prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: A wide receiver for the Toronto Argonauts played college football for a team that represents the University of Oklahoma, which belongs to what conference?

The following are given passages.
Context 1: Passage 1:
Chad Plummer
Chad J  Plummer (born November 30, 1975) is a former American and Canadian football wide receiver in the National Football League (NFL) and Canadian Football League (CFL)  He was drafted by the Denver Broncos in the sixth round of the 1999 NFL Draft  He also played for the Indianapolis Colts, Toronto Argonauts, Winnipeg Blue Bombers and Hamilton Tiger-Cats  He played college football at Cincinnati as a quarterback and wide receiver  He was the MVP of the 1997 Humanitarian Bowl 
Passage 2:
Mike Eben
Michael Eben (born January 29, 1946) is a former wide receiver who played ten seasons in the Canadian Football League, mainly for the Toronto Argonauts  Eben also played for the Hamilton Tiger-Cats, Ottawa Rough Riders and Edmonton Eskimos  Eben was initially drafted by the BC Lions in 1968 as the first overall draft pick in the CFL draft  Eben played college football at the University of Toronto and won the Hec Crighton Trophy in 1967 as the most outstanding Canadian university player  While playing professional football he earned his doctorate in German literature from the University of Toronto 
He taught at Upper Canada College for 22 years  Eben taught French at Sterling Hall School, an independent school in Toronto, Canada following his retirement from UCC  He now consults at various schools in the Toronto area  Married with two children, Eben has been doing voice over work and narration for radio and television for more than fifteen years  He has done numerous commercials, sports promotions and recently was a German translator on the 10 part series "The Greatest Tank Battles" featured on The History Channel 

External links
MIKE EBEN (1968-69, 71-77)
Passage 3:
Arland Bruce III
Arland Richard Bruce III (born November 23, 1977) is a former Canadian football wide receiver  He is a two-time Grey Cup champion, having won in 2004 with the Toronto Argonauts and in 2011 with the Lions  He has played 10 seasons in the CFL with the Winnipeg Blue Bombers, Toronto Argonauts, Hamilton Tiger-Cats and BC Lions  During the 2011 season, he became the 14th CFL receiver to record over 10,000 yards receiving in a career 

High school career
Bruce attended Olathe North High School in Olathe, Kansas, and was a letterman in football  As a senior, he was a BlueChip Illustrated Top-100 pick, the Kansas State Player of the Year, and finished the year with 1,696 rushing yards   Bruce finished his high school career with more than 3,000 rushing yards and 50 touchdowns 

Junior college career
Bruce then attended Hutchinson Community College in Hutchinson, Kansas  As a freshman, he was named a First-team All-American selection and rushed for over 1,000 yards  During his sophomore season, he ran for 997 yards and 10 touchdowns and was named a Second-team All-American selection 

NCAA Division I-A career
Bruce played college football for the University of Minnesota   As a senior, he helped lead his team to an 8–3 record and a Sun Bowl berth 

Professional career
Kansas City Chiefs
On April 19, 2000, Bruce was signed by the Kansas City Chiefs only to be cut by the team later on 

Winnipeg Blue Bombers
On May 1, 2001, Bruce joined the CFL's Winnipeg Blue Bombers where he got his first opportunity as a professional to receive significant playing time, playing in all 18 regular season games   In his rookie season, Bruce had 818 receiving yards with 7 touchdowns   His team went on to play in the Grey Cup championship, only to lose to the Calgary Stampeders 
In 2002, Bruce surpassed the 1000 yard receiving mark by amassing 1062 receiving yards with 12 touchdowns in 17 games 

San Francisco 49ers
In 2003, Bruce returned to the U S  to try his luck once more with the NFL   On March 3 of that year, he signed with the San Francisco 49ers where he spent much of his playing time on special teams 

Toronto Argonauts
In 2004, after being released by the 49ers following their training camp, Bruce returned to the CFL with the Toronto Argonauts, signing with them on September 3, more than halfway through the CFL season and just shortly before their Labour Day Classic game against the Hamilton Tiger-Cats in which he played   For the remaining seven games in the regular season, Bruce had 247 receiving yards with just one touchdown   In addition to playing receiver, Bruce also served as one of two kick returners on the team alongside incumbent Bashir Levingston   In that role, Bruce returned two kick returns for touchdowns that season   In the East Division final, Bruce led all receivers with 12 receptions for 101 yards, and returned a kickoff 97 yards for a touchdown in the first quarter, helping the Argonauts advance to the Grey Cup championship that year   In the big game, the kick returning threat of both Bruce & Levingston induced the opposing BC Lions to punt the ball out of bounds for much of the game to neutralize the threat   In addition, Bruce was once again a go to receiver amassing 79 yards on 5 receptions   Bruce and the Argos went on to win the Grey Cup 

In 2005, Bruce established himself as the Argonauts top receiver with 1205 receiving yards and 11 touchdowns   In that same year, Bruce was named an East division all-star marking the first time in his CFL career he had ever been named to an all-star team 
In 2008, after acquiring a touchdown against the Hamilton Tiger-Cats, Bruce was fined an undisclosed amount by the CFL for donning a Spider-Man mask during his touchdown celebration In 2009, he received two objectionable conduct penalties and an undisclosed fine from the CFL for a touchdown celebration against the Tiger-Cats on July 1, in which he removed his helmet, jersey, and shoulder pads, and laid down in the end zone in what he said was a tribute to the recently deceased pop star, Michael Jackson  The Argonauts publicly supported the fine and disciplined Bruce additionally and he apologized to teammates at a team meeting the following day  Head coach Bart Andrus took some responsibility on himself, however, noting that, "I made the mistake of telling him in camp that once he got to the end zone I didn't care what he did but he's straight with it now and I think next time around he will celebrate in an appropriate manner "

Hamilton Tiger-Cats
On July 29, 2009, Bruce was traded to the Hamilton Tiger-Cats in exchange for the rights to Corey Mace, a third round pick in the 2010 CFL Draft, and a conditional third round pick in the 2011 CFL Draft a week after a dispute with coach Andrus became public and Bruce was left home for the Week 4 game in Winnipeg In July 2011, Bruce declared his intention to change his name to "Runako Reth" 

BC Lions
On August 3, 2011, Bruce was traded to the BC Lions in exchange for a third-round draft pick in the 2012 CFL Draft and an additional conditional draft pick in the 2013 CFL Draft  Bruce had a productive season with the Lions, recording 49 catches for 755 yards and eight touchdowns in 12 games  In the 99th Grey Cup game against the Winnipeg Blue Bombers, he had 73 yards receiving and a touchdown and won his second championship  During the following off-season, he signed a contract extension with the Lions  On January 18, 2013, Bruce was released by the BC Lions 

Montreal Alouettes
On January 21, 2013, Bruce signed with the Montreal Alouettes of the Canadian Football League  Arland Bruce had a respectable 2013 season with the Alouettes  He contributed 64 pass receptions, his most since 2010, for 851 yards with 5 touchdowns  In February 2014, Bruce was fined an undisclosed amount by the CFL following his Instagram post in which he told openly gay NFL prospect Michael Sam to, "get on his knees and submit to God fully"  Bruce was released by the Alouettes in late February  Bruce's high salary along with the belief that new head coach Tom Higgins would start two Canadian wide receivers were cited as the reasons for his dismissal 

Statistics
Personal life
His parents are Yolanda Bruce and Arland Richard Bruce Jr  Bruce was married to Linda Bruce, their children include three sons named Arland Bruce IV, Aiden Bruce, and Akobi Bruce  He has two sisters Denise (Kansas) and Kama (California) and one brother Bryson (North Carolina)  Bruce is the cousin of former NFL wide receiver Isaac Bruce 
Passage 4:
Oklahoma Sooners football
The Oklahoma Sooners football program is a college football team that represents the University of Oklahoma (variously "Oklahoma" or "OU")  The team is a member of the Big 12 Conference, which is in Division I Football Bowl Subdivision (formerly Division I-A) of the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA)  The program began in 1895 and is one of the most successful in history, having won 934 games and possessing a  725 winning percentage, both sixth all time  As of the end of the 2022 season, Oklahoma has appeared in the AP poll 882 times, including 101 No  1 rankings, both third all time 
The program claims seven national championships, 50 conference championships, 167 first-team All-Americans (82 consensus), and seven Heisman Trophy winners  In addition, the school has had 29 former players and coaches inducted into the College Football Hall of Fame and holds the record for the longest winning streak in Division I history with 47 straight victories  Oklahoma is also the only program with which four coaches have won more than 100 games each The Sooners play their home games at Gaylord Family Oklahoma Memorial Stadium in Norman, Oklahoma  Brent Venables is the head coach and has served since 2022 
On July 26, 2021, while showing interest in joining the Southeastern Conference (SEC), the University of Oklahoma and the University of Texas sent a joint letter of intent to the Big 12 Conference stating that they do not intend to extend their media rights contracts with the conference, which are set to expire after the 2024 season  In February 2023, the Big 12 announced that the schools had negotiated a combined $100 million early termination fee in order to leave for the SEC in 2024, prior to the expiration of the media rights deals and a year earlier than initially intended 

History
Early history (1895–1904)
The first football game in the university's history was played on December 14, 1895, 12 years before Oklahoma became a state  The team was organized by John A  Harts, a student from Winfield, Kansas who had played the game in his home state  Oklahoma was shut out 34–0 by a more experienced team from the Oklahoma City High School in what was the Sooners' only game that season  Oklahoma failed to record a first down throughout the entire game, which was played on a field of low prairie grass just Northwest of the current site of Holmberg Hall  Several members of the Oklahoma team were injured, including Harts; by the end of the game, the Oklahoma team was borrowing members from the opposing squad so they would have a full lineup  After that year, Harts left Oklahoma to become a gold prospector 

After playing two games without a coach in 1896, a professor named Vernon Louis Parrington became head coach in 1897  Parrington had played football at Harvard and was more exposed to the game, having come from the East Coast  In his four years as head coach, Parrington's teams recorded nine wins, two losses, and one tie  After the 1900 season, football began interfering with Parrington's teaching, and he stepped down as head coach  He would go on to win the Pulitzer Prize for History in 1928 at the University of Washington The Sooners had three more coaches over the next four seasons, beginning with Fred Roberts, who led the Sooners to a 3–2 record in 1901  Mark McMahon followed, finishing 11–7–3 in his two years as coach in 1902 and 1903  Fred Ewing followed McMahon, achieving a 4–3–1 record in 1904  The 1904 season marked the first game between Oklahoma and in-state rival Oklahoma A&M  The game was played on November 6 at Mineral Wells Park in Guthrie, Oklahoma, with Oklahoma winning 75–0  The game was the first football matchup in the Bedlam Series, the athletic rivalry between the University of Oklahoma and Oklahoma State University 

Bennie Owen era (1905–1926)
After a decade of football, the program acquired its first long-term head coach in Bennie Owen, a former quarterback of the undefeated 1899 Kansas Jayhawks team led by coach Fielding H  Yost  Owen had previously coached under Yost at Michigan, and his Bethany College teams had defeated Oklahoma in 1903 and 1904 

Owen's first two years at Oklahoma were spent between Norman and Arkansas City since Oklahoma lacked a large enough budget to employ him all year  As a result of these budgetary limitations, Owen would occasionally schedule up to three road games in a single short trip, exhausting his players in the process  However, even early in his tenure, Owen's teams found success  In 1905, Oklahoma won its first victory over rival Texas, winning the eighth meeting between the two schools by a 2–0 margin  In 1908, the Sooners went 8–1–1, losing only to the undefeated Kansas Jayhawks  Owen's 1908 team relied on hand-offs to large runners, as the forward pass was just becoming common  In contrast, his 1911 team had several small and fast players that the quarterback would pass to directly  That team finished 8–0 Oklahoma had undefeated seasons in 1915 and 1918  In 1920, the Sooners moved to the Missouri Valley Intercollegiate Athletic Association after three seasons in the Southwest Conference, of which it was a founding member  In the new conference, they went 6–0–1, tying only Kansas State  Owen retired after the 1926 season  During his 22-year career at Oklahoma, he went 122–54–16 ( 677), won three conference championships, and achieved four undefeated seasons  In 1951, the inaugural year of the College Football Hall of Fame, he became Oklahoma's first inductee 

Between Owen and Wilkinson (1927–1946)
In 1927, Adrian Lindsey became Oklahoma's first new head coach in over two decades  Like Owen, Lindsey had played football at Kansas and been the head coach at Bethany College prior to his arrival in Norman  However, he was unable to achieve Owen's success, resigning quietly after a five-year tenure  The Sooners achieved a notable win in 1930, defeating Nebraska 20–7 in the Cornhuskers' worst in-conference loss in two decades  Despite this achievement, Lindsey finished an inconsistent stint in Norman with a 19–19–6 record Following Lindsey's resignation, Owen, who had remained Oklahoma's athletic director after his retirement from coaching, hired Vanderbilt backfield coach Lewie Hardage as head coach  Upon his hire, Hardage emphasized speed by fabricating new lighter uniforms and trimming the grass on Owen Field  However, in three seasons he failed to produce a successful team  His final record at Oklahoma was 11–12–4, making him the first coach in program history with a losing record aside from John A  Harts, who only coached a single game 

Although the next head coach, Lawrence "Biff" Jones, went an unspectacular 9–6–3 across two seasons, his impact on the athletic department's administration and finances was significant  Jones was inducted into the College Football Hall of Fame in 1954 following a career that also included coaching stints at Army, LSU, and Nebraska  After his departure from Norman, assistant coach Tom Stidham became head coach  In 1938, Stidham led the team to a 10–1 record, a fourth-place finish in the final AP poll, and the first bowl game in school history, a 17–0 Orange Bowl loss to undefeated Tennessee  Although Stidham's other teams would not be as successful, he left Oklahoma after four seasons with a  750 winning percentage, the highest of any coach since Vernon Louis Parrington ( 792) Stidham left for Marquette in 1941, and assistant coach Dewey "Snorter" Luster succeeded him  After Luster's first season, a 6–3 campaign, with the United States having entered World War II, many players left the team to join the military  The Sooners regressed to a 3–5–2 record in 1942 but rebounded to finish 7–2 in 1943 and 6–3–1 in 1944  Luster stepped down after the 1945 season due to ill health  He attained a 27–18–3 record in five seasons at Oklahoma, and his teams never finished below second place in the Big Six  However, despite two conference championships, the Sooners were not invited to a bowl game during Luster's tenure After Luster's resignation, several candidates were interviewed for the head coaching job, among them North Carolina native Jim Tatum  Tatum was joined at his interview by his assistant, Bud Wilkinson, with whom athletic director Lawrence Haskell was more impressed  However, it was decided that usurping Tatum and giving the job to Wilkinson would be unethical  Tatum was hired as head coach, with Wilkinson joining the staff as an assistant, over several other coaches, including Bear Bryant  The 1946 season saw the Sooners finish 8–3, including a 73–12 Bedlam Series win and a victory over NC State in the Gator Bowl  Tatum left Oklahoma after one season to accept the head coach position at Maryland 

Bud Wilkinson era (1947–1963)
Following Tatum's departure, Bud Wilkinson was promoted to head coach 
In his first season, the Sooners went 7–2–1 and shared the conference title with Kansas for the second year in a row  Over the next two years, Oklahoma lost only a single game and went undefeated in conference play, winning two straight Sugar Bowls  In 1949, despite going undefeated and winning the Sugar Bowl, the Sooners were not awarded the national championship, which went to the Notre Dame Fighting Irish, though they did not play in a bowl game  At the time, however, most major championship selectors, including the AP and Coaches Polls, did not consider bowl game results when deciding their champion In 1950, Wilkinson guided the Sooners to their first national championship, though they lost the Sugar Bowl to Bear Bryant's Kentucky team  That loss was the Sooners' first since a season-opening defeat to Santa Clara in 1948, 31 games earlier  The team's success began to influence the culture of football at the university  "People talk a lot about the tradition of football at Oklahoma  The person who started that tradition was Bud Wilkinson," Oklahoma native and Hall of Fame wide receiver Steve Largent later said  In 1951, while seeking funding to improve the school, university president George Lynn Cross told the Oklahoma legislature that he "would like to build a university of which the football team would be proud "In 1952, Oklahoma had its first Heisman Trophy winner in halfback Billy Vessels, a local player from Cleveland, Oklahoma  Vessels became the first thousand-yard rusher to win the Heisman and scored 18 touchdowns for the Sooners, who finished 8–1–1, their only loss coming on the road to Notre Dame  The 1953 team would open the season with a loss to the Fighting Irish and a tie with Pitt 

47-game winning streak
The Sooners went undefeated for the remainder of the 1953 season, culminating in an Orange Bowl victory over national champions Maryland, coached by Jim Tatum  They went 10–0 in 1954 and 11–0 in 1955, concluding the latter season with another Orange Bowl win over Tatum and Maryland  The Sooners won the national championship in 1955 and repeated the feat in 1956, when they went 10–0, including a 40–0 rout of Notre Dame that marked the 35th win in the streak At the start of the 1957 season, with the streak standing at 40 games, speculation arose that the team was not as good as it had been in previous years, having lost 18 lettermen from 1956  Wilkinson commented that "this year we'll have to work faster and organize better than ever before " The Sooners won their first seven games that year, but fell to Notre Dame on November 16, suffering their first defeat in more than three years The record of 47 consecutive wins has never been seriously threatened; since it ended, no FBS school has achieved a streak longer than 35 wins  During the streak, the Sooners outscored their opponents 1620–269 and recorded 23 shutouts  In addition to their back-to-back national championships during the streak, the Sooners won 14 straight conference titles from 1946 to 1959, one under Jim Tatum and 13 under Wilkinson  Oklahoma went undefeated in conference play from November 23, 1946, to October 31, 1959; their record was only blemished by two ties 

