prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: What was the population in 2010 of the town where The Stelljes House is located ?

The following are given passages.
Context 1: Passage 1:
Cropper, Kentucky
Cropper is an unincorporated community within Shelby County, Kentucky, United States  It was also known as Croppers Depot  Their post office  is closed  The town of Cropper (Population Cal  at 205 in 2010) is located in northeast Shelby County, Kentucky  The origin of its name comes from the town's founder James Cropper, a blacksmith and store keeper who was the first person to build a house there sometime in the 1790s  He also was the town's first postmaster  The majority of Cropper's original citizens were members of the Low Dutch colony who were in the area as early as 1786  In 1807, a new group of settlers from Virginia increased the town's population  In 1855, the Louisville and Nashville Railroad (L and N) along with a depot opened on the east end of town  A hotel soon opened afterwards  This railroad line was closed in the early 1970s  Another occurrence, in 1855, was the founding of Union Grove Church  This church had three different denominations that included Christian, Methodist and Baptist  The only cemetery in Cropper is on the church grounds  In June 1900, the Baptist separated from the Union Church, and by 1903 it had its own building  In 1967, the Union Grove Church was renamed Cropper Christian Church  In 1905, a bank was opened by Ben Allen Thomas, but it was closed in 1921  An 1882 map shows the first school in Cropper which was a large two-story building with grades one through twelve  It burned in 1951 and was replaced with a one-story elementary school  The team mascot was the Yellow Jackets 
Passage 2:
Stelljes House
The Stelljes House is a historic house on New Hampshire Route 31 in Goshen, New Hampshire  Built about 1800, it is one of the oldest of a cluster of plank-frame houses in Goshen  The house was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1985  It has possibly been demolished 

Description and history
The Stelljes House stands in a rural area of southern Goshen, on the east side of NH 31  It is a 1+1⁄2-story wooden structure, with a gabled roof and clapboarded exterior  A brick chimney rises slightly off-center from the roof ridge  The main facade is asymmetrical, with a slightly off-center entrance, two sash windows to its left, and a three-section modern picture window to the right  A gable dormer projects from the rear roof face  An ell extends from the southern portion of the rear of the main block, with a porch in the corner joining the two blocks The house was built about 1800, and is one of the oldest of Goshen's cluster of plank-frame houses  The framing is three-inch planking attached vertically to sills, which rests on a rubble and granite stone foundation  Dowels are attached horizontally to give this framing lateral stability  The front facade was probably originally five bays across 

See also
National Register of Historic Places listings in Sullivan County, New Hampshire
Passage 3:
Haverstraw, New York
Haverstraw  is a town in Rockland County, New York, United States, located north of the Town of Clarkstown and the Town of Ramapo; east of Orange County; south of the Town of Stony Point; and west of the Hudson River  The town runs from the west to the east border of the county in its northern section  The population was 39,087 at the 2020 census The name comes from the Dutch word Haverstroo meaning "oats straw", referring to the grasslands along the river  The town contains three villages, one of which is also known as Haverstraw  Haverstraw village is the original seat of government for the town, hosting the area's historic central downtown business district and the densest population in northern Rockland County 

History
In 1609, the region was explored by Henry Hudson  A land purchase was made in this town in 1666 from local natives and confirmed as a patent in 1671   The region was known as Haverstroo, meaning "oat straw" in Dutch 
During the American Revolution, it served as an important lookout for British activities on the Hudson  A blue-marked trail, the Long Path, may be taken 2 miles (3 km) eastward from Central Highway along the crest of South Mountain to High Tor  Halfway is Little Tor, the second highest peak on South Mountain 
The town of Haverstraw was formed in 1788 while still part of Orange County, New York   Haverstraw was partitioned in 1791 to form the town of Clarkstown and the town of Ramapo and again in 1865 to form the town of Stony Point 
In 1826 the town was the site of a short-lived effort to establish an Owenite colony called the Franklin Community  Underfinanced and wracked by internal dissent, the model Owenite community folded after a mere five months of operation 

Geography
According to the United States Census Bureau, the town has a total area of 27 4 square miles (71 0 km2), of which 22 2 square miles (57 4 km2) is land and 5 3 square miles (13 6 km2), or 19 19%, is water 

Demographics
As of the census of 2000, there were 33,811 people, 11,255 households, and 8,328 families residing in the town   The population density was 1,508 3 inhabitants per square mile (582 4/km2)   There were 11,553 housing units at an average density of 515 4 per square mile (199 0/km2)   The racial makeup of the town was 66 24% white, 10 27% black or African American,  41% Native American, 3 21% Asian,  10% Pacific Islander, 15 65% from other races, and 4 12% from two or more races  Hispanic or Latino of any race were 31 73% of the population 
Haverstraw has one of largest Dominican communities in the United States with Dominicans making up 32 4% of the populationThere were 11,255 households, out of which 37 3% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 54 4% were married couples living together, 15 0% had a female householder with no husband present, and 26 0% were non-families  21 3% of all households were made up of individuals, and 7 8% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older   The average household size was 2 94 and the average family size was 3 43 
In the town, the population was spread out, with 26 3% under the age of 18, 8 6% from 18 to 24, 31 2% from 25 to 44, 23 6% from 45 to 64, and 10 3% who were 65 years of age or older   The median age was 35 years  For every 100 females, there were 93 7 males   For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 89 4 males 
The median income for a household in the town was $53,850, and the median income for a family was $61,119  Males had a median income of $40,109 versus $31,979 for females  The per capita income for the town was $22,188   About 8 1% of families and 10 6% of the population were below the poverty line, including 12 8% of those under age 18 and 13 8% of those age 65 or over 
As of the 2020 census, there were 39,087 people residing in the town 

Government
Haverstraw has a council form of government   The town supervisor is Howard T  Phillips Jr , and council members are Vincent Gamboli, John J  Gould, Hector L  Soto and Isidro "Papo" Cancel   The town's services include a police department 

Transportation
Major highways include the Palisades Interstate Parkway, U S  Route 9W, U S  Route 202, and NY Route 45  Haverstraw is also a terminus of the NY Waterway/Metro-North Railroad Haverstraw–Ossining Ferry 
Short Line, part of Coach USA, provides daily service along U S  Route 9W heading to and from the Port Authority Bus Terminal in Midtown Manhattan and West Point Military Academy or Newburgh 

New York Central's West Shore Railroad began operations along the banks of the Hudson in 1883 and until 1958 operated passenger service between Albany and Weehawken Terminal in Weehawken, New Jersey, where passengers could transfer to ferries to Manhattan  Service between West Haverstraw and Weehawken was discontinued in 1959  The right of way is still used for freight and is known as the River Line  Conrail operated the system until its dissolution  It is now part of the CSX River Subdivision which runs between North Bergen Yard in New Jersey and Selkirk, New York 

Communities and locations in the town
Bowline Point Town Park – A park east of Haverstraw on a peninsula, called Bowline Point, in the Hudson River 
Garnerville – A hamlet southwest of West Haverstraw 
Harriman State Park – Part of the park is in the western part of the town 
Village of Haverstraw – The historic downtown business district  The original seat of government in Haverstraw Town 
Johnsontown – A hamlet west of West Haverstraw named after the Johnson brothers 
Ladentown – A hamlet 
Lake Kanawauke – A lake in Harriman State Park in the southwestern corner of the town 
Lake Sebago – A lake in Harriman State Park in the southwestern corner of the town 
Lake Welch – A lake in Harriman State Park near the western town line 
Mount Ivy – A hamlet by the southern town line 
Pomona – A village partly in the town and partly in the town of Ramapo 
Samsondale – A hamlet east of West Haverstraw 
St  John's in the Wilderness – A hamlet 
Thiells – A hamlet west of West Haverstraw 
West Haverstraw – A village 
Willow Grove – A hamlet on the northern town line 

Education
The Roman Catholic Archdiocese of New York operates Catholic schools in Rockland County  St  Peter Parish School was in Haverstraw  In 2012, after the archdiocese announced that it could potentially be closed, the school community did a fundraising drive as the school was told it could remain open if a plan to raise $500,000 annually was produced  That year the school's per-student cost was $5,500 but it relied on archdiocese funds as it deliberately had tuition below cost, at $3,600, so children of working class backgrounds could attend  It had an increasing enrollment at the time of closure, with 328 students in its final year 

Notable people
Wilson P  Foss Jr , art collector and businessman
Walter S  Gurnee, Fourteenth Mayor of Chicago
Abram Stevens Hewitt (1822–1903) was a teacher, lawyer, iron manufacturer, U S  Congressman, and a mayor of New York 
Molly McGee (1952–1994), gridiron football player
Marty Springstead, American League Umpire
Scott Stanford (1977) – WWE Superstars play-by-play announcer working for the Raw brand
Both the composer Kurt Weill and his wife, the actress and singer Lotte Lenya, are buried in Haverstraw
Robert Sterling Yard, journalist, environmentalistHaverstraw was home to three Medal of Honor recipients:

Nick Erickson, Navy, Spanish–American War
Michael A  Donaldson, 69th New York, World War I

Footnotes
Further reading
George H  Budke, Rockland County during the American Revolution, 1776–1781  New York: Rockland County Public Librarians Association, 1976 

External links

Town of Haverstraw official website
Greater Haverstraw Chamber of Commerce
Passage 4:
Kadıköy, Yalova
Kadıköy is a town (belde) in the Yalova District, Yalova Province, Turkey  Its population is 9,543 (2022)  It is 7 kilometres (4 3 mi) south west of Yalova and at the midpoint of Armutlu Peninsula  The settlement was founded  by an Ottoman kadı ("judge")   Hence it was named as Kadıköy ("Judge's village")  During Ottoman Empire most of the population was composed of Greeks  But according to Population exchange between Greece and Turkey agreement the Greek population was replaced by Turkish population from Greece  Refugees from Caucasus after the Russo-Turkish War (1877-1878) were also settled in the village  The village was declared a seat of township in 1991  Intensive farming such as green house farming and floriculture is the main economic activity of the town 
Passage 5:
Timnath, Colorado
The Town of Timnath is a Statutory Town located in Larimer County, Colorado, United States  Founded in 1882, Timnath is a small agricultural/farming community located southeast of Fort Collins, Colorado, approximately one-half mile east of the Harmony Road/Interstate 25 interchange, on a small bluff east of the Cache la Poudre River  The surrounding farmlands have been used primarily for potatoes, alfalfa, sugar beets, and cattle  Although the town has remained virtually unchanged in recent decades, the encroaching growth of both Fort Collins to the west and Windsor to the south have placed the town in an area considered favorable to development  The population was 6,487 at the 2020 census   Timnath has been one of the fastest-growing communities in Colorado since 2020, and in 2021 had an estimated population of 7,839 

Description
Other structures lining Main Street (a section of County Road 5) include elementary school (in the Poudre School District), a one-story modern post-office, and several other historic buildings  Most residences are single-family homes  There is another elementary school (Bethke Elementary) 2 8 miles away from the one lining Main Street 

History
The area was first homesteaded by settlers in 1869  The first schoolhouse was constructed that year, approximately one-half mile west of the current town, and was named "Fairview"  By 1880, the community had outgrown the schoolhouse, and new "Fairview" school was built just north of the current town  The school also served as an early meeting place for the Presbyterian Church  The turning point in the early history of the community was in 1882, with the arrival of the Greeley, Salt Lake and Pacific Railroad (controlled by the Union Pacific) linking Greeley and Fort Collins  The following year, the Presbyterian Church, petitioned by local residents, sent a missionary to found a congregation  The current structure along Main Street dates from that year 
A post office was established in 1884, headed by Reverend Charles A  Taylor, the local Presbyterian minister  When the post office was formed, Taylor bestowed the current name of the town from the 14th chapter of the Book of Judges, as the place where Samson went to obtain a Philistine wife  In 1900 the second school became outdated and a new one was built, dropping the name "Fairview" permanently  This structure currently stands as an out-building to the current elementary school  A larger school was built in 1918 (which burned in 1935 and was rebuilt the following year)  The school district was consolidated with that of Fort Collins in 1960 
During World War II, the Empire of Japan launched Fu-Go balloon bombs that floated across the Pacific to the U S  One of these bombs dropped and exploded in a field in Timnath 

Geography
Timnath is located at 40°31'47" North, 104°58'54" West (40 529718, -104 981654) As of 2013, the incorporated area of Timnath comprises 5 05 square miles of land The historical downtown lies along County Road Five, which runs north–south parallel to Interstate 25 half a mile to the east  Since the 2000 census, the town of Timnath has annexed several square miles of land to the east and southeast; the town has experienced significant commercial development along the east–west corridor of County Road 38 (Harmony Road), including Wal-Mart and Costco  The majority of the six mile (north-south) by three mile (east-west) block of land that lies within Timnath's growth management area is low-density residential or agricultural, and is designated to remain so, with open space and parkland filling the remainder of the area, particularly near the Poudre River and Timnath Reservoir 

Government
Timnath is a Home Rule Town, governed by a Town Council, which consists of five elected officials - one Mayor and four Council Members, all positions are elected "at large," meaning that candidates come from all areas of the town  Elected officials serve 4 year terms 
Council meetings are open, public meetings where the Council makes town decisions and creates local laws and policies  The Council holds regular meetings on the second and fourth Tuesday of each month at 6 p m  Unless otherwise noted, all meetings are held at the Town Administration Building at 4800 Goodman Street 
The Town Council appoints the Town Manager who is responsible for the administration and daily operations of the Town 
Police services are provided by the Timnath Police Department and the Larimer County Sheriff's Department  Fire protection is provided by Poudre Fire Authority 

Demographics
As of the census of 2010, there were 625 people, 214 households, and 179 families residing in the town  There were 243 housing units  The racial makeup of the town was 94 4% White, 0 6% African American, 0 0% Native American, 1 1% Asian, 0 3% Pacific Islander, 1 4% from other races, and 2 1% from two or more races  6 1% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race 
There were 214 households, out of which 46 7% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 72 0% were married couples living together, 7 9% had a female householder with no husband present, 3 7% had a male householder with no wife present, and 16 4% were non-families  14 0% of all households were made up of individuals, and 1 4% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older  The average household size was 2 92 and the average family size was 3 23 
In the town, the population was spread out, with 32 3% under the age of 18, 5 5% from 18 to 24, 27 7% from 25 to 44, 27 1% from 45 to 64, and 7 4% who were 65 years of age or older  The median age was 35 4 years  For every 100 females, there were 98 4 males 
In the 2009-2013 American Community Survey, the median income for a household in the town was $113,144, and the median income for a family was $114,318  The per capita income for the town was $40,889  1 5% of the population and 1 1% of families were below the poverty line  1 0% of those under the age of 18 and 0 0% of those 65 and older were living below the poverty line 
Timnath has experienced significant population growth in recent years, and was the fastest growing town in Colorado in 2013 (32%) and the fastest growing town in Colorado since the start of the decade (142%) 

Notable people
Jean Bethke Elshtain, political philosopher
Passage 6:
Clarkstown, New York
Clarkstown is a town in Rockland County, New York, United States  The town is on the eastern border of the county, located north of the town of Orangetown, east of the town of Ramapo, south of the town of Haverstraw, and west of the Hudson River  As of the 2020 census, the town had a total population of 86,855  The hamlet of New City, the county seat of Rockland County, is also the seat of town government and of the Clarkstown Police Department, the county sheriff's office, and the county correctional facility  New City makes up about 41 47% of the town's population 
In 2008, Clarkstown became one of 600 municipalities nationwide to sign the United States Mayor's Climate Protection Agreement to reduce carbon dioxide emissions to 7 percent below the 1990 levels by 2012 

History
The town of Clarkstown was created in 1791 from the town of Haverstraw in Orange County, before Rockland County was formed 

Geography
The Hudson River defines the eastern border of the town, which is opposite the town of Mount Pleasant in Westchester County 
According to the United States Census Bureau, the town has a total area of 46 9 square miles (121 km2), of which 38 5 square miles (100 km2) is land and 8 4 square miles (22 km2) (17 87%) is water 
The New York State Thruway (Interstate 87/Interstate 287) intersects the Palisades Interstate Parkway in the town 

Demographics
As of the 2010 Census, there were 84,187 people, 29,234 households, and 22,186 families residing in the Town of Clarkstown  The population density was 1,800 per square mile  There were 30,314 housing units at an average density of 646 35 per square mile  There were 29,234 households, out of which 27 9% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 62 1% were married couples living together, 10 4% had a female householder with no husband present, and 24 1% were non-families  36 2% of all households were made up of individuals, and 31 8% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age of older  The average household size was 2 84 and the average family size was 3 28  The median age was 42 8 years  
As of the census of 2000, there were 82,082 people, 27,697 households, and 21,991 families residing in the town   The population density was 2,129 7 inhabitants per square mile (822 3/km2)   There were 28,220 housing units at an average density of 732 2 per square mile (282 7/km2)   The racial makeup of the town was 79 97% White, 7 87% African American, 0 13% Native American, 7 90% Asian, 0 10% Pacific Islander, 1 99% from other races, and 2 03% from two or more races  Hispanic or Latino of any race were 6 92% of the population 
There were 27,697 households, out of which 36 9% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 67 4% were married couples living together, 9 1% had a female householder with no husband present, and 20 6% were non-families  16 9% of all households were made up of individuals, and 6 5% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older   The average household size was 2 90 and the average family size was 3 27 
In the town, the population was spread out, with 24 7% under the age of 18, 6 6% from 18 to 24, 28 3% from 25 to 44, 28 1% from 45 to 64, and 12 3% who were 65 years of age or older   The median age was 39 years  For every 100 females, there were 94 3 males   For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 90 3 males 
According to a 2007 estimate, the median income for a household in the town was $92,121, and the median income for a family was $104,909  Males had a median income of $57,773 versus $40,805 for females  The per capita income for the town was $34,430   About 2 5% of families and 3 8% of the population were below the poverty line, including 4 5% of those under age 18 and 3 4% of those age 65 or over 
As of the 2020 Census, there were 86,855 people residing in the Town of Clarkstown Clarkstown is the most densely populated town in Rockland County and is home to New City, which is the county seat  Clarkstown has more business districts in it than any other town in Rockland County, including the Palisades Center, which is among the largest malls in the world 

Elected representation
The Town of Clarkstown has as its chief executive a Town Supervisor   The current Town Supervisor is George Hoehmann   Clarkstown is represented in the United States House of Representatives by Congressman Michael Lawler   It is represented in New York State government by Senator Bill Weber and Assemblyman Kenneth Zebrowski Jr  Clarkstown is divided into four wards as follows:

Ward 1 Councilman Frank Borelli (R)
encompasses the northern portion of New City 
Ward 2 Councilman Michael Graziano (R)
encompasses the northeast portion of Clarkstown 
Ward 3 Councilman Donald Franchino (R)
encompasses Central Nyack, West Nyack, Nanuet, and Bardonia 
Ward 4 Councilman Patrick Carroll (D)
encompasses Bardonia, New City, Nanuet, Spring Valley and West Nyack 

Public transportation
Clarkstown Mini-Trans is the provider of local mass transportation in Clarkstown  It has five bus routes:

Route A- Nanuet Mall to Lakewood Drive
Route B- Nanuet Mall to Zukor Park
Route C- Nanuet Mall to South Mountain Road
Route D- Nanuet Mall to Palisades Center Mall
Route E- Nanuet Mall to Ridge RoadAdditionally, Transport of Rockland provides local mass transportation  Routes 59, 91, 92, 93, and 97 serve the town Commuter transportation is provided by New Jersey Transit's Pascack Valley Line at Nanuet, with service to Hoboken and connecting service to New York Penn Station  Tappan ZEExpress, operated by Transport of Rockland provides bus service from the Palisades Center in West Nyack and the Hudson Link bus in Central Nyack to the Tarrytown train station and the White Plains TransCenter  In addition, Rockland Coaches provides express service to the Port Authority Bus Terminal in New York City from Park-and-Ride and other pickup locations in New City, Bardonia, West Nyack, and Nanuet via Route 49 and 49J, and local service to New York from New City, Valley Cottage, and Upper Nyack on Routes 9A, 9T, and 20 

Education
The town of Clarkstown is served by several school districts  The majority of the town is served by the Clarkstown Central School District, which educates students in New City, Bardonia, Congers, and West Nyack  The village of Upper Nyack as well as the hamlets of Valley Cottage and Central Nyack are served by the Nyack Public Schools, while the Hamlet of Nanuet is served by the Nanuet Union Free School District  A small portion on the western town border is served by the East Ramapo Central School District High schools located in the town include Clarkstown South High School in West Nyack, Clarkstown North High School in New City, Nyack Senior High School in Upper Nyack, and Nanuet Senior High School in Nanuet 

Clarkstown Central School District
In 2015 U S  News & World Report ranked Clarkstown North Senior High School with a Silver award as the 135 Best High School in New York State and 1,329 nationally
In 2017 U S  News & World Report ranked Clarkstown South Senior High School with a Silver award as the 116 Best High School in New York State and 1,219 nationally 
In 2017 U S  News & World Report ranked Clarkstown North Senior High School with a Silver award as the 117 Best High School in New York State and 1,224 nationally 
In 2018, ranked 78 Best School Districts in Clarkstown by Niche's 

Communities and locations in the Town of Clarkstown
Rankings
CNN Money
In 2008, CNNMoney com named Clarkstown the 71st best small "city" to live in America 
In 2010, CNNMoney com named Clarkstown the 41st best small "city" to live in America, which was the highest such ranking in New York 
In 2012, CNNMoney com named Clarkstown the 35th best small "city" to live in America 
In 2014, CNNMoney com named Clarkstown the 7th best small "city" to live in America 
In 2016, CNNMoney com named Clarkstown the 7th best small "city" to live in America 
In 2019, CNNMoney com named Clarkstown the 91st best small "city" to live in America 
In 2021, CNNMoney com named Clarkstown the 49th best small "city" to live in America 

CQ Press Crime ranking
In 2005, it was named by Morgan Quitno the second safest city in the United States whose population is greater than 75,000 as well as the second safest overall from over 369 cities  This was the fifth year in a row in which Clarkstown made it within the top five and top ten respectively in these categories 
In 2007, Clarkstown was once again named the second safest city in the United States, in the 14th annual "2007 – 2008 City Crime Rankings" published by CQ Press – formally known as Morgan Quitno, a unit of Congressional Quarterly Inc  It was based on the FBI's September 24, 2007, crime statistics report which looked at 378 municipal areas with at least 75,000 people based on per-capita rates for homicide, rape, robbery, aggravated assault, burglary and auto theft 
In 2008, Clarkstown was named the 6th safest city in the United States in the 15th annual "2008 – 2009 City Crime Rankings" published by CQ Press 
In 2009, Clarkstown was named the 7th safest city in the United States in the 16th annual "2009 – 2010 City Crime Rankings" published by CQ Press 
In 2010, Clarkstown was named the 5th safest city in the United States in the 17th annual "2010 – 2011 City Crime Rankings" published by CQ Press In 2011, Clarkstown was named the 7th safest city in the United States in the 18th annual "2011 – 2012 City Crime Rankings" published by CQ Press 
In 2012, Clarkstown was named the 8th safest city in the United States in the 19th annual "2012 – 2013 City Crime Rankings" published by CQ Press 
In 2013, Clarkstown was named the 8th safest city in the United States in the 20th annual "2013 – 2014 City Crime Rankings" published by CQ Press 
However, these rankings are highly controversial, because of their source  In October 2007 the American Society of Criminology, the United States Conference of Mayors, and the Federal Bureau of Investigation requested that the publisher reconsider the promotion of the book – specifically, "their inaccurate and inflammatory press release labeling cities as 'safest' and 'most dangerous'" – because the rankings are "baseless and damaging "

