prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: What American actress stars in Tainted?

The following are given passages.
Context 1: Passage 1:
Pamela Adlon
Pamela Fionna Adlon (; née Segall) (born July 6, 1966) is an American actress  She is known for voicing Bobby Hill in the animated comedy series King of the Hill (1997–2010), for which she won a Primetime Emmy Award  She also voiced Baloo in Jungle Cubs (1996–1998), the title role in the Pajama Sam video game series (1996–2001), Lucky in 101 Dalmatians: The Series (1997–1998), Ashley Spinelli in Recess (1997–2001), Otto Osworth in Time Squad (2001–2003), and Brigette Murphy in Milo Murphy's Law (2016–2019), among numerous others 
Adlon is also known for her roles in the comedy-drama series Californication (2007–2014) and Louie (2010–2015), the latter of which she additionally wrote and produced alongside Louis C K  Her work on Louie garnered her four Primetime Emmy Award nominations  From 2016 to 2022, Adlon starred as Sam Fox on the acclaimed FX comedy-drama series Better Things, which she also co-created, wrote, produced, and directed  The series won a Peabody Award, and she was nominated twice for a Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Lead Actress in a Comedy Series  She also starred alongside Redd Foxx on The Redd Foxx Show as 'Toni' in 1986 
Adlon was featured in numerous films since making her acting debut in Grease 2 (1982)  Her most notable films include Say Anything    (1989), Bed of Roses (1996), Lucky 13 (2005), Conception (2011), I Love You, Daddy (2017), All Square (2018), and Holler (2020) 

Early life
Adlon was born in New York City  She is the daughter of Marina Lucy (Leece) and Donald Maxwell "Don" Segall, who was a television comedy writer-producer and author of comic books and science fiction pulp novels  Her father produced The Dave Garroway Show, which became AM New York and then The Today Show  He was a page at NBC with Gil Cates and wrote erotic fiction under various pseudonyms, including Troy Conway  Adlon's mother is English, while her father, an American, was from Boston  Her father was born to a Jewish family of Russian-Jewish and Ukrainian-Jewish descent and her mother, originally an Anglican, converted to Judaism  Adlon has said that her parents met at the USO event in Paris As a child, Adlon lived in the Carnegie House at 100 West 57th Street  She has said that she and her family lived bi-coastally, moving between Los Angeles and New York because her father was a journeyman writer and producer for TV  She began performing at age nine; one of her father's friends had a radio studio, so she would do voice-over work there  While in Los Angeles she did TV and film acting work  She attended Sarah Lawrence College for a semester  After moving to Laurel Canyon, Los Angeles, she shared a house with Anna Gunn 

Career
Adlon made her acting debut as Dolores Rebchuck in the 1982 musical sequel film Grease 2  She had a recurring role as Kelly Affinado in the sitcom The Facts of Life (1983–1984)  This was followed by appearances in Bad Manners (1984), Night Court (1984), Willy/Milly (1986), Star Trek: The Next Generation (1989), Say Anything    (1989), Sgt  Bilko (1996), and Plump Fiction (1997)  Although she was successful as a child actress she struggled to find parts in her 20s  It led her to develop a substantial voice-over career which she cited as saving her career Adlon gained further acclaim and recognition for voicing the starring role of Bobby Hill in the animated comedy series King of the Hill (1997–2010), for which she received a Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Voice-Over Performance in 2002  Adlon also gained recognition for voicing Margaret "Moose" Pearson in Pepper Ann (1997–2000), Ashley Spinelli in Recess (1997–2001), Brigette Murphy in Milo Murphy's Law (2016–2019), and the voice of newborn Halley Wolowitz in The Big Bang Theory 
Adlon is recognizable for her husky voice, which led to her voicing young boys in numerous animated series and films  She voiced Baloo in Jungle Cubs (1996–1998), the title role in the video game series Pajama Sam (1996–2001), Lucky in 101 Dalmatians: The Series (1997–1998), Hector McBadger in Jakers! The Adventures of Piggley Winks (2003–2007), and Andy in Squirrel Boy (2006–2007), among numerous others  She was nominated for an Annie Award for her role as Otto Osworth in the Cartoon Network animated comedy series Time Squad (2001–2003)  She continued to voice characters in films, such as The Animatrix (2003) and as Vidia in the Tinker Bell film series (2008–2015) 
Adlon had notable live-action roles as Emma Path in the ABC legal drama series Boston Legal (2007–2008), Marcy Runkle in the Showtime comedy-drama series Californication (2007–2014), and as Pamela in the FX comedy series Louie (2010–2015)  She was also a writer and consulting producer for the lattermost series 
Adlon's professional relationship with Louis C K  began in 2006 when she played his wife in the short-lived HBO sitcom Lucky Louie  She appeared as the friend of Louie (a fictional character based on C K ) in his FX single-camera series Louie  She appeared in every season but the third  Adlon co-wrote seven episodes of the series and became a consulting producer  She earned a total of four Primetime Emmy Award nominations for her work on Louie  She earned two nominations as a producer for Best Comedy Series, one nomination for Outstanding Writing for a Comedy Series for co-writing the episode "Daddy's Girlfriend Part 1", and one nomination for Outstanding Guest Actress in a Comedy Series In 2015, FX gave a pilot order to Better Things, a comedy created by and starring Adlon  She plays an actress raising three daughters  The pilot was written by Adlon and Louis C K , who also directed it  It was picked up for a 10-episode series on August 7, 2015  The show, which premiered on September 8, 2016, is semi-autobiographical  C K  served as a co-writer and occasional director for the first two seasons, while Adlon has served as director and writer throughout the series' run 
The series received widespread critical acclaim and was honored with a Peabody Award  Adlon received a Primetime Emmy Award nomination for Outstanding Lead Actress in a Comedy Series for the first two seasons of Better Things  She also received a nomination for the Golden Globe Award for Best Actress – Television Series Musical or Comedy, and four nominations for the TCA Award for Individual Achievement in Comedy  Adlon was represented by manager Dave Becky until November 2017, when she fired him following his involvement in the Louis C K  sexual harassment scandal Adlon had recent live-action roles in the romantic drama film First Girl I Loved (2016), the science fiction action film Bumblebee (2018), and the comedy-drama film The King of Staten Island (2020)  She had a guest role as Mrs  Wolowitz in the CBS sitcom Young Sheldon (2017) and a recurring role as Dr  Leigh in the acclaimed NBC drama series This Is Us (2020) 

Personal life
In 1996, Adlon married Felix O  Adlon, the son of German director Percy Adlon  Felix O  Adlon directed Pamela in Eat Your Heart Out (1997)  They divorced in 2010, and he then moved to Germany  They have three daughters who are actresses: Gideon, Odessa, and Valentine "Rocky" Adlon Adlon was the inspiration for Toto's song, Pamela (song)   She was in a short-lived relationship with Toto vocalist Joseph Williams in the 1980s 
Adlon splits her time between the Upper West Side of Manhattan and Los Angeles In January 2020, Adlon became a citizen of the United Kingdom 

Filmography
Adlon is known for her collaborations with Louis C K and her performances in Lucky Louie (2006), Louie (2010–2015), and Better Things (2016–2022)  She has had major performances in The Facts of Life (1983–1984) and Californication (2007–2014) as well as making guest appearances in The Jeffersons (1984), Boston Legal (2007–2008), Parenthood (2012), and This is Us (2020)  She is also a well known voice artist  Her voice credits include the animated programs Kiki's Delivery Service (1989), Bobby's World (1992–1998), Rugrats (1992–2004), Recess (1997–2001), King of the Hill (1997–2010), and Bob's Burgers (2012–2020) 

Awards and nominations
Passage 2:
Drea de Matteo
Andrea Donna de Matteo (born January 19, 1972) is an American actress  She is best known for her role as Adriana La Cerva on the HBO television drama The Sopranos (1999–2006), for which she received the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Drama Series in 2004  Other notable roles include Gina Tribbiani on Joey (2004–2006), Wendy Case on Sons of Anarchy (2008–2014), Angie Bolen on Desperate Housewives (2009–2010), and Detective Tess Nazario on Shades of Blue (2016–2018) 

Early life
De Matteo was born in Whitestone, Queens, New York City  Her mother, Donna, is a playwright and playwriting teacher who has been on faculty at HB Studio, and her father, Albert, was a furniture manufacturer who was owner and CEO of Avery Boardman and Carlyle  She is of Italian descent, and grew up in a Catholic family After graduating from the Loyola School, de Matteo earned a Bachelor of Fine Arts in film production from New York University's Tisch School of the Arts, intending to become a film director  She additionally studied acting at the HB Studio 

Career
De Matteo's role in The Sopranos was one of her earliest, helping to launch her career  She has appeared in several films including Swordfish, Deuces Wild, The Perfect You, Prey for Rock & Roll and the 2005 remake of John Carpenter's 1976 action film Assault on Precinct 13  She had the starring role in Abel Ferrara's R Xmas for which she received some very positive reviews In 2004, de Matteo won an Emmy for Best Supporting Actress (Drama) for her role as Adriana on The Sopranos (season 5) and was nominated for a Golden Globe the same year, for the same role From 2004 to 2006, de Matteo portrayed Joey Tribbiani's sister Gina in the Friends spin-off Joey  The show was cancelled after two seasons De Matteo played the role of Wendy Case in the FX original series Sons of Anarchy  The pilot episode aired September 3, 2008, and De Matteo continued making regular appearances into the series' sixth season  She was promoted to a series regular for the seventh and final season 
De Matteo played Angie Bolen, the mother of the Bolen family, on season 6 of the ABC show Desperate Housewives  She left Desperate Housewives at the season 6 finale in 2010, due to personal reasons In 2012, she guest starred in Showtime's Californication 
De Matteo played the stepmother of Steve Wilde, the main character of the FOX comedy Running Wilde, appearing in season 1, episode 9  De Matteo co-starred as Krissi Cates in the film adaptation of Dark Places (2015), with Charlize Theron, Chloë Grace Moretz, and Nicholas Hoult  In 2015, she was cast as Det  Tess Nazario in the NBC drama series Shades of Blue, starring alongside Jennifer Lopez and Ray Liotta 
De Matteo and Chris Kushner began hosting a rewatch podcast of The Sopranos on March 13, 2020, called Made Women; in July, the podcast was retooled and renamed Gangster Goddess Broad-Cast 

