prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: What was the Roud Folk Song Index of the nursery rhyme inspiring What Are Little Girls Made Of?

The following are given passages.
Context 1: Passage 1:
A Wise Old Owl
"A Wise Old Owl" is an English language nursery rhyme  It has a Roud Folk Song Index number of 7734 and in The Oxford Dictionary of Nursery Rhymes, 2nd Ed  of 1997, as number 394  The rhyme is an improvement of a traditional nursery rhyme "There was an owl lived in an oak, wisky, wasky, weedle "

Lyrics
This version was first published in Punch, April 10, 1875, and ran as follows 

One version was published upon bookmarks during the mid-1930s, and goes as follows:

The 1875 version is ungrammatical from the standpoint of modern English, relying on an apo koinou construction for meter; this is also used in a children's song called Bingo 

History
The rhyme refers to the traditional image of owls as the symbol of wisdom  It was recorded as early as 1875 and is apparently older than that  It was quoted by John D  Rockefeller in 1909 and is frequently misattributed to Edward Hersey Richards and William R  Cubbage During World War II, the United States army used the rhyme on a poster with the tweaked ending, "Soldier     be like that old bird!" with the caption "Silence means security "


== Notes ==
Passage 2:
Aiken Drum
"Aiken Drum" (Roud 2571) is a popular Scottish folk song and nursery rhyme, which probably has its origins in a Jacobite song about the Battle of Sheriffmuir (1715) 

Lyrics
Modern versions of the lyrics include:

Other versions of the song include the lyrics:

Origins
The rhyme was first printed by James Hogg in Jacobite Reliques in 1820, as a Jacobite song about the Battle of Sheriffmuir (1715):

Sir Walter Scott in his novel The Antiquary (1816) refers to Aiken Drum in a story told by an old beggar about the origins of what has been perceived by the protagonist as a Roman fort  The beggar tells him that it was actually built by him and others for "auld Aiken Drum's bridal" and that one of the masons cut the shape of a ladle into the stone as a joke on the bridegroom  The reference suggests that the rhyme, and particularly the chorus, was well enough known in the early nineteenth century for the joke to be understood 

Performances
The Scottish folk group The Singing Kettle performs this song for children in an interactive way by allowing the children to decide the foods of which Aiken Drum is made  A version is included on their CD Singalong Songs from Scotland, produced in 2003 for Smithsonian Folkways Recordings Popular Armenian-Canadian children's singer Raffi played a version of the song, called "Aikendrum", on his album Singable Songs for the Very Young (1976)  Raffi's version of the song replaces the various foods with ones that would be more familiar to an American audience: spaghetti for Aikendrum's hair, meatballs for his eyes, cheese for his nose, and pizza for his mouth  This version was also the Barney & Friends version 
The album Classic Scots Ballads (1961) by Ewan MacColl and Peggy Seeger includes a recording of this song with the original lyrics 

The Brownie of Blednoch
Aiken Drum is also the name given by the Scottish poet William Nicholson to the brownie in his poem "The Brownie of Blednoch" (1828)  The poem incorporates traditional brownie legends, but there is no evidence of the name being used for a brownie prior to Nicholson 

In popular culture
Aiken Drum is the name chosen for one of the main characters in the science fiction series The Saga of Pliocene Exile 

See also
Passage 3:
Row, Row, Row Your Boat
"Row, Row, Row Your Boat" is an English language nursery rhyme and a popular children's song, often sung in a round  It has a Roud Folk Song Index number of 19236 
Bing Crosby included the song in a medley on his album 101 Gang Songs (1961)  Crosby also used the song as part of a round with his family during his concert at the London Palladium in 1976  The performance was captured on the album Bing Crosby Live at the London Palladium 

Lyrics
The most common modern version is often sung as a round for up to four voice parts (play )  A possible arrangement for SATB is as follows:

 The text above is often sung multiple times in succession to allow for the different voices to interweave with each other, forming four-part harmony 

Melody
Origins
The earliest printing of the song is from 1852, when the lyrics were published with similar lyrics to those used today, but with a very different tune  It was reprinted again two years later with the same lyrics and another tune  The modern tune was first recorded with the lyrics in 1881, mentioning Eliphalet Oram Lyte in The Franklin Square Song Collection but not making it clear whether he was the composer or adapter 

Legacy and alternative versions
The nursery rhyme is well known, appearing in several films, e g  Star Trek V, Eternal Sunshine of the Spotless Mind and Manos: The Hands of Fate  People often add additional verses, a form of children's street culture, with the intent of either extending the song or (especially in the case of more irreverent versions) to make it funny, parody it, or substitute another sensibility for the perceived innocent one of the original  In Bean, Rowan Atkinson (Mr  Bean) and Peter MacNicol (David Langley) also used this parody singing in the film   Don Music, a muppet character in Sesame Street, changed the lyrics to feature a car instead of a boat In addition, Aimee Mann included a brief interpolation in "Choice in the matter" from her second solo album "I'm with stupid" 
Versions include:

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and
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and


== Notes and references ==
Passage 4:
Pretty Little Dutch Girl
"Pretty Little Dutch Girl" is a children's nursery rhyme, clapping game and jump-rope rhyme  	It has a Roud Folk Song Index number of 12986 

Lyrics
The lyrics of the song vary considerably  British versions of this rhyme differ significantly, perhaps because many of the allusions in the rhyme were unknown to British children at the time  Common versions include:

I am a pretty little Dutch girl,
As pretty as I can be, be, be,
And all the boys in the baseball team
Go crazy over me, me, me My boy friend’s name is Fatty,
He comes from the Senoratti,
With turned-up toes and a pimple on his nose,
And this is how the story goes:Variation 1

I am a pretty little Dutch girl
As pretty as I can be
And all the boys in the neighborhood
Are crazy over meMy boyfriend's name is Mello
He comes from the land of Jello
With pickles for his toes and a cherry for his nose
And that's the way my story goesVariation 2

I am a pretty little Dutch girl,
As pretty as pretty can be,
And all the boys around the block
Go crazy over me My boyfriend's name is Billy,
He comes from good ole Philly,
With a cherry on his nose
And ten fat toes,
And that's the way my story goes My boyfriend gave me peaches,
My boyfriend gave me pears,
My boyfriend gave me fifty cents
And kissed me on the stairs I gave him back his peaches,
I gave him back his pears,
I gave him back his fifty cents
And kicked    him    down     the     stairs!Variation 3

I am a pretty little Dutch girl,
As pretty as I can be 
and all the boys in the neighborhood
come chasing after me me me My boyfriend's name is Tony,
he comes from the land of bologna,
with a pickle on his nose and 3 sore toes
and that's the way the story goes!One day he gave me peaches,
one day he gave me pears,
one day he gave me 50 cents
and took me to the fair!After the fair was over,
I asked him to take me home,
he ran off with another girl
and left me all alone!I gave him back his peaches 
I gave him back his pears 
I gave him back his 50 cents,
and kicked him down the stairs!Variation 4

I am a pretty little Dutch girl
As pretty as pretty can be 
And all the boys around the block
Go crazy over me I hate to do the dishes
I hate to do the chores
But I love to kiss my boyfriend
Behind the kitchen door One day while I was walking
I heard my boyfriend talking
To a pretty little girl
with strawberry curlsand this is what he said:
I L-O-V-E love you
All the T-I-M-E time
And I will K-I-S-S kiss you
In the D-A-R-K dark Variation 5 (Western Canada, 1960s)

I am a pretty little Dutch girl,
As pretty as pretty can be, be, be,
And all the boys on the baseball team
are chasing after me, me, me My father came from England,
My mother came from France, France, France 
My boyfriend came from the USA
to teach me how to dance, dance, dance My boyfriend gave me apples,
My boyfriend gave me pears, pears, pears 
My boyfriend gave me fifty cents
and kissed me up the stairs, stairs, stairs I gave him back his apples,
I gave him back his pears, pears, pears 
I gave him back his fifty cents
and kicked him down the stairs, stairs, stairs    with a pickle on his nose and 3 sore toes,
that's the way it goes, goes, goes Variation 6

I am a pretty little Dutch girl
As pretty as pretty can be
And all the boys around my block
Go crazy over me!I had a boyfriend, Patty
Who comes from Cincinnati
With 48 toes and a pickle on his nose
And this is the way my story goes   One day when I was walkin'
I heard my boyfriend talkin'
To a pretty little girl with a strawberry curls
And this is what he said to her   I L-O-V-E, love you
to K-I-S-S, kiss you
yes K-I-S-S, kiss you in
the D-A-R-K dark boom boom!Variation 7

I am a pretty little Dutch girl
As pretty as pretty can be
and all the boys in my hometown
are crazy over meMy boyfriend's name is Chico
he came from Puerto Rico
with a rubber nose
and 28 toes
and this is how my story goesOne day as I was walking
I heard my Chico talking
to a pretty little girl
with strawberry curls
and this is what he said to herI L-O-V-E love you
I K-I-S-S kiss you
I K-I-S-S kiss you
in the D-A-R-K dark dark darkVariation 8

I am a pretty little Dutch girl,
As pretty as can be, be, be,
And all the boys on the baseball team,
Go crazy after me, me, me!
One day they gave me peaches,
One day they gave me pears, pears, pears,
One days they gave me 50 cents and took me to the fair, fair, fair 
And when the fair was over,
I asked them to take me home, home, home,
They said they had another date and left me all alone, lone, lone 
I gave them back their peaches,
I gave them back their pears, pears, pears,
I gave them back their 50 cents and kicked them down the stairs, stairs, stairs!Variation 9 (Northwest England, 2010s)

My boyfriend gave me an apple
My boyfriend gave me a pear
My boyfriend gave me a kiss on the lips, and he threw me down the stairsI gave him back his apple
I gave him back his pear
I gave him back kiss on the lips, and I threw him down the stairsI threw him over London
I threw him over France
I threw him over the football pitch, and he lost his underpantsHis underpants were yellow
His underpants were green
His underpants were black and white, and smelt like rotten cheeseVariation 10 (Austin, Texas 1960s) Given the actions that went with this, people assume this went through music halls I am a pretty little Dutch girl
As pretty as pretty can be
And all the boys around the block
Are crazy over me 

My boyfriend's name is Harry 
He comes from Paris, France
With turned up toes and a pimple on his nose
And this is the way my story goes 

My boyfriend gave me apples,
My boyfriend gave me pears 
My boyfriend gave me fifty cents
And took me to the fair 

One day as I was walking
I heard my boyfriend talking
To a pretty little girl with a strawberry curl
and this is what he said to her:I L-O-V-E, love you 
I K-I-S-S, kiss you 
I K-I-S-S, kiss you
On your F-A-C-E, face, face, face 

I gave him back his apples
I gave him back his pears
I gave him back his fifty cents
And threw him down the stairs I threw him over London 
I threw him over France 
I threw him over [substitute wherever here]
And he lost his underpants 

I have a little brother 
His name is Tiny Tim
I put him in the bathtub
To see if he could swim

He drank up all the water
He ate up all the soap
He tried to eat the bathtub
But it wouldn't go down his throat

Oh, Suzy called the doctor,
Oh, Suzy called the nurse,
Oh, Suzy called the lady
With the alligator purse 

in walked the doctor,
In walked the nurse,
In walked the lady
With the alligator purse 

Out walked the doctor,
Out walked the nurse,
Out walked the lady
With the alligator purse 

My boyfriend's name is Harry 
He comes from Paris, France
With turned up toes and a pimple on his nose
And this is the way my story goes 
Variation 11

I am a pretty little Dutch girl,
As pretty as can be,
And all the boys around the block are crazy over me, me, me 
My boyfriend's name is Chaim,
He comes from yerushalayim
With a pickle up his nose and three black toes,
And this is how my story goes 

One day when I was walking,
I saw my boyfriend talking
To a pretty little girl with a strawberry curl
And this is what he said to her:
I L-O-V-E love you,
I K-I-S-S kiss you 
And he fell in the lake,
And he swallowed a snake,
And he came out with a bellyache Variation 12 (Long Island, NY, 1970s - a clapping game)

I am a pretty little Dutch girl,
As pretty as pretty can be,
And all the boys around my block go crazy over me 
My boyfriend's name is Larry
He comes from Cincinnati
With his forty-two toes and a pickle in his nose
And this is what he said to me:
"I L-O-V-E love you
I K-I-S-S kiss you
I K-I-S-S kiss you on your
F-A-C-E, F-A-C-E, F-A-C-E, face, face, face!"Variation 13 (from Australia)

I am a pretty little Dutch girl,
as pretty as pretty can be be be 
And all the boys in the baseball team,
go crazy over me me me My boyfriends name is Steven,
He comes from New Zealand 
With five fat toes and a pimple on his nose,
And this is how my story goes One day when I was walking,
I heard my boyfriend talking 
To a pretty little girl with strawberry curls,
and this is what he said to her:
"I LOVE love you and I KISS kiss you"
So jump in the lake and swallow a snake,
and come out with a belly ache Variation 14 (from Tóg Sos CD, Ireland 2003)

I am a pretty little Dutch girl,
As pretty as I can be, be, be,
And all the boys in the baseball team
Go crazy over me, me, me My boyfriend’s name is Johnny,
He comes from Cincinnati,
With forty-eight toes and a pickle up his nose,
And this is how my story goes One day I went out walking,
And I heard my boyfriend talking
To a pretty little girl with strawberry curls
And this is what he said to her   
"I L-O-V-E love you,
I K-I-S-S kiss you,"
So I jumped in a lake and swallowed a snake
And now I have a bellyache!Variation 15 (from USA, East Coast Early 2000s)

I am a pretty little Dutch girl,
As pretty, as pretty as can be
And all the boys in the baseball team
Go crazy over me, me, me My boyfriend’s name is Tommy,
He comes from Salami,
With a pickle up his nose,
And 55 toes
And that's the way my story goes!

Story told within the song
The rhyme (and at least some of its variants) tells the story of an extremely beautiful girl (of Dutch descent, hence the song's title) who is popular with boys (particularly around the neighborhood, block or the whole town) and has a rather unattractive boyfriend; some versions mention that the boyfriend dumps the pretty Dutch girl in favor of an even prettier girl  The Dutch girl is often depicted from illustration to illustration wearing traditional Dutch clothing, complete with ribbon-adorned long braids in her hair, wooden shoes and (occasionally exaggerated) Dutch cap 

Origins and distribution
The origins of the rhyme are obscure  The tune of the song is similar to "A Sailor Went to Sea" and "Miss Suzie Had A Steamboat" (though some notes are removed to account for the double-syllable words "pretty" and "little", and some notes are added in)  The earliest record found so far is for New York around 1940  It seems to have spread over the US by the 1950s and reached Britain in 1959, where it was taken up very quickly across the country to become one of the most popular skipping rhymes among girls The tune is also used in British pubs as a drinking song in which a person is challenged by their companions to down their drink  This version goes like this:

We like to drink with (insert name here)
'Cause (insert name here) is our mate 
And when we drink with (insert name here)
He/she/they finish(es) in 8! 7! 6! 5! 4! 3! 2! 1!

Use in children's media
In the Wee Sing Video Series video Grandpa's Magical Toys, the song is represented and sung by a blonde-haired Barbie-like doll in Dutch traditional costume aptly named "Dutch Girl" (played by Jacqueline "Jacque" Drew) that enjoys jump-roping and is very concerned about the red ribbons tying her long braids together; she even gets very emotional when those ribbons come undone (she prefers them to be straight), but the three shrunken children in the movie (named Peter, David and Sara) talk her out of her moping and convince her that her then-straight ribbons aren't the reason why she played with them  Convinced, she then wears her ribbons undone throughout the rest of the movie, and her dress seem to be falling apart by the movie's end  She even says that Pretty Little Dutch Girl is "my [her] song" when she is introduced to the three kids, and she also has a tendency to prattle 
(5:01)
In the 1977 Australian animated film Dot and the Kangaroo, two hopping mice near the end of the waterhole scene sang a song about a bushgirl who is pretty to the tune of Pretty Little Dutch Girl after they see Dot touching the bandicoot and scaring it and made the bandicoot jump in the waterhole where Dot laughs on what she did and the hopping mice laugh as well, so they did the same thing Dot did  One of the hopping mice pushed the other one into the waterhole 

Notes
External links
Various parody versions and original text
Passage 5:
Did You Ever See a Lassie?
"Did You Ever See a Lassie?" is a traditional folk song with a Roud Folk Song Index number of 5040 

Lyrics
Modern versions of the lyrics include:

Did you ever see a lassie,
A lassie, a lassie?
Did you ever see a lassie
Go this way and that?Go this way and that way,
Go this way and that way 
Did you ever see a lassie
Go this way and that?Did you ever see a laddie,
A laddie, a laddie?
Did you ever see a laddie
Go this way and that?Go this way and that way,
Go this way and that way 
Did you ever see a laddie
Go this way and that?

Origins
The use of the terms "lassie" and "laddie" mean that this song is often attributed to possible origins in Scotland (by various forms of media; see "references" section), but it was first collected in the United States in the last decade of the nineteenth century and was not found in Great Britain until the mid-twentieth century  However, it can be surmised that the words to the song may have come from Scottish immigrants or Scottish-Americans because of the aforementioned terms Along with "The More We Get Together", it is generally sung to the same tune as "Oh du lieber Augustin", a song written in Germany or Vienna in the late seventeenth century It was first published in 1909, in Games for the Playground, Home, School and Gymnasium by Jessie Hubbell Bancroft 

As a game
The song is often accompanied by a circle singing game  Players form a circle and dance around one player  When they reach the end of the verse they stop, the single in the middle performs an action (such as Highland dancing), which everyone then imitates, before starting the verse again, often changing the single player to a boy, or a boy can join the center player - thus creating an extra verse in the song ("Did you ever see some children   ") 

References in popular culture and children's media
The song is featured in the 1963 motion picture Ladybug, Ladybug   In the movie, children sing the song as part of a game while walking home from school during a nuclear bomb attack drill 
The song, as sung by children, was used in a 1990 commercial for Maidenform, and played over a succession of pictures of women in uncomfortable-looking clothing, was followed by the tag-line, "Isn't it nice to live in a time when women aren't being pushed around so much anymore?"
The song is featured in an episode of The Simpsons, "The Otto Show", and was titled "Hail to the Bus Driver" 
Passage 6:
Billy Boy
"Billy Boy" is a traditional folk song and nursery rhyme found in the United States, in which "Billy Boy" is asked various questions, and the answers all center on his quest to marry a girl who is said to be too young to leave her mother  
It has a Roud Folk Song Index number of 326   It is a variant of the traditional English folk song "My Boy Billy", collected by Ralph Vaughan Williams and published by him in 1912 as number 232 in Novello's School Songs 

Origins and interpretations
The nursery rhyme, framed in question-and-answer form, is ironic and teasing in tone:
Oh, where have you been, Billy Boy, Billy Boy?
Oh, where have you been, Charming Billy?
I have been to seek a wife, she's the joy of my whole life
But she's a young thing and cannot leave her mother
The narrative of the song has been related by some to "Lord Randall", a murder ballad from the British Isles, in which the suitor is poisoned by the woman he visits By contrast, Robin Fox uses the song to make a point about cooking and courtship, and observes:

Feeding has always been closely linked with courtship […] With humans this works two ways since we are the only animals who cook: the bride is usually appraised for her cooking ability  (“Can she bake a cherry pie, Billy boy, Billy boy?”) In some cultures this is far more important than her virginity 
In the traditional last verse of the song, Billy Boy is asked how old the girl is  While his answer is convoluted, it reveals an age that is old and not young - adding to the irony and humor of the song   
The song was also parodied in 1941 by Pete Seeger and Lee Hays in an anti-war protest song of the same name 

