prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: Where is the host of the American survival skills reality show, The Island, originally from?

The following are given passages.
Context 1: Passage 1:
Eugene Porter
Eugene Porter (full name in the television series:  Eugene Hermann Porter) is a fictional character from the comic book series The Walking Dead and is portrayed by Josh McDermitt beginning in the fourth season of the American television series of the same name  In both media he claims to be a scientist who knows the cure to the zombie plague and is being escorted to Washington, D C  by Sgt  Abraham Ford and Rosita Espinosa, and encounter Rick Grimes and his group and recruit them to assist their mission 
Eugene possesses virtually no survival skills of his own and is extremely dependent on the group, but is highly intelligent and resourceful in using technology to ensure the group's survival  Eventually, it is revealed that Eugene is not a scientist, but a high school science teacher, and that he does not know how to cure the virus but lied to manipulate the other survivors into taking him to Washington, D C  believing it to be the best chance for survival  This proves true as the group eventually finds the Alexandria Safe-Zone where Eugene becomes its primary engineer  Though his lie puts a strain on their friendship, Abraham eventually forgives him and they resume being friends 

Appearances
Comic book series
Eugene first appears at Hershel's farm, which is now occupied by the remaining prison survivors  Eugene claims to know what has caused the plague, but will not disclose any information with the remaining survivors, including Abraham and Rosita  He says he will only share information with officials in Washington, D C  His lie, along with a belief that Washington is the only safezone, prompts the rest of the survivors to head there in hopes of long-term survival During the journey, Eugene studies various zombies in order to gain knowledge about them, but is careful to shadow the convoy to protect himself Eugene's deception is discovered after the Hunter ordeal  Everyone learns of his true career as a science teacher, and that he is using the radio as an excuse to get to Washington, D C  He is hated by the group after this but remains a member, travelling with them to the Alexandria Safe-Zone, where he lives alone  After Rosita and Abraham break up, she moves in with Eugene, where he tries to create a relationship between them  Eugene eventually realizes he can begin to manufacture bullets in a repair shop nearby, where Abraham is killed when they scout it out only moments after they make amends  During the war with Negan, the shop is overrun by walkers and Eugene with his crew are captured by Negan  They are tortured for information but eventually escape with the help of Dwight, taking a van with a mix of Alexandrians and defecting Saviours back After the two-year time jump, Eugene and Rosita have a strained relationship  He works on many projects in the zone and is now a respected member of the community  It turns out Rosita is pregnant by another man but Eugene vows to raise the child like his own 

Television series
Season 4
Eugene, Abraham and Rosita are introduced to Tara and Glenn in the episode "Inmates"  Eugene claims to be a scientist with vital information to end the pandemic and needs to get to Washington D C , having secured Abraham and Rosita's escort ("Claimed")  Tara and Glenn join them, and soon their group is reunited with Maggie, Sasha, and Bob ("Us")  Eugene convinces Abraham that they should join with this group as they make their way to Terminus for supplies and more recruits  However, the group becomes captives of the residents of Terminus when they arrive ("A") 

Season 5
Rick Grimes helps to save Eugene and the other captured group from Terminus ("No Sanctuary") and continue to make their way north, taking shelter in the former church run by Father Gabriel ("Strangers")  After a day, Abraham believes they must continue on, but Rick wants to wait for Daryl and Carol who had gone looking for Beth  Abraham's group is joined by Tara, Glenn, and Maggie as they take one of the church buses to drive north  ("Four Walls and a Roof")  During a stop, Eugene purposely sabotages the bus, admitting he fears being abandoned if he does not succeed in abolishing the epidemic  Abraham finds a fire truck that allows them to continue, until they run into a section of road that is overwhelmed by hundreds of walkers  blocking their path  As the others try to figure out if they can go around, Eugene admits that he lied about being a scientist, having only used it to coerce Abraham into protecting him  Enraged, Abraham punches him, knocking Eugene out ("Self Help")  Once he recovers, the group decides to return to rejoin Rick's group, who had failed to save Beth after she had been kidnapped to Atlanta ("Crossed") 
Some time later, the group is invited to join the Alexandria Safe Zone community, a suburban development protected by strong walls  Eugene helps with maintenance of the community, and goes with Glenn, Noah, Tara, Aiden, and Nicholas to get electronics supplies from a nearby warehouse  The inexperienced Alexandrians Aiden and Nicholas create more problems, leading Tara to be injured  While Glenn and Noah attempt to cover for them, Eugene helps to rescue Tara to their van, and fights off Nicholas who wants to try to ditch the others and flee back to Alexandria with the van  Glenn arrives to stop Nicholas in time ("Spend")  Back in Alexandria, while watching over Tara as she heals, Eugene and Abraham apologize to each other, and Eugene thanks Abraham for getting them to Alexandria ("Conquer") 

Season 6
In the season premiere, "First Time Again", Eugene is in the food pantry gathering food for himself when he overhears one Alexandrian, Carter, trying to convince Deanna's son Spencer, Tobin, Francine, and Olivia to help kill Rick and take back Alexandria from Rick as he believes they are becoming dangerous and power-hungry  Eugene drops a glass jar which alerts Carter of his presence  Carter approaches Eugene and says that he heard the plan before aiming his gun at Eugene  Eugene states that he didn't hear anything  He is almost killed by Carter, but is saved as Rick, Michonne, and newcomer Morgan Jones walk in on them and disarm Carter  In "JSS", Eugene meets Dr  Denise Cloyd, who is the new doctor after Pete's death  In "Heads Up", Eugene is seen attending Rosita's lesson on how to use a machete, but seems very distracted by the noise of the walkers outside  He admits that he's scared of dying; Rosita tells him that dying is easy and that watching friends die is much harder to bear  In the mid-season finale, "Start to Finish", Eugene is rescued by Tara and Rosita from the herd of walkers, seconds after hearing Daryl on the radio and letting out a cry of help  The three seek refuge and get trapped in a nearby garage  Later, Eugene uses his lock-picking skills to escape the room  They stumble into the same room where Owen is holding Denise captive, with Carol and Morgan unconscious on the floor  He forces them to surrender their weapons and Eugene watches as the Wolf leaves the house, taking Denise with him  In the mid-season premiere "No Way Out", Eugene helps kill the remaining herd, showing his growing acts of bravery 
In the episode "Twice as Far", Eugene now goes on patrols with Abraham  He calls himself a survivor now  Eugene is furious after Abraham does not allow him to kill a walker and tells Abraham he no longer needs his protection and has outlived his usefulness to him  Abraham leaves and tells Eugene to find his own way home  After Denise is killed by Dwight, it is revealed that he and his men have captured Eugene  Dwight demands that he, Daryl and Rosita take them back to Alexandria and if they do not oblige, he will kill them  Eugene spots Abraham hiding behind oil barrels nearby and insists that they should kill him first  Dwight orders one of his men to investigate, and while he is distracted Eugene turns and bites his crotch  Abraham uses the distraction to shoot two Saviors, and Daryl and Rosita are able to retrieve their guns  Dwight manages to break free from Eugene, who is hit during the shootout  As Dwight and the remaining Saviors flee, Abraham, Rosita and Daryl carry Eugene back to Alexandria  Abraham reconciles with Eugene at home  In the season finale "Last Day on Earth", Eugene accompanies a small group to bring an ill Maggie to the Hilltop  The Saviors trap the group and Negan kills one of them after a twisted variation of the game, Eeny, meeny, miny, moe 

Season 7
Eugene and the others are forced to witness Negan kill Abraham and later Glenn before they are let go, but told to expect the Saviors to arrive at Alexandria for a portion of their supplies ("The Day Will Come When You Won't Be")  After Rosita berates Eugene for being a coward, Eugene discovers a nearby metalworking shop and constructs a single bullet, which he gives to her ("Sing Me a Song")  Negan and the Saviors arrive and start taking supplies, including ammunition  An altercation between Negan and Spencer leads to Negan killing him; in anger, Rosita fires Eugene's bullet at Negan, but only striking his bat  Negan prepares to have the Saviors kill Rosita, but Eugene steps forward and claims responsibility for making the bullet  Seeing the potential for his skills, Negan takes Eugene with the Saviors when they depart ("Hearts Still Beating")  At the Saviors' Sanctuary, Eugene claims he is a scientist and provides advice about dealing with walkers to Negan  Negan takes a liking to Eugene for this, as well as Eugene's willingness to submit to him, and makes him one of his lieutenants, giving him additional comforts and benefits ("Hostiles and Calamities")  Sasha and Rosita secretly arrive to try to kill Negan and rescue Eugene, but Eugene refuses to leave, and as a result, Sasha is captured ("Something They Need")  Eugene visits Sasha in captivity to try to convince her to join Negan, but Sasha flatly refuses, and insists instead Eugene bring her a weapon to use against Negan  He comes back later and secretly slips her a poison capsule ("Something They Need")  Knowing that Negan plans to bring Sasha to Alexandria in a coffin in order to kill her in front of Rick's group as payback for the death of one of his men, Eugene finds a music player to give to Sasha during transit  At Alexandria, when Negan goes to open the cabinet, a reanimated Sasha attacks him; Eugene realizes that Sasha had used the poison pill to commit suicide so she could attack Negan  The surprise causes chaos that eventually allows the Alexandrians with the other communities to ward off the Saviors' attack, and Negan, Eugene, and the other Saviors retreat  Back at Sanctuary, Eugene claims to have no idea how Sasha died in transit ("The First Day of the Rest of Your Lives") 

Season 8
Eugene appears as one of Negan's lieutenants in "Mercy," but is essentially ignored by Rick beyond a brief acknowledgment when Rick tries to negotiate with the lieutenants  Along with the rest of the Saviors, he is trapped in the Sanctuary by the herd the Militia lures there 
In "The Big Scary U," Eugene acts as part of the council trying to decide how to deal with the siege  Eugene disagrees with Simon's amoral plans for escape, backed up by Dwight  As a result, Eugene thanks Dwight for his help privately  Eugene later realizes that Dwight is the traitor in the Sanctuary helping Rick's group  After Gabriel is brought in as a prisoner, Eugene attempts to bring him food and discovers that Gabriel is deathly ill  Gabriel asks for Eugene's help in rescuing Doctor Harlan Carson from the Sanctuary so that Doctor Carson can aid Maggie in her pregnancy  In "Time for After," Eugene confronts Dwight about his betrayal  Though Dwight admits to it, he insists that all Eugene needs to do is let things play out as Rick only wishes Negan dead and is trying to force everyone else to surrender  Eugene is shown to have conflicted loyalties, drinking heavily and contemplating the seriously ill Gabriel's request to help rescue Doctor Carson  Eugene eventually comes up with a plan to lure the walkers away using the music player he gave Sasha, but is foiled by Dwight  Shortly afterwards, Daryl and Tara crash a garbage truck into the Sanctuary flooding it with walkers  Eugene refuses to help Gabriel, stating that he is now out only for himself  Eugene presents a plan to defeat the herd to Negan, but stops short of exposing Dwight's treachery 
In the mid-season finale "How It's Gotta Be," it is revealed that Eugene has found a way to clear the Sanctuary of walkers, allowing the Saviors to retaliate against Alexandria, the Hilltop and the Kingdom  Eugene continues to struggle with his conscience, drinking heavily to numb the guilt  Finally, Eugene decides to help Gabriel and Dr  Carson escape despite the likelihood that it will result in Gabriel's death due to his condition  Eugene discreetly disables one of the gate guards and leaves a vehicle for Gabriel and Carson to use that he "accidentally" drops the keys to before leaving the two  Though Gabriel requests that Eugene return with them, Eugene refuses 
In the mid-season premiere "Honor" in Carl's envisioned future, Eugene is tending the gardens in Alexandria and offers Judith a green apple  In "Dead or Alive Or", Eugene is questioned by Negan, who is unaware that Eugene helped two of his captives escape  A nervous Eugene inquires about the events that occurred at Alexandria, Negan questions his loyalty and sending him to his own outpost in a bullet factory to create ammunition for war 

Season 9
Season 10
Following the crash of a satellite, Eugene builds a long-range radio and begins communicating with a woman calling herself Stephanie, eventually falling in love with her and setting up a rendezvous  Following the destruction of the Hilltop, Eugene leads Ezekiel, Yumiko and Princess to meet with Stephanie  However, upon arriving at the meeting location after some mishaps, the group is captured and interrogated by the Commonwealth Army 

Season 11
After being allowed into the Commonwealth, Eugene begins a romantic relationship with the woman introducing herself as Stephanie, but finds himself caught up the machinations of the Commonwealth's Governor, Pamela Milton, and her right-hand man, Lance Hornsby  Eugene is eventually forced to lead the Commonwealth Army to Alexandria after an altercation with Milton's son Sebastian, arriving just in time to deliver vital food and rebuilding supplies for the community  After Alexandria joins up with the Commonwealth, Eugene permanently moves to the Commonwealth, becomes a schoolteacher, and writes a manuscript about Stephanie 
One day, Stephanie suddenly vanishes and Eugene begins an investigation, eventually discovering a rogue element within the Commonwealth led by Hornsby, who seeks power for himself  "Stephanie" turns out to be one of Hornsby's spies, Shira, who was assigned to seduce Eugene in order to find his community so as to further Hornsby's plans  Hornsby manipulates and shames Eugene into keeping quiet about his discoveries and Eugene burns his manuscript  However, shortly thereafter, Eugene finally meets the real Stephanie who turns out to be Milton's assistant Max Mercer  Max explains that her communications with Eugene had gotten intercepted, although her brother, General Michael Mercer, had kept Max from being discovered, resulting in her being unable to meet Eugene as promised  After some initial hesitation on both sides, Eugene and Max start a romantic relationship and become embroiled in the plan to sow dissent against Pamela 
As the communities prepare to go their separate ways, Eugene agrees to help Max expose the Miltons by conspiring to publicly play a recording that Max had made of Sebastian mocking the people of the Commonwealth  However, this stunt coincides with an attack by several reanimated Commonwealth janitors, murdered by Hornsby's forces, attacks a public festival  An enraged Sebastian tries to feed Max to a walker, but Eugene throws the walker off of her  However, the walker lands on Sebastian and kills him before Judith puts it down  As a result, Eugene becomes a wanted fugitive, hunted for the murder of Sebastian  Eugene eventually turns himself in and confesses, but lies that he had acted alone so as to protect Max 
Eugene is put on trial for Sebastian's murder, although Milton rigs the trial against him, while arresting his friends disappear and blackmailing Yumiko into prosecuting him  Although resigned to his fate, Eugene urges Yumiko not to lose faith in their friends or herself, and she decides to act as Eugene's defense attorney  Eugene and Yumiko use the trial to further expose Milton's corruption and reach out to the lower classes  At the end of the trial, Eugene makes a speech admitting to his faults, and urging the people to stand up to Milton  Although Eugene is sentenced to die, he is broken out by General Mercer and some of his troops, who are rebelling against Milton 
As a horde overruns the Commonwealth, Eugene reunites with his friends and helps Rosita to rescue her daughter  However, he is devastated to find that she has been bitten  Eugene helps to overthrow Milton and to destroy the horde  In the aftermath, Eugene confesses his love for Rosita and is at her bedside as she dies 
A year later, Eugene continues to reside in the Commonwealth which is now led by Ezekiel  During this time, Eugene has married Max and they have had a daughter named Rosie together 

Casting
The Eugene character was announced in a casting call for Episode 10 in July 2013, under code-name "Wayne Kasey"  The character's real name and the actor who would play the role (McDermitt) were confirmed during the show's panel at New York Comic Con 2013  The Hollywood Reporter and other media publicized the confirmation afterwards 

Critical reception
Writing for IGN, Dan Phillips praised Eugene's introduction in Issue #53 Noel Murray of Rolling Stone ranked Eugene Porter 12th in a list of 30 best Walking Dead characters, saying, "Since admitting that he can't cure zombie-ism, the former high school science teacher has become determined to earn others' loyalty for real, and his tentative steps toward confidence and courage have been inspiring to watch  Plus any actor who can rock a mullet like Josh McDermitt is a-ok in our book "
Passage 2:
Survive This
Survive This is a Canadian reality television show in which eight teenagers with limited survival skills training are taken into a forest and confronted with a number of survival challenges to test their skills and perseverance  The series aired on YTV in Canada and Cartoon Network in the United States  The show is hosted by Les Stroud, who narrates each episode, provides the teens with survival challenges, and assesses their performance  The show premiered on April 7, 2009, in Canada and on June 17, 2009, in the United States  Cartoon Network ceased to air Survive This after August 19, 2009, and screened the final three episodes only on the network's website 
The series' second season debuted on April 19, 2010 and ended on July 12, 2010 

Overview
The series began in 2009 with a single season of 13 episodes  A second season of 13 episodes began airing in April 2010  Each season begins with a fictional accident of some sort (a school bus crash in season one; a floatplane crash in season two) as a narrative hook and to introduce the participants to their first survival challenges 
Les Stroud, star and host of the television program Survivorman, introduces each episode and provides narrative commentary for the events depicted during the episode  Stroud also appears on camera at the beginning of each episode to meet with the participants, discuss their health and emotional status, and present them with the day's survival challenge  Stroud then departs  Stroud sometimes appears at halfway points in each episode to check on their status  Each challenge concludes with Stroud visiting the participants again, re-assessing their physical and emotional state, and asking whether anyone wishes to leave the show and go home The second season differed from the first as in the final episode, Les Stroud named one of the final participants, Colin as the "Ultimate Survivor"  The question Stroud asked to the participants if they wanted to leave was also changed from "Who wants out?" to "Who can survive?" 

Production
Series production
Series creator Les Stroud says that he initially pitched Survive This, as a children's series similar to Survivorman and that several networks turned him down  The success of Survivorman enabled Stroud to pitch his original idea again, and this time the series was greenlighted in 2007 by 9 Story Entertainment, a Canadian entertainment company  Survive This is produced by 9 Story Entertainment, and two 9 Story executives (Vince Commisso and Steven Jarosz) serve as executive producers for the series  Les Stroud and his Survivorman production partner, David Brady, are also executive producers  Craig Baines is the producer The series was originally titled Survivorman: Kids Edition  The original concept was to create two teams of teens (age 13 to 17) and pit them against one another, testing their survivalist skills  This concept soon changed, however  In April 2008, 9 Story announced that the show (now called Survivorman Kids) would feature a single team of six 14- to 16-year-olds surviving in the wilderness for three weeks  The number of participants expanded to eight by the time filming began in summer 2008  In its final form, unlike other reality television shows, Survive This intentionally did not have a cash prize or other reward at the end of the season  Instead, the producers decided that contestants would leave the series with the knowledge that they survived a number of physically and mentally daunting challenges  Stroud refused to allow participants to vote their peers off the show or to win "immunity", arguing that this would change the focus of the series toward "backstabbing social networking" and away from survival skills and the wilderness experience Cast members were recruited in a variety of ways: Online, via forms at summer camps, and by several other means  After each person's application was screened by the producers, participants had to pass a telephone interview and a video interview before they were chosen for the show  Stroud was not involved in the actual selection process, but did provide some guidelines for the production company before the process began 
All I suggested within that process was get a good, wide selection of kids  Let’s get a wide selection of personalities and temperaments and certainly skill level  Don’t give me a whole bunch of boy scouts who are going to knock it dead out there and don’t give me a whole bunch of absolute beginners who are set up for failure  Give me a wide variety, let’s have regular, normal kids and don’t profile beyond that Once selected for the show, a camera crew filmed each teenager at home to get footage of them acting naturally in their home surroundings  The eight teenagers were taught for a week how to survive in a wilderness with limited supplies  They were also constantly filmed during this time, to acclimate them to the ever-present cameras and filmmakers 

Season One production
Eight teenagers, all between the ages of 14 and 17, were taken into a forest in Ontario, Canada, and initially asked to "survive" a school bus crash and spend two nights in the woods with limited food and other supplies The series was filmed on location in the forest north of Huntsville, Ontario, Canada  Filming occurred in the summer of 2008  Three days were spent on a small island northwest of Sandy Island on Georgian Bay in Lake Huron  Jeff Beitz, owner of the Georgian Bay Marina, acted as a location scout for the show, transported the participants to and from the island, and appeared on screen in Episode 11, "Island Castaways " Many of the challenges presented to the participants were based on situations Stroud himself faced on Survivorman A camera crew remained behind to film the participants as they carried out their survival challenges, some of which lasted several days  However, the camera crew was instructed not to interact with the participants  Several participants were also given hand-held video cameras and permitted to film their actions  A paramedic also was always on-site to provide emergency health care  Participants were forbidden to have any electronic devices with them, and could only speak to the producer or Stroud (who were both on-site)   Stroud says that the participants constantly played to the camera, positioned themselves at the right camera angle to achieve the best pose, and—even though they were forbidden to do so—talked to the cinematographers to try to put themselves in a good light  Several of the participants were upset at the way their videotaped comments appeared on television  Some also expressed shock and surprise at the things others said about them in privately videotaped moments which later aired during the series  For his part, Stroud purposefully adopted a serious demeanor that involved never smiling in front of the participants  He later told TV Guide Canada that not providing suggestions, encouragement, or other assistance was difficult for him The participants were given little in the way of supplies   They had no camp stoves or sleeping bags, and at times water was so scarce that they squeezed liquid from moss A one-hour Season One finale featured a search and rescue (SAR) operation to locate and extract the remaining participants  The Ontario Provincial Police (OPP) and the Georgian Bay Volunteer Search and Rescue (GBVSAR) participated in the filming of the final episode, which involved a GBVSAR search team and the OPP's K9, marine, and air units  Filming of the finale took a single day The final scenes were shot at the end of the summer of 2008  Some footage and a trailer for the show were shown at MIPCOM, a market and trade event in the entertainment industry held in Cannes, France  The first two completed episodes screened to buyers and markets at the MIPTV Media Market in March 2009  Corus Entertainment's YTV picked up the show for broadcast in Canada in April 2008  Time Warner's Cartoon Network agreed to air the show in the U S  in March 2009  The first season ended with a one-hour finale  9 Story Entertainment sold distribution rights to Cartoon Network's Boomerang Channel Latin America, YLE in Finland, and Teleview International in the Middle East in April 2009 Producer 9 Story Entertainment began to license the show in May 2009, seeking to put the Survive This logo and images from the show on board games, books, video games, role-playing games, and clothing 