Dominance and decline
Wilkinson's best teams came during the first 11 years of his tenure  In that time, he recorded winning streaks of 31 and 47 games and went 114–10–3 for a  909 winning percentage  After a pair of one-loss seasons in 1957 and 1958, the Sooners fell to 7–3 in 1959, then 3–6–1 in 1960  Oklahoma would finish that season unranked, the first time that they had done so under Wilkinson  They finished unranked in 1961 as well, and although they rebounded to secure a conference championship in 1962, the Sooners were unable to replicate the success of the previous decade  Wilkinson retired from coaching after the 1963 season, finishing with a record of 145–29–4, 14 conference titles, and 123 straight games without being shut out  He was elected to the College Football Hall of Fame in 1969 

Prentice Gautt
During Wilkinson's tenure, Prentice Gautt became the first black football player at the University of Oklahoma  Gautt had been a superior student in high school, where during his junior and senior years he had helped his team amass a 31-game winning streak  He was also the first black player to participate in the Oklahoma state all-star game  Some members of Gautt's team did not want to play with him; one player even left Oklahoma because he refused to play with an African American  However, most of the team had his support  After a freshman game in Tulsa, when Gautt was refused service at a restaurant, his teammates left and found a restaurant that would serve him  Gautt was twice named to the All-Conference team and scored a touchdown in the 1959 Orange Bowl 

Jones, Mackenzie, and Fairbanks (1964–1972)
Following Wilkinson's retirement, his assistant coach, Gomer Jones, was promoted to head coach, a move supported by Wilkinson  His first year was a sharp contrast from Wilkinson's early years; the Sooners went 6–4–1  Less than a month before the team's Gator Bowl loss to Florida State, it was discovered that four starters had signed professional football contracts before their college eligibility had expired, and they were dismissed from the team Following a 3–7 season in his second year as head coach, Oklahoma's worst record since its inaugural season in 1895, Jones was replaced by Arkansas assistant Jim Mackenzie  Seeking discipline from his players, Mackenzie set a curfew and required them to enroll in a physical education class  His first team went 6–4, including a win in the Red River Showdown over a rival Texas team coached by former Oklahoma defensive back Darrell Royal, their first win over Texas since 1957  They also beat rival Nebraska, then ranked fourth in the nation, by a score of 10–9  On April 28, 1967, at the age of 37, Mackenzie died of a heart attack Assistant coach Chuck Fairbanks succeeded Mackenzie, and in 1967, the Sooners went 10–1, including a 26–24 win over second-ranked Tennessee in the Orange Bowl  The Sooners finished the season ranked third in the country  The Sooners lost four games in each of the next three seasons, with highlights including Steve Owens becoming the Sooners' second Heisman Trophy winner in 1969 

The wishbone offense
In the 1970s, several college football teams began implementing the wishbone offense, a run-based scheme designed to expand the possibilities of the option offense by placing three rushers in the backfield behind the quarterback  In a traditional option play, the quarterback determines which rusher carries the ball by reading the alignment of the defense  The wishbone relies on the triple option, in which the quarterback has three potential candidates to carry the ball (himself and two backfield rushers)  One innovation of the wishbone was to place a third rusher in the backfield to serve as a lead blocker  Head coach Fairbanks and offensive coordinator Barry Switzer were among the early adopters of the wishbone and used it to widespread success in Norman  Their 1970 team tied an Alabama squad that also used the wishbone in the Astro-Bluebonnet Bowl  During the next season, the Sooners beat No  17 USC, No  3 Texas and No  6 Colorado in consecutive weeks  After these wins, Oklahoma was ranked second in the country ahead of a "Game of the Century" matchup against top-ranked Nebraska  On November 25, Nebraska edged Oklahoma, 35–31, Oklahoma's only loss of the season  Nebraska went on to win the national championship with a 13–0 record, while Oklahoma went on to beat No  5 Auburn in the Sugar Bowl to finish the season ranked second  Led by quarterback Jack Mildren and running back Greg Pruitt, Oklahoma's wishbone offense averaged 44 5 points per game, at the time the second most in team history  The offense gained 472 36 rushing yards per game, an FBS record that still stands  Pruitt averaged nine yards per carry, and Mildren's performance led to his adopting the moniker "the Godfather of the Wishbone "In 1972, the Sooners went 11–1, finishing the year at No  2 after a Sugar Bowl victory over Penn State  Following the season, Fairbanks left Oklahoma to become the head coach of the New England Patriots 

Barry Switzer era (1973–1988)
Switzer ascended to head coach following the departure of Fairbanks  His tenure began with a scandal when the university self-reported violations involving the alteration of a player's high school transcript  Although the Sooners forfeited eight games from the 1972 season, the university now recognizes the wins and the Big Eight Conference championship won that year 
The Big Eight punished the team with a two-year bowl ban beginning in 1973 and a two-year ban on television appearances beginning in 1974  During the next three years, while the bans were in place, Oklahoma went 32–1–1 and won three straight conference championships  They claimed back-to-back national championships in 1974 and 1975, the two years in which they could not appear on television during the regular season  As it was a postseason game, NBC did air Oklahoma's 1976 Orange Bowl win over Michigan, which secured the team's fifth national championship Oklahoma performed exceptionally well during their probation  In 1973, the Sooners had seven ranked teams on their 11-game schedule and beat six of them, tying No  1 USC and finishing the year undefeated  In 1974, the run-heavy wishbone offense averaged 43 points per game and set an FBS record that still stands with 73 91 rushing attempts per game  In both 1974 and 1975, the team had six players rush for over 300 yards, with Joe Washington earning All-America honors in both seasons as the team's rushing leader  Additionally, due to the frequency of quarterback rushes in the wishbone, signal caller Steve Davis rushed for more yards than he passed in both seasons Following the 1975 season, several key players left the team  Defensive tackle Lee Roy Selmon was selected first overall in the 1976 NFL Draft, and Washington was taken three picks later  Davis departed and was replaced at quarterback by Dean Blevins, who was unable to match his predecessor's contributions in the running game  In 1978, Oklahoma would get their third Heisman Trophy winner in running back Billy Sims, who rushed for 1,896 yards and broke the Big Eight regular season rushing record  The Sooners finished third in the final AP poll after an Orange Bowl victory over Nebraska, the closest they came to a national championship in the second half of the 1970s  Despite never losing more than two games in any season during the these years, Oklahoma never finished in the top two in the final AP poll During the 1970s, Switzer's teams went 73–7–2 in seven years, and the Sooners won the Big Eight every year from 1972 to 1980  However, during the early 1980s, the team's performance worsened  They lost four games each in 1981, 1982, and 1983  In 1984, the team improved to 9–2–1 and defeated Nebraska when the Cornhuskers were ranked No  1 in the country  The win allowed Oklahoma to claim a share of the conference championship and receive an Orange Bowl bid against Washington, which they subsequently lost Switzer's teams returned to contention for the national championship during the next three seasons, earning an 11–1 record and a Big Eight title in each  However, in all three years, the Sooners lost to Miami, directly costing them the opportunity to win at least one championship  In 1985, the Sooners won the national championship despite their loss, rebounding to defeat top-ranked Penn State in the Orange Bowl  In 1986, the Sooners won another Orange Bowl but finished No  3 behind Penn State and Miami, who had faced each other for the championship in the Fiesta Bowl with the Nittany Lions emerging victorious  1987 saw the Sooners play in two No  1 vs  No  2 games in a row, defeating top-ranked Nebraska to end their regular season undefeated before facing Miami the Orange Bowl to decide the national title  No  2 Miami defeated the Sooners, who had risen to the top of the polls following the Nebraska game, 20–14  In 1988, the Sooners finished 9–3, with highlights including a 70–24 win against Kansas State in which the team rushed for 768 yards, which remains an FBS record Switzer's tenure ended in scandal  After the 1988 season, the NCAA placed the Sooners on probation for violating several rules, including offering improper benefits to players and recruits  In one example, a recruit was offered $1,000 to enroll at the university  It was determined that Switzer had personally paid for rental cars for students entertaining recruits on campus  Meanwhile, several of his players were in trouble with the law  Despite knowing that certain players had problems with alcohol or drugs, Switzer had recruited them anyway due to their talent  Notable players Charles Thompson and Brian Bosworth were found to be involved with drugs or steroids  Switzer's home was robbed in 1989, and Thompson was alleged to be one of the burglars  On multiple occasions, players were caught attempting to sell cocaine to undercover agents  A shooting and a gang rape took place in the athletic dorm within eight days of each other; two players were later convicted for the rape  Former Sooner Jim Riley later said that amid the turmoil, "Barry was just trying to keep it together "The probation lasted three years, including a two-year bowl ban, a one-year television ban, and a two-year reduction in scholarships  Facing immense pressure to resign, Switzer stepped down as head coach in 1989  He finished his tenure in Norman with a 157–29–4 record, an  837 winning percentage, 12 conference championships, and three national titles 

Gibbs, Schnellenberger, and Blake (1989–1998)
Switzer's ouster marked the beginning of what Stan Dorsey, writing for The Sporting News, called "a pratfall of unspeakable scope and unfathomable dimension" for the Sooners  Defensive coordinator Gary Gibbs was promoted to head coach  Dorsey characterized Gibbs as being uncomfortable around alumni and the media, as well as with being a head coach in general  During his six-year tenure, while Oklahoma attempted to recover from probation, the team finished a combined 44–23–2, never reaching higher than second in the conference or No  16 in the final AP poll  Gibbs punctuated a middling record with losses to Oklahoma's rivals; the Sooners went a combined 2–15–1 against Texas, Nebraska, and Colorado during his tenure  He announced his resignation prior to the end of the 1994 season Gibbs was replaced by Howard Schnellenberger, whose resume included a national championship at Miami  Convinced that the 1994 Copper Bowl loss to BYU was "clearly the lowest point in the great history of Oklahoma football," Schnellenberger sought to reshape the program, beginning by ordering files from previous seasons to be thrown out  Instead, they were archived without his knowledge  Schnellenberger often said that "they will write books and make movies about my time [at Oklahoma]," and his first team started out well  The Sooners rose to No  10 in the AP poll after three wins to begin the 1995 season, but a home loss to fourth-ranked Colorado started a 2–5–1 stretch to finish the year  The season ended with shutout losses to Oklahoma State and national champions Nebraska  Schnellenberger resigned after one season in Norman, having failed to live up to his own expectations for success Oklahoma then hired former player John Blake as head coach  Although he was Switzer's preferred candidate, Blake had very little experience, having never previously held a head coach or coordinator position  In the 101 years preceding Blake's hire, Oklahoma had nine losing seasons  Under Blake, the Sooners had three losing seasons in three years  The team's eight losses in 1996 set a team record that was matched the following season  Blake's 12–22 record gave him the worst winning percentage of any Oklahoma head coach since the single-game tenure of John A  Harts in 1895  He was fired after presiding over the worst three-year stretch in team history Despite his poor record as head coach, Blake contributed to success after his tenure by recruiting several players who would help achieve more favorable results for his successor  Future NFL players Roy Williams and Rocky Calmus were key starters on teams that returned the Sooners to national prominence under Bob Stoops 

Bob Stoops era (1999–2016)
Under pressure to find a head coach who would turn the program around, athletic director Joe Castiglione vetted each candidate personally  He eventually selected Stoops, then the defensive coordinator at Florida, who improved the Sooners to 7–5 in his first season 

Perennial BCS contention
Oklahoma began the 2000 season ranked No  19 in the AP poll, their first preseason AP poll appearance in five years  After a 4–0 start, the Sooners defeated No  11 Texas 63–14; running back Quentin Griffin broke a school record with six rushing touchdowns in the game  The next week, the Sooners beat No  2 Kansas State 41–31, then defeated top-ranked Nebraska 31–14 two weeks later  The Sooners finished the regular season undefeated and beat Kansas State in the conference championship game to win their first conference title since 1987  In the years since that victory, the Big Eight had dissolved and the Sooners had joined its successor conference, the Big 12  Additionally, the BCS format had been established, with each season culminating in a national championship game between the top two teams in the system's rankings  Oklahoma was ranked No  1 following the conference championship win and played Florida State in the Orange Bowl for the BCS title  The Sooners defeated the heavily favored Seminoles 13–2 to claim the school's seventh national championship  The team produced consensus All-Americans for the first time since 1988, including quarterback Josh Heupel, who finished runner-up for the Heisman in one of the closest votes in the award's history to that point The influence of John Blake's recruiting classes on the championship would be a difficult question for Stoops, even years after the title  More than half of the 2000 team's starters were recruited by Blake, although Stoops brought in the quarterback (Heupel) and running back (Griffin)  Despite continued success throughout the rest of his tenure in Norman, Stoops never won another national championship after 2000 
The following years saw Oklahoma contend for conference and national championships while qualifying for major bowl games  In 2001, after rivalry losses to Nebraska and Oklahoma State, Oklahoma did not earn a spot in the conference championship game, but the Sooners were granted a Cotton Bowl Classic berth, their first in school history, against unranked Arkansas and won 10–3  In 2002, the Sooners won the Big 12 and advanced to the Rose Bowl for the first time, defeating No  7 Washington State 34–14 

Oklahoma went undefeated in the regular season in both 2003 and 2004  2003 included a 77–0 defeat of 2003 Texas A&M and a 65–13 defeat of Texas, the latter being the biggest win in Red River Showdown history  Led by Heisman Trophy winner Jason White, the team was ranked No  1 in every AP poll of the season until an upset in the Big 12 Championship Game by Kansas State dropped them to third  However, the Sooners were ranked first in the BCS rankings and were thus able to play for the national championship in the Sugar Bowl  They were defeated 21–14 by LSU  White, a Tuttle, Oklahoma native, threw for 3,846 yards and 40 touchdowns in his Heisman campaign but was kept in check by the LSU defense, completing just over 35 percent of his passes and throwing two interceptions  The next year, freshman running back Adrian Peterson emerged as a star with 1,925 yards and 15 touchdowns on the ground  The AP, Coaches Poll, and BCS all ranked USC at No  1 and Oklahoma at No  2 in every poll of the season until the two undefeated conference champions met in the Orange Bowl for the national championship  Oklahoma would lose their second straight national championship game, and Peterson would finish second in Heisman voting behind USC quarterback Matt Leinart  Following the season, several key players departed as 10 Sooners were selected in the 2005 NFL Draft, more than any other school 

Postseason letdowns
The 2005 season saw Oklahoma fall out of the AP poll for the first time since the 1999 season en route to an 8–4 record and a Holiday Bowl victory over No  6 Oregon  In both 2006 and 2007, the Sooners won the Big 12 but suffered upset losses in their bowl games  In the 2007 Fiesta Bowl, the Sooners lost a back-and-forth game in overtime when Boise State executed a Statue of Liberty play on a two-point conversion attempt to win 43–42  Oklahoma qualified for the Fiesta Bowl again the following year and were favored against West Virginia, however, a 48–28 loss ended their season Prior to the 2007 season, the NCAA announced sanctions due to violations committed by players on the 2005 team who had been paid for unperformed work at a Norman car dealership  The NCAA found Oklahoma guilty of a "failure to monitor" the improper employment benefits and punished the team by vacating its victories from the 2005 season  However, in 2008, the NCAA partially reversed its decision and reinstated the vacated wins At the end of the 2008 regular season, the Big 12 South finished in a three-way tie between Oklahoma, Texas, and Texas Tech, with each team having suffered one loss at the hands of another  As the team with the highest BCS ranking, Oklahoma advanced to the conference championship game on a tie-breaker  The Sooners won the game, and quarterback Sam Bradford won the Heisman Trophy  His 53 combined passing and rushing touchdowns are tied for the most ever in a Heisman campaign  The Sooners advanced to the BCS National Championship Game but were defeated by Florida 

Late Stoops era
After a Fiesta Bowl victory in 2010, the Sooners, led by Stoops and new co-offensive coordinator Josh Heupel, were ranked No  1 in the polls to start the 2011 season  After maintaining their ranking for three weeks, the Sooners achieved their 100th No  1 ranking in the AP poll, becoming the first team to accomplish the feat since the poll began in 1936 2011 marked the final time that the Sooners were ranked No  1 under Stoops  However, Oklahoma remained competitive throughout the rest of the BCS era, including a 2014 Sugar Bowl win over defending national champions Alabama in their last game before the introduction of the College Football Playoff  Under this system, four teams are selected to compete in yearly national semifinal games in which the winners advance to the national championship game  The Sooners received their first playoff berth in 2015 and subsequently lost 37–17 to Clemson in their semifinal game, the Orange Bowl  Despite winning the Big 12 in 2016, Oklahoma lost two regular season games and did not make the playoff  They defeated Auburn in the Sugar Bowl, 35–19 In 2017, Stoops announced that he was stepping down as head coach, with offensive coordinator Lincoln Riley immediately appointed as his replacement  Stoops said that he felt that the time was right to retire, with a source indicating to Gene Wojciechowski of ESPN that Stoops wanted to leave on his own terms while he still could, without the university or his health forcing him to step aside  During his tenure in Norman, Stoops produced a 190–48 ( 798) record, 10 conference titles, and a school-record 18 bowl game appearances  His 2008 team scored the most points in college football history to that point, averaging over 51 per game  In 2021, he was inducted into the College Football Hall of Fame 

