prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: Which retired Argentine footballer who played as a forward was a main player for Valencia CF?

The following are given passages.
Context 1: Passage 1:
José Daniel Valencia
José Daniel Valencia (born 3 October 1955) is an Argentine former professional footballer who played as an attacking midfielder  He is perhaps most famous for having been part of the 1978 World Cup winning squad 

Club career
Valencia started his club career at Gimnasia y Esgrima de Jujuy but was soon transferred to Talleres de Córdoba, the club at which he would play most of his career 
At Talleres, Valencia suffered the disappointment of finishing runner-up in Nacional 1977, finishing third in Metropolitano 1980, and losing the semi-finals on four occasions 
In 1986, he  had a spell in Ecuadorian football with Liga Deportiva Universitaria de Quito, but only stayed one year before returning to Talleres for a further two seasons 
In 1988, he left Talleres to play for third division club Guaraní Antonio Franco in Misiones, Argentina  After a short spell in the lower leagues, he made a brief return to the first division with Rosario Central in 1989 before moving to Bolivia where he played for Club Jorge Wilstermann and then Club San José 
At San José, he again experienced the disappointment of being a losing finalist on two occasions; in the 1991 Clausura and the 1992 season  He also got his first taste of Copa Libertadores football, but with little success, as San José finished bottom of their group in both 1992 and 1993 
Valencia retired from club football in 1993 at the age of 37 

International career
The highlight of Valencia's footballing career came in 1978 when he was selected to represent Argentina at the FIFA World Cup tournament  Although he featured in the first game, he was dropped due to a tactical reshuffle by manager César Luis Menotti  He was unlucky to miss out on the World Cup final in the Monumental stadium, but he did play a part in helping Argentina win their first World Cup 
Valencia was selected to play for Argentina at 1982 World Cup, but the team had a disappointing campaign, eliminated in the second group phase  He retired from international football at the end of the tournament, having represented his country 41 times, scoring five goals 

Honours
Club
Talleres de Córdoba

Copa Hermandad: 1977
Liga Cordobesa de Fútbol: 1975, 1976, 1977, 1978, 1979

International
Argentina

FIFA World Cup: 1978
Passage 2:
Mariano Campodónico
Mariano Alejandro Campodónico (born 4 May 1974) is a retired Argentine footballer who played as a forward and current manager  He is the brother of former footballer Pablo Campodónico 

Career
Campodónico started his career in 1994, his first club was Banfield, he remained with them for four years before joining Platense with whom he made 17 appearances  1999 saw Campodónico leave Platense and complete a move to San Martín (SJ) before subsequently agreeing to join Arsenal de Sarandí in 2000 and El Porvenir in 2001  In 2002, Campodónico moved out of Argentina for the first-team as he agreed to sign for Venezuelan Primera División club Caracas, however his spell with Caracas was short as he soon departed to join Ecuadorian Serie A side Aucas One year later he left to join fellow Ecuadorian team Deportivo Quito  Moves to Gimnasia, Chiapas, Ferro Carril Oeste and Belgrano followed between 2003 and 2007  In 2004, Campodónico, playing for Ferro Carril Oeste scored twice against Sarmiento  Sarmiento's goalkeeper was Campodónico's own brother, Pablo  Mariano told reporters that "this was the worst thing that's happened to me in my football career"  In 2006, while playing for Belgrano, Campodónico was sentenced to eight days in prison for making "obscene gestures" at the opposing team during a football game He joined Nueva Chicago in 2007 and made 12 appearances before leaving not long after joining to complete a transfer to San Martín (T)  6 goals in 10 appearances followed for San Martín (T) before Campodónico moved to Paraguay to play for Cerro Porteño  He was with Cerro Porteño for one season, 2008, before eventually joining Aldosivi, which meant he was at the same team as his brother, Pablo, for the first-time  After leaving Aldosivi, he joined All Boys before then moving to Belgrano (second spell), Temperley and Talleres  Campodónico played for Mitre in 2015 and Cañuelas in 2016 before announcing his retirement 

Coaching career
Retiring in the summer 2017, Campodónico began his coaching career at his last club as a player, Cañuelas, where he was appointed manager on 28 December 2017  However, he decided to resign on 19 June 2018 A few days after leaving Cañuelas, Campodónico was appointed manager of Club Luján at the end of June 2018  After only two victories, four draws and seven defeats, he was fired 15 October 2018 On 3 February 2019, Campodónico was appointed manager of Sacachispas FC  He left his position on 16 September 2019 After Israel Damonte was appointed manager of Huracán on 3 January 2020, Campodónico also joined the club as his assistant coach, alongside his brother, Pablo Campodónico, who was appointed goalkeeper coach  They left in March 2021

Honours
Club
San Martín (T)Primera B Nacional (1): 2007–08
Passage 3:
Luis Artime
Luis Artime (born 2 December 1938) is an Argentine former footballer, who played as a striker, and scored more than 1,000 goals during his career  His son Luis Fabián Artime is also a retired Argentine footballer who played in the 1990s 

Club career
Artime was born in Parque Civit in Mendoza Province  He had a remarkably successful career in club football, he was top scorer four times in the Argentine league, three times in the Uruguayan league and once in the Copa Libertadores  He won one Argentine league title, three Uruguayan league titles and the Copa Libertadores in 1971 
Artime started his career at Club Atlético Atlanta but in 1962 he was transferred to Argentine giants River Plate where he became the top scorer in Argentina on three occasions  In 1966 he moved to Independiente where he helped the team to win the Nacional 1967, he was also topscorer in the tournament 
In 1969, he moved to Brazil to play for Palmeiras, but he did not stay long, and soon left to join Nacional of Uruguay  His first spell at Nacional was the most productive of his career; he won three Urugauyan league titles in a row, topscoring in each tournament, and in 1971 he helped the team to win the Copa Libertadores 
In 1972, he tried his luck in Brazil for a second time, but returned to Nacional in Uruguay after only one season at Fluminense  His second spell at Nacional was overshadowed by the successes of eternal rivals Peñarol  Artime retired from football in 1974 

International career
Playing for the Argentina national football team, Artime scored 24 goals in 25 caps, making him Argentina's 8th highest goalscorer to date  His strike rate of 0 96 goals per game for Argentina also makes him one of the most prolific goalscorers in Argentine international football  He played at the 1966 FIFA World Cup and at the South American Championship 1967, where he was the top goalscorer 

Honours
Club
Independiente

Argentine Primera División: 1967 NacionalPalmeiras

Campeonato Brasileiro: 1969Nacional

Uruguayan Primera División: 1969, 1970, 1971
Copa Libertadores: 1971
Intercontinental Cup: 1971

National Team
Argentina

Taça das Nações: 1964

Individual
Primera Division Argentina Top Scorer: 1962 (25 goals), 1963 (25 goals), 1966 (23 goals), Nacional 1967 (11 goals)
South American Championship Top Scorer: 1967 (5 goals)
Primera División Uruguaya Top Scorer: 1969 (24 goals), 1970 (21 goals), 1971 (16 goals)
Copa Libertadores Top Scorer: 1971 (10 goals)
Copa Intercontinental Top Scorer: 1971 (19 goals)
Passage 4:
José Aveiro
José Raúl Aveiro Lamas (born 18 July 1936) is a Paraguayan former professional footballer who played as a striker 

Career
Born in Asunción, Aveiro played for Sportivo Luqueño, Valencia, Valencia Mestalla, Elche, Ontinyent and Constància He was also a member of the Paraguay national team between 1957 and 1959 
Passage 5:
List of Valencia CF Femenino seasons
This is a list of seasons played by Valencia CF Femenino, the women's section of Spanish football club Valencia CF, and its predecessor DSV Colegio Alemán  The team was created in its original form in 1998, and has represented Valencia CF since the 2009–10 season 

Summary
Passage 6:
Higinio Ortúzar
Higinio Ortúzar Santamaría (10 January 1915 – 8 November 1982) was a Chilean footballer who made his entire career in Spain 

Career
The first Chilean in the Spanish football, he made his debut for Erandio Club in 1935, and next he played for Barakaldo CF, Athletic Bilbao, Valencia CF, Real Valladolid and Real Sociedad  He was loaned to Racing de Santander in 1936 for 4,500 pesetas, but he couldn't play due to the Spanish coup of July While at Athletic (one of few players born outside the Basque region to play for the club under their signing policy and the only from Chile in the history), he won a League and Cup double in 1943, and followed this up with further league titles playing for Valencia in 1944 and 1947  In his 30s he featured for Valladolid and Real Sociedad in successive seasons, helping each to gain promotion from the second tier 
After retiring as a player, he became a football coach, and managed sides including CD Logroñés 

Personal life
Born in Santiago, Chile, his parents were Basques  He returned to Euzkadi at early age, after his mother died He made his home in Areeta and managed a bar in Mayor Street 
Passage 7:
1998–99 Valencia CF season
Valencia CF had a successful season, finishing in the top four of La Liga and thus qualifying for the UEFA Champions League for the first time in almost 30 years, thanks to the extension of the competition to include more teams from the top leagues  Valencia also won the Copa del Rey, ending a long trophy drought and marking a successful end to Italian coach Claudio Ranieri's first spell at the club  Among the main players behind the success included Gaizka Mendieta, Javier Farinós and lethal striker Claudio López 
At the end of the season, Ranieri left to manage Atlético Madrid; he was replaced by Argentine Héctor Cúper, who had led Mallorca to third place and the Cup Winners' Cup final 

Squad
Squad at end of seasonNote: Flags indicate national team as defined under FIFA eligibility rules  Players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality 

Transfers
Left club during season
Note: Flags indicate national team as defined under FIFA eligibility rules  Players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality 

Competitions
La Liga
League table
Results by round
Matches
Top scorers
Claudio López 21
 Adrian Ilie 11
 Angulo 8
 Gaizka Mendieta 7
 Stefan Schwarz 4

Copa del Rey
Eightfinals

Quarterfinals
Semifinals
Final
UEFA Intertoto Cup
Quarterfinals
Semifinals
Finals
UEFA Cup
First round
Second round
Statistics
Players statistics
Passage 8:
Mario Kempes
Mario Alberto Kempes Chiodi (Spanish pronunciation: [ˈmaɾjo alˈβeɾto ˈkempes ˈtʃjoði], Italian: [ˈkjɔːdi]; born 15 July 1954) is an Argentine former professional footballer who played as a striker or attacking midfielder  A prolific goalscorer, he finished as La Liga's top goalscorer twice with Valencia where he amassed 116 goals in 184 league games 
At international level, Kempes was the focal point of Argentina's 1978 World Cup win where he scored twice in the final and received the Golden Boot as top goalscorer  He also won the Golden Ball for the player of the tournament, making him one of only three players to have won all three awards at a single World Cup, along with Garrincha in 1962 and Paolo Rossi in 1982 
Kempes won South American Footballer of the Year, Onze d'Or European footballer of the Year and World Cup Golden Ball in 1978  In 2004, he was named as one of the Top 125 greatest living footballers as part of FIFA's 100th anniversary celebration  Kempes was nicknamed El Toro and El Matador 

Club career
Kempes was born in Bell Ville, Córdoba  His father, Mario Quemp, was of German heritage  His mother, Teresa Chiodi, was Italian  At the age of seven he began playing with a junior team and at fourteen he joined the Talleres reserves 
Kempes' career started at local club Instituto, where he played alongside Osvaldo Ardiles before quickly moving on to Rosario Central, where he established himself as a remarkable goalscorer, scoring 85 goals in 105 matches, prompting Valencia to sign him  At Mestalla he would go on to win the Copa del Rey, the European Cup Winners' Cup and the UEFA Super Cup as well as two consecutive Pichichis, scoring 24 and 28 goals in the 1976–77 and 1977–78 seasons  Famous as a hard-working forward, he used to strike from outside the penalty area with his surging runs towards goal and was not the traditional center-forward operating solely inside the box  Many defenders found difficulty handling his attacking style 
Before the 1978 World Cup, Kempes was the only foreign-based player on the list of coach César Luis Menotti's Argentina national team  when announcing the squad he had selected for the 1978 tournament, Menotti described him with these words: "He's strong, he's got skill, he creates spaces and he shoots hard  He's a player who can make a difference, and he can play in a centre-forward position "
Kempes had been the top scorer in La Liga the previous two seasons and was determined to show on home soil that he could deliver against the best on the sport's greatest stage  However, he had failed to get on the score-sheet in West Germany in 1974, at the age of 20, and after the first round group stage in 1978, his name was still missing among goal scorers in the tournament 
After leaving Valencia in 1984, Kempes spent two years at Hércules in nearby Alicante before spending six years at various Austrian clubs  His play declined in his 30s and he did not compete for top scorer honours in the Austrian top flight  He rounded off his career with stints at more obscure clubs in Indonesia, Chile and Albania during the 1990s 

