prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: What river does Waterloo Bridge and London Eye have in common?

The following are given passages.
Context 1: Passage 1:
London Eye Pier
The London Eye Pier is directly in front of the London Eye Ferris wheel on the South Bank of the River Thames in Central London, England  It was opened as the Waterloo Millennium Pier in 2000 
It is served by various river transport and cruise operators 
It should not be confused with the former Waterloo Police Pier, on the opposite side of the river on Victoria Embankment next to Waterloo Bridge, which has since been renamed the Tower Lifeboat Station and has been the base for the RNLI's Thames lifeboat service since 2006 

Construction
The pier was designed by Beckett Rankine and Marks Barfield Architects and built by Tilbury Douglas, principally to act as a collision protection system for the London Eye 
It was one of five new piers opened in 2000 on the Thames funded by the Millennium Commission as part of the Thames 2000 project (the others being Blackfriars Millennium Pier, Millbank Millennium Pier, Tower Millennium Pier, and Westminster Millennium Pier), as part of an integrated transport and regeneration strategy for the Thames led by London's Cross River Partnership 

Services
The pier is served by various services including:

Commuter boat services between Embankment and Woolwich (Thames Clippers)
Summer leisure cruises between Westminster and Greenwich (City Cruises)
Speedboat tour cruises to Canary Wharf and Thames Barrier (Thames Rockets)Waterloo is a turnaround point for the commuter boat; upriver services call at Embankment, then Waterloo, where they begin the downriver service back towards Bankside 

Connections
Waterloo Underground station and London Waterloo station  
London Buses route RV1

Local attractions
London Eye
London Aquarium
Dali Universe
Florence Nightingale Museum
Big Ben
South Bank arts precinct

Lines
Passage 2:
Garden Bridge
The Garden Bridge project was an unsuccessful private proposal for a pedestrian bridge over the River Thames in London, England  Originally an idea of Joanna Lumley, and strongly supported by then-Mayor of London Boris Johnson, the designer Thomas Heatherwick worked with Arup Group on a proposal by Transport for London (TfL) for a new bridge across the Thames between Waterloo Bridge and Blackfriars Bridge  The proposed concrete, steel, cupronickel clad structure was intended to carry pedestrians, with no cycles or other vehicles  It was to have been located some 200 metres (660 ft) from Waterloo Bridge and 300 m (980 ft) from Blackfriars Bridge, and have included some areas of planting  The project was to include a commercial building, built on former green space at the southern end of the bridge  The bridge was intended to be funded by raising over £140 million of private money (including taxpayer funding through charitable gift aid) and £60 million of promised public money, of which £30m was from Transport for London (£20m of this to be repaid over 55 years) and £30m from the Department for Transport, adding up to projected funding of over £200m  In January 2017, the trustees of the prospective owner of the bridge, the Garden Bridge Trust, stated that costs would "substantially exceed" an earlier revised total of £185m and, in April 2017, a report by Margaret Hodge MP concluded, on the basis of the Garden Bridge Trust's own evidence, that the cost would be over £200m If built, it was proposed that the bridge would have been open from 6am to midnight, with closures for the preparation for and holding of up to 12 private commercial events per year to raise funds for its maintenance  A planning condition required annual maintenance costs to be guaranteed by a third party and it was expected that this would be the Greater London Authority  The annual maintenance costs were variously estimated at between £2m and £3 5m, before allowing for the repayment of loan capital and interest In July 2016, preparatory work for the bridge was halted and the Garden Bridge Trust put contractors on standby to allow for a financial review and because they had not cleared outstanding issues such as securing legal rights to the land on either side of the river, despite signing a contract for construction of the bridge in January 2016  In September 2016, Sadiq Khan, Mayor of London, announced a formal review by Margaret Hodge of the procurement processes in relation to the bridge project and its value for money  In October 2016, the National Audit Office reported on procurement issues and perceived value for money for that part of the cost of the project which was being met by funds (£30m) from the Department for Transport  In January 2017, the trustees of the Garden Bridge Trust (the limited company behind the project) said they were unable to conclude that the trust was a going concern  In February 2017, the Charity Commission for England and Wales found the financial management of the trust to be satisfactory, albeit with criticisms as to the trustees' approach  The subsequent report by Margaret Hodge MP was highly critical of the plan, its procurement, its cost, the risk to public funds, and lack of value for money The Garden Bridge Trust formally announced on 14 August 2017 that it would be ending the project and that the Garden Bridge Trust itself would be wound up in accordance with the Companies Acts  The failed project cost £53m, including £43m of public money 

Ownership
The Garden Bridge Trust, a registered charity (charity registration number 1155246) and a company limited by guarantee registered in England and Wales, and with an exemption from use of the term "Limited",  was to own the bridge, as private space in the public realm  The company was incorporated on 30 October 2013 under reference 08755461  Lord Davies of Abersoch is chairman of the trust and a director of the limited company 

Design
The bridge would have been 366 metres (1,201 ft) long and 30 metres (98 ft) across at its widest point  It would have run from the roof of Temple tube station at the foot of Arundel Street on the north bank to Queen's Walk on the South Bank, next to ITV's London Studios, where a public green open space would have been sacrificed and built upon to provide a commercial building associated with the bridge, with removal of some 28 mature trees  The new building would have housed a combination of public toilets, maintenance facilities, and operational areas, together with an events space which was intended to be occupied by Coin Street Community Builders who have a long lease of the area on which the building would have been constructed  The bridge would have featured trees and shrubs, hedging plants and climbers, perennials, ferns and grasses, and bulbs  Its construction would have required the felling of mature trees on both sides of the river, including 28 plane trees in the avenue on Queen's Walk which were planted in the 1960s as a living memorial to London's war dead  The bridge was to have been planted with some 270 immature trees  In order to limit the wind loading on the bridge structure the trees would have been maintained by pruning so that they never exceeded a height of 15 m (49 ft) at the bridge piers and 2 m (6 ft 7 in) near the bridge landings  Dan Pearson was appointed as landscape designer Before granting planning permission, Westminster City Council raised concerns that the bridge would cause "significant harm" to a number of protected views from Waterloo Bridge, Blackfriars Bridge, and the South Bank, but concluded that new views from the garden bridge would outweigh the damage caused  The bridge's proposed private owners claimed however that English Heritage stated in an assessment that "the Bridge would be as a picturesque incident in the riverscape… its low slung and restrained architecture and engineering will change the character of views but not cause harm to the setting of, and views to and from historic assets "

Operation
In November 2014, it was claimed that the bridge would be off limits to groups of eight or more people and to cyclists  The Garden Bridge Trust later said that groups of eight or more would not be banned and cyclists would be allowed to use the bridge, if they were to dismount and push their cycles The bridge would have been open to the public for 18 hours each day, closing between midnight and 6am  The draft business plan allowed the Garden Bridge Trust to close the bridge for up to 12 days a year for commercial events  Further, the charity proposed to rent the rooftop of the bridge's South Bank landing podium for commercial purposes on every weekend between May and October Nine bridges already span the two miles (3 2 km) between Westminster Bridge and London Bridge, seven of which can be crossed on foot  Projections of visitor numbers suggested that the bridge would have added another 3 5 million visitors a year, an 18% increase on 2014 numbers  In 2014, critics of the project began campaigning to have it brought under judicial review or another appeal process through the secretary of state In November 2015, planning documents for the bridge revealed that public access to the bridge was to be controlled, including the use of the tracking of visitors' mobile phone signals to guard against overcrowding, a video surveillance system and security staff known as "visitor hosts" who would have limited policing powers under a Community Safety Accreditation Scheme, including the right to issue fines  The rules of the bridge were to prohibit "any exercise other than jogging, playing a musical instrument, taking part in a 'gathering of any kind', giving a speech or address, scattering ashes, releasing a balloon and flying a kite " The bridge's private owners claimed that conditions would be "similar" to those of the Royal Parks At a meeting at City Hall on 17 December 2015, Boris Johnson, then Mayor of London said, in defence of the project, "It's important that we don't rest on our laurels, but continue to adorn the city with things that will attract visitors … and to get it done within a four-year mayoralty is a very challenging thing " During the 2016–2017 review conducted by Dame Margaret Hodge for the Mayor of London, the only parties to express support for the bridge were Boris Johnson, the Garden Bridge Trust (the prospective owner of the bridge) itself and the Evening Standard while, on the other hand, "hostility" to the bridge was "substantial" 

Funding
By August 2016, the proposed cost of the bridge had risen to £185 million, from the original estimate of £60m  When first promoted, it was claimed that the project would be financed entirely from private sources, but a total of £60m towards the capital cost was then committed from public funds, with £30m pledged from Transport for London (TfL) funds by Mayor of London Boris Johnson and £30m pledged by HM Treasury  It was then agreed in November 2015 that £20m of TfL funds would be repaid over a period of 50 years as a loan Further, the City of Westminster granted planning permission conditionally upon provision of a guarantee of maintenance costs  The Greater London Authority initially indicated willingness to underwrite those maintenance costs, estimated at a minimum of £2m a year, in perpetuity  In June 2013, the Commissioner of Transport for London, Sir Peter Hendy had stated that the public would meet no more than the "enabling costs" of the project of £4m  Nevertheless, the financial chief for Transport for London considered the proposed bridge extremely expensive when compared with other crossings on the Thames  For example, the Millennium Bridge had cost only £22m Writing in The Guardian in February 2016, Ian Jack contrasted the £60m taxpayer support for the project with the closure of five Lancashire museums – two of which are nationally important – and 40 libraries   Jack described the bridge as unwanted and unnecessary and the closures as "cultural disembowelment"  He asked whether a meeting between Joanna Lumley, a friend of designer Thomas Heatherwick and Boris Johnson had played a part  Jane Duncan, president of the Royal Institute of British Architects requested the project be put on hold pending an investigation of the tendering process for the appointments of Heatherwick Studio and Arup  Ian Jack followed up in May with another article calling the bridge an oddity born of the "chumocracy", and correspondents from outside London were equally scathing On 16 February 2016, Walter Menteth of Project Compass CIC, a procurement intelligence service, published a detailed report on the irregularities in the procurement leading to the appointment of Arup Group and Thomas Heatherwick by Transport for London; the report concluded that an independent investigation would be appropriate before the public made any further financial commitment to the project On 8 March 2016, the Evening Standard editor Sarah Sands wrote in defence of the bridge:
a whopping £85 million had been privately donated; the Treasury and Transport for London had come up with £60 million and fundraising continues for the final £30 million  Construction will soon begin  Yet there is a small but determined opposition to the project, mostly from Labour, which continues to undermine it 
In the 17 months to 31 March 2016, the Garden Bridge Trust spent over £26 million, 80% of which was funded by Transport for London  In the same period, the group raised £13 million in new private donations However, the project's financing status deteriorated  During the same period in which the project's cost estimate was revised upward from £60 million to over £200 million (as of April 2017), the Garden Bridge Trust lost two major donors, causing a reduction in private funding pledges to £69 million  No new pledges had been obtained since August 2016 Sadiq Khan, who had been elected Mayor of London in May 2016, undertook an investigation of Johnson's decisions in relation to the procurement process for the bridge  In May 2016, he published a draft version of the Garden Bridge Trust business case for the bridge which showed that donations to the Trust from unnamed private companies, organisations and individuals totalled £83 1 million, representing the privately pledged money; this included £43 75m from donors who chose to remain anonymous  London Assembly Member Tom Copley called for transparency on private donations to the project, asking if donations had been received from companies which may benefit or have benefited from Transport for London contracts  The Charity Commission case report published on 28 February 2017 subsequently found that the processes for awarding of contracts were robust, and that benefactors were not party to contracts made by the charity In July 2016, Dan Anderson of Fourth Street published a review of the Garden Bridge's Draft Operations and Maintenance Business Plan  Anderson's report concluded that "After detailed analysis of the Operations and Maintenance Business Plan it is this author's considered opinion that the basic business model is flawed and the Business Plan targets are optimistic at best, but more likely unachievable" On 11 July 2016, the BBC reported that preparatory work for the bridge had been halted to allow City Hall to review the finances  Sadiq Khan said that no more public money would be spent on the bridge   The halted work would have cost £3m for infrastructure preparation in the Tube station at Temple on the north bank of the Thames so that the bridge structure could be built on its roof  A Garden Bridge Trust spokesman said that the Garden Bridge Trust had signed a costs agreement with TfL which included a repayment schedule 
On 26 July 2016, the BBC reported that the project had run into financial trouble and that the Garden Bridge Trust was seeking an extension of a £15m underwriting of the project: "tough questions are being asked in Whitehall about the footbridge and its public value"  The additional assurance of the underwriting extension was needed in order for the Garden Bridge Trust to complete and file its statutory accounts, due on 31 July 2016  However, on Friday 29 July 2016, the last day on which it could validly do so, the Garden Bridge Trust changed its accounting reference date so as to extend its accounting period from 31 October 2015 to 31 March 2016, a further five months, postponing its obligation to file any accounts On 8 August 2016, the National Audit Office formally announced that during Autumn 2016 it was to investigate the Department for Transport's handling of its £30 million grant to the Garden Bridge project  The audit would not seek to determine the value for money of the project as a whole   The Director of the audit team was to be Rebecca Sheeran  The National Audit Office invited submission of evidence for its investigation  The National Audit Office duly reported in October 2016 
In an interview with Evan Davis on BBC Newsnight on 17 August 2016, Lord Davies of Abersoch said that the Garden Bridge Trust had raised some £69 5 million ("call it £70 million") of private funds in addition to £60 million of public funds  Some who had offered funding had never entered into legally binding commitments to pay and "one or two" had withdrawn from the project  Further, delays in the project now meant that the costs had risen to £185 million and that the bridge would not be completed before 2019   The figures of increased cost and the reduction in funds raised, together with the longer timescale, were then confirmed by the Garden Bridge Trust In September 2016, the Mayor of London announced a formal review into project's finances and value for money   Dame Margaret Hodge conducted an inquiry into the planned structure  The mayor's office said she would investigate whether value for money had been achieved from the taxpayers' contribution and investigate the work of bodies such as Transport for London and the Greater London Authority  The Hodge Report was published in April 2017 In January 2017, the trustees of the Garden Bridge Trust stated that they expected the bridge's costs to "substantially exceed" the existing estimate of £185 million, and the Hodge Report in April 2017 stated that costs were estimated to be over £200 million 

National Audit Office report
On 11 October 2016, the National Audit Office reported the results of its inquiries into the £30 million funding provided for the Garden Bridge by the Department for Transport   The report recorded that in the Department's assessment of the original business case for the Bridge there was seen to be a significant risk that the project could represent poor value for money but the Department agreed to make the £30 million contribution anyway  The manner in which the funding was provided, by block grant to Transport for London left the Department with limited oversight of its own support to the Garden Bridge Trust  This arrangement simplified the Trust's access to public funding through a single source but it also made TfL responsible for assuring and overseeing all of the £60 million public funding and for ensuring value for money for taxpayers' investment  There was initially a cap on the amount of the Department's funding that could be used by the Garden Bridge Trust for pre-construction activity, but this cap was relaxed on three separate occasions, on two of those occasions against the advice of civil servants and on one of them by way of formal Ministerial Direction from the Secretary of State   The report summarised that:

If the project continues, it is possible that the government will be approached for extra funding should the Trust face a funding shortfall  The project has faced cost increases and delays to the schedule  The pattern of behaviour outlined in this report is one in which the Trust has repeatedly approached the government to release more of its funding for pre-construction activities when it encounters challenges  The Department, in turn, has agreed to the Trust's requests 

Charity Commission report
On 28 February 2017, the Charity Commission published a Case Report which commented on the financial management of the Trust  The Charity Commission concluded that trustees had been meeting their duties and were acting in compliance with charity law; there was no concern about the management of conflicts of interest; the charity's financial management met required standards; trustees provided strategic leadership and direction to the charity and its staff to help it deliver its purpose; trustees understood their roles and duties and responsibilities as trustees; the Commission saw evidence of robust and informed decision-making 
Arrangements to award contracts since the charity had been formed appear to have been robust  There was evidence of significant trustee engagement and some benchmarking of hourly rates and materials  However, trustees did not fully explore the opportunities to compare the critical paths of other comparable infrastructure projects and thus better enable themselves to assess project risk 
The Commission went on to comment that the charity's accounts had been  filed and had identified ongoing uncertainty over whether the charity was a going concern  The Commission considered that, given the public interest, the trustees could have provided more detail in their annual report about the progress made, given the expenditure incurred and the challenges addressed  The charity held no reserves but expected to meet any obligations from the use of its restricted funds  Given the reliance on using restricted funds the Commission would have expected a fuller description of how these funds, including the guarantee, could be used with greater detail on how the charity would meet its liabilities in the event of closure 

Planning process
Initial planning approval
The full planning applications for the project were submitted to Westminster and Lambeth Councils on 30 May 2014, and it was originally intended, subject to receiving planning permission and raising the necessary funds, that construction of the bridge would start in 2015 and be completed by 2018  The planning application was approved by Lambeth Council (local authority on the south side of the bridge), subject to conditions, in November 2014  Westminster City Council passed a plan for the bridge on 2 December 2014 by a vote of three to one  In December 2014, Boris Johnson approved the scheme to build the bridge, with construction then expected to start in 2015 

Judicial review
In January 2015, a legal challenge of Lambeth's planning permission was brought by Michael Ball, former director of the Waterloo Community Development Group, with the support of local opposition group Thames Central Open Spaces  On 21 April 2015, permission was granted by The Hon  Mr Justice Ouseley for a full judicial review of Lambeth's decision to grant planning permission on the grounds that the impact of views on heritage assets (particularly Somerset House) had not been properly considered, and Lambeth had not adequately ensured the ongoing maintenance of the bridge  However, it was agreed the case should be dismissed after Lambeth and the trust agreed to enter into a planning obligation requiring the trust to submit a plan for the maintenance of the bridge for approval by the Council, and to provide a surety or guarantor for the trust's ongoing maintenance obligations  The Greater London Authority has guaranteed the maintenance costs 
A second judicial review, of Lambeth's decision to allow a variation of the lease on the South Bank, was dismissed in September 2016 

Lease and permission
On 25 September 2015, Lambeth Council suspended negotiations with the Garden Bridge Trust over the terms of the lease, which would be required at the South Bank end of the bridge  Lambeth's position was that funds for the bridge should not be provided by Transport for London, that the £30m of funding from Transport for London was not justified, and that Lambeth would permit the bridge only if it was assured that the project's funds would not be taken from Transport for London  Negotiations were resolved in November 2015 However, in March 2016 it was reported that Lambeth Council had put the necessary lease modifications in place  Permission from the Coin Street Community Builders, a housing trust which holds a long-term lease over part of the land needed to construct the southern approaches, was also required for the bridge's construction  In March 2016, in "a last ditch" attempt to stop the bridge, local politicians wrote to the housing trust urging it to refuse permission, although the housing trust indicated that it was not in a position to oppose the decisions of elected governments The planning permission for the bridge had been due to expire in December 2017 

Project collapse
Hodge report
Margaret Hodge's report for the Mayor of London was published in April 2017  It found that: there had been multiple failings from the start; the business case for construction of the bridge was weak; the purpose of the bridge was confused and unclear; the Garden Bridge Trust had raised only £69m in private pledges of funding; the final cost if built would now exceed £200m of capital expenditure, excluding the amount of any possible endowment for maintenance; the project was controversial and unpopular and the Garden Bridge Trust was unlikely to be able to raise the money, and that taxpayers should accept the loss of public money already spent that would result from cancelling the project and avoid further waste of public funds  She also concluded that the appointments in 2013 of Heatherwick Studio (for design and consulting services) and Arup (for engineering and project management services) "were not open, fair or competitive procurements … and [her review had] revealed systematic failures and ineffective control systems at many levels"  Architecture critic Rowan Moore described the project as "a landmark of the post-truth era" and a vanity project by Boris Johnson 

Refusal of mayoral guarantee
In response to the Hodge report, Mayor of London Sadiq Khan, Johnson's successor, announced on 28 April 2017 that he would not provide a guarantee for the future running costs of the bridge, due to concerns about the project's financial viability  Since the guarantee was a condition of planning permission, the mayor's refusal had the effect of ending the project 

