prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: The Greatest Event in Television History aired on the channel that was founded by whom?

The following are given passages.
Context 1: Passage 1:
NPO Best
NPO 1 Extra is a television channel jointly operated by Dutch public broadcasters AVROTROS, BNNVARA, EO, KRO-NCRV and MAX  It was originally launched as HilversumBest on 1 December 2006  NPO 1 Extra presents highlights of more than sixty years of Dutch television history  The channel was founded by Han Peekel 

History
In April 2009, HilversumBest was renamed as Best24  On 10 March 2014 the channel changed its name to NPO Best  On 26 March 2018 the channel was renamed as NPO 1 Extra NPO 1 Extra (along with NPO Zapp Extra) became a 24-hour channel on 25 December 2018  Previously, NPO 1 Extra time-shared with NPO Zapp Xtra 

Programming
NPO 1 Extra broadcasts programmes created by the public broadcasters from the NPO  Most programmes are from the archives of the Netherlands Institute for Sound and Vision  NPO 1 Extra is mainly focused on programmes from the eighties and nineties of the last century  Television programmes from other decades regularly passes in shortened or compiled versions  NPO 1 Extra has a linear programming with many regular program titles in the early evening  The soap Onderweg naar morgen and the comedy series Zeg 'ns AAA are scheduled daily on NPO Best 

Logos and identities
Passage 2:
Jessica Biel
Jessica Claire Timberlake (née Biel ; born March 3, 1982) is an American actress  She has received various accolades, including a Young Artist Award, and nominations for a Primetime Emmy Award and two Golden Globe Awards 
Biel began her career as a vocalist appearing in musical productions until she was cast as Mary Camden in the family drama series 7th Heaven (1996–2006), in which she achieved recognition In 1997, Biel won the Young Artist Award for her role in the drama film Ulee's Gold  She received further recognition for her lead role as Erin Hardesty in the horror film The Texas Chainsaw Massacre (2003)  Biel has since starred in such films as The Rules of Attraction (2002), Blade: Trinity (2004), Stealth (2005), The Illusionist (2006), I Now Pronounce You Chuck & Larry (2007), Valentine's Day (2010), The A-Team (2010), New Year's Eve (2011), Total Recall (2012), and Hitchcock (2012) 
In 2017, Biel was the executive producer and star of the USA Network limited drama series The Sinner, for which she received nominations for a Golden Globe Award and a Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Lead Actress in a Limited Series or Movie 

Early life
Jessica Claire Biel was born on March 3, 1982, in Ely, Minnesota, to Kimberly (née Conroe), a homemaker and spiritual healer, and Jonathan Biel, a business consultant and General Electric worker  Her paternal great-grandfather was the son of Hungarian-Jewish immigrants, which she discovered on the show Who Do You Think You Are?; she also has German, French, English, and Scandinavian ancestry  Her younger brother, Justin, launched and runs the eco-accessory line BARE  Biel's family moved frequently during her childhood, living in Texas, Connecticut, and Woodstock, Illinois, before finally settling in Boulder, Colorado  While growing up, Biel played soccer and trained as a level six gymnast  From 2000 to 2002, she attended Tufts University in Medford, Massachusetts 

Career
Beginnings (1991–2002)
Biel initially trained to be a vocalist  At age nine, she appeared in several musical productions in her hometown, playing lead roles in productions such as The Sound of Music and Beauty and the Beast  At 11 she participated in a competition sponsored by the International Modeling and Talent Association in Los Angeles where she acquired an agent and professional talent manager  She began modeling for print advertisements and appeared in commercials for products such as Dulux Paint and Pringles  In her film debut, Biel played the character Regrettal, a lead role in the ambitious musical film It's a Digital World, produced and directed by Paul Greenberg  At age 14, after auditioning for several television pilots, Biel was cast as Mary Camden, the oldest daughter and second-oldest child in the family drama 7th Heaven Biel landed her first feature film role as Peter Fonda's granddaughter in the critically acclaimed drama Ulee's Gold, released in 1997  Her performance earned her a Young Artist Award  In spring 1998, during a break from filming 7th Heaven, she co-starred in I'll Be Home for Christmas with Jonathan Taylor Thomas as his character's love interest  When she was 17, she posed for a risque photo shoot that appeared in the March 2000 issue of Gear  Producers of 7th Heaven were outraged and brought legal action against Gear   She later expressed regret for doing it, claiming she had been used and that she had been shown different pictures from those published  In 2001, Biel played the love interest of Freddie Prinze, Jr  in the baseball-themed film Summer Catch  In 2002, she starred as promiscuous college student Lara in the ensemble film The Rules of Attraction, an adaptation of the Bret Easton Ellis novel  The movie received mixed reviews, became a box-office hit, and has since gained a cult following 

Rise to prominence (2003–2012)
Biel was cast in her first top-billing role in The Texas Chainsaw Massacre  Although the film met with negative reviews, it was a commercial success, scoring the number-one spot in its opening week and going on to earn more than $80 million in the U S  In 2003, Biel began work on the third installment of the Blade film series, Blade: Trinity  Despite negative reviews, Trinity was a box office hit, grossing $150 million worldwide  After finishing it in 2004, she headed to Australia to shoot the action-thriller Stealth  Biel also appeared in the 2004 film Cellular; played a supporting role, Ellen, in the romantic comedy Elizabethtown (2005); and starred in the indie film London  In 2005, Esquire named her the "Sexiest Woman Alive" in a six-part series with each month revealing a different body part and clue to the woman's identity In 2006, Biel played a turn-of-the-century duchess in the period piece The Illusionist, co-starring Edward Norton and Paul Giamatti  While her casting was met with a mixed response, her performance was ultimately praised  James Berardinelli of Reelviews called her the "film's real acting revelation", while Todd McCarthy of Variety wrote, "Handily employing a refined English accent where the others lay on a light Austrian veneer, Biel is entirely stunning enough to fight to the death over " Biel played an Iraq War veteran in the 2006 film Home of the Brave, a drama about soldiers struggling to readjust to society after facing the hardships of war  In Next Biel starred alongside Nicolas Cage and Julianne Moore  She appeared in the summer comedy I Now Pronounce You Chuck & Larry, co-starring Adam Sandler and Kevin James  In late 2007, Biel signed on to play a stripper in Powder Blue, alongside Forest Whitaker (who also produced the film), Ray Liotta and Patrick Swayze  In 2007, Stuff magazine's named her No  1 on their "100 Sexiest Women" At the start of 2008, Biel shot Easy Virtue, an adaptation of the play by Noël Coward  Like the play, the film is set in the 1920s and Biel plays young widow Larita, who impulsively marries John Whittaker in France and must face her disapproving in-laws on returning to England  The film premiered in September 2008 at the Toronto International Film Festival  Critics praised Biel for her performance, with Todd McCarthy of Variety saying Biel "more than kept up" with veterans Kristin Scott Thomas and Colin Firth and praising her "sparkling" performance  The Hollywood Reporter described her performance as "an irresistible force of nature — a kind, witty, supremely intelligent and beautiful woman who     is capable of rejoinders that thoroughly undercut her opponent's withering criticism " Biel also performed two songs on the film's soundtrack, "Mad About the Boy" and "When the Going Gets Tough" In 2009, Biel lent her voice to the animated science fiction film Planet 51  Biel performed the role of Sarah Brown with the Los Angeles Philharmonic in a fully staged concert production of Guys and Dolls during the 2009 season at the Hollywood Bowl  On the last night, she received a rousing standing ovation from 17,000 people  She subsequently landed a part in Lincoln Center Theater's two-week-long workshop of the musical version of the Pedro Almodóvar film Women on the Verge of a Nervous Breakdown, along with Salma Hayek In 2010, Biel starred in the large ensemble cast film Valentine's Day and in the A-Team, based on the television series as Capt  Charissa Sosa  In 2011, she appeared in New Year's Eve, directed by Valentine's Day's Garry Marshall  In 2012, Biel starred in the remake of the 1990 science fiction movie Total Recall alongside Colin Farrell and Kate Beckinsale  She portrayed actress Vera Miles in the biographical film Hitchcock, based on Stephen Rebello's book Alfred Hitchcock and the Making of Psycho  She also appeared in Playing for Keeps with Gerard Butler 

Independent film route and move into producing (2013–present)
Biel starred in the thriller film Emanuel and the Truth About Fishes, which premiered at the Sundance Film Festival on January 18, 2013  In April 2008, Biel began working on the political satire Nailed, with Jake Gyllenhaal  The film centers around a woman who accidentally gets a nail lodged in her head and travels to Washington, D C  to fight for better health care  In May 2009, Biel spoke about the film's production turmoil, saying: "That was definitely an experience, something I could not say no to  I am a huge David O  Russell fan  It's just heartbreaking that so many people put so much work into this particular project only to have it sit there, unfinished " The film was released on video on demand on February 10, 2015, and received largely negative reviews from critics In 2015, Biel starred in the independent drama Bleeding Heart, in which she plays a yoga instructor named May who meets her biological sister Shiva (Zosia Mamet), a sex worker, for the first time  The film premiered on April 17, 2015, at the Tribeca Film Festival, receiving mixed reviews, though Biel earned praise for her performance  Richard Lawson of Vanity Fair commented: "Though she's not given too much to work with in terms of character, Biel plays May with appealing nuance, creating a low-key, bliss-based Angeleno, all light and airy and gentle and poised, who discovers within herself an untapped hardness and anger and strength    when Biel has to conjure up more profound emotions, she proves adept, and surprisingly subtle " Clayton Davis of AwardsCircuit com also praised her performance, writing, "With an internalized and very subtle performance, Biel excels in her ability to find the very motivation of May "In 2016, Biel co-starred with Patrick Wilson (with whom she had worked on The A-Team) in the thriller A Kind of Murder, based on the novel The Blunderer by Patricia Highsmith  She voiced the character Vix in the animated film Spark, with Susan Sarandon and Hilary Swank, which was released in 2016  Biel also appeared in the drama The Book of Love, based on the book The Devil and the Deep Blue Sea, about an introverted architect (Jason Sudeikis) who loses his wife (Biel) and sets out to help a teenager named Millie (Maisie Williams)  Biel also produced the project from its conception some years prior, and was directed by Bill Purple, who directed her in the short film Hole in the Paper Sky  The film was released in January 2017 On August 2, 2017, Biel's eight-episode limited series murder mystery, The Sinner, debuted on USA Network  Biel is both executive producer and played the series' lead character Cora Tannetti  She stated that she moved into production so that she could develop projects with challenging and interesting roles rather than waiting for them to happen In October 2021, it was announced Biel would star and executive produce the true-crime drama miniseries Candy for Hulu 

Personal life
In January 2007, Biel began dating singer-songwriter Justin Timberlake  They became engaged in December 2011 and married on October 19, 2012, at the Borgo Egnazia resort in Fasano, Italy  Biel and Timberlake have two sons together: one born in April 2015, and another born in July 2020 Alongside anti-vaccination conspiracy theorist Robert F  Kennedy Jr , Biel publicly lobbied in June 2019 against California's vaccination bill that would limit medical exemptions from vaccinations without approval from a state public health officer 

Charitable causes
On July 18, 2006, Biel participated in a charity auction to raise medical funds for teen Molly Bloom, who was injured in a limousine accident  "I promise I'm a cheap date", Biel quipped in a pre-recorded video  John Schiffner of Fergus Falls, Minnesota, successfully bid $30,000 to have lunch with Biel  Biel and Schiffner lunched at The Palm restaurant in Denver, Colorado, on August 18, 2006  In early 2007, Biel co-founded the Make the Difference Network with her father and another business partner, Kent McBride  In 2010, Biel climbed to the summit of Mount Kilimanjaro with members of the United Nations Foundation to raise awareness of the global water crisis  That same year Biel earned a nomination for a Do Something Award  Biel teamed with nonprofit health care organization WomanCare Global to develop content that will provide girls with sex education 

Filmography
Film
Television
Music videos
Awards and nominations
Passage 3:
Charisma (horse)
Charisma (30 October 1972 – 7 January 2003), nicknamed "Podge" and "Stroppy", was a horse ridden by New Zealander Mark Todd  Charisma won many competitions in the sport of eventing  He is considered by many to be one of the greatest event horses ever to have competed  He stood 15 3 hands (63 inches, 160 cm) 

Breeding and early life
Charisma's dam, Planet, stood  15 hands (60 inches, 152 cm) and was sired by the Thoroughbred/Percheron-cross Kiritea  Planet's dam was a Thoroughbred named Starbourne  Planet was a successful Grade A show jumper in New Zealand and under rider Sheryl Douglas, became the first mare in New Zealand to jump her own height  After an injury ended her career, she was bred to the Thoroughbred stallion Tira Mink,  and Charisma was foaled on 30 October 1972 
Charisma's first home was on the Williams' 3,000-acre (12 km2) farm in Wairarapa, New Zealand  Even at a young age, Charisma was laid-back and easy to train  He was soon bought by David Murdoch, who placed the yearling in a small pasture with a four-foot fence, which Charisma jumped  The colt was gelded as a four-year-old, although he managed to cover four mares before that time 

Competitive career
The Beginning: 1977–1982
The young horse was slowly broken in, and later bought by Sharon Dearden in 1977  She competed him in Grade B show jumping competitions, and trained him up to intermediate level in eventing  Although the pair was long-listed for the Los Angeles Olympics, Dearden decided to sell the horse  Mrs  Fran Clark bought him and later lent him to Jennifer Stobart  Stobart brought him to Prix St Georges level in dressage "just for fun" 

Under Mark Todd: 1983–1986
Mark Todd was offered Charisma to ride by Virginia Caro, as his experienced horse was sick  In May 1983, he tried the gelding out, and brought him back to his place to get the horse fit  Charisma was a bit fat at that time, and had to be bedded on newspaper strips, as he would try to eat other bedding  Keeping the weight off the horse was always quite a struggle 
Charisma won his first two one-day events with Mark Todd, and then won the National One-Day Event Championship and National Three-day Event at Taupo (both of which he led after dressage and finished on his dressage score)  The pair was then selected for the Los Angeles Olympics Charisma was moved to England in February 1984  During the trip he became sick, and the illness never really left him for the rest of his career  The gelding was taken to the Badminton Horse Trials later that year, where he finished in 2nd place on his dressage score  Another satisfying finish came a few months later, at the Los Angeles Olympic Games  Mark and Charisma finished well after dressage, and then put in a clear cross-country and stadium round  A rail down by Karen Stives, who was leading by a few points, allowed the pair to cinch the individual gold After the Olympics, Charisma's owner, Fran Clark, decided to sell her horse  However, for some reason she did not seem to want Mark Todd to continue with Charisma as a mount  In 1985, she offered Charisma to the British rider Lizzie Purbrick  Knowing that Todd wanted the horse badly, Purbrick managed a deal with him to buy Charisma behind Fran Clark's back  Mark Todd's sponsor, Woolrest, transferred 50,000 pounds to Lizzie's account, to which she paid Fran Clark, and Mark Todd now was the official rider of Charisma under Woolrest's sponsorship  Needless, to say, Fran Clark was not pleased 
Mark Todd continued to compete Charisma in England, where he placed second at the 1985 Badminton Horse Trials, and won every one-day event of the season in which they competed, except Dauntsey after a fall on cross-country  In 1986, the pair went to the World Championships in Australia  Unfortunately, they had a fall at the water, and two rails down in stadium, and they finished in 10th place  They redeemed themselves a few weeks later in Luhmuhlen, where they won both individually and as part of a composite team 

The end of his career: 1987–1988
However, Charisma never got his chance to win Badminton, as it was cancelled in 1987  He won the three-star in Saumur, and the pair almost won Burghley that year, but two rails down in show jumping dropped them to second  They later won the British Open Championships before shipping to Seoul At the 1988 Olympics, Charisma put in a stellar dressage test, and jumped clear rounds in both the cross-country and stadium  He won the individual gold yet again, and beat the second-place horse, Sir Wattie, by the incredible margin of 10 20 penalties  The New Zealand team also won the bronze that year  The back-to-back Olympic win in eventing had only been accomplished once before 

Retirement
Charisma was retired after his second Olympic victory and he went home to New Zealand  He then went on a six-month tour before taking a well-earned rest  He was later shipped to Britain in 1995 to continue retirement 
On 7 January 2003, Charisma was euthanized at Mark Todd's Rivermonte Farm in Cambridge, after breaking a shoulder in the field  He was 30 years old 

Achievements
Second Place at the Badminton Horse Trials in 1984 and 1985
Individual Gold at the 1984 Olympics in Los Angeles
Won the Luhmuhlen, Germany Three-Day Event in 1986
Second Place at the Burghley Horse Trials, England in 1987
Won the British Open Championships in 1987
Individual Gold and Team Bronze at the 1988 Olympics in Seoul
Voted best NZ Sport Horse in the world in 1983 and 1985
Smallest Thoroughbred foal in Invercargill, NZ in 1972
Horse with the most fan mail in New Zealand
Carried Mark Todd into the stadium carrying the torch at the opening ceremony of the 1990 Commonwealth Games in Auckland, New Zealand
Passage 4:
John Ranelagh
John Ranelagh (John O'Beirne Ranelagh) is a television executive and producer, and an author of history and of current politics  He was created a Knight First Class by King Harald V of Norway in 2013 in the Royal Norwegian Order of Merit, for outstanding service in the interest of Norway 

Education
He read Modern History at Christ Church, Oxford, and went on to take a Ph D  at Eliot College, University of Kent 

Career
He was Campaign Director for "Outset", a charity for the single homeless person, where he pioneered the concept of charity auctions  From 1974 to 1979 he was at the Conservative Research Department where he first had responsibility for Education policy, and then for Foreign policy  He started his career in television with the British Broadcasting Corporation, first for BBC News and Current Affairs on Midweek  As Associate Producer he was a key member of the  BBC/RTE Ireland: A Television History 13-part documentary series (1981)  Later a member of the team that started Channel 4, he conceived the Equinox program, developed the "commissioning system", and served as Board Secretary  He was the first television professional appointed to the Independent Television Commission (ITC), a government agency which licensed and regulated commercial television in Britain from 1991 to 2003 Eventually Ranelagh relocated to Scandinavia where he continued in television broadcasting  There he has been with various companies: as Executive Chairman for NordicWorld; as Director for Kanal 2 Estonia; and, as Deputy Chief Executive and Director of Programmes for TV2 Denmark  Later Ranelagh worked at TV2 Norway as Director of Acquisition, and at Vizrt as deputy Chairman and then Chairman  Ranelagh stood as the Conservative Party candidate in Caerphilly in the 1979 general election 

Books
Ranelagh has also written several books:
"The I R B  from the Treaty to 1924," in Irish Historical Studies, Vol  20, No  77 (March 1976) 
"Science and Education," CRD, 1977 
"Human Rights and Foreign Policy," with Richard Luce, CPC, 1978 
Ireland  An illustrated history (Oxford University 1981);
A Short History of Ireland (Cambridge University 1983, 2d ed  1995, 3d ed  2012);
The Agency  The rise and decline of the CIA (New York: Simon and Schuster 1986, pb  ed  1987);
"Secrets, Supervision and Information," in Freedom of Information; Freedom of the Individual, ed  Julia Neuberger, 1987 
"The Irish Republican Brotherhood in the revolutionary period, 1879–1923," in The Revolution in Ireland, 1879–1923, ed  D G  Boyce, 1988 
Den Anden Kanal, Tiderne Skifter, 1989 
Thatcher's People  An insider's account of the politics, the power and the personalities (HarperCollins 1991);
CIA: A History (London: BBC Books, illustrated edition 1992) 
Encyclopædia Britannica, "Ireland," 1993–
"Through the Looking Glass: A comparison of United States and United Kingdom Intelligence cultures," in In the Name of Intelligence, eds  Hayden B  Peake and Samuel Halpern, 1998 
"Channel 4: A view from within," in The making of Channel 4, ed  Peter Catterall, 1998 

Family
John Ranelagh's Irish father was James O'Beirne Ranelagh (died 1979 Cambridge) who had been in the IRA in 1916 and later, fighting on the Republican side in the 1922–24 Civil War  His mother was Elaine (née Lambert Lewis)  She had been a young American folklorist with her own WNYC radio program, and thereafter became the noted author, E  L  Ranelagh (born 1914 New York, died 1996 London)  A native New Yorker, she had moved to rural Ireland following her 1946 marriage to James  Their son John Ranelagh, who has three younger sisters, Bawn, Elizabeth and Fionn, was born in 1947  His wife is Elizabeth Grenville Hawthorne, author of Managing Grass for Horses (2005)  Hawthorne is the daughter of the late Sir William Hawthorne 

See also
Channel 4
Equinox
TV2 Norway

Notes
External links
Exclusive Interview with John O'Beirne Ranelagh
Video Snack with John Ranelagh, TV2 Norway
Passage 5:
Cartoon Network
Cartoon Network (often abbreviated as CN) is an American cable television channel owned by Warner Bros  Discovery  It is a part of The Cartoon Network, Inc , a division that also has the broadcasting and production activities of Boomerang, Cartoonito, Adult Swim, and Toonami under its purview  The channel is headquartered at 1050 Techwood Drive NW in Atlanta, Georgia 
Founded by Ted Turner (who appointed Betty Cohen as the first president of the network), the channel was launched on October 1, 1992, and primarily broadcasts animated television series, mostly children's programming, ranging from action to animated comedy  It currently runs from 6 a m  to 7 p m  ET/PT on Mondays through Saturdays, and from 6 a m  to 9 p m  on Sundays (the sign-off time varies with holidays and special programming)  Cartoon Network primarily targets children aged 6 to 12, while its early morning block Cartoonito is aimed at preschool-aged children, and nighttime block Adult Swim targets older teenagers and young adults aged 18 to 34 Cartoon Network offers an alternate Spanish-language audio feed, either via a separate channel with the English audio track removed as part of a package of Spanish-language television networks sold by subscription providers, or a separate audio track accessible through the SAP option, depending on the provider 
As of March 2021, Cartoon Network is available to approximately 94 million paid television households in the United States 

History
On August 9, 1986, Turner Broadcasting System acquired Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer/United Artists  On October 18, Turner forcibly sold back MGM  However, Turner kept much of the film and television library made before May 1986 (including some of the UA library) and formed Turner Entertainment Co  On October 8, 1988, its cable channel Turner Network Television was launched and gained an audience with its extensive film library  In 1991, Turner also purchased the library of animation studio Hanna-Barbera  Ted Turner selected Betty Cohen (then-Senior Vice President of TNT) to devise a network to house these programs  On February 18, 1992, Turner Broadcasting announced its plans to launch Cartoon Network as an outlet for an animation library  On October 1, 1992, the network officially launched as the first 24-hour single-genre cable channel with animation as its main theme 
In 1994, Hanna-Barbera's new division Cartoon Network Studios was founded and started production on What a Cartoon!  This show debuted in 1995, offering original animated shorts  In 1996, Cartoon Network aired two preschool programs: Big Bag, a live-action/puppet television program with animated short series produced by Children's Television Workshop, and Small World, which featured animated series aimed at preschoolers imported from foreign countries  Turner Broadcasting System merged with Time Warner, which consolidated/reverted ownership of all the Warner Bros  cartoons  The network could then continue more original productions 

Programming
Cartoon Network's current original programming includes such shows as
The Amazing World of Gumball, Craig of the Creek, Teen Titans Go!, and We Baby Bears  The network's original programming is produced at Cartoon Network Studios, while other shows have either been co-produced with or acquired from other studios, including the affiliated Warner Bros  Animation  In the past, Cartoon Network has also produced and aired live-action and animated hybrid programming 
Over the years, Cartoon Network has aired various Looney Tunes, Merrie Melodies, Tom and Jerry and Droopy shorts in constant rotation, dating back to the network's launch in 1992 until 2017  In its early days, Cartoon Network benefited from having access to a large collection of animated programming, including the libraries of Warner Bros  (Looney Tunes and Merrie Melodies), Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer (Tom and Jerry), Hanna-Barbera (The Flintstones, Scooby-Doo, Snorks), and DC Comics (Superman, Batman, Wonder Woman, Justice League and Teen Titans)  Turner's ownership of Hanna-Barbera gave the network access to an established animation studio, something its rivals didn't have  Most of these series were removed by 1999 and moved to Boomerang in 2000 