International career
During his club career he won 43 caps for Argentina and scored 20 times  He represented his country in three World Cups in 1974, 1978 and 1982, winning the competition in 1978  He was the leading goalscorer in the 1978 tournament, scoring six goals in three braces: the first two in Argentina's first semi-final group stage match against Poland, another two against Peru, and the last two in the final against the Netherlands, which Argentina won 3–1  His second goal, in the 105th minute, was the game winner in extra time  However, in the same tournament, he notoriously stopped a goal with his hand in a second-round match against Poland  This resulted in a penalty kick that was promptly saved by Ubaldo Fillol  His goals in the 1978 World Cup Final were his last for Argentina at the age of just 23 
In 1978, he was named South American Football Player of the Year ("El Mundo," Caracas, Venezuela)  He was named by Pelé as one of the top 125 greatest living footballers in March 2004 

Managerial career
Kempes made his full-time managing debut in Albania  His brief spell with Lushnja was groundbreaking, as he became the first foreign manager who signed a foreign player in Albanian football history  His career in Albania came to a quick end in 1997  The following year, he landed a job with Venezuelan side Mineros de Guayana  In 1999, Kempes moved to Bolivia and managed The Strongest, before taking charge of Blooming in 2000  Previously, he had worked as assistant coach for Uruguayan manager Héctor Núñez in Valencia and as a player-manager of Indonesian League champions Pelita Jaya 

Commentary career
He currently works as a football analyst and commentator in Spanish for ESPN Deportes (ESPN's Spanish-language version)  With Fernando Palomo and Ciro Procuna he provides the commentary in the Latin American version of the FIFA franchise video games FIFA 13, FIFA 14, FIFA 15, FIFA 16, FIFA 17, FIFA 18, FIFA 19, FIFA 20, FIFA 21, FIFA 22 and FIFA 23 

Career statistics
Club
International
Scores and results list Argentina's goal tally first, score column indicates score after each Kempes goal 

Honours
Valencia

Copa del Rey: 1978–79
UEFA Cup Winners' Cup: 1979–80
UEFA Super Cup: 1980River Plate

Primera División: 1981 NacionalPelita Jaya

Galatama: 1993–94 Argentina

FIFA World Cup: 1978Individual

Argentine Primera División top scorers: 1974 Nacional, 1976 Metropolitan
Pichichi Trophy: 1977, 1978
FIFA World Cup Golden Boot: 1978
FIFA World Cup Golden Ball: 1978
FIFA World Cup All-Star Team: 1978
Ballon d'Or: 1978 - Le nouveau palmarès (the new winners)
Onze d'Or: 1978
Olimpia de Plata: 1978
South American Footballer of the Year: 1978
UEFA Cup Winners' Cup top scorers: 1979–80
FIFA 100: 2004
South American Player of the Century: Ranking Nº 23: 2006
Golden Foot: 2007, as football legend
Estadio Mario Alberto Kempes: 2010, The stadium in Córdoba, Argentina was named after him 
AFA Team of All Time (published 2015)
Passage 9:
Claudio López (footballer)
Claudio Javier López (Spanish pronunciation: [ˈklawðjo ˈlopes], born 17 July 1974) is an Argentine former footballer, who played as a forward  Nicknamed Piojo (louse), he is best known for his spells with Valencia in Spain and Lazio in Italy  López also had a notable impact in the Argentina national team, participating in two World Cups 

Club career
Early career
López began his professional career with Estudiantes de La Plata in his native Argentina in 1990 as a 16-year-old  However, he moved to Racing the next year, where he would remain until he transferred in 1996 to Spanish club Valencia 

Europe
After a slow start in 1996–97, Claudio López would enjoy a prolific spell with Valencia over the 3 years that followed, averaging 20 goals each season between 1997–98 and 1999–2000  That included a season best in 1998–99 which saw him find the net on 30 occasions across competitions to become the club's top scorer (3rd best in la Liga behind Raul and Rivaldo, despite taking fewer penalties than his rivals) 
Valencia entrenched their status as one of Spain's emerging clubs throughout the late 1990s, rising from their usual mid-table position to 4th in 1998–99 and 3rd in 1999–2000, which was Lopez's last season with the club  The Argentine formed a devastating partnership with Romanian Adrian Ilie and played alongside such stars as Jocelyn Angloma, Santiago Cañizares and Gaizka Mendieta, who would later be his teammate at Lazio as well 
López remained with Valencia for five years, helping the team to the final of the UEFA Champions League in the 1999–2000 season, when he was transferred to Lazio of Serie A for €35 million  During the first half of his spell in Italy's capital, he was partnered with compatriot Hernán Crespo in the front-line  However, López suffered from injury problems during his time at Lazio  During the 2000–2001 UEFA Champions League, he scored a direct goal from a corner kick against Anderlecht in the Stadio Olimpico 
After Crespo left for Inter in the summer of 2002, López was partnered with newcomer Bernardo Corradi  They formed a solid partnership that yielded a combined 25 Serie A goals as Lazio finished 4th to qualify for the Champions League under new coach Roberto Mancini  The Argentine scored 15 of those goals, his best league tally during his years in Italy; the 4th-place finish for Lazio was also the best the club would achieve until 2011–12 
In December 2002 he made headlines during a Serie A clash with Inter that ended 3-3: after netting a hat-trick that gave his side a 3-0 lead, Claudio López improvised an "Aserejé" goal celebration with teammate Bernardo Corradi, inspired by the dance routine of Spanish band Las Ketchup  In an interview 13 years later, he explained that the unexpected celebration had happened because "crazy Corradi enjoyed doing such things!"In the UEFA Cup, López found the net twice to help his team reach the semi-finals, where they would be knocked out by the eventual winners, Jose Mourinho's FC Porto  The following season was less successful for Lazio as they only finished 6th in Serie A and crashed out of the Champions League at the group stage  Claudio López only found the net 4 times in 36 appearances  He did manage, however, to win his second piece of silverware with the Roman club as they overcame Juventus in the two-legged Coppa Italia Final 

Mexico, return to Racing
López joined Club América for the 2004 Apertura, where he played in 17 games, scoring four goals  The following season, Clausura 2005 brought better results, with López scoring a total of 14 goals overall and helping the team to its tenth League championship in its history  It was his first and only league championship with any team  Claudio was instrumental to the team's success, also helping them win the CONCACAF Champions' Cup by scoring two goals in the Final over Tecos UAG  He played the 2006 FIFA Club World Cup 
In 2007 López returned to Racing, 11 years after his departure from the club, and the country  In most of those games, usually coming in as a late sub, López scored several important goals 

Major League Soccer
On 7 March 2008, it was announced López had signed with the Kansas City Wizards on a free transfer  López fell under the league's designated player qualification, which means only the first $415,000 of his salary counted against Kansas City Wizards’ team salary cap  He later had his contract restructured to take him below designated player status 
 He scored on his debut for Kansas City against D C  United on 29 March 2008 
On 23 February 2010 the Argentine striker left after two seasons Kansas City Wizards  "We would have liked to have Claudio back in 2010, but unfortunately it became clear early in the contract negotiations that we could not give him what he desired," Wizards Manager Peter Vermes said López was later signed by league rivals Colorado Rapids on 2 April 2010 After the 2010 MLS season Colorado declined López's contract option and Lopez elected to participate in the 2010 MLS Re-Entry Draft  López became a free agent in Major League Soccer when he was not selected in the Re-Entry draft 

International career
López had a distinguished career with Argentina  After winning a silver medal with the Under-23 team during the 1996 Summer Olympics, López made appearances in both the 1998 and 2002 World Cups  He scored a goal against the Netherlands in the 1998 FIFA World Cup quarter-final, when he kicked the ball between Edwin van der Sar's legs to tie the match temporarily, although Argentina were ultimately defeated 2–1 

Style of play
A talented, hardworking, and well-rounded forward, with notable tactical intelligence and versatility, López was capable of playing anywhere along the front-line, as a striker, in a supporting role, and on the wing  He was highly regarded for his pace, technique, and dribbling skills, as well as his powerful striking ability with his left foot  He was also an effective set-piece and penalty taker  Throughout his career, he was known by the nickname "El Piojo", meaning "the louse" 

Media
López was sponsored by sportswear company Nike and appeared in Nike commercials  In a global Nike advertising campaign in the run-up to the 2002 World Cup in Korea and Japan, he starred in a "Secret Tournament" commercial (branded "Scopion KO") directed by Terry Gilliam, appearing alongside football players such as Thierry Henry, Ronaldo, Edgar Davids, Fabio Cannavaro, Francesco Totti, Ronaldinho, Luís Figo and Hidetoshi Nakata, with former player Eric Cantona the tournament "referee" 

Career statistics
Club
International
Honours
Valencia

Copa del Rey: 1998–99
Supercopa de España: 1999
UEFA Intertoto Cup: 1998
UEFA Champions League runner-up: 1999–2000,Lazio

Coppa Italia: 2003–04
Supercoppa Italiana: 2000América

Primera División de México: Clausura 2005
Campeón de Campeones: 2005
CONCACAF Champions' Cup: 2006Colorado Rapids
MLS Cup: 2010
MLS Eastern Conference: 2010

See also
List of current MLS players with national team caps
Passage 10:
2002–03 Valencia CF season
Valencia CF did not succeed in defending their La Liga title, finishing in slumped 5th place  Los Che also got to the quarter-finals of the UEFA Champions League, where former coach Héctor Cúper and Inter got the upper hand over Valencia and Rafael Benítez  The main player during the season was Pablo Aimar, who was the only player making waves in the season, where the previously solid defense did not perform as previously 

Squad
Note: Flags indicate national team as defined under FIFA eligibility rules  Players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality 

Transfers
Competitions
La Liga
League table
Results by round
Matches
Copa del Rey
Round of 64
Round of 32
UEFA Champions League
First group stage
Group B
Second group stage
Group B
Quarter-finals
Statistics
Players statistics
Context 3: Passage 1:
KCND
KCND (90 5 FM) is a public radio station licensed to Bismarck  It signed on the air in 1981 as Prairie Public Radio, which later became part of the statewide North Dakota Public Radio network, the entirety of which was later renamed Prairie Public Radio  It currently broadcasts with an effective radiated power of 50 kW on 90 5 MHz 

External links
Prairie Public radio website
KCND in the FCC FM station database
KCND on Radio-Locator
KCND in Nielsen Audio's FM station database
Passage 2:
Eric Plakun
Eric M  Plakun is an American psychiatrist, psychoanalyst, researcher and forensic psychiatrist  He is the current medical director/CEO at the Austen Riggs Center in Stockbridge, Massachusetts  Plakun's primary interests include the mental health advocacy, full implementation of the mental health parity law, access-to-care issues, and reducing health disparities; the value of and evidence base for psychosocial treatments and the diagnosis, treatment, longitudinal course and outcome of patients with borderline personality disorder and treatment resistant disorders  Plakun has been widely published and quoted in the media on psychotherapy and psychiatry, including in The New York Times and The Globe and Mail  He has appeared in the media to discuss his psychiatric work on WAMC, the Albany, New York, affiliate of NPR  and on CBS 60 Minutes  His psychiatric research has been widely cited 

