prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: Are both Frank Lloyd and Olivier Assayas American film directors?

The following are given passages.
Context 1: Passage 1:
Frank Lloyd
Frank William George Lloyd (2 February 1886 – 10 August 1960) was a British-born American film director, actor, scriptwriter, and producer  He was among the founders of the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences, and was its president from 1934 to 1935 
He is Scotland's first Academy Award winner and is unique in film history, having received three Oscar nominations in 1929 for his work on a silent film (The Divine Lady), a part-talkie (Weary River) and a full talkie (Drag)  He won for The Divine Lady  He was nominated and won again in 1933 for his adaptation of Noël Coward's Cavalcade and received a further Best Director nomination in 1935 for perhaps his most successful film, Mutiny on the Bounty  Lloyd is credited with being a founder of the Academy of Motion Picture Arts & Sciences 
In 1957, he was awarded the George Eastman Award, given by George Eastman House for distinguished contribution to the art of film On 8 February 1960, Lloyd received a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame for his contributions to the motion pictures industry, at 6667 Hollywood Boulevard 

Early life and career
Lloyd was born in Cambuslang, on the outskirts of Glasgow, the youngest of seven children  His mother Jane was Scottish and his father Edmund was Welsh, a mechanical engineer  The family travelled the country until his father was injured and gave up engineering  They settled in Shepherd's Bush, London, where the family ran a pub  Lloyd worked in a shoe shop, sang in choral groups and joined a vaudeville group 
In 1909 he emigrated to Canada where he worked on a ranch in Alberta for a year  He also erected poles and writes for a telephone company, then joined a travelling show as an actor and singer  The show wound up in Los Angeles in 1913 and Lloyd decided to stay there and act in Hollywood films 

Film director
Paramount
He began directing shorts for Paramount and moved to longer running films: The Gentleman from Indiana (1915), Jane (1915), The Reform Candidate (1916), The Tongues of Men (1916), The Call of the Cumberlands (1916), Madame la Presidente (1916) with Anna Held, The Code of Marcia Gray (1916), David Garrick (1916 film) (1916), The Making of Maddalena (1916), An International Marriage (1916), and The Stronger Love (1916)  The Intrigue (1916) was produced through Pallas Films and released through Paramount   Lloyd's biographer argued his early films "are not 'masterpieces,' but they are on a par with films from other secondary directors of the period  In other words, they are not comparable to those directed by D W  Griffith, but are as good as those directed by Allan Dwan "

Fox
Lloyd directed Sins of Her Parent (1916) at Fox, and The World and the Woman (1916) with Jeanne Eagles for Tranhouser  Back at Fox he did The Kingdom of Love (1917), and a series of films starring William Farnum" The Price of Silence (1917), A Tale of Two Cities (1917) from the novel by Charles Dickens, American Methods (1917), When a Man Sees Red (1917), Les Misérables (1917), The Heart of a Lion (1917), True Blue (1918), Riders of the Purple Sage (1918) from the novel by Zane Grey and its sequel The Rainbow Trail (1918), For Freedom (1918), and The Man Hunter (1919)  Without Farnum, Lloyd directed The Blindness of Divorce (1918) 

Goldwyn
At Goldwyn he made Pitfalls of a Big City (1919),The World and Its Woman (1919), The Loves of Letty (1919), The Woman in Room 13 (1920), The Silver Horde (1920 film) (1920), Madame X  (1920) with Pauline Frederick, The Great Lover (1920), A Tale of Two Worlds (1921), Roads of Destiny (1921) with Frederick, A Voice in the Dark (1921), The Invisible Power (1921), The Grim Comedian (1921), and The Man from Lost River (1921) plus The Sin Flood (1922) with Richard Dix 

First National
Lloyd directed some films for First National with Norma Talmadge: The Eternal Flame (1921), The Voice from the Minaret (1922), Within the Law (1923) and Ashes of Vengeance (1923) 
Also for that studio was Oliver Twist (1922) with Lon Chaney and Jackie Coogan, and Black Oxen (1924) 
He had his own company at First National, Frank Lloyd Productions  They made The Sea Hawk (1924), a swashbuckler with Milton Sills, then The Silent Watcher (1924), Her Husband's Secret (1925), Winds of Chance (1925), The Splendid Road (1926), and The Wise Guy (1926) 

Paramount
At Paramount Lloyd made The Eagle of the Sea (1926), Children of Divorce (1927 film) (1927), Adoration (1928) with Billie Dove, The Divine Lady (1929) with Corinne Griffith, and Dark Streets (1929)  Lloyd won the Academy Award for Best director for The Divine Lady 
There were several films starring Richard Barthemless: Weary River (1929), Drag (1929), Young Nowheres (1930), Son of the Gods (1930), and The Lash (1930)  He was Oscar nominated for Best Director for Drag and Weary River 
There was also The Way of All Men (1930), a remake of Lloyds' own The Sin Flood, The Right of Way (1931), and East Lynne (1931) For Howard Hughes, Lloyd did The Age for Love (1931)  Back at Fox he made A Passport to Hell (1932) then Cavalcade (1933), which won Lloyd the Oscar for Best Director 
Lloyd then made what was his favourite film, Berkeley Square (1933), starring Leslie Howard, followed by Hoop-La (1933) the final film of Clara Bow and Servants' Entrance (1934) with Janet Gaynor 

Mutiny on the Bounty and later career
Lloyd had a huge hit with Mutiny on the Bounty (1935) at MGM which earned him another Oscar nomination for Best Director  
He followed it with Under Two Flags (1936) at Fox, a French Foreign Legion tale with Ronald Colman 

Paramount
At Paramount Lloyd made more historical films: Maid of Salem (1937) with Claudette Colbert, Wells Fargo (1937) with Joel McCrea, If I Were King (1938) with Colman and Rulers of the Sea (1938) with Douglas Fairbanks Jnr, which was a commercial disappointment 

Universal
Lloyd made The Howards of Virginia (1940) at Columbia with Cary Grant  At Universal he set up his own company  He directed This Woman Is Mine (1941), and The Lady from Cheyenne (1941), and his company produced Saboteur (1942) from Alfred Hitchcock, The Spoilers (1942) with John Wayne and Randolph Scott, and Invisible Agent (1942) 
He was one of several directors on RKO's Forever and a Day (1943)  Lloyd had a big hit with James Cagney's Blood on the Sun (1945)  He was Oscar nominated for Best Director of a Documentary with The Last Bomb  (1945)  Lloyf also served in the air force  He retired from filmmaking in 1946, intending to live on a ranch 

Final films
Lloyd's wife died in 1952 and he came out of retirement to make two films at Republic, The Shanghai Story (1954) and The Last Command (1955) a film about Jim Bowie  When he remarried in 1955 he retired again 

Personal life
Frank Lloyd was married to actress Alma Haller from 11 July 1913, until her death on 16 March 1952  By 1955, Lloyd married Virginia Kellogg, and remained married until Lloyd's death on 10 August 1960 at age 74  Lloyd was buried at Forest Lawn Memorial Park in Glendale, California 

Reputation
Frank Lloyd does not have a significant reputation  His biographer puts this down partly to the dismissal of Lloyd's work by Andrew Sarris (who compared the director unfavorably with Cecil B  de Mille) and "because he was what is best described as a studio director  His style is as much the style of the studio as it is his own  He did not make waves; he did not overly publicize and promote himself  What he did was for the good of the studio – not for his own ego "

Selected filmography
Passage 2:
Zeitgeist Films
Zeitgeist Films is a New York-based distribution company founded in 1988 which acquires and distributes films from the U S  and around the world  In 2017, Zeitgeist entered into a multi-year strategic alliance with film distributor Kino Lorber 
Zeitgeist has distributed early films by directors such as Todd Haynes, Christopher Nolan, Francois Ozon, Laura Poitras, Atom Egoyan, and the Quay Brothers  Their catalog also includes filmmakers such as Marguerite von Trotta, Ken Loach, Guy Maddin, Derek Jarman, Nuri Bilge Ceylan, Peter Greenaway, Yvonne Rainer, Andrei Zyvagintsev, Astra Taylor, and Raoul Peck  Previous Zeitgeist Films releases in association with Kino Lorber include Ken Loach's Sorry We Missed You, Ric Burns’ Oliver Sacks: His Own Life, and M C  Escher: Journey to Infinity 
Zeitgeist films have been nominated for Academy Awards several times  Nowhere in Africa (2001), won the Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film  Their films have been featured in various film festivals including Cannes, Berlin, Sundance, Tribeca, and IDFA in Amsterdam  The Museum of Modern Art honored Zeitgeist with a month-long, 20th anniversary retrospective of their films in 2008  Founders Russo and Gerstman received a Lifetime Achievement Award from the Art House Convergence in 2020 

Upcoming films
Selected films
Awards
Trouble the Water – 2008 Academy Award Nominee for Best Documentary Feature
Tulpan – Kazakhstan's 2009 Academy Award submission for Best Foreign Language Film
Three Monkeys – Turkey's 2009 Academy Award submission for Best Foreign Language Film
Into Great Silence – 2006 Sundance Special Jury Prize
Nowhere in Africa – 2002 Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film
Sophie Scholl – The Final Days – 2005 Academy Award nominee for Best Foreign Language Film
Taste of Cherry – 1997 Palme d'Or at the Cannes Film Festival
Poison – 1991 Sundance Grand Jury Prize winner
The Umbrellas of Cherbourg (1996 re-release) – Academy Award nominee, Palme d'Or winner (1964)
Passage 3:
Graduation (2016 film)
Graduation (Romanian: Bacalaureat) is a 2016 Romanian-language tragedy film produced, written, and directed by Cristian Mungiu and starring Adrian Titieni and Maria-Victoria Dragus  Set in Transylvania, the film focuses on a doctor's quest to fix his daughter's exam results by underhanded means 

Plot
Romeo is a middle-aged doctor employed at a local hospital in the Romanian region of Transylvania  He lives with his wife, Magda, and their 18-year-old daughter, Eliza, who has got a scholarship to Cambridge University  She is preparing to sit her final exams and needs to maintain a grade of at least 90% to take up her scholarship  Romeo is a doting father and drives Eliza to school regularly  
Romeo's girlfriend, Sandra, is a teacher at Eliza's school  One day while visiting Sandra he receives a message: Eliza has been assaulted near her school  She has a sprained wrist and is emotionally shaken up but is not seriously injured  She reveals that the assailant tried to rape her but did not succeed  
The next day Eliza must sit for her first examination  The headmaster tries to exclude her because she is wearing a cast on her wrist - notes can be hidden in a cast  Sandra intervenes and the headmaster backs down  The cast slows her writing and time runs out before she is finished - she will need nearly perfect results on the remaining exams to claim her scholarship  
At the police station the chief inspector suggests to Romeo that Eliza's exam results can be fixed in exchange for expediting a liver transplant for a corrupt official, a Mr  Bulai  
That evening Romeo discusses the plan with Magda and she immediately rejects it - she fears the corruption in Romania will affect Eliza's fresh start at Cambridge  Romeo argues that the exams are a mere formality, otherwise meaningless  She is unmoved  Romeo presents the plan to Eliza and implores her to accept a little help now to ensure a brighter future  She listens to him but doesn't make any committed responses, and Romeo tells her to do what she thinks is best before he leaves to let her rest 
The next day Romeo goes to the police station to see the CCTV from Eliza's attack  As he waits at the school for Eliza to complete her second exam, he speaks to her boyfriend, Marius  Romeo listens to what Marius has to say about what happened on the morning of the attack and is put off by Marius' aloofness of the whole incident  Because he was late, Eliza was left on her own  He also assumed Eliza went off to class and did not seek her out  Eliza and Marius go off together on his motorbike 
Eliza comes to fetch Romeo from Sandra's place after Romeo's mother collapses  No longer able to ignore the affair, Eliza threatens to skip her exams if he doesn't tell Magda about it immediately  She wonders aloud whether her other grades were also "fixed"  At home that evening Magda and Romeo talk  Magda already knew about Sandra and will try to get Eliza to take her last exam, but she also asks Romeo to move out 
The next day Romeo arrives for work at the hospital and is confronted by a pair of prosecutors  They want to interview Romeo's patient, Mr  Bulai, about corruption allegations against him  Romeo resists because Bulai is waiting for an operation and is quite unwell  The prosecutors caution Romeo they are aware of the quid-pro-quo arrangement for his daughter's exams - both he and Eliza could be facing charges   
Romeo visits the chief inspector again, who assures him that his daughter's assailant will soon be identified in a police line-up  Later that day he sees Marius and invites him to view the lineup, as he believes he saw Marius witness the attack on the CCTV footage  Marius refuses, saying he did not witness the attack, that it is not him in CCTV picture  Romeo accuses him of cowardice for not intervening, and for only calling the cops much later after witnessing the assault  Romeo orders Marius to stay away from Eliza, and Marius pushes him to the ground and leaves  Romeo visits the headmaster at home to warn him the prosecutors know of the plan  The headmaster tells him that he couldn't find Eliza's paper, and that he shouldn't come to his house again 
That evening at the police station Eliza fails to identify her attacker from a line-up  Later, Romeo is on a bus and sees one of the men from the line-up outside  He leaves the bus and follows him, but gets lost in a bad area  He ends up at Sandra's place and agrees to babysit her son the next morning 
The next day Mr  Bulai has died of a heart attack  The prosecutors are waiting and assure Romeo that the investigation into Mr  Bulai's crimes will continue  Romeo asks the prosecutors to come next Monday and he will co-operate with them for any of their questions  Romeo gets Sandra's son Matei into a speech therapy program  Romeo sees Eliza at her graduation and she tells him that she may not go to England  Romeo responds that it would be a shame but it's her decision  Eliza then says that the teachers gave her extra time to complete her exam, so she did not need to follow Romeo's plan for fixing her paper  She asks Romeo to take a photo of her with her graduating class 

Cast
Adrian Titieni - Romeo Aldea, a 49 year old physician living in a Transylvanian town with his daughter
Maria Drăguș - Eliza Aldea, an 18-year-old high school student planning to study psychology abroad in the United Kingdom after graduating
Lia Bugnar - Magda
Mălina Manovici - Sandra
Vlad Ivanov - Chief Inspector
Gelu Colceag - Exam committee president
Rareș Andrici - Marius

Production
According to Cristian Mungiu, the film was inspired by his own life at the time, while he was focusing on being a father  The film was produced through the director's company Mobra Films and co-produced with Why Not Productions, Wild Bunch, Les Films du Fleuve, France 3 Cinéma and Mandragora Movies  It received 1 91 million leu from the National Film Center  It was shot in the town Victoria from 11 June to 24 July 2015 

Release
Critical reception
On Rotten Tomatoes, Graduation has a rating of 95%, based on 138 critics, with an average rating of 8 2/10  The website's critical consensus reads, "Graduation marks yet another well-written and powerfully acted look at morality and societal decay from writer-director Cristian Mungiu " On Metacritic, Graduation holds a score of 84/100, based on 30 critics, indicating "universal acclaim" Peter Bradshaw of The Guardian lauded it as an "intricate, deeply intelligent film" 

Accolades
Graduation was selected to compete for the Palme d'Or at the 2016 Cannes Film Festival  At Cannes, Mungiu shared the Best Director Award with Olivier Assayas for his film Personal Shopper  At the 8th Magritte Awards, it received a nomination in the category of Best Foreign Film in Coproduction 
Passage 4:
Olivier Assayas
Olivier Assayas (born 25 January 1955) is a French film director, screenwriter and film critic  Assayas is known for his slow-burning period pieces, psychological thrillers, neo-noirs and French comedies  He has frequently collaborated with Juliette Binoche and Kristen Stewart  The son of filmmaker Jacques Rémy, Assayas began his career as a critic for Cahiers du Cinéma  There he wrote about world cinema and its film auteurs, who later influenced his work  Assayas made several shorts, and then made the leap from writer to screenwriter 
He made his directorial film debut with Disorder in 1986  He continued directing films, with Cold Water (1994) a breakthrough film in his career  It was his first film to screen at the Cannes Film Festival in the Un Certain Regard section  His followup film, Irma Vep (1996), also screened at Cannes, while Sentimental Destinies (2000), Demonlover (2002), and Clean (2004) all officially competed for the Palme d'Or  In 2006, he contributed a short film to the anthology film Paris, je t'aime (2006)  He gained acclaim with his dramas Summer Hours (2008), Clouds of Sils Maria (2014) and Personal Shopper (2016); the latter won him the Cannes Film Festival Award for Best Director  He also directed the comedy Non-Fiction (2018) and the spy thriller Wasp Network (2019) 

Life and career
Assayas was born in Paris, France, the son of French director/screenwriter Raymond Assayas, alias Jacques Rémy (1911–1981)  His father was of Turkish-Jewish origin and had settled in Italy, while his mother, Catherine de Károlyi, was a fashion designer of Protestant Hungarian origin  Assayas started his career in the industry by helping his father  He ghostwrote episodes for TV shows his father was working on when his health failed  In a 2010 interview, Assayas said his main political influences when growing up were Guy Debord and George Orwell  Of the 1968 May uprising to overthrow Charles de Gaulle, Assayas said: "I was defined by the politics of May '68, but for me May '68 was an anti-totalitarian uprising  People seemed to forget that at the occupied Odéon theater, you had crossed flags-black and red, and I was on the side of the black element "Assayas's biggest hit to date is Irma Vep, starring Maggie Cheung, a tribute both to French director Louis Feuillade and to Hong Kong cinema 
While working at Cahiers du cinéma, Assayas wrote lovingly about European film directors he admires but also about Asian directors  One of his films, HHH: A Portrait of Hou Hsiao-hsien, is a documentary about Taiwanese filmmaker Hou Hsiao-hsien 
Assayas married Cheung in 1998  They divorced in 2001, but their relationship remained amicable, and in 2004 Assayas made his film Clean with her 
He met actress-director Mia Hansen-Løve when Hansen-Løve, 17 at the time, starred in Assayas's 1998 feature Late August, Early September, but they "didn't get together until [she] was 20"  They separated in 2017 
In 2009 and 2010, Assayas signed two petitions in support of director Roman Polanski, who had been detained while traveling to a film festival in relation to his 1977 sexual abuse charges, which the first petition argued would undermine the tradition of film festivals as a place for works to be shown "freely and safely", and that arresting filmmakers traveling to neutral countries could open the door "for actions of which no-one can know the effects" Assayas directed and co-wrote the 2010 French television miniseries Carlos, about the life of the terrorist Ilich Ramírez Sánchez  Venezuelan actor Édgar Ramírez won the César Award for Most Promising Actor in 2011 for his performance as Carlos 
In April 2011, it was announced that Assayas would be a member of the jury for the main competition at the 2011 Cannes Film Festival Assayas's 2012 film Something in the Air was selected to compete for the Golden Lion at the 69th Venice International Film Festival  Assayas won the Osella for Best Screenplay at Venice  His 2014 film Clouds of Sils Maria was selected to compete for the Palme d'Or in the main competition section at the 2014 Cannes Film Festival  Sils Maria won the Louis Delluc Prize and garnered six César Award nominations, including Best Film, Best Director, and Best Original Screenplay  The film won a César Award for Best Supporting Actress for Kristen Stewart  In 2016, Assayas won Best Director Award (Cannes Film Festival) for Personal Shopper, which also starred Stewart In June 2017, it was announced that Assayas would preside over the 2017 Locarno Film Festival 

Style and influences
In an interview with Nick Pinkerton of Reverse Shot, Assayas talked about his influences:That radicality in cinema involved just being outside of the world of modern images, and the key to it was the work of Robert Bresson, who has been by far the most important influence in my work, and intellectually it's been the influence of Guy Debord—basically, you know, it's been Debord-Bresson, Bresson-Debord, the things that've always defined my framework, the way I look at the world 
Assayas participated in the 2012 Sight & Sound directors' poll, listing his ten favorite films as follows: 2001: A Space Odyssey, The Gospel According to St  Matthew, Ludwig, A Man Escaped, Mirror, Napoléon, Playtime, The Rules of the Game, The Tree of Life, and Van Gogh 

Filmography
Film
As a writer only

Passage secret (1985)
Rendez-vous (1985)
L'Unique (1986)
Scene of the Crime (1986)
Avril brisé (1987)
Filha da Mãe (1990)
Alice and Martin (1998)
Based on a True Story (2017) - Co-written with Roman Polanski

Television
Short films
Awards and nominations
Passage 5:
Jorge Arriagada
Jorge Arriagada (born 1943) is a Chilean film composer  He is perhaps best known for his long-term collaboration with director Raúl Ruiz  He has also worked with directors Patricio Guzman, Barbet Schroeder and Olivier Assayas 

Biography
Jorge Arriagada was born on August 20, 1943, in Santiago  He studied composition and orchestral conduction at the National Conservatory of Music in Santiago  He then obtained a scholarship from the French government that enabled him to study expressionism with Max Deutsch, who was Austrian composer Arnold Schoenberg's friend and student  He also studied composition with Olivier Messiaen and orchestral conduction with Pierre Boulez  In 1972, the Guggenheim Foundation in New York awarded him a fellowship for his contribution in the field of electronic music 
Arriagada has been living in France since 1966, working with experienced as well as promising directors while composing the scores of 44 of Raúl Ruiz's films  Over the years he has explored many different genres, including classical, contemporary and folk music as well as jazz 
He has been a jury in several film festivals, including San Sebastian, São Paulo, Valencia, among others 
Sacem Grand Prize for Music for the Image 2020 

Filmography
Discography
Three original soundtracks composed by Arriagada can be found on the CD compilation Les Musiques de Jorge Arriagada pour les films de Philippe Le Guay, released by Canadian label Disques Cinémusique, in 2013 : Alceste à Bicyclette, Les Femmes du 6e étage et Les Deux Fragonard  French and English liner notes  More information here 
The same label also released the same year Arriagada's complete original soundtrack from Les Lignes de Wellington  More information here 

External links
Jorge Arriagada at IMDb
Passage 6:
Irma Vep
Irma Vep is a 1996 French comedy-drama film written and directed by Olivier Assayas  Hong Kong actress Maggie Cheung plays a fictionalised version of herself, as disasters result when an unstable French film director (played by Jean-Pierre Léaud) attempts to remake Louis Feuillade's classic silent film serial Les Vampires (1915–16)  (Irma Vep is an anagram for the word "vampire" ) Taking place largely through the eyes of a foreigner (Cheung), it is also a meditation on the state of the French film industry 
Irma Vep was screened in the Un Certain Regard section at the 1996 Cannes Film Festival  It was released in France on 13 November 1996  
In 2022, the film was reimagined as a miniseries for HBO, created by Assayas 

