prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: Kevin Yorn an American entertainment attorney who represents an Australian actor who  played the role of Josh Taylor in what soap opera?

The following are given passages.
Context 1: Passage 1:
Roman Brady
Roman Brady is a fictional character from the long-running NBC soap opera Days of Our Lives  The role was originated in 1981 by Wayne Northrop, who played the role until 1984 and from 1991 to 1994, and is currently being portrayed by series veteran Josh Taylor, who stepped into the role in 1997  Roman is a member of the fictional Brady family, and has been a central character on the show since his introduction in 1981  Over the years, Roman has been involved in a number of storylines, including romances, family conflicts, and mystery plots 

Casting
The role was originated on December 8, 1981, by Wayne Northrop  Northrop departed from the series on November 26, 1984, and the character was killed off during a battle with his arch-nemesis, international criminal mastermind Stefano DiMera  On November 27, 1985, the series introduced a character known as The Pawn, an amnesiac mystery man ostensibly controlled by Stefano but now in the custody of Stefano's rival and local businessman/mobster Victor Kiriakis  The role was portrayed by Robert Poynton until January 20, 1986, though the character's face is wrapped in bandages  On January 23, 1986, The Pawn's bandages were finally removed as Drake Hogestyn made his first appearance as John Black, a character with no memory of his past or knowledge of his real identity  In May 1986, Hogestyn's character of John is revealed to be Roman who had been treated to extensive brainwashing and plastic surgery courtesy of Stefano, and Hogestyn played the role written as Roman until 1991  When Northrop returned as Roman on August 30, 1991, the character that Hogestyn had been portraying for five years was retconned to be an entirely separate character that had been brainwashed to believe he was Roman Brady  Northrop once again departed from the series on August 2, 1994  On July 18, 1997, Josh Taylor appeared in the role as a recast of Roman Brady  The casting was met with criticism due to Taylor's previous portrayal of Chris Kositchek, one of Roman and Marlena's closest friends  Northrop was later recast as another new character, Dr  Alex North, and scenes from Northrop's time playing Roman were edited to create the new character's backstory 

Characterization
Roman is the retired police commissioner of the fictional Midwestern town of Salem, and currently manages and tends bar at his family's business, the Brady Pub  He is also a former agent of the fictional International Security Alliance (ISA), a spy agency focused on all sorts of unusually high-level global conspiracies that tended to center around his otherwise-quiet home town  During his portrayal by Northrop, he was established as a top-notch cop but also a bit of a renegade, often accepting deep-cover assignments, and a master of disguise (similar to Sherlock Holmes)  Hogestyn's character was more by-the-book on the job, although still dangerous with a dark side somewhat characteristic of an ex-spy (which later fed into the "John Black" persona), with expertise in Bruce Lee's Jeet Kune Do, and a little more of a ladies' man  Taylor's portrayal is more that of a "regular guy", with a bit less intrigue and more straightforward professionally, although still with an eye for the ladies and more inclined to engage in one-night stands with various women than the character as portrayed by Northrop or Hogestyn (such as with Kate Roberts, Billie Reed, ex-wives Anna DiMera and Marlena Evans, and a strongly hinted at – but never confirmed – rendezvous with Nicole Walker) 
Over the years, much has been made of the creation (and constant retcon of the backstory) of Hogestyn's character John Black as an entirely separate character than that of Roman Brady, especially after the show had invested over five years in establishing John's identity as Roman, complete with a plausible backstory (and flashbacks) of his “time away” (while he was being held captive, brainwashed, and trained—-unsuccessfully—-to be an assassin by Stefano DiMera), and "Roman's" reemerging memories  However, with Roman's recasts and changes in characterization over the years (while John has consistently been played by Hogestyn), in hindsight it can be said that it was actually John Black that remained more true to the original "Roman" persona, and that it was Roman that was gradually developed into a separate character  This was especially illustrated in 2016 when Roman, who had always been a straight-shooter with regard to the law, became complicit in the cover-up of sister-in-law Hope Brady's murder of Stefano DiMera, who she wrongly believed was responsible for the disappearance and later death of her husband (and Roman's brother) Bo Brady 

Storylines
1981–84
Roman Brady first appeared on Days to protect Marlena Evans from a serial killer  He slept on her floor  The chemistry between the actors, and the characters, led to love  In 1983 on Days of Our Lives, Roman and Marlena were married  Over the next year Roman became embroiled in a storyline with Stefano DiMera  Stefano was a powerful and ruthless business tycoon (and organized crime figure) from Europe who had come to town to set up shop in Salem, and Roman being the city's top cop had gone after him  Subsequently Stefano framed Roman for serial killings that were being committed by his nephew Andre DiMera  At the time Marlena saw Roman killing a woman  Later it was shown that Andre had used a realistic mask  Roman was jailed  Mrs  Alice Horton baked him some drugged doughnuts, and on the way to the hospital Roman escaped  He went on the run to prove his innocence, and he accomplished that  He was promoted, and Stefano was on the run 
In November 1984, Roman tracked Stefano to a Caribbean island where many other characters had crash-landed, too  Stefano was suffering from incurable cancer, and needed to collect three mysterious prisms to unlock a secret formula to cure himself  Roman caught up to him on a cliff, but Stefano pulled a gun  He shot Roman, who seemingly fell to his death  His brother Bo cradled him in his arms on the beach, but had to leave him for a few minutes  When he returned the body was gone  Bo assumed that while he was away, the tide had come in and washed Roman’s body out to sea, for which Bo blamed himself for years  Several episodes later Roman was shown aboard Stefano's yacht, motionless 

1986–1990
In 1986 an amnesiac known only as "The Pawn" appeared in Salem on January 23, 1986  He assumed the name "John Black" after reading it on a Vietnam War memorial in Salem  Eventually the character was revealed to be Roman Brady having undergone extensive plastic surgery, brainwashing, and martial arts training (purportedly to be trained as an assassin) by Stefano DiMera  After an uneasy "re-introduction" to his family and friends in Salem, the character resumed his life as Roman 
In 1988, a storyline featuring a reappearance by Stefano (who had been believed dead) focused on what had happened to Roman during his time in captivity (1984–1986)  Roman and loved ones traveled back to the Caribbean island where Roman had "died" in 1984, and it was revealed that the ISA knew all along that Roman was being held by Stefano and being trained via brainwashing, and extensive instruction by a martial arts master named Orion Hawk, to be one of Stefano's assassins  In fact, the ISA unsuccessfully tried to infiltrate Orion's training camp to extract Roman, but this failed due to the high level of security at Stefano's compound as well as Roman's brainwashed state  This tied into the introduction of Benjy, Stefano's son (and Orion's grandson) who was fostered for a while by Steve and Kayla Johnson  Although subtle hints pointed to the possibility of this "Roman" turning out to be someone else, abetted by speculation by fans and by Hogestyn himself, the clues seemed to tie back together with the resolution that, at least for the moment, the character portrayed by Hogestyn was in fact Roman Brady 

1991–94
After believing that Roman's wife, Marlena Evans, had been dead for some years, he had fallen in love with a woman named Isabella Toscano  In 1991 Marlena turns up alive  In August 1991 the character who had been presumed as Roman Brady since 1986 is retroactively revealed to be a separate character (now once again called John Black) who was brainwashed to believe he was Roman, when what would now be the real Roman (once again played by Wayne Northrop) was found on an island where he had been imprisoned by Stefano  Roman was shocked when he found he had been replaced and all his family had accepted John Black as him and John Black had a difficult time accepting he was not really Roman  Roman went back to his life, and he and Marlena tried to live once again as man and wife  After the death of Isabella, in his grief John turned to Marlena for comfort  The two found themselves unable to resolve their feelings for each other from their life together when John believed himself to be Roman  He and Marlena had an affair that resulted in the birth of a daughter, Isabella, named after Isabella Toscano, whom Roman believed to be his own daughter  When he discovered that Marlena and John had an affair and that Belle was not his real daughter, Roman was crushed  In August 1994, Roman leaves town broken and bitter, once again with no family  Later it was said that Roman had died on a mission for the ISA 

1997–present
In 1997 Josh Taylor was brought in as Roman, who was revealed by Stefano DiMera and Kristen Blake to be alive after being exposed to biological warfare while on a deep-cover ISA mission in South America  The cure to his ailment was discovered by John, Hope, and Stefano in a jungle mission that was engineered to drive John and Marlena apart, but in the end had the opposite result 
Roman was "killed" during the Salem Stalker Murders in December 2003 during his wedding reception to Kate Roberts, but again was revealed to not really be dead  He lived on the island of Melaswen (New Salem) with every other victim from the Salem Stalker Murders, including Marlena  Eventually, other Salemites arrived on the island, trying to find their "dead" loved ones  Some of them went out in the jungle, looking for a way off the island, while the rest remained in "Salem" waiting for help  Help finally arrived  Jennifer got to the island, then Hope and Patrick and finally Bo and John  Everyone banded together to get off the island, but Tony wasn't going to make it easy  He created a volcanic eruption, which eventually caused a giant wave  As everyone gathered on makeshift rafts to get off the island, the wave crashed over them  The Coast Guard arrived and managed to rescue some of them, but Roman, Marlena, Jack, and his daughter Cassie were not saved  They were in the clutches of Tony DiMera once again, and he took them to a remote European castle where he held them captive 
While in the castle, Tony DiMera (actually Andre DiMera) tormented Roman and Marlena with video of John and Kate growing ever closer back in Salem  Eventually, they believed the two of them had sex, and Roman and Marlena, needing comfort, had sex as well  Shortly thereafter, Jack made his way into their room  They escaped! Through fire and explosions, our group of intrepid Salemites – Marlena, Roman, Jack and Cassie – all got out and were on their way home 
On the ISA jet on the way back to Salem, Roman and Marlena made the decision to not tell Kate and John that they had sex  Marlena was uncomfortable with lying to John, but eventually agreed with Roman  When they arrived back they were shocked to learn that John and Kate had fallen in love and were engaged to be married, but Roman and Marlena still didn't tell the truth about their affair  Soon after they were back Marlena discovered that she was pregnant and that Roman had to be the father, but when the truth came out John wasn't too forgiving  During a fight between Roman and John, Marlena tumbled down the stairs, causing a miscarriage 
As the second decade of the 21st century has unfolded, Roman is the commissioner of the Salem police force  After an ill-fated marriage to Kate Roberts, he has remained single and adopted an elder-statesman, back-burner role on the show  He serves primarily as the de facto patriarch of the Brady family and the supervisor and occasional voice-of-reason to junior police officers and ISA agents (with a catchphrase of sorts developing from his consistent inquiries of "what da hell" is going on)  He has largely made peace with his past with Stefano DiMera, John Black, and Victor Kiriakis, and remains friends with ex-wives Anna, Marlena and Kate, and is occasionally shown as having a soft spot for all of them  In March 2017, he retires as police commissioner and is seen later tending bar at the Brady Pub  In 2018, he begins working with his friends John Black and Steve Johnson at their private detective business, Black Patch  Hattie Adams, Marlena's doppelganger, develops feelings for Roman and tries to trick him into thinking she is Marlena, but this does not work out  In 2021, he rekindles his romance with Kate, and they remarry the following year 

External links
Roman at soapcentral com
Passage 2:
Kevin Yorn
Kevin Brett Yorn (born July 4, 1965) is an American entertainment attorney and investor  He co-founded Yorn Barnes Levine Entertainment Law Firm where he is managing partner 

Early life and education
Yorn was born in Montville, New Jersey to father Dr  Lawrence Yorn, a dentist and captain in the Army, and his mother, Joan Yorn  He has two brothers, Pete Yorn, a musician and Rick Yorn, a talent manager Yorn is an alumnus of Muhlenberg College in Allentown, PA  He graduated with a Juris Doctor degree from Tulane University Law School in 1990 and was admitted to The State Bar of California in 1991  Yorn has collaborated with Tulane University, his alma mater and created funds to promote entertainment and media law at Tulane Law School as well as to support the Gender & Sexuality Studies program in the School of Liberal Arts 

Career
Early Career
Yorn became a deputy district attorney in L A  County after graduating from Tulane Law in 1990  He was in the D A ’s office for five years, working in the Hardcore Gang Investigations Unit 

Yorn Barnes Levine
In 1996 Yorn was recruited from the D A 's to partner with Michael Barnes, Kevin Morris and Brian Wolf, forming Barnes Morris Wolf & Yorn, based in Santa Monica Aspiring writer Anthony Zuiker asked Yorn for help in escaping a screenwriting contract so that he could go on to create the television series CSI, which premiered in 2000 In 2013, Yorn worked on the deal to renew DeGeneres' talk show through 2016-17 In the summer of 2014, Yorn's firm made a deal with Hulu for three years of South Park reruns, reportedly at a price of more than $80 million, and he helped Zuiker make content deals with YouTube and Yahoo  Yorn also created a joint venture with Warner Bros , Ellen DigitalVentures, to help take advantage of Ellen DeGeneres’ social media reach, digital video content, games and apps, including Heads Up! Yorn was listed among The Hollywood Reporter’s Top 100 Entertainment Attorneys in 2013 and 2014, and one of Hollywood's top power lawyers every year between 2015 and 2023 

Investing
In 2021, Yorn co-founded private equity investment firm Broadlight Holdings with his brother Rick and David Dorfman  The firm is focused on investments in the global technology and consumer landscape 

Personal life
Yorn lives in Los Angeles, California  His parents moved to Los Angeles in 2000, and his mother Joan became a receptionist at Yorn Barnes Levine In 1996, he married film producer Julie Silverman in a Jewish ceremony in Tarrytown, New York  They later divorced in 2005 
Passage 3:
L  Londell McMillan
L  Londell McMillan  (born in 1966 in Bedford–Stuyvesant, Brooklyn, New York) is an American entertainment attorney, producer, and publisher 

History
He graduated from Brooklyn Technical High School in 1983 and received his undergraduate degree from Cornell University, where he was a Quill and Dagger member, honors graduate, and Academic All-American mentioned football player  After his time at Cornell, McMillan pursued a law career at the New York University School of Law McMillan was a faculty member with the Practicing Law Institute; lecturer and featured case study subject of the Harvard Business School   He also has been a guest and commentator on The Oprah Winfrey Show, Today, Entertainment Tonight, and CNN  In 2008, McMillan was named as one of The National Law Journal’s 50 most Influential Minority Lawyers in America, and in 2007 was recognized as one of New York’s Super Lawyers   He was a recipient of the Metropolitan Black Bar Association Haywood W  Burns, Lawyer of the Year Award in 2001 and was featured on the cover of Black Enterprise magazine in December 2003   McMillan has also been honored among Crain’s 100 Most Powerful Minority Leaders    McMillan founded The McMillan Firm;  he was a partner and co-head of the Media and Entertainment Global Industry Sector Group at the international law firm of Dewey & LeBoeuf LLP until 2012   McMillan is also the Chairman of The NorthStar Group which owns and operates The Source Magazine (print and digital), Jones Magazine (print and digital) and produces music, arts and cultural events locally, nationally and worldwide   McMillan serves as a business advisor and business manager for individuals and organizations in the private sector and non-profit community 
His clients over the years have included Prince before his death and his estate after his death, Lil' Kim, Stevie Wonder, Chaka Khan,  Michael Jackson before his death, Roberta Flack, Isaac Hayes, Spike Lee, LL Cool J, Nas, Kanye West, Zhane, Estate of Christopher Wallace, 1996 Olympic Women's Basketball Players Lisa Leslie & Dawn Staley, among other professional athletes and entertainers   Among his corporate clients have been The Discovery Channel, Time Warner, Screenvision, Radio One, and National Football League, and Mercedes-Benz 

Community service
L  Londell McMillan is committed to community service, having served as General Counsel of the NAACP, Brooklyn Chapter, serves as Chair of NorthStar Charities, Co-Founder of the Artist Empowerment Coalition, Founder of SOURCE360, and served on the Fund for Public Schools (which raises private financial support for New York City's public schools), and the Benefit Committee of The Jazz Foundation of America, as well as being a member of the Board of Directors  McMillan is the current owner and group publisher of The NorthStar Group, which publishes Jones Magazine and The Source 
Passage 4:
Liam Hemsworth
Liam Hemsworth (born 13 January 1990) is an Australian actor  He played the roles of Josh Taylor in the soap opera Neighbours and Marcus in the children's television series The Elephant Princess  In American films, Hemsworth starred as Will Blakelee in The Last Song (2010), as Gale Hawthorne in The Hunger Games film series (2012–2015), and as Jake Morrison in Independence Day: Resurgence (2016) 

Early life
Hemsworth was born in Melbourne, Australia, to Leonie (née van Os), an English teacher, and Craig Hemsworth, a social-services counsellor  He has two older brothers, Chris Hemsworth and Luke Hemsworth, who are also actors  His maternal grandfather is a Dutch immigrant, and his other ancestry is English, Irish, Scottish, and German  Hemsworth has said that though there is competition for jobs among them, it is friendly: "We are brothers and we are always competitive, but it is a good thing, it pushes us and we are always happy whenever someone books something "When Hemsworth was in year 8 high school, he and his family relocated to Phillip Island, a small Australian island southeast of Melbourne where he spent much of his time there surfing with his brothers  In March 2009, Hemsworth moved to the United States to pursue his acting career  He and his brother Chris first stayed in the guest house of Chris's manager, William Ward, before renting their own Los Angeles apartment 

Career
2007–2010: Career beginnings
Prior to becoming an actor, Hemsworth laid floors for six months  He began to seriously consider following his elder brothers' footsteps in high school by participating in school plays  Eventually, Hemsworth retained an agent  He attended his first audition at the age of sixteen and began his career in 2007 with guest appearances on the shows Home and Away and McLeod's Daughters  The week of 8 July 2007, Hemsworth began filming episodes for Neighbours, an Australian soap opera his brother Luke had previously starred in  Hemsworth's character, Josh Taylor, was a recurring character from 2007 to 2008  In the show, Josh was an athletic paraplegic who supported and began a relationship with character Bridget Parker after she was paralysed down one side of her body in a car crash  In 2008, Hemsworth began acting on the children's television show The Elephant Princess, playing "Marcus", the lead guitarist of the protagonist's band  Hemsworth later had roles in the television series Satisfaction and starred in the British film Triangle  He also made a brief appearance as an MIT student in the film Knowing In 2009, Hemsworth was selected to act opposite Sylvester Stallone in Stallone's 2010 film, The Expendables, but his character was written out of the script (Hemsworth later co-starred in The Expendables 2)  Hemsworth's brother, Chris, told Movieline that just a few hours after Hemsworth learned he would not appear in The Expendables, director Kenneth Branagh called to ask him to test for the lead role in the 2011 film Thor  Hemsworth moved to the States in March 2009 for screen tests  Though he eventually lost the role to Chris in May, Disney announced later the same week that Hemsworth had landed the part of Will Blakelee in the 2010 drama The Last Song, based on the Nicholas Sparks novel by the same name  Hemsworth plays the love interest of Miley Cyrus's character in the film  Nikki Finke reported that Hemsworth had been in Los Angeles for just three weeks and had not yet found an agent when he was cast  Hemsworth next appeared in the music video for Cyrus' "When I Look at You" which was recorded on 16 August 2009 In September 2009, Hemsworth appeared at a dinner event to promote Foxtel, an Australian pay television company  In March 2010, Details magazine selected Hemsworth as one of their predictions for "The Next Generation of Hollywood's Leading Men"  Later that month, it was announced that Hemsworth was in negotiations to star in Arabian Nights, a 3D action film that will be directed by Chuck Russell for Inferno Entertainment  It was later confirmed that he will be starring in the movie  He has also reportedly been offered the lead role in Northern Lights after Taylor Lautner withdrew from the David Ellison-financed project Hemsworth was the Nickelodeon Australian Kids' Choice Awards 2010 host  He and Miley Cyrus won the "Fave Kiss" category Hemsworth starred in the music video for "Colder Weather" by the Zac Brown Band 

2011–present: The Hunger Games series and beyond
On 4 April 2011, Lionsgate announced Hemsworth to be one of the leads, Gale Hawthorne, in The Hunger Games, which was released in 2012  In June 2011, he became attached to war drama Love and Honor which also stars Aimee Teegarden and Teresa Palmer In 2013, Hemsworth appeared in Empire State, with Emma Roberts, and Paranoia, co-starring Harrison Ford, Gary Oldman and Amber Heard  He reprised his role, Gale Hawthorne, in three sequels to The Hunger Games, The Hunger Games: Catching Fire, released in November 2013, The Hunger Games: Mockingjay – Part 1, released in November 2014, and The Hunger Games: Mockingjay – Part 2, released in November 2015 
On 11 June 2012, Los Angeles-based non-profit organization Australians in Film announced that Hemsworth would be honoured at an exclusive benefit dinner on 27 June 2012 in Hollywood  Hemsworth attended the invitation only event, held at the Intercontinental Hotel in Century City, with his then fiancée Miley Cyrus  It was their first public appearance together as an engaged couple In 2015, Hemsworth portrayed the love interest of Kate Winslet's character in the Australian literary adaptation The Dressmaker, which was filmed in Victoria in the summer of 2014  Hemsworth starred in director Roland Emmerich's 2016 film Independence Day: Resurgence  In 2019, following a three-year absence, he played a fantasy version of a romantic comedy leading man in the film Isn't It Romantic, and starred in the action crime film Killerman 
Hemsworth currently appears on the horror TV series, Most Dangerous Game, for Quibi, the short-form streaming platform  Hemsworth plays the lead role as a terminally ill man trying to provide for his pregnant wife before he dies In 2022, Hemsworth is set to star in the Netflix film Lonely Planet with Laura Dern  In October 2022, Netflix announced that Hemsworth would be replacing Henry Cavill as Geralt of Rivia from the start of Season 4 of The Witcher 

