prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: Who starred in her final film role in the 1964 film directed by the man who also did Vera Cruz and Kiss Me Deadly?

The following are given passages.
Context 1: Passage 1:
Robert Aldrich
Robert Burgess Aldrich (August 9, 1918 – December 5, 1983) was an American film director, producer, and screenwriter  An iconoclastic and maverick auteur working in many genres during the Golden Age of Hollywood, he directed mainly films noir, war movies, westerns and dark melodramas with Gothic overtones  His most notable credits include Vera Cruz (1954), Kiss Me Deadly (1955), The Big Knife (1955), Autumn Leaves (1956), Attack (1956), What Ever Happened to Baby Jane? (1962), Hush   Hush, Sweet Charlotte (1964), The Flight of the Phoenix (1965), The Dirty Dozen (1967), and The Longest Yard (1974) 
Aldrich's directorial style combined "macho mise-en-scene and resonant reworkings of classic action genres," and were known for pushing the boundaries of violence in mainstream cinema, and for their psychologically-complex interpretations of genre film tropes  The British Film Institute wrote that Aldrich's films "subversive sensibility in thrall to the complexities of human behaviour " Several of his films later proved influential to members of the French New Wave Aside from his directorial work, Aldrich was also noted for his advocacy as a member of the Directors Guild of America, serving as its President for two terms, and becoming the namesake for its Robert B  Aldrich Achievement Award 

Early life
Family
Robert Burgess Aldrich was born in Cranston, Rhode Island, into a family of wealth and social prominence – "The Aldriches of Rhode Island"  His father, Edward Burgess Aldrich (1871–1957) was the publisher of The Times of Pawtucket and an influential operative in state Republican politics  His mother, Lora Elsie (née Lawson) of New Hampshire (1874–1931), died when Aldrich was 13 and was remembered with fondness by her son  Ruth Aldrich Kaufinger (1912–1987) was his elder sister and only sibling Among his notable ancestors were the American Revolutionary War general Nathanael Greene and the theologian Roger Williams, founder of Rhode Island Colony His grandfather, Nelson Wilmarth Aldrich, was a self-made millionaire and art investor  A Republican member of the U S  Senate for thirty years (1881–1911), he was dubbed "General Manager of the Nation" by the press for his dominant role in framing federal monetary policy A number of Aldrich's paternal uncles had impressive careers, among them a successful investment banker, an architect and Harvard instructor, a member of the U S  House of Representatives, and a chairman of the Chase Manhattan Bank who also served as U S  Ambassador to Great Britain   An aunt, Abigail Greene "Abby" Aldrich married John D  Rockefeller Jr , scion of the Standard Oil fortune, and was a leading figure in the establishment of the Museum of Modern Art in New York City  Nelson Rockefeller, a four-term governor of New York State and U S  vice-president under Gerald Ford, and Rockefeller's four brothers were the director's first cousins 

Education
As the only male heir to the Lawson-Aldrich family line, Aldrich was under considerable pressure to compete successfully with his numerous cousins in a family of high achievers Following family tradition and expectations, Aldrich was educated at Moses Brown School in Providence from 1933 to 1937  There he served as captain of the track and football teams and was elected president of his senior class 
Failing to matriculate to Yale due to mediocre grades, Aldrich attended the University of Virginia from 1937 to 1941, majoring in economics  He continued to excel in sports and played a leading role in campus clubs and fraternities During the Great Depression, the adolescent Aldrich began to question the justice of his family's "politics and power" which clashed with his growing sympathies with left-wing social and political movements of the 1930s  Aldrich's disaffection from the Aldrich-Rockefeller right-wing social and political orientation contributed to a growing tension between father and son Having satisfactorily demonstrated his aptitude for a career in finance, Aldrich defied his father by dropping out of college in his senior year without taking a degree Aldrich approached his uncle Winthrop W  Aldrich, who got his 23-year-old nephew a job at RKO Studios as a production clerk at $25 a week  For this act of defiance, Aldrich was promptly disinherited  Aldrich reciprocated by expunging public records of his connection with the Aldrich-Rockefeller clan, while stoically accepting the breach  He rarely mentioned or invoked his family thereafter  It has been said that "No American film director was born as wealthy as Aldrich — and then so thoroughly cut off from family money "

RKO Pictures: 1941–1943
At the age of 23, Aldrich began work at RKO Pictures as a production clerk, an entry-level position, after declining an offer through his Rockefeller connections to enter the studio as an associate producer He married his first wife, Harriet Foster, a childhood sweetheart, shortly before he departed for Hollywood in May 1941 Though the smallest of Hollywood's top studios, RKO could boast an impressive roster of directors (George Cukor, John Ford and Howard Hawks) as well as movie stars (Fred Astaire and Ginger Rogers, Cary Grant, Katharine Hepburn and the Marx Brothers)  The 23-year-old Aldrich assumed his duties shortly after Orson Welles, at 26, signed a six-movie contract with RKO after the release of the widely acclaimed Citizen Kane (1941) When the United States entered the Second World War in December 1941, Aldrich was inducted into the Air Force Motion Picture Unit, but was quickly discharged when an old football injury disqualified him for military service  The film studios' manpower shortage allowed Aldrich to win assignments as third- or second-tier director's assistant to learn the basics of filmmaking 

Second assistant director
In just two years he participated on two dozen movies with well-known directors  He was second assistant director on Joan of Paris (1942, directed by Robert Stevenson), The Falcon Takes Over (1942, directed by Irving Reis), The Big Street (1942), directed by Reis, Bombardier (1943, directed by Richard Wallace), Behind the Rising Sun (1943, directed by Edward Dmytryk),  A Lady Takes a Chance (1943, directed by William A  Seiter), The Adventures of a Rookie (1943, directed by Leslie Goodwins), Gangway for Tomorrow (1943, directed by John H  Auer), and Rookies in Burma (1943, directed by Goodwins) 

First assistant director
Towards the end of the war, Aldrich had risen to first assistant director making comedy shorts with director Leslie Goodwins 
In 1944, Aldrich departed RKO to begin free-lancing on feature films at other major studios, including Columbia, United Artists, and Paramount 

Assistant director: 1944–1952
Aldrich was fortunate to serve as an assistant director to many notable and talented Hollywood filmmakers  During these assignments, which spanned nine years, Aldrich gained both practical and aesthetic fundamentals of filmmaking: "set location and atmosphere" (Jean Renoir, The Southerner, 1945), the "techniques of pre-planning a shot" (Lewis Milestone's The Strange Love of Martha Ivers, 1946), "action scenes" (William A  Wellman's The Story of G I  Joe, 1946), the "importance of communication with actors" (Joseph Losey's The Prowler, 1951), and "establishing visual empathy between camera and audience" (Charlie Chaplin's Limelight, 1952) He also worked on Pardon My Past (1945, directed by Leslie Fenton) and The Private Affairs of Bel Ami (1947, directed by Albert Lewin) 
Aldrich approached these projects and directors with a fine discrimination, enabling him to learn from both their strengths and weaknesses During these years Aldrich forged lasting professional relationships with talented artists who would serve him throughout his filmmaking career, namely, cinematographer Joseph Biroc, film editor Michael Luciano, music director Frank De Vol, art director William Glasgow and screenwriter Lukas Heller  A troupe of loyal, mostly male, players were enlisted for his film leads and supporting roles: Burt Lancaster, Jack Palance, Lee Marvin, Eddie Albert, Richard Jaeckel, Wesley Addy, Ernest Borgnine and Charles Bronson 

The Enterprise Studios: 1946–1948
Aldrich's association with The Enterprise Studios marks the most formative period of his apprenticeship  The production company offered a unique venue of independent filmmakers welcoming socially conscious themes critical of authoritarian aspects of American society While at Enterprise, Aldrich established both a professional and a personal affiliation with screenwriter and director Abraham Polonsky, a major figure in the Popular Front movement of the 1930s  Their respective films addressed the issue of an individual's often desperate struggle to resist destruction by an oppressive society Enterprise's Body and Soul (1947), written by Polonsky, directed by Robert Rossen, and starring John Garfield, made a deep and lasting impression on the 29-year-old assistant director from both structural and thematic standpoints  Garfield plays a corrupt prizefighter who seeks to redeem himself by defying mobsters who insist he throw a fight or forfeit his life  While the protagonist's personal failings contribute to his own oppression, the film censures capitalism as an unredeemable system  Aldrich would revisit Body and Soul throughout his career when seeking guidance on how to convey the progressive ideals of the 1930s while working in the reactionary political atmosphere of the Cold War era 

In 1948 Aldrich joined Polonsky and Garfield on the early noir film Force of Evil  The story concerns a Wall Street attorney turned mob lawyer (Garfield) who informs on his employers when they murder his brother  Force of Evil's cinematically excessive visuals and striking sound would later appear in Aldrich's films Kiss Me Deadly and Twilight's Last Gleaming A number of Aldrich's associates at Enterprise came under scrutiny by the HUAC in the late 1940s after Enterprise had closed its doors  Among them were Rossen, Polonsky, Garfield, directors John Berry, and Joseph Losey, producer Carl Foreman, and screenwriter Dalton Trumbo, some of whom suffered blacklisting and imprisonment  Aldrich was never targeted by the authorities, despite his collaborations with these artists  This was largely due to his post-1930s entry into the film industry when recruitment by Communist and leftist organizations was declining  Nonetheless, Aldrich remained a champion for the victims of the Red Scare At Enterprise, Aldrich also worked as an assistant director on Arch of Triumph (1948) and No Minor Vices (1948) for Lewis Milestone, So This Is New York (1948) for director Richard Fleischer and producer Stanley Kramer, and Caught (1949) for Max Ophüls 
During his apprenticeship Aldrich developed a keen appreciation for the nexus between autonomous control over every element of picture production and achievement of his creative vision  He would forever strive for full control over his films 

Freelance assistant director: 1948–1952
After the demise of The Enterprise Studios, Aldrich continued to be in much demand as an assistant director  He worked again for Lewis Milestone on The Red Pony (1949) at Republic and did Red Light (1949) for Roy Del Ruth, A Kiss for Corliss (1949) for Richard Wallace,  The White Tower (1950) for Ted Tetzlaff, M (1951) and The Prowler (1951) for Joseph Losey, and New Mexico (1951) for Reis 
Aldrich was assistant to producer Harold Hecht on Ten Tall Men (1951), a French Foreign Legion action film starring Burt Lancaster  He worked as production manager on When I Grow Up (1951) for Sam Spiegel and as production manager on The Steel Trap (1952) for Andrew L  Stone 
Hecht had enjoyed working with Aldrich on Ten Tall Men and used him on The First Time (1952), the feature directorial debut of Frank Tashlin 
Aldrich's most notable credit to date came on Limelight (1952), for which he was assistant director to Charlie Chaplin  He was assistant on Abbott and Costello Meet Captain Kidd (1952) 

Television: 1952–1954
By 1952, the 34-year old assistant director, fully prepared to make his directorial debut, had no offers materializing in Hollywood  Eager to perform at a journeyman level, he moved to New York City to join its television startups 
The infant industries' golden age of live broadcasts was in a primitive stage of organization, and producers were pleased to enlist talent from the Hollywood film industry  More than merely a career move, television offered Aldrich an opportunity to apply the cinematic skills and concepts he had garnered during his eclectic education in movie-making to an entirely new medium "All they were paying directors was scale", recalled Aldrich of this time  "Who the hell wanted to go live in New York and work for scale? Only guys that had never directed or couldn't get a shot    Walter Blake    convinced these people who were doing the Camay soap shows that I was a genius waiting behind a rock out here  I had been assistant director on a Chaplin picture, so he told them that I had directed Chaplin  Nobody directs Chaplin except Chaplin, but these guys didn't know the difference  So I went back to New York and did, I don't know, thirty or forty shows "Procter & Gamble hired Aldrich in 1952 to direct episodes of the anthology series The Doctor (later retitled The Guest in syndication), an early soap opera starring Warner Anderson  Shooting schedules were notoriously tight  Despite this, Aldrich routinely dedicated half or more of the allotted time to rehearsals, an immensely reassuring practice for the players that contributed to the efficient execution of the final live shoot Following The Doctor, Aldrich resettled in Hollywood to complete twenty episodes of television's China Smith starring Dan Duryea, filmed on an even tighter timetable 
He also filled in as director on TV's Four Star Playhouse and the Schlitz Playhouse of Stars ("The Pussyfootin' Rocks") Aldrich described the early TV industry as a "director's crash course" where, unlike feature film production, the overall quality of the series outweighed the success or failure of an individual episode   In his two-year stint in television, Aldrich was free to experiment with technique and narrative schemes that would appear later in his film treatments  As such, he used cinematic framing and composition to reveal character motivation and close ups serving to highlight dialog, all of which endowed his episodes with a polished Hollywood studio-like appearance  Aldrich avoided disparaging television as an art form, only regretting its "rushed schedules and lack of preparation time "

Feature film director
Early feature films
In December 1951 Irving Allen announced he had formed Warwick Productions with Albert Broccoli  He intended to make The Gamma People with Robert Aldrich  In August 1952 Allen announced that Aldrich would make his feature debut as director with The Gamma People, to be shot in Europe in the winter from Aldrich's own script  Dick Powell was slated to star  However, the film would not be made for several years, with Aldrich's involvement limited to working on the story 
Aldrich broke into feature films as a director when Herbert Baker, who had worked with Aldrich on So This is New York, recommended the director to MGM, which was looking for someone with a background in sports for a low-budget baseball film, Big Leaguer (1953) The film was not particularly successful, so Aldrich returned to television, doing episodes of Four Star Playhouse, several of which were written by Blake Edwards  He directed "The Witness", which starred Dick Powell, Strother Martin, and Charles Bronson, and "The Bad Streak" with Charles Boyer Aldrich remained ambitious to work in features and raised money for a low-budget action film using many of the same sets and cast members of China Smith, including star Dan Duryea, called World for Ransom (1954)  It was made for Plaza Productions and financed by Allied Artists; Aldrich produced and directed  The cinematographer was Joseph F  Biroc, who would shoot many of Aldrich's later features 

Burt Lancaster: Apache and Vera Cruz
World for Ransom was seen by Harold Hecht and Burt Lancaster, who hired Aldrich to direct his first color film, Apache (1954), a western starring Lancaster as an Apache fighter  It was made for Hecht-Lancaster Productions and released through United Artists  This film was a big hit, earning $6 million Hecht and Lancaster used Aldrich again on Vera Cruz (1954), a western starring Gary Cooper and Lancaster   It was even more successful at the box office than Apache, making $9 million, and firmly established Aldrich as a director 

Turning producer: Kiss Me Deadly, The Big Knife and Attack
The success of these movies enabled Aldrich to set up his own company, The Associates and Aldrich, and sign a deal with United Artists  Its first movie was to be The Way We Are by Jack Jevne, about a woman who has an affair with a younger man  It was not immediately made 
Instead Aldrich produced and directed Kiss Me Deadly (1955), a film noir adapted by A  I  Bezzerides from a novel by Mickey Spillane starring Ralph Meeker as Mike Hammer   It was made for Parklane Productions, the independent company of Victor Saville, who owned the rights, and released through United Artists Aldrich and his company then made The Big Knife (1955), based on a play by Clifford Odets  Aldrich directed and produced this film about a movie star played by Jack Palance 
The Associates and Aldrich Company made a second film, also based on a play and released through United Artists, Attack (1956), starring Palance and Lee Marvin None of the three films was particularly successful at the box office, although they received some excellent reviews  In particular, Kiss Me Deadly became a major cult favorite in France  "I worked almost for nothing, economically, on those movies", he said  "They got caught up in the system and were not profitable pictures " Aldrich said his experiences made him "more cynical in terms of what preference to give survival and what preference to give material that might make a fine film which nobody or very few would go to see  That was the break  I realized that if you're careful in choosing projects and setting costs your taste and knowledge will, out of every six or seven pictures, produce one that makes a good deal of profitable return for everybody "The Associates announced numerous projects around this time, including Tryanny, Kinderspiel, Potluck for Pomeroy, Candidate for President (by Don Weis) and Machine for Chuparosa The Associates and Aldrich Company expanded to offer financing and distribution for other films  The only one that resulted was The Ride Back (1957) for UA  They wanted to make The Build Up Boys with Dana Andrews but the film did not eventuate 

Columbia: Autumn Leaves and The Garment Jungle
In between making Big Knife and Attack, Aldrich directed the Joan Crawford melodrama Autumn Leaves (1956) (originally The Way We Are), which was a minor hit Aldrich worked on the original story for the thriller The Gamma People (1956), made for Columbia and Warwick Productions in England 
In July 1956 Robert Aldrich signed a two-picture deal with Columbia to make films through his own company  The first was to be The Garment Jungle (1957)  The second was to be Until Proven Guilty  He also acquired the John O'Hara story Now We Know Aldrich started directing Garment but was fired towards the end of filming and replaced by Vincent Sherman In March 1957 Aldrich sued Columbia for reneging on a promise to make a film of the play Storm in the Sun, which he wanted to do with Crawford  The case was settled the following month Aldrich announced a range of projects – Kinderspiel, Pommeroy, The Snipe Hunt, Until Proven Guilty, Now We Know – but he found it difficult to get financing The Associates and Aldrich had the rights to the script for 3:10 to Yuma but ended up selling the project outright to Columbia 

Europe
Aldrich was unable to get a job until he had an offer from Hammer Films and Seven Arts to write and direct Ten Seconds to Hell (1959), starring Palance and Jeff Chandler, in Germany  While there, he was head of the jury at the 9th Berlin International Film Festival Aldrich stayed in Europe to make The Angry Hills (1959), based on the novel by Leon Uris and starring Robert Mitchum, for MGM in Greece for producer Raymond Stross  Aldrich had the film rewritten by Bezzerides, but then his cut of the film was re-edited by Stross  It was an unhappy experience for Aldrich and the film lost money Adlrich was going to make Taras Bulba in Yugoslavia with Anthony Quinn and a budget of $3 million, but the film did not proceed  Neither did another proposed subject, The Catalyst, based on a play by Ronald Duncan about male bisexuality  Aldrich would attempt to make Taras Bulba several times but ended up having to sell his script to Harold Hecht, who produced a film without Aldrich in 1962  Other projects he developed around this time include Angry Odyssey, The Left Bank, and Too Late the Hero Aldrich returned to Hollywood to direct episodes of Hotel de Paree ("Sundance Returns"), and Adventures in Paradise 
He directed a western, The Last Sunset (1961), starring Kirk Douglas and Rock Hudson, made for Douglas's company at Universal 
Aldrich tried to make Cross of Iron with John Mills but could not get financing Aldrich then went back to Italy, where he directed the Biblical spectacular Sodom and Gomorrah (1962)  for Joseph E  Levine  Aldrich disparaged the final film, which ended up costing $6 million 

Warner Bros: What Ever Happened to Baby Jane? and 4 For Texas
Aldrich rejuvenated his career by optioning the novel What Ever Happened to Baby Jane? (1962) for the Associates and Aldrich Company  He signed Bette Davis and Joan Crawford as stars, got Lukas Heller to write the script, and raised financing through Warner Bros  The film was a massive hit at the box office and earned five Academy Award nominations (including a win for black-and-white costume design), restoring Aldrich's commercial and critical reputation  It also revived the popularity of Davis and Crawford as box office draws and led to a subgenre of horror movies starring elder actresses nicknamed "Psycho-biddy"  It also started a run of films (continued in Hush Hush Sweet Charlotte and others) with a gothic, camp sensibility that became an immediate hit with queer audiences Still at Warners, Aldrich wrote, produced and directed a comic western with Frank Sinatra and Dean Martin, 4 for Texas (1963)  Made for Sam Productions, it had Charles Bronson, Victor Buono, Ursula Andress and Anita Ekberg in supporting roles  The film was reasonably popular at the box office, but Aldrich disliked working with Sinatra and the resulting film 

20th Century Fox: Hush Hush Sweet Charlotte and Flight of the Phoenix
Emboldened by his recent commercial successes, Aldrich announced a $14 million production program of eight films, including Cross of Iron, Whatever Happened to Cousin Charlotte, The Tsar's Bride, Brouhaha, The Legend of Lylah Clare, Paper Eagle, Genghis Khan's Bicycle, and There Really Was a Gold Mine a sequel to Vera Cruz  He had prepared scripts on  Now We Know, Vengeance Is Mine, Potluck for Pomeroy and Too Late the Hero  Other projects were The Strong Are Lonely, Pursuit of Happiness and the TV series The Man He started with a follow up to Baby Jane, Hush   Hush, Sweet Charlotte (1964), made for the Associates and Aldrich at 20th Century Fox  Bette Davis starred as a Southern woman who lives in a mansion and thinks she is going insane  Davis was to be reunited with Joan Crawford, but Crawford left the film and was replaced by Olivia de Havilland  The movie was popular, though not as successful as Baby Jane 
Aldrich stayed at Fox for his next film, the all-male action story The Flight of the Phoenix (1965), with James Stewart, Richard Attenborough and Peter Finch  The film was a commercial disappointment but eventually proved profitable 

MGM: The Dirty Dozen and The Legend of Lylah Clare
Aldrich had his biggest hit to date with The Dirty Dozen (1967), produced by Kenneth Hyman's Seven Arts Productions and released through MGM  Starring Lee Marvin, Charles Bronson, Ernest Borgnine and John Cassavetes, the film was a massive success at the box office Aldrich stayed at MGM for The Legend of Lylah Clare (1968) starring Finch and Kim Novak, made for Aldrich's own company  It was a critical and commercial disappointment 