Original series
Much of Cartoon Network's original programming originates from the network's in-house studio, Cartoon Network Studios  Beginning as a division of Hanna-Barbera, this studio would produce some of the network's earliest original series, including Dexter's Laboratory, Cow and Chicken, I Am Weasel, Johnny Bravo, and The Powerpuff Girls  Cartoon Cartoons was once the branding for Cartoon Network's original animated television series, but it was seldom used by the network by 2003  The name was eventually discontinued in 2008  Additionally several of the Cartoon Network's original series have been produced by studios other than the network's own in-house studio  Notable examples of this being Ed, Edd n Eddy, Courage the Cowardly Dog, and Codename: Kids Next Door  The name was resurrected by the network in 2021, for a new animated shorts program 

Programming blocks
From 1999 to 2003, Cartoon Cartoon Fridays served as the channel's flagship block, featuring premieres of Cartoon Network original series that fell under the Cartoon Cartoons branding; from 2003 to 2007, the block was renamed to "Fridays" after Cartoon Network began to phase out the Cartoon Cartoons branding  The Toonami block, which originally ran from 1997 to 2008, primarily carried action-oriented series aimed towards an older youth and teen audience, including imported anime series; it was later re-launched under the auspices of Adult Swim in 2012  2008 saw the introduction of CN Real, a block that featured live-action reality television series aimed towards a youth audience  In 2011, the channel introduced DC Nation, a block that would be focused on series adapted from DC Comics properties In September 2021, Cartoon Network introduced two new blocks oriented towards preschool and family viewing respectively, including the preschool block Cartoonito, and the new Sunday-evening block ACME Night–which primarily carries family films and library content, as well as other original series, specials, and television films from Warner Bros  Animation, as well as some programming from Adult Swim  They were introduced as part of an effort by new head Tom Ascheim to broaden Cartoon Network's demographic reach 

Editing of theatrical cartoon shorts
Cartoon Network has, during its history, broadcast most of the Warner Bros  animated shorts originally created between the 1920s and the 1960s, but the network edited out scenes depicting discharge of gunfire, alcohol ingestion, cowboys and Indians gags, tobacco, and politically incorrect humor  The unedited versions were kept from both broadcasting and wide release on the video market  Coal Black and de Sebben Dwarfs (1943), a politically incorrect but critically well-regarded short, was notably omitted entirely, while The Scarlet Pumpernickel (1950) and Feed the Kitty (1952), both well-regarded, had their finales heavily edited due to violence There was media attention in June 2001 over a network decision concerning further omissions from broadcasting  Cartoon Network formerly scheduled a 49-hour-long marathon annually known as June Bugs, promising to broadcast every Bugs Bunny animated short in chronological order  The network originally intended to include 12 shorts for its 2001 airing of the marathon (one of them part of the Censored Eleven list of Merrie Melodies and Looney Tunes cartoons effectively shelved from distribution) that had become controversial for using ethnic and national stereotypes, albeit broadcasting them past midnight to ensure few children were watching, with introductions concerning their historic value as representatives of another time  The network's corporate parent considered it likely that there would be complaints concerning racial insensitivity  This led to all 12 being omitted in their entirety  Laurie Goldberg, vice-president of public relations, defended the decision, stating, "We're the leader in animation, but we're also one of the top-rated general entertainment networks  There are certain responsibilities that come with that "

Related brands and units
Cartoonito
Cartoonito is a preschool programming brand owned by Warner Bros ; the brand was first launched in 2006 for use in international markets  In February 2021, it was announced that Cartoonito would make its U S  debut as a block on Cartoon Network and as a content brand on HBO Max; the Cartoon Network block launched on September 13, 2021 

Adult Swim
Adult Swim (often stylized as [adult swim] or [as]) is the adult-oriented programming brand of Cartoon Network  The programs featured on Adult Swim are geared toward a mature audience, in contrast to the all-ages, preteen daytime programming of Cartoon Network  As a result, Adult Swim is treated by Nielsen as a separate channel in its ratings reports (similar to Nickelodeon's Nick at Nite block) and marketed as such because of its differing target demographics  The block broadcasts both animated and live-action shows (including original programming, reruns of animated sitcoms, and other action and anime series) generally with minimal or no editing for content 
As of May 2023, Adult Swim broadcasts from 7:00 p m  to 6:00 a m  ET/PT on Monday through Saturdays, and from 9:00 p m  to 6 a m  on Sundays  Initially airing in the late-night hours, it has since expanded into prime time, moving its start time to 10 p m  in 2009, and 8 p m  in March 2014 (although the hour was given back to Cartoon Network for programming events and premieres, such as Steven Universe Future, in the fall-to-early-winter period) Due to increasing viewership of Cartoon Network in the evening hours by viewers over 18, Adult Swim's sign-on was moved to 7 p m  ET/PT on weekdays and Saturdays on May 1, 2023  It will expand further to 6 p m  on  August 28; this hour will initially feature the sub-block "Checkered Past" on weekdays, airing reruns of classic Cartoon Network original series 

Toonami
Toonami (a portmanteau of "cartoon" and "tsunami", suggesting a "tidal wave" of animated cartoons) is a brand used for action-oriented programming blocks and television channels worldwide  The original program block launched on Cartoon Network in the United States on March 17, 1997, and primarily aired both American cartoons and Japanese anime  The block would end its original run on September 20, 2008, before it was later revived on May 26, 2012, as a relaunch of Adult Swim's Saturday night anime block  Toonami's current incarnation is similar to that of the "Midnight Run", a special version of the block that originally ran on Saturday nights and was the forerunner for Adult Swim  The block is best known for its branding and aesthetic, including its animated host, a robot named TOM, that was later voiced by Steven Blum 
The Toonami brand was also used internationally for dedicated networks in the United Kingdom (replacing CNX), Asia (in December 2012), India (in February 2015), and France (in February 2016) 

Boomerang
Boomerang is a brand dedicated to classic and theatrical cartoons aimed towards children 7–13  It was originally a weekend programming block that aired on Cartoon Network from December 8, 1992, until October 3, 2004  On April 1, 2000, Boomerang received a new look and was spun off into its own cable channel  In 2017, an online Boomerang video-on-demand service was launched, which includes classic series along with new episodes of original series like Scooby-Doo and Guess Who?, New Looney Tunes, and The Tom and Jerry Show 

Other services
Production studios
Cartoon Network Studios
Cartoon Network Studios is a production studio located in the network's West Coast headquarters of Burbank, California, which serves as the network's first animation studio division to provide original programs for the network, succeeding Hanna-Barbera  While the studio makes original programs for the network, original Cartoon Network and Cartoonito shows like Big Bag, Ed, Edd n Eddy, Mike, Lu & Og, Courage the Cowardly Dog, Sheep in the Big City, Codename: Kids Next Door, The Secret Saturdays, and Sunday Pants were all produced without Cartoon Network Studios’ involvement  Starting from 2014, it starts producing shows for Adult Swim alongside its sister company Williams Street, following botched attempts to launch pilots on the block  It also produces live-action shows under the pseudonyms Alive and Kicking, Inc , Rent Now Productions and Factual Productions, formerly for Cartoon Network and currently for Adult Swim 

Williams Street
Williams Street Productions is the adult production studio division that provides original program to the network's late-night programming block Adult Swim that is located in Atlanta, Georgia, along with the main headquarters of the network  Prior to Adult Swim, the company produced Space Ghost: Coast to Coast for Cartoon Network 

Hanna-Barbera Studios Europe
Hanna-Barbera Studios Europe (formerly known as Cartoon Network Development Studio Europe until 2017 and Cartoon Network Studios Europe until 2021) is the network's European production studio division that is located in London, England, which provides other original programs but from the United Kingdom 

Cartoon Network Productions
Cartoon Network Productions is the global distribution arm for shows, pilots, and movies through various international Cartoon Network channels since December 5, 1993 

CN LA Original Productions
Cartoon Network Latin America Original Productions (abbreviated as CN LA) is a production studio division of the network's Latin American station, formed on May 26, 2019 

Media
Cartoon Network Games
Cartoon Network Games (formerly Cartoon Network Interactive) is the video game developer and publisher of video games based on Cartoon Network shows since 2000 

Cartoon Network Enterprises
Cartoon Network Enterprises is the network's global licensing and merchandising arm established in 2001  It distributes merchandises of various Cartoon Network brands 

Mobile app
Cartoon Network has a mobile app that provides the latest full episodes, a live stream from the East and West coast, games, and the network's schedule 

Book licensing
Cartoon Network Books is the book publisher established in 2015  It licenses books based on various Cartoon Network franchises 

Video games
In 2011, Cartoon Network characters were featured in a four-player mascot brawler fighting game similar to Nintendo's Super Smash Bros  video game series called Cartoon Network: Punch Time Explosion for the Nintendo 3DS  The game was later released for the Xbox 360, PlayStation 3 and the Wii as Cartoon Network Punch Time Explosion XL  Several video games based on the cartoon series Ben 10 were released by Cartoon Network as well  The Cartoon Network website also features various browser games incorporating characters from various Cartoon Network franchises  One such game was FusionFall, a massive multiplayer game released on January 14, 2009, and shut down on August 29, 2013 

Movies
Cartoon Network has produced various films, most of them being television films; the only films from Cartoon Network that had a theatrical release are The Powerpuff Girls Movie, Aqua Teen Hunger Force Colon Movie Film for Theaters, Regular Show: The Movie and Teen Titans Go! To The Movies 

Online
Cartoon Network registered its official website, CartoonNetwork com, on January 9, 1996  It officially launched on July 27, 1998  Sam Register served as the site's Senior Vice President and Creative Director from 1997 to 2001  In its early years, small studios partnered with the network to produce exclusive "Web Premiere Toons", short cartoons made specifically for CartoonNetwork com  More about animation was included in the "Department of Cartoons", which featured storyboards, episode guides, backgrounds, sound and video files, model sheets, production notes, and other information about shows on the network  In January 1999, the Department of Cartoons showcased the "MGM Golden Age Collection", most of which had not been published or even seen in more than 50 years  Cartoon Network launched Cartoon Orbit, an online gaming network characterized by digital trading cards called "cToons", in October 2000  The game officially ended on October 16, 2006 
In October 2000, CartoonNetwork com outdid its rival Nickelodeon's website in terms of unique users, scoring 2 12 million compared to Nick com's 1 95 million  In July 2007, Nielsen ratings data showed visitors spent an average of 77 minutes on the site, surpassing the previous record of 71 minutes set in 2004, and the site ranked 26th in terms of time spent for all US domains 

Marketing
Cartoon Network shows with established fan followings, such as Dexter's Laboratory, allowed the network to pursue licensing agreements with companies interested in selling series-related merchandise  For example, agreements with Kraft Foods led to widespread in-store advertising for Cartoon Network-related products  The network also worked on cross-promotion campaigns with both Kraft and Tower Records  In product development and marketing, the network has benefited from its relation to corporate parent Warner Bros  Discovery, allowing for mutually beneficial relationships with various subsidiary companies Time Warner Cable, the former cable television subsidiary of the corporate parent (which was spun off from Time Warner in 2009), distributes Cartoon Network as part of its packages  Turner Broadcasting System, the subsidiary overseeing various Warner Bros  Discovery-owned networks, helped cross-promote Cartoon Network shows and at times arranged for swapping certain shows between the networks  For example, Foster's Home for Imaginary Friends, one of CN's original shows, was at times seen at Kids' WB (which was discontinued on May 24, 2008), while Xiaolin Showdown and ¡Mucha Lucha!, two of Kids' WB's original shows, were seen at Cartoon Network  In each case, the swap intended to cultivate a shared audience for the two networks  Time Inc , the former subsidiary overseeing the magazines of the corporate parent, ensured favorable coverage of Cartoon Network and advertising space across its publications  Printed advertisements for CN shows could appear in magazines such as Time, Entertainment Weekly and Sports Illustrated Kids until Time Inc  was spun off from WarnerMedia on June 9, 2014  AOL, a now-former sibling company to WarnerMedia covering Internet services, helped promote Cartoon Network shows online by offering exclusive content for certain animated series, online sweepstakes and display advertising for CN Warner Bros  Home Entertainment, the home video subsidiary, distributes VHS tapes, DVDs and Blu-ray discs featuring Cartoon Network shows  Select Warner Bros  Family Entertainment VHS releases came with bonus cartoons from Cartoon Network  Rhino Entertainment, the former record label subsidiary of the corporate parent (which was spun off from Warner Bros  Discovery in 2004), distributed cassette tapes and CDs with Cartoon Network-related music  These products were also available through the Warner Bros  Studio Store  DC Comics, the comic book subsidiary, published a series featuring the Powerpuff Girls, indicating it could handle other CN-related characters  Warner Bros , the film studio subsidiary, released The Powerpuff Girls Movie in 2002  Kevin Sandler considered it likely that this film would find its way to HBO or Cinemax, two television network subsidiaries which regularly broadcast feature films  Sandler also viewed book tie-ins through Warner Books as likely, since it was the only area of marketing not covered yet by 2001 Cartoon Network also licensed its original series out for food promotions  Nestlé was granted a licensing agreement that resulted in a Wonder Ball chocolate candy tie-in with Cartoon Network characters and logos beginning in 2003  A new Wonder Ball promotion began in 2004 with characters from Ed, Edd n Eddy and exclusive Wonderball prizes and cToons on the Cartoon Orbit website 

International channels
Since its inception, Cartoon Network and its sister channels have set up various national and regional feeds  Since the early 1990s and 2000s, the network has expanded to countries including Canada, Mexico, Latin America, the United Kingdom, Ireland, Africa, and several Asia-Pacific regions 

See also
Adult Swim
Boomerang
Cartoonito
Passage 6:
The Greatest Event in Television History
The Greatest Event in Television History is a mockumentary TV special series created by Adam Scott and Naomi Scott  The series premiered on Cartoon Network's late night programming block Adult Swim on October 12, 2012 and ended on January 23, 2014 with a total of four episodes  Each episode originally aired independently as a "special presentation", several months apart 

Format
The format of each special is a brief mockumentary about the shot-for-shot remake of a 1980s TV series opening credits sequence, followed by the remake itself  Series co-creator Adam Scott says the specials are at least in part motivated by his own memories of watching 1980s TV as a kid  Each episode is hosted by Jeff Probst with actors portraying fictional versions of themselves or others  After each episode, the original opening credit scene is shown 

Production
Four episodes were produced during the show's run; the series finale aired on January 23, 2014  In an interview with Splitsider, Scott explained the conclusion of the series: "It's a lot of work for such a short, stupid thing    they're really fun and they're fun to make, but we're ready to move on "

Cast
Amanda Anka as voiceover (voice)
Jeff Probst as himself
Jon Hamm as Rick Simon
Adam Scott as A J  Simon / Jonathan Hart / Monroe Ficus / Henry Desmond
Paul Rudd as Director / Kip Wilson
Gus Van Sant as himself
Joe Schroeder as Tallest Doctor
Kathryn Hahn as Gretta Strauss / Sara Rush
Paul Scheer as Protester
Megan Mullally as Cecilia Simon
Bailey as Marlowe
Amy Poehler as Jennifer Hart
Paul Rust as Director
Horatio Sanz as Max
Maya Ferrara as Basecamp PA
David Wain as Bell Taint
Nick Kroll as Jeremy Bay
Catherine O'Hara as Muriel Rush
Jon Glaser as Henry Rush
Chelsea Peretti as Jackie Rush
Jason Mantzoukas as Director
Seth Morris as Channon Flowers
Damian Lang as Emergency Medic
Gillian Jacobs as Sonny Lumet
Mo Collins as Ruth Dunbar
Aisha Muharrar as Isabelle Hammond
Helen Slayton-Hughes as Lilly Sinclair
Aidy Bryant as Amy Cassidy

Episodes
Passage 7:
Allan Wicks
Edward Allan Wicks   (6 June 1923, Harden, West Yorkshire − 4 February 2010) was an English cathedral organist, who served in Canterbury Cathedral for nearly 30 years  He was an early champion of the music of Olivier Messiaen, Peter Maxwell Davies and Kenneth Leighton  He also directed the specially-commissioned music for the 1951 revival of the York Mystery Plays, regarded as the greatest event in the Festival of Britain celebrations 

Career
The son of a parson, Wicks began his musical studies as a pianist at an early age, but did not think that he would be good enough to become professional  He was educated at St John's School, Leatherhead and at the age of 14 he was advised to convert to the organ  He took his degree at Christ Church, Oxford, where he was also organ scholar at the cathedral, assistant to Thomas Armstrong  Completing his studies after serving in the 14th Punjab Regiment, gaining an MA and an FRCO, he then took up post at York Minster in 1947, as sub-organist to Francis Jackson  He described his time at York as being much easier than modern cathedral organists: "In those days it was easier to manage on one's own, because we never used to conduct, except a cappella pieces, we never conducted like cathedral organists now who hardly ever play the organ, they're down there wagging a finger, waving their arms about " Whilst based in York, he was on the music staff at St Peter's School and Chorus Master of Leeds Philharmonic Society  For the 1951 revival of the York Mystery Plays he was director of the music, composed by his friend James Brown  The plays captured the hearts of the British public, and have been performed regularly ever since In 1954, Wicks left York to take the job of organist and choirmaster of Manchester Cathedral  There he inspired Maxwell Davies by his directing the choir in performances of John IV of Portugal and John Dunstaple  Wicks also championed Maxwell Davies's Fantasia on O Magnum Mysterium, as well as Malcolm Williamson's six-movement Symphony  He also organised a Cantata Choir and a small orchestra for Tuesday evening concerts of larger-scale works, including Igor Stravinsky's Canticum Sacrum and Messiaen's Messe de la Pentecôte In 1961 he was appointed organist and master of the choristers of Canterbury Cathedral, where he served for 27 years, under three Archbishops, retiring after being appointed C B E  in 1988  Whilst at Canterbury, he also was honoured with the Lambeth MusDoc in 1974 and an honorary DMus from the University of Kent in 1985 
Wicks died in 2010, and was survived by his wife, Elizabeth, and their two daughters 

Organist posts
1941–1946: Organ Scholar, Christ Church Cathedral, Oxford (interrupted by wartime service in the 14th Punjab Regiment)
1947–1954: Sub Organist, York Minster
1954–1961: Organist at Manchester Cathedral 
1961–1988: Organist at Canterbury Cathedral 
Passage 8:
2005 World Series of Poker
The 2005 World Series of Poker opened play on June 2, continuing through the Main Event No Limit World Championship starting on July 7  The conclusion of the Main Event on July 15 marked the close of play, and the largest prize in sports and/or television history at the time ($7,500,000) was awarded to the winner  ESPN's broadcast began July 19th with coverage of WSOP Circuit Tournaments, and coverage of the Main Event began October 11th and ended November 15th 
All events were held at the Rio All Suite Hotel and Casino with the exception of the final 2 days of the Main Event which were held at Binion's Horseshoe  This marked the last time the Main Event final table was held at Binion's Horseshoe 

Events
Main Event
There were 5,619 entrants to the main event  Each paid $10,000 to enter what was the largest poker tournament ever played in a brick and mortar casino at the time   Many entrants won their seat in online poker tournaments  2004 Main Event champion Greg Raymer finished in 25th place in his title defense 

Final table
*Career statistics prior to the beginning of the 2005 Main Event 

Final table results
Other High Finishes
NB: This list is restricted to top 30 finishers with an existing Wikipedia entry 

Fall of World Champions
Day 1: Jim Bechtel, Doyle Brunson, Johnny Chan, Chris Ferguson, Phil Hellmuth, Tom McEvoy, Carlos Mortensen, Scotty Nguyen, Robert Varkonyi
Day 2: Dan Harrington, Chris Moneymaker, Huck Seed
Day 3: (none)
Day 4: Russ Hamilton
Day 5: (none)
Day 6: Greg Raymer

See also
World Series of Poker Circuit events
World Series of Poker Tournament of Champions
2005 World Series of Poker Results
Passage 9:
ER (TV series)
ER is an American medical drama television series created by novelist and physician Michael Crichton that aired on NBC from September 19, 1994, to April 2, 2009, with a total of 331 episodes spanning 15 seasons  It was produced by Constant C Productions and Amblin Television, in association with Warner Bros  Television  ER follows the inner life of the emergency room (ER) of Cook County General Hospital (a fictionalized version of the real Cook County Hospital) in Chicago, and various critical issues faced by the department's physicians and staff 
The show is the second longest-running primetime medical drama in American television history behind Grey's Anatomy, and the seventh longest medical drama across the globe (behind the United Kingdom's Casualty and Holby City, [United States’s] Grey's Anatomy, Germany's In aller Freundschaft,  Poland's Na dobre i na złe, and New Zealand's Shortland Street)  It won 23 Primetime Emmy Awards, including the 1996 Outstanding Drama Series award, and received 124 Emmy nominations  ER won 116 awards in total, including the Peabody Award, while the cast earned four Screen Actors Guild Awards for Outstanding Ensemble Performance in a Drama Series  As of 2014, ER has grossed over $3 billion in television revenue 

Production
Development
In 1974, author Michael Crichton wrote a screenplay based on his own experiences as a medical student in a busy hospital emergency room  The screenplay went nowhere and Crichton turned to other topics  In 1990, he published the novel Jurassic Park, and in 1993 began a collaboration with director Steven Spielberg on the film adaptation of the book  Crichton and Spielberg then turned to ER, but decided to film the story as a two-hour pilot for a television series rather than as a feature film  Spielberg's Amblin Entertainment provided John Wells as the show's executive producer 
The script used to shoot the pilot was virtually unchanged from what Crichton had written in 1974  The only substantive changes made by the producers in 1994 were that the Susan Lewis character became a woman and the Peter Benton character became African-American, and the running time was shortened by about 20 minutes in order for the pilot to air in a two-hour block on network TV  Because of a lack of time and money necessary to build a set, the pilot episode of ER was filmed in the former Linda Vista Hospital in Los Angeles, an old facility that had ceased operating in 1990  A set modeled after Los Angeles County General Hospital's emergency room was built soon afterward at the Warner Bros  studios in Burbank, California, although the show makes extensive use of location shoots in Chicago, most notably the city's famous "L" train platforms Warren Littlefield, running NBC Entertainment at the time, was impressed by the series: "We were intrigued, but we were admittedly a bit spooked in attempting to go back into that territory a few years after St  Elsewhere " With Spielberg attached behind the scenes, NBC ordered six episodes  "ER premiered opposite a Monday Night Football game on ABC and did surprisingly well  Then we moved it to Thursday and it just took off", commented Littlefield  ER's success surprised the networks and critics alike, as David E  Kelley's new medical drama Chicago Hope was expected to crush the new series Crichton remained executive producer until his death in November 2008, although he was still credited as one throughout that entire final season  Wells, the series' other initial executive producer, served as showrunner for the first three seasons  He was one of the show's most prolific writers and became a regular director in later years  Lydia Woodward was a part of the first season production team and became an executive producer for the third season  She took over as showrunner for the fourth season while Wells focused on the development of other series, including Trinity, Third Watch, and The West Wing  She left her executive producer position at the end of the sixth season but continued to write episodes throughout the series' run 
Joe Sachs, who was a writer and producer of the series, believed keeping a commitment to medical accuracy was extremely important: "We'd bend the rules but never break them  A medication that would take 10 minutes to work might take 30 seconds instead  We compressed time  A 12- to 24-hour shift gets pushed into 48 minutes  But we learned that being accurate was important for more reasons than just making real and responsible drama "Woodward was replaced as showrunner by Jack Orman  Orman was recruited as a writer-producer for the series in its fourth season after a successful stint working on CBS's JAG  He was quickly promoted and became an executive producer and showrunner for the series' seventh season  He held these roles for three seasons before leaving the series at the end of the ninth season  Orman was also a frequent writer and directed three episodes of the show 
David Zabel served as the series' head writer and executive producer in its later seasons  He initially joined the crew for the eighth season and became an executive producer and showrunner for the twelfth season onward  Zabel was the series' most frequent writer, contributing to 41 episodes  He also made his directing debut on the series  Christopher Chulack was the series' most frequent director and worked as a producer on all 15 seasons  He became an executive producer in the fourth season but occasionally scaled back his involvement in later years to focus on other projects 
Other executive producers include writers Carol Flint, Neal Baer, R  Scott Gemmill, Dee Johnson, Joe Sachs, Lisa Zwerling, and Janine Sherman Barrois  Several of these writers and producers had background in healthcare: Joe Sachs was an emergency physician, while Lisa Zwerling and Neal Baer were both pediatricians  The series' crew was recognized with awards for writing, directing, producing, film editing, sound editing, casting, and music 

