prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: Who choreographed one who is said to be the last muse for the choreographer and starred in the Nutcracker?

The following are given passages.
Context 1: Passage 1:
Lev Ivanov
Lev Ivanovich Ivanov (Russian: Лев Ива́нович Ива́нов; 2 March 1834, Moscow – 24 December 1901, Saint Petersburg) was a Russian ballet dancer and choreographer and later, Second Balletmaster of the Imperial Ballet  As a performer with the Imperial Ballet, he achieved prominence after performing as an understudy in a benefit performance of La Fille Mal Gardée   He is most famous as the choreographer of Acts II and IV of Swan Lake, which include the Dance of the Little Swans, Act II of Cinderella, and The Nutcracker, which he choreographed alongside Marius Petipa 

Biography
Ivanov entered the Moscow School of Dance, but in 1844 moved to Saint Petersburg where he studied at the Imperial Ballet, becoming an official member of the Corps de ballet in 1852   Among his teachers during this time were Jean-Antoine Petipa, Alexandr Pimenov, Pierre Frédéric Malavergne and Emile Gredlu (Эмиль Гредлю) 
Historically, Ivanov is credited with choreographing the entirety of premiere of Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky's ballet The Nutcracker in 1892 due to the ill health of the ballet master, Marius Petipa  While some contemporary and modern accounts dispute this, Ivanov is still mentioned in The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians, Second Edition with choreographing at least the majority of the ballet as Petipa had reportedly not progressed very far in his work  Regardless of the amount of work he actually did, Petipa's was the only name listed for choreography on posters for the first production in St  Petersburg Ivanov worked with Petipa on a new restaging of Tchaikovsky's Swan Lake ballet in 1895   Ivanov choreographed the entirety of the lakeside acts or "white acts", Act II and Act IV   This includes the Dance of the Little Swans, an iconic pas de quatre where the four cygnets huddle together and dance in unison, before breaking the chain and falling to the floor whilst attempting to fly  Ivanov also choreographed the Danse Vénitienne (Neapolitan/Venetian Dance) and the Pas Hongrois (Hungarian Dance) of the third bier scene In his last years Ivanov was in financial straits  On the strength of his 50 years' service he petitioned the Imperial Theatres for financial assistance 

Ballets
Original works
La Forêt enchantée (en  The Enchanted Forest)  Ballet-fantastique in one act  Music by Riccardo Drigo  Imperial Ballet School, 5 April [O S  24 March] 1887  Imperial Mariinsky Theatre, 15 May [O S  3 May] 1887 
revival by Marius Petipa  Peterhof, July 1889 
La Tulipe de Haarlem (en  The Harlem Tulip)  Ballet-fantastique in three acts  Music by Baron Boris Fitinhoff-Schell  Imperial Mariinsky Theatre, 16 October [O S  4 October] 1887 
revival by Claudia Kulichevskaya and Pavel Gerdt  Imperial Ballet School, 16 April [O S  3 April] 1902 
revival by Alexander Shiryaev  Imperial Mariinsky Theatre, 29 April [O S  16 April] 1903 
La Flûte magique (en  The Magic Flute)  Ballet-comique in one act  Music by Riccardo Drigo  Imperial Ballet School, 22 March [O S  10 March] 1889  Imperial Mariinsky Theatre, 23 April [O S  11 April] 1889 
La Ruse de Cupidon (en  Cupid's Prank)  Ballet-anacréontique in one act  Music by Alexander Friedman  Krasnoe Selo, 6 August [O S  24 July] 1890  Imperial Mariinsky Theatre, 23 November [O S  11 November] 1890 
La Beauté de Séville (en  The Beauty of Seville)  Divertissement-ballet in one act  Music by various composers  Krasnoe Selo, 10 August [O S  29 July] 1889 
La Fête des bateliers (en  The Boatman's Festival)  Divertissement-ballet in one act  Music by Alexander Friedman  Krasnoe Selo, 7 August [O S  26 July] 1890 
The Nutcracker  Ballet-féerie in two acts  Choreographed jointly with Marius Petipa   Music by Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky  Imperial Mariinsky Theatre, 18 December [O S  6 December] 1892 
Cinderella (a k a  Zolushka)  Ballet-féerie in three acts  Staged jointly with Enrico Cecchetti and Marius Petipa  Music by Baron Boris Fitinhoff-Schell  Imperial Mariinsky Theatre, 17 December [O S  5 December] 1893 
revival by Lev Ivanov  Bolshoi Theatre, Moscow, 12 March [O S  28 February] 1898
Swan Lake  Ballet-fantastique in three acts  Staged jointly with Marius Petipa  Music by Pyotr Illyich Tchaikovsky, revised by Riccardo Drigo  Imperial Mariinsky Theatre, 27 January [O S  15 January] 1895 
Acis et Galatée (en  Acis and Galatea)  Ballet-mythologique in one act  Music by Andrei Kadlets  Imperial Mariinsky Theatre, 2 February [O S  21 January] 1896 
revival by Alexander Shirayev  Imperial Ballet School, 3 May [O S  20 April] 1905 
La Fille du Mikado (en  The Mikado's Daughter)  Ballet-fantastique in three acts  Music by Baron Vasily Wrangell  Imperial Mariinsky Theatre, 21 November [O S  9 November] 1897 
Egyptian Nights (a k a  Une Nuit d'Egypte or Nuits égyptiennes)  Divertissement-ballet in one act  Music by Anton Arensky  Never premiered 
revival by Mikhail Fokine  Imperial Mariinsky Theatre, 8 March [O S  24 February] 1908 
revival by Mikhail Fokine as Cléopâtre for the Ballets Russes  Théâtre du Châtelet, Paris, 2 June 1909 
Sylvia  Ballet-mythologique in three acts  Music by Léo Delibes  Staging completed by Pavel Gerdt due to Ivanov's final illness and death  Imperial Mariinsky Theatre, 15 December [O S  2 December] 1901 
Passage 2:
The Nutcracker (Willam Christensen)
Tchaikovsky's now-classic 1892 ballet The Nutcracker received its first complete production in the U S  on 24 December 1944, performed by the San Francisco Ballet  This production used the ballet's original plot and was choreographed by Willam Christensen, who danced the role of the Cavalier  Gisella Caccialanza, the wife of Lew Christensen, danced the role of the Sugar Plum Fairy  The staging was a huge success and one critic wrote: "We can't understand why a vehicle of such fantastic beauty and originality could be produced in Europe in 1892 with signal success [a factually erroneous claim] and never be produced in its entirety in this country until 1944  Perhaps choreographers will make up for lost time from now on " The company was the first in the U S  to make the ballet an annual tradition, and for ten years, the only company in the United States performing the complete ballet, until George Balanchine's production opened in New York in 1954  (Annual productions of the San Francisco Ballet Nutcracker began in 1949 )
The San Francisco Ballet performs The Nutcracker annually to this day, though not necessarily with Christensen's choreography (their most recent version is choreographed by Helgi Tomasson)  Christensen's Nutcracker continues in Salt Lake City, where it is performed annually by Christensen's Ballet West  The stage success of the Christensen version marked the first step in making productions of The Nutcracker annual Christmas season traditions all over the world – a phenomenon that did not really come to flower until the late 1960s 
Passage 3:
Adam Cooper (dancer)
Adam Cooper (born 22 July 1971) is an English actor, choreographer, dancer and theatre director  He works as both a performer and choreographer in musical theatre, and has choreographed and/or starred in award-winning shows such as On Your Toes, Singin' in the Rain and Grand Hotel  He began his professional career as a dancer of classical ballet and contemporary ballet and is a former Principal of the Royal Ballet, a major international ballet company based in London  He became internationally recognised for creating the lead role of Swan/Stranger in Matthew Bourne's contemporary dance production of the ballet Swan Lake, a role that was briefly featured in the 2000 film Billy Elliot, in which Cooper played the adult version of the titular character 

Biography
Adam Cooper was born 22 July 1971 in Tooting, London to a musician father and a social worker mother  He has an older brother, Simon Cooper, who is also a dancer and they trained at the same schools  From a young age, he and his brother studied tap and ballet at the Jean Winkler School of Dance in Tooting  They also played various musical instruments and sang in a choir  At age 11, Cooper won a place at ArtsEd, a specialist performing arts school in London where he studied classical ballet, character, modern, tap, jazz and contemporary dance, as well as singing, acting and stage combat  After completing his secondary education at the school, aged 16, he was accepted into the Royal Ballet Upper School 
At his graduation performance he played the lead role of Young Man in Ashton's the Two Pigeons Cooper married Sarah Wildor in 2000  She was a principal dancer with the Royal Ballet She has become an Olivier-nominated actress  Their first child, a daughter, was born in 2008  They also have a  son 

Dance
Royal Ballet
In 1989 Cooper joined the Royal Ballet and was quickly promoted to First Artist and Soloist in 1991, First Soloist 1993 and Principal Dancer in 1994  He was recognized for his performances in the classic as well as dramatic and contemporary ballet works, and he excelled in playing cruel but sexy villains  While with the Royal Ballet he worked extensively with choreographers Kenneth MacMillan and William Tuckett partnering all the leading ballerinas of the company including Sylvie Guillem and Darcey Bussell  He also performed works choreographed by George Balanchine, Ashley Page, Fokine, Bronislava Nijinska, Mikhail Baryshnikov, Christopher Wheeldon, Matthew Hart, and William Forsythe  He left the Royal Ballet in 1997 to freelance and expand his career opportunities 

Adventures in Motion Pictures
In 1995 Matthew Bourne recruited Cooper to join Adventures in Motion Pictures (now renamed New Adventures) for his radically re-interpreted production of Swan Lake  Together they created the basic Swan movement motifs and Cooper also contributed to the choreography  Cooper performed the dual Swan/Stranger role (the analog of the white and black swan in the classic version) all over the world and his performances won him international acclaim, multiple awards and a strong fan following  Cooper's performance was described as one of "tremendous excitement, subtlety,emotional depth and sheer sexiness"  The popular press embraced him and his photo appeared in many magazines For his performances as the Swan/Stranger he received the Time Out Award in 1995, the Evening Standard Dance Award in 1997 and the 1999 Astaire Award for Best Dancer  He was also nominated for the 1999 Tony Award for Best Actor in a Musical  He appeared briefly at the end of the 2000 film Billy Elliot as the adult version of the title character, who is seen performing the role of the Swan  A DVD recording of the Swan Lake with Cooper and the original cast was issued in 1996 and can be seen on Youtube com  Excerpts from Swan Lake (Bourne) appeared on the 1998 Royal Variety TV program and he repeated his Swan/Stranger role for the TV audience  His performance in the Billy Elliot film and in the Swan Lake (Bourne) DVD inspired at least one of the boys playing Billy Elliot in the stage production to join New Adventures in the hopes of performing The Swan role  In 2003 Cooper once again played the Swan/Stranger when AMP toured in Japan, and there was enormous enthusiasm for his performance and he acquired a large number of new fans 
In 1997 Cooper was invited by Bourne to take part in the initial planning of AMP's next show, Cinderella  This version of the dance took place in London during the Blitz, but used the same Prokofiev music as the classic version Cinderella (Prokofiev)  Cooper helped to create and performed the role of Pilot (the Prince analog) in the initial 1997 London run and also played the Angel (the Godmother analog), and Sarah Wildor was his partner when she played the title role 
The production was also performed in Los Angeles in 1999 

Freelance dancer and choreographer
In 1998 Cooper worked with the Scottish Ballet to choreograph Just Scratching the Surface  He also performed the Hoffmann role in their production of Tales of Hoffmann  Since then he has gone on to choreograph for other ballet companies and for musical theatre 
Cooper appeared as a dancer and choreographer at the Exeter Festival for 3 years, heading evenings of dance co-produced with Iain Webb  In 2002 Cooper and Sarah Wildor presented a tribute to Sir Kenneth MacMillan at Exeter and in Japan  The Adam Cooper Company represented the UK at the Washington International Ballet Festival in 2003 performing a revival of Sir Kenneth MacMillan's Sea of Troubles Cooper has frequently danced as a guest artist with the Royal Ballet since leaving the company, performing lead roles in Romeo and Juliet, Ondine and Onegin  and others  In 2002 he created the role of Badger in William Tuckett's Wind in the Willows  In 2004 created the title role in Tuckett's The Soldier's Tale, which he reprised in 2005 and later performed in Japan in 2009 and 2015 In 2005 he realized a long-held vision with his own production of Les Liaisons dangereuses, a mixture of theater and dance  Co-directed and designed by Lez Brotherston, the production was choreographed by Cooper and he also played the lead role of Viscomte de Valmont  The piece premiered in Japan early in the year before a summer season at Sadler's Wells, with a cast which included Simon Cooper and Sarah Wildor In 2009 Cooper joined Russell Maliphant to dance in Maliphant's 2:4:10 contemporary dance program- an evening of works celebrating Maliphant's 10 years as a choreographer 

Musical theatre
2002 to 2010
In Cooper's first venture into the musical theatre he was both the choreographer and actor (playing the lead role of Junior Dolan) in On Your Toes  In 2002 it played at Leicester Haymarket, and was in transferred in 2003 to the Royal Festival in the West End of London  Sarah Wildor joined the production in 2003 to play the role of Vera Baronova  He was lauded by both the critics and the audience for his contributions and was rewarded with the Critics' Circle National Dance Award for Best Choreography and Most Popular Dancer  In 2004 the production also had a successful tour in Japan In 2002 Cooper provided the choreography for the Swedish production of Garbo-the Musical  Cooper also played the lead role of Don Lockwood and choreographed Paul Kerryson's Singin' in the Rain in 2004 at Sadler's Wells Theatre, Leicester Haymarket, and was nominated for Critic's Circle Award for Choreography of a Musical  He was nominated for a Laurence Olivier Award for his choreography of the 2004 Grand Hotel for The Donmar Warehouse  The production won the 2005 Olivier Award in the category of Outstanding Musical Production In 2005, Cooper and Wildor performed a two-person play, Wallflowering, at the Seven Oaks Playhouse  Their roles were primarily dialogue with intermittent bits of ballroom dancing  Following this, he designed the choreography for the revival of Promises, Promises at Sheffield's Crucible Theatre In 2006 Cooper appeared alongside Neil Morrissey and Patrick Swayze playing Sky Masterson in Guys and Dolls at The Piccadilly Theatre, London and in 2007 he provided the musical staging for Side by Side by Sondheim for The Venue Theatre, London 2008 saw Cooper's return to the stage, creating the role of Ramon in Zorro the Musical for the UK tour  He also played the Tin Man in the Royal Festival Hall's summer staging of the musical The Wizard of Oz, after which he turned his attention back to choreography  First, he choreographed Carousel for director Lindsay Posner which had a very successful UK tour and West End run at the Savoy Theatre  Then Cooper was asked by Paul Kerryson to direct and choreograph the first new show, Simply Cinderella, at the brand new Curve Theatre, Leicester In 2009 Cooper unveiled Shall We Dance at Sadler's Wells, an ambitious all-dance show based on Richard Rodgers' songs  For this production he was the box-office star, director, creator, librettist and choreographer  Later that year, he provided choreography for Lindsay Posner's production of the Donizetti opera Roberto Devereux at the Holland Park Theatre, Kensington, London Cooper co-starred in the touring stage version of Irving Berlin's White Christmas during the Christmas season in 2009 2010 and 2011  He played the role of Phil Davis 

2011 to the present
Cooper was the above-the-title star playing the role of Don Lockwood in Jonathan Church's highly successful 2011–2013 production of Singin' in the Rain, with choreography by Andrew Wright  Its first sold-out run was at the Chichester Festival Theatre and then a longer run at West End's Palace Theatre  He also performed the iconic Singin' in the Rain scene on the 2011 Royal Variety Performance TV show  The stage show was nominated for the Best Musical Revival and several other Laurence Olivier and other awards  A cast recording of Singin' in the Rain was issued in 2012  Good Mornin' was performed at the 2012 Olivier Awards Ceremony  The show, starring Cooper, played in Japan for three weeks of November 2014 In 2013 Cooper choreographed Matthew White's well-received production of Candide at the Menier Chocolate Factory  Reviewer Sam Smith wrote "Adam Cooper's choreography is racy, and the production finds a particular affinity with the 'Surrealism' of the piece " In late 2013 Cooper was invited to Denmark to choreograph Daniel Bohr's Danish language version of Evita at the Det Ny Teater (The New Theater) in Copenhagen  The show premiered in January 2014  For Evita, Adam Cooper created a choreography with continuous tango elements merged into the rest of the dance Cooper provided the "energetic" 60's choreography for Sunny Afternoon Musical at the Hampstead Theatre in London  The show ran from April to end of May in 2014 and then in October 2014 it transferred to The Harold Pinter Theatre (formerly The Comedy Theatre) 
at the West End  Its run was extended several times due to its popularity with the audience and positive critical reviews  It was nominated for numerous awards and won 4 Olivier Awards in 2015  Details are at Sunny Afternoon 
Cooper had another opportunity to present a stage version of Les Liaisons dangereuses (Gefährliche Liebschaften) in 2015   He choreographed and co-directed with Josef E  Köpplinger a German musical version of the novel with a newly commissioned book, lyrics and score for the itinerant Staatstheater am Gärtnerplatz company in Munich, Germany 
In 2019, Cooper appeared in the UK Tour of New Adventures' The Red Shoes, playing the role of Boris Lermontov 

Films and TV
The Soldier's Tale (2010) TV Movie (The Soldier)
Bourne to Dance (2001) TV Movie (himself)
Billy Elliot (2000) Arts Council of England, BBC Films, Working Title Films (Billy, Aged 25)
Madame Bovary (2000) TV Movie (Vicomte)
The Sandman (2000) Channel 4 TV Movie
Jason and the Argonauts (2000) Hallmark Entertainment & Panfilm TV Movie (Eros)
Dance Ballerina Dance (1998) BBC2 TV (himself)
Swan Lake (Bourne) (1998) PBS Great Performances TV Series with Adventures in Motion Pictures (Swan/Stranger)
Royal Variety Performance TV Show (1998) Excerpts from Swan Lake (Bourne) (Swan/Stranger)
The South Bank show: Matthew Bourne's Adventures in Motion Pictures (1997) TV Documentary (himself)
Swan Lake (Bourne) (1996) BBC/NVC with Adventures in Motion Pictures (Swan/Stranger)
Mayerling (ballet) (1994) BBC with the Royal Ballet (Hungarian officer)
Gala Tribute to Tchaikovsky (1993) TV Special (Principal Dancer)
Winter Dreams (1992) BBC TV with the Royal Ballet (Staff Captain Vassily Vasilyevich Solyony)
La Bayadère, The Sleeping Beauty (ballet), Winter Gala with Royal Ballet for BBC TV
Prince of the Pagodas (1990) with the Royal Ballet
Merry Wives of Windsor (1982) BBC TV (fairy)

Other
(2000) National Portrait Gallery (London), portrait of Adam Cooper by Stuart Pearson Wrightoil on gesso on oak panel, NPG 6542
(2014) Imperial Classical Ballet Faculty Patrons, Adam Cooper and Sarah Wildor

