prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: Which City in the Miami metropolitan area is home to the Primetime Race Group?

The following are given passages.
Context 1: Passage 1:
Miami Gardens, Florida
Miami Gardens is a city in north-central Miami-Dade County, Florida, United States  It is located 16 miles (26 km) north of Downtown Miami with city boundaries that stretch from I-95 and Northeast 2nd Avenue to its east to Northwest 47th and Northwest 57th Avenues to its west, and from the Broward County line to its north to 151st Street to its south  The city's name originated from Florida State Road 860, a major roadway through the area also known as Miami Gardens Drive  
Miami Gardens had a population of 111,640 as of 2020  It is Florida's most populous city with a majority African American population and also home to the largest percentage of African Americans (66 97 percent) of any city in Florida, according to the U S  Census Bureau  It is a principal city within the Miami metropolitan area, the nation's ninth largest and world's 65th largest metropolitan area with a population of 6 158 million people as of 2020  
Miami Gardens is the home of Hard Rock Stadium, a 64,767 capacity multi-purpose stadium that serves as the home field for both the Miami Dolphins of the National Football League and the Miami Hurricanes, the University of Miami's NCAA Division I college football team, which has won five national championships since 1983 

History
In the wake of the construction of I-95 in the late 1960s, many middle- and upper-income African American and West Indian American families migrated from Miami neighborhoods like Liberty City to what became Miami Gardens (also called Carol City, Norland or Norwood) as race-based covenants were outlawed with the Fair Housing Act, and mostly lower income blacks moved into the Liberty City and Little Haiti neighborhoods surrounding Liberty Square and Edison Courts 
Miami Gardens was incorporated on May 13, 2003  The city's neighborhoods of Andover, Bunche Park, Carol City, Lake Lucerne, Norland, Opa-locka North, and Scott Lake were previously unincorporated areas within Miami-Dade County 
In 2007, Mayor Shirley Gibson said that the city would no longer allow any low-income housing developments; many residents blamed the developments for spreading crime and recreational drugs throughout the city  Around that time, the city's tax revenues dropped to the third-lowest in Miami-Dade County In 2012, Oliver Gilbert, only the second mayor the city has had, proposed forming a community redevelopment agency (CRA)  CRAs are formed to remove "slum and blight", to improve the physical environment of the city and to combat the social and economic problems typical of slum areas  CRAs are funded with property tax increases, which funds are used, in part, to stimulate private investment in the rehabilitation of the community During the 2026 FIFA World Cup, Hard Rock Stadium will host multiple matches during the tournament 

Demographics
The city was incorporated in 2003, but various parts of the city appear as census designated places in the 2000 census and previous censuses  They now make up the neighborhoods of Andover, Bunche Park, Carol City, Lake Lucerne, Norwood, Opa-locka North, and Scott Lake  The United States Census Bureau enumerated that the population of Miami Gardens was 111,640 per the 2020 census 

Hispanic population
2010 Census
In 2010, there were 34,284 housing units of which 6 0% were vacant  As of 2016, the age distribution was 5 6% under the age of 5, 6 7% from 5 to 9, 6 5% from 10 to 14, 15 5% from 15 to 24, 14 6% from 25 to 34, 12 7% 35 to 44, 13 1% 45 to 54, 12 6% 55 to 64, and 12 7% who were 65 years of age or older  The population was 46 9% male and 53 1% female  Families made up 72% of households, while 28% were non-families  The average household size was 3 52 members, and the city covered 20 square miles (52 km2) 

Crime rates
According to City Rating, Miami Gardens crime statistics have decreased in the past 13 years  The crimes that have decreased the most are property crimes and violent crimes  The crime rate for Miami Gardens for 2018 is expected to be lower than in 2016  Miami Garden's 2016 violent crime rate was 63 64% higher than the national violent crime rate, and the property crime rate was 30 99% higher than the national property crime rate In 2016, Miami Gardens' violent crime rate was higher than that in Florida by 50 99%, and the property crime rate was 19 49% higher In 2016, there were 432 reported cases of aggravated assault, 22 reported cases of arson, 509 reported cases of burglary, 24 cases of forcible rape, 2,743 cases of larceny and theft, 419 reported cases of motor vehicle theft, 22 reported cases of murder and manslaughter, and 265 cases of robbery The projected 2018 crime data is as follows: 286 reported cases of aggravated assault, 26 reported cases of arson, 435 reported cases of burglary, 7 cases reported of forcible rape, 2,139 cases reported of larceny and theft, 205 cases reported of motor vehicle theft, 18 reported cases of murder and manslaughter, and 102 reported cases of robbery 

Sports facilities
The Calder Race Course opened in 1971 
Miami Gardens is home to the Miami Dolphins, who play in Hard Rock Stadium on land that was part of the Lake Lucerne CDP  This stadium also hosts the annual Orange Bowl college football game, and is the home field for the University of Miami Hurricanes football team   The Miami Open tennis tournament is held on the grounds of the stadium  The Florida Marlins of Major League Baseball shared Hard Rock Stadium with the Dolphins for almost two decades until, in 2012, they relocated to Miami and changed their name to the Miami Marlins 
In 2022 and 2023, the Miami International Autodrome hosted the Miami Grand Prix for Formula One 

Healthcare
The city of Miami Gardens has several health care clinics and facilities that offer medical care and support to its residents  Although the city has no hospital directly within its limits, Jackson North Medical Center, Concentra Urgent Care, and, Chen Medical Center provide medical services to the residents of Miami Gardens  Supplementing this, several health care clinics and facilities provide medical services that include general medicine, walk-in/urgent care, dental services, gynecology, physical therapy, chiropractor services, laboratory tests, x-rays, sonograms, osteoporosis screening, vaccinations, and health and exercise programs 

Government
Miami Gardens is governed by a seven-member city council  Members include Mayor Oliver Gilbert (since 2012), and six council members, four elected from districts and two elected citywide  The mayor recommends – and the city council hires – the City Manager, City Attorney, and City Clerk 
These are 17 of the many departments for which the City Manager of Miami Gardens creates a budget 

Mayors
Shirley Gibson, 2003–2012
Oliver G  Gilbert III, 2012–2020
Rodney Harris, 2020–Present

Police
The Miami Gardens Police Department is the lead law enforcement agency for the 110,000 residents living within the city's 20 square miles (52 km2)  The department operates under a unified command structure with its headquarters located at 1020 NW 163 Drive, Miami Gardens, Florida 33169  The department became operational on Sunday, December 16, 2007 with 159 sworn officers  Since then, the department has grown to 259 members consisting of 201 sworn positions with 58 non-sworn support positions 

Police controversy
In 2013, law enforcement abuses were alleged regarding the Miami Gardens Police Department by several news outlets  The abuses were first uncovered when it became public that a convenience store employee, Earl Sampson was arrested 27 times for trespassing, while working at and around the store at which he was employed   Video evidence was gathered by the owner of the store, Ali Saleh, showing Miami Garden police involved in clear and repeated misconduct involving his employee, and customers   According to the Miami Herald's Julie K  Brown:  "The videos show, among other things, cops stopping citizens, questioning them, aggressively searching them and arresting them for trespassing when they have permission to be on the premises"   It appeared Sampson had been arrested in this way due to police quotas, a department culture, and that Sampson was easy to arrest   Sampson always pleaded guilty so they would let him out almost immediately, with one exception where he pleaded not guilty, and he was jailed for 20 days   The guilty plea would validate the officers' improper arrest and increment their quota, so he became a continuous target 

Volume of stops
It was reported that, between 2008 and 2013, 99,980 stops occurred in Miami Gardens, involving 56,922 people, over half of the city's population   In the City of Miami, 3,753 stops occurred during the same period, with four times the population   Some stops involved children aged 5 to 7, totaling more than 1,000 children   These numbers were compiled after news regarding Earl Sampson 

Resignation and lawsuits
Following these reports, the police chief resigned  
Civil rights lawsuits have been filed against the Miami Gardens Police Department by the store owner and others who were illegally detained and/or arrested 
A police officer filed a lawsuit claiming that he had been fired for reporting abuses 

Education
Public schools
Miami-Dade County Public Schools operates area public schools 

Norland Middle School, in the Miami Gardens area, has a magnet program in dance, music, theatre and art, which began in 1985  The young actors Alex R  Hibbert and Jaden Piner, who starred in the Oscar-winning film Moonlight, were trained at this school 

Private schools
The Archdiocese of Miami operates area Catholic schools  Monsignor Edward Pace High School is in the Miami Gardens city limits  The archdiocese formerly operated Saint Monica School in Miami Gardens 

Colleges and universities
St  Thomas University
Florida Memorial University
Sullivan and Cogliano Training Centers

Public libraries
Miami-Dade Public Library System operates the North Dade Regional Library, which opened in September 1979 

Notable people
Denzel Curry, rapper and songwriter
Diamante, professional wrestler known also known as "Angel Rose"
Andre Johnson, retired professional NFL football player for Houston Texans
Trayvon Martin, shooting victim of George Zimmerman
Peter O’Brien, professional baseball player
Jo Marie Payton, actress and singer
Omar Jeffery Pineiro, rapper, songwriter and producer known by his stage name "Smokepurpp"
Lil Pump, rapper and songwriter
Flo Rida, rapper and songwriter
Rick Ross, rapper and songwriter
Earl Sampson, convenience store worker notable for being arrested 288 times in five years

Surrounding areas
Broward County (Miramar)
 Broward County (Miramar)    Broward County (West Park)
Country Club, Miami Lakes    Ives Estates, Ojus, North Miami Beach, Unincorporated Miami-Dade County
  Miami Lakes    Unincorporated Miami-Dade County
  Unincorporated Miami-Dade County, North Miami Beach
Passage 2:
Sport in Miami
The Greater Miami area is home to five major league sports teams — the Miami Dolphins of the National Football League, the Miami Heat of the National Basketball Association, the Miami Marlins of Major League Baseball, the Florida Panthers of the National Hockey League and Inter Miami CF of Major League Soccer 
Miami is also home to the Miami Open for professional tennis, numerous greyhound racing tracks, marinas, jai alai venues, and golf courses  The city streets has hosted professional auto races, the Miami Indy Challenge and later the Grand Prix Americas, whereas the Homestead-Miami Speedway oval located 35 miles (56 km) southwest currently hosts NASCAR national races, and the Miami International Autodrome has hosted the Miami Grand Prix in Formula One since 2022  Miami is also home to Paso Fino horses, where competitions are held at Tropical Park Equestrian Center 

Major league teams
The Miami area is home to five major league sports franchises  Currently, the Miami Heat and the Miami Marlins play their games within Miami's city limits  The Heat play their home games at the FTX Arena in Downtown Miami  The Miami Marlins home ballpark is LoanDepot Park, located in the Little Havana section of the city on the site of the old Orange Bowl stadium 
The city's first entry into the American Football League was the Miami Dolphins, which competed in the fourth AFL league from 1966 to 1969  In 1970 the Dolphins joined the NFL when the AFL–NFL merger occurred  The team made its first Super Bowl appearance in Super Bowl VI, but lost to the Dallas Cowboys  The following year, the Dolphins completed the NFL's only perfect season culminating in a Super Bowl win   The 1972 Dolphins were the third NFL team to accomplish a perfect regular season, and they went on to win that year's Super Bowl VII, as well as the next year's Super Bowl VIII  Miami also appeared in Super Bowl XVII and Super Bowl XIX, losing both games  The Miami Dolphins play their games at Hard Rock Stadium in suburban Miami Gardens 
The Orange Bowl, a member of the College Football Playoff, hosts their college football bowl game annually at Hard Rock Stadium  The stadium has also hosted the Super Bowl; the Miami metro area has hosted the game a total of eleven times (six Super Bowls at the now Hard Rock Stadium, including most recently Super Bowl LIV and five at the Miami Orange Bowl), more than any other metro area 
The Miami Heat of the National Basketball Association were formed in 1988 as an expansion team  They have won three league championships (in 2006, 2012 and 2013), and seven conference titles 
The Miami Marlins of Major League Baseball began play in the 1993 season  They won the World Series in 1997 and 2003 
The Florida Panthers of the National Hockey League were founded in 1993 as an expansion team  They have made two appearances in the Stanley Cup Finals, in 1996 and 2023  They play in nearby Sunrise at the FLA Live Arena 
Inter Miami CF of Major League Soccer was founded in 2018 as an expansion team  Inter Miami CF will play their first two seasons at the new Inter Miami modular stadium, which was built on the site of the old Lockhart Stadium in Fort Lauderdale  After its first two seasons should construction of the Miami Freedom Park be approved and completed in time the site will move to Miami  Inter Miami has demolished the old Lockhart stadium and has built a new modular stadium and 50,000 square-foot training facility  The site will remain the permanent training complex for the Clubs’ teams, including its youth Academy and Inter Fort Lauderdale CF  The agreement between them and the City of Fort Lauderdale required that their USL affiliate will use the site and not abbreviate the word "Fort "

Other professional teams
College sports
Greater Miami is home to many college sports teams with football and basketball having preeminent status  The most prominent are the University of Miami Hurricanes whose football team plays at Hard Rock Stadium in Miami Gardens and whose men's and women's basketball teams play at Watsco Center on the University of Miami's campus in Coral Gables  The Florida Atlantic University Owls football team plays at FAU Stadium, and its men's basketball team plays at FAU Arena in Boca Raton  The Florida International University Panthers football team plays at FIU Stadium, and its basketball team plays at Ocean Bank Convocation Center in University Park 

Defunct and relocated teams
A number of defunct teams were located in Miami, including:

Basketball: Miami Floridians (ABA), Miami Sol (WNBA), Miami Tropics (ABA) 
Ice hockey: Miami Matadors (ECHL), Miami Screaming Eagles (WHA), Miami Manatees (WHA2), Tropical Hockey League 
Soccer: Miami Toros / Ft  Lauderdale Strikers (NASL), Miami Fusion (NPSL)
American football: Miami Seahawks (AAFC), Miami Tropics (SFL), Miami Hooters (Arena Football League) The Miami Fusion, a defunct Major League Soccer team, played at Lockhart Stadium in nearby Broward County  The Miami Kickers, a Women's Premier Soccer League, played at American Heritage School in Plantation, Broward County 
In 1946, the Miami Seahawks played in the All-America Football Conference for one season, 1946, and then folded 
In 1996, Miami acquired the AFL team the Sacramento Attack, which was renamed as the Miami Hooters (due to its association with the Florida-based Hooters restaurant chain), and it played from 1993 to 1995  In 1996, the association with the chain was completed, and the team moved to West Palm Beach and renamed as the Florida Bobcats 

2026 FIFA World Cup
Miami will be one of eleven US host cities for the 2026 FIFA World Cup with matches set to be played at Hard Rock Stadium 

Notes
See also
Miami Women's Rugby Club
Sports in Florida
U S  cities with teams from four major sports
[[Miami Sports Teams Signed Miami Marlins Miami Dolphins Miami Heat Shirt]]
Passage 3:
Primetime Race Group
The Primetime Race Group is a privateer motorsport team from Hollywood, Florida which currently competes in the American Le Mans Series (ALMS) and the International Motor Sports Association (IMSA) Lites Series, a support series of the ALMS 
The team was founded in 2007 by owner and driver Joel Feinberg  In addition to Feinberg, the team consists of driver Chris Hall and team manager and crew chief Brent O’Neill 
In 2009, the team runs a Dodge Viper Competition Coupe in  the GT2 class of the ALMS series, the only team to feature this vehicle  The team also runs an Élan Motorsport Technologies DP02 in the IMSA Prototype Lites series 

2007 season
The team's debut in the ALMS series was at the 2007 Detroit Sports Car Challenge   Drivers Joel Feinberg and Chapman Ducote also competed at the Petit Le Mans and the Monterey Sports Car Championships for a total of 3 races during the season   The Primetime team also competed in the SPEED World Challenge and the IMSA Lites series   They finished third in the L1 class in 2007 

2008 season
2008 was the team's first full season of racing   During the 2008 American Le Mans Series season, the team raced with Hankook Tires   The best result was a 5th-place finish in the GT2 class at the season opening race of 12 Hours of Sebring   The team finished tied for 10th place in the GT2 standings 

2009 season
For the 2009 season, the team expanded into open wheel racing, entering into the Atlantic Championship series with the acquisition of 2008 championship-winning No  8 car and the No  88 car from Brooks Associates Racing 
The team still competes with the Viper in the American Le Mans Series, now using Dunlop Tires, and also in IMSA Lites where Joel won the 2009 L1 drivers championship 
Passage 4:
Hollywood, Florida
Hollywood is a city in southern Broward County, Florida  It is a key suburb of the Miami metropolitan area, which was home to 6 14 million people in 2020  As of the 2020 census, the population was 153,067, making it the third-largest city in Broward County, the fifth-largest city in the Miami metro area, and the 12th-largest city in Florida  The average temperature is between 69 and 83 °F (21 and 28 °C) 

History
In 1920, Joseph Young arrived in South Florida to create his own "Dream City in Florida"  His vision included the beaches of the Atlantic Ocean stretching westward with man-made lakes, infrastructure, roads, and the Intracoastal Waterway  He wanted to include large parks, schools, churches, and golf courses; these were all industries and activities that were very important to Young's life  After Young spent millions of dollars on the construction of the city, he was elected as the first mayor in 1925  This new town quickly became home to northerners known as "snowbirds", who fled the north during the winter and then escaped the south during the summer to avoid the harsh weather   By 1960, Hollywood had more than 2,400 hotel units and  12,170 single-family homes  Young bought up thousands of acres of land around 1920, and named his new town "Hollywood by the Sea" to distinguish it from his other real-estate venture, "Hollywood in the Hills", in New York 

The Florida guide, published by the Federal Writers' Project, describes the early development of Hollywood, an early example of a planned community that proliferated in Florida during the real-estate boom of the 1920s:

During the early days of development here, 1,500 trucks and tractors were engaged in clearing land and grading streets; two yacht basins, designed by General George Washington Goethals, chief engineer in the construction of the Panama Canal, were dredged and connected with the Intracostal Waterway  A large power plant was installed, and when the city lights went on for the first time, ships at sea reported that Miami was on fire, and their radio alarms and the red glow in the sky brought people to the rescue from miles around 

Prospective purchasers of land were enticed by free hotel accommodation and entertainment, and "were driven about the city-to-be on trails blazed through palmetto thickets; so desolate and forlorn were some stretches that many women became hysterical, it is said, and a few fainted  Young had a vision of having lakes, golf courses, a luxury beach hotel (Hollywood Beach Hotel, now Hollywood Beach Resort), country clubs, and a main street, Hollywood Boulevard  After the 1926 Miami hurricane, Hollywood was severely damaged; local newspapers reported that Hollywood was second only to Miami in losses from the storm  Following Young's death in 1934, the city encountered other destructive hurricanes, and the stock market crashed with personal financial misfortunes Hurricane Irma hit Florida in 2017, wreaking widespread damage  Due to the spontaneity of the hurricane, nearly 700 elderly nursing-home residents died  In an investigation following the hurricane, some of the deaths were found to be not actually a result of the hurricane, but the poor conditions to which they were exposed in the aftermath  Four nursing-home staff charged with negligence and counts of manslaughter  Following the damage inflicted by Hurricane Irma in 2017, an initiative called Rebuild Florida was created by the Florida Department of Economic Opportunity to provide aid to citizens affected by the natural disaster  The initial focus of Rebuild Florida was its Housing Repair Program, which offered assistance in rebuilding families' homes that were impacted by Hurricane Irma  The program gave priority to low-income vulnerable residents, such as the disabled, the elderly, and those families with children under five  The success of this program has various results across the city, with hundreds of citizens claiming they were left without help 