Aldrich Studios
Aldrich sold his profit participation in Dirty Dozen to MGM for $1,350,000 and used the money to achieve a long-time dream – to buy his own studios, which he called the Aldrich Studios  He picked a facility at 201 North Occidental Boulevard, which had been in existence as a film studio since 1913, making Mary Pickford movies, and had recently been the basis of Sutherland Productions  Aldrich had made The Big Knife there "My dream has always been to own my own studio", he said  "With the possible exception of the old Enterprise Studio back in '45 I've never seen a studio run the way it should  That's because everybody at Enterprise felt they could make a contribution
and that's the feeling I hope we can have here "The studios were opened in August 1968  Along with Goldwyn, The Associates and Aldrich was the only major independent company with a studio in Hollywood  For the next few years he would make his movies there 

ABC Pictures
Aldrich's success with The Dirty Dozen led to the newly formed ABC Pictures offer the Associates and Aldrich Company a four-film contract  Aldrich announced they would be The Killing of Sister George, The Greatest Mother of Them All, Whatever Happened to Aunt Alice and Too Late the Hero Aldrich's first film for ABC was The Killing of Sister George (1968), adapted from by Lukas Heller from the play by Frank Marcus  It starred Beryl Reid and Susannah York and was notable for its frank depiction of a lesbian relationship  The movie was popular but because of its high cost lost money Aldrich produced but did not direct What Ever Happened to Aunt Alice? (1969), a psycho-biddy thriller in the vein of Baby Jane directed by Lee H  Katzin and starring Geraldine Page and Ruth Gordon  It also lost money  (Aldrich  announced he would make a third "Whatever Happened to" film, Whatever Happened to Dear Elva? based on the novel Goodbye, Dear Elva by Elizabeth Fenwick  However no film was made )
Aldrich made a 20-minute demo film, "The Greatest Mother of Them All" (1969), in an attempt to raise money for a feature-length version, but was unable to attract interest from ABC  Peter Finch starred ABC wanted Aldrich to make a war film in the vein of The Dirty Dozen so he produced and directed Too Late the Hero (1970), a "patrol" film, which he had been developing since 1959  Despite starring Michael Caine and Cliff Robertson and location work in the Philippines, the film made an overall loss of $6,765,000, making it one of the biggest money losers in the history of ABC Films Aldrich's next film for ABC was The Grissom Gang (1971), an adaptation of No Orchids for Miss Blandish set in the 1930s, with Scott Wilson and Kim Darby  It was another flop, losing ABC $3,670,000 Films Aldrich announced but did not make around this time included Rebellion, a western about Victoriano Huerta with Ernest Borgnine and George Kennedy;, The Movement, about student protest;  He also developed scripts for books which were turned into films by others: Coffee, Tea or Me? and Monte Walsh By now Aldrich's relationship with ABC had become fraught and devolved into lawsuits, in part caused by ABC refusing to finance other Aldrich projects  Aldrich parted company with ABC and in January 1972 put his studios up for sale In a 1972 interview Aldrich said that:

Lasting power is the most important power  Especially in this business, staying at the plate or staying at the table, staying in the game, is the essential  You can't allow yourself to get passed over or pushed aside  Very, very talented people got pushed aside and remained unused    If you must make a choice between luck and talent, you have to opt for luck  It's nice to have some of both, or a lot of both; but if you can't, luck is the answer  Nowhere else more so than in this business  The right place, the right time, the right script, all the right auspices—they made the difference to directors, writers, actors 

Ulzana's Raid and Emperor of the North Pole
Aldrich returned to westerns with Ulzana's Raid (1972), made at Universal for the Associates and Aldrich with producer Carter De Haven  It reteamed Aldrich with Lancaster for the first time since Vera Cruz  The film was a commercial disappointment but has subsequently come to be regarded as one of his finest films Aldrich followed it with Emperor of the North Pole (1973), a story of railway hobos in the 1930s starring Lee Marvin and Ernest Borgnine  Produced by Hyman at 20th Century Fox, it was another box office failure, though it too has seen its reputation soar in recent years (Leonard Maltin gave it 3 1/2 stars, calling it "unusual, exciting" and a "unique entertainment") 

Two with Burt Reynolds: The Longest Yard and Hustle
Aldrich's commercial fortunes were revived with a prison comedy starring Burt Reynolds,The Longest Yard (1974)  Made for producer Albert S  Ruddy at Paramount, it was Aldrich's biggest hit since The Dirty Dozen Aldrich and Reynolds promptly reteamed on Hustle (1975), made for their own production company RoBurt and released through Paramount  A tough police drama co-starring Catherine Deneuve, it was another box office success  However, tension between Aldrich and Reynolds during filming meant they made no more movies together  In 1975 Aldrich was elected president of the Directors Guild of America and served two two-year terms 

Lorimar: Twilight's Last Gleaming and The Choirboys
Aldrich signed a two-picture deal with Lorimar Productions, a TV company which wanted to move into features 
The first was Twilight's Last Gleaming (1977), an action thriller starring Lancaster  The second was a comedy, The Choirboys (1977), based on the best selling novel by Joseph Wambaugh, which Wambaugh disliked so much he sued to get his name taken off the film 

Final films: The Frisco Kid and All the Marbles
Aldrich's last movies were comedies: The Frisco Kid (1979), set in the West with Gene Wilder and Harrison Ford, and    All the Marbles (1981), set in the world of female wrestling with Peter Falk  Neither was particularly popular 
When the latter film came out, Aldrich said, "I'm 63 and I've had hits every ten years and I just hope I can function long enough to have one in the 90s "

Personal life
From his marriage to Harriet Foster (1941–1965), Aldrich had four children, all of whom work in the film business—Adell, William, Alida and Kelly  In 1966, after divorcing Foster, he married fashion model Sibylle Siegfried 

Death and legacy
Aldrich died of kidney failure on December 5, 1983, in a Los Angeles hospital  He is buried in Lot 5153 of the Whispering Trees Section of Forest Lawn Cemetery in Hollywood Hills Film critic John Patterson summarized his career in 2012: "He was a punchy, caustic, macho and pessimistic director, who depicted corruption and evil unflinchingly, and pushed limits on violence throughout his career  His aggressive and pugnacious film-making style, often crass and crude, but never less than utterly vital and alive, warrants — and will richly reward — your immediate attention "In 2012, John Patterson of The Guardian commented that Aldrich is "a wonderful director nearly 30 years dead now, whose body of work is in danger of slipping over the horizon " Japanese film director Kiyoshi Kurosawa noted Aldrich's influence on him In the FX miniseries Feud: Bette and Joan, Aldrich is portrayed by English actor Alfred Molina  The series follows the productions of Baby Jane and Sweet Charlotte 

Filmography
Films
Other film work
The Southerner (1945) (assistant director)
The Story of G I  Joe (1945) (assistant director)
Force of Evil (1948) (assistant director)
Caught (1949) (uncredited director of reshoots)
When I Grow Up (1950) (assistant director)
Limelight (1952) (assistant director)
The Gamma People (1956) (story)
The Garment Jungle (1957) (uncredited original director)
What Ever Happened to Aunt Alice? (1969) (producer)

Television
Unmade projects
Rebellion (late 1960s) — a western
The Crowded Bed (early 1970s)
The Greatest Mother of 'em All (1969) — the full-length feature was never shot
Rage of Honor (1970s) — western set in 1929 about an aging cowboy
Coffee, Tea or Me?  (early 1970s) — comedy about virginal air stewardess

Footnotes
Sources
Arnold, Edward T  and Miller, Eugene, L  1986  The Films and Career of Robert Aldrich  University of Tennessee Press  Knoxville, Tennessee  ISBN 0-87049-504-6
Sarris, Andrew 1981  What Ever Happened to Bobby Aldrich? CineFiles  University of California, Berkeley Art Museum and Pacific Film Archive  Retrieved 18 October, 2018 
Sauvage, Pierre  1976  Aldrich Interview in Edward Arnold's and Eugene Miller's Robert Aldrich: Interviews, 2004  University of Mississippi Press  ISBN 1-57806-602-6
Silver, Alain and Ursini, James  1995  What Ever Happened to Robert Aldrich?: His Life and His Films Limelight Editions  ISBN 0-87910-185-7
Walsh, David  2018  100 years since the birth of American filmmaker Robert Aldrich: Including an interview with film historian Tony Williams Retrieved 10 October 2018 
Williams, Tony  2003  Body and Soul: the cinematic vision of Robert Aldrich  The Scarecrow Press, Inc  Lanham, Maryland  ISBN 978-0-8108-4993-8

Further reading
Robert Aldrich biography and credits at the BFI's Screenonline Entry written by Robert Shail 
"Aldrich & Associates special section"  Screening the Past (10)  2000  A special issue of a film journal that emerged from a symposium devoted to Aldrich & Associates on August 2, 1998, in Melbourne 
Silver, Alain (May 2002)  "Robert Aldrich"  Senses of Cinema (20)  Silver's contribution to the journal's "Great Directors" series 

External links

Robert Aldrich at IMDb
Robert Aldrich at the TCM Movie Database 
Robert Aldrich at AllMovie
Robert Aldrich at Find a Grave
Literature on Robert Aldrich
Passage 2:
Hush… Hush, Sweet Charlotte
Hush   Hush, Sweet Charlotte is a 1964 American psychological thriller film directed and produced by Robert Aldrich, and starring Bette Davis, Olivia de Havilland, Joseph Cotten, Agnes Moorehead and Mary Astor in her final film role  It follows a middle-aged Southern woman, suspected in the unsolved murder of her lover from decades before, who is plagued by bizarre occurrences after summoning her cousin to help challenge the local government's impending demolition of her home  The screenplay was adapted by Henry Farrell and Lukas Heller, from Farrell's unpublished short story "What Ever Happened to Cousin Charlotte?"
Following his previous success adapting Farrell's novel What Ever Happened to Baby Jane?, Aldrich originally cast the film to reunite Davis with Joan Crawford, despite their notorious turbulence on set  Principal photography began with Davis in the title role and Crawford as Miriam, but shooting was postponed while Crawford dropped out and the role was recast with de Havilland  The film was a critical success, earning seven Academy Award nominations 

Plot
In 1927, young Southern belle Charlotte Hollis and her married lover John Mayhew plan to elope during a party at the Hollis family's antebellum mansion in Ascension Parish, Louisiana  Charlotte's father, Sam, confronts John over the affair and intimidates him with the news that John's wife Jewel visited the day before and revealed the affair  John pretends to Charlotte he can no longer love her and that they must part  Shortly after, John is ambushed and decapitated in the summerhouse by an assailant with a cleaver  Charlotte returns to the house in a bloodstained dress, which all of the guests witness 
Thirty-seven years later, Charlotte, a spinster, having inherited the estate after her father died, is tended to by her loyal housekeeper, Velma  In the intervening years, John's death has remained an unsolved murder, though it is commonly held that Charlotte was responsible  Despite notice from the Louisiana Highway Commission that she has been evicted from the property to make way for the impending construction of a new interstate, Charlotte is defiant, and threatens the demolition crew with a rifle  Seeking help in her fight against the Highway Commission, Charlotte summons Miriam, a poor cousin who lived with the family as a girl, but has since moved to New York City  Miriam returns and soon renews her relationship with Drew Bayliss, a local doctor who jilted her  Charlotte's sanity soon deteriorates following Miriam's arrival, her nights haunted by a mysterious harpsichord playing the song John wrote for her and by the appearance of his disembodied hand and head  Suspecting that Miriam and Drew are after Charlotte's money, Velma seeks help from Mr  Willis, an insurance investigator from England who is still fascinated by the case and who has visited Mayhew's ailing widow, Jewel; she gave him an envelope only to be opened after her death 
Miriam fires Velma, who later returns to discover Charlotte has been drugged  Velma plans to expose Miriam's exploitation of Charlotte, but Miriam hits Velma with a chair and she falls down the stairs to her death  Drew covers up the murder by declaring it an accident  One night, a drugged Charlotte runs downstairs in the grip of a hallucination, believing that John has returned to her  After Miriam tricks the intoxicated Charlotte into shooting Drew with a gun loaded with blanks, the two dispose of his body in a swamp  Charlotte returns to the house and witnesses the revived Drew walking downstairs after he returned, reducing her to insanity  Believing she has shattered Charlotte's mental state, Miriam celebrates with Drew in the garden, where they discuss the plan to have Charlotte committed to a psychiatric hospital and usurp her fortune  Charlotte overhears the entire conversation from the balcony, except for Miriam's admission that she had witnessed Jewel kill John, and has been using the knowledge to blackmail Jewel throughout the years  Charlotte kills Miriam and Drew, by pushing a large stone urn off the  balcony 
The next day, the authorities escort Charlotte from home, as a crowd gathers around to observe the spectacle  Charlotte receives an envelope from Mr Willis, which he received from Jewel (who died of a stroke after hearing of the incident which occurred on the previous night), ostensibly confessing to the murder of her husband John   As the authorities leave with Charlotte, she looks back at the house 

Cast
Production
Development and casting
Following the unexpected box office success of What Ever Happened to Baby Jane? (1962), Aldrich wanted to make a film with similar themes for Joan Crawford and Bette Davis  Their feud was infamous and legendary, and they were not initially eager to repeat themselves  
Writer Henry Farrell, on whose novel the film had been based, had written an unpublished short story called "What Ever Happened to Cousin Charlotte?" that Aldrich envisioned as a suitable follow-up  It told a similar story of a woman who manipulates a relative for personal gain, but for this film, Aldrich's idea was that the two actresses would switch the roles from the previous one, with Crawford playing the devious cousin trying to manipulate the innocent Davis into giving up her estate  Aldrich's frequent collaborator, Lukas Heller, wrote a draft of the screenplay, but was replaced by Farrell in late 1963 Three other cast members from What Ever Happened to Baby Jane? were cast in Hush   Hush, Sweet Charlotte: Wesley Addy, Dave Willock and Victor Buono 

The cast included Mary Astor, a friend of Davis' since their days at Warner Bros  Astor retired from acting and died in 1987  She said: My agent called: 'There's this cameo in a movie with Bette Davis  It's a hell of a part; it could put you right up there again ' I read the script  The opening shot described a severed head rolling down the stairs, and each page contained more blood and gore and hysterics and cracked mirrors and everybody being awful to everybody else  I skipped to my few pages–a little old lady sitting on her veranda waiting to die  There was a small kicker to it inasmuch as it was she who was the murderess in her youth and had started all the trouble  And then in the story, she died  Good! Now, I'd really be dead! And it was with Bette–which seemed sentimentally fitting 

Filming
Principal photography of the film began in mid-1964, with the on-location shooting commencing in Baton Rouge, Louisiana  However, the shoot was temporarily suspended on several occasions early on  Initially, it was halted after a third-party lawsuit was brought against Davis by Paramount Pictures over a commitment to complete additional filming on Where Love Has Gone (1964)  When this was resolved, filming recommenced 
The production was postponed again to allow Crawford to recover after she was admitted into the hospital due to an upper respiratory ailment, though Aldrich hired a private investigator to track her and determine whether or not she was actually ill  By August 4, 1964, the production had been suspended indefinitely, and the studio's insurance company insisted that Crawford be replaced, or else the film would have to be cancelled entirely Aldrich sought several actresses to replace Crawford, including Loretta Young, and Vivien Leigh, but they were each either unable or unwilling to take the role  Aldrich ultimately sought Olivia de Havilland for the part, and flew to her home in Switzerland to attempt to convince her to take the role  de Havilland agreed and she subsequently flew to Los Angeles to begin filming  In later interviews, de Havilland expressed displeasure with the film: "I wasn't thrilled with the script, and I definitely didn't like my part  I was reverse-typecast, being asked to be an unsympathetic villain  It wasn't what people expected of me  It wasn't really what I wanted to do  Bette wanted it so much, so I did it  I can't say I regretted it, because working with her was special, but I can't say it was a picture I am proud to put on my resume  Given the choice, I wouldn't have deprived Joan Crawford of the honor " According to Crawford, she only learned of her firing from a news radio broadcast  However, despite  being replaced (and because a planned reshoot with de Havilland in Louisiana was cancelled), brief footage of Crawford made it into the film, when she is seen sitting in the taxi in the wide shot for Miriam's arrival at the house (Crawford can be seen peering out of the window wearing dark sunglasses/clothing) 
Scenes outside the Hollis mansion were shot on location at Houmas House plantation in Louisiana  Scenes of the interior were shot on a soundstage in Hollywood 

Musical score
The title song by Frank de Vol became a hit for Patti Page, who recorded a version which reached no  8 on the Billboard Hot 100 

Release
Box office
According to Fox records, the film needed to earn $3,900,000 in rentals to break even and made $4,950,000, meaning it made a profit of $1,050,000  In France, the film sold 79,168 tickets 

Critical reception
Hush   Hush, Sweet Charlotte was another hit for Aldrich, opening to positive reviews  A pan, however, came from The New York Times  Bosley Crowther observed, "So calculated and coldly carpentered is the tale of murder, mayhem and deceit that Mr  Aldrich stages in this mansion that it soon appears grossly contrived, purposely sadistic and brutally sickening  So, instead of coming out funny, as did Whatever Happened to Baby Jane?, it comes out grisly, pretentious, disgusting and profoundly annoying "Variety's reviewer wrote: "Davis' portrayal is reminiscent of Jane in its emotional overtones, in her style of characterization of the near-crazed former Southern belle, aided by haggard makeup and outlandish attire  It is an outgoing performance, and she plays it to the limit  De Havilland, on the other hand, is far more restrained but nonetheless effective dramatically in her offbeat role " Judith Crist wrote about the film, "The guignol is about as grand as it gets " Kenneth Tynan asserted that "(Davis) has done nothing better since The Little Foxes " A later review for Time Out (London) observed: "Over the top, of course, and not a lot to it, but it's efficiently directed, beautifully shot, and contains enough scary sequences amid the brooding, tense atmosphere  Splendid performances from Davis and Moorehead, too "On the review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes, 82% of 28 reviews are positive, with an average rating of 7 3/10 

Accolades
Moorehead won the Golden Globe for Best Supporting Actress  The film also received seven nominations (two more than Baby Jane: one less in the acting category, namely for Davis) for the 37th Academy Awards, breaking the record as the most for a horror film up to that time 

Home media
The film was first released on DVD on August 9, 2005  It was re-released on April 8, 2008, as part of The Bette Davis Centenary Celebration Collection 5-DVD box-set  On October 17, 2016, It was released onto high-definition Blu-ray in the US by Twilight Time as a 3,000-print limited edition  Another Blu-ray edition was released in the UK by Eureka Entertainment as a part of their "Masters of Cinema" collection on January 21, 2019 

See also
List of American films of 1964
Psycho-biddy
Passage 3:
A Kiss for Corliss
A Kiss for Corliss (retitled Almost a Bride before its release) is a 1949 American comedy film directed by Richard Wallace, written by Howard Dimsdale, and starring David Niven and Shirley Temple  The film, which was the last for both Wallace and Temple, was released on November 25, 1949, by United Artists  It is a sequel to the 1945 film Kiss and Tell, also directed by Wallace and starring Temple 

Plot
Playboy Kenneth Marquis is divorcing his third wife, who is represented by her attorney, Harry Archer  Corliss, Archer's teenaged daughter, is smitten with the charismatic Marquis and his free-wheeling lifestyle  Marquis sends a box of candy to Corliss, infuriating Archer, who interprets the gift as a jab at his settlement demand  Archer also prohibits Corliss' boyfriend Dexter from dating her after he sees Dexter at the Penguin Club, a restaurant that doubles as a gambling joint  Corliss manipulates Dexter into taking her to the club, but just after they arrive, the club is raided by police  Corliss and Dexter hide in the basement, but are temporarily trapped, causing Corliss to arrive home late, so she feigns amnesia to her parents to cover the truth  To refresh Corliss' memory, Archer reads her diary, which contains her imaginary romantic trysts with Marquis  The contents of the diary, along with Marquis' gift of candy, cause Corliss' parents to assume the worst 
Corliss' friend Raymond Pringle, who publishes a neighborhood paper, shows Marquis some of the diary entries, threatening to publish them unless Marquis buys advertising  Marquis visits the Archers and says that every word in the diary is true, that he is in love with Corliss, and that he wants to make her his fourth wife  When Archer explodes in anger, Corliss admits that the diary is not true and was written to make Dexter jealous  Marquis insists that the diary is true, though Corliss reveals why she was out late  Dexter arrives and eventually agrees with Corliss' version of events, but the Archers remain unconvinced  Marquis announces his engagement to Corliss in the newspaper to sue the Archers for breach of promise when the engagement is cancelled  The Archers delay rescinding the engagement to avoid the appearance of an immediate breach 
Marquis has gifts for Corliss delivered, and Archer is hounded by the media  Corliss continues to insist that the diary is false to her parents' continuing disbelief  Glimpse, a national magazine, runs photos of Marquis and Corliss  Archer's brother Uncle George, a Navy chaplain, visits and offers to perform the wedding  At the wedding rehearsal, held in the Archers' home, Dexter tells Mr  Archer that he has a witness who can attest to Corliss and his version of the events from the night when she was out late  Marquis' lie is revealed and the men escort him outside, where an offscreen fight ensues, and Archer and Dexter both return bloodied  Archer had overcome Marquis in the fight, but Dexter had accidentally hit  Archer  Marquis passes by an open window, his eye blackened, and mocks Archer and Dexter as he departs 