Personal life
Hemsworth is the ambassador of the Australian Childhood Foundation  Hemsworth talked about his association with the foundation, "I have the best parents you can have  They have worked in child protection for twenty years and have only ever given me encouragement and support  The world is a scary enough place as it is for children  It is important that home should always be a safe place for them " When asked if he believed he was a hero to children, Hemsworth said he did not know, but that he would like to be a good role model Hemsworth was vegan and told Men's Fitness in 2015 that he found "no negatives to eating like this  I feel nothing but positive, mentally and physically " In 2020, following hospitalization for kidney stones, he told Men's Health that he had to "completely rethink what [he] was putting in [his] body "After his separation from Cyrus, Hemsworth began a relationship with Australian model, Gabriella Brooks 

Relationship with Miley Cyrus
While filming The Last Song in June 2009, Hemsworth began a relationship with his co-star Miley Cyrus  After a three-year on-again, off-again relationship, the couple announced their engagement in June 2012  They lived together in Los Angeles but ended their engagement in September 2013  Rumours began in January 2016, stemming primarily from sightings of the couple together at his Malibu home and the reappearance of the engagement ring on Cyrus  Cyrus confirmed in an interview on The Ellen DeGeneres Show in October 2016, they were once again engaged In November 2018, Cyrus revealed on social media that her and Hemsworth's home had burned down in the Woolsey Fire, and expressed devastation for her community and gratitude for the safety of herself, Hemsworth, and their pets  The following morning, Hemsworth responded on his social media by posting a picture he had taken of the charred rubble of their former home  In his posts he praised the residents of his community on how they united in helping with the consequences of the fire, and encouraged his followers to donate their time, money, and resources to The Malibu Foundation, a non-profit established in the wake of the Woolsey fire, and to his fiancée's own non-profit organisation, the Happy Hippie Foundation, to further contribute help with the aftermath  On 13 November 2018, Hemsworth and Cyrus made a joint $500,000 donation to The Malibu Foundation through Cyrus's foundation Hemsworth and Cyrus married on 23 December 2018 at their home in Nashville, Tennessee  On 10 August 2019, Cyrus announced their separation  Eleven days later, Hemsworth filed for divorce, citing irreconcilable differences  On 28 January 2020, it was announced that their divorce had been finalized 

Filmography
Film
Television
Awards and nominations
On 27 June 2012, Liam Hemsworth was presented with the Australians in Film Breakthrough Award for international success 
Passage 5:
Stefan Dennis
Stefan Dennis (born 30 October 1958) is an Australian actor and singer best known for playing the role of cold-hearted and ruthless businessman Paul Robinson in the soap opera Neighbours from its first episode on March 18, 1985  He departed Neighbours in 1992 before returning for a short stint in 1993  He then returned in late 2004 and played the character up until the show's temporary ending in 2022 and is set to return to the role in 2023  During his time away from Neighbours he was a cast member of Scottish soap opera River City produced and set in Glasgow, Scotland  He is also known for his 1989 single "Don't It Make You Feel Good", which reached Number 16 in the Irish and UK Singles Chart 

Early life
Dennis was born in Tawonga, Victoria but his family moved to Queensland for 12 years, where he did most of his schooling  He started showing his genuine interest in music and acting at the age of seven and was eleven years old when he started in amateur theatre in Queensland  His debut with this first theatre company was in Oliver!  Also, at this time he and his brother formed a vocal duo and performed on many occasions  They played at weddings, charity events, and some large concerts By the age of 14, Dennis was convinced he wanted to go into the entertainment business  He understood the pitfalls associated with choosing the career of an entertainer, so he decided to get a trade behind him to support him through the times when he might be out of work  He left school at 15 and took an apprenticeship as a chef  On completion of his chef's certificate, he moved from the Gold Coast to Melbourne 

Career
Dennis started out in guest roles on programmes such as Cop Shop, Skyways, Carson's Law, Young Ramsay, Prisoner, Home, The Henderson Kids, The Sullivans, The Young Doctors and Sons and Daughters and many others  Dennis has a number of credits to his name  He had a major role in The Henderson Kids, a co-lead in an ABC children's show called Infinity Limited, and he co-starred in The Flying Doctors mini-series  In 1984, he auditioned for the roles of Shane Ramsay and Des Clarke in a new soap opera, Neighbours where he was later cast as Paul Robinson instead  His role in Neighbours brought opportunities such as appearing at the Royal Variety Performance alongside fellow cast members 
After finishing Neighbours in 1992, Dennis moved to the UK and worked on a variety of TV shows and theatre productions  He appeared in many pantomimes, plays, and musicals including the pantomime Cinderella in Bournemouth, UK from 10 December 1992 to 17 January 1993  In 1994, he played Mickey in Blood Brothers, touring in New Zealand and Australia before returning to the UK to appear in the show in both the West End, and in a national tour of the UK  He appeared in many television shows, including Dream Team, River City, The Bill and Casualty  He also returned to Australia from time to time for guest roles in shows such as Blue Heelers, Good Guys Bad Guys and Stingers  Dennis has worked as a voiceover artist for many years both in Australia and the UK He was part of the team that set a new world record in 1995 for 24-hour endurance outdoor karting  The team – Stefan Dennis, David Brabham, Russ Malkin, Steve Malkin – set the record of 1,664 7 km (1,034 397 mi) on a 1 3 km (0 808 mi) track at Brooklands, Weybridge, Surrey, UK on 24 and 25 February 1995  While in the UK, Dennis became a partner in Lex Film Entertainment, and was associate producer on the film The Truth About Love 
He returned to Neighbours at the end of 2004, and continued as a regular character until the show's final episode in 2022  He is the only current cast member who appeared in the first episode, although he is not the longest serving due to his long break  Of his role in Neighbours, Dennis has said that people struggle to tell the difference between himself and the character and "shy away" from him because "they think I'm going to bark at them"  He has conceded that it could be a testament to his acting and says "It's a real compliment though, as people know the character that well, they actually think I am like him in real life"  As a matter of fact, although he portrays Paul Robinson as having a prosthetic leg, he has two good legs of his own In 2009, Dennis was stalked by two fans while presenting the Best Villain award at the British Soap Awards  He hosted a documentary special celebrating Neighbours' 30th anniversary titled Neighbours 30th: The Stars Reunite, which aired in Australia and the UK in March 2015  In 2018, Dennis appeared in the recurring role of Michael Armstrong QC in the sixth series of Wentworth 

Music
In 1989, Dennis started a side-line music career, and released the single "Don't It Make You Feel Good", which reached No  16 in the UK Singles Chart, in May of that year  He released a second single, "This Love Affair", which reached No  67 in the UK in October 1989  Dennis is a talented pipe organist (cite Australian Organist Association 1990 march)
In 2013, Dennis sang and appeared as Santa Claus in the music video for his Neighbours co-star Alan Fletcher's song "If You Want a Happy Christmas" 

Personal life
Dennis' older brother, John, was killed by a drunk driver at the age of 12  Of the sentencing, Dennis has said: "That driver was fined just $50 for what he did  And that same weekend someone who killed a koala at Currumbin Wildlife Sanctuary got fined $200  So    well, that's hard " Dennis has used the incident to raise awareness about drink driving via his Twitter account Dennis previously dated Natalie Imbruglia and Gayle Blakeney in the 1990s while they were co-starring on Neighbours with him He met and married his wife, Gail when in the UK  The couple have two sons, Cameron and Declan, and a daughter Darci  The family reside in Australia 

Filmography
Television
Films
Theatre
Passage 6:
Lisa A  Callif
Lisa Anne Callif (born January 6, 1974) is an American entertainment attorney specializing in independent film  She works in all aspects of the field with a focus on clearance work – enabling filmmakers to use a limited amount of unlicensed material in their projects with the U S  Copyright Law's fair use doctrine In 2008, Callif became a named partner at the Beverly Hills law firm Donaldson & Callif  She has worked on such documentary films as I'm Still Here, Waiting for Superman and Inside Job  Filmmakers she has worked with include: Oliver Stone, Jason Blum and Elise Pearlstein  She is an adjunct associate professor of law at Southwestern Law School in Los Angeles 

As an author
In 2010, Callif released The American Bar Association's Legal Guide to Independent Film Making, which she co-authored with law partner Michael C  Donaldson, whose book Clearance & Copyright: Everything the Independent Filmmaker Needs to Know is used as a textbook in over 50 college and university film schools across America 

Recognition
In 2011 Callif was named one of "The Best and the Brightest" of Hollywood Law by Variety magazine 

Bibliography
The American Bar Association's Legal Guide To Independent Filmmaking (2010) (by Lisa A  Callif & Michael C  Donaldson)
Passage 7:
Ernest Del
Ernest Del (born January 16, 1952) is an American entertainment attorney  Del served as Senior Advisor at ZeniMax Media from 2017 till 2021 
Del previously served as President of ZeniMax from 1999 up until April 2017  He also serves as a director of Delivery Agent and of the Silver Eagle Acquisition Corporation 

Education
Del graduated with degrees in economics and political science from the University of California, Berkeley in 1973 and earned his J D  degree from Stanford University Law School in 1976 

Career
Del began his law career in 1976 as an antitrust litigator at the law firm of Wyman, Bautzer, Rothman & Kuchel, focused primarily on cases addressing the transformation of the nationwide Bell telephone system in the late 1970s before shifting to transactional entertainment law  Initially he worked exclusively on feature films in the United States and abroad  He later worked on television and digital media 
In December 1999, he became President at ZeniMax Media  He additionally served as president of ZeniMax Europe from December 2010 to August 2012   Del later became part of the law firm Del, Shaw, Moonves, Tanaka, Finkelstein & Lezcano 

Entertainment law
Del's clients include: Fox's former executive and current CEO of Tribune Company, Peter Liguori, Kevin Reilly (Chairman of Entertainment for the Fox Broadcasting Company), Former CW executive Dawn Ostroff, 20th TV's Dana Walden, Lionsgate CEO Jon Feltheimer, former The WB Television Network network president David Janollari, Leslie Moonves ( former president and CEO, CBS Corporation), actor-producer Paul Reiser, Stuart Bloomberg the former chairman of ABC Entertainment, Bob Greenblatt (chairman of NBC Entertainment)  Some of his associates from Hollywood sat on ZeniMax's Board of Directors: Leslie Moonves, Harry Sloan and Jerry Bruckheimer Del helped Harry E  Sloan to rebuild MGM, when Sloan was  chairman and CEO there  He also repped Providence Equity Partners in the creation of Hulu, as well as advising Bethesda Softworks  In 2009 and 2010, Del was called a power lawyer by The Hollywood Reporter 

See also
Greg Bautzer
Passage 8:
Umar Lubis
Umar Lubis (born July 14, 1973 in Jakarta) is an Indonesian actor  He is known for his numerous roles in soap operas  He always role in SinemArt soap opera  Usually he always role as father in soap opera  He is son in-law from Rae Sita  His name started to be known by public when he play in soap opera Intan  In that soap opera, he roled as Dr  Frans, father of Lila who is roled by Ingka Noverita 

Personal life
Umar married  Ravelra Ruth Supit (October 14, 1975) in 1996  From their marriage, they have four children, there are Nabil Raehan Lubis (January 1997), Ramzie Rif'at Lubis (July 7, 1998), Rania Rizqina Lubis (July 24, 2002), and Raafi Ali Lubis (April 2011) 

Filmography
Films
Soap Operas
TVM
Kupilih Jalanku Sendiri (2017) as Akmal Fatoni
Passage 9:
Michael C  Donaldson
Michael C  Donaldson (born October 13, 1939) is an American entertainment attorney, independent film advocate and a recipient of the International Documentary Association's Amicus Award, an honor bestowed upon only two others, Steven Spielberg and John Hendricks, in the 25-year history of the awards  He is a proponent of the 165-year-old fair-use doctrine and, through its use, is known for saving documentarians hundreds of thousands of dollars while preserving their First Amendment rights In addition to serving as general counsel to Film Independent (home of the Independent Spirit Awards and the Los Angeles Film Festival) and the Writers Guild of America/West Foundation, Donaldson practices at his Beverly Hills law firm, Donaldson & Callif, where, in 2008, entertainment attorney Lisa A  Callif became a partner 

United States v  Stevens
Donaldson played a significant part in the Supreme Court of the United States’ United States v  Stevens case by arranging the amicus brief that was filed by four documentary film organizations the members of which were directly affected by the Supreme Court's decision – the International Documentary Association, Film Independent, the Independent Feature Project, and the Independent Film & Television Alliance The amicus brief was filed on behalf of a documentary filmmaker who made a film about the history of pit bulls and included a clip of dog fights in Japan, where dog fighting is legal  Filmmaker Robert Stevens was sentenced to three years in prison for violating a federal statute that criminalizes the depiction of cruelty to animals in film 
Through this brief the organizations urged the court to rule in favor of Stevens because of the case's First Amendment implications 
On April 20, 2010, the United States Supreme Court ruled 8–1 in favor of voiding a 1999 animal cruelty law in favor of free speech protections guaranteed by the First Amendment to the United States Constitution 

Chevron v  Joe Berlinger
Donaldson prepared an amicus brief in support of filmmaker Joe Berlinger, who was ordered to hand over some 600 hours of raw footage shot in connection with his documentary Crude  Chevron Corporation requested the footage, intending to use it to defend itself in an Ecuadorian class-action lawsuit (filed against it for environmental contamination to the Amazon rainforest) as well as to help fend off the threatened criminal prosecution of two of its attorneys in the litigation The brief was prepared pro bono by Donaldson's firm and filed in an effort to protect against the potentially devastating consequences the subpoena could have on the role documentary filmmakers play in providing independent information on human rights and social issues through their use of the First Amendment right known as Reporters' Privilege  A number of industry organizations and individuals signed on to the brief, including Film Independent, IFP Inc , Alex Gibney, and Eddie Schmidt, who was president of the International Documentary Association Actor, director, and environmental activist Robert Redford, has made his thoughts on the issue known in public media platforms 

Digital Millennium Copyright Act
On July 26, 2010, the United States Copyright Office ruled that documentary filmmakers would be exempt from the provisions of the DMCA (Digital Millennium Copyright Act of 1998) that criminalize the act of circumventing electronic and digital copyright protection systems when ripping material from DVDs  The exemption was the result of an action spearheaded by Donaldson who assembled a coalition of award-winning documentarians and filmmaker organizations and provided pro bono legal council for the legal request Prior to the ruling, documentary filmmakers were forced to use technically inferior methods to obtain copyrighted material permitted them by the fair use doctrine in United States copyright law  The exemption allows documentarians to legally obtain portions of encrypted or digitally locked material from DVDs for non-infringing use in their films The exemption was in effect through October 28, 2012   On October 26, 2012, the Librarian of Congress published a new set of exemptions, effective October 28, 2001 through October 28, 2015, that provide substantially the same filmmaker rights 

Net neutrality
Donaldson assisted in the effort to ensure that documentary filmmakers have the same rights as major studios in terms of the speed at which their films will be able to travel the internet  He, along with Jack I  Lerner and the USC Intellectual Property and Technology Law Clinic, organized the efforts on a pro-bono bases in support of the principle termed Net Neutrality  The fight was led by the International Documentary Association and was supported by such additional organizations as Film Independent, University Film & Video Association, Independent Filmmaker Project, Independent Feature Project Chicago, IFP Minnesota and National Alliance for Media Arts and Culture 
On January 2, 2011, the FCC ruled in favor of net neutrality in a 3-to-2 vote 

Lee & William Storey v  Commissioner of Internal Revenue
In support of the documentary film community's tax status, Donaldson, along with his firm's team of attorneys, prepared an amicus brief on a pro-bono basis urging the United States Tax Court to recognize that documentary films are overwhelmingly undertaken in the pursuit of a profit  It was filed in response to the Internal Revenue Service's challenge of filmmaker Lee Storey's business expenses associated with his documentary Smile ‘Til It Hurts: The Up With People Story 
During Storey's March 2011 trial, a judge expressed an inclination to hold that documentaries are intended to “educate and expose” rather than make a profit 
If documentary filmmaking were to be viewed by the IRS as merely a means to persuade or entertain – and not intended to turn a profit – documentarians would no longer be able to claim deductions incurred in the production of such films On Thursday, April 19, 2012, U S  Tax Court Judge Diane L  Kroupa recognized documentary filmmaking as a legitimate business and ruled that Storey can write off the entirety of her filmmaking losses, which were in the amount of hundreds of thousands of dollars 

Judge Learned Hand
On May 5, 2013, Los Angeles Review of Books – an online literary review journal that covers the American and international book scene – published Donaldson's review of the book Reason and Imagination: the Selected Correspondence of Learned Hand, a collection of Judge Learned Hand's personal letters  Aside from a few members of the US Supreme Court, Hand is the most-quoted judge in American history  In his extensive, 2700-word review, Donaldson describes the book as "a sweeping retelling of American history from one of its most intelligent, dispassionate participants "

Escape from Tomorrow
Donaldson was the key proponent in assuring the film Escape from Tomorrow fell under the fair-use doctrine and was insurable 
Escape from Tomorrow premiered at the Sundance Film Festival in January 2013  The film was shot entirely guerilla-style at Disney World and Disneyland without obtaining permission from the parks  The issue with getting the movie insured was not merely that it was shot secretly inside the parks, but that the movie is a parody of Disney that portrays a “darker” side, which goes against the company brand In order to get the movie insured, Donaldson issued an opinion letter to the insurance company presenting a case for fair use, trademark, public domain, and access issues  The opinion letter was the longest that his office had ever written; it took 4 months to assemble  The E&O insurance policy was issued in the standard time of one week  The film was released to theaters and video on October 11, 2013 

The Central Park Five
Donaldson worked alongside New York attorney Andrew Cielli to prepare and file an amicus brief on behalf of documentary filmmakers Ken Burns, Sarah Burns, and David McMahon, who produced the documentary The Central Park Five  The brief was supported by the International Documentary Association, NAMAC, and Film Independent The Central Park Five chronicles the story of five men wrongfully accused of raping a Central Park jogger in 1989  They were later exonerated after another man confessed and provided DNA evidence  Eight years later the wrongfully accused filed a 50 million dollar lawsuit against the state of New York, claiming their confessions were coerced and their case was mishandled  In its defense, the state of New York attempted to obtain outtakes from the film, claiming the documentarians forfeited their journalistic privilege because they advocated on behalf of the subjects of the documentary Donaldson fought for the filmmakers, arguing that preservation of journalistic privilege is essential in order for documentarians’ work to be effective, despite how the story was discovered or how passionately they advocate for their subjects  On February 19, 2013, U S  Magistrate Judge Ronald L  Ellis ruled in favor of the documentary filmmakers preserving their journalistic privilege 

Orphan works legislation
On April 2, 2014, Donaldson testified before the House Judiciary Committee in Washington, DC on behalf of the Independent Documentary Association and Film Independent on the subject of orphan works  Orphan words are copyrighted works whose owners cannot be contacted or found despite a diligent search  Donaldson's testimony urged Congress to consider documentary and independent filmmakers when crafting new legislation on orphan works since, under current law, filmmakers are at risk of being hit with huge damages when using unlicensed material, no matter how diligent a search for the owners 

As an author
Donaldson's Clearance & Copyright: Everything the Independent Filmmaker Needs to Know is used as a textbook in over 50 college and university film schools across America  He is also the author of Negotiating for Dummies, which has been translated into 9 languages, as well as Do It Yourself! Trademarks & Copyrights and Fearless Negotiating: The Wish, Want, Walk Method To Reaching Agreements That Work 
In 2010, Donaldson released The American Bar Association's Legal Guide To Independent Filmmaking, which he co-authored with his partner Lisa A  Callif 

Recognition
Donaldson was honored with the International Documentary Association's Amicus Award in 2009  He was included in The Hollywood Reporter's "Power Lawyers" list in 2010 and 2011  In 2012 he was included in Variety's Legal Impact Report 2012: Game-Changing Attorneys  And he was selected as a Super Lawyer in 2009, 2012 and 2013 