Awards
(1988) Ursula Moreton Choreographic Competition
(1989) Professional Level Prize @ Prix de Lausanne
(1996) Time Out Award for Best Performance in AMP's Swan Lake
(1997) Evening Standard Award for his performance as The Swan in AMP's Swan Lake
(1997) Drama League Award for Best Performance as The Swan in AMP's Swan Lake (Los Angeles Season)
(1999) Astaire Award for outstanding Male Dancer for his performance as The Swan in AMP's Swan Lake
(1999) Nominated for Best Actor in a Musical Tony Award for the Broadway Season of Swan Lake
(2002) Nominated for Best Male Dancer by the Critics' Circle National Dance Awards for his performances with the Royal Ballet and On Your Toes 
(2003) Critics' Circle National Dance Awards for Best Choreography for On Your Toes
(2003) Critics' Circle National Dance Awards for Most Popular Dancer 
(2003) Nominated for Whatsonstage com Theatregoers' Choice Awards – for Best Choreographer and Best Actor in a Musical for On Your Toes
(2004) Nominated by Critics' Circle National Dance Awards for Best Choreography (Musical Theater) for Singin' in the Rain
(2005) Nominated for What's Onstage Award for choreography of the 2004 Grand Hotel for The Donmar Warehouse 
(2005) Nominated for a Laurence Olivier Award for choreography of the 2004 Grand Hotel for The Donmar Warehouse 
(2013) Nominated for What's Onstage Award as Best Actor in a Musical for Singin in the Rain
Passage 4:
The Nutcracker (1993 film)
The Nutcracker, also known as George Balanchine's The Nutcracker, is a 1993 American Christmas musical film based on Peter Martins's stage production and directed by Emile Ardolino  It stars Darci Kistler, Damian Woetzel, Kyra Nichols, Bart Robinson Cook, Macaulay Culkin, Jessica Lynn Cohen, Wendy Whelan, Margaret Tracey, Gen Horiuchi, Tom Gold, and the New York City Ballet 
The film was released by Warner Bros  under their Warner Bros  Family Entertainment label on November 24, 1993, four days after director Ardolino died  It received mixed reviews and was a box office failure, grossing only $2 million 

Plot
The film follows the traditional plot of the Nutcracker 

Act I
Scene 1: The Stahlbaum Home

It is Christmas Eve  Family and friends have gathered in the parlor to decorate the beautiful Christmas tree in preparation for the party  Once it is finished, the children are sent for  They stare in awe at it sparkling with candles and decorations 
The party begins  A march is played  Presents are given out to the children  Suddenly, as the owl-topped grandmother clock strikes eight, a mysterious figure enters the room  It is Herr Drosselmeyer, a local councilman, magician, and Marie's godfather  He is also a talented toymaker who has brought gifts for the children, including four lifelike dolls who dance to the delight of all  He then has them put away for safekeeping 
Marie and her brother, Fritz, are sad to see the dolls being taken away, but Drosselmeyer has yet another toy for them: a wooden nutcracker carved in the shape of a little man  The other children ignore it, but Marie immediately takes a liking to it  Fritz, however, breaks it, and she is heartbroken 
During the night, after everyone else has gone to bed, Marie returns to the parlor to check on her beloved nutcracker  As she reaches the little bed she put it on, the clock strikes midnight and she looks up to see Drosselmeyer perched atop it  Suddenly, mice begin to fill the room and the Christmas tree begins to grow to dizzying heights  The nutcracker also grows to life size  Marie finds herself in the midst of a battle between an army of gingerbread soldiers and the mice, led by their king  They begin to eat the soldiers 
The nutcracker appears to lead the soldiers, who are joined by tin soldiers, and dolls who serve as doctors to carry away the wounded  As the Mouse King advances on the still-wounded nutcracker, Marie throws her slipper at him, distracting him long enough for the nutcracker to stab him Scene 2: A Pine Forest
The mice retreat and the nutcracker is transformed into a handsome Prince  He leads Marie through the moonlit night to a pine forest in which the snowflakes come to life and dance around them, beckoning them on to his kingdom as the first act ends 

Act II
Scene 1: The Land of Sweets

Marie and the Prince travel to the beautiful Land of Sweets, ruled by the Sugar Plum Fairy in the Prince's place until his return  He recounts for her how he had been saved from the Mouse King by Marie and transformed back into himself 
In honor of the young heroine, a celebration of sweets from around the world is produced: chocolate from Spain, coffee from Arabia, tea from China, and candy canes from Russia all dance for their amusement; Danish shepherdesses perform on their flutes; Mother Ginger has her children, the Polichinelles, emerge from under her enormous hoop skirt to dance; a string of beautiful flowers perform a waltz  To conclude the night, the Sugar Plum Fairy and her Cavalier perform a dance A final waltz is performed by all the sweets, after which the Sugar Plum Fairy ushers Marie and the Prince down from their throne  He bows to her, she kisses Marie goodbye, and leads them to a reindeer-drawn sleigh  It takes off as they wave goodbye to all the subjects who wave back 

Cast
Darci Kistler as The Sugar Plum Fairy
Damian Woetzel as The Sugar Plum Fairy's Cavalier
Kyra Nichols as Dewdrop
Wendy Whelan as Coffee
Margaret Tracey as Marzipan
Gen Horiuchi as Tea
Tom Gold as Candy Cane
Lourdes López as Hot Chocolate
Nilas Martins as Hot Chocolate
William Otto as Mother Ginger
Peter Reznick as Fritz
Karin von Aroldingen as Grandparent
Edward Bigelow as Grandparent
Heather Watts as Frau Stahlbaum
Robert LaFosse as Dr  Stahlbaum
Bart Robinson Cook as Herr Drosselmeyer
Jessica Lynn Cohen as Marie Stahlbaum
Macaulay Culkin as The Nutcracker/Prince/Drosselmeyer's Nephew
Kevin Kline as Narrator
Katrina Killian as Harlequin
Roma Sosenko as Columbine
Michael Byars as Soldier
Robert D  Lyon as Mouse King
Maureen C  McFadden Devlin as Drummer

Reception
Critical response
The film received generally mixed reviews from critics  Based on eight reviews, it holds a rotten rating of 50% on review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes, with an average rating of 6/10  The film was criticized by James Berardinelli for not capturing the excitement of a live performance; he wrote that it "opts to present a relatively mundane version of the stage production   utilizing almost none of the advantages offered by the (film) medium " Roger Ebert of the Chicago Sun-Times was mixed on it, and gave it 2 out of 4 stars criticizing it for not adapting the dance for a film audience and also its casting of Culkin who, he writes, "seems peripheral to all of the action, sort of like a celebrity guest or visiting royalty, nodding benevolently from the corners of shots " In The Washington Post, Lucy Linfield echoed Ebert's criticism of Culkin, stating that "it's not so much that he can't act or dance; more important, the kid seems to have forgotten how to smile   all little Mac can muster is a surly grimace " She praised the dancing, however, as "strong, fresh and in perfect sync" and Kistler's Sugar Plum Fairy as "the Balanchinean ideal of a romantic, seemingly fragile beauty combined with a technique of almost startling strength, speed and knifelike precision " The New York Times' Stephen Holden also criticized Culkin, calling his performance the film's "only serious flaw", but praised the cinematography as "very scrupulous in the way it establishes a mood of participatory excitement, then draws back far enough so that the classic ballet sequences choreographed by Balanchine and staged by Peter Martins can be seen in their full glory "

Box office
During its theatrical run, the film grossed $2,119,994  In North America, it opened at number 16 in its first weekend with $783,721 

See also
List of Christmas films
Passage 5:
Dennis Courtney
Dennis H  Beaulne (born April 30, 1958), better known by his stage name Dennis Courtney, is an American stage director, choreographer, actor and teacher of master classes in auditioning for the theatre  As a director, he is notable for winning the 2008 Israeli National Theatre Prize (Israel's TONY Award equivalent) for his work in the Cameri Theatre production of Fiddler On The Roof, in Tel Aviv  The production closed on January 27, 2016 after a near 8-year run  As an actor, he made his Broadway debut in the 1979 production of Peter Pan with Sandy Duncan and George Rose  Subsequent Broadway/National Tour/Production credits include Shenandoah with John Raitt (1984), Joseph And The Amazing Technicolor Dreamcoat (1984), Roza (1987) and Starlight Express (1989-1990)  He directed and choreographed a production of My Way, for the Riverside Center Theatre in Virginia and It Shoulda Been You starring Kim Zimmer and 8 Track: The Sounds of the 70's for Gretna Theatre in July and August 2016  In early 2017, he directed and choreographed Kiss Me, Kate at Kent State  In March 2017 he directed the pre-Broadway workshop production of The Last Adam, a new musical by George Alex Livings and Jonathan Hickey  He has collaborated with playwright David Brian Colbert on a new play with music about the life of legendary performer, Ethel Waters, entitled Still Waters: The Life of the Legendary Ethel Waters  The play is currently in development 

Personal life
Born Denis Beaulne in Detroit, Michigan to French Canadian parents, Albert Beaulne and Claudette Perron   He took the stage name Dennis Courtney with his first union acting job in 1978   Courtney has 2 siblings - a sister, Rachelle Beaulne McKevlin and a brother, Raymond Beaulne   He also has a step-sister, Lori Hurren Harrell and a step-brother, William Hurren  Dennis' parents divorced in 1967 and both remarried   His mother married Harry Parr and his father married Anna Pasternacki   Harry Parr died in 1986, Anna Pasternacki Beaulne died on December 5, 2011  Albert Beaulne is currently living in Cornelius, NC   Dennis' mother, Claudette, died on June 6, 2010  Dennis has been in a long term relationship with entrepreneur, Grant Wheaton, since 2000  Dennis and Grant became engaged on Christmas Day 2016 and married on July 29, 2017 
He graduated from Anderson High School in Cincinnati, Ohio and studied theatre at the University of Cincinnati   He currently resides in New York City and has homes in Sarasota, Florida and Palm Desert, California 

Notes
External links
Official Website - http://www denniscourtney com
Dennis Courtney (http://ibdb com/person php?id=92973) at the Internet Broadway Database
Dennis Courtney (http://www broadwayworld com/people/Dennis-Courtney/#) at BroadwayWorld com
Passage 6:
Stephen Nicholas (actor)
Stephen Charles Nicholas (born 23 August 1978)  music artist and presenter from Doncaster, South Yorkshire, England 
As an actor Stephens first role was on Sky One's Dream Team, where he played Scott Ward  From there, he filmed the first in the trilogy Goal! (In which he played a Newcastle United Reserves player)  Following this, he moved to Los Angeles, where he played Smith in the feature film Futbaal: The Price of Dreams 
Stephen then returned to the UK to make a Bollywood film called Dhana Dhana Goal with John Abraham 
Stephen then experienced her first opportunity in reality TV with the show Premier League All Stars for Sky One, as well as playing a footballer, he was on-hand to present celebrity gossip and pitch side reports 
He then appeared in Celebrity Most Haunted and Date the Enemy  From there he then went on to star in Goal 3 where he not only acted in the film he also became the football choreographer and choreographed all the football scenes in the film 
Nicholas then starred in the film Damned United where he played Welsh international Alan Durban, the film was filmed in Chesterfield and Leeds and was directed by Oscar winner Tom Hooper and also starred Oscar nominated Michael Sheen 
Stephens next production was the feature film called 'No Way Back Now'about the notorious Manchester district of Moss Side, where Stephen played the lead actor Stuart Gavin  The feature is roughly based on the notorious Gooch gang that terrorised Manchester throughout the years 
The next move for Stephen was pantomime where he was part of the production Aladdin over the Christmas period of 2015 in Doncaster playing Abanaza the main villain which he did until 7 January 2016! 
He Was also in the Feature Film 'Whiteblade' where he will played Thurstan the head Warlord Whiteblade Stephen shot his scenes in August 2016 
In September 2016 Stephen presenting the Sky TV show 'Britz go Bollywood' the show consists of a group of Celebrities being dressed by The best Indian designers, stephen was the main presenter of the show 

Music
Nicholas instigated and was part of a group called U K  Flow  The group was made up of 14 celebrities from television and sport 

Football
Nicholas was a Sunday league footballer at various clubs

Filmography
External links
Official Site
Stephen Nicholas at IMDb
Passage 7:
The Nutcracker (Balanchine)
Choreographer George Balanchine's production of Tchaikovsky's 1892 ballet The Nutcracker has become the most famous stage production of the ballet performed in the U S  (Mikhail Baryshnikov's production is the most famous television version, although it too originated onstage ) It uses the plot of the Alexandre Dumas, père, version of E T A  Hoffmann's tale, "The Nutcracker and the Mouse King" (1816)  Its premiere took place on February 2, 1954, at City Center, New York, with costumes by Karinska and sets by Horace Armistead  It has been staged in New York every year since 1954, and many other productions throughout the United States either imitate it, or directly use the Balanchine staging  However, although it is often cited as being the production that made the ballet famous in the U S , it was Willam Christensen's 1944 production for the San Francisco Ballet which first introduced the complete work to the United States 

Staging
In Balanchine's version, the leading roles of Clara (here called Marie) and the Nutcracker/Prince are danced by children, and so their dances are choreographed to be less difficult than the ones performed by the adults  Marie does not dance at all in the second act of this version  The Prince's dancing in Act II is limited to the pantomime that he performs "describing" his defeat of the Mouse King  Instead, Marie and the Prince sit out nearly all of Act II watching other dancers perform for them, and unlike most other versions, neither one of them takes part in the ballet's Final Waltz 
Because Marie and the Nutcracker / Prince are played by children approximately ten years old in the Balanchine Nutcracker, no adult romantic interest between them is even implied, although Marie and Drosselmeyer's nephew, who looks exactly like the Prince, are clearly drawn to each other during the Christmas party  However, the 1958 Playhouse 90 telecast of the Balanchine Nutcracker, which changed Marie's name back to Clara and stated that the Prince was Drosselmeyer's nephew, had narrator June Lockhart saying at the end that "From that day on, Drosselmeyer's nephew is Clara's Prince and Clara is his Princess, and I need not tell you that they lived happily ever after " (But Drosselmeyer's nephew is there when the Nutcracker is broken during the Christmas party, so it is difficult to believe that he is the Nutcracker/ Prince, unless Marie dreams her fantasy adventures, and it is unclear in this version whether she does or not ) Years later, movie critic Stephen Holden, in reviewing the 1993 film version of the Balanchine Nutcracker, referred to Marie as the Prince's sweetheart  And oddly enough, throughout Act II of the 1993 film of Balanchine's version, Marie does wear a veil that resembles a bridal veil 
The Balanchine version uses perhaps more real children than any other version  (In other versions, the children are sometimes played by adult women ) The rôles of Clara and the Nutcracker/ Prince are performed by adults in many other versions, and in these productions of the ballet, there is usually more than a hint of budding romance between the two 
The Journey Through the Snow sequence, in many other productions danced by Clara and the Nutcracker immediately after his transformation into a Prince, is not danced at all in the Balanchine version, although the music is played  Instead, Marie faints and falls on the bed after the battle, and the Nutcracker exits  Marie's bed moves by itself across the stage as the music plays, and at its climax, the Nutcracker reappears and through the use of a stage effect, turns into a Prince  He awakens Marie, places on her head one of the crowns that he took from the dead seven-headed Mouse King, and they exit  (In the 1993 film of Balanchine's Nutcracker, the bed flies through the air rather than simply moving across the stage  This is achieved by visual effects created by Industrial Light & Magic )

On the screen
Balanchine's Nutcracker has since been staged in New York every year, filmed once, and performed live on television three times – although its first television edition, telecast by CBS in 1957 on the TV anthology The Seven Lively Arts, was severely abridged  Some sources say it was complete, but it could not have been because The Seven Lively Arts was only an hour long  This marked the first telecast not only of the Balanchine version but of any staging of the ballet  CBS's Playhouse 90 broadcast a more complete (but still abridged) version of the Balanchine Nutcracker, narrated by actress June Lockhart, who was then starring as the mother in CBS's Lassie, on Christmas Day in 1958; it was the first Nutcracker (and only installment of the entire Playhouse 90 series) broadcast in color  There were only four commercial breaks  This television production starred Balanchine himself as Drosselmeyer, Diana Adams as the Sugar Plum Fairy, Bonnie Bedelia in an early role as Clara, and Robert Maiorano as the Nutcracker/ Prince Excerpts from the Balanchine production were performed several times on various television shows of the time, notably The Bell Telephone Hour and The Ed Sullivan Show The complete Balanchine version was eventually made into a poorly received full-length feature film by Elektra Entertainment and Regency Enterprises  It was distributed and released by Warner Bros  Family Entertainment in 1993, and starred Macaulay Culkin in his only screen ballet rôle, as the Nutcracker, the Prince, and Drosselmeyer's nephew  The film was directed by Emile Ardolino, with narration spoken by Kevin Kline  From the billing in this film, the Prince and the nephew would seem to be two different characters, though that may not have been what the filmmakers intended  Director Ardolino died of AIDS only a few days before the film's release  The other rôles in the film were played by members of the New York City Ballet, including Darci Kistler as the Sugar Plum Fairy, Damian Woetzel as the Fairy's Cavalier, Bart Cook as Drosselmeyer, Jessica Lynn Cohen as Marie (a k a  Clara), and Wendy Whelan as Coffee in the Arabian Dance During the 2011 Christmas season, PBS, for the very first time, presented the complete Balanchine Nutcracker on Live from Lincoln Center, although it was not seen on all PBS affiliates, since the affiliates have a choice of which programs they will air locally  This was not the 1993 film, but the production's latest revival, and the production was telecast by PBS on December 14, 2011  This presentation, directed by Alan Skog, marked the first U S  telecast of the Balanchine version (aside from cable and "on demand" showings of the 1993 theatrical film) in more than fifty years  It was nominated for an Emmy Award in July 2012 

Casts
Original
NYCB revivals
Television
(1958)

Television
(2011)

Theatrical Film Version
(1993)

Music
Balanchine adds to Tchaikovsky's score an entr'acte that the composer wrote for Act II of The Sleeping Beauty, but which is now seldom played in productions of that ballet  In Balanchine's Nutcracker, it is used as a transition between the departure of the guests and the battle with the mice  During this transition, the mother of Marie (as she is usually called in this version) appears in the living room and throws a blanket over the girl, who has crept downstairs and fallen asleep on the sofa; then Drosselmeyer appears, repairs the Nutcracker, and binds the jaw with a handkerchief  In addition, the Dance Of The Sugar Plum Fairy is moved from near the end of Act II to near the beginning of the second act, just after the Sugar Plum Fairy makes her first appearance  To help the musical transition, the tarantella that comes before the dance is cut  In the 1993 film version of the Balanchine version, just as in the telecast of the Baryshnikov one, the Miniature Overture is cut in half, and the opening credits are seen as the overture is heard  The film's final credits feature a reprise of the Trepak and the Waltz of the Flowers 

Footnotes
External links
George Balanchine’s The Nutcracker at the Balanchine Trust website
Passage 8:
Darci Kistler
Darci Kistler (born June 4, 1964) is an American ballerina   She is often said to be the last muse for choreographer George Balanchine 

Early life
Kistler was born in Riverside, California, the fifth child (with four older brothers) of a medical doctor and his wife   Her brothers excelled in amateur wrestling, and she followed them into water-skiing, basketball, football and horseback riding 

Ballet career
At age 4, Kistler received her first tutu and began ballet training that same year  She claimed although she was always athletic, she could never keep to her brothers—so ballet turned out to be one cornerstone she had mastered  After seeing a ballet performance of Rudolf Nureyev and Margot Fonteyn, she decided she wanted to take up ballet herself  She studied with Mary Lynn at Mary Lynn's Ballet Arts and later with Irina Kosmovska in Los Angeles 
In early 1979, Kistler was selected to study at New York City Ballet's School of American Ballet (SAB), where she met George Balanchine  She joined the New York City Ballet (NYCB) corps de ballet in 1980, and was featured in a Time article before the end of the year Kistler was promoted to (NYCB) soloist in 1981 and principal dancer in 1982, the youngest ever at 17 years  Signature roles include Balanchine's Jewels (Diamonds), Agon, Prodigal Son and Symphony in C  She danced the rôle of the Sugarplum Fairy in City Ballet's 1993 film version of The Nutcracker  She eventually wrote her own autobiography "Ballerina: My Story" as a children's book 
Kistler joined the SAB's permanent faculty in 1994 
Throughout her career, she had numerous dance-related injuries, including a broken ankle that sidelined her for three years  She went through several surgeries, including for her back In February 2009, Kistler announced her retirement from New York City Ballet at the end of the 2010 season  Her farewell performance took place on June 27, 2010, and consisted of ballets choreographed by Balanchine and Martins:

Personal life
Kistler married New York City Ballet's balletmaster-in-chief Peter Martins in 1991  In July 1992, Martins was arrested and held for five hours after Kistler phoned the police for help  Kistler filed an affidavit accusing him of assaulting her, pushing and slapping her, and cutting and bruising her arms and legs, leading to a charge of third-degree assault (a misdemeanor)  Kistler dropped the charges a few days later, saying she preferred to resolve the matter without the court's intervention  When she next performed in a ballet two days later, she reportedly wore heavy makeup to conceal bruises she had suffered  Several people who knew the two well claimed it wasn't the first time Martins had hit Kistler Kistler and Martins have one daughter, Talicia Tove Martins, born June 13, 1996 

Jerome Robbins
Ulysses Dove
Red Angels

Robert La Fosse
Danses de Cour

Peter Martins
Featured roles
George Balanchine
Jerome Robbins
Peter Martins
Television
PBS Dance in America
Bournonville Dances William Tell pas de deux
Serenade
PBS Kennedy Center Honors tribute to Alexandra Danilova
Swan Lake pas de deux
PBS Dance in America The Balanchine Celebration
PBS Live from Lincoln Center New York City Ballet's Diamond Project: Ten Years of New Choreography, 2002
Them Twos
PBS Live from Lincoln Center Lincoln Center Celebrates Balanchine 100, 2004
Liebeslieder Walzer
Passage 9:
Gwen Verdon
Gwyneth Evelyn "Gwen" Verdon (January 13, 1925 – October 18, 2000) was an American actress and dancer  She won four Tony Awards for her musical comedy performances, and served as an uncredited choreographer's assistant and specialty dance coach for theater and film  Verdon was a critically acclaimed performer on Broadway in the 1950s, 1960s, and 1970s, having originated many roles in musicals, including Lola in Damn Yankees, the title character in Sweet Charity and Roxie Hart in Chicago  She is also strongly identified with her second husband, director-choreographer Bob Fosse, remembered as the dancer-collaborator-muse for whom he choreographed much of his work and as the guardian of his legacy after his death 

Early life
Verdon was born in Culver City, California, the second child of Gertrude Lilian (née Standring) and Joseph William Verdon, British immigrants to the United States by way of Canada  Her brother was William Farrell Verdon  Her father was an electrician at MGM Studios, and her mother was a former vaudevillian of the Denishawn dance troupe, as well as a dance teacher As a toddler, she suffered from rickets, which left her legs so badly misshapen she was called "Gimpy" by other children and spent her early years in orthopedic boots and rigid leg braces  At age three, her mother enrolled her in dance classes  Further ballet training strengthened her legs and improved her carriage 
By age six, she was dancing on stage  She went on to study multiple dance forms, ranging from tap, jazz, ballroom and flamenco to Balinese  She also studied juggling  At age 11, she appeared as a solo ballerina in the musical romance film The King Steps Out (1936), directed by Josef von Sternberg and starring Grace Moore and Franchot Tone  She attended Hamilton High School in Los Angeles and studied under ballet enthusiast Ernest Belcher  While in high school, she was cast in a revival of Show Boat 
In 1942, Verdon's parents asked her to marry family friend and tabloid reporter James Henaghan after he got her pregnant at 17 years old, and she quit her dancing career to raise their child  In 1945, she appeared as a dancer in the movie musical Blonde From Brooklyn  After her divorce, she entrusted her son Jimmy to the care of her parents 

Career
Early on, Verdon found a job as assistant to choreographer Jack Cole, whose work was respected by both Broadway and Hollywood movie studios  During her five-year employment with Cole, she took small roles in movie musicals as a "specialty dancer"  She also taught dance to stars such as Jane Russell, Fernando Lamas, Lana Turner, Rita Hayworth, Betty Grable and Marilyn Monroe 
Verdon started out on Broadway going from one chorus line to another  Her breakthrough role finally came when choreographer Michael Kidd cast her as the second female lead in Cole Porter's musical Can-Can (1953), starring French prima donna Lilo  Out-of-town reviewers hailed Verdon's interpretation of Eve in the Garden of Eden ballet as a performance that upstaged the show's star, who reputedly demanded Verdon's role be cut to only two featured dance numbers  With her role reduced to little more than an ensemble part, Verdon formally announced her intention to quit by the time the show premiered on Broadway  But her opening-night Garden of Eden performance was so well-received that the audience screamed her name until the startled actress was brought from her dressing room in a towel to take a curtain call  Verdon received a pay increase and her first Tony Award for her performance 
Verdon's biggest critical and commercial success was her following show, George Abbott's Damn Yankees (1955), based on the novel The Year the Yankees Lost the Pennant  The musical ran for 1,019 performances  Verdon won another Tony and went to Hollywood to repeat her role in the 1958 movie version Damn Yankees, famously singing "Whatever Lola Wants"  (Fosse can be seen partnered with her in the original mambo duet "Who's Got the Pain" )
Verdon won another Tony for her performance in the musical New Girl in Town as a hard-luck girl fleeing from her past as a prostitute  She won her fourth Tony for the murder-mystery musical Redhead, Fosse's Broadway debut as a director/choreographer  In 1960, Fosse and Verdon wed 
In 1966, Verdon returned to the stage in the role of Charity in Sweet Charity, which like many of her earlier Broadway triumphs was choreographed and directed by husband Fosse  The show is loosely based on Federico Fellini's screenplay for Nights of Cabiria  It was followed by a movie version starring  Shirley MacLaine as Charity, featuring Ricardo Montalbán, Sammy Davis Jr  and Chita Rivera, with Fosse at the helm of his very first film as director and choreographer  Verdon helped with the choreography  The numbers include the famed "Big Spender", "Rhythm of Life", "If My Friends Could See Me Now", and "I'm a Brass Band"  Verdon also traveled to Berlin to help Fosse with Cabaret, the musical film for which he won an Oscar for Best Director 
Although estranged as a couple, Verdon and Fosse continued to collaborate on projects such as the musical Chicago (1975) (in which she originated the role of murderess Roxie Hart) and the musical Dancin' (1978), as well as Fosse's autobiographical movie All That Jazz (1979)  The helpmate/peer played by Leland Palmer in that film is based on the role Verdon played in Fosse's real life   She also developed a close working relationship with Fosse's partner, Broadway dancer Ann Reinking, and was an instructor for Reinking's musical theatre classes 
After originating the role of Roxie opposite Chita Rivera's Velma Kelly in Chicago, Verdon focused on film acting, playing character roles in movies such as The Cotton Club (1984), Cocoon (1985) and Cocoon: The Return (1988)  She continued to teach dance and musical theater and to act  She received three Emmy Award nominations for appearances on Magnum, P I  (1988), Dream On (1993) and Homicide: Life on the Street (1993)  Verdon appeared as the title character's mother in the Woody Allen movie Alice (1990) and as Ruth in Marvin's Room (1996), co-starring Meryl Streep, Diane Keaton, and Leonardo DiCaprio  In 1999, Verdon served as artistic consultant on a Broadway musical designed to showcase examples of classic Fosse choreography   Called simply Fosse, the revue was conceived and directed by Richard Maltby Jr  and Ann Reinking and choreographed by Reinking and Chet Walker  Verdon's daughter Nicole received a "special thanks" credit  The show won a Tony Award for Best Musical 
In 1997 Verdon appeared in an episode of Walker Texas Ranger as Maisie Whitman  She reprised the role in 1999 
Verdon played Alora in the movie Walking Across Egypt (1999) and appeared in the film Bruno, released in 2000  Verdon received a total of four Tonys, for best featured actress for Can-Can (1953) and best leading actress for Damn Yankees (1955), New Girl in Town (1957) and Redhead (1959)  She also won a Grammy Award for the cast recording of Redhead Verdon was inducted into the American Theater Hall of Fame in 1981  In 1998, she was awarded the National Medal of Arts 

Personal life
Verdon was married twice and had two children  She married tabloid reporter James Archibald Henaghan in 1942  They had a son, Jim, the following year and divorced in 1947  In 1960, Verdon married choreographer Bob Fosse  They had a daughter, Nicole, in 1963  Fosse's extramarital affairs put a strain on their marriage, and by 1971, Verdon and Fosse were separated, but never divorced  She was involved in relationships with actor Scott Brady and actor Jerry Lanning, son of Roberta Sherwood  Verdon was with Fosse when he suffered a fatal heart attack at the Willard Hotel in Washington, D C , in September 1987 Verdon was a cat fancier, having up to six cats at one time, with the pets carrying names such as "Feets Fosse", "Junie Moon", and "Tidbits Tumbler Fosse" Verdon was a mental health-care advocate; later in life, she openly spoke about the positive effects of mental-health counseling  Along with teaching dance as a form of therapy, she sat on the board of directors for the New York Postgraduate Center for Mental Health, and actively raised funds to support mental health-care research 

Popular culture
Fosse/Verdon is an 8-part American miniseries starring Sam Rockwell as Fosse and Michelle Williams as Verdon  The series, which tells the story of the couple's troubled personal and professional relationship, is based on the biography Fosse by Sam Wasson  It premiered in eight parts on April 9, 2019, on FX  At the 71st Primetime Emmy Awards, Fosse/Verdon received seventeen nominations, including Outstanding Limited Series and acting nominations for Rockwell, Williams, and Margaret Qualley (as Ann Reinking)  Williams won the Emmy for Outstanding Actress in a Limited Series 

Death and legacy
Verdon died from a heart attack on October 18, 2000, aged 75, at her daughter's home in Woodstock, Vermont  Later that night, at 8 pm, all marquee lights on Broadway were dimmed in a tribute to Verdon 

Work
Stage
Film
Television
Music
In 1956, Verdon released an album titled The Girl I Left Home For  The album includes her covers of popular jazz standards of the time 

Awards and nominations
† Tied with co-star Thelma Ritter
 
†† Tied with Ethel Merman for Gypsy

††† Shared with Bob Fosse
Passage 10:
Mansi Aggarwal
Mansi Aggarwal is an Indian filmmaker, writer, producer and choreographer who has written, directed, produced films and choreographed songs in Indian film industry  She is best known for choreographing the song, "Bharat Mata ki Jai", from the movie Shanghai that starred actor Emraan Hashmi - the song gained a lot of popularity and became a hit in India  She has worked with path breaking actors - Priyanka Chopra in Mary Kom, Rajkumar Rao in Kai Po Che, and with Abhay Deol in the movie Dev D She has been nominated for the Filmfare award for the song "Bharat Mata ki Jai" from Shanghai starring the actor Emraan Hashmi, the song was loved by the audience and became popular in India  The song "Suno na Sangmarmar" from the movie Youngistaan was also nominated for Stardust and Filmfare awards She also choreographed commercials for big brands like Nykaa, Biba, Zandu Balm, etc  She was published as the youngest choreographer in the eminent magazine Femina   In 2018, she made her debut as a writer-director with her first short film The Handbag, which was posted on ‘Humara Movie’ YouTube channel  She came with her second film Raani, which got selected for Lift Off Global Networks, London and was also screened at the Darbhanga International Film Festival  It was a finalist at the Golden Jury International Film Festival and won the Best Actor award at the same  Raani released on Disney Hotstar and is streaming on MX Player  The films The Handbag and Raani were produced under the banner Yin Yang Films 

Early life and career
Mansi was born on 10 June 1984 and raised in Delhi where she also took training in Indian classical dance, Kathak  Her Kathak training started when she was only 7 years old and she later became a Visharad (graduate) in the dance form  She studied Economics at Hansraj College in Delhi University and after finishing her graduation she opened her dance institute in Delhi—Mansi Dance Creations Her career in Bollywood movies started when she was first spotted by the film director, Anurag Kashyap, during a dance performance in Delhi  Anurag offered her to choreograph the critically acclaimed film, Gulaal  However, the movie got delayed and Mansi shifted her focus to academics until Anurag came to her for the second time with the proposal of choreographing Abhay Deol-starrer, Dev D Mansi is married to cinematographer Arindam Bhattacharjee 

Choreography in Indian Film Industry
Mansi has choreographed the following Bollywood movies:

Filmography as Director, Producer and Writer
Context 2: Passage 1:
Stones into Schools
Stones into Schools: Promoting Peace with Books, Not Bombs, in Afghanistan and Pakistan is a New York Times bestselling book by Greg Mortenson published by Viking in 2009   The book is the sequel to the bestselling book Three Cups of Tea and tells the story of Mortenson's humanitarian efforts to build schools in Pakistan and Afghanistan with his non-profit charity organization, Central Asia Institute (CAI)   CAI reports that as of 2010, it has overseen the building over 171 schools in the two countries  These schools reportedly provide education to over 64,000 children, including 54,000 girls, where few education opportunities existed before in the remote regions of Pakistan and Afghanistan 

Summary
Stones into Schools picks up where Three Cups of Tea left off in late 2003   Tracing the efforts of CAI to work in the northeast corner of Afghanistan, the book describes how the book's author and Sarfraz Khan worked to establish the first schools in the area   Mortenson and Khan's efforts were thwarted for a time when a devastating earthquake hit the Azad Kashmir region of Pakistan   CAI assisted with relief efforts in the region by setting up temporary tent schools and later build several earthquake-proof schools   After CAI's relief efforts were completed, the non-profit charity organization then opens schools in areas controlled by the Taliban and Mortenson assists the US military to formulate strategic plans in the region 

Advice solicited by US Military in Afghanistan
Due to attention paid to Mortenson's books first by their wives,  US military leaders in Afghanistan have sought Mortenson's advice on how to work with the elders of local Afghan communities since 2007   Seeking his knowledge on dealing with Afghan elders, the military has also included Mortenson as an active participant in meetings between the elders and US military commanders   He has not, however, accepted any payment for his services, nor does he have any contractual or other formal relationship with the US military 

Criticism
Allegations
On the April 17, 2011 broadcast of CBS News' 60 Minutes, correspondent Steve Kroft alleged inaccuracies in Stones into Schools and its prequel, Three Cups of Tea   In particular, CBS News disputed  Mortenson's claim that he got lost near K2 and ended up in Korphe; that he was captured by the Taliban in 1996; whether the number of schools built and supported by CAI is accurate; and the propriety in the use of CAI funds for Mortenson's book tours  60 Minutes asked Mortenson for an interview prior to their broadcast, but Mortenson did not respond to their requests Jon Krakauer, a former financial supporter of CAI, has also questioned Mortenson's accounts separately and was interviewed for the 60 Minutes segment  The day after the broadcast, Krakauer released his allegations in a lengthy online article, Three Cups of Deceit - How Greg Mortenson, Humanitarian Hero, Lost His Way Mansur Khan Mahsudhe, a tribesmen Greg Mortenson describes as a kidnapper in Stones into Schools, states he is "looking into how to sue" Greg Mortenson for what he claims are lies about him 

Response to allegations
In response to the allegations made against him and his books, Mortenson wrote a statement that was published in the Bozeman Chronicle: "I stand by the information conveyed in my book, and by the value of CAI's work in empowering local communities to build and operate schools that have educated more than 60,000 students " Mortenson further stated, "The time about our final days on K2 and ongoing journey to Korphe village and Skardu is a compressed version of events that took place in the fall of 1993   "Scott Darsney, a respected mountaineer and friend of Greg Mortenson, wrote an email subsequently turned into an exclusive article for Outside magazine's online version as a response to the allegations against Mortenson  Darnsey questioned the accuracy and fairness of both the Krakauer piece and the 60 Minutes report  Darnsey had been interviewed by Krakauer, and maintained that Krakauer either misquoted or misunderstood what he said 
As a response to Krakauer's allegations, CAI produced a comprehensive list of projects completed over a period of years and projects CAI is currently working on  The list was released in December, 2011 (see external links below) 
Passage 2:
Socrates
Socrates (; Greek: Σωκράτης; c  470–399 BC) was a Greek philosopher from Athens who is credited as the founder of Western philosophy and among the first moral philosophers of the ethical tradition of thought  An enigmatic figure, Socrates authored no texts and is known mainly through the posthumous accounts of classical writers, particularly his students Plato and Xenophon  These accounts are written as dialogues, in which Socrates and his interlocutors examine a subject in the style of question and answer; they gave rise to the Socratic dialogue literary genre  Contradictory accounts of Socrates make a reconstruction of his philosophy nearly impossible, a situation known as the Socratic problem  Socrates was a polarizing figure in Athenian society  In 399 BC, he was accused of impiety and corrupting the youth  After a trial that lasted a day, he was sentenced to death  He spent his last day in prison, refusing offers to help him escape 
Plato's dialogues are among the most comprehensive accounts of Socrates to survive from antiquity  They demonstrate the Socratic approach to areas of philosophy including epistemology and ethics  The Platonic Socrates lends his name to the concept of the Socratic method, and also to Socratic irony  The Socratic method of questioning, or elenchus, takes shape in dialogue using short questions and answers, epitomized by those Platonic texts in which Socrates and his interlocutors examine various aspects of an issue or an abstract meaning, usually relating to one of the virtues, and find themselves at an impasse, completely unable to define what they thought they understood  Socrates is known for proclaiming his total ignorance; he used to say that the only thing he was aware of was his ignorance, seeking to imply that the realization of our ignorance is the first step in philosophizing 
Socrates exerted a strong influence on philosophers in later antiquity and has continued to do so in the modern era  He was studied by medieval and Islamic scholars and played an important role in the thought of the Italian Renaissance, particularly within the humanist movement  Interest in him continued unabated, as reflected in the works of Søren Kierkegaard and Friedrich Nietzsche  Depictions of Socrates in art, literature, and popular culture have made him a widely known figure in the Western philosophical tradition 

Sources and the Socratic problem
Socrates did not document his teachings  All that is known about him comes from the accounts of others: mainly the philosopher Plato and the historian Xenophon, who were both his pupils; the Athenian comic dramatist Aristophanes (Socrates's contemporary); and Plato's pupil Aristotle, who was born after Socrates's death  The often contradictory stories from these ancient accounts only serve to complicate scholars' ability to reconstruct Socrates's true thoughts reliably, a predicament known as the Socratic problem  The works of Plato, Xenophon, and other authors who use the character of Socrates as an investigative tool, are written in the form of a dialogue between Socrates and his interlocutors and provide the main source of information on Socrates's life and thought  Socratic dialogues (logos sokratikos) was a term coined by Aristotle to describe this newly formed literary genre  While the exact dates of their composition are unknown, some were probably written after Socrates's death  As Aristotle first noted, the extent to which the dialogues portray Socrates authentically is a matter of some debate 

Plato and Xenophon
An honest man, Xenophon was no trained philosopher  He could neither fully conceptualize nor articulate Socrates's arguments  He admired Socrates for his intelligence, patriotism, and courage on the battlefield  He discusses Socrates in four works: the Memorabilia, the Oeconomicus, the Symposium, and the Apology of Socrates  He also mentions a story featuring Socrates in his Anabasis  Oeconomicus recounts a discussion on practical agricultural issues  Like Plato's Apology, Xenophon's Apologia describes the trial of Socrates, but the works diverge substantially and, according to W  K  C  Guthrie, Xenophon's account portrays a Socrates of "intolerable smugness and complacency"  Symposium is a dialogue of Socrates with other prominent Athenians during an after-dinner discussion, but is quite different from Plato's Symposium: there is no overlap in the guest list  In Memorabilia, he defends Socrates from the accusations of corrupting the youth and being against the gods; essentially, it is a collection of various stories gathered together to construct a new apology for Socrates Plato's representation of Socrates is not straightforward  Plato was a pupil of Socrates and outlived him by five decades  How trustworthy Plato is in representing the attributes of Socrates is a matter of debate; the view that he did not represent views other than Socrates's own is not shared by many contemporary scholars  A driver of this doubt is the inconsistency of the character of Socrates that he presents  One common explanation of this inconsistency is that Plato initially tried to accurately represent the historical Socrates, while later in his writings he was happy to insert his own views into Socrates's words  Under this understanding, there is a distinction between the Socratic Socrates of Plato's earlier works and the Platonic Socrates of Plato's later writings, although the boundary between the two seems blurred Xenophon's and Plato's accounts differ in their presentations of Socrates as a person  Xenophon's Socrates is duller, less humorous and less ironic than Plato's  Xenophon's Socrates also lacks the philosophical features of Plato's Socrates—ignorance, the Socratic method or elenchus—and thinks enkrateia (self-control) is of pivotal importance, which is not the case with Plato's Socrates  Generally, logoi Sokratikoi cannot help us to reconstruct the historical Socrates even in cases where their narratives overlap, as authors may have influenced each other's accounts 

