prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: Robbie Tucker plays in what series that follows a group of friends who run an Irish bar?

The following are given passages.
Context 1: Passage 1:
John Franks (judge)
Sir John Franks (1770–1852), was an Indian judge 
Franks was the second son of Thomas Franks (1729–1787), of Ballymagooly, County Cork, by Catherine, daughter of Rev  John Day  He was born in 1770, and graduated at Trinity College, Dublin, B A  1788, LL B  1791  He was called to the Irish Bar 1792  He went on the Munster circuit, and had a good practice as chamber counsel  He became King's Counsel in 1823  In 1825 the Board of Control, on the recommendation of his friend William Plunket, then Attorney General for Ireland, appointed him a judge of the Supreme Court at Calcutta  He received, as was customary, the honour of knighthood before his departure for India  He held this office until the effect of the climate on his health brought about his resignation in 1834  On his return, he resided at Roebuck, near Dublin  He died on 11 January 1852  He married three times  By his first wife, Catherine, daughter of his cousin Thomas Franks of Carrig, Cork, he had two sons and three daughters  His second marriage was to Jane Marshall, and his third to Sarah O'Regan  His eldest son and heir was John Franks of Ballyscaddan, County Limerick; his younger son, Matthew, was an army officer, as were many of his later descendants 
Franks was popular, both as advocate and judge  He was an intimate friend of John Philpot Curran, and one of his executors   W  H  Curran, J P  Curran's son, commemorates his ‘peculiar aboriginal wit, quiet, keen, and natural to the occasion, and, best of all, never malignant’ 

Arms
Passage 2:
Henry Archer
Henry Archer (1799 – 2 March 1863) was the son of an Irish landowner  He attended Trinity College, Dublin  He was called to the Irish Bar and spent most of his time between North Wales and London 

Ffestiniog Railway
In railway circles, Archer is known mostly for the Ffestiniog Railway, which was the major work of his life, a fiery temper, a large frame and an even larger personality  A few recall his long running but fruitless championship of the various Porth Dinllaen railway and harbour projects 
The Ffestiniog slate industry should be grateful to Henry Archer for being in the right place at the right time  It was at the Penygroes Inn in 1829 that Archer met Samuel Holland Jnr , of Rhiwbryfdir slate mine at Blaenau Ffestiniog who was returning from Caernarfon where he banked with Williams and Co  He had travelled between Caernarfon and Penygroes as a passenger on the horse drawn Nantlle Tramway and had called at the Inn for a cup of tea before collecting his horse and riding home 
In conversation, Archer expressed an interest in the Nantlle Railway that was apparently quietly seeking a purchaser  Holland, it is said, suggested that Archer should leave Nantlle to its fate and turn his energies to building a proper railway from Ffestiniog to Porthmadog  A detailed discussion followed and Archer became involved with Holland in the promotion of the Ffestiniog Railway Company 
It was left to Archer as the Managing Director designate to raise the initial capital of £24,185 largely on the Dublin Stock Exchange (including £11,905 of his own money)  He was the driving force also in steering the bill through Parliament and in managing the company during construction and through its early years when Archer had to persuade a suspicious slate industry to entrust its slate transport to a railway  Archer quarrelled with his fellow directors, with the Oakeley Estate and with James Spooner and was less active in FR company affairs after the railway opened  In 1836 he sued the FR company for his salary and received a substantial settlement  Nominally he remained as Managing Director until 1856 and as a director until 1860, when the FR Co  gave him a pension of £100 per annum as the originator of the FR and for devoting many years to its service 

Philately
Philatelists know Henry Archer as the inventor of the first postage stamp perforating machine, which he patented in 1848, to facilitate stamp separation  Following the successful Prince Consort Essay trials in 1853, he sold his copyright and patents to the Postmaster General for £4,000  In early trials, his alternative Archer Roulette machines failed to work well 
Archer died at Pau, Pyrénées-Atlantiques, France on 2 March 1863 
Passage 3:
Fenmore Baldwin
Fenmore Baldwin is a fictional character from The Young and the Restless, an American soap opera on the CBS network  Created by former head writers Lynn Marie Latham and Kay Alden as the son of Michael Baldwin (Christian LeBlanc) and Lauren Fenmore (Tracey Bregman), the character was born during the episode airing on October 13, 2006  Initially portrayed by various child actors, including Robbie Tucker, the character was rapidly aged to a teenager in 2012, with Max Ehrich assuming the role through 2015  In 2018, the role was recast with Zach Tinker 
As a teenager, the character's storylines have included a romance with Summer Newman (Hunter King), as well as a cyberbullying plot with Jamie Vernon (Daniel Polo), which was generally well received by the actors and public  Fenmore has also developed a "dark side", coinciding with teenage angst  Ehrich characterized the character as being at a "vulnerable age", while "trying to find his place in the world"  Ehrich's portrayal has received a positive response; Michael Fairman of On-Air On-Soaps described the actor as talented, as well as Luke Kerr of Zap2it praising Ehrich for "mastering the crazy behind-the-eyes element" of the character's relatives  Ehrich's portrayal garnered him four consecutive Daytime Emmy Award nominations between 2013 and 2016 

Casting
The role was first portrayed by three sets of twins, including Avital and Amiel Weiss, Matthew and Riley Esham, and Aiden and Andrew Gonzales over the course of 2006 to 2009  The role was then rapidly aged for the first time when Tucker assumed the role in October 2009  In May 2012, it was announced that the character had been rapidly aged again to a teenager, with Ehrich scheduled to join the cast  He made his debut on June 11, 2012  In an interview with Soap Opera Digest, Ehrich stated that he had gone through a "long audition process", saying: "I got a callback and did a chemistry read with someone, then came back to read with Christian LeBlanc  By the end of that audition, I knew something felt right and that he could be my father " When asked about signing a contract with the series, Ehrich stated: "I'm still on recurring right now  I think it's all relevant to your character and either way, in my book, it's awesome  I would sign, yes, but it'll happen when the time is right " Ehrich last aired on May 18, 2015 In November 2018, Ehrich announced on Instagram that he'd been asked to reprise the role, however, due to a string of stalking incidents, he could not return; as a result, Zach Tinker was announced as a recast  Tinker debuted in the role on December 3, 2018  Tinker was written out on February 11, 2019  In November 2019, it was reported that Tinker will be returning to the show; airing the week of December 23  On January 13, 2023, it was announced Tinker would reprise the role beginning January 25 

Development
Characterization
When Ehrich first stepped into the role, he stated: "There [are] so many places where they can go with this role  I have just gotten back into Genoa City  It's such a vulnerable age, so really there [are] so many different paths I can go down  And there's so much that can happen  I’m very, very curious to see where they go with it " When asked how he would describe Fenmore, Ehrich said: "He is definitely figuring himself out  You’re on the brink of adulthood  You have to start taking a bit of responsibility  [And] your hormones start kicking in hardcore  So he's definitely going through some stuff " In another interview, he described Fenmore as "trying to find his place in the world", saying: "When Fen first came back, I think he was at a very vulnerable age and was trying to find his place in the world; just really figure out who he is  He has such a strict dad, who just became D A , so of course his morals are so strong and everything is black and white, right or wrong " Luke Kerr of Zap2it wrote that the character had become "creepy" during his angst and acting out 

Teenage angst
When Fenmore and female character Summer Newman (Hunter King) were rapidly aged to teenagers at the same time, Deanna Barnert of MSN Entertainment previewed: "These two kids may learn about some of the insane things their parents have done – as fans know, that says a lot!" She also wrote that given who their parents are, "that can only mean trouble"  Fenmore has dated Summer, to which Ehrich stated: "Everything he does is for his love for Summer  He has this obsession with her  Every action he does stems from that " In another interview, he stated of their relationship: "I think Fen’s first love is Summer; he falls in love; he’s infatuated with her  She plays games with him, and where it’s going is – will Fen get into her ways, or will he stand his ground? Everything Fenmore does is coming from his love for Summer, so he’s still the same kid, it’s just sometimes love makes you do some crazy thing Fenmore later began to enter a rebellious phase " Tracey Bregman (who portrays his mother Lauren) stated that she "was always hoping they would show the dark side of our child, because both Lauren and Michael have dark sides  That is something they both work hard on to suppress, that comes out now and them " Christian LeBlanc (who portrays his father Michael) stated Michael has "troubled youth to deal with", saying: "It’s the first time on Y&R that such a young storyline has pulled such focus  It’s going to be really fascinating  The whole family gets drawn in  The trouble with Fenmore affects Lauren and Michael  [There’s a] rippling effect, like every good story " The character was later involved in a cyberbullying storyline with Summer and Jamie Vernon (Daniel Polo)  Michael Logan of TV Guide previewed the storyline, writing: "Adding fuel to the fire is young Fen Baldwin (Max Ehrich), who is so infatuated with Summer that he becomes her partner in crime — in fact, he takes things a few dangerous steps further once he sees Summer's growing fondness for Jamie " Ehrich liked the plot as he was bullied as a child, stating: "Kids do it out of their own sadness or insecurity, but needless to say that doesn’t matter when you’re a victim of it – you feel so isolated and so alone  To have a storyline that addresses it, it’s like, "This is real; this is what happens"  People need to know the truth of what is going on out there "In another interview, Ehrich expressed more of his opinions on the storyline, stating: "It’s so relevant now and it’s such an epidemic  Just for it to be out there to show that it happens  This is a real issue that needs to be addressed  To be a part of that, and to spread awareness feels so nice because I’ve personally experience bullying and I know many friends who have  Whether people’s reason behind it are good or bad, nonetheless, it affects kids to such an extent especially young, vulnerable kids " Of the character's "dark side", Ehrich stated: "I love playing dark, but justifiably dark  It's never coming from a psychopathic place  First, he got obsessed with Summer, and that caused the bullying storyline, and now he's dealing with his parents' problems and possible divorce  Fenmore's issues come from a place that makes sense  It's interesting, because everyone around him is pretty much lying, and Fen is supposed to be the crazy one  Yet he's actually the truthful one " He also stated that "as an actor, it's fun to go out of control", saying: "As an actor, it’s fun when you’re out of control, and you don’t even know you’re acting  Like, literally, you just escape  And I got to feel that  And I’ve had numerous times on this show where I’ve gotten to be out of control, and it’s a really nice feeling  It’s exhilarating " He also revealed that he had been listening to the music of John Mayer and Bruno Mars to get into Fenmore's head space  Ehrich also conceded that he didn't want Fenmore to go "too far", saying: "He's a really troubled kid who is just trying to find his way in life  He's not evil  I don't think he's asking for too much except for some love and trust  He's on a journey—a long, long journey to find some peace "

Storylines
Lauren Fenmore Baldwin (Tracey E  Bregman) gave birth to Fenmore prematurely, and he was forced to remain in the hospital for a short time  Shortly after his birth, he was kidnapped, along with Phyllis Summers Newman (Michelle Stafford) and her daughter, Summer Newman, by Sheila Carter, who had had cosmetic surgery to look like Phyllis  All are rescued when Lauren tracked down Sheila and shot her  In 2012, Fenmore was sent to stay with his half-brother, Scotty Grainger, in Canada due to Lauren's fear that Daisy Carter (Yvonne Zima), Sheila's daughter, would end up harming him  Months later, Fenmore returns a moody teenager, kindling a friendship with a teenaged Summer  They became close and later began a relationship  When Summer began harassing a boy named Jamie Vernon (Daniel Polo) online, Fenmore was against the idea, but when his father, Michael Baldwin (Christian LeBlanc), began looking out for Jamie, he became jealous and took over the bullying by sending him harassing text messages from a disposable cell phone  Fenmore's jealously continued when Michael and Lauren had Jamie move in with them temporarily  He attempted to frame Jamie for stealing his mother's expensive decoration, and attempted to take pictures of him with the decoration on a rooftop  The boys struggled and Jamie was found face down in the snow below  He accused Fenmore of pushing him, Michael believed Jamie over his own son and he was arrested  However, Jamie later confessed that Fenmore did not push him and he was exonerated  Michael and Lauren's marriage suffered due to the bullying ordeal 
Fenmore was befriended by Carmine Basco (Marco Dapper), the man whom Lauren was having an affair with, while also trying to win over Summer again, who was crushing on Kyle Abbott (Hartley Sawyer)  Fenmore asked Summer to their senior prom, and instead of going, Summer threw a party at her mother's penthouse  During a game of truth or dare, Fenmore was dared to kiss Summer, who had text messaged Kyle that she was in trouble  Kyle later punched Fenmore in the face; footage was caught on video and uploaded online, weakening Fenmore's social status  Afterward, he is befriended by Raven (Amanda Leighton); they go to a graduation party, do drugs and talk about their social struggles  When Fenmore discovers Carmine's affair with his mother, he isolates himself from his family and continues to do drugs  Afterward, he asks Carmine to help him obtain more drugs, and while he refuses, he finds Fenmore unconscious in the back of the local restaurant  When he awakens in the hospital, he tells his parents that Carmine gave him the drugs that he overdosed on, but he later confesses that this was a lie  After stealing drugs from the hospital and getting caught, Michael and Lauren send Fenmore to rehab  After being released for an event in which Lauren would be crowned businesswoman of the year, Carmine is shot to death in an alleyway  Fenmore is convinced he murdered Carmine but admits to being high on drugs at the time and can't remember clearly  Michael decides to confess to the murder to protect his family, and he is sent to prison  Knowing that his father did not kill Carmine, Fenmore steals drugs and purposely gets caught so he can be put in prison as well  While in prison, Fenmore tries to make deals with other prisoners to get his father's sentence reduced, as Paul Williams (Doug Davidson) and Christine Blair (Lauralee Bell) try to uncover the truth behind Carmine's death  Michael is later released after Fen confesses to killing Carmine, worrying his parents 
As Paul, Christine and Michael continue to hit dead ends on solving Carmine's murder, Fen announces he wants to confess to a judge and be sentenced prison time; Christine and Lauren however are strongly against it  Just as Fen decides he is going to confess to the judge, Michael discovers that Carmine is in fact alive  He reveals that he was in fact being transported into witness protection the day of the banquet for giving the FBI evidence against another criminal, but he wanted to see Lauren one last time  Fen shot him that night but doctors and medical examiners secretly revived him and sent him into witness protection  He refuses to return to Genoa City to exonerate Fen because of his own safety, so instead Michael films him confessing that he is alive  Michael arrives with the video before Fen can confess, and he is exonerated  After being reunited with his family, Michael and Lauren later mention that Fen had gone to Arizona to visit potential colleges 

Reception
Jillian Bowe of Zap2it was surprised by the decision to age both Fenmore and Summer Newman (Hunter King) at the same time  Omar White-Nobles of TVSource wrote, "Don't they grow up fast?", referring to Soap Opera Rapid Aging Syndrome  Michael Fairman of On-Air On-Soaps wrote that aging the characters would help to "beef up" the soap opera's summer storylines  Roger Newcomb of the website We Love Soaps wondered if the character would "have issues with his parents the way other aged kids on the show have of late"  Fairman later stated of Ehrich's portrayal: "Recently, the powers-that-be at Y&R chose to age Lauren and Michael’s tot of a son, Fenmore, to a teenager (another victim of Soap Opera Rapid Aging Syndrome) and with that comes new complex problems for the Baldwins, and as it appears “Fen” may be a chip off the old block     sort to speak   The talented Max Ehrich was cast as the new Fen, and since he has begun to air in the part he has received high marks, not only from his scene partners, but daytime fans, too " He also called Fenmore's family "one of the most fascinating TV families"  Luke Kerr, also of Zap2it, wrote that he "really likes" Ehrich as Fenmore, stating: "He has totally mastered the Baldwin/Fisher crazy behind-the-eyes element of early Michael and Kevin (Greg Rikaart) " Jamey Giddens also wrote of the character's family storyline, saying: "A father hellbent on preventing his son from going down the same unspeakable path he once traveled; a mother who refuses to believe her child could be guilty of the heinous crime he's being accused of committing  No, this isn't the back page copy for Jodi Picoult's next best-selling novel, it's the saga of the Baldwins on The Young and the Restless!"In 2013, Ehrich received a Daytime Emmy Award nomination for Outstanding Younger Actor in a Drama Series for his portrayal of Fenmore  On the day the actor was informed of his nomination, Ehrich stated: "I’ve been in daydream all day  I feel like I was hit by an electric current " He admitted that it was a "pretty easy choice" choosing which scene to submit for consideration; Ehrich chose a scene where Fenmore tells Jamie that Summer is the one cyberbullying him  He stated that he chose that episode "because that day, I felt this outer body experience  I was not in control at all"  Of his nomination, Ehrich stated: "It’s an honor, and it’s something I hope will hit me really soon, because it doesn’t feel real at all!" However, Ehrich lost the award to Days of Our Lives star Chandler Massey for his portrayal of Will Horton 
Passage 4:
George Allman (natural historian)
George James Allman FRS FRSE (1812 – 24 November 1898) was an Irish ecologist, botanist and zoologist who served as Emeritus Professor of Natural History at Edinburgh University in Scotland 

Life
Allman was born in Cork, Ireland, the son of James C  Allman of Bandon, and received his early education at the Royal Academical Institution, Belfast  For some time he studied for the Irish Bar, but ultimately gave up law in favour of natural science  In 1843, he graduated in medicine at Trinity College, Dublin, and in the following year was appointed professor of botany in that university, succeeding the botanist William Allman (1776–1846), who was the father of George Johnston Allman (distant relations of George)  
This position he held for about twelve years until he moved to Edinburgh as Regius Professor of natural history  There he remained until 1870, when considerations of health induced him to resign his professorship and retire to Dorset, where he devoted himself to his favourite pastime of horticulture The scientific papers which came from his pen are very numerous  His most important work was upon the gymnoblast group of the hydrozoa, on which he published in 1871-1872, through the Ray Society, an exhaustive monograph, based largely on his own researches and illustrated with drawings of remarkable excellence from his own hand  Biological science is also indebted to him for several convenient terms which have come into daily use, e g  endoderm and ectoderm for the two cellular layers of the body-wall in Coelenterata  He contributed articles to the Irish Naturalist He became a fellow of the Royal Society in 1854, and received a Royal medal in 1873  He received the Cunningham Medal of the Royal Irish Academy in 1878 In 1859–60, he was President of the Botanical Society of Edinburgh, for  several years (1874–1881) President of the Linnaean Society, and in 1879 presided over the Sheffield meeting of the British Association He died in Ardmore, Parkstone in Dorset and is buried in Poole Cemetery 

Family
Allman married Hannah Louisa Shaen  They had no children  George Allman's family ran  Allman's Bandon Distillery, his brother, the Liberal MP Richard Allman, was a partner in the Distillery 

Select bibliography
Allman G  J  1843  On a new genus of terrestrial gasteropod  The Athenaeum 1843 (829): 851  London 
Passage 5:
J  J  Clancy (North County Dublin MP)
John Joseph Clancy (15 July 1847 – 25 November 1928), usually known as J  J  Clancy, was an Irish nationalist politician and Member of Parliament (MP) in the House of Commons for North Dublin from 1885 to 1918  He was one of the leaders of the later Irish Home Rule movement and promoter of the Housing of the Working Classes (Ireland) Act 1908, known as the Clancy Act  Called to the Irish Bar in 1887, he became a King's Counsel in 1906 

Origins
Son of a farmer, William Clancy of Carraghy, J  J  Clancy was born at the height of the Great Irish Famine in the parish of Annaghdown, Co  Galway, which was one of the worst affected areas   He was educated at the College of the Immaculate Conception, Athlone, and at the recently founded non-sectarian Queen's College, Galway, obtaining an MA in Ancient Classics in 1868  At both institutions he was a contemporary of his later parliamentary colleague, T  P  O'Connor 
Clancy spent three years as a Classics teacher at Holy Cross School, Tralee, where he married Margaret Louise Hickie (d  1912) of Newcastle West, County Limerick, in 1868  She was from a strongly Nationalist family and one of her nephews was the Irish revolutionary and author Piaras Béaslaí, who had close relations with the Clancy family 