Formal abandonment
On 14 August 2017 after months of uncertainty the Garden Bridge Trust entirely abandoned the project  The BBC London transport correspondent Tom Edwards described the situation as a shambles which was "an embarrassing mess for the capital     already descend[ing] into finger pointing and a blame game over who is culpable for wasting £46 4m of public money"  In February 2019 it was revealed that the total public cost had been £43m 
Passage 3:
York Road, Lambeth
York Road is a road in Lambeth, London, running between Westminster Bridge Road (south) and Waterloo Road (north)  To the west is the old County Hall, Shell Centre, Jubilee Gardens and, beyond, the London Eye and the River Thames  Waterloo station is located on the road's eastern edge, as well as the former Waterloo International Eurostar terminal and General Lying-In Hospital  The London IMAX cinema is located within the Bullring roundabout at the northern end of the road, on a site previously occupied by Cardboard City for the homeless 
The road forms part of the A3200 
Passage 4:
Waterloo Bridge (1940 film)
Waterloo Bridge is a 1940 American drama film and the remake of the 1931 film also called Waterloo Bridge, adapted from the 1930 play Waterloo Bridge  In an extended flashback narration, it recounts the story of a dancer and an army captain who meet by chance on Waterloo Bridge  The film was made by Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer, directed by Mervyn LeRoy and produced by Sidney Franklin and Mervyn LeRoy  The screenplay is by S  N  Behrman, Hans Rameau and George Froeschel, based on the Broadway drama by Robert E  Sherwood  The music is by Herbert Stothart and cinematography by Joseph Ruttenberg 
The film stars Robert Taylor and Vivien Leigh  It was a success at the box office and nominated for two Academy Awards: Best Music for Herbert Stothart and Best Cinematography  It was also considered a personal favorite by both Leigh and Taylor 
In 1956, it was remade again as Gaby, which starred Leslie Caron and John Kerr 

Plot
After Britain's declaration of war in World War II, army colonel Roy Cronin is driven to London's Waterloo station on his way to France, and briefly alights on Waterloo Bridge to reminisce about events that occurred during World War I when he met Myra Lester, whom he had planned to marry  While Roy gazes at a good-luck charm, a billiken that she had given him, the story unfolds 
Roy, a captain in the Rendleshire Fusiliers on his way to the front, and Myra, a ballerina, serendipitously meet crossing Waterloo Bridge during an air raid, striking up an immediate rapport while taking shelter  Myra invites Roy to attend that evening's ballet performance and an enamored Roy ignores an obligatory dinner with his colonel  Roy sends a note to Myra to join him after the performance, but the note is intercepted by the mistress of the ballet troupe, the tyrannical Madame Olga, who forbids Myra from having any relationship with Roy  Despite the admonition, they meet at a romantic night spot  Roy has to travel to the front immediately and proposes marriage, but wartime circumstances prevent them from marrying immediately  Roy assures Myra that his family will look after her while he is away  Madame Olga learns of Myra's disobedience and dismisses her from the troupe along with fellow dancer Kitty when she scolds Olga for spoiling Myra's happiness 
The young women share a small flat  Unable to find work, they soon become penniless  Roy's mother Lady Margaret Cronin and Myra arrange to meet for an introduction  Awaiting Lady Margaret's belated arrival at a tearoom, Myra scans a newspaper and faints after finding Roy listed among the war dead  Shocked and bewildered, Myra is offered a tall brandy by the receptionist to help bring her around  Sitting alone, Myra swallows a large amount of brandy just as Lady Margaret appears  Unable to disclose the dreadful news, Myra's banal and incoherent conversation is unsettling to her prospective mother-in-law, who withdraws without seeking further explanation  Myra faints again and falls ill with grief  The two young ladies’ economic situation becomes dire  To cover their expenses, her flatmate Kitty becomes a streetwalker  Myra believed that Kitty was working as a stage performer but then learns what her friend has done  Feeling that she has alienated Lady Margaret and having no desire to live, the heartbroken Myra joins her friend Kitty and resorts to prostitution as well  A year passes 
While offering herself to soldiers on leave arriving at Waterloo Station, Myra sees Roy, who is alive and well  He had been wounded and held as a prisoner of war  A reconciliation occurs that is joyous for Roy but bittersweet for Myra  The couple travel to the family estate in Scotland to visit Lady Margaret, who deduces the misunderstanding that occurred at the tearoom  Myra is also accepted by Roy's uncle, the Duke, but he inadvertently feeds her guilt by saying that she could never do anything to bring shame or dishonour to the family  Confronted with the possibility of a scandal and the seeming impossibility of a happy marriage, Myra decides that breaking off the engagement is her only choice  Myra discloses the truth to a compassionate Lady Margaret but is unable to believe herself worthy of marrying Roy  Myra leaves behind a goodbye note and returns to London  Roy follows, with the aid of Kitty, hoping to find her despite discovering the truth in the process  Myra is depressed and returns to Waterloo Bridge, where she commits suicide by walking into the path of an oncoming truck 
In the present day, the older Roy reminisces about Myra's sincere final profession of love that was only for him and no other  He tucks her charm into his coat pocket and gets driven away in his car 

Cast
Vivien Leigh as Myra Lester
Robert Taylor as Roy Cronin
Virginia Field as Kitty
Maria Ouspenskaya as Madame Olga Kirowa
C  Aubrey Smith as The Duke
Lucile Watson as Lady Margaret Cronin
Janet Shaw as Maureen
Janet Waldo as Elsa
Steffi Duna as Lydia
Virginia Carroll as Sylvia
Leda Nicova as Marie
Florence Baker as Beatrice
Margery Manning as Mary
Frances MacInerney as Violet
Eleanor Stewart as Grace
Gilbert Emery as Colonel (uncredited)
Halliwell Hobbes as Vicar (uncredited)
Harry Stubbs as Proprietor (uncredited)

Production
MGM bought the 1931 version of Waterloo Bridge from Universal Studios in order to produce the remake  From its initial release, the 1931 film had been censored in major American cities because of objections to the portrayal of prostitution  The censorship was imposed first by local authorities, such as a Chicago police censorship board, before enforcement by the Hays Office in 1934 made it impossible to exhibit the film anywhere in the United States 

Prostitution is a subject that neither our Ordinance nor Commissioner Alcock permits us to leave in pictures whether for an adult or a general permit  It is a clear violation of all our standards and also, we had understood, a violation of the underlying purpose of the [Motion Picture Production] Code 
Because of the Motion Picture Production Code, which had not been in effect when the 1931 film version was made, plot details of the 1940 version were significantly changed and somewhat sanitized  In the original play and film, based on Sherwood's personal experiences, both characters are Americans; Myra is an unemployed chorus girl who has turned to prostitution and Roy is a callow 19-year-old expatriate who does not realize how she makes money  However, in the 1940 version, both are British, Myra a promising ballerina in a prestigious dance company who becomes a prostitute only after believing that her sweetheart has been killed and Roy a mature officer of Scottish nobility  In the original film, Myra is accidentally killed after her situation with Roy has apparently been happily resolved; in the 1940 version, she commits suicide when her inner conflict becomes insurmountable  The flashback format of the 1940 version was a device added in acknowledgment of the recent onset of war when the script was written in 1939 
Waterloo Bridge capitalized on Leigh's success the previous year in Gone with the Wind  Taylor was eager to show audiences that he was more than the suave and youthful lover whom he had played in such films as Camille and Three Comrades  Leigh wanted Laurence Olivier for the role of Roy Cronin and was unhappy that Taylor had been cast in the part, although she had enjoyed him on the set of A Yank at Oxford  She wrote to her husband Leigh Holman: "Robert Taylor is the man in the picture, and as it was written for Larry, it's a typical piece of miscasting  I am afraid it will be a dreary job     " Taylor later said of his performance: "It was the first time I really gave a performance that met the often unattainable standards I was always setting for myself " Of Leigh, Taylor said, "Miss Leigh was simply great in her role, and she made me look better " Of all her films, Leigh stated Waterloo Bridge was her favorite  Taylor also named the film as his personal favorite 
Ethel Griffies and Rita Carlisle (then Carlyle), cast respectively in the 1931 film as Myra's landlady and a woman on the bridge when they meet, appear in the 1940 version in similar roles 

Reception
Waterloo Bridge opened in New York and shortly after in London to positive reviews In a contemporary review for The New York Times, critic Bosley Crowther was effusive in his praise for Vivien Leigh: "Let there be no doubt about it  Vivien Leigh is as fine an actress as we have on the screen today  Maybe even the finest, and that's a lot to say  Plenty of skeptics are still mumbling that her Scarlett O'Hara was a freak, that any one could have played it with such a wide-open field  We know all about them—and we know, too, about the unreconstructed dissidents  So this is an urgent hint that they     see this remarkable Miss Leigh in her first picture since 'Gone With the Wind ' If they are not then convinced, we will cover ourself with a sack "When the film was released in China in November 1940, it was enormously popular  As a result, the story became a standard of Shanghai opera and the song "Auld Lang Syne" became widely known in China The film was nominated by the American Film Institute for inclusion in its 2002 list AFI's 100 Years   100 Passions 

Box office
According to MGM records, the film earned $1,250,000 in the U S  and Canada and $1,217,000 elsewhere, resulting in a profit of $491,000 

Radio adaptations
Waterloo Bridge was dramatized as a half-hour radio play on two broadcasts of The Screen Guild Theater, the first on January 12, 1941 with Brian Aherne and Joan Fontaine and the second on September 9, 1946 with Barbara Stanwyck and Robert Taylor  It was also presented as a half-hour broadcast of Screen Directors Playhouse on September 28, 1951 with Norma Shearer 
Passage 5:
Waterloo Bridge
Waterloo Bridge () is a road and foot traffic bridge crossing the River Thames in London, between Blackfriars Bridge and Hungerford Bridge and Golden Jubilee Bridges  Its name commemorates the victory of the British, Dutch and Prussians at the Battle of Waterloo in 1815  Thanks to its location at a strategic bend in the river, the bridge offers good views of Westminster, the South Bank and the London Eye to the west, and of the City of London and Canary Wharf to the east 

History
First bridge
The first bridge on the site was designed in 1807–10 by John Rennie for the Strand Bridge of Life and opened in 1817 as a toll bridge  The granite bridge had nine arches, each of 120 feet (36 6 m) span, separated by double Doric stone columns, and was 2,456 feet (748 6 m) long, including approaches–1,240 feet (378 0 m) between abutments–and 42 feet (12 8 m) wide between the parapets  Before its opening it was known as the Strand Bridge 
During the 1840s the bridge gained a reputation as a popular place for suicide attempts  In 1841, the American daredevil Samuel Gilbert Scott was killed while performing an act in which he hung by a rope from a scaffold on the bridge  In 1844 Thomas Hood wrote the poem "The Bridge of Sighs", which concerns the suicide of a prostitute there The bridge was depicted by the French Impressionist Claude Monet in his series of 41 works from 1900 to 1904, and by the English Romantic John Constable, whose painting depicting its opening is displayed at Anglesey Abbey in Cambridgeshire The bridge was nationalised in 1878 and placed under the control of the Metropolitan Board of Works, which removed the toll from it 
Michael Faraday tried in 1832 to measure the potential difference between each side of the bridge caused by the ebbing salt water flowing through the Earth's magnetic field using magnetohydrodynamics 
Serious problems were found in Rennie's bridge piers from 1884 onward, after scour from the river flow (which had increased following the demolition of Old London Bridge) damaged their foundations  By the 1920s the problems had increased, and settlement at pier five necessitated the closure of the whole bridge while some heavy superstructure was removed and temporary reinforcements were put in place In 1925, a temporary steel framework was built on top of the existing bridge and then placed next to it for the use of southbound vehicles (the postcard image shows this, and the settlement especially to the left of the fifth pier) 

Second bridge
In the 1930s London County Council decided to demolish the bridge and replace it with a new structure designed by Sir Giles Gilbert Scott  The engineers were Ernest Buckton and John Cuerel of Rendel Palmer & Tritton  The project was placed on hold due to the Second World War 
Scott, by his own admission, was no engineer, and his design, with reinforced concrete beams (illustrated) under the footways, leaving the road to be supported by transverse slabs, was difficult to implement  The pairs of spans on each side of the river were supported by beams continuous over their piers, and these were cantilevered out at their ends to support the centre span and the short approach slabs at the banks  The beams were shaped "to look as much like arches as     beams can"  They are clad in Portland stone, which is cleaned by rain  To guard against the possibility of further subsidence from scour, each pier was given a number of jacks that can be used to level the structure Construction of the new bridge began in 1937 and it was partially opened on Tuesday 11 March 1942 and "officially opened" in September 1942  However, it was not fully completed until 1945  It is the only Thames bridge to have been damaged by German bombers during the Second World War 
The building contractor was Peter Lind & Company  At the outbreak of war, despite an immediate order being issued by the Ministry of Transport, that the bridge construction was of national importance, the supply of male labour to execute the heavy works became acute  From the start of the war through to the bridge completion, women became the preponderant members of the construction workforce  This resulted in the project being referred to for many years as "The Ladies' Bridge"  Lind used elm wood from the old bridge for the dining room floor of Hamstone House, his house that he commissioned and built in 1938 at St George's Hill in Surrey Georgi Markov, a Bulgarian dissident, was assassinated on Waterloo Bridge on 7 September 1978 by agents of the Bulgarian secret police, the Committee for State Security, possibly assisted by the Soviet security agency, the KGB  He was killed with a poisoned pellet possibly fired from an umbrella 

Reuse of original parts
Granite stones from the original bridge were subsequently "presented to various parts of the British world to further historic links in the British Commonwealth of Nations"  Two of these stones are in Canberra, the capital city of Australia, sited between the parallel spans of the Commonwealth Avenue Bridge, one of two major crossings of Lake Burley Griffin in the heart of the city  Stones from the bridge were also used to build a monument in Wellington, New Zealand, to Paddy the Wanderer, a dog that roamed the wharves from 1928 to 1939 and was befriended by seamen, watersiders, Harbour Board workers and taxi drivers  The monument, built in 1945, is on Queens Wharf, opposite the Wellington Museum  It includes a bronze likeness of Paddy, a drinking fountain, and drinking bowls below for dogs Another piece of the stone is situated under the sundial in the Wellington Boat Harbour Park, next to Clyde Quay Marina, an area of historical significance in Wellington Harbour  Several stone balusters from the demolished bridge were sent in the late 1930s by the author Dornford Yates to be used in his French home 'Cockade', but the Fall of France in 1940 interrupted this project  They were shipped after the war to his new house in Umtali, Rhodesia (now Mutare, Zimbabwe) 
Recovered timbers from the bridge were used for shelves and wall panels in the library at Anglesey Abbey 

Geography
The south end of the bridge is in the area known as the South Bank, which includes the Royal Festival Hall, London Waterloo, Queen Elizabeth Hall and the Royal National Theatre, as well as the BFI Southbank, which is directly beneath the bridge 
The north end of the bridge passes above the Victoria Embankment where the road joins the Strand and Aldwych alongside Somerset House  This end housed the southern portal of the Kingsway Tramway Subway until the late 1950s 
The entire bridge was given Grade II* listed structure protection in 1981 The nearest London Underground station is Temple, the nearest National Rail station is London Waterloo 

In popular culture
Robert E  Sherwood's play Waterloo Bridge (1930), the story of a soldier who falls in love and marries a woman he meets on the bridge in an air raid during the First World War, was made into films released in 1931, 1940 and 1956  The second of these film versions starred Vivien Leigh and Robert Taylor 
"After the Lunch", a poem by Wendy Cope about two lovers parting on Waterloo Bridge, now forms the lyric of the song "Waterloo Bridge" by Jools Holland and Louise Marshall 
The bridge features in the film A Window in London (1940)  The hero, played by Michael Redgrave, is a crane driver who is working on the construction of the bridge  Images can be seen of the incomplete rebuilding work in progress 
The bridge features in scenes at the beginning and end of the film Alfie (1966), starring Michael Caine  In the final scene of the film the title character is seen crossing the bridge followed by a stray dog 
The song "Waterloo Sunset" by the British band The Kinks tells of living in London and watching life from Waterloo Bridge 
A scene in "The Great Game", an episode of the BBC television series Sherlock, takes place beneath the bridge's northern side, where members of Sherlock's network of homeless informants congregate 
The bridge features in the closing scene of the 1996 film Trainspotting 
The bridge, when still a toll-bridge, and its toll-keeper feature in Dickens’s essay ‘Down with the Tide (1853) 
It is featured in the Mario Kart games Mario Kart Tour and Mario Kart 8 Deluxe as part of the London Loop racecourse 

See also
List of crossings of the River Thames
List of bridges in London
Passage 6:
London Eye
The London Eye, or the Millennium Wheel, is a cantilevered observation wheel on the South Bank of the River Thames in London  It is Europe's tallest cantilevered observation wheel, and the most popular paid tourist attraction in the United Kingdom with over three million visitors annually  It has made many appearances in popular culture 
The structure is 135 metres (443 ft) tall and the wheel has a diameter of 120 metres (394 ft)  When it opened to the public in 2000 it was the world's tallest Ferris wheel  Its height was surpassed by the 140 metres (459 ft) Sun of Moscow in 2022, the 160 metres (525 ft) Star of Nanchang in 2006, the 165 metres (541 ft) Singapore Flyer in 2008, the 167 metres (548 ft) High Roller (Las Vegas) in 2014, and the 250 metres (820 ft) Ain Dubai in 2021  Supported by an A-frame on one side only, unlike these taller examples, the Eye is described by its operators as "the world's tallest cantilevered observation wheel"  The Eye offered the highest public viewing point in London until it was superseded by the 245-metre-high (804 ft) observation deck on the 72nd floor of The Shard in early 2013 The London Eye adjoins the western end of Jubilee Gardens (previously the site of the former Dome of Discovery), on the South Bank of the River Thames between Westminster Bridge and Hungerford Bridge beside County Hall, in the London Borough of Lambeth  The nearest tube station is Waterloo 

History
Design and construction
The London Eye was designed by the husband-and-wife team of Julia Barfield and David Marks of Marks Barfield Architects Mace was responsible for construction management, with Hollandia as the main steelwork contractor and Tilbury Douglas as the civil contractor  Consulting engineers Tony Gee & Partners designed the foundation works while Beckett Rankine designed the marine works Nathaniel Lichfield and Partners assisted The Tussauds Group in obtaining planning and listed building consent to alter the wall on the South Bank of the Thames  They also examined and reported on the implications of a Section 106 agreement attached to the original contract, and also prepared planning and listed building consent applications for the permanent retention of the attraction, which involved the co-ordination of an Environmental Statement and the production of a planning supporting statement detailing the reasons for its retention 
The rim of the Eye is supported by tensioned steel cables and resembles a huge spoked bicycle wheel  The lighting was re-done with LED lighting from Color Kinetics in December 2006 to allow digital control of the lights as opposed to the manual replacement of gels over fluorescent tubes The wheel was constructed in sections which were floated up the Thames on barges and assembled lying flat on piled platforms in the river  Once the wheel was complete it was lifted into an upright position by a strand jack system made by Enerpac  It was first raised at 2 degrees per hour until it reached 65 degrees, then left in that position for a week while engineers prepared for the second phase of the lift  The project was European with major components coming from six countries: the steel was supplied from the UK and fabricated in The Netherlands by the Dutch company Hollandia, the cables came from Italy, the bearings came from Germany (FAG/Schaeffler Group), the spindle and hub were cast in the Czech Republic, the capsules were made by Poma in France (and the glass for these came from Italy), and the electrical components from the UK 

Opening
The London Eye was formally opened by the Prime Minister Tony Blair on 31 December 1999, but did not open to the paying public until 9 March 2000 because of a capsule clutch problem The London Eye was originally intended as a temporary attraction, with a five-year lease  In December 2001, operators submitted an application to Lambeth Council to give the London Eye permanent status, and the application was granted in July 2002 On 5 June 2008 it was announced that 30 million people had ridden the London Eye since it opened 

Passenger capsules
The wheel's 32 sealed and air-conditioned ovoidal passenger capsules, designed and supplied by Poma, are attached to the external circumference of the wheel and rotated by electric motors  The capsules are numbered from 1 to 33, excluding number 13 for superstitious reasons  Each of the 10-tonne (11-short-ton) capsules represents one of the London Boroughs, and holds up to 25 people, who are free to walk around inside the capsule, though seating is provided  The wheel rotates at 26 cm (10 in) per second (about 0 9 km/h or 0 6 mph) so that one revolution takes about 30 minutes, giving a theoretical capacity of 1,600 passengers per hour  It does not usually stop to take on passengers; the rotation rate is slow enough to allow passengers to walk on and off the moving capsules at ground level  It is stopped to allow disabled or elderly passengers time to embark and disembark safely In 2009 the first stage of a £12 5 million capsule upgrade began  Each capsule was taken down and floated down the river to Tilbury Docks in Essex On 2 June 2013 a passenger capsule was named the Coronation Capsule to mark the 60th anniversary of the coronation of Queen Elizabeth II In March 2020, the London Eye celebrated its 20th birthday by turning several of its pods into experiences themed around London  The experiences included a pub in a capsule, a west end theatre pod and a garden party with flower arrangements to represent the eight London Royal parks 