Career
Plakun attended Hofstra University and received an M D  from the Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons in 1972  After an internship in medicine at Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, Plakun worked as a rural primary care practitioner in Vermont before completing a psychiatric residency also at Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center and a Fellowship and Advanced Fellowship in Psychoanalytic Studies at the Austen Riggs Center 
He is a Distinguished Life Fellow of the American Psychiatric Association, and serves on the APA Board of Trustees representing New England and Eastern Canada  He is a former member of the APA Assembly, where he served as chair of the Assembly Committee of Representatives of Subspecialties and Sections and on the Assembly Executive Committee  In the APA he has also been past chair of the Committee on Psychotherapy by Psychiatrists, and the founding leader of the APA Psychotherapy Caucus  Plakun is a Fellow of the American College of Psychiatrists and a Fellow of the American College of Psychoanalysts  He is a Psychoanalytic Fellow and former Trustee of the American Academy of Psychoanalysis and Dynamic Psychiatry  He is an associate editor of the journal Psychodynamic Psychiatry  Plakun also served for more than a decade with the American Board of Psychiatry and Neurology as a member of the written test committee and as an oral examiner  In 2003, Plakun was selected by the 1700 member Massachusetts Psychiatric Society as the "Outstanding Psychiatrist in Clinical Psychiatry " In addition, Plakun is a member of the Group for the Advancement of Psychiatry (GAP) Committee on Psychotherapy  and the American College of Psychoanalysts Board of Regents 

APA Psychotherapy Caucus
Plakun led the effort that culminated in the founding of the American Psychiatric Association Psychotherapy Caucus, established in 2014  The purpose of the caucus is to connect APA members who share an interest in psychotherapy and psychosocial treatments as well as to "raise the profile of psychotherapy and psychosocial treatment in psychiatry, and to secure skills in these areas as part of the training and identity of future psychiatrists so the field and its practitioners are practicing within a genuinely biopsychosocial model " The caucus is engaged in a number of advocacy and educational activities and currently has close to 300 members 

Research and writing
Plakun is the editor of New Perspectives on Narcissism (American Psychiatric Press, 1990) and Treatment Resistance and Patient Authority: The Austen Riggs Reader (W W  Norton & Company, 2011) and author of nearly 100 articles and book chapters on the diagnosis, treatment, longitudinal course and outcome of patients with borderline personality disorder, treatment resistant disorders, and on shared elements of various schools of psychotherapy  An advocate for the value of psychotherapy and psychosocial treatment, Plakun has argued for the full implementation of the Mental Health Parity and Addictions Equity Act, served as Plaintiffs’ expert on adult mental disorders in Wit v  United Behavioral Health federal class-action, and has presented and written about the case  He has also researched and written on what he calls "Psychiatry’s False Assumptions":  [1] genes = disease; [2] patients present with single disorders that respond to specific evidence-based treatments; and [3] the best treatments are pills  Separately, he has written about psychodynamic residential treatment for patients who have encountered an impasse in their treatment and has called for an evidence-based, inclusive reconceptualization of how psychotherapy competencies are presented and taught to residents 

Selected publications
Plakun, Eric M ; Burkhardt, Paul E ; Muller, John P  (September 1985)  "14-year follow-up of borderline and schizotypal personality disorders"  Comprehensive Psychiatry  26 (5): 448–455  doi:10 1016/0010-440X(85)90081-1  PMID 4028695 
Plakun, Eric M  (September 1989)  "Narcissistic Personality Disorder: A Validity Study and Comparison to Borderline Personality Disorder"  Psychiatric Clinics of North America  12 (3): 603–620  doi:10 1016/S0193-953X(18)30417-9 
Plakun, E  M  (February 1996)  "Treatment of personality disorders in an era of limited resources"  Psychiatric Services  47 (2): 128–130  doi:10 1176/ps 47 2 128  PMID 8825245 
Plakun, Eric M (2001)  "Making the alliance and taking the transference in work with suicidal patients"  The Journal of Psychotherapy Practice and Research  10 (4): 269–276  PMC 3330670  PMID 11696654 
Plakun, EM (1994)  "Principles in the psychotherapy of self-destructive borderline patients"  The Journal of Psychotherapy Practice and Research  3 (2): 138–48  PMC 3330365  PMID 22700187 
Plakun, Eric M  (January 2006)  "Finding Psychodynamic Psychiatry's Lost Generation"  The Journal of the American Academy of Psychoanalysis and Dynamic Psychiatry  34 (1): 135–150  doi:10 1521/jaap 2006 34 1 135  PMID 16548752  ProQuest 198147134  Cited in 29 publications 
Plakun, Eric M  (June 1991)  "Prediction of Outcome in Borderline Personality Disorder"  Journal of Personality Disorders  5 (2): 93–101  doi:10 1521/pedi 1991 5 2 93  ProQuest 848889730  Cited in 41 publications 
Plakun, Eric M ; Sudak, Donna M ; Goldberg, David (January 2009)  "The Y Model: An Integrated, Evidence-Based Approach to Teaching Psychotherapy Competencies"  Journal of Psychiatric Practice  15 (1): 5–11  doi:10 1097/01 pra 0000344914 54082 eb  PMID 19182560  S2CID 2520530 
Sledge, William; Plakun, Eric M; Bauer, Stephen; Brodsky, Beth; Caligor, Eve; Clemens, Norman A; Deen, Serina; Kay, Jerald; Lazar, Susan; Mellman, Lisa A; Myers, Michael; Oldham, John; Yeomans, Frank (2014)  "Psychotherapy for suicidal patients with borderline personality disorder: an expert consensus review of common factors across five therapies"  Borderline Personality Disorder and Emotion Dysregulation  1 (1): 16  doi:10 1186/2051-6673-1-16  PMC 4579509  PMID 26401300 
Eric M , Plakun (May 27, 2015)  "Correcting Psychiatry's False Assumptions and Implementing Parity"  Psychiatric Times  32 (5) 
Passage 3:
Steve Robinson (executive)
Steve Robinson (born September 7, 1946) is an American radio manager, producer and executive producer  He has held senior management positions with numerous American radio stations, including WFMT and the WFMT Radio Network/Chicago, WBUR/Boston, WGBH/Boston, WCRB/Boston, KPFA/Berkeley, WBGO/Newark, Vermont Public Radio and Nebraska Public Radio Network ork  Robinson served as general manager of the statewide Nebraska Public Radio Network (1990-2000) and WFMT and the WFMT Radio Network from 2000 until October 2016 A 50-year radio veteran, he has produced programs ranging from classical music documentaries to public affairs programs and has directed over 100 on-air pledge drives 

Personal life and career
He was born in Boston in 1946  He completed graduation from Boston University in 1969 with a degree in music education  Robinson started his professional career in 1967 at WBUR/Boston while will an undergraduate at Boston University  At WBUR, he produced and hosted six two-hour classical music programs per week  He also created and co-hosted a Saturday morning live call-in program about high fidelity called Shop Talk which ran from 1968 to 1978 After WBUR, Robinson held positions at WGBH and WCRB/Boston and KPFA/Berkeley  In 1976 he was appointed the first development director of Vermont Public Radio (VPR)  At VPR, he won a national award from the Corporation for Public Broadcasting (CPB) for “The Sky Report with Professor Delo Mook”, a five-minute daily program about astrophysics that was syndicated throughout the U S  CPB cited the program for “innovative idea and superb execution ” In 1980, he became the first development director for the newly created Jazz station, WBGO/Jazz88 in Newark  At WBGO, Robinson helped establish the station as one of the most important Jazz stations in the U S In 1971, Robinson met multi-reed instrumentalist, Rahsaan Roland Kirk, and worked with him on several projects, including Radio Free Rahsaan, an eight-part series of one-hour radio programs  After Mr  Kirk’s untimely passing in 1977, he produced Memories of Rahsaan, a series of 30-minute programs that became part of Radio Free Rahsaan In 1984, he co-founded AIR, the Association of Independents in Radio, a service organization to assist independent radio producers in the United States  Robinson wrote AIR’s first two successful grants from the New York State Council on the Arts and the National Endowment for the Arts In 1990, Robinson became the general manager of the newly formed Nebraska Public Radio Network (NPRN), a nine-station system of transmitters throughout the state that reached over one million listeners Throughout his career, Robinson has produced dozens of radio programs that have been heard throughout the world, including live broadcasts from Salzburg, Austria (on the occasion of Mozart’s 250th birthday); Durbin, South Africa (for the world premiere for the opera, “Princess Magogo); Quebec City, Canada (for a live broadcast of Mahler’s Symphony of a Thousand with 1000 performers); Jerusalem, Israel (for a broadcast from the Jerusalem International Chamber Music Festival); and has produced numerous live broadcasts from Chicago and throughout the U S He has worked with William Schuman, Elliott Carter, Charles Dodge, Roger Reynolds, Alan Hovhaness and other composers on programs about their music  In 2003, he created the daily classical music appreciation radio program, Exploring Music with Bill McGlaughlin  The series is carried by state networks throughout the world including Australia and China  At the WFMT Radio Network he created the first classical music radio exchange between the United States and China 

WFMT and the WFMT Radio Network
In 2000, Robinson became the general manager of WFMT and the WFMT Radio Network  Founded in 1951, WFMT is considered as one of the most admired classical music stations in the U S  and under his leadership many new programs were added to the local schedule, including Introductions, Impromptu and others  Robinson worked on diversifying the programs of WFMT by expanding the amount of live broadcasting from the station One of his most important initiatives at the WFMT Radio Network was the creation of Exploring Music with Bill McGlaughlin, in 2003  This daily, one-hour music appreciation program is heard on over 60 U S  stations and has a weekly audience of over 400,000 unique listeners  The program is also heard in Australia, Guam, the Philippines and in Beijing  Initial funding for Exploring Music was provided by the National Endowment for the Arts with additional funding from individuals and foundations The station under his leadership focused on live music by broadcasting a wide array of local Chicago groups and ensembles  In 2007, the Chicago Tribune named him “Chicagoan of the Year” in the arts In 2015, he executed a cross-cultural broadcast relationship between America and China by exporting to China for the first time broadcasting concerts by the NY Philharmonic, LA Philharmonic, San Francisco Symphony, Dallas Symphony, Chamber Music Society of Lincoln Center and Carnegie Hall  He also arranged for concerts from the Shanghai Spring International Music Festival and the Shanghai Symphony Orchestra to be exported to the West with broadcasts in the U S , Canada and Europe In 2022, Robinson launched a YouTube channel for his series, The Architects of Music with Lawrence Rapchak 

Other work
In 2004 and again in 2010, Robinson created and produced two, live, 17-hour fundraising campaigns involving all Chicago radio and TV stations to aid victims of the tsunami in southeast and the earthquake in Haiti  Each campaign raised over $3 million  Robinson received two Wesbury Award from the American Red Cross of Greater Chicago for the fundraising campaigns In 2008, Robinson and Bill McGlaughlin received the Dushkin Award for Exploring Music with Bill McGlaughlin from the Music Institute of Chicago  He has received local and national awards for his work in Chicago, including the Champion Award from the Merit School of Music, the ASCAP/Deems Taylor Award for creative programming and others 
Passage 4:
New Jersey Network
The New Jersey Network (NJN) was a network of public television and radio stations serving the U S  state of New Jersey   NJN was a member of the Public Broadcasting Service (PBS) for television and the National Public Radio (NPR) for radio, broadcasting their programming as well as producing and broadcasting their own programming, mostly relating to issues in New Jersey   With studios in both Trenton and Newark, NJN's television network covered all of New Jersey, plus parts of Pennsylvania, New York, Connecticut and Delaware   The radio network primarily served several areas of New Jersey that were not covered by Philadelphia and New York City public radio stations 
New Jersey Network ended operations on June 30, 2011   The television network was succeeded by NJTV (now branded as "NJ PBS"), and the radio stations were split through two separate sales to NPR-member stations in Philadelphia and New York 