Early political life
In 1870, J  J  Clancy took up the post of assistant editor of the leading Nationalist weekly The Nation, acting as editor in 1880–85  During this time he was active in the Land League, Home Rule League, Young Ireland Society and Irish Labour and Industrial Union, and was elected to the Organising Committee of the Irish National League on its foundation in 1882   He organised a vigorous voter registration campaign in County Dublin after the Nationalist defeat at a by-election in 1883, and was elected MP for the North seat in the Nationalist landslide December 1885 general election 
Clancy was appointed by the Irish Party in 1886 as editor of the Irish Press Agency in London, whose purpose was to win support for Irish Home Rule in Great Britain   In this role he wrote or edited dozens of pamphlets, many of them attacking the regime of coercion introduced by Arthur Balfour as Chief Secretary for Ireland after the Conservative Party returned to power in 1886 

Parnell split
Clancy had long been a strong supporter of the Irish leader Charles Stewart Parnell  When a majority of the Irish Parliamentary Party turned against Parnell in November 1890, following what amounted to a demand by the Liberal leader, Gladstone, that Parnell should stand down over his involvement with Katharine O'Shea, Clancy rapidly emerged as one of Parnell's key defenders  On the third day of the Irish Party's week-long debate on Parnell's leadership in Committee Room 15 of the House of Commons, Clancy proposed an amendment that attempted to compromise by seeking further views from Gladstone and the other British Liberal Party leaders  Although this move held off a decision for another three days, it was ultimately unsuccessful  Clancy was among the minority who stayed with Parnell when the party split on 6 December 1890 into the pro-Parnellite Irish National League (INL) and the anti-Parnellite Irish National Federation (INF)  He later joined the editorial staff of the Irish Daily Independent, founded to support the Parnellite cause 
After Parnell's death in October 1891, the Parnellites were in an isolated position  At the July 1892 general election they faced vigorous opposition from the Catholic Church and Clancy was one of only nine INL Parnellites elected  Thereafter he worked closely with John Redmond, who led the small Parnellite group and after the 1900 general election the re-united Irish Parliamentary Party  Together with fellow Parnellites Willie Redmond and Pat O'Brien, Clancy was one of the small core of Redmond's confidants, and until Redmond's death in March 1918 was his most trusted adviser on legal draftsmanship and constitutional law  After the retirement of Thomas Sexton, Clancy was seen as the Irish Party's financial expert 

Reforming legislation
Following the overwhelming rejection of the second Irish Home Rule Bill by the House of Lords in 1893 and the Conservatives' return to power in 1895 general election, immediate prospects for Home Rule were abandoned   Over the next 15 years, Clancy focused on making the most of opportunities for reform   He helped in the framing of the various Land Acts, which settled the land question by enabling tenant farmers to buy their holdings, publishing a guide to the Land Act of 1896  He supported the introduction of democratic local government in Ireland following the Local Government (Ireland) Act 1898 by publishing a guide to the Act and editing the County Councils Gazette  He acted as spokesman for the Irish Party in support of the Trade Disputes Bills of 1904 and 1906 that restored the effective right to strike—which had been undermined by the Taff Vale Case of 1901 
After the Liberals' return to office in the 1906 general election, Clancy helped get inscribed on the Statute Book Acts of considerable importance  He played a major role in promoting the Town Tenants (Ireland) Act of 1906, which gave rights to urban tenants to retain the value of their improvements parallel to those the Land Acts extended to farmers  Housing conditions in Ireland at the time were very poor, and Clancy's 1908 Housing Act, known as the Clancy Act made various financial and administrative changes with the aim of speeding up the building of council housing  The Clancy Act created a boom in urban social housing in Ireland  Clancy also contributed to the resolution of the Catholic University question, via the Act of 1908 that established the present National University of Ireland, which removed barriers that had held back participation in higher education by Ireland's Catholic majority 

Third Home Rule Bill
Attaining Home Rule for Ireland by constitutional means required overcoming opposition from the House of Lords   This opportunity arose as a result of David Lloyd George's 1909 budget, which the Lords attempted to veto, leading the Liberals to fight a general election in 1910 on a platform of limiting the power of the Lords    But the 1909 budget was also unpopular in Ireland, because of changes to alcohol taxes and death duties, the latter affecting the very farmers whom the Irish Party itself had successfully campaigned to make owners of their farms   A delicate balance needed to be trodden and it fell to Clancy, by now the Irish Party's finance spokesman, to deal with the problem 
The Government of Ireland Act 1914, creating a settlement for Ireland similar to the later devolution arrangements for Scotland of 1998, eventually received the royal assent on 18 September 1914  But this was after earlier vehement Unionist opposition had become apparent in Ulster, featuring the Larne gun-running and near-mutiny in the British army  Implementation of the Act was postponed until after the First World War, which began on 4 August 

Rise of Sinn Féin
Following the Easter Rising of 1916, misjudgments by the British government bolstered support for Sinn Féin, the broad movement campaigning for an independent Republic, and events slipped out of the Irish Parliamentary leaders' control  The younger generation had been brought up in a greatly intensified atmosphere of cultural nationalism focusing particularly on militant separatism 
Clancy was one of five Irish Parliamentary Party representatives in the Irish Convention of 1917–18 who tried to get an agreed settlement of the Ulster question  In this capacity he took the majority Nationalist line, compromising over the question of customs and excise and safeguards for Protestant interests for the sake of agreement with the Southern Unionists, and rejecting the more assertive Nationalist line of a group led by the Bishop of Raphoe  Although the Convention produced a majority report, the consensus did not include the Northern Protestants and Lloyd George subsequently went ahead with legislation for partition under the Fourth Home Rule Act   Following Redmond's death in March 1918, Clancy was seen as the leader of the remnants of the Redmondite wing of the Party   He was one of the committee of six who drafted the Irish Parliamentary Party manifesto for the 1918 general election  In that election he was defeated by more than two to one by the Sinn Féin candidate, Frank Lawless, the Parliamentary Party swept aside and only winning a disproportionate six contested seats, on 21 7% of the national vote in Ireland 
J  J  Clancy died in Dublin on 25 November 1928 

Notes
Selected writings
Essays and Speeches on the Irish Question:  Vol  1, edited by J  J  Clancy, London, Irish Press Agency, 1888
‘The Position of the Irish Tenant’, Contemporary Review, Vol LVI, July 1889
Short Lessons on the Irish Question;  or, The leaflets of the Irish Press Agency, Vol 1, Nos 1–102, edited by J  J  Clancy,  London, Irish Press Agency, 1890
‘The Question of the Irish Leadership’, Contemporary Review, Vol LIX, March 1891
‘The Financial Aspects of Home Rule’, Contemporary Review, Vol LXIII, January 1893
‘The Housing Problem:  How to Solve It’,  Speech delivered at the meeting of the Central branch of the United Irish League on 6 Nov 1907,  Dublin, United Irish League, 1907
The Irish Party and the Budget:  A Vindication, Dublin, Sealy, Bryers and Walker, 1910
The Home Rule Act:  A Statement of its Provisions, Dublin, United Irish League, 1917
Passage 6:
Charles Johnstone
Charles Johnstone (c  1719–1800) was an Irish novelist  Prevented by deafness from practising at the Irish Bar, he went to India, where he was proprietor of a newspaper  He wrote one successful book, Chrysal, or the Adventures of a Guinea, a somewhat sombre satire 

Life
Born at Carrigogunnell, County Limerick about 1719, he was educated at Trinity College, Dublin, but is not known to have taken a degree  He was called to the bar, but extreme deafness prevented his practice except as a chamber lawyer, where he did not succeed  He began to write as a living In May 1782, Johnstone sailed for India, with a dangerous shipwreck on the voyage  He found employment in writing for the Bengal newspaper press, under the signature of "Oneiropolos"  He became in time joint proprietor of a journal, and prospered  He died at Calcutta about 1800 

Works
Johnstone's major work, entitled Chrysal, or the Adventures of a Guinea, and frequently reprinted, appeared in 4 vols , London, 1760–65  The first and second volumes had been written during a visit to George Edgcumbe, 3rd Baron Edgcumbe in Devon  The book, a succès de scandale, claimed to reveal political secrets, and to expose the profligacy of well-known public characters Johnstone was also the author of:
The Reverie, or a Flight to the Paradise of Fools, 2 vols  London, 1762 
The History of Arsaces, Prince of Betlis, 2 vols  1774 
The Pilgrim, or a Picture of Life, 2 vols  1775 
History of John Juniper, Esq , alias Juniper Jack, 3 vols  1781 

See also
Hellfire Club
Passage 7:
Thomas O'Shaughnessy
Sir Thomas Lopdell O'Shaughnessy, KC (22 December 1850 – 7 March 1933) was the last Recorder of Dublin in Ireland 

Early life
O'Shaughnessy was born on 22 December 1850 in Dublin, son of Thomas O'Shaughnessy and Mary Lopdell  He married Catherine Trueman in 1879 and they had four children  He died at his home in Fitzwilliam Square, Dublin on 7 March 1933  Educated at Queens College Galway, he was called to the Irish Bar in 1874 and to the English Bar by Middle Temple in 1894 

Legal career
O'Shaughnessy carried out his practice on the Connaught and North Eastern Circuit  He served as counsel to the plaintiffs in relation to the disastrous rail accident during a school outing from Armagh to Newry  O'Shaughnessy won a great reputation from this trial, and took silk (an informal term for Queen's Counsel) soon after  For fifteen years, he was one of the most influential, effective and well-paid barristers of the Dublin Four Courts, and was regarded as a mentor to younger barristers Maurice Healy remarked that there was a rather unfriendly rivalry between himself and William Huston Dodd as to which of them was entitled to be called "Leader of the Bar"  He was sworn in as Recorder of Dublin in 1905  He would be the last to hold this position, a role which stretched back to James Stanihurst in 1564  The Recordership was abolished in 1924 and O'Shaughnessy became a judge in the High Court of the Irish Free State  He resigned in 1925 and received a knighthood in 1927  He was a Bencher of the King's Inns and was sworn in as a member of the Irish Privy Council in 1912  He was a member of the Reform Club 
Passage 8:
Robbie Tucker
Robbie Tucker (born April 5, 2001) is an American actor  His best known role to date is that of Fenmore Baldwin on the CBS soap opera The Young and the Restless  Tucker has also starred on other series, such as Criminal Minds, FlashForward and It's Always Sunny in Philadelphia  He has also appeared in the films Prom and Little Fockers 
In 2012, Tucker was nominated at the 33rd Young Artist Awards for his performance in Prom and won for his role in The Young and the Restless He is also the brother of actress Jillian Rose Reed 

Filmography
Passage 9:
It's Always Sunny in Philadelphia
It's Always Sunny in Philadelphia is an American sitcom created by Rob McElhenney and developed with Glenn Howerton for FX  It premiered on August 4, 2005, and was moved to FXX beginning with the ninth season in 2013  It stars Charlie Day, Howerton, McElhenney, Kaitlin Olson, and Danny DeVito  The series follows the exploits of "The Gang", a group of narcissistic and sociopathic friends who run the Irish dive bar Paddy's Pub in South Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, but spend most of their free time drinking, scheming, arguing amongst themselves, and plotting elaborate cons against others, and at times each other, for personal benefit, financial gain, revenge, or simply out of boredom 
With its 15th season, the series became the longest-running live-action American comedy series, replacing The Adventures of Ozzie and Harriet, which ran for 14 seasons (435 episodes) between 1952 and 1966  In December 2020, the series was renewed for a total of four additional seasons, bringing it to 18 seasons  The 16th season premiered on June 7, 2023 The show has received critical acclaim, with many lauding the cast performances and dark humor  It has amassed a large cult following 

Plot
The series follows a group of misfit, narcissistic sociopaths, referred to as "The Gang", who run a meager, unsuccessful Irish bar called Paddy's Pub in the neighborhood of South Philadelphia  The Gang originally consists of janitor Charlie Kelly (Charlie Day), bouncer Mac (Rob McElhenney), and bartender Dennis Reynolds (Glenn Howerton), the three of whom also own Paddy's Pub, in addition to Dennis' twin sister Dee Reynolds (Kaitlin Olson), a struggling actress who works as a waitress there  In season 2, they are joined by Frank Reynolds (Danny DeVito), an eccentric millionaire and the neglectful father of the Reynolds twins, who takes over most of the ownership of the bar  He soon becomes the financial catalyst for the Gang, often funding many of the Gang's over-complicated plots, while simultaneously succumbing to the brazen depravity of the group 
Each member of The Gang exhibits unethical behavior and anti-social traits such as extreme selfishness, pathological dishonesty, narcissism, aggression, excessive drinking and substance abuse, unregulated emotions, cruelty, and absolutely no regard for the people around them, while also displaying acute codependency, stupidity, and a surprising lack of awareness of basic social norms  The comedy of the show emerges from these extreme character traits resulting in conflicts that lead The Gang into absurd, dark and painfully embarrassing situations, typically ending with them getting their comeuppance, but never learning their lesson  This allows the show to mine a variety of socio-political and economic issues for satire and dark humor, while keeping the characters in a state of relative stasis conducive to the long-running sitcom format 
Episodes usually find The Gang hatching elaborate schemes and regularly conspiring, against both outsiders and one another, for personal gain, revenge, or simply schadenfreude  They habitually inflict physical and psychological pain on anyone who crosses their path, even each other, yet always return to the status quo at Paddy's Pub because they have alienated the rest of society and have only each other's company in the end  The Gang has no sense of shame when attempting to get what they want and often engage in activities that others would find humiliating, disgusting, or shocking  Some of these situations include pretending to be disabled, becoming addicted to crack cocaine in order to qualify for welfare, attempted cannibalism, kidnapping, waterboarding, blackface, blackmail, stalking, grave robbing, hiding naked inside a couch to eavesdrop on people, tricking a man into giving his daughter a lap dance, foraging naked in the sewers for rings and coins, impersonating police officers to extort civilians, creating a cult, secretly feeding someone their dead pet, plugging their open wounds with trash, setting an apartment full of people on fire and nailing the exit shut, taking out life insurance on a suicidal person, and lying about having AIDS in order to get priority access to water park rides  In an angry summation of their circumstances during one such escapade, Dennis laments The Gang's dynamic:

We immediately escalate everything to a ten    somebody comes in with some preposterous plan or idea, then all of a sudden everyone's on the gas, nobody's on the brakes, nobody's thinking, everyone's just talking over each other with one idiotic idea after another! Until, finally, we find ourselves in a situation where we've broken into somebody's house – and the homeowner is home!
With rare exceptions, Paddy's Pub generates limited revenue  Most stay away from the establishment due to the numerous stabbings that have taken place  The few regular customers have been known to serve themselves  The Gang has been known to close Paddy's for extended periods without warning  When the bar is open, they shirk their respective jobs' responsibilities and choose to drink instead  Paddy's is only able to stay in business because of Frank's financial backing, government bailouts and tax fraud 

Cast and characters
The show features a core cast of five characters (The Gang) and a recurring cast of colorful side characters, including the Waitress, Cricket, the McPoyles, the Ponderosas, the Lawyer and various family members like Mrs  Kelly, Mrs  Mac and Uncle Jack Kelly, who cross paths and interact with the Gang in increasingly unhinged ways as the show progresses 

Main
Charlie Day as Charlie Kelly, co-owner and janitor of Paddy's Pub  He is a childhood friend of Mac, and high school friend of Dennis and Dee  He lives in squalor with Frank in a run-down, vermin-infested apartment, and has deep-seated psychological problems, partly due to substance abuse from huffing paint and glue, and partly due to his complicated family background possibly involving child abuse  He has an extensive history of pica and regularly eats various items not meant for human consumption, such as cat food, stickers, paint, and bleach  Due to his general lack of intelligence and his illiteracy, he is arguably the simplest member of The Gang  Despite this, Charlie is a naturally gifted musician, a self-proclaimed expert in "bird law" and possibly the only competent worker at Paddy's with his knack for unorthodox maintenance practices ("Charlie Work")  He also has an unhealthy obsession with "The Waitress", a recurring character who finds his interest in her creepy 
Glenn Howerton as Dennis Reynolds, co-owner and the main bartender of Paddy's Pub, in addition to being Dee's twin brother and Frank's son  Originally the most intelligent and normal-seeming of the three co-owners, Dennis is slowly revealed to be the most narcissistic and psychopathic of The Gang  Dennis is extremely superficial, selfish, vain and abrasive  His predatory nature is often depicted through numerous attempts to seduce various women; which, when successful, result in him gaslighting and emotionally abusing them in order to win over their favor before inevitably dumping them once he has had sex with them ("The D E N N I S  System")  It is strongly hinted at times that Dennis may secretly be a serial killer, though this remains ambiguous as a running gag  In season 10, he is diagnosed with borderline personality disorder, though he frequently denies this and believes himself to be completely rational, and is convinced that he is in complete control of everything and everyone around him, going as far as to label himself a 'golden god'  In the season 12 finale, Dennis reveals to the rest of the gang that he has an infant son, and moves to North Dakota to raise him  He returns to Philadelphia in season 13, supposedly supporting his family from a distance 
Rob McElhenney as Ronald "Mac" McDonald, co-owner and self-proclaimed bouncer of Paddy's Pub  He is Charlie's childhood friend and Dennis's high school friend  The son of a convicted felon who has been in prison for much of Mac's life, he frequently attempts to demonstrate his toughness and refers to himself as the "sheriff of Paddy's"  Deeply insecure, Mac constantly seeks the approval of those around him, especially his father, his apathetic and emotionally absent mother, and Dennis, his roommate  He suffers from extreme bouts of body dysmorphia, and has been depicted at various weights throughout the course of the series: prior to the beginning of Season 7, he gained 60 pounds (27 kg) and was diagnosed with Type 2 diabetes, and when he finally returned to a healthy weight in the following season, he admitted he misses being fat, as he believed he had come across as "scary" to people  In Season 13, he is noticeably fit and physically stronger, though it is quickly revealed his motives for attaining his shape was strictly due to his intense desire for acceptance from the rest of the Gang  He often brags about his hand-to-hand combat skills, but typically flees from physical confrontation and is usually depicted as the most cowardly of the gang  Mac is a Roman Catholic, though he often espouses strong Christian fundamentalist opinions, despite his often amoral behavior, such as casual sex with numerous women, including Dennis's and Dee's mother  Though it is frequently insinuated Mac harbors homosexual feelings, he maintained an adamant denial of any such proclivity, much to the gang's annoyance, until he comes out in season 12  Later episodes reveal that Mac is sexually attracted to his best friend, Dennis 
Kaitlin Olson as Deandra "Sweet Dee" Reynolds, waitress and sometimes bartender at Paddy's Pub, as well as Dennis's twin sister and Frank's daughter  Though initially depicted as The Gang's 'the voice of reason' in the debut season, she gradually loses any sense of moral fortitude that she once had, and is frequently shown to be just as prejudiced and depraved as her male friends by the end of season 1, arguably becoming the most petty member of the group, often plotting against others whom she deems more successful than herself in a vain effort to boost her own image  Dee wore a back brace in high school, leaving her with the nickname "The Aluminum Monster", and she is frequently referred to by the gang as a bird  Dee lives alone in an apartment  Though often the butt of the gang's jokes, she frequently involves herself in their schemes, perhaps due to her constant need for approval and attention from her peers  She does not hold any ownership stake in the bar – perhaps due to the gang's various prejudices against her, but also in part to her desire to become a professional actress/comedian (an ambition she consistently fails to achieve due to her debilitating stage fright and her general lack of any apparent talent)  In multiple episodes, it is referenced that Dee set her college roommate on fire, and is often portrayed as the most physically violent of the group  Despite expressing outward disgust at her brother's more predatory behavior, later episodes reveal Dee not to be above such behavior herself 
Danny DeVito as Frank Reynolds, legal father of Dennis and Dee Reynolds, and the majority owner of Paddy's Pub soon after his introduction in season 2 onward  Frank is a millionaire and often funds and enables The Gang's worst schemes and impulses, just to feel a sense of youthfulness and energy  He was once a successful businessman with a long history of illegal operations and dealings with sordid characters, but chooses to abandon that life and redeem himself after leaving his "whore wife", Barbara Reynolds  It is revealed at the end of season 2 that Dennis and Dee are products of an affair and not actually his biological children  He has since embraced his "feral" nature and describes himself as "fringe class"  Despite his substantial financial resources, he chooses to share a decrepit studio apartment with Charlie, where they sleep together on a pullout couch and have a surprisingly affectionate pseudo-father/son relationship  The two have similar interests, such as playing the inexplicable game of Night Crawlers and foraging naked in sewers for valuables  He always arms himself with at least one loaded handgun and does not hesitate to brandish or even discharge one when provoked, and often snorts cocaine as part of his daily routine 

