prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: Whiich genus has more species, Dracula or Pistacia?

The following are given passages.
Context 1: Passage 1:
Anacardiaceae
The Anacardiaceae, commonly known as the cashew family or sumac family, are a family of flowering plants, including about 83 genera with about 860 known species  Members of the Anacardiaceae bear fruits that are drupes and in some cases produce urushiol, an irritant  The Anacardiaceae include numerous genera, several of which are economically important, notably cashew (in the type genus Anacardium), mango, Chinese lacquer tree,  yellow mombin, Peruvian pepper, poison ivy, poison oak, sumac, smoke tree, marula and cuachalalate   The genus Pistacia (which includes the pistachio and mastic tree) is now included, but was previously placed in its own family, the Pistaciaceae 

Description
Trees or shrubs, each has inconspicuous flowers and resinous or milky sap that may be highly poisonous, as in black poisonwood and sometimes foul-smelling Resin canals located in the inner fibrous bark of the fibrovascular system found in the plant's stems, roots, and leaves are characteristic of all members of this family; resin canals located in the pith are characteristic of many of the cashew family species and several species have them located in the primary cortex or the regular bark   Tannin sacs are also widespread among the family The wood of the Anacardiaceae has the frequent occurrence of simple small holes in the vessels, occasionally in some species side by side with scalariform holes (in Campnosperma, Micronychia, and Heeria argentea (Anaphrenium argenteum)   The simple pits are located along the vessel wall and in contact with the parenchyma Leaves are deciduous or evergreen, usually alternate (rarely opposite), estipulate (without stipule) and imparipinnate (rarely paripinnate or bipinnate), usually with opposite leaflets (rarely alternate), while others are trifoliolate or simple or unifoliolate (very rarely simple leaves are palmate)  Leaf architecture is very diverse  Primary venation is pinnate (rarely palmate)  Secondary venation is eucamptodromous, brochidodromous, craspedodromous or cladodromous (rarely reticulodromous) Cladodromous venation, if present is considered diagnostic for Anacardiaceae Flowers grow at the end of a branch or stem or at an angle from where the leaf joins the stem and have bracts 
Often with this family, bisexual and male flowers occur on some plants, and bisexual and female flowers are on others, or flowers have both stamens and pistils (perfect)   A calyx with three to seven cleft sepals and the same number of petals, occasionally no petals, overlap each other in the bud   Stamens are twice as many or equal to the number of petals, inserted at the base of the fleshy ring or cup-shaped disk, and inserted below the pistil(s) 
Stamen stalks are separate, and anthers are able to move 
Flowers have the ovary free, but the petals and stamen are borne on the calyx 
In the stamenate flowers, ovaries are single-celled   In the pistillate flowers, ovaries are single or sometimes quadri- or quinticelled   One to three styles and one ovule occur in each cavity Fruits rarely open at maturity
and are most often drupes Seed coats are very thin or are crust-like  Little or no endosperm is present    Cotyledons are fleshy 
Seeds are solitary with no albumen around the embryo 

Taxonomy
History
In 1759, Bernard de Jussieu arranged the plants in the royal garden of the Trianon at Versailles, according to his own scheme  That classification included a description of an order called the Terebintaceæ, which contained a suborder that included Cassuvium (Anacardium), Anacardium (Semecarpus), Mangifera, Connarus, Rhus, and Rourea   In 1789, Antoine Laurent de Jussieu, nephew of Bernard de Jussieu, published that classification scheme Robert Brown described a subset of the Terebintaceae called Cassuvlæ or Anacardeæ in 1818, using the herbarium that was collected by Christen Smith during a fated expedition headed by James Hingston Tuckey to explore the River Congo   The name and genera were based on the order with the same name that had been described by de Jussieu in 1759   The herbarium from that expedition contained only one genus from the family, Rhus Augustin Pyramus de Candolle in 1824, used Robert Brown's name Cassuvlæ or Anacardeæ, wrote another description of the group, and filled it with the genera Anacardium, Semecarpus, Holigarna, Mangifera, Buchanania, Pistacia, Astronium, Comocladia, and Picramnia John Lindley described the "essential character" of the Anacardiaceæ, the "Cashew Tribe" in 1831, adopting the order that was described by de Jussieu, but abandoning the name Terebintaceæ   He includes the genera that were found in de Candolle's Anacardieæ and Sumachineæ: Anacardium, Holigarna, Mangifera, Rhus, and Mauria 

Phylogeny
The genus Pistacia has sometimes been separated into its own family, the Pistaciaceae, based on the reduced flower structure, differences in pollen, and the feathery style of the flowers The nature of its ovary, though,  does suggest it belongs in the Anacardiaceae, a position supported by morphological and molecular studies, and recent classifications have included Pistacia in the Anacardiaceae  The genus Abrahamia was separated from Protorhus in 2004 (Pell 2004)

Subdivision
The family has been treated as a series of five tribes by Engler, and later into subfamilies by Takhtajan, as Anacardioideae (including tribes Anacardieae, Dobineae, Rhoideae, and Semecarpeae) and Spondiadoideae (including tribe Spondiadeae)  Pell's (2008) molecular analysis reinstated the two subfamilies without further division into tribes (Pell 2004)  Later, Min and Barfod, in the Flora of China (2008) reinstated the five tribes (four in Anacardioideae), and the single tribe Spondiadeae as Spondiadoideae 

Selected genera
Ecology
The cashew family is more abundant in warm or tropical regions with only a few species living in the temperate zones  Mostly native to tropical Americas, Africa and India   Pistacia and some species of Rhus can be found in southern Europe,  Rhus species can be found in much of North America and Schinus inhabits South America exclusively 

Uses
Members of this family produce cashew and pistachio nuts, and mango and marula fruits Some members produce a viscous or adhesive fluid which turns black and is used as a varnish or for tanning and even as a mordant for red dyes  The sap of Toxicodendron vernicifluum is used to make lacquer for lacquerware and similar products 

Etymology
The name Anacardium, originally from the Greek, refers to the nut, core or heart of the fruit, which is outwardly located: ana means "upward" and -cardium means "heart") 
Passage 2:
Commiphora gileadensis
Commiphora gileadensis, the Arabian balsam tree, is a shrub species in the genus Commiphora growing in Saudi Arabia, Yemen, southern Oman, Sudan and in southeast Egypt where it may have been introduced  Other common names for the plant include balm of Gilead and Mecca myrrh, but this is due to historical confusion between several plants and the historically important expensive perfumes and drugs obtained from them 

True balm of Gilead was very rare, and appears to have been produced from the unrelated tree Pistacia lentiscus  The Commiphora gileadensis species also used to include Commiphora foliacea, however it was identified and described as a separate species

Use
Historical
The plant was renowned for the expensive perfume that was thought to be produced from it, as well as for exceptional medicinal properties that were attributed to its sap, wood, bark, and seeds  Commiphora gileadensis is instantly recognisable by the pleasant smell given out when a twig is broken or a leaf crushed 

Modern
The bark of the balsam tree is cut to cause the sap to flow out  This soon hardens, and has a sweet smell that quickly evaporates  The hardened resinous gum is chewed, is said to taste either like a lemon or like pine resin, and it is also burned as incense 

Description
Depending on where Commiphora gileadensis is growing, it can vary in size, ranging from a small-leaved shrub to a large-leaved tree usually up to 4m tall   It is rarely spiny, bark peeling or flaking when cut and exuding a pleasant smelling resin  Its leaves alternate on short condensed side shoots, pinnate with 3-5 leaflets   The leaflets are oblong, 5-40mm long x 3-35mm across with acute tips and are thinly hairy   The flowers are red, sub-sessile and the plant has 1-5 of them on short condensed side shoots amongst the leaves  The fruits are dull red and marked with four longitudinal white stripes, one-seeded and splitting into 2-4 valves 
Passage 3:
Pistacia
Pistacia is a genus of flowering plants in the cashew family, Anacardiaceae  It contains 10 to 20 species that are native to Africa and Eurasia from the Canary Islands, all of Africa, and southern Europe, warm and semidesert areas across Asia, and North America from Mexico to warm and semidesert United States, such as Texas or California 

Description
Pistacia plants are shrubs and small trees growing to 5–15 m (16–49 ft) tall  The leaves are alternate, pinnately compound, and can be either evergreen or deciduous depending on species  All species are dioecious, but monoecious individuals of Pistacia atlantica have been noted  The genus is estimated to be about 80 million years old It is a genus of flowering plants belonging to the family Anacardiaceae  The plants are dioecious, and have male and female trees independently; a viable population should have both sexes Well-known species in the genus Pistacia include P  vera, the pistachio, grown for its edible seeds; P  terebinthus, from which terebinth resin, a turpentine, is produced; P  lentiscus, source of the plant resin mastic; and P  chinensis, the Chinese pistache, cultivated as an ornamental tree 

P  vera genome
Scientists from Iran and China assembled a draft genome of pistachio and resequenced 107 whole genomes, including 93 domestic and 14 wild individuals of P  vera and 35 other genomes from different wild Pistacia species  Integrating genomic and transcriptomic analyses revealed expanded gene families (e g , cytochrome P450 and chitinase) and the jasmonic acid (JA) biosynthetic pathway that are likely involved in stress adaptation  Comparative population genomic analyses revealed that pistachio was domesticated about 8000 years ago, and that likely key genes for domestication are those involved in tree and seed size, which experienced artificial selection 

Species
Bursera simaruba (L ) Sarg  was formerly classified as P  simaruba L 

Ecology
The Pistacia species are vicarious Anacardiaceae with few species outside the Old World, and are mostly more adapted to water shortage and alkaline soil Many plant species are adapted to desert or summer drought typical of Mediterranean climate, so have a high tolerance to saline soil  They grow well in water containing up to 3 0 to 4 0% of soluble salts  They are quite resilient in their ecological requirements, and can survive in temperatures ranging from −10 °C in winter to 45 °C in summer  They prefer places oriented toward the sun and well-drained soil, but grow well in the bottom of ravines  Though very hardy and drought resistant, Pistacia species grow slowly and only begin to bear fruit after about 7-10 years from planting, obtaining full development only after 15-20 years  The fruit ripens in the Mediterranean from August; only female trees have fruit Although some species prefer moderate humidity, they do not grow well in high-humidity conditions  They are susceptible to root rot, molds, and fungi, and parasites attack if they receive too much water and the soil has insufficient drainage  They require a period of drought each year for proper development 
Their leaves are intensely bright green and leathery, with three to nine leaflets  The leaves are alternate, compound, and paripinnate 
The flowers are unisexual, apetalous, and grouped in clusters  The flowers range from purple to green  The fruit is a drupe, generally unpalatable to humans, the size of a pea, and red to brown in color, depending on the degree of maturation  The seeds do not have endosperm 
The seeds are eaten and dispersed by birds, for which they are a valuable resource because of the scarcity of food in some important times of year, as the time of breeding, migration, or the dry season  The commercial species of pistachio has larger fruits and is edible The plants emit a bitter, resinous, or medicative smell, which in some species is very intense and aromatic  Some species develop "galls" that occur in the leaves and leaflets after the bite of insects  Although marred by the presence of galls, they are very vigorous and resistant plants that survive in degraded areas where other species have been eliminated  They multiply by seeds, stolons, and root shoots  Various species hybridize easily between them, and hybrid plants are difficult to identify Some tree species (e g  Pistacia aethiopica, Pistacia atlantica) can exist as small bushes and shrubs due to the extremes of their habitat, adverse conditions, or the excessive consumption by wildlife or livestock that hinders growth Pistacia lentiscus is a very common plant related to P  terebinthus with which it hybridizes  P  terebinthus is more abundant in the mountains and inland in the Iberian Peninsula, and mastic is usually found more frequently in areas where the Mediterranean influence of the sea prevents or moderates frost  Some species with very small ranges cover only one or a group of islands in the Mediterranean  P  terebinthus is also found on the east coast of the Mediterranean, Syria, Lebanon, and Israel, filling the same ecological niche of these species  On the west coast of the Mediterranean, the Canary Islands, and the Middle East, it can be confused with Pistacia atlantica Pistacia species are used as food plants by the larvae (caterpillars) of some species of Lepidoptera including the emperor moth 

Cultivation and uses
Best known as the pistachio, P  vera is a small tree native to Iran, grown for its edible seeds  The seeds of the other species were also eaten in prehistory, but are too small to have commercial value today   Records of Pistacia from preclassical archaeological sites, and mentions in preclassical texts, always refer to one of these other species (often P  terebinthus) P  terebinthus (the terebinth), also a native of Iran, and the western Mediterranean countries, is tapped for turpentine  It is also common in the eastern Mediterranean countries   Because terebinths have the ability to kill certain bacteria, terebinth resin was widely used as a preservative in ancient wine   In the Zagros Mountains of Iran, in one of the earliest examples of winemaking, archaeologists discovered terebinth resin deposits from 5400 to 5000 BC in jars that also contained grape-juice residue P  lentiscus, an evergreen shrub or small tree of the Mediterranean region, supplies a resin called mastic P  chinensis (Chinese pistache), the most frost-tolerant species in the genus, is grown as an ornamental tree, valued for its bright red autumn leaf colour 
Passage 4:
Akbesia
Akbesia is a monotypic moth genus in the family Sphingidae erected by Walter Rothschild and Karl Jordan in 1903  Its only species, Akbesia davidi, the pistacia hawkmoth, was first described by Charles Oberthür in 1884  It is known from southern Turkey, northern Syria, northern Israel, western Jordan, south-eastern Turkey, north-eastern Iraq, south-eastern Georgia, northern Iran, eastern Afghanistan and Iranian Beluchistan  It may also occur across Azerbaijan, the Alborz Mountains of northern Iran, the Zagros Mountains of western and southern Iran, and northern Afghanistan  It often occurs in large numbers at certain sites in rocky, hilly areas supporting scattered trees and shrubs of Quercus, Olea, Ceratonia and Pistacia 
The wingspan is 60–70 mm  Although the adults do not feed, they will drink water if offered  There are two generations per year in Iran with adults on wing in April and from late July to August  In northern Iraq, adults are on from May to June and in August 
The larvae have been recorded feeding on Pistacia atlantica and terebinth (Pistacia terebinthus)  Larvae have also been reared on Cotinus coggygria and Rhus coriaria 

Etymology
The genus is named after the town of Akbez (near Hassa) in Turkey 

Subspecies
Akbesia davidi davidi
Akbesia davidi gandhara de Freina & Geck, 2003 (Afghanistan)
Passage 5:
Dracula wallisii
Dracula wallisii is a species of orchid belonging to the genus Dracula  The species is found at altitudes of 1,600 to 2,600 m (5,200 to 8,500 ft) in Cordillera Central, Colombia  It is a common species, with large flowers that are often highly variable in form The species was first discovered near Frontino, Antioquia, Colombia by the German plant collector Gustav Wallis in 1871  It was formally described in 1875 by the German orchidologist Heinrich Gustav Reichenbach who named it after Wallis 
Passage 6:
Terebinth
Pistacia terebinthus also called the terebinth  and the turpentine tree, is a deciduous tree species of the genus Pistacia, native to the Mediterranean region from the western regions of Morocco and Portugal to Greece and western and southeastern Turkey  At one time terebinths growing on the eastern shores of the Mediterranean Sea (in Syria, Lebanon and Israel) were regarded as a separate species, Pistacia palaestina, but these are now considered to be a synonym of P  terebinthus 

Description
The terebinth is a deciduous flowering plant belonging to the cashew family, Anacardiaceae; a small tree or large shrub, it grows to 10 m (33 ft) tall  The leaves are compound, 10–20 cm (3 9–7 9 in) long, odd pinnate with five to eleven opposite glossy oval leaflets, the leaflets 2–6 cm (0 79–2 36 in) long and 1–3 cm (0 39–1 18 in) broad  The flowers are reddish-purple, appearing with the new leaves in early spring  The fruit consists of small, globular drupes 5–7 mm (0 20–0 28 in) long, red to black when ripe  All parts of the plant have a strong resinous smell The terebinth is a dioecious tree, i e  it exists as male and female specimens  For a viable population both sexes must be present  The oblong leaf is bright green, leathery, with 10 cm (3 9 in) long or more with three to nine leaflets  Leaves alternate, leathery and compound paripinnate (no terminal leaflet) with three or six deep green leaflets  They are generally larger and rounder than the leaves of the mastic, reminiscent of the leaves of carob tree  The flowers range from purple to green, the fruit is the size of a pea and turns from red to brown, depending on the degree of maturation  The whole plant emits a strong smell: bitter, resinous, or medicinal  In the vegetative period they develop "galls" shaped like a goat's horn (from which the plant gets the name "cornicabra", the common name in Spanish), that occur on the leaves and leaflets which have been bitten by insects  The species propagates by seeds and shoots  Although marred by the presence of galls, it is a very strong and resistant tree which survives in degraded areas where other species have been eliminated  Pistacia terebinthus is related to Pistacia lentiscus, with which it hybridizes frequently in contact zones  Pistacia terebinthus is more abundant in the mountains and inland and the mastic is usually found more frequently in areas where the Mediterranean influence of the sea moderates the climate  The mastic tree does not reach the size of the Pistacia terebinthus, but the hybrids are very difficult to distinguish  The mastic has winged stalks to its leaflets, i e , the stalks are flattened and with side fins, whereas these stems in Pistacia terebinthus are simple  On the west coast of the Mediterranean, Canary Islands and Middle East, P  terebinthus can be confused with P  atlantica 

Habitat
The terebinth prefers relatively moist areas, up to 600 m (2,000 ft) in elevation  It tolerates Mediterranean summer drought and frost more intense than mastic does  The plant is common in the garrigue and maquis  It appears in deciduous oak wood  It has a gray trunk that is very aromatic, and may have multiple trunks or stems when grown as a shrub  Usually reaching 5 m (16 ft) in height, although in rare cases can reach 10 m (33 ft)  P  terebinthus is one of the European species of Anacardiaceae, a family of about 600 mostly tropical species  It can be found to 1,500 m (4,900 ft) above sea level  P  terebinthus is more moisture demanding than the mastic and more resistant to cold  It requires a sunny exposure and average soils, tolerating lime and some salt, often grows near the sea, deep ravines and near salt-lakes and streams 

History
Historian of Mycenae John Chadwick believes that the terebinth is the plant called ki-ta-no in some of the Linear B tablets  He cites the work of a Spanish scholar, J L  Melena, who had found "an ancient lexicon which showed that kritanos was another name for the turpentine tree, and that the Mycenaean spelling could represent a variant form of this word "The Latin name is underlain by the Ancient Greek name τερέβινθος which, in turn, is underlain by a pre-Greek Pelasgian word, marked by the characteristic consonant complex νθ 
Terebinth from Oricum is referred to in Virgil's Aeneid, Book 10, line 136, where Ascanius in battle is compared to "ivory skilfully inlaid in [   ] Orician terebinth" ("inclusum[   ] Oricia terebintho [   ] ebur") 
Terebinth is referred to by Robin Lane Fox in Alexander the Great: "When a Persian king took the throne, he attended Pasargadae, site of King Cyrus's tomb, and dressed in a rough leather uniform to eat a ritual meal of figs, sour milk and leaves of terebinth "The terebinth is mentioned in the Hebrew Scriptures (or Old Testament), where the Hebrew word elah (plural elot) is used, although the word is sometimes translated as 'oak'  It is clear that the translators are uncertain which translation is correct, [   ], yet the two are very different trees to any but the most superficial observation  (The Hebrew word alon means 'oak', and the words may be related ) 
The word terebinth is found in three successive chapters of Genesis (12:6, 13:18, 14:13, 18:1) in reference to the places where Abram (later Abraham) camped called "Terebinths of Mam're the Amorite"  Here, the traditional rendering in English is "oaks of Mamre "
It is also found in Genesis chapter 35, where Jacob commands his family to remove idols that were taken as booty from the battle in Shechem before travelling to Bethel 
Terebinths are also found in Isaiah in possible reference to idolatry associated with the trees, although in the Septuagint and Vulgate the word is translated 'idols', as the plural of el )

