prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: Which filmmaker was known for animation, Lev Yilmaz or Pamela B. Green?

The following are given passages.
Context 1: Passage 1:
Pamela B  Green
Pamela B  Green is a two-time Emmy-nominated, award-winning American film director and producer known for her work in feature film titles and motion graphics  She is the director, writer, editor and producer of the documentary Be Natural: The Untold Story of Alice Guy-Blaché  In 2020, she was awarded the Jane Mercer Researcher of the Year award at the FOCAL International awards for her work on Be Natural 

PIC Collective
In 2005, Green co-founded PIC Collective, an audiovisual communications studio focused on entertainment and motion design  PIC Collective designs and produces content for motion pictures, television, and commercials, and has done main title sequences for over 100 feature films and for every major Hollywood studio  Since PIC Collective's founding, Green has creative-directed and produced main titles and marketing campaigns for The Kingdom, Twilight, The Cabin in the Woods, The Muppets, 42, and numerous others, as well as TV show packages for the Academy Awards, the Billboard Awards, the Critics’ Choice Awards, and the mini-documentary sequences for VH1ʼs Soul Divas: History of Soul Music The title sequence for The Kingdom was honored with a place on the Independent Film Channel's list “The 50 Greatest Opening Title Sequences of All Time”  PIC Collective was also awarded a 2013 Key Art Award in Audio/Visual Technique for the titles of The Wolverine On November 21, 2019, PIC Collective won Silver for a Clio Award in the category best Audio Visual Technique in Motion Graphics 

Be Natural
In 2012, Green began working on Be Natural: The Untold Story of Alice Guy-Blaché, a feature-length documentary about the first female film director  Green produced, directed, wrote and edited the documentary with executive producer Robert Redford  In 2013, Green and her team raised over $200,000 via Kickstarter to further fund the documentary   
In addition, Green was a recipient of the Sundance Institute Documentary Fund  The film premiered in the Official Selection of Cannes Classics 2018 and then had its North American premiere at the Telluride Film Festival, followed by the Deauville American Film Festival, New York Film Festival, and the BFI London film Festival  It was acquired by Zeitgeist Films in association with Kino Lorber and was released in theaters in April 2019  The film was well-received by most critics, with Deadline's Pete Hammond calling it "the Best Film In Cannes" and Katie Walsh for the Los Angeles Times calling it "illuminating"  Be Natural was nominated by the Critics Choice Documentary Awards in the  Best First Documentary Category  Be Natural was recently awarded Best Documentary at the 2020 Vancouver International Women in Film Festival  On November 17, 2019, after a screening of the film at the Barrymore Film Center, the Fort Lee Film Commission awarded director Pamela B  Green with the Barrymore Film Center Alice Guy-Blaché Award and narrator Jodie Foster with the Barrymore Film Center Award 
Be Natural was nominated for five awards at the 2020 FOCAL International Awards and took home the prize for Best Use of Footage in a Cinematic Feature and the Jane Mercer Researcher of the Year Award 
In December, the film was named one of the 50 Best Films of 2020 in the UK by The Guardian  
Later in December, the film was named one of the 10 Best Documentaries in Peter Bradshaw's film picks of 2020 In 2021, Be Natural was nominated for a Peabody Award 

Legwork Collective
In 2018, Green founded Legwork Collective, a media company that focuses on telling inspiring and moving scripted and unscripted stories that bring overlooked figures to the forefront via film, television, and audio In 2020, Legwork Collective received a grant from The Redford Center to direct a nonpartisan Public Service Announcement encouraging young people to Take Action and Vote!

Filmmaker
Green directed the 2008 short Compact Only, which was nominated for Best Short at the Milan International Film Festival, for the Audience Award in the Fresno Film Festival, Best Short at the Beverly Hills Shorts Festival, and for the Best Short at The Int'l Fest of Cinema and Technology  The film won Best Short at the Tallahassee Film Festival, Best Short at the Treasure Coast International Film Festival, Accolade Film Award Winner, Best Comedy Short at the Gone With the Film Festival, Winner Aloha Accolade Award Honolulu, and much more 
Green was a co-producer on the 2010 documentary Bhutto about the 11th Prime Minister of Pakistan, Benazir Bhutto 
In 2011, Green directed the music video for The Click Five's song “Don’t Let Me Go”, which was created in partnership with MTV EXIT and featured a message to raise awareness about human trafficking 
In 2012, Green directed a commercial for Super-Max Razors which starred actor Gerard Butler In 2012, Bhutto was nominated for an Emmy for Outstanding Continuing Coverage of a News Story – Long Form In 2014, Green was included in Saul Bass's book Anatomy of Film Design, listing her as being part of a "wholly digitally trained generation of title designers "In 2014, Green was selected to serve as a juror for Excellence in Title Design category at the 2014 South by Southwest Film Festival In 2016, Green directed an Audi commercial 
In 2016, Green was selected to serve as a judge for The Motion Awards for motionographer com In 2018, Green's documentary Be Natural: The Untold Story of Alice Guy-Blaché premiered at Cannes 
In 2020, Green directed the nonpartisan PSA, Take Action and Vote! for the Redford Center In 2021, Green's documentary Be Natural: The Untold Story of Alice Guy-Blaché was nominated for a Peabody In 2021, Be Natural was nominated for an Emmy for Outstanding Research:Documentary Green is currently working with co-writer Joan Simon and co-producer Cosima Littlewood on a feature biopic script about the mother of cinema, Alice Guy-Blaché, which will feature new material not seen in the documentary Be Natural Green has also developed Aces Never Sleep, a female-driven detective series, with Jamie Wolf's Foothill Productions and former CAA agent John Ptak, and they are in talks with different financiers  The series takes place during a pandemic, social unrest, economic crisis, racism and a polarized America   Kate Warn and her team of lady operatives are behind the true origins of the Pinkerton Detective Agency, founded by fervent abolitionist Allan Pinkerton  Historical figures appear throughout the series, including Frederick Douglass and Abraham Lincoln, notably when the agency's most valued Ace Kate Warn and fellow detectives thwart an assassination attempt on the President-Elect 

Awards and accolades
Selected filmography
See also
Alice Guy-Blaché
Passage 2:
Anani ben Sason
Rabbi Anani ben Sason (Hebrew: רבי ענני בר ששון; also called 'Anani, 'Inani, and 'Inyani) was a Jewish Talmudist who lived in the Land of Israel in the third century (third generation of amoraim) 

Teachings
He was a contemporary of Rabbi Ammi  He rarely discussed Halakhot, and his discussions of them were not original  Once he recited a Halakhah in the patriarch's mansion, without naming its author, which provoked Ammi to ask: "Is it his own? It is what Rabbi Eleazar had reported in the name of Rabbi Oshaiah" In aggadah, he sometimes reported the sayings of others, but more often he was original  Thus, to explain the juxtaposition of the laws of sacrifice and priestly vestments, he argues that the priestly vestments were to provide atonement just as the sacrifices do  He represents the miter as atoning for haughtiness, and cites R  Chanina as saying, "That which rests highest on the priest atones for one's considering himself high"; and similarly with the rest of the priestly garments Referring to God's appearance in the burning bush he remarks, "The Holy One—blessed be He!—said to Moses, 'When I will it, one of my angels stretches forth his hand from heaven and reaches to the ground,' as Scripture says, 'He put forth the form of a hand, and took me by a lock of my head'; and when it so pleases me, I make three angels sit under one tree; when I choose, my glory fills the universe, as it is written, 'Do I not fill heaven and earth? says the Lord'; and when I so willed, I spoke to Job in a whirlwind, as it is said "The Lord answered Job out of the whirlwind"" The same idea, though in different form, is found elsewhere in the name of R  Chanina b  Issi (Sissi)  As the name of the subject of this article is sometimes written 'Inani and also 'Inyani—which forms are dialectic variations of Chanina, though with the initial aleph instead of ayin—the circumstance probably suggested the identity of the two names  But this identification meets with insuperable chronological difficulties, Chanina b  Sissi being a contemporary of Johanan, while 'Anani was younger even than Johanan's pupils 
Isaac Reichlin aptly suggests that Anani's real name was Ananiel, as it is still preserved in Exodus Rabbah 3:7, and that its apocopated form was adopted to avoid the mention of the name "El" (God) in common speech 
Passage 3:
Lev Yilmaz
Levni Yilmaz (born 1973) is an American independent film maker, artist and publisher, best known for his "Tales of Mere Existence" animated comic series  He is based in San Francisco 

Early life
Yilmaz was born in Boston, Massachusetts to parents Karen Carlson and physicist Hüseyin Yılmaz (the author of the Yilmaz theory of gravitation)  He is of Turkish and Swedish descent He attended art school in Boston before he moved to San Francisco in 1998 

Tales of Mere Existence
The "Tales of Mere Existence" series began in 2002 as a series of animated comics that were shown at film festivals 
Each video in the "Tales of Mere Existence" series shows a series of static cartoons, which appear gradually as if being drawn by an invisible hand   Yilmaz' technique is inspired by the French documentary The Mystery of Picasso (1956), which similarly shows Picasso's paintings appearing from the other side 
Yilmaz writes, draws, films, edits, and narrates all of the "Tales of Mere Existence" videos  He often recounts personal anecdotes and observations and discusses his views on interpersonal relationships, society and human behavior  His videos are told from a rather pessimistic viewpoint and  tend to have a sarcastic undertone 
In 2003, Yilmaz began to sell DVDs that contained some of his short comic films  Along with the DVD came the first print version of the "Tales of Mere Existence" book  Over the next six years, Yilmaz published three more books, as his fan base grew to thousands  His first official book, Sunny Side Down, was published by Simon & Schuster in 2009 

Popularity
In recent years Yilmaz gained a large fan base with millions of followers around his animated comics on YouTube  He uses this online popularity to promote his books and DVDs, which are sold from his personal website  
Yilmaz has made appearances in New York for events such as Rooftop Film Festival, performing live readings from his books 
In October 2010, his comic God was featured on Franco-German TV Network arte  In December 2010 A Few of My High School Teachers  aired on Showtime 

Publications
Tales of Mere ExistenceTales of Mere Existence I (2003)
Tales of Mere Existence II (2004)
The 7 Habits of Highly Negative People (2006)
Sunny Side Down (2009)
The Doom Room (2013)
Passage 4:
AES+F
AES+F is a collective of four Russian artists: Tatiana Arzamasova (born 1955), Lev Evzovich (born 1958), Evgeny Svyatsky (born 1957), and Vladimir Fridkes (born 1956)  It was first formed as AES Group in 1987 by Arzamasova, Evzovich, and Svyatsky, becoming AES+F when Fridkes joined in 1995  The collective works in photography, video, installation, and animation, as well as more traditional media, such as painting, drawing, and sculpture  AES+F's early work included performance, installation, painting, and illustration  Well known for their monumental video-art installations that Gareth Harris describes as "monumental painting set in motion", AES+F create grand visual narratives that explore contemporary global values, vices and conflicts 

Members
Tatiana Arzamasova
Tatiana Arzamasova was born in 1955 in Moscow, where she graduated from Moscow Architectural Institute (MArchI) – State Academy in 1978  Prior to founding AES Group, Arzamasova was a conceptual architect  She participated in conceptual architecture exhibitions in London, Paris, and Venice 

Lev Evzovich
Evzovich was born in 1958 in Moscow, where he graduated from Moscow Architectural Institute (MARCHI) – State Academy in 1982  Prior to founding AES Group, Evzovich also worked in conceptual architecture  He participated in conceptual architecture exhibitions in Milan, Frankfurt-on-Main, and Paris  He also worked as an art director in film 

Evgeny Svyatsky
Evgeny Svyatsky was born in 1957 in Moscow, where he graduated from the Moscow University of Print Design in 1980  Prior to founding AES Group, Svyatsky worked in book illustration, advertising, and graphic design  He also worked as the creative director for publishing houses in Moscow 

Vladimir Fridkes
Vladimir Fridkes was born in Moscow in 1956, where he worked as a fashion photographer prior to joining the collective  His work was published in many leading fashion magazines: VOGUE, Harper's Bazaar, ELLE, Marie Claire, Cosmopolitan and the Sunday Times Style 

Career
AES+F began their career as AES Group, with Arzamasova, Evzovich, and Svyatsky forming the group in 1987  The collective exhibited internationally for the first time in 1989 with a solo show at Howard Yezerski Gallery in Boston, and a performance at the Carpenter Center at Harvard University in Cambridge  The group expanded with the addition of the photographer Vladimir Fridkes in 1995 and subsequently changed its name to AES+F  
The collective achieved wider recognition in the Russian Pavilion at the 52nd Biennale di Venezia in 2007 with Last Riot (2007), the first in a trilogy of large-scale, multi-channel video installations  The second of the series, The Feast of Trimalchio (2009), appeared in Venice in 2009, and the third, Allegoria Sacra (2011), debuted at the 4th Moscow Biennale in 2011  Together, all three projects premiered as The Liminal Space Trilogy in September 2012 at the Martin-Gropius-Bau, Berlin, and the Moscow Manege, the central exhibition hall of the artists’ home city  The Trilogy was shown in the Museum of Fine Arts in La Chaux-de-Fonds, Switzerland (June–September 2014)  Most recently all three videos were shown at Albright–Knox Art Gallery, Buffalo, NY (June–September 2015) AES+F have exhibited at numerous international festivals: (namely the biennales of Venice, Lyon, Sydney, Gwangju, Moscow, Gothenburg, Havana, Tirana, Istanbul, Bratislava, Seoul etc ), ARS-06 (KIASMA, Helsinki)  Their works appear in some of the world's most important collections, such as Moderna Museet (Stockholm), Musée de l'Elysée (Lausanne), MOCAK (Kraków), Sammlung Goetz (Munich), ZKM (Karlsruhe), Maison européenne de la photographie (Paris), Art Gallery of South Australia (Adelaide), and the Museum of Old and New Art (Tasmania), Centro de Arte Dos de Mayo (Madrid), Centre Georges Pompidou (Paris), and the Louis Vuitton Foundation (Paris)  Their work is represented in some of Russia's principal national museums, such as Tretyakov Gallery (Moscow), Russian Museum (St  Petersburg), and the Multimedia Art Museum (Moscow) AES+F's project Inverso Mundus was presented at the 56th Venice Biennale as a collateral event at the Magazzini del Sale and later presented at COME ALIVE (Niet Normaal INT) in Het Nieuwe Muntgebouw, Utrecht, The Netherlands On 22 April 2022, they publicly denounced the Russian invasion of Ukraine, declaring "The Putin regime continues to commit war crimes, destroying Ukrainian cities, killing thousands of people, depriving millions of their homes, families and futures"  They thus called for people to donate to NGO charities helping war refugees 

Works
Islamic Project (1996-2003)
Islamic Project began in 1996 as a performance and public intervention  AES+F created the "AES Travel Agency to the Future," an imitation of a travel office with subversive materials - souvenirs from a future in which the influence of Islam has been superimposed upon all of Western culture in the form of architectural and cultural transformations  In one of the images, the artists transformed the Statue of Liberty to show her in a Burka, holding a Quran; in another, they prophetically depict the New York skyline absent of the Twin Towers  The project has been met with attempts to censor certain imagery when it was shown in the New Art Gallery in Walsall, United Kingdom in 2006 In 2000, AES+F created another installation in the form of a Bedouin tent titled "Oasis", consisting of a series of traditional carpets, each with imagery from the Islamic Project printed on silk in the center " Oasis was first exhibited at the La Caixa Foundation in Barcelona, Spain 

King of the Forest (2001-2003)
The King of the Forest is a trilogy of projects inspired by Erlkönig, the Ogre - a mythological creature of medieval Europe and also the subject of an eponymous novel by Michele Tournier  The King of the Forest stole beautiful children from nearby villages and kept them in his palace  According to AES+F, this series of projects concerns itself with the theft of youth by mass media culture - a contemporary analogue to the medieval Ogre In AES+F's King of the Forest, the artists created three videos on different continents - Le Roi des Aulnes in St  Petersburg, More than Paradise in Cairo, and KFNY in New York  The first in the series, Le Roi des Aulnes, was shot at Catherine the Great's palace in Tsarskoye Selo  The second, More than Paradise, was shot at the Mosque of Muhammad Ali  The final project in the series, KFNY, was shot on Military Island in Times Square 

The Liminal Space Trilogy
The Liminal Space Trilogy attempts to analyze the 21st century from the perspective of a centuries-old art-historical tradition of depicting Hell, Heaven, and Purgatory  The trilogy is presented as three projects consisting of video installations, prints, drawings, paintings, and sculptures  It is set respectively in a video game landscape, an exotic luxury resort, and a futuristic airport, each of which is depicted as a unique surrealistic fantasy that explores contemporary themes 

Last Riot (2005-2007)
The project consists of an HD video installation (3- and 1-channel versions), series of stills from the video, series of pictures, series of drawings, series of sculptures
Last Riot premiered at the Russian pavilion at the Venice Biennale in 2007  The work depicts an imagined future digitally manipulated where snow-capped mountains sit next to desolate beaches, neon dragons rest atop oil platforms, planes collide without flames, and a band of attractive teens with completely ambiguous and detached facial expressions are engaged in ritualistic battle with one another and with themselves Conceived as a reflection of the 21st century, Last Riot raises questions regarding Western values, and reflects contemporary Western mythology without passing judgment  The visual ethos of Last Riot is rife with allusions to art history, from Caravaggio and Baroque painting, to Romanticism, combined with contemporary visual culture in the form of advertising, film, and video games, and traversing the aesthetic line between beauty and ugliness 

The Feast of Trimalchio (2009-2010)
The second project in the Liminal Space Trilogy, The Feast of Trimalchio, is titled as such in reference to the epic "Satyricon" by Gaius Petronius Arbiter, namely, the Cena Trimalchionis, which describes the life of a wealthy former slave who hosts gluttonous and orgiastic feasts  In AES+F's The Feast of Trimalchio, an imaginary island with an absurdly luxurious resort-hotel, which is a de-personification of Petronius' Trimalchio, serves as a "temporary paradise" that guests pay to enter   The guests of the hotel indulge in all of the contemporary pleasures perpetuated in advertisements of resort getaways, from leisurely fitness to "body purification," while the viewer sees any notion of social hierarchy dissipate as the masters begin to court the servants, acting out their fantasies of a Roman Saturnalia The project consists of an HD video installation (9-, 3-, and 1-channel versions), series of pictures, series of stills from the video, series of portfolios with photographs and drawings 

Allegoria Sacra (2011-2013)
The project consists of an HD video installation (5-, 3-, and 1-channel versions), series of pictures, series of stills from the video 
Allegoria Sacra is the final part of the Liminal Space Trilogy  Named after Giovanni Bellini's eponymous painting which hangs in the Uffizi Gallery, AES+F's Allegoria Sacra represents Purgatory  Taking place in a futuristic international airport, Allegoria Sacra serves as a metaphor for limbo, where the souls of "righteous sinners" await their fate  The characters that inhabit Giovanni Bellini's masterpiece, from biblical figures to mythological creatures, were transposed and sometimes reinterpreted by AES+F  The Saracen-Muslim was transformed into a group of refugees  St  Sebastian became a young, shirtless traveler, hitchhiking his way through tropical countries, while Apostle Paul is represented as an airport policeman  However, AES+F's piece is more of an allegory of contemporary life than a reinterpretation of Giovanni Bellini's painting  As the travelers enter dream-like states, the airport and the aircraft undergo several metamorphoses, while the landscape and the climate go through four phases - from being a snowy field to a desert, a jungle, and finally becoming an endless river Styx Maintaining their signature style, AES+F combine recognizable motifs from art-history and pop-culture, such as the numerous allusions to Stanley Kubrick's film 2001: A Space Odyssey  Allegoria Sacra weaves complex global issues into visually compelling metaphors, letting them unfold in the neutral transitory space of an airport, where all kinds of things can temporarily coexist before going to their destination 
Allegoria Sacra won the Sergey Kuryokhin Award (2011), the main award of the Kandinsky Prize (2012), the main award of the Nordart Festival (2014), and the Pino Pascali Prize (2015) (18th Edition) 
Passage 5:
Aryanto Yuniawan
Aryanto Yuniawan (born June 18, 1977 in Magelang; age 40) is Chief Executive Officer of PT Mataram Surya Visi Sinema, a multimedia and animation movie company located in Jogja Indonesia  Ary (his nickname) is best known as a director of Battle of Surabaya, the first 2D animation movie in Indonesia which got some awards i e  Gold Remi Award USA 2016, GrandPrize Winner of SICAF 2016 in South Korea, Winner of Nice International Filmmaker Festival 2017 in France,  Winner of Nioda International Film Festival in India and others  He is also acclaimed as a writer, a producer, and currently working on several articles and books related to his job and hobby  He started his career from directing and producing independent animation films including music videos  He was trusted to be one of the juries of several film festivals such as Festival Film Indonesia (FFI 2016), Noida International Film Festival (NIFF 2016), and Seoul International Cartoon and Animation Festival (SICAF 2017) 
Aryanto Yuniawan was chosen to be an individual recipient of the National Intellectual Property Award 2016 from the Directorate General of Intellectual Property, Ministry of Justice and Human Rights, Republic of Indonesia (DJKI Kemenkumham RI)  The award was submitted by Vice-president of the Republic of Indonesia (Vice-president), M  Jusuf Kalla to him with eight other recipients 

