prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: In what year did the Tornoto International Film Fesitval premiere a movie produced by BBC Films?

The following are given passages.
Context 1: Passage 1:
Jonathan Miles (filmmaker)
Jonathan Miles is a British independent filmmaker   He studied at Surrey Institute of Art & Design   Early in his career he directed music videos, for instance The Ride with Alec Empire  His short film The Queue from 2007 has been shown at a number of film festivals, in particular The End Of The Pier International Film Festival, where it won the award for Best Comedy Short 2008   In addition to directing he has worked as a documentary editor on BBC films   He now lives in Berlin 
Passage 2:
The Meerkats
The Meerkats, also known as Meerkats: The Movie, is a feature-length 2008 British wildlife fiction film which anthropomorphises the daily struggles of a clan of meerkats in the Kalahari Desert  It was produced by BBC Films, and filmed by the award-winning BBC Natural History Unit  It is the debut directorial feature of James Honeyborne, previously a producer of natural history programmes for television  The worldwide premiere was held at the Dinard Film Festival, France in October 2008, expanding to a wide release the following week  The film was released in 2009, on 7 August in the UK  This was dedicated to actor Paul Newman, the narrator of the film, who died in 2008, shortly before this movie was released making it his final film role 

Plot
The documentary follows the coming-of-age of a meerkat named Kolo who is forced to leave his home by a group of meerkats who want more territory  Lost in the African savannah, he tries to reunite with his family, but encounters large, fierce, and deadly creatures 

Production
The Meerkats was announced in November 2006 as BBC Films and The Weinstein Company agreed a co-financing deal for the film, with The Weinstein Company also handling international distribution  The year-long principal photography began on location in the Kalahari Desert, South Africa in the same month  It became the Natural History Unit's first feature-length wildlife fiction based on original material, and followed the successes of Earth (2007) and Deep Blue (2003) which were both companion pieces to BBC television series  The script was written by Alexander McCall Smith, author of many books set in Botswana  Paul Newman provides the narration, which was recorded at a studio near his home shortly before his death  The Meerkats was the final film credit of Newman's long career Meerkat Manor: The Story Begins, a second feature-length wildlife film on meerkats, was also released in 2008  It was produced by Animal Planet, Discovery Films and Oxford Scientific Films, the makers of Meerkat Manor, but was not screened in theatres  BBC Films' Joe Oppenheimer, a producer of The Meerkats, has stated that the two films are very different in character (the BBC and Discovery originally planned to collaborate, but couldn't agree on a common ground)  James Honeyborne has described The Meerkats as "a stand-alone, blue-chip wildlife film from the ground up  It will be immersive  There will be a huge sense of place on a massive scale  You will really see real wild animals "

Awards
Winner, Grand Prix Earth, Special Award, Tokyo International Film Festival
Best of Festival, Wild Talk Africa Film Festival
Winner, Best Editing, Wild Talk Africa Film Festival
Winner, Best Sound Design, Wild Talk Africa Film Festival
Nomination, Best Music, Wild Talk Africa Film Festival
Nomination, Best Script, Wild Talk Africa Film Festival
Winner, Best Editing, Jackson Hole Wildlife Film Festival
Nomination, Best Writing, Jackson Hole Wildlife Film Festival
Winner, Silver Teton, Jackson Hole Wildlife Film Festival

Reception
Writing in The Guardian, reviewer Philip French noted that the "nature movie made in the Kalahari desert has some good footage but is more Disney-anthropomorphic than Attenborough" 
Passage 3:
The Gardener (2012 film)
The Gardener (Persian: باغبان,  Bāghbān) is a documentary film by Mohsen Makhmalbaf  It had its Asian premiere at Busan International Film Festival, its European premiere at Rotterdam International Film Festival, and North American premiere at the Vancouver International Film Festival  It is the first film in decades to be made by an Iranian filmmaker in Israel  The film has been shown in more than 20 film festivals and won the Best Documentary award from Beirut International Film Festival and the special Maverick Award at the Motovun Film Festival in Croatia  The film was selected as "Critic's Pick of the Week" by New York Film Critics Circle, "Best of the Fest" at Busan Film Festival by The Hollywood Reporter, and "Top Ten Films" at Mumbai Film Festival by Times of India, and its script was added to the Library of Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences 

Synopsis
The film is about an Iranian filmmaker and his son who travel to Israel to learn about the role of religion in the world  While the son goes out to the Wailing Wall, the Dome of the Rock and Christian sites, the father stays at the Baháʼí gardens to learn about a faith that came out of his own country—Iran  The film is similar to Gabbeh and The Silence in style 
The Gardener is set in the newly recognized UNESCO World Heritage Site, the Bahá'í World Centre buildings in Haifa and Western Galilee; and in various religious sites in Jerusalem 

Cast and crew
Producers:

Screenplay and director: Mohsen Makhmalbaf
Cinematography and editing: Maysam Makhmalbaf
Music: Paul Collier, Salar Samadi
Sound: Asad RezaiCast:
Ririva Eona Mabi from Papua New Guinea
Paula Asadi from Canada
Guillaume Nyagatare from Rwanda
Tjireya Tjitendero Juzgado from Angola
Ian Huang from Taiwan and USA
Bal Kumari Gurung from Nepal

Filming locations
Baha'i Gardens in Haifa
Dome of the Rock in Jerusalem
Wailing Wall in Jerusalem
Chapel of the Ascension in Jerusalem
Baháʼí holy places in Akko
Various cities in Papua New Guinea

Reviews
The Gardener has received mostly positive reviews by all critics and holds an 83% Fresh rating on Rotten Tomatoes and 64 MetaScore on MetaCritics New York Times: "An intimate, discursive inquiry into religious belief that opens to include questions about cinema…Mr  Makhmalbaf doesn’t make that etymological connection explicit in the movie, although as he rambles throughout the Baha’i gardens, his camera inching antlike close to the ground and then soaring birdlike over the grounds, he lyrically joins the spiritual with the terrestrial "The Hollywood Reporter: "The Gardener marks the first time in decades—perhaps since the Iranian Revolution in 1979—that an Iranian filmmaker has shot a movie in Israel, and what it has to say about religion and world peace is as radical a statement as unconventional filmmaker Mohsen Makhmalbaf (The Bicyclist, Kandahar) has ever made   The deep spirituality it discusses so intelligently will appeal to open-minded viewers and should reach beyond festivals via culture channels   " - Deborah Young, The Hollywood ReporterVariety: "With their civilized discussion and amusing asides about the making and marketing of docus, the Makhmalbafs succeed in entertaining and engaging auds who are interested in the question of why people seek religion, and are willing to listen to all sides of a story " - Richard Kuipers, Variety (magazine)Rotterdam Festival Review: "An Iranian master filmmaker and his son roamed around the gardens in Haifa and made their most striking film   Mohsen Makhmalbaf makes unusual films, and this may be his most unusual of all: an Iranian who makes a film in Israel - even those who don't follow the news will realise how usual that is   This is indirectly a story about the history of Iran, where an innocent ‘gardener's faith’ could not remain, and where Makhmalbaf, once a proponent of the Islamic Revolution, is also no longer able to make his films "Times of India: "Exiled from his homeland, Iranian New Wave director Mohsen Makhmalbaf's film The Gardener explores how different generations view religion and peace  The film adopts an experimental approach of both father and son conversing while filming each other " -The Times of IndiaIranian Icons: "This film shows two completely different views on the religion  The director camera tries to portrait the example of two different generation of Iran through this story " - Iranian IconVoice of Russia "This film speculates the meaning of life and faith " - Swetlana Hochrjakowa, film critic (translated from Russian)The International Federation of Film Critics "   the most radiant imagery in a Makhmalbaf film since the bright carpets of the nomadic Ghashghai people in the 1996 Gabbeh  It's God in Heaven meets 1950s MGM Technicolor: beauty, beauty, beauty  What Adam and Eve saw before Eve bit into the apple " - Gerald PearyThe Hindu: "The grammar and discourse of this unusual film — driven by a search for peace and understanding — is simultaneously rational, intelligent, poetic, and above all intensely civilised "

Impact
There are several controversies surrounding the film  BBC notes that this is Makhmalbaf's most controversial film to date 

Iranian media response
Both official and non-official Iranian media has been following and reporting on the story since Makhmalbaf first announced the film  Local newspapers accused him of selling out to the Baha'is and/or the western powers, and claimed that Baha'is had bought him a house in France 

Travel to Israel
Iranians are not allowed to travel to Israel and thus Makhmalbaf and his team will be automatically sentenced to five years in prison should they ever return to Iran  The filmmaker also talks about a religion that is a taboo subject in Iran and has its own consequences, such as that received by Shirin Ebadi for taking up the case of this group In addition, Mohsen's decision to present the film at the Jerusalem Film Festival in contravention of the BDS campaign caused some controversy  An open letter published on Jadaliyya urging him not to attend was signed by many prominent Iranians, including Arash Bineshpajouh, Tina Gharavi, Ziba Mir-Hosseini, Laleh Khalili, Hamid Dabashi, Fatemeh Keshavarz, Ervand Abrahamian, and Asef Bayat  The letter was also critical of Iran's state-sponsored oppression of the Baha’i community A group of 250 social and cultural activists signed a letter to support him  Many Israelis appreciated that he came and presented his film  Adrina Hoffman of The Nation wrote that what shocked everyone was that he kept saying "I love you " The film sold out for its initial screenings and other screenings were scheduled after the festival  Makhmalbaf responded on BBC, saying that boycotts do not change people's hearts, and dialog is a better way of understanding each other 

Removal from Iranian Cinema Museum
The president of the Iranian film department sent a letter to the head of the Iranian film museum to remove all of Makhmalbaf's films from the museum's archives because he has travelled to Israel and made a film about a taboo religion Due to the treatment Makhmalbaf has received because of traveling to Israel to make the film, Oscar-winner Asghar Farhadi and many other filmmakers are wary of giving their awards to the Iranian Cinema Museum in fear of meeting the same fate 

Screenings and awards
Awards
Asia Pacific Awards, Competition Finalist
Academy Awards, Considered 
Top Ten Films of 2012 Mumbai International Film Festival - by Times of India
"Pick of the Week" by New York Film Critics Circle
Beirut International Film Festival, Lebanon, October 2012 - Won Gold Aleph for Best Documentary
Motovan International Film Festival, Croatia, 2013 - Won Maverick Award

Premieres & special presentations
Busan International Film Festival, Korea, October 2012 - World premiere
Rotterdam International Film Festival, Netherlands, 2013 - European premiere
Kosmorama International Film Festival, Norway, April 2013 - Lifetime Honoree Award
Moscow International Film Festival, Russia, 2013 - Makhmalbaf as President of the Jury, Special PresentationOfficial Selections

Vancouver International Film Festival, October 2013
Noor Iranian Film Festival, Best Documentary nominee, Los Angeles 2013
Art Center Festival, Colombia, 2013
Jerusalem International Film Festival, Israel, 2013 
Motovun International Film Festival, Croatia, 2013
Festival Cinema Africano, Italy, May 2013
Vilnius International Film Festival, Lithuania, April 2013
Hong Kong International Film Festival, March, 2013
Tbilisi International Film Festival, Georgia, December 2012
Trivandrum International Film Festival, India, December 2012
Chennai International Film Festival, India, December 2012
Kochi International Film Festival, India, December 2012
Tokyo filmex International Film Festival, Japan, November 2012
Mumbai International Film Festival, India, October 2012
Passage 4:
BBC Films
BBC Film (formerly BBC Films) is the feature film-making arm of the BBC  It was founded on 18 June 1990, and has produced or co-produced some of the most successful British films of recent years, including Truly, Madly, Deeply, Alan Partridge: Alpha Papa, Quartet, Salmon Fishing in the Yemen, Saving Mr  Banks, My Week with Marilyn, Eastern Promises, Match Point, Jane Eyre, In the Loop, An Education, StreetDance 3D, Fish Tank, The History Boys, Nativity!, Iris, Notes on a Scandal,  Philomena, Stan & Ollie, Man Up, Billy Elliot and Brooklyn 
BBC Film co-produces around eight films a year, working in partnership with major international and UK distributors  Rose Garnett is Head of BBC Film, responsible for the development and production slate, strategy and business operations The company was founded in 1990 by David M  Thompson as a wholly owned but independent film-making company, based in offices in Mortimer Street, London  A restructuring in 2007 integrated it into the main BBC Fiction department of BBC Vision  As a result, it moved out of its independent offices into BBC Television Centre, and Thompson left to start his own film production company  BBC Film has been based at Broadcasting House in London since 2013  The company changed its name to BBC Film in 2020, and it has been announced that the Storyville documentary strand has come under its remit 

Productions
1990s
1990 – Truly, Madly, Deeply
1990 – Antonia and Jane (with Miramax Films)
1991 – Enchanted April
1991 – Edward II
1991 – The Reflecting Skin
1992 – Sarafina!
1993 – The Hawk
1993 – The Snapper
1994 – Captives (with Miramax Films & Distant Horizon)
1994 – The Hour of the Pig
1995 – I D 
1995 – Angus
1996 – Jude
1996 – Small Faces
1996 – Twelfth Night: Or What You Will
1996 – Shine
1997 – Twenty Four Seven
1997 – I Went Down
1997 – My Son the Fanatic
1997 – Love and Death on Long Island
1997 – Mrs Dalloway
1997 – Mrs Brown
1997 – The Relic
1998 – Gods and Monsters
1998 – Hard Rain
1998 – A Simple Plan
1998 – Black Dog
1998 – The Governess
1998 – Love Is the Devil: Study for a Portrait of Francis Bacon
1999 – RKO 281
1999 – A Room for Romeo Brass
1999 – Mansfield Park
1999 – Man on the Moon

2000
Wonder Boys
Wild About Harry
Saltwater
Maybe Baby
Billy Elliot (with Working Title Films)
Shadow of the Vampire (with Saturn Films)
Isn't She Great
Last Resort

2001
Iris (with Miramax Films and Intermedia Films)
Born Romantic
About Adam
The Claim
Lara Croft: Tomb Raider

2002
The Gathering Storm
Anita and Me
Dirty Pretty Things
In This World
The Heart of Me
Morvern Callar

2003
The Statement
Kiss of Life
The Mother
Skagerrak
Masked and Anonymous
Code 46
I Capture The Castle
Deep Blue
Lara Croft: Tomb Raider – The Cradle of Life

2004
Undone (short)
The Accidental Perfectionist
Bullet Boy
Millions
Red Dust
My Summer of Love
The Life and Death of Peter Sellers (with Company Pictures)
Stage Beauty (with Qwerty Films and Tribeca Film)
Trauma

2005
The Undertaker (short)
Opal Dream
Imagine Me & You
Mrs Henderson Presents
A Cock and Bull Story
Match Point
Shooting Dogs  (co-production with UK Film Council)
Love + Hate
The Mighty Celt

2006
Notes on a Scandal
Starter for Ten
Scoop
Shiny Shiny Bright New Hole in My Heart
Fast Food Nation
The History Boys
Confetti
Shoot the Messenger
Miss Potter
As You Like It (in association with HBO Films)
Glastonbury
Snow Cake
Life and Lyrics

2007
Joe's Palace
The Restraint of Beasts
Four Last Songs
Capturing Mary
Eastern Promises (distributed and co-presented by Focus Features)
Becoming Jane
Earth (co-production with Disneynature)
Grow Your Own

2008
Churchill at War
Revolutionary Road (co-production with DreamWorks Pictures)
Death Defying Acts
The Duchess
Brideshead Revisited
The Boy in the Striped Pyjamas
The Other Boleyn Girl
The Edge of Love
The Meerkats
Is Anybody There?
Man On Wire (as BBC Storyville)
Shifty
Easy Virtue

2009
Nativity!
The Men Who Stare at Goats
Tormented
Frequently Asked Questions About Time Travel
The Damned United (co-production with Columbia Pictures)
In the Loop
Bright Star (co-production with Warner Bros  Pictures, Pathé, Film Finance Corporation Australia, Pathé, UK Film Council, and Screen Australia)
The Boys Are Back (co-production with Miramax Films, Film Finance Corporation Australia, Tiger Aspect Pictures, and Screen Australia)
An Education
Fish Tank
Creation
Glorious 39

2010
The First Grader (co-production with National Geographic Entertainment, Videovision Entertainment, & UK Film Council)
Made in Dagenham
Tamara Drewe
Edge of Darkness (co-production with Warner Bros  Pictures and Icon Productions)
StreetDance 3D (co-production with Phase 4 Films, Vertigo Films, & British Film Institute)
Freestyle (co-production with Phase 4 Films, Revolver Entertainment, Film London Microwave, B19 Media, and UK Film Council)
Africa United

2011
The Awakening
Brighton Rock
West Is West
Jane Eyre
Coriolanus
My Week with Marilyn
Project Nim
The Iron Lady
Salmon Fishing in the Yemen
We Need to Talk about Kevin
One Life (as BBC Earth Films)
The British Guide to Showing Off
Ill Manors

2012
Quartet
Shadow Dancer
Spike Island
Blood
Good Vibrations
Great Expectations
In the Dark Half
A Running Jump
StreetDance 2
Strawberry Fields (co-production with Soda Pictures, Film London Microwave, Kent County Council Film Office, Screen South, Met Film Post, and UK Film Council)
Perfect Sense

2013
Philomena
Saving Mr  Banks (co-production with Walt Disney Pictures)
Dom Hemingway
Alan Partridge: Alpha Papa
Walking with Dinosaurs: The Movie (as BBC Earth Films)
Broken
Exhibition
Flying Blind (co-production with Soda Pictures, iFeatures, Matador Pictures, Southwest Screen, Cinema Six, Regent Capital, The City of Bristol and Ignition Films)
Borrowed Time (co-production with Film London Microwave, UK Film Council and Parkville Pictures)
The Challenger Disaster
Big Men
Ginger & Rosa
Now Is Good
London: The Modern Babylon (co-production with Cinedigm, British Film Institute and Nitrate Film)
The Summit
The Sea
Kiss the Water (co-production with Virgil Films, Easy There Tiger, Slate Films, and Creative Scotland)

2014
Mrs  Brown's Boys D'Movie
A Little Chaos
A Long Way Down
The Invisible Woman
What We Did on Our Holiday
Enchanted Kingdom (as BBC Earth Films, co-production with Reliance Entertainment, IM Global, & Evergreen Studios)
Pride
My Old Lady
Lilting

2015
Far from the Madding Crowd
The Falling
Woman in Gold
Suite Française
Testament of Youth
Mr  Holmes
X+Y
Bill
Brooklyn
The Lady in the Van
Man Up
London Road
Being AP (co-production with Entertainment One, Irish Film Board, Northern Ireland Screen, and Moneyglass Films)
The Face of an Angel

2016
David Brent: Life on the Road
Absolutely Fabulous: The Movie
Florence Foster Jenkins
Swallows and Amazons
Denial
My Scientology Movie
A United Kingdom
The Lovers and the Despot (as BBC Storyville)
The Levelling
Notes on Blindness
I, Daniel Blake
The Library Suicides (co-production with Soda Pictures, Edicis Films, S4C, Ffilm Cymru Wales and British Film Institute)
The Lighthouse
The Goob (co-production with Soda Pictures, iFeatures, Creative England, British Film Institute, and EMU Films)

2017
Viceroy's House
City of Tiny Lights
The Sense of an Ending
Their Finest
Lady Macbeth
Victoria & Abdul
Mindhorn
Breathe
Earth: One Amazing Day (as BBC Earth Films, co-production with Goldcrest Films International & SMG Pictures)
Apostasy
Spaceship (co-production with Breaking Glass Pictures, iFeatures, Creative England, British Film Institute, Belly Productions, Parkville Pictures, and Trinity)

2018
On Chesil Beach
Yardie
The Children Act
The Happy Prince
Out of Blue
In Fabric
Happy New Year, Colin Burstead
Grace Jones: Bloodlight and Bami

2019
Blue Story
Dirty God
Little Joe
Stan & Ollie
Sorry We Missed You
Horrible Histories: The Movie – Rotten Romans
The Aftermath
The Boy Who Harnessed the Wind
The Souvenir
The White Crow
Monsoon
Judy
Be Still My Beating Heart (co-production with Creative Scotland, Scottish Film Talent Network, & barry crerar)

2020
Never Rarely Sometimes Always
The Nest
Surge
His House
Mogul Mowgli
Misbehaviour
The Roads Not Taken
Ammonite
Supernova
Lynn + Lucy
Aisha and Abhaya (co-production with Royal Opera House, Rambert Dance Company, Arts Council England, & Robin Saunders)

2021
After Love
The Mauritanian
Can't Get You Out of My Head (TV series)
People Just Do Nothing: Big in Japan
Ear for Eye
The Power of the Dog
Pirates
The Souvenir Part II
The Phantom of the Open
Cow
Body of Water (co-production with Verve Pictures, Film London Microwave, British Film Institute, Lions Den Films, Bright Shadow Films, and Boudica Films)
Here Before

2022
Aisha
Ali & Ava
Benediction
God's Creatures
Aftersun
Triangle of Sadness
The Lost King
Allelujah
The Eternal Daughter
Russia 1985–1999: TraumaZone (TV series)

2023
Girl
Blue Jean
Luther: The Fallen Sun
Medusa Deluxe
Rye Lane
Scrapper
Club Zero
Femme
The Old Oak

Forthcoming
Hoard
The End We Start From
The Iron Claw
The Salt Path
Tuesday

See also
BBC
Passage 5:
Rupert's Land (film)
Rupert's Land is a Canadian comedy film, directed by Jonathan Tammuz and released in 1998  The film stars Samuel West and Ian Tracey as Rupert and Dale McKay, estranged half-brothers on a road trip from Vancouver to Prince Rupert for their father's funeral  Rupert, who was raised primarily in England after his mother left their father to return home, has become a wealthy lawyer, while Dale, who remained in Canada, is a hard-nosed fisherman and small-time drug dealer, forcing the duo to overcome significant differences as they reconcile The cast also includes Susan Hogan as Dale's mother Trudy, Gabrielle Miller as his girlfriend Shelley, and George Wendt as Bloat, a former friend of Dale and Rupert's father who owns and operates a rural marijuana farm commune The film premiered at the 1998 Toronto International Film Festival 

Critical response
The film received mixed reviews from critics  It was reviewed favourably by Glen Schaefer of The Province, who wrote that it was "a funny ride that will ring familiar with anyone who's ever had to be in Pouce Coupe or New Denver by dawn, with not quite enough time or money to get there " Marc Horton of the Edmonton Journal was more critical, writing that "Somehow, though, I never much believed in either their fights or their ultimate acceptance of one another  Perhaps it is because they are not all that easy to care about: Rupert loses a bit of twittiness and Dale softens, but it's too little too late  Still, there are the occasional moments of charm, and an ending that's marginally surprising, although painfully neat and tidy  In the end it's a sitcom, without the com Geoff Pevere of the Toronto Star was more mixed, calling it bumpy but fitfully engaging  He praised West, Tracey and Wendt for their performances, but concluded that "the shame is, the good parts tend to pass by like the moments of interest in an otherwise dull road trip: arresting at the time, but too few and fleeting to make the whole thing worthwhile "

Awards and nominations
The film received five Genie Award nominations at the 19th Genie Awards in 1999, for Best Motion Picture, Best Director (Tammuz), Best Actor (West), Best Supporting Actor (Wendt) and Best Sound Editing (Jacqueline Cristianini, James Fonnyadt, Adam Gejdos, James Genn, Kirby Jinnah and Cam Wagner) The film won six Leo Awards in 1999, for Best Feature Length Drama, Best Direction in a Feature Length Drama (Tammuz), Best Performance by a Male in a Feature Length Drama (Tracey), Best Cinematography in a Feature Length Drama (Gregory Middleton), Best Editing in a Feature Length Drama (Roger Matiussi) and Best Production Design in a Feature Length Drama (Brian Davie)  It was also nominated, but did not win, for Best Lead Performance by a Female in a Feature Length Drama (2; Miller, Hogan), Best Screenwriting in a Feature Length Drama (Graeme Manson), and Best Overall Sound in a Feature Length Drama 
Passage 6:
A Little Chaos
A Little Chaos is a 2014 British period drama film directed by Alan Rickman, based on a story conceived by Alison Deegan, who co-wrote the screenplay alongside Rickman and Jeremy Brock  The film stars Kate Winslet, Matthias Schoenaerts, Rickman, Stanley Tucci, Helen McCrory, Steven Waddington, Jennifer Ehle and Rupert Penry-Jones  The film was financed by Lionsgate UK and produced by BBC Films  The second film directed by Rickman, after his 1997 debut The Winter Guest, as well as the last before his death in 2016, it was additionally the second collaboration of Rickman and Winslet after their 1995 film Sense and Sensibility  Production took place in London in mid-2013  The film had its world premiere at the 2014 Toronto International Film Festival as the closing night film on 13 September 2014 