In popular culture
A line from the song was used as the title for Henry Jaglom's 1983 film Can She Bake a Cherry Pie?, which concerns a middle-aged New York City musician who, after being dumped by her husband, develops a relationship with a middle-aged divorced social worker  The song "Billy Boy" is also performed in the film In the 1948 Walt Disney film So Dear to My Heart, Burl Ives performs snippets of the song throughout the movie 
In the 1981 movie Bill, both Bill and Barry play and sing the song 

Recordings
Further variants have been recorded, some greatly extending the number of verses and the tasks that the wife can perform  An extended version of the song in which the lover performs many tasks besides baking a cherry pie was collected by Alan Lomax and John Avery Lomax; it appears in American Ballads and Folk Songs  The Lomax version names the woman being courted Betsy Jane 
A version of the song by Jerry Lee Lewis was released on the 1975 album Rare, Vol  1 
Jazz pianist Ahmad Jamal arranged and recorded the song in 1951  The recording was later featured on his 1959 album The Piano Scene of Ahmad Jamal, as well as on the 2008 Poinciana compilation album 
Led by pianist Red Garland, the rhythm section of Miles Davis' band recorded Jamal's arrangement of "Billy Boy" for Davis' album Milestones (1958)  It is the only track on the album that does not feature any horns playing 
An anti-war version of the song was released by Australian punk band Black Chrome on the 2018 album Age of Rage 
Guitarist Bill Frisell included an instrumental version of "Billy Boy" in his 1992 album  Have a Little Faith 

See also
Children's literature portal
National Book Award-winning novel (1998) Charming Billy, by Alice McDermott

Notes
Passage 7:
Three Little Kittens
"Three Little Kittens" is an English language nursery rhyme, probably  with roots in the British folk tradition  The rhyme as published today however is a sophisticated piece usually attributed to American poet Eliza Lee Cabot Follen (1787–1860)  With the passage of time, the poem has been absorbed into the Mother Goose collection  The rhyme tells of three kittens who first lose, then find and soil, their mittens  When all is finally set to rights, the kittens receive their mother's approval and some pie  It has a Roud Folk Song Index number of 16150 
The poem was published in England in 1827 in a mock review by William Ewart Gladstone, writing as Bartholomew Bouverie, in The Eton Miscellany A version was later published in 1833 as an anonymous addition to a volume of Follen's verse and in the United States in 1843  Follen may have developed and refined an existing, rude version of the poem, and, in the process, made it her own  The poem is a sophisticated production that avoids the typical moralization of 19th century children's literature in favour of anthropomorphic fantasy, satirical nonsense, and word play 

Text
From Gladstone, The Eton Miscellany (1827)

From Follen, New Nursery Songs for All Good Children (1843)

Background
According to Janet Sinclair Gray, author of Race and Time, "Three Little Kittens" may have origins in the British folk tradition, but the poem as known today is a sophisticated production far removed from such origins  Gray supports her assertion by pointing out that the cats are not the barnyard felines of folk material but bourgeois domestic cats who eat pie and wear mittens  Gray observes that the mother cat's disciplinary measures and the kittens' need to report their movements to her are also indicators of a bourgeois status  "Three Little Kittens" is attributed to Bostonian Sunday school teacher and abolitionist, Eliza Lee Cabot Follen (1787–1860), a member of a prominent New England family and the author of the juvenile novel The Well-Spent Hour  Gray explains that "Kittens" is unlike any of Follen's typical poems, but also notes that Follen is just the sort of person who would write such a piece  It is unlikely Follen composed "Kittens" wholecloth, Gray believes, but rather far more likely that she developed and refined an existing but rude version of the piece  In doing so, she made the poem her own  Although Follen disclaimed authorship following the poem's first appearance in print, she continued to publish it under her name in succeeding years 

Publication
The poem was printed in 1827 in The Eton Miscellany  A later version was printed in 1833 in Britain in Follen's Little Songs for Little Boys and Girls  It was an addition to the volume and probably inserted by the publisher  In the introduction to a subsequent edition, Follen denied any hand in the poem's composition, but took it under her wing and claimed ownership as the poem passed through various reprints  The poem was first published in the United States in 1843 in Follen's New Nursery Songs for All Good Children  An 1856 American reprint was subtitled "A Cat's Tale, with Additions" Cuthbert Bede (pen name of Edward Bradley) published a prose version in his Fairy Fables (1857)  In 1858 R  M  Ballantyne published his prose version that elaborated Follen's poem 
in a volume of the Good Little Pig's Library  This version included a musical setting for Follen's poem 

Reception
"Three Little Kittens" was hugely popular and quickly absorbed into the Mother Goose collection  Unlike her female literary contemporaries who typically stressed moral edification in their children's pieces, Follen subordinated such edification in "Three Little Kittens" and emphasized fantasy involving anthropomorphic characters, verbal play, and satirical nonsense  The poem is considered a cornerstone in the shift from moral literature for children to romantic literature intended to amuse and entertain 

See also
The Milky Way (1940 film)
List of nursery rhymes

Notes


== External links ==
Passage 8:
What Are Little Boys Made Of?
"What Are Little Boys Made Of?" is a nursery rhyme dating from the early 19th century  It has a Roud Folk Song Index number of 821 
The author of the rhyme is uncertain, but may be English poet Robert Southey (1774–1843) 

Lyrics
Here is a representative modern version of the lyrics:

The rhyme appears in many variant forms  For example, other versions may describe boys as being made of "snaps", "frogs", "snakes", or "slugs", rather than "snips" as above 

Origins
In the earliest known versions, the first ingredient for boys is either "snips" or "snigs", the latter being a Cumbrian dialect word for a small eel 
The rhyme sometimes appears as part of a larger work called What Folks Are Made Of or What All the World Is Made Of  Other stanzas describe what babies, young men, young women, sailors, soldiers, nurses, fathers, mothers, old men, old women, and all folks are made of  According to Iona and Peter Opie, this first appears in a manuscript by the English poet Robert Southey (1774–1843), who added the stanzas other than the two below  Though it is not mentioned elsewhere in his works or papers, it is generally agreed to be by him The relevant section in the version attributed to Southey was:

See also
List of folk songs by Roud number
The Powerpuff Girls
Passage 9:
Tweedledum and Tweedledee
Tweedledum and Tweedledee are characters in an English nursery rhyme and in Lewis Carroll's 1871 book Through the Looking-Glass, and What Alice Found There  Their names may have originally come from an epigram written by poet John Byrom  The nursery rhyme has a Roud Folk Song Index number of 19800  The names have since become synonymous in western popular culture slang for any two people whose appearances and actions are identical 

Lyrics
Common versions of the nursery rhyme include:

Tweedledum and Tweedledee
    Agreed to have a battle;
For Tweedledum said Tweedledee
    Had spoiled his nice new rattle Just then flew down a monstrous crow,
    As black as a tar-barrel;
Which frightened both the heroes so,
    They quite forgot their quarrel 

Origins
The words "Tweedle-dee and Tweedle-dum" make their first appearance in print as names applied to the composers George Frideric Handel and Giovanni Bononcini in "one of the most celebrated and most frequently quoted (and sometimes misquoted) epigrams", satirising disagreements between  Handel and Bononcini, written by John Byrom (1692–1763): in his satire, from 1725 

Some say, compar'd to Bononcini
That Mynheer Handel's but a Ninny
Others aver, that he to Handel
Is scarcely fit to hold a Candle
Strange all this Difference should be
'Twixt Tweedle-dum and Tweedle-dee!Although Byrom is clearly the author of the epigram, the last two lines have also been attributed to Jonathan Swift and Alexander Pope  While the familiar form of the rhyme was first printed in Original Ditties for the Nursery (c  1805), Byrom may have drawn on an existing rhyme 

Through The Looking-Glass
The characters are perhaps best known from Lewis Carroll's Through the Looking-Glass and what Alice Found There (1871)  Carroll, having introduced two fat little men named Tweedledee and Tweedledum, quotes the nursery rhyme, which the two brothers then go on to enact  They agree to have a battle, but never have one  When they see a monstrous black crow swooping down, they take to their heels  The Tweedle brothers never contradict each other, even when one of them, according to the rhyme, "agrees to have a battle"  Rather, they complement each other's words, which led John Tenniel to portray them as twins in his illustrations for the book 

Other depictions
Tweedledee and Tweedledum appear in Disney's 1951 version of Alice in Wonderland, both voiced by J  Pat O'Malley, and representing the sun and moon as they tell Alice the story of The Walrus and the Carpenter, and the first stanza of the poem called, You Are Old, Father William before Alice quietly leaves to find the White Rabbit  The Disney versions of the characters later appeared in the Disney television series House of Mouse and one of them in the final scene of Who Framed Roger Rabbit 
Tweedledee and Tweedledum appear in Once Upon a Time in Wonderland, portrayed by Ben Cotton and Matty Finochio  They appear as the Red Queen's servants where they started out working for the Red King  While Tweedledum is shown to be loyal to the Red Queen, Tweedledee is shown to be loyal to Jafar 


== Notes ==
Passage 10:
What Are Little Girls Made Of?
"What Are Little Girls Made Of?" is the seventh episode of the first season of the American science fiction television series, Star Trek  Written by Robert Bloch and directed by James Goldstone, it first aired on October 20, 1966 
In the episode, Nurse Chapel searches for her long lost fiancé and uncovers his secret plan to create sophisticated androids for galactic conquest 
The first episode of the series to be repeated on NBC, the title of the episode is taken from the fourth line of the 19th-century nursery rhyme, "What Are Little Boys Made Of?"

Plot
The USS Enterprise, under the command of Captain Kirk, travels to the icy planet Exo-III to search for the exobiologist Dr  Roger Korby  Korby was the fiancé of Dr  McCoy's temporary assistant, Nurse Christine Chapel, who signed on to the Enterprise to search for Korby 
At Korby's request, Kirk and Chapel beam down alone to a cavern entrance, but Korby is not there to meet them  Finding this suspicious, Kirk has two security officers beamed down from the Enterprise  One is instructed to stay at the entrance and keep a lookout, and the other accompanies Kirk and Chapel  The three begin to descend into a system of caves  When passing over a deep chasm, the security officer disappears  Shortly after, they meet Korby's aide Dr  Brown  Chapel recognizes him but is surprised the man does not remember her  Brown assures them that the security officer fell by accident, and the three continue on  Kirk contacts the remaining security officer and tells him to contact the Enterprise for reinforcements, but a strange creature kills the officer before he gets the chance  Meanwhile, Kirk, Chapel and Brown find Korby, who tells them that the caves were left by an extinct race  Korby shows Kirk and Chapel machinery that creates androids  With the help of Ruk, a still-functioning android from the time of the original inhabitants, Korby has created more androids, one being a beautiful woman he calls "Andrea"  Brown is also an android  It is also revealed that Ruk had killed the security officers 
Korby creates an android duplicate of Kirk as Chapel looks on  As Kirk's personality is imprinted on the android, the real Kirk imagines himself insulting Spock as a "half-breed"  Korby has the duplicate Kirk beamed aboard the Enterprise with orders to identify a planet suitable for creating more androids  When Spock questions the Kirk-android's orders, it repeats the insult Kirk had used  Spock, realizing that this is not Kirk, forms a security team to follow the Kirk-android back down to Exo-III  When it reaches the planet, the Kirk-android encounters Andrea, thinking it is the real Kirk, destroys him when he refuses to kiss her 
The real Kirk convinces Ruk that Korby is a threat to his existence  Ruk begins to recall the clash between the "Old Ones" and the androids that led to his civilization's demise centuries ago  Korby enters, and Ruk confronts him, but Korby destroys Ruk with a phaser  Shortly afterward, in a struggle with Kirk, the skin of Korby's hand is torn, revealing that he is also an android 
It is now revealed that Korby, dying of frostbite, had transferred his mind to an android body  He begs Chapel to believe that he is still the same man, but Chapel is repelled by what he has done to himself  Andrea, realizing she loves Korby, kisses him, and in despair, Korby fires Andrea's weapon between the embracing pair, destroying them both 
Spock arrives with the security force, but finds that the crisis has passed  When Spock inquires about Dr  Korby's whereabouts, Kirk replies, "Dr  Korby was never here " Chapel decides to stay on with the Enterprise and finish out her tour of duty  Spock tells Kirk about his dismay of using the term "half-breed" to warn that something was wrong  The captain says he will remember this should he find himself in a "similar situation "

Production
The episode was written by Robert Bloch, but received rewrites during shooting by Gene Roddenberry  The director of the second pilot "Where No Man Has Gone Before", James Goldstone, was hired to direct this episode, but due to problems with the script, shooting went two days over schedule and Goldstone was not re-hired Sherry Jackson, who plays the android woman Andrea, said that they had a censor on set to make sure that her costume fully covered her breasts and that side cleavage was not visible  She also said of William Shatner, "I must say when he kissed me on screen, he really kissed me!" and that Shatner's chest had to be shaved for his nude scenes in the android machine because Gene Roddenberry felt that Captain Kirk would not be hairy Reference to the works of H  P  Lovecraft was briefly made in Bloch's script, with its mention of "the Old Ones" and the look of the trapezoidal doors in the caverns 

Reception
Zack Handlen of The A V  Club gave the episode a "B+" rating, noting that the "repetitive plotting" took away any real sense of threat and that without Spock or McCoy to play off, Kirk's character is less interesting 

See also
Ship of Theseus
Allegiance (Star Trek: The Next Generation)
Redshirt (stock character)
Context 2: Passage 1:
Pop'n TwinBee
Pop'n Twinbee (ポップンツインビー) is a top-view shoot-'em-up game originally released in 1993 by Konami for the Super Famicom in Japan  The game was also released for the Super Nintendo Entertainment System in the PAL region  It is the sixth game in the TwinBee series and a direct follow-up to the arcade game Detana!! TwinBee (Bells & Whistles)  The European version was published by Konami's Palcom Software division and was the first of three TwinBee games localized for the European market, followed by a Game Boy version of Pop'n TwinBee (which was actually an earlier game titled TwinBee Da!! in Japan) and the side-scrolling platform game Pop'n TwinBee: Rainbow Bell Adventures  It was released in North America 27 years after its Super Famicom launch through a February 2020 update to the Nintendo Switch Online Super NES library 

Plot
The game's opening sequence shows TwinBee and WinBee patrolling the skies of Donburi Island when they suddenly receive a distress signal from a young girl named Madoka  Madoka reveals that she is the granddaughter of Dr  Mardock, who was once a benevolent scientist until a bump in the head turned him insane  Dr  Mardock now seeks to conquer the world with an army of Acorn Men and only TwinBee and WinBee can stop him 

Gameplay
The gameplay is similar to Detana!! TwinBee, the second coin-op game in the series, but with a few notable additions and changes  Like in previous TwinBee, up to two players can play simultaneously, Player 1 controls TwinBee (the blue aircraft), while Player 2 controls WinBee (the pink aircraft)  When the player begins the game, they'll be asked to enter their name and choose between three types of companion ships (whether their companions will follow their ship, engulf them, or surround them)  The player's objective is to maneuver their spacecraft through a series of seven stages and defeat every enemy who gets in the way, facing a boss at the end of each stage  Unlike previous games, instead of extra lives, the player has a life meter that determines how much damage the player's ship can take before losing  When the player loses, they will be given a chance to restart at the stage where they left off, but only limited chances are given to continue 
Like in previous TwinBee games, the player shoots at airborne enemies with their gun and drops bombs to the land  The player can also attack airborne enemies with their ship's punches as well at close range  The player can shoot tiny-sized replicas of their ship that will fly and attack all on-screen enemies  The player can only perform this attack based on the number of stocks they have  During a 2-player game, one player can give the other player a bit of their life energy to replenish it or even use the other player's ship as a projectile against the enemy  As usual, the main power-up items are bells that can change colors by shooting them in the air, giving the player a different upgrade when one is retrieved depending on the bell's color 
On the game's option settings, the player can adjust the game's difficulty, controls, and sound, as well as switch between "normal" and "couple" mode  During couple mode, the enemy attacks will aim primarily at Player 1 if two players are playing together  This feature is intended to allow less experienced players enjoy the game if they're playing with a more experience partner 

Soundtrack
The upbeat and light hearted soundtrack, composed by Kazuhiko Uehara among others, takes influence from Japanese Idol songs 

Reception
The game was reviewed by Weekly Famitsu, and was given a score of 30 out of 40 
Passage 2:
Super Ghouls 'n Ghosts
Super Ghouls 'n Ghosts, known in Japan as Super Demon World Village, is a platform video game developed and published by Capcom for the Super Nintendo Entertainment System in 1991  As the third game in the Ghosts 'n Goblins series and the first not to be released for the arcade, it again depicts knight Arthur saving Princess Guinevere and the kingdom from Emperor Sardius, who has cast a spell that has revived the Ghoul Realm 
The game has been included in multiple compilations of Capcom classics  A remake was released for the Game Boy Advance which features an additional game mode with new stages 

Gameplay
Super Ghouls 'n Ghosts is a side-scrolling platform game with reduced emphasis on run and gun and more on platforming  As in the predecessor Ghosts 'n Goblins, the player takes the role of the knight Arthur, who must save Princess Guinevere and rid the kingdom of the Ghoul Realm which is revived under a spell of Emperor Sardius (known as Samael in the Japanese version), who has kidnapped Guinevere in the Phantom Zone  The game has four difficulty settings (easy, normal, difficult, and professional), and the player can set up to nine lives  However, there are also only six continues In each of the eight levels (named Quests), four of them consisting of two sections, Arthur, has a time limit to fight ghouls before defeating a Foul Guardian that protects the gate to the next stage  The first five Quests (The Dead Place, The Rotting Sea, Vermilion Horror, The Ghoul's Stomach, and The Deep Chill) take place in a variety of locations, such as graveyards, abandoned ships on sea, flame-filled caverns, and locales consisting of ice and snow  The final three Quests (The Castle of the Emperor, Hallway of Ghouls, and The Throne Room) are areas of Sardius's castle  Parts of the environment, such as earth ground lifting caused by earthquakes, blizzards, heavy sea waves, and avalanches, are also threats to Arthur  Ice Wall, the second section of the fifth level, depicts Arthur scaling a rotating palace as in Nebulus (1987) Arthur starts in the Steel Armor with a lance  If he gets hit by an enemy or projectile, he loses his armor and is reduced to his underpants; getting hit again results in the loss of a life  An ability not present in previous series entries is the double jump, which allows Arthur to leap, then jump again when in mid-air  Although there is no control of momentum during a single jump, Arthur can change direction through a double jump  Other weapons can be picked up along the way, such as a faster-speed knife, hatchets, cross bows, daggers, and torches with short arcs that explode on contact  However, only one can be held at a time  Like in Ghouls n' Ghosts, hidden treasure chests can be found for weapons, armor upgrades, and bonus points  Chests have unwanted deadly traps, and an magician, the Conjurer, transforms Arthur into one of four weaker forms temporarily: a baby, a girl, a seal or a wasp  Chests only appear when moving through specific areas of the screen Bronze and Gold armor is collectable  A bronze armor equips Arthur with a Weapon of Enchantment, a more powerful version of the weapon he's holding, such as flamed lances, lightning bolt daggers, and even more fiery torches  A gold armor, a new feature for the series, provides him the enchanted weapon plus a Moon Shield, which protects him from one hit and only works while standing still, and magic that can power up his weapon even more Sticking with tradition, Super Ghouls 'n Ghosts must be defeated twice; after beating the last Foul Guardian before Sardius in the first playthrough, Guinevere informs Arthur that he cannot kill Sardius without a mysterious weapon named the Goddess's Bracelet, for which Sardius captured the Princess because she once wore it  The Goddess's Bracelet must be found in the second playthrough and used to beat Sardius 