Cast
Shirley Temple as Corliss Archer
David Niven as Kenneth Marquis
Tom Tully as Harry P  Archer
Virginia Welles as Mildred Pringle
Darryl Hickman as Dexter Franklin
Gloria Holden as Mrs  Janet Archer
Robert Ellis as Raymond Pringle
Kathryn Card as Louise
Richard Gaines as Taylor
Roy Roberts as Uncle George
Passage 4:
The Ambulance
The Ambulance is a 1990 American comedy thriller film written and directed by Larry Cohen  It stars Eric Roberts, Megan Gallagher, James Earl Jones, Janine Turner, Red Buttons, and Eric Braeden as the Doctor  Kevin Hagen plays a cop   In his first film role, Stan Lee of Marvel Comics has a small role as himself 

Plot
Aspiring comic book artist Josh Baker meets a young woman named Cheryl on the streets of New York City, who proceeds to collapse and is rushed to a hospital by an ambulance   When Josh arrives at the hospital, he is shocked to find that there is no record of Cheryl ever being admitted and he soon learns another startling discovery, Cheryl's roommate also vanished after being picked up by the same ambulance 
Convinced that there is some sort of conspiracy going on, Josh proceeds to investigate the disappearances, despite the overt disdain and discouragement from Lt  Spencer 

Cast
Eric Roberts as Josh Baker
James Earl Jones as Lieutenant Frank Spencer
Megan Gallagher as Officer Sandra Malloy
Red Buttons as Elias Zacharai
Janine Turner as Cheryl Turner
Eric Braeden as The Doctor
Richard Bright as Detective Jerry McClosky
James Dixon as Detective John "Jughead" Ryan
Jill Gatsby as Jerilyn O'Brien
Martin Barter as Street Gang Leader
Laurene Landon as Patty
Nick Chinlund as Hugo (as Nicholas Chinlund)
Beatrice Winde as Head Nurse
Kevin Hagen as Cop At Stables
Matt Norklun as Ambulance Driver
Rudy Jones as Ambulance Driver
Stan Lee as Marvel Comics Editor
Deborah Hedwall as Nurse Barbera Feinstein
Susan Blommaert as Hospital Receptionist
Jordan Derwin as Hospital Official
Alexandra Jones as The Waitress
Michael O'Hare as Hal

Production
Cohen later said he was inspired by "the concept of taking something that is thought of as being benign or benevolent    or anything else that has a safe and wholesome image, and turning it into an object of terror " He had done this for It's Alive (babies) and The Stuff (junk food) and wanted to do it with ambulances  "When you hear or see an ambulance on the street, it’s usually considered to be something that is going to rescue you and take care of you, a vehicle of mercy," said Cohen  "In this story, it’s actually a vehicle of murder  The whole idea of an ambulance that suddenly arrives from nowhere, picks people up, and takes them away to some dark place where they are never seen or heard of again was completely original and creepy "Cohen says at one stage the financiers wanted a "classier" title than The Ambulance so he retitled it In Thin Air  They changed their mind and the film went back to being called The Ambulance  In the May, 1990 edition of his column Stan's Soapbox, Stan Lee mentions playing himself in a scene in "an adventure mystery called Into Thin Air and refers to the name change in a later column Cohen wanted to cast John Travolta or Jim Carrey in the lead but his producers refused Donald Trump made a small cameo in a deleted scene 
Jamie Lee Curtis was originally considered to play Officer Sandra Malloy
The role of the villain was originally played by Wesley Addy  However Cohen was unhappy with his performance and recast the role with Eric Braeden  Braeden's casting came at the suggestion of Cohen's mother who was a fan of The Young and the Restless 

Home media
The film was released on Blu-ray on March 13, 2018 by Scream Factory 

See also
List of films featuring diabetes
Passage 5:
Vera Cruz (film)
Vera Cruz is a 1954 American Western film directed by Robert Aldrich and starring Gary Cooper and Burt Lancaster, featuring Denise Darcel, Sara Montiel, Cesar Romero, Ernest Borgnine, Charles Bronson and Jack Elam  Set during the Franco-Mexican War, the film centers on a group of American mercenaries tasked with transporting a large shipment of Imperial gold to the port of Veracruz, but begin to have second thoughts about their allegiances  It was produced by Hecht-Lancaster Productions and released by United Artists on 25 December 1954 
The picture's amoral characters and cynical attitude towards violence (including a scene where Lancaster's character threatens to murder child hostages) were considered shocking at the time and influenced future Westerns such as The Magnificent Seven (1960), The Professionals (1966), Sam Peckinpah's The Wild Bunch (1969), and the Spaghetti Western films of Sergio Leone, which often featured supporting cast members from Vera Cruz in similar roles  Its influence on the latter led some critics to label it "the first Spaghetti Western "

Plot
During the Franco-Mexican War, ex-Confederate soldier Ben Trane travels to Mexico seeking a job as a mercenary  He falls in with Joe Erin, a younger gunslinger who heads a gang of cutthroats  They are recruited by Marquis Henri de Labordere for service with Emperor Maximilian  Maximilian offers them $25,000 to escort the Countess Duvarre to the city of Veracruz  Trane gets the emperor to double the offer 
During a river crossing, Trane notices that the stagecoach in which the countess is traveling is extremely heavy  Erin and Trane later discover that hidden inside are six cases of gold coins  The countess informs them that it is worth $3 million which is intended to pay for reinforcements from Europe  They form an uneasy alliance to steal and split the gold  Unbeknownst to them, the marquis is listening from the shadows 
The Juaristas, led by General Ramírez, attack the column several times  Pickpocket and Juarista undercover agent Nina joins the convoy  When Trane, Erin and their men are surrounded by the Juaristas, Trane persuades Ramirez to join forces and agree to pay them $100,000  The marquis succeeds in getting the gold to Veracruz  In the Juarista attack, the French are defeated, but most of Erin's men are killed  Erin attempts to steal the gold for himself by getting the countess to reveal the location of the ship she had hired to transport it  He even kills one of his own men  However, Trane arrives in time to confront him  They face off in a showdown that ends in Erin's death  Trane and Nina leave, while women search the dead for their loved ones 

Cast
Production
Burt Lancaster and Harold Hecht had just signed a contract with United Artists to make two films, starting with Apache, also directed by Robert Aldrich  Just before filming on that movie began in October 1953, Lancaster announced their second film would be Vera Cruz with himself and Gary Cooper, based on a story by Borden Chase In December 1953, after Apache finished filming, Lancaster announced Aldrich would direct Vera Cruz United Artists were so happy with Apache they changed the two-picture deal with Hecht and Lancaster into a two-year deal covering seven films 

Casting
Before taking the role of Ben Trane, Gary Cooper was advised by Clark Gable not to work with Burt Lancaster, fearing the younger actor would upstage him Mari Blanchard was meant to play the female lead and Hecht signed to borrow her from Universal  However, there was a clause forbidding her to appear on television which Hecht disagreed with  Instead they cast Denise Darcel  Mamie Van Doren claimed in her autobiography Playing the Field that Lancaster interviewed her for the role of the Countess, but she lost the part after refusing to sleep with him Charles Bronson was billed under his real name, 'Charles Buchinsky', in the film  This would mark the last time he would be credited that way, before he adopted his more well-known stage name 

Shooting
Filming started in February 1954  Vera Cruz was the first American film production to be shot entirely in Mexico  Though set in the city of Veracruz, the majority of the film was actually shot in and around Cuernavaca  Exterior shots were filmed at Chapultepec Castle in Mexico City, the ruins of Teotihuacan, and the climax was shot at Molino de Flores Nezahualcóyotl National Park in Texcoco de Mora  The interiors were filmed at Estudios Churubusco Vera Cruz was also the first production to use the SuperScope widescreen process, which was designed to achieve anamorphic prints from standard flat 35mm negatives  Shot at a conventional 1 37:1 aspect ratio, the film was cropped to 2:1 in post-production, given a CinemaScope-compatible (2x) squeeze, and blown up to normal frame height  
Aldrich and Lancaster got along well on Apache but as to Vera Cruz, the director said "we probably had a less amicable relationship than we anticipated  This was because Burt, until he directed The Kentuckian, thought he was going to be a director and when you're directing your first great big picture you don't welcome somebody else on hand with directorial notions  There were a few differences of opinion about concepts and about action " Lancaster recalled that Cooper demanded rewrites to his character to make him less morally-gray and more conventionally heroic 
According to Eli Wallach, the Mexican authorities were appalled at the unflattering depiction of their country, so any subsequent Hollywood productions (including The Magnificent Seven) were thoroughly overseen by state censors 

Reception
The film earned an estimated $5 million at the North American box office during its first run and $9 million overall In 1963, Aldrich announced he was working on a sequel There Really Was a Gold Mine but it was never made 

Legacy
Critic and historian Dave Kehr would later cite Vera Cruz as one of the most influential films of the 1950s, inspiring later Westerns by such directors as Sam Peckinpah and especially Sergio Leone  Kehr also praised Cooper and Lancaster's performances in the film, writing that "the generational transition from an aging star to his up-and-coming replacement has seldom been handled with better humor or more biting wit "

Home media
Vera Cruz was released to DVD by MGM Home Video on March 20, 2001, and to Blu-Ray on June 7, 2011  Kino Lorber re-released the film on Blu-ray on October 12, 2021 

See also
You Can't Win 'Em All, a 1970 film with a similar plot set in the Greco-Turkish War 
Passage 6:
Ten Tall Men
Ten Tall Men is a 1951 American adventure film starring Burt Lancaster about the French Foreign Legion during the Rif War in Morocco  Though co-written and directed by Willis Goldbeck, Goldbeck walked off the film due to disputes with Lancaster (whose own company, Norma Productions, produced the film) with the movie being completed by Robert Parrish   Credited as an associate producer, Robert Aldrich was a production manager on the film where he met Lancaster, which led him to direct Vera Cruz for him  Robert Clary made his debut in the film as an Arab batman  Portions of the film were filmed in Palm Springs, California  The story was released as a Fawcett Movie Comic #16 in April 1951 

Plot
After capturing an important Rif prisoner in an undercover operation, Sergeant Mike Kincaid (Lancaster) is imprisoned himself for striking a lieutenant (Stephen Bekassy) who beats a French woman (Mari Blanchard) with his riding crop for preferring Kincaid to him  Kincaid has a longstanding rivalry with the lieutenant, but the lieutenant is now in command of the company holding the city of Tarfa while the regiment is away  As the ranking officer, the lieutenant uses Kincaid's striking of him to get his revenge 
Kincaid is imprisoned alongside seven military prisoners and the captured Rif who has refused to talk, with the lieutenant refusing food and water to both Kincaid and the Rif   When his two comrades-in-arms who accompanied him on the mission, Corporals Luis Delgado (Gilbert Roland) and Pierre Molier (Kieron Moore), sneak food and water to Kincaid, he shares them with the Rif   To repay Kincaid's kindness and assuage his own guilt for telling the lieutenant about Kincaid's assignation with the Frenchwoman, the tells of an impending attack on Tarfa while the garrison is weak  The Rif believes Kincaid will escape to save himself, but he instead warns the lieutenant 
The experienced Kincaid tells the lieutenant that their only chance is to release him to lead a series of guerrilla hit-and-run attacks to delay the enemy for five days until the regiment returns   The lieutenant agrees, but only if Kincaid will testify that the idea was his  Kincaid agrees to his terms  The only men available for the mission are the seven prisoners, who receive full pardons for their crimes   His two corporals join them, raising their number to ten 
When scouting an enemy camp, the Legionnaires discover two rival tribes have joined forces, making them strong enough to take the city  Using his expertise in disguise and language, Kincaid finds out that the Rif leader, Khalid Hussein (Gerald Mohr), is marrying Mahla (Jody Lawrance) in order to cement an alliance with the other tribe  Kincaid kidnaps her to force the enemy to chase him for the five days 
Mahla begins to fall in love with her handsome captor, as Hussein pursues the Legionnaires across the desert  In the midst of the dangers, the patrol finds a destroyed Legion truck containing a safe that one of the men opens, revealing a large Legion payroll  When Jardine (John Dehner) tries to get away with the payroll, he is shot, but that tells the Rifs where they are 
Kincaid is eventually captured and Mahla freed  She demands that Kincaid be released unharmed, or she will not marry Hussein  Hussein reluctantly does so  Kincaid and his men infiltrate the wedding ceremony, and fighting breaks out  Mahla's tribe switches sides, and Hussein is killed 

Cast
Production
The film was the first of a two-picture deal Columbia Pictures signed with Norma Productions, the company of Burt Lancaster and Harold Hecht  (The second was to be Small Wonder, a film in which Lancaster would not appear )It was originally a Western story by James Warner Bellah and Willis Goldbeck which concerned conflict between the US cavalry and Apaches  Producer Harold Hecht and star Burt Lancaster then decided that "John Ford and other Hollywood operators have so effectively decimated the Apache population" that they hired writer A I  Bezzerides to reimagine the story with a Foreign Legion setting which wound up involving the Rif War (1911-1927)  Roland Kibbee and Frank Davis were hired to rewrite the script to make it more comedic The film was shot in February 1950 at the Columbia Ranch in the San Fernando Valley and on location in Yuma, Arizona 

Notes
External links
Ten Tall Men at the American Film Institute Catalog
Ten Tall Men at IMDb
Ten Tall Men at the TCM Movie Database
Passage 7:
Enteng the Dragon
Enteng the Dragon is a 1988 Philippine comedy film directed by Romy Villaflor and written by Tony S  Mortel  It is a parody of the film Enter the Dragon 

Plot
The story revolves around \ Enteng (Dolphy) a vendor of a mobile food house in China Town  Enteng is known for his humor, and a journalist and star reporter named Rowena (Dang Cecilio) was interested to cover his story after her Editor-in-Chief saw him as worthy of human interest  Kuto (Vandolph), a young boy that he found sleeping in his food wagon, led him to the shrine of the monks, that sealed his destiny as a vigilante and hero 

Cast
Dolphy as Enteng
Vandolph as Kuto
Dang Cecilio as Rowena
Eddie Garcia as the Evil Leader
Monica Herrera as Christina
Monsour del Rosario
Rommel Valdez
Tsing Tong Tsai
Panchito
Babalu
Don Pepot
Che-Che Sta  Ana
Roy Aoyama
Ros Olgado
Ernie Ortega
Estrella Querubin

Production
The film was produced by the RVQ Productions, a production owned by Dolphy himself 

Release
The film was released on July 14, 1988 

Accolades
Passage 8:
O Cangaceiro
O Cangaceiro (lit  "The Cangaceiro"; also known as The Bandit and The Bandits) is a 1953 Brazilian adventure western film directed by Lima Barreto  After some reluctance by its studio Vera Cruz, Barreto shot it in 1952  After its release it was national and international success, and won several awards, including the Adventure Film Award at the 1953 Cannes Film Festival  It was poorly received in retrospect despite being praised by the time of its release and started a subgenre in Brazilian cinema 

Cast
Alberto Ruschel as Teodoro
Marisa Prado as Olívia
Milton Ribeiro as Galdino
Vanja Orico as Maria Clódia
Adoniran Barbosa as Mané Mole

Production
In 1950, Lima Barreto joined the film studio Companhia Cinematográfica Vera Cruz invited by its then president Alberto Cavalcanti  After releasing two documentaries successfully for the studio, Painel and Santuário, Barreto get the chance to direct a feature film  With the idea to shoot a film about Lampião since the early 1940s, he only commenced to shoot it in 1952 after some reluctance by Franco Zampari, Vera Cruz's founder  Although he went to Bahia and did some research there, it was shot in Vargem Grande do Sul, São Paulo, with a production that lasted nine months due to internal conflicts 

Reception
O Cangaceiro was released on January 20, 1953, and was  a public success; it grossed ₢$30 million (about US$1 5 million) in the 24 Brazilian theaters in which it spent six weeks  After its national success, it was distributed to over 80 countries, becoming one of the most internationally successful Brazilian films—a feat uncommon in that time  It led it to be considered Vera Cruz's "high point" and its "most important production" by Georges Sadoul, author of Dictionary of Films, and by O Estado de S  Paulo's Luiz Zanin, respectively After winning several Brazilian awards, the film was entered into the 1953 Cannes Film Festival, where it was "much liked for its original and truly national flavour " O Cangaceiro won the Best Adventure Film Award, making it the first Brazilian film to win a prize at Cannes, and received a special mention to Gabriel Migliori's musical composition  At the Edinburgh International Film Festival it was awarded the Best Film It received mixed commentaries since its release  It was once voted the best Brazilian film in 1968 by National Film Institute's magazine Revista Film Cultura  Sadoul declared, "Lima Barreto well conveys a sense of poetry of the open desert space of the Sertão and makes this story lively and suspenseful"  After praising its cast performances and its "thrilling" musical score, Bosley Crowther of The New York Times said, "This [O] Cangaceiro is a picture that will cause the Western fans to rub their eyes " However, Cinema Novo representants—mainly Glauber Rocha—would criticize it for borrowing too much the style of American films  Critics also went on to comment on its "sociological inaccuracies "

Legacy
It is the first film to mix cangaço with Western, starting a genre called "Nordestern" —an amalgam of the words "Nordeste" (Northeast) and "Western"  It would be followed by successful films such as Carlos Coimbra's A Morte Comanda o Cangaço (1960), Lampião, o Rei do Cangaço (1964) and Corisco, o Diabo Louro (1969), and Aurélio Teixeira's Os Três Cabras de Lampião  It also established cangaço as a subgenre in Brazilian cinema; subsequently, cangaço would be featured as a theme from comedy—such as Os Três Cangaceiro and O Lamparina—to pornochanchada films—As Cangaceiras Eróticas and A Ilha das Cangaceiras Virgens  Also, Ruschel and Ribeiro would reprise the role of "good cangaceiro" and "bad cangaceiro" in other films 
Context 2: Passage 1:
Harbor Square
Harbor Square, formerly Shore Mall, is a shopping plaza (formerly a shopping mall) in Egg Harbor Township, New Jersey in the United States on U S  Route 40/U S  Route 322 originally known as "Searstown"  The plaza is accessible from Exit 36 off the Garden State Parkway  The plaza is owned by Aetna Realty  The plaza has a gross leasable area of 337,423 ft², formerly 620,000 ft² when it was a mall, located on 73 acres (300,000 m2) of land  The plaza's anchor stores include Boscov's, Restaurant Depot and Proshot Pickleball 

History
1968-1988
Shore Mall originally opened in 1968 as an open-air mall called Searstown  Original anchor stores included Sears, Grant City and a Pantry Pride supermarket  Between 1971 and 1974, the mall was enclosed and expanded, with regional up-market department store Steinbach being added as a fourth anchor store  A time capsule was buried next to the Steinbach store to be opened 100 years later on March 20, 2074  Grant City was  shuttered in 1976 when the chain declared bankruptcy; by the end of the year, JCPenney opened in the former Grant City space  Pantry Pride was subsequently replaced with Foodtown, and the mall was renamed Shore Mall 
In 1987, Developer Kravco Company (Kravco Company LLC) and JCP Realty, the development arm of JCPenney, opened the new Hamilton Mall about 5 miles west on the Black Horse Pike (U S  Route 40 and U S  Route 322)   This caused problems with the Shore Mall, because the Sears and JCPenney anchors moved to the Hamilton Mall  With the two anchors gone, Shore Mall underwent a fair sized renovation enclosing the still open-air portion between the two anchors (pictured to the right in December 2012) as well as re-tiling the mall to its current blue and white color scheme 
In 1988 Clover, a discount chain owned by the Strawbridge's chain (now Macy's), soon opened in the former JCPenney/Grant City space, while Boscov's replaced the former Sears   Circuit City opened in the former Foodtown, which closed in the early 1990s  Steinbach went out of business in 1995 but was replaced in 1996 with Value City Department Store  Clover closed in 1997 when that chain also faced closure by its parent company, becoming Burlington Coat Factory a year later 

2004-2010
In 2004, Circuit City moved to a strip mall called Hamilton Commons near the Hamilton Mall  The Circuit City's location at the mall was replaced with a K&G Fashion Superstore in 2006 (which has since closed)  Since then it has remained vacant but in 2012 it was rented by The Spirit Halloween Costume Store as a seasonal tenant  In January 2006, the Shore Mall was sold Cedar Realty Trust (Formally Cedar Shopping Centers) for $36 5 million   Their initial plan was to "de-mall" the mall converting it into an open-air plaza 
In 2008, the Value City store at Shore Mall was among 24 locations sold by Value City's parent company to Burlington Coat Factory  The store closed on September 21, 2008 and remained vacant until it was occupied temporarily by The Community Food Bank of New Jersey in 2011-2012 while their permanent location was torn down and reconstructed 
Construction began in 2010 on a Golden Corral restaurant near the main entrance to the mall (where the former Dairy Queen stood, before moving into the outer building where the AT&T store and Wells Fargo bank are located) and opened in 2011 
In August 2010, Cedar Shopping Centers applied for a state Economic Redevelopment and Growth(ERG) grant in the amount of $3 million to $41 million  The grant would be used to help finance an $87 million revamp of the mall  The plan called for demolishing most of the mall (except Boscov's, Burlington Coat Factory, and all everything else that can be seen from the Black Horse Pike), then converting the site to a strip mall with four additional large stores  It also includes $23 million for transportation upgrades such as a reconfiguration of Exit 36 of the Garden State Parkway, an intersection between West Jersey Avenue and the Black Horse Pike, and a boulevard style road network 