Plot
King Louis XIV of France assigns the design and construction of the Gardens of Versailles to his head landscape architect André Le Nôtre  Already overwhelmed, managing numerous large-scale projects, Le Nôtre interviews several other landscape designers to whom he might be able to delegate some of the work  One of the candidates is Sabine de Barra, who is that rare thing in the 17th century: an independent professional woman  
When Sabine arrives on the palace grounds for her interview, she pauses to move a potted plant in the courtyard  André observes this from a window, and asks her, during the interview, if she prizes order in design  Sabine affirms her respect for landscape order, but when pressed suggests that she would rather create something uniquely French than follow classical and Renaissance styles  André reminds her that everything he has built and designed follows order  Sabine apologizes and sincerely expresses admiration for him and his work  André abruptly shows her the door; she leaves disheartened 

 André mulls over the candidates, under pressure to please the King  His assistant judiciously re-presents Madame de Barra's designs to him, prompting André to reconsider them  
André surprises Sabine at her home that evening, and after admiring her seemingly untamed but magical garden, assigns to her the outdoor bosquet ballroom project at Versailles, which combines fountains and landscaping  His original plans require a costly fresh water supply; Sabine suggests continuously recycling water through the fountains using a reservoir  As work begins on her design, the original workmen make little progress; however, Sabine is offered another, better crew by one of her former competitors, and construction begins in earnest 
A striking commoner, artlessly beautiful and fearlessly honest, Sabine attracts attention at court  She is befriended by the King's brother Duc Philippe d'Orléans and his wife Elizabeth Charlotte, Princess Palatine  
Sabine and André start a quiet, loving friendship, mutually attracted but not acting on their feelings due to André's marriage and Sabine and André's professional relationship  André is deeply moved by Sabine's passion and honesty; Sabine describes André to someone else as "the most complete person I know " André has been enduring his wife Françoise's infidelities; Françoise insists that the key to his success is her relationships and influence at court  When she senses his interest in Sabine and warns him against an affair, he quotes to her her own words about their right to seek comfort elsewhere, becoming determined to pursue a relationship with Sabine 
Queen Maria Theresa dies suddenly  Stunned at the loss of his wife, the King takes refuge in the gardens at the Château de Marly, among the pear trees  Sabine finds him there, initially mistaking him for the gardener with whom she had hoped to trade some plants  The King enjoys her warmth and forthrightness, and once she recognizes him, they continue their conversation as equals  He invites her to travel with him to the Palace of Fontainebleau 
Back at the Versailles garden site, Françoise confronts Sabine, and states that André's interest in her is transient and won't last  Later that night, Françoise's lover, at her request, opens the reservoir's sluice gates during a powerful storm, flooding the worksite and destroying much of the earthworks  Sabine nearly drowns trying to close it, but André arrives in time to rescue her  The next morning, she works vigorously to mend the damage  That same day, the King visits the worksite, assesses the damaged project skeptically, but allows it to proceed  Afterwards, André finds Françoise's glove there  Realizing she is behind the sabotage, he confronts her with the glove and effectively ends their relationship 
Sabine is introduced around court by the Duc de Lauzun and the King's mistress, the Marquise de Montespan  Once the Marquise and her female courtiers discover that Sabine is widowed and has also lost her 6-year-old daughter, they share their own losses and welcome her into their company  
The Marquise formally presents Sabine to the King when he arrives  Sabine offers him a Four Seasons rose — the same found in the garden where they had met  Conversing about the nature of roses and their life cycle, beauty, hardships, and death, Sabine metaphorically defends Madame de Montespan, who has begun to lose the King's favor  Louis is again moved by Sabine's observations  "A wise rose," he calls her, and takes her arm so that they may walk and talk further 
André waits for Sabine outside her home that night, and they finally make love  In the morning, André finds himself alone in bed; Sabine is upstairs, traumatized by a recurring flashback of the day her daughter and husband died: prior to taking their daughter with him on a day trip, her husband revealed to Sabine that he had a mistress  Sabine saw that the carriage had a faulty wheel, learned from the footman that they were actually going to his mistress's, not on a business trip, and racing after them, tried to stop the carriage  It veered off track, toppling down a steep hill and killing both father and daughter  
André finds Sabine mid-flashback, and convinces her to stop blaming herself for their deaths, calming her down  She asks him what will happen with his wife, and he says their marriage is over   "And what of us?" Sabine asks  "We will shape each other," replies André 
At the inauguration of Sabine's completed bosquet garden, the King and his court arrive and dance to the music of a hidden orchestra, as the fountains send water coursing down the tiers around the outdoor ballroom floor  It is clear that the garden design is a success, and the king is well pleased  After Sabine dances with the King, she and André join hands and leave to walk into the forest together  The camera pulls slowly back and above the entire grounds of Versailles, revealing the enormous sweep of its grandeur 

Cast
Kate Winslet as Sabine de Barra
Matthias Schoenaerts as André Le Nôtre
Alan Rickman as King Louis XIV
Stanley Tucci as Philippe, Duc d'Orléans
Helen McCrory as Madame Le Nôtre
Steven Waddington as Thierry Duras
Jennifer Ehle as Madame de Montespan
Rupert Penry-Jones as Antoine Lauzun
Paula Paul as Princess Palatine
Danny Webb as Claude Moulin
Phyllida Law as Suzanne

Production
The story was conceived by Allison Deegan, who co-wrote the screenplay alongside Alan Rickman and Jeremy Brock  The film was financed by Lionsgate UK and produced by BBC Films Production began in March 2013  Producer Zygi Kamasa of Lionsgate said that "we are delighted to be working with the best of British actors and directors like Kate Winslet and Alan Rickman as we move forward in doubling our investment in British films in 2014 " Rickman said: "The film is not just frills at the wrists and collars  It's about people getting their hands dirty and building something in order to entertain the other world they serve  It's about how one world maintains the other, often at the cost of women "

Casting
On 17 January 2013, it was announced that Winslet and Matthias Schoenaerts had been cast in the lead roles  Rickman had Winslet in mind for the lead role of Sabine de Barra and continued with her when two weeks into shooting, Winslet announced that she was pregnant  In addition to director, Rickman took the role of King Louis XIV  He explained that "the only way I could do it was because in a way, he's like a director, Louis, so you kind of keep the same expression on your face  As a director, you see everything somehow  It's like a huge all-encompassing eye that sees everything, and it's able to cherry pick; ‘Move that,’ ‘Don't do that,’ ‘Do it this way,’ ‘Change this colour ’ And I don't know where that comes from, but it does, once you're given the job, and I have a feeling Louis probably would've been a great film director "

Filming
Despite being set in France, the entirety of filming took place in England  Principal photography commenced on 27 March 2013 and continued over eight weeks in Black Park, Cliveden House, Pinewood Studios, Blenheim Palace, Waddesdon Manor, Hampton Court Palace, Ham House, Ashridge, and Chenies Manor  Filming ended on 8 June 2013 in Richmond, London According to Rickman, filming "wasn't easy, though; throwing Kate into freezing water at 1 a m , the carriage crash, scenes with 80 extras, tight schedules in venues like Blenheim Palace  It's a constant tap dance between control and freedom and of course the budget guides everything "

Historical accuracy
Some of the characters are fictional, including Kate Winslet's Sabine  The film is set in 1682, but André Le Nôtre began work at Versailles in 1661  Le Nôtre was nearly seventy in 1682, twice the age he appears to be as portrayed by Schoenaerts  A garden much like that in the film exists at Versailles, the Salle de Bal or Bosquet de la Salle-de-Bal (the Forest Ballroom) 

Music
The soundtrack was composed by Peter Gregson  It was the first feature film for Gregson, who previously composed music for a 2014 short film Every Quiet Moment  Veigar Margeirsson's 2008 composition "Rise above" was used in the trailer of the film but was not part of soundtrack album, which was released by Milan Records on 16 April 2015 

Distribution
Promotion
BBC Films revealed footage as part of their Sizzle Showreel 2013 on 25 November 2013  First stills of Kate Winslet were released on 22 July 2014 with the announcement of film's premiere at 2014 Toronto International Film Festival  Three images from the film featuring Winslet, Alan Rickman, and Jennifer Ehle were released on 27 August 2014  A scene from the film featuring Winslet and Rickman was revealed on 9 September 2014  The full-length official trailer was revealed on 19 December 2014  The first poster and another trailer were released on 20 January 2015  On 11 June 2015, another scene from the film featuring Stanley Tucci was released 

Release
The film had its world premiere at the 2014 Toronto International Film Festival as the closing night film on 13 September 2014  It was then shown in gala screenings as Love Gala at the 2014 BFI London Film Festival on 17 October 2014  Rickman presented the film at Camerimage film festival in November 2014  The United States premiere was held at the Sonoma International Film Festival on 25 March 2015  It had a theatrical release in Australia on 26 March 2015 and in UK on 17 April 2015 It was initially set for a theatrical release on 27 March 2015 in the United States but was later pulled out  Focus Features finally gave the film a simultaneous theatrical and VOD release in United States on 26 June 2015 

Reception
Box office
As of July 2015, the film has been opened in fourteen territories including Australia and UK and had grossed $10,084,623 worldwide 

Critical response
The film generated mixed reviews from critics, with the cast being highly praised  As of June 2020, the film holds a 48% approval rating on review aggregator, Rotten Tomatoes, based on 92 reviews with an average score of 5 41/10  The site's consensus states that "Stylish and well-acted without ever living up to its dramatic potential, A Little Chaos is shouldered by the impressive efforts of a talented cast " At Metacritic, which assigns a weighted mean rating out of 100 to reviews from mainstream critics, the film holds an average score of 51, based on 21 reviews, which indicates "mixed or average reviews" Catherine Shoard of The Guardian gave the film two out of five stars and wrote that "Winslet manages emotional honesty within anachronistic confines, and Schoenaerts escapes with dignity " Mark Adams in his review for Screen International said, "the film is a gracefully made delight, replete with lush costumes, fruity performances, love amongst the flowerbeds and even a little mild peril  Yes it lacks real dramatic edge and may be seen as a typical British period costume film, but it is also a classily made pleasure that will delight its target audience " David Rooney of The Hollywood Reporter felt that "This decently acted film is agreeable entertainment, even if it works better on a scene by scene basis than in terms of overall flow "  Tim Robey in writing for  The Telegraph said in his review: "If you see only one film about 17th-century French landscape gardening this year, it probably ought to be A Little Chaos, a heaving bouquet of a picture "David Sexton of the London Evening Standard gave the film a negative review, saying that "Kate Winslet charms as a gardener at the Court of Louis XIV, but it's not enough to keep this inauthentic piece from wilting " Dennis Harvey of Variety criticised the film, calling it "all too tidy as it imposes a predictable, pat modern sensibility on a most unconvincing depiction of late 17th-century French aristocratic life " Kaleem Aftab of The Independent gave the film two out of five stars, noting that while the performances were exceptional, the talents of the players were wasted  He wrote that "it all starts off so promisingly" and praised the camera work and language, but found it quickly fails as "a melancholic look at grief" where "at least four different genres [clash] against each other, occasionally in the same scene" and "the romance seems to take place off-screen " She concluded: "There was a 17-year gap between Rickman's first and second film and on this evidence it's easy to see why  While he can get performances out of the actors, he lacks command of pacing and plot "
Passage 7:
Salmon Fishing in the Yemen
Salmon Fishing in the Yemen is a 2011 British romantic comedy-drama film directed by Lasse Hallström and starring Ewan McGregor, Emily Blunt, Kristin Scott Thomas and Amr Waked  Based on the 2007 novel of the same name by Paul Torday, and a screenplay by Simon Beaufoy, the film is about a fisheries expert who is recruited by a consultant to help realise a sheikh's vision of bringing the sport of fly fishing to the Yemen desert, initiating an upstream journey of faith to make the impossible possible  The film was shot on location in the United Kingdom in London and Newtonmore in Inverness-shire and in Morocco from August to October 2010  The film premiered at the 2011 Toronto International Film Festival  The film received generally positive reviews upon its release, and earned over $34 million in revenue worldwide 

Plot
Fisheries expert Alfred Jones (Ewan McGregor) receives an email from financial adviser Harriet Chetwode-Talbot (Emily Blunt), seeking advice on a project to bring salmon fishing to the Yemen—a project being bankrolled by a wealthy Yemeni sheikh and supported by the Foreign and Commonwealth Office (the FCO)  Alfred dismisses the project as "fundamentally unfeasible" because the Yemen cannot provide the necessary environment for salmon  Meanwhile, the British Prime Minister's press secretary, Patricia Maxwell (Kristin Scott Thomas), suggests the salmon fishing story to the Prime Minister's office as a positive story to help improve relations between Britain and the Islamic world 
Alfred meets Harriet to discuss the project, but despite Harriet correcting his misconceptions of the Yemen environment, Alfred is convinced that the project is foolhardy  Alfred's boss, under pressure from Patricia, forces Alfred to accept a position on the project  Alfred considers resigning rather than ruin his reputation in the scientific community, but is convinced by his wife that they need his income and pension 
Harriet arranges for Alfred to meet the Sheikh (Amr Waked) at his estate in the Scottish Highlands  The Sheikh is excited to meet Alfred as he is the inventor of the "Woolly Jones" fishing fly  While the Sheikh acknowledges that the project might sound crazy, he still believes that fishing is a noble pursuit that promotes harmony and requires immense faith 
After his wife accepts a position in Geneva, Alfred devotes himself to the salmon project  Although painfully shy, he enjoys working with Harriet and they begin to make progress  Their enthusiasm is interrupted, however, when Harriet learns that her new boyfriend, British special forces Captain Robert Meyers (Tom Mison), is missing in action  Devastated, Harriet withdraws to her apartment  When Alfred visits her, she gets upset, thinking he just wants her to return to work, but then she realises he has come to comfort her, and the two embrace 
Meanwhile, the Sheikh continues his work, despite radicals who accuse him of introducing Western ways to their region  Patricia informs the Sheikh that because of opposition to removing salmon from British rivers they will need to use farmed salmon  The Sheikh does not believe that salmon bred in captivity will survive and rejects Patricia's offer, ending the British Government's involvement in the project  Alfred resigns his government job to continue with the project 
After a confrontation with his wife in which he realises that their marriage is over and that he is in love with Harriet, Alfred convinces the Sheikh to give the farmed salmon a try  As the two are fishing, a Yemeni radical attempts to assassinate the Sheikh, who is saved by Alfred casting his fishing line towards the assassin  Soon after, they return to the Yemen, where Harriet and Alfred continue to grow closer  After a moonlight swim, he asks her if there was a "theoretical possibility" of the two of them ending up together  She accepts with a kiss on his cheek, but says she will need some time 
At a press conference in the Yemen, with the Foreign Secretary, Patricia reunites Harriet with her boyfriend Robert who has survived the counter-terrorism operation  The PR stunt leaves Alfred heartbroken  That night, Harriet realises her feelings for Robert have changed, and when Alfred gets a text message from his wife asking him to return, he declines 
The following day the fish are released from their holding tanks  The fish swim upstream, and everyone celebrates the success of the project  While Robert and the Foreign Secretary fly-fish for the photographers, terrorists break into the dam upstream and open the flood gates  Although most people survive the resulting flash flood, the valley is left in ruins  The Sheikh blames himself for the tragedy, and vows to rebuild—this time with the support of the local community 
The next day, as Harriet prepares to leave with Robert, the latter says while she was the one thing on his mind that kept him alive during his mission, she doesn't owe him anything  She approaches Alfred to say goodbye, where he tearfully wishes her luck as he ponders what to do next  Just then, they see a salmon jumping from the water, indicating that some fish survived  Alfred tells Harriet he will indeed stay and help them rebuild  Harriet asks if he will need a partner—and Alfred realises that she is talking about herself  They embrace, and then hold hands whilst looking out over the river 

Cast
Production
Screenplay
The screenplay for Salmon Fishing in the Yemen was written by Simon Beaufoy, based on the novel by Paul Torday  The epistolary novel won the 2007 Bollinger Everyman Wodehouse Prize, and the 2008 Waverton Good Read Award  Through a series of letters and documents, Torday creates a political satire that focused more on the "art of political spin" than on the force of the human spirit  Beaufoy enjoyed the challenge of transforming a fairly complex novel written in an unusual format—a series of emails, text messages, interviews, and testimony extracts—into a film  Beaufoy acknowledged, "I just love adapting material that allows room for creativity and allows room for me to be very present in the process, I suppose  Sometimes when you’re adapting something classic and famous you have to adopt a different attitude, to something like Salmon Fishing where it had such an unusual narrative and such an unusual structure, that you got quite a free reign [sic] to do interesting things with it " Beaufoy integrated the emails, text messages, and chat texts into the film's narrative 
Beaufoy's screenplay is decidedly different from the novel in several respects  The most obvious difference is that his press secretary is a woman, played by Kristin Scott Thomas, whereas in the novel, the character is a man, Peter Maxwell  Where the novel focuses on political satire, the film is more about a man who decides to change direction in his life  In the novel, Jones is noticeably older than the film character, and the romantic subplot with Harriet is kept in the background because of the political satire  By making Jones younger, Beaufoy added a "quirky flair" to the character that gives the audience a "completely different experience in watching a man overcome himself to achieve happiness " Beaufoy noted, "That's the difference when reading the book  You can perceive specific conflicts, but when it's onscreen you have to create something different, something the audience can see and feel and root for "

Casting
For director Lasse Hallström, Ewan McGregor and Emily Blunt were his "first choices" to play the leading roles  "They brought the lightness and the humour to the material," Hallström later observed  He also felt fortunate to get Kristin Scott Thomas to play the role of the bossy press secretary, Patricia Maxwell, recalling, "I knew she could be funny, as most actors can, but she brought that seriousness combined with a bit of heart " For Hallström, it was that combination of humour and seriousness that allowed the actress to capture the balance between the film's sentiment and political satire  Egyptian actor Amr Waked was cast in the role of the sheikh  Waked has enjoyed major success and fame in his own country and throughout the Arabic-speaking world  English-speaking audiences may recognise him as the fundamentalist Muslim cleric in the 2005 film Syriana and the HBO series House Of Saddam 

Filming locations
Salmon Fishing in the Yemen was shot on location in London, Scotland, and Morocco  Scenes set in Yemen were filmed in Ouarzazate in the Moroccan Atlas Mountains  The restaurant scene in London was filmed at the Oxo Tower  The Sheikh's house in Scotland was filmed at Ardverikie House  Reshooting and water tank work was filmed at Black Hangar Studios in the UK  Principal photography started on 6 August 2010 

Music
Music for the film was composed and orchestrated by Dario Marianelli  The score features Leo Abrahams (guitar), Dirk Campbell (woodwind), Giles Lewin (oud), and the BBC Concert Orchestra, conducted by Benjamin Wallfisch  The original soundtrack album was released on 20 March 2012 by Lakeshore Records  The Scottish folksong "Mairi's Wedding" by The Clancy Brothers, which is played over one scene, and "Where You Go" by The Young Romans, the song played over the end credits, are not included on the album 

Reception
Critical response
The film received generally favourable reviews from critics  In his review in the Los Angeles Times, Kenneth Turan called the film a "pleasant fantasy" and a "charming film whose few attempts at seriousness are best forgotten or ignored " Turan praised the performances of Emily Blunt and Ewan McGregor, concluding

Blunt and McGregor are two of the most gifted and attractive actors working today, able to play off each other with great style, and when they invest themselves in these amusing characters they bring to life the film's very contrived plot 
In her review for The Washington Post, Ann Hornaday gave the film two and a half out of four stars, calling the film an "absurdist but gently winning romantic comedy" that "works a strange kind of wonder"  Hornaday praised the director's "assured hand and feather-light touch", as well as the acting performances by Ewan McGregor and Emily Blunt, who finds "an easygoing rhythm with her leading man"  Hornaday continued:

It's the serendipity of creative juxtaposition that Hallström is clearly after in Salmon Fishing in the Yemen, from Scott Thomas spiking the honey with dollops of venom to the fabulous kilts and kaffiyehs worn by the sheik's bodyguards at his rustic Scottish redoubt  Salmon Fishing in the Yemen is less a classic fish-out-of-water tale than a fish-in-strange-waters tale, a study in diametric opposites that finds unexpected synchronies and moments of almost mystical harmony  Viewers who take the sheikh's advice and suspend their disbelief, even for a moment, may well find themselves hooked 
Hornaday found Salmon Fishing in the Yemen a "surprisingly lush, endearing little film, in which a swelling sense of romanticism thoroughly banishes even the most far-fetched improbabilities "
In his review for The Telegraph, Robbie Collins gave the film three out of five stars, calling it "cinema at its most easily digestible" with a cast that is as "unthreateningly attractive as its sense of humour is cosily inclusive " Collins concluded that Salmon Fishing in the Yemen is a "disarmingly nice hour and three-quarters of gentle romance and even gentler comedy "The film received some negative reviews  Peter Bradshaw from The Guardian, who gave the film two out of five stars, wrote that it "feels as if you've seen it many times before"  According to Bradshaw, the weakest scenes of the film involve the ferocious government PR chief (Kristin Scott Thomas), with "much lip-pursing and eye-rolling, but nothing funny or believable in the script for her to say "On the review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes, the film holds a 67% positive rating among critics, based on 153 reviews  The critic consensus states: "Quirky and a little reserved, Salmon Fishing in the Yemen is nonetheless a charming little romantic drama sold by some strong central performances " The film holds a score of 58 on Metacritic, based on 35 reviews 

Box office
As of June 2012, the film has grossed $34 6 million The film opened in 18 cinemas so in the United States on 9 March 2012, taking in $225,000 for the three-day weekend  The film expanded to 483 cinemas by the end of March, when it had grossed over $3 million 

Awards and nominations
In 2012, the film was nominated for the European Film Awards People's Choice Award 
The film was also nominated for three Golden Globe Awards: Best Motion Picture – Musical or Comedy, Best Actor – Motion Picture Musical or Comedy for McGregor, and Best Actress – Motion Picture Musical or Comedy for Blunt 

See also
Water supply and sanitation in Yemen
Passage 8:
Company Pictures
Company Pictures is an independent British television production company which has produced drama programming for many broadcasters  It was set up in 1998 by Charles Pattinson and George Faber, colleagues at BBC Films  Their first film was Morvern Callar, which was credited as a co-production with BBC Films as they had begun developing it while still employed there  In 2003 Company Pictures became part of All3Media  The founders, Pattinson and Faber, left in 2012 to set up another independent production company, and  John Yorke became managing director until 2015  He was succeeded by Michele Buck, former joint managing director of Mammoth Screen For both artistic and fiscal reasons, when producing the TV series The White Queen, Company Pictures entered into collaboration with a Flemish production house  This enabled them to film in the medieval cities of Ghent and Bruges, while receiving tax-breaks as a European co-production and for investment in Flanders 
Passage 9:
L (film)
L (Learning) is a 2011 Greek comedy-drama film directed by Babis Makridis in his debut, and written by Makridis and Efthymis Filippou, based on an original idea by Yorgos Giokas  It stars Aris Servetalis as a 40 year old man whose life rapidly changes over the course of a single day 
Makridis had previously produced a short film, The Last Fakir (2005), which received the Newcomer's Prize at the 2005 International Short Film Festival in Drama  L, his first feature film, was the first Greek selection to compete at the 2012 Sundance Film Festival (19–29 January 2012) where its international premiere took place  It was also nominated to compete in the official Tiger Awards competition in the International Film Festival Rotterdam (25 January – 5 February 2012)  The film was nominated for Best Script award at the Hellenic Film Academy Awards  A six-minute extract was first released at the Work Progress Section of the Karlovy Vary International Film Festival, at the Czech Republic in July 2011 

Plot
A Man lives in his car  He is 40 years old and although he does not have a lot of free time, when he does, he chooses to spend it with his family  He meets his wife and two children at a specified day and time in car parking lots  His job is to locate and bring the finest honey to a 50-year-old man  A New Driver shows up and the Man gets fired  The Man's life changes and he finds it absurd that no one trusts him anymore 

Cast
Aris Servetalis as the Man
Makis Papadimitriou as the Black Rider
Yannis Bostantzoglou as the Boss
Eleftherios Matthaios as The Bear
Nota Tserniafski as the Wife
Stavros Raptis as the Friend
Thanassis Dimou as the New Driver
Christoforos Skamnakis as the Yachtsman
Pavlos Makridis as the Son
Natalia Tserniafski as the Daughter
Alexis Kanakis as Motorbiker
Antonis Iliakis as Meteor

Production
Filming
Filming took place during March and April 2011 in outdoor locations in Attica, Greece and additional filming took place at the end of July 2011  Filming was concluded within 27 days 

Technical information
The movie was filmed in 35mm with an Arriflex BL camera, is 87 minutes long, in colour, sound Dolby SRD, language Greek with English subtitles, 1:85:1 format, edited in Avid 