Season Two production
Second season casting opened on June 5, 2009, and closed on July 10, 2009  Applicants were invited to a television production studio in Toronto, Ontario, Canada, where they met with the producers and had a screen test to determine how they came across on television  Participants were selected for the show, in part, based on their strong personalities  The final eight participants were told in early September 2009 that they were selected for the show  The eight teens who appear in the second season were required to sign a confidentiality agreement prior to the commencement of filming  All the participants were required to take a three-day survival program with David Arama, a wilderness survival expert and close friend of Les Stroud's  Training including how to build a shelter, fire-starting, edible plants, and using a compass Principal cinematography for the second season occurred in September 2009 (which meant some of the contestants missed the opening of school in order to finish the show)  Most of the second season was filmed around the Georgian Bay area of Lake Huron and Algonquin Provincial Park  None of the teens knew the location of the series, but were aware that they were not close to any cities or towns  The teens were always watched by an adult and were provided warm clothes at night  Initially, many of the contestants did not take the show or host Les Stroud seriously  According to contestant Patricia Robins, "We were calling him Les Stroodle     at first we all thought he was kind of a jerk, just because of his attitude  [But] toward the end we kind of adopted him as a father figure  He's really protective  We found that out later on "As in the first series, the teenaged contestants are introduced into the wilderness via an accident—in the second season, it is a floatplane crash  Two contestants were separated from the rest of the group and forced to spend a night alone  As in the previous season, the search for food is a major element of the show  In the first season, teenager Adam Deganis killed a pheasant (in the episode "Food") and a porcupine (in the episode "Deep Woods, Part I")   In the third episode of the second season, the participants decapitate and kill a snake for food  The show's format remains much the same, with a different challenge in each episode and Stroud asking the teens if they can survive at the end of each installment  An article about one of the contestants states that only one of the teens "survives" until the final episode, however this is incorrect  The actual number is determined by who drops out, and is mentioned on the official website's 'Synopsis page' 
The second season of Survive This consists of 13 episodes, with a one-hour finale  The second season debuted on the YTV cable TV channel on Monday, April 19, 2010 

Participants
Season One
In the first season, eight teenagers were given a week's survival training before being taken into the wilderness  The Season One cast included:

Adam—Adam Deganis is a 15-year-old native of Mississauga, Ontario, who attends Loyola Catholic Secondary School  Labeled as "the sportsman" on the series, his survival experiences consisted of hunting, fishing, and spending summers at his family vacation home  A fan of Survivorman, he applied to be on the series because he wanted to meet Les Stroud  Deganis is an arachnophobe 
Becca—Becca Mehaffey is a 16-year-old from Markham, Ontario, who has almost no outdoors experience  Her friends and family laughed at her when she applied to be on the show  She was called "the princess" on the show, and practices dance in her spare time 
Becky—Becky Tran is a 17-year-old  from Newmarket, Ontario, who was labeled "the environmentalist" on the series, but whom the other participants called "BT " Tran, who is admittedly "addicted" to her hair iron, was frightened of dirt, germs, and insects 
Catarina—Catarina is a 17-year-old who was described as "the tough girl" on the series 
Holden—Holden Adams is a 16-year-old who was called "the city boy" on the show  After the show ended, he admitted that lack of sleep, hunger, and physical exhaustion often led him to rest while others did the work of finding food and building shelter  Adams died in February 2015 
Jen—Jennifer Daub is a 16-year-old resident of Blind River, Ontario  She attends W  C  Eaket Secondary School  She was labeled "the hunter" on the series because she had spent time tracking and hunting deer with her father, and was an expert rifleman, all-terrain vehicle driver, and camper  One of her older brothers learned about the show and encouraged her to apply  She applied online by sending in a photo of herself with a deer she had shot and killed  She was often frustrated on the show by having to help other participants who had little outdoors experience 
Kareem—Kareem Ali is a 17-year-old native of Toronto, Ontario, Canada  Given the label of "the motivator" by the producers, he was seen as more competitive than the others  He attends Bloor Collegiate Institute 
Zac—Zac Siegel is a 14-year-old resident of Thornhill, Ontario, who attends Westmount Collegiate Institute  He applied to be on the show through a survival camp he was already enrolled at  He had extensive wilderness survival skills before he joined the show, has a photographic memory, and a high-level intelligence  He was extremely frustrated on the show because the other participants had so little wilderness survival skill  "In many cases I had to teach people to start a fire or build a proper shelter, collect berries, basically I spent a lot of time with those who didn't have a clue what Les was talking about," he told the press  Labeled as "the camp counselor" by the producers, the other participants saw him as an overachiever 

Season Two
In the first season, eight teenagers were given a week's survival training before being taken into the wilderness  The Season Two cast included:

Colin—Colin is a 15-year-old from Hamilton, Ontario  He believes that a balance between a social life and school is important  He was labelled "The Whiz Kid" 
Ian—Ian McBain is a 14-year-old from Ajax, Ontario  Interested in animals and the outdoors and seeking a career as a biologist, McBain was inspired to audition for the second season after seeing the first-season episode Swamp: "The episode from the first season that really motivated me to try to get on the show was the swamp episode  "Most people would think 'Oh gross  a swamp, there's leeches and stuff ' That was the turning point for me, I was like 'I have to get on this show, that looks so fun, so many different experiences ' He was dubbed "The Book Worm" McBain, who admits to being an unadventurous "wimp", says that he learned to trust other people and believe in himself during the show  For him, the toughest part of the series was getting through the nights and worrying about wild animal attacks 
Jade—Jade is a 13-year-old girl from Ancaster, Ontario  She was raised on a farm and was labelled "The Country Girl" 
Justin—Justin Cutajar is a 16-year-old from Mississauga, Ontario labelled "the Rock Star"  He had auditioned for the first season but did not make the cut  He auditioned for the second season because he still wanted to see how far he could push himself  He says being on the show was "a life-altering experience " The hardest part, for him, was the lack of food; he lost 12 pounds (5 4 kg) while filming the series  Back at home after the show, he says he never leaves food on his plate and reminds himself every day of how he has a bed to sleep in and home to live in  he cites patience, emotional strength, the will to live, and physical strength as the things which allowed him to get through the show 
Manaal—Manaal Ismacil is a 16-year-old from St  Catharines, Ontario labeled "The Diplomat"  Her mother is a Somalian who is a refugee from Somalia  Manaal was born in Kenya, but her family emigrated to the United States when she was seven years old and to Canada four years later  She attends Sir Winston Churchill Secondary School, loves to read and study, and has never been camping  She had not seen the first season, but applied after being urged to do so by her younger sister (who had)  She is interested in International relations, and wants a career as a human rights lawyer  She is a volunteer in many groups, including her school, the St  Catharines mayor's council, and Save the Children Canada 
Michael—Michael Lattouf is a 17-year-old from Brampton, Ontario, who attends Notre Dame Catholic Secondary School and wants to be an actor, earning him the label "The Entertainer"  He had no survival skills prior to appearing on the show  He says that he felt overwhelmed at first  The producers and Les Stroud "just threw us right in, and it was non-stop," and he felt the lack of food was the most challenging aspect of the show  He also felt that having eight teenagers on the show made for a lot of emotion  Lattouf says the show was very challenging, and he learned a great deal from it  "People live like this every day—homeless people, or people in poor countries—and it made me understand their struggles more "
Nicole—Nicole Ponce is a 14-year-old girl who is heavily involved in school athletics, giving her the label "the Athlete"  She resides in Etobicoke, Ontario and is a freshman at Michael Power/St  Joseph High School  At a young age, she was often bullied before organized sports made its way into her life  She plays competitively and with a positive attitude in a number of sports including soccer, basketball and volleyball  She hopes to someday become a pediatrician and aspires to help children in need  With her charming personality and newly found confidence, she is ready to take on every challenge the wilderness and life has to offer 
Patricia—Patricia (Trish) Robins is a 16-year-old from Niagara Falls, Ontario  She attends Stamford Collegiate Secondary School  She applied to be on the show without having seen the first season  She believed that only actors were admitted to the show, and felt that this would be a boost to her acting career  After seeing the first season, she resolved to turn down the show if offered a chance to compete and then later changes her mind  Labeled as "The Rebel" on the show, she says she is more of a diva 

Critical reception
Season One critical reception
At least one psychologist warned that Survive This risked being exploitative and might damage the mental health of the participants  "You're putting kids into real emotional situations for other people's enjoyment," said Jennifer Kolari, a child and family therapist and author  "It's okay to have some competition, it's okay to try out for things," she says  "Those are okay lessons for kids  But doing it on national television, to be watched and judged, that's where I feel it's a little bit exploitive, and I think we need to consider the mental health of the kids that are on that show " But other mental health experts declared the show safe, concluding that the participants merely displayed strong competitiveness and that social ostracization was largely avoided Several reviewers have strongly criticized Survive This  For example, the New Bedford Standard-Times was dismissive of the show's lack of originality, noting: "   a gruff, gritty, macho mountain man takes a group of high-school kids and dumps them in the deep woods where they must learn to put aside their 'drama' and adapt  Gee, where haven't we seen that before?"  Variety was equally critical of the show's lack of originality, observing that the show "play[ed] like junior editions of somebody else's reality franchise  The publication was also critical of the way the show pigeonholed and labeled each of the teenagers, eliminating the diversity of the racially and ethnically diverse cast  The Los Angeles Times also concluded that the show was vapid, but that it had slightly more "depth" than other Cartoon Network live-action programs Some critics have also blasted Cartoon Network for showing live-action programs rather than cartoons However, the Sudbury Star called the show "compelling" 

Season One ratings
Television ratings information on the show is difficult to come by   However, at least one newspaper said the show was not "catching on with viewers" on Cartoon Network, and that the show had never been among that network's top 10 series 

Season Two critical reception
In March 2010, Toronto resident Richard Code, a fan of Stroud's show Survivorman, was found dead from hypothermia near his campsite at the north end of Horn Lake (near McMurrich/Monteith, Ontario)  Code was on a winter camping trip with few supplies, similar to summer trips he'd taken before in admiration of the adventures he had seen on Survivorman  Learning of Code's death, Stroud said, "It's a terrible tragedy and I feel absolutely terrible for the families involved"—but did not know Code or the situation he was in, and refused to comment further on his death At least one reviewer has criticized Survive This for not mentioning Code's death or warning kids not to imitate what they see on the show  The Globe and Mail reviewer Catherine Dawson March wrote, "You'd think, just seven weeks after Code's headline-making death, that Survive This would make a passing nod to the tragedy      Some kind of 'don't try this on your own' advice  But no " Dawson praised the show as "captivating" with "lots of emotional drama", but concluded:  "It's great stuff, but YTV should acknowledge Code's death with a warning of their own " YTV replied, "As Survive This does not follow the same premise as Survivorman, there will not be a disclaimer before each episode "

See also
Survive This (Season One)
Survive This (Season Two)
Passage 3:
Cody Lundin
Cody Lundin  (born March 15, 1967) is a survival instructor at the Aboriginal Living Skills School in Prescott, Arizona, which he founded in 1991  There he teaches modern wilderness survival skills, primitive living skills, urban preparedness, and homesteading  Lundin was also a former co-host of Discovery Channel's reality television series, Dual Survival Lundin is an only child whose father was in the military  He spent his early childhood moving around until finally settling in Laramie, Wyoming, where he attended junior high and high school  After graduating from high school he lived on the streets, in a commune, in the backyards of friends, and then in a brush shelter while he attended college in Prescott, Arizona  Lundin holds a B A  in Depth Psychology and Holistic Health from Prescott College Lundin is the author of two books on survival and preparedness: 98 6 Degrees: The Art of Keeping Your Ass Alive and When All Hell Breaks Loose: Stuff You Need to Survive When Disaster Strikes  Lundin has also provided a foreword for Steve Hart's Citizen Survivor's Handbook, a parody of British wartime propaganda focusing on the importance of psychological endurance in times of crisis 
In 2004, Lundin hosted the Discovery Channel show, Lost in the Wild Lundin was a co-host of the television series Dual Survival from 2010 until 2014  On the show, Lundin demonstrated various survival skills while wearing shorts in all weather and going barefoot  On February 17, 2014 Lundin announced on his Facebook page and on his website that he had been fired from the series due to differences of opinion on matters of safety  Lundin says that he lives off-the-grid in a self-designed, passive solar earth home in the high-desert wilderness of northern Arizona, collecting rainwater, composting waste, and paying nothing for utilities 

Bibliography
Lundin, Cody (2003)  98 6 Degrees: The Art of Keeping Your Ass Alive  Gibbs Smith  ISBN 1586852345 
Lundin, Cody (2007)  When All Hell Breaks Loose: Stuff You Need To Survive When Disaster Strikes  Gibbs Smith  ISBN 978-1423601050 

See also
Dave Canterbury
Passage 4:
Les Stroud
Les Stroud (born October 20, 1961) is a Canadian survival expert, filmmaker and musician best known as the creator, writer, producer, director, cameraman and host of the television series Survivorman   Stroud was named Chief Scout by Scouts Canada on November 22, 2021   After a short career behind the scenes in the music industry, Stroud became a full-time wilderness guide, survival instructor and musician based in Huntsville, Ontario  Stroud has produced survival-themed programming for The Outdoor Life Network, The Discovery Channel, The Science Channel, and YTV   The survival skills imparted from watching Stroud's television programs have been cited by several people as the reason they lived through harrowing wilderness ordeals 

Biography
Stroud was born in the Mimico neighbourhood of Toronto and graduated from Mimico High School  He went on to complete the Music Industry Arts program at Fanshawe College in London, Ontario  Stroud worked for several years at the Toronto-based music video channel MuchMusic, and as a songwriter for the band New Regime before a Temagami canoe trip sparked a career change  During this time he also worked as garbage collector for the City of Toronto In 1990 Stroud became a guide for Black Feather Wilderness Adventures leading canoe excursions into the Northern Ontario wilds  It was also during this time while on a survival course he met his future wife, photographer Sue Jamison  They married in 1994 and together left for a year-long honeymoon in the remote Wabakimi area of Ontario which was to become the basis of the documentary Snowshoes and Solitude  Afterwards, the couple moved to Yellowknife in the Northwest Territories where Stroud was employed as an outdoor instructor to special needs individuals of aboriginal descent  Stroud and Jamison then settled in Huntsville, Ontario where they had two children and started both the outdoor instructional outfit Wilderness Voice and the media company Wilderness Spirit Productions Inspired by the popularity of the television show Survivor, Stroud pitched a more authentic version of the show to The Discovery Channel Canada  Stroud produced two programs titled One Week in the Wilderness  and Winter in the Wilderness for @discovery ca in 2001  The success of these specials led to the development of Survivorman, a show that followed a similar format of leaving Stroud on his own, with minimal equipment, in the wilderness to videotape his survival experience 

Film and television
After his marriage to  Jamison in 1994, the two of them spent one year in the Canadian wilderness to attempt a paleolithic existence  They travelled to Goldsborough Lake (50°41′55″N 89°20′46″W) deep in the Wabakimi, first building a tipi then an attached A-frame while using no metal, plastic, or otherwise manufactured tools  For the first half of the year, they took a store of traditional foods such as wild rice, squash, beaver and moose meat, bear fat, and maple sugar  In late September, Stroud's friends Doug Getgood and Fred Rowe brought in food for the next six months and chopped firewood for the couple  Stroud and Jamison built and equipped a winter cabin using an axe, a modern bow saw, and a trapper's tin wood stove left by Getgood and Rowe, along with a metal pot they found 
Family and medical emergencies brought them out of the bush on three occasions  Once when Stroud's father was dying from cancer, another when they both went to be treated for giardiasis, and again when Jamison had a miscarriage  Stroud filmed their primitive living experience and released the 50 minute documentary, Snowshoes and Solitude, which was named Best Documentary at the Muskoka Film Festival and Best Film at the Waterwalker Film Festival In 2001 Stroud produced two one-hour specials for the science news show @discovery ca  These segments follow the same format as Survivorman with Stroud filming his own survival in the wilderness  They were originally broadcast as daily segments over the course of one week but were repackaged as two one-hour specials titled Stranded  The popularity of these pilots spawned the show Survivorman  Stroud produced 23 episodes of the show which began airing in 2004  Stroud also composed and performed the opening theme music of Survivorman In 2006, Stroud produced a 90-minute special documenting his family's journey to building an off-the-grid home  The show, Off the Grid with Les Stroud, chronicled the process of buying property and refitting an old farm house with solar and wind power, a raincatcher and well, as well as the adjustments the Stroud family had to make to adapt to this style of living  Stroud has made multiple television appearances including on  The Late Late Show with Craig Ferguson, The View, The Ellen DeGeneres Show, and Larry King Live Stroud has also hosted an episode of the Discovery channel show I Shouldn't Be Alive titled Lost In The Snow, which aired during its first season and the TV program Surviving Urban Disasters, which aired on the Science Channel and the 20th annual Shark Week on the Discovery Channel In 2010, Stroud hosted and produced the Gemini nominated hit kids TV series Survive This and Survive This 2 (YTV, Cartoon Network) that takes teens into the wilderness to teach them how to survive by giving them some instruction and challenging them with survival scenarios  Stroud's follow-up show to Survivorman was titled Beyond Survival with Les Stroud and debuted in 2010 On April 27, 2018, National Geographic aired Stroud's Alaska's Grizzly Gauntlet on their NGW channel  In 4 episodes, Stroud explores the survival methods and social structure of the Kodiak brown bear 

Music
In addition to film making and wilderness survival, Stroud has also worked in the music industry as a professional musician  After graduation, Stroud worked both as an associate producer for the nascent music channel MuchMusic as well as production manager on music videos for artists such as Rush and Corey Hart  During this time Stroud also played in the David Bowie cover band Diamond Dogs and played lead guitar and composed music for his band New Regime which signed with RCA Records shortly after Stroud left the band As frequently illustrated in his show Survivorman, Stroud is considered an exceptional blues harmonica player 
This instrument is featured prominently in his self-titled debut CD which has been described as "a collection of diverse roots/blues and traditional folk, acoustic music that reflects the uniquely northern spirit of freedom and adventure " Several songs off of this album can be downloaded from his official site  Stroud has performed in and around the Muskoka area and at the Orillia Blues Festival and Toronto Beaches International Jazz Festival 
Stroud and The Northern Pikes have struck up a musical collaboration under the name Les Stroud and the Pikes  Throughout 2005 and 2006 they performed together live several times, and an EP born from this collaboration entitled Long Walk Home was released in the spring of 2007 

Awards
Stroud has received several accolades as a musician   He has won "Best Acoustic/Folk Act", "Best Blues Act" and "Best Overall" awards at the Spirit of the North music festival in New Liskeard, Ontario Stroud's documentary Snowshoes and Solitude was named Best Documentary at the Muskoka Film Festival and Best Film at the Waterwalker Film Festival Stroud was nominated for six Gemini Awards for his work on Survivorman  In 2010, Stroud and his production team was nominated for Best Children's or Youth Non-Fiction Program or Series for Survive This 

Personal life
Stroud has extensive experience with survival and primitive living skills, initially training with expert David Arama  He went on to study with many others including John "Prairie Wolf" McPherson Stroud has been an active participant in adventure racing and has competed at the Canadian championships In late 2008, Stroud and his wife, Sue Jamison, separated 
Passage 5:
The Island (U S  TV series)
The Island is an American survival skills reality television series, hosted by adventurer and survivalist Bear Grylls on NBC, which began airing on May 25, 2015 

Synopsis
Bear Grylls seeks to find out whether a modern American man can survive on a deserted island for one month without the luxuries or the basics of contemporary everyday life  Unlike traditional reality television shows, The Island does not include any prizes, eliminations, or winners 

Production
It is based on the British series The Island with Bear Grylls  The first season has six episodes  In the UK all episodes are available on All 4  In the series' premiere, fourteen men from various occupations and backgrounds are taken to a remote, uninhabited island by Bear Grylls, where they were left completely alone  Filming themselves, the men hunt for food, source water, erect shelter, build community and try to survive using only their strength, determination and know-how  They are equipped with limited tools, a basic medical kit, and a satellite phone for medical emergencies  On August 16, 2016, NBC cancelled The Island after one season 

Cast
Rob Brothers, Stay-at-home Father
Davion Carrillo, Firefighter
Taylor Cole, Radio Producer
Matthew Getz, Embedded Cameraman
Benji Lanpher, Embedded Cameraman
Earnest Marshall, Iraq War Veteran
Dakota Mortensen, Bird Farmer
Jim Murray, Retired Police Chief
Jud Nichols, Criminal Defense Attorney
Dr  Buck Parker M D , Trauma Surgeon
Michael Rossini, Engineer
Graham Sheldon, Embedded Cameraman
Rick Smith, Embedded Cameraman
Trey Williams, Digital Marketing ManagerEvacuated off the islandTaylor Cole (medical, episode 1)
Michael Rossini (medical, episode 2)
Davion Carrillo (medical, episode 3)
Earnest Marshall (personal issues episode 4)
Trey Williams (medical, episode 5)

Episodes
Passage 6:
Bear Grylls
Edward Michael "Bear" Grylls  (; born 7 June 1974) is a British adventurer, writer, television presenter and businessman  He first drew attention after embarking on a number of adventures, and then became widely known for his television series Man vs  Wild (2006–2011)  He is also involved in a number of wilderness survival television series in the UK and US, such as Running Wild with Bear Grylls and The Island with Bear Grylls  In July 2009, Grylls was appointed as The Scout Association’s youngest-ever Chief Scout of the United Kingdom and Overseas Territories at age 35, a post he has held for a second term since 2015 

Personal life
Grylls was born in Donaghadee, Northern Ireland on 7 June 1974  His family has a strong cricketing background, his grandfather Neville Ford and great-great-grandfather William Augustus Ford having both been first-class cricketers  He grew up in Donaghadee, Northern Ireland, until the age of four, when his family moved to Bembridge on the Isle of Wight He is the son of Conservative politician Sir Michael Grylls and his wife Sarah "Sally" (née Ford)  Grylls has one sibling, an elder sister, Lara Fawcett, who gave him the nickname 'Bear' when he was a week old From an early age, he learned to climb and sail with his father, who was a member of the prestigious Royal Yacht Squadron  As a teenager, he learned to skydive and earned a second dan black belt in Shotokan karate  He speaks English, Spanish, and French  He is an Anglican, and has described his Christian faith as the "backbone" in his life: "You can't keep God out  He's all around us, if we're just still enough to listen "Grylls married Shara Cannings Knight in 2000  They have three sons, born in 2003, 2006 and 2009 In August 2015, Grylls left his 11-year-old son on Saint Tudwal's Island along the North Wales coast, as the tide approached, leaving him to be rescued by the Royal National Lifeboat Institution (RNLI) as part of their weekly practice missions  The child was unharmed, though the RNLI later criticised Grylls for the stunt, saying its crew "had not appreciated" that a child would be involved Grylls used to be a vegan but now consumes a diet predominant in animal-based foods, fruits and honey 