Education
Aryanto was born in Magelang, Central Java, Indonesia   He is the oldest of two siblings  After finishing the middle school from SMPN 2 Magelang and highschool from SMAN 1 Magelang, he studied at STMIK Amikom (now University Amikom) in Diploma degree   He gained his bachelor of computer science then and completed his master in the same university in 2017 

Filmography
As director
Battle of Surabaya (2015)
The Profesional (2012)
Petualangan Abdan (2011)
Goodbye World (2010)
Lestari (2010)
The Letter of Heaven (2010)
Jatayu (2009)
Lembah Halilintar (2009)

Achievements
Career
Lecturer at STMIK AMIKOM Yogyakarta
General manager of PT Mataram Surya Visi Pictures (2003-2014)
Chief executive Officer of PT Mataram Surya Visi Sinema (2014–Present)

Awards
Best Animation  The International Filmmaker Festival of World Cinema  2017  Nice, France 
Gold Remi Award  Houston International Film Festival  2016  Houston, Texas 
Grand Prize  Seoul International Cartoon and Animation Festival   2016  Seoul, Korea 
Best Animation  Noida International Film Festival  2016  New Delhi, India 
Winner of People's Choice Award  International Movie Trailer Festival  2013  California, Amerika Serikat 
Official Selection  Holland Animation Film Festival  2016  Utrecht, Belanda 
Official Selection  Dingle International Film Festival  2016  Dublin, Irlandia 
Official Selection  Fantoche Internasional Animation Festival Film  2016  Baden, Swiss 
Special Screening  Athena Animfest  2016  Athena, Yunani 
Special Screening  New Chitose Internasional Animation Festival  2016  Hokkaido, Jepang 
Nominee of Best Foreign Animation Trailer  Annual Golden Trailer Award  2014  California, Amerika Serikat 
Nominee of Apresiasi Film Indonesia  Art and Film Board of Ministry of Culture & Education  2012  Jakarta, Indonesia 
First Winner of Indigo Fellowship Category  PT Telekomunikasi Indonesia  2012  Jakarta, Indonesia 
Winner of ICT Award Category  Digital Animation Inaicta   Minister for Communication and Information Technology  2012  Jakarta, Indonesia 
Nominee of Animafest 2D Short Animated Film MNCTV  (Briptu Dorman)  2011  Jakarta, Indonesia 
Second Winner of Digital Animation (The Adventure of Abdan – Honesty)  Exhibition of Indonesian Production   Minister of Industry Republic of Indonesia  2009  Jakarta, Indonesia 
Nominasi International Urbanimation  (The Adventure of Abdan – Kites)  2008  Jakarta, Indonesia 
Merit Winner ICT Award Category  Digital Animation Inaicta  Minister for Communication and Information Technology  2000  Jakarta, Indonesia 
Passage 6:
Seasoned Veteran
Seasoned Veteran is the third studio album by American rapper Richie Rich  It was released November 5, 1996 on Def Jam Recordings, and to date is the only major label release for the artist  The album was produced by Ali Malik, DJ Daryl, Doug Rasheed, Jermaine Dupri, Lev Berlak, Mike Mosley, Richie Rich and Rick Rock  It peaked at number 11 on the Billboard Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums and at number 35 on the Billboard 200  Two of the singles released, "Let's Ride" and "Do G's Get To Go To Heaven?", both appeared on multiple Billboard singles charts  The album features guest performances by 2Pac, E-40, Luniz, D'wayne Wiggins, T-Boz, and Rame Royal of Rhythm & Green 
Along with the single, a music video was produced for the song, "Let's Ride"  A second single, "Do G's Get To Go To Heaven?", was also released as a music video, featuring Bo-Roc, and is dedicated to the memory of Tupac Shakur 
In the song "Niggas Done Changed" Feat  Tupac, 2Pac predicts his own death by saying “I been shot and murdered, can't tell you how it happened, word for word / But best believe niggas gonna get what they deserve ”

Critical reception
The Source – "   Seasoned Veteran is one of the few albums available in the reality rap genre that lives up to its name and comes close to meeting the listener's expectations   "

Track listing
Samples
Fresh Out

"For the Love of Money" by The O'JaysLet's Ride

"(Not Just) Knee Deep" by FunkadelicPillow

"(Lay Your Head on My) Pillow" by Tony! Toni! Toné!

Chart history
AlbumSingles

Personnel
Passage 7:
Lev Kuleshov
Lev Vladimirovich Kuleshov (Russian: Лев Владимирович Кулешов; 13 January [O S  1 January] 1899 – 29 March 1970) was a Russian and Soviet filmmaker and film theorist, one of the founders of the world's first film school, the Moscow Film School  He was given the title People's Artist of the RSFSR in 1969  He was intimately involved in development of the style of film making known as Soviet montage, especially its psychological underpinning, including the use of editing and the cut to influence the emotions of audience, a principle known as the Kuleshov effect  He also developed the theory of creative geography, which is the use of the action around a cut to connect otherwise disparate settings into a cohesive narrative 

Life and career
Lev Kuleshov was born in 1899 into an intellectual Russian family  His father Vladimir Sergeyevich Kuleshov was of noble heritage; he studied art in the Moscow School of Painting, Sculpture and Architecture, despite his own father's disapproval  He then married a village schoolteacher Pelagia Aleksandrovna Shubina who was raised in an orphanage, which only led to more confrontation  They gave birth to two sons: Boris and Lev 
At the time Lev Kuleshov was born, the family became financially broke, lost their estate and moved to Tambov, living a modest life  In 1911 Vladimir Kuleshov died; three years later Lev and his mother moved to Moscow where his elder brother was studying and working as an engineer  Lev Kuleshov decided to follow the steps of his father and entered the Moscow School of Painting, although he didn't finish it  In 1916 he applied to work at the film company led by Aleksandr Khanzhonkov  He produced scenery for Yevgeni Bauer's pictures, such as The King of Paris, For Happiness and others  With time Kuleshov became more interested in film theory  He co-directed his first movie Twilight in 1917  His next film was released under the Soviet patronage During 1918–1920 he covered the Russian Civil War with a documentary crew  In 1919 he headed the first Soviet film courses at the National Film School  Kuleshov may well be the very first film theorist as he was a leader in the Soviet montage theory – developing his theories of editing before those of Sergei Eisenstein (briefly a student of Kuleshov)  He contributed the article "Kinematografichesky naturshchik" to the first issue of Zrelishcha in 1922  Among his other notable students were Vsevolod Pudovkin, Boris Barnet, Mikhail Romm, Sergey Komarov, Porfiri Podobed, Vladimir Fogel and Aleksandra Khokhlova who became his wife  For Kuleshov, the essence of the cinema was editing, the juxtaposition of one shot with another  To illustrate this principle, he created what has come to be known as the Kuleshov effect  In this now-famous editing exercise, shots of an actor were intercut with various meaningful images (a casket, a bowl of soup, etc ) in order to show how editing changes viewers' interpretations of images  Another one of his famous inventions was creative geography, also known as artificial landscape  Those techniques were described in his book The Basics of Film Direction (1941) which was later translated into many languages 
In addition to his theoretical and teaching work, Kuleshov directed a number of feature-length films  Among his most notable works are an action-comedy The Extraordinary Adventures of Mr  West in the Land of the Bolsheviks (1924), a psychological drama By the Law (1926) adapted from the short story by Jack London and a biographical drama The Great Consoler (1933) based on O  Henry's life and works  In 1934 and 1935 Kuleshov went to Tajikistan to direct there Dokhunda, a movie based on the novel by Tajik national poet Sadriddin Ayni, but the project was regarded with suspicion by the authorities as possibly exciting Tajik nationalism, and stopped  No footage survives 

After directing his last film in 1943, Kuleshov served as an artistic director and an academic rector at VGIK where he worked for the next 25 years  He was a member of the jury at the 27th Venice International Film Festival, as well as a special guest during other international film festivals 
Lev Kuleshov died in Moscow in 1970  He was buried at the Novodevichy Cemetery  He was survived by his wife Aleksandra Khokhlova (1897–1985) – an actress, film director and educator, granddaughter of Pavel Tretyakov and Sergey Botkin – and Aleksandra's son Sergei from her first marriage 

Awards and honours
Order of the Red Banner of Labour (1944)
Order of Lenin (1967)
People's Artist of the RSFSR (1969)

Filmography
Passage 8:
Pamela B  Davis
Pamela B  Davis is a pediatric pulmonologist specializing in cystic fibrosis research  She has been Dean of the School of Medicine at Case Western Reserve University since 2007  She was elected to the Institute of Medicine in 2014 
Passage 9:
Pamela Gilbert
Pamela B  Gilbert (born October 3, 1958) is an American lawyer and has been a partner of the law firm Cuneo Gilbert & LaDuca, LLP since 2003, where she heads the firm's lobbying practice   Gilbert is a noted consumer rights advocate who has testified before Congress over fifty times and made dozens of appearances in the national print and electronic media  Gilbert leads the Committee to Support Antitrust laws (COSAL), an organization supportive of antitrust legislation 

Early career and education
Gilbert graduated magna cum laude from Tufts University with a B A  in Mathematics in 1980 and received her J D  degree from New York University in 1984  She was a Root-Tilden scholar at NYU Law School After law school, Gilbert served as Consumer Program Director at the U S  Public Interest Research Group from 1984-1989 where she specialized in consumer protection issues  She led the effort for congressional enactment of legislation to protect children from toxic art supplies From 1989-1994, Gilbert was Legislative Director and later Executive Director of Public Citizen's Congress Watch, a Washington-based consumer advocacy organization 

Public service
Gilbert served as Executive Director of the U S  Consumer Product Safety Commission (CPSC) from 1995-2001   In 2001 she left the government to serve as Chief Operating Officer of M&R Strategic Services, a national firm set up to lobby and conduct grassroots and media campaigns around public policy issues 
In 2009, after the election of President Barack Obama, Gilbert headed the Presidential Transition Team for the Consumer Product Safety Commission 

Post-government career
Gilbert represented the National Association of Shareholder and Consumer Attorneys to oppose efforts in Congress to change the rules for bringing class action lawsuits   Gilbert subsequently represented the Center for Justice & Democracy, opposing efforts in Congress to impose Federal government restrictions on malpractice laws 

2007-2009
In 2007, Gilbert worked with public interest organizations and victims of Enron's collapse to persuade the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) and the Bush Administration to adopt a position in a case pending before the U S  Supreme Court – Stoneridge Investment Partners LLC v  Scientific-Atlanta Inc  and Motorola Inc  – that would ensure that people slighted by Enron could sue the investment banks that participated in the frauds that led to Enron's failure   Gilbert's firm held press conferences in Washington, D C  and elsewhere, meeting with administration officials such as then-SEC Chairman Christopher Cox 
On November 15 of that same year, Gilbert testified before the Subcommittee on Commercial and Administrative Law of the House Committee on the Judiciary on "Protecting the Playroom: Holding Foreign Manufacturers Accountable for Defective Products "In 2008, Gilbert worked with the Center for Justice and Democracy to bring before Congress families with children who developed lead poisoning from hazardous toys, to urge the passage of the Consumer Product Safety Improvement act of 2008   This landmark legislation placed limits on the amount of lead that can be used in children's products 
Also that year, Gilbert testified before the Federal Communications Commission on behalf of consumers who were assessed fees for switching cell phone companies before their contracts expired  Her position was that such fees were unfair   She urged the FCC not to preempt state laws and state-based lawsuits intended to protect consumers from these allegedly unfair practices by cell phone companies Over the course of three years from 2007–2009, Gilbert organized a coalition of over a dozen labor and nonprofit organizations to support legislation that would provide a pathway for the approval of generic versions of costly medicines   A version of this legislation was later incorporated in national health care reform policies 
In 2009, Gilbert worked with people injured by defects in Chrysler and General Motors vehicles to urge the Obama administration and the automobile companies to modify their bankruptcy agreements to ensure that personal injury victims would have an opportunity to receive compensation   As a result, the agreements were modified to allow people injured in the future by vehicles manufactured before the bankruptcy to be compensated for their injuries 

2010
On February 4, 2010, Gilbert participated in a webcast sponsored by OMB Watch on "The Obama Administration and Public Protections "On behalf of the Committee to Support the Antitrust Laws, Gilbert worked with Congress and the Obama Administration to amend the Antitrust Criminal Penalty Enhancement and Reform Act to ensure that members of criminal antitrust conspiracies adequately cooperate with civil lawsuits in return for reduced damages 
On June 10, 2010, Pamela Gilbert was appointed to the board of directors of the AAI (American Antitrust Institute) 

2011–Present
On behalf of Consumers for Auto Reliability and Safety (CARS), Gilbert led the successful lobbying effort to pass a federal law prohibiting rental car companies from renting or selling recalled cars until they are repaired  Gilbert worked with Mrs  Cally Houck, whose two daughters were killed in a rental car that caught on fire and crashed as a result of an unrepaired defect that had been subject to a safety recall   President Obama on December 4, 2015 signed into law the "Raechel and Jacqueline Houck Safe Rental Car Act" (H R  2198, S  1173), sponsored by Reps  Capps, Jones, Schakowsky and Butterfield and Sens  Schumer, Boxer, McCaskill and others, as part of the Fixing America's Surface Transportation Act (FAST Act) 
Gilbert represents SD3, LLC, which owns SawStop, a table saw manufacturer whose table saws are equipped with technology that stops a spinning saw blade in milliseconds when it comes in contact with human flesh   Gilbert has worked with SawStop and a coalition of consumer protection groups in an effort to enact a mandatory safety standard so that all table saws contain injury mitigation technology to prevent amputations and other serious laceration injuries  The CPSC published a notice of proposed rulemaking in 2011  and in 2015 the commission's staff urged adoption of the new requirement Gilbert is working with a coalition of patients with diseases caused by asbestos exposure and their families to defeat the proposed Furthering Asbestos Claims Transparency (FACT) Act of 2015 (H R  526, S  357)  The proposal would require asbestos trusts to file quarterly reports about the payouts they make and personal information on the victims who receive them in a publicly accessible database  Opponents argue that this would violate the privacy of victims and use trust funds to meet the new administrative requirements, making it more difficult for asbestos claimants to receive timely and full compensation 

Notable writings
In 2008, Gilbert wrote a chapter entitled "Consumer Product Safety Commission: Safety First" for Change for America: A Progressive Blueprint for the 44th President, published by the Center for American Progress and the New Democracy Project In 2010, Gilbert authored a chapter in Materials on Tort Reform by Professor Andrew Popper of the Washington College of Law at American University In 2012, Gilbert co-authored with Victoria Romanenko a chapter in Private Enforcement of the Antitrust Laws in the United States (edited by Albert A  Foer and Randy M  Stutz) 

Controversy
In 2001, Gilbert stepped down as executive director of the Consumer Product Safety Commission (CPSC) after President Bush sparked a constitutional controversy by seeking to replace the leadership of the Commission, citing his powers under Article Two of the United States Constitution   Later, in 2008, Gilbert was mentioned as a possible appointee by President Barack Obama to be Chairman of the Commission   However, her nomination was criticized on the grounds that while she was executive director of the CPSC, the agency was known for its "strident enforcement efforts" contrary to large business interests 

Personal life
Gilbert is married to Charles Lewis, Professor of Journalism at American University, founder of the Center for Public Integrity, and a former producer for 60 Minutes   With Lewis she raises two children, Cassandra and Gabriel 

See also
Cuneo Gilbert & LaDuca, LLP
U S  Consumer Product Safety Commission
Passage 10:
Eliezer ben Jacob I
Eliezer ben Jacob I (Hebrew: אליעזר בן יעקב) was a Tanna of the 1st century; contemporary of Eleazar Chisma and Eliezer ben Hyrcanus, and senior to Judah ben Ilai Of his personal history nothing is known, except that he had seen the Temple at Jerusalem and was familiar with the specific purposes of its many apartments, a subject on which he was considered an authority  Some of the details, however, he eventually forgot, and was reminded of them by Abba Saul ben Batnit Simon ben Azzai, Rabbi Akiva's contemporary, relates that he had discovered a genealogical roll wherein was stated, "The Mishnah of R  Eliezer ben Jacob is only a kab [small in proportion], but clean [of all deficiencies]"; as a result, subsequent generations generally adopted Eliezer's views as law In the aggadah, too, he is mentioned  According to him, Deuteronomy 11:13 ("To serve Him with all your heart and with all your soul") is an admonition to the priests that, when officiating, they shall entertain no thought foreign to their duty Eliezer ben Jacob bequeathed to Israel many agrarian laws, such as the laws concerning the bringing of the Bikkurim to Jerusalem and who is eligible to recite the Avowal, as well as the laws concerning Kil'ayim grown in a vineyard He is buried near the old Kefar Hanaiah, in Galilee 
Context 2: Passage 1:
Coca-Cola FEMSA
Coca-Cola FEMSA, S A B  de C V , known as Coca-Cola FEMSA or KOF, is a Mexican multinational beverage company headquartered in Mexico City, Mexico  It is a subsidiary of FEMSA which owns 47 8% of its stock, with 27 8% held by wholly owned subsidiaries of The Coca-Cola Company and the remaining 25% listed publicly on the Mexican Stock Exchange (since 1993) and the New York Stock Exchange (since 1998)  It is the largest franchise Coca-Cola bottler in the world, the company has operations in Latin America, although its largest and most profitable market is in Mexico 

History
Coca-Cola FEMSA began as a joint venture with The Coca-Cola Company in 1991 with FEMSA initially owning 51% of the stock  It started expanding its international operations in 2003 when it acquired Panamerican Beverages (Panamco), another Mexican Coca-Cola bottler with operations in Central America, Colombia, Venezuela, and Brazil  It later acquired additional bottling companies in Brazil (its second largest market) as well as the main Coca-Cola bottler in the Philippines in 2013, until 2018 when the company was then renamed to Coca-Cola Beverages Philippines In 2007, Coca-Cola FEMSA acquired Jugos del Valle in a joint venture with The Coca-Cola Company  In June 2008, Coca-Cola FEMSA acquired Refrigerantes Minas Gerais In 2011, the company merged Grupo Tampico and Corporación Los Angeles  Later that same year, Coca-Cola FEMSA acquired Grupo Industrias Lacteas in a joint venture with The Coca-Cola Company Coca-Cola FEMSA merged beverage operations with Grupo Fomento Queretano in 2012  In 2013, the company merged more bottling operations with Grupo Yoli as well as acquiring Brazilian companies Companhia Fluminense de Refrigerantes and Industria Brasileira de Bebidas In 2015, Coca-Cola FEMSA opened two $500 million bottling plants in Itabirito, Brazil, and Tocancipa, Colombia  The company completed its $1 billion acquisition of VONPAR in Brazil in 2016  Coca-Cola and Coca-Cola FEMSA also bought the AdeS brand from Unilever in a joint venture that same year In 2018, Coca-Cola FEMSA acquired Guatemalan bottlers ABASA and Los Volcanes as well as MONRESA in Uruguay 