Ownership and branding
Marks Barfield (the lead architects), The Tussauds Group, and British Airways were the original owners of the London Eye  Tussauds bought out British Airways' stake in 2005 and then Marks Barfield's stake in 2006 to become sole owner 
In May 2007, the Blackstone Group purchased The Tussauds Group which was then the owner of the Eye; Tussauds was merged with Blackstone's Merlin Entertainments and disappeared as an entity  British Airways continued its brand association, but from the beginning of 2008 the name British Airways was dropped from the logo On 12 August 2009, the London Eye saw another rebrand, this time being called "The Merlin Entertainments London Eye"  A refurbished ticket hall and 4D cinema experience were designed by architect Kay Elliott working with project designer Craig Sciba, and Simex-Iwerks as the 4D theatre hardware specialists  The film was written and directed by Julian Napier and produced by Phil Streather In January 2011, a lighting-up ceremony marked the start of a three-year deal between EDF Energy and Merlin Entertainments Coca-Cola began to sponsor the London Eye from January 2015  On the day the sponsorship was announced the London Eye was lit in red In February 2020, lastminute com replaced Coca-Cola as the sponsor  Grammy Award-winning singer Meghan Trainor performed at the launch party on a boat overlooking the London Eye In March 2020, the wheel was illuminated blue every Thursday at 8pm in support of the National Health Service as part of the ‘Clap for our Carers’ campaign created during the COVID-19 pandemic 

Financial difficulties
On 20 May 2005, there were reports of a leaked letter showing that the South Bank Centre (SBC)—owners of part of the land on which the struts of the Eye are located—had served a notice to quit on the attraction along with a demand for an increase in rent from £64,000 per year to £2 5 million, which the operators rejected as unaffordable On 25 May 2005, London mayor Ken Livingstone vowed that the landmark would remain in London  He also pledged that if the dispute was not resolved he would use his powers to ask the London Development Agency to issue a compulsory purchase order  The land in question is a small part of the Jubilee Gardens, which was given to the SBC for £1 when the Greater London Council was broken up 
The South Bank Centre and the British Airways London Eye agreed on a 25-year lease on 8 February 2006 after a judicial review over the rent dispute  The lease agreement meant that the South Bank Centre, a publicly funded charity, would receive at least £500,000 a year from the attraction, the status of which is secured for the foreseeable future  Tussauds also announced the acquisition of the entire one-third interests of British Airways and Marks Barfield in the Eye as well as the outstanding debt to BA  These agreements gave Tussauds 100% ownership and resolved the debt from the Eye's construction loan from British Airways, which stood at more than £150 million by mid-2005 and had been charging an interest rate of 25% per annum 

Critical reception
Sir Richard Rogers, winner of the 2007 Pritzker Architecture Prize, wrote of the London Eye in a book about the project:The Eye has done for London what the Eiffel Tower did for Paris, which is to give it a symbol and to let people climb above the city and look back down on it  Not just specialists or rich people, but everybody  That's the beauty of it: it is public and accessible, and it is in a great position at the heart of London Big City Review wrote that: If you're an amateur or professional photographer, the London Eye delivers the chance to get breathtaking photos of the city of London  The ride moves so slow which enables one to have ample opportunity to shoot photos and video from all angles  When your [sic] done shooting your photos, the ride's slow speed lets you just sit back and take in the incredible views of London  From the time your carriage reaches the highest point your breath will have been take away  That is why the London Eye is worth visiting 

Transport links
The nearest London Underground station is Waterloo, although Charing Cross, Embankment, and Westminster are also within easy walking distance Connection with National Rail services is made at London Waterloo station and London Waterloo East station 
London River Services operated by Thames Clippers and City Cruises stop at the London Eye Pier 
Passage 7:
Waterloo Bridge (play)
Waterloo Bridge: A play in two acts is a 1930 play by Robert E  Sherwood   It premiered on Broadway January 6, 1930 and ran until March 1930  It was the basis for three separate films: Waterloo Bridge (1931), Waterloo Bridge (1940), and Gaby (1956)  It is based on the author's experiences during World War I 

Plot
American chorus girl Myra Deauville is stuck in 1917 London at the height of World War I, unable to find work and book passage home  She resorts to prostitution to support herself  She meets her clients on Waterloo Bridge, the primary entry point into the city for soldiers on leave  There she meets fellow American Roy Cronin, a young soldier in the Canadian Army on convalescent leave after being wounded in France, and impressed by his innocence, invites him to her apartment for tea instead of soliciting his business  Afterwards she sends him away  The next day Myra's friend and neighbor Kitty finds Roy waiting for Myra in her room  Unaware that Kitty is also a prostitute and that their landlady, Mrs  Hobley, has been forced to run her house as a brothel because her husband is a prisoner-of-war, Roy is persuaded that Myra needs his protection 
Kitty hints that Roy should ask Myra to marry him and tries to convince Myra to accept a proposal, justifying the idea as an expedient of survival  Rationalizing that Myra will make a soldier happy for a few days, Kitty tells her that she owes it to herself as an honest resolution to a predicament she did not create  Mrs  Hobley learns that Roy is flush with back pay and encourages Myra so Roy will pay her delinquent rent  The gullible Roy is worried that he will be sent to Camp Bramshott at any moment to prepare for return to the front and proposes  Myra accepts, but then sneaks away when she feels guilty  Restored to duty, Roy assigns part of his pay to her and names her as the beneficiary of his life insurance  Mrs  Hobley, in need of self-justification, tells Roy that her "Christian duty" compels her to warn him that Myra is a "harlot"  Roy accepts the truth as a reality of the times and rejects her warning  Crossing the bridge on his way to the railway station, he meets Myra again and makes her promise to accept the allotment and sign for the life insurance benefit  After he leaves for Bramshott, Myra remains on the bridge, lighting a cigarette, just as a German air raid begins, and she is killed 

Production
Sherwood based his play on his own wartime experience of a chance meeting with an American chorus girl in London in November 1918  Recovering from wounds in battle, Sherwood had gone to Trafalgar Square to join the celebration of the armistice ending the war and found himself next to "a very short and very pretty girl" wearing a small silk American flag pinned to her blouse  The girl described her circumstances as similar to those later attributed to Myra and invited Sherwood to her flat, but he forgot her address and never met her again  Sherwood, through Roy, expressed his realization that Myra and others like her were civilian victims of war The Broadway production was a two-act two-set play (the bridge and Myra's flat) that opened on January 6, 1930 at the Fulton Theatre, where it ran for only 64 performances  Despite the fact it was neither a critical nor commercial success, film producer Carl Laemmle, Jr  considered it a prestige project and purchased the film rights for Universal Pictures 
Passage 8:
Savoy Place
Savoy Place is a large red brick building on the north bank of the River Thames in the City of Westminster  It is on a street called Savoy Place; Savoy Hill and Savoy Street run along the sides of the building up to the Strand  In front is the Victoria Embankment, part of the Thames Embankment  Close by are Savoy Hill House (best known for accommodating the BBC Savoy Hill recording studios), the Savoy Hotel and Waterloo Bridge  There are commanding views over to the South Bank and the London Eye 

History
The Savoy Place is located at a site originally called Savoy Manor, taking its name from Peter II, Count of Savoy  He was given the land by Henry III on 12 February 1246 and built a palace on the site  After his death in 1268, the property was left to a French hospice  The Savoy Palace was extended by successive Earls of Lancaster and John of Gaunt, but was burnt down during the Peasants' Revolt of 1381  The palace was modified to become a prison in the 15th century In 1509, Henry VII left money in his will for a hospital  This was completed on the site in 1517 but it fell into decline and eventually became a military barracks and prison 
Various religious institutions were based on the site, including a Jesuit school  The area was also a retreat for Huguenots families  In 1723, a German Lutheran church was built on part of the site, but demolished in 1877 for the construction of the Thames Embankment 

Current building
The current building, completed in 1889, was built to serve as an examination hall for the Royal College of Physicians and the Royal College of Surgeons  The foundation stone at the front of the building was laid by Queen Victoria on 24 March 1886 
On 1 June 1909, the Institution of Electrical Engineers bought the lease and various alterations were carried out by H  Percy Adams and Charles Holden  The building is currently the headquarters for the Institution of Engineering and Technology (IET), formed from the Institution of Electrical Engineers (IEE) and the Institution of Incorporated Engineers (IIE) in 2006 Outside the building, there is a statue of the leading Victorian scientist Michael Faraday by the Irish sculptor John Henry Foley (1818–1874) 

Savoy Hill House
Behind Savoy Place is a building originally known as Lancaster House and later as Savoy Mansions  It was built in 1880 by the Savoy Building Company  Occupants included beer merchants, architects, solicitors, and even Turkish baths in the basement In 1923, the newly created British Broadcasting Company (BBC) leased spare space for its Savoy Hill broadcasting studios with the transmissions taking place from Marconi House in the Strand  The original two studios were increased to nine until in 1932 the BBC left the premises when it moved to the larger purpose-built Broadcasting House  Savoy Hill was bought by the IEE in 1984 and is now known as Savoy Hill House 

See also
List of eponymous roads in London
Savoy Chapel
Savoy Theatre
Passage 9:
Waterloo Helmet
The Waterloo Helmet (also known as the Waterloo Bridge Helmet) is a pre-Roman Celtic bronze ceremonial horned helmet with repoussé decoration in the La Tène style, dating to circa 150–50 BC, that was found in 1868 in the River Thames by Waterloo Bridge in London, England  It is now on display at the British Museum in London 

Discovery
The helmet was dredged from the bed of the River Thames close to Waterloo Bridge in 1868, and in March of the same year it was given on loan to the British Museum by Thames Conservancy  In 1988 its successor body, the Port of London Authority, donated the helmet to the British Museum 

Description
The main part of the helmet is constructed from two sheets of bronze, one forming the front and one the back of the helmet, that are riveted together at the sides and top  A separate crescent-shaped bronze piece is riveted to the bottom of the front sheet, and two conical bronze horns with terminal knobs are riveted to the top of the helmet   A decorative strip with a row of rivets overlays the join between the front and back sheets, and goes around the base of the horns  At the end of the strip, on both sides of the helmet, is a ring fitting for a chin-strap or cheekpiece  There are a number of small holes around the bottom edge, which may have been used to attach a lining The helmet was decorated with six bronze studs, one of which is now missing, three on the front and three on the back  These have cross scores on them that suggest they were designed to hold red glass enamel studs, but these are no longer present There is also a repoussé decoration in the La Tène style on the front and back of the helmet  The design is similar to that on the Snettisham Great Torc 

Purpose
Being made from thin bronze sheets, the helmet would have been too fragile for use in battle, and so it was probably intended to be used for ceremonial or parade purposes  In this respect it is similar to Iron Age bronze shields that have been found, which would not have been effective against contemporary weapons and could only have been used for display purposes   Alternatively, it has been suggested that the helmet is in any case too small for most adult males, and may have been worn by a wooden statue of a Celtic deity It is thought that the reason why the Waterloo Helmet and ceremonial bronze shields such as the Battersea Shield and Witham Shield were all found in rivers is that they were thrown into the river as votive offerings to the gods 

Importance
The Waterloo Helmet is one of only three Iron Age helmets found in England and also the only horned helmet dating to the Iron Age to have been found anywhere in Europe  However, there are several Iron Age depictions of people wearing horned helmets from elsewhere in Europe  There are some carvings of Gauls wearing horned helmets on the triumphal arch at Orange, France, dating to c 55 BC, but these are very different from the Waterloo Helmet  Whereas the Waterloo Helmet has straight, conical horns with a broad base that are stylised representations of animal horns, the helmets depicted on the carvings at Orange show realistic, curved bull's horns between which is placed an upright wheel  Similar to the depictions on the triumphal arch of Orange is the image of a leaping figure wearing a horned helmet and holding a wheel on the Gundestrup cauldron from Denmark, dating to the 1st century BC  This helmet is of a different shape from the Waterloo Helmet, and the horns are curved like those at Orange, but like the Waterloo Helmet the horns of the helmet are not sharply pointed, but are fitted with terminal knobs  An Iron Age bas-relief at Brague, near Antibes in France, also shows representations of people wearing horned helmets Despite the depictions of horned helmets on the triumphal arch of Orange and elsewhere, the Waterloo Helmet remains the only known example of an actual horned helmet from this period, and other Iron Age helmets that have been found, such as the Canterbury helmet and the Meyrick Helmet from northern Britain, are hornless  Nevertheless, influenced by the iconic features of the Waterloo Helmet, modern artistic interpretations of Iron Age people tend to show them wearing horned helmets, which has led Miranda Aldhouse-Green, professor of archaeology at Cardiff University, to comment that it is "unfortunate that it has found such a firm place in many popular reconstructions of British warriors" 

Gallery of reconstructions
See also
Canterbury helmet
Battersea shield
Wandsworth Shield
Witham Shield
Passage 10:
Waterloo Road, London
Waterloo Road is the main road in the Waterloo district of London, England straddling the boroughs of Lambeth and Southwark  It runs between Westminster Bridge Road close to St George's Circus at the south-east end and Waterloo Bridge across the River Thames towards London's West End district at the north-west end 
At the northern end near the river are the Queen Elizabeth Hall and the Hayward Gallery to the west, the National Film Theatre below the road, and the Royal National Theatre to the east  In earlier times, this was the location of Cuper's Gardens 

Just to the south in the middle of a large roundabout with underground walkways is the British Film Institute (BFI) London IMAX Cinema  Nearby to the east is the James Clerk Maxwell Building of King's College London, named in honour of the physicist James Clerk Maxwell (1831–1879), who was a professor at the college from 1860 
A little further to the south is St John's Waterloo church, designed by Francis Octavius Bedford and built in 1824 to celebrate the victory of the Napoleonic Wars  The church was firebombed in 1940 and much of the interior was destroyed  It was restored and reopened in 1951, serving as the parish church for the Festival of Britain on the South Bank nearby 

Continuing south, to the west is Waterloo station  To the east is the Union Jack Club in Sandell Street and, further on, the well-known and historic Old Vic Theatre to the south of the corner with The Cut  Also located even further south in Waterloo Road on the west side is the headquarters of the London Ambulance Service   On the opposite side is 157 Partnership House, former headquarters of USPG, CMS and other church mission/community-based organisations  Now boarded up and ready for redevelopment 
The road is designated as the A301, which continues across Waterloo Bridge 

Adjoining roads
Baylis Road
The Cut
Stamford Street
Westminster Bridge Road
York Road
St George's Circus
Context 2: Passage 1:
Qingsheng Railway Station
Qingsheng railway station (Chinese: 庆盛站) is a station in located in Qingsheng Village (庆盛村), Dongchong Town, Nansha District, Guangzhou  It is one of the stations on the Guangzhou–Shenzhen–Hong Kong Express Rail Link between Guangzhou South railway station in Panyu District, Guangzhou and Futian railway station in Futian District, Shenzhen 

Guangzhou Metro
An elevated metro station on Line 4 of the Guangzhou Metro started operation on 28 December 2017 

Services
China Railway
Guangzhou–Shenzhen–Hong Kong Express Rail Link

Guangzhou Metro
Line 4 (Guangzhou Metro)
Passage 2:
Pingxiang, Guangxi
Pingxiang (凭祥市) is a county-level city under the administration of the prefecture-level city of Chongzuo, in the southwest of the Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, China 

Situation
The city covers an area of 650 km2 (250 sq mi)  It is bordered in the north by Longzhou County and in the east by Ningming County, both in Chongzuo, and in the south and west by Vietnam's Lạng Sơn Province 
National Route 322 comes through the city centre, as does the railway which continues on to Hanoi; a high-speed expressway, now also international, passes nearby 
Zhennan Pass, site of the Battle of Bang Bo during the Sino-French War, is now named the "Friendship Pass" and is considered the gateway to Vietnam 
There are also plans to build a high-speed railway from Nanning to the Vietnamese border 

Administration
Demographics
Pingxiang has a population of approximately 106,400 (83 5% of the people belong to the Zhuang ethnic group, 2010)  Ethnic groups include Zhuang, Han, Yao, Miao, Jing, and others 

Towns (Chinese: 镇, zhen)
Pingxiang (Chinese: 凭祥)
Shangshi (Chinese: 上石)
Xiashi (Chinese: 夏石)
Youyi (Chinese: 友谊)

Transportation
Rail
Hunan–Guangxi Railway

Climate
See also
Lang Son


== Notes and references ==
Passage 3:
G7211 Nanning–Youyiguan Expressway
The Nanning–Youyiguan Expressway (Chinese: 南宁—友谊关高速公路), commonly referred to as the Nanyou Expressway (Chinese: 南友高速公路), is a 225 06-kilometre-long expressway (139 85 mi) in the Chinese autonomous region of Guangxi that connects the city of Nanning, the capital of Guangxi, and Friendship Pass, known in Chinese as Youyiguan, a border crossing between China and Vietnam  The Friendship Pass is located in the county-level city of Pingxiang, under the administration of the city of Chongzuo  At the border, the expressway connects with North–South expressway in Vietnam  The expressway is designated G7211, and opened on 28 December 2005 The expressway is a spur of G72 Quanzhou–Nanning Expressway  The Nanning–Youyiguan Expressway branches off from its primary expressway, G72, just before the western terminus of G72 in Nanning  The entire route is also part of Asian Highway 1 
Along with the G7511 Qinzhou–Dongxing Expressway and G8011 Kaiyuan–Hekou Expressway, it is one of the three expressways that connect China with Vietnam 

Route
Nanning City Center
The Nanning–Youyiguan Expressway begins east of the city centre of Nanning, at the San'an Interchange in Qingxiu District  At this interchange, it connects to the G72 Quanzhou–Nanning Expressway, its parent expressway, as well as the G7201 Nanning Ring Expressway, the G75 Lanzhou–Haikou Expressway, and the G80 Guangzhou–Kunming Expressway  It proceeds south, in a concurrency with the G7201 Nanning Ring Expressway and G75 Lanzhou–Haikou Expressway, to the Liangqing South interchange in Liangqing District, passing through Yongning District on the way  At this three way interchange, the Nanning–Youyiguan Expressway and Nanning Ring Expressway continue westward while the G75 Lanzhou–Haikou Expressway branches off to the south 
The concurrency with the G7201 Nanning Ring Expressway continues until the Gaoling Interchange in Jiangnan District, south of the city centre of Nanning, where the Nanning–Youyiguan Expressway proceeds southward, away from the city centre, while the G7201 Nanning Ring Expressway continues westward 
This section of expressway forms the southeastern part of a ring expressway around the city centre of Nanning  The orbital expressway is designated G7201 Nanning Ring Expressway  Hence, the G7201 Nanning Ring Expressway is concurrent with the Nanning–Youyiguan Expressway for this entire length, and in addition, the two expressways share exit numbers during the concurrency 

Nanning Airport Expressway
The 18 443-kilometre-long section of the Nanning–Youyiguan expressway (11 460 mi) south of the Gaoling interchange is known as the Nanning Airport Expressway  This section first opened in October 2000, and is so named because it connects the city centre with Nanning's international airport, Nanning Wuxu International Airport  As this section was built prior to the other sections, it uses different exit numbers than those employed on the rest of the expressway (in which kilometre zero is at the San'an interchange)  Instead, the exit numbers reset, with the Gaoling interchange serving as kilometre zero for this section This section of expressway is toll-free  Just south of the Gaoling interchange, all motorists must stop at a toll booth  Immediately after the toll booth, the Nahong exit provides access to and from the city centre of Nanning from the south 
The Nanning Airport Expressway section of the Nanning–Youyiguan expressway traverses through Jiangnan District in a southwesterly manner, ending at the Wuxu exit, where it connects to Airport Road and Nanning Wuxu International Airport 

Wuxu to Youyiguan
The final section of expressway, from the Wuxu exit to the Vietnam border, is 180 063 kilometres (111 886 mi) in length  This section of expressway is tolled from the Wuxu exit to the Pingxiang exit  West of the Wuxu exit, motorists must stop at a toll booth 
The expressway enters the prefecture-level city of Chongzuo immediately after the Suxu exit  At the Yuanjing exit, the Nanning–Youyiguan Expressway connects with the S60 Qinzhou–Chongzuo Expressway to the east  This exit opened along with the opening of the Qinzhou–Chongzhou expressway on 31 December 2012 The expressway passes just south of the city centre of Chongzuo, before continuing west to the county-level city of Pingxiang  The section of expressway between the Wuxu and Chongzuo exits has a speed limit of 100 km/h (62 mph)  The speed limit between the Chongzuo and Ningming exits, just before Pingxiang, is 80 km/h (50 mph), and between Ningming and Youyiguan is 60 km/h (37 mph)  The section between Ningming County and Youyiguan parallels much of China National Highway 322 and the Hunan–Guangxi Railway 
Entering Pingxiang, motorists must stop at a toll booth, marking the end of the tolled stretch of expressway  Immediately after the toll-booth is an at-grade intersection with China National Highway 322 and Jinxiang Avenue, the only at-grade intersection on the expressway  The expressway makes a sharp turn southward toward the Vietnam border and its southwestern terminus at Youyiguan  At Youyiguan, individuals must pass through the border checkpoint before entering Vietnam  On the Vietnamese side of Youyiguan is the northern terminus of North–South Expressway 

