prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: Who was the last monarch of England to be overthrown before The English General Election, 1690?

The following are given passages.
Context 1: Passage 1:
English general election, 1689
The 1689 English general election, held in January 1689, elected the Convention Parliament, which was summoned in the aftermath of the Glorious Revolution  
513 Members of Parliament were returned, across 53 counties and 217 boroughs in England and Wales, most returning two members  Only nine counties and 41 boroughs (a total of 69 seats) had contested elections, with the other candidates being returned unopposed  Six boroughs had double returns, where multiple members were recorded elected, and five of these were subsequently voided by Parliament forcing by-elections 

The majority of seats were not contested on a party basis, but partisan alignment can be identified by historians looking at subsequent voting on key issues  174 members are identified as Whigs, and 151 as Tories  The remaining members, around 190, are considered uncommitted  An older estimate based on activity throughout the Parliament suggested that the 551 Members (including those returned in by-elections) could be listed as 232 Tories and 319 Whigs or Court Tories, with none classed as uncommitted (but with over 40% recorded as "inactive")  Finally, an estimate at the end of the parliament, when party groups had had time to develop further, estimated the strength of the parties as 254 Whigs, 221 Tories, and 38 uncommitted members 

See also
List of MPs elected to the English Parliament in 1689
Convention Parliament (1689)
List of English Parliaments

Notes
Passage 2:
English general election, 1695
The 1695 English general election was the first to be held under the terms of the Triennial Act of 1694, which required parliament to be dissolved and fresh elections called at least every three years  This measure helped to fuel partisan rivalry over the coming decades, with the electorate in a constant state of excitement and the Whigs and Tories continually trying to gain the upper hand  Despite the potential for manipulation of the electorate, as was seen under Robert Walpole and his successors, with general elections held an average of every other year, and local and central government positions frequently changing hands between parties, it was impossible for any party or government to be certain of electoral success in the period after 1694, and election results were consequently genuinely representative of the views of at least the section of the population able to vote 
The election of 1695, however, was comparatively quiet, being fought mainly on local issues  The new government led by the Whig junto made gains in most contested constituencies, and their party was returned with a narrow majority  The junto's support was not certain, however, as their policies increasingly alienated backbench 'country' Whigs, who were willing to co-operate with the Tories, and the government frequently ran into trouble in the House of Commons  Eighty-five constituencies were contested, 31% of the total 

Party strengths are an approximation, with many MPs' allegiances being unknown 

Summary of the constituencies
See 1796 British general election for details  The constituencies used in England and Wales were the same throughout the period  In 1707 alone the 45 Scottish members were not elected from the constituencies, but were returned by co-option of a part of the membership of the last Parliament of Scotland elected before the Union 

See also
3rd Parliament of King William III
List of parliaments of England
Passage 3:
English general election, 1690
The 1690 English general election occurred after the dissolution of the Convention Parliament summoned in the aftermath of the Glorious Revolution, and saw the partisan feuds in that parliament continue in the constituencies  The Tories made significant gains against their opponents, particularly in the contested counties and boroughs, as the electorate saw the Whigs increasingly as a source of instability and a threat to the Church of England 
Following the election, William continued his policy of forming a coalition government around non-partisan figures  The nominal leader of the new government was the Marquess of Carnarvon, though the Tories were able to use their greater numbers in the House of Commons to increase their share of government positions  Contests occurred in 103 constituencies, 38% of the total 
Party strengths are as estimated by the History of Parliament, though division lists for this parliament are not available and so a precise count may not be possible 

Summary of the constituencies
See 1796 British general election for details  The constituencies used in England and Wales were the same throughout the period  In 1707 alone the 45 Scottish members were not elected from the constituencies, but were returned by co-option of a part of the membership of the last Parliament of Scotland elected before the Union 

See also
2nd Parliament of William and Mary
List of parliaments of England

Notes
Passage 4:
English general election, March 1679
The March 1679 English general election resulted in the  Habeas Corpus Parliament, named after the Habeas Corpus Act, which it enacted in May, 1679 to define and strengthen the ancient prerogative writ benefitting all subjects  It was dissolved while in recess on 12 July 1679  
On the current issue of excluding the King's younger brother from the succession to the throne, 218 members were in favour of the Exclusion Bill, while 137 were opposed  However, 167 members did not attend the parliament at all, so their view about Exclusion is unknown 
Passage 5:
English general election, 1685
The 1685 English general election elected the only parliament of James II of England, known as the Loyal Parliament  This was the first time the pejorative words Whig and Tory were used as names for political groupings in the Parliament of England  Party strengths are an approximation, with many MPs' allegiances being unknown 
513 Members of Parliament were returned across 53 counties and 217 boroughs in England and Wales, most returning two members  Only 15 counties and 57 boroughs (a total of 100 seats) had contested elections, with the other candidates being returned unopposed  One borough had a double return, where multiple members were recorded elected, and another was subsequently voided by Parliament, forcing a by-election 

While the number of seats had not changed from the previous election, their electorate had been substantially altered by royal influence  Following the Exclusion crisis, ninety-nine boroughs had received new charters, the aim being to eliminate the influence of the Whigs  The Whigs also lost seats in county constituencies - which were not liable to charter manipulation - dropping from around sixty county seats in 1681 to only eight In the new parliament, the Tories now had their own majority in both houses, Commons and Lords  The exact breakdown of members returned at the election is not clear, but of the 525 members who served during the 1685-89 Parliamentary term, including those elected at later by-elections, 468 are estimated as Tories and 57 as Whigs  This estimate does not treat any members as uncommitted, and up to 30% of members were recorded as inactive The election had significant effects on Parliament demographically as well as politically  The newly elected members were mostly inexperienced, with slightly over half never having sat in Parliament before  The majority of these would stand down or lose their seats at the subsequent election in 1689  Members were much more likely to be High Church Anglicans, with very few Presbyterians or Independents compared to other Parliaments of the period  There was an unusually high share of government officials and military officers, and fewer country gentry  Two minors were elected, Peter Legh and the Hon  Thomas Windsor, aged 15 and 16 respectively 
Passage 6:
English general election, October 1679
The October 1679 English general election returned a majority of members in favour of the Exclusion Bill  Consequently, this parliament  was known as the Exclusion Bill Parliament  It did not assemble until 21 October 1680, and was dissolved three months later on 18 January 1681 
Passage 7:
English general election, 1661
The 1661 English general election returned a majority of members in support of Charles II of England  This Parliament was called the Cavalier Parliament, since many of the MPs elected were former Cavaliers or the sons of Cavaliers 
Yet during the course of the Cavalier Parliament, there was considerable movement between the Cavaliers and the Roundheads 

See also
List of MPs elected to the English Parliament in 1661
Passage 8:
Glorious Revolution
The Glorious Revolution is the term, first used in 1689, to summarise events leading to the deposition of James II and VII of England, Ireland and Scotland in November 1688, and his replacement by his daughter Mary II and her husband and James's nephew William III of Orange, de facto ruler of the Dutch Republic  Known as the Glorieuze Overtocht or Glorious Crossing in the Netherlands,  it has been described both as the last successful invasion of England and as an internal coup Despite being Catholic, James became king in February 1685 with widespread support from the Protestant majority in England and Scotland  Many feared his exclusion would cause a repetition of the 1639–1653 Wars of the Three Kingdoms, while it was viewed as a short-term issue, since the heir presumptive was his Protestant elder daughter Mary  James soon lost popular support by suspending the Parliaments of Scotland and England in 1685, and thereafter ruling by personal decree Two events in June 1688 turned dissatisfaction into a political crisis  The first was the birth on 10 June of a male heir, James Francis Edward, displacing Mary and creating the prospect of a Catholic dynasty  The second was the prosecution for seditious libel of seven bishops from the Protestant Church of England  Many saw this as the latest in a series of attacks on the state church; their acquittal on 30 June sparked widespread anti-Catholic riots and destroyed James's political authority  A coalition of English politicians, soldiers and religious leaders issued the Invitation to William, asking him to intervene militarily and "protect the Protestant religion" 
William wanted to prevent British military and financial resources being used against him in the Nine Years War, launched by Louis XIV of France in September 1688  On 5 November, he landed in Brixham, Devon with 20,000 men, and advanced on London  As he did so, the Royal Army disintegrated, and James went into exile in France on 23 December  In April 1689, Parliament made William and Mary joint monarchs of England and Ireland  A separate but similar Scottish settlement was made in June 
While the Revolution itself was quick and relatively bloodless, pro-Stuart revolts in Scotland and Ireland caused significant casualties  Although Jacobitism persisted into the late 18th century, the Revolution ended a century of political dispute by confirming the primacy of Parliament over the Crown, a principle established in the Bill of Rights 1689  The Toleration Act 1688 granted freedom of worship to nonconformist Protestants, but restrictions on Catholics contained in the 1678 and 1681 English and Scottish Test Acts remained in force until 1828  Religious prohibitions on the monarch's choice of spouse were removed in 2015, but those applying to the monarch themselves remain 

Background
Despite his Catholicism, James became king in 1685 with widespread support, as demonstrated by the rapid defeat of the Argyll and Monmouth Rebellions; less than four years later, he was forced into exile  Often seen as an exclusively English event, modern historians argue James failed to appreciate the extent to which Royal power relied at the local level on the landed gentry, and the loss of that support fatally damaged his regime  The vast majority of the gentry in England and Scotland were Protestant, while even in largely Catholic Ireland a disproportionate number were members of the Protestant Church of Ireland  Although willing to accept James's personal religious beliefs, his backers did so only so long as he maintained the primacy of the Protestant Church of England and Church of Scotland  When his policies appeared to undermine the existing political and religious order, the result was to alienate his English and Scottish supporters and destabilise Ireland 

Stuart political ideology derived from James VI and I, who in 1603 had created a vision of a centralised state, run by a monarch whose authority came from God, and where the function of Parliament was simply to obey  Disputes over the relationship between king and Parliament led to the War of the Three Kingdoms and continued after the 1660 Stuart Restoration  Charles II came to rely on the Royal Prerogative since measures passed in this way could be withdrawn when he decided, rather than Parliament  However, it could not be used for major legislation or taxation Concern that James intended to create an absolute monarchy led to the 1679 to 1681 Exclusion Crisis, dividing the English political class into those who wanted to 'exclude' him from the throne, mostly Whigs, and their opponents, mostly Tories  However, in 1685 many Whigs feared the consequences of bypassing the 'natural heir', while Tories were often strongly anti-Catholic and their support assumed the continued primacy of the Church of England  Most importantly, it was seen as a short-term issue; James was 52, his marriage to Mary of Modena remained childless after 11 years, and the heirs were his Protestant daughters, Mary and Anne There was much greater sympathy in Scotland for a 'Stuart heir', and the 1681 Succession Act confirmed the duty of all to support him, 'regardless of religion ' Over 95 percent of Scots belonged to the national church or kirk; even other Protestant sects were banned, and by 1680, Catholics were a tiny minority confined to parts of the aristocracy and the remote Highlands  Episcopalians had regained control of the kirk in 1660, leading to a series of Presbyterian uprisings, but memories of the bitter religious conflicts of the Civil War period meant the majority preferred stability In England and Scotland, most of those who backed James in 1685 wanted to retain existing political and religious arrangements, but this was not the case in Ireland  While he was guaranteed support from the Catholic majority, James was also popular among Irish Protestants, since the Church of Ireland depended on Royal support for its survival, while Ulster was dominated by Presbyterians who supported his tolerance policies  However, religion was only one factor; of equal concern for Catholics were laws barring them from serving in the military or holding public office, and land reform  In 1600, 90% of Irish land was owned by Catholics but following a series of confiscation during the 17th century, this had dropped to 22% in 1685  Catholic and Protestant merchants in Dublin and elsewhere objected to commercial restrictions placing them at a disadvantage to their English competitors 

The political background in England
While James's supporters viewed hereditary succession as more important than his personal Catholicism, they opposed his policies of 'Tolerance' under which Catholics would be allowed to hold public office and engage in public life  Opposition was led by devout Anglicans who argued that the measures he proposed were incompatible with the oath he had sworn as king to uphold the supremacy of the Church of England  In an age when oaths were seen as fundamental to a stable society, by demanding that Parliament approve his measures James was seen not only to be breaking his own word but requiring others to do the same  Parliament refused to comply, despite being "the most Loyal Parliament a Stuart ever had" Although historians generally accept James wished to promote Catholicism, not establish an Absolute monarchy, his stubborn and inflexible reaction to opposition had the same result  When the English and Scottish Parliaments refused to repeal the 1678 and 1681 Test Acts, he suspended them in November 1685 and ruled by decree  Attempts to form a 'King's party' of Catholics, English Dissenters and dissident Scottish Presbyterians was politically short-sighted, since it rewarded those who joined the 1685 rebellions and undermined his supporters Demanding tolerance for Catholics was also badly timed  In October 1685 Louis XIV of France issued the Edict of Fontainebleau revoking the 1598 Edict of Nantes which had given French Protestants the right to practise their religion; over the next four years, an estimated 200,000 to 400,000 went into exile, 40,000 of whom settled in London  Combined with Louis's expansionist policies and the killing of 2,000 Vaudois Protestants in 1686, it led to fears Protestant Europe was threatened by a Catholic counter-reformation  These concerns were reinforced by events in Ireland; the Lord Deputy, the Earl of Tyrconnell, wanted to create a Catholic establishment able to survive James's death, which meant replacing Protestant officials at a pace that was inherently destabilising 

Timeline of events: 1686 to 1688
The majority of those who backed James in 1685 did so because they wanted stability and the rule of law, qualities frequently undermined by his actions  After suspending Parliament in November 1685, he sought to rule by decree; although the principle was not disputed, the widening of its scope caused considerable concern, particularly when judges who disagreed with its application were dismissed  He then alienated many by perceived attacks on the established church; Henry Compton, Bishop of London, was suspended for refusing to ban John Sharp from preaching after he gave an anti-Catholic sermon He often made things worse by political clumsiness; to general fury, the Ecclesiastical Commission of 1686 established to discipline the Church of England included suspected Catholics like the Earl of Huntingdon  This was combined with an inability to accept opposition; in April 1687, he ordered Magdalen College, Oxford, to elect a Catholic sympathiser named Anthony Farmer as president, but as he was ineligible under the college statutes, the fellows elected John Hough instead  Both Farmer and Hough withdrew in favour of another candidate selected by James, who then demanded the fellows personally apologise on their knees for 'defying' him; when they refused, they were replaced by Catholics Attempts to create an alternative 'Kings Party' were never likely to succeed, as English Catholics made up only 1 1% of the population and Nonconformists 4 4%  Both groups were divided; since private worship was generally tolerated, Catholic moderates feared greater visibility would provoke a backlash  Among Nonconformists, while Quakers and Congregationalists supported repeal of the Test Acts, the majority wanted to amend the 1662 Act of Uniformity and be allowed back into the Church of England  When James ensured the election of the Presbyterian John Shorter as Lord Mayor of London in 1687, he insisted on complying with the Test Act, reportedly because of a 'distrust of the King's favour   thus encouraging that which His Majesties whole Endeavours were intended to disannull '

To ensure a compliant Parliament, James required potential MPs to be approved by their local Lord Lieutenant; eligibility for both offices required positive answers in writing to the 'Three Questions', one being a commitment to repeal of the Test Act  In addition, local government and town corporations were purged to create an obedient electoral machine, further alienating the county gentry who had formed the majority of those who backed James in 1685  On 24 August 1688, writs were issued for a general election The expansion of the military caused great concern, particularly in England and Scotland, where memories of the Civil War left huge resistance to standing armies  In Ireland, Talbot replaced Protestant officers with Catholics; James did the same in England, while basing the troops at Hounslow appeared a deliberate attempt to overawe Parliament  In April 1688, he ordered his Declaration of Indulgence read in every church; when the Archbishop of Canterbury and six other bishops refused, they were charged with seditious libel and confined in the Tower of London  Two events turned dissent into a crisis; the birth of James Francis Edward Stuart on 10 June created the prospect of a Catholic dynasty, while the acquittal of the Seven Bishops on 30 June destroyed James's political authority 

Dutch intervention
Prelude: 1685 to June 1688
In 1677, James's elder daughter and heir Mary married her Protestant cousin William of Orange, stadtholder of the main provinces of the Dutch Republic  The two initially shared common objectives in wanting Mary to succeed her father, while French ambitions in the Spanish Netherlands threatened both English and Dutch trade  Although William sent James troops to help suppress the 1685 Monmouth Rebellion, their relationship deteriorated thereafter The Franco-Dutch War, continued French expansion, and expulsion of the Huguenots meant William assumed another war was inevitable, and although the States General of the Netherlands preferred peace, the majority accepted he was correct  This view was widely shared throughout Protestant Europe; in October 1685, Frederick William, Elector of Brandenburg renounced his French alliance for one with the Dutch  In July 1686, other Protestant states formed the anti-French League of Augsburg, with Dutch support; securing or neutralising English resources, especially the Royal Navy, now became key to both sides Following a skirmish between French and Dutch naval vessels in July 1686, William concluded English neutrality was not enough and he needed their active support in the event of war  His relationship with James was affected by the fact both men relied on advisors with relatively limited views; in William's case, mainly English and Scots Presbyterian exiles, the latter with close links to the Protestant minority in Ireland, who saw Tyrconnell's policies as a threat to their existence  Having largely alienated his Tory support base, James depended on a small circle of Catholic converts like Sunderland, Melfort and Perth 