Educational ranking
In 2015 U S  News & World Report ranked Clarkstown South Senior High School with a silver award as the 128 Best High School in New York State and 1,233 nationally In 2015 U S  News & World Report ranked Clarkstown North Senior High School with a silver award as the 135 Best High School in New York State and 1,329 nationally 

Clarkstown Going Green
Clarkstown has taken steps towards "going green" by conducting energy audits, purchasing Energy Star office equipment and using green cleaning products in town facilities  Other steps included:

2005 – Purchasing 10% of the energy used by town government from wind and solar sources 
2006 – Passing a tree preservation law 
2007 – Purchasing hybrid vehicles and smaller cars 
2008 – Installing energy-efficient lighting (LED) at its parks and recreation building with sensors that automatically turn off lights when no motion is detected 
2012- Solar Field installed on capped Town Landfill (Dedicated in 2014)  It is the first Solar Field on a capped landfill in New York State  Proposed by then Councilman, George Hoehmann 
2013- Town participated in the NYSDEC Climate Smart Communities program in developing resiliency and climate action plans 
2016- Town purchases street lights from Orange and Rockland Utilities and begins converting to LED (Conversion completed in 2018) Climate Action and Sustainability Planning - Training and Outreach

Beginning in 2014, Town Planners, along with representatives from other Town Departments, attended an initial training workshop held by the consulting firm of Vanasse Hangen Brustlin, Inc  (VHB), who is being funded by the New York State Department of Environmental Conservation specifically to help communities attain their goals as Climate Smart Communities   Town Planners participated in a series of workshops with VHB through February 2015 to begin the process of identifying ways to reduce the Town's greenhouse gas emissions 
In addition, the Clarkstown Planning Department, along with other Town Departments, participated in the New York Rising Community Reconstruction Program   This is a separate initiative funded by the New York State Department of State to aid in the development of resilient and sustainable communities  As part of this New York Rising Program the consulting firm AKRF, Inc  worked with the Town to identify areas of the Town which are vulnerable to storm damage and to formulate a plan and provide funding to address these issues 
Participation in these initiatives and the products generated will serve as the foundations of the Climate Action and Sustainability Plan, which will be incorporated into the first update of the Town's Comprehensive Plan, Clarkstown 2020   Additionally, workshops were held throughout the Town's hamlets to begin gathering input and formulate direction for the Clarkstown 2020 update 

US Supreme Court case
In 1994, Clarkstown was involved in litigation that challenged a town ordinance, that required all waste picked up in the town to be sorted for recyclables at a specific privately operated facility   The case made it to the United States Supreme Court in C&A Carbone, Inc  v  Town of Clarkstown, in which the ordinance was held unconstitutional 
Passage 7:
Carrizozo, New Mexico
Carrizozo is a town in Lincoln County, New Mexico, United States  It is the county seat, with a population of 996 at the 2010 census  Founded in 1899, the town provided the main railroad access for Lincoln County, and the town experienced significant population growth in the early decades of the 1900s  However, with declining relevance of the railroad, the population of the town has gradually declined  The town is located at the intersection of U S  Routes 54 and 380 

Name
The name of the town is derived from the Spanish vernacular for reed grass (Carrizo), which grew significantly in the area and provided excellent feed for ranch cattle  The additional "zo" at the end of the town name was added to indicate abundance of Carrizo grass  The town is now often referred to colloquially as "Zozo" 

History
Prior to 1899, the area was primarily a few ranches and a stagecoach crossing with limited permanent settlement  Lawrence Murphy, a merchant active in the Lincoln County War (1878), owned a major ranch in the area  The location of Carrizozo was selected as the site for a station on the El Paso and Northeastern Railway (EP&NE) main line in 1899  Carrizozo was chosen over the nearby booming mine town of White Oaks, resulting in large-scale migration from White Oaks to Carrizozo The railroad brought businesses, growing population, and increased importance to the town of Carrizozo  As a result, a county referendum in 1909 moved the seat of Lincoln County from the town of Lincoln to Carrizozo  This decision resulted in a four-year legal battle that was eventually resolved in favor of Carrizozo by the Supreme Court of the United States in the case of Gray v  Taylor  The result was a boom in which railroad access and political importance combined to lead to significant population growth in Carrizozo  The population reached around 2,000 by 1920 During this time, Albert B  Fall, a U S  Senator from New Mexico and later Secretary of the Interior, owned the Three Rivers Ranch just south of Carrizozo, but had to sell it to settle legal debts as a result of his involvement in the Teapot Dome scandal (1922–1923)  During the same time, journalist Quentin Reynolds visited the town and wrote a piece on it for Collier's  Later, he wrote in The Wounded Don't Cry that "I used to agree with Bugs that once you left New York, you were strictly on the horse and buggy circuit  But of late years I've had to modify that  Since then I've discovered New Orleans, San Francisco and a little place called Carrizozo, New Mexico, where I want to go when I die  I want to go there and gang around the drug store and sneak behind the prescription counter with Art Rolland and have a nip of what he calls Old Granddaddy then type out his prescriptions for him "Carrizozo is about 35 miles (56 km) east of the Trinity Site, where the first nuclear bomb was detonated on July 16, 1945  Residents reported tremors like an earthquake and, as the first major downwind settlement, the town received a significant part of the remnants of the mushroom cloud (resulting in some radioactive contamination of the area, which faded quickly and does not persist today) With the rise of the automobile, Carrizozo's proximity to the railroad became less important starting in the 1950s, and the last passenger train passed through in 1968  The result was a decrease in economic opportunity in Carrizozo, and the population fell back to about 1,200 people for much of the end of the 20th century  Recently, the town has seen increasing focus on tourism, and cherry cider produced in the town is known nationally 

Geography
Carrizozo is located at the northern end of the Tularosa Basin, which extends southward to the New Mexico–Texas border  The town itself is located in a flat area known prior to the founding of the town as the Corrizo flats, with typical Chihuahuan desert scrub and desert grasslands To the west of the town is the Carrizozo Malpais, a 40-mile-long (64 km) lava flow that is about 1,500 years old and accessible through the Valley of Fires Recreation Area  To the northeast is Carrizo Mountain, a 9,600-foot (2,900 m) peak within the Sacramento Mountains, and to the southeast are the Sierra Blanca mountain range 

Climate
Demographics
As of the 2010 census, there were 996 people living in the town  The racial makeup of the town was 78 71% White, 0 70% African American, 2 61% American Indian, 14 16% Other, and 3 82% identified as two or more  Hispanics of any race were 43 57% of the population  Of the population, 54 72% were men and 45 28% were women  Of these, 15 96% were under the age of 18, 24 50% were over 65, and 59 54% were between 18 and 65 

Transportation
Carrizozo is located at the intersection of U S  Routes 54 and 380  For general aviation, the town is served by Carrizozo Municipal Airport 

Education
Carrizozo Municipal Schools is the local school district 

Points of interest
Carrizozo Women's Club (1920 Pueblo Revival style building listed in the National Register of Historic Places)
Carrizozo Heritage Museum (1940s built as a frozen food locker—converted into local history museum in 2003)
Lincoln National Forest (southeast of the city via U S  Route 380 and NM 37)
Valley of Fires Recreation Area (west-northwest of the city via U S  Route 380)

Film and television
A number of movies have been filmed in Carrizozo  Movies which have been filmed at least partially in Carrizozo include:
Wander (2020)
Gambit (2012)
This Must be the Place (2011)
The Book of Eli (2010)
Deja Vu, Hera's Odyssey (2004)
The Outfitters (1999)
Mad Love (1995)

Notable people
Albert B  Fall, first senator from the state of New Mexico (1912–1921) and later U S  Secretary of the Interior (1921–1923); owned the Three Rivers Ranch on the outskirts of Carrizozo
William C  McDonald, first governor of the state of New Mexico (1912–1917); owned a ranch on the outskirts of Carrizozo
Charlie Siringo, famous Pinkerton detective assigned to Carrizozo to catch cattle thieves (1916–1917)
Earl Reece Stadtman, biochemist born in Carrizozo in 1919
José Maria de Vega, born in Michoacán, Entrepreneur carpenter, assisted McDonald, 1st board of trustees in Carrizozo 
Rick Geary, American cartoonist and illustrator, has lived in Carrizozo since 2007 
Passage 8:
Ancón, Panama
Ancón is a corregimiento in Panamá District, Panamá Province, Panama with a population of 29,761 as of 2010  Its population as of 1990 was 11,518; its population as of 2000 was 11,169  It is sometimes considered a suburb or small town within Panama City, northeast of the limits of the town of Balboa  Ancon Hill is also the name of a large hill that overlooks Panama City and once served as a form of protection from pirates and sea invasion  The township was originally located around this hill, and was created to house employees of the Panama Canal during its construction  As part of the construction effort, the historic Gorgas Army Hospital was founded and built on the hillside  The first ship to officially transit the canal, SS Ancon, was named after the district  The community continued to serve as housing for employees of the Panama Canal Company until 1980, when parts of it began to be turned over to the Panamanian government under the 1977 Torrijos-Carter Treaties  Modern-day Ancón is a corregimiento (the Panamanian equivalent of a suburb in the United States) of Panama City, serving mainly as a residential area  The Gorgas Army Hospital building is now the Panamanian Oncology Hospital, primarily used for cancer research  The area also houses Panama's Supreme Court, just a few feet away from the Gorgas Army Hospital building, and several Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute buildings for research into tropical biology  Ancón is also a parish (parroquia) of the District of Panama, located in the Panama Canal adjacent area 

History
The area where the district of Ancón is located was always conceived as a place of transit  From the Spanish arrival on the Isthmus of Panama in 1501, it was thought to build there a road between the Atlantic and Pacific oceans, an idea that was materialized with the construction of the Panama Canal During the years when the Panama Canal was under the control of the United States, many administrative facilities, military bases, and communities were built in the adjacent areas, forming part of the former Panama Canal Zone  When these areas were reverted to Panama under the Torrijos-Carter Treaties, several alternatives were proposed to integrate the district to the city of Panama  The current district of Ancón was created when a new political-administrative division for the reverted areas was adopted, by Act No  18 of August 29, 1979, and later amended by Law No  1 of October 27, 1982  The areas located in the Pacific sector became part of this district, while those located on the Atlantic side were incorporated into the district of Cristobal, in the province of Colon  They remain characterized by a strong US urban architectural style 

Economy
Due to its geographical location, the district of Ancón is of great importance for the economy of Panama  In it are located most of the administrative facilities and services related to the Panama Canal  Balboa is home to the port of Panama City  The district also home to the Administrative Unit of Reverted properties of the Ministry of Economy and Finance, established in 2007 as a replacement for the former Inter-Oceanic Region Authority  Many of the buildings belonging to former US military bases are today sites of Panamanian governmental and nongovernmental institutions, such as the City of Knowledge, the main science and technology park in the country, in the area of the former Fort Clayton 
Besides its importance in the fields of trade and intermodal transportation, the district is becoming increasingly relevant in terms of services and tourism  Ancón is home to the Marcos A  Gelabert International Airport, the Grand National Transportation Terminal, and Albrook Mall, the largest mall in the country 

Sites of interest
The district of Ancón includes the Parque Natural Metropolitano, a vast jungle located a few minutes from the city, and its highest elevation, Ancon Hill  In its urban areas, you can visit several historical sites of the Panamanian capital, the building that houses the headquarters of the  Panama Canal Authority, popularly known as the Administration Building  The Amador Causeway, a section of which runs over the sea, joining three small Pacific islands, is one of the city's most popular tourist attractions, with marinas, restaurants, bars, and discothèques  There is also the Figali Convention Center, while the Museum of Biodiversity, designed by renowned architect Frank Gehry, is currently in construction 

See also
Postage stamps and postal history of the Canal Zone
Passage 9:
Carpenter, Colorado
Carpenter is a ghost town in Mesa County, Colorado, United States, twelve miles northeast of Grand Junction at the end of an extension to 27¼ Road  The settlement was established by William Thomas Carpenter early in 1890 to provide the miners who worked in his two Book Cliff mines with a place to live  He began building shacks to house his single miners and later erected small houses for the employees with families 
As a result of the town's rapid growth, a request to the U S  post office to establish a branch there in June 1890 was quickly obliged and the community was officially dubbed Carpenter  However, the town never attained a population of over 50, and the post office closed after one year  After the closure of its post office, Carpenter built a company store and a combination boarding house/restaurant  Book Cliff company stone cutters and masons constructed several buildings and many foundations at Carpenter, using stone from the company quarry near the cliffs  One of the finest examples of a building made of Book Cliff sandstone is the Fruita, Colorado Catholic church 
Several years of prosperity followed the arrival of the Little Book Cliff Railway at the townsite in 1892  Carpenter began to formulate big plans for his village  He envisioned it as a tourist resort complete with hotel, dance pavilion, picnic areas, and even a lake that was to be fed by a spring located near his Book Cliff mines  Carpenter renamed the camp Poland Spring after a noted resort of that name in Maine  It was variously referred to as Polen, Pollen, and Polan Springs, although Carpenter's intended name was evidenced by his having it emblazoned on the side of one of his railroad excursion cars  The resort plans were never completed because Carpenter went broke shortly after the Panic of 1893 
Isaac Chauncey Wyman, a wealthy Massachusetts investor, became the next owner of the Book Cliff company  The town continued to enjoy an active existence because he did much to improve the mines and thus created a need for additional employees  The old eating house, referred to as the Hotel de Carpenter on occasion, was converted into a school and church for the camp's inhabitants, and many company structures were rebuilt and improved during Wyman's tenure as owner  The new name Book Cliff was applied to the town but did not adhere any better than did Poland Springs  Usually, people referred to the place as the “Book Cliff Mines ”
The town reached its zenith and then began a gradual decline following Wyman's death in 1910  In his will, Wyman left the town, railroad, and mines to Princeton University  Princeton managed everything for 15 years then decided to abandon it all in 1925  By the end of that summer nearly everything had been sold, dismantled, and hauled away 
Passage 10:
Goshen, New Hampshire
Goshen is a town in Sullivan County, New Hampshire, United States  The population was 796 at the 2020 census 

History
Incorporated in 1791, Goshen was first settled in 1768 as a part of Saville (now Sunapee)  The name "Goshen" may have been taken from Goshen, Connecticut, where many residents had relatives 

Geography
According to the United States Census Bureau, the town has a total area of 22 5 square miles (58 4 km2), of which 22 4 square miles (58 1 km2) are land and 0 1 square miles (0 2 km2) are water, comprising 0 41% of the town  Goshen is drained by the South Branch Sugar River and its tributaries Blood Brook and Gunnison Brook, and hence lies almost fully within the Connecticut River watershed  Most of the southeast part of town is drained by Cherry Brook, one of the headwaters of the Ashuelot River, a southwest-flowing tributary of the Connecticut, but a small area at the southeast corner of town has the headwaters of the east-flowing West Branch Warner River, part of the Merrimack River watershed The long ridge of Mount Sunapee occupies the eastern edge of town  The highest point in Goshen is an unnamed knob on the ridge (near Goves Mountain) where the elevation reaches 2,529 feet (771 m) above sea level 
New Hampshire Route 10 passes through the western part of the town, including Goshen village, and leads north to Newport and south to Keene  New Hampshire Route 31 has its northern terminus at Route 10 and leads southeast to Hillsborough 

Adjacent municipalities
Sunapee, New Hampshire (north)
Newbury, New Hampshire (east)
Bradford, New Hampshire (southeast at one point)
Washington, New Hampshire (south)
Lempster, New Hampshire (southwest)
Unity, New Hampshire (west)
Newport, New Hampshire (northwest)

Demographics
As of the census of 2000, there were 741 people, 279 households, and 219 families residing in the town   The population density was 32 9 inhabitants per square mile (12 7/km2)   There were 389 housing units at an average density of 17 3 per square mile (6 7/km2)   The racial makeup of the town was 97 03% White, 1 62% Native American, 0 13% Asian, 0 13% from other races, and 1 08% from two or more races  Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0 40% of the population 
There were 279 households, out of which 33 3% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 64 5% were married couples living together, 9 7% had a female householder with no husband present, and 21 5% were non-families  17 2% of all households were made up of individuals, and 7 2% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older   The average household size was 2 63 and the average family size was 2 96 
In the town, the population was spread out, with 24 2% under the age of 18, 8 0% from 18 to 24, 27 5% from 25 to 44, 26 7% from 45 to 64, and 13 6% who were 65 years of age or older   The median age was 40 years  For every 100 females, there were 97 6 males   For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 96 5 males 
The median income for a household in the town was $42,625, and the median income for a family was $45,208  Males had a median income of $33,333 versus $22,727 for females  The per capita income for the town was $20,561   About 6 9% of families and 8 8% of the population were below the poverty line, including 10 8% of those under age 18 and 21 5% of those age 65 or over 

Education
Goshen and the neighboring town of Lempster maintained a combined elementary and middle school, called Goshen-Lempster Cooperative School, located in Lempster  The school served kindergarten through 8th grade  The cooperative was dissolved in June 2016   The majority of Goshen elementary and middle-school aged children now attend Newport, NH schools; the Newport school system now acts as the anchor system for Goshen students 
After 8th grade, students are given the choice to attend several neighboring high schools, including Newport High School, Sunapee Middle-High School, and Kearsarge Regional High School 

Notable people
John Williams Gunnison (1812–1853), US Army officer, explorer of the American West
Context 2: Passage 1:
Phil Stamp
Philip Lawrence Stamp (born 12 December 1975) is an English former footballer, best known for his time with Middlesbrough and Heart of Midlothian  He made his first-team league debut for Middlesbrough on 10 October 1993, at the age of 17, in a 2–0 defeat to Watford  He started for Middlesbrough in the 1997 FA Cup Final defeat to Chelsea  After Middlesbrough he played for Heart of Midlothian and Darlington, scoring a superb free kick for the latter against Shrewsbury Town  and including a match against Notts County when he played in goal for the second half 
Passage 2:
St Albans RFC
St Albans Rugby Club is a rugby union club based in St Albans, South-east England  The 1st XV currently plays in London NW3 following promotion from Herts/Middlesex1 at the end of the 2019-20 season 

History
The club was formed in 1970 by their first chairman, Peter Baines  The club formed as an open rugby club with many players joining from the old Electrical Apparatus Company (EAC) rugby club which played off New Barnes Avenue 
Initially the club used changing rooms at Westminster Lodge and a rented pitch situated just above the hypocaust in Verulamium Park  The North Western PH (now a block of flats) on the corner of Prospect Road and Holywell Hill provided a club room and meals on match days  In 1976 the club acquired the short term lease from St Albans School for a pitch and  clubhouse off Belmont Hill 
1983 saw the club move to their current ground at Boggymead Springs, off Oaklands Lane, at Smallford, obtained on a long term lease from Hertfordshire CC  The clubhouse was officially opened by the England scrum half, Dickie Jeeps, in October that year 

Other sports
St Albans RFC also hosts Ultimate Frisbee with St Alban Ultimate and recently the Hertfordshire Cheetahs American football team who play in the BAFA National Leagues Division 2 East 

Playing level
The club currently plays in London North West 3  In 2012 the 1st XV won the Herts Presidents' Tankard for the 2nd time and for a 3rd time in 2019  “Saints” are again finalists in 2020  The club also fields 2nd and 3rd XV sides which compete in the local Herts/Middlesex League (HMMT) Merit Tables St Albans RFC welcomes players of all abilities, as well as social members 

Twickenham appearance
In 1995 the club qualified from over 500 junior clubs to reach the final of the Pilkington Shield at Twickenham, where they played and lost to Bedford Queens 11-10 immediately prior to the Wasps v Bath Pilkington Cup Final  The club qualified to enter the Pilkington Cup itself a few years later, through reaching the Hertfordshire President’s Cup final 

Club honours
1st team

Hertfordshire 1 champions: 1993–94
London Division 3 North West champions: 2004–05
Hertfordshire Presidents' Tankard winners (3): 2010, 2012, 20192nd XV'

Herts and Middlesex Merit Table 6 champions: 2016–17
Herts and Middlesex Merit Table 6 Plate champions: 2016–17
Herts and Middlesex Merit Table 4 champions: 2019–20
Passage 3:
Adam Johnson (footballer)
Adam Johnson (born 14 July 1987) is an English former professional footballer who played as a winger  A product of the Middlesbrough youth academy, he came to prominence after making his debut aged 17 in a UEFA Cup match  He made 120 appearances for Middlesbrough, also spending time on loan at Leeds United and Watford 
In February 2010, Johnson moved to Manchester City, where he won the FA Cup in 2011 and the Premier League the following season  He was signed by his hometown club Sunderland for £10 million in 2012  Johnson played at various levels for England, earning 12 caps at senior level 
In March 2015, Johnson was arrested and charged over sexual activity with a 15-year-old girl, with England's age of consent being 16  Johnson continued to play for Sunderland during his bail  The following February, he pleaded guilty to two charges against him, the other being one of child grooming, and was subsequently sacked by Sunderland  In March 2016, Johnson was found guilty of sexual activity with a child and sentenced to six years in prison  He was released in 2019 after serving half his sentence 

Early life
Johnson was born in Sunderland, Tyne and Wear, and brought up in Easington, County Durham, in North East England  He played for Cleveland Juniors Football Club and attended Easington Community Science College  Upon seeing Johnson score two goals at a Wembley Stadium seven-a-side school match, Johnny Haynes told Johnson he was "a great little player" with "a lovely left foot" 

Club career
Middlesbrough
Early career
At the age of 12, Johnson was taken in by Middlesbrough's youth academy, having previously attended Newcastle United's Centre of Excellence between 1995 and 1997  He and his Boro teammates David Wheater, Tony McMahon and Andrew Taylor were part of the squad that won the 2003–04 FA Youth Cup He made his senior début aged 17 on 17 March 2005 in the UEFA Cup in the 1–0 defeat away to Sporting CP which saw the club eliminated 4–2 on aggregate in the last 16, replacing Doriva for the last 11 minutes  Almost six months later, on 10 September, he made his Premier League debut, and first senior start, deputising for the injured fellow academy product Stewart Downing in a 2–1 home win against Arsenal  For much of the first half of the 2005–06 season, he was on the bench as an unused substitute, mainly in the UEFA Cup matches  He made his second start in the competition against Litex Lovech on 15 December and set up Massimo Maccarone's first goal in a 2–0 win  For the rest of the season, he remained in the team's matchday squads, albeit as Downing's deputy or an unused substitute Johnson's first goal for Middlesbrough came in a midweek Premier League match away to Bolton Wanderers on 3 May 2006, opening the scoring in a 1–1 draw with "a mazy run from the left flank before curling in a deflected shot"  He was playing due to Middlesbrough's involvement in the 2006 UEFA Cup Final, which was to be played a week later as Steve McClaren rested most of the first team squad  On 30 June 2006, he signed a new four-year contract extension 

Loans to Leeds United and Watford
On 16 October 2006, he joined Leeds United on a month-long loan after being signed by Leeds' caretaker manager John Carver, but with Leeds struggling in the Championship, it was hard for Johnson to impress despite getting the man of the match award on his debut  After playing four matches during his month-long loan spell, Johnson returned to Middlesbrough as Leeds chose not to extend his loan  Later on in the season, he came on as a substitute in the FA Cup replay with Bristol City and played a vital role in seeing Middlesbrough through to the next round by setting up one goal and scoring the winning penalty in the shootout In September 2007, Johnson joined Championship club Watford on a three-month loan  He played 12 matches for the club, scoring five times, before being recalled to Middlesbrough earlier than stipulated in the deal following some brilliant performances  Coincidentally, Watford's form dipped after his departure 