Broadcasting
Following the broadcast of its two-hour pilot movie on September 19, 1994, ER premiered Thursday, September 22 at 10pm  It remained in the same Thursday time slot for its entire run, capping the Must See TV primetime block  ER is NBC's third longest-running drama, after Law & Order and Law & Order: Special Victims Unit, and the second longest-running American primetime medical drama of all time, behind Grey's Anatomy  Starting with season seven, ER was broadcast in the 1080i HD format, appearing in letterbox format when presented in standard definition  On April 2, 2008, NBC announced that the series would return for its fifteenth season  The fifteenth season was originally scheduled to run for 19 episodes before retiring with a two-hour series finale to be broadcast on March 12, 2009, but NBC announced in January 2009 that it would extend the show by an additional three episodes to a full 22-episode order as part of a deal to launch a new series by John Wells titled Police, later retitled Southland  ER's final episode aired on April 2, 2009; the two-hour episode was preceded by a one-hour retrospective special  The series finale charged $425,000 per 30-second ad spot, more than three times the season's rate of $135,000  From season 4 to season 6 ER cost a record-breaking $13 million per episode  TNT also paid a record price of $1 million an episode for four years of repeats of the series during that time  The cost of the first three seasons was $2 million per episode and seasons 7 to 9 cost $8 million per episode In September 1998, TNT aired syndicated reruns of the series 

Cast and characters
The original starring cast consisted of Anthony Edwards as Dr  Mark Greene, George Clooney as Dr  Doug Ross, Sherry Stringfield as Dr  Susan Lewis, Noah Wyle as medical student John Carter, and Eriq La Salle as Dr  Peter Benton  As the series continued, some key changes were made: Nurse Carol Hathaway, played by Julianna Margulies, who attempts suicide in the original pilot script, was made into a regular cast member  Ming-Na Wen debuted in the middle of the first season as medical student Jing-Mei "Deb" Chen, but did not return for the second season; she returns in season 6 episode 10  Gloria Reuben and Laura Innes would join the series as Physician Assistant Jeanie Boulet and Dr  Kerry Weaver, respectively, by the second season In the third season, a series of cast additions and departures began that would see the entire original cast leave over time  Stringfield was the first to exit the series, reportedly upsetting producers who believed she wanted to negotiate for more money, but the actress did not particularly care for "fame "
 She would return to the series from 2001 until 2005  Clooney departed the series in 1999 to pursue a film career, and Margulies exited the following year  Season eight saw the departure of La Salle and Edwards when Benton left County General and Greene died from a brain tumor  Wyle left the series after season 11 in order to spend more time with his family, but would return for two multiple-episode appearances in the show's final seasons  Goran Visnjic as Dr  Luka Kovač, Maura Tierney as Dr  Abby Lockhart, Alex Kingston as Dr  Elizabeth Corday, Paul McCrane as Dr  Robert Romano, and Mekhi Phifer as Dr  Greg Pratt all joined the cast as the seasons went on  In the much later seasons, the show would see the additions of Scott Grimes as Dr  Archie Morris, Parminder Nagra as Dr  Neela Rasgotra, Shane West as Dr  Ray Barnett, Linda Cardellini as nurse Samantha Taggart, John Stamos as intern Tony Gates, David Lyons as Dr  Simon Brenner and Angela Bassett as Dr  Catherine Banfield In addition to the main cast, ER featured a large number of frequently seen recurring cast members who played key roles such as paramedics, hospital support staff, nurses, and doctors  ER also featured a sizable roster of well-known guest stars, some making rare television appearances, who typically played patients in single episode appearances or multi-episode arcs 

Episodes
A typical episode centered on the ER, with most scenes set in the hospital or surrounding streets  In addition, most seasons included at least one storyline located completely outside of the ER, often outside of Chicago  Over the span of the series, stories took place in the Democratic Republic of The Congo, France, Iraq and Sudan  One early storyline involved a road trip taken by Dr  Ross and Dr  Greene to California and a season eight episode included a storyline in Hawaii featuring Dr  Greene and Dr  Corday  Beginning in season nine, storylines started to include the Democratic Republic of the Congo, featuring Dr  Kovac, Dr  Carter, and Dr  Pratt  "We turned some attention on the Congo and on Darfur when nobody else was  We had a bigger audience than a nightly newscast will ever see, making 25 to 30 million people aware of what was going on in Africa," ER producer John Wells said  "The show is not about telling people to eat their vegetables, but if we can do that in an entertaining context, then there's nothing better " The series also focused on sociopolitical issues such as HIV and AIDS, organ transplants, mental illness, racism, human trafficking, euthanasia, poverty and gay rights Some episodes used creative formats, such as the 1997 "Ambush", which was broadcast live twice, once for the east coast and again three hours later for the west coast, and 2002's "Hindsight", which ran in reverse time as it followed one character, Dr  Kovac, through the events of a Christmas Eve shift and the Christmas party that preceded it 

Crossover with Third Watch
The episode "Brothers and Sisters" (first broadcast on April 25, 2002) begins a crossover that concludes on the Third Watch episode "Unleashed" in which Dr  Lewis enlists the help of Officers Maurice Boscorelli and Faith Yokas to find her sister and niece 

Ratings
U S  seasonal rankings based on average total viewers per episode of ER on NBC are tabulated below   Each U S  network television season starts in late September and ends in late May, which coincides with the completion of May sweeps  All times mentioned in this section were in the Eastern and Pacific time zones  Ratings for seasons 1–2 are listed in households (the percentage of households watching the program), while ratings for seasons 3–15 are listed in viewers 

In its first year, ER attracted an average of 19 million viewers per episode, becoming the year's second most watched television show, just behind Seinfeld  In the following two seasons (1995–1997), ER was the most watched show in North America  For almost five years, ER battled for the top spot against Seinfeld, but in 1998, Seinfeld ended and then ER became number one again  The series finale attracted 16 4 million viewers  The show's highest rating came during the season 2 episode "Hell and High Water," with 48 million viewers and a 45% market share  It was the highest for a regularly scheduled drama since a May 1985 installment of Dallas received a 46  The share represents the percentage of TVs in use tuned in to that show 

Critical reception
Throughout the series ER received positive reviews from critics and fans alike  It scored 80 on Metacritic, meaning "generally favorable reviews", based on 21 critics  Marvin Kitman from Newsday said: "It's like M*A*S*H with just the helicopters showing up and no laughs  E R  is all trauma; you never get to know enough about the patients or get involved with them  It's just treat, release and move on"  Richard Zoglin from Time stated that it's "probably the most realistic fictional treatment of the medical profession TV has ever presented" 
Critical reactions for ER's first season were very favorable  Alan Rich, writing for Variety, praised the direction and editing of the pilot while Eric Mink, writing for the New York Daily News, said that the pilot of ER "was urban, emergency room chaos and young, committed doctors " However some reviewers felt the episodes following the pilot did not live up to it with Mink commenting that "the great promise of the "E R " pilot dissolves into the kind of routine, predictable, sloppily detailed medical drama we've seen many times before "NBC launched the show at the same time that CBS launched its own medical drama Chicago Hope; many critics drew comparisons between the two  Eric Mink concluded that ER may rate more highly in the Nielsens but Chicago Hope told better stories, while Rich felt both shows were "riveting, superior TV fare " The Daily Telegraph wrote in 1996: "Not being able to follow what on earth is going on remains one of the peculiar charms of the breakneck American hospital drama, ER" In 2002, TV Guide ranked ER No  22 on their list of "TV's Top 50 Shows", making it the second highest ranked medical drama on the list (after St  Elsewhere at No  20)  Also, the season 1 episode "Love's Labor Lost" was ranked No  6 on TV Guide's 100 Greatest Episodes of All-Time list having earlier been ranked No  3  The show placed No  19 on Entertainment Weekly's "New TV Classics" list  British magazine Empire ranked it No  29 in their list of the "50 Greatest TV Shows of All Time" and said the best episode was "Hell And High Water" (Season 2, Episode 7) where "Doug Ross (George Clooney) saves a young boy from drowning during a flood " In 2012, ER was voted Best TV Drama on ABC's 20/20 special episode "Best in TV: The Greatest TV Shows of Our Time"  In 2013, TV Guide ranked it No  9 in its list of The 60 Greatest Dramas of All Time and No  29 in its list of the 60 Best Series  In the same year, the Writers Guild of America ranked ER No  28 in its list of the 101 Best Written TV Series of All Time 

Awards and nominations
The series has been nominated for 375 industry awards and has won 116  ER won the George Foster Peabody Award in 1995, and won 22 of the 124 Emmy Awards for which it was nominated  It also won the People's Choice Award for "Favorite Television Dramatic Series" every year from 1995 to 2002  Over the years, it has won numerous other awards, including Screen Actors Guild Awards, Image Awards, GLAAD Media Awards, and Golden Globe Awards, among others 

Distribution
Home media
Warner Home Video has released all 15 seasons in R1, R2, and R4 
In the UK (Region 2), The Complete Series boxset was released on October 26, 2009  On September 12, 2016 the series was re-released in three box sets, Seasons 1–5, Seasons 6–10 and Seasons 11–15 
The DVD box sets of ER are unusual in the fact that they are all in anamorphic widescreen even though the first six seasons of the show were broadcast in a standard 4:3 format  ER was shot protecting for widescreen presentation, allowing the show to be presented in 16:9 open matte (leaving only the title sequence in the 4:3 format)  However, as the production of the show was generally conceived with 4:3 presentation in mind, some episodes feature vignetting or unintended objects towards the sides of the frame that would not be visible when presented in the 4:3 format  These episodes also appear in the widescreen format when rerun on TNT HD, Pop and streaming services 
In 2018 Hulu struck a deal with Warner Bros Domestic Television Distribution to stream all 15 seasons of the show  The show arrived on HBO Max in January 2022 

Soundtrack
In 1996, Atlantic Records released an album of music from the first two seasons, featuring James Newton Howard's theme from the series in its on-air and full versions, selections from the weekly scores composed by Martin Davich (Howard scored the two-hour pilot, Davich scored all the subsequent episodes and wrote a new theme used from 2006–2009 until the final episode, when Howard's original theme returned) and songs used on the series 
Theme From ER – James Newton Howard (3:02)
Dr  Lewis And Renee (from "The Birthday Party") (1:57)
Canine Blues (from "Make of Two Hearts") (2:27)
Goodbye Baby Susie (from "Fever of Unknown Origin") (3:11)
Doug & Carol (from "The Gift") – composed by James Newton Howard and Martin Davich (1:59)
Healing Hands – Marc Cohn (4:25)
The Hero (from "Hell And High Water") composed by James Newton Howard and Martin Davich (1:55)
Carter, See You Next Fall (from "Everything Old Is New Again") (1:28)
Reasons For Living – Duncan Sheik (4:33)
Dr  Green and a Mother's Death (from "Love's Labor Lost") (2:48)
Raul Dies (from "The Healers") (2:20)
Hell And High Water (from "Hell And High Water") – composed by James Newton Howard and Martin Davich (2:38)
Hold On (from "Hell And High Water") (2:47)
Shep Arrives (from "The Healers") (3:37)
Shattered Glass (from "Hell And High Water") (2:11)
Theme From ER – James Newton Howard  (1:00)
It Came Upon A Midnight Clear – Mike Finnegan (2:30)

Other media
An ER video game developed by Legacy Interactive for Windows 2000 and XP was released in 2005 
In the Mad episode "Pokémon Park / WWER", the show was parodied in the style of WWE 
A recurring sketch called "Toy ER" in the Nickelodeon comedy series All That parodies the show, featuring Dr  Malady (Chelsea Brummet), Dr  Botch (Giovonnie Samuels), and Dr  Sax (Shane Lyons) "treating" damaged toys 
A book about emergency medicine based on the TV series, The Medicine of ER: An Insider's Guide to the Medical Science Behind America's #1 TV Drama was published in 1996  Authors Alan Duncan Ross and Harlan Gibbs M D  have hospital administration and ER experience, respectively, and are called fans of the TV show in the book's credits 

Foreign adaptations
In March 2012, Warner Bros  International Television announced that they would sell the format rights to ER to overseas territories  This allowed foreign countries to produce their own version of the series In June 2013, Warner Bros  International Television and Emotion Production from Belgrade, Serbia, announced a Serbian version of ER  Urgentni Centar premiered on October 6, 2014, on TV Prva  As of 2014 a Colombian version was planned 

See also
Casualty – Similar concept but based on a British fictional hospital's accident & emergency department 



ground_truth: Betty Cohen

prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: What Nobel Laureate teaches at  Chapman University?

The following are given passages.
Context 2: Passage 1:
François Englert
François, Baron Englert (French: [ɑ̃ɡlɛʁ]; born 6 November 1932) is a Belgian theoretical physicist and 2013 Nobel Prize laureate 
Englert is professor emeritus at the Université libre de Bruxelles (ULB), where he is a member of the Service de Physique Théorique  He is also a Sackler Professor by Special Appointment in the School of Physics and Astronomy at Tel Aviv University and a member of the Institute for Quantum Studies at Chapman University in California  He was awarded the 2010 J  J  Sakurai Prize for Theoretical Particle Physics (with Gerry Guralnik, C  R  Hagen, Tom Kibble, Peter Higgs, and Robert Brout), the Wolf Prize in Physics in 2004 (with Brout and Higgs) and the High Energy and Particle Prize of the European Physical Society (with Brout and Higgs) in 1997 for the mechanism which unifies short and long range interactions by generating massive gauge vector bosons 
Englert has made contributions in statistical physics, quantum field theory, cosmology, string theory and supergravity  He is the recipient of the 2013 Prince of Asturias Award in technical and scientific research, together with Peter Higgs and the CERN 
Englert was awarded the 2013 Nobel Prize in Physics, together with Peter Higgs for the discovery of the Brout-Englert-Higgs mechanism 

Early life
François Englert is a Holocaust survivor  He was born in a Belgian Jewish family  During the German occupation of Belgium in World War II, he had to conceal his Jewish identity and live in orphanages and children's homes in the towns of Dinant, Lustin, Stoumont and, finally, Annevoie-Rouillon   These towns were eventually liberated by the US Army 

Academic career
He graduated as an electromechanical engineer in 1955 from the Free University of Brussels (ULB) where he received his PhD in physical sciences in 1959  From 1959 until 1961, he worked at Cornell University, first as a research associate of Robert Brout and then as assistant professor  He then returned to the ULB, where he became a university professor and was joined there by Robert Brout who, in 1980, with Englert coheaded the theoretical physics group  In 1998 Englert became professor emeritus  In 1984 Englert was first appointed as a Sackler Professor by Special Appointment in the School of Physics and Astronomy at Tel-Aviv University  Englert joined Chapman University's Institute for Quantum Studies in 2011, where he serves as a distinguished visiting professor 

The Brout–Englert–Higgs–Guralnik–Hagen–Kibble mechanism
Brout and Englert showed in 1964 that gauge vector fields, abelian and non-abelian, could acquire mass if empty space were endowed with a particular type of structure that one encounters in material systems  Focusing on the failure of the Goldstone theorem for gauge fields, Higgs reached essentially the same result  A third paper on the subject was written later in the same year by Gerald Guralnik, C  R  Hagen, and Tom Kibble  The three papers written on this boson discovery by Higgs, Englert and Brout, and Guralnik, Hagen, Kibble were each recognized as milestone papers for this discovery by Physical Review Letters 50th anniversary celebration  While each of these famous papers took similar approaches, the contributions and differences between the 1964 PRL symmetry breaking papers is noteworthy 
To illustrate the structure, consider a ferromagnet which is composed of atoms each equipped with a tiny magnet  When these magnets are lined up, the inside of the ferromagnet bears a strong analogy to the way empty space can be structured  Gauge vector fields that are sensitive to this structure of empty space can only propagate over a finite distance  Thus, they mediate short range interactions and acquire mass  Those fields that are not sensitive to the structure propagate unhindered  They remain massless and are responsible for the long range interactions  In this way, the mechanism accommodates within a single unified theory both short and long-range interactions 
Brout and Englert, Higgs, and Gerald Guralnik, C  R  Hagen, and Tom Kibble introduced as agent of the vacuum structure a scalar field (most often called the Higgs field) which many physicists view as the agent responsible for the masses of fundamental particles  Brout and Englert also showed that the mechanism may remain valid if the scalar field is replaced by a more structured agent such as a fermion condensate  Their approach led them to conjecture that the theory is renormalizable  The eventual proof of renormalizability, a major achievement of twentieth century physics, is due to Gerardus 't Hooft and Martinus Veltman who were awarded the 1999 Nobel Prize for this work  The Brout–Englert–Higgs–Guralnik–Hagen–Kibble mechanism is the building stone of the electroweak theory of elementary particles and laid the foundation of a unified view of the basic laws of nature 

Major awards
1978 First Prize in the International Gravity Contest (with R  Brout and E  Gunzig), awarded by the Gravity Research Foundation for the essay "The Causal Universe" 
1982 Francqui Prize, awarded by the Francqui Foundation once every four years in exact sciences "For his contribution to the theoretical understanding of spontaneous symmetry breaking in the physics of fundamental interactions, where, with Robert Brout, he was the first to show that spontaneous symmetry breaking in gauge theories gives mass to the gauge particles, for his extensive contributions in other domains, such as solid state physics, statistical mechanics, quantum field theory, general relativity and cosmology, for the originality and the fundamental importance of these achievements" 
1997 High Energy and Particle Physics Prize (with R  Brout and P W  Higgs), awarded by the European Physical Society "For formulating for the first time a self-consistent theory of charged massive vector bosons which became the foundation of the electroweak theory of elementary particles" 
2004 Wolf Prize in Physics (with R  Brout and P W  Higgs), awarded by the Wolf Foundation "For pioneering work that has led to the insight of mass generation, whenever a local gauge symmetry is realized asymmetrically in the world of sub-atomic particles" 
2010 J  J  Sakurai Prize for Theoretical Particle Physics (with Guralnik, Hagen, Kibble, Higgs, and Brout) awarded by The American Physical Society "For elucidation of the properties of spontaneous symmetry breaking in four-dimensional relativistic gauge theory and of the mechanism for the consistent generation of vector boson masses" 
By Royal Decree of 8 July 2013 François Englert was ennobled a baron by King Albert II of Belgium 
2013 Nobel Prize in Physics, shared with Peter Higgs  "for the theoretical discovery of a mechanism that contributes to our understanding of the origin of mass of subatomic particles, and which recently was confirmed through the discovery of the predicted fundamental particle, by the ATLAS and CMS experiments at CERN’s Large Hadron Collider" 
2013 Prince of Asturias Award for Technical and Scientific Research (with Peter Higgs and CERN) "for the theoretical prediction and experimental detection of the Higgs boson" 

See also
List of Jewish Nobel laureates
Passage 2:
Paul D  Boyer
Paul Delos Boyer (July 31, 1918 – June 2, 2018) was an American biochemist, analytical chemist, and a professor of chemistry at University of California Los Angeles (UCLA)  He shared the 1997 Nobel Prize in Chemistry for research on the "enzymatic mechanism underlying the biosynthesis of adenosine triphosphate (ATP)" (ATP synthase) with John E  Walker, making Boyer the first Utah-born Nobel laureate; the remainder of the Prize in that year was awarded to Danish chemist Jens Christian Skou for his discovery of the Na+/K+-ATPase 

Birth and education
Boyer was born in Provo, Utah  He grew up in a nonpracticing Mormon family  He attended Provo High School, where he was active in student government and the debating team  He was also his high schools valedictorian and played intramural basketball in high school and college  He received a B S  in chemistry from Brigham Young University in 1939 and obtained a Wisconsin Alumni Research Foundation Scholarship for graduate studies  Five days before leaving for Wisconsin, Paul married Lyda Whicker in 1939, and they remained married for nearly eighty years until his death in 2018, making him the longest-married Nobel laureate  The Boyers had three children 
Though the Boyers connected with the Mormon community in Wisconsin, they considered themselves "on the wayward fringe" and doubted the doctrinal claims of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church)   After experimenting with Unitarianism, Boyer eventually became an atheist  In 2003 he was one of 22 Nobel laureates who signed the Humanist Manifesto 

Academic career
After Boyer received his Ph D  degree in biochemistry from the University of Wisconsin–Madison in 1943, he spent years at Stanford University on a war-related research project dedicated to stabilization of serum albumin for transfusions  He began his independent research career at the University of Minnesota and introduced kinetic, isotopic, and chemical methods for investigating enzyme mechanisms  In 1955, he received a Guggenheim Fellowship and worked with Professor Hugo Theorell on the mechanism of alcohol dehydrogenase  In 1956, he accepted a Hill Foundation Professorship and moved to the medical campus of the University of Minnesota  In 1959–1960, he served as Chairman of the Biochemistry Section of the American Chemical Society (ACS) and in 1969-1970 as President of the American Society of Biological Chemists 
Since 1963, he had been a professor in the department of chemistry and biochemistry at University of California, Los Angeles  In 1965, he became the founding director of the Molecular Biology Institute and spearheaded the construction of the building and the organization of an interdepartmental Ph D  program  This institutional service did not diminish the creativity and originality of his research program, which led to three postulates for the binding mechanism for ATP synthesis—that energy input was not used primarily to form ATP but to promote the binding of phosphate and mostly the release of tightly bound ATP; that three identical catalytic sites went through compulsory, sequential binding changes; and that the binding changes of the catalytic subunits, circularly arranged on the periphery of the enzyme, were driven by the rotation of a smaller internal subunit 
Paul Boyer was editor or associate editor of the Annual Review of Biochemistry from 1963 to 1989  He was editor of the classic series, "The Enzymes"  When he worked on the series "The Enzymes", he was helped by his wife Lyda as she was a professional editor at UCLA  In 1981, he was faculty research lecturer at UCLA  In that same year, he was awarded the prestigious Tolman Medal by the Southern California Section of the American Chemical Society 

Death
Boyer died of respiratory failure on June 2, 2018, at the age of 99, less than two months shy of his 100th birthday at his Los Angeles home 

Publications
Dahms, A  S  & P  D  Boyer  "Occurrence and Characteristics of 18O-exchange Reactions Catalyzed By Sodium- and Potassium-dependent Adenosine Triphosphatases", University of California Los Angeles (UCLA), United States Department of Energy (through predecessor agency the Atomic Energy Commission), (1972) 
Kanazawa, T  & P  D  Boyer  "Occurrence and Characteristics of a Rapid Exchange of Phosphate Oxygens Catalyzed by Sarcoplasmic Reticulum Vesicles", University of California Los Angeles (UCLA), United States Department of Energy (through predecessor agency the Atomic Energy Commission), (1972) 
Boyer, P  D  "Isotopic Studies on Structure-function Relationships of Nucleic Acids and Enzymes  Three Year Progress Report, May 1972 — October 1975", University of California Los Angeles (UCLA), United States Department of Energy (through predecessor agency the Energy Research and Development Administration), (1975) 
Boyer, P  D  "Energy Capture and Use in Plants and Bacteria  Final Technical Report", University of California Los Angeles (UCLA), United States Department of Energy, (December 31, 1993) 

Awards and honors
Passage 3:
Vernon L  Smith
Vernon Lomax Smith (born January 1, 1927) is an American economist and professor of business economics and law at Chapman University  He was formerly a professor of economics at the University of Arizona, professor of economics and law at George Mason University, and a board member of the Mercatus Center  Along with Daniel Kahneman, Smith shared the 2002 Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences for his contributions to behavioral economics and his work in the field of experimental economics  He worked to establish 'laboratory experiments as a tool in empirical economic analysis, especially in the study of alternative market mechanisms' Smith is the founder and president of the International Foundation for Research in Experimental Economics, a Member of the Board of Advisors for The Independent Institute, a Senior Fellow at the Cato Institute in Washington D C  In 2004 Smith was honored with an honorary doctoral degree at Universidad Francisco Marroquín, the institution that named the Vernon Smith Center for Experimental Economics Research after him  He was also a founding board member of the Center for Growth and Opportunity at Utah State University  As of 2023, Smith also sits on the Advisory Board for Florida Atlantic University's Madden Center for Value Creation 