2012-present
In July 2012, Cedar Realty Trust stated that they will be razing 1/3 (over 250,000 square feet) of the mall including the former Value City location   Most tenants will have to relocate as the space will be torn down  After demolition, Cedar Realty Trust plans to do some improvements to the location such as a new south entrance to what is remained of the main shopping center, new landscaping, parking lot improvements, and fencing off the excess land in the rear part of the property to put up for sale as vacant commercial land unless phases of new development occur under the owner On January 28, 2013,  the Steinbach Time Capsule was dug up in a small ceremony due to demolition process needing it to be moved  The plaque and contents of the capsule were given to the Egg Harbor Township Historical Society who will create a display in remembrance of the mall at their location  Demolition continued through early-mid 2013, including the former Value City store 
The Motor Vehicle Commission office closed on August 23 and August 24, 2013, due to demolition of the back of the mall and the relocation to behind Boscov's which opened on August 26The center was renamed Harbor Square in October 2013  In February 2014, Cedar Realty Trust sold Harbor Square to Aetna Realty for $25 million In early 2017 the Carrabba's was closed abruptly along with 13 others due to under performance, in Fall 2019, Burlington Coat Factory moved to Consumer Square in Mays Landing 
In May 2023 Restaurant Depot opened in the old Burlington Coat Factory along with Proshot Pickleball and Umi Sushi & Seafood Buffet 

Gallery
Passage 2:
Smith Road, Chennai
Smith Road in Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India branches off from Anna Salai, Chennai's arterial road near Spencer Plaza from the TVS Junction to join Whites Road near Hobart Muslim Girls Higher Secondary School Major companies and organizations located at this road includes

TVS Motors
Data Software Research Company
Passage 3:
Ashley Landing
Ashley Landing (originally opened as Ashley Plaza and later known as Ashley Plaza Mall) is a shopping mall in Charleston, South Carolina, United States  It was the first indoor shopping mall in the West Ashley area of Charleston when the complex was fully completed in 1972  The center, located at 1401 Sam Rittenberg Boulevard (S C  Highway 7) at the fork of Old Towne Road (S C  Highway 171) was developed by Gate City Realty Company of Fort Lauderdale, Florida  Ground was broken for the complex in 1962 with Ashley Plaza opening on April 16, 1964   At its opening the shopping center consisted of J M  Fields Department Stores joined to a Pantry Pride supermarket, built at a cost of $1 75 million and owned by Sumar Corporation of South Carolina  The locally owned Condon's Department Store, constructed adjacent to Pantry Pride as a freestanding building, became the third tenant when it opened in 1970  The center, originally known as "Ashley Plaza" was noted for its large red and white neon pylon "Ashley Plaza" sign in the center of the parking lot that remained until 1989 when it was destroyed by Hurricane Hugo 

Expansion and mall addition
In April 1972 an indoor shopping mall that was created by adding on to the shopping plaza and enclosing the area between Pantry Pride and Condon's Department Store opened  The mall featured a number of local retailers as well as nationally known retailers and specialty shops and a dual screen General Cinemas (which was later expanded to three screens)  A third department store, the locally owned Edward's was also added at this time  With the completion of the enclosed mall came a new name, Ashley Plaza Mall 

Turbulent 1970s and 1980s
The mall thrived for many years during the 1970s, but was dealt several blows beginning in the late 1970s  Perhaps the most devastating was the bankruptcy and subsequent closure of J M  Fields and Pantry Pride leaving one entire wing of the shopping complex vacant  Locally owned Edward's, on the opposite end of the mall, was purchased by the Kuhn's-Big K Corporation who renamed the store "Big K-Edwards "  The changes were in name only as the merchandise mix was not altered with the sale  Big K was subsequently sold to Wal-Mart Stores, Inc  who closed the Big K-Edwards store as it was not large enough to operate as a Wal-Mart  This left another large vacancy on the other end of the shopping center 
The mall's owners worked diligently to secure replacement anchor tenants for the vacant buildings and were successful in leasing the vacant J M  Fields building to the F W  Woolworth Company which opened a Woolco Department Store in the building  The Pantry Pride store was leased to a local businessman who opened Jameson's Red & White Supermarket in the vacated space  The former Edward's store remained vacant for a number of years before finally being subdivided and leased to a mattress shop and an unfinished furniture store  While all appeared to be on the upswing for the newly invigorated mall, change was again in store and would deal another devastating blow to the mall 

Woolco closure and Citadel Mall opening
The early 1980s brought a surprising announcement when the F W  Woolworth Company announced that it was closing all Woolco stores in the United States in 1983  The 87,000-square-foot (8,100 m2) big box store would again be left vacant which made a tremendous impact on traffic at the mall  Two years before Woolco closed, the new 100-store Citadel Mall opened less than three miles (5 km) away from Ashley Plaza Mall  Many of the major national retailers pulled out of Ashley Plaza Mall and opened new locations in the much larger, more modern Citadel Mall  The mall struggled to survive as occupancy rates fell significantly  The supermarket space that formerly housed Pantry Pride and later Jameson's Red & White was leased to another locally based supermarket retailer known as The Big W Food Warehouse and ultimately closed  This space would later temporarily become a locally operated fruit and vegetable retailer for a short time 
A large portion of the mall, including the space formerly occupied by Edward's, was closed in the late 1980s and vacant stores were combined and reconfigured for a Burlington Coat Factory store leaving only one small wing of the indoor mall operating with a handful of merchants 

Hurricane Hugo
On September 22, 1989, the mall was dealt another tremendous blow with the arrival of Hurricane Hugo which caused severe roof and water damage to many of the stores and destroyed some of the exterior facades  It would be several months before the majority of the stores could be repaired and reopened  The exterior was given a fresh new look with synthetic stucco and paint and redesigned storefronts and the remaining interior mall wing was updated with lighter floors and decor  The mall was renamed Ashley Landing (complete with new signage) to honor its close proximity to the nearby Charles Towne Landing state historic site, and "mall" was officially dropped from the name  The remaining indoor mall wing was closed within a short period of time and the individual store spaces combined and converted into space for another discount retailer, 50-Off Stores, which also ultimately closed, thus ending the mall's classification as a true indoor mall 

Conversion to a strip shopping center
With the mall's two concourses now combined to make space for big box retailers, the shopping center returned to its original roots as a strip shopping center  The former Woolco space had been subdivided into two smaller spaces and a portion was leased to Brendle's Catalog Showroom and the remaining space to a regionally owned clothing store, United Clothing Company  The clothing store closed within a year of opening although Brendle's, which had opened in the late 1980s, was rebuilt after Hurricane Hugo and reopened a newly designed store  The store remained at Ashley Landing until the company's subsequent bankruptcy in the mid-1990s  Discount retailer Big Lots leased the former grocery store space and remains there today  Upon Brendle's departure, the subdivided space that originally housed J M  Fields and later Woolco was once again converted back into a single 87,000-square-foot (8,100 m2) building and leased in 1997 to Carolina Pottery, a large regionally based importer of pottery, housewares and china 
Carolina Pottery remained at the center until 2001 when they suddenly broke their lease and departed resulting in a lawsuit filed by the center's owner, Ashley Plaza Mall Associates  The Carolina Pottery space was once again subdivided - this time into 3 separate buildings, with portions being leased to Dollar Tree and Pivotal Fitness, with a remaining 24,500-square-foot (2,280 m2) space leased to NAPA Auto Parts 
Another dispute emerged between original anchor, Condon's Department Stores, and Ashley Plaza Mall Associates over the center's construction of a new Publix Super Market addition that left large piles of dirt in the parking area, which Condon's claimed blocked customer access to their store and created a dangerous situation for customers  The dispute ultimately led to the Condon's store closing after their lease was not renewed 

Ashley Landing today
The center still suffered from an identity crisis in 2000 when the City of Charleston, in conjunction with the adjoining residential neighborhoods conducted a design charrette for the Ashley Landing site and recommended a number of improvements to the shopping center's owners for revitalization  The city proposed an extensive overhaul of the property in an attempt to make it a neighborhood gathering place, complete with redesigned buildings that would include retail, offices and residences  Design elements such as new store facades, extensive landscaping and brick pedestrian crosswalks were proposed  Representatives from The Cordish Company indicated that they were interested in the city's plans but could not commit to any revitalization efforts due to existing store leases 
It was announced on February 5, 2014, that Faison Enterprises Inc  of Charlotte, NC acquired Ashley Landing for $19 2 million   Faison is currently undertaking an extensive renovation, revitalization and expansion of the property and adding new tenants that are better suited to the area   While initial and substantial improvements are underway, Faison has indicated that this is a long-term redevelopment project   In conjunction with the redevelopment plans, Faison also acquired the adjacent vacant former Piggly Wiggly building and adjoining property located on Sumar Street, which was later sold to the City of Charleston   Faison Enterprises spun off a majority of its retail holdings in 2017, including Ashley Landing, to a newly formed sister company, Wintergreen Capital 
Passage 4:
Desert Fashion Plaza
Desert Fashion Plaza, formerly known as Desert Inn Fashion Plaza, was an enclosed shopping mall located in Palm Springs, California  The mall was originally developed by Home Savings and Loan Association, which sold the shopping center to Desert Plaza Partnership  In the early 1980s, Desert Plaza Partnership sold the property to DeBartolo Corporation which expanded and revamped the mall to accommodate more shops  Subsequently, sales declined prompting major retailers to close down business at the Desert Fashion Plaza  In 2002, John Wessman of Wessman Development bought the property and proposed a significant redevelopment on the whole site  Demolition began to take place in 2013, and shops, restaurants, and a six-story hotel have opened on part of the site with more planned 
Former anchor tenants in the mall were Saks Fifth Avenue, I  Magnin, and Bank of America The mall was used as the set for the fictional S'wallow Valley Mall in the 2012 comedy film, Tim and Eric's Billion Dollar Movie 

History
The site of the Desert Fashion Plaza was formerly a resort hotel named the Desert Inn opened and operated by Nellie Coffman, an early settler of Palm Springs  After Nellie's death in the 1950s, sons George Roberson and Earl Coffman, who had continuously assisted Nellie in the operation of the Inn, sold it in 1955 to actress Marion Davies By April 1956, there were plans for a $4 5 million, five story hotel and shopping center on the site  The project would have originally included a swimming pool, a Las Vegas-style restaurant, and a theater for both Broadway plays and cinema films during the winter and summer seasons, respectively  The hotel itself would accommodate 200 rooms and suites, along with a parking space for 1,000 cars  Victor Gruen and Associates were to be the architects to design the project, with Joseph Bliti of New York being contracted for the proposed construction  The proposed center was scheduled for completion by November 1957  However, the plans never came to fruition due to Davies's health deteriorating at the time 
Davies eventually sold the land for $2 5 million to developers Samuel Firks and George Alexander in 1960  Alexander and Firks originally envisioned an eight-story hotel that would accommodate 300 rooms and a 1,600 parking space facility for a proposed $4 million  Plans for redeveloping the Desert Inn fell, which prompted the Alexander Construction Company to focus more of using the property for commercial use instead On November 14, 1965, Alexander and his spouse Mildred, along with their son Robert and his wife Helene, were all killed when their plane impacted shortly after taking off from Palm Springs International Airport  The plane was expected to reach Hollywood-Lockheed Air Terminal, but the plane lost control while in flight and collided into the Chocolate Mountains region near Indio, California  All plans for redeveloping the old site were dropped 

Operation
After Alexander's death, Home Savings and Loan Association obtained the Desert Inn property in 1966  That same year, developer Joseph K  Eichenbaum released a statement on plans of constructing a multi-million dollar commercial center on the old site  Architect Charles Luckman was commissioned to design the new shopping mall  Demolition of the Desert Inn began in August 1966 The Desert Inn Fashion Plaza was officially opened to the public on October 16, 1967, with the grand opening of a 20,000 square-foot I  Magnin, which represented the retailer's return to Palm Springs after its 1933–1942 presence with a resort shop at the El Mirador Hotel  A month before the mall opened, Luckman and Leonard R  Lockhart, first vice president of Home Savings and Loan Associates, were both honored by Southern California Edison for the all-electrical design In 1969, Joseph Magnin Co  broke ground on a 26,000 square foot department store in the mall  The new store would anchor at the corner of North Palm Canyon Drive and Andreas Road, and was set to open in September the same year  San Francisco-based architects, Skidmore, Owings & Merrill, would design the store, along with contractors Diversified Builders, Inc 
In addition, 12 other major establishments also opened up in the new mall, including: Bank of America, Belmont Savings & Loan, P'iddlers Three Restaurant, Stuard's Sahara, Silverwoods, Islamania, Michael's, Robert Sands Hairstyling, Master's Candies, Village Card & Gift Shop and Orange Julius In 1978, Home Savings and Loan Associates sold the Desert Inn Fashion Plaza to Desert Plaza Partnership  The group compromised Arthur Gilbert, David Blum and Gerson Fox; three partners that were based in Los Angeles 

Expansion
During the 1980s, major shopping destinations such as Palm Desert Town Center and the El Paseo Shopping District were growing rapidly in Palm Desert, California  National chains also opened up businesses throughout the Palm Desert area  Because of this, most local shops that were in the central hub of Palm Springs began to shift away into other areas that were also seeing growth  This situation prompted Desert Plaza Partnership to focus on plans of expanding the mall 
In 1983, Edward J  DeBartolo Corp  announced an agreement with Desert Plaza Partnership to renovate the Desert Inn Fashion Plaza for $42 million  The Ohio-based corporation planned to enlarge the mall to accommodate more tenants, a six-story hotel, and underground parking  Meanwhile, the local redevelopment agency was authorized to help developers acquire the additional property needed for the potential project In 1984, redevelopment took place by first razing historic-period buildings on the site, and setting up the new section on top  At the same time, Joseph Magnin announced that they would close their remaining 24 stores, including the one in Palm Springs due to bankruptcy 
The mall was officially opened on November 16, 1985, under the new name of Desert Fashion Plaza  I  Magnin and Saks Fifth Avenue would serve as the main anchors of the newly redeveloped mall, as well as a hotel called Maxim's Paris Suite Hotel 

Decline
Despite the new stores that were opened, mall traffic did not increase considerably  In the years to come, retail sales declined and by 1991, Silverwoods men's clothing and Marie Callender's moved out of the still partially vacant Desert Fashion Plaza  Hyatt Regency Suites bought the hotel management and renamed it as Hyatt Palm Springs 
In 1992, R H  Macy & Co  closed the Palm Springs location of I  Magnin after several years in operation citing that their store was not a “suitable location" at the Desert Fashion Plaza In 1995, developer Mark Bragg, a former adviser to Ronald Reagan, and the ever-present Eddie DeBartolo Jr  teamed up to pass a measure which approved card clubs at three sites: two controlled by Bragg, and the third at DeBartolo's Desert Fashion Plaza mall  Palm Springs voted a ballot by a 2-to-1 margin for the gambling establishment 
At a cost of $13 5 million, Phoenix-based Arizona Partners became the new owners of Desert Fashion Plaza  Arizona Partners planned on expanding the Desert Fashion Plaza to over 350,000 square feet and removing the roof to make the mall open-air  The main entrance was to be an open air plaza with outdoor dining, shops, and gather places, plus a 3,000-seat cinema and a 2,400 seat live theater; the project would have been renamed The Promenade  The first phase of the project would begin in mid-1998 and be completed sometime at the end of the year 
By the beginning of 1999, about 75% of the tenants inside the mall were closed down  At the same time, San Diego-based Excel Legacy Corporation scrapped Arizona Partners's concepts and proposed its own project  Developer MBK Southern California Ltd  would design the center  Their decision was to bulldoze the whole mall and replace it with an open air plaza  Proposed tenants included Saks, a two-story multiplex theater, a food court, gourmet market, restaurants and various specialty shops  However, the concept was never realized, and the owners decided to sell the mall for an asking price of $25 million 
In 2000, the Agua Caliente Development Authority, a subsidiary of the Agua Caliente Band of Cahuilla Indians, considered the  purchase and redevelopment of Desert Fashion Plaza, and were in discussions with Palm Springs city officials and the director of the Palm Springs Desert Museum  Agua Caliente ultimately made the decision to not to buy the property 
Developer John Wessman purchased the Desert Fashion Plaza and initially planned a Spanish-Mediterranean plaza on the site  Simultaneously, Saks Fifth Avenue closed down their location and moved to a new store in the El Paseo shopping district down in Palm Desert  At the same time, the attacks on September 11, 2001 caused the project to slow down 

Demolition and Redevelopment
In 2011, it was announced that workers were to begin the process of removing the large tent behind the mall, which removed in several phrases with the first stage After more than a decade since the mall sat empty, redevelopment finally moved forward on February 7, 2013, with the demolition of the mall  The large, vacant property would be turned into an outdoor shopping center with new shops, restaurants, and a six-story hotel  Wessman pledged that demolition of the plaza would take just four months, and that 90% of the materials would be recycled Before construction commenced in the middle of the same year, a lawsuit was filed by Frank Tysen, a member of the Citizens for a Sustainable Palm Springs, and owner of Casa Cody Bed & Breakfast  Tysen and his group were suing because it believes the city did not follow the proper protocol when it came to a petition that was submitted  The petition asked the city to place a portion of the concept on a ticket  However, the city of Palm Springs opted out of the deal saying that the redevelopment action was considered as administrative, and not legislative action  In April 2014, the court denied the halt of the project 
The mall was demolished in 2014  A Kimpton Hotel (Rowan) opened in 2017 on the southeast portion of the site  Other shops on or near the former mall property include H&M and Free People, as well as several smaller shops and restaurants 
Passage 5:
L  L  Berger
L  L  Berger was a high-end department store based in Buffalo, New York  The family owned store was started by Louis L  Berger in 1905, at 500 Main Street  The company grew through the next two decades and opened its flagship store at 514 Main Street on February 4, 1929  The first suburban branch opened in 1953, at Thruway Plaza (later Thruway Mall) in Cheektowaga, New York, followed in 1960, with a location at Sheridan Plaza, in Tonawanda (Town), New York  At the death of its founder in 1967, the L  L  Berger company was "compared in fashion retailing to Saks Fifth Avenue and Lord and Taylor in New York, I  Magnin in San Francisco, and Neiman Marcus in Dallas " Expansion continued with stores opening in 1969, at the Seneca Mall, in West Seneca, New York and 1970, at the Northtown Plaza in Amherst, New York  Additional stores opened in 1975, at the Lockport Mall, in Lockport, New York; in 1982 at the Transitown Plaza in Clarence, New York; in 1988 at the McKinley Mall, in Hamburg, New York; and in 1989 at the Walden Galleria in Cheektowaga, New York  A second Buffalo location opened at 510 Elmwood Avenue in the early 1980s  The company filed Chapter 11 bankruptcy in 1991  In the early 2000s the flagship store was renovated to be upscale apartments and commercial space 
Passage 6:
The Plaza (mall)
The Plaza, formerly known as Evergreen Plaza, was a shopping mall in Evergreen Park, Illinois, United States  It was legally organized by Arthur Rubloff, who is also credited with coining the phrase "Magnificent Mile" describing the upscale section of Michigan Avenue north of the Chicago River to Oak Street   Rubloff secured the funding for the Evergreen Plaza from the Walgreen family who lived nearby in Beverly, Chicago   The Evergreen Plaza operated from 1952 to 2013  It featured over 120 stores, as well as a food court  The mall closed in 2013 and became an outdoor shopping center  Anchors include Whole Foods Market, and Burlington Coat Factory 

History
In 1936, developer Arthur Rubloff conceived a shopping mall in the Evergreen Park area located between the corners of W 95th Street and Western Ave, 98th Street and Western Ave , 98th Street slightly west of Campbell Ave , 96th Street and Campbell Ave , and 95th and Campbell Ave  Opened to the public in August 1952, the mall was originally an 500,000-square-foot (46,000 m2) open-air shopping center anchored by The Fair Store, Lytton's, Barnett's, and Walgreens  The center also contained a Jewel supermarket, which featured a conveyor belt that carried groceries from the store to a parking lot kiosk  The mall's Walgreens was the second self-service Walgreen pharmacy in the chain; it was also the chain's first location in a shopping center 
Evergreen Plaza was regarded by some sources as the first regional mall in the United States  Chas  A  Stevens added a store in 1962, Carson Pirie Scott was added as another anchor  Also, The Fair Store was converted to Montgomery Ward in April, 1964  In 1966, the mall was enclosed, becoming an indoor mall Circuit City came in the early 1990s, replacing a Silo electronics store that was formerly in this space Montgomery Ward closed its four-story store in 2001 as the chain declared bankruptcy  Shortly afterward, Village of Evergreen Park officials submitted proposals for Target to open in the former Wards; however, these deals fell through  Discount chain National Wholesale Liquidators opened in 2005, occupying two levels of the four-level anchor slot once occupied by Montgomery Ward until it closed in 2008
Context 3: Passage 1:
NPO Best
NPO 1 Extra is a television channel jointly operated by Dutch public broadcasters AVROTROS, BNNVARA, EO, KRO-NCRV and MAX  It was originally launched as HilversumBest on 1 December 2006  NPO 1 Extra presents highlights of more than sixty years of Dutch television history  The channel was founded by Han Peekel 