Plot
The plot mirrors the disorientation felt by director René Vidal during a troubled production of a film-within-a-film  Maggie Cheung has been cast to play the film's heroine, Irma Vep, a burglar and a spy, who dresses in a tight, black, latex rubber catsuit  Irma Vep, it is explained, is an anagram for vampire, but she is not a literal vampire  Rather, she is the inspiration for a criminal gang named The Vampires, as in Feuillade's original serial 
René, the cast and crew view the film's dailies and he angrily declares the footage terrible and soulless  After he storms out, everyone else quickly departs the facility, leaving Maggie stranded  She accepts an invitation from the costume designer, Zoé, to a group dinner with other crew members  There, Zoé confides to another woman that she is romantically interested in Maggie, which the woman then tells Maggie, embarrassing her 
After the dinner with the other crew members, Maggie visits René at a hotel in the aftermath of a violent episode with his wife  René admits that he had mainly wanted to make the film because he desired to see her in it  Later that evening, Maggie, apparently possessed by her character, dons the catsuit and steals jewelry from a hotel suite while a nude woman argues on the phone with her boyfriend  She then throws away the jewelry 
The next morning, Zoé picks an exhausted Maggie up from her hotel room  René is a no-show on the set, and the crew attempt to film without him  At the end of the day, imperious film director José Mirano meets Maggie's costar Laure at a bar and tells her René has had a breakdown and that he has been hired to complete the film  He firmly contends that a Chinese actress should not be playing Irma Vep, who he sees as an icon within French culture  José tells her he intends to replace Maggie with Laure 
Zoé and Maggie take a taxi to a rave, but Maggie declines to go at the last minute and departs in the taxi  Zoé, looking disappointed, walks through the crowd at the rave 
José and the cast and crew gather at the screening facility to view the rushes that René has personally edited  Maggie is not there, however, and it is said that she has left for America to work on a film with Ridley Scott  The film ends with the rushes, which have been cut into a hallucinatory montage with numerous scratches and other modifications being done to the film itself  The future of the production is not revealed 

Cast
Allusions to French film history
The film refers to iconic figures in French film history: Louis Feuillade, Musidora, Arletty, François Truffaut, the Groupe SLON, Alain Delon, and Catherine Deneuve  Thematically, the film questions the place of French cinema today  According to Chris Darke, it is not a "mourning for cinema with the romantic nostalgia" but "more like the Mexican Day of the Dead: remembrance as an act of celebration"  Furthermore, Dale Hudson of Screen wrote, "It is less a film about re-presenting the past, than it is a film about addressing the present, specifically the place of France within the global economy "

Production
The idea for the film was born out of an attempted collaboration among Assayas, Claire Denis, and Atom Egoyan, who wanted to experiment with the situation of a foreigner in Paris  In the 1915 original serial, written and directed by Louis Feuillade, Irma Vep was played by French silent film actress Musidora (1889–1957)  Much of the film depicts set-related incidents that echo scenes in Truffaut's 1973 film Day for Night, to which Irma Vep owes a large thematic debt 
However, Assayas publicly stated that although he considers La nuit americaine a great film, it is more about the fantasy of filmmaking than the reality  Assayas credits as a greater inspiration Rainer Werner Fassbinder's Beware of a Holy Whore, in which Lou Castel, who plays the replacement director José Mirano in this film, plays a film director 
Assayas wrote the script in ten weeks, and the film was shot in a month, with no retakes  "Its hasty production circumstances seem perilously close to the ones that cause everyone such grief in the film "Assayas married Cheung in 1998  They divorced in 2001  They again collaborated in 2004 on the film Clean 

Reception
Irma Vep received a positive critical response  On Rotten Tomatoes, the film holds a rating of 94% based on 47 reviews with an average rating of 7 4/10  The website's critics consensus reads, "Starring a bewitching Maggie Cheung, Irma Vep is an evocative and reflexive satire of the filmmaking process that is bursting at the seams with an affection for cinema " On Metacritic, it has a metascore of 80 out of 100 based on 21 reviews, indicating "generally favorable reviews" 

References in other media
Lettrist footage from the film, along with shots from the original Les Vampires, are used in White Ring's video for their single "IxC999" 
A character in the five-comic series "Anno Dracula – 1895: Seven Days in Mayhem" by Kim Newman and Paul McCaffrey is based on Irma Vep 

Home media
Irma Vep was released on Blu-ray and DVD through The Criterion Collection on 27 April 2021 

Television adaptation
HBO produced a limited television series adaptation of the film that premiered at the Cannes Film Festival on 22 May 2022, and was released on 6 June 2022 on HBO  It stars Alicia Vikander, Vincent Macaigne, Adria Arjona, Byron Bowers, Devon Ross, Carrie Brownstein, Tom Sturridge and Fala Chen and was written and directed by Assayas 

See also
The Mystery of Irma Vep, a 1984 play for two characters by Charles Ludlam
Lettrism, inspiration for some sequences of the film
Passage 7:
Something in the Air (2012 film)
Something in the Air (French: Après mai; lit  'After May') is a 2012 French drama film written and directed by Olivier Assayas  The film was selected to compete for the Golden Lion at the 69th Venice International Film Festival, where Assayas won the Best Screenplay Award 

Plot
In 1971, French student Gilles gets entangled in contemporary political turmoils although he would rather just be a creative artist  While torn between his solidarity to his friends and his personal ambitions he falls in love with Christine 

Cast
Clément Métayer as Gilles
Lola Créton as Christine
Félix Armand as Alain
Carole Combes as Laure
India Menuez as Leslie
Hugo Conzelmann as Jean-Pierre
Martin Loizillon as Rackam le Rouge
André Marcon as Gilles' Father
Passage 8:
Clouds of Sils Maria
Clouds of Sils Maria (known simply as Sils Maria in some territories) is a 2014 psychological drama film written and directed by Olivier Assayas, and starring Juliette Binoche, Kristen Stewart, and Chloë Grace Moretz  The film is a French-German-Swiss co-production  Principal photography took place from August to October 2013, with most of the filming taking place in Sils Maria, Switzerland  The film follows an established middle-aged actress (Binoche) who is cast as the older lover in a romantic lesbian drama opposite an upstart young starlet (Moretz)  She is overcome with personal insecurities and professional jealousies—all while sexual tension simmers between her and her personal assistant (Stewart)  The screenplay was written with Binoche in mind and incorporates elements from her life into the plot Clouds of Sils Maria was selected to compete for the Palme d'Or in the main competition section at the 2014 Cannes Film Festival on 23 May 2014, and also screened at the Toronto International Film Festival and New York Film Festival  The film received positive reviews, with critics lauding the work as psychologically complex and praising the lead actresses' performances  It won the Louis Delluc Prize for Best Film in December 2014, and received six César Award nominations  Stewart received the César Award for Best Supporting Actress in February 2015, the first time an American won the award 

Plot
Maria Enders is an international film and stage actress  She travels with a loyal and young American assistant, Valentine  Twenty years earlier, Maria got her big break when she was cast and successfully performed as a young girl Sigrid in both the play and film version of Maloja Snake by Wilhelm Melchior, a Swiss playwright who is now elderly  The play centers on the tempestuous relationship between Sigrid and Helena, a vulnerable older woman  Helena commits suicide after Sigrid takes advantage of her and dumps her 
While traveling to Zürich to accept an award on behalf of Wilhelm, and planning to visit him at home the following day at his house in Sils Maria—a remote settlement in the Alps—Maria learns of his death  His widow Rosa later confides that Wilhelm had ended his life and had been terminally ill  During the awards ceremony, Maria is approached by Klaus Diesterweg, a popular theater director  He wants to persuade her to appear onstage in a revival of Maloja Snake, but this time in the role of Helena 
Maria is torn and reluctantly accepts  To prepare for the role, she accepts Rosa's offer to stay at the Melchiors' house in Sils Maria  Rosa is leaving to escape her memories of Wilhelm  Maria's discussions with Valentine and their read-throughs of the play's scenes evoke uncertainty about the nature of their relationship  A young American actress, 19-year-old Jo-Ann Ellis, has been chosen to portray the role of Sigrid  Researching her on Google and the Internet, Valentine tells Maria, who is out of touch with social media, that Ellis has been involved in numerous scandals 
Questions soon multiply regarding aging, time, culture and the blurring line between the Sigrid/Helena and the Valentine/Maria relationships  Maria and Jo-Ann finally meet, but their relationship is complicated  Jo-Ann appears to be implicated in the attempted suicide of the ex-wife of her new boyfriend 
During their time at Sils Maria, Maria and Valentine spend much of their days hiking in the Alps  On one such final outing, they hike to the Maloja Pass to observe the Maloja Snake (both the "Maloja Snake" of the play's title and the "Clouds of Sils Maria" in the film's title)  When discussing the play’s ending, in which Helena walks into the mountains never to return, Valentine suggests that Helena can still be alive and walk away to start a new life  Maria protests that Helena must be dead because she doesn’t return  After suggesting that their approaches to the play are too different for her (Valentine) to be a useful assistant, Valentine disappears without explanation 
A few weeks later, a young filmmaker who has previously sent a script to Maria visits her by appointment five minutes before the curtain rises on the opening night of Maloja Snake in London  Maria seems preoccupied, being so close to the start of the performance, and dismisses his suggested ideas about the proposed film role he is offering her as "too abstract for me"  When she says the role he has written is too young for her and would suit Jo-Ann better, he suggests that the character is ageless and that he does not relate to his era with its Internet scandals and trashy values  Maria does not give him a reply as to whether she will take part in the film  She then appears onstage, smoking and waiting for Sigrid 

Cast
Production
Principal photography of Clouds of Sils Maria began on 22 August 2013 and ended on 4 October  The film was shot on location in the titular village of Sils Maria, Switzerland as well as Zürich; Leipzig, Germany; and South Tyrol, Italy 
In an interview, Assayas said that all the film's interiors were shot in Germany  The production moved to Sils Maria to film the hiking scenes, and moved again to film the scenes in and around the chalet in South Tyrol The Chanel company debuted in film financing with this production  In addition it supplied the actresses with clothes, jewelry, accessories, and makeup, and the brand was scripted in as a provider of the same to Maria   Chanel provided some of the budget to allow Olivier Assayas to fulfill his dream of shooting a film on 35-mm film instead of digitally Assayas has described the fictional play Maloja Snake as a "condensed, brutalized version" of The Bitter Tears of Petra von Kant, a play by Rainer Werner Fassbinder (it was later adapted as a film of the same name) The American title of the film is Clouds of Sils Maria  In France the film was released as Sils Maria, Assayas' original name 

Release
Marketing
The first trailer for the film was released on 22 May 2014  Another international trailer followed on 7 July 

Film festivals
The film was selected to compete for the Palme d'Or in the main competition section at the 2014 Cannes Film Festival on 23 May 2014  It also screened at the Toronto International Film Festival and New York Film Festival 

Reception
Critical response
On review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes, 91% of 179 critics have given the film a positive review, with an average rating of 7 6/10  The website's critics consensus reads: "Bolstered by a trio of powerful performances from its talented leads, Clouds of Sils Maria is an absorbing, richly detailed drama with impressive depth and intelligence " On Metacritic, the film has a weighted average score of 79 out of 100, based on 41 reviews from critics, indicating "generally favorable reviews" Clouds of Sils Maria premiered at the Cannes Film Festival to positive reviews  Robbie Collin of The Daily Telegraph stated, "This is a complex, bewitching and melancholy drama, another fearlessly intelligent film from Assayas " He said, "Binoche plays the role with elegance and melancholic wit – her character slips between fiction and fact in a way that recalls her role in Abbas Kiarostami's Certified Copy  But it's Stewart who really shines here  Valentine is probably her best role to date: she's sharp and subtle, knowable and then suddenly distant, and a late, surprising twist is handled with a brilliant lightness of touch "Peter Debruge of Variety said it was Assayas' "daring rejoinder, a multi-layered, femme-driven meta-fiction that pushes all involved—including next-gen starlets Kristen Stewart and Chloë Grace Moretz — to new heights " Matt Risley of Total Film called it "an elegant, intelligent drama, enlivened by strong performances by Binoche, Moretz and especially Stewart, for whom this will surely usher in a new dawn "Stephanie Zacharek of The Village Voice wrote: "But the movie's true center, the meteorological phenomenon that makes it so pleasurable to watch, is the half-prickly, half-affectionate interplay between Binoche and Stewart " Ben Sachs of Chicago Reader wrote: "This recalls Ingmar Bergman's chamber dramas in the intensity and psychological complexity of the central relationship, yet the filmmaking is breathtakingly fluid, evoking a sense of romantic abandon "However, Kyle Smith of the New York Post writes: "A backstage drama that has all the sizzle of a glass of water resting on the windowsill, [   ] Clouds of Sils Maria mistakes lack of dramatic imagination for smoldering subtlety " Richard Brody from The New Yorker writes: "Clouds of Sils Maria, as the title suggests, is a sort of travelogue, a commercial for European cultural tourism, and, as such, it's the perfect image of the very system that created it  There's almost no independent filmmaking in France, and there isn't supposed to be  If there were, it would stand as a threat to the system that, by way of training, enticements, and restrictions, is the source of the comforts that the movie depicts and that the movie reflects  The mediocrity is stifling "

Box office
Clouds of Sils Maria opened in France on 20 August 2014 in 150 theaters for a $3,663 per theater average and a box office total of $549,426 as of 24 August 2014  The film expanded to 195 theaters in its second week of release, and the box office increased to an estimated $1,150,090 
Clouds of Sils Maria opened in the United States on 10 April 2015 in three theaters and grossed $69,729 on its opening weekend for an average of $23,243 per  As of 4 June 2015, the film has grossed an estimated $1,743,577 after expanding theaters 

Awards and nominations
The film won the Louis Delluc Prize for Best Film in December 2014  The film received six César Award nominations including best film, best director, best actress, best original screenplay, and best cinematography, while Stewart won for best supporting actress, becoming the first American actress to win a César and the third  American actor to win after Adrien Brody in 2003 and Christopher Lambert in 1985 

Soundtrack
"Kowalski" by Primal Scream
"Largo de Xerxes" – Georg Friedrich Handel
"Canon and Gigue in D Major for 3 Violins and Basso Continuo" – Johann Pachelbel
"Paavin of Albarti (Alberti)" – Innocentio Alberti (performed by Hesperion XXI)
"Sonata No  2 in D Minor" – Georg Friedrich Handel
"Sonata No  2 in B-Flat Major for Violin and Harp, Op  16: II  Adagio" - Louis Spohr
"Trio for Violin, Cello and Harp in E minor: III  Rondo" - Louis Spohr

Home media
The film was released on DVD and Digital HD by Paramount Home Media on July 14, 2015; the company also handles the digital entertainment sales, with IFC handling the video on demand sales The Criterion Collection released a DVD and Blu-ray edition on 28 June 2016 
Passage 9:
Eddie's House
Eddie's House was a doghouse designed by Frank Lloyd Wright for the Berger family of San Anselmo, California, to be used by their dog Eddie  Wright designed Eddie's House to be in keeping with the family's home, known as the Robert Berger House, which he had previously designed  The plans for the doghouse were completed by Wright in 1957, and the 4 sq ft (0 37 m2) triangular house was built in 1963  In 1973 Eddie's House was removed and thrown away, but in 2010 Jim and Eric Berger, sons of Robert Berger, rebuilt Eddie's House from the original plans for a segment in Romanza, a documentary film by Michael Miner about Frank Lloyd Wright's architectural works in California  The doghouse remains the smallest structure Frank Lloyd Wright ever designed 

History
Eddie's House was a doghouse designed by Frank Lloyd Wright as an addition to the Robert Berger House   The Robert Berger House is a dwelling designed by Frank Lloyd Wright for the Berger family   Wright gave the plans to trained engineer and College of Marin professor Robert Berger to build the house on his own on Redwood Road in San Anselmo, California  It took 20 years to finish the US$15,000 house In 1956, Robert's 12-year-old son Jim Berger became concerned about his black Labrador Retriever Eddie staying outside in the winter, and decided he needed a doghouse to stay warm  Jim subsequently wrote a letter to Frank Lloyd Wright stating, "I would appreciate it if you would design me a doghouse which would be easy to build but would go with our house " Jim continued to explain Eddie's dimensions ("two and a half feet high and three feet long"), his dog's age ("four years old or in dog life 28 years"), and his ability to pay for the plans and materials of the doghouse with earned money from delivering newspapers along a bicycle paper route he had  Wright responded to the letter with a typed and signed note on Taliesin West stationery  The note stated that "A house for Eddie is an opportunity   but just now I am too busy to concentrate on it " Wright implored the boy to write again a year later to see if he was a little less busy Jim followed the suggestion laid out by Wright and a year later wrote again asking for a Frank Lloyd Wright-designed doghouse  Not long after sending out this second letter a full set of working drawings arrived in the mail for a four square foot triangular doghouse designed by Wright himself  The doghouse was to be built of scrap Philippine mahogany and cedar left over from the construction of the human-sized house it was to be situated next to  Looking back at the situation a 68-year-old Jim Berger stated:
My dog had a lot of class, and a Frank Lloyd Wright doghouse was perfect for him  I was very excited for my dog 
Jim Berger never built the doghouse and in 1963, at the age of 19, Jim joined the U S  Army  That same year, after Jim's departure, his younger brother Eric and his father completed the doghouse  Eddie did not particularly like the new house and took to sleeping by the front door of the Robert Berger House instead, presumably because it was warmer there  "That was kind of depressing," stated Jim Berger when reflecting on the incident Robert Berger died in 1973 and Mrs  Berger, not seeing any value in a triangular doghouse that Eddie and the subsequent dogs they owned would not sleep in, had it hauled to the dump the same year In 2010, while filming a documentary about buildings designed by Wright in California, Michael Miner stumbled across the doghouse story  Miner asked Jim Berger if rebuilding Eddie's House was an option  Jim, at this point a retired woodshop teacher, said that he had wanted to rebuild the doghouse for years and this was the opportunity to do so  Over the next three months Jim and his brother Eric, a skilled cabinetmaker, were filmed by Miner rebuilding the doghouse to Wright's specification in Eric's Petaluma, California garage  Jim Berger said, in relation to the construction process, "In the letter, I said I wanted something easy to build, but this doghouse was not easy to build  It was very complicated "The construction process is featured in Miner's documentary, Romanza, and the rebuilt doghouse also went on a publicity tour for the film  During filming, the rebuilt doghouse was placed on the side of the Robert Berger House where the original once sat  On that day it happened to be raining and Miner noticed something peculiar about the doghouse which it had in common with other Wright-designed structures:  "It leaks "

Design
Eddie's House is the smallest structure ever known to be designed by Frank Lloyd Wright and fits in well with the Robert Berger House  Eddie's House was constructed of the same materials as the larger house and the "small triangular hut    bowed to the hexagonal geometry of the house's hexagonal plan " The doghouse also displays many signature design elements that have come to represent Frank Lloyd Wright's architectural style  These include an entrance hidden on the rear of the house, and a large overhang on a roof with a low pitch When Eddie's House was actually constructed, the Berger family did not follow Wright's plans strictly  They changed the location of the door as well as not including a concrete base planned by Wright to make the doghouse portable 

See also
List of Frank Lloyd Wright works
 Architecture portal
 Dogs portal
Passage 10:
Cold Water (film)
Cold Water (French: L'eau froide) is a 1994 French film written and directed by Olivier Assayas about two troubled teenagers in France during the 1970s  The film was screened in the Un Certain Regard section at the 1994 Cannes Film Festival In October, 2007, it was screened at the Pacific Film Archive in Berkeley, California, where Assayas spent a week in residence introducing and discussing his films with the audiences there  He was accompanied by his friend Jean-Michel Frodon, the current director of the journal Cahiers du cinéma, of which Assayas was once the director  Assayas said the film is autobiographical, reflecting upon his own teenage years  He went out of his way to cast actors who were not professionals or who, as in the case of male lead Cyprien Fouquet (playing Gilles), had never acted before, although female lead Virginie Ledoyen (playing Christine) had appeared in several films  The film was the result of a commission from French TV, which wanted a 52-minute film but allowed Assayas to make a longer version, after some negotiations 

Plot
Gilles and Christine are teenagers from unstable homes  When they do some shop-lifting together she is arrested, but he gets away  She escapes from a mental institution and meets him at an abandoned house in the country, where a large group of rebellious teenagers are having a wild, all-night party  American rock music from the period is played prominently and has a very strong effect, especially "Me and Bobby McGee," sung by Janis Joplin  Drugs are used, mainly pot and hash  As the party is winding down, Gilles and Christine escape even deeper into the countryside, searching for a commune where artists are said to live without electricity or running water  This is Christine's idea, but Gilles reluctantly goes along  A jolting conclusion shows us that, as Assayas puts it, "Gilles' real life has now begun "

Cast
Virginie Ledoyen - Christine
Cyprien Fouquet - Gilles
László Szabó - Gilles's father
Jean-Pierre Darroussin - Inspector
Jackie Berroyer - Christine's father
Dominique Faysse - Christine's mother
Smaïl Mekki - Mourad
Jean-Christophe Bouvet - Professor
Ilona Györi - Marie
Renée Amzallag - The nurse
Jérôme Simonin - Vendeur de dynamite
Laetitia Lemerle - Corrine
Alexandra Yonnet - Copine blouson
Caroline Doron - Copine blessée
Laetitia Giraud - Christiane
Context 2: Passage 1:
Arab Kingdom of Syria
The Arab Kingdom of Syria (Arabic: المملكة العربية السورية, al-Mamlakah al-‘Arabīyah as-Sūrīyah) was a self-proclaimed, unrecognized constitutional monarchy existing briefly in the territory of historical Syria  It was announced on 5 October 1918 as a fully and independent Arab constitutional government with the permission of the British military  It gained de facto independence as an Emirate after the withdrawal of the British forces from OETA East on 26 November 1919, and was proclaimed as a Kingdom on 8 March 1920 
As a Kingdom it existed only a little over four months, from 8 March to 25 July 1920  During its brief existence, the kingdom was led by Sharif Hussein bin Ali's son Faisal bin Hussein  Despite its claims to the territory of Greater Syria, Faisal's government controlled a limited area and was dependent on Britain which, along with France, generally opposed the idea of a Greater Syria and refused to recognize the kingdom  The kingdom surrendered to French forces on 25 July 1920 

History
Foundations
The Arab Revolt and the McMahon–Hussein Correspondence were crucial factors in the foundation of the Arab Kingdom of Syria  In the McMahon–Hussein Correspondence promises of an Arab Kingdom were made by the British in return for an Arab uprising against the Ottomans : 209–215  As the British were promising independence, The French made the Sykes–Picot Agreement  Ultimately, the implementation of the Sykes–Picot Agreement would lead to the undermining and end of the Arab Kingdom of Syria  Despite the significance of the Arab Revolt to modern Arab countries formed in its wake, at the time there was significant distrust and even opposition to the idea of an Arab Kingdom or series of Arab Kingdoms 
This opposition was due in part to the heavy influence of the French and the British in facilitating the revolt and the establishment of what would be considered, by modern standards, puppet states : 185–191  The involvement of foreign powers in distributing large sums of money and military support to establish an empire that would be led by imperial aspirants, rather than legitimate Arab nationalists, was instrumental in the disintegration of the majority of the early Hashemite Kingdoms (Kingdom of Hejaz and Kingdom of Iraq)  Additionally, at the time, many Arabs expressed grave concerns that the family of the Sharif of Mecca, the Hashemites, could wrest control from the Ottoman Sultan, with whom their loyalty had rested for centuries : 187

Arab constitutional government
Near the end of World War I, the British Egyptian Expeditionary Force, under command of Edmund Allenby, captured Damascus on 30 September 1918  Shortly thereafter, on 3 October, Faisal entered the city : 30  The jubilation would be short lived, as Faisal would soon be made aware of the Sykes–Picot agreement  Faisal had come to expect an independent Arab kingdom in the name of his father but was soon told of the division of territory and how Syria fell under French protective power  Faisal saw this admission as a betrayal by the British, but believed the actual settlement would be worked out at a later date when the war had ended  There was some likelihood that by then the British would have changed their support for French pretensions in Syria 
On 5 October, with the permission of General Allenby, Faisal announced the establishment of a fully and absolutely independent Arab constitutional government : 34  Faisal announced it would be an Arab government based on justice and equality for all Arabs regardless of religion  The French Prime Minister Georges Clemenceau found disconcerting the establishment of a semi-independent Arab state without international recognition and under the auspices of the British  Even reassurances by Allenby that all actions taken were provisional did not ease the looming tensions between the British, the French, and the Arabs  For Arab nationalists, and many of the Arabs who fought in the Arab Revolt, this independent state would be the realization of a long hard-fought goal 