Production
Charlie Day, Glenn Howerton, and Rob McElhenney first met each other while auditioning for Tuck Everlasting and other projects in New York City and, later, in Los Angeles—they were going up for similar parts, moved to Los Angeles around the same time and even had the same manager Nick Frenkel  Day and Howerton, notably, got to know each other on a car ride back from testing for That '80s Show in late 2001, when Howerton was cast as Corey Howard and Day did not get the part of his best friend  While living in New York, Day had been making comedic home movies with his friends from the Williamstown Theatre Festival—Jimmi Simpson, Nate Mooney, David Hornsby and Logan Marshall-Green, (many of whom would later go on to be involved with Sunny)—which inspired McElhenney and Howerton to want to make short films of their own with him  McElhenney, in particular, had been writing screenplays between jobs and since none of them were picked up, decided to shoot them himself with Howerton, Day and other actor friends  The decision to make their own short films was further influenced by the release of the affordable Panasonic DVX100A digital camera as well as the accessible, low-budget look of The Office (UK) and Curb Your Enthusiasm It's Always Sunny in Philadelphia grew out of an idea for a short film conceived late one night by McElhenney "where a friend came over to another friend's house to get sugar, and the friend tells him he has cancer, and all the guy can think about is getting his sugar and getting out of there"  He wrote the scene down before taking it to Howerton the next day to flesh it out and work on making it comedic  Day was soon roped in and the first script was written, featuring three struggling actors in LA named Charlie, Glenn and Mac, and the ensuing awkwardness around Charlie's cancer diagnosis  The home movies were shot and reshot multiple times, initially with Hornsby playing the Mac character and McElhenney behind the camera as director  It was via this process that McElhenney, Day and Howerton learned the basics of shooting, editing and other aspects of film-making  The three then developed a second "episode" of their home movie series, this time focused on the cringe humor from Mac's sense of shame around his relationship with Carmen, a transgender woman  At this point, it became clear that the home movies had potential as a television series, instead of the short films they were envisioned as originally  Both parts would eventually end up in the episode "Charlie Has Cancer" 
The home movie was titled It's Always Sunny on TV after the a-ha song "The Sun Always Shines on T V "  Howerton had been listening to the album Hunting High and Low (1985) while stretching at a Crunch gym in West Hollywood This was then developed into a pilot called It's Always Sunny on TV and was shot on a digital camcorder and filmed in the actors' own apartments  They expanded the central cast to four people living in Los Angeles, "a group of best friends who care so little for each other", Howerton said It was believed the pilot was shot with a budget of just $200, but Day would later comment, "We shot it for nothing    I don't know where this $200 came from    We were a bunch of kids with cameras running around shooting each other and [the] next thing you know, we're eleven years in and we're still doing the show " This pilot was shopped by the actors around various studios, their pitch being simply showing the DVD of the pilot to executives  After viewing the pilot, FX Network ordered the first season  The show was budgeted at $450,000 an episode, less than a third of a network standard, using Panasonic's DVX100 MiniDV prosumer video camera  The original concept had "the gang" being out-of-work actors with the theme song being a cha-cha version of "Hooray for Hollywood"; however there were too many shows at the time with a similar premise  "The network came to us and said, 'We don't want a show about actors,' and we said, 'Fine, let's put it somewhere else,'" McElhenney explained  "I'm from Philly, let's put it in Philly, and we'll make it about a bar, because that's a job where you can have lots of free time and still have income that could explain how these people can sustain themselves " Prior to Kaitlin Olson joining the show, the character Sweet Dee was originally played by Jordan Reid, who at the time was the girlfriend of McElhenney, but was recast after they broke up  The title was later changed to reflect that, in the unaired pilot, the gang had been rewritten as bar owners in Philadelphia, instead of actors in LA 
After the first season, FX executives were worried about the show's low ratings and demanded that changes be made to the cast  "So, John Landgraf, who's the president of FX, he called me in for a meeting and was like, 'Hey, no one's watching the show, but we love it,'" McElhenney recalled  "'We wanna keep it on, but we don't have any money for marketing, and we need to add somebody with some panache that we can hopefully parlay into some public relations story, just so we can get people talking '" FX began suggesting actors such as Danny DeVito that could boost the show's profile  "It's not that we were reticent to the idea of adding Danny to the show," Howerton recalled, "It's that we were reticent to add a name to the show  You know, because we kinda liked that we were no-names and it was this weird, small thing, you know " Initially, McElhenney refused, saying "No, I just don't think we wanna do that, and they were like, 'Oh OK, well, you know    the show's over '" Realizing they needed to change the trajectory of the show to please the network, McElhenney, Howerton, and Day became open to adding a new cast member who was familiar to the public  However, McElhenney, Howerton, and Day were hesitant at first since they thought they would "ruin the show", particularly Day  DeVito later joined the cast in the first episode of the second season, playing the father of Dennis and Dee The show is shot in both Philadelphia and Los Angeles  The exterior of Paddy's Pub is located at the Starkman Building on 544 Mateo Street in Los Angeles 
On April 1, 2016, the series was renewed for a thirteenth and fourteenth season, which matched The Adventures of Ozzie and Harriet with the most seasons for a live-action sitcom in American television history  On April 9, 2020, McElhenney announced that writing had begun for the fifteenth season  Filming for the season began in May 2021 and wrapped that October  In January 2023, McElhenney confirmed that filming for the sixteenth season had begun 

Episodes
Broadcast and syndication
The first season ran for seven episodes with the finale airing September 15, 2005  According to McElhenney, word of mouth on the show was good enough for FX to renew it for a second season, which ran from June 29 to August 17, 2006  Reruns of edited first-season episodes began airing on FX's then-parent network, Fox, in June 2006, for a planned three-episode run—"The Gang Finds a Dead Guy," "Gun Fever" (which was renamed "Gun Control") and "Charlie Gets Molested" were shown  The show was not aired on broadcast television again until 2011, when FX began offering it for syndication The third season ran from September 13 to November 15, 2007  On March 5, 2008, FX renewed It's Always Sunny in Philadelphia for a fourth season  On July 15, 2008, it was reported that FX had ordered 39 additional episodes of the series, produced as seasons five through seven of the show  All five main cast members were secured for the entire scheduled run  The fifth season ran from September 17 to December 10, 2009  On May 31, 2010, Comedy Central began airing reruns  WGN America also began broadcasting the show as part of its fall 2011 schedule The sixth season ran from September 16 to December 9, 2010, comprising 12 episodes, plus the Christmas special  The seventh season ran from September 15 to December 15, 2011, comprising 13 episodes  On August 6, 2011, FX announced it had picked up the show for an additional two seasons (the eighth and ninth) running through 2013  On March 28, 2013, FX renewed the show for a tenth season, and announced that it would move to FX's new sister network, FXX In April 2017, Kaitlin Olson announced that It's Always Sunny in Philadelphia would go on an extended hiatus  In an interview with TV Guide, she said, "We ended up pushing our next season a year because we were all busy with separate projects this year  So at the end of this coming shooting season of The Mick, I'll step right into Sunny after that "On October 2, 2017, the show premiered on Vice on TV The series is available for streaming on Hulu except for the episodes "America's Next Top Paddy's Billboard Model Contest", "Dee Reynolds: Shaping America's Youth", "The Gang Recycles Their Trash", "The Gang Makes Lethal Weapon 6" and "Dee Day", due to scenes involving blackface  The same episodes are missing from Netflix in the UK, Disney+ in Australia, Canada, and Scandinavia, and Star+ in Latin America 

Music
The show uses recurring orchestral production music selections  "We had a music supervisor called Ray Espinola and we said, 'Give us everything you have in a sort of Leave It to Beaver with a big band-swing kind of feel,' and the majority of the songs are from what he sent over," Charlie Day explained  "When you set it against what these characters were doing—which often times can be perceived as quite despicable, or wrong—it really disarmed the audience  It just became our go-to library of songs "The theme song is called "Temptation Sensation" by German composer Heinz Kiessling  Kiessling's work ("On Your Bike" and "Blue Blood") can also be heard during various scene transitions throughout the show, along with other composers and pieces such as Werner Tautz ("Off Broadway"), Joe Brook ("Moonbeam Kiss"), and Karl Grell ("Honey Bunch")  Many of the tracks heard in the series are from Cafe Romantique, an album of easy listening production music collected by Extreme Music, the production music library unit of Sony/ATV Music Publishing  Independent record label Fervor Records has also contributed music to the show  Songs from The Jack Gray Orchestra's album Easy Listening Symph-O-Nette ("Take A Letter Miss Jones," "Golly Gee Whiz," and "Not a Care in the World") and the John Costello III release Giants of Jazz ("Birdcage," "Cotton Club" and "Quintessential") are heard in several episodes 
The soundtrack, featuring most of the music heard on the show, was released in 2010 

Soundtrack track listing
Reception and legacy
Critical reviews and commentary
It's Always Sunny in Philadelphia has received critical acclaim for its humor and the performances of the cast  Emily Nussbaum of The New Yorker praised the show, calling it "not merely the best sitcom on television but one of the most arresting and ambitious current TV series, period " Gillian Flynn of Entertainment Weekly reviewed the first season negatively, commenting, "[I]t is smug enough to think it's breaking ground, but not smart enough to know it isn't " Brian Lowry of Variety gave the first season a positive review, saying it was "invariably clever and occasionally a laugh-out-loud riot, all while lampooning taboo topics " However, later seasons of the show have received favorable ratings on review aggregator Metacritic, receiving 70/100, 78/100 and 85/100 for seasons 4, 5 and 6 respectively  The show has become a cult hit with viewers and is often compared in style to Seinfeld—particularly due to the self-centered nature of its main characters  The Philadelphia Inquirer reviewer Jonathan Storm wrote, "It's like Seinfeld on crack," a quote that became widely used to describe the series, to the point that FX attached the tagline, "It's Seinfeld on crack "In 2014, Entertainment Weekly listed the show at number 7 in the "26 Best Cult TV Shows Ever," with the comment that "it's a great underdog story     If it sounds too dark for you, consider that there's an episode about making mittens for kittens, and it's adorable " In 2016, a New York Times study of the 50 TV shows with the most Facebook likes found that Sunny was "more popular in college towns (and most popular in Philadelphia) "In 2015, Rolling Stone rated the top 20 greatest and funniest It's Always Sunny in Philadelphia episodes, stating "for 10 seasons, the series had mined comic gold from the execrable behavior of the owners of Paddy's Pub " They claimed the two-part season 4 episode, "Mac and Charlie Die" is the sitcom's greatest episode yet  In 2019, the BBC called the show "the best US sitcom " They praised the show's unique outlook and ability to range from nihilistic humor to genuine heartfelt moments According to Matt Fowler of IGN, the series "broke new ground" due to its sociopathic depiction of "The Gang"  It was also ranked 63rd in IGN's list of the top 100 TV shows of all time 

Awards
Other media
The Nightman Cometh live
In September 2009, the cast took their show live  The "Gang" performed the musical The Nightman Cometh in New York City, Boston, Seattle, San Francisco, Los Angeles, and Philadelphia  Mary Elizabeth Ellis and Artemis Pebdani also appeared in the performance as The Waitress and Artemis  Actress Rhea Perlman (wife of Danny DeVito) assumed the role of Gladys Creator Rob McElhenney said that Live Nation originally approached the cast about doing the show at 30 cities, but in the end the cast settled on six  Co-developer Glenn Howerton described the show as "essentially an expanded version of the actual episode of "The Nightman Cometh," which was the final episode for season four  There are some added moments, added scenes, added songs, and extended versions of songs that already existed " The performance featured two new songs, and the actors were given more opportunity to improvise thanks to the longer running time  An episode from season five was also previewed before the show 
The Los Angeles performance, filmed at The Troubadour, was included as a bonus feature on the season four DVD box set 

Russian adaptation
A Russian adaptation of It's Always Sunny in Philadelphia premiered in Russia on the television channel TNT on May 12, 2014  This version is titled В Москве всегда солнечно (V Moskve vsegda solnechno, It's Always Sunny in Moscow) and like the original, centers around four friends, who own a bar called "Philadelphia" in Moscow 

Book
A book based upon It's Always Sunny in Philadelphia was released on January 6, 2015, titled The Gang Writes a Self-Help Book: The 7 Secrets of Awakening the Highly Effective Four-Hour Giant, Today 

Podcast
On November 9, 2021, Howerton, Day, and McElhenney started The Always Sunny Podcast, an episode-by-episode-recap of the show, with Megan Ganz as producer  Occasional guest stars include Kaitlin Olson, David Hornsby, Mary Elizabeth Ellis, Michael Naughton, Lin-Manuel Miranda, Cormac Bluestone and Danny DeVito 

Notes
Context 3: Passage 1:
Mikkeli hostage crisis
The Mikkeli hostage crisis, or Jakomäki bank robbery took place on 8–9 August 1986, which ended in Mikkeli, South Savo, Finland, outside of the Mikkeli County Government House on Maaherrankatu  The crisis began when the perpetrator, Jorma Kalevi Takala (born July 11, 1950) took three hostages in Helsinki in a bank robbery, with whom he traveled by car to Mikkeli  The event ended when Takala blew up his car, killing himself and hostage Jukka Häkkinen (born May 13, 1961)  In the aftermath of the incident, the Finnish police were subjected to harsh criticism 

Events
The events began on 8 August 1986, when Jorma Takala, armed with a sawed-off shotgun and an explosive charge, entered the Kansallis-Osake-Pankki bank in Jakomäki, Helsinki  Takala took twelve people inside the bank as his hostages  After receiving 2 5  million Finnish marks and a getaway car in exchange for most of the hostages, he left the bank with three remaining hostages, two female and one male  Takala forced the male hostage to drive the car, following Highway 4 and later Highway 5  
The party arrived in Mikkeli on 9 August, where they parked in front of the Mikkeli County Government House  Finnish police surrounded the vehicle and tried to negotiate with Takala  When he threatened to blow up the car if he was not allowed to continue his journey, the police advised the hostages to leave the vehicle  Both female hostages complied, after which the police started to shoot at the car  In response, Takala detonated the charge and destroyed the vehicle, killing both himself and the male hostage  Nine police officers were injured in the explosion 

Aftermath
The police received much criticism for its handling of the crisis  Nobody knew who gave the order to shoot at the car and initially none of the police commanders took the responsibility for the operation  After an investigation by the NBI, Chancellor of Justice Jorma S  Aalto decided not to prosecute the police officers for the events  In 1993, the Supreme Court of Finland convicted the police commissioner who led the operation of involuntary manslaughter and negligence and fined him 6,000 mk 
Passage 2:
Graham Perkin
Edwin Graham Perkin (16 December 1929 – 16 October 1975) was an Australian journalist and newspaper editor 

Early life
Perkin was born at Hopetoun, Victoria, elder son of Herbert Edwin Perkin, baker, and his wife Iris Lily, née Graham, both Victorian born  Graham grew up at Warracknabeal and was educated at the local high school  In 1948 he began to study law at the University of Melbourne, but abandoned his course in the following year when he obtained a cadetship with The Age  At the Methodist Church, St Kilda, on 6 September 1952 he married Peggy Lorraine Corrie 

Career
As a young reporter, Perkin rapidly acquired a reputation for enthusiasm and restless energy  In 1955 he won a Kemsley scholarship in journalism which took him to London  Returning to Australia as a feature writer, he shared the Walkley Award for journalism in 1959 for an article on pioneering heart surgery  His rise in the newspaper hierarchy was rapid: he became deputy news editor in 1959, news editor in 1963, assistant-editor in 1964 and editor (at the age of 36) in 1966  He was appointed to the additional post of editor-in-chief in 1973 
Perkin turned The Age into a more interventionist and campaigning newspaper  It exposed financial scandals in State governments and corruption in the police force, and attacked Federal governments for suppressing information  In the process, it attracted critics who thought it too 'leftist'  In 1972 The Age, which had traditionally supported Coalition governments, advocated the election of Gough Whitlam's Australian Labor Party  When that government was forced to an early election in 1974, Perkin wanted to support Whitlam again  His stand led to a conflict with the board of David Syme & Co  Ltd, owner and publisher of The Age  A compromise, supported by the managing director Ranald Macdonald, narrowly averted Perkin's resignation  It also reinforced his insistence on editorial independence, subject to the management's right to dismiss an editor in whom it had lost confidence 
However, Perkin turned violently on Whitlam a year later when he published details of a murky land deal involving Phillip Cairns, the son of Deputy Prime Minister Jim Cairns, and Rex Connor, the Minister for Minerals and Energy  Perkin had won a bidding war for the information, setting aside his normal opposition to buying stories because he felt the story was one of overwhelming importance  Perkin's editorials grew more and more critical of Whitlam, culminating in the elemental editorial "Go now, go decently" in which he called for the government to step down  It began with the words 'We will say it straight, and clear, and at once  The Whitlam Government has run its course ' Perkin died of a heart attack on 16 October 1975 at his Sandringham home at the age of 45 
The Age became a more substantial, wider ranging, better written and significantly more influential newspaper  Perkin's reforms and his willingness to speak out strongly in defence of the paper's policies boosted circulation from a stagnant 180,000 in 1965 to a solid 222,000 ten years later  The company's revenues rose correspondingly  Perkin was also director (from 1966) of Australian Associated Press, its chairman in 1970-72, and a director of Reuters Ltd, London, in 1971-74 

Personal life
His wife, their son Steve, and their daughter Corrie – both journalists – survived him  Peggy later remarried, and died in 2012, aged 81 

Graham Perkin Journalism Award
The Graham Perkin Australian Journalist of the Year Award, an annual prize, was established in 1976 

Bibliography
Hills, Ben, Breaking News: The Golden Age of Graham Perkin, Scribe, 2010  ISBN 978-1-921640-37-7
Passage 3:
1991 Sacramento hostage crisis
On April 4, 1991, 41 employees and customers were taken hostage and held at a Good Guys! electronics store at the corner of 65th Street and Stockton Boulevard in Florin, California, near the Florin Mall (now Florin Towne Centre) for approximately eight hours by four gunmen  Near the end of the hostage crisis, six were killed: three hostages and three of the four hostage-takers  The fourth hostage-taker was captured by authorities, and an additional 14 hostages were injured during the crisis  To this day, the hostage crisis remains the largest hostage rescue operation in US history, with over 40 hostages having been held at gunpoint 