See also
List of companies traded on the Bolsa Mexicana de Valores
List of companies of Mexico
Economy of Mexico
Passage 2:
Cornelio Velásquez
Cornelio H  Velásquez (born September 28, 1968, in Panama City, Panama) is a jockey in American Thoroughbred horse racing  He was introduced to horse racing at age fifteen by trainer Carlos Salazar Guardia in his native Panama and enrolled in the national jockey school  In his first year of racing he was his country's top apprentice jockey and was the leading rider again in 1994 and 1995 
In 1996 Cornelio Velasquez emigrated to the United States to race at Elmont, New York's Belmont Park  During the ensuing ten years he competed at meets at tracks in Kentucky and Florida, winning several riding titles  His big break came in 2003 when he won his first Breeders' Cup on Cajun Beat in the Breeders' Cup Sprint  A two-time winner of Breeders' Cup races, in 2005 Velasquez rode Closing Argument to a second-place finish in the Kentucky Derby and in 2007 is scheduled to compete on the well-regarded colt, Nobiz Like Shobiz 
Passage 3:
The Coca-Cola Company
The Coca-Cola Company is an American multinational corporation founded in 1892, best known as the producer of Coca-Cola  The drink industry company also manufactures, sells, and markets other non-alcoholic beverage concentrates and syrups, and alcoholic beverages  The company's stock is listed on the NYSE and is part of the DJIA and the S&P 500 and S&P 100 indexes 
The soft drink was developed in 1886 by pharmacist John Stith Pemberton  At the time it was introduced, the product contained cocaine from coca leaves and caffeine from kola nuts which together acted as a stimulant  The coca and the kola are the source of the product name, and led to Coca-Cola's promotion as a "healthy tonic"  Pemberton had been severely wounded in the American Civil War, and had become addicted to the pain medication morphine  He developed the beverage as a patent medicine in an effort to control his addiction 
In 1889, the formula and brand were sold for $2,300 (roughly $71,000 in 2022) to Asa Griggs Candler, who incorporated the Coca-Cola Company in Atlanta in 1892  The company has operated a franchised distribution system since 1889  The company largely produces syrup concentrate, which is then sold to various bottlers throughout the world who hold exclusive territories  The company owns its anchor bottler in North America, Coca-Cola Refreshments 

History
In July 1886, pharmacist John Stith Pemberton from Columbus, Georgia invented the original Coca-Cola drink, which was advertised as helpful in the relief of headache, to be placed on sale primarily in drugstores as a medicinal beverage  Pemberton had made many mixing experiments and reached his goal during the month of May, but the new product was as yet unnamed and uncarbonated  Pemberton's bookkeeper, Frank Mason Robinson, is credited with naming the product and creating its logo  Robinson chose the name Coca-Cola because of its two main ingredients (coca leaves and kola nuts) and because it is an alliteration  John Pemberton had taken a break and left Robinson to make, promote, and sell Coca-Cola on his own  Robinson promoted the drink with the limited budget that he had, and succeeded American businessman Asa Griggs Candler purchased the Coca-Cola formula and brand, forming the Coca-Cola Company in Atlanta in 1892  By 1895, Coca-Cola was being sold nationwide  In 1919, the company was sold to Ernest Woodruff's Trust Company of Georgia Coca-Cola's first ad read "Coca Cola  Delicious! Refreshing! Exhilarating! Invigorating!" Candler was one of the first businessmen to use merchandising in his advertising strategy  As of 1948, Coca-Cola had claimed about 60% of its market share  By 1984, the Coca-Cola Company's market share decreased to 21 8% due to new competitors 

Acquisitions
Coca-Cola acquired Minute Maid in 1960 for an undisclosed amount  In 1982, it acquired the movie studio Columbia Pictures for $692 million  Coca-Cola then launched a series of entertainment takeovers, namely Merv Griffin Enterprises and Embassy Communications in the mid-1980s, forming the Entertainment Business Sector, which would later merge with Tri-Star Pictures to start out Columbia Pictures Entertainment, with CPE holding a stake in the company  Coca-Cola sold Columbia to Sony for $3 billion in 1989  In 1986, Coke sold off two assets, namely Presto Products and Winker-Flexible Products to an investment group led by E O  Gaylord for $38 million The company acquired the Indian cola brand Thums Up in 1993, and Barq's in 1995  In 1999, Coca-Cola purchased 50% of the shares of Inca Kola for $200 million, subsequently taking control of overseas marketing and production for the brand  In 2001, it acquired the Odwalla brand of fruit juices, smoothies, and bars for $181 million  It announced Odwalla's discontinuation in 2020  In 2007, it acquired Fuze Beverage from founder Lance Collins and Castanea Partners for an estimated $250 million The company's 2009 bid to buy Chinese juice maker Huiyuan Juice Group ended when China rejected its $2 4 billion bid, on the grounds the resulting company would be a virtual monopoly  Nationalism was also thought to be a reason for aborting the deal In 2011, it acquired the remaining stake in Honest Tea, having bought a 40% stake in 2008 for $43 million  In 2013, it finalized its purchase of ZICO, a coconut water company  In August 2014, it acquired a 16 7% (currently 19 36% due to stock buy backs) stake in Monster Beverage for $2 15 billion with an option to increase it to 25%, as part of a long-term strategic partnership that includes marketing and distribution alliance, and product line swap  In 2015, the company took a minority stake ownership in the cold pressed juice manufacturer, Suja Life LLC  In December 2016, it bought many of the former SABMiller's Coca-Cola operations  The Coca-Cola Company owns a 68 3% stake in Coca-Cola Bottlers Africa   Coca-Cola Bottlers Africa's headquarters located in Port Elizabeth South Africa 
The Coca-Cola Company acquired a 40% stake in Chi Ltd on January 30, 2016  The Coca-Cola Company acquired the remaining 60% stake in Chi Ltd on January 30, 2019 
In 2017, the Coca-Cola Company acquired Mexican sparkling water brand Topo Chico On August 31, 2018, it agreed to acquire Costa Coffee from Whitbread for £3 9bn  The acquisition closed on January 3, 2019  During August 2018, The Coca-Cola Company acquired Moxie for an undisclosed amount  On August 14, 2018, the Coca-Cola Company announced a minority interest in Body Armor  On September 19, 2018, the Coca-Cola Company acquired Organic & Raw Trading Co  Pty Ltd the manufacturer of MOJO Kombucha in Willunga, Australia 

Revenue and sales
According to the Coca-Cola Company's 2005 annual report, it had sold beverage products in more than 200 countries that year  The 2005 report further states that of the approximately 50 billion beverage servings of all types consumed worldwide, daily, beverages bearing the trademarks owned by or licensed to Coca-Cola account for more than 1 3 billion  Of these, beverages bearing the trademark "Coca-Cola" or "Coke" accounted for approximately 55% of the company's total gallon sales In 2010, it was announced that Coca-Cola had become the first brand to top £1 billion in annual UK grocery sales  In 2017, Coca-Cola sales were down 11% from the year before due to consumer tastes shifting away from sugary drinks 

Stock
Since 1919, Coca-Cola has been a publicly traded company  Its stock is listed on the New York Stock Exchange under the ticker symbol "KO"  One share of stock purchased in 1919 for $40, with all dividends reinvested, would have been worth $9 8 million in 2012, a 10 7% annual increase adjusted for inflation  A predecessor bank of SunTrust received $100,000 for underwriting Coca-Cola's 1919 public offering; the bank sold that stock for over $2 billion in 2012  In 1987, Coca-Cola once again became one of the 30 stocks which makes up the Dow Jones Industrial Average, which is commonly referenced as a proxy for stock market performance; it had previously been a Dow stock from 1932 to 1935  Coca-Cola has paid a dividend since 1920 and, as of 2019, had increased it each year for 57 years straight 

Staff and management
The following are key management as of March 2023 (excluding VP positions and regional leaders):

The following are all directors as of March 2023:

Bottlers
In general, the Coca-Cola Company and its subsidiaries only produce syrup concentrate, as well as sourcing beverage base including coffee beans, tea leaf, juices, etc , which is then sold to various bottlers throughout the world who hold a local Coca-Cola franchise  Coca-Cola bottlers, who hold territorially exclusive contracts with the company, produce the finished product in packages from the concentrate and beverage base, in combination with filtered water and sweeteners  The bottlers then sell, distribute, and merchandise the Coca-Cola product to retail stores, vending machines, restaurants, and food service distributors  Outside the United States, these bottlers also control the fountain business Since the 1980s, the company has actively encouraged the consolidation of bottlers, with the company often owning a share of these "anchor bottlers "In January 2006, the company formed the Bottling Investments Group (BIG), by bringing company-owned bottling operations together to strategically invest in select bottling operations, temporarily taking them under Coca-Cola ownership, and utilizing the leadership and resources of the company  Also, the company has accelerated refranchising both company-owned bottlers and independent bottling partners to consolidate their operations and move away from the capital-intensive and low-margin business of bottling, with maintaining minor share ownership of these consolidated bottlers and secure the right to nominate directors and/or executives through shareholders agreement and/or capital and business alliance agreement As a result of the refranchising and bottler consolidations, multi-national/large-scale bottlers and three U S -based bottlers now dominate the manufacturing and distribution of the company's products except the territories managed by BIG bottlers 
Multi-national/large-scale bottlers

Coca-Cola Europacific Partners PLC: Headquartered in the UK, operates 29 countries in Western Europe, Oceania, Indonesia, and Papua New Guinea  The company owns 19 36% 
Coca-Cola FEMSA: Headquartered in Mexico, operating in Argentina, Brazil, Costa Rica, Guatemala, Nicaragua, Panama, Colombia, Mexico, Uruguay, and Venezuela  The company owns 27 8% 
Arca Continental: Headquartered in Mexico, operating in Mexico, Ecuador, Peru, Argentina, and the southwestern U S  (Texas and parts of New Mexico, Oklahoma, and Arkansas)  (Independent)
Embotelladora Andina (Coca-Cola Andina): Headquartered in Chile, operating in Argentine, Chile, Brazil, and Paraguay  The company owns 14 7% of series A common stock outstanding & 14 7% of series B common stock outstanding 
Coca-Cola HBC AG: Headquartered in Switzerland, operating 28 countries in Western, Central, and Eastern Europe, Russia, and Nigeria  The company owns 23 2% 
Coca-Cola Icecek: Headquartered in Turkey, operates in the Middle East and Central Asian Countries (Turkey, Pakistan, Kazakhstan, Iraq, Uzbekistan, Azerbaijan, Jordan, Turkmenistan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, and Syria)  The company owns 20 1% 
Swire Coca-Cola: Headquartered in Hong Kong, operates in 11 provinces and Shanghai municipality in China, Hong Kong, Macau, Taiwan, Vietnam, Cambodia, and 13 states in the U S 
COFCO Coca-Cola: Operates 19 provinces and municipalities in China, a joint venture between COFCO Corporation and The Coca-Cola Company with 35% ownership 
Coca-Cola Bottlers Japan Holdings: Headquartered and operates in Japan, covering ~90% of the volume sold in Japan  The company owns 18 88% Bottlers headquartered and operated in the U S 

Coca-Cola Bottling Co  Consolidated, based in Charlotte, North Carolina  the company owns 34 8% and is listed on NASDAQ 
Coca-Cola Beverages Northeast, based in Bedford, New Hampshire, and owned by Kirin Holdings 
Coca-Cola Bottling Company United,  based in Birmingham, Alabama (independent)
Coca-Cola Beverages Florida, based in Tampa, Florida, and is a certified Minority owned business Company-owned bottling operation is now managed under BIG, which covers operations in Bangladesh, Cambodia, India, Malaysia, Myanmar, Nepal, Oman, Philippines, Singapore, and Sri Lanka as well as eastern African operation by Coca-Cola Beverages Africa in Port Elizabeth, South Africa  In 2021, the company announced its intention to list Coca-Cola Beverages Africa as a publicly traded company   However, in June 2022 it announced that it was delaying this plan, pending an evaluation of macroeconomic conditions 

Consumer relations and civic involvement
After Martin Luther King Jr  won the 1964 Nobel Peace Prize, plans for an interracial celebratory dinner in still-segregated Atlanta were not initially well supported by the city's business elite until Coca-Cola intervened 
J  Paul Austin, the chairman and CEO of Coca-Cola, and Mayor Ivan Allen summoned key Atlanta business leaders to the Commerce Club's eighteenth-floor dining room, where Austin told them flatly, 'It is embarrassing for Coca-Cola to be located in a city that refuses to honor its Nobel Prize winner  We are an international business  The Coca-Cola Company does not need Atlanta  You all need to decide whether Atlanta needs the Coca-Cola Company ' Within two hours of the end of that meeting, every ticket to the dinner was sold 
Throughout 2012, Coca-Cola contributed $1,700,500 to a $46 million political campaign known as "The Coalition Against The Costly Food Labeling Proposition, sponsored by Farmers and Food Producers"  This organization was set up to oppose a citizen's initiative, known as Proposition 37, demanding mandatory labeling of foods containing genetically modified ingredients In 2012, Coca-Cola was listed as a partner of the (RED) campaign, together with other brands such as Nike, Girl, American Express, and Converse  The campaign's mission is to prevent the transmission of the HIV virus from mother to child by 2015 (the campaign's byline is "Fighting for an AIDS Free Generation") 

Criticism
Since the early 2000s, the criticisms over the use of Coca-Cola products as well as the company itself, escalated with concerns over health effects, environmental issues, animal testing, economic business practices and employee issues  The Coca-Cola Company has been faced with multiple lawsuits concerning these various criticisms 

Plastic production and waste
The Coca-Cola Company produces over 3 million tonnes of plastic packaging each year including 110 billion plastic bottles The company has been referenced as "the worst plastic polluter in the world" pumping out 200,000 plastic bottles a minute  Problems have also arose in places such as Samoa where Coca-Cola switched away from reusable glass bottles to one time use plastic bottles  Residents of Samoa have seen an increase in plastic pollution since this switch has been made  Alternatives to plastic such as aluminum have also been overlooked with Coca-Cola releasing a new plastic bottle slightly bigger than a can size 
The magazine Forbes has labeled Coca-Cola as the world's most polluting brand  The company's global chief executive stated that "Coca-Cola has no plans to reduce its use of plastic bottles" and opposes bottle bill legislation  as consumers prefer the plastic bottles that "reseal and are lightweight"  They also contribute to plastic waste producing up to 3 million tons of plastic packaging a year including over 110 billion plastic bottles In 2018, Coca-Cola pledged to use 50% recycled materials in its packaging and to recycle the equivalent of 100% of its packaging by 2030  That same year, the company started to sell reusable bottles in Brazil, which customers could return to the point of sale for a discount of subsequent purchases  The initiative was expanded to several other South American countries by 2022  In 2019, the company's Swedish branch marked the first to fully transition to recyclable bottles 

Energy usage of corn syrup manufacturing
Coca-Cola using high fructose corn syrup has a lower sustainability compared to producing sugary dinks with sugar cane  High fructose corn syrup is carbon intensive due to the substantial amounts of fossil fuels required to power heavy machinery  Turning corn into high fructose corn syrup is an energy intensive process requiring large amounts of carbon to be expended especially during corn growth  Burning fossil fuels releases CO2 and CH4 which is the main source of energy for producing high fructose corn syrup  The environmental impact of corn production can be attributed to three primary effects of field emissions, irrigation and grain decay 

Water usage
Coca-Cola has also been under fire for depleting water sources through their high water usages  Local villagers have testified that Coca-Cola's entry in Kaladera Rajasthan intensified lower water sources  Documents from the government's water ministry reveal water levels remained stable from 1995 until 2000, when the Coca-Cola was first operational  Water levels then dropped by almost ten meters during the next five years  Other communities in India that are located around Coca-Cola's bottling plants are experiencing water shortages as well as environmental damage taking heavy tolls on harvests as well as drying up wells 

Racial discrimination
In November 2000, Coca-Cola agreed to pay $192 5 million to settle a class action racial discrimination lawsuit and promised to change the way it manages, promotes, and treats minority employees in the US  In 2003, protesters at Coca-Cola's annual meeting claimed that black people remained underrepresented in top management at the company, were paid less than white employees, and fired more often  In 2004, Luke Visconti, a co-founder of DiversityInc, which rates companies on their diversity efforts, said: "Because of the settlement decree, Coca-Cola was forced to put in management practices that have put the company in the top 10 for diversity "In March 2012, 16 workers of color sued Coca-Cola, claiming they had to work in a “cesspool of racial discrimination ”In February 2021, recordings of an employee training course were leaked on social media  The course instructed employees to "be less white", which the course equated with being less "arrogant" and "oppressive "

Advertising
Coca-Cola advertising has "been among the most prolific in marketing history," with a notable and major impact on popular culture and society as a whole  The company in recent years has spent approximately an annual $4 billion globally to promote its drinks to the public; and spent approximately $4 24 billion on advertising in fiscal year 2019, the lion's share of which was spent to advertise Coca-Cola Coca-Cola advertises through direct marketing, web-based media, social media, text messaging, and sales promotions  The company also markets via mobile marketing in text messages, e g  viral marketing campaigns Fan engagement spans 86 million globally across social media channels: online interaction, and social, cultural, or sporting events In the retail setting, direct store beverage delivery trucks (mobile advertising) as well as point of sale coolers and vending machines have bright red logo blazoned branding  In terms of foodservice, Coca-Cola is a food pairing suggestion that is now ingrained as a food match, e g , for popcorn, hamburgers, french fries, and hot dog combos 

Products and brands
As of 2020, the Coca-Cola Company offers more than 500 brands in over 200 countries  In September 2020, the company announced that it would cut more than half of its brands, as a result of the economic effects caused by the COVID-19 pandemic 

Non-food assets
Columbia Pictures
Coca-Cola bought Columbia Pictures in 1982, owing to the low monetary value of the studio  The film company was the first and only studio ever be owned by Coca-Cola  During its ownership of the studio, Columbia released many popular films including Ghostbusters, Stripes, The Karate Kid, and some others  However, two years after the critical and commercial failure of the 1987 film Ishtar, Columbia was spun-off and then sold to Tokyo-based Sony in 1989 

World of Coca-Cola
Coca-Cola operates a soft drink themed tourist attraction in Atlanta, Georgia; the World of Coca-Cola is a multi-storied exhibition  It features flavor sampling and a history museum, with locations in Las Vegas, Nevada, and Lake Buena Vista, Florida 

Brands
Other soft drinks
The Coca-Cola Company also produces a number of other soft drinks including Fanta (introduced circa 1941) and Sprite  Fanta's origins date back to World War II during a trade embargo against Germany on cola syrup, making it impossible to sell Coca-Cola in Germany  Max Keith, the head of Coca-Cola's German office during the war, decided to create a new product for the German market, made only from products available in Germany at the time, which they named Fanta  The drink proved to be a hit, and when Coke took over again after the war, it adopted the Fanta brand as well  Fanta was originally an orange-flavored soft drink that can come in plastic bottles or cans  It has become available in many different flavors now such as grape, peach, grapefruit, apple, pineapple, and strawberry 
In 1961, Coca-Cola introduced Sprite, a lemon-lime soft drink, another of the company's bestsellers and its response to 7 Up 
Tab was Coca-Cola's first attempt to develop a diet soft drink, using saccharin as a sugar substitute  Introduced in 1963, the product was sold until fall 2020, although its sales had dwindled since the introduction of Diet Coke Coca-Cola South Africa also released Valpre Bottled "still" and "sparkling" water 
In 1969, the company released Simba, which was a take on Mountain Dew, and had packaging that was African desert-themed, replete with an African Lion as the symbol of the brand   The tagline was "Simba – It Conquers the African Thirst "
Also in 1969, the company released a line of products under the name of Santiba, which was targeted for mixing cocktails and party usage, products including Quinine water and Ginger Ale   Like the above-mentioned Simba, the Santiba line of products was short-lived in the marketplace 

BreakMate
No longer manufactured, the Coca-Cola BreakMate was a three-flavor dispenser introduced by Coca-Cola and Siemens in 1988  Intended for use in offices with five to fifty people, its refrigerated compartment held three individual one-litre plastic containers of soda syrup and a CO2 tank  Like a soda fountain, it mixed syrup in a 1:5 ratio with carbonated water  In North America, Coca-Cola discontinued spare BreakMate parts in 2007 and stopped distributing the syrup in 2010 

Healthy beverages
During the 1990s, the company responded to the growing consumer interest in healthy beverages by introducing several new non-carbonated beverage brands  These included Minute Maid Juices to Go, Powerade sports beverage, flavored tea Nestea (in a joint venture with Nestlé), Fruitopia fruit drink, and Dasani water, among others  In 2001, the Minute Maid division launched the Simply Orange brand of juices including orange juice  In 2016, Coca-Cola India introduced Vio to enter into the value-added dairy category  The product lays the foundation for Coca-Cola's new segment after carbonated beverages, water and juices In 2004, perhaps in response to the burgeoning popularity of low-carbohydrate diets such as the Atkins diet, Coca-Cola announced its intention to develop and sell a low-carbohydrate alternative to Coke Classic, dubbed C2 Cola  C2 contains a mix of high fructose corn syrup, aspartame, sucralose, and Acesulfame potassium  C2 is designed to more closely emulate the taste of Coca-Cola Classic  Even with less than half of the food energy and carbohydrates of standard soft drinks, C2 is not a replacement for zero-calorie soft drinks such as Diet Coke  C2 went on sale in the U S  on June 11, 2004, and in Canada in August 2004; it was replaced in 2013 by Coca-Cola Life 
Starting in 2009, the Coca-Cola Company invested in Innocent Drinks, first with a minor stake, increasing to 90% in the first quarter of 2013 It was in May 2014 when Finley, a sparkling fruit-flavored drink, was launched in France  It was launched in other countries later, including Belgium and Luxembourg in September 2014  Coca-Cola first started developing the drink in Belgium in 2001  As of 2014, the drink is targeted for adults, and is low in sugar with four flavors 

Best selling
Coca-Cola is the best-selling soft drink in most countries, and was recognized as the number one global brand in 2010  While the Middle East is one of the few regions in the world where Coca-Cola is not the number one soda drink, Coca-Cola nonetheless holds almost 25% market share (to Pepsi's 75%) and had double-digit growth in 2003  Similarly, in Scotland, where the locally produced Irn-Bru was once more popular, 2005 figures show that both Coca-Cola and Diet Coke now outsell Irn-Bru  In Peru, the native Inca Kola has been more popular than Coca-Cola, which prompted Coca-Cola to enter in negotiations with the soft drink's company and buy 50% of its stakes  In Japan, the best selling soft drink is not cola, as (canned) tea and coffee are more popular  As such, the Coca-Cola Company's best selling brand there is not Coca-Cola, but Georgia  In May 2016, the Coca-Cola Company temporarily halted production of its signature drink in Venezuela due to sugar shortages  Since then, the Coca-Cola Company has been using "minimum inventories of raw material" to make their signature drinks at two production plants in Venezuela 

Information
On July 6, 2006, a Coca-Cola employee and two other people were arrested and charged with trying to sell trade secret information to the soft drink maker's competitor PepsiCo for $1 5 million  The recipe for Coca-Cola, perhaps the company's most closely guarded secret, was never in jeopardy; instead, the information was related to a new beverage in development  Coca-Cola executives verified that the trade secret documents in question were genuine and proprietary to the company  At least one glass vial containing a sample of a new drink was offered for sale, court documents said  The conspiracy was revealed by PepsiCo, which notified authorities when it was approached by the conspirators 

Green tea
The company announced a new "negative calorie" green tea drink, Enviga, in 2006, along with trying coffee retail concepts Far Coast and Chaqwa



ground_truth: Levni Yilmaz

prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: Carlos Salazar Lomelín is the CEO of which Mexican multinational beverage retailer?