Bibliography
The E-Z Legal Guide to Trademarks & Copyrights (1995)
Do It Yourself! Trademarks & Copyrights (1995)
Clearance & Copyright: Everything the Independent Filmmaker Needs to Know (1996)
Negotiating for Dummies (1996)
Negotiating for Dummies 2nd Edition (2007)
Fearless Negotiating: The Wish, Want, Walk Method To Reaching Agreements That Work (2007)
Clearance & Copyright: Everything You Need to Know for Film and Television (2008)
The American Bar Association's Legal Guide To Independent Filmmaking (2010) (by Michael C  Donaldson & Lisa A  Callif)
Context 2: Passage 1:
Like a Virgin (album)
Like a Virgin is the second studio album by American singer and songwriter Madonna, released on November 12, 1984, by Sire Records  Following the success of her self-titled debut album, Madonna wanted to become the record producer of her next album  However, her label was not ready to give her the artistic freedom and she chose Nile Rodgers instead to produce the album due to his work with David Bowie  Madonna wrote six songs on the record, five of which feature Steve Bray as a co-writer  The album was recorded at Power Station Studio in New York at a quick pace  Rodgers enlisted the help of his former Chic bandmates Bernard Edwards, who was the bassist, and Tony Thompson, who played drums  Jason Corsaro, the record's audio engineer, persuaded Rodgers to use digital recording, a new technique introduced at that time 
The album's photographs were shot by Steven Meisel  Madonna wanted the album title and the cover image to make a provocative link between her own religious name Madonna, as the Catholic title for Jesus' mother Mary, and the Christian concept of the virgin birth  While not a substantial musical departure from Madonna's first album, she felt that the material from Like a Virgin was stronger  After its release, Like a Virgin received mixed reviews from music critics; however, retrospective reviews of the album have been much more positive  Like a Virgin was a commercial success and became Madonna's first number one album on the Billboard 200 and set the record as the first female album in history  to sell over five million copies in the United States  The Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA) later certified it diamond for shipment of ten million units  It also reached number one in Germany, the Netherlands, New Zealand, Spain, Italy and the United Kingdom, and remains one of the best-selling albums of all time with sales of over 21 million copies worldwide Five singles were released from the album, including Madonna's first US number-one "Like a Virgin" and her first UK number-one "Into the Groove", the latter of which was introduced on the 1985 international reissue of the album  To promote the album, she embarked on The Virgin Tour, touring North America only  Like a Virgin has attained significance as a cultural artifact of the 1980s  Madonna proved that she was not a one-hit wonder and was able to provide herself with a permanent footing in the music world  Her songs became a lightning rod for both criticism by conservatives and imitation by the younger female population, especially "Material Girl" and "Like a Virgin"  According to author J  Randy Taraborrelli, "Every important artist has at least one album in his or her career whose critical and commercial success becomes the artist's magic moment; for Madonna, Like a Virgin was just such a defining moment " In 2023, the Library of Congress added the album to the National Recording Registry for preservation in the United States, for being a "culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant" recording 

Background
A former dancer and fixture on the New York club scene, Madonna Ciccone became known to the world simply as Madonna, with the release of her 1983 self-titled debut album Madonna  Fueled by hit songs like "Holiday", "Borderline" and "Lucky Star", the album was one of the best selling of the year and helped Madonna become one of the most exciting new artists of the 1980s  When she started work on her second album, Madonna felt that her first album had succeeded in introducing her "street-smart dance queen" persona, and she wanted to solidify and build upon that concept  According to her, "My work, my dedication—the stubbornness for getting Madonna released—had paid off  Now it was time to solidify my future "For Like a Virgin, Madonna attempted to become one of the primary record producers, feeling the need to control the various aspects of her music  She believed that depending on a particular producer for her album was not something that suited her  Madonna said "I learnt my lesson while creating my debut album, and the way [Reggie, the producer of her debut project] Lucas left me in the water with the project, you can't trust men"—referring to the incident, when due to a certain difference of opinion between producer Reggie Lucas and Madonna, Lucas had left the project half-way  However, Warner Bros  Records was not ready to give her the artistic freedom that she wanted  In J  Randy Taraborrelli's biography of Madonna, she commented,

Warner Bros  Records is a hierarchy of old men and it's a chauvinist environment to be working in because I'm treated like this sexy little girl  I had to prove them wrong, which meant not only proving myself to my fans but to my record company as well  That is something that happens when you're a girl  It wouldn't happen to Prince or Michael Jackson  I had to do everything on my own and it was hard trying to convince people that I was worth a record deal  After that, I had the same problem trying to convince the record company that I had more to offer than a one-shot singer  I had to win this fight 
Ultimately, Nile Rodgers was chosen by Madonna as the producer of the album, with the approval of the Warner Brothers executives  Madonna chose Rodgers mostly because of his work as a member of the 1970s band Chic, and his most recent production work with David Bowie on his 1983 album Let's Dance  She commented, "When I was making the record, I was just so thrilled and happy to be working with Nile Rodgers  I idolized Nile because of the whole Chic thing  I couldn't believe that the record company gave me the money so that I could work with him "For his part, Rodgers recalled that he had first seen Madonna perform at a small club in New York in 1983  In an interview with Time magazine, Rodgers explained: "I went to the club to see another woman sing, but when I got there Madonna was onstage  I loved her stage presence and then we met right after that  I kept thinking to myself, 'Damn, is she a star', but she wasn't at that time  I always wanted to work with her and Like a Virgin seemed like a perfect opportunity "

Recording
The album was recorded at Power Station Studio in New York at a quick pace  Rodgers enlisted the help of his former Chic bandmates Bernard Edwards, who was the bassist, and Tony Thompson, who played the drums; they appeared on several tracks of the album  Rodgers decided to be the guitarist, when Edwards requested him to do so, in exchange for their help  The recording sessions did not start until the afternoon as Rodgers, who attended late-night parties, was not accustomed to work in early mornings  The schedule was also difficult for Madonna, who recalled that she used to "go to the swim club on the Upper West Side and go swimming and walk from there to the recording studio  It was impossible for me to reach there at morning " Rodgers recalled that Madonna was a hard worker and incredibly tenacious  He commented: "I am always amazed by Madonna's incredible judgement when it comes to making pop records  I've never seen anyone do it better, and that's the truth  When we did that album, it was the perfect union, and I knew it from the first day in the studio  The thing between us, man, it was sexual, it was passionate, it was creativity     it was pop "Jason Corsaro, the record's audio engineer, persuaded Rodgers to use digital recording, a new technique at the time which Corsaro believed was going to be the future of recording  To ensure this, Corsaro used a Sony 3324 24-track digital tape recorder and a Sony F1 two-track during the mixing of the tracks  Madonna recorded the lead parts of the songs in a small, wooden, high-ceilinged piano room at the back of Studio C, also known as Power Station's "R&B room"  Corsaro then placed gobos around her while using the top capsule of a stereo AKG C24 tube microphone, with a Schoeps microphone preamplifier and a Pultec equalizer  Once the tracks met with everybody's approval, Robert Sabino added the keyboard parts, playing mostly a Sequential Circuits Prophet-5, as well as some Rhodes piano and acoustic piano, while Rodgers also played a Synclavier  Madonna, although not required, was present every minute of the recording sessions and the mixing process, Corsaro commented: "Nile was there most of the time, but she was there all of the time  She never left" 

Packaging and title
The cover sleeve and images were shot by Steven Meisel, who would become a regular collaborator with Madonna, in a suite at the St  Regis New York  Madonna wanted the album title to make provocative link between her own religious name—Madonna as the Catholic title for Jesus' mother Mary—and the Christian concept of the virgin birth  With the title song alluding to this concept, Madonna wanted the album cover to have mixed messages as well  Author Graham Thompson described that "reclining on a satin sheet, with a bouquet on her lap and wearing a wedding dress, a closer inspection reveals Madonna's image as highly fetishized and sexualized " He added that the heavy make-up, pouting lips, and despoiled hair, along with the tight-fitting bustier and full-length gloves, turned Madonna's image into a figure not of virtue, but of desire  This point, according to Thompson, is further emphasized by the belt she is wearing, the wording on which is just visible as "Boy Toy"  He added: "The image was ambiguous and was based upon the fact that Madonna's appeal at that point of her career was not presenting herself just as an object of desire, but also as a desiring female subject" Stephen Thomas Erlewine from AllMusic commented that the "Steven Meisel-shot cover     was as key to her reinvention as the music of the album itself " William McKeen, author of Rock and roll is here to stay: an anthology, felt that the image was another trigger and testament to the fact that Madonna was the last word on fashion for women and young girls of that era, the epitome of cool  Costume designer Arianne Phillips commented of the Like a Virgin look: "This was one of the most shocking, liberating and influential moments in pop culture/fashion history     Fashion has never been the same " Madonna herself declared: "I have always loved to play cat and mouse with the conventional stereotypes  My Like a Virgin album cover is a classic example  People were thinking who was I pretending to be—the Virgin Mary or the whore? These were the two extreme images of women I had known vividly, and remembered from childhood, and I wanted to play with them  I wanted to see if I can merge them together, Virgin Mary and the whore as one and all  The photo was a statement of independence, if you wanna be a virgin, you are welcome  But if you wanna be a whore, it's your fucking right to be so "

Composition
According to Taraborrelli, "Madonna and Rodgers' collective energy—she wanting to score with a smash second album and he wanting to be the producer to give it to her—drove the production of Like a Virgin with great precision " Madonna also collaborated with her former boyfriend Steve Bray, who co-wrote many of the album's songs  Reflecting on the music composition for the album, Bray noted: "I've always kind of made the rib cage and the skeleton of the songs already—she's there for the last things like the eyebrows and the haircut " The opening track "Material Girl" was written by Peter Brown and Robert Rans  Madonna explained that the concept of the song was similar to her life's situation at that time  According to her, the song was provocative, hence she was attracted to it  "Material Girl" incorporated new wave music and consists of synth arrangements with a robotic voice repeating the hook  The lyrics identify with materialism, with Madonna asking for a rich and affluent life, rather than romance and relationships  Written by Madonna and Steve Bray, "Angel" is the second track on the album  It was one of the first songs developed for the project and, according to Madonna, was inspired by a girl who is saved by, and subsequently falls in love with an angel  "Angel" consists of a three-chord ascending hook, which serves as the verse and chorus  It has vocal harmonies beneath the main chorus and the lyrics repeat the angel-like image of Madonna's savior  The title track "Like a Virgin" was written by Billy Steinberg and Tom Kelly  Steinberg said that the song was inspired by his personal experiences of romance  It was chosen for Madonna by Michael Ostin of Warner Bros  Records, after listening to a demo sung by Kelly  However, Rodgers initially felt that the song did not have a good enough hook and was not suitable for Madonna, but subsequently changed his opinion after the hook was stuck in his mind  He credits Madonna with recognizing the song's potential: "I handed my apology to Madonna and said, 'you know     if it's so catchy that it stayed in my head for four days, it must be something  So let's do it '" "Like a Virgin" is a dance-oriented song, composed of two hooks  Madonna's voice is heard in a high register while a continuous arrangement of drums are heard along the bassline  According to author Rikky Rooksby, the lyrics of the song are ambiguous and consist of hidden innuendo  In sexual terms, the lyrics can be interpreted in different ways for different people In "Over and Over", Madonna sings about determination despite disappointments  The song consists of instrumentation from drums, synths and has a three-chord progression  An emotional moment occurred in the recording studio when Madonna covered the 1978 Rose Royce song "Love Don't Live Here Anymore"  Rodgers recalled: "Madonna had never performed with a live orchestra before  I was very much into doing everything live, so I just said, 'Madonna, you go out there and sing and we will follow you ' At first Madonna was hesitant, but the live setting ended up producing memorable results  She sang and she was overcome with emotions and she started crying, but I left it on the record " The song features Madonna's vocals supported by acoustic guitars and synth strings, with Thompson playing the drum in the second verse  Towards the end, Madonna emotes in the voice of a soul singer "Dress You Up" was the last track to be added to the album as it was submitted late by songwriters Andrea LaRusso and Peggy Stanziale  Although Rodgers rejected it as he felt there was no time to compose a melody and record it for the album, Madonna pushed for the song's inclusion on Like a Virgin, as she particularly liked its lyrics  The song is a drum beat-driven dance track featuring instrumentation of guitars and vocals from a choir  The lyrics are an extended metaphor for fashion and sex, comparing dressing up with passion  "Shoo-Bee-Doo" contains homage to Motown music  Beginning with a slow introduction, the song is in the doo-wop genre and resembles the songs of early Sixties girl groups like The Shirelles or The Crystals  The saxophone breakdown is played by Lenny Pickett  The lyrics discuss relationship problems, and are phrased as clichés in the coda  "Pretender" starts with the chorus and then moves to the verse  It talks about seduction and the insecurity felt by a woman who feels that things are moving too quickly for her with her man  "Stay" is the final track on the album  Using triple-rhythms and double-tracked vocals, the song includes a noise resembling someone slapping a microphone and a spoken sequence which fades away in the end 
"Into the Groove" was added as a bonus track in the 1985 international reissue of Like a Virgin  Madonna's inspiration behind the song was the dance floor, and she wrote it while watching a handsome Puerto Rican man across her balcony  Initially written for her friend Mark Kamins, Madonna later decided to use it in the soundtrack of her 1985 film Desperately Seeking Susan  Unlike the other songs on Like a Virgin, "Into the Groove" was recorded at Sigma Sound Studios, and produced by Madonna and Stephen Bray  Madonna's friend Erika Belle was present during the recording and watched the whole process  In Andrew Morton's Madonna biography, she noted that at one point of the recording, Bray was facing difficulties with the bridge of the song, as the melody thought by him was not syncing with the rest of the composition  Undeterred by his obvious difficulties, Madonna stepped up to the microphone and sang the words "Live out your fantasy here with me"  Bray's problem was solved; Belle remembered the experience as: "[The song] seemed to come out of her, I was awestruck " The song consists of instrumentation from drums, percussion, congas and whistles  Madonna's voice is double-tracked in the chorus  The lyrics are simple, and written as an invitation to dance with the singer, with sexual innuendos and undertones in the meaning 

Promotion
Live performances
Madonna debuted the first single "Like a Virgin" at the first MTV Video Music Awards on September 14, 1984, where she appeared on stage atop a giant wedding cake dressed in a wedding dress, adorned with the infamous "Boy Toy" belt buckle, and veil  The climax of her risqué performance found her masturbating and rolling around on the stage  The performance is noted as one of the iconic performance in MTV's history  On December 13, 1984, Madonna performed "Like a Virgin" on BBC One's program Top of the Pops, wearing punky torn tights, a vivid pink wig, religious accessories and layered mesh tops  It was later voted as the second best Top of the Pops performance of all time  She also appeared at the 1985 Live Aid charity concert, where she performed "Into the Groove" The album was further promoted on her first headlining tour, The Virgin Tour, which only visited cities in the United States and Canada  Early on there were plans to schedule dates in England and Japan due to Madonna's large fan base in both countries  However, the final schedule did not reflect the idea  In the end several more US dates were added and moved to larger concert venues due to overwhelmingly strong ticket sales  Madonna's performance on the tour was described by Taraborrelli as "full of excitement", singing songs from her debut album as well as Like a Virgin, and asking the audience "Will you marry me?" The costumes included colorful new wave jackets for "Holiday" and white wedding gowns similar to the one worn in her "Like a Virgin" music video  Referring to her Detroit roots and contemporary artist Michael Jackson, Madonna sang a verse of "Billie Jean" during "Like a Virgin" The Virgin Tour was a success and collected a total of more than US$5 million  During a 2009 interview with Rolling Stone, interviewer Austin Scaggs asked Madonna regarding her feelings and emotions during the tour, since it was the first time she was playing in arenas  Madonna replied saying,

That whole tour was crazy, because I went from playing CBGB and the Mudd Club to playing sporting arenas  I played a small theater in Seattle, and the girls had flap skirts on and the tights cut off below their knees and lace gloves and rosaries and bows in their hair and big hoop earrings  I was like, 'This is insane!' After Seattle, all of the shows were moved to arenas  I've never done a bus tour  Everyone says they are really fun 

Singles
"Like a Virgin" was released as the lead single from the album in late 1984  It received positive reviews from contemporary critics, who frequently called it one of Madonna's defining songs  It became her first number-one single on the Billboard Hot 100, while reaching the top of the charts in Australia, Canada and Japan and the top-ten of other countries  The song was certified gold by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA) on January 10, 1985, for shipping a million copies across United States – the requirement for a gold single prior to 1989  The music video portrayed Madonna sailing down the riverways of Venice in a gondola, as well as roaming around a palace wearing a white wedding dress  With the video, scholars noted Madonna's portrayal of a sexually independent woman, the symbolism of the appearance of a man with lion's mask to that of Saint Mark, and compared the eroticism of the video to the vitality of the city of Venice "Material Girl" was the second single from the album, released in November 1984  Critics have frequently noted "Material Girl" and "Like a Virgin" as the songs that made Madonna an icon  The song was a commercial success, reaching the top-five in Australia, Belgium, Canada, Ireland, Japan and United Kingdom  It reached position two on the Billboard Hot 100 in the United States  The music video was a mimicry of Marilyn Monroe's performance of the song "Diamonds Are a Girl's Best Friend" from the 1953 film Gentlemen Prefer Blondes  The mimicked scenes are interspersed with scenes of a Hollywood producer trying to win the heart of an actress, played by Madonna herself  Discovering that, contrary to her song, the young woman was not impressed by money and expensive gifts, he pretended to be penniless and succeeded in taking her out on a date "Angel" was the third released single from the album, in April 1985  Critics gave mixed review of the song, with one group denoting it as a classic while the others felt it was sub-par compared to the other Madonna singles  "Angel" became Madonna's fifth consecutive top-five single on the Billboard Hot 100 and reached the top of its dance chart "Into the Groove"  was released as a single in Europe, Asia and South America in July 1985  The song was appreciated by contemporary critics as well as authors, who have frequently called it "Madonna's first great single"  "Into the Groove" reached the top of the charts in Australia, Belgium, Ireland, Japan, Netherlands, New Zealand, and the United Kingdom, where it was Madonna's first number-one single  In the United States, the song was only available as the B-side of the 12-inch single of "Angel", therefore it was ineligible to chart on the Billboard Hot 100 at the time  It reached number one on the US Hot Dance Club Play chart where it was listed as a double-sided single with "Angel"  In Australia and Canada, the song also was released as a double-sided single with, "Angel" 
"Dress You Up" was the last single from the album  Critics reacted positively to the dance-pop nature of the track  "Dress You Up" became Madonna's sixth consecutive top-five single in the United States  It also reached the top-ten in Australia, Belgium, Canada, Ireland, New Zealand and the United Kingdom  The music video for the single is taken from the live performance from The Virgin Tour, filmed in Detroit Two further singles were released internationally from the album  "Over and Over" was released in late 1985 exclusively in Italy 
"Love Don't Live Here Anymore" was released in early 1986 exclusively in Japan 

Critical reception
According to Q magazine, Like a Virgin was the album that "propelled [Madonna] into the stratosphere – and rightly so  The songs are smart, funny, sexy and irresistible " Taraborrelli said, "It was Like a Virgin which reflected Madonna as a more versatile and artistic performer and vocals on this album being reflectively sharper in contrast to her early works in the music industry " Michael Paoletta from Billboard commented that the songs on the album sustain a "fevered dance-rock momentum"  In his review for AllMusic, Stephen Thomas Erlewine commented, "Overall, the album adds up to less than the sum of its parts—partially because the singles are so good, but also because on the first album, she stunned with style and a certain joy  Here, the calculation is apparent, and while that's part of Madonna's essence—even something that makes her fun—it throws the record's balance off a little too much for it to be consistent, even if it justifiably made her a star " Debby Miller from Rolling Stone preferred Madonna's debut album over Like a Virgin  In The Village Voice, Robert Christgau was also lukewarm towards the record, writing "[Madonna's] so sure of herself she's asking men and women both to get the hots for the calculating bitch who sells the fantasy even while she bids for the sincerity market where long-term superstars ply their trade  And to make the music less mechanical, she's hired Nile Rodgers, who I won't blame for making it less catchy "Jim Farber from Entertainment Weekly said that "In addition to raising the Madonna/whore ante with songs like the title cut, Virgin cradled the kind of '80s hits ("Dress You Up") built to transcend the Dynasty era " Alfred Soto from Stylus Magazine remembered the first time that he heard the songs from the album and commented, "Lots of critics think something similar occurred when Madonna followed her eponymous debut with Like a Virgin, helmed by Nile Rodgers with all the fixin's—too calculated next to the 'raw passion' of the debut  This is nonsense; it misses how Madonna conflated notions of spontaneity and calculation  Rodgers is the ideal collaborator " Stephen Holden from The New York Times said: "With a tough-cookie voice that's both coy and streetwise, Madonna's singing harks back to the rock-and-roll girl-group tradition that preceded the Beatles  But where girl groups, from the Shirelles to the Ronettes, worshipfully extolled their boyfriends' cars, haircuts and rebel poses, Madonna's point of view is decidedly more self-interested  In matters of love, she is a comparison shopper with a shrewd sense of her own market value  The words 'shiny and new' describe not only the way the love-smitten singer feels in the title song but the sound of the album "Matt Damsker from the Los Angeles Times commented: "Madonna's beating vibrato sometimes makes her sound so robotic in the album " Lou Papineau, while writing for The Providence Journal, said that "In Like a Virgin, Madonna proves she's shallow, but spunky " Sal Cinquemani from Slant Magazine gave a positive review, saying "Though not as innovative as her debut, Like a Virgin stands as one of the most definitive pop artifacts from the indulgent Reagan Era  The mid-tempo ballad 'Shoo-Bee-Doo' and a soulful cover of Rose Royce's 'Love Don't Live Here Anymore' proved Madonna could churn out more than just novelty hits, while the sugary 'Angel' and the irresistible 'Dress You Up' contributed to the singer's record-breaking list of consecutive Top 5 hits (16 in all)  The retro-infused 'Stay' and the percussive 'Over and Over' are the album's hidden gems " Ed Stevenson from People felt that "Madonna does have a sense of humor, though she is buried under so many layers of self-parody it's hard to tell sometimes     She is backed on this by the reliable rhythmic touch of veteran Nile Rodgers, whose contributions have helped her create a tolerable bit of fluff  Hugo Mistry from the Chicago Tribune felt that "Like a Virgin was Madonna's breakthrough, playing off her self-conscious campiness with a series of hot dance tracks, attention-grabbing lyrics and steamy videos "