Determining the status
After the war, at the Paris Peace Conference of 1919, Faisal pushed for Arab independence  At the Conference, the victorious Allies decided what was to become of the defeated nations of the Central Powers, especially who was to control their territories, such as the Ottoman Empire's Middle East possessions  The status of the Arab lands in the Middle East was the subject of intense negotiations between the French and British  In May 1919, the French and British prime ministers met in Quai d’Orsay to decide between them their respective claims to territories or spheres of influence in the Middle East  The meeting determined that in return for a British guarantee of French control in Syria, the British would be given a mandate over Mosul and Palestine 
At about the same time, an American compromise resulted in an agreement to set up a commission to determine the wishes of the inhabitants  Though they initially supported the idea, Britain and France eventually backed out, leaving the King–Crane Commission of 1919 solely American : 268  The findings of the commission, not published until 1922 after the vote on the mandates in the League of Nations, indicated strong Arab support for an independent Arab state and opposition to a French presence 

Creation
These events in Europe led Syrian nationalist societies like al-Fatat (the Young Arab Society) to make preparations for a national congress  These Syrian nationalist societies advocated complete independence for an Arab Kingdom that united Arabs under Faisal  The King–Crane Commission encouraged efforts to unify, and hasty elections were called including representatives from all over the Arab lands, including Palestine and Lebanon, although French officials prevented many of their representatives from arriving  The first official session of the Syrian Congress was held on 3 June 1919 and al-Fatat member Hashim al-Atassi was elected its president : 17 When the King–Crane Commission arrived in Damascus on 25 June 1919, it was met with a flurry of leaflets saying "Independence or Death" 
On 2 July the Syrian National Congress in Damascus passed the Damascus Program, a series of resolutions calling for a completely independent constitutional monarchy with Faisal as king, asking for assistance from the United States, and rejecting any rights claimed by the French : 19  The resolutions defined the borders as 

on the north, the Taurus Range; on the south, a line running from Rafah to Al-Jauf and following the Syria-Hejaz border below 'Aqaba; on the east, the boundary formed by the Euphrates and Khabur rivers and a line stretching from some distance east of Abu-Kamal to some distance east of al-Jauf; on the west, the Mediterranean Sea 
Any hope that Faisal may have had that either the British or Americans would come to his aid and counter French moves quickly faded, especially after the Anglo-French Agreement for the withdrawal of British troops from Syria and the end of the British military government in Syria  The British withdrew from the region on 26 November 1919 In January 1920, Faisal was forced into an agreement with France which stipulated that France would uphold the existence of the Syrian state and would not station troops in Syria as long as the French government remained the only government supplying advisers, counselors and technical experts : 167  News of this compromise did not bode well with Faisal's vehemently anti-French and independence-minded supporters who immediately pressured Faisal to reverse his commitment, which he did  In the aftermath of this reversal, violent attacks against French forces took place and the Syrian Congress assembled in March 1920 to declare Faisal the king of Syria as well as to officially set up the Arab Kingdom of Syria with Hashim al-Atassi as Prime Minister and Yusuf al-'Azma as Minister of War and Chief of Staff 
This unilateral action was immediately repudiated by the British and French and the San Remo Conference was called by the Allied Powers in April 1920 to finalise the allocation of League of Nations mandates in the Middle East  This was in turn repudiated by Faisal and his supporters  After months of instability and failure to make good on the promises to the French, the commander of French forces General Henri Gouraud gave an ultimatum to King Faisal on 14 July 1920 declaring he surrender or fight : 215

Dissolution
Worried about the results of a long bloody fight with the French, King Faisal surrendered  However, Yusuf al-'Azma, the defense minister, ignored the King's order, and led a small army to confront the French advance into Syria  This army depended mainly on individual weapons and were no match to the French artillery  At the Battle of Maysalun, the Syrian army was easily defeated by the French, with General al-'Azma being killed during the battle  The loss led to the siege and capture of Damascus on 24 July 1920 and the French Mandate for Syria and the Lebanon was put into effect thereafter 

Legacy
After surrendering to French forces, Faisal was expelled from Syria and went to live in the United Kingdom in August 1920  In August 1921 he was offered the crown of Iraq under the British Mandate of Iraq 
A pro-French government under the leadership of 'Alaa al-Din al-Darubi was installed one day after the fall of Damascus, on 25 July 1920 : 37  On 1 September 1920, General Gouraud divided the French mandate territory of Syria into several smaller states as part of a French scheme to make Syria easier to control 
The Kingdom, through its short and tumultuous existence, would become a subject of great inspiration to later Arab liberation movements  It would be the often-repeated story of an Arab people breaking out from their colonial bonds only to be castigated for their revolutionary fervor and for their resistance to the imperial powers  The symbolism of the fall of the Kingdom of Syria also imparted deep mistrust of European powers, who were seen as liars and oppressors 

Politics of Syria (1918–1920)
Heads of Government
King
Prime Ministers
Gallery
Passage 2:
Gouding
Gouding (Chinese: 句町) was a monarchical state that lasted approximately 400 years, from 111 BC to 316 AD, and was centered on Guangnan County in modern-day Wenshan Zhuang and Miao Autonomous Prefecture, Yunnan province, China 

In December 2015, artifacts unearthed from Gouding were on display at the Guangnan Minorities Museum 

See also
Đông Sơn drums
Neighbouring kingdoms of Dian and Yelang 
Southward expansion of the Han dynasty
Zomia (geography)
Passage 3:
Modern history of Syria
The modern history of Syria begins with the termination of Ottoman control of Syria by French forces and the establishment of the Occupied Enemy Territory Administration during World War I  The short-lived Arab Kingdom of Syria emerged in 1920, which was however soon committed under the French Mandate, which produced the short-lived autonomous State of Aleppo, State of Damascus (later State of Syria), Alawite State and Jabal al-Druze (state); the autonomies were transformed into the Mandatory Syrian Republic in 1930  Syrian Republic gained independence in April 1946  The Republic took part in the Arab-Israeli War and remained in a state of political instability during the 1950s and 1960s 
The 8 March 1963 coup resulted in the installation of the National Council for the Revolutionary Command (NCRC), a group of military and civilian officials who assumed control of all executive and legislative authority  The takeover was engineered by members of the Ba'ath Party led by Michel Aflaq and Salah al-Din al-Bitar  He was overthrown in early 1966 by Marxist-Leninist military dissidents of the party led by General Salah Jadid  Since the Arab Spring of 2011, Bashar al-Assad's government has been involved in the ongoing Syrian civil war 

Syria under the Mandate
OETA
The Occupied Enemy Territory Administration (OETA) was a joint British and French military administration over Levantine and Mesopotamian provinces of the former Ottoman Empire between 1918 and 1920, set up following the Sinai and Palestine Campaign of World War I  The administration ended following the assignment of the Mandate for Syria and the Lebanon and British Mandate for Palestine at the 19–26 April 1920 San Remo conference 

Initial civil administration
Following the San Remo conference in April 1920 and the defeat of King Faisal's short-lived monarchy in Syria at the Battle of Maysalun on 24 July 1920, the French general Henri Gouraud established civil administration in the territory  The mandate region was subdivided into six states  They were the states of Damascus (1920), Aleppo (1920), Alawites (1920), Jabal Druze (1921), the autonomous Sanjak of Alexandretta (1921) (modern-day Hatay), and the State of Greater Lebanon (1920), which later became the modern country of Lebanon 
The drawing of those states was based in part on the sectarian make-up on the ground in Syria  However, nearly all the Syrian sects were hostile to the French mandate and to the division it created  This was best demonstrated by the numerous revolts that the French encountered in all of the Syrian states  Maronite Christians of Mount Lebanon, on the other hand, were a community with a dream of independence that was being realized under the French; therefore, Greater Lebanon was the exception to the newly formed states 

Syrian Federation (1922-24)
In July 1922, France established a loose federation between three of the states: Damascus, Aleppo, and the Alawite state under the name of the Syrian Federation (Fédération syrienne)  Jabal Druze, Sanjak of Alexandretta, and Greater Lebanon were not parts of this federation, which adopted a new federal flag (green-white-green with French canton)  On 1 December 1924, the Alawite state seceded from the federation when the states of Aleppo and Damascus were united into the State of Syria 

The Great Syrian Revolt
In 1925, a revolt in Jabal Druze led by Sultan Pasha el Atrash spread to other Syrian states and became a general rebellion in Syria  France tried to retaliate by having the parliament of Aleppo declare secession from the union with Damascus, but the voting was foiled by Syrian patriots 

First Syrian Republic
The red stars that represented the three districts of the republic (Damascus, Aleppo, and Deir ez Zor) 

1936 Independence treaty
In 1936, the Franco-Syrian Treaty of Independence was signed, a treaty that would not be ratified by the French legislature  However, the treaty allowed Jabal Druze, the Alawite (now called Latakia), and Alexandretta to be incorporated into the Syrian republic within the following two years  Greater Lebanon (now the Lebanese Republic) was the only state that did not join the Syrian Republic  Hashim al-Atassi, who was Prime Minister under King Faisal's brief reign (1918–1920), was the first president to be elected under a new constitution adopted after the independence treaty 

Separation of Hatay
In September 1938, France again separated the Syrian district of Alexandretta and transformed it into the Republic of Hatay  The Republic of Hatay joined Turkey in the following year, in June 1939  Syria did not recognize the incorporation of Hatay into Turkey and the issue is still disputed until the present time 

World War II and the founding of the UN
With the fall of France in 1940 during World War II, Syria came under the control of the Vichy Government until the British and Free French invaded and occupied the country in July 1941  Syria proclaimed its independence again in 1941 but it was not until 1 January 1944 that it was recognized as an independent republic 
On 27 September 1941, France proclaimed, by virtue of, and within the framework of the Mandate, the independence and sovereignty of the Syrian State  The proclamation said "the independence and sovereignty of Syria and Lebanon will not affect the juridical situation as it results from the Mandate Act  Indeed, this situation could be changed only with the agreement of the Council of the League of Nations, with the consent of the Government of the United States, a signatory of the Franco-American Convention of 4 April 1924, and only after the conclusion between the French Government and the Syrian and Lebanese Governments of treaties duly ratified in accordance with the laws of the French Republic Benqt Broms said that it was important to note that there were several founding members of the United Nations whose statehood was doubtful at the time of the San Francisco Conference and that the Government of France still considered Syria and Lebanon to be mandates Duncan Hall said "Thus, the Syrian mandate may be said to have been terminated without any formal action on the part of the League or its successor  The mandate was terminated by the declaration of the mandatory power, and of the new states themselves, of their independence, followed by a process of piecemeal unconditional recognition by other powers, culminating in formal admission to the United Nations  Article 78 of the Charter ended the status of tutelage for any member state: 'The trusteeship system shall not apply to territories which have become Members of the United Nations, relationship among which shall be based on respect for the principle of sovereign equality '"On 29 May 1945, France bombed Damascus and tried to arrest its democratically elected leaders  While French planes were bombing Damascus, Prime Minister Faris al-Khoury was at the founding conference of the United Nations in San Francisco, presenting Syria's claim for independence from the French Mandate 
Continuing pressure from Syrian nationalist groups and British pressure forced the French to evacuate their last troops on 17 April 1946 

Republic of Syria 1946-1963
Syrian independence was acquired in 1946  Although rapid economic development followed the declaration of independence, Syrian politics from independence through the late 1960s was marked by upheaval  The early years of independence were marked by political instability 
In 1948, Syria was involved in the Arab-Israeli War with the newly created State of Israel  The Syrian army was pressed out of the Israeli areas, but fortified their strongholds on the Golan and managed to keep their old borders and occupy some additional territory  In July 1949, Syria was the last Arab country to sign an armistice agreement with Israel 
In March 1949, Syria's national government was overthrown by a military coup d'état led by Husni al-Zaim in a coup  Some authors claim involvement by the United States CIA Later that year Zaim was overthrown by his colleague Sami al-Hinnawi and Adib al-Shishakli  The latter undermined civilian rule and led to Shishakli's complete seizure of power in 1951  Shishakli continued to rule the country until 1955, when growing public opposition forced him to resign and leave the country  The national government was restored, but again to face instability, this time from abroad  After the overthrow of President Shishakli in a 1954 coup, continued political maneuvering supported by competing factions in the military eventually brought Arab nationalist and socialist elements to power  Between 1946 and 1956, Syria had 20 different cabinets and drafted four separate constitutions 
During the Suez Crisis of 1956, after the invasion of the Sinai Peninsula by Israeli troops, and the intervention of British and French troops, martial law was declared in Syria  Later Syrian and Iraqi troops were brought into Jordan to prevent a possible Israeli invasion  The November 1956 attacks on Iraqi pipelines were in retaliation for Iraq's acceptance into the Baghdad Pact  In early 1957 Iraq advised Egypt and Syria against a conceivable takeover of Jordan 
In November 1956 Syria signed a pact with the Soviet Union, providing a foothold for communist influence within the government in exchange for planes, tanks, and other military equipment being sent to Syria  This increase in the strength of Syrian military technology worried Turkey, as it seemed feasible that Syria might attempt to retake Iskenderon, a formerly Syrian city now in Turkey  On the other hand, Syria and the USSR accused Turkey of amassing its troops at the Syrian border  During this standoff, communists gained more control over the Syrian government and military  Only heated debates in the United Nations (of which Syria was an original member) lessened the threat of war 
Syria's political instability during the years after the 1954 coup, the parallelism of Syrian and Egyptian policies, and the appeal of Egyptian President Gamal Abdal Nasser's leadership in the wake of the Suez crisis created support in Syria for union with Egypt  On 1 February 1958, Syrian president Shukri al-Kuwatli and Nasser announced the merging of the two countries, creating the United Arab Republic, and all Syrian political parties, as well as the Communists therein, ceased overt activities 
The union was not a success, however  Following a military coup on 28 September 1961, Syria seceded, reestablishing itself as the Syrian Arab Republic  Instability characterised the next 18 months, with various coups culminating on 8 March 1963, in the installation by leftist Syrian Army officers of the National Council of the Revolutionary Command (NCRC), a group of military and civilian officials who assumed control of all executive and legislative authority  The takeover was engineered by members of the Arab Socialist Resurrection Party (Ba'ath Party), which had been active in Syria and other Arab countries since the late 1940s  The new cabinet was dominated by Ba'ath members 

Ba'athist Arab Republic of Syria 1963-today
First Ba'ath government
The Ba'ath takeover in Syria followed a Ba'ath coup in Iraq, the previous month  The new Syrian Government explored the possibility of federation with Egypt and with Ba'ath-controlled Iraq  An agreement was concluded in Cairo on 17 April 1963, for a referendum on unity to be held in September 1963  However, serious disagreements among the parties soon developed, and the tripartite federation failed to materialize  Thereafter, the Ba'ath governments in Syria and Iraq began to work for bilateral unity  These plans foundered in November 1963, when the Ba'ath government in Iraq was overthrown 
In May 1964, President Amin al-Hafiz of the NCRC promulgated a provisional constitution providing for a National Council of the Revolution (NCR), an appointed legislature composed of representatives of mass organisations—labour, peasant, and professional unions—a presidential council, in which executive power was vested, and a cabinet 

Second Ba'ath government
On 23 February 1966, a group of army officers carried out a successful, intra-party coup, imprisoned President Hafiz, dissolved the cabinet and the NCR, abrogated the provisional constitution, and designated a regionalist, civilian Ba'ath government on 1 March  The coup leaders described it as a "rectification" of Ba'ath Party principles  In June 1967 Israel captured and occupied the Golan Heights  The Six Day War had significantly weakened the radical socialist government established by the 1966 coup 
On 18 September 1970, during the events of Black September in Jordan, Syria tried to intervene on behalf of the Palestinian guerrillas  Hafez al-Assad sent in armored forces equivalent to a brigade, with tanks, some of them allegedly hastily rebranded from the regular Syrian army for the purpose  Other Syrian units were the 5th Infantry Division and Commandos  On 21 September, the Syrian 5th Division broke through the defenses of the Jordanian 40th Armoured Brigade, and pushed it back off the ar-Ramtha crossroads  On 22 September, the Royal Jordanian Air Force began attacking Syrian forces, which were badly battered as a result  The constant airstrikes broke the Syrian force, and on the late afternoon of 22 September the 5th Division began to retreat  The swift Syrian withdrawal was a severe blow to Palestinian guerillas  Jordanian armored forces steadily pounded their headquarters in Amman, and threatened to break them in other regions of the Kingdom as well  Eventually, the Palestinian factions agreed to a cease-fire  King Hussein and Yasser Arafat attended the meeting of the Arab League in Cairo, where the hostilities briefly ended  The Jordanian-Palestinian Civil War shortly resumed, but without Syrian intervention 
By 1970 a conflict had developed between an extremist military wing and a more moderate civilian wing of the Ba'ath Party  The 1970 retreat of Syrian forces sent to aid the PLO during the "Black September" hostilities with Jordan reflected this political disagreement within the ruling Ba'ath leadership 

Ba'ath Party under Hafez al-Assad, 1970–2000
Power takeover
On 13 November 1970, Minister of Defense Hafez al-Assad effected a bloodless military coup, ousting the civilian party leadership and assuming the role of President 
Upon assuming power, Hafez al-Assad moved quickly to create an organizational infrastructure for his government and to consolidate control  The Provisional Regional Command of Assad's Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party nominated a 173-member legislature, the People's Council, in which the Ba'ath Party took 87 seats  The remaining seats were divided among "popular organizations" and other minor parties 
In March 1971, the party held its regional congress and elected a new 21-member Regional Command headed by Assad  In the same month, a national referendum was held to confirm Assad as president for a 7-year term  In March 1972, to broaden the base of his government, Assad formed the National Progressive Front, a coalition of parties led by the Ba'ath Party, and elections were held to establish local councils in each of Syria's 14 governorates  In March 1973, a new Syrian constitution went into effect followed shortly thereafter by parliamentary elections for the People's Council, the first such elections since 1962 

October War
On 6 October 1973, Syria and Egypt began the Yom Kippur War (also called the "Ramadan War" or "October War" because Syria and Egypt attacked during Muslim Ramadan holiday) by staging a surprise attack against Israel  Despite the element of surprise, Egypt and Syria lost their initial gains in a three-week-long warfare, and Israel continued to occupy the Golan Heights and the Sinai peninsula 

Intervention in Lebanon
In early 1976, the Lebanese Civil War was going poorly for the Maronite Christians, so the Lebanese President Elias Sarkis officially requested Syria intervene militarily  After receiving their first mandate from the Lebanese President, Syria was given a second mandate by the Arab League to intervene militarily in Lebanon  Syria sent 40,000 troops into the country to prevent the Christians from being overrun, but soon became embroiled in this war, beginning the 30 year Syrian presence in Lebanon  Over the following 15 years of civil war, Syria fought both for control over Lebanon, and as an attempt to undermine Israel in southern Lebanon, through extensive use of Lebanese allies as proxy fighters  Many saw the Syrian Army's presence in Lebanon as an occupation, especially following the end of the civil war in 1990, after the Syrian-sponsored Taif Agreement  Syria then remained in Lebanon until 2005, exerting a heavy-handed influence over Lebanese politics, that was deeply resented by many 
About one million Syrian workers came into Lebanon after the war ended to find jobs in the reconstruction of the country  Syrian workers were preferred over Palestinian Arabs and Lebanese workers because they could be paid lower wages, but some have argued that the Syrian government's encouragement of citizens entering its small and militarily dominated neighbor in search of work, was in fact an attempt at Syrian colonization of Lebanon  In 1994, under pressure from Damascus, the Lebanese government controversially granted citizenship to over 200,000 Syrians resident in the country 

Muslim Brotherhood uprising and Hama Massacre
On 31 January 1973, Assad implemented the new Constitution which led to a national crisis  Unlike previous constitutions, this one did not require that the  president of Syria must be a Muslim, leading to fierce demonstrations in Hama, Homs and Aleppo organized by the Muslim Brotherhood and the ulama  They labeled Assad as the "enemy of Allah" and called for a jihad against his rule  Robert D  Kaplan has compared Assad's coming to power to "an untouchable becoming maharajah in India or a Jew becoming tsar in Russia—an unprecedented development shocking to the Sunni majority population which had monopolized power for so many centuries " The authoritarian government was not without its critics, a serious challenge arose in the late 1970s from fundamentalist Sunni Muslims, who reject the basic values of the secular Ba'ath program and object to rule by the Alawis whom they consider heretical  From 1976 until its suppression in 1982, the arch-conservative Muslim Brotherhood led an armed insurgency against the government  In response to an attempted uprising by the brotherhood in February 1982, the government crushed the fundamentalist opposition centered in the city of Hama, leveling parts of the city with artillery fire and causing many thousands of dead and wounded  During the rest of Hafez al-Assad's reign, public manifestations of anti-government activity were very limited 

During Gulf War
Syria's 1990 participation in the U S -led multinational coalition aligned against Saddam Hussein marked a dramatic watershed in Syria's relations both with other Arab states and with the Western world  Syria participated in the multilateral Middle East Peace Conference in Madrid in October 1991, and during the 1990s engaged in direct, face-to-face negotiations with Israel  These negotiations failed, and there have been no further Syrian-Israeli talks since President Hafiz al-Assad's meeting with President Bill Clinton in Geneva in March 2000 

Internal power struggle
In what has become known as the 1999 Latakia incident, violent protests and armed clashes erupted following the 1998 People's Assembly's Elections  The violent events were an explosion of a long-running feud between Hafez al-Assad and his younger brother Rifaat, who previously attempted to initiate a coup against Hafez in 1984, but was eventually expelled from Syria  Two people were killed in fire exchanges of Syrian police and Rifaat's supporters during police crack-down on Rifaat's port compound in Latakia  According to opposition sources, denied by the government, the clashes in Latakia resulted in hundreds of dead and injured 

Drought in Syria
From 2006 to 2010, Syria experienced its worst drought in modern history  The drought resulted in a mass migration from the Syrian countryside into urban centers, which notably strained existing infrastructure already burdened by the influx of some 1 5 million refugees from Iraq  The drought itself has been linked to human caused global climate change  It has also been directly linked as a contributing factor to the socieoeconomic conditions that led to initial protests and uprising  Adequate water supply continues to be an issue in the ongoing civil war and the supply is frequently the target of military action 

Under Bashar al-Assad, 2000–present
The Damascus Autumn
Hafiz al-Assad died on 10 June 2000, after 30 years in power  Immediately following al-Assad's death, the Parliament amended the constitution, reducing the mandatory minimum age of the President from 40 to 34, which allowed his son, Bashar al-Assad, to become legally eligible for nomination by the ruling Ba'ath party  On 10 July 2000, Bashar al-Assad was elected president by referendum in which he ran unopposed, garnering 97 29% of the vote, according to Syrian government statistics Bashar, who speaks French and English and has a British-born wife, was said to have "inspired hopes" for reform, and a "Damascus Spring" of intense political and social debate took place from July 2000 to August 2001  The period was characterized by the emergence of numerous political forums or salons where groups of like minded people met in private houses to debate political and social issues  The phenomenon of salons spread rapidly in Damascus and to a lesser extent in other cities  Political activists, such as, Riad Seif, Haitham al-Maleh, Kamal al-Labwani, Riyad al-Turk, and Aref Dalila were important in mobilizing the movement  The most famous of the forums were the Riad Seif Forum and the Jamal al-Atassi Forum  The Damascus Spring ended in August 2001 with the arrest and imprisonment of ten leading activists who had called for democratic elections and a campaign of civil disobedience 

International and internal tensions
On 5 October 2003, Israel bombed a site near Damascus, claiming it was a terrorist training facility for members of Islamic Jihad  Islamic Jihad said the camp was not in use; Syria said the attack was on a civilian area  The Israeli action was condemned by European governments  The German Chancellor said it "cannot be accepted" and the French Foreign Ministry said "The Israeli operation… constituted an unacceptable violation of international law and sovereignty rules



ground_truth: no

prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: In modern history of Syria this kingdom lasted for only four months, this kingdom surrendered to who?