Personal life
In 1997, de Matteo opened Filth Mart, an East Village clothing store with her then-boyfriend Michael Sportes  They closed the store in 2004 De Matteo started dating musician Shooter Jennings in 2001  They became engaged on June 11, 2009, when Jennings proposed onstage at the Stanley Theater during a show in Utica, New York  They have two children together, daughter Alabama Gypsyrose Jennings and son Waylon Albert "Blackjack" Jennings  Jennings and de Matteo eventually ended their relationship without marrying  In July 2015, de Matteo became engaged to Whitesnake bass guitarist Michael Devin De Matteo lost her apartment home of 22 years, as did dozens of other residents, when a gas explosion and raging fire destroyed three East Village, Manhattan buildings on March 26, 2015 

Filmography
Film
Television
Passage 3:
Shari Shattuck
Shari Shattuck (born November 18, 1960) is an American actress and author 
Shattuck was born in Atlanta, Georgia  She has appeared in hundreds of commercials, TV, film, and stage productions  Some roles include "Dallas", "Life Goes On", "On Deadly Ground" as well as multiple Shakespearean roles  She appeared in both nighttime and daytime soaps, sitcoms, mini-series and starred in multiple films  As a model, she appeared on the cover of Playboy in April 1980, and numerous other magazines  In 1982, while working as a model in Atlanta, she was cast in the music video of the  38 Special song "Caught Up in You" 

Personal life
Shattuck was married to actor Ronn Moss (with whom she has two daughters — Creason  and Calee) from January 1990 to July 2002   She later married Joseph Paul Stachura, the owner and managing artistic director of the Knightsbridge Theatre, The National American Shakespeare Company, as well as the Director of Knightsbridge Theatre Films  The couple has produced two movies together, "Redemption" and "Scream at the Devil "In addition to acting, Shattuck has written for the stage and directed multiple productions  Her play, In Progress, was produced at the Matrix Theatre Shattuck is also a fiction writer who has written four mystery novels featuring Callaway Wilde, a wealthy Los Angeles socialite, the first of which, Loaded, was picked as one of the best of 2003 by Publishers Weekly  Other titles in the Callaway Wilde series are Lethal, Liar, and Legacy  She also wrote a psychic series featuring Greer Sands, Eye of the Beholder and Speak of the Devil and two hardcover literary fiction novels, Invisible Ellen and the sequel, Becoming Ellen 

Filmography
Passage 4:
Tainted
Taint or tainted may refer to:

Impurities
Contamination, the presence of a minor and unwanted element (a contaminant)
a wine fault, such as cork taint, ladybird taint, or phenolic taint, producing undesirable odors or tastes in bottled wine
Infection, the colonization of a host organism by parasites
Taint (legal), the quality of illegally obtained court evidence
Taint checking, a feature of some programming languages that prevents unauthorized users from remotely executing commands on a computer

Titles
The Taint (novel) (or Doctor Who and the Taint), a novel written by Michael Collier and based on the British television series Doctor Who
Taint (band), a sludge-metal band from Wales
The Taint (film), a 1915 American silent film
Tainted (film), a 1987 American film

Other uses
Taint (anatomy), colloquial name for the space between the anus and genitals
Tint, an archaic form, referring to a color mixed with white
Tainted kernel, when proprietary modules are loaded into Linux
Passage 5:
Robin Wright
Robin Gayle Wright (born April 8, 1966) is an American actress and director  She has received various accolades, including a Golden Globe Award, and nominations for eight Primetime Emmy Awards 
Wright first gained attention for her role as Kelly Capwell in the NBC Daytime soap opera Santa Barbara  from 1984 to 1988  She transitioned to film with a starring role in the fantasy film The Princess Bride (1987), and she gained a nomination for a Golden Globe Award for Best Supporting Actress for her role in the top-grossing drama Forrest Gump (1994)  She had further starring roles in the romantic drama Message in a Bottle (1999) and the thriller Unbreakable (2000), as she gained praise for her performances in the independent films Loved (1997), She's So Lovely (1997), Nine Lives (2005) and Sorry, Haters (2006)  She has since taken on supporting roles in the sports drama Moneyball (2011), the thriller The Girl with the Dragon Tattoo (2011), the adventure film Everest (2015), the superhero film Wonder Woman (2017), and the science fiction film Blade Runner 2049 (2017) 
On television, Wright starred in the HBO miniseries Empire Falls in 2005  From 2013 to 2018, she starred as Claire Underwood in the Netflix political drama series House of Cards  Her performance earned her a Golden Globe Award for Best Actress and six nominations for a Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Lead Actress  In 2016, Wright was named one of the highest paid actresses in the United States, earning US$420,000 per episode for House of Cards  She has also directed ten episodes of the series as well as two episodes of the Netflix crime series Ozark in 2022 

Early life
Wright was born April 8, 1966, in Dallas to Gayle Wright (née Gaston), a cosmetics saleswoman for Mary Kay, and Fred Wright, a pharmaceutical company employee  She has an elder brother, Richard (b  1962), who is a photographer  Her parents divorced when she was two, which led to her relocating to San Diego, California with her mother  She grew up in Southern California, attending La Jolla High School in La Jolla and Taft High School in Los Angeles 

Career
Wright began her career as a model, when she was 14  At the age of 18, she played Kelly Capwell in the NBC Daytime soap opera Santa Barbara, for which she received several Daytime Emmy Award nominations 

1980s–2000s: Transition into feature films
Wright transitioned into feature film work with a role in Hollywood Vice Squad in 1986, followed by her breakthrough role as Princess Buttercup in the cult film The Princess Bride in 1987  She gained critical acclaim in her role as Jenny Curran in Forrest Gump (1994), receiving Golden Globe Award and Screen Actors Guild nominations for Best Supporting Actress 
In 1996, she starred in the lead role of the film adaptation of Daniel Defoe's Moll Flanders (1996), for which she received a Satellite Award nomination for Best Actress in a Drama  She was nominated for a Screen Actors Guild Award for Best Actress for her role in She's So Lovely (1997), a film in which she co-starred with her then-husband Sean Penn  Wright received her third Screen Actors Guild Award nomination for her role in the television film Empire Falls (2005) 

2013–2018: House of Cards
From 2013 to 2018, Wright appeared in the Netflix political drama streaming television series House of Cards in the role of Claire Underwood, the ruthless wife of political mastermind Frank Underwood  On January 12, 2014, she won a Golden Globe for the role, becoming the first actress to win the award for a streaming television series; she was nominated for the same award the following year  She also received nominations for the Primetime Emmy Award in 2013 and 2014 for the same role  Following Season 4 in 2016, Wright stated that she felt Claire Underwood was the equal of Frank Underwood and demanded equal pay for her performance as her co-star Kevin Spacey; Netflix acquiesced  In 2017, for her performance in the fifth season, Wright was nominated for her fifth consecutive Primetime Emmy for Outstanding Lead Actress in a Drama Series  For the years 2014, 2016, and 2017, Wright received Best Actress in a Drama Series nominations for the Critics' Choice Television Awards, with her being the only nomination for the show in December 2017 
In October 2017, she was set as the show's new lead for the final season, following the firing of Kevin Spacey due to sexual misconduct allegations against Spacey  For her last appearance as Underwood, her performance was acclaimed - described as a "commanding performance [that] is more than enough to keep [the final season] standing strong"  - earning her her final nominations for the role at the Screen Actors Guild and Primetime Emmy Awards in 2019  For the latter, she became one of seven women to be nominated for the category six or more times for the same show (the first in 10 years since Mariska Hargitay for Law & Order: Special Victims Unit) 

Further film and directorial work
In 2017, Wright directed a short film, The Dark of Night, which starred Sam Rockwell and premiered at the Cannes Film Festival  Additionally, Wright played General Antiope in Wonder Woman (2017) and its 2020 sequel alongside Gal Gadot and Chris Pine  The film earned positive reviews and emerged as a financial success, grossing $822 8 million at the box office  She appears in the Blade Runner sequel Blade Runner 2049 alongside Ryan Gosling, Harrison Ford, and Jared Leto, directed by Denis Villeneuve 
In April 2019, it was announced that she would make her feature film directorial debut in the film Land  Wright would also be starring as its lead, Edee Mathis, a lawyer who retreats in grief to the Shoshone National Forest in Wyoming  Sales for the film would start at Cannes the following month  Filming began by October that year and the movie was picked up by distributor Focus Features  Land premiered in January 2021 at the Sundance Film Festival to generally positive reviews, with specific praise towards the direction and the performances  Peter Debruge in a review for Variety wrote: "So bless Wright for paring “Land” down to a beautiful haiku, and for delivering a performance that’s ambiguous and understated in all the right ways," and "in a directorial debut so pure and simple it speaks to enormous self-confidence, has better instincts than to reveal outright "In 2022, Wright directed the final two episodes of the first part of season 4 of the Netflix show, Ozark; the episodes being entitled: "Sangre Sobre Todo" and "Sanctified"  Kayla Cobb for Decider praised Wright's direction in the latter episode as "powerful" with the pairing of her direction, the script and actress Julia Garner's performance as a "masterful collaboration "Wright will next star in and produce Ben Young's thriller Where All Light Tends to Go, an adaptation of the book of the same name by David Joy  In April 2022, Wright joined the cast of Netflix's fantasy film Damsel directed by Juan Carlos Fresnadillo  Wright will additionally star in a Sony Pictures Classics and Miramax adaptation of Richard McGuire's Here in a Forrest Gump reteam with director Robert Zemeckis, actor Tom Hanks and writer Eric Roth for a 2023 release 