Commercial performance
Like a Virgin was recorded and finished by September 1984, but the release of the album was held up, much to Madonna's frustration, by the continuing sales of her debut album, which was approaching two million sales in the United States  Like a Virgin debuted at number 70 on the Billboard 200 issued for December 1, 1984  The album reached the top ten of the Billboard 200 on December 8, 1984, and after one month reached the top of the chart on February 9, 1985, where it stayed for three weeks  It also reached a peak of ten on the Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums chart  After 14 weeks, the album sold 3 5 million copies  By July 1985, Like a Virgin became the first album by a female artist to be certified for sales of five million units in the United States  It was eventually certified ten times platinum (diamond) by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA), for shipment of ten million copies of the album  It placed at three on the year-end chart for 1985, with Madonna becoming the top pop artist for the year  After the advent of the Nielsen SoundScan era in 1991, the album sold a further 574,000 copies  It sold additional 882,000 units at the BMG Music Club, which are not counted by the Nielsen SoundScan  In Canada, the album debuted at number 78 on the RPM Albums Chart, on November 10, 1984  It reached a peak of number three, on February 16, 1985  The album was present for a total of 74 weeks on the chart, and was certified diamond by the Canadian Recording Industry Association (CRIA), for shipment of one million copies of the album  Like a Virgin ranked sixth on the RPM Top 100 Albums for 1985  As of June 1986, the album sold more than 750,000 units in Latin America In the United Kingdom, Like a Virgin debuted at number 74 on the UK Albums Chart, on January 12, 1985  However, the album fluctuated on the chart for the next eight months and it was only in September that it finally reached the top of the chart  It spent two alternative weeks at the top (21st Sept and 12th Oct 1985), and a total of 152 weeks on the chart  The album was certified three times platinum by the British Phonographic Industry (BPI) and has sold over a million copies there  In France, the album debuted at number five on the French Albums Chart on October 6, 1985, staying there for eight weeks, then descending down the chart  It was certified two times platinum by the Syndicat National de l'Édition Phonographique (SNEP) for shipment of 600,000 copies  In Australia, the album debuted and peaked at two on the Kent Music Report albums chart, and was certified seven times platinum by the Australian Recording Industry Association (ARIA) for shipment of 490,000 copies of the album  It reached the top of the New Zealand Albums Chart for three consecutive weeks and was certified five times platinum by the Recording Industry Association of New Zealand (RIANZ) for shipment of 75,000 copies  Elsewhere, Like a Virgin reached number one in Germany, the Netherlands and Spain, while peaking within the top five in many other countries, including Austria, Japan, Sweden and Switzerland  It also became Madonna's first number-one album on the European Top 100 Albums, reaching the summit on November 23, 1985, for two weeks, and sold over 2 million copies across Europe at the end of the 1985 year  Like a Virgin has sold more than 21 million copies worldwide and became one of the best-selling albums of all time 

Legacy
After the release of Like a Virgin, Stephen Holden commented in The New York Times: "No phenomenon illustrates more pointedly how pop music history seems to run in cycles than the overnight success of the 24-year-old pop siren known as Madonna  The month before Christmas, Madonna's second album, Like a Virgin sold more than two million copies  Teen-agers were lining up in stores to purchase the album the way their parents had lined up to buy Beatles records in the late 60's " Madonna proved she was not a one-hit wonder with the release of the album which sold 12 million copies worldwide at the time of its release  In 2016, Billboard ranked at number nine in the list of Certified Diamond Albums From Worst to Best  Like a Virgin was ranked fifth in a Billboard poll of albums of the decade—the highest peak by a female performer  In 2023, the Library of Congress added the album to the National Recording Registry for preservation in the United States, for being an "culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant" recording 
Taraborrelli felt that "Like a Virgin is really a portrait of Madonna's uncanny pop instincts empowered by her impatient zeal for creative growth and her innate knack for crafting a good record " He added that the success of the album made it clear what was Madonna's real persona  "She was a street-smart dance queen with the sexy allure of Marilyn Monroe, the coy iciness of Marlene Dietrich and the cutting and protective glibness of a modern Mae West"  Although the album received mixed reviews, Taraborrelli believed that the "mere fact that at the time of its release so many couldn't resist commenting on the record was a testament to the continuous, growing fascination with Madonna     Every important artist has at least one album in his or her career whose critical and commercial success becomes the artist's magic moment; for Madonna, Like a Virgin was just such a defining moment "Chris Smith, author of 101 Albums That Changed Popular Music, believed that it was with Like a Virgin that Madonna was able to steal the spotlight towards herself  She asserted her sexuality as only male rock stars had done before, moving well beyond the limited confines of being a pop artist, to becoming a focal point for nationwide discussions of power relationships in the areas of sex, race, gender, religion, and other divisive social topics  Her songs became a lightning rod for both criticism by conservatives and imitation by the younger female population  Consequence of Sound ranked the album at number two on "The 10 Greatest Sophomore Albums of All Time," calling it the album that "carved out the throne   that would be Madonna's forever: the Queen of Pop "

Track listing
All tracks produced by Nile Rodgers, except "Into the Groove" produced by Madonna and Stephen Bray 

Personnel
Credits adapted from the album's liner notes 

Charts
Certifications and sales
See also
Notes
Passage 2:
Chapter II (Ashanti album)
Chapter II is the second studio album by American singer and songwriter Ashanti  It was released by Murder Inc  and Island Def Jam on July 1, 2003 in the United States  Ashanti reteamed with Murder Inc  head Irv Gotti and producer Chink Santana to work on the album  Chapter II features a guest appearance by rapper Ja Rule, Chink Santana, and Gunnz  Critical reception towards the album was generally mixed, with critics commending the album's autobiographical lyrics, and its fun yet light nature, while other critics felt Chapter II lacked creativity and personality and relied too heavily on the formula of her debut album (2002) 
Upon its release, the album debut at number one on the US Billboard 200 chart with first-week sales of 326,000 units  It also reached the top ten in Canada, Switzerland, and the United Kingdom  Chapter II was eventually certified platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America in August 2003 and gained gold status in Japan and the United Kingdom  At the 46th Annual Grammy Awards, it earned Ashanti three nominations for Best Contemporary R&B Album, Best Female R&B Vocal Performance, and Best R&B Song  Chapter II spawned three singles, including the Billboard Hot 100 number two song "Rock wit U (Awww Baby)", the R&B ballad "Rain on Me" and "Breakup 2 Makeup (Remix)" 

Promotion
Murder Inc  selected "Rock wit U (Awww Baby)," which they considered a continuation from her debut single "Foolish" (2002), to be released as the album's first single from Chapter 2  Issued on May 19, 2003, the song became a commercial success stateside and Ashanti's third solo top ten hit  It peaked at number two on the US Billboard Hot 100, while reaching number four on the Billboard Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs chart  Internationally, it was a moderate success, reaching the top five in Canada and Japan, the top ten in the United Kingdom, top twenty in Australia, and the top forty in Ireland, New Zealand, and Switzerland The album's second single "Rain on Me", was released on August 11, 2003  It peaked at number seven on the Billboard Hot 100 and number two on the Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs chart  Elsewhere, it reached the top twenty in Belgium and the United Kingdom  In 2004, "Rain on Me" earned Ashanti a Grammy Award nomination for Best Female R&B Vocal Performance  In 2004, a remix version of "Breakup 2 Makeup" featuring labelmate Black Child was released as a single  It served as the lead single from Ashanti's remix compilation album Collectables by Ashanti, released in 2005, reaching number 76 on the Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs 

Critical reception
Chapter II received mixed reviews from music critics  At Metacritic, which assigns a normalized rating out of 100 to reviews from mainstream publications, the album received an average score of 51, based on 11 reviews, indicating "mixed or average" reviews  The New York Times writer Kelefa Sanneh remarked that Chapter II "isn't perfect, but once you edit out the skits (which are, without exception, excruciating), you're left with an album that's graceful, beguiling and above all, light, in the best sense of the word " People magazine noted that "the singer's sophomore CD, though, proves wrong those who thought she would be a one-hit-album wonder  Chapter II, which continues the same hip-hop soul theme as her self-titled debut, is the equivalent of a good beach read: It's easy, breezy listening that doesn't require much brainpower "Billboard wrote that Chapter II "doesn't stray too far from its predecessor" and complimented the autobiographical songs on the album  Ernest Hardy from Rolling Stone found that the "album is filled with the same beat-driven, slickly produced midtempo tracks and ballads that made up her debut [and] the disc's best moments have a decidedly old-school feel to them [   ] Still, dullard schoolgirl insights into love and heartache dominate the album; add some boring between-song skits about 'haters,' and Chapter II wears thin long before its halfway mark " While he complimented Ashanti for her writing credits on the album, Entertainment Weekly journalist Tom Sinclair felt that "Chapter II is too mired in tired R&B conventions to achieve true magnificence "Allmusic editor Stephen Thomas Erlewine found that "the songs have about as much personality as Ashanti's voice, but that actually is a point in its favor, since it keeps everything on an even keel and makes Gotti and Santana's stylish production the star  They are the secret ingredients that make Chapter II good romantic mood music for the summer " Alexa Camp from Slant Magazine wrote that "the album's got some great tunes, but they'd be better suited for someone like Mary J  Blige, whom Shany & Co



ground_truth: Neighbours

prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: When was the American singer, songwriter, record producer, dancer and actress born who's second studio album is Chapter II?

The following are given passages.
Context 2:  bite off " Robert Christgau gave Chapter II a "C" rating in his review for The Village Voice, calling it a "pathologically modest follow-up " PopMatters from Maurice Bottomley assured that "Chapter 2 is not going to feature as any scribe's R&B album of the year "

Commercial performance
In the United States, Chapter II debuted at number one on the Billboard 200 with first-week sales of 326,000 units sold  While it became Ashanti's second chart topper, it was a considerable decline from her previous effort Ashanti, which had opened to sales of 502,500 units in April 2002  In total, it remained on the Billboard 200 chart for 30 consecutive weeks  In addition, it reached the top position on Billboard's Top R&B/Hip Hop Albums chart, where it stayed at the top spot for two consecutive weeks  On August 14, 2003, The album was certified platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA)  Towards the end of 2003, Billboard ranked the album at number 54 and 27 respectively on its Billboard 200 and Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums year end chart lists  By January 2005, Chapter II had sold 1 5 million copies, according to Nielsen SoundScan Elsewhere, Chapter II reached the top five on the Canadian and UK Singles Chart  It was certified gold by the British Phonographic Industry (BPI), indicating sales in excess of 100,000 copies, and also went gold in Japan  In Switzerland, it reached the top ten, debuting and peaking at number nine on the Swiss Albums Chart, making it Ashanti's highest-charting album to date  Chapter II also entered the top 20 in Australia and Germany  To date, the album has sold 3 million copies worldwide 

Track listing
Samples
"Intro (Medley)" contains samples of Ashanti tracks "Foolish", "Happy", "Down 4 U" (with Ja Rule, Charli Baltimore & Vita), "Baby" and "Mesmerize" (with Ja Rule) 
"Breakup 2 Makeup" contains a sample of "I'm Gonna Love You Just a Little More Baby" by Barry White 
"Rain on Me" contains a sample of "Look of Love" by Isaac Hayes 
"Then Ya Gone" contains samples of "Ain't I Been Good to You" by The Isley Brothers, and "One Day" by UGK 
"Feel So Good" contains a sample of "Playing Your Game, Baby" by Barry White 
"The Story of 2" contains a sample of "Dream Maker" by Rick James 
"Sweet Baby" contains a sample of "I'm Glad You're Mine" by Al Green 
"U Say I Say" contains a sample of "Never Enough" by Groove Theory 
"I Found Lovin'" is a cover of the same-titled song by Fatback Band 

Personnel
Charts
Certifications
See also
List of Billboard 200 number-one albums of 2003
List of Billboard number-one R&B albums of 2003
Passage 3:
Chapter II (Benga album)
Chapter II is the third studio album by British record producer Benga  The album was released on 6 May 2013 through Sony Music  It entered the UK Albums Chart at number 93 

Background and development
The album was produced from late 2011 to 2013  On 30 November 2011, Benga and Youngman performed at 1Xtra Live  They premiered "Running" live from Bristol  The first official single from the album was "I Will Never Change", released in March 2012  In June 2012, Benga and P Money performed a live version of "High Speed" on BBC Radio 1Xtra in Maida Vale Studios  Benga himself provided vocoded vocals  Several singles released throughout 2012 were omitted from the album: "Icon", "Pour Your Love", "We're Coming Out" and "Open Your Eyes"  However, "Pour Your Love" (released on 24 August 2012) is the only song so far to chart in the United Kingdom, charting at number 189 in the UK Singles Chart 
A series of three heavier songs advertised as "club singles" were released throughout December 2012: "We're Coming Out", "Open Your Eyes" and "To Hell and Back"  The latter is the only one to feature on the album  The album's initial release date was set to be 22 April 2013, but it was delayed by two weeks  Benga supported Example on his 2013 arena tour around the United Kingdom, with Youngman providing vocals for his "Benga Live" sets  Several songs from the album were performed on tour, including "Choose 1"; "Smile"; "Getting 42"; "To Hell and Back"; "I Will Never Change"; and "Forefather", which got its live debut at the Manchester Arena on March 1 with a live PA from Kano  "Smile" features uncredited vocals from Charli XCX 

Singles
"I Will Never Change" is the album's lead single  It was released on 16 March 2012  The track was the first to be written on the album, and its upload on UKF has over one and a half million YouTube views  The official video premiered on Benga's Vevo on 5 April 2013 at a total length of two minutes and one second  The video features the song's waveform being created in stop motion out of 960 differently sized vinyls 
"To Hell and Back" is the second single from the album  It was released on 17 December 2012  On Example's 2013 arena tour, P Money performed a live PA which doesn't feature on the studio version of the track 
"Forefather" with Kano is the third single from the album  It was released on 7 March 2013 and entered the UK Singles Chart at number 123  The official video premiered on Benga's Vevo on 10 March 2013 at a total length of three minutes and thirty-eight seconds  The video compares Benga and Kano's lifestyles in 2003, 2008 and 2013: showing that although their success has changed their surroundings, their music is still "sounding like some old-school KA"  It is the only explicit track on the album 

Track listing
Personnel
Credits adapted from Chapter II album liner notes 
Adegbenga "Benga" Adejumo – mixing, engineering, producer (all tracks), vocals (11)
Autumn Rowe - vocals (8)
Ayo Simpson - engineering (14)
Charlotte Emma "Charli XCX" Aitchison - vocals (2)
Daniel "Danny C" Caim - vocal recording (11)
Daniel Ledinsky - backing vocals (14)
Jack Tarrant - mixing, engineering (8, 14)
Kane "Kano" Robinson - vocals (4)
Michael "Mikey J" Asante - vocal recording, vocal mixing (4)
Paris "P Money" Moore-Williams - vocals (11)
Rowan "Route 94" Jones - co-producer (2)
Rudie Edwards - vocals (14)
Sam Frank - vocals, saxophone (10)
Simon "Youngman" Smith - vocals (6, 13)
Stuart Hawkes - mastering (all tracks)

Chart performance
Weekly charts
Release history
Passage 4:
Rock wit U (Awww Baby)
"Rock wit U (Awww Baby)" is a song by American R&B singer Ashanti  Written by her along with Irv Gotti and Chink Santana for her second studio album, Chapter II (2003), and produced by Gotti and Santana, the song was released by Murder Inc  on May 19, 2003, as the lead single from Chapter II, peaked at number two on the US Billboard Hot 100 for one week and became her first international hit from her second album, reaching number 7 in the UK and number 19 in Australia 

Music video
Directed by Paul Hunter and filmed in Miami in early May 2003, the music video for "Rock wit U (Awww Baby)" features Ashanti at a beach with her boyfriend while they flirt in bed together and driving down the road in a Jeep  In some scenes, the boyfriend watches Ashanti dance for him in the house and behind some trees at night  There is also a scene where she rides on an elephant in the water  The video was nominated at the 2003 MTV Video Music Awards for Best R&B Video 

Samples
The song was sampled for British rapper Aitch's single "Baby"  The single was released on 10 March 2022  It debuted on the UK Official Singles Top 100 on 18 March 2022, placing at number 2 

Track listings
Notes

^[a]  denotes additional producer

Credits and personnel
Credits lifted from the liner notes of Chapter II 

Charts
Certifications
Release history
Passage 5:
Guillotine IV (The Final Chapter)
"Guillotine IV (The Final Chapter)" is the second single from Falling in Reverse's third album Just Like You  It is the fourth and final installment of the Guillotine series that was started by Ronnie Radke when he was the frontman of Escape the Fate  Ronnie Radke sang the first song, "The Guillotine", from Escape the Fate's Dying Is Your Latest Fashion; and Craig Mabbit sang "This War Is Ours (The Guillotine II)" and "The Aftermath (The Guillotine III)" from Escape the Fate's This War Is Ours and their self-titled album, respectively 

Personnel
Falling in ReverseRonnie Radke – lead vocals
Jacky Vincent – lead guitar, backing vocals
Derek Jones – rhythm guitar, backing vocals
Ryan Seaman – drums, percussion, backing vocalsAdditionalCharles Kallaghan Massabo – bass
Passage 6:
Capítulo II: Brinca
Capítulo II: Brinca (English: Chapter II: Jump) is the second studio album by Mexican-American recording artist DJ Kane  It was released on September 13, 2005 by EMI Latin 

Track listing
Passage 7:
Ashanti (singer)
Ashanti Shequoiya Douglas (born October 13, 1980) is an American singer, songwriter and actress  She was first discovered as a teenager and later signed to Murder Inc  Records in 2002  That year, she was featured on Fat Joe's "What's Luv?" and Ja Rule's "Always on Time", both of which became two of the biggest hit songs of 2002  She became the first female artist to occupy the top two positions on the U S  Billboard Hot 100 chart simultaneously with "Foolish" and "What's Luv?" at numbers one and two, respectively 
In 2002, Ashanti released her eponymous debut album, which sold over 505,000 copies throughout the U S  in its first week of release  The album earned her many awards, including eight Billboard Music Awards, two American Music Awards, and a Grammy Award in 2003 for Best Contemporary R&B Album  The album has since been certified triple platinum in the United States and sold six million copies worldwide by the end of 2003  The lead single for the album, "Foolish", was a critical and commercial success; it reached number one on the Billboard Hot 100  With "Foolish", she became the second artist (after The Beatles) to have their first three chart entries in the top ten of the Billboard Hot 100 simultaneously  Ashanti wrote and provided background vocals for Jennifer Lopez's "Ain't It Funny (Murder Remix)", which also reached number one on the Billboard Hot 100 In 2003, Ashanti released her second album, Chapter II, which debuted at number one on the Billboard 200, with first-week sales of 326,000 copies in the U S  The album went platinum, selling over 1 5 million copies in the U S  since its release  The album's singles, "Rock wit U (Awww Baby)" and "Rain on Me", were both commercial successes, peaking at number two and number seven on the Billboard Hot 100 chart, respectively  Chapter II was nominated for a Grammy Award for Best Contemporary R&B Album, and "Rock wit U (Awww Baby)" and "Rain on Me" were each nominated in the categories of Best R&B Song and Best Female R&B Vocal Performance  In November 2003, Ashanti released a Christmas album titled Ashanti's Christmas, which was a modest commercial success 
In 2004, Ashanti released her third studio album, Concrete Rose, the title of which took on Tupac Shakur's pseudonym "The Rose That Grew from Concrete"  The album debuted at number seven in the U S , with first-week sales of 254,000 copies, and became her third platinum-certified album  The first single, "Only U", reached number thirteen on the Billboard Hot 100 and became her biggest hit in the United Kingdom, peaking at number two  A second single, the ballad "Don't Let Them", garnered little chart success after Def Jam refused to fund a music video due to Irv Gotti's legal troubles during his money laundering trial  Her subsequent albums include The Declaration (2008) and Braveheart (2014), the latter of which was released independently, on Ashanti's record label, Written Entertainment 
Aside from music, Ashanti has also acted in various productions  In 2005, she made her feature film debut in Coach Carter alongside Samuel L  Jackson  She also starred as Dorothy Gale in the made-for-television film The Muppets' Wizard of Oz, which attracted nearly 8 million viewers when it premiered  She has since appeared in the films John Tucker Must Die (2006) and Resident Evil: Extinction (2007)  Throughout her career, Ashanti has sold nearly 15 million records worldwide 