The following are given passages.
Context 2: " The Spanish UN Ambassador Inocencio Arias called it an attack of "extreme gravity" and "a clear violation of international law "The United States Congress passed the Syria Accountability Act in December 2003, with the goal of ending what the U S  sees as Syrian involvement in Lebanon, Iraq, terrorism, and weapons of mass destruction through international sanctions 
Ethnic tensions increased in Syria, following an incident in a football stadium in Al Qamishli, 30 people were killed and more than 160 were injured in days of clashes starting from 12 March  Kurdish sources indicated that Syrian security forces used live ammunition against civilians after clashes broke out at a football match between Kurdish fans of the local team and Arab supporters of a visiting team from the city of Deir al-Zor  The international press reported that nine people were killed on 12 March  According to Amnesty International hundreds of people, mostly Kurds, were arrested after the riots  Kurdish detainees were reportedly tortured and ill-treated  Some Kurdish students were expelled from their universities, reportedly for participating in peaceful protests In June 2005, thousands of Kurds demonstrated in Qamishli to protest the assassination of Sheikh Khaznawi, a Kurdish cleric in Syria, resulting in the death of one policeman and injury to four Kurds Renewed opposition activity occurred in October 2005 when activist Michel Kilo launched with leading opposition figures the Damascus Declaration, which criticized the Syrian government as "authoritarian, totalitarian and cliquish" and called for democratic reform On 6 September 2007 a Syrian facility was bombed in the Deir ez-Zor region  While no one claimed responsibility for this act, Syria accused Israel, which in turn declared that the indicated site was a nuclear facility with a military purpose  Syria denied the claim 
On 26 October 2008 helicopter-borne CIA paramilitary officers and United States Special Operations Forces carried out a raid to the Syrian territory from Iraq The Syrian government called the event a "criminal and terrorist" attack on its sovereignty, alleging all of the reported eight fatalities were civilians  An unnamed U S  military source, however, alleged that the target was a network of foreign fighters who travel through Syria to join the Iraqi insurgency against the United States-led Coalition in Iraq and the Iraqi government 

Syrian civil war
The Syrian civil war is an ongoing internal violent conflict in Syria  It is a part of the wider Arab Spring, a wave of upheaval throughout the Arab World  Public demonstrations across Syria began on 26 January 2011 and developed into a nationwide uprising  Protesters demanded the resignation of President Bashar al-Assad, the overthrow of his government, and an end to nearly five decades of Ba’ath Party rule 
Since spring 2011, the Syrian government deployed the Syrian Army to quell the uprising, and several cities were besieged, though the unrest continued  According to some witnesses, soldiers, who refused to open fire on civilians, were summarily executed by the Syrian Army  The Syrian government denied reports of defections, and blamed armed gangs for causing trouble  Since early autumn 2011, civilians and army defectors began forming fighting units, which began an insurgency campaign against the Syrian Army  The insurgents unified under the banner of the Free Syrian Army and fought in an increasingly organized fashion; however, the civilian component of the armed opposition lacked an organized leadership 
The uprising has sectarian undertones, though neither faction in the conflict has described sectarianism as playing a major role  The opposition is dominated by Sunni Muslims, whereas the leading government figures are Alawites, affiliated with the Shia Islam  As a result, the opposition is winning support from the Sunni Muslim states, whereas the government is publicly supported by the Shia dominated Iran and the Lebanese Hizbullah 
According to various sources, including the United Nations, up to 13,470–19,220 people have been killed, of which about half were civilians, but also including 6,035–6,570 armed combatants from both sides and up to 1,400 opposition protesters  Many more have been injured, and tens of thousands of protesters have been imprisoned  According to the Syrian government, 9,815–10,146 people, including 3,430 members of the security forces, 2,805–3,140 insurgents and up to 3,600 civilians, have been killed in fighting with what they characterize as "armed terrorist groups " To escape the violence, tens of thousands of Syrian refugees have fled the country to neighboring Jordan, Iraq and  Lebanon, as well to Turkey  The total official UN numbers of Syrian refugees reached 42,000 at the time, while unofficial number stood at as many as 130,000 
UNICEF reported that over 500 children have been killed, Another 400 children have been reportedly arrested and tortured in Syrian prisons  Both claims have been contested by the Syrian government  Additionally, over 600 detainees and political prisoners have died under torture  Human Rights Watch accused the government and Shabiha of using civilians as human shields when they advanced on opposition held-areas  Anti-government rebels have been accused of human rights abuses as well, including torture, kidnapping, unlawful detention and execution of civilians, Shabiha and soldiers  HRW also expressed concern at the kidnapping of Iranian nationals  The UN Commission of Inquiry has also documented abuses of this nature in its February 2012 report, which also includes documentation that indicates rebel forces have been responsible for displacement of civilians The Arab League, US, EU states, GCC states, and other countries have condemned the use of violence against the protesters  China and Russia have avoided condemning the government or applying sanctions, saying that such methods could escalate into foreign intervention  However, military intervention has been ruled out by most countries  The Arab League suspended Syria's membership over the government's response to the crisis, but sent an observer mission in December 2011, as part of its proposal for peaceful resolution of the crisis  The latest attempts to resolve the crisis has been made through the appointment of Kofi Annan, as a special envoy to resolve the Syrian crisis in the Middle East  Some analysts however have posited the partitioning the region into a Sunnite east, Kurdish north and Shiite/Alawite west 

See also
Politics of Syria
Foreign relations of Syria
Passage 4:
Ganzhou Uyghur Kingdom
The Ganzhou Uyghur Kingdom (traditional Chinese: 甘州回鶻; simplified Chinese: 甘州回鹘; pinyin: Gānzhōu Huíhú), also referred to as the Hexi Uyghurs, was established in 894 around Ganzhou in modern Zhangye  The kingdom lasted from 894 to 1036; during that time, many of Ganzhou's residents converted to Buddhism The Hexi Corridor, located within modern Gansu, was traditionally a Chinese inroad into Central Asia  From the 9th to 11th centuries this area was shared between the Ganzhou Uyghurs and the Guiyi Circuit  By the early 11th century both the Uyghurs and Guiyi Circuit were conquered by the Tangut people of the Western Xia dynasty The Ganzhou Uyghur rulers were descended from the House of Yaglakar 

History
There was a pre-existing community of Uyghurs at Ganzhou by 840 at the very latest In 874, remnant forces of the Tibetan Empire known as the Wenmo, Han Chinese slave soldiers under the Tibetan Empire, in Ganzhou drove out the Uyghurs Around the years 881 and 882, Ganzhou slipped from the control of the Guiyi Circuit 
In 894 the Uyghurs led by Pangteqin (Huaijian Khagan) established the Ganzhou Uyghur Kingdom in Ganzhou In 902 the Ganzhou Uyghurs sent military aid to Emperor Zhaozong of Tang In 910 the Ganzhou Uyghurs attacked the Kingdom of Jinshan (Guiyi) 
In 911 the Ganzhou Uyghurs attacked the Kingdom of Jinshan and forced them into an alliance as a lesser partner In 916 a Ganzhou Uyghur princess was married to Cao Yijin, governor of the Guiyi Circuit 
In 920 Huaijian Khagan became sickly 
In 924 Huaijian Khagan died and his sons Diyin and Renmei fought over the throne with Diyin coming out on top  They received a royal appointment from the Later Tang dynasty  The Khitans of the Liao dynasty offered to let the Ganzhou Uyghurs return to their former homeland on the Orkhon but they refused the offer In 925 Cao Yijin led an attack on the Ganzhou Uyghurs and defeated them 
In 926 Diyin died and Aduoyu succeeded him as Shunhua Khagan  Shunhua Khagan married Cao Yijin's daughter 
In 930 Cao Yijin visited the Ganzhou Uyghur court in Ganzhou 
In 933 Shunhua Khagan died and Jingqiong succeeded him 
In 961 the Ganzhou Uyghurs accepted the Song dynasty as suzerains In 975 Jingqiong died and Yeluohe Mili'e succeeded him 
In 983 Jingqiong died and Lusheng succeeded him 
In 1003 Lusheng died and Zhongshun Baode Khagan succeeded him  The Tanguts attacked the Ganzhou Uyghurs but were defeated In 1008 the Ganzhou Uyghurs and Tanguts engaged in combat and the Uyghurs emerged victorious  The Liao dynasty attacked the Ganzhou Uyghurs and defeated them In 1009 the Ganzhou Uyghurs captured Liangzhou 
In 1010 the Liao dynasty attacked the Ganzhou Uyghurs and defeated them In 1016 Zhongshun Baode Khagan died and Huaining Shunhua Khagan succeeded him 
In 1023 Huaining Shunhua Khagan died and Guizhong Baoshun Khagan succeeded him 
In 1026 the Ganzhou Uyghurs were defeated in battle by the Liao dynasty In 1028 the Ganhzhou Uyghurs were defeated by the Tanguts  Guizhong Baoshun Khagan died and Baoguo Khagan succeeded him 
In 1036 the Ganzhou Uyghur Kingdom was annexed by the Tanguts  After the destruction of their realm, the Ganzhou Uyghurs migrated and settled in Dunhuang (Shazhou) and Guazhou  The Guazhou Uyghurs surrendered to the Tanguts in 1030 and Shazhou surrendered in 1036  A record of a Huolasan Khan ruling in Shazhou in 1127 shows that the Uyghurs there retained some amount of autonomy in Western Xia  Another group that settled between Dunhuang and the Qaidam Basin came to be known as the Yellow Head Uyghurs  They practiced Buddhism and lived as pastoral nomads  In the 13th century they were called the Sali Uyghurs  Their descendants are today known as the Yugurs 

Religion
The Uyghurs of Ganzhou originally practiced Manichaeanism as their state religion but abandoned it for Buddhism at the end of the 10th century due to pressure from the Tanguts  Like the Tanguts, they sent Buddhist pilgrimages to Mount Wutai, but the real reason for the expeditions may have been to spy on the Liao dynasty  According to Hong Hao, a Song dynasty diplomat on his way to the Jurchen Jin dynasty, the Uyghurs of the Hexi Corridor still practiced Buddhism:

The Uighur believe mostly in Buddhism  They place the (Buddhist) sculptures in the hall  At each sacrifice, they must slaughter a lamb  Some drink alcohol merrily  Then they dip their finger into the blood of the lamb and dye the mouth of the Buddha with blood  Some hold the foot of the Buddha screaming, which was meant to show intimacy and respect for the Buddha  When chanting the Scripture, they wore Kasaya (the monk’s robe) and used the Indian language 

Modern era
The modern day descendants of the Ganzhou Uyghurs are known as the Yugur 

See also
Yugur
Turkic peoples
Timeline of the Turkic peoples (500–1300) 
Uyghur Khaganate
Qocho
Passage 5:
Omukama of Toro
The Omukama of Tooro is the name given to the king of Tooro, one of the East African kingdom of Tooro  The kingdom was founded in 1830 by Omukama Kaboyo Olimi l who was the son of Kyebambe lll Nyamutukura, the king of Bunyoro  Since that time, Tooro existed as an independent kingdom until 1967 when President Apollo Milton Obote banned all kingdoms in Uganda  The kingdoms were reinstated as cultural institutions in 1993 
The Omukama of Tooro and the other kings play a vital role in Ugandan politics as cultural leaders and agents of peace and stability in their respective kingdoms  Tooro and Bunyoro kingdoms enjoy a close relationship 

List of Abakama (Kings) of Tooro
The following is a list of the Abakama of Tooro, starting around 1800 AD:
Kaboyo Olimi I, (Kasunsu Nkwanzi) c  1830 - 1861
Kazaana Ruhaga l, c 1861- 1862
Nyaika Kasunga Kyebambe I, c  1862-1863 and c  1864 - 1874
Kato Rukidi I, 1863-64
Mukabirere Olimi II, c  1874 -1876
Mukarusa Kyebambe II, c  1876 - 1877
Isingoma Rukidi ll, c  1877
Rubuubi Kyebambe lll c  1878 and 1879
Kakende Nyamuyonjo c  1878 and 1881 - 1882
Katera Rujwenge, c 1878–1879 a period of Interregnum, 1880–1891; reverted to Bunyoro
Daudi Kasagama Kyebambe IV, 1891–1928
George David Kamurasi Rukidi III, 1929–1965
Patrick David Matthew Kaboyo Olimi III, 1966–1995 interrupted by the discontinuation by the Ugandan government, 1967–1993
Oyo Nyimba Kabamba Iguru Rukidi IV, 1995–present

See also
Omukama of Bunyoro
Kabaka of Buganda
Toro Kingdom
Passage 6:
Omukama of Bunyoro
Omukama wa Bunyoro  Translates to The King of Bunyoro is the title given to rulers of the East African kingdom of Bunyoro-Kitara   The kingdom lasted as an independent state from the 16th to the 19th century  The Omukama of Bunyoro remains an important figure in Ugandan politics, especially among the Banyoro people of whom he is the titular head  He is closely related to the Omukama of Toro Kingdom 
The Royal Palace, called Ekikaali Karuziika, (Karuziika Palace) is located in Hoima  The current Omukama is Rukirabasaija Solomon Iguru I Gafabusa Amooti and his wife is Omugo (the Queen) Margaret Karunga Adyeri  As a cultural head, the King is assisted by his Principal Private Secretary, a Cabinet of 21 Ministers and  Orukurato (a Parliament) 

Constitutional recognition
In 1962, the United Kingdom granted independence to Uganda  In February 1966, Prime Minister Milton Obote suspended the constitution and seized power, abolishing all of the traditional kingdoms—including Bunyoro—in 1967  The Omukama (King) of Bunyoro-Kitara Kingdom was reinstated by Statute No  8 of 1993, enacted by the Parliament of Uganda after the monarchy had been abolished for many years  Unlike the pre-1967 Omukama, who was both titular head and a political figure of the government of Bunyoro, the Omukama today is a cultural leader above partisan politics, although the king remains the titular head of the Bunyoro regional government Article 246 of the 1995 Ugandan constitution provides:

Etymology of Omukama
Omukama means ‘the milker’, as the leader of the kingdom provides his citizens with food and wealth  The word comes from Runyoro-Rutooro omu- (singular human-being class prefix) and -kama ‘to milk’, which ultimately comes from Proto-Bantu kám ‘squeeze, wring’ 
In modern Runyoro-Rutooro, however, dropping the initial vowel of this word (mukama ‘boss, sir’) changes its meaning considerably 

History of the Omukama of Bunyoro-Kitara dynasties
Babiito dynasty
The Bachwezi dynasty was followed by the Babiito dynasty of the current Omukama of Bunyoro-Kitara  Any attempt to pinpoint the dates of this, or any other dynasty before it, is pure conjecture; as there were no written records at the time  Modern day historians place the beginning of the Babiito dynasty at around the time of the invasion of Bunyoro by the Luo from the North  The first mubiito (singular) king was Isingoma Mpuga Rukidi I, whose reign is placed around the 14th century  To date, there have been a total of 27 Babiito kings of Bunyoro-Kitara 
Source: The official Bunyoro-Kitara Kingdom website

List of Omukamas of the Babiito dynasty
Rukidi of Bunyoro, late fifteenth century
Ocaki of Bunyoro, late fifteenth/early sixteenth century
Oyo Nyiba of Bunyoro, early sixteenth century
Winyi I of Bunyoro, early sixteenth century
Olimi I of Bunyoro, mid sixteenth century
Nyabongo of Bunyoro, mid sixteenth century
Winyi II of Bunyoro, late sixteenth century/early seventeenth century
Olimi II of Bunyoro, mid seventeenth century
Nyarwa of Bunyoro, mid seventeenth century
Cwamali of Bunyoro, mid seventeenth century
Masamba of Bunyoro, late seventeenth century
Anabwani I of Bunyoro, late seventeenth century
Kyebambe I of Bunyoro, late seventeenth century
Winyi III of Bunyoro, early eighteenth century
Nyaika of Bunyoro, early eighteenth century
Kyebambe II of Bunyoro, early eighteenth century
Olimi III of Bunyoro, c  1710–1731
Duhaga of Bunyoro, 1731–c  1782
Olimi IV of Bunyoro, c  1782–1786
Nyamutukura Kyebambe III of Bunyoro, 1786–1835
Nyabongo II of Bunyoro, 1835–1848
Olimi V of Bunyoro, 1848–1852
Kyebambe IV of Bunyoro, 1852–1869
Kabalega of Bunyoro, 1869–1898
Kitahimbwa of Bunyoro, 1898–1902
Duhaga II of Bunyoro, 1902–1924
Winyi IV of Bunyoro, 1925–1967
Monarchy discontinued by the Ugandan government, 1967–1994
Solomon Iguru I, 1994–present
Passage 7:
Syrian National Congress
The Syrian National Congress, also called the Pan-Syrian Congress and General Syrian Congress (GSC), was convened in May 1919 in Damascus, Syria, after the expulsion of the Ottomans from Syria  The mission of the Congress was to consider the future of "Syria", by which was meant Greater Syria: present-day Syria, Lebanon, Israel, Palestine, and Jordan  The Congress also intended to present Arab views to the American King-Crane Commission of inquiry  The Congress was considered the first national parliament in the modern history of Syria 
The Congress was attended by representatives from all parts of Greater Syria, including Lebanon and Palestine, and was headed by Hashim al-Atassi  Some participants showed support for King Faisal's demands, while others were beginning to question his willingness to make concessions to pro-Zionist groups  In its final report it pleaded that "there be no separation of the southern part of Syria, known as Palestine, nor of the littoral western zone, which includes Lebanon, from the Syrian country " The King-Crane Commission recommended "the unity of Syria be preserved" in response The  Congress declared an independent Arab Kingdom of Syria on March 8, 1920, proclaiming:
The full and absolute independence of our country Syria, including Palestine, within her natural boundaries, based on a civil, representative form of government, protection of the rights of minorities, and rejection of the claims of the Zionists to Palestine as a national homeland or place of immigration for the Jews 
The new state intended to included Syria, Palestine, Lebanon and portions of northern Mesopotamia  King Faisal was declared the head of state  At the same time Prince Zeid, Faisal's brother, was declared regent of Mesopotamia  Hashim al-Atassi was named Prime Minister and Yusuf al-'Azma became Minister of War and Chief of Staff 
The Congress continued during the short-lived life of the Kingdom until July 17, 1920, when the French gave Faisal an ultimatum to surrender or fight, and Faisal surrendered, bringing to an end the Kingdom and dissolving its institutions 

Gallery
See also
Elizabeth F  Thompson (2020)  How the west stole democracy from the Arabs: The Syrian Arab Congress of 1920 and the Destruction of its Historic Liberal-Islamic Alliance  Grove Atlantic  ISBN 978-0-8021-4820-9  OL 29824859M  Wikidata Q108862853 
Passage 8:
Herodian dynasty
The Herodian dynasty was a royal dynasty of Idumaean (Edomite) descent, ruling the Herodian Kingdom of Judea and later the Herodian Tetrarchy as a vassal state of the Roman Empire  The Herodian dynasty began with Herod the Great, who assumed the throne of Judea, with Roman support, bringing down the century-old Hasmonean Kingdom  His kingdom lasted until his death in 4 BCE, when it was divided among his sons as a tetrarchy, which lasted for about 10 years  Most of those tetrarchies, including Judea proper, were incorporated into Judaea Province from 6 CE, though limited Herodian de facto kingship continued until Agrippa I's death in 44 CE and nominal title of kingship continued until 92 CE, when the last Herodian monarch, Agrippa II, died and Rome assumed full power over his de jure domain 

History
Origin
During the time of the Hasmonean ruler John Hyrcanus (134–104 BCE), Judea conquered Edom (Idumea) and forced the Edomites to convert to Judaism The Edomites were gradually integrated into the Judean nation, and some of them reached high-ranking positions  In the days of Alexander Jannaeus, the Edomite Antipas was appointed governor of Edom  His son Antipater, father of Herod the Great, was the chief adviser to Hasmonean Hyrcanus II and managed to establish a good relationship with the Roman Republic, who at that time (63 BCE) extended their influence over the region, following conquest of Syria and intervention in a civil war in Judea 
There are differing genealogies for the dynasty, depending on the source  According to Sextus Julius Africanus, Antipater's father was named Herod, and Epiphanius of Salamis writes that this Herod's father was named Antipas  It is Josephus who states that Antipas fathered Antipater, without further delineating his ancestry  This model is usually accepted by scholars 
Julius Caesar appointed Antipater to be procurator of Judea in 47 BCE and he appointed his sons Phasael and Herod to be governors of Jerusalem and Galilee respectively  Antipater was murdered in 43 BCE; however, his sons managed to hold the reins of power and were elevated to the rank of tetrarchs in 41 BCE by Mark Antony 

Rise to power
In 40 BCE, the Parthians invaded the eastern Roman provinces and managed to drive the Romans out of many areas  In Judea, the Hasmonean dynasty was restored under king Antigonus II Mattathias as a pro-Parthian monarch  Herod the Great, the son of Antipater the Idumaean and Cypros (possibly of Nabataean descent), managed to escape to Rome  After convincing the Roman Senate of his sincere intentions in favor of Romans he eventually was announced as king of the Jews by the Roman Senate Despite his announcement as king of the whole of Judea, Herod did not fully conquer it until 37 BCE  He subsequently ruled the Herodian kingdom as a vassal king for 34 years, crushing the opposition while also initiating huge building projects, including the harbor at Caesarea Maritima, the plaza surrounded by retaining walls at the Temple Mount, the Masada and the Herodium, among other fortresses and public works  Herod ruled Judea until 4 BCE; at his death, his kingdom was divided among his three sons as a tetrarchy 

Tetrarchies
Herod Archelaus, son of Herod and Malthace the Samaritan, was given the title of ethnarch and ruled over the main part of the kingdom: Judea proper, Idumea, and Samaria  He ruled for ten years until 6 CE, when he was "banished to Vienna in Gaul, where according to Cassius Dio, "Hist  Roma," lv  27—he lived for the remainder of his days " See also Census of Quirinius 
Philip, sometimes erroneously called Herod Philip II, was the son of Herod and his fifth wife Cleopatra of Jerusalem  He was given the title of tetrarch with jurisdiction over the northeast part of his father's kingdom: Iturea, Trachonitis, Batanaea, Gaulanitis, Auranitis, and Paneas  He ruled until his death in 34 CE 
Herod Antipas, another son of Herod and Malthace, was made a tetrarch of Galilee and Perea; he ruled there until he was exiled to Spain by emperor Caligula in 39 CE, according to Josephus  Herod Antipas is the person referenced in the Christian New Testament Gospels, playing a role in the death of John the Baptist and the trial of Jesus  The Gospel of Luke states that Jesus was first brought before Pontius Pilate for trial, since Pilate was the governor of Roman Judea, which encompassed Jerusalem where Jesus was arrested  Pilate initially handed him over to Antipas, in whose territory Jesus had been most active, but Antipas sent him back to Pilate's court 