Development
Super Ghouls 'n Ghosts is the third entry of Capcom's Ghosts 'n Goblins series, following Ghosts 'n Goblins (1985) and Ghouls 'n Ghosts (1988), it is also the series' first entry to not be released to the arcade  Leading the 50-member staff, in his first time managing a team, was Tatsuya Minami, who by then already took on positions as artist and producer for console ports of Rush & Crash (1986), Final Fight (1989), and Street Fighter 2 (1991)  Capcom's boss assigned Minami to Super Ghouls 'n Ghosts following a two-week break that began after completing Final Fight  By then, the project was stagnant with only the first level completed  The following two years were very turbulent, and the master ROM was remade several times near the end of the deadline  The favorable reviews following a very difficult process inspired Minami to run future projects for Capcom 

Regional differences
The crosses in the game were modified from the original Chō Makaimura, where they resemble church crosses; in Super Ghouls 'n Ghosts, they appear as ankhs  The final boss was also renamed from Samael to Sardius 
The European version removed certain enemies and obstacles in the game to reduce the difficulty and potential slowdown 

Release
A port of the Super NES version of Super Ghouls 'n Ghosts is featured alongside the arcade versions of Ghosts 'n Goblins and Ghouls 'n Ghosts in the video game compilation Capcom Generation: Chronicles of Arthur for PlayStation, which was also released for the Sega Saturn in Japan as Capcom Generation 2  This version is also included in Capcom Classics Collection for PlayStation 2 and Xbox and in Capcom Classics Collection: Reloaded for PlayStation Portable 
The Game Boy Advance version, titled Super Ghouls 'n Ghosts in North America and Europe and Chō Makaimura R in Japan, features an "Arrange Mode" that enables the player to choose from redesigned levels and bosses based on Ghosts 'n Goblins and Ghouls 'n Ghosts, depending on success in keeping the bronze armor, or a higher difficulty tier of the standard levels set upon keeping the golden armor  Unlike the Normal Mode, in Arrange Mode, the Goddess's Bracelet is already accessible during the first playthrough 
The SNES version was released for the Virtual Console on the Wii on March 5, 2007, the Wii U on May 16, 2013, and New Nintendo 3DS on June 23, 2016  The GBA version was also released for the Wii U on October 22, 2015 
Nintendo re-released Super Ghouls 'n Ghosts in the United States and Europe in September 2017 for the Super NES Classic Edition Super Ghouls 'n Ghosts was also available as one of the classic games included as part of the Nintendo Switch Online service 

Reception
Critics from Electronic Gaming Monthly and the German Video Games magazine called it the best entry in the Ghosts 'n Goblin series As with prior Ghosts 'n Goblins games, Super Ghouls 'n Ghosts's very high difficulty was discussed, with Nintendo Life's Damien McFerran declaring it "16-bit gaming at its most unforgiving"  Most reviewers opined the challenge was never unfair  A minor criticism was directed at the lack of shooting flexibility, specifically that the player couldn't shoot up or down Eurogamer's Dan Whitehead was in the minority on finding the challenge proper  He opined it "relies far too heavily on cheap tricks and blatantly unfair game mechanics to turn an otherwise pleasant platformer into an exercise in cruel frustration", his rationales including inability to change directions during a jump, and superior enemy advantages in terms of movement and ability for foes to shoot through certain objects Arthur could not  Neal Ronaghan of Nintendo World Report and Nadia Oxford of USgamer wrote the player had to be perfect starting at level one  According to Oxford, "every pixel of every level" had to be memorized, such as enemy patterns, power-up locations, platform movement, and the best power-up weapons to kill each enemy  Oxford, as well as reviewers from Nintendo World Report and Super Play, stated the difficulty level was so high some players, even those of average skill, wouldn't enjoy it  Super Play claimed it was hard to beat even a single section without the power-up armors, made worse by how easy it is to lose it  The magazine and Nadia also condemned the absence of a save feature, such as a password or the console's save battery, meaning the game had to be beat in one sitting Super Ghouls 'n Ghosts was praised for its replay value  Wrote ACE magazine's David Upchurch, the game was "tough but rarely frustrating, and will keep you coming back again and again until it's been cracked"  Upchurch called the control "superb", writing the SNES joypad was so well-designed it made jumping and shooting possible  Super Pro felt it had more depth and replay-a-bility than other arcade ports due to its "exciting" graphics and sound and the "variety and imagination" in its level design  Wrote McFerran, "the fantastic level design, inventive enemies and gripping gameplay lock you in for hours, despite the fact that for a large portion of that time you'll feel like you're banging your head against a wall" The graphics, sound and level design was lauded, especially by retrospective reviews that called the game the best example of the 16-bit console's capabilities  In Video Games, Julian Eggebrecht found the graphics the best he'd seen on a home console  James Mielke of GameSpot considered the game's color palette ahead of its time  Claimed Super Gamer, "there's a multitude of power-ups, hideously imaginative monsters and fantastic settings, including a beautifully drawn sunken ship " Mean Machines writer Rich, calling the graphics "exceptional", stated the game superseded another one of Capcom's arcade ports to the SNES, U N  Squadron, in term of backdrops  He and Upchurch highlighted the ice level, particularly its parallax scrolling, layers of snow, and tower section  Nintendo Life staff, in addition to noting the "outstanding sprite work" and "lots of neat little touches in the background", also focused on Mode 7 effects such as the zooming of enemy sprites and rotating platforms Martin Gaksch of Video Games described the game as a mixture of "modern action entertainment and a hodgepodge of innovative ideas"  The diversity in gameplay was noted by Upchurch: "One minute Arthur's avoiding showers of skulls from giant stone monoliths, the next he's clambering on top of a stone pillar to avoid being washed away by a giant tidal wave, then he's dodging careening trolleys of flame - and this is all on the first level alone!" On the other hand, Tim Boone, although amazed by the look and sound, found the game just another side-scrolling platformer, which he was already tired of due to the amount of similar titles that existed since the original Ghost 'n Goblins A frequent criticism was the slowdown, occurring when several sprites appeared on the screen  Upchurch and McFerran argued it helped in defeating harder enemies  On the other hand, Super Play opined it negatively affected the experience in general, and Craig Harris of IGN found it harder to control Arthur when the game slowed down As of June 30, 2017, 1 09 million units of the SNES version were sold since its release in October 1991, making it Capcom's 75th best-selling game of all time  In later years, it was ranked the 76th best all-time Nintendo game by Official Nintendo Magazine, the 231st best by Nintendo Power, and the 22nd best console video game of all time by Electronic Gaming Monthly  The Game Boy Advance version was nominated for GameSpot's 2002 "Best Port of a 16-Bit Classic" award  GamesRadar ranked the game at number 25 in their "the Best SNES games of all time"  In 2018, Complex listed the game 22nd in its "The Best Super Nintendo Games of All Time" and opining that Super Ghouls'n Ghosts is "Probably the most difficult game in the SNES library " In 1995, Total! placed the game 26th on its Top 100 SNES Games  They praised the game's graphics as "Top notch" and gave praise for the game's classic arcade gameplay concluding: "It's constantly challenging but also has a wonderfully friendly learning curve " IGN listed the game 51st in their Top 100 SNES Games 

Notes
Passage 3:
Plok
Plok! is a side-scrolling platform game developed by British studio Software Creations and its concepts and characters created and owned by Ste and John Pickford  It was released for the Super Nintendo Entertainment System (SNES) in late 1993 by Tradewest in North America, Nintendo in Europe, and Activision in Japan  Players portray the hood-headed titular protagonist, the king of the island Akrillic who is protecting it from fleas spawned by the Flea Queen, who is under the island's ground, as well as other bosses trying to overthrow Plok's power  His versatility lies in his four separable limbs, which can be used to shoot at targets and enemies, and several power-ups scattered throughout its colorful stages as "presents "
Plok!'s history began in the late 1980s as a self-funded coin-op project by the two Pickford brothers named Fleapit; they worked on it while at Zippo Games and programmed it for Rare's 'Razz Board' hardware  It was cancelled in 1990 following the closure of Zippo Games, but was revived as a SNES game developed at Software Creations after the Pickfords were promoted to higher positions, with Ste becoming an art director and John a producer  Software Creations self-funded the game with the Pickfords owning intellectual property rights 
Plok! was positively received by critics, who praised its innovative ideas, variety, presentation, versatile playable character, and level design; however, some expressed skepticism of it being the same cutesy colorful platform title as many others, and the Pickfords attributed its underwhelming sales to market saturation of mascot platformers 

Gameplay
Plok! has two difficulty modes: "Normal" which features the entire game, and "Child's Play" which omits the harder stages and decreases the speed and hit points of enemies  "Plokontinues" are earned if four P-L-O-K tokens are collected, and a token is garnered if a level is finished without dying; if a Game Over occurs, the player will restart with a score of 0, three lives, and at the place the Plokontinue was received  Saving is limited to two "Permanent Continue Positions" after the completion of the Bobbins Brothers and Rockyfella boss fights which the player can return to even after the game is reset, and there is no password feature 
Plok can launch any of his four limbs (two arms and two legs) at will to damage enemies as projectiles from his arms and feet  While a limb instantly returns to Plok's body if it hits an enemy, it takes longer if it does not collide with anything  Limbs can also fire through certain barriers like rock pillars  The only limitation is that he cannot shoot limbs while somersaulting  In later levels, some puzzles involve having to "sacrifice" one of Plok's limbs to activate scenery-changing targets  Once a limb hits a switch, it is placed on a hanger that is usually next to the target  Some targets also require certain limbs  Once Plok is limbless, he moves by bouncing and becomes harder to control Plok's secondary attack takes the form of "Speed Blade," a buzzsaw-like jump that not only gives him increased speed as items but also dispatches enemies at the highest damage possible  Plok can pick up shells, which award extra lives and serve as ammunition for a special amulet received partway through the game  The amulet converts shells into power for Plok's secondary attack  There are also "Magic Fruits" that can heal Plok's health; the more he punches a fruit, the bigger it gets and more health he receives  Less frequent are bigger "Golden Fruits" that increase Plok's energy to its fullest  In some levels, some fruits can either send Plok to a timed bonus stage where he must reach a goal or a strange room where he must collect all the shells to progress  Completing these will have Plok warp to the next level with some of them being able to skip boss fights 
"Presents" temporarily upgrades Plok into a character from his favourite movies, such as "Plocky" which equips him with boxing gloves, "Vigilante Plok" which makes him a flamethrower-equipped character a la the "Ploxterminator," the Deerstalker-wearing "Squire Plok" equipped with a blunderbuss, a gun-slinging "Cowboy Plok" based on westerns, and "Rocket Plok" where is equipped with multiple rocket launchers  Presents in the Fleapit yield high-tech, futuristic vehicles with weapons, such as a unicycle with a water cannon, an "off-road truck" with a rocket launcher, a jetpack with lasers, a motorbike with grenades, a tank, a bomb-dropping helicopter, a flying saucer with plasma cannons, and a pair of spring pogo shoes The player encounters several different enemies, such as the aforementioned fleas  For fleas, for the player to complete the level, Plok must destroy every single one of them in every level (with the exceptions of Cotton Island, Legacy Island, and Fleapit), where the last one drops a flag which levitates to its flag pole and allows the player to progress 

Plot
As king, Plok dwells on Akrillic, a large island in the fictional archipelago of Polyesta  Plok wakes up one morning and notices his big square flag on the pole on his house's rooftop has been stolen, and goes out searching for it  He spots the flag on Cotton Island from far away and sails to it to find the flag  Plok mistakes some imposter flags for his own, becoming irritated in the process  Plok encounters the two giant creatures who are responsible for placing the fake flags, the Bobbins Brothers, whom Plok's grandpappy had warned him about, and fights them Although successfully defeating the Bobbins Brothers and getting his big square flag back, Plok sails back to Akrillic to find the island has been infested and overtaken by "fleas", two-legged blue insects that hatch from eggs and hop around; Plok learns that the theft of his large flag was simply a decoy to lure him away from Akrillic  Plok travels through Akrillic, defeating every single flea on the surface to reclaim his island  
Partway through the game, Plok places the big square flag back where it belongs outside his home, and then takes a break as he sits on a foot of the statue of his grandfather, Grandpappy Plok, wishing he had found an amulet to help him deal with the fleas  He takes a nap and has an odd dream of his grandfather's search for an amulet 50 years ago  In the dream, the player plays as Grandpappy Plok as he sails from Akrillic to Legacy Island, and shares the same experience as what his grandson is doing now, traveling through bizarre obstacles, discovering artifacts (including Rockyfella), and dealing with the same Bobbin Brothers as well as their third brother Irving  Having defeated them, Grandpappy finally dug up an amulet and sailed back to Akrillic victoriously  Back to the present day, Plok wakes up and discovers that the amulet is located at the bottom of the statue  Plok's mission on getting his island back continues, now with the ability to "charge" a buzzsaw jump ability by sacrificing the shells he has collected Plok then heads into various locations around the island while facing other creatures trying to overthrow Akrillic: Penkinos, a group of inflatable, floating magicians of mysterious origin living in the North of the island; Womack, a spider living in the island's center with its long legs being weak points; and Rockyfella, the spirit of the island's soil residing under in the mountains of the island's southeast who is vengeful against Plok for the flagpoles he dug in the ground  After clearing out all the enemies on the island, Plok journeys into the source of the fleas, the Fleapit, where he uses various weapon vehicles  He faces off with the leader of the fleas who hatched them, the Flea Queen, using a high-tech "secret Super-Vehicle" armed with bug spray to defeat her  After the showdown, he returns home to sleep on his green chair 

Development
1988: Rare hires Zippo Games
In the summer of 1988, Ste and John Pickford, workers at Zippo Games which was owned by John and their friend Steve Hughes, were struggling to complete games for 16-bit Atari ST and Amiga computers, many getting canceled  They learned Rare was looking for developers of Nintendo Entertainment System (NES) titles, which the console had yet to gain steam in the United Kingdom; despite finding the 8-bit system "horribly overpriced and terribly underpowered", the Pickfords took the offer due to financial necessity and their love of the works of Rare founders Tim and Chris Stamper's previous company Ultimate Play the Game  Zippo Games was the only company to have been consulted by Rare for NES work  Despite initial skepticism against the NES, the Pickfords' experience working on Ironsword, as well as playing Mario and Zelda games on the console as required by the Stamper brothers, gained them an appreciation for the console and changed their development focus from being on technical finesse to the player's experience, which is what they had for Plok! 

1988–1989: Fleapit
John, while Ste was drawing the shop screen for Ironsword, came up with an idea of a character with a hangman's hood; Ste doodled it in a small margin of the layout  The detachable limbs were also conceived in the sketch, as below the character was an arrow pointing to a pile of his parts  John then thought of a game where the player had to capture all jumping fleas in a land, which the two decided to have the hangman be the playable character  Plok's name was then spontaneously coined when John was placing letters from a cassette tape cover on his computer mouse; his full name was "Plok the Exploding Man" to describe his separable design  After more motivation from John, Ste moved to clear sheets of paper to do more sketches, where the character's colors, poses, size (32x40) and "extreme expressions" involving an opening mouth were conceived After the formation of these ideas, Chris Stamper went to Zippo Games to introduce a coin-op hardware he designed named the Razz Board  In addition to being impressed by the hardware's innovative graphics system, the Pickfords also saw an opportunity to make a "real arcade game" like the ones in their youth; they previously worked on an Amiga-based coin-op system for World Darts, but never a "real" arcade title  As a result, the Pickfords made a deal with Rare to use the hardware to produce their dream game as well as to own the game property and receive a big chunk of revenue from board sales; however, the deal also made all of the funding up to the brothers  The project was named Fleapit Ste vaguely recalled Fleapit in a 2014 interview, comparing its gameplay to Excitebots: Trick Racing (2009) in that the player had to catch one of several flying footballs to score a touchdown in the middle of a level; he reported the product being only a little more "primitive" than Plok!, featuring stages only scrolling horizontal and vertically, more "set pieces or one-off levels," backgrounds made of food like sausages and doughnuts, and a space level As development went on, Rare was profiting mostly from selling NES titles, making them less focused on Razz Board games such as Fleapit  In 1989, Rare, the first company outside of Japan to have a Game Boy, instructed Zippo Games to develop a game for the handheld console; however, this meant stopping the development of Fleapit  Rare and Zippo Games' relationship worsened; Zippo never completed a Game Boy product as instructed and was bought out by Rare in 1990 to be renamed Rare Manchester, which was shut down  Fleapit was cancelled half-completed in 1990 as a result of Zippo Games closing and funds running out; Ste admitted in 2014 a desire to produce a coin-op caused improper business decisions, such as rejecting more financially-rewarding console work Late in Fleapit's development, the brothers obtained comedian Chris Sievey to voice Plok, contacting him in 1990 via the number on the name of one of his songs, "969 1909 " He encountered Sievey in his Frank Sidebottom costume at The Ritz venue, and offered to work for free; however, a short time later, Fleapit was cancelled, and Sievey never voiced the character 

1990–1993: From Zippo to Software Creations
After leaving Zippo, John phoned Richard Hay, the head of Software Creations, the first company outside of Japan to have a development kit for the Super Nintendo Entertainment System (SNES)  Hay hired the Pickfords right away to use it to design and program Equinox (1993), a sequel to the NES title Solstice (1990)  The Pickfords were eventually promoted to higher positions, with Ste becoming an art director and John a producer On the side, the Pickfords continued working on Fleapit, coming up with new characters and locations as well as doing more pitch illustrations  Near the completion of Equinox, the Pickfords showcased Fleapit to Hay, pitching it under a new name: Plok! While the brothers and Hay considered many consoles, such as the NES, Super NES, and Game Boy, only a Super NES title came into fruition  Development once again involved self-funding, albeit on the part of Software Creations instead of just the Pickfords Plok!'s team consisted of the two brothers as producers, art directors, and designers; John Buckley as programmer; Lyndon Brooke as graphic artist; another set of brothers, Tim and Geoff Follin, developing the music and sound; Kevin Edwards and Stephen Ruddy as compressors; Dan Whitworth creating additional graphics; and an 18-year-old Chun Wah Kong joining in spring 1993 as a tester  Software Creations, for some of their games, hired animators recently laid-off from a Manchester studio, and Whitworth was no exception; he animated the title screen (where Plok plays a harmonica to the theme song) while Ste was on a two-week holiday, and Whitworth's work was enthusiastically-received by the staff Plok! was the Pickford brothers' first experience as project managers, as well as the first time they collaborated with other developers to turn their ideas into a finished product  Buckley later admitted to Plok! being his most "proud" work  and Kong admittined that his experience as the game's tester prepared him for being lead designer on Team Soho's PlayStation 2 title The Getaway (2002): "QA is great grounding for designers  It makes you think critically about how players approach your level; how to reward curiosity if the player wanders off the beaten track; how different approaches could break the game "Although Pickfords allowed Buckley and Brooke to offer many contributions, development was not without conflict, the biggest argument occurring late in development regarding difficulty; while Buckley and Brooks felt it was proper, the Pickfords found it overbearing  To settle the dispute, the first eight stages which were originally for Cotton Island were moved later as the Grandpappy Plok dream stages, with eight new easier Cotton Island stages created  According to Buckley, dream levels were conceived to vary the pacing, particularly with the Amulet  Kong also reported one of the publishers wanted the first level's difficulty decreased, so the staff decreased the bouncing sprouts' hit points from two to one; however, in the tutorial segment of the final game, the sprouts take two hits as Plok fires an extra arm  While Software Creations did have collectible continues (named "Plokontinues") for Plok!, it did not produce a save battery due to being too costly, and passwords were scrapped out of fear gaming magazines would spread them around Kong recalled most of the game was completed close to the end of Equinox's testing 