Suspicions increased when James sought William's backing for repealing the Test Acts; he predictably refused, further damaging their relationship  Having previously assumed he was guaranteed English support in a war with France, William now worried he might face an Anglo-French alliance, despite assurances by James he had no intention of doing so  Historians argue these assurances were genuine, but James did not appreciate the distrust caused by his domestic policies  In August 1687, William's cousin de Zuylestein travelled to England with condolences on the death of Mary of Modena's mother, allowing him to make contact with the political opposition  Throughout 1688, his English supporters provided William detailed information on public opinion and developments, very little of which was intercepted In October 1687, after fourteen years of marriage and multiple miscarriages, it was announced the Queen was pregnant, Melfort immediately declaring it was a boy  When James then wrote to Mary urging her to convert to Catholicism, it convinced many he was seeking a Catholic heir, one way or the other and may have been a deciding factor in whether to invade  Early in 1688, a pamphlet circulated in England written by Dutch Grand Pensionary Gaspar Fagel; this guaranteed William's support for freedom of worship for Dissenters and retaining the Test Acts, unlike James who offered tolerance in return for repeal In April 1688, Louis XIV announced tariffs on Dutch herring imports, along with plans to support the Royal Navy in the English Channel  James immediately denied making any such request, but fearing it was the prelude to a formal alliance, the Dutch began preparing a military intervention  On the pretext of needing additional resources to deal with French privateers, in July the States General authorised an additional 9,000 sailors and 21 new warships 

Invitation to William
An invasion required domestic support, and at the end of April William met with Edward Russell, unofficial envoy for the Whig opposition  In a conversation recorded by Gilbert Burnet, he requested a formal invitation asking him to "rescue the nation and the religion", with a projected date of end September  William subsequently claimed he was 'forced' to take control of the conspiracy when Russell warned him the English would rise against James even without his help, and he feared this would lead to a republic, depriving his wife of her inheritance Although this version is strongly disputed, Zuylestein returned to England in June, ostensibly to congratulate James on his new son, in reality to co-ordinate with William's supporters  Spurred by the prospect of a Catholic successor, the "Invitation to William" was quickly drafted by Henry Sydney, later described as "the great wheel on which the Revolution rolled"   The signatories were selected to represent a broad spectrum; Danby, a Whig, and Devonshire, a Tory; Henry Compton, Bishop of London, for the church; Shrewsbury and Lumley for the army, and finally Russell and Sydney for the navy  They promised to support a Dutch landing, but stressed the importance of acting quickly The Invitation was carried to The Hague on 30 June by Rear Admiral Herbert, disguised as a common sailor  Meanwhile, William's ally Bentinck launched a propaganda campaign in England, which presented him as a "true Stuart", but one without the faults of either James or Charles II  Much of the "spontaneous" support for William on his landing was organised by Bentinck and his agents 

Dutch preparations: July to September 1688
William's key strategic purpose was creating a defensive coalition that would block further French expansion in Europe, an objective not shared by the majority of his English supporters  In 1672, an alliance with the Electorate of Cologne had enabled France to bypass Dutch forward defences and nearly over-run the Republic, so ensuring an anti-French ruler was vital to prevent a repetition  As an ecclesiastical principality of the Holy Roman Empire, Cologne's ruler was nominated by Pope Innocent XI, in conjunction with Emperor Leopold I  Both Louis and James were in dispute with Innocent over the right to appoint Catholic bishops and clergy; when the old Elector died in June 1688, Innocent and Leopold ignored the French candidate in favour of Joseph Clemens of Bavaria After 1678, France continued its expansion into the Rhineland, including the 1683 to 1684 War of the Reunions, additional territorial demands in the Palatinate, and construction of forts at Landau and Traben-Trarbach  This presented an existential threat to Habsburg dominance, guaranteeing Leopold's support for the Dutch, and negating French attempts to build German alliances  William's envoy Johann von Görtz assured Leopold English Catholics would not be persecuted and intervention was to elect a free Parliament, not depose James, a convenient fiction that allowed him to remain neutral Although his English supporters considered a token force sufficient, William assembled 260 transport ships and 15,000 men, nearly half the 30,000 strong Dutch States Army  With France on the verge of war, their absence was of great concern to the States General and Bentinck hired 13,616 German mercenaries to man Dutch border fortresses, freeing elite units like the Scots Brigade for use in England  The increase could be presented as a limited precaution against French aggression, as the Dutch would typically double or triple their army strength in wartime; William instructed his experienced deputy Schomberg to prepare for a campaign in Germany 

Decision to invade
At the beginning of September, an invasion remained in the balance, with the States General fearing a French attack via Flanders while their army was in England  However, the surrender of Belgrade on 6 September seemed to presage an Ottoman collapse and release Austrian resources for use in Germany  Hoping to act before Leopold could respond and relieve pressure on the Ottomans, Louis attacked Philippsburg  With France now committed in Germany, this greatly reduced the threat to the Dutch Instead, Louis attempted to intimidate the States General, and on 9 September, his envoy D'Avaux handed them two letters  The first warned an attack on James meant war with France, the second any interference with French operations in Germany would end with the destruction of the Dutch state  Both misfired; convinced Louis was trying to drag him into war, James told the Dutch there was no secret Anglo-French alliance against them, although his denials only increased their suspicions  By confirming France's primary objective was the Rhineland, the second allowed William to move troops from the eastern border to the coast, even though most of the new mercenaries had yet to arrive On 22 September, the French seized over 100 Dutch ships, many owned by Amsterdam merchants; in response, on 26 September the Amsterdam City Council agreed to back William  This was a significant decision since the Council dominated the States of Holland, the most powerful political body in the Dutch Republic which contributed nearly 60% of its budget  French troops entered the Rhineland on 27 September and in a secret session held on 29th, William argued for a pre-emptive strike, as Louis and James would "attempt to bring this state to its ultimate ruin and subjugation, as soon as they find the occasion"  This was accepted by the States, with the objective left deliberately vague, other than making the English "King and Nation live in a good relation, and useful to their friends and allies, and especially to this State" Following their approval, the Amsterdam financial market raised a loan of four million guilders in only three days, with further financing coming from various sources, including two million guilders from the banker Francisco Lopes Suasso  The biggest concern for Holland was the potential impact on the Dutch economy and politics of William becoming ruler of England; the claim he had no intention of "removing the King from the throne" was not believed  These fears were arguably justified; William's access to English resources permanently diminished Amsterdam's power within the Republic and its status as the world's leading commercial and financial centre 

English defensive strategy
Neither James nor Sunderland trusted Louis, correctly suspecting that his support would continue only so long as it coincided with French interests, while Mary of Modena claimed his warnings were simply an attempt to drag England into an unwanted alliance  As a former naval commander, James appreciated the difficulties of a successful invasion, even in good weather, and as autumn approached, the likelihood seemed to diminish  With the Dutch on the verge of war with France, he did not believe the States General would allow William to make the attempt; if they did, his army and navy were strong enough to defeat it Reasonable in theory, his reliance on the loyalty and efficiency of the military proved deeply flawed  Both the army and the navy remained overwhelmingly Protestant and anti-Catholic; in July, only personal intervention by James prevented a naval mutiny when a Catholic captain held Mass on his ship  The transfer of 2,500 Catholics from the Royal Irish Army to England in September led to clashes with Protestant troops, some of his most reliable units refused to obey orders, and many of their officers resigned When James demanded the repatriation of all six regiments of the Scots Brigade in January 1688, William refused but used the opportunity to purge those considered unreliable, a total of 104 officers and 44 soldiers  Some may have been Williamite agents, such as Colonel Belasyse, a Protestant with over 15 years of service who returned to his family estates in Yorkshire and made contact with Danby  The promotion of Catholic former Brigade officers like Thomas Buchan and Alexander Cannon to command positions led to the formation of the Association of Protestant Officers, which included senior veterans like Charles Trelawny, Churchill, and Percy Kirke On 14 August, Churchill offered his support to William, helping convince him it was safe to risk an invasion; although James was aware of the conspiracy, he took no action  One reason may have been fears over the impact on the army; with a notional strength of 34,000, it looked impressive on paper but morale was brittle while many were untrained or lacked weapons  It also had to fill policing roles previously delegated to the militia, which had been deliberately allowed to decay; most of the 4,000 regular troops brought from Scotland in October had to be stationed in London to keep order  In October, attempts were made to restore the militia but many members were reportedly so angry at the changes made to local corporations, James was advised it was better not to raise them 

Widespread discontent and growing hostility to the Stuart regime were particularly apparent in North-East and South-West England, the two landing places identified by William  A Tory whose brother Jonathan was one of the Seven Bishops, Trelawny's commitment confirmed support from a powerful and well-connected West Country bloc, allowing access to the ports of Plymouth and Torbay  In the north, a force organised by Belasyse and Danby prepared to seize York, its most important city, and Hull, its largest port Herbert had been replaced by Dartmouth as commander of the fleet when he defected in June but many captains owed him their appointments and were of doubtful loyalty  Dartmouth suspected Berkeley and Grafton of plotting to overthrow him; to monitor them, he placed their ships next to his and minimised contact between the other vessels to prevent conspiracy  A lack of funds meant that excluding fireships and light scouting vessels, only 16 warships were available in early October, all third rates or fourth rates that were short of both men and supplies While The Downs was the best place to intercept a cross-Channel attack, it was also vulnerable to a surprise assault, even for ships fully manned and adequately provisioned  Instead, James placed his ships in a strong defensive position near Chatham Dockyard, believing the Dutch would seek to establish naval superiority before committing to a landing  While this had been the original plan, winter storms meant conditions deteriorated rapidly for those on the transports; William therefore decided to sail in convoy and avoid battle  The easterly winds that allowed the Dutch to cross prevented the Royal Navy leaving the Thames estuary and intervening The English fleet was outnumbered 2:1, undermanned, short of supplies, and in the wrong place  Key landing locations in the South-West and Yorkshire had been secured by sympathisers, while both army and navy were led by officers whose loyalty was questionable  Even early in 1686, foreign observers doubted the military would fight for James against a Protestant heir and William claimed only to be securing the inheritance of his wife Mary  While still a dangerous undertaking, the invasion was less risky than it seemed 

Invasion
Embarkation of the army and the Declaration of The Hague
The Dutch preparations, though carried out with great speed, could not remain secret  The English envoy Ignatius White, the Marquess d'Albeville, warned his country: "an absolute conquest is intended under the specious and ordinary pretences of religion, liberty, property and a free Parliament"  Louis threatened an immediate declaration of war if William proceeded and sent James 300,000 livres Embarkations, begun on 22 September (Gregorian calendar), had been completed on 8 October, and the expedition was that day openly approved by the States of Holland; the same day James issued a proclamation to the English nation that it should prepare for a Dutch invasion to ward off conquest  On 30 September/10 October (Julian/Gregorian calendars) William issued the Declaration of The Hague (actually written by Fagel), of which 60,000 copies of the English translation by Gilbert Burnet were distributed after the landing in England, in which he assured that his only aim was to maintain the Protestant religion, install a free parliament and investigate the legitimacy of the Prince of Wales  He would respect the position of James  William declared:

It is both certain and evident to all men, that the public peace and happiness of any state or kingdom cannot be preserved, where the Laws, Liberties, and Customs, established by the lawful authority in it, are openly transgressed and annulled; more especially where the alteration of Religion is endeavoured, and that a religion, which is contrary to law, is endeavoured to be introduced; upon which those who are most immediately concerned in it are indispensably bound to endeavour to preserve and maintain the established Laws, Liberties and customs, and, above all, the Religion and Worship of God, that is established among them; and to take such an effectual care, that the inhabitants of the said state or kingdom may neither be deprived of their Religion, nor of their Civil Rights 
William went on to condemn James's advisers for overturning the religion, laws, and liberties of England, Scotland, and Ireland by the use of the suspending and dispensing power; the establishment of the "manifestly illegal" commission for ecclesiastical causes and its use to suspend the Bishop of London and to remove the Fellows of Magdalen College, Oxford  William also condemned James's attempt to repeal the Test Acts and the penal laws through pressuring individuals and waging an assault on parliamentary boroughs, as well as his purging of the judiciary  James's attempt to pack Parliament was in danger of removing "the last and great remedy for all those evils" 

"Therefore", William continued, "we have thought fit to go over to England, and to carry over with us a force sufficient, by the blessing of God, to defend us from the violence of those evil Counsellors     this our Expedition is intended for no other design, but to have, a free and lawful Parliament assembled as soon as is possible"  On 4/14 October, William responded to the allegations by James in a second declaration, denying any intention to become king or to conquer England, a claim which remains controversial The swiftness of the embarkations surprised all foreign observers  Louis had in fact delayed his threats against the Dutch until early September because he assumed it then would be too late in the season to set the expedition in motion anyway, if their reaction proved negative; typically such an enterprise would take at least some months  Being ready after the last week of September / first week of October would normally have meant that the Dutch could have profited from the last spell of good weather, as the autumn storms tend to begin in the third week of that month  However, this year they came early  For three weeks, the invasion fleet was prevented by adverse south-westerly gales from departing from the naval port of Hellevoetsluis and Catholics all over the Netherlands and the British kingdoms held prayer sessions that this "popish wind" might endure  However, on 14/24 October, it became the famous "Protestant Wind" by turning to the east 

Crossing and landing
Although most of the warships were provided by the Admiralty of Amsterdam, the expedition was officially treated as a private affair, with the States General allowing William use of the Dutch army and fleet  For propaganda purposes, English admiral Arthur Herbert was nominally in command, but in reality operational control remained with Lieutenant-Admiral Cornelis Evertsen the Youngest and Vice-Admiral Philips van Almonde  Accompanied by Willem Bastiaensz Schepers, the Rotterdam shipping magnate who provided financing, William boarded the frigate Den Briel on 16/26 October  Roughly twice the size of the Spanish Armada, the fleet included 49 warships, 76 transports for the soldiers, 120 transports for the 5,000 horses required by the cavalry and supply train, and 40,000 men on board, of whom 9,500 were sailors of the Dutch navy  It was to remain the largest fleet assembled in European waters until the D-Day operations of 1944 Having departed on 19/29 October, the expedition was halfway across the North Sea when it was scattered by a gale, forcing the Brill back to Hellevoetsluis on 21/31 October  William refused to go ashore and the fleet reassembled, having lost only one ship but nearly a thousand horses; press reports deliberately exaggerated the damage and claimed the expedition might be postponed until next spring  Dartmouth and his senior commanders considered taking advantage of this by blockading Hellevoetsluis, then decided against it, partly because the stormy weather made it dangerous but also because they could not rely on their men William replaced his losses and departed when the wind changed on 1/11 November, this time heading for Harwich where Bentinck had prepared a landing site  It has been suggested this was a feint to divert some of Dartmouth's ships north, which proved to be the case and when the wind shifted again, the Dutch armada sailed south into the Strait of Dover  In doing so, they twice passed the English fleet, which was unable to intercept because of the adverse winds and tides 

On 3/13 November, the invasion fleet entered the English Channel in an enormous formation 25 ships deep, the troops lined up on deck, firing musket volleys, colours flying and military bands playing  Intended to awe observers with its size and power, Rapin de Thoyras later described it as "the most magnificent and affecting spectacle   ever seen by human eyes"  The same wind blowing the Dutch down the Channel kept Dartmouth confined in the Thames estuary; by the time he was able to make his way out, he was too far behind to stop William reaching Torbay on 5 November As anticipated, the French fleet remained in the Mediterranean, in order to support an attack on the Papal States if needed, while a south-westerly gale now forced Dartmouth to shelter in Portsmouth harbour and kept him there for two days, allowing William to complete his disembarkation undisturbed  The regular Dutch troops amounted to 14,000-15,000 men, consisting of around 11,000 infantry, including nearly 5,000 members of the elite Anglo-Scots Brigade and Dutch Blue Guards, 3,660 cavalry and an artillery train of twenty-one 24-pounder cannon Some 5,000 volunteers, consisting of British exiles and Huguenots, also accompanied the fleet, making a total army of over 20,000 men   William brought these volunteers along to accelerate English army reforms, because they could replace the soldiers who were loyal to James  William brought weapons to equip another 20,000 men, although the subsequent and rapid collapse of James's army meant the 12,000 local volunteers who joined by 20 November were eventually dismissed 

The collapse of James's rule
Panicked by the prospect of invasion, James met with the bishops on 28 September, offering concessions; five days later they presented demands, which included restoring the religious position to that prevailing in February 1685, along with free elections for a new Parliament  Although they hoped this would allow James to remain king, in reality there was little chance of this, since at a minimum he would have to disinherit his son, enforce the Test Acts, and accept the supremacy of Parliament, all of which were unacceptable  In addition, by now his Whig opponents did not trust him to keep his promises, while Tories like Danby were too committed to William to escape punishment Although his veteran force had the capability of defeating the largely untested recruits of the Royal Army, William and his English supporters preferred to avoid bloodshed and allow the regime to collapse on its own  Landing in Torbay provided space and time for this, while heavy rainfall forced a slow advance regardless and to avoid alienating the local population by looting, his troops were well supplied and paid three months in advance  On 9 November, he entered Exeter and issued a proclamation stating his objectives were only to secure the rights of his wife and a free Parliament  There was little enthusiasm for either James or William and the general mood was one of confusion and distrust  After Danby had the Declaration publicly read in York on 12 November, much of the northern gentry confirmed their backing and the document was widely distributed On 19 November, James joined his main force of 19,000 at Salisbury, but it soon became apparent his army was not eager to fight and the loyalty of his commanders was doubtful  Three regiments sent out on 15 November to make contact with William promptly defected, while supply problems left the rest short of food and ammunition  On 20 November, dragoons led by Irish Catholic Patrick Sarsfield clashed with Williamite scouts at Wincanton; along with a minor skirmish at Reading on 9 December, also featuring Sarsfield, these were the only substantial military actions of the campaign  After securing his rear by taking Plymouth on 18 November, William began his advance on 21 November, while Danby and Belasyse captured York and Hull several days later 