Education
Grylls was educated at Eaton House, Ludgrove School and Eton College, where he helped start its first mountaineering club  He studied Spanish and German at the University of the West of England, Bristol and at Birkbeck College, where he graduated with a 2:2 bachelor's degree, obtained part-time, in Hispanic studies in 2002 

Military service
After leaving school, Grylls briefly hiked in the Himalayan mountains of Sikkim and West Bengal  From 1994–1997, he served in the Territorial Army with 21 SAS as a trooper  His time in the SAS ended as the result of a free fall parachuting accident in Kenya in 1996; his parachute failed to open, causing him to break three vertebrae In 2004, Grylls was awarded the honorary rank of lieutenant commander in the Royal Naval Reserve  Then in 2013 he was awarded the honorary rank of lieutenant colonel in the Royal Marines Reserve, and promoted to Honorary Colonel in June 2021 

Expeditions
Everest
On 16 May 1998, Grylls achieved his childhood dream of climbing to the summit of Mount Everest in Nepal, 18 months after breaking three vertebrae in a parachuting accident  At 23, he was at the time among the youngest people to have achieved this feat  There is some dispute over whether he was the youngest Briton to have done so, as he was preceded by James Allen, a climber holding dual Australian and British citizenship, who reached the summit in 1995 at age 22  The record has since been surpassed by Jake Meyer and then Rob Gauntlett who summitted at age 19  To prepare for climbing at such high altitudes in the Himalayas, in 1997, Grylls became the youngest Briton to climb Ama Dablam, a peak once described by Sir Edmund Hillary as "unclimbable", although now the third most popular in the Himalayas for permitted expeditions 

Circumnavigation of the UK
In 2000, Grylls led the team to circumnavigate the British Isles on jet skis, taking about 30 days, to raise money for the Royal National Lifeboat Institution (RNLI)  He also rowed naked in a homemade bathtub along the Thames to raise funds for a friend who lost his legs in a climbing accident 

Crossing the North Atlantic
In 2003, he led a team of five, including his childhood friend, SAS colleague, and Mount Everest climbing partner Mick Crosthwaite, on an unassisted crossing of the north Atlantic Ocean, in an open rigid inflatable boat  Grylls and his team traveled in an eleven-metre-long boat and encountered force 8 gale winds with waves breaking over the boat while passing through icebergs in their journey from Halifax, Nova Scotia to John o' Groats, Scotland 

Dinner party at altitude
In 2005, alongside the balloonist and mountaineer David Hempleman-Adams and Lieutenant Commander Alan Veal, leader of the Royal Navy Freefall Parachute Display Team, Grylls created a world record for the highest open-air formal dinner party, which they did under a hot-air balloon at 7,600 metres (25,000 ft), dressed in full mess dress and oxygen masks  To train for the event, he made over 200 parachute jumps  This event was in aid of The Duke of Edinburgh's Award and The Prince's Trust 

Paramotoring over the Himalayas
In 2007, Grylls embarked on a record-setting Parajet paramotor in Himalayas near Mount Everest  He took off from 4,400 metres (14,500 ft), 8 miles (13 km) south of the mountain  Grylls reported looking down on the summit during his ascent and coping with temperatures of −60 °C (−76 °F)  He endured dangerously low oxygen levels and eventually reached 9,000 metres (29,500 ft), almost 3,000 metres (10,000 ft) higher than the previous record of 6,102 metres (20,019 ft)  The feat was filmed for Discovery Channel worldwide as well as Channel 4 in the UK  While Grylls initially planned to cross over Everest itself, the permit was only to fly to the south of Everest, and he did not traverse Everest out of risk of violating Chinese airspace 

Journey Antarctica 2008
In 2008, Grylls led a team of four to climb one of the most remote unclimbed peaks in the world in Antarctica, to raise funds for children's charity Global Angels and promote the use of alternative energies  During this mission the team also aimed to explore the coast of Antarctica by inflatable boat and jetski, part powered by bioethanol, and then to travel across some of the vast ice desert by wind-powered kite-ski and electric powered paramotor  However, the expedition was cut short after Grylls suffered a broken shoulder while kite skiing across a stretch of ice  Travelling at speeds up to 50 km/h (30 mph), a ski caught on the ice, launching him in the air and breaking his shoulder when he came down  He had to be medically evacuated 

Longest indoor freefall
Grylls, along with the double amputee Al Hodgson and the Scotsman Freddy MacDonald, set a Guinness world record in 2008 for the longest continuous indoor freefall  The previous record was 1 hour 36 minutes by a US team  Grylls, Hodgson, and MacDonald, using a vertical wind tunnel in Milton Keynes, broke the record by a few seconds  The attempt was in support of the charity Global Angels 

Northwest Passage expedition
In September 2010, Grylls led a team of five to take an ice-breaking rigid-inflatable boat (RIB) through 5,700 nautical miles (10,600 km) of the ice-strewn Northwest Passage  The expedition intended to raise awareness of the effects of global warming and to raise money for children's charity Global Angels 

Career
Books
Grylls' first book, Facing Up (UK)/The Kid Who Climbed Everest (US), described his expedition and achievements climbing to the summit of Mount Everest  His second was Facing the Frozen Ocean  His third book Born Survivor: Bear Grylls was written to accompany the TV series of the same name  He also wrote an extreme guide to outdoor pursuits, titled Bear Grylls Outdoor Adventures In 2011, Grylls released his autobiography, Mud, Sweat and Tears: The Autobiography, followed by A Survival Guide for Life in late 2012 and True Grit in 2013 Grylls also wrote the Mission Survival series of children's adventure survival books titled: Mission Survival: Gold of the Gods, Mission Survival: Way of the Wolf, Mission Survival: Sands of the Scorpion, Mission Survival: Tracks of the Tiger and Mission Survival: Claws of the Crocodile  He has written two thriller novels based around his character Will Jaeger; Ghost Flight released in 2015 and Burning Angels in 2016 In 2019, Grylls published a Christian devotional titled Soul Fuel In October 2021, Grylls released his second autobiography, Never Give Up; covering some of his most memorable events and adventures In 2022, Grylls published Mind Fuel: Simple Ways to Build Mental Resilience Every Day   Grylls told The Christian Post that it "offers honest and practical ways to practice better mental health    a crucial part of living a healthy, God-glorying life "In April 2023, Grylls released You Vs the World: The Bear Grylls Guide to Never Giving Up; a motivational book aimed at children 

Television
Grylls was used by the UK Ministry of Defence to head the Army's anti-drugs TV campaign, and featured in the first ever major advertising campaign for Harrods  Grylls has been a guest on numerous talk shows including Friday Night with Jonathan Ross, The Oprah Winfrey Show, Late Night with Conan O'Brien, The Tonight Show with Jay Leno, Attack of the Show!, Late Show with David Letterman, Jimmy Kimmel Live! and Harry Hill's TV Burp  Grylls recorded two advertisements for Post's Trail Mix Crunch Cereal, which aired in the US from January 2009  He also appeared as a "distinguished instructor" in Dos Equis' Most Interesting Academy in a webisode named "Survival in the Modern Era"  He appeared in a five-part web series that demonstrates urban survival techniques and features Grylls going from bush to bash  He also has marketed the Alpha Course, a course on the basics of the Christian faith  In 2013, Grylls appeared in an airline safety video for Air New Zealand entitled Bear Essentials of Safety, filmed against the backdrop of the Routeburn Track on the southern tip of New Zealand's South Island  In 2014, Grylls appeared on Piers Morgan's Life Stories 

Escape to the Legion
Grylls filmed a four-part TV show in 2005, called Escape to the Legion, which followed Grylls and eleven other "recruits" as they took part in a shortened re-creation of the French Foreign Legion's basic desert training in the Sahara  The show was first broadcast in the UK on Channel 4, and in the US on the Military Channel 

Born Survivor/Man vs  Wild
Grylls hosts a series titled Born Survivor: Bear Grylls for the British Channel 4 and broadcast as Man vs  Wild in Australia, New Zealand, Canada, India, and the United States, and as Ultimate Survival on the Discovery Channel in Europe, Asia, and Africa  The series features Grylls dropped into inhospitable places, showing viewers how to survive  Man vs  Wild debuted in 2006, and its success led it to lasting seven seasons over five years 
The show has featured stunts including Grylls climbing cliffs, parachuting from helicopters, balloons, and planes, paragliding, ice climbing, running through a forest fire, wading rapids, eating snakes, wrapping his urine-soaked T-shirt around his head to help stave off the desert heat, drinking urine saved in a rattlesnake skin, drinking fecal liquid from elephant dung, eating deer droppings, wrestling alligators, field dressing a camel carcass and drinking water from it, eating various "creepy crawlies" [insects], using the corpse of a sheep as a sleeping bag and flotation device, free climbing waterfalls and using a bird guano/water enema for hydration The show caused controversy after a programme consultant revealed that Grylls actually stayed in a hotel on some nights — including an episode in Hawaii in which Grylls was ostensibly stranded on a deserted island — and that certain scenes were staged for him  Grylls subsequently apologized to viewers who might have felt misled In March 2012, the Discovery Channel dropped Grylls from its lineup because of a contractual dispute, although he has subsequently worked with them again 
In August 2019, Bear Grylls appeared with Indian Prime Minister, Narendra Modi in a special episode shot in the India's Jim Corbett National Park, Uttarakhand  The episode was showcased in more than 180 countries across the world on the Discovery, Inc  network 

Worst-Case Scenario
In 2010, Grylls came out with a new project titled Worst-Case Scenario which aired on Discovery in the US  It is based on the popular books of the same name  Twelve episodes were produced before the show was cancelled 

Bear's Wild Weekend
In 2011, he made two specials under the title Bear's Wild Weekend for Channel 4 in the UK which was broadcast over the Christmas holiday that year  Each special featured Grylls taking either Jonathan Ross or Miranda Hart on short two-day adventures; Ross to rainforest in the Canary Islands, Hart to the Swiss Alps  These screened in the US under the title Bear Grylls' Wild Adventure  A third episode with Stephen Fry, this time in the Dolomite mountains of South Tyrol, screened in late 2013 In 2014, two further episodes were aired in the UK under the title Wild Weekends  The first of these was the 2011 special of Man vs  Wild featuring Jake Gyllenhaal, and the second was the Running Wild episode featuring Ben Stiller 

Get Out Alive
Grylls hosted Get Out Alive with Bear Grylls, a reality competition series filmed in New Zealand, which premiered on NBC on 8 July 2013 

Escape from Hell
In Bear Grylls: Escape from Hell, he reveals the true life stories of ordinary people trapped in extraordinary situations of survival  The six-episode series premiered on the Discovery Channel in the UK on 4 October 2013, and in the US on 11 November 2013 

The Island
He presented The Island with Bear Grylls, first shown on Channel 4 on 5 May 2014  An American version of the show was also made and it premiered on 25 May 2015 on NBC 

Running Wild with Bear Grylls
In this adventure TV series from NBC, which premiered on 28 July 2014, Grylls takes celebrities on a two-day trip in the wilderness  The celebrities who took part in Season 1 are Zac Efron, Ben Stiller, Tamron Hall, Deion Sanders, Channing Tatum, and Tom Arnold  Celebrities who took part in Season 2 were Kate Winslet, Kate Hudson, Drew Brees, Jesse Tyler Ferguson, Ed Helms, Michelle Rodriguez, Ajay Devgan, Akshay Kumar, Rajanikanth, India's prime minister Narendra Modi, James Marsden, Michael B  Jordan, and President Barack Obama 

Mission Survive
In 2015, he began presenting the six-part ITV series Bear Grylls: Mission Survive which features eight celebrities on a twelve-day survival mission  The series began airing on 20 February 2015  Mission Survive returned for a second series in 2016 

Bear Grylls Survival School
In 2016, he presented a CITV series called Bear Grylls Survival School  Filming started in August 2015  The series began airing on 10 January 2016  A second series was scheduled to begin on 7 January 2017 

Survivor Games
In summer 2015, China's Dragon TV ordered a Grylls-fronted adventure series titled Survivor Games (Chinese: 跟着贝尔去冒险)  The series featured Grylls and eight Chinese celebrities and premiered on Dragon TV on 16 October 2015 

Bear's Mission
In 2018, ITV began airing a new series similar to the USA series "Running Wild with Bear Grylls" called "Bear's Mission with   "  This show focuses on one British celebrity taking an overnight adventure with Bear each episode  The series premiered on ITV on early 2018 

You vs  Wild
Later, Grylls went on to release an interactive series on streaming service Netflix 

World's Toughest Race: Eco-Challenge Fiji
Grylls presented the revival of the Eco-Challenge series, which is titled World's Toughest Race: Eco-Challenge Fiji  It involved teams from around the world competing in an adventure race, which took place in Fiji  The series premiered on Amazon Prime Video on 14 August 2020 

Bear Grylls Wild Adventure
Spring 2021, two-part ITV series featuring Jonny Wilkinson and Nicola Adams, respectively 

Running Wild With Bear Grylls: The Challenge
Premiered in July 2022, it is a spin-off of Grylls' long running Running Wild With Bear Grylls series 

Bear Grylls Meets President Zelenskyy
In this documentary that aired on Channel 4 on 28 March 2023, Grylls travels to Ukraine to meet President Zelenskyy and to meet civilians caught up in the war with Russia 

I Survived Bear Grylls
Upcoming eight-part competition series; co-hosted with comedian Jordan Conley 

Motivational speaking
Outside of TV, Grylls works as a motivational speaker, giving speeches worldwide to corporations, churches, schools, and other organisations 

Be Military Fit
Bear Grylls Ventures and NM Capital purchased British Military Fitness in September 2018 and re-branded as "Be Military Fit with Bear Grylls", to retain the existing abbreviation BMF  The company runs outdoor group fitness classes in 140 public parks and outdoor spaces across the United Kingdom  The classes are led by former or serving members of the British Armed Forces with recognised fitness training qualifications  It is Europe's largest outdoor fitness company 

Charity and politics
Grylls is an ambassador for The Prince's Trust, an organisation which provides training, financial, and practical support to young people in the United Kingdom Global Angels, a UK charity which seeks to aid children around the world, were the beneficiaries of his 2007 accomplishment of taking a powered para-glider higher than Mount Everest  Grylls' held the highest ever dinner party at 7,600 metres (25,000 ft) in aid of The Duke of Edinburgh's Award Scheme, and launched the 50th anniversary of the Awards  His successful circumnavigation of Britain on jet skis raised money for the Royal National Lifeboat Institution 
Grylls' Everest climb was in aid of SSAFA Forces Help, a British-based charitable organisation set up to help former and serving members of the British Armed Forces and their families and dependents  His 2003 Arctic expedition detailed in the book Facing the Frozen Ocean was in aid of The Prince's Trust  His 2005 attempt to para-motor over the Angel Falls was in aid of the charity Hope and Homes for Children In August 2010, Grylls continued his fund-raising work for Global Angels by undertaking an expedition through the Northwest Passage in a rigid inflatable boat  Many of his expeditions also support environmental causes such as his Antarctica expedition and his circumnavigation of Britain which tested a pioneering new fuel made from rubbish  In 2011, Grylls was in New Zealand during the February 2011 Christchurch earthquake  Following the incident, he appeared on New Zealand advertisements encouraging people to donate money to help rebuild the city Grylls is also an ambassador for Care for Children, an organisation that partners with governments in Asia to help create a positive alternative to institutional care through local family-based care for disadvantaged children  In 2014, Grylls designed a Scouts-themed Paddington Bear statue, one of fifty located around London prior to the release of the film Paddington, which was auctioned to raise funds for the National Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Children (NSPCC) Grylls said he spoke "from the heart" in backing "Remain" in the 2016 referendum  "At such a time for the UK to retreat, run and cut ourselves loose from Europe, when there are so many challenges on our doorstep, to me just doesn't feel either courageous or kind," he said  "Europe has many flaws, but I also believe the way to help resolve many of those tough issues is from within    I have never been a good quitter and I am so proud of the UK and our values: tolerance, kindness, respect, courage and resilience  This is why I want us to stay together and Remain in Europe " In January 2020, he announced that he had asserted his right to Irish citizenship and had obtained an Irish passport Grylls was appointed Officer of the Order of the British Empire (OBE) in the 2019 Birthday Honours for services to young people, the media and charity 

Positions in Scouting
Designation of Chief Ambassador of World Scouting
On 16 November 2018, The World Organization of the Scout Movement announced the appointment of Bear Grylls as its first Chief Ambassador  Upon his appointment, he said "I'm very proud and humbled to take on this new role as Chief Ambassador of World Scouting and continue to promote the great work Scouting is doing across the globe  Scouting is a worldwide force for good that unites young people with positive values and an adventurous spirit  We aim to make a difference in our communities, help young people learn new skills, and be kind to all people "Bear has long been a supporter of Scouting around the world often visiting Scout groups on his filming missions and appeared at the 24th World Scout Jamboree in his role as Chief Ambassador

Term as Chief Scout of the Scout Association
On 17 May 2009, The Scout Association announced Grylls would be appointed Chief Scout following the end of Peter Duncan's five-year term in July 2009  He was officially made Chief Scout at Gilwell 24 on 11 July 2009 in a handover event featuring Peter Duncan in front of a crowd of over 3,000 Explorer Scouts  He is the tenth person to hold the position and the youngest Chief Scout since the role was created for Robert Baden-Powell in 1920 On 9 April 2015, The Scout Association announced that Grylls would continue as Chief Scout until 2018  Grylls wrote, "I am so proud that the largest youth movement on the planet has asked me to continue in my role as UK Chief Scout "On 5 June 2015, Grylls, in an interview with The Telegraph, praised the challenge of being Britain's youngest Chief Scout, saying "Scouting humbles me every day"  He remains Chief Scout in 2022 

Ambasador in United24
On 29 March 2023, Bear Grylls has become an ambassador for the UNITED24 platform  His education company BecomingX, together with Amazon and Accenture, is developing the BecomingX Ukraine learning platform for Ukrainians 

See also
Scouting portal
Context 2: Passage 1:
The Very Best of Jerry Garcia
The Very Best of Jerry Garcia is a two-CD compilation album   It contains songs, mostly previously released, by Jerry Garcia, the Jerry Garcia Band, the Jerry Garcia Acoustic Band, Old & In the Way, and Reconstruction  It is meant to showcase Garcia's work outside the Grateful Dead   The first disc contains studio recordings and the second disc contains live recordings   It was released on September 26, 2006 
Some copies of the album include two bonus discs called More of the Best and Twisted Radio Waves The Very Best of Jerry Garcia was released for Record Store Day as a five-disc LP, in a limited edition of 4,000 copies, on September 26, 2020 

Track listing
Disc one (studio)

From  Garcia:"Deal" (Jerry Garcia, Robert Hunter) – 3:14
"Bird Song" (Garcia, Hunter) – 4:26
"Sugaree" (Garcia, Hunter) – 5:54
"Loser" (Garcia, Hunter) – 4:10
"The Wheel" (Garcia, Hunter) – 4:12From Compliments:"Let It Rock" (Chuck Berry) – 3:12
"Russian Lullaby" (Irving Berlin) – 3:04From Reflections:"Might as Well" (Garcia, Hunter) – 3:54
"Mission in the Rain" (Garcia, Hunter) – 5:04
"I'll Take a Melody" (Allen Toussaint) – 9:28From Cats Under the Stars:"Rubin and Cherise" (Garcia, Hunter) – 5:17
"Cats Under the Stars" (Garcia, Hunter) – 5:31
"Rhapsody in Red" (Garcia, Hunter, John Kahn) – 5:11From Run for the Roses:"Run for the Roses" (Garcia, Hunter) – 3:41
"Knockin' on Heaven's Door" (Bob Dylan) – 7:40
"Without Love" (Clyde McPhatter) – 4:26Disc two (live)

From Breakdown:"Catfish John" (Bob McDill, Allen Reynolds) – 4:06From Almost Acoustic:"Deep Elem Blues" (traditional) – 6:09
"Ripple" (Garcia, Hunter) – 4:21From Garcia Plays Dylan:"Positively 4th Street" (Dylan) – 10:46From Pure Jerry: Theatre 1839, July 29 & 30, 1977:"The Harder They Come" (Jimmy Cliff) – 12:43From How Sweet It Is:"Gomorrah" (Garcia, Hunter) – 6:37Previously unreleased performance by Reconstruction on July 8, 1979:"Dear Prudence" (John Lennon, Paul McCartney) - 11:38From Jerry Garcia Band:"Señor (Tales of Yankee Power)" (Dylan) - 7:45
"Evangeline" (David Hidalgo, Louie Perez) – 4:47From Way After Midnight, the bonus disc for After Midnight: Kean College, 2/28/80:"Deal" (Garcia, Hunter) - 9:12

Personnel
See individual albums for musical personnel 

Production
Compilation producers – James Austin, Joe Gastwirt, Blair Jackson, Peter McQuaid
Product manager – Jimmy Edwards
Tape research, liner notes – Blair Jackson
Remastering – Joe Gastwirt
Discographical annotation – Reggie Collins
Editorial supervision – Dorothy Stefanski
Art direction, design – Jean Krikorian
Photography – Herb Greene, Jon Sievert, Richard E  Aaron, Dave Patrick
Painting – Jerry Garcia
Project assistance – Karen LeBlanc, James O'Toole
Passage 2:
Joe Gooch
Joe Gooch (born 3 May 1977) is an English musician who was known as the lead vocalist and lead guitarist of Ten Years After from 2003 to 2014 

Biography
Gooch was introduced to jazz and blues at an early age  By thirteen, taking his music seriously, he enrolled on a course of classical guitar lessons  The disciplines he learned were good grounding for him, but he soon realised his interest lay outside of the classical sphere, and moved towards rock and blues  At first he was influenced by his childhood heroes, Larry Carlton, Steely Dan, The Beatles, Jimi Hendrix, Eric Clapton, Led Zeppelin, Buddy Guy and later Frank Zappa  Gooch replaced Alvin Lee in Ten Years After, with  limited success, and later formed Hundred Seventy Split with bassist Leo Lyons 
In January 2014, it was announced that both Gooch and Lyons had left Ten Years After 

Album discography
SiRO

SiRO – 1999Ten Years After

Now – 2004
Roadworks (Live) – 2005
Evolution – 2008
Live at Fiesta City (DVD) – 2009Hundred Seventy Split