Personal life
From 1986 to 1988, Wright was married to actor Dane Witherspoon, whom she met in 1984 on the set of the soap opera Santa Barbara In 1989, Wright became involved with actor Sean Penn following his divorce from Madonna  Wright was offered the role of Maid Marian in the film Robin Hood: Prince of Thieves, but turned it down because she was pregnant  Their daughter, Dylan Frances, was born in April 1991  She backed out of the role of Abby McDeere in The Firm (1993) due to her pregnancy with her second child, and their son, Hopper Jack, was born in August 1993 After breaking up and getting back together, Wright and Penn married in 1996  Their on-and-off relationship seemingly ended in divorce plans, announced in December 2007, but the divorce petition was withdrawn four months later at the couple's request  In February 2009, Wright and Penn attended the 81st Academy Awards together, at which Penn won the Best Actor award  Penn filed for legal separation in April 2009, but withdrew the petition in May  On August 12, 2009, Wright filed for divorce, declaring she had no plans to reconcile  The divorce was finalized on July 22, 2010 In February 2012, Wright began dating actor Ben Foster, and their engagement was announced in January 2014  The couple called off their engagement in November 2014, but reunited in January 2015  On August 29, 2015, they announced they were ending their second engagement  In 2017, Wright began dating Clément Giraudet, a Saint Laurent executive, and they secretly wed in August 2018 in La Roche-sur-le-Buis, France  Wright filed for divorce from Giraudet in September 2022 

Philanthropy and activism
Wright is the honorary spokesperson for the Dallas, Texas-based non-profit The Gordie Foundation In 2014, she co-partnered with two California-based companies; Pour Les Femmes and The SunnyLion  The SunnyLion donates a portion of its profits to the Raise Hope For Congo movement 
Wright is an activist for human rights in the Democratic Republic of the Congo  She is the narrator and executive producer of the documentary When Elephants Fight which highlights how multinational mining corporations and politicians in the Democratic Republic of Congo threaten human rights, and perpetuate conflict in the region  She also is a supporter of Stand With Congo, the human rights campaign behind the film  In 2016, Wright spoke publicly in support of the campaign at a film screening at the TriBeCa Film Institute in New York City, in media interviews, with journalists, and across her social media accounts 

Filmography
Film
Television
Awards and nominations
Passage 6:
Faye Dunaway filmography
Faye Dunaway is an American actress who appeared in over seventy films, thirty television shows, thirteen plays and two music videos  Regarded as one of the greatest actresses of her generation, she was one of the leading actresses during the golden age of New Hollywood  After her film debut  The Happening, she starred in the gangster film Bonnie and Clyde, in which she was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Actress  She starred with Steve McQueen in The Thomas Crown Affair (1968)   In 1969, she co-starred with Kirk Douglas in Elia Kazan's drama The Arrangement  The following year, she starred with Dustin Hoffman in Little Big Man  In 1970, her performance in Jerry Schatzberg's experimental drama Puzzle of a Downfall Child earned her a Golden Globe nomination for Best Actress – Motion Picture Drama  She portrayed Milady de Winter in Richard Lester's The Three Musketeers (1973) and The Four Musketeers (1974) 
In 1974, Dunaway starred in Roman Polanski's crime film Chinatown, in which she was nominated for the Academy Award, a Golden Globe and a BAFTA for her performance  That same year, she appeared in the all-star disaster epic The Towering Inferno  In 1975, her role in Sydney Pollack's political thriller Three Days of the Condor earned her a fourth Golden Globe nomination  Dunaway received the Academy Award for Best Actress and the Golden Globe Award for Best Actress - Motion Picture Drama for her performance in Sidney Lumet's satire Network (1976)  She then starred in the thriller Eyes of Laura Mars (1978) and the drama The Champ (1979)  Her controversial portrayal of Joan Crawford in the 1981 film Mommie Dearest became one of her most famous roles, but she later blamed the film for hurting her career 
She won a Golden Globe Award for Best Supporting Actress – Series, Miniseries or Television Film for her work in the miniseries Ellis Island (1985) and received critical acclaim for her performance in Barbet Schroeder's drama Barfly (1987), opposite Mickey Rourke  Her role in a 1993 episode of Columbo earned her a Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Guest Actress in a Drama Series  She co-starred with Johnny Depp twice, in the surrealist comedy-drama Arizona Dream (1993) and the romantic comedy Don Juan DeMarco (1995)  Her portrayal of Wilhelmina Cooper in the drama Gia (1998) with Angelina Jolie earned her a third Golden Globe Award, for Best Supporting Actress – Series, Miniseries or Television  Dunaway also appeared in the James Gray-directed crime film The Yards (2000) and Roger Avary's satirical black comedy The Rules of Attraction (2002) 
Dunaway started her acting career on Broadway and appeared in several plays throughout her career, including A Man for All Seasons (1961–63), After the Fall (1964), Hogan's Goat (1965–67) and A Streetcar Named Desire (1973)  She was awarded the Sarah Siddons Award for her portrayal of opera singer Maria Callas in Master Class (1996)  Dunaway also appeared in two music videos, Tom Petty and the Heartbreakers' Into the Great Wide Open in 1991 and Hill Zaini's I Heard in 2010 

Film
Television
Theatre
Music video appearances
Passage 7:
Rozie Curtis
Rozanne Damone "Rozie" Curtis is an American choreographer and voice actress  She is mostly known for doing voiceovers in English dubs for Japanese anime and works with ADV Films and Seraphim Digital  Currently, she is the manager of community outreach for Theatre Under the Stars and associate director for Crosswind Productions 

Filmography
Voice Roles
AD Police - Kyoko Miyano
All Purpose Cultural Cat Girl Nuku Nuku - Maho
Clannad - Rie Nishima
Clannad After Story - Rie Nishima (episode 13-14), Yagi (eps 15-16, 22), Additional Voices
Compiler - Interpreter (as Rozanne Curtis)
Cyber Team in Akihabara - Kamome's Mom (eps 7, 16), Magazine Stand Lady (ep 9)
Demon King Daimao - Mitsuko Torii
Generator Gawl - Masami
Girls und Panzer - Anzu Kadotani
Horizon in the Middle of Nowhere - Musashi
Kill Me Baby - Agiri Goshiki
Le Chevalier d'Eon - Additional Voices
Legend of the Mystical Ninja - Rumie Himuro
Mystical Detective Loki Ragnarok - Hel (ep 14)
Needless - Kasumi Ogiha
Pani Poni Dash - Behomi
Saiyuki - Huang
Samurai Girls - Kanetsugu Naoe (as Vestal Vee)
Steel Angel Kurumi 2 - Uruka Sumeragi
Street Fighter II V - Party Guest, Receptionist (ADV dub)
Those Who Hunt Elves - Ritsuko Inoue

Live-Action Roles
Paradise, Texas - Records Clerk, Choreographer (staff role)
Passage 8:
Laura Dern
Laura Elizabeth Dern (born February 10, 1967) is an American actress  She is the recipient of numerous accolades, including an Academy Award, a Primetime Emmy Award, a BAFTA Award, and five Golden Globe Awards 
Born to actors Bruce Dern and Diane Ladd, Dern embarked on an acting career in the 1980s and rose to prominence for her performances in Mask (1985) and the David Lynch films Blue Velvet (1986) and Wild at Heart (1990)  She received her first Academy Award nomination for her portrayal of the titular orphan in the drama film Rambling Rose (1991), and achieved international recognition for her role as Ellie Sattler in Steven Spielberg's adventure film Jurassic Park (1993), a role that she reprised in the sequels Jurassic Park III (2001) and Jurassic World Dominion (2022) 
After winning two Golden Globe Awards for her performances as Katherine Harris in the television film Recount (2008), and Amy Jellicoe on the comedy drama series Enlightened (2011–2013), Dern garnered her second Academy Award nomination for her performance as the mother of Cheryl Strayed in the biopic Wild (2014)  In 2017, she began starring as Renata Klein on the drama series Big Little Lies, winning a Primetime Emmy Award and a Golden Globe Award, and reunited with David Lynch for Twin Peaks: The Return  She had supporting roles in the films Star Wars: The Last Jedi (2017), Little Women (2019), and Marriage Story (2019)  Her performance in the last won her numerous accolades, including an Academy Award and her fifth Golden Globe Award 

Early life
Laura Elizabeth Dern was born on February 10, 1967, in Los Angeles, California  The daughter of actors Diane Ladd and Bruce Dern and great-granddaughter of former Utah governor and Secretary of War George Dern, she was conceived while her parents were filming The Wild Angels  Poet, writer, and Librarian of Congress Archibald MacLeish was her great-great-uncle  After her parents divorced when she was two years old, Dern was largely brought up by her mother and maternal grandmother, Mary, who had Norwegian ancestry, from Oslo  She was raised Catholic  Her godmother was actress Shelley Winters  She developed scoliosis as a child Her first film foray was an appearance as an extra in White Lightning (1973), a film in which her mother starred  Her official film debut was an appearance in Alice Doesn't Live Here Anymore (1974), opposite her mother  In 1982, Dern served as Miss Golden Globe at 15 years old  In the same year, she portrayed a rebellious rock band member in the cult film Ladies and Gentlemen, The Fabulous Stains  At 16, after doubling on her classes to graduate high school a semester early, she sought and attained emancipation, which allowed her to work the same amount of hours as an adult on films  After moving out of her home at the age of 17, Dern became roommates with Marianne Williamson, and enrolled at UCLA intending to double major in psychology and journalism, but withdrew two days into the semester to film Blue Velvet 