Exit List
Passage 4:
Guandong, Guangxi
Guandong (Chinese: 官垌) is a Chinese town located Northeastern Pubei, Qinzhou, Guangxi, which is famous for Guandong Fish 
Passage 5:
Tonghe Station
Tonghe Station (Chinese: 同和站; pinyin: Tónghé Zhàn; Jyutping: tung4wo4 zaam6) is a metro station on Line 3 of the Guangzhou Metro  The underground station is located at the intersection of Guangzhou Avenue (广州大道) and Tongsha Road (同沙路) in the Baiyun District of Guangzhou  It started operation on 30 October 2010 
Passage 6:
Kaiping
Kaiping (Chinese: 开平), alternately romanized in Cantonese as Hoiping, is a county-level city in Guangdong Province, China  It is located ín the western section of the Pearl River Delta and administered as part of the prefecture-level city of Jiangmen  The surrounding area, especially Sze Yup (Chinese: 四邑), is the ancestral homeland of many overseas Chinese, particularly in the United States   Kaiping has a population of 688,242 as of 2017 and an area of 1,659 square kilometres (641 sq mi)  The locals speak a variant of the Sze Yup dialect 

History
During the Northern Song dynasty (960–1127), Kaiping was under the administration of Xin'an county (信安縣)
Under the Qing (1649), Hoiping County made up part of the commandery of Shiuhing (Zhaoqing)  It was promoted to county-level city status in 1993 

Administration
Administratively, Kaiping is administered as part of the prefecture-level city of Jiangmen 

Geography
Kaiping's city centre is located on the Tanjiang River, 140 kilometres (87 mi) away from Guangzhou, on the edge of the county Kaiping west of the Pearl River Delta  Kaiping consists of broken terrain, mostly either rocky or swampy, with only a third of the land arable   The county is shaped like a giant question mark (see map, in pink) and includes rural areas as well as three port cities: Changsha, Xinchang, and Dihai 

Notable people
Wing-tsit Chan: Chinese American scholar
Ed Chau: member of the California State Assembly
George Chow: member of the Legislative Assembly of British Columbia
Yun Gee: Chinese American artist
Víctor Joy Way: Chinese Peruvian politician
Betty Kwan Chinn: Chinese American philanthropist
Lee Quo-wei (1918–2013): former Hong Kong banker
Liang Xiang: former Governor of Hainan
Betty Ong: American flight attendant aboard American Airlines Flight 11
Jean Quan: former mayor of Oakland, California
Bing Thom: Chinese Canadian architect and urban designer
Szeto Wah (1931–2011):  Hong Kong politicianSzutu, Chiu: scholar, his publishing included inter generation of Chinese new zealanders,the biography of architecet Ron FongDelbert E  Wong: Los Angeles County jurist who was the first judge in the continental United States of Chinese descent
Ken Hom: Chinese-American chef, BBC TV presenter, and author

Sights
Kaiping Diaolou
Kaiping Diaolous (碉楼) are fortified multi-storey towers constructed in the village countryside of mainly the Kaiping area   They were built from the early Qing Dynasty to the early 20th century, reaching a peak in the 1920s and 1930s, with the financial aid of overseas Chinese, when there were more than three thousand of these structures  Today, 1,833 diaolou are still standing, with the most in the towns of Shuikou (水口镇), Tangkou (塘口镇), Baihe (百合镇), Chikan (赤坎镇), and Xiangang (蚬冈镇), in that order (see map in article by Batto) In the late 19th and early 20th century, Kaiping was a region of major emigration abroad, and a melting pot of ideas and trends brought back by overseas Chinese, Huaqiao, made good   As a consequence, many watchtowers incorporated architectural features from China and the West   These were examples of the Qiaoxiang (僑鄉) architecture   The diaolou were built by villagers during a time of chaos and served two purposes: housing and protecting against forays by bandits In 2007, the Kaiping diaolou and villages were added to the list of UNESCO World Heritage Sites and consist of four separate restored village areas: Zilicun village (自力村) in Tangkou, Sanmenli village (三门里) in Chikan, Jinjiangli village (锦江里) in Xiangang, and Majianglong village cluster (马降龙村落群) in Baihe township The Kaiping diaolou was the location for parts of the filming of 2010 movie Let the Bullets Fly (让子弹飞) 

		
		
		
Examples of diaolous include:

Yinglonglou (迎龙楼), oldest extant diaolou in Kaiping, in the village of Sanmenli (Chikan township) built by the Guan (关族) lineage during the Jiajing era of the Ming dynasty (1522-1566), is a massive three-storey fortress with one-meter thick walls, in contrast with the high tower diaolou built much later with the aid of Huaqiao 
Jinjiangli Diaolou Cluster (锦江里雕楼群), situated behind Jinjiangli Village (Xiangang Township), includes three exquisite diaolous: Ruishi Lou, Shengfeng Lou, and Jinjiang Lou  Ruishi Diaolou, constructed in 1921, has nine floors and is the tallest diaolou in Kaiping  It features a Byzantine style roof and a Roman dome 
The Majianglong diaolou cluster (马降龙雕楼群) is spread across five villages (Baihe township) in a bamboo forest: Yong'an and Nan'an Villages of the Huang (黄) family; Hedong, Qinglin, and Longjiang Villages of the Guan (关) family 
Zilicun Diaolou Cluster (自力村雕楼群), located in Zilicun Village (Tangkou township), includes nine diaolous, the largest number among the four Kaiping villages designated by UNESCO  They feature the fusion of Chinese and various Western architectural styles and rise up surrealistically over the rice paddy fields 
Fangshi Denglou - Built in 1920 after contributions from villagers, this denglou is five storeys high  It is referred to as the "Light Tower" because it had an enormous searchlight as bright as the beam of a lighthouse 
Li Garden, in Beiyi Xiang, was constructed in 1936 by Mr  Xie Weili, a Chinese emigrant to the United States
Context 3: Passage 1:
Around the World in 80 Days (2004 film)
Around the World in 80 Days is a 2004 American action adventure comedy film based on Jules Verne's 1873 novel of the same name and remake of the movie of the same name of 1956  It stars Jackie Chan, Steve Coogan and Cécile de France  The film is set in the nineteenth century and centers on Phileas Fogg (Coogan), here reimagined as an eccentric inventor, and his efforts to circumnavigate the globe in 80 days  During the trip, he is accompanied by his Chinese valet, Passepartout (Chan)  For comedic reasons, the film intentionally deviated wildly from the novel and included a number of anachronistic elements  With production costs of about $110 million and estimated marketing costs of $30 million, it earned $24 million at the U S  box office and $48 million worldwide, making it a box office failure  It also received generally unfavorable reviews from critics, mainly for lacking similarities of the original book 

Plot
Lau Xing robs the Bank of England and hides in Phileas Fogg's house, giving his name as "Passport   too"  Fogg hears "Passepartout" and hires him as valet  He helps Fogg break the 50-mile-per-hour (80 km/h) speed barrier  
At the Royal Academy of Science, Fogg is insulted by Baron Kelvin  He bets that he can travel around the world in 80 days  If Fogg wins, he will replace Kelvin as Minister of Science  If not, he will be ruined  Fogg and Passepartout take a carriage out of London after a confrontation with corrupt Inspector Fix, hired by Kelvin 
Passepartout and Fogg journey to Paris, where Passepartout must evade General Fang's warriors  Fang wants the jade Buddha previously given to Lord Kelvin but stolen by Passepartout  Pretending to take Fogg to see Thomas Edison, Passepartout leads him to impressionist painting student Monique La Roche  Passepartout fights the warriors while his boss discusses impressionism  The two men and Monique depart in a hot-air balloon, chased by Fang's warriors 
The trio continue their journey by train  However, in Istanbul, they are forced to become guests of Prince Hapi's banquet  Whilst initially hospitable, he soon orders the men to leave while Monique must become his seventh wife  The men convince Hapi to release Monique or they will damage his personal statue of "The Thinker", which is accidentally smashed  With Hapi in pursuit, the three travelers then escape 
Kelvin learns about the bank robbery  He orders the British-colonial authorities in India to arrest both men  Passepartout sees notice of the price on his head and warns his companions  Disguised as women they are attacked by Fang's warriors  Using Inspector Fix and a sextant as weapons, Fogg and Passepartout defeat their assailants and flee to China 
In a Chinese village where Lau Xing had came from, Lanzhou, they are welcomed by Lau's family members  However, they are captured by the Black Scorpions  Recognized, Lau Xing challenges the leader of the group to a fight  At first, he fights alone and is defeated; moments later, he is joined by his fellow "Ten Tigers of Canton" to defeat the Black Scorpions  The jade Buddha is returned to the village temple 
Fogg desires to continue alone, disappointed and feeling used by his companions after finding out that through a picture of Lau and his family members in the village  He travels to San Francisco and is tricked out of his money  He is found destitute by Lau Xing and Monique who have followed him  In the Western desert, they find the Wright brothers who discuss their prototype flying machine  Fogg suggests a few changes, which are eagerly taken 
In New York City, a jubilant crowd prevents them from their ship  A policeman leads them to an ambush in a workshop  The three friends fight Fang and her warriors and win  Though Fogg could have gotten to the boat, he misses it to help Lau Xing  Fogg feels that he has lost, but the other two say that they may still make it if they catch the next ship 
They board an old ship and Fogg builds a plane out of the ship's old wood, promising a new ship to the captain  The ship's crew builds a catapult to launch it  The three fly to London and crash-land at the Royal Academy  Kelvin sends police to hinder them, and the clock strikes noon, ending the wager 
Kelvin proclaims himself the victor  Monique, Fix and other ministers attest to Kelvin's unfair methods  Kelvin insults Queen Victoria who overhears the insult which leads to Kelvin's arrest  She then reveals that she has bet money on Fogg winning and congratulates him for making it back a day early  
Though Lau and Monique are confused, Fogg eventually realizes that they forgot to take the International Date Line into account: they themselves experienced 80 days, but London only experienced 79 days  He ascends the stairs of the academy and kisses Monique, victorious in his bet 

Cast
Johnny Knoxville was initially cast as San Francisco Hobo 

Production
Warner Bros , who owned the rights to the 1956 adaptation, planned their own remake with Stephen Sommers directing and Brendan Fraser starring, after the success of The Mummy  Stan Chervin wrote the script for this utilization of the film  Around the same time, 20th Century Fox and Good Machine were developing their own version with Mark Rosenthal and Lawrence Konner writing the screenplay  Ang Lee and Stephen Herek were considered to direct When Frank Coraci got involved, he went back to read the original novel and watch the 1956 film, where he realized that the story didn't really have a driving lead character  So he decided to rework the plot considerably, which involved giving Phileas Fogg an arc  Coraci's first choice for Fogg was Johnny Depp, but studio executives at the time didn't think Depp in a family movie would ever work (this was before the release of Pirates of the Caribbean: The Curse of the Black Pearl)  Jackie Chan was announced to play Passepartout in June 2002  He was paid about $18 million for the role  After Chan was cast, the filmmakers settled on lesser known character actor Steve Coogan for Fogg  Walden Media was in charge of investing the film while Summit Entertainment handled foreign sales  Paramount Pictures acquired domestic distribution rights, and set a release date for November 21, 2003  However, the studio stepped out at the start of the year, with concerns over the high budget and bankability of the cast Principal photography began on March 13, 2003, in Thailand, followed by a 3-month shoot at Babelsberg Studio in Berlin  Before Disney had picked the film up for distribution, it was one of the highest-budget films produced without a distributor attached 

Music
Soundtrack
"It's Slinky!" – Written by Homer Fesperman and Charles Weasley
"Sehnaz Pesrev
"The Mystery Continues" – Composed by Suma Ograda
"Everybody, All over the World (Join the Celebration)" – Performed by David A  Stewart and Sylvia Young Stage School
"River of Dreams" (Instrumental) – Written by David A  Stewart and Aidan Love
"It's a Small World" – Written by the Sherman Brothers, and performed by Baha Men

Release
Around the World in 80 Days premiered at the El Capitan Theatre in Hollywood, California on June 13, 2004, and was released in theaters on June 16, 2004, by Walt Disney Pictures  It was also released on DVD and VHS on November 2, 2004, by Walt Disney Home Entertainment 

Reception
Critical response
Around the World in 80 Days was met with mixed reviews  Rotten Tomatoes gives the film a 32% approval rating, based on 128 reviews, with an average score of 4 79/10, with the site's consensus stating: "Hit-and-miss family fare that bears only the slightest resemblance to Verne's novel " Metacritic gives the film a weighted score of 49 out of 100, based on reviews from 33 critics, indicating "mixed or average reviews"  Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "B+" on an A+ to F scale The Guardian critic Rob Mackie, criticized it for having little to no resemblance to the novel it is based on  Roger Ebert praised it for its visual style and for being "goofy fun"  Todd McCarthy of Variety wrote: "Takes plenty of liberties with the material and never generates much genuine excitement, but provides an agreeable ride without overloading it with contemporary filmmaking mannerisms "In 2014, the Los Angeles Times listed the film as one of the most expensive box office flops of all time 

Accolades
The film was nominated for two Razzie Awards - Worst Remake or Sequel and Worst Supporting Actor (Arnold Schwarzenegger) 

See also
List of American films of 2004
Around the World in 80 Days (1956 film)
Around the World in Eighty Days (book)
Jackie Chan filmography
Arnold Schwarzenegger filmography
Around the World in 80 Days (2004)
Passage 2:
Around the World in 80 Days (1956 film)
Around the World in 80 Days (sometimes spelled as Around the World in Eighty Days) is a 1956 American epic adventure-comedy film starring David Niven, Cantinflas, Robert Newton and Shirley MacLaine, produced by the Michael Todd Company and released by United Artists 
The picture was directed by Michael Anderson and produced by Mike Todd, with Kevin McClory and William Cameron Menzies as associate producers  The screenplay, based on the classic 1873 novel of the same name by Jules Verne, was written by James Poe, John Farrow, and S J  Perelman  The music score was composed by Victor Young, and the Todd-AO 70 mm cinematography (shot in Technicolor) was by Lionel Lindon  The film's six-minute-long animated title sequence, shown at the end of the film, was created by award-winning designer Saul Bass The film won five Academy Awards, including Best Picture 

Plot
Broadcast journalist Edward R  Murrow presents an onscreen prologue, featuring footage from A Trip to the Moon (1902) by Georges Méliès, explaining that it is based loosely on the book From the Earth to the Moon by Jules Verne  Also included is the launching of an unmanned rocket and footage of the earth receding 
In 1872, an English gentleman Phileas Fogg claims he can circumnavigate the world in eighty days  Met with scepticism, he makes a £20,000 wager (worth about £1 9 million today) with four fellow members of the Reform Club (each contributing £5,000 to the bet) that he can make the journey and arrive back at the club eighty days from exactly 8:45 pm that evening 
Together with his resourceful French valet, Passepartout, Fogg goes hopscotching around the globe generously spending money to encourage others to help him get to his destinations faster so he can accommodate tight steamship schedules  Having reached Paris they hear that a tunnel under the Alps is blocked  The Thomas Cook agent who assists them offers to hire or sell them his hot air balloon  Fogg buys it and they fly over the Alps drinking champagne 
Blown off-course, the two accidentally end up in Spain, where we see a table-top flamenco sequence performed in a bar  Later, Passepartout engages in a comic bullfight  Next, they go to Brindisi in Italy  Meanwhile, back in London, suspicion grows that Fogg has stolen £55,000 (around £5 2 million today) from the Bank of England so Police Inspector Fix is sent out by Scotland Yard to trail him (starting in Suez) but must keep waiting for a warrant to arrive so he can arrest Fogg in the British controlled ports they visit 
In India, Fogg and Passepartout rescue beautiful young widow Aouda from being forced into a funeral pyre with her late husband  The three then travel to Hong Kong, Yokohama, San Francisco, and the Wild West (including the Sioux Nation)  Reaching New York, they arrange their passage on a cargo steamship travelling to Venezuela - Fogg bribes the captain to go to England  Alas, they run out of coal mid-ocean and the ship stops  Fogg buys the ship and then instructs the crew to take everything that burns, including lifeboats, to provide fuel 
They arrive in Liverpool, where, still with just enough time left to travel to London and win his wager, Fogg is promptly arrested by the diligent yet misguided Inspector Fix 
Detaining Fogg at the police station, the embarrassed Fix discovers that the real culprit has already been apprehended by police in Brighton  Although Fogg is exculpated and free to go, he now has insufficient time to reach London before his deadline, and so has lost everything but the enduring love of the winsome Aouda  Upon returning to London, Fogg asks Passepartout to arrange a church wedding for the next day, Monday  Salvation comes when Passepartout is shocked to be informed that the next day is actually Sunday  Fogg then realizes that by traveling east towards the rising sun and crossing the International Date Line, he has gained a day  Thus, there is still just enough time to reach the Reform Club and win the bet  Fogg rushes to the club, arriving just before the 8:45 pm chime  Passepartout and Aouda then arrive behind him, inadvertently shocking everyone, as no woman has ever entered the Reform Club before 

Cast
The film boasts an all-star cast, with David Niven and Cantinflas in the lead roles of Fogg and Passepartout  Fogg is the classic Victorian upper-class English gentleman, well-dressed, well-spoken, and extremely punctual, whereas his servant Passepartout (who has an eye for the ladies) provides much of the comic relief as a "jack of all trades" for the film in contrast to his master's strict formality  Joining them are Shirley MacLaine as the beautiful Indian Princess Aouda and Robert Newton as the determined but hapless Detective Fix, in his last role  Suzanne Alexander and Marla English were initially the finalists for the role of Princess Aouda, but it was given to MacLaine, who accepted the role after having turned it down twice  Others who were considered for the role were Sylvia Lewis, Lisa Davis, Audrey Conti, Eleanore Tanin, Eugenia Paul, Joan Elan, and Jaqueline Park 
The role of Passepartout was greatly expanded from the novel to accommodate Cantinflas, the most famous Latin-American comedian at the time, and he winds up stealing the film  While Passepartout describes himself as a Parisian in the novel, this is unclear in the film – he has a French name, but speaks fluent Spanish when he and his master arrive in Spain by balloon  In the Spanish version, the name of his character was changed from the French Passepartout to the Spanish Juan Picaporte, the name the character has in the early Spanish translations of the novel  There is also a comic bullfighting sequence which was especially created for Cantinflas and is not in the novel  Indeed, when the film was released in some Spanish-speaking nations, Cantinflas was billed as the lead  According to the guidebook, this was done because of an obstacle Todd faced in casting Cantinflas, who had never previously appeared in an American movie and had turned down numerous offers to do so  Todd allowed him to appear in the film as a Latin, "so," the actor said himself, "   to my audience in Latin America, I'll still be Cantinflas "
More than 40 famous performers make brief cameo appearances, including Charles Boyer, Marlene Dietrich, Ronald Colman, Peter Lorre, Charles Coburn, Noël Coward, Buster Keaton, George Raft, Cesar Romero, Red Skelton and Frank Sinatra  The film was significant as the first of the so-called Hollywood "make work" films, employing dozens of film personalities  John Wayne turned down Todd's offer for the role of the Colonel leading the Cavalry charge, a role filled by Colonel Tim McCoy  James Cagney, Gary Cooper, and Kirk Douglas—along with Wayne—were considered for the role, but according to Michael Todd, "they all wanted to kid it " Promotional material released at the time quoted a Screen Actors Guild representative looking at the shooting call sheet and crying: "Good heavens Todd, you've made extras out of all the stars in Hollywood!" As of 2023, Shirley MacLaine and Glynis Johns are the last surviving members of the billed cast, as well as the uncredited Marion Ross 

Main cast
David Niven as Phileas Fogg
Cantinflas as Passepartout
Shirley MacLaine as Princess Aouda
Robert Newton as Inspector Fix