Early life and education
Smith was born in Wichita, Kansas, where he attended Wichita North High School and Friends University  Grover Bougher, Vernon's mother's first husband, who worked as a fireman on the Santa Fe railroad, died in a tragic accident which proved to be pivotal  The life insurance money provided by the Santa Fe railroad was invested in a farm which became the sole means of survival for Vernon's family during the tough years of the Great Depression  While the farm brought hard work and hard times for Vernon's parents, Vernon liked the adventurous experiences  His life-long interest in learning how things work was kindled by his childhood at the farm Smith received his bachelor's degree in electrical engineering from Caltech in 1949, an M A  in economics from the University of Kansas in 1952, and his Ph D  in economics from Harvard University in 1955 

Academic career
Smith's first teaching post was at the Krannert School of Management, Purdue University, which he held from 1955 until 1967, attaining the rank of full professor Smith also taught as a visiting associate professor at Stanford University (1961–1962) and there made contact with Sidney Siegel, who was also doing work in experimental economics  Smith moved with his family to Massachusetts and got a position first at Brown University (1967–1968) and then at the University of Massachusetts (1968–1972)  Smith also received appointments at the Center for Advanced Study in the Behavioral Sciences (1972–1973) and Caltech (1973–1975) Much of the research that earned Smith the Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences was conducted at the University of Arizona between 1976 and 2001  In 2001, Smith left Arizona for George Mason University  From 2003 to 2006, he held the Rasmuson Chair of Economics at the University of Alaska Anchorage  In 2008, Smith founded the Economic Science Institute at Chapman University in Orange, California Smith has served on the board of editors of the American Economic Review, the Cato Journal, Journal of Economic Behavior and Organization, Science, Economic Theory, Economic Design, and the Journal of Economic Methodology  He also served as an expert for the Copenhagen Consensus 

Academic work
It was at Purdue that Smith's work in experimental economics began  As Smith describes it:

In the Autumn semester, 1955, I taught Principles of Economics, and found it a challenge to convey basic microeconomic theory to students  Why/how could any market approximate a competitive equilibrium? I resolved that on the first day of class the following semester, I would try running a market experiment that would give the students an opportunity to experience an actual market, and me the opportunity to observe one in which I knew, but they did not know what were the alleged driving conditions of supply and demand in that market 
In framing the experiment, Smith varied certain institutional parameters seen in the first classroom economics experiments as conducted by Edward Chamberlin: in particular, he ran the experiments for several trading periods, to give the student subjects time to train At Caltech, Charles Plott encouraged Smith to formalize the methodology of experimental economics, which he did in two articles  In 1976, "Experimental Economics: Induced Value Theory" was published in the American Economic Review (AER)  It was the first articulation of the principle behind economic experiments  Six years later, these principles were expanded in "Microeconomic Systems as an Experimental Science," also in the AER  This paper adapts the principles of mechanism design, a microeconomic system developed by Leonid Hurwicz, to the development of economic experiments  In Hurwicz's formulation, a microeconomic system consists of an economic environment, an economic institution (or economic mechanism), and an economic outcome  The economic environment is simply the preferences of the people in the economy and the production capabilities of the firms in the economy  The key insight in this formulation is that the economic outcome can be affected by the economic institution  The mechanism design provides a formal means for tests of the performance of an economic institution, and experimental economics, as developed by Smith, provided a means for formal empirical assessment of the performance of economic institutions  The second main contribution of the paper is to the technique of induced values, the method used in controlled laboratory experiments in economics, political science, and psychology, which allows experimental economists to create a replica of a market in a laboratory  Subjects in an experiment are told that they can produce a "commodity" at a cost and then sell it to buyers  The seller earns the difference between the price received and its cost  Buyers are told that the commodity has a value to them when they consume it, and they earn the difference between the value of the commodity to them and its price  Using the technique, Smith and his coauthors have examined the performance of alternative trading mechanisms in resource allocation In February 2011, Smith participated in the "Visiting Scholars Series" at the Nicholas Academic Centers in Santa Ana, California, conducted in collaboration with Chapman University  Smith and his colleague Bart Wilson conducted experiments designed to expose high school students from underserved neighborhoods to market dynamics and how concepts such as altruism influence economic behavior Smith has authored or coauthored articles and books on capital theory, finance, natural resource economics and experimental economics  He was also one of the first to propose the combinatorial auction design, with Stephen J  Rassenti and Robert L  Bulfin in 1982 In January 2009, Smith signed a public petition opposing the passage of the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act  In a 2010 Econ Journal Watch study, Smith was found to be one of the most active petition-signers among US economists The Vernon Smith Prize for the Advancement of Austrian Economics is named after him and is sponsored by the European Center of Austrian Economics 

Personal life
In February 2005, Smith publicly attributed features of his personality to Asperger's syndrome after a process of self-diagnosis 

Works
Gjerstad, Steven D ; Smith, Vernon L  (2014)  Rethinking Housing Bubbles  New York: Cambridge University Press  ISBN 978-0521198097 
Gjerstad, Steven; Smith, Vernon L  (2012)  "At Home in the Great Recession"   In Miniter, Brendan (ed )  The 4% Solution: Unleashing the Economic Growth America Needs  New York: Crown Business  pp  345–377  ISBN 9780307986146 
Gjerstad, Steven D ; Smith, Vernon L  (2013)  "Balance Sheet Crises: Causes, Consequences, and Responses" (PDF)  Cato Journal  33 (3): 437–470  Retrieved 2017-10-21 
Plott, Charles R , and Vernon L  Smith, ed  (2008)  Handbook of Experimental Economics Results, v  1, Elsevier  Description and preview 
Rassenti, Stephen J ; Smith, Vernon L ; Bulfin, Robert L  (1982)  "A Combinatorial Auction Mechanism for Airport Time Slot Allocation" (PDF)  The Bell Journal of Economics  13 (2): 402–417  doi:10 2307/3003463  JSTOR 3003463 
Smith, Vernon L  (1962)  "An Experimental Study of Competitive Market Behavior"  Journal of Political Economy  70 (2): 111–137  doi:10 1086/258609  JSTOR 1861810  S2CID 54718519 
_____ (1976)  "Experimental Economics: Induced Value Theory" (PDF)  American Economic Review  66 (2): 274–279 
Smith, Vernon L  (1980)  "Relevance of Laboratory Experiments to Testing Resource Allocation Theory" (PDF)   In Kmenta, Jan; Ramsey, James B  (eds )  Evaluation of Econometric Models  Academic Press  pp  345–377  ISBN 978-0-12-416550-2 
_____ (1982)  "Microeconomic Systems as an Experimental Science" (PDF)  American Economic Review  72 (5): 923–955 
_____ (1991)  Papers in Experimental Economics [1962–88],  Cambridge  Description and chapter-preview links 
_____ (2000)  Bargaining and Market Behavior: Essays in Experimental Economics [1990–98], Cambridge  Description and chapter-preview links 
_____ (2003)  Smith, Vernon L  (2003)  "Constructivist and Ecological Rationality in Economics"  American Economic Review  93 (3): 465–508  CiteSeerX 10 1 1 501 5291  doi:10 1257/000282803322156954  S2CID 16505135 
_____ ([1987] 2008a)  "experimental methods in economics " The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics, 2nd Edition, Abstract 
_____ (2008b)  "experimental economics," The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics, 2nd Edition, Abstract 
Williams, Arlington W ; Ledyard, John O ; Gjerstad, Steven; Smith, Vernon L  (2000)  "Concurrent Trading in Two Experimental Markets with Demand Interdependence"  Economic Theory  16 (3): 511–528  CiteSeerX 10 1 1 22 1763  doi:10 1007/s001990050002  JSTOR 25055346  S2CID 195227181  Reprinted in Timothy N  Cason and Charles Noussair, ed  (2001), Advances in Experimental Markets, pp  15– 32 

See also
List of economists

Notes
External links
Dr  Vernon L Smith at Chapman University School of Law
Member of the Board of Advisors at The Independent Institute
Senior Fellow at Cato Institute
"Vernon L  Smith (1927– )"  The Concise Encyclopedia of Economics  Library of Economics and Liberty (2nd ed )  Liberty Fund  2008 
Roberts, Russ  "Vernon Smith Podcasts"  EconTalk  Library of Economics and Liberty 
"Vernon L  Smith Papers, 1938–2007 and undated"  Rubenstein Library, Duke University  Retrieved 2017-10-21 
Vernon L  Smith publications indexed by Google Scholar
Vernon L  Smith on Nobelprize org

Articles
"Default is not the end of the world" Interview with Vernon Smith by Luis Martin (Winter 2011)
Reflections On Human Action After 50 Years by Vernon L  Smith, Cato Journal, Fall 1999
"Using Experiments to Inform the Privatization/Deregulation Movement in Electricity," by Stephen J Rassenti, Vernon L  Smith, and Bart J Wilson, Cato Journal, Winter 2002
The Clinton Housing Bubble, Vernon L  Smith, The Wall Street Journal, December 18, 2007
From Bubble to Depression?, Steven Gjerstad and Vernon L  Smith, The Wall Street Journal, April 6, 2009
Passage 4:
Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge
The Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry is the University of Cambridge's chemistry department  It was formed from a merger in the early 1980s of two separate departments that had moved into the Lensfield Road building decades earlier: the Department of Physical Chemistry (originally led by Professor Ronald Norrish FRS, Nobel Laureate; the department was previously located near the Old Cavendish in Free School Lane - see photo) and the Department of Chemistry (that included theoretical chemistry and which was led by Lord (Alexander) Todd FRS, Nobel Laureate) respectively  Research interests in the department cover a broad of chemistry ranging from molecular biology to geophysics  The department is located on the Lensfield Road, next to the Panton Arms on the South side of Cambridge  In December 2020, it was renamed for 30 years in recognition of a donation from Dr Yusuf Hamied, an alumnus of the department 

Research
The Department's research is organised around five Research Interest Groups (RIGs):
Biological Chemistry
Materials Chemistry
Physical and Atmospheric Chemistry
Synthetic Chemistry
TheoryIn addition, the Chemistry of Health Building houses the Centre for Misfolding Diseases, the Chemistry of Health Incubator and the Molecular Production and Characterisation Centre (MPACC) 
Passage 5:
Chapman University
Chapman University is a private research university in Orange, California  It encompasses eleven schools and colleges and is classified among "R2: Doctoral Universities – High research activity" 

History
Founded in Woodland, California, as Hesperian College, the school began classes on March 4, 1861  Its opening was timed to coincide with the hour of Abraham Lincoln's first inauguration  Hesperian admitted students regardless of sex or race During its first decades of existence, the school relocated and changed names several times  The school initially relocated to Berkeley, California in 1896, merging with the Pierce Christian College (a school previously established in College City, California in 1874) to form the Berkeley Bible Seminary  Soon after, the school relocated to San Francisco and took on the name California Bible College  
In 1920, the school moved again, this time to southern California, after its assets were acquired by the California Christian College,, a school that had been established by the  Southern California Convention in Long Beach, California in 1918  The two schools had been merged into a new institution called the California School of Christianity, located in Los Angeles  Three years later, in 1923, the school changed names yet again, back to the California Christian College In 1934, the school was renamed to Chapman College after the chairman of its board of trustees (and primary benefactor), C  C  Chapman  In 1954, it moved to its present campus in the city of Orange on the site formerly occupied by Orange High School, which had relocated Chapman established a Residence Education Center Program to serve military personnel in 1958  This evolved into Brandman University 
Chapman College became Chapman University in 1991  In that year, Dr  James L  Doti became president of Chapman University  Also in 1991, the Department of Education became the School of Education, now known as the Donna Ford Attallah College of Educational Studies, and the establishment of what is now known as Wilkinson College of Arts, Humanities, and Social Sciences The School of Film and Television, now Dodge College of Film and Media Arts opened in 1996  Between 2000 and 2010, Chapman University expanded to include the Rodgers Center for Holocaust Education, Leatherby Libraries, Fish Interfaith Center, Marion Knott Studios (The home of Dodge College of Film and Media Arts), the creation of the Argyros School's Economic Science Institute – led by Dr  Vernon L  Smith (2002 Nobel Prize winner in Economic Sciences, the Erin J  Anderson Athletics Complex and the Schmid College of Science and Technology  The Rinker Health Science Campus opened in Irvine, CA  in 2013, becoming the home for the School of Pharmacy  Mathematician Daniele C  Struppa became President in 2016, taking over for Dr  James L  Doti  In the same year, Musco Center for the Arts opened  The 1,110 seat concert hall draws more than 30,000 visitors per year and hosts both professional and student performances Chapman opened the Keck Center for Science and engineering in 2018 with the Dale E  and Sarah Ann Fowler School of Engineering opening shortly after  Between 2018 and 2022, Chapman University earned a Carnegie Classification of R2: Doctoral University – High Research Activity, had its first Rhodes Scholar, Vidal Arroyo '19, and became nationally ranked by U S  News & World Report 

Colleges and programs
Argyros School of Business and Economics
The George L  Argyros School of Business and Economics is located in the Arnold and Mabel Beckman Business and Technology Hall  Founded in 1977, the school is named after George L  Argyros, a Chapman alumnus and former U S  Ambassador to Spain  Argyros has chaired the board of trustees of Chapman University since 1976, and has donated significant resources towards establishing Chapman as a leading national business school  The business school was renamed in Argyros' honor in 1999  In 2019 the Argyros School celebrated the 20th Anniversary of the naming of the school, capped off with a special fundraiser dinner on October 9, featuring special guest President George W  Bush  The event raised approximately $15 million for the school's endowment, $10 million of which was a surprise announcement by the Argyros family  The $15 million raised is believed to be the largest 1-day fundraising event in Orange County's history The Argyros School offers undergraduate and graduate degrees in business, including the Master of Business Administration and Master of Science  In 2023 Argyros was ranked the #60 business school in the country by U S  News & World Report The Argyros School of Business and Economics was officially nationally ranked as the 60th Best Undergraduate Bloomberg BusinessWeek Business School in 2014  In 2016, the Argyros School of Business and Economics rose to 34th in the same Bloomberg rankings 
The Argyros School is home to several research centers and institutes, including the A  Gary Anderson Center for Economic Research, the C  Larry Hoag Center for Real Estate and Finance, the Ralph W  Leatherby Center for Entrepreneurship and Ethics, the Walter Schmid Center for International Business, the Economic Science Institute (founded by Nobel Prize winner Vernon L  Smith and others in 2008), the Institute for the Study of Religion, Economics and Society (founded by Dr  Laurence Iannaccone in September 2009), and the Smith Institute for Political Economy and Philosophy The Leatherby Center for Entrepreneurship and Business Ethics is a program whose scope includes original research, scholarship, and the publication of several scholarly journals 

Donna Ford Attallah College of Educational Studies
Chapman University's Donna Ford Attallah College of Educational Studies offers an undergraduate Integrated Educational Studies (IES) degree; teaching, school counseling, and school psychology credentials; and graduate degrees in teaching, special education, school counseling, school psychology, and leadership, including a Ph D  in education  The college is also home to various centers and programs for community engagement and research, including the Centro Comunitario de Educación, Paulo Freire Democratic Project (PFDP), and Thompson Policy Institute on Disability and Autism The School of Education at Chapman University became the College of Educational Studies in August 2008  In 2017, the college was named in honor of Donna Ford Attallah  The current home of the Attallah College is Chapman's Reeves Hall, which was one of the first buildings constructed for Orange Union High School on the site in 1913, added to the National Register for Historic Places in 1975, and renovated and reopened to the public in February 2018 The Attallah College or its programs are accredited by the Council Accreditation of Educator Preparation, Commission on Teacher Credentialing, National Association of School Psychologists, and International School Psychology Association 

Dodge College of Film and Media Arts
The college has been recognized as one of the top ten film schools in the world and ranked #4 by The Hollywood Reporter among American film schools 

Crean College of Health and Behavioral Sciences
Formerly part of Chapman University's Schmid College of Science and Technology, the Crean College of Health and Behavioral Sciences officially became its own independent college at Chapman University on June 1, 2014 Undergraduate programs in Crean College of Health and Behavioral Sciences include B S  Applied Human Physiology, B S  Health Sciences, and B A  Psychology  Graduate and post-baccalaureate programs include M A  Marriage and Family Therapy (MFT), M S  Communication Sciences & Disorders, a MMS Physician Assistant (set to open in 2015), a Doctor of Physical Therapy (PT) (accredited since 1928, making it one of the oldest such programs in the United States), and a Transitional Doctor of Physical Therapy 
The physical therapy, communication sciences & disorders, and physician assistant programs are housed on Chapman University's Harry and Diane Rinker Health Science Campus in Irvine, California 

Wilkinson College of Arts, Humanities, and Social Sciences
Wilkinson College of Arts, Humanities, and Social Sciences is the largest college at Chapman University and is composed of the departments of art, English, history, world languages and cultures, peace studies, philosophy, political science, religious studies, and sociology 

Dale E  Fowler School of Law
The Chapman University School of Law is located in Kennedy Hall  Law degrees offered include the Juris Doctor (J D ) and Master of Laws (LL M ) degrees in various specialties   In 2022, John Eastman retired as Dean after more than 160 faculty members signed a letter calling for the university to take action against him for concocted a baseless theory and made false claims of fraud in an attempt to overturn the 2020 election   Eastman is currently (June 2023) undergoing a hearing of disbarment in the State of California 

Dale E  and Sarah Ann Fowler School of Engineering
Since opening in fall 2019, the Chapman University school has grown to include undergraduate programs in computer science, data analytics, software engineering and game development programming  A minor in computer engineering is also available  The university launched a bachelor's degree program in computer engineering in fall 2020, electrical engineering in fall 2021, and a master's degree program in computer science in fall 2022  Further expansion targets programs in biomedical and environmental engineering 

College of Performing Arts
Chapman University's College of Performing Arts, founded in 2007, operates in divisions: the Hall-Musco Conservatory of Music, the Department of Dance, and the Department of Theatre  The Conservatory of Music offers a Bachelor of Music (B M ), the Dance Department offers a Bachelor of Fine Arts (B F A) and a Bachelor of Arts (B A ), and the Theatre Department offers the Bachelor of Arts (B A )  The Theatre Department also offer two Bachelor of Fine Arts (B F A ) programs—Theatre Performance and Screen Acting—taught in conjunction with the Dodge Film School 

Schmid College of Science and Technology
Chapman University's Schmid College of Science and Technology was founded in 2008 when science-related degree programs (then housed in the Wilkinson School of Humanities and Social Sciences) were migrated to the new college  In 2014, the Schmid College underwent a reorganization to create the Crean College of Health and Behavioral Sciences  In 2019, the undergraduate programs computer science, data analytics, software engineering, and game development programming transferred out of Schmid College to start the new Fowler School of Engineering 
In addition to its undergraduate and graduate programs, Schmid College is home to various centers for research  Among them are the Center of Excellence in Computation, Algebra and Topology (CECAT), the Center of Excellence in Complex and Hyper-complex Analysis (CECHA) and the Center of Excellence in Earth Systems Modeling and Observations (CEESMO)  Schmid College is also affiliated with the Institute for Quantum Studies, whose list of physicists, includes a 2013 Nobel Prize recipient and a 2010 Presidential Medal of Honor winner Schmid College of Science and Technology recently expanded and moved into the new 140,000 sq  ft  Keck Center for Science and engineering on Chapman's main campus in Orange, California  The research facility contains 45 research and teaching labs, 50 faculty offices, seven student-collaboration spaces, and an outdoor amphitheater  The aesthetic of the building was inspired by the work of American architect, Frank Lloyd Wright 

School of Pharmacy
The Chapman University School of Pharmacy (CUSP) is located at the Rinker Campus in Irvine  Pharmacy degrees include the Doctor of Pharmacy (Pharm D ), a Master of Science in Pharmaceutical Science (MSPS), and a Doctor of Philosophy (Ph D ) in Pharmaceutical Sciences  The Chapman School of Pharmacy also offers an accelerated five-year Doctor of Pharmacy program to qualified high school seniors 

School of Communication
The School of Communication is located on the university's main campus and housed within Doti Hall  The school currently consists of three undergraduate majors for students to choose from, including: BA in Communication Studies, BA in Strategic & Corporate Communication, and BA in Global Communication and World Languages (which allows students to study communication while also emphasizing in a particular language)  The school also offers some graduate programs, including an MS in Health and Strategic Communication as well as a PhD program 

Fowler School of Engineering
The Fowler School of Engineering is the newest school within Chapman University  Majors within the school include a BS in Computer Engineering, BS in Computer Science, BS in Data Science, BS in Electrical Engineering, and BS in Software Engineering  Several other minors, such as Game Development Programming, are also housed within the school as well as several graduate programs  The school is housed in Chapman's new Swenson Hall of Engineering, which comprises various lab and maker spaces 

Rankings and admissions
In U S  News & World Report's 2020 rankings of the best colleges in America, the university was moved from the master's-level universities in the Western region to the National Universities group, with a debut ranking of tied at 125th  The reclassification was due to Chapman's elevation to R2 status by Carnegie Classification of Institutions of Higher Education in recognition of its high research activity  U S  News uses the Carnegie Classifications for its categorization of universities 
For U S  News & World Report's 2021 rankings, Chapman University was ranked tied for 124th overall among national universities, tied for 39th among 73 national universities evaluated for "Best Undergraduate Teaching", tied for 68th out of 83 for "Most Innovative Schools", tied for 86th of 142 for "Best Colleges for Veterans", and tied at 224th of 389 schools for "Top Performers on Social Mobility"  The business school was ranked tied for 74th, and the law school tied for 111th, in the U S  for 2021For the Class of 2022 (enrolling fall 2018), Chapman received 14,198 applications, accepted 7,605 (53 6%), and enrolled 1,660  For the freshmen who enrolled, the average SAT score was 640 for reading and writing and 638 for math, while the average ACT composite score was 27 9  The average high school GPA was 3 75 (unweighted) on a 4 0 scale 

Holocaust education
The Barry and Phyllis Rodgers Center for Holocaust Education was founded by Marilyn Harran, Ph D , in February 2000  It sponsors an annual Holocaust remembrance writing competition and hosts a regular Distinguished lecture series The Sala and Aron Samueli Holocaust Memorial Library, funded by Henry Samueli, is located on the fourth floor of the university's Leatherby Libraries  On April 11, 2005, sixty years after he was liberated from the Buchenwald concentration camp, Elie Wiesel dedicated the Samueli Holocaust Memorial Library, and a large bust of Wiesel stands at the entrance to the facility 
The collection includes a first edition of The Diary of Anne Frank in Dutch 

Athletics
Chapman athletic teams are the Panthers  The university is a member of the Division III (non-scholarship) level of the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA), primarily competing in the Southern California Intercollegiate Athletic Conference (SCIAC) since the 2011–12 academic year; which they were a member on a previous stint from 1950–51 to 1951–52  The Panthers previously competed in the California Collegiate Athletic Association (CCAA) of the NCAA Division II ranks from to 1978–79 to 1992–93, and as an NCAA D-III Independent from 1993–94 to 2010–11 
Chapman competes in 21 intercollegiate varsity sports (10 men's and 11 women's): Men's sports include baseball, basketball, cross country, football, golf, soccer, swimming & diving, tennis, track & field and water polo; while women's sports include basketball, cross country, golf, lacrosse, soccer, softball, swimming & diving, tennis, track & field, volleyball and water polo 
Chapman University has won seven NCAA national titles  As a member of the NCAA Division II, the Panthers won one baseball title (1968) and three men's tennis titles (1985, 1987, 1988)  After moving to NCAA Division III, the Panthers won the 1995 Division III softball championship and later the 2003 and 2019 Division III baseball championships 

Accomplishments
The Chapman softball team appeared in one Women's College World Series in 1979 In 2011, the women's lacrosse team won the WCLL National Championships in Arizona  In 2016, the men's lacrosse team won the MCLA National Championship 
In the 2014, 2017, and 2019 seasons, the Chapman University Panther football team ended their season undefeated in their conference and won the SCIAC championship The 2019 men's baseball team defeated Birmingham-Southern College to become the DIII NCAA National Champions In 2022, the men's soccer team won their first SCIAC championship  
The football and basketball teams are broadcast by the Chapman Sports Broadcast Network (CSBN) to local Channel 6 in Orange and on Chapman's athletic website  CSBN is a student-run, student-produced independent sports network created by students at Chapman University's Dodge College of Film and Media arts 