Last rulers
Herod Agrippa was the grandson of Herod  Thanks to his friendship with Caligula, the emperor appointed him ruler with the title of king over the territories of Philip in 37 CE, which were after Philip's death in 34 CE shortly part of the Roman province of Syria, and in 40 CE he was given the territories of Herod Antipas  In 41 CE, Emperor Claudius added to his territory the parts of Judea province that previously belonged to Herod Archelaus  Thus Agrippa I practically re-united his grandfather's kingdom under his rule  Agrippa died in 44 CE 
Agrippa's son Herod Agrippa II was appointed a tetrarch of Chalcis and later king of the territories previously ruled by Philip  He actively participated in the quelling of the Great Revolt of Judea on the Roman side  Agrippa II was the last of the Herodians; with his death in c  92 or 100 CE the dynasty was extinct, and the kingdom became fully incorporated into the Roman province of Judaea 
In addition, Herod of Chalcis ruled as king of Chalcis, and his son, Aristobulus of Chalcis, was tetrarch of Chalcis and king of Armenia Minor 

List of Herodian rulers (47 BCE – 100 CE)
Antipater the Idumaean (Procurator of Judaea) 47–44 BCE
Herod the Great
Governor of Galilee 47–44 BCE
Tetrarch of Galilee 44–40 BCE
Elected king of all Judaea by the Roman Senate 40 BCE, reigned 37–4 BCE
Phasael (Governor of Jerusalem) 47–40 BCE
Pheroras (Governor of Perea) 20–5 BCE
Herod Archelaus (Ethnarch of Judaea) 4 BCE – 6 CE
Herod Antipas (Tetrarch of Galilee) 4 BCE – 39 CE
Philip the Tetrarch (Tetrarch of Batanaea) 4 BCE – 34 CE
Salome I (Tetrach of Jabneh) 4 BCE – 10 CE
Tigranes V of Armenia (King of Armenia) 6–12 CE
Herod Agrippa
King of Batanaea 37–41 CE
King of Galilee 40–41 CE
King of all Judaea 41–44 CE, previously Judaea (Roman province), given to him by Claudius, and reinstated as a province after his death 
Herod of Chalcis (King of Chalcis) 41–48 CE
Herod Agrippa II
Tetrarch of Chalcis 48–53 CE
King of Batanaea 53–100 CE
Aristobulus of Chalcis
King of Armenia Minor 55–72 CE
Tetrarch of Chalcis 57–92 CE
Tigranes VI of Armenia (King of Armenia) 58–61 CE
Gaius Julius Alexander (King of Cetis) 58–72 CE

Herodian dynasty in later culture
Literature
Novels
Hordos u-Miryam (1935), a Hebrew novel by Aaron Orinowsky
Mariamne (1967), a Swedish novel by Pär Lagerkvist
Claudius the God (1934), an English novel by Robert Graves, features Herod Agrippa I as an important character

Plays
Herod appears in some cycles of the Mystery Plays, played as an over the top villain   Such portrayals were still in folk memory in William Shakespeare's time, for Hamlet instructs the players not to "out-Herod Herod" (Act 3, Scene 2) 
Marianna (1565), an Italian drama by Lodovico Dolce
Mariam, the Faire Queene of Jewry (1613) an English drama by Elizabeth Tanfield Cary
Herod and Antipater, with the Death of Faire Mariam (1622), an English drama by Gervase Markham and William Sampson
Mariamne (1636), a French drama by François Tristan l'Hermite
La mort des enfants d’Hérode; ou, Suite de Mariamne (1639), a French drama by Gathier de Costes de la Calprenède
Herod and Mariamne (1673), an English drama by Samuel Pordage
La Mariamne (1696), an Italian opera by Giovanni Maria Ruggeri (mus ) and Lorenzo Burlini (libr )
Mariamne (1723), a French drama by Elijah Fenton
Herod features in two 18th century French plays on Mariamne, by Nadal and Voltaire 
Herodes und Mariamne (1850), a German drama by Christian Friedrich Hebbel
Myriam ha-Hashmonayith (1891), a Yiddish drama by Moses Seiffert
Tsar Irod I tsaritsa Mariamna (1893), a Russian drama by Dmitri Alexandrov
Herod and Mariamne (1938), an English drama by Clemence Dane

Poetry
Herod and Mariamne (1888), an English poem by Amelie Rives
Mariamne (1911), an English poem by Thomas Sturge Moore

Movies
The King of Kings (1927) by Cecil B  DeMille
Salome (1953) by William Dieterie
King of Kings (1961) by Nicholas Ray
The Greatest Story Ever Told (1965) by George Stevens, David Lean, Jean Nugelesco
Herod the Great (1959) (Italy) by Victor Tourjansky

Figurative arts
Painting
Mariamne Leaving the Judgment Seat of Herod (1887), a painting by John William Waterhouse

Performing arts
Music
Herod’s Lament for Mariamne (1815), an English song by Isaac Nathan (mus ) and George Byron (libr )
Herodes und Mariamne (1922), incidental music by Karol Rathaus
Lied der Mariamne (ohne Worte) (1927), incidental music by Mikhail Gnesin

Ballet
La Marianna (1785), an Italian ballet by Giuseppe Banti (chor )

Opera
Marianne (1796), opera in French with music by Nicolas Dalayrac and a libretto of Benoît-Joseph Marsollier
Hérodiade (1881), opera in French by Jules Massenet after Gustave Flaubert's play Hérodias (1877)
Salome (1905), opera in German by Richard Strauss after Oscar Wilde's play's Salome

Family tree of the Herodian dynasty
See also
Hasmonean dynasty
History of ancient Israel and Judah#Roman occupation
Herod's Temple
Herodian coinage
Herodian kingdom
Kings of Israel and Judah
Kings of Judah
List of High Priests of Israel
Promagistrate
Siege of Jerusalem (37 BC)
Context 3: Passage 1:
Nobody for Everybody
Nobody for Everybody is the Japanese debut EP by South Korean girl group Wonder Girls  Its title song is "Nobody" ～あなたしか見えない～ (ノーバディ, Nōbadi), first released on their third Korean mini-album, The Wonder Years: Trilogy in 2008  This is the fourth language that "Nobody" has been released in; the song was first released in Korean and was followed by English and Chinese versions 
The EP consists of the Japanese version of "Nobody" as well as 2012 re-recordings of "Nobody" (in both Korean and English), "Saying I Love You", and "You're Out"  These 2012 recordings include vocals of member Hyerim who entered the group in 2010, replacing the group's original member Sunmi 

Background
After announcing the Wonder Girls as spokesmodels for the brand "Marshpuff" in Japan, JYPE requested that their Japanese record label, DefStar Records, listen to the Wonder Girls' released albums and singles before deciding on what song would be their debut in the country  The label had strong mutual interest in "Nobody", so it was chosen as the title song for their first Japanese album In May 2012, the Wonder Girls officially announced their debut into the Japanese market with a Japanese version of "Nobody", "Nobody ～あなたしか見えない～"  JYP JYPE stated: "Wonder Girls have received numerous inquiries from Japan and [are] observing their advertisement and music business flourishing even without their official introduction "
The EP was released on July 25, 2012 in three different physical variants 

Track listing
Charts
Passage 2:
Alina Margolis-Edelman
Alina Margolis-Edelman (18 April 1922 – 23 March 2008) was a Polish physician, Holocaust survivor, and resistance fighter during the Warsaw Ghetto Uprising, who was forced to flee Poland during a revival of anti-Semitism in Poland in 1968  Joining Doctors Without Borders, she later helped found Doctors of the World, participating in medical missions in Africa and the Middle East, Latin America, and Eastern Europe  Simultaneously, she worked as a physician, practicing at Necker-Enfants Malades Hospital and the Maternal-Infant Protection Service in Seine-Saint-Denis  In 1990, she returned to Poland, and began an association, "Nobody's Children", to fight against child abuse in Poland  She was the recipient of numerous awards and honors 

Early life
Alina Margolis was born on 18 April 1922 in Łódź, Poland, to the Jewish 
physician Anna (née Markson) and her husband, Aleksander Margolis, who was also a physician  Anna was the director of the radiology department and chief of the tubercular service division of Anna Maria Hospital  Aleksander, also known by the pseudonym Paweł Gart, was an internist and head of the Municipal General Hospital of Radogoszcz, and a member of the Łódź City Council, until he was executed by the Gestapo in 1939  After his death, the family was relocated to the Warsaw Ghetto, to await transport to Treblinka  Anna managed to enroll Alina in the Jewish School of Nursing founded by Lama Blum-Bielica, and she worked in one of the hospitals in the ghetto  When transport became imminent, Anna left the ghetto with the children, all of them posing as "Aryan"  Anna placed her son in a Christian orphanage, and she went into hiding Margolis hid with a Polish family who were anti-Semitic and who believed that she was the daughter of a Polish officer who was a prisoner of war  She worked as a courier for the Resistance and continued nursing in ghetto, becoming an integral part of the rescue efforts following the Warsaw Ghetto Uprising  The insurgency lasted three weeks, and consisted mostly of Jewish youth, led by a five-person command  One of the commanders, Marek Edelman, was the sole survivor of the leadership  When German troops burned the ghetto, Edelman attempted escape by way of the sewer system  Underground members, disguising themselves as Polish Red Cross workers, carried him out of the ghetto on a stretcher  One of the stretcher-bearers was Margolis  To ensure that no one would investigate too closely, the underground posted a sign on Edelman's body declaring him to have typhus, easily passing armed checkpoints Before the war ended, Margolis and Edelman returned to Łódź, and were joined, when the war ended, by her mother and brother, John  In mid-1945, Margolis and Edelman married, moved to the house which her family had occupied before the war, and she began her medical studies 

Career
Completing her education, Margolis-Edelman became a pediatrician, working in the Łódź Pediatric Clinic  She specialized in diseases of the kidney and juvenile diabetes, establishing a clinic in Rąbka  She conducted research into these diseases and published her findings  In 1951, Margolis-Edelman had her son Alexander and five years later, gave birth to the couples' daughter, Anna  In the midst of preparing for her habilitation, the 1968 Polish political crisis unleashed a new wave of antisemitism and Margolis-Edelman was not allowed to defend her thesis  She and her children fled to France, but her husband remained in Łódź, providing humanitarian services to anyone in need  Unable to convince the French university to accept her Polish degree, she began her studies all over again and worked in a laboratory analyzing the blood of rats to earn a living After five years of study, Margolis-Edelman re-earned her ability to practice medicine and became head of the chemistry department where she worked and practicing pediatrics at the Necker-Enfants Malades Hospital  She also worked in the Maternal-Infant Protection Service in Seine-Saint-Denis, as well as serving the communes of Aubervilliers and La Courneuve  In 1978, she began working with Doctors Without Borders, on hospital ships with Vietnamese boat people, work that was later officially recognized by the Vietnamese government  When Bernard Kouchner left the organization, he and Margolis-Edelman co-founded Doctors of the World  She participated in medical missions to such places as Afghanistan, Chad, El Salvador, Guatemala, Lebanon, and Nicaragua During the 1981-1983 period of martial law in Poland, Margolis-Edelman supported the pro-democracy opposition  She organized internships abroad for Polish doctors, helped those who could not obtain treatment in Poland, and sent drugs and supplies to Polish hospitals, which were unable to obtain them at the time  She helped found the Franco-Polish association "SOS Aide aux Malades Polonais", to assist Poles in obtaining treatment in France  Around the same time, she served as president of the Literary Notebook Association (French: Les Cahiers Littéraires) and established the quarterly magazine Zeszyty Literackie in Paris  In 1990, she returned to Poland and established an organization called Nobody's Children to care for victims of child abuse and lobby for their protection  During the Bosnian War, she co-founded a rape victim support center and a center in Saint Petersburg to care for street children In 1994, Margolis-Edelman wrote a memoir about her pre-war and World War II experiences, Ala z Elementarza (later translated to English in 1998, as Ala from the Primer)  The title was a reference of an earlier work by Marian Falski  As children, Margolis and her brother inspired Falski to write a widely-read early reading primer about two children, Ala and Olek  The title of Margolis-Edelman's memoir, referred to the earlier work's characters  In 1997, Margolis-Edelman published another memoir, entitled Je ne le répéterai pas, je ne veux pas le répéter (I will not repeat it, I do not want to repeat it)  She was awarded the Cross of Valor for her humanitarian work and a knighthood by the Order of the Smile 

Death and legacy
Margolis-Edelman died on 23 March 2008 in Paris, and was buried in the Cimetière parisien de Bagneux  A symbolic gravesite was placed as a memorial to her at the Jewish Cemetery in Warsaw  In 2010, a documentary, The Girl From A Reading Primer, directed by Edyta Wróblewska and produced by Studio Filmowe Kalejdoskop, detailing Margolis-Edelman's life was released  In 2011, an award named in her honor was established to recognize those who work to protect children 
Passage 3:
Sarah Polley
Sarah Ellen Polley  (born January 8, 1979) is a Canadian filmmaker, political activist and retired actress  She first garnered attention as a child actress for her role as Ramona Quimby in the television series Ramona, based on Beverly Cleary's books  This subsequently led to her role as Sara Stanley in the Canadian television series Road to Avonlea (1990–1996)  She has starred in many feature films, including The Adventures of Baron Munchausen (1988), Exotica (1994), The Sweet Hereafter (1997), Guinevere (1999), Go (1999), The Weight of Water (2000), No Such Thing (2001), My Life Without Me (2003), Dawn of the Dead (2004), Splice (2009), and Mr  Nobody (2009) 
Polley made her feature film directorial debut with Away from Her (2006), for which she won the Canadian Screen Award for Best Director and was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Adapted Screenplay  Polley's second film, Take This Waltz (2011), premiered at the 2011 Toronto International Film Festival, followed by her first documentary film, Stories We Tell (2012)  She also wrote the miniseries Alias Grace, based on the 1996 novel of the same name by Margaret Atwood  In 2022, Polley wrote and directed the film Women Talking, based on the 2018 novel of the same name by Miriam Toews, for which she won the Academy Award for Best Adapted Screenplay 

Early life
Polley was born and raised in Toronto, Ontario, Canada, the youngest of five children born to Diane Elizabeth Polley (née MacMillan)  Her siblings are Susy and John Buchan from Diane's first marriage to George Deans-Buchan, and Mark and Joanna Polley from her second marriage to Michael Polley (1933–2018), a British-born actor who became an insurance agent after starting a family with Diane  Her uncle was the Buffalo Sabres play by play caller Ted Darling 
Her mother was an actress (best known for playing Gloria Beechham in 44 episodes of the Canadian TV series Street Legal) and a casting director  She died of cancer the week of Polley's 11th birthday Polley suffered from severe scoliosis as a child and underwent a spinal operation at 15 that required her to spend the next year in bed recovering Polley was raised by Diane and Michael  During her childhood, Polley's siblings teased her because she bore no physical resemblance to Michael  Polley discovered as an adult that her biological father was actually Harry Gulkin, with whom her mother had an affair (as chronicled in Polley's film Stories We Tell)  Gulkin, the son of Russian Jewish immigrants, was a Quebec-born film producer who produced the 1975 Canadian film Lies My Father Told Me, and had met Diane after attending a play in which she acted in Montreal in 1978  When Polley turned 18, she decided to follow up on suggestions from her mother's friends that her biological father might be Geoff Bowes—one of three castmates from her mother's play in Montreal  Meeting with Gulkin as just someone who could provide information about Diane in Montreal, he informed Polley of his affair with Diane  Gulkin's paternity was later confirmed by a DNA test Polley attended Subway Academy II, then Earl Haig Secondary School, but dropped out at age 15  By the age of 15 she was living on her own and credits the Ontario Coalition Against Poverty for housing her and developing her work with activism 

Career
Early career
Her first appearance on screen was at the age of four, as Molly in the film One Magic Christmas  She was in the pilot episode for Friday the 13th – The Series and appeared in a small role in William Fruet's sci-fi horror film Blue Monkey, both in 1987   At age of eight, she was cast as Ramona Quimby in the television series Ramona, based on Beverly Cleary's books 
That same year, she played one of the lead characters in Terry Gilliam's The Adventures of Baron Munchausen  Polley burst into the public eye in 1990 as Sara Stanley on the popular CBC television series Road to Avonlea  The series made her famous and financially independent, and she was hailed as "Canada's Sweetheart" by the popular press  The show was picked up by the Disney Channel for distribution in the United States  At the age of 12 (around 1991), Polley attended an awards ceremony while wearing a peace sign to protest the first Gulf War  Disney executives asked her to remove it, and she refused  This soured her relationship with Disney, but she continued on Road to Avonlea until 1994  The show ran until 1996; Polley did return as Sara Stanley for an episode in 1995 and for the series finale 
In 1994 Polley made her theatre debut at the Stratford Festival playing Alice in Alice Through the Looking Glass, an adaptation of Lewis Carroll's book of the same name  Polley ended her run early, claiming complications from scoliosis  In 2022 she revealed she had in fact been suffering from intense stage fright, something that continued to plague her into adulthood 

Transition into more adult roles
Polley appeared as Lily on the CBC television series Straight Up, which ran from 1996 to 1998, winning the Gemini Award for Best Performance in a Children's or Youth Program or Series for her role  Polley's subsequent role as Nicole Burnell in the 1997 film The Sweet Hereafter brought her considerable attention in the United States; she was a favourite at the Sundance Film Festival  Her character in the film was an aspiring singer, and on the film's soundtrack, she performed covers of The Tragically Hip's "Courage" and Jane Siberry's "One More Colour" and sang the film's title track, which she co-wrote with Mychael Danna In 1998, Polley appeared in the critically acclaimed film Last Night  The following year, she starred as part of the ensemble cast in the film Go  She was cast in the role of Penny Lane in the big-budget 2000 film Almost Famous, but dropped out of the project to return to Canada for the low-budget The Law of Enclosures  Her role in the 2003 film My Life Without Me garnered the Genie Award for Best Performance by an Actress in a Leading Role in 2004  In the same year, she starred in a lead role in the remake of Dawn of the Dead, which was a departure from her other indie roles 
In 2005, she starred in The Secret Life of Words, opposite Tim Robbins and Julie Christie  She was nominated as Best European Actress by the European Film Academy for her role as Hanna In 2006, Polley took a role on the acclaimed series Slings and Arrows during its third and final season  Polley's father, Michael Polley, was a regular on the show during its entire three-season run  She served as a member of the 2007 Cannes Film Festival jury 
In 2008, Polley appeared as Nabby Adams in the HBO miniseries based on the life of John Adams  Polley played Elise in Jaco Van Dormael's Mr  Nobody, which was released in 2010  Critical response has praised the film's artistry and Polley's acting   Later that year, she also appeared in a cameo role in Bruce MacDonald's film Trigger Though Polley never officially announced her retirement from acting, she has not taken an acting role since 2010, transitioning into a writing and directing career 

Directing career
In 1999, Polley made her first short film, The Best Day of My Life, for the On the Fly 4 Film Festival  She also made a second short film that year, Don't Think Twice  Polley attended the Canadian Film Centre's directing program in 2001, and won the Genie Award for Best Live Action Short Drama in 2003 for her short film I Shout Love  She made her feature-length film directing debut with Away from Her, which Polley adapted from the Alice Munro short story The Bear Came Over the Mountain  The movie, starring Julie Christie (with whom she had played in No Such Thing, 2001, and The Secret Life of Words, 2005), debuted at the Toronto International Film Festival on September 11, 2006, as part of the TIFF's Gala showcase 
Away from Her was acquired by Lionsgate for release in the US for the sum of $750,000  It drew rave reviews from Variety, The Hollywood Reporter, and the three Toronto dailies, both for the performances of Christie and her co-star, Canadian actor Gordon Pinsent, and for Polley's direction  It also earned Polley a 2007 Academy Award nomination for Best Adapted Screenplay, and won the Genie Award for Best Achievement in Direction  At the 2008 Genies, she was also awarded the Claude Jutra Award, which recognizes outstanding achievement by a first-time feature film director Polley wrote and directed her second feature, Take This Waltz starring Michelle Williams, Luke Kirby, Seth Rogen, and Sarah Silverman, which premiered at the Toronto International Film Festival in 2011 
Her documentary film Stories We Tell premiered at the 69th Venice International Film Festival in competition in the Venice Days category, and its North American premiere followed at the 2012 Toronto International Film Festival  The critically acclaimed documentary examined family secrets in Polley's own childhood  She was awarded the CAN$100,000 prize for best Canadian film of the year by the Toronto Film Critics Association  In 2017, Polley executive produced the film A Better Man (2017),In late 2012, Polley announced that she would be adapting Margaret Atwood's novel Alias Grace  Polley first wrote to Atwood asking to adapt the novel when she was 17  They held off for 20 years until she was ready to make the show  In August 2014, during a profile of her work as a director, Polley announced that Alias Grace was being adapted into a six-part miniseries  In June 2016, the series was confirmed with Polley writing and producing  The series premiered in 2017 on CBC Television in Canada; it streams on Netflix globally, outside of Canada  It received positive reviews from critics In June 2014, it was announced that she would be writing and directing an adaptation of John Green's Looking for Alaska  In March 2015, Polley was hired to write the script for a new adaptation of Little Women, as well as potentially direct; however, Polley's involvement in the project never went beyond initial discussions, despite reports  In her 2022 essay collection Run Towards the Danger, Polley revealed she had been working on a second draft of the Little Women screenplay when she had a traumatic head injury resulting in post-concussion syndrome that left her with symptoms for four years so she was temporarily unable to work  It was subsequently announced in June that, due to scheduling conflicts, Polley would no longer be directing Looking for Alaska 
In an interview, Polley stated that she takes pride in her work and enjoys both acting and directing, but is not keen on combining the two:I like the feeling of keeping them separate  I find that really gratifying  I can't imagine combining those  For me, I love the feeling of using different parts of my brain separately  In a 2015 retrospective of the movie Go, Mike D'Angelo of The A V  Club commented that Polley's decision to go into directing had "deprived the world of many potentially great performances", calling her a "superb actor"  In December 2020, it was announced Polley would direct Women Talking based upon the novel of the same name by Miriam Toews for Orion Pictures  It premiered at the 49th Telluride Film Festival on September 2, 2022, and went into wide release on December 23, 2022  It was released to widespread acclaim, with 90% of critics giving it a positive review on Rotten Tomatoes  Shirley Li of The Atlantic called it "vibrant cinema," while Anna Bogutskaya of Time Out said that it "imagines female emancipation as an honest, raging, caring experience " Polley won the Academy Award for Best Adapted Screenplay at the 95th Academy Awards, and the film was also nominated for the Academy Award for Best Picture 
In 2023, Polley was revealed to be in talks to direct Disney's live action adaptation of Bambi 

Writing career
Polley has written numerous essays over the years about her experiences as a child star  In 2022, she released her first book of essays, the autobiographical, Run Towards the Danger which contains six essays that examine aspects of Polley's career on stage, screen, and on film, detailing her roles in a Stratford Festival production of Alice Through the Looking Glass, as well as her breakout roles in The Adventures of Baron Munchausen and the TV series Road to Avonlea  The book also revealed for the first time that Polley had been a victim of Jian Ghomeshi who sexually and physically assaulted her when she was 16 and he was 28 