Career
1980–1999: Career beginnings and breakthrough
Dern got her first credited role, Debbie, appearing alongside Jodie Foster in the 1980 coming-of-age film Foxes  At the age of 11, she had originally auditioned for a different role after telling casting directors that she was 14  In 1985, she was cast two weeks before production began as the protagonist, a carefree 15-year-old girl, Connie Wyatt, who grabs the attention of a predatory stranger, in the film Smooth Talk  The film won the Grand Jury Prize at the Sundance Film Festival in the Dramatic category in 1986 and received largely favorable reviews  It is seen as the film that launched Dern's career Between 1985 and 1990, Dern gained critical acclaim for her performances in Mask, Blue Velvet, and Wild at Heart–the latter two of which were directed by David Lynch–which began a longstanding collaboration between Dern and Lynch  In the biographical drama film, Mask, she played the role of Diana Adams, a blind girl who becomes Rocky Dennis' love interest, starring alongside Eric Stoltz and Cher  At the age of 16, Dern was cast as Sandy Williams, one of the starring roles alongside Kyle MacLachlan and Isabella Rossellini in the critically successful mystery thriller film Blue Velvet  It is widely regarded as Dern's breakthrough performance In 1990, Dern once again collaborated with Lynch, starring as Lula Fortune alongside Nicolas Cage in the black comedy crime film Wild At Heart, where she portrays a vastly different character from her previous role in Blue Velvet  Dern called the role an opportunity 'to play not only a very sexual person, but also someone who was, in her own way, incredibly comfortable with herself'  The film, which had won the Palme d'Or at the Cannes Film Festival, was met with generally positive reviews from critics but polarized some audiences at the time  Lynch cast Dern's mother, Diane Ladd, to play Lula's overbearing mother in the film Dern auditioned for the role of Clarice Starling in The Silence of the Lambs (1991), but lost the role due to studio's skepticism about her level of fame at the time  In 1992, Dern and her mother, Diane Ladd, became the first mother and daughter to be nominated for Academy Awards for acting in the same film for their performances in Rambling Rose–Ladd received a Best Supporting Actress nomination, while Dern received one for Best Actress  The following year, she won a Golden Globe Award for Best Actress – Miniseries or Television Film and received her first Primetime Emmy Award nomination for Outstanding Lead Actress in a Limited Series or Television Movie for her performance in the 1992 television film Afterburn Dern starred as Dr  Ellie Sattler in Steven Spielberg's 1993 film Jurassic Park, achieving international recognition with the role  Dern, who had been more focused on independent films prior to the film, was Spielberg’s first choice for the role of Ellie Sattler after having been impressed with her work in Smooth Talk and Rambling Rose  She was influenced by Wild At Heart costar Nicolas Cage to take the role and called the decision an "easy yes", recalling how Spielberg and producer Kathleen Kennedy made sure the character was a "no-nonsense feminist who had her own independent spirit and was brilliant in her craft" and wasn't an "oversexualized action heroine" while describing filming to be similar to an independent film That same year, Clint Eastwood contacted the actress for his film A Perfect World  After the release of Jurassic Park, Dern was offered many roles in blockbuster films and ultimately chose to star in Alexander Payne's directorial debut black comedy film Citizen Ruth to avoid typecasting as the character Ruth Stoops, a pregnant drug addict who unexpectedly attracts national attention from those involved in the abortion debate  The film debuted at Sundance Film Festival to critical acclaim for the film and for Dern's performance but only received a limited release from Miramax likely due to its controversial topic  Ladd made a cameo appearance, playing Dern's character's mother for the third time following Rambling Rose and Wild At Heart, with Dern's character screaming a torrent of abuse at her 
In 1997, Dern was asked by Ellen DeGeneres to guest star as Susan Richmond, a lesbian who helps Degeneres' character, Ellen Morgan, come out of the closet in "The Puppy Episode" of the sitcom Ellen, while DeGeneres herself came out at the same time offscreen  Despite protests from people around her, she shrugged off concerns and immediately accepted the role where she received her third Primetime Emmy Award nomination for Outstanding Guest Actress In A Comedy Series  The decision significantly impacted her career in the following years with Dern revealing in an April 2007 airing of The Ellen DeGeneres Show that she did not work for more than a year and that she needed a "full security detail" following her appearance in the historic episode due to the resulting backlash at the time, but nevertheless called it an "extraordinary experience and opportunity" and "an incredible honor"  The following year, Dern co-starred in the television film The Baby Dance, for which she received a Golden Globe Award nomination for Best Actress – Miniseries or Television Film  While dating Billy Bob Thornton in 1999, she was cast as his love interest in his film Daddy and Them, which also includes Diane Ladd  Dern appeared in Joe Johnston's biographical drama film October Sky alongside Jake Gyllenhaal portraying his character's teacher Miss Riley 

2000–2011: Further film and television career
In 2000, Robert Altman cast Dern in his comedy Dr  T & the Women  In 2001, Dern reprised her role as Dr  Ellie Sattler in Jurassic Park III, which was directed by Joe Johnston whom she had worked with in October Sky  Originally hesitant to return for a cameo, Dern was convinced when it was suggested by executive producer Steven Spielberg to the writers, Alexander Payne and Jim Taylor who had previously collaborated with Dern for Citizen Ruth, to have the character play an important role by saving the other characters  That same year, she co-starred in Within These Walls and Arthur Miller's Focus  She starred in the film I Am Sam as Randy Carpenter, a woman running a foster home  In 2002, she starred in the film Damaged Care  In 2004, she starred in the film We Don't Live Here Anymore  Dern starred in the 2005 film Happy Endings, and in the same year, she appeared in the film The Prize Winner of Defiance, Ohio 
In 2006, Dern reunited with director David Lynch for the third time after Blue Velvet and Wild At Heart in the experimental film Inland Empire which was largely shot on a hand-held Sony DSR-PD150 by Lynch himself and without a complete screenplay  Dern portrays an actress, Nikki Grace, who starts to take on the personality of the character she plays  The film debuted at the Venice Film Festival to polarized reviews, the majority being positive, where Dern admitted that she was not sure what the film was about, but has said she would sign up for any project with Lynch  In the same year, Dern portrayed a supporting role in Lonely Hearts  Mike White, known for writing School of Rock and The Good Girl, hired Dern for his directorial debut in 2007, the comedy titled Year of the Dog, and starring Molly Shannon, John C  Reilly and Peter Sarsgaard  In 2008, Dern starred as Florida Secretary of State Katherine Harris in Recount, for which she won the Golden Globe Award for Best Supporting Actress – Series, Miniseries or Television Film  The following year, Dern appeared in the independent drama Tenderness, and in 2010, she appeared in Little Fockers, portraying Prudence, an elementary school principal In November 2010, Dern and her parents Diane Ladd and Bruce Dern were presented with stars on the Hollywood Walk of Fame, becoming the first family to do so  In October 2011, she starred in a new HBO comedy-drama television series titled Enlightened in which she also served as co-creator and executive producer  Dern played Amy Jellicoe, a "health and beauty executive who returns from a post-meltdown retreat to pick up the pieces of her broken life " Dern brought screenwriter Mike White, whom she collaborated with on Year of the Dog, back into television work after he had suffered an on-the-job meltdown of his own  The series received critical acclaim and lasted two seasons  Dern's mother Diane Ladd plays the major supporting role of Helen Jellicoe, Dern's character's mother in the series  Dern received her third Golden Globe Award and fifth nomination, her first in the Best Actress in a Television Series – Musical or Comedy category for her performance  She was also nominated for her fifth Primetime Emmy Award, her first in the Outstanding Lead Actress in a Comedy Series category 

2012–present: Later career and acclaim
In 2012, Dern starred in Paul Thomas Anderson's psychological drama film The Master  In 2014, she co-starred alongside Reese Witherspoon in Jean-Marc Vallée's biographical drama film Wild portraying the character of Bobbi, mother of Cheryl Strayed in flashback scenes, for which she received her second Academy Award nomination and her first in the Best Supporting Actress category  That same year, she portrayed Frannie Lancaster in the coming-of-age romance film The Fault In Our Stars and she portrays Beverly Ladouceur in the sports drama film When the Game Stands Tall directed by Thomas Carter, starring Jim Caviezel and produced by David Zelon for Mandalay Pictures  She portrayed Lynn Nash, a widowed mother and grandmother who gets evicted with her family, in 2014's 99 Homes alongside Andrew Garfield In 2017, Dern reteamed with both Witherspoon and Vallée from Wild and The Fault In Our Stars co-star Shailene Woodley for the 2017 HBO miniseries Big Little Lies, the latter who Dern had helped convince to join the cast  For her portrayal as Renata Klein in the series, Dern won her first Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Limited Series or Movie and her fourth Golden Globe Award for Best Supporting Actress – Series, Miniseries, or Motion Picture Made for Television  That same year, she collaborated for the fourth time with David Lynch, appearing as Diane Evans in the third season of the mystery serial drama television series Twin Peaks and joined the Star Wars franchise portraying Vice-Admiral Amilyn Holdo in Rian Johnson's space opera film Star Wars: The Last Jedi In 2018, Dern starred as professor and documentary filmmaker Jennifer Fox, recalling her traumatic past in the autobiographical feature film The Tale, written and directed by Fox  The film premiered at the 2018 Sundance Film Festival on January 20, 2018 to a standing ovation, and later on HBO on May 26, 2018  Dern received her seventh Primetime Emmy nomination for the role in the category Outstanding Lead Actress In A Limited Series Or Movie  That same year, she starred in two biographical drama films, Trial By Fire and JT LeRoy as the author Laura Albert 
In 2019, Dern reprised her role of Renata Klein in Big Little Lies after the series was renewed for a second season where she once again received critical acclaim and received her eighth Primetime Emmy Award nomination, her first in the Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Drama Series category  In the same year, Dern starred in two films nominated for Best Picture at the Academy Awards  The first is Noah Baumbach's Marriage Story, portraying the character Nora Fanshaw, a divorce lawyer which was written by Baumbach with Dern in mind for the role  For her performance, Dern received major awards including earning her first Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress from three nominations, winning the first and only Oscar in an acting category for Netflix, and also received the BAFTA Award for Best Actress in a Supporting Role, the SAG Award for Performance by a Female Actor in a Supporting Role, and the Golden Globe Award for Best Supporting Actress – Motion Picture  The second is Greta Gerwig's film adaptation of Little Women, where she portrayed Marmee March  In 2020, she served as an executive producer on the animated short film If Anything Happens I Love You which was released on Netflix and was a producer on the documentary film The Way I See It In 2022, Dern reprised her role as Dr  Ellie Sattler in Jurassic World Dominion  Due to the character's fan influence, Dern and director Colin Trevorrow felt protective of the character and her legacy, and were in agreement to have the character play a major role  With Neill and Goldblum having led in their own Jurassic Park sequel, Trevorrow wanted Dominion to be Dern's film explaining, "It was important for the plot to be driven by Ellie  She's the only one of those three characters that hasn't had her own movie " She is set to star in Florian Zeller's adaptation of his stage play, The Son  Dern appeared in the music video for Taylor Swift's "Bejeweled" from her tenth studio album Midnights (2022) Dern will star and serve as executive producer for the science fiction drama film Morning directed by Justin Kurzel  She is set to star in the Netflix film Lonely Planet, and will serve as executive producer and star in the upcoming Apple TV+ comedy series Mrs  American Pie  Dern is set to reunite with Wild author Cheryl Strayed and co-star Reese Witherspoon as executive producers for the upcoming Hulu television series Tiny Beautiful Things based on Strayed's book  She and Amy Adams signed on to executive produce a HBO adaptation of Claire Lombardo's The Most Fun We Ever Had 