Notable people
Current and former faculty
Yakir Aharonov – Professor, James J  Farley Professorship in Natural Philosophy; Wolf Prize and National Medal of Science recipient
Brian Alters – Professor and director, Evolution Education Research Center
Richard Bausch – Professor in Department of English
Andrew Carroll – Presidential Fellow in American War Letters; Founding Director of the Center for American War Letters
Martha Coolidge – Professor, Lawrence and Kristina Dodge College of Film and Media Arts; Emmy nominated film director; elected in 2001 as the first and only female president of the Directors Guild of America
George Csicsery – 2017–2019 Presidential Fellow
Grace Fong D M A  – director of Keyboard Studies at Conservatory of Music; winner of such honors as the 2006 Leeds International Piano Competition
Carolyn Forché – Presidential Fellow in Creative Writing; American poet
Kyle Harrison – Men's lacrosse assistant coach and professional lacrosse player
Hugh Hewitt – Professor, Dale E  Fowler School of Law; He served for six years in the Reagan Administration in a variety of posts including Assistant Counsel in the White House and Special Assistant to the Attorney General of the United States
Jack Horner – Presidential Fellow; technical adviser for all Jurassic Park movies and was Michael Crichton's basis for the Alan Grant character
Laurence Iannaccone – director, Institute for the Study of Religion, Economics, and Society; Professor of Economics
Cheryl Boone Isaacs – Lecturer, Lawrence and Kristina Dodge College of Film and Media Arts; serving third term as President of the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences by the organization's Board of Governors; inducted into the NAACP Hall of Fame in 2014
Bill Kroyer – Professor, Director, Digital Arts Program; one of the first animators to make the leap to computer animation as computer image choreographer on Disney's ground-breaking 1982 feature, Tron 
Tibor Machan (1939–2016) – held the R  C  Hoiles Chair of Business Ethics and Free Enterprise, Argyros School of Business & Economics
Peter McLaren – Distinguished Professor in Critical Studies, Attallah College of Educational Studies
Prexy Nesbitt – Presidential Fellow in Peace Studies
Dimitar Ouzounov - Research professor of geophysics at Institute for Earth, Computing, Human and Observing (Institute for ECHO) 
Michael Shermer – Presidential Fellow in General Education, author of numerous books and founder of The Skeptics Society
Rebecca Skloot – Presidential Fellow in Creative Science Writing
Mark Skousen – Professor, Mark Skousen, Ph D , editor of Forecasts & Strategies, is a nationally known investment expert, economist, university professor and author of more than 25 books  In 2018, he was awarded the Triple Crown in Economics for his work in economic theory, history and education, and has been identified as one of the 20 most influential living economists
Vernon L  Smith – Nobel Laureate in Economic Science (2002); founder of Economic Science Institute and Smith Institute for Political Economy and Philosophy
Joel Stern – chairman and chief executive officer of Stern Value Management, formerly Stern Stewart & Co, and the creator and developer of Economic Value Added "EVA"
Bart Wilson – Donald P  Kennedy Endowed Chair of Economics and Law in the Argyros School of Business & Economics

Alumni
Paul Anderson – member, Nevada State Assembly
Anastasia Baranova – Russian-American actress
Gustavo Arellano ('01) – former publisher and editor of OC Weekly and author of the column ¡Ask a Mexican!
George Argyros ('59) – business executive, former U S  Ambassador to Spain, former owner of Seattle Mariners of Major League Baseball
Emmett Ashford ('41) – first African American umpire in Major League Baseball
David E  Bonior (MA '72) – U S  Congressman from Michigan (1977–2003), House Minority Whip (1995–2002), House Majority Whip (1991–95)
Stephen "tWitch" Boss – DJ and dancer
Tiquette Bramlett - first black woman to lead a winery in the United States
Sabrina Bryan - dancer, choreographer, actress and singer  Member of The Cheetah Girls
Amy Sterling Casil - science fiction writer (and later writing instructor at Chapman)
Matt and Ross Duffer ('07) – co-creators of the television series Stranger Things
Hannah Einbinder – stand-up comedian and actor, known for Hacks
Bob Einstein – film and television actor
Tim Flannery ('79) – Major League Baseball player for 11 seasons, coach for San Francisco Giants
Colin Hanks (did not graduate, left in 1997) – film and television actor
Cooper Hefner ('15) – chief creative officer of Playboy Enterprises
Jelena Jensen ('03) – adult film actress, nude model, webcam model, radio personality
Ben York Jones ('06) – screenwriter and actor, co-creator of the television series Everything Sucks!
Leslie Jones (did not graduate, left in 1986) – comedian, former Saturday Night Live cast member
Randy Jones – former professional baseball player, San Diego Padres, New York Mets; 1976 Cy Young Award Winner
Tyler Patrick Jones - actor
Harshvardhan Kapoor – Bollywood actor
Wayne W  Lambert – Brig  Gen  (USAF) (Ret ) (MBA '76), commanded Strategic Air Command forces in Europe (7th Air Division) 1983–1986
Steve Lavin – former head coach of St  John's men's basketball team (2010–2015), former head coach of UCLA men's basketball team (1996–2002)
Chris Lee (MBA '97) – U S  Congressman (January 6, 2009 – February 9, 2011)
Paul Le Mat ('63) - Movie Actor
Jeff Levering ('03) – Milwaukee Brewers play-by-play announcer
Stephen Nelson ('11) - MLB/NHL Network television personality, co-host of Intentional Talk, and play-by-play announcer for the MLB Network-produced Friday Night Baseball on Apple TV+ 
Jeff Lewis ('93) – real estate speculator, interior designer, and television personality on Flipping Out
Kevin Kwan Loucks (EMBA '17) - CEO of Chamber Music America; co-founder of Chamber Music OC; member of classical music ensemble Trio Céleste
Kellan Lutz – fashion model and actor
Joanna Rosholm ('07) – press secretary to First Lady Michelle Obama
Jim Saia – college basketball head coach
Loretta Sanchez ('82) – Congresswoman, California's 46th Congressional District
Utkarsh Sharma – Indian actor
Jim Silva (MA) – member, California State Assembly
Justin Simien ('05) – filmmaker, actor, and author; director of Dear White People
Jodie Sweetin ('05) – actress, star of television series Full House and Fuller House
Jason Thornberry, writer
Carles Torrens (BFA 2008) – film director
Laura Yeager – U S  Army general, first woman to command an Army infantry division

Notes
Passage 6:
Tom Campbell (California politician)
Thomas John Campbell (born August 14, 1952) is an American academic, educator, and politician  He is a Professor of Law at the Dale E  Fowler School of Law, and a professor of economics at the George Argyros School of Business and Economics, at Chapman University, in Orange, California 
He was Dean of Chapman University School of Law from 2011–16, Director of Finance for the State of California from 2004 to 2005, a former five-term Republican United States Congressman from California's 12th and 15th districts, a former member of the California State Senate, a former professor at Stanford Law School, former dean of the Haas School of Business, and former professor of business administration at the University of California, Berkeley 
In 2000 he retired from his House seat to run for the U S  Senate but lost decisively to incumbent Dianne Feinstein  On June 8, 2010, he lost his third bid for the United States Senate, campaigning once again for the seat held by Democrat Barbara Boxer but losing the Republican nomination to Carly Fiorina 
Campbell is a member of the ReFormers Caucus of Issue One 

Early life
Born in Chicago, Campbell was the valedictorian of Chicago's St  Ignatius College Prep, Class of 1969  He went on to obtain his B A  and M A  degrees from the University of Chicago (1973), a J D  from Harvard Law School (1976) and then a subsequent Ph D  in economics from the University of Chicago (1980)  He served as a clerk to U S  Supreme Court Justice Byron White from 1977 to 1978 and, the year before that, for U S  Court of Appeals Judge George E  MacKinnon  His mentor was Milton Friedman  Tom Campbell's father was the late Hon  William Joseph Campbell, a former  Chief Judge of the United States District Court for the Northern District of Illinois  While Tom Campbell was raised in a Democratic family, he joined the Republican Party in 1980 Campbell was admitted to the Illinois bar in 1976 and went into private practice in Chicago  He was a White House Fellow in the offices of the Chief of Staff and Counsel (1980–1981)  He then served in the Reagan Administration as Director of the Bureau of Competition in the Federal Trade Commission from 1981-1983, the youngest person ever to serve in that position 

Law professor
Campbell became a law professor at Stanford Law School in 1983, receiving tenure as a full professor in 1987 

Congressional and State Senate career
Campbell ran for the Republican nomination in California's 12th Congressional District, which included his home in Campbell and the campus of Stanford University   The 12th had traditionally been a moderate Republican bastion, but had grown increasingly friendly to Democrats over the years  Campbell soundly defeated first-term incumbent Ernie Konnyu in the Republican primary and narrowly defeated his Democratic opponent, San Mateo County Supervisor Anna Eshoo  He served two terms before making an unsuccessful bid for the Republican nomination for the Senate seat being vacated by Alan Cranston  He lost the Republican primary to a considerably more conservative Republican, Bruce Herschensohn, who in turn was defeated by Democratic Congresswoman Barbara Boxer  His political career might have been in jeopardy in any case; his district had been renumbered as the 14th District and had been made considerably more Democratic than its predecessor  Eshoo won the seat and still holds it today; no Republican running in this district (now numbered as the 18th District) has won more than 39 percent of the vote since Campbell left office 
In 1993, California State Senator Becky Morgan stepped down mid-term, and Campbell won a special election to succeed her; the state Senate district overlapped significantly with his old congressional district  In the California state Senate, Campbell was Chairman of the Housing Committee, Vice Chairman of the Education Committee, and served on the Budget Committee  California Journal rated him the Best Problem Solver in the State Senate, the Most Ethical State Senator, and the overall Best State Senator 
In 1995, 15th District Democratic Congressman Norman Mineta, later the Secretary of Commerce under President Bill Clinton and Secretary of Transportation under George W  Bush, unexpectedly resigned  Campbell's home had been re-drawn into this San Jose-based district, and he ran in the special election  Mineta had held the seat since 1975, and it was widely considered a safe Democratic district   Despite the considerable disadvantage in voter registration and Democratic attempts to tie him to Speaker Newt Gingrich, Campbell won the December special election easily  He won a full term almost as easily in 1996 and was handily re-elected in 1998 
During both of his stints in Congress, Campbell was regarded as one of the most moderate House Republicans  Though conservative on fiscal matters, he is socially liberal, being pro-choice on abortion and in favor of gay rights  This was not surprising, as Bay Area Republicans tend to be more moderate on social and environmental matters than their counterparts in the rest of California  He has a decided libertarian streak, and remains popular with libertarian-leaning Republicans  As a fiscal conservative, he was the only Republican in the House to vote against the Taxpayer Relief Act of 1997 Campbell led a group of 17 bipartisan members of Congress who filed a lawsuit against President Clinton in 1999 over his conduct of the war in Kosovo  In the filing, they accused Clinton of not reporting to Congress within 48 hours on the status of the action as required by the 1973 War Powers Resolution and not first obtaining a declaration of war from Congress as required in the Constitution  Congress had voted 427 to 2 against a declaration of war with Yugoslavia and had voted to deny support for the air campaign  A federal judge dismissed the lawsuit, ruling that since Congress had voted for funding after the U S  was actively engaged in the war with Kosovo, legislators had sent a confusing message about whether they approved of the war  Campbell said afterwards that this was a sidestepping of the law, and lawmakers who disagree with a war should not be forced to cut off funding for troops who are in the midst of it in order to get a judge to order an end to it In 2000, Campbell won the Republican nomination to take on Democratic Senator Dianne Feinstein  Although he touted his service as a moderate Republican representing a strongly Democratic district, he was considered a decided underdog  Campbell was badly defeated, losing by over 19 points  He even lost his own district by almost 15 points  Democratic State Assemblyman Mike Honda, a Mineta protege, won Campbell's House seat by 12 points over Republican State Assemblyman Jim Cunneen, a former aide to Campbell  As of 2020, Campbell is the last elected Republican to have represented a significant portion of San Jose above the county level In 2008, Campbell wrote in Reason that he would be voting no on Proposition 8, the proposed ballot measure banning same-sex marriage in the state, per his Republican beliefs that "government should be limited  Government has no business making distinctions between people based on their personal lives " Proposition 8 eventually passed by a margin of 52-48% Campbell is a supporter of the National Popular Vote Interstate Compact 

Return to legal scholarship
In 2000, Campbell returned to Stanford   He remained there until his appointment at the Haas School of Business at UC Berkeley in 2002  In the intervening years, he began to assemble the material, out of his professional political experiences, for his book The Separation of Powers in Practice  with Stanford University Press As Dean of the Haas School, Campbell stressed the study of corporate social responsibility and business ethics amid an era of corporate scandals  A full-fledged Center for Responsible Business was established  In September 2004, Campbell was named by California Governor Arnold Schwarzenegger to his newly formed Council of Economic Advisors   From 2004 to 2005, Campbell took a leave of absence from his Berkeley post to serve as director of the California Department of Finance in the Schwarzenegger administration 
On August 27, 2007, Campbell announced that he would step down from his position at Haas in the summer of 2008 
In mid-2008, Campbell joined the Palo Alto office of Los Angeles-based Gibson, Dunn & Crutcher LLP  Campbell joined the Chapman School of Law for a 2-year visiting appointment which began January 2009, serving as the Fletcher Jones Distinguished Visiting Professor at Chapman University School of Law   In February 2011, Chapman announced that Campbell would be its new Dean   Campbell replaced interim Dean Scott Howe, who replaced Dean John C  Eastman, who stepped down to seek the 2010 Republican nomination for Attorney General of California (Campbell had filed paperwork to seek the 2010 Republican nomination for Governor of California the day after stepping down as Dean of Haas before going on to seek the 2010 Republican nomination for U S  Senator from California; neither Eastman and Campbell won the Republican nomination in their respective races) 

Return to politics
In July 2008, Tom Campbell filed the necessary paperwork in order to establish a committee with the intent to raise funds for a prospective race for the Republican nomination to be Governor of California in 2010 On January 13, 2010, the Wall Street Journal reported that Campbell would run for the United States Senate, instead of for Governor of California 
Campbell's Web Site confirmed it  In the primary on June 8, Campbell finished a distant second to former Hewlett-Packard CEO Carly Fiorina, in a race that also included State Assemblyman Chuck DeVore   The primary election received national attention, in part due to a campaign ad released by Carly Fiorina, depicting Campbell as a "Demon Sheep "

2016 U S  presidential election
In August 2016, Campbell published an op-ed in The Mercury News calling on the Republican National Committee to replace Donald Trump as the nominee for President, and saying Campbell would withdraw from the Republican Party if that did not happen  Campbell wrote:

On Aug  9, Trump said, "If she gets to pick her judges, nothing you can do, folks      Although the Second Amendment people -- maybe there is, I don't know " Trump's campaign explained this meant Second Amendment supporters would defeat Clinton at the ballot box  That, however, is not a logical interpretation of the remark  The context was what can be done if Clinton becomes president; not what can be done to stop her from becoming president  As such, this is a statement of great recklessness, made all the more so by our present environment of violence used to advance extremism 
Trump's words were similar to other calls he has made to ignore the rule of law  He has proposed ordering members of the U S  military to violate American law regarding torture, assuring us that his orders, rather than the law, would be obeyed  He has encouraged physical violence by individuals against protesters at his rallies, assuring anyone doing so that he would cover their legal costs  He has threatened to use the antitrust laws against a company and an individual because the newspaper that individual owns has criticized him 
Campbell also said he could not support the Democratic nominee, Hillary Clinton, either, due to her involvement in the email controversy  Campbell officially changed his registration to independent shortly thereafter In 2016, Campbell wrote a column for the Orange County Register, which, while not endorsing Gary Johnson for president, suggested libertarian-leaning Republicans should consider him  Campbell was later one of 30 former Republican members of Congress who wrote an open letter denouncing Trump's candidacy  Campbell was also included on a list of potential Supreme Court nominees issued by Libertarian Party nominee Gary Johnson  Campbell was speculated to be a possible candidate for the Libertarian nomination in 2020, but instead he endorsed former Judge Jim Gray for the nomination  Campbell proceeded to co-found the centrist Common Sense Party due to what he perceived as a want for such a party among California residents 

Personal life
Campbell married Susanne Martin in 1978 

Awards
2016 Anti-Defamation League Orange County/Long Beach Marcus Kaufman Jurisprudence Award
1998 University of Chicago Alumni Professional Achievement Award

Books
Separation of Powers in Practice (2004) ISBN 0-8047-5027-0

See also
List of law clerks of the Supreme Court of the United States (Seat 6)
Passage 7:
Journal of Behavioral Finance
The Journal of Behavioral Finance is a quarterly peer-reviewed academic journal that covers research related to the field of behavioral finance  It was established in 2000 as The Journal of Psychology and Financial Markets  The founding Board of Editors were Brian Bruce, David Dreman, Paul Slovic, Nobel Laureate Vernon Smith and Arnold Wood  The editor-in-chief was Gunduz Caginalp (2000-2005), Brian Bruce (Hillcrest Asset Management) is the current editor  Taylor and Francis is the journal's publisher (2023) 

Abstracting and indexing
The journal is abstracted and indexed in:

According to the Journal Citation Reports, the journal  has a 2022 impact factor of 1 8  In a 2010 ranking it was 71st out of 76 journals in the category "Business, Finance", and 256th out of 305 journals in the category "Economics"  The Journal is ranked number 30 out of 80 established finance program journals, as per the Author Affiliation Index methodology, which is an affiliation based network approach to journal rankings  The rankings are published in the Journal of Corporate Finance   It has a 7% acceptance rate  The Australian Business School Deans list it as a selective A ranked journal 

See also
Prospect theory
Technical analysis
Passage 8:
Chapman University School of Law
Chapman University's Dale E  Fowler School of Law, commonly referred to as Chapman University School of Law or Fowler School of Law, is a private, non-profit law school located in Orange, California  The school offers the Juris Doctor degree (JD), combined programs offering a JD/MBA and JD/MFA in Film & Television Producing  The school also offers emphasis options in Business Law, Criminal Law, Entertainment Law, Environmental Law, Entrepreneurial Law, International Law, Trial Advocacy, and Taxation  Currently, the school has 74 full- and part-time faculty members and a law library with holdings in excess of 290,000 volumes and volume equivalents 

Accreditation history
Established in 1995 as part of Chapman University, Chapman Law gained provisional accreditation from the American Bar Association (ABA) in 1998 and received full ABA accreditation in 2002  In addition to its ABA membership, the Association of American Law Schools admitted Chapman Law as one of its members in 2006  In 2019, the ABA again fully accredited the school until 2027, the standard seven-year accreditation term 

Rankings
Chapman University School of Law is currently ranked 118th by the U S  News & World Report's annual law school rankings, and 43rd in part-time law schools 

Bar passage rate
For July, 2021, the first-time bar passage rate for Chapman School of Law was 79%  The overall first-time pass rate for ABA-accredited California law schools was 81% 

Costs and average student indebtedness
The cost of tuition for full-time JD students at Chapman for the 2021–2022 academic year was $57,873, which does not include living expenses and fees; and for part-time students was: $46,183   Accordingly, of 2022 graduates, 74% incurred debt to attend Chapman, with an average indebtedness of $150,534 

Post-graduation employment
According to Chapman's official 2021 ABA-required disclosures, 89% of the Class of 2021 obtained bar passage required employment 10 months or less after graduation, 11% were employed in JD advantage jobs where bar passage was a desired qualification, but not required, and 12% reported they were unemployed 

Scholarships
Chapman, like some other law schools, uses merit based scholarships in order to entice competitive students who might otherwise pass over the school for higher ranked competitors and to enhance its own ranking 

Dean
Paul D  Paton was named dean of Chapman University's Dale E  Fowler School of Law and the Donald P  Kennedy Chair in Law in March, 2023  He assumes the role from interim Dean Marisa Cianciarulo who served as interim-dean from December 1, 2021 through June 30, 2023  Prior deans include Matthew J  Parlow who served as dean from July 1, 2016 to December 1, 2021 who, in turn, succeeded Tom Campbell, dean of Fowler School of Law from 2011-2016   From 2007-2010, John Eastman was the dean 

Notable faculty
Tom Campbell, Member of the United States Congress, 1989–1993 and 1995–2001, member of the California State Senate 1993–1995, and director of the California Department of Finance from 2004–2005 
John C  Eastman, who represented Donald Trump in disputes over the 2020 US presidential election   On January 13, 2021, Eastman retired from the Chapman University faculty after he had created controversy by speaking at a Trump rally that preceded the violent storming of the United States Capitol 
Hugh Hewitt, radio host and co-panelist in several of the 2016 presidential debates 
Celestine McConville, Constitutional law and death penalty scholar
Vernon L  Smith, co-winner of the Nobel Prize in economics

Law journals
Chapman's Fowler School of Law publishes the Chapman Law Review, a student-run scholarly journal  In addition to publishing the scholarly journal, the Chapman Law Review hosts a symposium at the start of the spring semester each year 
Passage 9:
Center for American War Letters
The Center for American War Letters is a center established in 2013 after historian Andrew Carroll donated more than 100,000 war letters to Chapman University 

Background
The Center for American War Letters (CAWL) is housed in the Leatherby Libraries building at Chapman University in Orange, California   Every American conflict is represented in the collections at CAWL, including more than 40 linear feet of correspondence from World War II  Scholars and the public can visit the Center and browse its holdings by visiting the Center during business hours  There are also regular exhibits at CAWL featuring the letters and other war ephemera 

Collection
Notable holdings include a letter by a soldier writing on stationery discovered in Adolf Hitler's office and a Civil War letter from General William T  Sherman  The National Endowment for the Humanities (NEH) recently awarded a Foundations-level grant for the digitization of the letters held in this archive, so they may be available to researchers online   This award was made through the Standing Together Initiative sponsored by the NEH  Some parts of the holdings are already available in the Online Archive of California and in Chapman University's Digital Commons repository 

Published works based on collection
War letters: extraordinary correspondence from American wars  New York: Scribner  2001  OCLC 46402061 
Behind the lines: powerful and revealing American and foreign war letters--and one man's search to find them  New York: Scribner  2005  ISBN 0-7432-5616-6  OCLC 58648073 
Operation homecoming: Iraq, Afghanistan, and the Home Front, in the words of U S  troops and their families  New York: Random House  2006  OCLC 70114649 
My Fellow Soldiers: General John Pershing and the Americans Who Helped Win the Great War  Penguin Press  2017  ISBN 978-1594206481 
Context 3: Passage 1:
Fifty-state strategy
In the context of American politics, a fifty-state strategy is a political strategy which aims for progress in all states of the United States of America, rather than conceding certain states as "unwinnable"  In a presidential campaign, it is usually implemented as an appeal to a broad base of the American public in an attempt to win, even if marginally, every state, since even a marginal victory is effectively a total victory for electoral purposes  It can also refer to an overall long-term strategy for a political movement such as a political party 
This strategy is very ambitious and, when used for a specific election, is typically abandoned as the election day draws nearer  In the vast majority of cases, winning a state's popular vote for president or senator — even by a small margin — means the state's entire representation in the election goes to the victor without being divided  A fifty-state strategy requires a campaign to spend valuable resources in a rival's strongest states, when those resources could instead be concentrated in swing states that will become a total win or a total loss based on only a small difference in popular votes 

Attempts
Successful
A president has won every state three times  In 1788 and 1792, George Washington won all the electoral votes running effectively unopposed, and in 1820, James Monroe, running unopposed, carried all twenty-three states in the union at that time (although one electoral vote was cast for John Quincy Adams and two electors died prior to casting votes) 
A complete fifty-state victory has not been accomplished since the fiftieth state was admitted into the union, though there have been several landslide victories:

In 1936, Franklin D  Roosevelt carried 46 of 48 states, losing only Maine and Vermont 
In 1972, with Richard Nixon losing only Massachusetts 
In 1984, with Ronald Reagan losing only his rival's home state of Minnesota, yet only doing so by about 3,000 votes Both Nixon and Reagan also lost the District of Columbia, which has had presidential electors since the Twenty-Third Amendment in 1961 