Event
Background
The four gunmen were all Vietnamese immigrants: brothers Loi Khac Nguyen, 21; Pham Khac Nguyen, 19; and Long Khac Nguyen, 17; and their friend, Cuong Tran, 17  The Nguyens had fled Vietnam as a family of eight in 1979 at the start of the second wave of Vietnamese refugees, first sailing to Malaysia and remaining anchored there for the first seven months, then waiting for four more months in an Indonesian refugee camp before they arrived in California in 1980  The entire family lived in a two-bedroom apartment 1⁄2 mile (0 80 km) from the Good Guys! store  Cuong Tran had moved with his parents into a new home in Elk Grove 15 months before the hostage crisis Tran and Long Nguyen were friends and classmates at Florin High School; both had been expelled in March 1991 after stealing athletic equipment and attempting to set fire to the building  Loi Nguyen had attended Valley High School but dropped out during his senior year  Pham Nguyen was attending William Daylor High School (a continuation school) after having transferred from Valley following attendance issues On the day of the hostage crisis, Pham Nguyen briefly came to school and asked to be excused with a toothache  The Nguyen brothers told their parents they were going fishing at the Sacramento River 

Start of the siege
At approximately 1:00 p m , on April 4, 1991, the four young gunmen drove into the parking lot of the Good Guys! electronics store, in the South Area of Sacramento County  The group left their vehicle, a 1982 Toyota Corolla, and entered the store armed with three pistols and a shotgun  They had purchased the guns legally at a local sporting goods store the prior week, following a background check and waiting period  Although reported, the gunmen were not members of the Oriental Boys gang, and the hostage-taking and subsequent crisis were not considered to be gang-related They herded customers and staff into a group, including a shoplifter attempting to leave the store, and began shooting at the ceiling of the store  One employee escaped after being ordered to lock the doors  Although initial reports indicated they had taken the hostages after a failed robbery attempt, subsequent statements to hostages and negotiators instead proved "they were attempting to gain notoriety," according to Sacramento County Sheriff Glen Craig  They were frustrated with their lives in the United States since it was difficult to find good jobs and expressed a desire to travel to Thailand and fight the Viet Cong, according to two of the hostages 

Law enforcement and media response
When the 9-1-1 call came in at 1:33 p m , the Sacramento County Sheriff's Department Special Enforcement Detail (SED) was already in the process of gearing up in anticipation of executing a previously planned drug raid  They immediately paged off-duty team members and began preparations to rush to the scene along with the Department's Critical Incident Negotiations Team (CINT) and other local and state law enforcement agencies 
As the situation developed, the local media descended on the area in force, broadcasting the unfolding incident  They were able to get footage of the event because of the store's huge glass front doors, which allowed video crews to see into the store where the hostage-takers lined up some of the hostages in front of the entrance as human shields 

Surveillance and negotiation
Following the standard operating procedure, the team obtained a floor plan of the building, which was copied and distributed to team members  The SED team was told that there was only one entrance to the store that was not alarmed: a freight entrance located at the rear of the store  Their only option would be to enter the store's showroom, where the hostages were being held, through a fabrics store on the north side of the building  The entry team gained entrance to the fabric store and slowly moved into position  The criminals apparently heard movement by the police amid shouts of "stay away from the door" coming from inside the store itself 
One of the entry team members removed a ceiling panel in the hallway between the two buildings and inserted a pole-mounted mirror  He was able to observe the subjects directing hostages to place large boxes against the back door to block entry  Once the door was barricaded, the area was abandoned  A fisheye camera was installed by the team but was of limited use because of the design of the store, showing only a portion of the showroom near the door  By this time, the hostages had been tied up with speaker wire and had been arranged inside the store's glass front entrance doors in standing and kneeling positions 
For more than two hours, the department's CINT tried to end the incident peacefully by negotiating with the hostage-takers  Negotiations were initially conducted from police headquarters, and a special negotiation team took over on-site after a few hours from a bank that had been evacuated  The hostage-takers demanded $4 million, forty 1,000-year-old ginseng roots, four bulletproof vests, a 50-troop military helicopter, and transportation for everyone to Thailand after a refueling stop in Alaska  Throughout the incident, the hostage-takers did not present a consistent set of demands to the negotiators One demand that remained constant was for bulletproof vests  During early negotiations, one of the requested vests was exchanged for what was to be the release of nine hostages, although only three were released initially; the police officer who took the first vest to them stripped to his underwear to prove he was unarmed  Loi Nguyen sent a woman to retrieve the vest and threatened to shoot her children if she did not return; after she retrieved the vest, they were the first three hostages to be released  In addition to the hostage exchange, another benefit was that it allowed police to gain information on the current situation in the store  One of the released hostages revealed that the shots heard earlier had been the hostage-takers shooting at the store's security cameras and that none of the hostages had been harmed up to this point  Soon thereafter, more shots were heard, but this was the hostage-takers testing the vest  Approximately an hour later, another woman and her three children were released; an eighth hostage was released at 8:20 p m , bearing a message that they would start to shoot the other hostages shortly At one point during the negotiations, the leader of the hostage-takers, who called himself "Thai" (later shown to be Loi Nguyen), agreed to surrender to the police but only if they were allowed to retain their bulletproof vests and weapons while in prison  The police negotiator informed Loi Nguyen that he would have a short sentence and his vest and guns would be returned upon his release  He set down the phone and began to discuss the situation with his partners  At that point, many of the officers involved felt the exchanges might lead to a negotiated settlement; when he returned to the phone, Loi Nguyen stated that while he accepted those terms, his partners did not  Suddenly, the phone went dead, and the CINT immediately tried to re-establish contact with the store  On the first attempt, the phone was busy, and on the second attempt, a suspect calling himself "Number One" (later shown to be Long Nguyen) answered the phone, informing everyone that he was now in control  From that point on, the situation began to rapidly deteriorate  Shots were once again fired at the store's security cameras 

Entry
At approximately 9 p m , Long Nguyen shot a twenty-year-old male hostage named Sean McIntyre in the leg and then released McIntyre as the ninth and final hostage to be released with the instruction to deliver their message and plight to the local media  They claimed they were trying to draw attention to the troubles of their home country and that they were on a suicide mission  At that point, the police attempted to distract the gunmen by putting the hostage on the news, which would also move them to the television area of the store, but this tactic did not work  The police team was finally given the "green light" to enter the store  Sniper Jeffrey Boyes would issue the signal to execute the assault  Boyes had received permission to fire on any subject on whom he could obtain a clear line of sight 
After McIntyre was shot and released, another hostage was shot just before 10 p m ; the gunmen had told the hostages to select the next victim from among themselves, causing an elderly hostage, Harold Brooks, to faint  According to Sheriff Craig, the gunmen joked "he just decided he was going to be our next person shot " Long Nguyen attempted to shoot Brooks, but his gun misfired, and Loi Nguyen shot Brooks in the leg  The surviving hostages stated the gunmen divided them into two groups and had begun flipping a coin to decide their fates  Guns were placed to the hostages' heads  Several hostages were placed on the phone, and they informed the police the gunmen were going to begin executing hostages 

A second bulletproof vest was delivered to the front door shortly after Brooks was shot, which was to be exchanged for nine more hostages, but no one was released  Another hostage, Priscilla Alvarez, was sent out to recover the second vest with her wrists tied behind her and harnessed with more speaker cord  As the door was opened and Alvarez was halfway down the path to retrieve the vest, Boyes took a shot at one of the gunmen, but the sniper's bullet was deflected by the glass door as it swung shut, and it hit the target's ear Immediately, the hostage-takers ran back and forth, and Long Nguyen started to shoot the seated hostages who were tied down in a row behind the glass door, in full view of the news cameras broadcasting the event live  At the same time, Boyes radioed "Go", and the SED entry team immediately hit the door at 9:51 p m  A stun grenade was tossed into the store from outside, and Curt Warburton, one of the Good Guys employees, managed to scramble to safety through the now shattered glass door  "Number One" (Long Nguyen), now stunned and disoriented, managed to stagger out of Boyes's sights and take cover behind a large pillar  He then immediately began firing his weapon at more bound hostages 
It took the seven-person entry team two to three seconds to get through the back doors from where they had been hiding (a storage space in the rear of the store) because of the "barricades" erected earlier  They then had to contend with the 100-foot (30 m) distance to the front of the store  The team was armed with a variety of weapons for the entry  Sergeants Don Devlin, Charles Price, and Gordon Smith were armed with SiGARMS Sig P220 pistols, Sergeant Bill Kelly carried a laser-sighted HK MP5, investigators Mike Hammel and Greg Peterson carried H&K MP5SD3 submachine guns, and investigator Roger Stanfill was still armed with his AR-15 
Hammel and Price cleared the west side of the store, Peterson and Kelly the east side, and Devlin and Smith went straight up the middle  Stanfill took up a rearguard position  As the team began its movement toward the front of the store, the remaining hostage-takers immediately began to fire on the entry team and hostages  Peterson stepped on the wire that had been used to tether the female hostage sent out to recover the second vest  At that moment, she was snatched to safety by officers outside the store, causing Peterson's feet to fly out from under him, forcing him to fall backward, just as a shotgun blast immediately blew through the area where he was standing  His fellow team members mistakenly believed he had been struck in the face by the blast  As Peterson began to rise to his feet, Devlin and Kelly tried to flank the shotgun-wielding suspect, who fired on them once again, before being taken under fire by the team 

Suspects shot
Simultaneously, on the west side of the store, the team shot one of the suspects (Cuong Tran) before he could react  Then they spotted a second armed suspect (Pham Nguyen) and fired on him, but he disappeared into the chaos of the screaming and panicking crowd of hostages  Then, "Number One" (Long Nguyen) was shot 
At this point, the team could only account for three of the suspects and immediately began a systematic search for the fourth  Price and Hammel discovered an unarmed Asian male (Loi Nguyen) lying on the floor, wearing the sole bulletproof vest that had been provided earlier  Once he was rolled over, they discovered he had a  223 caliber entrance wound, accounting for all four suspects 
It took only 30 seconds from the initial police entry until the gunfire ceased, bringing an end to the hostage crisis 

Aftermath
Casualties
During the assault, the suspects wounded eleven hostages and killed three  Of the eleven wounded, ten were shot, and one suffered a miscarriage  Others shot at were Bret Soren, Chris Lauretzen, Curt Warburton, and many others who suffered both physical and extreme emotional consequences including brutal bodily injuries, trauma, and severe ongoing symptoms of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)  Of the four suspects, three were killed by the entry team and one, "Thai" (Loi), was wounded  None of the SED entry team was wounded  The hostages killed were store employees Kris Edward Sohne and John Lee Fritz and customer Fernando Gutierrez Gutierrez's two nieces were also hostages  One of the nieces, Lisa Joseph, later wrote the book Heads or Tails: A True Hostage Story of Terror, Torture and Ultimate Survival about her ordeal  Two employees hid in a computer closet during the hostage crisis The Good Guys! announced they would set up trust funds for the two slain employees and would pay for the funerals of all three murder victims 

Trial and prosecution
Loi Nguyen was arraigned from his hospital bed shortly after the crisis ended and charged with 54 felonies, including murder  Nguyen's attorney, Sacramento public defender Linda Parisi, argued that Loi Nguyen was trying to make peace, based on witness testimony and recorded audio, and did not deserve the death penalty; she pointed to Long Nguyen as the leader  However, Rebecca Moore, a sheriff's detective, pointed out that Loi Nguyen had purchased the guns, driven the group to the store, and handled most of the negotiations: "In my opinion he is the most responsible party for this thing going down " Because of pre-trial publicity, the trial was moved to San Francisco  He was convicted on February 8, 1995, on 51 felony counts: three for murder, eight for attempted murder, two for assault with a firearm, and 38 for kidnapping, after two days of jury deliberation  On March 28, the jury recommended a life sentence in prison rather than the death penalty, after four more hours of deliberation At the sentencing hearing in Sacramento, Judge W J  Harpham said, "It's hard to find the adjectives for the terror the defendant put these hostages through " He sentenced Loi Khac Nguyen to 49 life terms in prison, 41 to be served consecutively without the chance of parole  Information that surfaced at Nguyen's trial revealed the men's motivation for committing the crime was that they were frustrated by their inability to learn English and find jobs  Nguyen initially served his sentence at the California State Prison, Lancaster  he was later transferred to California State Prison, Centinela, and has since been transferred to California State Prison, Solano where he is currently serving his term  His CDCR number is J69791 The former Good Guys! building later became a Dollar Tree store, which was modified to move the main entry doors from the front (south facade) to the side of the building (east facade)  This Dollar Tree still stands and remains in business 

In popular culture
In 2000, a play titled The Good Guys: An American Tragedy was created by Michael Edo Keane and Miko Lee and presented by Theater of Yugen, a theatre group that presents work relating to the Pan Asian Diaspora, at the Theater Artaud in San Francisco, California 
The hostage crisis was examined in detail in the first season of the documentary series Shootout!, aired on the History Channel, for the first time in September 2005 
Footage of the event was featured in World's Scariest Police Shootouts in 1997 
In March 2015, the crisis was the focus of an episode of ABC's In an Instant 
In 2019 a movie called A Clear Shot, based on the incident, was released  It starred Hao Do as Loi, Kevin Bach as Pham, Tony Dew as Long, and Dang Tran as Cuong 

See also
List of homicides in California
1996 Honolulu hostage crisis
Passage 4:
Chris Reason
Chris Reason (born 1 October 1965) is a senior reporter and presenter for Seven News in Sydney, Australia  He was awarded the Graham Perkin Australian Journalist of the Year Award for his coverage of the Lindt Cafe siege in December 2014 

Career
Reason's career began in 1990, when during his first year at Seven News he unwittingly covered a segment now infamously known as the Democracy Manifest video, which became an Internet viral video years later  In 2019, The Guardian called it "perhaps the pre-eminent Australian meme of the past 10 years" In 2002, he was announced as co-host of the re-launched national breakfast program Sunrise alongside Melissa Doyle  But in September, Reason was diagnosed with cancer and forced to retire from the program while he underwent six months of chemotherapy, surgery and recovery care  He was replaced by David Koch  The cancer was an abdominal metastasis of the testicular cancer he had fought four years earlier  Reason had missed a critical health check-up in 2001 while covering the September 11 terror attacks in the United States, and he says it almost cost him his life  In multiple interviews since, he has warned young men to never miss a health check-up In 2003, after his recovery, Reason had multiple roles—first as presenter of Seven Morning News, and then presenter of Sunday Sunrise in 2004  In 2005, he was named co-host of Weekend Sunrise alongside Lisa Wilkinson, but he was later replaced by Deal or No Deal host Andrew O'Keefe  Reason returned to full-time reporting as Senior Network Correspondent In 2015, he won the Graham Perkin Award for his coverage of the Lindt Cafe siege  He has won a Walkley Award and two Logie Awards for News Reporting 
Reason is a back-up presenter for most of the Seven News programs, including Seven Morning News, Seven Afternoon News and Seven News Sydney  He also intermittently fills in for either David Koch or Matt Doran on Sunrise and Weekend Sunrise respectively, and appears on the former show during the week as one of the News Feed panelists 

Personal life
His father died from brain cancer in 2006  He attended Villanova College in the Brisbane suburb of Coorparoo and the University of Queensland (BA)  Reason married journalist Kathryn Robinson in 2005  They became parents to twins in 2007 
Passage 5:
Les Carlyon
Leslie Allen Carlyon  (10 June 1942 – 4 March 2019) was an Australian writer and newspaper editor 

Early life
Carlyon began his career in journalism with The Herald and Weekly Times as a cadet on the Sun News-Pictorial (now the Herald Sun) in 1960  In 1963, he moved to The Age working successively as leader writer, finance editor, news editor, assistant editor and, in 1975 aged 33, editor, following the sudden death of the previous editor, Graham Perkin  Carlyon had to resign for health reasons in 1976 after just one year in the position



ground_truth: It's Always Sunny in Philadelphia

prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: What year was the author of Cock and Bull born? 

The following are given passages.
Context 2: Passage 1:
Kody Lostroh
Kody Lostroh (born September 18, 1985) is an American former professional rodeo cowboy who specialized in bull riding  He was the 2009 Professional Bull Riders (PBR) world champion 

Background
Kody Lostroh was born on September 18, 1985 in Longmont, Colorado  Lostroh watched a video of Cheyenne Frontier Days so many times that his mother Dena Schlutz signed him up to ride at the Boulder County Fair in 1993, when he was seven years old  He won a Little Britches Rodeo National Bull Riding title in 2003 and the Colorado High School Rodeo Bull Riding Championship three consecutive years  Kody was attending the University of Wyoming, but quit after a semester to pursue the Professional Bull Riders (PBR) tour 

Career
In 2005, Lostroh won the PBR Rookie of the Year award and in 2009, he won the PBR Built Ford Tough Series World Championship  He qualified for the PBR World Finals 10 consecutive times (2005 to 2014)  Lostroh suffered multiple injuries throughout his career  For example, Lostroh injured his riding hand in January 2014 and missed most of the first half of that season  In August 2017, he was considering retirement to spend more time with his two daughters, when he began experiencing significant health problems  He was eventually diagnosed with a tumor wrapped around his carotid artery, requiring surgery  He went back to the PBR but still had some reservations On March 29, 2018, Lostroh announced his retirement from bull riding In 2022, Lostroh became the assistant coach to head coach Cord McCoy of the Oklahoma Freedom; one of eight bull riding teams of the PBR’s Team Series, which debuted that year  In September of that year, the Oklahoma Freedom won the event at Cowboy Days in Winston-Salem, North Carolina; the hometown event of rival team, the Carolina Cowboys  The very next weekend, the Freedom won their own hometown event at Freedom Fest in Oklahoma City  They were the first team to win their hometown event  The Freedom ended up finishing in fourth place at the conclusion of the inaugural PBR Team Series season 

Personal life
He raises bucking bulls in Ault, Colorado, at the Shield of Faith Cattle Company  As of 2016, Lostroh and his wife, Candace, who is a barrel racer, live in Ault, Colorado, with their two daughters 
Passage 2:
Bones (bull)
Bones #05 (born March 31, 2003) is an American former bucking bull  He competed in the Professional Bull Riders (PBR) circuit and was the PBR World Champion Bull in 2008 and 2010  Two other bulls, Dillinger and Smooth Operator, have also won the title two times  Three other bulls, Little Yellow Jacket, Bushwacker, and Bruiser won the award three times  In 2011, the year after Bones won the 2010 World Champion Bull title, when he was 7 years old, his owner, Tom Teague announced his retirement from the sport  Bones lives on Teague's ranch in his retirement  In 2014, the bull was inducted into the PBR Brand of Honor 

Background
Bones was born on March 31, 2003  Bones grew up at Teague Bucking Bulls in Graham, North Carolina  Teague was the 2006 PBR Co-Stock Contractor of the Year   Bones got his name when one of Tom Teague's workers described him as a "bag of bones " Lee Holt said, "He was the poorest little thing " He was too small to take care of himself with the other calves so they moved him to be alone in the barn  Through the years, he grew into a brawny 1,550 pounds (700 kg) pounds  He is a black bull with a white face Bones' sire was 263 Bone Collector  Bone Collector's jumping prowess while bucking was well known  Bones' paternal grandsire was 64 Psycho  His mother is a daughter of Whitewater, a well-known breeding bull  Whitewater's sire was No  34 Oscar's Velvet, the 1983 Professional Rodeo Cowboys Association (PRCA) Bucking Bull of the Year  Oscar's Velvet was the son of Oscar, a ProRodeo Hall of Fame bucking bull  Bones is also a half-brother of the retired and highly ranked bucking bull Troubadour owned by Julio Moreno Teague raised Bones and retained full ownership of the bull throughout his bucking career and into retirement  This was not the first time Teague had ownership in a World Champion Bull, as he also had part ownership in world champion bulls Little Yellow Jacket, Mossy Oak Mudslinger, and Big Bucks, including gaining full ownership of Little Yellow Jacket for most of his retirement  This was, however, the first time Teague retained full ownership in a bull that he raised himself  He intended to keep Teague Bucking Bulls continuing in that direction, but decided in April 2014 to leave the stock contractor business  However, in an interview with the PBR, Teague stated that he would continue his position on the board of directors and aid them in "taking the sport to the next level "