For you will be ashamed of the terebinths that you have taken pleasure in 
The best known clear reference to a terebinth (elah) in the Hebrew Scriptures is that of the Valley of Elah or 'Valley of the Terebinth' (עמק האלה), where David fought Goliath (1 Samuel 17:2, 17:19) 
Later in 2 Samuel 18:9 David's rebellious son Absalom is caught in the terebinth tree and is killed by Joab's men, David's army 
At least a few references occur in Judges: chapter 4 (in reference to Heber, the Kenite, of the children of Hobab), chapter 6 (in reference to an angel of the Lord who came to visit Gideon—most versions use 'oak'), and Ch 9 (in reference to the crowning of Abimelech, by the terebinth of the pillar that was in Shechem—again most versions use 'oak')  This reference of Abimelech's crowning by an oak is actually referring to the Palestine oak, closely related to the Kermes oak (Quercus coccifera)  The Hebrew distinguishes the Palestine oak and the terebinth  It is also mentioned in Hosea 4:13 when Hosea is talking about Israel's spiritual adultery by sacrificing to false gods and how to repent and be forgiven in Hosea 14 

Uses
The word "turpentine" was originally used for the exudate of terebinth trees (P  terebinthus and related species such as P  atlantica), now called Chian, Chios, or Cyprian turpentine, and it was later transferred to the crude turpentine (oleoresin) and the oil of turpentine (essential oil) of conifer trees  The word turpentine derives (via Old French and Latin) from the Greek word τερεβινθίνη (terebinthínē), the feminine form (to go with the feminine Greek word for resin) of an adjective τερεβίνθινος (terebínthinos), derived from the Greek noun τερέβινθος (terébinthos), the name for the terebinth tree  However, the main source of the terebinth turpentine is P  atlantica which produces abundant resin instead of P  terebinthus of which the amount of resin is limited The fruits are used in Cyprus for baking of a specialty village bread  In Crete, where the plant is called tsikoudia, it is used to flavor the local variety of pomace brandy, also called tsikoudia  In the Northern Sporades the shoots are used as a vegetable (called tsitsíravla)  The plant is rich in tannins and resinous substances and was used for its aromatic and medicinal properties in classical Greece  A mild sweet scented gum can be produced from the bark, and galls often found on the plant are used for tanning leather  A triterpene has been extracted from these galls  In Turkey, it is known as menengiç or bıttım  A coffee-like beverage, Kurdish coffee or menengiç kahvesi, is made from the roasted fruit, and a soap is made from the oil  Terebinth resin was used as a wine preservative in the entire ancient Near East, as proven by many findings in areas such as the foot of the Zagros Mountains and Middle Bronze Age Galilee 

Gallery
See also
Pistacia lentiscus
Mastic (plant resin)
Balm of Gilead
Passage 7:
Pistacia aethiopica
Pistacia aethiopica is an African and Arabia coast peninsula species of plant in the family Anacardiaceae  It is a dioecious evergreen shrub or tree of the pistacio genus, growing up to 20 m (66 ft) tall, adapted to the dry environment  It is found in Ethiopia, Kenya, Somalia, Somaliland, Tanzania, Uganda, and Yemen 

Description
It is an evergreen slow-growing tree that emits a  very intense smell: bitter, resinous or similar to medication  The tree reaches 5–15 m tall, and rarely is a shrub, often with multiple stems, the trunk of 0 6 m in diameter, and its bark color is brown-black and fissured  It has glabrous leathery leaves, with a thick cuticle  The leaves are aromatic, 4-16-18 foliolate, and glossy bright green  The leaves have rachis 10 cm long 
The tree is dioecious, with male and female trees producing different sex flowers  Both types of flowers are small and greenish  It grows slowly, becoming 1000 years old 

Ecology
It is found in dry evergreen forest (often with Juniperus and Olea - Euclea) and associated shrubs or wooded grassland, thickets of Buxus, deciduous with Combretum, Acacia and Barkey in soils of limestone, sandstone, or basalt, to an altitude of 900–2550 m  P  aethiopica have many adaptations to aridity, such as an advanced development of palisade tissue and extensive root growth  These adaptive traits allow species to grow in very harsh and dry areas with low rainfall  In the main part of its range in North and East Africa, the species is fairly common because is used for a variety of purposes, including timber, dye, fodder, agriculture and livestock food  An outlying subpopulation in Arabia is restricted to Jebel Iraf on the old North Yemen-South Yemen border  The species is thought to be extinct in Eritrea 
Passage 8:
Pistacia chinensis
Pistacia chinensis, the Chinese pistache (Chinese: 黄連木; pinyin: huángliánmù), is a small to medium-sized tree in the genus Pistacia in the cashew family Anacardiaceae, native to central and western China  This species is planted as a street tree in temperate areas worldwide due to its attractive fruit and autumn foliage 

Description
It is hardy, can withstand harsh conditions and poor quality soils, and grows up to 20 m (66 ft)  The leaves are deciduous, alternate, pinnate, 20–25 cm long, with 10 or 12 leaflets, the terminal leaflet usually absent  The flowers are produced in panicles 15–20 cm (5 9–7 9 in) long at the ends of the branches; it is dioecious, with separate male and female plants The fruit is a small red drupe, turning blue when ripe, containing a single seed 

Taxonomy
Synonyms include: Pistacia formosana Matsumura; P  philippinensis Merrill & Rolfe; Rhus argyi H  Léveillé; R  gummifera H  Léveillé Some botanists merge Pistacia integerrima into this species as the subspecies P  chinensis ssp  integerrima, with the plants considered here then becoming the subspecies P  chinensis ssp  chinensis 

Distribution and habitat
Its native range is on hill and mountain forests on rocky soils at 100–3,600 m (330–11,810 ft) above sea level  It is found in Mainland China (excluding the far north and the far west) and Taiwan 

Ecology
Chinese pistache grows best in full sun, being intolerant of shade; it is the most frost-tolerant species of Pistacia, tolerating temperatures down to about -25 °C, yet it is most highly regarded in warm climates  It is planted for its impressive fall colors, which develop at least as far south as Orlando, Florida  In the low-elevation deserts of Arizona, it is the only tree whose leaves turn scarlet in fall 

Uses
It is a popular choice for street trees in urban settings because it is very drought tolerant and can survive harsh environments  It is also used as an understock for Pistacia vera  In China, the oil from the seeds is used for biodiesel production  The wood is used for production of furniture, and yields a yellow dye It is also used in classical Chinese garden design 

Gallery
Passage 9:
Dracula (plant)
The orchid genus Dracula, abbreviated as Drac in horticultural trade, consists of 118 species native to Mexico, Central America, Colombia, Ecuador and Peru  The name Dracula literally means "little dragon", an allusion to the mythical Count Dracula, a lead character in numerous vampire novels and films  The name was applied to the orchid because of the blood-red color of several of the species, and the strange aspect of the long spurs of the sepals 
The plants were once included in the genus Masdevallia, but became a separate genus in 1978  This genus has been placed in the subtribe Pleurothallidinae 

Description
They are epiphytic and terrestrial species distributed in Central America and the northwest Andes  Almost half the species are found in Ecuador  They prefer shade and rather cool temperatures 
These caespitose orchids grow in tufts from a short rhizome, with a dense pack of stems  They lack pseudobulbs  On each stem grows one large, thin, plicate leaf with a sharply defined midrib  These glabrous, light to dark green  leaves may be spongy, taking over the function of the missing pseudobulb  They are tipped with a mucro (a short tip) 
The flower stalks grow either horizontally from the base of the plant or descend, often for great distances   A few species grow upright flower stalks   The long-tailed terminal flowers are basically triangular  The flowers are borne singly or successively  Three species (sodiroi, decussata/neisseniae, and papillosa) may have up to three simultaneously open flowers on a single stalk  In general, though, if there is more than one flower bud on the raceme, they open up with long intervals  These flowers have a weird aspect, due to the long tails on each sepal  The petals are small and somewhat thickened  Quite commonly, various species of Dracula are known for blooms resembling the faces of primates, a notable example being Dracula simia  However, this likeness to monkeys’ faces seems to be purely a natural coincidence to the primates living in the same forests  In fact, these flowers are pollinated by the common fungus gnat; the bloom’s lip is often quite large (for a Pleurothallid), and from the fungus gnat’s perspective, resembles an irresistible mushroom or fungus  Research by biologists at the University of Oregon indicates that D  lafleurii also possesses a uniquely volatile chemistry, similar to localized species of mushrooms  This mimicry attracts mushroom-associated flies which play a role in pollination  The basal part of the lip (hypochile) is cleft  The terminal part (epichile) is rounded and concave  The margins of the perianth are often fringed  There is a well-developed column with two pollinia 

Taxonomy
The species of Dracula have tentatively been divided into three subgenera, with sections and subsections within one of the subgenera 

Subgenus Dracula : This subgenus contains all the species of the genus except two exceptional species (D  sodiroi and D  xenos)
Section Andreettaea : Monotypic: Dracula andreettae
Section Chestertonia : two species: Dracula chestertonii, D  cutis-bufonis
Section Cochliopsia : Monotypic: Dracula cochliops
Section Dodsonia : Four species: Dracula dodsonii, D  insolita, D  iricolor, D  portillae
Section Dracula : largest section
Subsection Costatae : e g  Dracula bella, D  vespertilio
Subsection Dracula :
Series Dracula : e g  Dracula chimaera, D  tubeana, D  vampira
Series Grandiflorae-Parvilabiatae : e g  Dracula gigas, D  platycrater
Series Parviflorae : e g  Dracula houtteana, D  lotax
Subgenus Sodiroa : Two Dracula sodiroi, D  erythrocodon
Subgenus Xenosia : Monotypic : Dracula xenosDracula adrianae (Colombia)
Dracula alcithoe (SW  Colombia to NE  Ecuador)
Dracula amaliae (W  Colombia)
Dracula andreettae (W  Colombia to NE  Ecuador)
Dracula anthracina (NW  Colombia)
Dracula antonii (Colombia)
Dracula aphrodes (W  Colombia)
Dracula astuta (Costa Rica)
Dracula barrowii (Peru)
Dracula bella (WC  Colombia)
Dracula bellerophon (W  Colombia)
Dracula benedictii (WC  Colombia)
Dracula berthae (Colombia)
Dracula brangeri (C  Colombia)
Dracula callithrix  (Colombia)
Dracula carcinopsis (W  Colombia)
Dracula carlueri (Costa Rica)
Dracula chestertonii (W  Colombia)
Dracula chimaera (W  Colombia)
Dracula chiroptera (SW  Colombia to NE  Ecuador)
Dracula christineana (Ecuador)
Dracula circe (Colombia)
Dracula citrina (Colombia)
Dracula cochliops (SW  Colombia)
Dracula cordobae (SW  Ecuador)
Dracula cutis-bufonis (NW  Colombia)
Dracula dalessandroi (SE  Ecuador)
Dracula dalstroemii (NW  Ecuador)
Dracula decussata (Colombia)
Dracula deltoidea (SE  Ecuador)
Dracula deniseana (Peru)
Dracula diabola (Colombia)
Dracula diana (W  Colombia)
Dracula dodsonii (Colombia to NC  Ecuador)
Dracula erythrochaete (Costa Rica to W  Panama)
Dracula erythrocodon (Ecuador)
Dracula exasperata ( SW  Colombia)
Dracula fafnir (SE  Ecuador)
Dracula felix (SW  Colombia to NW  Ecuador)
Dracula fuligifera (C  Ecuador)
Dracula gastrophora (Ecuador)
Dracula gigas (W  Colombia to NW  Ecuador)
Dracula gorgona (W  Colombia)
Dracula gorgonella (Colombia)
Dracula hawleyi (NW  Ecuador)
Dracula hirsuta (SE  Ecuador)
Dracula hirtzii (SW  Colombia to NW  Ecuador)
Dracula houtteana (Colombia)
Dracula immunda (Panama)
Dracula inaequalis (W  Colombia)
Dracula incognita (Colombia)
Dracula inexperata (Costa Rica)
Dracula insolita (W  Colombia)
Dracula janetiae (C  Peru)
Dracula kareniae (Ecuador)
Dracula lafleurii (NW  Ecuador)
Dracula lehmanniana (SW  Colombia)
Dracula lemurella (Colombia)
Dracula leonum (Peru)
Dracula levii (SW  Colombia to NW  Ecuador)
Dracula ligiae (Colombia)
Dracula lindstroemii (NW  Ecuador)
Dracula lotax (Ecuador)
Dracula mantissa (SW  Colombia to NW  Ecuador)
Dracula marsupialis (NW  Ecuador)
Dracula mendozae Luer & V N M Rao (Ecuador)
Dracula minax (Colombia)
Dracula mopsus (Ecuador)
Dracula morleyi (NW  Ecuador)
Dracula navarrorum (Ecuador)
Dracula nigritella (Ecuador)
Dracula nosferatu (Colombia)
Dracula nycterina (Colombia)
Dracula octavioi (SW  Colombia)
Dracula olmosii (Panama)
Dracula ophioceps (SW  Colombia)
Dracula orientalis (NE  Colombia)
Dracula ortiziana (W  Colombia)
Dracula papillosa (NW  Ecuador)
Dracula pholeodytes (NE  Colombia)
Dracula pileus (W  Colombia)
Dracula platycrater (Colombia)
Dracula polyphemus (NW  Ecuador)
Dracula portillae (SE  Ecuador)
Dracula posadarum (Colombia)
Dracula presbys (Colombia)
Dracula psittacina (Colombia)
Dracula psyche (NW  Ecuador)
Dracula pubescens (Ecuador)
Dracula pusilla (SE  Mexico to C  America)
Dracula radiella (NW  Ecuador)
Dracula radiosa (E  Colombia to NW  Ecuador)
Dracula rezekiana (Ecuador)
Dracula ripleyana (Costa Rica)
Dracula robledorum (Colombia)
Dracula rojasii (Colombia)
Dracula roezlii (W  Colombia)
Dracula saulii (Peru)
Dracula schudelii (Ecuador)
Dracula senex-furens(Colombia)
Dracula sergioi (Colombia)
Dracula severa (NW  Colombia)
Dracula sibundoyensis (SW  Colombia to NW  Ecuador)
Dracula sijmii (Ecuador)
Dracula simia (SE  Ecuador)
Dracula sodiroi (Ecuador)
Dracula syndactyla (SW  Colombia)
Dracula terborchii (Ecuador)
Dracula trichroma (W  Colombia to NW  Ecuador)
Dracula trinympharum (NW  Ecuador)
Dracula tsubotae (Colombia)
Dracula tubeana (Ecuador)
Dracula ubangina (Ecuador)
Dracula vampira (Ecuador)
Dracula veliziana (Colombia)
Dracula velutina (NW  Colombia)
Dracula venefica (W  Colombia)
Dracula venosa (W  Colombia to NW  Ecuador)
Dracula verticulosa (W  Colombia)
Dracula vespertilio (Nicaragua to NW  Ecuador)
Dracula villegasii (Colombia)
Dracula vinacea (NE  Colombia)
Dracula vlad-tepes (NE  Colombia)
Dracula wallisii (W  Colombia)
Dracula woolwardiae (Ecuador)
Dracula xenos (Colombia)

Hybrids
Dracula × anicula (D  cutis-bufonis × D  wallisii) (Colombia) 
Dracula × radiosyndactyla (D  radiosa × D  syndactyla) (SW  Colombia) 

Footnote
Passage 10:
Pistacia khinjuk
Pistacia khinjuk is a species of plant in the family Anacardiaceae native to Egypt, western Asia and parts of the Himalayas  The tree grows up to 10 metres  The epithet comes from the name for the plant in Balochistan, khinjuk (خنجک) 
Context 2: Passage 1:
Miami Gardens, Florida
Miami Gardens is a city in north-central Miami-Dade County, Florida, United States  It is located 16 miles (26 km) north of Downtown Miami with city boundaries that stretch from I-95 and Northeast 2nd Avenue to its east to Northwest 47th and Northwest 57th Avenues to its west, and from the Broward County line to its north to 151st Street to its south  The city's name originated from Florida State Road 860, a major roadway through the area also known as Miami Gardens Drive  
Miami Gardens had a population of 111,640 as of 2020  It is Florida's most populous city with a majority African American population and also home to the largest percentage of African Americans (66 97 percent) of any city in Florida, according to the U S  Census Bureau  It is a principal city within the Miami metropolitan area, the nation's ninth largest and world's 65th largest metropolitan area with a population of 6 158 million people as of 2020  
Miami Gardens is the home of Hard Rock Stadium, a 64,767 capacity multi-purpose stadium that serves as the home field for both the Miami Dolphins of the National Football League and the Miami Hurricanes, the University of Miami's NCAA Division I college football team, which has won five national championships since 1983 

History
In the wake of the construction of I-95 in the late 1960s, many middle- and upper-income African American and West Indian American families migrated from Miami neighborhoods like Liberty City to what became Miami Gardens (also called Carol City, Norland or Norwood) as race-based covenants were outlawed with the Fair Housing Act, and mostly lower income blacks moved into the Liberty City and Little Haiti neighborhoods surrounding Liberty Square and Edison Courts 
Miami Gardens was incorporated on May 13, 2003  The city's neighborhoods of Andover, Bunche Park, Carol City, Lake Lucerne, Norland, Opa-locka North, and Scott Lake were previously unincorporated areas within Miami-Dade County 
In 2007, Mayor Shirley Gibson said that the city would no longer allow any low-income housing developments; many residents blamed the developments for spreading crime and recreational drugs throughout the city  Around that time, the city's tax revenues dropped to the third-lowest in Miami-Dade County In 2012, Oliver Gilbert, only the second mayor the city has had, proposed forming a community redevelopment agency (CRA)  CRAs are formed to remove "slum and blight", to improve the physical environment of the city and to combat the social and economic problems typical of slum areas  CRAs are funded with property tax increases, which funds are used, in part, to stimulate private investment in the rehabilitation of the community During the 2026 FIFA World Cup, Hard Rock Stadium will host multiple matches during the tournament 

Demographics
The city was incorporated in 2003, but various parts of the city appear as census designated places in the 2000 census and previous censuses  They now make up the neighborhoods of Andover, Bunche Park, Carol City, Lake Lucerne, Norwood, Opa-locka North, and Scott Lake  The United States Census Bureau enumerated that the population of Miami Gardens was 111,640 per the 2020 census 

Hispanic population
2010 Census
In 2010, there were 34,284 housing units of which 6 0% were vacant  As of 2016, the age distribution was 5 6% under the age of 5, 6 7% from 5 to 9, 6 5% from 10 to 14, 15 5% from 15 to 24, 14 6% from 25 to 34, 12 7% 35 to 44, 13 1% 45 to 54, 12 6% 55 to 64, and 12 7% who were 65 years of age or older  The population was 46 9% male and 53 1% female  Families made up 72% of households, while 28% were non-families  The average household size was 3 52 members, and the city covered 20 square miles (52 km2) 

Crime rates
According to City Rating, Miami Gardens crime statistics have decreased in the past 13 years  The crimes that have decreased the most are property crimes and violent crimes  The crime rate for Miami Gardens for 2018 is expected to be lower than in 2016  Miami Garden's 2016 violent crime rate was 63 64% higher than the national violent crime rate, and the property crime rate was 30 99% higher than the national property crime rate In 2016, Miami Gardens' violent crime rate was higher than that in Florida by 50 99%, and the property crime rate was 19 49% higher In 2016, there were 432 reported cases of aggravated assault, 22 reported cases of arson, 509 reported cases of burglary, 24 cases of forcible rape, 2,743 cases of larceny and theft, 419 reported cases of motor vehicle theft, 22 reported cases of murder and manslaughter, and 265 cases of robbery The projected 2018 crime data is as follows: 286 reported cases of aggravated assault, 26 reported cases of arson, 435 reported cases of burglary, 7 cases reported of forcible rape, 2,139 cases reported of larceny and theft, 205 cases reported of motor vehicle theft, 18 reported cases of murder and manslaughter, and 102 reported cases of robbery 