Unsuccessful
In 1960, the first presidential election after the admission of Alaska and Hawaii, Richard Nixon pledged to visit all 50 states following his nomination at the Republican National Convention  Nixon was defeated in the general election by Democrat John F  Kennedy, in one of the closest presidential campaigns in American history  Many observers and commentators in succeeding years, such as Larry Sabato, have criticized Nixon's fifty-state pledge as a factor in his loss, suggesting that it forced him to place less emphasis on close states  Eight years later, in 1968, Nixon ran for president again and won a three-way race against Democrat Hubert Humphrey and independent candidate George Wallace  His achievement of visiting every state in his previous campaign made Nixon the first president ever to accomplish this task, though not during a winning campaign 

Mixed results
Howard Dean pursued an explicit "fifty-state strategy" as chairman of the Democratic National Committee, putting resources into building a Democratic Party presence even where Democrats had been thought unlikely to win federal positions, in hopes that getting Democrats elected to local and state positions, and increasing awareness of Democrats in previously conceded areas, would result in growing successes in future elections  Democrats who supported the strategy have said that abandoning "red states" as lost causes only allowed the Republican Party to grow even stronger in areas where it was unchallenged, resulting in lopsided losses for Democrats in even more races During the 2008 United States presidential election, Barack Obama attempted a form of the fifty-state strategy to reach into deep red states to try to flip them  This was largely based on Obama's appeal during the primaries in very Republican states, like those in the Deep South and the Great Plains  In September, Obama scaled back his fifty-state strategy, abandoning Alaska and North Dakota and reducing staff in Georgia and Montana  John McCain's choice of Sarah Palin as his running mate made winning Alaska very unlikely for Obama, and she also had strong support in North Dakota  Obama was ultimately able to win Virginia and Indiana, two states that had not voted Democratic since 1964, and North Carolina, last won by a Democrat in 1976  Virginia has since become a reliably Democratic state  Additionally, the margins of victory in North Dakota, Georgia, and Montana were considerably closer than they had been in 2004 

See also
Electoral College (United States)
Red states and blue states
Passage 2:
Territory of Hawaii
The Territory of Hawaii or Hawaii Territory (Hawaiian: Panalāʻau o Hawaiʻi) was an organized incorporated territory of the United States that existed from April 30, 1900, until August 21, 1959, when most of its territory, excluding Palmyra Island, was admitted to the United States as the 50th U S  state, the State of Hawaii  The Hawaii Admission Act specified that the State of Hawaii would not include Palmyra Island, the Midway Islands, Kingman Reef, and Johnston Atoll, which includes Johnston (or Kalama) Island and Sand Island On July 4, 1898, the United States Congress passed the Newlands Resolution authorizing the U S  annexation of the Republic of Hawaii, and five weeks later, on August 12, Hawaii became a U S  territory  In April 1900 Congress approved the Hawaiian Organic Act which organized the territory  United States Public Law 103-150 adopted in 1993, (informally known as the Apology Resolution), acknowledged that "the overthrow of the Kingdom of Hawaii occurred with the active participation of agents and citizens of the United States" and also "that the Native Hawaiian people never directly relinquished to the United States their claims to their inherent sovereignty as a people over their national lands, either through the Kingdom of Hawaii or through a plebiscite or referendum" Hawaii's territorial history includes a period from 1941 to 1944, during World War II, when the islands were placed under martial law  Civilian government was dissolved and a military governor was appointed 

Background
Upon the overthrow of Queen Liliʻuokalani in January 1893, the Committee of Safety established the Provisional Government of Hawaii and set out to effect Hawaii's speedy annexation by the United States  A commission, led by Lorrin A  Thurston, was sent to Washington D C  to negotiate an annexation treaty with President Benjamin Harrison  A delegation led by Princess Victoria Kaʻiulani also went to Washington to protest the overthrow and to lobby against annexation 
Harrison and the commission signed a treaty of annexation, which was sent to the U S  Senate for approval  In March 1893, before the Senate could ratify it, Grover Cleveland took office  The new president was an anti-imperialist and strongly opposed to annexation  He withdrew the treaty from consideration, ordered a congressional investigation into the events surrounding the overthrow of the Hawaiian monarchy, and, after receiving the committee's first report, recommended the restoration of Liliʻuokalani as queen  This did not go over well from even his own party   Eventually a bi-partisan vote called for a "hands off" policy in regards to internal events in Hawaii  Further investigation by Congress led to the Morgan Report, which established that the actions of U S  troops stationed in Hawaii during the coup had been completely neutral, and exonerated the U S  military from any accusations of complicity with the overthrow 

The provisional government convened a constitutional convention  to establish the Republic of Hawaii  Thurston was urged to become the nation's first president but he was worried his brazen personality would damage the cause of annexation  The more conservative Sanford B  Dole, former Supreme Court Justice and friend of Queen Liliʻuokalani, was elected as the first and only president of the new regime Hawaii's strategic location to support the Spanish–American War in the Philippines made it especially important to American interests, as argued by naval strategist Alfred Thayer Mahan  This and fears that the Empire of Japan would seize control of the islands provided momentum for the proponents of annexation  On July 4, 1898, the U S  Congress passed a joint resolution to provide for annexing of Hawaii to the United States  The resolution, commonly known as the Newlands Resolution (named after  Congressman Francis Newlands), was signed into law three days later by President McKinley and came into effect on August 12, 1898  The Newlands Resolution states,

Whereas, the Government of the Republic of Hawaii having, in due form, signified its consent, in the manner provided by its constitution, to cede absolutely and without reserve to the United States of America, all rights of sovereignty of whatsoever kind in and over the Hawaiian Islands and their dependencies, and also to cede and transfer to the United States, the absolute fee and ownership of all public, Government, or Crown lands, public buildings or edifices, ports, harbors, military equipment, and all other public property of every kind and description belonging to the Government of the Hawaiian Islands, together with every right and appurtenance thereunto appertaining: Therefore,Resolved by the Senate and House of Representatives of the United States of America in Congress assembled, That said cession is accepted, ratified, and confirmed, and that the said Hawaiian Islands and their dependencies be, and they are hereby, annexed as a part of the territory of the United States and are subject to the sovereign dominion thereof, and that all and singular the property and rights hereinbefore mentioned are vested in the United States of America 
A formal ceremony marking the transfer of Hawaiian state sovereignty to the United States was held on August 12 on the steps of the ʻIolani Palace in Honolulu where the Hawaiian flag was lowered and the American flag was raised in its place 

The Resolution also provided for the establishment of a five-member commission to study what new laws were needed regarding the management and disposition of public lands in Hawaii, and to develop a frame of government for the islands  It was composed of: Sanford B  Dole (who, under the terms of the Resolution, retained the powers he previously exercised as President of Hawaii), Walter F  Frear (who likewise remained Judge of the Supreme Court of Hawaii), along with U S  senators Shelby M  Cullom (R-Illinois) and John T  Morgan (D-Alabama), and representative Robert R  Hitt (R-Illinois)  The commission's final report was submitted to Congress for a debate which lasted over a year  Many Southern congressmen and senators raised objections to establishing an elected territorial government in Hawaii, as doing so would open a pathway for the admission of a state with a "non-white" majority population at a time when strict "Jim Crow laws" mandating racial segregation in all public facilities were in force throughout the American South 

Organic Act
In early 1900 Congress passed an Act To provide a government for the Territory of Hawaii, which was signed into law by President William McKinley on April 30, 1900  This organic act established the office of governor of Hawaii  Territorial governors were appointed by the president of the United States with the advice and consent of the U S  Senate  They served for four years, unless removed sooner by the president 

Territorial governors
The organic act also created a bicameral Hawaii Territorial Legislature, consisting of a lower chamber House of Representatives and the upper chamber, the Senate, with its members elected by popular vote 
A Territorial Supreme Court of several justices/judges led by a Chief Justice, and additional appellate courts, also appointed by the President with the constitutional "advice and consent" of the Senate 
The Act also provided as with the other several Federal territories for a non-voting Delegate to the United States Congress, seated and with offices and the otherwise usual rights and privileges of a U S  Representative in the United States House of Representatives

Congressional delegates
Representation in the U S  House of Representatives was limited to a single, non-voting delegate:

Tourism
Hawaii's tourism industry began in 1882 when Matson Navigation Company, founded by William Matson, began sailing vessels between San Francisco and Hawaii carrying goods  His transports encouraged him to purchase passenger steamships that would carry tourists hoping to vacation in Hawaii from the United States mainland Matson's fleet included the SS Wilhelmina, rivaling the best passenger ships serving traditional Atlantic routes  With the boom in interest of Hawaiian vacations by America's wealthiest families in the late 1920s, Matson added the SS Mariposa, SS Monterey and SS Lurline (one of many Lurlines) to the fleet 
Matson Navigation Company operated two resort hotels in Honolulu near royal grounds  The first (and for a time the only) hotel on Waikīkī was the Moana Hotel which opened in 1901  As the first hotel in Waikīkī, the Moana Hotel was nicknamed the "First Lady of Waikīkī "  The hotel gained international attention in 1920 when Edward, Prince of Wales and future King Edward VIII of the United Kingdom, stayed as a guest 
In 1927, the luxurious Royal Hawaiian Hotel, informally called the "Pink Palace of the Pacific," opened for business  It was the preferred Hawaii residence of President Franklin D  Roosevelt when he visited Hawaii during World War II 

Military bases
With annexation, the United States saw Hawaii as its most strategic military asset  McKinley and his successor U S  President Theodore Roosevelt expanded the military presence in Hawaii and established several key bases, some still in use today  By 1906, the entire island of Oahu was being fortified at the coastlines with the construction of a "Ring of Steel," a series of gun batteries mounted on steel coastal walls  One of the few surviving batteries completed in 1911, Battery Randolph, is today the site of the U S  Army Museum of Hawaii List of Territorial Installations:

Industrial boom and the "Big Five"
As a territory of the United States, sugarcane plantations gained a new infusion of investment  By getting rid of tariffs imposed on sugarcane sent to the continental United States, planters had more money to spend on equipment, land and labor  Increased capital resulted in increased production  Five kingdom-era corporations benefited from annexation, becoming multimillion-dollar conglomerations: Castle & Cooke, Alexander & Baldwin, C  Brewer & Co , American Factors (later Amfac), Theo H  Davies & Co  Together, the five companies dominated the Hawaiian economy as the "Big Five "

Pineapples and Hawaii
James Dole, also known as the Pineapple King, arrived in Hawaii in 1899  He purchased land in Wahiawa and established the first pineapple plantation in Hawaii  Confident that canned pineapples could become a popular food export, Dole built a cannery near his first plantation in 1901  Hawaiian Pineapple Company, later renamed Dole Food Company, was born   With his profits soaring, Dole expanded and built a larger cannery in Iwilei near Honolulu Harbor in 1907  The Iwilei location made his main operations more accessible to labor  The cannery at Iwilei was in operation until 1991   Dole found himself in the midst of an economic boom industry  In response to growing pineapple demand in 1922, Dole purchased the entire island of Lanai and transformed the Hawaiian tropical low shrublands into the largest pineapple plantation in the world  For a long stretch of time, Lanai would produce 75% of the world's pineapple and become immortalized as the "Pineapple Island "By the 1930s, Hawaii became the pineapple capital of the world and pineapple production became its second largest industry  After World War II, there were a total of eight pineapple companies in Hawaii  Today pineapples are imported from Thailand and elsewhere; few are commercially grown in Hawaii 

Race relations
One of the most prominent challenges territorial Hawaii had to face was race relations  Intermarriage was tolerated and even sought after  Many native women married immigrant men and joined their community  By 1898, most of Hawaii's population was made up of plantation workers from China, Japan, the Philippines and Portugal  Their plantation experiences molded Hawaii to become a plantation culture  The Hawaiian Pidgin language was developed on the plantations so they all could understand each other  Buddhism and Shintoism grew to become large religions  Catholicism became Hawaii's largest Christian denomination 

Massie Trial
Race relations in Hawaii took to the national spotlight on September 12, 1931 when Thalia Massie, a United States Navy officer's wife, got drunk and alleged that she was beaten and raped  That same night, the Honolulu Police Department stopped a car and detained five men, all plantation workers  Officers took the men to Massie's hospital bedroom where she identified them  Although evidence could not prove that the men were directly involved, national newspapers quickly ran stories about the brute locals on the prowl for white women in Hawaii  The jury in the initial trial failed to reach a verdict  One of the accused was afterwards severely beaten, while another, Joseph Kahahawai, was murdered  Police caught the Kahahawai killers: Massie's husband Thomas, mother Grace Fortescue, and two sailors  Famed criminal lawyer Clarence Darrow defended them  A jury of locals found them guilty and sentenced to hard labor for ten years  Outraged by the court's punishment, the territory's white leaders as well as 103 members of Congress signed a letter threatening to impose martial law over the territory  This pressured Governor Lawrence M  Judd to commute the sentences to an hour each in his executive chambers  Hawaii residents were shocked and all of America reconsidered what they thought of Hawaii's racial diversity  The term "local" (Hawaii's non-Caucasian population) was galvanized through the Massie trial

Martial law
From 1941 to 1944, following the attack on Pearl Harbor and America's entry into World War II, Territorial Governors Joseph B  Poindexter and Ingram M  Stainback stripped themselves of their administrative powers by declaring martial law  With the territorial constitution suspended, the legislature and supreme court were also dissolved indefinitely  Military law was enforced on all residents of Hawaii  The formation of the military government was mostly done by Maj  Gen  Thomas H  Green of the U S Army Judge Advocate General's Corps, who became Military Attorney General  General Walter Short appointed himself military governor December 7, 1941  He assumed control of Hawaii and governed from ʻIolani Palace, which was quickly barricaded and fitted with trenches  He was relieved December 17 and charged with dereliction of duty, accused of making poor preparations in case of attack before the attack on Pearl Harbor 
Under martial law, every facet of Hawaiian life was under the control of the military governor  His government fingerprinted all residents over the age of six, imposed blackouts and curfews, rationed food and gasoline, censored the news and media, censored all mail, prohibited alcohol, assigned business hours, and administered traffic and special garbage collection  The military governor's laws were called General Orders  Violations meant punishment without appeal by military tribunals 
Anthony, the shadow Attorney General of the period, provides different information  The "aged and weak" Poindexter (sic), an appointed Democrat, was variously misled into surrendering his powers  Anthony does not mention fingerprinting; corroborates gasoline rationing but not food (the latter unlike the mainland); and disproves a liquor ban by showing how the military gained handsome profits by liquor permits and fees 
The military government instituted employment stasis by General Order No  91 (no leaving an employer without a letter of good standing); and the banning of courts that required witnesses and juries  Traffic violations were said to have netted prison terms and the military courts evidenced bias against civilians  There ensued a turf battle between the federal Departments of War, Justice and Interior, in which the middle one played a mediating or flip-flopping role  Indeed, it appeared War if not the Pacific Command was operating autonomously The Glockner and Seifert cases, actually two detained, naturalized Germans, tested the military's suspension of habeas corpus  In the second year of martial law, August 1943, U S  District Judge Metzger subpoenaed General Richardson as to why these two were held without charges  The General, according to General Order No  31, could have had the server arrested for bringing charges against a military person, but instead had the Marshal manhandled so as to evade summons  The prisoners were released outside of Hawaii, avoiding the implicated fall of military power 
List of Military Governors:

Walter C  Short (1941)
Delos C  Emmons (1941–1943)
Robert C  Richardson Jr  (1943–1944)

Democratic Revolution of 1954
The Democratic Revolution of 1954 was a nonviolent revolution consisting of general strikes, protests, and other acts of civil disobedience  The Revolution culminated in the territorial elections of 1954 where the reign of the Hawaii Republican Party in the legislature came to an abrupt end, as they were voted out of office to be replaced by members of the Democratic Party of Hawaii 

Hawaii 7
During the years leading up to the ousting of the Republican Party, Cold War fears brewed and the U S  was in the middle of the Second Red Scare  The FBI employed the Smith Act toward the ILWU and Communist Party of Hawaii, arresting those who would become known as the Hawaii 7 on August 28, 1951, in synchronized raids at 6:30 that morning  They were convicted in a two-year-long trial  The Hawaii 7 were eventually released in 1958 
Jack Hall
John Reinecke
Koji Ariyoshi
Jack Kimoto
Jim Freeman
Charles Fujimoto
Eileen Fujimoto

Statehood
The first Congressional bill for Hawaii statehood was proposed in 1919 by Kuhio Kalanianaole, and was based upon the argument that World War I had proved Hawaii's loyalty  It was ignored, and proposals for Hawaii statehood were forgotten during the 1920s because the archipelago's rulers believed that sugar planters' interests would be better served if Hawaii remained a territory  Following the Jones-Costigan Act, another statehood bill was introduced to the House in May 1935 by Samuel Wilder King but it did not come to be voted on, largely because FDR himself strongly opposed Hawaii statehood, while "Solid South" Democrats who could not accept non-white Congressmen controlled all the committees Hawaii resurrected the campaign in 1940 by placing the statehood question on the ballot  Two-thirds of the electorate in the territory voted in favor of joining the Union  After World War II, the call for statehood was repeated with even larger support, even from some mainland states  The reasons for the support of statehood were clear:

Hawaii wanted the ability to elect its own governor
Hawaii wanted the ability to elect the president
Hawaii wanted an end to taxation without voting representation in Congress
Hawaii suffered the first blow of the war
Hawaii's non-white ethnic populations, especially the Japanese, proved their loyalty by having served on the European frontlines
Hawaii consisted of 90% United States citizens, most born within the U S A former officer of the Honolulu Police Department, John A  Burns, was elected Hawaii's delegate to Congress in 1956  A Democrat, Burns won without the white vote but rather with the overwhelming support of Japanese and Filipinos in Hawaii  His election proved pivotal to the statehood movement  Upon arriving in Washington, D C , Burns began making key political maneuvers by winning over allies among Congressional leaders and state governors  Burns' most important accomplishment was convincing Senate Majority Leader Lyndon B  Johnson (D-Texas) that Hawaii was ready to become a state, despite the continuing opposition of such Deep Southerners as James Eastland and John Sparkman 
In March 1959, both houses of Congress passed the Hawaii Admission Act and U S  President Dwight D  Eisenhower signed it into law  On June 27, 1959, a plebiscite was held asking Hawaii residents to vote on accepting the statehood bill  The plebiscite passed overwhelmingly, with 94 3% voting in favor  On August 21, church bells throughout Honolulu were rung upon the proclamation that Hawaii was finally a US state 

See also
History of Hawaii
Historic regions of the United States
Territorial evolution of the United States
Passage 3:
Angela McGlowan
Angela McGlowan (born March 2, 1970) is an American Republican political commentator, best-selling author, and CEO of Political Strategies & Insights (PSI), a government affairs, political strategy, public relations, and advocacy consulting firm based in Oxford, Mississippi, and Washington, D C  She is a contributor on Fox News, covering politics, special interest groups, and lobbies McGlowan was 1994 Miss District of Columbia USA  She is the author of the 2007 book Bamboozled: How Americans Are Being Exploited by the Lies of the Liberal Agenda  In 2010, she placed third in the Republican primary for a Congressional seat in Mississippi 

Early life and education
McGlowan was born and raised in Oxford, Mississippi  Her mother, Alberta, born in Hernando, Mississippi, failed sixth grade because she had to pick cotton, and had to work four jobs to support five children  Her father, James Thomas McGlowan, was a professor, a United Methodist minister, a civil rights worker, and a community activist who was also the first principal from 1958 to 1960 of Hernando Central (now called Oak Grove Central Elementary School), a building for African-American students from grades 1-12 during segregation; he died of cancer in 1982 when she was 12 years old She attended Lafayette High School in Oxford  McGlowan then attended the University of Mississippi, where she earned a B A  in public administration with an emphasis on criminal justice and political science in 1993  While attending the university, she was a member of the school's dance team, the Rebelettes  She was Miss Magnolia in 1993  McGlowan was 1994 Miss District of Columbia USA  McGlowan has a mixed ethnic background which includes African American, Native American, Scottish, and Irish ancestry 

Career
Early years
McGlowan began her government affairs expertise by serving as government and public affairs manager for Steve Wynn's, Mirage Resorts  During her tenure, she participated in lobbying initiatives with the American Gaming Association (AGA) that laid the foundation for Mirage Resorts latest gaming properties, Bellagio in Las Vegas, Nevada, and the Beau Rivage in Biloxi, Mississippi  She also developed Mirage Resorts advocacy and community outreach programs for both Las Vegas and Biloxi McGlowan served as Director of Outreach for the Better America Foundation, an organization founded by Senator Bob Dole that was focused on promoting community empowerment  She served as legislative/press aide to both Representative Roscoe Bartlett (R-6th Dist  Maryland), and Representative John Ensign (R-1st Dist  Nevada), working on issues of diversity, welfare reform, tax policy, and healthcare  She also served as publicist to Ensign's successful re-election campaign in 1996 From 1999 to 2005, McGlowan served as director of Government Affairs and Diversity Development for Chairman Rupert Murdoch's News Corporation  She was responsible for the development and implementation of diversity initiatives within the Fox Entertainment Group and its owned and operated interests  She was also a lobbyist and advocate within News Corporation to Congress for federal, legislative, and regulatory policies supportive of corporate objectives 

2005-present
In 2005, McGlowan founded her own political consultancy, Political Strategies & Insights  It is a government affairs, political strategy, public relations, and advocacy consulting firm based in Oxford, Mississippi, and Washington, D C That year, McGlowan also became the host of Good Day Street Talk, a New York City public affairs program  She also began appearing as a right-wing speaker on PBS's news analysis program To the Contrary, BET's Tonight, and ABC's political talk show Politically Incorrect  She received the 2005 Harlem Chamber of Commerce New York City Journalist of the Year Award McGlowan's book, Bamboozled: How Americans Are Being Exploited by the Lies of the Liberal Agenda, placed eighth on the Washington Area Bestseller List of the Washington Post for the week of Sunday, April 22, 2007 In February 2010, McGlowan announced her candidacy for Congress in Mississippi's 1st congressional district to challenge incumbent Democrat Travis Childers  She was one of 32 Black Republicans campaigning for Congress, the largest number since the Reconstruction era  Had she been elected, she would have become only the third African American elected as a Republican to the House of Representatives in 75 years  Her political positions included her view that the country needed immigration enforcement of existing laws rather than new immigration laws, a focus on better funding education, and a move towards bipartisanship  She also wanted to balance the national budget, implement tax cuts for small businesses, and create jobs in north Mississippi  She subsequently lost the Republican primary after coming in third place, garnering 15% of the vote  She was the first black candidate as well as the first woman to run in Mississippi's 1st congressional district, and left the race stating: "We lost the battle but won the war  A milestone was achieved for others to follow "She subsequently returned to Fox News in June 2010  McGlowan currently serves as a political and business analyst and contributor for both Fox News and Fox Business Network, covering politics, special interest groups, and lobbies 

Personal life
McGlowan is married to four-star General Jack Keane, recipient of the Presidential Medal of Freedom 
Passage 4:
1920 Politics (Hawaii)
1920 Politics also referred to as "Jim Crow" circa 1930, was a Democratic  political strategy to reassert the authority of the white race and promote American Anglo-Saxon values, in what was then the US Territory of Hawaii 

Strike of 1920
Before 1920 Hawaii was divided into various nationalist groups of Whites, Hawaiians, Chinese, Portuguese, Japanese, Okinawans, Filipinos, and Koreans 
At the time white nationalism by Republicans had been an acceptable position  Since annexation, Hawaii's white-dominated oligarchy comprised three branches: the HSPA and Big Five sugar plantations dominated economics, the Republican Party dominated politics, and the white minority dominated society  These organs supported each other: one important example was that the plantations were a crucial source of Republican votes  On Election Day, the crude election booths allowed plantation management to survey which worker voted Republican or not; those who did not were disciplined or fired  While several workers had the right to vote, they valued their livelihood more than their right to choose their candidate : 76 Racism was not only a social issue but more importantly an economic one  Hawaii’s plantation economy relied on the ready availability of cheap labor to work the fields, and any increase in wages was costly as pay was distributed over the large work force  For the white planters, the two largest groups — the Japanese and Filipinos — rivaled each other, dividing the labor force so that when one group went on strike the other would become strike breakers  But in 1920 the Japanese and Filipinos reconciled their differences and joined in the dual strike of 1920 