Riley and Venables (2017–present)
In his first season, Riley led the Sooners to 12 wins, beating the 10-win record held by Chuck Fairbanks and Barry Switzer for most victories by a first-year coach in program history  The Sooners entered the playoff against Georgia in the Rose Bowl, losing 54–48 in double overtime  2017 was the first of three consecutive 12–2 seasons for the Sooners under Riley, however, each ended in a College Football Playoff semifinal loss  As of the end of the 2022 season, Oklahoma has an 0–4 playoff record and more playoff appearances without a win than any other FBS team  However, the Sooners did win the 2017, 2018, 2019, and 2020 Big 12 Championship Games during Riley's tenure Under Riley, the Sooners had two consecutive Heisman Trophy winners who became No  1 overall picks in the NFL Draft  In 2017, Baker Mayfield broke his own FBS record for single-season passing efficiency while throwing for over 4,600 yards and 43 touchdowns  He was selected first overall in the 2018 NFL Draft  The following season, ex-Texas A&M starter Kyler Murray topped Mayfield's passing efficiency mark and became the seventh Heisman winner in program history  He was selected first overall in the 2019 NFL Draft  To replace Murray for the 2019 season, Riley turned to ex-Alabama starter Jalen Hurts  The Sooners lost 63–28 to eventual national champion LSU in the Peach Bowl, and Hurts finished second in Heisman voting to LSU quarterback Joe Burrow  As of the end of the 2022 season, Mayfield, Murray, and Hurts collectively own four of the top 12 passing efficiency seasons in FBS history In July 2021, Oklahoma and Texas announced that they would leave the Big 12 for the Southeastern Conference (SEC) upon the conclusion of the Big 12's current media rights contracts, which are set to expire in 2025  The surprising move initiated a widespread wave of conference realignment that saw, among many other moves, Pac-12 teams USC and UCLA announce their intention to join the Big Ten  Oklahoma and Texas have been criticized for abandoning their historic conference roots and setting the stage for other teams to do so, thereby creating a landscape in which the SEC and Big Ten are poised to dominate the sport at the expense of other conferences  In February 2023, the two defecting universities negotiated a combined $100 million early termination fee with the Big 12 in order to leave the conference a year early, prior to the end of the media rights deals  Oklahoma and Texas are currently scheduled to begin SEC play in the 2024 season 
Prior to the end of the 2021 season, Riley accepted the head coach position at USC, becoming the first head coach to leave Oklahoma for a different job since Chuck Fairbanks in 1973  Chuck Carlton, writing for The Dallas Morning News, said that the departure "blindsided most of the college football world " During his tenure in Norman, Riley compiled a 55–10 ( 846) record and achieved the highest winning percentage of any coach in program history  Bob Stoops was named interim head coach for the team's Alamo Bowl appearance and led the Sooners to a victory  Clemson defensive coordinator Brent Venables, who had once held the same position at Oklahoma under Stoops, was hired as Riley's replacement  In his first year at the helm, the Sooners finished 6–7, their season punctuated by a 49–0 loss to Texas, Oklahoma's worst loss in Red River Showdown history and the biggest shutout loss that the Sooners have ever suffered 

Conference affiliations
Oklahoma has been independent and a member of three conferences 
Independent (1895–1914)
Southwest Conference (1915–1919)
Big Eight Conference (1920–1995)
Big 12 Conference (1996–present)
Southeastern Conference (joining on July 1, 2024)

Championships
National championships
Oklahoma claims seven consensus national championships won by selection in the major college football polls : 13  In addition, in ten years other than those seven championship seasons, Oklahoma has appeared atop lists by selectors designated by the NCAA as "major", primarily using math rating formulas : 108–115

Claimed national championships
Unclaimed national championships
In general, math formula rankings are not recognized as national championships   For years other than the seven in which Oklahoma was selected by a major poll as national champion, the following created math rating systems that selected Oklahoma:

Richard Billingsley: 1915*
Clyde P  Berryman: 1953*, 1957*, 1986*, 2003
Richard Poling: 1967, 1978
Richard C  Dunkel, Sr : 1973, 1978, 1980, 1986
Harry DeVold: 1973, 1978, 1986
Jeff Sagarin: 1973*, 1978, 1986
David Rothman: 1978
Edward Litkenhous: 1978
Herman Matthews: 1978, 1980
The New York Times: 1986Others:

own selection: Bill Schroeder 1978
member polling: College Football Researchers Association 1949* 1953*, 1973*, 1986* retrospective selection

Conference championships
The team has captured 50 conference titles, including 14 in a row from 1946 to 1959 
† Co-championship
‡ Both Nebraska and Oklahoma: 6  claim the 1972 championship, despite Oklahoma in early 1973 forfeiting eight games from the 1972 season and the Big 8 crown 

Division championships
The Sooners have been a member of only one division, the Big 12 South, in their entire history  They were members from 1996 until 2010, after which the Big 12 ceased divisional play 

† Co-championship

Head coaches
The Sooners have had 23 head coaches in their history  The current head coach, Brent Venables, was hired on December 5, 2021  Since the first head coach, John A  Harts, guided the team for one game in 1895, the Sooners have played in more than 1,300 games  Four men have coached the team in more than 100 games; all of them have more than 100 wins at Oklahoma  Oklahoma is the only program with four 100-win coaches in its history  The coach with the highest winning percentage in school history is Lincoln Riley, who went 55–10 ( 846) across five seasons  The lowest winning percentage aside from Harts, who lost his only game, belongs to John Blake, who went 12–22 ( 353) across three seasons Ten coaches have led the Sooners to postseason bowl games: Tom Stidham, Jim Tatum, Bud Wilkinson, Gomer Jones, Chuck Fairbanks, Barry Switzer, Gary Gibbs, Bob Stoops, Riley, and Venables  Nine coaches have won conference championships with the Sooners: Bennie Owen, Stidham, Dewey Luster, Tatum, Wilkinson, Fairbanks, Switzer, Stoops, and Riley 
Wilkinson, Switzer, and Stoops have each received National Coach of the Year honors from at least one organization  Six Sooner coaches (Owen, Lawrence Jones, Tatum, Wilkinson, Switzer, and Stoops) have been inducted into the College Football Hall of Fame 

Coaching staff
Stadium
The Sooners play their home games at Gaylord Family Oklahoma Memorial Stadium also known as The Palace on the Prairie  The stadium was formerly called Oklahoma Memorial Stadium but the administration decided to add 'Gaylord Family' to recognize the contributions made by Edward K  Gaylord and his family over the years (estimated at over $50 million)  The playing surface is called Owen Field after Bennie Owen, Oklahoma's coach from 1905 to 1926  The stadium was built in 1923 with an original capacity of 500  In 1925, 16,000 seats were added and 16,000 more seats were added in 1929 bringing the total capacity to 32,000  The stadium has had a natural grass playing surface for the majority of its existence  The stadium had an artificial turf from 1970 to 1994  The stadium had a major renovation in 2003 when a new upper deck was added to the east side of the stadium, adding over 8,400 new seats  The official seating capacity of the stadium, following renovations in 2015, is 83,489  which makes it the 15th largest college stadium in the U S  and second largest in the Big 12 Conference  Despite the official capacity, the Sooners routinely average well above capacity, most recently 86,735 for the 2018 season  The largest crowd ever was 88,308 on November 11, 2017, against TCU 

Rivalries
Nebraska
Oklahoma's rivalry with the Nebraska Cornhuskers historically had national championship implications, with the winner usually advancing to the Orange Bowl  The teams often met on Thanksgiving  For the majority of the 20th century Oklahoma and Nebraska competed as part of the Big Eight Conference where from 1907 to 1995 the programs won a combined 77 conference titles  The teams are noted for playing in the Game of the Century, in 1971 which OU lost 35–31  In 1996, the teams joined the Big XII Conference when Nebraska joined the North Division, and Oklahoma joined the South Division, thus ending the annual match-ups between the programs in 1998 and 1999  In 2000 the series resumed with Nebraska and Oklahoma being ranked number one and two in the BCS rankings  OU won 31–14  Oklahoma leads the series 47–38–3  On September 18, 2021, Oklahoma  defeated Nebraska 23–16  Oklahoma beat Nebraska 49–14 on the last matchup on September 17, 2022 

Oklahoma State
Oklahoma leads the series 91–19–7 through the end of the 2022 season 

Texas
The Red River Showdown or the OU–Texas Game is the annual matchup in Dallas during the State Fair of Texas between Oklahoma and the Texas Longhorns  Since 1929, the game has been played annually at the Cotton Bowl, halfway between Norman and Austin  For the majority of the 20th century the game was a non-conference match-up  Texas competed in the Southwest Conference  In 1996, the two programs became part of the Big XII Conference South division  That year Oklahoma won the first overtime game of the series, after a tie the previous year  The stadium is split along the 50-yard line with Oklahoma fans occupying the south half of the field  Texas leads the series 63–50–5 through the end of the 2022 season 

Missouri
Oklahoma leads the inactive series 67–24–5  As of the end of the 2022 season, the most recent game in the series was played in 2011  Once Oklahoma joins the SEC in 2024, the series, which will be Missouri's most-played conference rivalry by a significant margin, will continue 

Pageantry
School colors
Oklahoma's official school colors are crimson and cream  These colors were picked in 1895 by May Overstreet, the only female faculty member at the time  The colors were her own personal choice and she decided on them after viewing many color samples and materials  After her decision, the colors were brought in front of the student body who enthusiastically approved of her selections  In recent years, red and white have sometimes replaced crimson and cream 

Mascot
Oklahoma has had several mascots  The first was a stray dog named Mex  Mex was found in Mexico during the Mexican Revolution by Mott Keys, an army hospital medic  Keys' company adopted the dog and Keys took the dog back to Hollis, Oklahoma when he completed his duty  When Keys was enrolled in the university, he took Mex with him to Norman  With his experience as an army medic, Keys landed a job with the football team and a residence at the Kappa Sigma fraternity house  Mex's main duty during games was to keep stray dogs from roaming the field  He wore a red sweater with a big "O" letter on the side  Mex received national attention in October 1924 when the Oklahoma football team lost a game against Drake University  Mex was lost when the team boarded a train in Arkansas City, Kansas  The media blamed the loss on the field on the loss of their mascot  Mex was found later by two Oklahoma graduates  Mex died of old age on April 30, 1928  The campus was closed and classes were canceled on the day of his funeral  He was buried in a casket somewhere under the stadium 

Never an official mascot, Little Red began appearing at games in 1953  He was an Indian who wore red tights, breech cloth and a war bonnet and was last portrayed by Randy Palmer   In April 1970, Little Red was banished by Oklahoma president John Herbert Hollomon, Jr  The student court issued a temporary restraining order to keep Little Red from appearing at Sooner games  Despite this order, Palmer showed up as Little Red for the 1970 season opener where he was met with cheers from the crowd  When Palmer was drafted after the 1971 season, no one showed up for try-outs to replace him The mascot for Oklahoma is the Sooner Schooner, a conestoga wagon similar to the primary method of transportation used by early settlers in Oklahoma  The Schooner is maintained and driven by members of the RUF/NEKS, the university's all-male spirit organization, along with two white ponies named Boomer and Sooner  In 2005, the university also introduced two costumed mascots also named Boomer and Sooner to serve as mascots for football games and events that do not permit a covered wagon 

Music
The official fight song of the Sooners is "Boomer Sooner "  This song is played frequently at football games and is played by the band after touchdowns, field goals, after significant plays, and when the team or crowd need a boost of energy   "OK Oklahoma" is another school song that is played after an extra point and when the Sooner Schooner rolls onto the field   The official Alma Mater song is the "OU Chant", which is sung by OU fans before sporting events and at ceremonial occasions   Other tunes frequently heard at OU football games include the state song "Oklahoma" and "Fight for OKU "
The Pride of Oklahoma Marching Band is a nationally renowned ensemble founded in 1904   The largest student organization on campus, the band performs at all home games and frequently travels to other games   The band holds a game ball from the Bedlam Series game in 1983, the day "the Pride" won 

Awards
Heisman Trophy
The Heisman Trophy is awarded annually to the nation's most outstanding college football player  Seven Oklahoma players have won the Heisman Trophy, six more finished runner-up  Kyler Murray is the most recent winner having won the 2018 Heisman Trophy 

Other awards
All-Americans
Every year, several publications release rosters of the best college football players in the country  The athletes on these lists are referred to as All-Americans  The NCAA recognizes five All-American lists  They are the Associated Press, American Football Coaches Association, Football Writers Association of America, The Sporting News, and the Walter Camp Football Foundation  A consensus All-American is typically defined as a player who is named to three or more lists  Oklahoma has had 167 first-team All-Americans in its history, with 82 of them being named consensus All-Americans 

College Football Hall of Fame
Oklahoma has 29 inductees in the College Football Hall of Fame  The first was coach Bennie Owen, who was inducted as part of the inaugural class in 1951  The most recent is Roy Williams, who was inducted in 2022 

Future opponents
SEC Conference opponents
The Oklahoma football program will join the SEC in 2024  The SEC will expand the conference to 16 teams and will eliminate its two divisions in 2024, causing a new scheduling format for their members to play against the other members of the conference  Only the 2024 conference schedule was announced on June 14, 2023, while the conference still considers a new format for the future 

2024 Conference Schedule
Non-conference opponents
Announced non-conference schedules as of June 25, 2023 

See also
The Pride of Oklahoma Marching Band
RUF/NEKS
OU Chant
List of Oklahoma Sooners in the NFL Draft
Play Like a Champion Today
Heisman Trophy

Notes
Passage 5:
Djems Kouamé
Djems Kouamé (born April 5, 1989, in Montreal, Quebec) is a former professional Canadian football wide receiver and defensive back in the Canadian Football League who is currently a free agent  He was drafted 18th overall by the Toronto Argonauts in the 2011 CFL Draft and signed with the team on May 31, 2011  He played college football for the Montreal Carabins  On June 17, 2013, Kouamé was released by the Argonauts 
Passage 6:
Justin Brown (wide receiver)
Justin Brown (born March 10, 1991) is a wide receiver for the Toronto Argonauts of the Canadian Football League (CFL)  Before his 2013 draft selection by the Pittsburgh Steelers, he played college football at Oklahoma for his senior season after transferring from Penn State   After being drafted, Brown was on the Steelers practice squad for his rookie season  He played eight games during the 2014 season for a total of 12 passes for 94 yards and one lost fumble  Following the 2014 NFL season, Brown was waived by the Steelers  On February 3, 2015, the Buffalo Bills claimed Brown off waivers  On August 9, 2015, Brown was waived/injured by the Bills  On August 13, 2015, he reached an injury settlement with the Bills and was released 
On May 11, 2017, Brown signed with the Toronto Argonauts of the Canadian Football League 
Passage 7:
Mike Bradwell
Mike Bradwell (born July 11, 1986) is a former Canadian football wide receiver who played for the Toronto Argonauts of the Canadian Football League  He was drafted in the second round of the 2008 CFL Draft by the Toronto Argonauts  He began playing football in his final year at Leaside High School and played CIS football with McMaster University 

Personal life
Bradwell enjoys watching movies and golfing in his free time and is a strong supporter of the Sian Bradwell Fund For Children With Cancer  He has two older siblings, Dave, a PhD graduate from M I T , and Suzanne, an emergency department doctor in St  Catharines  Bradwell majored in civil engineering at McMaster University and works as a field co-op student with PCL Constructors during the off-season 
Passage 8:
Rashaun Woods
Rashaun Dorrell Woods (born October 17, 1980) is a former American college and professional football player who was a wide receiver in the National Football League (NFL) and Canadian Football League (CFL) for two seasons during the early 2000s   Woods played college football for Oklahoma State University, and received All-American honors   He was selected by the San Francisco 49ers in the first round of the 2004 NFL Draft, and played professionally for the NFL's 49ers and the CFL's Toronto Argonauts 
Woods currently coaches at Enid High School in Enid, Oklahoma (2019-present) 

Early years
Woods was born in Oklahoma City, Oklahoma   He attended Millwood High School in Oklahoma City, and played for the Millwood high school football team 

College career
While attending Oklahoma State University, Woods played for the Oklahoma State Cowboys football team from 2000 to 2003   He finished his college career with 293 receptions, 4,414 yards and 42 touchdowns—all Big 12 records   Woods was a two-time all-American, including being recognized as a consensus first-team All-American in 2002   He became the eighth player in NCAA Division I-A annals to gain over 1,000 yards receiving in a season three times in a career   Woods also holds the NCAA single-game record for most touchdown receptions in a game (7 against Southern Methodist University in 2003) and most touchdown receptions in a half (5 in the first half of the same SMU game)  All seven touchdowns were thrown by former Kansas City Royals infielder Josh Fields   In 2001, his biggest touchdown catch made during his college career was against Oklahoma Sooners down in Norman, where the unranked OSU Cowboys upset the highly ranked Sooners  Also, the following year he had 3 touchdowns against the Sooners, in the annual Bedlam game 2002 
Woods has two brothers who followed him to Oklahoma State  D'Juan who graduated in 2007, who played wide receiver and Donovan, a former Oklahoma State linebacker who spent time at safety and quarterback, graduated in 2008  D'Juan was picked up by the Jacksonville Jaguars as a free agent after the 2007 NFL draftJaguars com while Donovan was a practice squad member of the 2008-09 Pittsburgh Steelers Super Bowl Championship team 

Professional career
Woods had 7 catches for 160 yards and 1 touchdown in his rookie season (2004) and spent the 2005 season on injured reserve with torn ligaments in his thumb   In April 2006, he was traded to the San Diego Chargers for cornerback Sammy Davis  In August 2006, he was cut from the San Diego Chargers  On August 3, 2006, he was claimed off waivers by the Denver Broncos but failed his physical and was released  In Dec  of 2006 he worked out with the Minnesota Vikings [1]

NFL Europa
In 2007, the Hamburg Sea Devils selected Woods in the 5th round of the NFL Europa free agent draft 