Timeline
1921 – Hollywood by the Sea platted on land of Joseph Wesley Young
1923
Hollywood Hotel opens  Later renamed the Park View Hotel when the Hollywood Beach Hotel opens 
1925
Hollywood incorporated
Hollywood Police Department established
Hollywood Boulevard Bridge built (approximate date)
Joseph Wesley Young becomes mayor; C H  Windham becomes city manager
Joseph Wesley Young House built
1926
Hollywood Beach Hotel in business
September 18: 1926 Miami hurricane demolished city
1928 – Port Everglades opened near Hollywood
1930
Hollywood Hills Inn built
Population: 2,689 
1932 – Riverside Military Academy Hollywood campus established
1935 – Fiesta Tropicale began
1937 – Florida Theatre built
1947 – Hurricanes occur
1948 – Broward County International Airport opened
1950 – Population: 14,351
1952 – Joseph Watson became city manager (until c  1970)
1953 – Hollywood Memorial Hospital opened
1957
Seminole Tribe of Florida gained official recognition by the federal government, with tribal headquarters located in Hollywood 
McArthur High School opened
1958 – Diplomat Hotel in business
1959 – Seminole Tribe's Okalee Indian Village in business 
1960 – Population: 35,237
1962 – Arrow Drive-In cinema in business
1964 – Home Federal Tower hi-rise built 
1967 – Hollywood West Elks Lodge founded
1970 – Population: 106,873
1971
Pageant of the Unconquered Seminoles held in Hollywood
Topeekeegee Yugnee Park opened
1972 – Broward County Historical Commission established 
1974 – Broward County Library System established 
1975 – Art and Culture Center of Hollywood opened
1981
July 27: Murder of Adam Walsh
"U S  Supreme Court affirms Tribe's right to high-stakes bingo at Hollywood in Seminole Tribe of Florida vs  Butterworth"
1982 – West Lake Park opened
1983 – Seminole Tribune newspaper begins publication 
1996
Kolb Nature Center opened in West Lake Park
City website online (approximate date)
1997 – New Times Broward-Palm Beach newspaper began publication
2004 – Seminole Tribe of Florida's Seminole Hard Rock Hotel & Casino Hollywood in business
2010 – Population: 140,768
2013 – Frederica Wilson became U S  representative for Florida's 24th congressional district
2016 – Josh Levy became mayor
2018 - The first hotel in almost 50 years, Circ By Sonder, opens in Downtown Hollywood 
2019 – Hard Rock Live guitar shaped hotel opened, with pool and manmade lake

Geography
According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 30 8 square miles (80 km2), of which 3 46 square miles (9 km2) are covered by water (11 23%) Hollywood is in southeastern Broward County, and includes about 5 to 6 miles (8 0 to 9 7 km) of Atlantic Ocean beach, interrupted briefly by a portion deeded to Dania Beach  It is bounded by these municipalities:

Neighborhoods
These neighborhoods and communities are officially recognized by the City of Hollywood:

Climate
Hollywood has a tropical rainforest climate (Köppen climate classification Af), with long, hot, humid, and rainy summers and short, warm, and dry winters 

Demographics
As of 2000, Hollywood had the 75th-highest percentage of Cuban residents in the U S , at 4 23% of the city's population, and the 65th-highest percentage of Colombian residents in the US, at 2 26% of the city's population (tied with both the town and village of Mount Kisco, New York ) It also had the fifty-seventh highest percentage of Peruvian residents in the US, at 1 05% of the city's population (tied with Locust Valley, New York), and the 20th-highest percentage of Romanian residents in the US, at 1 1% of its population (tied with several other areas in the US) 

Economy
Prior to their dissolutions, Commodore Cruise Line and its subsidiary Crown Cruise Line had their headquarters in Hollywood Aerospace and electronics parts manufacturer HEICO has its headquarters in Hollywood Since 1991, the Invicta Watch Group, a manufacturer and marketer of timepieces and writing instruments, has had its headquarters in Hollywood, where it also operates its customer-service call center 

Top employers
According to the city's 2019 Comprehensive Annual Financial Report, the top employers in the city are:

Tourism
Guided tours along the Intercostal Waterway are common in Hollywood  The waterway, parallel to the Atlantic Ocean, provides both tourists and locals with the exploration of nature and observation of surroundings 
Young Circle is another area surrounded by shops, restaurants, and bars  A Food-Truck Takeover occurs every Monday, during which dozens of local food trucks park and offer a variety of cuisines, including Cuban, Venezuelan, Mediterranean, Mexican, Jamaican, and Peruvian foods, in addition to barbecue, burgers, gourmet grilled cheese, and desserts 

Parks and recreation
Hollywood has about 60 parks, seven golf courses, and sandy beaches 
Hollywood Beach has a broadwalk that extends about 2 5 miles along the Atlantic Ocean  Parking is available on side streets or in parking garages for a fee, and public trolleys run through the day  Restaurants and hotels line the broadwalk, along with a theatre, children's playground, and other attractions, including bicycle-rental shops, ice-cream parlors, souvenir shops, and a farmer's market  The broadwalk is used for walking and jogging, and has a bike lane for bicyclists and rollerbladers 

Government
Mayor
Joseph Wesley Young, circa 1925
Arthur W  Kellner, circa 1935
Lester Boggs, 1943–1947, 1949–1953
Alfred G  Ryll, 1954–1955
William G  Zinkil Sr , 1955–1957, 1959–1967
E  L  McMorrough, c  1959
David Keating
Mara Giulianti, circa 2002
Peter Bober, circa 2016
Josh Levy, 2016–present

Education
Hollywood has a diverse and broad number of educational institutions throughout the city, including 32 public (and charter) schools with 24 private schools  The public schools are operated by the Broward County Public Schools 

Public schools
Broward County operates 24 public schools, consisting of four high schools, six middle schools, and 14 elementary schools 
The public high schools situated in Hollywood are: Hollywood Hills High School, McArthur High School, South Broward High School, and Sheridan Technical College and High School 
The public middle schools include: Apollo Middle School, Attucks Middle School, Driftwood Middle School, McNicol Middle School, Olsen Middle School and Beachside Montessori Village The 14 elementary schools comprise:

Public (charter) schools
In addition to these public schools, eight public 'charter' schools operate independently from Broward County  They are: Hollywood Academy of Arts and Science (K–8), New Life Charter Academy, Championship Academy of Distinction at Hollywood K–5, Championship Academy of Distinction, Avant Garde Academy of Broward (K–12), BridgePrep Academy at Hollywood Hills, Ben Gamla Preparatory Academy and Bridge Prep Academy 

Private schools
Hollywood, Florida has an abundance of private schools scattered across the city  These are:

Infrastructure
Transportation
Hollywood is served by Fort Lauderdale-Hollywood International Airport, the 22nd busiest airport in the United States  Broward County Transit operates several bus routes that pass through the city of Hollywood, such as the 1 on US 1 (federal highway)  It is also served by Tri-Rail stations at Sheridan Street and Hollywood 

Police department
The Hollywood Police Department is an entity within the city government tasked with law enforcement 

Notable people
Davey Allison, former NASCAR driver
Jayne Atkinson, actress, House of Cards
Herbert L  Becker, former magician known as Kardeen, author, businessman
Steve Blake, retired NBA player
Lauren Book, politician
Ethan Bortnick, piano child prodigy
Chris Britton, baseball pitcher, San Diego Padres
Marquise Brown, NFL player
Janice Dickinson, model, author
Joe DiMaggio, iconic professional baseball player, lived and died in Hollywood
Mike Donald, professional golfer
Scotty Emerick, singer-songwriter
Seth Gabel, actor
Josh Gad, actor
Adam Gaynor, former member of Matchbox Twenty
Alan Gelfand, developer of Ollie (skateboarding trick)
Michael Heverly, model
Rosemary Homeister, Jr , jockey
Erasmus James, defensive end in the NFL
Evan Jenne, politician
Victoria Justice, actress, model, singer
Joe Klink, retired MLB pitcher
Veronica Lake, actress, World War II pin-up girl
Bethany Joy Lenz, actress, One Tree Hill
Jeff Marx, composer and lyricist of Broadway musical Avenue Q
Oddibe McDowell, MLB center fielder
Bryant McFadden, cornerback for NFL's Pittsburgh Steelers
Danny McManus, former CFL quarterback; broadcaster for TSN's CFL games
Fred Melamed, actor
Tracy Melchior, actress
Billy Mitchell, videogame player
Michael Mizrachi, professional poker player
Mike Napoli, MLB catcher and first baseman, member of 2013 World Series champion Boston Red Sox
Norman Reedus, actor
Moshe Reuven, music artist
Ian Richards, County Court Judge of Florida's 17th Judicial Circuit
Patti Rizzo, golfer, 1982 LPGA Tour Rookie of the Year
Jon Pernell Roberts, drug trafficker
Latrice Royale, drag entertainer
Jabaal Sheard, defensive end for Super Bowl LI champion New England Patriots
Megan Timpf, Canadian softball player, competitor at 2008 Summer Olympics
Joe Trohman, Fall Out Boy lead guitarist
John Walsh, host of America's Most Wanted
Scott Weinger, actor, writer, producer
Robert Wexler, former member of the U S  House of Representatives
Lorenzo White, former Houston Oilers running back

Crime and terrorism
In popular culture
The television game show Hollywood Squares taped a week of shows at the historic Diplomat Hotel in 1987 and featured aerial footage shot over Hollywood, Florida Episode 15 of season six of the HBO crime drama The Sopranos featured scenes shot in the vicinity of the Hollywood Beach Marriott along Carolina Street The Art and Culture Center of Hollywood is the exterior of the police substation in the now-cancelled TV show The Glades 
The comedy series Big Time in Hollywood, FL is set in Hollywood, Florida 

Sister cities
Hollywood's sister cities are:

See also
Big Time in Hollywood, FL

Notes
Passage 5:
Miami metropolitan area
The Miami metropolitan area (also known as South Florida, SoFlo, the Gold Coast, the Tri-County Area, or the Greater Miami), officially known as the Miami–Fort Lauderdale–Pompano Beach Metropolitan Statistical Area,  is a coastal metropolitan area in the southeastern part of the state of Florida  It is the ninth-largest metropolitan statistical area in the United States, the fifth-largest in the Southern United States, and the largest in the state of Florida  With a population of 6 14 million, it has more people than 31 of the nation's 50 states as of 2022  It comprises the three most populated counties in the state: Miami-Dade County, Broward County, and Palm Beach County 
With 1,279 2 sq mi (3,313 km2) of urban landmass, the Miami metropolitan area also is one of the most populous urban agglomerations in the world  The City of Miami is the financial and cultural core of the metropolis  The metropolitan area includes Miami-Dade, Broward, and Palm Beach Counties, which rank as the first-, second-, and third-most populous counties in Florida  Miami-Dade, with 2,716,940 people in 2019, is the seventh-most populous county in the United States  The metropolitan area's principal cities include Miami, Fort Lauderdale, Pompano Beach, West Palm Beach, Boca Raton, Sunrise, Miami Beach, Deerfield Beach, Pembroke Pines, Kendall, Boynton Beach, Delray Beach, Jupiter, Doral, Palm Beach Gardens, and Coral Gables  The Miami metropolitan area sits within the South Florida region, which includes the Everglades and the Florida Keys 
Because the population of South Florida is largely confined to a strip of land between the Atlantic Ocean and the Everglades, the Miami urbanized area (that is, the area of contiguous urban development) is about 100 miles (160 km) long (north to south), but never more than 20 miles (32 km) wide, and in some areas only 5 miles (8 km) wide (east to west)  The Miami metropolitan statistical area is longer than any other urbanized area in the United States except for the New York metropolitan area  It was the eighth most densely populated urbanized area in the United States in the 2000 census As of the 2000 census, the urbanized area had a land area of 1,116 square miles (2,890 km2), with a population of 4,919,036, for a population density of 4,407 4 per square mile (1,701 7 per km2)  Miami and Hialeah, the second-largest city in the metropolitan area, had population densities of more than 10,000/sq mi (more than 3,800/km2)   The Miami Urbanized Area was the fourth-largest urbanized area in the United States in the 2010 census 
The Miami metropolitan area also includes several urban clusters (UCs) as of the 2000 Census, which are not part of the Miami urbanized area  These are the Belle Glade UC, population 24,218, area 20 717 km2 and population density of 3027 6/sq mi; Key Biscayne UC, population 10,513, area 4 924 km2 and population density of 5529 5/sq mi; Redland UC, population 3,936, area 10 586 km2 and population density of 963 0/sq mi; and West Jupiter UC, population 8,998, area 24 737 km2 and population density of 942 1/sq mi The most notable colleges and universities in the Miami metropolitan area include Florida Atlantic University, Florida International University, Nova Southeastern University, and the University of Miami, as well as community colleges such as Broward College, Miami Dade College, and Palm Beach State College  Some of these institutions, such as Florida International University and Miami Dade College, make up some of the largest institutions of higher learning in the United States 

Definitions
Miami metropolitan area
As of 2023, the Miami metropolitan area is defined by the U S  Office of Management and Budget as the Miami-Fort Lauderdale-Pompano Beach Metropolitan Statistical Area (MSA), with a 2020 population of 6,138,333  The MSA is made up of three "metropolitan divisions" :

Miami-Miami Beach-Kendall Metropolitan Division, coterminous with Miami Dade County (2020 population 2,701,767) 
Fort Lauderdale-Pompano Beach-Sunrise Metropolitan Division, coterminous with Broward County (2020 population 1,944,375) 
West Palm Beach-Boca Raton-Boynton Beach Metropolitan Division, coterminous with Palm Beach County (2020 population 1,492,191) The MSA is the most populous metropolitan area in the Southeastern United States and has an area of 6,137 sq  mi (15,890 km2) 
The original MSA for Miami, as defined by the OMB, included only Dade County (now Miami-Dade County)  By 1995, the Miami-Hialeah and Fort Lauderdale-Hollywood-Pompano Beach MSAs had been merged into the Miami-Fort Lauderdale Consolidated MSA, consisting of the Miami Primary MSA (Dade County) and the Fort Lauderdale Primary MSA (Broward County)  In 2003, the West Palm Beach-Boca Raton-Boynton Beach MSA was merged with the consolidated MSA to form the Miami-Fort Lauderdale-Miami Beach Metropolitan Statistical Area, consisting of: the Fort Lauderdale-Pompano Beach-Deefield Beach Metropolitan Division (Broward County), the Miami-Miami Beach-Kendall Metropolitan Division (Miami-Dade County), and the West Palm Beach-Boca Raton-Boynton Beach Metropolitan Division (Palm Beach County) 

Miami-Port Saint Lucie-Fort Lauderdale Combined Statistical Area
The Census Bureau also defines a wider commercial region based on commuting patterns, the Miami-Port Saint Lucie-Fort Lauderdale Combined Statistical Area (CSA), with a population of 6,887,655 in 2020 
As of 2023, the CSA consists of three component metropolitan statistical areas (MSAs) and one Micropolitan statistical area (μSA):

The Miami-Fort Lauderdale-Pompano Beach MSA (2020 pop  6,138,333)
The Port Saint Lucie MSA (2020 pop  486,660), consisting of:
Martin County (2020 pop  158,431)p  28
Saint Lucie County (2020 pop  329,226)p  28
The Sebastian-Vero Beach MSA, coterminous with Indian River County (2020 pop  159,788)
The Key West μSA, coterminous with Monroe County (2020 pop  82,874) When the CSA was defined in 2013, it included the Okeechobee μSA, coterminous with Okeechobee County, but not the Key West μSA  In 2018 the Okeechobee μSA was removed from the CSA and the Key West μSA was added 

Gold Coast
The Miami metropolitan area is frequently named the "Gold Coast" in convention with Florida's other coast regions, including the Space Coast, Treasure Coast, Sun Coast, Nature Coast, Forgotten Coast, Fun Coast, and First Coast  Like several of the others, it seems to have originated at the time the area first saw major growth  One of the best known of Florida's vernacular regions, the name is a reference to the wealth and ritzy tropical lifestyle that characterizes the area 

Climate and geography
Climate
South Florida/Miami metropolitan area has a tropical climate, similar to the climate found in much of the Caribbean  It is the only metropolitan area in the 48 contiguous states that falls under that category  More specifically, it generally has a tropical monsoon climate (Köppen climate classification, Am)  The South Florida  metropolis sees most of its rain in the summer (wet season) and is quite dry in the winter (dry season)  The wet season, which is hot and humid, lasts from May to October, when daily thunderstorms and passing weak tropical lows bring downpours during the late afternoon  The dry season often starts in late October and runs through late April  During the height of the dry season from February through April, South Florida is often very dry, and often brush fires and water restrictions are an issue  At times cold fronts can make it all the way down to South Florida and provide some modest rainfall in the dry season  The hurricane season largely coincides with the wet season In addition to its sea-level elevation, coastal location and position near the Tropic of Cancer and the Caribbean, the area owes its warm, humid climate to the Gulf Stream, which moderates climate year-round  A typical summer day does not see temperatures below 75 °F (24 °C)  Temperatures in the high 80s to low 90s (30–35 °C) accompanied by high humidity are often relieved by afternoon thunderstorms or a sea breeze that develops off the Atlantic Ocean, which then allow lower temperatures, although conditions still remain very muggy 
During winter, dry air often dominates as dew points are often very low  Average daily high temperatures across South Florida during the winter are around 74–77 °F (23–25 °C)  Although daily highs can sometimes reach 82–85 °F (28–29 °C) even in January and February  Daily low temperatures during the winter are generally around 55–63 °F (13–17 °C)  Each winter, cold fronts occasionally make their way down to the northern Bahamas and South Florida  As a result, daytime high temperatures in South Florida may only reach around 65 °F (18 °C) or cooler  When this occurs low temperatures can dip into the 40s during the early morning hours before quickly warming-up toward late morning/early afternoon  It is rare for temperatures to drop below 40 °F (4 °C), however, low temperatures at or around 35 °F (2 °C) have occurred some years  South Florida only experiences these cold spells about twice each winter and they typically only last a day or two before temperatures return to the mid 70s  On average South Florida is frost-free, although there can be a light frost in the inland communities about once every decade 
Hurricane season officially runs from June 1 through November 30, although hurricanes can develop outside that period  The most likely time for South Florida to be hit is during the peak of the Cape Verde season, mid-August through the end of September  Due to its location between two major bodies of water known for tropical activity, South Florida is also statistically the most likely major area to be struck by a hurricane in the world, trailed closely by Nassau, Bahamas, and Havana, Cuba  Many hurricanes have affected the metropolis, including Betsy in 1965, Andrew in 1992, Irene in 1999, Hurricanes Katrina and Wilma in 2005, and Irma in 2017  In addition, a tropical depression in October 2000 passed over the city, causing record rainfall and flooding  Locally, the storm is credited as the No Name Storm of 2000, though the depression went on to become Tropical Storm Leslie upon entering the Atlantic Ocean 

Component counties, subregions, and cities
Largest cities
The following is a list of the twenty largest cities in the Miami metropolitan area as ranked by population 

Areas with between 10,000 and 100,000 inhabitants
Areas with fewer than 10,000 inhabitants
Demographics
There is a strong divide between the northern and southern parts of the region in terms of dominant language  In 2010, English was the household language of 73 1% of Palm Beach County residents and 63 4% of Broward County residents but only 28 1% of Miami-Dade County residents  In contrast, 63 8% of Miami-Dade County residents spoke Spanish at home 

Religion
According to a 2014 study by the Pew Research Center, Christianity is the most prevalent religion in the Miami metropolitan area (68%), with 39% professing attendance at a variety of churches that could be considered Protestant and 27% professing Roman Catholic beliefs  Judaism is second (9%), followed by Islam, Buddhism, Hinduism and a variety of other religions have smaller followings; 21% of the population did not identify with any religion 
The Miami area has one of the largest Jewish communities in the United States  10 2% of the population identified as Jewish in the 2000 Census  According to a 2011 survey of American Judaism, Palm Beach County had the most Jews of any Florida county both in absolute numbers (205,850) and as a percentage of the overall population (15 8%)  Broward County came in second place with 170,700 Jewish reidents or 9 8% of the population, and Miami-Dade County came in third with 106,300 or 4 3% 