Early history
The system was founded in 1968 by an act of the New Jersey Legislature establishing the New Jersey Public Broadcasting Authority (NJPBA)   New Jersey already had a public television station licensed within the state, WNET (channel 13), licensed to Newark  However, while WNET had offices and studios in Newark, for all practical purposes it was a New York City station, effectively leaving New Jersey without a public station of its own 
With state funding and four UHF licenses assigned years earlier by the Federal Communications Commission, the NJPBA went to work building the state's public television stations  The first station, WNJT (channel 52) in Trenton, went on the air on April 5, 1971, with the other three stations signing on over the next two years  The system was known on-air as New Jersey Public Television (NJPTV) until 1981, when it adopted the New Jersey Network identity 
Due to New Jersey being split between the New York City and Philadelphia television markets, NJN's television network reached one of the largest potential audiences in the country  At the time of its closure, it potentially reached over 25 million people in parts of five states  However, it also forced NJN to compete directly against three of the highest-rated PBS stations in the nation–WNET, secondary New York City member station WLIW, and Wilmington, Delaware-licensed WHYY-TV, in the Philadelphia market  Two other PBS member stations based in Pennsylvania, WLVT-TV in Allentown and WVIA-TV in Scranton, were also viewable in portions of NJN's coverage area 
NJN spent most of its existence trying to carve out a niche of its own  One of its solutions had been to air some of the more popular PBS shows on a delayed basis, after the nearby stations had carried the national PBS feed  Programs that might be seen on WNET and WHYY-TV would air on NJN a week or two later   Another solution was to focus on its news operation  The latter worked very well, as NJN and its reporters won many awards for their journalistic efforts  In the 1980s, NJN was the first media outlet to break the "Taggart affair" political patronage scandal  NJN's news and public affairs programming was initially co-produced by WNET until 1981, and continued simulcasting on WNET for several years afterward  This was part of a longstanding agreement between the FCC, New Jersey officials, and WNET that allowed WNET to fulfill its local programming obligations (since it was still licensed to Newark) 
NJN's radio network began operation on May 20, 1991, when WNJT-FM in Trenton started operations  Eight other stations were established over the following seventeen years  They served mainly to bring NPR programming to the few areas of New Jersey without a clear signal from New York's WNYC AM-FM and Philadelphia's WHYY-FM 
In the immediate aftermath of the September 11 attacks of 2001, the station temporarily broadcast WABC-TV 

Transition
In 2008, in the face of a proposed 35 percent cut in funding, NJN officials asked the state legislature for permission to become an independent nonprofit entity  Under this proposal, the state network would have likely been transferred to its nonprofit fundraising arm, the NJN Foundation  Two consultants looking into fundraising options speculated that breaking off from the state would have triggered an avalanche of private funding After assuming the office of New Jersey Governor in 2010, Chris Christie voiced his support for transforming NJN into a not-for-profit organization in his March 2010 budget speech  Christie believed the state taxpayers should not have to support a TV and radio network which many never watched or listened to, a stand in keeping with the growing Republican interest at the time in populism 
On October 15, 2010, a bipartisan legislative task force called for a "dramatic reconfiguration" of the state network, but not full privatization  Christie nonetheless moved forward with plans to remove state funding  On November 17, NJN handed termination notices to 130 employees, leading to speculation that the state network would shut down on January 1, 2011, when funding from the state would end  On December 17, 2010, Governor Christie signed legislation to transfer the state network to independent funding  The legislation also suspended the layoffs 

Endgame
On June 6, 2011, the split of NJN's radio and television operations was announced by Gov  Christie   They were as follows:
Television: WNET assumed control of NJN's television stations for what was, initially, a five-year term under a new nonprofit entity called Public Media NJ  The television network was renamed NJTV, and promised to feature increased coverage of news and issues pertinent to New Jersey, as well as programming from the WNET and PBS libraries  Caucus Educational Corporation, which produces Caucus: New Jersey, serves as a producing partner with NJTV for New Jersey-focused public affairs programming  The agreement did not include transfer of the station licenses, which were retained by the New Jersey Public Broadcasting Authority; the contracts are instead tantamount to local management agreements in commercial broadcasting which nominally do not require approval from the FCC  Ironically, NJN was created in part due to concerns that WNET and WHYY-TV were not adequately serving the New Jersey portions of their service area 
Radio: NJN's radio network was divided in a pair of multi-station sales, with New York Public Radio (owners of WNYC-AM-FM in New York City and Newark-licensed WQXR-FM) acquiring four stations and WHYY-FM in Philadelphia obtaining the other five  New York Public Radio used its stations to start a new New Jersey-oriented network, New Jersey Public Radio, while WHYY turned its new acquisitions into repeaters of WHYY-FM  These sales were approved by the FCC on August 29, 2011 On June 23, 2011, the New Jersey State Assembly voted, 45 to 30, in favor of rejecting the WNET/Caucus proposal for transfer of control of the NJN television stations  The state Senate, however, passed the resolution on June 27 by a 20 to 19 margin, allowing the deal to go into effect as scheduled on July 1  All 130 NJN employees, who had been New Jersey state civil servants, either retired, were reassigned to other state agencies, or were terminated as a result of the system's closure The last scheduled program aired on NJN television was Theatre Talk, which was followed by a previously-aired news report and a pre-taped farewell message by Janice Selinger, NJN's acting executive director  NJN's website, www njn net, was archived and remained active for about a year after the shutdown; it redirected to the NJTV webpage, www njtvonline org for some time afterward  However, as of September 2014, it no longer redirected to that website, as the domain name was sold  Some of NJN's in-house public affairs programs, such as Due Process, On the Record and Reporters Roundtable, were picked up by, and continue to air on, its successor, NJTV 

Television
The NJN television stations were:

Camden: WNJS (channel 23/RF 22)
Montclair: WNJN (channel 50/RF 51)1
New Brunswick: WNJB (channel 58/RF 8)
Trenton: WNJT (channel 52/RF 43)
Notes
1 WNJN used the callsign WNJM (the M standing for Montclair) from 1973 sign-on to 1994 Signal ReachWNJS: all of southern New Jersey (including, Camden, Haddon Township, Atlantic City), as well as Philadelphia and Wilmington, Delaware
WNJN: all of northern New Jersey (including Newark, Jersey City and Paterson), as well as southern New York state (New York City and western Long Island) and a small portion of southwestern Connecticut
WNJT: most of central New Jersey (including the city of Trenton, Monmouth, Mercer and Ocean counties)
WNJB: most of north-central New Jersey (including, New Brunswick, Hunterdon, Somerset and Middlesex counties)

Digital television
The state network's digital signals were multiplexed:

After NJN ceased operations and WNET took over the operations of NJN, NJN Kids was removed and sub-channel  3 remained with no programming  In October 2017, the third sub-channel was removed and the  2 sub-channel began broadcasting NHK World 

Analog-to-digital conversion
The four NJN stations shut down their analog signals on June 12, 2009, as part of the DTV transition in the United States  Each of the four NJN stations remained on their pre-transition digital assignments using PSIP to display virtual channels for each NJN station corresponding to their former analog channel numbers 

Television Programming
Original materials from New Jersey Public Broadcasting Authority have been contributed to the American Archive of Public Broadcasting 

NJN-produced
Another View
Caucus: New Jersey
Classroom Close-up, NJ
Congress Watch
Due Process
Homeless Tails
Images/Imagenes
Inside Trenton
New Jersey Works
NJN Classics
NJN News
On the Record
Reporters Roundtable
Shepherd's Pie (monologue program hosted by Jean Shepherd)
State of the Arts
Tomorrow's Medicine Today (produced by Medical Missions for Children)
The Uncle Floyd Show (aired in the 1980s)

Lottery Drawings
NJN aired live drawings from the New Jersey Lottery until the network's closure in 2011, at which point the Lottery began live-streaming its drawings (via Ustream, and later Livestream) 
NJN's successor, NJTV, aired Lottery drawings from September 2011 through the end of 2012; on January 1, 2013, the drawings moved to two CBS-owned stations, WLNY-TV in the New York area and WPSG in Philadelphia  As of 2016, these drawings are now aired on WPIX in New York and WPHL-TV in Philadelphia 

Radio
Unlike its television counterpart, NJN Radio covered mainly southern New Jersey, with only two transmitters in the northern part of the state  Due to the crowded state of the noncommercial end of the FM dial in the northeastern United States, the nine stations all operated at relatively low power  Much of the programming came from NPR and other public radio suppliers, with a simulcast of the audio of the television network's NJN News weekday evenings following All Things Considered 

Stations acquired by WHYY, Inc , simulcasting WHYY-FM:Stations acquired by New York Public Radio:
Passage 5:
WPPR
WPPR (88 3) is a public radio station in Demorest, Georgia   Originally, WPPR had the call letters WDEM (Radio Demorest), but changed to WPPR on August 19, 1996  It is part of the Georgia Public Broadcasting radio network, which in turn is a member of National Public Radio, Public Radio International, and American Public Media  Unlike many stations of the GPB network, WPPR does not only broadcast simulcasts from GPB  WPPR also produces its own programming about the local area including Habersham County  One of the community features, Community Life in Northeast Georgia, is an educational and informative program about an area that is not well known  WPPR's studios are located on the Piedmont College campus in Demorest  This allows for Piedmont Mass Communications students to work directly with WPPR as interns 

See also
List of radio stations in Georgia (U S  state)
Piedmont College
Passage 6:
Minnesota Public Radio
Minnesota Public Radio (MPR), is a public radio network for the state of Minnesota  With its three services, News & Information, YourClassical MPR and The Current, MPR operates a 46-station regional radio network in the upper Midwest 
MPR has won more than 875 journalism awards, including the Peabody Award, both the RTNDA Edward R  Murrow Award and the Corporation for Public Broadcasting award of the same name, and the Alfred I  duPont-Columbia University Gold Baton Award  As of September 2011, MPR was equal with WNYC for most listener support for a public radio network, and had the highest level of recurring monthly donors of any public radio network in the United States MPR also produces and distributes national public radio programming via its subsidiary American Public Media, which is the second-largest producer of public radio programming in the United States, and largest producer and distributor of classical music programming 

History
Minnesota Public Radio began on January 22, 1967, when KSJR-FM first signed on from the campus of Saint John's University in Collegeville, just outside St  Cloud  Colman Barry, then president of Saint John's, saw promise in the then-relatively-new technology of FM radio, and believed radio was an appropriate extension of Saint John's cultural and artistic functions to the broader community  He hired a 23-year-old graduate of St  John's, William H  Kling, as director of broadcasting It soon became apparent that St  Cloud and surrounding Stearns County did not have enough listeners for the station to be viable, so Kling more than tripled KSJR's power in hopes of reaching the Twin Cities  However, it only provided grade B coverage to Minneapolis and the western portion of the metro, and completely missed St  Paul and the east  Realizing that the station needed to cover the Twin Cities to have a realistic chance of survival, St  John's started KSJN, a low-powered repeater station for the Twin Cities, in 1968  The operation was awash in debt, and by 1969, St  John's realized it did not have the adequate financial or personnel resources to operate a full-fledged noncommercial radio station  With Barry's support, Saint John's transferred KSJR/KSJN's assets to a community corporation, St  John's University Broadcasting  This corporation later changed its name to Minnesota Educational Radio, and finally Minnesota Public Radio  Kling led MPR as president and CEO for 44 years, before retiring in 2011 MPR was a charter member of National Public Radio in 1971, and had helped lay the groundwork for forming that organization during 1969 and 1970  In 1971, the network moved its operations from Collegeville to St  Paul, funded in part with a news programming "demonstration" grant from the Corporation for Public Broadcasting  New studios were built and KSJN became the flagship station  During the 1970s, additional stations were added and the network expanded across Minnesota  It was during this period KSJN's news department won numerous regional and national awards and became one of the region's most highly-regarded news operations 
In 1974, MPR began live broadcasting of Garrison Keillor's A Prairie Home Companion, one of the best-known programs on public radio, from the Park Square Theatre in Saint Paul  In the early days of the program, members of the production staff were said to have to work hard to fill the theatre seats, sometimes bringing in radio station staff and urging passersby to come into the theatre from the street outside  In 1980, MPR originated the Peabody Award-winning show, Saint Paul Sunday, which went national via syndication in 1981 
MPR assisted in 1983 with the formation of American Public Radio - now known as Public Radio International, which merged with Public Radio Exchange in 2019 
Originally, MPR played a mix of classical music and NPR news/talk programming  However, as NPR expanded its offerings, Kling made plans to split MPR into separate classical and news/talk networks  MPR sought to buy a second FM frequency in the Twin Cities from the late 1970s onward  As a fallback, in 1980 it bought WLOL (AM 1330), one of the oldest stations in Minnesota, and changed its calls to KSJN (AM), a simulcast of KSJN-FM  In 1989, AM 1330 changed its calls to KNOW and began airing an expanded lineup of NPR programming  In 1991, MPR bought WLOL-FM, AM 1330's former FM sister, allowing it to finally split its services into two networks  The KNOW call letters and intellectual unit, including the NPR news and talk format, moved to KSJN's old frequency of 91 1  The KSJN calls moved to WLOL-FM's former frequency of 99 5, which began playing classical music full-time 
MPR acquired Marketplace Productions, which produces Marketplace, "Marketplace Morning Report" and "Marketplace Money" from studios in Los Angeles, in association with the University of Southern California, in 2000  That same year, MPR founded Southern California Public Radio, which entered into a public service operating agreement with Pasadena City College to run KPCC in Pasadena, California  In 2004, MPR began distributing its own shows through American Public Media, leaving PRI; APM was the third radio network in the U S  to have received founding support from MPR, probably an unmatched record for an American radio station or network In 2004, MPR announced it would buy WCAL (89 3 FM), the classical music station operated by St  Olaf College in Northfield, Minnesota  WCAL (and a repeater station, KMSE in Rochester), were sold in a deal valued at $10 5 million, which was approved by the Federal Communications Commission in 2004  The next year, following the acquisition by MPR, WCAL changed its call letters to KCMP and was transformed into MPR's third service, "The Current" 
In 2008, a WCAL advocacy group took St  Olaf College to court for breach of trust in selling the radio station  (A June 2008 judge's opinion described the station as a charitable trust and therefore, not the college's property to freely dispose of  [1] MPR's General Counsel and three attorneys took part in the proceedings [2] However, a 2009 court found in favor of MPR due to its ruling that the statute of limitations on the matter had expired, nullifying the advocacy group's standing )
Today, MPR serves a regional audience of one million listeners through 43 stations presenting three broadcast network services 
Original materials from Minnesota Public Radio have been contributed to the American Archive of Public Broadcasting 