Return to Middlesbrough
In the final match of the season, he scored an 18-yard (16-metre) strike from a loose ball just minutes after coming on as a substitute in Boro's 8–1 victory over Manchester City  In the 2008–09 season, he managed to make 32 appearances, half of those as substitutes as Downing was first choice  He managed to start most of the fixtures near the end of the season when Downing was ruled out with a long-term injury Johnson became an important part of Boro's Championship team for the 2009–10 season following Downing's transfer to Aston Villa, scoring three of Boro's five goals in the first three matches  He led the Boro scoring charts, with eight goals, for the entire first half of the season despite being a winger, which led to new manager Gordon Strachan expressing his concern about overrelying on Johnson for goals  In the 18 August match at Scunthorpe United, he missed a penalty awarded for a foul on Rhys Williams and scored another after being tripped by the Scunthorpe goalkeeper in the penalty box when both went for the rebound After a bright start to the season, the highly rated youngster became a subject of transfer rumours, but the Boro management insisted that he would not be sold  He chose not to extend his contract, however, which was to end after the 2009–10 season  On 13 December, he was substituted for Marvin Emnes after picking up a hamstring injury in the 1–0 home loss to Cardiff City but returned to score a penalty against Scunthorpe in a 3–0 win, thus taking his goal tally into double figures  He scored a brace for the third time in the season when he turned in a man of the match performance against Doncaster Rovers on 26 January to end Boro's winless away streak stretching back to October In recognition of his consistent performances, Johnson was voted for the North East Football Writers' Young Player of the Year award, joining a string of Boro players to do so 

Manchester City
When the winter transfer window opened, Johnson was again the subject of transfer speculation and Middlesbrough reportedly received a bid from Manchester City  Interest from Manchester City was heightened after Adam Johnson played City weeks earlier in an FA Cup third round  Although Johnson had to go off injured in the first half, he was arguably the best player on the pitch during his 30-minute spell  On 1 February 2010, City signed him for an undisclosed fee, rumoured to be in the region of £7 million, on a four-and-a-half-year contract Johnson made his first appearance for the club on 6 February, coming on as substitute for Stephen Ireland against Hull City  Three days later, he made his first start against Bolton Wanderers on the right side of a three-man attack alongside Carlos Tevez and Emmanuel Adebayor, finishing as the man of the match  Johnson scored his first goal against Sunderland; he curled a left footed effort into the top corner one and a half minutes into injury time to secure a last-gasp 1–1 draw  His performance, which earned the man of the match award, led England manager Fabio Capello to publicly praise him and consider him for selection On New Year's Day, he scored the winner in the 1–0 win against Blackpool, dedicating his goal to Dale Roberts, his friend and Rushden & Diamonds goalkeeper who committed suicide on 14 December 2010  He ended the season with his first senior trophy of his career, the 2011 FA Cup, coming on as a substitute in the final After scoring in two 3–0 wins against Inter Milan and League of Ireland XI in the pre-season Dublin Super Cup, he started in Manchester City's first Premier League match of the season against Swansea City, getting an assist as his shot was saved by Michel Vorm and the rebound scored by Edin Džeko  City went on to win the match 4–0  He scored his first goal of the season during a 4–0 win against Blackburn Rovers at Ewood Park, curling a shot into the top corner to make the score 1–0 at the time  He followed it up with a goal in the next match against Aston Villa, with the match finishing 4–1 to City  On 26 October 2011, he scored and got an assist in a 5–2 League Cup win against Wolverhampton Wanderers at Molineux  Three days later, he again scored against Wolves, this time in a 3–1 home league win  In the next round, he assisted the only goal of the match, playing a through-ball for Sergio Agüero to score, in a 1–0 win away to Arsenal  He came on as a late sub in a 5–1 home win over Norwich City and scored his fifth goal of the season  His sixth goal of the season came in a 3–0 win against Stoke City on 21 December  On 14 April, he scored in a 6–1 win against Norwich at Carrow Road  He ended that season with 26 league appearances as Manchester City won the 2011–12 Premier League in dramatic circumstances on the last day of the season 

Sunderland
On 24 August 2012, his hometown team Sunderland signed Johnson on a four-year-contract for £10 million  Sunderland manager Martin O'Neill said "Adding quality players to the squad has been our main aim this summer and Adam certainly fits that bill  He has terrific ability, great delivery and I'm sure he is a player who will excite the fans  I couldn't be more delighted to have him at the club " On 28 August, Johnson made his first appearance for Sunderland in a 2–0 win over League Two team Morecambe in the League Cup second round, assisting both goals at the Stadium of Light  He scored his first goal for the club on 10 November, opening the scoring in a 1–2 defeat away to Everton  He scored the only goal of a win over former club Manchester City at home on 26 December  In April 2013, against Sunderland's fierce rivals Newcastle at St James' Park, Johnson's picked up the ball on Sunderland's right and cut inside before sending a curling effort past Newcastle goalkeeper Rob Elliot with his left foot to score Johnson's first goal of the 2013–14 season came in the League Cup against Milton Keynes Dons after a run from his own half, as Sunderland scored four goals in 12 minutes to win 4–2  However, his form suffered as Sunderland struggled to one point from the first eight matches, a run that cost manager Paolo Di Canio his job  Johnson's next goal came in a 2–1 home defeat to Tottenham on 7 December After losing his place in the starting line up, the FA Cup third round match with Carlisle United marked a turning point in Johnson's fortunes as he scored a free kick and played a part in both other goals in Sunderland's 3–1 win  Two days later, Johnson was brought on as a substitute in the League Cup semi-final first leg against Manchester United, and won a penalty after being fouled by Tom Cleverley, which Fabio Borini scored to give Sunderland a 2–1 advantage going into the second leg  Manager Gus Poyet praised Johnson's contribution as 'outstanding'  On 11 January 2014, he scored his first career hat-trick and assisted Ki Sung-Yueng, inspiring Sunderland to a 4–1 away win against Fulham which lifted them off the bottom of the table  He was the Premier League Player of the Month for January 2014  On 2 March in the League Cup Final against Manchester City, he assisted Borini for the opening goal in the tenth minute, but Sunderland lost 1–3 

His first goal of the 2014–15 season came on 27 August in the League Cup against Birmingham City, where he scored the second goal in a 3–0 win  His first league goal of the season came on 13 September, where he scored a solo effort in a 2–2 draw with Tottenham Hotspur at the Stadium of Light  On 21 December he scored a 90th-minute winning goal away to Newcastle, securing Sunderland's 4th consecutive win over their local rivals, and his third goal in three seasons against the club  Five days later, Johnson opened the scoring after just 30 seconds against Hull City, but was unable to help the team avoid defeat as they went on to lose 1–3  He scored his fifth goal of the season on New Years Day 2015, scoring from a penalty to make the score 2–2 against Manchester City, although Sunderland would go on to lose the match 3–2 He was immediately suspended by Sunderland on 2 March 2015 after his arrest on suspicion of having sexual activity with a 15-year-old girl,  His suspension lasted for 2 matches under manager Gus Poyet; following Poyet's sacking and the appointment of new manager Dick Advocaat on 17 March, Johnson returned to the club on 18 March and played in the next game on 21 March  Despite Johnson later being charged with three offences, Sunderland continued to select him while he initially pleaded not guilty to all charges  During Johnson's trial, he claimed that he admitted to Sunderland in May 2015 that he had kissed the girl and sent her sexually explicit messages Having played the first match of the new season, Johnson picked up an injury in August 2015, putting him out for two months  On 25 October, he scored a penalty in the Tyne–Wear derby, opening the scoring before half time in an eventual 3–0 win  Johnson played what would be his last match for Sunderland on 6 February 2016, the weekend before the start of his trial, scoring one of Sunderland's goals in a 2–2 draw with Liverpool  Five days later Johnson had his contract terminated after he pleaded guilty to sexual activity with a child under the age of 16 and grooming 

International career
A former England under-19 international, Johnson was called up for the under-21 team at the 2009 UEFA U21 Championships in Sweden  He scored once in qualification and again in the first leg of the qualification play-offs against Wales U21s as the Young Lions narrowly won 5–4 on aggregate to qualify for the tournament  During the tournament, he started in two of the three group stage matches  He won the man of the match award in the final group stage match against Germany that ended in a 1–1 draw and converted his penalty in the semi-final shoot-out win against Sweden In late February 2010, Johnson was named in the senior squad for the first time in Fabio Capello's 30-man shortlist for the upcoming March friendly against Egypt in May, but did not make the final 23  Two months later, Capello named Johnson in his preliminary 30-man 2010 FIFA World Cup squad  Johnson made his England debut on 24 May in a FIFA World Cup warm-up match, a 3–1 friendly victory against Mexico at Wembley Stadium  Johnson came on as a late substitute for James Milner  The following week Capello announced his final 23-man squad, and Johnson failed to make the cut England's first match after the 2010 FIFA World Cup was against Hungary at Wembley Stadium  Johnson was named in the starting line-up for the first time, making his full England debut and playing the entire match  He scored his first international goal on 3 September 2010 against Bulgaria in a UEFA Euro 2012 qualifier, which England won 4–0  He scored his second international goal against Switzerland in a 3–1 win after coming on as an early substitute for the injured Theo Walcott  In all, he made five appearances in qualifying as England progressed to the finals of UEFA Euro 2012 Fabio Capello resigned as England coach in February 2012, and Stuart Pearce took temporary charge  Johnson started Pearce's only match as England manager, a 2–3 defeat at the hands of the Netherlands  When Roy Hodgson took over in May 2012, Johnson was not selected in Hodgson's 23-man squad for UEFA Euro 2012, but was named on standby in case of injuries  He totalled 12 England caps and scored two international goals 

Sexual crimes and conviction
In December 2014, Johnson began communicating over social media with a 15-year-old female fan while his partner was pregnant  The following 17 January, he met up with the girl in his Range Rover, where he signed two Sunderland shirts for her  Thirteen days later, they met again, and Johnson kissed the girl On 2 March 2015, Johnson was arrested by Durham Police on suspicion of having sexual activity with an underage girl, who was 15  On 23 April, he was charged with three offences of sexual activity with a child under 16 and one of child grooming, to which he pleaded not guilty in June  An initial trial date in Durham in September 2015 was later moved to February 2016 in Bradford Crown Court On 10 February 2016, at the start of his trial, Johnson pleaded guilty to "one count of sexual activity with a child and one count of grooming"  He denied two further counts of underage sexual activity  The trial lasted for sixteen days, was presided over by Circuit Judge Jonathan Rose, the lead barrister for the prosecution was Kate Blackwell QC and the lead barrister for the defence was Orlando Pownall QC  On 2 March 2016, Johnson was found guilty on a majority verdict of 10–2 of one count of sexual activity with a child and found not guilty of a second count of the same crime  In a victim impact statement, the girl stated that she suffered abuse on social media during the time Johnson claimed innocence, that she had lost confidence and that her school work had suffered  A court psychiatrist for the defence found Johnson to be "socially and psychologically immature" and stated that there was no evidence that Johnson had a sexual attraction to prepubescent children Johnson was granted bail in order to say farewell to his infant daughter  On 24 March 2016, he was sentenced to six years in prison for grooming and sexual activity with a girl aged 15  The judge also ordered him to pay £50,000 of the prosecution's legal fees of £67,132  In investigations, police found animal pornography on Johnson's laptop; he was not tried for possession of these files  Pownall said before the sentencing that Johnson had been "stripped of his England caps" but the FA later confirmed that this was not the case and that they cannot take caps away from players  After his sentencing, Johnson was held at HM Prison Leeds  On 12 April, Johnson's legal team launched an appeal against his sentence  On 15 April, Johnson was moved to HM Prison Moorland near Doncaster  On 12 July, his appeal was refused, and a second appeal was refused on 16 March 2017 In April 2017 video footage taken inside HMP Moorland appeared to show Johnson talking to fellow inmates about his conviction  In the footage, Johnson talks about his victim and the fact that he believes his sentence was lengthened due to his position as a professional footballer Johnson was released on 22 March 2019, after serving half of his sentence 

Reaction
Johnson was immediately suspended by Sunderland following his arrest, and missed two games before being returned to the team while on bail  He played in 28 games throughout the following 11 months, until he was first dropped from the team on 11 February 2016, and then later sacked by Sunderland, after pleading guilty at trial to two of the four counts put against him  His endorsement by Adidas was also terminated as a result, and EA Sports removed his likeness from the FIFA 16 video game After the conviction, Sunderland manager Sam Allardyce faced scrutiny for continuing to select Johnson during his bail, particularly following allegations that the club had seen documents in May 2015 suggesting that Johnson acknowledged his guilt  Allardyce, who had joined the club only in October 2015, claimed that he was not aware of such documents and had always been informed that Johnson was to plead not guilty; a Sunderland press release made the same statement In court, Johnson claimed that he had confessed to Sunderland chief executive Margaret Byrne on 4 May 2015  Byrne, a former lawyer, was due to appear as a witness for his defence but did not take the stand  Sunderland's supporter association desired to question her over her knowledge of the case  Byrne resigned on 8 March 2016, regretting her "serious mistake", but claimed that she had not made the club aware of Johnson's admission, nor was she aware that he was to plead guilty Pownall confirmed that Johnson intended to appeal against his conviction  Johnson's sister Faye urged supporters to change their Facebook profile pictures to one of Johnson and his daughter and a slogan proclaiming his innocence  She had set up an online group for supporters of his innocence, which reached 1,000 likes before being shut down after being reported by users including North East-based child protection vigilantes Dark Justice  The chief executive of the Professional Footballers' Association, Gordon Taylor, said that Johnson had "damaged the reputation of football" and that his chances of playing again were "very remote" 

Personal life
Johnson attended school, and the academies of Sunderland and Middlesbrough, with Dale Roberts, who went on to play as a goalkeeper  Roberts committed suicide on 14 December 2010, which Johnson subsequently described as "the worst day of my life" Prior to his imprisonment, Johnson lived in Castle Eden, County Durham  He has a daughter, born in January 2015, with his former partner Stacey Flounders  In February 2016, while giving evidence at his trial, Flounders announced that she and Johnson had separated, claiming that he had confessed to infidelity with other women  During his imprisonment in 2017 he sold his home, Tollgate Lodge, for £1 7 million  It was purchased by Durham and England cricketer Ben Stokes  Upon his release from prison he returned to live in Castle Eden in a seven-bedroom home he had built during his imprisonment   He and Stacey Flounders had their second child a son born in July 2021 

Career statistics
Club
As of match played 6 February 2016

International
As of match played 15 August 2012As of match played 15 August 2012
Scores and results list England's goal tally first, score column indicates score after each Johnson goal 

Honours
Manchester City

Premier League: 2011–12
FA Cup: 2010–11
FA Community Shield: 2012Individual

Premier League Player of the Month: January 2014
Passage 4:
Carl Johnson (soccer)
Carl Johnson (September 18, 1892 – February 15, 1970) was a U S  soccer midfielder   He was the first U S  player from Chicago to play for the national team   Johnson earned two caps with the U S  national team   His first came at the 1924 Summer Olympics when he played in the U S  loss to Uruguay in the quarterfinals   Following the tournament, the U S  had two exhibition games   Johnson played in the first, a 3–2 win over Poland   Johnson played with the Chicago Swedish-Americans 
He died in Tampa, Florida 
Passage 5:
Leeds United F C 
Leeds United Football Club is a professional football club based in Leeds, West Yorkshire in England  The club play their home matches at Elland Road and compete in the Championship, the second tier of the English football league system 
Leeds United have won the League Championship three times, four Second Division titles, the FA Cup once, the EFL Cup once, the Charity Shield twice and the Inter-Cities Fairs Cup twice  The club had their most successful period under the management of Don Revie in the 1960s and 1970s, when they won the League title twice, the FA Cup once, the League Cup once and the Inter-Cities Fairs Cup twice  The club have also been runners-up five times in the League Championship, three times in the FA Cup, once each in the EFL Cup, the Charity Shield, the Inter-Cities Fairs Cup, the Cup Winners' Cup and the European Cup, and lost the play-off to keep the Inter-City Fairs Cup trophy The club has rivalries with Manchester United and Chelsea  The team's traditional kit colours are white shirts, white shorts and white socks  Their badge features the White Rose of York, which is a symbol of Yorkshire  "Marching on Together" is the club’s official anthem and is regularly sung by supporters 

History
Pre-Leeds United
Leeds United's predecessor, Leeds City, was formed in 1904 and elected to League membership in 1905  They drew bigger crowds to Elland Road following Herbert Chapman's arrival  In 1914 Chapman declared; "This city is built to support top-flight football", but Leeds City were forcibly disbanded and forced to sell off all their players by The Football League in 1919 in response to allegations of illegal payments to players during the First World War  At Salem Chapel in 1919, Leeds United was formed, and they received an invitation to enter the Midland League, being voted into it on 31 October, taking the place vacated by Leeds City Reserves  Following Leeds City's disbanding, Yorkshire Amateurs bought their stadium Elland Road  Yorkshire Amateurs offered to make way for the new team under the management of former player Dick Ray The chairman of Huddersfield Town, Hilton Crowther loaned Leeds United £35,000, to be repaid when Leeds United won promotion to the First Division  He brought in Barnsley's manager Arthur Fairclough and on 26 February 1920, Dick Ray stepped down to become Fairclough's assistant 

1920–1960
On 31 May 1920, Leeds United were elected to the Football League  Over the following years, they consolidated their position in the Second Division and in the 1923–24 season won the title and with it promotion to the First Division  They failed to establish themselves and were relegated in 1926–27  After their relegation, Fairclough resigned, which paved the way for Ray to return as manager  In the years up until the start of World War II Leeds were twice relegated; on both occasions they were re-promoted the following season On 5 March 1935, Ray resigned and was replaced by Billy Hampson, who remained in charge for 12 years  In the 1946–47 season after the war, Leeds were relegated again, with the worst league record in their history  After this season, Hampson resigned (he stayed with Leeds as their chief scout for eight months) and was replaced in April 1947 by Willis Edwards  In 1948, Sam Bolton replaced Ernest Pullan as the chairman of Leeds United  Edwards was moved to assistant manager in April 1948 after just one year as manager  He was replaced by Frank Buckley Leeds remained in the Second Division until 1955–56, when they once again won promotion to the First Division, inspired by John Charles  Charles was hungry for success at the highest level, and manager Raich Carter was unable to convince him that Leeds could satisfy his ambitions  Charles was sold to Juventus for a then world record of £65,000  The loss of Charles resulted in Leeds being relegated to the Second Division in the 1959–60 season 

1961–1974: Don Revie era
In March 1961, the club appointed former player Don Revie as manager, following the resignation of Jack Taylor  His stewardship began in adverse circumstances; the club was "in financial difficulty" and in 1961–62 only a win in the final game of the season saved the club from relegation to the Third Division  Revie implemented a youth policy and a change of kit colour to an all-white strip in the style of Real Madrid, and Leeds won promotion to the First Division in 1963–64 In the 1964–65 season, Leeds finished second to rivals Manchester United on goal average  They also reached the final of the FA Cup, losing 2–1 to Liverpool at Wembley after extra-time  In the 1965–66 season, Leeds again finished second in the league, whilst also reaching the semi-finals of the Inter-Cities Fairs Cup, losing on aggregate to Spanish side Real Zaragoza despite manager Revie ordering the fire brigade to flood the pitch before the replay at Elland Road The 1966–67 season saw Leeds finish 4th in the league, as well as reaching the semi-finals of the FA Cup, losing 1–0 to Chelsea and the final of the Inter-Cities Fairs Cup, losing 2–0 to GNK Dinamo Zagreb With Leeds failing to land a trophy, they nearly doubled their record transfer in 1967–68, buying Sheffield United centre-forward Mick Jones for £100,000  The season saw Leeds win their first major trophy, the League Cup, with Terry Cooper scoring the only goal of a 1–0 victory against Arsenal in the final  Leeds finished fourth in the First Division and were beaten in the FA Cup semi-finals by Everton  They also reached a second successive Inter-Cities Fairs Cup final and this time won the trophy, beating Hungarian club Ferencváros over two legs; Leeds won the first leg 1–0, and a month later defended their lead with a 0–0 draw in Budapest Having found success in both domestic and European cup competitions, manager Revie chose to focus on the league for the 1968–69 season  Leeds secured the title in April 1969 with a 0–0 draw with challengers Liverpool at Anfield, whose supporters congratulated Leeds  Leeds set a number of records including most points (67), most wins (27), fewest defeats (2), and most home points (39); a still-unbroken club record is their 34 match unbeaten run that extended into the following season  Leeds reinforced their front line breaking the British transfer record by signing Allan Clarke from Leicester City for £165,000  They targeted the treble in 1969–70 and came close to achieving this, only to fail on all three fronts in a congested close season, finishing second in the league to Everton, losing the 1970 FA Cup final to Chelsea (after a replay), and exiting the European Cup with a semi-final defeat to Celtic Having rejected an offer to manage Birmingham City, Revie chose to remain at Leeds for the 1970–71 season  Leeds and Arsenal both challenged for the title that season, though it would be the Gunners who would claim the league title, finishing one point ahead of Leeds after the latter lost to West Bromwich Albion following a controversial "offside" goal  United were also knocked out of the FA Cup by Fourth Division side Colchester United  Leeds again found success in the Inter-Cities Fairs Cup though, beating Juventus in the final on away goals  Leeds again finished as runners-up in the 1971–72 season, but United did reach the 1972 FA Cup final, lifting the trophy after a 1–0 victory over Arsenal in the final In the 1972–73 season, the Whites again came close to a Treble, but they finished third in the league, losing the 1973 FA Cup final to Second Division Sunderland 1–0 against all expectations, and reached the final of the European Cup Winners' Cup against Italian club AC Milan at the Kaftanzoglio Stadium, where they were beaten 1–0 following some controversial refereeing by Christos Michas who was later banned by UEFA for 'fixing' other matches  Revie was offered the managers role at Everton in the summer, but chose to remain at Leeds  The following season, they won the 1973–74 First Division with a five-point lead over second-placed Liverpool  Revie chose to take the job of England national team manager at the end of the 1973–74 season In his 13 years in charge, Revie guided Leeds to two Football League First Division titles, one FA Cup, one League Cup, two Inter-Cities Fairs Cups, one Football League Second Division title and one Charity Shield
Context 3: Passage 1:
Fifty Shades Freed (film)
Fifty Shades Freed is a 2018 American erotic romantic drama film directed by James Foley and written by Niall Leonard, and based on E  L  James's 2012 novel of the same name  It is the third and final installment in the Fifty Shades film series, following Fifty Shades of Grey (2015) and Fifty Shades Darker (2017)  The film stars Dakota Johnson and Jamie Dornan as Anastasia Steele and Christian Grey, respectively, and follows the couple as they marry, and must deal with Ana's former boss (Eric Johnson), who begins to stalk them 
Following the first film premiered in February 2015, development on the sequels promptly began  By November 2015, Foley was hired to direct both sequels, which would be shot back-to-back in 2016 Principal photography on Fifty Shades Freed began simultaneously with Darker in February 2016, in Paris and Vancouver, and ended in July 2016 
Fifty Shades Freed was released in the United States on February 9, 2018, including a limited IMAX release  It was a box office success, grossing over $370 million worldwide against a production budget of $55 million, but the lowest-grossing film of the trilogy  Like its two predecessors, Fifty Shades Freed received negative reviews, with criticism for its screenplay and acting 