History
In April 2009, HilversumBest was renamed as Best24  On 10 March 2014 the channel changed its name to NPO Best  On 26 March 2018 the channel was renamed as NPO 1 Extra NPO 1 Extra (along with NPO Zapp Extra) became a 24-hour channel on 25 December 2018  Previously, NPO 1 Extra time-shared with NPO Zapp Xtra 

Programming
NPO 1 Extra broadcasts programmes created by the public broadcasters from the NPO  Most programmes are from the archives of the Netherlands Institute for Sound and Vision  NPO 1 Extra is mainly focused on programmes from the eighties and nineties of the last century  Television programmes from other decades regularly passes in shortened or compiled versions  NPO 1 Extra has a linear programming with many regular program titles in the early evening  The soap Onderweg naar morgen and the comedy series Zeg 'ns AAA are scheduled daily on NPO Best 

Logos and identities
Passage 2:
Jessica Biel
Jessica Claire Timberlake (née Biel ; born March 3, 1982) is an American actress  She has received various accolades, including a Young Artist Award, and nominations for a Primetime Emmy Award and two Golden Globe Awards 
Biel began her career as a vocalist appearing in musical productions until she was cast as Mary Camden in the family drama series 7th Heaven (1996–2006), in which she achieved recognition In 1997, Biel won the Young Artist Award for her role in the drama film Ulee's Gold  She received further recognition for her lead role as Erin Hardesty in the horror film The Texas Chainsaw Massacre (2003)  Biel has since starred in such films as The Rules of Attraction (2002), Blade: Trinity (2004), Stealth (2005), The Illusionist (2006), I Now Pronounce You Chuck & Larry (2007), Valentine's Day (2010), The A-Team (2010), New Year's Eve (2011), Total Recall (2012), and Hitchcock (2012) 
In 2017, Biel was the executive producer and star of the USA Network limited drama series The Sinner, for which she received nominations for a Golden Globe Award and a Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Lead Actress in a Limited Series or Movie 

Early life
Jessica Claire Biel was born on March 3, 1982, in Ely, Minnesota, to Kimberly (née Conroe), a homemaker and spiritual healer, and Jonathan Biel, a business consultant and General Electric worker  Her paternal great-grandfather was the son of Hungarian-Jewish immigrants, which she discovered on the show Who Do You Think You Are?; she also has German, French, English, and Scandinavian ancestry  Her younger brother, Justin, launched and runs the eco-accessory line BARE  Biel's family moved frequently during her childhood, living in Texas, Connecticut, and Woodstock, Illinois, before finally settling in Boulder, Colorado  While growing up, Biel played soccer and trained as a level six gymnast  From 2000 to 2002, she attended Tufts University in Medford, Massachusetts 

Career
Beginnings (1991–2002)
Biel initially trained to be a vocalist  At age nine, she appeared in several musical productions in her hometown, playing lead roles in productions such as The Sound of Music and Beauty and the Beast  At 11 she participated in a competition sponsored by the International Modeling and Talent Association in Los Angeles where she acquired an agent and professional talent manager  She began modeling for print advertisements and appeared in commercials for products such as Dulux Paint and Pringles  In her film debut, Biel played the character Regrettal, a lead role in the ambitious musical film It's a Digital World, produced and directed by Paul Greenberg  At age 14, after auditioning for several television pilots, Biel was cast as Mary Camden, the oldest daughter and second-oldest child in the family drama 7th Heaven Biel landed her first feature film role as Peter Fonda's granddaughter in the critically acclaimed drama Ulee's Gold, released in 1997  Her performance earned her a Young Artist Award  In spring 1998, during a break from filming 7th Heaven, she co-starred in I'll Be Home for Christmas with Jonathan Taylor Thomas as his character's love interest  When she was 17, she posed for a risque photo shoot that appeared in the March 2000 issue of Gear  Producers of 7th Heaven were outraged and brought legal action against Gear   She later expressed regret for doing it, claiming she had been used and that she had been shown different pictures from those published  In 2001, Biel played the love interest of Freddie Prinze, Jr  in the baseball-themed film Summer Catch  In 2002, she starred as promiscuous college student Lara in the ensemble film The Rules of Attraction, an adaptation of the Bret Easton Ellis novel  The movie received mixed reviews, became a box-office hit, and has since gained a cult following 

Rise to prominence (2003–2012)
Biel was cast in her first top-billing role in The Texas Chainsaw Massacre  Although the film met with negative reviews, it was a commercial success, scoring the number-one spot in its opening week and going on to earn more than $80 million in the U S  In 2003, Biel began work on the third installment of the Blade film series, Blade: Trinity  Despite negative reviews, Trinity was a box office hit, grossing $150 million worldwide  After finishing it in 2004, she headed to Australia to shoot the action-thriller Stealth  Biel also appeared in the 2004 film Cellular; played a supporting role, Ellen, in the romantic comedy Elizabethtown (2005); and starred in the indie film London  In 2005, Esquire named her the "Sexiest Woman Alive" in a six-part series with each month revealing a different body part and clue to the woman's identity In 2006, Biel played a turn-of-the-century duchess in the period piece The Illusionist, co-starring Edward Norton and Paul Giamatti  While her casting was met with a mixed response, her performance was ultimately praised  James Berardinelli of Reelviews called her the "film's real acting revelation", while Todd McCarthy of Variety wrote, "Handily employing a refined English accent where the others lay on a light Austrian veneer, Biel is entirely stunning enough to fight to the death over " Biel played an Iraq War veteran in the 2006 film Home of the Brave, a drama about soldiers struggling to readjust to society after facing the hardships of war  In Next Biel starred alongside Nicolas Cage and Julianne Moore  She appeared in the summer comedy I Now Pronounce You Chuck & Larry, co-starring Adam Sandler and Kevin James  In late 2007, Biel signed on to play a stripper in Powder Blue, alongside Forest Whitaker (who also produced the film), Ray Liotta and Patrick Swayze  In 2007, Stuff magazine's named her No  1 on their "100 Sexiest Women" At the start of 2008, Biel shot Easy Virtue, an adaptation of the play by Noël Coward  Like the play, the film is set in the 1920s and Biel plays young widow Larita, who impulsively marries John Whittaker in France and must face her disapproving in-laws on returning to England  The film premiered in September 2008 at the Toronto International Film Festival  Critics praised Biel for her performance, with Todd McCarthy of Variety saying Biel "more than kept up" with veterans Kristin Scott Thomas and Colin Firth and praising her "sparkling" performance  The Hollywood Reporter described her performance as "an irresistible force of nature — a kind, witty, supremely intelligent and beautiful woman who     is capable of rejoinders that thoroughly undercut her opponent's withering criticism " Biel also performed two songs on the film's soundtrack, "Mad About the Boy" and "When the Going Gets Tough" In 2009, Biel lent her voice to the animated science fiction film Planet 51  Biel performed the role of Sarah Brown with the Los Angeles Philharmonic in a fully staged concert production of Guys and Dolls during the 2009 season at the Hollywood Bowl  On the last night, she received a rousing standing ovation from 17,000 people  She subsequently landed a part in Lincoln Center Theater's two-week-long workshop of the musical version of the Pedro Almodóvar film Women on the Verge of a Nervous Breakdown, along with Salma Hayek In 2010, Biel starred in the large ensemble cast film Valentine's Day and in the A-Team, based on the television series as Capt  Charissa Sosa  In 2011, she appeared in New Year's Eve, directed by Valentine's Day's Garry Marshall  In 2012, Biel starred in the remake of the 1990 science fiction movie Total Recall alongside Colin Farrell and Kate Beckinsale  She portrayed actress Vera Miles in the biographical film Hitchcock, based on Stephen Rebello's book Alfred Hitchcock and the Making of Psycho  She also appeared in Playing for Keeps with Gerard Butler 

Independent film route and move into producing (2013–present)
Biel starred in the thriller film Emanuel and the Truth About Fishes, which premiered at the Sundance Film Festival on January 18, 2013  In April 2008, Biel began working on the political satire Nailed, with Jake Gyllenhaal  The film centers around a woman who accidentally gets a nail lodged in her head and travels to Washington, D C  to fight for better health care  In May 2009, Biel spoke about the film's production turmoil, saying: "That was definitely an experience, something I could not say no to  I am a huge David O  Russell fan  It's just heartbreaking that so many people put so much work into this particular project only to have it sit there, unfinished " The film was released on video on demand on February 10, 2015, and received largely negative reviews from critics In 2015, Biel starred in the independent drama Bleeding Heart, in which she plays a yoga instructor named May who meets her biological sister Shiva (Zosia Mamet), a sex worker, for the first time  The film premiered on April 17, 2015, at the Tribeca Film Festival, receiving mixed reviews, though Biel earned praise for her performance  Richard Lawson of Vanity Fair commented: "Though she's not given too much to work with in terms of character, Biel plays May with appealing nuance, creating a low-key, bliss-based Angeleno, all light and airy and gentle and poised, who discovers within herself an untapped hardness and anger and strength    when Biel has to conjure up more profound emotions, she proves adept, and surprisingly subtle " Clayton Davis of AwardsCircuit com also praised her performance, writing, "With an internalized and very subtle performance, Biel excels in her ability to find the very motivation of May "In 2016, Biel co-starred with Patrick Wilson (with whom she had worked on The A-Team) in the thriller A Kind of Murder, based on the novel The Blunderer by Patricia Highsmith  She voiced the character Vix in the animated film Spark, with Susan Sarandon and Hilary Swank, which was released in 2016  Biel also appeared in the drama The Book of Love, based on the book The Devil and the Deep Blue Sea, about an introverted architect (Jason Sudeikis) who loses his wife (Biel) and sets out to help a teenager named Millie (Maisie Williams)  Biel also produced the project from its conception some years prior, and was directed by Bill Purple, who directed her in the short film Hole in the Paper Sky  The film was released in January 2017 On August 2, 2017, Biel's eight-episode limited series murder mystery, The Sinner, debuted on USA Network  Biel is both executive producer and played the series' lead character Cora Tannetti  She stated that she moved into production so that she could develop projects with challenging and interesting roles rather than waiting for them to happen In October 2021, it was announced Biel would star and executive produce the true-crime drama miniseries Candy for Hulu 

Personal life
In January 2007, Biel began dating singer-songwriter Justin Timberlake  They became engaged in December 2011 and married on October 19, 2012, at the Borgo Egnazia resort in Fasano, Italy  Biel and Timberlake have two sons together: one born in April 2015, and another born in July 2020 Alongside anti-vaccination conspiracy theorist Robert F  Kennedy Jr , Biel publicly lobbied in June 2019 against California's vaccination bill that would limit medical exemptions from vaccinations without approval from a state public health officer 

Charitable causes
On July 18, 2006, Biel participated in a charity auction to raise medical funds for teen Molly Bloom, who was injured in a limousine accident  "I promise I'm a cheap date", Biel quipped in a pre-recorded video  John Schiffner of Fergus Falls, Minnesota, successfully bid $30,000 to have lunch with Biel  Biel and Schiffner lunched at The Palm restaurant in Denver, Colorado, on August 18, 2006  In early 2007, Biel co-founded the Make the Difference Network with her father and another business partner, Kent McBride  In 2010, Biel climbed to the summit of Mount Kilimanjaro with members of the United Nations Foundation to raise awareness of the global water crisis  That same year Biel earned a nomination for a Do Something Award  Biel teamed with nonprofit health care organization WomanCare Global to develop content that will provide girls with sex education 

Filmography
Film
Television
Music videos
Awards and nominations
Passage 3:
Charisma (horse)
Charisma (30 October 1972 – 7 January 2003), nicknamed "Podge" and "Stroppy", was a horse ridden by New Zealander Mark Todd  Charisma won many competitions in the sport of eventing  He is considered by many to be one of the greatest event horses ever to have competed  He stood 15 3 hands (63 inches, 160 cm) 

Breeding and early life
Charisma's dam, Planet, stood  15 hands (60 inches, 152 cm) and was sired by the Thoroughbred/Percheron-cross Kiritea  Planet's dam was a Thoroughbred named Starbourne  Planet was a successful Grade A show jumper in New Zealand and under rider Sheryl Douglas, became the first mare in New Zealand to jump her own height  After an injury ended her career, she was bred to the Thoroughbred stallion Tira Mink,  and Charisma was foaled on 30 October 1972 
Charisma's first home was on the Williams' 3,000-acre (12 km2) farm in Wairarapa, New Zealand  Even at a young age, Charisma was laid-back and easy to train  He was soon bought by David Murdoch, who placed the yearling in a small pasture with a four-foot fence, which Charisma jumped  The colt was gelded as a four-year-old, although he managed to cover four mares before that time 

Competitive career
The Beginning: 1977–1982
The young horse was slowly broken in, and later bought by Sharon Dearden in 1977  She competed him in Grade B show jumping competitions, and trained him up to intermediate level in eventing  Although the pair was long-listed for the Los Angeles Olympics, Dearden decided to sell the horse  Mrs  Fran Clark bought him and later lent him to Jennifer Stobart  Stobart brought him to Prix St Georges level in dressage "just for fun" 

Under Mark Todd: 1983–1986
Mark Todd was offered Charisma to ride by Virginia Caro, as his experienced horse was sick  In May 1983, he tried the gelding out, and brought him back to his place to get the horse fit  Charisma was a bit fat at that time, and had to be bedded on newspaper strips, as he would try to eat other bedding  Keeping the weight off the horse was always quite a struggle 
Charisma won his first two one-day events with Mark Todd, and then won the National One-Day Event Championship and National Three-day Event at Taupo (both of which he led after dressage and finished on his dressage score)  The pair was then selected for the Los Angeles Olympics Charisma was moved to England in February 1984  During the trip he became sick, and the illness never really left him for the rest of his career  The gelding was taken to the Badminton Horse Trials later that year, where he finished in 2nd place on his dressage score  Another satisfying finish came a few months later, at the Los Angeles Olympic Games  Mark and Charisma finished well after dressage, and then put in a clear cross-country and stadium round  A rail down by Karen Stives, who was leading by a few points, allowed the pair to cinch the individual gold After the Olympics, Charisma's owner, Fran Clark, decided to sell her horse  However, for some reason she did not seem to want Mark Todd to continue with Charisma as a mount  In 1985, she offered Charisma to the British rider Lizzie Purbrick  Knowing that Todd wanted the horse badly, Purbrick managed a deal with him to buy Charisma behind Fran Clark's back  Mark Todd's sponsor, Woolrest, transferred 50,000 pounds to Lizzie's account, to which she paid Fran Clark, and Mark Todd now was the official rider of Charisma under Woolrest's sponsorship  Needless, to say, Fran Clark was not pleased 
Mark Todd continued to compete Charisma in England, where he placed second at the 1985 Badminton Horse Trials, and won every one-day event of the season in which they competed, except Dauntsey after a fall on cross-country  In 1986, the pair went to the World Championships in Australia  Unfortunately, they had a fall at the water, and two rails down in stadium, and they finished in 10th place  They redeemed themselves a few weeks later in Luhmuhlen, where they won both individually and as part of a composite team 

The end of his career: 1987–1988
However, Charisma never got his chance to win Badminton, as it was cancelled in 1987  He won the three-star in Saumur, and the pair almost won Burghley that year, but two rails down in show jumping dropped them to second  They later won the British Open Championships before shipping to Seoul At the 1988 Olympics, Charisma put in a stellar dressage test, and jumped clear rounds in both the cross-country and stadium  He won the individual gold yet again, and beat the second-place horse, Sir Wattie, by the incredible margin of 10 20 penalties  The New Zealand team also won the bronze that year  The back-to-back Olympic win in eventing had only been accomplished once before 

Retirement
Charisma was retired after his second Olympic victory and he went home to New Zealand  He then went on a six-month tour before taking a well-earned rest  He was later shipped to Britain in 1995 to continue retirement 
On 7 January 2003, Charisma was euthanized at Mark Todd's Rivermonte Farm in Cambridge, after breaking a shoulder in the field  He was 30 years old 

Achievements
Second Place at the Badminton Horse Trials in 1984 and 1985
Individual Gold at the 1984 Olympics in Los Angeles
Won the Luhmuhlen, Germany Three-Day Event in 1986
Second Place at the Burghley Horse Trials, England in 1987
Won the British Open Championships in 1987
Individual Gold and Team Bronze at the 1988 Olympics in Seoul
Voted best NZ Sport Horse in the world in 1983 and 1985
Smallest Thoroughbred foal in Invercargill, NZ in 1972
Horse with the most fan mail in New Zealand
Carried Mark Todd into the stadium carrying the torch at the opening ceremony of the 1990 Commonwealth Games in Auckland, New Zealand
Passage 4:
John Ranelagh
John Ranelagh (John O'Beirne Ranelagh) is a television executive and producer, and an author of history and of current politics  He was created a Knight First Class by King Harald V of Norway in 2013 in the Royal Norwegian Order of Merit, for outstanding service in the interest of Norway 

Education
He read Modern History at Christ Church, Oxford, and went on to take a Ph D  at Eliot College, University of Kent 

Career
He was Campaign Director for "Outset", a charity for the single homeless person, where he pioneered the concept of charity auctions  From 1974 to 1979 he was at the Conservative Research Department where he first had responsibility for Education policy, and then for Foreign policy  He started his career in television with the British Broadcasting Corporation, first for BBC News and Current Affairs on Midweek  As Associate Producer he was a key member of the  BBC/RTE Ireland: A Television History 13-part documentary series (1981)  Later a member of the team that started Channel 4, he conceived the Equinox program, developed the "commissioning system", and served as Board Secretary  He was the first television professional appointed to the Independent Television Commission (ITC), a government agency which licensed and regulated commercial television in Britain from 1991 to 2003 Eventually Ranelagh relocated to Scandinavia where he continued in television broadcasting  There he has been with various companies: as Executive Chairman for NordicWorld; as Director for Kanal 2 Estonia; and, as Deputy Chief Executive and Director of Programmes for TV2 Denmark  Later Ranelagh worked at TV2 Norway as Director of Acquisition, and at Vizrt as deputy Chairman and then Chairman  Ranelagh stood as the Conservative Party candidate in Caerphilly in the 1979 general election 

Books
Ranelagh has also written several books:
"The I R B  from the Treaty to 1924," in Irish Historical Studies, Vol  20, No  77 (March 1976) 
"Science and Education," CRD, 1977 
"Human Rights and Foreign Policy," with Richard Luce, CPC, 1978 
Ireland  An illustrated history (Oxford University 1981);
A Short History of Ireland (Cambridge University 1983, 2d ed  1995, 3d ed  2012);
The Agency  The rise and decline of the CIA (New York: Simon and Schuster 1986, pb  ed  1987);
"Secrets, Supervision and Information," in Freedom of Information; Freedom of the Individual, ed  Julia Neuberger, 1987 
"The Irish Republican Brotherhood in the revolutionary period, 1879–1923," in The Revolution in Ireland, 1879–1923, ed  D G  Boyce, 1988 
Den Anden Kanal, Tiderne Skifter, 1989 
Thatcher's People  An insider's account of the politics, the power and the personalities (HarperCollins 1991);
CIA: A History (London: BBC Books, illustrated edition 1992) 
Encyclopædia Britannica, "Ireland," 1993–
"Through the Looking Glass: A comparison of United States and United Kingdom Intelligence cultures," in In the Name of Intelligence, eds  Hayden B  Peake and Samuel Halpern, 1998



ground_truth: Mary Astor

prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: Which country is home to Alsa Mall and Spencer Plaza?