Production credentials
Directed, by Babis Makridis
Script, Efthymis Filippou Babis Makridis, based on an original idea by Yorgos Giokas about a man who lives in his car
Location Manager, Dimitris Chalkiadakis
Line Producer, Yorgos Papadimitriou
Sets, Dafni Kalogianni
Costumes, Dimitris Papathomas
Sound, Stefanos Efthimiou
Mixing/Sound Design, Costas Fylaktidis
Music, Coti K
Editor, Yannis Chalkiadakis
Director of Photography, Thimios Bakatakis
Executive Producer, Peter Carlton, Christos V  Konstantakopoulos
Production, Beben Films (Amanda Livanou, Babis Makridis)
Co Production, NOVA, Feelgood Entertainment, Faliro House Productions, Top Cut, Modiano S A , Dennis Iliadis, Efthymis Filippou, Yannis Chalkiadakis, Thimios Bakatakis, Yorgos Papadimitriou, Dimitris Papathomas, in association with Warp Films and the support of the Greek Film Center 

Release and distribution
The movie was released in Greek movie theaters in February 2012 by Feelgood Entertainment movie distribution company 

Festivals
Sundance Film Festival 2012   Official selection world drama competition 
Rotterdam Film Festival 2012   IFFR's Tiger Awards Competition 
Copenhagen Film Festival 2012  Official competition for New talent grand pix
Indielisboa 2012  Official Competition 
Seattle International Film Festival 2012  New Directors Competition 
Melbourne International Film Festival 2012  Competition Telescope Section 
Mumbai Film Festival 2012  International Competition 
42 Molodist  Kyiv Film Festival 2012  International Competition  WINNER THE GRAND PRIX OF MOLODIST
Arizona Underground Film Festival 2012  International Competition 
Festival International du Film Indépendant de Bordeaux 2012  International Competition 
36o São Paulo International Film Festival  New Directors Competition 
Shadowline Salerno 2012  Official Competition 
Sydney Film Festival 2012  Section Push Me to the Edge
D' A Festival Internacional de cinema d'author de Barcelona 2012 
Istanbul Film festival 2012  At a special section called " What's happening in Greece?"
Karlovy Vary 2012  Section Another View 
Stockholm Film Festival 2012  Section Twilight Zone  
19th Greek Film Festival 2012 (Melbourne) 
Eurasia Film Festival 2012  Section Cinema bridge: East
23 Ljubljana Film Festival 2012  Section Panorama
Sevilla Festival de Cine Europeo  2012  Section: Focus Europa : Greece 
27º Festival international de cine de mar del plata FESTIVAL INTERNACIONAL DE CINE DE MAR DEL PLATA
18ο Vilnius International Film Festival Lithuania Programm Discoveries

Words about L
FILM DE CULTE
FLIX
FLIX GR
CUEDOTCOMFESSIONS
THE LIMERICK REVIEW
QUIET EARTH
ALTERNATIVE CHRONICLE
SUNDANCE FILM FESTIVAL
SBS COM AUSTRALIA
HOLLYWOOD REPORTER

External links
The official movie blog
L at IMDb
L official facebook page
L official site
Context 2: Passage 1:
Brian Stokes Mitchell
Brian Stokes Mitchell (born October 31, 1957) is an American actor and singer  A powerful baritone, he has been one of the central leading men of the Broadway theater since the 1990s  He won the Tony Award for Best Actor in a Musical in 2000 for his performance in Kiss Me, Kate 

Early life
Mitchell was born in Seattle, Washington, the youngest of four children of George Mitchell, an electronics engineer, and his wife Lillian (née Stokes), a school administrator  Mitchell grew up at various U S  military bases overseas, where his father was a civilian engineer for the U S  Navy  As a young boy, he lived in San Diego, California, where he began acting in school musicals  He did not attend college, having begun performing professionally while a student at Patrick Henry High School, although he did have private teachers in both acting and voice in his teen years  He has said that he studied film scoring, orchestration, and conducting through UCLA  Prior to Ragtime, he was known professionally as Brian Mitchell 

Career
Stage
Mitchell first performed on Broadway in the musical Mail in 1988, with music by Michael Rupert and lyrics by Jerry Cocker, winning the Theatre World award  His Broadway credits include an all-black revival of George and Ira Gershwin's Oh, Kay! (1990), Jelly's Last Jam (1992) based on the works of jazz artist Jelly Roll Morton, and Kander and Ebb's Kiss of the Spider Woman (1993) He originated the role of Coalhouse Walker Jr, in the musical Ragtime, which opened on Broadway in January 1998  He received a 1998 Tony Award nomination for Best Actor in a Musical  He appeared in the 1999 revival of Cole Porter's Kiss Me, Kate as Fred Graham / Petruchio, winning the Tony Award for Best Actor in a Musical  He appeared on Broadway in King Hedley II in 2001 (Tony Award nomination) and Man of La Mancha in 2002 (Tony Award nomination) He appeared in the New York City Center Encores! staged concert productions of Jule Styne's Do Re Mi (1999), Bob Merrill's Carnival! (2002), Kismet (2006), and The Band Wagon in 2014 He played the title role in the 2002 Kennedy Center production of Sweeney Todd, part of the Stephen Sondheim celebration On June 9, 2005, Mitchell appeared in a concert version of the Rodgers and Hammerstein musical South Pacific at Carnegie Hall  He starred as Emile, alongside Reba McEntire as Nellie Forbush and Alec Baldwin as Luther Billis  The production was taped and telecast by PBS in 2006  Of his performance, Ben Brantley wrote in The New York Times, "As for Mr  Mitchell, his place in the pantheon of romantic musical leads is now guaranteed "
Playbill Records released his debut solo CD, Brian Stokes Mitchell on June 6, 2006  Mitchell has also performed in a Christmas concert with the Mormon Tabernacle Choir later released as a CD and DVD entitled Ring Christmas Bells   His second solo CD, Simply Broadway, was released October 30, 2012, by CD Baby Mitchell returned to Broadway to star with Patti LuPone in the musical version of the Pedro Almodóvar film Women on the Verge of a Nervous Breakdown, which opened at the Belasco Theatre in November 2010 A new musical titled Shuffle Along, or, the Making of the Musical Sensation of 1921 and All That Followed, based on the making of Shuffle Along opened on Broadway on March 14, 2016 in previews, officially on April 21 at the Music Box Theatre  Mitchell played "F E  Miller", with Audra McDonald as "Lottie Gee", Billy Porter, Joshua Henry and Brandon Victor Dixon 

Television and film
Mitchell has a number of television and film credits, including the role of John Dolan in Roots: The Next Generations (1979), and a seven-year stint as Dr  Justin 'Jackpot' Jackson on Trapper John, M D  from 1979 to 1986   Mitchell made several appearances as a celebrity panelist on episodes of $25,000 Pyramid and $100,000 Pyramid in the 1980s, and was considered one of the game's better celebrity players, helping a contestant win the $100,000 grand prize on the latter show in February 1986   Mitchell also participated as a celebrity panelist in four weeks' worth of episodes of The Match Game-Hollywood Squares Hour, a short-lived NBC game show that ran from 1983-1984  He played recurring roles as Hilary Banks' news anchor fiancé Trevor Newsworthy/Collins on The Fresh Prince of Bel-Air and on Frasier as Dr  Frasier Crane's upstairs neighbor and nemesis Cam Winston   He supplied the singing voice of Jethro in the animated feature The Prince of Egypt (1998)   He guest starred in March 2010 in Ugly Betty as Wilhelmina Slater's ex-boyfriend, Don He appeared on the 57th episode of Glee, titled "Heart" in 2012, and the 58th, titled "On My Way," as one of Rachel's dads (LeRoy) along with Jeff Goldblum 
He also played a recurring role on the USA Network series Mr  Robot as Scott Knowles, CTO of E Corp  The series began in June 2015 and ended in December 2019 He has also done voice-overs for animation including Animaniacs, Capitol Critters, Tiny Toon Adventures, A Pup Named Scooby-Doo, The Further Adventures of SuperTed, Kid 'n Play, New Kids on the Block, Scooby-Doo! and the Reluctant Werewolf, Gravedale High, Potsworth & Co , Captain Planet and the Planeteers, The Tom and Jerry Kids Show, Yo Yogi!, Fantastic Max, Pound Puppies, The Addams Family, California Raisins, The Angry Beavers, James Bond Jr , Batman: The Animated Series, Paddington Bear, Pinky and the Brain, Defenders of Dynatron City, The Hot Rod Dogs and Cool Car Cats, Droopy, Master Detective, Denver, the Last Dinosaur, Mighty Max, Don Coyote & Sancho Panda, Vampirina, and the two Flintstones animated movies Hollyrock-a-Bye Baby and I Yabba-Dabba Do! 
Mitchell plays Nicholas Prophet in Wolverine: The Long Night, a scripted podcast serial 

Personal life
He has been married to actress Allyson Tucker since 1994 and has a son, Ellington 

Filmography
Film
Television
Video games
Theatre
Discography
Brian Stokes Mitchell (June 6, 2006)Track listing"Something's Coming" (West Side Story)
"The Best Is Yet to Come" (Cy Coleman)
"Pretty Women" (Sweeney Todd)
"Just In Time" (Bells are Ringing)
"Lazy Afternoon" (The Golden Apple)
"Another Hundred People" (Company)/"Take the 'A' Train"
"How Long Has This Been Going On?" (Funny Face)
"Life is Sweet" (Wonderful Town)
"Losing My Mind" (Follies)
"Being Alive" (Company)
"How Glory Goes" (Floyd Collins)
"Grateful"Simply Broadway (2012)
Plays With Music (2019)

Awards and nominations
Sources: Playbill BroadwayWorld

Honors
2004 - Mitchell was elected the Chairman of the Board of the Actors Fund of America
2016 - Mitchell received the Isabelle Stevenson Award "for his commitment to supporting members of the entertainment community in crisis or transition through his work with The Actors Fund "
Passage 2:
Nigel Hawthorne
Sir Nigel Barnard Hawthorne  (5 April 1929 – 26 December 2001) was an English actor  He is known for his stage acting and his portrayal of Sir Humphrey Appleby, the permanent secretary in the 1980s sitcom Yes Minister and the Cabinet Secretary in its sequel, Yes, Prime Minister  For this role, he won four BAFTA TV Awards for Best Light Entertainment Performance 
He won the BAFTA Award for Best Actor in a Leading Role and was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Actor for portraying King George III in The Madness of King George (1994)  He later won the BAFTA TV Award for Best Actor, for the 1996 series The Fragile Heart  He was also an Olivier Award and Tony Award winner for his work in theatre 

Early life
Hawthorne was born in Coventry, Warwickshire, England, the second of four children of Agnes Rosemary (née Rice) and Charles Barnard Hawthorne, a physician When Nigel was three years old, the family moved to Cape Town, South Africa, where his father had bought a practice  Initially they lived in the Gardens and then moved to a newly built house near Camps Bay He attended St George's Grammar School, Cape Town, and, although the family was not Catholic, at a now-defunct Christian Brothers College, where he played on the rugby team  He described his time at the latter as not being a particularly happy experience He enrolled at the University of Cape Town, where he met and sometimes acted in plays with Theo Aronson (later a well-known biographer), but withdrew and returned to the United Kingdom in the 1950s to pursue a career in acting 

Career
Hawthorne made his professional stage debut in 1950, playing Archie Fellows in a Cape Town production of The Shop at Sly Corner  Unhappy in South Africa, he decided to move to London, where he performed in various small parts before becoming recognized as a great character actor 
Finding success in London, Hawthorne decided to try his luck in New York City and eventually got a part in a 1974 production of As You Like It on Broadway  Around this time, he was persuaded by Ian McKellen and Judi Dench to join the Royal Shakespeare Company  He also supplemented his income by appearing in television advertisements, including one for Mackeson Stout 
He returned to the New York stage in 1990 in Shadowlands and won the 1991 Tony Award for Best Actor in a Play Although Hawthorne had appeared in small roles in various British television series since the late 1950s, his most famous role was as Sir Humphrey Appleby, the Permanent Secretary of the fictional Department of Administrative Affairs in the television series Yes Minister (and Cabinet Secretary in its sequel, Yes, Prime Minister), for which he won four BAFTA awards during the 1980s  He became a household name throughout the United Kingdom, which finally opened the doors to film roles  In 1982, Hawthorne appeared in Richard Attenborough's Gandhi, alongside a distinguished international cast including Martin Sheen, John Mills, Candice Bergen, John Gielgud, Ian Charleson and Ben Kingsley   That same year, he starred opposite Clint Eastwood in the cold war thriller Firefox, where he played a dissident Russian scientist 
Other film roles during this time included Demolition Man, which he detested for being "brainless" and a "cheap picture"  However, it led to his most famous role: that of King George III in Alan Bennett's stage play The Madness of George III (for which he won a Best Actor Olivier Award) and then the film adaptation entitled The Madness of King George, for which he received an Academy Award nomination for Best Actor and won the BAFTA Film Award for Best Actor 
After this success, his friend Ian McKellen asked him to play his doomed brother Clarence in Richard III, and Steven Spielberg asked him to play lame duck president Martin Van Buren in Amistad  He won a sixth BAFTA for the 1996 TV mini-series The Fragile Heart  He also drew praise for his role of Georgie Pillson in the London Weekend Television series "Mapp and Lucia "
Hawthorne was also a voice actor, and lent his voice to two Disney films: Fflewddur Fflam in The Black Cauldron (1985) and Professor Porter in Tarzan (1999)  He also voiced Captain Campion in the animated film adaptation of Watership Down (1978) 

Personal life
An intensely private person, he was annoyed at having been outed as gay in 1995 in the publicity surrounding the Academy Awards, but he did attend the ceremony with his long-time partner Trevor Bentham, and afterward, he spoke openly about being gay in interviews and in his autobiography, Straight Face, which was published posthumously They met in 1968 when Bentham was stage-managing the Royal Court Theatre  From 1979 until Hawthorne's death in 2001, they lived together in Radwell and then at Thundridge, both in Hertfordshire  The two of them became fund raisers for the North Hertfordshire hospice and other local charities 

Death
Hawthorne died from a heart attack at his home on 26 December 2001, aged 72  He had recently undergone several operations for pancreatic cancer, which he was diagnosed with in mid-2000, but had been discharged from hospital for the Christmas holidays  He was survived by Bentham, and his funeral service was held at St Mary's, the Parish Church of Thundridge near Ware, Hertfordshire, following which he was cremated at Stevenage Crematorium  His funeral was attended by Derek Fowlds, Maureen Lipman, Charles Dance, Loretta Swit and Frederick Forsyth along with friends and local people  The service was led by the Right Reverend Christopher Herbert, the Bishop of St Albans  The coffin had a wreath of white lilies and orchids and Bentham was one of the pallbearers On hearing of Hawthorne's death, Alan Bennett described him in his diary: "Courteous, grand, a man of the world and superb at what he did, with his technique never so obvious as to become familiar as, say, Olivier's did or Alec Guinness's "

Honours
He was appointed a Commander of the Order of the British Empire (CBE) in the 1987 New Years Honours List, and was knighted in the 1999 New Years Honours List "for services to the Theatre, Film and Television "

Filmography
Film
Television
Video games
Stage
Theatre
Awards and nominations
Passage 3:
Gordon Dahlquist
Gordon Dahlquist is an American playwright and novelist  A native of the Pacific Northwest, Dahlquist has lived and worked in New York City since 1988  His plays, which include Messalina and Delirium Palace (both Garland Playwriting Award winners), have been performed in New York and Los Angeles  Graduate of Reed College and Columbia University’s School of the Arts  He is an alumnus of New Dramatists Dahlquist's debut novel The Glass Books of the Dream Eaters, a hybrid of fantasy and science fiction set in a period similar to the Victorian era, was published on August 1, 2006, to notable critical acclaim  Dahlquist was reportedly paid an advance of $2,000,000 for The Glass Books of the Dream Eaters, the first of a two-book deal  Its sales were disappointing and it is estimated to have lost its publisher, Bantam, approximately $851,500   The sequel to The Glass Books of the Dream Eaters, The Dark Volume, was published in the UK by Penguin on May 1, 2008, and March 24, 2009 in the United States   A third volume, The Chemickal Marriage was published in July 2012   A young adult novel, The Different Girl was published in 2013  In 2015 he received the James Tait Black Prize for his play Tomorrow Come Today 

Plays
Babylon 55 (with Mark Worthington), premiere Sumus Theatre, Portland, OR, 1984
Reticence, premiere Horace Mann Theatre NYC
Severity's Mistress, premiere Walker Space NYC, 1995
Mission Byzantium, premiere The American Globe Theater NYC, 1995
Island of Dogs, premiere 4th Street Theater NYC, 1998
Vortex du Plaisir, premiere Ohio Theater NYC, 1999
The Secret Machine, premiere Walker Space NYC, 1999
Delirium Palace, premiere Evidence Room LA CA, 2001
Messalina, premiere Evidence Room LA CA, 2003
Babylon is Everywhere: A Court Masque, premiere NYC 2004
Venice Saved: A Seminar (with David Levine), premiere PS122 NYC, 2009
Tea Party, workshop premiere Bay Area Playwrights Foundation, 2012
Tomorrow Comes Today, premiere Undermain Theatre, Dallas, 2014
Red Chariot, premiere Undermain Theatre, Dallas, 2019

Novels
The Glass Books of the Dream Eaters (2006)
The Dark Volume (2008)
The Chemickal Marriage (2012)
The Different Girl  (2013)

Bibliography, Plays
Vortex du Plaisir, Playscripts Inc 
Delirium Palace, Breaking Ground, Stage & Screen, 2002
Babylon is Everywhere, Theater Magazine, Vol 34 #2, 2004

Bibliography, Novels
The Glass Books of the Dream Eaters, Bantam 2006
The Dark Volume, Bantam 2009
The Chemickal Marriage, Penguin 2012
The Different Girl, Dutton Juvenile, 2013
Passage 4:
Special Tony Award
The Special Tony Award category includes the Lifetime Achievement Tony Award and the Special Tony Award  These are non-competitive honorary awards, and the titles have changed over the years  The Tony Award for Lifetime Achievement in the Theatre is to "honor an individual for the body of his or her work " (The Tony Award for Best Special Theatrical Event was a competitive award, given from 2001 to 2009 ) Another non-competitive Tony award is the Tony Honors for Excellence in Theatre, to "recognize the achievements of individuals and organizations that do not fit into any of the competitive categories "

Award winners
1940s
1950s
1960s
1970s
1980s
1990s
2000s
2010s
2020s
See also
Regional Theatre Tony Award
Tony Honors for Excellence in Theatre
Passage 5:
Eddie Vedder
Eddie Jerome Vedder (born Edward Louis Severson III; December 23, 1964) is an American singer, musician, songwriter, and the lead vocalist and one of three guitarists for the rock band Pearl Jam  He previously was a guest vocalist for supergroup Temple of the Dog, a tribute band dedicated to the late singer Andrew Wood 
Vedder, who is known for his powerful baritone vocals, was ranked seventh on a list of "Best Lead Singers of All Time," based on a readers' poll compiled by Rolling Stone In 2007, Vedder released his first solo album as a soundtrack for the film Into the Wild (2007)  His second album, Ukulele Songs, and a live DVD titled Water on the Road were released in 2011  His third solo album Earthling was released in 2022 
In 2017, Vedder was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame as a member of Pearl Jam 

Early life and education
Vedder was born Edward Louis Severson III on December 23, 1964 in Evanston, Illinois, to Karen Lee Vedder and Edward Louis Severson Jr  His parents divorced in 1965 when Vedder was an infant  His mother soon remarried to a man named Peter Mueller  Vedder was raised believing that Mueller was his biological father, and he went by the name Edward Mueller for a time  Vedder's ancestry includes Dutch, German, and Danish on his mother' side (Vedder) and Norwegian on his father's side (Severson) While living in Evanston, Vedder's family fostered seven younger children in a group home  In the mid-1970s, the family, including Vedder's three younger half-brothers, moved to San Diego County, California  Vedder received a guitar from his mother on his 12th birthday, and began turning to music and surfing as a source of comfort  He especially found solace in The Who's 1973 album, Quadrophenia  He said, "When I was around 15 or 16   I was all alone—except for music " His mother and Mueller divorced when Vedder was in his late teens  His mother and brothers moved back to the Chicago area, but Vedder remained with his stepfather in California so he did not have to change schools 
After the divorce, Vedder learned the truth about his parentage and that Mueller was really his stepfather, not his father  Vedder met his biological father briefly as a child, but was led to believe that Severson was merely an old friend of his parents  By the time Vedder learned the truth, Severson had died of multiple sclerosis  During his senior year at San Dieguito High School, Vedder moved out to live in an apartment, supported himself with a nightly job at a drug store in Encinitas  Because of the pressure of work and school, Vedder dropped out of high school  He joined the rest of his family in the Chicago area, and changed his last name to Vedder, his mother's maiden name 
In the early 1980s, while working as a waiter, Vedder earned his high school GED from Oakton Community College 

Career
In 1984, Vedder returned to San Diego with his girlfriend Beth Liebling and his friend Frank  While living in the San Diego area, Vedder recorded demo tapes at his home and worked various jobs, including as a contracted security guard at the La Valencia Hotel in La Jolla  Vedder had several stints in San Diego area bands, including Surf and Destroy and the Butts  One of those bands, called Indian Style, included future Rage Against the Machine and Audioslave drummer Brad Wilk In 1988, Vedder became the vocalist for Bad Radio, a San Diego-based progressive funk rock band  The band's original incarnation was influenced by Duran Duran; however, after Vedder joined, the band moved to a more alternative rock sound influenced in part by the Red Hot Chili Peppers 

Temple of the Dog
In the 1980s, Vedder worked part time as a night attendant at a local gas station  Through the Southern California music scene, Vedder met former Red Hot Chili Peppers drummer Jack Irons, who became a friend and would play basketball with him  Later in 1990, Irons gave him the demo tape of a Seattle band looking for a singer  Vedder listened to the tape shortly before going surfing, where lyrics came to him  He wrote lyrics for three of the songs in what he later described as a "mini-opera" entitled Momma-Son  The songs tell the story of a young man who, like Vedder, learns that he had been lied to about his paternity and that his real father is dead, grows up to become a serial killer, and is eventually imprisoned and sentenced to death  Vedder recorded vocals for the three songs, and mailed the demo tape back to Seattle  The three songs would later become Pearl Jam's "Alive", "Once", and "Footsteps" 
After hearing Vedder's tape, former Mother Love Bone members Stone Gossard and Jeff Ament invited Vedder to come to Seattle to audition for their new band  They were instantly impressed with his unique sound  At the time, Gossard and Ament were working on the Temple of the Dog project founded by Soundgarden's Chris Cornell as a musical tribute to Mother Love Bone's frontman Andrew Wood, who died of a heroin overdose at age 24  Soundgarden drummer Matt Cameron and newcomer Mike McCready were also a part of the project  The song "Hunger Strike" became a duet between Cornell and Vedder  Cornell later said that Vedder "sang half of that song not even knowing that I'd wanted the part to be there and he sang it exactly the way I was thinking about doing it, just instinctively "Vedder also provided background vocals on several other Temple of the Dog songs  In April 1991, Temple of the Dog was released by A&M Records  "Hunger Strike" became Temple of the Dog's breakout single; it was also Vedder's first featured vocal on a record  "I really like hearing that song  I feel like I could be real proud of it –  because one, I didn't write it, and two, it was such a nice way to be ushered onto vinyl for the first time  I'm indebted to Chris (Cornell) time eternal for being invited onto that track", Vedder said in 2009  In the 2011 documentary Pearl Jam Twenty, Vedder said, "That was the first time I heard myself on a real record  It could be one of my favorite songs that I've ever been on – or the most meaningful " Vedder and Cornell performed the song together for the last time on October 26, 2014, at a benefit for Bridge School 