Housing
Changes in house prices for the area are publicly tracked on a regular basis using the Case–Shiller index; the statistic is published by Standard & Poor's and is also a component of S&P's 10-city composite index of the value of the residential real estate market 
As of 2005, the Miami area had a total of 2 3 million housing units, 13% of which were vacant  Of the total housing units, 52% were in single-unit structures, 45% were in multi-unit structures, and 3% were mobile homes  25% of the housing units were built since 1990  As of 2019, over 70% of Miami's residents are renters with median rent of $1,355, $180 over the national average 
Households and families: There were 2,338,450 households, The average household size was 2 6 people  Families made up 65% of the households in the Miami area  This figure includes both married-couple families (45%) and other families (20%)  Nonfamily households made up 35% of all households in Miami  Most of the nonfamily households were people living alone, but some consisted of people living in households in which no one was related to the householder 
Occupied housing unit characteristics: In 2005, the Miami area had 2 0 million occupied housing units – 1 3 million (66%) owner occupied and 688,000 (34%) renter occupied 
As of 2010, housing costs in the Miami area typically represented 40% of household income, compared to 34% nationwide Property tax increase: In March 2009, Miami area lawmakers passed a 5–10% hike in property tax millage rates throughout the metropolitan area to fund the construction of new schools and to fund understaffed schools and educational institutions, resulting in an increase in residents' property tax bills beginning in the 2009 tax year 

Politics
Politically, metropolitan Miami is strongly Democratic, like most large metropolitan regions in the United States  Broward County is the second-most heavily Democratic county in the state, behind only Gadsden County, which is much smaller  This contrasts with most of the rest of Florida, whose heavier Southern influence and high population of elderly voters makes it a swing or Republican-leaning state  Miami-Dade County has a relatively high percentage of Republican voters for an urban county, due partially to its Cuban-American population, which leans Republican as a result of its anti-communist views, but Miami-Dade County still remains very Democratic when compared with most of Florida's other counties  Despite being more suburban and affluent, Palm Beach County is reliably Democratic as well and in the 2020 presidential election voted for Democratic candidate Joe Biden by a higher margin than Miami-Dade County did 
In the 2016 presidential election, 62 3% of voters in the Miami metropolitan area voted Democratic  This was the 6th highest of any metro area in the United States  However, in recent years the area has shifted hard to the Republicans, with former president Donald Trump losing the metro area by 16 points in 2020 compared to losing it by 30 in 2016 (Fueled especially by Miami Dade County shifting 22 points to the right between 2016 and 2020), and Governor Ron DeSantis winning the metro area outright in the 2022 gubernatorial election, winning both Miami Dade and Palm Beach Counties (With the former being won by double digits) while losing Broward only by less than 16 points  This may be attributed in part to a broader rightward shift among Hispanic voters in these years 

Government
The metropolitan area is governed by 3 counties  In total there are 107 municipalities or incorporated places in the metropolis  Each one of the municipalities has its own city, town or village government, although there is no distinction between the 3 names  Much of the land in the metropolis is unincorporated, which means it does not belong to any municipality, and  therefore is governed directly by the county it is located in 

Congressional districts
The Miami metropolitan area contains all or part of nine Congressional districts: the 18th, 20th, 21st, 22nd, 23rd, 24th, 25th, 26th, and 27th districts  As of 2017 (the 113th Congress), the Cook Partisan Voting Index listed four as being Republican-leaning: the 18th, 25th, 26th, and 27th, with the 25th being the most Republican-leaning at R+5, and five as being Democratic-leaning: the 20th, 21st, 22nd, 23rd, and 24th, with the 24th being the most Democratic-leaning at D+34, making it the ninth-most Democratic-leaning district in the nation 

Economy
Among those employed in the Miami metropolitan area, 32% were management, professional, and related occupations, 30% were sales and office occupations, 18% were service occupations, 11% were construction, extraction, maintenance and repair occupations, and 9% were production, transportation, and material moving occupations  81% of the people employed were Private wage and salary workers; 12% were Federal, state, or local government workers; and 7% were self-employed 
The median income of households in the Miami area was $43,091  78% of the households received earnings and 13% received retirement income other than Social Security  30% of the households received Social Security  The average income from Social Security was $13  These income sources are not mutually exclusive; that is, some households received income from more than one source 
In 2005, for the employed population 16 years and older, the leading industries in the Miami area were educational services, health care, and social assistance, which accounted for 18%, and Professional, scientific, and management, and administrative and waste management services, which accounted for 13% of the population  79% of Miami area workers drove to work alone in 2005, 10% carpooled, 4% took public transportation, and 4% used other means  The remaining 3% worked at home  Among those who commuted to work, it took them on average 28 5 minutes to get to work 

Culture
Miami dialect
In  Miami-Dade County a unique dialect, commonly called the Miami dialect, is widely spoken  The dialect developed among second- or third-generation Hispanics, including Cuban-Americans, whose first language was English, though some non-Hispanic white, black, and other races who were born and raised in Miami-Dade tend to adopt it as well  It is based on a fairly standard American accent but with some changes very similar to dialects in the Mid-Atlantic, especially the New York area dialect, Northern New Jersey English, and New York Latino English  Unlike Virginia Piedmont, Coastal Southern American, and Northeast American dialects and Florida Cracker dialect of the Miami accent is rhotic; it also incorporates a rhythm and pronunciation heavily influenced by Spanish in which rhythm is syllable-timed It is possible to differentiate the Miami accent from a variety of interlanguages spoken by second-language speakers  THE Miami accent does not generally display addition of /ɛ/ before initial consonant clusters with /s/, speakers do not confuse of /dʒ/ with /j/, (e g , Yale with jail), and /r/ and /rr/ are pronounced as alveolar approximant [ɹ] instead of alveolar tap [ɾ] or alveolar trill [r] in Spanish The Miami accent is much less common in Broward County and Palm Beach County, where the majority of the population is non-Hispanic 

Area codes
305: Miami-Dade County and the Florida Keys; overlaid by 786
786: Miami-Dade County and the Florida Keys; overlays 305
954: All of Broward County: Fort Lauderdale, Hollywood, Coral Springs, Pompano Beach, overlaid by 754
754: All of Broward County: Fort Lauderdale, Hollywood, Coral Springs, Pompano Beach, overlays with 954
561: All of Palm Beach County: West Palm Beach, Boca Raton, Boynton Beach, Delray Beach, will be overlaid by 728
728: All of Palm Beach County: West Palm Beach, Boca Raton, Boynton Beach, Delray Beach, will overlay with 561

Media
Greater Miami is served by several English-language and two major Spanish-language daily newspapers  The Miami Herald, headquartered in Doral, is Miami's primary newspaper with over a million readers  It also has news bureaus in Broward County, Monroe County, and Nassau, Bahamas  The South Florida Sun-Sentinel circulates primarily in Broward and southern Palm Beach counties and also has a news bureau in Havana, Cuba  The Palm Beach Post serves mainly Palm Beach County, especially the central and northern regions, and the Treasure Coast  The Boca Raton News publishes five days a week and circulates in southern Palm Beach County  El Nuevo Herald, a subsidiary of the Miami Herald, and Diario Las Americas, are Spanish-language daily papers that circulate mainly in Miami-Dade County  La Palma and El Sentinel are weekly Spanish newspapers published by the Palm Beach Post and Sun-Sentinel, respectively, and circulate in the same areas as their English-language counterparts 
There are several university student-run newspapers in the area, including The Miami Hurricane at the University of Miami, University Press at Florida Atlantic University, PantherNOW at Florida International University, and The Current at Nova Southeastern University 
Greater Miami is split into two separate television/radio markets: The Miami-Fort Lauderdale market serves Miami-Dade, Broward and the Florida Keys  The West Palm Beach market serves Palm Beach County and the Treasure Coast region 
Miami-Fort Lauderdale is the 12th largest radio market and the 16th-largest television market in the U S  television stations serving the Miami-Fort Lauderdale area include WAMI-TV (UniMas), WBFS-TV (MyNetworkTV), WSFL-TV (The CW), WFOR-TV (CBS), WHFT-TV (TBN), WLTV (Univision), WPLG (ABC), WPXM (ION), WSCV (Telemundo), WSVN (FOX), WTVJ (NBC), WLRN-TV (PBS), and WPBT (also PBS), the latter television station being the only channel to serve the entire metropolitan area 
In addition to the Miami-Fort Lauderdale market, West Palm Beach has its own  It is the 49th largest radio market and the 38th-largest television market in the U S   Television stations serving the West Palm Beach area include WPTV (NBC), WPEC (CBS), WPBF (ABC),  WFLX (FOX), WTVX (The CW), WXEL (PBS), WTCN (MyNetworkTV), and  WPXP (ION)   The West Palm Beach market shares use of WSCV and WLTV for Telemundo and Univision respectively    Also, both markets cross over and tend to be available interchangeably between both areas   In 2015, WPBT and WXEL merged their operations, to form South Florida PBS, although both stations have maintained separate programming schedules and social media platforms, but share the same subchannel lineup 

Education
In Florida, each county is also a school district  Each district is headed by an elected school board  A professional superintendent manages the day-to-day operations of each district, who is appointed by and serves at the pleasure of the school board 
The Miami-Dade County Public School District is currently the 4th-largest public school district in the nation  The School District of Palm Beach County is the 4th-largest in Florida and the 11th-largest in the United States  Broward County Public School District is the 6th-largest in the United States 
The University of Miami is the one of the top-ranked research institutions in the United States, and is the most selective major university in Florida 
As of 2023, Florida International University is ranked the 8th largest public university by enrollment in the United States 
Some colleges and universities in Greater Miami include:

Barry University (private/Catholic)
Broward College (public)
Carlos Albizu University (private)
Chamberlain University (private)
Florida Atlantic University (public)
Florida International University (public)
Florida Memorial University (private/Baptist)
Florida National University (private)
Jersey College (private)
Keiser University (private)
Lynn University (private)
Miami Dade College (public)
Northwood University (private)
Nova Southeastern University (private)
Palm Beach Atlantic University (private/Christian)
Palm Beach State College (public)
St  Thomas University (private/Catholic)
University of Miami (private)In 2005, 82% of people 25 years and over had at least graduated from high school and 28% had a bachelor's degree or higher  Among people 16 to 19 years old, 7% were dropouts; they were not enrolled in school and had not graduated from high school  The total school enrollment in the Miami metro area was 1 4 million in 2005  Nursery school and kindergarten enrollment was 170,000 and elementary or high school enrollment was 879,000  College or graduate school enrollment was 354,000 

Transportation
Roads
The Miami metropolitan area is served by five interstate highways operated by the Florida Department of Transportation (FDOT) in conjunction with local agencies  Interstate 95 (I-95) runs north to south along the coast, ending just south of Downtown Miami at South Dixie Highway (US 1)  I-75 runs east to west, turning south in western Broward County and connecting suburban north Miami-Dade to Naples on the Southwest Coast via Alligator Alley, which transverses the Florida Everglades before turning north  I-595 connects the Broward coast and Downtown Fort Lauderdale to I-75 and Alligator Alley  In Miami, I-195 and I-395 relay the main I-95 route east to Biscayne Boulevard (US 1) and Miami Beach across Biscayne Bay via the Julia Tuttle and MacArthur causeways 
In greater Miami, the Miami-Dade Expressway Authority and Florida's Turnpike Enterprise (FTE) maintain eight state expressways in conjunction with FDOT  The Airport Expressway (SR 112) and the Dolphin Expressway (SR 836) relay western Miami-Dade suburbs to the eastern urban coast at I-95, and to Miami Beach via  I-195 and I-395 at the Airport and Midtown interchanges  The Gratigny Parkway (SR 924) connects northern Miami suburbs to the southern end of I-75  The Palmetto Expressway (SR 826) is the primary beltway road of urban Miami, relaying I-95 and Florida's Turnpike (SR 91) at the Golden Glades Interchange near northeastern North Miami Beach to the southern inland suburbs of Kendall and Pinecrest  The Don Shula Expressway (SR 874) and the Homestead Extension of Florida's Turnpike (SR 821) form the southernmost end of the beltway, connecting the Palmetto Expressway to the bedroom communities of Homestead and Florida City  The Snapper Creek Expressway (SR 878) relays the Don Shula Expressway to South Dixie Highway (US 1) 
The urban bypass expressway in greater Fort Lauderdale is the Sawgrass Expressway (SR 869), connecting the northern Broward County coast at I-95 and Deerfield Beach to I-595 and I-75 at Alligator Alley in Sunrise 
Express lanes on I-95 start in Miami-Dade County and continue into Broward County  With an increased presence of traffic in South Florida, it is projected that express lanes will soon be implemented in southern Palm Beach County 

Major freeways and tollways
Interstate 95
 Interstate 75
 Interstate 195 /  State Road 112 (Airport Expressway)
 Interstate 395 /  State Road 836 (Dolphin Expressway)
 Interstate 595 (Port Everglades Expressway)
 Florida's Turnpike, including Homestead Extension
 State Road 924 (Gratigny Parkway)
 State Road 874 (Don Shula Expressway)
 State Road 878 (Snapper Creek Expressway)
 State Road 869 (Sawgrass Expressway)
 State Road 826 (Palmetto Expressway)

Major airports
The metropolitan area is served by three major commercial airports  These airports combine to make the fourth largest domestic origin and destination market in the United States, after New York City, Los Angeles, and Chicago 
The following smaller general aviation airports are also in the metro area:

Seaports
The metropolis also has four seaports, the largest and most important being the Port of Miami  Others in the area include Port Everglades, Port of Palm Beach and the Miami River Port   On August 21, 2012, PortMiami and the U S  Army Corps of Engineers signed the Partnership Agreement (PPA) construction agreement that will allow the Deep Dredge project to go out for bid   The Deep Dredge will deepen the Port's existing channels to minus 50/52 feet to prepare for the Panama Canal expansion, now scheduled for completion in early 2015   PortMiami's deeper channel will provide ships with an economically efficient, reliable and safe navigational route into the Port  PortMiami will be the only U S  Port south of Norfolk, Virginia to be at the minus 50 foot depth in sync with the opening of the expanded Canal  Deep Dredge is expected to create more than 30,000 direct, indirect, and induced jobs in Florida and allow the Port to meet its goal to double its cargo traffic over the next decade 

Public transportation
Miami-Dade Transit (MDT) is the largest public transit agency in Florida, operating rapid transit, people movers, and an intercity bus system  Metrorail is Florida's only rapid transit, currently with 23 stations on a 24 4-mile (39 3 km) track  The Downtown Miami people mover, Metromover, operates 20 stations and three lines on a 4 4-mile (7 1 km) track through the Downtown neighborhoods of the Arts & Entertainment District, the Central Business District, and Brickell  Metrobus serves the entirety of Miami-Dade County, also serving Monroe County as far south as Marathon, and Broward County as far north as Downtown Fort Lauderdale  In Broward County, Broward County Transit runs public buses, as does Palm Tran in Palm Beach County  Additionally, the South Florida Regional Transportation Authority operates Tri-Rail, a commuter rail train that connects the three of the primary cities of South Florida (Miami, Fort Lauderdale, and West Palm Beach), and most intermediate points  Brightline provides service to Miami, Aventura, West Palm Beach, Fort Lauderdale, Boca Raton, and Central Florida's Orlando, with talks to expand to Tampa and Jacksonville 

Sports
Professional
The Miami metro area is home to five major league professional sports teams:

The Miami Dolphins of the National Football League play at Hard Rock Stadium in Miami Gardens
The Inter Miami CF of Major League Soccer play at Inter Miami CF Stadium in Fort Lauderdale
The Miami Heat of the National Basketball Association play at Miami-Dade Arena in Downtown Miami
The Miami Marlins of Major League Baseball play at Marlins Park in Little Havana
The Florida Panthers of the National Hockey League play at BB&T Center in Sunrise

College sports
The most prominent college sports program in the Miami metropolitan area are the Miami Hurricanes of the University of Miami in Coral Gables, who compete in Division I of the National Collegiate Athletic Association, the highest level of collegiate athletics  The University of Miami's football team has won five national championships since 1983 and its baseball team has won four national championships since 1982 
Other collegiate sports programs in the metropolitan area include the Florida Atlantic Owls of Florida Atlantic University in Boca Raton, the FIU Panthers of Florida International University in University Park, the Nova Southeastern Sharks of Nova Southeastern University in Davie, and the Barry Buccaneers of Barry University in Miami Shores 

Minor league and other sports
The Miami area is also host to minor league sports teams, including:

The Miami Marlins and St  Louis Cardinals conduct spring training in Jupiter at Roger Dean Stadium 
The Houston Astros and Washington Nationals conduct spring training in West Palm Beach at The Ballpark of the Palm Beaches 
Inter Miami CF will have a reserve team that will play in USL League One 
The Homestead-Miami Speedway oval has hosted NASCAR Cup Series and IndyCar Series events  Temporary street circuits at Museum Park hosted several CART, IMSA GT, and American Le Mans Series races between from 1986 to 1995, as well as a Formula E race in 2015  The Palm Beach International Raceway is a minor road course 

See also
South Florida
United States metropolitan area
Table of United States Metropolitan Statistical Areas
Largest metropolitan areas in the Americas

Notes
Passage 6:
Miami metropolitan area (disambiguation)
The Miami metropolitan area is the metropolitan area centered on Miami, Florida 
The Miami metropolitan area may also refer to:

The Miami, Oklahoma micropolitan area, United States

See also
Miami (disambiguation)
Passage 7:
Tidal flooding
Tidal flooding, also known as sunny day flooding or nuisance flooding, is the temporary inundation of low-lying areas, especially streets, during exceptionally high tide events, such as at full and new moons  The highest tides of the year may be known as the king tide, with the month varying by location  These kinds of floods tend not to be a high risk to property or human safety, but further stress coastal infrastructure in low lying areas This kind of flooding is becoming more common in cities and other human-occupied coastal areas as sea level rise  associated with climate change and other human-related environmental impacts such as coastal erosion and land subsidence increase the vulnerability of infrastructure  Geographies faced with these issues can utilize coastal management practices to mitigate the effects in some areas, but increasingly these kinds of floods may develop into coastal flooding that requires managed retreat or other more extensive climate change adaptation practices are needed for vulnerable areas 

Effects on infrastructure
Tidal flooding is capable of greatly inhibiting natural gravity-based drainage systems in low-lying areas when it reaches levels that are below visible inundation of the surface, but which are high enough to incapacitate the lower drainage or sewer system  Thus, even normal rainfall or storm surge events can cause greatly amplified flooding effects  One passive solution to intrusion through drainage systems are one way back-flow valves in drainage ways  However, while this may prevent a majority of the tidal intrusion, it also inhibits drainage during exceptionally high tides that shut the valves  In Miami Beach, where resilience work is underway, the pump systems replace insufficient gravity-based systems 

Relation to climate change
Sunny day flooding is often associated with coastal regions, where sea level rise attributed to global warming can send water into the streets on days with elevated high tides  Further, regions with glaciers also experience sunny day flooding as climate change alters the dynamics of glacier meltwater  Abnormally hot temperatures not only swell rivers and creeks directly through accelerated snowmelt, but can burst ice dams and cause water from glacial lakes to swell waterways less predictably A warming climate causes physical changes to the types of ice on a glacier  As glaciers retreat, there is less firn (water-retaining snow) so that more meltwater runs directly into the watershed over deeper, impervious glacial ice 