Personal life
Relationships and family
Dern began dating musician Ben Harper after they met at one of his concerts in fall 2000  Harper and Dern married on December 23, 2005, at their home in Los Angeles  They have two children together, son Ellery Walker (born August 21, 2001) and daughter Jaya (born November 2004)  Through this marriage, Dern became a stepmother and is close with Harper's children from his first marriage, his son, Charles, and daughter, Harris  The two finalised their divorce in 2013 On October 18, 2017, in the wake of the Harvey Weinstein sexual abuse scandal, Dern appeared on The Ellen DeGeneres Show and revealed that she had been sexually assaulted at age 14 

Political views and activism
During the 66th Golden Globe Awards, on January 11, 2009, Dern expressed support for the incoming administration of Barack Obama during her acceptance speech for her Best Supporting Actress – Series, Miniseries or Television Film win, stating: "I will cherish this as a reminder of the extraordinary, incredible outpouring of people who demanded their voice be heard in this last election so we can look forward to amazing change in this country  Thank you so much!"An activist and supporter of various charities, Dern advocated Down syndrome awareness in a cover story for Ability Magazine  In 2018, Dern brought activist Mónica Ramírez to the 75th Golden Globe Awards as a guest  In the same year, she attended a Families Belong Together event and expressed her support for immigrants' rights  She is also an advocate for women's rights, gender pay parity, as well as combating gun violence and climate change  In 2019, she became a board member of the Academy Museum of Motion Pictures  Dern is an ambassador for the American Lung Association and serves as an Advisor to the group's National Board of Directors 

Filmography
Film
Television
Video games
Music videos
Awards and nominations
Passage 9:
All the Way to the Ocean
All the Way to the Ocean is a 2016 computer animated short film based on the children's book of the same name by Joel Harper  The screenplay was written by Joel Harper, Pete Michels, and Doug Rowell  The film was directed by Doug Rowell and produced by Joel Harper  The film is narrated by American actress Marcia Cross and features the song With My Own Two Hands by Ben Harper (brother of) Joel Harper  This is an alternate version of the original song featuring Jack Johnson and is also featured on the Curious George film soundtrack Sing-A-Longs and Lullabies for the Film Curious George  The lyrics focus on how changes in the world can come about when a single person decides to take action  The song's popularity in Europe was such that Ben Harper was awarded French Rolling Stone Magazine's "Artist of the Year" (Artiste De L'Année) in 2003  The film also features music by Joel Harper and Burning Spear with their collaboration on the song The Time is Now  The film stars voice-overs by actress and activist Amy Smart and Australian musician Xavier Rudd 

Plot
A story about two best friends, Isaac and James (voiced by Katie Leigh), and their discovery of the cause and effect relationship between our cities' storm drains and the world's oceans, lakes and rivers  In the story James throws a wrapper and plastic bottle in the gutter and doesn't believe that it will go all the way to the ocean  His friend Isaac warns James about the consequences of his littering  There begins the adventures of James and Isaac as they learn about the harmful effects of storm drain pollution, and in turn, spread the word to their friends and the rest of their school  Helping the kids along this journey are a concerned Crane (voiced by Xavier Rudd) from the coast line, a surprisingly insightful Surfer Dude and James' Mom (voiced by Amy Smart) 

Awards
2022 Sylvia Earle OCEAN CONSERVATION AWARD - Inspiring the Future (My Hero in Partnership with One World One Ocean) https://myhero com/winner-of-the-inspiring-the-future-2022-sylvia-earle-ocean-conservation-award-all-the-way-to-the-ocean
2017 Official Selection - Wild & Scenic Film Festival 
Passage 10:
Jennifer Grey
Jennifer Grey (born March 26, 1960) is an American actress  She made her acting debut with the film Reckless (1984), and had her breakthrough with the teen comedy film Ferris Bueller's Day Off (1986)  She subsequently earned worldwide fame for starring as Frances "Baby" Houseman in the romantic drama film Dirty Dancing (1987), which earned her a Golden Globe Award nomination  Her other feature films include Red Dawn (1984), The Cotton Club (1984), Bloodhounds of Broadway (1989), Bounce (2000), Redbelt (2008), The Wind Rises (2013), In Your Eyes (2014), Duck Duck Goose (2018), and Bittersweet Symphony (2019) 
Grey's early television work includes the made-for-TV films Murder in Mississippi (1990), Criminal Justice (1990), and If the Shoe Fits as Kelly Carter / Prudence (1990)  She starred as herself in the series It's Like, You Know    (1999–2001), won season eleven of the dancing competition series Dancing with the Stars (2010) and starred as Judy Meyers in the Amazon Prime Video comedy Red Oaks (2014–2017)  She has done voice work in film and television, providing her voice in the 2018 film Duck Duck Goose and the 2008–2014 animated television series Phineas and Ferb 

Early life
Jennifer Grey was born on March 26, 1960, in New York City, the daughter of stage and Academy Award-winning screen actor Joel Grey and former actress/singer Jo Wilder (née Brower)  Her paternal grandfather was comedian and musician Mickey Katz  Grey's parents both came from Jewish families Grey attended the Dalton School, a private school in Manhattan where she studied dance and acting, and where she met her best friend, actress Tracy Pollan  After graduating in 1978, Grey enrolled at Manhattan's Neighborhood Playhouse School of the Theatre for two years of training as an actress  While waiting for roles, she supported herself waitressing 

Career
Grey's commercial debut was at the age of 19, in an ad for Dr Pepper, before making her film debut in Reckless (1984), in a small role  She appeared in a small role in Francis Ford Coppola's The Cotton Club (1984)  That year she starred in the war film Red Dawn  She then appeared in the 1985 John Badham project American Flyers 
In 1986 she played the role of jealous sister Jeannie Bueller in the John Hughes comedy film Ferris Bueller's Day Off, opposite Matthew Broderick  The film was commercially successful and received a positive critical reception The following year, she reunited with Patrick Swayze, her co-star in Red Dawn, to play Frances "Baby" Houseman in Dirty Dancing  The story is a coming of age love story: spending the summer at a Catskills resort with her family, Frances "Baby" Houseman falls in love with the resort's dance instructor, Johnny Castle  The low-budget film was a surprise hit, was the first film to sell one million copies on video, and is considered a classic  Paid $50,000 for her role, the film came to define Grey's career, and she was nominated for a Golden Globe for Best Actress for the role Grey's sole Broadway theatre credit is her 1993 appearance in The Twilight of the Golds 
Despite the success of Dirty Dancing, Grey felt that her looks would place restrictions on the type of future roles she would be considered for  After consulting her mother and three plastic surgeons in the early 1990s, she underwent two rhinoplasty procedures  The second was necessary to correct an irregularity caused by the first operation and ended up more extensive than what Grey had expected  This resulted in a nose that caused even close friends to fail to recognize her, and the major change in her appearance affected her career  Of the experience she said, "I went in the operating room a celebrity—and came out anonymous  It was like being in a witness protection program or being invisible " Grey recalled in a 2020 interview that an airline employee who checked her identity refused to believe that she and the actress the employee knew from Dirty Dancing were one and the same  Grey briefly considered changing her name in order to start her career anew, but ultimately decided against this From March 1999 until January 2000, Grey starred as herself in the short-lived ABC sitcom It's Like, You Know   , which satirized her much-publicized nose job as a running gag Grey appeared with Shirley MacLaine, Liza Minnelli, and Kathy Bates in the CBS television movie The West Side Waltz, adapted by Ernest Thompson from his play  She appeared in one episode of Friends as Mindy, a high school friend of Jennifer Aniston's character Rachel  She had a small role in the 2000 film Bounce with Gwyneth Paltrow and Ben Affleck  In 2007, Grey portrayed Daphne on the HBO series John from Cincinnati  In 2010, she played Abbey, the mother of a sick child in the season seven House episode "Unplanned Parenthood" Grey was a contestant on season eleven of Dancing With the Stars  She was partnered with professional dancer Derek Hough  She came out very strong at first, frequently topping the leaderboard  However, injuries, stress, and exhaustion took their toll on Grey, and for a couple of weeks she fell behind  In week seven, however, she improved, tying with previous frontrunner Brandy Norwood  On November 23, 2010, Grey and her partner Hough won the competition 
In September 2011 Grey appeared in the Lifetime movie Bling Ring as Iris Garvey, the mother of Zack Garvey  On November 5 and 6, 2011, Grey stood in for head judge Len Goodman on the BBC One TV show Strictly Come Dancing Grey voiced Mrs  Kurokawa in the English dub version of Hayao Miyazaki's film The Wind Rises From 2014 to 2017, Grey portrayed Judy Meyers on Red Oaks  In 2018, Grey co-starred in the film Untogether; the film was released on February 8, 2019 Grey also appeared at the 2015 Tony Awards alongside her father Joel, presenting a performance from the musical Fun Home 
Ballantine Books published Grey's memoir, Out of the Corner, on May 3, 2022 