Early life
Ashanti Douglas was born on October 13, 1980 in Glen Cove, New York  Her mother, Tina Douglas, is African-American and a former dance teacher, her father, Ken-Kaide Thomas Douglas, is also African-American and a former singer  She is the oldest of her parents' children, with a younger sister named Kenashia "Shia" Douglas  Ashanti's mother named her after the Ashanti Empire in Ghana; in this nation, women had power and influence, and Tina wanted Ashanti to follow that model  Her grandfather, James, was a civil rights activist who was associated with Martin Luther King Jr  in the 1960s Ashanti's mother discovered her full singing potential when she overheard Ashanti singing Mary J  Blige's "Reminisce" at age 12 (after the song was released on Ashanti's birthday)  While attending high school, she began to write songs  As a teenager, she performed in a local talent show and at several small festivals  She got her first taste of acting as a child extra in Spike Lee's Malcolm X (1992) and in Ted Demme's Who's the Man?  She also had a couple of minor appearances in music videos, such as KRS-One's "MC's Act Like They Don't Know" as well as 8-Off's "Ghetto Girl" Ashanti struggled to find success as a singer after being courted by several record labels, including Bad Boy and Jive  Despite this, she continued to perform in and around New York and began hanging out at the Murder Inc  recording studio, hoping for a big break 

Career
2001–2003: Ashanti, Chapter II and Ashanti's Christmas
Ashanti was first noticed by Irv Gotti because of her vocal skills  He asked her to pen hooks for his rap artists and to perform with them in duets  Ashanti provided the melodic response to their call  Ashanti was first featured as a background vocalist on rapper Big Pun's song "How We Roll"  In the same year, Ashanti was featured on fellow labelmate Cadillac Tah's singles "Pov City Anthem" and "Just Like a Thug"  She also appeared on the 2001 The Fast and the Furious soundtrack as a featured artist on Vita's 2001 hip hop remake of Madonna's "Justify My Love" and on the solo track "When a Man Does Wrong"  She was then featured on Fat Joe's "What's Luv?" and Ja Rule's "Always on Time"  "What's Luv?" and "Always on Time" were released simultaneously and became two of the biggest hit songs of 2002  Ashanti became the first female to occupy the top two positions on the U S  Billboard Hot 100 chart simultaneously when "Always on Time" and "What's Luv?" were at numbers one and two, respectively 
Following the success of her collaborations with Ja Rule and Fat Joe, Ashanti released her debut single, "Foolish", which contains a sample of the 1983 song "Stay with Me" by DeBarge (also used by The Notorious B I G  in his 1995 single "One More Chance", and by Big L in "MVP")  This is her biggest success to date, spending ten weeks atop the Billboard Hot 100  She became the second artist (after The Beatles) to have their first three chart entries in the top ten of the Hot 100 simultaneously  Ashanti's self-titled debut album, Ashanti, was released on Irv Gotti's Murder Inc  record label in April 2002  It debuted at number one on the U S  Billboard 200 albums chart  The album has been certified triple platinum in the United States and sold six million copies worldwide  Ashanti wrote the album's twelve tracks, most of which were written on the spot in the studio  Ashanti's follow-up singles, "Happy" and "Baby", were not as successful as her debut single but peaked inside the top ten and top twenty in the U S , respectively  Ashanti's debut album earned her many awards, including eight Billboard Music Awards, two American Music Awards, and a Grammy Award in 2003 for Best Contemporary R&B Album  Ashanti was the first artist to win Best Contemporary R&B Album before the category was last awarded in 2011  She was nominated as Best New Artist and "Foolish" was nominated in the Best Female R&B Vocal Performance category  She also received a Comet Award and two Soul Train Music Awards that same year 
Ashanti became the subject of controversy when it was announced that she would receive the Soul Train Aretha Franklin Award for "Entertainer of the Year", a high school student took offense and started an online petition against her, explaining to The Seattle Times that she was too new to deserve the award  Nearly 30,000 people agreed with him, signing the petition  Many said that established artists such as Mary J  Blige and Missy "Misdemeanor" Elliott or critically acclaimed singers like Alicia Keys and India Arie were more deserving of an award that carries the name of a musical legend  Despite the petition, the Soul Train committee and Don Cornelius stuck by their decision  Ashanti was applauded by her musical peers as she entered the Pasadena Civic Auditorium to accept her award and she was supported onstage by Patti LaBelle, who stated "she's a baby and we have to support our babies "Just before the release of her second album, Ashanti headlined VH1 Divas Duets alongside Whitney Houston, Chaka Khan, Beyoncé and Lisa Marie Presley  During the concert, she performed duets with the Isley Brothers and Stevie Wonder, and participated in the all-star finale performance of Wonder's "Higher Ground "In July 2003, Ashanti released her second album, Chapter II, which debuted at number one on the Billboard 200, with first-week sales of 326,000 copies in the U S  The album went platinum, selling over 1 5  a million copies in the U S  Chapter II's first single, "Rock wit U (Awww Baby)", became a hit, peaking at number two on the Billboard Hot 100  Its video, which showed Ashanti in a bikini frolicking on a beach and riding an elephant, was nominated for two 2003 MTV Video Music Awards  A remix of the song contains interpolations of Michael Jackson's "Rock with You"  The second single, "Rain on Me", reached the number seven spot on the Hot 100 and number two on the Hot 100 R&B Songs chart  Chapter II was nominated for a 2004 Grammy Award for Best Contemporary R&B Album, and "Rock wit U (Awww Baby)" and "Rain on Me" were nominated in the categories of Best R&B Song and Best Female R&B Vocal Performance, respectively  In the "Rain on Me," mini-movie music video—directed by Hype Williams and co-starring Larenz Tate—Ashanti portrays a troubled young woman in an abusive relationship  She received a Lifetime Channel Achievement Award for her message speaking out against domestic violence  That same year, she began dating rapper Nelly In November 2003, Ashanti released a Christmas album titled Ashanti's Christmas  It contained 10 Christmas songs and was a modest commercial success and sold just around 100,000 units in the U S  The album peaked at No  160 in the Billboard charts 

2004–2007: Concrete Rose, Collectibles by Ashanti and acting
Before Concrete Rose was released, Ashanti did some major promotion for her single "Only U", when she premiered it at the 2004 Vibe Music Awards  She featured on "Wonderful"—with Ja Rule and R  Kelly—that year, which peaked at number five in the U S  and at number one in the UK  In December 2004, Ashanti released her third studio album, Concrete Rose, the title of which took on Tupac Shakur's pseudonym "The Rose That Grew from Concrete"  The album debuted at number seven in the U S , with first-week sales of 254,000 copies, and eventually became her third platinum-certified album  The first single, "Only U", reached number thirteen on the Billboard Hot 100 and became her biggest hit in the United Kingdom, peaking at number two  A second single, the ballad "Don't Let Them", garnered little chart success after Def Jam refused to fund a music video due to Irv Gotti's legal troubles during his money laundering trial  The single was released only in the U S , where it failed to chart, and the UK, where it reached the lower end of the top forty  After the release of Concrete Rose, Ashanti released the DVD Ashanti: The Making of a Star, which was available only for a limited time  The deluxe DVD includes an exclusive photo and video shoot footage, music from the albums Ashanti, Chapter II and Concrete Rose, special concert footage, unreleased childhood school performances, and behind-the-scenes interviews with family, friends, and fans 
In 2005, Ashanti focused more on her acting career, making her feature film acting debut in the film Coach Carter alongside Samuel L  Jackson, as well as starring as Dorothy Gale in the made-for-television film The Muppets' Wizard of Oz, which pulled in nearly 8 million viewers when it premiered  She sang "When I'm with You" for the film which was nominated for a Primetime Emmy in the Outstanding Music and Lyrics category  In Coach Carter, she played a pregnant teenager named Kyra who has to decide whether or not to abort her unborn child  The movie opened at number-one at the U S  box office, eventually grossing $67  million domestically  Later in 2005, Ashanti was invited to Oprah Winfrey's Legends Ball, which honored some of the most influential and legendary African American women of the twentieth century in the fields of art, entertainment, and civil rights  In December 2005, Ashanti released a remix album of Concrete Rose titled Collectables by Ashanti  The album was an opportunity for her to fulfill her contract with Def Jam (and have the option of working with another label)  It did not fare well on the charts 
In 2006, she starred in the teen comedy John Tucker Must Die, which opened and peaked at number three at the U S  box office (competing with Pirates of the Caribbean: Dead Man's Chest and Miami Vice) and grossed $68,818,076 worldwide  In 2007, she played a supporting role in the action film Resident Evil: Extinction (2007) 

2008–2010: The Declaration, departure from The Inc  and The Wiz
Her fourth studio album, The Declaration, was released on June 3, 2008,  and sold 86,000 units its first week of release, which were the lowest first-week sales for any of Ashanti's studio albums  In mid-2007, MTV News reported that the first single from The Declaration was "Switch", which was produced by Shy Carter and released digitally in the United States on July 24, 2007  It was later reported that "Switch" may not be included on the album's track listing, and that the first single would be "Hey Baby (After the Club)" it was released to radio and digital outlets on October 16  The song, which does not appear on the U S  editions of the album, peaked at number eighty-seven on the Billboard Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs chart  "The Way That I Love You", was released to radio and digital outlets in January 2008, and was referred to as the "first single" in press material and media reports  It reached number two on the Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs chart and number thirty-seven on the Billboard Hot 100, becoming Ashanti's first song to reach the top forty since "Only U" in 2004  "Body On Me" was recorded not only for Ashanti's The Declaration, but also for Nelly's fifth studio album Brass Knuckles  The track is produced by Akon and Giorgio Tuinfort  It went to number one on Billboard's Hot Videoclip Tracks chart in its first week, becoming the first number-one single from Nelly's album "Good Good" was released to urban radio stations on July 16, 2008  The song contains elements of Elton John's 1974 single "Bennie and the Jets", and has the same melody arrangement as Michael Jackson's "The Girl Is Mine"  In July 2008, Ashanti was named an ambassador of tourism for Nassau County, Long Island 
In May 2009, Irv Gotti announced that he was officially releasing Ashanti from The Inc  Records, stating that "The relationship has run its course  The chemistry of what's needed — we're in two totally different places  You're talking to somebody that took her and shaped and molded her and put her out there for the world, and it blew up  We [hold the record] for the [fastest] selling debut by a female R&B artist — 503 [thousand]  We did it! My views and philosophies and her views and philosophies are not meeting up " Gotti also admitted that he and Ashanti have not spoken to each other in a long time  A representative for Ashanti did not respond  On September 24, 2009, Ashanti announced her fifth studio album would be released from her new label, Written Entertainment 
Ashanti headlined the cast of The Wiz in the New York City Center Encores! Summer Stars staging from June 12 to July 5, 2009  Ashanti's role as Dorothy has since received mixed reviews from critics as most praised her vocals but was less pleased with her acting ability  BET and Entertainment Weekly both praised the singer's performance as The New York Post and New York Times gave lukewarm reviews  Though the first night was sold out, some of the other shows were unable to follow its success  On October 27, 2008, Ashanti took part in The Yellow Brick Road Not Taken, a one night only concert to celebrate the fifth anniversary of Wicked, featuring songs written by Stephen Schwartz, that were cut from the show 

2011–2014: Hiatus and Braveheart
After a four-year hiatus, Ashanti released the song "Never Too Far Away", which was featured in Morgan Creek's film Dream House starring Daniel Craig, Rachel Weisz with Naomi Watts  The lead single from her fifth studio album, "The Woman You Love" featuring American rapper Busta Rhymes, was released online on December 15, 2011  Ashanti teamed up with Meek Mill and French Montana for the second single "No One Greater", which was produced by 7 Aurelius, Irv Gotti and Chink Santana  In April 2013, she released another single called "Never Should Have", which later won "Best Independent R&B/Soul Performance" at the 2013 Soul Train Awards  A music video for the track was also released In November 2012, it was reported that she had landed her first series regular role in the seventh season of Army Wives, playing Latasha Montclair  The series was canceled on September 24, 2013  In the fall of 2013, she appeared in a guest spot on Law & Order: Special Victims Unit alongside Clay Aiken and Taylor Hicks  She also starred in the Lifetime film Christmas in the City which premiered on December 7, 2013 In August 2013, Ashanti announced her plans to once again work with Ja Rule, who'd been released from prison in July of that year following a six-year sentence stemming from a gun charge  On January 8, 2014, she revealed the official cover art and release date for Braveheart, her fifth album, which was released on March 4, 2014  In January 2014, Ashanti shot the video for the official first single from Braveheart titled "I Got It" featuring Rick Ross  The video was shot in Miami, Florida, and was directed by Eif Rivera  In July, Ashanti announced that the second official single from BraveHeart would be "Early in the Morning" featuring French Montana  Upon release, the album garnered favorable reviews, with music critics describing Braveheart's sound as an "evolution of R&B" and praising the themes of empowerment but criticizing the romantic clichés and lack of interesting moments on the album  On the charts, Braveheart opened at number ten in the U S  Billboard 200, becoming Ashanti's fifth consecutive top-ten album, as well as her first Independent Albums chart-topper  It also debuted in the top thirty of the UK R&B Albums Chart and top-forty of the UK Indie Albums Chart 

2015–present: Current activities and upcoming seventh studio album
In 2015, she announced that she had worked on new music for her seventh album, with an unknown release date  Ashanti collaborated with Michelle Obama for her #Let'sMove campaign to spread awareness of drinking water with her new video and song "Let's Go" released in 2015  In 2016, she collaborated on the song "Seven Day Love" included in the album "Inzombia" by Canadian singer Belly  She has also worked with numerous artists, including Sia, Alicia Keys, John Legend, Queen Latifah, Usher and Kelly Clarkson to interpret the songs of the Broadway musical "Hamilton" for the compilation "The Hamilton Mixtape" In 2017, Ashanti announced her seventh studio album, revealing it would be released in 2018  She denied this in June 2018, confirming the future release of an album in collaboration with rapper Ja Rule  Between 2017 and 2018 she returned to the music scene with several collaborations including the single "Say Less" with Ty Dolla Sign, the track "The Road" by Machel Montano, and the song "Start This Shit Off Right" with Mack Maine, from the album "Tha Carter V" by Lil Wayne Ashanti released the collaboration "Pretty Little Thing" with Afro B in August 2019  She also featured on the soundtrack of the film Stuck, which she produced  In November, Ashanti guest-starred as herself in two episodes of the third season of The CW's Dynasty reboot: "Mother, I'm At La Mirage" and "Something Desperate" In January 2021, Ashanti released her single "2:35 (I Want You)" On March 10, 2022, Ashanti's single "Rock wit U (Awww Baby)" was heavily sampled for British rapper Aitch's single "Baby" In October 2022, Ashanti was featured on Diddy’s “Gotta Move On” remix which also features Bryson Tiller and Yung Miami 

Artistry
Ashanti has a lyric soprano voice type  Critics have referred to her voice as "pretty" and her soprano as "sultry" and "sweet but slight"  Jason Birchmeier of AllMusic noted her reputation for using her "swooning voice" in duets with Big Pun, Fat Joe, and Ja Rule  As a young girl, Ashanti was influenced by Ella Fitzgerald, Whitney Houston, Michael Jackson, Prince, and Tupac Shakur, but she cites Mary J  Blige as the main reason she wanted to pursue a singing career  Further musical influences include Janet Jackson, Mariah Carey, Madonna, Smokey Robinson, Donna Summer, and Blue Magic 

Philanthropy
In 2003, Ashanti partnered with LidRock and the San Francisco-based Family Violence Prevention Fund (FVPF) to raise awareness about the issue of domestic violence during National Domestic Violence Awareness Month and to distribute the "Rain on Me" mini-movie using LidRock's unique platform  Proceeds from the $5 mini-disc went towards helping to stop domestic violence  Ashanti also recorded a public service announcement that appeared in more than 4,000 film screens and reached millions of people  Ashanti also gives back by raising money for sickle cell research and she is active in helping the Make-A-Wish Foundation stating, "I'll go and do just about anything for them " In 2005, Ashanti helped by recording public service announcement and raising money for the Southeast Asia tsunami disaster  Later that year, she helped raise money for the Hurricane Katrina victims and storm evacuees In 2008, Ashanti, along with others celebrities, taped a PSA to help stop violence and discrimination towards the LGBT community in response to the death of Lawrence King, an eighth-grader at E O  Green Junior High School, who was shot because of his sexual orientation and gender expression  That same year, she launched a special on-line campaign called "I Declare Me   " with Wal-Mart  The campaign's core is a very personal focus on the self-definition and empowerment of women across the United States, with its home base at Ashanti's official website  The campaign creates a safe and inclusive on-line space to for women to share testimonies on the site  Participants are able to openly declare their own breakthroughs, revelations, struggles and victories in every life area they choose: career, birth, death, relationships, and personal situations  "I Declare Me   " also invites women to a virtual discussion with Ashanti on such issues as voter registration, teen obesity, and other concerns facing women today 
In September 2009, Ashanti, along with other artists such as Mariah Carey, Beyoncé, Mary J  Blige, Rihanna, Fergie, Sheryl Crow, Miley Cyrus, Melissa Etheridge, Natasha Bedingfield, Keyshia Cole, Ciara, Leona Lewis, LeAnn Rimes and Carrie Underwood, teamed up for the song "Just Stand Up!"  The charity tune for cancer was conceived by Antonio "L A " Reid, who produced it with longtime creative colleague Babyface  All 15 singers (along with Nicole Scherzinger) shared the stage to perform the song live on September 5, 2008, during the "Stand Up to Cancer" television special, which aired simultaneously on ABC, NBC and CBS, and helped raise $100 million for cancer research  As a result of SU2C fund raising endeavors, the SU2C scientific advisory committee, overseen by the American Association for Cancer Research, was able to award 73 6 million dollars towards novel, groundbreaking cancer research in 2009 In November 2009, Ashanti joined the crew of ABC's Extreme Makeover: Home Edition  In the episode, which aired on January 24, 2010, the singer assisted in the rebuilding of the Powell Family home in Buffalo, New York   The efforts from the show expanded significantly to include not just the family home but the entire neighborhood surrounding it  In 2013, Ashanti featured on the 19-track compilation album Songs for a Healthier America, a collaborative project by the Partnership for a Healthier America, whose honorary chair is Michelle Obama, and Hip Hop Public Health  Her song "Just Believe" also featured Artie Green, Gerry Gunn, Robbie Nova and Chauncey Hawkins  Additionally, she is affiliated with the Jumpstart reading program, the Tupperware Brand and the Boys and Girls Club of America 

Personal life
On January 1, 2003, Ashanti met rapper Nelly at a press conference for the 2003 Grammy Awards, and the two later began dating  They ended their relationship after a decade together  In 2023, they reunited and got back together 

Discography
Studio albumsAshanti (2002)
Chapter II (2003)
Ashanti's Christmas (2003)
Concrete Rose (2004)
The Declaration (2008)
Braveheart (2014)

Filmography
Film
Television
Theater
See also
List of awards and nominations received by Ashanti



ground_truth: October 13, 1980

prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: Who was born later, Jerry Garcia or Joe Gooch?