Graphics and art
Many of Plok!'s visuals were formulated during its Fleapit stage, where it was being programmed for the Razz Board  The hardware had an unusual system that executed higher-depth graphics and performed better with fewer data  Unlike other hardwares that used bitmap grids that encode colors and transparency through binary numbers, the Razz Board hardware stored pixels as bytes, with the first six bits determining color, the seventh bit setting its vertical position relative to its predecessor, and the eighth its horizontal  For instance, using a bitmap system to create a 32-pixel line requires a grid of 1,024 pixels (32x32) with 992 of them transparent, while making the same line took only 32 bytes in Razz Board  This meant sprites weren't restrained to perfectly square sizes, which Ste took advantage of when creating the text font although setting an arbitrary limit of 22x29  For the SNES game, Brooke designed two new fonts for 16x16 and 8x8 bitmap grids: one based on Ste's font for Fleapit, in turn based on his lettering in concept drawings, and another for the silent movie-esque screens in the Legacy Island levels  Software Creations' leader and Plok! executive producer Mike Webb reported compressing 50% on the game's 16-megabit graphics data (equivalent to Street Fighter II) to eight megabits Fleapit was the Pickfords' first game where Ste created concept art, to be more professional and adapt to an increase in presentation to buyers in the industry; according to Ste, this changed the process of green-lighting a game just by starting programming: "Everyone in the industry was self taught, and there were no standards or expectations of how a new game should progress  I remember it being a struggle to justify spending work time drawing pretty pictures which wouldn't actually contribute to the game " Ste added shades to the concept art using Letratone as an easy method to a businesslike aesthetic  Ste drew the illustrations in black and white, due to being focused more on shape than on color and photocopying technology only allowing monochrome prints  The color scheme was formulated originally for an 8-bit arcade title; to achieve a "natural" look, colors were scrunched into extreme areas of the RGB color wheel  When the project turned into a 16-bit SNES game, the color scheme (although generally the same) was more detailed with a wider palette, and Ste used magic markers to color concept art; it was used not only for the game but also for other titles and products of a potential franchise and as illustrations for the instruction manual John's first plan for taking the most advantage of the Razz Board was with how Plok was animated; since he had separable limbs, all of his six parts were independently-moving static sprites  
The separated limbs of Plok made him easy to animate and took less graphical data, as static parts could be coded to move and rotate instead of creating multiple frames  Ste also had Plok's boots and gloves be gigantic in order for his detachable-limb design to work to its full potential  The fleas, although animated traditionally with frames, were only two legs to make animating extreme poses simpler and for the sprite to not be too busy  Ste reported "5 or 6" frames for all of the fleas' movements  For the SNES console, Brooke altered the design of Plok and the fleas only slightly, but Plok's animation method was transformed; the SNES has the traditional bitmap method of executing pixels, thus he was animated frame-by-frame by Brooke 

Concepts and design
Fleapit characters not in Plok! include Armstrong, a "mini-version" of Rockyfella; and Suki, a manga-style character who ran an item shop  The Bobbins Brothers and Womack were transferred from Fleapit (although Womack went through a massive redesign by Brooke that Ste appreciated) while the Penkinos were originally-conceived for Plok! The "floating" limb movements were coded in John's first prototype of Fleapit, with the idea of removing limbs incorporated later on as the Pickfords experimented  The idea of costume and vehicle power-up had also been around since Fleapit, although the set of power-ups changed with only the helicopter carrying over; Fleapit-only power-ups included "Robo Plok," a robot form that improved maneuverability and was inspired by Ro-Jaws from the 2000 AD comics; "Ninja Plok" which armed him with an endless amount of throwing stars; and "Super Plok," a superhero with flying abilities  Plok also had the "smart bomb," an ability where he enraged himself to the point of exploding and wiping out all enemies on the screen (as well as his own limbs) By the start of the development of the SNES game, Buckley didn't have Fleapit's code; thus, he started programming out of what he saw in the VHS footage, including Plok attacking fleas with his limbs and skid-ing down slanted platforms  Brooke conceived triggering parts of the scenery with limbs, reasoning they "looked a bit rough" when constantly looping; however, carrying it out was difficult due to affecting the collision detection and causing Plok's movements to be jolty  He came up with the limb-holding coat hangers two weeks later  The vehicles were left for the final stages, as incorporating them into earlier levels would've taken too much work to "balance" them with those stages' other aspects 

Audio
When it came to NES and SNES titles, Software Creations was notable for pushing the limits of a hardware's sound, including with Plok! Work on Plok!'s soundtrack, composed by Tim and Geoff Follin, began halfway into development  It was categorized by Nintendo World Report as typical of other kid-friendly platform games, although "a bit manic, deceptively bombastic, and diverse in tone"  Ste reported Geoff doing around 75% of the work and being far more open for discussion with the team, and Tim being more "elusive" Plok! continues the Follin brothers' incorporation of old rock music influences; "Beach," for instance, was inspired by the works of Stevie Wonder, and its guitar solo being influenced by Queen guitarist Brian May  Tim Follin composed the title song out of a guitar-played two-chord progression of "Tequila" by rock and roll group The Champs, as two guitar chord samples could fit within memory  "Lead" instruments such as an electric guitar and harmonicas were made out of simple waveforms, with the guitar's wave identical to a square  A breathing sample in the boss theme was also used in Equinox and Spider-Man and the X-Men in Arcade's Revenge (1992) The soundtrack has been released to physical formats twice, on July 27, 2019, to cassette by CANVAS Ltd  and as a limited-edition 500-copy double vinyl on Record Store Day (18 April) 2020 by Respawn Records; Respawned's release had notes and artwork by the Pickfords and both 180gram vinyls colored red and yellow  Rare composer David Wise has expressed admiration for Plok!, claiming his work on Donkey Kong Country to be inspired by the Follin brothers' soundtrack 

Release
Publishing
Software Creations was so confident in Plok! the developer tried to persuade Nintendo to publish it; reception from the corporation's Japan and American branches was positive  Shigeru Miyamoto expressed a strong interest in working on the game; when Plok! was only half-finished, he wrote a letter to Hay claiming it was the third-best platform game below Sonic and Mario and that he would make it the second-greatest in the genre above Sonic but below Mario  Tony Harman, product acquisitions and development manager at Nintendo of America, also attended the studio to play Plok! four weeks within its development, and told Kay Miyamoto was amazed by the game's audio to the point of analyzing it  For unknown reasons, however, Nintendo only published Plok! in Europe, while Tradewest published it in North America and Activision in Japan  Although reasons for Nintendo's rejection haven't been disclosed, Ste inductively reasoned Miyamoto found it too similar to a Super Mario World sequel in development, particularly with its mini-race levels 

Promotion
The Pickfords, despite owning the IP and developing Plok!, were never consulted on promotion  Tradewest set Plok!'s primary demographic at gamers six-to-fourteen years old  Although published by Tradewest in the United States, Plok! still received promotion from Nintendo of America; a complete guide and review was published in the October 1993 issue of its magazine Nintendo Power, and a two-page section in a Nintendo Player's Guide book for Mario Paint (1993) included templates of body part stamps to animate Plok and the flea enemies, and a background painting based on one of the Cotton Island levels
Context 3: Passage 1:
Bishop International Airport
Bishop International Airport (IATA: FNT, ICAO: KFNT, FAA LID: FNT) is a commercial and general aviation airport located in Flint, Michigan, United States  It is named after banker and General Motors board member Arthur Giles Bishop (April 12, 1851 – January 22, 1944), who donated 220 acres of his farmland for the airport in 1928   It is located in southwestern Flint, and is surrounded by Flint Township to the north, east and west; and Mundy Township to the south 
The third busiest airport in Michigan after those of Detroit and Grand Rapids, it surpassed competitor MBS near Saginaw in terms of airline operations in 2002  1,071,238 passengers used Bishop International Airport in 2007; 938,914 passengers used the airport in 2011 It is included in the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) National Plan of Integrated Airport Systems for 2021–2025, in which it is categorized as a non-hub primary commercial service facility The airport is currently served by three passenger airlines: Allegiant Air operates mainline service out of the airport, and regional services are provided by affiliates of United Express and American Eagle   The airlines offer passenger flights to 13 cities across the United States   The airport became a focus city for Allegiant on February 19, 2022 Accompanying the airlines is fixed-base operator AvFlight, which handles both general aviation and airline operations  Also based at the airport are flight schools Greater Flint Pilots Association, American Wings Aviation, and Crosswinds Aviation 

History
In 1928, the Arthur Giles Bishop family gave to the City of Flint 220 acres for aeronautical purposes  The city-operated Bishop Airport until 1987 when the city and Genesee County formed the Bishop International Airport Authority to run the airport The renovation and expansion of the current terminal, originally built in 1993, was designed by Reynolds, Smith & Hills 

Historic airline service
When the current terminal was completed in 1993, most airlines serving Flint were using propeller aircraft, which included Northwest Airlink and Skyway Airlines (operating as Midwest Connect)   US Air was the only airline providing jet service at the time, which they operated to their hub in Pittsburgh In 1997, ValuJet Airlines began service to Flint, which became Flint's first low-cost carrier   ValuJet was merged into AirTran Airways later that year, who continued to provide flights to Atlanta   The success of AirTran's flights led them to increase service which prompted Northwest Airlines, who operated a major hub nearby in Detroit, to also increase service to Flint   For much of the 2000s, competition between AirTran and Northwest brought growth in air service to Flint which included flights to Florida and Las Vegas   Competition between the two airlines was so heavy, both airlines would often announce new competing services within days of each other In 2001, Delta Air Lines began flights to Flint starting with Delta Connection flights to their hub in Cincinnati which operated for a few years   Delta flights to their hub in Atlanta were added in 2003 In 2002, ATA Connection (operated by Chicago Express Airlines) began flights from Flint to Chicago Midway Airport using Saab 340 turboprop aircraft   ATA Connection also briefly operated flights to Indianapolis before ATA Airlines shutdown ATA Connection in 2005   American Eagle subsequently started flights to Chicago O'Hare International Airport by the end of that year   American Eagle also had flights from Flint to Dallas/Fort Worth and LaGuardia Airport in New York in the late 2000s Northwest Airlines, who operated in Flint for many years, was merged into Delta Air Lines in 2009   After the merger, Delta continued to operate flights to Detroit and Minneapolis/St  Paul, which Northwest previously operated   However, Delta discontinued the short flights to Detroit in 2013 United Express added flights to Chicago O'Hare International Airport in 2014 after discontinuing flights to Cleveland (which had started years earlier by United's predecessor Continental Airlines) AirTran was merged into Southwest Airlines in 2014   Southwest continued to serve Flint briefly following the merger and offered Boeing 737 flights from Flint to Las Vegas, Orlando, Tampa, Baltimore, and seasonal service to Fort Myers before dropping them and serving only Chicago Midway Airport in 2016  While flights to Midway were full, Southwest did not see adequate profit from the short flight and ceased service to Flint in 2018 After Southwest's service downgrade in 2016, Allegiant Air saw the demand in Flint for low cost flights to popular tourist destinations and began service to Orlando/Sanford and Tampa/Clearwater – St  Petersburg in 2016  The success of those routes led to additional service to Punta Gorda, Florida, in 2018 and seasonal service to both Ft  Lauderdale and Myrtle Beach Although Allegiant was a welcome to passengers at Flint, the lack of daily flights that Southwest had offered plus the Delta Connection cancellation of their twice daily Minneapolis flight led Flint to their lowest passenger numbers in over a decade  Statistics from the airport for 2018 show the number of passengers boarding flights at Bishop down about 10%: from 400,781 in 2017 to 360,609 in 2018, the lowest number of departing flights from Flint since 2002  Allegiant Air added service between Flint and Nashville on June 5, 2020  On November 17, 2020, Allegiant announced it would begin service between Flint and Las Vegas, starting March 4, 2021  Allegiant has announced it will offer service to Boston and Jacksonville, Florida starting in March 2022  On February 1, 2022, Allegiant later announced it will begin serve between Flint and Savannah, Georgia beginning April 15, 2022 Despite the 2018 results, early 2019 saw Allegiant become the number-one air carrier in Flint, carrying 41% of Flint's passengers in February  Envoy Air (as American Eagle) also started a fourth daily flight to Chicago O'Hare  On April 11, 2019, PSA Airlines (as American Eagle) announced twice daily service to Charlotte to begin in September 2019   American's flights to Charlotte were discontinued in 2022 Delta Air Lines indefinitely suspended flights their last remaining service from Flint to Atlanta due to the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on aviation  Despite ending Flint service, Delta still serves nearby airports such as MBS International Airport near Saginaw and Detroit Metropolitan Airport 

Renovations
In early February 2007, Bishop International Airport unveiled a comprehensive five-year developmental plan that would be slated for continuation through late 2011  The program called for two phases of "Intermodal Facility Development," including the expansion of the West Cargo Apron, what is now known as the Abex and Emory GVA Freight Ramp, located on the airport's northwest side 
In May 2009, Bishop International Airport began Phase I of its Terminal Airside & Concourse Improvements program  Projects under this phase were developed in 2008  Included in this phase are upgrades to the terminal ramp, upon which the passenger concourse resides; the permanent closure and deconstruction of Runway 5/23; and the acquisition of new land for an envisioned Runway 09L/27R, which was scheduled to be designed in 2009 and constructed in 2010 
Runway 5/23 was closed permanently on May 4, 2009 as progress continued in the Capital Improvement Program 
The renovation and expansion of the terminal, originally built in 1993, was designed by Reynolds, Smith & Hills On April 24, 2012, the airport's board of directors approved a $1 348 million project to repair the airport's tarmac  On September 19, 2012, it was announced that the Federal Aviation Administration approved a grant to fund the project On October 6, 2012, a new Transportation Security Administration checkpoint opened in the terminal The completed terminal was dedicated on November 13, 2012 The airport's board allocated an additional $10 9 million for upgrades in 2013 and 2014 On August 29, 2013, the airport received a $2 87 million grant from the U S  Department of Transportation, which was used to repair taxiways and lighting and to buy a replacement snow truck On September 28, 2017, the airport received a $4 302 million grant from the Federal Aviation Administration which will be used to rehabilitate the pavement of Taxiway C, construct asphalt shoulders and install runway guard lights at each access point to the runway On July 30, 2018, the FAA gave the airport a $4,012,542 grant for taxiway construction, rehabilitation and lighting On June 5, 2019, the FAA gave the airport $8,056,505 for runway reconstruction, the addition of runway shoulders, and enhancements to the runway’s lighting system 

Facilities
Bishop International Airport covers 1,550 acres (6 km²) and has two runways:
Runway 18/36: 7,849 x 150 ft  (2,392 x 46 m), surface: asphalt/concrete
Runway 09/27: 7,201 x 150 ft  (2,195 x 46 m), surface: asphaltIn the year ending December 31, 2021, the airport had 44,632 operations, an average of 122 aircraft operations per day: 78% general aviation, 21% scheduled commercial / air taxi, and less than 1% military  At that time, there were 93 aircraft based at this airport: 70 single-engine, 21 multi-engine, and two jet aircraft 

Airlines and destinations
Passenger
Source:

Cargo
Source:

Statistics
Top destinations
Carrier shares
2020 was Bishop's worst year since 2002, with departures down about 42%: from 597,000 in 2019 to 346,000 in 2020  This was largely due to the COVID-19 pandemic 

Ground transportation
Bishop International Airport is accessible from I-69, I-75/US-23 and I-475 at Bristol Road  The airport is also served by a bus line operated by the Flint Mass Transportation Authority, local taxi services, and Uber which operates in the Flint area 
Several car rental agencies are also available at the airport 

Airport Authority Board
The Bishop International Airport Authority (BIAA) is the joint public authority created by Genesee County and the city of Flint to run Bishop International Airport  The Authority Board has nine members appointed to three-year terms  BIAA operates the airport's public safety and maintenance departments 
On January 27, 2014, airport director Jim Rice retired after 24 years of service  The service drive in front of the airport that leads to the terminal and front parking lot has since been renamed in his honor  The board later named Craig Williams, former Fort Wayne-Allen County Airport Authority board member, as his successor on July 22, 2014 

Accidents and incidents
On May 18, 1935, a Ford Trimotor operated by Knowles Flying Service crash landed at Flint-Bishop Airport due to fuel starvation  Two passengers and a pilot died out of the 12 on board 
On January 6, 1977, a Learjet 23 operated by Jet Avia crashed while on a runway 27 localizer back course approach in snow and a low ceiling  A failure to maintain airspeed was the probable cause  Both occupants were killed 
On November 16, 2011, a Piaggio P 180 Avanti operating as Avantair Flight 168 (Detroit Metro to West Bend Municipal, tail number N168SL) crashed upon landing due to an engine failure  The plane was damaged beyond repair, but everyone aboard survived with only minor injuries 
On December 12, 2011, four people from Saginaw were arrested at Bishop International Airport trying to smuggle 122 pounds (55 kg) of marijuana from Phoenix 
On June 21, 2017, airport police lieutenant Jeff Neville was stabbed in the neck by a man who shouted "Allahu Akbar" while doing so  A Tunisian-born Canadian man, Amor Ftouhi, was arrested at the scene as a suspect  Neville survived the attack  The attack was condemned by the Canadian government  Ftouhi was found guilty of three federal counts in November 2018  He was sentenced to life in prison in April 2019 
On January 18, 2019, it was reported that the Michigan Department of Environmental Quality had found elevated levels of PFAS in groundwater at the airport 

Gallery
Passage 2:
United Express Flight 3411 incident
On April 9, 2017 at Chicago O'Hare International Airport, four paying customers were selected to be involuntarily deplaned from United Express flight 3411 to make room for four deadheading employees  One of these passengers was David Dao, 69, a Vietnamese-American who was injured when he was dragged from the flight by Chicago Department of Aviation security officers  Dao, a pulmonologist, politely refused to leave his seat when directed because he needed to see patients the following day  In the process of removing him, the security officers struck his face against an armrest, then pulled him – apparently unconscious – by his arms down the aircraft aisle, past rows of onlooking passengers  The incident is widely characterized by critics – and later by United Airlines itself – as an example of mishandled customer service  
United removed the passengers to reposition a crew who had been delayed in reaching Louisville to staff a flight the next day  Prior to the confrontation, United agents made a general offer to the plane's passengers – of travel vouchers, accommodations, and a later flight – in exchange for their seats, but none of them accepted  United then algorithmically selected four passengers for involuntary removal from the flight, one of whom was Dao  The three other passengers cooperated with instructions to exit the plane Video of the incident recorded by passengers went viral on social media, resulting in anger over the use of force shown  Politicians expressed concern and called for an official investigation  President Donald Trump criticized United Airlines, calling its treatment of Dao "horrible" 
The next morning, United CEO Oscar Munoz issued a statement that appeared to downplay the treatment of Dao, referring to the incident as "re-accommodating the customers"  Munoz also sent an email to United staff commending the crew's actions for following established procedures and referring to Dao as "disruptive" and "belligerent"  This was contradicted by passengers' accounts and video of the incident; for example, Jason Powell asserted that Dao was not belligerent, saying instead, "He was very polite, matter-of-fact "Munoz and United were sharply criticized for their initial statements; United suffered a drop in its stock price  Two days after the incident, Munoz issued an additional statement, apologizing and promising that such an incident would never again occur on a United aircraft  He said, "No one should ever be mistreated this way " In a televised interview, Munoz was asked, "Do you think [Dao] was at fault in any way?" Munoz responded, "No  He can't be  He was a paying passenger sitting on our seat in our aircraft " Munoz's previously planned promotion to become United's chairman was delayed until May 2020 as a result of the incident  Dao reached an "amicable" settlement with United on April 27, 2017, though its terms were not publicly announced 