Plot
Newlyweds Christian and Anastasia are forced to cut their honeymoon short and return home after receiving news of a break-in at his corporate headquarters  Some computer files were stolen and security camera tapes identify the perpetrator as Jack Hyde, Ana's former boss who was fired for sexual assault  Meanwhile, Ana is introduced to her new personal security team 
Christian surprises Ana with a new house and has hired an attractive architect, Gia Matteo, to rebuild it for her  She is annoyed when Gia openly flirts with him in her presence  Ana privately threatens to fire Gia if she keeps it up, forcing her to stop 
When Christian is away on a business trip, Ana disregards his wishes that she stay at home, and meets her friend, Kate Kavanagh, for a drink  Kate is dating Christian's older brother Elliot and fears Elliot may be having an affair with Gia, his business associate  Jack Hyde attempts to kidnap Ana when she gets home  Ana's security team subdues him and he is arrested 
After arguing with Christian about her night out with Kate, Ana berates him for being overly controlling and possessive and demands more freedom  Soon after, he surprises her with a trip to Aspen, bringing along Kate, Elliot, Mia, and José  Elliot proposes to Kate, who accepts  It is revealed that Gia was only helping Elliot choose the ring 
The newlyweds continue with their erotic sexual experimentation, but it becomes complicated when Ana announces she is pregnant  Christian is deeply disturbed, saying he had other plans for their early years together  He leaves, going on a night-long drunken bender  After he returns, Ana discovers that Christian had texted and met his ex-lover and former BDSM dominant, Elena Lincoln  She becomes angry with him and locks herself in the playroom for the night  He searches for Ana in the morning and they continue arguing, with Ana telling Christian how important the baby is to her 
Shortly after, Hyde is released on a $500,000 bond and phones demanding a ransom for Mia, Christian's abducted sister  Hyde demands $5 million in cash in two hours and threatens to kill her if his demands are not met  He warns Ana to tell no one and to bring the money alone  Ana takes a chequebook and revolver from Christian's desk and goes to the bank to withdraw the full amount 
The suspicious bank manager calls Christian  He thinks Ana is leaving him but then notices it coincides with Hyde's recent release, Mia's unknown whereabouts, and Ana's sudden large cash withdrawal  Hyde instructs Ana to get into a car parked in the alley and to hand over her phone to the driver to discard  She tricks Hyde by taking the bank manager's phone and slipping hers into the bag of money  She exits the back entrance to discover that the driver and Jack's accomplice is her co-worker, Liz 
Ana arrives at the drop-off site with the money  Hyde, psychotic and vengeful, attacks her, kicking her abdomen  Liz tries to stop him as Ana pulls out the revolver and shoots him in the leg  Christian and his security team, who electronically tracked Ana's cell phone, arrive and apprehend Hyde and Liz  Ana blacks out as she hears Christian's voice 
Ana awakens three days later in the hospital with Christian at her side  Though angry at her recklessness and still anxious about fatherhood, he realizes how important their baby is to her, and they reconcile  Christian's adoptive mother, Grace, assures him that Ana will not leave him  She returns home the next day 
Christian's private investigator, Welch, has left a report showing that Christian and Hyde had shared the same foster family, though he has no memory of this  Hyde was envious of Christian being adopted by the wealthy Grey family instead of him  Hyde also blackmailed Liz into being his accomplice  Christian and Ana also find out where his birth mother is buried  They visit her grave and he lays flowers on it 
While Christian is playing his piano, Ana walks through the hallway to the living room to watch Christian  As she's watching him, flashbacks of Christian and Ana's time together are shown with "Love Me like You Do" playing  Ana then decides she wants to play  She sends him a text message to get his attention  As Christian joins Ana in the playroom, the music continues to play as Christian shuts the door, right after seeing Ana smile 
Seven months later, Christian and Ana have a son named Teddy and Two years later Ana is pregnant with their second child 

Cast
Dakota Johnson as Anastasia "Ana" Grey, Christian's wife and Teddy's mother 
Jamie Dornan as Christian Grey, Ana's husband and Teddy's father
Eric Johnson as Jack Hyde, Ana's former boss and stalker 
Eloise Mumford as Katherine Kavanagh, Ana's best friend and Elliot Grey's fiancée 
Rita Ora as Mia Grey, the adoptive daughter of Carrick Grey and Dr  Grace Trevelyan Grey, and younger sister of Christian and Elliot Grey 
Luke Grimes as Elliot Grey, older brother of Christian and Mia Grey, and Katherine's fiancé 
Victor Rasuk as José Rodriguez, one of Anastasia's friends 
Max Martini as Jason Taylor, Christian's bodyguard 
Jennifer Ehle as Carla May Wilks, Anastasia's mother 
Kim Basinger as Elena Lincoln, Christian's former dominant  (Unrated Version only)
Marcia Gay Harden as Grace Trevelyan Grey, Christian's adoptive mother 
Bruce Altman as Jerry Roach 
Arielle Kebbel as Gia Matteo, the architect recommended by Elliot Grey to design Anastasia and Christian's future home 
Callum Keith Rennie as Ray, Anastasia's former stepfather 
Robinne Lee as Ros Bailey, Christian's second in command 
Brant Daugherty as Luke Sawyer, Ana's bodyguard 
Amy Price-Francis as Liz Morgan, Jack's accomplice 
Tyler Hoechlin as Boyce Fox, a popular author whose books are published by SIP 
Ashleigh LaThrop as Hannah, Ana's co-worker and friend 
Fay Masterson as Gail Jones, Christian's housekeeper 
Hiro Kanagawa as Detective Clark 

Production
Universal Pictures and Focus Features secured the rights to the trilogy in March 2012  The films were produced by Michael De Luca Productions  At a fan screening of the first film in New York City on February 6, 2015, director Sam Taylor-Johnson confirmed that the book sequels Fifty Shades Darker and Fifty Shades Freed would also be adapted, with the first sequel then set to be released in 2016  After the announcement, Taylor-Johnson told Digital Spy that "It's not my decision [to return], and I haven't been privy to any of the discussions " On November 12, 2015, TheWrap reported that James Foley would direct both sequels, which would be shot back-to-back in 2016, with Niall Leonard writing the script and Michael De Luca and Dana Brunetti returning to produce, along with E  L  James and Marcus Viscidi  Dakota Johnson and Jamie Dornan were also set to return in the lead roles  On February 8, 2016, Arielle Kebbel was cast in the film to play Gia Matteo, a beautiful architect who is hired by Christian to build his home, and on February 12, 2016, Eric Johnson was cast as Jack Hyde, Ana's boss at SIP and stalker  On February 20, 2016, Brant Daugherty signed on to play Sawyer, the personal bodyguard for Anastasia 

Filming
In November 2015, Universal Studios announced that Fifty Shades Darker and Fifty Shades Freed would be shot back-to-back, with principal photography scheduled to commence in early 2016  Filming took place in Paris and Vancouver from February 9, 2016, to July 12, 2016, under the working title "Further Adventures of Max and Banks 2 & 3" 

Music
The lead single from the film's soundtrack, "For You", performed by Rita Ora and Liam Payne, was released on January 5, 2018  The soundtrack's track list was released on January 8, 2018, including artists Julia Michaels, Sia, Jessie J, Black Atlass, Ellie Goulding, Hailee Steinfeld, Dua Lipa, and Miike Snow on the 22-song album 

Release
Fifty Shades Freed was released to theatres on February 9, 2018  The film released had a digital on April 24, 2018, with a Blu-ray Disc, DVD and 4K Ultra HD Blu-ray release following on May 8, 2018 

Reception
Box office
Fifty Shades Freed grossed $100 4 million in the United States and Canada, and $270 2 million in other territories, for a worldwide total of $371 2 million, against a production budget of $55 million In the United States and Canada, Fifty Shades Freed was released alongside Peter Rabbit and The 15:17 to Paris, and was projected to gross $37–40 million from 3,768 theaters in its opening weekend  It made $5 6 million from Thursday night previews, down 2% from the $5 7 million taken in by Fifty Shades Darker the previous year  It ended up making $38 6 million over the weekend, the lowest of the trilogy, but enough to take first place at the box office  The film grossed $10 8 million on Valentine's Day, the third-highest total for when the holiday fell on a weekday, behind The Vow ($11 6 million in 2012) and Darker ($11 million), and bringing its five-day gross to $56 1 million  In its second weekend the film only made $17 3 million, a 55 1% drop Worldwide, the film was expected to make $80–90 million from 57 countries, including France, Germany, the UK, Australia, Brazil, Mexico and Japan, for a worldwide debut of $113–130 million in its first three days  It ended up grossing $98 1 million from overseas for a global debut of $136 9 million 

Critical response
The film garnered overwhelmingly negative reviews by critics and audiences alike  On review aggregation website Rotten Tomatoes, the film has an approval rating of 11%, based on 196 reviews, and an average rating of 3 3/10  The website's critical consensus reads, "Fifty Shades Freed brings its titillating trilogy to a clumsy conclusion, making for a film franchise that adds up to a distinctly dissatisfying ménage à trois " On Metacritic, the film has a weighted average score of 31 out of 100, based on 43 critics, meaning "generally unfavorable reviews " Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "B+" on an A+ to F scale, the same score earned by Darker, while PostTrak reported that 56% of women (who made up 81% of the opening weekend audience) gave the film a "definite recommend" Writing for Variety, Guy Lodge was critical of the film, saying "Indeed, a sex-free, PG-13 version of Freed could be cut without shedding a second of narrative coherence, such as it is; one could ask what the point of that would be, though similar queries might be leveled at the film as it stands " Rolling Stone's Peter Travers gave the film zero out of four, stating "With this last entry, we have officially hit the bottom of the barrel  Whips, chains, butt plugs and nipple clips are nothing compared to the sheer torture of watching this movie " Robbie Collin of The Telegraph gave the film one out of five stars, and wrote "This is a film in which one of the more emotionally detailed performances is given by a product-placement Audi "Jeannette Catsoulis, writing for The New York Times, found the film to be significantly inferior to Kim Basinger's 9½ Weeks, stating: "Layering a damp-squib thriller subplot beneath what appears to be an ad campaign for the one-percent lifestyle, the returning director and screenwriter test the newly married couple with an inconvenient pregnancy and an unconvincing car chase  There's an out-of-left-field abduction and a marital tiff over email addresses; but these narrative fragments, lazily tossed together alongside a neglected supporting cast, are no more than a flimsy causeway connecting bonking sessions "Conversely, IndieWire reviewer Manuela Lazic gave the film three out of four stars, saying "Finally, the Fifty Shades phenomenon has yielded a disarming comedy that makes this ridiculous material fun to watch "

Accolades
Passage 2:
Fifty Shades of Grey
Fifty Shades of Grey is a 2011 erotic romance novel by British author E  L  James  It became the first instalment in the Fifty Shades novel series that follows the deepening relationship between a college graduate, Anastasia Steele, and a young business magnate, Christian Grey  It is notable for its explicitly erotic scenes featuring elements of sexual practices involving BDSM (bondage/discipline, dominance/submission, and sadism/masochism)  Originally self-published as an ebook and print-on-demand in June 2011, the publishing rights to the novel were acquired by Vintage Books in March 2012 
Fifty Shades of Grey has topped best-seller lists around the world  It has been translated into 52 languages and set a record in the United Kingdom as the fastest-selling paperback of all time  Critical reception of the book, however, has tended towards the negative, with the quality of its prose generally seen as poor, while its portrayal of BDSM has been targeted for criticism from a variety of perspectives  Universal Pictures and Focus Features produced an American film adaptation, which was released on 13 February 2015, and was also panned upon release, though it was a box office success 
The second and third volumes of the original trilogy, Fifty Shades Darker and Fifty Shades Freed, were published in 2012  The trilogy had sold over 150 million copies worldwide by October 2017  A version of the novel from Christian's point of view, Grey: Fifty Shades of Grey as Told by Christian, was published in June 2015 as the fourth book, followed by Darker: Fifty Shades Darker as Told by Christian in November 2017 and Freed: Fifty Shades Freed as Told by Christian in June 2021 

Plot
Twenty-one-year-old Anastasia "Ana" Steele is an English literature major at the Washington State University's branch campus in Vancouver, Washington  Her best friend, Katherine "Kate" Kavanagh, writes for the college newspaper  Due to an illness, Kate is unable to interview Christian Grey, a successful and wealthy Seattle entrepreneur  She asks Ana to take her place  Ana finds the 27-year-old Christian both attractive and intimidating  She stumbles through the interview and believes it went poorly  Ana, not expecting to meet Christian again, is surprised when he appears at the hardware store where she works and purchases various items  When Ana mentions that Kate would like a photo for her article, Christian offers to arrange a photo session 
The next day Ana, along with Kate and their photographer friend, José Rodriguez, arrive at Christian's hotel for the photo shoot  After, Christian asks Ana out for coffee  When he asks if she is dating someone, Ana replies that she is not seeing anyone  During the conversation, Christian claims he is not romantic, then abruptly ends the date, leaving Ana to believe she is not attractive enough for him  Later, Christian sends Ana a first edition copy of Tess of the d'Urbervilles  Later that night, Ana goes out with her friends and ends up drunk dialing Christian, who says he is coming to pick her up  When Ana goes outside for some fresh air, José attempts to kiss her, but he is abruptly stopped by Christian's arrival  Ana leaves with Christian, but not before she discovers that Kate has been flirting with Christian's brother, Elliot  Ana awakens to find herself in Christian's hotel room  He assures her nothing happened, but scolds her for her careless behavior  Christian says he would like to have a sexual relationship with her but Ana must first fill out some paperwork  He later goes back on this statement to make out with her in the elevator 
Christian flies Ana to Seattle in his helicopter  At his penthouse, Christian insists that she sign a non-disclosure agreement (NDA) regarding their time together, which Ana agrees to sign  He also mentions other paperwork, but first takes her to his playroom filled with BDSM objects and gear  Christian informs her that the second contract will be about dominance and submission, and there will be no romantic relationship, only a sexual one  The contract even forbids Ana from touching Christian or making eye contact with him  At this point, Christian realises that Ana is a virgin  Not wanting her first sexual experience to be a BDSM experience, he has conventional sex with her and sleeps in her bed  The following morning, Christian's adoptive mother, Grace, unexpectedly arrives; she is surprised to meet Ana, having never seen her son with a woman  Christian later reveals to Ana that he lost his virginity at age 15 to one of his mother's friends, Elena Lincoln, and that his previous dominant/submissive relationships failed due to incompatibility  Christian also reveals that in his first dominant/submissive relationship, he was the submissive  Christian and Ana plan to meet again, and he takes Ana home, where she discovers several job offers 
Over the next few days, Ana receives several packages from Christian  This includes a laptop to replace her broken one and research the BDSM lifestyle in consideration of the contract  Ana and Christian discuss the contract  Ana becomes overwhelmed by the potential BDSM arrangement and having a non-romantic sexual relationship  Ana leaves and does not see Christian again until her college graduation, where he is the keynote speaker  During this time, Ana agrees to sign the dominant/submissive contract  She and Christian meet to formally discuss the contract and go over Ana's hard and soft limits  Christian spanks Ana for the first time, and the experience leaves her both enticed and slightly confused  This confusion is exacerbated by Christian's lavish gifts and the fact that he brings her to meet his family  The two continue with the arrangement without Ana having yet signed the contract  After landing a job with Seattle Independent Publishing (SIP), Ana further bristles under the NDA's restrictions and her complex relationship with Christian  The tension between Ana and Christian eventually comes to a head after Ana asks Christian to punish her in order to show her how extreme a BDSM relationship with him could be  Christian fulfills Ana's request, beating her with a belt  Ana realizes they are incompatible  Devastated, she breaks up with Christian and returns to the apartment she shares with Kate 

Background and publication
The Fifty Shades trilogy was developed from a Twilight fan fiction series originally titled Master of the Universe and published by James episodically on fan fiction websites under the pen name "Snowqueen Icedragon"  The piece featured characters named after Twilight author Stephenie Meyer's characters in Twilight, Edward Cullen and Bella Swan   After comments concerning the sexual nature of the material, James removed the story and published it on her own website, FiftyShades com  Later she rewrote Master of the Universe as an original piece, with the principal characters renamed Christian Grey and Anastasia Steele, and removed it from her website before publication  Meyer commented on the series, saying "that's really not my genre, not my thing    Good on her—she's doing well  That's great!"This reworked and extended version of Master of the Universe was split into three parts  The first, titled Fifty Shades of Grey, was released as an e-book and a print on demand paperback in May 2011 by The Writers' Coffee Shop, a virtual publisher based in Australia  The second volume, Fifty Shades Darker, was released in September 2011; and the third, Fifty Shades Freed, followed in January 2012  The Writers' Coffee Shop had a restricted marketing budget and relied largely on book blogs for early publicity, but sales of the novel were boosted by word-of-mouth recommendation  The book's erotic nature and perceived demographic of its fan base as being composed largely of married women over thirty led to the book being dubbed "Mommy Porn" by some news agencies  The book has also reportedly been popular among teenage girls and college women  By the release of the final volume in January 2012, news networks in the United States had begun to report on the Fifty Shades trilogy as an example of viral marketing and of the rise in popularity of female erotica, attributing its success to the discreet nature of e-reading devices  Due to the heightened interest in the series, the license to the Fifty Shades trilogy was picked up by Vintage Books for re-release in a new and revised edition in April 2012  The attention that the series has garnered has also helped to spark a renewed interest in erotic literature  Many other erotic works quickly became best-sellers following Fifty Shades' success, while other popular works, such as Anne Rice's The Sleeping Beauty trilogy, have been reissued (this time without pseudonyms) to meet the higher demand On 1 August 2012, Amazon UK announced that it had sold more copies of Fifty Shades of Grey than it had any individual book in the Harry Potter series, although worldwide, at that time, the Harry Potter series had sold more than 450 million copies, compared with Fifty Shades of Grey's sales of 60 million copies 

Reception
Fifty Shades of Grey has topped best-seller lists around the world, including those of the United Kingdom and the United States  The series had sold over 125 million copies worldwide by June 2015, while by October 2017 it had sold more than 150 million copies worldwide  The series has been translated into 52 languages, and set a record in the United Kingdom as the fastest-selling paperback of all time 

Critical response
It has received mixed to negative reviews, as most critics noted the poor literary qualities of the work  Salman Rushdie said about the book: "I've never read anything so badly written that got published  It made Twilight look like War and Peace " Maureen Dowd described the book in The New York Times as being written "like a Brontë devoid of talent," and said it was "dull and poorly written " Jesse Kornbluth of The Huffington Post said: "As a reading experience, Fifty Shades     is a sad joke, puny of plot" Princeton professor April Alliston wrote, "Though no literary masterpiece, Fifty Shades is more than parasitic fan fiction based on the recent Twilight vampire series " Entertainment Weekly writer Lisa Schwarzbaum gave the book a "B+" rating and praised it for being "in a class by itself " British author Jenny Colgan in The Guardian wrote "It is jolly, eminently readable and as sweet and safe as BDSM (bondage, discipline, sadism and masochism) erotica can be without contravening the trade descriptions act" and also praised the book for being "more enjoyable" than other "literary erotic books"  The Daily Telegraph noted that the book was "the definition of a page-turner", noting that the book was both "troubling and intriguing"  A reviewer for the Ledger-Enquirer described the book as guilty fun and escapism, and that it "also touches on one aspect of female existence [female submission]  And acknowledging that fact – maybe even appreciating it – shouldn't be a cause for guilt " The New Zealand Herald stated that the book "will win no prizes for its prose" and that "there are some exceedingly awful descriptions," although it was also an easy read; "(If you only) can suspend your disbelief and your desire to – if you'll pardon the expression – slap the heroine for having so little self respect, you might enjoy it " The Columbus Dispatch stated that, "Despite the clunky prose, James does cause one to turn the page " Metro News Canada wrote that "suffering through 500 pages of this heroine's inner dialogue was torturous, and not in the intended, sexy kind of way"  Jessica Reaves, of the Chicago Tribune, wrote that the "book's source material isn't great literature", noting that the novel is "sprinkled liberally and repeatedly with asinine phrases", and described it as "depressing" The book garnered some accolades  In December 2012, it won both "Popular Fiction" and "Book of the Year" categories in the UK National Book Awards  In that same month, Publishers Weekly named E  L  James the 'Publishing Person of the Year', a decision whose criticism in the LA Times and the New York Daily News was referred to by and summarised in The Christian Science Monitor   Earlier, in April 2012, when E  L  James was listed as one of Time magazine's "100 Most Influential People in the World", Richard Lawson of The Atlantic Wire criticised her inclusion due to the trilogy's fan fiction beginnings 

Controversy
Fifty Shades of Grey has attracted criticism due to its depictions of BDSM, with some BDSM participants stating that the book confuses the practice with abuse, and presents it as a pathology to be overcome, as well as showing incorrect and possibly dangerous BDSM techniques Coinciding with the release of the book and its surprising popularity, injuries related to BDSM and sex toy use spiked dramatically  In the year after the novel's publishing in 2012, injuries requiring Emergency Room visits increased by over 50% from 2010 (the year before the book was published)  This is speculated to be due to people unfamiliar with both the proper use of these toys and the safe practice of bondage and other "kinky" sexual fetishes in attempting to recreate what they had read There has also been criticism against the fact that BDSM is a part of the book  Archbishop Dennis Schnurr of Cincinnati said in an early February 2015 letter, "The story line is presented as a romance; however, the underlying theme is that bondage, dominance, and sadomasochism are normal and pleasurable " The feminist anti-pornography organization Stop Porn Culture called for a boycott of the movie based on the book because of its sex scenes involving bondage and violence  By contrast, Timothy Laurie and Jessica Kean argue that "film fleshes out an otherwise legalistic concept like 'consent' into a living, breathing, and at times, uncomfortable interpersonal experience," and "dramatises the dangers of unequal negotiation and the practical complexity of identifying one's limits and having them respected "Several critics and scientists have expressed concern that the nature of the main couple's relationship is not BDSM at all, but rather is characteristic of an abusive relationship  In 2013, social scientist Professor Amy E  Bonomi published a study wherein multiple professionals read and assessed the books for characteristics of intimate partner violence, or IPV, using the CDC's standards for emotional abuse and sexual violence  The study found that nearly every interaction between Ana and Christian was emotionally abusive in nature, including stalking, intimidation, and isolation  The study group also observed pervasive sexual violence within the CDC's definition, including Christian's use of alcohol to circumvent Ana's ability to consent, and that Ana exhibits classic signs of an abused woman, including constant perceived threat, stressful managing, and altered identity A second study in 2014 was conducted to examine the health of women who had read the series, compared with a control group that had never read any part of the novels  The results showed a correlation between having read at least the first book and exhibiting signs of an eating disorder, having romantic partners that were emotionally abusive and/or engaged in stalking behavior, engaging in binge drinking in the last month, and having 5 or more sexual partners before age 24  The authors could not conclude whether women already experiencing these "problems" were drawn to the series, or if the series influenced these behaviors to occur after reading by creating underlying context  The study's lead researcher contends that the books romanticize dangerous behavior and "perpetuate dangerous abuse standards " The study was limited in that only women up to age 24 were studied, and no distinction was made among the reader sample between women who enjoyed the series and those that had a strong negative opinion of it, having only read it out of curiosity due to the media hype or other obligation At the beginning of the media hype, Dr  Drew and sexologist Logan Levkoff discussed on The Today Show whether the book perpetuated violence against women; Levkoff said that while that is an important subject, this trilogy had nothing to do with it – this was a book about a consensual relationship  Dr  Drew commented that the book was "horribly written" in addition to being "disturbing" but stated that "if the book enhances women's real-life sex lives and intimacy, so be it "

Censorship
Fifty Shades of Grey has often been challenged, banned, and removed in the United States  The book landed on the American Library Association's Top 10 List of Banned and Challenged Books in 2012 (4), 2013 (4), and 2015 (2) because it is sexually explicit and unsuited for the age group; has nudity and offensive language; and for religious viewpoints  Challengers also stated the book was "poorly written," and they were concerned "a group of teenagers will want to try [BDSM] " Ultimately, the book became the eighth-most banned book between 2010 and 2019 In March 2012, branches of the public library in Brevard County, Florida, removed copies of Fifty Shades of Grey from their shelves, with an official statement that it did not meet the selection criteria for the library and that reviews for the book had been poor  A representative for the library stated that it was due to the book's sexual content and that other libraries had declined to purchase copies for their branches  Deborah Caldwell-Stone of the American Library Association commented that "If the only reason you don't select a book is that you disapprove of its content, but there is demand for it, there's a question of whether you're being fair  In a public library there is usually very little that would prevent a book from being on the shelf if there is a demand for the information " Brevard County public libraries later made their copies available to their patrons due to public demand In Macaé, Brazil, Judge Raphael Queiroz Campos ruled in January 2013 that bookstores throughout the city must either remove the series entirely from their shelves or ensure that the books are wrapped and placed out of the reach of minors  The judge stated that he was prompted to make such an order after seeing children reading them, basing his decision on a law stating that "magazines and publications whose content is improper or inadequate for children and adolescents can only be sold if sealed and with warnings regarding their content" In February 2015, the Malaysian Home Ministry banned the Fifty Shades of Grey books shortly after banning its film adaptation after permitting them for three years in local bookstores, citing morality-related reasons 