Aristophanes and other sources
Writers of Athenian comedy, including Aristophanes, also commented on Socrates  Aristophanes's most important comedy with respect to Socrates is The Clouds, in which Socrates is a central character  In this drama, Aristophanes presents a caricature of Socrates that leans towards sophism, ridiculing Socrates as an absurd atheist  Socrates in Clouds is interested in natural philosophy, which conforms to Plato's depiction of him in Phaedo  What is certain is that by the age of 45, Socrates had already captured the interest of Athenians as a philosopher  It is not clear whether Aristophanes's work is useful in reconstructing the historical Socrates Other ancient authors who wrote about Socrates were Aeschines of Sphettus, Antisthenes, Aristippus, Bryson, Cebes, Crito, Euclid of Megara, Phaedo and Aristotle, all of whom wrote after Socrates's death  Aristotle was not a contemporary of Socrates; he studied under Plato at the latter's Academy for twenty years  Aristotle treats Socrates without the bias of Xenophon and Plato, who had an emotional tie with Socrates, and he scrutinizes Socrates's doctrines as a philosopher  Aristotle was familiar with the various written and unwritten stories of Socrates  His role in understanding Socrates is limited  He does not write extensively on Socrates; and, when he does, he is mainly preoccupied with the early dialogues of Plato  There are also general doubts on his reliability on the history of philosophy  Still, his testimony is vital in understanding Socrates 

The Socratic problem
In a seminal work titled "The Worth of Socrates as a Philosopher" (1818), the philosopher Friedrich Schleiermacher attacked Xenophon's accounts; his attack was widely accepted and gave rise to the Socratic problem  Schleiermacher criticized Xenophon for his naïve representation of Socrates  Xenophon was a soldier, argued Schleiermacher, and was therefore not well placed to articulate Socratic ideas  Furthermore, Xenophon was biased in his depiction of his former friend and teacher: he believed Socrates was treated unfairly by Athens, and sought to prove his point of view rather than to provide an impartial account  The result, said Schleiermacher, was that Xenophon portrayed Socrates as an uninspiring philosopher  By the early 20th century, Xenophon's account was largely rejected The philosopher Karl Joel, basing his arguments on Aristotle's interpretation of logos sokratikos, suggested that the Socratic dialogues are mostly fictional: according to Joel, the dialogues' authors were just mimicking some Socratic traits of dialogue  In the mid-20th century, philosophers such as Olof Gigon and Eugène Dupréel, based on Joel's arguments, proposed that the study of Socrates should focus on the various versions of his character and beliefs rather than aiming to reconstruct a historical Socrates  Later, ancient philosophy scholar Gregory Vlastos suggested that the early Socratic dialogues of Plato were more compatible with other evidence for a historical Socrates than his later writings, an argument that is based on inconsistencies in Plato's own evolving depiction of Socrates  Vlastos totally disregarded Xenophon's account except when it agreed with Plato's  More recently, Charles H  Kahn has reinforced the skeptical stance on the unsolvable Socratic problem, suggesting that only Plato's Apology has any historical significance 

Biography
Socrates was born in 470 or 469 BC to Sophroniscus and Phaenarete, a stoneworker and a midwife, respectively, in the Athenian deme of Alopece; therefore, he was an Athenian citizen, having been born to relatively affluent Athenians  He lived close to his father's relatives and inherited, as was customary, part of his father's estate, securing a life reasonably free of financial concerns  His education followed the laws and customs of Athens  He learned the basic skills of reading and writing and, like most wealthy Athenians, received extra lessons in various other fields such as gymnastics, poetry and music  He was married twice (which came first is not clear): his marriage to Xanthippe took place when Socrates was in his fifties, and another marriage was with a daughter of Aristides, an Athenian statesman  He had three sons with Xanthippe  Socrates fulfilled his military service during the Peloponnesian War and distinguished himself in three campaigns, according to Plato Another incident that reflects Socrates's respect for the law is the arrest of Leon the Salaminian  As Plato describes in his Apology, Socrates and four others were summoned to the Tholos and told by representatives of the Thirty Tyrants (which began ruling in 404 BC) to arrest Leon for execution  Again Socrates was the sole abstainer, choosing to risk the tyrants' wrath and retribution rather than to participate in what he considered to be a crime Socrates attracted great interest from the Athenian public and especially the Athenian youth  He was notoriously ugly, having a flat turned-up nose, bulging eyes and a large belly; his friends joked about his appearance  Socrates was indifferent to material pleasures, including his own appearance and personal comfort  He neglected personal hygiene, bathed rarely, walked barefoot, and owned only one ragged coat  He moderated his eating, drinking, and sex, although he did not practice full abstention  Although Socrates was attracted to youth, as was common and accepted in ancient Greece, he resisted his passion for young men because, as Plato describes, he was more interested in educating their souls  Socrates did not seek sex from his disciples, as was often the case between older and younger men in Athens  Politically, he did not take sides in the rivalry between the democrats and the oligarchs in Athens; he criticized both  The character of Socrates as exhibited in Apology, Crito, Phaedo and Symposium concurs with other sources to an extent that gives confidence in Plato's depiction of Socrates in these works as being representative of the real Socrates Socrates died in Athens in 399 BC after a trial for impiety and the corruption of the young that lasted for only a day  He spent his last day in prison among friends and followers who offered him a route to escape, which he refused  He died the next morning, in accordance with his sentence, after drinking poison hemlock  He had never left Athens, except during the military campaigns which he had participated in 

Trial of Socrates
In 399 BC, Socrates went on trial for corrupting the minds of the youth of Athens, and for impiety  Socrates defended himself unsuccessfully  He was found guilty by a majority vote cast by a jury of hundreds of male Athenian citizens and, according to the custom, proposed his own penalty: that he should be given free food and housing by the state, for the services he rendered to the city  In the alternative, he proposed that he be fined one mina of silver (according to him, all he had)  The jurors declined his offer and ordered the death penalty  The official charges were: (1) corrupting youth; (2) worshipping false gods; and (3) not worshipping the state religion Socrates was charged in a politically tense climate  In 404 BC, the Athenians had been crushed by Spartans at the decisive naval Battle of Aegospotami, and subsequently, the Spartans laid siege to Athens  They replaced the democratic government with a new, pro-oligarchic government, named the Thirty Tyrants  Because of their tyrannical measures, some Athenians organized to overthrow the Tyrants—and, indeed, they managed to do so briefly—until a Spartan request for aid from the Thirty arrived and a compromise was sought  When the Spartans left again, however, democrats seized the opportunity to kill the oligarchs and reclaim the government of Athens The accusations against Socrates were initiated by a poet, Meletus, who asked for the death penalty in accordance with the charge of asebeia  Other accusers were Anytus and Lycon  After a month or two, in late spring or early summer, the trial started and likely went on for most of one day  There were two main sources for the religion-based accusations  First, Socrates had rejected the anthropomorphism of traditional Greek religion by denying that the gods did bad things like humans do  Second, he seemed to believe in a daimonion—an inner voice with, as his accusers suggested, divine origin Plato's Apology starts with Socrates answering the various rumours against him that have given rise to the indictment  First, Socrates defends himself against the rumour that he is an atheist naturalist philosopher, as portrayed in Aristophanes's The Clouds; or a sophist  Against the allegations of corrupting the youth, Socrates answers that he has never corrupted anyone intentionally, since corrupting someone would carry the risk of being corrupted back in return, and that would be illogical, since corruption is undesirable  On the second charge, Socrates asks for clarification  Meletus responds by repeating the accusation that Socrates is an atheist  Socrates notes the contradiction between atheism and worshipping false gods  He then claims that he is "God's gift" to the Athenians, since his activities ultimately benefit Athens; thus, in condemning him to death, Athens itself will be the greatest loser  After that, he says that even though no human can reach wisdom, seeking it is the best thing someone can do, implying money and prestige are not as precious as commonly thought 

Socrates was given the chance to offer alternative punishments for himself after being found guilty  He could have requested permission to flee Athens and live in exile, but he did not do so  Instead, according to Plato, he requested that a fine should be imposed on him and also suggested that free meals should be provided for him daily in recognition of his worth to Athens  According to Xenophon, however, Socrates made no proposals  The jurors favoured the death penalty by making him drink a cup of hemlock (a poisonous liquid)  In return, Socrates warned jurors and Athenians that criticism of them by his many disciples was inescapable, unless they became good men  After a delay caused by Athenian religious ceremonies, Socrates spent his last day in prison  His friends visited him and offered him an opportunity to escape, which he declined The question of what motivated Athenians to convict Socrates remains controversial among scholars  There are two theories  The first is that Socrates was convicted on religious grounds; the second, that he was accused and convicted for political reasons  Another, more recent, interpretation synthesizes the religious and political theories, arguing that religion and state were not separate in ancient Athens The argument for religious persecution is supported by the fact that Plato's and Xenophon's accounts of the trial mostly focus on the charges of impiety  In those accounts, Socrates is portrayed as making no effort to dispute the fact that he did not believe in the Athenian gods  Against this argument stands the fact that many skeptics and atheist philosophers during this time were not prosecuted  According to the argument for political persecution, Socrates was targeted because he was perceived as a threat to democracy  It was true that Socrates did not stand for democracy during the reign of the Thirty Tyrants and that most of his pupils were against the democrats  The case for it being a political persecution is usually challenged by the existence of an amnesty that was granted to Athenian citizens in 403 BC to prevent escalation to civil war after the fall of the Thirty  However, as the text from Socrates's trial and other texts reveal, the accusers could have fuelled their rhetoric using events prior to 403 BC 

Philosophy
Socratic method
A fundamental characteristic of Plato's Socrates is the Socratic method, or the method of refutation (elenchus)  It is most prominent in the early works of Plato, such as Apology, Crito, Gorgias, Republic I, and others  The typical elenchus proceeds as follows  Socrates initiates a discussion about a topic with a known expert on the subject, usually in the company of some young men and boys, and by dialogue proves the expert's beliefs and arguments to be contradictory  Socrates initiates the dialogue by asking his interlocutor for a definition of the subject  As he asks more questions, the interlocutor's answers eventually contradict the first definition  The conclusion is that the expert did not really know the definition in the first place  The interlocutor may come up with a different definition  That new definition, in turn, comes under the scrutiny of Socratic questioning  With each round of question and answer, Socrates and his interlocutor hope to approach the truth  More often, they continue to reveal their ignorance  Since the interlocutors' definitions most commonly represent the mainstream opinion on a matter, the discussion places doubt on the common opinion Socrates also tests his own opinions through the Socratic method  Thus Socrates does not teach a fixed philosophical doctrine  Rather, he acknowledges his own ignorance while searching for truth with his pupils and interlocutors Scholars have questioned the validity and the exact nature of the Socratic method, or indeed if there even was a Socratic method  In 1982, the scholar of ancient philosophy Gregory Vlastos claimed that the Socratic method could not be used to establish the truth or falsehood of a proposition  Rather, Vlastos argued, it was a way to show that an interlocutor's beliefs were inconsistent  There have been two main lines of thought regarding this view, depending on whether it is accepted that Socrates is seeking to prove a claim wrong  According to the first line of thought, known as the constructivist approach, Socrates indeed seeks to refute a claim by this method, and the method helps in reaching affirmative statements  The non-constructivist approach holds that Socrates merely wants to establish the inconsistency between the premises and conclusion of the initial argument 

Socratic priority of definition
Socrates starts his discussions by prioritizing the search for definitions  In most cases, Socrates initiates his discourse with an expert on a subject by seeking a definition—by asking, for example, what virtue, goodness, justice, or courage is  To establish a definition, Socrates first gathers clear examples of a virtue and then seeks to establish what they had in common  According to Guthrie, Socrates lived in an era when sophists had challenged the meaning of various virtues, questioning their substance; Socrates's quest for a definition was an attempt to clear the atmosphere from their radical skepticism Some scholars have argued that Socrates does not endorse the priority of definition as a principle, because they have identified cases where he does not do so  Some have argued that this priority of definition comes from Plato rather than Socrates  Philosopher Peter Geach, accepting that Socrates endorses the priority of definition, finds the technique fallacious  Αccording to Geach, one may know a proposition even if one cannot define the terms in which the proposition is stated 

Socratic ignorance
Plato's Socrates often claims that he is aware of his own lack of knowledge, especially when discussing ethical concepts such as arete (i e , goodness, courage) since he does not know the nature of such concepts  For example, during his trial, with his life at stake, Socrates says: "I thought Evenus a happy man, if he really possesses this art (technē), and teaches for so moderate a fee  Certainly I would pride and preen myself if I knew (epistamai) these things, but I do not know (epistamai) them, gentlemen"  In some of Plato's dialogues, Socrates appears to credit himself with some knowledge, and can even seem strongly opinionated for a man who professes his own ignorance There are varying explanations of the Socratic inconsistency (other than that Socrates is simply being inconsistent)  One explanation is that Socrates is being either ironic or modest for pedagogical purposes: he aims to let his interlocutor to think for himself rather than guide him to a prefixed answer to his philosophical questions  Another explanation is that Socrates holds different interpretations of the meaning of "knowledge"  Knowledge, for him, might mean systematic understanding of an ethical subject, on which Socrates firmly rejects any kind of mastery; or might refer to lower-level cognition, which Socrates may accept that he possesses  In any case, there is consensus that Socrates accepts that acknowledging one's lack of knowledge is the first step towards wisdom Socrates is known for disavowing knowledge, a claim encapsulated in the saying "I know that I know nothing"  This is often attributed to Socrates on the basis of a statement in Plato's Apology, though the same view is repeatedly found elsewhere in Plato's early writings on Socrates  In other statements, though, he implies or even claims that he does have knowledge  For example, in Plato's Apology Socrates says: "   but that to do injustice and disobey my superior, god or man, this I know to be evil and base   " (Apology, 29b6–7)  In his debate with Callicles, he says: "   I know well that if you will agree with me on those things which my soul believes, those things will be the very truth   "Whether Socrates genuinely thought he lacked knowledge or merely feigned a belief in his own ignorance remains a matter of debate  A common interpretation is that he was indeed feigning modesty  According to Norman Gulley, Socrates did this to entice his interlocutors to speak with him  On the other hand, Terence Irwin claims that Socrates's words should be taken literally Gregory Vlastos argues that there is enough evidence to refute both claims  On his view, for Socrates, there are two separate meanings of "knowledge": Knowledge-C and Knowledge-E (C stands for "certain", and E stands for elenchus, i e  the Socratic method)  Knowledge-C is something unquestionable whereas Knowledge-E is the knowledge derived from Socrates's elenchus  Thus, Socrates speaks the truth when he says he knows-C something, and he is also truthful when saying he knows-E, for example that it is evil for someone to disobey his superiors, as he claims in Apology  Not all scholars have agreed with this semantic dualism  James H  Lesher has argued that Socrates claimed in various dialogues that one word is linked to one meaning (i e  in Hippias Major, Meno, and Laches)  Lesher suggests that although Socrates claimed that he had no knowledge about the nature of virtues, he thought that in some cases, people can know some ethical propositions 

Socratic irony
There is a widespread assumption that Socrates was an ironist, mostly based on the depiction of Socrates by Plato and Aristotle  Socrates's irony is so subtle and slightly humorous that it often leaves the reader wondering if Socrates is making an intentional pun  Plato's Euthyphro is filled with Socratic irony  The story begins when Socrates is meeting with Euthyphro, a man who has accused his own father of murder  When Socrates first hears the details of the story, he comments, "It is not, I think, any random person who could do this [prosecute one's father] correctly, but surely one who is already far progressed in wisdom"  When Euthyphro boasts about his understanding of divinity, Socrates responds that it is "most important that I become your student"  Socrates is commonly seen as ironic when using praise to flatter or when addressing his interlocutors Scholars are divided on why Socrates uses irony  According to an opinion advanced since the Hellenistic period, Socratic irony is a playful way to get the audience's attention  Another line of thought holds that Socrates conceals his philosophical message with irony, making it accessible only to those who can separate the parts of his statements which are ironic from those which are not  Gregory Vlastos has identified a more complex pattern of irony in Socrates  On Vlastos's view, Socrates's words have a double meaning, both ironic and not  One example is when he denies having knowledge  Vlastos suggests that Socrates is being ironic when he says he has no knowledge (where "knowledge" means a lower form of cognition); while, according to another sense of "knowledge", Socrates is serious when he says he has no knowledge of ethical matters  This opinion is not shared by many other scholars 

Socratic eudaimonism and intellectualism
For Socrates, the pursuit of eudaimonia motivates all human action, directly or indirectly  Virtue and knowledge are linked, in Socrates's view, to eudaimonia, but how closely he considered them to be connected is still debated  Some argue that Socrates thought that virtue and eudaimonia are identical  According to another view, virtue serves as a means to eudaimonia (the "identical" and "sufficiency" theses, respectively)  Another point of debate is whether, according to Socrates, people desire what is in fact good—or, rather, simply what they perceive as good Moral intellectualism refers to the prominent role Socrates gave to knowledge  He believed that all virtue was based on knowledge (hence Socrates is characterized as a virtue intellectualist)  He also believed that humans were guided by the cognitive power to comprehend what they desire, while diminishing the role of impulses (a view termed motivational intellectualism)  In Plato's Protagoras (345c4–e6), Socrates implies that "no one errs willingly", which has become the hallmark of Socratic virtue intellectualism  In Socratic moral philosophy, priority is given to the intellect as being the way to live a good life; Socrates deemphasizes irrational beliefs or passions  Plato's dialogues that support Socrates's intellectual motivism—as this thesis is named—are mainly the Gorgias (467c–8e, where Socrates discusses the actions of a tyrant that do not benefit him) and Meno (77d–8b, where Socrates explains to Meno his view that no one wants bad things, unless they do not know what is good and bad in the first place)  Scholars have been puzzled by Socrates's view that akrasia (acting because of one's irrational passions, contrary to one's knowledge or beliefs) is impossible  Most believe that Socrates left no space for irrational desires, although some claim that Socrates acknowledged the existence of irrational motivations, but denied they play a primary role in decision-making 