Affected geographies
United States
Most of the coastal communities in the Eastern Seaboard of the United States are vulnerable to this kind of flooding as sea level rise increases Due to changing geography such as subsidence, and poorly planned development, tidal flooding may exist separate from modern nuisance flooding associated with sea level rise and anthropocentric climate change  The widely publicized Holland Island in Maryland for example has disappeared over the years mainly due to subsidence and coastal erosion  In the New Orleans area on the Gulf Coast of Louisiana, land subsidence results in the Grand Isle tide gauge showing an extreme upward sea level trend 

Florida
In Florida, controversy arose when state-level government mandated that the term "nuisance flooding" and other terms be used in place of terms such as sea level rise, climate change and global warming, prompting allegations of climate change denial, specifically against Governor Rick Scott  This amid Florida, specifically South Florida and the Miami metropolitan area being one of the most at risk areas in the world for the potential effects of sea level rise, and where the frequency and severity of tidal flooding events increased in the 21st century  The issue is more bipartisan in South Florida, particularly in places like Miami Beach, where a several hundred million dollar project is underway to install more than 50 pumps and physically raise roads to combat the flooding, mainly along the west side of South Beach, formerly a mangrove wetland where the average elevation is less than one meter (3 3 feet) 
In the Miami metropolitan area, where the vast majority of the land is below 10 ft (3 0 m), even a one-foot increase over the average high tide can cause widespread flooding  The 2015 and 2016 king tide event levels reached about 4 feet (1 2 m) MLLW, 3 feet (0 9 m) above mean sea level, or about 2 ft (0 61 m) NAVD88, and nearly the same above MHHW  While the tide range is very small in Miami, averaging about 2 ft (0 61 m), with the greatest range being less than 2 m (6 6 ft), the area is very acute to minute differences down to single inches due to the vast area at low elevation  NOAA tide gauge data for most stations shows current water level graphs relative to a fixed vertical datum, as well as mean sea level trends for some stations  During the king tides, the local Miami area tide gauge at Virginia Key shows levels running at times 1 foot (0 30 m) or more over datum 
Fort Lauderdale has installed over one hundred tidal valves since 2013 to combat flooding  Fort Lauderdale is nicknamed the "Venice of America" due to its roughly 165 miles (266 km) of canals A recent University of Florida study correlated the increased tidal flooding in south Florida, at least from 2011–2015 to episodic atmospheric conditions  The rate was about 3/4 of an inch (19 mm) per year, versus the global rate of just over a tenth of an inch (3 mm) per year 

See also
Acqua alta, tidal peaks in the northern Adriatic Sea which cause flooding in the Venetian Lagoon
Context 3: Passage 1:
Pamela Adlon
Pamela Fionna Adlon (; née Segall) (born July 6, 1966) is an American actress  She is known for voicing Bobby Hill in the animated comedy series King of the Hill (1997–2010), for which she won a Primetime Emmy Award  She also voiced Baloo in Jungle Cubs (1996–1998), the title role in the Pajama Sam video game series (1996–2001), Lucky in 101 Dalmatians: The Series (1997–1998), Ashley Spinelli in Recess (1997–2001), Otto Osworth in Time Squad (2001–2003), and Brigette Murphy in Milo Murphy's Law (2016–2019), among numerous others 
Adlon is also known for her roles in the comedy-drama series Californication (2007–2014) and Louie (2010–2015), the latter of which she additionally wrote and produced alongside Louis C K  Her work on Louie garnered her four Primetime Emmy Award nominations  From 2016 to 2022, Adlon starred as Sam Fox on the acclaimed FX comedy-drama series Better Things, which she also co-created, wrote, produced, and directed  The series won a Peabody Award, and she was nominated twice for a Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Lead Actress in a Comedy Series  She also starred alongside Redd Foxx on The Redd Foxx Show as 'Toni' in 1986 
Adlon was featured in numerous films since making her acting debut in Grease 2 (1982)  Her most notable films include Say Anything    (1989), Bed of Roses (1996), Lucky 13 (2005), Conception (2011), I Love You, Daddy (2017), All Square (2018), and Holler (2020) 

Early life
Adlon was born in New York City  She is the daughter of Marina Lucy (Leece) and Donald Maxwell "Don" Segall, who was a television comedy writer-producer and author of comic books and science fiction pulp novels  Her father produced The Dave Garroway Show, which became AM New York and then The Today Show  He was a page at NBC with Gil Cates and wrote erotic fiction under various pseudonyms, including Troy Conway  Adlon's mother is English, while her father, an American, was from Boston  Her father was born to a Jewish family of Russian-Jewish and Ukrainian-Jewish descent and her mother, originally an Anglican, converted to Judaism  Adlon has said that her parents met at the USO event in Paris As a child, Adlon lived in the Carnegie House at 100 West 57th Street  She has said that she and her family lived bi-coastally, moving between Los Angeles and New York because her father was a journeyman writer and producer for TV  She began performing at age nine; one of her father's friends had a radio studio, so she would do voice-over work there  While in Los Angeles she did TV and film acting work  She attended Sarah Lawrence College for a semester  After moving to Laurel Canyon, Los Angeles, she shared a house with Anna Gunn 

Career
Adlon made her acting debut as Dolores Rebchuck in the 1982 musical sequel film Grease 2  She had a recurring role as Kelly Affinado in the sitcom The Facts of Life (1983–1984)  This was followed by appearances in Bad Manners (1984), Night Court (1984), Willy/Milly (1986), Star Trek: The Next Generation (1989), Say Anything    (1989), Sgt  Bilko (1996), and Plump Fiction (1997)  Although she was successful as a child actress she struggled to find parts in her 20s  It led her to develop a substantial voice-over career which she cited as saving her career Adlon gained further acclaim and recognition for voicing the starring role of Bobby Hill in the animated comedy series King of the Hill (1997–2010), for which she received a Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Voice-Over Performance in 2002  Adlon also gained recognition for voicing Margaret "Moose" Pearson in Pepper Ann (1997–2000), Ashley Spinelli in Recess (1997–2001), Brigette Murphy in Milo Murphy's Law (2016–2019), and the voice of newborn Halley Wolowitz in The Big Bang Theory 
Adlon is recognizable for her husky voice, which led to her voicing young boys in numerous animated series and films  She voiced Baloo in Jungle Cubs (1996–1998), the title role in the video game series Pajama Sam (1996–2001), Lucky in 101 Dalmatians: The Series (1997–1998), Hector McBadger in Jakers! The Adventures of Piggley Winks (2003–2007), and Andy in Squirrel Boy (2006–2007), among numerous others  She was nominated for an Annie Award for her role as Otto Osworth in the Cartoon Network animated comedy series Time Squad (2001–2003)  She continued to voice characters in films, such as The Animatrix (2003) and as Vidia in the Tinker Bell film series (2008–2015) 
Adlon had notable live-action roles as Emma Path in the ABC legal drama series Boston Legal (2007–2008), Marcy Runkle in the Showtime comedy-drama series Californication (2007–2014), and as Pamela in the FX comedy series Louie (2010–2015)  She was also a writer and consulting producer for the lattermost series 
Adlon's professional relationship with Louis C K  began in 2006 when she played his wife in the short-lived HBO sitcom Lucky Louie  She appeared as the friend of Louie (a fictional character based on C K ) in his FX single-camera series Louie  She appeared in every season but the third  Adlon co-wrote seven episodes of the series and became a consulting producer  She earned a total of four Primetime Emmy Award nominations for her work on Louie  She earned two nominations as a producer for Best Comedy Series, one nomination for Outstanding Writing for a Comedy Series for co-writing the episode "Daddy's Girlfriend Part 1", and one nomination for Outstanding Guest Actress in a Comedy Series In 2015, FX gave a pilot order to Better Things, a comedy created by and starring Adlon  She plays an actress raising three daughters  The pilot was written by Adlon and Louis C K , who also directed it  It was picked up for a 10-episode series on August 7, 2015  The show, which premiered on September 8, 2016, is semi-autobiographical  C K  served as a co-writer and occasional director for the first two seasons, while Adlon has served as director and writer throughout the series' run 
The series received widespread critical acclaim and was honored with a Peabody Award  Adlon received a Primetime Emmy Award nomination for Outstanding Lead Actress in a Comedy Series for the first two seasons of Better Things  She also received a nomination for the Golden Globe Award for Best Actress – Television Series Musical or Comedy, and four nominations for the TCA Award for Individual Achievement in Comedy  Adlon was represented by manager Dave Becky until November 2017, when she fired him following his involvement in the Louis C K  sexual harassment scandal Adlon had recent live-action roles in the romantic drama film First Girl I Loved (2016), the science fiction action film Bumblebee (2018), and the comedy-drama film The King of Staten Island (2020)  She had a guest role as Mrs  Wolowitz in the CBS sitcom Young Sheldon (2017) and a recurring role as Dr  Leigh in the acclaimed NBC drama series This Is Us (2020) 

Personal life
In 1996, Adlon married Felix O  Adlon, the son of German director Percy Adlon  Felix O  Adlon directed Pamela in Eat Your Heart Out (1997)  They divorced in 2010, and he then moved to Germany  They have three daughters who are actresses: Gideon, Odessa, and Valentine "Rocky" Adlon Adlon was the inspiration for Toto's song, Pamela (song)   She was in a short-lived relationship with Toto vocalist Joseph Williams in the 1980s 
Adlon splits her time between the Upper West Side of Manhattan and Los Angeles In January 2020, Adlon became a citizen of the United Kingdom 

Filmography
Adlon is known for her collaborations with Louis C K and her performances in Lucky Louie (2006), Louie (2010–2015), and Better Things (2016–2022)  She has had major performances in The Facts of Life (1983–1984) and Californication (2007–2014) as well as making guest appearances in The Jeffersons (1984), Boston Legal (2007–2008), Parenthood (2012), and This is Us (2020)  She is also a well known voice artist  Her voice credits include the animated programs Kiki's Delivery Service (1989), Bobby's World (1992–1998), Rugrats (1992–2004), Recess (1997–2001), King of the Hill (1997–2010), and Bob's Burgers (2012–2020) 

Awards and nominations
Passage 2:
Drea de Matteo
Andrea Donna de Matteo (born January 19, 1972) is an American actress  She is best known for her role as Adriana La Cerva on the HBO television drama The Sopranos (1999–2006), for which she received the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Drama Series in 2004  Other notable roles include Gina Tribbiani on Joey (2004–2006), Wendy Case on Sons of Anarchy (2008–2014), Angie Bolen on Desperate Housewives (2009–2010), and Detective Tess Nazario on Shades of Blue (2016–2018) 

Early life
De Matteo was born in Whitestone, Queens, New York City  Her mother, Donna, is a playwright and playwriting teacher who has been on faculty at HB Studio, and her father, Albert, was a furniture manufacturer who was owner and CEO of Avery Boardman and Carlyle  She is of Italian descent, and grew up in a Catholic family After graduating from the Loyola School, de Matteo earned a Bachelor of Fine Arts in film production from New York University's Tisch School of the Arts, intending to become a film director  She additionally studied acting at the HB Studio 

Career
De Matteo's role in The Sopranos was one of her earliest, helping to launch her career  She has appeared in several films including Swordfish, Deuces Wild, The Perfect You, Prey for Rock & Roll and the 2005 remake of John Carpenter's 1976 action film Assault on Precinct 13  She had the starring role in Abel Ferrara's R Xmas for which she received some very positive reviews In 2004, de Matteo won an Emmy for Best Supporting Actress (Drama) for her role as Adriana on The Sopranos (season 5) and was nominated for a Golden Globe the same year, for the same role From 2004 to 2006, de Matteo portrayed Joey Tribbiani's sister Gina in the Friends spin-off Joey  The show was cancelled after two seasons De Matteo played the role of Wendy Case in the FX original series Sons of Anarchy  The pilot episode aired September 3, 2008, and De Matteo continued making regular appearances into the series' sixth season  She was promoted to a series regular for the seventh and final season 
De Matteo played Angie Bolen, the mother of the Bolen family, on season 6 of the ABC show Desperate Housewives  She left Desperate Housewives at the season 6 finale in 2010, due to personal reasons In 2012, she guest starred in Showtime's Californication 
De Matteo played the stepmother of Steve Wilde, the main character of the FOX comedy Running Wilde, appearing in season 1, episode 9  De Matteo co-starred as Krissi Cates in the film adaptation of Dark Places (2015), with Charlize Theron, Chloë Grace Moretz, and Nicholas Hoult  In 2015, she was cast as Det  Tess Nazario in the NBC drama series Shades of Blue, starring alongside Jennifer Lopez and Ray Liotta 
De Matteo and Chris Kushner began hosting a rewatch podcast of The Sopranos on March 13, 2020, called Made Women; in July, the podcast was retooled and renamed Gangster Goddess Broad-Cast 

Personal life
In 1997, de Matteo opened Filth Mart, an East Village clothing store with her then-boyfriend Michael Sportes  They closed the store in 2004 De Matteo started dating musician Shooter Jennings in 2001  They became engaged on June 11, 2009, when Jennings proposed onstage at the Stanley Theater during a show in Utica, New York  They have two children together, daughter Alabama Gypsyrose Jennings and son Waylon Albert "Blackjack" Jennings  Jennings and de Matteo eventually ended their relationship without marrying  In July 2015, de Matteo became engaged to Whitesnake bass guitarist Michael Devin De Matteo lost her apartment home of 22 years, as did dozens of other residents, when a gas explosion and raging fire destroyed three East Village, Manhattan buildings on March 26, 2015 

Filmography
Film
Television
Passage 3:
Shari Shattuck
Shari Shattuck (born November 18, 1960) is an American actress and author 
Shattuck was born in Atlanta, Georgia  She has appeared in hundreds of commercials, TV, film, and stage productions  Some roles include "Dallas", "Life Goes On", "On Deadly Ground" as well as multiple Shakespearean roles  She appeared in both nighttime and daytime soaps, sitcoms, mini-series and starred in multiple films  As a model, she appeared on the cover of Playboy in April 1980, and numerous other magazines  In 1982, while working as a model in Atlanta, she was cast in the music video of the  38 Special song "Caught Up in You" 

Personal life
Shattuck was married to actor Ronn Moss (with whom she has two daughters — Creason  and Calee) from January 1990 to July 2002   She later married Joseph Paul Stachura, the owner and managing artistic director of the Knightsbridge Theatre, The National American Shakespeare Company, as well as the Director of Knightsbridge Theatre Films  The couple has produced two movies together, "Redemption" and "Scream at the Devil "In addition to acting, Shattuck has written for the stage and directed multiple productions  Her play, In Progress, was produced at the Matrix Theatre Shattuck is also a fiction writer who has written four mystery novels featuring Callaway Wilde, a wealthy Los Angeles socialite, the first of which, Loaded, was picked as one of the best of 2003 by Publishers Weekly  Other titles in the Callaway Wilde series are Lethal, Liar, and Legacy  She also wrote a psychic series featuring Greer Sands, Eye of the Beholder and Speak of the Devil and two hardcover literary fiction novels, Invisible Ellen and the sequel, Becoming Ellen 

Filmography
Passage 4:
Tainted
Taint or tainted may refer to:

Impurities
Contamination, the presence of a minor and unwanted element (a contaminant)
a wine fault, such as cork taint, ladybird taint, or phenolic taint, producing undesirable odors or tastes in bottled wine
Infection, the colonization of a host organism by parasites
Taint (legal), the quality of illegally obtained court evidence
Taint checking, a feature of some programming languages that prevents unauthorized users from remotely executing commands on a computer

Titles
The Taint (novel) (or Doctor Who and the Taint), a novel written by Michael Collier and based on the British television series Doctor Who
Taint (band), a sludge-metal band from Wales
The Taint (film), a 1915 American silent film
Tainted (film), a 1987 American film

Other uses
Taint (anatomy), colloquial name for the space between the anus and genitals
Tint, an archaic form, referring to a color mixed with white
Tainted kernel, when proprietary modules are loaded into Linux
Passage 5:
Robin Wright
Robin Gayle Wright (born April 8, 1966) is an American actress and director  She has received various accolades, including a Golden Globe Award, and nominations for eight Primetime Emmy Awards 
Wright first gained attention for her role as Kelly Capwell in the NBC Daytime soap opera Santa Barbara  from 1984 to 1988  She transitioned to film with a starring role in the fantasy film The Princess Bride (1987), and she gained a nomination for a Golden Globe Award for Best Supporting Actress for her role in the top-grossing drama Forrest Gump (1994)  She had further starring roles in the romantic drama Message in a Bottle (1999) and the thriller Unbreakable (2000), as she gained praise for her performances in the independent films Loved (1997), She's So Lovely (1997), Nine Lives (2005) and Sorry, Haters (2006)  She has since taken on supporting roles in the sports drama Moneyball (2011), the thriller The Girl with the Dragon Tattoo (2011), the adventure film Everest (2015), the superhero film Wonder Woman (2017), and the science fiction film Blade Runner 2049 (2017) 
On television, Wright starred in the HBO miniseries Empire Falls in 2005  From 2013 to 2018, she starred as Claire Underwood in the Netflix political drama series House of Cards  Her performance earned her a Golden Globe Award for Best Actress and six nominations for a Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Lead Actress  In 2016, Wright was named one of the highest paid actresses in the United States, earning US$420,000 per episode for House of Cards  She has also directed ten episodes of the series as well as two episodes of the Netflix crime series Ozark in 2022 

Early life
Wright was born April 8, 1966, in Dallas to Gayle Wright (née Gaston), a cosmetics saleswoman for Mary Kay, and Fred Wright, a pharmaceutical company employee  She has an elder brother, Richard (b  1962), who is a photographer  Her parents divorced when she was two, which led to her relocating to San Diego, California with her mother  She grew up in Southern California, attending La Jolla High School in La Jolla and Taft High School in Los Angeles 

Career
Wright began her career as a model, when she was 14  At the age of 18, she played Kelly Capwell in the NBC Daytime soap opera Santa Barbara, for which she received several Daytime Emmy Award nominations 

1980s–2000s: Transition into feature films
Wright transitioned into feature film work with a role in Hollywood Vice Squad in 1986, followed by her breakthrough role as Princess Buttercup in the cult film The Princess Bride in 1987  She gained critical acclaim in her role as Jenny Curran in Forrest Gump (1994), receiving Golden Globe Award and Screen Actors Guild nominations for Best Supporting Actress 
In 1996, she starred in the lead role of the film adaptation of Daniel Defoe's Moll Flanders (1996), for which she received a Satellite Award nomination for Best Actress in a Drama  She was nominated for a Screen Actors Guild Award for Best Actress for her role in She's So Lovely (1997), a film in which she co-starred with her then-husband Sean Penn  Wright received her third Screen Actors Guild Award nomination for her role in the television film Empire Falls (2005) 

2013–2018: House of Cards
From 2013 to 2018, Wright appeared in the Netflix political drama streaming television series House of Cards in the role of Claire Underwood, the ruthless wife of political mastermind Frank Underwood  On January 12, 2014, she won a Golden Globe for the role, becoming the first actress to win the award for a streaming television series; she was nominated for the same award the following year  She also received nominations for the Primetime Emmy Award in 2013 and 2014 for the same role  Following Season 4 in 2016, Wright stated that she felt Claire Underwood was the equal of Frank Underwood and demanded equal pay for her performance as her co-star Kevin Spacey; Netflix acquiesced  In 2017, for her performance in the fifth season, Wright was nominated for her fifth consecutive Primetime Emmy for Outstanding Lead Actress in a Drama Series  For the years 2014, 2016, and 2017, Wright received Best Actress in a Drama Series nominations for the Critics' Choice Television Awards, with her being the only nomination for the show in December 2017 
In October 2017, she was set as the show's new lead for the final season, following the firing of Kevin Spacey due to sexual misconduct allegations against Spacey  For her last appearance as Underwood, her performance was acclaimed - described as a "commanding performance [that] is more than enough to keep [the final season] standing strong"  - earning her her final nominations for the role at the Screen Actors Guild and Primetime Emmy Awards in 2019  For the latter, she became one of seven women to be nominated for the category six or more times for the same show (the first in 10 years since Mariska Hargitay for Law & Order: Special Victims Unit) 