James's commander Feversham and other senior officers advised retreat  Lacking information on William's movements, unable to rely on his own soldiers, worn out by lack of sleep and debilitating nose-bleeds, on 23 November James agreed  Next day Churchill, Grafton and Princess Anne's husband George deserted to William, followed by Anne herself on 26 November  The next day, James held a meeting at Whitehall Palace with those peers still in London; with the exception of Melfort, Perth and other Catholics, they urged him to issue writs for a Parliamentary election and negotiate with William On 8 December, Halifax, Nottingham and Godolphin met with William at Hungerford to hear his demands, which included the dismissal of Catholics from public office and funding for his army  Many viewed these as a reasonable basis for a settlement but James decided to flee the country, convinced by Melfort and others that his life was threatened – a suggestion generally dismissed by historians  William made it clear he would not allow James to be harmed, most Tories wanted him to retain his throne, while the Whigs simply wanted to drive him out of the country by imposing conditions he would refuse The Queen and Prince of Wales left for France on 9 December, James following separately on 10 December  Accompanied only by Edward Hales and Ralph Sheldon, he made his way to Faversham in Kent seeking passage to France, first dropping the Great Seal in the River Thames in a last-ditch attempt to prevent Parliament being summoned  In London, his flight and rumours of a "Papist" invasion led to riots and destruction of Catholic property, which quickly spread throughout the country  To fill the power vacuum, the Earl of Rochester set up a temporary government including members of the Privy Council and City of London authorities, but it took them two days to restore order 

When news arrived James had been captured in Faversham on 11 December by local fishermen, Lord Ailesbury, one of his personal attendants, was sent to escort him back to London  On entering the city on 16 December, he was welcomed by cheering crowds  By making it seem that James remained in control, Tory loyalists hoped for a settlement which would leave them in government  To create an appearance of normality, he heard Mass and presided over a meeting of the Privy Council  James made it clear to the French ambassador Paul Barillon that he still intended to escape to France  His few remaining supporters viewed his flight as cowardice, and a failure to ensure law and order criminally negligent Happy to help him into exile, William recommended he relocate to Ham, largely because it was easy to escape from  James suggested Rochester instead, allegedly because his personal guard was there, in reality conveniently positioned for a ship to France  On 18 December, he left London with a Dutch escort as William entered, cheered by the same crowds who greeted his predecessor two days before  On 22 December, Berwick arrived in Rochester with blank passports allowing them to leave England, while his guards were told that if James wanted to leave, "they should not prevent him, but allow him to gently slip through"  Although Ailesbury and others begged him to stay, he left for France on 23 December 

The revolutionary settlement
James's departure significantly shifted the balance of power in favour of William, who took control of the provisional government on 28 December  He was now master of England and in control of the country's army, navy, and finances  Elections were held in early January for a Convention Parliament, which assembled on 22 January  The Whigs had a slight majority in the Commons and the Lords was dominated by the Tories, but both were led by moderates  Archbishop Sancroft and other Stuart loyalists wanted to preserve the line of succession; they recognised keeping James on the throne was no longer possible, so they preferred Mary either be appointed his regent or sole monarch The next two weeks were spent debating how to resolve this issue, much to the annoyance of William, who needed a swift resolution; the situation in Ireland was rapidly deteriorating, while the French had over-run large parts of the Rhineland and were preparing to attack the Dutch  At a meeting with Danby and Halifax on 3 February, he announced his intention to return home if the Convention did not appoint him joint monarch; Mary let it be known she would only rule jointly with her husband  Faced with this ultimatum, on 6 February Parliament declared that in deserting his people James had abdicated and thus vacated the Crown, which was therefore offered jointly to William and Mary Historian Tim Harris argues the most radical act of the 1688 Revolution was breaking the succession and establishing the idea of a "contract" between ruler and people, a fundamental rebuttal of the Stuart ideology of divine right  While this was a victory for the Whigs, other pieces of legislation were proposed by the Tories, often with moderate Whig support, designed to protect the Anglican establishment from being undermined by future monarchs, including the Calvinist William  The Declaration of Right was a tactical compromise, setting out where James had failed and establishing the rights of English citizens, without agreeing their cause or offering solutions  In December 1689, this was incorporated into the Bill of Rights 

However, there were two areas that arguably broke new constitutional ground, both responses to what were viewed as specific abuses by James  First, the Declaration of Right made keeping a standing army without Parliamentary consent illegal, overturning the 1661 and 1662 Militia Acts and vesting control of the military in Parliament, not the Crown  The second was the Coronation Oath Act 1688; the result of James's perceived failure to comply with that taken in 1685, it established obligations owed by the monarchy to the people At their coronation on 11 April, William and Mary swore to "govern the people of this kingdom of England, and the dominions thereunto belonging, according to the statutes in Parliament agreed on, and the laws and customs of the same"  They were also to maintain the Protestant Reformed faith and "preserve inviolable the settlement of the Church of England, and its doctrine, worship, discipline and government as by law established" 

Scotland and Ireland
While Scotland was not involved in the landing, by November 1688 only a tiny minority supported James  Many of those who accompanied William were Scots exiles, including Melville, the Duke of Argyll, his personal chaplain William Carstares and Gilbert Burnet  News of James's flight led to celebrations and anti-Catholic riots in Edinburgh and Glasgow  Most members of the Scottish Privy Council went to London  On 7 January 1689, they asked William to take over government  Elections were held in March for a Scottish Convention, which was also a contest between Presbyterians and Episcopalians for control of the Kirk  While only 50 of the 125 delegates were classed as Episcopalian, they were hopeful of victory since William supported the retention of bishops On 16 March a Letter from James was read out to the convention, demanding obedience and threatening punishment for non-compliance  Public anger at its tone meant some Episcopalians stopped attending the convention, claiming to fear for their safety and others changed sides  The 1689–1691 Jacobite Rising forced William to make concessions to the Presbyterians, ended Episcopacy in Scotland and excluded a significant portion of the political class  Many later returned to the Kirk but Non-Juring Episcopalianism was the key determinant of Jacobite support in 1715 and 1745 The English Parliament held that James 'abandoned' his throne  The Convention argued that he 'forfeited' it by his actions, as listed in the Articles of Grievances  On 11 April, the Convention ended James's reign and adopted the Articles of Grievances and the Claim of Right Act, making Parliament the primary legislative power in Scotland  On 11 May, William and Mary accepted the Crown of Scotland; after their acceptance, the Claim and the Articles were read aloud, leading to an immediate debate over whether or not an endorsement of these documents was implicit in that acceptance Under the 1542 Crown of Ireland Act, the English monarch was automatically king of Ireland as well  Tyrconnell had created a largely Roman Catholic army and administration which was reinforced in March 1689 when James landed in Ireland with French military support; it took the two years of fighting of the Williamite War in Ireland before the new regime controlled Ireland 

Anglo-Dutch alliance
Though he had carefully avoided making it public, William's main motive in organising the expedition had been the opportunity to bring England into an alliance against France  On 9 December 1688 he had already asked the States General to send a delegation of three to negotiate the conditions  On 18 February (Julian calendar) he asked the convention to support the Republic in its war against France  It refused, only consenting to pay £600,000 for the continued presence of the Dutch army in England  On 9 March (Gregorian calendar) the States General responded to Louis's earlier declaration of war by declaring war on France in return 
On 19 April (Julian calendar) the Dutch delegation signed a naval treaty with England  It stipulated that the combined Anglo-Dutch fleet would always be commanded by an Englishman, even when of lower rank  The Dutch agreed to this to make their dominance over the English army less painful for the British  William had after all placed several Dutch officers and officials in key positions in the English military organisation, in order to reorganise the English army according to the Dutch model  The treaty also specified that the two parties would contribute in the ratio of five English vessels against three Dutch vessels, meaning in practice that the Dutch navy in the future would be smaller than the English  The Navigation Acts were not repealed  On 18 May the new Parliament allowed William to declare war on France  On 9 September 1689 (Gregorian calendar), William as King of England joined the League of Augsburg against France 

The decline of the Dutch Republic
Having England as an ally meant that the military situation of the Republic was strongly improved, but this very fact induced William to be uncompromising in his position towards France  This policy led to a large number of very expensive campaigns which were largely paid for with Dutch funds  In 1712 the Republic was financially exhausted and was forced to let its fleet deteriorate, making what was by then the Kingdom of Great Britain the dominant maritime power of the world The Dutch economy, already burdened by the high national debt and concomitant high taxation, suffered from the other European states' protectionist policies, which its weakened fleet was no longer able to resist  To make matters worse, the main Dutch trading and banking houses moved much of their activity from Amsterdam to London after 1688  Between 1688 and 1720, world trade dominance shifted from the Republic to Britain 

Assessment and historiography
While the 1688 revolution was labeled "Glorious" by Protestant preachers two decades later, its historiography is complex, and its assessment disputed  Thomas Macaulay's account of the Revolution in The History of England from the Accession of James the Second exemplifies the "Whig history" narrative of the Revolution as a largely consensual and bloodless triumph of English common sense, confirming and strengthening its institutions of tempered popular liberty and limited monarchy  Edmund Burke set the tone for that interpretation when he proclaimed: "The Revolution was made to preserve our ancient indisputable laws and liberties, and that ancient constitution of government which is our only security for law and liberty "An alternative narrative emphasizes William's successful foreign invasion from the Netherlands, and the size of the corresponding military operation  Several researchers have emphasized that aspect, particularly after the third centenary of the event in 1988  The historian J  R  Jones suggested that the invasion "should be seen     as the first and arguably the only decisive phase of the Nine Years' War " The invasion story is unusual because the establishment of a constitutional monarchy (a de facto republic, see Coronation Oath Act 1688) and Bill of Rights meant that the apparently invading monarchs, legitimate heirs to the throne, were prepared to govern with the English Parliament  It is difficult to classify the entire proceedings of 1687–1689 but it can be seen that the events occurred in three parts: conspiracy, invasion by Dutch forces, and "Glorious Revolution" It has been argued that the invasion aspect had been downplayed as a result of British pride and effective Dutch propaganda, trying to depict the course of events as a largely internal English affair  As the invitation was initiated by figures who had little influence, the legacy of the Glorious Revolution has been described as a successful propaganda act by William to cover up and justify his invasion  The claim that William was fighting for the Protestant cause in England was used to great effect to disguise the military, cultural and political impact that the Dutch regime had on England 
A third version, proposed by Steven Pincus, underplays the invasion aspect but unlike the Whig narrative views the Revolution as a divisive and violent event that involved all classes of the English population, not just the main aristocratic protagonists  Pincus argues that his interpretation echoes the widely held view of the Revolution in its aftermath, starting with its revolutionary labelling  Pincus argues that it was momentous especially when looking at the alternative that James was trying to enact – a powerful centralised autocratic state, using French-style "state-building"  England's role in Europe and the country's political economy in the 17th century rebuts the view of many late-20th-century historians that nothing revolutionary occurred during the Glorious Revolution of 1688–89  Pincus says it was not a placid turn of events In diplomacy and economics William III transformed the English state's ideology and policies  This occurred not because William III was an outsider who inflicted foreign notions on England but because foreign affairs and political economy were at the core of the English revolutionaries' agenda  The revolution of 1688–89 cannot be fathomed in isolation  It would have been inconceivable without the changes resulting from the events of the 1640s and 1650s  The ideas accompanying the Glorious Revolution were rooted in the mid-century upheavals  The 17th century was a century of revolution in England, deserving of the same scholarly attention that 'modern' revolutions attract James II tried building a powerful militarised state on the mercantilist assumption that the world's wealth was necessarily finite and empires were created by taking land from other states  The East India Company was thus an ideal tool to create a vast new English imperial dominion by warring with the Dutch and the Mughal Empire in India  After 1689 came an alternative understanding of economics, which saw Britain as a commercial rather than an agrarian society  It led to the foundation of the Bank of England, the creation of Europe's first widely circulating credit currency and the commencement of the "Age of Projectors"  This subsequently gave weight to the view, advocated most famously by Adam Smith in 1776, that wealth was created by human endeavour and was thus potentially infinite 

Impact
As a coup, albeit largely bloodless, its legitimacy rests in the will expressed separately by the Scottish and English Parliaments according to their respective legal processes  On this point, the Earl of Shaftesbury declared in 1689, "The Parliament of England is that supreme and absolute power, which gives life and motion to the English government"  The Revolution established the primacy of parliamentary sovereignty, a principle still relevant in consultation with the 15 Commonwealth realms regarding succession issues  The Bill of Rights 1689 formally established a system of constitutional monarchy and ended moves towards absolute monarchy by restricting the power of the monarch, who could no longer suspend laws, levy taxes, make royal appointments or maintain a standing army during peacetime without Parliament's consent  The British Army remains the military arm of Parliament, not the monarch, although the Crown is the source of all military executive authority Unlike the 1638 to 1651 Wars of the Three Kingdoms, most ordinary people in England and Scotland were relatively untouched by the "Glorious Revolution", the majority of the bloodshed taking place in Ireland  As a consequence, some historians suggest that in England at least it more closely resembles a coup d'état, rather than a social upheaval such as the French Revolution  This view is consistent with the original meaning of "revolution" as a circular process under which an old system of values is restored to its original position, with England's supposed "ancient constitution" being reasserted, rather than formed anew  Contemporary English political thought, as expressed in John Locke's then popular social contract theory, linked to George Buchanan's view of the contractual agreement between the monarch and their subjects, an argument used by the Scottish Parliament as justification for the Claim of Right 
Under the Coronation Oath Act 1688, William had sworn to maintain the primacy of the Church of England, which both his native Dutch Reformed Church and the Church of Scotland viewed as ideologically suspect in both doctrine and use of bishops  This required a certain degree of religious flexibility on his part, especially as he needed to placate his Catholic allies, Spain and Emperor Leopold  Despite promising legal toleration for Catholics in his Declaration of October 1688, William failed due to domestic opposition  The Act of Toleration 1689 granted relief to Nonconformists but Catholic emancipation would be delayed until 1829 The Williamite War in Ireland can be seen as the source of later ethno-religious conflict, including The Troubles of the twentieth century  The Williamite victory in Ireland is still commemorated by the Orange Order for preserving British and Protestant supremacy in the country  In North America, the Glorious Revolution precipitated the 1689 Boston revolt in which a well-organised "mob" of provincial militia and citizens deposed the hated governor Edmund Andros  In New York, Leisler's Rebellion caused the colonial administrator, Francis Nicholson, to flee to England  A third event, Maryland's Protestant Rebellion was directed against the proprietary government, seen as Catholic-dominated  A series of events in Pennsylvania saw William Penn's Quaker-dominated proprietary government challenged by liberal elements while he was temporarily detained in England due to his well established loyalty to James and the former King Charles (James' brother)  Charles awarded Pennsylvania to Penn for his support during the Restoration  Penn was in England during the Revolution disputing a competing claim for what is now Delaware 

Footnotes
Citations
Sources
Further reading
Ashley, Maurice (1966)  The Glorious Revolution of 1688  Hodder & Stoughton 
Cruickshanks, Eveline (2000)  The Glorious Revolution (British History in Perspective)  Palgrave Macmillan  ISBN 978-0-312-23009-8  OL 9818099M 
DeKrey, Gary S  (2007)  Restoration and Revolution in Britain: A Political History of the Era of Charles II and the Glorious Revolution  Palgrave Macmillan  ISBN 978-0-333-65103-2 
Glassey, Lionel K  J , ed  (1997)  The Reigns of Charles II and James VII and II  ISBN 978-0-333-62500-2 
Hamowy, Ronald (2008)  "Glorious Revolution"  The Encyclopedia of Libertarianism  Thousand Oaks, California: SAGE; Cato Institute  pp  208–211  doi:10 4135/9781412965811 n125  ISBN 978-1-4129-6580-4  LCCN 2008009151  OCLC 750831024 
MacCubbin, R  P ; Hamilton-Phillips, M , eds  (1988)  The Age of William III and Mary II: Power, Politics and Patronage, 1688–1702  College of William and Mary in Virginia  ISBN 978-0-9622081-0-2 
McCaffrey, Carmel (2006)  In Search of Ireland's Heroes  Ivan R Dee  ISBN 978-1-56663-615-5  OL 8670276M 
Miller, John (1997)  The Glorious Revolution (2 ed )  ISBN 978-0-582-29222-2 
Ogg, David (1956)  William III  ISBN 978-0-758-18954-7  OL 13525080M 
Onnekink, David (2007)  The Anglo-Dutch Favourite: The Career of Hans Willem Bentinck, 1st Earl of Portland (1649–1709)  Ashgate Publishing  ISBN 978-0-7546-5545-9 
Pincus, Steven C  A  (2005)  England's Glorious Revolution 1688–1689: A Brief History with Documents  Bedford/St  Martin's  ISBN 978-0-312-16714-1  OL 24936969M 
Prall, Stuart (1972)  The Bloodless Revolution: England, 1688  Anchor Books  OCLC 644932859 
Vallance, Edward (2006)  The Glorious Revolution: 1688 – Britain's Fight for Liberty  Brown Little  ISBN 978-1-933648-24-8 