The following are given passages.
Context 2: 

Glaceau
On May 25, 2007, Coca-Cola announced it would purchase Glaceau, a maker of flavored vitamin-enhanced drinks (vitamin water), flavored waters, and Burn energy drinks, for $4 1 billion in cash 

Huiyuan Juice
On September 3, 2008, Coca-Cola announced its intention to make cash offers to purchase China Huiyuan Juice Group Limited (which had a 42% share of the Chinese pure fruit juice market) for US$2 4bn (HK$12 20 per share)  China's ministry of commerce blocked the deal on March 18, 2009, arguing that the deal would hurt small local juice companies, could have pushed up juice market prices, and limited consumers' choices 

Coke Mini can
In October 2009, Coca-Cola revealed its new 90-calorie mini can that holds 7 5 fluid ounces  The mini can is often sold in 8 packs  Despite costing nearly 30 percent more per ounce, the mini cans have been met with positive sales figures 

Holiday can
In November 2011, Coca-Cola revealed a seasonal design for its regular Coke cans as part of a partnership with the World Wildlife Fund  However, it was withdrawn only a month after release due to consumer complaints about a similar look to the silver cans commonly used for Diet Coke  There were also complaints about deviating from traditional red as the color of Coca-Cola cans previously 

Stake in Monster Beverage
It was announced on August 14, 2014, that the Coca-Cola Company was making a cash payment of $2 15 billion for a 16 7 percent stake in Monster Beverage Corp to expand its market for energy drinks, with Coke to transfer ownership in Full Throttle and Burn to Monster and Monster to transfer its ownership in Hansen's Natural Sodas, Peace Iced Tea,  and Blue Sky Soda to the Coca-Cola Company  Muhtar Kent, Coke's former chief executive officer, stated that the company has the option to increase its stake to 25 percent but could not exceed that percentage in the next four years 

Alcoholic beverages
In 2021, the Coca-Cola Co used its Mexican sparkling mineral water brand Topo Chico to launch a range of vegan friendly alcoholic hard seltzers in the United Kingdom and in the United States 

Front groups
As part of its corporate propaganda campaign to deflect public attention away from the harmful health effects of its sugary drinks, the Coca-Cola Company has funded front organizations  The company funded creation of the front organization the Global Energy Balance Network (GEBN) to address the growing evidence that the company's products are a leading cause of the epidemic of childhood obesity in the United States and the growing number of Americans, including children, with type 2 diabetes  GEBN designed its own studies to arrive at conclusions set in advance and cherry picked data to support its corporate public relations agenda  After an August 2015 investigative report exposed the GEBN as a Coca-Cola Company front organization, GEBN was shut down Three years after the shutdown of GEBN, the company, together with several other junk food giants, was revealed to be behind an initiative in China called "Happy 10 Minutes," funded through a group called the International Life Sciences Institute (ILSI)  The aim of the initiative was to address decades of research on diet-related diseases, such as Type 2 diabetes and hypertension, by promoting physical exercise to the population but avoiding discussion of the link between such diseases and junk foods, including sugary drinks  ILSI through the 1980s and 1990s had been promoting the tobacco industry's agenda in Europe and the United States 

Sponsorship
Coca-Cola's advertising expenses accounted for US$3 256 billion in 2011 

Sports
Coca-Cola sponsored the English Football League from the beginning of the 2004–05 season (beginning August 2004) to the start of 2010–11 season, when the Football League replaced it with NPower  Along with this, Coca-Cola sponsored the Coca-Cola Football Camp, that took place in Pretoria, South Africa during the 2010 FIFA World Cup Other major sponsorships include the AFL, NHRA, NASCAR, the PGA Tour, NCAA Championships, the Olympic Games, the NRL, the FIFA World Cups, Premier League and the UEFA European Championships  The company partnered with Panini to produce the first virtual sticker album for the 2006 FIFA World Cup, and they have collaborated for every World Cup since  Each fall, Coca-Cola is the sponsor of the TOUR Championship by Coca-Cola held at the East Lake Golf Club in Atlanta, Georgia  The Tour Championship is the season ending tournament of the PGA Tour  In the Philippines, it has a team in the Philippine Basketball Association, the Powerade Tigers In 2017, Major League Baseball signed a multi-year deal with Coca-Cola to be the official soft drink, replacing Pepsi  Nineteen MLB teams (Los Angeles Angels, Houston Astros, Toronto Blue Jays, Atlanta Braves, St  Louis Cardinals, Los Angeles Dodgers, San Francisco Giants, Seattle Mariners, New York Mets, Washington Nationals, San Diego Padres, Philadelphia Phillies, Pittsburgh Pirates, Texas Rangers, Tampa Bay Rays, Cincinnati Reds, Boston Red Sox, Colorado Rockies and Chicago White Sox ) have Coca-Cola products sold in their ballparks 
Since the season of 2019 is the title sponsor of the Uzbekistan Super League in football, and this league is officially called Coca-Cola Uzbekistan Super League 
Coca-Cola has also sponsored the Overwatch league since season two  They also sponsor all major Overwatch tournaments such as the world cup
  In February 2020, Coca-Cola became the title sponsor for the eNASCAR iRacing series  In October 2018, Coca-Cola started sponsoring the Formula 1 team McLaren with several 1 year deals being signed since then 

Television
The company sponsored the popular Fox singing-competition series American Idol from 2002 until 2014 Coca-Cola was a sponsor of the nightly talk show on PBS, Charlie Rose in the US Coca-Cola is also an executive producer of Coke Studio (Pakistan)  It was a franchising that started in Brazil, broadcast by MTV Brasil and there are various adaptations of Coke Studio such as Coke Studio (India), Coke Studio Bangla and Coke Studio (Africa) 

Theme parks
While not necessarily having naming rights to anything in all locations, the company does sponsor and provide beverages in many theme parks, usually in an exclusive capacity  This includes the Walt Disney Parks and Resorts, Merlin Entertainment, Universal Destinations & Experiences, Six Flags, Cedar Fair, and SeaWorld Entertainment which are six of the nine largest theme park operators worldwide (it is unknown whether OCT Parks China, the Chimelong Group, or Fantawild, the fourth, seventh, and eighth largest theme park operators respectively, use Coca-Cola) The company also directly sponsors, with naming rights, the Coca-Cola London Eye and formerly, the Coca-Cola Orlando Eye The company also operates "Coca-Cola" visitor centers in Israel, Belgium and Turkey 

See also
List of assets owned by the Coca-Cola Company
Stepan Company – produces coca leaf extract
Passage 4:
FEMSA
Fomento Económico Mexicano, S A B  de C V , doing business as FEMSA, is a Mexican multinational beverage and retail company headquartered in Monterrey, Mexico  It operates the largest independent Coca-Cola bottling group in the world and the largest convenience store chain in Mexico  It is also  shareholder of Heineken N V 
FEMSA reported revenues of US$26 9 billion for 2019, making it the fifth largest company of Mexico  It has operations in Latin America mainly through bottling plants, convenience stores, drugstores, fuel stations, and third-party logistic services, and in the United States, where it participates in the jan-san distribution industry  It is well known in Mexico for its convenience store chain Oxxo, it previously owned Cuauhtémoc Moctezuma Brewery (exchanged in 2010 for a 20% stake in Heineken N V ), and for being the owner of the C F  Monterrey, a Mexican First-Division football team 
FEMSA has been listed  on the Mexican Stock Exchange since 1978 and on the NYSE through ADRs since 1998  It is a constituent of the IPC, the main benchmark index of the Mexican Stock Exchange, and of the S&P Latin America 40, which includes leading, blue chip companies from Latin America 

History
Cuauhtémoc brewery was established in 1890 In 1985, Cuauhtémoc merged with Moctezuma to form Cervecería Cuauhtémoc Moctezuma  FEMSA was established from Grupo Visa in 1988 In 1993, Coca-Cola purchased a 30 percent stake in FEMSA, creating the Coca-Cola FEMSA division In January 2006, FEMSA Cerveza acquired Kaiser Cervejarias from Molson Coors Brewing Co On December 19, 2006, Coca-Cola FEMSA announced its attempt to buy out Mexican juice producer Jugos del Valle  It was acquired in 2007 
On December 20, 2007, Cascade Investments LLC, whose main partner is Bill Gates, announced it would invest $390 million in FEMSA  The Reuters news agency stated that after this investment, "Gates owns a 1 2 percent stake in Femsa's Series B shares, a 5 percent stake in Series D-B shares, and a 5 percent stake in Series D-L shares " This investment caused the Bill and Melinda Gates' foundation to become the institutional holder possessing the most shares of FEMSA On January 11, 2010, the Dutch brewing company Heineken International purchased FEMSA Cerveza (Cervecería Cuauhtémoc Moctezuma), the beer operations of FEMSA, in a stock swap that left FEMSA a 20% owner in the Heineken In 2011, Coca-Cola FEMSA acquired  regional Mexican Coke bottler Grupo Cimsa for 11 billion MXN (US$838 million) In July 2012, Coca-Cola FEMSA announced that it had purchased Lácteos Santa Clara, one of the largest dairy bottlers in Mexico In August 2015, FEMSA, through its subsidiary FEMSA Comercio entered the drugstore business in South America by acquiring a majority interest in Socofar, a leading South American drugstore operator based in Santiago, Chile In March 2017, FEMSA's Imbera division announced their shift to hydrocarbons in manufacturing their Coke beverage coolers  The company enacted the manufacturing shift in order to meet higher efficiency standards  In October 2017, FEMSA Logistica rebranded to Solistica In early 2019, FEMSA, through its subsidiary FEMSA Comercio, acquired Ecuadorean company Corporacion GPF  In September 2019, FEMSA signed a deal to acquire a minority stake in Jetro Restaurant Depot  In November 2019, FEMSA Logistics subsidiary Solistica completed their acquisition of Brazilian company AGV  Also in November 2019, FEMSA Comercio closed the acquisition of a 50 percent stake in Raizen Conveniencias In March 2020, FEMSA acquired a majority stake in WAXIE Sanitary Supply and North American Corporation, to form a new platform within the Jan-San, Packaging and Specialized distribution industry in the United States 

Divisions
FEMSA Comercio
Proximity division
FEMSA Comercio operates OXXO, the leading convenience store chain in Mexico and a growing portfolio of other small-format retail chains in Latin America OXXO, a subsidiary of FEMSA, was established in 1978  In 2010, OXXO, a subsidiary of FEMSA Comercio, partnered with Heineken Mexico  OXXO's ten-year agreement with Heineken Mexico was renegotiated in early 2019 In 2013 the FEMSA group acquired an 80% holding in the Mexican arm of restaurant chain Gorditas Doña Tota for US$120 million, their interest being limited to operations within Mexico  Operations within the United States remain in the hands of the original business owners  The company operates as a subsidiary of Femsa Comercio S A  de C V  As of 2017 the company claims more than 200 restaurants in 60 Mexican cities and towns  Gorditas Doña Tota started in 1952 when Carlota Murillo of Ciudad Victoria, Tamaulipas began selling gorditas on the street, from a cart on the sidewalk 

Health division
In November 2012, FEMSA announced it had purchased a 75 percent controlling stake in convenience store Farmacias Yza  In May 2013, FEMSA announced the acquisition of another convenience store, Farmacias FM Moderna In September 2015, FEMSA Comercio acquired a controlling stake in SOCOFAR  In December 2015, FEMSA, through FEMSA Comercio, acquired SOCOFAR, a Chilean drugstore company operating the Cruz Verde drugstore network in Chile and Colombia  SOCOFAR was founded in the 1980s and is the largest drugstore chain in Chile, a strong presence in Colombia In September 2018, FEMSA, through FEMSA Comercio, announced the acquisition of Ecuadorian drugstore chains Fybeca and SanaSana In May 2019, FEMSA Comercio completed its acquisition of Fybeca  FEMSA Comercio announced in December 2019 plans to acquire the remaining 40 percent minority stake of SOCOFAR  FEMSA acquired the remaining stake in SOCOFAR in January 2020 

Fuel division
OXXO Gas is an affiliate of OXXO, and as of 2020 operates approximately 550 stations in 17 Mexican states 

Coca-Cola FEMSA
FEMSA owns 47 9% of the world's largest bottler of Coca-Cola by volume, Coca-Cola FEMSA, S A  de C V  (NYSE: KOF), which operates in ten countries covering the metropolitan area of Mexico City, southeast Mexico, Central America, South America, and the Philippines 
Coca-Cola FEMSA is the anchor bottler of Coca-Cola and its related soft drink products in much of Latin America   The company is an important part of the Coca-Cola System   During 2019, the company produced and sold 11 1% of Coca-Cola's volume worldwide   This makes it the largest Coca-Cola bottler in the world The company is owned 47 9% by FEMSA, 28 1% by The Coca-Cola Company and the remaining interest trades on the New York Stock Exchange and the Mexico City Stock Exchange   The company is headquartered in Monterrey 
The company is the bottler of Coca-Cola in half of Mexico (including Mexico City, Oaxaca, Tabasco, Guanajuato, Querétaro, Veracruz, Puebla and Michoacan) the Buenos Aires region of Argentina, São Paulo and other areas of Brazil, greater Guatemala City, Guatemala, most of Colombia, and all of Costa Rica, Nicaragua, Panama, Venezuela and the Philippines (until 2018) 
The company also distributes beer and bottled water in some of its territories 
On 29 June 2011, was announced that FEMSA will merge to the bottling division of Grupo Tampico, agreeing to pay 9 3 billion  pesos (790 million  dollars) in stock for the Coke bottling operations of Grupo Tampico  In September 2011, Coca-Cola FEMSA acquired Grupo Cimsa, a Coke bottler in Morelos, Mexico, Guerrero and Michoacan 

FEMSA Negocios Estratégicos
FEMSA Negocios Estratégicos (formerly known as FEMSA Insumos Estratégicos) provides logistics, point-of-sale refrigeration solutions and plastics solutions to FEMSA's business units and third-party clients  It is subsequently divided into:

Solistica
Solistica is a third-party logistics provider for a number of industries, including pharmaceuticals, automotive, technology, and consumer goods  Solistica manages primary distribution for Coca-Cola FEMSA and Heineken and secondary distribution for FEMSA Comercio's Proximity Division 

Imbera
Imbera manufactures equipment for the soft drink, beer and food service industries, including coolers, food processing, storage and weighing equipment  Imbera has manufacturing plants in Mexico, Colombia, and Brazil 

Plásticos Técnicos Mexicanos (PTM)
PTM provides solutions and develops "plastic transformation projects" tailored to FEMSA Enterprises and third-party clients in terms of materials handling, automobiles, and food/beverages  Their capacity includes the different plastic manufacturing processes: blowing, injecting, heat forming, and extrusion 

See also
Beer in Mexico
Heineken International
Mexican Coke, pertaining to the importation of Mexican Coca-Cola products containing cane sugar into other North American markets, including those of FEMSA
List of companies traded on the Bolsa Mexicana de Valores
List of Mexican companies
Economy of Mexico
Passage 5:
Alle tiders kupp
Alle tiders kupp is a 1964 Norwegian comedy film directed by Øyvind Vennerød, starring Rolf Just Nilsen, Arne Bang-Hansen, Henki Kolstad and Inger Marie Andersen  Three men rob an outlet of the government owned alcoholic beverage retailer Vinmonopolet  They then run into problems getting rid of the 50,000 bottles of liquor they have stolen 

External links
Alle tiders kupp at IMDb
Alle tiders kupp at Filmweb no (Norwegian)
Passage 6:
Carlos Salazar Lomelín
Carlos Salazar Lomelín (born April 1951) is a Mexican businessman who serves as chief executive officer of Coca-Cola FEMSA since 1 January 2000 

Early life
Salazar graduated with a bachelor's degree in Economics (1973) and an MBA (1989) from the Monterrey Institute of Technology (ITESM)   He also undertook executive courses in Business Administration and Economic Development at Instituto di Studi per lo Sviluppo Economico in Naples, and at IPADE, in Mexico City 

Career
During his studies in Italy he interned at Cassa di Risparmio delle Provincie Lombarde Salazar joined Femsa in 1973 and rose through the ranks as director-general of Grafo Regia, commercial planning officer of Femsa and chief executive officer of Femsa Cerveza  On 1 January 2000 he was appointed chief executive officer of Coca-Cola Femsa Aside from his business activities, Salazar has lectured in Economics at the Monterrey Institute of Technology, where he also served as president of the corporate advisory board of EGADE Business School (2009-2010) In June 2011 it was rumored that he would succeed Rafael Rangel Sostmann as rector of that university 
Passage 7:
Carlos Salazar (actor)
Rustico Roldan (October 26, 1931 – April 7, 2022), professionally known as Carlos Salazar  was a Filipino actor and a matinee idol in the 1950s  A contemporary of the likes of Delia Razon, Rosa Rosal, Jaime Dela Rosa and Nestor de Villa, Roldan took up the screen name of Carlos Salazar and began his career with LVN Pictures, and made several hit movies  After making 15 films for the said studio, Salazar made one film under Champion Pictures entitled Objective: Patayin si Magsaysay, and one film under Larry Santiago Production for Student Canteen 
His first film under Sampaguita Pictures was Madaling Araw, an Amalia Fuentes and Juancho Gutierrez movie, followed by Alaalang Banal ("Sacred Memory"), which starred Gloria Romero 
Then he made another film with Lolita Rodriguez and Luis Gonzales under the title of Talipandas ("Traitor") 

Later career
Salazar remained active as a film actor up to mid-1990s 
He also produced and directed films for his brother-in-law, action star Eddie Fernandez   Salazar's last television appearance was on Be Careful with My Heart in 2014 

Personal life
Salazar was married to model Carmen "Menchu" Fernandez until her death in 2013   They had seven children   He died peacefully on April 7, 2022 at home in Quezon City 

Filmography
1952 – Tia Loleng
1952 – Digmaan ng Damdamin
1953 – Philippine Navy
1953 – Ganyan Lang ang Buhay
1953 – Dalagang Nayon
1954 – Abarinding
1954 – Mabangong Kandungan
1954 – Hiram Na Kasintahan
1955 – Tagapagmana
1955 – Pasikat
1955 – Ang Ibong Adarna
1955 – Karnabal
1955 – Salamangkero
1956 – May Araw Ka Rin
1956 – Abandonado
1957 – Objective: Patayin si Magsaysay
1957 – Student Canteen
1958 – Madaling Araw
1958 – Alaalang Banal
1958 – Talipandas
1988 – Ang Anino ni Asedillo
Passage 8:
Juan Carlos Salazar
Juan Carlos Salazar may refer to:

Juan Carlos Salazar (musician), Venezuelan singer and cuatro player
Juan Carlos Salazar Gómez, secretary-general of the International Civil Aviation Organization
Passage 9:
Carlos Salazar Herrera
Carlos Salazar Herrera (1906–1980) is a Costa Rican writer, journalist, engraver and sculptor  He was born in San José, Costa Rica, where he attended primary and secondary school  He wrote his first short story at the age of 9, named "The Three Captains of a Ship"  At the age of 14, he received his first award for an essay entitled "El café"  In 1928 he participated in a contest in which he presented his work about renewing Costa Rican art, and in the same year, he received the second place award for his story "La Piedra de Toxil" in a literary contest organized by Editorial de Costa Rica  
In 1930 he started working at the Repertorio Americano where he published around 20 short stories  In 1934 he began doing wood etchings on caboa and other kinds of wood  In 1935 he got another reward due to the sculpture he made(el motivo or the motive) 
Passage 10:
Vinmonopolet
Vinmonopolet (English: The Wine Monopoly), symbolized by Ⓥ and colloquially shortened to Polet, is a government-owned alcoholic beverage retailer and the only company allowed to sell beverages containing an alcohol content higher than 4 75% in Norway As the arm of the Norwegian government policy to limit the citizens' consumption of alcohol, primarily by means of high cost and limited access, the primary goal of Vinmonopolet is to responsibly perform the distribution of alcoholic goods while limiting the motive of private economic profit from the alcohol industry  Equally significant is the social responsibility of Vinmonopolet, to prevent the sale of alcohol to minors and visibly inebriated customers 
Outlets, located across the country from cities to smaller communities, typically close business earlier than other shops, typically weekdays at 6 pm and Saturdays at 4 pm  In 2020 Vinmonopolet sold 115 million litres (30 million US gallons) of beverages 

Foundation
The institution was founded in 1922 as a government-owned company as the result of trade negotiations with wine exporters, mainly in France  The ban on alcohol was lifted, and sale was allowed through outlets run by Vinmonopolet Since 1939 the state, initially through the Norwegian Ministry of Finance and later the Norwegian Ministry of Health and Care Services, has been the sole owner, buying out the private shareholders while remaining a stock company The company's import and production activities ceased in 1996 when the EFTA ruled that the monopoly was in violation of the EEA agreement, the company divided into the created company entity Arcus which continued all production, import and distribution activity of spirits, leaving Vinmonopolet as a sole retail monopoly In 1999 the format of the outlets was restructured, making nearly all stores self service from the previous format of sales over the counter, and internet sales began in 2002 

Special shops
Initially, two Vinmonopolet outlets were launched in 2005–06 as "special stores" category A, located in Oslo (Briskeby, relocated to Vika in March 2010) and Bergen (Valkendorfsgaten), and a branch of smaller category B stores in were added during 2012–13 in Oslo west, Sandnes, Hamar, Sandefjord and Trondheim  In February 2014 the Bergen Valkendorfsgaten store was adjusted to category B on a par with the other five limited special stores, leaving Oslo Vika the sole category A special store, and the sale of fine wine and beer in Sandnes was divided between two outlets, Sentrum and Kvadrat  In January 2015 the flagship specialty store moved its location from Vika to Aker Brygge The special stores arrange major launches of new products on six occasions annually, to supplement a special selection (of approximately 750 products at category A level) that is not available in the ordinary product list, of wines, fortified wines or beers, described to be "either innovative, of limited availability or of an exceptionally high quality"  Each launch carries a theme, and while there may be changes from year to year, regular fixtures are the launch of wines from Bordeaux in December, wines from Burgundy in February, wines from Germany in April, Champagne and Chablis in May, and beer and U S  wines in October  Smaller groups of products that fall outside the launch themes may appear at any other time during the year  As with all wine purchases in the normal outlets, Vinmonopolet guarantees the provenance of these uncommon wines, and the customer retains the regular right to return faulty wine for the money back within five years of purchase Though the available quantities of the special release wines can be very limited, some wines so sparse they entail minimal purchasing quotas in order to reach a wider public, prices may be as low as ⅓ or ¼ of world market value  As a result of considerable enthusiasm surrounding these product launches, the trends of customer behaviour has come under criticism for sinking to an uncivilised level 

Vinmonopolet is not established on Svalbard  Instead the government can license private alcohol shops, of which there is only one, "Nordpolet" in Longyearbyen  In addition mining companies can sell alcohol to employees  There are monthly sales quotas on Svalbard  The taxes and therefore prices are much lower on Svalbard than mainland Norway 

Wine auctions
In December 2008, Vinmonopolet announced plans to implement a system of arranging auctions of second-hand wine, similar to the model in use by Swedish Systembolaget  Under Norwegian law, it was illegal to sell alcohol by auction, until a resolution by Stortinget changed this law in April 2011, effective from 1 January 2012  While Vinmonopolet is to draw no profit from these activities, the process of selecting a collaborating auction house resulted in the tender eventually awarded to the auction house Blomqvist in Oslo, with the first wine auction of Norway held on 25 November 2013, and simultaneously an expanded Internet auction was arranged due to the unexpected scale of interest 

Consumer relations
In a 2008 survey by Norsk Kundebarometer, customers of the monopoly were 81 5% satisfied with the company, ranking it 4th in Norway, a figure that rose to 88% in 2009  There were critical voices such as Tom Marthinsen, then wine critic of Dagens Næringsliv, that questioned the institution's selection process of allowing a small self-recruited group, termed "the taste bureaucracy", make the wine buying decisions on behalf of the entire Norwegian people Surveys from the mid 90s, indicated a majority of the Norwegian population were in support of dissolving the monopoly arrangement, and allowing for the sale of wine by the private sector  Since the restructuring of 1996, the consumer satisfaction has increased  A 2013 TNS Gallup poll showed that 74% of the population wanted to keep the monopoly while 22% wanted to dissolve it Economists have praised Vinmonopolet for being a well-working monopoly that offers good customer service Robert Lie, then sommelier of Bagatelle, has stated, "I am among the supporters  In recent years Vinmonopolet has had great impact on the wine interest of the average Norwegian  To my knowledge there are no wine stores in the world with an equal selection  There are also fairly good prices for more expensive wines  For highly coveted wines one must pay much more in London " Torkjell Berulfsen, presenter of considerable TV programming with focus on alcoholic goods, has stated, "These days I praise Vimonopolet into the clouds  I bless it! I don't dare imagine some zitty, unmotivated 25-year-old 'red wine supervisor' at Rimi!"Arne Ronold MW has pointed to the formats of UK and Denmark as successful alternatives that offer good selections in supermarkets and specialty stores, while stating that the present situation offers a wide selection for consumers in certain areas but with considerably more limited options for some other areas, and while more costly wines may be less expensive in the Vinmonopolet format, this is a "positive side-effect of a market that doesn't work, being of little benefit to the average consumer"  He acknowledges "a near-revolution in that at present there are more than 10,000 products available, which is wonderful", adding, "I have been among the most ardent critics but have mildened somewhat  I am adequately satisfied with Vinmonopolet as it is now  But they still have some way to go concerning aged wine and the second hand market  In this, access is poor " Ronold's publication Vinforum which 1986 founding was motivated by the perceived poor performance of Vinmonopolet, whose Italian wine selection then totalled 14 labels including reds, whites and sparkling  By 2010 the category had risen past 2,000 labels, leading co-founder Ola Dybvik to declare, "we are living in paradise", continuing in context that the Norwegian population is comparative to a New York suburb, "in terms of selection, the store has moved into the definitive world elite" 

In a Dagens Næringsliv commentary, Tom Marthinsen also acknowledged the progress from the conditions of the 1990s, but was critical to the direction of applying new techniques from chain stores which led to standardization of the urban outlets, while contending that the rural stores have a "catastrophical selection", and these consumers from "the districts" would benefit from purchasing wine in their local food store  Marthinsen called upon the leadership to "set free the store buyers, reinstate the competitive element between the stores, in other words leave behind the chain store mentality and allow local creativity to flourish" The institution has not stayed clear of problems  In one instance in 2001, the published price list offered Château Latour at the incredibly priced NOK 555, where an estimate would normally be approximately NOK 2,600, causing the quickest three customers to order to buy up the entire inventory, with the intent to make a fast and considerable profit  The explanation was that the more modestly priced Château Latour à Pomerol had its name listing edited down for brevity In 2010 Vinmonopolet offered more than 12,000 products, next to 2009 figures from comparative retailers such as Systembolaget which offered ca  9,000 products, Alko of Finland with ca  3,000 products available, or British Waitrose with ca  1,500 products available  By the end of 2016, the range of products had reached near 17,000 items 

Corruption cases
In what is known as Dysthesaken (the Dysthe case) in 1930 exposed flaws in the goods acquisition procedures of Vinmonopolet, and as a consequence changes were made to the procedures  The leadership were sentenced for combining company and personal interests, and the influence and power of individuals in purchasing decisions were reduced after the process  Following this, a law of 19 July 1931 (Vinmonopolloven, the wine monoploy law) came into effect 
Ekjordsaken, (the Ekjord case) uncovered in 2005, brought new allegations of corruption against employees and leadership of Vinmonopolet  A probe led by Erling Grimstad exposed that the importer firm Ekjord A/S over the course of several years had sponsored outlet leaders by arranging luxury dining and accommodations as well as other gifts in order to influence purchases and placement of their products within the stores  Membership in this exclusive group was symbolized by the gift of a tastevin  Several Vinmonopolet leaders admitted to having received wines and other perks, which led to reprimands of 9 individuals, two of whom were dismissed The initiating factor came when  an employee who had been fired from Ekjord A/S, sued against wrongful dismissal  The scandal escalated as the media discovered the particulars of the lawsuit, with Lindin as the chief source of allegations that would result in wide consequences  During the trial the elaborate "grease culture" in the company Ekjord A/S was uncovered  Knut Grøholt withdrew from the position of CEO of Vinmonopolet later that year, and in August 2006 was replaced by Kai G  Henriksen 

Vinbladet
Having long planned to publish a magazine aimed at consumers as was already done by Systembolaget in Sweden, in 1988 Vinmonopolet launched Vinbladet ("The Wine Magazine" or "The Vine Leaf"), distributed to customers free of charge  The magazine's name had been used precisely 60 years previously for the internal publication which provided information to employees about the sold goods  The rationale was that as Vinmonopolet were in the business of selling culture, they wanted to do so with culture, making information available crucial A professional editor was engaged, and the publication printed on glossy paper contained images of a commercial nature depicting the diverse nations' wine regions and wine production, and articles on various subjects connected to food, wine and spirits  The Norwegian temperance movement reacted negatively and responded with press declarations accusing Vinmonopolet of attempting to popularise alcohol use, rather than limit it  The criticism from the temperance movement also maintained that the alcohol in wine did not distinguish itself from the alcohol in hard spirits, that "fine dining" customs functioned as a gateway to alcohol problems, and that the cultural projects of Vinmonopolet could well lead to family tragedies, destroyed lives, fear and death 

Notable past products
Rødvin
When the German occupation forces withdrew from Norway in 1945, there remained behind 400,000 litres of Bordeaux wine which became the foundation of the generic "Rødvin" ("Red wine"), the best selling wine in Norway over several decades, which is accredited as a cornerstone in "cultivating Norwegian drinking culture"  Nicknamed "Château Hasle" (from the location name of the Vinmonopolet headquarters) and  "Sekskroners" ("costing six kroner"), sales of the brand are estimated in excess of 120 million litres, it eventually ceased being the national top seller due to the arrival of inexpensive Chilean and Italian wines by 1998 The initial blends consisting of Bordeaux wines from the 1934 and 1937 vintages, along with simple German and Italian wine, were sold from 1 January 1946 for NOK total of 4 50, both Rødvin and Hvitvin (White wine), all sold out by 1947  As the successive imports of wine from Algeria, Tunisia and Chile marketed under other names failed to sell well, an initiative was made in 1949 to compose a new blended wine for the people, affordable and easily drinkable  Purchasing director Haakon Svensson was given a set budget and assigned to negotiate deals with wine producers, initially securing deals with winemakers from Le Midi, Valencia and Algeria, with an aim to produce a blended wine that could decrease the Norwegian people's vast consumption of liquor, at the time ten to one the ratio of the consumption of wine On sale from 1 February 1950 at the total price of NOK 6 (NOK 4 + 50% tax), the price remained fixed until 1968, causing it to be widely known as "the six kroner wine"  By 1970 it cost NOK 7, and by 1990 it had risen to NOK 43  Normally blended from 5 to 10 wines, from locations that later also included Cyprus and Turkey, Rødvin was in 1972 responsible for 40% of all wine sold in Norway, leading up to the peak of its popularity in the 1980s  In 1981 there was sold 3 8 million liter, while by 2000 Rødvin production had been transferred to Arcus and annual sales had decreased to 700,000 liters In August 2014 it was announced that bottles of Rødvin would be removed from the standard Vinmonopolet shelf selection by the following October, following a run of 54 vintages, after this to be available by order under the altered name "Folkets Originale Rødvin" (the people's original red wine) 

Golden Power
Golden Power was a Norwegian-produced sparkling fruit wine (not to be confused with an energy drink of the same name), made of 70% rhubarb, 20% apple and 10% grape juice, which was produced by Vingården (the Røed farm in Filtvet, in the Tofte area, in Hurum), associated with owner Frantz Michaelsen  The product was removed from Vinmonopolet selection in 2006 
Vingården was considered part of the local culture, and Golden Power deemed by some a rare, innovative Norwegian product  Traditions of winemaking were established in 1886, and Vingården came to have a production capacity of some 800,000 litres while the production process of Golden Power was claimed to last for four years  Near the end of its production, the company produced between 20,000 and 25,000 bottles annually 

See also
Alcohol monopoly
Context 3: Passage 1:
FIBT World Championships 1960
The FIBT World Championships 1960 took place in Cortina d'Ampezzo, Italy for the fifth time  The Italian city had hosted the event previously in 1937 (Two-man), 1939 (Four-man), 1950, and 1954  This was an extraordinary event because bobsleigh was not included in the program at the 1960 Winter Olympics in Squaw Valley, California 

Two man bobsleigh
The Italian duo of Monti and Alvera won their fourth straight championships in this event 

Four man bobsleigh
Medal table
Passage 2:
Steven Langton
Steven Daniel Langton (born April 15, 1983) is an American bobsledder  He won silver medals in both the two-man and four-man events at the 2014 Winter Olympics, and gold in both the two-man and four-man events at the 2012 FIBT World Championships 

Early life
Langton attended Northeastern University, in Boston, Massachusetts, graduating cum laude in 2006 with a degree in Business Management and Entrepreneurship  At Northeastern, he was a member of the track and field team and was a two-year team captain, with personal bests of 6 49 seconds in the indoor 55m dash, 10 58 seconds in the outdoor 100m dash, and 7 04m in the long jump  He was inspired to try bobsled after watching the 2006 Winter Olympics 

Olympic career
At the 2010 Olympic Games, Langton competed in both the two-man and four-man events with pilot, John Napier  Langton finished tenth in the two-man event  Due to injuries that were sustained during USA 2's crash in the second run of the four-man event, Langton and his team did compete on the second day 
At the 2014 Olympic Games, Langton competed in both the two-man and four-man events with pilot Steven Holcomb  He won a bronze medal (later upgraded to silver) in the two-man event at the Sochi Winter Olympic Games, marking the first time in 62 years an American sled had won an Olympic medal in the two-man event  Following this accomplishment, Langton teamed with Steven Holcomb, Curt Tomasevicz and Christopher Fogt to win a bronze medal (later also upgraded to silver) in the four-man event  With this medal, they became the first American team in 62 years to win an Olympic medal in both the two- and four-man events at the same Olympics 

World Championships and World Cups
Outside of the Olympic Games, Langton has also won four world championships medals: bronze in the four-man in 2011 and 2013, and gold in both events in 2012  The 2012 victory marked the first time an American sled won gold in the two-man event at a world championships, and the first time the American team won both events at a single world championships 
He has also won 21 World Cup medals during his career: 11 gold, 7 silver and 3 bronze  During the 2010–11 season Langton also won the Inaugural World Push Championships held in Cesana Pariol, Italy 

Family
Steven Langton's brother, Christopher Langton, was an All-Ivy lacrosse player at Cornell University  Chris served as Team USA's Alternate for the Sochi Winter Olympic Games  Another brother, Sean Langton, currently works as a dentist 
Passage 3:
Urs Aeberhand
Urs Aeberhand (sometimes known as Urs Aeberhard) is a Swiss bobsledder who competed from the late 1990s to the early 2000s  He won three bronze medals at the FIBT World Championships (Two-man: 2000, Four-man: 2000, FIBT World Championships 2001) 
Aeberhand also finished sixth in the four-man event at Salt Lake City in 2002 
Passage 4:
FIBT World Championships 1981
The FIBT World Championships 1981 took place in Cortina d'Ampezzo, Italy for the seventh time, having hosted the event previously in 1937 (Two-man), 1939 (Four-man), 1950, 1954, 1960, and 1966 
Following the death of West Germany's Toni Pensperger at the track in 1966, numerous safety improvements were done at the track which were satisfactory enough for the FIBT to allow the championships to be hosted  These improvements would not be enough as American bobsled driver James Morgan was killed during the third run of the four-man event A stuntman fatality on the track a week later, during the first day of filming of For Your Eyes Only, led track officials to shorten the track to its current configuration  Cortina did not host another championship until 1989 

Two man bobsleigh
Four man bobsleigh
February 8, 1981

Medal table
Passage 5:
Eugenio Monti track
The Eugenio Monti olympic track (Italian: Pista olimpica Eugenio Monti  ) is a bobsleigh and skeleton track located in Cortina d'Ampezzo, Italy  It is named after Eugenio Monti (1928–2003), who won six bobsleigh medals at the Winter Olympic Games between 1956 and 1968 and ten medals at the FIBT World Championships between 1957 and 1966  It was featured in the 1981 James Bond film For Your Eyes Only, held after the 1981 FIBT World Championships, before the track was shortened to its current configuration  In January 2008, after a last bobsleigh race tournament, the track was closed 

History
Bobsleigh at Cortina d'Ampezzo was introduced in 1905-6 using a snow-covered road on the Dolomite Road between Cortina and Pocol  An attempt was made in 1911 to build an artificial bobsleigh run near the centre of Cortina, but that failed due to funding issues  By 1923, a new track 1200 metres in length, was constructed in Ronco, a village near Cortina on the Dolomite Road laid with special water piping constructed into the earth and covered with turf to allow for track freezing The track made its international debut in 1928 at the International University Winter Games (forerunner of the Winter Universiade, under administration by the International University Sports Federation), giving the track first notice, increasing its growth  Rebuilding of the track occurred in 1936 to meet the standards of other tracks such as St  Moritz, Switzerland and Garmisch-Partenkirchen, Germany with the finish of the track moving down to the bank of the Boite River  This extended the track length to 1500 metres with 15 turns and a vertical drop of 152 metres  The track hosted its first FIBT World Championships in 1937 in the two-man event  Two years later, it hosted the four-man event of the FIBT World Championships though it would lead to the death of Swiss bobsledder Reto Capadrutt during competition  Another renovation occurred with the track after World War II in 1948, when all of the turns were rebuilt and the track lengthened to 1700 metres and 16 turns When the International Olympic Committee awarded the 1956 Winter Olympics to Cortina, the Italian National Olympic Committee (CONI) took over all operations and improvement of the track at considerable expense  Following the 1952 Winter Olympics in Oslo, track officials added large scoreboards, and electronic timing and scoring  The track used for the 1956 Winter Olympics was 1720 metres long with 16 turns and an elevation drop of 152 metres  When a bobsleigh track was not built for the 1960 Winter Olympics in Squaw Valley, California in the United States, the track in Cortina was used to host the world championships that year in place of being excluded from the Winter Olympic Games 