Farrington
After the 1920 strike, greater attention was given to the Asian majority  At the time, half of public school students were of Japanese ancestry  The white minority petitioned Governor Charles J  McCarthy for racial segregation to prevent their children for being exposed to what they believed to be the "corrupting influences" of the colored students  McCarthy had little sympathy for the immigrant Asian population and agreed to create English Standard Schools for whites and some Hawaiians, who were given privileges over students attending the more prevalent public schools  Republican Governor Wallace Rider Farrington came to power, stating that the “Racial elements are out of balance and seriously in need of adjusting” : 93  Republicans feared that a united labor force would take over the economy and eventually the political system, overturning the plantation economy, race hierarchy, and social values of Hawaii  The previous strategy known as Divide-and-Control had failed  Republicans created a new strategy to prevent majority rule  Divide-and-Control was unstable since it relied on different ethnicities confronting each other  Instead of Divide-and-Control, where Japanese identity was the center of the Japanese community and the Filipino identity was the center of the Filipino community, the 1920 Politics strategy was to Americanize the Japanese and Filipino communities to disconnect them from their own identity, to adopt a Western identity and to further the power of the white population 
The Filipinos were considered a mongrel race, the result of Asian and Hispanic mixing that produced a primitive people of low intelligence  People of Japanese origin were regarded as a pure race and better organized, despite being described as "paganistic barbarians"  Armed with this logic, Republicans decided to assimilate the Japanese first and then the Filipinos  The logic of the campaign was that, after the Japanese had been assimilated, the Filipinos, with their limited mental capacity, would be too weak to oppose the movement  If they concentrated on trying to assimilate the Filipinos first, it was likely that they would turn to the Japanese to arrange resistance to the campaign  Even if the Filipinos were broken, the Republicans would still have to challenge the Japanese who had organized the Filipinos 

Japanese
Farrington’s strategy was to target the schools and the next generations while the plantations dealt with the adults by promoting Christianity, thereby converting the ethnically Japanese population to the predominant American religion 
Immigrants to Hawaii usually encountered Christian groups proselytizing to newcomers, but with plantation owners allowing high tolerance for the immigrants’ culture, these immigrants continued to follow their own religions  During the strike of 1920, Buddhist and Shinto churches took the risk of supporting the striking workers  Christian churches on the other hand wanted to maintain good relations with the plantation owners and opposed the strike 
A solution was proposed by Umetaro Okumura as a means to assimilate the Japanese population: with his father Reverend Takie Okumura, he proposed evangelicalizing the Japanese community  Once converted to Christianity, the planters could manipulate the Japanese through the churches and discourage their workers from criticizing poor conditions, leaving the labor force, requesting pay raises, and creating unions  An additional advantage to Okumura was if he was effective in converting the Japanese community into a Christian fundamentalist society, it gave him the opportunity to become the theocratic leader over the Japanese 
The white oligarchy believed that Japanese would always believe another ethnic Japanese, this being a primitive but effective defense amongst a people of limited intelligence  Believing Takie Okumura could gain acceptance as a Japanese and infiltrate the Japanese community to carry out his agenda, the oligarchy gave its support to Okumura  He received support from planters brothers William and George Castle, former Republican governors George Carter, Walter Frear, and the governor at that time, Farrington  In exchange for higher productivity the Evangelical churches would be financially secured by the plantations and Republican would give government support in the spread and influence of Christianity 
Okumura was an avid opponent of the unions, and he refused to shelter or aid strikers following the evictions  His philosophy was that to use labor unions to challenge the white-dominated power structure might produce immediate gains but at a long-term loss, as a hostile relationship with the power holders would cause difficulties in the future  Instead, he believed in enduring the immediate hardships and accepting white-dominated authorities, becoming Americanized and Christianized, so that they could say ‘your country is my country; your God is my God’  Okumura believed deeply in the rule of law, and under the Republican administration he made a crusade of ridding Honolulu of prostitution and gambling  Since 1919, labor unions had been categorized as organized crime  To Okumura, they were the rural counterpart to Honolulu’s syndicates and the unionists and pagan priests that supported them were no better than the pimps and gangsters of Honolulu 
In 1921, Farrington applied new requirements for school emphasizing the teaching of English Language, American History, and democracy : 309  In 1923, the Government passed Act 30, Act 171, and in 1925 Act 152  The Acts limited the range of subjects taught and put financial pressure on Foreign language schools  Okumura was appointed to a committee to regulate the Language school text books 
In January 1921, Okumura began an “Education Campaign” to coax Japanese into Christianity by attempting to persuade them of its similarities to Japanese culture and to promote a strong work ethic  Okumura initially convinced Buddhists clergy and Japanese businessmen to support the program, believing Okumura was taking an initiative to reconcile tensions between the two faiths and join together to alleviate hostilities between Whites and Japanese 
The campaign was flawed from the start, since it was known that Okumura opposed the 1920 strike and sided with planters  It was also known that the plantations were providing Okumura and his colleagues with facilities and paying their expenses, Okumura’s close relations with the planters raising distrust amongst the Japanese  The Japanese unionists began to reject Okumura as a “traitor” and “betrayer”  Many did not go the programs and those who did found it taught them to become subservient workers  Amongst Okumura’s teachings was to reject materialism and value their role in society  However, this approach met with an adverse reaction from an audience with few possessions and low social status, and Okumura was accused of being a propagandist for the wealthy social elite  Buddhist priests were irate to discover the Christian agenda to convert Buddhists and that Umetaro Okumura was discussing with the planters the ways to restrict Buddhist practices and close Buddhist churches on plantation land  Okumura was also known for his offensive remarks toward Buddhists, in which he described them as “alien” and “pagan”  Instead of attracting the Japanese to Christianity to correct their supposed spiritual flaws, the criticisms deepened their devotion to Buddhism or Shinto and their rejection of Christianity The integration program was based largely on the Haole-Hawaiian Alliance : 311  Since the missionaries of the 1820s, the Hawaiian religion, which was regarded as "primitive", was easily overcome by Christianity  Hawaiians had disowned their heritage, traded Hawaiian values for American values, and adopted English, driving the Hawaiian language to near extinction  Hawaiians were regarded as the proper colored Americans and model second class citizens, and for this they were given opportunities and rewards for their subservience  But in the eyes of the Evangelicals, the Japanese were frustratingly irrational, voluntarily subjecting themselves to unnecessary hardship and discrimination by their refusal to forgo their heritage and religious beliefs  The Evangelicals believed that what they regarded as the Japanese community's mutinous and hostile attitudes were what kept them third-class citizens and barred them for the advantages enjoy by other Hawaiians 
The foreign languages controversy was decided by the U S  Supreme Court in 1927 in Farrington v  Tokushige  A judgement was made on Farrington's and the Republicans' interpretation of American values, that certain people who deserved freedoms should receive them, while those whom they believed to have abused their rights should not  The languages schools were believed to be an abuse of the American freedom to perpetuate un-American views  The case was regarded as exposing hypocritical attitudes and for being an embarrassment, and the Supreme Court disagreed with the Hawaiian government and found Farrington violating the same values he was imposing  For Farrington and the Republicans, Okumura proved himself a liability more than an asset, and they disassociated themselves from him 
With little progress and after the publicizing of the result of the Supreme Court case, the Planters reanalyzed the Education Campaign and began to doubt Okumura's effectiveness, and complained he had made the Japanese more skeptical of American culture, and more belligerent, than before  The Planters even accused Okumura of being a double agent, because rather than making the Japanese submissive workers and solving the "Japanese Problem", he appeared to have exacerbated the conflict and put Whites and Japanese further at odds  The planters discontinued funding Okumura’s campaign in 1927 and Okumura ended it in 1929 

Judd
Shortly before Lawrence M  Judd became governor, in July 1929, a series of events revived 1920 Politics  In 1928 a ten-year-old white boy named George Gill Jamieson was kidnapped and murdered by a 19-year-old Japanese man, Myles Fukunaga, who was executed after Judd became governor  In 1931, a white woman named Thalia Massie, claimed to have been raped by five or six Hawaiians  In a separate incident on the same night of the rape, five non-white men were put on trial, which ended in a hung jury  After the trial, one suspect, Horace Ida, was beaten, and another was shot and killed  The killers of the latter, Joseph Kahahawai, involved Massie’s mother and husband and two other navy men  After pressure from Congress and the white community, Judd communed their sentences of 10 years to one hour in his office  The Japanese compared the petition for clemency of Fukunaga, a colored man, who killed a white person, to Massie’s parents and cohorts: whites, who had killed a colored person  Not even the white community was satisfied with the uneven handling of the two cases  Judd was criticized for giving a commutation, not a pardon, and although the difference in the two rulings was negligible, it was widely believed that Judd was not committed to the belief that Massie’s avengers should be punished for their crime 
Following these events, Judd and the Republican government had to reassure the white minority in Hawaii, and whites nationally, of their safety  Under Farrington, the Hawaiians were exempted from the 1920 Politics by the Haole-Hawaiian Alliance  But after the Massie Affair, doubts arose over entrusting the power of authority to the Hawaiians  Under Alliance, Hawaiians were able to receive government jobs which had included police officers and prison guards  But, after examining these positions, U S  Attorney General Seth Richardson found an incompetent police force and sympathetic prison guards  The Hawaiians had betrayed the trust of the white leadership to carry out their demands, were regarded as a liability and phased out by whites : 57  Further pressure to Americanize Hawaii came from a renewed attempt at statehood 

Japanese
Under Judd, a new 1920 Politics strategy was implemented against the Japanese population, which was to ignore them  This change had several causes  Judd had learned from Farrington’s social attack, which had been intended to subordinate the Japanese community (which largely consisted of manual laborers and domestic servants), instead made them feel anti-American  Similarly, Buddhists and Shintos became anti-Christian  At the same time, whites became increasingly anti-Japanese and Christians anti-Buddhist  The attempted resolution to the problem concluded in a lawsuit that the Territory lost, thereby failing in its plan to assimilate the Japanese community through a policy of subordination 
In addition to avoiding conflict with the Japanese majority was the prospect of future statehood, and the incitement of civil unrest would not represent Hawaii positively to Congress  Furthermore, the statehood committee made a conscious effort to avoid discussion of the unassimilated Japanese 
One of the fears of the failure of the assimilation policy was soon realized: Japanese laborers left the plantations at the earliest opportunity and established their own shops and small businesses, and felt no need to assimilate as they already formed the majority of the population  Another fear arose: that if the Japanese became more politically active, their higher population size meant they would dominate the vote  Senator Hiram Bingham III, grandson of Hiram Bingham I, preferred the islands of his birth to remain in Caucasian hands rather than let democracy shift power into the hands of the Japanese  In 1932, he proposed a possible solution to Congress, in a bill to make Hawaii a military territory under the U S  Navy  It would have discontinued elections until Hawaii could be settled by Caucasians For many Japanese in the 1930s, minimal privacy at the voting stations, voter intimidation by Republicans that risked one’s job and livelihood, and a choice between anti-immigrant Democrats or white supremacist Republicans, resulted in more than 90% of Japanese-Americans deciding not to vote 
Under the new policy, the Japanese community was allowed to practice its traditions, culture, and religion relatively unharassed by the government, planters, and Americanizing Christian organizations, on the condition that they did not interfere with the white community  The Christian movement was met with a strong counter-movement as the Japanese rejected Christianity as a ploy by the Planters to subordinate them  This created a resurgence of Buddhism in the 1930s, which Christians dubbed “re-paganization”  Japanese businessmen helped finance Buddhists and Shinto ministries to move off the plantations to become more autonomous and form a strong Buddhist establishment  At its height, Buddhists accounted for one-third of the territory's population  Students continued to be subjected to right-wing speakers in schools, and Japanese were rewarded for showing progress in assimilating  Although the situation was judged to be far from satisfactory, the Japanese generally preferred Judd’s neglect over persecution under Farrington  Conversely, Judd received criticism by the largely white evangelical community, that Buddhists and Shintos were allowed to practice their religion freely, even in public, without being challenged or in fear of governmental interference 
By the end of the 1930s, a problem with the Haoles arose: the strategy of ignoring the Japanese meant that whites who were unaware of 1920s Politics did not consider Japanese to be a menace to American society  Some whites became interested in eastern traditions, took a curiosity in Buddhist beliefs, and considered intermarriage with Japanese people  However, concerns were expressed about what was perceived to be the erosion of traditional values by “Japanese Minded” Whites 

Filipinos
Since the Great Depression, the treatment of Filipinos was particularly harsh, as they were considered the most inferior of the Asian race  As a result, acts of defiance such as striking, unionizing, or protesting were resolved with deportation back to the Philippines  Furthermore, around 6,000 Filipinos were unemployed in Hawaii, further reducing their collective bargaining power  Unlike the Japanese, most Filipinos still worked in the plantations, and without Pablo Manlapit, the labor movement collapsed 
A product of the Great Depression was the Wagner Act that was signed into law in 1935, despite strong efforts by the Big Five and Hawaii Republicans to lobby against it  In response, Hawaii’s Republican-controlled government flatly refused to acknowledge the Act, claiming that, as Hawaii was a territory, and not a state, the law did not apply  However, in 1937, Hawaii was forced to implement the Wagner Act by the federal government 
Despite the Depression a successful wild cat strike occurred in Puunene, Maui, resulting in others strikes on Molokai, Hamakua, Kahuku, and Kekaha 

World War II
Politicians continued to wait for an answer on statehood; the 1930s turned into the 1940s with no decisive answer forthcoming, and any serious discussion of racial inequality in Hawaii remained in reserve of an affirmative decision on statehood 

Quinn
Under William F  Quinn, who became governor in 1957, senior politicians in Hawaii became open about bringing an end to 1920 Politics  Quinn was not only been a member of the Republican Club, a faction of the Party opposed to 1920 Politics, but had been the second leader of the Club  After the sweeping losses of the election of 1954, Republicans had to change their political strategy in order to survive 
Passage 5:
Uneven and combined development
Uneven and combined development (or unequal and combined development or uneven development) is a concept in Marxian political economy intended to describe dynamics of human history involving the interaction of capitalist laws of motion and starting world market conditions whose national units are highly heterogeneous  The concept is used by Marxist scholars concerned with economic development  David Harvey is an advocate of the usefulness of this theory to reconstruct historical materialism on Modern terms  It is an accepted key concept in academic economic geography 
The idea was applied systematically by Leon Trotsky around the turn of the 20th century to the case of Russia, when he was analyzing the developmental possibilities for industrialization in the Russian empire, and the likely future of the Tsarist regime in Russia  The notion was then generalized and became the basis of Trotskyist politics of permanent revolution, which implied a rejection of the Stalinist idea that a human society inevitably developed through a uni-linear sequence of necessary "stages"  Before Trotsky, Nikolay Chernyshevsky, Vasily Vorontsov, and others proposed similar ideas 

Background
Trotsky's concept was originally inspired by a series of articles by Alexander Helphand (better known as "Parvus") on "War and Revolution" in the Russian journal Iskra in 1904  At first, Trotsky intended this concept only to describe a characteristic evolutionary pattern in the worldwide expansion of the capitalist mode of production from the 16th century onwards, through the growth of a world economy which connected more and more peoples and territories together through trade, migration and investment  His focus was also initially mainly on the history of the Russian empire, where the most advanced technological and scientific developments co-existed with extremely primitive and superstitious cultures 
In the 1920s and 1930s, Trotsky increasingly generalised the concept of uneven and combined development to the whole of human history, and even to processes of evolutionary biology, as well as the formation of the human personality - as a general dialectical category 
The concept played a certain role in the fierce theoretical debates during the political conflict between the supporters of Joseph Stalin and Trotsky's Left Opposition, a debate which ranged from the historical interpretation of the Russian revolution and economic strategies for the transition to socialism, to the correct understanding of principles of Marxism 

Trotsky's theory
Different countries, Trotsky observed, developed and advanced to a large extent independently from each other, in ways which were quantitatively unequal (e g  the local rate and scope of economic growth and population growth) and qualitatively different (e g  nationally specific cultures and geographical features)   In other words, countries had their own specific national history with national peculiarities 
At the same time, all the different countries did not exist in complete isolation from each other; they were also interdependent parts of a world society, a larger totality, in which they all co-existed together, in which they shared many characteristics, and in which they influenced each other through processes of cultural diffusion, trade, political relations and various “spill-over effects” from one country to another Sociologically speaking, this had five main effects:

a more backward, older or more primitive country would adopt parts of the culture of a more advanced, or more modern society, and a more advanced culture could also adopt or merge with parts of a more primitive culture – with good or bad effects 
Cultural practices, institutions, traditions and ways of life belonging to both very old and very new epochs and phases of human history were all combined, juxtaposed and linked together in a rather unusual way, within one country 
In turn, this meant that one could not really say that different societies all developed simply through the same sort of linear sequence of necessary developmental stages, but rather that they could adopt/utilize the results of developments reached elsewhere, without going through all the previous evolutionary stages which led up to those results   Some countries could thus "skip", "telescope" or "compress" developmental stages which other countries took hundreds of years to go through, or, very rapidly carry through a modernization process that took other countries centuries to achieve 
Different countries could both aid or advance the socio-economic progress of other countries through trade, subsidies and contributing resources, or  block and brake other countries as competitors from making progress by preventing the use of capital, technology, trading routes, labour, land or other kinds of resources  In Trotsky's theory of imperialism, the domination of one country by another does not mean that the dominated country is prevented from development altogether, but rather that it develops mainly according to the requirements of the dominating country  For example, an export industry will develop around mining and farm products in the dominated country, but the rest of the economy is not developed, so that the country's economy becomes more unevenly developed than it was before, rather than achieving balanced development  Or, a school system is set up with foreign assistance, but the schools teach only the messages that the dominating country wants to hear 
The main tendencies and trends occurring at the level of world society as a whole, could be also found in each separate country, where they combined with unique local trends – but this was a locally specific “mix”, so that some world trends asserted themselves more strongly or faster, others weaker and slower in each specific country  Thus, a country could be very advanced in some areas of activity, but at the same time comparatively retarded in other areas  One effect was that the response to the same events of world significance could be quite different in different countries, because the local people attached different "weightings" to experiences and therefore drew different conclusions According to Trotsky, the unequal and combined development of different countries had an effect on the class structure of society 
For example, the Russian empire in 1917 was largely a peasant society composed of many different nationalities and governed by an absolutist state headed by the Czar; popular democracy did not exist 
A process of industrialization had begun in the main cities since Peter the Great (for example, the Putilov steel works established in Petrograd - where the February 1917 revolution began, with a strike - was the largest in the world at the time)  But this urban industrialization process relied mainly on the investment of foreign capital from France, Britain and other countries, and was limited to some urban areas and regions 
The Russian bourgeoisie which developed under the tutelage of the Czarist state lacked much power, and was politically weak  The bourgeoisie was unable to establish political democracy  At the same time, a militant industrial working class developed in the main cities, concentrated in large factories and plants 
In this way, the archaic culture of primitive peasant production and a semi-feudal state combined with the culture of modern industrial society Trotsky believed that this would shape the unique character of the Russian revolution  Namely, the Russian bourgeoisie was politically too weak and too dependent on the Czarist state to challenge its autocratic rule, and therefore the revolution against Czarist rule would be spearheaded by the revolt of urban workers 
Thus, the political and modernizing tasks normally associated in Europe with the leadership of the rising bourgeoisie, such as fighting for popular democracy and civil rights against absolutism, land ownership reform, industrializing the country, and national self-determination for oppressed nationalities, would have to be carried out in the Russian empire under the leadership of working-class parties, in particular the Russian Social-Democratic Labor Party which had been outlawed (although there were several other socialist, nationalist and liberal parties) 
In the chaos towards the end of the First World War, in which Russian soldiers fought against the imperial German army, this political assessment proved largely correct  The provisional government established by the February revolution in 1917 collapsed and the October revolution, in which the Russian Marxists played a dominant role, destroyed Czarist state power completely  Thereafter, the Russian bourgeoisie was largely expropriated; most businesses then fell under state ownership 
A new stage in Trotsky's understanding of uneven and combined development in world history was reached in his analyses of fascism and populism in Germany, France, Spain and Italy  Trotsky makes it clear, the human progress is not a linear, continuously advancing process of bourgeois modernization - progress can also be reversed or undone, and ancient cults, superstitions or barbarous traditions can be revived, even although nobody previously thought that was possible 

Rudolf Hilferding's theory
Around the time that Trotsky settled in Vienna as a journalist in exile, after escaping from Siberia a second time, the Austro-Marxist Rudolf Hilferding wrote his famous book Finance Capital (first published in 1910) in which Hilferding mentions an idea very similar to Trotsky's  The passage occurs in chapter 22 on "the export of capital and the struggle for economic territory"  It has never been proved whether Hilferding was influenced in any way by what Trotsky had written, although it is known they corresponded with each other, but Hilferding's own analysis of "the latest phase of capitalist development" certainly influenced a whole generation of socialist leaders  In any case similar notions were widespread among socialists throughout Central, Eastern, and Southeastern Europe at this time  Among other things, Hilferding states:The export of capital, especially since it has assumed the form of industrial and finance capital, has enormously accelerated the overthrow of all the old social relations, and the involvement of the whole world in capitalism  Capitalist development did not take place independently in each individual country, but instead capitalist relations of production and exploitation were imported along with capital from abroad, and indeed imported at the level already attained in the most advanced country  Just as a newly established industry today does not develop from handicraft beginnings and techniques into a modern giant concern, but is established from the outset as an advanced capitalist enterprise, so capitalism is now imported into a new country in its most advanced form and exerts its revolutionary effects far more strongly and in a much shorter time than was the case, for instance, in the capitalist development of Holland and England Hilferding's insight was rarely noticed by English-speaking Marxists  His book Finance Capital, which went out of print several times, was never translated into English until 1981 (i e  70 years later)  After the publication of Lenin's classic interpretation of imperialism as the highest (and final) stage of capitalism in 1917, most Marxist writers based their analyses of imperialism on Lenin's book  Even though, on several occasions throughout the book, Lenin cites Hilferding approvingly, by the time that Hilferding became Finance Minister in Germany in 1923, the Leninists regarded him as a reformist renegade, and his analyses were no longer trusted or taken seriously 

Contemporary applications
The idea of uneven and combined development, as formulated by Trotsky, as well as Lenin's "law" of uneven economic and political development under capitalism are still being used today, especially in academic studies of international relations, archaeology, anthropology and development economics, as well as in discussions of the Trotskyist movement  Such International relations schools as the world-systems theory and dependency theory have been both influenced by Imperialism, the Highest Stage of Capitalism and Trotsky's writings on the subject 

Economic geography
Geography has produced influential scholarship on the idea of uneven development  Geography started to lean left politically before the 1970s resulting in a particular interest in questions of inequality and uneven development (UD)  UD has since become somewhat of a homegrown theory in Geography as geographers have worked to explain what causes inequality within different scales of space, locally, nationally and internationally  Key scholars in this field include Doreen Massey, Neil Smith and David Harvey 
Uneven development results from the "spatially and temporally uneven processes and outcomes that are characteristic, and functional to capitalism" 
Much of neoclassical economic theory holds that features of unevenness, such as income inequality, equalizes as a result of capital diffusion throughout the open market 
Proponents argue that investment liberalization allows foreign capital to invest in capital-poor countries, yielding the highest rates of return, and that global integration promotes competitive advantage 
Neoclassical theory contends that newly globalized, liberalized and capitalized developing countries have the added advantage over developed countries in that they are able to draw on existing markets, capital flow regimes and technologies This has the effect of placing all countries on an even playing field  The result is a global economy in equilibrium, or in other words, convergence  As such, in the neoclassical view, uneven development is merely an interim stage of economic development that can be erased by the free market Marxist geographers, on the other hand, assert that uneven development is persistently produced and reproduced by capital diffusion, and therefore, is an inherent and permanent feature of capitalism  Unlike the neoliberal contention of the erasure of disparities towards convergence, Marxists maintain that capital accumulation depends on differential economic climates for its regeneration  Harvey states that accumulation "is the engine which powers growth under the capitalist mode of production  The capitalist system is therefore highly dynamic and inevitably expansionary"  The dynamism of capitalism is due to its persistent search for competitive advantage and consequently, its movement away from oversaturated economies towards new spaces from which it can extract greater profit  For instance, developed economies are characterized by high land rents and wages, and unionized labour, translating into high costs of production and lower gains  By contrast, developing economies have abundant pliable labour, and low rents and wages  As such, it is favourable for capital investments to move into the latter economy from the former in the interest of gaining greater rates of return  Kiely argues that capital diffusion throughout the global market remains a highly uneven process marked by reversals of comparative advantage and by cycles of investment and disinvestment, having the effect of elevating some spaces while simultaneously marginalizing others Differential economic environments have material effects on the ground  Processes of capital accumulation through space and time create new geographic landscapes shaped by crisis, deindustrialization and capital flight on the one hand, and influxes of capital and industrialization on the other  Capitalism not only reshuffles core-periphery relations, but rather, as Smith claims, it also penetrates all geographic scales  At the urban scale, differential rent gaps trigger investment and disinvestment in particular neighborhoods driving gentrification  On the global scale, integrated economies provoke time-space compression enabling enhanced communication and capital mobility  Smith argues that the subsequent erosion of the nation scale as the primary agent created a pivotal link between the global and urban scales  Since the 1990s, the increasingly integrated global economy has given greater importance to the role of the city  Indeed, world city building has become the geographical force of capitalism  New spaces of accumulation in Asia, Latin America and Africa are gaining competitive advantage as new centres of command and control and of surplus capital Other elements of neoliberal thought such as reducing the "left arm" of the state including welfare and support for the poor create even bigger inequalities between residents of the same areas, also resulting in uneven development 