Incident
On April 9, 2017, four employees of Republic Airways – a United Airlines regional airline – located at the time in Chicago, had been assigned to crew a flight leaving the next day from Louisville  They were originally scheduled to travel to Louisville on Flight 4448 at 2:55 PM, but that plane was experiencing a significant mechanical delay  They were rebooked onto Flight 3411 at 5:21 PM  This was 19 minutes before its scheduled departure time, and the passengers had boarded the plane, an Embraer 170 operating as United Express Flight 3411, which was fully occupied 
Passengers were initially offered $400 in travel vouchers, a hotel stay, and a seat on a flight leaving more than 21 hours later if they would voluntarily give up their seats  With no volunteers, the offer was increased to $800 in vouchers  Just before 5:40 PM, the United Express gate agent announced that four passengers would be selected by computer and involuntarily removed to accommodate the four Republic employees  A United spokesperson later stated that the selection is based on several factors, and that frequent fliers and higher-paying customers are less likely to be chosen  Another spokesman stated that the flight was not overbooked prior to the four employees being assigned to it Three of the selected passengers, a couple and a woman thought to be David Dao's wife, cooperated with the instruction to leave the plane  The fourth, 69-year-old David Dao – a doctor from Elizabethtown, Kentucky and former folk musician – refused, protesting that he needed to see patients the next day at his clinic  United Airlines staff requested assistance from the Chicago Department of Aviation Security, a department with powers differing from those of the Chicago Police Department; for example, its officers cannot file arrest reports Dao refused to leave his seat and was dragged screaming from it  In the process, he suffered injuries to his head and mouth when, according to another passenger, aviation security officer James Long threw him against the armrest before dragging him down the aisle by his arms, apparently unconscious  During the altercation, several passengers distressed by the incident voluntarily left the aircraft  Passengers stated that officers laughed as Dao was dragged from the plane  The four United employees then sat in the vacated seats  Shortly afterward, Dao boarded the aircraft again, with blood on his face, repeatedly saying, "I have to go home," and "Just kill me"  After he collapsed in a seat, he was removed from the aircraft on a stretcher  The remaining passengers were then directed to exit the plane while the blood was cleaned up  Several passengers recorded the event on video using phone cameras and the videos were widely circulated on social media  Another passenger reported hearing Dao claim that he had been chosen because of his Asian ethnicity  Dao was taken to a hospital with non-life-threatening injuries, including a broken nose, loss of two front teeth, sinus injuries, and "a significant concussion"; the injuries required reconstructive surgery, according to Dao's lawyer The flight departed at 7:21 p m , and arrived at Louisville at 9:01 p m 

Passenger assessments
Several passengers stated that the situation escalated quickly and was inflamed by the demeanor of a United employee  According to passenger Tyler Bridges, "An airline supervisor walked onto the plane and brusquely announced, 'We have United employees that need to fly to Louisville tonight      This flight's not leaving until four people get off ' That rubbed some people the wrong way " Passenger John Fuller described the employee's behavior and said, "She was very terse      She said, 'Four people need to get off this plane, or we're not going anywhere '” Passenger Jason Powell corroborated this account and said that he did not understand why the employee had spoken with such a belligerent tone: "The tone immediately turned me off     She accelerated the situation  It was poor leadership " Powell said, "The disgusting mishandling of the situation included everyone from the rude ticket agent who demanded that this man give up his seat on the flight United overbooked    "Passenger John Klaassen later said, "after the first offer was made, the United employee left and it escalated     had they just tried some diplomacy, none of this had to take place     they were unwilling to negotiate" Passenger Mary Myers faulted the supervisor, saying, "I really put all of this on her shoulders  She could have made a difference  She could have handled it differently  She's the one who started it all " Myers also indicated that Dao had pleaded with the supervisor not to remove him from the flight and explained that as a doctor he could not miss his return flight home  "He said, 'I can’t get off the plane  I have to get home  I'm a doctor  I have to get to the hospital in the morning '" Myers stated that her response was not appropriate: "She said, 'Well, then I'll just have to call the police and have you escorted off the plane ' In my opinion, I think any good supervisor would never have let the situation escalate to that point  Honestly, I think I blame her for the whole entire occurrence  She didn't need to jump to that level "

Aftermath
On April 11, 2017, the law firms representing Dao, Golan Christie Taglia and Corboy & Demetrio, issued a statement indicating that Dao and his family "wants the world to know that they are very appreciative of the outpouring of prayers, concern and support "The three Chicago Department of Aviation (CDA) officers who responded to the incident were James Long, Mauricio Rodriguez, Jr , and Steven Smith  Their supervisor was Sergeant John Moore  Long had just returned to the job after a suspension for insubordination after having ignored a supervisor's orders to prevent vehicles from driving into a restricted area of the airport  Long was placed on administrative leave soon after the incident with Dao; Rodriguez and Smith were placed on administrative leave on April 12  Moore was placed on administrative leave on April 19  Moore had been disciplined at least seven times from 1999 to 2009 for failing to arrive at work without notifying a supervisor  The Chicago Department of Aviation said that "the incident on United Flight 3411 was not in accordance with our standard operating procedure and the actions of the aviation security officer are obviously not condoned by the Department   



ground_truth: 821

prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: What side-scrolling platform game had Christian Whitehead as project lead?

The following are given passages.
Context 2:  In the United Kingdom, Nintendo released a VHS tape, Super Mario All-Stars Video (1993); hosted by Craig Charles, the video features a segment of testers at Nintendo UK promoting upcoming games, including Plok! Club Nintendo, Germany's official Nintendo magazine, ran a comic strip where Plok races with Mario at an Olympic match in space Some print advertising was criticized in later years by Ste for not showing enough of the game itself  Tradewest's US print advertisement depicted the top half taken up by Double Dragon and Battletoads, the bottom half a picture of the Plok character; the only info revealed was that Plok! was published by the two other franchises  Nintendo's UK print ad depicted a faux desktop screenshot with an image of an angry old lady in the house as the wallpaper; the only Plok! visual depicted was its box art, placed in the bottom right and very small-sized However, other print advertisements were much more true to the game, such as Tradewest's series of comic book panel ads named The Adventures of Plok with Plok's origins at the storyline Plok! was first announced in June 1993; upon its announcement, an N-Force journalist called it one of the most "surreal" games in the September 1993 line-up  Tradewest presented Plok! at the summer 1993 Consumer Electronics Show; a GameFan writer called Tradewest "one of the [show's] most impressive third party line-up," highlighting Plok! as a "a colorful new action title with a lead character that hurls his arms and legs at attackers "

Reception
Contemporaneous reviews
Upon release, some critics declared Plok! the best Nintendo release of 1993 as well as another classic by the company, the best platform game of the year, and one of the all-time best in the genre  However, Plok! was compared to many other games of its kind, and even the most favorable reviewers expressed skepticism about playing another average colorful cutesy platform game  Some critics ultimately thought it was and criticized its lack of depth  A frequent comparison was with Sonic the Hedgehog (1991), particularly in its "sugary" tone and Plok's speed ball attack; GameStar's FI derogatorily labeled the titular character as "a puny version" of the Sega franchise's blue hedgehog, criticizing his weird design and calling it names such as "hot pink reddy coloured duck penguin thing" and "freaky pork chop "However, other reviewers opined Plok as distinguished in the genre, noting innovative aspects such as the costume and weapon power-ups and limb mechanics  Reviews also enjoyed its humor, such as with Plok's limbless movements, his power-ups, and nonsensical story; Humphreys felt it would help the game be enjoyed by even the biggest detractors of kid-friendly platformers  The hero was applauded for being charming, more lovable than other mascots of its kind, and versatile, particularly with his limbs and his costume and weapon power-ups  Trenton Webb found the limb mechanic "quite fun to mess around with uselessly," and an Electronic Gaming Monthly critic called it "catchy" with "plenty of situations to test it " Superjuegos writer The Elf called his vehicle power-ups "fantastic and fun," and Hyper magazine Jason Humphreys claimed the cowboy power-up his favourite Some critics were addicted to Plok!'s gameplay and eulogized its playability, perfect control, and variety  Super Play's Jonathan Davies felt it kept adding new concepts as the game went on, and praised some of them, such as patterns of item placements directing the player to off-camera platforms and bouncing off water instead of drowning to death  Plok!'s difficulty was also highlighted, mostly attributed to lack of a password system, save feature, and requirement for continues to be earned  Other contributors to the challenge included long stage lengths and sudden obstacles such as rolling logs  One Total! journalist reported being confused what action to do next in some stages, and another from HobbyConsolas disclosed getting lost in levels and unable to look for targets and fleas required to complete levels  While some reviewers approved how hard Plok was, others disliked not being able to save or use passwords, reasoning it was annoying to replay earlier stages over and over again The cartoony graphics were praised as colorful, surreal, adorable, and featuring "vivid backgrounds"; one reviewer called them some of the best on the Super Nintendo, while another compared it to Equinox  FI appreciated the detail, such as Plok's breathing animation when standing still and the many "little coloured flowers everywhere, looking like real flower power stuff " The music was highlighted (by one critic as the game's best aspect) and noted for pushing the hardware limitations, and sound effects were praised 

Commercial performance and plans for a franchise
John Pickford and Kay had faith in Plok! being commercially successful  The Pickford brothers garnered IP ownership for the Plok character, common in other media economies but rare in the video games industry; and planned a franchise out of it, such as sequels, ports, and merchandise  A Mega Drive version was planned using a Software Creations worker's software for automatically converting SNES titles into Mega Drive games; 80% of the code was automatically converted, according to Ste, with the other 20% requiring hands-on work  Ultimately, however, despite Webb announcing the port's completion in an April 1994 interview, it was never released for unknown reasons Ste, using magic markers, created artwork for future sequels and merchandise, such as style guides of the characters and illustrations of scenes  The Pickfords planned sequels to involve Plok searching for the fleas' home, introduce a setting named Tower Island, and make Plok's comfy chair (which he sleeps on in the end credits of Plok!) a more crucial part of the gameplay  The Pickfords also drew concepts for toys used for pitches of the SNES game, such as a doll where limbs were joined and detached with velcro  During marketing, a Plok model was created in 3D Studio 4 for a promotional photo of Software Creations However, 1992, late in Plok!'s development, saw the beginning of a saturation of colorful platform games starring cute mascots, like Bubsy and Zool  Ste, in 2004, publicly stated developers and producers with more finances knew about previews of the Fleapit coin-op, which may have influenced them to produce games like it; there are no other reports verifying this  Although selling decently over a long period, none of the revenue went to the Pickfords, and Ste suggested the saturation hindered its commercial performance significantly; this plus Software Creations constantly changing publishers between projects rendered a Plok! franchise impossible for several years 

Legacy
In 2009, North American company Super Fighter Team released Zaku, a horizontal shooter for the Atari Lynx which features a special guest appearance by Plok The Pickfords later launched a Plok webcomic  From there, the webcomic takes place 20 years after the game as it features new characters and some returning ones like Rockyfella  The comic sometimes used pop-culture references from other games and other media, in-jokes reference and commentaries on the game's development and its future 
In later years, Plok was ranked the 26th all-time best SNES title (which also named it the best platformer produced in the United Kingdom) in 1996, the 19th best platform game by Gamereactor in 2014, and was listed in Edge editor Tony Mott's 1001 Video Games You Must Play Before You Die in its 2013 edition  Video game elements introduced in Plok! were noted by retrospective journalists to be in more popular platformers released in later years  Games starring characters with floating body parts used as weapons, such as Dynamite Headdy (1994) and Rayman (1995), were released shortly afterwards and garnered much wider exposure  When listing Plok! on a list of "The Most Unappreciated Platformers Of The '90s" for Kotaku, Ben Bertoli wrote it was "influential for portraying a world, named Akrill[ic], based on craft supplies and cloth, a concept that Nintendo itself has come to rely on for many games  The game also provided players with power-ups and vehicles, such as flamethrowers and jetpacks, the likes of which had not been seen in a single game " Sepia-toned flashback stages also made up a chunk of Mickey Mania (1994) 

Notes
Passage 4:
Sonic Mania
Sonic Mania is a 2017 platform game published by Sega for Nintendo Switch, PlayStation 4, Xbox One, and Windows  Produced in commemoration of the Sonic the Hedgehog series' 25th anniversary and serving as a prelude to Sonic Forces, Sonic Mania pays homage to the original Sega Genesis Sonic games, featuring speedy side-scrolling gameplay  It takes place over 13 levels, including several redesigned from past games  The story follows Sonic, Tails and Knuckles as they venture to defeat their nemesis Doctor Eggman and his robotic henchmen, the Hard-Boiled Heavies 
The development team was composed of members known for their work in the Sonic fangame and ROM hacking community  Development began after lead developer, director and programmer Christian "Taxman" Whitehead, who was previously contracted by Sega to develop enhanced mobile ports of Genesis Sonic games, presented a playable prototype to Sonic Team producer Takashi Iizuka  Art, level design, audio, and additional programming were provided by independent studios PagodaWest Games and Headcannon  The team used Whitehead's Retro Engine and aimed for a graphical quality between Genesis and Sega Saturn games 
Sonic Mania was released in August 2017 and became the highest-rated Sonic game in fifteen years  Many reviewers saw it as a return to form for the Sonic series following a number of poorly received games released after the 1990s  Its presentation, level design, music, and faithfulness to the early Sonic games were praised, but its lack of originality was criticized  Several described it as one of the best Sonic games and one of the best games of 2017  Within a year, it had sold over one million copies worldwide  Sonic Mania Plus, an enhanced version with additional content, was released in July 2018 

Gameplay
Sonic Mania is a side-scrolling platformer similar to the early Sonic the Hedgehog games released for the Sega Genesis  Players select one of 3 playable characters, each with their own unique abilities: Sonic can perform a "drop dash" which sends him rolling in a dash after a jump, Tails can fly and swim, and Knuckles can glide and climb walls  As with Sonic 2 (1992), players can play as Sonic and Tails simultaneously, or a second player can control Tails independently  Unlockable options include Sonic's abilities from Sonic CD (1993) and Sonic 3 & Knuckles (1994) in place of the drop dash and "& Knuckles" mode, which allows simultaneous control of any character and Knuckles, including himself Sonic Mania takes place over 13 levels, called zones; the game features eight "remixed" zones, such as Green Hill Zone from the first Sonic game (1991), alongside five original ones  Remixed stages consist of both new elements and recycled gimmicks and ideas from other past Sonic games  Each zone is divided into 2 acts, in which the player must guide their character past various enemies and obstacles to reach the end  At the end of each act, the player takes part in a boss battle against Doctor Eggman, also known as Dr  Robotnik, or one of his robots, including the Hard-Boiled Heavies, elite henchmen based on the EggRobo enemies from Sonic 3 & Knuckles  The player collects golden rings, which serve as a form of health; players survive hits as long as they have at least one ring, but, if hit, their rings scatter and disappear after a short time  Television monitors containing rings, elemental shields, or power-ups such as invincibility and faster running speed are scattered throughout each level  Like Sonic 3 & Knuckles, the story is told via short in-game cutscenes between levels Giant rings hidden in each act, a feature of the original games, lead to pseudo-3D special stages similar to those in Sonic CD, where players can attempt to collect a Chaos Emerald  In special stages, players dodge obstacles and collect colored spheres to increase their speed, allowing them to pursue a UFO carrying a Chaos Emerald; collecting all seven Chaos Emeralds allows players to use their character's super transformation and unlocks the game's true ending  Players' ring counters slowly decrease during special stages and must be continually replenished; if the player runs out of rings before they catch the UFO, the special stage ends  The "Blue Sphere" special stages from Sonic the Hedgehog 3 also return, repurposed as bonus stages that are accessed by entering a portal that appears when the player passes a checkpoint while carrying 25 or more rings  Completing bonus stages earns the player a silver or gold medal depending on their performance; collecting medals unlocks features such as a debug mode and sound test In a time attack mode, players must complete levels as quickly as possible, with the best times included on an online leaderboard; players can instantly reload a level to try again at any time  A split-screen competitive multiplayer mode allows two players to race to the end of a level, similar to those of Sonic 2  Players can also unlock "Mean Bean", a 2-player minigame based on Dr  Robotnik's Mean Bean Machine 

Plot
After the events of Sonic 3 & Knuckles, Sonic and Tails detect a powerful energy reading on Angel Island and board their biplane, the Tornado, to investigate  However, Dr  Eggman sends an elite group of EggRobos to reach the signal before Sonic and Tails  The EggRobos excavate the source of the signal, a magical gemstone called the Phantom Ruby, just as Sonic and Tails arrive  The EggRobos gain new powers from the ruby, becoming the Hard-Boiled Heavies, and send Sonic, Tails, and the island's guardian, Knuckles, through zones the trio have previously visited where they pursue Eggman to prevent him from using the ruby's power for evil, clashing with him and the Heavies along the way 
Sonic and his allies discover that Eggman has used the Phantom Ruby's power to retake control of Little Planet from Sonic CD  They board Eggman's robotic fortress, defeat him and the Heavies, and escape just as it explodes  If all seven Chaos Emeralds are collected while playing as Sonic, the Phantom Ruby transports him and Eggman to another dimension  There, the Heavies' leader, Heavy King, betrays Eggman and takes the ruby, imbuing himself with power; Eggman attacks the Heavy to try to reclaim it  Sonic uses the Chaos Emeralds to become Super Sonic and fights Eggman and the Heavy King separately to keep the ruby out of their possession  After the battle, the Phantom Ruby reacts with the Emeralds, negating Sonic's super state and creating a wormhole that engulfs itself and Sonic as Little Planet vanishes 

Development
Development of Sonic Mania began in 2015, led by Australian programmer Christian "Taxman" Whitehead  Whitehead was a prominent member of the Sonic fangame community, and had previously been contracted by Sega to develop remastered ports of Sonic the Hedgehog, Sonic 2, and Sonic CD for mobile phones  After developing the game for a few months, Whitehead presented a prototype, which he called Sonic Discovery, to series producer Takashi Iizuka  Iizuka was receptive, and suggested that it should include old levels from the early Sonic games it was inspired by, "remixed" in a way that felt new  He also gave it the working title of Sonic Mania, which stuck after no one suggested a better one  The title referenced the development team's "maniacal" fandom for the series; Iizuka described the project as being made "by the mania, for the mania", and as a "passion product" driven by the fans' love for the early Sonic games Sonic Mania was produced in commemoration of the series' 25th anniversary  It was developed using Whitehead's Retro Engine, a game engine tailored for creating two-dimensional games, which he also used for the enhanced ports of Sonic the Hedgehog, Sonic 2, and Sonic CD  The team also included programmer Simon "Stealth" Thomley of the independent studio Headcannon, who assisted Whitehead with those projects and on various Sonic fangames and ROM hacks, as well as level designer Jared Kasl and art director Tom Fry of PagodaWest Games, who had previously independently collaborated on an unofficial high-definition remaster of Sonic 2  Tantalus Media helped develop the Nintendo Switch port  Iizuka and the rest of Sonic Team provided guidance and made sure the team didn't "go off the rails into something that doesn't feel like Sonic"  Iizuka described the visuals as a cross between the graphical capabilities of the Genesis and Sega Saturn, comprising mostly pixel art with some polygonal graphics The developers modeled the gameplay on Sonic 3, with boss fights at the end of each zone  For returning stages, the designers made the first act feel familiar, and introduced new elements in the second act  The team cited Sonic CD and Sonic 3 as major influences on the level design for their "big, wide open" and "streamlined" designs, respectively  According to Thomley, the team typically decided what elements to include in the returning stages prior to designing them, but sometimes came up with new ideas or changed them based on how the development progressed  The first original level designed was the Hollywood-themed Studiopolis Zone  The desert-themed Mirage Saloon Zone was inspired by an unfinished level from Sonic 2 and the Monument Valley region of the United States  The special stages were inspired by more recent games such as Sonic Rush (2005) and Sonic Colors (2010)  The team felt proud of their recreation of classic Sonic gameplay The game features animated opening and ending sequences led by Tyson Hesse, one of the artists of the Sonic comics by Archie Comics  It also features an optional CRT graphical filter, and supports the enhanced features of both the  PlayStation 4 Pro and Xbox One X, outputting at a native 4K resolution  The soundtrack was composed by Tee Lopes of PagodaWest Games, consisting of rearranged pieces from previous Sonic games alongside new material  Lopes was chosen due to his popularity on YouTube for producing arrangements of various Sonic tracks, and for his work on the Sonic 2 HD project  Lopes initially wanted his score to resemble the Sonic CD soundtrack, trying to imagine what a sequel to it might have sounded like  As development progressed, he took inspiration from other older Sonic and Sega games, such as The Revenge of Shinobi (1989) and the Sega Rally games, and from 1990s popular music, such as the work of Michael Jackson  The reveal trailer theme, "Checkpoint", was composed by the electronic music groups Hyper Potions and Nitro Fun and the opening theme, "Friends", was composed by Hyper Potions 