External links

Weiss, B  (2014)  "Medals of the Glorious Revolution: The Influence of Catholic-Protestant Antagonism" (PDF)  ANS Magazine  Vol  13, no  1  New York: American Numismatic Society  pp  6–23  Archived (PDF) from the original on 19 December 2014 
Glorious Revolution on In Our Time at the BBC
"Charles II (1630–1685)"  BBC History  Retrieved 15 August 2010 
"English Revolution of 1688"  Catholic Encyclopedia 
The Civil War team, presented by Tristram Hunt (7 January 2001)  "Aftershocks – The Glorious Revolution"  open2 net (BBC & Open University) 
Quinn, Stephen (17 April 2003)  "The Glorious Revolution of 1688"   In Whaples, Robert (ed )  EH Net Encyclopedia 
Royal Household at Buckingham Palace, ed  (2008–2009)  "History of the Monarchy >United Kingdom Monarchs (1603–present) >The Stuarts >Mary II, William III and The Act of Settlement > William III (r  1689–1702) and Mary II (r  1689–1694)"  Official web site of the British Monarchy 
Wilkes, Donald E  Jr ; Kramer, Matthew  "The Glorious Revolution of 1688"  Retrieved 15 August 2010 
Passage 9:
Samuel Manetoali
Samuel Manetoali (born 24 January 1969) is a member of the National Parliament of the Solomon Islands  He represents the Gao/Bugotu constituency in Isabel Province 

Early life and education
Manetoali attended Lepi Primary School and then went on to do his secondary education at King George Sixth National School in Honiara  He attended law school at the University of Papua New Guinea and graduated with an LLB degree and further unspecified qualifications from the University of Tasmania and University of South Australia 

Career
Prior to entering politics, Manetoali worked in the country's Public Solicitors Office, as a private lawyer, and a legal adviser to the Isabel Provincial Government 
He first entered parliament in the 2006 general election and re-elected in the 2010 general election  He served as the Solomon Islands' Minister of Police, National Security and Correctional Services in Prime Minister Derek Sikua's Cabinet until May 2009, when he was transferred to the position of Minister for Lands, Survey, and Housing Following the 2010 general election, he remained in Cabinet, under new Prime Minister Danny Philip, as Minister for Tourism and Culture  In the 2014 general election, he ran as an independent candidate and was re-elected for a third term in a landslide He was re-elected as a Member of Parliament in the 2019 general election for Gao/Bugotu, representing the Kadere Party 
Passage 10:
English general election, 1681
The 1681 English general election returned members to the last parliament of Charles II   Dubbed the Oxford Parliament, the body elected sat for one week from 21 March 1681 until 28 March 1681  Party strengths are an approximation, with many MPs' allegiances being unknown 
Context 2: Passage 1:
Averill Park, New York
Averill Park is a census-designated place within the town of Sand Lake in Rensselaer County, New York, United States  The population was 2,098 at the 2020 census 
The community is named after the local Averill family  It is located on Route 43, south of Crystal Lake and east of West Sand Lake 
The Sand Lake Baptist Church was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2004 

Demographics
History
Originally known only as part of greater Sand Lake, the community along with neighboring towns grew with the nineteenth-century development of wool and cotton textile manufacturing by local watermills and knitting factories along the Wynants Kill tributary of the Hudson River  By the 1880s, several independent local mills produced hosiery, undergarments, and knit shirts The hamlet was named Averill in 1880 after a local leading family, then in 1882 renamed Averill Park in promotion of local summer-resort development and of the Troy & New England Railway, a never-completed trolley and freight line intended to connect the city of Troy, New York with the mills and summer resorts of Averill Park and its “upstate Coney Island” recreational Crystal Lake Beach, and with the mills of the neighboring town of West Sand Lake The local mills declined after the increasing efficiency of steam and electrical power improved competition from regional factories, and were then destroyed by a 1891 river flood  The Faith Knitting Company (later Faith Mills), founded in 1897, restored local industry by buying and re-equipping the old mills and rehiring local labor  Other late-nineteenth- and early-twentieth-century firms included Jake Warger’s Dry Goods Store; Gilbert Beebe’s blacksmith shop; Stout’s Hardware; and Park Pharmacy, where Jerry Lewis worked as a soda jerk in 1942 when his father was a superintendent at Faith Mills Mid-nineteenth- to early twentieth-century seasonal hotels included Al’s Place, Hilke’s Averill Park Hotel (previously housing Scram’s Collegiate Institute), Traveler’s Rest (aka Sand Lake House, Tillotson’s Hotel, and Wagner’s Hotel), the Lake View Hotel (aka Blake’s and the Gabler Hotel, later housing the Averill Park Female Seminary), and Clum’s  For mill workers and townspeople, Faith Mills’s Clubhouse was “the entertainment center of the town for many years,” complete with dance hall, motion picture parlor, cafeteria, bowling alleys, pocket billiard room, and shower room Faith Mills’s decline, and with it that of Averill Park, began in the Great Depression, during which local textile mills did not regain business till 1932  During World War II, manufacture of wool blankets and long woolen underwear for the military earned Faith Mills four rare “excellence in production” Army-Navy "E" Awards From 1955 to 1962, Faith Mills, by then one of only three remaining U S  manufacturers of woolen long underwear “considered obsolete by most persons” as the market shifted to cotton undergarments, was sold to holding companies and downsized to one factory in Averill Park employing as few as 54 workers, finally closing in 1962  In 1965, the factory was to manufacture a “floor-sweeping compound” and become a warehouse for corrugated shipping containers, employing 15 workers 

2010 demographics
As of the census of 2010, The racial makeup of the CDP was 85 4% White, 6 5% African American, 4 1% Asian, and 4 0% from two or more races  Hispanic or Latino of any race were 7 4% of the population 
There were 571 households in the CDP, out of which 41 0% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 58 2% were married couples living together, 12 2% had a female householder with no husband present, and 26 4% were non-families  20 2% of all households were made up of individuals, and 9 7% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older  The average household size was 2 68 and the average family size was 3 09  In the CDP, the population was spread out, with 28 8% under the age of 18, 7 9% from 18 to 24, 24 3% from 25 to 44, 29 7% from 45 to 64, and 9 3% who were 65 years of age or older  The median age was 39 years  For every 100 females, there were 93 7 males  For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 93 9 males  The median income for a household in the CDP was $44,000, and the median income for a family was $49,367  Males had a median income of $34,909 versus $26,890 for females  The per capita income for the CDP was $26,226  About 8 0% of families and 17 3 of the population were below the poverty line, including 10 4% of those under age 18 and 19 1% of those age 65 or over 

2000 demographics
As of the census of 2000, there were 1,517 people, 597 households, and 420 families residing in the CDP  The population density was 507 2 inhabitants per square mile (195 8/km2)  There were 628 housing units at an average density of 210 0 per square mile (81 1/km2)  The racial makeup of the CDP was 96 89% White, 1 26% African American, 1 46% Asian, and 1 38% from two or more races  Hispanic or Latino of any race were 2 99% of the population 

Schools
Averill Park School District
Averill Park High School
Miller Hill - Sand Lake Elementary School
Specialty Schools
Luis LaBoy Technical School
Crenshaw Charter School
Taborton Alternative School

Climate
This climatic region is typified by large seasonal temperature differences, with warm to hot (and often humid) summers and cold (sometimes severely cold) winters   According to the Köppen Climate Classification system, Averill Park has a humid continental climate, abbreviated "Dfb" on climate maps 

Sites of interest
Arts Letters & Numbers, on Burden Lake Road, is a nonprofit arts center offering workshops, performances, and residencies, housed in a complex including the former Sand Lake Cotton Factory, which operated as Arnolds, Hunt & Co  until 1875 and was later run by Faith Mills; and also the residence built by mill owner George Arnold Hollywood Drive-In Theatre, on New York State Route 66, is a four-hundred-car drive-in theater built in 1952 
Passage 2:
Sand Lake, Michigan
Sand Lake is a village in Kent County in the U S  state of Michigan  The population was 522 at the 2020 census 

History
The village of Sand Lake was founded in 1869 in northern Kent County and has long served as a bedroom community about 25 miles (40 2 km) northeast of the city of Grand Rapids   In 2009, the village had the highest tax rates of the five villages in Kent County, and some residents petitioned for a vote to have the village disincorporated in order to lower taxes   This proposal was defeated, and Sand Lake continued as an incorporated village 

Geography
According to the U S  Census Bureau, the village has a total area of 0 74 square miles (1 92 km2), of which 0 71 square miles (1 84 km2) is land and 0 03 square miles (0 08 km2) (4 05%) is water 

Demographics
2010 census
As of the census of 2010, there were 500 people, 188 households, and 116 families living in the village   The population density was 625 per square mile   There were 211 housing units at an average density of 263 75 per square mile   The racial makeup of the village was 94 6% White, 0 80% African American, 0 2% Native American, 1% Asian, 1 4% from other races, and 2% from two or more races  Hispanic or Latino of any race were 5 2% of the population 
There were 188 households, of which 34% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 39 9% were married couples living together, 14 4% had a female householder with no husband present, and 38 3% were non-families  33% of all households were made up of individuals, and 26 1% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older   The average household size was 2 66 and the average family size was 3 34 
In the village, the population was spread out, with 33% under the age of 20, 7% from 20 to 24, 23 4% from 25 to 44, 24 8% from 45 to 64, and 11 8% who were 65 years of age or older   The median age was 33 2 years  For every 100 females, there were 65 29 males   For every 100 females age 20 and over, there were 95 91 males 

2000 census
As of the census of 2000, there were 492 people, 184 households, and 110 families living in the village   The population density was 670 5 inhabitants per square mile (258 9/km2)   There were 207 housing units at an average density of 282 1 per square mile (108 9/km2)   The racial makeup of the village was 96 34% White, 0 20% African American, 1 22% Native American, 0 81% Asian, 1 02% from other races, and 0 41% from two or more races  Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1 02% of the population 
There were 184 households, out of which 35 9% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 47 3% were married couples living together, 9 8% had a female householder with no husband present, and 40 2% were non-families  34 2% of all households were made up of individuals, and 19 6% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older   The average household size was 2 64 and the average family size was 3 43 
In the village, the population was spread out, with 32 1% under the age of 18, 8 3% from 18 to 24, 28 7% from 25 to 44, 15 0% from 45 to 64, and 15 9% who were 65 years of age or older   The median age was 33 years  For every 100 females, there were 85 7 males   For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 80 5 males 
The median income for a household in the village was $31,875, and the median income for a family was $46,250  Males had a median income of $27,500 versus $21,985 for females  The per capita income for the village was $14,184   About 9 3% of families and 14 5% of the population were below the poverty line, including 9 0% of those under age 18 and 34 0% of those age 65 or over 

Education
Tri County Area Schools, which operates Tri County High School, serves Sand Lake  The district was a consolidation of the Sand Lake and Howard City school boards  It came into existence on April 3, 1962, the day members of those communities voted in favor of consolidating their schools  The consolidated schools began operation in fall 1962 Prior to the consolidation, Sand Lake High School, a K-12 school, served the community  Impetus for consolidation occurred when the State of Michigan adopted new standards for education which required school systems to spend additional funds  Some Sand Lake residents wished to consolidate with Cedar Springs Schools in Cedar Springs due to the strength of the Cedar Springs industrial economy and the good reputation of its school system, while others wished to consolidate with Howard City  Charles Northup, a former member of the Sand Lake school board, stated that Cedar Springs residents would have had primary control and naming of a consolidated school district including Sand Lake, while a consolidation with Howard City would result in joint control between the communities  According to a former principal of Sand Lake High, Earl Clegg, "community friction" occurred in the consolidation debate  About 300 people went to a meeting in Sand Lake on proposed school consolidation on February 13, 1961 The Nelson Township Branch of the Kent District Library is located in Sand Lake 

Notable people
Dick Terwilliger, Major League Baseball pitcher
Passage 3:
West Sand Lake, New York
West Sand Lake is a hamlet and census-designated place in Rensselaer County, New York, United States  The population was 2,845 people in 2015  The community is located in the northwestern corner of the town of Sand Lake 

Geography
West Sand Lake is located at 42°38′40″N 73°36′21″W (42 644579, -73 605928) According to the United States Census Bureau, the town has a total area of 4 8 square miles (12 km2), of which 4 7 square miles (12 km2)  is land and 0 04 square miles (0 10 km2)  (0 84%) is water 

Demographics
As of 2015, there were 2,845 people living in the town  The population density was 592 71 per square mile  The racial makeup of West Sand Lake was 95 8% Non Hispanic White, 0 2% African American, 0 08% Native American,  6 % Asian, and 1 5% from two or more races  Hispanic or Latino were 1 7% of the population  There were 907 households, out of which 38 0% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 63 2% were married couples living together, 9 2% had a female householder with no husband present, and 24 4% were non-families  20 2% of all households were made up of individuals, and 9 7% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older  The average household size was 2 68 and the average family size was 3 09 
In the CDP, the population was spread out, with 26 8% under the age of 18, 5 9% from 18 to 24, 27 3% from 25 to 44, 28 7% from 45 to 64, and 11 3% who were 65 years of age or older  The median age was 39 years  For every 100 females, there were 93 7 males  For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 91 9 males 
The median income for a household in West Sand Lake was $85,000, and the median income for a family was $92,367  The per capita income for the town was $36,235 About 5 0% of families and 7 8 of the population were below the poverty line, including 7 4% of those under age 18 and 19 1% of those age 65 or over 
The area has a population density of 592 71 people per sq  mile 

Notable people
Douglas Marland, writer of daytime drama
Edward W  Pattison, member of the United States House of Representatives 1975–1979
Passage 4:
Stone Lake (CDP), Wisconsin
Stone Lake is an unincorporated census-designated place in Sawyer and Washburn counties, Wisconsin, United States  Stone Lake is located on the eastern shore of Stone Lake and along Wisconsin Highway 70, 12 miles (19 km) west-northwest of Couderay  The Sawyer County portion of the community is located in the town of Sand Lake, while the Washburn County portion is located in the town of Stone Lake  As of the 2010 census, its population is 178 
Passage 5:
Carlton, Alabama
Carlton is an census-designated place in Clarke County, Alabama, United States  As of the 2020 census, its population was 46  It was formerly known as Hal's Lake  The Isaac Nettles Gravestones are located in Carlton in the Mount Nebo Baptist Church Cemetery  They are listed on the National Register of Historic Places  There was one convenience store in Carlton until 2009 

Geography
Carlton is located in southern Clarke County at 31 343°N 87 846°W﻿ / 31 343; -87 846 and has an elevation of 171 feet (52 m) 

Demographics
Passage 6:
Sand Lake Township, Itasca County, Minnesota
Sand Lake Township is a township in Itasca County, Minnesota, United States  The population was 146 at the 2010 census 

Geography
According to the United States Census Bureau, the township has a total area of 37 6 square miles (97 3 km2), of which 29 5 square miles (76 5 km2) is land and 8 0 square miles (20 8 km2), or 21 37%, is water 

Demographics
As of the census of 2000, there were 128 people, 58 households, and 37 families living in the township  The population density was 4 3 people per square mile (1 7/km2)  There were 211 housing units at an average density of 7 1/sq mi (2 8/km2)
Context 3: Passage 1:
Call for the Dead
Call for the Dead is John le Carré's first novel, published in 1961  It introduces George Smiley, the most famous of le Carré's recurring characters, in a story about East German spies inside Great Britain   It also introduces a fictional version of British Intelligence, called "the Circus" because of its location in Cambridge Circus, that is apparently based on MI6 and that recurs throughout le Carré's spy novels  Call for the Dead was adapted for film as The Deadly Affair (1966) 