Further film and directorial work
In 2017, Wright directed a short film, The Dark of Night, which starred Sam Rockwell and premiered at the Cannes Film Festival  Additionally, Wright played General Antiope in Wonder Woman (2017) and its 2020 sequel alongside Gal Gadot and Chris Pine  The film earned positive reviews and emerged as a financial success, grossing $822 8 million at the box office  She appears in the Blade Runner sequel Blade Runner 2049 alongside Ryan Gosling, Harrison Ford, and Jared Leto, directed by Denis Villeneuve 
In April 2019, it was announced that she would make her feature film directorial debut in the film Land  Wright would also be starring as its lead, Edee Mathis, a lawyer who retreats in grief to the Shoshone National Forest in Wyoming  Sales for the film would start at Cannes the following month  Filming began by October that year and the movie was picked up by distributor Focus Features  Land premiered in January 2021 at the Sundance Film Festival to generally positive reviews, with specific praise towards the direction and the performances  Peter Debruge in a review for Variety wrote: "So bless Wright for paring “Land” down to a beautiful haiku, and for delivering a performance that’s ambiguous and understated in all the right ways," and "in a directorial debut so pure and simple it speaks to enormous self-confidence, has better instincts than to reveal outright "In 2022, Wright directed the final two episodes of the first part of season 4 of the Netflix show, Ozark; the episodes being entitled: "Sangre Sobre Todo" and "Sanctified"  Kayla Cobb for Decider praised Wright's direction in the latter episode as "powerful" with the pairing of her direction, the script and actress Julia Garner's performance as a "masterful collaboration "Wright will next star in and produce Ben Young's thriller Where All Light Tends to Go, an adaptation of the book of the same name by David Joy  In April 2022, Wright joined the cast of Netflix's fantasy film Damsel directed by Juan Carlos Fresnadillo  Wright will additionally star in a Sony Pictures Classics and Miramax adaptation of Richard McGuire's Here in a Forrest Gump reteam with director Robert Zemeckis, actor Tom Hanks and writer Eric Roth for a 2023 release 

Personal life
From 1986 to 1988, Wright was married to actor Dane Witherspoon, whom she met in 1984 on the set of the soap opera Santa Barbara In 1989, Wright became involved with actor Sean Penn following his divorce from Madonna  Wright was offered the role of Maid Marian in the film Robin Hood: Prince of Thieves, but turned it down because she was pregnant  Their daughter, Dylan Frances, was born in April 1991  She backed out of the role of Abby McDeere in The Firm (1993) due to her pregnancy with her second child, and their son, Hopper Jack, was born in August 1993 After breaking up and getting back together, Wright and Penn married in 1996  Their on-and-off relationship seemingly ended in divorce plans, announced in December 2007, but the divorce petition was withdrawn four months later at the couple's request  In February 2009, Wright and Penn attended the 81st Academy Awards together, at which Penn won the Best Actor award  Penn filed for legal separation in April 2009, but withdrew the petition in May  On August 12, 2009, Wright filed for divorce, declaring she had no plans to reconcile  The divorce was finalized on July 22, 2010 In February 2012, Wright began dating actor Ben Foster, and their engagement was announced in January 2014  The couple called off their engagement in November 2014, but reunited in January 2015  On August 29, 2015, they announced they were ending their second engagement  In 2017, Wright began dating Clément Giraudet, a Saint Laurent executive, and they secretly wed in August 2018 in La Roche-sur-le-Buis, France  Wright filed for divorce from Giraudet in September 2022 

Philanthropy and activism
Wright is the honorary spokesperson for the Dallas, Texas-based non-profit The Gordie Foundation In 2014, she co-partnered with two California-based companies; Pour Les Femmes and The SunnyLion  The SunnyLion donates a portion of its profits to the Raise Hope For Congo movement 
Wright is an activist for human rights in the Democratic Republic of the Congo  She is the narrator and executive producer of the documentary When Elephants Fight which highlights how multinational mining corporations and politicians in the Democratic Republic of Congo threaten human rights, and perpetuate conflict in the region  She also is a supporter of Stand With Congo, the human rights campaign behind the film  In 2016, Wright spoke publicly in support of the campaign at a film screening at the TriBeCa Film Institute in New York City, in media interviews, with journalists, and across her social media accounts 

Filmography
Film
Television
Awards and nominations
Passage 6:
Faye Dunaway filmography
Faye Dunaway is an American actress who appeared in over seventy films, thirty television shows, thirteen plays and two music videos  Regarded as one of the greatest actresses of her generation, she was one of the leading actresses during the golden age of New Hollywood  After her film debut  The Happening, she starred in the gangster film Bonnie and Clyde, in which she was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Actress  She starred with Steve McQueen in The Thomas Crown Affair (1968)   In 1969, she co-starred with Kirk Douglas in Elia Kazan's drama The Arrangement  The following year, she starred with Dustin Hoffman in Little Big Man  In 1970, her performance in Jerry Schatzberg's experimental drama Puzzle of a Downfall Child earned her a Golden Globe nomination for Best Actress – Motion Picture Drama  She portrayed Milady de Winter in Richard Lester's The Three Musketeers (1973) and The Four Musketeers (1974) 
In 1974, Dunaway starred in Roman Polanski's crime film Chinatown, in which she was nominated for the Academy Award, a Golden Globe and a BAFTA for her performance  That same year, she appeared in the all-star disaster epic The Towering Inferno  In 1975, her role in Sydney Pollack's political thriller Three Days of the Condor earned her a fourth Golden Globe nomination  Dunaway received the Academy Award for Best Actress and the Golden Globe Award for Best Actress - Motion Picture Drama for her performance in Sidney Lumet's satire Network (1976)  She then starred in the thriller Eyes of Laura Mars (1978) and the drama The Champ (1979)  Her controversial portrayal of Joan Crawford in the 1981 film Mommie Dearest became one of her most famous roles, but she later blamed the film for hurting her career 
She won a Golden Globe Award for Best Supporting Actress – Series, Miniseries or Television Film for her work in the miniseries Ellis Island (1985) and received critical acclaim for her performance in Barbet Schroeder's drama Barfly (1987), opposite Mickey Rourke  Her role in a 1993 episode of Columbo earned her a Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Guest Actress in a Drama Series  She co-starred with Johnny Depp twice, in the surrealist comedy-drama Arizona Dream (1993) and the romantic comedy Don Juan DeMarco (1995)  Her portrayal of Wilhelmina Cooper in the drama Gia (1998) with Angelina Jolie earned her a third Golden Globe Award, for Best Supporting Actress – Series, Miniseries or Television  Dunaway also appeared in the James Gray-directed crime film The Yards (2000) and Roger Avary's satirical black comedy The Rules of Attraction (2002) 
Dunaway started her acting career on Broadway and appeared in several plays throughout her career, including A Man for All Seasons (1961–63), After the Fall (1964), Hogan's Goat (1965–67) and A Streetcar Named Desire (1973)  She was awarded the Sarah Siddons Award for her portrayal of opera singer Maria Callas in Master Class (1996)  Dunaway also appeared in two music videos, Tom Petty and the Heartbreakers' Into the Great Wide Open in 1991 and Hill Zaini's I Heard in 2010 

Film
Television
Theatre
Music video appearances
Passage 7:
Rozie Curtis
Rozanne Damone "Rozie" Curtis is an American choreographer and voice actress  She is mostly known for doing voiceovers in English dubs for Japanese anime and works with ADV Films and Seraphim Digital  Currently, she is the manager of community outreach for Theatre Under the Stars and associate director for Crosswind Productions 

Filmography
Voice Roles
AD Police - Kyoko Miyano
All Purpose Cultural Cat Girl Nuku Nuku - Maho
Clannad - Rie Nishima
Clannad After Story - Rie Nishima (episode 13-14), Yagi (eps 15-16, 22), Additional Voices
Compiler - Interpreter (as Rozanne Curtis)
Cyber Team in Akihabara - Kamome's Mom (eps 7, 16), Magazine Stand Lady (ep 9)
Demon King Daimao - Mitsuko Torii
Generator Gawl - Masami
Girls und Panzer - Anzu Kadotani
Horizon in the Middle of Nowhere - Musashi
Kill Me Baby - Agiri Goshiki
Le Chevalier d'Eon - Additional Voices
Legend of the Mystical Ninja - Rumie Himuro
Mystical Detective Loki Ragnarok - Hel (ep 14)
Needless - Kasumi Ogiha
Pani Poni Dash - Behomi
Saiyuki - Huang
Samurai Girls - Kanetsugu Naoe (as Vestal Vee)
Steel Angel Kurumi 2 - Uruka Sumeragi
Street Fighter II V - Party Guest, Receptionist (ADV dub)
Those Who Hunt Elves - Ritsuko Inoue

Live-Action Roles
Paradise, Texas - Records Clerk, Choreographer (staff role)
Passage 8:
Laura Dern
Laura Elizabeth Dern (born February 10, 1967) is an American actress  She is the recipient of numerous accolades, including an Academy Award, a Primetime Emmy Award, a BAFTA Award, and five Golden Globe Awards 
Born to actors Bruce Dern and Diane Ladd, Dern embarked on an acting career in the 1980s and rose to prominence for her performances in Mask (1985) and the David Lynch films Blue Velvet (1986) and Wild at Heart (1990)  She received her first Academy Award nomination for her portrayal of the titular orphan in the drama film Rambling Rose (1991), and achieved international recognition for her role as Ellie Sattler in Steven Spielberg's adventure film Jurassic Park (1993), a role that she reprised in the sequels Jurassic Park III (2001) and Jurassic World Dominion (2022) 
After winning two Golden Globe Awards for her performances as Katherine Harris in the television film Recount (2008), and Amy Jellicoe on the comedy drama series Enlightened (2011–2013), Dern garnered her second Academy Award nomination for her performance as the mother of Cheryl Strayed in the biopic Wild (2014)  In 2017, she began starring as Renata Klein on the drama series Big Little Lies, winning a Primetime Emmy Award and a Golden Globe Award, and reunited with David Lynch for Twin Peaks: The Return  She had supporting roles in the films Star Wars: The Last Jedi (2017), Little Women (2019), and Marriage Story (2019)  Her performance in the last won her numerous accolades, including an Academy Award and her fifth Golden Globe Award 

Early life
Laura Elizabeth Dern was born on February 10, 1967, in Los Angeles, California  The daughter of actors Diane Ladd and Bruce Dern and great-granddaughter of former Utah governor and Secretary of War George Dern, she was conceived while her parents were filming The Wild Angels  Poet, writer, and Librarian of Congress Archibald MacLeish was her great-great-uncle  After her parents divorced when she was two years old, Dern was largely brought up by her mother and maternal grandmother, Mary, who had Norwegian ancestry, from Oslo  She was raised Catholic  Her godmother was actress Shelley Winters  She developed scoliosis as a child Her first film foray was an appearance as an extra in White Lightning (1973), a film in which her mother starred  Her official film debut was an appearance in Alice Doesn't Live Here Anymore (1974), opposite her mother  In 1982, Dern served as Miss Golden Globe at 15 years old  In the same year, she portrayed a rebellious rock band member in the cult film Ladies and Gentlemen, The Fabulous Stains  At 16, after doubling on her classes to graduate high school a semester early, she sought and attained emancipation, which allowed her to work the same amount of hours as an adult on films  After moving out of her home at the age of 17, Dern became roommates with Marianne Williamson, and enrolled at UCLA intending to double major in psychology and journalism, but withdrew two days into the semester to film Blue Velvet 

Career
1980–1999: Career beginnings and breakthrough
Dern got her first credited role, Debbie, appearing alongside Jodie Foster in the 1980 coming-of-age film Foxes  At the age of 11, she had originally auditioned for a different role after telling casting directors that she was 14  In 1985, she was cast two weeks before production began as the protagonist, a carefree 15-year-old girl, Connie Wyatt, who grabs the attention of a predatory stranger, in the film Smooth Talk  The film won the Grand Jury Prize at the Sundance Film Festival in the Dramatic category in 1986 and received largely favorable reviews  It is seen as the film that launched Dern's career Between 1985 and 1990, Dern gained critical acclaim for her performances in Mask, Blue Velvet, and Wild at Heart–the latter two of which were directed by David Lynch–which began a longstanding collaboration between Dern and Lynch  In the biographical drama film, Mask, she played the role of Diana Adams, a blind girl who becomes Rocky Dennis' love interest, starring alongside Eric Stoltz and Cher  At the age of 16, Dern was cast as Sandy Williams, one of the starring roles alongside Kyle MacLachlan and Isabella Rossellini in the critically successful mystery thriller film Blue Velvet  It is widely regarded as Dern's breakthrough performance In 1990, Dern once again collaborated with Lynch, starring as Lula Fortune alongside Nicolas Cage in the black comedy crime film Wild At Heart, where she portrays a vastly different character from her previous role in Blue Velvet  Dern called the role an opportunity 'to play not only a very sexual person, but also someone who was, in her own way, incredibly comfortable with herself'  The film, which had won the Palme d'Or at the Cannes Film Festival, was met with generally positive reviews from critics but polarized some audiences at the time  Lynch cast Dern's mother, Diane Ladd, to play Lula's overbearing mother in the film Dern auditioned for the role of Clarice Starling in The Silence of the Lambs (1991), but lost the role due to studio's skepticism about her level of fame at the time  In 1992, Dern and her mother, Diane Ladd, became the first mother and daughter to be nominated for Academy Awards for acting in the same film for their performances in Rambling Rose–Ladd received a Best Supporting Actress nomination, while Dern received one for Best Actress  The following year, she won a Golden Globe Award for Best Actress – Miniseries or Television Film and received her first Primetime Emmy Award nomination for Outstanding Lead Actress in a Limited Series or Television Movie for her performance in the 1992 television film Afterburn Dern starred as Dr  Ellie Sattler in Steven Spielberg's 1993 film Jurassic Park, achieving international recognition with the role  Dern, who had been more focused on independent films prior to the film, was Spielberg’s first choice for the role of Ellie Sattler after having been impressed with her work in Smooth Talk and Rambling Rose  She was influenced by Wild At Heart costar Nicolas Cage to take the role and called the decision an "easy yes", recalling how Spielberg and producer Kathleen Kennedy made sure the character was a "no-nonsense feminist who had her own independent spirit and was brilliant in her craft" and wasn't an "oversexualized action heroine" while describing filming to be similar to an independent film That same year, Clint Eastwood contacted the actress for his film A Perfect World  After the release of Jurassic Park, Dern was offered many roles in blockbuster films and ultimately chose to star in Alexander Payne's directorial debut black comedy film Citizen Ruth to avoid typecasting as the character Ruth Stoops, a pregnant drug addict who unexpectedly attracts national attention from those involved in the abortion debate  The film debuted at Sundance Film Festival to critical acclaim for the film and for Dern's performance but only received a limited release from Miramax likely due to its controversial topic  Ladd made a cameo appearance, playing Dern's character's mother for the third time following Rambling Rose and Wild At Heart, with Dern's character screaming a torrent of abuse at her 
In 1997, Dern was asked by Ellen DeGeneres to guest star as Susan Richmond, a lesbian who helps Degeneres' character, Ellen Morgan, come out of the closet in "The Puppy Episode" of the sitcom Ellen, while DeGeneres herself came out at the same time offscreen  Despite protests from people around her, she shrugged off concerns and immediately accepted the role where she received her third Primetime Emmy Award nomination for Outstanding Guest Actress In A Comedy Series  The decision significantly impacted her career in the following years with Dern revealing in an April 2007 airing of The Ellen DeGeneres Show that she did not work for more than a year and that she needed a "full security detail" following her appearance in the historic episode due to the resulting backlash at the time, but nevertheless called it an "extraordinary experience and opportunity" and "an incredible honor"  The following year, Dern co-starred in the television film The Baby Dance, for which she received a Golden Globe Award nomination for Best Actress – Miniseries or Television Film  While dating Billy Bob Thornton in 1999, she was cast as his love interest in his film Daddy and Them, which also includes Diane Ladd  Dern appeared in Joe Johnston's biographical drama film October Sky alongside Jake Gyllenhaal portraying his character's teacher Miss Riley 

2000–2011: Further film and television career
In 2000, Robert Altman cast Dern in his comedy Dr  T & the Women  In 2001, Dern reprised her role as Dr  Ellie Sattler in Jurassic Park III, which was directed by Joe Johnston whom she had worked with in October Sky  Originally hesitant to return for a cameo, Dern was convinced when it was suggested by executive producer Steven Spielberg to the writers, Alexander Payne and Jim Taylor who had previously collaborated with Dern for Citizen Ruth, to have the character play an important role by saving the other characters  That same year, she co-starred in Within These Walls and Arthur Miller's Focus  She starred in the film I Am Sam as Randy Carpenter, a woman running a foster home  In 2002, she starred in the film Damaged Care  In 2004, she starred in the film We Don't Live Here Anymore  Dern starred in the 2005 film Happy Endings, and in the same year, she appeared in the film The Prize Winner of Defiance, Ohio 
In 2006, Dern reunited with director David Lynch for the third time after Blue Velvet and Wild At Heart in the experimental film Inland Empire which was largely shot on a hand-held Sony DSR-PD150 by Lynch himself and without a complete screenplay  Dern portrays an actress, Nikki Grace, who starts to take on the personality of the character she plays  The film debuted at the Venice Film Festival to polarized reviews, the majority being positive, where Dern admitted that she was not sure what the film was about, but has said she would sign up for any project with Lynch  In the same year, Dern portrayed a supporting role in Lonely Hearts  Mike White, known for writing School of Rock and The Good Girl, hired Dern for his directorial debut in 2007, the comedy titled Year of the Dog, and starring Molly Shannon, John C  Reilly and Peter Sarsgaard  In 2008, Dern starred as Florida Secretary of State Katherine Harris in Recount, for which she won the Golden Globe Award for Best Supporting Actress – Series, Miniseries or Television Film  The following year, Dern appeared in the independent drama Tenderness, and in 2010, she appeared in Little Fockers, portraying Prudence, an elementary school principal In November 2010, Dern and her parents Diane Ladd and Bruce Dern were presented with stars on the Hollywood Walk of Fame, becoming the first family to do so  In October 2011, she starred in a new HBO comedy-drama television series titled Enlightened in which she also served as co-creator and executive producer  Dern played Amy Jellicoe, a "health and beauty executive who returns from a post-meltdown retreat to pick up the pieces of her broken life " Dern brought screenwriter Mike White, whom she collaborated with on Year of the Dog, back into television work after he had suffered an on-the-job meltdown of his own  The series received critical acclaim and lasted two seasons  Dern's mother Diane Ladd plays the major supporting role of Helen Jellicoe, Dern's character's mother in the series  Dern received her third Golden Globe Award and fifth nomination, her first in the Best Actress in a Television Series – Musical or Comedy category for her performance  She was also nominated for her fifth Primetime Emmy Award, her first in the Outstanding Lead Actress in a Comedy Series category 