Services
With the addition of later stations, MPR originally offered a mix of classical music and NPR news/talk programming on a single service  Beginning in 1991, MPR's programming split in two, forming separate news and classical music services (although one station in the Upper Peninsula of Michigan still carries a combination of those two services)  The 2005 acquisition of WCAL in Northfield, Minnesota, which covers the Minneapolis-St  Paul and Rochester areas, provided the opportunity to launch another music service, "The Current " This third service has gradually expanded to most of southern eastern Minnesota 

MPR News
MPR's news and information service includes a mix of locally produced programs and national/international shows  The flagship station is KNOW-FM (91 1 FM) in the Twin Cities 
The MPR newsroom has garnered international acclaim, most recently earning the inaugural Knight News Innovation EPpy Award in 2008  MPR's newsroom is known for its Public Insight Network, a database of citizen sources who contribute their expertise on a wide array of topics  The Public Insight Network grew to 140,000 sources in 2011 and partners with other news media, journalism schools, foundations and community groups 
As of 2022, 24 full power stations carry MPR's News and Information service and various translator signals around the state offer additional coverage 
MPRNews org is a non-profit news website maintained by MPR  This online news source covers issues that affect the state including politics, business, education, health, environment and the economy  MPR News offers headline news, video, blogs, audio and multiple ways for readers to become involved in the news-making process 

YourClassical MPR
MPR's classical music network is carried on 18 full power stations and various translators offer additional coverage  The flagship station is KSJN (99 5 FM) in the Twin Cities  In April 2021, the station rebranded as YourClassical MPR, aligning it with the umbrella branding used for American Public Media's digital classical music platforms and nationally-distributed programming  Most of the network's schedule is a simulcast of APM's Classical 24 network, although a statewide morning show airs Monday-Friday, an afternoon drive request show airs Friday and the network airs various specials and live broadcasts  The HD 2 signal of KSJN-FM offers a 24 hour feed of the Classical 24 network 
On September 10, 2020, Garrett McQueen, the host of Classical 24's Music Through the Night, and MPR's only African-American classical music host, was terminated by American Public Media for "not following programming guidelines " According to McQueen, he was "given two warnings — one of which was about his need to improve communication and the other warning was for switching out scheduled music to play pieces he felt were more appropriate to the moment and more diverse "

The Current
MPR's third service, The Current, debuted on January 24, 2005, and airs an Adult album alternative format 
Several people on The Current's initial staff are well known in the area for previous work at stations that highlight music from Minnesota and the Upper Midwest  Many of the staffers and on-air personalities came from other similar stations, such as the University of Minnesota's KUOM, community-oriented KFAI, and commercial alternative rock outlets REV 105 and Cincinnati, Ohio's WOXY com 
Programming on The Current is mostly locally produced  The flagship station is KCMP (89 3 FM), licensed to Northfield on the southeastern periphery of the Twin Cities, though the signal covers most of the metro area  A lower-power station, KMSE (88 7 FM), serves Rochester and southeastern Minnesota, KZIO (104 3 FM) serves the Duluth area, and translators offer additional coverage in other parts of the state  The service is also carried as an HD service on several of MPR's full power stations  KPCC, the NPR affiliate in Los Angeles operated by MPR's parent company, APM, carries The Current on its HD 2 signal  The Current also streams online in a variety of formats 

Additional services
Minnesota Public Radio also programs several other music services, all available online, with a few offered on HD Radio in the Twin Cities area 
Carbon Sound is the newest MPR service, focused on R&B music and Black artists  In addition to streaming online, it is available on the HD 2 subchannel of KCMP in the Twin Cities 
Local Current is a service programmed by the staff of The Current, and features music from Minnesota artists  The service streams online 
Purple Current is an R&B and Hip-Hop service inspired by Prince 
Rock The Cradle is also programmed by personnel at The Current, and airs a variation of their AAA format, with music geared toward children and parents  It is available via a separate webstream 
Radio Heartland features an eclectic mix of acoustic, Americana and roots music  The service can be found on the HD2 subchannel of KNOW-FM and also via a separate webcast  KNOW-FM also features an HD3 subchannel consisting of programming from NPR and the BBC World Service  The signal carries additional hours of Morning Edition and All Things Considered not available on KNOW's main signal  Several other NPR and APM shows air on the service 
Subsidiary Communications Authority (SCA's) are used to transmit a Minnesota version of the Radio Talking Book Network to disabled listeners around the state, in cooperation with Minnesota State Services for the Blind  MPR also serves as the radio backbone for the radio portion of the state's Emergency Alert System, and as the backbone for the state's AMBER Alert System 
MPR owns WGGL, the NPR affiliate serving Houghton, Michigan  The station airs a combination of NPR News, BBC World Service and Classical 24 programming  While MPR supplies weather updates, local MPR programming and news updates are not aired on the station  KWRV in Sun Valley, Idaho, is also owned by MPR and airs a 24 hour classical music format, supplied by APM's Classical 24  5 minute NPR news updates are inserted during the morning and afternoon drives  Like the station in Michigan, MPR airs local weather to KWRV, but the station strictly airs national programming 

Programs
Funding
Minnesota Public Radio is a nonprofit, 501(c)(3) organization and relies on contributions from listeners, foundations, educational partners and corporations for its general operations  It also receives support through underwriting on the air and on the Web 
Listener contributions, corporations, foundations and educational partners account for approximately 60 percent of MPR's total budget  Additional funding is provided by the Corporation for Public Broadcasting  The State of Minnesota provides modest capital grants to upgrade infrastructure and equipment in greater Minnesota, but does not provide operating funding to the organization  MPR also receives operating funding through the sale of on-air and online underwriting 
The for-profit Rivertown Trading Company, once a subsidiary of MPR's parent company, was sold in 1998 for $124 million  Profits went toward creating MPR's endowment, a percentage of which contributes to MPR's overall annual budget 

Broadcast coverage
Minnesota Public Radio broadcasts on several dozen stations that serve Minnesota and its neighboring communities and various translators providing additional local coverage  Stations are located in Minnesota, South Dakota (Brookings and Sioux Falls), Michigan (Houghton), Iowa (Decorah), and Idaho (Sun Valley)  MPR also operates KPCC in Pasadena, California 
Most areas are served by both a classical music station and a news and information station  Duluth and Rochester are served by a classical music station, a news and information station, and The Current 
MPR's newest service, The Current, is available in Austin, Hinckley, Mankato, the Twin Cities, New Ulm, Rochester, St  Cloud (Collegeville) and St  Peter 
Minnesota Public Radio also broadcasts all three of its services – News, Classical and The Current – on HD Radio in several communities throughout the state of Minnesota  In the Twin Cities, MPR multicasts Classical 24, an additional news service and Purple Current 

See also
American Public Media
Saint Paul Sunday
Public Insight Journalism (a newsgathering and networking initiative founded by MPR)
Independent Public Radio (another public radio network in Minnesota, also known as AMPERS)
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WAMC
WAMC-FM (90 3 FM) is a non-commercial educational radio station licensed to Albany, New York, United States, featuring a public radio format  Owned by "WAMC Northeast Public Radio" with a legal name of "WAMC", WAMC-FM's primary signal encompasses the Capital District, along with parts of eastern New York, southern Vermont, Western Massachusetts and the Litchfield Hills region as the regional affiliate for National Public Radio (NPR), American Public Media, Public Radio Exchange and the BBC World Service  The station's reach is extended into west-central Connecticut, northeastern Pennsylvania and the Monadnock Region, Champlain Valley, Skylands Region and North Country areas, along with portions of Quebec, via a network of twelve full-power repeaters and sixteen low-power translators  One of these satellite stations operates on the AM band, WAMC (1400 AM) in Albany Unlike many NPR stations around the U S  which use mostly outside programming, much of WAMC's schedule is produced in-house  WAMC is a charitable, educational, non-commercial broadcaster meeting the requirements of Section 501(c)(3) of the Internal Revenue Code (26 U S C  §501(c)(3)) It had total annual revenues for the fiscal year 2010 of $6 36 million  The station operates The Linda, WAMC's Performing Arts Studio, near its Central Avenue studios in Albany  WAMC-FM's corporate officers include Dottie Reyonolds, chair of the board of trustees, and Alan S  Chartock, past president and chief executive officer 

History
Albany Medical Center
WAMC signed on the air in October 1958  Albert P  Fredette served as the first general manager  WAMC was put on the air by the local hospital and medical school, Albany Medical Center and Albany Medical College  Albany Medical Center is a large tertiary-care hospital serving the upper Hudson Valley, and the medical school is one of the country's ACGME-accredited medical schools  The affiliation with Albany Medical College was the source of the call sign WAMC  In 1981, the station became an independent institution, no longer associated with the medical school 
In its early days, WAMC had a mostly classical music radio format  The earliest years also included broadcasts of health information and lectures from visiting medical professors  Early on, part of WAMC's regular programming was the broadcast of live concerts by the Boston Symphony Orchestra from Tanglewood and Boston  When the NPR network was founded in 1970, WAMC signed on as one of NPR's original 90 "charter" members 

Separating from the medical school
Around 1980, financial pressures caused the hospital and medical school to begin divesting the station  In 1981, the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) license on 90 3 FM was transferred to a 501c3 tax-exempt entity, WAMC, Inc , which had been set up by a group of five corporators, including the current CEO and president, Alan S  Chartock  WAMC was initially affiliated with the State University of New York and New York State government 
In the years since the transfer, the station has eliminated classical music, except for live BSO concerts  It has become a producer of information-based, non-music programming, providing a variety of interview-format programs to radio stations across the country via the station's in-house subsidiary, National Productions  (WMHT-FM in nearby Schenectady and its network of repeater stations continues to program classical music in the region )