Plot summary
Following a wartime excursion undercover in Germany, George Smiley returns to England and marries Lady Ann Sercombe  Although Smiley is a devout husband, Ann is serially unfaithful, and begins an affair with a Cuban racing driver before absconding the country with him  Smiley, infinitely self-controlled and self-deprecating, does nothing, and instead lets Ann continue to utilise their finances whilst he continues to live at their home in Bywater Street in the London borough of Chelsea, distracting himself with a love of German poetry and his work as a member of the Circus, the headquarters of the SIS named after its location on Cambridge Circus 
Smiley is abruptly summoned in the early hours of the morning by the Circus' advisor, Maston  Unsure about the meeting’s purpose, he travels in via taxi to learn that Foreign Office civil servant Samuel Fennan has killed himself following a routine security check  Smiley, the interviewer, had cleared Fennan, despite only a few days earlier receiving an anonymous letter regarding Fennan's past membership of the Communist Party of Great Britain  Because Fennan did not have a private office, Smiley had suggested the interview take place in an informal manner on a lunchtime walk through London  Maston informs him that an inquiry will be convened, and begins to set Smiley up for the blame for the suicide 
Smiley travels to Fennan's home, where he meets Fennan's wife Elsa  Elsa, like her husband, was a Jewish immigrant from Europe following the end of the Second World War, and had been interned in a concentration camp by the Nazis during the course of the war  While at the Fennans' home, Smiley answers a telephone call, believing it to be for him from the Circus  Instead, he finds it is a requested 8:30 am call from the telephone exchange, which Smiley feels is suspicious 
Smiley meets Inspector Mendel during the course of the interview and investigation  Mendel is on the verge of retirement, and is set to retire once the Fennan case is closed  He obtains information from telephone exchange staff that confirm it was Fennan who had requested the call the night before, furthering Smiley's suspicion around Elsa  Despite this, Maston orders Smiley to refrain from investigating the death any further  Working late at his office the same day, Smiley receives a letter from Fennan from the previous night requesting they meet urgently the next day  Smiley, now believing that Fennan was murdered to prevent a meeting from occurring, writes an abrupt letter of resignation and attaches it to Fennan's letter, leaving it in his out-tray to be forwarded to Maston 
After running some errands, such as going to the dry cleaners, Smiley returns home, but notices movement in the drawing room of his house  He rings his own doorbell, and is met by a tall, fair, handsome stranger  Pretending to be part of a laundrette delivery service, he avoids entering his house, and notes the number plates of the seven cars parked in the road  Now staying with Mendel, who agrees to help him work the case independently, the pair track one car to a dealer called Adam Scarr  Scarr, a semi-professional criminal, tells Mendel that he rents the car out on anonymous agreement to a stranger known as "Blondie", who matches the description of Smiley's intruder  However, whilst Mendel and Scarr are conversing, Smiley is attacked whilst tracking "Blondie's" car and hospitalised, whilst Scarr is murdered after Mendel's departure 
Now hospitalised, Smiley directs the case direction from bed rest  Mendel discovers that Elsa attended a local theatre twice a month, in which she liaises with someone the theatre staff believe is her husband  Upon further investigation, this turns out to be "Blondie", and Mendel learns that the two always carry music cases to each performance, which they trade  With assistance from fellow Circus agent and Smiley's protégé Peter Guillam, the men learn that "Blondie" is actually called Hans-Dieter Mundt, and is an East German agent working undercover as a diplomatic member of the East German Steel Mission for one Dieter Frey  Smiley becomes concerned at this revelation, as Frey was one his operatives during the war  Fanatically opposed to the Nazis, Frey was repeatedly antagonistic about them at great risk to himself  Not only was he a dissident, but he was physically disabled in one leg and needed a cane for most of his life, at a time where the Nazis executed many physically and mentally disabled people  Smiley recommended Frey to the Circus  Frey was later captured by the Nazis and sentenced to a stretch in a political prison camp doing hard labour  Later during the war, Smiley worked directly with Frey as an agent for the Circus  After the war, however, Frey rose through the ranks of East German government service and became one of its most important agents  Smiley also concludes that Frey is likely using a courier service to access only one highly placed domestic agent  Shortly after this revelation, Guillam reports that Mundt has fled to East Germany  He was subsequently identified by cabin crew 
After abruptly discharging himself from hospital, Smiley returns to confront Elsa Fennan  When pushed, she breaks, and confesses that her husband was actually a spy for East Germany, and that she was unwillingly involved in passing secret documents to the East Germans in the music case she took to the theatre  She reveals that Fennan was killed by Mundt after Frey saw him talking to Smiley during their walk through the park, believing that Fennan had cracked under the pressure of passing information to them  When she returned home, she had found Mundt and her husband's corpse, and had typed a suicide note out of fear for her own life 
Guillam, however, adds another turn to the investigation shortly after this  In an attempt to verify Elsa's claims, he examines the files that Fennan had been taking home from the Foreign Office  On closer inspection, in the period before his death he had been taking home only declassified files of little significance to British security  Smiley then realises that Elsa, not Samuel, is the East German spy, and that the accusation about Fennan had been self-composed in order to allow him to meet someone with whom he could discuss his concerns about his wife  Using his knowledge of Frey's tradecraft, Smiley, Guillam, and Mendel stage a trap to inspire a theatre rendezvous between Frey and Elsa, where Frey stealthily kills her  After being trailed by Mendel, Smiley pursues Frey  In the ensuing struggle, Frey falls into the river Thames where he drowns 
Back on bed rest in Mendel's house, Smiley turns down Maston's offer to reinstate him to the Circus with a promotion, and flies to Zürich in the hope that he can repair his relationship with Ann 

Characters in Call for the Dead
George Smiley – an officer of the Circus
Samuel Fennan – a British civil servant, who committed an apparent suicide
Elsa Fennan – his wife, formerly a refugee from Nazi Germany
Inspector Mendel – Smiley's contact with the Metropolitan Police
Peter Guillam – an officer of the Circus subordinate to Smiley
Maston ("The Ministers' Adviser on Intelligence") – head of service for the Circus
Adam Scarr – a semi-criminal "businessman"
Hans-Dieter Mundt, aka "Blondie" – an agent of East German intelligence
Dieter Frey – an agent of East German intelligence, and a former wartime agent of Smiley's

Film, television, radio and theatrical adaptations
Call for the Dead was filmed as The Deadly Affair (1966)  It was directed by Sidney Lumet from a script by Paul Dehn, and starred James Mason as Charles Dobbs, (not George Smiley, as le Carré had sold the rights to use the name "George Smiley" to The Spy Who Came in from the Cold), Harry Andrews as Mendel, Simone Signoret as Elsa Fennan and Maximilian Schell as Dieter Frey  The major change in the script from the book is the addition of an affair between George's wife Ann and Dieter Frey, which presages the events of Tinker Tailor Soldier Spy 
Call for the Dead was first adapted as a BBC Radio 4 drama in 1978  Subsequently, it was the first story to be broadcast in BBC Radio 4's major series to feature all the Smiley novels ("The Complete Smiley"), with Simon Russell Beale in the main role  Other characters and actors are as follows; Inspector Mendel—Kenneth Cranham, Elsa Fennan—Eleanor Bron, Ann Smiley—Anna Chancellor, Peter Guillam—Richard Dillane, Maston—James Laurenson, Dieter Frey—Henry Goodman, Adam Scarr/Mundt—Sam Dale, Ludo Oriel—Janice Acquah, Nursing Sister—Caroline Guthrie with Benjamin Askew and Jonathan Tafler  The novel was adapted as a 90-minute drama by Robert Forrest, produced by Patrick Raynor, and was transmitted, also on BBC Radio 4, on 23 May 2009 
Passage 2:
Spy film
The spy film, also known as the spy thriller, is a genre of film that deals with the subject of fictional espionage, either in a realistic way (such as the adaptations of John le Carré) or as a basis for fantasy (such as many James Bond films)  Many novels in the spy fiction genre have been adapted as films, including works by John Buchan, le Carré, Ian Fleming (Bond) and Len Deighton  It is a significant aspect of British cinema, with leading British directors such as Alfred Hitchcock and Carol Reed making notable contributions and many films set in the British Secret Service Spy films show the espionage activities of government agents and their risk of being discovered by their enemies  From the Nazi espionage thrillers of the 1940s to the James Bond films of the 1960s and to the high-tech blockbusters of today, the spy film has always been popular with audiences worldwide  Offering a combination of exciting escapism, technological thrills, and exotic locales, many spy films combine the action and science fiction genres, presenting clearly delineated heroes for audiences to root for and villains for them to hate  They may also involve elements of political thrillers  However, there are many that are comedic (mostly action comedy films if they fall under that genre) 
James Bond is the most famous of film spies, but there were also more serious, probing works like le Carré's The Spy Who Came in from the Cold that also emerged from the Cold War  As the Cold War ended, the newest villain became terrorism and more often involved the Middle East 

History
The spy film genre began in the silent era, with the paranoia of invasion literature and the onset of the Great War  These fears produced the British 1914 The German Spy Peril, centered on a plot to blow up the Houses of Parliament, and 1913's O H M S , standing for "Our Helpless Millions Saved" as well as On His Majesty's Service (and introducing for the first time a strong female character who helps the hero) 
In 1928, Fritz Lang made the film Spies which contained many tropes that became popular in later spy dramas, including secret headquarters, an agent known by a number, and the beautiful foreign agent who comes to love the hero  Lang's Dr  Mabuse films from the period also contain elements of spy thrillers, though the central character is a criminal mastermind only interested in espionage for profit  Additionally, several of Lang's American films, such as Hangmen Also Die, deal with spies during World War II 
Alfred Hitchcock did much to popularise the spy film in the 1930s with his influential thrillers The Man Who Knew Too Much (1934), The 39 Steps (1935), Sabotage (1937) and The Lady Vanishes (1938)  These often involved innocent civilians being caught up in international conspiracies or webs of saboteurs on the home front, as in Saboteur (1942)  Some, however, dealt with professional spies as in Hitchcock's Secret Agent (1936), based on W  Somerset Maugham's Ashenden stories, or the Mr  Moto series, based on the books of John P  Marquand 
In the 1940s and early 1950s there were several films made about the exploits of Allied agents in occupied Europe, which could probably be considered as a subgenre  13 Rue Madeleine and O S S  were fictional stories about American agents in German-occupied France, and there were a number of films based on the stories of real-life British S O E  agents, including Odette and Carve Her Name With Pride  A more recent fictional example is Charlotte Gray, based on the novel by Sebastian Faulks 
Also during the period, there were many detective films (The Thin Man Goes Home and Charlie Chan in the Secret Service for example) in which the mystery involved who stole the secret blue-prints, or who kidnapped the famous scientist 
The peak of popularity of the spy film is often considered to be the 1960s when Cold War fears meshed with a desire by audiences to see exciting and suspenseful films  The espionage film developed in two directions at this time  On the one hand, the realistic spy novels of Len Deighton and John le Carré were adapted into relatively serious Cold War thrillers which dealt with some of the realities of the espionage world  Some of these films included The Spy Who Came in from the Cold (1965), The Deadly Affair (1966), Torn Curtain (1966), and the Harry Palmer series, based on the novels of Len Deighton 
In another direction, the James Bond novels by Ian Fleming were adapted into an increasingly fantastical series of tongue-in-cheek adventure films by producers Harry Saltzman and Albert R  Broccoli, with Sean Connery as the star  They featured secretive and flamboyant super-villains, an archetype which would later become a staple of the explosion of spy movies in the mid-to-late 1960s 
The phenomenal success of the Bond series lead to a deluge of imitators, such as the eurospy genre and several from America  Notable examples include the two Derek Flint films starring James Coburn, The Quiller Memorandum (1966) with George Segal, and the Matt Helm series with Dean Martin  Television also got into the act with series like The Man from U N C L E and I Spy in the U S , and Danger Man and The Avengers in Britain  Spies have remained popular on TV to the present day with series such as Callan, Alias and Spooks 
Spy films also enjoyed something of a revival in the late 1990s, although these were often action films with espionage elements, or comedies like Austin Powers  Some critics identify a trend away from fantasy in favor of realism, as observed in Syriana, the Bourne film series and the James Bond films starring Daniel Craig since Casino Royale (2006) 

Films
Some of the most popular films include:
Movie series (franchises)

One-shots, sequels and remakes

Television series
Some of the most popular television series include:

See also
Eurospy film
List of films based on spy books
List of films featuring surveillance
List of James Bond parodies and spin-offs
List of spy films
Passage 3:
The Incongruous Spy
The Incongruous Spy: Two Novels of Suspense (1964), by John le Carré, is an omnibus edition of le Carré's first two novels Call for the Dead (1961) and A Murder of Quality (1962)  The omnibus, about George Smiley, was released after his third novel, The Spy Who Came in from the Cold (1963) 

See also
Smiley Versus Karla
Passage 4:
Connie Sachs
Connie Sachs is a fictional character created by John le Carré  Sachs plays a key supporting role in the Karla Trilogy, Tinker Tailor Soldier Spy, The Honourable Schoolboy, and Smiley's People 

Biography
Sachs is an eccentric alcoholic with an incredible memory and intellect who works in the research department of the Circus  "A don's daughter", her brothers were also dons, and she herself "some sort of academic"  Her family lived at Millponds, a "beautiful Palladian house" with "lovely grounds, near Newbury", later owned by one of her brothers  According to legend, Control met her while she was at university and was so impressed that he invented a job so as to hire her  Her personal and professional life is devoted to the study of Soviet intelligence and most notably the Soviet spymaster known as Karla 
She is close to spymaster George Smiley and forced into early retirement at the same time he is  From her vast memory, she provides him with important clues in Tinker Tailor; when he must rebuild the Circus after its betrayal, Sachs returns happily to her work despite her failing health  She is crucial to the unravelling of the paper trail at the centre of The Honourable Schoolboy and retires after their success against Karla, this time permanently  When Smiley visits her for the last time in Smiley's People, she is dying from old age and alcoholism  She is taken care of by her female lover, a former Circus agent named Hilary; despite her objections, Connie agrees to speak with Smiley, and provides a key that leads to the eventual victory over Karla 

Background
Sachs was widely reputed (in outline at least) to be based on the legendary real-life MI5 Soviet watcher Milicent Bagot  Although she worked in domestic intelligence (unlike the fictional Connie), she was reportedly the first to alert British authorities that double agent Kim Philby had past associations as a Communist  Bagot died, aged 99, in 2006 

Portrayals
In the BBC's 1979 television adaptation of Tinker Tailor and the 1982 adaptation of Smiley's People which followed it, Sachs was played by Beryl Reid  In BBC Radio 4's 2009-10 adaptation of the Karla trilogy, Sachs was played by Maggie Steed  In the 2011 film adaptation Tinker Tailor Soldier Spy, Sachs was played by Kathy Burke 
Passage 5:
John le Carré: The Biography
John le Carré: The Biography is a 2015 biography of John le Carré written by Adam Sisman It was published by Bloomsbury (UK), Harper (US) and Knopf (Canada) 
Passage 6:
John le Carré
David John Moore Cornwell (19 October 1931 – 12 December 2020), better known by his pen name John le Carré ( lə-KARR-ay), was a British and Irish author, best known for his espionage novels, many of which were successfully adapted for film or television  "A sophisticated, morally ambiguous writer", he is considered one of the greatest novelists of the postwar era  During the 1950s and 1960s he worked for both the Security Service (MI5) and the Secret Intelligence Service (MI6) Le Carré's third novel, The Spy Who Came in from the Cold (1963), became an international best-seller, was adapted as an award-winning film and remains one of his best-known works  This success allowed him to leave MI6 to become a full-time author  His novels which have been adapted for film or television include The Looking Glass War (1965), Tinker Tailor Soldier Spy (1974), Smiley's People (1979), The Little Drummer Girl (1983), The Night Manager (1993), The Tailor of Panama (1996), The Constant Gardener (2001), A Most Wanted Man (2008), and Our Kind of Traitor (2010)  Philip Roth said that A Perfect Spy (1986) was "the best English novel since the war" 

Early life
Childhood
David John Moore Cornwell was born on 19 October 1931 in Poole, Dorset, England  His father was Ronald Thomas Archibald (Ronnie) Cornwell (1905–75), and his mother was Olive Moore Cornwell (née Glassey, b  1906–1989)  His older brother, Tony (1929–2017), was an advertising executive and county cricketer (for Dorset), who later lived in the United States  His younger half-sister was the actress Charlotte Cornwell (1949–2021), and his younger half-brother, Rupert Cornwell (1946-2017), was a former Washington bureau chief for The Independent  Cornwell had little early memory of his mother, who had left their family home when he was five years old  His maternal uncle was Liberal MP Alec Glassey  When Cornwell was 21 years old, Glassey gave him the address in Ipswich where his mother was living  Some sixteen years later, mother and son reacquainted at Ipswich railway station, at her written invitation, following Cornwell's initial letter of reconciliation Cornwell's father had been jailed for insurance fraud and was a known associate of the Kray twins  The family was continually in debt  The father–son relationship has been described as "difficult"  The Guardian reported that Le Carré recalled that he had been "beaten up by his father and grew up mostly starved of affection after his mother abandoned him at the age of five"  Rick Pym, a scheming con man and the father of A Perfect Spy protagonist Magnus Pym, was based on Ronnie  When his father died in 1975, Cornwell paid for a memorial funeral service but did not attend, a plot point repeated in A Perfect Spy 

Education
Cornwell's schooling began at St Andrew's Preparatory School, near Pangbourne, Berkshire, and continued at Sherborne School  He grew unhappy with the typically harsh English public school regime of the time and disliked his disciplinarian housemaster  He left Sherborne early to study foreign languages at the University of Bern from 1948 to 1949  In 1950, he was called up for National Service and served in the Intelligence Corps of the British Army garrisoned in Allied-occupied Austria, working as a German language interrogator of people who had crossed the Iron Curtain to the West  In 1952, he returned to England to study at Lincoln College, Oxford, where he worked covertly for the British Security Service, MI5, spying on far-left groups for information about possible Soviet agents  During his studies, he was a member of a college dining society known as The Goblin Club When his father was declared bankrupt in 1954, Cornwell left Oxford to teach at Millfield Preparatory School; however, a year later he returned to Oxford, and graduated in 1956 with a first class degree in modern languages  He then taught French and German at Eton College for two years, becoming an MI5 officer in 1958 