2012–present: Later career and acclaim
In 2012, Dern starred in Paul Thomas Anderson's psychological drama film The Master  In 2014, she co-starred alongside Reese Witherspoon in Jean-Marc Vallée's biographical drama film Wild portraying the character of Bobbi, mother of Cheryl Strayed in flashback scenes, for which she received her second Academy Award nomination and her first in the Best Supporting Actress category  That same year, she portrayed Frannie Lancaster in the coming-of-age romance film The Fault In Our Stars and she portrays Beverly Ladouceur in the sports drama film When the Game Stands Tall directed by Thomas Carter, starring Jim Caviezel and produced by David Zelon for Mandalay Pictures  She portrayed Lynn Nash, a widowed mother and grandmother who gets evicted with her family, in 2014's 99 Homes alongside Andrew Garfield In 2017, Dern reteamed with both Witherspoon and Vallée from Wild and The Fault In Our Stars co-star Shailene Woodley for the 2017 HBO miniseries Big Little Lies, the latter who Dern had helped convince to join the cast  For her portrayal as Renata Klein in the series, Dern won her first Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Limited Series or Movie and her fourth Golden Globe Award for Best Supporting Actress – Series, Miniseries, or Motion Picture Made for Television  That same year, she collaborated for the fourth time with David Lynch, appearing as Diane Evans in the third season of the mystery serial drama television series Twin Peaks and joined the Star Wars franchise portraying Vice-Admiral Amilyn Holdo in Rian Johnson's space opera film Star Wars: The Last Jedi In 2018, Dern starred as professor and documentary filmmaker Jennifer Fox, recalling her traumatic past in the autobiographical feature film The Tale, written and directed by Fox  The film premiered at the 2018 Sundance Film Festival on January 20, 2018 to a standing ovation, and later on HBO on May 26, 2018  Dern received her seventh Primetime Emmy nomination for the role in the category Outstanding Lead Actress In A Limited Series Or Movie  That same year, she starred in two biographical drama films, Trial By Fire and JT LeRoy as the author Laura Albert 
In 2019, Dern reprised her role of Renata Klein in Big Little Lies after the series was renewed for a second season where she once again received critical acclaim and received her eighth Primetime Emmy Award nomination, her first in the Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Drama Series category  In the same year, Dern starred in two films nominated for Best Picture at the Academy Awards  The first is Noah Baumbach's Marriage Story, portraying the character Nora Fanshaw, a divorce lawyer which was written by Baumbach with Dern in mind for the role  For her performance, Dern received major awards including earning her first Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress from three nominations, winning the first and only Oscar in an acting category for Netflix, and also received the BAFTA Award for Best Actress in a Supporting Role, the SAG Award for Performance by a Female Actor in a Supporting Role, and the Golden Globe Award for Best Supporting Actress – Motion Picture  The second is Greta Gerwig's film adaptation of Little Women, where she portrayed Marmee March  In 2020, she served as an executive producer on the animated short film If Anything Happens I Love You which was released on Netflix and was a producer on the documentary film The Way I See It In 2022, Dern reprised her role as Dr  Ellie Sattler in Jurassic World Dominion  Due to the character's fan influence, Dern and director Colin Trevorrow felt protective of the character and her legacy, and were in agreement to have the character play a major role  With Neill and Goldblum having led in their own Jurassic Park sequel, Trevorrow wanted Dominion to be Dern's film explaining, "It was important for the plot to be driven by Ellie  She's the only one of those three characters that hasn't had her own movie " She is set to star in Florian Zeller's adaptation of his stage play, The Son  Dern appeared in the music video for Taylor Swift's "Bejeweled" from her tenth studio album Midnights (2022) Dern will star and serve as executive producer for the science fiction drama film Morning directed by Justin Kurzel  She is set to star in the Netflix film Lonely Planet, and will serve as executive producer and star in the upcoming Apple TV+ comedy series Mrs  American Pie  Dern is set to reunite with Wild author Cheryl Strayed and co-star Reese Witherspoon as executive producers for the upcoming Hulu television series Tiny Beautiful Things based on Strayed's book  She and Amy Adams signed on to executive produce a HBO adaptation of Claire Lombardo's The Most Fun We Ever Had 

Personal life
Relationships and family
Dern began dating musician Ben Harper after they met at one of his concerts in fall 2000  Harper and Dern married on December 23, 2005, at their home in Los Angeles  They have two children together, son Ellery Walker (born August 21, 2001) and daughter Jaya (born November 2004)  Through this marriage, Dern became a stepmother and is close with Harper's children from his first marriage, his son, Charles, and daughter, Harris  The two finalised their divorce in 2013 On October 18, 2017, in the wake of the Harvey Weinstein sexual abuse scandal, Dern appeared on The Ellen DeGeneres Show and revealed that she had been sexually assaulted at age 14 

Political views and activism
During the 66th Golden Globe Awards, on January 11, 2009, Dern expressed support for the incoming administration of Barack Obama during her acceptance speech for her Best Supporting Actress – Series, Miniseries or Television Film win, stating: "I will cherish this as a reminder of the extraordinary, incredible outpouring of people who demanded their voice be heard in this last election so we can look forward to amazing change in this country  Thank you so much!"An activist and supporter of various charities, Dern advocated Down syndrome awareness in a cover story for Ability Magazine  In 2018, Dern brought activist Mónica Ramírez to the 75th Golden Globe Awards as a guest  In the same year, she attended a Families Belong Together event and expressed her support for immigrants' rights  She is also an advocate for women's rights, gender pay parity, as well as combating gun violence and climate change  In 2019, she became a board member of the Academy Museum of Motion Pictures  Dern is an ambassador for the American Lung Association and serves as an Advisor to the group's National Board of Directors 

Filmography
Film
Television
Video games
Music videos
Awards and nominations
Passage 9:
All the Way to the Ocean
All the Way to the Ocean is a 2016 computer animated short film based on the children's book of the same name by Joel Harper  The screenplay was written by Joel Harper, Pete Michels, and Doug Rowell  The film was directed by Doug Rowell and produced by Joel Harper  The film is narrated by American actress Marcia Cross and features the song With My Own Two Hands by Ben Harper (brother of) Joel Harper  This is an alternate version of the original song featuring Jack Johnson and is also featured on the Curious George film soundtrack Sing-A-Longs and Lullabies for the Film Curious George  The lyrics focus on how changes in the world can come about when a single person decides to take action  The song's popularity in Europe was such that Ben Harper was awarded French Rolling Stone Magazine's "Artist of the Year" (Artiste De L'Année) in 2003  The film also features music by Joel Harper and Burning Spear with their collaboration on the song The Time is Now  The film stars voice-overs by actress and activist Amy Smart and Australian musician Xavier Rudd 

Plot
A story about two best friends, Isaac and James (voiced by Katie Leigh), and their discovery of the cause and effect relationship between our cities' storm drains and the world's oceans, lakes and rivers  In the story James throws a wrapper and plastic bottle in the gutter and doesn't believe that it will go all the way to the ocean  His friend Isaac warns James about the consequences of his littering  There begins the adventures of James and Isaac as they learn about the harmful effects of storm drain pollution, and in turn, spread the word to their friends and the rest of their school  Helping the kids along this journey are a concerned Crane (voiced by Xavier Rudd) from the coast line, a surprisingly insightful Surfer Dude and James' Mom (voiced by Amy Smart) 

Awards
2022 Sylvia Earle OCEAN CONSERVATION AWARD - Inspiring the Future (My Hero in Partnership with One World One Ocean) https://myhero com/winner-of-the-inspiring-the-future-2022-sylvia-earle-ocean-conservation-award-all-the-way-to-the-ocean
2017 Official Selection - Wild & Scenic Film Festival 
Passage 10:
Jennifer Grey
Jennifer Grey (born March 26, 1960) is an American actress  She made her acting debut with the film Reckless (1984), and had her breakthrough with the teen comedy film Ferris Bueller's Day Off (1986)  She subsequently earned worldwide fame for starring as Frances "Baby" Houseman in the romantic drama film Dirty Dancing (1987), which earned her a Golden Globe Award nomination  Her other feature films include Red Dawn (1984), The Cotton Club (1984), Bloodhounds of Broadway (1989), Bounce (2000), Redbelt (2008), The Wind Rises (2013), In Your Eyes (2014), Duck Duck Goose (2018), and Bittersweet Symphony (2019) 
Grey's early television work includes the made-for-TV films Murder in Mississippi (1990), Criminal Justice (1990), and If the Shoe Fits as Kelly Carter / Prudence (1990)  She starred as herself in the series It's Like, You Know    (1999–2001), won season eleven of the dancing competition series Dancing with the Stars (2010) and starred as Judy Meyers in the Amazon Prime Video comedy Red Oaks (2014–2017)  She has done voice work in film and television, providing her voice in the 2018 film Duck Duck Goose and the 2008–2014 animated television series Phineas and Ferb 

Early life
Jennifer Grey was born on March 26, 1960, in New York City, the daughter of stage and Academy Award-winning screen actor Joel Grey and former actress/singer Jo Wilder (née Brower)  Her paternal grandfather was comedian and musician Mickey Katz  Grey's parents both came from Jewish families Grey attended the Dalton School, a private school in Manhattan where she studied dance and acting, and where she met her best friend, actress Tracy Pollan  After graduating in 1978, Grey enrolled at Manhattan's Neighborhood Playhouse School of the Theatre for two years of training as an actress  While waiting for roles, she supported herself waitressing 

Career
Grey's commercial debut was at the age of 19, in an ad for Dr Pepper, before making her film debut in Reckless (1984), in a small role  She appeared in a small role in Francis Ford Coppola's The Cotton Club (1984)  That year she starred in the war film Red Dawn  She then appeared in the 1985 John Badham project American Flyers 
In 1986 she played the role of jealous sister Jeannie Bueller in the John Hughes comedy film Ferris Bueller's Day Off, opposite Matthew Broderick  The film was commercially successful and received a positive critical reception The following year, she reunited with Patrick Swayze, her co-star in Red Dawn, to play Frances "Baby" Houseman in Dirty Dancing  The story is a coming of age love story: spending the summer at a Catskills resort with her family, Frances "Baby" Houseman falls in love with the resort's dance instructor, Johnny Castle  The low-budget film was a surprise hit, was the first film to sell one million copies on video, and is considered a classic  Paid $50,000 for her role, the film came to define Grey's career, and she was nominated for a Golden Globe for Best Actress for the role Grey's sole Broadway theatre credit is her 1993 appearance in The Twilight of the Golds 
Despite the success of Dirty Dancing, Grey felt that her looks would place restrictions on the type of future roles she would be considered for  After consulting her mother and three plastic surgeons in the early 1990s, she underwent two rhinoplasty procedures  The second was necessary to correct an irregularity caused by the first operation and ended up more extensive than what Grey had expected  This resulted in a nose that caused even close friends to fail to recognize her, and the major change in her appearance affected her career  Of the experience she said, "I went in the operating room a celebrity—and came out anonymous  It was like being in a witness protection program or being invisible " Grey recalled in a 2020 interview that an airline employee who checked her identity refused to believe that she and the actress the employee knew from Dirty Dancing were one and the same  Grey briefly considered changing her name in order to start her career anew, but ultimately decided against this From March 1999 until January 2000, Grey starred as herself in the short-lived ABC sitcom It's Like, You Know   , which satirized her much-publicized nose job as a running gag Grey appeared with Shirley MacLaine, Liza Minnelli, and Kathy Bates in the CBS television movie The West Side Waltz, adapted by Ernest Thompson from his play  She appeared in one episode of Friends as Mindy, a high school friend of Jennifer Aniston's character Rachel  She had a small role in the 2000 film Bounce with Gwyneth Paltrow and Ben Affleck  In 2007, Grey portrayed Daphne on the HBO series John from Cincinnati  In 2010, she played Abbey, the mother of a sick child in the season seven House episode "Unplanned Parenthood" Grey was a contestant on season eleven of Dancing With the Stars  She was partnered with professional dancer Derek Hough  She came out very strong at first, frequently topping the leaderboard  However, injuries, stress, and exhaustion took their toll on Grey, and for a couple of weeks she fell behind  In week seven, however, she improved, tying with previous frontrunner Brandy Norwood  On November 23, 2010, Grey and her partner Hough won the competition 
In September 2011 Grey appeared in the Lifetime movie Bling Ring as Iris Garvey, the mother of Zack Garvey  On November 5 and 6, 2011, Grey stood in for head judge Len Goodman on the BBC One TV show Strictly Come Dancing Grey voiced Mrs  Kurokawa in the English dub version of Hayao Miyazaki's film The Wind Rises From 2014 to 2017, Grey portrayed Judy Meyers on Red Oaks  In 2018, Grey co-starred in the film Untogether; the film was released on February 8, 2019 Grey also appeared at the 2015 Tony Awards alongside her father Joel, presenting a performance from the musical Fun Home 
Ballantine Books published Grey's memoir, Out of the Corner, on May 3, 2022 

Personal life
On August 5, 1987, Grey suffered severe whiplash in a car collision in Enniskillen, Northern Ireland, while vacationing with actor Matthew Broderick, whom she had begun dating in semi-secrecy during the filming of Ferris Bueller's Day Off  The crash, the event through which their relationship became public, occurred when Broderick, at the wheel of a rented BMW, crossed into the wrong lane and collided head-on with a Volvo driven by a local mother and daughter, Margaret Doherty, 63, and Anna Gallagher, 28, who were killed instantly  Broderick was convicted of careless driving and fined $175  Dirty Dancing was released a few weeks after the collision, catapulting Grey to fame  But she has said that her grief and survivor's guilt over the crash prevented her from enjoying the film's success, and led her to withdraw from acting for some time Grey was also romantically involved with actors Michael J  Fox, Johnny Depp, William Baldwin and then-aide to President Clinton, George Stephanopoulos  She married actor/director Clark Gregg on July 21, 2001  They have a daughter  They lived in Venice, California  The couple co-starred in the Lifetime movie The Road to Christmas in 2006  On July 3, 2020, Grey and Gregg announced they had separated amicably in January, and were in the process of divorcing  Their divorce became final on February 16, 2021 According to a September 2015 Grey profile in Jewish Journal, Grey had recently reconnected with Judaism, saying, "I love being a Jew  I've gotten a lot more Jewish in the last five years because of my daughter's bat mitzvah, and I realized I really care about being a Jew "Prior to her 2010 appearances on Dancing with the Stars, Grey had a physical examination to ensure that she was fit enough to compete and saw a doctor to address chronic neck problems caused by the car crash decades earlier  Her spinal cord was compressed and her surgeon placed a titanium plate in her neck to stabilize it  He also found a cancerous nodule on her thyroid that he removed in 2009  Grey said she believed the cancer was caught before it could metastasize and that she was now cancer-free In January 2017, Grey participated in the Los Angeles 2017 Women's March 

Filmography
Film
Television
Dancing with the Stars performances
Book
Grey, Jennifer (May 3, 2022)  Out of the Corner: A Memoir  Ballantine Books  ISBN 978-0-593-35670-8 

Awards and nominations
Notes
^ a: Contrary to previous versions of this article, and some of the sources cited in it, Grey indicated in a February 8, 2012 tweet on her verified Twitter account that she does not have a middle name 



ground_truth: Hollywood, Florida

prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: When was the plaintiff in the 1892 Barbed Wire Patent Case born?

The following are given passages.
Context 2: Passage 1:
Cheval de frise
The cheval de frise (plural: chevaux de frise [ʃə vo də fʁiz], "Frisian horses") was a defensive obstacle, existing in a number of forms, principally as a static anti-cavalry obstacle but also quickly movable to close breaches   The term was also applied to underwater constructions used to prevent the passage of ships or other vessels on rivers   In the anti-cavalry role the cheval de frise typically comprised a portable frame (sometimes just a simple log) with many projecting spikes   Wire obstacles ultimately made this type of device obsolete  
The invention of the cheval de frise is attributed to ancient China  The concept of using a defensive obstacle made of wooden or metal stakes predates its use in Europe  Historical records suggest that similar types of defensive barriers, known as "teng pai" or "mó pai", were used in China as early as the 4th century BC  These early versions of the cheval de frise were employed to protect cities, forts, and other strategic locations from enemy attacks 
The use of chevaux de frise spread to Europe during the Middle Ages and became a common feature of medieval fortifications  They were used extensively in castle defenses and military campaigns, particularly during the Renaissance and early modern periods  However, the original concept and early usage of the cheval de frise can be traced back to ancient China 
During the American Civil War the Confederates used them more than the Union forces  During World War I, armies used chevaux de frise to temporarily plug gaps in barbed wire  Barbed wire chevaux de frise were used in jungle fighting on the South Pacific islands during World War II 
The term is also applied to defensive works on buildings  This includes a series of closely set upright stones found outside the ramparts of Iron Age hillforts in northern Europe, or iron spikes outside homes in Charleston, South Carolina 

Etymology
In French, cheval de frise means "Frisian horse"  The Frisians fought predominantly using cavalry; they were known for being formidable horsemen, and Frisian horses were renowned for their strength and agility  Therefore, for defense they relied heavily on anti-cavalry obstacles  The Dutch also adopted the use of these defensive devices when at war with Spain  The term cheval de frise came to be used for any spiked obstacle, such as broken glass embedded in mortar at the top of a wall 
The cheval de frise was adopted in New York and Pennsylvania during the American Revolutionary War as a defensive measure installed on rivers to prevent upriver movement by enemy ships  During the Peninsular War, at the siege of Badajoz in 1812, a cheval de frise was successfully deployed to fill a breach in the town wall, allowing the French to inflict heavy casualties on the British storm troops 

American Revolutionary War
During the American Revolutionary War both Thaddeus Kosciuszko and Robert Erskine designed an anti-ship version of the cheval-de-frise to prevent British warships from proceeding up the Delaware River and Hudson River, respectively  A cheval de frise by Erskine's design was placed between Fort Washington at northern Manhattan and Fort Lee in New Jersey in 1776  The following year construction began on one to the north of West Point at Pollepel Island, but it was overshadowed by the completion of the Great Chain across the Hudson in 1778, which was used through 1782 

Similar devices planned by Ben Franklin and designed by Robert Smith were used in the Delaware River near Philadelphia, between Fort Mifflin and Fort Mercer  Two other lines of chevaux-de-frise were also placed across the Delaware River at Marcus Hook, Pennsylvania and Fort Billingsport, New Jersey as a first line of defense for Philadelphia against the British naval forces A cheval de frise was retrieved from the Delaware River in Philadelphia on November 13, 2007, in excellent condition, after more than two centuries in the river  In November 2012, a 29-foot (9 m) spike from a cheval-de-frise was recovered from Delaware off Bristol Township; it was also believed to be from the Revolutionary era installation at Philadelphia and freed up by Hurricane Sandy earlier that fall 

Legacy
A small promontory on the north-east Essex coast in the United Kingdom (UK), between Holland Haven and Frinton-on-Sea, was named Chevaux de Frise Point 

See also
Czech hedgehog
Passage 2:
Jacob Haish
Jacob Haish (March 9, 1826 – February 19, 1926) was one of the first inventors of barbed wire  His type of barbed wire was in direct competition with the other barbed wire manufacturers in DeKalb, Illinois  He was a known carpenter and architect in DeKalb County and designed several prominent DeKalb homes 

Early life
Haish was born in Baden, Germany on March 9, 1826, and immigrated with his family to the United States in 1835  He came to Illinois in 1845, married Sophie Ann Brown in 1847, and moved to DeKalb in 1853, where he was a carpenter  He cultivated osage orange hedges whose thorns made them effective as cattle fencing 

The birth of barbed wire
In late 1872, Henry Rose developed a wire fence with an attached wooden strip containing projecting wire points to dissuade encroaching livestock  He patented his fence in May 1873 and exhibited it at the DeKalb County Fair that summer  This prompted Haish and other DeKalb residents Isaac Ellwood and Joseph Glidden to work on improving the concept   Haish had patented three styles of barbed fencing by June 1874  When Haish's patent for an "S-barb" design was granted in August 1875, he launched a drawn out legal battle to stymie his rivals  It failed at the US Supreme Court in 1895 

Haish gifts a library
In 1893, the city council of DeKalb, Illinois, decreed the establishment of a public library   The impetus for this ordinance was requests from the Ladies of the Library Association, a group that had conducted a reading room for several years  The library moved twice before the Haish gift came along; it was first located on the second floor of the city hall and then, in 1923, moved to the second floor of the DeKalb Daily Chronicle building on Lincoln Highway 
Jacob Haish died at his home in DeKalb on February 19, 1926  He had bequested a $150,000 gift for a library building in his will  The result was the Haish Memorial Library in downtown DeKalb 