The following are given passages.
Context 2:  Walgreens closed in 2005, moving to a newer store about a mile away, and was replaced with an Office Depot  Circuit City also closed in mid-2005 
The movie theater, which had been converted to a triplex in 1977 and quadplex in 1983, closed in 1999  Office Depot closed its Evergreen Park location in 2008, along with many other small retail shops over the last few years  Following 2008, the mall began to gradually diminish as patronage numbers decreased, leading to the chronic closure of many of the original stores  Many businesses that had opened in more recent years had shorter longevity  Planet Fitness signed a 10-year lease to reside in the Plaza in 2011 in the original Walgreens space and began operation in January 2012 
The mall was scheduled for demolition in July 2013, to be replaced by an outdoor shopping center (which the Plaza once was during its first 14 years)  However, the building was not demolished and more proposals and rumors started floating around  Two development companies, Debartolo LLC, based in Tampa, and Lormax Stern, a developer from a Detroit suburb, came together to reach a deal to demolish the existing property to build a new outdoor mall that will feature 30-40 brand new stores including Burlington and Whole Foods  Applebee's and Planet Fitness are staying, while Enterprise Rent-A-Car left  Demolition began in May 2015 and continued until the fall of 2017  Carson's opened a brand-new store in September 2016, replacing the older store that was later demolished  The shopping center opened in Fall of 2017  On April 18, 2018, Carson's parent company The Bon-Ton Stores, announced that they will close all Carson's locations, including the Evergreen Plaza location following their bankruptcy  However, on Black Friday 2018, CSC Generation, Carson's new owner, reopened the location  On August 11, 2020, it was announced that Carson's would be closing again in October 2020  On June 16, 2022, it was announced that Macy's would be opening in the former Carson's space  The first floor will hold Market by Macy's and the second floor will hold Macy's Backstage 

Evergreen Theater
On June 26, 1964, Evergreen Theater was added in a separate building, located on the mall's south end  It first opened with two screens and sat upon the parking lot by 98th Street and Western Ave   Later, two more screens were added  Even later, two more screens were added, bringing the total up to six   In 1973, the manager was shot and killed during a robbery; other incidents occurred which led to its closure in July 1999  In 2003 the venue was torn down, along with the parking garage, on the west corner of the mall for landscaped parking, and parking entrances were widened  That same year, an Applebee's opened on an outparcel 
Passage 7:
The Crossings at Northwest
The Crossings at Northwest is a mixed-use commercial center containing 400,000 SF of retail and 500,000 SF of office uses located in St  Ann, a suburb of St  Louis, Missouri, United States  It was redeveloped from the old Northwest Plaza  The former mall comprised nearly 1,770,000 square feet (164,438 4 m2) of gross leasable area, making it the 27th largest mall in the United States according to the International Council of Shopping Centers prior to its closure  With a total of 1 9 million square feet (180,000 m2) of enclosed space, it was the largest enclosed mall in the state of Missouri  The mall featured nine anchor stores and more than 210 stores at its peak 

History
Beginning
Northwest Plaza opened in 1965 as an open-air shopping center comprising 1,600,000 square feet of retail space  The developers were Louis Zorensky, Milton Zorensky and Saul Brodsky   At the time the mall opened, it was the largest mall in the world  It was anchored by Famous-Barr, JCPenney, and Sears  Junior anchors included local department stores Vandervoort's (opened in 1965) and Boyd's (an upscale apparel store), a Walgreens pharmacy, and a two-story Woolworth dime store  The Famous-Barr (later Macy's) store also featured a rotunda  In 1969, a 12-story 194,000 sq ft (18,000 m2) adjacent office tower was added to the mall  Stix Baer & Fuller later joined the center between 1971 and 1983  When Vandervoort's closed, its building was leased by Famous-Barr to use as its home fashions store while the basement was leased to Venture Stores for office space  Dillard's acquired and re-branded all Stix, Baer & Fuller stores in 1984 including the River Roads Mall location in North St  Louis County 

Paramount
Paramount enclosed and expanded the mall in 1989, adding more than 200,000 square feet (18,580 6 m2) of retail space in the process  The enclosed space contained nearly 2 million square feet (190,000 m2), making it one of the largest malls in the country  The biggest change was remodeling the Famous-Barr home store/Venture office space into a mixed-use complex  A 40,000 square foot (3,716 1 m2) Tilt! arcade, including an 18-hole miniature golf course, was opened in the basement, the main level became a 12-bay food court, and a 9-screen movie theater was added on the upper level, replacing a freestanding cinema complex in the mall's parking lot  Kids "R" Us was also added shortly after the mall's enclosure, and the large Woolworth store was shuttered in early 1989 when the mall terminated its lease  Phar-Mor and Oshman's Sporting Goods were added in the early 1990s  In 1993 Phar-Mor closed due to a corporate scandal that threw the company into bankruptcy  After a mid-1990s lull with occupancy dropping to 86%, an unorthodox approach revived the struggling mall increasing occupancy to 96%  Office supply store chain OfficeMax opened one of its first mall-based location at Northwest Plaza in 1997  Also, opening in 1997 was the area's first Dick Clark's American Bandstand Grill 

Westfield
Northwest Plaza was acquired in late 1997 by the Westfield Group for $111 million, who renamed the mall "Westfield Shoppingtown Northwest" (later shortened to "Westfield Northwest" in June 2005) to match the nomenclature of other malls in their portfolio  Under Westfield's tenure, the mall opened many new stores  Burlington Coat Factory moved into the former Oshman's, Schweig Engel Furniture moved into the old Phar-Mor, and many other stores: American Eagle Outfitters, and Bath & Body Works opened  Gap, which had closed in 1996, returned to the mall  By 1999, the occupancy rate had increased to 98%  Additional plans for renovation were made by Westfield Corporation, but these plans never got beyond the addition of family restroom and a children's play area   Around this time, Westfield instead focused more on driving customer business to other area malls such as West County Center in Des Peres and Mid Rivers Mall in St  Peters, in turn neglecting Northwest Plaza, along with its redevelopment and upkeep  The first major vacancy at Northwest Plaza was JCPenney in 2002  Northwest Plaza had the second lowest occupancy rate of a Westfield mall, which was just 79% at year-end 2004 

Somera
After years of continued decline, Westfield Corporation sold the mall in June 2006 to Somera Capital Management, LLC  After having bought the mall for $45 million, with General Growth Properties acting as third-party leasing and management agent, the mall's name reverted to Northwest Plaza  As per the Federated Stores/May Co  merger, Famous-Barr was re-branded as Macy's  Later in 2007, the Tilt closed for good Somera unveiled a redevelopment plan in which the mall would become Lindbergh Town Center  In the plan, a small part of the Macy's hallway plus the former Kids "R" Us would be turned into a lifestyle center  The Dillard's and the hallway between it and Sears would become a new anchor, plus the old food court/theater/Tilt would revert to an anchor  The remaining mall was to be renovated to feature a new "picnic inspired" food court (on the upper level of the former Woolworth's), new flooring, new paint, new skylights, a "Secret Garden" themed play area, and a feature coffee kiosk  After the foreclosure of Northwest Plaza in September 2009, Somera was no longer associated with the property 

Crime
After the expansion of Northwest Plaza, the mall developed a reputation for crime  Part of this was because of multiple fatal shootings that occurred at the mall  The first fatality was in 1990  There was a second shooting in 1994 inside the Famous-Barr store, which resulted in the death of a teenager  In 2006, the third shooting involved an off-duty police officer who fatally shot a man inside the mall 

Damage
The mall suffered from a leaking roof  Also, crumbling floor tiles in the north court caused by the leaking roof between the former Sears and Dillard’s required it to be blocked off from foot traffic  The Tilt! arcade's 18-hole miniature golf course left behind after it closed was damaged beyond repair by vandalism, and subsequently the basement area was walled off  The food court which used to contain a 12-bay court, as well as the 9-screen cinema were also both walled off due to the extensive water damage 

Decline
The anchor stores once included (even as of 2008) Famous-Barr (later Macy's), Steve & Barry's, Dillard's and Sears  Other anchors at one time included JCPenney and Burlington Coat Factory  Junior anchors included the Wehrenburg Northwest Plaza 9 screen cinema, Tilt! arcade, Office Max as well as Schweig Engel Furniture and Toys "R" Us (built on part of the mall's massive parking lot) 
Northwest Plaza's highest grossing sales year was 2001  The early 2000s recession caused a small decline in the number of stores occupying Northwest Plaza  A rapid decline began in 2004, due to the increased competition from St  Louis Mills mall, which opened only 4 miles (6 4 km) away from Northwest Plaza  At the same time, the mall was suffering from lack of upkeep by then current owner Westfield  The mall's roof was examined under their ownership, and determined it needed to be replaced, among other things  Rather than the expensive rehabilitation of the mall, Westfield concluded it would not be cost effective, and decided to sell the mall entirely  When it was sold in 2006, Northwest Plaza had an occupancy rate of just 64%  Business continued to decline and when the late 2000s recession hit, most of the remaining stores vacated the mall  It was considered a dead mall by 2009 JCPenney was the first anchor store to close in 2002  OfficeMax was the second to leave the mall, and remaining vacant for eighteen months before being replaced by 24 Hour Fitness  Burlington Coat Factory then left to move to St  Louis Mills mall, but it was soon rented out to Ford Motor Company  Schweig Engel Furniture closed in July 2004 when the company went bankrupt but it was briefly replaced with discount retailer US Factory Outlets the following spring before becoming vacant again  Furniture retailer IKEA had also planned to open a store at the mall, but later withdrew its plans  Also in 2004 there was the addition of a Retail Skills Center, which offered training and placement facilities for people seeking careers in retail, the first such center in the Midwest, and discount clothing retailer Steve & Barry's in the former JCPenney  At the time Steve & Barry's opened, it was the largest in the chain  The mall's movie theater complex closed for good in September 2005  Toys "R" Us left the mall in early 2006  The Tilt! arcade closed in the summer of 2007, moving most of their arcades to other stores, namely their newest location in St  Louis Mills, despite being rated as one of the top 3 arcades in the St Louis area in 2003  Steve & Barry's closed in 2008, a year before the company became defunct  In early 2009, Dillard's left Northwest Plaza entered foreclosure and was auctioned on September 1, 2009  The shopping center was purchased by the only bidder at foreclosure, St  Ann Shopping Center LLC, for $29 95 million  The Macy's store closed in March 2010 and the Sears store closed in July 2010, the final anchor stores to leave  The final store left in November 2010  This left the mall with no internal stores  As of January 1, 2011, Northwest Plaza's doors have been permanently locked  Public access to the building is no longer allowed, as the only stores remaining are contained in the mall's outer ring (with external entrances only) and parking lot  The office tower remains open, but with entrances to the mall blocked  The future of the mall is unknown, with the idea of a total demolition, and the entire lot renovated into an office complex is one of the main proposals 

Redevelopment efforts
In March 2010, the St  Ann Board of Aldermen voted to select G J  Grewe Development Co  of Crestwood, Missouri as the preferred re-developer of the mall  It is expected that the bulk of the mall will be torn down (although the current office tower could remain) and its 122-acre (0 49 km2) site remade as a mixed-use development with offices and some retail  The developer was expected to work with Sears, the only remaining anchor at the time, to keep its store on the site, but not necessarily at the same location  In light of the closing of the Sears store, it is unclear how this will affect the redevelopment effort  The city of St  Ann holds a purchase option on Northwest Plaza that was set to expire on December 31, 2010 There have been a number of people in the area who are calling for the redevelopment of the site, rather than having a very large empty building  Demolition of the mall is anticipated, as efforts to revive the mall have failed  The new plans call for a completely new complex  The only part of the mall expected to remain is the office tower  It is expected this new complex will contain both office buildings as well as condos As reported by the St  Louis Post-Dispatch on July 6, 2011, the distressed Northwest Plaza, with no internal stores which has an 8% overall occupancy, with the office tower less than 50%, was put up for auction online by current owner, a division of Wells Fargo for $1 25 million in an attempt to spark interest in the property  The property failed to meet expectations though, as the bidding fell short of the minimum price 

Crossings at Northwest
Northwest Plaza was purchased by NWP LLC from St Ann Shopping Center LLC for $10 million in 2012  An approval of $33 million in TIF allowed for redevelopment of the center  The $106 million redevelopment of the 122 acre site began in 2012 with demolition of 1,000,000 square feet of the 1 8 million square foot mall, renovation of the office tower, and building big box stores, restaurants, and other outlot development  The demolition and completion of the project occurred in spring 2015 The redeveloped property is named The Crossings At Northwest  Menards, a chain of home improvement stores in the Midwest, was announced as the first large retail tenant   The conceptual site plan calls for an additional 89,600 SF second anchor, two 30,000 SF Jr  anchors 26,000 SF of small shop retail and 10 outlots  Menards opened in August 2015   The former Macy's Department Store has been renovated and Charter Communications opened a $16 million call center in January 2016 occupying 135,000 SF   Tenet Conifer has leased an additional 48,000 SF in the renovated office tower  Ruler Foods has opened a 10,000SF location in the development   An 80,000 SF retail strip center opened in early 2017  Current tenants include Bob's Furniture, Edge Fitness Club, and Value City Furniture   Starbucks also opened an outlot location on site in 2017   Save-A-Lot food stores announced that they would be moving their corporate headquarters to the site from Earth City   Some 450 existing jobs along with 65 new positions will occupy 162,000 SF of space   Additionally, American Family Insurance  leased 81,000 SF of space, relocating from an existing office in the Riverport area of Maryland Heights  St  Louis County leased 155,000 square feet in 2016 for a 20-year term for use as its Government Center Northwest  As of 2019, the redevelopment was home to about 4,000 jobs  In fall 2021, Discount Tire opened on the final outlot of the redevelopment  Other outlots were previosuly developed into Freddy's Frozen Custard & Steakburgers, Popeye's Panda Express, Sherwin Williams, Raising Cane's, QT, the previously mentioned Starbucks, two retail strip centers containing First Watch, Sprint, Jersey Mike's Subs, GNC, and Cricket Wireless  One outlot containing a freestanding Jack-In-The-Box dates has been in operation since prior to the closure of the original mall 
Passage 8:
Farmers Plaza
Farmers Plaza is a shopping mall located at the Araneta City in Cubao, Quezon City  Renovated and expanded in 1999 and in 2014, the five-level complex is the first ever fully first enclosed, air-conditioned mall in the Philippines, making it one of the oldest commercial buildings in the country  The mall is owned by the ACI, Inc  and offers 60,400 m2 (650,000 sq ft) of retail space, occupied mostly by various merchandise and lifestyle outlets 

History
Originally named the "Coliseum Farmers Market and Shopping Center", the mall was constructed in 1968, and opened its doors in 1969, nine years after the opening of the Araneta Coliseum  The mall was designed by Filipino architect Antonio Sevilla Sindiong  Sindiong, along with Fernando Hizon Ocampo (Sindiong/Ocampo), were also responsible for the architectural designs of Ali Mall, located along P  Tuazon Boulevard  The mall is known as the first air-conditioned mall in the country and hosted numerous commercial establishments, including the Farmers Market, as one of the original tenants of the building  The market occupied the building's lower ground floor since its opening, until in 1975, when the market was moved to its new site, located across the mall  Due to the mall's location to various entertainment facilities and department stores, the mall also complemented with various buildings such as Ali Mall, located two blocks away, and made Cubao a bustling shopping hub throughout its time, and entered stiff competition to malls such as Harrison Plaza, the first mall in the country to include a department store within the building; Greenhills Shopping Center, and other shopping districts such as the Makati Central Business District and the areas of Binondo and Quiapo in Manila In 1985, the mall encountered a fire that destroyed many parts of the building  Three years later, the mall was rebranded and renamed as the "New Farmers Plaza Shopping Center", also known as "New Farmers Plaza", after being delayed within the construction phase following the political uncertainties within the 1986 People Power Revolution and the coups made by Reform the Armed Forces Movement and Marcos Loyalists in the following months after the revolution  The mall also faced its second renovation project in 1990 and was completed in 1991  In early 1991, a stampede in Cinema 2 was caused by a 31-year-old shouting "fire" during a screening of My Pretty Baby, injuring 20 people Following the construction of the Araneta Center-Cubao MRT Station located adjacent to the mall, the mall entered its third renovation in 1999 and was completed in 2001, where the western portions of the mall were renovated, and connect the mall to the adjacent MRT Station  The mall became the first property within the Araneta Center to be renovated as part of the Araneta Center Master Plan  The mall entered its fourth renovation project in 2012, and was completed in 2014, featuring a new and modernized facade and interiors, upgraded facilities and amenities, and enhanced security systems 

Location and transportation
The mall is directly linked to the Line 3 Araneta Center-Cubao station, and is located along one of Metro Manila’s busiest thoroughfare, EDSA  The mall is also directly connected to the Smart Araneta Coliseum, the Gateway Mall, the Gateway Tower, and the upcoming New Gateway Mall and the Ibis Styles Araneta City  The mall is also located close to the Araneta Center–Cubao LRT Station, the New Frontier Theater, the Manhattan Gardens complex, the Araneta City Cyberpark, the Aurora Tower, the SM Cubao, and Ali Mall  The mall is also used as a terminal for UV Express vehicles 

Features
The mall consists of 5-levels and has 60,400 m2 (650,000 sq ft) of retail spaces, and is occupied by a mix of international and local shops; lifestyle, electronic, and merchandising shops; dining outlets and entertainment facilities  The mall also has 100 outdoor parking slots, and features 193 stores anchored by Robinsons Easymart (formerly Wellcome), Handyman, Mercury Drug, Bench, National Book Store, Penshoppe and other shops  The mall also features a Food Court (Food Plaza) and an activity area atrium, where public events, sales and concerts were held, both located at the Lower Ground Floor; and the Farmers Plaza Bazaar, an indoor bazaar, featuring fashion, electronics, and food stores, located at the 4th floor 

Gallery
Passage 9:
Alsa Mall
Alsa Mall is a shopping mall on Montieth Road in the neighbourhood of Egmore in Chennai, India  Established in the mid-1980s, along with the Spencer Plaza, it is one of the oldest surviving malls in the city  Alsa Mall has a variety of shops in and around it  It is also considered to be a hangout location for youngsters during evening owing to the variety of street food vendors who hold business in the mall 

History
Alsa Mall was a private property before it was converted into a mall  Along with the Spencer Plaza, it remained one of the premier shopping malls in the city until the 2000s, when numerous malls began to appear across the city  In 2013, the mall became the first mall to host the state-owned Tamil Nadu State Marketing Corporation's (Tasmac) first premium alcoholic beverages outlet 

See also
Shopping in Chennai
Passage 10:
Spencer Plaza
Spencer Plaza (Tamil: ஸ்பென்சர் பிளாசா) is a shopping mall located on Anna Salai in Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India, and is one of the  modern landmarks of the city  Originally built during the period of the British Raj and reconstructed in 1985 on the site of the original Spencer's department store, it is the oldest shopping mall in India and was one of the biggest shopping malls in South Asia when it was built  It is one of the earliest Grade A commercial projects of the city, which were developed in the second half of the 1990s  As of March 2010, it is the 11th largest mall in the country, with a gross leasable (retail) area of 530,000 sq ft 

History
Spencer Plaza was built in 1863–1864, established by Charles Durant and J  W  Spencer in Anna Salai, then known as Mount Road, in the Madras Presidency  The property originally belonged to Spencer & Co Ltd  Spencer & Co opened the first department store in the Indian subcontinent in 1895  It had over 80 individual departments  After a few years, Eugene Oakshott, owner of Spencer's, shifted the department store to a new building, which was an example of Indo-Saracenic style of architecture  The building was designed by W  N  Pogson  In 1983, the original building was destroyed in a fire 
The present Spencer Plaza was constructed on the same site, measuring about 10 acres, and was opened in 1991  Spread across a million square feet built in three phases with parking space for 800 cars, the plaza is a major hangout for the people of Chennai  The mall was developed by Mangal Tirth Estate Limited in January 1993 

Building
The plaza is an eight-storey shopping-cum-office complex of approximately 1 068 million sq ft, consisting of nearly 600,000 square feet (56,000 m2) of air-conditioned shopping units and 400,000 square feet (37,000 m2) of office units  The shopping arcade is located on the ground, first and second floors in all three phases, and the office units are spread between the fourth and the seventh floors  The car parks are spread over the basement, ground, second and third floors, in addition to double basement parking lots in the third phase of the building The first phase of the building consists of about 300,000 sq ft, including about 125,000 sq ft of centrally air-conditioned shopping space and 100,000 sq ft of office units together with about 75,000 sq ft of service areas  The second phase consists of about 400,000 sq ft, with a provision for about 600 cars at the basement, with shops with various sizes ranging from 300 sq ft to 2,000 sq ft  The third phase covers another 300,000 sq ft  The theme of the third phase is based on colonnaded structure recreating the old Spencer's around a full-height atrium There are over 700 shops in the plaza and over 22,000 people visit the plaza every day, with the number increasing to 40,000 on weekends and to 60,000 on festival days  The complex has three counters to keep track of footfalls  Over 20,000 two-wheelers check into the parking lot on weekends 

Technical and safety aspects
Being a high-rise building, the complex has a wet riser system and electronic fire alarm system installed  The underground sump has a storage capacity of 100,000 litres (22,000 imp gal; 26,000 US gal)  A ring main surrounds the building from the pump room  Five wet risers run from basement to the second floor and three run from the fourth floor to the seventh floor  These risers are located at strategic points in each floor  The pump room has three pumps, one jockey pump, one main pump with an electric motor and one main pump connected with a diesel engine  The electronic fire detection system comprises smoke detectors and manual call points located in various points in common areas in all floors, sub-stations, electrical rooms, A/C plant and so forth, which are connected to a centralised computer located at the enclosures of the chief security officer  There are also many portable fire extinguishers at each floor in different locations  The rear periphery of the building has fire escape stairs, with fire escape routes displayed with signboards at various points of the building  The car ramps can also be used as fire escape routes  The building has two entrances, one from Binny Road and another from Anna Salai, for fire engines Fire safety includes a water capacity of 1 2 million litres, fire sprinklers, smoke and heat detection systems and fire extinguishers  The in-house fire department has six firemen per shift 

Shops
The mall hosts major anchor stores such as Westside (spread across 20,000 sq ft) and Landmark (40,000 sq ft), and several local and international brands such as Nike, Adidas, Bata, Regal, Health & Glow, Vummidiars, Van Heusen, Proline, Allen Solly, Florshaim shoes, Lipton, Louis Philippe, Titan, Levi's, Casio, V I P  Luggage, Spencer & Co (40,000 sq ft on the ground, first and second floors), Timex Watch Showroom, Swatch, Cookie Man, BPL (Profx), Color Plus, Navigator, Witco, Pantaloons (26,000 sq ft), Arrow, Lee, Music World (now closed), Food World, HSBC, ABN AMRO, American Express, Citibank (65,000 sq ft in second and third phases), First Flight and Du Bowl (16,000 sq ft)  McDonald's, the world's largest fast food chain, has established an outlet 