Religion
Socrates's religious nonconformity challenged the views of his times and his critique reshaped religious discourse for the coming centuries  In Ancient Greece, organized religion was fragmented, celebrated in a number of festivals for specific gods, such as the City Dionysia, or in domestic rituals, and there were no sacred texts  Religion intermingled with the daily life of citizens, who performed their personal religious duties mainly with sacrifices to various gods  Whether Socrates was a practicing man of religion or a 'provocateur atheist' has been a point of debate since ancient times; his trial included impiety accusations, and the controversy has not yet ceased Socrates discusses divinity and the soul mostly in Alcibiades, Euthyphro, and Apology  In Alcibiades Socrates links the human soul to divinity, concluding "Then this part of her resembles God, and whoever looks at this, and comes to know all that is divine, will gain thereby the best knowledge of himself " His discussions on religion always fall under the lens of his rationalism  Socrates, in Euthyphro, reaches a conclusion which takes him far from the age's usual practice: he considers sacrifices to the gods to be useless, especially when they are driven by the hope of receiving a reward in return  Instead he calls for philosophy and the pursuit of knowledge to be the principal way of worshipping the gods  His rejection of traditional forms of piety, connecting them to self-interest, implied that Athenians should seek religious experience by self-examination Socrates argued that the gods were inherently wise and just, a perception far from traditional religion at that time  In Euthyphro, the Euthyphro dilemma arises  Socrates questions his interlocutor about the relationship between piety and the will of a powerful god: Is something good because it is the will of this god, or is it the will of this god because it is good? In other words, does piety follow the good, or the god? The trajectory of Socratic thought contrasts with traditional Greek theology, which took lex talionis (the eye for an eye principle) for granted  Socrates thought that goodness is independent from gods, and gods must themselves be pious Socrates affirms a belief in gods in Plato's Apology, where he says to the jurors that he acknowledges gods more than his accusers  For Plato's Socrates, the existence of gods is taken for granted; in none of his dialogues does he probe whether gods exist or not  In Apology, a case for Socrates being agnostic can be made, based on his discussion of the great unknown after death, and in Phaedo (the dialogue with his students in his last day) Socrates gives expression to a clear belief in the immortality of the soul  He also believed in oracles, divinations and other messages from gods  These signs did not offer him any positive belief on moral issues; rather, they were predictions of unfavorable future events In Xenophon's Memorabilia, Socrates constructs an argument close to the contemporary teleological intelligent-design argument  He claims that since there are many features in the universe that exhibit "signs of forethought" (e g , eyelids), a divine creator must have created the universe  He then deduces that the creator should be omniscient and omnipotent and also that it created the universe for the advance of humankind, since humans naturally have many abilities that other animals do not  At times, Socrates speaks of a single deity, while at other times he refers to plural "gods"  This has been interpreted to mean that he either believed that a supreme deity commanded other gods, or that various gods were parts, or manifestations, of this single deity It has been a source of puzzlement how Socrates's religious beliefs can be consistent with his strict adherence to rationalism  Philosophy professor Mark McPherran suggests that Socrates interpreted every divine sign through secular rationality for confirmation  Professor of ancient philosophy A  A  Long suggests that it is anachronistic to suppose that Socrates believed the religious and rational realms were separate 

Socratic daimonion
In several texts (e g , Plato's Euthyphro 3b5; Apology 31c–d; Xenophon's Memorabilia 1 1 2) Socrates claims he hears a daimōnic sign—an inner voice heard usually when he was about to make a mistake  Socrates gave a brief description of this daimonion at his trial (Apology 31c–d): "  
Context 3: Passage 1:
Middletown, Kentucky
Middletown is an independent, home rule-class city in Jefferson County, Kentucky, United States, and a former neighborhood of Louisville  The population was 7,218 at the 2010 census 
The city is also home to the main campus of the largest church in the state (and one of the country's largest Protestant churches), the Southeast Christian Church 

History
The City of Middletown was originally incorporated in 1797 by the Jefferson County Court on 500 acres of land lying on a branch of the forks of Beargrass Creek that originally belonged to Jacob Meyers and Culberth Harrison  Though there is no recorded explanation why the city was named Middletown, it is commonly believed that that name was chosen because the town was in the "middle" of the two older cities of Louisville which was founded June 24, 1778, and Shelbyville, which was founded December 20, 1792  In 1871 the Kentucky General Assembly amended the original charter to increase Middletown's boundaries 
After failing to hold elections and collect taxes after 1919, Circuit Judge McCauley Smith dissolved the city's charter on July 26, 1960, and Middletown lost its 163-year-old city status  The city's charter was restored as a sixth-class city on August 7, 1976 with a commission form of government  On July 15, 1982, this was upgraded to the status of a fourth-class city 

Geography
Middletown is located at 38°14′36″N 85°31′51″W (38 243342, -85 530842)  in northeast Jefferson County, Kentucky near Louisville, Kentucky 
According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 5 10 square miles (13 2 km2), of which 5 04 square miles (13 1 km2) is land and 0 061 square miles (0 16 km2) (1 20%) is water 

Demographics
2010
As of the census of 2010, there were 7,218 people, 3,292 households, and 1,966 families living in the city  The population density was 1,414 9 inhabitants per square mile (546 3/km2)  There were 3,547 housing units at an average density of 695 3 per square mile (268 5/km2)  The racial makeup of the city was 87 1% White (85 1% non-Hispanic), 7 1% African American, 0 11% Native American or Alaska Native, 2 8% Asian, 0 07% Pacific Islander, 0 87% from other races, and 1 9% from two or more races  Hispanics or Latinos of any race were 3 2% of the population 
There were 3,292 households, out of which 26 7% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 45 4% were married couples living together, 11 5% had a female householder with no husband present, 2 9% had a male householder with no wife present, and 40 3% were non-families  35 4% of all households were made up of individuals, and 16 6% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older  The average household size was 2 19 and the average family size was 2 86 

The age distribution was 21 4% under 18, 5 7% from 18 to 24, 24 3% from 25 to 44, 30 2% from 45 to 64, and 18 4% who were 65 or older  The median age was 43 8 years  For every 100 females, there were 85 6 males  For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 80 0 males 

2000 census
As of the census of 2000, there were 5,744 people, 2,391 households, and 1,654 families living in the city  The population density was 1,181 4 inhabitants per square mile (456 1/km2)  There were 2,543 housing units at an average density of 523 0 per square mile (201 9/km2)  The racial makeup of the city was 90 39% White, 5 54% African American, 0 30% Native American or Alaska Native, 1 44% Asian, 0 09% Pacific Islander, 0 66% from other races, and 1 58% from two or more races  Hispanics or Latinos of any race were 1 50% of the population 
There were 2,391 households, out of which 33 0% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 55 7% were married couples living together, 11 2% had a female householder with no husband present, and 30 8% were non-families  26 9% of all households were made up of individuals, and 9 5% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older  The average household size was 2 40 and the average family size was 2 92 
The age distribution was 24 8% under the age of 18, 6 4% from 18 to 24, 31 1% from 25 to 44, 25 6% from 45 to 64, and 12 1% who were 65 years of age or older  The median age was 38 years  For every 100 females, there were 90 1 males  For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 84 5 males 
The median income for a household in the city was $53,608, and the median income for a family was $61,667  Males had a median income of $45,417 versus $33,135 for females  The per capita income for the city was $26,660  About 2 3% of families and 4 1% of the population were below the poverty line, including 3 6% of those under age 18 and 8 0% of those age 65 or over 

Education
Public education in Middletown is administered by Jefferson County Public Schools, which operates Eastern High School, Hite Elementary, Middletown Elementary, and Crosby Middle School in the Middletown area  Middletown also has multiple privately funded schools  There is also a branch of the Louisville Free Public Library 

Government Services
Anchorage-Middletown-Eastwood-Worthington fire and EMS operates out of 11 stations to provide fire protection to 90 square miles of the eastern Louisville Metro area  Middletown is also home to a small 24 hour paid police department based out of city hall  Middletown is also home to LMPD’s 8th division  EMS is serviced by the fire department and Louisville 
metro EMS 
Passage 2:
Grayson, Kentucky
Grayson is a home rule-class city in and the county seat of Carter County, Kentucky, United States, on US Route 60 and Interstate 64 in the state's northeastern region   It is approximately 21 miles west of Ashland   Within the city limits, the population was 4,217 at the 2010 census  Along with Carter County, the city is closely associated with the nearby Huntington-Ashland, WV-KY-OH Metropolitan Statistical Area and is often erroneously included  in the MSA being just 9 miles west of the M S A's western boundary 
The city has grown in size substantially since the opening of Interstate 64 in 1975 through Carter County  Immediately afterwards, Grayson experienced several years of commercial sector growth, mainly to serve the Interstate 64 traffic  Since 1990, the city has also seen significant growth in the residential sector with the Interstate making for a faster trip to and from Ashland  Beginning in 1995, AA Highway terminates in Grayson making the city a gateway to the Huntington-Ashland urban area 

History
After the Revolutionary War, George Washington's aide-de-camp Col  William Grayson received a 70,000-acre (280 km2) tract of land for his service during the war from the state of Virginia  By 1838, a small portion of this tract was set aside for the development of a town named for him  Although Grayson had only five streets and eighty lots, it was established by the General Assembly on February 6, 1844, and it was incorporated on February 22, 1860 
Grayson, Kentucky was a stop on the Eastern Kentucky Railway 

Geography
Grayson is located in east-central Carter County at 38°20′5″N 82°56′33″W (38 334738, -82 942368), along the Little Sandy River, a tributary of the Ohio River 
Route 60 passes through the city as Main Street and is intersected in downtown by Kentucky Routes 1 and 7 (Carol Malone Boulevard)  Interstate 64 runs through the northern end of the city, with access to KY 7 at Exit 172  Kentucky Route 9, the AA Highway, begins from KY 1-and-7 just north of the city limits and runs 111 miles (179 km) to the Cincinnati area  Huntington, West Virginia, is 29 miles (47 km) east of Grayson via I-64, and Lexington is 96 miles (154 km) to the west 
According to the United States Census Bureau, Grayson has a total area of 2 9 square miles (7 5 km2), of which 2 8 square miles (7 3 km2) is land and 0 039 square miles (0 1 km2), or 1 95%, is water 

Climate
The climate in this area is characterized by hot, humid summers and generally mild to cool winters   According to the Köppen Climate Classification system, Grayson has a humid subtropical climate, abbreviated "Cfa" on climate maps  Since 2002, nine different severe storms have struck Grayson, with each storm causing enough damage to warrant federal assistance for disaster recovery 

Education
Grayson is served by the Carter County School District  Schools located within the city includes:

Heritage Elementary School
Prichard Elementary School
East Carter Middle School
East Carter High SchoolThe campus of Kentucky Christian University (formerly Kentucky Christian College) is located in Grayson 
Grayson has a lending library, a branch of the Carter County Public Library 

Demographics
As of the census of 2000, there were 3,877 people, 1,415 households, and 938 families residing in the city  The population density was 1,549 1 inhabitants per square mile (598 1/km2)  There were 1,538 housing units at an average density of 614 5 per square mile (237 3/km2)  The racial makeup of the city was 98 32% White, 0 52% African American, 0 39% Native American, 0 28% Asian, 0 03% Pacific Islander, 0 18% from other races, and 0 28% from two or more races  Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0 77% of the population 
There were 1,415 households, out of which 31 0% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 46 9% were married couples living together, 16 0% had a female householder with no husband present, and 33 7% were non-families  31 0% of all households were made up of individuals, and 13 1% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older  The average household size was 2 31 and the average family size was 2 86 
In the city the population was spread out, with 21 9% under the age of 18, 19 0% from 18 to 24, 24 3% from 25 to 44, 18 5% from 45 to 64, and 16 3% who were 65 years of age or older  The median age was 32 years  For every 100 females, there were 83 0 males  For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 78 0 males 
The median income for a household in the city was $19,683, and the median income for a family was $26,280  Males had a median income of $32,022 versus $18,875 for females  The per capita income for the city was $11,879  About 27 7% of families and 31 4% of the population were below the poverty line, including 44 8% of those under age 18 and 22 3% of those age 65 or over 

Notable residents
Charlie Borders, former Kentucky State Senator
Jason Smith, chef, TV personality
Robin L  Webb, Kentucky State Senator and former Kentucky State Representative
Carol Malone Operatic soprano at the Deutsche Oper Berlin, San Francisco and Metropolitan Operas 
Jill York, former member of the Kentucky House of Representatives
Montana Fouts, All American softball pitcher for University of Alabama

See also
East Carter High School shooting, a school shooting that occurred in Grayson in 1993
Passage 3:
Poplar Hills, Kentucky
Poplar Hills is a home rule-class city in Jefferson County, Kentucky, United States  It is a part of the Louisville Metro government, but operates as a city under the Mayor to Commissioner form of government  Per the 2020 census, the population was 380, but the city administration has made several annexation ordinances that have passed and awaits updated information  The current city population is estimated to be 2380  It currently has the highest population density for any city in Kentucky 

Geography
Poplar Hills is located in central Jefferson County at 38°10′35″N 85°41′37″W (38 176490, -85 693492)  It is bordered to the northeast by Watterson Park and on all other sides by consolidated Louisville/Jefferson County  Kentucky Route 864 (Poplar Level Road) runs along the northeast border of the community  Downtown Louisville is 7 miles (11 km) to the northwest 
According to the United States Census Bureau, Poplar Hills has a total area of 0 03 square miles (0 07 km2), all land 

Demographics
2020 census
2000 Census
As of the census of 2000, there were 396 people, 234 households, and 77 families residing in the city  The population density was 17,036 0 inhabitants per square mile (6,577 6/km2)  There were 240 housing units at an average density of 10,324 8 per square mile (3,986 4/km2)  The racial makeup of the city was 40 15% White, 55 30% African American, 0 76% Asian, 1 52% from other races, and 2 27% from two or more races  Hispanic or Latino of any race were 2 27% of the population 
There were 234 households, out of which 15 0% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 15 4% were married couples living together, 12 8% had a female householder with no husband present, and 66 7% were non-families  50 9% of all households were made up of individuals, and 3 0% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older  The average household size was 1 69 and the average family size was 2 36 
In the city, the population was spread out, with 14 4% under the age of 18, 20 7% from 18 to 24, 44 7% from 25 to 44, 17 4% from 45 to 64, and 2 8% who were 65 years of age or older  The median age was 28 years  For every 100 females, there were 85 9 males  For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 85 2 males 
The median income for a household in the city was $26,964, and the median income for a family was $22,000  Males had a median income of $31,000 versus $22,083 for females  The per capita income for the city was $19,879  About 19 1% of families and 19 7% of the population were below the poverty line, including 31 9% of those under age 18 and 46 2% of those age 65 or over 
Passage 4:
Jeffersontown, Kentucky
Jeffersontown is a home rule-class city in Jefferson County, Kentucky, United States  The population was 26,595 at the 2010 U S  census 
It is a major suburb of Louisville  When the Louisville Metro government was established in 2003, Jeffersontown chose to retain its status as an independent city  It is the metro area's largest municipality outside Louisville   Locally, the city is often referred to by the abbreviated name J-town 

History
Before European exploration, this was occupied by succeeding cultures of Native Americans  They hunted the area for its rich game, including bison herds  The bison created paths through the forests and meadows for their seasonal migrations that were later used by Native Americans and, in turn, by Europeans and Americans alike 
Located in southeastern Jefferson County, along the north central border of Kentucky, Jeffersontown was initially developed in the late 1700s as a stopover and trading station for early European-American pioneers on their way to the Falls of the Ohio at Louisville  Farmers began to cultivate the rich land, which was surveyed by Thomas Bullitt in 1773 and John Floyd the next year  The Hites, Tylers, and Oldhams all settled the area under land grants given to veterans for military service following the American Revolutionary War, as the new government was cash poor In 1794, Abraham Bruner purchased 122 acres (49 ha) of land  In May 1797, he successfully petitioned the Jefferson County Fiscal Court to incorporate a 40-acre (16 ha) section of his land as the city of Jefferson – named either after the county or after Thomas Jefferson, then the vice president of the United States  The city was long known as Bruner's Town or Brunerstown by its inhabitants, but the usage Jefferson Town eventually became adopted as its present name A large, 600-acre area from the pioneer days has been preserved since the late 20th century and recognized as the Tyler Settlement Rural Historic District  It is used largely for agricultural purposes  This district is east of Jeffersontown; it contains several of the Tylers' original log cabins and barns  A large portion of the Tyler settlement is known as the Blackacre Nature Preserve  This 170-acre tract is used by Jefferson County public schools as part of their environmental education 

Geography
Jeffersontown is located at 38°12′22″N 85°34′25″W (38 206102, -85 573619)  According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 10 0 square miles (26 km2), of which 9 9 square miles (26 km2) is land and 0 10% is water 

Demographics
As of the census of 2010, there were 26,595 people, 10,653 households, and 7,275 families residing in the city  The population density was 2,675 9 inhabitants per square mile (1,033 2/km2)  There were 11,220 housing units at an average density of 1,127 3 per square mile (435 3/km2)  The racial makeup of the city was 82 2% White, 11 1% African American, 0 2% Native American, 1 8% Asian, 0 1% Pacific Islander, 2 1% from other races, and 2 5% from two or more races  Hispanic or Latino of any race were 5 04% of the population 

There were 10,653 households, out of which 32 9% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 54 3% were married couples living together, 10 7% had a female householder with no husband present, and 31 7% were non-families  26 4% of all households were made up of individuals, and 6 4% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older  The average household size was 2 46 and the average family size was 2 99 

In the city, the population was spread out, with 24 8% under the age of 18, 7 7% from 18 to 24, 33 4% from 25 to 44, 23 3% from 45 to 64, and 10 8% who were 65 years of age or older  The median age was 36 years  For every 100 females, there were 92 8 males  For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 89 1 males 
The median income for a household in the city was $51,999, and the median income for a family was $60,951  Males had a median income of $41,345 versus $29,537 for females  The per capita income for the city was $23,977  About 3 7% of families and 4 3% of the population were below the poverty line, including 5 4% of those under age 18 and 5 4% of those age 65 or over 

Economy
The Bluegrass Commerce Park (formerly known as The Bluegrass Research & Industrial Park) opened in 1966 and encompasses 600 acres (2 4 km2)  It was the first such development in the United States  Today, Bluegrass Commerce Park has expanded to more than 1,800 acres (7 3 km2) and is home to approximately 850 businesses  The park is the largest in the state of Kentucky  The 38,000 employees who work there make the park and Jeffersontown the third-largest city of employment in the state 
The park's seven units include:

Bluegrass Commerce Park
Commonwealth Park
Watterson Trail Industrial Park
Plainview Office Park
Jeffersontown Industrial Park
Holloway Industrial Park
Blankenbaker CrossingsPapa John's Pizza has its headquarters in Jeffersontown 
In November 2020, the company announced its new global headquarters would be moved to the Three Ballpark Center at The Battery Atlanta 

Government
The city of Jeffersontown is governed by a mayor and eight city council members  The mayor serves a four-year term of office while the council members serve two-year terms  The city council members are elected at-large, made up of the top eight candidates receiving the most votes in the general election 

Education
Jeffersontown has a lending library, a branch of the Louisville Free Public Library 

Notable people
Jon Ackerson, politician who served in both houses of the Kentucky State Legislature; former Jeffersontown city council member

See also
2018 Jeffersontown shooting
Beechland (Jeffersontown, Kentucky)
Confederate Martyrs Monument in Jeffersontown
Passage 5:
Central City, Kentucky
Central City is a home rule-class city in Muhlenberg County, Kentucky, in the United States  The population was 5,819 at the 2020 census  It is the largest city in the county and the principal community in the Central City Micropolitan Statistical Area, which includes all of Muhlenberg County 

History
The site of present-day Central City was originally known as "Morehead's Horse Mill" after local resident Charles S  Morehead's steam-powered gristmill  A larger community began to develop after the 1870 advent of the Elizabethtown and Paducah Railroad  A post office was constructed the next year in 1871 and called "Owensboro Junction" after the projected 1872 completion of the Owensboro and Russellville Railroad  By 1873, the settlement was large enough to be incorporated by the state legislature as "Stroud City", after local landowner John Stroud The same year, however, the du Ponts' Central Coal and Iron Company began operation in the area and became so vital to the local economy that the city was reïncorporated in 1882 as "Central City"  Recessions replaced the E&P and the O&R with a procession of different companies, including the Owensboro and Nashville Railway, but the two rights of way always remained in separate hands, keeping Central City an important regional hub for the Illinois Central and the L&N, with train yards, roundhouses, and even an elevated rail station  Coal was mined from nearby fields, prompting explosions such as one in 1912 that killed five workers The expansion of automotive traffic in the early 20th century reduced some of Central City's importance, but it continues to service mainline freight traffic on the Paducah and Louisville Railway and trunk-line service for CSX from Madisonville to the Paradise Combined Cycle Plant, minutes south of the city 
Central City is the only city in Muhlenberg County that allows liquor to be sold by package stores and by the drink in restaurants seating at least 100 persons  Muhlenberg County is dry 

Geography
Central City is located in northeastern Muhlenberg County at 37°17′42″N 87°07′43″W (37 294989, -87 128622)  The Western Kentucky Parkway runs along the southern edge of the city, with access from Exit 58 (U S  Route 431)  The parkway leads northeast 80 miles (130 km) to Elizabethtown and west 57 miles (92 km) to Eddyville  U S  Route 62 passes through Central City south of the city center; it leads northeast 17 miles (27 km) to Beaver Dam and southwest 7 miles (11 km) to Greenville, the Muhlenberg county seat  US 431 passes through Central City's downtown, leading north 35 miles (56 km) to Owensboro and south 36 miles (58 km) to Russellville 
According to the United States Census Bureau, the Central City has a total area of 5 25 square miles (13 6 km2), of which 0 01 square miles (0 03 km2), or 0 21%, are water  Terrain in Central City is rolling hills to steep bluffs along the northern boundaries of the city along the Green River  The city, along its northwestern border, is known for its swamps and lowland area that remain at or near the water table year-round 
Most of Central City has a sandstone bedrock with #9 bituminous coal underlying the bedrock  Central City has a number of old underground coal mine shafts that still crisscross the city   Most of these old shafts date back to the early 1900s  The majority of terrain around the city limits is reclaimed land where surface mining has taken place 

Demographics
As of the census of 2000, there were 5,893 people, 2,065 households, and 1,410 families residing in the city  The population density was 1,126 2 inhabitants per square mile (434 8/km2)  There were 2,313 housing units at an average density of 442 0 per square mile (170 7/km2)  The racial makeup of the city was 88 07% White, 10 67% African American, 0 05% Native American, 0 24% Asian, 0 02% Pacific Islander, 0 41% from other races, and 0 54% from two or more races  Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0 80% of the population 
There were 2,065 households, out of which 28 7% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 51 5% were married couples living together, 13 4% had a female householder with no husband present, and 31 7% were non-families  29 5% of all households were made up of individuals, and 15 5% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older  The average household size was 2 39 and the average family size was 2 95 
In the city, the population was spread out, with 20 1% under the age of 18, 10



ground_truth: George Balanchine

prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: The "New York Times" bestselling book "The 50th Law" contains lessons and anecdotes from this historical figure who was a classical Greek (Athenian) philosopher who is known mainly through the writings of which philosopher?