Pearl Jam
Pearl Jam, initially called Mookie Blaylock after the former National Basketball Association player of the same name, was formed in 1990 by Jeff Ament, Stone Gossard, and Mike McCready, who then recruited Vedder as lead singer but hired and fired three different drummers  The band was forced to change its name when they signed to Epic Records in 1991, becoming Pearl Jam, and instead naming their debut album Ten after Blaylock's jersey number 
Ten became one of the best-selling alternative albums of the 1990s, being certified 13× Platinum  The single "Jeremy" received Grammy Award nominations for Best Rock Song and Best Hard Rock Performance in 1993  Pearl Jam received four awards at the 1993 MTV Video Music Awards for its music video for "Jeremy", including Video of the Year and Best Group Video  Ten ranks number 209 on Rolling Stone magazine's list of the 500 greatest albums of all time, and "Jeremy" was ranked number 11 on VH1's list of the 100 greatest songs of the '90s Following an intense touring schedule, the band recorded its second studio album, Vs , which was released in 1993  Upon its release, Vs  set the record at the time for most copies of an album sold in a week, and spent five weeks at number one on the Billboard 200  Vs  was nominated for a Grammy Award for Best Rock Album in 1995  From Vs , the song "Daughter" received a Grammy nomination for Best Rock Performance by a Duo or Group with Vocal and the song "Go" received a Grammy nomination for Best Hard Rock Performance Feeling the pressures of success, with much of the burden of Pearl Jam's popularity falling on Vedder, the band decided to decrease the level of promotion for its albums, including refusing to release music videos  Vedder's issue with fame came from what he stated as "what happens when a lot of these people start thinking you can change their lives or save their lives or whatever and create these impossible fuckin' expectations that in the end just start tearing you apart " In 1994, the band began a much-publicized boycott of Ticketmaster, which lasted for three years and limited the band's ability to tour in the United States  Vedder faced what he called a "pretty intense stalker problem" during the mid-1990s  Vedder would refer to the issue in the song "Lukin" from No Code Later that same year the band released its third studio album, Vitalogy, which became the band's third straight album to reach multi-platinum status  On the album, Vedder was featured more extensively on rhythm guitar, and also provided back up vocals and some drumming  The pressure of fame is a common theme of Vedder's songs on the album  The album received Grammy nominations for Album of the Year and Best Rock Album in 1996  Vitalogy was ranked 485th on Rolling Stone magazine's list of the 500 greatest albums of all time  The lead single "Spin the Black Circle" won a Grammy Award in 1996 for Best Hard Rock Performance  Although Dave Abbruzzese performed on the album Vitalogy, he was fired in August 1994, four months before the album was released  The band cited political differences between Abbruzzese and the other members; for example, he disagreed with the Ticketmaster boycott  He was replaced by Jack Irons, a close friend of Vedder and the former and original drummer of the Red Hot Chili Peppers The band subsequently released No Code in 1996 and Yield in 1998  In 1998, prior to Pearl Jam's U S  Yield Tour, Irons left the band due to dissatisfaction with touring  Pearl Jam enlisted former Soundgarden drummer Matt Cameron as Irons' replacement on an initially temporary basis, but he soon became the permanent replacement for Irons  "Do the Evolution" (from Yield) received a Grammy nomination for Best Hard Rock Performance  Vedder described Pearl Jam's approach in 1998, saying "We've had the luxury of writing our own job description   and that description has basically been cut down to just one line: make music "In 1998, Pearl Jam recorded "Last Kiss", a cover of a 1960s ballad made famous by J  Frank Wilson and the Cavaliers  It was released on the band's 1998 fan club Christmas single; however, by popular demand, the cover was released to the public as a single in 1999  "Last Kiss" peaked at number two on the Billboard charts and became the band's highest-charting single 
In 2000, the band released its sixth studio album, Binaural, and initiated a successful and ongoing series of official bootlegs  The band released seventy-two such live albums in 2000 and 2001, and set a record for most albums to debut in the Billboard 200 at the same time  "Grievance" (from Binaural) received a Grammy nomination for Best Hard Rock Performance  The band released its seventh studio album, Riot Act, in 2002  Pearl Jam's contribution to the 2003 film Big Fish, titled "Man of the Hour," was nominated for a Golden Globe Award in 2004  The band's eighth studio album, the eponymous Pearl Jam, was released in 2006  The band released its ninth studio album, Backspacer, in 2009, its tenth studio album, Lightning Bolt, in 2013, and its eleventh studio album, Gigaton, in 2020 
Vedder uses the pseudonym "Jerome Turner" on Pearl Jam records for his non-musical contributions such as design and artwork  He has also used the pseudonym "Wes C  Addle" ("West Seattle") 

Other musical projects
Soundtrack contributions
Vedder has contributed solo material to several soundtracks and compilations, including the soundtracks for the films Dead Man Walking (1995), I Am Sam (2001), A Brokedown Melody (2004), Body of War (2007), and Reign Over Me (2007)  Vedder collaborated with Pakistani musician Nusrat Fateh Ali Khan for his contributions to the Dead Man Walking soundtrack  He covered the Beatles' "You've Got to Hide Your Love Away" for the I Am Sam soundtrack  Vedder wrote "Man of the Hour" that Pearl Jam recorded for Tim Burton's Big Fish Soundtrack (2003)  Vedder wrote two songs for the 2007 feature documentary, Body of War, produced by Ellen Spiro and Phil Donahue: "No More" (a song referring to the Iraq War) and "Long Nights"  Vedder and the supergroup the Million Dollar Bashers, which includes members from Sonic Youth, Wilco, and Bob Dylan's band, covered Dylan's "All Along the Watchtower" for the biopic film, I'm Not There (2007)  Pearl Jam recorded a cover version of The Who's song "Love, Reign o'er Me" for the film Reign Over Me, which takes its title from the song  In 2010, Vedder recorded a new song, "Better Days", which appeared on the soundtrack to the 2010 film Eat Pray Love  Vedder contributed original music for the soundtrack to the 2021 film Flag Day, which also featured the musical debut of Vedder's daughter Olivia on lead vocals in the first single, "My Father’s Daughter", written by Vedder and Glen Hansard 

Into the Wild
Vedder contributed an album's worth of songs to the soundtrack for the 2007 film, Into the Wild  The soundtrack was released on September 18, 2007, through J Records  It includes covers of the Indio song "Hard Sun" and the Jerry Hannan song "Society"  Vedder said that having to write songs based on a narrative "simplified things"  He said, "There were fewer choices  The story was there and the scenes were there " Vedder's songs written for the film feature a folk sound  Thom Jurek of AllMusic called the soundtrack a "collection of folksy, rootsy tunes where rock & roll makes fleeting appearances " Vedder won a 2008 Golden Globe Award for the song "Guaranteed" from Into the Wild  He was also nominated for a Golden Globe Award for his contributions to the film's original score  At the 2008 Grammy Awards, "Guaranteed" received a nomination for Best Song Written for a Motion Picture, Television or Other Visual Media  "Guaranteed" was also nominated a 2008 World Soundtrack Award in the category of Best Original Song Written Directly for a Film  At the 2009 Grammy Awards, "Rise" received a nomination for Best Rock Vocal Performance, Solo Vedder promoted the Into the Wild soundtrack with his first solo tour, which began in April 2008  The April leg of the tour, dubbed the "April Fools Tour", began in Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada at The Centre on April 2, 2008, and was composed of ten dates focusing on the West Coast of the United States  Vedder continued the tour with a second leg in August 2008 composed of fourteen dates focusing on the East Coast and Canada  The second leg of the tour began in Boston, Massachusetts at the Boston Opera House and ended in Chicago, Illinois at the Auditorium Theatre  In June 2009, Vedder followed his 2008 solo tour with another solo tour composed of fourteen dates focusing on the Eastern United States and Hawaii, which began in Albany, New York at the Palace Theatre and continued through to Honolulu at the Hawaii Theatre 

Ukulele Songs
Vedder released his second solo album titled Ukulele Songs, a collection of original songs and covers performed on the ukulele, on May 31, 2011  The first single from the album, "Longing to Belong", was released through digital retailers on March 21  A live DVD titled Water on the Road, featuring live performances from two shows in Washington, D C  during Vedder's 2008 solo tour, was released the same day as Ukulele Songs 

Earthling
In September 2021, Vedder released the single "Long Way", taken from his third studio album Earthling  This was followed by "The Haves" on November 18, 2021, and "Brother the Cloud" on January 14, 2022  "Long Way" and "The Haves" have been released as a limited edition 7" vinyl  To tour the album, Vedder assembled a backing band dubbed "The Earthlings", which includes Glen Hansard on rhythm guitar and backing vocals, Josh Klinghoffer on guitar, keyboard and vocals, Chad Smith on drums, Chris Chaney on bass, and guitarist Andrew Watt  Watt also produced the album 

Collaborations
In addition to playing with Pearl Jam and Temple of the Dog, Vedder has performed or recorded with numerous well-known artists  He has appeared on albums by the Who, Ramones, Neil Young, R E M , Neil Finn, Bad Religion, Mark Seymour, Cat Power, Mike Watt, Fastbacks, Wellwater Conspiracy, Jack Irons, and John Doe, and has also recorded with the Strokes, Nusrat Fateh Ali Khan, Supersuckers, Susan Sarandon, and Zeke  In the months of June and July 2006, Vedder made live performances jamming with Tom Petty and the Heartbreakers, singing on many tracks, including lead vocals on "The Waiting" and backing vocals on "American Girl"  Vedder performed the songs "Break on Through (To the Other Side)", "Light My Fire" and "Roadhouse Blues" with the remaining members of the Doors at the 1993 Rock and Roll Hall of Fame induction ceremony  He also performed with R E M  at the 2007 Rock and Roll Hall of Fame induction ceremony and with the Stooges at the 2010 Rock and Roll Hall of Fame induction ceremony   Vedder made a guest appearance at the Ramones' last show on August 6, 1996, at the Palace in Hollywood 

Film
Vedder had a brief acting cameo in the 1992 movie, Singles, along with Jeff Ament and Stone Gossard of Pearl Jam  He appeared as himself, playing drums in lead actor Matt Dillon's backing band, Citizen Dick  He was also interviewed for the 1996 grunge documentary, Hype! He appears in the 2003 Ramones documentary, End of the Century: The Story of the Ramones  In 2007, he made a cameo as himself in the comedy film, Walk Hard: The Dewey Cox Story  He appears in the 2007 Tom Petty documentary, Runnin' Down a Dream, the 2008 political documentary, Slacker Uprising, and the 2009 Howard Zinn documentary, The People Speak, based upon A People's History of the United States  He was featured in the 2008 Greg Kohs documentary, Song Sung Blue, performing with Lightning and Thunder  He had a one-scene cameo in the second episode of the second season of the IFC television show Portlandia  He also appears in the 2012 documentary West of Memphis,  protesting against the case  Vedder made an appearance in the season 3 episode 16 of David Lynch's Twin Peaks Aug 2017   He was referred to by his birth name, Edward Louis Severson 
The character of Jackson Maine in the movie 'A Star is Born was partly influenced by Vedder  Bradley Cooper, who wrote the screenplay, produced, directed, and starred in the film as Jackson Maine, hung out with Vedder for four or five days to get some tips from him about the character 

Activism
Vedder has used his role as a musician to speak on several politically-oriented themes  In 2009, he said, "People on death row, the treatment of animals, women's right to choose  So much in America is based on religious fundamentalist Christianity  Grow up! This is the modern world!" In 1992, Spin printed an article by Vedder, titled "Reclamation", which detailed his views on abortion  Vedder and Pearl Jam performed at Rock for Choice in 1994  During the band's appearance on MTV Unplugged in 1992, Vedder stood up on his stool during the instrumental break of the song "Porch" and wrote "PRO-CHOICE" on his left arm with a magic marker Vedder was supportive of Green Party presidential candidate Ralph Nader in 2000 and played at Green Party super rallies in Chicago and New York City  Pearl Jam played a series of concerts on the 2004 Vote for Change tour, supporting the candidacy of John Kerry for U S  president  "I supported Ralph Nader in 2000, but it's a time of crisis  We have to get a new administration in", Vedder told Rolling Stone magazine in 2004  In 2005, during Pearl Jam's first South American tour, Vedder said, "next time we come to Brazil, the world will be a better place to live, as George Bush will no longer be the President of the United States " Vedder supported Barack Obama in the 2008 presidential election, and 2012, Bernie Sanders in the 2016 and 2020 primaries, Hillary Clinton in the 2016 presidential election, and Joe Biden in the 2020 presidential election against Donald Trump In his spare time, Vedder is a surfer and active in surf-related conservation efforts, including supporting The Surfrider Foundation  In 1993, Vedder supported fellow Surfrider Foundation member/environmentalist, Aaron Ahearn who had gone AWOL from the United States Navy in protest of the Navy's at sea dumping policies  Vedder and Pearl Jam performed a concert in San Francisco, donating over $3,000 to Ahearn's legal fees 
Vedder supports Earth First! with a tattoo on his right calf  The logo is of a pipe wrench crossed with a stone hammer Vedder was a longtime and outspoken supporter for the Free the West Memphis Three movement, a cause that advocated the release of three young men who were convicted in 1994 of the gruesome murders of three boys in West Memphis, Arkansas  In an interview with Larry King on December 19, 2007, Damien Echols, who was then on death row for the murders, said that Vedder had been the "greatest friend a person could have" and that he had collaborated with him while in prison  The song "Army Reserve" on Pearl Jam's 2006 self-titled album features a lyrical collaboration between Vedder and Echols  On August 19, 2011, Vedder and Natalie Maines attended the release hearing of the West Memphis Three Vedder is a gun control activist and has performed at benefit anti-gun violence concerts and participated on the 2019 Gun Sense Forum 

Musical style and influences
Music critic Jim DeRogatis has described Vedder's vocals as a "Jim Morrison-like vocal growl"  Greg Prato of AllMusic said, "With his hard-hitting and often confessional lyrical style and Jim Morrison-esque baritone, Vedder also became one of the most copied lead singers in all of rock " Vedder has inducted the Doors, Neil Young, the Ramones, and R E M  into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame, and in his induction speeches he has cited them all as influences  Other influences that Vedder has cited include Pete Townshend and The Who, which the singer considers to be his favorite band of all time, The Beatles, Bruce Springsteen, Pink Floyd, Talking Heads, Fugazi, and The Clash Vedder's lyrical topics range from personal ("Alive", from Ten; "Better Man", from Vitalogy) to social and political concerns ("Even Flow", from Ten; "World Wide Suicide", from Pearl Jam)  His lyrics have often invoked the use of storytelling and have included themes of freedom, individualism, and sympathy for troubled individuals  Other recurring themes include the use of water metaphors, and the concept of leaving everything behind to start again, which is featured in "Rearviewmirror", from Vs ; "MFC", from Yield; "Evacuation", from Binaural; and "Gone", from Pearl Jam) 
Although primarily a vocalist, Vedder began playing guitar on some Pearl Jam songs with the Vs  songs "Rearviewmirror" and "Elderly Woman Behind the Counter in a Small Town"  When the band started, Gossard and McCready were clearly designated as rhythm and lead guitarists, respectively  The dynamic began to change when Vedder started to play more rhythm guitar during the Vitalogy era  McCready said in 2006, "Even though there are three guitars, I think there's maybe more room now  Stone will pull back and play a two-note line and Ed will do a power chord thing, and I fit into all that " Vedder's guitar playing helped the band's sound progress toward a more stripped-down style; the songs "Rearviewmirror" and "Corduroy" (from Vitalogy) feature Vedder's raw, punk-influenced guitar playing  As he had more influence on the band's sound, Vedder sought to make the band's musical output less catchy  He said, "I felt that with more popularity, we were going to be crushed, our heads were going to pop like grapes " He has also contributed performances on the ukulele, harmonica, accordion, and electric sitar to various Pearl Jam recordings 

Live performances
Throughout Pearl Jam's career, Vedder has interacted with the crowd during the band's concerts  Early in Pearl Jam's existence, Vedder and the band became known for their intense live performances  Vedder participated in stage diving as well as crowd surfing  During the early part of Pearl Jam's career, Vedder was known to climb the stage lighting rig and hang from the stage roof  Looking back at this time, Vedder said, "It's hard for us to watch early performances, even though that's when people think we were on fire and young  Playing music for as long as I had been playing music and then getting a shot at making a record and at having an audience and stuff, it's just like an untamed force   a different kind of energy  And I find it kind of hard to watch those early performances because it's so just fucking, semi-testosterone-fueled or whatever  But it didn't come from jock mentality  It came from just being let out of the gates "Vedder began incorporating social commentary and political criticism into his lyrics and performances early in his career with Pearl Jam  He usually comments on politics between songs, often to criticize U S  foreign policy  During Pearl Jam's 2007 Lollapalooza headlining show, Vedder and the band played a song telling the crowd in Chicago to boycott the oil company BP because they had been polluting Lake Michigan Vedder is known to use a Mike Lull-modified, vintage Fender Telecaster that features a single coil pickup in the bridge position and a P-90 pickup in the neck position, and includes various stickers that The Who  He uses three vintage Fender Tweed amplifiers, including a 1959 Deluxe and a 1957 Custom Twin  His two main acoustic guitars are a 1930s-era Martin 00-17 and a vintage Gibson Pete Townshend Signature SJ-200 

Legacy
Lamenting the constant waning of rock 'n roll from the music scene, Bono, in 2017, expounded that "Rage" is the fundamental component of rock 'n roll and said, "Some great rock’n’roll tends to have that, which is why the Who were such a great band  Or Pearl Jam  Eddie has that rage "Vedder was ranked seventh on a list of "Best Lead Singers of All Time" compiled by Rolling Stone  Loudwire put him at number 35 on their Top 66 Hard Rock + Heavy Metal Frontmen of all time  He has been ranked at number 5 on a list of "Singer with the Most Unique Voice", compiled by Rolling Stone  Other singers like Roger Daltrey of the Who, Bruce Dickinson of Iron Maiden and John Densmore of the Doors have praised him for his singing ability  Hit Parader magazine placed him at number 23 on their list of the "Top 100 Metal Vocalists of All Time"  His solo album Into the Wild was ranked at no  20 on the list of Top 20 Rock 'n' Roll Solo Albums by Consequence of Sound  In 2023, Rolling Stone ranked Vender at number 105 on its list of the 200 Greatest Singers of All Time 

Personal life
Vedder attended San Dieguito High School, now called San Dieguito Academy, and donated proceeds from a 2006 Pearl Jam concert in San Diego toward the construction of a theater for the school in the name of his former drama teacher, Clayton E  Liggett  Liggett was Vedder's mentor in high school  Vedder wrote the song "Long Road" (from Merkin Ball) upon hearing of Liggett's death in 1995 While living in the basement of Pearl Jam manager Kelly Curtis' house in Seattle in the early 1990s, Vedder was roommates with Alice in Chains guitarist and vocalist Jerry Cantrell  Vedder was also friends with Alice in Chains' lead singer Layne Staley, and wrote the song "4/20/02" (from Lost Dogs) on the night that he found out about Staley's death, on April 20, 2002 (though Staley had actually died over two weeks earlier on April 5, his body was found on April 19)  Vedder also paid tribute to Staley during a Pearl Jam show in Chicago on August 22, 2016, which would have been Staley's 49th birthday; "It's the birthday of a guy called Layne Staley tonight, and we're thinking of him tonight too  49 years old", Vedder told the crowd before dedicating the song "Man of the Hour" to his late friend In 1994, Vedder married Hovercraft bass player Beth Liebling, whom he was dating since he was a teenager, circa 1984  Vedder was Hovercraft's drummer during their opening slot for Mike Watt's U S  tour in 1995  The couple divorced in September 2000  In an interview published in the June 29, 2006 edition of Rolling Stone magazine, Vedder said that his divorce from Liebling had devastated him  The divorce happened around the same time as the biggest tragedy of Pearl Jam's career, when nine fans were crushed to death during the band's set at the Roskilde Festival in Denmark on June 30, 2000  In an interview with Chris Cornell's daughter Lily in 2020, Vedder explained that their show started on a high because they had just been told about her birth, until about 40 minutes into their performance when the tragedy happened  Vedder revealed that Pete Townshend helped him through the early stages of dealing with the tragedy On September 18, 2010, Vedder married his longtime girlfriend, model Jill McCormick, whom he had been dating since 2000  They have two daughters, Olivia, born in 2004, and Harper, born in 2008  In 2011, McCormick appeared in the music video for Vedder's solo single, "Longing to Belong"  In 2014, Vedder and McCormick co-founded the EB Research Partnership, a non-profit organization dedicated to finding a cure for the genetic skin disorder epidermolysis bullosa  They have raised over $25 million to fund research to find a cure Vedder was a close friend of the late Chris Cornell, the Soundgarden and Audioslave frontman  Aside from Vedder's Pearl Jam bandmates, Cornell was one of the first people Vedder met after moving to Seattle in 1990  The two were neighbors for a while and shared vocal duties in Temple of the Dog  In the 2009 book Grunge Is Dead: The Oral History of Seattle Rock Music, Soundgarden manager Susan Silver recalled that Cornell carried Vedder onstage on his shoulders at Pearl Jam's second show in Seattle (the band was known as Mookie Blaylock at the time): "Everyone was still reeling from [Andrew Wood]'s death    The band came on and Chris carried Eddie onto the stage – he was on his shoulders  It was one of those super powerful moments, where it was all a big healing for everybody  He came out as this guy who had all the credibility in the world – in terms of people in Seattle – and Malfunkshun and Mother Love Bone were loved bands  Andy was such an endearing personality  It was a hard thing to do – to show up after people die  And Chris bringing Eddie out, and pointing at him, as much Pearl Jam lead guitarist Mike McCready recalled that Cornell had helped welcome the "'super, super shy'" Vedder to Seattle: "He was like, 'Hey, welcome to Seattle  I love Jeff [Ament] and Stone [Gossard]  I give you my blessing"  From then on [Vedder] was more relaxed  It was one of the coolest things I saw Chris do'"  In a 2009 interview with Uncut magazine, Vedder stated that Cornell is "the best singer that we've got on the planet"  About the impact that Cornell had in his life, Vedder told a crowd in Alpine Valley before performing "Hunger Strike" with him in September 2011; "I had no idea how he would affect my life and my views on music and my views on friendship and what a big impact he would have  These guys [the other members of Pearl Jam] know him much longer than me and his impact is profound"  The friendship between Vedder and Cornell is featured in the 2011 documentary Pearl Jam Twenty  During his solo concert in London on June 6, 2017, Vedder talked for the first time about Cornell since his death on May 18, 2017, saying that "he wasn't just a friend, he was someone I looked up to like my older brother" and "I will live with those memories in my heart and I will love him forever" Vedder is a friend of The Who guitarist Pete Townshend, who discouraged Vedder from retiring in 1993  In late 2007, Vedder wrote the foreword to a new Pete Townshend biography, Who Are You: The Life of Pete Townshend  The book was published in the UK in March 2008 and in the U S  in October 2008  Vedder was a close friend of the late Ramones guitarist Johnny Ramone, with Vedder being at his side when he died  Since Ramone's death, Vedder and Pearl Jam have played the Ramones' "I Believe in Miracles" regularly at live shows  While driving home from Ramone's funeral, Vedder wrote the lyrics for the Pearl Jam song "Life Wasted" (from Pearl Jam) While surfing with Tim Finn in New Zealand on March 25, 1995, Vedder was carried 250 feet (76 m) off the coast and had to be rescued by lifeguards  He also has paddled outrigger canoes on occasion and in 2005 was nearly lost at sea trying to paddle from Moloka'i to Oahu Vedder has written songs and lyrics that question religious authority  Vedder is a Chicago Bulls and Chicago Bears fan and a long-time, die-hard fan of the Chicago Cubs  In November 1993, Vedder and White Sox pitcher Jack McDowell were involved in a barroom brawl in New Orleans, Louisiana that resulted in Vedder being arrested for public drunkenness and disturbing the peace  Vedder sang the national anthem before the third game of the 1998 NBA Finals in Chicago, and has sung "Take Me Out to the Ball Game" at six Cubs games, including Game 5 of the 2016 World Series  In 2007, a few days before performing with Pearl Jam in Chicago for Lollapalooza, he threw out the first pitch at Wrigley Field, the home of the Cubs  Vedder wrote a song at the request of former Cubs shortstop and first baseman Ernie Banks paying tribute to the Cubs called "All the Way"  The day after the Cubs won the 2016 World Series, the Cubs' official Twitter account posted a montage video backed by Vedder's song in a tribute to Cubs fans The annual series between the Seattle Mariners and San Diego Padres is often nicknamed the Vedder Cup due to both cities being hometowns of the singer The singer is also a great admirer of the late American science fiction author Kurt Vonnegut  During an interview with Uncut Magazine, he stated that the novel Cat's Cradle is his favorite book of all time 

Discography
Solo discography
Extended plays
Singles
Music videos
"Hard Sun" (2007)
"Guaranteed" (2008)
"No More" (2008)
"Better Days" (2010)
"You're True" (2011)
"Longing to Belong" (2011)
"Can't Keep" (2011)
"Sleeping by Myself" (2012)
"Matter of Time" (2020)
"Say Hi" (2020)
"Long Way" (2021)
"The Haves" (2021)
"Brother the Cloud" (2022)

Studio contributions and collaborations
Live contributions and collaborations
Guest appearances
Temple of the Dog discography
Pearl Jam discography
Filmography
Television
Performer and actor