Political and social activism
Following the row with Disney as a twelve-year-old for wearing a peace sign to protest against the Gulf War, Polley dedicated more of her efforts to politics, becoming a prominent member of the Ontario New Democratic Party (ONDP), where Ontario legislator Peter Kormos was her political mentor  In 1996, she gave a nomination speech for Kormos at the ONDP leadership convention which she later referred to as the "proudest moment in [her] life" In 1995, she lost two back teeth after being struck by a riot police officer during a protest against the provincial Progressive Conservative government of Mike Harris in Queen's Park  She was subsequently involved with the Ontario Coalition Against Poverty  She subsequently scaled back her political activism 
She was part of a group in 2001 which opposed the proposed Free Trade Area of the Americas  The 3rd Summit of the Americas was held in Quebec City in April 2001  In 2003, she was part of former Toronto mayor David Miller's transition advisory team 
In 2009, Polley directed a two-minute short film in support of the Heart and Stroke Foundation of Canada  In advance of the film's airing in Canada during the 82nd Academy Awards, and following news reports that characterized the film as a marketing exercise for the margarine company Becel, Polley withdrew her association with the film  "In December 2009, I made a film to be aired during the Academy Awards that I believed was to promote the Heart and Stroke Foundation  When I agreed to make this film ["The Heart"], I was thrilled, as I was proud to be associated with the work of this incredible organization  However, I have since learned that my film is also being used to promote a product  Regretfully, I am forced to remove my name from the film and disassociate myself from it  I have never actively promoted any corporate brand, and cannot do so now " In response, Becel said it was a "founding sponsor" of the Heart Truth campaign and had commissioned the film "to put heart health on the radar of Canadian women" In January 2012, Polley endorsed Toronto MP Peggy Nash in the 2012 New Democratic Party leadership race to succeed Jack Layton On October 15, 2017, Polley wrote an op-ed piece in The New York Times detailing her experience with Harvey Weinstein and with Hollywood's treatment of women generally, and making a connection between Hollywood's gendered power relations and Polley's not having acted in years 

Personal life
Paternity revelations
In 2007, Polley discovered that her father, Michael Polley, who had raised her, was not her biological father  The story of her mother's affair and her biological father Harry Gulkin, producer of the film Lies My Father Told Me (1975), was chronicled in Polley's film Stories We Tell (2012) 

Marriages and children
On September 10, 2003, Polley married Canadian film editor David Wharnsby, her boyfriend of seven years  They divorced five years later, in 2008 On August 23, 2011, Polley married David Sandomierski, who at the time was working on his SJD degree (equivalent to a PhD in law) at the University of Toronto, which he would complete six years later, in 2017  They have three children together 

Sexual assault by Jian Ghomeshi
In 2022, Polley said that she had been sexually assaulted by then Moxy Früvous singer Jian Ghomeshi while on a date when she was 16 and he was 28  She was dissuaded by family and friends from coming forward with her experiences, but ultimately chose to do so in her autobiographical essay collection Run Towards the Danger 

Religious views
Polley is an atheist 

Filmography
Short film

Feature film
Acting roles

Television
Executive producer

Secret Path (2016) (TV movie)
A Better Man (2017) (Documentary)Acting roles

Awards and nominations
On October 16, 2010, it was announced that she would receive a star on Canada's Walk of Fame  In June 2013, she received the National Arts Centre Award recognizing achievement over the past performance year at the Governor General's Performing Arts Awards, where she was the subject of a short vignette by Ann Marie Fleming entitled Stories Sarah Tells  Polley was appointed an Officer of the Order of Canada on December 30, 2013 
Passage 4:
Graham Nash
Graham William Nash  (born 2 February 1942) is an English-American musician, singer and songwriter  He is known for his light tenor voice and for his contributions as a member of the Hollies and Crosby, Stills & Nash 
Nash is a photography collector and a published photographer  He was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame as a member of Crosby, Stills & Nash in 1997 and as a member of the Hollies in 2010  He was appointed an Officer of the Order of the British Empire (OBE) in the 2010 Birthday Honours List for services to music and to charity Nash holds four honorary doctorates, including one from New York Institute of Technology, one in Music from the University of Salford in 2011 and one in Fine Arts from Lesley University in Cambridge, Massachusetts 

Early life
Graham William Nash was born on 2 February 1942 in Blackpool, to where his mother had been evacuated from her hometown of Salford when World War II began  The family subsequently returned to Salford, where Nash grew up 

Career
Songwriting
In the early 1960s, Nash co-founded the Hollies, one of the UK's most successful pop groups, with school friend Allan Clarke, and was credited as the group's leader on their first album  He was featured vocally on "Just One Look" (1964) and sang his first lead vocal on the original Hollies song "To You My Love" on the band's second album In The Hollies Style of the same year  He often sang featured bridge vocals on later Hollies recordings ("So Lonely", "I've Been Wrong", "Pay You Back With Interest") and provided lead vocals on several later singles, notably "On a Carousel" and "Carrie Anne" (both 1967) Nash encouraged the Hollies to write their own songs, initially with Clarke, then with Clarke and guitarist Tony Hicks  From 1964 to mid-1966 they wrote under the alias L  Ransford  Their own names were credited on songs from "Stop Stop Stop" from October 1966 onward  In 1965, Nash, with Allan Clarke and guitarist Tony Hicks, formed Gralto Music Ltd, a publishing company which handled their own songs and later signed the young Reg Dwight (a k a  Elton John) who played piano and organ on Hollies 1969 and 1970 recordings 
Nash was pivotal in the forging of a sound and lyrics, often writing the verses on Clarke, Hicks & Nash songs  However, Nash also composed songs by himself under the 'team banner' (like Lennon & McCartney), including "Fifi the Flea" (1966), "Clown" (1966), "Stop Right There", and "Everything Is Sunshine" (1967)  The Butterfly album included several of his songs that had less group participation and exhibited more of a singer-songwriter approach  He was disappointed when this new style did not register with their audience, especially "King Midas in Reverse" (Nash and producer Ron Richards clashed over this song because Richards believed it was 'too complex' to work as a hit single) 
Nash initially met both David Crosby and Stephen Stills in 1966 during a Hollies US tour  On a subsequent visit to the US in 1968, he was more formally introduced to Crosby by mutual friend Cass Elliott in Laurel Canyon, Los Angeles  Nash left the Hollies to form a new group with Crosby and Stills  A trio at first, Crosby, Stills & Nash later became a quartet in 1969 with Neil Young: Crosby, Stills, Nash & Young (CSNY) 
With both configurations, Nash went on to even greater worldwide success, penning many of CSN's most-commercial hit singles such as "Our House" (about the house in Laurel Canyon shared with his then-lover Joni Mitchell); "Teach Your Children" and "Marrakesh Express" (both of which had been rejected by the Hollies); "Just a Song Before I Go"; and "Wasted on the Way"  Nash, nicknamed "Willy" by his bandmates, has been described as the glue that keeps their often fragile alliances together 
Nash became politically active after moving to California, as reflected in his anti-Vietnam War songs "Military Madness" and "Chicago / We Can Change the World" (about the trial of the Chicago Eight) 
In 1972, during CSNY's first hiatus, Nash teamed with Crosby, forming a successful duo  They worked in this configuration on and off for many years, producing four studio albums and a few live and compilation albums  His song "Immigration Man", Crosby & Nash's biggest hit as a duo, arose from a tiff he had with a US Customs official while trying to enter the country 
In 1979, Nash co-founded Musicians United for Safe Energy which is against the expansion of nuclear power  MUSE put on the educational fundraising No Nukes events  In 2007 the group recorded a music video of a new version of the Buffalo Springfield song "For What It's Worth" Nash briefly rejoined the Hollies in 1983 (to mark their 20th anniversary) to record two albums, What Goes Around    and Reunion  In 1993, Nash again reunited with the Hollies to record a new version of "Peggy Sue Got Married" that featured lead vocal by Buddy Holly (taken from an alternative version of the song given to Nash by Holly's widow Maria Eleana Holly)—this Buddy Holly & the Hollies recording opened the Not Fade Away tribute album to Holly by various artists 

In 2005, Nash collaborated with Norwegian musicians A-ha on the songs "Over the Treetops" (penned by Paul Waaktaar-Savoy) and "Cosy Prisons" (penned by Magne Furuholmen) for the Analogue recording  In 2006, Nash worked with David Gilmour and David Crosby on the title track of David Gilmour's third solo album, On an Island  In March 2006, the album was released and quickly reached No  1 on the UK charts  Nash and Crosby subsequently toured the UK with Gilmour, singing backup on "On an Island", "The Blue", "Shine On You Crazy Diamond", and "Find the Cost of Freedom" 

In addition to his political songs Nash has written many songs on other themes he cares about such as of nature and ecology—beginning with the Hollies' "Signs That Will Never Change" (first recorded by the Everly Brothers in 1966)—later CSNY's "Clear Blue Skies", plus anti-nuclear-waste-dumping ("Barrel of Pain"), anti-war ("Soldiers of Peace") and social issues ("Prison Song") 
Nash appeared on the season 7 finale of American Idol singing "Teach Your Children" with Brooke White 
In 2010, Nash was inducted a second time to the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame, this time as a member of the Hollies  He received an OBE "for services to music and charitable activities", becoming an Officer of the Order of the British Empire in the Diplomatic and Overseas Division of the Queen's Birthday Honours List on 12 June 2010  Nash received the title of George Eastman Honorary Scholar at the George Eastman House on 22 January 2011, in Rochester, New York Nash contributed a cover of "Raining in My Heart" to the 2011 tribute album Rave on Buddy Holly 
On 22 January 2016, Nash announced the forthcoming release on 15 April 2016 of his new studio album entitled This Path Tonight (his first collection of new songs in fourteen years) and shared the title track from it through MOJO magazine's website  On 4 February 2016, Rolling Stone magazine unveiled a new song from the new album, the reflective "Encore," the tender tune that wraps up Nash's new album  Upon the upcoming release of his new studio album in April 2016, Nash planned a solo tour from 25 March 2016 at the Byron Bay Bluesfest in Australia, continuing United States on 22 April 2016 at Saban Theatre, Beverly Hills, California, to visit Europe starting from the UK on 21 May 2016 at the Albert Hall, Manchester and ending 14 June 2016 at the Alte Oper Hall, Frankfurt, Germany 
He was still touring in the fall of 2017, performing in New Jersey and New York in September On 29 June 2018, Rhino Records released the two-disk box set Over The Years, a 30-track collection of Nash's demos made from 1968 to 1980, featuring highlights from the CSN debut album Crosby, Stills & Nash ("Marrakesh Express"), CSNY follow-up Déjà Vu ("Our House", "Teach Your Children"), song selections from subsequent CSN albums, four tracks from Nash's 1971 solo album Songs For Beginners, with "Better Days" and "I Used To Be King" presented as unreleased mixes  The most recent recording on the compilation is "Myself at Last" from Nash's 2016 solo album This Path Tonight  The second disc in this set features 15 demo recordings, 12 of which have never been released 

Photography career
Interested in photography as a child, Nash began to collect photographs in the early 1970s  Having acquired more than a thousand prints by 1976, Nash hired Graham Howe as his photography curator  In 1978 through 1984 a touring exhibition of selections from the Graham Nash Collection toured to more than a dozen museums worldwide  Nash decided to sell his 2,000 print collection through Sotheby's auction house in 1990 where it set an auction record for the highest grossing sale of a single private collection of photography  Nash said that some of the auction profit would be given to the Los Angeles County Museum of Art for the acquisition of contemporary photographs In 2010 21st Editions published a monograph titled "Love, Graham Nash" which includes facsimiles of his lyrics paired with signed photographs by Graham Nash and printed by Nash Editions 

Early digital fine art printing
Experimenting
In the late 1980s Nash began to experiment with digital images of his photography on Macintosh computers with the assistance of R  Mac Holbert who at that time was the tour manager for Crosby, Stills and Nash as well as handling computer/technical matters for the band  Nash ran into the problem common with all personal computers running graphics software during that period: he could create very sophisticated detailed images on the computer, but there was no output device (computer printer) capable of reproducing what he saw on the computer screen  Nash and Holbert initially experimented with early commercial printers that were then becoming available and printed many images on the large format Fujix inkjet printers at UCLA's JetGraphix digital output centre  When Fuji decided to stop supporting the printers, John Bilotta, who was running JetGraphix, recommended that Nash and Holbert look into the Iris printer, a new large format continuous-tone inkjet printer built for prepress proofing by IRIS Graphics, Inc  Through IRIS Graphics national sales rep Steve Boulter, Nash also met programmer David Coons, a colour engineer for Disney, who was already using the IRIS printer there to print images from Disney's new digital animation system 
Coons worked off hours at Disney to produce large images of 16 of Nash's photographic portraits on arches watercolour paper using Disney's in-house model 3024 IRIS printer for a 24 April 1990 show at Simon Lowinsky gallery  Since most of the original negatives and prints had been lost in shipment to a book publisher, Coons had to scan contact sheets and enhance the images so they could be printed in large format  He used software he had written to output the photographic images to the IRIS printer, a machine designed to work with proprietary prepress computer systems In July 1990, Nash purchased an IRIS Graphics 3047 inkjet printer for $126,000 and set it up in a small carriage house in Manhattan Beach, California near Los Angeles  David Coons and Steve Boulter used it to print an even larger November 1990 show of Nash's work for Parco Stores in Tokyo  The show entitled Sunlight on Silver was a series of 35 celebrity portraits by Nash which were 3 feet by 4 feet in an edition of 50 prints per image, a total of 1,750 images  Subsequently, Nash exhibited his photographs at the Museum of Photographic Arts in San Diego and elsewhere 

Nash Editions
In 1991, Nash agreed to fund Mac Holbert to start a fine art digital-based printing company using the IRIS Graphics 3047 printer sitting in Nash's Manhattan Beach, California carriage house  Holbert retired as road manager for Crosby, Stills and Nash so that he could run the company  It opened its doors on 1 July 1991 with the name of Nash Editions Ltd  Early employees included David Coons, John Bilotta and a serigraphic print maker named Jack Duganne  They worked to further adapt the IRIS printer to fine art printing, experimenting with ink sets to try to overcome the fast-fading nature of IRIS prints, and even going as far as sawing off part of the print heads so they could be moved back to clear thicker printing paper stocks (voiding the $126,000 machine's warranty)  Nash and Holbert decided to call their fine art prints "digigraphs" although Jack Duganne coined the name "Giclée" for these type of prints  The company is still in operation and currently uses Epson-based large format printers 
In 2005, Nash donated the original IRIS Graphics 3047 printer and Nash Editions ephemera to the National Museum of American History, a Smithsonian Institution 

Personal life
Nash was married to his first wife, Rose Eccles, from 1964 until 1966  As part of an inside joke, her surname inspired the 1968 song "Jennifer Eccles", and a jocular verse about Jennifer Eccles was also included in the 1968 song "Lily the Pink"  Nash was married to his second wife, actress Susan Sennett, from 1978 until he left her for artist Amy Grantham in 2016  Sennett, the mother of his three now-adult children, divorced Nash in 2016 and died of cancer in September 2020  After moving to New York City, Nash married Grantham in April 2019 Nash released an autobiography in September 2013 called Wild Tales: A Rock & Roll Life, published by Crown Publishing  Photographs that he took during his career are on display as an art collection at the San Francisco Art Exchange  In interviews pertaining to both the memoir and art exhibit, he mentioned the impact of Canadian-American musician Joni Mitchell, with whom he had a relationship between 1968 and 1970 in California  He also had a brief relationship with American musician Rita Coolidge, as had his bandmate Stephen Stills Nash endorsed American politician Bernie Sanders in the 2016 Democratic Party presidential primaries  In October 2020, he revealed that he had recently started practising Transcendental Meditation after American filmmaker David Lynch paid for him and his wife to study it as a gift  He said of the practice, "Quite frankly, I'm 78 years old and I wish I'd been doing it for 50 years "

Discography
See also discographies for Crosby Stills Nash & Young, The Hollies and Crosby & Nash 

With The Hollies
Albums
Singles
EPs
Solo
Studio albums
Live
Compilations
Singles
Other appearances
Studio
Live
Passage 5:
Nobody's Child: Romanian Angel Appeal
Nobody's Child: Romanian Angel Appeal is a charity album released in July 1990 to benefit Romanian orphans, under the auspices of the Romanian Angel Appeal Foundation  It was compiled by English rock musician George Harrison in response to concerns raised by his wife Olivia Harrison, who had visited Romania and witnessed the suffering in the country's abandoned state orphanages following the fall of Communism  The release was preceded by a single, "Nobody's Child", recorded by Harrison's band the Traveling Wilburys  Other artists who donated songs to the album include Stevie Wonder, Paul Simon, Eric Clapton, Duane Eddy, Van Morrison, Guns N' Roses, Ringo Starr, Ric Ocasek and Elton John  Many of the recordings were previously unreleased The Romanian Angel Appeal marked a rare foray into the media spotlight by Olivia Harrison, who created the foundation with support from the other wives of the former Beatles – Barbara Bach, Yoko Ono and Linda McCartney  She and her husband promoted the project in the UK with appearances on the television talk show Wogan and in the one-hour Radio 1 documentary Nobody's Child  The album was released by Harrison's record company, Warner Bros  Records, on 23 July 1990  It was preceded by a launch at London's Hyde Park Hotel on 22 July, attended by the Harrisons, and Bach and Starr  The video for the "Nobody's Child" single included animated scenes and footage of the Romanian orphanages 

Song selection
George Harrison's involvement in the project reprised his role in assisting refugees of the 1971 Bangladesh Liberation War, when he staged an all-star benefit concert and oversaw the release of an associated album and documentary film  Aside from the title track, his presence on Nobody's Child was reflected in the recordings submitted by Simon, Clapton and Eddy Harrison said in compiling Nobody's Child he was conscious of not making it his album by dominating the content  He said that his request for a live track from Bruce Springsteen went unanswered, and his approach to Michael Jackson became confused in the acrimony taking place between Jackson and Paul McCartney over the ownership of the Beatles' Northern Songs catalogue  Selections by Stevie Winwood and Queen arrived too late for inclusion on the album 

Track listing
Vinyl and cassette releases
Side one

"Nobody's Child"
"Wonderful Remark"
"Medicine Man"
"This Week"
"Homeward Bound"
"How Can You Mend a Broken Heart?"
"Lovechild"
"Big Day Little Boat"Side two

"Feeding Off the Love of the Land"
"That Kind of Woman"
"Goodnight Little One"
"The Trembler"
"Ain't That Peculiar"
"Civil War"

Notes
On the included performance of "With a Little Help from My Friends", the All-Starr Band consisted of Ringo Starr, Joe Walsh, Nils Lofgren, Billy Preston, Dr  John, Levon Helm, Rick Danko, Garth Hudson, Jim Keltner, Clarence Clemons and Zak Starkey  The song is only on the CD version of the album 
Aside from his contributions with the Traveling Wilburys and Paul Simon, George Harrison plays guitar on the tracks by Eric Clapton and Duane Eddy 
Passage 6:
Shoppin' from A to Z
"Shoppin' from A to Z" is a song by US singer-songwriter Toni Basil, released in 1983 as the fourth and final single from her debut album Word of Mouth  It was released in the US only  After the poor performance of "Nobody" in the UK, "Shoppin' from A to Z" also failed to match the success of chart topper "Mickey", peaking at No  77  A music video was made for the song  The song features a shopping list consisting of various grocery items, each beginning with a different letter of the alphabet  On the album version, it is shouted out by a chorus  The single version features comical voices saying the name of each item 

Track listing
7" single"Shoppin' from A to Z" — 3:41
"Time After Time" — 4:18Promo 12" "Special Remix" single"Shoppin' from A to Z" (Special Remix) — 6:04
"Shoppin' from A to Z" — 3:41

Music video
The music video starts with Basil and her two friends at a house looking through a shopping list and a newspaper  Then, the scene quickly changes to a supermarket where Basil and everyone in the market (including the employees) start dancing while they shop  Finally, after all that shopping, Basil and her friends arrive home exhausted  The clip ends with two dollar signs coming out of the shopping bags and plastered on a CGI heart on a green background 
Passage 7:
Nobody's Child (song)
Nobody's Child may refer to:

Film and television
Nobody's Child (1919 film), a British silent film directed by George Edwardes Hall
Nobody's Child (1970 film), a Philippine film featuring Vilma Santos
Nobody's Child (1986 film), an American television film directed by Lee Grant
Nobody's Child (2004 film), a Singaporean film directed by Lin Wenhui

Literature
Nobody's Child, a 1996 romantic novel by Pat Warren
Nobody's Child, a 1997 romantic novel by Ann Major
Nobody's Child, a 2003 children's novel by Marsha Skrypuch
Nobody's Child, a 2007 autobiography by Michael Seed
Nobody's Child, a 2014 crime novel by Libby Fischer Hellmann

Music
Nobody's Child: Romanian Angel Appeal, a 1990 charity album
"Nobody's Child" (Hank Snow song), 1949; covered by Tony Sheridan and the Beatles (1964), the Traveling Wilburys (1990), and others
"Nobody's Child" (Penny McLean song), 1976
"Nobody's Child", a song  by Electric Light Orchestra from Eldorado, 1974
"Nobody's Child", a song by Mark Knopfler from Down the Road Wherever, 2018

See also
No One's Child, a 2014 Serbian film
Nobody's Children (disambiguation)
Passage 8:
Traveling Wilburys
The Traveling Wilburys were a British-American supergroup consisting of Bob Dylan, George Harrison, Jeff Lynne, Roy Orbison and Tom Petty  Originating from an idea discussed by Harrison and Lynne during the sessions for Harrison's 1987 album Cloud Nine, the band formed in April 1988 after the five members united to record a bonus track for Harrison's next European single  When this collaboration, "Handle with Care", was deemed too good for such a limited release, the group agreed to record a full album, titled Traveling Wilburys Vol  1  Following Orbison's death in December 1988, the Wilburys continued as a quartet and released a second album, titled Traveling Wilburys Vol  3, in 1990 
The project's work received much anticipation given the diverse nature of the singer-songwriters  The band members adopted tongue-in-cheek pseudonyms as half-brothers from the fictional Wilbury family of travelling musicians  Vol  1 was a critical and commercial success, helping to revitalise Dylan's and Petty's careers  In 1990, the album won the Grammy for Best Rock Performance by a Duo or Group 
Although Harrison envisioned a series of Wilburys albums and a film about the band, produced through his company HandMade, the group became dormant after 1991 and never officially reunited, though the individual members continued to collaborate on each other's solo projects at various times  After being unavailable for several years, the two Wilburys albums were reissued by the Harrison estate in the 2007 box set The Traveling Wilburys Collection  The box set included a DVD containing their music videos and a documentary on the band's formation 