On 26 February 2004, the Sri Lanka Export Development Board (SLEDB) established a trade centre at the complex at a cost of ₹17 million  The Sri Lanka Trade Centre is spread over 20,000 sq ft on the first floor at the third phase of the building  Seventeen frontline Sri Lankan companies display apparel, artificial flowers, confectionaries, footwear and leather products, gems and jewellery, herbal products, light engineering products, porcelain, tableware, Ceylon tea and toys 

Incidents
On 4 September 2008, a fire erupted on the first floor of the building's first phase around 10:20 p m  local time, perhaps due to a short circuit  A garment shop was burned in the incident  With the help of 12 water tenders and 9 fire tenders, the fire was extinguished within 30 minutes, and no casualties were reported  The firemen had easy access to the spot, mainly due to the setback space available inside the building 
Context 3: 
"Channel 4: A view from within," in The making of Channel 4, ed  Peter Catterall, 1998 

Family
John Ranelagh's Irish father was James O'Beirne Ranelagh (died 1979 Cambridge) who had been in the IRA in 1916 and later, fighting on the Republican side in the 1922–24 Civil War  His mother was Elaine (née Lambert Lewis)  She had been a young American folklorist with her own WNYC radio program, and thereafter became the noted author, E  L  Ranelagh (born 1914 New York, died 1996 London)  A native New Yorker, she had moved to rural Ireland following her 1946 marriage to James  Their son John Ranelagh, who has three younger sisters, Bawn, Elizabeth and Fionn, was born in 1947  His wife is Elizabeth Grenville Hawthorne, author of Managing Grass for Horses (2005)  Hawthorne is the daughter of the late Sir William Hawthorne 

See also
Channel 4
Equinox
TV2 Norway

Notes
External links
Exclusive Interview with John O'Beirne Ranelagh
Video Snack with John Ranelagh, TV2 Norway
Passage 5:
Cartoon Network
Cartoon Network (often abbreviated as CN) is an American cable television channel owned by Warner Bros  Discovery  It is a part of The Cartoon Network, Inc , a division that also has the broadcasting and production activities of Boomerang, Cartoonito, Adult Swim, and Toonami under its purview  The channel is headquartered at 1050 Techwood Drive NW in Atlanta, Georgia 
Founded by Ted Turner (who appointed Betty Cohen as the first president of the network), the channel was launched on October 1, 1992, and primarily broadcasts animated television series, mostly children's programming, ranging from action to animated comedy  It currently runs from 6 a m  to 7 p m  ET/PT on Mondays through Saturdays, and from 6 a m  to 9 p m  on Sundays (the sign-off time varies with holidays and special programming)  Cartoon Network primarily targets children aged 6 to 12, while its early morning block Cartoonito is aimed at preschool-aged children, and nighttime block Adult Swim targets older teenagers and young adults aged 18 to 34 Cartoon Network offers an alternate Spanish-language audio feed, either via a separate channel with the English audio track removed as part of a package of Spanish-language television networks sold by subscription providers, or a separate audio track accessible through the SAP option, depending on the provider 
As of March 2021, Cartoon Network is available to approximately 94 million paid television households in the United States 

History
On August 9, 1986, Turner Broadcasting System acquired Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer/United Artists  On October 18, Turner forcibly sold back MGM  However, Turner kept much of the film and television library made before May 1986 (including some of the UA library) and formed Turner Entertainment Co  On October 8, 1988, its cable channel Turner Network Television was launched and gained an audience with its extensive film library  In 1991, Turner also purchased the library of animation studio Hanna-Barbera  Ted Turner selected Betty Cohen (then-Senior Vice President of TNT) to devise a network to house these programs  On February 18, 1992, Turner Broadcasting announced its plans to launch Cartoon Network as an outlet for an animation library  On October 1, 1992, the network officially launched as the first 24-hour single-genre cable channel with animation as its main theme 
In 1994, Hanna-Barbera's new division Cartoon Network Studios was founded and started production on What a Cartoon!  This show debuted in 1995, offering original animated shorts  In 1996, Cartoon Network aired two preschool programs: Big Bag, a live-action/puppet television program with animated short series produced by Children's Television Workshop, and Small World, which featured animated series aimed at preschoolers imported from foreign countries  Turner Broadcasting System merged with Time Warner, which consolidated/reverted ownership of all the Warner Bros  cartoons  The network could then continue more original productions 

Programming
Cartoon Network's current original programming includes such shows as
The Amazing World of Gumball, Craig of the Creek, Teen Titans Go!, and We Baby Bears  The network's original programming is produced at Cartoon Network Studios, while other shows have either been co-produced with or acquired from other studios, including the affiliated Warner Bros  Animation  In the past, Cartoon Network has also produced and aired live-action and animated hybrid programming 
Over the years, Cartoon Network has aired various Looney Tunes, Merrie Melodies, Tom and Jerry and Droopy shorts in constant rotation, dating back to the network's launch in 1992 until 2017  In its early days, Cartoon Network benefited from having access to a large collection of animated programming, including the libraries of Warner Bros  (Looney Tunes and Merrie Melodies), Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer (Tom and Jerry), Hanna-Barbera (The Flintstones, Scooby-Doo, Snorks), and DC Comics (Superman, Batman, Wonder Woman, Justice League and Teen Titans)  Turner's ownership of Hanna-Barbera gave the network access to an established animation studio, something its rivals didn't have  Most of these series were removed by 1999 and moved to Boomerang in 2000 

Original series
Much of Cartoon Network's original programming originates from the network's in-house studio, Cartoon Network Studios  Beginning as a division of Hanna-Barbera, this studio would produce some of the network's earliest original series, including Dexter's Laboratory, Cow and Chicken, I Am Weasel, Johnny Bravo, and The Powerpuff Girls  Cartoon Cartoons was once the branding for Cartoon Network's original animated television series, but it was seldom used by the network by 2003  The name was eventually discontinued in 2008  Additionally several of the Cartoon Network's original series have been produced by studios other than the network's own in-house studio  Notable examples of this being Ed, Edd n Eddy, Courage the Cowardly Dog, and Codename: Kids Next Door  The name was resurrected by the network in 2021, for a new animated shorts program 

Programming blocks
From 1999 to 2003, Cartoon Cartoon Fridays served as the channel's flagship block, featuring premieres of Cartoon Network original series that fell under the Cartoon Cartoons branding; from 2003 to 2007, the block was renamed to "Fridays" after Cartoon Network began to phase out the Cartoon Cartoons branding  The Toonami block, which originally ran from 1997 to 2008, primarily carried action-oriented series aimed towards an older youth and teen audience, including imported anime series; it was later re-launched under the auspices of Adult Swim in 2012  2008 saw the introduction of CN Real, a block that featured live-action reality television series aimed towards a youth audience  In 2011, the channel introduced DC Nation, a block that would be focused on series adapted from DC Comics properties In September 2021, Cartoon Network introduced two new blocks oriented towards preschool and family viewing respectively, including the preschool block Cartoonito, and the new Sunday-evening block ACME Night–which primarily carries family films and library content, as well as other original series, specials, and television films from Warner Bros  Animation, as well as some programming from Adult Swim  They were introduced as part of an effort by new head Tom Ascheim to broaden Cartoon Network's demographic reach 

Editing of theatrical cartoon shorts
Cartoon Network has, during its history, broadcast most of the Warner Bros  animated shorts originally created between the 1920s and the 1960s, but the network edited out scenes depicting discharge of gunfire, alcohol ingestion, cowboys and Indians gags, tobacco, and politically incorrect humor  The unedited versions were kept from both broadcasting and wide release on the video market  Coal Black and de Sebben Dwarfs (1943), a politically incorrect but critically well-regarded short, was notably omitted entirely, while The Scarlet Pumpernickel (1950) and Feed the Kitty (1952), both well-regarded, had their finales heavily edited due to violence There was media attention in June 2001 over a network decision concerning further omissions from broadcasting  Cartoon Network formerly scheduled a 49-hour-long marathon annually known as June Bugs, promising to broadcast every Bugs Bunny animated short in chronological order  The network originally intended to include 12 shorts for its 2001 airing of the marathon (one of them part of the Censored Eleven list of Merrie Melodies and Looney Tunes cartoons effectively shelved from distribution) that had become controversial for using ethnic and national stereotypes, albeit broadcasting them past midnight to ensure few children were watching, with introductions concerning their historic value as representatives of another time  The network's corporate parent considered it likely that there would be complaints concerning racial insensitivity  This led to all 12 being omitted in their entirety  Laurie Goldberg, vice-president of public relations, defended the decision, stating, "We're the leader in animation, but we're also one of the top-rated general entertainment networks  There are certain responsibilities that come with that "

Related brands and units
Cartoonito
Cartoonito is a preschool programming brand owned by Warner Bros ; the brand was first launched in 2006 for use in international markets  In February 2021, it was announced that Cartoonito would make its U S  debut as a block on Cartoon Network and as a content brand on HBO Max; the Cartoon Network block launched on September 13, 2021 

Adult Swim
Adult Swim (often stylized as [adult swim] or [as]) is the adult-oriented programming brand of Cartoon Network  The programs featured on Adult Swim are geared toward a mature audience, in contrast to the all-ages, preteen daytime programming of Cartoon Network  As a result, Adult Swim is treated by Nielsen as a separate channel in its ratings reports (similar to Nickelodeon's Nick at Nite block) and marketed as such because of its differing target demographics  The block broadcasts both animated and live-action shows (including original programming, reruns of animated sitcoms, and other action and anime series) generally with minimal or no editing for content 
As of May 2023, Adult Swim broadcasts from 7:00 p m  to 6:00 a m  ET/PT on Monday through Saturdays, and from 9:00 p m  to 6 a m  on Sundays  Initially airing in the late-night hours, it has since expanded into prime time, moving its start time to 10 p m  in 2009, and 8 p m  in March 2014 (although the hour was given back to Cartoon Network for programming events and premieres, such as Steven Universe Future, in the fall-to-early-winter period) Due to increasing viewership of Cartoon Network in the evening hours by viewers over 18, Adult Swim's sign-on was moved to 7 p m  ET/PT on weekdays and Saturdays on May 1, 2023  It will expand further to 6 p m  on  August 28; this hour will initially feature the sub-block "Checkered Past" on weekdays, airing reruns of classic Cartoon Network original series 

Toonami
Toonami (a portmanteau of "cartoon" and "tsunami", suggesting a "tidal wave" of animated cartoons) is a brand used for action-oriented programming blocks and television channels worldwide  The original program block launched on Cartoon Network in the United States on March 17, 1997, and primarily aired both American cartoons and Japanese anime  The block would end its original run on September 20, 2008, before it was later revived on May 26, 2012, as a relaunch of Adult Swim's Saturday night anime block  Toonami's current incarnation is similar to that of the "Midnight Run", a special version of the block that originally ran on Saturday nights and was the forerunner for Adult Swim  The block is best known for its branding and aesthetic, including its animated host, a robot named TOM, that was later voiced by Steven Blum 
The Toonami brand was also used internationally for dedicated networks in the United Kingdom (replacing CNX), Asia (in December 2012), India (in February 2015), and France (in February 2016) 

Boomerang
Boomerang is a brand dedicated to classic and theatrical cartoons aimed towards children 7–13  It was originally a weekend programming block that aired on Cartoon Network from December 8, 1992, until October 3, 2004  On April 1, 2000, Boomerang received a new look and was spun off into its own cable channel  In 2017, an online Boomerang video-on-demand service was launched, which includes classic series along with new episodes of original series like Scooby-Doo and Guess Who?, New Looney Tunes, and The Tom and Jerry Show 

Other services
Production studios
Cartoon Network Studios
Cartoon Network Studios is a production studio located in the network's West Coast headquarters of Burbank, California, which serves as the network's first animation studio division to provide original programs for the network, succeeding Hanna-Barbera  While the studio makes original programs for the network, original Cartoon Network and Cartoonito shows like Big Bag, Ed, Edd n Eddy, Mike, Lu & Og, Courage the Cowardly Dog, Sheep in the Big City, Codename: Kids Next Door, The Secret Saturdays, and Sunday Pants were all produced without Cartoon Network Studios’ involvement  Starting from 2014, it starts producing shows for Adult Swim alongside its sister company Williams Street, following botched attempts to launch pilots on the block  It also produces live-action shows under the pseudonyms Alive and Kicking, Inc , Rent Now Productions and Factual Productions, formerly for Cartoon Network and currently for Adult Swim 

Williams Street
Williams Street Productions is the adult production studio division that provides original program to the network's late-night programming block Adult Swim that is located in Atlanta, Georgia, along with the main headquarters of the network  Prior to Adult Swim, the company produced Space Ghost: Coast to Coast for Cartoon Network 

Hanna-Barbera Studios Europe
Hanna-Barbera Studios Europe (formerly known as Cartoon Network Development Studio Europe until 2017 and Cartoon Network Studios Europe until 2021) is the network's European production studio division that is located in London, England, which provides other original programs but from the United Kingdom 

Cartoon Network Productions
Cartoon Network Productions is the global distribution arm for shows, pilots, and movies through various international Cartoon Network channels since December 5, 1993 

CN LA Original Productions
Cartoon Network Latin America Original Productions (abbreviated as CN LA) is a production studio division of the network's Latin American station, formed on May 26, 2019 

Media
Cartoon Network Games
Cartoon Network Games (formerly Cartoon Network Interactive) is the video game developer and publisher of video games based on Cartoon Network shows since 2000 

Cartoon Network Enterprises
Cartoon Network Enterprises is the network's global licensing and merchandising arm established in 2001  It distributes merchandises of various Cartoon Network brands 

Mobile app
Cartoon Network has a mobile app that provides the latest full episodes, a live stream from the East and West coast, games, and the network's schedule 

Book licensing
Cartoon Network Books is the book publisher established in 2015  It licenses books based on various Cartoon Network franchises 

Video games
In 2011, Cartoon Network characters were featured in a four-player mascot brawler fighting game similar to Nintendo's Super Smash Bros  video game series called Cartoon Network: Punch Time Explosion for the Nintendo 3DS  The game was later released for the Xbox 360, PlayStation 3 and the Wii as Cartoon Network Punch Time Explosion XL  Several video games based on the cartoon series Ben 10 were released by Cartoon Network as well  The Cartoon Network website also features various browser games incorporating characters from various Cartoon Network franchises  One such game was FusionFall, a massive multiplayer game released on January 14, 2009, and shut down on August 29, 2013 

Movies
Cartoon Network has produced various films, most of them being television films; the only films from Cartoon Network that had a theatrical release are The Powerpuff Girls Movie, Aqua Teen Hunger Force Colon Movie Film for Theaters, Regular Show: The Movie and Teen Titans Go! To The Movies 

Online
Cartoon Network registered its official website, CartoonNetwork com, on January 9, 1996  It officially launched on July 27, 1998  Sam Register served as the site's Senior Vice President and Creative Director from 1997 to 2001  In its early years, small studios partnered with the network to produce exclusive "Web Premiere Toons", short cartoons made specifically for CartoonNetwork com  More about animation was included in the "Department of Cartoons", which featured storyboards, episode guides, backgrounds, sound and video files, model sheets, production notes, and other information about shows on the network  In January 1999, the Department of Cartoons showcased the "MGM Golden Age Collection", most of which had not been published or even seen in more than 50 years  Cartoon Network launched Cartoon Orbit, an online gaming network characterized by digital trading cards called "cToons", in October 2000  The game officially ended on October 16, 2006 
In October 2000, CartoonNetwork com outdid its rival Nickelodeon's website in terms of unique users, scoring 2 12 million compared to Nick com's 1 95 million  In July 2007, Nielsen ratings data showed visitors spent an average of 77 minutes on the site, surpassing the previous record of 71 minutes set in 2004, and the site ranked 26th in terms of time spent for all US domains 

Marketing
Cartoon Network shows with established fan followings, such as Dexter's Laboratory, allowed the network to pursue licensing agreements with companies interested in selling series-related merchandise  For example, agreements with Kraft Foods led to widespread in-store advertising for Cartoon Network-related products  The network also worked on cross-promotion campaigns with both Kraft and Tower Records  In product development and marketing, the network has benefited from its relation to corporate parent Warner Bros  Discovery, allowing for mutually beneficial relationships with various subsidiary companies Time Warner Cable, the former cable television subsidiary of the corporate parent (which was spun off from Time Warner in 2009), distributes Cartoon Network as part of its packages  Turner Broadcasting System, the subsidiary overseeing various Warner Bros  Discovery-owned networks, helped cross-promote Cartoon Network shows and at times arranged for swapping certain shows between the networks  For example, Foster's Home for Imaginary Friends, one of CN's original shows, was at times seen at Kids' WB (which was discontinued on May 24, 2008), while Xiaolin Showdown and ¡Mucha Lucha!, two of Kids' WB's original shows, were seen at Cartoon Network  In each case, the swap intended to cultivate a shared audience for the two networks  Time Inc , the former subsidiary overseeing the magazines of the corporate parent, ensured favorable coverage of Cartoon Network and advertising space across its publications  Printed advertisements for CN shows could appear in magazines such as Time, Entertainment Weekly and Sports Illustrated Kids until Time Inc  was spun off from WarnerMedia on June 9, 2014  AOL, a now-former sibling company to WarnerMedia covering Internet services, helped promote Cartoon Network shows online by offering exclusive content for certain animated series, online sweepstakes and display advertising for CN Warner Bros  Home Entertainment, the home video subsidiary, distributes VHS tapes, DVDs and Blu-ray discs featuring Cartoon Network shows  Select Warner Bros  Family Entertainment VHS releases came with bonus cartoons from Cartoon Network  Rhino Entertainment, the former record label subsidiary of the corporate parent (which was spun off from Warner Bros  Discovery in 2004), distributed cassette tapes and CDs with Cartoon Network-related music  These products were also available through the Warner Bros  Studio Store  DC Comics, the comic book subsidiary, published a series featuring the Powerpuff Girls, indicating it could handle other CN-related characters  Warner Bros , the film studio subsidiary, released The Powerpuff Girls Movie in 2002  Kevin Sandler considered it likely that this film would find its way to HBO or Cinemax, two television network subsidiaries which regularly broadcast feature films  Sandler also viewed book tie-ins through Warner Books as likely, since it was the only area of marketing not covered yet by 2001 Cartoon Network also licensed its original series out for food promotions  Nestlé was granted a licensing agreement that resulted in a Wonder Ball chocolate candy tie-in with Cartoon Network characters and logos beginning in 2003  A new Wonder Ball promotion began in 2004 with characters from Ed, Edd n Eddy and exclusive Wonderball prizes and cToons on the Cartoon Orbit website 

International channels
Since its inception, Cartoon Network and its sister channels have set up various national and regional feeds  Since the early 1990s and 2000s, the network has expanded to countries including Canada, Mexico, Latin America, the United Kingdom, Ireland, Africa, and several Asia-Pacific regions 

See also
Adult Swim
Boomerang
Cartoonito
Passage 6:
The Greatest Event in Television History
The Greatest Event in Television History is a mockumentary TV special series created by Adam Scott and Naomi Scott  The series premiered on Cartoon Network's late night programming block Adult Swim on October 12, 2012 and ended on January 23, 2014 with a total of four episodes  Each episode originally aired independently as a "special presentation", several months apart 

Format
The format of each special is a brief mockumentary about the shot-for-shot remake of a 1980s TV series opening credits sequence, followed by the remake itself  Series co-creator Adam Scott says the specials are at least in part motivated by his own memories of watching 1980s TV as a kid  Each episode is hosted by Jeff Probst with actors portraying fictional versions of themselves or others  After each episode, the original opening credit scene is shown 

Production
Four episodes were produced during the show's run; the series finale aired on January 23, 2014  In an interview with Splitsider, Scott explained the conclusion of the series: "It's a lot of work for such a short, stupid thing    they're really fun and they're fun to make, but we're ready to move on "

Cast
Amanda Anka as voiceover (voice)
Jeff Probst as himself
Jon Hamm as Rick Simon
Adam Scott as A J  Simon / Jonathan Hart / Monroe Ficus / Henry Desmond
Paul Rudd as Director / Kip Wilson
Gus Van Sant as himself
Joe Schroeder as Tallest Doctor
Kathryn Hahn as Gretta Strauss / Sara Rush
Paul Scheer as Protester
Megan Mullally as Cecilia Simon
Bailey as Marlowe
Amy Poehler as Jennifer Hart
Paul Rust as Director
Horatio Sanz as Max
Maya Ferrara as Basecamp PA
David Wain as Bell Taint
Nick Kroll as Jeremy Bay
Catherine O'Hara as Muriel Rush
Jon Glaser as Henry Rush
Chelsea Peretti as Jackie Rush
Jason Mantzoukas as Director
Seth Morris as Channon Flowers
Damian Lang as Emergency Medic
Gillian Jacobs as Sonny Lumet
Mo Collins as Ruth Dunbar
Aisha Muharrar as Isabelle Hammond
Helen Slayton-Hughes as Lilly Sinclair
Aidy Bryant as Amy Cassidy

Episodes
Passage 7:
Allan Wicks
Edward Allan Wicks   (6 June 1923, Harden, West Yorkshire − 4 February 2010) was an English cathedral organist, who served in Canterbury Cathedral for nearly 30 years  He was an early champion of the music of Olivier Messiaen, Peter Maxwell Davies and Kenneth Leighton  He also directed the specially-commissioned music for the 1951 revival of the York Mystery Plays, regarded as the greatest event in the Festival of Britain celebrations 

Career
The son of a parson, Wicks began his musical studies as a pianist at an early age, but did not think that he would be good enough to become professional  He was educated at St John's School, Leatherhead and at the age of 14 he was advised to convert to the organ  He took his degree at Christ Church, Oxford, where he was also organ scholar at the cathedral, assistant to Thomas Armstrong  Completing his studies after serving in the 14th Punjab Regiment, gaining an MA and an FRCO, he then took up post at York Minster in 1947, as sub-organist to Francis Jackson  He described his time at York as being much easier than modern cathedral organists: "In those days it was easier to manage on one's own, because we never used to conduct, except a cappella pieces, we never conducted like cathedral organists now who hardly ever play the organ, they're down there wagging a finger, waving their arms about " Whilst based in York, he was on the music staff at St Peter's School and Chorus Master of Leeds Philharmonic Society  For the 1951 revival of the York Mystery Plays he was director of the music, composed by his friend James Brown  The plays captured the hearts of the British public, and have been performed regularly ever since In 1954, Wicks left York to take the job of organist and choirmaster of Manchester Cathedral  There he inspired Maxwell Davies by his directing the choir in performances of John IV of Portugal and John Dunstaple  Wicks also championed Maxwell Davies's Fantasia on O Magnum Mysterium, as well as Malcolm Williamson's six-movement Symphony



ground_truth: India

prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: The Greatest Event in Television History aired on the channel that was founded by whom?