Media
Film adaptation
A film adaptation of the book was produced by Focus Features, Michael De Luca Productions, and Trigger Street Productions, with Universal Pictures and Focus Features securing the rights to the trilogy in March 2012  Universal is also the film's distributor  Charlie Hunnam was originally cast in the role of Christian Grey alongside Dakota Johnson in the role of Anastasia Steele, but Hunnam gave up the part in October 2013, with Jamie Dornan announced for the role on 23 October The film was released on 13 February 2015, and although popular at the box office, critical reactions were mixed to negative 

Film soundtrack
E  L  James announced the film's soundtrack would be released on 10 February 2015  Prior to the soundtrack's release, the first single, "Earned It", by The Weeknd, was released on 24 December 2014  On 7 January 2015, the second single, "Love Me like You Do" by Ellie Goulding was released  Australian singer Sia released the soundtrack's third single, "Salted Wound", on 27 January 2015 

Classical album
An album of songs selected by E  L  James was released on 11 September 2012 by EMI Classics under the title Fifty Shades of Grey: The Classical Album, and reached number four on the US Billboard classical music albums chart in October 2012  A Seattle P-I reviewer favourably wrote that the album would appeal both to fans of the series and to "those who have no intention of reading any of the Grey Shades" 

Parodies
The Fifty Shades of Grey trilogy has inspired many parodies in print, in film, online, and on stage  In November 2012, Universal Studios attempted to prevent the release of Fifty Shades of Grey: A XXX Adaptation, a pornographic film based on the novel, citing copyright and trademark infringement  Smash Pictures, the porn producer, later responded to the lawsuit with a counterclaim that "much or all" of the Fifty Shades material was placed in the public domain in its original Twilight-based form, but later capitulated and stopped distribution of their film 

In print
Fifty Shames of Earl Grey by Andrew Shaffer
Fifty Thousand Shades of Grey by British YouTuber and author Stuart Ashen  The title is literal, as the book simply consists of the phrase "Shades of Grey" repeated 50,000 times 

In film
Scary Movie 5 (2013)
Fifty Shades of Black (2016)

Online
Parodying the fan fiction origins of Fifty Shades of Grey, Ivy League MBA students have created Erotic FinFiction, a blog containing steamy entries written in business jargon 

On stage
Stage productions include:

50 Shades! The Musical Parody
Spank! The Fifty Shades Parody

On television
In the television series Birds of a Feather, Dorien Green's (played by Lesley Joseph) book 50 Shades of Green was sued by the publisher of Fifty Shades of Grey 

See also
BDSM in culture and media
Maestra, a 2016 novel sometimes compared to Fifty Shades of Grey
Nine and a Half Weeks, a 1978 memoir
Sadism and masochism in fiction
Secretary (2002 film)
365 Dni
Passage 3:
Robinne Lee
Robinne Lee (born July 16, 1974) is an American actress and author  She made her screen debut in the 1997 independent film Hav Plenty, and later has appeared in films National Security (2003), Deliver Us from Eva (2003), Hitch (2005), Seven Pounds (2008), Fifty Shades Darker (2017), and Fifty Shades Freed (2018) 

Life and career
Lee was born in Mount Vernon, New York on July 16  A graduate of Yale University and Columbia Law School, Lee began her acting career as part of the ensemble cast of the romantic comedy Hav Plenty in 1997, which was shown at Toronto Film Festival  She spent the following years working in smaller films, and well as co-starred in television movies include The Runaway opposite Debbi Morgan  On television, Lee also guest-starred on Buffy the Vampire Slayer, and Numbers  She also appeared in R&B singer Usher's music video for his 2004 single "Confessions Part II" 
In 2003, Lee appeared in two films, action comedy National Security, with Martin Lawrence and Steve Zahn, and opposite LL Cool J and Gabrielle Union in the romantic comedy Deliver Us from Eva  In 2005, Lee had a role in box-office hit Hitch, starring Will Smith  In 2008, she co-starred again with Smith in the drama film Seven Pounds playing his character's fiancee  As lead actress, she starred in the 2008 comedy-drama This Is Not a Test  In 2009, Lee co-starred alongside Don Cheadle in the comedy film Hotel for Dogs 
In 2007, Lee had the recurring role on the TBS sitcom Tyler Perry's House of Payne and shot an independent film called This Is Not a Test  From 2013 to 2014, she played Avery Daniels in the first season of the critically acclaimed BET drama series, Being Mary Jane  From 2017 to 2018, she starred in the Syfy horror drama series, Superstition 
Lee played Ros Bailey in Fifty Shades Darker (2017) and Fifty Shades Freed (2018), the sequels to Fifty Shades of Grey Lee's debut novel The Idea Of You was published on 13 June 2017 by St  Martin's Press  The story follows Solène Marchand, a 40-year-old mother and owner of a prestigious art gallery in Los Angeles, who falls for a considerably younger British popstar, idolized  by her 12-year-old daughter  The audiobook, read by Lee herself, was released on 3 April 2018 by Tantor Media  A film adaptation by Jennifer Westfeldt was announced in June 2021 and entered production in 2022 starring Anne Hathaway 

Filmography
Film/Movie
Television
Passage 4:
E  L  James
Erika Mitchell (born 7 March 1963), known by her pen name E  L  James, is a British author  She wrote the best-selling erotic romance trilogy Fifty Shades of Grey, Fifty Shades Darker, and Fifty Shades Freed, along with the companion novels Grey: Fifty Shades of Grey as Told by Christian, Darker: Fifty Shades Darker as Told by Christian, and Freed: Fifty Shades Freed as Told by Christian  Prior to this, she wrote the Twilight fan fiction "Master of the Universe" that served as the basis for the Fifty Shades trilogy under the web name Snowqueens Icedragon  In 2019 she published her first book unconnected with the fictional world of Fifty Shades, The Mister, to negative critical reaction The Fifty Shades novels have sold over 150 million copies worldwide, over 35 million copies in the United States and set the record in the United Kingdom as the fastest selling paperback of all time  In 2012, Time magazine named her one of "The World's 100 Most Influential People"  The novels were subsequently adapted into the films Fifty Shades of Grey, Fifty Shades Darker, and Fifty Shades Freed 

Early life
Erika Mitchell was born on 7 March 1963 in Willesden, Middlesex to a Chilean mother and a Scottish father who was a BBC cameraman  She was brought up in Buckinghamshire James was educated at the independent Pipers Corner School and at Wycombe High School, a state grammar school for girls in the town of High Wycombe in Buckinghamshire, followed by the University of Kent in South East England where she studied History After leaving university, James became a studio manager's assistant at the National Film and Television School in Beaconsfield  She married Niall Leonard, a novelist and screenwriter from Northern Ireland, in 1987  They have two sons  As of 2012, they reside in Brentford, West London 

Career
James says the idea for the Fifty Shades trilogy began as a response to the vampire novel series Twilight  In late 2008, James saw the movie Twilight, and then became intensely absorbed with the novels that the movie was based on  She read the novels several times over in a period of a few days, and then, for the first time in her life, sat down to write a book: basically a sequel to the Twilight novels  Between January and August 2009, she wrote two such books in quick succession  She says she then discovered the phenomenon of fan fiction, and this inspired her to publish her novels as Kindle books under the pen name "Snowqueens Icedragon"  Beginning in August 2009, she then began to write the Fifty Shades books James has spoken of her shock at the success of the books  "The explosion of interest has taken me completely by surprise" she said  James has described the Fifty Shades trilogy as "my midlife crisis, writ large  All my fantasies in there, and that's it " She did not start to write until January 2009, as she revealed while still active on FanFiction Net: "I started writing in January 2009 after I finished the Twilight saga, and I haven't stopped since  I discovered Fan Fiction in August 2009  Since then I have written my two fics and plan on doing at least one more  After that     who knows?" In August 2013, James topped the Forbes' list of the highest-earning authors due to her book sales with earnings of $95m which included $5m for the film rights to Fifty Shades of Grey  On 1 June 2015 James announced the upcoming release of Grey: Fifty Shades of Grey as Told by Christian, which was released into stores on 18 June 2015  Darker: Fifty Shades Darker as Told by Christian was released 28 November 2017 

Awards and honours
2012 Time 100 by Time magazine, "The 100 Most Influential People in the World"
2012 Publishers Weekly "Publishing Person of the Year" 
2012 National Book Award (UK), "Popular Fiction Book of the Year", Fifty Shades of Grey
2012 National Book Award (UK), "Book of the Year", Fifty Shades of Grey

Bibliography
Fifty Shades of Grey (2011)
Fifty Shades Darker (2012)
Fifty Shades Freed (2012)
Grey: Fifty Shades of Grey as Told by Christian (2015)
Darker: Fifty Shades Darker as Told by Christian (2017)
The Mister (2019)
Freed: Fifty Shades Freed as Told by Christian (2021)

Filmography
Passage 5:
Fifty Shades of Oy Vey: A Parody
Fifty Shades of Oy Vey: A Parody by E  L  Jamesbergstein is a parody of E L  James' Fifty Shades of Grey  It was published in print and e-book editions by Alfred A  Knish in 2013  Described on its book jacket as "So erotic, you'll plotz", the comic novel, which follows the outline of the original Fifty Shades of Grey, tells the story of the relationship between a beautiful young woman, Anatevka Stein, and a portly bagel tycoon, Chaim Silver 

Synopsis
When Baruch college senior Anatevka Stein goes to interview Chaim Silver for the Hillel Newsletter, she encounters a brilliant, lecherous owner of a bagel making plant  Successful, overweight and reeking of herring, he still lives with his mother  Anatevka finds herself irresistibly drawn to all of these qualities  In a series of encounters, Chaim introduces Anatevka to increasingly unusual sexual techniques, often involving Jewish food and Jewish holidays  He also asks her to sign a Kinky Ketubah spelling out their respective sexual obligations  At times, he serenades her with melancholy music on his accordion  As the love story progresses, it gradually reveals the reasons for Chaim Silver's inner sadness and neurotic behavior 

Reception
Journalists and reviewers in the U S , Canada and overseas have mentioned the spoof of the Fifty Shades books in a generally positive way  Fifty Shades of Oy Vey: A Parody was also cited and its cover used on the WCBS website's coverage of Fifty Shades of Grey and its parodies  An excerpt appeared on the Jewish erotica website Jewrotica org on March 9, 2015 
Passage 6:
Fifty Shades Darker
Fifty Shades Darker is a 2012 erotic romance novel by British author E  L  James  It is the second installment in the Fifty Shades trilogy that traces the deepening relationship between a college graduate, Anastasia Steele, and a young business magnate, Christian Grey  The first and third volumes, Fifty Shades of Grey and Fifty Shades Freed, were published in 2011 and 2012, respectively  The novel is published by Vintage Books and reached No  1 on the USA Today best seller list 

Plot
Three days after leaving Christian, Anastasia "Ana" Steele begins her job as personal assistant to Jack Hyde, an editor at Seattle Independent Publishing (SIP)  He asks Ana out often which, though it makes her uneasy, she writes off   Later, Christian emails her about a gallery exhibit José Rodriguez started in Portland, which she'd forgotten  Ana and Christian attend the show together and kiss in an alley  The same night, they have dinner in a restaurant and Christian reveals he wants her any way possible  He later asks that they resume their relationship but under Ana's conditions: no rules and no punishments  She agrees 
Christian reveals to Ana that he bought SIP but that the deal must stay secret for another month  Feeling he is interfering in her career, especially after he freezes the company's accounts preventing her from going on an overnight business trip to New York with Jack, Ana finds it annoying  Christian insists his actions were for her own protection because Jack is a "known philanderer" who has apparently harassed his last five assistants  Christian's concerns prove correct when Jack corners Ana after hours and blackmails her, demanding sexual favors  Ana escapes using her self-defense training, and Christian has Jack fired and confiscates his work computer 
Meanwhile, when attending a masquerade ball at the home of Christian's parents, Ana meets Christian's ex-lover Elena Lincoln (whom Ana nicknames Mrs  Robinson) and discovers that Elena and Christian own a salon business together  Later, Ana is auctioned off and Christian bids $100,000 for the first dance with her  Ana is disgusted to learn that Christian continues to be friends with Elena, the woman who seduced him when he was only 15 years old and introduced him to the BDSM lifestyle  When Elena realizes that Christian sees Ana as a girlfriend and not a submissive, she becomes antagonistic towards Ana, trying to sow discord in the budding relationship 
Meanwhile, Ana is stalked at work by a disturbed Leila Williams, one of Christian's former submissives, a situation made more intense when Ana learns Leila has a gun  Leila's obsession with Christian and Ana began after she left her husband four months before, leading to a mental breakdown  Leila breaks into Ana's apartment and threatens her at gunpoint  Christian defuses the situation by using their dominant/submissive dynamic, leaving Ana worried that Christian cannot be satisfied with a vanilla relationship  Ana confronts Christian about Leila  Fearing Ana is leaving him again, Christian impulsively puts out his marriage proposal  Ana does not answer, claiming she needs time to consider it 
José, whom Christian still views as a romantic rival, drives to Seattle to visit Ana, which Christian only permits if they both stay at Escala  Ana becomes worried on the night before Christian's 28th birthday when he goes missing flying from Portland to Seattle in his helicopter with Ros Bailey  However, he eventually makes it back to Escala safely, explaining that both the helicopter's engines failed; sabotage is suspected  Ana realizes she never wants to be without him and accepts his marriage proposal 
The next day, the Grey family throws Christian a large birthday party at their mansion  Ana's friend Kate worries after finding an email between Ana and Christian, discussing the BDSM contract, but Ana assures her that her relationship with Christian is a vanilla one  After Christian and Ana announce their engagement, Elena, who is still in love with Christian, angrily confronts Ana, accusing her of being a gold-digger and claiming that a vanilla relationship will never satisfy Christian  Enraged, Ana throws her drink at Elena and tells her to mind her own business  As they fight, Christian comes in and confronts Elena  He reminds her that while Elena taught him how to take control of his own life, she never once taught him to love like Ana did  Christian's adoptive mother, Grace, overhears the argument and is furious that Elena preyed on her teenage son  After slapping her across the face, Grace rails at Elena for her actions and orders her out of her family's life for good  She leaves in disgrace and Grace confronts Christian about it  After telling Grace the whole story, he decides to end his business relationship with Elena and give back the salon to her 
Christian takes Ana to the boathouse, which has been decorated with flowers and soft lights  He proposes properly with a ring and Ana accepts  Outside the Greys' mansion, Jack Hyde secretly watches the party; he is the one who sabotaged Christian's helicopter and he has sworn revenge 

Characters
Reception
The novel reached No  2 on the USA Today best seller list and is considered by The Guardian to be No  11 on the Top 100 Bestselling Books of All Time in the United Kingdom 

Film adaptation
In March 2014, the producer for the eponymous film adaptation of Fifty Shades of Grey, Dana Brunetti, had said there were, as of then, no solid plans to make a sequel  That film was released on 13 February 2015  Before the first film premiered, there was still high anticipation from fans for the sequel to the film  After the first film premiered at a special fan screening in New York City on 6 February 2015, director Sam Taylor-Johnson confirmed two sequels to be succeeded after the first film, with Fifty Shades Darker to be released in 2016  Principal photography commenced in June 2015 in Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada  In April 2015, at the Universal CinemaCon in Las Vegas, Universal announced the release dates of the film along with its sequel  The film is scheduled to be released on 10 February 2017  The first still from the film was released on Friday, 24 April 2015, showing Jamie Dornan as Christian Grey in a black mask looking into a mirror  In April 2015, Universal Pictures chairman Donna Langley told The Hollywood Reporter that the second instalment will be "more of a thriller"  In November 2015, Universal Studios announced that both films will be shot back-to-back with principal photography scheduled to commence in early 2016  Filming began in Canada on 9 February 2016 and continued through 12 July 2016  On 28 January 2016, producer Charolette McKinney broke ground on the new project, and it was announced that Kim Basinger would play Elena Lincoln 

See also
BDSM in culture and media
Sadism and masochism in fiction
Passage 7:
Fifty Shades Freed
Fifty Shades Freed is the third and final installment of the erotic romance Fifty Shades Trilogy by British author E  L  James  After accepting entrepreneur CEO Christian Grey's proposal in Fifty Shades Darker, Anastasia Steele must adjust not only to married life but to her new husband's wealthy lifestyle and controlling nature  The paperback edition was first published in April 2012 

Plot
Anastasia 'Ana' Steele and Christian Grey return to Seattle after a long honeymoon  Christian is upset to find that Ana has kept her maiden name at work  After some resistance, Ana relents and changes her name at work to Grey after realizing how important it is to Christian  As a belated wedding gift, Christian gives Seattle Independent Publishing to Ana, and plans to rename it Grey Publishing 
While Christian is on a business trip in New York, Anastasia goes out for a drink with longtime friend Kate Kavanagh, doing so against Christian's wishes  Returning home, she finds that her former boss, Jack Hyde, who was fired for attempting to sexually assault her, has been apprehended by the security staff  Duct tape is found in his pocket and in his van there are tranquilizers and a ransom note—all indications that he had intended to kidnap her  Jack is arrested  Angry with Ana for defying him, Christian cuts short his New York business trip and returns to Seattle  Furious that Ana reneged on her promise to have Kate over rather than go out, an upset Christian sulks while Ana sleeps  Eventually, the two argue and Ana berates him for being overly controlling and possessive  She demands more freedom and access to her friends  Christian finally relents after realizing how much Ana's friends mean to her and that Ana did the right thing by staying with Kate rather than at home  Soon after, Christian surprises her with a trip to Aspen, with Kate, Elliot, Mia, and Kate's brother, Ethan  While there, Elliot proposes to Kate, and she accepts 
Ana's step-father, Ray, is in a medically-induced coma after a car accident  When he awakens a few days later, Ana and Christian arrange to move him to Seattle to recover  It is also Ana's birthday weekend, and Christian surprises her with all her family and friends at a dinner  He gives her a charm bracelet with the charms representing all their "firsts" including an ice cream cone to represent their "vanilla" relationship  Christian also gives her an  Audi R8  Soon after, Ana learns that she is pregnant  Christian angrily accuses her of getting pregnant on purpose and leaves  He returns early the next morning drunk, claiming Ana will choose the baby - whom he believes to be a boy - over him  Ana says it could be a girl, though Christian refuses to accept that due to his sexist and chauvinistic nature  Ana becomes furious when she discovers a text message on Christian's phone from his ex-lover Elena Lincoln, the woman who seduced him when he was fifteen and introduced him to the BDSM lifestyle  The message indicates they met for a drink 
The next two mornings, Anastasia and Christian barely speak to each other: Christian is angry over the unplanned pregnancy; Anastasia is upset about his late-night encounter with Elena, though Christian insists their relationship is long-since over  When Christian is away on a business for a few days, Ana receives a call from Jack Hyde  He has kidnapped Mia Grey and demands $5 million in two hours  He warns Ana not to tell anyone or he will kill Mia 
Anastasia feigns illness and returns home to escape her bodyguard, Sawyer  She takes a gun and goes to the bank  While collecting the money, the suspicious bank manager calls Christian, who believes Ana is leaving him  To protect Mia's life, Ana lies to Christian, saying she is leaving him to raise the baby alone  Hyde instructs Ana to leave her phone but she tricks him by taking the bank manager's phone instead and dropping it in the trash  She leaves via the back entrance to a waiting car, shocked that Hyde's accomplice is Elizabeth Morgan, her co-worker  When handing over the money, Hyde tries to kill Ana out of vengeance for losing his job, causing Elizabeth to feel guilty for being involved  Angered by his behavior and his hurting Ana, Elizabeth argues with Hyde  On the ground and bruised, Ana shoots Hyde in the leg  As Ana starts to black out she hears Christian calling her name 
Ana wakes three days later in the hospital with Christian at her side  Though he is angry at Ana's recklessness and still anxious about fatherhood, he realizes how important their baby is to her, and they reconcile  Ana returns home the next day  Christian learns from his private investigator, Welch, that he and Hyde had the same foster family  He tells Ana about how he met and was seduced by Elena  By introducing him to the world of BDSM, Elena helped Christian learn to take control of his life  If she had not intervened, he would still be plagued with horrible memories of his mother and would never have been able to control his life  Ana feels guilty for her behavior when he explains how he ended up seeing Elena  He had been looking for his psychiatrist, Dr  Flynn, because he needed help and when he could not contact Flynn, Christian wound up at Elena's salon to talk to someone about his problems  Elena happened to be at the salon while she was closing  She knew Christian and Ana had a fight about the pregnancy  Elena took him to her favorite bar for a drink and to help him relax  Although she made a pass at him, Elena realized that Christian loved Ana and finally agreed to leave on good terms  He reassures her that she did the right thing to call him out for his behavior because Dr  Flynn had been right that he still has a lot of growing up to do 
The next day, a furious Christian discovers from Welsh that Elena's ex-husband, Eric Lincoln, had bailed Jack from jail out of spite for her affair with Christian  Christian tells Ana that after learning about the affair, Eric severely beat Elena and divorced her  Despite Christian's urging, Elena refused to press charges against Eric out of guilt for the affair  Christian retaliated by buying out Eric Lincoln's logging company to sell it off  It is also learned Elizabeth confessed to police that she was blackmailed by Hyde to be his accomplice  (However, her ultimate fate remains a mystery )
Seven months later Ana and Christian have a son named Theodore Raymond Grey, nicknamed Teddy  Two years later Ana is six months pregnant with their second child, a daughter whom they decide to name Phoebe Grey  
Elliot and Kate have married and have a two-month-old daughter named Ava  At the end, after having BDSM sex, Ana and Christian are getting ready to celebrate Teddy's second birthday with their family and friends 

Characters
Reception
Fifty Shades Freed entered The New York Times Best Seller list at number three  In the UK the novel sold over two million copies 

Film adaptation
Sam Taylor-Johnson, the director of the film adaptation of the first installment of the book series, Fifty Shades of Grey, confirmed on 6 February 2015 that both Fifty Shades Freed and the second book in the trilogy, Fifty Shades Darker, would also be adapted for film  In November 2015, Universal Studios announced that both films would be shot back-to-back with principal photography scheduled to commence in early 2016  The film was scheduled to be released on 9 February 2018 
Passage 8:
Fifty Shades (film series)
Fifty Shades is a British-American film trilogy series based on the Fifty Shades trilogy by English author E  L  James  It is distributed by Universal Studios and stars Dakota Johnson and Jamie Dornan as the lead roles Anastasia Steele and Christian Grey, respectively  Sam Taylor-Johnson directed the first film, and James Foley directed the second and third films The first film, Fifty Shades of Grey, was released on February 13, 2015, while the second, Fifty Shades Darker, was released on February 10, 2017  Fifty Shades Freed, the third film, was released on February 9, 2018  Although the films were poorly received critically, the series grossed over $1 32 billion worldwide, making it the seventh highest-grossing R-rated franchise of all-time 