The following are given passages.
Context 3: Passage 1:
The Very Best of Jerry Garcia
The Very Best of Jerry Garcia is a two-CD compilation album   It contains songs, mostly previously released, by Jerry Garcia, the Jerry Garcia Band, the Jerry Garcia Acoustic Band, Old & In the Way, and Reconstruction  It is meant to showcase Garcia's work outside the Grateful Dead   The first disc contains studio recordings and the second disc contains live recordings   It was released on September 26, 2006 
Some copies of the album include two bonus discs called More of the Best and Twisted Radio Waves The Very Best of Jerry Garcia was released for Record Store Day as a five-disc LP, in a limited edition of 4,000 copies, on September 26, 2020 

Track listing
Disc one (studio)

From  Garcia:"Deal" (Jerry Garcia, Robert Hunter) – 3:14
"Bird Song" (Garcia, Hunter) – 4:26
"Sugaree" (Garcia, Hunter) – 5:54
"Loser" (Garcia, Hunter) – 4:10
"The Wheel" (Garcia, Hunter) – 4:12From Compliments:"Let It Rock" (Chuck Berry) – 3:12
"Russian Lullaby" (Irving Berlin) – 3:04From Reflections:"Might as Well" (Garcia, Hunter) – 3:54
"Mission in the Rain" (Garcia, Hunter) – 5:04
"I'll Take a Melody" (Allen Toussaint) – 9:28From Cats Under the Stars:"Rubin and Cherise" (Garcia, Hunter) – 5:17
"Cats Under the Stars" (Garcia, Hunter) – 5:31
"Rhapsody in Red" (Garcia, Hunter, John Kahn) – 5:11From Run for the Roses:"Run for the Roses" (Garcia, Hunter) – 3:41
"Knockin' on Heaven's Door" (Bob Dylan) – 7:40
"Without Love" (Clyde McPhatter) – 4:26Disc two (live)

From Breakdown:"Catfish John" (Bob McDill, Allen Reynolds) – 4:06From Almost Acoustic:"Deep Elem Blues" (traditional) – 6:09
"Ripple" (Garcia, Hunter) – 4:21From Garcia Plays Dylan:"Positively 4th Street" (Dylan) – 10:46From Pure Jerry: Theatre 1839, July 29 & 30, 1977:"The Harder They Come" (Jimmy Cliff) – 12:43From How Sweet It Is:"Gomorrah" (Garcia, Hunter) – 6:37Previously unreleased performance by Reconstruction on July 8, 1979:"Dear Prudence" (John Lennon, Paul McCartney) - 11:38From Jerry Garcia Band:"Señor (Tales of Yankee Power)" (Dylan) - 7:45
"Evangeline" (David Hidalgo, Louie Perez) – 4:47From Way After Midnight, the bonus disc for After Midnight: Kean College, 2/28/80:"Deal" (Garcia, Hunter) - 9:12

Personnel
See individual albums for musical personnel 

Production
Compilation producers – James Austin, Joe Gastwirt, Blair Jackson, Peter McQuaid
Product manager – Jimmy Edwards
Tape research, liner notes – Blair Jackson
Remastering – Joe Gastwirt
Discographical annotation – Reggie Collins
Editorial supervision – Dorothy Stefanski
Art direction, design – Jean Krikorian
Photography – Herb Greene, Jon Sievert, Richard E  Aaron, Dave Patrick
Painting – Jerry Garcia
Project assistance – Karen LeBlanc, James O'Toole
Passage 2:
Joe Gooch
Joe Gooch (born 3 May 1977) is an English musician who was known as the lead vocalist and lead guitarist of Ten Years After from 2003 to 2014 

Biography
Gooch was introduced to jazz and blues at an early age  By thirteen, taking his music seriously, he enrolled on a course of classical guitar lessons  The disciplines he learned were good grounding for him, but he soon realised his interest lay outside of the classical sphere, and moved towards rock and blues  At first he was influenced by his childhood heroes, Larry Carlton, Steely Dan, The Beatles, Jimi Hendrix, Eric Clapton, Led Zeppelin, Buddy Guy and later Frank Zappa  Gooch replaced Alvin Lee in Ten Years After, with  limited success, and later formed Hundred Seventy Split with bassist Leo Lyons 
In January 2014, it was announced that both Gooch and Lyons had left Ten Years After 

Album discography
SiRO

SiRO – 1999Ten Years After

Now – 2004
Roadworks (Live) – 2005
Evolution – 2008
Live at Fiesta City (DVD) – 2009Hundred Seventy Split

The World Won't Stop – 2011
Hundred Seventy Split – 2014
Passage 3:
Jerry Garcia
Jerome John Garcia (August 1, 1942 – August 9, 1995) was an American musician best known for being the principal songwriter, lead guitarist, and a vocalist with the rock band Grateful Dead, which he co-founded and which came to prominence during the counterculture of the 1960s  Although he disavowed the role, Garcia was viewed by many as the leader of the band  He was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 1994 as a member of the Grateful Dead 
As one of its founders, Garcia performed with the Grateful Dead for the band's entire 30-year career (1965–1995)  Garcia also founded and participated in a variety of side projects, including the Saunders–Garcia Band (with longtime friend Merl Saunders), the Jerry Garcia Band, Old & In the Way, the Garcia/Grisman and Garcia/Kahn acoustic duos, Legion of Mary, and New Riders of the Purple Sage (which he co-founded with John Dawson and David Nelson)  He also released several solo albums, and contributed to a number of albums by other artists over the years as a session musician  He was well known for his distinctive guitar playing, and was ranked 13th in Rolling Stone's "100 Greatest Guitarists of All Time" cover story in 2003  In the 2015 version of the list he was ranked at #46 Garcia was renowned for his musical and technical ability, particularly his ability to play a variety of instruments and sustain long improvisations  Garcia believed that improvisation took stress away from his playing and allowed him to make spur of the moment decisions that he would not have made intentionally  In a 1993 interview with Rolling Stone, Garcia noted that "my own preferences are for improvisation, for making it up as I go along  The idea of picking, of eliminating possibilities by deciding, that's difficult for me"  Originating from the days of the "Acid Tests", these improvisations were a form of exploration rather than playing a song already written Later in life, Garcia struggled with diabetes  In 1986, he went into a diabetic coma that nearly cost him his life  Although his overall health improved somewhat after the incident, he continued to struggle with obesity, smoking, and long-standing heroin and cocaine addictions  He was staying in a California drug rehabilitation facility when he died of a heart attack on August 9, 1995, at age 53 

Early life
Garcia's ancestors on his father's side were from Galicia in northwest Spain  His mother's ancestors were Irish and Swedish  He was born in the Excelsior District of San Francisco, California, on August 1, 1942, to Jose Ramon "Joe" Garcia and Ruth Marie "Bobbie" (née Clifford) Garcia, who was herself born in San Francisco  His parents named him after composer Jerome Kern  Jerome John was their second child, preceded by Clifford Ramon "Tiff", who was born in 1937  Shortly before Clifford's birth, their father and a partner leased a building in downtown San Francisco and turned it into a bar, partly in response to Jose being blackballed from a musicians' union for moonlighting Garcia was influenced by music at an early age, taking piano lessons for much of his childhood  His father was a retired professional musician and his mother enjoyed playing the piano  His father's extended family—which had immigrated from Spain in 1919—would often sing during reunions In 1946, two-thirds of four-year-old Garcia's right middle finger was cut off by his brother in a wood splitting accident, while the family was vacationing in the Santa Cruz Mountains  Garcia later confessed that he often used it to his advantage in his youth, showing it off to other children in his neighborhood 
Less than a year after this incident his father died in a fly fishing accident when the family was vacationing near Arcata in Northern California   He slipped after entering the Trinity River, part of the Six Rivers National Forest, and drowned before other fishermen could reach him  Although Garcia claimed he saw the incident, Dennis McNally, author of the book A Long Strange Trip: The Inside Story of the Grateful Dead, argues Garcia formed the memory after hearing others repeat the story  Blair Jackson, who wrote Garcia: An American Life, notes that a local newspaper article describing Jose's death did not mention Jerry being present when he died 

Excelsior District
Following his father's death, Garcia's mother Ruth took over her husband's bar, buying out his partner for full ownership  She began working full-time there, sending Jerry and his brother to live nearby with her parents, Tillie and William Clifford  During the five-year period in which he lived with his grandparents, Garcia enjoyed a large amount of autonomy and attended Monroe Elementary School  At the school, Garcia was greatly encouraged in his artistic abilities by his third grade teacher: through her, he discovered that "being a creative person was a viable possibility in life " According to Garcia, it was around this time that he was opened up to country and bluegrass music by his grandmother, whom he recalled enjoyed listening to the Grand Ole Opry  His elder brother, Clifford, however, staunchly believed the contrary, insisting that Garcia was "fantasizing all [that]     she'd been to Opry, but she didn't listen to it on the radio " It was at this point that Garcia started playing the banjo, his first stringed instrument 

Menlo Park
In 1953, Garcia's mother married Wally Matusiewicz  Subsequently, Garcia and his brother moved back home with their mother and new stepfather  However, due to the roughneck reputation of their neighborhood at the time, Garcia's mother moved their family to Menlo Park  During their stay in Menlo Park, Garcia became acquainted with racism and antisemitism, things he disliked intensely  The same year, Garcia was also introduced to rock and roll and rhythm and blues by his brother, and enjoyed listening to Ray Charles, John Lee Hooker, B  B  King, Hank Ballard, and, later, Chuck Berry  Clifford often memorized the vocals for his favorite songs, and would then make Garcia learn the harmony parts, a move to which Garcia later attributed much of his early ear training In mid-1957, Garcia began smoking cigarettes and was introduced to marijuana  Garcia would later reminisce about the first time he smoked marijuana: "Me and a friend of mine went up into the hills with two joints, the San Francisco foothills, and smoked these joints and just got so high and laughed and roared and went skipping down the streets doing funny things and just having a helluva time"  During this time, Garcia also studied at what is now the San Francisco Art Institute  At San Francisco Art Institute, Garcia was taught by Wally Hedrick, an artist who came to prominence during the 1960s  During the classes, he often encouraged Garcia to draw and paint, noting that Garcia had skill in both areas  Hedrick also introduced Garcia to the fiction of Jack Kerouac, whom Garcia later cited as a major influence 

San Francisco
In June, Garcia graduated from the local Menlo Oaks school  He then moved with his family back to San Francisco, where they lived in an apartment above the family bar, a newly built replacement for the original, which had been torn down to make way for a freeway entrance  Two months later, on Garcia's fifteenth birthday, his mother bought an accordion for him, to his great disappointment  Garcia had long been captivated by many rhythm and blues artists, especially Chuck Berry and Bo Diddley, leaving him craving an electric guitar  After some pleading, his mother exchanged the accordion for a Danelectro with a small amplifier at a local pawnshop  Garcia's stepfather, who was somewhat proficient with instruments, helped tune his guitar to an unusual open tuning 

Cazadero
After a short stint at Denman Junior High School, Garcia attended tenth grade at Balboa High School in 1958, where he often got into trouble for skipping classes and fighting  Consequently, in 1959, Garcia's mother again moved the family to a safer environment, to Cazadero, a small town in Sonoma County, 90 miles (140 km) north of San Francisco  This turn of events did not sit well with Garcia, who had to travel by bus thirty miles (50 km) to Analy High School in Sebastopol, the nearest school  Garcia did, however, join a band at his school known as the Chords  After performing in and winning a contest, the band's reward was recording a song  They chose "Raunchy" by Bill Justis 

Recording career
Relocation and band beginnings
Garcia stole his mother's car in 1960 and was given the option of joining the U S  Army in lieu of prison  He received basic training at Fort Ord  After training, he was transferred to Fort Winfield Scott in the Presidio of San Francisco  Garcia spent most of his time in the army at his leisure, missing roll call and accruing many counts of being AWOL  As a result, Garcia was given a general discharge on December 14, 1960 In January 1961, Garcia drove to East Palo Alto to see Laird Grant, an old friend from middle school  He had purchased a 1950 Cadillac sedan from a cook in the army, which barely made it to Grant's residence before it broke down  Garcia spent the next few weeks sleeping where friends would allow, eventually using his car as a home  Through Grant, Garcia met Dave McQueen in February, who, after hearing Garcia perform some blues music, introduced him to local people and to the Chateau, a rooming house located near Stanford University which was then a popular hangout On February 20, 1961, Garcia got into a car with Paul Speegle, a sixteen-year-old artist and acquaintance of Garcia; Lee Adams, the house manager of the Chateau and driver of the car; and Alan Trist, a companion of theirs  After speeding past the Palo Alto Veterans Hospital, the driver encountered a curve and, speeding around 90 miles per hour (140 km/h), crashed into the guard rail, sending the car rolling turbulently  Garcia was hurled through the windshield of the car into a nearby field with such force that he was literally dislodged from his shoes and later unable to recall the ejection  Lee Adams, the driver, and Alan Trist, who was seated in the back, were thrown from the car as well, resulting in abdominal injuries and a spine fracture, respectively  Garcia escaped with a broken collarbone, while Speegle, still in the car, was fatally injured Lee's reckless driving and crash served as an awakening for Garcia, who later said, "That's where my life began  Before then I was always living at less than capacity  I was idling  That was the slingshot for the rest of my life  It was like a second chance  Then I got serious"  It was at this time that Garcia began to realize that he needed to begin playing the guitar in earnest—a move which meant giving up his love of drawing and painting In April 1961, Garcia first met Robert Hunter, who would become a long-time friend of and lyricist for the Grateful Dead, collaborating principally with Garcia  The two involved themselves in the South Bay and San Francisco art and music scenes, sometimes playing at Menlo Park's Kepler's Books  Garcia performed his first concert with Hunter, each earning five dollars  Garcia and Hunter also played in bands (the Wildwood Boys and the Hart Valley Drifters) with David Nelson, who would later play with Garcia in the New Riders of the Purple Sage and contribute to several Grateful Dead album songs In 1962, Garcia met Phil Lesh, the eventual bassist of the Grateful Dead, during a party in Menlo Park's bohemian Perry Lane neighborhood (where author Ken Kesey lived)  Lesh would later write in his autobiography that Garcia reminded him of pictures he had seen of the composer Claude Debussy, with his "dark, curly hair, goatee, Impressionist eyes"  While attending another party in Palo Alto, Lesh approached Garcia to suggest they record Garcia on Lesh's tape recorder and produce a radio show for the progressive, community-supported Berkeley radio station KPFA  Using an old Wollensak tape recorder, they recorded "Matty Groves" and "The Long Black Veil", among several other tunes  The recordings became a central feature of a 90-minute KPFA special broadcast, "The Long Black Veil and Other Ballads: An Evening with Jerry Garcia"  The link between KPFA and the Grateful Dead continues to this day, having included many fundraisers, interviews, live concert broadcasts, taped band performances and all-day or all-weekend "Dead-only" marathons Garcia soon began playing and teaching acoustic guitar and banjo  One of Garcia's students was Bob Matthews, who later engineered many of the Grateful Dead's albums  Matthews attended Menlo-Atherton High School and was friends with Bob Weir, and on New Year's Eve 1963, he introduced Weir and Garcia Between 1962 and 1964, Garcia sang and performed mainly bluegrass, old-time, and folk music  One of the bands Garcia performed with was the Sleepy Hollow Hog Stompers, a bluegrass act  The group consisted of Garcia on guitar, banjo, vocals, and harmonica, Marshall Leicester on banjo, guitar, and vocals, and Dick Arnold on fiddle and vocals  Soon after this, Garcia, Weir, Ron "Pigpen" McKernan, and several of their friends formed a jug band called Mother McCree's Uptown Jug Champions  Around this time, the psychedelic drug LSD was gaining popularity  Garcia first began using LSD in 1964; later, when asked how it changed his life, he remarked: "Well, it changed everything [   ] the effect was that it freed me because I suddenly realized that my little attempt at having a straight life and doing that was really a fiction and just wasn't going to work out  Luckily I wasn't far enough into it for it to be shattering or anything; it was like a realization that just made me feel immensely relieved "In 1965, Mother McCree's Uptown Jug Champions evolved into the Warlocks, with the addition of Phil Lesh on bass guitar and Bill Kreutzmann on percussion  However, the band discovered that another group (which would later become the Velvet Underground) had recently selected the same name  In response, Garcia came up with "Grateful Dead" by opening a Funk & Wagnalls dictionary to an entry for "Grateful dead"  The definition for "Grateful dead" was "a dead person, or his angel, showing gratitude to someone who, as an act of charity, arranged their burial"  The band's first reaction was disapproval  Garcia later explained the group's reaction: "I didn't like it really, I just found it to be really powerful  [Bob] Weir didn't like it, [Bill] Kreutzmann didn't like it and nobody really wanted to hear about it " Despite their dislike of the name, it quickly spread by word of mouth, and soon became their official title 

Career with the Grateful Dead
Garcia served as lead guitarist and one of the principal vocalists and songwriters of the Grateful Dead for the band's entire career  Garcia composed songs such as "Uncle John's Band", "Dark Star", "Franklin's Tower", and "Scarlet Begonias", among many others  Robert Hunter, an ardent collaborator with the band, wrote the lyrics to all but a few of Garcia's songs Garcia was known for his "soulful extended guitar improvisations", which would frequently feature interplay between him and his fellow band members  His fame, as well as the band's, arguably rested on their ability to never play a song the same way twice  Often, Garcia would take cues from rhythm guitarist Bob Weir, remarking that "there are some [   ] kinds of ideas that would really throw me if I had to create a harmonic bridge between all the things going on rhythmically with two drums and Phil [Lesh's] innovative bass playing  Weir's ability to solve that sort of problem is extraordinary  [   ] Harmonically, I take a lot of my solo cues from Bob "When asked to describe his approach to soloing, Garcia commented: "It keeps on changing  I still basically revolve around the melody and the way it's broken up into phrases as I perceive them  With most solos, I tend to play something that phrases the way the melody does; my phrases may be more dense or have different value, but they'll occur in the same places in the song  [   ]"Garcia and the band toured almost constantly from their formation in 1965 until Garcia's death in 1995  Periodically, there were breaks due to exhaustion or health problems, often due to Garcia's drug use  During their three-decade span, the Grateful Dead played 2,314 shows 
Garcia's guitar-playing was eclectic  He melded elements from the various kinds of music that influenced him  Echoes of bluegrass playing (such as Arthur Smith and Doc Watson) could be heard  There was also early rock (like Lonnie Mack, James Burton, and Chuck Berry), contemporary blues (Freddie King and Lowell Fulsom), country and western (Roy Nichols and Don Rich), and jazz (Charlie Christian and Django Reinhardt) to be heard in Garcia's style  Don Rich was the sparkling country guitar player in Buck Owens's "the Buckaroos" band of the 1960s, but besides Rich's style, both Garcia's pedal steel guitar playing (on Grateful Dead records and others) and his standard electric guitar work, were influenced by another of Owens's Buckaroos of that time, pedal steel player Tom Brumley  And as an improvisational soloist, John Coltrane was one of his greatest personal and musical influences 
Garcia later described his playing style as having "descended from barroom rock and roll, country guitar  Just 'cause that's where all my stuff comes from  It's like that blues instrumental stuff that was happening in the late Fifties and early Sixties, like Freddie King " Garcia's style could vary with the song being played and the instrument he was using, but his playing had a number of so-called "signatures"   Among these were lead lines based on rhythmic triplets (examples include the songs "Good Morning Little School Girl", "New Speedway Boogie", "Brokedown Palace", "Deal", "Loser", "Truckin'", "That's It for the Other One", "U S  Blues", "Sugaree", and "Don't Ease Me In") 

Side projects
In addition to the Grateful Dead, Garcia participated in numerous musical side projects, including the Jerry Garcia Band  He was also involved with various acoustic projects such as Old & In the Way and other bluegrass bands, including collaborations with noted bluegrass mandolinist David Grisman  The documentary film Grateful Dawg, co-produced by Gillian Grisman and former NBC producer Pamela Hamilton chronicles the deep, long-term friendship between Garcia and Grisman  When Garcia and Grisman released Not For Kids Only, Hamilton produced their interview and concert for NBC  After several years of producing stories on the Grateful Dead and band members' side projects, Hamilton interviewed Bob Weir for a feature on Garcia's death marking the end of an era 
Other groups in which Garcia participated at one time or another include the Black Mountain Boys, Legion of Mary, Reconstruction, and the Jerry Garcia Acoustic Band  Garcia was also a fan of jazz artists and improvisation: he played with jazz keyboardists Merl Saunders and Howard Wales for many years in various groups and jam sessions, and he appeared on saxophonist Ornette Coleman's 1988 album, Virgin Beauty  His collaboration with Merl Saunders and Muruga Booker on the world music album Blues From the Rainforest launched the Rainforest Band 
Garcia spent a lot of time in the recording studio helping out fellow musician friends in session work, often adding guitar, vocals, pedal steel, sometimes banjo and piano and even producing  He played on over 50 studio albums, the styles of which were eclectic and varied, including bluegrass, rock, folk, blues, country, jazz, electronic music, gospel, funk, and reggae  Artists who sought Garcia's help included the likes of Jefferson Airplane (most notably Surrealistic Pillow, Garcia being listed as their "spiritual advisor")  Garcia himself recalled in a mid-1967 interview that he'd played the high lead on "Today," played on "Plastic Fantastic Lover" and "Comin' Back to Me" on that album  Others include Tom Fogerty, David Bromberg, Robert Hunter (Liberty, on Relix Records), Paul Pena, Peter Rowan, Warren Zevon, Country Joe McDonald, Pete Sears, Ken Nordine, Ornette Coleman, Bruce Hornsby, Bob Dylan, It's a Beautiful Day, and many more  In 1995 Garcia played on three tracks for the CD Blue Incantation by guitarist Sanjay Mishra, making it his last studio collaboration 
Throughout the early 1970s, Garcia, Lesh, Grateful Dead drummer Mickey Hart, and David Crosby collaborated intermittently with MIT-educated composer and biologist Ned Lagin on several projects in the realm of early ambient music; these include the album Seastones (released by Ned Lagin on the Round Records subsidiary) and L, an unfinished dance work composed by Ned Lagin  In 1970, Garcia participated in the soundtrack for the film Zabriskie Point 
Garcia also played pedal steel guitar for fellow-San Francisco musicians New Riders of the Purple Sage from their initial dates in 1969 to October 1971, when increased commitments with the Dead forced him to opt out of the group  He appears as a band member on their debut album New Riders of the Purple Sage, and produced Home, Home on the Road, a 1974 live album by the band  He also contributed pedal steel guitar to the enduring hit "Teach Your Children" by Crosby, Stills, Nash, & Young  Garcia also played steel guitar licks on Brewer & Shipley's 1970 album Tarkio  Despite considering himself a novice on the pedal steel, Garcia routinely ranked high in player polls  After a long lapse from playing the pedal steel, he played it once more during several of the Dead's concerts with Bob Dylan in the summer of 1987 
In 1988, Garcia agreed to perform at several major benefits including the "Soviet American Peace Walk" concert at the Band Shell, in Golden Gate Park, San Francisco, that drew 25,000 people  He was asked to play by longtime friend and fellow musician, Pete Sears, who played piano with all the bands that day, and also procured all the other musicians  Garcia, Mickey Hart and Steve Parish played the show, then were given a police escort to a Grateful Dead show across the bay later that night  Garcia also played with Nick Gravenites and Pete Sears at a benefit given for Vietnam Veteran and peace activist Brian Willson, who lost both legs below the knee when he attempted to block a train carrying weapons to military dictatorships in El Salvador 
Having previously studied at the San Francisco Art Institute as a teenager, Garcia embarked on a second career in the visual arts in the late 1980s  He created a number of drawings, etchings, and water colors  Garcia's artistic endeavors were represented by the Weir Gallery in Berkeley, California from 1989 to 1996  During this period, Roberta Weir (unrelated to Garcia's bandmate Bob Weir) provided Garcia with new art techniques to use, sponsored his first solo show in 1990, and prepared blank etching plates for him to draw on  These would then be processed and printed by gallery staff and brought back to Garcia for approval and signature, usually with a passing of stacks of paper backstage at a Dead show  His annual shows at the Weir Gallery garnered much attention, leading to further shows in New York and other cities  Garcia was an early adopter of digital art media; his artistic style was as varied as his musical output, and he carried small notebooks for pen and ink sketches wherever he toured  Roberta Weir continues to maintain an archive of the artwork of Jerry Garcia  Perhaps the most widely seen pieces of Jerry Garcia's art are the many editions of men's neckties produced by Stonehenge Ltd  and Mulberry Neckware  Some began as etchings, other designs came from his drawings, paintings, and digital art  Garcia's artwork has since expanded into everything from hotel rooms, wet suits, men's sport shirts, a women's wear line, boxer shorts, hair accessories, cummerbunds, silk scarves and wool rugs 