Sports facilities
The Calder Race Course opened in 1971 
Miami Gardens is home to the Miami Dolphins, who play in Hard Rock Stadium on land that was part of the Lake Lucerne CDP  This stadium also hosts the annual Orange Bowl college football game, and is the home field for the University of Miami Hurricanes football team   The Miami Open tennis tournament is held on the grounds of the stadium  The Florida Marlins of Major League Baseball shared Hard Rock Stadium with the Dolphins for almost two decades until, in 2012, they relocated to Miami and changed their name to the Miami Marlins 
In 2022 and 2023, the Miami International Autodrome hosted the Miami Grand Prix for Formula One 

Healthcare
The city of Miami Gardens has several health care clinics and facilities that offer medical care and support to its residents  Although the city has no hospital directly within its limits, Jackson North Medical Center, Concentra Urgent Care, and, Chen Medical Center provide medical services to the residents of Miami Gardens  Supplementing this, several health care clinics and facilities provide medical services that include general medicine, walk-in/urgent care, dental services, gynecology, physical therapy, chiropractor services, laboratory tests, x-rays, sonograms, osteoporosis screening, vaccinations, and health and exercise programs 

Government
Miami Gardens is governed by a seven-member city council  Members include Mayor Oliver Gilbert (since 2012), and six council members, four elected from districts and two elected citywide  The mayor recommends – and the city council hires – the City Manager, City Attorney, and City Clerk 
These are 17 of the many departments for which the City Manager of Miami Gardens creates a budget 

Mayors
Shirley Gibson, 2003–2012
Oliver G  Gilbert III, 2012–2020
Rodney Harris, 2020–Present

Police
The Miami Gardens Police Department is the lead law enforcement agency for the 110,000 residents living within the city's 20 square miles (52 km2)  The department operates under a unified command structure with its headquarters located at 1020 NW 163 Drive, Miami Gardens, Florida 33169  The department became operational on Sunday, December 16, 2007 with 159 sworn officers  Since then, the department has grown to 259 members consisting of 201 sworn positions with 58 non-sworn support positions 

Police controversy
In 2013, law enforcement abuses were alleged regarding the Miami Gardens Police Department by several news outlets  The abuses were first uncovered when it became public that a convenience store employee, Earl Sampson was arrested 27 times for trespassing, while working at and around the store at which he was employed   Video evidence was gathered by the owner of the store, Ali Saleh, showing Miami Garden police involved in clear and repeated misconduct involving his employee, and customers   According to the Miami Herald's Julie K  Brown:  "The videos show, among other things, cops stopping citizens, questioning them, aggressively searching them and arresting them for trespassing when they have permission to be on the premises"   It appeared Sampson had been arrested in this way due to police quotas, a department culture, and that Sampson was easy to arrest   Sampson always pleaded guilty so they would let him out almost immediately, with one exception where he pleaded not guilty, and he was jailed for 20 days   The guilty plea would validate the officers' improper arrest and increment their quota, so he became a continuous target 

Volume of stops
It was reported that, between 2008 and 2013, 99,980 stops occurred in Miami Gardens, involving 56,922 people, over half of the city's population   In the City of Miami, 3,753 stops occurred during the same period, with four times the population   Some stops involved children aged 5 to 7, totaling more than 1,000 children   These numbers were compiled after news regarding Earl Sampson 

Resignation and lawsuits
Following these reports, the police chief resigned  
Civil rights lawsuits have been filed against the Miami Gardens Police Department by the store owner and others who were illegally detained and/or arrested 
A police officer filed a lawsuit claiming that he had been fired for reporting abuses 

Education
Public schools
Miami-Dade County Public Schools operates area public schools 

Norland Middle School, in the Miami Gardens area, has a magnet program in dance, music, theatre and art, which began in 1985  The young actors Alex R  Hibbert and Jaden Piner, who starred in the Oscar-winning film Moonlight, were trained at this school 

Private schools
The Archdiocese of Miami operates area Catholic schools  Monsignor Edward Pace High School is in the Miami Gardens city limits  The archdiocese formerly operated Saint Monica School in Miami Gardens 

Colleges and universities
St  Thomas University
Florida Memorial University
Sullivan and Cogliano Training Centers

Public libraries
Miami-Dade Public Library System operates the North Dade Regional Library, which opened in September 1979 

Notable people
Denzel Curry, rapper and songwriter
Diamante, professional wrestler known also known as "Angel Rose"
Andre Johnson, retired professional NFL football player for Houston Texans
Trayvon Martin, shooting victim of George Zimmerman
Peter O’Brien, professional baseball player
Jo Marie Payton, actress and singer
Omar Jeffery Pineiro, rapper, songwriter and producer known by his stage name "Smokepurpp"
Lil Pump, rapper and songwriter
Flo Rida, rapper and songwriter
Rick Ross, rapper and songwriter
Earl Sampson, convenience store worker notable for being arrested 288 times in five years

Surrounding areas
Broward County (Miramar)
 Broward County (Miramar)    Broward County (West Park)
Country Club, Miami Lakes    Ives Estates, Ojus, North Miami Beach, Unincorporated Miami-Dade County
  Miami Lakes    Unincorporated Miami-Dade County
  Unincorporated Miami-Dade County, North Miami Beach
Passage 2:
Sport in Miami
The Greater Miami area is home to five major league sports teams — the Miami Dolphins of the National Football League, the Miami Heat of the National Basketball Association, the Miami Marlins of Major League Baseball, the Florida Panthers of the National Hockey League and Inter Miami CF of Major League Soccer 
Miami is also home to the Miami Open for professional tennis, numerous greyhound racing tracks, marinas, jai alai venues, and golf courses  The city streets has hosted professional auto races, the Miami Indy Challenge and later the Grand Prix Americas, whereas the Homestead-Miami Speedway oval located 35 miles (56 km) southwest currently hosts NASCAR national races, and the Miami International Autodrome has hosted the Miami Grand Prix in Formula One since 2022  Miami is also home to Paso Fino horses, where competitions are held at Tropical Park Equestrian Center 

Major league teams
The Miami area is home to five major league sports franchises  Currently, the Miami Heat and the Miami Marlins play their games within Miami's city limits  The Heat play their home games at the FTX Arena in Downtown Miami  The Miami Marlins home ballpark is LoanDepot Park, located in the Little Havana section of the city on the site of the old Orange Bowl stadium 
The city's first entry into the American Football League was the Miami Dolphins, which competed in the fourth AFL league from 1966 to 1969  In 1970 the Dolphins joined the NFL when the AFL–NFL merger occurred  The team made its first Super Bowl appearance in Super Bowl VI, but lost to the Dallas Cowboys  The following year, the Dolphins completed the NFL's only perfect season culminating in a Super Bowl win   The 1972 Dolphins were the third NFL team to accomplish a perfect regular season, and they went on to win that year's Super Bowl VII, as well as the next year's Super Bowl VIII  Miami also appeared in Super Bowl XVII and Super Bowl XIX, losing both games  The Miami Dolphins play their games at Hard Rock Stadium in suburban Miami Gardens 
The Orange Bowl, a member of the College Football Playoff, hosts their college football bowl game annually at Hard Rock Stadium  The stadium has also hosted the Super Bowl; the Miami metro area has hosted the game a total of eleven times (six Super Bowls at the now Hard Rock Stadium, including most recently Super Bowl LIV and five at the Miami Orange Bowl), more than any other metro area 
The Miami Heat of the National Basketball Association were formed in 1988 as an expansion team  They have won three league championships (in 2006, 2012 and 2013), and seven conference titles 
The Miami Marlins of Major League Baseball began play in the 1993 season  They won the World Series in 1997 and 2003 
The Florida Panthers of the National Hockey League were founded in 1993 as an expansion team  They have made two appearances in the Stanley Cup Finals, in 1996 and 2023  They play in nearby Sunrise at the FLA Live Arena 
Inter Miami CF of Major League Soccer was founded in 2018 as an expansion team  Inter Miami CF will play their first two seasons at the new Inter Miami modular stadium, which was built on the site of the old Lockhart Stadium in Fort Lauderdale  After its first two seasons should construction of the Miami Freedom Park be approved and completed in time the site will move to Miami  Inter Miami has demolished the old Lockhart stadium and has built a new modular stadium and 50,000 square-foot training facility  The site will remain the permanent training complex for the Clubs’ teams, including its youth Academy and Inter Fort Lauderdale CF  The agreement between them and the City of Fort Lauderdale required that their USL affiliate will use the site and not abbreviate the word "Fort "

Other professional teams
College sports
Greater Miami is home to many college sports teams with football and basketball having preeminent status  The most prominent are the University of Miami Hurricanes whose football team plays at Hard Rock Stadium in Miami Gardens and whose men's and women's basketball teams play at Watsco Center on the University of Miami's campus in Coral Gables  The Florida Atlantic University Owls football team plays at FAU Stadium, and its men's basketball team plays at FAU Arena in Boca Raton  The Florida International University Panthers football team plays at FIU Stadium, and its basketball team plays at Ocean Bank Convocation Center in University Park 

Defunct and relocated teams
A number of defunct teams were located in Miami, including:

Basketball: Miami Floridians (ABA), Miami Sol (WNBA), Miami Tropics (ABA) 
Ice hockey: Miami Matadors (ECHL), Miami Screaming Eagles (WHA), Miami Manatees (WHA2), Tropical Hockey League 
Soccer: Miami Toros / Ft  Lauderdale Strikers (NASL), Miami Fusion (NPSL)
American football: Miami Seahawks (AAFC), Miami Tropics (SFL), Miami Hooters (Arena Football League) The Miami Fusion, a defunct Major League Soccer team, played at Lockhart Stadium in nearby Broward County  The Miami Kickers, a Women's Premier Soccer League, played at American Heritage School in Plantation, Broward County 
In 1946, the Miami Seahawks played in the All-America Football Conference for one season, 1946, and then folded 
In 1996, Miami acquired the AFL team the Sacramento Attack, which was renamed as the Miami Hooters (due to its association with the Florida-based Hooters restaurant chain), and it played from 1993 to 1995  In 1996, the association with the chain was completed, and the team moved to West Palm Beach and renamed as the Florida Bobcats 

2026 FIFA World Cup
Miami will be one of eleven US host cities for the 2026 FIFA World Cup with matches set to be played at Hard Rock Stadium 

Notes
See also
Miami Women's Rugby Club
Sports in Florida
U S  cities with teams from four major sports
[[Miami Sports Teams Signed Miami Marlins Miami Dolphins Miami Heat Shirt]]
Passage 3:
Primetime Race Group
The Primetime Race Group is a privateer motorsport team from Hollywood, Florida which currently competes in the American Le Mans Series (ALMS) and the International Motor Sports Association (IMSA) Lites Series, a support series of the ALMS 
The team was founded in 2007 by owner and driver Joel Feinberg  In addition to Feinberg, the team consists of driver Chris Hall and team manager and crew chief Brent O’Neill 
In 2009, the team runs a Dodge Viper Competition Coupe in  the GT2 class of the ALMS series, the only team to feature this vehicle  The team also runs an Élan Motorsport Technologies DP02 in the IMSA Prototype Lites series 

2007 season
The team's debut in the ALMS series was at the 2007 Detroit Sports Car Challenge   Drivers Joel Feinberg and Chapman Ducote also competed at the Petit Le Mans and the Monterey Sports Car Championships for a total of 3 races during the season   The Primetime team also competed in the SPEED World Challenge and the IMSA Lites series   They finished third in the L1 class in 2007 

2008 season
2008 was the team's first full season of racing   During the 2008 American Le Mans Series season, the team raced with Hankook Tires   The best result was a 5th-place finish in the GT2 class at the season opening race of 12 Hours of Sebring   The team finished tied for 10th place in the GT2 standings 

2009 season
For the 2009 season, the team expanded into open wheel racing, entering into the Atlantic Championship series with the acquisition of 2008 championship-winning No  8 car and the No  88 car from Brooks Associates Racing 
The team still competes with the Viper in the American Le Mans Series, now using Dunlop Tires, and also in IMSA Lites where Joel won the 2009 L1 drivers championship 
Passage 4:
Hollywood, Florida
Hollywood is a city in southern Broward County, Florida  It is a key suburb of the Miami metropolitan area, which was home to 6 14 million people in 2020  As of the 2020 census, the population was 153,067, making it the third-largest city in Broward County, the fifth-largest city in the Miami metro area, and the 12th-largest city in Florida  The average temperature is between 69 and 83 °F (21 and 28 °C) 

History
In 1920, Joseph Young arrived in South Florida to create his own "Dream City in Florida"  His vision included the beaches of the Atlantic Ocean stretching westward with man-made lakes, infrastructure, roads, and the Intracoastal Waterway  He wanted to include large parks, schools, churches, and golf courses; these were all industries and activities that were very important to Young's life  After Young spent millions of dollars on the construction of the city, he was elected as the first mayor in 1925  This new town quickly became home to northerners known as "snowbirds", who fled the north during the winter and then escaped the south during the summer to avoid the harsh weather   By 1960, Hollywood had more than 2,400 hotel units and  12,170 single-family homes  Young bought up thousands of acres of land around 1920, and named his new town "Hollywood by the Sea" to distinguish it from his other real-estate venture, "Hollywood in the Hills", in New York 

The Florida guide, published by the Federal Writers' Project, describes the early development of Hollywood, an early example of a planned community that proliferated in Florida during the real-estate boom of the 1920s:

During the early days of development here, 1,500 trucks and tractors were engaged in clearing land and grading streets; two yacht basins, designed by General George Washington Goethals, chief engineer in the construction of the Panama Canal, were dredged and connected with the Intracostal Waterway  A large power plant was installed, and when the city lights went on for the first time, ships at sea reported that Miami was on fire, and their radio alarms and the red glow in the sky brought people to the rescue from miles around 

Prospective purchasers of land were enticed by free hotel accommodation and entertainment, and "were driven about the city-to-be on trails blazed through palmetto thickets; so desolate and forlorn were some stretches that many women became hysterical, it is said, and a few fainted  Young had a vision of having lakes, golf courses, a luxury beach hotel (Hollywood Beach Hotel, now Hollywood Beach Resort), country clubs, and a main street, Hollywood Boulevard  After the 1926 Miami hurricane, Hollywood was severely damaged; local newspapers reported that Hollywood was second only to Miami in losses from the storm  Following Young's death in 1934, the city encountered other destructive hurricanes, and the stock market crashed with personal financial misfortunes Hurricane Irma hit Florida in 2017, wreaking widespread damage  Due to the spontaneity of the hurricane, nearly 700 elderly nursing-home residents died  In an investigation following the hurricane, some of the deaths were found to be not actually a result of the hurricane, but the poor conditions to which they were exposed in the aftermath  Four nursing-home staff charged with negligence and counts of manslaughter  Following the damage inflicted by Hurricane Irma in 2017, an initiative called Rebuild Florida was created by the Florida Department of Economic Opportunity to provide aid to citizens affected by the natural disaster  The initial focus of Rebuild Florida was its Housing Repair Program, which offered assistance in rebuilding families' homes that were impacted by Hurricane Irma  The program gave priority to low-income vulnerable residents, such as the disabled, the elderly, and those families with children under five  The success of this program has various results across the city, with hundreds of citizens claiming they were left without help 

Timeline
1921 – Hollywood by the Sea platted on land of Joseph Wesley Young
1923
Hollywood Hotel opens  Later renamed the Park View Hotel when the Hollywood Beach Hotel opens 
1925
Hollywood incorporated
Hollywood Police Department established
Hollywood Boulevard Bridge built (approximate date)
Joseph Wesley Young becomes mayor; C H  Windham becomes city manager
Joseph Wesley Young House built
1926
Hollywood Beach Hotel in business
September 18: 1926 Miami hurricane demolished city
1928 – Port Everglades opened near Hollywood
1930
Hollywood Hills Inn built
Population: 2,689 
1932 – Riverside Military Academy Hollywood campus established
1935 – Fiesta Tropicale began
1937 – Florida Theatre built
1947 – Hurricanes occur
1948 – Broward County International Airport opened
1950 – Population: 14,351
1952 – Joseph Watson became city manager (until c  1970)
1953 – Hollywood Memorial Hospital opened
1957
Seminole Tribe of Florida gained official recognition by the federal government, with tribal headquarters located in Hollywood 
McArthur High School opened
1958 – Diplomat Hotel in business
1959 – Seminole Tribe's Okalee Indian Village in business 
1960 – Population: 35,237
1962 – Arrow Drive-In cinema in business
1964 – Home Federal Tower hi-rise built 
1967 – Hollywood West Elks Lodge founded
1970 – Population: 106,873
1971
Pageant of the Unconquered Seminoles held in Hollywood
Topeekeegee Yugnee Park opened
1972 – Broward County Historical Commission established 
1974 – Broward County Library System established 
1975 – Art and Culture Center of Hollywood opened
1981
July 27: Murder of Adam Walsh
"U S  Supreme Court affirms Tribe's right to high-stakes bingo at Hollywood in Seminole Tribe of Florida vs  Butterworth"
1982 – West Lake Park opened
1983 – Seminole Tribune newspaper begins publication 
1996
Kolb Nature Center opened in West Lake Park
City website online (approximate date)
1997 – New Times Broward-Palm Beach newspaper began publication
2004 – Seminole Tribe of Florida's Seminole Hard Rock Hotel & Casino Hollywood in business
2010 – Population: 140,768
2013 – Frederica Wilson became U S  representative for Florida's 24th congressional district
2016 – Josh Levy became mayor
2018 - The first hotel in almost 50 years, Circ By Sonder, opens in Downtown Hollywood 
2019 – Hard Rock Live guitar shaped hotel opened, with pool and manmade lake

Geography
According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 30 8 square miles (80 km2), of which 3 46 square miles (9 km2) are covered by water (11 23%) Hollywood is in southeastern Broward County, and includes about 5 to 6 miles (8 0 to 9 7 km) of Atlantic Ocean beach, interrupted briefly by a portion deeded to Dania Beach  It is bounded by these municipalities:

Neighborhoods
These neighborhoods and communities are officially recognized by the City of Hollywood:

Climate
Hollywood has a tropical rainforest climate (Köppen climate classification Af), with long, hot, humid, and rainy summers and short, warm, and dry winters 

Demographics
As of 2000, Hollywood had the 75th-highest percentage of Cuban residents in the U S , at 4 23% of the city's population, and the 65th-highest percentage of Colombian residents in the US, at 2 26% of the city's population (tied with both the town and village of Mount Kisco, New York ) It also had the fifty-seventh highest percentage of Peruvian residents in the US, at 1 05% of the city's population (tied with Locust Valley, New York), and the 20th-highest percentage of Romanian residents in the US, at 1 1% of its population (tied with several other areas in the US) 

Economy
Prior to their dissolutions, Commodore Cruise Line and its subsidiary Crown Cruise Line had their headquarters in Hollywood Aerospace and electronics parts manufacturer HEICO has its headquarters in Hollywood Since 1991, the Invicta Watch Group, a manufacturer and marketer of timepieces and writing instruments, has had its headquarters in Hollywood, where it also operates its customer-service call center 

Top employers
According to the city's 2019 Comprehensive Annual Financial Report, the top employers in the city are:

Tourism
Guided tours along the Intercostal Waterway are common in Hollywood  The waterway, parallel to the Atlantic Ocean, provides both tourists and locals with the exploration of nature and observation of surroundings 
Young Circle is another area surrounded by shops, restaurants, and bars  A Food-Truck Takeover occurs every Monday, during which dozens of local food trucks park and offer a variety of cuisines, including Cuban, Venezuelan, Mediterranean, Mexican, Jamaican, and Peruvian foods, in addition to barbecue, burgers, gourmet grilled cheese, and desserts 

Parks and recreation
Hollywood has about 60 parks, seven golf courses, and sandy beaches 
Hollywood Beach has a broadwalk that extends about 2 5 miles along the Atlantic Ocean  Parking is available on side streets or in parking garages for a fee, and public trolleys run through the day  Restaurants and hotels line the broadwalk, along with a theatre, children's playground, and other attractions, including bicycle-rental shops, ice-cream parlors, souvenir shops, and a farmer's market  The broadwalk is used for walking and jogging, and has a bike lane for bicyclists and rollerbladers 