The following are given passages.
Context 2: The reason for this is something you have heard me frequently mention in different places—namely, the fact that I experience something divine and daimonic, as Meletus has inscribed in his indictment, by way of mockery  It started in my childhood, the occurrence of a particular voice  Whenever it occurs, it always deters me from the course of action I was intending to engage in, but it never gives me positive advice  It is this that has opposed my practicing politics, and I think its doing so has been absolutely fine " Modern scholarship has variously interpreted this Socratic daimōnion as a rational source of knowledge, an impulse, a dream or even a paranormal experience felt by an ascetic Socrates 

Virtue and knowledge
Socrates's theory of virtue states that all virtues are essentially one, since they are a form of knowledge  For Socrates, the reason a person is not good is because they lack knowledge  Since knowledge is united, virtues are united as well  Another famous dictum—"no one errs willingly"—also derives from this theory  In Protagoras, Socrates argues for the unity of virtues using the example of courage: if someone knows what the relevant danger is, they can undertake a risk  Aristotle comments: "     Socrates the elder thought that the end of life was knowledge of virtue, and he used to seek for the definition of justice, courage, and each of the parts of virtue, and this was a reasonable approach, since he thought that all virtues were sciences, and that as soon as one knew [for example] justice, he would be just   "

Love
Some texts suggest that Socrates had love affairs with Alcibiades and other young persons; others suggest that Socrates's friendship with young boys sought only to improve them and were not sexual  In Gorgias, Socrates claims he was a dual lover of Alcibiades and philosophy, and his flirtatiousness is evident in Protagoras, Meno (76a–c) and Phaedrus (227c–d)  However, the exact nature of his relationship with Alcibiades is not clear; Socrates was known for his self-restraint, while Alcibiades admits in the Symposium that he had tried to seduce Socrates but failed The Socratic theory of love is mostly deduced from Lysis, where Socrates discusses love at a wrestling school in the company of Lysis and his friends  They start their dialogue by investigating parental love and how it manifests with respect to the freedom and boundaries that parents set for their children  Socrates concludes that if Lysis is utterly useless, nobody will love him—not even his parents  While most scholars believe this text was intended to be humorous, it has also been suggested that Lysis shows Socrates held an egoistic view of love, according to which we only love people who are useful to us in some way  Other scholars disagree with this view, arguing that Socrates's doctrine leaves room for non-egoistic love for a spouse; still others deny that Socrates suggests any egoistic motivation at all  In Symposium, Socrates argues that children offer the false impression of immortality to their parents, and this misconception yields a form of unity among them  Scholars also note that for Socrates, love is rational It is notable that Socrates, who claims to know only that he does not know, makes an exception (in Plato's Symposium), where he says he will tell the truth about Love, which he learned from a 'clever woman'  Classicist Armand D'Angour has made the case that Socrates was in his youth close to Aspasia, and that Diotima, to whom Socrates attributes his understanding of love in Symposium, is based on her; however, it is also possible that Diotima really existed 

Socratic philosophy of politics
While Socrates was involved in public political and cultural debates, it is hard to define his exact political philosophy  In Plato's Gorgias, he tells Callicles: "I believe that I'm one of a few Athenians—so as not to say I'm the only one, but the only one among our contemporaries—to take up the true political craft and practice the true politics  This is because the speeches I make on each occasion do not aim at gratification but at what's best " His claim illustrates his aversion for the established democratic assemblies and procedures such as voting—since Socrates saw politicians and rhetoricians as using tricks to mislead the public  He never ran for office or suggested any legislation  Rather, he aimed to help the city flourish by "improving" its citizens  As a citizen, he abided by the law  He obeyed the rules and carried out his military duty by fighting wars abroad  His dialogues, however, make little mention of contemporary political decisions, such as the Sicilian Expedition Socrates spent his time conversing with citizens, among them powerful members of Athenian society, scrutinizing their beliefs and bringing the contradictions of their ideas to light  Socrates believed he was doing them a favor since, for him, politics was about shaping the moral landscape of the city through philosophy rather than electoral procedures  There is a debate over where Socrates stood in the polarized Athenian political climate, which was divided between oligarchs and democrats  While there is no clear textual evidence, one widely held theory holds that Socrates leaned towards democracy: he disobeyed the one order that the oligarchic government of the Thirty Tyrants gave him; he respected the laws and political system of Athens (which were formulated by democrats); and, according to this argument, his affinity for the ideals of democratic Athens was a reason why he did not want to escape prison and the death penalty  On the other hand, there is some evidence that Socrates leaned towards oligarchy: most of his friends supported oligarchy, he was contemptuous of the opinion of the many and was critical of the democratic process, and Protagoras shows some anti-democratic elements  A less mainstream argument suggests that Socrates favoured democratic republicanism, a theory that prioritizes active participation in public life and concern for the city Yet another suggestion is that Socrates endorsed views in line with liberalism, a political ideology formed in the Age of Enlightenment  This argument is mostly based on Crito and Apology, where Socrates talks about the mutually beneficial relationship between the city and its citizens  According to Socrates, citizens are morally autonomous and free to leave the city if they wish—but, by staying within the city, they also accept the laws and the city's authority over them  On the other hand, Socrates has been seen as the first proponent of civil disobedience  Socrates's strong objection to injustice, along with his refusal to serve the Thirty Tyrants' order to arrest Leon, are suggestive of this line  As he says in Critias, "One ought never act unjustly, even to repay a wrong that has been done to oneself " Ιn the broader picture, Socrates's advice would be for citizens to follow the orders of the state, unless, after much reflection, they deem them to be unjust 

Legacy
Hellenistic era
Socrates's impact was immense in philosophy after his death  With the exception of the Epicureans and the Pyrrhonists, almost all philosophical currents after Socrates traced their roots to him: Plato's Academy, Aristotle's Lyceum, the Cynics, and the Stoics  Interest in Socrates kept increasing until the third century AD  The various schools differed in response to fundamental questions such as the purpose of life or the nature of arete (virtue), since Socrates had not handed them an answer, and therefore, philosophical schools subsequently diverged greatly in their interpretation of his thought  He was considered to have shifted the focus of philosophy from a study of the natural world, as was the case for pre-Socratic philosophers, to a study of human affairs Immediate followers of Socrates were his pupils, Euclid of Megara, Aristippus, and Antisthenes, who drew differing conclusions among themselves and followed independent trajectories  The full doctrines of Socrates's pupils are difficult to reconstruct  Antisthenes had a profound contempt of material goods  According to him, virtue was all that mattered  Diogenes and the Cynics continued this line of thought  On the opposite end, Aristippus endorsed the accumulation of wealth and lived a luxurious life  After leaving Athens and returning to his home city of Cyrene, he founded the Cyrenaic philosophical school which was based on hedonism, and endorsing living an easy life with physical pleasures  His school passed to his grandson, bearing the same name  There is a dialogue in Xenophon's work in which Aristippus claims he wants to live without wishing to rule or be ruled by others  In addition, Aristippus maintained a skeptical stance on epistemology, claiming that we can be certain only of our own feelings  This view resonates with the Socratic understanding of ignorance  Euclid was a contemporary of Socrates  After Socrates's trial and death, he left Athens for the nearby town of Megara, where he founded a school, named the Megarians  His theory was built on the pre-Socratic monism of Parmenides  Euclid continued Socrates's thought, focusing on the nature of virtue 
The Stoics relied heavily on Socrates  They applied the Socratic method as a tool to avoid inconsistencies  Their moral doctrines focused on how to live a smooth life through wisdom and virtue  The Stoics assigned virtue a crucial role in attaining happiness and also prioritized the relation between goodness and ethical excellence, all of which echoed Socratic thought  At the same time, the philosophical current of Platonism claimed Socrates as its predecessor, in ethics and in its theory of knowledge  Arcesilaus, who became the head of the Academy about 80 years after its founding by Plato, radically changed the Academy's doctrine to what is now known as Academic Skepticism, centered on the Socratic philosophy of ignorance  The Academic Skeptics competed with the Stoics over who was Socrates's true heir with regard to ethics  While the Stoics insisted on knowledge-based ethics, Arcesilaus relied on Socratic ignorance  The Stoics' reply to Arcesilaus was that Socratic ignorance was part of Socratic irony (they themselves disapproved the use of irony), an argument that ultimately became the dominant narrative of Socrates in later antiquity While Aristotle considered Socrates an important philosopher, Socrates was not a central figure in Aristotelian thought  One of Aristotle's pupils, Aristoxenus even authored a book detailing Socrates's scandals 
The Epicureans were antagonistic to Socrates  They attacked him for superstition, criticizing his belief in his daimonion and his regard for the oracle at Delphi  They also criticized Socrates for his character and various faults, and focusing mostly on his irony, which was deemed inappropriate for a philosopher and unseemly for a teacher The Pyrrhonists were also antagonistic to Socrates, accusing him of being a prater about ethics, who engaged in mock humility, and who sneered at and mocked people 

Medieval world
Socratic thought found its way to the Islamic Middle East alongside that of Aristotle and the Stoics  Plato's works on Socrates, as well as other ancient Greek literature, were translated into Arabic by early Muslim scholars such as Al-Kindi, Jabir ibn Hayyan, and the Muʿtazila  For Muslim scholars, Socrates was hailed and admired for combining his ethics with his lifestyle, perhaps because of the resemblance in this regard with Muhammad's personality  Socratic doctrines were altered to match Islamic faith: according to Muslim scholars, Socrates made arguments for monotheism and for the temporality of this world and rewards in the next life  His influence in the Arabic-speaking world continues to the present day In medieval times, little of Socrates's thought survived in the Christian world as a whole; however, works on Socrates from Christian scholars such as Lactantius, Eusebius and Augustine were maintained in the Byzantine Empire, where Socrates was studied under a Christian lens  After the fall of Constantinople, many of the texts were brought back into the world of Roman Christianity, where they were translated into Latin  Overall, ancient Socratic philosophy, like the rest of classical literature before the Renaissance, was addressed with skepticism in the Christian world at first During the early Italian Renaissance, two different narratives of Socrates developed  On the one hand, the humanist movement revived interest in classical authors  Leonardo Bruni translated many of Plato's Socratic dialogues, while his pupil Giannozzo Manetti authored a well-circulated book, a Life of Socrates  They both presented a civic version of Socrates, according to which Socrates was a humanist and a supporter of republicanism  Bruni and Manetti were interested in defending secularism as a non-sinful way of life; presenting a view of Socrates that was aligned with Christian morality assisted their cause  In doing so, they had to censor parts of his dialogues, especially those which appeared to promote homosexuality or any possibility of pederasty (with Alcibiades), or which suggested that the Socratic daimon was a god  On the other hand, a different picture of Socrates was presented by Italian Neoplatonists, led by the philosopher and priest Marsilio Ficino  Ficino was impressed by Socrates's un-hierarchical and informal way teaching, which he tried to replicate  Ficino portrayed a holy picture of Socrates, finding parallels with the life of Jesus Christ  For Ficino and his followers, Socratic ignorance signified his acknowledgement that all wisdom is God-given (through the Socratic daimon) 

Modern times
In early modern France, Socrates's image was dominated by features of his private life rather than his philosophical thought, in various novels and satirical plays  Some thinkers used Socrates to highlight and comment upon controversies of their own era, like Théophile de Viau who portrayed a Christianized Socrates accused of atheism, while for Voltaire, the figure of Socrates represented a reason-based theist  Michel de Montaigne wrote extensively on Socrates, linking him to rationalism as a counterweight to contemporary religious fanatics In the 18th century, German idealism revived philosophical interest in Socrates, mainly through Hegel's work  For Hegel, Socrates marked a turning point in the history of humankind by the introduction of the principle of free subjectivity or self-determination  While Hegel hails Socrates for his contribution, he nonetheless justifies the Athenian court, for Socrates's insistence upon self-determination would be destructive of the Sittlichkeit (a Hegelian term signifying the way of life as shaped by the institutions and laws of the State)  Also, Hegel sees the Socratic use of rationalism as a continuation of Protagoras' focus on human reasoning (as encapsulated in the motto homo mensura: "man is the measure of all things"), but modified: it is our reasoning that can help us reach objective conclusions about reality  Also, Hegel considered Socrates as a predecessor of later ancient skeptic philosophers, even though he never clearly explained why Søren Kierkegaard considered Socrates his teacher, and authored his master's thesis on him, The Concept of Irony with Continual Reference to Socrates  There he argues that Socrates is not a moral philosopher but is purely an ironist  He also focused on Socrates's avoidance of writing: for Kierkegaard, this avoidance was a sign of humility, deriving from Socrates's acceptance of his ignorance  Not only did Socrates not write anything down, according to Kierkegaard, but his contemporaries misconstrued and misunderstood him as a philosopher, leaving us with an almost impossible task in comprehending Socratic thought  Only Plato's Apology was close to the real Socrates, in Kierkegaard's view  In his writings, he revisited Socrates quite frequently; in his later work, Kierkegaard found ethical elements in Socratic thought  Socrates was not only a subject of study for Kierkegaard, he was a model as well: Kierkegaard paralleled his task as a philosopher to Socrates  He writes, "The only analogy I have before me is Socrates; my task is a Socratic task, to audit the definition of what it is to be a Christian", with his aim being to bring society closer to the Christian ideal, since he believed that Christianity had become a formality, void of any Christian essence  Kierkegaard denied being a Christian, as Socrates denied possessing any knowledge Friedrich Nietzsche resented Socrates's contributions to Western culture  In his first book, The Birth of Tragedy (1872), Nietzsche held Socrates responsible for what he saw as the deterioration of ancient Greek civilization during the 4th century BC and after  For Nietzsche, Socrates turned the scope of philosophy from pre-Socratic naturalism to rationalism and intellectualism  He writes: "I conceive of [the Presocratics] as precursors to a reformation of the Greeks: but not of Socrates"; "with Empedocles and Democritus the Greeks were well on their way towards taking the correct measure of human existence, its unreason, its suffering; they never reached this goal, thanks to Socrates"  The effect, Nietzsche proposed, was a perverse situation that had continued down to his day: our culture is a Socratic culture, he believed  In a later publication, The Twilight of the Idols (1887), Nietzsche continued his offensive against Socrates, focusing on the arbitrary linking of reason to virtue and happiness in Socratic thinking  He writes: "I try to understand from what partial and idiosyncratic states the Socratic problem is to be derived: his equation of reason = virtue = happiness  It was with this absurdity of a doctrine of identity that he fascinated: ancient philosophy never again freed itself [from this fascination]"  From the late 19th century until the early 20th, the most common explanation of Nietzsche's hostility towards Socrates was his anti-rationalism; he considered Socrates the father of European rationalism  In the mid-20th century, philosopher Walter Kaufmann published an article arguing that Nietzsche admired Socrates  Current mainstream opinion is that Nietzsche was ambivalent towards Socrates 

Continental philosophers Hannah Arendt, Leo Strauss and Karl Popper, after experiencing the horrors of World War II, amidst the rise of totalitarian regimes, saw Socrates as an icon of individual conscience  Arendt, in Eichmann in Jerusalem (1963), suggests that Socrates's constant questioning and self-reflection could prevent the banality of evil  Strauss considers Socrates's political thought as paralleling Plato's  He sees an elitist Socrates in Plato's Republic as exemplifying why the polis is not, and could not be, an ideal way of organizing life, since philosophical truths cannot be digested by the masses  Popper takes the opposite view: he argues that Socrates opposes Plato's totalitarian ideas  For Popper, Socratic individualism, along with Athenian democracy, imply Popper's concept of the "open society" as described in his Open Society and Its Enemies (1945) 

See also
Bibliography of Socrates
De genio Socratis
List of cultural depictions of Socrates
List of speakers in Plato's dialogues
Socratic fallacy
Socratic Letters

Notes
Sources
Further reading
Brun, Jean (1978)  Socrate (in French) (6th ed )  Presses universitaires de France  pp  39–40  ISBN 978-2-13-035620-2 
Benson, Hugh (1992)  Essays on the philosophy of Socrates  New York: Oxford University Press  ISBN 978-0-19-506757-6  OCLC 23179683 
Rudebusch, George (2009)  Socrates  Chichester, UK; Malden, MA: Wiley-Blackwell  ISBN 978-1-4051-5085-9  OCLC 476311710 
Taylor, C  C  W  (1998)  Socrates  Oxford University Press  ISBN 978-0-19-287601-0 
Taylor, C  C  W  (2019)  Socrates: A Very Short Introduction  Oxford University Press  ISBN 978-0-19-883598-1 
Vlastos, Gregory (1994)  Socratic Studies  Cambridge University Press  ISBN 978-0-521-44735-5 

External links

Socrates at the Indiana Philosophy Ontology Project
The Dialogues of Plato at Project Gutenberg
Passage 3:
The 50th Law
The 50th Law is a New York Times bestselling book on strategy and fearlessness written collaboratively by rapper 50 Cent and author Robert Greene  The book is a semi-autobiographical account detailing 50 Cent's rise as both a young urban hustler and as an up-and-coming musician with lessons and anecdotes from historical figures such as Abraham Lincoln, Sun Tzu, Socrates, Napoleon, Malcolm X, and James Baldwin 