The World Won't Stop – 2011
Hundred Seventy Split – 2014
Passage 3:
Jerry Garcia
Jerome John Garcia (August 1, 1942 – August 9, 1995) was an American musician best known for being the principal songwriter, lead guitarist, and a vocalist with the rock band Grateful Dead, which he co-founded and which came to prominence during the counterculture of the 1960s  Although he disavowed the role, Garcia was viewed by many as the leader of the band  He was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 1994 as a member of the Grateful Dead 
As one of its founders, Garcia performed with the Grateful Dead for the band's entire 30-year career (1965–1995)  Garcia also founded and participated in a variety of side projects, including the Saunders–Garcia Band (with longtime friend Merl Saunders), the Jerry Garcia Band, Old & In the Way, the Garcia/Grisman and Garcia/Kahn acoustic duos, Legion of Mary, and New Riders of the Purple Sage (which he co-founded with John Dawson and David Nelson)  He also released several solo albums, and contributed to a number of albums by other artists over the years as a session musician  He was well known for his distinctive guitar playing, and was ranked 13th in Rolling Stone's "100 Greatest Guitarists of All Time" cover story in 2003  In the 2015 version of the list he was ranked at #46 Garcia was renowned for his musical and technical ability, particularly his ability to play a variety of instruments and sustain long improvisations  Garcia believed that improvisation took stress away from his playing and allowed him to make spur of the moment decisions that he would not have made intentionally  In a 1993 interview with Rolling Stone, Garcia noted that "my own preferences are for improvisation, for making it up as I go along  The idea of picking, of eliminating possibilities by deciding, that's difficult for me"  Originating from the days of the "Acid Tests", these improvisations were a form of exploration rather than playing a song already written Later in life, Garcia struggled with diabetes  In 1986, he went into a diabetic coma that nearly cost him his life  Although his overall health improved somewhat after the incident, he continued to struggle with obesity, smoking, and long-standing heroin and cocaine addictions  He was staying in a California drug rehabilitation facility when he died of a heart attack on August 9, 1995, at age 53 

Early life
Garcia's ancestors on his father's side were from Galicia in northwest Spain  His mother's ancestors were Irish and Swedish  He was born in the Excelsior District of San Francisco, California, on August 1, 1942, to Jose Ramon "Joe" Garcia and Ruth Marie "Bobbie" (née Clifford) Garcia, who was herself born in San Francisco  His parents named him after composer Jerome Kern  Jerome John was their second child, preceded by Clifford Ramon "Tiff", who was born in 1937  Shortly before Clifford's birth, their father and a partner leased a building in downtown San Francisco and turned it into a bar, partly in response to Jose being blackballed from a musicians' union for moonlighting Garcia was influenced by music at an early age, taking piano lessons for much of his childhood  His father was a retired professional musician and his mother enjoyed playing the piano  His father's extended family—which had immigrated from Spain in 1919—would often sing during reunions In 1946, two-thirds of four-year-old Garcia's right middle finger was cut off by his brother in a wood splitting accident, while the family was vacationing in the Santa Cruz Mountains  Garcia later confessed that he often used it to his advantage in his youth, showing it off to other children in his neighborhood 
Less than a year after this incident his father died in a fly fishing accident when the family was vacationing near Arcata in Northern California   He slipped after entering the Trinity River, part of the Six Rivers National Forest, and drowned before other fishermen could reach him  Although Garcia claimed he saw the incident, Dennis McNally, author of the book A Long Strange Trip: The Inside Story of the Grateful Dead, argues Garcia formed the memory after hearing others repeat the story  Blair Jackson, who wrote Garcia: An American Life, notes that a local newspaper article describing Jose's death did not mention Jerry being present when he died 

Excelsior District
Following his father's death, Garcia's mother Ruth took over her husband's bar, buying out his partner for full ownership  She began working full-time there, sending Jerry and his brother to live nearby with her parents, Tillie and William Clifford  During the five-year period in which he lived with his grandparents, Garcia enjoyed a large amount of autonomy and attended Monroe Elementary School  At the school, Garcia was greatly encouraged in his artistic abilities by his third grade teacher: through her, he discovered that "being a creative person was a viable possibility in life " According to Garcia, it was around this time that he was opened up to country and bluegrass music by his grandmother, whom he recalled enjoyed listening to the Grand Ole Opry  His elder brother, Clifford, however, staunchly believed the contrary, insisting that Garcia was "fantasizing all [that]     she'd been to Opry, but she didn't listen to it on the radio " It was at this point that Garcia started playing the banjo, his first stringed instrument 

Menlo Park
In 1953, Garcia's mother married Wally Matusiewicz  Subsequently, Garcia and his brother moved back home with their mother and new stepfather  However, due to the roughneck reputation of their neighborhood at the time, Garcia's mother moved their family to Menlo Park  During their stay in Menlo Park, Garcia became acquainted with racism and antisemitism, things he disliked intensely  The same year, Garcia was also introduced to rock and roll and rhythm and blues by his brother, and enjoyed listening to Ray Charles, John Lee Hooker, B  B  King, Hank Ballard, and, later, Chuck Berry  Clifford often memorized the vocals for his favorite songs, and would then make Garcia learn the harmony parts, a move to which Garcia later attributed much of his early ear training In mid-1957, Garcia began smoking cigarettes and was introduced to marijuana  Garcia would later reminisce about the first time he smoked marijuana: "Me and a friend of mine went up into the hills with two joints, the San Francisco foothills, and smoked these joints and just got so high and laughed and roared and went skipping down the streets doing funny things and just having a helluva time"  During this time, Garcia also studied at what is now the San Francisco Art Institute  At San Francisco Art Institute, Garcia was taught by Wally Hedrick, an artist who came to prominence during the 1960s  During the classes, he often encouraged Garcia to draw and paint, noting that Garcia had skill in both areas  Hedrick also introduced Garcia to the fiction of Jack Kerouac, whom Garcia later cited as a major influence 

San Francisco
In June, Garcia graduated from the local Menlo Oaks school  He then moved with his family back to San Francisco, where they lived in an apartment above the family bar, a newly built replacement for the original, which had been torn down to make way for a freeway entrance  Two months later, on Garcia's fifteenth birthday, his mother bought an accordion for him, to his great disappointment  Garcia had long been captivated by many rhythm and blues artists, especially Chuck Berry and Bo Diddley, leaving him craving an electric guitar  After some pleading, his mother exchanged the accordion for a Danelectro with a small amplifier at a local pawnshop  Garcia's stepfather, who was somewhat proficient with instruments, helped tune his guitar to an unusual open tuning 

Cazadero
After a short stint at Denman Junior High School, Garcia attended tenth grade at Balboa High School in 1958, where he often got into trouble for skipping classes and fighting  Consequently, in 1959, Garcia's mother again moved the family to a safer environment, to Cazadero, a small town in Sonoma County, 90 miles (140 km) north of San Francisco  This turn of events did not sit well with Garcia, who had to travel by bus thirty miles (50 km) to Analy High School in Sebastopol, the nearest school  Garcia did, however, join a band at his school known as the Chords  After performing in and winning a contest, the band's reward was recording a song  They chose "Raunchy" by Bill Justis 

Recording career
Relocation and band beginnings
Garcia stole his mother's car in 1960 and was given the option of joining the U S  Army in lieu of prison  He received basic training at Fort Ord  After training, he was transferred to Fort Winfield Scott in the Presidio of San Francisco  Garcia spent most of his time in the army at his leisure, missing roll call and accruing many counts of being AWOL  As a result, Garcia was given a general discharge on December 14, 1960 In January 1961, Garcia drove to East Palo Alto to see Laird Grant, an old friend from middle school  He had purchased a 1950 Cadillac sedan from a cook in the army, which barely made it to Grant's residence before it broke down  Garcia spent the next few weeks sleeping where friends would allow, eventually using his car as a home  Through Grant, Garcia met Dave McQueen in February, who, after hearing Garcia perform some blues music, introduced him to local people and to the Chateau, a rooming house located near Stanford University which was then a popular hangout On February 20, 1961, Garcia got into a car with Paul Speegle, a sixteen-year-old artist and acquaintance of Garcia; Lee Adams, the house manager of the Chateau and driver of the car; and Alan Trist, a companion of theirs  After speeding past the Palo Alto Veterans Hospital, the driver encountered a curve and, speeding around 90 miles per hour (140 km/h), crashed into the guard rail, sending the car rolling turbulently  Garcia was hurled through the windshield of the car into a nearby field with such force that he was literally dislodged from his shoes and later unable to recall the ejection  Lee Adams, the driver, and Alan Trist, who was seated in the back, were thrown from the car as well, resulting in abdominal injuries and a spine fracture, respectively  Garcia escaped with a broken collarbone, while Speegle, still in the car, was fatally injured Lee's reckless driving and crash served as an awakening for Garcia, who later said, "That's where my life began  Before then I was always living at less than capacity  I was idling  That was the slingshot for the rest of my life  It was like a second chance  Then I got serious"  It was at this time that Garcia began to realize that he needed to begin playing the guitar in earnest—a move which meant giving up his love of drawing and painting In April 1961, Garcia first met Robert Hunter, who would become a long-time friend of and lyricist for the Grateful Dead, collaborating principally with Garcia  The two involved themselves in the South Bay and San Francisco art and music scenes, sometimes playing at Menlo Park's Kepler's Books  Garcia performed his first concert with Hunter, each earning five dollars  Garcia and Hunter also played in bands (the Wildwood Boys and the Hart Valley Drifters) with David Nelson, who would later play with Garcia in the New Riders of the Purple Sage and contribute to several Grateful Dead album songs In 1962, Garcia met Phil Lesh, the eventual bassist of the Grateful Dead, during a party in Menlo Park's bohemian Perry Lane neighborhood (where author Ken Kesey lived)  Lesh would later write in his autobiography that Garcia reminded him of pictures he had seen of the composer Claude Debussy, with his "dark, curly hair, goatee, Impressionist eyes"  While attending another party in Palo Alto, Lesh approached Garcia to suggest they record Garcia on Lesh's tape recorder and produce a radio show for the progressive, community-supported Berkeley radio station KPFA  Using an old Wollensak tape recorder, they recorded "Matty Groves" and "The Long Black Veil", among several other tunes  The recordings became a central feature of a 90-minute KPFA special broadcast, "The Long Black Veil and Other Ballads: An Evening with Jerry Garcia"  The link between KPFA and the Grateful Dead continues to this day, having included many fundraisers, interviews, live concert broadcasts, taped band performances and all-day or all-weekend "Dead-only" marathons Garcia soon began playing and teaching acoustic guitar and banjo  One of Garcia's students was Bob Matthews, who later engineered many of the Grateful Dead's albums  Matthews attended Menlo-Atherton High School and was friends with Bob Weir, and on New Year's Eve 1963, he introduced Weir and Garcia Between 1962 and 1964, Garcia sang and performed mainly bluegrass, old-time, and folk music  One of the bands Garcia performed with was the Sleepy Hollow Hog Stompers, a bluegrass act  The group consisted of Garcia on guitar, banjo, vocals, and harmonica, Marshall Leicester on banjo, guitar, and vocals, and Dick Arnold on fiddle and vocals  Soon after this, Garcia, Weir, Ron "Pigpen" McKernan, and several of their friends formed a jug band called Mother McCree's Uptown Jug Champions  Around this time, the psychedelic drug LSD was gaining popularity  Garcia first began using LSD in 1964; later, when asked how it changed his life, he remarked: "Well, it changed everything [   ] the effect was that it freed me because I suddenly realized that my little attempt at having a straight life and doing that was really a fiction and just wasn't going to work out  Luckily I wasn't far enough into it for it to be shattering or anything; it was like a realization that just made me feel immensely relieved "In 1965, Mother McCree's Uptown Jug Champions evolved into the Warlocks, with the addition of Phil Lesh on bass guitar and Bill Kreutzmann on percussion  However, the band discovered that another group (which would later become the Velvet Underground) had recently selected the same name  In response, Garcia came up with "Grateful Dead" by opening a Funk & Wagnalls dictionary to an entry for "Grateful dead"  The definition for "Grateful dead" was "a dead person, or his angel, showing gratitude to someone who, as an act of charity, arranged their burial"  The band's first reaction was disapproval  Garcia later explained the group's reaction: "I didn't like it really, I just found it to be really powerful  [Bob] Weir didn't like it, [Bill] Kreutzmann didn't like it and nobody really wanted to hear about it " Despite their dislike of the name, it quickly spread by word of mouth, and soon became their official title 

Career with the Grateful Dead
Garcia served as lead guitarist and one of the principal vocalists and songwriters of the Grateful Dead for the band's entire career  Garcia composed songs such as "Uncle John's Band", "Dark Star", "Franklin's Tower", and "Scarlet Begonias", among many others  Robert Hunter, an ardent collaborator with the band, wrote the lyrics to all but a few of Garcia's songs Garcia was known for his "soulful extended guitar improvisations", which would frequently feature interplay between him and his fellow band members  His fame, as well as the band's, arguably rested on their ability to never play a song the same way twice  Often, Garcia would take cues from rhythm guitarist Bob Weir, remarking that "there are some [   ] kinds of ideas that would really throw me if I had to create a harmonic bridge between all the things going on rhythmically with two drums and Phil [Lesh's] innovative bass playing  Weir's ability to solve that sort of problem is extraordinary  [   ] Harmonically, I take a lot of my solo cues from Bob "When asked to describe his approach to soloing, Garcia commented: "It keeps on changing  I still basically revolve around the melody and the way it's broken up into phrases as I perceive them  With most solos, I tend to play something that phrases the way the melody does; my phrases may be more dense or have different value, but they'll occur in the same places in the song  [   ]"Garcia and the band toured almost constantly from their formation in 1965 until Garcia's death in 1995  Periodically, there were breaks due to exhaustion or health problems, often due to Garcia's drug use  During their three-decade span, the Grateful Dead played 2,314 shows 
Garcia's guitar-playing was eclectic  He melded elements from the various kinds of music that influenced him  Echoes of bluegrass playing (such as Arthur Smith and Doc Watson) could be heard  There was also early rock (like Lonnie Mack, James Burton, and Chuck Berry), contemporary blues (Freddie King and Lowell Fulsom), country and western (Roy Nichols and Don Rich), and jazz (Charlie Christian and Django Reinhardt) to be heard in Garcia's style  Don Rich was the sparkling country guitar player in Buck Owens's "the Buckaroos" band of the 1960s, but besides Rich's style, both Garcia's pedal steel guitar playing (on Grateful Dead records and others) and his standard electric guitar work, were influenced by another of Owens's Buckaroos of that time, pedal steel player Tom Brumley  And as an improvisational soloist, John Coltrane was one of his greatest personal and musical influences 
Garcia later described his playing style as having "descended from barroom rock and roll, country guitar  Just 'cause that's where all my stuff comes from  It's like that blues instrumental stuff that was happening in the late Fifties and early Sixties, like Freddie King " Garcia's style could vary with the song being played and the instrument he was using, but his playing had a number of so-called "signatures"   Among these were lead lines based on rhythmic triplets (examples include the songs "Good Morning Little School Girl", "New Speedway Boogie", "Brokedown Palace", "Deal", "Loser", "Truckin'", "That's It for the Other One", "U S  Blues", "Sugaree", and "Don't Ease Me In") 

Side projects
In addition to the Grateful Dead, Garcia participated in numerous musical side projects, including the Jerry Garcia Band  He was also involved with various acoustic projects such as Old & In the Way and other bluegrass bands, including collaborations with noted bluegrass mandolinist David Grisman  The documentary film Grateful Dawg, co-produced by Gillian Grisman and former NBC producer Pamela Hamilton chronicles the deep, long-term friendship between Garcia and Grisman  When Garcia and Grisman released Not For Kids Only, Hamilton produced their interview and concert for NBC  After several years of producing stories on the Grateful Dead and band members' side projects, Hamilton interviewed Bob Weir for a feature on Garcia's death marking the end of an era 
Other groups in which Garcia participated at one time or another include the Black Mountain Boys, Legion of Mary, Reconstruction, and the Jerry Garcia Acoustic Band  Garcia was also a fan of jazz artists and improvisation: he played with jazz keyboardists Merl Saunders and Howard Wales for many years in various groups and jam sessions, and he appeared on saxophonist Ornette Coleman's 1988 album, Virgin Beauty  His collaboration with Merl Saunders and Muruga Booker on the world music album Blues From the Rainforest launched the Rainforest Band 
Garcia spent a lot of time in the recording studio helping out fellow musician friends in session work, often adding guitar, vocals, pedal steel, sometimes banjo and piano and even producing  He played on over 50 studio albums, the styles of which were eclectic and varied, including bluegrass, rock, folk, blues, country, jazz, electronic music, gospel, funk, and reggae  Artists who sought Garcia's help included the likes of Jefferson Airplane (most notably Surrealistic Pillow, Garcia being listed as their "spiritual advisor")  Garcia himself recalled in a mid-1967 interview that he'd played the high lead on "Today," played on "Plastic Fantastic Lover" and "Comin' Back to Me" on that album  Others include Tom Fogerty, David Bromberg, Robert Hunter (Liberty, on Relix Records), Paul Pena, Peter Rowan, Warren Zevon, Country Joe McDonald, Pete Sears, Ken Nordine, Ornette Coleman, Bruce Hornsby, Bob Dylan, It's a Beautiful Day, and many more  In 1995 Garcia played on three tracks for the CD Blue Incantation by guitarist Sanjay Mishra, making it his last studio collaboration 
Throughout the early 1970s, Garcia, Lesh, Grateful Dead drummer Mickey Hart, and David Crosby collaborated intermittently with MIT-educated composer and biologist Ned Lagin on several projects in the realm of early ambient music; these include the album Seastones (released by Ned Lagin on the Round Records subsidiary) and L, an unfinished dance work composed by Ned Lagin  In 1970, Garcia participated in the soundtrack for the film Zabriskie Point 
Garcia also played pedal steel guitar for fellow-San Francisco musicians New Riders of the Purple Sage from their initial dates in 1969 to October 1971, when increased commitments with the Dead forced him to opt out of the group  He appears as a band member on their debut album New Riders of the Purple Sage, and produced Home, Home on the Road, a 1974 live album by the band  He also contributed pedal steel guitar to the enduring hit "Teach Your Children" by Crosby, Stills, Nash, & Young  Garcia also played steel guitar licks on Brewer & Shipley's 1970 album Tarkio  Despite considering himself a novice on the pedal steel, Garcia routinely ranked high in player polls  After a long lapse from playing the pedal steel, he played it once more during several of the Dead's concerts with Bob Dylan in the summer of 1987 
In 1988, Garcia agreed to perform at several major benefits including the "Soviet American Peace Walk" concert at the Band Shell, in Golden Gate Park, San Francisco, that drew 25,000 people  He was asked to play by longtime friend and fellow musician, Pete Sears, who played piano with all the bands that day, and also procured all the other musicians  Garcia, Mickey Hart and Steve Parish played the show, then were given a police escort to a Grateful Dead show across the bay later that night  Garcia also played with Nick Gravenites and Pete Sears at a benefit given for Vietnam Veteran and peace activist Brian Willson, who lost both legs below the knee when he attempted to block a train carrying weapons to military dictatorships in El Salvador 
Having previously studied at the San Francisco Art Institute as a teenager, Garcia embarked on a second career in the visual arts in the late 1980s  He created a number of drawings, etchings, and water colors  Garcia's artistic endeavors were represented by the Weir Gallery in Berkeley, California from 1989 to 1996  During this period, Roberta Weir (unrelated to Garcia's bandmate Bob Weir) provided Garcia with new art techniques to use, sponsored his first solo show in 1990, and prepared blank etching plates for him to draw on  These would then be processed and printed by gallery staff and brought back to Garcia for approval and signature, usually with a passing of stacks of paper backstage at a Dead show  His annual shows at the Weir Gallery garnered much attention, leading to further shows in New York and other cities  Garcia was an early adopter of digital art media; his artistic style was as varied as his musical output, and he carried small notebooks for pen and ink sketches wherever he toured  Roberta Weir continues to maintain an archive of the artwork of Jerry Garcia  Perhaps the most widely seen pieces of Jerry Garcia's art are the many editions of men's neckties produced by Stonehenge Ltd  and Mulberry Neckware  Some began as etchings, other designs came from his drawings, paintings, and digital art  Garcia's artwork has since expanded into everything from hotel rooms, wet suits, men's sport shirts, a women's wear line, boxer shorts, hair accessories, cummerbunds, silk scarves and wool rugs 