Cameo appearances
Production
Around the World in 80 Days was produced by Broadway showman Michael Todd based on a book by Orson Welles   Todd had never before produced a film  The director he hired, Michael Anderson, had directed the highly acclaimed British World War II feature The Dam Busters (1955), George Orwell's Nineteen Eighty-Four feature (1956), and other classic films  Todd sold his interest in the Todd-AO format to help finance the film Because Todd-AO ran at 30 frames per second, which was incompatible with the 35mm standard of 24 fps, Around the World in 80 Days was filmed twice, like the first feature in Todd-AO, Oklahoma!  Unlike Oklahoma!, however, which was filmed additionally in 35mm CinemaScope, Around the World in 80 Days was filmed simultaneously in Todd-AO at 24 frames per second so that from this negative, 35mm reduction prints could be produced for general release  After these two films, the specification for Todd-AO was altered after the third film in the format, South Pacific, to 24 fps running, making it unnecessary to film subsequent productions twice 
In his 1971 autobiographical book The Moon's a Balloon, actor David Niven discussed his meeting with Todd and the subsequent events that led to the film being produced  According to Niven, when Todd asked him if he would appear as Fogg, Niven enthusiastically replied, 'I'd do it for nothing!' He later admitted to being grateful that Todd did not hold him to his claim  He also described the first meeting between Todd and Robert Newton (who had  drinking problems) when the latter was offered the role of the detective, Fix; Niven alleged that Newton was offered the part on condition that he did not drink any alcohol during the filming, and that his celebration following the completion of his role led to his untimely demise (he did not live to see the film released) 
Filming took place in late 1955, from August 9 to December 20  The crew worked fast (75 actual days of filming), producing 680,000 feet (210,000 m) of film, which was edited down to 25,734 feet (7,844 m) of finished film  The picture cost just under $6 million to make, employing 112 locations in 13 countries and 140 sets  Todd said he and the crew visited every country portrayed in the picture, including England, France, India, East Pakistan (now Bangladesh), Spain, Thailand, and Japan  According to Time magazine's review of the film, the cast, including extras, totaled 68,894 people; it also featured 7,959 animals, "including four ostriches, six skunks, 15 elephants, 17 fighting bulls, 512 rhesus monkeys, 800 horses, 950 burros, 2,448 American buffalo, 3,800 Rocky Mountain sheep and a sacred cow that eats flowers on cue"  There is also a cat at the Reform Club  The wardrobe department spent $410,000 to provide 74,685 costumes and 36,092 trinkets  This is allegedly the most costumes ever required for a Hollywood production 

Some 10,000 extras were used in filming the bullfight scene in Spain, with Cantinflas as the matador; Cantinflas had previously done some bullfighting  They used all 6,500 residents of a small Spanish town called Chinchón, 45 kilometres (28 mi) from Madrid, but Todd decided there were not enough spectators, so he found 3,500 more from nearby towns  He used 650 Indians for a fight on a train in the West  Many were indeed Indians, but some were Hollywood extras  All 650 had their skin color altered with dye  Todd used about 50 US gallons (190 L; 42 imp gal) of orange-coloured dye for those extras 
Todd sometimes used models of boats, ships, and trains in the film, but he often decided that they did not look realistic so he switched to the real thing where he could  The scene of a collapsing train bridge is partly without models  The overhead shot of a train crossing a bridge was full scale, but the bridge collapse was a large-scale miniature, verifiable by observing the slightly jerky motion of the rear passenger car as the train pulls away, as well as the slowed-down water droplets which are out of scale in the splashing river below  All the steamships shown in the first half are miniatures shot in an outdoor studio tank  The exception is the American ship shown at the intermission point, which is real  The "American" ship is the Japanese training barque Kaiwo maru  A tunnel was built for a train sequence out of paper mache  After the train filming was complete, the "tunnel" was pushed over into the gorge  Many of the special effects are described and pictured in a 1956 Popular Mechanics article The scenes of the crossing of the Atlantic Ocean by steamship took place off San Francisco and were shot on a specially built prop steamer, a converted barge mocked up to resemble a small ocean-going steamship, with mock paddles driven by the electric motor from an old streetcar  In his memoirs, Niven described the whole thing as being dangerously unstable (though stability improved as it was dismantled as though to feed it into its own furnaces as the plot required) 
One of the most famous sequences in the film, the flight by hydrogen balloon, is not in the original Jules Verne novel  Because the film was made in Todd AO, the sequence was expressly created to show off the locations seen on the flight, as projected on the giant curved screen used for the process  A similar balloon flight can be found in an earlier Jules Verne novel, Five Weeks in a Balloon, in which the protagonists explore Africa from a hydrogen balloon Many of the balloon scenes with Niven and Cantinflas were filmed using a 160-foot (49 m) crane  Even that height bothered Niven, who was afraid of heights  Tom Burges, who was shorter than Niven, was used as a stand-in for scenes where the balloon is seen from a distance  Many of the lots used in the film are now on the land occupied by Century City, an office complex in the Los Angeles area 
In his memoirs, Niven related that Todd completed filming while in considerable debt  The post-production work on the film was an exercise in holding off Todd's creditors long enough to produce a saleable film, and the footage was worked upon under the supervision of Todd's creditors and returned to a secure vault each night, as if it were in escrow 
The film's release and subsequent success vindicated Todd's considerable efforts 

Release
The film premiered on October 17, 1956, at the Rivoli Theater in New York City and played to full houses for 15 months  It ran for 102 weeks at the theatre, with 1,564 performances, 2,173,238 patrons and a gross of $4,872,326 It topped Variety's monthly box office chart for seven months during 1957  By the time of Todd's death in a private plane crash, 18 months after the film had opened, it had grossed $33 million By November 1958, the film had earned worldwide rentals of $22 million including $4 6 million from overseas from just 280 engagements  None of the overseas engagements at that date had been in Todd-AO In Spanish and Latin American posters and programs of the movie, Cantinflas is billed above the other players because he was very popular in Spanish-speaking countries  There were two souvenir programmes sold in theatres  For Roadshow screenings Todd-AO is mentioned, though for general release those pages are not contained in the book   The programme was created by Todd's publicist, Art Cohn, who died in the plane crash with him  His biography, The Nine Lives of Michael Todd, was published after their deaths which put a macabre spin on the title 

Reception
Critical response
Bosley Crowther called the film a "sprawling conglomeration of refined English comedy, giant-screen travel panoramics and slam-bang Keystone burlesque" and wrote that Todd and the film's crew "commandeered the giant screen and stereophonic sound as though they were Olsen and Johnson turned loose in a cosmic cutting-room, with a pipe organ in one corner and all the movies ever made to toss around" Time magazine called it "brassy, extravagant, long-winded and funny" and the "Polyphemus of productions," writing "as a travelogue, Around the World is at least as spectacular as anything Cinerama has slapped together"  Time highlighted the performance of "the famous Mexican comic, Cantinflas [who in] his first U S  movie     gives delightful evidence that he may well be, as Charles Chaplin once said he was, "the world's greatest clown" Rotten Tomatoes retrospectively collected 43 reviews and gave the film an aggregate score of 70%, with an average rating of 5 90/10, with the site's consensus stating: "It's undeniably shallow, but its cheerful lack of pretense -- as well as its grand scale and star-stuffed cast -- help make Around the World in 80 Days charmingly light-hearted entertainment" 
The development of the film and the personal life of actor Mario Moreno during that time were dramatized later in the 2014 film Cantinflas 

Accolades
The film was nominated for eight Academy Awards, winning five (including Best Picture), beating out critically and publicly praised films: Friendly Persuasion, Giant, The King and I and The Ten Commandments  It is also one of the few Best Picture winners not to be nominated in any acting category 
Although not nominated for Best Original Song, the film's theme song "Around the World" (music by Victor Young; lyrics by Harold Adamson), became very popular  It was a hit for Bing Crosby in 1957, and was a staple of the easy-listening genre for many years: "Around the world, I searched for you / I traveled on when hope was gone to keep a rendezvous     No more will I go all around the world / For I have found my world in you "
The film was screened at the 1957 Cannes Film Festival, but was not entered into the main competition 

Anniversary celebration
On the first anniversary of the film's release, Todd threw a party at the Madison Square Garden attended by
18,000 people; Time magazine called the party a "spectacular flop" though Todd shrugged off the remark, saying, "You can't say it was a little bust " The event, featured on a 90-minute CBS telecast, could boast of "a colossal hodgepodge of bagpipers, folk dancers, Philadelphia Mummers, Russian wolfhounds, oxen, Siamese cats, elephants, clowns, a fire engine, and a symphony orchestra "

Distribution and ownership
The film was originally distributed by United Artists in two Todd-AO 70 mm versions, one for Todd-AO 70 mm release at 30 frames per second, and an alternative 70 mm version at 24 frames per second reduced to 35 mm for general release 
The original Todd-AO 70mm running time without the extra music was 179 minutes  However, after the Chicago showing Todd cut four minutes out of the Western sequence where Cantinflas is pursued by Indians  The 70mm print shown at The Rivoli theatre in NYC was 175 minutes  However, the original 35mm Technicolor/anamorphic magnetic stereo and mono optical prints ran the complete 179 minutes with the chase scene intact  Although the leaders on the optical sound prints were labelled for Perspecta directional encoding, the prints do not contain the signal and were standard mono 
In 1968, additional cuts were made including removing most of the prologue with the changing aspect ratios  Only a brief few shots with Edward R  Murrow remained and the entire "Trip to the Moon" clips were cut  Since the opening shot of Murrow was 1 33 window boxed in the wide frame, they had to crop and blow up that shot for the 2 35 ratio which made it very grainy  The intermission was also cut for the 1968 re-release which included the freeze frame of the ship and fade into the second half  The reels just
jump cut with an awkward sound gap between the first and second half  The chase scene was missing from this version too which reduced the running time to 167 minutes  However, some uncut 179-minute 35mm Technicolor prints were struck too which meant at least some theatres played the Roadshow version even though the vast majority showed the shorter cut  35mm IB/Scope copies of both versions exist from 1968  The 24 frames per second 70mm prints were also the 167-minute version in that year too  As a publicity stunt, Todd Jr  called the press when he removed a 70mm copy from a bank vault claiming it had been stored there since 1956 for safe keeping and was being shown at a theatre again  The copy they exhibited was the cut re-issue 167-minute version 
Around 1976, after its last network television broadcast on CBS, UA lost control of the film to Elizabeth Taylor, who was the widow of producer Michael Todd and had inherited a portion of Todd's estate  In 1983, Warner Bros  acquired the rights to the film from Taylor, and reissued the film theatrically in a re-edited 143-minute version (this version would subsequently air only once on Turner Classic Movies, this was before any restoration on the movie was announced)  In the years that followed, a pan-and-scan transfer of the alternative 24 frame/s version (presented at its full 183-minute length) was shown on cable television 
In 2004, WB issued a digitally restored version of the 24 frame/s incarnation on DVD, also at its full 183-minute length, but also including the original intermission, Entr'acte, and exit music segments that were a part of the original 1956 theatrical release, and for the first time on home video at its original 2 2:1 aspect widescreen ratio 
This restored version was reconstructed from the best available elements of the 24 frame/s edition WB could find, and was subsequently shown on Turner Classic Movies  The original elements from the 30 frame/s/70 mm Todd-AO version (as well as the original prints derived from these elements) still exist, albeit in faded condition due to the passage of time, but remain to be formally restored by WB  There is some missing footage in the India train ride where the image artificially fades in and out to compensate for the missing shots 
Warner's retained Andy Pratt Film Labs who in conjunction with Eastman Kodak developed a method to remove the cracked and faded-to-brown, clear lacquer from the original 65 mm Technicolor negative  Warners did nothing further to restore the negative  Due to costs of making a 70 mm release print even without magnetic striping, using DTS disk for audio, there are no immediate plans for any new prints  The 65 mm roadshow print negative was used for the DVD release  Had any 35 mm Anamorphic elements been used the aspect ratio would have been 2 35:1  Mike Todd had limited 35 mm anamorphic prints made with a non-standard compression ratio to provide a 2 21:1 viewing experience



ground_truth: Thames

prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: Are both Kaiping and Pingxiang, Guangxi located in Guandong Province?

The following are given passages.
Context 2: 
Bianchouzhu Lou (The Leaning Tower), located in Nanxing Village was constructed in 1903  It has seven floors 
Nan Lou (南楼), or the "Southern Diaolou", located on the riverbank in Chikan township, which was known for seven local soldiers by the surname Situ (司徒) who died defending Chikan from the Japanese 

Chikan
Chikan (赤坎) is officially designated as a National Historic and Cultural Town of China (中国历史文化名镇)   The old town of Chikan has many historical sites that are about one hundred years old   For example, it has over 600 late-Qing and early-Republic historic Tong laus or Qilous (唐樓/ 騎樓) continuous, spanning over a length of 3 kilometers, including the riverside stretch along Dixi Lu (堤西路), sometimes referred to as 'European Styled Street'  Part of old Chikan town has been designated Chikan Studio City (赤坎影视城) for filming of historical scenes 
Chikan township also has two restored diaolous:  Yinglonglou, built by the Guan (关族) lineage in the Ming dynasty, and Nanlou, memorialized by the martyrdom of seven Situ clan (司徒族) members in the early 20th century 
Historically, Chikan has been shaped by these two competing clans  One example is the existence of two libraries: the Situ's library, opened in 1926, and, not to be outdone, the Guan's library, opened in 1931; both libraries funded by overseas Chinese and incorporated architecture features from overseas 
It is a famous and well-known location for braised pork in noodles to locals 
Chikan is to become a tourist destination and the closing of local stores, dining posts, and streets are scheduled for the summer of 2017 

Miscellaneous
Kaiping has been twinned with Mesa, Arizona, United States, since October 18, 1993 
Kaiping was a major source of emigrants at the turn of the 20th century  As a result, a large number of early Chinese Canadian and Chinese American communities had people who originated from Kaiping and its neighboring counties of Taishan, Enping and Xinhui, which is known collectively as Sze Yup  It is said that there are more Kaipingnese people living abroad today than there are Kaipingnese in Kaiping   In a 2016 report, Deloitte estimated that there are 750,000 Kaiping-born overseas Chinese In 1973, various people originated from Kaiping started the Hoi Ping Chamber of Commerce Secondary School in Hong Kong 

Climate
Notes
Passage 7:
Hunan–Guangxi Railway
The Hunan–Guangxi railway or Xianggui railway (simplified Chinese: 湘桂铁路; traditional Chinese: 湘桂鐵路; pinyin: xiāngguì tiělù), is a mostly electrified railroad in southern China that connects Hunan province and the Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region   The shortform name of the line, Xianggui, is named after the Chinese short names of Hunan, Xiang and Guangxi, Gui   The line runs  1,013 km (629 mi) from Hengyang in Hunan to Friendship Pass on Guangxi's border with Vietnam   Major cities along route include Hengyang, Yongzhou, Guilin, Liuzhou, Nanning, Pingxiang, and Friendship Pass 

History
The original single-track Xianggui Line was built in sections from 1937 to 1939 and 1950–1955 
In December 2008, construction began on a capacity-expansion project to a new pair of 723 7 km (450 mi) electrified tracks from Hengyang to Nanning, which would create a three-track line of 497 9 km (309 mi) between Hengyang and Liuzhou and a four-track line of 225 8 km (140 mi) between Liuzhou and Nanning   The expansion project was completed in December 2013   The new double-track from Hengyang to Liuzhou is called the Hengyang–Liuzhou intercity railway and the new double-track from Liuzhou to Nanning is called the Liuzhou–Nanning intercity railway 
As of May 2014, the southernmost section of the Xianggui Line, from Nanning to Pingxiang on the Vietnamese border, is undergoing capacity expansion to accommodate high-speed trains 

Passenger service
The Hunan–Guangxi railway is used by most trains traveling from Beijing, Shanghai, and other points in eastern China to Guangxi (Guilin, Nanning) and to the Vietnamese border  This includes the Beijing–Nanning–Hanoi through train 
At the end of 2013, high-speed passenger service was introduced on the Hunan–Guangxi railway as well  A direct G-series trains from Beijing makes it to Guilin in about 10 5 hours  D-series trains continue from Guilin to Nanning, taking less than 3 hours for the trip 

Rail connections
Hengyang: Beijing–Guangzhou railway
Yongzhou: Luoyang–Zhanjiang railway
Liuzhou: Jiaozuo–Liuzhou railway, Guizhou–Guangxi railway
Litang Township: Litang–Zhanjiang railway, Litang–Qinzhou railway
Nanning: Nanning–Kunming railway; branch line to Qinzhou and Beihai
Pingxiang: Hanoi–Đồng Đăng Railway

See also
List of railways in China
Passage 8:
Ruyifang Station
Ruyifang Station (Chinese: 如意坊站; pinyin: Rúyìfāng Zhàn; Jyutping: jyu4ji3fong1 zaam6) is a station on Line 6 of the Guangzhou Metro  It is located underground in the Liwan District of Guangzhou  It started operation on 28 December 2013 

Construction incident
In the 03:00 hour of 5 October 2007, as the Ruyifang station was being dug up, water from an unidentified source covered a 300 m2 (3,200 sq ft) area of the construction site was submerged to a depth of 5 to 6 m (16 to 20 ft)  No injuries were reported, and by 06:30 on 6 October, the previously submerged  portion was re-sealed 

Station layout
Exits
Passage 9:
Diaolou
Diaolou (simplified Chinese: 碉楼; traditional Chinese: 碉樓) are fortified multi-storey watchtowers in rural villages, generally made of reinforced concrete  These towers are located mainly in the Kaiping (开平) county of Jiangmen prefecture in Guangdong province, China  In 2007, UNESCO designated the Kaiping Diaolou and Villages (Chinese: 开平碉楼与村落) a World Heritage Site, which covers four separate Kaiping village areas: Sanmenli (三门里), Zilicun (自力村), Jinjiangli (锦江里), and Majianglong village cluster (马降龙村落群)  These areas demonstrate a unique fusion of 19th and 20th-century Chinese and Western architectural styles 

History
Diaolou structures were built from the time of the Ming Dynasty to the early 20th century, reaching a peak during the Warlord Era in the 1920s and 1930s, with the financial aid of overseas Chinese, when there were more than three thousand of these structures  Today, approximately 1,800 diaolou remain standing, and mostly abandoned, in the village countryside of Kaiping, and approximately 500 in neighboring Taishan   They can also occasionally be found in several other areas of Guangdong, such as Shenzhen and Dongguan The earliest standing diaolou in Kaiping is Yinglong Lou (迎龙楼) in the village of Sanmenli (Chikan township), built by the Guan lineage during the reign of Jiajing Emperor of the Ming dynasty (1522–1566)  It was a massive three-storey rectangular fortress with one-meter thick walls, with little resemblance with the high tower diaolous built four centuries later   Yinglong Lou was renovated in 1919 and is 11 4 meters high In the late 19th century and early 20th century, because of poverty and social instabilities, Kaiping was a region of major emigration abroad, one of the "pre-eminent sending area" of overseas Chinese   Diaolous built during the chaotic early 20th century were most numerous around the centers of emigration  Monies from emigrants wanting to ensure the security of their families, villages, or clan lineages were used to fund the diaolou   Although the diaolous were built mainly as protection against forays by bandits, many of them also served as living quarters   Some of them were built by a single family, some by several families together or by entire village communities   Kaiping became also a melting pot of ideas and trends brought back by overseas Chinese  As a result, the villagers built their diaolou to incorporate architectural features from China and from the West It wasn't until after 1949 when an administrative system that extended down to the small villages was created that the diaolou lost their defensive purpose and were then abandoned or converted   Still, they stand as a tribute to overseas Chinese culture and the perseverance of the peasants of Kaiping In 2007, UNESCO named the Kaiping Diaolou and Villages (开平碉楼与村落) a World Heritage Site  UNESCO wrote, "   the Diaolou     display a complex and flamboyant fusion of Chinese and Western structural and decorative forms  They reflect the significant role of émigré Kaiping people in the development of several countries in South Asia, Australasia, and North America, during the late 19th and early 20th centuries, and the close links between overseas Kaiping and their ancestral homes  The property inscribed here consists of four groups of Diaolou, totaling some 1,800 tower houses in their village settings "  The four restored groups of Kaiping diaolou are in: Zilicun village (自力村) of Tangkou township (塘口镇), Sanmenli village (三门里) of Chikan township (赤坎镇), Majianglong cluster (马降龙) of Baihe township (百合镇), and Jinjiangli village (锦江里) of Xiangang township (蚬冈镇) 
The Kaiping diaolou was the location for parts of the filming of 2010 movie Let the Bullets Fly (让子弹飞) 

Examples
Yinglong Lou (迎龙楼), located in the village of Sanmenli (Chikan township), was built by the Guan (关族) lineage during the Jiajing era of the Ming dynasty (1522–1566)  As the oldest preserved diaolou in Kaiping, it retains the primitive model of a watchtower with traditional square structure and is not influenced by western architectural styles 
Jinjiangli Diaolou Cluster (锦江里碉楼群), situated behind Jinjiangli Village (Xiangang Township) of the Huang (黄) family, includes three exquisite diaolous: Ruishi Lou, Shengfeng Lou, and Jinjiang Lou  Ruishi Diaolou, constructed in 1921, has nine floors and is the tallest diaolou in Kaiping  It features a Byzantine style roof and a Roman dome 
Majianglong Diaolou cluster (马降龙碉楼群) is spread across five villages (Baihe township) in a bamboo forest: Yong'an and Nan'an Villages of the Huang (黄) family; Hedong, Qinglin, and Longjiang Villages of the Guan (关) family  Tianlu Lou (Tower of Heavenly Success), located in Yong'an Village, was built in 1922 and is seven storey tall plus a roof top floor 
Zilicun Diaolou Cluster (自力村碉楼群), located in Zilicun Village (Tangkou township), includes nine diaolous, the largest number among the four Kaiping villages designated by UNESCO  They feature the fusion of Chinese and various Western architectural styles and rise up surrealistically over the rice paddy fields 
Fangshi Denglou – Built in 1920 after contributions from villagers, this denglou is five stories high  It is referred to as the "Light Tower" because of an enormous searchlight with a brightness much like that of a lighthouse 
Li Garden, in Beiyi Xiang, was constructed in 1936 by Mr  Xie Weili, a Chinese emigrant to the United States 
Bianchouzhu Lou (The Leaning Tower), located in Nanxing Village (南兴村) in Xiangang township, was constructed in 1903  It has seven floors and overlooks a pond 