Expanding the network
Listener contributions (often obtained during periodic pledge drives) and corporate contributions have helped the original single station grow over the years into a network of 22 facilities with large primary service contours covering the Capital District, the Adirondacks section of New York State, Western Massachusetts, Southern Vermont, and parts of New Hampshire, Connecticut, Pennsylvania and New Jersey 
It has been a custom on WAMC to play two songs to mark the end of every fund drive: Kate Smith's "God Bless America" and Ray Charles' rendition of "America the Beautiful"  The station's February 2017 fund drive raised over $1,000,000 in less than one day The main 90 3 mHz signal has an effective radiated power (ERP) of 10,000 watts, which on paper is somewhat modest for a full NPR member on the FM band  However, its height above average terrain (HAAT) of 600 meters (2,000 ft) gives it one of the largest coverage areas of any NPR station in the Northeast  It provides at least grade B coverage to most of east-central New York (including the Capital District), southwestern Vermont, western Massachusetts, southwestern New Hampshire, and northwestern Connecticut 

Mount Greylock
While WAMC-FM is based in Albany, its transmitter is actually in Massachusetts  WAMC-FM's antenna tower is atop Mount Greylock in Adams, in the Mount Greylock State Reservation  It is the tallest mountain in Massachusetts  The transmitter had formerly been a tenant on the tower, which was built and maintained by the Albany ABC-TV affiliate WTEN (channel 10) for its satellite station for the Berkshire region and Pittsfield, WCDC  WCDC had broadcast on channel 19 but that signal was shut down in 2017  The tower also features a radio facility for the Massachusetts State Police and a translator station for the Albany NBC affiliate, WNYT (channel 13) 
On December 22, 2017, WAMC entered into an agreement to purchase the Mount Greylock WCDC transmitter and tower from the owner of WTEN/WCDC, Nexstar Media Group, for just above $1 million  WCDC-TV had gone permanently silent on November 19, 2017, two weeks ahead of a planned December 1 shutdown amid declining over-the-air viewership, following damage to the station's transmission line in a storm  The TV station license was surrendered for cancellation on February 12, 2018, as a result of the FCC's 2016 spectrum auction for $34 5 million in compensation  Due to the tower sitting on Massachusetts Department of Conservation and Recreation land, as well as WTEN's lease on the land having expired two years prior, WAMC-FM could have been taken off the air if it had not purchased the facility  WAMC now owns the tower itself, but not the land beneath, which is under lease with the MDCR until 2025 

Accusations of bias
NPR's official news policy says its affiliate stations should be "fair, unbiased, accurate, honest, and respectful of the people that are covered"  A Washington-based NPR news producer, who requested anonymity, stated that Chartock, the station's president and a frequently heard voice on the station, presents politically-biased commentary Chartock responded that WAMC's editorial neutrality is maintained by "including as many conservative commentators on the air as liberal ones" 

First Amendment Fund
In 2005, WAMC's board of trustees established a "First Amendment Fund" to promote and preserve the First Amendment and the right of free speech by providing a source of funding "to support WAMC if special situations or needs should arise"  The contributions in this "unrestricted, board designated" fund reported on WAMC's 2006 IRS tax forms was $482,577 

Other stations
WAMC-FM extends its signal throughout much of New York and portions of Pennsylvania, Connecticut, New Jersey, Vermont and Massachusetts, along with portions of Quebec, via the following network of full-power satellite stations and low-power analog translators:

Repeaters
Translators
Programs
WAMC syndicates many of its shows to other public radio stations  These programs include    

Legislative Gazette
Women's news show 51% with Jesse King
Environmental news show Earth Wise
Person Place Thing with Randy Cohen
The Academic Minute with Lynn Pasquerella
Ideas show The Best Of Our Knowledge with Bob Barrett
Author interview program The Book Show with Joe Donahue
The Capitol Connection with Alan S  Chartock
Media criticism show The Media Project 

See also
David Guistina
Passage 8:
AMPERS
AMPERS (Association of Minnesota Public Educational Radio Stations) is an association of 18 independent community radio stations in Minnesota  Each station is locally managed and programmed by and for the local community it serves  AMPERS is the largest statewide association of community radio stations in the United States  The stations primarily serve underserved populations including greater Minnesota, diverse communities, and students for a combined audience of about 300,000 listeners  AMPERS has no affiliation with Minnesota Public Radio (MPR) and receives no financial support from MPR 

AMPERS Member Stations
External links
AMPERS
Passage 9:
KMXT (FM)
KMXT (100 1 FM) is an NPR–member non-commercial  radio station in Kodiak, Alaska, United States  In addition to its NPR membership, KMXT is also affiliated with the Alaska Public Radio Network and the BBC World Service  It also airs many hours of locally originated news, talk and music programming, and relies heavily on non-paid citizen volunteers to host numerous shows 

HD programming
Currently KMXT broadcasts one analog and three digital signals:

KMXT-HD1 rebroadcasts the programming from the analog signal 
KMXT-HD2 classical and jazz 
KMXT-HD3 KMX3 is a mono news and talk channel An HD Radio receiver is required to pick up the digital channels  KMXT also streams its analog signal over the web 

Translators
In addition to five low-powered, separate-frequency translators, one low-powered booster also extends coverage  Boosters are licensed on the same frequency as the parent station but at a different location  They are given the same callsign as the parent station with a number added to differentiate the transmitter site 
Passage 10:
WGPB
WGPB FM 97 7  is a public radio station in Rome, Georgia   It is part of the Georgia Public Broadcasting radio network, a state network which in turn is a member of National Public Radio, Public Radio Exchange, and American Public Media   Unlike most stations on the GPB network, WGPB does not completely simulcast with the network   WGPB also produces its own programs   The studios are located at Georgia Highlands College's Heritage Hall campus in downtown Rome, from which locally produced programming originates  The station began broadcasting as WGPB at 5 AM on June 30, 2006 

History
The station began broadcasting May 22, 1965 as WROM-FM, sister station to WROM AM 710  It had that callsign until November 1979 when it became WKCX, known as "K98", most recently with a hot adult contemporary format   A satellite-delivered format was used during most of the broadcast day, except for mornings and afternoons   The station was previously owned by Mills Fitzner, who owned WKCX for 20 years under the name Briar Creek Broadcasting Corp 

Format and callsign change
In 2006, WKCX was sold to Georgia Public Broadcasting, with the format changed from hot adult contemporary, to public broadcasting  The deal was announced in March 2006, and was finalized after a 45-day waiting period on June 29, one day before GPB began broadcasting on the frequency   Most of WKCX's staff left the station on May 31 in preparation for the changeover  The station began broadcasting as WGPB at 5 AM on June 30, 2006 

Coverage
WGPB is the first GPB or NPR radio station in northwest Georgia, and covers all of Floyd and about half of each neighboring county reliably   The only other NPR/PRI stations available are WABE FM 90 1 from Atlanta, and WUTC FM 88 1 and WSMC-FM 90 5 from Chattanooga, both of which have marginal to poor reception in the Rome area   GPB Radio is also usually available on the second audio program of GPB TV station WNGH-TV 18, from near Chatsworth, except for when WNGH is using the SAP channel for other uses 
The station broadcasts with a power of 4,200 watts at 241 meters (791 ft) HAAT, and is class C3   Despite what seems like a low effective radiated power, its height makes it approximately equivalent to the class C3 maximum of 25,000 watts at 100 meters, which gives a reference distance of nearly 40 km or 25 miles from the radio antenna site   This is the first GPB station, and one of the few non-commercial educational stations in the country, that use a channel outside of the 88-92 MHz reserved band   WQMT FM 98 9 in Chatsworth was purchased under similar circumstances for $3 2 million and switched to GPB programming on January 2, 2008 as WNGH-FM   Both stations have a single station ID done together each hour and heard on both stations, indicating they use the same feed 
In early February 2013, GPB applied to the FCC to move the station eastward, which would reduce coverage in northeast Alabama and increase it in northwestern metro Atlanta, bringing Cartersville and Acworth within its protected signal contour   This would increase power from 4 2 to 17 5 kW, but decrease HAAT from 241 to 120 meters (394 ft), leaving the station with approximately the same or slightly greater coverage area, and with greater population within its broadcast range   This radio tower, just west-northwest of Kingston (34°15′3″N 84°59′5″W), has been used by WTSH-FM 107 1, which is moving south-southwest to a higher tower located west-northwest of Euharlee according to that station's construction permit   WGPB's application references two other stations in Alabama which would also be moving as the result of its signal being pulled away from that state 

Broadcast translator
The station was also assigned broadcast translator W221CG FM 92 1 MHz, licensed to, but not reaching any part of, Kennesaw with 55 watts at 19 meters HAAT   It was located along Cobb Parkway (U S  Route 41) on the north-northeast corner of Awtrey Church Road (34°3′57″N 84°43′24″W), west of Acworth and just north of SR 92, and reached as far north as the southern parts of Emerson according to FCC maps 
It was owned by Radio Assist Ministry, not GPB/GPTC, and may not have actually been airing WGPB   It has since been reassigned to relay commercial station WWWQ FM 99 7 MHz, and was sold by RAM to Cumulus Licensing, owner of WWWQ   The station was moved west-southwest in 2009 to the far exurbs between Dallas and Hiram, and had a construction permit to move between Powder Springs and Austell to serve Lithia Springs on 92 5 MHz, where it became W223BP in early 2012 

See also



ground_truth: Claudio Javier López

prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: Who gave the mother of Alberic II of Spoleto the title "patricia" of Rome?

The following are given passages.
Context 2: Passage 1:
Alberic III of Dammartin
Alberic III of Dammartin (Aubry de Dammartin) (c  1138 – 19 September 1200) was a French count and son of Alberic II, Count of Dammartin, and Clémence de Bar, daughter of Reginald I, Count of Bar  
He married Mathilde, heiress to the county of Clermont and daughter of Renaud II, Count of Clermont  They had:

Renaud I, Count of Dammartin (c  1165–1227), married 1) Marie de Châtillon and 2) Ide de Lorraine with whom he had Matilda II, Countess of Boulogne, Queen of Portugal
Alix de Dammartin (1170–1237), married Jean, Châtelain de Trie
Simon of Dammartin (1180 – 21 September 1239), married Marie, Countess of Ponthieu father of Joan, Countess of Ponthieu, Queen of Castile and Leon 
Julia of Dammartin, married Hugh de Gournay
Agnes of Dammartin, married William de Fiennes

Notes
Passage 2:
Gregory I, Count of Tusculum
Gregory I was the Count of Tusculum sometime between 954 and 1012  Consul et dux 961, vir illustrissimus 980, praefectus navalis 999  He was the son of Alberic II (son of Alberic I of Spoleto and Marozia), and Alda of Vienne (daughter of Hugh, King of Italy and his second wife, Alda (or Hilda))  His half-brother was Pope John XII 
He held the cities of Galeria, Arce, and Preneste and the title count palatine, the palace referred to being that of the Lateran  He was the first to carry the title "Count of Tusculum" and he passed it to all his descendants  They also received the titles of excellentissimus vir' (most excellent man) and apostolic rector of Sant'Andrea, which Gregory received in 980  In 981, Gregory bore the title Romanorum consul, dux et senator: "Consul, duke, and senator of the Romans "
As well as being an intimate and ally of the popes, especially Sylvester II, Gregory also served as praefectus navalis of Holy Roman Emperors Otto I and Otto II  However, on 6 February 1001, he was named "Head of the Republic" by the Romans for leading the revolt against Otto III and expelling the Crescentii  In 1002, the latter returned to power and he had to renounce his title 
His death is attested before the 11 June 1012, when his successor, Theophylact, was elected Pope 

Marriage and issue
By his wife Maria (died 1013) he had three sons and a daughter:

Theophylact, who became Pope Benedict VIII 
Alberic III who succeeded him in Tusculum and in his titles 
Romanus, who became Pope John XIX
Marozia III, who married Thrasimund III of Spoleto  Together, the houses of Tusculum and Spoleto were the dominant secular powers in the central Italian peninsula, the one representative of the imperial power and the other, Gregory's, of papal 


== Sources ==
Passage 3:
Alberic II of Spoleto
Alberic II (912–954) was ruler of Rome from 932 to 954, after deposing his mother Marozia and his stepfather, King Hugh of Italy 
He was of the house of the counts of Tusculum, the son of Marozia by her first husband, Duke Alberic I of Spoleto  His half-brother was Pope John XI  At the wedding of his mother to King Hugh of Italy, Alberic and his new stepfather quarreled violently after Hugh slapped Alberic for clumsiness  Infuriated by this and perhaps motivated by rumors that Hugh intended to have him blinded, Alberic left the festivities and incited a Roman mob to revolt against Hugh  In December 932 Hugh fled the city, Marozia was cast into prison, and Alberic took control of Rome 