Release
Sonic Mania was announced alongside Sonic Forces at the 25th anniversary Sonic event at the San Diego Comic-Con (SDCC) convention in July 2016  The game was also featured at South by Southwest (SXSW), the Electronic Entertainment Expo (E3), and SDCC in 2017; at SDCC 2017, attendees received a promotional instruction manual for the game  The game was announced for the second quarter of 2017, but Sega announced at SXSW that it had been delayed to allow for more development Sonic Mania was released digitally for the Nintendo Switch, PlayStation 4, and Xbox One on August 15, 2017  Four days before release, Sega delayed the Windows version for another two weeks for further optimization, releasing it on August 29 as a download on Steam  As compensation, those who had pre-ordered the game received a copy of the original Sonic the Hedgehog on Steam In addition to the standard release, a Sega Genesis-themed collector's edition was also released, containing a 12-inch (30 cm) Sonic statue atop a model Genesis, a game cartridge cast with a golden ring, and a metallic collector's card with a download code for the game  To promote the collector's edition, Sega released a retro-styled infomercial featuring former series art director Kazuyuki Hoshino and social media manager Aaron Webber, based on an American television commercial for Sonic The Hedgehog 2  The music label Data Discs published a vinyl LP featuring the game's original music in late 2017  An expanded soundtrack was released on digital music distribution platforms on January 17, 2018  A five-part animated short mini-series, Sonic Mania Adventures, was released on the Sonic the Hedgehog YouTube channel between March and July 2018, promoting the release of Sonic Mania Plus  The series depicts Sonic's return to his world following the events of Sonic Forces, teaming up with his friends to prevent Eggman and Metal Sonic from collecting the Chaos Emeralds and Master Emerald  A holiday-themed bonus episode was released in December 2018  The shorts were written and directed by Hesse, with animation production by Neko Productions, and music written by Lopes  All six shorts were later included as part of the Sonic Origins compilation in 2022 

Sonic Mania Plus
An expanded version of the game, Sonic Mania Plus, was released in North America and Europe at retail and as downloadable content for the original version on July 17, 2018, and in Japan on July 19, 2018  A version for Amazon Luna was released on October 20, 2020  It adds playable characters Mighty the Armadillo and Ray the Flying Squirrel from the 1993 arcade game SegaSonic the Hedgehog, each with unique abilities: Mighty can slam the ground and is immune to spikes when in ball form, while Ray can glide without losing altitude  Plus also adds an "Encore Mode" with remixed levels and a reworked lives mechanic, a pinball bonus stage, and a four-player competition mode  Additionally, an update released alongside Sonic Mania Plus adds more cutscenes and a reworked Metal Sonic battle based on his appearance in Knuckles' Chaotix (1995)  The physical version was released with a 32-page art book and a reversible cover in the style of Genesis or Mega Drive boxart covers, depending on the region  A soundtrack CD was included with the Japanese physical release In an interview with Famitsu, Iizuka explained that Sonic Mania was not intended to have a physical release; Sega staff requested one, but a retail version would have presented a challenge for the production schedule  After the game launched, fans also expressed interest in a physical version  As a retail release would cost more than the downloadable version, the team added value with new content  Mighty and Ray were included because they were rarely featured in games; to accommodate them, level designs had to be altered  Additionally, the multiplayer mode was updated because of the increased number of selectable characters 

Reception
Sonic Mania was announced following years of mixed reviews for the Sonic franchise  According to the International Business Times, the series had been "tarnished by years of sub-par games with only the occasional gem"  The Business Times predicted that Sega's approach of releasing Sonic Forces and Sonic Mania in the same year, catering to new and old fans, could repair the series' reputation and lead to a "Sonic renaissance"  Several critics expressed excitement for a return to the style of the early Sonic games, and wrote that Sega's previous efforts to develop games in the "classic" style, such as Sonic the Hedgehog 4 in 2010, had been disappointing According to the review aggregator site Metacritic, Sonic Mania received "generally favorable" reviews  It became the best-reviewed Sonic game in fifteen years, and several critics described it as one of the best 2D platform games  At launch, Sonic Mania was the bestselling Switch game, outselling Minecraft and Overcooked: Special Edition  It greatly increased Sega's third-quarter profits, and helped Sega almost double sales of packaged games compared to the same period in 2016  By April 2018, it had sold over one million copies worldwide across all platforms The presentation attracted acclaim  USGamer described it as the "pinnacle" of the series' pixel graphics  GameSpot called the animations and detail superior to the original games, writing that they added an extra layer of personality  Cubed3 described the levels as stylish and vibrant  Critics also praised the attention to detail in recreating the early games  Game Informer wrote that its gameplay was "nearly indistinguishable" from its Genesis predecessors, but with "extra polish"  Easy Allies wrote that Mania emulated the original games "exceptionally", and that "running, jumping, and spin dashing all work exactly as well as you would hope"  Nintendo World Report wrote that it avoided the physics problems from Sonic the Hedgehog 4 and recaptured the spirit of the 16-bit games The level design and music also received praise  Hardcore Gamer wrote that the remixed versions of older stages felt fresh while staying true to the originals  Game Informer wrote that the new stages matched the quality and captured the spirit of early Sonic games  The A V  Club praised the detail and content in each level; Metro praised the fan service, and likened it to a school project "gone wild, something enthusiastic kids have made while the teacher was away and which far surpasses anything they were actually supposed to be doing"  Like IGN, Venture Beat appreciated the replay value, with branching paths that made multiple playthroughs "fresh"  EGM wrote that the soundtrack was "completely fantastic" and felt nostalgic and new at the same time  Nintendo Life called the soundtrack "one of the best of recent times" The game received some criticism  Polygon commented that frustrations with controls and enemy placement in the original Sonic games were present in Sonic Mania  VideoGamer com wrote that the game relied too much on nostalgia, with minimal innovation and too few original stages, but was a good proof of concept that the development team could expand upon  Nintendo World Report complained about the boss fights, which they felt were poorly executed and too easy  The Windows version was subject to review bombing due to its implementation of the digital rights management (DRM) software Denuvo, which some thought to be the real reason behind the two-week delay  The game could not be played offline on launch day; Sega stated this was a bug unrelated to Denuvo, and released a patch the following day Multiple reviewers saw it as a return to form for the Sonic series after a number of poorly reviewed games after the 1990s  EGMNow commended Sonic Mania as one of the "purest and most enjoyable" Sonic games, expressing excitement for the future of the series  IGN wrote that it was the "classic" throwback that fans had clamored for since the 1990s, but also recommended it for people new to the franchise  Nintendo World Report called it a "must-buy" for fans of the older Sonic games  Waypoint compared it favorably to Donkey Kong Country Returns, describing it as a game that knew "what was fun" about its predecessors  Nintendo Life felt that Mania represented "a true return to form" and was a contender for the best game in the series Sonic Mania Plus received stronger reviews, with the Nintendo Switch version receiving "universal acclaim", according to the review aggregator Metacritic  Multiple reviewers called it the definitive version thanks to its extra game mode and characters  DualShockers' Tomas Franzese praised the "Encore" mode for feeling fresh, as well as the movement options introduced with Mighty and Ray  Michael Leri of Game Revolution, however, found the new partner system more frustrating than the traditional lives system found in classic Sonic games  IGN Spain did not recommend the update for those that own the original game, but commended the physical release and the added value for new players and hardcore fans 

Legacy
Sonic Mania was nominated for the "Best Family Game" at The Game Awards 2017 and the "Best Kids Game" at the 2018 New York Game Awards  The theme song "Friends" was reused for the prologue of the 2020 Sonic the Hedgehog film 

Notes
Passage 5:
Captain Comic
The Adventures of Captain Comic is a platform game written by Michael Denio for MS-DOS compatible operating systems and released as shareware in 1988  It was one of the first side-scrolling games for IBM PC compatibles reminiscent of games for the Nintendo Entertainment System, and it presaged a trend of shareware platform games in the early 1990s  A version for the NES was later published by Color Dreams as an unlicensed title 
A sequel, Captain Comic II: Fractured Reality, was released in 1990 

Plot
Captain Comic is on a mission to the planet Tambi, where the quest begins  Comic must find three artifacts: the Mystical Gems of Lascorbanos, the Thousand Coins of Tenure, and the Crown of the Ages  To find them, he must travel through many varied environments  The game is completed when Comic is in possession of all three treasures 

Gameplay
The game is divided into eight major areas, and each contains three smaller zones  Transitioning between zones plays a short tune, all enemies are removed from the screen, and Comic's position is saved 
Comic has twelve "shield" points which act as health  Each time an enemy hits him, two points are removed  When at zero, Comic dies on the next hit  Occasionally, shields can be found which instantly replenish the health to full, or if it is already full, give an extra life  Comic starts with four lives, and an extra life is given for each 50,000 points earned if Comic isn't already at the maximum of five extras 
If Comic is killed by either falling off the bottom of the screen, or  hit with no shield points remaining, a life is lost and he is returned to the point where he last entered this zone 
Enemies have different behaviors, from simply bouncing off walls and following preset paths to seeking Comic as he passes by  After picking up a Blastola Cola, Comic can shoot at and destroy enemies for points 

Development
Michael Denio previously wrote an interactive demo of a  platform game called The Adventures of Captain Pixel of the Galactic Security Patrol in 34010 AD for a TMS34010 coprocessor board  The credits screen has a 1987 copyright notice for the graphics  The TMS34010 is a CPU with graphics-oriented instructions which was later used in arcade video games such as Narc and Mortal Kombat  
Denio wrote in the introduction to the Captain Comic manual:

The Adventures of Captain Comic started out as an experiment to test the viability of two theories, the first as to whether a real arcade type game can be done on a standard IBM PC with an EGA card, and secondly, given the first can be done, if it is possible to make any money doing it  Well, I've come to a conclusion on the second point, but I'll let you judge the first point for yourself 

Music
The original theme song for Captain Comic was a rendition of the United States Marine Corps Hymn  The song was replaced in the final revision of the game, released in 1991, by George Frideric Handel's Harpsichord Suite in D Minor, HWV 428, Air  The NES version of the soundtrack is composed entirely of classical music 

Reception
Legacy
A sequel from the same author was published in 1990 as Captain Comic II: Fractured Reality 
In 2012, PC World called Captain Comic the twelfth greatest shareware game of all time, writing that "it inspired many other shareware authors, including the folks who would later create Commander Keen "The original game was cloned for the SAM Coupé  It was also cloned as The Adventures of Pioneer Kseniauk in 1990 by a team of Ukrainian programmers 
Passage 6:
Christian Whitehead
Christian Whitehead, also known by his alias The Taxman, is an Australian video game programmer and designer  He is most recognized for his work creating updated ports of early games in Sega's Sonic the Hedgehog series, as well as being the lead developer of an original game in the series, Sonic Mania  He has also developed multiple remakes of classic Sonic games and most recently, the remasters in Sonic Origins 

Career
In 2006, Whitehead worked as a freelance 3D animator with the company Kine Graffiti  Since 2009, he has focused on game development, developing various fangames based on the Sonic the Hedgehog series  In 2009, Whitehead produced a "proof-of-concept" video of Sonic CD running on an iPhone using his own custom engine, the "Retro Engine"  In an interview with Steven O'Donnell of Good Game: Spawn Point, Whitehead proclaims that he spent "about a year or so" convincing Sega to let him work on the Sonic CD port  In 2009, a video regarding Sonic CD from Whitehead was taken down, leading Eurogamer to report that Whitehead possibly faced a cease and desist letter from Sega, which Whitehead claimed was false  The port was released for Xbox 360, PlayStation 3, iPhone and Android in 2011  His remake was so successful that he, along with developer Simon "Stealth" Thomley of the studio Headcannon, would later be commissioned to remaster Sonic the Hedgehog and Sonic the Hedgehog 2 for mobile devices Although he, along with Headcannon, released a proof-of-concept video for a Sonic the Hedgehog 3 remaster in 2014, Sega did not greenlight the port  In 2015, it was announced that Whitehead would be involved in his first non-Sonic game, Freedom Planet 2  In 2017, Whitehead, in collaboration with Headcannon and PagodaWest Games, developed and released their own original title in the Sonic series, titled Sonic Mania  In 2018, Sonic Mania became Sonic Mania Plus, with the release of the Encore DLC  Sonic Mania Plus was developed by Whitehead, Headcannon, PagodaWest Games, and the now included HyperKinetic  Whitehead also contributed to the development of Sonic Origins, providing a new version of the engine used in the remasters  Whitehead is currently working on Freedom Planet 2, built with the Unity engine, for PC, Mac, and Linux In late 2018, Whitehead and other development members behind Sonic Mania founded their own studio Evening Star Studio, where he serves as creative director and lead engine architect 

Works
Context 3: " The aviation police receive more training and higher pay compared to that received by private security guards, but less than that of officers of the Chicago Police Department 
City Inspector General Joseph Ferguson launched an investigation shortly after the incident  The Office of Inspector General (OIG) released its findings on October 17, 2017, establishing that the four officers had violated City of Chicago personnel rules  The report stated:Specifically, the first ASO violated the CDA Use of Force Policy when that ASO escalated a non-threatening situation into a physically violent one by forcefully removing a passenger from the aircraft  The ASO’s use of excessive force caused the passenger to hit his face on an armrest, resulting in the passenger sustaining a concussion, a broken nose, and the loss of two teeth  OIG’s investigation also established that the second ASO made misleading statements in two reports and the third ASO made material omissions in a report, regarding the first ASO’s forceful removal of the passenger from the aircraft  The investigation further established that the Sergeant deliberately removed material facts from the third ASO’s “To/From Report” and approved reports without all essential information  In response to the OIG report, the CDA discharged Long and Moore and issued five-day suspensions to Rodriguez and Smith 

Airport security changes
On June 29, 2017, the Illinois Law Enforcement Training and Standards Board decertified the Chicago Department of Aviation Police, stating the agency is "in no way" a police agency, merely a security force  The Chicago Police Department was designated as the primary responders to all future airport disturbance calls  The union representing the 300-officer department, Service Employees International Union (SEIU) Local 73, challenged the downgrade from police to security status in an unfair labor practices complaint Following a review prompted by the incident, in July 2017 the Chicago Department of Aviation reported that its unsworn, unarmed airport security personnel were not actually police officers under Illinois law  Their uniforms, badges and vehicles had been "improperly" labeled "police" for historical reasons  It promised that the incorrect insignia would be removed within months 

Social media
Video footage from passengers who remained on the aircraft throughout the incident was widely shared and was picked up by mainstream media agencies  One such video was shared 87,000 times and viewed 6 8 million times in less than a day The victim was initially thought to be Chinese-American, as one of the witnesses told The Washington Post, "He said, more or less, 'I'm being selected because I'm Chinese '" His daughter, Crystal Dao Pepper, later said in a press conference that her father was Vietnamese-Chinese  The incident drew outrage on mainland Chinese and Vietnamese social media, and became the number-one trending topic on the Chinese microblogging site Weibo, attracting the attention of more than 480 million users  An article in Foreign Policy noted the racial and political reasons for the wide spread of the video throughout the mainland Chinese mediasphere, where heated debates take place over the nature of America's political system and its relations to mainland China, and asserted that the video would serve the ends of the authorities and critics of America in challenging America's cultural sway in mainland China  In Vietnam, there was also bad reaction to the reporting into Dao's past, which was viewed as irrelevant and possibly racist The incident had taken place shortly after another controversy in which United refused boarding to two teenage girls wearing leggings  There were calls by social media users across the world, especially those in the United States, mainland China and Vietnam, to boycott United Airlines  Customers of the airline posted pictures of their United loyalty or credit cards cut into pieces  Another petition called on the U S  federal government to launch an investigation into the incident, invoking the Black Lives Matter movement by using the hashtag "#ChineseLivesMatters "

Stock market
Shares of United Continental Holdings (UAL), the parent company of United Airlines, closed at $70 88 on April 7  On April 10, the first trading day after the incident, they rose by 0 9% to close at $71 52  Although UAL shares declined by 1 1% on April 11, they closed at $70 71, only $0 17 or 0 2% less than the April 7 closing price  UAL shares declined and closed at $69 93 on April 12, and closed at $69 07 on April 13, and ultimately declined and closed at $67 75 on April 18 
Research analysts S3 Partners commented on the effect the incident would have on UAL's future financial performance, saying that "consumers might not have much choice but to fly UAL due to airline consolidation, which has reduced competition over most routes  As a result, with passengers having fewer options these days when it comes to carriers, UAL's revenues may not suffer as much as expected unless passengers opt for longer and more expensive flights " Analysts Wolfe Research and Cowen & Co  were also confident of future performance Investor Warren Buffett, a major investor in airline stocks, said that United made a "terrible mistake," and that public perceptions were influenced by the CEO's initial reaction 

Consumer preference
A poll of 1,900 people conducted three days after the incident suggested that all else being equal, 79% of prospective fliers who had heard of the incident would choose a non–United Airlines flight  44% would choose a non–United Airlines flight even if it cost US$66 more and took an additional three hours Despite calls for a boycott, United Airlines reported 39% greater profits over the previous year in the second quarter of 2017, as well as increased sales  Economist John Kwoka, Jr , attributed this to the high level of consolidation of American airlines, with a majority of flights controlled by four corporations—United, Delta, American, and Southwest—making a boycott impractical  Additionally, for many travelers, ticket price is the primary deciding factor when booking flights, outweighing other considerations, such as customer service 

Industry behavior
In August 2017, data from the U S  Department of Transportation showed that bumped-passenger rates were at their lowest since 1995  The rate "markedly decreased" starting in April 2017 (the same month this incident occurred) from 0 62 per 10,000 passengers, to 0 44 per 10,000 in the second quarter of 2017 