Personal life
On August 5, 1987, Grey suffered severe whiplash in a car collision in Enniskillen, Northern Ireland, while vacationing with actor Matthew Broderick, whom she had begun dating in semi-secrecy during the filming of Ferris Bueller's Day Off  The crash, the event through which their relationship became public, occurred when Broderick, at the wheel of a rented BMW, crossed into the wrong lane and collided head-on with a Volvo driven by a local mother and daughter, Margaret Doherty, 63, and Anna Gallagher, 28, who were killed instantly  Broderick was convicted of careless driving and fined $175  Dirty Dancing was released a few weeks after the collision, catapulting Grey to fame  But she has said that her grief and survivor's guilt over the crash prevented her from enjoying the film's success, and led her to withdraw from acting for some time Grey was also romantically involved with actors Michael J  Fox, Johnny Depp, William Baldwin and then-aide to President Clinton, George Stephanopoulos  She married actor/director Clark Gregg on July 21, 2001  They have a daughter  They lived in Venice, California  The couple co-starred in the Lifetime movie The Road to Christmas in 2006  On July 3, 2020, Grey and Gregg announced they had separated amicably in January, and were in the process of divorcing  Their divorce became final on February 16, 2021 According to a September 2015 Grey profile in Jewish Journal, Grey had recently reconnected with Judaism, saying, "I love being a Jew  I've gotten a lot more Jewish in the last five years because of my daughter's bat mitzvah, and I realized I really care about being a Jew "Prior to her 2010 appearances on Dancing with the Stars, Grey had a physical examination to ensure that she was fit enough to compete and saw a doctor to address chronic neck problems caused by the car crash decades earlier  Her spinal cord was compressed and her surgeon placed a titanium plate in her neck to stabilize it  He also found a cancerous nodule on her thyroid that he removed in 2009  Grey said she believed the cancer was caught before it could metastasize and that she was now cancer-free In January 2017, Grey participated in the Los Angeles 2017 Women's March 

Filmography
Film
Television
Dancing with the Stars performances
Book
Grey, Jennifer (May 3, 2022)  Out of the Corner: A Memoir  Ballantine Books  ISBN 978-0-593-35670-8 

Awards and nominations
Notes
^ a: Contrary to previous versions of this article, and some of the sources cited in it, Grey indicated in a February 8, 2012 tweet on her verified Twitter account that she does not have a middle name 
Context 2: Passage 1:
Like a Virgin (album)
Like a Virgin is the second studio album by American singer and songwriter Madonna, released on November 12, 1984, by Sire Records  Following the success of her self-titled debut album, Madonna wanted to become the record producer of her next album  However, her label was not ready to give her the artistic freedom and she chose Nile Rodgers instead to produce the album due to his work with David Bowie  Madonna wrote six songs on the record, five of which feature Steve Bray as a co-writer  The album was recorded at Power Station Studio in New York at a quick pace  Rodgers enlisted the help of his former Chic bandmates Bernard Edwards, who was the bassist, and Tony Thompson, who played drums  Jason Corsaro, the record's audio engineer, persuaded Rodgers to use digital recording, a new technique introduced at that time 
The album's photographs were shot by Steven Meisel  Madonna wanted the album title and the cover image to make a provocative link between her own religious name Madonna, as the Catholic title for Jesus' mother Mary, and the Christian concept of the virgin birth  While not a substantial musical departure from Madonna's first album, she felt that the material from Like a Virgin was stronger  After its release, Like a Virgin received mixed reviews from music critics; however, retrospective reviews of the album have been much more positive  Like a Virgin was a commercial success and became Madonna's first number one album on the Billboard 200 and set the record as the first female album in history  to sell over five million copies in the United States  The Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA) later certified it diamond for shipment of ten million units  It also reached number one in Germany, the Netherlands, New Zealand, Spain, Italy and the United Kingdom, and remains one of the best-selling albums of all time with sales of over 21 million copies worldwide Five singles were released from the album, including Madonna's first US number-one "Like a Virgin" and her first UK number-one "Into the Groove", the latter of which was introduced on the 1985 international reissue of the album  To promote the album, she embarked on The Virgin Tour, touring North America only  Like a Virgin has attained significance as a cultural artifact of the 1980s  Madonna proved that she was not a one-hit wonder and was able to provide herself with a permanent footing in the music world  Her songs became a lightning rod for both criticism by conservatives and imitation by the younger female population, especially "Material Girl" and "Like a Virgin"  According to author J  Randy Taraborrelli, "Every important artist has at least one album in his or her career whose critical and commercial success becomes the artist's magic moment; for Madonna, Like a Virgin was just such a defining moment " In 2023, the Library of Congress added the album to the National Recording Registry for preservation in the United States, for being a "culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant" recording 

Background
A former dancer and fixture on the New York club scene, Madonna Ciccone became known to the world simply as Madonna, with the release of her 1983 self-titled debut album Madonna  Fueled by hit songs like "Holiday", "Borderline" and "Lucky Star", the album was one of the best selling of the year and helped Madonna become one of the most exciting new artists of the 1980s  When she started work on her second album, Madonna felt that her first album had succeeded in introducing her "street-smart dance queen" persona, and she wanted to solidify and build upon that concept  According to her, "My work, my dedication—the stubbornness for getting Madonna released—had paid off  Now it was time to solidify my future "For Like a Virgin, Madonna attempted to become one of the primary record producers, feeling the need to control the various aspects of her music  She believed that depending on a particular producer for her album was not something that suited her  Madonna said "I learnt my lesson while creating my debut album, and the way [Reggie, the producer of her debut project] Lucas left me in the water with the project, you can't trust men"—referring to the incident, when due to a certain difference of opinion between producer Reggie Lucas and Madonna, Lucas had left the project half-way  However, Warner Bros  Records was not ready to give her the artistic freedom that she wanted  In J  Randy Taraborrelli's biography of Madonna, she commented,

Warner Bros  Records is a hierarchy of old men and it's a chauvinist environment to be working in because I'm treated like this sexy little girl  I had to prove them wrong, which meant not only proving myself to my fans but to my record company as well  That is something that happens when you're a girl  It wouldn't happen to Prince or Michael Jackson  I had to do everything on my own and it was hard trying to convince people that I was worth a record deal  After that, I had the same problem trying to convince the record company that I had more to offer than a one-shot singer  I had to win this fight 
Ultimately, Nile Rodgers was chosen by Madonna as the producer of the album, with the approval of the Warner Brothers executives  Madonna chose Rodgers mostly because of his work as a member of the 1970s band Chic, and his most recent production work with David Bowie on his 1983 album Let's Dance  She commented, "When I was making the record, I was just so thrilled and happy to be working with Nile Rodgers  I idolized Nile because of the whole Chic thing  I couldn't believe that the record company gave me the money so that I could work with him "For his part, Rodgers recalled that he had first seen Madonna perform at a small club in New York in 1983  In an interview with Time magazine, Rodgers explained: "I went to the club to see another woman sing, but when I got there Madonna was onstage  I loved her stage presence and then we met right after that  I kept thinking to myself, 'Damn, is she a star', but she wasn't at that time  I always wanted to work with her and Like a Virgin seemed like a perfect opportunity "

Recording
The album was recorded at Power Station Studio in New York at a quick pace  Rodgers enlisted the help of his former Chic bandmates Bernard Edwards, who was the bassist, and Tony Thompson, who played the drums; they appeared on several tracks of the album  Rodgers decided to be the guitarist, when Edwards requested him to do so, in exchange for their help  The recording sessions did not start until the afternoon as Rodgers, who attended late-night parties, was not accustomed to work in early mornings  The schedule was also difficult for Madonna, who recalled that she used to "go to the swim club on the Upper West Side and go swimming and walk from there to the recording studio  It was impossible for me to reach there at morning " Rodgers recalled that Madonna was a hard worker and incredibly tenacious  He commented: "I am always amazed by Madonna's incredible judgement when it comes to making pop records  I've never seen anyone do it better, and that's the truth  When we did that album, it was the perfect union, and I knew it from the first day in the studio  The thing between us, man, it was sexual, it was passionate, it was creativity     it was pop "Jason Corsaro, the record's audio engineer, persuaded Rodgers to use digital recording, a new technique at the time which Corsaro believed was going to be the future of recording  To ensure this, Corsaro used a Sony 3324 24-track digital tape recorder and a Sony F1 two-track during the mixing of the tracks  Madonna recorded the lead parts of the songs in a small, wooden, high-ceilinged piano room at the back of Studio C, also known as Power Station's "R&B room"  Corsaro then placed gobos around her while using the top capsule of a stereo AKG C24 tube microphone, with a Schoeps microphone preamplifier and a Pultec equalizer  Once the tracks met with everybody's approval, Robert Sabino added the keyboard parts, playing mostly a Sequential Circuits Prophet-5, as well as some Rhodes piano and acoustic piano, while Rodgers also played a Synclavier  Madonna, although not required, was present every minute of the recording sessions and the mixing process, Corsaro commented: "Nile was there most of the time, but she was there all of the time  She never left" 