CFL career
On July 23, 2007, Woods signed with the Toronto Argonauts of the Canadian Football League   He was released by the Toronto Argonauts on August 8, 2007   He was signed by the Hamilton Tiger-Cats on October 4, 2007  On June 22, 2008 Woods was 1 of 14 players to be cut from the Hamilton Tiger-Cats final roster 

Coaching career
After his playing career ended, Woods worked as an assistant football coach at Millwood and at Star Spencer High School, and also as a high school football radio commentator and professional bass fisherman  In January 2013, Woods was selected to be head football coach at John Marshall High School in Oklahoma City  He led John Marshall to the 3A state championship in 2017  In January 2019, Woods was named head football coach for Enid High School in Enid, Oklahoma   Rashaun Woods announced Friday morning, Jan  20, 2023, he has accepted a head football coaching position at Tyler High School in Tyler, TX, effective immediately 

See also
List of NCAA major college football yearly receiving leaders
List of NCAA Division I FBS career receiving touchdowns leaders
Passage 9:
Emanuel Tolbert
Emanuel Tolbert (born December 2, 1958) is a former American college and professional football player who was a slotback and wide receiver in the Canadian Football League (CFL) for eleven seasons during the 1980s and early 1990s   Tolbert played college football for Southern Methodist University, where he was an All-American  He played professionally for the Saskatchewan Roughriders, Toronto Argonauts, Calgary Stampeders and British Columbia Lions of the CFL, and played a key role in the Argonauts' 1983 Grey Cup victory by recovering a fumble on the game-winning drive 
Tolbert was tried for and convicted of rape and violating a minor in 2001   He was sentenced to 15 years in prison for the rape plus four years for the violation, to be served concurrently 
Context 2: Passage 1:
Honey to the Bee
"Honey to the Bee" is a song by English singer turned actress Billie from her debut studio album, Honey to the B (1998)  It was released on 22 March 1999 and debuted at number three on the UK Singles Chart, which became its peak position  It was not a hit in mainland Europe, but it became one of Billie's highest-charting songs in Australia and New Zealand, reaching number six in the former country and number five in the latter  In Australia, it was the 48th-best-selling song of 1999 
In January 2007, the song was championed by Radio 1 DJ Chris Moyles as part of an experiment to test out the new UK Singles Chart rules that came into effect that month, which prompted the song to reach number 17 on the UK Singles Chart on 21 January 2007 

Music video
The video, which uses the shorter radio edit version in lieu of the full album version, was directed by Katie Bell and features Billie in a computer-animated background 

Track listings
Credits and personnel
Credits are lifted from the Honey to the B album booklet Studios

Recorded at Ridge Farm (Surrey, England) and Marcus Studios (London, England)
Mixed at Metropolis Studios (London, England)Personnel

Charts
Certifications
Release history
Play version
In June 2003, Swedish girl group Play covered the song on their third album Replay  Play's version featured a trip hop beat and soprano vocals 
Passage 2:
Clean Bandit discography
English electronic music group Clean Bandit have released two studio albums, two extended plays, 22 singles (including four as a featured artist), 22 music videos and 13 remixes  In December 2012, the group released their debut single "A+E", which peaked at number 100 on the UK Singles Chart  The song is the lead single from their debut album, New Eyes, which was released in May 2014  The album's second single, "Mozart's House", charted at number seventeen on the UK Singles Chart, becoming Clean Bandit's first top twenty single on the chart  "Dust Clears" was released as the third single from the album, reaching number forty-three on the UK chart  The album's fourth single, "Rather Be", features Jess Glynne and topped the UK Singles Chart, the group's first number one on the chart 
Clean Bandit's 2016 single "Rockabye", which features rapper Sean Paul and singer Anne-Marie, became their second number-one hit in the UK, becoming the Christmas number one single for 2016 in its seventh consecutive week at number one  The follow-up to "Rockabye", "Symphony", featured Zara Larsson and became their third UK number-one single  Their second album, What Is Love?, followed on 30 November 2018 

Studio albums
Extended plays
Singles
As lead artist
As featured artist
Music videos
Remixes
Songwriting and production credits
Notes
Passage 3:
We Found Love
"We Found Love" is a song by Barbadian singer Rihanna from her sixth studio album, Talk That Talk (2011)  The song features (and was written and produced by) Scottish DJ Calvin Harris, whose 2012 album 18 Months also includes the track  "We Found Love" premiered on September 22, 2011, on the Capital FM radio station in the United Kingdom, and was made available to download on the same day as the lead single from Talk That Talk  "We Found Love" is an uptempo electro house song, with elements of dance-pop, techno and Europop  The song's lyrics speak of a couple who "found love in a hopeless place" The song was a major worldwide success  It topped the US Billboard Hot 100 for ten non-consecutive weeks, becoming the longest running number-one single of 2011  The single also surpassed "Umbrella" and became Rihanna's longest running number one single  It was the singer's eleventh song to top the Hot 100, placing her in third place among female recording artists amassing the most number one singles  Outside of the United States, "We Found Love" topped the charts in 25 other countries, including Canada, Australia, New Zealand, France, Germany, the Republic of Ireland, Russia, Scotland, Switzerland, and the United Kingdom  According to Billboard it is the 29th most successful single of all time in the US  As of 2015, the single has sold 10 5 million copies worldwide, thus being one of the best selling singles of all time 
The song's accompanying music video, directed by Melina Matsoukas, depicts the singer as a drug-abusing thrill-seeker in a relationship that quickly spirals downward into addiction and domestic violence  The video won a Grammy Award for Best Music Video at the 55th Annual Grammy Awards and MTV Video Music Award for Video of the Year at the 2012 MTV Video Music Awards  The song has been performed on both the UK and US versions of The X Factor, as well as at the 54th Annual Grammy Awards and the 2012 Brit Awards  Multiple recording artists have covered "We Found Love" including British artists Coldplay and Jessie J 

Background
Following the release and success of her album Loud (2010), Rihanna originally revealed via Twitter that the album would be re-issued with new songs and released in Fall 2011, writing that "[t]he [Loud era] continues with more new music to add to [your] collection"  In September 2011, Rihanna again took to the social networking site to confirm that the plans had been scrapped, with the singer tweeting "I [thought about] a [re-release], but LOUD is its own body of work! Plus [you] guys work so hard that [you] deserve to act brand new"  On September 19, 2011, Rihanna further provoked excitement amongst her followers when she posted that she was listening to the song, only to be re-tweeted by Calvin Harris, who replied "Sometimes it feels like we find love in the most hopeless place", suggesting that his response contained possible lyrics from the song  In an interview with Capital FM, Harris – who produced the track – explained that followers of Rihanna had sent messages to him regarding their expectations of the song, saying "The song better not be rubbish", which he interpreted as slightly threatening, but went on to say that "it's all part of the fun"  In an interview for Q magazine, Harris said of the lyric, "we found love in a hopeless place," "It could have been Jumpin Jaks in Dumfries (Harris' home town), I don't know exactly what I was thinking about ""We Found Love" premiered in the United Kingdom on September 22, 2011, on Capital FM, and was sent for mainstream adds in the United States on October 11, 2011  The song was released via iTunes on September 22, 2011  During an interview with MTV News, Calvin Harris revealed, "'We Found Love,' is the most successful thing I've done ever    It's not strictly a song by me, obviously, it's by Rihanna  She sings it   It was great to work with her    No one could have taken it as far as she did  You can't escape it here [in America]  I've heard it a lot  I've heard it probably more times today than I did when I was mixing it  Which is a good thing    Ever since the Rihanna song did well, a lot of people want to do some stuff, which is great    That's what I enjoy doing  In terms of actual names, I've not done anything yet " In October 2012, British singer Leona Lewis claimed that she was originally chosen to sing the song but ended up losing it to Rihanna when Harris went touring with the latter, commenting  "I didn’t commit to it because I wanted "Trouble" to be my first single so I think that was another reason they went with Rihanna  It was the same version and production but mine’s better " In 2013, Nicole Scherzinger claimed that she was the first artist given the song but ended up rejecting it, commenting  "I've got the demo of that song and I was busy at the time  They'd sent me a few dance tracks and I wasn't able to get to them and I was like, 'Oh there's so much dance and I want to take a break from it "

Artwork
The artwork for "We Found Love" was released by Rihanna's official Facebook page on September 22, 2011  Grady Smith of Entertainment Weekly's The Music Mix criticized the song's artwork, writing "'We found love in a hopeless place,' Rihanna repeats over a David Guetta-ish synth beat  But judging by the single cover, her place doesn't look too hopeless, does it? Maybe there's a building on fire outside the frame, and that fire hydrant doesn't work  I guess that would be hopeless " A reviewer for Sugar Magazine wrote that "On anyone else this would be a pretty odd look but Rihanna somehow makes a denim overload look good " A reviewer for Neon Limelight commented that Rihanna appeared to be adopting a tomboy image for the new project, writing, "She really is going for that sexy tomboy look this album era it seems; remember the laid back look she rocked on the single's cover art?" 

Composition
"We Found Love" is an electro house song with elements of Europop, pop, techno, dance-pop, trance, and Euro disco  According to the digital music sheet published at musicnotes com, the song is written in the key of F ♯ major and it is set at a tempo of 128 beats per minute  The instrumentation of "We Found Love" consists of alarm bells, a keyboard, repetitive pumped-up synthesizers and 4/4 beats Rihanna's vocal range in the song spans one octave, from the lower note of C♯4 to the higher note of C♯5  Priya Elan of NME commented that Rihanna sounds "extremely relaxed" and Bill Lamb of About com wrote that her vocals are simple and unaffected  Leah Collins of The Vancouver Sun wrote that Rihanna's vocals on "We Found Love" were similar to her vocals on "Fly"  According to Elan, the keyboard work in the song bears resemblance to that in from "Only Girl (In the World)" and the melody is similar to that of "Complicated", a track included in Rihanna's 2010 studio album Loud  Similarly, Michael Cragg of The Guardian noted that "We Found Love" is in the same vein as "Only Girl (In the World)", with regard to its dance beat The lyrical content of the song is sparse and largely revolves around Rihanna chanting the song's hook line, "We found love in a hopeless place"  Jody Rosen of Rolling Stone described it as "half-baked romantic"   Rihanna starts the song in a falsetto airy voice as she sings, "Yellow diamonds in the light / And we’re standing side by side / As your shadow crosses mine / What it takes to come alive " Michael Cragg commented that the first chorus is almost being sidelined in favor of a large chunk of Harris's riff, before they join on the second chorus  The hook repeatedly rings throughout the song 

Critical reception
The song received polarized reviews from music critics  Amanda Dobbins of New York magazine praised the composition of the song, writing "Harris's electro fingerprints are all over this one — it plays like a straight house track, with some dreamy Rihanna vocals added in over the beat " Robbie Daw of Idolator commented on the song's lyrics, with particular emphasis on the line "We found love in a hopeless place", writing that it is possibly the best lyric in pop music so far in 2011  A reviewer for Instinct magazine praised the song, writing that "We Found Love" does not mark a departure from the dance-floor oriented material Rihanna debuted on Loud, but it certainly boasts "a higher-energy, peak-hour vibe"  Similarly, Michael Cragg of The Guardian commented that the song takes the dance direction Rihanna hinted at on "Only Girl (In the World)" and continues releasing similar songs, making reference to "We Found Love"  Cragg also likened the song to Leona Lewis's recent single, "Collide", but criticized the song's structure, writing "[it] is slightly odd"  He ended his review writing, "Either way, she could have recited Nick Clegg's conference speech from Wednesday over the sound of Harris cracking his knuckles and it would be a hit "Priya Elan of NME commented, "By now it's pretty customary to have a jaw-on-the-floor reaction to the first single from a Rihanna album  'Pon De Replay', 'SOS', 'Umbrella', 'Russian Roulette', 'Only Girl In The World' " Despite complimenting Rihanna for sounding extremely relaxed and calling her vocal as "luxurious calling to mind the atmosphere", Elan concluded that the over-all effect is underwhelming  She continued by writing that instead of re-inventing the pop wheel, "We Found Love" has "a whiff of treading-water about it" and that "if there is a 'goosebump' moment to be had it comes after many multiple plays and, dare we say it, a glass of something strong " Awarding "We Found Love" two stars out of five, Jody Rosen of Rolling Stone was critical, writing that it "is much ado about very little indeed" and that is "an insipid tune"  He concluded that Rihanna repeats 'We found love in a hopeless place' "approximately 350 times, hoping it will start to mean something  It's the worst single of Rihanna’s career  It will probably top the Hot 100 anyway " Leah Collins of The Vancouver Sun initially praised Rihanna's vocal performance in the song, writing that she "smoothes out her vocals", before adding, "Angelic as she sounds, though, [her] performance – which is mostly just her repeating the line 'We found love in a hopeless place' – seems to take second place to Harris' repetitive synth-based blare " Similarly, Amos Barshad of Grantland criticized the singer's vocal performance, calling it "a complete afterthought" before concluding, "People who regularly attend the Electric Zoo festival: Rihanna wants your money!"A reviewer for GlobalGrind commented on the song's lyrics, suggesting that there is perhaps an underlying message in the song for ex-boyfriend Chris Brown, in the line "We found love in a hopeless place"  This further raised suspicion when Brown re-tweeted one of Rihanna's posts on Twitter, which read "Sometimes it feels like we find love in the most hopeless place"  Jessica Herndon of People magazine praised the song, saying that "'We Found Love' had an amazing influence on people all across the world in 2012, becoming one of the most popular and most successful songs" Pitchfork Media commented, "Over a frantic, Calvin Harris-produced, Guetta-meets-'Sandstorm' beat on her sixth record's lead-off single, Rihanna repeats these words almost 20 times  'We Found Love' ranks among Ri's best singles because it recognizes that there's not much more that needs to be said: in three and a half minutes, the line moves from being a great pop lyric to a triumphant mantra to something suggestive of a whole spectrum of unspoken emotion  The best pop music transports you to somewhere beyond words, and Rihanna's strongest singles all seem to be in on this secret " Allmusic chose the song as a highlight on Talk That Talk, and wrote about the "singer's ecstatic vocal than Calvin Harris' shrill, plinky production"  Los Angeles Times commented that the song was an "ode for bad love" and added it "wouldn't be out of place at Electric Daisy Carnival"  The New York Times' writer commented "'We Found Love' almost criminally recalls the swinging Crystal Waters singles, with triumphant percussion somewhere between church and seventh-inning stretch " Billboard magazine also praised the song, saying that: "Through a haze of glitter and bliss, Rihanna emerges to let us find a gorgeous hook in a hopeless place, and Calvin Harris becomes a household name " As of January 2015, Billboard named "We Found Love" as the best song of the 2010s (so far)  USA Today considered the song to be a highlight on the set, commenting that Rihanna sings "bistfully"   Entertainment Weekly noted, "U K  club king Calvin Harris trades Rihanna's usual somber synths for disco ecstasy on 'We Found Love,' a song that builds and builds to a climax that's so arena-ready it practically begs for someone to blow a vuvuzela" 

Recognition and awards
MTV chose "We Found Love" as the third best song of 2011, and "Video of the Year" at the MTV Video Music Awards 2012  The writers of the website further commented, "The leadoff single from Talk That Talk is where Rihanna fully embraced EDM  Produced by Calvin Harris, 'We Found Love' is a swirling party track about love and loss, the rare song that manages to be sad and joyous all at once  And it is a pinnacle of the pop/dance crossover, a throwback to '90s raves that could make even the most stoic lover of pop want to break out a glow stick and just dance  Rob Sheffield of Rolling Stone put "We Found Love" at number eleven on his list of Top 25 Songs of 2011 commenting, "While her other hits tried to camouflage her spindly voice, here it just strains for that spindly melody " It was named the third biggest love song of all time by Billboard 

Critic lists
According to Acclaimed Music, "We Found Love" is statistically the 5th most acclaimed song from 2011 and the 45th most acclaimed in the 2010s 

Chart performance
Oceania
"We Found Love" made its chart debut on the New Zealand Singles Chart on September 26, 2011, at number 14, and in its fifth week, rose to number one  It remained at the top for nine straight weeks, becoming Rihanna's longest-running single in the country, overtaking 'Umbrella' which reigned for six weeks in 2007  The song has since been certified three-times platinum by the RIANZ, denoting shipments of 45,000 copies  In Australia, "We Found Love" debuted on the Australian Singles Chart on October 9, 2011, at number three, before rising to number two for multiple weeks  As of February 2013, the song has been certified six-times platinum by the Australian Recording Industry Association, denoting shipments of 420,000 copies, marking Rihanna's best-selling single in the country as a lead artist 