Responses
United Airlines
On April 9, United issued a statement: "Flight 3411 from Chicago to Louisville was overbooked  After our team looked for volunteers, one customer refused to leave the aircraft voluntarily and law enforcement was asked to come to the gate  We apologize for the overbook situation  Further details on the removed customer should be directed to authorities " By April 11, United changed its prior statement, stating that the flight was in fact not overbooked, but sold out, and the four employees who needed the seats were considered "must-ride" passengers who had to travel to another city to work as aircraft crew United CEO Oscar Munoz stated on April 10: "This is an upsetting event to all of us here at United  I apologize for having to re-accommodate these customers  Our team is moving with a sense of urgency to work with the authorities and conduct our own detailed review of what happened  We are also reaching out to this passenger to talk directly to him and further address and resolve this situation " Munoz's use of the word "re-accommodate" received particular attention and ridicule from social media and commentators  The words "re-accommodate" and "re-accommodated" appear several times in the text of the standard United Airlines Contract of Carriage Later on April 10, in an e-mail to employees, Munoz praised and defended the crew's actions, while claiming the passenger was "disruptive and belligerent " He stated that "Our employees followed established procedures for dealing with situations like this " This led to an online petition calling for his resignation In a subsequent public statement released by United on the afternoon of April 11, 2017, Munoz was more conciliatory  His note described the Dao incident as "truly horrific" and expressed an understanding of the "outrage, anger, disappointment" felt by many  He took full responsibility and apologized, adding that "No one should ever be mistreated this way " He promised to conduct a thorough review and release a report by April 30  The public statement ends with "I promise you we will do better "During a television interview on April 12, Munoz announced that, effective immediately, United Airlines would no longer use police in involuntary bumping situations: "We're not going to put a law enforcement official     [onto a United aircraft] to remove a booked, paid, seated passenger " He apologized to Dao and his family and said, "That is not who our family at United is  You saw us at a bad moment; this can and will never happen again on a United Airlines flight  That is my promise " Asked if Dao was at fault in any way, Munoz hesitated, then replied, "No, he can't be     no one should be treated that way, period "In response to a signed petition, Munoz said he did not intend to resign Three days after the incident, United Airlines elected to provide all passengers aboard United Express Flight 3411 compensation equal to the cost of their tickets  An email obtained by CNN stated that this compensation was in the form of a $500 voucher toward future travel on United Airlines  The email also indicated that customers were eligible for the voucher if they "released" the airline from lawsuits  A United spokesperson later indicated that passengers would not be required to agree to those terms  On April 13, 2017, United internally announced a policy change to ensure that flight crews are booked "at least 60 minutes prior to departure " On April 18, Munoz reported that no one would be fired as a result of the incident On April 21, it was reported that Munoz would not become chairman of the airline, as had been planned, because of the incident  Munoz's employment agreement was amended subsequent to the incident to reflect that he would not be elevated to chairman  In a government filing, United said that the airline was developing a program for 2017 so that compensation was "directly and meaningfully tied to progress in improving the customer experience " In 2019, Munoz announced his impending transfer from United, to become chairman of parent company United Airlines Holdings United and Dao reached a confidential settlement on April 27  Although the financial terms of the settlement remain confidential, one of the stipulations of the settlement was that Dao could not sue the city of Chicago  At the same time, the airline announced ten policy changes in response to the incident  These included raising the maximum amount of travel vouchers to passengers "bounced" from flights to up to $10,000 and a $1,500 "no questions asked" fee for permanently lost luggage, and the airline promised to reduce overbooking 

Public relations professionals
The handling of the incident by Munoz was described as a "fumbling response" by Bloomberg News, part of a "public-relations disaster" for United  Munoz had been named "Communicator of the Year for 2017" by PRWeek in March 2017  Steve Barrett, editor-in-chief of PRWeek US, later noted: "It's fair to say that if PRWeek was choosing its Communicator of the Year now, we would not be awarding it to Oscar Munoz … In time, the episode and subsequent response will be quoted in textbooks as an example of how not to respond in a crisis " Public relations expert Rupert Younger, director of the Oxford University Centre for Corporate Reputation, called the handling of the situation "a major disappointment " In Younger's view, Munoz should have moved more quickly and been more genuinely apologetic from the start  Former Assistant Secretary of State for Public Affairs Philip J  Crowley said: "It's hard to think of a case study that went so compellingly wrong so rapidly "

United Master Executive Council
On April 13, 2017, the United Master Executive Council, the United Airlines bargaining unit of the Air Line Pilots Association, a trade union, issued a statement to shift blame from United to Republic Airline, one of the carriers under contract to operate United Express flights, and especially the Chicago Department of Aviation  The statement read in part: "this violent incident should never have happened and was a result of gross excessive force by Chicago Department of Aviation personnel "

Other airlines
Emirates launched an advertising campaign that parodies United Airlines' "Fly the Friendly Skies" slogan and Munoz's previous statements about airlines in the Middle East  Royal Jordanian put up a picture of a no-smoking sign on its Twitter account with the messages, "We would like to remind you that drags on flights are strictly prohibited by passengers and crew," and "We are here to keep you #united  Dragging is strictly prohibited "Delta Air Lines increased the amount of compensation supervisors can offer to displaced passengers from $1,350 to $9,950 with gate agents able to offer $2,000, up from $800  American Airlines also enacted a new policy: passengers who have already boarded will never be removed to seat others  Southwest Airlines announced they will no longer overbook flights 

United States government
Executive branch
The White House's "We the People" webpage received 100,000 petition signatures in one day—exceeding the threshold needed for official review—demanding a government investigation into the incident  White House Press Secretary Sean Spicer commented that "It was an unfortunate incident" and added "when you watch the video, it is troubling to see how that was handled "The United States Department of Transportation (USDOT) said it was reviewing the incident  "While it is legal for airlines to [involuntarily] bump passengers from an oversold flight when there are not enough volunteers, it is the airline's responsibility to determine its own fair boarding priorities," the agency said in a statement  On April 12, the USDOT stated that it was "reviewing the involuntary denied boarding of passenger(s) from United Express flight 3411 to determine whether the airline complied with the oversales rule "New Jersey Governor Chris Christie asked the United States Secretary of Transportation, Elaine Chao, to suspend allowing airlines to overbook passengers U S  President Donald Trump criticized United Airlines' response to Dao in an interview with The Wall Street Journal  He said the airline's treatment of their customer was "horrible" and that the airline should have further increased the financial offer to customers to voluntarily leave the plane, instead of choosing to use force  Trump told The Wall Street Journal: "You know, there's a point at which I'm getting off the plane     seriously  They should have gone up higher  But to just randomly say, 'You're getting off the plane,' that was terrible "On January 13, 2021, the United States Department of Transportation amended its rules, forbidding involuntarily bumping from an overbooked flight after boarding starting on April 21 

Congress
A bipartisan group of senators on the Senate Commerce, Science and Transportation Committee described the incident as "disturbing", and wrote to Munoz and the Chicago Department of Aviation  The group sought information about the crew-scheduling mix-up that required passengers to give up their seats, and asked whether United considers bumping a passenger to accommodate employees to be the same as an "oversold" situation  They asked the Chicago Department of Aviation about their security protocols and whether Dao had been passive or threatening during the incident  Both parties were given until April 20, 2017, to respond  United Airlines submitted their response on April 26, 2017 Separately, twenty-one Democratic U S  Senators wrote to Munoz to express their deep concern, and asked a range of questions about the incident, requesting a response by April 24, 2017 Congressional Delegate Eleanor Holmes Norton (D-DC) called for hearings from the House Transportation and Infrastructure (T&I) Committee  Dan Lipinski (D-IL), member of the House Transportation Committee's Aviation subcommittee, called on Congress to make legislative amendments to give passengers more rights and to prevent further similar incidents  Senator Robert Menendez (D-NJ) said the incident was disturbing and criticized Munoz's "empty apology "Senator Chris Van Hollen (D-MD) is drafting the "Customers Not Cargo Act", which would ban airlines from involuntarily bumping passengers who are already on the aircraft and seated  He previously said United must do more than "apologize", and called for a full investigation  Separately, congresswoman Jan Schakowsky (D-IL) stated she intended to introduce legislation to end involuntary bumping of passengers, requiring airlines to increase their offer until a customer voluntarily gives up their seat  On April 26, 2017, Senators Maggie Hassan (D-NH) and Brian Schatz (D-Hawaii) introduced a bill which would change how airlines handle their boarding and bumping policies 

Illinois General Assembly
Illinois state Representative Peter Breen has introduced the Airline Passenger Protection Act in the Illinois House of Representatives  The act forbids state or local government authorities from removing passengers that are not dangerous or causing a disturbance in non-emergency situations  It also forbids the state of Illinois from doing business with airlines whose policies allow removal of paying passengers to make room for employees traveling on non-revenue tickets 

Chicago City Council
Chicago City Council's Aviation Committee held hearings starting April 13 to investigate the incident  Committee Chairman Mike Zalewski said the incident had damaged the reputation of Chicago and O'Hare International Airport  Zalewski wanted responses from United, Aviation Commissioner Ginger Evans, and from the union representing aviation police, Service Employees International Union (SEIU) Local 73 An April 12 statement by the Chicago Department of Aviation offered these comments about their security staff: "While they do have limited authority to make an arrest, Sunday's incident was not within standard operating procedures nor will we tolerate that kind of action  That is why we quickly placed the aviation security officer on leave pending a thorough review of the situation  The action we have taken thus far reflects what we currently know, and as our review continues we will not hesitate to take additional action as appropriate "

Chicago Police Department
Chicago Aviation Security were instructed to remove the word "police" from their uniforms in January 2017, but they disobeyed this instruction  As a result, there was confusion as to what organization had responded to the event, with some thinking that the Chicago Police Department responded  The Chicago Police Department Office of Communications stated that Dr  Dao fell—a statement which contradicts what is seen in both videos  When questioned about this, the Chicago Police Department's chief spokesman Anthony Guglielmi said, "CPD didn't release an official statement on it  We were not involved  Dept  of Aviation has everything you will need " When pressed further about why CPD issued a response about an incident in which they were not involved, Guglielmi said this, "A takeaway for me is to ensure the department's press office is more consistent in referring to appropriate outside agencies for incidents in which CPD is not the acting or involved agency "

Litigation
Dao's personal injury lawyer asked the Cook County Circuit Court for an order requiring United and the city of Chicago to retain all video, cockpit recordings, and other reports from the flight, including personnel files of the Aviation Department officers who pulled Dao from the plane  United and the city of Chicago agreed, forgoing a court hearing Through his lawyers, Dao described his ordeal as "more horrifying" than his experience of the Fall of Saigon during the Vietnam War On April 24, Dao's attorney announced that Dao intended to file a lawsuit against United  Three days later, United and Dao reached a confidential settlement In April 2018, one of the Aviation Department officers, James Long, filed a lawsuit against United Airlines and the Chicago Department of Aviation alleging that he was not properly trained to handle misbehaving passengers, was unfairly fired, and slandered  The lawsuit was dropped in April 2019 After the  Chicago Department of Aviation Police was downgraded to be a security agency, a federal class action lawsuit was filed in 2018 over a perceived loss of employment benefits enjoyed by law enforcement officers by some of the now reclassified security guards  The lawsuit was eventually denied in September 2021, and is undergoing an appeal in the Seventh Circuit appellate courts as of September 2022 

Third-party legal commentary
Early reports and United Airlines initially characterized the incident as a consequence of overbooking, leading some experts to question whether that was the case  John Banzhaf, a professor of law at the George Washington University Law School, states that United was "citing the wrong federal rule to justify its illegal request to force a passenger already boarded and seated to disembark," since the regulation cited only covers denial of boarding, and not removing a passenger after boarding While United has asserted a right to remove passengers after boarding, none of the reasons for doing so specified in the airline's contract of carriage applied in this situation  One attorney pointedly stated United "had absolutely no right to remove that man from the airplane" and described the incident as "assault and battery "Chicago City Council alderman Michael Zalewski questioned whether the Chicago Airport Police even had the legal authority to enter the aircraft A partner at Kreindler & Kreindler, a law firm specializing in air disaster litigation, concluded, "United, if they're smart, will quickly and quietly settle the case "

Cultural impact
Comedian Jimmy Kimmel criticized United Airlines and its handling of the incident in a five-minute segment of Jimmy Kimmel Live! that aired on April 10, 2017, and included video of the incident  Kimmel, referring to the word "re-accommodate" used by Munoz, said, "That is such sanitized, say-nothing, take-no-responsibility, corporate B S  speak "The incident was discussed on numerous other comedy shows, including Conan, Ellen and Saturday Night Live  In an SNL sketch, Jimmy Fallon's character Doug proposes marriage to Cecily Strong's Jen after admitting that he made "one of the biggest mistakes a person can make " Jen replies, "No, Doug! You dragged a man off a plane this week!"The cover of the New Yorker May 22 issue depicted former FBI director James Comey, who had just been fired, being dragged down the aisle of an airplane by former U S  Attorney General Jeff Sessions American actor Will Ferrell mentioned the incident in his May 2017 commencement address to the University of Southern California's graduating class  Referring to his honorary Doctor of Humane Letters degree awarded on the same day, he quipped, "The next time I'm flying and they ask if there's a doctor on board, I can now confidently leap to my feet and scream, 'I'm a doctor, what can I do? Yes, no problem, I can absolutely deliver that baby ' Hopefully it will be on United Airlines, in which case I will be immediately be subdued and dragged off the aircraft, which we all know will be recorded on someone's iPhone and put on YouTube "

Similar incidents
A passenger on a United Airlines flight who bought a full-price first-class ticket from Lihue to Los Angeles was told to get off the plane because "they needed the seat for somebody more important " According to the passenger, the gate agent stated "We have a priority list, and you're at the bottom of it " The gate agent then said that he would be arrested and put in handcuffs  The passenger said a fellow passenger warned him that the airline is "really nasty about this stuff" and might call the police  He is considering legal action against United After paying approximately $1,000 for a seat for her two-year-old child, a woman was forced to hold the child on her lap for over three hours when United Airlines re-sold the child's seat to a standby passenger  The passenger appealed to the flight attendant, who rudely shrugged her shoulders and told her in an aggressive tone that the flight was full  The passenger was afraid to push the issue because of what had happened to Dao



ground_truth: Sonic Mania

prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: Where is the airline company that operated United Express Flight 3411 on April 9, 2017 on behalf of United Express headquartered?

The following are given passages.
Context 3:  When she flew back to Hawaii, United Airlines upgraded her to business class, provided access to the United lounge at the airport and gave her a lei A family on a Delta Air Lines flight was removed from an aircraft and threatened with jail time and the loss of custody of their children for not surrendering a seat that they had originally purchased for their teenage son, who was not on the flight, but instead used for their 2-year-old child  After a video recording of the incident went viral, Delta offered an apology and compensation to the family 

2019 interview with Dao
On April 9, 2019, two years after the incident, David Dao was interviewed by ABC News, speaking out for the first time since the incident  Dao claimed that when he watched the video, he "just cried "

See also
List of air rage incidents
"United Breaks Guitars", song about Dave Carroll's struggle with the airline to get compensation for a guitar allegedly damaged during transit on a United flight
Passage 3:
Air Wisconsin
Air Wisconsin Airlines is a regional airline based at Appleton International Airport in the town of Greenville, Wisconsin, near Appleton  Air Wisconsin originally operated as one of the original United Express partners in 1985, and operated then as US Airways Express on behalf of US Airways prior to becoming an American Eagle regional air carrier  Between March 2018 and April 2023, Air Wisconsin operated exclusively as a United Express regional air carrier once again with primary hubs located at Chicago's O'Hare International Airport (ORD) and Washington Dulles International Airport (IAD)  This came to an end in April 2023 as the carrier switched to conducting solely American Eagle branded flights, per a new contract with American Airlines 

History
In 1963 investors from the Fox Cities raised $110,000 to start a new airline  The airline was established as an independent commuter air carrier in 1965 and started operations on August 23, 1965, just one day after the brand new Outagamie County Regional Airport was opened using de Havilland Dove commuter aircraft configured with nine passenger seats  It was founded to connect Appleton with Chicago and initially had 17 employees and two de Havilland Dove aircraft  According to the August 23, 1965 Air Wisconsin timetable, the airline was flying one route between Appleton and Chicago–O'Hare with four round trips on weekdays and two round trips on Saturdays and Sundays operated with the British-manufactured Dove twin prop aircraft By the mid 1970s, Air Wisconsin was flying two small commuter turboprop airliner types, being the de Havilland Canada DHC-6 Twin Otter and Swearingen Metro, and was operating a small hub at Chicago's O'Hare Airport with service primarily to destinations in Indiana, Michigan, and Wisconsin as well as to Minneapolis/Saint Paul from several small cities in Wisconsin In September 1978 the airline was certified by the Civil Aeronautics Board (CAB) as a regional air carrier (Air Wisconsin previously had commuter air carrier status with the CAB)  In October 1978 it had over $10 million in assets  Joining Air Wisconsin in 1965 as traffic manager and eventually becoming president, Preston H  Wilbourne's leadership oversaw Air Wisconsin grow to an airline serving 29 cities in an eleven state area with 32 aircraft boarding over 10,000 passengers daily  Air Wisconsin gained the nicknames "Air Willy" and "Rag Tag" and more recently "Air Wis" and "Air Wisky" By 1985, Air Wisconsin had become a large independent regional air carrier operating British Aerospace BAe 146-200 and British Aircraft Corporation BAC One-Eleven jets as well as de Havilland Canada Dash 7 turboprops with flights as far west as Grand Island, Nebraska, and Minneapolis/Saint Paul, and as far east as Bridgeport and New Haven, Connecticut, with a large connecting hub located at Chicago's O'Hare Airport (ORD)  By early 1986, the airline was serving sixteen airports with its British-manufactured jets with flights to Appleton, Bridgeport, Cedar Rapids, Iowa, Chicago–O'Hare, Flint, Michigan, Fort Wayne, Indiana, Grand Island, Green Bay, Wisconsin, Kalamazoo, Michigan, Lincoln, Nebraska, Moline, Illinois/Quad Cities, New Haven, South Bend, Indiana, Toledo, Ohio, Waterloo, Iowa, and Wausau/Stevens Point, Wisconsin, with other flights and destinations in its route system being served with the Canadian-manufactured four engine Dash 7 turboprop Air Wisconsin pioneered the concept of code sharing on behalf of United Airlines when the carrier began operating as United Express on May 1, 1985  As an independent air carrier prior to its business agreement with United to provide passenger feed, Air Wisconsin rapidly became the nation's largest regional airline in the 1980s  On May 17, 1985, it merged with Mississippi Valley Airlines (MVA) and continued to fly as United Express, operated by Air Wisconsin 
By late 1989 Air Wisconsin was operating United Express code share service from two United hubs: Chicago–O'Hare (ORD) and Washington–Dulles (IAD)  According to the Official Airline Guide (OAG) at this time, United Express flights were operated with BAe 146-200 jets and Fokker F27 turboprops nonstop to Chicago–O'Hare from Akron/Canton, Ohio, Appleton, Cedar Rapids, Champaign, Illinois, Fort Wayne, Green Bay, Kalamazoo, La Crosse, Wisconsin, Lansing, Michigan, Lexington, Kentucky, Moline/Quad Cities, Oshkosh, Wisconsin, Peoria, Illinois, Roanoke, Virginia, South Bend, Toledo, and Wausau, and with BAe 146-200 jets and Short 360 turboprops nonstop to Washington Dulles from Charleston, West Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, and Richmond, Virginia, as well as Harrisburg, Reading, and State College, Pennsylvania 
In 1990 Air Wisconsin acquired Denver-based Aspen Airways and was itself bought by United Airlines a year later 
During the 1990s, Air Wisconsin operated British Aerospace (BAe) ATP turboprop aircraft as well as BAe 146-100, BAe 146-200, and BAe 146-300 jet aircraft on United Express services  These were all large aircraft types when compared to other regional aircraft in operation at the time  Air Wisconsin was the only U S  operator of the BAe ATP turboprop and also the BAe 146–300, which is the largest member of the BAe 146 family of jet aircraft  United Airlines sold Air Wisconsin and the BAe 146 fleet to CJT Holdings in 1993  Air Wisconsin was then renamed Air Wisconsin Airlines Corporation (AWAC) as UAL retained the rights to the Air Wisconsin name and logo  During the ski seasons, Air Wisconsin was operating British Aerospace BAe 146 jet shuttle service as United Express on the former Aspen Airways route between Aspen, Colorado, and Denver with at least fourteen daily nonstop flights in each direction In February 1998 AWAC acquired the assets of Mountain Air Express including Dornier 328 turboprop aircraft which were used to expand United Express service in the west  In the fall of 2003 AWAC acquired ten Bombardier CRJ regional jet aircraft from bankrupt Midway Airlines and became a feeder for AirTran Airways under the name AirTran JetConnect, but this relationship was discontinued in July 2004  Towards the end of the contract with United Airlines Air Wisconsin was unable to secure a long-term deal or extension to continue providing regional service for UAL  United failed to renew its contract with AWAC, allowing it to expire in April 2005, and the last flight under the United flag operated on April 16, 2006, using the BAe 146 
During 2005 AWAC invested $175 million U S  into US Airways for their bankruptcy exit financing in exchange for a long-term contract operating as US Airways Express  In 2005 AWAC began operating all of its CRJ-200 regional jets as a US Airways Express carrier with flight crew bases located in Philadelphia, New York LaGuardia, Washington Reagan National, and Norfolk, Virginia  US Airways has since merged with American Airlines and Air Wisconsin operated as an American Eagle regional air carrier via a code sharing agreement with American until March 2018 
On November 20, 2014, it was reported that Air Wisconsin was nearing an agreement with Delta Air Lines to fly as a Delta Connection carrier beginning in January 2015  Under the terms of the deal, 26 CRJ-200 aircraft were to be transferred to Air Wisconsin from Endeavor Air  In January 2015, Air Wisconsin said that negotiations had ended and that it did not want to fly under the Delta Connection brand In 2016, it was announced that Air Wisconsin would close all of its ground handling operations in all cities served by the air carrier primarily due to the formation of a wholly-owned subsidiary of United called United Ground Express  This would leave only three American Eagle ground handling cities served, which the airline deemed uneconomical 
On March 1, 2017, Air Wisconsin announced a new agreement with United Airlines to once again operate under the United Express banner upon the expiration of the airline's current agreement with American Eagle in 2018  Additionally, the new agreement with United would provide for the creation of a career pathway program whereby Air Wisconsin pilots would be offered the opportunity to move up to United upon meeting its hiring standards In September 2021, the company announced that they had signed a lease for at least 1 Bombardier CRJ200SF (converted cargo aircraft) set to enter service from December 2021 On 22 August 2022, Air Wisconsin announced a five year contract to operate up to 60 of the American Eagle CRJ-200s, starting in March 2023  These aircraft are based at Chicago-O'Hare, to fill in for the Envoy Air Embraer E145s that will be transferred over to Piedmont Airlines  The airline also plans to utilize some CRJ-700s  This ended their partnership with United Airlines 