Personal life
Garcia met his first wife, Sara Ruppenthal, in 1963  She was working at the coffee house in the back of Kepler's Books, where Garcia, Hunter, and Nelson regularly performed  They married on April 23, 1963, and on December 8 of that year their daughter Heather was born  They divorced in 1967 Carolyn Adams, a Merry Prankster also known as "Mountain Girl" or "M G ," had a daughter, Sunshine, with Ken Kesey in 1966  Mountain Girl married another Prankster, George Walker, but they soon separated  She and Sunshine then moved into 710 Ashbury with Garcia in late 1966 where they would ultimately live together until 1975  Adams gave birth to Garcia's second and third daughters, Annabelle Walker Garcia (February 2, 1970) and Theresa Adams "Trixie" Garcia (September 21, 1974) In August 1970, Garcia's mother Ruth was involved in a car crash near Twin Peaks in San Francisco  Garcia, who was recording the album American Beauty at the time, often left the sessions to visit his mother with his brother Clifford  She died on September 28, 1970 
In the midst of a March 1973 Grateful Dead engagement at Long Island's Nassau Coliseum, Garcia met Deborah Koons, an aspiring filmmaker from a wealthy Cincinnati, Ohio-based family who would much later marry him and become his widow  After a brief correspondence, he began his relationship with her in mid-1974  This gradually strained his relationship with Adams and culminated in Garcia leaving Adams for Koons in late 1975  The end of his relationship with Koons in 1977 precipitated a brief reconciliation with Adams, including the reestablishment of their household  However, she did not agree with the guitarist's persistent use of narcotics and moved with the children to the Eugene, Oregon area, living near Kesey, in 1978 
Following Adams' departure, Garcia had an affair with Amy Moore  She was a Kentucky-born member of the extended "Grateful Dead family", and the mistress of Texas oil heir Roy Cullen  Their affair lasted circa 1980–1981, and inspired the Garcia-Hunter song "Run for the Roses "Adams and Garcia were married on December 31, 1981, largely as a result of mutual tax exigencies  Despite the legal codification of their union, she remained in Oregon, while Garcia continued to live near the Grateful Dead's offices in San Rafael, California  Garcia lived with a variety of housemates, including longtime Grateful Dead employee and Jerry Garcia Band manager Rock Scully  Scully, who co-managed the Grateful Dead throughout the mid-to-late 1960s before serving as the band's "advance man" and publicist, was dismissed by the group in 1984 for enabling Garcia's addictions and for allegedly embezzling the Garcia Band's profits  Another housemate was Nora Sage, a Deadhead who became Garcia's housekeeper while studying at the Golden Gate University School of Law  The exact nature of their relationship remains unclear, although it is believed to have been platonic due to Garcia's addictions  She later became his art representative While they would briefly reunite following his diabetic coma, Garcia and Adams ultimately divorced in 1994  Phil Lesh has subsequently stated that he rarely saw Adams on any of the band tours  In a 1991 Rolling Stone interview, Garcia stated that "we haven't really lived together since the Seventies" During the autumn of 1978, Garcia developed a friendship with Shimer College student Manasha Matheson, an artist and music enthusiast  They remained friends over the following nine years before initiating a romantic relationship in Hartford, Connecticut on the Grateful Dead's spring 1987 tour  Jerry and Manasha became parents with the birth of their daughter, Keelin Noel Garcia, on December 20, 1987  On August 17, 1990, Jerry and Manasha married at their San Anselmo, California home in a spiritual ceremony free of legal convention  In 1991, Garcia expressed his delight in finding the time to "actually be a father" to Keelin in contrast to his past relationships with his children  A year later, Garcia dedicated his first art book, Paintings, Drawings and Sketches, "For Manasha, with love, Jerry "In January 1993, Barbara "Brigid" Meier, a former girlfriend from the early 1960s, reentered Garcia's life for a brief period  Meier claimed that Garcia had considered her to be the "love of his life" and proposed to her during a Hawaiian vacation shortly after their relationship recommenced  Garcia's "love of his life" sentiment was not reserved for one lover, as he expressed the same feelings to several other women in his life  At Garcia's 1995 funeral, Koons declared that she was "the love of his life" while paying her final respects, whereupon Meier and Ruppenthal, who were both in attendance, simultaneously exclaimed, "He said that to me!"The affair with Meier marked the breakup of Jerry's family life with Manasha and Keelin  Garcia ended the affair with Meier forty-five days later while on tour in Chicago with the Grateful Dead after she confronted him about his drug use Shortly thereafter, Garcia renewed his acquaintance with Deborah Koons in the spring of 1993  They married on February 14, 1994, in Sausalito, California  Garcia and Koons were married at the time of his death 

Lifestyle and health
Because of their public profile, Garcia and his collaborators were occasionally singled out in the American government's war on drugs  On October 2, 1967, 710 Ashbury Street in San Francisco (where the Grateful Dead had taken up residence the year before) was raided after a police tip-off  Grateful Dead members Phil Lesh, Bob Weir, and Ron "Pigpen" McKernan were apprehended on marijuana charges which were later dropped, although Garcia himself was not arrested  The following year, Garcia's picture was used in a defamatory context in a campaign commercial for Richard Nixon Most of the band were arrested again in January 1970, after they flew to New Orleans from Hawaii  After returning to their hotel from a performance, the band checked into their rooms, only to be quickly raided by police  Approximately fifteen people were arrested on the spot, including many of the road crew, management, and nearly all of the Grateful Dead except for Garcia, who arrived later, outgoing keyboardist Tom Constanten, who abstained from all drugs as a member of the Church of Scientology, and McKernan, who eschewed illegal drugs in favor of alcohol According to Bill Kreutzmann, the band's use of cocaine accelerated throughout the early 1970s  After using heroin in a brothel in 1974 (likely on the band's second European tour), Garcia was introduced to a smokeable form of the drug (initially advertised as refined opium) colloquially known as "Persian" or "Persian Base" during the group's 1975 hiatus  Influenced by the stresses of creating and releasing The Grateful Dead Movie and the acrimonious collapse of the band's independent record labels over the next two years, Garcia became increasingly dependent upon both substances  These factors, combined with the alcohol and drug abuse of several other members of the Grateful Dead, resulted in a turbulent atmosphere  By 1978, the band's chemistry began "cracking and crumbling", resulting in poor group cohesion  As a result, Keith and Donna Jean Godchaux left the band in February 1979 With the addition of keyboardist/vocalist Brent Mydland that year amid the ongoing coalescence of the Deadhead subculture, the band reached new commercial heights as a touring group on the American arena circuit in the early 1980s, enabling them to forsake studio recording for several years  Nevertheless, this was offset by such factors as the band's atypically large payroll and Garcia's $700-a-day (equivalent to $2,100 in 2022) drug addiction, resulting in the guitarist taking on a frenetic slate of solo touring outside of the Grateful Dead's rigorous schedule, including abbreviated acoustic duo concerts with Jerry Garcia Band bassist John Kahn that were widely rumored to be a funding conduit for their respective addictions 
Though things seemed to be getting better for the band, Garcia's health was declining  By 1983, Garcia's demeanor onstage had appeared to change  Despite still playing the guitar with great passion and intensity, there were times that he would appear disengaged; as such, shows were often inconsistent  Years of heavy tobacco smoking had affected his voice, and he gained considerable weight  By 1984, he would often rest his chin on the microphone during performances  The so-called "endless tour"—the result of years of financial risks, drug use, and poor business decisions—had taken its toll 
Garcia's decade-long heroin addiction culminated in the rest of the band holding an intervention in January 1985  Given the choice between the band or the drugs, Garcia agreed to check into a rehabilitation center in Oakland, California  A few days later in January, before the start of his program in Oakland, Garcia was arrested for drug possession in Golden Gate Park; he subsequently attended a drug diversion program  Throughout 1985, he tapered his drug use on tour and at home with the assistance of Nora Sage; by the spring of 1986, he was completely abstinent 
Precipitated by an unhealthy weight, dehydration, bad eating habits, and a recent relapse on the Grateful Dead's first stadium tour, Garcia collapsed into a diabetic coma in July 1986, waking up five days later  He later spoke about this period of unconsciousness as surreal: "Well, I had some very weird experiences  My main experience was one of furious activity and tremendous struggle in a sort of futuristic, space-ship vehicle with insectoid presences  After I came out of my coma, I had this image of myself as these little hunks of protoplasm that were stuck together kind of like stamps with perforations between them that you could snap off " Garcia's coma had a profound effect on him: it forced him to have to relearn how to play the guitar, as well as other, more basic skills  Within a handful of months, he had recovered, playing with the Jerry Garcia Band and the Grateful Dead again later that year After Garcia's recovery, the band released a comeback album In the Dark in 1987, which became their best-selling studio album  Inspired by Garcia's improved health, a successful album and the continuing emergence of Mydland as a third frontman, the band's energy and chemistry reached a new peak in the late 1980s 
Amid a litany of personal problems, Mydland died of a speedball overdose in July 1990  His death greatly affected Garcia, leading him to believe that the band's chemistry would never be the same  Before beginning the fall tour, the band acquired keyboardists Vince Welnick and Bruce Hornsby  The power of Hornsby's performances drove Garcia to new heights on stage  However, as the band continued through 1991, Garcia became concerned with the band's future  He was exhausted from five straight years of touring  He thought a break was necessary, mainly so that the band could come back with fresh material  The idea was put off by the pressures of management, and the touring continued  Garcia began using heroin again after several years of intermittent prescription opiate use  Though his relapse was brief, the band was quick to react  Soon after the last show of the tour in Denver, Garcia was confronted by the band with another intervention  After a disastrous meeting, Garcia invited Phil Lesh over to his home in San Rafael, California, where he explained that after the meeting he would start attending a methadone clinic  Garcia said that he wanted to clean up in his own way, and return to making music After returning from the band's 1992 summer tour, Garcia became sick, a throwback to his diabetic coma in 1986  Manasha Garcia nursed Jerry back to health and organized a team of health professionals which included acupuncturist Yen Wei Choong and Randy Baker, MD, a holistic family physician to treat him at home  Garcia recovered over the following days, despite the Grateful Dead having to cancel their fall tour to allow him time to recuperate  Garcia reduced his cigarette smoking and began losing weight  He also became a vegetarian Despite these improvements, Garcia's physical and mental condition continued to decline throughout 1993 and 1994  He began to use narcotics again to dull the pain 
In light of his second drug relapse and current condition, Garcia checked himself into the Betty Ford Center during July 1995  His stay was limited, lasting only two weeks  Motivated by the experience, he then checked into the Serenity Knolls treatment center in Forest Knolls, California, where he died 

Death
Garcia died in his room at the rehabilitation clinic on August 9, 1995  The cause of death was a heart attack  Garcia had long struggled with drug addiction, weight problems, sleep apnea, heavy smoking, and diabetes—all of which contributed to his physical decline  Lesh remarked that, upon hearing of Garcia's death, "I was struck numb  I had lost my oldest surviving friend, my brother " Garcia's funeral was held on August 12, at St  Stephen's Episcopal Church in Belvedere  It was attended by his family, the remaining Grateful Dead members, and their friends, including former pro basketball player Bill Walton and musician Bob Dylan  Deborah Koons barred two of Garcia's former wives from the ceremony On August 13, about 25,000 people attended a municipally sanctioned public memorial at the Polo Fields of San Francisco's Golden Gate Park  Crowds produced hundreds of flowers, gifts, images, and a bagpipe rendition of "Amazing Grace" in remembrance  In the Haight, a single white rose was reportedly tied to a tree near the Dead's former Haight-Ashbury house, where a group of followers gathered to mourn On the morning of April 4, 1996, after a total lunar eclipse earlier that day, Weir and Deborah Koons accompanied by Sanjay Mishra, spread half of Garcia's ashes into the Ganges at the holy city of Rishikesh, India, a site sacred to Hindus  The remaining ashes were poured into the San Francisco Bay  Koons did not allow former wife Carolyn Garcia to attend the spreading of the ashes 

Musical equipment
Garcia played many guitars during his career, which ranged from student and budget models to custom-made instruments  During his thirty-five year career as a professional musician, Garcia used about 25 guitars In 1965, when Garcia was playing with the Warlocks, he used a Guild Starfire, which he also used on the début album of the Grateful Dead  Beginning in late 1967 and ending in 1968, Garcia played black or gold mid-1950s Gibson Les Paul guitars with P-90 pickups  In 1969, he picked up the Gibson SG and used it for most of that year and 1970, except for a small period in between where he used a sunburst Fender Stratocaster 
During Garcia's "pedal steel flirtation period" (as Bob Weir referred to it in Anthem to Beauty), from approximately 1969 to 1972, he initially played a Fender instrument before upgrading to the ZB Custom D-10, especially in his earlier public performances  Although this was a double neck guitar, Garcia used the "E9 neck and the three pedals to raise the tone and two levers to lower it " He employed an Emmons D-10 at the Grateful Dead's and New Riders of the Purple Sage's final appearances at the Fillmore East in April 1971 In 1969, Garcia played pedal steel on three notable outside recordings: the track "The Farm" on the Jefferson Airplane album Volunteers, the track "Oh Mommy" by Brewer and Shipley and the hit single "Teach Your Children" by Crosby, Stills, Nash & Young from their album Déjà Vu, released in 1970  Garcia played on the latter album in exchange for harmony lessons for the Grateful Dead, who were at the time recording Workingman's Dead In 1971, Garcia began playing a sunburst Les Paul  In March and April 1971 – the time period during which the Grateful Dead recorded its second live album, Grateful Dead – Garcia played the "Peanut," a guitar he had received from Rick Turner, who had custom built the guitar's body and incorporated the neck, pickups, and hardware from an early '60s Les Paul 
In May, Garcia began using a 1955 natural finish Stratocaster that had been given to him by Graham Nash in 1969  Garcia added an alligator sticker to the pickguard in the fall of 1971, and the thusly-named "Alligator" would remain Garcia's principal electric guitar until August 1973 
In the summer of 1971, Garcia also played a double-cutaway Les Paul TV Junior 
While Alligator was in the shop in the summer of 1972, he briefly reverted to the sunburst Stratocaster; this can be seen in Sunshine Daydream 
In late 1972, Garcia purchased the first guitar ("Eagle") made by Alembic luthier Doug Irwin for $850 (equivalent to $5,900 in 2022)  Enamored of Irwin's talents, he immediately commissioned his own custom instrument  This guitar, nicknamed "Wolf" for a memorable sticker Garcia added below the tailpiece, was delivered in May 1973 and replaced Alligator on stage in September  It cost $1,500 (equivalent to $9,900 in 2022), an extremely high price for the era Wolf was made with an ebony fingerboard and featured numerous embellishments like alternating grain designs in the headstock, ivory inlays, and fret marker dots made of sterling silver  The body was composed of western maple wood which had a core of purpleheart  Garcia later had Irwin (who ultimately left Alembic to start his own business) replace the electronics inside the guitar, at which point he added his own logo to the headstock alongside the Alembic logo  The system included two interchangeable plates for configuring pickups: one was made for strictly single coils, while the other accommodated humbuckers  Shortly after receiving the modified instrument, Garcia commissioned another custom guitar from Irwin with one caveat: "Don't hold back "During the Grateful Dead's 1974 European tour, Wolf was dropped on several occasions, one of which caused a minor crack in the headstock  Following filming of The Grateful Dead Movie (in which the guitar is prominently visible) a month later, Garcia returned it to Irwin for repairs  Throughout its absence, Garcia predominantly played several Travis Bean guitars, including the TB1000A (1975) and the TB500 (1976-1977)  On September 28, 1977, Irwin delivered the refurbished Wolf back to Garcia  The wolf sticker which gave the guitar its name had now been inlaid into the instrument; it also featured an effects loop between the pick-ups and controls (so inline effects would "see" the same signal at all times) which was bypassable  Irwin also put a new face on the headstock with only his logo (he later claimed to have built the guitar himself, though pictures through time clearly show the progression of logos, from Alembic, to Alembic & Irwin, to only Irwin) Nearly seven years after he commissioned it, Garcia received his second custom guitar ("Tiger") from Irwin in the summer of 1979 
He first employed the instrument in concert at a Grateful Dead performance at the Oakland Auditorium Arena on August 4, 1979  Its name was derived from the inlay on the preamp cover 
The body of Tiger was of rich quality: the top layer was cocobolo, with the preceding layers being maple stripe, vermilion, and flame maple, in that order  The neck was made of western maple with an ebony fingerboard  The pickups consisted of a single coil DiMarzio SDS-1 and two humbucker DiMarzio Super IIs which were easily removable due to Garcia's preference for replacing his pickups every year or two  The electronics were composed of an effects bypass loop, which allowed Garcia to control the sound of his effects through the tone and volume controls on the guitar, and a preamplifier/buffer which rested behind a plate in the back of the guitar  Fully outfitted, Tiger weighed 13+1⁄2 pounds (6 1 kg)  This was Garcia's principal guitar for the next eleven years, and most played 
In the late 1980s Garcia, Weir and CSN (along with many others) endorsed Alvarez Yairi acoustic guitars   There are many photographs circulating (mostly promotional) of Garcia playing a DY99 Virtuoso Custom with a Modulus Graphite neck   He opted to play with the less decorated model but the promotional photo from the Alvarez Yairi catalog has him holding the "tree of life" model  This hand-built guitar was notable for the collaboration between Japanese luthier Kazuo Yairi and Modulus Graphite of San Rafael   As with most things Garcia, with his passing, the DY99 model is highly valued among collectors 
In 1990, Irwin completed "Rosebud", Garcia's fourth custom guitar  It was similar to his previous guitar Tiger in many respects, but featured different inlays and electronics, tone and volume controls, and weight  Rosebud, unlike Tiger, was configured with three humbuckers; the neck and bridge pickups shared a tone control, while the middle had its own  Atop the guitar was a Roland GK-2 pickup which fed the controller set inside the guitar  The GK2 was used in junction with the Roland GR-50 rack mount synthesizer  The GR-50 synthesizer in turn drove a Korg M1R synthesizer producing the MIDI effects heard during live performances of this period as heard on the Grateful Dead recording Without a Net  Sections of the guitar were hollowed out to bring the weight down to 11+1⁄2 pounds (5 2 kg)  The inlay, a dancing skeleton holding a rose, covers a plate just below the bridge  The final cost of the instrument was $11,000 (equivalent to $24,600 in 2022) In 1993, carpenter-turned-luthier Stephen Cripe tried his hand at making an instrument for Garcia  After researching Tiger through pictures and films, Cripe set out on what would soon become known as "Lightning Bolt", again named for its inlay 
The guitar used Brazilian rosewood for the fingerboard and East Indian rosewood for the body, which, with admitted irony from Cripe, had been taken from a 19th-century bed used by opium smokers  Built purely from guesswork, Lightning Bolt was a hit with Garcia, who began using the guitar exclusively  Soon after, Garcia requested that Cripe build a backup of the guitar  Cripe, who had not measured or photographed the original, was told simply to "wing it "Cripe later delivered the backup, which was known by the name "Top Hat"  Garcia bought it from him for $6,500, making it the first guitar that Cripe had ever sold  However, infatuated with Lightning Bolt, Garcia rarely used the backup 
After Garcia's death, the ownership of Wolf and Tiger came into question  According to Garcia's will, his guitars were bequeathed to Doug Irwin, who had constructed them 
The remaining Grateful Dead members disagreed – they considered his guitars to be property of the band, leading to a lawsuit between the two parties  In 2001, Irwin won the case  However, nearly having been left destitute from a traffic accident in 1998, he decided to place the guitars up for auction in hopes of being able to start another guitar workshop On May 8, 2002, Wolf and Tiger, among other memorabilia, were placed for auction at Studio 54 in New York City  Tiger was sold for $957,500, and Wolf for $789,500  Together, the pair sold for $1 74 million, setting a new world record  Wolf went into in the private collection of Daniel Pritzker who kept it in a secure climate controlled room in a private residence at Utica, N Y  Tiger went to the private collection of Indianapolis Colts owner Jim Irsay 
In May 2017, Wolf was again auctioned, but this time for charity  Pritzker decided to sell the guitar and donate all proceeds to the Montgomery, Alabama based Southern Poverty Law Center Brian Halligan placed the winning bid totaling $1 9M For the majority of 2019 Wolf and Tiger were included in the Play it Loud exhibit at the Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York City  On June 23, 2019 John Mayer played Wolf with Dead & Co  at Citi Field 