Work in security services
He ran agents, conducted interrogations, tapped telephone lines, and effected break-ins  Encouraged by Lord Clanmorris (who wrote crime novels as "John Bingham"), and while being an active MI5 officer, Cornwell began writing his first novel, Call for the Dead (1961)  Cornwell identified Lord Clanmorris as one of two models for George Smiley, the spymaster of the Circus, the other being Vivian H  H  Green  As a schoolboy, Cornwell first met the latter when Green was the Chaplain and Assistant Master at Sherborne School (1942–51)  The friendship continued after Green's move to Lincoln College, where he tutored Cornwell In 1960, Cornwell transferred to MI6, the foreign-intelligence service, and worked under the cover of Second Secretary at the British Embassy in Bonn  He was later transferred to Hamburg as a political consul  There, he wrote the detective story A Murder of Quality (1962) and The Spy Who Came in from the Cold (1963), as "John le Carré" (le Carré is French for "the square")—a pseudonym required because Foreign Office staff were forbidden to publish in their own names In 1964, le Carré's career as an intelligence officer came to an end as the result of the betrayal of British agents' covers to the KGB by Kim Philby, the infamous British double agent, one of the Cambridge Five  Le Carré depicted and analysed Philby as the upper-class traitor, codenamed "Gerald" by the KGB, the mole hunted by George Smiley in Tinker Tailor Soldier Spy (1974) 

Writing
Le Carré's first two novels, Call for the Dead (1961) and A Murder of Quality (1962), are mystery fiction  Each features a retired spy, George Smiley, investigating a death; in the first book, the apparent suicide of a suspected communist, and in the second volume, a murder at a boys' public school  Although Call for the Dead evolves into an espionage story, Smiley's motives are more personal than political  Le Carré's third novel, The Spy Who Came in from the Cold (1963), became an international best-seller and remains one of his best-known works; following its publication, he left MI6 to become a full-time writer  Although le Carré had intended The Spy Who Came in from the Cold as an indictment of espionage as morally compromised, audiences widely viewed its protagonist, Alec Leamas, as a tragic hero  In response, le Carré's next book, The Looking Glass War, was a satire about an increasingly deadly espionage mission which ultimately proves pointless Tinker Tailor Soldier Spy, The Honourable Schoolboy, and Smiley's People (the Karla trilogy) brought Smiley back as the central figure in a sprawling espionage saga depicting his efforts first to root out a mole in the Circus and then to entrap his Soviet rival and counterpart, code-named 'Karla'  The trilogy was originally meant to be a long-running series that would find Smiley dispatching agents after Karla all around the world  Smiley's People marked the last time Smiley featured as the central character in a le Carré story, although he brought the character back in The Secret Pilgrim and A Legacy of Spies A Perfect Spy (1986), which chronicles the boyhood moral education of Magnus Pym and how it leads to his becoming a spy, is the author's most autobiographical espionage novel, reflecting the boy's very close relationship with his con man father  Biographer LynnDianne Beene describes the novelist's own father, Ronnie Cornwell, as "an epic con man of little education, immense charm, extravagant tastes, but no social values"  Le Carré reflected that "writing A Perfect Spy is probably what a very wise shrink would have advised"  He also wrote a semi-autobiographical work, The Naïve and Sentimental Lover (1971), as the story of a man's midlife existential crisis 
With the fall of the Iron Curtain in 1989, le Carré's writing shifted to portrayal of the new multilateral world  His first completely post-Cold War novel, The Night Manager (1993), deals with drug and arms smuggling in the murky world of Latin American drug lords, shady Caribbean banking entities, and western officials who look the other way His final novel, Silverview, was published posthumously in 2021 

Themes
Most of le Carré's books are spy stories set during the Cold War (1945–91) and portray British Intelligence agents as unheroic political functionaries, aware of the moral ambiguity of their work and engaged more in psychological than physical drama  While "[espionage] was the genre that earned him fame   he used it as a platform to explore larger ethical problems and the human condition"  The insight he demonstrated led "many fellow authors and critics [to regard] him as one of the finest English-language novelists of the twentieth century " His writing explores "human frailty—moral ambiguity, intrigue, nuance, doubt, and cowardice" The fallibility of Western democracy - and of its secret services - is a recurring theme, as are suggestions of a possible east–west moral equivalence  Characters experience little of the violence typically encountered in action thrillers and have very little recourse to gadgets  Much of the conflict is internal, rather than external and visible  The recurring character George Smiley, who plays a central role in five novels and appears as a supporting character in four more, was written as an "antidote" to James Bond, a character le Carré called "an international gangster" rather than a spy and who he felt should be excluded from the canon of espionage literature  In contrast, he intended Smiley, who is an overweight, bespectacled bureaucrat who uses cunning and manipulation to achieve his ends, as an accurate depiction of a spy Le Carré's "writing entered intelligence services themselves  He popularized the term 'mole'   and other language that has become intelligence vernacular on both sides of the Atlantic — 'honeytrap', 'scalphunter', 'lamplighter' to name a few " However, in his first tweet as MI6's chief, Richard Moore revealed the agency's "complicated relationship with the author: He urged would-be Smileys not to apply to the service "

Other writing, film cameo
Le Carré records a number of incidents from his period as a diplomat in his autobiographical work, The Pigeon Tunnel: Stories from My Life (2016), which include escorting six visiting German parliamentarians to a London brothel and translating at a meeting between a senior German politician and Harold Macmillan As a journalist, le Carré wrote The Unbearable Peace (1991), a nonfiction account of Brigadier Jean-Louis Jeanmaire (1911–1992), the Swiss Army officer who spied for the Soviet Union from 1962 until 1975 Credited under his pen name, le Carré appears as an extra in the 2011 film version of Tinker Tailor Soldier Spy, among the guests at the Christmas party in several flashback scenes 

Politics
Threats to democracy
In 2017, le Carré expressed concerns over the future of liberal democracy, saying "I think of all things that were happening across Europe in the 1930s, in Spain, in Japan, obviously in Germany  To me, these are absolutely comparable signs of the rise of fascism and it's contagious, it's infectious  Fascism is up and running in Poland and Hungary  There's an encouragement about"  He later wrote that the end of the Cold War had left the West without a coherent ideology, in contrast to the "notion of individual freedom, of inclusiveness, of tolerance – all of that we called anti-communism" prevailing during that time Le Carré opposed both U S  President Donald Trump and Russian President Vladimir Putin, arguing that their desire to seek or maintain their countries' superpower status caused an impulse "for oligarchy, the dismissal of the truth, the contempt, actually, for the electorate and for the democratic system"  Le Carré compared Trump's tendency to dismiss the media as "fake news" to the Nazi book burnings, and wrote that the United States is "heading straight down the road to institutional racism and neo-fascism" In Le Carré's 2019 novel Agent Running in the Field, one of the novel's characters refers to Trump as "Putin's shithouse cleaner" who "does everything for little Vladi that little Vladi can't do for himself"  The novel's narrator describes Boris Johnson as "a pig-ignorant foreign secretary"  He says Russia is moving "backwards into her dark, delusional past", with Britain following a short way behind  Le Carré later said that he believed the novel's plotline, involving the U S  and British intelligence services colluding to subvert the European Union, to be "horribly possible" 

Brexit
Le Carré was an outspoken advocate of European integration and sharply criticised Brexit  Le Carré criticised Brexit advocates such as Boris Johnson (whom he referred to as a "mob orator"), Dominic Cummings, and Nigel Farage in interviews, claiming that their "task is to fire up the people with nostalgia [and] with anger"  He further opined in interviews that "What really scares me about nostalgia is that it's become a political weapon  Politicians are creating a nostalgia for an England that never existed, and selling it, really, as something we could return to", adding that with "the demise of the working class we saw also the demise of an established social order, based on the stability of ancient class structures"  On the other hand, he said that in the Labour Party "they have this Leninist element and they have this huge appetite to level society "On Brexit, le Carré did not mince his words, comparing it to the 1956 Suez crisis which confirmed post-imperial Britain's loss of global power  "This is without doubt the greatest catastrophe and the greatest idiocy that Britain has perpetrated since the invasion of Suez", le Carré said of Brexit  "Nobody is to blame but the Brits themselves – not the Irish, not the Europeans " "The idea, to me, that at the moment we should imagine we can substitute access to the biggest trade union in the world with access to the American market is terrifying", he said Speaking to The Guardian in 2019, he commented "I've always believed, though ironically it's not the way I've voted, that it's compassionate conservatism that in the end could, for example, integrate the private schooling system  If you do it from the left you will seem to be acting out of resentment; do it from the right and it looks like good social organisation " Le Carré also said that "I think my own ties to England were hugely loosened over the last few years  And it's a kind of liberation, if a sad kind "

US invasion of Iraq
In January 2003, two months prior to the invasion, The Times published le Carré's essay "The United States Has Gone Mad" criticising the buildup to the Iraq War and President George W



ground_truth: King James II of England

prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: Sand Lake Baptist Church is located in a hamlet with a population of what at the 2010 census?

The following are given passages.
Context 2:  The racial makeup of the township was 89 06% White, 1 56% African American, 2 34% Native American, and 7 03% from two or more races 
There were 58 households, out of which 19 0% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 62 1% were married couples living together, 1 7% had a female householder with no husband present, and 36 2% were non-families  34 5% of all households were made up of individuals, and 17 2% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older  The average household size was 2 21 and the average family size was 2 86 
In the township the population was spread out, with 23 4% under the age of 18, 2 3% from 18 to 24, 14 8% from 25 to 44, 39 1% from 45 to 64, and 20 3% who were 65 years of age or older  The median age was 50 years  For every 100 females, there were 141 5 males  For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 108 5 males 
The median income for a household in the township was $21,429, and the median income for a family was $29,583  Males had a median income of $27,917 versus $41,250 for females  The per capita income for the township was $11,320  There were 31 4% of families and 35 1% of the population living below the poverty line, including 45 1% of under eighteens and 30 4% of those over 64 
Passage 7:
Sand Lake Baptist Church
Sand Lake Baptist Church is a historic Baptist church at 2960 State Route 43 in Averill Park, Rensselaer County, New York  The church was built in 1805 and is a Federal period frame building  It is a rectangular, two-story, heavy wood-frame building set on a stone foundation  The church has a gable roof and features a two-stage, semi-engaged Greek Revival style tower added in 1840  The front facade features a Palladian window  Also on the property is a contributing parsonage (1846) and garage (1939) The church was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2004 
Passage 8:
Nathalie, Virginia
Nathalie is an unincorporated community and census-designated place (CDP) in Halifax County, Virginia, United States, in the south-central region of the state  The population as of the 2010 census was 183 

Geography
Located in northern Halifax County at 36°56′6″N 78°56′50″W (36 9348619, −78 9472347), at an altitude of 524 feet (160 m), it lies along Road 603 15 miles (24 km) north of the town of Halifax, the county seat of Halifax County  According to the U S  Census Bureau, the CDP has a total area of 3 0 square miles (7 8 km2), of which 0 02 square miles (0 06 km2), or 0 76%, are water  The community is drained by tributaries of Catawba Creek, which flows northeast to the Roanoke River at Clarkton 

History
It received its name in 1890 or 1891, being named after Natalie Otey (not "Nathalie"), daughter of Mrs  Rebecca Wimbish, an important local landowner  Prior to that time, the village at this location was considered to be a part of the Nathaniel Barksdale plantation  It had included a church since 1773 (the first Catawba Baptist Church) and a post office since 1828  This post office continues to operate today with the ZIP code of 24577 The former Clarkton Bridge over the Roanoke or "Staunton" River 4 miles (6 km) northeast of town was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2006 
Passage 9:
Wynantskill, New York
Wynantskill is a census-designated place (CDP) in Rensselaer County, New York, United States  The population was 3,276 at the 2010 census   Wynantskill is located at the northern town line and the northeastern corner of the town of North Greenbush  The community is a suburb of Troy  state route 66 (Pawling Ave  in Troy, Main Ave  in Wynantskill) is the main route through the community  Wynantskill has a major grocery store, several banks and restaurants, a craft beverage store, convenience stores, a post office, and a bowling alley, with almost all houses located on side streets off Main Ave  Other major roads are Whiteview Road (NY 136), a primarily residential road that leads to US 4; and West Sand Lake Road (NY 150) 

Geography
Wynantskill is located at 42°41′32″N 73°38′40″W (42 692139, -73 644580) According to the United States Census Bureau, the CDP has a total area of 2 4 square miles (6 2 km2), all land 

Location
Demographics
As of the census of 2000, there were 3,018 people, 1,246 households, and 857 families residing in the CDP  The population density was 1,245 1 inhabitants per square mile (480 7/km2)  There were 1,284 housing units at an average density of 529 7 per square mile (204 5/km2)  The racial makeup of the CDP was 97 81% White, 0 53% African American, 0 20% Native American, 0 30% Asian, 0 03% Pacific Islander, 0 03% from other races, and 1 09% from two or more races  Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0 43% of the population 
There were 1,246 households, out of which 28 3% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 55 6% were married couples living together, 10 0% had a female householder with no husband present, and 31 2% were non-families  26 8% of all households were made up of individuals, and 16 7% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older  The average household size was 2 42 and the average family size was 2 94 
In the CDP, the population was spread out, with 21 4% under the age of 18, 6 5% from 18 to 24, 27 3% from 25 to 44, 25 9% from 45 to 64, and 18 9% who were 65 years of age or older  The median age was 42 years  For every 100 females, there were 90 5 males  For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 88 4 males 
The median income for a household in the CDP was $51,988, and the median income for a family was $61,951  Males had a median income of $40,391 versus $30,086 for females  The per capita income for the CDP was $23,277  About 0 4% of families and 1 3% of the population were below the poverty line, including none of those under age 18 and 1 8% of those age 65 or over 

Schools
Wynantskill is served by the Wynantskill Union Free School District, home to the K-8 Gardner-Dickinson Elementary/Middle School, but contains no high school   Most children from Wynantskill attend high school at nearby Troy High School, in the Averill Park Central School District, the Brunswick (Brittonkill) Central School District, or the East Greenbush Central School District   Students also have the option to attend Tech Valley High School 
At present time, the District is in solid academic and financial standing 

See also
Kill (body of water)
Passage 10:
Sand Lake, New York
Sand Lake is a town in south-central part of Rensselaer County, New York, United States  Sand Lake is about 13 miles east of Albany, New York  Within the town are three hamlets: Averill Park, Glass Lake and the hamlet of Sand Lake  Its four lakes are a source of recreation  Many commercial enterprises of the 19th century and into the 20th century relied on power generated from the Wynants Kill Creek and Burden Lake mills  The area is known for its fertile soil for grazing and agriculture  The estimated population for 2016 census was 8,490 

History
Early history
Sand Lake was first home to Native Americans  In 1629, Kiliaen van Rensselaer acquired a 700,000-acre land grant to establish a Dutch colony, encompassing what later became Sand Lake  Called the Manor of Rensselaerswyck, it was 48 miles across and 24 miles long  In 1664, it became a colony of England and was called the Province of New York  It flipped back to the Dutch in 1672, and returned to the English in 1674 In the 1750s, Dutch settlers moved into what is now Sand Lake, followed by German pioneers  By 1772, present day Sand Lake was in the Rensselaerwyck District of Albany County  It was held by the English until the Revolutionary War (1775–1783)  In 1792, when the town of Rensselaerwyck was divided into two towns, Greenbush and Stephentown  Present day Sand Lake extended into both towns In 1805, the Union Meetinghouse was built for worship by Methodists, Baptists, and Presbyterians  It was the town's oldest public building and was a station on the Underground Railroad 

Town of Sand Lake
The town of Sand Lake was formed from Greenbush and Berlin from an act of the legislature on March 21, 1812 and it was officially made a town on March 1, 1813  Municipal positions were established to be responsible to its citizens, including town clerk, assessors, and more  Calvin Thompson became the first Supervisor  The first postmaster, in 1815, was Daniel M  Gregory  The soil, especially on the eastern lowlands, is fertile for grazing and agriculture, particularly small fruit, strawberries, and other berrys A new church building was established for the Trinity Lutheran Church in 1816  The Zion Evangelical Lutheran Church opened in 1816 at the West Sand Lake site  There were a number of changes in the churches and its membership around the 1830s  The present town borders were established on March 2, 1848 when the town of Sand Lake was divided into towns, Sand Lake and Poestenkill  The town was governed by a supervisor, town clerk and four justices of the peace  Town business was conducted in homes and inns for decades 

There were a number of public and private schools established between 1825 and the early 20th century  A one-room schoolhouse operated in Sand Lake from 1895 until 1929 In 1866, the Wynantskill Improvement Association created three Burden Lakes from Wynantskill Creek  The lake water turned the Burden water wheel that powered commercial enterprises, like mills, of the Industrial Revolution The Troy and New England Railway provided electric trolley service into Sand Lake from 1895 to 1925  The nine-mile route ran from Albia (of Troy) east to Averill Park  The town's economy grew with tourism and people who became residents during the summer Municipal Home Rule Law was enacted in 1964 by the State Legislature, which gave towns greater powers  In 1968, Rensselaer County revised its form of government, replacing the Board of Supervisors with a County Executive and a County Legislature  In 1972, a town hall was established in the former Presbyterian Church The Albert R  Fox House was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2001 

Hamlets
Averill Park, Sand Lake, and West Sand Lake are three hamlets within the greater town of Sand Lake 

Averill Park
Averill Park is a hamlet near the center of the town  The Averill post office was established in 1880, with Frank Pettit as first postmaster; the name was changed to Averill Park in 1882  Faith Mills (1829-1966) is one of the textile factories that were established,  starting in the early 19th century, along what is now Burden Lake Road  It was powered with water from the Wynantskill  It is located east of West Sand Lake and has a number of retail businesses, two churches, and the Averill Park High School  The main street has businesses from the mid-19th century 