Government
Mayor
Joseph Wesley Young, circa 1925
Arthur W  Kellner, circa 1935
Lester Boggs, 1943–1947, 1949–1953
Alfred G  Ryll, 1954–1955
William G  Zinkil Sr , 1955–1957, 1959–1967
E  L  McMorrough, c  1959
David Keating
Mara Giulianti, circa 2002
Peter Bober, circa 2016
Josh Levy, 2016–present

Education
Hollywood has a diverse and broad number of educational institutions throughout the city, including 32 public (and charter) schools with 24 private schools  The public schools are operated by the Broward County Public Schools 

Public schools
Broward County operates 24 public schools, consisting of four high schools, six middle schools, and 14 elementary schools 
The public high schools situated in Hollywood are: Hollywood Hills High School, McArthur High School, South Broward High School, and Sheridan Technical College and High School 
The public middle schools include: Apollo Middle School, Attucks Middle School, Driftwood Middle School, McNicol Middle School, Olsen Middle School and Beachside Montessori Village The 14 elementary schools comprise:

Public (charter) schools
In addition to these public schools, eight public 'charter' schools operate independently from Broward County  They are: Hollywood Academy of Arts and Science (K–8), New Life Charter Academy, Championship Academy of Distinction at Hollywood K–5, Championship Academy of Distinction, Avant Garde Academy of Broward (K–12), BridgePrep Academy at Hollywood Hills, Ben Gamla Preparatory Academy and Bridge Prep Academy 

Private schools
Hollywood, Florida has an abundance of private schools scattered across the city  These are:

Infrastructure
Transportation
Hollywood is served by Fort Lauderdale-Hollywood International Airport, the 22nd busiest airport in the United States  Broward County Transit operates several bus routes that pass through the city of Hollywood, such as the 1 on US 1 (federal highway)  It is also served by Tri-Rail stations at Sheridan Street and Hollywood 

Police department
The Hollywood Police Department is an entity within the city government tasked with law enforcement 

Notable people
Davey Allison, former NASCAR driver
Jayne Atkinson, actress, House of Cards
Herbert L  Becker, former magician known as Kardeen, author, businessman
Steve Blake, retired NBA player
Lauren Book, politician
Ethan Bortnick, piano child prodigy
Chris Britton, baseball pitcher, San Diego Padres
Marquise Brown, NFL player
Janice Dickinson, model, author
Joe DiMaggio, iconic professional baseball player, lived and died in Hollywood
Mike Donald, professional golfer
Scotty Emerick, singer-songwriter
Seth Gabel, actor
Josh Gad, actor
Adam Gaynor, former member of Matchbox Twenty
Alan Gelfand, developer of Ollie (skateboarding trick)
Michael Heverly, model
Rosemary Homeister, Jr , jockey
Erasmus James, defensive end in the NFL
Evan Jenne, politician
Victoria Justice, actress, model, singer
Joe Klink, retired MLB pitcher
Veronica Lake, actress, World War II pin-up girl
Bethany Joy Lenz, actress, One Tree Hill
Jeff Marx, composer and lyricist of Broadway musical Avenue Q
Oddibe McDowell, MLB center fielder
Bryant McFadden, cornerback for NFL's Pittsburgh Steelers
Danny McManus, former CFL quarterback; broadcaster for TSN's CFL games
Fred Melamed, actor
Tracy Melchior, actress
Billy Mitchell, videogame player
Michael Mizrachi, professional poker player
Mike Napoli, MLB catcher and first baseman, member of 2013 World Series champion Boston Red Sox
Norman Reedus, actor
Moshe Reuven, music artist
Ian Richards, County Court Judge of Florida's 17th Judicial Circuit
Patti Rizzo, golfer, 1982 LPGA Tour Rookie of the Year
Jon Pernell Roberts, drug trafficker
Latrice Royale, drag entertainer
Jabaal Sheard, defensive end for Super Bowl LI champion New England Patriots
Megan Timpf, Canadian softball player, competitor at 2008 Summer Olympics
Joe Trohman, Fall Out Boy lead guitarist
John Walsh, host of America's Most Wanted
Scott Weinger, actor, writer, producer
Robert Wexler, former member of the U S  House of Representatives
Lorenzo White, former Houston Oilers running back

Crime and terrorism
In popular culture
The television game show Hollywood Squares taped a week of shows at the historic Diplomat Hotel in 1987 and featured aerial footage shot over Hollywood, Florida Episode 15 of season six of the HBO crime drama The Sopranos featured scenes shot in the vicinity of the Hollywood Beach Marriott along Carolina Street The Art and Culture Center of Hollywood is the exterior of the police substation in the now-cancelled TV show The Glades 
The comedy series Big Time in Hollywood, FL is set in Hollywood, Florida 

Sister cities
Hollywood's sister cities are:

See also
Big Time in Hollywood, FL

Notes
Passage 5:
Miami metropolitan area
The Miami metropolitan area (also known as South Florida, SoFlo, the Gold Coast, the Tri-County Area, or the Greater Miami), officially known as the Miami–Fort Lauderdale–Pompano Beach Metropolitan Statistical Area,  is a coastal metropolitan area in the southeastern part of the state of Florida  It is the ninth-largest metropolitan statistical area in the United States, the fifth-largest in the Southern United States, and the largest in the state of Florida  With a population of 6 14 million, it has more people than 31 of the nation's 50 states as of 2022  It comprises the three most populated counties in the state: Miami-Dade County, Broward County, and Palm Beach County 
With 1,279 2 sq mi (3,313 km2) of urban landmass, the Miami metropolitan area also is one of the most populous urban agglomerations in the world  The City of Miami is the financial and cultural core of the metropolis  The metropolitan area includes Miami-Dade, Broward, and Palm Beach Counties, which rank as the first-, second-, and third-most populous counties in Florida  Miami-Dade, with 2,716,940 people in 2019, is the seventh-most populous county in the United States  The metropolitan area's principal cities include Miami, Fort Lauderdale, Pompano Beach, West Palm Beach, Boca Raton, Sunrise, Miami Beach, Deerfield Beach, Pembroke Pines, Kendall, Boynton Beach, Delray Beach, Jupiter, Doral, Palm Beach Gardens, and Coral Gables  The Miami metropolitan area sits within the South Florida region, which includes the Everglades and the Florida Keys 
Because the population of South Florida is largely confined to a strip of land between the Atlantic Ocean and the Everglades, the Miami urbanized area (that is, the area of contiguous urban development) is about 100 miles (160 km) long (north to south), but never more than 20 miles (32 km) wide, and in some areas only 5 miles (8 km) wide (east to west)
Context 3: Passage 1:
Nanyue
Nanyue (Chinese: 南越 or 南粵; pinyin: Nányuè; Jyutping: Naam4 Jyut6; lit  'Southern Yue'), was an ancient kingdom ruled by Chinese monarchs of the Zhao family that covered the modern Chinese subdivisions of Guangdong, Guangxi, Hainan, Hong Kong, Macau, southern Fujian and central to northern Vietnam  Nanyue was established by Zhao Tuo, then Commander of Nanhai of the Qin Empire, in 204 BC after the collapse of the Qin dynasty  At first, it consisted of the commanderies Nanhai, Guilin, and Xiang 
In 196 BC, Zhao Tuo paid obeisance to the Emperor Gaozu of Han, and Nanyue was referred to by the Han dynasty as a "foreign servant", i e  a vassal state  Around 183 BC, relations between the Nanyue and the Han dynasty soured, and Zhao Tuo began to refer to himself as an emperor, suggesting an equal status between Nanyue and the Han dynasty  In 179 BC, relations between the Han and Nanyue improved, and Zhao Tuo once again made submission, this time to Emperor Wen of Han as a subject state  The submission was somewhat superficial, as Nanyue retained autonomy from the Han, and Zhao Tuo was referred to as "Emperor" throughout Nanyue until his death  In 113 BC, fourth-generation leader Zhao Xing sought to have Nanyue formally included as part of the Han Empire  His prime minister Lü Jia objected vehemently and subsequently killed Zhao Xing, installing his elder brother Zhao Jiande on the throne and forcing a confrontation with the Han dynasty  The next year, Emperor Wu of Han sent 100,000 troops to war against Nanyue  By the year's end, the army had destroyed Nanyue and established Han rule  The dynastic state lasted 93 years and had five generations of monarchs 
The existence of Nanyue allowed the Lingnan region to avoid the chaos and hardship surrounding the collapse of the Qin dynasty experienced by the northern, predominantly Han Chinese regions  The kingdom was founded by leaders originally from the Central Plain of China and were all of Han Chinese in origin  They were responsible for bringing Chinese-style bureaucracy and handicraft techniques to inhabitants of  southern regions, as well as knowledge of the Chinese language and writing system  Nanyue rulers promoted a policy of "Harmonizing and Gathering the Hundred Yue tribes" (Chinese: 和集百越), and encouraged ethnic Han to immigrate from the Yellow River region to the south  Nanyue rulers were then not against the assimilation of Yue and Han cultures In Vietnam, the rulers of Nanyue are referred to as the Triệu dynasty  The name "Vietnam" (Việt Nam) is derived and reversed from Nam Việt, the Vietnamese pronunciation of Nanyue 

History
A detailed history of Nanyue was written in Records of the Grand Historian by Han dynasty historian Sima Qian   It is mostly contained in section (juan) 113, Chinese: 南越列傳; pinyin: Nányuè Liè Zhuàn; Jyutping: Naam4jyut6 Lit6 Zyun2 (Ordered Annals of Nanyue)  A similar record is also found in the Book of Han Volume 95: The Southwest Peoples, Two Yues, and Chaoxian 

Founding
Qin southward expansion (218 BC)
After Qin Shi Huang conquered the six other Chinese kingdoms of Han, Zhao, Wei, Chu, Yan, and Qi, he turned his attention to the Xiongnu tribes of the north and west and the Hundred Yue peoples of what is now southern China  Around 218 BC, the First Emperor dispatched General Tu Sui with an army of 500,000 Qin soldiers to divide into five companies and attack the Hundred Yue tribes of the Lingnan region  The first company gathered at Yuhan (Modern Yugan County in Jiangxi Province) and attacked the Minyue, defeating them and establishing the Minzhong Commandery  The second company fortified at Nanye (in modern Jiangxi Province's Nankang County), and was designed to put defensive pressure on the southern clans  The third company occupied Panyu   The fourth company garrisoned near the Jiuyi Mountains, and the fifth company garrisoned outside Tancheng (in the southwest part of modern Hunan Province's Jingzhou Miao and Dong Autonomous County)  The First Emperor assigned official Shi Lu to oversee supply logistics   Shi first led a regiment of soldiers through the Ling Channel (which connected the Xiang River and the Li River), then navigated through the Yangtze River and Pearl River water systems ensure the safety of the Qin supply routes  The Qin attack of the Western Valley (Chinese: 西甌) Yue tribe went smoothly, and Western Valley chieftain Yi-Xu-Song was killed  However, the Western Valley Yue were unwilling to submit to the Qin and fled into the jungle where they selected a new leader to continue resisting the Chinese armies  Later, a night-time counterattack by the Western Valley Yue devastated the Qin troops, and General Tu Sui was killed in the fighting  The Qin suffered heavy losses, and the imperial court selected General Zhao Tuo to assume command of the Chinese army  In 214 BC, the First Emperor dispatched Ren Xiao and Zhao Tuo at the head of reinforcements to once again mount an attack  This time, the Western Valley Yue were completely defeated, and the Lingnan region was brought entirely under Chinese control  In the same year, the Qin court established the Nanhai, Guilin, and Xiang Commanderies, and Ren Xiao was made Lieutenant of Nanhai  Nanhai was further divided into Panyu, Longchuan, Boluo, and Jieyang counties (among several others), and Zhao Tuo was made magistrate of Longchuan 
The First Emperor died in 210 BC, and his son Zhao Huhai became the Second Emperor of Qin  The following year, soldiers Chen Sheng, Wu Guang, and others seized the opportunity to revolt against the Qin government  Insurrections spread throughout much of China (including those led by Xiang Yu and Liu Bang, who would later face off over the founding of the next dynasty) and the entire Yellow River region devolved into chaos  Soon after the first insurrections, Nanhai Lieutenant Ren Xiao became gravely ill and summoned Zhao Tuo to hear his dying instructions  Ren described the natural advantages of the southern region and described how a kingdom could be founded with the many Chinese settlers in the area to combat the warring groups in the Chinese north  He drafted a decree instating Zhao Tuo as the new Lieutenant of Nanhai, and died soon afterward 
After Ren's death, Zhao Tuo, sent orders to his troops in Hengpu Pass (north of modern Nanxiong, Guangdong Province), Yangshan Pass (northern Yangshan County), Huang Stream Pass (modern Yingde region, where the Lian River enters the North River), and other garrisons to fortify themselves against any northern troops  He also executed Qin officials still stationed in Nanhai and replaced them with his own trusted friends 

Conquest of Âu Lạc
The kingdom of Âu Lạc laid south of Nanyue in the early years of Nanyue's existence, with Âu Lạc located primarily in the Red River delta area, and Nanyue encompassing Nanhai, Guilin, and Xiang Commanderies  During the time when Nanyue and Âu Lạc co-existed, Âu Lạc acknowledged Nanyue's suzerainty, especially because of their mutual anti-Han sentiment  Zhao Tuo built up and reinforced his army, fearing an attack by the Han  However, when relations between the Han and Nanyue improved, in 179 BC Zhao Tuo marched southward and successfully annexed Âu Lạc 

Proclamation (204 BC)
In 206 BC the Qin dynasty ceased to exist, and the Yue peoples of Guilin and Xiang were largely independent once more  In 204 BC, Zhao Tuo founded the Kingdom of Nanyue, with Panyu as capital, and declared himself the Martial King of Nanyue (Chinese: 南越武王, Vietnamese: Nam Việt Vũ Vương) 

Nanyue under Zhao Tuo
Liu Bang, after years of war with his rivals, established the Han dynasty and reunified Central China in 202 BC  The fighting had left many areas of China depopulated and impoverished, and feudal lords continued to rebel while the Xiongnu made frequent incursions into northern Chinese territory  The precarious state of the empire therefore forced the Han court to treat Nanyue initially with utmost circumspection  In 196 BC, Liu Bang, now Emperor Gaozu, sent Lu Jia (陸賈, not to be confused with Lü Jia 呂嘉) to Nanyue in hopes of obtaining Zhao Tuo's allegiance   After arriving, Lu met with Zhao Tuo and is said to have found him dressed in Yue clothing and being greeted after their customs, which enraged him  A long exchange ensued, wherein Lu is said to have admonished Zhao Tuo, pointing out that he was Chinese, not Yue, and should have maintained the dress and decorum of the Chinese and not have forgotten the traditions of his ancestors  Lu lauded the strength of the Han court and warned against a kingdom as small as Nanyue daring to oppose it  He further threatened to kill Zhao's kinsmen in China proper and destroying their ancestral graveyards, as well as coercing the Yue into deposing Zhao himself   Following the threat, Zhao Tuo then decided to receive Emperor Gaozu's seal and submit to Han authority  Trade relations were established at the border between Nanyue and the Han kingdom of Changsha  Although formally a Han subject state, Nanyue seems to have retained a large measure of de facto autonomy 
After the death of Liu Bang in 195 BC, the government was put in the hands of his wife, Empress Lü Zhi, who served as Empress Dowager over their son Emperor Hui of Han and then Emperor Hui's sons Liu Gong and Liu Hong  Enraged, Empress Lü sent men to Zhao Tuo's hometown of Zhending (modern Zhengding County in Hebei Province) who killed much of Zhao's extended family and desecrated the ancestral graveyard there  Zhao Tuo believed that Wu Chen, the Prince of Changsha, had made false accusations against him to get Empress Dowager Lü to block the trade between the states and to prepare to conquer the Nanyue to merge into his principality of Changsha  In revenge, he then declared himself the emperor of Nanyue and attacked the principality of Changsha and captured some neighboring towns under Han domain  Lü sent general Zhou Zao to punish Zhao Tuo   However, in the hot and humid climate of the south, an epidemic broke out quickly amongst the soldiers, and the weakened army was unable to cross the mountains, forcing them to withdraw which ended in Nanyue victory, but the military conflict did not stop until the Empress died  Zhao Tuo then annexed the neighboring state of Minyue in the east as subject kingdom  The kingdom of Yelang and Tongshi (通什) also submitted to Nanyue rule 

In 179 BC, Liu Heng ascended the throne as Emperor of the Han  He reversed many of the previous policies of Empress Lü and took a conciliatory attitude toward Zhao Tuo and the Kingdom of Nanyue  He ordered officials to revisit Zhending, garrison the town, and make offerings to Zhao Tuo's ancestors regularly  His prime minister Chen Ping suggested sending Lu Jia to Nanyue as they were familiar with each other  Lu arrived once more in Panyu and delivered a letter from the Emperor emphasizing that Empress Lü's policies were what had caused the hostility between Nanyue and the Han court and brought suffering to the border citizens  Zhao Tuo decided to submit to the Han once again, withdrawing his title of "emperor" and reverting to "king", and Nanyue became Han's subject state  However, most of the changes were superficial, and Zhao Tuo continued to be referred to as "emperor" throughout Nanyue 

Zhao Mo
In 137 BC, Zhao Tuo died, having lived over one hundred years  Because of his great age, his son, the Crown Prince Zhao Shi, had preceded him in death, and therefore Zhao Tuo's grandson Zhao Mo became king of Nanyue  In 135 BC, the king of neighboring Minyue launched an attack on the towns along the two nations' borders  Because Zhao Mo hadn't yet consolidated his rule, he was forced to implore Emperor Wu of Han to send troops to Nanyue's aid against what he called "the rebels of Minyue"  The Emperor lauded Zhao Mo for his vassal loyalty and sent Wang Hui, an official governing ethnic minorities, and agricultural official Han Anguo at the head of an army with orders to separate and attack Minyue from two directions, one from Yuzhang Commandery, and the other from Kuaiji Commandery  Before they reached Minyue, however, the Minyue king was assassinated by his younger brother Yu Shan, who promptly surrendered 

The Emperor sent court emissary Yan Zhu to the Nanyue capital to give an official report of Minyue's surrender to Zhao Mo, who had Yan return his gratitude to the Emperor along with a promise that Zhao would come visit the Imperial Court in Chang'an, and even sent his son Zhao Yingqi to return with Yan to the Chinese capital  Before the king could ever leave for Chang'an himself, one of his ministers strenuously advised against going for fear that Emperor Wu would find some pretext to prevent him from returning, thus leading to the destruction of Nanyue  King Zhao Mo thereupon feigned illness and never travelled to the Han capital 
Immediately following Minyue's surrender to the Han army, Wang Hui had dispatched a man named Tang Meng, local governor of Panyang County, to deliver the news to Zhao Mo   While in Nanyue, Tang Meng was introduced to the Yue custom of eating a sauce made from medlar fruit imported from Shu Commandery  Surprised that such a product was available, he learned that there was a route from Shu (modern Sichuan Province) to Yelang, and then along the Zangke River (the modern Beipan River of Yunnan and Guizhou) which allowed direct access to the Nanyue capital Panyu  Tang Meng thereupon drafted a memorial to Emperor Wu suggesting a gathering of 100,000 elite soldiers at Yelang who would navigate the Zangke River and launch a surprise attack on Nanyue   Emperor Wu agreed with Tang's plan and promoted him to General of Langzhong and had him lead a thousand soldiers with a multitude of provisions and supply carts from Bafu Pass (near modern Hejiang County) into Yelang   Many of the carts carried ceremonial gifts which Yelang presented to the feudal lords of Yelang as bribes to declare allegiance to the Han dynasty, which they did, and Yelang became Qianwei Commandery of the Han Empire Over a decade later, Zhao Mo fell genuinely ill and died around 122 BC 

Zhao Yingqi
After hearing of his father's serious illness, Zhao Yingqi received permission from Emperor Wu to return to Nanyue  After Zhao Mo's death, Yingqi assumed the Nanyue throne  Before leaving for Chang'an he had married a young Yue woman and had his eldest son Zhao Jiande  While in Chang'an, he also married a Han Chinese woman, like himself, who was from Handan  Together they had a son Zhao Xing  After assuming the Nanyue kingship, he petitioned the Han Emperor to appoint his Chinese wife (who was from the Jiu 樛 family) as Queen and Zhao Xing as Crown Prince, a move that eventually brought disaster upon Nanyue  Zhao Yingqi was reputed to be a tyrant who killed citizens with flippant abandon  He died of illness around 113 BC 