History
Background
George Harrison first mentioned the Traveling Wilburys publicly during a radio interview with Bob Coburn on the show Rockline in February 1988  When asked how he planned to follow up the success of his Cloud Nine album, Harrison replied: "What I'd really like to do next is     to do an album with me and some of my mates     It's this new group I got [in mind]: it's called the Traveling Wilburys, I'd like to do an album with them and then later we can all do our own albums again " According to Jeff Lynne, who co-produced Cloud Nine, Harrison introduced the idea of the two of them starting a band together around two months into the sessions for his album, which began in early January 1987  When discussing who the other members might be, Harrison chose Bob Dylan and Lynne opted for Roy Orbison  The term "Wilbury" also originated during the Cloud Nine sessions  Referring to recording errors created by faulty equipment, Harrison jokingly remarked to Lynne, "We'll bury 'em in the mix " Thereafter, they used the term for any small error in performance  Harrison first suggested "the Trembling Wilburys" as the group's name; at Lynne's suggestion, they amended it to "Traveling Wilburys" 
During his Rockline interview, Harrison voiced his support for Dylan, at a time when the Dylan was experiencing an artistic and commercial low point in his career  Harrison and Lynne became friends with Tom Petty in October 1987, when Petty and his band, the Heartbreakers, toured Europe as Dylan's backing group  The friendship continued in Los Angeles later that year  There, Harrison struck up a musical rapport with Petty based on their shared love of 1950s rock 'n' roll, and Lynne began collaborating with Petty on what became Petty's debut solo album, Full Moon Fever, and writing songs with Orbison, Lynne's longtime musical hero, for Orbison's comeback album, Mystery Girl  According to Petty, Harrison's dream for the Wilburys was to handpick the participants and create "the perfect little band", but the criteria for inclusion were governed most by "who you could hang out with"  The five musicians also bonded over a shared appreciation of the English comedy troupe Monty Python  Harrison, who had worked with the members of Monty Python on various productions by his company HandMade Films since the late 1970s, particularly appreciated Orbison's gift for impersonation and his ability to recite entire sketches by the troupe 

1988–1991
"Handle with Care" and band formation
The band came together in April 1988, when Harrison was in Los Angeles to oversee the filming of his HandMade production Checking Out  At that time, Warner Bros  Records asked Harrison for a new song to serve as the B-side for the European release of his third single from Cloud Nine, "This Is Love"  During a meal with Lynne and Orbison, Harrison asked Lynne to help him record the track and invited Orbison to attend the session, which he then arranged to take place at Dylan's garage studio in Malibu since no professional studios were available at such short notice  Petty's involvement came about when Harrison went to retrieve his guitar from Petty's house and invited him to attend also Working on a song that Harrison had recently started writing, the ensemble completed the track, which they titled "Handle with Care" after a label on a box in Dylan's garage  When Harrison presented the recording to Mo Ostin and Lenny Waronker of Warner Bros , the executives insisted that the song was too good to be used as a B-side  In Petty's recollection, Harrison and Lynne then decided to realise their idea of forming a Wilburys band, and first invited him to join before phoning Dylan, who also agreed to join  That night, Harrison, Lynne and Petty drove to Anaheim to see Orbison perform at the Celebrity Theatre and recruited him for the group shortly before he went on stage  In Petty's description, Orbison performed an "unbelievable show", during which "we'd punch each other and go, 'He's in our band, too '     We were all so excited "

Debut album
The band members decided to create a full album together, Traveling Wilburys Vol  1  Video footage of the creative process was later edited by Harrison into a promotional film for Warner Bros  staff, titled Whatever Wilbury Wilbury  The album was recorded primarily over a ten-day period in May 1988, to allow for Dylan's limited availability as he prepared for the start of what became known as his Never Ending Tour and for Orbison's tour schedule  These sessions were held in the house of Eurythmics member Dave Stewart, in Los Angeles The five band members sat in a circle playing acoustic guitars in Stewart's kitchen; once each song's basic track had been written and recorded there (with accompaniment from a drum machine), the group recorded their vocals in another room, usually after dinner each night  Petty recalled that, as a friend but also an avowed fan of Dylan's, Harrison felt the need to clear the air on the first day by saying to him: "We know that you're Bob Dylan and everything, but we're going to just treat you and talk to you like we would anybody else " Dylan replied: "Well, great  Believe it or not, I'm in awe of you guys, and it's the same for me " While most of the songs had a primary composer, all of the band members were creative equals  Petty later described Harrison as the Wilburys' "leader and manager", and credited him with being a bandleader and producer that had a natural instinct for bringing out the best in people and keeping a recording session productive  As the group's producers, Harrison and Lynne directed the sessions, with Harrison often auditioning each member to decide who should sing a particular lead vocal part  The two producers then flew back to England; Lynne recalls that, throughout the flight, he and Harrison enthused about how to turn the sparse, acoustic-based tracks into completed recordings  Overdubs and further recording took place at Harrison's studio, FPSHOT, with "Sideburys" Jim Keltner (drums), Jim Horn (saxophones) and Ray Cooper (percussion)  Harrison described the band's sound as "skiffle for the 1990s" The album was released on 18 October 1988  Distributed by Warner Bros , it appeared on the new Wilbury record label rather than on Harrison's Dark Horse label, in the interests of maintaining the group identity  Over the months following the end of recording in the summer, contractual issues had been successfully negotiated between Warner and the record companies representing Dylan, Petty, Lynne and Orbison  As was the case in 1971 when EMI prepared Harrison's multi-artist live album from the Concert for Bangladesh for release, Dylan's label, Columbia, presented the main stumbling block  In the album credits, the "Wilburys" joke was extended further, with the band members listed under various pseudonyms and pretending to be half-brothers – sons of a fictional Charles Truscott Wilbury, Sr  During promotion for the album, Orbison played along with the mock history, saying: "Some people say Daddy was a cad and a bounder, but I remember him as a Baptist minister "Vol  1 was a critical and commercial success, and revitalised the careers of Dylan, Orbison and Petty  As Harrison had intended, the album defied contemporary musical trends such as hip hop, acid house and synthesised pop; author Alan Clayson likens its release to "a Viking longship docking in a hovercraft terminal"  The album produced two successful singles and went on to achieve triple-platinum certification for sales in the United States  It was nominated for several awards and won the 1990 Grammy Award for Best Rock Performance by a Duo or Group  Liner notes on the album cover were written by Monty Python's Michael Palin under a pseudonym  Palin's essay was based on an idea by Derek Taylor, who wrote an extensive fictional history of the Wilburys family that otherwise went unused  Harrison planned a feature film about the band, to be produced by HandMade and directed by David Leland, but contractual problems ended the project 

Orbison's death, "Nobody's Child" and Vol  3
Roy Orbison died of a heart attack on 6 December 1988  In tribute to him, the music video for the band's second single, "End of the Line", shows a black and white framed photo of Orbison and his guitar is shown, rocking in a chair, whenever his vocals are heard  Lynne recalled that Orbison's death in the wake of Vol  1's success was "the most sickening thing to me"  He added: "I was devastated for ages     Me and Roy had had plans to do much more together, and his voice was in really good shape  It was just so sad for that to happen " Although there was speculation in the press that Del Shannon or Roger McGuinn might join the Wilburys, the remaining members never considered replacing Orbison  Lynne later said: "We'd become this unit, we were all good pals … We always knew we were going to do another one, and now it's just the four of us "Harrison was the most active in promoting the Wilburys, carrying out interviews well into 1989  He said he was "wait[ing] for all the other Wilburys to finish being solo artists" so that they could renew the collaboration  By contrast, according to author Clinton Heylin, Dylan appeared to give the band little attention as he focused on re-establishing himself as a live performer before recording his 1989 album Oh Mercy In March 1990, Harrison, Lynne, Petty and Dylan reunited to work on a second Wilburys album, which they intentionally misnumbered Traveling Wilburys Vol  3  It was preceded by a non-album single, a cover of "Nobody's Child", which the band recorded for Olivia Harrison's Romanian Angel Appeal charity project  The duration of the main album sessions was again dictated by Dylan's touring schedule and limited availability  Having asked Dylan to record a lead vocal for all the songs before his departure, Harrison was then loath to replace many of the parts, resulting in a greater prominence for Dylan as a lead singer  Although he ceded his own role as a lead vocalist to Dylan and to Petty, Harrison took over more of the production and contributed more prominently as a lead guitarist than before  Petty described the album as "a little more rough and ready, a bit more raucous" than Vol  1, while Dylan said the new songs were more developed as compositions relative to the "scraped up from jam tapes" approach to the band's debut Vol  3 was released on 29 October 1990  It was dedicated to Orbison, as "Lefty Wilbury", the pseudonym that Orbison had used in 1988 in honour of his hero Lefty Frizzell  The album met with less success than the previous one  According to Mo Ostin, the choice of album title came about through "George being George"; apparently Harrison was making a wry reference to the appearance of a bootleg that served as a sort of Volume 2  The album's liner notes were written by Eric Idle, another Python member, who again adopted a pseudonym  For the band's final single, "Wilbury Twist", they filmed a video in which Idle, John Candy and other comedic actors attempt to master the song's eponymous dance style  The clip was filmed in Los Angeles and completed on 28 February 1991 

After the Wilburys
According to Jim Keltner, the decision on the group's future after Vol  3 lay with Harrison  Keltner said that from his conversations with Lynne, Petty and Dylan, they were all keen to reunite, whereas Harrison wavered in his enthusiasm  While Harrison was against the idea of touring, Petty recalled: "I kept getting down on my knees in front of George, saying, 'Please, it's so much money!'"After his 1991 tour of Japan – his first series of concerts since 1974 – Harrison spoke of a possible Traveling Wilburys tour:

That would be something I'd like to experience  I've always played around in my own mind what a Wilburys tour could be  Would each person do a solo set and then do Wilburys at the end, or would we all go right on from beginning to end and make everything Wilburys? It's an intriguing thought  We could have a great band up there and the four of us could play acoustic if we wanted to  We could all sing "Blowin' in the Wind" and Bob could sing "Something"  Or we could just sing our individual songs and make them Wilbury tunes, as if we'd recorded them that way  Whatever it was, we could do it 
The Wilburys tour never came about  Petty said about the Wilburys touring:

I think it would work, if we wanted to do it  I don't think we ever considered it, really  There were a lot of nights when the conversation would roll around to that  But I don't think anybody ever took it seriously  I think it would ruin it in a way  Then you're obligated to be responsible and it's not in the character of that group  It would make it very formal and that would be the wrong spirit 

Legacy and influence
In the Rolling Stone Press book The New Rolling Stone Encyclopedia of Rock & Roll, the Traveling Wilburys are described as "the ultimate supergroup", with a line-up that represented four eras of rock music history and included "three indisputable gods" in Dylan, Harrison and Orbison  The editors also recognise the band as "the antithesis of a supergroup", due to the musicians' adoption of fraternal alter egos and the humour inherent in the project  AllMusic managing editor Stephen Thomas Erlewine has similarly written: "It's impossible to picture a supergroup with a stronger pedigree than that (all that's missing is a Rolling Stone), but in another sense it's hard to call the Wilburys a true supergroup, since they arrived nearly two decades after the all-star craze of the '70s peaked, and they never had the self-important air of nearly all the other supergroups  That, of course, was the key to their charm …" Speaking to music journalist Paul Zollo in 2004, Petty agreed that humour and self-effacement had been key factors in the Wilburys' success, adding: "We wanted to make something good in a world that seemed to get uglier and uglier and meaner and meaner … And I'm really proud that I was part of it  Because I do think that it brought a little sunshine into the world "Harrison said the project was an opportunity to "put a finger up to the rules" by challenging the norms associated with the music industry  Discussing the Wilburys in Peter Bogdanovich's 2007 documentary Runnin' Down a Dream, Petty said that one of the strengths behind the concept was that it was free of any intervention from record company, management or marketing concerns, and instead developed naturally from a spirit of co-operation and mutual admiration among five established artists  Author Simon Leng recognises the venture as primarily a channel through which Harrison and Dylan could escape the restrictions of their serious media images, but also, in its guise as a "phantom band", a development by Harrison of the Rutles' satirical approach to the Beatles' legacy, in this case by "de-mythologizing" rock history Inspired by the Traveling Wilburys' success and particularly its benefit to Petty and Orbison as artists, Lenny Waronker encouraged American guitarist Ry Cooder to form the band Little Village and record for Warner Bros  The group – comprising Cooder, Keltner, John Hiatt and Nick Lowe – released a self-titled album in 1992  Greg Kot of the Chicago Tribune described the Notting Hillbillies' Missing     Presumed Having a Good Time as a Traveling Wilburys-type side project for Mark Knopfler of Dire Straits  Writing in New York magazine in late 1990, Elizabeth Wurtzel cited the Notting Hillbillies' album and the self-titled debut by Hindu Love Gods – a band consisting of Warren Zevon and members of R E M  – as examples of a trend whereby, following the Wilburys' Vol  1, "more and more albums seem to be the rock-and-roll equivalents of bowling night "Writing in The Encyclopedia of Popular Music, Colin Larkin cites the Wilburys' contemporary skiffle as evidence of Lonnie Donegan's continued influence on popular music long after the early 1960s  In his book Lonnie Donegan and the Birth of British Rock & Roll, Patrick Humphries describes the Wilburys as "a makeshift quintet whose roots were firmly and joyously planted in low-key, low-tech skiffle music"  He credits the band with inspiring a brief revival of Donegan's "DIY skiffle", which included Knopfler's Notting Hillbillies  Each member of the Traveling Wilburys has been inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame, although the band itself has not been inducted  Orbison and Dylan were inducted as solo artists, Harrison was inducted as a member of the Beatles and, posthumously, as a solo artist, Petty as the leader of Tom Petty and the Heartbreakers, and Lynne as a member of the Electric Light Orchestra 

Catalogue reissue and Genesis Publications book
In the late 1990s and early 2000s, the two Traveling Wilburys albums had limited availability and were out of print in most areas  Harrison, as primary holder of the rights, did not reissue them before his death  In June 2007, the two albums were reissued as The Traveling Wilburys Collection, a box set including both albums on CD (with bonus tracks) and a DVD featuring a 25-minute documentary entitled The True History of the Traveling Wilburys and a collection of music videos  The box set was released in three editions; the standard edition, with both CDs and DVD in a double Digipak package and a 16-page booklet; a "deluxe" boxed edition with the CDs and DVD and an extensive 40-page booklet, artist postcards, and photographs; or a "deluxe" boxed edition on vinyl  This version omits the DVD, but adds a 12-inch vinyl disc with rare versions of the songs 
The release debuted at number 1 in the UK and topped the albums chart in Australia, Ireland and other countries  On the US Billboard 200 it reached number 9  The collection sold 500,000 copies worldwide during the first three weeks and remained in the UK top 5 for seven weeks after its release 
In November 2009, Genesis Publications, a company with which Harrison had been associated since the late 1970s, announced the release of a limited edition fine-bound book titled The Traveling Wilburys  Compiled by Olivia Harrison, the book includes rare photographs, recording notes, handwritten lyrics, sketches, and first-hand commentary on the band's history, together with a foreword by Lynne  Petty, Lynne, Olivia Harrison, Barbara Orbison, Keltner and Idle were among those who attended the US launch at a Beverly Hills bookshop in March 2010  In an interview to publicise the book, Lynne expressed his sadness at the deaths of Harrison and Orbison, and reflected: "The Wilburys was such a wonderful band, such a marvellous thing to be part of  They were the best people I could ever wish to work with  Every day was like, 'Wow!'     it was fun from day one "

Line-ups
Musicians
Volume 1"Nelson Wilbury" – George Harrison
"Otis Wilbury" – Jeff Lynne
"Lefty Wilbury" – Roy Orbison
"Charlie T  Wilbury, Jr " – Tom Petty
"Lucky Wilbury" – Bob DylanVolume 3"Spike Wilbury" – George Harrison
"Clayton Wilbury" – Jeff Lynne
"Muddy Wilbury" – Tom Petty
"Boo Wilbury" – Bob DylanJim Keltner, the session drummer and percussionist, was not officially listed as a Wilbury on either album, but was given the nickname "Buster Sidebury"  Overdubs on the 2007 bonus tracks "Maxine" and "Like a Ship" were credited to "Ayrton Wilbury", a pseudonym for Dhani Harrison  The name Ayrton was used in honour of F1 driver Ayrton Senna  Jim Horn and Ray Cooper played saxophones and percussion, respectively, on both albums  The lead guitar part on the Vol  3 track "She's My Baby" was played by rock guitarist Gary Moore, who received the credit "Ken Wilbury" 

Further Wilbury appellation
Harrison appeared as Nelson Wilbury on Warner Bros  Records' Christmas 1988 promotional album Winter Warnerland (which also included Paul Reubens as "Pee Wee Wilbury")  In 1992, in his capacity as producer, Harrison credited himself as "Spike and Nelson Wilbury" on his live album Live in Japan  During that Japanese tour, in December 1991, Harrison credited himself as Nakihama Wilbury  The Tom Petty and the Heartbreakers 1992 single "Christmas All Over Again" contained a greeting that read "Merry Christmas from Nelson and Pee Wee Wilbury"  Additionally, at Tom Petty Celebration in 2019, Roy Orbison Jr  was dubbed "Lefty Wilbury Jr " and Alex Orbison as "Ginger Wilbury"  The Harrison-made film promoting the Traveling Wilburys, Whatever Wilbury Wilbury, lists the following credits: "Cecil Bidet Wilbury" (directed by), "Lenny W  Wilbury" (sound), "Chopper Wilbury" (editor), "Edison Wilbury" (lighting), "Evelyn Wilbury" (wardrobe), "Clyde B  Wilbury" (special effects), "Big Mac Wilbury" (catering), "Zsa Zsa Wilbury" (make-up) and "Tell M  Wilbury" (production manager)  A squirrel is named "Eddie Wilbury" in that film as well 

Discography
Studio albums
Box sets
Singles
Other charted songs
Other collaborations between members
Notes



ground_truth: French

prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: Name a member of a British-American supergroup who recored a version of Nobody's child in 1990

The following are given passages.
Context 4:  This was mainly due to the split-division nature of the Big 12 that only allowed the teams to play each other twice every four years  Prior to this, these teams were involved in several historic match-ups, including the Game of the Century and the so-called Game of the New Century where the teams have come into the game ranked one and two in the Associated Press poll, making the games of great importance in deciding the national championship  Historically, the rivalry's most distinguishing quality has been the grudging respect and appreciation between the two tradition-rich programs  Also of note is the game's former status as the premier Thanksgiving Day game for the middle of the country  The Sooners and Cornhuskers went head-to-head in the 2006 Big 12 Championship Game, with Oklahoma winning the conference title by the score of 21–7  The two teams also met in the 2010 Big 12 Championship Game, with Oklahoma again the victor in a close game by a score of 23–20  This turned out to be the final conference meeting between the two teams, as Nebraska departed for the Big Ten Conference the following season 

Oklahoma State Cowboys
Oklahoma's shares an intrastate rivalry with the Oklahoma State Cowboys and is often referred to as the "Bedlam Series " It is normally played as a home-and-home series with games alternating between Norman and Stillwater, with the exception of the baseball teams, who often play at Chickasaw Bricktown Ballpark in Oklahoma City or ONEOK Field in Tulsa  Oklahoma currently leads the series 86–18–7 in football, and 124–88 in basketball In baseball the series is tied at 147–147, and in wrestling Oklahoma trails the series 27–128–9 

Texas Longhorns
The Texas Longhorns are one rival of the Sooners  Regardless of the trademark implications, inverted versions of the Longhorn mascot can be seen on automobiles all over the Norman campus, and many T-shirts referring to the rivalry present the word "Texas" in mirror image, upside-down, or possibly surrounded by obscenities  A reminder of the rivalry shared by these two schools was painted on the South Oval of the OU campus for many years, and was recently replicated near the Library clock tower due to construction at its original site 
The annual game between the schools at the Cotton Bowl in Dallas, Texas, known as the Red River Showdown, is a game that draws attention from all around the college football world 

Traditions
The "fight song" of the University of Oklahoma is "Boomer Sooner", a version of "Boola Boola", the fight song of Yale University, combined with a version of "I'm a Tar Heel Born", the fight song of the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill  "Boomer Sooner" was written by Arthur M  Alden in 1905  Other songs played at athletic events by The Pride of Oklahoma Marching Band are a version of Rodgers and Hammerstein's "Oklahoma!", "OK Oklahoma", played after extra points, and the "OU Chant " At home games, The Pride of Oklahoma Marching Band plays that visiting team's "fight song" while facing their fans 
The Mascot present at all football games is the Sooner Schooner, a Conestoga wagon, pulled by two crème white ponies, Boomer and Sooner  The caretakers of the wagon are the spirit group called the RUF/NEKS, who shoot off modified shotguns in celebration of scores by the home team  The group was launched in 1915 when an elderly female spectator at an OU-Oklahoma A&M basketball game chided the group for raising hell ("Sit down and be quiet, you roughnecks!")Recently, in time for the 2005 football season, two new mascots, based on the ponies who pull the Schooner, were created, named appropriately, Boomer and Sooner  They are costumes of two identical (except for eye color) crème white ponies  Before, the Boomer and Sooner costume mascots, OU was also represented by Top Dawg  Top Dawg did some appearances at football games, but was primarily used at wrestling and basketball events 
The official school colors are Crimson and Cream, with red and white sometimes used as substitutes for simplicity  The school logo is an interlocking OU design 

Championships
National Team Championships
SoonerSports TV
SoonerSports tv is a streaming network and programming block founded in 2012 to carry University of Oklahoma sports programming  The network is operated by Bally Sports and the University of Oklahoma  SoonerSports tv focuses solely on University of Oklahoma athletics  The network carries live sporting events, game replays, coaches shows, vignettes and historical pieces  The live sports that currently air on the network include one football game through pay per view, one men's basketball game, and select games from baseball, softball, volleyball, wrestling, soccer, and men’s and women’s gymnastics Select men's and women's basketball games, select softball, and select baseball games, are also distributed to the regional Bally Sports networks and their affiliates as part of the programming block The network was created in 2012 as part of an agreement with the Fox Sports Networks  In 2021, following the re branding of the Fox Sports Networks to Bally Sports, Bally Sports took over operation  On May 5, 2022 it was announced that SoonerSports TV will be ending and will be rebrand as Soonervision on ESPN + under a multi-year deal with ESPN   
Passage 5:
Keith Nichol
Keith Nichol (born December 24, 1988) is a former wide receiver and quarterback  He played college football for the University of Oklahoma and Michigan State University 

High school career
Nichol attended Lowell High School in Lowell, Michigan  After a good freshman season, Nichol was promoted to the varsity team for the playoffs and saw some playing time as a cornerback in a blowout  Nichol had a breakout season as a sophomore  He threw for 2,125 yards and 26 touchdowns in Lowell's veer offense and led the team to a state championship  His success led to him being heavily recruited by several teams in the Big Ten Conference as well as the University of Notre Dame  In July 2005, Nichol committed to play for the  Michigan State University Spartans  Nichol also participated in the ESPN RISE Elite 11 quarterback camp  After his commitment, the Spartans went 9-14 and head coach John L  Smith was fired  As a result, Nichol backed out of his commitment with the Spartans and committed to the University of Oklahoma, a school that expressed strong interest in him after his de-commitment  In his senior year, Nichol passed for 2,225 yards and 31 touchdowns  As a three-year starter, Nichol won 33 games with three losses  He passed for 6,550 yards and 76 touchdowns and ran for 3,100 yards and 58 touchdowns in his high school career  He was an all-state selection three times  Nichol was ranked as the sixth best dual-threat quarterback in the country out of high school by Rivals com  Scout com ranked him the 22nd best high school quarterback overall 

College career
Freshman season
At Oklahoma, Nichol competed against redshirt freshman Sam Bradford and junior Joey Halzle for the starting quarterback position during spring practices in 2007  After a scrimmage game, Bradford was named the starter  During the year, Nichol was the third-string quarterback, playing in three games and completing two of seven passes for 15 yards  After the season, Nichol transferred to Michigan State, the school he had originally committed to while back in high school  By NCAA rule, Nichol had to sit out the 2008 season 