North America
In the United States, the song debuted on the Billboard Hot 100 chart on September 28, 2011, at number 16  "We Found Love" became the singer's fourth highest debut on the chart out of her 31 Hot 100 chart entries, with the highest being her collaboration with Eminem, "Love the Way You Lie", which debuted at number two in July 2010  The following week, "We Found Love" rose to number nine, giving Rihanna the record for a solo artist to have amassed twenty top-ten singles in the history of the Billboard Hot 100 chart in the shortest amount of time  Rihanna achieved the feat in a time span of six years and four months, surpassing the record previously held by Madonna who managed the achievement in a time span of six years and nine months  In its sixth week on the chart, the song reached number one, giving Rihanna her eleventh number-one single and Calvin Harris his first number-one single in the United States and making him the first British dance DJ to top the Billboard Hot 100 and the first Scottish solo act to top the chart since Lulu's "To Sir with Love" in 1967  thus tying her with Whitney Houston in fifth place for the highest number of number-one singles in the 53-year history of the chart, behind The Beatles (20), Mariah Carey (19), Michael Jackson (13), and a fourth place tie between Madonna and The Supremes (both with 12)  Rihanna also tied with Houston as the female artists with the third most number-one singles on the chart, behind Carey and Madonna  "We Found Love" spent 10 non-consecutive weeks at the top of the Billboard Hot 100, surpassing "Umbrella" as Rihanna's longest number-one single in the country, and was the longest-running number one of 2011  It was certified nine times platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA) for shipping more than 9 million copies  As of June 2015, the song has sold 5 4 million digital copies in the US  On August 1, 2013, Billboard announced that "We Found Love" is the 24th biggest Hot 100 hit of all time in the chart's 55-year history "We Found Love" debuted at number seven on the US Hot Digital Songs chart, with digital download sales of 117,000 after only four days according to Nielsen SoundScan  In its fifth week, the song rose to number one, with sales of 231,000 copies, giving Rihanna her eleventh number-one song on the chart, further extending her record as the artist with the most number ones  The song spent a second week at number one on the chart, with sales of 243,000 copies, bringing total sales to 1,057,000 copies sold, marking Rihanna's twentieth download to reach the million-selling milestone, extending her record for the most such downloads among women  On October 12, 2011, the song debuted at number 39 on the US Hot Dance Club Songs chart and number 21 on the Pop Songs chart  It eventually reached number one on both charts  It was, until 2013, the most recent song to spend at least two consecutive weeks atop the US Hot Dance Club chart, until Daft Punk's "Get Lucky"  "We Found Love" also peaked at numbers three and two on the US Latin Songs and Latin Pop Songs charts, becoming Rihanna's highest-charting single on both charts  Furthermore, the song reached the top spot on the Canadian Hot 100 chart 

Europe
In Harris's native United Kingdom, "We Found Love" debuted at the top of the UK Singles Chart, UK Dance Chart and UK Singles Download Chart on October 9, 2011 – for the week ending date October 15, 2011 – with 87,000 copies sold, despite only having been on sale for four days  With "We Found Love" debuting at the top of the UK Singles Chart, Rihanna set a record by becoming the first female solo artist to top the chart six times in five consecutive years, having previously held pole position with "Umbrella", "Take a Bow", "Run This Town", "Only Girl (In the World)" and "What's My Name" between 2007 and 2011  It was also Rihanna's sixth and Harris' third number one in the UK  The song retained its number-one position on all three charts for three consecutive weeks, selling 92,000 copies in its third week  Total sales for "We Found Love" in the United Kingdom stood at 372,268 after just 24 days  In its fifth week, the song fell a place to number two but then in its sixth week, the song returned to number-one for a fourth non-consecutive week and eventually topped the chart for six weeks, resulting in Rihanna overtaking Adele as the artist with the most cumulative weeks at number one in 2011 for a solo female artist, with a total of seven weeks between "We Found Love" and her January release "What's My Name?"  In addition, in its sixth week at number one, Rihanna scored her second "chart double" of the year when Talk That Talk and "We Found Love" placed at number one on the albums and singles charts, respectively  This achievement had not been achieved since 1979 and made Rihanna the first female artist in chart history to score two "chart doubles" in the same year, with the singer's previous album Loud and its second single, 'What's My Name?' topping both charts earlier in 2011  By February 2012, the single had racked up 1,006,460 copies in 19 weeks, making it Rihanna's second solo track (third overall) to reach the million sales plateau since October 2011, following "Love the Way You Lie" and "Only Girl (In the World)"  In November 2012, it was included on 'The Million Sellers' list by the Official Charts Company, consisting of the best-selling singles in the UK that have sold at least one million copies since 1952  It charted at number 76 out of a total 123, having sold 1 13 million copies  As of February 2016, the song has sold 1 39 million copies in the UK, making it Rihanna's biggest-selling single there  "We Found Love" is the 9th best-selling song of all time by a female artist in Britain Elsewhere in Europe, the song topped the charts in Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Hungary, Ireland, Norway, Poland, Russia, Slovakia, Sweden and Switzerland and attained top-five positions in the Flanders and Wallonia regions of Belgium at numbers three and two, and reached number two in the Czech Republic and Spain and three in the Netherlands  In Germany "We Found Love" entered the single chart at number one on October 28, 2011, becoming Rihanna's fourth number one in the country  After being deposed for a week, the track rebounded to take the lead spending three further weeks at the top, becoming Rihanna's second longest-running number one hit in the country after "Umbrella" in 2007  The song topped certain European charts for lengthy periods, including in Norway for nine non-consecutive weeks, Ireland for seven consecutive weeks and Denmark for six weeks 

Music video
The music video for "We Found Love" was shot in Northern Ireland in late September 2011, in County Down, Northern Ireland and the New Lodge area of North Belfast   The video was directed by Melina Matsoukas, who had previously directed the videos for "Hard" (2009), "Rude Boy" (2010), "Rockstar 101" (2010) and the controversial "S&M" (2011)  Anticipation for the video grew in the United Kingdom when the national news picked up on the story of sixty-one-year-old Northern Ireland farmer Alan Graham withdrawing his permission to film in his barley field in Bangor, County Down after taking issue with Rihanna's clothing, focusing on her appearing topless and also wearing a red bikini top which he thought was an "inappropriate state of undress"  Rihanna and her film crew departed amiably after Graham advised them to "be acquainted with God and to consider His Son, the Lord Jesus Christ, and His death and Resurrection "The video begins with a monologue about love and heartbreak by an unseen narrator, fashion model Agyness Deyn  Multiple scenes of Rihanna and boxer Dudley O'Shaughnessy are intercut throughout the narration, depicting them in different love and hate situations with each other  The two are shown as completely enamored with each other while engaging in fun activities together, including enjoying their time at an indoor skating centre and eating in fast food restaurants  During the chorus, the video shows the romance to be somewhat warped, as images of drugs, various pills and dilated pupils are shown, while brief scenes of Rihanna and her boyfriend preparing to engage in sexual intercourse and their various stages of undress are shown  The chorus continues and the video abruptly cuts to Rihanna and other people at an outdoor rave, dancing to music  Calvin Harris features as the DJ during this scene 
From the second verse, Rihanna and her boyfriend are seen happily running amok in a supermarket, pushing each other in a shopping cart and spraying canned drinks at each other  This scene is interrupted with Rihanna in a Pontiac Trans Am outside with her boyfriend who begins to recklessly drive in circles, resulting in Rihanna asking him to stop the car which ensues into an argument between the pair  The video then progressively shows the couple experiencing mounting difficulties in their relationship  Rihanna removes herself from the car and returns moments later where we see her boyfriend grab her chin to look at him, suggesting that he is domestically violent towards her  During the final chorus Rihanna can be seen vomiting what appears to be pink and white streamers; she is also seen passed out on the street while her boyfriend tries to revive her  In another scene, Rihanna is seen lying on a couch while her boyfriend tattoos the word 'MINE' on her backside  Eventually, Rihanna decides to leave her boyfriend after finding him passed out on the floor of his apartment – and most likely due to the previous events shown throughout the video  The clip ends with Rihanna curled up in the corner of a room, crying The video generated controversy for its depiction of violence and drug use, as well as for Rihanna's removal of her clothes during filming  One journalist wrote, "The song is probably one of the most talked about in the country following the Barbadian being told to 'find God' after running naked through a Northern Irish farmer's field " It was described as a "disgrace" by an anti-rape campaigner, and Christian commenters worried about the effects of the video and that "Rihanna is damaging the moral and self-worth of young impressionable teens " However, The Guardian praised the video for being different in its time period and called it "a very British music video", comparing it to UK TV series, Skins  The video won a Grammy Award for 'Best Short-Form Music Video  As of January 2015, Billboard named the video as the second best music video of the 2010s (so far) 

Live performances
Rihanna performed "We Found Love" for the first time on November 14, 2011, during a concert of her Loud Tour in London  The song was then added to the setlist as the closing song for the rest of the tour until it ended on December 22  On November 17, 2011, Rihanna performed the song on first season of The X Factor USA  The performance featured Rihanna wearing torn jeans and a bomber jacket with neon signs also present on the stage  On November 20, 2011, Rihanna performed the song on the eighth season of The X Factor UK, featuring Rihanna wearing a small tartan dress On February 12, 2012, Rihanna performed "We Found Love" at the 54th Annual Grammy Awards held at the Staples Center in Los Angeles, followed by her duet single "Princess of China" with Coldplay for first time  John Mitchell from MTV News said he thought Rihanna looked "gorgeous" and that she gave "off a Tina Turner vibe — Rihanna rocked the blond locks she introduced recently, wearing a tight, belly-baring ensemble " USA Today's writer Ed Masley, praised the performance, describing it as "shout in shout-out"  The Huffington Post also noted that the performance had "a twinge of Tina Turner"  Time magazine graded the performance with an A, saying that "Rihanna never disappoints  Her pop songs are always danceable, often catchy and consistently awesome — sometimes they even have some substance to them  Similarly, her Grammy performance wasn't the flashiest or craziest, and she didn’t bust out dance moves the way other entertainers did, but it was one of the most enjoyable "Later that month, the singer performed the song at the Brit Awards held on February 21, 2012, at the O2 Arena in London  The performance began with Rihanna, in only an old grandad-style jumper covering her body, in a clear cage as colourful paint began to be thrown inside with her, although none was thrown onto the singer herself  Dancers were also present as Rihanna emerged from the cage and began dancing along the broad stretch of stage  The performance concluded with big multi-coloured balloons pouring down red confetti from the ceiling as they burst, finalizing with Rihanna returning to the paint-covered cage and smearing it over herself ending with her silhouette being broadcast through the cage  At the ceremony, Rihanna also won the award for Best International Female Solo Artist  Whilst promoting her first feature film appearance in Battleship, Rihanna made a visit to Japan, performing "We Found Love" on the Japanese music television program Music Station  She donned a traditional kimono and concluded the performance by crowd surfing into the audience  On April 24, 2012, Rihanna performed a special acoustic version of the song at the Time 100 gala for Time's selection of that year's 100 most influential people of which Rihanna was listed  Rihanna later performed "We Found Love" at Radio 1's Hackney Weekend on May 24, 2012, as the seventeenth and final song on the set list  The performance featured a giant sphinx on the stage  On September 9, 2012, Rihanna performed the single (along with "Princess of China" and "Run This Town") with Coldplay and Jay-Z at the closing ceremony of the 2012 Summer Paralympics in London, entering on a steampunk pirate ship and also suspended in the air on a metal bench  On December 9, 2012, Rihanna performed "We Found Love" in a medley with a solo version of "Stay" on the final of ninth season of The X Factor UK  She also performed the song at the 2016 MTV Video Music Awards  She performed the song as part of her set during the halftime show of Super Bowl LVII 

Cover versions
American singer Tinashe uploaded a music video for her cover on her YouTube account on October 21, 2011  British alternative rock band Coldplay, with whom Rihanna would later collaborate on their song "Princess of China", covered "We Found Love" on October 27, 2011, during a performance at BBC Radio 1's Live Lounge  Jocelyn Vena of MTV News called the performance "flawless", writing "Lead singer Chris Martin's haunting vocals and the band's acoustic rendition, using drums, piano and guitar, play up the sadness of the track " Jason Lipshutz of Billboard magazine also noted that the band used "piano flourishes, a kick drum and a simple guitar lick to convey the song's romantic declaration", while making a ballad which was "reminiscent of Bruno Mars' emotional reworking of Katy Perry's 'California Gurls'"  Matthew Perpetua of Rolling Stone wrote: "It may surprise that their rendition is actually pretty good  Whereas Rihanna's version is a thumping rave anthem, Chris Martin and company transform it into a lovely piano ballad nearly indistinguishable from many of their own songs
Context 3: Passage 1:
2016 Honda Indy Grand Prix of Alabama
The 2016 Honda Indy Grand Prix of Alabama was the 4th round of the 2016 IndyCar Series  The race was contested over 90 laps at Barber Motorsports Park in Birmingham, Alabama  It was the 7th time that the IndyCar Series had raced on the circuit  In qualifying, Simon Pagenaud took pole position with a time of 1:06 7762, beating out his teammate Will Power  Sébastien Bourdais set a new track record during the second round of qualifications with a time of 1:06 6001, but was unable to match that pace in the third round of qualifying, relegating him to a fifth place start  Championship contender Juan Pablo Montoya struggled heavily in qualifying, placing 21st and last The race opened with an incident before it even started  As the field came off the final turn to prepare to take the green flag, Carlos Muñoz tipped Mikhail Aleshin into a spin, sending Aleshin and Jack Hawksworth off into the outside grass  All involved escaped major damage, while the rest of the field ran an extra lap under yellow before the start  It would be the only caution flag of the day  Simon Pagenaud held the lead when the race started, with Power slotting in behind him  Further back in the field, Sébastien Bourdais and Scott Dixon made contact in turn five, sending Dixon into a spin and causing front wing damage to Bourdais' car  Both would continue, but their races were both greatly hampered due to the incident Pagenaud dominated the majority of the race  However, in the closing laps, Pagenaud was held up in lap traffic, allowing Graham Rahal to catch up and set a thrilling duel for the lead  On lap 82, Rahal and Pagenaud made contact entering turn seven, sending Pagenaud off course and handing Rahal the lead  The lead would be short lived, as four laps later, Pagenaud caught back up and attempted to make a pass at the exit of turn six  In the middle of the move, Rahal made contact with back-marker Jack Hawksworth, damaging Rahal's front wing and ending any chance of holding off Pagenaud  Pagenaud would extend his lead and take victory by 13 7 seconds  It was Pagenaud second consecutive victory of the season  Despite his damaged wing, Rahal managed to hang on and finish second  Josef Newgarden finished third  Despite his terrible starting position, Juan Pablo Montoya was able to charge through the field and finish in a respectable fifth place  The highest finishing rookie was Alexander Rossi, who came across the line in 15th, the last car on the lead lap 
For the second year in a row, there were no DNFs 

Report
Qualifying
Source for individual rounds:

Race Results
Notes
1 Points include 1 point for leading at least 1 lap during a race, an additional 2 points for leading the most race laps, and 1 point for Pole Position 
Source for time gaps:

Championship standings after the race
Note: Only the top five positions are included 
Passage 2:
2016 IndyCar Series
The 2016 Verizon IndyCar Series was the 21st season of the IndyCar Series and the 105th season of American open wheel racing  It included the 100th running of the Indianapolis 500  Scott Dixon entered as the reigning Drivers' Champion, while Chevrolet entered the season as the reigning Manufacturer's Champion   Upon season's end, Simon Pagenaud was crowned Drivers' Champion, while Chevrolet retained the Manufacturer's Championship  
Pagenaud was the first European driver to win IndyCar Series driver's title since British driver Dario Franchitti in 2011 season 

Entries
Notes
Bryan Clauson ran the Indianapolis 500 for the 3rd and final time for Jonathan Byrd's Racing  Clauson would attempt to race in more than 200 races in 2016 among IndyCar, sprint cars and midgets but would tragically fall short of that because on August 6, 2016, Clauson was involved in a midget car crash at Belleville High Banks Speedway in Belleville, Kansas, and died the following night 
Ryan Hunter-Reay, Carlos Muñoz and Marco Andretti signed with Andretti Autosport for the 2016 and 2017 seasons  The team confirmed Townsend Bell for the Indianapolis 500 
Carpenter Fisher Hartman Racing became Ed Carpenter Racing for the 2016 season  Both Josef Newgarden and Ed Carpenter remained with the team, with only Newgarden running the full schedule  The team confirmed J  R  Hildebrand for the GP of Indy and the Indianapolis 500  ECR would add Indy Lights champion Spencer Pigot to drive the No  20 for the road/street courses beginning at Detroit 
Rahal Letterman Lanigan Racing ran only one car full-time in 2016 with Graham Rahal, but ran Indy Lights champion Spencer Pigot in three races (St  Petersburg, GP of Indy, and Indianapolis 500) 
Team Penske returned with the same four drivers as the 2015 season 
Chip Ganassi Racing retained Scott Dixon, Tony Kanaan and Charlie Kimball, but neither Sage Karam nor Sebastián Saavedra returned to the team  The team later confirmed former Manor Marussia driver Max Chilton, who drove a partial Indy Lights schedule in 2015, as their fourth driver 
Schmidt Peterson Motorsports confirmed the return of James Hinchcliffe to the team  Mikhail Aleshin returned to the team for the full season, replacing James Jakes  Oriol Servià drove the team's third entry in the Indianapolis 500 with support from Marotti Racing 
PIRTEK Team Murray confirmed that the team would race the Grand Prix of Indianapolis and Indianapolis 500 with driver Matthew Brabham  The team had support from KVSH Racing 
KVSH Racing confirmed the return of Sébastien Bourdais with the team  Stefano Coletti did not return for the team  Stefan Wilson drove the No  25 for the Indianapolis 500 
Dale Coyne Racing confirmed that Conor Daly and Luca Filippi would run the full season  Pippa Mann returned to the team for the Indianapolis 500  The team confirmed Gabby Chaves for the Grand Prix of Indianapolis and Indianapolis 500 
A  J  Foyt Enterprises confirmed the return of Takuma Sato and Jack Hawksworth to the team  The team confirmed Alex Tagliani for the Grand Prix of Indy and the Indianapolis 500 
Dreyer & Reinbold Racing reunited with Sage Karam for the Indianapolis 500 
Lazier Partners Racing confirmed the return of Buddy Lazier to the Indianapolis 500 
On February 18, Bryan Herta Autosport confirmed their alliance with fellow Honda team Andretti Autosport  The team was run out of Andretti's shop in Indianapolis  Separately, due to a sponsor default, the team was unable to retain 2014 Indy Lights Champion Gabby Chaves  The team would confirm former Caterham and Manor Racing driver Alexander Rossi to drive the No  98 for the season 
IndyCar announced on February 24, 2016, the hiring of three race stewards; former drivers Arie Luyendyk and Max Papis and longtime motorsports executive Dan Davis 
On May 15, 2016, information was revealed that Charlie Kimball would be using car number 42 instead of his usual 83 for the Indianapolis 500  This came as a promotion by Novo Nordisk and Chip Ganassi Racing that also involved Kyle Larson and Ganassi's NASCAR team  The official announcement came May 16, 2016
On June 12, 2016, Josef Newgarden suffered a fractured clavicle and wrist in an accident during the Firestone 600  Ed Carpenter Racing announced the following day that J  R  Hildebrand would fill in for Newgarden until he recovered from his injuries  However, Newgarden recovered enough from his injuries that he was able to compete in the following race at Road America 
On July 21, 2016, Dale Coyne Racing announced that R  C  Enerson would make his IndyCar debut driving for the team at Mid-Ohio  The team later signed Enerson to drive the final two races of the season 