Career
One of the ways that Teague exercised Bones was in a circular sand pit that he had made, where he installed a type of hot walker sometimes used for horses  Once an animal was inside, there were walls that moved around in a circular direction, forcing the bull to walk in between them  Teague compared working in deep sand to walking on the beach – it took more effort than walking on hard ground Bones bucked in the PBR, mostly on the Built Ford Tough Series (BFTS), the elite series of the circuit, for four seasons, but only three were complete seasons, as he only bucked at one BFTS event in 2007  Two-time PBR World Champion bull rider Justin McBride stated that Bones is the "real deal"  He said Bones is one of only two bulls he got on more than once who bucked him off each time—he never got a qualified ride on Bones  McBride first got on the bull at an event at Columbus, Ohio, in 2008 when Bones was a fairly unknown five-year-old  Bones bucked him off 

2008 title
Bones qualified for the PBR World Finals his first time in 2008  McBride again picked him in round two and Bones bucked him off faster than in their first meeting  According to McBride, Bones had gotten better and "handed him his hat"  Bones bucked off all three riders at his first finals  Bones made what became his trademark set of bucking moves, going up high and bringing the rider over his shoulder and then down  In 4 7 seconds, McBride bucked off Bones  "It had been a long time since a bull had treated me that way," McBride said  For the other two riders, in round four Zack Brown bucked off Bones in 2 8 seconds, and in the final round 2008 World Champion Guilherme Marchi bucked off in 4 seconds  Bones finished the evening with bull scores of 47 points, 46 points, and 47 25 points  His bull score of 47 25 points was a career best  Bulls are scored from 1 to 50 points, half of the total score  The bull rider gets the other half of the score; together it totals up to 100  These bull scores were high enough to win the 2008 World Champion Bull title 

Betting events
An event between Bones and J B  Mauney on February 13, 2009, was billed as the best bull against the best bull rider  Tom Teague claimed that "no cowboy wearing spurs could stay on his star bull for the eight-second count", resulting in extensive comments from fans and stock contractors on the PBR site  The event took place that night as part of the PBR Express Classic event at the Ford Center, now known as Chesapeake Energy Arena, in Oklahoma City, Oklahoma  Teague pitted his unridden bull Bones head to head against the current world standings leader and 2013 world champion with a prize of $20,000  Bones had been 13–0 on the BFTS circuit so far  Bones had bucked off, or "dusted", both McBride and 2002 World Champion Ednei Caminhas twice  He had dusted Marchi three times, and the last time, Marchi lost the opportunity to win $20,000; Teague bet that much against Marchi  Since Mauney was the world standings leader, he felt "slighted" that he was not offered an opportunity at Bones when Marchi got two  When Marchi fell the third time, Mauney asked Teague for a turn  Mauney would earn $20,000 if he became the first to make a successful eight-second qualifying ride on Bones, while Teague bet he would hit the dust in four seconds  Mauney succeeded  He rode Bones for a qualifying time and scored 93 5 points out of a maximum of 100  Although there was a great deal of hype about the event that weekend, Mauney stated that he just did what he did with every bull, "kept my hand shut and held on"  Teague said he was happy to see Mauney prove why he is the number one bull rider in the world  That score of 93 5 points became the highest-combined score of Bones' career In February 2009, stock contractor Chad Berger made it known in an interview that he reached his fill of hearing from Teague and others how great Bones is  Berger owned a rival bull named Big Tex, who he considered better than Bones  The then-current Stock Contractor of the Year challenged Teague to a contest for $25,000  Teague countered for $50,000 and Berger accepted  The match-up pitted the two bulls in the championship round of the Enterprise Rent-a-Car Invitational  World champion cowboy Ty Murray attested that they were both great bulls, and the outcome might depend on which bull rider drew which bull  The round took place in the Scottrade Center in St  Louis, Missouri, on Sunday, March 1, 2009  NBCSN's program Versus broadcast it in prime time  It was the first time the PBR sponsored a contest like this  No other bull vs bull challenge earned an owner such a large sum of money before  Zack Brown drew Big Tex, and 2004 World Champion Mike Lee drew Bones  Both men bucked off  It was an extremely close match, with Big Tex narrowly winning with a bull score of 46 to Bones' 45 5, giving Berger some relief  Berger received more relief later that year when a bull he owned an interest in, Code Blue, won that year's World Champion Bull title 

2010 title
PBR Livestock Director Cody Lambert believed that Bones was matched up with the best riders, and he proved he was their equal or better  Due to his bull scores, athleticism, and buck off percentages, he distinguished himself from the other bulls  In the 2010 PBR World Finals, Lambert did not hesitate to praise Bones when the bull won the World Champion Bull title again, this time against the favorite, Bushwacker  According to Lambert, it was surprising Bones won, but it was not a complete upset At the finals, Bones first bucked off Mauney, who had ridden him back in 2009  Mauney only lasted four seconds  Bones was given a 45 25 bull score  Some argued his score was slightly lower due to the judges foreseeing a qualified ride from Mauney  Marchi, who was up next, tied his hand down too far, according to fellow bull rider J W  Hart  This prevented Marchi from keeping up with Bones' change of direction; Bones bucked him off easily in two seconds, and was scored 47 25 which won him the World Champion Bull title  McBride felt winning two titles under different circumstances was impressive: the first time because he was an unknown, and the second time because other he was an underdog due to other bulls like Bushwacker who were favored to win 

Summary
Bones bucked on the PBR tour a total of 45 times  He was ridden for a qualified ride only five times, giving him an 88 89% buckoff percentage at all levels  Bones bucked on the BFTS 34 times  Of those, he was ridden for a qualified ride four times, for an 88 24% buckoff percentage in the BFTS  Bones ranked 14th overall in the BFTS as of April 2017 according to Probullstats  Out of his four years on the BFTS, he qualified for the PBR World Finals three times  His average bull score was 45 56 points for all four years  Most do not take his first year on the BFTS seriously, since he only bucked one time that year, which was 2007  He had three scores over 90 points  On February 18, 2009, in Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, Mauney rode him for 93 50 points  On October 30, 2009, in Las Vegas, Nevada, at the PBR World Finals, Pete Farley rode him for 93 25 points  And, on January 8, 2010, at Madison Square Garden, in New York City, Shane Proctor rode him for 91 25 points  Scores of 90 or higher points are tracked in the PBR's 90 Point Club  Mauney's ride did not count because it was a special match staged to top off the event, and not part of the BFTS circuit Bones was active from 2006 until 2010 at all levels  He won the World Champion Bull title in 2008 and 2010  He also won the Bull of the World Finals title both those same years  He, Dillinger, and Smooth Operator are the only two-time World Champion Bull title winners; Bones was the first bull to win multiple World Champion Bull titles in non-consecutive years  Only three other bulls won the title three times: Bushwacker, Little Yellow Jacket, and Bruiser  Their performances and the number of titles won is part of the reason these bulls (except Smooth Operator and Bruiser) were each selected to receive the Professional Bull Riders Heroes and Legends Celebration: Brand of Honor  This honor was inaugurated in 2011 and first given to Little Yellow Jacket  Bones was the 2014 inductee 

Retirement and legacy
Teague retired Bones after the 2010 BFTS season when he was 7 years old  He announced it at the beginning of the 2011 BFTS season  Bones was still in the peak of his career at the time  Four years later, in 2014, the PBR announced that they were honoring Bones with the Heroes and Legends Celebration: Brand of Honor  Bones was the fourth recipient to receive the Brand of Honor  The PBR created the Brand of Honor in 2011 to honor exemplary bulls in the sport  The ceremony usually takes place during the PBR World Finals, currently held at T-Mobile Arena on the Las Vegas Strip  Lambert was not surprised Bones received the Brand of Honor  He felt that Bones was one of the finest bulls ever to compete in the PBR  Lambert also felt the honor was appropriate because otherwise it is difficult for people to recall great bulls once they are not around  He compared Bones to bulls like Bushwacker, Voodoo Child, and even famous bulls of the past such as Mr  T and 105 of Dell's Hall As far as retiring Bones if he won the 2010 title, Teague said he had made up his mind to do it  McBride and Lambert both believed Teague wanted to see Bones go out while he was still on top  Teague also didn't want to chance Bones getting injured after he had already got two titles  Teague said, "What more can you ask for out of a bull? I couldn't be happier with him " Some think Bones could have matched Little Yellow Jacket's three title record  Teague has stated that he is happy with the way things ended  Bones is retired at Teague's ranch in Graham, North Carolina Two months before the PBR World Finals in 2014, McBride said Bones was one of the most gifted bulls he had been on, and was even harder to ride than World Champion Mossy Oak Mudslinger  At the time, Little Yellow Jacket was the solo holder of three World Champion titles, but McBride believed that Bones was more difficult to ride than Little Yellow Jacket  He compared Bones to other bulls that could yank a rider down to make them lose their seat like Rampage and Hollywood  Hearing of Bones receiving the Brand of Honor was no surprise to McBride, as he considered him one of the greats  That year, Bushwacker would win his third World Champion Bull title, and Lambert compared Bones to Bushwacker at the same stage of their bucking careers, noting that Bushwacker and Bones had a similar physicality and demeanor  "[Bones] excelled in all five categories: buck, kick, direction change, intensity and degree of difficulty " He could get his front feet 3 to 4 feet (0 91 to 1 22 m) in the air and then break over  He had a sense for knowing who was on his back  He performed at his best with the toughest riders  Lambert added that Bones was perhaps the second-best bull the PBR has seen  It is widely established that the PBR regards Bushwacker as the best bull they have ever seen 

Honors
2008 PBR World Champion Bull
2008 PBR Bull of the World Finals
2010 PBR World Champion Bull
2010 PBR Bull of the World Finals
2014 PBR Brand of Honor
Passage 3:
Colin Fleming (racing driver)
Colin Fleming (born April 27, 1984) is an American former racing driver & Formula 1 test driver who competed in the World Series by Renault 3 5, Formula Renault 2 0 Eurocup, and Formula Renault 2000 Germany with Jenzer Motorsport and Carlin Motorsport after a successful go-karting career, winning 10 North American and National Championships 

Racing career
A former member from the Red Bull Junior Team, Fleming finished 3rd in the Formula Renault 2 0 Eurocup in 2004 and was rookie of the year in the Formula Renault 2000 Germany also in that year  He raced against fellow American and Californian and future Formula One driver Scott Speed  In 2005, he switched to the Formula Renault 3 5 with Swiss team Jenzer Motorsport, despite three DNS in the first 3 and missing one race of that season he finished 13th with 34 points with a best finish of 3rd in the second race in the Bugatti Circuit in LeMans, France  In 2006, he joined Carlin where he finished 6th in the first race of the season in Zolder  Later that year, he finished 4th in Circuit de Monaco and 8th in both races in Istanbul Park, but left Carlin and the Red Bull Junior team after the latter  Red Bull replaced him with fellow Red Bull Junior Team member and future Formula One Champion Sebastian Vettel After leaving Red Bull, he returned to the United States to complete in the Atlantic Championship mid-season 

Personal life
He is currently a Executive Vice President of Marketing with Salesforce 

Complete motorsports results
American Open-Wheel racing results
(key) (Races in bold indicate pole position, races in italics indicate fastest race lap)

2003 Barber Dodge Pro Series (Rookie of the Year, 5th in championship)
2004 German Formula Renault – 2nd in the Championship
2004 European Formula Renault – 3rd in the Championship
World Series by Renault 3 5
(key) (Races in bold indicate pole position) (Races in italics indicate fastest lap)
Passage 4:
Jan Bull
Jan Bull (7 January 1927 – 16 December 1985) was a Norwegian author and theater instructor  Born in Paris,  he was son of the Norwegian poet Olaf Bull and the grandson of author Jacob Breda Bull 

Bibliography
13 poetry – poetry (1957) 
Marianne – (1959)
Sommerfuglene (1960)
Den siste fuglen – poetry (1961)
Sodoma – poetry (1964)
En vanligvis godt underrettet kilde – poetry (1967)
Masker – poetry (1976)
Døden ville lese Dickens – novel (1981)

Awards
1981– Riksmål Society Literature Prize
Passage 5:
Buxtehude Bull
The Buxtehude Bull (German: Buxtehuder Bulle) is an award for youth literature, established in 1971 by Winfried Ziemann, a local book merchant from Buxtehude, a Hanseatic City located in the Hamburg Metropolitan Region  The town council took over the sponsorship of the award in 1981  The award is given annually to the best children's or young-adults' book published in German (either native language or translated) in the preceding year  The writer is presented with a small steel statue of the bull (German: Bulle)  Ferdinand, from the popular work The Story of Ferdinand by Munro Leaf, and also receives a monetary prize  of €5,000 

Awards
1971: Alexander Sutherland Neill, Die grüne Wolke
1972: Cili Wethekam, Tignasse, Kind der Revolution
1973: Tilman Röhrig, Thoms Bericht
1974: Gail Graham, Zwischen den Feuern
1975: Johanna Reiss, Und im Fenster der Himmel
1976: Jaap ter Haar, Behalt das Leben lieb
1977: Gudrun Pausewang, Die Not der Familie Caldera
1978: Leonie Ossowski, Stern ohne Himmel
1979: Michael Ende, Die unendliche Geschichte (The Neverending Story)
1980: Hermann Vinke, Das kurze Leben der Sophie Scholl
1981: Myron Levoy, Der gelbe Vogel (Alan and Naomi)
1982: Rudolf Frank, Der Junge, der seinen Geburtstag vergaß
1983: Gudrun Pausewang, Die letzten Kinder von Schewenborn (The Last Children of Schewenborn)
1984: Mildred D  Taylor, Donnergrollen hör mein Schrei'n
1985: Urs M  Fiechtner, Annas Geschichte
1986: Joan Lingard, Über die Barrikaden
1987: James Watson, Hinter vorgehaltener Hand
1988: Isolde Heyne, Sternschnuppenzeit
1989: Heidi Glade-Hassenmüller, Gute Nacht, Zuckerpüppchen
1990: Maria Seidemann, Rosalie
1991: Ursula Wölfel, Ein Haus für alle
1992: Mecka Lind, Manchmal gehört mir die ganze Welt
1993: Klaus Kordon, Der erste Frühling
1994: Katarina von Bredow, Ludvig meine Liebe
1995: Tonke Dragt, Turmhoch und meilenweit
1996: Jostein Gaarder, Durch einen Spiegel, in einem dunklen Wort (Through a Glass, Darkly)
1997: Ralf Isau, Das Museum der gestohlenen Erinnerungen
1998: Andreas Steinhöfel, Die Mitte der Welt
1999: John Marsden, Gegen jede Chance (Third Day, the Frost)
2000: Sherryl Jordan, Junipers Spiel
2001: David Grossman, Wohin du mich führst
2002: Hanna Jansen, Über tausend Hügel wandere ich mit dir
2003: Nancy Farmer, Das Skorpionenhaus (The House of the Scorpion)
2004: Rainer M  Schröder, Die Lagune der Galeeren
2005: Kevin Brooks, Lucas
2006: Stephenie Meyer, Bis(s) zum Morgengrauen (Twilight)
2007: Anne C  Voorhoeve, Liverpool Street
2008: Markus Zusak, Die Bücherdiebin (The Book Thief)
2009: Suzanne Collins, Die Tribute von Panem – Tödliche Spiele (The Hunger Games)
2010: Susan Beth Pfeffer, Die Welt, wie wir sie kannten
2011: Lauren Oliver, Delirium
2012: John Green, Das Schicksal ist ein mieser Verräter
2013: Christine Fehér, Dann mach ich eben Schluss
2014: David Safier, 28 Tage lang
2015: Victoria Aveyard, Die Farben des Blutes: Die rote Königin
2016: Tamara Ireland Stone, Mit anderen Worten: ich
2017: John Boyne, Der Junge auf dem Berg (The Boy at the Top of the Mountain)
2018: Amy Giles, Jetzt ist alles, was wir haben (Now Is Everything)
2019: Wendelin Van Draanen, Acht Wochen Wüste (Wild Bird)
2020: Alan Gratz, Vor uns das Meer  Drei Jugendliche, drei Jahrzehnte, eine Hoffnung (Refugee)
2021: Malene Sølvsten, Ansuz – Das Flüstern der Raben
Passage 6:
Balarama (elephant)
Balarama (c  1956 – 7 May 2023) was the lead elephant of the Mysore Dasara procession and carried the idol of goddess Chamundeshwari on the fabled Golden Howdah thirteen times between 1999 and 2011  Balarama was a bull born about 1958 and was accompanied in the procession by other Dasara Elephants  Of the many (about 16) elephants participating, Balarama was one of the star attractions when he carried on his back the sacred idol of goddess Chamundeshwari in the 750 kilograms (1,650 lb) golden howdah on the auspicious 10th day of Dasara celebrations 

History
Balarama was captured in 1987 in the Kattepura forest near Somwarpet, in the Kodagu region of Karnataka  Balarama has taken part in the Dasara procession since 1994, carrying the golden howdah  A very silent bull (against the norm for elephants), he was said to be an introvert, and had to have special training so he could withstand the firing of cannons that occurs during the festival He succeeded Drona as the carrier of the Golden Howdah 
Balarama was not the first choice to carry the Howdah after Drona  Elephant Arjuna, a 44-year-old bull weighing 5,600 kilograms (12,300 lb) was supposed to be the carrier of the howdah, but was sidelined for accidentally killing a Mahout  One day, Arjuna went to bathe in a river with elephant Bahadur and Bahadur's trainer Annayya  While crossing a road, the elephants were startled by a vehicle and in the chaos that ensued, the rider Annayya fell down to the ground, only to be stamped on the head by Arjuna  He was crushed to death  People opined that an elephant that had killed a man was unfit to carry the religious duties of Dasara  So Arjuna, while being as capable as Drona, was not given the honorable duty, though he did have the honour of carrying the Chinnada Ambari once before being replaced by Balarama  Balarama had been rested from the duty of carrying the Golden Howdah due to his reducing weight and has been succeeded by Arjuna  Balarama led the procession as the 'nishane aane' or the lead elephant 
Balarama's Mahout Sannappa once refused to mount Balarama after his family were stopped by the police from watching him ride during Dasara 
Balarama refused food given to him by anybody other than his Mahout  Balarama weighed about 4590 Kilograms and he conquered the hearts of human beings by his majestic looks and the silence that he possessed  He was looked after at the Morkal Elephant camp at Nagarahole national park and his previous mahout Sannappa has retired and his new master Thimma has taken over 
The 67-year-old elephant was critically ill and under the care of a veterinarians at the Bhimanakatte elephant camp in the Hunsur range of the Nagarhole park  Despite the efforts of the medical team, Balarama’s condition deteriorated  According to reports, Balarama had been recovering from an ulcer in his mouth but the veterinarian treating him suspected that he may have been suffering from tuberculosis  He died on 7 May 2023 

See also
List of individual elephants
Passage 7:
Justin Tranchita
Justin Chase Tranchita  (born June 22, 1981) is an American singer, songwriter, actor, and businessman  Born in Geneva, Illinois and raised in Princeton, Illinois  He achieved popularity by his recurring role on Game of Pawns and his music 