Gallery
See also
Cantonese architecture
Chikan, Kaiping
Kaiping
Himalayan Towers
Passage 10:
Huaxia Art Centre
Huaxia Art Centre is a facility for art and culture located on the outskirts of the Overseas Chinese Town in the Nanshan District, Shenzhen City, Guangdong Province, China 
The 13,500 square metres (145,000 sq ft) centre was completed in 1990 and opened in 1991  It has since hosted a variety of large national and international conferences, exhibitions, and artistic and cultural events From February to June 1997, it hosted the Provisional Legislative Council of Hong Kong 
The centre underwent renovations between May 2004 to March 2005 to replace seats and add film studios 
Context 3:  These special 35 mm prints are called Cinestage, the same name of Mike Todd's showcase theatre in Chicago 
Best available prints of the 30 frame/s/70 mm version have recently been exhibited in revival movie houses worldwide  As of the present time, WB remains the film's rights holder 

Soundtrack and home media
The DVDs for Around the World in 80 Days include four hours of supplemental material, in addition to the restored three-hour wide-screen presentation  Included on one of the disks is a documentary film, about 50 minutes long, about Michael Todd 
The soundtrack was commercially released on vinyl and audio tape  Two CD versions were released as well, including a digital remastering of the original Decca Records album on MCA in the 1980s and an expanded version with extra tracks on the Hit Parade Records label in Canada in 2007  There was also a model kit of the balloon, a board game, and a Dell Comics adaptation  A Cantinflas puppet was released separately, dressed in an outfit similar to the Passepartout costume 

Theme parks
During the 1970-80s, the Alton Towers theme park in England had a car ride based on the film 

See also
List of American films of 1956
Passage 3:
Around the World (1956 song)
"Around the World" is the theme tune from the 1956 movie Around the World in 80 Days  In the film, only an instrumental version of the song appeared, although the vocal version has become the better known one  The song was written by Harold Adamson and Victor Young; Young died in 1956, several weeks after the film's release, and he received the Academy Award for Best Music, Scoring of a Dramatic or Comedy Picture posthumously  Young's orchestral version was a #13 hit on the Billboard charts in 1957  The recording by Bing Crosby was the B-side of the Victor Young version in 1957, on Festival SP45-1274 in Australia, and was a joint charting success 

Recorded versions
The song has been recorded, among others, by:

Popular culture
The Buddy Greco recording was the first piece of music heard in the first episode of the 2012 television series Pan Am 
The song is used multiple times in various forms throughout the 2015 Japanese animated film The Anthem of the Heart 
The song is featured prominently in season 2, episode 6 of  The Marvelous Mrs  Maisel 
Passage 4:
A Boy Scout Around the World
A Boy Scout Around the World (Danish: Jorden Rundt i 44 dage, literally: Around the World in 44 Days) is a travel description published in October 1928 and written by Danish Boy Scout and later actor Palle Huld at the age of 15, following his travel around the world in spring 1928 His trip was sponsored by a Danish newspaper and made on the occasion of the 100th birthday of Jules Verne, a French author of adventure and science fiction  Palle Huld was chosen after having answered a newspaper advertisement; applicants had to be boys, 15 years old, able to manage in English and German and of good health  Like the characters in Jules Verne’s 1873 novel Around the World in 80 days he was only allowed to travel by land and sea, not by air  The travel (on first class) went from Denmark to Great Britain, across the Atlantic Ocean to Canada  From the American west coast he continued to Japan, China, Soviet Union, Poland, Germany and back to Denmark  He had to travel alone but was helped along the way by reporters of the newspaper, members of Danish embassies and local Boy Scouts  The travel was followed by not only Danish newspapers but newspapers around the world and on his return to Copenhagen he was met by a crowd of 20,000 people He travelled towards the west, which was the fastest but also the opposite direction of the one taken in Around the World in 80 Days  Unlike the novel, he had little problems in reaching departures  In western Canada he met First Nations, who promised not to take his scalp, though red scalps were at a premium  He was impressed by the luxury of the Pacific Ocean liner; its restaurant was the size of the hall of a castle in his opinion and onboard he could play tennis and water polo  Around the world he was met by the press and he got increasingly better at handling them as the travel progressed  One question that gave him problems was about his taste in women; he told the journalist that he was too young to think of it  He was met with generosity, many accessories for his travel such as shoes and a camera were given to him for free  He declined one offer  On board the Pacific liner he would not let a young American woman darn his socks  Later, when he visited the famous Japanese Admiral Togo, he had to take his shoes off and thereby reveal the holes in his socks, which made him regret not taking the offer  Nevertheless, Japan was his favorite country since he found everything pretty After his journey he was invited to, among others, Great Britain where he met with Robert Baden-Powell founder of the boy Scout Movement and France where he laid flowers on the grave of Jules Verne 

Legacy
The book was translated into 11 languages and is said to have inspired Belgian cartoonist Hergé to create the Tintin comics  The theory that Palle Huld should be the inspiration for Tintin goes back to 1988 where it was proposed by Tintin collector Stéphane Steeman in an article titled Les Amis d’Hergé  He found striking resemblances between the pictures of Palle Huld's memoires and Hergé's early drawings of Tintin He was backed by Philippe Goddin, who found it likely that especially Tintin's staged reception at Brussels' north station in the guise of a 15-year-old Belgian Boy Scout, following the 1930 publication of Tintin in the Land of the Soviets, was inspired by Palle Huld's reception in Copenhagen  It has not been possible to verify these claims by the papers left by Hergé, and Palle Huld himself had not heard of them when interviewed in 2009 on Tintin's 80 birthday Palle Huld died in 2010 at the age of 98 years  On what would have been his 100th birthday in 2012 the Danish version was reprinted in his honor 

Language editions
Czech: Kolem světa za 44 dni    Praha, 1929  172 pages
Danish (original): Jorden rundt i 44 Dage af Palle, Hasselbalch, 1928, 178 pages, preface by Jean Jules-Verne, cover: Axel Mathiesen  Reprint: 2  August 2012, Peoples Press Jr , added preface by Troels Kløvedal, 161 pages 
Dutch: Een reis om de wereld in 44 dagen  Translated by Mary Schlüter-Harrix  Amsterdam, ca  1928  170 pages
English (USA): A Boy Scout Round the World  Translated by Eleanor Hard  Coward-McCann Inc , New York 1929  Preface by Hawthorne Daniel  197 pages  Cover: Axel Mathiesen  (Also published in Great Britain) 
Finnish: Pallen Matka maailman ympäri 44 päivässä  Poorvoo (WSOY) /Borgå, 1929  212 pages
French: Le tour du monde en 44 jours  Translation: Elna Cornet  Hachette, Paris, 1928  165 pages, preface by Jean Jules-Verne 
German: Mit fünfzehn Jahren um die Welt in 44 Tagen, Seemann, Leipzig, 1928 
Spanish: La vuelta al mundo en 44 días  B  Bauza, Barcelona 1930
Swedish: Jorden runt på 44 dagar av Palle Åhlen & Åkerlunds Förlag, Stockholm, 1928  Translation: Signe von Vegesack  196 pages Also translated to: Hungarian, Italian and Japanese 

See also
Similar events inspired by Around the World in 80 Days
North, a 1994 film with a poster of a boy walking on a globe with a suitcase 

Notes
Passage 5:
James Poe
For the state legislator in North Carolina see James W  Poe

James Wilber Poe  (October 4, 1921 – January 24, 1980) was an American film and television screenwriter  He is best known for his work on such films as Around the World in 80 Days (for which he jointly won an Academy Award for Best Adapted Screenplay), Cat on a Hot Tin Roof, Summer and Smoke, Lilies of the Field, The Bedford Incident, and They Shoot Horses, Don't They? 
He also worked as a writer on the radio shows Escape and Suspense, writing the scripts for some of their best episodes, most notably "Three Skeleton Key", "Blood Bath" and "The Present Tense", all of which starred Vincent Price 
Poe was married to actress Barbara Steele from 1969 to 1978 

Career
Poe began his career at March of Time  He moved to Hollywood in 1941  He wrote radio plays and documentaries before moving into feature films He had to sue for credit on Around the World in 80 Days In 1965 Poe signed a contract to direct films at Columbia but never directed 

Select credits
Close-Up (1948)
Without Honor (1949)
Scandal Sheet (1952)
Paula (1952)
A Slight Case of Larceny (1953)
The Big Knife (1955)
Around the World in 80 Days (1956)
Attack! (1956)
Hot Spell (1958)
Cat on a Hot Tin Roof (1958)
Goodyear Theatre – "Curtain Call" (1958)
Last Train from Gun Hill (1959)
Sanctuary (1961)
Summer and Smoke (1961)
The Dick Powell Theatre – "Crazy Sunday" (1962)
Lilies of the Field (1963)
Toys in the Attic (1963)
Vacation Playhouse – "Come a Runnin'" (1963)
Munroe (1963) (TV pilot)
The Bedford Incident (1965)
Riot (1969)
They Shoot Horses, Don't They? (1969)
Bracken's World – episode "Together Again, for the Last Time" (1970)
The Gathering (1977)
Enola Gay: The Men, the Mission, the Atomic Bomb (1980)
The Nightman (1992)
Passage 6:
Jules Verne Trophy
The Jules Verne Trophy is a prize for the fastest circumnavigation of the world by any type of yacht with no restrictions on the size of the crew provided the vessel has registered with the organization and paid an entry fee  A vessel holding the Jules Verne trophy will not necessarily hold the absolute round the world record  The trophy was first awarded to the first yacht which sailed around the world in less than 80 days  The name of the award is a reference to the Jules Verne novel Around the World in Eighty Days in which Phileas Fogg traverses the planet (albeit by railroad and steamboat) in 80 days  The current holder is IDEC Sport skippered by Francis Joyon in 40 days 23 hours 30 minutes 30 seconds 

Route
The Jules Verne Trophy's starting point is defined by an imaginary line between the  Créac'h lighthouse on Ouessant (Ushant) Island, France, and the Lizard Lighthouse, UK  The boats have to circumnavigate the world leaving the capes of Good Hope, Leeuwin, and Horn to port and cross the starting line in the opposite direction 
The starting line is open as of the official ratification of the trophy's rules by the World Sailing Speed Record Council 

Rules
The Jules Verne Trophy is awarded to the challenger who breaks the previous Jules Verne record of the round the world voyage under sail  The winner holds the trophy until such time as his/her record has been bettered  The boats must solely be propelled by natural forces of the wind and of the crew, but the trophy is open to any type of boat with no restrictions  Crew size is not restricted either 
The circumnavigation must be completed non-stop and with no physical outside assistance, although on-shore weather routing is allowed  The challengers must respect certain safety rules 

History
The original idea for this competition has been attributed to Yves Le Cornec in 1985  The rules were defined in 1990  A committee was put in place to guarantee respect of the rules and fairplay  This committee included Peter Blake, Florence Arthaud, Jean-François Coste, Yvon Fauconnier, Gabrie Guilly, Robin Knox-Johnston, Titouan Lamazou, Yves Le Cornec, Bruno Peyron, Olivier de Kersauson, and Didier Ragot 
While the current holder of the trophy, Francis Joyon, also holds the around the world sailing record, this has not always been the case  In 2004 Steve Fossett broke the world record with the catamaran Cheyenne but was not awarded the trophy  According to reports, the trophy organizers requested a higher entrance fee from Fossett than from the other competitors, the difference which he refused to pay  The winner of the trophy that year was Olivier de Kersauson on Geronimo, with a time which was five days slower than Fossett's world record 

Summary of intermediate records
The best passage times are shared between 4 boats:

 Banque Populaire V , designed in 2006, launched in 2008 and renamed "Maxi Spindrift 2" in 2013
 Groupama 3 , designed in 2004, launched in 2006 and renamed  IDEC sport  in 2015
 Macif , designed in 2013, launched in 2015 and since then mainly singlehanded by François Gabart
 fr:Maxi Edmond de Rothschild  designed in 2014, launched in 2017Adding the record times of the various intermediate routes, gives a total record round the world in 36 days 22 hours and 36 minutes, or 4 days better than the record established in 2017 by Francis Joyon on  IDEC sport  

2016 record
Francis Joyon took possession of the former Groupama 3 on October 2, 2015, after three weeks of work at Multiplast, in Vannes  He chose an intermediate configuration between the initial power and a reduced rigging for solo races  Closer to the lightness and ergonomics sought alone, less versatile in particular in light winds, Joyon's choices paid off during his two passages in the southern seas at the end of 2015 and again at the end of 2016, earning him numerous records  With a crew reduced to six people,  IDEC Sport  was ready to attempt the Jules-Verne Trophy, held since 2011 by Loïck Peyron with a time of 45 days, 13 hours, 42 minutes and 53 seconds 
After an attempt in November 2016 met with unfavorable weather in the doldrums and the South Atlantic, and a shock that slightly damaged her fin, Joyon set out again on December 16, 2016 to conquer the trophy  He arrived on  January 26, 2017 with a new around the world sailing record of 40 days 23 h 30 min 30 s 
During their 2016 attempt for the Jules-Verne Trophy, Francis Joyon and his crew  broke numerous intermediate records: four have been formalized and are the subject of records duly certified by the WSSRC They made quick crossings of the southern seas starting with the Indian Ocean, covering 8091,73 miles in 10 days (an average of 809 miles per day)  This episode began ahead of the front of a depression which moved at a speed corresponding to the boat's potential from South America to the Pacific Ocean  During 12 days, the wind remained port tack, blowing constantly at over 30 knots, an ideal configuration for speed records  Top speeds varied between 38 and 44 knots  Due to bad seas, their speed dropped temporarily (29 knots or 700 mi (1,100 km) per day) but soon climbed back above 800 mi (1,300 km) daily 
After passing New Zealand and the Antimeridian, sailing port tack 205 degrees longitude (25 degrees West to Antimeridian) in the southern seas, the crew jibed in the transition between two depressions, and managed to catch up with the weather system in front of them over the Pacific Ocean, setting off again at more than 30 knots daily average towards Cape Horn 
Joyon rounded Cape Horn, 16 days after hitting the first left South America, after a course of nearly 12,000 mi (19,000 km) above 30 knots average (730, 16 miles per day over 16 days)  He then signs a performance increase of 30 to 40% compared to Loïck Peyron's record 5 years earlier  Leaving the southern seas with a lead of 4 days 6 hours 35 min over Peyron's previous record, Joyon and his crew regained 2,800 mi (4,500 km) on the record during this stretch 
The weather conditions allowed them to optimize their course, covering 26,412 mi (42,506 km) on the ground, at an average of 26 85 knots, for a theoretical course of 22,461 mi (36,147 km)  Banque Populaire V, the previous recordholder, had to cover almost 2600 more miles (29,002 miles) 

Distance records broken during the 2016 campaign
While the best day of Loïck Peyron's previous record was the only day above 800 miles from his record (811 miles over 24 hours, or 33 79 knots average), Francis Joyon maintains a speed above 800 daily miles for 10 consecutive days 
It thus improves a large number of progress records by a sailboat over a given period:

Other records broken during the 2016 campaign
Boat record and the second longest distance covered by a sailboat in 24 hours with 894 miles 
6 consecutive days at an average of 850 7 miles / 24 h (35 45 knots)
Ushant-Cape Leeuwin 17 d 06 h 59 min 45 (time of Loïck Peyron during the 2011 record: 17 d 23 h 57 min)
Ushant-Tasmania 18 d 18 h 31 min (time of Loïck Peyron during the 2011 record: 20 d 07 h 11 min)
Ushant-Antiméridien 20 d 07 h 01 (time of Loïck Peyron during the 2011 record: 22 d 11 h 34 min)
Ushant-Cape Horn: 26 d 15 h 45 min (time of Loïck Peyron during the 2011 record: 30 d 22 h 19 min)
Ecuador - Cape Leeuwin: 11 d 12 h (time of Loïck Peyron during the 2011 record: 12 d 9 h 2 min)
Cape Agulhas-cape Leeuwin in 4 days 9 h 37 min 46 at an average speed of 35 08 knots over ground (3,705 miles) or 842 miles in 24 hours (6 days 8 min or 36% more for Loïck Peyron's previous record)
Cape Leeuwin - Cape Horn in 9 d 08 h 46 min (12 d 22 h 22 min or 38% more for Loïck Peyron's previous record)
Cape of Good Hope - Cape Horn in 13 d 20 h 13 min (19 d 00 h 31 min or 37% more for Loïck Peyron's previous record)
Cape of Good Hope - Cape Leeuwin: 4 d 11 h 31 min (6 d 02 h 09 min or 36% more for Loïck Peyron's previous record in 2011)
Cap Leeuwin - Cape Horn in 9 d 08 h 46 min (12 d 22 h 22 min or 38% more for Loïck Peyron's previous record)
Indian Ocean: 5 d 21 h 7 min 45 s (WSSRC reference) (8 d 07 h 23 min or 41% more for Loïck Peyron during the 2011 record)
Pacific Ocean: 7 d 21 h 13 min 31 s (WSSRC reference) (10 d 15 h 07 min or 39% more for Loïck Peyron during the 2011 record)
Ecuador-Ecuador record: 29 d 9 h 10 min 55 s (WSSRC reference) (32 d 11 h 52 min or 11% more for Loïck Peyron during the 2011 record)
North Atlantic return record: 5 d 19 h 21 min (7 d 10 h 58 min or 25% more for Loïck Peyron during the 2011 record)

Jules Verne Trophy records
Notable performances
During her Jules-Verne trophy record in 2011–2012, the Banque Populaire V skippered by Loïck Peyron covered 811 70 nautical miles in 24 hours on 3 December 2011 at 11:45 UT, posting 28 days over 600 miles, including 9 days over 700 miles and 1 day over 800 miles During her Jules-Verne trophy record in 2009–2010, the trimaran Groupama 3 skippered by Franck Cammas covered 798 nautical miles in 24 hours on 13 February 2010 at 5 p m  UT, showing 17 days over 600 miles, including 10 days over 700 miles 
During her Jules-Verne trophy record in 2016–2017, the trimaran Idec sport skippered by Francis Joyon covered 894 nautical miles in 24 hours, and 10 consecutive days at 809 miles / 24 h  Francis Joyon rounds Cape Horn, 16 days after riding off of South America, and after a course of nearly 12,000 miles above an average of 30 knots (730 16 miles / 24 h over 16 days)  He then signs a performance increase of between 30 and 40% compared to the record to be broken by Loïck Peyron 5 years earlier  Leaving the southern seas with a lead of 4 j 06 h 35 min over Loïck Peyron's previous record, Francis Joyon and his crew regained the equivalent of 2,800 miles on the record during this episode 
During the aborted attempt of 2019, Yann Guichard sets a new record crossing the equator in 4 days 19 h 57 min and, thanks to favorable weather conditions, lines up 4,812 1 miles from the 11th to 16th day, or 802 miles / day for 6 consecutive days 
During his record around the world Singlehanded in 2017, 24 hour distance record for François Gabart on Macif: 850,68 miles in 24h During his attempt for the Jules Verne Trophy on December 5, 2020, Thomas Coville on fr:Sodebo Ultim 3 covered 889 9 miles in 24 hours (37 1 knots average, top speed 48 9 knots) 

Passage records
Intermediate records
Failed record attempts
The trophy
The "Trophy Jules Verne" was the subject of a public order of the visual arts delegation with the American artist Tom Shannon and is patroned by the French Ministry of Culture The work is a floating hull on a magnetic field, much as an anchorage for a ship  All dimensions have rigorous symbolic meaning  The midship beam of the hull corresponds to the diameter of the Earth, the ray of each end is proportional to that of the moon and the radius of the curvature of the frames is that of the sun  The competitors of the Trophy Jules Verne race around the Earth against time, with only the sun and the moon as companions and time keepers 
The sculpture is placed on a cast aluminium base, on which the names of the sailors having won the Trophy are engraved  The Musée national de la Marine in Paris hosts and maintains the Trophy  Each winner receives a miniature of the Trophy, magnetized like the original one 
When a record is broken, an official ceremony is held for the previous record holders to hand over the trophy to the new record holders, who are given the hull and must place it in its magnetic field mooring 