The track played a key role in improving bobsleigh safety when West Germany's Toni Pensperger was killed during the four-man event at the 1966 world championships  Because of Pensperger's death, the world championships did not take place at the track until safety improvements were made satisfactory to the Fédération Internationale de Bobsleigh et de Tobogganing (FIBT)  This was not until 1981, though the death of American bobsledder James Morgan during the four-man event on February 8 led to track officials shortening the course to its current configuration  The week following the 1981 championships, the track was filmed as part of the movie For Your Eyes Only; one of the stuntmen involved, Paolo Rigon, was killed during the first day of filming By 1989 the track was deemed safe enough by the FIBT to host another world championship  Following the death of Eugenio Monti in 2003, the Olympic Bobrun Cortina was renamed the Eugenio Monti pista (track in (in Italian)) early the following year  The track was awarded the 2011 world championships in June 2007 over Winterberg, Germany and was to have undergone homologation to involve skeleton (last competed in 1992) though that was not done during the 2007-08 Bobsleigh and Skeleton World Cup season  Following some issues with the city of Cortina, the track withdrew its bid to host the 2011 championships so the FIBT awarded the championships instead to Königssee, Germany  The track is now artificially refrigerated  The venue could be reopened when Cortina co-host the 2026 Winter Olympics with Milan 

Track statistics
The track used for the 1956 Winter Olympics had 16 curves that was 1,700 meters long with an elevation difference of 152 meters  Turns 3 and 5 were not named 

Following the 1981 FIBT World Championships, the track was shortened to 1350 meters in length with 13 curves, an elevation drop of 120 45 meters, a maximum grade of 15 9%, and an average grade of 9 3% 

Championships hosted
Winter Olympics: 1956, 2026
FIBT World Championships: 1937 (Two-man), 1939 (Four-man), 1950, 1954, 1960 (Extraordinary event since bobsleigh was not included for the 1960 Winter Olympics), 1966, 1981, 1989 (Bobsleigh only), 1999 (Bobsleigh only)
Bobsleigh European Championship: 1965, 1970, 1982, 2000, 2002, 2007
Bobsleigh Italian Championship: 1930, 1933, 1934, 1935, 1936, 1937, 1938, 1939, 1940, 1949, 1950, 1953, 1954, 1955, 1957, 1958, 1959, 1960, 1962, 1964, 1965, 1966, 1969, 1978, 1980, 1981, 1984, 1985, 1986, 1988, 1991, 1992, 1993, 1995, 2001, 2002, 2003, 2004, 2005, 2007, 2008

Gallery
See also
Italy national bobsleigh team
Passage 6:
Katie Uhlaender
Katie Uhlaender (born July 17, 1984) is an American skeleton racer who has competed since 2003  She has won six medals at the FIBT World Championships with two gold (women's skeleton: FIBT World Championships 2012, mixed bobsleigh-skeleton team event: 2012), one silver (women's skeleton: 2008), and three bronze (women's skeleton: 2007, mixed bobsleigh-skeleton team event: 2008, 2009) 

Career
Uhlaender won the women's Skeleton World Cup title twice (2006-7, 2007-8)  She also finished sixth in the women's skeleton event at the 2006 Winter Olympics in Turin  She earned a medical waiver to compete in the 2009-10 Skeleton World Cup season following surgery in the wake of an April 2009 snowmobile accident where Uhelander shattered her kneecap  She then broke it again in August 2009 (having a total of four surgeries)  She qualified for the 2010 Winter Olympics in Vancouver, where she finished 11th   She then had another surgery (microfracture labral repair by Dr Phillipon at Steadman Hawkins)  On January 18, 2014, Uhlaender was named to the 2014 Olympic team  She placed fourth at the 2014 Olympics, missing out on a medal by  04 seconds Uhlaender has also participated in weightlifting competitions  The 2012 U S  Olympic trials were just the third meet of her weightlifting career, but she did not make the team  Discovering that her hip had ossified (there was no soft tissue) and her ankle had a hole in it, she took the 2014-15 season off from skeleton and gave up on weightlifting to get healthy  She participated in track cycling, attempting to be a starter in the women's team sprint  She posted her best one-lap time of 20 7 at Senior Nationals 2015 
Uhlaender was named, along with Kendall Wesenberg, to represent the U S  in women's skeleton at the 2018 Winter Olympics in Pyeongchang In July 2018, Uhlaender testified before the U S  Helsinki Commission in Washington, DC, on the subject of doping in sports  She was on a panel alongside Travis Tygart, CEO of the U S  Anti-Doping Administration, Jim Walden, the attorney for Russian whistleblower Dr  Grigory Rodchenkov, and Yuliya Stepanova, a former Russian track star turned whistleblower  Uhlaender told the body that she felt she was twice unfairly denied an Olympic medal  The loss "erased the meaning of sport and the Olympics as I knew it "

Personal life
A native of Vail, Colorado, Uhlaender lives in nearby Breckenridge while training, but lives in McDonald, Kansas the rest of the year  She is the daughter of Major League Baseball outfielder (and former Cleveland Indians coach) Ted Uhlaender  In memory of her father, she wears his National League Championship ring from the 1972 Cincinnati Reds on a necklace 
Passage 7:
FIBT World Championships 1951
The FIBT World Championships 1951 took place in Alpe d'Huez, France  Germany returned to the FIBT World Championships for the first time since World War II, albeit as the separate countries of East Germany and West Germany 

Two man bobsleigh
Four man bobsleigh
Medal table
Passage 8:
Andreas Barucha
Andreas Barucha (born 2 April 1979 in Potsdam) is a German bobsledder who has competed since 1999  He won a gold in the mixed team event at the 2009 FIBT World Championships in Lake Placid, New York  His best finish at the FIBT World Championships was seventh in the four-man event at Calgary in 2005 
Barucha's best World Cup finish was second three times in the four-man event (2005, 2006, 2009) 
He finished fourth in the four-man event at the 2010 Winter Olympics in Vancouver 
Passage 9:
Cortina d'Ampezzo
Cortina d'Ampezzo (Italian pronunciation: [korˈtiːna damˈpɛttso]; Ladin: Anpezo, Ampëz; historical Austrian German: Hayden) is a town and comune in the heart of the southern (Dolomitic) Alps in the Province of Belluno, in the Veneto region of Northern Italy  Situated on the Boite river, in an alpine valley, it is a summer and winter sport resort known for its skiing trails, scenery, accommodation, shops and après-ski scene, and for its jet set and Italian aristocratic crowd 
In the Middle Ages, Ampezzo fell under the jurisdiction of the Patriarchate of Aquileia and of the Holy Roman Empire  In 1420 it was conquered by the Republic of Venice  From 1508, it then spent much of its history under Habsburg rule, briefly undergoing some territorial changes under Napoleon, before being returned to the Austrian Empire (later Austria-Hungary), which held it until 1918  From the nineteenth century, Ampezzo became a notable regional centre for crafts  The local handmade products were appreciated by early British and German holidaymakers as tourism emerged late nineteenth century  Among the specializations of the town were crafting wood for furniture, the production of tiled stoves, and iron, copper and glass items  
Today, the local economy thrives on tourism, particularly during the winter season, when the population of the town typically increases from about 7,000 to 40,000  The Basilica Minore dei Santi Filippo e Giacomo was built between 1769 and 1775 on the site of two former thirteenth and sixteenth-century churches; it is home to the parish and the deanery of Cortina d'Ampezzo  The town also contains the Rinaldo Zardini Palaeontology Museum, established in 1975, the Mario Rimoldi Modern Art Museum, and the Regole of Ampezzo Ethnographic Museum  
Although Cortina d'Ampezzo was unable to go ahead with the scheduled 1944 Winter Olympics because of World War II, it hosted the Winter Olympics in 1956 and subsequently a number of world winter-sports events  Cortina d'Ampezzo will host the Winter Olympics for a second time when it co-hosts the 2026 Winter Olympics with Milan  The town is home to SG Cortina, a top league professional ice hockey team, and Cortina d'Ampezzo is also the start and end point of the annual Dolomites Gold Cup Race  
Several films have been shot in the town, most notably The Pink Panther (1963), For Your Eyes Only (1981), and Cliffhanger (1993) 

History
Prehistory
The discovery in 1987 of a primitive tomb at Mondeval de Sora high up in the mountains to the south of Cortina testifies to the presence of Mesolithic man in the area as far back as the 6th millennium B C  In the 6th century B C , Etruscan writing was introduced in the province of Cadore, in whose possession it remained until the early 5th century  From the 3rd century B C , the Romans assimilated the Veneti people, giving the area the name of Amplitium (from amplus meaning wide), today's Ampezzo 

Middle Ages to 19th century
No historical information exists on the Cadore region from the fall of the Roman Empire until the Lombard period  It is assumed that during the Barbarian invasions, the inhabitants fled to the Fassa, Badia, Cordevole and Ampezzo valleys In the Middle Ages, Ampezzo fell under the jurisdiction of the Patriarchate of Aquileia and of the Holy Roman Empire  In 1420, the village was conquered by the Republic of Venice  In 1508 it was conquered by the Habsburgs, and by 1511 people of Ampezzo swore loyalty to the Emperor Maximilian, and that area was subsequently adjoined to the region of Pusterthal  In 1797, when the Treaty of Campo Formio was signed, Napoleon initially permitted the Habsburg Empire to retain it, but in 1810 he added Ampezzo to the Department of Piave, following an attack on the town in which it was burned by the French  It was short-lived; the Austrian Empire reclaimed it in 1813, and it remained in its possession even after the battles of Custoza and Sadowa in 1866 when Venice was ceded to Italy  The town gained a reputation as a health resort; it was reportedly free of diseases such as cholera In 1874 the Ampezzo forest became the property of the Carnic Woods Consortium  Although remaining an Austrian possession until 1920 (as a part of kronland Tyrol), aside from being home for an ethnic German-speaking minority, Ampezzo never became a German-speaking territory and conserved its original language Ladin, a Rhaeto-Romance language 

20th century
When Italy entered World War I in 1915, most of the male inhabitants were fighting for Austria-Hungary on the Russian front  669 male inhabitants (most of them under 16 or over 50) tried to fight the Italian troops  Outnumbered by the Italians, they had to retreat  After the Austrian recovery in 1917, the town was occupied again by the Tyrolean Standschützen  On 24 November 1917, the Habsburg Emperor Charles (Karl) traveled through Ampezzo and was received with enthusiasm by the population  A little girl handed the emperor a letter with the request to send her father home from the front because his wife and mother of nine children had died  After ten days, Bepe Manaigo was with his children  A total of 144 Ampezzans died as a result of the war  Ampezzo soldiers received 16 silver and 4 bronze medals for bravery  In the surrounding area of Cortina there were 38 military cemeteries, everywhere trenches, barbed wire, impact holes, splinters, ammunition and barracks; 2,450 hectares of forest were devastated 
The mountains surrounding Cortina were themselves the theatre of several battles during the Great War  

Following Italy's victory in World War I, Ampezzo was (together with the central and southern part of Tyrol) definitively ceded to Italy in 1920  Three years later, it was separated from Tyrol (along with Colle Santa Lucia and Livinallongo del Col di Lana) and incorporated into the province of Belluno, itself part of the Veneto region 
After the war the city was renamed "Cortina d'Ampezzo" (Curtain of the Ampezzo Valley), adopting the name of one of the six villages that made up the territory of Ampezzo, located in the middle of the Ampezzo valley Cortina d'Ampezzo was designated as a major redoubt and held a large ammunition storage depot (46°36'50"N / 12°09'27"E) in 1945 and had been assigned as a hold out by Italian and German troops to prevent the American and British from advancing into Austria   Town and depot was scheduled to be attacked on 26 April 1945 only last minute weather prevented this strike by the 15th AF / 49th BW
Already an elite destination for the first British tourists in the late 18th and early 20th centuries, after World War I Cortina d'Ampezzo became a resort for upper-class Italians, too  Cortina d'Ampezzo was chosen as the venue of the 1944 winter Olympics, which did not take place due to World War II  Thanks to finally hosting the winter Olympics in 1956,  Cortina grew into a world-famous resort, with a substantial increase in tourism  With a resident population of 6,150 people in 2008, Cortina has a temporary population of around 50,000 during peak periods such as the Christmas holidays and mid-August  The Ford Cortina, the UK's best-selling car of the 1970s, was named after Cortina d'Ampezzo 

21st-century politics
In 2002 the Ampezzaner rifle company Ŝizar Anpezo Hayden was brought back to life  Since Otto von Habsburg, the then head of the Habsburg family, visited Cortina in 2005, their patron has been Charles I of Austria  Especially because of the eventful history, the Habsburg brand is still very present in Cortina in the 21st century, as many pictures and photos of Franz Joseph I of Austria and of Charles I, who is particularly revered here, in inns, restaurants, bars and hotels testify  Since 2011 there has been a memorial for Maximilian I on the main square in memory of the year 1511 and the union of the Ampezzo valley basin with Tyrol The town voted in October 2007 to secede from the region of Veneto and join the neighbouring region, Trentino-Alto Adige/Südtirol  This was motivated by cultural ties with the Ladin-speaking community in South Tyrol and the attraction of lower taxes  The referendum is not executive, and a final decision on the matter can only be made by law from the Italian parliament with consent of both regional councils of Veneto and Trentino-Alto Adige/Südtirol In the European elections of 2014, the leading party was the Democratic Party with 30 4% of the vote, followed by Forza Italia (19 4%) and the autonomist Südtiroler Volkspartei with 14 1% 

Geography and climate
Cortina is situated more or less in the centre of the Ampezzo valley, at the top of the Valle del Boite in the Dolomites, which encircle the town  The Boite river flows directly through the town of Cortina itself  The mountains in the area are described as "craggy" and "soaring", "unmistakable; like a massive coral reef ripped from the sea, strung with conifers and laced with snow"  The town is positioned between Cadore (to the south) and the Puster Valley (to the north), Val d'Ansiei (to the east) and Agordo (to the west)  Originally it consisted of numerous frazioni, isolated villages and hamlets, but from the 1950s it grew rapidly as a result of tourism  Only the most remote villages have remained isolated from the main town  San Vito di Cadore is 9 kilometres (5 6 mi) to the south of Cortina d'Ampezzo Among the surrounding mountains are Tofane to the west, Pomagagnon to the north, Cristallo to the northeast, Faloria and Sorapiss to the east, and Becco di Mezzodì, Croda da Lago and Cinque Torri to the south  Monte Antelao (Nantelou in Ladin) is at 3264 m the highest mountain in the Ampezzo Dolomites and the second highest in the Dolomites  When the weather is good, Monte Antelao is clearly visible from the rive in Trieste on the Adriatic Sea  The town centre is located at an elevation of 1,224 metres (4,016 ft), the closest high peak is that of Tofana di Mezzo, which towers at 3,244 metres (10,643 ft)  There are numerous fast flowing rivers, streams and small lakes in the territory, such as the Ghedina, Pianozes and d'Ajal, which fill particularly during the summer snow-melt season  Fauna include marmots, roe deer, chamois and hares and, on occasion, wolves, bears and lynx  Much of the area of Cortina is part of the "Natural Park of the Ampezzo Dolomites" 

Frazioni
The comune contains the following frazioni (parishes/wards) with their Ladino names in parentheses: Acquabona (Agabòna), Alverà, Bigontina (Begontina), Cadelverzo (Cadelvèrzo), Cademai, Cadin (Ciadìn), Campo (Ciànpo), Chiamulera (Ciamulèra), Chiave (Ciàe), Cianderìes, Coiana (Cojana), Col, Cortina, Crìgnes, Doneà, Fiames (Fiàmes), Fraìna, Gilardon (Jilardòn), Gnòche o Gràa, Guargné, Lacedel (Lazedèl), Manaigo, Majon, Melères, Mortisa (Mortìja), Pecol (Pecòl), Pezié, Pian da Lago, Pocol (Pocòl), Rònco, Salieto, Socol, Staulin (Staulìn), Val, Verocai, Vera (Vèra), Zuel (Zuèl) 

Climate
Cortina d'Ampezzo has a humid continental climate (Dfb) with short summers and long winters that vacillate between frigid, snowy, unsettled, and temperate  In late December and early January, some of Italy's lowest recorded temperatures are to be found in the region, especially at the top of the Cimabanche Pass on the border between the provinces of Belluno and Bolzano  The other seasons are generally rainy, cool to warm, and windy  During the summer temperature up to 25 degrees are present 

Demographics
Cortina's population grew steadily from the time when it was annexed to the Italian State until the 1960s  Thereafter, it underwent a sharp decline (down by 2,099 inhabitants over a 30-year period), with signs of recovery only in the very last few years  Nevertheless, with 6,112 inhabitants, Cortina d'Ampezzo is the seventh most populous place in the province following Belluno (36,509), Feltre (20,688), Sedico (9,734), Ponte nelle Alpi (8,521), Santa Giustina (6,795) and Mel (6,272)  In 2008, there were 44 births (7 1 ‰) and 67 deaths (10 9%), resulting in an overall reduction of 23 inhabitants (−3 8 ‰)  The town's 2,808 families consisted on average of 2 2 persons The presence of foreign residents in Cortina d'Ampezzo is a fairly recent phenomenon, accounting for only a small number of inhabitants in what in any case is a fairly small town  There are 298 resident foreigners in the town, representing 4 9% of the total population  This compares with 7 0% in the town Belluno, 6 4% in the entire province of Belluno, and 10 2% in the Veneto region 

Language and dialects
In addition to Italian, the majority of the population speak fluent Ampezzano, a local variant of Ladin, now recognized as a language rather than a dialect  Ladin is a Rhaeto-Romance language and closely resembles Romansh, which is spoken in Switzerland  The preservation of the local language, as a living medium used by younger generations, is seen as a symbol of pride and attachment to local heritage  Ladin and Tyrolean culture continues to survive despite the increasing pressure faced in recent years  Its importance is even beginning to be recognized by the local authorities who in December 2007 decided to use Ladin on signs for the names of streets and villages in compliance with regulations for the protection of linguistic minorities in force since 1999 

Economy
Beginning in the 19th century, Ampezzo became a notable regional centre for crafts  The growing importance of this sector led the Austrian Ministry of Commerce to authorize the opening of a State Industrial School in 1874, which later became the Art Institute  It became a reputable institution in teaching wood and metalwork, admitting boys from the age of 13 for up to four years of study  The local handmade products were appreciated by early British and German vacationers as tourism emerged in the late 19th century  Some of the local items were said to have mythical qualities; the Austrian journalist and anthropologist Karl Felix Wolff, for example, stated in 1935 that according to legend a local man "once made a sword that was so flexible that you could bend it over, tie it up, and then allow it to straighten out again"  Among the specializations of the town were crafting wood for furniture; the production of tiled stoves; and iron, copper, and glass items 

Today the local economy thrives on tourism, particularly during the winter season, when the population of the town typically increases from about 7,000 to 40,000  Lonely Planet refers to Cortina d'Ampezzo as "one of Italy's most famous, fashionable and expensive ski resorts", which "boasts first-class facilities (skiing, skating, sledding, climbing) and superb hiking" Cortina is home to some of the most prestigious names in fashion (including Bulgari, Benetton, Gucci, and Geox) and various artisan shops, antiquarians, and craft stores  It is also home to many stores specializing in mountaineering equipment  The symbol of Cortina shopping remains La Cooperativa di Cortina, founded on 28 June 1893 as Consumverein Ampezzo  In this shopping centre many trades can be found, from confectioners to newspaper vendors, toys, gift shops, skiing stores, and blacksmiths  The building is divided into three levels (more a raised plan and a balcony)  The cooperative in Cortina was one of the first cooperatives founded in the Italian Peninsula and currently provides employment to approximately 200 people 
The five-star Miramonti Majestic Grand Hotel, of James Bond fame, is more than 100 years old  Previously an Austro-Hungarian hunting lodge, it contains 105 rooms  Other hotels of note include Hotel Cornelio on Via Cantore, Hotel Montana on Corso Italia, Hotel Menardi on Via Majom, Hotel Villa Gaiai on Via Guide Alpine, and the Grand Hotel Savoia on Via Roma  There are several mountain hostels in the vicinity, including Rifugio Faloria, Rifugio son Forca, Rifugio Capanna Tondi and Rifugio duca D'Aosta, which contains restaurants 

Landmarks
Near the bridge on the Bigontina River is the Town Hall, a palace in the Tyrolean style  Piazza Angelo Dibona houses several landmarks  The Ciasa de ra Regoles is one of the more important legal buildings in Ampezzo, where the "regolieri" — a council for the local villages that stood before the town merged — train the community and give administrative orders  It was at one time the see of Ampezzo's primary school  Currently it contains the offices of Comunanza delle Regole d'Ampezzo and the Modern Art Museum "Mario Rimoldi"  The main square of Cortina d'Ampezzo is named after the famous local mountain guide Angelo Dibona 