Marriage and issue
In 936 Alberic married his stepsister Alda, the daughter of King Hugh of Italy and had one son by her, Count Gregory I of Tusculum  According to Benedict of Soracte, he also had one illegitimate son, Octavianus, by an unknown mistress  On his deathbed Alberic had Roman nobility and clergy swear they would elect Octavianus as pope 

Sources
Williams, George L  (1998)  Papal Genealogy: The Families and Descendants of the Popes  McFarland & Company, Inc 
Lexikon des Mittelalters 
Passage 4:
Marozia
Marozia, born Maria and also known as Mariuccia or Mariozza (c  890 – 937), was a Roman noblewoman who was the alleged mistress of Pope Sergius III and was given the unprecedented titles senatrix ("senatoress") and patricia of Rome by Pope John X 
Edward Gibbon wrote of her that the "influence of two sister prostitutes, Marozia and Theodora was founded on their wealth and beauty, their political and amorous intrigues: the most strenuous of their lovers were rewarded with the Roman tiara, and their reign may have suggested to darker ages the fable of a female pope  The bastard son, two grandsons, two great grandsons, and one great great grandson of Marozia—a rare genealogy—were seated in the Chair of St  Peter " Pope John XIII was her nephew, the offspring of her younger sister Theodora  From this description, the term "pornocracy" has become associated with the effective rule in Rome of Theodora and her daughter Marozia through male surrogates 

Early life
Marozia was born about 890  She was the daughter of the Roman consul Theophylact, Count of Tusculum, and of Theodora, the real power in Rome, whom bishop Liutprand of Cremona characterized as a "shameless whore    [who] exercised power on the Roman citizenry like a man "
At the age of fifteen, Marozia became the mistress of Theophylact's cousin Pope Sergius III, whom she knew when he was bishop of Portus  The two had a son, John (the later Pope John XI)  That, at least, is the story found in two contemporary sources, the Liber Pontificalis and the Antapodosis sive Res per Europam gestae (958–62), by Liutprand of Cremona (c  920–72)  But a third contemporary source, the annalist Flodoard (c  894–966), says John XI was brother of Alberic II, the latter being the offspring of Marozia and her husband Alberic I  Hence John too may have been the son of Marozia and Alberic I 
Marozia married Alberic I, duke of Spoleto, in 909, and their son Alberic II was born in 911 or 912  By the time Alberic I was killed at Orte in 924, the Roman landowners had won complete victory over the traditional bureaucracy represented by the papal curia  Rome was virtually under secular control, the historic nadir of the papacy 

Guy of Tuscany
In order to counter the influence of Pope John X (whom the hostile chronicler Liutprand of Cremona alleges was another of her lovers), Marozia subsequently married his opponent Guy of Tuscany  Together they attacked Rome, arrested Pope John X in the Lateran, and jailed him in the Castel Sant'Angelo  Either Guy had him smothered with a pillow in 928 or he simply died, perhaps from neglect or ill treatment  Marozia seized power in Rome in a coup d'état  The following popes, Leo VI and Stephen VII, were both her puppets  In 931 she managed to impose her twenty-one years old son as pontiff, under the name of John XI 

Hugh of Arles, and death
Guy died in 929, and Marozia negotiated a marriage with his half-brother Hugh of Arles, the King of Italy  While in Rome Hugh quarreled with Marozia's son Alberic II, who organized an uprising during the wedding ceremonies in 932  Hugh escaped, but Marozia was captured 
Marozia died after spending some 5 years in prison  Her descendants remained active in papal politics, starting with Alberic II's son Octavian, who became Pope John XII in 955  Popes Benedict VIII, John XIX, and Benedict IX, and antipope Benedict X of the House of Tusculani, were also descended from Marozia  By Guy of Tuscany she had a daughter named Berta Theodora, who never married 

Family tree
Sources
Chamberlin, E  R  (1969)  The Bad Popes  New York: Dial Press  ISBN 9789030041801  OCLC 647415773 
Williams, George (1998)  Papal genealogy, the families and descendants of the popes 
di Carpegna Falconieri, Tommaso (2008), Marozia, in Dizionario biografico degli italiani, 70, pp  681–685


== Footnotes ==
Passage 5:
Renaud I, Count of Dammartin
Renaud de Dammartin (Reginald of Boulogne) (c  1165 – 1227) was Count of Boulogne from 1190, Count of Dammartin from 1200 to 1214 and Count of Aumale from 1204 to 1214  He was son of Alberic III of Dammartin and Mathilde of Clermont Brought up at the French court, he was a childhood friend of Philip Augustus  At his father's insistence he fought for the Plantagenets  Received back into Philip's favour, he married Marie de Châtillon, daughter of Guy II de Châtillon and Adèle of Dreux, a royal cousin 
In 1191, Renaud's father, Alberic, kidnapped and had Renaud marry Ida, Countess of Boulogne  The County of Boulogne thereby became vassal to the French king, rather than the count of Flanders  While this marriage made Renaud a power, it also made enemies in the Dreux family and that of the count of Guînes, who had been betrothed to Ida 
In 1203, Renaud and his wife gave a merchant's charter to Boulogne  This was probably made for financial consideration  Philip made Renaud Count of Aumale the following year, but Renaud began to detach himself  Following the acquisition of Normandy in April 1204, King Philip granted Renaud the county of Mortain and the honor of Warenne which was centered on the fortresses of Mortemer and Bellencombre   Both Mortain and Warenne had been held by William I of Boulogne and it would appear that King Philip recognized the Boulogne claim to them 
In 1211, he refused to appear before Philip in a legal matter, a suit with Philippe de Dreux, bishop of Beauvais  Philip II seized his lands and on 4 May 1212 at Lambeth, Dammartin made an agreement with King John who had also lost possessions to Philip  Renaud brought other continental nobles, including the Count of Flanders, into a coalition with John against Philip  In return he was given several fiefs in England and an annuity  Each promised not to make a separate peace with France With the Emperor Otto IV and Ferdinand of Flanders, he took part in the attack on France in 1214 culminating in the Battle of Bouvines  Commanding the Brabançons, he was on the losing side, but was one of the last to surrender, and refused submission to Philip Augustus  His lands were taken away, and given to Philip Hurepel  Renaud was kept imprisoned at Péronne for the rest of his life, which ended in suicide   His daughter Matilda II was married to Philip Hurepel 
Passage 6:
Alberic II, Count of Dammartin
Alberic II (died 1183) was the Count of Dammartin, possibly the son of Aubry de Mello, Count of Dammartin, and Adela, daughter of Hugh I, Count of Dammartin What little is known for sure about Alberic II is confounded by the preponderance of noblemen of the same name in both France and England  What is known is that he married Clémence of Bar, daughter of Reginald I "One-Eyed", Count of Bar, one of the leaders of the Second Crusade, and Gisèle de Vaudémont, daughter of Gerard I, Count of Vaudémont 
Alberic and Clémence had one son:

Alberic III, Count of Dammartin Alberic II was succeeded by his son Alberic III as Count of Dammartin upon his death 
The discussion in Aubry, Count of Dammartin, provides some insight into how Alberic III came to claim the countship  Further complicating the genealogy, Clémence, widowed, married Renaud II, Count of Clermont-en-Beauvaisis, her second husband and his second wife  Renaud and his first wife, Adelaide, Countess of Vermandois, were the parents of Mathilde, wife of Alberic III 

Sources
Mathieu, J  N , Recherches sur les premiers Comtes de Dammartin, Mémoires publiés par la Fédération des sociétés historiques et archéologiques de Paris et de l'Ile-de-France, 1996
Passage 7:
Alberik II
Alberic II was a bishop of Utrecht from 838 to 844 
Alberic was the brother of his predecessor Frederick of Utrecht  Nothing is known about his administration  He was buried in the Saint Salvatorchurch in Utrecht 
Passage 8:
Pope Agapetus II
Pope Agapetus II (died 8 November 955) was the bishop of Rome and ruler of the Papal States from 10 May 946 to his death  A nominee of the princeps of Rome, Alberic II of Spoleto, his pontificate occurred during the period known as the Saeculum obscurum 

Pontificate
Agapetus was born to a Roman father (a descendant of Consul Anicius Faustus Albinus Basilius) and a Greek mother  He was elected pope on 10 May 946 after the death of Marinus II  The existence of an independent republic of Rome, ruled by Alberic II of Spoleto, meant that Agapetus was prevented from exercising any temporal or secular power in Rome and the Papal States  The struggle between Berengar II and Otto I for the Kingdom of Italy allowed Alberic to exercise complete control over Rome and Agapetus, meaning the pope was largely limited to managing internal church affairs  Even Agapetus’ invitation to Otto to intervene in Italian affairs in 951 was done at the instigation of Alberic, who was growing concerned at Berengar's growing power  However, when Otto's envoys, the bishops of Mainz and Chur, were sent to the pope to discuss Otto's reception in Rome and other more important questions, they were turned away by Alberic Agapetus was forced to intervene in the dispute over the occupancy of the See of Reims  He ordered a synod to be held at Ingelheim in June 948 to resolve the rights of the rival claimants, Hugh of Vermandois and Artald of Reims  He sent his legate Marinus of Bomarzo to act on his behalf, while Agapetus wrote to a number of bishops, asking them to be present at the council  Through his legate the pope indicated his support for King Louis IV of France, and gave his support for reinstalling Artald as bishop of Reims  This council was followed up by another one at Trier, where Agapetus was again represented by Marinus of Bomarzo  In 949, Agapetus held a synod in Rome, which confirmed the rulings of the two councils  It condemned the former bishop Hugh and it excommunicated his father, Count Herbert II of Vermandois, for his opposition to King Louis IV After receiving requests from both Louis IV of France and Otto I of Germany, Agapetus granted privileges to monasteries and nunneries within their respective kingdoms  He also was sympathetic towards Otto's plans to restructure the bishoprics within Germany, which were eventually aborted due to pressure exerted by William of Mainz  Around 948, Agapetus, granted the Archbishop of Hamburg the right of consecrating bishops in Denmark and other northern European countries instead of the pope  The pope was also allegedly asked by a Danish king named Frode, now considered legendary, to send missionaries to his kingdom Agapetus was also asked to intervene in a dispute between Herhold, archbishop of Salzburg and Gerard, bishop of Lauriacum, who both claimed the title of metropolitan of all Pannonia  Agapetus dispatched a letter to the two claimants, in which he stated that the diocese of Lauriacum had been the metropolitan church of all Pannonia before the invasion of the Huns  However, following the ravages inflicted by them, the metropolitan had transferred his see to another city, and since that time Salzburg had been raised to an archbishopric  Consequently, both lawfully occupied their respective sees, and both were to retain their rank and diocese  Agapetus ruled that jurisdiction over western Pannonia would rest with Herhold, while the eastern part, along with the regions occupied by the Avars and the Moravians, would fall under Gerard In Italy, Agapetus wrote to the dukes of Beneventum and Capua, demanding that monasteries be returned to the monks whom they had displaced  He also deposed the bishops of Termoli and Trivento who were accused of simony  Hoping to rejuvenate the religious life of the clerics in Italy, Agapetus, with the blessing of Alberic, asked for the abbot of Gorze Abbey to send some of his monks down and join the monastic community attached to the church of Saint Paul Outside the Walls Agapetus died on 8 November 955, and was succeeded by Alberic's son, Octavian, who took the papal name of John XII  He was buried in the Lateran basilica, behind the apse, and close to the tombs of Leo V and Paschal II  Agapetus was noted for his caution and for the sanctity with which he led his life 
Passage 9:
Pope Leo VII
Pope Leo VII (Latin: Leo VII; died 13 July 939) was the bishop of Rome and nominal ruler of the Papal States from 3 January 936 to his death 