See also
Circumnavigation
List of circumnavigations
List of youth solo sailing circumnavigations
Around the world in 80 daysCompetitions and prizes
Global Challenge
Jules Verne Trophy
The race
Oryx Quest
Vendée GlobeOther speed sailing records
Speed sailing record
World Sailing Speed Record Council
Transatlantic sailing record
Around the world sailing record
Passage 7:
Michael Palin: Around the World in 80 Days
Around the World in 80 Days with Michael Palin is a 7-part BBC television travel series first broadcast on BBC1 in 1989  It was presented by comedian and actor Michael Palin  The show was inspired by Jules Verne's classic 1873 novel Around the World in Eighty Days, in which a character named Phileas Fogg accepts a wager to circumnavigate the globe in eighty days or less 
Palin was given the same deadline, and not allowed to use aircraft, which did not exist in Jules Verne's time and would make completing the journey far too easy  He followed Phileas Fogg's route as closely as possible  Along the way he commented on the sights and cultures he encountered  Palin encountered several setbacks during his voyage, partly because he travelled with a five-person film crew, who are collectively named after Passepartout, Phileas Fogg's manservant 
The programme was a critical and commercial success, gaining strong ratings in the UK and selling well abroad  It was also released on video tape and later on DVD  Following the trip Michael Palin wrote a book about the experience  The book contains much more detail, along with photographs, than could be presented in the TV programme, and Palin's personal views are also more evident 
Around the World in 80 Days was the first of a trilogy of globe-crossing series featuring Michael Palin as he visited many countries  The second series was Pole to Pole with Michael Palin (travelling from the North Pole to the South Pole), an 8-part series first broadcast on BBC One in 1992, and the third was Full Circle with Michael Palin (the circumnavigation of the Pacific Rim), a 10-part series first broadcast on BBC One in 1997  The series were followed by several similar conceptual travel series featuring Palin as he concentrated on smaller areas of the world  Hemingway Adventure (following in the footsteps of Ernest Hemingway) first broadcast in 1999, Sahara (travelling around and through the Sahara Desert) first broadcast in 2002, Himalaya (travelling around the Himalayas) first broadcast in 2004, New Europe (travelling around Eastern Europe) first broadcast in 2007, Brazil first broadcast in 2012, and Michael Palin in North Korea broadcast in 2018 

The Journey
The series was presented in seven episodes 

The Challenge
Palin accepts the offer from the BBC to attempt travelling around the world in 80 days  After setting off from the Reform Club in London, he boards the Orient Express at Victoria Station in London, while reminiscing on his rigorous preparations for his upcoming circumnavigation, which included a daily exercise programme, a chat with seasoned TV traveller Alan Whicker, who was the BBC's (but not the production team's, who deliberately talked him out of it) first choice for the series and would go on to criticise the show, calling it "a seven-hour ego trip", and the purchase of an inflatable globe  He also has dinner with his 'referees', who include Robert Hewison and fellow Pythons Terry Jones and Terry Gilliam  After taking a ferry across the English Channel, Palin crosses the Alps on board the Venice-Simplon Orient Express before being stopped in Innsbruck due to an Italian railway strike  Arriving in Venice by coach, he helps the local sanitation department clean up the city  After that, he travels through the Corinth Canal to Athens, where he sees the world-renowned Evzones, and meets a die-hard Python fan  After a brief stopover in Crete, Alexandria beckons 
Sections:

Outward Bound
Preparations
The Ultimate Traveller
Orient Express
Bad News
Venice
Travelling by Ferry
An Evening Meal

Arabian Frights
Palin arrives in Alexandria, Egypt, and has difficulty getting a train to Cairo  On arrival, he attends a local football match and appears in a cameo role in an Egyptian film  After seeing the Pyramids in Giza and riding a camel named Michael, Palin runs into difficulties when the ship he was supposed to board has engine problems and cannot sail  Even though he is able to take a ferry from the city of Suez to Jeddah, Saudi Arabia, he misses a key connection that would have taken him to Muscat  As a last-ditch effort to save the journey, Palin and the director Clem Vallance (and somebody from the British Embassy and a driver for some of the way) are permitted by the Saudi authorities to drive across Saudi Arabia to Dubai, with the rest of the crew (and their problematic camera equipment) making the journey by air   The Saudi Arabia leg of the trip is represented in the TV series only with a few still pictures taken along the way 
Sections:

Arabian Frights
The Road to Cairo
A Closer Look
An Appointment to Keep
Problems
At Sea
Jeddah
A Plan

Ancient Mariners
Palin recounts his trip from Jeddah to Dubai via Riyadh, and notes that he drove the distance from London to the Black Sea in one weekend 
In Dubai, the team finds a dhow named the Al-Shama to take them to Bombay  Along the way, Palin bonds with the dhow's crew who were an extended family from the Indian state of Gujarat, letting the oldest one listen to a Bruce Springsteen song on his Walkman, and developing a bad case of diarrhoea, resulting in many trips to the ship's unique open-air latrine  The journey took seven days on what became the most famous part of the whole trip featured in the series 
The trip on the dhow yielded so much material that the producers gained special permission to craft this extra seventh episode for what was originally planned as a six-episode series   In the interview included with the DVD release, Palin said that he would like to meet the dhow's crew and thank them again for their gracious hospitality, though he remarks that he may never see them again  In September 2008, Palin announced on his official website that he would be travelling to Gujarat in an attempt to locate the crew and reunite with them   Palin succeeded in finding them and this journey was chronicled in the BBC television documentary, Around the World in 20 Years 
Sections:

Ancient Mariners
Provisions
Mohammed
Life at Sea
Chips
Raising the Mast
Bombay Bum
A First Glimpse of India

A Close Shave
In Bombay, Palin finds himself a week behind Phileas Fogg  After getting a quick shave from a blind barber under a tree and seeing a snake charmer's cobra, he is able to get a train ticket to Madras in south-eastern India  Before leaving Bombay, he visits astrologer Jagjit Uppal who, after giving him a chart for a baby to be born to one of his referees, Robert Hewison, tells him he will complete the journey on time, possibly even ahead of schedule and that time lost will be made up throughout the voyage  He also suggests that this will be just the first of many epic journeys Palin will make over the coming years 
Palin then embarks on the Indian Railways express line called the "Southern Express" for Madras in Tamil Nadu state  On the way, it stops in Pune, where Palin talks about his father winning two rowing cups there in 1923  In Madras, he has difficulty finding a connecting boat to Singapore  Eventually, an "   Anglo-German-Indo-Yugoslav agreement the UN would have been proud of" was reached and Palin sets off on a Yugoslavian freighter, eleven days behind  The agreement allowed only Palin and the cameraman Nigel Meakin to travel aboard the ship, and on condition that they worked as deckhands  That meant that Palin had to take a "crash course in sound recording" so they could film aboard the ship  Arriving in Singapore, Palin worries whether or not his connecting boat from Singapore has sailed  If it had, it would have been impossible to complete the journey in eighty days 
Palin later reunited with the captain of the Croatian ship in Rijeka, Croatia, during filming of his New Europe series  This meeting was not shown in the original broadcast of the series but it is on the deleted scenes on the DVD 
Sections:

A Close Shave
A Day in Bombay
Off to Madras
Making Friends
Arrival
A Boat to Singapore
11 Days Behind Schedule
Waiting to Dock

Oriental Express
Palin finds that the ship had indeed sailed from Singapore  However, quite fortunately, it was only four miles from shore and Palin was able to make it on board using a fast motorboat  While in Hong Kong, he has a big win betting on a horse race, is attacked by a cockatoo and meets up with his friend, photographer Basil Pao  He attends a party thrown in his honour at the halfway point (in terms of days) in the journey  Then it is on to Guangzhou for a dinner of shredded cobra and then a train journey to Shanghai  On the train, he is asked by a Chinese businesswoman if he carries an umbrella all the time  Palin replied, "I just get wet " He also collects the roofing tile requested by Terry Gilliam from a very old railway station 
Sections:

Oriental Express
Welcome to Hong Kong
Local Life
The Hong Kong Riviera
"China, here we come"
A Snake Supper
The Train to Shanghai
A Four Seasons Climate

Far East and Farther East
In Shanghai, Palin gets some herbal remedies to help him on the rest of his trip  He and Basil Pao take in a Chinese jazz band  After parting with Pao the next day, Palin takes a Chinese ferry to Yokohama, where he rides the world-famous shinkansen train to Tokyo  Here he meets David Powers, a British journalist, and is taken to a sushi bar and then a karaoke bar, where he sings a duet of "You Are My Sunshine"  After spending the night in a capsule hotel, he boards a container ship to cross the Pacific Ocean  The journey takes eleven days and is very dull, enlivened only by a game of pass the parcel with the Singaporean crew, and the crossing of the International Date Line   Palin partakes in an unusual ceremony to commemorate crossing the line, involving getting doused in tomato paste and flour, and drinking a strange cocktail containing many ingredients, among others, "eggs, curry powder, cocoa   "  Palin suggests that some people involved in the ceremony had watched Full Metal Jacket to prepare for it 
Sections:

Far East and Farther East
Time to Move On
Japan
Karaoke
The Neptune Garnet
Worsening Weather
Ship-Lag
Halfway Round the World

Dateline to Deadline
Arriving in Long Beach, California only two days behind Fogg, Palin spends his first night in America aboard the permanently berthed Queen Mary  After a few days, he boards Amtrak's Desert Wind in Los Angeles and travels to Glenwood Springs, Colorado in the Rocky Mountains  He takes a hot-air balloon ride and a dog sled trip in Aspen, Colorado  After a nerve-wracking delay he realises he probably should have stayed on the Chicago-bound train  Eventually arriving in New York City (Palin was actually supposed to depart North America from Nova Scotia, Canada, as he mentions earlier in the film, but the reason for the substitution for New York is not mentioned in either the film or the book, although the delay due to the stopover in Colorado is a probable cause)  However, in the first episode it is mentioned that departure from either New York City or Nova Scotia would be where the final leg of the journey would take place  He boards the final ship of his journey dead even with Phileas Fogg on day 71  This container ship takes eight days to cross the Atlantic Ocean, and after a quick lunch in Le Havre, Palin arrives in Felixstowe, touching Great Britain for the first time in two and a half months  A few train connections later he arrives at his starting point, the Reform Club in London, but is not allowed in to film, but Palin does get a warm welcome at the BBC with his referees  The journey ends 79 days and 7 hours after it began  The closing credits show Palin chatting with his referees at the BBC offices as he presents the souvenirs requested by them at the beginning to ceremonially prove his accomplishment 

Sections:

Dateline to Deadline
America by Train
Glenwood Springs
Behind Schedule Again
New York Bound
Nine Days Left
Felixstowe
The End in Sight

Production
The journey around the world lasted from 25 September to 12 December 1988  Palin travelled through the following countries by foot, train, ship, balloon, and husky dog, amongst other methods of transport (except for aircraft): United Kingdom, France, Switzerland, Liechtenstein, Austria, Italy, Greece, Egypt, Saudi Arabia, Qatar, United Arab Emirates, India, Singapore, Hong Kong, China, Japan, and the United States 
Only four members of Palin's film crew completed the circumnavigation: Clem Vallance, Roger Mills (the directors), Angela Elbourne, and Ann Holland (the production assistants)  The three others who started with him left when they got to Hong Kong, and were replaced by others  Strictly speaking, it was only Palin who obeyed the rules of the journey, as the production team was not allowed on the road trip across Saudi Arabia and Qatar (Palin and Clem Vallance did this stretch) or on the Croatian ship (Palin and Nigel Meakin did this stretch)  The remainder of the team flew on these stretches  During the Jeddah to Dubai episode, Palin managed to snap a few pictures which are seen in the documentary 
While preparing for the journey, Palin had a chat with renowned documentarist Alan Whicker  In the book and an interview on the DVD, Palin mentions that Whicker had been the BBC's first choice of presenter, but he and two others (Miles Kington and Noel Edmonds) had declined; Palin was fourth on the BBC's list 

Around the World in 20 Years
On 30 December 2008, the BBC aired a special one-hour documentary entitled Around the World in 20 Years  In it, Palin goes in search of the crew of the Al Shama, the dhow which carried him from Dubai to Bombay (now Mumbai) some 20 years ago  After an extensive search involving the shipping company that owned Al Shama, Palin tracks them to the city of Mandvi in Gujarat  There, Palin finds the captain of Al Shama himself, along with five other members of the crew  Two of the original crew members had died in the intervening years, one of them being the older man whom Palin had let listen to Bruce Springsteen on his Walkman  Palin also discovers that the Al Shama had sunk in the Indian Ocean while being towed for repairs years before  The production crew are the same people as on 80 Days 

See also
Television portal
 World portal
Passage 8:
Summer Magic
Summer Magic may refer to:

Summer Magic (film), a 1963 Walt Disney Productions family musical film
Summer Magic (EP), an EP by Red Velvet
Summer Magic (song), a song by Ai
Summer Magic, a 1994 set of Magic: The Gathering cards



ground_truth: no

prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: Which film was released first, Summer Magic or Around the World in 80 Days?

The following are given passages.
Context 4:  They sell the traditional jianbing alongside their 'London' jianbing with fillings such as fried chicken and char siu pork, to build on the traditional jianbing and make it a more substantial dish 

See also
Crêpe, a French pancake cooked and served in similar fashion 
Dosa_(food), an popular South Indian rice crepe cooked and served in a similar fashion 
Senbei (煎餅), a Japanese rice cracker whose name is cognate to jianbing and is written with the same Chinese characters in Kanji, but is actually a different food 
Passage 8:
Tantrix
Tantrix is a hexagonal tile-based abstract game invented by Mike McManaway from New Zealand   Each of the 56 different tiles in the set contains three lines, going from one edge of the tile to another   No two lines on a tile have the same colour   There are four colours in the set: red, yellow, blue, and green   No two tiles are identical, and each is individually numbered from 1 through 56 

Gameplay
In the multiplayer version of the game, each player chooses a colour, so there are between two and four players   Each draws one tile from the bag, and the person who draws the highest number goes first 

Each player then takes five more tiles from the bag, and places all six tiles face up in front of them  The first person plays one tile, usually with their colour on it  Play then rotates clockwise  After playing a tile, each player takes a replacement tile from the bag, so that they always have six in front of them  Tiles played must match the colour of the edges adjoining it 
When three tiles surround an empty space so that it is effectively half covered this is called a forced space  If the person whose turn it is has a tile that fills that space they must play it  The player repeats this process until there are no more forced spaces that they can fill, at which stage they make a free move, where they can play any tile as long as they don't breach the three restriction rules given below   Once they have had a free move, they must then fill any more forced spaces that they can  Thus one player's turn can consist of several moves  
The three restriction rules are:

Once there are no tiles left in the bag, the three restriction rules do not apply 
The aim of the game is to get the longest line or loop in your colour   Each tile in a line counts as one point, and in a loop is two points   Only the highest-scoring line or loop counts 

Online play
Although quiet and underpopulated compared to the standards of Yahoo! Games and the like, playing Tantrix online has gained a dedicated following with players from all over the world competing against each other or against computer robots  Players are rated out of 1000 points according to their wins and losses and taking into account of their opponents rank  The aim of top players is to get to 1000 points (which only three players have managed so far)  The goal of a regular player is to reach the score of 950 which is difficult to reach  Once this score has been attained the player can gain Tournament Rankings (ELO) and eventually earn the title "Master"  Masters can then play "master games" which have a different scoring system  Only a few players achieve master status, with a limit of 120 total imposed 
Serious players of Tantrix take part in a number of structured tournaments each year  Although the winners only play for bragging rights, and in the major tournaments a small trophy to keep for a year, these events are taken seriously, and are the ultimate challenge for tantricists 
The WORLD TANTRIX CHAMPIONSHIP begins every August, and takes nearly four months to complete  Only 47 competitors took place in the second WTC in 1998, but that number had grown to 200 by 2006  The tournament starts in a qualifying round, where the lower-ranked players compete for selection into the main draw (128-player knockout tournament) 
There are three other "world-wide" tournaments held online each year:

The World Team Tantrix Championship (WTTC)  involving teams of five from one country or region, first in held in 2002
The World Junior Tantrix Championship (WJTC)  a world championship for players under 16, first held in 2002
The World Doubles Tantrix Championship (WDTC)  first played in 2005There are also three continental tournaments each year:

The European Championship (Euro)  the major dedicated continental tournament, first run in 1999
The Pan-American Tantrix Championship (Pan-Am)  first held in 1999
The Afro-Asian Championship (AsAf) the African Championship was first held in 1999 once, then re-established in 2004, incorporating Asian competitors at the same timeAnd many national online tournaments:

The New Zealand Tantrix Championship  first held in 2000
The Australian Tantrix Championship   first held in 2001
The Hungarian Tantrix Championship  first held in 2002
The Hungarian Masters Tournament  first held in 2002
The Swedish Tantrix Championship   first held in 2003
The French Tantrix Championship   first held in 2007
The Dutch Tantrix Championship  first held in 2008
The German Tantrix Championship  first held in 2008
The Spanish Tantrix Championship  first held in 2008
The Polish Tantrix Championship  first held in 2008
The Norwegian Tantrix Championship  first held in 2009
The Czech Tantrix Championship first held in 2010

Face-to-face play
In addition to these online tournaments, offline tournaments (referred to as 'Table Opens') are growing in popularity  The first Table tournament was the 2002 British Open and was mostly a local affair with 13 of the 14 entrants from Britain  As the player base widened, players started traveling more  Table Opens in Europe soon became the most popular because of the larger playing population   By 2009 there was enough demand to hold a World Tantrix Open 
World Opens

2014 World Tantrix Table Open (Bischoffen, Germany)[1]
2013 World Tantrix Table Open (Trosa, Sweden)[2]
2011 World Tantrix Table Open (Almere, Netherlands)[3]
2010 World Tantrix Table Open (Budapest, Hungary)[4]
2009 World Tantrix Table Open (Edinburgh, United Kingdom)[5]National Opens

The British Table Open, first held in 2002
The New Zealand Table Open, first held in 2004
The Swedish Table Open, first held in 2004
The German Table Open, first held in 2005
The French Table Open, first held in 2005
The Spanish Table Open, first held in 2005
The Hungarian Table Open, first held in 2005
The Dutch Table Open, first held in 2006
The Polish Table Open, first held in 2007
The Australian Table Open, first held in 2007
The Israeli Table Open, first held in 2007

History
The first version of Tantrix was created by Mike McManaway in 1988 and was called Mind Game[6]  It used 56 cardboard pieces with only two coloured lines, red and black [7] Owning a games shop, McManaway sold the game directly and following customer feedback continued to change the rules and design  In 1991, the tiles were changed to plastic and two more colours were added, allowing for four-player games 

The tiles were (and still are) hand-painted, featuring different colours to those now used, even pink  The early form of the game featured eight "triple intersections", but these were found to slow the game play as they only fitted into three different forced spaces (compared to six for all other tiles)  So in 1993, the triple intersections were removed from the game Along with the multiplayer version of the game, McManaway created smaller solitaire puzzles using 10 or 12 tiles that required the player to put the tiles together to create loops of certain colours 
McManaway has also created many solitaire puzzles, including 3-D versions, match only versions (requiring players to colour match tiles within a confined space) and loop and line versions (requiring players to use all the nominated tiles to complete a loop or line in a specific colour)  However many of the editions are no longer available 
The main versions sold in most countries are:

Tantrix Discovery: A solo version, consisting of 10 tiles, where players attempt puzzles that take between 30 seconds and 45 minutes 
Tantrix Solitaire: A set of 14 tiles designed to play Tantrix Solitaire combined with expanded Tantrix Discovery puzzles 
Tantrix Match: Tantrix meets sudoku  A number of pre-placed clues controls the difficulty of each puzzle 
Tantrix Game Pack: A bag with all 56 Tantrix tiles, with which players can play all editions of Tantrix Tantrix got its first big contract in 1994 when Air France bought the game to give to children on its flights   In 2003 Tantrix was named Toy of the Year in Hungary and won the British National Association of Toy and Leisure Libraries gold award in the games category 

Tileset
See also
Black Path Game
List of world championships in mind sports
Palago, a hexagonal tile game co-invented by Mike McManaway
Serpentiles
Trax, a connection game played with similar tiles but different gameplay

Notes
External links
Official Tantrix website, including the history of Tantrix and Tournaments and online play 
Tantrix an online Tantrix puzzle
Tantrix   at BoardGameGeek
Tantrix puzzles and their solutions
Passage 9:
Sexual racism
Concepts of race and sexuality have interacted in various ways in different historical contexts  While partially based on physical similarities within groups, race is understood by scientists to be a social construct rather than a biological reality  Human sexuality involves biological, erotic, physical, emotional, social, or spiritual feelings and behaviors The ways in which people perceive the relationship between these two concepts implicitly informs attitudes toward interracial sexual relationships and sexual preferences for particular races expressed by individuals  Racial bias may involve a sexual dimension, which often takes the form of racial fetishism 