See also
George H  Gurler House
Joseph F  Glidden House
Passage 3:
Concertina wire
Concertina wire or Dannert wire is a type of barbed wire or razor wire that is formed in large coils which can be expanded like a concertina  In conjunction with plain barbed wire (and/or razor wire/tape) and steel pickets, it is most often used to form military-style wire obstacles  It is also used in non-military settings, such as when used in prison barriers, detention camps, riot control, or at international borders 
During World War I, soldiers manufactured concertina wire themselves, using ordinary barbed wire  Today, it is factory made 

Origins
In World War I, barbed wire obstacles were made by stretching lengths of barbed wire between stakes of wood or iron  At its simplest, such a barrier would resemble a fence as might be used for agricultural purposes  The double apron fence comprised a line of pickets with wires running diagonally down to points on the ground either side of the fence  Horizontal wires were attached to these diagonals More elaborate and formidable obstructions could be formed with multiple lines of stakes connected with wire running from side-to-side, back-to-front, and diagonally in many directions  Effective as these obstacles were, their construction took considerable time 
Barbed wire obstacles were vulnerable to being pushed about by artillery shells; in World War I, this frequently resulted in a mass of randomly entangled wires that could be even more daunting than a carefully constructed obstacle  Learning this lesson, World War I soldiers would deploy barbed wire in so-called concertinas that were relatively loose  Barbed wire concertinas could be prepared in the trenches and then deployed in no-man's-land relatively quickly under cover of darkness 

There was what might be called a concertina craze on: innumerable coils of barbed wire were converted into concertinas by the simple process of winding them round and round seven upright stakes in the ground; every new lap of wire was fastened to the one below it at every other stake by a twist of plain wire; the result, when you came to the end of a coil and lifted the whole up off the stakes was heavy ring of barbed wire that concertina'd out into ten-yard lengths  
Concertina wire packs flat for ease of transport and can then be deployed as an obstacle much more quickly than ordinary barbed wire, since the flattened coil of wire can easily be stretched out, forming an instant obstacle that will at least slow enemy passage  Several such coils with a few stakes to secure them in place are just as effective as an ordinary barbed wire fence, which must be built by driving stakes and running multiple wires between them 
A platoon of soldiers can deploy a single concertina fence at a rate of about a kilometer (5⁄8 mile) per hour  Such an obstacle is not very effective by itself (although it will still hinder an enemy advance under the guns of the defenders), and concertinas are normally built up into more elaborate patterns as time permits 
Today, concertina wire is factory made and is available in forms that can be deployed very rapidly from the back of a vehicle or trailer 

Dannert wire
Oil-tempered barbed wire was developed during World War I; it was much harder to cut than ordinary barbed wire  During the 1930s, German Horst Dannert developed concertina wire of this high-grade steel wire  The result was entirely self-supporting; it did not require any vertical posts  An individual Dannert wire concertina could be compressed into a compact coil that could be carried by one man and then stretched out along its axis to make a barrier 50 feet (15 m) long and each coil could be held in place with just three staples hammered into the ground Dannert wire was imported into Britain from Germany before World War II  During the invasion crisis of 1940–1941, the demand for Dannert wire was so great that some was produced with low manganese steel wire which was easier to cut  This material was known as "Yellow Dannert" after the identifying yellow paint on the concertina handles  To compensate for the reduced effectiveness of Yellow Dannert, an extra supply of pickets were issued in lieu of screw pickets 

Triple concertina wire
A barrier known as a triple concertina wire fence consists of two parallel concertinas joined by twists of wire and topped by a third concertina similarly attached  The result is an extremely effective barrier with many of the desirable properties of a random entanglement  A triple concertina fence could be deployed very quickly: it is possible for a party of five men to deploy 50 yards (46 m) of triple concertina fence in just 15 minutes  Optionally, triple concertina fence could be strengthened with uprights, but this increases the construction time significantly 

"Constantine" wire
Concertina wire is sometimes mistakenly called "constantine" wire   Constantine probably came from a corruption/misunderstanding of concertina and led to confusion with the Roman Emperor Constantine  This, in turn, has led to some people trying to differentiate between concertina wire and constantine wire by assigning the term constantine wire to what is commonly known as razor wire  In contrast to the helical construction of concertina wire, razor wire, or less commonly, constantine wire, consists of a single wire with teeth that project periodically along its length 

See also
Barbed tape
Slinky
Passage 4:
Wire obstacle
In the military science of fortification, wire obstacles are defensive obstacles made from barbed wire, barbed tape or concertina wire  They are designed to disrupt, delay and generally slow down an attacking enemy  During the time that the attackers are slowed by the wire obstacle (or possibly deliberately channelled into killing zones, or both) they are easy to target with machine gun and artillery fire  Depending on the requirements and available resources, wire obstacles may range from a simple barbed wire fence in front of a defensive position, to elaborate patterns of fences, concertinas, "dragon's teeth" (which serve a similar purpose as wire obstacles, but for combat vehicles instead) and minefields (both anti-personnel and anti-armor) hundreds of metres thick 
One example is "low wire entanglement", which consists of irregularly placed stakes that have been driven into the ground with only some 15 cm (six inches) showing  The barbed wire is then wrapped and tightened on to these  An enemy combatant running through the barrier, which is difficult to see, is apt to trip and get caught 

History
Wire obstacles were used by Union Army general Ambrose Burnside during the Battle of Fort Sanders in the Knoxville campaign of the American Civil War, when telegraph wire was strung between tree stumps 30 to 80 yards in front of one part of the Union line  The Royal Danish Army also used wire fences in front of its Danevirke fortifications during the Second Schleswig War  They first saw significant military use by British forces during the Second Boer War, and reached the pinnacle of visibility during World War I where they indirectly, together with machine guns, were responsible for many (although not the majority of) casualties in the trench warfare that dominated that conflict  Wire obstacles served to magnify the substantial advantage that the repeating rifle and rapid-firing artillery, along with machine guns, had given to the defending side in the new era of warfare 
World War I entanglements could in some places be tens of metres thick and several metres deep, with the entire space filled with a random, tangled mass of barbed wire  Entanglements were often not created deliberately, but by pushing together the mess of wire formed when conventional barbed wire fences had been damaged by artillery shells  Whenever there was time and opportunity to plan and emplace wire obstacles during World War I, it was standard practice to deploy designs that would channel and concentrate attacking troops, through avenues of approach, herding them like cattle into designated killing zones i e  fixing multiple screw pickets of wire running diagonally, away from the protected zone  This meant that a belt-fed machine-gun such as the Maschinengewehr 08 sited along that diagonal line had easy targets to enfilade when attacking troops were blocked from advancing by the wire and then massed together in a line 
Another method was to deliberately leave attractive-looking gaps in wire obstacles to give the appearance of a weak link in the defences  Such gaps were designed to act like a funnel, luring attacking troops through the opening and straight into the concentrated direct and enfilade fire of different machine gun emplacements  Because multiple water-cooled machine-guns such as the Vickers gun were used, continuous fire could be sustained for hours at a time if required  Methods for soldiers to face this threat were a small wheeled steel plate that was slowly pushed forward in front of the soldier to shield them from bullet fire as they crawled, shielded machine gun carts, the MacAdam Shield Shovel or systems like the mobile personnel shield among others  When the obstacle was reached, access holes in the shield allowed the attacking soldier to cut away at the wire obstacle with pliers from behind the protection of the armored shield Stormtrooper platoons included ballistic shields in their equipment list, as infiltration was one of their specialities  Relatively elaborate obstacles were also used in some phases of the Korean War, and continue to be used on the Korean Demilitarized Zone, and a few other borders  However the more fluid nature of modern war means that most obstacles used today are relatively simple, temporary barriers  Tanks and light armored vehicles can generally flatten unmined wire obstacles, although the wire can become entangled in the tracks and immobilize the vehicle  This can also occur to wheeled vehicles once the wire becomes wrapped around the axle   Wire obstacles can also be breached by intense artillery shelling or Bangalore torpedoes 

Enhanced effectiveness
The effectiveness of any wire obstacle is greatly increased by planting anti-tank and blast antipersonnel mines in and around it  Additionally, connecting bounding anti-personnel mines (e g  the PROM-1) to the obstacle with tripwires has the effect of booby-trapping the obstacle itself, hindering attempts to clear it  Dummy tripwires can be added to cause further confusion  If anti-personnel mines are unavailable, it is very easy to connect hand-grenades to the wire using trip-wires  If the use of lethal explosive devices is deemed to be unsuitable, it is easy to emplace tripflares in and around the wire obstacle in order to make night-time infiltration harder 

Gallery
Passage 5:
The Barbed Wire Patent
The Barbed Wire Patent Case, 143 U S  275 was a significant patent dispute in 1892 between plaintiff Joseph Glidden and the USPTO regarding the right of barbed wire   Lucian Smith was the original inventor in 1867 and held patent rights for it, while Glidden made changes to the production of barbed wire, holding the barbs in place, in 1874 that he believed were novel enough to merit a new invention and thus new patent 

Background
Lucien B  Smith had first invented a basic form of barbed wire in 1867 and received the patent for it   Therefore, at the time he had exclusive rights to produce and sell his product   In 1874, after Glidden made his changes, he was issued a statement denying him a new patent on the grounds that his invention simply was not a novelty   His patent claim was for:

"a twisted fence wire having the transverse spur wire, D, bent at its middle portion about one of the wire strands, a, of said fence wire, and clamped in position and place by the other wire strand, z, twisted upon its fellow, substantially as specified "The Patenting and Trademark office denied his application believing that the process was already widely known common knowledge and not novel enough to be distinguished from earlier patents After Glidden's patent application had been denied, he appealed to the decision and eventually the case went before the Supreme Court 

Case
In the eyes of the court, the question of most importance was whether the invention of Glidden was sufficient in novelty   To answer this they considered for some length the process for producing barbed wire prior to this invention and compared it to Glidden's design  Glidden claimed that his process of adding an extra wire to stabilize the barbs without any other means made them sufficiently stronger and more efficient  However, he apparently did not make this clear until his initial patent application was denied and he had applied for reissue  Therefore, the court ignored this feature at first  Glidden stated:

"I do not claim to have originated the devices known as 'spurs' or 'prongs' on the wires, they having been used before, but confine myself to the means for holding the spurs at proper intervals on the wires and to the means for attaining a uniform tension of the wires, as claimed "The court remarked that a new device phasing out an older version does not necessarily merit the awarding of a new patent, but it may merit consideration  The court took into account that Glidden's invention had widely replaced older versions and was now commonly in use The defense attempted to show that others had made the same design independently before Glidden, but the plaintiff was able to assert that indeed the other productions, which were of virtually similar design, were not made until after he issued his patent  The court agreed that there had been plenty of other attempts to create a similar design and product as Glidden, but none had been successful nor had they been successfully patented 

Decision
The circuit court finally decided to reverse the decision of the lower court and ruled in favor of the plaintiff, Joseph Glidden   The majority of the court was convinced that Glidden's invention proved to have enough novelty and technological change to merit the patent and thus exclusive rights to produce and sell the improved barbed wire without the need for licensing   Much of this decision came from the court's inclination to grant a patent to the final step in turning an invention into a useful or more useful product 

Dissent
Justice Field was the sole dissenting opinion  He disagreed with the decision on the grounds that he believed there was no true novelty to Glidden's decision and thus lacked sufficient reasoning to receive a patent 

Significance
This case largely established precedent for future patent law, specifically in questions of first-to-file, or scope of novelty   The first-to-file aspect was largely supported in that whichever party can prove they filed an invention first will have a greater claim over other manufacturers and better their chances of receiving a patent   Secondly, the scope of novelty was determined to not be some significant change, but simply enough to make a noticeable positive difference   Also success of a minor innovation is for grounds for patenting in light of the numerous failed or discontinued minor innovations pursued Glidden held sole rights to sell the product and thus established the Barb Fence Company, in Dekalb, Illinois   The invention made him extremely wealthy and by the time of his death he was one of the richest men in the United States 
Passage 6:
Joseph F  Glidden House
The Joseph F  Glidden House is located in the United States in the DeKalb County, Illinois city of DeKalb  It was the home to the famed inventor of barbed wire Joseph Glidden  The barn, still located on the property near several commercial buildings, is said to be where Glidden perfected his improved version of barbed wire which would eventually transform him into a successful entrepreneur  The Glidden House was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1973  The home was designed by another barbed wire patent holder in DeKalb, Jacob Haish 
The property contains the house and two outbuildings; the barn and the remains of an old windmill foundation  Constructed in 1861, the Glidden House adheres mostly to a French Colonial style of architecture  The raised basement and full-length porch are two of the architectural elements found on the Glidden House that are consistently found in French Colonial homes  The barn, a building of high historical significance, was not included as part of the National Register listing for the property until 2002, nearly 30 years after the original nomination was approved 

House
The land that the Glidden House stands on is what remains of Joseph Glidden's once large DeKalb County farm  His holdings stretched along Lincoln Highway, both the north and south sides, from the Kishwaukee River in the east to present-day Annie Glidden Road on the west  The Glidden Farm went as far north as today's Lucinda Avenue  The farm's south border, near where Glidden would grant the Galena and Chicago Union Railroad right-of-way through DeKalb in the early 1890s was near present-day Taylor Street The two-story Joseph F  Glidden House is constructed from locally fired brick, which is relatively soft  The softness of the brick has caused it to weather in a non-uniform fashion  The brick is said to have been fired at a small brickyard which once existed on the Kishwaukee River in DeKalb, near the present-day Lincoln Highway bridge  The home stands on a stone foundation and was designed by local carpenter and eventual barbed wire competitor to Glidden, Jacob Haish  Construction was completed in 1861 and the home is a prominent example of Illinois French Colonial architecture 

History
The land where the Glidden House stands once held a log structure, which Glidden lived in when he first came to DeKalb at the beckoning of his cousin Russell Huntley  The house was built in 1861 for barbed wire entrepreneur Joseph Farwell Glidden  As his personal residence, the house, and its accompanying barn, were closely associated with his invention, really just an improvement, of barbed wire  Glidden's improvement upon a wire board fence developed by Henry Rose was of vast importance in the settlement of the United States west of the Mississippi  It was after Glidden saw Rose exhibit his wire at a fair in 1873 that he was struck with the idea of attaching barbs to wire strand fencing  Glidden is said to have experimented with some of his ideas in the basement kitchen of the Glidden House  He noticed that whenever he tried to attach barbs directly to strands of wire they slid along the length of the wire; Glidden realized he needed a way to crimp the barbs  He began tinkering around the home's kitchen  Glidden fit two hair pins to the shaft of a coffee mill, one centered and the other off-center  He found that by placing the wire between the pins and turning the crank a uniform barb resulted  How to crimp the barbs to the wire was solved, in the barn, by tying one end of the wire and another length of wire to a poplar tree on the grounds of the Glidden House and the other ends of the wires to a grindstone  The grindstone was used to twist the wires together and prevent the barbs from slipping Day-to-day life at the Glidden House was mostly carried out in the home's basement which contained a full kitchen, dining room, and living room  The upper floors were used for guests and for sleeping quarters  In 1877 Glidden's daughter, Elva, married William H  Bush in the homestead As of 2006 extensive restoration work had been completed on the home  The front porch was repaired and restored and inside, the hardwood floors have been replaced and refinished  In addition, the front parlors have been repainted and restored 

Architecture
The home was mostly designed in a French Colonial style, though it contains some elements of Greek Revival architecture  French Colonial architecture was more popular in the American South than it ever was in the northern tier of states 

Exterior
The two-story brick structure is supported by a fieldstone foundation and still features its original front porch  The porch spans the length of the building's front (south) facade, at a height of about 6 ft (2 m)  The porch is supported by four wooden pillars, which rest on stone bases  The stairs leading to the front porch are supported by two similar wooden posts, which, like the house, are set into fieldstone bases  The first step on the stairs was originally a limestone block embedded in the ground  The porch roof is supported by six wooden, bracketed pillars  The pillars are simple, with the brackets coming from the boxed capitals  At the rear of the porch wooden pilasters set at each end help to support the roof  Differentiating the home from the traditional French Colonial design is the porch roof, which is separate from the main roof The house stands mostly as it did in 1861 save a few alterations  The front porch was screened in at the time the building was added to the National Register of Historic Places, the screens have since been removed  At the rear of the house a small porch was enclosed  In 1909 or 1910 there were major subtractions and replacements  Removed were a cast-iron widow's walk along the roof ridge and a large gable dormer, decorated in the same manner as the cornice decorating the roof trim  The present dormer replaced the larger one and is more of a low-shed type 
The roof itself is a low gable and dominated by single stack, straddle ridge chimneys at its east and west ends  The boxed roof trim is a decorated cornice  The low-shed dormer is covered with green asphalt  The old widow's walk, which a neighbor dubbed Glidden's "obscuratory", was balustraded and set just above the dormer 

Interior
The interior of the building is also similar to how it appeared when the house was constructed  However, a few changes have been made  In 1910 the two marble fireplaces were replaced by brick  The flooring has been replaced as needed  The home's basement, once the main living area, has since been converted several times for other uses On the first floor of the home the rooms remain much the same as they were when Glidden lived in the house  An original multi-paneled wooden door remains at the entry from the porch to the central hall  The door, however, was altered, having glass panels installed to admit more light  The staircase is also original and its newel posts resemble those found in the Isaac and Harriet Ellwood House, another Haish designed home, and the Gurler House, whose architect is unknown though it was quite possibly Haish, both in DeKalb On the house's east side are three rooms, whose original presence is open to debate  The three rooms are interconnected, another common French colonial element  The room adjacent the porch was used as the Glidden's dining room and is where the large brick fireplace, which replaced the marble one in 1909, is located  The 1909 fireplace is of the American Craftsman style  At the end of the hall, near the kitchen, there is a full bathroom 
The western part of the first floor is dominated by a large formal living room  The room has two entrances, one at the front of the hall, near the front door and the other at the back end of the hall  This was the room in which Elva Glidden married in the late 19th century  After 1941 the rear part of the living room, or "west" room, was walled off and a second kitchen added  When Jessie Glidden, the last Glidden to occupy the old homestead, moved in 1998, the west room was restored to its original size and the second kitchen removed The basement, and for part of the home's history, the main living area, is accessed via a staircase at the back of the first-floor hall  The steep stairs still show years of wear  One of the rooms off the main basement is the kitchen where Glidden is said to have experimented with the coffee grinder and his wife's hair pins, eventually leading to his brand of barbed wire The second-floor served as the main sleeping quarters  It consists of a few simple bedrooms, all historically without closets  The upstairs hall contains a door which once accessed a staircase to the widow's walk, what remains of the space has been used as a closet for over a century 

Outbuildings
The property has two remaining outbuildings  The barn is where Glidden invented his famous improvement on barbed wire  Dubbed "The Winner," his barbed wire became the most popular version of the invention  Barbed wire is considered to be one of the most important factors in American progress and settlement The other outbuilding on the property along historic Lincoln Highway are the remnants of a once dominating windmill  Though only the foundation remains, it gives a glimpse of how impressive the structure must have once been 

Barn
The Glidden Barn, located to the rear and east of the home, was thought to have been added to the National Register of Historic Places when the original nomination for the house was approved in 1973  However, in the late 1990s, the Illinois Historic Preservation Agency revealed that the nomination included only the house  The Glidden Historical Center initiated the process of adding the barn to the Register  Those moves were approved by the Illinois Historic Sites Advisory Council in 2002 and the barn officially became part of the National Register 
The barn was built sometime around 1871, possibly even before, and is constructed of the same soft brick that makes up the exterior of the home  Tradition in the Glidden family holds that the barn, like the house itself, was designed and built by prominent local carpenter Jacob Haish  The famous barn, one of DeKalb County's oldest remaining, stands a full two-stories high, measuring around 50 feet (15 m) tall, with a width of 30 feet (9 m) 
In February 2007 the Glidden Homestead and Historical Center kicked off a fundraising drive  The drive is aimed at raising US$2 million to expand the Joseph F  Glidden House site to include museum space and a media center  Some of the funds will be used to help restore the barn and expand historical center museum space into the building 