Personal life
Garcia met his first wife, Sara Ruppenthal, in 1963  She was working at the coffee house in the back of Kepler's Books, where Garcia, Hunter, and Nelson regularly performed  They married on April 23, 1963, and on December 8 of that year their daughter Heather was born  They divorced in 1967 Carolyn Adams, a Merry Prankster also known as "Mountain Girl" or "M G ," had a daughter, Sunshine, with Ken Kesey in 1966  Mountain Girl married another Prankster, George Walker, but they soon separated  She and Sunshine then moved into 710 Ashbury with Garcia in late 1966 where they would ultimately live together until 1975  Adams gave birth to Garcia's second and third daughters, Annabelle Walker Garcia (February 2, 1970) and Theresa Adams "Trixie" Garcia (September 21, 1974) In August 1970, Garcia's mother Ruth was involved in a car crash near Twin Peaks in San Francisco  Garcia, who was recording the album American Beauty at the time, often left the sessions to visit his mother with his brother Clifford  She died on September 28, 1970 
In the midst of a March 1973 Grateful Dead engagement at Long Island's Nassau Coliseum, Garcia met Deborah Koons, an aspiring filmmaker from a wealthy Cincinnati, Ohio-based family who would much later marry him and become his widow  After a brief correspondence, he began his relationship with her in mid-1974  This gradually strained his relationship with Adams and culminated in Garcia leaving Adams for Koons in late 1975  The end of his relationship with Koons in 1977 precipitated a brief reconciliation with Adams, including the reestablishment of their household  However, she did not agree with the guitarist's persistent use of narcotics and moved with the children to the Eugene, Oregon area, living near Kesey, in 1978 
Following Adams' departure, Garcia had an affair with Amy Moore  She was a Kentucky-born member of the extended "Grateful Dead family", and the mistress of Texas oil heir Roy Cullen  Their affair lasted circa 1980–1981, and inspired the Garcia-Hunter song "Run for the Roses "Adams and Garcia were married on December 31, 1981, largely as a result of mutual tax exigencies  Despite the legal codification of their union, she remained in Oregon, while Garcia continued to live near the Grateful Dead's offices in San Rafael, California  Garcia lived with a variety of housemates, including longtime Grateful Dead employee and Jerry Garcia Band manager Rock Scully  Scully, who co-managed the Grateful Dead throughout the mid-to-late 1960s before serving as the band's "advance man" and publicist, was dismissed by the group in 1984 for enabling Garcia's addictions and for allegedly embezzling the Garcia Band's profits  Another housemate was Nora Sage, a Deadhead who became Garcia's housekeeper while studying at the Golden Gate University School of Law  The exact nature of their relationship remains unclear, although it is believed to have been platonic due to Garcia's addictions  She later became his art representative While they would briefly reunite following his diabetic coma, Garcia and Adams ultimately divorced in 1994  Phil Lesh has subsequently stated that he rarely saw Adams on any of the band tours  In a 1991 Rolling Stone interview, Garcia stated that "we haven't really lived together since the Seventies" During the autumn of 1978, Garcia developed a friendship with Shimer College student Manasha Matheson, an artist and music enthusiast  They remained friends over the following nine years before initiating a romantic relationship in Hartford, Connecticut on the Grateful Dead's spring 1987 tour  Jerry and Manasha became parents with the birth of their daughter, Keelin Noel Garcia, on December 20, 1987  On August 17, 1990, Jerry and Manasha married at their San Anselmo, California home in a spiritual ceremony free of legal convention  In 1991, Garcia expressed his delight in finding the time to "actually be a father" to Keelin in contrast to his past relationships with his children  A year later, Garcia dedicated his first art book, Paintings, Drawings and Sketches, "For Manasha, with love, Jerry "In January 1993, Barbara "Brigid" Meier, a former girlfriend from the early 1960s, reentered Garcia's life for a brief period  Meier claimed that Garcia had considered her to be the "love of his life" and proposed to her during a Hawaiian vacation shortly after their relationship recommenced  Garcia's "love of his life" sentiment was not reserved for one lover, as he expressed the same feelings to several other women in his life  At Garcia's 1995 funeral, Koons declared that she was "the love of his life" while paying her final respects, whereupon Meier and Ruppenthal, who were both in attendance, simultaneously exclaimed, "He said that to me!"The affair with Meier marked the breakup of Jerry's family life with Manasha and Keelin  Garcia ended the affair with Meier forty-five days later while on tour in Chicago with the Grateful Dead after she confronted him about his drug use Shortly thereafter, Garcia renewed his acquaintance with Deborah Koons in the spring of 1993  They married on February 14, 1994, in Sausalito, California  Garcia and Koons were married at the time of his death 

Lifestyle and health
Because of their public profile, Garcia and his collaborators were occasionally singled out in the American government's war on drugs  On October 2, 1967, 710 Ashbury Street in San Francisco (where the Grateful Dead had taken up residence the year before) was raided after a police tip-off  Grateful Dead members Phil Lesh, Bob Weir, and Ron "Pigpen" McKernan were apprehended on marijuana charges which were later dropped, although Garcia himself was not arrested  The following year, Garcia's picture was used in a defamatory context in a campaign commercial for Richard Nixon Most of the band were arrested again in January 1970, after they flew to New Orleans from Hawaii  After returning to their hotel from a performance, the band checked into their rooms, only to be quickly raided by police  Approximately fifteen people were arrested on the spot, including many of the road crew, management, and nearly all of the Grateful Dead except for Garcia, who arrived later, outgoing keyboardist Tom Constanten, who abstained from all drugs as a member of the Church of Scientology, and McKernan, who eschewed illegal drugs in favor of alcohol According to Bill Kreutzmann, the band's use of cocaine accelerated throughout the early 1970s  After using heroin in a brothel in 1974 (likely on the band's second European tour), Garcia was introduced to a smokeable form of the drug (initially advertised as refined opium) colloquially known as "Persian" or "Persian Base" during the group's 1975 hiatus



ground_truth: Northern Ireland

prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: Who was born later, Jerry Garcia or Joe Gooch?

The following are given passages.
Context 2:  Influenced by the stresses of creating and releasing The Grateful Dead Movie and the acrimonious collapse of the band's independent record labels over the next two years, Garcia became increasingly dependent upon both substances  These factors, combined with the alcohol and drug abuse of several other members of the Grateful Dead, resulted in a turbulent atmosphere  By 1978, the band's chemistry began "cracking and crumbling", resulting in poor group cohesion  As a result, Keith and Donna Jean Godchaux left the band in February 1979 With the addition of keyboardist/vocalist Brent Mydland that year amid the ongoing coalescence of the Deadhead subculture, the band reached new commercial heights as a touring group on the American arena circuit in the early 1980s, enabling them to forsake studio recording for several years  Nevertheless, this was offset by such factors as the band's atypically large payroll and Garcia's $700-a-day (equivalent to $2,100 in 2022) drug addiction, resulting in the guitarist taking on a frenetic slate of solo touring outside of the Grateful Dead's rigorous schedule, including abbreviated acoustic duo concerts with Jerry Garcia Band bassist John Kahn that were widely rumored to be a funding conduit for their respective addictions 
Though things seemed to be getting better for the band, Garcia's health was declining  By 1983, Garcia's demeanor onstage had appeared to change  Despite still playing the guitar with great passion and intensity, there were times that he would appear disengaged; as such, shows were often inconsistent  Years of heavy tobacco smoking had affected his voice, and he gained considerable weight  By 1984, he would often rest his chin on the microphone during performances  The so-called "endless tour"—the result of years of financial risks, drug use, and poor business decisions—had taken its toll 
Garcia's decade-long heroin addiction culminated in the rest of the band holding an intervention in January 1985  Given the choice between the band or the drugs, Garcia agreed to check into a rehabilitation center in Oakland, California  A few days later in January, before the start of his program in Oakland, Garcia was arrested for drug possession in Golden Gate Park; he subsequently attended a drug diversion program  Throughout 1985, he tapered his drug use on tour and at home with the assistance of Nora Sage; by the spring of 1986, he was completely abstinent 
Precipitated by an unhealthy weight, dehydration, bad eating habits, and a recent relapse on the Grateful Dead's first stadium tour, Garcia collapsed into a diabetic coma in July 1986, waking up five days later  He later spoke about this period of unconsciousness as surreal: "Well, I had some very weird experiences  My main experience was one of furious activity and tremendous struggle in a sort of futuristic, space-ship vehicle with insectoid presences  After I came out of my coma, I had this image of myself as these little hunks of protoplasm that were stuck together kind of like stamps with perforations between them that you could snap off " Garcia's coma had a profound effect on him: it forced him to have to relearn how to play the guitar, as well as other, more basic skills  Within a handful of months, he had recovered, playing with the Jerry Garcia Band and the Grateful Dead again later that year After Garcia's recovery, the band released a comeback album In the Dark in 1987, which became their best-selling studio album  Inspired by Garcia's improved health, a successful album and the continuing emergence of Mydland as a third frontman, the band's energy and chemistry reached a new peak in the late 1980s 
Amid a litany of personal problems, Mydland died of a speedball overdose in July 1990  His death greatly affected Garcia, leading him to believe that the band's chemistry would never be the same  Before beginning the fall tour, the band acquired keyboardists Vince Welnick and Bruce Hornsby  The power of Hornsby's performances drove Garcia to new heights on stage  However, as the band continued through 1991, Garcia became concerned with the band's future  He was exhausted from five straight years of touring  He thought a break was necessary, mainly so that the band could come back with fresh material  The idea was put off by the pressures of management, and the touring continued  Garcia began using heroin again after several years of intermittent prescription opiate use  Though his relapse was brief, the band was quick to react  Soon after the last show of the tour in Denver, Garcia was confronted by the band with another intervention  After a disastrous meeting, Garcia invited Phil Lesh over to his home in San Rafael, California, where he explained that after the meeting he would start attending a methadone clinic  Garcia said that he wanted to clean up in his own way, and return to making music After returning from the band's 1992 summer tour, Garcia became sick, a throwback to his diabetic coma in 1986  Manasha Garcia nursed Jerry back to health and organized a team of health professionals which included acupuncturist Yen Wei Choong and Randy Baker, MD, a holistic family physician to treat him at home  Garcia recovered over the following days, despite the Grateful Dead having to cancel their fall tour to allow him time to recuperate  Garcia reduced his cigarette smoking and began losing weight  He also became a vegetarian Despite these improvements, Garcia's physical and mental condition continued to decline throughout 1993 and 1994  He began to use narcotics again to dull the pain 
In light of his second drug relapse and current condition, Garcia checked himself into the Betty Ford Center during July 1995  His stay was limited, lasting only two weeks  Motivated by the experience, he then checked into the Serenity Knolls treatment center in Forest Knolls, California, where he died 

Death
Garcia died in his room at the rehabilitation clinic on August 9, 1995  The cause of death was a heart attack  Garcia had long struggled with drug addiction, weight problems, sleep apnea, heavy smoking, and diabetes—all of which contributed to his physical decline  Lesh remarked that, upon hearing of Garcia's death, "I was struck numb  I had lost my oldest surviving friend, my brother " Garcia's funeral was held on August 12, at St  Stephen's Episcopal Church in Belvedere  It was attended by his family, the remaining Grateful Dead members, and their friends, including former pro basketball player Bill Walton and musician Bob Dylan  Deborah Koons barred two of Garcia's former wives from the ceremony On August 13, about 25,000 people attended a municipally sanctioned public memorial at the Polo Fields of San Francisco's Golden Gate Park  Crowds produced hundreds of flowers, gifts, images, and a bagpipe rendition of "Amazing Grace" in remembrance  In the Haight, a single white rose was reportedly tied to a tree near the Dead's former Haight-Ashbury house, where a group of followers gathered to mourn On the morning of April 4, 1996, after a total lunar eclipse earlier that day, Weir and Deborah Koons accompanied by Sanjay Mishra, spread half of Garcia's ashes into the Ganges at the holy city of Rishikesh, India, a site sacred to Hindus  The remaining ashes were poured into the San Francisco Bay  Koons did not allow former wife Carolyn Garcia to attend the spreading of the ashes 

Musical equipment
Garcia played many guitars during his career, which ranged from student and budget models to custom-made instruments  During his thirty-five year career as a professional musician, Garcia used about 25 guitars In 1965, when Garcia was playing with the Warlocks, he used a Guild Starfire, which he also used on the début album of the Grateful Dead  Beginning in late 1967 and ending in 1968, Garcia played black or gold mid-1950s Gibson Les Paul guitars with P-90 pickups  In 1969, he picked up the Gibson SG and used it for most of that year and 1970, except for a small period in between where he used a sunburst Fender Stratocaster 
During Garcia's "pedal steel flirtation period" (as Bob Weir referred to it in Anthem to Beauty), from approximately 1969 to 1972, he initially played a Fender instrument before upgrading to the ZB Custom D-10, especially in his earlier public performances  Although this was a double neck guitar, Garcia used the "E9 neck and the three pedals to raise the tone and two levers to lower it " He employed an Emmons D-10 at the Grateful Dead's and New Riders of the Purple Sage's final appearances at the Fillmore East in April 1971 In 1969, Garcia played pedal steel on three notable outside recordings: the track "The Farm" on the Jefferson Airplane album Volunteers, the track "Oh Mommy" by Brewer and Shipley and the hit single "Teach Your Children" by Crosby, Stills, Nash & Young from their album Déjà Vu, released in 1970  Garcia played on the latter album in exchange for harmony lessons for the Grateful Dead, who were at the time recording Workingman's Dead In 1971, Garcia began playing a sunburst Les Paul  In March and April 1971 – the time period during which the Grateful Dead recorded its second live album, Grateful Dead – Garcia played the "Peanut," a guitar he had received from Rick Turner, who had custom built the guitar's body and incorporated the neck, pickups, and hardware from an early '60s Les Paul 
In May, Garcia began using a 1955 natural finish Stratocaster that had been given to him by Graham Nash in 1969  Garcia added an alligator sticker to the pickguard in the fall of 1971, and the thusly-named "Alligator" would remain Garcia's principal electric guitar until August 1973 
In the summer of 1971, Garcia also played a double-cutaway Les Paul TV Junior 
While Alligator was in the shop in the summer of 1972, he briefly reverted to the sunburst Stratocaster; this can be seen in Sunshine Daydream 
In late 1972, Garcia purchased the first guitar ("Eagle") made by Alembic luthier Doug Irwin for $850 (equivalent to $5,900 in 2022)  Enamored of Irwin's talents, he immediately commissioned his own custom instrument  This guitar, nicknamed "Wolf" for a memorable sticker Garcia added below the tailpiece, was delivered in May 1973 and replaced Alligator on stage in September  It cost $1,500 (equivalent to $9,900 in 2022), an extremely high price for the era Wolf was made with an ebony fingerboard and featured numerous embellishments like alternating grain designs in the headstock, ivory inlays, and fret marker dots made of sterling silver  The body was composed of western maple wood which had a core of purpleheart  Garcia later had Irwin (who ultimately left Alembic to start his own business) replace the electronics inside the guitar, at which point he added his own logo to the headstock alongside the Alembic logo  The system included two interchangeable plates for configuring pickups: one was made for strictly single coils, while the other accommodated humbuckers  Shortly after receiving the modified instrument, Garcia commissioned another custom guitar from Irwin with one caveat: "Don't hold back "During the Grateful Dead's 1974 European tour, Wolf was dropped on several occasions, one of which caused a minor crack in the headstock  Following filming of The Grateful Dead Movie (in which the guitar is prominently visible) a month later, Garcia returned it to Irwin for repairs  Throughout its absence, Garcia predominantly played several Travis Bean guitars, including the TB1000A (1975) and the TB500 (1976-1977)  On September 28, 1977, Irwin delivered the refurbished Wolf back to Garcia  The wolf sticker which gave the guitar its name had now been inlaid into the instrument; it also featured an effects loop between the pick-ups and controls (so inline effects would "see" the same signal at all times) which was bypassable  Irwin also put a new face on the headstock with only his logo (he later claimed to have built the guitar himself, though pictures through time clearly show the progression of logos, from Alembic, to Alembic & Irwin, to only Irwin) Nearly seven years after he commissioned it, Garcia received his second custom guitar ("Tiger") from Irwin in the summer of 1979 
He first employed the instrument in concert at a Grateful Dead performance at the Oakland Auditorium Arena on August 4, 1979  Its name was derived from the inlay on the preamp cover 
The body of Tiger was of rich quality: the top layer was cocobolo, with the preceding layers being maple stripe, vermilion, and flame maple, in that order  The neck was made of western maple with an ebony fingerboard  The pickups consisted of a single coil DiMarzio SDS-1 and two humbucker DiMarzio Super IIs which were easily removable due to Garcia's preference for replacing his pickups every year or two  The electronics were composed of an effects bypass loop, which allowed Garcia to control the sound of his effects through the tone and volume controls on the guitar, and a preamplifier/buffer which rested behind a plate in the back of the guitar  Fully outfitted, Tiger weighed 13+1⁄2 pounds (6 1 kg)  This was Garcia's principal guitar for the next eleven years, and most played 
In the late 1980s Garcia, Weir and CSN (along with many others) endorsed Alvarez Yairi acoustic guitars   There are many photographs circulating (mostly promotional) of Garcia playing a DY99 Virtuoso Custom with a Modulus Graphite neck   He opted to play with the less decorated model but the promotional photo from the Alvarez Yairi catalog has him holding the "tree of life" model  This hand-built guitar was notable for the collaboration between Japanese luthier Kazuo Yairi and Modulus Graphite of San Rafael   As with most things Garcia, with his passing, the DY99 model is highly valued among collectors 
In 1990, Irwin completed "Rosebud", Garcia's fourth custom guitar  It was similar to his previous guitar Tiger in many respects, but featured different inlays and electronics, tone and volume controls, and weight  Rosebud, unlike Tiger, was configured with three humbuckers; the neck and bridge pickups shared a tone control, while the middle had its own  Atop the guitar was a Roland GK-2 pickup which fed the controller set inside the guitar  The GK2 was used in junction with the Roland GR-50 rack mount synthesizer  The GR-50 synthesizer in turn drove a Korg M1R synthesizer producing the MIDI effects heard during live performances of this period as heard on the Grateful Dead recording Without a Net  Sections of the guitar were hollowed out to bring the weight down to 11+1⁄2 pounds (5 2 kg)  The inlay, a dancing skeleton holding a rose, covers a plate just below the bridge  The final cost of the instrument was $11,000 (equivalent to $24,600 in 2022) In 1993, carpenter-turned-luthier Stephen Cripe tried his hand at making an instrument for Garcia  After researching Tiger through pictures and films, Cripe set out on what would soon become known as "Lightning Bolt", again named for its inlay 
The guitar used Brazilian rosewood for the fingerboard and East Indian rosewood for the body, which, with admitted irony from Cripe, had been taken from a 19th-century bed used by opium smokers  Built purely from guesswork, Lightning Bolt was a hit with Garcia, who began using the guitar exclusively  Soon after, Garcia requested that Cripe build a backup of the guitar  Cripe, who had not measured or photographed the original, was told simply to "wing it "Cripe later delivered the backup, which was known by the name "Top Hat"  Garcia bought it from him for $6,500, making it the first guitar that Cripe had ever sold  However, infatuated with Lightning Bolt, Garcia rarely used the backup 
After Garcia's death, the ownership of Wolf and Tiger came into question  According to Garcia's will, his guitars were bequeathed to Doug Irwin, who had constructed them 
The remaining Grateful Dead members disagreed – they considered his guitars to be property of the band, leading to a lawsuit between the two parties  In 2001, Irwin won the case  However, nearly having been left destitute from a traffic accident in 1998, he decided to place the guitars up for auction in hopes of being able to start another guitar workshop On May 8, 2002, Wolf and Tiger, among other memorabilia, were placed for auction at Studio 54 in New York City  Tiger was sold for $957,500, and Wolf for $789,500  Together, the pair sold for $1 74 million, setting a new world record  Wolf went into in the private collection of Daniel Pritzker who kept it in a secure climate controlled room in a private residence at Utica, N Y  Tiger went to the private collection of Indianapolis Colts owner Jim Irsay 
In May 2017, Wolf was again auctioned, but this time for charity  Pritzker decided to sell the guitar and donate all proceeds to the Montgomery, Alabama based Southern Poverty Law Center Brian Halligan placed the winning bid totaling $1 9M For the majority of 2019 Wolf and Tiger were included in the Play it Loud exhibit at the Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York City  On June 23, 2019 John Mayer played Wolf with Dead & Co  at Citi Field 

Legacy
Garcia was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame as a member of the Grateful Dead in 1994  He declined to attend the ceremony; the band jokingly brought a cardboard cutout of Garcia out on stage in his absence In 1987, Vermont ice cream maker Ben & Jerry's introduced their Cherry Garcia flavor dedicated to him  It was the first ice cream flavor dedicated to a musician In 2003, Rolling Stone ranked Jerry Garcia 13th in their list of the "100 Greatest Guitarists of All Time" According to fellow Bay Area guitar player Henry Kaiser, Garcia is "the most recorded guitarist in history  With more than 2,200 Grateful Dead concerts, and 1,000 Jerry Garcia Band concerts captured on tape – as well as numerous studio sessions – there are about 15,000 hours of his guitar work preserved for the ages "On July 30, 2004, Melvin Seals was the first Jerry Garcia Band (JGB) member to headline an outdoor music and camping festival called "The Grateful Garcia Gathering"  Jerry Garcia Band drummer David Kemper joined Melvin Seals and JGB in 2007  Other musicians and friends of Garcia include Donna Jean Godchaux, Mookie Siegel, Pete Sears, G E  Smith, Chuck Hammer, Barry Sless, Jackie Greene, Brian Lesh, Sanjay Mishra, and Mark Karan 
On July 21, 2005, the San Francisco Recreation and Park Commission passed a resolution to name the amphitheater in McLaren Park "The Jerry Garcia Amphitheater " The amphitheater is located in the Excelsior District, where Garcia grew up  The first show to happen at the Jerry Garcia Amphitheater was Jerry Day 2005 on August 7, 2005  Jerry's brother, Tiff Garcia, was the first person to welcome everybody to the "Jerry Garcia Amphitheater "  Jerry Day is an annual celebration of Garcia in his childhood neighborhood  The dedication ceremony (Jerry Day 2) on October 29, 2005, was officiated by mayor Gavin Newsom 
On September 24, 2005, the Comes a Time: A Celebration of the Music & Spirit of Jerry Garcia tribute concert was held at the Hearst Greek Theatre in Berkeley, California  The concert featured Bob Weir, Bill Kreutzmann, Mickey Hart, Bruce Hornsby, Trey Anastasio, Warren Haynes, Jimmy Herring, Michael Kang, Jay Lane, Jeff Chimenti, Mark Karan, Robin Sylvester, Kenny Brooks, Melvin Seals, Merl Saunders, Marty Holland, Stu Allen, Gloria Jones, and Jackie LaBranch 
Georgia-based composer Lee Johnson released an orchestral tribute to the music of the Grateful Dead, recorded with the Russian National Orchestra, entitled "Dead Symphony: Lee Johnson Symphony No  6 " Johnson was interviewed on NPR on the July 26, 2008 broadcast of Weekend Edition, and gave much credit to the genius and craft of Garcia's songwriting  A live performance with the Baltimore Symphony Orchestra, conducted by Johnson himself, was held Friday, August 1 In 2010 the Santa Barbara Bowl in California opened Jerry Garcia Glen along the walk up to the venue  There is a statue of Garcia's right hand along the way 
Seattle rock band Soundgarden wrote and recorded the instrumental song "Jerry Garcia's Finger", dedicated to the singer, which was released as a b-side with their single "Pretty Noose" 
Numerous music festivals across the United States and Uxbridge, Middlesex, UK hold annual events in memory of Jerry Garcia 
On May 14, 2015, an all-star lineup held a tribute concert for Garcia at Merriweather Post Pavilion in Columbia, Maryland  The event was called "Dear Jerry" In 2015, Hunter and Garcia were inducted into the Songwriters Hall of Fame  Hunter accepted the award along with Garcia's daughter, Trixie Garcia, who accepted on behalf of her father 
In 2015, Jerry Garcia's wife, Manasha Garcia and their daughter, Keelin Garcia launched The Jerry Garcia Foundation, a nonprofit charity that supports projects for artistic, environmental, and humanitarian causes  The Foundation's Board members are Bob Weir, Peter Shapiro, Glenn Fischer, Irwin Sternberg, Daniel Shiner, TRI Studios CEO, Christopher McCutcheon and Fender Music Foundation Executive Director, 
Lynn Robison  Keelin Garcia said, "It is a tremendous honor to participate in nonprofit work that is in accordance with my father's values "In 2017 Garcia's music was featured in Red Roses, Green Gold, an off-Broadway musical featuring the music of Garcia and Robert Hunter, with additional music by Phil Lesh, Bob Weir, Mickey Hart, and Hunter's longtime collaborator Greg Anton  The production was directed and choreographed by Rachel Klein, featured a book by Michael Norman Mann, had Jeff Chimenti serving as music supervisor, and was performed at the Minetta Lane Theatre in New York City In 2018, Jerry Garcia family members, Keelin Garcia and Manasha Garcia launched the Jerry Garcia Music Arts independent music label On November 18, 2021, it was announced Jonah Hill would portray Garcia in a forthcoming Grateful Dead biopic written by Scott Alexander and Larry Karaszewski directed by Martin Scorsese for Apple TV+ 