Film
Performer and actor*denotes performance with Pearl Jam
**note: "Animal" performed with Pearl Jam and "Rockin' in the Free World" performed with Neil Young & Pearl Jam
^note: In the acceptance speech, Eddie notoriously states, "I don't know what this means, I don't think it means anything "
^^note: Vedder also performed the songs: "Mary Anne with the Shaky Hand" and "Getting in Tune" with the Who, but they were not released on the DVD 2017 Documentary, "Let's Play Two" featuring Eddie Vedder and Pearl Jam  Can be found on Amazon Prime and was directed by Danny Clinch  Concert documentary centering around Pearl Jams August 2016 shows at Wrigley Field 

Awards and nominations
Passage 6:
Paulo Szot
Paulo Szot is a Brazilian operatic baritone singer and actor  He made his opera debut in 1997 and his international career has included performances with the Metropolitan Opera, La Scala di Milano, Opera de Paris, Bayerische Staatsoper, Opera Australia, Liceo de Barcelona, among many others  In 2008, he made his Broadway debut as Emile De Becque in a revival of South Pacific, for which he won the Tony Award for Best Performance by a Leading Actor in a Musical, the Drama Desk Award, the Outer Critics Circle Award and the Theatre World Award  In 2012 he was nominated for a Laurence Olivier Award for best actor in a musical, and in 2014 was nominated for the MAC Award for best Celebrity Artist becoming the first Brazilian to receive such honors  In 2022, he originated the role of "Lance" in the hit Broadway musical & Juliet 

Biography
Szot was born in São Paulo to Polish parents who emigrated to Brazil after World War II  He began his musical training in piano at the age of five and later added violin and classical ballet  However, at age 21, a knee injury cut short any aspirations for a career in dance, causing him, with encouragement from his instructor, to pursue singing instead Szot studied at Jagiellonian University in Poland  He began singing professionally in 1990 with the National Song & Dance Ensemble "Śląsk"  Later, he made his professional opera debut in a production of Il barbiere di Siviglia at the Municipal Theatre of São Paulo in 1997  Since then, he has performed with the New York City Opera, the Palm Beach Opera, the Canadian Opera Company, Opéra de Marseille, and Vlaamse Opera, among others, in such operas as L'elisir d'amore, La bohème, Don Giovanni, Cavalleria rusticana, Pagliacci, Carmen, Così fan tutte, Le nozze di Figaro and Maria Golovin  In March 2010 he made his debut at the Metropolitan Opera as Kovalyov in Dmitri Shostakovich's The Nose  Szot returned to the Metropolitan Opera as Escamillo sharing the stage with the French tenor Roberto Alagna and as Lescaut in Manon along with Anna Netrebko  Szot returned to the Met in 2014 as the Captain of the Achille Lauro in The Death of Klinghoffer  He sang the role of Guglielmo in Mozart's Così fan tutte at the Palais Garnier, and at the Aix-en-Provence Festival in Le nozze di Figaro  In 2013 he sang in The Nose at Teatro dell'Opera di Roma and at La Scala in the role of Filip Filippovich, the protagonist of Alexander Raskatov's 2009 opera A Dog's Heart  In 2018 and 2019, Szot sang the role of the Celebrant in the Chicago Symphony Orchestra's performance of Leonard Bernstein's Mass under the direction of Marin Alsop with the Chicago Children's Choir and the Highland Park High School Marching Band 
Of his performance in South Pacific, Ben Brantley of The New York Times wrote: "When he delivers 'Some Enchanted Evening' or 'This Nearly Was Mine,' it's not as a swoon-making blockbuster (though of course it is), but as a measured and honest consideration of love "

Stage productions
Il Barbiere di Siviglia – 1996 – Teatro Paulo Eiró, São Paulo
Gianni Scchicchi – 1997 – Sesc Ipiranga, São Paulo
La Bohème – 1998 – Teatro Alfa Real, São Paulo
Le Barbier de Séville – 1997 – Teatro Municipal de Santo André
Carmen – 1998 – Teatro Municipal de São Paulo
La Bohème – 1998 – Teatro Municipal de São Paulo
L'elisir d'amore – 1998 – Festival Ópera de Manaus
Don Giovanni – 1999 – Teatro Alfa Real, São Paulo
Le Barbier de Séville – 1999 – Teatro São Pedro, São Paulo
Don Giovanni – 1999 – Municipal de São Paulo
Le Barbier de Séville – 1999 – Teatro São Pedro de Porto Alegre
O Guarani – 1999 – Teatro Amazonas
Carmen – 2000 – Teatro Municipal do Rio de Janeiro
Cavaleria Rusticana – 2000 – Teatro Alfa Real, São Paulo
I Pagliacci – 2000 – Teatro Alfa Real, São Paulo
Die Fledermaus – 2000 – Teatro Rio de Janeiro
Cavaleria Rusticana – 2000 – Teatro Municipal de São Paulo
Pagliacci – 2000 – Teatro Municipal de São Paulo
Tanhäuser – 2001 – Teatro Municipal do Rio de Janeiro
Carmen – 2001 – Teatro Alfa, São Paulo
Carmen – 2001 – Teatro Municipal de São Paulo
Don Giovanni – 2001 – Teatro Amazonas
La Bohème – 2001 – Teatro Amazonas
Hansel et Gretel – 2001 – Teatro Municipal de São Paulo
Manon – 2002 – Teatro Amazonas
Manon – 2002 – Teatro Alfa – São Paulo
Pagliacci – 2002 – Teatro Amazonas
Il Barbiere di Siviglia - 2003 - Palacio das Artes
Hansel et Gretel – 2003 – Teatro Municipal de São Paulo
Cavaleria Rusticana – 2003 – Teatro Amazonas
Don Pasquale – 2003 – Teatro São Pedro, São Paulo
Don Pasquale – 2003 – Teatro Municipal de Santo André
Lustige Witwe – 2003 – Porto Alegre
Carmen – 2003 – New York City Opera
Don Giovanni – 2003 – Michigan Opera
Le Nozze di Figaro – 2004 – New York City Opera
Carmen – 2004 – Palm Beach Opera
Eugène Onegin – 2004 – Ópera de Marseille
Orfeo – 2004 – Teatro Sérgio Cardoso
L'elisir d'amore – 2005 – New York City Opera
Rita – 2005 – Festival de Campos do Jordão
Dido et Aeneas – 2005 – Opera de Marseille
Don Giovanni – 2005 – Opera de Toulon
Don Giovanni – 2005 – Opera de Bordeaux
Così fan tutte – 2006 – Opera de Marseille
Maria Golovin – 2006 – Opera de Marseille
Don Giovanni – 2006 – Opera de Bogota - Colombia
Così fan tutte – 2007 – Opera de Nice
Le nozze di Figaro – 2007 – Boston
Maria Golovin – Spoleto Opera Festival, 2007 - Italy
Le Portrait de Manon – 2007 – Liceo de Barcelona
Le Nozze di Figaro – 2007 – Vlaamse Opera, Anvers
Le Nozze di Figaro – 2008 – Vlaamse Opera, Gand
South Pacific – 2008 – Lincoln Center Theater, New York
La Veuve Joyeuse – 2008 – Opera de Marseille
South Pacific – 2009 – Lincoln Center Theater, New York
The Nose – 2010 – Metropolitan Opera New York
South Pacific – 2010 – Lincoln Center Theater, New York
Carmen – 2011 – Metropolitan Opera New York
Così fan tutte – 2011 – Opera Garnier, Paris
South Pacific – 2011 – Barbican, London
Carmen – 2011 – San Francisco Opera
South Pacific – 2011 – Oxford
Manon – 2012 – Metropolitan Opera House New York
Le Nozze di Figaro – 2012 – Festival d'Aix-en-Provence
Don Giovanni – 2012 – Washington Opera
The Nose - Il Naso – 2013 – Opera di Roma
A Dog's Heart - Cuore di Cane  – 2013 – La Scala
The Nose – 2013 – Metropolitan Opera
Die Fledermaus - 2013/2014 – Metropolitan Opera
Eugène Onegin - 2014 - Melbourne Opera House
Candide — 2014 — Sala São Paulo - OSESP
The Death of Klinghoffer – 2014 – Metropolitan Opera
Le Nozze di Figaro – 2014 - Théâtre National de Bahreïn / Aix-en-Provence
Manon Lescaut - Teatro Municipal de Sao Paulo - Lescaut - 2015
Die Fledermaus - The Metropolitan Opera - 2015/2016 - Falke
Madama Butterfly - Opera de Marseille - 2016 - Sharpless
Romeo et Juliette - Palacio das Artes - 2016 - Mercutio
My Fair Lady - Teatro Santander - 2016 - Henry Higgins
Così fan tutte - "Don Alfonso" -  2017 - Palais Garnier Opéra National de Paris
The New Prince - 2017 - Dutch Opera - Hamilton/Clinton/Nixon - Amsterdam - Nederlands
Carmen - Bayerische Staatsoper - Munich - Escamillo - 2017 - Germany
Evita - Shakespeare Festival - Pennsylvania - Juan Peron - 2017 -  USA
Street Scene - Teatro Real - Madri - 2018 - Frank Maurant
La Traviata - Palacio das Artes - BH - 2018 - Giorgio Germont
La Traviata - Teatro Municipal de Sao Paulo - 2018 - G  Germont
Mass - Leonard Bernstein - South Bank Centre - 2018 - Celebrant - London
Mass - Leonard Bernstein - Ravinia Festival - 2018 - Celebrant - USA
Evita - A  L  Webber - Opera Australia - Sydney and Melbourne - 2018/2019 - Juan Peron
Merry Widow - Franz Lehar  - Opera di Roma - 2019 - Danilo
Mass - Leonard Bernstein - Ravinia Festival - 2019 - Celebrant - USA
Madama Butterfly - Puccini - Metropolitan Opera - New York - 2019 - Sharpless
Chicago on Broadway - Ambassador Theater - New York - 2020 and 2021 - Billy Flynn
Street Scene - Opera de Monte Carlo - 2020 - Frank
Chicago - Teatro Santander - São Paulo - 2022 - Billy Flynn
La boheme - Puerto Rico - 2022 - Marcello
& Juliet - Princess of Wales Theatre - Toronto - 2022 - Lance
& Juliet - Sondheim Theater - Broadway - 2023 - Lance
Cosi fan tutte - Opera de Paris - 2024 - Don Alfonso

Awards
Passage 7:
New Dramatists
New Dramatists is an organization of playwrights founded in 1949 and located at 424 West 44th Street between Ninth and Tenth Avenues in the Hell's Kitchen (Clinton) neighborhood of Manhattan, New York City 
The members of New Dramatists participate in seven-year residencies to build up their playwriting skills and develop their careers   In addition to housing resident playwrights, New Dramatists also holds workshops for young authors  The organization hosts an annual luncheon at which actors and producers who have made contributions to American theatre are honored  Brian Stokes Mitchell, Glenn Close, and Meryl Streep are among past honorees The New Dramatists have a library that is open to the public on weekdays 

Building
New Dramatists is located in a former church built in the 1880s in the Gothic Revival style  It was the location in turn of St  Matthew's German Lutheran Church, the Lutheran Church of the Redeemer, the Lutheran Metropolitan Inner Mission Society, and, by the mid-1960s, the All People's Church 

Alumni
New Dramatists' alumni include:

Glen Berger
Kia Corthron
Jorge Ignacio Cortiñas
Erin Courtney
Carson Kreitzer
Peter Maloney (actor)
Tarell Alvin McCraney
Suzan-Lori Parks
Harrison David Rivers
Charles Smith, playwright
Charise Castro Smith, television writer and actor
Octavio Solis
Mark St  Germain, playwright, author, and film and television writer 
Gaye Taylor Upchurch, who has directed plays at the Studio Theatre (Washington, D C ), the Summer Play Festival, and the Pacific Playwrights Festival

Awards
Nathan Lane was awarded the New Dramatists' 2019 Distinguished Achievement Award  Audra McDonald, Brian Stokes Mitchell, Daryl Roth, Paula Vogel, and Denzel Washington have received this award in prior years 

History
New Dramatists was established in 1949 as the New Dramatists Committee  Its formation was instigated by Michaela O'Harra, who became the first executive secretary of the Committee  Howard Lindsay was the first chair; other founders included Benjamin Schankman, Russel Crouse, Richard Rodgers, and Oscar Hammerstein II  The Committee was initially funded by contributions from the Playwrights Company, the Cornell-McClintic Foundation and a donation from John Golden 
Passage 8:
Steve Cosson
Steven Cosson (born August 1968) is a writer and director specializing in the creation of new theater work inspired by real life  He is the founding Artistic Director of the New York-based investigative theater company The Civilians 

Early life and education
Cosson was born in the Washington, D C  area  He received his BA from Dartmouth College and holds an MFA in directing from the University of California San Diego, where he studied under director and Joint Stock member Les Waters 

Career
Cosson led The Civilians as the first theater company in residence at the Metropolitan Museum of Art  He wrote the first major American play about climate change, The Great Immensity, which generated significant controversy from Republicans in Congress and right-wing media, and was featured as a TED Talk at the main TED conference in 2012 Cosson collaborated repeatedly with composer Michael Friedman on works with The Civilians and other companies, until Friedman's death in 2017  Other notable accomplishments include developing and directing Anne Washburn's Mr  Burns, a Post-Electric Play, named the 4th Best American Play of the past 25 Years by The New York Times Credits include:

book-writer and director of The Abominables at Children's Theatre Company (2018)
writer and director of The Undertaking at BAM Next Wave Festival (2016), US tour, Theatre de la Ville, Paris
director of José Rivera's Another Word for Beauty, world premiere at the Goodman Theatre (2016)
writer/director, Rimbaud in New York at the Brooklyn Academy of Music (2016)
director of Michael Friedman and Bess Wohl's musical Pretty Filthy (2015)
the Off-Broadway revival of The Belle of Amherst, starring Joely Richardson (2014)With The Civilians: 

writer/director of The Great Immensity (2014), music by Michael Friedman, created in residence with the Princeton Environmental Institute and the Princeton Atelier
co-writer and director of This Beautiful City, which premiered in 2009 to excellent reviews at the Humana Festival of New American Plays and then completed a critically acclaimed run at the Vineyard Theatre (Drama Desk, Drama League, Lortel nominations)
co-writer and director of Brooklyn at Eye Level, produced at Brooklyn's Lyceum Theatre in 2008
co-writer/director of Paris Commune produced in 2004 in The Public Theater's PublicLAB series
writer/director of the long-running hit Gone Missing which toured for several years throughout the U S  and the U K , culminating in 2007 in a seven-month Off-Broadway run at Barrow Street Theater (New York Times’ Top 10 of 2007 list)
writer/director (I Am) Nobody's Lunch (2006) (Fringe First award)
director of the company's first show Canard, Canard, Goose? (2002)Cosson has also directed The Civilians’ work at A R T , Actors Theatre of Louisville, La Jolla Playhouse, HBO's Aspen Comedy Festival, The Museum of Modern Art; London's Gate Theatre, and the Soho Theatre, among many others 
As a freelance director of new plays, musicals, and classics, Cosson's other directing credits include Ethel's Documerica (BAM Next Wave Festival); Dael Orlandersmith's Stoop Stories; Spring Awakening (Olney Theatre Center); Bus Stop (Kansas City Repertory Theatre); Anne Washburn’s A Devil at Noon (Humana Festival of New American Plays); Michael Friedman's Adventures in Reality (Lincoln Center Theater), and the U S  premiere of Attempts on Her Life; and new plays at theaters including Hartford Stage, Soho Rep, O’Neill Conference, New Harmony Project, and others His plays have been published by Oberon Books in the UK, Dramatists Play Service, and an anthology of his plays with The Civilians was published by Playscripts, Inc 

Plays
2018 The Abombinables, music/lyrics by Michael Friedman
2016 The Undertaking
2016 Rimbaud in New York, various composers
2015 The End and the Beginning
2014 The Great Immensity, music/lyrics by Michael Friedman
2012 Paris Commune with Michael Friedman
2010 In The Footprint, music/lyrics by Michael Friedman
2009 This Beautiful City, with Jim Lewis, interviews by the company, music/lyrics by Michael Friedman
2006 (I Am) Nobody's Lunch, interviews by company, music/lyrics by Michael Friedman
2003 Gone Missing, interviews by the company, music/lyrics by Michael Friedman
2001 Canard, Canard, Goose?  head writer, company-devised, music/lyrics by Michael Friedman
1998 Fingered



ground_truth: 2011

prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: What past honoree from the New Dramatists Organization is a powerful baritone who won the Tony Award for Best Actor in 2000?

The following are given passages.
Context 4: Passage 1:
Lev Ivanov
Lev Ivanovich Ivanov (Russian: Лев Ива́нович Ива́нов; 2 March 1834, Moscow – 24 December 1901, Saint Petersburg) was a Russian ballet dancer and choreographer and later, Second Balletmaster of the Imperial Ballet  As a performer with the Imperial Ballet, he achieved prominence after performing as an understudy in a benefit performance of La Fille Mal Gardée   He is most famous as the choreographer of Acts II and IV of Swan Lake, which include the Dance of the Little Swans, Act II of Cinderella, and The Nutcracker, which he choreographed alongside Marius Petipa 

Biography
Ivanov entered the Moscow School of Dance, but in 1844 moved to Saint Petersburg where he studied at the Imperial Ballet, becoming an official member of the Corps de ballet in 1852   Among his teachers during this time were Jean-Antoine Petipa, Alexandr Pimenov, Pierre Frédéric Malavergne and Emile Gredlu (Эмиль Гредлю) 
Historically, Ivanov is credited with choreographing the entirety of premiere of Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky's ballet The Nutcracker in 1892 due to the ill health of the ballet master, Marius Petipa  While some contemporary and modern accounts dispute this, Ivanov is still mentioned in The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians, Second Edition with choreographing at least the majority of the ballet as Petipa had reportedly not progressed very far in his work  Regardless of the amount of work he actually did, Petipa's was the only name listed for choreography on posters for the first production in St  Petersburg Ivanov worked with Petipa on a new restaging of Tchaikovsky's Swan Lake ballet in 1895   Ivanov choreographed the entirety of the lakeside acts or "white acts", Act II and Act IV   This includes the Dance of the Little Swans, an iconic pas de quatre where the four cygnets huddle together and dance in unison, before breaking the chain and falling to the floor whilst attempting to fly  Ivanov also choreographed the Danse Vénitienne (Neapolitan/Venetian Dance) and the Pas Hongrois (Hungarian Dance) of the third bier scene In his last years Ivanov was in financial straits  On the strength of his 50 years' service he petitioned the Imperial Theatres for financial assistance 

Ballets
Original works
La Forêt enchantée (en  The Enchanted Forest)  Ballet-fantastique in one act  Music by Riccardo Drigo  Imperial Ballet School, 5 April [O S  24 March] 1887  Imperial Mariinsky Theatre, 15 May [O S  3 May] 1887 
revival by Marius Petipa  Peterhof, July 1889 
La Tulipe de Haarlem (en  The Harlem Tulip)  Ballet-fantastique in three acts  Music by Baron Boris Fitinhoff-Schell  Imperial Mariinsky Theatre, 16 October [O S  4 October] 1887 
revival by Claudia Kulichevskaya and Pavel Gerdt  Imperial Ballet School, 16 April [O S  3 April] 1902 
revival by Alexander Shiryaev  Imperial Mariinsky Theatre, 29 April [O S  16 April] 1903 
La Flûte magique (en  The Magic Flute)  Ballet-comique in one act  Music by Riccardo Drigo  Imperial Ballet School, 22 March [O S  10 March] 1889  Imperial Mariinsky Theatre, 23 April [O S  11 April] 1889 
La Ruse de Cupidon (en  Cupid's Prank)  Ballet-anacréontique in one act  Music by Alexander Friedman  Krasnoe Selo, 6 August [O S  24 July] 1890  Imperial Mariinsky Theatre, 23 November [O S  11 November] 1890 
La Beauté de Séville (en  The Beauty of Seville)  Divertissement-ballet in one act  Music by various composers  Krasnoe Selo, 10 August [O S  29 July] 1889 
La Fête des bateliers (en  The Boatman's Festival)  Divertissement-ballet in one act  Music by Alexander Friedman  Krasnoe Selo, 7 August [O S  26 July] 1890 
The Nutcracker  Ballet-féerie in two acts  Choreographed jointly with Marius Petipa   Music by Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky  Imperial Mariinsky Theatre, 18 December [O S  6 December] 1892 
Cinderella (a k a  Zolushka)  Ballet-féerie in three acts  Staged jointly with Enrico Cecchetti and Marius Petipa  Music by Baron Boris Fitinhoff-Schell  Imperial Mariinsky Theatre, 17 December [O S  5 December] 1893 
revival by Lev Ivanov  Bolshoi Theatre, Moscow, 12 March [O S  28 February] 1898
Swan Lake  Ballet-fantastique in three acts  Staged jointly with Marius Petipa  Music by Pyotr Illyich Tchaikovsky, revised by Riccardo Drigo  Imperial Mariinsky Theatre, 27 January [O S  15 January] 1895 
Acis et Galatée (en  Acis and Galatea)  Ballet-mythologique in one act  Music by Andrei Kadlets  Imperial Mariinsky Theatre, 2 February [O S  21 January] 1896 
revival by Alexander Shirayev  Imperial Ballet School, 3 May [O S  20 April] 1905 
La Fille du Mikado (en  The Mikado's Daughter)  Ballet-fantastique in three acts  Music by Baron Vasily Wrangell  Imperial Mariinsky Theatre, 21 November [O S  9 November] 1897 
Egyptian Nights (a k a  Une Nuit d'Egypte or Nuits égyptiennes)  Divertissement-ballet in one act  Music by Anton Arensky  Never premiered 
revival by Mikhail Fokine  Imperial Mariinsky Theatre, 8 March [O S  24 February] 1908 
revival by Mikhail Fokine as Cléopâtre for the Ballets Russes  Théâtre du Châtelet, Paris, 2 June 1909 
Sylvia  Ballet-mythologique in three acts  Music by Léo Delibes  Staging completed by Pavel Gerdt due to Ivanov's final illness and death  Imperial Mariinsky Theatre, 15 December [O S  2 December] 1901 
Passage 2:
The Nutcracker (Willam Christensen)
Tchaikovsky's now-classic 1892 ballet The Nutcracker received its first complete production in the U S  on 24 December 1944, performed by the San Francisco Ballet  This production used the ballet's original plot and was choreographed by Willam Christensen, who danced the role of the Cavalier  Gisella Caccialanza, the wife of Lew Christensen, danced the role of the Sugar Plum Fairy  The staging was a huge success and one critic wrote: "We can't understand why a vehicle of such fantastic beauty and originality could be produced in Europe in 1892 with signal success [a factually erroneous claim] and never be produced in its entirety in this country until 1944  Perhaps choreographers will make up for lost time from now on " The company was the first in the U S  to make the ballet an annual tradition, and for ten years, the only company in the United States performing the complete ballet, until George Balanchine's production opened in New York in 1954  (Annual productions of the San Francisco Ballet Nutcracker began in 1949 )
The San Francisco Ballet performs The Nutcracker annually to this day, though not necessarily with Christensen's choreography (their most recent version is choreographed by Helgi Tomasson)  Christensen's Nutcracker continues in Salt Lake City, where it is performed annually by Christensen's Ballet West  The stage success of the Christensen version marked the first step in making productions of The Nutcracker annual Christmas season traditions all over the world – a phenomenon that did not really come to flower until the late 1960s 
Passage 3:
Adam Cooper (dancer)
Adam Cooper (born 22 July 1971) is an English actor, choreographer, dancer and theatre director  He works as both a performer and choreographer in musical theatre, and has choreographed and/or starred in award-winning shows such as On Your Toes, Singin' in the Rain and Grand Hotel  He began his professional career as a dancer of classical ballet and contemporary ballet and is a former Principal of the Royal Ballet, a major international ballet company based in London  He became internationally recognised for creating the lead role of Swan/Stranger in Matthew Bourne's contemporary dance production of the ballet Swan Lake, a role that was briefly featured in the 2000 film Billy Elliot, in which Cooper played the adult version of the titular character 

Biography
Adam Cooper was born 22 July 1971 in Tooting, London to a musician father and a social worker mother  He has an older brother, Simon Cooper, who is also a dancer and they trained at the same schools  From a young age, he and his brother studied tap and ballet at the Jean Winkler School of Dance in Tooting  They also played various musical instruments and sang in a choir  At age 11, Cooper won a place at ArtsEd, a specialist performing arts school in London where he studied classical ballet, character, modern, tap, jazz and contemporary dance, as well as singing, acting and stage combat  After completing his secondary education at the school, aged 16, he was accepted into the Royal Ballet Upper School 
At his graduation performance he played the lead role of Young Man in Ashton's the Two Pigeons Cooper married Sarah Wildor in 2000  She was a principal dancer with the Royal Ballet She has become an Olivier-nominated actress  Their first child, a daughter, was born in 2008  They also have a  son 