Development
Two years after the trilogy's first novel was released, several distribution companies had bid for the rights of the trilogy  Warner Bros , Sony, Paramount and Universal, as well as Mark Wahlberg's production company, put in bids for the film rights  The winning bid went to Universal Studios and Focus Features, at $5 million  With James gaining control over the process of the making of the film, she hand-picked Dana Brunetti and Michael De Luca as the producers 

Films
Fifty Shades of Grey (2015)
When Anastasia "Ana" Steele, a literature student, goes to interview the wealthy Christian Grey, as a favor to her roommate Kate Kavanagh, she encounters a handsome, brilliant and intimidating man  The innocent and naive Ana, startled to realize she wants him, despite his enigmatic reserve and advice, finds herself desperate to get close to him  Not able to resist Ana's beauty and independent spirit, Grey admits he wants her too, but on his own terms  Ana hesitates as she discovers the singular tastes of Grey; despite the embellishments of success – his multinational businesses, his vast wealth, his loving family – Grey is consumed by the need to control everything  As they get close, Steele starts to discover Grey's secrets and explores her own BDSM desires 

Fifty Shades Darker (2017)
Following the events of the first film, Anastasia Steele and Christian Grey resume their relationship under Ana's terms  However, their relationship is tested when Christian's past threatens the couple 

Fifty Shades Freed (2018)
Believing they've left behind the shadowy figures from the past, billionaire Christian Grey and his new wife, Anastasia, fully embrace their inextricable connection and shared life of luxury  Just as the Greys begin to step into their new roles, sinister events come to light and jeopardize their happy ending before it even begins 

Cast and crew
Cast
Crew
Production
Directors
On June 19, 2013, Sam Taylor-Johnson was chosen to direct the first film  On February 6, 2015, Taylor-Johnson announced the sequels, prompting she would return to direct the sequels  It was later revealed that Taylor-Johnson would not return  On August 20, 2015, it was revealed by Deadline Hollywood that James Foley was the front-runner to direct the sequel and third film Fifty Shades Freed 

Screenwriters
Kelly Marcel was chosen as the screenwriter for the first film On April 22, 2015, it was announced that author E L  James' husband, Niall Leonard, would write the script for the sequel  Leonard also went on to write the script for the third film 

Casting
The casting for the lead roles was considered controversial  Many contenders considered for the film included Ryan Gosling, Garrett Hedlund, Theo James, Alexander Skarsgård, François Arnaud, Charlie Hunnam, Scott Eastwood, Luke Bracey, Ian Somerhalder and Billy Magnussen as Christian Grey  Alicia Vikander, Imogen Poots, Elizabeth Olsen, Shailene Woodley, Alexis Bledel and Felicity Jones were all considered for the role of Anastasia Steele On September 2, 2013, Dakota Johnson and Charlie Hunnam were cast as Anastasia Steele and Christian Grey respectively  As a result, the displeasure of the casting from fans caused controversy  In response, Brunetti stated, "There is a lot that goes into casting that isn't just looks  Talent, availability, their desire to do it, chemistry with other actor, etc  So if your favorite wasn't cast, then it is most likely due to something on that list  Keep that in mind while hating and keep perspective " On October 12, it was announced Hunnam had quit the role of Grey and the studio was in the process of searching for a new actor  On October 23, Jamie Dornan was cast as the replacement for Christian Grey In October 2013, Jennifer Ehle was cast as Carla Wilks  On October 31, 2013, Victor Rasuk was cast as José Rodriguez, Jr  On November 22, 2013, Eloise Mumford was cast as Kate Kavanagh  On December 2, 2013, singer Rita Ora was cast as Christian's younger sister Mia  On December 3, 2013, Marcia Gay Harden was cast as Christian's mother, Grace On January 28, 2016, Kim Basinger joined the franchise to play the role of Elena Lincoln in the sequels, Grey's business partner and former lover, while Luke Grimes, Eloise Mumford and Max Martini would be returning for the sequels  On February 5, Bella Heathcote was cast as Leila, one of Grey's former submissives  In the same month, Eric Johnson was cast to play Jack Hyde, Ana's boss at SIP  On February 18, 2016, Robinne Lee and Fay Masterson joined the film's cast  On February 20, Brant Daugherty signed on to play Luke Sawyer, the personal bodyguard for Anastasia in the third film 

Filming
For Fifty Shades of Grey, principal photography was filmed in Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada, which began on December 1, 2013  Scenes were filmed in the Gastown district of Vancouver  Bentall 5 was used as the Grey Enterprises building  The University of British Columbia serves as Washington State University Vancouver, from which Ana graduates  The Fairmont Hotel Vancouver was used as the Heathman Hotel  The film was also shot at the North Shore Studios  The production officially ended on February 21, 2014  Reshoots involving scenes between Dornan and Johnson took place in Vancouver during the week of October 13, 2014 For Fifty Shades Darker and Fifty Shades Freed, principal photography was to commence in June in Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada  This was later to be impossible, due to the script being unwritten at that moment  In November 2015, Universal Studios announced that both films would be shot back-to-back with principal photography scheduled to commence in early 2016  Filming began in Paris and Vancouver from February 9, 2016, to July 12, 2016, under the working title "Further Adventures of Max and Banks 2 & 3 " Filming on Fifty Shades Darker concluded on April 11, 2016 

Reception
With a combined worldwide gross over $1 3 billion, the franchise was one of the biggest R-rated franchises ever, behind only The Matrix ($1 6 billion over three films), The Hangover ($1 4 billion over three films) and Alien ($1 328 billion not counting the PG-13 Alien vs  Predator) 

Box office performance
Critical and public response
Accolades
Passage 9:
Fifty Shades (novel series)
Fifty Shades is a series of erotic novels by E  L  James, initially a trilogy consisting of Fifty Shades of Grey (2011), Fifty Shades Darker (2012) and Fifty Shades Freed (2012)  The series traces the deepening relationship between college graduate Anastasia Steele and young businessman Christian Grey, who introduces Ana to the world of BDSM 
The author has spoken of her shock at the success of the book: "The explosion of interest has taken me completely by surprise " James has described the Fifty Shades trilogy as "my midlife crisis, writ large  All my fantasies in there, and that's it " She did not start to write until January 2009, as she revealed while still active on FanFiction Net: "I started writing in January 2009 after I finished reading the Twilight saga, and I haven't stopped since  I discovered Fan Fiction in August 2009  Since then I have written two fics and plan on doing at least one more  After that     who knows?" In August 2013, sales of the trilogy saw James top the Forbes' list of the highest-earning authors with earnings of $95 million, which included $5 million for the film rights to Fifty Shades of Grey  In spite of the success, the books have also been largely panned by critics, with the first entry in particular "being ridiculed by virtually every critic who has read it "Since 2015 the series has been expanded with a parallel set of novels "as told by Christian": Grey follows the events of Fifty Shades of Grey but from the perspective of Christian Grey, Darker (2017) and Freed (2021) do the same for Fifty Shades Darker and Fifty Shades Freed, respectively 

Plot overview
Original trilogyFifty Shades of Grey (2011)
Fifty Shades Darker (2012)
Fifty Shades Freed (2012)Told by Christian trilogyGrey (2015)
Darker (2017)
Freed (2021)

Main characters
Critical reception
Salman Rushdie said about the book: "I've never read anything so badly written that got published  It made Twilight look like War and Peace " Maureen Dowd described the book in The New York Times as being written "like a Brontë devoid of talent", and said it was "dull and poorly written"  Jesse Kornbluth of The Huffington Post said: "As a reading experience, Fifty Shades     is a sad joke, puny of plot" Princeton professor April Alliston wrote, "Though no literary masterpiece, Fifty Shades is more than parasitic fan fiction based on the recent Twilight vampire series " Entertainment Weekly writer Lisa Schwarzbaum gave the book a "B+" rating and praised it for being "in a class by itself"  British author Jenny Colgan in The Guardian wrote "It is jolly, eminently readable and as sweet and safe as BDSM (bondage, discipline, sadism and masochism) erotica can be without contravening the trade descriptions act" and also praised the book for being "more enjoyable" than other "literary erotic books"  However, The Telegraph criticized the book as "treacly cliché" but also wrote that the sexual politics in Fifty Shades of Grey will have female readers "discussing it for years to come"  A reviewer for the Ledger-Enquirer described the book as guilty fun and escapism, but that it "also touches on one aspect of female existence [female submission]  And acknowledging that fact – maybe even appreciating it – shouldn't be a cause for guilt " The New Zealand Herald stated that the book "will win no prizes for its prose" and that "there are some exceedingly awful descriptions", but it was also an easy read; "(If you only) can suspend your disbelief and your desire to – if you'll pardon the expression – slap the heroine for having so little self respect, you might enjoy it "The Columbus Dispatch stated that, "Despite the clunky prose, James does cause one to turn the page " Metro News Canada wrote that "suffering through 500 pages of this heroine's inner dialogue was torturous, and not in the intended, sexy kind of way"  Jessica Reaves, of the Chicago Tribune, wrote that the "book's source material isn't great literature", noting that the novel is "sprinkled liberally and repeatedly with asinine phrases", and described it as "depressing"  The book garnered some accolades  In December 2012, it won both "Popular Fiction" and "Book of the Year" categories in the UK National Book Awards  In that same month, Publishers Weekly named E  L  James the 'Publishing Person of the Year', causing an "outcry from the literary world"  For example, "What was Publishers Weekly thinking?" asked Los Angeles Times writer Carolyn Kellogg, while a New York Daily News headline read, "Civilization ends: E L  James named Publishers Weekly's 'Person of the Year' "

Depiction of BDSM
The Fifty Shades trilogy has also attracted criticism due to its depictions of BDSM, with Katie Roiphe of Newsweek asking "But why, for women especially, would free will be a burden?     It may be that power is not always that comfortable, even for those of us who grew up in it; it may be that equality is something we want only sometimes and in some places and in some arenas; it may be that power and all of its imperatives can be boring " Zap2it's Andrea Reiher expressed frustration at Roiphe's depiction of the series, stating that "[b]eing submissive sexually is not tantamount to being the victim of abuse" or that they're "giving up their power or their equality with their partner"  Other sites such as Jezebel have responded to the article, with Jezebel listing reasons for Fifty Shades of Grey's popularity, stating that "the vast majority of fans fawn over the emotional relationship Anastasia and Christian have, not about the sex "In an interview with Salon, several dominatrices have responded that while submission can be an escape from daily stresses, they also frequently have male clients and that trust is a big factor in dominant/submissive relationships  One interviewed former dominatrix and author, Melissa Febos, stated that even if the book's popularity was a result of women's "current anxieties about equality" that it "doesn't mean that it's 'evidence of unhappiness, or an invalidation of feminism,'    it might actually be a sign of progress that millions of women are so hungrily pursuing sexual fantasies independent of men " Writing in The Huffington Post, critic Soraya Chemaly argued that interest in the series was not a trend, but squarely within the tradition and success of the romance category which is driven by tales of virgins, damaged men and submission/dominance themes  Instead, she wrote, the books are notable not for transgressive sex but for how women are using technology to subvert gendered shame by exploring explicit sexual content privately using e-readers  Instead of submission fantasies representing a post-feminist discomfort with power and free will, women's open consumption, sharing and discussion of sexual content is a feminist success  At the beginning of the media hype, Dr  Drew and sexologist Logan Levkoff discussed the book on The Today Show, about whether Fifty Shades perpetuated violence against women; Levkoff said that while that is an important subject, this trilogy had nothing to do with it – this was a book about a consensual relationship  Dr  Drew commented that the book was "horribly written" in addition to being "disturbing" but stated that "if the book enhances women's real-life sex lives and intimacy, so be it " Amy Bonomi, a Human Development and Family Studies professor argues that the relationship portrayed is non-consensual: "Unable to bear the thought of being alone, Christian employs strategies to "trap" Anastasia, including keeping his violent tendencies private, limiting Anastasia's availability of help and support from her friends and family through his nondisclosure agreement and through verbal and nonverbal intimidation, and attempts to convince Anastasia that she finds his punishments pleasurable"

Censorship or removal of books
In March 2012, branches of the public library in Brevard County, Florida, removed copies of Fifty Shades of Grey from their shelves, with an official stating that it did not meet the selection criteria for the library and that reviews for the book had been poor  A representative for the library stated that it was due to the book's sexual content and that other libraries had declined to purchase copies for their branches  Deborah Caldwell-Stone of the American Library Association commented that "If the only reason you don't select a book is that you disapprove of its content, but there is demand for it, there's a question of whether you're being fair  In a public library there is usually very little that would prevent a book from being on the shelf if there is a demand for the information " Brevard County public libraries later made their copies available to their patrons due to public demand In Macaé, Brazil, Judge Raphael Queiroz Campos ruled in January 2013 that bookstores throughout the city must either remove the series entirely from their shelves or ensure that the books are wrapped and placed out of the reach of minors  The judge stated that he was prompted to make such an order after seeing children reading them, basing his decision on a law stating that "magazines and publications whose content is improper or inadequate for children and adolescents can only be sold if sealed and with warnings regarding their content" 

Film adaptations
A film adaptation of the book was produced by Focus Features, Michael De Luca Productions, and Trigger Street Productions, with Universal Pictures and Focus Features securing the rights to the trilogy in March 2012  Universal is also the film's distributor  Charlie Hunnam was originally cast in the role of Christian Grey alongside Dakota Johnson in the role of Anastasia Steele, but Hunnam gave up the part in October 2013, with Jamie Dornan announced for the role on 23 October  The film was released on 13 February 2015, and became an immediate success, making it to #1 at the box office with $558 5 million  However, critical reactions were generally negative  After the first film premiered at a special fan screening in New York City on 6 February 2015, director Sam Taylor-Johnson confirmed two sequels to be succeeded after the first film, with Fifty Shades Darker releasing on 10 February 2017 and Fifty Shades Freed releasing on 9 February 2018 

See also
BDSM in culture and media
Sadism and masochism in fiction
Secretary (2002)

Further reading
Upstone, Sara (2016)  "Beyond the bedroom: motherhood in E  L  James's Fifty Shades of Grey Trilogy"  Frontiers: A Journal of Women Studies  37 (2): 138–164  doi:10 5250/fronjwomestud 37 2 0138  JSTOR 10 5250/fronjwomestud 37 2 0138  S2CID 146280020 



ground_truth: 810

prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: When was the club formed, for which Adam  Johnson played as well as Middlesbrough and Watford ?

The following are given passages.
Context 2:  He also guided them to three more FA Cup Finals, two more FA Cup Semi-finals, one more Inter-Cities Fairs Cup Final and one Inter-Cities Fairs Cup Semi-final, one European Cup Winners' Cup Final and one European Cup Semi-final  The team also finished second in the Football League First Division five times, third once and fourth twice  In a survey of leading football writers, historians and academics by Total Sport magazine, Revie's Leeds United were voted as one of the 50 greatest football teams of all time 

1974–1988: Post-Revie and relegation
Following the 1973–74 season, Revie left Leeds and Elland Road to manage the England national team  Brian Clough was appointed as Revie's successor  This was a surprise appointment, as Clough had been an outspoken critic of Revie and the team's tactics  Clough's tenure as manager started badly, with defeat in the Charity Shield against Liverpool in which Billy Bremner and Kevin Keegan were sent off for fighting  Under Clough, the team performed poorly, and after only 44 days he was dismissed Clough was replaced by former England captain Jimmy Armfield  Armfield took Revie's ageing team to the final of the 1974–75 European Cup, in which they were defeated by Bayern Munich under controversial circumstances  Assisted by coach Don Howe, Armfield rebuilt Revie's team, and though it no longer dominated English football, it remained in the top ten for subsequent seasons  However, the board became impatient for success and dismissed Armfield in 1978, replacing him with Jock Stein, who also lasted just 44 days before leaving to manage Scotland  The board appointed Jimmy Adamson, but he was unable to stop the decline, and in 1980 Adamson resigned and was replaced by former player Allan Clarke  Despite spending freely on players, he was unable to stem the tide, and the club was relegated at the end of 1981–82  Clarke was replaced by former teammate Eddie Gray With no money to spend on team building, Gray concentrated on youth development, but was unable to guide them to promotion from the Second Division  The board again became impatient and dismissed Gray in 1985, replacing him with another Revie teammate, Billy Bremner  Bremner found it just as difficult to achieve promotion, although Leeds reached the 1987 play-off final, but were defeated by Charlton Athletic  Leeds also endured a near miss in the FA Cup, losing out to Coventry City in the semi-finals 

1988–1996: Howard Wilkinson era
In October 1988, with the team 21st in the Second Division, Bremner was fired to make way for Howard Wilkinson  Leeds avoided relegation that season, and in March 1989 signed Gordon Strachan from Manchester United for £300,000  The Scottish midfielder was named captain, and helped Leeds win the Second Division in 1989–90 and gain promotion back to the First Division  Leeds finished fourth in 1990–91, and in the 1991–92 season they became champions of England for the third time  During the close season Leeds were founder members of the new Premier League, which became the top division of English football  However, the 1992–93 season saw Leeds exiting the Champions League in the early stages, and eventually finishing 17th in the league (having won no away matches in the league), narrowly avoiding relegation  Wilkinson's Leeds were unable to provide any consistent challenge for honours, and his position was not helped by a poor display in the 1996 League Cup final which Leeds lost to Aston Villa  Leeds could only finish 13th in 1995–96, and after a 4–0 home defeat by Manchester United early in 1996–97, Wilkinson had his contract terminated  One of the legacies of Wilkinson and youth coach Paul Hart was the development of Leeds United's youth academy, which has produced numerous talented footballers over the years 

1997–2001: Graham and O'Leary
Leeds appointed George Graham as Wilkinson's successor  This appointment was controversial as Graham had previously received a one-year ban from The Football Association for receiving illegal payments from a football agent  Graham made some astute purchases and also helped blood youngsters from Leeds' youth cup winning side  By the end of the 1997–98 season, Leeds had qualified for the following season's UEFA Cup  In October 1998, Graham left to become manager of Tottenham Hotspur, and Leeds opted to replace him with assistant manager David O'Leary Under O'Leary and assistant Eddie Gray, Leeds never finished outside the top five in the Premier League, and secured qualification for both the UEFA Cup and the UEFA Champions League, enjoying cup runs to the semi-finals of both competitions  However, during the same period, the team's image was tarnished when players Jonathan Woodgate and Lee Bowyer were involved in an incident that left an Asian student in hospital with severe injuries  The resulting court case took nearly two years to resolve; Bowyer was cleared, but Woodgate convicted of affray and sentenced to community service  Additionally, in the UEFA Cup semi-final against Galatasaray in Istanbul, two Leeds fans were stabbed to death before the game 

2001–2007: Financial crisis and fall to League One
Under chairman Peter Ridsdale, Leeds had taken out large loans against the prospect of the share of the TV rights and sponsorship revenues from Champions League qualification and subsequent progress in the competition  However, Leeds narrowly failed to qualify for the Champions League in two successive seasons, and as a consequence did not receive enough income to repay the loans  The first indication that the club was in financial trouble was the sale of Rio Ferdinand to Manchester United for approximately £30 million  Ridsdale and O'Leary publicly fell out over the sale, and O'Leary was dismissed and replaced by former England manager Terry Venables  Leeds performed woefully under Venables, and other players were sold to repay the loans, including Jonathan Woodgate, whom Ridsdale had promised Venables would not be sold  Tensions mounted between Ridsdale and Venables and, with the team underachieving, Venables was dismissed and replaced by Peter Reid  Ridsdale resigned from the Leeds board and was replaced by existing non-executive director Professor John McKenzie  At this time Leeds were in danger of relegation, but managed to avoid the drop in the penultimate game of the season, beating Arsenal 3–2 away with a late strike by Mark Viduka Reid was given a permanent contract at Leeds the following summer and brought in several players on loan  An unsuccessful start to the 2003–04 season saw Reid dismissed, and Eddie Gray take over as caretaker manager until the end of the season  An insolvency specialist, Gerald Krasner, led a consortium of local businessmen which took over Leeds and oversaw the sale of the club's assets, including senior and emerging youth players of any value  Leeds were relegated during the 2003–04 season Following relegation to the Championship, assistant manager Kevin Blackwell was appointed manager  Most of the remaining players were sold or released on free transfers to further reduce the high wage bill; Blackwell was forced to rebuild almost the entire squad through free transfers, and Leeds were forced to sell both their training ground and stadium in the autumn of 2004 In 2005, the club was bought by Ken Bates, who paid £10 million for a 50% stake  Under Blackwell, Leeds reached the Championship play-off final, which they lost to Watford  With the team performing poorly, Blackwell's contract was terminated, and Leeds hired John Carver as caretaker manager, but his spell was not a success and he was relieved of his duties, with Dennis Wise eventually installed as his replacement  Wise was unable to lift the team out of the relegation zone for much of the season, despite bringing in a number of experienced loan players and free transfers on short-term deals  With relegation virtually assured, Leeds entered administration on 4 May 2007, thus incurring a league-imposed 10-point deduction that officially relegated the club to the third tier of English football; the club had previously never played any lower than the second tier  The players whom Wise had brought in were released; he was forced to build a squad almost from scratch, and because of administration Leeds were unable to sign any players until a few days before the opening game of the season 

2007–2010: League One
On 3 July 2007, HM Revenue and Customs (HMRC) lodged a legal challenge to Leeds' Creditors' Voluntary Agreement (CVA)  Under league rules, if the club were still in administration at the start of the following season, Leeds would have been prevented from starting their season by the Football League  Following the challenge by HMRC, the club was put up for sale by KPMG, and again Ken Bates' bid was accepted  The League eventually sanctioned this under the "exceptional circumstances rule" but imposed a 15-point deduction due to the club failing to exit administration with a CVA, as the Football League rules required  On 31 August 2007, HMRC decided not to pursue its legal challenge any further Despite the 15-point deduction, Wise and his assistant Gus Poyet guided Leeds to a play-off position, only for Poyet to leave for Tottenham, and Wise quitting to take up a position at Newcastle United  Wise was replaced by former club captain Gary McAllister  Leeds went on to secure a place in the play-off final, but were beaten by Doncaster Rovers  The following season saw a poor run of results, and McAllister was dismissed after a run of five defeats in a row  He was replaced by Simon Grayson, who resigned from his post as manager of Blackpool to take the position  Under Grayson, Leeds made the play-offs once again, but were beaten over the two legs of the semi-finals by Millwall In the 2009–10 season, the team secured the best start ever to a season by a Leeds side, and caused a major upset in the third round of the FA Cup by beating Manchester United at Old Trafford  After the impressive run in the FA Cup, Leeds' league form suffered, with the team taking just seven points from a possible 24  However, the team rallied and Leeds won their final game of the season to confirm promotion to the Championship as runners-up to Norwich City 

2010–2014: Return to the Championship
Leeds spent much of the 2010–11 season in the play-off places, but eventually finished in seventh place, just missing out on the play-offs In May 2011, it was announced that Leeds chairman Ken Bates had bought the club and become the owner of Leeds  Before the match against Middlesbrough, about 300 Leeds fans protested about what they saw as a lack of investment in the playing side, to which Bates responded by calling the protesters "morons" Despite securing promotion to the Championship, Grayson was dismissed after failing to mount a consistent challenge for promotion to the Premier League  Neil Warnock was appointed as the club's new manager on 18 February, with his initial contract lasting until the end of the 2012–13 season On 21 November 2012, Middle East-based private equity group GFH Capital finalised a deal for a protracted takeover of Leeds, gaining a 100% shareholding in the club  It was also announced Ken Bates would remain as chairman until the end of the 2012–13 season and then become club president  The takeover was officially completed on 21 December 2012 Despite runs to the quarter-finals of the League Cup and the fifth round of the FA Cup (albeit with both runs ending in five-goal thrashings, by Chelsea and Manchester City respectively), Leeds' league form in the 2012–13 season was generally mediocre, with the club never making any real challenge for the play-off places  Warnock resigned with six games remaining, and Leeds just five points above the relegation zone  Brian McDermott replaced Warnock, and the club won three of their final five games of the season, enough to avoid relegation  That summer, Bates stepped down as chairman, and ultimately left the club altogether a few weeks later following a dispute over expenses On 7 January 2014, Leeds United's managing director David Haigh was involved in Sport Capital, a consortium involving the managing director of Leeds United's main sponsors, Enterprise Insurance, Andrew Flowers  Sports Capital came close to completing a transaction with GFH Capital that would have given them a 75% stake in the business On 30 January, Sport Capital's takeover collapsed due to a lack of "financial backing"  Haigh released a statement conceding that it was unable to complete a deal despite two months ago agreeing to purchase a 75% stake in the club from the owners Gulf Finance House  Haigh said he and Sport Capital had "injected substantial sums into the club to ensure its viability" but earlier in the week fellow consortium member Andrew Flowers, the managing director of Leeds' shirt sponsor Enterprise Insurance, stated that GFH had "breached their covenant with us" after inviting a rival bid from Massimo Cellino, the president of the Serie A club Cagliari Calcio  Haigh's statement read:

As fans know, we signed a share acquisition agreement with GFH Capital at the end of last year  This meant, I believed, that we were in a position to move things forward and complete the transaction in time for the January transfer window      Unfortunately, however, some of the consortium's backers ultimately didn't feel able to deliver the financial backing we had hoped was agreed to take the club forward 
On 31 January 2014, under controversial circumstances, it was reported that manager Brian McDermott had been removed from his position as the club's manager following a string of poor results, while the controversy surrounding the club was resolved  New club captain Ross McCormack expressed his support for the former manager  By 3 February the BBC was reporting that McDermott had been called by a lawyer representing Massimo Cellino "and told he had been relieved of his duties"  However, Cellino still did not own the club, as the Football League had not yet approved his purchase, so neither he nor his lawyer could dismiss the manager  McDermott, therefore, remained in his post After weeks of speculation regarding the purchase of Leeds United, on 7 February 2014, Leeds United had announced that they had exchanged contracts for the sale of Leeds to Cellino's family consortium Eleonora Sport Ltd  The deal saw the Cellino family acquire a 75% ownership of the club, subject to Football League Approval At its meeting on 23 March 2014, the board of the Football League decided unanimously that Cellino's conviction by an Italian court meant that he did not meet its owners and directors test, so could not take over Leeds United In the backdrop of Cellino's takeover, Leeds suffered an appalling second half of the season, dropping from the play-off places to the fringes of the relegation battle  In the end, the weak performances of the teams below Leeds meant that they were never in any real danger of going down, and a late run of wins put survival beyond doubt well before the end of the season  However, McDermott still resigned his position a few weeks after the season ended 

2014–2017: Cellino era
On 5 April, Cellino was successful in his appeal with independent QC Tim Kerr to take over the club  The takeover was completed on 10 April, with Cellino's company, Eleonora Sport Limited, buying 75% of the club's shares  Two months later, the inexperienced Dave Hockaday was surprisingly appointed head coach, with Junior Lewis hired as his assistant  After only 70 days, the pair were fired by Cellino  Darko Milanič was given the head coach position in September 2014 becoming the club's first manager from outside the British isles and the first Slovene manager in English football, but left the club the following month  On 1 November 2014, Neil Redfearn was confirmed as the new head coach On 1 December 2014, Cellino was disqualified by the Football League after it obtained documents from an Italian court, where he was found guilty of tax evasion  He was disqualified from running the club until 10 April 2015, and on 24 February 2015, Cellino announced he would not be returning to the club after his ban ended  Redfearn was replaced by former Manchester City Player Uwe Rösler as head coach in the summer of 2015, but Rosler was himself replaced by Steve Evans after only a few months in the role On 30 October 2015, Cellino agreed a deal in principle with Leeds Fans Utd to sell a majority stake in the club  When asked to legally commit to an exclusivity period to allow due diligence to commence, he reneged On 2 June 2016, Garry Monk was appointed as the new head coach, replacing Steve Evans  On 4 January 2017, Italian businessman Andrea Radrizzani purchased a 50% stake in the club from Massimo Cellino  At the close of the 2016/17 season, Leeds narrowly missed out on the play-offs  Leeds had been in the play-off positions for the majority of the season before a poor run of form in the final games saw them drop into seventh place  This was compounded by being knocked out in the fourth round of the FA Cup by non-league side Sutton United 1–0, who, at the time, were 84 places and three divisions below Leeds 

2017–present: Radrizzani takeover and Premier League return
On 23 May 2017, Radrizzani announced a 100% buyout of Leeds United, buying the remaining 50% shares from previous co-owner Massimo Cellino, with Radrizzani taking full ownership of the club  Garry Monk resigned as head coach two days after the takeover, after one season at the club in which he guided them to seventh place  In June 2017, former Spain international Thomas Christiansen was announced as the new head coach  This was followed by Radrizzani introducing Leeds United Ladies back to Leeds United ownership  Also in June, Radrizzani completed the purchase of Elland Road from Jacob Adler's company, Teak Commercial Limited for £20 million, using his own company Greenfield Investment Pte Ltd On 4 February 2018, Christiansen was dismissed after a bad run of games, leaving the team 10th in the Championship table  On 6 February, Paul Heckingbottom was confirmed as Christiansen's replacement  On 24 May 2018, Leeds announced that 49ers Enterprises had bought shares in the club to become a minority investor  The 49ers Enterprises is the business arm of the NFL side San Francisco 49ers, owned by Denise DeBartolo York, Jed York, and John York Heckingbottom was dismissed by Leeds on 1 June 2018 after being at the club for just four months  Argentine manager Marcelo Bielsa was named the club's new manager on 15 June, signing a two-year contract with an option of a third year  In doing so he became the highest-paid manager in Leeds United's history Bielsa's first season in charge saw Leeds make an impressive start and Leeds remained in the top 2 with Norwich City for the majority of the season, on course for automatic promotion to the Premier League  However, a poor end to the season saw the team lose out on automatic promotion to Sheffield United  They entered the play-offs against Derby County; despite winning the first leg 1–0, they ultimately lost 4–3 on aggregate which consigned them to another season in the championship On 17 July 2020, after 16 years out of the Premier League, Leeds were promoted back to the top flight following West Bromwich Albion's loss to Huddersfield Town  Stoke City's defeat of Brentford the following day confirmed they would go up as winners of the Championship  Leeds had been in the top 2 for most of the season and had never dropped lower than 5th in the table, eventually going on to finish 10 points clear of West Brom in 2nd The club’s first season back in the Premier League produced a top half finish, their points tally was the most by a newly promoted side since Ipswich Town two decades earlier  However, the following season was not as successful and following a series of poor results, Bielsa was dismissed by the club in February 2022  Jesse Marsch was appointed as Bielsa's replacement, and he successfully led the club to avoid relegation on the final day of the season  Marsch was dismissed by the club in February 2023, and was replaced by Javi Gracia  Gracia was dismissed in May, having won just three of his twelve games in charge, he was replaced by Sam Allardyce as the club aimed to avoid relegation for the second successive season, but he was unable to prevent relegation as Leeds dropped back into the Championship on the final day of the season 

Colours
In Leeds' first 15 years, the club kit was modelled on Huddersfield Town's blue and white striped shirts, white shorts and dark blue socks with blue and white rings on the turnovers, because Huddersfield's chairman Hilton Crowther was attempting to merge the two clubs  He eventually left Huddersfield to take over at Leeds In 1934, Leeds switched to blue and yellow halved shirts incorporating the city crest, white shorts and blue socks with yellow tops  The kit was worn for the first time on 22 September 1934  In 1950, Leeds switched to yellow shirts with blue sleeves and collars, white shorts and black, blue and gold hooped socks  In 1955, Leeds changed again to royal blue shirts with gold collars, white shorts, and blue and yellow hooped socks, thus echoing the original Leeds City strip  In 1961, Don Revie introduced a plain white strip throughout 

Badge
Leeds United's first badge appeared in 1934  Like Leeds City before them, the club adopted the coat of arms of Leeds, which remained on the kit in various guises until 1961  For a number of seasons after 1961–62, when the all-white strip replaced the blue and gold, the shirts sported no badge at all A perching owl badge was added to the strip in 1964  The design was a surprise given Revie's superstition about the symbolism of birds  The owl derived from the three owls that feature on the city's coat of arms, which in turn were taken from the coat of arms of Sir John Savile, the first alderman of Leeds  The owl was usually navy blue, but was coloured gold for the 1968 Football League Cup Final Between 1971 and 1973, Leeds used the "LUFC" script that runs down the centre of the current badge, albeit in a diagonal fashion rather than the present vertical  The script made a reappearance on the 'retro-look' Asics kit used during the 1995–96 season  In 1973 came the embodiment of 1970s imagery with the iconic "smiley" badge, made up of the letters L and U in bubble writing  Revie's predilection for gimmicks was years ahead of its time, and done with the explicit intention of gaining acceptance from a public outside West Yorkshire  In 1977, the smiley badge was rotated through 45° and the yellow and blue colours were reversed  The yellow smiley returned the following year, but was now enclosed in a circle surrounded by the words "LEEDS UNITED AFC" In the 1978–79 season, a new badge appeared that was similar to that of the previous season, except now the words "LEEDS UNITED AFC" enclosed a stylised peacock (a reference to the club's nickname, "The Peacocks") rather than the yellow smiley In 1984, another badge was introduced which lasted until 1998  The distinctive rose and ball badge used the traditional blue, gold and white colours, and incorporated the White Rose of York, the club's name, and a football (a truncated icosahedron similar to the Adidas Telstar, but in Leeds colours) in the core section In the 1998–99 season, the club logo was replaced with a more "European" shield design  The shield retained the white rose, as well as the blue, gold and white colours, with "LUFC" reading vertically down the centre  In 1999, the badge was slightly amended in that the football from the 1984 badge was added to the centre of the white rose On 20 February 2019, Leeds United revealed a predominantly gold coloured badge that would be worn on the players' kit during the club's centenary season  The badge retained the existing shield design, but replaced the "LUFC" script with the words "LEEDS UNITED" above and "100 YEARS" below the shield  The crest also carried the date "1919", the year that the club was founded, as well as the centenary year "2019" 

Stadium
Leeds United have only ever used one stadium as their home ground, Elland Road, where they have played at since their foundation in 1919  An all-seater stadium situated in Beeston, Leeds, West Yorkshire, England, it is the 14th largest football stadium in England  Elland Road was previously occupied by their predecessors, Leeds City before their disbanding  After their formation, the council allowed them to rent the stadium until they could afford to buy it  With the exception of periods from the 1960s until 1983, and from 1997 to 2004, the local council owned the stadium  However, it was sold by the club in October 2004, with a 25-year sale-leaseback deal being agreed, and a commercial buy-back clause also included for when the club's finances improve sufficiently Initially, the ground was the home of the Holbeck Rugby Club, which played in the Northern Rugby Union, the forerunner of the Rugby Football League  One of Leeds' first nicknames, 'The Peacocks', comes from the original name of Elland Road – 'The Old Peacock ground'  It was named by the original owners of the ground, Bentley's Brewery, after its pub The Old Peacock, which still faces the site  The newly formed Leeds City agreed to rent and later own Elland Road  After their disbandment, it was sold to Leeds United  The most recent stand at Elland Road is the East, or Family, Stand, a cantilever structure completed during the 1992–93 season that can hold 17,000 seated spectators  It is a two-tiered stand that continues around the corners and is the largest part of the stadium  The Don Revie Stand was opened at the start of the 1994–95 season, and can hold just under 7,000 seated spectators  The roof of the West Stand holds a television commentary gantry and walkway for TV personnel  Elland Road was named in December 2009 as one of the contenders for the England 2018 World Cup bid  As a result of the bid, Leeds drew up plans to redevelop parts of Elland Road and increase the stadium's capacity  Ken Bates also revealed plans to take out the executive boxes out of the South Stand to increase the starting capacity by a further 2,000–3,000  More executive boxes would be built in the east stand Alex Ferguson has said that Elland Road has one of the most intimidating atmospheres in European football A statue of legendary captain Billy Bremner was unveiled outside the stadium in 1999 in the area known as 'Bremner Square'  Then a bronze statue for Leeds' most successful manager Don Revie was also unveiled in 2012, celebrating the 40th anniversary of the club winning the FA Cup  As part of the renovation of the Bremner statue in summer 2018, a 'Bremner Square XI' was announced  The XI featured ten further 'legendary Leeds players' who have engraved stones featuring their key stats and achievements during their careers with Leeds United On 28 June 2017, new Leeds owner Andrea Radrizzani completed the re-purchase of Elland Road, via his investment company, Greenfield Investment Pte Ltd, the company used to buy Leeds  Leeds will have a period of paying no rent and be able to invest in other areas of the club  In July 2018, Elland Road was voted 'Best Ground in the Championship' by football supporters 

Supporters
In 2003, Peter Reid commented on the support at Elland Road after being relieved of his managerial duties, saying that "In 30 years I've never seen support like I did at the Leeds/Arsenal game a couple of weeks ago  The fans at Leeds are fantastic " Two other former Leeds managers have also spoken highly of the club's supporters; Kevin Blackwell said "fans will follow them everywhere" and David O'Leary commented "There is an immense fan base and they are still with the club" Leeds supporters are renowned for singing the signature song "Marching on Together" before and during matches  Other notable songs Leeds fans sing during games include "We Are The Champions, Champions of Europe" (more commonly known as WACCOE) in reference to the 1975 European Cup Final which Leeds lost due to dubious refereeing decisions  Riots by the Leeds fans during the match led to UEFA banning the club from European competition for four years, although this was reduced to two years on appeal Famous Leeds supporters include: actors Ralph Ineson, Russell Crowe, Matthew Lewis, Nikolaj Coster-Waldau; comedian Jon Richardson, and boxer Josh Warrington Leeds United supporters also have their own salute  Leeds are 10th in the all-time average attendance figures for the Football League and Premier League  They have the third most rivalries in the English League  Alex Ferguson once said that Elland Road has one of the most intimidating atmospheres in European football An LGBT fans' group, Marching Out Together, was formed in 2017 and sits on the club's Supporters' Advisory Group  There is also a group for Sikh supporters, called Punjabi Whites  The Leeds United Disabled Organisation (LUDO) was founded in 1992  There is a well-known hooligan firm amongst the fans known as the Leeds United Service Crew 

Rivalries
Leeds' main rivals are widely considered to be Manchester United  As the largest cities within the historic counties of Yorkshire and Lancashire, animosity between the regions date back to the Wars of the Roses, although more recent tensions between the football clubs date back to the 1960s and the iconic managers of Don Revie and Matt Busby 
The rivalry has been described as one of the fiercest in world football, and the most intense and inexplicable in England  Alex Ferguson described Elland Road as 'hostile' and 'frightening', and stated that the ferocity of games between the two surpassed the ones with Liverpool On the pitch, the clubs have competed for league titles and cups in the 1960s, 1970s, 1990s, and early 2000s; while players such as Johnny Giles, Gordon Strachan, and Eric Cantona have been highly successful after moving between the clubs  Leeds' relegation to the Football League in 2004 caused a long interval in games between the two, although promotion in 2020 restored their top flight status Leeds' secondary rivals are generally regarded to be Chelsea, which largely stems from the 1970 FA Cup Final  The clubs competed at the top end of the Premier League in the late 1990s and early 2000s and games were often bad-tempered  While the rivalry has subsided with Leeds' relegation, controversial figures such as Ken Bates and Dennis Wise – both of whom had long associations with Chelsea – presided over the club's relegation to the third division in 2007 and subsequent administration, prolonging the enmity Leeds also hold extreme bitterness towards the Turkish club Galatasaray following the deaths of the two supporters the night before a UEFA Cup semi-final in Istanbul in April 2000  During the game, supporters of Galatasaray mocked the deaths, while their team refused to wear black armbands  The then Leeds chairman Peter Ridsdale accused the club of 'lacking common decency' 

Music
The single 'Leeds United' was released in April 1972 to coincide with the team reaching the 1972 FA Cup Final, composed by Les Reed and Barry Mason with the team providing the vocals  The record stayed in the UK Singles Chart for almost three months, peaking at number 10  The B-side 'Leeds! Leeds! Leeds!' (commonly known as Marching on Together) has since become the club's anthem and is regularly sung by supporters 

Records
Striker Peter Lorimer is currently the club's all-time record goal scorer, scoring 238 in his 19 years at the club across two spells; he is also the youngest player to ever play for the club  The most goals managed in a single season for the club is 43 by John Charles, in the 1953–54 season  The fastest goal in the club's history was scored by Jermaine Wright, when he scored after just ten seconds against Burnley in November 2004 The record transfer fee paid by Leeds for a player was around £30 million for Hoffenheim forward Georginio Rutter  The highest transfer fee received for a Leeds player was approximately £60 million from Barcelona for Raphinha; it surpassed their previous highest transfer fee received, when they sold Rio Ferdinand to Manchester United for a then transfer record for a defender twenty years earlier The club's record attendance is 57,892 against Sunderland at Elland Road, in a fifth round FA Cup replay in 1967  The highest league record at Elland Road was 52,368 for a competitive match against Manchester United on 17 April 1965 Leeds' highest ever league finish is first in the First Division in the 1968–69, 1973–74 and 1991–92 seasons  Their lowest ever league finish was fifth in League One in 2007–08, finishing the season by losing to Doncaster Rovers in the play-off final  This was their first ever season in the third tier of English football Leeds' longest ever unbeaten run in the league was between 19 October 1968 and 30 August 1969, to which they remained unbeaten for thirty-four games on their way to the First Division title   Their longest run of consecutive victories in the league is nine, which they achieved between 26 September 1931 and 21 November 1931 (in the Second Division) 

Players
First-team squad
As of 9 July 2023Note: Flags indicate national team as defined under FIFA eligibility rules  Players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality 

Out on loan
Note: Flags indicate national team as defined under FIFA eligibility rules  Players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality 

Reserves and Academy
Management
First-team staff
Updated to match played 05 July 2023Source: Leeds United Official Site

Medical and analysis team
Updated to match played 05 July 2023Source: Leeds United and Yorkshire Evening Post

Scouting team
Updated to match played 05 July 2023Source: Yorkshire Evening Post

Owners and directors
Source:

Updated to match played 1 May 2018Source: Leeds United Official Website

Managers
The club's most recent manager Sam Allardyce was the fortieth permanent holder of the position since Leeds were founded  Leeds have also had ten caretaker managers, three of whom had previously occupied the role on a full-time basis, and one of whom occupied the role three times  The most successful manager of Leeds United is Don Revie, who won two First Division titles, two Inter-Cities Fairs Cups, one Second Division title, one FA Cup, one League Cup, and one Charity Shield in his 13-year reign as manager  He is also the club's longest-serving manager, presiding over 740 games from 1961 to 1974 

Honours
Domestic
First Division/Premier League

Winners: 1968–69, 1973–74, 1991–92
Runners-up: 1964–65, 1965–66, 1969–70, 1970–71, 1971–72Second Division/Championship

Winners: 1923–24, 1963–64, 1989–90, 2019–20
Runners-up: 1927–28, 1931–32, 1955–56
Play-off runners-up: 1987, 2006League One

Runners-up: 2009–10
Play-off runners-up: 2008FA Cup

Winners: 1971–72
Runners-up: 1964–65, 1969–70, 1972–73League Cup

Winners: 1967–68
Runners-up: 1995–96FA Charity Shield

Winners: 1969, 1992
Runners-up: 1974

European
European Cup

Runners-up: 1974–75European Cup Winners' Cup

Runners-up: 1972–73Inter-Cities Fairs Cup

Winners: 1967–68, 1970–71
Runners-up: 1966–67Inter-Cities Fairs Cup Trophy Play-Off

Runners-up: 1971
Passage 6:
Darrius Johnson
Darrius Dashone Johnson (September 17, 1973 – February 25, 2021) was an American professional football player who was a cornerback for the Denver Broncos and Kansas City Chiefs of the National Football League (NFL) 
The Broncos selected Johnson out of Oklahoma in the fourth round of the 1996 NFL Draft   Johnson played in 61 games for the Broncos from 1996 to 1999, during which he had two interceptions, both in 1998   One of his biggest games was a 1999 playoff game against the Miami Dolphins, where Johnson had a 44-yard interception return and caused a fumble which was returned for a touchdown   Johnson was a member of the Broncos' Super Bowl XXXII and XXXIII championship squads   Johnson played briefly for the Kansas City Chiefs in 2003   
Franciose Johnson wife of Darrius Johnson reported he died of sudden heart failure on February 25, 2021, and after extensive examination of the brain it was determined that Darrius Johnson died with Stage 3 CTE 



ground_truth: 1919

prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: What is the nationality of the author of Fifty Shades Freed?