Schedule
The 2016 Verizon IndyCar Series schedule was announced on October 27, 2015  All rounds were held in the United States, except the Toronto round 

 O  Oval/Speedway
 R  Road course/Street circuit

Schedule changes and notes
The Grand Prix of Boston was announced in late May 2015  The race was scheduled to be run on Labor Day Weekend on September 4, 2016  The proposed street circuit was based in the Boston Seaport District  On April 29, 2016, Boston newspapers reported that the race had been canceled 
Grand Prix of St  Petersburg was run on March 11–13 
Autódromo Hermanos Rodríguez was also rumored to start the 2016 season with a race in February, but did not materialize 
IndyCar did not return to NOLA Motorsports Park, Auto Club Speedway, and the Milwaukee Mile in 2016 following financial difficulties exposed shortly after the 2015 running of the former event 
Toronto returned to its original July date as a single race weekend 
Road America's return to an open-wheel calendar was announced on August 8, 2015  The race was run on June 26, 2016 
IndyCar returned to Phoenix International Raceway for the first time since 2005 
IndyCar officials explored the possibility of returning to Gateway Motorsports Park; a deal was eventually reached for the track to return for the 2017 season 
Texas Motor Speedway confirmed that the Verizon IndyCar Series would run on June 11, 2016  However, the race was postponed to the following afternoon due to persistent rain  It was further halted after 71 laps due to more rain and the rest of the race was postponed until August 27  The 248 lap race resumed starting at lap 72  This would lead to updates for the track regarding drainage and repaving in time for 2017's events 
IndyCar returned to Pocono Raceway on August 21 
In an interview with Mark Miles, Iowa Speedway was said to be set for July 10 
In a November 2 press release, IndyCar announced a two-day promoter test at Phoenix International Raceway, scheduled for February 26–27, in preparation for the series’ return to the 1-mile oval  The Phoenix promoter test in February was the only one not in conjunction with a typical race weekend schedule  The other promoter test days were: March 11 at St  Petersburg, April 22 at Barber Motorsports Park, May 12 at the Indianapolis Motor Speedway road course, June 24 at Road America, July 29 at Mid-Ohio Sports Car Course, and September 16 at Sonoma Raceway 
IndyCar CEO Mark Miles said in an interview that IndyCar was working on replacing the Boston race on Labor Day and specifically stated that Gateway Motorsports Park and Watkins Glen International were being considered as replacement venues  On May 13, 2016, IndyCar announced that Watkins Glen would replace Boston 

Results
Points standings
Ties are broken by number of wins, followed by number of 2nds, 3rds, etc



ground_truth: Big 12 Conference

prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: The song that came out ahead of The Wanted's "Lightning" on the UK Singles Chart was featured on which album?

The following are given passages.
Context 2: " A writer for The Hollywood Reporter said: "Martin's vocals blend with the piano for a slightly softer take on the tragic love story " On February 17, 2012, British singer Jessie J made a cover of the song on BBC Radio1's Live Lounge Lea Michele and Naya Rivera covered the song in the climax of the third season's tenth episode of Glee, "Yes/No"  Romanian X Factor contestant Diana Hetea performed "We Found Love" in the "Public's Choice Gala" on December 10, 2011  Even though ill of laryngitis, Hetea's performance was praised all three judges that called it "[The] Perfect match for her!" both visually and vocally  Kris Allen also covered the song mashing it with other songs by Katy Perry and other female artists  Carmen Smith also performed "We Found Love" for her battle round in the Australian Version of the Voice which saw her through to next round In September 2012, Kelly Clarkson performed the song during a concert in Virginia Beach   In October 2012, British singer Ed Sheeran did an acoustic cover of the song for Sirius XM Radio  Lindsey Stirling covered it in a music video filmed in a Kenyan village  British pop rock band McFly covered "We Found Love" on their "Keep Calm And Play Lounder" tour 2012  Kele Okereke sang a verse of the song as the intro to his band Bloc Party's song "Flux" on their June 2012 U K  tour  In July 2014, Tori Amos covered the song on her Unrepentant Geraldines Tour  In 2011, Boyce Avenue, a pop rock band, also made an acoustic cover of the song and released it iTunes and their YouTube channel  In November 2012, Forever The Sickest Kids covered the song as part of Punk Goes Pop 5  
YouTubers Tom Scott and Matt Gray spoofed the song in their video 'Ten Illegal Things To Do In London ' The parody, where the song's chorus lyrics are replaced with 'We Flew A Kite In A Public Place,' plays over footage of Gray flying a kite in a public place, which is illegal in the U K  under the Metropolitan Police Act 1839 

Remixes
In November 2011, R3hab released a remix of "We Found Love" with a "Halloween" sound  He explained "I made two versions     one version is more melodic and euphoric  This [first] one is more dark because the lyrics [to] 'We Found Love' can also be seen as something dark  'We are at the end of the world/ And I still found love ' So from there came the more darker chord progression and the more darker atmosphere, like Dracula is coming to get you  It's just got a lot of emotion and that worked out great for me "On January 13, 2012, Rap-Up released a remix of "We Found Love" featuring American rapper Flo Rida  Flo Rida's parts overlap Calvin Harris' produced dance beats  In the opening lines, Flo Rida introduces himself and raps tongue twisters about Rihanna and The Bahamas, "You know I got love for you/ See what happened was we in Bahams/ I remember it was the ox summer, oh so pretty I/   Girl nice to meet you what's the honour/ Yeah she tap me told me she Rihanna "  He also references singer Mick Jagger singing that he is "rocking a party 'like I'm Mick Jagger " Flo Rida, himself in an interview with NME revealed that it was an honor for him to work with Rihanna  He also revealed that "We Found Love" was one of his favorite songs and that's why he decided to make a remix with Rihanna  He added that Calvin Harris' production impressed him and heavily influenced him on his future work  Rihanna also noted that she decided to work with Flo Rida because of his "wild" productions on his songs Andrew Unterberger of the website PopDust wrote that Flo Rida was "exactly" what the original version of "We Found Love" was missing  He added, "No Rihanna, you got it backwards—it's Flo Rida who needs to have other, more talented people on his songs in order to turn them into hits, not the other way around    At least this remix does feature a sizeable contribution from Flo, as he shows up on both the intro and over the song's primary instrumental hook with his trademark unintelligible yammering, though he gets in at least one reference to rocking a party 'like I'm Mick Jagger '" Matthew Perpetua of Rolling Stone praised the remix of the song, saying that "once again, Flo Rida shows his true rapping skills over the beat of Rihanna's 'We Found Love'"  Both Billboard's Erika Ramirez and Spin's Marc Hogan praised the remixed version calling it "refreshing" and "interesting"  However, Becky Bain of the website Idolator was more negative towards the remix  She noted, "Being that Rihanna's 'We Found Love' has enough beats and synths to be its own remix, not to mention it couldn't possibly be even more popular on the Hot 100    we find it pointless to release a new version of the single with Flo Rida "

Formats and track listings
Credits and personnel
Credits adapted from CD single liner notes Recording

Recorded at Fly Eye Studios, London, United Kingdom and Westlake Recording Studios, Los Angeles, California Personnel

Rihanna - vocals
Calvin Harris – songwriter, producer, recording, mixing and instrumentation
Marcos Tovar – vocal recording
Alejandro Barajas – assistant recording engineer
Phil Tan – mixing
Damien Lewis – assistant mixing

Charts
Certifications
Release history
See also
Passage 4:
Lightning (song)
"Lightning" is a song by British-Irish boy band the Wanted, taken as the third single from their second studio album, Battleground  It was released on 16 October 2011  The song was written by Steve Mac, Wayne Hector and Ed Drewett, the same team responsible for the band's number-one single, "Glad You Came"  The song debuted at number two on the UK Singles Chart, behind Rihanna's "We Found Love"  The single was originally intended for release in the United States, following the success of "Glad You Came", and a promotional remix single was issued, however, its release was cancelled 

Background
The song was written by Steve Mac, Wayne Hector and Ed Drewett  It was first premiered during the band's Spring 2011 tour, where many fans assumed it to be the first single from Battleground  The song kicks off with a thumping electronic beat, as Tom's raspy vocals come in: "You're in control, pressing pause on my heartbeat   "  During the chorus, the band sing: "I know it's a little bit frightening, we might as well be playing with lightning now-ow-ow " Band member Tom Parker said of the song, "We all felt it was a sound like we've never done before  It's the perfect prelude to the album, and a great song to get you in the mood for a party " The song premiered on mainstream radio on 17 September 2011  Band member Max George said of the song, "It was only really meant as a filler track  Something to keep the fans interested on the weeks leading up to the album release  We never knew it would be so successful "

Critical reception
A positive reception came from "CBBC Newsround" who rated it four out of five stars  They went on to say that "The verses aren't that catchy, but the chorus will get you humming in a lightning flash! " They also said that "the rousing singalong chorus is well worth waiting for " Another positive reception came from Digital Spy's Lewis Corner, who rated it four stars out of five and wrote that "[   ] The five-piece croon over a cool 'n' catchy melody more addictive than snacking on a tube of Pringles in front of the telly " [   ] "The results are strikingly similar; once you pop, you shamelessly can't stop no matter how much you try "

Promotion
The band performed the song live for the first time during the results show of the 16 October edition of The X Factor  They also made a special appearance on the Strictly Come Dancing Halloween Special to perform the song, on 30 October 2011 

Music video
The music video for "Lightning" was director by Matt Stawski  The video was filmed in LA, and premiered on 22 September 2011, via the Wanted's YouTube channel  The video features the members of the band performing during a rave, in a similar fashion to their "Glad You Came" video  The video is set at night, and also features many explosions and kissing scenes 

Track listing
Digital download"Lightning" – 3:23
"Lightning" (Chuckie Extended Mix) – 5:43
"Lightning" (The Alias Remix – Radio Edit) – 3:29
"Glad You Came" (Live Tour Performance) – 3:20UK CD single"Lightning" – 3:23
"Lightning" (Chuckie Extended Mix) – 5:43
"Lightning" (The Alias Remix – Radio Edit) – 3:29U S  promotional CD single"Lightning" (Radio Edit) – 3:24
"Lightning" (Digital Dog Radio Edit) – 3:21
"Lightning" (Digital Dog Club Mix) – 6:28
"Lightning" (Digital Dog Dub) – 6:10
"Lightning" (Almighty Radio Edit) – 3:23
"Lightning" (Almighty Club Mix) – 6:24
"Lightning" (The Alias Remix – Radio Edit) – 3:29
"Lightning" (The Alias Club Mix) – 7:11
"Lightning" (Chuckie Extended Mix) – 5:43
"Lightning" (Chuckie Club Mix) – 6:13
"Lightning" (Chuckie Dub) – 5:14

Charts and certifications
Release history
Passage 5:
The Wanted discography
British-Irish vocal pop group The Wanted have released three studio albums, one compilation album, two extended plays and fifteen singles  The band's debut album, The Wanted, was released by Geffen Records in the United Kingdom in October 2010  It reached number four on the UK Album Chart and number eleven on the Irish Albums Chart  The album's first single, "All Time Low", was released in July 2010 and peaked at number one on the UK Singles Chart and number thirteen on the Irish Singles Chart  This was followed by "Heart Vacancy", which reached two in the UK and eighteen in Ireland  "Lose My Mind", was the third and last single from the album and was less successful than its predecessors, reaching number 19 in the UK and number 30 in Ireland 
In March 2011, The Wanted released the official 2011 Comic Relief charity single, "Gold Forever", which peaked at number three in the UK and number 13 in Ireland  "Glad You Came", the Wanted's fifth single, was released in July 2011 and became their second number-one single in the UK and their first in Ireland; it also charted in the US, Australia, and Europe  In October, their sixth single, "Lightning", debuted and peaked at number 2 on 23 October 2011  This was followed by second album Battleground, which got to number 5 
In 2012, the band released "Chasing the Sun", the lead single from their then-untitled third studio album and the theme song of the animated film Ice Age: Continental Drift (2012)  Four further singles were released, including top 5 hits "I Found You" and "Walks Like Rihanna", before long-awaited third album Word of Mouth finally dropped in November 2013  After the album only reached number 9 in the UK and number 17 in the US, the band announced an indefinite hiatus 
The band reunited in September 2021 and released their first greatest hits album in November 2021, which included two new songs 

Albums
Studio albums
Compilation albums
Extended plays
Singles
As lead artists
Promotional singles
Other charted songs
Other appearances
Music videos
Passage 6:
Gabrielle Aplin discography
The discography of British singer-songwriter Gabrielle Aplin, consists of four studio albums, 17 extended plays, three live albums and 18 singles  Her first release was the 5-track Acoustic EP which was released on the iTunes Store on 13 September 2010  Her second EP Never Fade was released on 9 May 2011 and saw Aplin expand her sound, showcasing a more folk rock sound and playing all instruments herself  In April 2011, Aplin was invited to perform for BBC Introducing at Maida Vale Studios, where she played 3 tracks from Never Fade and a cover of the Coldplay song "Fix You"  Aplin released her third EP, Home, on 9 January 2012  On 29 February 2012, Aplin announced that she had signed to Parlophone  Aplin was confirmed as the soundtrack to the John Lewis 2012 Christmas television advertisement, covering Frankie Goes to Hollywood's "The Power of Love", the song reached number one on the UK Singles Chart On 12 December 2012, Aplin announced that the title of her debut album would be English Rain  In addition, she also unveiled its artwork and release date of 29 April 2013  However, the album's release date was later confirmed as 13 May 2013  Aplin announced live on 17 February Radio 1 Chart Show that her third single would be "Panic Cord"  The song originally featured on her Never Fade EP and it was released on 5 May 2013, charting at number 19 on the UK Singles Chart  English Rain charted at number 2 on both the UK Albums Chart and Scottish Albums Chart, while reaching number on the Irish Albums Chart  In 2014, Aplin released her English Rain EP in the United States  The EP was released on 6 May and features 5 songs from her debut album, as well as a cover of Canadian singer Joni Mitchell's "A Case of You"  In 2015, Aplin released her second studio album entitled Light Up the Dark  Light Up the Dark debuted at number 14 on the UK Albums Chart 

Albums
Studio albums
Live albums
Extended plays
Singles
As lead artist
As featured artist
Other appearances
Music videos
Passage 7:
Gold Dust (DJ Fresh song)
"Gold Dust" is a song by British-based DJ and record producer DJ Fresh  It is the third single released from his second album Kryptonite 
Originally put out as a 12" in 2008, it was re-released in 2010 featuring vocals from Ce'cile although there is a version of the song on his album Nextlevelism which features Ms  Dynamite  The 2010 version of the song peaked at number 24 on the UK Singles Chart  The music video was directed by Ben Newman and edited by Jacek Zajkowski  In 2012, Shy FX made a 're-edit' of the song that was re-released to radio  This version reached number 22 on the UK Singles Chart and number 39 on the Irish Singles Chart 
The sales of all versions are combined enabling it to have sold in excess of 600,000 copies, receiving a Platinum certification, despite never reaching the top twenty of the UK Singles Chart 

Music video
The official music video was filmed at the Brownsville Project in Brooklyn and captures some performances by American Double Dutch champions, Jumpers in Command  The youths are seen doing various activities including skateboarding, skipping, and free running 

Critical reception
Fraser McAlpine of BBC Chart Blog gave the song a positive review stating:

Sometimes the brightest gems are right in front of your eyes, hiding in plain sight  Or just obscured by people who know they are there, but have forgotten to tell you 
With this song, and its fantastic video, I will admit that my attention was miles away, probably raking through some slower, drabber, less fun things (ie: ANYTHING ELSE)  I had no idea something this ker-ay-zee, this life-affirming, this astonishingly chipper was released across on my beloved internet just seven days ago, until a friend dragged me over to look at what he called "the skipping video" on his phone 
Yeah, that's right, a skipping video  I mean how impressive can a video which features people either successfully or unsuccessfully jumping over a moving rope actually b   oh my LORD have you SEEN THE SKIPPING VIDEO? YOU'VE GOT TO SEE THE SKIPPING VIDEO! THE SKIPPING VIDEO IS AMAZING!  