Zhao Xing and Zhao Jiande
Zhao Xing succeeded his father as king, and his mother became Queen Dowager  In 113 BC, Emperor Wu of Han sent senior minister Anguo Shaoji to Nanyue summon Zhao Xing and his mother to Chang'an for an audience with the Emperor, as well as two other officials with soldiers to await a response at Guiyang  At the time, Zhao Xing was still young and the Queen Dowager was a recent immigrant to Nanyue, so final authority in matters of state rested in the hands of Prime Minister Lü Jia  Before the Queen Dowager married Zhao Yingqi, it was widely rumored that she had had an affair with Anguo Shaoji, and they were said to have renewed it when he was sent to Nanyue, which caused the Nanyue citizens to lose confidence in her rule 
Fearful of losing her position of authority, Queen Dowager Jiu persuaded Zhao Xing and his ministers to fully submit to Han dynasty rule   At the same time, she dispatched a memorial to Emperor Wu requesting that they might join Han China, that they might have an audience with the Emperor every third year, and that the borders between Han China and Nanyue might be dissolved  The Emperor granted her requests and sent Imperial seals to the Prime Minister and other senior officials, symbolizing that the Han court expected to directly control the appointments of senior officials  He also abolished the penal tattooing and nose-removal criminal punishments that were practiced among the Yue and instituted Han legal statutes  Emissaries that had been sent to Nanyue were instructed to remain there to ensure the stability of Han control  Upon receiving their Imperial decrees, King Zhao and the Queen Dowager began planning to leave for Chang'an Prime Minister Lü Jia was much older than most officials and had served since the reign of Zhao Xing's grandfather Zhao Mo  His family was the preeminent Yue family in Nanyue and was thoroughly intermarried with the Zhao royal family  He vehemently opposed Nanyue's submission to the Han dynasty and criticized Zhao Xing on numerous occasions, though his outcries were ignored  Lü decided to begin planning a coup and feigned illness to avoid meeting the emissaries of the Han court  The emissaries were well aware of Lü's influence in the kingdom – it easily rivalled that of the king – but were never able to remove him  Sima Qian recorded a story that the Queen Dowager and the Zhao Xing invited Lü to a banquet with several Han emissaries where they hoped to find a chance to kill Lü: during the banquet, the Queen Dowager mentioned that Prime Minister Lu was against Nanyue submitting to the Han dynasty, with the hope that the Han emissaries would become enraged and kill Lü  However, Lü's younger brother had surrounded the palace with armed guards, and the Han emissaries, led by Anguo Shaoji, didn't dare attack Lü  Sensing the danger of the moment, Lü excused himself and stood to leave the palace  The Queen Dowager herself became furious and tried to grab a spear with which to kill the Prime Minister personally, but she was stopped by her son, the king  Lü Jia instructed his brother's armed men to surround his compound and stand guard and feigned illness, refusing to meet with King Zhao or any Han emissaries  At the same time, be began seriously plotting the upcoming coup with other officials When news of the situation reached Emperor Wu, he dispatched a man named Han Qianqiu with 2,000 officials to Nanyue to wrest control from Lü Jia   In 112 BC the men crossed into Nanyue territory, and Lü Jia finally executed his plan  He and those loyal to him appealed to the citizens that Zhao Xing was but a youth, Queen Dowager Jiu a foreigner who was plotting with the Han emissaries with the intent to turn the country over to Han China, giving over all of Nanyue's treasures to the Han Emperor and selling Yue citizens to the Imperial court as slaves with no thought for the welfare of the Yue people themselves  With the people's support, Lü Jia and his younger brother led a large group of men into the king's palace, killing Zhao Xing, Queen Dowager Jiu, and all the Han emissaries in the capital 
After the assassinations of Zhao Xing, the Queen Dowager, and the Han emissaries, Lü Jia ensured that Zhao Jiande, Zhao Yingqi's eldest son by his native Yue wife, took the throne, and quickly sent messengers to spread the news to the feudal rulers and officials of various areas of Nanyue 

War and the decline of Nanyue
The 2,000 men led by Han Qianqiu began attacking towns along the Han-Nanyue border, and the Yue residents ceased resisting them, instead giving them supplies and safe passage  The group of men advanced quickly through Nanyue territory and were only 40 li from Panyu when they were ambushed by a regiment of Nanyue soldiers and completely annihilated  Lü Jia then took the imperial tokens of the Han emissaries and placed them in a ceremonial wooden box, then attached to it a fake letter of apology and installed it on the border of Han and Nanyue, along with military reinforcements  When Emperor Wu heard of the coup and Prime Minister Lü's actions, he became enraged  After issuing compensation to the families of the slain emissaries, he decreed the immediate mobilization of an army to attack Nanyue 
In autumn of 111 BC, Emperor Wu sent an army of 100,000 men divided into five companies to attack Nanyue  The first company was led by General Lu Bode and advanced from Guiyang (modern Lianzhou) down the Huang River (now called the Lian River)  The second company was led by Commander Yang Pu and advanced from Yuzhang Commandery (modern Nanchang) through the Hengpu Pass and down the Zhen River  The third and fourth companies were led by Zheng Yan and Tian Jia, both Yue chieftains who had joined the Han dynasty  The third company left from Lingling (modern Yongzhou) and sailed down the Li River, while the fourth company went directly to garrison Cangwu (modern Wuzhou)  The fifth company was led by He Yi and was composed mainly of prisoners from Shu and Ba with soldiers from Yelang; they sailed directly down the Zangke River (modern Beipan River)  At the same time, Yu Shan, a king of Dong'ou, declared his intention to participate in the Han dynasty's attack on Nanyue and sent 8,000 men to support Yang Pu's company  However, upon reaching Jieyang, they pretended to have encountered severe winds that prevented them from advancing, and secretly sent details of the invasion to Nanyue 

By winter of that year, Yang Pu's company had attacked Xunxia and moved on to destroy the northern gates of Panyu (modern Guangzhou), capturing Nanyue's naval fleet and provisions  Seizing the opportunity, they continued south and defeated the first wave of Nanyue defenders before stopping to await the company led by Lu Bode  Lu's forces were mostly convicts freed in exchange for military service and made slow time, so at the planned rendezvous date with Yang Pu only a thousand of Lu's men had arrived  They went ahead with the attack anyway, and Yang's men led the advance into Panyu where Lü Jia and Zhao Jiande had fortified inside the inner walls  Yang Pu set up a camp southeast of the city and, as darkness fell, set the city on fire  Lu Bode encamped the northwest side of the city and sent soldiers up to the walls to encourage the Nanyue soldiers to surrender  As the night passed, more and more Panyu defenders defected to Lu Bode's camp out of desperation, so that as dawn arrived most of the Nanyue soldiers were gone  Lü Jia and Zhao Jiande realized Panyu was lost and fled the city by boat, heading west before the sun rose  Upon interrogating the surrendered soldiers, the Han generals learned of the two Nanyue leaders' escape and sent men after them  Zhao Jiande was caught first, and Lü Jia was captured in what is now northern Vietnam  Based on many temples of Lü Jia (Lữ Gia), his wives and soldiers scattering in Red River Delta of northern Vietnam, the war might last until 98 BC After the fall of Panyu, Tây Vu Vương (the captain of Tây Vu area of which the center is Cổ Loa) revolted against the First Chinese domination from Western Han dynasty  He was killed by his assistant Hoàng Đồng (黄同) Afterwards, the other commanderies and counties of Nanyue surrendered to the Han dynasty, ending Nanyue's 93-year existence as an autonomous and mostly sovereign kingdom  When news of Nanyue's defeat reached Emperor Wu, he was staying in Zuoyi County in Shanxi Province while travelling to perform imperial inspections, and promptly created the new county of Wenxi, meaning "Hearing of Glad News"  After Lü Jia's capture he was executed by the Han soldiers and his head was sent to the emperor  Upon receiving it, he created Huojia County where he was travelling, meaning "Capturing [Lü] Jia" 

Geography and demographics
Borders
Nanyue originally comprised the Qin commanderies of Nanhai, Guilin, and Xiang  After 179 BC, Zhao Tuo persuaded Minyue, Yelang, Tongshi, and other areas to submit to Nanyue rule, but they were not strictly under Nanyue control  After the Western Han dynasty defeated Nanyue, its territory was divided into the seven commanderies of Nanhai, Cangwu, Yulin, Hepu, Jiaozhi, Jiuzhen, and Rinan  It was traditionally believed that the Qin conquest of the southern regions included the northern half of Vietnam, and that this area was also under Nanyue control  However, scholars have recently stated that the Qin likely never conquered territory in what is now Vietnam, and that Chinese domination there was first accomplished by the Nanyue themselves 

Administrative Divisions
Zhao Tuo followed the Commandery-County system of the Qin dynasty when organizing the Kingdom of Nanyue  He left Nanhai Commandery and Guilin Commandery intact, then divided Xiang Commandery into the Jiaozhi and Jiuzhen Commanderies   Nanhai comprised most of modern Guangdong Province, and was divided by the Qin into Panyu, Longchuan, Boluo, and Jieyang Counties, to which Zhao Tuo added Zhenyang and Hankuang 

Ethnicities
The majority of Nanyue's residents consisted of mainly Yue peoples  The Han Chinese population consisted of descendants of Qin armies sent to conquer the south, as well as girls who worked as army prostitutes, exiled Qin officials, exiled criminals, merchants and so on 
The Yue people were divided into numerous branches, tribes, and clans 
The Nanyue lived in north, east, and central Guangdong, as well as a small group in east Guangxi 
The Xi'ou lived in most of Guangxi and western Guangdong, with most of the population concentrated along the Xun River region and areas south of the Gui River, both part of the Xi River watershed  Descendants of Yi-Xu-Song, the chieftain killed resisting the Qin armies, acted as self-imposed governors of the Xi'ou clans  At the time of Nanyue's defeat by the Han dynasty, there were several hundred thousand Xi'ou people in Guilin Commandery alone 
The Luoyue clans lived in what is now western and southern Guangxi, northern Vietnam, the Leizhou Peninsula, Hainan, and southwest Guizhou  Populations were centered in the Zuo and You watersheds in Guangxi, the Red River Delta in northern Vietnam, and the Pan River watershed in Guizhou  The Chinese name "Luo", which denoted a white horse with a black mane, is said to have been applied to them after the Chinese saw their slash-and-burn method of hillside cultivation 

Government
Administrative system
Because the Kingdom of Nanyue was established by Zhao Tuo, a Chinese general of the Qin dynasty, Nanyue's political and bureaucratic systems were, at first, essentially just continuations of those of the Qin Empire itself  Because of Zhao Tuo's submissions to the Han dynasty, Nanyue also adopted many of the changes enacted by the Han, as well



ground_truth: Dracula

prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: Which City in the Miami metropolitan area is home to the Primetime Race Group?

The following are given passages.
Context 2:  The Miami metropolitan statistical area is longer than any other urbanized area in the United States except for the New York metropolitan area  It was the eighth most densely populated urbanized area in the United States in the 2000 census As of the 2000 census, the urbanized area had a land area of 1,116 square miles (2,890 km2), with a population of 4,919,036, for a population density of 4,407 4 per square mile (1,701 7 per km2)  Miami and Hialeah, the second-largest city in the metropolitan area, had population densities of more than 10,000/sq mi (more than 3,800/km2)   The Miami Urbanized Area was the fourth-largest urbanized area in the United States in the 2010 census 
The Miami metropolitan area also includes several urban clusters (UCs) as of the 2000 Census, which are not part of the Miami urbanized area  These are the Belle Glade UC, population 24,218, area 20 717 km2 and population density of 3027 6/sq mi; Key Biscayne UC, population 10,513, area 4 924 km2 and population density of 5529 5/sq mi; Redland UC, population 3,936, area 10 586 km2 and population density of 963 0/sq mi; and West Jupiter UC, population 8,998, area 24 737 km2 and population density of 942 1/sq mi The most notable colleges and universities in the Miami metropolitan area include Florida Atlantic University, Florida International University, Nova Southeastern University, and the University of Miami, as well as community colleges such as Broward College, Miami Dade College, and Palm Beach State College  Some of these institutions, such as Florida International University and Miami Dade College, make up some of the largest institutions of higher learning in the United States 

Definitions
Miami metropolitan area
As of 2023, the Miami metropolitan area is defined by the U S  Office of Management and Budget as the Miami-Fort Lauderdale-Pompano Beach Metropolitan Statistical Area (MSA), with a 2020 population of 6,138,333  The MSA is made up of three "metropolitan divisions" :

Miami-Miami Beach-Kendall Metropolitan Division, coterminous with Miami Dade County (2020 population 2,701,767) 
Fort Lauderdale-Pompano Beach-Sunrise Metropolitan Division, coterminous with Broward County (2020 population 1,944,375) 
West Palm Beach-Boca Raton-Boynton Beach Metropolitan Division, coterminous with Palm Beach County (2020 population 1,492,191) The MSA is the most populous metropolitan area in the Southeastern United States and has an area of 6,137 sq  mi (15,890 km2) 
The original MSA for Miami, as defined by the OMB, included only Dade County (now Miami-Dade County)  By 1995, the Miami-Hialeah and Fort Lauderdale-Hollywood-Pompano Beach MSAs had been merged into the Miami-Fort Lauderdale Consolidated MSA, consisting of the Miami Primary MSA (Dade County) and the Fort Lauderdale Primary MSA (Broward County)  In 2003, the West Palm Beach-Boca Raton-Boynton Beach MSA was merged with the consolidated MSA to form the Miami-Fort Lauderdale-Miami Beach Metropolitan Statistical Area, consisting of: the Fort Lauderdale-Pompano Beach-Deefield Beach Metropolitan Division (Broward County), the Miami-Miami Beach-Kendall Metropolitan Division (Miami-Dade County), and the West Palm Beach-Boca Raton-Boynton Beach Metropolitan Division (Palm Beach County) 

Miami-Port Saint Lucie-Fort Lauderdale Combined Statistical Area
The Census Bureau also defines a wider commercial region based on commuting patterns, the Miami-Port Saint Lucie-Fort Lauderdale Combined Statistical Area (CSA), with a population of 6,887,655 in 2020 
As of 2023, the CSA consists of three component metropolitan statistical areas (MSAs) and one Micropolitan statistical area (μSA):

The Miami-Fort Lauderdale-Pompano Beach MSA (2020 pop  6,138,333)
The Port Saint Lucie MSA (2020 pop  486,660), consisting of:
Martin County (2020 pop  158,431)p  28
Saint Lucie County (2020 pop  329,226)p  28
The Sebastian-Vero Beach MSA, coterminous with Indian River County (2020 pop  159,788)
The Key West μSA, coterminous with Monroe County (2020 pop  82,874) When the CSA was defined in 2013, it included the Okeechobee μSA, coterminous with Okeechobee County, but not the Key West μSA  In 2018 the Okeechobee μSA was removed from the CSA and the Key West μSA was added 

Gold Coast
The Miami metropolitan area is frequently named the "Gold Coast" in convention with Florida's other coast regions, including the Space Coast, Treasure Coast, Sun Coast, Nature Coast, Forgotten Coast, Fun Coast, and First Coast  Like several of the others, it seems to have originated at the time the area first saw major growth  One of the best known of Florida's vernacular regions, the name is a reference to the wealth and ritzy tropical lifestyle that characterizes the area 

Climate and geography
Climate
South Florida/Miami metropolitan area has a tropical climate, similar to the climate found in much of the Caribbean  It is the only metropolitan area in the 48 contiguous states that falls under that category  More specifically, it generally has a tropical monsoon climate (Köppen climate classification, Am)  The South Florida  metropolis sees most of its rain in the summer (wet season) and is quite dry in the winter (dry season)  The wet season, which is hot and humid, lasts from May to October, when daily thunderstorms and passing weak tropical lows bring downpours during the late afternoon  The dry season often starts in late October and runs through late April  During the height of the dry season from February through April, South Florida is often very dry, and often brush fires and water restrictions are an issue  At times cold fronts can make it all the way down to South Florida and provide some modest rainfall in the dry season  The hurricane season largely coincides with the wet season In addition to its sea-level elevation, coastal location and position near the Tropic of Cancer and the Caribbean, the area owes its warm, humid climate to the Gulf Stream, which moderates climate year-round  A typical summer day does not see temperatures below 75 °F (24 °C)  Temperatures in the high 80s to low 90s (30–35 °C) accompanied by high humidity are often relieved by afternoon thunderstorms or a sea breeze that develops off the Atlantic Ocean, which then allow lower temperatures, although conditions still remain very muggy 
During winter, dry air often dominates as dew points are often very low  Average daily high temperatures across South Florida during the winter are around 74–77 °F (23–25 °C)  Although daily highs can sometimes reach 82–85 °F (28–29 °C) even in January and February  Daily low temperatures during the winter are generally around 55–63 °F (13–17 °C)  Each winter, cold fronts occasionally make their way down to the northern Bahamas and South Florida  As a result, daytime high temperatures in South Florida may only reach around 65 °F (18 °C) or cooler  When this occurs low temperatures can dip into the 40s during the early morning hours before quickly warming-up toward late morning/early afternoon  It is rare for temperatures to drop below 40 °F (4 °C), however, low temperatures at or around 35 °F (2 °C) have occurred some years  South Florida only experiences these cold spells about twice each winter and they typically only last a day or two before temperatures return to the mid 70s  On average South Florida is frost-free, although there can be a light frost in the inland communities about once every decade 
Hurricane season officially runs from June 1 through November 30, although hurricanes can develop outside that period  The most likely time for South Florida to be hit is during the peak of the Cape Verde season, mid-August through the end of September  Due to its location between two major bodies of water known for tropical activity, South Florida is also statistically the most likely major area to be struck by a hurricane in the world, trailed closely by Nassau, Bahamas, and Havana, Cuba  Many hurricanes have affected the metropolis, including Betsy in 1965, Andrew in 1992, Irene in 1999, Hurricanes Katrina and Wilma in 2005, and Irma in 2017  In addition, a tropical depression in October 2000 passed over the city, causing record rainfall and flooding  Locally, the storm is credited as the No Name Storm of 2000, though the depression went on to become Tropical Storm Leslie upon entering the Atlantic Ocean 

Component counties, subregions, and cities
Largest cities
The following is a list of the twenty largest cities in the Miami metropolitan area as ranked by population 

Areas with between 10,000 and 100,000 inhabitants
Areas with fewer than 10,000 inhabitants
Demographics
There is a strong divide between the northern and southern parts of the region in terms of dominant language  In 2010, English was the household language of 73 1% of Palm Beach County residents and 63 4% of Broward County residents but only 28 1% of Miami-Dade County residents  In contrast, 63 8% of Miami-Dade County residents spoke Spanish at home 

Religion
According to a 2014 study by the Pew Research Center, Christianity is the most prevalent religion in the Miami metropolitan area (68%), with 39% professing attendance at a variety of churches that could be considered Protestant and 27% professing Roman Catholic beliefs  Judaism is second (9%), followed by Islam, Buddhism, Hinduism and a variety of other religions have smaller followings; 21% of the population did not identify with any religion 
The Miami area has one of the largest Jewish communities in the United States  10 2% of the population identified as Jewish in the 2000 Census  According to a 2011 survey of American Judaism, Palm Beach County had the most Jews of any Florida county both in absolute numbers (205,850) and as a percentage of the overall population (15 8%)  Broward County came in second place with 170,700 Jewish reidents or 9 8% of the population, and Miami-Dade County came in third with 106,300 or 4 3% 