Sophomore season
Before the 2009 season, Nichol competed against sophomore Kirk Cousins for the starting quarterback position  Cousins started the first game with Nichol receiving playing time in which he threw two touchdown passes in a victory over the Montana State Bobcats  On October 10, 2009, Nichol made his first career start against the Illinois Fighting Illini  He completed 13 of 25 passes for 179 yards and one interception in a victory   In preparation for the 2010 Alamo Bowl, Nichol changed over to the wide-receiver position, catching two passes for 11 yards and also scored his first career rushing touchdown against the Red Raiders, with a 7-yard run out of the wildcat formation in the third quarter 

Junior season
He was an Academic All-Big Ten selection and appeared in all 13 games in 2010, including eight starts   Ranked fifth on the team with 22 receptions for 262 yards (11 9 avg ), caught at least one pass in 11 games, and also completed 4-of-7 passes for 62 yards and two scores   With Kirk Cousins and Andrew Maxwell sidelined with injuries vs  No  15 Alabama in the 2011 Capital One Bowl, he took snaps at quarterback in the fourth quarter and hit 2-of-5 throws for 56 yards, including a 49-yard TD strike to Bennie Fowler, Keith also had three catches for 22 yards against the Crimson Tide   His 3-yard TD toss to Charlie Gantt with 8:31 left in the fourth quarter at Penn State gave MSU a 28-10 lead and proved to be the game winner as the Spartans held on for a 28-22 victory to clinch a share of the 2010 Big Ten Championship, caught three passes for 19 yards vs  Purdue, and set career highs in receptions (4) and receiving yards (51) at Northwestern, including two catches for 34 yards on MSU's game-winning touchdown drive in the fourth quarter   His career-long 42-yard grab from Cousins at No  18 Michigan set up Larry Caper's 8-yard TD run late in the third quarter, hauled in three passes for 30 yards vs  No  11 Wisconsin, caught two passes for 32 yards in the season opener vs  Western Michigan, including his first career touchdown reception, a 20-yard grab from Cousins early in the second quarter 

Senior season
Nichol played an important role as receiver for the Spartans during the 2011 season  He caught a hail mary touchdown pass on the final play against No  6 Wisconsin, securing the Spartans victory and went on to win the Big Ten Legends Division and will have a rematch against No  15 Wisconsin in the 2011 Big Ten Championship Game  He help lead the Spartans to a comeback win against No  16 Georgia in the 2012 Outback Bowl 

College statistics
Professional career
On May 3, 2012, Nichol joined with the Washington Redskins as an undrafted free agent on a try-out basis  The next day, it was reported that he was attending the Redskins' rookie mini-camp, which reunited him with Michigan State teammate, Kirk Cousins  Nichol was not offered a contract at the end of the mini-camp  He later attended rookie mini-camp with the Chicago Bears and worked out for the Detroit Lions, but wasn't offered a contract by either team 
Passage 6:
Michigan State University College of Law
The Michigan State University College of Law (Michigan State Law or MSU Law) is the law school of Michigan State University, a public research university in East Lansing, Michigan  Established in 1891 as the Detroit College of Law, it was the first law school in the Detroit, Michigan area and the second in the state of Michigan  In October 2018, the college began a process to fully integrate into Michigan State University, changing from a private to a public law school  The integration with Michigan State University was finalized on August 17, 2020 
The college is nationally ranked within U S  News & World Report's 201 Best Law Schools, landing in the 91st spot in the 2023 rankings  The Michigan State Law Review, a legal journal published by MSU Law students, was ranked 48th in the 2022 Washington & Lee University School of Law ranking For the class entering in 2021, the school had a 48 05% acceptance rate, 33 14% of those accepted enrolled, and entering students had a median LSAT score of 156 and a median undergraduate GPA of 3 59 For the 2020 graduating class, 72 5% of graduates obtained full-time, long term bar passage required employment (i e  employment as attorneys), while 7 9% were not employed part or full-time in any capacity, within ten months after graduation Notable alumni include current Governor of Michigan Gretchen Whitmer, current Michigan Supreme Court Chief Justice Elizabeth T  Clement, former Michigan Supreme Court Justice and mayor of Detroit Dennis Archer, former Michigan Supreme Court Justice and United States federal judge George Clifton Edwards Jr , former Michigan gubernatorial candidate Geoffrey Fieger, former Michigan Senate majority leader and former U S  Representative Mike Bishop, and former mayor of East Lansing Mark Meadows 

History
Detroit College of Law
Detroit College of Law opened in 1891 with 69 students and was incorporated in 1893  Among the first class of students to graduate were a future circuit judge and an ambassador  It was the oldest continuously operating independent law school in the United States until it was assimilated by MSU in 1995   The college was affiliated with the Detroit Young Men's Christian Association In 1937, the school broke ground and relocated to a new building at 130 East Elizabeth Street in Detroit, where it stayed until 1997  The Building was designed by architect George DeWitt Mason   It had been located at the former Detroit College of Medicine building on St  Antoine Street from 1892 to 1913; and the Detroit "YMCA" building from 1913 to 1924; the ground on which the building stood was under a 99-year lease from the YMCA  The last location of the Detroit College of Law in Downtown Detroit is commemorated by a plaque at Comerica Park, the home stadium of the Detroit Tigers baseball team, which now occupies the site 

Affiliation with Michigan State University
The college became affiliated with Michigan State University in 1995 to enhance the college's curriculum and reputation  It relocated to East Lansing in 1997, when its 99-year lease with the Detroit YMCA expired, and the original building was demolished to make way for Comerica Park  The newly located college was called "Detroit College of Law at Michigan State University"  The affiliation was celebrated at a function where former President and Michigan native Gerald Ford joined more than 2,500 guests at the Wharton Center for Performing Arts Great Hall  Ford characterized the affiliation between Michigan State University and the Detroit College of Law "a bold new venture" that presents "a singular opportunity to help shape the changing face of American legal education well into the next century " In April 2004, the school changed its name to the MSU College of Law, becoming more closely aligned academically with MSU  MSU Law is currently fully integrated as a constituent college of the university: academically, financially, and structurally 

Joan Howarth began her deanship at Michigan State University College of Law on July 1, 2008 and was the first female dean in MSU Law's 117-year history  Beforehand, she was a professor at the William S  Boyd School of Law at the University of Nevada, Las Vegas, since 2001   She retired at the end of the 2015-16 school year  Lawrence Ponoroff became the Dean in the fall of 2016, and he served in that role until the end of December 2019  
On October 26, 2018, MSU's board of directors voted to fully integrate the College of Law into the University, thereby completing its transition from a private, independent institution to a public law school  At the time, Dean Lawrence Ponoroff said, "Since the original affiliation in 1995, the relationship between the university and the law college has grown increasingly closer and, at each stage, resounded in benefits to both institutions " The full integration was undertaken in order to facilitate collaboration between the law school and other divisions of MSU, opening up development in core areas of curricular strength such as social justice; innovation and entrepreneurship; and business and regulatory law  
Melanie B  Jacobs, professor of law, was then appointed as the law college’s interim dean, beginning in January 2020 and under her tenure, the integration of the College of Law into the University was completed on August 17, 2020  On June 1, 2021, Linda Sheryl Greene became Dean and MSU Foundation Professor of Law, and is the Inaugural Dean of the College of Law  Dean Greene (a noted scholar in constitutional law, civil rights law and sports law) was previously the Evjue-Bascom Professor of Law at the University of Wisconsin-Madison 

Academic programs
MSU Law also houses the Center for Law, Technology & Innovation (CLTI), formerly named the ReInvent Law Program, and LegalRnD; the Indigenous Law & Policy Center (ILPC); and the Geoffrey N  Fieger Trial Practice Institute (TPI) 

Academic journals and publications
Law journals at the law school are nationally ranked and include: 

Michigan State Law Review, the school's flagship journal, ranked 48th among flagship printed journals ranked by Washington and Lee in 2022 
Michigan State International Law Review
Animal and Natural Resource Law ReviewAdditionally, the school also publishes Spartan Lawyer, the law college's bi-annual magazine  Formerly, the school published the Journal of Business & Securities Law 

Notable faculty
Current
Rosemarie Aquilina, circuit court judge in Michigan who sentenced Larry Nassar in the USA Gymnastics sex abuse scandal involving Michigan State 
Brian C  Kalt, legal scholar and writer who is known for his research on constitutional law, the presidency, and juries 
Jim Chen, one of four Asian-Americans who has been a dean at an American law school (University of Louisville School of Law) 
Lawrence Ponoroff, professor at MSU Law and former Dean of James E  Rogers College of Law, Tulane Law School, and MSU Law 
Robert P  Young Jr , former Justice of the Michigan Supreme Court 

Former
Elizabeth Price Foley, legal theorist and current Professor of Law at Florida International University College of Law 
Allen L  Lanstra, litigation partner at Skadden, Arps, Slate, Meagher & Flom LLP 
Donald Laverdure, former director of the American Indian Law Program at MSU Law and oversaw the Bureau of Indian Affairs and Bureau of Indian Education under the presidency of Barack Obama 
David McKeague, Senior United States Circuit Judge of the United States Court of Appeals for the Sixth Circuit 
Richard D  McLellan,  Chairman of the Michigan Law Revision Commission and private practice attorney 
Stacy Erwin Oakes, member of the Michigan House of Representatives and Minority Whip representing Michigan's 95th District 
Bradford Stone, commercial law maven and theorist, Stetson University College of Law Charles A  Dana Professor of Law Emeritus, author of several editions of Uniform Commercial Code in a Nutshell and  coauthor of Commercial Transactions Under the Uniform Commercial Code 
Melissa L  Tatum, research professor and former director of the Indigenous Peoples Law and Policy Program at James E  Rogers College of Law 

Notable alumni
Judges
Dennis Archer, former Justice of the Michigan Supreme Court and former mayor of Detroit, Michigan
Elizabeth T  Clement, Justice of the Michigan Supreme Court since 2017, and current chief justice
George Crockett III, Judge of the Recorder's Court (Detroit) (renamed the Wayne County Circuit Court) from 1977 to 2003
George Clifton Edwards Jr , Judge of the United States Court of Appeals for the Sixth Circuit
Bernard A  Friedman, Judge of the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Michigan
Diane Marie Hathaway, former Justice of the Michigan Supreme Court
Ira W  Jayne, chief judge, Wayne County Circuit Court for 27 years
Richard Fred Suhrheinrich, Judge of the United States Court of Appeals for the Sixth Circuit

Politicians
Mike Bishop, Michigan Senate majority leader from 2002–10 and U S  Representative for Michigan's 8th congressional district from 2015-2018
Christopher D  Dingell, state senator and judge
Geoffrey Fieger, attorney and former Michigan gubernatorial candidate
Orville L  Hubbard, former mayor of Dearborn, Michigan
Kwame Kilpatrick, former mayor of Detroit, Michigan
Mark Meadows, former mayor of East Lansing a former member of the Michigan House of Representatives
Steve Pestka, former member of the Michigan House of Representatives, judge, and a Kent County, Michigan commissioner
Brian Sims, Democratic representative for the Pennsylvania House of Representatives, 182nd District
Gretchen Whitmer, 49th Governor of Michigan

Public figures
Ivan Boesky, former American stock trader infamous for his prominent role in an insider trading scandal that occurred in the United States during the mid-1980s resulting in his conviction including a record $100 million fine 
Ella Bully-Cummings, chief of police of Detroit, Michigan, from 2003 to 2008
John Z  DeLorean, automobile engineer and executive; attended, but dropped out
Lowell W  Perry, former government official, businessman, broadcaster, and the first African-American assistant coach in the National Football League
W  Clement Stone, businessman, philanthropist and New Thought self-help book author; dropped out after a year
Passage 7:
Lyle Rockenbach
Lyle James "Rocky" Rockenbach (March 1, 1915 – November 8, 2005) was an American football player   He played college football for Michigan State College (later known as Michigan State University) from 1937 to 1939  He blocked three punts in a single game against Temple in 1937   He was a co-captain of the 1939 Michigan State team, and was also honored as the team's most valuable player   After graduating from Michigan State, he became a high school coach in Howell, Michigan   In the summer of 1943, he attempted a comeback as a professional football player for the Detroit Lions  He appeared in nine games for the Lions during the 1943 NFL season 
Passage 8:
Rudy Rosatti
Rudoph F  "Rudy" or "Rosy" Rosatti (September 12, 1895 – July 9, 1975) was an American football player  
Rosatti was born in 1895 at Norway in Michigan's Upper Peninsula  He attended Norway High School Rosatti played football at North Dakota State University and Western Michigan University before enrolling at the University of Michigan  He played tackle for the 1922 Michigan Wolverines football team He later played professional football for the Cleveland Indians (1923), Green Bay Packers (1924-1927), and New York Giants (1928)  He appeared in a total of 45 NFL games, 40 of them as a starter Rosatti worked for the Michigan State Highway Department for 32 years from 1933 to 1965 and retired as the chief of highway maintenance for the western half of the Upper Peninsula  In December 1933, Rosatti fatally shot James Contratta with a rifle at a road building camp 40 mi (64 km) west of Sault Ste  Marie, Michigan  Rosatti was released after the coroner determined the shooting to have been accidental Rosatti died in 1975 at age 79 at his home in his hometown of Norway, Michigan 

See also
1922 Michigan Wolverines football team
Passage 9:
1966 Notre Dame vs  Michigan State football game
The 1966 Notre Dame vs  Michigan State football game is considered one of the greatest and most controversial games in college football history played between Michigan State and Notre Dame  The game was played in Michigan State's Spartan Stadium on November 19, 1966  Notre Dame was coached by Ara Parseghian and Michigan State was coached by Duffy Daugherty, both school legends  Michigan State entered the contest 9–0 and ranked No  2, while Notre Dame entered 8–0 and ranked No  1 
Notre Dame elected not to try for a score on the final series; thus, the game ended in a 10–10 tie 
The late-season clash between the top-ranked teams was billed as the year's national championship game  After the tie, and following their final game vs  USC, Notre Dame was selected as national champions by the AP Poll and UPI Coaches Poll and was awarded the Grantland Rice Trophy by the Football Writers Association of America  The National Football Foundation split their national championship, awarding the MacArthur Bowl jointly to Michigan State and Notre Dame 

Introduction
Notre Dame entered the contest ranked No  1 both the AP and Coaches' polls  Defending National Champion Michigan State, who had finished the 1965 season No  1 in the UPI Coaches' poll, but was upset by UCLA in the Rose Bowl the previous year, entered the game ranked No  2 in the polls  The Fighting Irish, whose bid for a national championship two years earlier was snuffed out by Southern Cal, were hungry, while the Spartans had history and home-field advantage on their side  This was the first time in 20 years that a college football matchup was given the "Game of the Century" tag by the national media, and ABC had the nation's viewers in its grip, with equal parts Notre Dame fans and Michigan State fans  It was the tenth time in the 30-year history of the AP poll that the No  1 team played the No  2 team  The Spartans had defeated Notre Dame the prior year 12–3 holding Notre Dame to minus-12 yards rushing A fortuitous quirk in scheduling brought these two teams together late in the season  They were not even supposed to meet when the 1966 schedules were first drawn up  Michigan State had only nine games scheduled (even though they were allowed to have ten; the Big Ten did not allow teams to schedule ten regular season games until 1964) while Notre Dame was originally scheduled to play Iowa that week, as had been the custom since 1945  However, in 1960, the Hawkeyes suddenly dropped the Irish from their schedule, from 1964 onward (the 1963 Notre Dame-Iowa game was cancelled following the assassination of John F  Kennedy)  Michigan State was available and agreed to return to Notre Dame's schedule in 1965–66 The game was not shown live on national TV  Each team was allotted one national television appearance and two regional television appearances each season  Notre Dame had used their national TV slot in the season opening game against Purdue and Michigan State had used their regional TV slot against Purdue  ABC executives did not even want to show the game anywhere but the regional area, but pressure from the West Coast and the South (to the tune of 50,000 letters) made ABC air the game on tape delay  ABC relented and blacked out the Michigan State-Notre Dame game in two states (reportedly North Dakota and South Dakota), so it could technically be called a regional broadcast  It would also be the first time a college football game was broadcast live to Hawaii and to U S  troops in Vietnam on the Lani Bird satellite; at halftime, the link was reversed and ABC broadcast a 90-second film of sunbathers at the Hawaiian Village Hotel to the nation  The official attendance was announced at 80,011 (111% capacity) and was the most attended game in Michigan State football history at the time (the current record is 80,401 on Sept  22, 1990 vs  Notre Dame) The ABC broadcast was watched by 33 million viewers and had a 22 5 rating, but it was not televised again for 37 years until ESPN Classic re-aired it on November 27, 2003  Discovered in an ABC library vault two years earlier in 2001, the telecast footage is mostly intact with the exception of the missing first quarter 

Game summary
Before and during the game, Notre Dame was mired in injury problems: Irish quarterback Terry Hanratty was knocked out after getting sacked in the first quarter by Spartan defensive lineman Bubba Smith  Starting Notre Dame running back Nick Eddy was out entirely after hurting his shoulder by slipping on ice while getting off the train in East Lansing  Center George Goeddeke wrenched his ankle on a punt play 
Michigan State jumped out to a 7–0 lead behind a five-yard touchdown run by Regis Cavender early in the second quarter  Later in the half, MSU added a field goal (by barefooted Hawaiian Dick Kenney)  But the Irish came back, quickly scoring a touchdown on a 34-yard pass thrown by backup quarterback Coley O'Brien over the outstretched hand of MSU safety Jess Phillips to halfback Bob Gladieux  MSU took a 10–7 lead into the locker room at the half 
Notre Dame started the second half in prime position to score after recovering a fumble on the Michigan State 32-yard line on the Spartans' first play from scrimmage  However, the Irish gave the ball right back to MSU on an interception 
Perhaps the best second-half scoring opportunity for MSU occurred during a pass thrown from Jimmy Raye to Gene Washington  The speedy wide receiver had outrun Raye's deep pass and Notre Dame's defensive backfield  Washington was forced to double back, and in so doing was caught by the defense 
Notre Dame tied the game on the first play of the fourth quarter on Joe Azzaro's 28-yard field goal  Tom Schoen's second interception on consecutive plays from scrimmage by Michigan State put Notre Dame in a position to take the lead, but Azzaro's 41-yard field goal attempt with 4:38 left on the clock missed by inches to the right 
After a Michigan State punt Notre Dame had the ball on its own 30-yard line with 1:24 left  They needed about 40 yards for a game-winning field goal  But coach Ara Parseghian, not wanting to risk a turnover that could hand the game to the Spartans, chose to run the ball four times—including on fourth down, which Notre Dame converted from its own 39-yard line  Michigan State called three time outs in an unsuccessful attempt to perhaps get the ball back and start a potential game-winning drive of their own 
After making a first down with ten seconds left, O'Brien dropped back to pass, but was sacked by Bubba Smith  On the last play of the game, O'Brien gained five yards on a quarterback sneak  The game ended in a 10–10 tie 

Notre Dame play-calling controversy
Ara Parseghian's decision to run the ball on five of six plays in the last one-and-a-half minutes drew criticism from some fans and sportswriters, who argued he should have played more aggressively to either win the game or risk losing it, and left some fans feeling disappointed at the game not having a more definitive resolution  Echoing one of the great idioms of Notre Dame lore, college football expert Dan Jenkins led off his article on the game for Sports Illustrated by sarcastically saying that Parseghian chose to "Tie one for the Gipper"  Jenkins concluded that Parseghian "felt arrogantly sure that Notre Dame could win the polls with a tie, not just over Michigan State but also over an undefeated and untied Alabama" Until his death in 2017, however, Parseghian defended his end-of-the-game strategy  According to the same article, Parseghian cited his team's field position and the dynamics of the game as reasons why he hadn't played more aggressively: "We'd fought hard to come back and tie it up  After all that, I didn't want to risk giving it to them cheap  They get reckless and it could cost them the game  I wasn't going to do a jackass thing like that at this point  [   ] My starting quarterback, starting center, starting left tackle and all my top guys were over on the bench with me  We hadn't completed a pass in the last seven or eight attempts "

Aftermath
The most famous president of each school, Notre Dame’s Father Theodore Hesburgh and MSU’s John Hannah, together went into each locker room to console and congratulate the players  The two visionary leaders served for several years on the Civil Rights Commission beginning in the late 1950s and sat together during the MSU-Notre Dame battles The tie resulted in 9–0–1 seasons for both Michigan State and Notre Dame  The final AP and Coaches' polls put the Irish and Spartans at No  1 and No  2, ranking both teams above the undefeated, and two time defending national champion 11–0–0 Alabama  Both schools shared the MacArthur Bowl 
Notre Dame beat USC 51–0 the next week, completing an undefeated (but tied) regular season and solidifying its No  1 claim  The Irish did not accept bowl bids between 1926 and 1969 (see below), and Michigan State was the victim of two Big Ten rules that would be rescinded a few years later: The same school could not represent the league in the Rose Bowl in back-to-back seasons (rescinded in December 1971, effective for the 1972 season), and no Big Ten school could play in a bowl game other than the Rose Bowl (rescinded for the 1975 season)  So despite being Big Ten Champions and undefeated in the regular season, the Spartans could not play in the Rose Bowl, or indeed any bowl game 
Players for both schools earned tremendous accolades for the season including All American honors  In the 1967 NFL draft, Michigan State had four players drafted within the first eight picks of the first roundAfter (but not necessarily as a result of) Eddy's injury while debarking from the train in East Lansing, Notre Dame football never traveled to away games by train again  Both teams now make the 160-mile trip by bus 

Legacy
40th anniversary
On September 23, 2006, Michigan State and Notre Dame commemorated the 40th anniversary of the game  Michigan State wore "throwback" jerseys and helmets from the 1960s era  Notre Dame declined to wear throwback jerseys or helmets  45 members from the original '66 squad returned  In addition, 1965 and 1966 All American Bubba Smith had his No  95 jersey retired at halftime, becoming only the third person in Michigan State history with such an honor  Notre Dame won the game 40–37, after coming back from a 16-point deficit and scoring 19 straight points to win 

50th anniversary
On September 16, 2016, Notre Dame commemorated the 50th anniversary of the game  Members of the 1966 Notre Dame team appeared on the field prior to the game 
Passage 10:
David Hollister
David Hollister (born April 3, 1942) served as the mayor of Lansing, Michigan from 1993 to 2003, until he resigned to be the director of the Michigan Department of Labor and Economic Growth under Michigan Governor Jennifer Granholm's administration 

Mayor
During his tenure as mayor, he was instrumental in convincing General Motors Corporation to build the Grand River Assembly Plant downtown, and to build a new plant in the region to replace the Lansing Car Assembly Plant which dated back to 1903  Also under his tenure came the completion of Cooley Law School Stadium, the stadium for the Lansing Lugnuts, a Class A minor league baseball team  Hollister made central city (including downtown and Old Town) revitalization a top priority of his administration 

Biography
Early life
Hollister was born in Kalamazoo and raised in Battle Creek, Michigan, where he graduated from Battle Creek Central High School  He earned bachelor's and master's degrees from Michigan State University 

Career
From 1967 to 1970 he was a social studies teacher at Lansing Eastern High School  Prior to becoming mayor, he served in the Michigan House of Representatives from 1973-1993 representing the City of Lansing  In 2005 he was recruited to run Prima Civitas, an economic development organization funded by Michigan State University and the city governments of Lansing and East Lansing, Michigan 



ground_truth: Bob Dylan