Discography
New Riders of the Purple Sage – New Riders of the Purple Sage – 1971
Hooteroll? – Howard Wales and Jerry Garcia – 1971
Garcia – Jerry Garcia – 1972
Live at Keystone – Merl Saunders, Jerry Garcia, John Kahn, Bill Vitt – 1973
Compliments – Jerry Garcia – 1974
Old & In the Way – Old & In the Way – 1975
Reflections – Jerry Garcia – 1976
Cats Under the Stars – Jerry Garcia Band – 1978
Run for the Roses – Jerry Garcia – 1982
Vintage NRPS – New Riders of the Purple Sage – 1986
Keystone Encores – Merl Saunders, Jerry Garcia, John Kahn, Bill Vitt – 1988
Almost Acoustic – Jerry Garcia Acoustic Band – 1988
Jerry Garcia / David Grisman – Jerry Garcia and David Grisman – 1991
Jerry Garcia Band – Jerry Garcia Band – 1991
Not for Kids Only – Jerry Garcia and David Grisman – 1993

Notes
Passage 4:
Garcia Plays Dylan
Garcia Plays Dylan is an album composed of various live performances featuring Jerry Garcia playing covers of Bob Dylan songs   It is culled from performances from 1973–1995, and features Garcia playing with Grateful Dead, Legion of Mary, Jerry Garcia Band, and Garcia-Saunders   Garcia takes lead vocals on all tracks 
Another collection, Postcards of the Hanging, features more Dylan covers performed by the Grateful Dead (with lead vocals shared among Garcia, Bob Weir and Phil Lesh) 

Track listing
All songs composed by Bob Dylan, except "Tears of Rage" by Richard Manuel and Bob Dylan 
Disc one

"It Takes a Lot to Laugh, It Takes a Train to Cry" – 8:12
"Tough Mama" – 9:17
"Positively 4th Street" – 10:46
"The Wicked Messenger" – 13:20
"Knockin' on Heaven's Door" – 17:15
"Simple Twist Of Fate" – 10:58
"I Shall Be Released" – 7:40Disc two

"When I Paint My Masterpiece" – 14:00
"She Belongs to Me" – 6:31
"Forever Young" – 9:05
"Tangled Up In Blue" – 11:48
"Senor (Tales of Yankee Power)" – 7:16
"Visions of Johanna" – 9:21
"Quinn the Eskimo (The Mighty Quinn)" – 5:15
"It's All Over Now, Baby Blue" – 7:07"Tangled Up In Blue" later released with entire concert on Garcia Live Volume 19
"It's All Over Now, Baby Blue" later released with entire concert on Spring 1990Bonus Disc – Garcia Plays Dylan Again

"It Takes a Lot to Laugh, It Takes a Train to Cry" (acoustic) – 5:38
"Tears of Rage" – 8:19
"Going, Going, Gone" – 18:56

Track information
Disc one

Jerry Garcia & Merl Saunders   Recorded Live at The Boarding House, San Francisco, CA (1/25/73)
Jerry Garcia Band  Recorded Live at Keystone, Berkeley, CA (11/18/75)
Jerry Garcia Band  Recorded Live at Keystone, Berkeley, CA (11/17/75)
Legion Of Mary   Recorded Live at Oriental Theatre, Milwaukee, WI (4/19/75)
Jerry Garcia Band   Recorded Live at Keystone, Berkeley, CA (2/15/76)
Jerry Garcia Band   Recorded Live at Santa Cruz Civic Auditorium, Santa Cruz, CA (2/19/78)
Jerry Garcia Band   Recorded Live at the Warfield Theatre, San Francisco, CA (11/28/87)Disc two

Jerry Garcia Band   Recorded Live at The Stone, San Francisco, CA (2/2/80)
Grateful Dead  Recorded Live at Frost Amphitheater, Palo Alto, CA (4/28/85)
Jerry Garcia Band   Recorded Live at the Warfield Theatre, San Francisco, CA (3/4/88)
Jerry Garcia Band   Recorded Live at Oakland Coliseum, Oakland, CA (10/31/92)
Jerry Garcia Band   Recorded Live at the Warfield Theatre, San Francisco, CA (4/23/93)
Grateful Dead   Recorded Live at Soldier Field, Chicago, IL (7/8/95)
Grateful Dead   Recorded Live at Sullivan Stadium, Foxboro, MA (7/2/89)
Grateful Dead   Recorded Live at Copps Coliseum, Hamilton, Ontario (3/22/90)Bonus Disc - "Garcia Plays Dylan Again"

Garcia/Kahn  Neighbors of Woodcraft, Portland, OR - late show (06/04/82)
Jerry Garcia Band  Greek Theater, Berkeley, CA - (08/05/90)
Legion Of Mary  Keystone, Berkeley, CA - (05/22/75)

Credits
Jerry Garcia - guitar, vocals

Jerry Garcia & Merl Saunders
Merl Saunders - organ
John Kahn - electric bass
Bill Vitt - drums

Jerry Garcia Band
Nicky Hopkins - piano on disc 1, tracks 2-3
John Kahn - bass
Ron Tutt - drums on disc 1, tracks 2-3 & 5
Keith Godchaux - piano on disc 1, tracks 5-6
Donna Godchaux - vocals on disc 1, track 5
Buzz Buchanan - drums on disc 1, track 6
Gloria Jones - vocals on disc 1, track 7, disc 2, tracks 3-5
David Kemper - drums on disc 1, track 7, disc 2, tracks 3-5
Jackie LaBranch - vocals on disc 1, track 7, disc 2, tracks 3-5
Ozzie Ahlers - keyboards on disc 2, track 1
Johnny de Fonseca - drums on disc 2, track 1

Legion of Mary
Merl Saunders - organ
John Kahn - bass
Ron Tutt - drums
Martin Fierro - saxophone

Grateful Dead
Bob Weir - guitar, vocals
Phil Lesh - bass, vocals
Brent Mydland - keyboards, vocals on disc 2, tracks 2 & 7-8
Mickey Hart - drums
Bill Kreutzmann - drums
Vince Welnick - keyboards on disc 2, track 6

See also
List of songs written by Bob Dylan
List of artists who have covered Bob Dylan songs
Passage 5:
Cats Under the Stars
Cats Under the Stars is the only studio album by the American rock band the Jerry Garcia Band  Released in 1978 on Arista Records, the album was the first release by the group, which was a long-running side project of Grateful Dead singer and guitarist Jerry Garcia  While the band continued until 1995, they were primarily a live concert act following the release of Cats Under the Stars and never recorded another studio effort  Grateful Dead members Keith and Donna Godchaux, who were at the time also part of the Garcia Band, contributed to the album 

Recording and release
The album was the first to be recorded at the Grateful Dead's Club Front in San Rafael, a warehouse space that had been acquired for band rehearsals and then converted to a studio  Garcia explained "[Ron] Tutt liked the drum sound in the room and we hadn't really thought about it before, so we whipped the place into a recording studio "The record was not a financial success, but it remained Garcia's favorite, as he said in an interview in the late 1980s: "The record I worked hardest at and liked best was Cats Under the Stars  That was kind of like my baby  It did worse than any other record I ever did  I think I probably gave away more copies than I sold  It was amazingly, pathetically bad  But I’ve learned not to invest a lot of importance in 'em, although it's nice to care about your work "
On another occasion in the early '80s he said "Cats Under the Stars is my favorite one  That's the one that I’m happiest with, from every point of view in which I operate on that record  We did all those tunes on tour right after the album came out, with John and Maria, Keith and Donna and I think Ronnie Tutt was still playing drums with us on those first few tours " (Although Ron Tutt played on the album, he left the band before the album was released and was replaced by Buzz Buchanan )
In the early '90s he still thought well of the album: "As far as I'm concerned Cats Under the Stars is my most successful record — even though it's my least successful record! I've always loved it and it just never went anywhere " In an interview with Joel Selvin he was more succinct; "[Cats Under the Stars] had everything — chops, production, songs "
Cats Under the Stars peaked at No  114 on the Billboard 200 "Rubin and Cherise" was the only song from the album to be subsequently performed by the Grateful Dead, who debuted the song in concert in 1991 

Critical reception
On AllMusic, Lindsay Planer wrote, "Jerry Garcia's fourth solo album was the first to be released under the collective title of the Jerry Garcia Band    However, unlike his previous effort, Cats Under the Stars contains all new original material     Many Deadheads and critics alike feel as if Cats Under the Stars is Garcia's best non-Dead effort   "

Track listing
Side one

"Rubin And Cherise" (Robert Hunter, Jerry Garcia) – 5:17
"Love In The Afternoon" (Hunter, John Kahn) – 4:09
"Palm Sunday" (Hunter, Garcia) – 2:21
"Cats Under The Stars" (Hunter, Garcia) – 5:31Side two

"Rhapsody In Red" (Hunter, Garcia, Kahn) – 5:11
"Rain" (Donna Godchaux) – 5:53
"Down Home" (Kahn) – 1:46
"Gomorrah" (Hunter, Garcia) – 5:26The album was reissued in the All Good Things: Jerry Garcia Studio Sessions box set with the following bonus tracks:

 "Magnificent Sanctuary Band" (Dorsey Burnette) – 3:50
"I'll Be With Thee" (Dorothy Love Coates) – 6:01
"The Way You Do the Things You Do" (Smokey Robinson, Robert "Bobby" Rogers) – 5:01
"Mighty High" (David Crawford, Richard Downing) – 3:04
"Don't Let Go" (Jesse Stone) – 15:59
"Down Home" (Rehearsal Version) (Kahn) – 1:49
"Palm Sunday" (Alternate Take) (Hunter, Garcia) – 2:24Tracks 9 & 11-13 are from a rehearsal session in November 1976 

Personnel
Jerry Garcia BandJerry Garcia - guitar, vocals
Donna Jean Godchaux - vocals
Keith Godchaux - keyboards, background vocals
John Kahn - basses, keyboards, guitar, orchestration
Ron Tutt - drums, percussion
Maria Muldaur - background vocals on tracks 2, 8 & 10Additional musiciansMerl Saunders - organ
Stephen Schuster - flute, clarinet, saxophone
Brian Godchaux - violin
Candy Godchaux - violinProductionEngineers - Betty Cantor-Jackson, Bob Matthews
Assistants - Harry Popick, Steve Parrish, Bill Candelario, Ramrod
Cover art - Kelly Mouse Studios
Passage 6:
Sugaree
"Sugaree" is a song with lyrics by long-time Grateful Dead lyricist Robert Hunter and music by guitarist Jerry Garcia  It was written for Jerry Garcia's first solo album Garcia, which was released in January 1972  As with the songs on the rest of the album, Garcia plays every instrument himself except drums, played by Bill Kreutzmann, including acoustic guitar, bass guitar, and an electric guitar played through a Leslie speaker  Released as a single from the Garcia album, "Sugaree" peaked at #94 on the Billboard Hot 100 in April 1972 and was Garcia's only single ever on that chart The song was first performed live by the Grateful Dead on July 31, 1971, at the Yale Bowl at Yale University, as was the song "Mr  Charlie"  They played the song in numerous other concerts, including those later released as Dick's Picks Volume 3 and One from the Vault 

Predecessors
Rusty York recorded a Marty Robbins-penned song in 1959 (Chess 1730) also called, "Sugaree" Elizabeth Cotten, a North Carolina folksinger, wrote and recorded a song called "Shake Sugaree" in 1966  The chorus of Cotten's song is "Oh lordie me/Didn't I shake sugaree?" Hunter was aware of this song when he wrote "Sugaree "Fred Neil released a song in 1966 on his eponymous album called "I've Got a Secret (Didn't We Shake Sugaree) "
It can also be heard on "Echoes of My Mind - The Best of Fred Neil 1963-1971" 
In 1970, singer-songwriter Keith Colley released the single "Sugaree (Sugar Every Day And Night Girl)" on the Challenge label 

References in popular culture
The song is mentioned in Stephen King's 1981 novel Cujo 
The Persuasions included this song on their 2000 album of Grateful Dead covers, Might as Well… The Persuasions Sing Grateful Dead Graham Parker covered the track on his 2004 album, Your Country Nick Barker covered this song on his album Black Water Blues released in 2009 
Jackie Greene recorded a cover for his 2009 release The Grateful EP 
On the 2016 charity album Day of the Dead, "Sugaree" was covered by Jenny Lewis and the band Phosphorescent 

See also
Dark Star
Musical improvisation
Passage 7:
Sandy Rothman
Sandy Rothman (born January 30, 1946, Miami, Florida) is an American, San Francisco Bay Area bluegrass multi-instrumentalist and record producer   He plays mandolin, dobro and banjo, and he also sings   Rothman was a friend and colleague of Grateful Dead bandleader Jerry Garcia, and a member of the Jerry Garcia Acoustic Band  He played bluegrass with Garcia and David Nelson as the Black Mountain Boys in 1964, and has played with Bill Monroe and his Blue Grass Boys, Earl Taylor, Red Allen, Jimmie Skinner, Larry Sparks, the Kentucky Colonels, Country Joe McDonald, Kathy Kallick and Clarence White, among other musicians  He has been described as "one of the chief biscuits when and where bluegrass music is discussed, scribed, or performed in northern California "

Discography
Almost Acoustic – Jerry Garcia Acoustic Band – Arista Records (1988) (producer and performer)
The Old Road to Home – Sandy Rothman – Tonebar Records (1993) (producer and performer)
Bluegrass Guitar Duets – Sandy Rothman and Steve Pottier – Sierra Records (1994)
Pure Jerry: Lunt-Fontanne, New York City, October 31, 1987 – Jerry Garcia Band and Jerry Garcia Acoustic Band – Jerry Made Records (2004)
Pure Jerry: Lunt-Fontanne, New York City, The Best of the Rest, October 15–30, 1987 – Jerry Garcia Band and Jerry Garcia Acoustic Band – Jerry Made Records (2004)
Songs of the Grateful Dead: A Tribute to Jerry Garcia and Robert Hunter – Jesse McReynolds and Friends, feat  David Nelson and Stu Allen – Woodstock Records (2010) (producer and performer)
Ragged but Right – Jerry Garcia Acoustic Band – Jerry Made Records (2010) (recorded in 1987) (producer and performer)
On Broadway: Act One – October 28th, 1987 – Jerry Garcia Band and Jerry Garcia Acoustic Band – ATO Records (2015)
Electric on the Eel – included on the Jerry Garcia Acoustic Band bonus disc Acoustic on the Eel (2019)



ground_truth: Joe Gooch

prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: What is the population of the city at which the transmitter of WLLZ-LP was placed? 

The following are given passages.
Context 3: Passage 1:
WLLZ-LP
WXII-LD (channel 12) is a low-power television station in Cedar, Michigan, United States, serving the Traverse City–Cadillac area with programming from MyNetworkTV and Cozi TV  Owned by Bridge Media Networks, it is sister to Lake City-licensed NewsNet flagship WMNN-LD (channel 26)  Both stations share studios on West 13th Street in Cadillac, while WXII-LD's transmitter is located west of downtown Traverse City near Harris and Cedar Run roads 
Despite having a digital signal of its own, WXII-LD is only 1 5 kW whereas WMNN-LD is 15 kW, so WXII-LD is simulcast over WMNN-LD's fifth digital subchannel (UHF channel 17 5 or virtual channel 26 5) to expand its over-the-air reach 

History
On December 12, 1996, the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) issued a construction permit for a low-power television station on UHF channel 51 in Pinconning, Michigan with the call sign W51CS  In 2001, the permit was moved to VHF channel 12 in Traverse City under call letters W12CX  In 2003, the call letters were changed to WLLZ-LP  From 1980 to 1996, the WLLZ calls were used by an album oriented rock FM radio station broadcasting on 98 7 in the Detroit area, nicknamed "Detroit's Wheelz" (later Smooth Jazz WVMV "V98 7" and now top-40 "AMP Radio" WDZH)  After the FM station dropped the call letters, they were used for several years on an AM station in the market, and were picked up by Channel 12 after the AM station dropped them in 2003  WLLZ's owner at the time, P & P Cable Holdings, is known for picking up calls discarded by other Michigan radio and television stations for use on their own stations 
WLLZ-LP signed on in January 2004 as an affiliate of Urban America Television  It added America One programming to its schedule in Summer 2004  WLLZ became a full affiliate of the network in May 2006 when Urban America Television ceased operations 

In June 2008, the station was added to Charter digital channel 202 throughout the northern Lower Peninsula  It moved to the basic tier on channel 72 in December 2008 and has now moved to channel 11 in 18 counties on Charter cable  Also in December 2008, WLLZ became a primary affiliate of MyNetworkTV; the station was then branded as "My TV 12"  Until then, there was no local affiliate in the northern Michigan market 
On May 15, 2009, WLLZ discontinued an affiliation with The Sportsman Channel (which was phasing out its over-the-air affiliations) and added RTV, with America One programming significantly reduced (though not eliminated)  Previously from 2007 until 2008, NBC affiliate WPBN-TV (channel 7) carried RTV on a second digital subchannel  This was dropped in favor of a simulcast of ABC affiliate WGTU (channel 29)  Due to its low-powered status, WLLZ was exempt from switching to digital-only broadcasting on June 12, 2009 
The station discontinued their affiliation with America One in 2015, when it merged with Youtoo TV into Youtoo America, allowing a contractual out of that agreement  With the start of the 2015–16 season, WLLZ has wound down carrying nearly all of their syndicated programming, with Cozi TV being carried most of the day and MyNetworkTV in prime time 
On November 1, 2017, the FCC approved the sale of WLLZ-LP to Freelancer Television Broadcasting, Inc  On December 4, 2017, the sale to Freelancer Television Broadcasting was completed, making it a sister station to WMNN-LD; the station then modified its branding to "MI TV 12"  It changed its call sign to WXII-LP on December 21, 2017 On April 23, 2019, the FCC granted WXII-LP a construction permit to operate a digital companion channel on UHF channel 30  In the meantime, digital over-the-air access to this station had been being provided through a simulcast over a digital subchannel of co-owned station WMNN-LD; that simulcast continued post-transition to improve this station's over-the-air reach and also to feed local cable systems  On September 14, 2021, WXII-LP commenced digital operations and the FCC changed this station's call sign to WXII-LD to reflect this station's new digital operations  Concurrent with the launch of this station's digital operations, an uninterrupted national feed of the NewsNet service, absent of any locally-produced content, was added as a second subchannel On January 13, 2022, Freelancer Television Broadcasting's portfolio, including NewsNet, WMNN-LD, and WXII-LD, were sold to investor Manoj Bhargava, with Eric Wotila retaining 10% ownership in the new company Bridge News, LLC  Under the terms of the deal, Bridge News would operate the stations via a time brokerage agreement with Freelancer Television Broadcasting  The sale was consummated on March 24 

News programming
Until May 2009, WLLZ aired INN National News, a newscast produced by Independent News Network in Davenport, Iowa from America One  It also carried a video simulcast of an hour of radio station WMKT's morning show hosted by Greg Marshall  The simulcast was discontinued in early 2011 
In late 2017, following the station's callsign switch to WXII-LP, sister station WMNN-LD began producing 90-second news updates for channel 12 that aired during prime time over the first commercial break aired each hour  News programming expanded in March 2018, when WMNN-LD began producing hour-long 7:00 and 11:00 p m  newscasts for the station each weeknight  The early newscast competes against a half-hour newscast produced by CBS affiliate WWTV (channel 9) that airs on Fox affiliate WFQX-TV (channel 32), while the 11:00 p m  competes against longer-established late night newscasts on WWTV (and its Sault Ste  Marie satellite WWUP, channel 10), and WPBN-TV (and its Cheboygan satellite WTOM-TV, channel 4) as well as a pre-recorded broadcast on the latter's sister ABC affiliate, WGTU (and Sault Ste  Marie satellite WGTQ, channel 8) 

Technical information
Subchannels
The station's digital signal is multiplexed:
Passage 2:
White House, Tennessee
White House is a city in Robertson and Sumner counties in the United States state of Tennessee  The population was listed as 12,982 in the 2020 census  It is approximately twenty-two miles north of downtown Nashville 

History
Settlers
The area that is now White House was purchased around 1828 by Richard Stone Wilks, a settler from Virginia   A trail running from Kentucky to Nashville, originally created by Native Americans, cut through the area   This trail was originally known as the Louisville & Nashville Turnpike during the mid-19th century   In 1928, the trail was renamed US Highway 31W 

Naming the town
In the mid-19th century, the Carter, Thomas, and Hough Stagecoach Company traveled the L&N Turnpike carrying passengers  A typical stop along the way was a white, two-story house built by Wilks in 1829  The house was a popular stop for lodging, food, and changing out horses  President Andrew Jackson was even heard to have stayed here during his travels between his home and the White House   During this time, houses were rarely painted white, particularly in this underdeveloped area  The stage coach drivers began to call this stop and the surrounding area White House 

Original White House torn down, building replaced
The monument for which the town was named was torn down in 1951 to make way for new development   However, in 1986, the community erected a replica of the original building   The reproduction, called the White House Inn Library and Museum, currently sits in the center of town next to the Fire Department   It contains the library, a museum with artifacts from the area's early years, and the city's Chamber of Commerce  In 2015, the replica White House Inn Library and Museum was turned solely into a museum and Chamber of Commerce after the city built a new library 

Growth and development
White House was incorporated in 1971  Currently, the young town is experiencing population growth, economic progress, and community development, with many apartment projects and subdivisions planned for the area  There are over 800 homes planned for the area, and at least 5 apartment subdivisions are planned for the city  The city is located north of Nashville within the greater Nashville region, and is anticipated to grow rapidly in the future as a suburb of Nashville 

Geography
According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 9 0 square miles (23 2 km2), all land 
White House is located along Interstate 65 at the intersection of State Highway 76 and US Highway 31W  The town, as of 2007, covers eleven square miles and is situated about 22 miles (35 km) north of downtown Nashville, lying in both Robertson and Sumner Counties 