Origins
The 50th Law grew out of the friendship and mutual admiration between 50 Cent and Robert Greene  Greene's book The 48 Laws of Power, which has long been a staple in the hip hop world, came to the attention of 50 Cent, who asked his manager to arrange a meeting  Greene said that he was surprised by 50 Cent's persona and was impressed by his "Zen-like calmness" and eye for strategy  The two began to work on a book project that would combine their two worlds According to Greene, 50 Cent is an example of what Machiavelli called a New Prince, a leader who emerges in a time of chaos or turmoil and rewrites the rules  According to 50 Cent, Greene's books describe the laws and strategies used by hustlers on the street, even if they might not know the "technical terms" for what they were doing 

Synopsis
Each of the 10 chapters in the book explains a factor of fearlessness and begins by telling how 50 Cent learned this Fearless Philosophy in Southside Queens  The 50th Law illustrates the laws of the book by supplementing anecdotes from 50 Cent's life with historical examples from Malcolm X, Miles Davis, Sun Tzu, François de La Rochefoucauld, Machiavelli, Richard Wright, James Baldwin, Thucydides, Dostoyevsky, Charlie Parker, and the Baron de Montesquieu 

Reception
The book debuted at #5 on The New York Times Bestseller list and was a USA Today bestseller  The book was met with positive reviews, with the New York Post calling The 50th Law "a modern day Art of War," The Guardian referring to the book as "a manual on power similar to the works of Machiavelli and Sun Tzu," and Library Journal stating that The 50th Law is written for "anyone interested in how to succeed in business and the game of life "The book was also featured in The New York Times, MSNBC, Huffington Post, The Sun, The New York Daily News, Forbes, Business Insider, Fast Company, The Telegraph, MTV, Vibe and Billboard  In promotion of the book, Greene and 50 Cent appeared on The Today Show, CNBC, ABC, BBC and MTV News  The 50th Law was also published as a 60-page comic book 
Passage 4:
Trust Me, I'm Lying
Trust Me, I'm Lying: Confessions of a Media Manipulator is a book by Ryan Holiday chronicling  his time working as a media strategist for clients including  Tucker Max, Robert Greene, and Dov Charney 

Background and description
Trust Me, I'm Lying was billed as an exposé of the  online journalism system that rose to prominence in the decade before the book's 2012 publication 
Holiday is the former Director of Marketing for American Apparel, where he created controversial campaigns that garnered widespread publicity  Holiday has also done publicity work for Tucker Max, including marketing for the film adaptation of I Hope They Serve Beer in Hell and a media stunt about Max's failed attempt to donate $500,000 to Planned Parenthood The book is split into two parts: the first explains why blogs matter, how they drive the news, and how they can be manipulated, while the second shows what happens when this is done, how it backfires, and the consequences of the current media system As an example of his argument that blogs shape the news, Holiday outlines how the political blog Politico dedicated significant coverage to the campaign of Tim Pawlenty two years before the 2012 elections in order to generate pageviews for advertisers  Although Pawlenty did not yet have an official campaign, this kickstarted the media cycle which painted Pawlenty as a serious presidential candidate  As an example of the pageview-intensive blogosphere, Holiday uses the example of Jezebel writer Irin Carmon's attack on Jon Stewart and The Daily Show with misleading claims of "The Daily Show's Woman Problem " The book is also the source of a marketing and media concept now referred to as "trading up the chain", in which news is broken on small blogs and passed to successively larger and more influential media outlets 

Release
In 2011, it was reported that Holiday received a $500,000 advance for a tell-all exposé about these clients and the modern media system from Portfolio, a subsidiary of Penguin Books  However, some outlets later accused the advance of being a strategic marketing stunt engineered by Holiday Trust Me, I'm Lying debuted on the Wall Street Journal bestseller list  Publishers Weekly stated that "Media students and bloggers would do well to heed Holiday's informative, timely, and provocative advice " Kirkus Reviews called Trust Me, I'm Lying "[a] sharp and disturbing look into the world of online reality "In anticipation of the book's release, Holiday infiltrated the public relations service Help a Reporter Out and posed as an "expert" on various issues to show that journalists will print statements without fact checking  Holiday made decoy claims to prove the point; some of those were subsequently quoted in articles about subjects ranging from boating upkeep to insomnia to vinyl records in outlets such as The New York Times, MSNBC, and ABC, and the story was profiled in Forbes and Yahoo! News In 2013, The Edmonton Journal named Trust Me, I'm Lying one of their “favourite books of the year ”
Passage 5:
Bianca Bosker
Bianca Bosker is an American journalist and bestselling author  Her nonfiction book on sommelier training,  Cork Dork, was a New York Times bestseller  Her work has appeared in publications including The Wall Street Journal, Fast Company, The Atlantic, Food & Wine, The New York Times, Far Eastern Economic Review, and  The Oregonian Bosker is the author of Original Copies: Architectural Mimicry in Contemporary China  She is an alumna of Princeton University, and co-founder of the Huffington Post Technology section 
Passage 6:
The Nasty Bits
The Nasty Bits: Collected Varietal Cuts, Usable Trim, Scraps, and Bones, is a largely nonfiction New York Times bestselling book by Anthony Bourdain, published in 2006  The book is a collection of 37 exotic, provocative, and humorous anecdotes and essays, many of them centered around food, followed by a 30-page fiction piece ("A Chef's Christmas")  The book concludes with an appendix of commentaries on the various pieces, including when and why they were written The essays range from descriptions of restaurant-kitchen life; to various rants about places, people, and things Bourdain objects to; to lively accounts of far-flung world travels and remote ethnic life and food; to accolades of the unsung Latinos who cook most fine-dining restaurant food in America; to glowing reports of cutting-edge chefs like Ferran Adrià; to details of Bourdain's obsessions and pursuits when he is not working; to opinions and anecdotes on various other subjects 
Bourdain organized the various essays and anecdotes into sections named for each of the five traditional flavors:

Salty
Sweet
Sour
Bitter
UmamiThe book is, according to Bourdain, basically a collection of the best of his magazine and newspaper writings during the previous few years  As he says in the preface:

I've done a lot of writing for magazines and newspapers in the last few years, and it's the better morsels (I hope) from that work that follow       I've been writing this stuff for much the same reason behind my frenetic traveling: Because I can  Because there's so little time  Because there's been so much to see and remember      It's an irritating reality that many places and events defy description  Angkor Wat and Machu Picchu, for instance, seem to demand silence, like a love affair you can never talk about  For a while after, you fumble for words, trying vainly to assemble a private narrative, an explanation, a comfortable way to frame where you've been and what's happened  In the end, you're just happy you were there—with your eyes open—and lived to see it 
Passage 7:
Andrew Ross Sorkin
Andrew Ross Sorkin (born February 19, 1977) is an American journalist and author   He is a financial columnist for The New York Times and a co-anchor of CNBC's Squawk Box  He is also the founder and editor of DealBook, a financial news service published by The New York Times  He wrote the bestselling book Too Big to Fail and co-produced a movie adaptation of the book for HBO Films  He is also a co-creator of the Showtime series Billions 

Early life and education
Sorkin was born in New York, the son of Joan Ross Sorkin, a playwright, and Laurence T  Sorkin, a partner at the law firm Cahill Gordon & Reindel  Sorkin graduated from Scarsdale High School in 1995 and earned a Bachelor of Science in communications from Cornell University in 1999 where he was a member of Sigma Pi fraternity  He is not related to writer Aaron Sorkin nor defense lawyer Ira Lee Sorkin  His family heritage and religion are Jewish 

Career
Journalist
Sorkin first joined The New York Times as a student intern during his senior year in high school  He also worked for the paper while he was in college, publishing 71 articles before he graduated  He began by writing media and technology articles while assisting the advertising columnist, Stuart Elliott  Sorkin spent the summer of 1996 working for Businessweek, before returning to The New York Times   He moved to London for part of 1998  While there, he wrote about European business and technology for The New York Times and then returned to Cornell to complete his studies  At Cornell, he was vice president of the Sigma Pi fraternity 

Mergers and acquisitions reporter
Sorkin joined The New York Times full-time in 1999 as the newspaper's European mergers and acquisitions reporter, and was based in London  In 2000, Sorkin became the paper's chief mergers and acquisitions reporter, based in New York, a position he still holds  In 2001, Sorkin founded "DealBook," an online daily financial report published by the Times  As Editor-at-Large of "DealBook," Sorkin writes a weekly column of the same name  Sorkin is also an assistant editor of business and finance news for the paper Sorkin has broken news of major mergers and acquisitions, including Chase's acquisition of J P  Morgan and Hewlett-Packard's acquisition of Compaq  He also led The New York Times' coverage of the largest takeover in history, Vodafone's $183 billion hostile bid for Mannesmann  Additionally, he broke the news of IBM's sale of its PC business to Lenovo, Boston Scientific's $25 billion acquisition of Guidant and Symantec's $13 billion deal for Veritas Software, and reported on News Corp 's acquisition of Dow Jones and The Wall Street Journal 
Sorkin has reported on the Wall Street financial crisis, including the collapse of Bear Stearns and Lehman Brothers, and the government bailout of other major investment banks and AIG  He has also written about the troubled American auto industry 
In 2007, Sorkin was one of the first journalists to identify and criticize a tax loophole for private equity firms and hedge funds  He first wrote about the topic in a column in March 2007, calling the tax treatment a "charade", and later wrote about it on the front page of The New York Times  He has written at least a half dozen articles critiquing the tax practice by private equity firms and advocated for the government to end the loophole In 2014, Sorkin wrote a series of columns criticizing American corporations for trying to lower their US tax bill by merging with smaller foreign companies in a transaction known as an "inversion"  He also criticized the Wall Street banks that advised US companies to pursue such deals, describing the banks as "corporate co-conspirators"  Sorkin called on the government to end the practice  On September 22, 2014, the Obama Administration changed the tax laws to make it more difficult for US companies to merge to avoid taxes On the PRISM surveillance program and Edward Snowden situation, Sorkin said, "I would arrest him and now I'd almost arrest Glenn Greenwald, the journalist who seems to be out there, he wants to help him get to Ecuador " The next day, Sorkin apologized for the comment; Greenwald accepted, tweeting "Thank you: accepted & appreciated" 

DealBook
In October 2001, while a journalist at The New York Times, Sorkin started DealBook, a newsletter about deal-making and Wall Street  DealBook was one of the first financial news aggregation services on the Internet  In March 2006, Sorkin introduced a companion website published on The New York Times, with updated news and original analysis throughout the day  In 2007, DealBook won a Webby Award for Best Business Blog and it won a SABEW award for overall excellence  In 2008, the site won an EPpy Award for Best Business Blog 

Television
In July 2011, Sorkin became a co-anchor on CNBC's Squawk Box in addition to his duties at The New York Times  Sorkin has appeared on NBC's Today show, Charlie Rose and The NewsHour with Jim Lehrer on PBS, MSNBC's Hardball and Morning Joe, ABC's Good Morning America, The Chris Matthews Show, HBO's Real Time with Bill Maher, the BBC World Service, Comedy Central's The Daily Show and The Colbert Report, and was a frequent guest host of CNBC's Squawk Box before joining the ensemble  Sorkin also hosted a weekly seven-part, half-hour PBS talk-show series called It's the Economy, NY, which focused on how the evolving economic crisis was affecting New Yorkers Along with Brian Koppelman and David Levien, Sorkin is a co-creator of the Showtime series Billions, an American television drama series starring Paul Giamatti and Damian Lewis  The series is loosely based on crusading federal prosecutor of financial crimes, Preet Bharara, the former U S  Attorney for the Southern District of New York  The show premiered in January 2016 

Too Big to Fail
Sorkin's book on the Wall Street banking crisis, Too Big to Fail: The Inside Story of How Wall Street and Washington Fought to Save the Financial System—and Themselves, was published by Viking on October 20, 2009  It won the 2010 Gerald Loeb Award for best business book of the year, was on the shortlist for the 2010 Samuel Johnson Prize, shortlisted for the 2010 Financial Times and Goldman Sachs Business Book of the Year Award, and was on The New York Times Best Seller list (non-fiction hardcover and paperback) for six months 
The book was adapted as a movie by HBO Films and premiered on HBO on May 23, 2011  The film was directed by Curtis Hanson and the screenplay was written by Peter Gould  The cast included William Hurt as Hank Paulson, the Treasury Secretary; Paul Giamatti as Ben Bernanke, the chairman of the Federal Reserve;  Billy Crudup as Timothy Geithner, the then-president of the New York Federal Reserve Bank; James Woods as Richard Fuld, the CEO of Lehman Brothers; Edward Asner as Warren Buffett, the CEO of Berkshire Hathaway; Cynthia Nixon as Michele Davis, assistant secretary for public affairs at Treasury; Bill Pullman as Jamie Dimon, CEO of JPMorgan Chase; as well as Topher Grace as Jim Wilkinson, Chief of Staff to the Treasury Secretary  Sorkin was a co-producer of the film and had a cameo appearance as a reporter 

Awards
Sorkin shared the Gerald Loeb Award in 2005 for Deadline Writing and earned another for Business Book in 2010 for his book Too Big to Fail  He also won a Society of American Business Editors and Writers Award for breaking news in 2005 and again in 2006  In 2007, the World Economic Forum named him a Young Global Leader  Also in 2007, SiliconAlleyInsider com named Sorkin one of New York's "most influential scribes " In 2008, Vanity Fair magazine named Sorkin as one of 40 new members of the "Next Establishment," and he appeared on the UJA Federation's 2013 list of 40 under 40 top "movers and shakers" in the Jewish community  He is a member of the Council on Foreign Relations  In 2022, Sorkin won an Emmy Award for his New York Times interview with WeWork founder Adam Neumann 

In popular culture
In the penultimate episode of Breaking Bad, called "Granite State," Sorkin is briefly referenced  He is said to have written an op-ed in The New York Times accusing fictional entrepreneurs Gretchen and Elliott Schwartz of making donations to drug rehabilitation centers in the hopes of cleansing their company's image after the Walter White scandal  Sorkin later wrote the entire fictional article 

Personal life
Sorkin married Pilar Jenny Queen on June 9, 2007 Sorkin has a coloboma in his left eye that sometimes makes it appear as if he has two different colored eyes 

See also
New Yorkers in journalism
Passage 8:
G-Unit Books
G-Unit Books was an American book publishing imprint started by rapper 50 Cent in partnership with MTV/Pocketbooks on January 4, 2007, following a prior relationship with the company dating back to the publication of his memoir in 2005  He launched  G-Unit Books at the Time Warner Building in New York In addition to his memoir, 50 also co-wrote The Ski Mask Way, a novel about a small-time drug dealer who attempts to rob his employers   All G-Unit books were meant to be street fiction encouraging reading at a younger age G-Unit Books released its last books in 2011 

Bibliography
From Pieces To Weight : Once Upon A Time In Southside Queens (Release Date : August 15, 2006)
Baby Brother (Release Date : January 9, 2007)
Death Before Dishonor (Release Date : January 9, 2007)
The Ski Mask Way (Release Date : January 9, 2007)
Blow (Release Date : July 12, 2007)
Derelict (Release Date : July 12, 2007)
Harlem Heat (Release Date : July 24, 2007)
Heaven's Fury (Release Date : November 20, 2007)
The Diamond District (Release Date : March 25, 2008)
Tia's Diary : Deeper Than Rap (Release Date : May 25, 2009)
The 50th Law (Released : September 8, 2009)
Playground (Released : November 1, 2011)



ground_truth: Plato

prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: What rule-class city of 26,595 contains the neighborhood Plainview?

The following are given passages.
Context 3: 6% from 18 to 24, 30 8% from 25 to 44, 22 2% from 45 to 64, and 16 3% who were 65 years of age or older  The median age was 38 years  For every 100 females, there were 116 7 males  For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 120 3 males 
The median income for a household in the city was $27,371, and the median income for a family was $32,959  Males had a median income of $29,284 versus $18,265 for females  The per capita income for the city was $12,637  About 18 4% of families and 20 5% of the population were below the poverty line, including 25 3% of those under age 18 and 21 4% of those age 65 or over 

Education
Central City is home to Central City Elementary School  Central City Elementary School is a feeder school for Muhlenberg North Middle School which, in turn, feeds Muhlenberg County High School 
Central City is also home to the Muhlenberg Campus of Madisonville Community College, completed in 2001 
Central City has a lending library, a branch of the Muhlenberg County Public Library 

Media
WMTA AM 1380, founded 1955
WNES AM, founded in 1955, owned by the Andy Anderson Corporation which founded the station 
WEKV FM 101 9, 100,000 watt station, owned and operated by Andy Anderson Corporation, licensed to Central City where the main studio is, tower and transmitter located in Pleasant Ridge, (Daviess County), Kentucky 
A number of regional radio stations have Radio repeater's located in Central City   Two are currently active while a third is under consideration 
Leader-News, weekly newspaper founded in Greenville Leader, moved to Central City in the 1960s and became the "Greenville Leader-Central City News", owned and published by the Andy Anderson Corporation 
Times Argus, formerly the Messenger Times Argus, founded in 1909, published weekly 

Economy
Major employers in Central City include: 

Brewco
Brewer, Inc 
Green River Correctional Complex
Kentucky Utilities Green River Generating Station
Armstrong Coal Company Parkway Mine
KenAmerican Paradise Underground Mine
Wal-Mart Supercenter
Central City Elementary School

Arts and culture
Everly Brothers Homecoming/Labor Day Cruise-In
On Labor Day Weekend 1988, Central City began hosting The Everly Brothers Homecoming event to raise money for a scholarship fund for Muhlenberg County students  The Homecoming became a popular annual event for fourteen years, before ending in 2002 Not to be discouraged, the citizens reformed the event as a weekend long cruise-in and car show that is still held annually on Labor Day Weekend 

Kentucky Women's Hall of Fame, Inc 
Sponsored by the Central City Business & Professional Women's Club, the Hall of Fame is located inside the Central City Public Library, 108 E  Broad Street and features a portrait and memorabilia gallery which includes former Governor Martha Layne Collins, Country & Western music giant Loretta Lynn, and local author, editorialist, historian, war correspondent for the Service Star and noted cultivator of roses Agnes S  Harralson  Central City Library hours are Monday 9 am - 7 pm; Tuesday - Friday 9 am - 5 pm; Saturday 9 am - 1 pm  www mcplib org for more info; Central City BPW meets the second Tuesday of each month in the library meeting room at 6:00 pm - visitors are welcome 

Muhlenberg County Rail Trail
The Muhlenberg County Rail Trail is a paved trail following an old Paducah and Louisville railway route between Central City and Greenville that is open to pedestrian and non-motorized vehicle traffic  Kentucky's most extensive rail trail conversion to date, the Muhlenberg Rail Trail opened October 20, 2000 and was named "Trail of the Month" by the Rails to Trails Conservancy in May 2004  A viewing platform and birding guide are available where the trail passes through a local wetland  The Muhlenberg County Rails to Trails Committee has obtained an additional 3 miles of abandoned rail, possibly for a later extension into McLean County 

Notable residents
Tom Christerson, second recipient of an artificial heart
T  Coleman du Pont, manager for the Central Coal & Iron Company, later president of Dupont and a Republican senator for Delaware
Don Everly of The Everly Brothers, musician
Bernard Hickman, former head coach of the Louisville Cardinals men's basketball team
Halley G  Maddox, US Army major general
Ziggy Sears, Major League Baseball umpire
Jim Walker, musician
Corky Withrow, baseball player
Passage 6:
Plainview, Louisville
Plainview is a neighborhood in the city of Jeffersontown, Kentucky and is located on the former site of the Plainview Dairy Farm  It is a Planned Unit Development which includes housing, workplaces, and shopping within a single development 
Plainview is located between I-64 and Shelbyville Road east of Hurstbourne Parkway 
The Plainview community has many amenities; such as the Swim & Tennis Center, where there is a swim team, with competitions throughout the year  There is also a yearly yard sale 