Housing
Changes in house prices for the area are publicly tracked on a regular basis using the Case–Shiller index; the statistic is published by Standard & Poor's and is also a component of S&P's 10-city composite index of the value of the residential real estate market 
As of 2005, the Miami area had a total of 2 3 million housing units, 13% of which were vacant  Of the total housing units, 52% were in single-unit structures, 45% were in multi-unit structures, and 3% were mobile homes  25% of the housing units were built since 1990  As of 2019, over 70% of Miami's residents are renters with median rent of $1,355, $180 over the national average 
Households and families: There were 2,338,450 households, The average household size was 2 6 people  Families made up 65% of the households in the Miami area  This figure includes both married-couple families (45%) and other families (20%)  Nonfamily households made up 35% of all households in Miami  Most of the nonfamily households were people living alone, but some consisted of people living in households in which no one was related to the householder 
Occupied housing unit characteristics: In 2005, the Miami area had 2 0 million occupied housing units – 1 3 million (66%) owner occupied and 688,000 (34%) renter occupied 
As of 2010, housing costs in the Miami area typically represented 40% of household income, compared to 34% nationwide Property tax increase: In March 2009, Miami area lawmakers passed a 5–10% hike in property tax millage rates throughout the metropolitan area to fund the construction of new schools and to fund understaffed schools and educational institutions, resulting in an increase in residents' property tax bills beginning in the 2009 tax year 

Politics
Politically, metropolitan Miami is strongly Democratic, like most large metropolitan regions in the United States  Broward County is the second-most heavily Democratic county in the state, behind only Gadsden County, which is much smaller  This contrasts with most of the rest of Florida, whose heavier Southern influence and high population of elderly voters makes it a swing or Republican-leaning state  Miami-Dade County has a relatively high percentage of Republican voters for an urban county, due partially to its Cuban-American population, which leans Republican as a result of its anti-communist views, but Miami-Dade County still remains very Democratic when compared with most of Florida's other counties  Despite being more suburban and affluent, Palm Beach County is reliably Democratic as well and in the 2020 presidential election voted for Democratic candidate Joe Biden by a higher margin than Miami-Dade County did 
In the 2016 presidential election, 62 3% of voters in the Miami metropolitan area voted Democratic  This was the 6th highest of any metro area in the United States  However, in recent years the area has shifted hard to the Republicans, with former president Donald Trump losing the metro area by 16 points in 2020 compared to losing it by 30 in 2016 (Fueled especially by Miami Dade County shifting 22 points to the right between 2016 and 2020), and Governor Ron DeSantis winning the metro area outright in the 2022 gubernatorial election, winning both Miami Dade and Palm Beach Counties (With the former being won by double digits) while losing Broward only by less than 16 points  This may be attributed in part to a broader rightward shift among Hispanic voters in these years 

Government
The metropolitan area is governed by 3 counties  In total there are 107 municipalities or incorporated places in the metropolis  Each one of the municipalities has its own city, town or village government, although there is no distinction between the 3 names  Much of the land in the metropolis is unincorporated, which means it does not belong to any municipality, and  therefore is governed directly by the county it is located in 

Congressional districts
The Miami metropolitan area contains all or part of nine Congressional districts: the 18th, 20th, 21st, 22nd, 23rd, 24th, 25th, 26th, and 27th districts  As of 2017 (the 113th Congress), the Cook Partisan Voting Index listed four as being Republican-leaning: the 18th, 25th, 26th, and 27th, with the 25th being the most Republican-leaning at R+5, and five as being Democratic-leaning: the 20th, 21st, 22nd, 23rd, and 24th, with the 24th being the most Democratic-leaning at D+34, making it the ninth-most Democratic-leaning district in the nation 

Economy
Among those employed in the Miami metropolitan area, 32% were management, professional, and related occupations, 30% were sales and office occupations, 18% were service occupations, 11% were construction, extraction, maintenance and repair occupations, and 9% were production, transportation, and material moving occupations  81% of the people employed were Private wage and salary workers; 12% were Federal, state, or local government workers; and 7% were self-employed 
The median income of households in the Miami area was $43,091  78% of the households received earnings and 13% received retirement income other than Social Security  30% of the households received Social Security  The average income from Social Security was $13  These income sources are not mutually exclusive; that is, some households received income from more than one source 
In 2005, for the employed population 16 years and older, the leading industries in the Miami area were educational services, health care, and social assistance, which accounted for 18%, and Professional, scientific, and management, and administrative and waste management services, which accounted for 13% of the population  79% of Miami area workers drove to work alone in 2005, 10% carpooled, 4% took public transportation, and 4% used other means  The remaining 3% worked at home  Among those who commuted to work, it took them on average 28 5 minutes to get to work 

Culture
Miami dialect
In  Miami-Dade County a unique dialect, commonly called the Miami dialect, is widely spoken  The dialect developed among second- or third-generation Hispanics, including Cuban-Americans, whose first language was English, though some non-Hispanic white, black, and other races who were born and raised in Miami-Dade tend to adopt it as well  It is based on a fairly standard American accent but with some changes very similar to dialects in the Mid-Atlantic, especially the New York area dialect, Northern New Jersey English, and New York Latino English  Unlike Virginia Piedmont, Coastal Southern American, and Northeast American dialects and Florida Cracker dialect of the Miami accent is rhotic; it also incorporates a rhythm and pronunciation heavily influenced by Spanish in which rhythm is syllable-timed It is possible to differentiate the Miami accent from a variety of interlanguages spoken by second-language speakers  THE Miami accent does not generally display addition of /ɛ/ before initial consonant clusters with /s/, speakers do not confuse of /dʒ/ with /j/, (e g , Yale with jail), and /r/ and /rr/ are pronounced as alveolar approximant [ɹ] instead of alveolar tap [ɾ] or alveolar trill [r] in Spanish The Miami accent is much less common in Broward County and Palm Beach County, where the majority of the population is non-Hispanic 

Area codes
305: Miami-Dade County and the Florida Keys; overlaid by 786
786: Miami-Dade County and the Florida Keys; overlays 305
954: All of Broward County: Fort Lauderdale, Hollywood, Coral Springs, Pompano Beach, overlaid by 754
754: All of Broward County: Fort Lauderdale, Hollywood, Coral Springs, Pompano Beach, overlays with 954
561: All of Palm Beach County: West Palm Beach, Boca Raton, Boynton Beach, Delray Beach, will be overlaid by 728
728: All of Palm Beach County: West Palm Beach, Boca Raton, Boynton Beach, Delray Beach, will overlay with 561

Media
Greater Miami is served by several English-language and two major Spanish-language daily newspapers  The Miami Herald, headquartered in Doral, is Miami's primary newspaper with over a million readers  It also has news bureaus in Broward County, Monroe County, and Nassau, Bahamas  The South Florida Sun-Sentinel circulates primarily in Broward and southern Palm Beach counties and also has a news bureau in Havana, Cuba  The Palm Beach Post serves mainly Palm Beach County, especially the central and northern regions, and the Treasure Coast  The Boca Raton News publishes five days a week and circulates in southern Palm Beach County  El Nuevo Herald, a subsidiary of the Miami Herald, and Diario Las Americas, are Spanish-language daily papers that circulate mainly in Miami-Dade County  La Palma and El Sentinel are weekly Spanish newspapers published by the Palm Beach Post and Sun-Sentinel, respectively, and circulate in the same areas as their English-language counterparts 
There are several university student-run newspapers in the area, including The Miami Hurricane at the University of Miami, University Press at Florida Atlantic University, PantherNOW at Florida International University, and The Current at Nova Southeastern University 
Greater Miami is split into two separate television/radio markets: The Miami-Fort Lauderdale market serves Miami-Dade, Broward and the Florida Keys  The West Palm Beach market serves Palm Beach County and the Treasure Coast region 
Miami-Fort Lauderdale is the 12th largest radio market and the 16th-largest television market in the U S  television stations serving the Miami-Fort Lauderdale area include WAMI-TV (UniMas), WBFS-TV (MyNetworkTV), WSFL-TV (The CW), WFOR-TV (CBS), WHFT-TV (TBN), WLTV (Univision), WPLG (ABC), WPXM (ION), WSCV (Telemundo), WSVN (FOX), WTVJ (NBC), WLRN-TV (PBS), and WPBT (also PBS), the latter television station being the only channel to serve the entire metropolitan area 
In addition to the Miami-Fort Lauderdale market, West Palm Beach has its own  It is the 49th largest radio market and the 38th-largest television market in the U S   Television stations serving the West Palm Beach area include WPTV (NBC), WPEC (CBS), WPBF (ABC),  WFLX (FOX), WTVX (The CW), WXEL (PBS), WTCN (MyNetworkTV), and  WPXP (ION)   The West Palm Beach market shares use of WSCV and WLTV for Telemundo and Univision respectively    Also, both markets cross over and tend to be available interchangeably between both areas   In 2015, WPBT and WXEL merged their operations, to form South Florida PBS, although both stations have maintained separate programming schedules and social media platforms, but share the same subchannel lineup 

Education
In Florida, each county is also a school district  Each district is headed by an elected school board  A professional superintendent manages the day-to-day operations of each district, who is appointed by and serves at the pleasure of the school board 
The Miami-Dade County Public School District is currently the 4th-largest public school district in the nation  The School District of Palm Beach County is the 4th-largest in Florida and the 11th-largest in the United States  Broward County Public School District is the 6th-largest in the United States 
The University of Miami is the one of the top-ranked research institutions in the United States, and is the most selective major university in Florida 
As of 2023, Florida International University is ranked the 8th largest public university by enrollment in the United States 
Some colleges and universities in Greater Miami include:

Barry University (private/Catholic)
Broward College (public)
Carlos Albizu University (private)
Chamberlain University (private)
Florida Atlantic University (public)
Florida International University (public)
Florida Memorial University (private/Baptist)
Florida National University (private)
Jersey College (private)
Keiser University (private)
Lynn University (private)
Miami Dade College (public)
Northwood University (private)
Nova Southeastern University (private)
Palm Beach Atlantic University (private/Christian)
Palm Beach State College (public)
St  Thomas University (private/Catholic)
University of Miami (private)In 2005, 82% of people 25 years and over had at least graduated from high school and 28% had a bachelor's degree or higher  Among people 16 to 19 years old, 7% were dropouts; they were not enrolled in school and had not graduated from high school  The total school enrollment in the Miami metro area was 1 4 million in 2005  Nursery school and kindergarten enrollment was 170,000 and elementary or high school enrollment was 879,000  College or graduate school enrollment was 354,000 

Transportation
Roads
The Miami metropolitan area is served by five interstate highways operated by the Florida Department of Transportation (FDOT) in conjunction with local agencies  Interstate 95 (I-95) runs north to south along the coast, ending just south of Downtown Miami at South Dixie Highway (US 1)  I-75 runs east to west, turning south in western Broward County and connecting suburban north Miami-Dade to Naples on the Southwest Coast via Alligator Alley, which transverses the Florida Everglades before turning north  I-595 connects the Broward coast and Downtown Fort Lauderdale to I-75 and Alligator Alley  In Miami, I-195 and I-395 relay the main I-95 route east to Biscayne Boulevard (US 1) and Miami Beach across Biscayne Bay via the Julia Tuttle and MacArthur causeways 
In greater Miami, the Miami-Dade Expressway Authority and Florida's Turnpike Enterprise (FTE) maintain eight state expressways in conjunction with FDOT  The Airport Expressway (SR 112) and the Dolphin Expressway (SR 836) relay western Miami-Dade suburbs to the eastern urban coast at I-95, and to Miami Beach via  I-195 and I-395 at the Airport and Midtown interchanges  The Gratigny Parkway (SR 924) connects northern Miami suburbs to the southern end of I-75  The Palmetto Expressway (SR 826) is the primary beltway road of urban Miami, relaying I-95 and Florida's Turnpike (SR 91) at the Golden Glades Interchange near northeastern North Miami Beach to the southern inland suburbs of Kendall and Pinecrest  The Don Shula Expressway (SR 874) and the Homestead Extension of Florida's Turnpike (SR 821) form the southernmost end of the beltway, connecting the Palmetto Expressway to the bedroom communities of Homestead and Florida City  The Snapper Creek Expressway (SR 878) relays the Don Shula Expressway to South Dixie Highway (US 1) 
The urban bypass expressway in greater Fort Lauderdale is the Sawgrass Expressway (SR 869), connecting the northern Broward County coast at I-95 and Deerfield Beach to I-595 and I-75 at Alligator Alley in Sunrise 
Express lanes on I-95 start in Miami-Dade County and continue into Broward County  With an increased presence of traffic in South Florida, it is projected that express lanes will soon be implemented in southern Palm Beach County 

Major freeways and tollways
Interstate 95
 Interstate 75
 Interstate 195 /  State Road 112 (Airport Expressway)
 Interstate 395 /  State Road 836 (Dolphin Expressway)
 Interstate 595 (Port Everglades Expressway)
 Florida's Turnpike, including Homestead Extension
 State Road 924 (Gratigny Parkway)
 State Road 874 (Don Shula Expressway)
 State Road 878 (Snapper Creek Expressway)
 State Road 869 (Sawgrass Expressway)
 State Road 826 (Palmetto Expressway)

Major airports
The metropolitan area is served by three major commercial airports  These airports combine to make the fourth largest domestic origin and destination market in the United States, after New York City, Los Angeles, and Chicago 
The following smaller general aviation airports are also in the metro area:

Seaports
The metropolis also has four seaports, the largest and most important being the Port of Miami  Others in the area include Port Everglades, Port of Palm Beach and the Miami River Port   On August 21, 2012, PortMiami and the U S  Army Corps of Engineers signed the Partnership Agreement (PPA) construction agreement that will allow the Deep Dredge project to go out for bid   The Deep Dredge will deepen the Port's existing channels to minus 50/52 feet to prepare for the Panama Canal expansion, now scheduled for completion in early 2015   PortMiami's deeper channel will provide ships with an economically efficient, reliable and safe navigational route into the Port  PortMiami will be the only U S  Port south of Norfolk, Virginia to be at the minus 50 foot depth in sync with the opening of the expanded Canal  Deep Dredge is expected to create more than 30,000 direct, indirect, and induced jobs in Florida and allow the Port to meet its goal to double its cargo traffic over the next decade 

Public transportation
Miami-Dade Transit (MDT) is the largest public transit agency in Florida, operating rapid transit, people movers, and an intercity bus system  Metrorail is Florida's only rapid transit, currently with 23 stations on a 24 4-mile (39 3 km) track  The Downtown Miami people mover, Metromover, operates 20 stations and three lines on a 4 4-mile (7 1 km) track through the Downtown neighborhoods of the Arts & Entertainment District, the Central Business District, and Brickell  Metrobus serves the entirety of Miami-Dade County, also serving Monroe County as far south as Marathon, and Broward County as far north as Downtown Fort Lauderdale  In Broward County, Broward County Transit runs public buses, as does Palm Tran in Palm Beach County  Additionally, the South Florida Regional Transportation Authority operates Tri-Rail, a commuter rail train that connects the three of the primary cities of South Florida (Miami, Fort Lauderdale, and West Palm Beach), and most intermediate points  Brightline provides service to Miami, Aventura, West Palm Beach, Fort Lauderdale, Boca Raton, and Central Florida's Orlando, with talks to expand to Tampa and Jacksonville 

Sports
Professional
The Miami metro area is home to five major league professional sports teams:

The Miami Dolphins of the National Football League play at Hard Rock Stadium in Miami Gardens
The Inter Miami CF of Major League Soccer play at Inter Miami CF Stadium in Fort Lauderdale
The Miami Heat of the National Basketball Association play at Miami-Dade Arena in Downtown Miami
The Miami Marlins of Major League Baseball play at Marlins Park in Little Havana
The Florida Panthers of the National Hockey League play at BB&T Center in Sunrise

College sports
The most prominent college sports program in the Miami metropolitan area are the Miami Hurricanes of the University of Miami in Coral Gables, who compete in Division I of the National Collegiate Athletic Association, the highest level of collegiate athletics  The University of Miami's football team has won five national championships since 1983 and its baseball team has won four national championships since 1982 
Other collegiate sports programs in the metropolitan area include the Florida Atlantic Owls of Florida Atlantic University in Boca Raton, the FIU Panthers of Florida International University in University Park, the Nova Southeastern Sharks of Nova Southeastern University in Davie, and the Barry Buccaneers of Barry University in Miami Shores 

Minor league and other sports
The Miami area is also host to minor league sports teams, including:

The Miami Marlins and St  Louis Cardinals conduct spring training in Jupiter at Roger Dean Stadium 
The Houston Astros and Washington Nationals conduct spring training in West Palm Beach at The Ballpark of the Palm Beaches 
Inter Miami CF will have a reserve team that will play in USL League One 
The Homestead-Miami Speedway oval has hosted NASCAR Cup Series and IndyCar Series events  Temporary street circuits at Museum Park hosted several CART, IMSA GT, and American Le Mans Series races between from 1986 to 1995, as well as a Formula E race in 2015  The Palm Beach International Raceway is a minor road course 

See also
South Florida
United States metropolitan area
Table of United States Metropolitan Statistical Areas
Largest metropolitan areas in the Americas

Notes
Passage 6:
Miami metropolitan area (disambiguation)
The Miami metropolitan area is the metropolitan area centered on Miami, Florida 
The Miami metropolitan area may also refer to:

The Miami, Oklahoma micropolitan area, United States

See also
Miami (disambiguation)
Passage 7:
Tidal flooding
Tidal flooding, also known as sunny day flooding or nuisance flooding, is the temporary inundation of low-lying areas, especially streets, during exceptionally high tide events, such as at full and new moons  The highest tides of the year may be known as the king tide, with the month varying by location  These kinds of floods tend not to be a high risk to property or human safety, but further stress coastal infrastructure in low lying areas This kind of flooding is becoming more common in cities and other human-occupied coastal areas as sea level rise  associated with climate change and other human-related environmental impacts such as coastal erosion and land subsidence increase the vulnerability of infrastructure  Geographies faced with these issues can utilize coastal management practices to mitigate the effects in some areas, but increasingly these kinds of floods may develop into coastal flooding that requires managed retreat or other more extensive climate change adaptation practices are needed for vulnerable areas 

Effects on infrastructure
Tidal flooding is capable of greatly inhibiting natural gravity-based drainage systems in low-lying areas when it reaches levels that are below visible inundation of the surface, but which are high enough to incapacitate the lower drainage or sewer system  Thus, even normal rainfall or storm surge events can cause greatly amplified flooding effects  One passive solution to intrusion through drainage systems are one way back-flow valves in drainage ways  However, while this may prevent a majority of the tidal intrusion, it also inhibits drainage during exceptionally high tides that shut the valves  In Miami Beach, where resilience work is underway, the pump systems replace insufficient gravity-based systems 

Relation to climate change
Sunny day flooding is often associated with coastal regions, where sea level rise attributed to global warming can send water into the streets on days with elevated high tides  Further, regions with glaciers also experience sunny day flooding as climate change alters the dynamics of glacier meltwater  Abnormally hot temperatures not only swell rivers and creeks directly through accelerated snowmelt, but can burst ice dams and cause water from glacial lakes to swell waterways less predictably A warming climate causes physical changes to the types of ice on a glacier  As glaciers retreat, there is less firn (water-retaining snow) so that more meltwater runs directly into the watershed over deeper, impervious glacial ice 

Affected geographies
United States
Most of the coastal communities in the Eastern Seaboard of the United States are vulnerable to this kind of flooding as sea level rise increases Due to changing geography such as subsidence, and poorly planned development, tidal flooding may exist separate from modern nuisance flooding associated with sea level rise and anthropocentric climate change  The widely publicized Holland Island in Maryland for example has disappeared over the years mainly due to subsidence and coastal erosion  In the New Orleans area on the Gulf Coast of Louisiana, land subsidence results in the Grand Isle tide gauge showing an extreme upward sea level trend 