Museums
The Regole d'Ampezzo administer the Musei delle Regole d'Ampezzo, which covers three museums: 
Rinaldo Zardini Palaeontology Museum, Regole of Ampezzo Ethnographic Museum, and Mario Rimoldi Modern Art Museum The Rinaldo Zardini Palaeontology Museum, established in 1975, is a paleontological museum with a collection of hundreds of fossils of all colors, shapes, and sizes, which were found, gathered, and cataloged by local photographer Rinaldo Zardini  All of the pieces were found in the Dolomites and tell of a time when these high mountain peaks were still on the bottom of a large tropical sea, populated by marine invertebrates, fish, corals, and sponges The Regole of Ampezzo Ethnographic Museum is an ethnographic museum situated in an old restored Venetian sawmill at the confluence of the Boite and Felizon rivers to the north of the town  There are objects related to everyday life, rural, and pastoral practices in the vicinity; agricultural tools; techniques; materials processing; and clothing typical of the valley  
The Mario Rimoldi Modern Art Museum is an art gallery, established in 1941, which preserves over 800 works by major Italian artists of the 20th century including Filippo De Pisis, Felice Carena, Pio Semeghini, Renato Guttuso, Tullio Garbari, Massimo Campigli, and many others  It also hosts temporary exhibitions on various topics 
The Great War Tour stretches over 80 km (50 mi) across the mountains between Lagazuoi and Sass de Stria  It includes the Great War Open Air Museum with its trenches and tunnels  In winter it is accessible to skiers, but it is easier to visit on foot or by mountain bike in the summer months 

Churches
The Basilica Minore dei Santi Filippo e Giacomo was built between 1769 and 1775 on the site of two former 13th and 16th-century churches; it is home to the parish and the deanery of Cortina d'Ampezzo  Its high wooden altar, crowned by a figure of Christ the Redeemer, was carved by Andrea Brustolon  On the ceiling are three frescoes by Luigi Ghedina: "Christ Purifying the Temple", "The Martyrdom of St  Philip", and "The Beheading of St  James" The Chiesa della Madonna della Difesa was built in 1750 on the site of a ruined 14th-century building  Its façade features an intricate fresco depicting the Madonna della Difesa, and the interior is decorated with a wealth of statues, paintings, polychrome marble, and gold leaf 

The Cappella della Beata Vergine di Lourdes (Chapel of Our Lady of Lourdes) was completed in 1907  Decorated by artist Corrado Pitscheider of the Val Gardena, it is a small church of particular interest given the reconstruction sculpture The Cappella di Sant'Antonio da Padova in the village of Chiave was completed in 1791, but the interior was renovated in 1809 after serious fire damage caused by the Napoleonic troops  The furnishings include two wooden busts (Christ and St  Catherine) and a richly designed altar Sacrario militare di Pocol (also known as Ossario di Pocol) is a cemetery and shrine located at an altitude of 1,535 metres (5,036 ft) towards Passo Falzarego, in the locality of Pocol  The small church and cemetery were built in 1916 as a military cemetery by the 5th Alpine group  A shrine was built in 1935 as a memorial to the thousands who lost their lives during World War I on the Dolomite front  It is a massive square tower of stone, clearly visible from the entire Ampezzo valley below  In a crypt in the centre of the structure rests the body of general Antonio Cantore, who was awarded the gold medal for military valor 

Castles and forts
The Castello de Zanna is a small fortress, situated in the vila of Minel  It consists of low, white outer walls and two white corner towers, with a small chapel dedicated to the Holy Trinity  The construction of the castle began in 1694, but on 19 August 1696 work was interrupted; the building remained unfinished in 1809 when it was burned by French revolutionary troops who had invaded Ampezzo  Since then the castle has undergone restoration 
Forte Tre Sassi (or Forte Tra i Sassi) is a fortress constructed in 1897 during the Austro-Hungarian period on the Passo Valparola  It lies between Sass de Stria and Piccolo Lagazuoi, dominating the passage between the Passo Falzarego and Val Badia in South Tyrol (Alto Adige)  It was part of the large complex of Austrian fortifications built on the Italian border in the late 19th and early 20th centuries 
Rendered unusable due to a bombing by the Italians on 5 July 1915, the ruins remained in a state of disrepair until the advent of the 21st century, when it was restored by the local administration of Ampezzo with the assistance of the Lacedelli family  The fort houses a museum containing relics related to the First World War Castello di Botestagno (also known as Podestagno) was a medieval fort perched on a rock in the valley of the river Boite, a little farther north of Cortina d'Ampezzo  It is believed that it was first erected as a stakeout during conflict with the Lombards between the 7th and 8th centuries, with the aim of dominating the three valleys that converge beneath it: the Boite, the Val di Fanes, and the Val Felizon  The cornerstone, however, probably dates to the 11th century  It was held by the Germans until 1077, and then by the patriarchs of Aquileia (12th century) and Camino (13th century), until Botestagno became the seat of a captaincy  It then passed into Venetian hands and finally to the Habsburgs  During the 18th century the castle gradually lost importance until it was auctioned in 1782 by order of Emperor Joseph II  Today the fort has now almost completely disappeared; only the remnants of what must have been the wine cellars and the foundations remain, now weathered and largely covered up by vegetation 

Culture
Cortina has a long tradition in hosting writers, intellectuals, poets and editors from all over the world  Ernest Hemingway, Saul Bellow, Dino Buzzati, as well as Vittorio Gassman, Leonardo Sciascia, Leonardo Mondadori and many others, spent their vacations in the town and took part in the cultural life of the city  Through the years, this led to a continuous activity of literature festivals and book presentations, like Una Montagna di Libri ("A Mountain of Books"), held twice a year since 2009  The festival attracted to Cortina writers as Azar Nafisi, Peter Cameron, Emmanuel Carrère 
Music is important to the locals of Cortina, with a guitar found in most houses, and young musicians are often found walking the streets  Every year, from the end of July to early August, Cortina hosts the Dino Ciani Festival and Academy  It is held in honour of the celebrated Italian pianist Dino Ciani (1941–1974) who died when he was only 32  The festival attracts young pianists from around the world who are able to benefit from classes with some of the world's leading performers  The Festival of the Bands is another annual musical event featuring brass bands from Italy and beyond during the last week of August  Cortina's own band, parading in traditional costumes, is a central attraction dating back to 1861  Cortina d'Ampezzo hosted the 1953 Miss Italia contest, won by Marcella Mariani  Traditionally, on the eves of the festivals of Ascension, Pentecost, Trinity and St Philip and St James, the youth of the town would climb the hills at sunset and light fires After Ernest Hemingway's wife Hadley lost a suitcase filled with Hemingway's manuscripts at the Gare de Lyon in Paris, he took a time off  He began writing that same year in Cortina d'Ampezzo, writing Out of Season The dominant religion in the comune of Cortina d'Ampezzo is Roman Catholicism 
Among the religious minorities, mainly a result of recent immigration, there is a small community of Eastern Orthodox Christians and Muslims  There is also a congregation of Jehovah's Witnesses, which has its headquarters in Pian da Lago The surroundings of Cortina have been the location for a number of movies, including mountain climbing scenes for Cliffhanger, Krull and  The Pink Panther  The resort was the primary area for location shooting in Sergio Corbucci's Revisionist Spaghetti Western The Great Silence; the resort was used to represent Utah in the winter of 1898  It was a glamorous location for Elizabeth Taylor in Ash Wednesday (1973), and was also a major location for the 1981 James Bond film For Your Eyes Only  Roger Moore's James Bond meets the character Luigi Ferrara (John Moreno) at the peak of Tofana and stays at the Hotel Miramonti  A number of action sequences were shot in the town involving Bond and Erich Kriegler (John Wyman), as Kriegler competes in the biathlon  The battle culminates in one of the famous ski chase sequences in film, where Bond has to escape Kriegler and a crew of assassins on a spike-wheeled motorcycles, his route taking them all onto the bobsleigh run  The actual town centre was also the scene of the first attack on Bond and his partner Melina Havelock (Carole Bouquet) by two motorcyclists who attempted to run them over, only for Bond to eliminate them both, putting one of them through the window of a local florist 

Sports
Cortina d'Ampezzo hosted the 1956 Winter Olympics, originally scheduled for 1944, but cancelled because of World War II  The 1927 Nordic, 1941 Nordic, and 1941 Alpine World Championships were held in Cortina as well, although both 1941 championships were withdrawn by the International Ski Federation (FIS) in 1946  The region lost Winter Olympics bids in 1988 (Calgary, Alberta) and 1992 (Albertville, France) 
 Cortina hosted the 2021 Alpine World Championships, and, with Milan, will jointly host the 2026 Winter Olympics and the 2026 Winter Paralympics 
The town is home to SG Cortina, a professional ice hockey team in Serie A1, Italy's top division  Cortina is also the start and end point of the annual Dolomites Gold Cup Race, a historical re-evocation event for production cars on public roads  The town hosted the Red Bull Road Rage in 2009 

Cortina also offers skiing facilities for amateurs, centrally located among the 12 resorts of the Dolomiti Superski area  Cortina itself has 115 km (71 mi) of pistes with 34 lifts and guaranteed snow coverage of over 95% from December to April  There are six ski schools (two for cross-country) and some 300 instructors  The Faloria-Cristallo-Mietres ski area has views over the Ampezzo Valley and is suitable forall abilities, including children  The Tofane area offers more challenging opportunities from an elevation of 2,500 m (8,200 ft) with the Canalone and Schuss ski runs  The longest run, the Armentarola piste in the Lagazuoi-5 Torri area, starts next to the Lagazuoi refuge at 2,752 m (9,029 ft) and is reached by cable car  With the Forcella Staunies (currently not in operation) and the Forcella Rossa, the ski area has one of the steepest slopes in the Dolomites  There are numerous ski freeride and tour options in the mountains around Cortina Facilities also exist for cross-country skiing, including a long stretch of the old railway line  In and around Cortina, there are opportunities to participate in many other winter sports such as curling, ski mountaineering, snowboarding, sledding, and extreme skiing  In the summer months, sports include trekking, trail running, biking, rock climbing, tennis, golf, swimming, and ice skiing  Cortina is known for the many via ferratas in the surrounding mountains such as the VF Ivano Dibona that was used in the movie Cliffhanger  The annual Lavaredo Ultra Trail series of international trail running races is based at Cortina 

Transport
Cortina Airport was built for the 1956 Winter Olympics, but is currently closed  The town has its own bus service, connecting the centre to surrounding villages and cable car lifts  The nearest airports are those serving Venice: the distance to Treviso is 138 km (86 mi) while that to Venice Marco Polo Airport is 148 km (92 mi)  Both can be reached in about two and a quarter hours by road  The railway station for Cortina is Calalzo di Cadore, 37 km (23 mi) to the south east, with rail connections to Venice and a bus service to Cortina  The total journey time to Venice is about three and a half hours  There are also direct bus links from Venice Mestre and Padova railway stations, coordinated with the arrivals and departures of Eurostar trains Cortina was the principal intermediate station on the narrow-gauge (950mm) Dolomites Railway from Calalzo to Toblach  When the line was electrified in 1929  the only sub-station was established at Cortina  The line closed in 1964 but in February 2016 the regional governments of Veneto and Trentino-Alto Adige announced that they are to commission a feasibility study to build a new line between Calalzo, Cortina and Toblach 

Notable people
Cortina has attracted many distinguished guests, often inspiring them in their creative work  They include the Italian novelists Dino Buzzati (1906–1972), author of The Tartar Steppe, Goffredo Parise (1929–1986) and Fernanda Pivano (1917–2009)  Ernest Hemingway, author of A Farewell to Arms, also arrived in the area in 1918 as a young ambulance driver  Other notable visitors include John Ball (1818–1889), the Irish mountaineer and naturalist who climbed Monte Pelmo in 1857, the Italian mountaineers Emilio Comici (1901–1940), Angelo Dibona (1879–1956) and Lino Lacedelli (1925–2009), the Italian skier Kristian Ghedina (born 1969), the Italian bobsledder Eugenio Monti (1928–2003), the Austrian mountaineer Paul Grohmann (1838–1908) and the Austrian skier Toni Sailer (1935–2009)  Frequent visitors include the Italian businessman and former racing driver Paolo Barilla (born 1961) and the journalist and writer Indro Montanelli (1909–2001) Among the distinguished sportsmen from Cortina itself are the skiers Enrico Colli, his younger brother Vincenzo, and Giuseppe Ghedina who competed in the 1924 Winter Olympics, Severino Menardi who participated in the 1932 and 1936 Winter Olympics, and Stefania Constantini, gold-medalist curler in the 2022 Winter Olympics  Other local citizens include the climbers Angelo Dibona (1879–1956) and Lino Lacedelli (1925–2009), and the painter Luigi Gillarduzzi (1822–1856) 

International relations
Twin towns / sister cities
Cortina is twinned with:

 Cattolica, Italy (since 16 March 1971)
 Skardu, Pakistan

See also
Italian front (World War I)
White War
Passage 10:
FIBT World Championships 1966
The FIBT World Championships 1966 took place in Cortina d'Ampezzo, Italy for the sixth time, having hosted the event previously in 1937 (Two-man), 1939 (Four-man), 1950, 1954, and 1960  The Four-man event was cancelled following the death of West Germany's Toni Pensperger during competition  Pensperger would be awarded a posthumous gold medal from the FIBT along with his surviving teammates Ludwig Siebert, Helmut Werzer, and Roland Ebert  As of 2010, Pensperger's death would set the FIBT to increase and improve safety among all bobsleigh competitions at all levels, including the Winter Olympics and the World championships 

Two man bobsleigh
Four man bobsleigh
This event was cancelled when Toni Pensperger of West Germany was killed during competition  Pensperger was awarded a posthumous gold medal along with his grieving teammates (Siebert, Werzer, and Ebert) 

Medal table



ground_truth: Fomento Económico Mexicano

prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: The FIBT World Championships 1960 took place in a town located in which part of Italy ?

The following are given passages.
Context 4:  Out of the Unknown: Brisbane Bands 1976–1988  Brisbane: Time Off 
McFarlane, Ian (1999)  The Encyclopedia of Australian Rock and Pop  St  Leonards, NSW: Allen & Unwin  ISBN 1-86508-072-1 
McKinnon, Robert; Negric, Frank (1986)  "The Absolute Beginners Guide to Brisbane Bands" November 1986 pp  13-15 Semper Floreat  Brisbane: University of Queensland Union 
Savage, Jon (1991)  England's Dreaming: Anarchy, Sex Pistols, Punk Rock, and Beyond  New York: Faber and Faber 
Spencer, Chris; Nowara, Zbig; McHenry, Paul (2002) [1989]  Who's Who of Australian Rock (5th ed )  Noble Park, Vic: The Five Mile Press 
Walker, Clinton (1981)  Inner City Sound  NSW: Wild & Woolley  ISBN 9780909331481 
Walker, Clinton (1996)  Stranded: The Secret History of Australian Independent Music 1977-1991  NSW: Pan Macmillan 
Passage 5:
List of Circle Jerks band members
The Circle Jerks are an American punk rock band which consists of vocalist Keith Morris and guitarist Greg Hetson (both since 1979) alongside bassist Zander Schloss (since 1983), and drummer Joey Castillo (since 2019)  The band was formed in Southern California in 1979, and originally comprised Morris, Hetson, Roger Rogerson on bass and Lucky Lehrer on drums 
The first Circle Jerks lineup released three albums (including their 1980 debut Group Sex), before Rogerson and Lehrer were kicked out of the band in 1983 and replaced by Earl Liberty and Chuck Biscuits respectively  This lineup lasted only a year, and the Circle Jerks hired Zander Schloss and Keith Clark as Liberty and Biscuits' replacements  The new lineup, consisting of Morris, Hetson, Schloss and Clark, recorded two more albums before the Circle Jerks split up for the first time in 1990, when Hetson left to concentrate on Bad Religion, which he had joined a few years before 
A long period of inactivity ended in 1994, when the Circle Jerks, with the 1984-1990 lineup, reunited and signed a major label deal with Mercury Records, a move that had a few business complications: Hetson was still with Bad Religion, who had signed a long-term contract with Atlantic Records, while Schloss had been part of a band contracted to Interscope  After ironing out these difficulties, the band recorded Oddities, Abnormalities and Curiosities and released it in the summer of 1995, but broke up once again  Reasons for this breakup were essentially the same as they were in 1990 
A second Circle Jerks reunion occurred in 2001  Participating this time were Morris, Hetson, Schloss and Kevin Fitzgerald, who filled in on drums for Clark, who at that time had retired from the music business  Tensions among its members and failed attempts to record the follow-up to Oddities, Abnormalities and Curiosities resulted in the Circle Jerks breaking up yet again in 2011  The band announced in November 2019 that they would reunite in 2020 to celebrate the 40th anniversary of Group Sex with live shows 

Members
Current

Former

Touring

Timeline
Passage 6:
Yours Truly (Sublime with Rome album)
Yours Truly is the debut studio album by American rock group Sublime with Rome, released on July 12, 2011 by Fueled by Ramen  It is the first album since the original Sublime disbanded in 1996 following lead singer and guitarist Bradley Nowell's death  According to the liner notes, the album is dedicated to him  
In 2009, Sublime's surviving members, Eric Wilson and Bud Gaugh, reformed the band, with Rome Ramirez filling in for Nowell  However, the group were unable to use the name Sublime for legal reasons, resulting in the name change to Sublime with Rome  After embarking on their first US tour in 2010, Sublime with Rome signed with the record label Fueled by Ramen and began recording their first full-length album  Guitarist Paul Leary of Butthole Surfers, who co-produced Sublime's eponymous final album, produced it 
Yours Truly received mixed reviews  "Panic" was released as the album's first single and achieved success, reaching No  4 on Billboard's Alternative Songs and cracking the top 10 on the Rock Songs chart  "Lovers Rock" and "Take It or Leave It" were also released as singles 
Yours Truly is the only Sublime with Rome album recorded with co-founder Bud Gaugh, who left the group in December 2011 

Background and history
Sublime broke up immediately after Bradley Nowell died from a drug overdose in 1996  After the break up, Eric Wilson and Bud Gaugh resurfaced in the band Long Beach Dub Allstars, releasing two albums and then splitting up in 2002  After Long Beach Dub Allstars, Wilson went on to form Long Beach Shortbus, while Gaugh went on to form Eyes Adrift and Volcano (both of which featured Meat Puppets guitarist/vocalist Curt Kirkwood) 
In 2009, Gaugh and Wilson reunited for a show in Nevada and called themselves Sublime  They were joined by a new singer-guitarist whose identity was not announced; on March 1, 2009, Gaugh confirmed this was then-20-year-old Northern California native Rome Ramirez, who had previously collaborated with Wilson on RAWsession where he played Sublime songs such a "Saw Red" and "Boss DJ"  The trio played another show at Cypress Hill's Smokeout Festival on October 24, 2009 in San Bernardino, California  The festival also featured performances from Kottonmouth Kings, Slipknot, Deftones, Bad Brains and Pennywise  However, because the name Sublime had been trademarked by Bradley Nowell, the band decided to call themselves Sublime with Rome to curtail any legal difficulties Work on Yours Truly began as early as 2010 and Gaugh told Billboard com that Sublime with Rome would enter the studio in June for a week "and nail down some of the more worked-out songs, and possibly even finish one or two of them for a late summer radio release"  The band was expected to have the album out in 2011  On February 5, 2011, Sublime With Rome announced on their official website that they were planning to enter the studio in March to begin recording their debut album, with Butthole Surfers guitarist Paul Leary producing  On February 21, 2011 (Wilson's 41st birthday), the band posted a statement on their Facebook page saying that they had begun recording the album and would be posting "mad videos" to "let everyone know where to go for a behind the scenes look at the Sublime With Rome process " On April 14, 2011, Rome posted an update on Sublime With Rome's official website saying that the album was almost finished and expected for a summer release  During the summer 2010 tour, Sublime With Rome performed their first new song "Panic" on Jimmy Kimmel Live!  It was also announced that Sublime with Rome officially signed to record label Fueled By Ramen and would release their debut album Yours Truly on July 12, 2011 The band began streaming the album in its entirety via their official Facebook page on July 6, 2011 
Sublime with Rome was invited to promote Yours Truly by supporting 311 on their Universal Pulse tour, dubbed the 2011 Unity Tour  Special guests included DJ Soulman and DJ Trichrome 

Critical reception
Critical reception has been generally mixed, with the album receiving a 48 on Metacritic  The Allmusic review by Jason Lymangrover states: "Yours Truly doesn't quite match the caliber of the albums in the Sublime discography, but it's a fairly enjoyable spin-off just the same"  Ultimate-Guitar com praised Yours Truly as a "solid release with tracks appealing to original fans as well as those with Rome's flair of originality "