Life and career
Early life and career beginning
Justin was born to Joseph James Tranchita and Julee Ann Child in Geneva, Illinois, on June 22, 1981  His paternal grandfather was an immigrant from Marsala, Italy, while his mother was of Jewish and Irish ancestry  He has four elder siblings, Joe (born 1971), Julie (born 1974), Pam (born 1976) and Angie (born 1978) and four younger siblings, Jonathan (born 1983), Elliott (born 1990), Joshua (born 1995) and Marie (born 2000) 
He was raised in Princeton, Illinois just past the Red Covered bridge on a farm with animals surrounded by corn fields  He attended Princeton High school and played football for the school but due to his parents religious beliefs he was pulled out of attendance and home schooled after his sophomore year  Tranchita went on several humanitarian trips as a boy taking him all over America and twice to Israel  After his parents divorced his senior year in high school Tranchita had a crisis of faith and left Princeton  He later told the Bureau County Republican that "It was kind of a long road out of Princeton but it was the best place a kid could grow up  " Justin received a music scholarship to Greenville College and attended in 1999  In 2000 he dropped out of college and relocated to Branson , Missouri where he met Don Williams brother of American singer Andy Williams and Robert Vinton son of American singer Bobby Vinton  who helped Justin take the leap into a career in music and television 

Television and music
Tranchita starred on the television series Game of Pawns which airs on the Discovery Channel globally  The series was filmed in 2013 by High Noon Entertainment and is based on the goings on in a pawn shop in Branson, Missouri  Justin is joined by Scott Velvet and Brian Roman in this television game show which continues to run as re-runs in the United States and around the world on Discovery networks Recorded with producer and writer Steve Messer, the song "This is America" features lyrics about American politics  It first became noticed when the Ben Carson presidential campaign heard the song and decided to use it as their campaign song for 2016  Quickly after Ben Carson used the song it had commercial success by reaching number one on the Billboard Twitter Emerging Artist chart on November 28th, 2015 where it continued to stay on the chart for weeks  The song was controversial in nature and garnered mixed reviews, digg com said it was "one of the worste campaign songs of all time " Dan Fallon of digg com wrote "Props to Tranchita for almost getting the lyric "While governmental power tends to grow continuously" to not sound super awkward " Tranchita told The Guardian, "When I started to look into Ben Carson and what he stood for   people who have a faith – I identify with them because it does separate from people who do not ” Ben Carson personally thanked Justin for allowing him to use the song publicly in a statement to his Facebook followers, This is America returned to the number one spot again in 2016 after spending ten weeks on Billboards Emerging chart  This gave Tranchita a number one hit with the same song in two different years 

Discography
The Devil Song, (single)  (2012)
Cock of The Walk (2012)
This is America (single) (2015)
American Man 2016

Michigan State House Run
After the song "This is America" vaulted Tranchita into the political limelight he decided to run for the Michigan State House, district 32 in March of 2016  He was among Macomb County Republicans competing in state House races  Tranchita said the popularity of his song was responsible in part for his run, he told The Detroit News, "Millions of people have responded to [the song]    There's some angst, some anger, and people are feeling like their voices aren't heard  I feel that  I'm a blue-collar guy, not some elitist or crony that wants to be in the ruling class " After a very hard fought race Tranchita was narrowly defeated in his first ever political campaign by six percent in the August 2016 primary 
Passage 8:
Cock and Bull (book)
Cock and Bull is the title of a volume composed of two novellas by Will Self, which includes the stories Cock and Bull  The two stories are characterized by empty, emotionless, phatic sex; rape; cruelty; and violence  The book was originally published in 1992 by Bloomsbury 

Plot summaries
Cock
A woman grows a penis and then uses it to rape her tedious, alcoholic husband and his patronising, evangelical mentor from Alcoholics Anonymous  In the story's final twist, the woman comes into non-consensual contact with her violating member, and makes allusions to The Rime of the Ancient Mariner 

Bull
A sensitive rugby player-cum-writer for a small magazine grows a vagina behind his knee  His megalomaniacal general practitioner, having discovered the vagina during an examination, conceals it from Bull, telling him it was 'a burn and a wound', though later visits Bull at home, fixated on this popliteal yoni  The doctor, removing the bandages from the site, reveals the truth, and seduces Bull while he is traumatised and huddled beneath the sink 
Gender stereotypes are examined; much fun is made of modern literary criticism and its often clichéd takes on the gender debate 

Reviews
"In recounting such events, Mr  Self demonstrates an uncanny ability, similar to that displayed by Kafka in The Metamorphosis, to lend utterly absurd events an aura of verisimilitude by grounding the fantastic in the mundane  He possesses all those gifts a satiric writer might want: an eye for the telling detail, an ear for the pretensions of contemporary locution, an ability to write idiosyncratic prose that twinkles with cleverness and wit  Unfortunately, in this volume, these copious gifts are all too frequently put in the service of a misogynistic and ridiculously sophomoric vision  " Michiko Kakutani, The New York Times
Passage 9:
Will Self
William Woodard Self (born 26 September 1961) is an English author, journalist, political commentator and broadcaster  He has written 11 novels, five collections of shorter fiction, three novellas and nine collections of non-fiction writing  Self is currently Professor of Modern Thought at Brunel University London, where he teaches psychogeography His 2002 novel Dorian, an Imitation was longlisted for the Booker Prize, and his 2012 novel Umbrella was shortlisted  His fiction is known for being satirical, grotesque and fantastical, and is predominantly set within his home city of London  His writing often explores mental illness, drug abuse and psychiatry 
Self is a regular contributor to publications including The Guardian, Harper's Magazine, The New York Times and the London Review of Books  He currently writes a column for the New Statesman, and he has been a columnist for the Observer, The Times, and the Evening Standard  His columns for Building Design on the built environment, and for the Independent Magazine on the psychology of place brought him to prominence as a thinker concerned with the politics of urbanism 
Self is a regular contributor to British television, initially as a guest on comic panel shows such as Have I Got News for You  In 2002, Self replaced Mark Lamarr on the BBC comedy panel show Shooting Stars  for two series, but was himself replaced by comedian Jack Dee when the programme returned in 2008   He has since appeared on current affairs programmes such as Newsnight and Question Time  Self is a contributor to the BBC Radio 4 programme A Point of View, to which he contributes radio essays delivered in his familiar "lugubrious tones"  In 2013, Self took part in discussions about becoming the inaugural BBC Radio 4 Writer-in-Residence, but later withdrew 

Early life
Self was born in Charing Cross Hospital and brought up in North London, between the suburbs of East Finchley and Hampstead Garden Suburb  His parents were Peter John Otter Self, Professor of Public Administration at the London School of Economics, and Elaine Rosenbloom, from Queens, New York, who worked as a publisher's assistant  His paternal grandfather was Sir Albert Henry Self  Self spent a year living in Ithaca in upstate New York Self's parents separated when he was nine, and divorced when he was 18  Despite the intellectual encouragement given by his parents, he was an emotionally confused and self-destructive child, harming himself with cigarette ends and knives before beginning to experiment with drugs Self was a voracious reader from a young age  When he was 10, he developed an interest in works of science fiction such as Frank Herbert's Dune and the works of J  G  Ballard and Philip K  Dick  Into his teenage years, Self claimed to have been "overawed by the canon", which stifled his ability to express himself  Self's use of drugs increased in step with his prolific reading  He started smoking cannabis at the age of 12, progressing by way of amphetamines, cocaine and LSD to heroin, which he started injecting at 18  Self struggled with mental health issues during this period, and aged 20 became a hospital outpatient Self attended University College School, an independent school for boys in Hampstead  He later attended Christ's College, Finchley, from where he went to Exeter College, Oxford, reading Philosophy, Politics and Economics and graduated with a third class degree  At Oxford, he was editor of and frequent contributor to an underground left-wing student newspaper called Red Herring/Oxford Strumpet, copies of which are archived in the Bodleian Library 

Career
After graduating from Oxford, Self worked for the Greater London Council, including as a road sweeper, while residing in Brixton  He pursued a career as a cartoonist for the New Statesman and other publications and as a stand-up comedian  He moved to Gloucester Road around 1985  In 1986 he entered a treatment centre in Weston-super-Mare, where he claimed that his heroin addiction was cured  In 1989, "through a series of accidents", he "blagged" his way into running a small publishing company The publication of his short story collection The Quantity Theory of Insanity brought him to public attention in 1991  Self was hailed as an original new talent by Salman Rushdie, Doris Lessing, Beryl Bainbridge, A  S  Byatt and Bill Buford  In 1993, he was nominated by Granta magazine as one of the 20 "Best Young British Novelists"  Conversely, Self's second book, My Idea of Fun, was "mauled" by the critics Self joined the Observer as a columnist in 1995  He gained negative publicity in 1997 when he was sent to cover the election campaign of John Major and was caught by a rival journalist using heroin on the Prime Minister's jet; he was fired as a result  At the time, he argued "I'm a hack who gets hired because I do drugs"  He joined the Times as a columnist in 1997  In 1999 he left the Times to join the Independent on Sunday, which he left in 2002 for the Evening Standard He has made many appearances on British television, especially as a panellist on Have I Got News for You and as a regular on Shooting Stars  Since 2008 Self has appeared five times on Question Time  He stopped appearing in Have I Got News for You, stating the show had become a pseudo-panel show  Between 2003 and 2006, he was a regular contributor to the BBC2 television series Grumpy Old Men Since 2009, Self has written two alternating fortnightly columns for the New Statesman  The Madness of Crowds explores social phenomena and group behaviour, and in Real Meals he reviews high street food outlets  For a May 2014 article in The Guardian, he wrote: "the literary novel as an art work and a narrative art form central to our culture is indeed dying before our eyes", explaining in a July 2014 article that his royalty income had decreased "dramatically" over the previous decade  The July article followed the release of a study of the earnings of British authors that was commissioned by the Authors' Licensing and Collecting Society Self is a professor of Modern Thought at Brunel University London  He was appointed in 2012 

Literary style
According to M  Hunter Hayes, Self has given his reason for writing as follows: "I don't write fiction for people to identify with and I don't write a picture of the world they can recognise  I write to astonish people " "What excites me is to disturb the reader's fundamental assumptions  I want to make them feel that certain categories within which they are used to perceiving the world are unstable "When he was ten, he developed an interest in works of science fiction such as Frank Herbert's Dune and those of J  G  Ballard and Philip K  Dick  Self admires the work of J  G  Ballard, Alasdair Gray and Martin Amis  He has said that he previously admired William Burroughs but went off him  He has cited influences such as Jonathan Swift, Franz Kafka, Lewis Carroll and Joseph Heller as formative influences on his writing style  Other influences on his fiction include Hunter S  Thompson  Self credits Céline's book Journey to the End of the Night with inspiring him to write fiction Zack Busner is a recurring character in Self's fiction, appearing in the short story collections The Quantity Theory of Insanity, Grey Area and Dr  Mukti and Other Tales of Woe, as well as in the novels Great Apes, The Book of Dave, Umbrella and Shark  Busner is a psychiatrist and psychoanalyst practising in London, and is prone to self-promotion at the expense of his patients  He is often the antagonist of the stories he appears in, although not always with villainous intent 
Among Self's admirers was the American critic Harold Bloom  Journalist Stuart Maconie has described him as "that rarity in modern cultural life, a genuine intellectual with a bracing command of words and ideas who is also droll, likeable and culturally savvy "

Political views
In the 2015 UK general election Self voted Labour in a general election for the first time since 1997  In May 2015, he wrote in The Guardian: "No, I'm no longer a socialist if to be one is to believe that a socialist utopia is attainable by some collective feat of will – but I remain a socialist, if 'socialism' is to be understood as an antipathy to vested interests and privileges neither deserved nor earned, and a strong desire for a genuinely egalitarian society " In March 2017, he wrote in the New Statesman: "Nowadays I think in terms of compassionate pragmatism: I'll leave socialism to Žižek and the other bloviators "In July 2015 Self endorsed Jeremy Corbyn's campaign in the Labour Party leadership election  He said during a Channel 4 News interview that Corbyn represents a useful ideological divide within Labour, and could lead to the formation of a schism in the party Self is a republican 

Personal life
Self's mother died in 1988  He was married from 1989 to 1997 to Kate Chancellor  They have two children, a son, Alexis, and a daughter, Madeleine  They lived together in a terraced house just off the Portobello Road  In 1997, Self married journalist Deborah Orr, with whom he has sons Ivan and Luther  In 2017, Orr and Self separated, and Self was living in a rented flat in Stockwell  Orr died on 20 October 2019 
Self has stated that he has abstained from drugs, except for caffeine and nicotine, since 1998  He sent his younger children to private schools after they experienced bullying at state schools in Lambeth Self was diagnosed with the blood disease Polycythaemia vera in 2011 He has described himself as a psychogeographer and modern flâneur, and has written about walks he has taken  In December 2006, he walked 26 miles (42 kilometres) from his home in South London to Heathrow Airport  Upon arriving at Kennedy Airport he walked 20 miles (32 kilometres) from there to Manhattan  In August 2013, Self wrote of his anger following an incident in which he was stopped and questioned by police in Yorkshire while out walking with his 11-year-old son, on suspicion of being a paedophile  The police were alerted by a security guard at Bishop Burton College  He had asked the security guard for permission to cross the school grounds In September 2018 Self was accused of "mental cruelty" by Orr in relation to their divorce, in a series of posts on Twitter Self has discussed his Jewish heritage and its impact on his identity  In 2006, Self  'resigned' as a Jew as a protest against the Israeli invasion of Lebanon  In 2018 he stated in an interview with the BBC that he had rethought his position, due to the resurgence of anti-Semitism in Britain Self is 6 feet 5 inches (196 cm) tall, collects vintage typewriters and smokes a pipe  His brother is the author and journalist Jonathan Self Self became a vegetarian in 2019 

Legacy
In 2016, the British Library acquired Self's archive; the collection is a hybrid archive of paper and born-digital material  The Papers of Will Self are divided into two parts: family papers and personal and literary papers  The papers can be accessed through the British Library catalogue 

Awards
1991: Geoffrey Faber Memorial Prize for The Quantity Theory of Insanity
1998: Aga Khan Prize for Fiction from The Paris Review for Tough Tough Toys for Tough Tough Boys
2008: Bollinger Everyman Wodehouse Prize for Comic Fiction for The Butt

Works
Novels
Cock and Bull (1992)
My Idea of Fun (1993)
The Sweet Smell of Psychosis (illustrated novella) (1996)
Great Apes (1997)
How the Dead Live (2000)
Dorian, an Imitation (2002)
The Book of Dave (2006)
The Butt (2008)
Walking to Hollywood (2010)
Umbrella (2012)
Shark (2014)
Phone (2017)

Short story collections
The Quantity Theory of Insanity (1991)
Grey Area (1994)
Tough, Tough Toys for Tough, Tough Boys (1998)
Dr  Mukti and Other Tales of Woe (2004)
Liver: A Fictional Organ with a Surface Anatomy of Four Lobes (2008)
The Undivided Self: Selected Stories (2010)

Non-fiction
Self has also compiled several books of work from his newspaper and magazine columns which mix interviews with counter-culture figures, restaurant reviews and literary criticism 

Junk Mail (1996)
Perfidious Man (2000) photography by David M  Gamble
Sore Sites (2000)
Feeding Frenzy (2001)
Psychogeography (2007)
Psycho Too (2009)
The Unbearable Lightness of Being a Prawn Cracker (2012)
Will (2019)
Why Read: Selected Writings 2001-2021 (2022)

Television
The Minor Character – Self's short story was turned into a short film on Sky Arts which starred David Tennant as "Will" 
Passage 10:
Guilherme Marchi
Guilherme Marchi (pronounced Gih-lare-mee Mar-kee) (born July 22, 1982) is a Brazilian former professional rodeo cowboy who specialized in bull riding, and competed in the Professional Bull Riders (PBR) circuit  He was the 2008 PBR World Champion 

Background
Marchi is 6 feet 0 inches (1 83 m) tall and weighs 198 pounds (90 kg)  He is from Leme, São Paulo, and is of Italian descent on his father's side  He rode his bulls right-handed  His special interests include soccer, team roping, and surfing 

Career
Marchi competed very briefly in the Championship Bull Riding (CBR) tour in 2004 before joining the PBR full-time  He debuted late in the Built Ford Tough Series (BFTS) season that year, qualifying for his first-ever PBR World Finals and finishing 41st in the world  After finishing in the runner-up position for the PBR World Championship in three consecutive years, he won his world title in 2008  Statistically, Marchi was one of the most consistent riders on the tour  He would go on to qualify for the World Finals all 15 years of his PBR career (2004 to 2018) In 2005, Guilherme Marchi was the biggest threat to Justin McBride’s dream of being the PBR World Champion  McBride won, Marchi came in second  However, Marchi was the PBR World Finals event champion that year  
In 2006, during one of the last few regular-season BFTS events before the World Finals, Marchi won $90,000 by successfully riding Scene of the Crash in the Mossy Oak Shootout in Greensboro, North Carolina  At the World Finals, Marchi once again failed to win when fellow Brazilian Adriano Moraes came from behind to claim the PBR world championship, with Marchi placing second  
Yet again, in 2007, Marchi finished the season in the number two position behind Justin McBride at the PBR World Finals in Las Vegas In 2008, Marchi dominated the PBR circuit, riding nearly 75% of his bulls, winning five events, and earning over $1 5 million (nearly three times as much as any other PBR rider) on his way to his PBR world championship title and the $1 million bonus that went with it In March 2014, in the opening round of the BFTS event in Phoenix, Arizona, Marchi became the first bull rider to successfully complete 500 qualified rides in the PBR, riding Pandora’s Pyxis On April 8, 2017, Marchi rode Shocker for 86 25 points in Round 2 of the BFTS event in Billings, Montana  In doing so, he became the first PBR rider to reach 600 qualified rides and received a commemorative belt buckle On August 12, 2018, Marchi announced that 2018 would be his final year of bull riding, with the intention of retiring after the PBR World Finals  He finished his professional career with 635 qualified rides (the most ever in PBR history), 36 PBR event wins, and over $5 3 million in career earnings Marchi officially retired from bull riding following his victory at the 2018 PBR Brazil event in Goiânia, Goiás In 2023, Marchi became the assistant coach to head coach J W  Hart of the Kansas City Outlaws; one of eight bull riding teams of the PBR’s Team Series, which debuted the previous year and holds events in the United States from the summer through autumn  Marchi will also work on the team’s recruiting and development efforts for riders in Brazil 

Honors
On November 5, 2019, Marchi was inducted into the PBR Ring of Honor On May 14, 2022, Marchi was inducted into the Bull Riding Hall of Fame 

Personal
On April 19, 2018, Marchi married long-time girlfriend Maria in Texas  She is his second wife  They have a son  Marchi also has two other children, a daughter and son, from his first wife, Patricia  All of his children were born in the United States  While competing in the U S  PBR circuit, Marchi lived in Ferris, Texas  After retiring from bull riding, he moved back to Brazil with his family 
Context 3: From 1977 to 1982, he was a visiting lecturer in journalism at RMIT University, Melbourne  During this time, he continued writing for newspapers across Australia with a particular focus on horse racing In 1984, Carlyon returned to an executive role in journalism with his first employer, the Herald and Weekly Times, where he was promoted to editor-in-chief   After resigning in 1986, Carlyon again continued as a freelance writer and columnist during the 1990s, contributing to such publications as the Sydney Morning Herald, Western Australia's The Sunday Times and The Bulletin Carlyon twice won the Walkley Award for journalism (1971 and 2004)  In 1993, he won the Graham Perkin Australian Journalist of the Year Award 

Books
In addition to his career as a journalist, Carlyon was also an accomplished author writing mainly on sport and Australian military history  His books include:

Carlyon, Les (1996)  True Grit: Tales from a Decade on the Turf  Mandarin  ISBN 9781863306065 
Carlyon, Les (1998)  Heroes in our eyes  Information Australia  ISBN 9781863502467 
Carlyon, Les (2001)  Gallipoli  Macmillan Australia  ISBN 9781743534229 
Carlyon, Les (2006)  The Great War  Picador Australia  ISBN 9780330424967 
Carlyon, Les (2011)  The Master: A personal portrait of Bart Cummings  Macmillan Australia  ISBN 9781742628837 
Carlyon, Les (2021)  Les Carlyon: A Life in Words  Allen and Unwin Australia  ISBN 9781760879723 Gallipoli, a popular history of the Allied Gallipoli campaign in the Dardanelles during the First World War (which remains a key event in the Australian and New Zealand national consciousnesses), was published in 2001, and met with critical and commercial success in Australia, New Zealand and England  The book was the basis for the Australian 2015 TV miniseries Gallipoli, released in the year of the 100th anniversary of the campaign The Great War is the story of Australian forces on the Western Front in France and Belgium also during World War I Les Carlyon: A Life in Words, published posthumously, is a collection of Carlyon's articles from across his career, selected by his family and with a foreword by his son, Patrick Carlyon 

Awards
In the 2014 Queen's Birthday Honours List, Carlyon was invested as a Companion of the Order of Australia (AC), for "eminent service to literature through the promotion of the national identity as an author, editor and journalist, to the understanding and appreciation of Australia's war history, and to the horseracing industry" He was admitted to the Australian Media Hall of Fame He served as a Member of the Council of the Australian War Memorial from May 2006 until his death (he was replaced by Tony Abbott)  In April 2020, the Australian War Memorial announced the inaugural Les Carlyon Literary Prize in his memory 

Awards
Walkley Award for magazine feature writing 1971
Graham Perkin Australian Journalist of the Year Award 1993
Walkley Award for journalism leadership 2004
Melbourne Press Club Quill Award for Lifetime Achievement 2004
Prime Minister's Prize for History 2007 (for The Great War)
Companion of the Order of Australia (AC) 2014

Death
Carlyon's death, aged 76, on 4 March 2019 was widely reported 
Passage 6:
2014 Sydney hostage crisis
The Lindt Café siege was a terrorist attack that occurred on 15–16 December 2014 when a lone gunman, Man Haron Monis, held hostage ten customers and eight employees of a Lindt Chocolate Café in the APA Building in Martin Place, Sydney, Australia 
The Sydney siege led to a 16-hour standoff, after which a gunshot was heard from inside and police officers from the Tactical Operations Unit (TOU) stormed the café  Hostage Tori Johnson was killed by Monis and hostage Katrina Dawson was killed by a police bullet ricochet in the subsequent raid  Monis was also killed  Three other hostages and a police officer were injured by police gunfire during the raid Police have been criticised over their handling of the siege for not taking proactive action earlier, for the deaths of hostages at the end of the siege, and for the lack of negotiation during the siege  Hostage Marcia Mikhael called radio station 2GB during the siege and said, "They have not negotiated, they've done nothing  They have left us here to die "Early on, hostages were seen holding a Jihadist flag against the window of the café, featuring the shahādah creed  Initially, many media organisations mistook it for the flag used by the Islamic State (IS); Monis later demanded that an IS flag be brought to him  Monis also unsuccessfully demanded to speak to the Prime Minister of Australia, Tony Abbott, live on radio  Monis was described by Abbott as having indicated a "political motivation," but the eventual assessment was that the gunman was "a very unusual case—a rare mix of extremism, mental health problems and plain criminality "In the aftermath of the siege, Muslim groups issued a joint statement in which they condemned the incident, and memorial services were held in the city at the nearby St Mary's Cathedral and St James' Church  Condolence books were set up in other Lindt cafés and the community turned Martin Place into a "field of flowers " The Martin Place Lindt café was severely damaged during the police raid, closed afterwards, then renovated for reopening in March 2015 In October 2022, the TOU officer who shot and killed Monis during the police storming of the Lindt Café published a memoir entitled 'Tiger! Tiger! Tiger! Tiger! The Lindt Café Siege: The incredible inside story of two days that traumatised a nation: And one man's journey of resilience and hope '

Events
Prior to event
An anonymous call was made to Australia's anti-terrorism hotline 48 hours before the siege, raising concerns about the content of Monis's website  On his website, Monis had pledged allegiance to "the caliph of the Muslims", believed to be referring to Islamic State leader Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi, and denounced moderate Islam  It has been reported that the Australian Security Intelligence Organisation followed up on the call by reviewing the website and Monis's posts on social media but found nothing to indicate that he was likely to commit an act of violence 

Hostage-taking and negotiations
Monis entered the Lindt Chocolate Café at 53 Martin Place, Sydney, at 8:33 am Sydney local time (AEDT) on 15 December 2014 (UTC+11)  The café is located directly across from the Seven News television studios, and near the Reserve Bank of Australia, the headquarters of the Commonwealth Bank, Westpac bank, and Martin Place underground train station 
The situation began at 9:44 am, when Monis forced Tori Johnson, the manager of the café, to phone 000 Monis was bearded, wearing a black cap and wearing a black headband with the inscription, in Arabic: "We are ready to sacrifice for you, O Mohammad " He was carrying a blue sports bag, and armed with a sawed-off pump-action shotgun 
The shotgun was old but could fire four shots in five seconds Monis used hostages as human shields  He had disabled the automatic sliding glass doors of the café Monis claimed there were four "devices" located around Sydney  However, New South Wales Police Commissioner Andrew Scipione said that none of the alleged devices were found during investigations  Monis also demanded that a hostage ask all media to broadcast that "this is an attack on Australia by the Islamic State"  In addition, he demanded that an Islamic State flag be delivered to him, although the request was never fulfilled Hostages were ordered to hold up a Black Standard flag, with the shahādah in white Arabic letters (an Islamic creed declaring: "There is no God but Allah, and Muhammad is the messenger of God"), against the window of the café  Some news reports initially mistook it for the flag used by the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant (ISIL) Monis demanded to speak to the Australian Prime Minister live on radio, but this demand was rejected  This was relayed by hostage Marcia Mikhael, who said that she "lost it" when told that the Prime Minister was too busy, saying, "I don't care what [Abbott] is doing right now   I'm sure there's nothing more important happening in Australia   than the lives of the people in this café   "Mamdouh Habib said he knew Monis well and offered to help police negotiate with him  He believed that Monis was "sick and disturbed" over his failure to gain access to his children, and said Monis could trust him to get his message out  Lawyer Manny Conditsis had represented Monis and had also offered help because he said that Monis respected what he had to say to him  Barrister Michael Klooster who had met Monis in the cafe before the siege called the police at 2:17 pm  Other Muslim leaders also offered to help, including the Grand Mufti of Australia, Ibrahim Abu Mohamed 
All such offers were rejected by police because they had no control over what the untrained negotiators might say or do  However, Mikhael said that after the request to speak to the Prime Minister was refused: "It was then that I knew that there was not going to be any negotiation and we were just left there     They were waiting for him to kill someone or shoot something so they [could] come in     There was nothing proactive about that operation, nothing "Belinda Neil, who was a negotiator for the NSW police, said that in negotiations, "[W]e want to try and talk to the hostage-taker     [W]e want to find out why he's there, why is he doing this, and we don't just go into this situation hoping to resolve it in half an hour " This approach would be consistent with the Behavioral Change Stairway Model  However, Mikhael stated that no such negotiation took place  Habib said that he called both the police and the Attorney General twice during the raid, but they did not return his calls  Police Commissioner Andrew Scipione confirmed during the siege that "we're not dealing directly with him     we do not have direct contact with the offender "Several hostages made contact with media outlets and relayed Monis's demands to them  At the request of the New South Wales Police Force, they were not published during the siege  The social media profiles of the hostages were also used to relay demands At 1:43 am Tori Johnson texted his family "He's [Monis] increasingly agitated, walks around when he hears a noise outside with a hostage in front of him  Wants to release one person in good faith, tell police " This was conveyed to the police 10 minutes later During the early stages of the siege, the Australian government and NSW authorities did not label the event as a terrorist attack; however, as the siege continued, NSW police authorised the engagement of the state's counter-terrorism task force, treating the incident as an act of terrorism 

Escape of first five hostages
At around 3:37 pm, two hostages, John O'Brien and barrister Stefan Balafoutis, escaped from the front entrance of the building, followed by a third hostage, café employee Paolo Vassallo, who ran out from a fire exit at the side of the building  At around 4:58 pm, two female hostages, both employees, Jieun Bae and Elly Chen, escaped by running from another entrance of the building and were met by Tactical Operations Unit officers Monis was unaware that Jieun Bae and Elly Chen had escaped  Jarrod Morton-Hoffman made noise to cover their exit and persuaded Monis that media reports of five hostages escaping were wrong  After the escape, Monis threatened to kill hostages Police planted a covert listening device in the café during the night  At one point, the device picked up Monis saying that he wanted to kill any escaping hostages 

Raid and end of the siege
At 2:03 am on 16 December, a "very loud bang" was heard as Monis shot towards six hostages fleeing from the building  At 2:11 am Monis fired a shot towards the kitchen, and was heard on the police listening device reloading his shotgun  The hostage Fiona Ma then escaped through the front door, and two police Tactical Operations Unit teams were ordered to move very slowly towards the two entrances At 2:14 am, four minutes after the Tactical operations teams were ordered in, Monis shot Tori Johnson in the back of the head, killing him  The shooting was witnessed by a police sniper, who reported a hostage down  Police armed with M4A1 carbines threw eleven stun grenades as they stormed the café 
Monis was shot in the head  An officer reported that "I watched the (gun's) laser     from the centre of his chest go to his head and his head exploded and he fell"  One officer then fired a total of 17 rounds, and another officer fired 5 additional rounds  Some fragments of those rounds killed hostage Katrina Dawson Police declared the siege over soon after, later confirming that Monis was killed in the raid  Two hostages had died, and another three were injured by police bullets  One police officer, whose face was grazed by a police bullet, was discharged from hospital later in the day At the inquest, Counsel assisting the coroner, Jeremy Gormley SC, said, "No shot fired by Mr Monis, other than the one that struck and killed Mr Johnson, struck anyone " Mitchell McAlister, who was a tactical assaulter with 2nd Commando Tactical Assault Group questioned the police use of M4A1 carbines with 5 56mm NATO rounds that could have "dangerous effects in a dense and enclosed environment " It was also unclear why 22 shots were fired by police, of which 13 hit Monis 

Flag raids
At around 2:00 pm on 15 December, police contacted Rebecca Kay, a member of the Muslim community, and asked her to help source an ISIS flag for Monis  Kay contacted many people in the Muslim community but ultimately the police sourced their own flag  However, the flag was never given to Monis The following day, NSW and federal police raided three homes of people who had been contacted in the attempt to source the flag  Kay assumes that her conversations had been monitored  Kay said she would help police in another crisis, but "with this incident they have not built trust at all  You don't understand   the fear that [the AFP and ASIO] create, and how they stalk   members of our community   " Lawyer Zali Burrows questioned the purpose of the police contacting Kay in the first place, stating, "Why didn't they just print [a flag]?"

Police strategy
The police followed a "contain and negotiate" strategy which was to avoid any direct action unless a hostage was killed or injured  They decided that this strategy could deliver a "peaceful negotiated outcome" because Monis had not harmed any hostages, despite having threatened to do so  Monis had also not reacted violently to the escape of five hostages on two separate occasions, or due to none of his demands being met  Further, Monis claimed to have a bomb, and "if the bomb was triggered, all of those inside the cafe and those attempting a rescue were not likely to survive"  At 8:20 pm and again at 11:35 pm, the head of the tactical operations unit attempted to persuade the other commanders to take a "deliberate action" plan and storm the cafe but this was overruled by other commanders and Assistant Commissioner Mark Jenkins due to the danger to the hostages and police 
Police snipers could not be used due to "the narrow windows, the moving around of Monis, the risk to hostages if there was a missed shot, (and) the position of the snipers behind glass" At 11 am, Operational Commander Mick Fuller approved negotiations for the release of half of the 18 hostages in return for Monis being allowed to talk on ABC radio  However, the negotiation commander decided not to do so because it conflicted with a standing policy to not negotiate with terrorists The first negotiator was not told that the Grand Mufti of Australia and a barrister who represented Monis had offered to help negotiate with Monis  He only found out about Monis's demand for the ABC to broadcast that Australia was under attack after a Facebook post from one of the hostages was read out on radio 2GB  Monis had also demanded that the Christmas lights be turned off  The first negotiator thought that doing this would have provided an opportunity to bargain with Monis, but did not hear back from commanders as to whether it was possible so "discarded" the option He was then relieved by a second negotiator, but did not tell him about the demand that the Christmas lights be turned off  Hostage Selina Win Pe told the second negotiator Monis wanted to know why it hadn't happened  It was later revealed an Ausgrid team had assembled to switch off the lights, but was sent home A third negotiator later said that he did not have the Christmas lights turned off because he had some reason to know that Monis would not carry through his threat to kill Win Pe  He said there was some "step-by-step" process to have the hostages released (after nineteen hours)  Jenkins says he would have liked the Christmas lights turned off quickly, and was unaware that this had been found to be possible  Jenkins was also not told about the Johnson text near the end of the siege that Monis wanted to release a hostage The negotiation team leader did not think Monis would hurt anyone because Monis had told people inside the cafe that everyone would go home once Prime Minister Tony Abbott called  The team leader later conceded that Abbott was never going to call  Forensic advice given to the police by an unnamed consultant psychiatrist was that Monis was probably undertaking a grandiose act to be recognised as a figure of great infamy rather than wishing to hurt anyone  He doubted that Monis actually represented ISIS because he did not have the correct flag, nor that his actions were politically motivated  The psychiatrist warned that "a wounded narcissist is a dangerous specimen" as none of Monis's demands were met 

Timeline of events
Hostages
Authorities did not release an estimate of the number of hostages inside the café during the siege  After the siege, a total of 18 hostages was confirmed—eight staff and ten customers of the café including lawyers and Westpac employees with offices close by  Initial estimates varied, with some significantly overestimating the number Tori Johnson, the 34-year-old manager of the café, died after being shot in the head by Monis 
Katrina Dawson, a 38-year-old barrister, was killed when she was hit by seven police bullet fragments while lying behind a chair, which was hit by 10 bullets Three hostages and a police officer were wounded by police gunfire during the raid  The three hostages were Marcia Mikhael, who was shot in the leg; Robyn Hope, a 75-year-old woman who was shot in the shoulder; and Louisa Hope, her 52-year-old daughter, who was shot in the foot 
All three were in a stable condition after treatment  Paolo Vassallo, one of the five hostages who initially escaped the scene, was hospitalised for a pre-existing condition 
The other hostages were identified as John O'Brien, Stefan Balafoutis, Elly Chen, Jieun Bae, Harriette Denny, Viswakanth Ankireddy, Joel Herat, Fiona Ma, Jarrod Hoffman, Puspendu Ghosh, Selina Win Pe, and Julie Taylor Memorial services for Johnson and Dawson were held on 23 December: Johnson's in the morning at St Stephen's Uniting Church, Sydney, and Dawson's in the afternoon in the Great Hall of the University of Sydney  Interviews with some of the hostages were later recorded for television and broadcast, amid some controversy 

Evacuations and closures
After the siege began, a staged exclusion zone was established with thousands of people evacuated from nearby buildings, including from the floors above the café  The Sydney Opera House was evacuated after a suspicious package was found; however, reports were unconfirmed by police  The US Consulate General in Sydney, located in Martin Place, was also evacuated  Some Sydney schools were put in "white level lockout" due to the hostage situation, which meant that no school group was permitted to leave the school grounds Police advised people in the area bounded by Hunter, George, Elizabeth, and Macquarie streets, bordering Martin Place, to remain indoors and away from windows  Commonwealth Bank, Westpac, and ANZ closed their CBD branches for the day  The State Library was also closed  Numerous other buildings, including David Jones stores, executive offices for the New South Wales Parliament, criminal courts for the Supreme Court, the Downing Centre, and "several city legal chambers" were evacuated, as were the facilities of the Seven Network, situated directly across from the café, forcing The Morning Show to suspend transmission  Police established an emergency centre in nearby Hyde Park in response to the unfolding situation with emergency services sent to the area to respond to any immediate threats and evacuees were relocated to the park as a safety precaution Trains did not stop at Martin Place railway station during the incident  Transport for NSW advised people to stay away from the CBD  Road closures prevented southbound access to the Cahill Expressway, York Street, and Harbour Street, and northbound access to the Cahill Expressway, and all traffic was diverted to the Sydney Harbour Tunnel  On the morning of 16 December, road diversions remained in place and Martin Place train station remained closed  In the evening of 16 December, Elizabeth Street, Macquarie Street and Hunter Street were opened to traffic Uber fares for travel in Sydney surged during the event under the company's dynamic pricing system, which led to criticism  Uber subsequently refunded excessive fares and provided free rides out of the CBD 

Gunman
Iranian-born Monis was identified as the hostage-taker and named early on the morning of 16 December In September 2009, Monis was convicted for criminal use of the postal service to "menace, harass or cause offence", for a campaign protesting the presence of Australian troops in Afghanistan, by writing letters to the families of soldiers killed there, in which he called the soldiers murderers  On 12 December, three days before the siege, Monis lost his appeal against his conviction and was sentenced to 300 hours of community service  Monis had been charged with accessory to murder relating to the death of his former wife who was found stabbed eighteen times, and set alight, on 21 April 2013 at a unit block in Werrington



ground_truth: 1961

prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: Who was the gunman of the hostage crisis which Chris Reason was awarded the Graham Perkin Australian Journalist of the Year Award for his coverage of?