The following are given passages.
Context 4:  Moore was taken to Vancouver General Hospital and later transferred to a Denver hospital, where he was treated for three fractured vertebrae in his neck, a grade-three concussion, vertebral ligament damage, stretching of the brachial plexus nerves, and facial lacerations  He was also suffering from amnesia Two days after the incident, Bertuzzi scheduled a press conference in which he wept and apologized to Moore and his family, as well as to Burke, Canucks owner John McCaw, Jr , the Canucks organization, his teammates, and the fans  He added, "For the kids that watch this game, I'm truly sorry  I don't play the game that way  And I'm not a mean-spirited person "

Reactions and disciplinary actions
NHL
Bertuzzi was assessed a match penalty and ejected from the game   Per league rules, he was also suspended indefinitely pending a ruling from Bettman  On the morning of his apology, he attended a disciplinary hearing with NHL officials in Toronto, along with his agent, Pat Morris, and Brian Burke  The following day, on March 11, 2004, the league ruled he would remain suspended for at least the remainder of the Canucks' season, which ultimately cost him the final 13 games of the regular season plus seven playoff games  The Canucks were additionally fined $250,000  While the following NHL season was suspended due to the 2004–05 lockout, many players went overseas to play in Europe  Upon learning that Bertuzzi was intending to do the same, the International Ice Hockey Federation (IIHF) extended his NHL suspension to cover their jurisdiction  He did, however, participate with other NHL players in a December 2004 charity game, held in Vancouver  The game was organized by Brad May in partnership with the Vancouver Giants, a junior club in the Western Hockey League (WHL), and raised funds for Canuck Place, a Vancouver children's hospice sponsored by the Canucks  Bertuzzi received a standing ovation from the sellout crowd Though the NHL lockout had not yet been resolved between the league and the players, Bettman scheduled a reinstatement hearing for Bertuzzi on April 26, 2005  The hearing was attended separately by Bertuzzi and Moore  After the lockout officially ended and the NHL was set to resume play for the 2005–06 season, Bettman announced Bertuzzi's reinstatement on August 8, citing that "Mr  Bertuzzi ha[d] paid a very significant price for his conduct," adding that he felt Bertuzzi was "genuinely remorseful and apologetic " Bertuzzi's 17-month suspension caused him to miss a total of 20 games—the fourth-longest suspension in NHL history at the time  The suspension accounted for $501,926 39 in forfeited salary, as well as an approximate $350,000 in lost endorsements  Bettman also cited "uncertainty, anxiety, stress and emotional pain for the Bertuzzi family" resulting from the suspension as a reason for his reinstatement 

IIHF
Releasing a statement on December 17, 2004, the IIHF described Bertuzzi's actions as "an extremely serious violation of the rules" which put "the sport into disrepute " The decision was based on an IIHF statute which allows it to ban any player from playing internationally if he has been deemed "detrimental to the best interest" of hockey  Suspended by both the NHL and IIHF, Bertuzzi remained professionally inactive during the 2004–05 season   The IIHF's sanction also kept him from representing Canada in the 2004 and 2005 World Championships, as well as the 2004 World Cup On the day of his reinstatement, Team Canada's executive director, Wayne Gretzky, offered Bertuzzi a spot on the national team's summer orientation camp in preparation for the 2006 Winter Olympics  A week later, Bertuzzi broke his 17-month-long public silence by again admitting to his mistake and expressing a desire to move on with his life  He stated, "I'm sure just like Steve Moore and his family, it's been difficult for both parties  I know I wish that day never happened  It's been some tough times, but I've got good family and good friends and good peers in the league that have helped me get over the hump and move forward and come through it "

Legal action and lawsuits
Original 2005 - 2008 lawsuit
Beyond his NHL and IIHF suspensions, legal action was taken against Bertuzzi in the provincial courts of British Columbia and Ontario, as well as in  Colorado state court  After a four-month investigation, the criminal justice branch of the Attorney General of British Columbia announced on June 24, 2004, he was being formally charged with assault causing bodily harm  With the charge, Bertuzzi faced up to one-and-a-half years in prison  Several months later, on December 22, Bertuzzi pleaded guilty to the assault charge after arranging a plea bargain with prosecutors  He was given a conditional discharge requiring 80 hours of community service and one year's probation that additionally prohibited him from playing in any hockey game Moore was competing in  Under Canadian law, Bertuzzi's successful completion of his probationary period precluded him from having a criminal record  Moore expressed disappointment regarding Bertuzzi's discharge and was upset that he was unable to attend the court date, having to issue a written victim statement instead  Moore's lawyer, Tim Danson, was given one day's notice of the court date following Bertuzzi's plea bargain, which he said was insufficient time for Moore to travel to Vancouver On February 17, 2005, Moore filed a lawsuit in a Colorado court against Bertuzzi  Also named in the lawsuit were numerous individuals within the Canucks organization, including Brad May (Bertuzzi's teammate at the time who was quoted as saying that there would "definitely be a price on Moore's head" after Moore's hit on Näslund), Brian Burke, Marc Crawford, as well as the Canucks organization as a whole and the Orca Bay Sports and Entertainment company that owned the team  The lawsuit was thrown out in October 2005, as the Colorado judge ruled the case was better suited for Canadian courts, as Moore and all the defendants were Canadian citizens  Planning to appeal the decision, Danson stated publicly the following month that Moore had begun skating and doing regular workouts, but continued to suffer concussion-related symptoms 
On February 16, 2006, the day of Bertuzzi's first Olympic game with Team Canada, Moore filed another lawsuit in the Ontario Superior Court against Bertuzzi, the Canucks, and Orca Bay, seeking CAD$15 million in pecuniary damages for loss of income, CAD$1 million for aggravated damages, and CAD$2 million for punitive damages  Moore's parents, who were watching their son on television when the attack happened, also sued, seeking CAD$1 5 million for "negligent infliction of nervous shock and mental distress"   Moore's lawyer filed the suit one day before its two-year limitation expired, denying there was any connection between the timing and Bertuzzi's participation in the 2006 Winter Olympics In December 2006, NHL commissioner Gary Bettman and top lieutenant Bill Daly facilitated a meeting between Moore's representatives and the defendants in hopes of agreeing on an out-of-court settlement  As court proceedings continued into the next year, Danson misfiled a confidential letter to Bertuzzi's lawyer, Geoffrey Adair, as a public document  The letter revealed that in July 2006, Adair asked Danson in a meeting whether Moore would accept a CAD$1 million settlement; Danson indicated that the figure was insufficient  The letter also revealed that Bertuzzi and Orca Bay subsequently offered a joint settlement of CAD$350,000 in the December 2006 meeting with Bettman several months later, an amount Danson described as insulting 
During the lawsuit's discovery process, Danson asked the Ontario judge to void the formal transfer of Bertuzzi's CAD$1 2 million home in Kitchener, Ontario, to his wife, which occurred five weeks after his actions against Moore  It was argued that the transfer was intended to "make Bertuzzi creditor-proof to the greatest extent possible " Meanwhile, Adair expressed his concern regarding the leaked letter between him and Danson impairing the possibility of a fair trial  In December 2007, Moore further amended the lawsuit, seeking an increased CAD$35 million for loss of income and CAD$3 5 million for the suffering of his parents That same month, the Ontario Superior Court released statements pertaining to the lawsuit in which Bertuzzi testified that Crawford was to blame for his actions against Moore, an allegation corroborated by new Canucks general manager Dave Nonis, who was then director of hockey operations for the club  Bertuzzi claimed that Crawford told players during the second intermission of the March 8 game that Moore needed to "pay the price" for his earlier hit against Näslund  Statements filed from Danson further claimed that Crawford had pointed to Moore's name and number on a board in the Canucks' dressing room during the intermission, calling for the players to take action  The Canucks formally denied both parties' claims, saying "At no time did the Vancouver Canucks organization or any of its management and employees, including former coach Mr  Crawford, encourage or promote the incident that occurred between Todd Bertuzzi and Steve Moore "In lieu of the allegations against Crawford, Bertuzzi filed a third-party complaint against his former coach on March 3, 2008  He alleged that he was contractually obliged to obey Crawford and that the coach should be held personally liable for any legal damages Moore might be awarded in court  In response, Crawford formally stated that Bertuzzi acted in "direct disobedience" to orders from the bench to get off the ice before attacking Moore  The suit was settled between the two in July 2011, though details regarding the agreement were kept undisclosed to Danson and Moore  The following year, a court decision required the settlement details to be revealed as part of the Moore-Bertuzzi trial 

2011 lawsuit
Five years after filing the Ontario suit, Danson told reporters in March 2011 that in order to fully gauge the extent of Moore's injury, the case had not yet proceeded  At the time, he was not yet employed and still experiencing headaches  After several delays, in October 2013 it was announced that the court date for the trial between Steve Moore and the Canucks/Bertuzzi will be September 8, 2014  On July 2, 2014, during Steve Moore's first appearance at his civil trial, he further amended the lawsuit, seeking CAD$68 million in damages, up from CAD$38 million  On August 19, 2014, it was announced that an out-of-court settlement had been reached in Steve Moore's lawsuit  Terms of the settlement are confidential 

Aftermath
On August 8, 2005, NHL Commissioner Gary Bettman announced that Bertuzzi would be allowed to play again at the start of the 2005–06 NHL season  In the league's decision, he cited many reasons for ending the suspension, such as:

Bertuzzi's serving a suspension of 20 games, which at the time tied for 4th longest in NHL history (13 regular season games, 7 playoff games)
Bertuzzi's repeated attempts to apologize to Moore personally
Bertuzzi's forfeited salary ($501,926 39 USD)
Lost endorsements (approximately $350,000 00, both figures in United States dollars)
Significant uncertainty, anxiety, stress and emotional pain caused to Bertuzzi's family
The commissioner's belief that Bertuzzi was genuinely remorseful and apologetic for his actionsOn August 12, 2005, Brian Burke, formerly Vancouver's general manager who was now serving in the same capacity with the Anaheim Ducks, had made an offer to Moore  It was a two-way contract that would have paid Moore $475,000 US in the NHL and $75,000 if the player suited up for Portland, the Ducks' American Hockey League affiliate  Moore's lawyer Tim Danson objected that Moore was considered a minor league player by Burke  Danson also described the offer as a self-serving attempt to mitigate potential legal damages, saying that Moore was not medically cleared to play hockey and describing it as adding insult to injury 
Bertuzzi was inactive in 2004–05 due to the players lockout and his ongoing suspension, which had been extended internationally  Bertuzzi returned to the Canucks in 2005–06, as the league ended his playing ban  He recorded 25 goals and 71 points, including two hat tricks (November 13, 2005, against the Detroit Red Wings and January 14, 2006, against the New York Islanders)  Though he ranked third in team scoring, Crawford has recalled that by the end of the season, Näslund and Bertuzzi had been eclipsed by Daniel and Henrik Sedin as the team's offensive leaders  Moore continued working out for several years afterward, but ultimately abandoned his comeback efforts when it became apparent he would never be medically cleared to play again 
There was speculation that the effects of the Steve Moore incident were negatively affecting Bertuzzi's play  While on the road, he was consistently heckled and booed by fans throughout the NHL  Näslund, a close friend of Bertuzzi's, later expressed sympathy for him, saying in a 2008 interview, "It still bothers me what Todd has had to go through     There's no question he was standing up for me     it all went too far "Beyond the negative impact on Bertuzzi's individual play, the media speculated that the fallout from the Moore incident had become a distraction to the organization as a whole  Compounding the situation in Vancouver, the Canucks had missed the playoffs for the first time in four years  As such, general manager Dave Nonis spent the off-season making significant changes to the Canucks lineup  On June 23, 2006, he traded Bertuzzi to the Florida Panthers, along with goaltender Alex Auld and defenceman Bryan Allen, in exchange for goaltender Roberto Luongo, defenceman Lukáš Krajíček and a sixth-round selection in the 2006 NHL Entry Draft (Sergei Shirokov)  After seven-and-a-half seasons with the Canucks, Bertuzzi left the club ranked seventh all-time among franchise scoring leaders with 449 points 

See also
Richard Riot
Donald Brashear - Marty McSorley incident
Violence in ice hockey
Passage 7:
Alpha and Omega (film)
Alpha and Omega is a 2010 American computer-animated film directed by Anthony Bell and Ben Gluck  Starring the voices of Justin Long, Hayden Panettiere, Dennis Hopper, Danny Glover and Christina Ricci, the film was written by Christopher Denk and Steve Moore, based on a story by Moore and Gluck  This film sets around two young Rocky Mountain wolves named Kate and Humphrey who fall in love with each other, but are on the opposite ends of their pack  However, when Kate and Humphrey learn that they got relocated to Idaho for repopulation, they must work together to get back to Jasper National Park before a war slowly begins to emerge between both packs 
The film premiered at the Toronto International Film Festival on September 8, 2010, and was released nationwide in 2-D and 3-D on September 17, 2010, by Lionsgate Films  The film was dedicated to the memory of Dennis Hopper, as he died from prostate cancer four months before it was released, and this was his final performance prior to his death 
Although it received negative reviews, the film eventually turned into a franchise of direct-to-video sequels including Alpha and Omega 2: A Howl-iday Adventure, which was released on October 8, 2013  Another sequel, The Great Wolf Games, was released on March 25, 2014  The Legend of the Saw Tooth Cave was released on September 23, 2014  Family Vacation was released to DVD on August 4, 2015  Dino Digs was released on DVD and Digital HD on May 10, 2016  It was followed by The Big Fur-eeze, which was released on November 8, 2016  The eighth and final installment, Journey To Bear Kingdom was released on DVD and Digital HD on May 9, 2017 

Plot
In Alberta, Canada’s Jasper National Park, Omega wolf Humphrey and his Omega friends attempt to log board down a hill  However, the plan goes entirely wrong as they try to maneuver the log down the mountain  Meanwhile, Alpha wolf Kate practices her hunting skills on her younger Omega sister, Lilly, much to her annoyance  Humphrey and Kate join each other mid air, excited to see each other again  However, Humphrey begins to feel nauseated by their spinning, and the two fall onto the ground  As Humphrey tries to join Kate, Winston, leader of the Western pack and Kate’s father, stops Humphrey in pursuing her  He reminds Humphrey that Alphas and Omegas cannot mate according to pack law, and that Kate is going off to Alpha school until Spring  Humphrey looks on, saddened by her departure  
Spring time comes around, and both Kate and Humphrey mature  Humphrey and his friends seem to master the ways of log boarding, but their fun stops short when they crash into a rock  They then see Kate on her first ever hunt, pursuing a herd of caribou  As Kate and her team close in on the caribou, they are interrupted by a group of two enemy Eastern pack wolves, which causes a stampede  As Kate saves the two Eastern wolves from getting trampled, the Western pack wolves start a fight  Humphrey and his friends then break up the conflict  Later that night, Winston meets up with Eastern pack leader Tony, as they discuss the pack’s food shortage  The two then agree that merging the packs together would end their conflict, and decide that Kate should marry Tony’s Alpha son, Garth  Kate, overhearing their conversation, agrees for the good of the pack 
During the Moonlight Howl (the howling between wolves), Kate and Garth finally meet  Garth tries to show off his howl, but Kate is unimpressed and excuses herself  She then runs into Humphrey, but the two get tranquilized by park rangers and are taken to Sawtooth National Recreation Area in Idaho  The two meet golfing goose Marcel and his duck caddie Paddy  Kate and Humphrey learn that they were relocated to repopulate the species, and agree that they must return home to Jasper Park before the two packs start a war  As the packs discover that Kate has gone missing, Tony warns Winston that if Kate doesn’t return, war will be inevitable  Lilly decides to show Garth around the Western pack’s territory until Kate returns, and the two fall in love 
As Kate and Humphrey catch a ride on an RV, Humphrey has to urinate and gets out while the vehicle pulls over at a nearby gas station  He then finds a cupcake and eats it, as the frosting covers his mouth  Two men mistake him for a wolf with rabies, and they attempt to shoot Humphrey with a gun  Kate then leaps out to save him, and the two flee  Kate, disappointed that they missed their ride home, leaves Humphrey out in the rain  Now traveling alone in the storm, Kate comes across a dangerous ravine, which has begun to flood  As Kate tries to cross it, she slips, and Humphrey comes to her rescue  Flattered by his bravery, Kate begins to admire Humphrey  The following day, Marcel and Paddy find the wolves and direct them to a train heading to Jasper Park  Climbing over the snowy mountain, Humphrey finds a grizzly bear cub, and the two play as Kate goes to scout a head  As Humphrey throws snow at the cub, the cub begins to cry, which attracts an angry trio of grizzly bears  As the wolves slide off the side of the mountain, Humphrey and Kate ride on a log and manage to board the train 
As the two joke about their encounter with the bears, Kate and Humphrey begin to bond even closer  Back at home, Lilly compassionately teaches Garth how to howl  At the same time, Humphrey gazes at the full moon and begins to howl, urging Kate to howl with him  Although it is against pack law for an Alpha to howl with an Omega, both couples begin to howl, falling in love  As Lilly and Garth finish their howling, Tony catches them, and ultimately declares war on the Western pack  As the train passes by Jasper, Kate and Humphrey’s exchange of feelings is cut short by the sight of the two packs at war  As they return, Kate announces that she will still marry Garth to unite the packs  The day of the wedding, a distraught Humphrey bids farewell to Kate, and decides to leave as a lone wolf, much to Kate’s disappointment 
During the ceremony, Kate backs out and declares her love for Humphrey, as Garth subsequently declares his love for Lilly  Tony, enraged, declares war on the Western pack, and a large fight ensues  Their brawl is cut short by an oncoming stampede of caribou alerted by the battle, and Winston and Tony get stuck between it  Humphrey, who had chosen to stay behind, and Kate cross paths, and work together by log boarding down the mountain to save them  They succeed, but Kate gets struck by the caribou in the process  As the stampede subsides, Humphrey tries to wake up Kate to no avail  Devastated, Humphrey begins to howl, causing everyone to howl with him  Kate then awakens to everyone’s joy, and she and Humphrey confess their love for each other, as Garth and Lilly confess theirs  Winston and Tony abolish the law against mating between Alphas and Omegas, and accept a union of the two packs via marriages between Garth and Lilly, and Kate and Humphrey 
At the Moonlight Howl, the wolves celebrate the Union of The Two Packs  The movie ends with the newly wedded Humphrey and Kate howling a duet 

Voice cast
Production
Pre-production and post-production took place in Los Angeles, with key animation produced by Crest Animation Productions in India and the script was written in Toronto, Ontario, Canada  Steve Moore originally intended for the story to be more mature, but Lionsgate wanted the film to be aimed towards children, so the original draft of the script was rewritten 

Reception
Alpha and Omega took in $2,288,773 on its opening day, and $9,106,906 on its opening weekend domestically, reaching fifth place at the box office  The film ended its run on December 2, 2010 after grossing $25 million domestically and $25 million in other territories  It held the title for the highest-grossing animated film released by Lionsgate until 2017, when it was dethroned by My Little Pony: The Movie 

Alpha and Omega holds an approval rating of 19% on Rotten Tomatoes based on 57 reviews; the site's consensus is: "With bland visuals and a dull, predictable plot, Alpha and Omega is a runt in 2010's animated litter " At Metacritic, the film has a score of 36 out of 100 based on reviews from 15 critics, indicating "generally unfavorable" reviews  
Andrew Barker of Variety gave the film a mixed review, writing: "Not without charm, Lionsgate's 3D animated pic is agreeably unambitious "
Sheri Linden of The Hollywood Reporter wrote: "Abounding in dumb jokes that kids are bound to like but sometimes too scary for very young viewers, the movie -- also going out in 2D -- takes too long to find its footing and at best is proficient, not exhilarating "
Bernie Van De Yacht was nominated for an Artios Award for Outstanding Achievement in Casting 

Marketing
Books
Three books on Alpha and Omega have been published by Finbar and Mindy:

Kate and Humphrey's Big Adventure/All about Wolves by Rebecca McCarthy
Alpha and Omega: Marcel and Paddy Save the Day by Tori Kosara
Alpha and Omega: The Junior Novel by Aaron S  Rosenberg

Video game
Published by Storm City Games, a video game adaptation called Alpha and Omega, based on the first film in the franchise of the same name, was exclusively released for the Nintendo DS on September 14, 2010 and was available in North America and Europe, although certain copies have been imported in other countries  It was panned for its poor graphics, bad controls, repetitive mini-games and lack of story 

Toys
McDonald's released a line of eight toys for the film's release in the United Kingdom 

Release
Home media
Alpha and Omega was released on DVD and Blu-ray Disc on January 11, 2011, which included a coupon for Great Wolf Resorts 

Sequels
A number of direct-to-video sequels to Alpha and Omega have been produced with none of the original cast reprising their roles  Justin Long is replaced by Benjamin Diskin for Humphrey and Hayden Panettiere and Christina Ricci are replaced by Kate Higgins for both Kate and Lilly 
The first sequel, Alpha and Omega 2: A Howl-iday Adventure, was released on October 8, 2013  The film revolves around the disappearance of Runt, one of Kate and Humphrey's pups in the sequel  DVD Talk stated that Alpha and Omega 2 was "so thin and uninteresting, and so lacking in holiday spirit, that you're not going to be pulling this one out each year when the holidays roll around" and that the film's price combined with its film length made other film choices "even more attractive " Common Sense Media gave the film a 1 out of 5 stars and wrote that the "Faux holiday-themed sequel is weak and forgettable "Alpha and Omega 3: The Great Wolf Games, based on the Winter Olympics and directed by Richard Rich, was released on iTunes on March 4, 2014, and it was later released on March 25, 2014 as a Walmart Exclusive  Common Sense Media gave Alpha and Omega 3 a mixed review, with three out of five stars, writing that the "mildly amusing sports-themed sequel is fun for young kids " The film was released shortly after the 2014 Winter Olympics in Sochi, Russia, on which it is based 
Alpha and Omega: The Legend of the Saw Tooth Cave was produced by Crest Animation Productions and distributed by Lionsgate Films  Written by Tom Kane and directed by Richard Rich, it is the fourth film in the franchise  The film was released to iTunes on September 23, 2014 and was released to DVD on October 7, 2014  The plot involves Runt exploring the Saw Tooth Cave and finding a wolf who has been driven from her pack for being different  He must help her and he learns about the joys of lending a paw to a friend in need  The trailer for Alpha and Omega: The Legend of the Saw Tooth Cave was released on July 21, 2014  The film was officially announced in the DVD features of Alpha and Omega 2: A Howl-iday Adventure, along with The Great Wolf Games, with director Richard Rich showing two short clips from the storyboards of both films  Common Sense Media gave the film 3 out of 5, stating "Entertaining wolf sequel has peril and some scares" The fifth film in the franchise, Alpha and Omega: Family Vacation, aired on TV in Mexico on March 28 and was released to DVD on August 4, 2015  It is written by Tom Kane and directed by Richard Rich  It aired in Mexico on March 28, 2015 before having its DVD premiere on August 4  The plot involves Kate, Humphrey, and the pups attempting to have a vacation together, but must flee from human wolf trappers in the process, and recaps the events as flashback scenes from past movies even the first film except for one alteration scene of the first film  Common Sense Media gave the film a rating of 3 out of 5 stars, stating "Adorable wolves take on trappers; some peril, suspense "On April 8, 2015, three more sequels were announced for Lionsgate to distribute, the first of which was released in early 2016, and followed the "misadventures of Alpha Kate and Omega Humphrey and their three wolf pups, Stinky, Claudette and Runt, as they learn life lessons in the great outdoors" On October 6, 2015, on Splash Entertainment's website, they have revealed the next sequel titled Alpha and Omega: The Big Fureeze along with sneak preview clips of the film, which was released in 2016  The other two sequel titles have also been revealed as, in order, Alpha and Omega: Dino Digs and Alpha and Omega: Journey to Bear Kingdom Alpha and Omega: Dino Digs was released on DVD and Digital HD on May 10, 2016  Alpha and Omega: The Big Fureeze was released on DVD and Digital HD on November 8, 2016  Alpha and Omega: Journey to Bear Kingdom was released on May 9, 2017 
Passage 8:
Ten Minutes Older
Ten Minutes Older is a 2002 film project consisting of two compilation feature films titled The Trumpet and The Cello  The project was conceived by the producer Nicolas McClintock as a reflection on the theme of time at the turn of the Millennium  Fifteen celebrated filmmakers were invited to create their own vision of what time means in ten minutes of film  The music for the compilations was composed by Paul Englishby, and performed by Hugh Masekela (trumpet) and Claudio Bohorques (cello) 
The Trumpet was first screened in the Un Certain Regard section at the 2002 Cannes Film Festival  The Cello was premiered in the official Venice Film Festival 2002  Both films released internationally The two films are dedicated to Herz Frank and Juris Podnieks (Camera) who made the 1978 short film, Ten Minutes Older  The original film and the feature film have been shown together on numerous occasions, including the Yamagata Film Festival in 2004, and the Spanish documentary film festival Punto de Vista in 2006 

Ten Minutes Older: The Trumpet
Directed by:

Aki Kaurismäki (segment "Dogs Have No Hell")
Víctor Erice (segment "Lifeline")
Werner Herzog (segment "Ten Thousand Years Older")
Jim Jarmusch (segment "Int  Trailer  Night ")
Wim Wenders (segment "Twelve Miles to Trona")
Spike Lee (segment "We Wuz Robbed")
Chen Kaige (segment "100 Flowers Hidden Deep")

Ten Minutes Older: The Cello
Directed by:

Bernardo Bertolucci (segment "Histoire d'eaux")
Mike Figgis (segment "About Time 2")
Jirí Menzel (segment "One Moment")
István Szabó (segment "Ten Minutes After")
Claire Denis (segment "Vers Nancy")
Volker Schlöndorff (segment "The Enlightenment")
Michael Radford (segment "Addicted to the Stars", made by Daniel Craig)
Jean-Luc Godard (segment "Dans le noir du temps")
Passage 9:
ATM 2000E
The ATM 2000 (Pz Mi 88) and ATM 2000E are Austrian plastic cased anti-vehicle mines using Misznay Schardin effect warhead  The mine uses an electronic microprocessor controlled fuze with magnetic, seismic and pressure sensors allowing it to discriminate between targets  The mine can be laid by hand or by a mechanical mine laying system, and arms ten minutes after being laid  The mine is fitted with an anti-handling device, and can be command detonated 
When triggered, the mine detonates a small clearing charge, which clears away any earth laid on top of the mine  It then fires the main warhead, which uses a metal liner to form a penetrating fragment which is projected into the belly of the vehicle passing over the mine  The self-forging fragment is capable of penetrating steel up to 200 millimeters thick 
The mine is currently being produced by Dynamit Nobel Wien and is in service with the Austrian Army 



ground_truth: English