Commercial performance
The album debuted at No  9 on Billboard 200, and No  3 on Rock Albums, selling 35,000 copies in its first week  The album has sold 153,000 copies in the United States as of June 2015 

Charts
Track listing
Personnel
Rome Ramirez – vocals, guitar
Eric Wilson – bass
Bud Gaugh – drums, percussion
Todd Forman – Saxophone
DJ Rocky Rock – DJ /Turntables
Aimee Allen – Additional vocals ("Safe And Sound")
Maggie Walters – Additional vocals ("You Better Listen" and other tracks)
Passage 7:
Keith Morris
Keith Morris (born September 18, 1955) is an American singer and songwriter known for his role as frontman of the hardcore punk bands Black Flag, Circle Jerks, and Off!  Born and raised in Hermosa Beach, California, he formed Black Flag at the age of 21 with guitarist Greg Ginn and performed on the band's 1979 debut EP Nervous Breakdown  Shortly after leaving Black Flag in 1979, he formed the Circle Jerks with guitarist Greg Hetson; the band released seven albums between 1980 and 1995 and have broken up and reformed on numerous occasions  In 2009 Morris formed the supergroup Off! with guitarist Dimitri Coats, bassist Steven Shane McDonald, and drummer Mario Rubalcaba  Morris has also appeared as a guest vocalist on several albums by other artists 

Biography
Early life
Morris was born September 18, 1955 and grew up in Hermosa Beach, California  His father, Jerry, had been a budding jazz drummer in his youth and practiced with visiting jazz groups at the Lighthouse Café  Jerry later opened a bait shop in the 1970s and struck up a friendship with jazz record producer Ozzie Cadena (both men's sons, Keith and Dez, later became singers in Black Flag)  Keith attended Mira Costa High School, where brothers Greg and Raymond Ginn were also students, and graduated in 1973  He then studied fine art and painting at the Pasadena Arts Center while working at his father's bait shop  One of his co-workers at the shop was Bill Stevenson, a Mira Costa student eight years Morris' junior who would also go on to be a member of Black Flag Morris and his friends spent their spare time hanging out by the Strand under Hermosa Beach pier, where they took drugs: "I'd get off work, and we'd get up to trouble," he later recalled, "smoking angel dust, snorting elephant tranquilizers  Just real goofy, 'why-would-you-want-to-do-that?' kinda stuff, the kind of thing you get up to when you're young, and into experimenting  If it was a good experience, then cool; if not, well, then it was just a real hard lesson learned " His early musical tastes included various rock acts such as Bob Seger, Foreigner, Montrose, Styx, Deep Purple, Black Sabbath, Queen, Ten Years After, Status Quo, Uriah Heep, UFO, the Scorpions, Aerosmith, Ted Nugent, and the MC5, "any kind of fist-pumping, 'flick-your-bic' rock  I was into anything that was loud"  He became a freely opinionated and passionate fan of heavy rock and protopunk, and took a job working at local record store Rubicon Records 

Black Flag
In 1976, Morris co-founded Black Flag (then-known as Panic) along with guitarist Greg Ginn  Their work ethic proved too challenging for some early members; Ginn and  Morris had an especially hard time finding a reliable bass guitarist, and often rehearsed without a bassist, a factor that contributed to the development of Ginn's distinctive, often low-pitched guitar sound  The band went through three bass players before Chuck Dukowski joined and then Robo answered a Pennysaver ad and became their drummer After a number of line-up changes, Morris recorded vocals for the first Black Flag EP Nervous Breakdown  After two years in the band, Morris left the band citing, among other reasons, creative differences with Ginn, and his own "freaking out on cocaine and speed "

Circle Jerks
After leaving Black Flag in 1979, Morris founded the Circle Jerks, along with former Redd Kross guitarist Greg Hetson  Cited as one of the most important hardcore punk groups, the Circle Jerks were active until 1990, when Hetson left the band to continue playing guitar and release a number of albums with Bad Religion  The Circle Jerks reunited in 1994 and released their last studio album to date in 1995  The group performed on and off until 2011, when they went back on hiatus  In November 2019, plans were announced for a 2020 reunion tour in support of the 40th anniversary of their 1980 album, Group Sex, however the tour was postponed until September 2021 due to the COVID-19 pandemic  In April 2022, six of the dates on their 40th anniversary tour were postponed due to Morris testing positive for the COVID-19 virus 

Off!
As of 2010, Morris has been performing and touring with his latest project Off!, which he founded with Dimitri Coats from Burning Brides, Steven Shane McDonald from Redd Kross, and Mario Rubalcaba from Earthless/Rocket From The Crypt/Hot Snakes Morris stated in a March 2011 interview that Off! was asked to open future dates for the Red Hot Chili Peppers and they said they would even though it might anger some of their younger punk fans  Ultimately, Off! ended up not touring with Red Hot Chili Peppers  Morris has known the band for over 30 years and the Circle Jerks had performed shows with the Chili Peppers in the 80s  The Chili Peppers had also covered Black Flag and the Circle Jerks during their shows  Chili Peppers singer, Anthony Kiedis, wore an Off! hat at every show on the band's entire I'm with You World Tour including some of their music videos  Morris even filled in for Kiedis during one of the Chili Peppers' shows in 1984  When Kiedis, who was off scoring drugs, failed to show up for the performance, the band asked Morris to fill in on vocals  Morris, who didn't know any of the lyrics, yelled and made up lyrics to the band's songs to get through the performance  In the Chili Peppers' "An Oral/Visual History" book, bassist Flea said "We got an opening slot at the Olympic Auditorium  But Anthony in all his junkie splendor did not show up  Keith Morris from the Circle Jerks said 'I'll sing' and so we went out with him  We were just playing the songs and he would yell out stuff - whatever he could "As of 2014, the group has released three studio albums  In July 2021, Off! released their first new song in seven years, a cover of Metallica's “Holier than Thou ” The song is on The Metallica Blacklist covers album that was released on September 10, 2021  Off! also announced that they are working on a new album and a sci-fi feature film 

FLAG
In 2013, Keith Morris, Chuck Dukowski, Dez Cadena, Bill Stevenson and Descendents member Stephen Egerton, created FLAG as an offshoot of Black Flag  As of now, they are only touring  No plans for an album have been announced 

Other works
After the Circle Jerks' first break-up in 1990, Morris led the bands Bug Lamp and Midget Handjob  He also provided backing vocals on "Operation Rescue", from Bad Religion's album Against the Grain (1990) 
Morris also narrated Chris Fuller's 2007 Gotham Award-nominated independent film Loren Cass 
Morris appeared as the DJ for the West Coast Punk Rock station Channel X in the video game Grand Theft Auto V released on September 17, 2013
In 2016, Morris released an autobiography called My Damage: The Story of a Punk Rock Survivor 

Personal life
In 1999, Morris was diagnosed with adult onset diabetes  He has also been sober since the 1980s On April 13, 2022, it was revealed on the Circle Jerks' Facebook page that Morris had contracted and was recovering from COVID-19 

Discography
With Black Flag
Nervous Breakdown (1979)
Tracks 1-9 Everything Went Black (1982)

With Circle Jerks
Group Sex (1980)
Wild in the Streets (1982)
Golden Shower of Hits (1983)
Wonderful (1985)
VI (1987)
Gig (1992)
Oddities, Abnormalities and Curiosities (1995)

With Bug Lamp
"Howling at the Moon (Sha-La-La)" on Gabba Gabba Hey: A Tribute to the Ramones (1991)
"El Dorado" on Roadside Prophets soundtrack (1992)
"The Ballad of Dwight Fry" on Welcome to Our Nightmare: A Tribute to Alice Cooper (1993)

With Midget Handjob
Midnight Snack Break at the Poodle Factory (2000)

With Off!
1st EP (2010)
First Four EPs (2010)
"Compared to What" (2011)
Live at Generation Records (2011)
Sugar Daddy Live Split Series Vol  3 (split with the Taylor's) (2012)
Off! (2012)
The Music of Grand Theft Auto V ("What's Next) (2013)
Live at 9:30 Club (2013)
Wasted Years (2014)
"Learn to Obey" (2014)
Live From the BBC (2015)
The Metallica Blacklist  ("Holier than Thou") (2021)
Free LSD (2022)

Guest appearances
Passage 8:
Rome Ramirez
Roman René Ramírez (born June 11, 1988), better known as Rome Ramirez or simply Rome, is an American singer and guitarist best known for playing with Eric Wilson from Sublime in the band Sublime with Rome 

Early life
Ramirez was born and raised in Fremont, California  Both of his parents are of Mexican heritage, his mother being from Guadalajara and his father's parents from Tijuana, but his father relocated the family to Oakland  He first started playing guitar at age 11, and one of the first songs he learned was a Sublime song 
At 18, Ramirez headed to Los Angeles to focus full-time on music  There, he was introduced to one of his idols, Eric Wilson, bassist for Sublime  They became friends and started jamming together at Eric's infamous holiday parties in Long Beach  Within the year, the plan to bring back Sublime had been set into motion 

Sublime With Rome
In 2008, Rome collaborated with Eric Wilson on a RAWsession video (also at 17th Street Recording Studio) where he played Sublime songs such as "Saw Red" and "Boss DJ", and eventually began to play with the band's two surviving members, Eric and Bud Gaugh 
The trio then went on tour together playing covers of original Sublime material  Sublime with Rome made its debut in 2009 at Cypress Hill's Smoke Out Festival in San Bernardino, California  Ramirez was soon touring steadily with Sublime with Rome, and the trio released their debut album Yours Truly on July 12, 2011  Shortly after, Gaugh left the band and Josh Freese stepped in to play drums  In 2015, they released another album, Sirens  Freese left in 2017 to tour with Sting, and Carlos Verdugo of Tribal Seeds joined the band  They then released a new album in 2019 with producer Rob Cavallo 

Songwriting and Producing
Rome co-wrote the song "Lay Me Down" with The Dirty Heads and has collaborated with the band on several albums including Sounds of Change, Dirty Heads, Dessert EP and Swim Team 
Rome also worked extensively with Enrique Iglesias on his 10th studio album 
Rome has said in interviews that his influences are Sublime, Muse, Jimi Hendrix, Bad Brains, Nirvana, Led Zeppelin, Public Enemy, The Beastie Boys and Primus Rome's promotional solo single, "Dedication," was premiered on the Rolling Stone website May 30, 2012   "The song's about loving someone who is struggling with getting their life together and eventually having to move on," says Rome  "It's probably some of the most personal stuff I've put in a song   Sometimes all you need is the right people to pull the best out of you, and that's what I feel happened with the three of us  The right individuals, at the right place and time " His debut solo EP was released on June 12, 2012 In March 2015, Ramirez appeared on Blues Traveler's album Blow Up the Moon, co writing the song "Castaway" and "Vagabond Blues" with Dirty Heads 
Passage 9:
Circle Jerks
Circle Jerks (stylized as Ciʀcle JƎʀᴋs) are an American hardcore punk band, formed in 1979 in Los Angeles, California  The group was founded by former Black Flag vocalist Keith Morris and Redd Kross guitarist Greg Hetson  To date, Circle Jerks have released six studio albums, one compilation, a live album and a live DVD  Their debut album, Group Sex (1980), is considered a landmark of the hardcore genre 
The band has broken up and re-formed several times, sometimes with different bassists and/or drummers  They disbanded for the first time after the release of their fifth album VI (1987), allowing Hetson to focus on Bad Religion (which he joined in 1984 and stayed with until 2013) full-time  The Circle Jerks first reunited in 1994 and released their sixth and last studio album to date, Oddities, Abnormalities and Curiosities, the following year before separating for the second time  The band reunited for the second time in 2001 and spent the next ten years performing live periodically; this reunion released only one new song, "I'm Gonna Live", which was posted on their MySpace profile in 2007  Tensions among members and failed attempts to record the follow-up to Oddities, Abnormalities and Curiosities resulted in the Circle Jerks breaking up yet again in 2011  However, the band announced in November 2019 that they would reunite in 2020 to celebrate the 40th anniversary of Group Sex with live shows Many groups and artists have cited Circle Jerks as an influence, including Red Hot Chili Peppers, Pearl Jam, Anti-Flag, Dropkick Murphys, the Offspring, NOFX, and Pennywise 

History
Early days and increasing popularity (1979–1982)
Lead vocalist Keith Morris was an original member of Black Flag, co-founding the band with guitarist Greg Ginn and recording the Nervous Breakdown EP with them before suddenly departing the group in December 1979  Morris formed Circle Jerks as the Bedwetters along with guitarist Greg Hetson, bassist Roger Rogerson (a classically-trained guitarist) and drummer Lucky Lehrer (a jazz-trained drummer)  Lehrer did not like the name the Bedwetters, so Morris looked through a dictionary of slang words and renamed the band the Circle Jerks The band's first recordings took place in spring 1980, including the original version of "Wild in the Streets", which appeared on Posh Boy's first Rodney on the ROQ compilation  In July of that year, the band recorded their debut studio album, Group Sex, which was released in October 1980 on the Frontier Records label; its 14 songs totaled just 15 minutes  The album featured several songs that Morris had written while in Black Flag  That same year, the group was one of several California punk bands to be immortalized in the Penelope Spheeris documentary The Decline of Western Civilization; live versions of five songs from Group Sex appeared on the movie's soundtrack 
In late 1980, the group signed with IRS Records subsidiary Faulty Products and recorded their second album, Wild in the Streets, released in 1982  The title track was a cover version of a song by Garland Jeffreys  Faulty Products ceased operations several months after its release, forcing Circle Jerks to seek their third record deal in as many years  While they regained the copyright to Wild in the Streets, the original stereo master tape was lost, forcing the band to remix it from the multi-track tapes when they reissued the album in 1988 

Later years (1983–1989)
They signed a management deal with War producer/manager Jerry Goldstein's Far Out Productions, and recorded their third album, Golden Shower of Hits, in 1983  The album was released on Goldstein's LAX Records label  The title track was a medley of six cover versions (of artists as diverse and unexpected as the Association, the Carpenters and Tammy Wynette) strung together to create a storyline of two people who fall in love, have an unplanned pregnancy, rush into marriage and end up divorced  Another song from the album, "Coup d'État", was used in the soundtrack of Alex Cox's 1984 film Repo Man, which the band appeared in, playing an acoustic lounge version of "When the Shit Hits the Fan", featuring new members Chuck Biscuits (formerly of Black Flag and D O A ) on drums and Earl Liberty (formerly of Saccharine Trust) on bass  Just prior to joining Circle Jerks at the suggestion of Biscuits, Liberty worked 10 weeks as a roadie for the Misfits as he became increasingly disillusioned with Saccharine Trust's lack of interest in developing new material, recalling in a 1983 interview that his former bandmates "were just getting too lazy "Biscuits and Liberty were eventually replaced by Keith Clark and Zander Schloss (who also appeared in Repo Man), respectively  The band also changed labels for the fourth time, signing a deal with Relativity Records' metal imprint Combat Records, which had started a punk sub-label, Combat Core  The newly revamped group recorded Wonderful, released in 1985  Their newfound stability allowed the lineup to record a second album for Relativity, VI, issued in 1987  One track from VI, "Love Kills", had been commissioned by Cox for the soundtrack of the 1986 movie Sid and Nancy, and was heard in the film 
Chris Poland played bass with Circle Jerks briefly circa 1989 after being fired as guitarist for Megadeth (Schloss had left the band by that point) 

Hiatus (1990–1993)
Circle Jerks dissolved in 1990 after Hetson left the band to continue recording with Bad Religion  Live recordings made during what would be their final tour at the time were immortalized in the live album Gig in 1992, their third and last release for Relativity 
During the hiatus, Hetson would continue playing in Bad Religion; Schloss played guitar and bass with various acts; Clark initially retired from music; Morris worked menial jobs and battled health problems (he had kicked a longtime dependence on drugs and alcohol in 1988) 

Reunions and hiatuses (1994–2011)
A long period of inactivity for Circle Jerks ended in 1994, when the Wonderful-era lineup reunited and signed a major label deal with Mercury Records, a move that had a few business complications: Hetson was still with Bad Religion, who had signed a long-term contract with Atlantic Records, while Schloss had been part of a band contracted to Interscope Records  After ironing out these difficulties, the band recorded their final studio album to date, Oddities, Abnormalities and Curiosities, released June 20, 1995  One track on the album, a cover of the Soft Boys' "I Wanna Destroy You", featured backing vocals from pop singer/songwriter Deborah Gibson, who had just finished a solo album with the same producer that Circle Jerks were using  Gibson later made a surprise appearance at Circle Jerks' performance at punk mecca CBGB to perform "I Wanna Destroy You" with the band  Despite such media attention, the group suddenly imploded three weeks into a tour behind the album  The breakup would not be totally permanent, with the Jerks playing sporadically throughout the late 1990s, but Clark left music for good afterward  Original bassist Rogerson died in 1996 of a drug overdose  He was 41 years old 
Further Circle Jerks activity was suddenly held up when Morris announced that he had been diagnosed with adult onset diabetes in 1999  A multitude of punk bands held benefits on his behalf 
The core of Morris, Hetson and Schloss, with drummer Kevin Fitzgerald, continued to tour until 2011, in between other commitments — Hetson was still a full-time member of Bad Religion, Schloss played bass for the reformed first-generation LA punk band the Weirdos, and Morris was an A&R director for V2 Records until the label was suddenly shuttered by its owners in 2007 
In 2004, the Circle Jerks shot a live concert DVD as part of Kung-Fu Records' live DVD series The Show Must Go Off!, in which the band played songs from all six of their studio albums, plus – in nods to Schloss' other current band and Morris' first band, respectively – covers of the Weirdos' "Solitary Confinement" and Black Flag's "Nervous Breakdown"  In 2005, Hetson formed another band, Black President 
For several years, a rumored Circle Jerks album featuring new material was said to be imminent, although no further formal announcement was made  In late February 2007, the band released their first new song since 1995 on their Myspace page, titled "I'm Gonna Live", adding more anticipation to the possibility of a new album emerging  However, in an April 2008 interview, guitarist Hetson admitted that Circle Jerks would not release any new studio material, saying that he does not know what will happen in the future, "but in the near future, no Circle Jerks stuff will come out" Circle Jerks were featured on a television commercial for XM Satellite Radio (they were the first band played in the commercial, which included "Operation" from the album Group Sex), and the band also posted a cover of  Germs song "The Slave" on their Myspace page 
The Circle Jerks played their final show for nearly a decade at the Bluebird Theater in Denver on January 27, 2011 From 2011 to 2019, the Circle Jerks were on hiatus due to a dispute between Morris and the rest of the band  The conflict was over songs that were written by Morris and Dimitri Coats  Coats (from Burning Brides), who was supposed to produce a new Circle Jerks album, decided that the songs Hetson had written were not up to par with Circle Jerks' catalog  Morris agreed, and both he and Coats wrote multiple songs intended for the new album  The other members of Circle Jerks believed Coats to be "arrogant, overbearing, egotistical" and called for him to be fired from producing the new record  Morris disagreed, and he and Coats recruited Steven Shane McDonald (from Redd Kross) and Mario Rubalcaba (Rocket from the Crypt, Hot Snakes, 411, Clikatat Ikatowi, Earthless) to start a new band called Off! 

Group Sex anniversary shows (2019–present)
On November 22, 2019, the Circle Jerks announced that they were going to reunite in 2020 for a number of shows to celebrate the 40th anniversary of their debut album Group Sex, including that year's Punk Rock Bowling  However, the COVID-19 pandemic caused performances to be postponed until 2021  Three-fourths of the final lineup — Keith Morris, guitarist Greg Hetson, bassist Zander Schloss — were involved in the reunion 
On July 15, 2021 it was announced that former Queens of the Stone Age and Danzig drummer Joey Castillo would be joining the band on drums In April 2022, six dates on the anniversary tour were postponed after Morris tested positive for the COVID-19 virus 

Band members
Current members
Keith Morris – vocals (1979–1990, 1994–1995, 2001–2011, 2019–present)
Greg Hetson – guitars (1979–1990, 1994–1995, 2001–2011, 2019–present)
Zander Schloss – bass (1984–1988, 1989-1990, 1994–1995, 2001–2011, 2019–present)
Joey Castillo – drums (2021–present)

Discography
Studio albums

Group Sex (1980)
Wild in the Streets (1982)
Golden Shower of Hits (1983)
Wonderful (1985)
VI (1987)
Oddities, Abnormalities and Curiosities (1995)



ground_truth: the Veneto region of Northern Italy