Architecture
The Glidden barn is of pole and beam construction  The second-floor interior is dominated by two large transverse wooden beams  It is of the three-bay, English tradition, the west bay containing a space for a stairwell leading to a hayloft and seven stalls  It is constructed of red brick and stands on a foundation of limestone  Glidden's barn took full advantage of the term vernacular; the brick was locally manufactured and the limestone locally quarried 
The east bay of the barn contains an animal stall in its northeast corner and a fully enclosed office in its opposite corner  The second-floor hayloft is supported by the two massive transverse beams  The full-sized loft is accessible via an enclosed staircase against the south wall  The building's exterior roof is fully supported by the brick walls  The result is a loft which is an entirely open space save for some pole and beam construction supporting the laminated beams, which act as tie rods at the base of the roof  The barn roof is a common gable roof pitched at a 45 degree angle, it was originally covered with wooden shingles, those have been replaced over the years with asphalt The barn features extensive windows, somewhat unusual outside of dairy barns, with a total of 14 eight-paned, double-hung windows dispersed over three sides of the rectangular structure, north, south and east  On the west side, facing the house, are seven smaller single-pane windows  The double-hung windows are topped with segmented arches constructed from a double row of bricks; the north and south main entrances are also topped with segmented brick arches, each of three rows of bricks 

Windmill building
Only the foundation remains of the property's windmill  What is left, ten rows of stone above the ground, is completely invisible when the home is viewed by passers-by on Lincoln Highway  The windmill started to fall into disrepair around the 1930s or 40s  The original, specific use of the windmill is unknown 

See also
Isaac Ellwood
List of Registered Historic Places in Illinois
Passage 7:
Devils Rope Barbed Wire Museum
The Devils Rope Barbed Wire Museum is a museum located in McLean, Texas, United States  The museum was officially opened in 1991 and  focuses on barbed wire and its history  The museum is thought to have the largest collection of published material concerning barbed wire The Devil's Rope Museum is housed in a converted brassiere factory and is dedicated to the history of barbed wire, fencing tools, and ranching heritage  Features exhibits and collections from private wire collectors from across the U S, a reference library with extensive patent information for researchers and educators, a Dust Bowl exhibit, salesman samples, warfare wire, and a collection of road lore with artifacts dedicated to the Texas portion of Historic Route 66 
Passage 8:
Kansas Barbed Wire Museum
The Kansas Barbed Wire Museum is a barbed wire museum located in La Crosse, Kansas, United States, known as the “Barbed Wire Capital of the World ” The museum focuses on barbed wire and its history, displaying over 2,000 different forms of the wire and its history  Barbed wire played a significant role in the history of the settlement of the United States and forever changed the face of the prairie 
The museum was established in 1970 in a small storefront on Main Street in downtown La Crosse, Kansas  By 1990, the collections had grown so much that a new building was constructed adjacent to the Post Rock Museum and Rush County Historical Museum in Grass Park at the south edge of the community  In 2004, an addition was constructed on the building to house the headquarters of the Antique Barbed Wire Society and the Larry Greer Research Center  The Antique Barbed Wire Society is an international organization “committed to collecting, preserving, exhibiting, and interpreting the historical heritage of barb wire and barbed wire related items ” The Larry Greer Research Center houses collections of publications related to the history of barbed wire and a complete collection of patents related to barbed wire and related items  The Kansas Barbed Wire Museum is located at 120 W  1st Street, La Crosse, KS 67548 
Passage 9:
Joseph Glidden
Joseph Farwell Glidden (January 18, 1813 – October 9, 1906) was an American businessman and farmer  He was the inventor of the modern barbed wire  In 1898, he donated land for the Northern Illinois State Normal School in DeKalb, Illinois, which was renamed as Northern Illinois University in 1957 

Early life
Glidden was born in Charlestown, New Hampshire, of English descent  His family later moved to Clarendon, New York  Glidden was a teacher there for about 8 years, during which years he married Clarissa Foster in 1837  In 1843, he moved to Illinois with his wife and children, first to Ogle County and then to DeKalb where they had purchased a farm  His wife died in 1846, in childbirth of their daughter in Ogle County, Illinois  Their three children, including the infant daughter Clara (Clarissa) died in an epidemic in 1847  Their two sons died after the move  Glidden married Lucinda Warne in 1851, with whom he had one daughter, Elva Frances 

Invention and patent for barbed wire
Glidden began work on ways to make a useful barbed wire to fence cattle in 1873  He made his best design of barbed wire by using a coffee mill to create the barbs  Glidden placed the barbs along a wire and then twisted another wire around it to keep the barbs in place, in a design that he called “The Winner”, being his best design  He received the patent for that barbed wire design on November 24, 1874, when he was 61 years old  He and local hardware dealer Isaac L  Ellwood began manufacturing and selling the barbed wire with his patent, as the Barb Fence Company in DeKalb, Illinois  In 1876, Glidden exited the manufacturing aspect, though retaining royalties, by selling his half of the manufacturing business to Washburn and Moen, who had a wire manufacturing plant in Worcester, Massachusetts and from whom Glidden and Ellwood had been purchasing steel wire   Ellwood stayed in DeKalb and renamed the company I  L  Ellwood & Company of DeKalb  That company evolved into American Steel and Wire, and eventually was bought by U  S  Steel Manufacturing Company 
Glidden was embroiled in a legal battle initiated by fellow DeKalb resident Jacob Haish over whether the design for holding the barbs in place with an extra strand of wire was novel, an improved design  An earlier patent for barbed wire had been issued to a man in Ohio, among other patents related to barbed wire  Glidden eventually won at the US Supreme Court in an 1892 case, his patent protection expired the same year  The legal fees were estimated to have cost Glidden $100,000 
This invention made him extremely rich  It was estimated that Glidden earned $1,000,000 in royalties until his patent expired in 1892  Companies manufacturing the barbed wire under his license ranged from New York state to Kansas by 1884  By the time of his death in 1906, he was one of the richest men in America  The Dun & Bradstreet Collection, 1840–1895, MSS 791, LXIII, 130, Baker Library, Harvard, recorded his assets at one million dollars  This included the Glidden House Hotel; the DeKalb Chronicle; 3,000 acres (12 km2) of farmland in Illinois; 35,000 acres (1,360 km2) in Texas; and the Glidden Felt Pad Industry 

Local political activity and other businesses
From 1852 to 1854, he served as sheriff of DeKalb County  In 1851, 1861, 1862, 1869, 1870, 1871, 1872, and 1876 he served on the county's board of supervisors  In 1867, he served on the executive committee of DeKalb County Agriculture and Mechanical Society's Seventh Annual Fall Fair, held September 25–28  In 1876, he was the Democratic nominee for Illinois State Senator  From 1861 to 1874, he served as a member of the board of school directors, and for 20 years paid the largest school tax of any citizen of the county  He was also one of the largest contributors to the erection of one of the churches  He was also vice-president of the DeKalb National Bank, director of the North Western Railroad, and owner of the DeKalb Rolling Mill 

Demonstration of use in Texas changes ranching
To demonstrate the effectiveness of barbed wire, Glidden and his sales agent for the State of Texas, Marques Fortner, in 1881 developed the "Frying Pan Ranch" in Bushland in Potter County near Amarillo, Texas  The wire was brought in by wagon from the railhead at Dodge City, Kansas, and the timbers were cut from Palo Duro Canyon and along the Canadian River Valley  A herd of 12,000 head of cattle was branded with the "Panhandle Brand", which the cowboys called " frying pan"  The ranch proved the success of the wire and changed ranching Henry B  Sanborn, a sales representative for Glidden's company, owned a ranch in Grayson County north of Dallas and wished to advertise barbed wire there  In 1881, Sanborn purchased ninety-five sections of land in southwestern Potter County from near the Canadian River extending into Randall County south of Amarillo  Included in the purchase was Tecovas Spring, once a watering site and a trading post for Indians and Comancheros  John Summerfield, a surveyor from Sherman, Texas, reported a constant flow of freshwater from the spring  Sanborn chose this site for his ranch headquarters and enclosed 120 miles of land in barbed wire for $39,000 ($1 18 million in 2022 dollars)  Warren W  Wetzel, also of Sherman, used cedar posts brought from both the Palo Duro Canyon and the breaks of the Sierrita de la Cruz in the northwestern portion of the ranch to hold up the wire Besides ranchers, railroads were large purchasers of barbed wire, so that cattle did not stray onto their tracks  The Frying Pan Ranch soon had 15,000 head of cattle, and 125,000 more acres were added  Later the ranch was divided  In 1898, Glidden deeded Frying Pan Ranch to his son-in-law William Henry Bush  Between 1908 and 1920, William Henry Bush and his second wife Ruth Bush built a larger ranch house near Tecovas Spring, which later became the residence of Stanley Marsh 3 and his wife, Wendy  Gwendolyn “Wendy” Bush O’Brien was the daughter of Emeline Bush and her husband Frank O’Brien; Emeline was a daughter of William Henry and Ruth Bush  Stanley Marsh called the estate “Toad Hall ”

Land for the Northern Illinois State Normal School
Glidden, a former teacher, gave 63 acres (255,000 m2) of his homestead as a site for the Northern Illinois State Normal School  The school opened on September 12, 1898, with 139 students and 16 members of the faculty  The school's name was changed to Northern Illinois University in 1957 
The town of Glidden, Iowa, is named in his honor 

Personal life
He and his wife Lucinda had one daughter, Elva Frances, in 1851  She married William Henry Bush in DeKalb on February 1, 1877  His wife Lucinda died on October 28, 1895 Elva died in 1906 not long before her father died, and is buried in the Glidden family plot in a cemetery in DeKalb 
In 1898, Glidden deeded his Frying Pan ranch in Texas to his son-in-law, W  H  Bush  Bush married again in 1908, after being widowed, to Ruth Russell Gentry  He is buried in Graceland Cemetery in Chicago 

In popular culture
The "barbed wire salesman" in Back to the Future Part III is either based on Joseph F  Glidden or John Warne Gates who was a pioneer promoter of barbed wire  He is played by Richard Dysart 

See also
Joseph F  Glidden House
The Barbed Wire Patent

Patents
U S  Patent 157,124 – Wire fences
Passage 10:
Hanging on the Old Barbed Wire
"Hanging on the Old Barbed Wire" (Roud 9618) is a British war song of World War I   The song sarcastically recounts the location of various army members, not to be found in the combat zone, and concludes by describing the location of the old battalion: "hanging on the old barbed wire"  A barbed wire fence separated the front-line trench from no man's land, and men brave or unfortunate enough to go over the top of the dug-out were often quickly shot and their bodies caught in the barbed wire  This troop song was not popular with officers, who thought it bad for morale, though attempts to suppress it were unsuccessful 

Lyrics
There are several different versions of this song, though all share the final two lines  One version:

A variant last line is "if you want to find the privates" Another variation fourth verse sees C O replaced with colonel, put at the start and, "He's On another 7 days leave" 

Covers
The song was included on the 1988 album English Rebel Songs 1381–1914 by the English anarchist punk band Chumbawamba, as well as on their 2003 re-recording of the same album (English Rebel Songs 1381–1984) 
A shortened version of the song was also included on the 2018 album The Blind Leading the Blind by the Ukrainian metal band 1914 as an interlude  The band's songs are all related to WWI events 
The song was covered by death industrial band Maruta Kommand on their 2000 album "Holocaust Rites" 
The song is part of the "Great War Trilogy" (The Valley of the Shadow / The Old Barbed Wire / Long, Long Trail) sung by John Roberts and Tony Barrand in their album,   A Present from the Gentlemen: A Pandora's Box of English Folk Songs (Golden Hind Music, GHM-101, 1992) 



ground_truth: January 18, 1813

prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: What American actress stars in Tainted?

The following are given passages.
Context 4: 

die  
sing  of dice 

dice  
Modern cubic dice are used to generate random numbers in many games – e g  a single die in Trivial Pursuit, or two dice per player in backgammon  Role-playing games typically use one or more polyhedral dice  Games such as Pachisi and chaupur traditionally use cowrie shells  The games Zohn Ahl and Hyena chase use dice sticks  The game yut uses yut sticks 

direction of play  
The order of turns in a multiplayer game, e g  clockwise around the board means the player to the left has the next turn  
  
disc  
See piece    
 
displacement capture  
A capture method whereby a capturing piece replaces the captured piece on its square, cell, or point on the gameboard 

doublet  
1   The same number displayed by two dice 
2   The number displayed by one or more die is doubled 
3   The union of two game pieces to move as one 

E
empty board  
Many games start with all pieces out of play; for example, Nine men's morris, Conspirateurs, Entropy, and Go (if a handicap is not employed)  Some gameboards feature staging areas for the pieces before any are put into play; for example, Ludo and Malefiz 

enemy  
An enemy piece is a piece in the same army or set of pieces controlled by the opponent; or, in a multiplayer game, a piece controlled by the partner of an opponent 

Engine-building  
A board game genre and gameplay mechanic that involves adding and modifying combinations of abilities or resources to assemble a virtuous circle of increasingly powerful and productive outcomes  A successfully built engine can create a snowball or domino effect 

equipment  
Refers to physical components required to play a game, e g  pieces, gameboard, dice 

escort capture  
See custodian capture 

exchange  
For games featuring captures, the capture of a piece followed immediately by the opponent's recapture 

F
file 
A straight line of spaces running from top to bottom of a gameboard at right angle to a rank  Also called column 

friendly  
A piece in the same army or set of pieces controlled by a player; or, in a multiplayer game, a piece controlled by a player's partner 

G
gameboard  
Or game board  The (usually quadrilateral) marked surface on which one plays a board game  The namesake of the board game, gameboards would seem to be a necessary and sufficient condition of the genre, though card games that do not use a standard deck of cards (as well as games that use neither cards nor a gameboard) are often colloquially included  Most games use a standardized and unchanging board (chess, Go, and backgammon each have such a board), but some games use a modular board whose component tiles or cards can assume varying layouts from one session to another, or even during gameplay 

game component  
See component 

game equipment  
See equipment 

game piece  
See piece 

gameplay  
The execution of a game; or specifically its strategy, tactics, conventions, or mechanics 

gamer  
A person who plays board game(s)  See also player 
 
gamespace  
A gameboard for a three-dimensional game (e g , the 5×5×5 cubic board for Raumschach) 

grace  
An extra turn 

H
handicap  
An advantage given to a weaker side at the start of a game to level the winning chances against a stronger opponent  Go has formal handicap systems (see Go handicaps); chess has traditional handicap methods not used in rated competitions (see Chess handicap) 

hex  
In hexagon-based board games, this is the common term for a standard space on the board  This is most often used in wargaming, though many abstract strategy games such as Abalone, Agon, hexagonal chess, GIPF project games, and connection games use hexagonal layouts 

huff  
The forfeiture of a piece as a penalty for infringing a rule 

I
in hand  
A piece in hand is one currently not in play on the gameboard, but may be entered into play on a turn  Examples are captured pieces in shogi or Bughouse chess, able to be dropped into play as a move; or pieces that begin the game in a staging area off the main board, as in Ludo or Chessence 

in play  
A piece active on the main board, not in hand or in a staging area  Antonym: out of play 

interception capture  
See custodian capture 

intervention capture  
A capture method the reverse of the custodian method: a player captures two opponent pieces by moving to occupy the empty space between them 

J
jump  
To move a piece over one or more pieces or spaces on the gameboard  Depending on the context, jumping may include  capturing an opponent's piece  See also Game mechanics § Capture/eliminate 

L
leap  
See jump 

M
man  
In chess, a piece or a pawn  In draughts, an uncrowned (i e  not a king) piece 

meeple  
A game piece that represents a person in concept, shaped like an approximation of a person 

mill  
Three or more pieces in a line of adjacent spaces 

move  
See turn 

O
odds  
See handicap 

open board  
A gameboard with no pieces, or one piece, in play  Typically for demonstration or instruction 

order of play  
See direction of play 

orthogonal  
A horizontal (straight left or right) or vertical (straight forward or backward) direction a piece moves on a gameboard 

out of play  
A piece not active on the main board, it might be in hand or in a staging area  Antonym: in play 

over the board 
A game played face to face with the opponent, as opposed to playing remotely (online or other means, for e g  correspondence chess) 

P
pass  
The voluntary or involuntary forfeiture of a turn by a player 

pie rule  
Used in some two-player games to eliminate any advantage of moving first  After the first player's opening move, the second player may optionally swap sides 

piece  
Or bit, checker, chip, counter, disc, draughtsman, game piece, man, meeple, mover, pawn, player piece, playing piece, singleton, stone, token, unit  A player's representative on the gameboard made of a piece of material made to look like a known object (such as a scale model of a person, animal, or inanimate object) or otherwise general symbol  Each player may control one or more pieces  Some games involve commanding multiple pieces, such as chess pieces or Monopoly houses and hotels, that have unique designations and capabilities within the parameters of the game; in other games, such as Go, all pieces controlled by a player have the same capabilities  In some modern board games, such as Clue, there are other pieces that are not a player's representative (i e  weapons)  In some games, such as mancala games, pieces may not represent or belong to any particular player  Mancala pieces are undifferentiated and  typically seeds but sometimes beans, coins, cowry shells, ivory balls, or pebbles  Note that in chess usage the term piece in some contexts only refers to some of the pieces, which are also known as chessmen  See also Counter (board wargames) 
playboard  
See gameboard 

player  
The participant(s) in the game  See also gamer 

playing area 
The spaces on a gameboard for use by pieces in play 

playspace 
See playing area 

point  
See space 

polyhedral dice  
Dice that are not cubes, usually some kind of Platonic solid  Polyhedral dice are generally referred to through the construction "d + number of sides" (ex  d4, d8, d12, d20)  See also dice 

R
rank 
A straight line of spaces running from one side to the other across a gameboard at right angle to a file  Also called row 

replacement capture  
See displacement capture 

row  
See rank 

rule  
A condition or stipulation by which a game is played 

ruleset  
The comprehensive set of rules which define and govern a game 

S
singleton  
A game piece that is isolated and often prone to attack 

space  
A physical unit of progress on a gameboard delimited by a distinct border, and not further divisible according to the game's rules  Alternatively, a unique position on the board on which a piece in play may be located  For example, in Go, the pieces are placed on grid line intersections called points, and not in the areas bounded by the borders, as in chess  The bounded area geometries can be square (e g  chess), rectangular (e g  shogi), hexagonal (e g  Chinese Checkers), triangular (e g  Bizingo), quadrilateral (e g  three-player chess), cubic (e g  Raumschach), or other shapes (e g  Circular chess)  Cf  gamespace  See also Game mechanics § Movement 

square  
See space 

staging area  
A space set aside from the main gameboard to contain pieces in hand  In Ludo, the staging areas are called yards  In shogi, pieces in hand are placed on komadai 

starting area  
See staging area   
  
stone  
See piece 

swap  
See exchange 

T
take  
See capture 

token  
See piece 

trade  
See exchange 

triplet  
The same number displayed by three dice 

turn  
A player's opportunity to move a piece or make a decision that influences gameplay  Turns to move usually alternate equally between competing players or teams  See also Turn-based game 

W
White  
Used often to refer to one of the players in two-player games  White's pieces are typically a light color but not necessarily white (e g  backgammon sets use various colors for White; shogi sets have no color distinction between sides)  White often moves first but not always (e g  Black moves first in English draughts, shogi, and Go)  Cf  Black  See also White and Black in chess 

Worker Placement 
A genre of board games in which players take turns selecting an action while optimizing their resources and making meaningful decisions 

Notes



ground_truth: Shari Shattuck