Packaging and title
The cover sleeve and images were shot by Steven Meisel, who would become a regular collaborator with Madonna, in a suite at the St  Regis New York  Madonna wanted the album title to make provocative link between her own religious name—Madonna as the Catholic title for Jesus' mother Mary—and the Christian concept of the virgin birth  With the title song alluding to this concept, Madonna wanted the album cover to have mixed messages as well  Author Graham Thompson described that "reclining on a satin sheet, with a bouquet on her lap and wearing a wedding dress, a closer inspection reveals Madonna's image as highly fetishized and sexualized " He added that the heavy make-up, pouting lips, and despoiled hair, along with the tight-fitting bustier and full-length gloves, turned Madonna's image into a figure not of virtue, but of desire  This point, according to Thompson, is further emphasized by the belt she is wearing, the wording on which is just visible as "Boy Toy"  He added: "The image was ambiguous and was based upon the fact that Madonna's appeal at that point of her career was not presenting herself just as an object of desire, but also as a desiring female subject" Stephen Thomas Erlewine from AllMusic commented that the "Steven Meisel-shot cover     was as key to her reinvention as the music of the album itself " William McKeen, author of Rock and roll is here to stay: an anthology, felt that the image was another trigger and testament to the fact that Madonna was the last word on fashion for women and young girls of that era, the epitome of cool  Costume designer Arianne Phillips commented of the Like a Virgin look: "This was one of the most shocking, liberating and influential moments in pop culture/fashion history     Fashion has never been the same " Madonna herself declared: "I have always loved to play cat and mouse with the conventional stereotypes  My Like a Virgin album cover is a classic example  People were thinking who was I pretending to be—the Virgin Mary or the whore? These were the two extreme images of women I had known vividly, and remembered from childhood, and I wanted to play with them  I wanted to see if I can merge them together, Virgin Mary and the whore as one and all  The photo was a statement of independence, if you wanna be a virgin, you are welcome  But if you wanna be a whore, it's your fucking right to be so "

Composition
According to Taraborrelli, "Madonna and Rodgers' collective energy—she wanting to score with a smash second album and he wanting to be the producer to give it to her—drove the production of Like a Virgin with great precision " Madonna also collaborated with her former boyfriend Steve Bray, who co-wrote many of the album's songs  Reflecting on the music composition for the album, Bray noted: "I've always kind of made the rib cage and the skeleton of the songs already—she's there for the last things like the eyebrows and the haircut " The opening track "Material Girl" was written by Peter Brown and Robert Rans  Madonna explained that the concept of the song was similar to her life's situation at that time  According to her, the song was provocative, hence she was attracted to it  "Material Girl" incorporated new wave music and consists of synth arrangements with a robotic voice repeating the hook  The lyrics identify with materialism, with Madonna asking for a rich and affluent life, rather than romance and relationships  Written by Madonna and Steve Bray, "Angel" is the second track on the album  It was one of the first songs developed for the project and, according to Madonna, was inspired by a girl who is saved by, and subsequently falls in love with an angel  "Angel" consists of a three-chord ascending hook, which serves as the verse and chorus  It has vocal harmonies beneath the main chorus and the lyrics repeat the angel-like image of Madonna's savior  The title track "Like a Virgin" was written by Billy Steinberg and Tom Kelly  Steinberg said that the song was inspired by his personal experiences of romance  It was chosen for Madonna by Michael Ostin of Warner Bros  Records, after listening to a demo sung by Kelly  However, Rodgers initially felt that the song did not have a good enough hook and was not suitable for Madonna, but subsequently changed his opinion after the hook was stuck in his mind  He credits Madonna with recognizing the song's potential: "I handed my apology to Madonna and said, 'you know     if it's so catchy that it stayed in my head for four days, it must be something  So let's do it '" "Like a Virgin" is a dance-oriented song, composed of two hooks  Madonna's voice is heard in a high register while a continuous arrangement of drums are heard along the bassline  According to author Rikky Rooksby, the lyrics of the song are ambiguous and consist of hidden innuendo  In sexual terms, the lyrics can be interpreted in different ways for different people In "Over and Over", Madonna sings about determination despite disappointments  The song consists of instrumentation from drums, synths and has a three-chord progression  An emotional moment occurred in the recording studio when Madonna covered the 1978 Rose Royce song "Love Don't Live Here Anymore"  Rodgers recalled: "Madonna had never performed with a live orchestra before  I was very much into doing everything live, so I just said, 'Madonna, you go out there and sing and we will follow you ' At first Madonna was hesitant, but the live setting ended up producing memorable results  She sang and she was overcome with emotions and she started crying, but I left it on the record " The song features Madonna's vocals supported by acoustic guitars and synth strings, with Thompson playing the drum in the second verse  Towards the end, Madonna emotes in the voice of a soul singer "Dress You Up" was the last track to be added to the album as it was submitted late by songwriters Andrea LaRusso and Peggy Stanziale  Although Rodgers rejected it as he felt there was no time to compose a melody and record it for the album, Madonna pushed for the song's inclusion on Like a Virgin, as she particularly liked its lyrics  The song is a drum beat-driven dance track featuring instrumentation of guitars and vocals from a choir  The lyrics are an extended metaphor for fashion and sex, comparing dressing up with passion  "Shoo-Bee-Doo" contains homage to Motown music  Beginning with a slow introduction, the song is in the doo-wop genre and resembles the songs of early Sixties girl groups like The Shirelles or The Crystals  The saxophone breakdown is played by Lenny Pickett  The lyrics discuss relationship problems, and are phrased as clichés in the coda  "Pretender" starts with the chorus and then moves to the verse  It talks about seduction and the insecurity felt by a woman who feels that things are moving too quickly for her with her man  "Stay" is the final track on the album  Using triple-rhythms and double-tracked vocals, the song includes a noise resembling someone slapping a microphone and a spoken sequence which fades away in the end 
"Into the Groove" was added as a bonus track in the 1985 international reissue of Like a Virgin  Madonna's inspiration behind the song was the dance floor, and she wrote it while watching a handsome Puerto Rican man across her balcony  Initially written for her friend Mark Kamins, Madonna later decided to use it in the soundtrack of her 1985 film Desperately Seeking Susan  Unlike the other songs on Like a Virgin, "Into the Groove" was recorded at Sigma Sound Studios, and produced by Madonna and Stephen Bray  Madonna's friend Erika Belle was present during the recording and watched the whole process  In Andrew Morton's Madonna biography, she noted that at one point of the recording, Bray was facing difficulties with the bridge of the song, as the melody thought by him was not syncing with the rest of the composition  Undeterred by his obvious difficulties, Madonna stepped up to the microphone and sang the words "Live out your fantasy here with me"  Bray's problem was solved; Belle remembered the experience as: "[The song] seemed to come out of her, I was awestruck " The song consists of instrumentation from drums, percussion, congas and whistles  Madonna's voice is double-tracked in the chorus  The lyrics are simple, and written as an invitation to dance with the singer, with sexual innuendos and undertones in the meaning 

Promotion
Live performances
Madonna debuted the first single "Like a Virgin" at the first MTV Video Music Awards on September 14, 1984, where she appeared on stage atop a giant wedding cake dressed in a wedding dress, adorned with the infamous "Boy Toy" belt buckle, and veil  The climax of her risqué performance found her masturbating and rolling around on the stage  The performance is noted as one of the iconic performance in MTV's history  On December 13, 1984, Madonna performed "Like a Virgin" on BBC One's program Top of the Pops, wearing punky torn tights, a vivid pink wig, religious accessories and layered mesh tops  It was later voted as the second best Top of the Pops performance of all time  She also appeared at the 1985 Live Aid charity concert, where she performed "Into the Groove" The album was further promoted on her first headlining tour, The Virgin Tour, which only visited cities in the United States and Canada  Early on there were plans to schedule dates in England and Japan due to Madonna's large fan base in both countries  However, the final schedule did not reflect the idea  In the end several more US dates were added and moved to larger concert venues due to overwhelmingly strong ticket sales  Madonna's performance on the tour was described by Taraborrelli as "full of excitement", singing songs from her debut album as well as Like a Virgin, and asking the audience "Will you marry me?" The costumes included colorful new wave jackets for "Holiday" and white wedding gowns similar to the one worn in her "Like a Virgin" music video  Referring to her Detroit roots and contemporary artist Michael Jackson, Madonna sang a verse of "Billie Jean" during "Like a Virgin" The Virgin Tour was a success and collected a total of more than US$5 million  During a 2009 interview with Rolling Stone, interviewer Austin Scaggs asked Madonna regarding her feelings and emotions during the tour, since it was the first time she was playing in arenas  Madonna replied saying,

That whole tour was crazy, because I went from playing CBGB and the Mudd Club to playing sporting arenas  I played a small theater in Seattle, and the girls had flap skirts on and the tights cut off below their knees and lace gloves and rosaries and bows in their hair and big hoop earrings  I was like, 'This is insane!' After Seattle, all of the shows were moved to arenas  I've never done a bus tour  Everyone says they are really fun 