Climate
Demographics
2020 census
As of the 2020 United States census, there were 12,982 people, 4,345 households, and 3,512 families residing in the city 

2000 census
As of the census of 2000, there were 7,220 people, 2,497 households, and 2,060 families residing in the city  The population density was 805 3 inhabitants per square mile (310 9/km2)  There were 2,578 housing units at an average density of 287 5 per square mile (111 0/km2)  The racial makeup of the city was 97 35% White, 1 33% African American, 0 25% Native American, 0 35% Asian, 0 30% from other races, and 0 42% from two or more races  Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1 02% of the population 
There were 2,497 households, out of which 48 8% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 71 0% were married couples living together, 8 4% had a female householder with no husband present, and 17 5% were non-families  15 4% of all households were made up of individuals, and 5 7% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older  The average household size was 2 89 and the average family size was 3 22 
In the city, the population was spread out, with 31 7% under the age of 18, 6 6% from 18 to 24, 37 8% from 25 to 44, 17 6% from 45 to 64, and 6 3% who were 65 years of age or older  The median age was 32 years  For every 100 females, there were 99 6 males  For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 93 8 males 
The median income for a household in the city was $51,649, and the median income for a family was $55,731  Males had a median income of $38,448 versus $26,216 for females  The per capita income for the city was $19,890  About 2 3% of families and 3 3% of the population were below the poverty line, including 2 6% of those under age 18 and 9 0% of those age 65 or over 

Government
White house was incorporated under the Mayor and Aldermanic charter in 1971  The town's current mayor is John Corbitt 

Notable People
Mason Jones

Education
Public schools
The city is split into two counties, and therefore has two public school districts 
Sumner County public schools:

Harold B  Williams Elementary School (K-4)
White House Middle School (5-8)
White House High School (9-12)Robertson County public schools:

Robert F  Woodall Elementary School (K-2)
White House Heritage Elementary School (3-6)
White House Heritage High School (7-12)

Private schools
Christian Community Schools (CCS)
Dayspring Academy (DSA)
Passage 3:
Kokomo, Indiana metropolitan area
The Kokomo Metropolitan Statistical Area, as defined by the United States Census Bureau, is an area consisting of Howard county in Indiana, anchored by the city of Kokomo  As of the 2000 census, the MSA had a population of 101,541 (though a July 1, 2009 estimate placed the population at 98,787)  The official 2013 population estimate for the metro area is 82,760 people are in the Kokomo metropolitan area  The MSA formerly included Tipton County, Indiana  Kokomo is also the principal city of the area known as North Central Indiana, the area around Kokomo with economic ties   The six county area including Cass, Clinton, Fulton, Howard, Miami, and Tipton counties had population of 228,331 people in 2010 

Counties
Howard
Tipton (no longer included)

Communities
Incorporated places
Cities
Elwood (partial)
Kokomo (Principal city)
Tipton (no longer included)
Towns
Greentown
Kempton
Russiaville
Sharpsville
Windfall

Census-designated places
Note: All census-designated places are unincorporated 

Indian Heights (annexed to city of Kokomo in 2012)

Unincorporated places
Townships
Howard County
Tipton County
Cicero
Jefferson
Liberty
Madison
Prairie
Wildcat

Demographics
As of the census of 2000, there were 101,541 people, 41,269 households, and 28,307 families residing within the MSA  The racial makeup of the MSA was 91 13% White, 5 50% African American, 0 33% Native American, 0 90% Asian, 0 02% Pacific Islander, 0 76% from other races, and 1 36% from two or more races  Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1 88% of the population 
The median income for a household in the MSA was $46,017, and the median income for a family was $54,566  Males had a median income of $42,938 versus $25,814 for females  The per capita income for the MSA was $21,988 

Combined Statistical Area
The Kokomo–Peru Combined Statistical Area (CSA) is made up of three counties in Indiana  The statistical area includes one metropolitan area and one micropolitan area  As of the 2000 Census, the CSA had a population of 137,623 (though a July 1, 2009 estimate placed the population at 134,788)  A 2013 population estimate placed the combined statistical area at 118,900 however, which again, further leads to the idea that the Kokomo Metropolitan area now only includes Howard County 

Components
Metropolitan Statistical Areas (MSAs)
Kokomo (Howard and Tipton counties)
Micropolitan Statistical Areas (μSA)
Peru (Miami County)

See also
Indiana census statistical areas
Passage 4:
Salt Lake City metropolitan area
The Salt Lake City metropolitan area is the metropolitan area centered on the city of Salt Lake City, Utah  The Office of Management and Budget and the United States Census Bureau currently define the Salt Lake City, Utah Metropolitan Statistical Area as comprising two counties: Salt Lake and Tooele  As of the 2020 census, the MSA had a population of 1,257,936  The Salt Lake City Metropolitan Area and the Ogden-Clearfield Metropolitan Area were a single metropolitan area known as the Salt Lake City-Ogden Metropolitan Area until being separated in 2005 The metropolitan area is part of the Salt Lake City–Provo–Ogden, UT Combined Statistical Area, which also includes the Ogden–Clearfield metropolitan area, the Provo–Orem metropolitan area, and the Heber City, Utah micropolitan area  As of the 2020 census, this CSA had a population of 2,701,129, comprising 82 6 percent of Utah's then 3,271,616 residents 

Counties
Salt Lake
Tooele

Communities
Incorporated places
Unincorporated places
Demographics
As of the census of 2000, there were 968,858 people, 318,150 households, and 231,606 families residing within the MSA  The racial makeup of the MSA was 86 63% White, 1 04% African American, 0 90% Native American, 2 43% Asian, 1 15% Pacific Islander, 5 33% from other races, and 2 53% from two or more races  Hispanic or Latino of any race were 11 71% of the population 
The median income for a household in the MSA was $53,036, and the median income for a family was $59,139  Males had a median income of $40,683 versus $26,302 for females  The per capita income for the MSA was $23,426 

Combined Statistical Area
The Salt Lake City–Provo–Ogden Combined Statistical Area is made up of ten counties in northern Utah  The statistical area includes three metropolitan areas and one micropolitan area 

Metropolitan Statistical Areas (MSAs)
Salt Lake City MSA (Salt Lake and Tooele counties)
Ogden–Clearfield MSA (Box Elder, Davis, Morgan, and Weber counties)
Provo–Orem MSA (Juab and Utah counties)
Micropolitan Statistical Areas (μSAs)
Heber City (Summit and Wasatch counties)

See also
Utah census statistical areas
Wasatch Front
Passage 5:
Mount Kaukau
Mount Kaukau (Māori: [kaʉkaʉ]) is a large hill in the northern suburbs of Wellington, New Zealand near Johnsonville, Khandallah and Ngaio   The summit is 445 metres above sea level and is the most visible high point in the Wellington landscape further accentuated by Wellington's main television transmitter mast, which stands 122m from the summit  The city, harbour and the Remutaka and Tararua Ranges can be seen from the summit  On a clear day Mt  Tapuae-o-Uenuku and the Kaikoura Ranges in the South Island may be seen, whilst northwest is the Porirua Basin and the Tasman Sea 

Name
The hill's original name Tarikākā means 'where the parrots rested' and is shared with the nearby settlement in Ngaio at the base of the mountain  Before the clearing of the native totara forest on the slopes and general area, the native parrot kākā was common through the city  Over a hundred years later today, the population of kākā has begun to regenerate thanks mostly to the efforts at Zealandia, and are becoming a more regular sight throughout the city and in the rejuvenating native forest on the slopes of Mount Kaukau 

Slopes and surrounding area
Much of the eastern 'city side' slopes of Mount Kaukau make up Khandallah Park, which is one of the oldest parks in New Zealand, established in 1888 and then registered as a domain in 1909  Khandallah Park has more than 60 hectares of native forest  Native birds such as the kererū, tūī and New Zealand fantail are common sights when walking through the native forest  Stumps of the old totara trees can also be seen walking through the first lower parts of the forest  In mid 2017 an old bunker off Woodmancote Road, at the base of Mount Kaukau, was rediscovered after it had been sealed off and forgotten many years previously  The bunker in an 'H' shape, had been built for Royal New Zealand Signals Corps in 1942  Due to poor construction the bunker was very leaky and was never used  Mount Kaukau forms part of the Northern Skyline track from Johnsonville to Karori and Makara 

Recreation
Khandallah Park has 9 kilometres of walking tracks allowing access to the peak of Mt Kaukau from Khandallah, Johnsonville, Ngaio and Crofton Downs  Some tracks are also open to mountain biking and e-biking 

Transmitter
The 122-metre Mount Kaukau television transmitter was built in 1965 to transmit television channel WNTV1 offering improved coverage over the channel's previous transmitter at Mount Victoria  Today it is the main television and FM radio transmitter for the Wellington metropolitan area 
In May 2022, Kordia removed the top 18 metres of the aerial, as the section was redundant following the end of analogue television broadcast 

Transmission frequencies
The following table contains television and radio frequencies currently operating at Mount Kaukau:

Former analogue television frequencies
The following frequencies were used until 29 September 2013, when Kaukau switched off analogue broadcasts (see Digital changeover dates in New Zealand) 

Kaukau Challenge
Every year Khandallah School, which is at the base of Mount Kaukau, organises a fun walk / fun run from the school to the summit and back, called the Kaukau Challenge  The Kaukau Challenge has been an annual event since 2006 with about 500 people taking part each year 

Snowfall of 2011
In mid-August 2011, two Wellington men, Nick Fone and Daniel McFadyen claimed to be the first people to ski and snowboard down Mount Kaukau when they took advantage of the unusual weather pattern delivering snow to most parts of the North Island  As Wellington has a temperate climate, snow down to near sea level is extremely rare, happening less often than once every 15 years 
Passage 6:
Traverse City, Michigan
Traverse City ( TRAV-ərs) is a city in the U S  state of Michigan  It is the county seat of Grand Traverse County, although a small portion extends into Leelanau County  It is the largest city in the 21-county Northern Michigan region  The population was 15,678 at the 2020 census, with 153,448 in the four-county Traverse City micropolitan area  Traverse City is also the second-largest city in Michigan north of the Tri-Cities, behind Marquette 
Traverse City is located at the head of the East and West arms of Grand Traverse Bay, a 32-mile-long (51 km) bay of Lake Michigan  Grand Traverse Bay is divided into arms by the 17-mile-long (27 km) Old Mission Peninsula, which is attached at its base to Traverse City  The city borders four townships–East Bay, Elmwood, Garfield, and Peninsula–all of which contain substantial suburban sprawl 

Traverse City is well-known for being a cherry production hotspot, as the area was  the largest producer of tart cherries in the United States in 2010  The city hosts the National Cherry Festival, attracting approximately 500,000 visitors annually  The area is also known for its viticulture industry, and is one of the centers of wine production in the Midwest  The city is home to a redeveloped psychiatric hospital and an active Coast Guard air base  Traverse City is located near the Sleeping Bear Dunes National Lakeshore, as well as a number of freshwater beaches, downhill skiing areas, and numerous forests  For these reasons, Traverse City is a year-round tourism hotspot, winning multiple accolades and awards  Traverse City has also been noted as one of Michigan's top LGBT-friendly locations 

History
19th century
American Indians
The Traverse City area is home to the Ojibwe, Ottawa, and Potawatomi people  They lived through the European colonization and the establishment of the Northwest Territory  These people groups inhabited the area surrounding the Great Lakes, including Michigan  The Traverse City area was known to Natives as gichi-wiikwedoongsing (Ojibwe: 'at the head of the great bay'), which was often anglicized to Wequetong  This settlement was located near the current-day mouth of the Boardman River, then known as adaawewiziibi (Ojibwe: 'river of trade'), however Wequetong was abandoned upon the advent of European settlement to the region 

European-American settlement
After the colonists came in, they discovered the Grand Traverse Bay  The bay earned its name from 18th-century French voyageurs who made la grande traverse, or "the long crossing", across the mouth of bay, from present-day Norwood to Northport  The area was owned by the French, followed by Great Britain as the Province of Quebec  After 1776, the area was owned by the Americans  On the Old Mission Peninsula, Rev  Peter Doughtery established the first permanent settlement in 1839  This was called "Grand Traverse", and is today known as Old Mission In 1847, Captain Horace Boardman of Naperville, Illinois, purchased the land at the mouth of the Boardman River (then known as the Ottawa River) at the head of the west arm of the bay, which at the time was still inhabited by Native Americans  In 1847, the captain, his son, and their employees built a dwelling and sawmill near the mouth of the river  In 1851 the Boardmans sold the sawmill to Hannah, Lay & Co (made up of Perry Hannah, Albert Tracy Lay and James Morgan), who improved the mill greatly  The increased investment in the mill attracted additional settlers to the new community  Perry Hannah today is known as the founding father of Traverse City 
Traverse City was originally part of Omeena County, which was originally set off in 1840 from Michilimackinac County  The county remained unorganized, lacking a central government until 1851, when it was reorganized as Grand Traverse County  The newly designated county government was assigned a county seat at Boardman's Mills, a location in present-day downtown Traverse City 

Further growth
As of 1853, the only operating post office in the Grand Traverse Bay region was the one located at Old Mission, which was then known as "Grand Traverse"  While in Washington, D C  in 1852, Mr  Lay had succeeded in getting the U S  Post Office to authorize a new post office at his newer settlement  As the newer settlement had become known as "Grand Traverse City", after the Grand Traverse Bay, Lay proposed this name for its post office, but the Post Office Department clerk suggested dropping the "Grand" from the name, as to limit confusion between this new office and the one at nearby Old Mission  Mr  Lay agreed to the new, shortened name of "Traverse City" for the post office, and the village took on this name  Also around this time, the first cherry trees were being planted on the Old Mission Peninsula, something the peninsula is widely known for today 

Late 19th century
In December 1872, rail service arrived in Traverse City via a Traverse City Railroad Company spur from the Grand Rapids and Indiana Railroad line at Walton Junction  The railroad tracked along the Boardman River and along Boardman Lake into Traverse City, and ended at a station along the Grand Traverse Bay, at the corner of present-day Grandview Parkway and Park Street  This new line of transportation from Southern Michigan opened up the area to settlement and industrial development  Many more people started flocking to the small community, and in 1881, Traverse City was incorporated as a village  This began the major commercial growth of the town 
In 1890, another rail line was extended to Traverse City, this one from Baldwin via Copemish and Interlochen  This line primarily served lumber companies, such as the Buckley & Douglas Lumber Company, and was used to transport logs from the vast forest of Northwest Michigan to sawmills in Manistee and Traverse City  Two years later, new railroads were extended out of Traverse City  One line was extended along the bay into Leelanau County, and curved south to a preexisting spur at Lake Ann  Another line was extended east into present-day Williamsburg, and to Charlevoix and Petoskey  This railroad was largely to serve tourists 
In 1881, the Northern Michigan Asylum, later the Traverse City State Hospital, was established as the demand for a third psychiatric hospital in Michigan, in addition to those established in Kalamazoo and Pontiac, began to grow  Perry Hannah, by then a prominent Michigan Republican, used his political influence to secure its location in Traverse City  Under the supervision of prominent architect Gordon W  Lloyd, the first building, known as Building 50, was constructed in Victorian-Italianate style according to the Kirkbride Plan  The hospital opened in 1885 with 43 residents  Under Dr  James Decker Munson, the first superintendent from 1885 to 1924, the institution expanded  Twelve housing cottages and two infirmaries were built between 1887 and 1903 to meet the specific needs of male and female patients  The institution became the city's largest employer and contributed to its growth  While the hospital was established for the care of the mentally ill, its use expanded during outbreaks of tuberculosis, typhoid, diphtheria, influenza, and polio  It also cared for the elderly, served as a rehab for drug addicts, and was used to train nurses 
On May 18, 1895, Traverse City was incorporated as a city  Perry Hannah served as the first mayor of Traverse City, after also serving as first and third village president 

20th century
The first National Cherry Festival was held in Traverse City in 1925  It was first called "Blessing of the Blossoms" and held in the spring to attract people during the blooming season  With the exception of the years before and during World War II, this tradition has been carried on since in Traverse City  The legislature moved the date of the festival to the summer, and it attracts tourists from around the state  During the week the festival takes place, the population of Traverse City rises from about 15,000 to about 500,000  In 2004 the legislature added "Blossom Days", again as a spring festival 
Also in 1925, Munson Medical Center opened, and has since grown to serve much of Northern Michigan and serves as one of Traverse City's largest employers In 1929, Traverse City's first airport, Ransom Field, opened, offering flights to Grand Rapids  It closed in 1936, when the new Traverse City Airport (now called Cherry Capital Airport) was opened  In 1953 the grounds of Ransom Field were redeveloped as Memorial Gardens Cemetery 
In 1934, the original Traverse City High School building burnt down, with no casualties  For three years, while the high school was being rebuilt, classes were moved to the Perry Hannah House, the former residence of the city's founder  Classes were moved back to the new school building in September 1937  In 1960, the high school was moved from downtown Traverse City to a new college-style campus on the grounds of Northwestern Michigan College, which opened a few years prior in 1951  The former high school building was converted to Traverse City Junior High  In 1997, the high school split into Traverse City Central and Traverse City West High Schools due to extreme overcrowding at the 1960s building In 1989, the Traverse City State Hospital closed, leaving hundreds without jobs, massive abandoned buildings, and many homeless former patients  Since 2000, the Minervini Group has undertaken the project of renovating the entire property into a social center, including many restaurants, retail spaces, office space, and residential space 

21st century
In 2005, Michigan filmmaker Michael Moore organized the first Traverse City Film Festival in downtown Traverse City  In 2015 and 2016, Traverse City was called the best small town in America by Livability com On November 3, 2015, Traverse City elected Jim Carruthers, its first openly gay mayor  After serving as mayor of Traverse City for 6 years, in June 2021 Jim Carruthers announced he would not run for his 4th mayoral term May 18, 2020, served as the city's 125th anniversary of Traverse City's incorporation as a city in 1895, and was known as the "quarantine quasquicentennial" On June 1, 2020, commissioners of Traverse City approved a plan that would close two blocks of Front Street and return State Street to two-way traffic, until Labor Day of that year  This was enacted in order to prevent crowding in reopening businesses following the COVID-19 pandemic  This followed the cancelation of the 2020 National Cherry Festival and Traverse City Film Festival On November 2, 2020, President Donald Trump and Vice President Mike Pence appeared at a campaign rally at Traverse City's Cherry Capital Airport, the day before the 2020 election In April 2021, a group composed mostly of White students from two Traverse City area school districts held an online mock slave auction via social media app in a private group chat titled "Slave Trade", wherein they traded their Black student peers for monetary amounts while using derogatory language  After the local community was made aware of this event, a coalition of community members and Traverse City Area Public School (TCAPS) Board of Education officials drafted in response a resolution which denounced the behavior  The draft of the resolution itself led to community backlash initiated largely by White conservative parents and community members who regarded the planned resolution to be "   interlaced with critical race theory"  In the aftermath of the backlash, the resolution was edited by TCAPS school board officials  No date for consideration of the revised resolution has been set 

Geography
Topography
Traverse City is a part of the greater Northern Michigan region, located in the northwest of Michigan's Lower Peninsula  The city is the main inland port of Grand Traverse Bay, a long, natural harbor separated from the waters of Lake Michigan by the Leelanau Peninsula  The bay is divided into an East Arm and West Arm by the Old Mission Peninsula, a thin strip of rolling hills and farmland known for its cherry crop and viticulture industry  As Traverse City contains shores on both of Grand Traverse Bay's East and West Arms, one cannot access the Old Mission Peninsula without entering Traverse City 
The Boardman River is a prominent river bisecting Traverse City from south to north  It also snakes through Traverse City's downtown district, effectively forming a peninsula, and dividing it from the Grandview Parkway  The river terminates at the Grand Traverse Bay northeast of downtown Traverse City  The river's 287-square-mile (740 km2) watershed contributes one-third of the water volume to the bay and is one of Michigan's top-ten fisheries, with more than 36 miles (58 km) of its 179 miles (288 km) designated as a Blue Ribbon trout fishery  It is also a state-designated "Natural River"  As of 2023, only one of the five dams constructed on the Boardman River remains 
According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 8 66 square miles (22 43 km2), of which, 8 33 square miles (21 57 km2) of it is land and 0 33 square miles (0 85 km2) is water 
Traverse City is surrounded by a substantial suburban ring, especially within Garfield Township, to its southwest  Garfield Township is the largest municipality in Northern Michigan by population  Other adjacent townships, East Bay, Elmwood, and Peninsula, and nearby Blair and Long Lake townships, boast significant suburban populations dependent upon Traverse City 

Layout and cityscape
Traverse City, like most of Grand Traverse County and many other cities in the United States, is laid out in a grid plan  Major streets run east–west and north–south  
Traverse City's tallest building is the Park Place Hotel (at 10 stories), although recently, many proposals have been made to build taller buildings  One of these was the River West building, which was canceled in 2017 

Neighborhoods
Traverse City is divided into the following neighborhoods:
Base of the Peninsula (BOOM)
Boardman
Central Neighborhood
Downtown
East Bay
Fernwood
Grand Traverse Commons
Hilltop
Kids Creek
Morgan Farms
North Boardman Lake (NoBo)
Oak Park
Oakwood
Old Towne
Slabtown
Traverse Heights
Triangle Neighborhood

City parks
Traverse City is home to the following parks:

Superfund site
Traverse City has one superfund site, according to the Environmental Protection Agency  This is the Avenue E Groundwater Contamination Site  At this location, toxic runoff from the Coast Guard Air Station contaminated the groundwater along Avenue E 

Climate
Traverse City has a warm-summer continental climate (Köppen Dfb) close to being a hot-summer continental climate (Dfa) 
Its location near the 45th parallel is tempered by the strong and moderating effects of Lake Michigan and Grand Traverse Bay, which have a particularly noteworthy effect on the peninsulas that branch north of the city  As a result, they have viticulture and cherry orchards 
Consequently, it generally experiences warm, mild summers and severe winters  Lake Michigan especially, but also Grand Traverse Bay, greatly impact the area's diverse coastal weather patterns, which occasionally consist of sudden and/or large amounts of precipitation during the seasonally active periods  Lake-effect snowfall constitutes a large percentage of the total annual snow accumulation, which averages around 80 inches (203 cm)  Periods of snowfall typically last from November to April, although light snow as late as May or as early as late September sometimes occur 
Traverse City's record high temperature is 105 °F (41 °C), recorded in 1936, and its low temperature is −37 °F (−38 °C), recorded on February 17, 1979 