Dance
Royal Ballet
In 1989 Cooper joined the Royal Ballet and was quickly promoted to First Artist and Soloist in 1991, First Soloist 1993 and Principal Dancer in 1994  He was recognized for his performances in the classic as well as dramatic and contemporary ballet works, and he excelled in playing cruel but sexy villains  While with the Royal Ballet he worked extensively with choreographers Kenneth MacMillan and William Tuckett partnering all the leading ballerinas of the company including Sylvie Guillem and Darcey Bussell  He also performed works choreographed by George Balanchine, Ashley Page, Fokine, Bronislava Nijinska, Mikhail Baryshnikov, Christopher Wheeldon, Matthew Hart, and William Forsythe  He left the Royal Ballet in 1997 to freelance and expand his career opportunities 

Adventures in Motion Pictures
In 1995 Matthew Bourne recruited Cooper to join Adventures in Motion Pictures (now renamed New Adventures) for his radically re-interpreted production of Swan Lake  Together they created the basic Swan movement motifs and Cooper also contributed to the choreography  Cooper performed the dual Swan/Stranger role (the analog of the white and black swan in the classic version) all over the world and his performances won him international acclaim, multiple awards and a strong fan following  Cooper's performance was described as one of "tremendous excitement, subtlety,emotional depth and sheer sexiness"  The popular press embraced him and his photo appeared in many magazines For his performances as the Swan/Stranger he received the Time Out Award in 1995, the Evening Standard Dance Award in 1997 and the 1999 Astaire Award for Best Dancer  He was also nominated for the 1999 Tony Award for Best Actor in a Musical  He appeared briefly at the end of the 2000 film Billy Elliot as the adult version of the title character, who is seen performing the role of the Swan  A DVD recording of the Swan Lake with Cooper and the original cast was issued in 1996 and can be seen on Youtube com  Excerpts from Swan Lake (Bourne) appeared on the 1998 Royal Variety TV program and he repeated his Swan/Stranger role for the TV audience  His performance in the Billy Elliot film and in the Swan Lake (Bourne) DVD inspired at least one of the boys playing Billy Elliot in the stage production to join New Adventures in the hopes of performing The Swan role  In 2003 Cooper once again played the Swan/Stranger when AMP toured in Japan, and there was enormous enthusiasm for his performance and he acquired a large number of new fans 
In 1997 Cooper was invited by Bourne to take part in the initial planning of AMP's next show, Cinderella  This version of the dance took place in London during the Blitz, but used the same Prokofiev music as the classic version Cinderella (Prokofiev)  Cooper helped to create and performed the role of Pilot (the Prince analog) in the initial 1997 London run and also played the Angel (the Godmother analog), and Sarah Wildor was his partner when she played the title role 
The production was also performed in Los Angeles in 1999 

Freelance dancer and choreographer
In 1998 Cooper worked with the Scottish Ballet to choreograph Just Scratching the Surface  He also performed the Hoffmann role in their production of Tales of Hoffmann  Since then he has gone on to choreograph for other ballet companies and for musical theatre 
Cooper appeared as a dancer and choreographer at the Exeter Festival for 3 years, heading evenings of dance co-produced with Iain Webb  In 2002 Cooper and Sarah Wildor presented a tribute to Sir Kenneth MacMillan at Exeter and in Japan  The Adam Cooper Company represented the UK at the Washington International Ballet Festival in 2003 performing a revival of Sir Kenneth MacMillan's Sea of Troubles Cooper has frequently danced as a guest artist with the Royal Ballet since leaving the company, performing lead roles in Romeo and Juliet, Ondine and Onegin  and others  In 2002 he created the role of Badger in William Tuckett's Wind in the Willows  In 2004 created the title role in Tuckett's The Soldier's Tale, which he reprised in 2005 and later performed in Japan in 2009 and 2015 In 2005 he realized a long-held vision with his own production of Les Liaisons dangereuses, a mixture of theater and dance  Co-directed and designed by Lez Brotherston, the production was choreographed by Cooper and he also played the lead role of Viscomte de Valmont  The piece premiered in Japan early in the year before a summer season at Sadler's Wells, with a cast which included Simon Cooper and Sarah Wildor In 2009 Cooper joined Russell Maliphant to dance in Maliphant's 2:4:10 contemporary dance program- an evening of works celebrating Maliphant's 10 years as a choreographer 

Musical theatre
2002 to 2010
In Cooper's first venture into the musical theatre he was both the choreographer and actor (playing the lead role of Junior Dolan) in On Your Toes  In 2002 it played at Leicester Haymarket, and was in transferred in 2003 to the Royal Festival in the West End of London  Sarah Wildor joined the production in 2003 to play the role of Vera Baronova  He was lauded by both the critics and the audience for his contributions and was rewarded with the Critics' Circle National Dance Award for Best Choreography and Most Popular Dancer  In 2004 the production also had a successful tour in Japan In 2002 Cooper provided the choreography for the Swedish production of Garbo-the Musical  Cooper also played the lead role of Don Lockwood and choreographed Paul Kerryson's Singin' in the Rain in 2004 at Sadler's Wells Theatre, Leicester Haymarket, and was nominated for Critic's Circle Award for Choreography of a Musical  He was nominated for a Laurence Olivier Award for his choreography of the 2004 Grand Hotel for The Donmar Warehouse  The production won the 2005 Olivier Award in the category of Outstanding Musical Production In 2005, Cooper and Wildor performed a two-person play, Wallflowering, at the Seven Oaks Playhouse  Their roles were primarily dialogue with intermittent bits of ballroom dancing  Following this, he designed the choreography for the revival of Promises, Promises at Sheffield's Crucible Theatre In 2006 Cooper appeared alongside Neil Morrissey and Patrick Swayze playing Sky Masterson in Guys and Dolls at The Piccadilly Theatre, London and in 2007 he provided the musical staging for Side by Side by Sondheim for The Venue Theatre, London 2008 saw Cooper's return to the stage, creating the role of Ramon in Zorro the Musical for the UK tour  He also played the Tin Man in the Royal Festival Hall's summer staging of the musical The Wizard of Oz, after which he turned his attention back to choreography  First, he choreographed Carousel for director Lindsay Posner which had a very successful UK tour and West End run at the Savoy Theatre  Then Cooper was asked by Paul Kerryson to direct and choreograph the first new show, Simply Cinderella, at the brand new Curve Theatre, Leicester In 2009 Cooper unveiled Shall We Dance at Sadler's Wells, an ambitious all-dance show based on Richard Rodgers' songs  For this production he was the box-office star, director, creator, librettist and choreographer  Later that year, he provided choreography for Lindsay Posner's production of the Donizetti opera Roberto Devereux at the Holland Park Theatre, Kensington, London Cooper co-starred in the touring stage version of Irving Berlin's White Christmas during the Christmas season in 2009 2010 and 2011  He played the role of Phil Davis 

2011 to the present
Cooper was the above-the-title star playing the role of Don Lockwood in Jonathan Church's highly successful 2011–2013 production of Singin' in the Rain, with choreography by Andrew Wright  Its first sold-out run was at the Chichester Festival Theatre and then a longer run at West End's Palace Theatre  He also performed the iconic Singin' in the Rain scene on the 2011 Royal Variety Performance TV show  The stage show was nominated for the Best Musical Revival and several other Laurence Olivier and other awards  A cast recording of Singin' in the Rain was issued in 2012  Good Mornin' was performed at the 2012 Olivier Awards Ceremony  The show, starring Cooper, played in Japan for three weeks of November 2014 In 2013 Cooper choreographed Matthew White's well-received production of Candide at the Menier Chocolate Factory  Reviewer Sam Smith wrote "Adam Cooper's choreography is racy, and the production finds a particular affinity with the 'Surrealism' of the piece " In late 2013 Cooper was invited to Denmark to choreograph Daniel Bohr's Danish language version of Evita at the Det Ny Teater (The New Theater) in Copenhagen  The show premiered in January 2014  For Evita, Adam Cooper created a choreography with continuous tango elements merged into the rest of the dance Cooper provided the "energetic" 60's choreography for Sunny Afternoon Musical at the Hampstead Theatre in London  The show ran from April to end of May in 2014 and then in October 2014 it transferred to The Harold Pinter Theatre (formerly The Comedy Theatre) 
at the West End  Its run was extended several times due to its popularity with the audience and positive critical reviews  It was nominated for numerous awards and won 4 Olivier Awards in 2015  Details are at Sunny Afternoon 
Cooper had another opportunity to present a stage version of Les Liaisons dangereuses (Gefährliche Liebschaften) in 2015   He choreographed and co-directed with Josef E  Köpplinger a German musical version of the novel with a newly commissioned book, lyrics and score for the itinerant Staatstheater am Gärtnerplatz company in Munich, Germany 
In 2019, Cooper appeared in the UK Tour of New Adventures' The Red Shoes, playing the role of Boris Lermontov 

Films and TV
The Soldier's Tale (2010) TV Movie (The Soldier)
Bourne to Dance (2001) TV Movie (himself)
Billy Elliot (2000) Arts Council of England, BBC Films, Working Title Films (Billy, Aged 25)
Madame Bovary (2000) TV Movie (Vicomte)
The Sandman (2000) Channel 4 TV Movie
Jason and the Argonauts (2000) Hallmark Entertainment & Panfilm TV Movie (Eros)
Dance Ballerina Dance (1998) BBC2 TV (himself)
Swan Lake (Bourne) (1998) PBS Great Performances TV Series with Adventures in Motion Pictures (Swan/Stranger)
Royal Variety Performance TV Show (1998) Excerpts from Swan Lake (Bourne) (Swan/Stranger)
The South Bank show: Matthew Bourne's Adventures in Motion Pictures (1997) TV Documentary (himself)
Swan Lake (Bourne) (1996) BBC/NVC with Adventures in Motion Pictures (Swan/Stranger)
Mayerling (ballet) (1994) BBC with the Royal Ballet (Hungarian officer)
Gala Tribute to Tchaikovsky (1993) TV Special (Principal Dancer)
Winter Dreams (1992) BBC TV with the Royal Ballet (Staff Captain Vassily Vasilyevich Solyony)
La Bayadère, The Sleeping Beauty (ballet), Winter Gala with Royal Ballet for BBC TV
Prince of the Pagodas (1990) with the Royal Ballet
Merry Wives of Windsor (1982) BBC TV (fairy)

Other
(2000) National Portrait Gallery (London), portrait of Adam Cooper by Stuart Pearson Wrightoil on gesso on oak panel, NPG 6542
(2014) Imperial Classical Ballet Faculty Patrons, Adam Cooper and Sarah Wildor

Awards
(1988) Ursula Moreton Choreographic Competition
(1989) Professional Level Prize @ Prix de Lausanne
(1996) Time Out Award for Best Performance in AMP's Swan Lake
(1997) Evening Standard Award for his performance as The Swan in AMP's Swan Lake
(1997) Drama League Award for Best Performance as The Swan in AMP's Swan Lake (Los Angeles Season)
(1999) Astaire Award for outstanding Male Dancer for his performance as The Swan in AMP's Swan Lake
(1999) Nominated for Best Actor in a Musical Tony Award for the Broadway Season of Swan Lake
(2002) Nominated for Best Male Dancer by the Critics' Circle National Dance Awards for his performances with the Royal Ballet and On Your Toes 
(2003) Critics' Circle National Dance Awards for Best Choreography for On Your Toes
(2003) Critics' Circle National Dance Awards for Most Popular Dancer 
(2003) Nominated for Whatsonstage com Theatregoers' Choice Awards – for Best Choreographer and Best Actor in a Musical for On Your Toes
(2004) Nominated by Critics' Circle National Dance Awards for Best Choreography (Musical Theater) for Singin' in the Rain
(2005) Nominated for What's Onstage Award for choreography of the 2004 Grand Hotel for The Donmar Warehouse 
(2005) Nominated for a Laurence Olivier Award for choreography of the 2004 Grand Hotel for The Donmar Warehouse 
(2013) Nominated for What's Onstage Award as Best Actor in a Musical for Singin in the Rain
Passage 4:
The Nutcracker (1993 film)
The Nutcracker, also known as George Balanchine's The Nutcracker, is a 1993 American Christmas musical film based on Peter Martins's stage production and directed by Emile Ardolino  It stars Darci Kistler, Damian Woetzel, Kyra Nichols, Bart Robinson Cook, Macaulay Culkin, Jessica Lynn Cohen, Wendy Whelan, Margaret Tracey, Gen Horiuchi, Tom Gold, and the New York City Ballet 
The film was released by Warner Bros  under their Warner Bros  Family Entertainment label on November 24, 1993, four days after director Ardolino died  It received mixed reviews and was a box office failure, grossing only $2 million 

Plot
The film follows the traditional plot of the Nutcracker 

Act I
Scene 1: The Stahlbaum Home

It is Christmas Eve  Family and friends have gathered in the parlor to decorate the beautiful Christmas tree in preparation for the party  Once it is finished, the children are sent for  They stare in awe at it sparkling with candles and decorations 
The party begins  A march is played  Presents are given out to the children  Suddenly, as the owl-topped grandmother clock strikes eight, a mysterious figure enters the room  It is Herr Drosselmeyer, a local councilman, magician, and Marie's godfather  He is also a talented toymaker who has brought gifts for the children, including four lifelike dolls who dance to the delight of all  He then has them put away for safekeeping 
Marie and her brother, Fritz, are sad to see the dolls being taken away, but Drosselmeyer has yet another toy for them: a wooden nutcracker carved in the shape of a little man  The other children ignore it, but Marie immediately takes a liking to it



ground_truth: Brian Stokes Mitchell

prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: What time did the show, in which Gordon Burns was the host, usually air on Monday?

The following are given passages.
Context 3: Passage 1:
CNN World News
CNN World News, a program that airs on CNN International and CNN International Asia Pacific  It is supplemented by CNN World News Asia and CNN World News Europe The show's traditional time run is 24-hours if it is followed by CNN World News Middle East The show's regular presenters include Errol Barnett  Its main role is to update viewers of the latest news in the world  It contains a weather update from the CNN World Weather Forecast News  CNN World News can usually air up to three times on weekends, and is known to be bringing the latest on a story 

Regular presenters
Errol Barnett

Schedule
Daily:
24-hours (all times EST) – Errol Barnett (North America)
24-hours (all times HKT) – Errol Barnett (Asia Pacific)
24-hours (all times UTC) – Paula Hancocks (Europe)

International broadcasts outside United States
In Singapore, it is broadcast live on MediaCorp TV Channel 5 daily at 6:00–6:30 am 
In Hong Kong, it is broadcast live on ATV World and TVB Pearl daily at 7:30–8:00 am 
In Indonesia, it is broadcast live on RCTI (relayed on RCTI; recorded on SCTV (simulcast on RCTI)) and SCTV (relayed on RCTI; recorded on RCTI (simulcast on SCTV)); carrying simulcast relayed and recorded network on RCTI daily at 05:30–06:00 am 

Simulcast in the International
International simulcast relay network Radio and Television on CNN International News Asia Pacific such : 

Television Indonesia : RCTI (recorded on SCTV in 1997 and now recorded on JakTV and MNC International)/SCTV (recorded on RCTI in 1997)/JakTV (recorded on RCTI and MNC International)/CNN Indonesia
 Malaysia : TV1/TV Kuala Lumpur/TV Selangor
 Singapore : MediaCorp TV Channel 5/MediaCorp HD5
 Brunei : RTB TV2
 Philippines : DZKB-TV
 China : Shanghai International Television
 Hong Kong : ViuTVsix
 Thailand : TrueVisions
 United States : CNNRadio:

 Indonesia : Radio Elshinta News and Talk
 Malaysia : Klasik Nasional FM/Kuala Lumpur FM/Selangor FM/Suara Malaysia/Radio24
 Singapore : CNA938
 Brunei : Radio News in English
 China : China English International News Radio
 Hong Kong : Radio Hong Kong National News in English/Radio Hong Kong International News in English
 United States : IRN/USA Radio Network
Passage 2:
Foil bearing
A foil bearing, also known as a foil-air bearing, is a type of air bearing  A shaft is supported by a compliant, spring-loaded foil journal lining  Once the shaft is spinning fast enough, the working fluid (usually air) pushes the foil away from the shaft so that no contact occurs  The shaft and foil are separated by the air's high pressure, which is generated by the rotation that pulls gas into the bearing via viscosity effects  The high speed of the shaft with respect to the foil is required to initiate the air gap, and once this has been achieved, no wear occurs  Unlike aerostatic or hydrostatic bearings, foil bearings require no external pressurisation system for the working fluid, so the hydrodynamic bearing is self-starting 

Development
Foil bearings were first developed in the late 1950s by AiResearch Mfg  Co  of the Garrett Corporation using independent R&D funds to serve military and space applications  They were first tested for commercial use in United Airlines Boeing 727 and Boeing 737 cooling turbines in the early and mid-1960s  Garrett AiResearch air cycle machine foil bearings were first installed as original equipment in 1969 in the DC-10's environmental control systems  Garrett AiResearch foil bearings were installed on all US military aircraft to replace existing oil-lubricated rolling-contact bearings   The ability to operate at cryogenic gas temperatures and at very high temperatures gave foil bearings many other potential applications Current-generation foil bearings with advanced coatings have greatly exceeded the limitations of earlier designs  Antiwear coatings exist that allow over 100,000 start/stop cycles for typical applications 

Applications
Turbomachinery is the most common application because foil bearings operate at high speed  
Commercial applications in production include microturbines, fuel cell blowers, and air cycle machines   The main advantage of foil bearings is the elimination of the oil systems required by traditional bearing designs  Other advantages are:

Higher efficiency, due to a lower heat loss to friction; instead of fluid friction, the main source of heat is parasitic drag
Increased reliability
Higher speed capability
Quieter operation
Wider operating temperature range (40–2,500 K)
High vibration and shock load capacity
No scheduled maintenance
No external support system
Truly oil free where contamination is an issue
Capable of operating above critical speedAreas of current research are:

Higher load capacity
Improved damping
Improved coatingsThe main disadvantages are:

Lower capacity than roller or oil bearings
Wear during start-up and stopping
High speed required for operation

See also
Fluid bearing – Type of bearings which use pressurized liquid or gas between the bearing surfaces
Tribology – Science and engineering of interacting surfaces in relative motion
Passage 3:
Gordon Burns (footballer)
Gordon Burns (born 2 December 1978) is a Scottish former professional footballer who played in the Scottish First Division for Ayr United 

Playing career
Burns began his footballing career with local boys club Troon Thistle, and also spent time playing with Prestwick Boys Club & Coylton Boys Club, before joining Ayr United Boys Club  He was scouted by several senior teams and trained with Motherwell, Dundee United, Hearts and Celtic before deciding to sign 'S' forms with Ayr United under Manager George Burley  He left Marr College at 16 to sign a 2-year YTS contract at Somerset Park with Manager Simon Stainrod, before signing his first professional contract at Ayr United at the age of 18 

Ayr United
"Burnsie" began his professional career with his local senior club Ayr United in July 1995 and made an early impact when he made his first team debut at the age of 17 against Berwick Rangers at Shielfield Park  He didn't have to wait long for his first start either, which came at Somerset Park against Raith Rovers when he was just 18 
In 1997, along with fellow starlets Keith Hogg, Neil Scally, Gareth "Bo" Armstrong and Joe Carruth, he enjoyed a spell on loan at Glenafton Athletic under Alan Rough which prepared him for the rough and tumble of Scottish football 
Next season, in February 1998, he was thrown in at the deep end by manager Gordon Dalziel as a versatile youngster in an Ayrshire derby match against Kilmarnock at Somerset Park, with the home side recording a famous 2-0 victory courtesy of an 83rd minute headed goal from Jim Dick & a beautiful lob from Ian Ferguson over the head of Killie keeper Gordon Marshall 
A period of vast investment in the playing squad at Ayr from millionaire Chairman Bill Barr saw the arrivals of high-calibre players such as Neil Duffy, Pat McGinlay, Eddie Annand, John Hughes, James Grady, Andy Walker, Glynn Hurst and Gary Teale  This left youngsters like Burns sidelined, and in 1999 he was signed by legendary Manager John Lambie (footballer, born 1941) for Partick Thistle on loan with a view to a permanent move  He made 6 appearances in an impressive spell, but chances of a permanent move were scuppered when Ayr demanded a transfer fee and he was recalled to Somerset Park 
Burns enjoyed a brief spell at his hometown club Troon F C  under Manager John Redmond during his rehabilitation from injury in 2000 
After making 28 league appearances for the club, he was released in December 2001 seeking regular first-team football 

Queen of the South
Burns was signed for Queen of the South by Manager John Connolly (Scottish footballer) in December 2001 to supplement a title-chasing squad 
The club won the 2001–02 Scottish Second Division, finishing 8 points clear of Alloa Athletic in 2nd place, but it was a frustrating period for Burns who only made a solitary appearance 

Peterhead
After completing a pre-season campaign with Forfar Athletic in the summer of 2002, Manager Neil Cooper decided against signing Burns permanently, but recommended him to Peterhead Manager Ian Wilson who was delighted to sign him up for the 2002-03 season  This was a hugely enjoyable season for Burns, as he was an integral part of the team who were chasing the Balmoor side's first ever promotion, with the season ending in spectacular fashion as an incredible four sides went into the final day chasing the title  A 1–0 defeat away to Greenock Morton at a packed Cappielow saw Morton crowned champions and East Fife narrowly pip Peterhead to promotion 
Despite enjoying being a first team regular, the travelling from Burns' home in Troon to Peterhead was taking its toll and Burns rejected the offer of a new contract with the club in search for something closer to home 

Kilwinning Rangers
Burns joined the all-conquering Buffs side in July 2003, becoming a key member of the side that went on to win the West of Scotland Super League Premier Division in season 2003-04  The departure of the Management team led by Mark Shanks sparked a remarkable change of fortunes which saw the Abbey Park side relegated the following season to the West of Scotland Super League First Division under new manager Paul Wright 
Burns rejected the offer of a new contract in order to concentrate on a new career, and left Abbey park in the summer of 2005 

Troon
After 2 years out of the game due to work demands, Burns signed for his home-town team Troon in June 2007  Signed by Manager Michael O'Neill, it wasn't long before Burnsie was named Club Captain as he enjoyed some of the best years of his career at Portland Park 
Niggling injuries and work commitments forced an early retirement from playing at the age of 31, although returning Manager John Redmond was keen to utilise Burns's knowledge in a coaching capacity 

Coaching career
After serving on the coaching staff under John Redmond following his retirement from playing, Burns formed part of the new management team with Jimmy Kirkwood when Redmond stepped down in March 2011 and the two oversaw a dramatic overhaul of the club and the playing staff with an emphasis on youth development & attractive football  Results were erratic to begin with, but the improvement was remarkable and a title push was well underway in season 2011-12 with the team narrowly missing out on the second promotion spot by one point  The club went one better in 2012-13, securing second place with weeks to spare after a season long title battle with Kilwinning Rangers and promotion back to the Super League was assured 
Season 2013-14 saw unprecedented success, as the club were crowned the Super League First Division Champions, Ayrshire Cup winners and were also West of Scotland Cup finalists 
Burns became manager of Troon in the summer of 2015, after Jimmy Kirkwood stepped aside due to work pressures, and he led them to their highest ever league finish in his first season in charge as well as an appearance in the Final of the Ardagh Cup  Following the club's relegation from the West of Scotland Super League Premier Division, Burns stood down in May 2017 after 10 years at the club to spend more time with his family 
Passage 4:
The Krypton Factor
The Krypton Factor is a British game show produced by Granada Television for broadcast on ITV  The show originally ran from 7 September 1977 to 20 November 1995, and was hosted by Gordon Burns and usually broadcast on the ITV network on Mondays at 7 00pm 
Contestants from across the United Kingdom and Ireland competed in a series of rounds that tested their physical stamina and mental attributes  The title of the show is a reference to Superman's home planet Krypton, the title perceiving that the contestants had strong superhuman "powers" for taking part in the challenges they were set  The contestants, from 1986 onwards, all had their own corresponding colour, either red, green, yellow or blue  The points contestants earned through the game were not referred to as their score, but as their "Krypton Factor", e g  "The winner, with a Krypton Factor of 46, is the technical specialist from Birmingham, Caroline White"  The 1987 series won the prestigious Premios Ondas – Spanish Television Award for Entertainment 
The show was revived for two series which aired in 2009 and 2010, presented by Ben Shephard 