Destinations
Air Wisconsin operating as American Eagle serves 53 destinations with nearly 350 flights per day, transporting nearly six million passengers on an annual basis 

Crew domiciles
Operating as American Eagle, Air Wisconsin pilots and flight attendants have crew domiciles at the following locations:
Chicago, Illinois – O'Hare International Airport (ORD)
Philadelphia, PA – Philadelphia International Airport (PHL)

Fleet
The Air Wisconsin fleet comprises the following aircraft (as of June 2023):

Historical fleet
In 2016, the airline retired four CRJ-200 regional jets that had met their structural time limit and sent them to Tupelo Regional Airport (TUP) in Tupelo, Mississippi 
The following aircraft types were formerly operated by Air Wisconsin:

Jet aircraft
BAe 146-100 (via acquisition of Aspen Airways)
BAe 146-200
BAe 146-300 (only U S  operator of the BAe 146-300)
BAC One-Eleven

Turboprop aircraft
Beechcraft Model 99
British Aerospace ATP
de Havilland Canada Dash 6
de Havilland Canada Dash 7
de Havilland Canada Dash 8-100
de Havilland Canada Dash 8-300
Dornier 328 (via acquisition of Mountain Air Express)
Fokker F27
Short 360 (via merger with Mississippi Valley Airlines)
Short 330 (via merger with Mississippi Valley Airlines)
Swearingen Metro

Piston aircraft
de Havilland Dove

Aircraft maintenance
Air Wisconsin performs CRJ maintenance activities at the following locations:

Appleton, Wisconsin (Appleton International Airport)
Milwaukee, Wisconsin (Milwaukee Mitchell International Airport)
Dayton, Ohio (Dayton International Airport)Air Wisconsin also contracts aircraft maintenance-heavy checks at a facility in Oklahoma City, Oklahoma (OKC) 
Past heavy check maintenance was conducted in Montreal, Canada, and Hot Springs, Arkansas (HOT) 
Air Wisconsin's primary aircraft painting is located in Fort Worth, Texas – Meacham International (FTW) 

Incidents and accidents
See also
Air transportation in the United States
List of airports in Wisconsin
Passage 4:
United Express Flight 2415
United Express Flight 2415 was a regularly scheduled flight in the northwest United States from Seattle to Pasco, Washington, operated using a BAe Jetstream 31  Late on Tuesday, December 26, 1989, Flight 2415 crashed while attempting to land at Pasco's Tri-Cities Airport, killing both pilots and all four passengers aboard 

Aircraft, crew, and flight information
North Pacific Airlines, operating as United Express, operated Flight 2415 as a regularly scheduled flight from Seattle to Pasco, with an intermediate stop in Yakima   
On the night of the accident, Flight 2415 was operated using a BAe Jetstream 31 twin-turboprop airliner, registration number N410UE : 9  The aircraft was manufactured two years earlier in October 1987, and had accumulated approximately 4,972 flight hours at the time of the accident : 9   The aircraft was not equipped with a ground proximity warning system: 31  and did not have a cockpit voice recorder or flight data recorder : 13 The captain was 38-year-old Barry W  Roberts  He had 6,600 flight hours, including 670 hours on the Jetstream  The first officer was 25-year-old Douglas K  McInroe, who had 2,792 flight hours with 213 of them on the Jetstream : 5–9, 62

Accident
Flight 2415 departed Seattle at 20:45 PST, and arrived at Yakima with no reported mechanical difficulties : 1  A company station agent at Yakima witnessed First Officer McInroe knocking ice off the wings of the aircraft, with the assistance of another company first officer  The station agent asked Captain Roberts whether he wanted his aircraft deiced, but the captain declined : 1   The station agent also asked if the captain wanted Flight 2415's tail deiced, since the first officers deicing the wings would be unable to reach the tail surfaces   Roberts declined this as well : 1–2  Flight 2415 was the only flight to depart Yakima that afternoon/evening that was not deiced prior to departure : 2 At 21:59, air traffic controllers at the Yakima tower announced that Yakima airport was closed due to weather conditions : 2  However, at 22:00, Flight 2415 contacted Yakima ground controllers and were cleared to proceed to Yakima's runway 27 for departure  Ground controllers advised Flight 2415 of "light to moderate mixed icing" between 4,000 and 18,000 feet (1,200 and 5,500 m), which Flight 2415 acknowledged : 2   At 22:01, Flight 2415 departed Yakima en route to Pasco, and climbed to a cruising altitude of 11,000 feet (3,400 m) : 2–3 At 22:26, Flight 2415 was cleared for an Instrument Landing System (ILS) approach to runway 21R at Pasco's Tri-Cities Airport : 3  Conversations between Flight 2415 and controllers were normal in the minutes leading up to the crash, and no distress call was made At 22:30, while Flight 2415 was on final approach, the Pasco tower controller observed Flight 2415 flying "higher than normal" for a final approach, and also descending faster than normal : 5  The controller watched Flight 2415 descend until it struck the ground 400 feet (120 m) short of runway 21R  The controller alerted emergency response crews, who arrived at the crash site at 22:34;: 5  the aircraft was destroyed, and there were no survivors : 5

Investigation
The accident was investigated by the National Transportation Safety Board   Investigators determined that the airplane was flying well above the glideslope for an ILS approach : 40  From the plane's last recorded position, investigators determined that Flight 2415 would need to follow a 7-degree glidepath in order to descend rapidly enough to reach the runway threshold : 40  This is more than twice the glidepath angle for an ILS approach and would have required a high descent rate of 2,000 to 3,000 feet (610 to 915 m) per minute : 40  Investigators also determined that ice had likely built up on the plane's wings during the flight, creating a higher risk of a stall at low speeds : 40  According to radar data, Flight 2415 had slowed to 110 knots (205 km/h; 125 mph) as it attempted to descend  The combination of an excessively steep descent, low speed, and aircraft icing likely resulted in loss of control of the aircraft : 40 On November 4, 1991, the NTSB issued its final report on the crash, which contained the following conclusions:: 47 
The National Transportation Safety Board determines that the probable cause of this accident was the flightcrew's decision to continue an unstabilized instrument landing system approach that led to a stall, most likely of the horizontal stabilizer, and loss of control at low altitude  Contributing to the accident was the air traffic controller's improper vectors that positioned the airplane inside the outer marker while it was still well above the glideslope  Contributing to the stall and loss of control was the accumulation of airframe ice that degraded the aerodynamic performance of the airplane 
Passage 5:
Republic Airline
Republic Airways Inc  is a regional airline subsidiary of Republic Airways Holdings that operates service as American Eagle, Delta Connection, and United Express using a fleet of Embraer 170 and Embraer 175 regional jets  It is headquartered in Indianapolis, Indiana  Its call sign "Brickyard" is derived from the nickname of the Indianapolis Motor Speedway 

History
In 1999, Republic Airways Holdings incorporated a new subsidiary, "Republic Airline, Inc " but the subsidiary had no activity prior to 2004 and no ability to operate aircraft prior to 2005  In 2004 the holding company activated Republic Airways in reaction to a pilots' suit against American Airlines 
American had awarded the flying of 44-seat regional jets to Chautauqua Airlines, then the main operating subsidiary of Republic Airways Holdings  However, Chautauqua later started to operate 70-seat regional jets on behalf of United Airlines, and this caused American to be in violation of its pilot union scope clause, which prevented an airline from operating on behalf of American if that airline was operating jet aircraft of more than 50 seats, even if such aircraft were operating on behalf of a carrier other than American  To repair the situation, Republic Airways Holdings activated Republic Airline, and upon Part 121 certification in 2005 allowing Republic Airline to operate commercial service  Republic Airways Holdings then transferred the offending 70-seat regional jets from Chautauqua to Republic Airline  American was then no longer in violation of its pilot union scope clause  Republic Airways Holdings paid $6 6 million to the pilot union of American Airlines to settle the issue US Airways' pilots had a scope clause prohibiting the airline from operating large regional jets such as the Embraer E170  The airline negotiated around this clause by offering flight deck jobs to laid-off US Airways pilots, in a program known as "Jets for Jobs"  This agreement created a subsidiary, MidAtlantic Airways  As part of US Airways' bankruptcy restructuring, the 25 Embraer E170s delivered to MidAtlantic were bought by Republic to help US Airways come out of bankruptcy; Republic operates them along with additional newly delivered aircraft 
In 2007, Frontier Airlines signed an 11-year service agreement with Republic Airways  Under the agreement, Republic would operate 17 Embraer E170 aircraft for the Frontier Airlines operation  The first aircraft was placed into service in March 2007, and the last aircraft was expected to be placed into service by December 2008  On April 23, 2008, Republic Airways Holdings (parent of Republic Airline) terminated its service agreement with Frontier Airlines, which entered Chapter 11 bankruptcy in early April 2008  Subsequently, Republic Air Holdings purchased Frontier Airlines in bankruptcy  Frontier-branded Republic Airways E190 aircraft provided regional capacity support  In September 2013, Republic Airways Holdings sold Frontier Airlines  As part of the sale, Republic Airways terminated the Frontier branded E190 from flying 
On February 1, 2008, Republic Airways opened a base at John Glenn Columbus International Airport in Columbus, Ohio 
On September 3, 2008, Republic signed a new 10-year codeshare agreement with Midwest Airlines  The aircraft would be based at Kansas City International Airport beginning October 1, 2008  Twelve aircraft would be placed in service with Midwest  On June 23, 2009, Republic announced it would acquire Midwest Airlines for $31 million In January 2013, Republic Airways Holdings reached a capacity purchase agreement with American Airlines to operate Embraer E175 airplanes under the American Eagle brand beginning in mid-2013  Republic began service as an American Eagle affiliate on August 1, 2013, from Chicago to New Orleans, Pittsburgh, and Albuquerque On February 25, 2016, the airline filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy protection  The airline was hit hard because of pilot shortages, but a new contract ratified in October 2015 helped restructure the airline  At the time of filing, Republic Holdings claimed $2 97 billion in liabilities and $3 56 billion in assets  On November 16, 2016, Republic Airways Holdings filed their Plan of Reorganization with intentions to emerge from Chapter 11 during the first quarter of 2017 It was announced that parent company Republic Airways Holdings would merge subsidiaries Shuttle America and Republic Airways into one company, with Republic Airways being chosen as the surviving company  On January 31, 2017, Shuttle America merged with Republic Airways  In December 2018, the operating division was renamed Republic Airways to match its parent company 
As of January 31, 2017, Republic Airways has the largest fleet of Embraer E170 and Embraer E175 aircraft in the world 

Destinations
As of January 2023, Republic operates for American Eagle, Delta Connection, and United Express 

Fleet
Current fleet
As of April 2022, the Republic Airways fleet consists of the following aircraft:

Fleet development
The Embraer E175 made its United States domestic debut when the first aircraft was delivered to Republic Airways in March 2007  Total orders were for 36 aircraft, which were operated in an 80-seat configuration under the US Airways Express brand name In July 2010, Republic ordered a further 24 Embraer E190 aircraft In May 2012, Republic Airways agreed to fly the 28 Bombardier Q400s for United Express that bankrupt Pinnacle Airlines planned to return to its lessors  The Q400 fleet was retired in 2017 
Republic Airways Holdings signed a three-year contract in October 2012 with Caesars Entertainment Corporation where its Republic Airways subsidiary would operate five Embraer E190 aircraft to provide more than 1,500 charter flights annually for Caesars  Service began in January 2013  This contract ended in August 2015 and all E190 aircraft were sold or returned to the lease holders In January 2013, Republic Airways Holdings reached a capacity purchase agreement with American Airlines to operate 47 Embraer E175 airplanes under the American Eagle brand beginning in mid-2013  The regional jets would be deployed out of American's Chicago hub  In addition, Republic would have options to purchase an additional 47 Embraer aircraft beginning in 2015  Republic took first delivery of the E175 jets in July 2013 and service began August 1, 2013, from Chicago to New Orleans, Pittsburgh and Albuquerque  Republic began using Miami as an American Eagle hub in October 2014 and in New York-JFK in May 2015 
In late 2015, it was announced Republic Airways achieved approval from the FAA for Extended Overwater Operations (EOW), which allows Republic to operate up to 162 nautical miles from shore  As of January 31, 2017, only Republic E175 aircraft operating for American Airlines are equipped to operate as an EOW aircraft  American Airlines uses Republic to operate aircraft out of Miami International Airport to various Caribbean and Central American destinations, including the Bahamas, Mexico, Panama, Belize, Honduras, Costa Rica, Turks & Caicos, Cuba, Guadeloupe, and the French West Indies 
In late 2016 it was announced, due to the impending merger with Shuttle America, that the 80-seat Embraer E175s operated for American Eagle (previously US Airways Express) would have the last row of seats removed (4 in total) to conform with Delta's scope clause, which limits all regional jets to a maximum of 76 seats  These aircraft were retrofitted to American's standard Embraer E175 layout 
On January 31, 2017, all existing aircraft operating under the Shuttle America operating certificate were transferred to the Republic Airline Inc  operating certificate, thus ceasing operations for Shuttle America, and completing the merger process of both subsidiaries  The move made Republic the largest operator of Embraer E170 and Embraer E175 aircraft in the world 
On December 20, 2018, Republic Airways announced that it had finalized a firm order for 100 Embraer E175 aircraft, stating that deliveries for the new aircraft would start in the second half of 2020 In October 2019, Republic received the first of 30 E175s to be transferred from Compass Airlines upon the cancellation of their contract with Delta In September 2021, Republic agreed to sell 11 E170s and 6 E175s to Envoy 

Retired fleet
Incidents
On 9 April 2017, a passenger was forced off of a Republic-operated United Express flight in Chicago bound for Louisville  The passenger was forced off the flight by Department of Aviation officers after he refused to give up his seat to an airline employee  He attempted to run back onto the aircraft, but was forcibly removed  A video posted on social media showing him being injured and dragged off the plane led to a public outcry against United Airlines 
On 21 June 2018, a Republic-owned E170 registered N876RW was damaged by a fire while undergoing maintenance at John Glenn Columbus International Airport  The aircraft was deemed to be damaged beyond economical repair 
On 10 May 2019, a Republic-owned E175 operating Delta Connection flight 5935 was heading towards New York's LaGuardia Airport when a suicidal passenger attempted to open a cabin door in mid-flight, causing the pilots to declare an emergency shortly before landing  The situation was brought under control, after which the plane landed safely and was met by law enforcement at the gate 
On 6 November 2019, a Republic-owned E175 operating American Eagle Flight 4439 returned to Hartsfield-Jackson Atlanta International Airport after suffering severe controllability issues after takeoff: ATC flight data recorded the crew stating a "trim runaway" and a "stalling situation"  The data shows the aircraft rapidly climbing to 15,100 ft (4,600 m) and slowing down to 160 knots (300 km/h) while performing nearly two full right turns 
On June 4, 2022, a Republic Airways flight from Indianapolis to Chicago aborted its takeoff after an odor of smoke was reported in the aircraft  The aircraft was evacuated on a taxiway  No injuries were reported 

See also
Air transportation in the United States
Passage 6:
United Express Flight 5925
United Express Flight 5925, operated by Great Lakes Airlines with a Beechcraft 1900 twin turboprop, was a regularly scheduled flight from Chicago O'Hare International Airport to Quincy, Illinois, with an intermediate stop in Burlington, Iowa  On November 19, 1996, the aircraft collided on landing at Quincy with another Beechcraft, a private King Air, that was taking off from an intersecting runway  The crash was known as the Quincy runway disaster  Fourteen people (twelve on board the 1900 and two on board the King Air) were killed as a result 

Accident
United Express Flight 5925 had departed from Chicago at 15:25, with Captain Kate Gathje (30), First Officer Darren McCombs (24), and ten passengers  After a stop at Burlington, Iowa, the flight proceeded to Quincy  Two aircraft at Quincy were ready for departure when Flight 5925 was on approach  Both aircraft, a Beechcraft King Air and a Piper Cherokee were proceeding to Runway 4  As Quincy is a non-towered airport, all three aircraft were communicating on the Common Traffic Advisory Frequency  On approach, Captain Gathje inquired as to whether the King Air would hold short of the runway, or depart before their arrival  After receiving no response, Gathje called again and received a reply from the Cherokee that they were holding short of Runway 4  However, because of a simultaneous sound emitted by the ground proximity warning system in the 1900's cockpit, only part of the transmission was received by the 1900  As a result,  the United Express crew misunderstood the transmission as an indication that both the King Air and the Cherokee would not take off until after Flight 5925 had cleared the runway Assuming that both planes were holding short, Flight 5925 landed on Runway 13  However, the King Air had taxied into position on Runway 4 and had begun its takeoff roll when Flight 5925 landed  Both aircraft collided at the intersection of Runways 4 and 13  The aircraft skidded for 110 feet (34 m), coming to rest alongside Runway 13, and caught fire  All 12 aboard the United Express flight survived the initial impact but were trapped inside by a jammed door  Several pilots in the vicinity of the crash came to the scene but were unable to open the doors of the aircraft before both planes were destroyed by fire  All 12 aboard Flight 5925 and both pilots of the King Air, Neal Reinwald (63) and Laura Winkleman Brooks (34), died from smoke inhalation : 19

Cause
The National Transportation Safety Board determined that the cause of the accident was the King Air pilots' failure to effectively monitor both the common frequency and to scan for traffic  A contributing factor was the Cherokee's transmission at the same time as the United Express transmission  Lack of adequate rescue and firefighting equipment was cited as a factor in the high fatality rate 

In popular culture
The crash was featured in the 15th season of the television documentary series Mayday in an episode titled "Fatal Transmission", which featured interviews with witnesses and accident investigators and a dramatic reenactment of the crash 

See also
Los Angeles runway disaster
Tenerife airport disaster
Linate Airport disaster
Madrid runway disaster
1990 Wayne County Airport runway collision
TWA Flight 427
Air Canada Flight 759



ground_truth: Indianapolis, Indiana