Legacy
Garcia was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame as a member of the Grateful Dead in 1994  He declined to attend the ceremony; the band jokingly brought a cardboard cutout of Garcia out on stage in his absence In 1987, Vermont ice cream maker Ben & Jerry's introduced their Cherry Garcia flavor dedicated to him  It was the first ice cream flavor dedicated to a musician In 2003, Rolling Stone ranked Jerry Garcia 13th in their list of the "100 Greatest Guitarists of All Time" According to fellow Bay Area guitar player Henry Kaiser, Garcia is "the most recorded guitarist in history  With more than 2,200 Grateful Dead concerts, and 1,000 Jerry Garcia Band concerts captured on tape – as well as numerous studio sessions – there are about 15,000 hours of his guitar work preserved for the ages "On July 30, 2004, Melvin Seals was the first Jerry Garcia Band (JGB) member to headline an outdoor music and camping festival called "The Grateful Garcia Gathering"  Jerry Garcia Band drummer David Kemper joined Melvin Seals and JGB in 2007  Other musicians and friends of Garcia include Donna Jean Godchaux, Mookie Siegel, Pete Sears, G E  Smith, Chuck Hammer, Barry Sless, Jackie Greene, Brian Lesh, Sanjay Mishra, and Mark Karan 
On July 21, 2005, the San Francisco Recreation and Park Commission passed a resolution to name the amphitheater in McLaren Park "The Jerry Garcia Amphitheater " The amphitheater is located in the Excelsior District, where Garcia grew up  The first show to happen at the Jerry Garcia Amphitheater was Jerry Day 2005 on August 7, 2005  Jerry's brother, Tiff Garcia, was the first person to welcome everybody to the "Jerry Garcia Amphitheater "  Jerry Day is an annual celebration of Garcia in his childhood neighborhood  The dedication ceremony (Jerry Day 2) on October 29, 2005, was officiated by mayor Gavin Newsom 
On September 24, 2005, the Comes a Time: A Celebration of the Music & Spirit of Jerry Garcia tribute concert was held at the Hearst Greek Theatre in Berkeley, California  The concert featured Bob Weir, Bill Kreutzmann, Mickey Hart, Bruce Hornsby, Trey Anastasio, Warren Haynes, Jimmy Herring, Michael Kang, Jay Lane, Jeff Chimenti, Mark Karan, Robin Sylvester, Kenny Brooks, Melvin Seals, Merl Saunders, Marty Holland, Stu Allen, Gloria Jones, and Jackie LaBranch 
Georgia-based composer Lee Johnson released an orchestral tribute to the music of the Grateful Dead, recorded with the Russian National Orchestra, entitled "Dead Symphony: Lee Johnson Symphony No  6 " Johnson was interviewed on NPR on the July 26, 2008 broadcast of Weekend Edition, and gave much credit to the genius and craft of Garcia's songwriting  A live performance with the Baltimore Symphony Orchestra, conducted by Johnson himself, was held Friday, August 1 In 2010 the Santa Barbara Bowl in California opened Jerry Garcia Glen along the walk up to the venue  There is a statue of Garcia's right hand along the way 
Seattle rock band Soundgarden wrote and recorded the instrumental song "Jerry Garcia's Finger", dedicated to the singer, which was released as a b-side with their single "Pretty Noose" 
Numerous music festivals across the United States and Uxbridge, Middlesex, UK hold annual events in memory of Jerry Garcia 
On May 14, 2015, an all-star lineup held a tribute concert for Garcia at Merriweather Post Pavilion in Columbia, Maryland  The event was called "Dear Jerry" In 2015, Hunter and Garcia were inducted into the Songwriters Hall of Fame  Hunter accepted the award along with Garcia's daughter, Trixie Garcia, who accepted on behalf of her father 
In 2015, Jerry Garcia's wife, Manasha Garcia and their daughter, Keelin Garcia launched The Jerry Garcia Foundation, a nonprofit charity that supports projects for artistic, environmental, and humanitarian causes  The Foundation's Board members are Bob Weir, Peter Shapiro, Glenn Fischer, Irwin Sternberg, Daniel Shiner, TRI Studios CEO, Christopher McCutcheon and Fender Music Foundation Executive Director, 
Lynn Robison  Keelin Garcia said, "It is a tremendous honor to participate in nonprofit work that is in accordance with my father's values "In 2017 Garcia's music was featured in Red Roses, Green Gold, an off-Broadway musical featuring the music of Garcia and Robert Hunter, with additional music by Phil Lesh, Bob Weir, Mickey Hart, and Hunter's longtime collaborator Greg Anton  The production was directed and choreographed by Rachel Klein, featured a book by Michael Norman Mann, had Jeff Chimenti serving as music supervisor, and was performed at the Minetta Lane Theatre in New York City In 2018, Jerry Garcia family members, Keelin Garcia and Manasha Garcia launched the Jerry Garcia Music Arts independent music label On November 18, 2021, it was announced Jonah Hill would portray Garcia in a forthcoming Grateful Dead biopic written by Scott Alexander and Larry Karaszewski directed by Martin Scorsese for Apple TV+ 

Discography
New Riders of the Purple Sage – New Riders of the Purple Sage – 1971
Hooteroll? – Howard Wales and Jerry Garcia – 1971
Garcia – Jerry Garcia – 1972
Live at Keystone – Merl Saunders, Jerry Garcia, John Kahn, Bill Vitt – 1973
Compliments – Jerry Garcia – 1974
Old & In the Way – Old & In the Way – 1975
Reflections – Jerry Garcia – 1976
Cats Under the Stars – Jerry Garcia Band – 1978
Run for the Roses – Jerry Garcia – 1982
Vintage NRPS – New Riders of the Purple Sage – 1986
Keystone Encores – Merl Saunders, Jerry Garcia, John Kahn, Bill Vitt – 1988
Almost Acoustic – Jerry Garcia Acoustic Band – 1988
Jerry Garcia / David Grisman – Jerry Garcia and David Grisman – 1991
Jerry Garcia Band – Jerry Garcia Band – 1991
Not for Kids Only – Jerry Garcia and David Grisman – 1993

Notes
Passage 4:
Garcia Plays Dylan
Garcia Plays Dylan is an album composed of various live performances featuring Jerry Garcia playing covers of Bob Dylan songs   It is culled from performances from 1973–1995, and features Garcia playing with Grateful Dead, Legion of Mary, Jerry Garcia Band, and Garcia-Saunders   Garcia takes lead vocals on all tracks 
Another collection, Postcards of the Hanging, features more Dylan covers performed by the Grateful Dead (with lead vocals shared among Garcia, Bob Weir and Phil Lesh) 

Track listing
All songs composed by Bob Dylan, except "Tears of Rage" by Richard Manuel and Bob Dylan 
Disc one

"It Takes a Lot to Laugh, It Takes a Train to Cry" – 8:12
"Tough Mama" – 9:17
"Positively 4th Street" – 10:46
"The Wicked Messenger" – 13:20
"Knockin' on Heaven's Door" – 17:15
"Simple Twist Of Fate" – 10:58
"I Shall Be Released" – 7:40Disc two

"When I Paint My Masterpiece" – 14:00
"She Belongs to Me" – 6:31
"Forever Young" – 9:05
"Tangled Up In Blue" – 11:48
"Senor (Tales of Yankee Power)" – 7:16
"Visions of Johanna" – 9:21
"Quinn the Eskimo (The Mighty Quinn)" – 5:15
"It's All Over Now, Baby Blue" – 7:07"Tangled Up In Blue" later released with entire concert on Garcia Live Volume 19
"It's All Over Now, Baby Blue" later released with entire concert on Spring 1990Bonus Disc – Garcia Plays Dylan Again

"It Takes a Lot to Laugh, It Takes a Train to Cry" (acoustic) – 5:38
"Tears of Rage" – 8:19
"Going, Going, Gone" – 18:56

Track information
Disc one

Jerry Garcia & Merl Saunders   Recorded Live at The Boarding House, San Francisco, CA (1/25/73)
Jerry Garcia Band  Recorded Live at Keystone, Berkeley, CA (11/18/75)
Jerry Garcia Band  Recorded Live at Keystone, Berkeley, CA (11/17/75)
Legion Of Mary   Recorded Live at Oriental Theatre, Milwaukee, WI (4/19/75)
Jerry Garcia Band   Recorded Live at Keystone, Berkeley, CA (2/15/76)
Jerry Garcia Band   Recorded Live at Santa Cruz Civic Auditorium, Santa Cruz, CA (2/19/78)
Jerry Garcia Band   Recorded Live at the Warfield Theatre, San Francisco, CA (11/28/87)Disc two

Jerry Garcia Band   Recorded Live at The Stone, San Francisco, CA (2/2/80)
Grateful Dead  Recorded Live at Frost Amphitheater, Palo Alto, CA (4/28/85)
Jerry Garcia Band   Recorded Live at the Warfield Theatre, San Francisco, CA (3/4/88)
Jerry Garcia Band   Recorded Live at Oakland Coliseum, Oakland, CA (10/31/92)
Jerry Garcia Band   Recorded Live at the Warfield Theatre, San Francisco, CA (4/23/93)
Grateful Dead   Recorded Live at Soldier Field, Chicago, IL (7/8/95)
Grateful Dead   Recorded Live at Sullivan Stadium, Foxboro, MA (7/2/89)
Grateful Dead   Recorded Live at Copps Coliseum, Hamilton, Ontario (3/22/90)Bonus Disc - "Garcia Plays Dylan Again"

Garcia/Kahn  Neighbors of Woodcraft, Portland, OR - late show (06/04/82)
Jerry Garcia Band  Greek Theater, Berkeley, CA - (08/05/90)
Legion Of Mary  Keystone, Berkeley, CA - (05/22/75)

Credits
Jerry Garcia - guitar, vocals

Jerry Garcia & Merl Saunders
Merl Saunders - organ
John Kahn - electric bass
Bill Vitt - drums

Jerry Garcia Band
Nicky Hopkins - piano on disc 1, tracks 2-3
John Kahn - bass
Ron Tutt - drums on disc 1, tracks 2-3 & 5
Keith Godchaux - piano on disc 1, tracks 5-6
Donna Godchaux - vocals on disc 1, track 5
Buzz Buchanan - drums on disc 1, track 6
Gloria Jones - vocals on disc 1, track 7, disc 2, tracks 3-5
David Kemper - drums on disc 1, track 7, disc 2, tracks 3-5
Jackie LaBranch - vocals on disc 1, track 7, disc 2, tracks 3-5
Ozzie Ahlers - keyboards on disc 2, track 1
Johnny de Fonseca - drums on disc 2, track 1

Legion of Mary
Merl Saunders - organ
John Kahn - bass
Ron Tutt - drums
Martin Fierro - saxophone

Grateful Dead
Bob Weir - guitar, vocals
Phil Lesh - bass, vocals
Brent Mydland - keyboards, vocals on disc 2, tracks 2 & 7-8
Mickey Hart - drums
Bill Kreutzmann - drums
Vince Welnick - keyboards on disc 2, track 6

See also
List of songs written by Bob Dylan
List of artists who have covered Bob Dylan songs
Passage 5:
Cats Under the Stars
Cats Under the Stars is the only studio album by the American rock band the Jerry Garcia Band  Released in 1978 on Arista Records, the album was the first release by the group, which was a long-running side project of Grateful Dead singer and guitarist Jerry Garcia  While the band continued until 1995, they were primarily a live concert act following the release of Cats Under the Stars and never recorded another studio effort  Grateful Dead members Keith and Donna Godchaux, who were at the time also part of the Garcia Band, contributed to the album 

Recording and release
The album was the first to be recorded at the Grateful Dead's Club Front in San Rafael, a warehouse space that had been acquired for band rehearsals and then converted to a studio  Garcia explained "[Ron] Tutt liked the drum sound in the room and we hadn't really thought about it before, so we whipped the place into a recording studio "The record was not a financial success, but it remained Garcia's favorite, as he said in an interview in the late 1980s: "The record I worked hardest at and liked best was Cats Under the Stars  That was kind of like my baby  It did worse than any other record I ever did  I think I probably gave away more copies than I sold  It was amazingly, pathetically bad  But I’ve learned not to invest a lot of importance in 'em, although it's nice to care about your work "
On another occasion in the early '80s he said "Cats Under the Stars is my favorite one  That's the one that I’m happiest with, from every point of view in which I operate on that record  We did all those tunes on tour right after the album came out, with John and Maria, Keith and Donna and I think Ronnie Tutt was still playing drums with us on those first few tours " (Although Ron Tutt played on the album, he left the band before the album was released and was replaced by Buzz Buchanan )
In the early '90s he still thought well of the album: "As far as I'm concerned Cats Under the Stars is my most successful record — even though it's my least successful record! I've always loved it and it just never went anywhere " In an interview with Joel Selvin he was more succinct; "[Cats Under the Stars] had everything — chops, production, songs "
Cats Under the Stars peaked at No  114 on the Billboard 200 "Rubin and Cherise" was the only song from the album to be subsequently performed by the Grateful Dead, who debuted the song in concert in 1991 

Critical reception
On AllMusic, Lindsay Planer wrote, "Jerry Garcia's fourth solo album was the first to be released under the collective title of the Jerry Garcia Band    However, unlike his previous effort, Cats Under the Stars contains all new original material     Many Deadheads and critics alike feel as if Cats Under the Stars is Garcia's best non-Dead effort   "

Track listing
Side one

"Rubin And Cherise" (Robert Hunter, Jerry Garcia) – 5:17
"Love In The Afternoon" (Hunter, John Kahn) – 4:09
"Palm Sunday" (Hunter, Garcia) – 2:21
"Cats Under The Stars" (Hunter, Garcia) – 5:31Side two

"Rhapsody In Red" (Hunter, Garcia, Kahn) – 5:11
"Rain" (Donna Godchaux) – 5:53
"Down Home" (Kahn) – 1:46
"Gomorrah" (Hunter, Garcia) – 5:26The album was reissued in the All Good Things: Jerry Garcia Studio Sessions box set with the following bonus tracks:

 "Magnificent Sanctuary Band" (Dorsey Burnette) – 3:50
"I'll Be With Thee" (Dorothy Love Coates) – 6:01
"The Way You Do the Things You Do" (Smokey Robinson, Robert "Bobby" Rogers) – 5:01
"Mighty High" (David Crawford, Richard Downing) – 3:04
"Don't Let Go" (Jesse Stone) – 15:59
"Down Home" (Rehearsal Version) (Kahn) – 1:49
"Palm Sunday" (Alternate Take) (Hunter, Garcia) – 2:24Tracks 9 & 11-13 are from a rehearsal session in November 1976 

Personnel
Jerry Garcia BandJerry Garcia - guitar, vocals
Donna Jean Godchaux - vocals
Keith Godchaux - keyboards, background vocals
John Kahn - basses, keyboards, guitar, orchestration
Ron Tutt - drums, percussion
Maria Muldaur - background vocals on tracks 2, 8 & 10Additional musiciansMerl Saunders - organ
Stephen Schuster - flute, clarinet, saxophone
Brian Godchaux - violin
Candy Godchaux - violinProductionEngineers - Betty Cantor-Jackson, Bob Matthews
Assistants - Harry Popick, Steve Parrish, Bill Candelario, Ramrod
Cover art - Kelly Mouse Studios
Passage 6:
Sugaree
"Sugaree" is a song with lyrics by long-time Grateful Dead lyricist Robert Hunter and music by guitarist Jerry Garcia  It was written for Jerry Garcia's first solo album Garcia, which was released in January 1972  As with the songs on the rest of the album, Garcia plays every instrument himself except drums, played by Bill Kreutzmann, including acoustic guitar, bass guitar, and an electric guitar played through a Leslie speaker  Released as a single from the Garcia album, "Sugaree" peaked at #94 on the Billboard Hot 100 in April 1972 and was Garcia's only single ever on that chart The song was first performed live by the Grateful Dead on July 31, 1971, at the Yale Bowl at Yale University, as was the song "Mr  Charlie"  They played the song in numerous other concerts, including those later released as Dick's Picks Volume 3 and One from the Vault 

Predecessors
Rusty York recorded a Marty Robbins-penned song in 1959 (Chess 1730) also called, "Sugaree" Elizabeth Cotten, a North Carolina folksinger, wrote and recorded a song called "Shake Sugaree" in 1966  The chorus of Cotten's song is "Oh lordie me/Didn't I shake sugaree?" Hunter was aware of this song when he wrote "Sugaree "Fred Neil released a song in 1966 on his eponymous album called "I've Got a Secret (Didn't We Shake Sugaree) "
It can also be heard on "Echoes of My Mind - The Best of Fred Neil 1963-1971" 
In 1970, singer-songwriter Keith Colley released the single "Sugaree (Sugar Every Day And Night Girl)" on the Challenge label 

References in popular culture
The song is mentioned in Stephen King's 1981 novel Cujo 
The Persuasions included this song on their 2000 album of Grateful Dead covers, Might as Well… The Persuasions Sing Grateful Dead Graham Parker covered the track on his 2004 album, Your Country Nick Barker covered this song on his album Black Water Blues released in 2009 
Jackie Greene recorded a cover for his 2009 release The Grateful EP 
On the 2016 charity album Day of the Dead, "Sugaree" was covered by Jenny Lewis and the band Phosphorescent 

See also
Dark Star
Musical improvisation
Passage 7:
Sandy Rothman
Sandy Rothman (born January 30, 1946, Miami, Florida) is an American, San Francisco Bay Area bluegrass multi-instrumentalist and record producer   He plays mandolin, dobro and banjo, and he also sings   Rothman was a friend and colleague of Grateful Dead bandleader Jerry Garcia, and a member of the Jerry Garcia Acoustic Band  He played bluegrass with Garcia and David Nelson as the Black Mountain Boys in 1964, and has played with Bill Monroe and his Blue Grass Boys, Earl Taylor, Red Allen, Jimmie Skinner, Larry Sparks, the Kentucky Colonels, Country Joe McDonald, Kathy Kallick and Clarence White, among other musicians  He has been described as "one of the chief biscuits when and where bluegrass music is discussed, scribed, or performed in northern California "

Discography
Almost Acoustic – Jerry Garcia Acoustic Band – Arista Records (1988) (producer and performer)
The Old Road to Home – Sandy Rothman – Tonebar Records (1993) (producer and performer)
Bluegrass Guitar Duets – Sandy Rothman and Steve Pottier – Sierra Records (1994)
Pure Jerry: Lunt-Fontanne, New York City, October 31, 1987 – Jerry Garcia Band and Jerry Garcia Acoustic Band – Jerry Made Records (2004)
Pure Jerry: Lunt-Fontanne, New York City, The Best of the Rest, October 15–30, 1987 – Jerry Garcia Band and Jerry Garcia Acoustic Band – Jerry Made Records (2004)
Songs of the Grateful Dead: A Tribute to Jerry Garcia and Robert Hunter – Jesse McReynolds and Friends, feat  David Nelson and Stu Allen – Woodstock Records (2010) (producer and performer)
Ragged but Right – Jerry Garcia Acoustic Band – Jerry Made Records (2010) (recorded in 1987) (producer and performer)
On Broadway: Act One – October 28th, 1987 – Jerry Garcia Band and Jerry Garcia Acoustic Band – ATO Records (2015)
Electric on the Eel – included on the Jerry Garcia Acoustic Band bonus disc Acoustic on the Eel (2019)



ground_truth: Joe Gooch