History
Original series
The first series of the show was shown on Wednesdays, presented by Gordon Burns and ran for eleven weeks, consisting of eight heats, two semi-finals and the final  It was then on Fridays for two years before arriving on Mondays in 1980  Up to and including the 1979 series, Gordon Burns would be seen standing next to the master scoreboard before being given a desk at which to sit from 1980 onwards (he would be seen sitting next to the master scoreboard for the 1980 and 1981 series before taking his traditional place in front of the audience and facing the contestants for the series which followed)  In the first few series, there were no groups and eight heats, the winner of each advancing to a semi-final  The top two of each semi-final qualified for the Grand Final 
From 1981 to 1985, each series had twelve heats, from which each winner along with the top four runners-up progressed to the four semi-finals, the winners of which competed in the Grand Final  In 1986 and in 1987, the series was divided into four groups (A, B, C, and D)  Each group consisted of three heats, with the winner of each heat and the highest scoring runner up of the heats within a group making it to the group final  The winner of each group final would qualify for the grand final  From 1988 to 1995, the series had 13 episodes, and only had three groups (A, B, and C)  The highest scoring runner-up from the group finals would then go through to the Grand Final 
In 2009 and 2010, each series has seven heats and the winners of which in addition to the highest runner-up of the heats would qualify for the two semi-finals, the winners of which in addition to the top two overall runners-up advancing to the Grand Final  The overall winner of the Grand Final would receive a bronze trophy and would traditionally be titled as Superperson of the Year  Unusually and possibly uniquely for the time, until 1993, the series had no advert break in the middle even though it was on ITV in a primetime 7 00pm slot  This explains why some of the elements (most notably, the time for the quiz) were shortened in later series 
In the 1991 series, for two weeks in a row, contestants Tony Hetherington and Paul Evans won all of the first five rounds in their heats, scoring 50 points; in addition, Hetherington set an all-time record of 62 points  They both later met in the same Group Final, in which Evans won and Hetherington qualified as the Highest Scoring Runner-up, and went on to win the Grand Final 
In 1995, the show was heavily revamped, including the introduction of co-host Penny Smith  In that series, the intelligence round was dropped, first round being physical ability with the rules in each round changed dramatically, with the exception of General Knowledge  The second half of the show was a "super round" which included a 3D maze, code cracking and a race up Mount Krypton, with points accumulated being exchanged for equipment to assist the contestants with the challenge  While some viewers liked the changes, others felt that scrapping the Intelligence round was a sign of dumbing down and that changing the format so dramatically was a mistake 

Revival
Since its cancellation in 1995, there had been persistent rumours of a revival on the BBC  In April 2005, it was widely reported that the BBC would be going ahead with a revival  However, the source of this story turned out to be a misinterpretation of comments by Wayne Garvie, head of BBC's Entertainment Group (and previously the last producer on The Krypton Factor) naming it as the next "TV gem" that "should" (rather than would) be revived On 24 September 2008, Broadcast reported that ITV was expected to commission a new series within weeks  As part of their wider Business Brains campaign, The Sage Group funded the return of the show, and in November it was confirmed that it would be hosted by Ben Shephard  The first episode was shown on Thursday 1 January 2009 at 7 30pm and ran for 10 consecutive weeks  The new series is based on the original five-round format of the show with every round being "brought bang up-to-date" and features "state-of-the-art" technology, although The Guardian described the rounds as having "irritating bleeping noises and confusing graphics"  The series was recorded at Granada Studios in Manchester from 7–10 December 2008  It was filmed in London for the 2010 series, which used a four-round format, as the Intelligence round was dropped again 
Critical reception to the revival were poor, with UKGameshows stating "it's hard to think of anything they've done differently this time where the change is an improvement" and The Guardian ultimately describing it as "like getting back together with an ex (drunkenly, on New Year's Eve)  And then sobering up quickly and realising why you split up in the first place " The launch episode of the revival was watched by only half as many viewers as a repeat of Wallace and Gromit: A Matter of Loaf and Death 

Rounds
During the original series, the rounds were usually in the same order as below, with exception of the 1995 series  However, in the earlier series, there were only five rounds, as Response had yet to be introduced; this round was also dropped for the 2009 revival 
In all rounds except the final round, 10 points were awarded to the winner, then 6 (8 in early series), 4 and 2 to the remaining contestants  In the event of a tie, all tied players would receive the score for the higher place – in an extreme case, if three contestants tied with the highest score, they would all receive 10 points, with just 2 points for the unlucky fourth contestant  In the Mental Agility and Observation rounds, the contestant who answered faster would sometimes be awarded the higher place; in other cases, a tiebreaker question was used  On rare occasions, an Observation round would have the players answer a five-part question, such as "Name the five continuity errors in the film clip," and players would receive 2 points for each correct answer 
From 1986 to 1991, each round was introduced by the distinctive K logo, which would morph into a symbol for the round  A similar version of this was used in the 2009 revival 

Personality (1977)
This round only took place in the first series, where it was third  In it, the contestants were sequestered where they had to write a 30-second script on a subject given to them like a destination brochure, a letter of complaint, etc , which they had one chance to perform  The performances were filmed and a focus group taken in twenty cities and towns across Great Britain voted on the best effort 

Mental agility (1978–1995, 2009–2010)
First played in the second series, this often took the form of a memory test (though other versions would require mental computation of time and date differences, or to add up a sequence of numbers and return the number which, when added to that sum, gave a pre-determined answer)  The contestants frequently had to memorise a sequence and then answer a series of progressively more complicated questions  For instance, if the sequence to be memorised was a series of coloured blocks, the questions might start as "What is the colour of the third block from the left?" and progress to "What is the colour of the block two to the left of the block to the right of the green block?"  Other forms of memory test might require contestants to remember a phrase or proverb and answer a series of questions about it (e g  "What was the fifth letter of the fourth word?" or "Spell the last word backwards") 
Originally the round consisted of a "knock-out" format, where contestants were asked increasingly difficult questions in turn and eliminated for wrong answers  If two or more players were eliminated on the same turn, ties were broken based on who had answered the most parts of their question correctly  Later, the contestants were shown 9 images along with a statement read to them by Charles Foster and the contestants had to pick which 4 images were correct and they scored 2 points for each correctly identified image, with a maximum ten points for all four  In the semi-finals and final, this would change to showing two sequences in turn and asking each player a 3-point question about each sequence  A third sequence was then shown to all players at once and one toss-up question, worth four points, was open to all players on the buzzer  If a player jumped in with the incorrect answer, that player was not penalized and any other player could jump in  Then, until 1987, the Mental Agility round alternated between the knock-out format (without tiebreaks) and a 45 or 50-second "speed test" where each player had to come up with as many correct answers as possible before time expired, and could pass on any of them  Only if they answered incorrectly would they be informed of it, possibly as to discourage guesswork 
From 1988 onwards, the Mental Agility round consisted entirely of 40-second speed tests, and from 1991 to 1993, ties were broken by the amount of time it took each player to achieve their score  In the 1995 series, a set of four images (such as numbers, letters, or dates) were shown to the players, who were all read a statement pertaining to one or two of the images, and the contestants had to touch the correct image(s) on their screen  The monitors were placed on a rotating turntable, in order to increase the difficulty of being the first to answer  This round lasted for two minutes, with the set of images changing every eight questions  Only the first player to provide a correct answer would score for that answer, with answering time used to break ties 
This round was originally conducted with all contestants wearing headphones to prevent the other participants from hearing their competitors' answers  However, from the 1991 series, each contestant came on individually to perform their test in front of the audience before sitting down in their respective places behind them, no headphones were worn  By the end of the round, all 4 contestants would be seated  In the 2009 revival, the Mental Agility round followed the 1988 format, only using the tiebreaker rules when there is a tie for first place  Contestants individually complete this round in an isolation booth referred to as "The Kube", and their heart rates were also measured while they took the test  The time each contestant had was increased from 40 to 45 seconds for the 2010 version, and the tiebreak rule from 1991 returned 

Response (1986–1995)
The Response round was introduced by new producer Geoff Moore for the 1986 and 1987 series  In 1987, the Response round in the initial heats was a combination of a race between the contestants using double-odometer bicycles, and a video wall which would display random numbers of coloured blocks; the contestants were required to press one of four coloured buttons corresponding to the highest number of blocks of any one colour being displayed  This alternated with a test in which the contestants had to walk a balance beam to the first challenge - placing coloured wooden blocks into frames either side of them, swinging from side to side in doing so (this was known as the Fleischmann Flexibility Tests)  They then had to run across a balance beam linked to the Minnesota Manual Dexterity Test, where they had to take a shape and place it into a corresponding space  After a final balance beam, they jump onto their respective mat to finish the race  The 1986 series consisted of the contestants competing in twos to perform first the Minnesota Manual Dexterity test (moving differently coloured cylinders from one side to the other), then running over to perform the Fleischmann Flexibility Test and then the final test, which involved hitting the relevant button whenever a colour flashed up on the screen (only one colour at a time in this case) 
In the Group and Grand Finals in the 1986 and 1987 series, this consisted of each player taking turns on a flight simulator and being marked by an actual flight instructor  From 1988 onward the Response round consisted entirely of flight simulator tests   In 1988, the contestants had to land a BAe 146 in the heats, a Harrier jump jet in the Group Finals and a Sea King on an aircraft carrier in the Grand Final (recorded at Culdrose Navy base in Helston, Cornwall)  In 1989, the heats used three different simulators  The first heat in each group required the contestants to land Concorde, the second heat required the contestants to land a Red Arrow, and the third heat required them to land a Boeing 737  The group finals required the contestants to land the Sea King on an aircraft carrier  The Grand Final of the 1989 series saw the contestants use a Space Shuttle simulator in California 
In 1990, the contestants landed Concorde in the heats, the Sea King on an aircraft carrier in the group final and in the Grand Final, the contestants were in the Sea King again, but this time they used the simulator in a rescue mission  They started from an oil rig (carrying an injured passenger), and had to take off from the oil rig and land on the aircraft carrier  From 1991 to 1993, the heats and group finals were the same; Boeing 737 in the heats and the Sea King in the group finals  The 1991 Grand Final involved the contestants using a Nimrod simulator in a refuelling mission involving a Hercules aircraft  The 1992 and 1993 grand finals required the contestants to land a real plane  In 1995, all tests involved the Red Arrows flight simulator and the simulator scored each player automatically, with losses based on their overall flight time prior to either crashing or losing contact with the lead plane for too long  The 2009 revival of the show did not include this round 

Observation (1977–1995, 2009–2010)
This round often involved watching a specially made clip that was being broadcast at the time, with an edited together clip from a feature film or a television programme which was out in that particular year  In the earliest series, contestants were each asked three two-point questions (the first was an either or question, the second was visual and the third pertained to dialogue) on the clip in turn, followed by an identity parade where they were shown nine similar-looking actors, one of whom appeared in the clip  Each player who identified the correct actor earned four points  This was later changed so that each contestant was asked two two-point questions in turn, followed by a series of four one-point toss-up questions open to all players with no penalty for a wrong answer, and the identity parade was worth two points 
From 1986 to 1988, contestants were shown a clip twice and asked to spot five differences between two similar clips (six differences in 1988) and in 1986 and 1987, each player earned two points for each correctly identified difference  Many of the sequences recorded for the 1988 series were written by, and featured, Andrew O'Connor  From the 1989 and 1990 series, contestants were invited to spot six deliberate continuity errors (five in the 1990 series) contained in one single clip  Steve Coogan, in some of his earliest television appearances, starred in many of the sequences featured in the 1989 series  From 1991 to 1993, contestants answered six multiple-choice questions (five in the 1993 series) relating to the clip (e g  "What did he say when he entered the room?" or "What was on the table?"), and the time used to provide the correct answers was used to break ties 
Sometimes, original serials specially produced for the show were used; such as 1990's Sam Smith: Private Detective (starring Gwyneth Strong), which saw the female detective investigating rather silly cases (which often featured her young chubby nephew, Wallace)  Some guests in then Sam Smith stories included Derek Griffiths, Matthew Kelly and Keith Chegwin, who all appeared in the final instalment of the series  The 1991 series featured the saga Where is Don Day? starring Tony Robinson and Michelle Collins, about a bank manager whose dull life is suddenly changed when he accidentally becomes involved in a robbery from his own bank  1992 saw Dead Ringer starring Tony Slattery; a thriller about a man suffering from amnesia trying to discover who he really is, whilst being hunted down by a hitman named Preston, played by Roger Lloyd-Pack  In 1993, the round featured Roy Barraclough and Annabel Giles in a collection of investigative police stories, with Barraclough playing a retired police detective 
In 1995, short computer-animated segments commissioned from Bournemouth University's Department of Media Production were used for the test, and only five questions were asked  As with Mental Agility round, answers were provided via touch screen monitors, placed on a rotating turntable with Penny walking around the turntable asking the questions 
In the 2009 revival, each contestant was asked one individual question, then four further questions were asked on the buzzer  If a player answers incorrectly, one more player can buzz in, but there are no penalties for a wrong answer  Contestants are ranked on how many correct answers, and if two or more players are tied they each receive the same number of points  The exception to this is when there is a tie for the most correct answers  In this case, an extra question is asked to break the tie  In the 2010 version, each player is asked two questions in turn, and the contestants are awarded two points for a correct answer; however, like General Knowledge, one point is deducted away for a wrong answer, and the next player to jump in has a chance to steal  The point totals for this round are then used to rank each player 

Physical ability (1977–1995, 2009–2010)
In the original series, this pre-recorded segment involved the contestants racing to complete an army assault course located at Holcombe Moor in Bury  This round typically included 20 obstacles including vertical and flat cargo nets, rope swings, water jumps, Burma rope bridges, and a rope slide into water  Gordon Burns stated in some of the episodes that the contestants trained for the assault course in the physical ability round for up to five weeks in advance  In the first series, the assault course was done as an athletics track type with all of the contestants starting at the same time from different starting points, handicapped by age and sex  The second series onwards featured the more recognised assault course, but didn't feature the aerial slide until the early 1980s; instead the contestants would jump from a high platform onto a mat below to end their run of the course 
In this round, female contestants were allowed a head start over their male competitors, and in early series, contestants were given staggered starts to the assault course; following practice sessions with army personnel, the contestant of the weakest physical ability would set off first  The physical ability criteria were established from a simple formula derived from age of the contestant and the gender  Typically, in 1980, this meant two seconds per year of age difference and a 40-second advantage for female competitors  In the 1980 semi-final, the youngest competitor, Ted Stockton, (a taxi driver, aged 25) started 56 seconds after the only female semi-finalist who was 33  The age-based calculation was abolished in 1988  In 1995, the Physical Ability round was moved to the start of the show as the first round and all contestants started at the same time, and were ranked according to how far ahead each had come of an individual "par time" based on age and sex 
The 1990 series saw many of the metal obstacles on the course replaced by wooden substitutes, including a wooden S-bend frame contestants had to descend   In the first episode of the 1978 series, one female contestant (Diane Lindsay) injured her arm while practising for the long drop at the end of the course, but later ran and completed the course, and was found to have broken her arm in the practice run   Another female contestant (Judith Stafford) in 1989 broke her ankle after landing badly on one of the obstacles (near the end of the course), but managed to complete the rest of the course and finish in third place   Another female contestant (this time in 1987), Sue Dandy completed the course despite having torn ligaments in her leg while coming out of a narrow, upward-sloping tunnel   (In 1982, a male contestant cut his forehead on this obstacle)   A male contestant (Paul Evans) in 1991 who fell from the top of the A-frame net managed to not only complete the course but actually win the round despite suffering from shock as a result of his fall   Another male contestant (Jackie Harte), this time in 1992, broke the safety rules when he went down the aerial slide not placing his feet in the water   Another male contestant (Jon Johnson), this time in 1993, fell off the Burma rope bridge towards the end of the course, but luckily, he landed in the net below and was able to finish in second place   For at least some series (around 1986–88), the fastest man and fastest woman on the assault course both received a special trophy   Winners include: Barbara Murray and Stuart Worthington (1986), Marian Chanter and Ted Daszkiewicz (1987), Elizabeth Hayward and Alan Robbie (1988) 
The 2009 revival used a new assault course which only has room for two contestants at a time  The time it took each contestant to complete the course was recorded, and revealed when the main part of the show was recorded  Female contestants had 45 seconds deducted from their time  The assault course was once again changed for the 2010 version, with all four contestants competing at the same time 

Intelligence (1977–1993, 2009)
A two or three-dimensional puzzle where shapes had to be put together to fill a rectangular grid or make a bigger shape was the basis for this round  Most of these were devised by Dr  Gerry Wickham of the University of Manchester's School of Mathematics  As the contestants performed the task, presenter Gordon Burns provided a commentary to viewers at home on the contestant's progress and advice on how to solve the puzzle  The contestants do not see beforehand what the completed puzzle should look like  In the first series this round was first, and tests varied, often taking the form of what would later be Mental Agility tests 
In the event a contestant is injured and unable to physically participate in this round (as happened to Diane Lindsay in the first episode of the 1978 series), an assistant may be brought in to complete the task under the contestant's instructions, but the assistant may not speak back or otherwise interfere with the task 
It is reputed that some of the intelligence tests featured took contestants hours to solve, with edited highlights of their performance in the round shown on the programme  At least one contestant was moved to tears by the difficulty of the puzzles  In 1990, Gordon Burns told contestants that over the years, some of the tests had taken 15 or 20 minutes to complete, but that in one programme in the 1980 series, when the competitors' tables had been placed too close together for this round, two competitors accidentally picked up pieces from each other's table, making it impossible to complete the puzzle, and nearly an hour went by as they vainly attempted to finish, before the problem was realised  This round was eliminated from the 1995 series 
In the early series, as well as the 2009 revival, a time limit was placed for completion and after the time runs out, the contestants who have not finished are ranked according to the progress they have made on the puzzle  This round was removed (again) in the 2010 series 

General knowledge (1977–1995, 2009–2010)
A quick-fire question round with a varied time limit (which depended on the year) and only one player could answer each question  For most of the run this final round was conducted in darkness using a side shot of the four contestants lit in profile – when a contestant buzzed in, the remaining three players' spotlights would go out  A feature of this round was that, as each question was answered, the next question contained either the answer to the last question, a word from the last answer, or a word that sounded like it  Originally players were asked as many toss-up questions as time allowed, with two points added for a correct answer and two points deducted for an incorrect response or none at all (+/- 1 in the first series) 
Later the round was in two stages: the first stage had the contestants answering three general knowledge questions each from the same set of categories with 2 points for each correct answer, then it was on to stage 2 which was the quick-fire stage, which lasted 90 seconds, with each question worth +/- 1  Starting in 1986, the round consisted solely of a quick-fire round  Until 1987, the round lasted 100 seconds and each question worth +/- 1  In 1988 the values changed to +/- 2 points, and the time was reduced to 90 seconds (100 in 1989, and 75 in 1993 and 1995)  In 2009, the round lasted 70 seconds, and a correct answer was worth two points while an incorrect answer cost one point  In the 2010 series, time was increased from 70 seconds to 90 seconds  The player with the highest Krypton Factor won the game, and in the event of a tie, the tied players were asked further questions until the tie was broken 

Super Round (1995)
In 1995, the game was decided by a "Super Round," a race that encompassed all abilities from the previous rounds  At the start of the round, players were shown five coloured circles, each with a letter or number, and the players had to memorize the sequence before making a parachute jump down 50 feet to the floor  They then entered the Kryptic Rings, a three-dimensional maze of interlocking rings with numbered and lettered junctions where following and correctly interpreting the sequence (by following the circles clockwise, starting with the circle of their colour) would lead each player to their correct exit  Each exit was marked with a letter, which they would memorize on their way to the next part of the race, the Laser Matrix, preceded by a computer where each player had to log in by hitting the letter key matching their exit  Each player then had to type in four words with a common thread, however each key corresponded to a different letter according to a code (such as each key giving the preceding letter) 
After cracking the code and typing in the four words, each player had to cross a corridor of shifting laser beams, where breaking each beam resulted in a seven-second penalty  Once out, the players entered the Response Revolve, a rotating cylinder where each player had to collect six batons of their colour from their holds, however, each baton could only be removed when a light by the baton flashed, and all lights flashed according to a sequence  Once all six batons were out and placed in the player's pedestal, each player had to run to the Krypton Mountain, where they first had to build a four-piece ladder, which they ascended before making a vertical climb up the Krypton Mountain, completing the race by grabbing a letter K of their colour at the top of the Krypton Mountain 
The players started at the same time and place, and used their points from the first five rounds to buy advantages, such as directional arrows in the Rings, completed words at the computer (in Heat 2 of Group C, an easier path through the Laser Matrix), batons already removed from the Response Revolve, or ladder pieces already built  The value of each advantage varied with the heats, group finals and final  The player who won the Super Round won the game, and completion time was used to determine who held the wild card spot 
The Super Round was also notable for a few incidents regarding cheating; in Group B, two contestants (both wearing yellow) were disqualified for unknowingly breaking the rules of the Super Round  Heat 1 contestant Simon Evans was disqualified as he had not completely finished all four words at the Laser Matrix computer (having produced a "j" instead of an "h" in the third word) yet continuing through the rest of the round regardless (Penny told him about his disqualification at the top of the Krypton Mountain) and in Heat 2 the following week, contestant Alison Riley was disqualified as she had forcibly pulled out batons from the Response Revolve when their adjacent lights weren't flashing and unlike Evans, she was edited out of the remainder of the round after she had begun her ascent on the ladder and a replay was shown of her illegal move  As a result of their actions, Simon Evans and Alison Riley were the only two contestants in Krypton Factor history to be disqualified 

Young Krypton
A spin-off series was produced for children, Young Krypton, and was presented by Ross King  The series was based on a similar structure to the adult version, but with simpler intelligence tasks and a shorter obstacle course (located at The American Adventure Theme Park near Nottingham, owned by the Granada Group at the time) in place of the Physical Ability round 
The 1988 series, which had only five rounds (Mental Agility, Response, Observation, Physical Ability and General Knowledge, with Intelligence in place of Response in the Group and Grand Finals) followed the tournament format of the regular series, while the 1989 series, which only ran 8 episodes, consisted of five heats, two semi-finals, and the Grand Final  The five heat winners plus the three highest runners-up advanced to the semis, the winners of which along with the top two runners-up from both matches qualifying for the Grand Final 
At the end of both series, Gordon Burns appeared to present the trophy to the winner  Also in the 1988 Grand Final, Ross King presented a special trophy to Phillip Westwick, who completed the adventure course in the fastest time 

Special episodes
The Krypton Factor had several Champion of Champions episodes; the first edition aired on 22 December 1980, featuring the winners of the first four series which was won by Philip Bradley (1980) and the trophy was presented by Ian Botham  This was followed by another Champion of Champions edition of the show on 22 July 1985, featuring the winners from the previous four years: John McAllister (1981), John Webley (1982), Chris Topham (1983) and Paul Smith (1984), with McAllister winning the game and trophy  The next Champion of Champions episode aired on 27 March 1989, featuring four star contestants: Marian Chanter and Alison Heath (1987), David Lee (1988) and Andrew Gillam (1985)  This match was won by Alison Heath On 28 March 1988, an International special was broadcast in the United Kingdom, Australia and New Zealand as part of Australia's bi-centennial celebrations  Made in the UK and presented by Gordon Burns, the episode featured Marian Chanter and Alison Heath, winner and runner-up respectively of the UK Krypton Factor Grand Final 1987 and John Cargill and Christopher Connolly, winner and runner-up respectively of the Australia & New Zealand Krypton Factor 1987 final  The International title was won by Alison Heath, and the trophy was presented by Fatima Whitbread 

Theme tune
During the original series of The Krypton Factor, four different theme tunes for the programme were used  The first two theme tunes (the first from 1977 to 1982, and the second from 1983 to 1985) were written by Mike Moran  The theme tune used between 1986 and 1993 was performed by Art of Noise, and is perhaps the programme's best-known theme  It was written by band members Anne Dudley and J  J  Jeczalik  The exact version of this theme tune varied in some episodes/series-for example, the drum beats in the music in some episodes/series were more emphasised, as was the synthesizer melody, but generally it remained the same  Mistakenly referred to as "Beat Box", the track which appeared on their debut album Who's Afraid of the Art of Noise?, it is in fact an original composition, and was reworked as "Crusoe" in 1987  A version of the Art of Noise theme, first heard in 1986, was released on the compilation album Influence in 2010  For the 1995 series, the theme tune was a reworked version of the 1986–93 theme tune, but was performed by Dudley alone with the incidental music composed by Mike Woolmans The music used during the scoring at the end of the Response round in 1988 was "Forgotten Town" by The Christians  In the 1989 series, "Left to My Own Devices" by the Pet Shop Boys was used 
Generally, during the opening title sequence, the contestants were introduced by former Granada Television continuity announcer Charles Foster The music to the 2009 revival was created by Paul Farrer  In their review, UKGameshows asked "can anyone actually remember the new theme "tune"?" 