Florida
In Florida, controversy arose when state-level government mandated that the term "nuisance flooding" and other terms be used in place of terms such as sea level rise, climate change and global warming, prompting allegations of climate change denial, specifically against Governor Rick Scott  This amid Florida, specifically South Florida and the Miami metropolitan area being one of the most at risk areas in the world for the potential effects of sea level rise, and where the frequency and severity of tidal flooding events increased in the 21st century  The issue is more bipartisan in South Florida, particularly in places like Miami Beach, where a several hundred million dollar project is underway to install more than 50 pumps and physically raise roads to combat the flooding, mainly along the west side of South Beach, formerly a mangrove wetland where the average elevation is less than one meter (3 3 feet) 
In the Miami metropolitan area, where the vast majority of the land is below 10 ft (3 0 m), even a one-foot increase over the average high tide can cause widespread flooding  The 2015 and 2016 king tide event levels reached about 4 feet (1 2 m) MLLW, 3 feet (0 9 m) above mean sea level, or about 2 ft (0 61 m) NAVD88, and nearly the same above MHHW  While the tide range is very small in Miami, averaging about 2 ft (0 61 m), with the greatest range being less than 2 m (6 6 ft), the area is very acute to minute differences down to single inches due to the vast area at low elevation  NOAA tide gauge data for most stations shows current water level graphs relative to a fixed vertical datum, as well as mean sea level trends for some stations  During the king tides, the local Miami area tide gauge at Virginia Key shows levels running at times 1 foot (0 30 m) or more over datum 
Fort Lauderdale has installed over one hundred tidal valves since 2013 to combat flooding  Fort Lauderdale is nicknamed the "Venice of America" due to its roughly 165 miles (266 km) of canals A recent University of Florida study correlated the increased tidal flooding in south Florida, at least from 2011–2015 to episodic atmospheric conditions  The rate was about 3/4 of an inch (19 mm) per year, versus the global rate of just over a tenth of an inch (3 mm) per year 

See also
Acqua alta, tidal peaks in the northern Adriatic Sea which cause flooding in the Venetian Lagoon
Context 3:  At the same time, Nanyue enjoyed complete autonomy – and de facto sovereignty – for most of its existence, so its rulers did enact several systems that were entirely unique to Nanyue Nanyue was a monarchy, and its head of state generally held the title of "king" (Chinese: 王), though its first two rulers Zhao Tuo and Zhao Mo were referred to as "Emperor" within Nanyue's borders   The kingdom had its own Calendar era system based (like China's) on Emperors' reign periods  Succession in the monarchy was based on hereditary rule, with the King or Emperor's successor designated as crown prince  The ruler's mother was designated empress dowager, his wife as empress or queen, and his concubines as "Madam" (Chinese: 夫人)  The formalities extended to the ruler's family were on the level of that of the Han dynasty Emperor, rather than that of a feudal king Although Nanyue continued the Commandery-County system of the Qin dynasty, its leaders later enfeoffed their own feudal princes and lords – a mark of its sovereignty – in a manner similar to that of the Western Han  Imperial documents from Nanyue record that princes were enfeoffed at Cangwu, Xixu, as well as local lords at Gaochang and elsewhere  Zhao Guang, a relative of Zhao Tuo, was made King of Cangwu, and his holdings were what is now Wuzhou in the Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region  In what is considered a manifestation of Zhao Tuo's respect for the Hundred Yue, he enfeoffed a Yue chieftain as King of Xixu in order to allow the Yue of that area to enjoy autonomy under a ruler of their own ethnicity  The chieftain's name is unknown, but he was a descendant of Yi-Xu-Song, the chieftain killed while fighting the original Chinese invasion under the Qin dynasty Nanyue's bureaucracy was, like the famed bureaucracy of the Qin dynasty, divided into central and regional governments  The central government comprised a prime minister who held military and administrative authority, inner scribes who served under the prime minister, overseeing Censors of various rank and position, commanders of the Imperial Guard, senior officials who carried out the King's official administration, as well as all military officers and officials of the Food, Music, Transportation, Agriculture, and other bureaus Nanyue enacted several other policies that reflected Chinese dominance, such as the household registration system (an early form of census), as well as the promulgation of the use of Chinese characters among the Hundred Yue population and the use of Chinese weights and measures 

Military
Nanyue's army was largely composed of the several hundred thousand (up to 500,000) Qin Chinese troops that invaded during the Qin dynasty and their descendants   After the kingdom's founding in 204 BC, some Yue citizens also joined the army  Nanyue's military officers were known as General, General of the Left, Xiao ("Colonel"), Wei ("Captain"), etc , essentially identical to the Chinese system   The army had infantry, naval troops, and cavalry 

Ethnic policy
The Kingdom continued most of the Qin Commanderies' policies and practices dealing with the interactions between the local Yue and the Han immigrants, and Zhao Tuo proactively promoted a policy of assimilating the two cultures into each other  Although the Han were certainly dominant in holding leadership positions, the overwhelming disparity was largest immediately after the Qin conquest  Over time, the Yue gradually began holding more positions of authority in the government  Lü Jia, the last prime minister of the Kingdom, was a Yue citizen, and over 70 of his kinsmen served as officials in various parts of the government   In areas of particular "complexity", as they were called, Yue chieftains were often enfeoffed with great autonomy, such as in Xixu   Under the impetus of Zhao Tuo's leadership, Chinese immigrants were encouraged to adopt the customs of the Yue  Marriages between the Han Chinese and Yue became increasingly common throughout Nanyue's existence, and even occurred in the Zhao royal family  Many marriages between the Zhao royal family (who were Han Chinese) and the Lü family (Yue – they likely adopted Chinese names early in Nanyue's history) were recorded  Zhao Jiande, Nanyue's last king, was the son of previous king Zhao Yingqi and his Yue wife   Despite the dominating influence of the Chinese newcomers on the Hundred Yue, the amount of assimilation gradually increased over time 

Language
Other than Old Chinese which was used by Han settlers and government officials, native Nanyue people likely spoke Ancient Yue, a now extinct language  Some scholars suggest that they spoke a language related to the modern Zhuang language  Some suggest that the descendants spoke Austroasiatic languages instead  It is plausible to say that the Yue spoke more than one language  Old Chinese in the region was likely much influenced by Yue speech (and vice versa), and many loanwords in Chinese have been identified by modern scholars 

Diplomacy
With the Western Han
Beginning with its first allegiance to the Han dynasty in 196 BC, Nanyue alternately went through two periods of allegiance to and then opposition with the Han dynasty that continued until Nanyue's destruction at the hands of the Han dynasty in early 111 BC 

The first period of Nanyue's subordination to the Han dynasty began in 196 BC when Zhao Tuo met Lü Jia, an emissary from Emperor Gaozu of Han, and received from him a Han imperial seal enthroning Zhao Tuo as King of Nanyue  This period lasted thirteen years until 183 BC, during which time significant trade took place  Nanyue paid tribute in rarities from the south, and the Han court bestowed gifts of iron tools, horses, and cattle upon Nanyue  At the same time, the countries' borders were always heavily guarded Nanyue's first period of antagonism with the Han dynasty lasted from 183 BC to 179 BC, when trade was suspended and Zhao Tuo severed relations with the Han  During this period, Zhao Tuo openly referred to himself as Emperor and launched an attack against the Changsha Kingdom, a feudal state of the Han dynasty, and Han troops were sent to engage Nanyue   Nanyue's armies successfully halted the southern progress of the advance, winning the respect and then allegiance of the neighboring kingdoms of Minyue and Yelang Nanyue's second period of submission to the Han dynasty lasted from 179 BC to 112 BC  This period began with Zhao Tuo abandoning his title of "Emperor" and declaring allegiance to the Han Empire, but the submission is mostly superficial as Zhao Tuo was referred to as emperor throughout Nanyue and the kingdom retained its autonomy  Zhao Tuo's four successors did not display the strength he had, and Nanyue dependence on Han China slowly grew, characterized by second king Zhao Mo calling upon Emperor Wu of Han to defend Nanyue from Minyue 
Nanyue's final period of antagonism with Han China was the war that proved Nanyue's destruction as a kingdom  At the time of Prime Minister Lü Jia's rebellion, Han China was enjoying a period of growth, economic prosperity, and military success, having consistently defeated the Xiongnu tribes along China's northern and northwestern borders   The weakened state of Nanyue and the strength of China at the time allowed Emperor Wu to unleash a devastating attack on Nanyue, as described above 

With Changsha
The Changsha Kingdom was, at the time, a feudal kingdom that was part of Han dynasty  Its territory comprised most of modern Hunan Province and part of Jiangxi Province  When Emperor Gaozu of Han enfeoffed Wu Rui as the first King of Changsha, he also gave him the power to govern Nanhai, Xiang, and Guiling Commanderies, which caused strife between Changsha and Nanyue from the start   The Han China-Nanyue border was essentially that of Changsha, and therefore was constantly fortified on both sides   In terms of policies, because the Kingdom of Changsha had no sovereignty whatsoever, any policy of the Han court toward Nanyue was by default also Changsha's policy 

With Minyue
Minyue was located northeast of Nanyue along China's southeast coast, and comprised much of modern Fujian Province   The Minyue were defeated by the armies of the Qin dynasty in the 3rd century BC and the area was organized under Qin control as the Minzhong Commandery, and Minyue ruler Wuzhu was deposed  Because of Wuzhu's support for Liu Bang after the collapse of the Qin dynasty and the founding of the Han, he was reinstated by the Han court as King of Minyue in 202 BC 
The relations between Nanyue and Minyue can be classified into three stages: the first, from 196 BC to 183 BC, was during Zhao Tuo's first submission to the Han dynasty, and the two kingdoms were on relatively equal footing  The second stage was from 183 BC to 135 BC, when Minyue submitted to Nanyue after seeing it defeat the Han dynasty's first attack on Nanyue  The third stage began in 135 BC when King Wang Ying attacked a weakened Nanyue, forcing Zhao Mo to seek aid from Han China  Minyue once again submitted to the Han dynasty, making itself and Nanyue equals once more 

With the Yi tribes
The southwestern Yi people lived west of Nanyue, and shared borders with Nanyue in Yelang, Wulian, Juding, and other regions  Yelang was the largest state of the Yi people, comprising most of modern Guizhou and Yunnan Provinces, as well as the southern part of Sichuan Province  Some believe the ancient Yi to have been related to the Hundred Yue, with this explaining the close relationship between Yelang and Nanyue  After Nanyue first repelled the Han, nearly all of the Yi tribes declared allegiance to Nanyue, and most of them retained that allegiance until Nanyue's demise in 111 BC  During Emperor Wu of Han's final attack on Nanyue, most of the Yi tribes refused to assist in the invasion  One chieftain called Qie-Lan went so far as to openly oppose the move, later killing the emissary sent by the Han to his territory as well as the provincial governor installed in the Qianwei Commandery 

Monarchs
Archaeological findings
The Nanyue Kingdom Palace Ruins, located in the city of Guangzhou, covers 15,000 square metres  Excavated in 1995, it contains the remains of the ancient Nanyue palace  In 1996, it was listed as protected National Cultural Property by the Chinese government  Crescent-shaped ponds, Chinese gardens and other Qin architecture were discovered in the excavation 
In 1983, the ancient tomb of the Nanyue King Wáng Mù (王墓) was discovered in Guangzhou, Guangdong  In 1988, the Museum of the Mausoleum of the Nanyue King was constructed on this site, to display more than 1,000 excavated artefacts including 500 pieces of Chinese bronzes, 240 pieces of Chinese jade and 246 pieces of metal  In 1996, the Chinese government listed this site as a protected National Heritage Site 
A bronze seal inscribed "Tư Phố hầu ấn" (Seal for Captain of Tu Pho County) was uncovered at Thanh Hoa in northern Vietnam during the 1930s  Owing to the similarity to seals found at the tomb of the second king of Nam Viet, this bronze seal is recognized as an official seal of the Nam Viet Kingdom  There were artifacts that were found in which belonged to the Dong Son culture of northern Vietnam   The goods were found buried alongside the tomb of the second king of Nam Viet 

Status in Vietnamese historiography
In Vietnam, the rulers of Nanyue are referred to as the Triệu dynasty, the Vietnamese pronunciation of the surname Chinese: 趙; pinyin: Zhào  While traditional Vietnamese historiography considered the Triệu dynasty to be an orthodox regime, modern Vietnamese scholars generally regard it as a foreign regime that ruled Vietnam The name "Vietnam" is derived from Nam Việt (Southern Việt), the Vietnamese pronunciation of Nanyue  However, it has also been suggested that the name "Vietnam" was derived from a combination of Quảng Nam Quốc (the domain of the Nguyen lords, from whom the Nguyễn dynasty descended) and Đại Việt (which the first emperor of the Nguyễn dynasty, Gia Long, conquered)  Qing emperor Jiaqing refused Gia Long's request to change his country's name to Nam Việt, and changed the name instead to Việt Nam  Đại Nam thực lục contains the diplomatic correspondence over the naming Peter Bellwood suggested that ethnic Vietnamese are descended from the ancient Yuè of northern Vietnam and western Guangdong  However, the Austroasiatic predecessor of modern Vietnamese language has been proven to originate in modern-day Bolikhamsai Province and Khammouane Province in Laos as well as parts of Nghệ An Province and Quảng Bình Province in Vietnam, rather than in the region north of the Red River delta  Chamberlain demonstrates with textual evidence that many rebel groups during the Tang dynasty originated from the Cả River and subsequently pushed northward to the Red River, linking this to the linguistic shift  Chamberlain demonstrates, based on the concentration of linguistic diversity of the Vietic, the lack of any trace of Austroasiatic in relevant ancient records, or in the neighbouring Tai languages, as well as the short time depth of Proto-Vietic, that "[t]here is no evidence of Vietic, Proto-Việt-Mường or other Austroasiatic speakers living in and around Jiaozhi in the lower Red River basin prior to the 10th or 11th centuries " However, John Phan (2010), citing Maspero 1912, Wang 1948, & Miyake 2003, points out the existence of an "Early Sino-Vietnamese" layer of loanwords traceable back to Later Han Chinese (25 AD–220 AD), which he claims was spoken in the 2nd century BCE  Ferlus (2009) also demonstrates that Northern Vietic (Việt–Mường) and Central Vietic (Cuoi-Toum) invented from original verbs, rather than borrowed foreign words, lexical items corresponding to innovations like "trident", "oar", "pan to cook sticky rice", & "pestle", characteristic of the Dong Son culture, existing in the 1st millennium BCE in the Red River delta Evidence gathered by modern Western scholarship indicates that the Dong Son culture were most likely ethnically Hlai people (a Tai people), Austronesians or both  Citing other scholars (Shafer 1970, Blust 1996, Sagart 2004, Sagart 2005, Ostapirat 2013, Kelley 2013, and Chamberlain), Joachim Schliesinger states that the theory that the Vietnamese language was originally based in the area of the Red River in what is now northern Vietnam has been widely rejected by modern Western scholarship, based on historical records and linguistic evidence  The Red River Delta region is now considered to be originally Tai-speaking, ethnic Hlai people in particular  The area is believed to have become Vietnamese-speaking as late as the tenth century, as a result of immigration from the south, i e , modern central Vietnam Zhao Tuo wrote that he only considered his native subjects to be "barbarians"  Vietnamese historian Ngô Thì Sĩ (1726–1780) refused to consider Zhao Tuo as a Vietnamese leader, saying that he was based in Panyu (Guangzhou), and only ruled the Hong River Delta indirectly  He compared this to the example of the Southern Han dynasty based in Guangzhou There is evidence that Vietnamese elites of the Red River Delta, during the medieval ages, tried to invent an origin of their own (the legendary Hồng Bàng dynasty) based on ancient Chinese texts, which recorded the movements of Tai-speaking peoples across the region of South China 

Culture
There was a fusion of the Han and Yue cultures in significant ways, as shown by the artifacts unearthed by archaeologists from the tomb of King Zhao Mo in Guangzhou  The Nanyue tomb in Guangzhou is extremely rich  There are quite a number of bronzes that show cultural influences from the Han, Chu, Yue and Ordos regions 

Gallery
Jade wares unearthed from the Mausoleum of the Nanyue King
See also
Notes
Passage 2:
Han campaigns against Minyue
The Han campaigns against Minyue were a series of three Han military campaigns dispatched against the Minyue state  The first campaign was in response to Minyue's invasion of Eastern Ou in 138 BC  In 135 BC, a second campaign was sent to intervene in a war between Minyue and Nanyue  After the campaign, Minyue was partitioned into Minyue, ruled by a Han proxy king, and Dongyue  Dongyue was defeated in a third military campaign in 111 BC and the former Minyue territory was annexed by the Han Empire 

Background
The Qin dynasty's military incursions in the south of what is now China began a period of expansion that continued under the next dynasty, the Han   After the fall of the Qin, Minyue was established in 202 BC, and Eastern Ou in 192 BC, with the support of the Han  They were rewarded with greater autonomy in return for their contributions to the revolt against the Qin  The local rulers of the Minyue region had also sided with Liu Bang's Han instead of Xiang Yu's Chu during the Chu–Han Contention, a civil war that ensued during the collapse of the Qin Minyue was created by carving out the former Qin province of Minzhong, with Dongye as the capital, into a new kingdom ruled by Zou Wuzhu  A decade later, Zou Yao was granted control over Donghai, popularly referred to as Eastern Ou after the name of the kingdom's capital  The title was bestowed with a declaration by the Han emperor that "Zou Yan, the chief of Min, achieved great merit and his people supported the Han cause"  The Han historian Sima Qian claims both rulers were descendants of Goujian, the 5th century BC ruler of Yue  The family had lost their status as rulers during the Qin's wars of unification, when they were demoted to local chieftains 

Han–Minyue wars
Intent of Minyue
While Minyue invasion of its neighbours appears to be a "spontaneous whim of a foolhardy and greedy king Zou Ying" in the Han dynasty history books, given the geopolitical circumstances, Brindley (2015) wrote that "We should therefore consider Minyue aggression in the 130s in terms of a series of pre-emptive, southerly strikes intended to stave off Han encroachment and potential takeover" 

Initial military intervention
In 138 BC, Minyue invaded the Eastern Ou, prompting Eastern Ou to request the intervention of Han forces  The Han court was divided over offering military support  The campaign was opposed by the Han commander-in-chief Tian Fen, who argued that warfare between the Yue tribes occurred frequently and the affairs of Yue were not the responsibility of the Han government  The concept of Chinese centrality among nations persuaded the court to dispatch an army  In accordance with Chinese political philosophy, the ruler or Son of Heaven held a mandate that obligated the emperor to help smaller countries in need  Otherwise, as the Han official Zhuang Zhu phrased it, "how could we treat the myriad kingdoms as our children?"A Han naval force led by Zhuang Zhu departed from Shaoxing in northern Zhejiang towards Minyue  The Minyue surrendered before the arrival of the Han troops, and withdrew from Eastern Ou  There were plans to move the residents of Eastern Ou to the area between the Huai River and Yangtze River, following a request by the king of Eastern Ou 

Second intervention
In 135 BC, war broke out when Minyue invaded Nanyue  Zhao Mo, the king of Nanyue, asked for and received the military assistance of the Han  In 180 BC, Zhao had offered to submit as a vassal and the Han agreed, a decision that was partly based on Zhao's ancestral roots in northern China  An army led by the generals Wang Hui and Han Anguo was ordered to invade Minyue  The campaign was cut short by palace infighting in the Minyue court  Panicked at news of an invasion, the younger brother of the Minyue king Zou Ying, Zou Yushan, conspired with the royal court to depose Ying  Yushan killed his brother with a spear, decapitated the corpse, and sent the head to Wang  The Han forces withdrew soon after Zhao Mo was grateful for the speed of the intervention against Minyue  The Han official Zhuang Zhu was dispatched to meet with the Nanyue emperor, who expressed his gratitude  Zhao sent his son, the prince Zhao Yingqi, to the Han capital at Chang'an, where he was to work for the Emperor  In the aftermath of the campaign, Minyue had split into a dual monarchy, Minyue and Dongyue  Minyue was controlled by the Han through a proxy ruler, while Dongyue was independently ruled by Zou Yushan, the brother who deposed the former king during the invasion Zou Chou was selected to fill the role of Han proxy ruler because he was the only member of the Minyue royal family who refused to take part in the war against Nanyue  However, his efforts to exert control over the people of Minyue were not successful  The subjects of the kingdom pledged their loyalty to Zou Yushan instead  Yushan declared himself king of Minyue without the consent of the Emperor Wu, the Han ruler  The emperor was informed of Yushan's actions, and recognized him as king of Dongyue instead of ordering a second invasion  Emperor Wu considered it a reward to Yushan for killing Zou Ying and ending the war  The assassination had prevented the Han from wasting any more resources on the conflict  Dongyue had an uneasy relationship with the Han  In 112 BC, Han officials were killed in a military engagement with Dongyue 