Attitudes towards interracial relationships
In the United States before the Civil Rights Era
After the abolition of slavery in 1865, white Americans showed an increasing fear of racial mixing  The remnants of the racial divide became stronger post-slavery as the concept of whiteness developed  There was a widely held belief that uncontrollable lust threatens the purity of the nation   This increased white anxiety about interracial sex, and has been described through Montesquieu's climatic theory in his book The Spirit of the Laws, which explains how people from different climates have different temperaments, "The inhabitants of warm countries are, like old men, timorous; the people in cold countries are, like young men, brave " At the time, black women held the "Jezebel" stereotype, which claimed black women often initiated sex outside of marriage and were generally sexually promiscuous  This idea stemmed from the first encounters between European men and African women  As the men were not used to the extremely hot climate, they misinterpreted the women's lack of clothing for vulgarity  Similarly, black men were stereotyped as having a specific lust for white women  This stereotype triggered tensions, implying that white men were having sex with black women because black women were more lustful than white women were, and in turn, black men would lust after white women in the same way that white men would lust after black women 
There are a few potential reasons as to why such strong ideas on interracial sex developed  The Reconstruction Era which followed the Civil War started to disassemble traditional aspects of Southern society  Now, the Southerners who were used to being dominant were no longer legally allowed to run their farms by practicing slavery  Many whites struggled with this reformation and they attempted to get around it by searching for legal loopholes which would have allowed them to continue their practice of exploiting black laborers  Additionally, the white Democrats were not pleased with the outcome of this reformation and white men felt inadequate as a result  This radical reconstruction of the South was deeply unpopular and it slowly unraveled, leading to the introduction of Jim Crow laws  There was an increase in the sense of white dominance and sexual racism among the Southern people 
Generally, tensions heightened after the end of the civil war in 1865, and as a result, the sexual anxiety which existed in the white population intensified  The Ku Klux Klan was formed in 1867, an event which triggered violence and terrorism which targeted the black population  There was an increase in the number of acts of lynch-mob violence in which many black men were falsely accused of committing rape  These acts of violence were not just senseless, they were attempts to preserve 'whiteness' and prevent the blurring of racial distinctions; some racist whites wanted to maintain a system of racial separation and prevent the occurrence of interracial sexual activity  For example, mixed race couples that chose to live together were sought out and lynched by the KKK  The famous case of Emmett Till, who was lynched by two men when he was fourteen years old, , shows the extent of the acts of violence which were committed against black people who flirted with white people  Till was lynched because the two men who lynched him believed that he had whistled at a white woman, but in actuality, he had whistled for his own reasons  When Jim Crow laws were eventually overturned, it took years for the court to resolve the numerous acts of discrimination 

Challenges to attitudes
Sexual racism is presumed to exist in all sexual communities across the globe  The prevalence of interracial couples may demonstrate how attitudes have changed in the last 50 years  A case that received heightened publicity is that of Mildred and Richard Loving  The couple lived in Virginia yet had to marry outside the state due to the anti-miscegenation laws present in nearly half of the US states in 1958  Once married, the pair returned to Virginia, and were both arrested in their home for the infringement of the Racial Integrity Act, and each sentenced to a year in prison, a sentence which was ultimately overturned by the United States Supreme Court 

Around a similar time, the controversy involving Seretse and Ruth Khama broke out  Seretse was the chief of an eminent Botswanan tribe, and Ruth a British student  The pair married in 1948 but experienced frequent hardships from the onset of the relationship, including Seretse's removal from his tribal responsibilities as chief in Bechuanaland  For nearly 10 years, Seretse and Ruth lived as exiles in Britain, as the government refused to allow Seretse to return to Bechuanaland  Once the couple were allowed to return to Bechuanaland in 1956, they became prominent campaigners for social equality, contributing to Seretse's election as president of the independent Botswana in 1966  Later, they continued campaigning for the legalization of interracial marriage around the globe More recent examples portray the increasingly accepting attitudes of the majority to interracial relationships and marriage  In 1999, Jeb Bush was elected as Governor of Florida, accompanied by his wife, Columba, a Mexican woman he met in León who did not speak English when they met  They were one of the first interracial couples to stand in power side by side  Other prominent interracial couples in American politics are Senate minority leader Mitch McConnell and former Secretary of Transportation Elaine Chao, as well as New York City mayor Bill de Blasio and his wife Chirlane McCray  The political success of these couples is seen by some to demonstrate that attitudes toward interracial marriage (at least in the United States) are much more positive and optimistic than in previous decades  Across much of the world, it is ever increasingly the situation that interracial couples can live, marry and have children without prosecution that was previously rife, due to major changes in law along with reductions in discriminatory attitudes 

Sexual preferences
While discrimination among partners based on perceived racial identity has been asserted by some to be a form of racism, it is generally considered a matter of personal preference  A study by Callander, Newman, and Holts quoted author Laurence Watts from the Huffington Post, who argued that sexual attraction and racism are not the same:
Just because someone isn't sexually attracted to someone of Asian origin does not mean they wouldn't want to work, live next to, or socialize with him or her, or that they believe they are somehow naturally superior to them  This suggests that people find it possible to view larger systemic racial preference as problematic, while viewing racial preferences in romantic or sexual personal relationships as not problematic  Researchers noted that racial preferences in one's own dating life were generally tolerated and that calling them "racist" is not a commonly accepted view 

Heterosexual community
Online dating
In the last 15 years, online dating has overtaken previously preferred methods of meeting with potential partners, surpassing both the occupational setting and area of residence as chosen locations  This spike is consistent with an increase in access to the internet in homes across the globe, in addition to the number of dating sites available to individuals differing in age, gender, race, sexual orientation and ethnic background  Partner race is the most highly selected preference chosen by users when creating their online profiles, ahead of both educational and religious characteristics  Research has indicated a progressive acceptance of interracial relationships by white individuals  The majority of white Americans are not against interracial relationships and marriage, though these beliefs do not imply that the person in question will pursue an interracial marriage themselves  Currently, fewer than 5% of white Americans wed outside their own race; indeed, less than 46% of white Americans are willing to date an individual of any other race  Overall, African Americans appear to be the most open to interracial relationships, yet are the least preferred partner by other racial groups  However, regardless of stated preferences, racial discrimination still occurs in online dating Each group significantly prefers to date intra-racially  Beyond this, in the online dating world, preferences appear to follow a racial hierarchy  White Americans are the least open to interracial dating, and select preferences in the order of Hispanic Americans, Asian Americans and then African American individuals last at 60 5%, 58 5% and 49 4% respectively  African American preferences follow a similar pattern, with the most preferred partner belonging to the Hispanic group (61%), followed by white individuals (59 6%) and then Asian Americans (43 5%)  Both Hispanic and Asian Americans prefer to date a white individual (80 3% and 87 3%, respectively), and both are least willing to date African Americans (56 5% and 69 5%)  In all significant cases, Hispanic Americans are preferred to Asian Americans, and Asian Americans are significantly preferred over African Americans  Hispanic Americans are less likely to be excluded in online dating partner preferences by whites seeking a partner, as Latinos are often viewed as an ethnic group that is increasingly assimilating more into white American culture Another aspect of racial preferences is that women of any race are significantly less likely to date inter-racially than a male of any race  Specifically, Asian men and black men and women face more obstacles to acceptance online  White women are the most likely to only date their own race, with Asian and black men being the most rejected groups by them  The rejection of Asian men was asserted by one author to be due to a hypothetical effeminate portrayal in media  The preference for men of other races remains present even when considering high-earning Asian men with an advanced educational background  Increased education does however influence choices in the other direction, such that a higher level of schooling is associated with more optimistic feelings towards interracial relationships  White men are most likely to exclude black women, as opposed to women of another race  High levels of previous exposure to a variety of racial groups is correlated with decreased racial preferences  Racial preferences in dating are also influenced by the area of residence  Those residing in the south-eastern regions in American states are less likely to have been in an interracial relationship and are less likely to interracially date in the future  People who engaged in regular religious customs at age 12 are also less likely to interracially date  Moreover, those from a Jewish background are significantly more likely to enter an interracial relationship than those from a Protestant background A 2015 study of interracial online dating within multiple European countries, analyzing the dating preferences of Europeans, as well as Arabs, Africans, Asians and Hispanics in Diaspora, found that in aggregate all races ranked Europeans as most preferred, followed by Hispanics and Asians as intermediately preferable, then by Arabs and finally Africans as the least preferred  Country-specific results were more variable, with countries with more non-Europeans showing more openness for Europeans to engage in interracial dating, while exceptions resulted in those with tensions between racial groups (such as in cases where tensions existed between Europeans and Arabs due to Arab Anti-Western sentiment and Western Anti-Arab populism) showed a marked decrease in preference for interracial dating between the two  The researchers noted that Arabs tended to have higher same-race preferences in regions with higher Arabic populations, possibly due to more traditional cultural norms on marriage  The researchers did note a portion of the study was influenced by selection bias, as the data gathered may have disproportionately drawn from people already inclined to engage in interracial dating Currently, there are websites specifically targeted to different demographic preferences, such that singles can sign up online and focus on one particular partner quality, such as race, religious beliefs or ethnicity  In addition to this, there are online dating services that target race-specific partner choices, and a selection of pages dedicated to interracial dating that allow users to select partners based on age, gender and particularly race  Online dating services experience controversy in this context as debate is cast over whether statements such as "no Asians" or "not attracted to Asians" in user profiles are racist or merely signify individual preferences Non-white ethnic minorities, mostly Indians and Asians, who feel they lack dating prospects as a result of their race, sometimes refer to themselves as ricecels, currycels, or more broadly ethnicels, a term related to the incel, who is generally considered to be white  Racial preferences can sometimes considered as a subset of lookism 

LGBT community
Hoang Tan Nguyen, an Assistant Professor of English and Film Studies at Bryn Mawr College, wrote that Asian men are often feminized and desexualized by both mainstream and LGBT media   The gay Asian-Canadian author Richard Fung has opined that he believes that while black and Arab men are portrayed as hypersexualized, gay Asian men are portrayed as being desexualized  Again according to Fung, gay Asian men supposedly tend to ignore or display displeasure with races such as Arabs, Blacks, and other Asians but seemingly give sexual acceptance and approval to gay white men  However, gay white men supposedly are more likely than other racial groups to state "No Asians" when seeking partners Asian American women also report similar discrimination in lesbian, gay, bisexual (LGB) communities  According to a study by Sung, Szymanski, and Henrichs-Beck (2015), Asian American participants who identified as lesbian or bisexual often reported invisibility, stereotyping, and fetishism in LGB circles and the larger U S  culture Multiple studies in European gay communities have shown, that while many immigrants from the Mediterranean, such as Amazighs, Turks, Greeks, Arabs, Albanians and Romanians tend to be discriminatory towards and avoidant of homosexuals, with many being openly homophobic, they are actively sought after and fetishized as hypermasculine  "Südländer" or "Mediterraneans", as they are called in German subculture, are often explicitly requested, with frequent statements of "Nur Südländer", "Only Mediterraneans" being not too uncommon, though the demand is rarely met Racial preferences are also prevalent in gay online dating  Phua and Kaufman (2003) noted that men seeking men online were more likely than men seeking women to look at racial traits In a qualitative study conducted by Paul, Ayala, and Choi (2010) with Asian and Pacific Islanders (API), Latino, and African American men seeking men, participants interviewed endorsed racial preference as a common criterion in online dating partner selection 

Racial bias
A 2015 study on sexual racism among gay and bisexual men found a strong correlation between test subjects' racist attitudes and their stated racial preferences Philosopher Amia Srinivasan argued for racialized origins of Western beauty standards in her 2018 essay "Does anyone have the right to sex?", and stated that racial bias can shape sexual desire 

Racial fetishism
Racial fetishism is sexually fetishizing a person or culture belonging to a specific race or ethnic group 

Theories
Homi K  Bhabha explains racial fetishism as a version of racist stereotyping, which is woven into colonial discourse and based on multiple/contradictory and splitting beliefs, similar to the disavowal which Sigmund Freud discusses  Bhabha defines colonial discourse as that which activates the simultaneous "recognition and disavowal of racial/cultural/historical differences" and whose goal is to define the colonized as 'other', but also as fixed and knowable stereotypes  Racial fetishism involves contradictory belief systems where the 'other' is both demonized and idolized The effects of racial fetishism as a form of sexual racism are discussed in research conducted by Plummer  Plummer used qualitative interviews within given focus groups, and found that specific social locations came up as areas in which sexual racism commonly manifests  These mentioned social locations included pornographic media, gay clubs and bars, casual sex encounters as well as romantic relationships  This high prevalence was recorded within Plummer's research to be consequently related to the recorded lower self-esteem, internalized sexual racism, and increased psychological distress in participants of color Fetishism can take multiple forms and has branched off to incorporate different races  The theories of naturalist Darwin can offer some observations in regards to why some people might find other races more attractive than their own  Attraction can be viewed as a mechanism for choosing a healthy mate  People's minds have evolved to recognize aspects of other peoples' biology that makes them an appropriate or good mate  This area of theory is called optimal outbreeding hypothesis 

Examples
White women
Rey Chow argues that the fetishism of white women in Chinese media does not have to do with sex  Chow describes it as a type of commodity fetishism  White women, according to Chow, are seen as a representation of what China does not have: an image of a woman as something more than the heterosexual opposite to man Perry Johansson argues that following the globalization of China, the perception of Westerners changed drastically  With the Opening of China to the outside world, representations of Westerners shifted from enemies of China to individuals of great power, money, and pleasure  In a study of Chinese advertisements from 1990 to 1995, marketed solely to the Chinese people, Johansson concluded that, in China, the racial fetish of Western women does have to do with sex  Chinese advertisements depict Western women as symbols of strength and sexuality  The body language of Chinese models in ads expresses shyness and subordination with canting of heads and bodies, lying down and covering of faces, while the body language of Western women demonstrates power and uninhibited unashamedness  Western women more often hold their heads high, stare straight into the camera, and do not cover their mouths while laughing   The study suggested Western women represent a shift in the power dynamics between women and men and are even presented with qualities otherwise considered to be "masculine" in Chinese culture 

Asian women
An Asian fetish focusing on East Asian, Southeast Asian and to some extent South Asian women has been documented in Australasia, North America, and Scandinavia According to a 2008 article from the Washington and Lee Journal of Civil Rights and Social Justice by Sunny Woan, the "Asian fetish" syndrome is born out of the male desire for dominance and the stereotype of Asian women as individuals open to domination  For example, following the 1970s and a peak in the American feminist movement, many white men turned to mail-order bride companies in search of a loyal, understanding, and subservient partner  They saw women of their own race as too career-oriented and strong-willed  Asian women were the antithesis to their perception of white women  While white women resisted powerlessness and subjugation to the white man, Asian women were seen as open to the subjugation, even depicted as enjoying it The song "Yellow Fever" by The Bloodhound Gang includes lyrics such as, "She's an oriental rug cause I lay her where I please", and "Then I blindfold her with dental floss and get down on her knees " Both of these instances exemplify the stereotype of Asians as submissive  Margaret Cho has labeled Gwen Stefani's Harajuku Girls as a "minstrel show" because they represent fetishized East Asian stereotypes  The girls follow Stefani around on tour and are contractually obligated not to speak English in public  The performer had "renamed" them corresponding to her album title and clothing brand, L A M B : Love, Angel, Music, and Baby Furthermore, there have been many cases of Asian fetishism leading to criminal activity  In one case in 2000, two men, David Dailey and Edmund Ball, and a woman, Lana Vickery, abducted and blindfolded two Japanese women in Washington, one who was eighteen and the other who was nineteen  Vickery said Ball specifically targeted these Japanese students because he thought that they were submissive and were less likely to report sexual abuse  In another case, in 2005, Michael Lohman, a doctoral student at Princeton University, was charged by the state of New Jersey for reckless endangerment, theft, harassment as well as tampering with a food product  Michael had cut locks of hair off at least nine Asian women  He also poured his semen and urine into the drinks of Asian Princeton students more than fifty times  In his apartment, Michael also had mittens filled with hairs of Asian women 

Arab and Middle Eastern women
According to multiple articles, the West's fetishization of fully covered Arab women has led to the stereotype that Arab women and women from the Muslim world are oppressed and therefore submissive  When French armies invaded Algeria, they had anticipated Algerian women to be sexually available and hookah smokers  To their surprise, Algerian women actually appeared to have been more modestly dressed and covered from their head to toes  Many French photographers paid Algerian women to remove part of their religious attire and pose for photos to make French postcards  In his book Desiring Arabs, Joseph Massad talks about how the West's interpretation of Arab culture has painted the stereotype of Arab women being exotic and desirable  Massad's book was largely influenced by Edward Said's book Orientalism 

Mixed race women/Latin woman
In her book Sex Tourism in Bahia Ambiguous Entanglements, Erica Lorraine Williams published the first full-length ethnography of sex tourism in Brazil, including interviews with tourists who come solely to participate in sexual tourism, which may be considered a form of racialized fetishism  One of the tourists interviewed described his experience, "I've had a thing for Latin, brown-skinned women since my early twenties  I'm from [a place] where there are a lot of blonde, white girls  Whatever you have, you like the opposite – they're exotic, intriguing "

Black women
The fetishization of black women expanded during the Colonial Era, as some white male slave owners raped and sexually abused their black, female slaves  They justified their actions by labeling the women as hyper-sexual property  These labels solidified into what is commonly referred to as the "Jezebel" stereotype  The opposite of this "Jezebel" identity or persona is the "Mammy" figure who loses all of her sexual agency and autonomy, and becomes an asexual figure   L  H  Stallings notes that the creation and identities for the Jezebel or Mammy figures are "dependent upon patriarchy and heterosexuality " An example of racial fetishism within the colonial era is that of Sarah Baartman  Baartman's body was utilized as a means to develop an anatomically accurate representation of a black woman's body juxtaposed to that of a  white European woman's body during the age of biological racism  The scientist studying her anatomy went as far as making a mold of Baartman's genitalia postmortem because she refused him access to examine her vaginal region while she was alive  The data collected on Baartman is the origin of the black female body stereotype, i e  large buttocks and labia Charmaine Nelson suggests that every nude painting feeds into the voyeuristic male gaze, but the way black women are painted has even more undertones  "The black female body defies the white male subject's desire for a single subject of 'pure' origin in two ways: firstly, through a sexual 'otherness' as woman, and secondly through a racial and color 'otherness' as black  It is the combined power of these two markers of social location which has enabled western artists to represent black women at the margins of societal boundaries of propriety " Nelson asserts that any black woman is considered a fetish in these paintings and that she is only viewed in a sexual lens One of the more recent popular discourses around the fetishization of black women surrounds the release of Nicki Minaj's popular song, "Anaconda" in 2014  The entire song and music video revolves around the largeness of black women's bottoms  While some praise Minaj's work for its embrace of female sexuality, some criticized that this song continues to reduce black women to be the focus of the male gaze  The 2020 song "WAP" ("Wet-Ass Pussy") by Cardi B and Megan Thee Stallion received a similar mixed reception, with some outlets praising its embrace of black female sexuality and others claiming it was degrading or objectifying women of color 

Black men
"Big black cock", usually shortened to "BBC", is a sexual slang and genre of ethnic pornography, that focuses on Black men with large penises  The stereotype of larger penis size in black men has been subjected to scientific scrutiny, with inconclusive results  The theme is found in both straight and gay pornography 

In BDSM
There is also a practice in BDSM which involves fetishizing race called "raceplay"  Susanne Schotanus defined raceplay as "a sexual practice where the either imagined or real racial background of one or more of the participants is used to create this power-imbalance in a BDSM-scene, through the use of slurs, narratives and objects laden with racial history " Feminist author Audre Lorde cautions that this kind of BDSM "operates in tandem with social, cultural, economic, and political patterns of domination and submission" creating the perpetuation of negative stereotypes for black women in particular However, race play can also be used within BDSM as a curative practice for black individuals to take back their autonomy from a history of subjugation  One BDSM Dominatrix explains that raceplay provides her with an "emotional sense of reparations"  "Violence for black female performers in BDSM becomes not just a vehicle of intense pleasure but also a mode of accessing and critiquing power "

See also
Afrophobia
Anti-miscegenation laws
Discrimination based on skin color
Discrimination in the United States
Ethnic pornography
Gendered racism
Interracial marriage
Race and crime
Racism against African Americans
Racism in the United States
Sexual capital#Race
Sexual objectification
Stereotypes of African Americans
Stereotypes of groups within the United States



ground_truth: Summer Magic