Merchandise and commercial representations
The Krypton Factor had a number of clothing merchandises, including a pair of black trainers bearing the Krypton K on the sides and the tongue  A Krypton Factor sports bag, mug and teatowel was also produced  Although, not mentioned on the air, all the contestants were given a Sports bag and some clothing with the Krypton Factor logo on them as gifts for appearing on the programme 
A computer game version of The Krypton Factor was published by TV Games and released in 1987 for the home computers of the era  A Krypton Factor Quizbook was published in 1989 
ITV released The Krypton Factor interactive DVD board game via their website in 2010, and then again in 2011  The DVD game is hosted by Ben Shephard Adrenalin in North Yorkshire markets itself as the home of the obstacle course from the TV series, which offers paying public a chance to take on the Assault course Demon Wheelers have developed a team-building event based around the rounds from The Krypton Factor TV series and incorporating an inflatable assault course 
There have also been several Krypton Factor tie-in books published 

Other versions
The Krypton Factor was later exported to the United States  Two short-lived United States versions of The Krypton Factor aired  In 1981, Dick Clark hosted a 5-week summer series on ABC  In 1990, Willie Aames hosted a syndicated version for children  In 2000, a version hosted by Pat O'Brien in production by Fox TV was never shown to the public  In 2015, another version in production for Syfy was also never shown to the public The New Zealand version of The Krypton Factor ran from 1987 to 1991 on TVNZ on TV2 and was hosted by veteran presenter Dougal Stevenson  There was no Response round in the New Zealand version, and the video clips used for the Observation test were taken from the United Kingdom version  The Physical Ability test was done at Burnham Military Camp, just south of Christchurch  The first season in 1987 consisted of a challenge between Australian and New Zealand contestants, with all of the series hosted in New Zealand and aired on ABC in Australia during that time  The winners of the 1987 series competed against the winners of the 1987 series in the United Kingdom  Reruns of The Krypton Factor were screened on TVNZ 6 
A German version of the show called Krypton Faktor presented by Jörg Draeger aired in 1991, with 13 episodes shown on Sat 1 before the show was cancelled 

In popular culture
The series was parodied, in darkly comic form on BBC1's The Armstrong and Miller Show as "The Critical Factor"  Here, the contestant coming last in each event is brutally killed in the background by two figures dressed in black  Plus, the three male contestants are all 'consultant civil engineers', a reference to the number of contestants in the actual show that came from 'white collar' middle-class backgrounds, with the winner, Susan Small, referred to as a 'housewife' A 1990 sketch in series 2 of A Bit of Fry and Laurie depicts a scene in which a representative of an unnamed organisation (Stephen Fry) holds a clandestine meeting in an underground car park with a gruff, vaguely criminal type with an extensive record of adventures (Hugh Laurie)  The "impossible" task that the organisation wants this man to attempt: to watch a full episode of The Krypton Factor, a feat which, according to the organisation's representative, has never been done before 
Even after the axing of the 2009 revival (due to lack of funding), there were plenty of references to The Krypton Factor, especially as one of the prizes on The All-New Blockbusters (hosted by Simon Mayo)  Ironically, in the same year, the "1" and the "2" in the logo for the London 2012 Olympics had accidentally made a reference to the show, as fans pointed out its similarities to the very first Krypton Factor "K" from the early 1980s 
A deleted scene from the ITV variety series It'll Be Alright on the Night made it to many compilations; it showed Ben Shephard biting his tongue, after he accidentally said "two points for second", instead of fourth  It was subsequently referenced on the game show Tipping Point (which Shephard also presented) as a question 
The series was also referenced in the ITV documentary Come On Down: The Game Show Story, with current Krypton Factor presenter Ben Shephard and former presenter Gordon Burns both hinting that it was a mistake on ITV's part to end the programme 

Transmissions
United Kingdom Superperson of the Year
This is a complete list of all winners (include one female and 19 male contestants) from 20 series of the show:
Passage 5:
A Word in Your Ear
A Word in Your Ear is a game show that originally aired BBC1 from 19 April 1993 to 14 October 1994 then on The Family Channel from 1995  
The programme originated on ITV Tyne Tees in 1990 and ran for two series locally, on Fridays at 6:30pm, also hosted by Burns as seen in this TV guide from the time  https://transdiffusion org/2014/10/18/tonights-tv-in-1991/
It was hosted by Gordon Burns, best known for hosting ITV's The Krypton Factor (1977-1995)  The host presided over male and female pairs of celebrities as they participate in a few rounds of communication games  Celebrities appearing included Lynsey De Paul, Nick Owen, Philippa Kennedy and Bob Holness 

Transmissions
Passage 6:
Krypto the Superdog
Krypto the Superdog is an American animated television series produced by Warner Bros  Animation, based on Superman's canine companion Krypto, which premiered on Cartoon Network on March 25, 2005 (exactly 50 years after his comic debut), and aired on The CW's Saturday morning block Kids' WB from September 23, 2006 until September 15, 2007  39 episodes were produced A comic book series (based on the TV show) was published by DC Comics under the Johnny DC imprint, which lasted 6 issues, from 2006 to 2007 
The show was developed by producers Alan Burnett and Paul Dini, who had produced the successful Batman: The Animated Series and Superman: The Animated Series  Instead of continuing in that style, Krypto was produced in a manner reminiscent of the Hanna-Barbera shows of the 1960s to the 1980s, from the sound effects down to the animation style (veteran Hanna-Barbera designer Iwao Takamoto served as a creative consultant) 

Plot
As the planet Krypton is about to be destroyed, Superman's father Jor-El makes a ship and puts a white puppy named Krypto into it for a test flight to see if it is safe enough for interstellar travel  While aboard the ship, Krypto was playing with his ball when he accidentally destroyed several wires and causes the ship to release a sleeping gas to put him into a deep sleep while it heads on to Earth  When he arrived in Earth's solar system he woke up and found himself fully grown  The rocket's computer system gave him a collar and an ID with an intergalactic communicator 
Upon landing on Earth, Krypto is a full-grown dog, possessed of superpowers similar to those of Superman's (since all Kryptonian life-forms gain superpowers from exposure to a yellow sun, such as Earth's sun)  Later, he is adopted by Kevin Whitney, a 9-year-old boy, with whom Superman arranges for him to stay (as Superman himself is often too busy saving the world to take care of him)  Krypto poses as an ordinary dog while living with Kevin's family, but adopts the secret identity of Krypto the Superdog for his superheroic deeds; Kevin is aware of Krypto's dual identity, but the rest of Kevin's family is not (excluding Kevin's spoiled cousin Bailey, who found out accidentally)  Kevin lives next door to Andrea, a girl who takes care of Krypto's best friend, Streaky 
In the series, the various animals, including Krypto, all are capable of speaking to each other, but not to humans, except for Kevin and later Andrea (they are able to communicate with Krypto and the other animals thanks to a universal translator that they wear, known as an intergalactic communicator)  The viewers can understand them, though, especially when Krypto and Streaky talk to the camera 
With his allies Streaky the Supercat, Ace the Bat-Hound, and Stretch-O-Mutt, Krypto fights the plots of Lex Luthor's pet iguana Ignatius, Joker's pet hyenas Bud and Lou, Penguin's trained birds called the Bad News Birds, and Catwoman's cat Isis  When working either alone or with a group of alien dog superheroes known as the Dog Star Patrol, Krypto faces off against the evil Mechanikat and his agents Snooky Wookums and Delilah 

Episodes
Characters
Main
Krypto the Superdog (voiced by Samuel Vincent) is the main protagonist of the show, formerly Superman's pet on Krypton before it was destroyed  Krypto came to Earth in a rocket when it malfunctioned  He is a white Labrador Retriever and has all of the powers of Superman, though some are heightened due to being a dog, such as his super hearing and sense of smell  Krypto also shares Superman's moral values and feelings 
Streaky the Supercat (voiced by Brian Drummond), Krypto's best friend and sidekick, is an orange Somali cat with a yellow streak along his back who lives next door to Krypto and Kevin's family  He gained Kryptonian-like powers and weaknesses after an accident involving a duplicating ray that was aimed at Krypto, but deflected off him and hit Streaky instead  Unlike Krypto, Streaky is less serious about his superhero activities, and sometimes needs prodding to perform heroic deeds, but usually is dependable  He also has a nephew named Squeaky who is the leader of the Supercat Fan Club  Streaky often refers to Krypto as "K-Dog" 
Ace the Bat-Hound (voiced by Scott McNeil) is Batman's pet Great Dane (though Ace says that he is Batman's partner) who is the mentor of Krypto, Streaky and the Dog Star Patrol  Ace fights crime utilizing various detective skills and gadgetry built into his collar (an analogue of Batman's utility belt); he also uses a rocket sled for traveling long distances  Ace wears a dark-colored cape and collar similar to Batman's, and (like Batman) possesses a stoic personality  However, Ace does occasionally work alongside Krypto and considers him an ally  Ace's nemeses are Catwoman's pet cat, Isis, the Joker's two pet hyenas Bud and Lou, and the Penguin's three trained pet birds Artie, Griff, and Waddles 
Kevin Whitney (voiced by Alberto Ghisi) is the 9-year-old young boy who Krypto lives with in the series, with Superman's permission  Kevin enjoys Krypto's company greatly, and is able to communicate with him and the other animals in the series thanks to a universal translator device  Kevin has a bratty cousin named Bailey who finds out Krypto's secret, but fortunately, he is such a notorious liar that no adult believes him 
Andrea Sussman (voiced by Tabitha St  Germain) is Kevin's next-door neighbor and the owner of Streaky  Andrea enjoys making Streaky play dress-up, but was unaware of his (or Krypto's) superheroic identity until later in the series, when she accidentally stumbles upon Krypto's spaceship  In "Iguanikkah", it is revealed that Andrea is Jewish and celebrates Hanukkah  She loves to play and dress up Streaky, and she treats him like a baby The Dog Star Patrol are a superpowered group of canines who each possess a unique superpower, and fight crime across the galaxy  Krypto joined the Dog Star Patrol by helping the group out on a mission  Ace the Bat-Hound and Streaky the Supercat also helped them out on different occasions  The group is based on DC Comics' Space Canine Patrol Agents with elements of the Legion of Super-Heroes  Members of the Dog Star Patrol include:

Brainy Barker (voiced by Ellen Kennedy) - A purple Saluki and leader of the Dog Star Patrol  Brainy Barker possesses telepathic/telekinetic powers, allowing her to read minds, project force fields, and levitate objects 
Mammoth Mutt (voiced by Kelly Sheridan) - A pink Chihuahua with the ability to inflate her body to an enormous ball-shaped size, allowing her to use her size to attack foes  She can also expand other parts of her body 
Bull Dog (voiced by Michael Dobson) - A lavender Bulldog with a stereotypical British accent and two retractable, bull-like horns that can be used for attacking foes and breaking objects 
Paw Pooch (voiced by Dale Wilson) - A yellow and brown Basset Hound with eight legs that enable him to dig and run quickly  They can also grow in size, as seen in "Puss In Space Boots" 
Tail Terrier (voiced by Peter Kelamis) - A green Scottish Terrier with the ability to stretch his tail and use it like a lasso  He also has a stereotypical Texas accent 
Tusky Husky (voiced by Terry Klassen) - A sky blue Alaskan Malamute with a stereotypical French-Canadian accent and a giant front tooth which is incredibly durable and can be used as a drill 
Hot Dog (voiced by Trevor Devall) - A red Dachshund with the ability to generate tremendous heat from his body and breathe fire  He also has a short temper, but started to control his anger in "Bones Of Contention" 
Drooly (voiced by Ty Olsson): An Old English Sheepdog who can use his drool as a weapon in various ways, such as grabbing objects, creating bubbles, and using it as projectiles  Appeared only in "The New Recruit" and was made a reserve member after defeating Mechanikat's forces 

Supporting
Superman (voiced by Michael Daingerfield) - The main superhero of Metropolis and Krypto's original owner  He was only seen in "Krypto's Scrypto", allowing Kevin to watch over Krypto because of how busy he is 
Stretch-O-Mutt (voiced by Lee Tockar): Buddy, a Bloodhound at S T A R  Labs, accidentally fell into a vat of chemicals and developed shape-changing powers similar to Plastic Man and Elongated Man  Sometimes he can be too silly for his own good 
Thundermutt (voiced by Phil Hayes) - An egotistical, world-famous canine actor who was somewhat jealous of Krypto when he "stole" the limelight at one of his movie premieres (Thundermutt II: Scratch And Sniff)  Though he is cowardly, he is also mostly good at heart  The films he has appeared in, that are mentioned in the show, are Thundermutt II: Scratch And Sniff, Invasion of the Alien Cats, K-9 Krusader and Harry Rottweiler and the Doghouse of Doom (a parody of Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom) 
Jimmy the Rat (voiced by Phil Hayes) - A rat and informant for Krypto and Ace 
Robbie the Bird Wonder (voiced by David Paul Grove) - An American robin whose life was saved after he witnessed an encounter between Ace and the Joker's hyenas  After that, he decides to be Ace's sidekick, much to Ace's dismay  Robbie was based on Robin  Like Ace, he has gadgets like a glider, birdarangs, and egg bombs and he also came back to Gotham to be partners with Ace 
The Supercat Fan Club - A group of kittens who are fans of Streaky, and occasionally assist him in crime-fighting despite not having powers  They consist of Streaky's nephew Squeaky (voiced by Lee Tockar), Nikki (voiced by Kathleen Barr), Puff (voiced by Samuel Vincent), and Ramone (voiced by Brian Drummond) 
Melanie Whitney (voiced by Tabitha St  Germain) - Kevin's 2-year-old baby sister  She knows that Krypto ("Kippo" as she puts it) is Superdog, but being a baby, her parents do not take her seriously 
Smokey (voiced by Phil Hayes) - A Dalmatian who appears in "Old Dog, New Tricks"  He believes that the firemen are going to replace him with a new puppy  So Streaky paints spots on Krypto to prove that Smokey is still up to the job, though at the end of the episode, he is still in the Fire Service working with Blaze 
Blaze - The Dalmatian puppy in "Old Dog, New Tricks"  Streaky thought Blaze was intended to be Smokey's replacement, but Smokey explained that Blaze is his new trainee  The firemen believe that Smokey can teach Blaze the ropes until the time he helps in fire emergencies 
Dooley (voiced by Brad Swaile) - A dolphin who befriends Krypto and Streaky when they were turned into fish in "Furry Fish" 
Dogbot (voiced by Scott McNeil) - A robot dog built by Jor-El to keep Krypto company while he was in space, he appears in the episode of the same name and Dogbot to the rescue 

Antagonists
Mechanikat (voiced by Mark Oliver) is the main antagonist of the series, he is based on Metallo  Mechanikat is a cyborg feline, who constantly plots to conquer Earth  He usually keeps a bit of green Kryptonite on hand to use against Krypto, or to power up his machines with so they can affect Krypto  He is also a member of the Intergalactic Villains Club (a spoof of the Legion of Doom) who gather in a base similar to the Hall of Doom  Due to Mechanicat's repeated failure to defeat Krypto, he has been unable to get elected as leader with the recent election having the members voting for Glorg to be the leader of the Intergalactic Villains Club Snooky Wookums (voiced by Nicole Bouma) is Mechanikat's sidekick and secret agent  Snooky is a blue kitten mastermind who uses his cuteness and intelligence to cause trouble  He later became part of the Supercat Fan Club 
Delilah (voiced by Kathleen Barr) is another feline agent of Mechanikat  She helped make the Katbots, and is skilled in kung fu 
The Katbots are the foot soldiers of Mechanikat 
Ignatius (voiced by Scott McNeil) is the pet green iguana of Superman's archenemy, Lex Luthor  Like Luthor, Ignatius is very intelligent, vain and is morally ambivalent; however, he is effete, selfish and tends to behave in a much less dignified manner than Luthor  He is also more prone to engaging in frivolous (and dangerous) personal whims, such as employing a growth ray to enlarge a caterpillar for food or using a wind tunnel to harvest one of Krypto's hairs as part of a scheme to grow a lovely fur coat  Notable is that on occasion, he shows basic morals and honor 

Other antagonists
Lex Luthor (voiced by Brian Dobson) - An evil genius and the owner of Ignatius, who is very intelligent and uses technology to take over the city  He is Superman's archnemesis that is always causing chaos and is the CEO of LexCorp where he makes his own top secret gadgets 
Bud and Lou (voiced by Peter Kelamis and Lee Tockar) - A pair of spotted hyenas who serve the Joker, previously having been created for Batman: The Animated Series  Their names are references to comedians Abbott and Costello  Additionally, they are depicted with red fur and are practically identical in appearance, only being distinguished by their collar colors - Bud purple and Lou green 
Isis (voiced by Kathleen Barr) - Catwoman's cat, originally created for Batman: The Animated Series, who like her is seductive, and a master thief  In Batman: The Animated Series she was a black or dark gray cat - possibly a Russian Blue; here, she is a Siamese 
The Bad News Birds - Three trained birds who work with the Penguin and are usually up to some elaborate caper  They consist of the puffin Artie (voiced by Dale Wilson), vulture Griff (voiced by Matt Hill), and penguin Waddles (voiced by Terry Klassen),
Dogwood (voiced by Louis Chirillo) - A half-dog, half-plant hybrid who can bring plants to life  He bears a striking resemblance to another cartoon canine, Muttley 
Mertin the Magnificent (voiced by Scott McNeil) - A magician's rabbit who wields a magic wand that he stole from his master  His only real intentions are stealing carrots, but he can hold his own against Krypto and Ace if confronted by them  His name is a reference to the famous wizard, Merlin 
Superflea (voiced by Scott McNeil) - A Kryptonian flea who stowed away on Krypto's ship  Like all Kryptonian creatures, it gained a multitude of powers under Earth's yellow sun  It was ultimately driven off by a spray can, and stowed away on a plane 
The Junkyard Dogs - A group of never-do-well stray dogs  At best small-time hoods, they do periodically menace the heroes, and once took advantage of Krypto when he lost his memory due to Red Kryptonite  They consist of Mutsy (voiced by Lee Tockar), Beazel (voiced by Brian Drummond), and Beane (voiced by Samuel Vincent)  Additionally, Rosie (voiced by Janyse Jaud) was formerly part of the group and Mutsy's girlfriend, but later left and was adopted by flower saleswoman Mrs  Fritch 
Krypto's Tail (voiced by Samuel Vincent) - Once, when Krypto was exposed to Red Kryptonite, his tail became sentient, separated from him and caused havoc in Metropolis  After Krypto and the Dog Star Patrol defeated it, they learned that it only wanted freedom, and brought it to an island to roam until the Kryptonite's effects wore off 
Bailey Whitney (voiced by Reece Thompson in Season 1 and Noel Callahan in Season 2) - Kevin and Melanie's bratty cousin, who bullies Kevin and Krypto  Bailey too discovered Krypto's secret and has unsuccessfully tried to reveal it 
Blackbeak (voiced by Brian Drummond): A thorn on Stretch-O-Mutt's side  Blackbeak is a parrot who leads a pirate crew called the Pi-Rats, who steal cheese and crackers  He additionally wears a Kryptonite necklace and hates cats 
Barrump Barrump (voiced by Phil Hayes) - A sinister space monkey who pulls pranks all around the galaxy  In his self-titled episode, he steals a device that freezes time so that he can pull pranks on everyone on Earth  He is known as the "Primate Prankster" and is one of the galaxy's most dangerous criminals 

Voice cast
Samuel Vincent as Krypto the Superdog
Brian Drummond as Streaky the Supercat and Edward 'Eddy' Whitney (Kevin's father)
Scott McNeil as Ace the Bat-Hound, Ignatius, Mertin the Magnificent and Super-Flea
Ellen Kennedy as Brainy Barker
Kelly Sheridan as Mammoth Mutt
Michael Dobson as Bull Dog
Dale Wilson as Paw Pooch and Artie
Peter Kelamis as Tail Terrier
Terry Klassen as Tusky Husky and Waddles
Trevor Devall as Hot Dog
Lee Tockar as Stretch-O-Mutt
David Paul Grove as Robbie the Robin
Mark Oliver as Mechanikat
Nicole Bouma as Snooky Wookums
Alberto Ghisi as Kevin Whitney
Tabitha St  Germain as Andrea Sussman and Melanie Whitney
Nicole Oliver as Mary Whitney (Kevin's mother)
Michael Daingerfield as Kal-El / Clark Kent / Superman
Brian Dobson as Lex Luthor
Kathleen Barr as Isis and Delilah
Matt Hill as Griff
Ty Olsson as Drooly

Additional voices
Ending and broadcast reruns
On December 15, 2006, the series ended  Reruns were shown on Kids' WB as part of the then-new CW network's E/I requirement, but stopped airing due to Kids' WB opting to use Cookie Jar Entertainment's shows Will & Dewitt and Magi-Nation  Krypto was aired on Boomerang from February 5, 2007 for a duration of 7 years until January 3, 2014  The two-part holiday special, "Iguanukkah", aired on Cartoon Network, December 21, 2008 (as well as Christmas Eve and Christmas Day), as part of the all-day holiday specials marathon  It was shown on Boomerang 
Overseas, the show currently airs on Boomerang in Australia and on France 3 (as part of Ludo) in France  The show began airing on Boomerang Latin America in 2014  In the UK & Ireland, the series, upon starting, aired on the CBBC Channel before later moving to Cartoonito  However, as of November 2017, it appears to be no longer broadcast on that channel  Since September 2018, It started airing reruns on Tooncast in Latin America 

Home media
Warner Home Video released two DVD volumes in 2006 - each featured a few episodes from the first season; no further releases took place until it was announced that the complete series would be released on DVD on September 27, 2022  The series was recently added alongside other DC animated shows onto HBO Max, but currently only in Latin America 
Passage 7:
Gordon Burns
Gordon Henry Burns (born 10 June 1942) is a Northern Irish journalist and broadcaster  He was the host of The Krypton Factor for its original 18-year run (1977–1995) and was the chief anchorman for the BBC regional news programme North West Tonight from January 1997 to October 2011  In November 2011, Burns moved back to Belfast where he was born 
Due to his work commitments with Granada Television on programmes such as World in Action and Granada Reports and later BBC Manchester for North West Tonight, he resided in Manchester for over thirty years  Burns most recently hosted a Sunday morning radio show for BBC Radio Manchester and BBC Radio Lancashire  He is known for a bona fide style of presenting which has made him popular with his audience 

Early life
Burns was born in Wellington Park, in Belfast  When he was a child his family moved to Kent where he attended the local primary school and then went to Dulwich College in London  The family then returned to live at Belfast's Belmont Road, where Gordon attended Campbell College 

Career
He began his journalism career working on the Belfast Telegraph and worked on BBC radio's long-running Sports Report before joining Ulster Television as a sports editor and programme producer in 1967  Two years later, Burns began presenting the nightly news programme UTV Reports, first as a stand-in for regular frontman David Mahlowe and later as a chief anchor, during the early stages of The Troubles  In 1973, Burns joined Granada Television to anchor their nightly news programme Granada Reports and to work on the station's current affairs output, including World in Action 
In September 1976 he presented a edition of the North West Friday night Football preview programme Kick Off covering for the regular presenter  Gerald Sinstadt who that weekend was covering for Dickie Davies on World of Sport and was also covering the presenter and commentator roles for the Sunday Afternoon match highlights based version The Kick Off Match where he presented the programme and commentated on Sunderland v Manchester City at Roker Park which was being covered by Tyne Tees cameras for Granada viewers which was the main match that weekend at the time he was the producer of both Kick Off and The Kick Off Match but this stint as presenter and commentator was a one-off
Burns' national profile began with his association of ITV's game show The Krypton Factor which he presented for eighteen years from 1977 to 1995  He was the presenter of Password for Ulster, one of their few programmes shown throughout the ITV network, and also hosted a segment in several series of LWT's Surprise Surprise  During the 1980s, Burns also continued reporting from the political party conferences for the ITV network and presenting the Channel 4 current affairs series Irish Angle  In the early 90s, he also presented two parlour game shows for the BBC – A Word in Your Ear and Relatively Speaking  He has also appeared as a guest on Noel's House Party, and on Shooting Stars as a member of Ulrika Jonsson's team 
From 1997 to 2011, Burns presented North West Tonight, alongside its shorter lunchtime version, North West Today  In 2007, Ranvir Singh joined as co-anchor of the previously single-headed main evening programme  Burns announced in April 2011 that he would be retiring from the role but would move on to present a Sunday morning show on BBC Radio Manchester and BBC Radio Lancashire in September 2011 with his last TV bulletin broadcast on 30 September 
He was the voice of "The Chain" feature and other features on the Radcliffe & Maconie show on BBC Radio 6 Music  He appears as a guest on the show when The Chain reaches a significant milestone, for example, for the 5,000th (musically based) item on 3 March 2015 which was the single "Dancing Queen" by ABBA 
In 2013, Burns retired properly after stepping down from his radio show 

Personal life
Burns is the second cousin of British singer/songwriter Ed Sheeran  Burns is married and has two adult children 



ground_truth: 7pm