Sand Lake
Sand Lake is the smallest hamlet of Sand Lake  There are several retail business, the Sand Lake Center for the Arts, a post office, town hall, a tavern, cemetery, and an elementary school  Historic and stately houses are found in Sand Lake, with houses further away from one another than the other two hamlets 

West Sand Lake
West Sand Lake is a hamlet in the northwestern corner of the town  In 1793, Bernhard Uhlein, a soldier of the American Revolutionary War, settled here and established a 325-acre farm  He received the land from a land grant from Patroon VanRensselaer  The settlement was first known as Ulinesville  The post office for was established in 1834, with Frost Myers as postmaster The community became West Sand Lake in 1838  It is the largest of the three hamlets, with the most residents  There are houses dating back to the early 1800s in the western part of the hamlet  It has a number of retail businesses, schools, banks, two churches and a post office 

Other areas
Sand Lake also has populated places named Maple Grove, Sliter's Corner, and Taborton 

Glass Lake
The Glass Lake area grew up around the Rensselaer Glass Factory that Jeremiah Van Rensselaer founded in 1804  It had homes for 34 workers, a store, school, doctor's office, and more residential and commercial buildings  It is located at Glass Lake, which is the headwaters of the Wynants Kill Creek  A historical marker is located at Routes 43 and 66 at Glass Lake Road 

South Sand Lake
The South Sand Lake post office was established there in 1854, with William Stevens as first postmaster 

Geography
While the surface of the town is undulating in the west, it is quite mountainous in the east, a part of the Rensselaer Plateau  Oak and Perigo hills are about 900 feet above sea level  According to the United States Census Bureau, the town has a total area of 36 2 square miles (94 km2), of which 35 2 square miles (91 km2)  is land and 0 9 square miles (2 3 km2)  (2 63%) is water 

Lakes
Within Sand Lake, there are four lakes: Burden Lake, Crooked Lake, Crystal Lake, and Glass Lake  The lakes, stocked with many kinds of fresh water fish, draws tourists to the area  Glass Lake is between Crooked and Crystal Lakes  At 123 acres, it is located in Averill Park and Nassau  Burden Lake is located in the southern part of the town of Sand Lake and is partially in the town of Nassau, it is a total of 369 acres  Crystal Lake, formerly called Sand Lake, is the largest lake in the Averill Park hamlet in the town of Sand Lake  It is 66 acres in size  Crooked Lake is located in the southern part of the town of Sand Lake, south of Glass Lake  It is 113 acres  Wynants Kill is a stream that flows from Crooked Lake, through Glass and Burden Lakes, and drains into both Richard Pond and the Hudson River 

Location
Demographics
As of the census of 2010, there were  8,530 people, 3,009 households, and 2,229 families residing in the town   The population density was 226 9 inhabitants per square mile (87 6/km2)   There were 3,277 housing units at an average density of 93 1 per square mile (35 9/km2)   The racial makeup of the town was 96 4% Non Hispanic White, 0 4% African American, 0 11% Native American, 0 50% Asian and 1 1% from two or more races  Hispanic or Latino origin were 1 5% of the population  Ancestries: German (25 2%), Irish (22 6%), English (14 6%), Italian (13 8%), French (8 9%), Polish (6 1%) 
There were 3,009 households, out of which 37 1% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 58 6% were married couples living together, 11 8% had a female householder with no husband present, and 25 9% were non-families  20 6% of all households were made up of individuals, and 7 9% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older   The average household size was 2 65 and the average family size was 3 08 
In the town, the population was spread out, with 26 6% under the age of 18, 6 1% from 18 to 24, 28 6% from 25 to 44, 28 1% from 45 to 64, and 10 6% who were 65 years of age or older   The median age was 39 years  For every 100 females, there were 95 7 males   For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 93 7 males 
The median income for a household in the town was $77,372, and the median income for a family was $97,009  Males had a median income of $67,132 versus $48,321 for females  The per capita income for the town was $36,103  The Median household income for White households is $75,474 compared to $2,157,374 for Asian households and $223,858 for African American households  About 6 7% of families and 7 7% of the population were below the poverty line, including 6 3% of those under age 18 and 10 3% of those age 65 or over 

Notes



ground_truth: 1,693

prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: Who was born first, Juan Rulfo or John le Carré?

The following are given passages.
Context 3:  Bush's response to the 11 September 2001 terrorist attacks, calling it "worse than McCarthyism, worse than the Bay of Pigs and in the long term potentially more disastrous than the Vietnam War" and "beyond anything Osama bin Laden could have hoped for in his nastiest dreams"  Le Carré participated in the London protests against the Iraq War  He said the war resulted from the "politicisation of intelligence to fit the political intentions" of governments and "How Bush and his junta succeeded in deflecting America's anger from bin Laden to Saddam Hussein is one of the great public relations conjuring tricks of history" He was critical of Tony Blair's role in taking Britain into the Iraq War, saying "I can't understand that Blair has an afterlife at all  It seems to me that any politician who takes his country to war under false pretences has committed the ultimate sin  I think that a war in which we refuse to accept the body count of those that we kill is also a war of which we should be ashamed" 

Iran
Le Carré was critical of Western governments' policies towards Iran  He said that Iran's actions are a response to being "encircled by nuclear powers" and by the way in which "we ousted Mosaddeq through the CIA and the Secret Service here across the way and installed the Shah and trained his ghastly secret police force in all the black arts, the SAVAK" Le Carré feuded with Salman Rushdie over The Satanic Verses, stating that "nobody has a God-given right to insult a great religion and be published with impunity" 

Israel
In a 1998 interview with Douglas Davis, Le Carré described Israel as "the most extraordinary carnival of human variety that I have ever set eyes on, a nation in the process of re-assembling itself from the shards of its past, now Oriental, now Western, now secular, now religious, but always anxiously moralizing about itself, criticizing itself with Maoist ferocity, a nation crackling with debate, rediscovering its past while it fought for its future " He declared: "No nation on earth was more deserving of peace—or more condemned to fight for it "

Personal life
In 1954, Cornwell married Alison Ann Veronica Sharp  They had three sons: Simon, Stephen, and Timothy—and divorced in 1971  In 1972, Cornwell married Valérie Jane Eustace, a book editor with Hodder & Stoughton who collaborated with him behind the scenes  They had a son, Nicholas, who writes as Nick Harkaway  Le Carré lived in St Buryan, Cornwall, for more than 40 years; he owned a mile of cliff near Land's End  Le Carré also owned a house in Gainsborough Gardens in Hampstead in north London Le Carré was so disillusioned by the 2016 Brexit vote to leave the European Union that he secured Irish citizenship  In a BBC documentary broadcast in 2021, le Carré's son Nicholas revealed that his father's disillusionment with modern Britain, and Brexit in particular, had driven him to embrace his Irish heritage and become an Irish citizen  At the time of his death, le Carré's friend, the novelist John Banville, confirmed that the writer had researched his family roots in Inchinattin, near Rosscarbery, County Cork, and that he had applied for an Irish passport, to which he was entitled having completed the process of becoming an Irish citizen and having Irish ancestry through his maternal grandmother, Olive Wolfe  His neighbour and friend Philippe Sands recalled: 

He became an Irishman through his maternal grandmother  And it was very, very moving, I have to say, to arrive at the place of the memorial to find an Irish flag and only an Irish flag  He had really in the last years, grown very disillusioned with what had happened to Britain and the United Kingdom 
Le Carré died at Royal Cornwall Hospital, Truro, on 12 December 2020, aged 89  An inquest completed in June 2021 concluded that le Carré died after sustaining a fall at his home  His wife Valérie died on 27 February 2021, two months after her husband, at age 82 Le Carré's son Timothy died on 31 May 2022 at the age of 59, shortly after he finished editing A Private Spy, a collection of his father's letters 

Selected bibliography
Novels
Call for the Dead (1961), OCLC 751303381
A Murder of Quality (1962), OCLC 777015390
The Spy Who Came in from the Cold (1963), OCLC 561198531
The Looking Glass War (1965), OCLC 752987890
A Small Town in Germany (1968), ISBN 0-143-12260-6
The Naïve and Sentimental Lover (1971), ISBN 0-143-11975-3
Smiley Versus Karla trilogy
Tinker Tailor Soldier Spy (1974), ISBN 0-143-12093-X
The Honourable Schoolboy (1977), ISBN 0-143-11973-7
Smiley's People (1979), ISBN 0-340-99439-8
The Little Drummer Girl (1983), ISBN 0-143-11974-5
A Perfect Spy (1986), ISBN 0-143-11976-1
The Russia House (1989), ISBN 0-743-46466-4
The Secret Pilgrim (1990), ISBN 0-345-50442-9
The Night Manager (1993), ISBN 0-345-38576-4
Our Game (1995), ISBN 0-345-40000-3
The Tailor of Panama (1996), ISBN 0-345-42043-8
Single & Single (1999), ISBN 0-743-45806-0
The Constant Gardener (2001), ISBN 0-743-28720-7
Absolute Friends (2003), ISBN 0-670-04489-X
The Mission Song (2006), ISBN 0-340-92199-4
A Most Wanted Man (2008), ISBN 1-416-59609-7
Our Kind of Traitor (2010), ISBN 0-143-11972-9
A Delicate Truth (2013), ISBN 0-143-12531-1
A Legacy of Spies (2017), ISBN 978-0-735-22511-4
Agent Running in the Field (2019), ISBN 1984878875
Silverview (2021), ISBN 9780241550069
Tim Cornwell, ed  (2022)  A Private Spy: The Letters of John le Carré 1945–2020  Penguin  ISBN 9780241994566 

Archive
In 2010, le Carré donated his literary archive to the Bodleian Library, Oxford  The initial 85 boxes of material deposited included handwritten drafts of Tinker Tailor Soldier Spy and The Constant Gardener  The library hosted a public display of these and other items to mark World Book Day in March 2011 

Awards and honours
1963, British Crime Writers' Association Gold Dagger for The Spy Who Came in from the Cold
1964, Somerset Maugham Award for The Spy Who Came in from the Cold
1965, Mystery Writers of America Edgar Award for The Spy Who Came in from the Cold
1977, British Crime Writers' Association Gold Dagger for The Honourable Schoolboy
1977, James Tait Black Memorial Prize Fiction Award for The Honourable Schoolboy
1983, Japan Adventure Fiction Association Prize for The Little Drummer Girl
1984, Honorary Fellow Lincoln College, Oxford
1984, Mystery Writers of America Edgar Grand Master
1988, Crime Writers' Association Diamond Dagger Lifetime Achievement Award
1988, The Malaparte Prize, Italy
1990, Honorary degree, University of Exeter
1990, Helmerich Award of the Tulsa Library Trust 
1996, Honorary degree, University of St  Andrews
1997, Honorary degree, University of Southampton
1998, Honorary degree, University of Bath
2005, Crime Writers' Association Dagger of Daggers for The Spy Who Came in from the Cold
2005, Commander of the Order of Arts and Letters, France
2008, honorary doctorate, University of Bern
2011, Goethe Medal, awarded by the Goethe Institute
2012, Honorary degree of Doctor of Letters, University of Oxford
2020, Olof Palme Prize – le Carré donated the US$100,000 prize money to Médecins Sans Frontières In addition in 2008, The Times ranked le Carré 22nd on its list of the "50 greatest British writers since 1945" 

Citations
Sources
Beene, Lynn Dianne (1992)  John le Carré  New York: Twayne Publishers  ISBN 9780805770131 
Cobbs, John L  (1998)  Understanding John Le Carré  University of South Carolina Press  ISBN 978-1-57003-168-7 
Manning, Toby (25 January 2018)  John le Carré and the Cold War  Bloomsbury Publishing  ISBN 978-1-350-03640-6 

Further reading
Aronoff, Myron J  (1998)  The Spy Novels of John le Carré: Balancing Ethics and Politics  Palgrave Macmillan  doi:10 1057/9780312299453  ISBN 9780312214821 
Bruccoli, Matthew J ; Baughman, Judith S , eds  (2004)  Conversations with John le Carré  University Press of Mississippi  ISBN 978-1-57806-669-8 
Dawson, Suleika (2022)  The Secret Heart – John Le Carré: An Intimate Memoir  HarperCollins  ISBN 9780008533038 
Sisman, Adam (2015)  John le Carré: The Biography  Bloomsbury Publishing  ISBN 9781408827932 

External links

John le Carré at IMDb 
Two interviews at NPR's Fresh Air
John le Carré discography at Discogs 
Two letters at Leeds University Library
Portraits of John le Carré at the National Portrait Gallery, London
Passage 7:
Control (fictional character)
Control is a fictional character created by John le Carré   Control is an intelligence officer who acts as the head of the British overseas intelligence agency  (nicknamed  "The Circus" after its location in Cambridge Circus, London)  He is a character in the novels The Spy Who Came in from the Cold, The Looking Glass War and Tinker Tailor Soldier Spy, and is referred to in several others, usually by association with le Carré's recurring protagonist George Smiley, who has served as Control's right-hand man 
"Control" is a nom de guerre; the character's real name is never given, and it is suggested that he successfully kept his true identity secret even from his inner circle of advisors  His wife believes him to be a minor civil servant in the Ministry of Agriculture and Fisheries  In the original screenplay for the film adaptation of Tinker Tailor Soldier Spy, Smiley muses that Control had once told him that Howard Staunton was the greatest chess master Britain had ever produced  "Staunton" later turns out to be the name that Control used for the rental of a flat he uses 
The real chief of the Secret Intelligence Service (the equivalent of Le Carre's Circus) is known by a similar name: "C"  This originates from the initial used by Captain Sir Mansfield Smith-Cumming, RN, an early chief of the service, who signed his letters "C" in green ink  This custom has been upheld throughout the history of the service 

In the novels
Control does not appear in the first two George Smiley novels  In The Spy Who Came in from the Cold, le Carré's third novel, Control is already chief of the Circus, a position which was occupied by a civil servant named Maston, with whom Smiley clashed, in the first novel  Although he makes only comparatively fleeting appearances in The Spy Who Came in from the Cold and The Looking Glass War, in both novels Control is depicted as a master strategist who orchestrates a successful intelligence operation for the Circus  The Spy Who Came in from the Cold also shows him as quite ruthless, concealing from his own agent Alec Leamas the true aim of the operation on which Leamas was sent to East Germany, and having – against Leamas' express wish – got Leamas' beloved, Liz Gold, deeply involved in his plot, eventually leading to her death 
In Tinker Tailor Soldier Spy, Control has died of natural causes as the story begins; several characters reminisce on the inglorious end of his career, which was due to the infiltration of the Circus by a high-level mole run by the Soviet spymaster Karla  Control spent his final few months in office, already ill, losing power to his underling Percy Alleline and desperately trying to identify this mole, before falling into a trap set up by Karla to accelerate his departure 
However, in that same book, another character, Roddy Martindale, claims Control is still alive; that he faked his death after being "driven out" by Alleline and has been seen in South Africa  Martindale has heard this second-hand, and tells Smiley, who rejects it as "the most idiotic story [he] has ever heard "  Though he does not share this, George recalls personally attending Control's cremation 
In A Legacy of Spies, during Peter Guillam's initial interview, it is revealed that there have been at least four "Controls" over the years 

In other media
Film
Cyril Cusack portrayed Control in the 1965 film adaptation of The Spy Who Came In from the Cold 
In the 2011 adaptation of Tinker Tailor Soldier Spy, Control was played by John Hurt  He is shown signing himself as "C", and a photograph is briefly shown of a younger Control in uniform as a brigadier during the Second World War 

Television
Alexander Knox portrayed Control in the 1979 television drama adaptation of Tinker Tailor Soldier Spy 
Passage 8:
The Deadly Affair
The Deadly Affair is a 1967 British spy film based on John le Carré's first novel, Call for the Dead (1961)  The film stars James Mason and was directed by Sidney Lumet from a script by Paul Dehn 
As it is a Columbia Pictures production and Paramount owned the film rights to the name George Smiley, the central character is renamed Charles Dobbs  Paramount acquired the film rights to the character name when filming The Spy Who Came In from the Cold (1965) The soundtrack was composed by Quincy Jones, and the bossa nova theme song, "Who Needs Forever", was performed by Astrud Gilberto 

Plot
In 1960s London, Charles Dobbs (James Mason) is a staid MI5 operative investigating Foreign Office official Samuel Fennan (Robert Flemyng), a former Communist who apparently commits suicide  Dobbs becomes suspicious about the cause of Fennan's death while visiting Fennan's widow the morning after his death  When a wake-up call is received at Fennan's home, his widow Elsa (Simone Signoret) says the call was for her  Dobbs discovers this to be a lie, and as a result Dobbs suspects that Elsa, a survivor of a Nazi extermination camp, might have some clues regarding Fennan's death 
Other government officials want Dobbs to drop the case  However, Dobbs privately links up with retired police inspector Mendel (Harry Andrews) to continue enquiries and they uncover a network of Communist agents  Dobbs also discovers that his wife Ann (Harriet Andersson) is leaving him to go to Switzerland to join a former World War II colleague, Dieter Frey (Maximilian Schell) 
Dobbs ultimately decides to set a trap to prove that Elsa is a spy and to uncover her control by arranging a rendezvous which takes place in the Aldwych theatre during a performance of "Edward II"  Dobbs, his colleague Bill Appleby (Kenneth Haigh) and Mendel observe Elsa and wait to see who will sit in the empty seat next to her  Dobbs is shocked to see that it is Dieter who sits down next to Elsa and is her control  When Dieter and Elsa realise they have been set up, Dieter secretly kills Elsa and slips out of the theatre  Mendel follows Dieter to his hideout and summons Dobbs  In the final confrontation, Dieter shoots Mendel but is himself killed bare-handed by the enraged Dobbs 
Dobbs flies to Zurich where he is met at the airport by Ann 