The following are given passages.
Context 3:  However, on 12 December 2013, Magistrate William Pierce said "It is a weak case" and granted Monis bail  In November 2016, Amirah Droudis was found guilty, in a judge-only trial, of the murder of Monis's ex-wife and sentenced to 44 years' jail Monis also had numerous charges of sexual assault, aggravated indecent assault, and common assault  On 14 April 2014, Monis was charged with three sexual assault offences against a woman and remanded in custody  He was granted bail on 26 May, six days after the Bail Act in New South Wales was rewritten based on recommendations by the New South Wales Law Reform Commission  On 10 October, he was charged with another 40 sexual assault offences against six more women, and his bail was continued Jeremy Gormly SC, counsel assisting the inquest, summarised Monis as "a complex, disturbed individual desperate for recognition and status but completely lacking the skills or achievements to bring that dream to life"  Gormly summarised that "Monis could be plausible, courteous and controlled, but he was also almost entirely consumed in his own self-importance      By 2014, he owned no property, was in debt, and had developed no employment skills  His attempts to develop a personal, religious following     had failed      He was facing future serious criminal charges    he had made no public impact of note on the Australian political scene"  Monis may have felt that he had "little left to live for" No weapons were found when police raided his home in 2013  From 1997 to 2000, Monis held a security guard licence, which would have let him carry a pistol between March and June 1997  The weapon that Monis used, a sawn-off French-made Manufrance La Salle pump-action shotgun, was more than 50 years old  Police believe the weapon was imported in the 1950s, when no registration was required  Monis had 23 shotgun cartridges of different brands on him, between 15 and 20 years old 

Reactions
Leaders
The Prime Minister convened the National Security Committee of Cabinet to give briefings on the situation and said "Australians should be reassured that our law enforcement and security agencies are well trained and equipped and are responding in a thorough and professional manner " He later said, "The whole point of politically motivated violence is to scare people out of being themselves  Australia is a peaceful, open, and generous society  Nothing should ever change that and that's why I would urge all Australians today to go about their business as usual", and "Australians should be reassured by the way our law enforcement and security agencies responded to this brush with terrorism "The Premier of New South Wales, Mike Baird, addressed the media during the stand-off, and stated "we are being tested today    in Sydney  The police are being tested, the public is being tested, but whatever the test we will face it head on and we will remain a strong democratic, civil society  I have full confidence in the Police Commissioner and the incredible work of the NSW police force The Lord Mayor of Sydney, Clover Moore, on the morning of 16 December, urged Australians to see this as a "one-off event", stating, "We're an inclusive multicultural community and we need to deal with this together"  Governor-General of Australia, Sir Peter Cosgrove, released a statement sympathising with the families, commending the work of the police involved, and urging Australians to "unite in our resolve to protect what we value most—our way of life, our care and respect for each other" 

Community
Thousands of people visited the site in the first few days after the incident to pay tribute to the victims  Among them were members of the families of Dawson and Johnson  Johnson's father was accompanied by rabbis Levi Wolff and Zalmen Kastel, Hindu priest Pandit Ramachandra, the Reverend Bill Crews and Sheikh Wesam Charkawi  Dawson's young daughter left her own note 
Flags on all NSW government buildings, including the Sydney Harbour Bridge, flew at half-mast to honour the hostages who lost their lives at the café A magistrate who had granted Monis bail and the lawyers who had represented him in his court appearances received death threats in the days after the attack  This reaction was described by the Bar Association as "understandable but wrong-headed", as magistrates have to deal with cases as they come before them on the basis of the law at the time 

#illridewithyou campaign
During and immediately following the incident, some in the community expressed concern about an increased potential for violence or intimidation directed at Muslims in Australia  For example, the head of the Australian Muslim Women's Association told the media there was an increase in anti-Muslim messages being posted on social media  Due to this concern among some local social media users, many started using the hashtag #illridewithyou [I'll ride with you]  This sought to offer solidarity and emotional support to Muslims travelling alone on public transport by people tweeting their bus/train route and suggesting that they would be willing to "ride with" anyone who might feel threatened  More than 150,000 people indicated their support of the concept by using the hashtag  The campaign was initially inspired by a Facebook status update about offering to walk with a woman who had removed her head covering  The campaign received international attention, including from United States President Barack Obama, although federal National Party member of Parliament George Christensen criticised the campaign for creating "false victims" out of Muslims and thereby taking attention away from the hostages 

"Field of flowers"
On the morning of 16 December, after police declared the crisis to be over, a makeshift memorial began to take shape in Martin Place  From the first bunch of lilies, tributes developed into a field of flowers that "you can smell before you can see" and which was extensively reported and photographed  The Prime Minister and NSW Premier were among many in the community to lay flowers at the memorial in a demarcated space  Flowers were also taken to suburban Lindt shops 
Volunteers from the Rural Fire Service, the State Emergency Service and the Red Cross began clearing the flowers on 22 December after consultation with the families, because rain was expected  It was announced that the condolence books would be bound in several volumes and one complete copy provided to each family  The messages on the many cards were to be digitised  During the week after the siege, it was estimated that 110,000 bouquets were laid at Martin Place 

Religious organisations
During the siege, Sanier Dandan, president of the Lebanese Muslim Association, informed ABC News that Australian Muslim leaders were meeting online for discussions as to how the Muslim community could help with the situation  He added, "Regardless, we have a hostage situation  Whether he is someone who belongs to the Australian Muslim community or not, we are still waiting for information to be provided by police and based on that if there's something the Muslim community can do or assist, we are there "
Ibrahim Abu Mohamed, the Grand Mufti of Australia, condemned the incident in a statement released on 15 December  The same afternoon, around fifty Muslim groups issued a joint statement in which they condemned the incident  The Australian Ahmadiyya Muslim Association condemned the incident, the national president saying that "such actions are criminal and totally contrary to the teachings of Islam " Egypt's Grand Mufti Shawqi Allam also condemned the attack 
In Martin Place, the 2014 traditional Hanukkah menorah presented a message of support: "May the lights of the festival of Hanukkah bring comfort and warmth to our nation" The Catholic Archbishop of Sydney, Anthony Fisher, invoked the special prayers in the Roman Missal from the "Mass in times of civil disturbance" and a memorial service was held at St Mary's Cathedral, on the morning of 19 December St James' Church, which had been within the exclusion zone, held a "Service of Remembrance and Reflection" on the afternoon of 19 December  The service was attended by about 400 people, most of them members of the legal profession 

International
During the siege, a spokesman for the Canadian Minister of Foreign Affairs, John Baird, said, "We urge all Canadians in Sydney to use extra precaution and limit their movements as authorities handle this situation "Iran Foreign Ministry spokeswoman, Marzieh Afkham, strongly condemned the taking of hostages as "inhuman" and also stated that the Australian authorities had been repeatedly warned about Monis United States President Barack Obama called the Prime Minister to express his condolences on behalf of the United States  According to the White House, Obama praised the "Australian public's embrace of #illridewithyou and the Muslim leaders who have disavowed the actions of the hostage taker", and "Australia's rejection of any violence taken in the name of religion and the fear this violence seeks to stoke " The President also conveyed the United States' willingness to provide assistance in the aftermath of the situation  United States Secretary of State, John Kerry, said the United States stood ready to provide Australia with any assistance required in "determining the facts of the case, assisting the victims and holding accountable anyone and everyone responsible for this act of terror"  Citing this event, the United States issued a global travel alert to its citizens, to be alert for possible terrorist attacks within public venues New Zealand Prime Minister John Key, Canadian Prime Minister Stephen Harper, Indian Prime Minister Narendra Modi, UK Prime Minister David Cameron, and Malaysian Prime Minister Najib Razak also expressed their concern about the incident  In addition, the Israeli embassy in Australia stated that it stood with Australia in the face of terror 

Charitable foundations
Following the two deaths during the hostage situation, the Katrina Dawson Foundation was established, with the aim of supporting educational opportunities for women  The then Governor-General Quentin Bryce was a founding member  At his parents' request, a memorial fund for Johnson was used to raise money for mental health organisation Beyond Blue  The first donation, of $51,000, came from Lindt Australia 

Terrorist organizations
Two weeks after the siege, Dabiq, a magazine published by the ISIL editorialised on Monis's actions and attempted to claim him as one of their own, in a response that an expert described as "absolutely predictable"  The magazine lauded Monis's actions and their effect on the city  The al Qaeda-produced magazine Inspire also praised Monis's actions 

Investigations
A number of organisations announced formal investigations 
Police investigations include a "critical incident" investigation undertaken by NSW police; headed by Detective Inspector Angelo Memmolo and an enquiry conducted by the Australian Federal Police Federal and state governments announced a joint review to be led by Michael Thawley from the Department of the Prime Minister and Cabinet and Blair Comley of the New South Wales Department of Premier and Cabinet Following the siege, officers from the New South Wales Police Force and the Australian Federal Police went to the Belmore home of Monis's partner Amirah Droudis, and removed property  Her bail was revoked after a hearing on 22 December 2014  Investigations by Australian security agencies and monitoring of suspects following the siege revealed increased "terror chatter" 

Federal–State joint review
The findings of the Federal–State joint review were released on 22 February 2015  The report covered Monis's earlier interactions with the government, his access to firearms, and the government response to Monis including problems correlating his various aliases  The report's terms of reference did not cover the controversial police actions during the siege itself, such as the nature of the negotiations or the final assault The review found that the judgements made by government agencies were reasonable  It suggested only modest changes to laws and procedures, taking the view that "introducing substantial further controls involves a larger choice about the sort of society we wish to live in and is properly the province of the public and our elected representatives"  The review found that the Australian Security Intelligence Organisation (ASIO) had conducted a thorough review of Monis in 2008/9 and found that he was not involved in politically motivated violence, nor had significant contact with groups of security concern  After receiving 18 calls from the public, ASIO reviewed Monis's Facebook page, which was considered not to indicate a threat  None of the calls related to any pending attack  The review found that there was no credible information that would indicate an attack  Monis had been granted bail while charged with several violent offences  However, bail laws had since been tightened in this regard  Monis obtained his firearm illegally and was never granted a license The review suggested, in addition to the reforms to the bail laws and "new programmes to counter violent extremism", that a review of immigration policies and visa applications should be undertaken  The review suggested that the gun that Monis used had lawfully entered the country, possibly as early as the 1950s, and had fallen into the "grey market" after not being included in the gun buyback schemes of 1996 and 2002 

Inquest
An inquest, mandatory whenever people die in a police operation, began as scheduled on 29 January 2015, presided over by the State Coroner, Michael Barnes  The stated aim was "to determine how the [three] deaths occurred, the factors that contributed to them and whether they could have been prevented" The hearings were divided into blocks of a couple of weeks  The first, which started on 25 May 2015, queried people who knew Monis to get background information  The second started on 17 August 2015 to consider Monis's bail application  Further blocks that investigate how the police dealt with the siege itself will be withheld from the public "in the interests of the families" The findings of the inquest were released on 24 May 2017 

Aftermath
Designation of the event as terrorism
Insurance declaration
Treasurer Joe Hockey declared the siege to be a "terrorist incident" under the Terrorism Insurance Act 2003  The Act means that insurance exclusions for terrorist incidents do not apply if such a declaration is made 

Debate on status as a terrorist event
Scholars and social commentators have debated whether Monis was a terrorist and whether his actions could be classified as an act of terrorism  There is doubt as to whether or not Monis fit the definition of a lone wolf terrorist 
Queensland University of Technology criminologist Mark Lauchs said it was important to not describe the siege as a "terrorist attack"  Lauchs said Monis was simply a deranged person running a hostage situation  "This incident was not about religion and neither was it a terrorist attack, but given that perception by the paraphernalia Monis used " The Australian prime minister said, "[Man Haron Monis] had a long history of violent crime, infatuation with extremism and mental instability   As the siege unfolded yesterday, he sought to cloak his actions with the symbolism of the ISIL death cult "Prof Greg Barton (from Deakin University) and Dr Clarke Jones (ANU) told the inquest that Monis was a loner and had mental health problems, and was desperate to attach himself to something  Clarke suggested that if the Rebels had accepted his membership then the siege might not have happened  Roger Shanahan from the Lowy Institute said that if Monis had followed ISIS direction he would have just killed everyone The chief of ASIO Duncan Lewis confirmed that he believed Monis to be a terrorist  However, former counter-terrorism adviser to the White House, Richard A  Clarke, said, "I don't think this was a lone wolf terrorist, I don't think this was a terrorist at all, I think this was someone who was committing suicide by police as a lot of people with mental problems do, and now, if they say they're a terrorist, if they say they're somehow associated with ISIS or Al Qaeda, it becomes a major event that shuts down the city and gets international attention  This was a person with a mental problem who tried to gain attention and succeeded, tried to shut down the city and succeeded, merely by putting up a flag that was something like the flag of ISIS "The difference between terrorism and terrorising acts was noted in one analysis as "enormously important"—it added that in Monis's case, terrorism "was clearly an element, but he was coming to the end of his rope with a variety of legal processes; there was clearly some mental instability " One view was that his lack of ties to any movement did not preclude his being a terrorist as it is "an inclusive club"  Another commentator said, "There can be also no doubt that his attack was a terrorist act, as defined under Australia's Criminal Code Act 1995" and that, "he was a terrorist, clearly influenced by IS" One terrorism expert, Professor Greg Barton, described Monis's actions as those of a "lone wolf terrorist     driven by a desire for attention and to be in the spotlight", and his use of the flag was described as "the only way" to instil fear on a global scale  Professor Michael Wesley, Director of the School of International, Political and Strategic Studies at the Australian National University said the attack "was very different from first-generation or second-generation terrorist attacks—but it was terrorism, and terrorism of a brutal and more unpredictable sort " Another view was that describing the gunman as a terrorist was misplaced and would only serve the interests of ISIL  The supervisor of terrorism and security analysis for Stratfor said that this hostage-incident exhibits many of the elements associated with grassroots terrorism  A criminologist said that the event "was not about religion and neither was it a terrorist attack but given that perception by the paraphernalia Monis used "Conversely, Yassir Morsi, a researcher at the Centre for Muslim and non-Muslim Understanding in Australia, suggested that "before he flew the black flag, Monis was just a desperate man with a violent past" and that "he was just another gunman      the symbol (flag) rewrote Monis's violent past and gave grammar to his attack "Monis had entered the cafe without an ISIS flag  ASIO's previous investigations had found no links between Monis and any terrorist group  When a News reporter met him before the crisis she thought Monis was "lost and confused" and "harmless"  Habib said Monis was "sick and disturbed" and desperately seeking attention over his grievances with government officials that had nothing to do with terrorism In 2016, Monis was cited as one of a number of recent violent attackers who were mentally disturbed and operated under the justification of Islamist ideas or slogans  Other examples include the as-of-yet unidentified perpetrator of the Munich knife attack and Michael Zehaf-Bibeau, the perpetrator of the 2014 shootings at Parliament Hill, Ottawa  According to psychologists and psychiatrists who study radicalisation, jihad propaganda and calls to kill infidels can push mentally-ill individuals to act, even in the absence of direct or personal contact with radical Islamists In February 2017, United States President Donald Trump cited the Sydney siege as an example of what he claimed was deliberate underreporting of terrorist attacks by the media, notwithstanding that the event received "blanket coverage" in local and international news 

The coroner's finding
Following the Sydney siege inquest, in May 2017, the NSW Coroner Michael Barnes determined that "The siege was a terrorist incident "

Police weapons and tactics
During the siege, an Australian Army Tactical Assault Group East team at Holsworthy Barracks evaluated the floorplan of the cafe and gave advice to police  Mitchell McAlister, a former member of TAG East, questioned the police use of M4A1 carbines with 5 56 mm rounds over Heckler & Koch MP5 submachine guns Katrina Dawson died from a fragment of a police bullet, and other hostages appear to have been hit by bullets that ricocheted off the concrete building  It was unclear why 22 shots were fired by police, of which 13 hit Monis  Police have been criticised for both the high powered weapons used and the number of shots fired 

Negotiation
During the siege, no significant effort was made to negotiate with Monis, as would normally be expected in a hostage situation in order to build a relationship with a gunman and persuade them to surrender  Instead, Monis received no encouragement or assistance from trained police negotiators Help was offered by the Muslim community including the Grand Mufti and Mamdouh Habib who had known Monis personally  Habib offered to help negotiate or provide background information to the police  These offers were not taken up It has been suggested that the police treatment of the siege as a terrorist attack may have led to errors such as making no attempt to negotiate with the gunman as would have been normal practice in other hostage situations  One commentator, Guy Rundle, questioned whether the police may have used a "crude rule" that "we don't negotiate with terrorists" that affected their procedures  It might also explain the choice of weapon in a small enclosure against a lone gunman  These factors may have directly led to the deaths of Johnson and Dawson 

ISIL flag
During the siege, police asked Muslims in Sydney to source an ISIL flag for Monis, before obtaining their own  The police later raided several houses of people contacted by Ms Kay who was attempting to find an ISIL flag  Ms Kay assumed that the phone calls had been monitored, and that the request had been solely to find out who she would contact, lowering trust among Muslims in the NSW police force 

Lack of detection
The security forces have been criticised for not recognising that Monis was a threat, and for taking him off their watch list in 2008  This may have been because they overlooked key evidence, or it may have been because there was simply no evidence to collect  The federal/state joint review found that the relevant agencies' analysis had been reasonable 

Law and politics
After the siege, the revelation that the new Bail Act had allowed Monis to be granted bail sparked calls to further tighten the law; however, a review had already been conducted in the wake of earlier controversial bail releases, with the new law set "to take effect next year" (that is, on 28 January 2015)  Former director of public prosecutions in New South Wales, Nicholas Cowdery, said he was not sure that the amended law would have changed anything in Monis's case, saying that "There will always be, unfortunately, some exceptional events which laws and controls put in place before the event could not have prevented"  Homicide detectives sent a letter to the Director of Public Prosecutions (DPP) urging them to challenge the bail decision for Monis, but a commissioned officer did not pass it on to the DPP  Michael Esposito, writing for the Law Society of South Australia, noted that the shocking nature of the Sydney siege had the power to prompt reviews of bail laws across Australia Some commentators expressed concerns about immigration and citizenship processes  Monis's "confused agenda" meant that Amnesty International did not realise that he and Boroujerdim, who had sought help in 1997, were the same man until they went back through their records  In the absence of hard evidence, suggestions that Monis represented a growing trend of systemic failure, rather than being an aberration, were noted as dangerous to public confidence; to the separation of powers; to the idea of innocence till proven guilty and also to social cohesion by inviting suspicion of people from the Middle East In the week after the siege, it was revealed that John Robertson, NSW Opposition leader, had sent a letter which passed on a request made by Monis, a constituent in his Blacktown electorate, to the Department of Family and Community Services in 2011  The letter was, according to Robertson, routine procedure on behalf of a constituent and written in support of Monis's request for a supervised visit with his children on Father's Day despite an apprehended violence order against him  The Department declined Monis's request  As pressure mounted on Robertson to resign as Leader of the Labor Party, and three months away from the 2015 state election, he stood aside on 23 December 2014 

Violence
Commentators considered Monis's history of domestic violence, with a family violence expert arguing that it should have been considered when bail was given  A columnist noted that while his behaviour highlighted an "epidemic" of violence towards women, the media focus remained on terrorism Historians of religion and politics also critically reviewed the role of violence committed in the name of religion 

Media
Debate followed about the difficulty of managing a police operation in the presence of continuous global media coverage as well as the likely damage caused by the spread of rumour  Particular criticism was levelled at Rupert Murdoch and News Corp for spreading false information as well as for insensitivity and "gross ethical violations"  Commissioner Scipione and chair of the Australian Press Council, Professor Julian Disney released statements about the media coverage after the event  Beyond misinformation, concerns were raised regarding the presentation of crises as entertainment Australian Broadcasting Corporation's Four Corners aired a two-part broadcast, interviewing former hostages, and the families of deceased Katrina Dawson and Tori Johnson 

Memorials and legacy
A month after the siege, police, ambulance workers, firefighters and others were officially thanked at NSW Government House  Memorial plaques were placed inside the reopened Lindt café  A permanent memorial to the victims of the siege will incorporate the flowers from Martin Place, which are to be mulched and incorporated into its garden element  The memorial was opened in December, 2017 The premiere of Jonathon Welch's choral piece Street Requiem in February 2015 was dedicated to the siege victims and to those who died in the Charlie Hebdo shooting in Paris Composer Lyle Chan, who resides less than a kilometre from the Lindt cafe, wrote two works influenced by the events  Sea of Flowers was premiered by conductor Alondra de la Parra and the Queensland Symphony Orchestra in May 2015  Chan's Love Is Always Born (December), with original words by Michael Leunig and 'Silent Night' in Arabic, was commissioned and premiered by the Song Company at concerts around the first anniversary of the events Dawson's family created the Katrina Dawson Foundation and scholarships to The Women's College, University of Sydney to provide financial assistance to young women for their university education  The first recipients started university in 2016 Senator Dean Smith, a homosexual Liberal Party member, changed his views on same-sex marriage in Australia due to Tori Johnson and his partner of 14 years  Smith later introduced a bill aimed at legalising same-sex marriage to the Senate, which became law A ceremony unveiling the memorial was held on 16 December 2017 The Lindt Cafe closed in October 2021 due to lack of patronage caused by the COVID-19 pandemic and ongoing construction work for the Sydney Metro 

See also
List of mass shootings in Australia
Sydney siege inquest
2015 Parramatta shooting
Crime in Australia
Islam in Australia



ground_truth: Man Haron