Third campaign and conquest
As Han troops returned from the Han–Nanyue War in 111 BC, the Han government debated annexing Dongyue  Dongyue, under King Zou Yushan, had agreed to assist the Han campaign against Nanyue, but the Dongyue army never reached Nanyue  Yushan blamed the delay on the weather  The proposal to annex Dongyue was suggested by General Yang Pu, but was dismissed by Emperor Wu  The naval force arrived home without having attacked Dongyue  Zou caught wind of Yang's request, and responded by revolting against the Han  Han forces were led by General Han Yue, General Yang Pu, commander Wang Wenshu, and two marquises of Yue ancestry  The army crushed the rebellion and captured Dongyue in the last months of 111 BC, placing the former Minyue territory under Han rule Historical records report that Minyue and Dongyue were emptied of people, and that its residents were deported to the territories between the Huai River and the Yangtze River  The alleged population transfer was a resumption of a policy that had been planned since 138 BC  The Han government considered the mountainous region difficult to control and was wary of trusting its residents  Modern historians doubt the event happened  The deportation of an entire kingdom is implausible, and nothing has been found to verify a migration of Han settlers to the Minyue region around the year 1, something that would have occurred had the area been abandoned while under Han control  There was only one town of Han settlers, Dongyue, in Minyue  Dongyue was built where the Min River meets the sea, around the time of Emperor Wu's reign  It is more likely that the assimilation of Minyue into Han Chinese culture through Han conquest happened later in the dynasty 

Historical significance
From one settlement in year 1, the Han Dynasty's involvement in the Minyue region grew into several counties  There were many Chinese counties in the area by the 4th century AD  The Minyue had been culturally assimilated by the time the Han Dynasty collapsed, and Chinese civilization was undergoing a transition to the Three Kingdoms period of Cao Wei, Shu Han, and Eastern Wu  Political upheaval in the north, such as Wang Mang's usurpation, had caused Han migrants to resettle in the south  The Han Dynasty's military expansion widened its commercial ties in addition acquiring large amounts of new territories  The empire's conquest of Minyue and Nanyue spoke of its vast size that it bordered the ancient kingdoms of Southeast Asia  Economic ties with the Han and subsequent dynasties affected the trajectory of maritime trade of Southeast Asia, where goods have been excavated made in styles resembling that of the ancient Han Chinese  Maritime trade and the Silk Road also linked China with Ancient Rome, India, and the Near East 

Citations
Bibliography
Brindley, Erica (2015)  Ancient China and the Yue Perceptions and Identities on the Southern Frontier, c 400 BCE–50 CE  Cambridge University Press 
Gernet, Jacques (1996)  A History of Chinese Civilization  Cambridge University Press  ISBN 978-0-521-49781-7 
Holcombe, Charles (2001)  The Genesis of East Asia: 221 B



ground_truth: Hollywood, Florida

prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: In 135 BC, a second campaign was sent to intervene in a war between Minyue and another ancient kingdom established at the collapse of whom?

The following are given passages.
Context 3: C  – A D  907  University of Hawaii Press  ISBN 978-0-8248-2465-5 
Yu, Yingshi (1986)   Twitchett, Denis; Loewe, Michael (eds )  Cambridge History of China: Volume I: the Ch'in and Han Empires, 221 B C  – A D  220  University of Cambridge Press  ISBN 978-0-521-24327-8 
Lorge, Peter (2012)   Graff, David Andrew; Higham, Robin D  S  (eds )  A Military History of China  University Press of Kentucky  ISBN 978-0-8131-3584-7 
Sima, Qian; Watson, Burton (1993)  Records of the Grand Historian: Han Dynasty II  Translation and commentary by Watson  Columbia University Press  ISBN 978-0-231-08166-5 
Passage 3:
Ballaios
Ballaios (Ancient Greek: Βαλλαῖος; ruled c  260 – c  230 BC) was an Illyrian king of the Ardiaei tribe  Attested only in coinage, Ballaios is considered as the predecessor of Agron  He is considered to have been a powerful and influential king as testified by the abundance of his silver and bronze coinage found along both coasts of the Adriatic  A hoard found in 2010 is one of the biggest hoards of ancient coins known, not only from Illyria  The capital of Ballaios' kingdom was Rhizon His silver issues are rare, but bronze coins, without the royal title, occur on Hvar, both in single finds and in hoards, and at Rhizon in a different series bearing the royal title  In the city of Ulcinj there is still a fully functioning water source bearing his name: "Kroni i Ballos"  The coins of Ballaios were widely imitated in the region, sometimes so crudely that they are unintelligible 

Reign
Prior to the recent excavations carried out in the 2010s, archaeologist Arthur Evans dated Ballaios' coinage c  between 167 BC and 135 BC, in the period between the fall of Macedon and the expedition by the consul Servius Fulvius Flaccus against the Illyrians  J  M  F  May (1930s) dated it c  between 195/190 BC and 175 BC, which was followed by G  Gorini (1991), and Šašel Kos (2007) After the recent excavations, the archaeological contexts of the coin hoards of Ballaios found in the 2010s indicate an earlier period  Archaeological investigations conducted in the area of Rhizon have revealed that Ballaios was in power and minted coins in the period between c  260 and 230 BC, providing a clear dating for his reign 

Coinage
Ballaios minted coins in his own name  His coins with the long legend ΒΑΣΙΛΕΩΣ ΒΑΛΛΑΙΟΥ (BASILEOS BALLAIOY) were minted in Rhizon while the coins with the short legend ΒΑΛΛΑΙΟΥ and the head of the king Ballaios which is of a different type and are older, were minted in Pharos  In some cases it is possible to observe that Ballaios' coins were over struck on the older Pharos specimens  The distribution of his coinage indicates that they were concentrated in the central Dalmatian area, while the large number of different dies that have been identified to date indicates a long minting of his coins  Numismatic evidence shows that Ballaios reigned for quite a lengthy time  His coins are also frequently found in Italy, which confirms the trade contacts between both Adriatic coasts 
On the obverse of the coins a bust of the king facing left to right is depicted, while on the reverse Artemis, advancing or standing, is represented with or without a torch, sometimes carrying one or two spears, surrounded by either the long or short legend  Most of these coins are bronze, some, and always those with the long legend are silver  Their weight, c  3 5g corresponds top the Roman victorium  It is significant the Ballaios also had silver coins minted, which indicates his wealth and power, since elsewhere in Hellenistic Dalmatia silver coinage is very rarely documented from Greek/Illyrian mints  The weight of the bronze coins of Ballaios is between 1 0 and 4 5g, while most of the documented specimens weigh between 2 0 and 2 5g  The relatively great impact of the coinage of Ballaios is also indicated by a large number of imitations of his coins  In several instances on some coins, an embossed circular Illyrian shield on one side and the flying horse Pegasus, a mythological creature, and the letter "B", "A" and "L" on the other side, are depicted 
Ballaios' coins were in circulation in the regions along both Adriatic coasts; along the eastern Adriatic, they have been found in a broad area extending from Phoenice in Epirus to Shkodër, in present-day Albania, to Pharos, and along the western Adriatic from Leuca and Locri to Aquileia, indicating trade activity of Ballaios that was no longer controlled by Issa  As expected the coins of Ballaios were also found in the broad area of Narona, the most important Greek/Illyrian emporium which maintained along with the river Neretva, commercial and other contacts with the interior regions or Illyricum 

See also
List of rulers of Illyria
Illyrian coinage
Passage 4:
List of solar eclipses in the 2nd century BC
This is a list of selected solar eclipses from antiquity, in particular those with historical significance  Eclipses on this list were not only recorded, but sometimes would have large effects such as ending a war 

Historically significant solar eclipses
Statistics
Longest total eclipses
Below is a list of the 10 longest total eclipses between the 30th century BC and the 4th century 

Solar eclipses by century
Passage 5:
Dong'ou Kingdom
Dong'ou (simplified Chinese: 东瓯; traditional Chinese: 東甌; pinyin: Dōng'ōu) also known as Ouyue (simplified Chinese: 瓯越; traditional Chinese: 甌越; pinyin: Ōuyuè), was an ancient  kingdom in modern Wenzhou and Taizhou, Zhejiang Province, China  The realm of Dong'ou was given to Zou Yao by Emperor Gaozu of Han in 192 BC  During the Han campaigns against Minyue in 138 BC, the king of Dong'ou no longer wished to live in his realm after the incident, and had all his people moved into the Han dynasty 
Passage 6:
Dian Kingdom
Dian (Chinese: 滇) was an ancient kingdom established by the Dian people, a non-Han metalworking civilization that inhabited around the Dian Lake plateau of central northern Yunnan, China from the late Spring and Autumn period until the Eastern Han dynasty  The Dian buried their dead in vertical pit graves  The Dian language was likely one of the Tibeto-Burman languages  The Han Empire's annexation of the Dian Kingdom in 109 BCE eventually led to the establishment of the Yizhou commandery  Dian culture started from at least the 8th century BCE, until it fell under the control of the Han dynasty in 109 BCE 

History
Dian was an ancient kingdom situated in modern Yunnan, southwestern China, in the region around the Dian Lake  According to Han historian, Sima Qian, it was established in 279 BCE when King Qingxiang of Chu sent a military force to the southwest  Zhuang Qiao, a general of Chu, reached the Dian Lake as part of the Chu military campaign  When the Chu homeland was invaded by the Qin, Zhuang Qiao decided to stay in Yunnan and adopt the native ways, establishing the Dian kingdom  The Qin dynasty was subsequently overthrown by the Han, and the commanderies of the new dynasty, Ba and Shu, bordered Dian According to the Shiji, the southwest was dominated by barbarians, among whom the ruler of Yelang was the most powerful  To the west of Yelang were the Mimo and the most powerful among them was the ruler of Dian  North of Dian was Qiongdu  All these people styled their hair in a mallet-shaped fashion  These were settled peoples who worked the fields and lived in settlements In the area from Tongshi east to Yeyu were the Sui and Kunming tribes who braided their hair and moved from place to place with their herds  They had no fixed abodes or rulers  Northeast of the Sui were the Xi and Zuodu  The most powerful of the Zuodu were the Ran and Mang, who lived west of Shu  Some of them moved from place and place but others lived in fixed abodes  Northeast of the Ran and Mang were the Baima, who belonged to the Di tribe 
Shu is the only place that makes ju berry sauce  large quantities of it are exported in secret to the markets of Yelang, which is situated on the Zangke  The Zangke at that point is over 100 paces across, wide enough to allow boats to move up and down it  The king of Southern Yue sends money and goods in an effort to gain control of Yelang, extending his efforts as far west as Tongshi, but so far he has not succeeded in getting Yelang to acknowledge his sovereignty 
In 135 BCE, the Han envoy Tang Meng brought gifts to Duotong, the king of Yelang, which bordered Dian, and convinced him to submit to the Han  The Jianwei Commandery was established in the region  In 122 BCE, Emperor Wu dispatched four groups of envoys to the southwest in search of a route to Daxia in Central Asia  One group was welcomed by the king of Dian but none of them were able to make it any further as they were blocked in the north by the Sui and Kunming tribes of the Erhai region and in the south by the Di and Zuo tribes  However they learned that further west there was a kingdom called Dianyue where the people rode elephants and traded with the merchants from Shu in secret In 111 BCE, Emperor Wu of Han ordered the barbarian tribes of Jianwei Commandery to raise troops for the campaign against Nanyue  Fearing that neighboring tribes would attack them in the absence of their men, the tribe of Julan rebelled against the Han and killed the governor of Jianwei Commandery  After Nanyue was defeated, Han forces turned north and subjugated the various tribes of Yelang, Julan, Toulan, Qiong, Zuo, Ran, and Mang The Dian Kingdom was annexed by the Han under the reign of Emperor Wu of Han in 109 BCE and the Yizhou commandery established  The Dian King willingly received the Chinese invasion in the hopes of assistance against rival tribes  It was at this time he received his seal from the Chinese, and became a tributary Emperor Wu sent Wang Ranyu to persuade the king of Dian to submit, pointing out that many of the neighboring tribes had already been defeated  The king of Dian was initially reluctant to accept the offer for he still possessed some 30,000 troops as well as the allegiance of the nearby Laojin and Mimo tribes  However, in 109 BCE, Han troops from Ba and Shu wiped out the Laojin and Mimo, leading the king of Dian to surrender  While Dian became Yizhou Commandery (Chinese: 益州), the king was allowed to continue his rule until a rebellion during the reign of Emperor Zhao of Han  The Han proceeded with colonization and conquered the people of Kunming in 86 and 82 BCE, reaching all the way to what is now modern day Myanmar 

Royal burials
The Dian buried their kings at Shizhaishan, which was uncovered in 1954 near Shizhai Village in Jinning County, Yunnan  The burials were identified by the inscription King Dian's Seal  The inscription was written in seal script on a gold imperial seal of investiture given by the Han Emperor  Sima Qian noted that the Dian were one of only two local groups to have received an imperial seal, the other being Yelang  Both have survived: the Yelang Seal emerged in 2007 from a Hmong man in Guizhou, claiming to be the Yelang King's 75th generation descendant 

Culture
Bronze working
The largest tin deposits on the Eurasian continent are located on the Malay peninsula, and as such, the Dian people were sophisticated metal workers, casting both bronze and iron  The Dian cast bronze objects using both the piece mould method and the lost wax method  Dian elite burials contained an impressive array of bronze objects, although late Dian burials also contained locally cast iron objects 
Large bronze drums were employed by the Dian to communicate in battle; ritual burials of Dian elites were accompanied by large bronze drums filled with cowrie shells  The tops of the drums were removed and replaced by a bronze lid 

Saka influences
Iaroslav Lebedynsky and Victor H  Mair speculate that some Sakas may also have migrated to the area of Yunnan in southern China following their expulsion by the Yuezhi in the 2nd century BCE  Excavations of the prehistoric art of the Dian civilization of Yunnan have revealed hunting scenes similar to that of Indo-European artwork depicting horsemen in Central Asian clothing  The scenes depicted on these drums sometimes represent these horsemen practicing hunting  Animal scenes of felines attacking oxen are also at times reminiscent of Scythian art both in theme and in composition 

Depiction of Dian society
The bronze lids were covered with miniature figurines and structures, depicting various scenes from the life of the Dian people  The bronze lids depicted the Dian people engaged in everyday activities such as hunting, farming and weaving  Other scenes depicted the leisurely pursuits of the Dian people, such as bullfighting, dancing and music-making  The Dian people dressed in tunics over short pants and wore their hair in topknots  The bronze lids corroborated Sima Qian's description of the Dian hairstyle 
Many scenes depicted the Dian at war, often riding horses  Archaeological evidence shows that horses had been domesticated by the Dian people as early as the sixth century BCE  The bronze lids also depicted the Dian decapitating their enemies (who wore their hair in long plaits) 
The Kingdom was based on agriculture, the bronzes also showed head hunting, human sacrifice, and slaves as part of Dian society 

Underwater ruins
Archaeologists recently discovered the inundated remains of Dian-period buildings and pottery fragments under Fuxian Lake and were able to verify their age with carbon dating 

Other artifacts
At Dabona, a site connected with the Dian culture, archaeologists discovered a large double coffin burial; The outer coffin was made of wood and the inner coffin was made of bronze  The inner coffin was shaped like a house and weighs over 157 kg 
The Yunnan Provincial Museum holds many archaeological relics of the Dian culture 

Gallery
Passage 7:
Go dynasty
Go Royal Family (Reigned from 37 BC to 668 AD) was the dynasty that founded and ruled over the ancient Korean kingdom of Goguryeo  Its founder, Jumong (Korean: 주몽; Hanja: 朱蒙), broke away from another ancient Korean kingdom called Dongbuyeo to start his own kingdom  The Taewangs were all members of the Go Royal Family 

Ancestry of Jumong
Jumong was the 4th generation descendant of Hae Mosu, as the grandson of Hae Mosu's second son, King Go Jin, the ruler of Gori  This explains why Jumong was able to rise to the throne of Bukbuyeo 

The Founding
The Go Royal Family (Hangul: 고씨 왕족), The Han Royal Family (Hangul: 한씨왕족) was founded and descended from one common ancestor, who was Jumong, also the first ruler of Goguryeo  Jumong was the son of Go Mosu and Lady Yuhwa (Korean: 유화부인; Hanja: 柳花夫人)  Lady Yuhwa was the daughter of Habaek (Korean: 하백; Hanja: 河伯), the god of the Amnok River or, according to an alternative interpretation, the sun god Haebak (Korean: 해밝)  Go Mosu was a descendant of Haemosu, the founder of Bukbuyeo, or North Buyeo, and was also said to have been a direct descendant or successor to the Emperors of Ancient Joseon (also known as Gojoseon)  As a descendant of Haemosu, Jumong was driven by the goal of reuniting all of Gojoseon's ancient territory into one whole empire and one whole nation  With this goal in mind, he set off from Dongbuyeo and began building the foundations for his kingdom  After three years, he had already conquered several of the neighboring kingdoms and was ready to go into the final phase of constructing his kingdom  He completed this phase by holding hands with Jolbon and bringing it under his control  In 37 BC, Jumong finally established his kingdom and named it 'Goguryeo' (Hangul: 고구려)  He also changed his last name from 'Hae' to 'Go,' which means 'high ' Goguryeo progressed and continued to grow stronger under Go Jumong's reign of 19 years  His first wife and their son, Yuri, soon to be Emperor King Yuri, fled from Dongbuyeo and came to Goguryeo during the last year of Jumong's reign  Jumong proclaimed Yuri his successor and Crown Prince (Hangul: 태자) before dying five months later 

Complete Transition of the family name
King Yuri rose to the throne in 19 BC and ruled until his death in 18 AD  During his reign, the royal family had absolute power and all power was in the hands of the reigning emperor  Under Yuri, the kingdom was able to grow powerful enough to fight the Han Dynasty  After King Yuri, Daemusin, Mobon, and Minjung, the young prince Gung took the surname "Go" (Hanja: 高) for the first time in 3 generations  From King Taejo to King Bojang, the rulers of Goguryeo kept their ancestor's surname "Go" and "Han" 
According to the Samguk Sagi, the Goguryeo royal family claimed descent from the mythical god Gao Yang, who was the grandson of the Yellow Emperor of Chinese mythology, and thus took the surname of "Go" (高); however, this legend was discredited in the commentaries (논찬; 論贊) by Kim Busik, the compiler of the Samguk Sagi, who concluded that both Baekje and Goguryeo originated from Buyeo 

Height of Imperial power
Goguryeo's height of power came in the reign of Taewang Gwanggaeto the Great of Goguryeo, who created and strengthened Goguryeo's cavalry and naval units to pacify the south and the north  Gwanggaeto the Great attacked and conquered Buyeo, Biryu-guk, the Later Yan, Malgal, and the Ainu tribes  Goguryeo's height of power finally came, but the bringer of glory died at the young age of 39 

Decline of Imperial power
King Munjamyeong continued to expand Goguryeo's territories after receiving the full surrender of the ancient Korean state of Buyeo in 494  After the reign of King Munjamyeong, his son Heung-An became King Anjang  King Anjang continued to attack the southern kingdoms and weaken their power, further establishing the empire's power over both the Korean peninsula and Manchuria  After King Anjang, his son became King Anwon 

Fall of Goguryeo
Goguryeo's 27th ruler, King Yeongryu, submitted to the newly-risen Tang Dynasty, despite the overwhelming victories that Goguryeo had achieved over the Sui  King Yeongryu was assassinated by Yeon Gaesomun (연개소문), who was Dae Magniji (대막리지/Grand Prime Minister) of Goguryeo until 666 CE  King Bojang, the nephew of King Yeongryu, rose to the throne and ruled until 668 CE, when Goguryeo was destroyed 

See also
History of Korea
Three Kingdoms of Korea
Taewang



ground_truth: the Qin dynasty