Cast
James Mason as Charles Dobbs
Simone Signoret as Elsa Fennan
Maximilian Schell as Dieter Frey
Harriet Andersson as Ann Dobbs
Harry Andrews as Mendel
Kenneth Haigh as Bill Appleby
Roy Kinnear as Adam Scarr
Max Adrian as Advisor
Lynn Redgrave as Virgin
Robert Flemyng as Samuel Fennan
Leslie Sands as Inspector
Corin Redgrave as David
Sheraton Blount as Eunice Scarr (uncredited)
Denis Shaw as Wilf the Barman (uncredited)
David Warner as the actor playing Edward II in the Aldwych Theatre

Production
Location shooting for The Deadly Affair took place in London, in St  James's Park, at The Balloon Tavern and Chelsea Embankment in Chelsea, in Battersea and Barnes, in Twickenham, and at the Serpentine Restaurant in Hyde Park (demolished in 1990)  The exterior of Dobbs's house is in St  George's Square, Pimlico  For the theatre scene a performance of the Royal Shakespeare Company's Edward II  was recreated at its real location of the Aldwych Theatre, London Director of photography Freddie Young's technique of pre-exposing the colour film negative to a small, controlled amount of light (known as "flashing" or "pre-fogging") in order to create a muted colour palette was first used in this film  Lumet called the result "colourless colour"  and it proved influential, being used by other cinematographers such as Vilmos Zsigmond on McCabe & Mrs  Miller 

Awards and honours
The Deadly Affair received five BAFTA Awards nominations: Best British Film for Sidney Lumet, Best British Screenplay for Paul Dehn, Best British Cinematography (Colour) for Freddie Young, Best Foreign Actress for Simone Signoret, and Best British Actor for James Mason  However, it did not win any of the awards 

Musical score and soundtrack
The film score was composed, arranged and conducted by Quincy Jones, and the soundtrack album was released on the Verve label in 1967 Allmusic's Stephen Cook noted, "Deadly Affair's dreamy mix of bossa nova moods and unobtrusive symphonics still makes for some pleasant, if not always provocative, listening  Plus, one gets to hear Astrud Gilberto in fine fettle on the opening cut"  The Vinyl Factory said "This soundtrack to the Sidney Lumet thriller starts off with Astrud Gilberto drizzling her best desultory vocal over ‘Who Needs Forever’, which creates a moody atmosphere that is sustained throughout the entire album  With its languid orchestrations, breezy strings, and airy samba rhythms, this is a perfect Sunday morning record" 

Track listing
All compositions by Quincy Jones

"Who Needs Forever" (lyrics by Howard Greenfield) − 3:00
"Dieter's First Mistake" − 4:50
"Instrumental Main Theme (1)" − 2:05
"Postcard Signed "S" / Mendel Tails Elsa / Tickets to "S"" − 5:31
"Instrumental Main Theme (2)" − 3:00
"Don't Fly If It's Foggy" − 1:11
"Blondie-Tails" − 1:13
"Instrumental Main Theme (3)" − 2:05
"Ridiculous Scene" − 1:48
"Body on Elevator" − 0:55
"Bobb's at Gunpoint" − 0:45
"End Title" − 1:42

Personnel
Unidentified orchestra arranged and conducted by Quincy Jones featuring:
Hank Jones − piano
Astrud Gilberto − vocals (track 1)
Passage 9:
Juan Rulfo
Juan Nepomuceno Carlos Pérez Rulfo Vizcaíno, best known as Juan Rulfo (Spanish: [ˈxwan ˈrulfo] audio ; 16 May 1917 – 7 January 1986), was a Mexican writer, screenwriter, and photographer  He is best known for two literary works, the 1955 novel Pedro Páramo, and the collection of short stories El Llano en llamas (1953)  This collection includes the popular tale "¡Diles que no me maten!" ("Tell Them Not to Kill Me!") 

Early life
Rulfo was born in 1917 in Apulco, Jalisco (although he was registered at Sayula), in the home of his paternal grandfather  Rulfo's birth year was often listed as 1918, because he had provided an inaccurate date to get into the military academy that his uncle, David Pérez Rulfo — a colonel working for the government — directed After his father was killed in 1923 and his mother died in 1927, Rulfo's grandmother raised him in Guadalajara, Jalisco   Their extended family consisted of landowners whose fortunes were ruined by the Mexican Revolution and the Cristero War of 1926–1928, a Roman Catholic revolt against the persecutions of Christians by the Mexican government, following the Mexican Revolution Rulfo was sent to study in the Luis Silva School, where he lived from 1928 to 1932  He completed six years of elementary school and a special seventh year from which he graduated as a bookkeeper, though he never practiced that profession  Rulfo attended a seminary (analogous to a secondary school) from 1932 to 1934, but did not attend a university afterwards, as the University of Guadalajara was closed due to a strike and because Rulfo had not taken preparatory school courses Rulfo moved to Mexico City, where he entered the National Military Academy, which he left after three months  He then hoped to study law at the Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México  In 1936, Rulfo was able to audit courses in literature at the University, because he obtained a job as an immigration file clerk through his uncle 

Career
It was at the University that Rulfo first began writing under the tutelage of a coworker, Efrén Hernández  In 1944, Rulfo had co-founded the literary journal Pan  Later, he was able to advance in his career and travel throughout Mexico as an immigration agent  In 1946, he started as a foreman for Goodrich-Euzkadi, but his mild temperament led him to prefer working as a wholesale traveling sales agent  This obligated him to travel throughout all of southern Mexico, until he was fired in 1952 for asking for a radio for his company car Rulfo obtained a fellowship at the Centro Mexicano de Escritores, supported by the Rockefeller Foundation  There, between 1952 and 1954, he was able to write two books The first book was a collection of harshly realistic short stories, El Llano en llamas (1953)  The stories centered on life in rural Mexico around the time of the Mexican Revolution and the Cristero War  Among the best-known stories are "¡Diles que no me maten!" ("Tell Them Not To Kill Me!"), a story about an old man, set to be executed, who is captured by order of a colonel, who happens to be the son of a man whom the condemned man had killed about forty years ago, the story contains echoes of the biblical Cain and Abel theme as well as themes critical to the Mexican Revolution such as land rights and land use; and "No oyes ladrar los perros" ("Don't You Hear the Dogs Barking(?)"), about a man carrying his estranged, adult, wounded son on his back to find a doctor 
The second book was Pedro Páramo (1955), a short novel about a man named Juan Preciado who travels to his recently deceased mother's hometown, Comala, to find his father, only to come across a literal ghost town ─ populated, that is, by spectral figures  Initially, the novel met with cool critical reception and sold only two thousand copies during the first four years; later, however, the book became highly acclaimed  Páramo was a key influence for Latin American writers such as Gabriel García Márquez  Pedro Páramo has been translated into more than 30 languages, and the English version has sold more than a million copies in the United States The book went through several changes in name  In two letters written in 1947 to his fiancée Clara Aparicio, he refers to the novel he was writing as Una estrella junto a la luna (A Star Next to the Moon), saying that it was causing him some trouble  During the last stages of writing, he wrote in journals that the title would be Los murmullos (The Murmurs)  With the assistance of a grant from the Centro Mexicano de Escritores, Rulfo was able to finish the book between 1953 and 1954; it was published in 1955 
In passages of the novel Pedro Páramo, the influence of American novelist William Faulkner is notorious, according to Rulfo's former friend, philologist Antonio Alatorre, in an interview with the latter made by journalists of Mexican newspaper El Universal in November 1998, which was published on 31 October 2010 Between 1956 and 1958, Rulfo worked on a novella entitled El gallo de oro (The Golden Cockerel), which was not published until 1980  A revised and corrected edition was issued posthumously in 2010  The Fundación Rulfo possesses fragments of two unfinished novels, La cordillera and Ozumacín  Rulfo told interviewer Luis Harss that he had written and destroyed an earlier novel set in Mexico City From 1954 to 1957, Rulfo collaborated with "La comisión del rio Papaloapan", a government institution working on socioeconomic development of the settlements along the Papaloapan River  From 1962 until his death in 1986, he worked as editor for the National Institute for Indigenous People 

Personal life
Rulfo married Clara Angelina Aparicio Reyes (Mexico City, 12 August 1928) in Guadalajara, Jalisco, on 24 April 1948; they had four children, Claudia Berenice (Mexico City, 29 January 1949), Juan Francisco (Guadalajara, Jalisco, 13 December 1950), Juan Pablo (México City, 18 April 1955) and Juan Carlos Rulfo (México City, 24 January 1964) 

Legacy
Gabriel García Márquez has said that he felt blocked as a novelist after writing his first four books and that it was only his life-changing discovery of Pedro Páramo in 1961 that opened the way to the composition of his masterpiece, One Hundred Years of Solitude  He noted that all of Rulfo's published writing, put together, "add up to no more than 300 pages; but that is almost as many and I believe they are as durable, as the pages that have come down to us from Sophocles" Jorge Luis Borges considered Pedro Páramo to be one of the greatest texts written in any language The Juan Rulfo Foundation, which was established by Rulfo's family after his death, holds more than 6,000 negatives of his photographs  A selection of Rulfo's photographs, accompanied by essays by Carlos Fuentes and others, has been published under the title of Juan Rulfo's Mexico 

Books
El llano en llamas (1953)  Translated by George D  Schade as The Burning Plain (University of Texas, 1967); Ilan Stavans and Harold Augenbraum as The Plain in Flames (University of Texas, 2012); Stephen Beechinor as El Llano in Flames (Structo, 2019) 
Pedro Páramo (1955)  Translated by Lysander Kemp (Grove Press, 1959) and Margaret Sayers Peden (Grove Press, 1994) 
El gallo de oro (1980; revised 2010)  Translated by Douglas J  Weatherford as The Golden Cockerel & Other Writings (Deep Vellum, 2017) 

Further reading
Spanish
Lecturas rulfianas / Milagros Ezquerro, 2006
Tríptico para Juan Rulfo: poesía, fotografía, crítica / Víctor Jiménez, 2006
La recepción inicial de Pedro Páramo / Jorge Zepeda (Editorial RM-Fundación Juan Rulfo, México, 2005  ISBN 84-933036-7-4)
Entre la cruz y la sospecha: los cristeros de Revueltas, Yáñez y Rulfo / Angel Arias Urrutia, 2005
Estructura y discurso de género en Pedro Páramo de Juan Rulfo / Alba Sovietina Estrada Cárdenas, 2005
Voces de la tierra: la lección de Rulfo / Felipe Garrido, 2004
Mito y poesía en la obra de Juan Rulfo / María Luisa Ortega, 2004
La ficción de la memoria: Juan Rulfo ante la crítica / Federico Campbell, 2003
Juan Rulfo / Nuria Amat, 2003
Análisis de Pedro Páramo, Juan Rulfo / César Pérez P, 2003
Homenaje a Juan Rulfo / Dante Medina, 2002
Perfil de Juan Rulfo / Sergio López Mena, 2001
Revisión crítica de la obra de Juan Rulfo / Sergio López Mena, 1998
Juan Rulfo / Alberto Vital Díaz, 1998
La sociedad en la obra de Juan Rulfo / Magdalena González Casillas, 1998
Rulfo en su lumbre: y otros temas latinoamericanos / Jaime Mejía Duque, 1998
Juan Rulfo, el eterno: caminos para una interpretación / Anita Arenas Saavedra, 1997
Juan Rulfo: la naturaleza hostil / Antonio Aliberti, 1996
Recopilación de textos sobre Juan Rulfo / La Habana, Cuba: Centro de Investigaciones Literarias, 1995
Los caminos de la creación en Juan Rulfo / Sergio López Mena, 1994
Juan Rulfo: la lengua, el tiempo y el espacio / Gustavo C Fares, 1994
Juan Rulfo, del Páramo a la esperanza: una lectura crítica de su obra / Yvette Jiménez de Báez, 1994
Juan Rulfo y el sur de Jalisco: aspectos de su vida y obra / Wolfgang Vogt, 1994
El laberinto y la pena: ensayo sobre la cuentística rulfiana / Rafael José Alfonzo, 1992
Imaginar Comala: el espacio en la obra de Juan Rulfo / Gustavo C Fares, 1991
Rulfo y el dios de la memoria / Abel Ibarra, 1991
Rulfo, dinámica de la violencia / Marta Portal, 1990

Photography
Mexico: Juan Rulfo Fotógrafo, 2001: The Spanish language edition of his photographs with essays by the same authors as the volume above, but written in Spanish 
Inframundo: El México de Juan Rulfo / 1st ed  1980, 2nd ed  1983 / Versions in Spanish and English with essays  Published in 1980/83 by Ediciones del Norte in Hanover, New Hampshire
Juan Rulfo: Letras e imágenes, RM, 2002  The book is outlined in: https://web archive org/web/20110613163940/http://www clubcultura com/clubliteratura/clubescritores/juanrulfo/letrasimagenes01 htm
http://www guiarte com/noticias/juan-rulfo-fotografo html
http://www elpais com/articulo/cultura/ojos/Pedro/Paramo/elpepuint/20070903elpepicul_2/Tes
https://web archive org/web/20110519065034/http://elangelcaido org/2005/11/200511jrulfo/200511jrulfoe html

Notes
Passage 10:
Joseph Hone
Joseph Marlow Hone (25 February 1937 – 15 August 2016) was a British writer of the spy novel  His most famous novels featured a British spy called Peter Marlow  The first of the series was The Private Sector (1971), set in the Six-Day War  Marlow's story continues in The Sixth Directorate (1975), The Flowers of the Forest (a k a  The Oxford Gambit) (1980), and The Valley of the Fox (1982)  During his heyday, in the 1970s, Hone was favourably compared with writers such as Len Deighton, Eric Ambler and John le Carré 

Early life and education
Hone was born in London in 1937, son of Nathaniel Marlow Hone (1917-1959), of South Hill, Killiney, County Dublin, Ireland, and Morley House, Chippenham, Wiltshire, and Bridget, daughter of Michael Anthony, of Diltown, County Kilkenny  The Hone family were Irish landed gentry; his grandfather, Joseph Hone, was biographer to George Moore and W  B  Yeats  Hone recounts having been "given away" by his parents and taken to Dublin in his autobiography Wicked Little Joe (2009)  He was educated at Kilkenny College and St  Columba's College, Dublin 

Career
Hone had a varied career, including working as an assistant in a second-hand bookshop in London, as a teacher at Drogheda Grammar School in Ireland, and with the Egyptian Ministry of Education in Cairo, Heliopolis and Suez  He also worked for a publishing firm, and in radio and television  In 1960 he became co-founder of Envoy Productions, Dublin, and co-produced a number of plays and musicals at the Theatre Royal, Stratford, East London  He was appointed Radio and Television Officer with the United Nations Secretariat in New York in 1968 and for the next two years he travelled to Ethiopia, Kenya, Uganda, Tanzania, Malawi, India, Pakistan and the Far East, producing documentary programmes based on these travels  The Dancing Waiters (1975) was also based on these experiences  He produced a number of radio programmes for U N  radio, later broadcast by the BBC 
Hone held various positions in radio and television, including radio and then television critic for The Listener (1971–1980), and an overseas posting with the British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC)  He died on 15 August 2016 

Novels
In his first novel, The Private Sector (1971), Marlow, a teacher in Cairo, finds himself becoming a spy for the British  This was based in part on Hone's experiences in 1957–58 as a teacher in Europe  He stated that he had not been associated with Intelligence work but that he had 'worked with and met such people, especially while I was a teacher in Egypt and in New York with the UN ' Hone's second book, The Sixth Directorate (1975), continues Marlow's story after his release from Durham jail, where he has been sent on a frame-up by his own Department; it deals with his impersonation of an Englishman, a captured KGB agent living in London, his subsequent adventures as a fall-guy agent in the UN in New York, and his eventual encounter with the KGB in Cheltenham  Hone's last novel was Goodbye Again  Hone's books, including his last novel, have been translated into various languages, including French 
Hone reviewed books for the New York Times Book Review, The Spectator, The New Statesman, and the Daily Telegraph Since 2000, Hone had been teaching creative writing and a course which looked at the history and culture of various countries, including India and China  He taught at Wroxton College in Oxfordshire, part of Fairleigh Dickinson University based in New Jersey, USA 

Personal life
In 1964, Hone married Jacqueline, daughter of J  M  Yeend, of Cheltenham, Gloucestershire  The Hones had two children  Hone's brother, Camillus, was adopted by the writer Pamela Travers, the creator of Mary Poppins 

Bibliography
Novels
The Private Sector [1971]
The Sixth Directorate [1975]
The Paris Trap [1977]
The Flowers of the Forest [1980], ISBN 978-0436200878, published in the U S  as The Oxford Gambit
The Valley of the Fox [1982]
Summer Hill [1990]
Return to Summer Hill [1990]
Firesong [1997]
Goodbye Again [2011]

Non-fiction
The Dancing Waiters [1975]
Gone Tomorrow [1981]
Children of the Country: Coast to Coast Across Africa [1986]
Duck Soup in the Black Sea [1988]
Wicked Little Joe [2009] ISBN 978-1843511472



ground_truth: Juan Rulfo