Track listings
Chart performance
Certifications
Release history
Passage 8:
Grace Kelly (song)
"Grace Kelly" is the second single by British singer Mika  It is the opening track on Mika's debut studio album Life in Cartoon Motion (2007)  Produced and mixed by Greg Wells, the song entered the UK Singles Chart at number three and the UK Official Download Chart at number one  One week later, it jumped to the top of the UK Singles Chart on download sales alone, the second song to do so after Gnarls Barkley's "Crazy" the previous year  The track was number one on the UK Singles Chart for five weeks, and ended 2007 as the year's third biggest-selling single in that country  In the US, "Grace Kelly" was made available for digital download on 16 January 2007  This song was also No  89 on MTV Asia's list of Top 100 Hits of 2007  It was designed to be a mocking satire of musicians who try to reinvent themselves to be popular 
The song is titled after Academy Award-winning American film and stage actress, and Princess of Monaco, Grace Kelly  The bit of dialogue used in the song is from the film The Country Girl, which stars Kelly  Mika claims the song was inspired after a bad experience with a record company executive, in which he was told to be more like Craig David  The lyric "So I tried a little Freddie" is a reference to Queen's Freddie Mercury, to whose singing voice Mika's has been compared  On at least one occasion, Mika confirmed that he used the main melody from Figaro's famous aria "Largo al factotum", from the opera The Barber of Seville by Gioachino Rossini  Mika performed the song at the MTV Europe Music Awards 2007 in Munich and at the 2008 BRIT Awards at the Earls Court Exhibition Centre, London, where it was nominated for Best British Single, but lost to "Shine" by Take That  The song has sold over 630,000 copies in the UK, as stated by the Official Charts Company 

Background and composition
Mika wrote the song after he felt frustrated with record label executives that wanted him to change his sound to fit the common pop mold  In the song, Mika points out how he can pretend to be anyone he likes to win approval – in this case the glamorous actress Grace Kelly  He wrote the song after the record company told him that they wanted to model his look and sound on Craig David, who was popular at the time in the UK  Mika rejected this idea and wrote "Grace Kelly" as a way of expressing his individuality  The song's melody is based on the aria "Largo al factotum", from the opera The Barber of Seville by Gioachino Rossini 

Critical reception
The song received positive reviews from music critics  Heather Phares from AllMusic wrote a positive review for the song, stating that "Mika's singles are his most charming moments, including the instant sunshine of "Grace Kelly," which crams tap-dancing rhythms, filmic dialogue, Elton's pianos, Freddie's vocal harmonies, and Brian May's guitars into just over three minutes " Christian John Wikane from PopMatters wrote an extensive article about the comparisons between Mika and Freddie Mercury, writing that "he sounds a lot like Mercury and wears the influence like a badge of honor, even name-checking the late front man of Queen in the first verse  Mika vacillates between the affected theatricality of Mercury's full-throttled voice and his own strong falsetto, where he earnestly implores "Why don't you like me?" no less than 12 times Beth Johnson from Entertainment Weekly wrote that "Nothing quite matches the crystal-shattering exuberance of hit Grace Kelly " John Murphy from musicOMH wrote that "It's big, joyous, dumb pop, and the only danger with it is that you'll be utterly sick of it fast " Lizzie Enever from BBC Music was direct, writing that "Grace Kelly is a great pop song – it's catchy, you can't help singing along and it grates on you after a few days when you can't get it out of your head but you still go back for more – flawless credentials " Graham Griffith, also from About com, wrote that the song "is an outrageously irresistible and infectious pop gem " Dom Passantino from Stylus Magazine criticized the track, writing that "it seems to suggest the boy has some level for musicals, being as it is all Broadway flittering and hackneyed attempts at conveying a story with its lyrics  But here's the problem: he's got no tales to tell, just a tab at his local make-up supplier  "Am I too dirty, am I too flirty?" he sings at one point "

Accolades
At the 2007 World Music Awards, Mika won for Best Selling British Artist, Best Selling New Artist, Best Selling Male Entertainer, and World's Best Selling Pop Rock Male Artist 

Live performances and covers
Top 50 contestant of American Idol Josiah Leming performed a rendition of the song in Hollywood for the judges, which received great praise 
A version by Mika appears on the 2007 compilation album The Saturday Sessions: The Dermot O'Leary Show 
Mika performed this song on series 4 episode 3 of The Friday Night Project on 19 January 2007  James Nesbitt was the host that night 
The Whiffenpoofs performed the song on The Sing-Off on 6 December 2010 
Bindi Irwin and Derek Hough performed the song on Dancing with the Stars (U S  season 21)
Josef Fečo performed the song on The Voice Česko Slovensko on 1 March 2019
In September 2021, TikTok users, including Ryan Reynolds and Will Ferrell, took part in a challenge where the user records the different vocal parts of the chorus on top of each other making a full harmony 
In May 2022, Mika performed this song as part of the interval medley at the Eurovision Song Contest 2022, which he co-hosted 

Parodies
Rory Bremner recorded a parody version to illustrate the problems of UK Prime Minister Gordon Brown 
Amateur Transplants's song "Libel Case" from their 2008 album Unfit to Practise 
Subwoolfer released a parody song of Mika's "Grace Kelly" titled "Space Kelly"; a parody Eurovision round-up song of their competitors and making light of their true identities 

Appearances
The Hills
Ugly Betty
A Turkish Coca-Cola advertisement
An Israeli advertisement of "Misdar Zihoi"
A trailer for Disney Cinemagic
A trailer for I Now Pronounce You Chuck and Larry
A trailer for The Ugly Truth
The 2008 episode of Silent Witness "Lost Child", as a 27-year-old transforms himself into a schoolboy
An advertisement for Neighbours
What Happens in Vegas   
Dead Set
The Doctor Who novel "The Pirate Loop"
The Sarah Jane Adventures episode "The Mark of the Berserker"
An episode of Celebrity Big Brother
An advertisement of Confessions of a Shopaholic
Autumn 2007 episodes of Corazón de Otoño
The European Nintendo DS version of Band Hero
A German first season trailer for Weeds
The adult-oriented Wii game We Dare, as a cover version
FC Barcelona's official video for Thierry Henry in Barca Legends series

Music video
The music video for the song "Grace Kelly" was directed by Sophie Muller and starred Mika and future singer-songwriter Mae Muller  The video was filmed in early November 2006 and has been nominated for numerous worldwide awards  The instrumental introduction in the video is an extract of the acoustic version of the song found on certain releases of the album 

Track listing
Australian CD single

"Grace Kelly" – 3:08
"Grace Kelly" (Linus Loves Radio Edit) – 3:20
"Over My Shoulder" – 4:44
"Grace Kelly" (Video)UK CD single

"Grace Kelly" – 3:08
"Grace Kelly" (Linus Loves Radio Edit) – 3:20
"Over My Shoulder" – 4:44Limited edition 7" vinyl

"Grace Kelly" – 3:07
"Satellite" – 4:15UK 12" vinyl

"Grace Kelly" (Linus Loves Full Vocal Remix) – 6:46
"Grace Kelly" (Linus Loves Dub Remix) – 6:40
"Grace Kelly" (Tom Neville Full Vocal Remix) – 6:48
"Grace Kelly" (Tom Neville Dub Remix) – 7:08

Official versions
"Grace Kelly" – 3:07
"Grace Kelly" (Acoustic Version) – 3:07
"Grace Kelly" (Bimbo Jones Remix Edit) – 3:00
"Grace Kelly" (Bimbo Jones Remix) – 6:26
"Grace Kelly" (Les Grandes Gueules Version) – 3:07
"Grace Kelly" (Linus Loves Radio Edit) – 3:20
"Grace Kelly" (Linus Loves Full Vocal Remix) – 6:46
"Grace Kelly" (Linus Loves Dub Remix) – 6:40
"Grace Kelly" (Pull Tiger Tail Remix) – 4:26
"Grace Kelly" (Tom Neville Full Vocal Remix) – 6:48
"Grace Kelly" (Tom Neville Dub Remix) – 7:08

Chart performance
It reached number one in the United Kingdom and in Ireland  The song was only the second single ever to top the UK chart without selling a physical copy ("Crazy" by Gnarls Barkley was the first)  In the US market, it peaked at number 57 on the Billboard Hot 100  The December 2007 Observer Music Monthly asked Mika how it felt getting to No  1 in the UK with this song  He replied: "Very unreal  It still feels unreal  It's just a song I wrote in my room  By the time I'd written 'Grace Kelly' everything in my life had been called into question  Trying to find out what I was going to do with my life, trying to be a musician, to be independent, to give myself the remote chance of any kind of a relationship  I was just sorting every thing out in my head  That song sums it all up " It went to #1 on the United Kingdom, Czech Republic, Ireland, Italy, Norway and Turkey singles charts  The song was 82 in the French physical charts but number 2 in digital ones, and has more than 50,000 sales in the country  The song has more than 5 million sales 

Charts
Certifications
See also
List of number-one hits in Denmark
List of number-one singles of 2007 (Ireland)
List of number-one hits of 2007 (Italy)
List of number-one hits in Norway
List of number-one singles from the 2000s (UK)
Passage 9:
Royal Blood discography
English rock duo Royal Blood have released three studio albums, two extended plays (EPs), fourteen singles and nineteen music videos  Formed in Brighton in March 2011, Royal Blood consists of bassist and vocalist Mike Kerr and drummer Ben Thatcher  After signing with Warner Bros  Records, the duo released their debut single "Out of the Black" in October 2013, which debuted at number 29 on the UK Rock & Metal Singles Chart  In February 2014, "Little Monster" was issued as the band's second single, registering on the UK Singles Chart at number 95 and the UK Rock & Metal Singles Chart at number one  Both singles were later issued alongside their B-sides on the EP Out of the Black in March  "Come On Over" – initially featured as the B-side to "Out of the Black" – was released as a single in April, reaching number 68 on the UK Singles Chart  At the same time, "Little Monster" also returned to the charts, peaking at number 74 on the UK Singles Chart Royal Blood's self-titled debut album was released in August 2014, topping the UK Albums Chart, Irish Albums Chart and Scottish Albums Chart  The week before the album's release, "Out of the Black" registered on the UK Singles Chart at number 78, while the band's fourth single "Figure It Out" debuted at number 50 (it would later peak at number 43)  Royal Blood was certified gold by the British Phonographic Industry (BPI) by September, and eventually received a platinum certification for sales in excess of 300,000 units  "Ten Tonne Skeleton" was released as the fifth and final single from Royal Blood in late 2014; it charted in Canada only, reaching number 45 on the Canadian Rock Songs chart  "Where Are You Now?", featured on the TV series Vinyl, also registered on the chart, peaking at number 43 In April 2017, it was announced that Royal Blood's second album How Did We Get So Dark? would be released in June  "Lights Out" was issued as the first single from the album the same month, debuting at number 96 on the UK Singles Chart and number one on the UK Rock & Metal Singles Chart  How Did We Get So Dark? debuted atop the UK Albums Chart upon its release, while a total of ten tracks from the album reached the top 20 of the UK Rock & Metal Singles Chart The band officially announced their third studio album Typhoons on 21 January 2021, with a planned release date for 30 April 2021  The band released three singles from Typhoons preceding the album's release: "Trouble's Coming", "Typhoons", and "Limbo" 
On May 26, 2023, Royal Blood released "Mountains at Midnight", the first single preceding the release of their forthcoming fourth studio album, Back to the Water Below, due for release on the 8th of September, 2023 

Studio albums
Extended plays
Singles
Featured singles
Other charted songs
Music videos
Footnotes
Context 3: , then by number of pole positions, followed by number of times qualified 2nd, etc 

Driver standings
One championship point is awarded to each driver who leads at least one race lap  Two additional championship points are awarded to the driver who leads most laps during a race 
At all races except the Indy 500, the number 1 qualifier earns one point 
Entrant-initiated engine change-outs before the engines reach their required distance run will result in the loss of ten points 

Entrant standings
Based on the entrant, used for oval qualifications order, and starting grids when qualifying is cancelled 
Only full-time entrants, and at-large part-time entrants shown 
Passage 3:
Simon Pagenaud
Simon Pierre Michel Pagenaud (born 18 May 1984) is a French professional racing driver  He is contracted to drive the No  60 Honda for Meyer Shank Racing in the IndyCar Series  After a successful career in sports car racing that saw him taking the top class championship title in the 2010 American Le Mans Series, he moved to the Indycar Series where he became the 2016 IndyCar champion and the 2019 Indianapolis 500 winner, becoming the first French driver to win the Indianapolis 500 since Gaston Chevrolet in 1920 and the first polesitter to have won the race since Helio Castroneves in 2009 Simon Pagenaud won both the 2022 24 Hours of Daytona and 2023 24 Hours of Daytona with Meyer Shank Racing 

Early years
Born in Montmorillon, Pagenaud first worked at age 14 in the family's supermarket, eventually managing the video game department  After he attended business school, he returned to the supermarket  His family established a driving school that provided the funds for Pagenaud to begin his racing career 

Career
Pagenaud competed in 2002 and 2003 in French Formula Renault and in 2002 and 2004 competed in Formula Renault Eurocup  He then moved up to the Formula Renault 3 5 Series in 2005 where he finished 16th  In 2006 he went to the United States and won the Champ Car Atlantic with Team Australia in his rookie season by just a few points over Graham Rahal 
With his Atlantic championship, Pagenaud won US$2 million to apply towards a ride in Champ Car in 2007  On 13 February 2007 Pagenaud and Team Australia confirmed that he would be staying with the team, moving up to the Champ Car program  Pagenaud finished 8th in the points standings in what was a very consistent debut season, with three consecutive 4th-place finishes in the Canadian rounds of the championship 
After the demise of the Champ Car World Series, Pagenaud in 2008 moved to the American Le Mans Series co-driving the De Ferran Motorsports Acura ARX-01b LMP2 with former CART champion Gil de Ferran  He finished 14th in the driver's standings 

2009
In 2009, Pagenaud and de Ferran Motorsports took huge steps forward, with the duo taking second place overall in the American Le Mans Series LMP1 class, only 17 points behind drivers David Brabham and Scott Sharp of champions Highcroft Racing  The duo of Pagenaud and de Ferran drove the ARX-01 to three wins over a total of ten races and three pole positions, turning the fastest lap of the ALMS weekend 6 times 
Also during 2009, Pagenaud drove in the prestigious 24 Hours of Le Mans in LMP1 for the privateer Pescarolo Sport team in the Peugeot FAP 908  The team did not finish the race, completing 210 laps  The race was won by David Brabham, driving in the factory Peugeot Sport Total No  9 FAP 908 along with former Formula One drivers Alexander Wurz and Marc Gené 

2010
For the 2010 ALMS season, Pagenaud moved over to the Patrón Highcroft racing team, replacing Scott Sharp to co-drive with Brabham in the ARX-01c in LMP1 after Sharp vacated the seat to jump to the ALMS GT2 class with his own Ferrari team  Through four rounds in the 2010 ALMS series, the team of Pagenaud and Brabham lead the LMP1 class with three wins and 91 points 
Pagenaud also earned a seat driving for the Peugeot factory team in 2010 in the prestigious 24 Hours of Le Mans on the renown Circuit de la Sarthe in the Peugeot FAP 908 No  3 with Pedro Lamy and Sébastien Bourdais 
While the No  3 Peugeot started from pole, it retired early before nightfall after a mere 38 laps when a suspension mount sheared from the car's tub  The same fate eventually befell the no 1 Peugeot car of Anthony Davidson/Gene/Wurz while in second place with mere hours left to go in the race, as Audi reclaimed the 24 Hours of Le Mans title it had retained for five years before Peugeot's 2009 win 
During the race, Pagenaud found himself competing against his Highcroft Racing team which traveled to Le Mans for the first time in its history  With Brabham driving the Acura in LMP2 alongside Marino Franchitti and Marco Werner, Highcroft maintained second through most of the race until a cooling issue sidelined the car for much of the race's final four hours 

2014
He won the inaugural Grand Prix of Indianapolis on 10 May  This was the first time his father watched him race at the venue 

2015
Pagenaud moved from Schmidt Peterson Motorsports to Team Penske in 2015  Pagenaud nearly won the 2015 Indianapolis 500, leading with less than 30 laps to go and engaging most of the race in a 3-way battle between Scott Dixon and Tony Kanaan  Pagenaud ended up being overtaken by the field and went on to finish 10th, while teammate Juan Pablo Montoya won the race  Pagenaud didn't win a race in 2015 but renewed his deal with TEAM Penske in 2016 

2016
Pagenaud got off to the best start of his IndyCar career with five consecutive podiums, including three wins in a row  As the season progressed, Pagenaud and his teammate Will Power became the primary contenders for the championship  With a strong run at the end of the season, Pagenaud took his first IndyCar Series championship victory, giving Team Penske another championship victory in its 50th year of racing  He finished the season with five race victories and a total of eight podiums 

2017–2019
Pagenaud would go winless throughout 2018 
Pagenaud won the Grand Prix of Indianapolis and he would also win the 2019 Indianapolis 500 from pole position  Pagenaud took the championship lead from Team Penske teammate Josef Newgarden, however Newgarden would retake the championship lead one race later in Detroit  Pagenaud would take pole and the win at the 2019 Honda Indy Toronto and took pole at the 2019 Iowa 300, though the win would go to Newgarden  
Pagenaud is currently 3rd in the points standings, one point behind Andretti Autosport driver, Alexander Rossi and 34 points behind points leader Newgarden 

2020
During the 2020 iRacing virtual Indy 500 event, Pagenaud was accused of deliberately crashing into leading driver Lando Norris, which led to his being accused of bad sportsmanship Pagenaud finished 2nd in the first race of the 2020 season at Texas Motor Speedway  Pagenaud finished 3rd at the IndyGP after starting in 20th 
Due to a fuel pump issue, Pagenaud's Iowa IndyCar 250 at Iowa Speedway race 1 entry failed to make qualifying and started the race at the back of the grid in 23rd  By lap 178, Pagenaud took the lead and held on to win the 250 lap race 