Tom Nairn and the revival of nationalism
Marxist historian Tom Nairn has argued that uneven development can also lead to peripheral nationalism, for example in Scotland   Peripheral regions tend to promote nationalist movements when regional inequalities overlap with ethnic differences, or when membership of a larger state no longer presents advantages  In underdeveloped regions, nationalist movements mobilise the population against the persistence of ethnic economic inequality 

Helena Norberg-Hodge and uneven development in Northern India
Helena Norberg-Hodge is an economist who spent more than 30 years in Ladakh  She argues that uneven development and crises often affect people now because of past economic activities  To solve the problem, the fundamental economic approach needs change from "globalizing" to "localizing"  Localization can contribute to reduce CO2 emission, solve the economic problems, and restore biodiversity as well as cultural diversity  Localizing is one of the ways to create secure jobs in the global population 
Norberg-Hodge based her argument on her experience of witnessing changes in Ladakh, before and after the region was subsidized to enhance economic activities and promote development  The subsidies meant that products from thousands of miles away could be sold cheaper than locally made products, which destroyed the local market  It quickly lead to unemployment and religious strife  Norberg-Hodge raised critical questions about the effects of  spending on infrastructure (such as roads) intended to stimulate the economy and reduce costs, in order to achieve greater social wellbeing  The point is, that the globalized economy enables people to control other places from a far distance, without knowing the situation in the region  Large investments subsidizing the transportation system make products from thousands of miles away cheaper than locally made products  Rather than improving the local community, the local market collapses and local people lose their jobs, while investors far away make a lot of profit from business ventures that create more unequal development than there was before 

See also
Alexander Gerschenkron
Backwardness
Development theory
Late industrialisation
Non-simultaneity
Strategy of unbalanced growth

Notes
Passage 6:
Cloward–Piven strategy
The Cloward–Piven strategy is a political strategy outlined in 1966 by American sociologists and political activists Richard Cloward and Frances Fox Piven 

History
Cloward and Piven were both professors at the Columbia University School of Social Work  The strategy was outlined in a May 1966 article in the liberal magazine The Nation titled  "The Weight of the Poor: A Strategy to End Poverty" The two stated that many Americans who were eligible for welfare were not receiving benefits, and that a welfare enrollment drive would strain local budgets, precipitating a crisis at the state and local levels that would be a wake-up call for the federal government, particularly the Democratic Party  There would also be side consequences of this strategy, according to Cloward and Piven  These would include: easing the plight of the poor in the short-term (through their participation in the welfare system); shoring up support for the national Democratic Party-then splintered by pluralistic interests (through its cultivation of poor and minority constituencies by implementing a national "solution" to poverty); and relieving local governments of the financially and politically onerous burdens of public welfare (through a national "solution" to poverty) 

Strategy
Cloward and Piven's article is focused on forcing the Democratic Party, which in 1966 controlled the presidency and both houses of the United States Congress, to take federal action to help the poor  They stated that full enrollment of those eligible for welfare "would produce bureaucratic disruption in welfare agencies and fiscal disruption in local and state governments" that would: "   deepen existing divisions among elements in the big-city Democratic coalition: the remaining white middle class, the working-class ethnic groups and the growing minority poor  To avoid a further weakening of that historic coalition, a national Democratic administration would be constrained to advance a federal solution to poverty that would override local welfare failures, local class and racial conflicts and local revenue dilemmas "They further wrote:

The ultimate objective of this strategy—to wipe out poverty by establishing a guaranteed annual income—will be questioned by some  Because the ideal of individual social and economic mobility has deep roots, even activists seem reluctant to call for national programs to eliminate poverty by the outright redistribution of income 
Michael Reisch and Janice Andrews wrote that Cloward and Piven "proposed to create a crisis in the current welfare system – by exploiting the gap between welfare law and practice – that would ultimately bring about its collapse and replace it with a system of guaranteed annual income  They hoped to accomplish this end by informing the poor of their rights to welfare assistance, encouraging them to apply for benefits and, in effect, overloading an already overburdened bureaucracy "

Focus on Democrats
The authors pinned their hopes on creating disruption within the Democratic Party: "Conservative Republicans are always ready to declaim the evils of public welfare, and they would probably be the first to raise a hue and cry  But deeper and politically more telling conflicts would take place within the Democratic coalition   Whites – both working class ethnic groups and many in the middle class – would be aroused against the ghetto poor, while liberal groups, which until recently have been comforted by the notion that the poor are few    would probably support the movement  Group conflict, spelling political crisis for the local party apparatus, would thus become acute as welfare rolls mounted and the strains on local budgets became more severe ”

Reception and criticism
Michael Tomasky, writing about the strategy in the 1990s and again in 2011, called it "wrongheaded and self-defeating", writing: "It apparently didn't occur to [Cloward and Piven] that the system would just regard rabble-rousing black people as a phenomenon to be ignored or quashed "

Impact of the strategy
In papers published in 1971 and 1977, Cloward and Piven argued that mass unrest in the United States, especially between 1964 and 1969, did lead to a massive expansion of welfare rolls, though not to the guaranteed-income program that they had hoped for  Political scientist Robert Albritton disagreed, writing in 1979 that the data did not support this thesis; he offered an alternative explanation for the rise in welfare caseloads 
In his 2006 book Winning the Race, political commentator John McWhorter attributed the rise in the welfare state after the 1960s to the Cloward–Piven strategy, but wrote about it negatively, stating that the strategy "created generations of black people for whom working for a living is an abstraction" According to historian Robert E  Weir in 2007: "Although the strategy helped to boost recipient numbers between 1966 and 1975, the revolution its proponents envisioned never transpired "

See also
Guaranteed minimum income



ground_truth: Vernon Smith

prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: 1920 Politics was a Republican political strategy to reassert the authority of the white race in which US state?

The following are given passages.
Context 4:  Allen, pp  178216  Nashville: Broadman Press, 1971 
"Playing God with Other People's Minds " In Should Preachers Play God, ed  Claude A  Frazier, pp  115–129  Independence: Independence Press, 1973 
"The English Bible " In How to Understand the Bible, by Ralph Herring, Frank Stagg, et al , pp  148–163  Nashville: Broadman Press, 1974 
"Interpreting the Bible " In How to Understand the Bible, by Ralph Herring, Frank Stagg, et al , pp  49–61  Nashville: Broadman Press, 1974 
"Sources in Biblical Writings," In How to Understand the Bible, by Ralph Herring, Frank Stagg, et al , pp  134–147  Nashville: Broadman Press, 1974 
"The Text and Canon of the Old Testament " In How to Understand the Bible, by Ralph Herring, Frank Stagg, et al , pp  106–117  Nashville: Broadman Press, 1974 
"The Text and Canon of the New Testament " In How to Understand the Bible by Ralph Herring, Frank Stagg, et al , pp  118–133  Nashville: Broadman Press, 1974 
"A Continuing Pilgrimage " In What Faith Has Meant to Me, cd  Claude A  Frazier, pp  146–156  Philadelphia: Westminster Press, 1975 
"Adam, Christ, and Us " In New Testament Studies: Essays in Honor of Ray Summers in His Sixty-Fifth Year, ed  Huber L  Drumwright and Curtis Vaughan, pp  115–136  Waco: Baylor University Press, 1975 
"Establishing a Text for Luke-Acts " In 1977 Seminar Papers, Society of Biblical Literature Book of Reports, pp  45–58  Missoula, Montana: Scholars Press, 1977 
"A Whole Man Made Well " In The Struggle for Meaning, ed  by William Powell Tuck, pp  71–79  Valley Forge PA: Judson Press, 1977 
"Biblical Perspectives on Women" (with Evelyn Stagg)  In Findings of the Consultation on Women in Church-Related Vocations, ed  Johnni Johnson, pp  716  Nashville: Southern Baptist Convention, 1978 
"What is Truth?" In Science, Faith and Revelation, An Approach to Christian Philosophy, ed  Robert E  Patterson, pp  239–260  Nashville: Broadman Press, 1979 
"Understanding Call to Ministry " In Formation for Christian Ministry, ed  Anne Davis and Wade Rowatt, Jr , pp  23–38  Louisville: Review & Expositor, 1981 
"Preaching from Luke-Acts " In Biblical Preaching: An Expositor's Treasury ed  James W  Cox, pp  296–305  Philadelphia: Westminster, 1983 
"Preaching from the Sermon on the Mount " In Biblical Preaching: An Expositor's Treasury, ed  James W  Cox, pp  212–229  Philadelphia: Westminster, 1983 

Encyclopedia article
"Women in New Testament Perspective" (with Evelyn Stagg)  In Encyclopedia of Southern Baptists, ed  Lynn Edward May, Jr , Vol  4, pp  255–260  Nashville: Broadman Press, 1982 

Journal articles
"The Purpose and Message of Acts " Review & Expositor 44 (1947) 321 
"The Motif of First Corinthians " Southwestern Journal of Theology 3 (1960) 15–24 
"The Christology of Matthew " Review & Expositor 59 (1962) 457–468 
"The Farewell Discourses: John 13-17 " Review & Expositor 62 (1965) 459–472 
"The Gospel in Biblical Usage " Review & Expositor 63 (1966) 513 
"The Holy Spirit in the New Testament " Review & Expositor 63 (1966) 135–147 
"The Journey Toward Jerusalem in Luke's Gospel " Review & Expositor 64 (1967)499-512 
"An Analysis of the Book of James " Review & Expositor 66 (1969) 365–368 
"Exegetical Themes in James 1 and 2 " Review & Expositor 66 (1969) 391–402 
"The Lord's Supper in the New Testament " Review & Expositor 66 (1969) 514 
"Orthodoxy and Orthopraxy in the Johannine Epistles " Review & Expositor 67(1970)423-432 
"The Abused Aorist " Journal of Biblical Literature 91 (1972) 222–231 
"Salvation in Synoptic Tradition " Review & Expositor 69 (1972) 355–367 
"Freedom and Moral Responsibility without License or Legalism " Review & Expositor 69 (1972) 483–494 
"Introduction to Colossians " Theological Educator 4 (1973) 716 
"A Teaching Outline for Acts " Review & Expositor 71 (1974) 533–536 
"The Unhindered Gospel " Review & Expositor 71 (1974) 451–462 
"Interpreting the Book of Revelation " Review & Expositor 72 (1975) 331-343
"The Great Words of Romans " Theological Educator 7 (1976) 941–1002 
"The Plight of the Jew and the Gentile in Sin: Romans 1:18-3:20 " Review & Expositor 73 (1976) 401–413 
"Prophetic Ministry Today " Review & Expositor 73 (1976) 179–189 
"Rendering to Caesar What Belongs to Caesar: Christian Engagement with the World " Journal of Church and State 18 (1976) 951–1013 
"Rendering to God What Belongs to God: Christian Disengagement from the World " Journal of Church and State 18 (1976) 217–232 
"Biblical Perspectives on the Single Person " Review & Expositor 74 (1977) 519 
"Southern Baptist Theology Today: An Interview," Theological Educator 3 (1977) 15–36 
"Textual Criticism for Luke-Acts " Perspectives in Religious Studies 5 (1978) 152–165 
"The Domestic Code and Final Appeal: Ephesians 5:21—6:24 " Review & Expositor 76 (1979) 541–552 
"The New International Version: New Testament " Review & Expositor 76 (1979) 377–385 
"The Mind in Christ Jesus " Review & Expositor 77 (1980) 337–347 
"The New Testament Doctrine of the Church " Theological Educator 12 (1981) 42–56 
"Reassessing the Gospels " Review & Expositor 78 (1981) 187–203 
"Eschatology: A Southern Baptist Perspective " Review & Expositor 79 (1982) 381–395 

Southern Baptist curriculum and periodical articles
Syllabus for Study and Questions for Examination on New Testament 112: From Jesus to Paul  Nashville: Seminary Extension Department, 1954 
"Nature of the Church—Conditions of Admission " The Baptist Student 43 (February 1964) 53–56 
Nature of the Church—Constituents " The Baptist Student 43 (February 1964) 50-53 
"Nature of the Church—Individuality and Corporateness " The Baptist Student 43 (February 1964) 56–58 
"Church As the Body of Christ—the Ecclesia " The Baptist Student 43 (March 1964) 50–53 
"The Church As the Body of Christ—the Local Embodiment " The Baptist Student 43 (March 1964) 56–58 
"The Church As the Body of Christ—Unity and Diversity " The Baptist Student 43 (March 1964) 53–56 
"The Church As the Koinonia of the Spirit—Demands " The Baptist Student: 43 (April 1964) 54–56 
"The Church As the Koinonia of the Spirit—Dimensions " The Baptist Student 43 (April 1964) 52–54 
"The Church as the Koinonia of the Spirit—Primacy " The Baptist Student 43 (April 1964) 56–58 
"The Church in the World—the Church and the World " The Baptist Student 43 (May 1964) 55–57 
"The Church in the World—the Life and work of the Church " The Baptist Student 43 (May 1964) 52–54 
"The Church in the World—the Ministry of the Church " The Baptist Student 43 (May 1964) 50–52 
The Study Guide for Seminary Extension Course New Testament  Theology 436 (Teacher's Edition)  Nashville: Seminary Extension Department, 1964 
"1965: The Church Proclaiming " Church Administration 1 (February 1965) 22–24 
"Speaking in Tongues     A Biblical Interpretation " The Baptist Student 45 (May 1966)43-45 
The Study Guide for Seminary Extension Course New Testament 202: The Gospel According to Luke  Nashville: Seminary Extension Department, 1967 
"The Radicality of Jesus Christ " The Baptist Student 49 (June 1970) 79 
"Facts About Civil Disorder " The Baptist Program 30 (August 1970) 30–35 
The Study Guide for Seminary Extension Course New Testament Theology 436  Nashville: Seminary Extension Department, 1971 
"The Bible Speaks on Poverty " Outreach 1 (July, 1971) 24–25, 30 
"The Book of Acts" Advanced Bible Study 2 (April–June 1972) [13 lessons on Acts] 
"The Gospel of Paul in First Corinthians " Outreach 3 (September 1973) 30–31 
"The Gospel in Romans 18 " Outreach 4 (October 1973) 30–31 
"The Gospel According to Paul Applied in Romans 12-14 " Outreach 4 (November 1973) 42–43 
"The Radicality of Jesus Christ " The Student (January 1975) 811 (reprinted from The Baptist Student, June 1970) 
"The Church—God's New People " Adult Bible Teacher 5 (April–June 1975) [13 lessons on Ephesians] 
"The Kingdom of God: Freedom and Fulfillment Under the Rule of God " Come Alive 6 (January–March 1976) 22–33 
"Free to Be: Salvation: Becoming A Person in Christ " Come Alive 6 (April–June 1976) 44–55 
"First Century Demons " Illustrator 4 (Winter 1977) 58–60 
"The Kingdom of Heaven in Matthew " Illustrator (1978) 36ff 
"What We Believe About Sin " Source 9 (January 1979) 14–39 
"Eschatology " One in Christ 17 (1981) 255–270 
"The Bible Speaks on Aging " Search 12 (Summer 1982) 611 
"Humanism and a Free Society " Report from the Capital 37 (September 1982) 45 

Book reviews
An Introduction to New Testament Textual Criticism, by J  Harold Greenlee  Review and Expositor 62 (Spring 1965) 230–231 
The Text of the New Testament: Its Transmission, Corruption and Restoration, by Bruce M  Metzger  Review and Expositor 62 (Spring 1965) 230 
Only the House of Israel? by T  W  Manson  Review and Expositor 62 (Spring 1965) 231 
A Beginner's Reader Grammar for New Testament Greek, by E  C  Colwell and E  W  Tune  Review and Expositor 62 (Fall 1965) 485–487 
The Central Message of the New Testament, by Joachim Jeremías  Review and Expositor 63 (Winter 1966) 98–99 
Colossians: The Church's Lord and the Christian's Liberty - An Expository Commentary with a Present-Day Application, by Ralph P  Martin  Review & Expositor 71 (Winter 1974) 107 
Trajectories Through Early Christianity XII, by James M  Robinson  Review & Expositor 71 (Summer 1974) 395–397 
Milton and the Book of Revelation: the Heavenly Cycle, by Austin Dobbins  Review & Expositor 73 (Winter 1976) 77–78 
Anti-Semitism in the New Testament, by Samuel Sandmel  Review & Expositor 76 (Spring 1979) 258–261 
The Crucifixion of the Jews: The Failure of Christians to Understand the Jewish Experience, by Franklin H  Littell  Review & Expositor 84 (Winter 1987) 122–123 
The Jewish Reclamation of Jesus  by Donald A  Hagner  Review & Expositor 84 (Winter 1987) 123–124 

References and notes
Further reading
George, Timothy, and David S  Dockery  Baptist Theologians (Nashville: Broadman Press, 1990)
"Frank Stagg " Religious Leaders of America (Gale, 1999) 
Passage 9:
Baptist Theological Seminary at Richmond
Baptist Theological Seminary at Richmond (BTSR) was a free-standing seminary in Richmond, Virginia  It was founded in March 1989 by Virginia Baptists related to the Southern Baptist Alliance (now the Alliance of Baptists) and Baptist General Association of Virginia  In the late 1980s, as the situation began to change in Southern Baptist Convention during the conservative resurgence/fundamentalist takeover, others in the region joined them in seeing the need for alternative options for theological education among Baptists  BTSR was also affiliated with the Cooperative Baptist Fellowship  Accredited by the Association of Theological Schools in the United States and Canada, BTSR offered degrees including the Master of Divinity (M Div ), Master of Theological Studies (MTS), and Doctor of Ministry (D Min ) On November 13, 2018, the BTSR Trustees announced that the school would close, effective June 30, 2019   The trustees cited financial pressure as the reason for the closure, and said that the school would work with students to transfer their credits to other seminaries 
Passage 10:
Lee Rutland Scarborough
Lee Rutland Scarborough (1870–1945) was an American Southern Baptist pastor, evangelist, denominational leader, and professor at the Southwestern Baptist Theological Seminary (SWBTS)  He spent the first 16 years of his life on a ranch and became an adept cowboy  He attended later Baylor University, Yale University and The Southern Baptist Theological Seminary   He accepted the invitation of B  H  Carroll in 1908 to occupy the world's first academic chair of evangelism, "The Chair of Fire," at SWBTS, (also known as the L  R  Scarborough Chair of Evangelism) and chaired the seminary's department of evangelism  In February 1915, following the death of B  H  Carroll, he became president of Southwestern Baptist Theological Seminary  He remained in both positions until 1942, during which time he also served a term as president of the Baptist General Convention of Texas (1929–32) and a term as president of the Southern Baptist Convention (1938–40) 

Works
Scarborough, L  R  With Christ After the Lost, A Search for Souls  Nashville, Tenn: Sunday school board, Southern Baptist convention, 1919 
Scarborough, L  R  A Modern School of the Prophets; A History of the Southwestern Baptist Theological Seminary, a Product of Prayer and Faith, Its First Thirty Years, 1907-1937  Nashville: Broadman Press, 1939 
Scarborough, L  R  How Jesus Won Men  New York: Doran, 1926 
Scarborough, L  R  After the Resurrection--What? Grand Rapids: Zondervan, 1942 
Scarborough, L  R  Marvels of Divine Leadership; Or, The Story of the Southern Baptist 75 Million Campaign  Nashville, Tenn: Sunday school board Southern Baptist convention, 1920 
Scarborough, L  R  A Search for Souls: A Study in the Finest of the Arts- Winning the Lost to Christ  Nashville, Tenn: Sunday school board, Southern Baptist convention, 1925 
Scarborough, L  R  Christ's Militant Kingdom ; A Study in the Trail Triumphant  New York: George H  Doran, 1924 
Scarborough, L  R  A Blaze of Evangelism Across the Equator  Nashville, Tenn: Broadman Press, 1937 
Scarborough, L  R  Endued to Win  Nashville: Sunday School Board of the Southern Baptist Convention, 1922 
Scarborough, L  R  My Conception of the Gospel Ministry  Nashville, Tenn: Sunday School Board of the Southern Baptist Convention, 1935 
Scarborough, L  R  Prepare to Meet God: Sermons Making the Way to Christ Plain  New York: George H  Doran Co, 1922 
Scarborough, L  R  Ten Spiritual Ships; The Heaviest Responsibilities of Christ's People  New York: George H  Doran Co, 1927 
Scarborough, L  R  Recruits for World Conquests  New York: Fleming H  Revell, 1914 
Scarborough, L  R  Products of Pentecost  New York: Fleming H  Revell Co, 1934 
Scarborough, L  R  Some Ministerial Danger Signals  Nashville, Tenn ?: Sunday School Board, Southern Baptist Convention?], 1900s 
Scarborough, L  R  The Tears of Jesus: Sermons to Aid Soul-Winners  New York: George H  Doran, 1922 
Scarborough, L  R  Holy Places and Precious Promises  Nashville: Sunday School Board of the Southern Baptist Convention, 1924 
Scarborough, L  R , and Allen Fort  Building for Evangelism: Timely Messages on a Vital Subject  Evangelism in the Construction of Meeting Houses  Nashville, Tenn: Church Architecture Dept , Sunday School Board, Southern Baptist Convention, 1900s 
Scarborough, L  R , and J  L  Love  A Bundle of Letters: Observations on Mission Fields  Richmond, Va: Foreign Mission Board, Southern Baptist Convention, 1923 
Scarborough, L  R  Christ's Militant Kingdom: A Study in the Trail Triumphant  Nashville: Sunday School Board of the Southern Baptist Convention, 1924 
Scarborough, L  R  Vital Essentials Worth Preserving and Perpetuating  Nashville, Tenn: Baptist Sunday School Board, 1939 
Leavell, Roland Quinche, and L  R  Scarborough  A Handbook for Southern Baptist Participation in "the Nation-Wide Baptist Evangelistic Crusade for 1940 "  Atlanta: Published cooperatively by the Home Mission Board, S B C  and various Secretaries of the State Mission Boards, 1939 
Scarborough, L  R  Help Lift the World into the Light: Millions for the Master  Nashville, Tenn: Baptist 75 Million Campaign, 1919 
Scarborough, L  R  Victory Schools: One in Every Church  Nashville, Tenn: [S B C ] Baptist 75 Million Campaign, 1919 
Scarborough, L  R  Southern Baptists and Evangelism  Atlanta, Ga: Baptist Home Mission Board [Southern Baptist Convention, 1918 
Scarborough, L  R  Are You Saved or Lost? Nashville, Tenn: Sunday School Board, Southern Baptist Convention, 1920 
Scarborough, L  R  Chapters from Recruits for World Conquests  Nashville, Tenn: Southern Baptist Convention, Sunday School Board, 1914 
Scarborough, L  R , B  A  Copass, and E  Leslie Carlson  A Course in Evangelism Based on "How Jesus Won Men"  [Fort Worth]: Seminary Book Store, 1900 
Scarborough, L  R  Volunteers: A Call for Soldiers for Christ  Nashville: Sunday School Board, Southern Baptist Convention, 1918 

See also
List of Southern Baptist Convention affiliated people
Southern Baptist Convention
Southern Baptist Convention Presidents



ground_truth: Hawaii