Demographics
2010 census
As of the census of 2010, there were 14,674 people, 6,675 households, and 3,369 families residing in the city  The population density was 1,761 6 inhabitants per square mile (680 2/km2)  There were 7,358 housing units at an average density of 883 3 per square mile (341 0/km2)  The racial makeup of the city was 94 4% White, 0 7% African American, 1 8% Native American, 0 7% Asian, 0 5% from other races, and 1 9% from two or more races  Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1 9% of the population 
There were 6,675 households, of which 22 3% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 35 6% were married couples living together, 10 9% had a female householder with no husband present, 4 0% had a male householder with no wife present, and 49 5% were non-families  38 4% of all households were made up of individuals, and 13 3% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older  The average household size was 2 08 and the average family size was 2 77 
The median age in the city was 40 8 years  18 2% of residents were under the age of 18; 10 3% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 26 7% were from 25 to 44; 28 3% were from 45 to 64; and 16 7% were 65 years of age or older  The gender makeup of the city was 47 4% male and 52 6% female 

2000 census
As of the census of 2000, there were 14,532 people, 6,443 households, and 3,485 families residing in the city  The population density was 1,728 7 inhabitants per square mile (667 5/km2)  There were 6,842 housing units at an average density of 813 9 per square mile (314 2/km2)  The racial makeup of the city was 96 00% White, 0 65% African American, 0 98% Native American, 0 50% Asian, 0 03% Pacific Islander, 0 48% from other races, and 1 36% from two or more races  Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1 67% of the population 
There were 6,443 households, out of which 24 5% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 39 7% were married couples living together, 11 2% had a female householder with no husband present, and 45 9% were non-families  35 9% of all households were made up of individuals, and 13 7% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older  The average household size was 2 15 and the average family size was 2 82 
In the city, the population was spread out, with 20 3% under the age of 18, 10 8% from 18 to 24, 29 6% from 25 to 44, 24 1% from 45 to 64, and 15 2% who were 65 years of age or older  The median age was 38 years  For every 100 females, there were 90 5 males  For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 87 2 males 
The median income for a household in the city was $37,330, and the median income for a family was $46,912  Males had a median income of $31,587 versus $22,512 for females  The per capita income for the city was $22,247  About 4 8% of families and 8 4% of the population were below the poverty line, including 7 2% of those under age 18 and 7 9% of those age 65 or over 

Religion
Traverse City is part of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Gaylord  It is part of the Episcopal Diocese of Western Michigan and served by Grace Episcopal Church 

Government
Traverse City is a home rule, charter city under the Home Rule Cities Act, incorporated on May 18, 1895  The city is governed by six commissioners and a mayor, elected at-large  Together they compose a seven-member legislative body  The commission appoints a city manager who serves as chief executive for city operations 
As of 2023, the city commission consists of Richard Lewis (mayor), Amy Shamroe (mayor pro tempore), and commissioners Linda Koebert, Mi Stanley, Mitchell Treadwell, Tim Werner, and Mike Wilson  The city clerk of Traverse City is Benjamin Marentette  The office of city manager has been vacant since April 11, 2023, upon the departure of Marty Colburn  Until a replacement is found, duties are held by interim city manager Nate Geinzer Traverse City's current mayor, Richard Lewis, was elected to office in 2021, running unopposed  Lewis previously served as Traverse City city manager, and interim city manager of Evart  Lewis identifies as a moderate Democrat Traverse City is located within Michigan's 1st congressional district, represented by Jack Bergman (R–Watersmeet)  As with the rest of Michigan, it is served by senators Debbie Stabenow and Gary Peters (both Democratic) in the United States Senate  It is represented in the Michigan House of Representatives by Betsy Coffia (D–Traverse City), and is a part of the 103rd district  It is also represented in the Michigan Senate by John Damoose (R–Harbor Springs) and is a part of the 37th senate district 

Education
Public schools
The public school district serving Traverse City is Traverse City Area Public Schools  This district includes 10 elementary schools serving grades Pre-K through 5, two middle schools serving grades 6 through 8, and two high schools serving grades 9 through 12: Traverse City Central and Traverse City West  In addition, the district includes an alternative high school (Traverse City High School) and a montessori elementary school 
Traverse City offers a handful of charter schools, including the Woodland School, the Old Mission Peninsula School, and Grand Traverse Academy Vocational career training is offered to high school students within the Traverse Bay Area Intermediate School District at the TBAISD Career Tech Center (CTC), located within just outside Traverse City  Students are bussed to and from their respective high schools to the Career Tech Center daily, and are eligible to receive credit for each  Courses include:
Agriscience
Arts & Communication
Business Management, Marketing & Technology
Engineering/Manufacturing & Industrial Technology
Health Services
Human Services

Private schools
Traverse City offers a number of private schools Just outside Traverse City sits the Children's House, an independent montessori school  The Pathfinder School is another independent school near Greilickville 

Religious schools
Traverse City contains a number of private religious schools
The Grand Traverse Area Catholic Schools district (GTACS) offers students of the area a catholic education, with high school students attending St  Francis High School  Another school is the Traverse City Christian School, offering non-denominational Christian education to Traverse City students  The Trinity Lutheran School offers a lutheran education to K-8 students in Traverse City  Other smaller religious schools include the Traverse Bay Mennonite School and the Traverse City Adventist School 

Higher education
Traverse City is home to Northwestern Michigan College, a two-year community college  Its annual enrollment is around 5,100  One of its campuses is at the Cherry Capital Airport, and offers aviation and auto service classes  Another campus is at the Hagerty Center on Grand Traverse Bay, which is home to Great Lakes Maritime Academy, Great Lakes Culinary Institute, Great Lakes Water Studies Institute, and the Hagerty Conference Center 

Libraries
Traverse City is served by the Traverse Area District Library, which has six branch libraries in Grand Traverse County 

Media
Print
The Traverse City Record-Eagle is one of northwest lower Michigan's daily newspapers  It is circulated in the 13 counties surrounding the city  In December 2006 it was sold by Ottaway Newspapers Inc , the community newspaper subsidiary of Dow Jones & Company to Community Newspaper Holdings, Inc  (CNHI)  It is the newspaper of record for Grand Traverse County  Daily editions of the Detroit Free Press, The Detroit News, and The Grand Rapids Press also are available on news stands throughout the region  Other local publications have included Traverse (a monthly regional magazine), NM3 Magazine (a local lifestyle and entertainment publication, no longer published), Grand Traverse Insider (a local weekly community newspaper), Northern Express Weekly, Traverse City Business News, Edible Grande Traverse magazine dedicated to the food, farms and chefs of the area, and Grand Traverse Woman Magazine 
At least seven national magazines were published in Traverse City, including Thirdeye Magazine  Village Press is based in Traverse City; it publishes the Home Shop Machinist, Live Steam and Outdoor Railroading, Machinists' Workshop, Just Labs, Pointing Dog Journal, Retriever Journal and Twin and Turbine magazines 
Traverse City is also the home of Arbutus Press, one of the leading Michigan publishers for regional non-fiction  The company has published many books including four books selected by the Library of Michigan as Michigan Notable Books: Historic Cottages of Mackinac Island (awarded in 2002), Asylum for the Insane: History of Kalamazoo State Hospital (awarded in 2009), Vintage Views Along the West Michigan Pike (awarded in 2012), and Fishtown (awarded in 2013) 

Television
Traverse City is the largest city in the Traverse City–Cadillac–Sault Ste  Marie designated market area, the largest television market in area east of the Mississippi River  Accordingly, most stations in this region are broadcast simultaneously on widely spaced transmitters on separate channels, with no difference in their feeds besides FCC-mandated station identification 
Traverse City has two television stations licensed directly to the city:

Channel 7: WPBN-TV "TV 7&4" (NBC) (simulcast on channel 4, Cheboygan)
Channel 29: WGTU "ABC 29&8" (ABC) (simulcast on channel 8, Goetzville)Additionally, WFQX operates a CW Plus station on its second digital subchannel and Northern Michigan cable television systems, branded as “The CW Northern Michigan; prior to 2018 the station was owned by WGTU and was broadcast on their second digital subchannel 
Stations licensed to nearby Cadillac are considered local to Traverse City:

Channel 9: WWTV "9&10 News" (CBS) (simulcast on channel 10, Raber Township, Michigan in the eastern Upper Peninsula)
Channel 27: WCMV (PBS)
Channel 32: WFQX-TV "Local 32" (Fox) (simulcast on channel 45, Vanderbilt)Fox's sister network, MyNetworkTV, did not have an affiliate in the market when it launched back in September 2006  This changed in 2008 when WLLZ-LP channel 12 (now WXII-LD) added the network 
Cable television service is provided within Traverse City and many outlying communities by Charter Spectrum  Public-access television cable TV programming is provided on channel 189 

Radio
Traverse City is the home of Northern Michigan talk radio station WTCM News/Talk 580 AM  Other talk stations available in the Traverse City area include WJML, WMKT, WSRT, and WLDR  AM 1310 ESPN Radio (operated by WCCW) broadcasts national ESPN content along with Detroit Pistons, Tigers, Red Wings and Lions games  MSU Football and Basketball can also be heard on 1310 
There are 16  commercial radio stations in a variety of radio formats  WKLT-97 5/98 9-FM is the area's longest serving rock station, known for its show Lunch at the Leetsville Cafe with Terri Ray, and the iconic Giant Red Radio party trailer  WNMC 90 7 FM is a community public radio station that is committed to a wide variety of musical genres and local events, with a broadcast focus on jazz, blues, and world music 
Traverse City has three religious radio stations: W201CM (a translator at 88 1) and WLJN AM/FM 89 9 FM and 1400 AM  In 2014 WLJN added another frequency at 95 9 playing contemporary Christian music 24 hours a day 
Interlochen Center for the Arts broadcasts the NPR member station dubbed Interlochen Public Radio  It serves a large portion of Northwest Lower Michigan via two stations:
88 7 is music and 91 5 is talk 
WLDR was for 10 years Sunny Country 101 9 until October 22, 2014, when the station switched back to an adult contemporary format  The station went on the air in 1966 with owner Roderick Maxson serving the Grand Traverse area and surrounding counties  They were the first to broadcast in HD radio in Michigan  They have been the sponsor for several major events in Traverse City, including The Beach Bum Games, Horses by the Bay, the Make-A-Wish Motorcycle Tour, and the Traverse City Easter Egg Hunt 

Culture
Most of Traverse City's economy is based on tourism  As part of the 2011 tourism advertising campaign the Traverse City Visitors Bureau, Traverse City Cherry Capital Airport and local businesses sponsored a video to be played on all Delta flights to and from Cherry Capital Airport in the month of June 2011  The National Cherry Festival, usually in the first week of July, tends to host hundreds of thousands of tourists and locals to the area at the end of July  It has become a focal point within the craft brewing trend  In November Beer Week is celebrated, with tours of breweries including samplings of craft brews, dinners and workshops The National Cherry Festival, held during the first full week of July every year, is a draw for tourists to Traverse City  The festival features parades, fireworks, an air show, election of festival royalty, live music, a pie-eating contest and cherries  It is estimated that the Grand Traverse region produces up to 360,000,000 pounds (163,000,000 kg) of cherries annually  The largest variety of cherry produced locally is the Montmorency cherry, or the "pie cherry"  Other cherries grown in the region include the Ulster, or sweet cherry, and the Balaton (from Lake Balaton in Hungary), a cherry situated between the Montmorency and Ulster in terms of color and taste 
The Traverse City Film Festival, held at the end of July and beginning of August every year from 2005 to 2019, was another draw for tourists and film buffs to Traverse City  The festival was started by Michael Moore, Doug Stanton and John Robert Williams as a way to bring more culture into the area via cinema 
The locale and topography is conducive for road bicycling, aided by the TART trail system  A map with routes, different trips, advice and local knowledge is available  Lake Michigan presents a location for sailing, fishing, and kayaking The Traverse City State Park, with about 250 campsites, is located three miles (4 8 km) east of downtown on 47 acres (19 ha) including a quarter mile beach on the East Bay arm of Grand Traverse Bay 
The Boardman River Nature Center is the interpretive center and management headquarters for the Grand Traverse Natural Education Reserve, a 505-acre local park and natural area 

The sandy soil is conducive to viticulture, and there are over 50 wineries in the Traverse City area  Most offer free wine tasting  Traverse City is located at the base of the Old Mission Peninsula wine region 

Performing arts and exhibits
The City Opera House, located in downtown Traverse City features plays, movies, and other performances 
The Traverse Symphony Orchestra (TSO), founded in 1952 by community leader Elnora Milliken as the Northwestern Michigan Symphony Orchestra, has grown from a small group of volunteer musicians to a paid professional orchestra of 60 contracted members  There was a connection over the years with Interlochen Center for the Arts, providing a core of musicians and conductors from among faculty and students  Until 1985 it was known as the Northwestern Michigan Symphony Orchestra The Dennos Museum Center, located on the campus of Northwestern Michigan College, is home to a collection of Inuit art including sculpture, drawing and prints  The center is also home to an interactive gallery, as well as various ongoing exhibitions in their large exhibition space  The museum expanded in 2017 and added two new wings of galleries to display art from its permanent collection (both of Inuit art and non-Inuit art) 

Historical markers
There are eleven recognized Michigan historical markers in the Traverse City area  They are:

Bingham District No  5 Schoolhouse
City Opera House
Congregation Beth El
Grand Traverse Bay
Grand Traverse County Courthouse
Great Lakes Sport Fishery
Ladies Library Association
Novotny's Saloon
Park Place Hotel
Perry Hannah House
Traverse City State Hospital

Viticulture
Traverse City was named by USA Today among the Top Ten Places for Local Wine  There are nine wineries on the Old Mission Peninsula and 21 wineries on the Leelanau Peninsula, both just a few minutes drive from downtown Traverse City  Both peninsulas sit close to the 45th parallel, a latitude known for growing grapes  The two arms of Grand Traverse Bay provide a maritime climate  Northern Michigan specializes in growing white grapes and is known for its Rieslings which grow well in the summer months and late fall which Traverse City is known for  Every October the wineries host a harvest fest  Some Riesling grapes are spared being picked in the fall to be picked when they freeze, from which ice wine is made  The wineries along the Old Mission Peninsula are Black Star Farms, 2 Lads Winery, Bowers Harbor Vineyards, Brys Estate Vineyard & Winery, Chateau Chantal Winery And Inn, Chateau Grand Traverse, Bonobo Winery, Mari Vineyards, and Peninsula Cellars  The wineries along the Leelanau Peninsula are Black Star Farms, Leelenau Cellars, Silver Leaf Vineyard and Winery, Gill's Pier Vineyard and Winery, Raftshol Vineyards, Circa Estate Winery, Forty-Five North Vineyard and Winery, Good Harbor Vineyards, Chateau Fontaine, Boskydel Vineyards, L  Mawby Vineyards, Ciccone Vineyard and Winery, Willow Vineyards, Chateau de Leelanau Vineyard and Winery, Shady Lane Cellars, Cherry Republic Winery, Longview Winery, Boathouse Winery, Verterra, Brengman Brothers, Bel Lago Winery, and Rove Estate Vineyard and Winery 

Sports
Traverse City is home to many public sporting facilities  These include the Grand Traverse County Civic Center, which is a large sports complex in the heart of the city, housing seven baseball/softball fields, a skatepark, a mile-long walk trail, an amphitheater, sledding hill, pavilion, playground, an indoor pool, and an indoor hockey rink  Other complexes include the Grand Traverse Bay YMCA, four complexes that offer public swimming, soccer, and tennis  The Huntington Rink indoor arena is used primarily for ice hockey, and is the home of the Traverse City North Stars hockey team  Many of the city parks in Traverse City also offer volleyball, soccer, and basketball 

During their annual offseason, the Detroit Red Wings of the National Hockey League hold their training camp at Traverse City's Centre Ice Arena  In addition to training camp every September, the Red Wings host an NHL Prospect Tournament, consisting of prospects of participating teams around the league  In 2021, the Traverse City Prospect Tournament consisted of players from the Detroit Red Wings, Toronto Maple Leafs, Columbus Blue Jackets, Dallas Stars, and St  Louis Blues  The Red Wings' influence in Traverse City goes beyond training camp, however; multiple former Red Wings have lived in Traverse City, including Dallas Drake and the legendary Gordie Howe  For this reason, Traverse City is often referred to as Hockeytown North, in reference to Detroit's popular nickname, Hockeytown 

Economy
Traverse City is home to a number of local businesses including Hagerty Insurance Agency and Munson Medical Center  There is a significant manufacturing presence, as well  In recent years, the city has developed a growing technology industry, with numerous tech start-ups, a startup incubator, podcasts, and breweries  Traverse City and its micropolitan area are known for their small business, which bring in a multitude of people during the summer months 

Traverse City's central business district is located along Front Street downtown  Another major shopping district is on US 31 southwest of town, where several big box stores are located, as well as a shopping malls, the Grand Traverse Mall, anchored by Target, JCPenney, Macy's  The Buffalo Ridge Shopping Center is also on US 31 about a mile northwest of the Grand Traverse Mall  Another mall, the Cherryland Center, is located on Garfield Avenue on the south end of town; this mall features Big Lots  Two Meijer stores, one Walmart, one Sam's Club, one Costco, one Target, one Menards, and a multitude of local grocery store chains offer grocery and other options to big-box shopping 

Transportation
Airports
With a new terminal completed in 2004, Cherry Capital Airport provides regularly scheduled passenger airline service to Chicago and Detroit, with seasonal flights to Dallas-Fort Worth, Minneapolis-Saint Paul, Atlanta, New York City, Denver, Boston, Mesa, Ponte Vedra, St  Petersburg, Orlando, and Newark  It is the fourth largest airport in Michigan  Around the area, there are smaller nearby paved and unpaved airports 

Ships and boats
Adjacent to the airport is Coast Guard Air Station Traverse City, responsible for both maritime and land-based search and rescue operations in the northern Great Lakes region  On April 7, 2010, the USCG designated Traverse City a Coast Guard City  Traverse City is the second city in Michigan and tenth in the country to receive this honor 
Located in the harbor of the Great Lakes Maritime Academy is the T/S State of Michigan, a 224-foot (68 m) former Navy submarine surveillance vessel  The vessel is used as a classroom and laboratory while cadets of the academy are underway and shore side 
A tall ship, the schooner Manitou is berthed at Traverse City, and offers passages to the public 
Near Traverse City, there are two other tall ships, the schooner Madeline and the 55-foot-long (17 m) replica of the sloop Welcome, an 18th-century British warship sloop, which was built for the 1976 Bicentennial of the American Revolution  They are the only two boats recognized by the State of Michigan for their historic significance  From May through October, trained volunteers conduct tours (when in port), and give a history of the boats and Great Lakes sailing  The Madeline is berthed at Elmwood Township "Coal Dock" (Heritage Harbor), West Bayshore, just south of the Elmwood Township Marina Both are maintained by the Maritime Heritage Alliance 
The Nauti-Cat, a 43-passenger catamaran books passages on Grand Traverse bay  The Nauti-Cat is the largest commercial sailing catamaran on the Great Lakes at 47 feet (14 m) long, 29 feet (8 8 m) wide and has a 63-foot (19 m) mast  They offer cruises seven days a week, four times a day 

Buses
The area is served by Indian Trails Bus service, an intercity bus system that connects to St  Ignace to the north and to Grand Rapids and Kalamazoo to the south  The bus station is located at 107 Hall Street with connection to the BATA transfer station 
Traverse City also has a public transportation system, the Bay Area Transportation Authority (BATA) which serves most of the Grand Traverse and Leelanau region  With link services and a fixed route bus service, called the Loops, serves Traverse City and the urbanized areas of Garfield Township  BATA put into service its first hybrid bus in December 2005  BATA's downtown bus transfer terminal on Hall Street opened July 21, 2006  The terminal is used to transfer riders to different buses on different routes 

Major highways
US 31 is a major north–south highway, and serves as the primary thoroughfare through Traverse City  US 31 enters Michigan from Indiana, and runs through communities such as Benton Harbor, Holland, Grand Haven, Muskegon, Ludington, Manistee, Charlevoix, and Petoskey  Throughout its route, US 31 parallels the coast of Lake Michigan 
 M-22 is a scenic highway that parallels the shore of Grand Traverse Bay and Lake Michigan  The highway begins at an intersection in Traverse City, and runs north through Greilickville and Suttons Bay, before turning back south along Lake Michigan, through communities such as Leland, Glen Arbor, Empire, Frankfort, and Onekama, before ending at US 31 near Manistee 
 M-37 is a north–south highway  Largely following the route of US 31 in Traverse City, M-37 exits to the north, running about 18 miles (29 km) up the Old Mission Peninsula before terminating at a cul-de-sac near the Mission Point Lighthouse  South of Traverse City, M-37 runs through communities such as Mesick, Baldwin, Grand Rapids, Hastings, and Battle Creek 
 M-72 is an east–west highway that traverses the width of the Lower Peninsula  Beginning at M-22 in Empire, M-72 follows the Grandview Parkway in Traverse City, and continues east toward communities such as Kalkaska, Grayling, Mio, and Harrisville on Lake Huron 

Railroads
The Great Lakes Central Railroad (GLCR) provides freight rail service to the Traverse City area on track owned by the state of Michigan  The tracks were once owned by the Chesapeake and Ohio Railway (ex-Pere Marquette Railway) and the Pennsylvania Railroad (ex-Grand Rapids and Indiana Railroad) but were purchased by the state in the late 1970s and early 1980s to preserve rail service in the area  Current freight traffic includes fruit/perishables, scrap metal, and lumber 
On February 20, 1982, the Chesapeake and Ohio Railway stopped using the line after the last long train serve Traverse City  Then the railroad was dismantled next year from Manistee to Grawn and from Williamsburg to Charlevoix Since then, excursion passengers trains have operated in and out of Traverse City on an irregular basis  Recently, Lake Central Rail Tours has operated a summer excursion during the Cherry Festival until 2008  On May 11, 1996, the Grand Traverse Dinner Train began year round service from the Traverse City depot to Williamsburg and to Walton Junction  Dinner train service was suspended in 2004 after a contract dispute with the Tuscola and Saginaw Bay Railway and additional difficulties  The train itself was removed to Owosso in mid-July 2006  However, in 2015 a study was started by the Michigan Department of Transportation, and passenger rail is gaining interest 

Sister city
Traverse City has one sister city:
 Tsuchiyama (Koka), Shiga (Japan) 

Notable people
See also
Cherry production in Michigan
Former Traverse City State Hospital, historical Kirkbride Building
Munson Medical Center, regional medical referral center serving patients from 32 counties in Northern Michigan and the Upper Peninsula
Watershed Center Grand Traverse Bay

Notes



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