See also
R  C  Tway, owner of farmland that evolved into this neighborhood
Passage 7:
Hickman, Kentucky
Hickman is a city in and the county seat of Fulton County, Kentucky, United States  Located on the Mississippi River, the city had a population of 2,365 at the 2020 U S  census and is classified as a home rule-class city  Hickman is part of the Union City micropolitan area 

History
This area was long occupied by various cultures of indigenous peoples  European-American settlement of this area did not begin until decades after the American Revolutionary War  James Mills built the first cabin on the site in 1819  The community of Mills Point was large enough to receive a post office in 1830  Around 1834, G  Marr purchased much of the surrounding area and laid out more streets The community was renamed Hickman in 1837 after the maiden name of Marr's wife  The city was formally incorporated by the state assembly on February 18, 1841  In 1845, it became the county seat David Walker, his wife, and their four children were lynched in Hickman in 1908 after Mr  Walker was accused of using inappropriate language with a white woman  Two floods devastated Hickman, the first in 1912 and the second in 1913   The flood of 1912 began when a levee located near Hickman broke  Within a few hours the water had risen to the roofs of houses  The flood of 1913 began when a levee near West Hickman broke on April 4  Baseball pitcher Rube Waddell was among the many who helped save the city during both floods  Waddell came down with pneumonia after each flood; he died of tuberculosis 

Registered historic sites
Thomas Chapel C M E  Church is an historic African-American church on Moscow Avenue in Hickman, part of the Colored Methodist Episcopal Church formed by freedmen after the American Civil War  Freedmen set up their own denomination in order to be independent of white supervision in the Methodist Church, South, which had split away from northern congregations at the outbreak of war  (In 1954 the CME changed its name to Christian Methodist Episcopal Church ) The church in Hickman was built in 1895  It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1979 

Geography
According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 3 6 square miles (9 3 km2), of which 3 6 square miles (9 3 km2) is land and 0 28% is water 

Climate
The climate in this area is characterized by hot, humid summers and generally mild to cool winters   According to the Köppen Climate Classification system, Hickman has a humid subtropical climate, abbreviated "Cfa" on climate maps 

Demographics
2020 census
As of the 2020 United States Census, there were 2,365 people, 752 households, and 385 families residing in the city 

2000 census
As of the census of 2000, there were 2,560 people, 1,015 households, and 665 families residing in the city  The population density was 718 1 inhabitants per square mile (277 3/km2)  There were 1,177 housing units at an average density of 330 2 per square mile (127 5/km2)  The racial makeup of the city was 64 06% White, 34 96% African American, 0 08% Native American, 0 04% from other races, and 0 86% from two or more races  Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0 51% of the population 
There were 1,015 households, out of which 28 2% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 39 8% were married couples living together, 22 4% had a female householder with no husband present, and 34 4% were non-families  32 1% of all households were made up of individuals, and 14 8% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older  The average household size was 2 33 and the average family size was 2 94 
In the city, the population was spread out, with 24 9% under the age of 18, 10 9% from 18 to 24, 26 8% from 25 to 44, 23 0% from 45 to 64, and 14 4% who were 65 years of age or older  The median age was 36 years  For every 100 females, there were 94 2 males  For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 90 2 males 
The median income for a household in the city was $21,655, and the median income for a family was $27,384  Males had a median income of $25,625 versus $18,264 for females  The per capita income for the city was $11,573  About 24 8% of families and 27 1% of the population were below the poverty line, including 35 0% of those under age 18 and 18 7% of those age 65 or over 

Notable people
Amy L  Bondurant, former U S  Ambassador to the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD)
Robert Glen Coe, convicted murderer
S G  Goodman, singer-songwriter
Elvis Jacob Stahr Jr , President of Indiana University

Education
Hickman has a public library, a branch of the Fulton County Public Library 
Passage 8:
Moorland, Kentucky
Moorland is a home rule-class city in Jefferson County, Kentucky, United States  The population was 431 as of the 2010 census 

Geography
Moorland is located in northeastern Jefferson County at 38°16′23″N 85°34′45″W (38 273020, -85 579048)  It is bordered to the south, east, and west by Lyndon, and to the north by consolidated Louisville/Jefferson County  It is 11 miles (18 km) east of downtown Louisville 
According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 0 09 square miles (0 24 km2), all land 

Demographics
At the 2000 census there were 464 people in 206 households, including 127 families, in the city  The population density was 4,830 4 inhabitants per square mile (1,865 0/km2)  There were 213 housing units at an average density of 2,217 4 per square mile (856 1/km2)   The racial makeup of the city was 91 81% White, 4 74% African American, 0 43% Asian, 0 22% from other races, and 2 80% from two or more races  Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0 65% Of the 206 households 29 1% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 44 2% were married couples living together, 13 1% had a female householder with no husband present, and 38 3% were non-families  32 5% of households were one person and 4 4% were one person aged 65 or older  The average household size was 2 25 and the average family size was 2 85 
The age distribution was 24 1% under the age of 18, 5 8% from 18 to 24, 38 4% from 25 to 44, 24 4% from 45 to 64, and 7 3% 65 or older  The median age was 36 years  For every 100 females, there were 100 9 males  For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 90 3 males 
The median household income was $40,469 and the median family income  was $45,096  Males had a median income of $35,625 versus $25,625 for females  The per capita income for the city was $18,092  About 1 4% of families and 1 6% of the population were below the poverty line, including 1 6% of those under age 18 and none of those age 65 or over 
Passage 9:
Meadowbrook Farm, Kentucky
Meadowbrook Farm is a neighborhood of Louisville, Kentucky, United States  It is separately incorporated as a home rule-class city  The population was 136 as of the 2010 census 

Geography
Meadowbrook Farm is located in northeastern Jefferson County at 38°16′40″N 85°34′32″W (38 277772, -85 575669)  It is bordered to the southwest by Lyndon, to the northeast by Meadow Vale, and on all other sides by consolidated Louisville/Jefferson County  Downtown Louisville is 12 miles (19 km) to the southwest 
According to the United States Census Bureau, Meadowbrook Farm has a total area of 0 03 square miles (0 07 km2), all land 

Demographics
As of the census of 2000, there were 146 people, 53 households, and 41 families residing in the city  The population density was 4,828 7 inhabitants per square mile (1,864 4/km2)  There were 53 housing units at an average density of 1,752 9 per square mile (676 8/km2)  The racial makeup of the city was 91 78% White, 7 53% African American, and 0 68% from two or more races 
There were 53 households, out of which 35 8% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 67 9% were married couples living together, 5 7% had a female householder with no husband present, and 20 8% were non-families  17 0% of all households were made up of individuals, and 5 7% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older  The average household size was 2 75 and the average family size was 3 12 
In the city, the population was spread out, with 24 7% under the age of 18, 4 8% from 18 to 24, 36 3% from 25 to 44, 26 7% from 45 to 64, and 7 5% who were 65 years of age or older  The median age was 37 years  For every 100 females, there were 102 8 males  For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 100 0 males 
The median income for a household in the city was $63,542, and the median income for a family was $63,958  Males had a median income of $51,250 versus $38,125 for females  The per capita income for the city was $26,980  There were 4 4% of families and 5 2% of the population living below the poverty line, including 2 9% of under eighteens and none of those over 64 
Passage 10:
Corbin, Kentucky
Corbin is a home rule-class city in Whitley, Knox and Laurel counties in the southeastern portion of the U S  state of Kentucky  As of the 2020 census, the city population was 7,856  
Corbin is on Interstate 75 and US Route 25W, about halfway between Knoxville, Tennessee, and Lexington 

History
The first settlement in the Corbin area was known as Lynn Camp Station  The first post office was called Cummins, for community founder Nelson Cummins  It was discovered in 1885 that both Cummins and Lynn Camp were already in use as names for Kentucky post offices, and postmaster James Eaton was asked to select another name  He chose Corbin for the Rev  James Corbin Floyd, a local minister  The town was incorporated under that name in 1905 
Corbin has a troubled racial past, including a race riot in late October 1919 in which a white mob forced nearly all the town's 200 black residents onto a freight train out of town and a sundown town policy until the late 20th century  The event is the subject of a 1991 documentary, Trouble Behind  In October 2019, city leaders marked the riot's centennial with a proclamation acknowledging the riot and former sundown town policy For most of its history, the urbanized areas of Corbin in Laurel County were not incorporated into the city limits due to a state law prohibiting cities from being in more than two counties  However, a 2021 change to state law allowed cities to voluntarily annex property in a third county if the city already provides public infrastructure to that property  In March 2022, the Corbin City Commission approved an annexation request for a property in Laurel County 

Geography
According to the United States Census Bureau, Corbin has a total area of 7 9 sq mi (20 km2), with only a tiny fraction of 0 044 sq mi (0 11 km2), or 0 56%, consisting of water 
Corbin lies in the Cumberland Plateau region of Appalachia in southeastern Kentucky, along Interstate 75 and U S  Route 25W  I-75 provides access to the city from exit 25, leading north 89 miles (143 km) to Lexington and south 86 miles (138 km) to Knoxville, Tennessee  U S  25W runs through the center of town, leading north 14 miles (23 km) to London (via U S  Route 25) and south 21 miles (34 km) to Williamsburg 
The Pine Mountain Overthrust Fault, a geologic fault system several miles to the east, produces occasional tremors, the most recent in 2008 

Climate
Corbin exhibits a humid subtropical climate, typical of southeastern Kentucky  The region experiences four distinct seasons  Winters are cool to cold, with mild periods  Summers are generally hot and humid, with variable spring and fall seasons  Precipitation is common year-round but more prevalent in the summer months—the surrounding mountains somewhat moderate Corbin's climate 

Demographics
Corbin is in the London, Kentucky micropolitan area, whose current boundaries were established in 2013 by the U S  Office of Management and Budget in coordination with the United States Census Bureau  Previously, the London micropolitan area had consisted solely of Laurel County, while the Whitley County portion of Corbin was the principal city of its own micropolitan area that consisted solely of that county  Both entities were in turn the components of a statistical entity officially known as the "Corbin–London, KY Combined Statistical Area"  The CSA had a combined population of 94,486 at the 2010 census  The Knox County portion of Corbin was outside the former Corbin–London statistical area but is now included in the redefined London micropolitan area 
As of the 2010 census there were 7,304 people, 3,093 households, and 1,903 families residing in the city  The population density was 920 1 inhabitants per square mile (355 3/km2)  There were 3,507 housing units at an average density of 441 8 per square mile (170 6/km2)  The racial makeup of the city was 97 41% White (96 69% non-Hispanic), 0 26% African American, 0 31% Native American or Alaska Native, 0 64% Asian, 0 26% from other races, and 1 11% from two or more races  No Pacific Islanders lived in the city in 2010  Hispanics or Latinos of any race were 1 19% of the population 
There were 3,093 households, out of which 29 8% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 41 3% were married couples living together, 16 0% had a female householder with no husband present, 4 2% had a male householder with no wife present, and 38 5% were non-families  34 8% of all households were made up of individuals, and 16 3% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older  The average household size was 2 27, and the average family size was 2 91 
The age distribution was 22 5% under 18, 8 5% from 18 to 24, 22 9% from 25 to 44, 25 3% from 45 to 64, and 20 8% who were 65 or older  The median age was 41 6 years  For every 100 females, there were 80 2 males  For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 75 8 males 
Income data from the 2010 Census for Kentucky locations have not yet been released  As of the 2000 Census, the median income for a household in the city was $22,203  The median income for a family was $32,784  Males had a median income of $27,323 versus $17,568 for females  The per capita income for the city was $14,200  About 15 5% of families and 21 0% of the population were below the poverty line, including 24 0% of those under age 18 and 16 4% of those age 65 or over 

Economy
Initially provided by L&N Railroad, rail transport was the backbone of the local economy in the first half of the 20th century  While the railroad (presently CSX) continues to play an important role, the decline of the rail industry in the latter half of the 20th century, as well as the loss of some manufacturing jobs, has prompted the community to begin diversifying its economy 

Culture
Each year in early August, Corbin hosts a festival called NIBROC (Corbin spelled backward) featuring open-air concerts, carnival attractions, a beauty pageant, parade, and other events  The festival is featured, if anachronistically, in the play Last Train to Nibroc by Arlene Hutton  (Though the play is set in the 1940s, the festival itself only dates to 1952 ) NIBROC often features free performances by popular musical acts such as 38 Special, Foghat, Joan Jett and the Blackhearts, Kansas, The Marshall Tucker Band, Percy Sledge, Rick Springfield, Starship, Styx and The Turtles  In episode 10 of the American reality-documentary television series On the Road with Austin & Santino on Lifetime entitled "We Love a Parade", the fashion designers visit Corbin to custom-design a dress for a local woman participating in the NIBROC parade 
Despite being in dry counties (Knox and Whitley), the city of Corbin allows full retail alcohol sales, following a successful local option election on February 14, 2012  The city had previously voted in 2004 to allow sales of alcohol by the drink in larger restaurants Corbin has an association with Kentucky Fried Chicken, having been the location of the chain's first restaurant, opened in 1930  Corbin appears in the animated cartoon South Park's episode "Medicinal Fried Chicken", wherein Eric Cartman visits the town to meet with Harland Sanders  Corbin is depicted as located in a lush rain forest in a parody of the 1983 film Scarface, wherein Tony Montana and Omar Suarez visit Bolivia to meet with a drug kingpin 

Government
Corbin is governed by a mayor and city commission and a city manager who runs the departments' day-to-day operations  Currently, Marlon Sams is the city manager  Since it does not have a mayor/alderman form of government, Corbin is considered home rule-class under Kentucky's city classification system that took effect in 2015  Susie Razmus is the current mayor  Trent Knuckles, David Grigsby Hart, Ed Tye, and Andrew Pennington are its four current commissioners Corbin is one of the few cities in Kentucky that lie in two counties—Whitley and Knox  Many built-up areas in neighboring Laurel County have a Corbin postal address but lie outside the city limits  This arrangement has created some problems with taxes and census records  The city receives a portion of the occupational tax collected in Whitley County  However, Knox County has refused to give Corbin any tax collected there  On March 10, 2008, the City Commission voted to file a lawsuit against Knox County to receive a portion of the tax collected within city limits  On May 23, 2014, the Kentucky Court of Appeals ruled that the "Stivers amendment", passed as part of KY HB 499 "Tax Amnesty" legislation in 2012, did not violate the state's constitution  The measure essentially canceled the effect of court rulings that would have enabled Corbin to keep all the revenue from the tax generated inside the city limits  Corbin's mayor, Willard McBurney, vowed to carry the fight to the state Supreme Court Corbin is in Kentucky's 5th congressional district 

Education
Corbin, like many communities of its size in southeastern Kentucky, has an independent school system (in Kentucky, a public school system not affiliated with a county; most such districts are associated with individual cities)  The district was officially established in 1916, and the 100th class graduated in 2017  The Corbin Independent School District includes:

Corbin Preschool Center
Corbin Primary (grades K-3)
Corbin Elementary (grades 4–5) (Currently housed by the newest building in the district after a complete remodeling of the former Middle School 
Corbin Middle (grades 6–8)
Corbin High (grades 9–12) (Currently housed by the oldest building in the district)
Corbin School Of InnovationThe community and school system place considerable emphasis on the success of academics and high school athletic teams  Corbin "Redhound" sports are important social events within the community 
In 2004, Eastern Kentucky University opened an extension campus in Corbin 
The annual Battle for the Brass Lantern, a college football rivalry game between the University of the Cumberlands and Union College, was played at Corbin High School's stadium in 2006 and 2007, as a neutral field roughly equidistant from the two campuses  The rivalry dates to 1905 Corbin was formerly home to Saint Camillus Academy, a private pre-K-8 Catholic school affiliated with the Diocese of Lexington  Established in 1908 by the Sisters of Divine Providence, the school has been successful as both a boarding school for national and international students and as a Montessori school  Its original schoolhouse, built in 1913, was demolished in summer 2008  The new school building is still situated atop a prominent hill overlooking the town, providing a striking backdrop to the streets of downtown Corbin  The school closed in 2012 after 99 years of service  The property and grounds of the school were sold to the Corbin School System to house a new Corbin Middle School due to the rapidly increasing student population and age of the current building 
Corbin has a lending library, the Corbin Public Library 

Transportation
Corbin straddles Interstate 75 and U S  Highway 25 (which splits into US 25E and US 25W in North Corbin)  The town is served by the CSX rail line 

Sites of interest
Cumberland Falls State Resort Park, the site of a waterfall, one of the few in the Western Hemisphere that regularly produces a moonbow, is 19 miles (31 km) to the southwest 
Harland Sanders Café and Museum, the birthplace of Kentucky Fried Chicken (though not sold as the KFC/Kentucky Fried Chicken brand at the time), is located in North Corbin  The restaurant and accompanying museum are popular with tour groups traveling along Interstate 75 
The Arena at the Southeastern Kentucky Ag and Expo Complex, a multi-purpose venue on top of a hill across from the Baptist Regional Medical Center, sits above the Corbin Center  This multi-purpose education center also houses the Corbin Tourism office 
Nearby Laurel River Lake, created by the U S  Army Corps of Engineers in 1974, is a popular recreational site for boating, fishing, water skiing, and scuba diving 
Cumberland Gap and Cumberland Gap National Historical Park are about 50 miles (80 km) south of Corbin on U S  Highway 25E at the Tennessee border 

Media
Newspapers
The Times-Tribune, a Tuesday And Thursday newspaper
News Journal, weekly newspaper covering both Corbin (headquarters) and the Whitley County, Kentucky, area including Williamsburg

Radio
WCTT AM 680 (Great 68; Oldies)
WKDP AM 1330
WEKF FM 88 5 (Eastern Ky Univ  affiliate)
WVCT FM 91 5 (Gospel Eagle; Southern Gospel)
WKDP FM 99 5 (Country)
WCTT FM 107 3 (T-107; Adult Contemporary)
WRHR-LPFM 95 3 (also known as Corbin's Own Red 95 3; broadcast by Corbin High School)

TV
WVTN (Channel 22 Time Warner Cable) - religious; broadcast from Corbin with local and regional churches and religious syndicated programs part of the radio station WVCT 91 5
RBS (Channel 18 Time Warner Cable) - Corbin school district information broadcasting the WRHR radio station Red 95 3
YHC (Channel 21 on Time Warner Cable) - broadcasts local and regional business infomercials and runs on-screen ads playing Contemporary Christian Music

Notable people
Rodger Bird, football player
Ensley A  Carpenter, doctor, once lived in Corbin, for whom the town of Carpenter, Kentucky was named
Ted Cremer, football player
Debbie Dean, pop singer, first white solo artist signed to Motown Records
Richie Farmer, politician and former basketball player
Roy Kidd, retired football coach, member of the College Football Hall of Fame, former head coach of Eastern Kentucky University football; was born, raised, and currently resides here
Arthur Lake, actor who played Dagwood Bumstead in the Blondie movies
Ronni Lundy, food and music writer, cookbook author, and Southern Foodways Alliance Lifetime Achievement Award winner
George McAfee, WW2 Veteran, football player, NFL Hall of Fame inductee 
Dan Neal, football player
Colonel Harland Sanders, entrepreneur and founder of Kentucky Fried Chicken restaurant chain
Frank Selvy, basketball player
B  F  Shelton, old-timey banjo player
Jarrett Stidham, quarterback for Baylor University, Auburn University and the New England Patriots 
Trent Taylor, NFL wide receiver for the San Francisco 49ers and Cincinnati Bengals, in college for Louisiana Tech, lived in Corbin as a child, from age 2 through the end of second grade
Mabel Martin Wyrick, writer



ground_truth: Jeffersontown, Kentucky