The following are given passages.
Context 3:  He also organised a Cantata Choir and a small orchestra for Tuesday evening concerts of larger-scale works, including Igor Stravinsky's Canticum Sacrum and Messiaen's Messe de la Pentecôte In 1961 he was appointed organist and master of the choristers of Canterbury Cathedral, where he served for 27 years, under three Archbishops, retiring after being appointed C B E  in 1988  Whilst at Canterbury, he also was honoured with the Lambeth MusDoc in 1974 and an honorary DMus from the University of Kent in 1985 
Wicks died in 2010, and was survived by his wife, Elizabeth, and their two daughters 

Organist posts
1941–1946: Organ Scholar, Christ Church Cathedral, Oxford (interrupted by wartime service in the 14th Punjab Regiment)
1947–1954: Sub Organist, York Minster
1954–1961: Organist at Manchester Cathedral 
1961–1988: Organist at Canterbury Cathedral 
Passage 8:
2005 World Series of Poker
The 2005 World Series of Poker opened play on June 2, continuing through the Main Event No Limit World Championship starting on July 7  The conclusion of the Main Event on July 15 marked the close of play, and the largest prize in sports and/or television history at the time ($7,500,000) was awarded to the winner  ESPN's broadcast began July 19th with coverage of WSOP Circuit Tournaments, and coverage of the Main Event began October 11th and ended November 15th 
All events were held at the Rio All Suite Hotel and Casino with the exception of the final 2 days of the Main Event which were held at Binion's Horseshoe  This marked the last time the Main Event final table was held at Binion's Horseshoe 

Events
Main Event
There were 5,619 entrants to the main event  Each paid $10,000 to enter what was the largest poker tournament ever played in a brick and mortar casino at the time   Many entrants won their seat in online poker tournaments  2004 Main Event champion Greg Raymer finished in 25th place in his title defense 

Final table
*Career statistics prior to the beginning of the 2005 Main Event 

Final table results
Other High Finishes
NB: This list is restricted to top 30 finishers with an existing Wikipedia entry 

Fall of World Champions
Day 1: Jim Bechtel, Doyle Brunson, Johnny Chan, Chris Ferguson, Phil Hellmuth, Tom McEvoy, Carlos Mortensen, Scotty Nguyen, Robert Varkonyi
Day 2: Dan Harrington, Chris Moneymaker, Huck Seed
Day 3: (none)
Day 4: Russ Hamilton
Day 5: (none)
Day 6: Greg Raymer

See also
World Series of Poker Circuit events
World Series of Poker Tournament of Champions
2005 World Series of Poker Results
Passage 9:
ER (TV series)
ER is an American medical drama television series created by novelist and physician Michael Crichton that aired on NBC from September 19, 1994, to April 2, 2009, with a total of 331 episodes spanning 15 seasons  It was produced by Constant C Productions and Amblin Television, in association with Warner Bros  Television  ER follows the inner life of the emergency room (ER) of Cook County General Hospital (a fictionalized version of the real Cook County Hospital) in Chicago, and various critical issues faced by the department's physicians and staff 
The show is the second longest-running primetime medical drama in American television history behind Grey's Anatomy, and the seventh longest medical drama across the globe (behind the United Kingdom's Casualty and Holby City, [United States’s] Grey's Anatomy, Germany's In aller Freundschaft,  Poland's Na dobre i na złe, and New Zealand's Shortland Street)  It won 23 Primetime Emmy Awards, including the 1996 Outstanding Drama Series award, and received 124 Emmy nominations  ER won 116 awards in total, including the Peabody Award, while the cast earned four Screen Actors Guild Awards for Outstanding Ensemble Performance in a Drama Series  As of 2014, ER has grossed over $3 billion in television revenue 

Production
Development
In 1974, author Michael Crichton wrote a screenplay based on his own experiences as a medical student in a busy hospital emergency room  The screenplay went nowhere and Crichton turned to other topics  In 1990, he published the novel Jurassic Park, and in 1993 began a collaboration with director Steven Spielberg on the film adaptation of the book  Crichton and Spielberg then turned to ER, but decided to film the story as a two-hour pilot for a television series rather than as a feature film  Spielberg's Amblin Entertainment provided John Wells as the show's executive producer 
The script used to shoot the pilot was virtually unchanged from what Crichton had written in 1974  The only substantive changes made by the producers in 1994 were that the Susan Lewis character became a woman and the Peter Benton character became African-American, and the running time was shortened by about 20 minutes in order for the pilot to air in a two-hour block on network TV  Because of a lack of time and money necessary to build a set, the pilot episode of ER was filmed in the former Linda Vista Hospital in Los Angeles, an old facility that had ceased operating in 1990  A set modeled after Los Angeles County General Hospital's emergency room was built soon afterward at the Warner Bros  studios in Burbank, California, although the show makes extensive use of location shoots in Chicago, most notably the city's famous "L" train platforms Warren Littlefield, running NBC Entertainment at the time, was impressed by the series: "We were intrigued, but we were admittedly a bit spooked in attempting to go back into that territory a few years after St  Elsewhere " With Spielberg attached behind the scenes, NBC ordered six episodes  "ER premiered opposite a Monday Night Football game on ABC and did surprisingly well  Then we moved it to Thursday and it just took off", commented Littlefield  ER's success surprised the networks and critics alike, as David E  Kelley's new medical drama Chicago Hope was expected to crush the new series Crichton remained executive producer until his death in November 2008, although he was still credited as one throughout that entire final season  Wells, the series' other initial executive producer, served as showrunner for the first three seasons  He was one of the show's most prolific writers and became a regular director in later years  Lydia Woodward was a part of the first season production team and became an executive producer for the third season  She took over as showrunner for the fourth season while Wells focused on the development of other series, including Trinity, Third Watch, and The West Wing  She left her executive producer position at the end of the sixth season but continued to write episodes throughout the series' run 
Joe Sachs, who was a writer and producer of the series, believed keeping a commitment to medical accuracy was extremely important: "We'd bend the rules but never break them  A medication that would take 10 minutes to work might take 30 seconds instead  We compressed time  A 12- to 24-hour shift gets pushed into 48 minutes  But we learned that being accurate was important for more reasons than just making real and responsible drama "Woodward was replaced as showrunner by Jack Orman  Orman was recruited as a writer-producer for the series in its fourth season after a successful stint working on CBS's JAG  He was quickly promoted and became an executive producer and showrunner for the series' seventh season  He held these roles for three seasons before leaving the series at the end of the ninth season  Orman was also a frequent writer and directed three episodes of the show 
David Zabel served as the series' head writer and executive producer in its later seasons  He initially joined the crew for the eighth season and became an executive producer and showrunner for the twelfth season onward  Zabel was the series' most frequent writer, contributing to 41 episodes  He also made his directing debut on the series  Christopher Chulack was the series' most frequent director and worked as a producer on all 15 seasons  He became an executive producer in the fourth season but occasionally scaled back his involvement in later years to focus on other projects 
Other executive producers include writers Carol Flint, Neal Baer, R  Scott Gemmill, Dee Johnson, Joe Sachs, Lisa Zwerling, and Janine Sherman Barrois  Several of these writers and producers had background in healthcare: Joe Sachs was an emergency physician, while Lisa Zwerling and Neal Baer were both pediatricians  The series' crew was recognized with awards for writing, directing, producing, film editing, sound editing, casting, and music 

Broadcasting
Following the broadcast of its two-hour pilot movie on September 19, 1994, ER premiered Thursday, September 22 at 10pm  It remained in the same Thursday time slot for its entire run, capping the Must See TV primetime block  ER is NBC's third longest-running drama, after Law & Order and Law & Order: Special Victims Unit, and the second longest-running American primetime medical drama of all time, behind Grey's Anatomy  Starting with season seven, ER was broadcast in the 1080i HD format, appearing in letterbox format when presented in standard definition  On April 2, 2008, NBC announced that the series would return for its fifteenth season  The fifteenth season was originally scheduled to run for 19 episodes before retiring with a two-hour series finale to be broadcast on March 12, 2009, but NBC announced in January 2009 that it would extend the show by an additional three episodes to a full 22-episode order as part of a deal to launch a new series by John Wells titled Police, later retitled Southland  ER's final episode aired on April 2, 2009; the two-hour episode was preceded by a one-hour retrospective special  The series finale charged $425,000 per 30-second ad spot, more than three times the season's rate of $135,000  From season 4 to season 6 ER cost a record-breaking $13 million per episode  TNT also paid a record price of $1 million an episode for four years of repeats of the series during that time  The cost of the first three seasons was $2 million per episode and seasons 7 to 9 cost $8 million per episode In September 1998, TNT aired syndicated reruns of the series 

Cast and characters
The original starring cast consisted of Anthony Edwards as Dr  Mark Greene, George Clooney as Dr  Doug Ross, Sherry Stringfield as Dr  Susan Lewis, Noah Wyle as medical student John Carter, and Eriq La Salle as Dr  Peter Benton  As the series continued, some key changes were made: Nurse Carol Hathaway, played by Julianna Margulies, who attempts suicide in the original pilot script, was made into a regular cast member  Ming-Na Wen debuted in the middle of the first season as medical student Jing-Mei "Deb" Chen, but did not return for the second season; she returns in season 6 episode 10  Gloria Reuben and Laura Innes would join the series as Physician Assistant Jeanie Boulet and Dr  Kerry Weaver, respectively, by the second season In the third season, a series of cast additions and departures began that would see the entire original cast leave over time  Stringfield was the first to exit the series, reportedly upsetting producers who believed she wanted to negotiate for more money, but the actress did not particularly care for "fame "
 She would return to the series from 2001 until 2005  Clooney departed the series in 1999 to pursue a film career, and Margulies exited the following year  Season eight saw the departure of La Salle and Edwards when Benton left County General and Greene died from a brain tumor  Wyle left the series after season 11 in order to spend more time with his family, but would return for two multiple-episode appearances in the show's final seasons  Goran Visnjic as Dr  Luka Kovač, Maura Tierney as Dr  Abby Lockhart, Alex Kingston as Dr  Elizabeth Corday, Paul McCrane as Dr  Robert Romano, and Mekhi Phifer as Dr  Greg Pratt all joined the cast as the seasons went on  In the much later seasons, the show would see the additions of Scott Grimes as Dr  Archie Morris, Parminder Nagra as Dr  Neela Rasgotra, Shane West as Dr  Ray Barnett, Linda Cardellini as nurse Samantha Taggart, John Stamos as intern Tony Gates, David Lyons as Dr  Simon Brenner and Angela Bassett as Dr  Catherine Banfield In addition to the main cast, ER featured a large number of frequently seen recurring cast members who played key roles such as paramedics, hospital support staff, nurses, and doctors  ER also featured a sizable roster of well-known guest stars, some making rare television appearances, who typically played patients in single episode appearances or multi-episode arcs 

Episodes
A typical episode centered on the ER, with most scenes set in the hospital or surrounding streets  In addition, most seasons included at least one storyline located completely outside of the ER, often outside of Chicago  Over the span of the series, stories took place in the Democratic Republic of The Congo, France, Iraq and Sudan  One early storyline involved a road trip taken by Dr  Ross and Dr  Greene to California and a season eight episode included a storyline in Hawaii featuring Dr  Greene and Dr  Corday  Beginning in season nine, storylines started to include the Democratic Republic of the Congo, featuring Dr  Kovac, Dr  Carter, and Dr  Pratt  "We turned some attention on the Congo and on Darfur when nobody else was  We had a bigger audience than a nightly newscast will ever see, making 25 to 30 million people aware of what was going on in Africa," ER producer John Wells said  "The show is not about telling people to eat their vegetables, but if we can do that in an entertaining context, then there's nothing better " The series also focused on sociopolitical issues such as HIV and AIDS, organ transplants, mental illness, racism, human trafficking, euthanasia, poverty and gay rights Some episodes used creative formats, such as the 1997 "Ambush", which was broadcast live twice, once for the east coast and again three hours later for the west coast, and 2002's "Hindsight", which ran in reverse time as it followed one character, Dr  Kovac, through the events of a Christmas Eve shift and the Christmas party that preceded it 

Crossover with Third Watch
The episode "Brothers and Sisters" (first broadcast on April 25, 2002) begins a crossover that concludes on the Third Watch episode "Unleashed" in which Dr  Lewis enlists the help of Officers Maurice Boscorelli and Faith Yokas to find her sister and niece 

Ratings
U S  seasonal rankings based on average total viewers per episode of ER on NBC are tabulated below   Each U S  network television season starts in late September and ends in late May, which coincides with the completion of May sweeps  All times mentioned in this section were in the Eastern and Pacific time zones  Ratings for seasons 1–2 are listed in households (the percentage of households watching the program), while ratings for seasons 3–15 are listed in viewers 

In its first year, ER attracted an average of 19 million viewers per episode, becoming the year's second most watched television show, just behind Seinfeld  In the following two seasons (1995–1997), ER was the most watched show in North America  For almost five years, ER battled for the top spot against Seinfeld, but in 1998, Seinfeld ended and then ER became number one again  The series finale attracted 16 4 million viewers  The show's highest rating came during the season 2 episode "Hell and High Water," with 48 million viewers and a 45% market share  It was the highest for a regularly scheduled drama since a May 1985 installment of Dallas received a 46  The share represents the percentage of TVs in use tuned in to that show 

Critical reception
Throughout the series ER received positive reviews from critics and fans alike  It scored 80 on Metacritic, meaning "generally favorable reviews", based on 21 critics  Marvin Kitman from Newsday said: "It's like M*A*S*H with just the helicopters showing up and no laughs  E R  is all trauma; you never get to know enough about the patients or get involved with them  It's just treat, release and move on"  Richard Zoglin from Time stated that it's "probably the most realistic fictional treatment of the medical profession TV has ever presented" 
Critical reactions for ER's first season were very favorable  Alan Rich, writing for Variety, praised the direction and editing of the pilot while Eric Mink, writing for the New York Daily News, said that the pilot of ER "was urban, emergency room chaos and young, committed doctors " However some reviewers felt the episodes following the pilot did not live up to it with Mink commenting that "the great promise of the "E R " pilot dissolves into the kind of routine, predictable, sloppily detailed medical drama we've seen many times before "NBC launched the show at the same time that CBS launched its own medical drama Chicago Hope; many critics drew comparisons between the two  Eric Mink concluded that ER may rate more highly in the Nielsens but Chicago Hope told better stories, while Rich felt both shows were "riveting, superior TV fare " The Daily Telegraph wrote in 1996: "Not being able to follow what on earth is going on remains one of the peculiar charms of the breakneck American hospital drama, ER" In 2002, TV Guide ranked ER No  22 on their list of "TV's Top 50 Shows", making it the second highest ranked medical drama on the list (after St  Elsewhere at No  20)  Also, the season 1 episode "Love's Labor Lost" was ranked No  6 on TV Guide's 100 Greatest Episodes of All-Time list having earlier been ranked No  3  The show placed No  19 on Entertainment Weekly's "New TV Classics" list  British magazine Empire ranked it No  29 in their list of the "50 Greatest TV Shows of All Time" and said the best episode was "Hell And High Water" (Season 2, Episode 7) where "Doug Ross (George Clooney) saves a young boy from drowning during a flood " In 2012, ER was voted Best TV Drama on ABC's 20/20 special episode "Best in TV: The Greatest TV Shows of Our Time"  In 2013, TV Guide ranked it No  9 in its list of The 60 Greatest Dramas of All Time and No  29 in its list of the 60 Best Series  In the same year, the Writers Guild of America ranked ER No  28 in its list of the 101 Best Written TV Series of All Time 

Awards and nominations
The series has been nominated for 375 industry awards and has won 116  ER won the George Foster Peabody Award in 1995, and won 22 of the 124 Emmy Awards for which it was nominated  It also won the People's Choice Award for "Favorite Television Dramatic Series" every year from 1995 to 2002  Over the years, it has won numerous other awards, including Screen Actors Guild Awards, Image Awards, GLAAD Media Awards, and Golden Globe Awards, among others 

Distribution
Home media
Warner Home Video has released all 15 seasons in R1, R2, and R4 
In the UK (Region 2), The Complete Series boxset was released on October 26, 2009  On September 12, 2016 the series was re-released in three box sets, Seasons 1–5, Seasons 6–10 and Seasons 11–15 
The DVD box sets of ER are unusual in the fact that they are all in anamorphic widescreen even though the first six seasons of the show were broadcast in a standard 4:3 format  ER was shot protecting for widescreen presentation, allowing the show to be presented in 16:9 open matte (leaving only the title sequence in the 4:3 format)  However, as the production of the show was generally conceived with 4:3 presentation in mind, some episodes feature vignetting or unintended objects towards the sides of the frame that would not be visible when presented in the 4:3 format  These episodes also appear in the widescreen format when rerun on TNT HD, Pop and streaming services 
In 2018 Hulu struck a deal with Warner Bros Domestic Television Distribution to stream all 15 seasons of the show  The show arrived on HBO Max in January 2022 

Soundtrack
In 1996, Atlantic Records released an album of music from the first two seasons, featuring James Newton Howard's theme from the series in its on-air and full versions, selections from the weekly scores composed by Martin Davich (Howard scored the two-hour pilot, Davich scored all the subsequent episodes and wrote a new theme used from 2006–2009 until the final episode, when Howard's original theme returned) and songs used on the series 
Theme From ER – James Newton Howard (3:02)
Dr  Lewis And Renee (from "The Birthday Party") (1:57)
Canine Blues (from "Make of Two Hearts") (2:27)
Goodbye Baby Susie (from "Fever of Unknown Origin") (3:11)
Doug & Carol (from "The Gift") – composed by James Newton Howard and Martin Davich (1:59)
Healing Hands – Marc Cohn (4:25)
The Hero (from "Hell And High Water") composed by James Newton Howard and Martin Davich (1:55)
Carter, See You Next Fall (from "Everything Old Is New Again") (1:28)
Reasons For Living – Duncan Sheik (4:33)
Dr  Green and a Mother's Death (from "Love's Labor Lost") (2:48)
Raul Dies (from "The Healers") (2:20)
Hell And High Water (from "Hell And High Water") – composed by James Newton Howard and Martin Davich (2:38)
Hold On (from "Hell And High Water") (2:47)
Shep Arrives (from "The Healers") (3:37)
Shattered Glass (from "Hell And High Water") (2:11)
Theme From ER – James Newton Howard  (1:00)
It Came Upon A Midnight Clear – Mike Finnegan (2:30)

Other media
An ER video game developed by Legacy Interactive for Windows 2000 and XP was released in 2005 
In the Mad episode "Pokémon Park / WWER", the show was parodied in the style of WWE 
A recurring sketch called "Toy ER" in the Nickelodeon comedy series All That parodies the show, featuring Dr  Malady (Chelsea Brummet), Dr  Botch (Giovonnie Samuels), and Dr  Sax (Shane Lyons) "treating" damaged toys 
A book about emergency medicine based on the TV series, The Medicine of ER: An Insider's Guide to the Medical Science Behind America's #1 TV Drama was published in 1996  Authors Alan Duncan Ross and Harlan Gibbs M D  have hospital administration and ER experience, respectively, and are called fans of the TV show in the book's credits 

Foreign adaptations
In March 2012, Warner Bros  International Television announced that they would sell the format rights to ER to overseas territories  This allowed foreign countries to produce their own version of the series In June 2013, Warner Bros  International Television and Emotion Production from Belgrade, Serbia, announced a Serbian version of ER  Urgentni Centar premiered on October 6, 2014, on TV Prva  As of 2014 a Colombian version was planned 

See also
Casualty – Similar concept but based on a British fictional hospital's accident & emergency department 



ground_truth: Betty Cohen