Election
Leo VII's election to the papacy in 936, after the death of Pope John XI, was secured by Alberic II of Spoleto, the ruler of Rome at the time  Alberic wanted to choose the pope so that the papacy would continue to yield to his authority  Leo was the priest of the church of San Sisto Vecchio in Rome, thought to be a Benedictine monk  He had little ambition towards the papacy, but consented under pressure 

Pontificate
As pope, Leo VII reigned for only three years  Most of his bulls were grants of privilege to monasteries, especially including the Abbey of Cluny  Leo called for Odo of Cluny to mediate between Alberic and King Hugh of Italy  Odo was successful in negotiating a truce after arranging a marriage between Hugh's daughter Alda and Alberic  Leo VII also appointed Archbishop Frederick of Mainz as a reformer in Germany  Leo allowed Frederick to drive out Jews that refused to be baptized, but he did not endorse the forced baptism of Jews Leo VII died on 13 July 939, and was interred at St  Peter's Basilica  He was succeeded by Stephen VIII 
Passage 10:
Simon, Count of Ponthieu
Simon of Dammartin (1180 – 21 September 1239) was a son of Alberic III of Dammartin (Aubry de Dammartin) and his wife Mathildis of Clermont,  heiress to the county of Clermont and daughter of Renaud II, Count of Clermont 

Biography
Simon was the brother of Renaud I, Count of Dammartin, who had abducted the heiress of Boulogne, and forced her to marry him  It is thought that in order to strengthen the alliance with the Dammartins, King Philip Augustus of France allowed Simon to marry Marie, Countess of Ponthieu, who was a niece of the king, in 1208  Renaud and Simon of Dammartin would eventually ally themselves with John, King of England  In 1214 the brothers stood against Philip Augustus in the Battle of Bouvines  The French won the battle, and Renaud was imprisoned, while Simon was exiled 
Marie's father William IV, Count of Ponthieu had remained loyal to Philip Augustus  When William died in 1221, Philip Augustus denied Marie her inheritance and gave Ponthieu in custody to his cousin Robert III, Count of Dreux  After the death of Philip Augustus, Marie was able to negotiate an agreement with his successor Louis VIII in 1225  Ponthieu was held by the king, and Simon would only be allowed to enter this or any other fief if he obtained royal permission  In 1231 Simon agreed to the terms and added that he would not enter into marriage negotiations for his daughters without consent of the king 

Family
Simon married Marie, Countess of Ponthieu, the daughter of  William IV, Count of Ponthieu and Alys, Countess of the Vexin  Marie became Countess of Ponthieu in 1225 Simon and his wife Marie had four daughters:

Joan, Countess of Ponthieu (1220–1278), married 1) Ferdinand III of Castile  Mother of Eleanor of Castile, the wife of Edward I of England  Married 2) Jean de Nesle, Seigneur de Falvy et de La Hérelle 
Mathilda of Dammartin (-1279), married John of Châtellerault
Philippe of Dammartin (-1280), married 1) Raoul II of Lusignan, 2) Raoul II, Lord of Coucy, 3) Otto II, Count of Guelders 
Maria of Dammartin, married John II, Count of Roucy 



ground_truth: Pope John X

prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: What public radio network in New York has allowed Eric Plakun to dis his psychiatric work?

The following are given passages.
Context 4: 

Teams
The following four clubs participated in the 2014 tournament:
 Aalesund
 Brann
 Sogndal
 Start

Standings
Matches
Winners
Passage 3:
2010 La Manga Cup
The 2010 La Manga Cup was an exhibition international club football (soccer) competition featuring football club teams from Europe and North America, which was held in February 2010  All matches were played in La Manga Stadium in La Manga Club, Spain  This was the thirteenth La Manga Cup  The tournament was won by Molde, who beat FC Nordsjælland 2–1 in the final 

Teams
The following eight clubs participated in the 2010 tournament:
 FC Midtjylland from the Danish Superliga in Denmark
 FC Nordsjælland from the Danish Superliga in Denmark
 SønderjyskE from the Danish Superliga in Denmark
 Seattle Sounders FC from Major League Soccer in the United States of America
 Molde from Tippeligaen in Norway
 Rosenborg from Tippeligaen in Norway
 Brann from Tippeligaen in Norway
 Stabæk from Tippeligaen in Norway

Matches
The following games are part of the tournament 

Quarterfinals
Semifinals Places 5-8
Semifinals Places 1-4
Seventh Place Match
Fifth Place Match
Third Place Match
Final
Final Placement
Passage 4:
IK Start
Idrettsklubben Start (or simply IK Start, translates to The sports club Start  ) is a Norwegian football club from the city of Kristiansand that currently plays in the Norwegian First Division, the second tier of the Norwegian football league system  The club was founded on 19 September 1905  The club's current head coach is Sindre Tjelmeland  The team plays in yellow jerseys, black shorts and socks at home, and black jerseys, yellow shorts and socks away 
They play their home matches at Sør Arena, the club's own football stadium, opened in 2007  Before moving to Sør Arena, IK Start played their games at Kristiansand Stadion  The team's official supporter club was called "Tigerberget", until 2017, when the IK Start board decided to no longer have an official supporter club 

History
Start were Norwegian champions in 1978 and 1980  They participated in the European Cup in 1979 and 1981, as well as being qualified for the UEFA Champions League 2006–07  The years since 1995 have been turbulent, but recent investments have given greater expectations for the future  In 2004 they won the Norwegian 1  divisjon and were promoted to the top flight 
In 2005 they reached second place, following Vålerenga, after a strong comeback season in the Tippeligaen  For this, Start earned a place in the UEFA Cup 2006 
In 2006, after beating Skála of the Faroe Islands in the first qualifying round of the UEFA Cup, and Drogheda United of Ireland in the second qualifying round (after penalties), they reached the first round of the UEFA Cup, where they were knocked out by Ajax of the Netherlands 
2007 was a bad year for Start, with problems working as a team and management issues  It led to a disappointing 13th place, leading to Start's relegation to 1  divisjon  In 2008 the club got financial problems  The local government saved the club from bankruptcy  The financial difficulties has plagued Start for several seasons, due to the financial crisis and the Norwegian footballteams overspending, Start being no exception  The last couple of seasons, Start has downsized and saved money, for example by changing the turf on Sør Arena, the hopes being that the savings will keep the wheels turning in Start 
Ahead of the 2009 season, Knut Tørum was appointed head coach of Start  The next two seasons, Start was positioned at the lower half of Tippeligaen although achieving some strong results, like being the only team to beat Rosenborg in 2009, at Rosenborgs homeground Lerkendal, delaying their gold celebration  On 22 June 2011, Start had 13 points in 12 matches, and Tørum decided to resign hours before a cup-match against Strømsgodset, a match Start won without Tørum  Mons Ivar Mjelde replaced Tørum as head coach, but was not able to save Start from relegation  Start started the 2012 1  divisjon in strong fashion, leading the division and winning important matches and won promotion at the end of the season 
Start defeated Stabæk 4–1 on 4 July 2015  From 12 July 2015 to 18 September 2016, Start played 39 consecutive games without a win in Tippeligaen  This is the longest run without winning a single game across any top division in Europe 

Badge
Since the club was founded in 1905, the club badge had been a blue and white pennant  In November 2017, the badge was replaced with a more modernised version in all black  The new crest was in use for four years, before Start decided to return to the old one in March 2022 

Achievements
Eliteserien:
Winners (2): 1978, 1980
Runners-up (1): 2005
Third place (7): 1973, 1975, 1979, 1983, 1984, 1991, 1992
Norwegian Cup:
Semi finalist (7): 1975, 1978, 1988, 2000, 2006, 2011, 2018
1  divisjon:
Winners (4): 1968, 1972, 2004, 2012
Promotion: 1958–59, 1988, 1999, 2001, 2008, 2017

Recent history
Source:

Current squad
As of 12 April 2023Note: Flags indicate national team as defined under FIFA eligibility rules  Players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality 

Coaching staff
Former head coaches
European record
Passage 5:
2013 La Manga Cup
The 2013 La Manga Cup was an exhibition international club football (soccer) competition featuring football club teams from Europe, which was held in February 2013  All matches were played in La Manga Stadium in La Manga Club, Spain  This was the sixteenth La Manga Cup 

Teams
The following eight clubs participated in the 2013 tournament:
 Aalesund
 Astra Giurgiu
 CSKA Moscow
 Kalmar
 Lillestrøm
 Nordsjælland
 Start
 Vålerenga

Standings
With only six teams entered, the 2012 version of the Cup was contested in a Round Robin style format, wherein each participating team played against three of the other seven teams entered in the competition, with the winner determined by points earned 

Matches
Winners
Passage 6:
La Manga Cup
La Manga Cup is a winter football tournament played in La Manga Club, La Manga del Mar Menor (Murcia, Spain)  Usual participants are clubs from countries with a summer football season: Sweden, Finland, Denmark, Norway, Russia, Ukraine, and the United States and Canada  The first cup was played in 1999 and was won by Rosenborg, who are the most successful team to date with three wins 

Winners
Performance
Performance by club
Performance by country
External links
History of tournament
Results (1999-2009)
Results (2010-2012)
La Manga Cup Standings 2000-2013
La Manga Cup Live Scores
Passage 7:
2015 La Manga Cup
The 2015 La Manga Cup is an exhibition international club football (soccer) competition featuring football club teams from Europe, which was held in February and March 2015  All matches were played in La Manga Stadium in La Manga Club, Spain  This was the eighteenth La Manga Cup 

Teams
The following 32 clubs participated in the 2015 tournament:

Standings
Group 1
Matches
Passage 8:
2012 La Manga Cup
The 2012 La Manga Cup was an exhibition international club football (soccer) competition featuring football club teams from Europe, which was held in February 2012  All matches were played in La Manga Stadium in La Manga, Spain  This was the fifteenth La Manga Cup  The tournament was won by FC Nordsjælland, who beat Vålerenga on goal differential after both clubs finished with identical records of two wins and one draw 

Teams
The following six clubs participated in the 2012 tournament:
 FC Dnipro Dnipropetrovsk from the Ukrainian Premier League in Ukraine
 FC Nordsjælland from the Danish Superliga in Denmark
 FK Ekranas from the A Lyga in Lithuania
 Strømsgodset from the Tippeligaen in Norway
 Vålerenga from the Tippeligaen in Norway
 Viking from the Tippeligaen in Norway

Standings
With only six teams entered, the 2012 version of the Cup was contested in a Round Robin style format, wherein each participating team played against three of the other five teams entered in the competition, with the winner determined by points earned 

Matches
Passage 9:
2001 Norwegian Football Cup Final
The 2001 Norwegian Football Cup final was the final match of the 2001 Norwegian Football Cup, the 96th season of the Norwegian Football Cup, the premier Norwegian football cup competition organized by the Football Association of Norway (NFF)  The match was played on 4 November 2001 at the Ullevaal Stadion in Oslo, and opposed two Tippeligaen sides Bryne and Viking  Viking defeated Bryne 3–0 to claim the Norwegian Cup for a fifth time in their history  Despite the victory, the Viking's players reported for training at 2 p m  the next day 

Route to the final
Match
Details
Passage 10:
2011 La Manga Cup
The 2011 La Manga Cup was an exhibition international club football (soccer) competition featuring football club teams from Europe, which was held in February 2011  All matches were played in La Manga Stadium in La Manga, Spain  This was the fourteenth La Manga Cup  The tournament was won by Viking, who beat Start on goal differential after both clubs finished with identical records of two wins and one draw 

Teams
The following 8 clubs participated in the 2011 tournament:

 FC Midtjylland from the Danish Superliga in Denmark
 Esbjerg fB from the Danish Superliga in Denmark
 Randers FC from the Danish Superliga in Denmark
 Kalmar FF from the Allsvenskan in Sweden
 Strømsgodset from Tippeligaen in Norway
 Viking from Tippeligaen in Norway
 Odd Grenland from Tippeligaen in Norway
 Start from Tippeligaen in Norway

Standings
With eight teams entered, the 2011 version of the Cup was contested in a Round Robin style format, wherein each participating team played against three of the other seven teams entered in the competition, with the winner determined by points earned 

Matches



ground_truth: WAMC