and Electric, and Detroit Edison Company  In addition, North American also owned an investment trust company and West Kentucky Coal Company  Together the various electric systems served more than 3,000,000 customers in a service territory of 165,000 square miles 
North American initially challenged the constitutionality of PUHCA and requested an injunction against its enforcement, but the Supreme Court in Landis v  North American Co , held that the case was premature and that North American should register and then litigate the constitutionality of PUHCA after the SEC conducted its proceeding  North American then registered in 1937 as a holding company with the SEC, reserving its right to challenge the validity of the remaining portions of PUHCA  After initiating an administrative proceeding, the SEC issued an order requiring divestiture of North American's securities in companies other than the Union Electric Company  North American appealed, but in 1943 the Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit upheld the order  Arguing that ownership of securities was not interstate commerce within the meaning of the Commerce Clause and that the divestiture ordered by the SEC was a taking in violation of the Fifth Amendment, North American appealed to the Supreme Court, which granted certiorari 

Opinion
The opinion by Justice Murphy first concluded that North American was engaged in interstate commerce and through its substantial stock ownership dominated its subsidiaries  The opinion then noted that North American's argument that PUHCA's divestiture provision was invalid because ownership of securities was not commerce had been previously rejected by the Court in the anti-trust case of Northern Securities Co  v  United States  Under its authority under the Commerce Clause, Congress could regulate to protect the freedom of interstate commerce using any means that were lawful and not prohibited by the Constitution  Under Northern Securities, Congress could deal with and affect the ownership of securities to protect the freedom of commerce, which it did in fashioning the divestiture remedy in PUHCA 
Lastly, the Court dismissed the takings argument, noting that Congress had weighed the benefit to shareholders of efficient, common management of diversified companies against the actual and potential harm to the public, investors, and consumers from the use of pooled investments, and determined that the economic advantages of a holding company atop an unintegrated, sprawling electric system were not commensurate with the resulting economic disadvantages  In addition, it was not clear that there would be a loss necessary for a takings claim under the Fifth Amendment  PUHCA does not require the dumping or forced liquidation of the securities on the market for cash, so the stock of the companies ordered divested could be distributed to the shareholders or sold under a plan that protects shareholder rights  The Court determined that it could not conclude that North American shareholders were disadvantaged by the operation of the divestiture provision of PUHCA 
Justices Reed, Douglas and Jackson did not participate in the consideration of the case  Although Chief Justice Stone had initially recused himself for a disclosed reason, but when he discovered that his disqualification plus those of the other justices would result in the lack of a quorum, he reversed his position 

Subsequent events
PUHCA was repealed by the Energy Policy Act of 2005 effective February 8, 2006 

See also
List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 327



ground_truth: Xcel Energy Inc.