2021
Pagenaud would enter 2021 as a contract year  2021 was a difficult year for Pagenaud and Team Penske in general, as the team only recorded three wins of the season with Pagenaud scoring none of them  Pagenaud's best results of the season were two third-place finishes, one at St  Petersburg and the other at the 2021 Indianapolis 500  Outside of those finishes, he would frequently be beset by poor luck and on-track confrontations with his teammates  By the end of the season the racing press reported Pagenaud did not intend to re-sign with Team Penske 

2022
After a difficult 2021 campaign, Pagenaud left the Penske team & joined Meyer Shank Racing alongside former Penske teammate, Helio Castroneves 

2023
In 2023, Pagenaud returned to the 24 Hours of Le Mans, taking part in the LMP2 class for Cool Racing  It would be the first time Pagenaud competed in the race since 2011, where he finished second overall driving for the Peugeot Sport factory team 

Motorsports career results
Career summary
* Season still in progress 

Formula Renault 3 5 Series results
(key)

American open-wheel racing results
(key) (Races in bold indicate pole position, races in italics indicate fastest race lap)

Champ Car Atlantic
Champ Car
IndyCar Series
1 The Las Vegas Indy 300 was abandoned after Dan Wheldon died from injuries sustained in a 15-car crash on lap 11 

Indianapolis 500
Sports car racing
Le Mans 24 Hours results
American Le Mans Series results
1 Driver competed for the Intercontinental Le Mans Cup, no points awarded for the American Le Mans Series 

IMSA SportsCar Championship results
(key) (Races in bold indicate pole position)

* Season still in progress 

Le Mans Series results
1 Driver competed for the Intercontinental Le Mans Cup, no points awarded for the Le Mans Series 

Intercontinental Le Mans Cup results
1 Driver did not run for the Intercontinental Le Mans Cup 

Touring car racing
Complete V8 Supercar results
+ Not Eligible for points
Passage 4:
2017 Honda Indy Toronto
The 2017 Honda Indy Toronto was an IndyCar Series event held on July 16, 2017 in Toronto, Ontario, Canada  The race served as the 12th round of the 2017 IndyCar Series season  Frenchman Simon Pagenaud qualified on pole position, while American Josef Newgarden took victory in the race 

Pre-Race
Prior to the race, Schmidt Peterson Motorsports elected to replace Mikhail Aleshin in the No  7 car, instead opting for veteran driver Sebastián Saavedra  The reasons for the change were undisclosed by the team 

Qualifying
Qualifying was held on Saturday, July 15  Simon Pagenaud secured pole position, setting a new track record time of 58 9124 at an average speed of 109 14 mph (175 64 km/h)  Alongside him on the front row was Graham Rahal  The remained of the top six was rounded out by Hélio Castroneves, Will Power, Scott Dixon, and James Hinchcliffe 
Qualifying saw two incidents during the course of its several sessions  During the second group of round 1 qualifying, Esteban Gutiérrez suffered a heavy crash in turn 11 that placed doubt on his participation in the race, both due to damage to the car and due to Gutiérrez displaying concussion-like symptoms  However, the car was repaired, and Guitérrez was cleared by IndyCar's doctors, allowing him to participate in the race  A second, more minor incident occurred in round 2 qualifying, when J  R  Hildebrand made contact with the wall in turn 8 

Race
The race was held on Sunday, July 16  At the start, Hélio Castroneves managed to pass both Simon Pagenaud and Graham Rahal going into turn 1, giving him the lead of the race  Behind them, Scott Dixon managed to get to the inside of Will Power to move to third  However, as cars approached turn 3, Dixon moved wide to avoid hitting the back of Rahal, in the process making contact with Power and forcing him into the outside wall  Power's car suffered terminal suspension damage, relegating him to a last place finish  Dixon limped around the track with a flat tire, which, after repairs, dropped him to the tail-end of the field  He would then be assessed a drive-through penalty for entering a closed pit-lane  The incident brought out the race's first caution period 
Racing resumed on lap 6, with Castroneves leading Pagenaud, Rahal, Josef Newgarden, and James Hinchcliffe  The top five remained unchanged until lap 20, when Spencer Pigot, who had charged through the field, managed to move around Hinchcliffe  Shortly thereafter, drivers began making their first pit stops, including Hinchcliffe, Alexander Rossi, and Josef Newgarden  Just as Newgarden entered the pits, Tony Kanaan nosed into the wall in turn 1, bringing out the race's second caution, forcing the leaders and anyone else who had not pitted to make their first stop under caution and secede track position  Newgarden proved the biggest beneficiary of the caution, moving into the lead once the leaders came into pit lane  Behind him were Ed Jones, who had not yet pitted, Charlie Kimball, Rossi, and Hinchcliffe 
Racing resumed on lap 27 with the top five remaining intact  Further back, Takuma Sato suffered front wing damage and a punctured tire, forcing him to pit again  On lap 29, Jones began to fall back in the field due to his worn tires, losing position first to Kimball, then to Rossi, Hinchcliffe, and Marco Andretti before finally coming in to pit on lap 33  Several drivers began to make their second pit stops shortly thereafter, including Carlos Muñoz, Scott Dixon, and second-place running Kimball  This promoted Rossi to second, but Newgarden continued to extend his lead 
The running order remained the same until the leaders made their pit-stops at lap 54, when Newgarden led the entire top five into the pits



ground_truth: "Talk That Talk"

prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: What championship did the person who substituted for Simon Pagenaud secure a contract to drive in 2017?

The following are given passages.
Context 3:  Max Chilton briefly inherited the lead before handing the lead over to Pagenaud with his stop on lap later  Pagenaud led until lap 57 when he pitted, allowing Newgarden to return to the lead of the race  The order now ran Newgarden, Rossi, Hinchcliffe, Dixon, Andretti, though Dixon would pit for the final time on lap 61, promoting Ryan Hunter-Reay into the top 5, though with heavy pressure from Pagenaud behind  The top five remained the same until lap 81, when Hunter-Reay ran wide at turn 7, allowing Pagenaud to move ahead for position  Up front, despite dealing with traffic from a dueling Takuma Sato and Conor Daly, Josef Newgarden held on to take his second victory of the 2017 season by a comfortable margin of 1 87 seconds over Alexander Rossi, while James Hinchcliffe came across the line third  Marco Andretti secured his first top 5 finish in IndyCar since the 2015 MAVTV 500 with his fourth-place finish 
In the point standings, Scott Dixon remained in the lead of the championship, but his lead dropped to only three points over Hélio Castroneves  Simon Pagenaud remained in third place, while Newgarden moved past his teammate Will Power thanks to his victory 

Results
Qualifying
Source for individual rounds:

Race results
Notes
1 Points include 1 point for leading at least 1 lap during a race, an additional 2 points for leading the most race laps, and 1 point for Pole Position 
Source for time gaps:

Championship standings
Note: Only the top five positions are included 
Passage 5:
2011 Indy Grand Prix of Sonoma
The 2011 Indy Grand Prix of Sonoma was the seventh running of the Indy Grand Prix of Sonoma and the fourteenth round of the 2011 IndyCar Series season  It took place on Sunday, August 28, 2011  The race contested over 75 laps at the 2 303-mile (3 706 km) Infineon Raceway in Sonoma, California  Will Power led 71 of 75 laps, as Team Penske swept 1st–2nd–3rd on the podium  It was the first 1–2–3 finish in an Indycar race for Penske since Nazareth in 1994  Power closed to within 26 points of championship leader Dario Franchitti  Power also closed within 7 points of Franchitti for the Mario Andretti Road Course Trophy  Simon Pagenaud substituted for Simona de Silvestro after she had complications renewing her visa, and U S  Customs would not allow her into the country 

Classification
Race
1 Penalty for blocking, moved to end of lead lap

Championship standings after the race
Drivers' Championship standingsNote: Only the top five positions are included 
Passage 6:
2009 Monterey Sports Car Championships
The 2009 Monterey Sports Car Championships presented by Patrón was the tenth and final round of the 2009 American Le Mans Series season   It took place at Mazda Raceway Laguna Seca, Monterey, California on October 11, 2009   The race was won by the Acura of de Ferran Motorsports, driven by Simon Pagenaud and retiring driver Gil de Ferran, which wore a tribute livery based on Jim Hall's Chaparrals   Adrian Fernández and Luis Díaz won the LMP2 category in the Fernández Racing Acura while only six tenths of a second behind the overall winning de Ferran car   The GT2 class was won by the #45 Flying Lizard Motorsports Porsche after contact with the #3 Corvette Racing while approaching the finish line on the final lap   Guy Cosmo and John Baker of Orbit Racing won their first race in the ALMS Challenge category after the Velox Motorsport entry was disqualified 

Qualifying result
Pole position winners in each class are marked in bold 

Race result
Class winners are marked in bold  Cars failing to complete 70% of winner's distance are marked as Not classified (NC) 
Passage 7:
Simona de Silvestro
Simona de Silvestro (born 1 September 1988) is a Swiss-Italian racing driver, who is currently employed by Porsche as a factory driver  She has previously driven for Amlin Andretti in the 2015/16 season of the FIA Formula E Championship as well as several years competing in the IndyCar Series  Her nicknames are the "Iron Maiden" and "Swiss Miss" 

Racing career
Junior formulae
She raced for Newman Wachs Racing's Nuclear Clean Air Energy-Entergy team in the Atlantic Championship in 2008 and for Team Stargate Worlds in 2009   She won the Atlantic race at the 2008 Grand Prix of Long Beach, making her the second woman to win in that series – after Katherine Legge – and providing NWR with its first win  She won four times during the 2009 season and led in points for most of the season, but ultimately finished third in the standings after retiring on the first lap during the season finale at Mazda Raceway Laguna Seca 
De Silvestro participated in an IndyCar Series test over 8–9 December 2009 at Sebring International Raceway, a joint effort between HVM Racing and Team Stargate Worlds 

IndyCar
De Silvestro competed full-time in the IndyCar Series for HVM Racing for the 2010 season  On 22 May 2010, she qualified in the 22nd position for the 2010 Indianapolis 500  She finished the race in 14th position, and earned Indianapolis 500 Rookie of the Year honors  She suffered a burned right hand after a fiery crash at the Firestone 550 at Texas Motor Speedway on 5 June 2010  Her team strongly criticized IndyCar Series safety officials for their response to that accident  For the season, de Silvestro started 17 races, finished ten, and recorded two top-10 finishes, with a best finish of eighth at Mid-Ohio   She finished 19th overall in the series standings and was runner-up to Alex Lloyd for rookie of the year honors 
The 2011 season began with fourth- and ninth-place finishes at St  Petersburg and Barber; however the next race, at Long Beach, was not as successful: she started 18th and finished 20th  At the next race, the São Paulo Indy 300, an accident between her and Hélio Castroneves put her nine laps down, after the race was postponed to the next morning due to severe rain conditions  She started 13th and finished 20th, nine laps down, but recorded the fastest lap of the race 
She received second degree burns on her right hand and superficial burns on her left hand in a crash during practice for the 2011 Indianapolis 500 on 19 May  The crash, which sent her car sailing into the catch fence before flipping and landing on its left tires, was caused by a mechanical failure in the left rear of her No  78 Dallara-Honda  On 21 May, using her backup car, she qualified 24th for the race with a four-lap average of 224 392 mph 
After a crash at the Milwaukee Mile during qualifying, de Silvestro was cleared to drive in the race, but withdrew after experiencing dizziness and impaired vision  At the next race, in Iowa, she was not cleared to compete, due to continuing dizziness De Silvestro missed round 13 of the season at Sonoma, after being refused entry to the United States  De Silvestro said she did not know why she was turned away  She finished 20th overall in the 2011 series standings 
De Silvestro returned to HVM Racing for the 2012 IndyCar Series season, piloting the No  78 Nuclear Clean Air Energy sponsored Dallara-Lotus   The entry was one of five cars to start the season powered by the new Lotus engine   The Lotus proved to be significantly underpowered compared to the Chevrolet and Honda engines used by the rest of the field   By the end of May, all entrants other than de Silvestro's No  78 had abandoned the Lotus powerplant and switched to either Chevy or Honda   De Silvestro was saddled for the entire season with the inferior Lotus   The underpowered engine made it impossible for de Silvestro to be competitive, resulting in consistently poor qualifying and race results   On several occasions the car was black flagged for failing to maintain the minimum safe speed, including the 2012 Indianapolis 500   For the season, de Silvestro qualified for all 15 races on the schedule, started 14, and finished 6   Her best finish was 14th at Detroit and Iowa   She finished 24th overall in the series standings 
On 30 October 2012, de Silvestro signed on with KV Racing Technology for the 2013 IndyCar Series season, driving the No  78 Dallara-Chevrolet with sponsorship from Nuclear Clean Air Energy  De Silvestro joined veteran driver Tony Kanaan to make KV Racing Technology a two-car team for the 2013 season  On 5 October 2013 at the Grand Prix of Houston, de Silvestro finished second in the first race for her first podium finish, joining Danica Patrick and Sarah Fisher as the only women in IndyCar history to record a podium finish On 2 April 2015, de Silvestro announced she would drive the Andretti Autosport No  29 Honda in the 2015 IndyCar Series season in an attempt to make the Indianapolis 500   De Silvestro finished fourth in the second race of the season, the Indy Grand Prix of Louisiana 
On 19 January 2021, Paretta Autosport announced they would make their Indycar debut at the 2021 Indianapolis 500 with de Silvestro as the driver in the no  16 Rocket Pro Chevrolet 

Formula One
In February 2014, Formula One team Sauber announced that de Silvestro would join the team as an "affiliated driver" and would undergo a year-long training programme with the team, with the ultimate objective of racing in 2015  De Silvestro began testing with the team at the end of April 2014 at Fiorano Circuit  She had her first drive in the 2012 Sauber on 26 April, and completed 112 laps during the test  However, in October 2014, Sauber team principal Monisha Kaltenborn stated that the team had suspended de Silvestro's driving chances due to contractual troubles 

Formula E
On 15 June 2015, it was announced de Silvestro would drive for Andretti's Formula E team at the championship's double-header finale in London  She was confirmed with the team full-time for the 2015-16 season opposite Formula Renault 3 5 champion Robin Frijns 
In 2016, de Silvestro became the first female driver to score points in Formula E with a 9th place in the 2016 Long Beach ePrix  She finished the championship in 18th place with 4 points 

V8 Supercars
It was announced on 19 August 2015 that she would partner Renee Gracie at Prodrive Racing Australia in the Bathurst 1000 for V8 Supercars  Following an impact with the wall at Forrest's Elbow on lap 15 for Gracie, the car underwent extensive repairs before being sent back out to finish 21st and 40 laps down – one more lap lost and the car would not have been classified 
On 5 September 2016 it was announced that she had signed a three-year contract as a full-time driver for Nissan Motorsport in the Australian Supercars Championship, beginning from the 2017 Series  This followed another appearance at Bathurst alongside Gracie, this time with the Nissan squad, where the pair managed to stay out of trouble amid the chaotic final laps and finish in 14th place and two laps down 

GT3
In 2020, De Silvestro returned to Europe as a factory Porsche GT driver; contesting the 2020 ADAC GT Masters for Timo Bernhard's Team75 with Klaus Bachler  She finished 23rd in the championship with 41 points  The duo switched to Herberth Motorsport for the 2021 ADAC GT Masters 

Racing record
Career summary
† As de Silvestro was a guest driver, she was ineligible to score points 

American open-wheel racing results
(key) (Races in bold indicate pole position; races in italics indicate fastest lap)

Atlantic Championship/Champ Car Atlantic
* Podium (non-win) indicates second and third place finishes
** Top 10s (non-podium) indicates 4th through 10th place finishes

IndyCar Series
1 The Las Vegas Indy 300 was abandoned after Dan Wheldon died from injuries sustained in a 15-car crash on lap 11 

Indianapolis 500
Complete Formula E results
(key) (Races in bold indicate pole position; races in italics indicate fastest lap)

Complete Supercars Championship results
Complete Bathurst 1000 results
Complete WeatherTech SportsCar Championship results
(key) (Races in bold indicate pole position; races in italics indicate fastest lap)

Notes
Passage 8:
2003 Formula Renault 2000 Masters
The 2003 Formula Renault 2000 Masters season was the thirteenth Eurocup Formula Renault 2 0 season  The season began at Brno on 24 May and finished at the Donington Park on 26 October, after eight races  Cram Competition's Esteban Guerrieri who is also Argentine Formula Renault champion won three races on his way to the championship by a 36 point margin over Danish driver Robert Schlünssen, who won abandoned race at Assen  ASM's Simon Pagenaud was two points behind Schlünssen  Pagenaud also won second races on TT Circuit Assen  Other wins were scored by Paul Meijer, Ryan Sharp and Reinhard Kofler 

Driver Lineup
Calendar
Championship standings
Drivers
Points are awarded to the drivers as follows:

‡ Points were not awarded in the first race at Assen as race was abandoned after three laps due to massive crash 

Teams
Passage 9:
2006 Atlantic Championship
The 2006 Champ Car Atlantic season was the 33rd season of the Champ Car Atlantic Championship  It began April 9 at Long Beach and concluded September 24 at Road America  The Yokohama Presents the Champ Car Atlantic Championship Powered by Mazda Drivers' Champion was Simon Pagenaud driving for Team Australia 

Teams and drivers
Schedule
(O) Oval/Speedway

Season Summary
Race results
Final driver standings
See also
2006 Champ Car season
2006 Indianapolis 500
2006 IndyCar Series season
2006 Indy Pro Series season

External links
ChampCarStats com
Passage 10:
2014 Grand Prix of Houston
The 2014 Shell and Pennzoil Grand Prix of Houston was the second doubleheader of the 2014 season, hosting Rounds 9 and 10 of the 2014 IndyCar Series season  Carlos Huertas won Race 1, and Simon Pagenaud won the second race 

Classification



ground_truth: Australian Supercars Championship