Singles
"Like a Virgin" was released as the lead single from the album in late 1984  It received positive reviews from contemporary critics, who frequently called it one of Madonna's defining songs  It became her first number-one single on the Billboard Hot 100, while reaching the top of the charts in Australia, Canada and Japan and the top-ten of other countries  The song was certified gold by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA) on January 10, 1985, for shipping a million copies across United States – the requirement for a gold single prior to 1989  The music video portrayed Madonna sailing down the riverways of Venice in a gondola, as well as roaming around a palace wearing a white wedding dress  With the video, scholars noted Madonna's portrayal of a sexually independent woman, the symbolism of the appearance of a man with lion's mask to that of Saint Mark, and compared the eroticism of the video to the vitality of the city of Venice "Material Girl" was the second single from the album, released in November 1984  Critics have frequently noted "Material Girl" and "Like a Virgin" as the songs that made Madonna an icon  The song was a commercial success, reaching the top-five in Australia, Belgium, Canada, Ireland, Japan and United Kingdom  It reached position two on the Billboard Hot 100 in the United States  The music video was a mimicry of Marilyn Monroe's performance of the song "Diamonds Are a Girl's Best Friend" from the 1953 film Gentlemen Prefer Blondes  The mimicked scenes are interspersed with scenes of a Hollywood producer trying to win the heart of an actress, played by Madonna herself  Discovering that, contrary to her song, the young woman was not impressed by money and expensive gifts, he pretended to be penniless and succeeded in taking her out on a date "Angel" was the third released single from the album, in April 1985  Critics gave mixed review of the song, with one group denoting it as a classic while the others felt it was sub-par compared to the other Madonna singles  "Angel" became Madonna's fifth consecutive top-five single on the Billboard Hot 100 and reached the top of its dance chart "Into the Groove"  was released as a single in Europe, Asia and South America in July 1985  The song was appreciated by contemporary critics as well as authors, who have frequently called it "Madonna's first great single"  "Into the Groove" reached the top of the charts in Australia, Belgium, Ireland, Japan, Netherlands, New Zealand, and the United Kingdom, where it was Madonna's first number-one single  In the United States, the song was only available as the B-side of the 12-inch single of "Angel", therefore it was ineligible to chart on the Billboard Hot 100 at the time  It reached number one on the US Hot Dance Club Play chart where it was listed as a double-sided single with "Angel"  In Australia and Canada, the song also was released as a double-sided single with, "Angel" 
"Dress You Up" was the last single from the album  Critics reacted positively to the dance-pop nature of the track  "Dress You Up" became Madonna's sixth consecutive top-five single in the United States  It also reached the top-ten in Australia, Belgium, Canada, Ireland, New Zealand and the United Kingdom  The music video for the single is taken from the live performance from The Virgin Tour, filmed in Detroit Two further singles were released internationally from the album  "Over and Over" was released in late 1985 exclusively in Italy 
"Love Don't Live Here Anymore" was released in early 1986 exclusively in Japan 

Critical reception
According to Q magazine, Like a Virgin was the album that "propelled [Madonna] into the stratosphere – and rightly so  The songs are smart, funny, sexy and irresistible " Taraborrelli said, "It was Like a Virgin which reflected Madonna as a more versatile and artistic performer and vocals on this album being reflectively sharper in contrast to her early works in the music industry " Michael Paoletta from Billboard commented that the songs on the album sustain a "fevered dance-rock momentum"  In his review for AllMusic, Stephen Thomas Erlewine commented, "Overall, the album adds up to less than the sum of its parts—partially because the singles are so good, but also because on the first album, she stunned with style and a certain joy  Here, the calculation is apparent, and while that's part of Madonna's essence—even something that makes her fun—it throws the record's balance off a little too much for it to be consistent, even if it justifiably made her a star " Debby Miller from Rolling Stone preferred Madonna's debut album over Like a Virgin  In The Village Voice, Robert Christgau was also lukewarm towards the record, writing "[Madonna's] so sure of herself she's asking men and women both to get the hots for the calculating bitch who sells the fantasy even while she bids for the sincerity market where long-term superstars ply their trade  And to make the music less mechanical, she's hired Nile Rodgers, who I won't blame for making it less catchy "Jim Farber from Entertainment Weekly said that "In addition to raising the Madonna/whore ante with songs like the title cut, Virgin cradled the kind of '80s hits ("Dress You Up") built to transcend the Dynasty era " Alfred Soto from Stylus Magazine remembered the first time that he heard the songs from the album and commented, "Lots of critics think something similar occurred when Madonna followed her eponymous debut with Like a Virgin, helmed by Nile Rodgers with all the fixin's—too calculated next to the 'raw passion' of the debut  This is nonsense; it misses how Madonna conflated notions of spontaneity and calculation  Rodgers is the ideal collaborator " Stephen Holden from The New York Times said: "With a tough-cookie voice that's both coy and streetwise, Madonna's singing harks back to the rock-and-roll girl-group tradition that preceded the Beatles  But where girl groups, from the Shirelles to the Ronettes, worshipfully extolled their boyfriends' cars, haircuts and rebel poses, Madonna's point of view is decidedly more self-interested  In matters of love, she is a comparison shopper with a shrewd sense of her own market value  The words 'shiny and new' describe not only the way the love-smitten singer feels in the title song but the sound of the album "Matt Damsker from the Los Angeles Times commented: "Madonna's beating vibrato sometimes makes her sound so robotic in the album " Lou Papineau, while writing for The Providence Journal, said that "In Like a Virgin, Madonna proves she's shallow, but spunky " Sal Cinquemani from Slant Magazine gave a positive review, saying "Though not as innovative as her debut, Like a Virgin stands as one of the most definitive pop artifacts from the indulgent Reagan Era  The mid-tempo ballad 'Shoo-Bee-Doo' and a soulful cover of Rose Royce's 'Love Don't Live Here Anymore' proved Madonna could churn out more than just novelty hits, while the sugary 'Angel' and the irresistible 'Dress You Up' contributed to the singer's record-breaking list of consecutive Top 5 hits (16 in all)  The retro-infused 'Stay' and the percussive 'Over and Over' are the album's hidden gems " Ed Stevenson from People felt that "Madonna does have a sense of humor, though she is buried under so many layers of self-parody it's hard to tell sometimes     She is backed on this by the reliable rhythmic touch of veteran Nile Rodgers, whose contributions have helped her create a tolerable bit of fluff  Hugo Mistry from the Chicago Tribune felt that "Like a Virgin was Madonna's breakthrough, playing off her self-conscious campiness with a series of hot dance tracks, attention-grabbing lyrics and steamy videos "

Commercial performance
Like a Virgin was recorded and finished by September 1984, but the release of the album was held up, much to Madonna's frustration, by the continuing sales of her debut album, which was approaching two million sales in the United States  Like a Virgin debuted at number 70 on the Billboard 200 issued for December 1, 1984  The album reached the top ten of the Billboard 200 on December 8, 1984, and after one month reached the top of the chart on February 9, 1985, where it stayed for three weeks  It also reached a peak of ten on the Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums chart  After 14 weeks, the album sold 3 5 million copies  By July 1985, Like a Virgin became the first album by a female artist to be certified for sales of five million units in the United States  It was eventually certified ten times platinum (diamond) by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA), for shipment of ten million copies of the album  It placed at three on the year-end chart for 1985, with Madonna becoming the top pop artist for the year  After the advent of the Nielsen SoundScan era in 1991, the album sold a further 574,000 copies  It sold additional 882,000 units at the BMG Music Club, which are not counted by the Nielsen SoundScan  In Canada, the album debuted at number 78 on the RPM Albums Chart, on November 10, 1984  It reached a peak of number three, on February 16, 1985  The album was present for a total of 74 weeks on the chart, and was certified diamond by the Canadian Recording Industry Association (CRIA), for shipment of one million copies of the album  Like a Virgin ranked sixth on the RPM Top 100 Albums for 1985  As of June 1986, the album sold more than 750,000 units in Latin America In the United Kingdom, Like a Virgin debuted at number 74 on the UK Albums Chart, on January 12, 1985  However, the album fluctuated on the chart for the next eight months and it was only in September that it finally reached the top of the chart  It spent two alternative weeks at the top (21st Sept and 12th Oct 1985), and a total of 152 weeks on the chart  The album was certified three times platinum by the British Phonographic Industry (BPI) and has sold over a million copies there  In France, the album debuted at number five on the French Albums Chart on October 6, 1985, staying there for eight weeks, then descending down the chart  It was certified two times platinum by the Syndicat National de l'Édition Phonographique (SNEP) for shipment of 600,000 copies  In Australia, the album debuted and peaked at two on the Kent Music Report albums chart, and was certified seven times platinum by the Australian Recording Industry Association (ARIA) for shipment of 490,000 copies of the album  It reached the top of the New Zealand Albums Chart for three consecutive weeks and was certified five times platinum by the Recording Industry Association of New Zealand (RIANZ) for shipment of 75,000 copies  Elsewhere, Like a Virgin reached number one in Germany, the Netherlands and Spain, while peaking within the top five in many other countries, including Austria, Japan, Sweden and Switzerland  It also became Madonna's first number-one album on the European Top 100 Albums, reaching the summit on November 23, 1985, for two weeks, and sold over 2 million copies across Europe at the end of the 1985 year  Like a Virgin has sold more than 21 million copies worldwide and became one of the best-selling albums of all time 

Legacy
After the release of Like a Virgin, Stephen Holden commented in The New York Times: "No phenomenon illustrates more pointedly how pop music history seems to run in cycles than the overnight success of the 24-year-old pop siren known as Madonna  The month before Christmas, Madonna's second album, Like a Virgin sold more than two million copies  Teen-agers were lining up in stores to purchase the album the way their parents had lined up to buy Beatles records in the late 60's " Madonna proved she was not a one-hit wonder with the release of the album which sold 12 million copies worldwide at the time of its release  In 2016, Billboard ranked at number nine in the list of Certified Diamond Albums From Worst to Best  Like a Virgin was ranked fifth in a Billboard poll of albums of the decade—the highest peak by a female performer  In 2023, the Library of Congress added the album to the National Recording Registry for preservation in the United States, for being an "culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant" recording 
Taraborrelli felt that "Like a Virgin is really a portrait of Madonna's uncanny pop instincts empowered by her impatient zeal for creative growth and her innate knack for crafting a good record " He added that the success of the album made it clear what was Madonna's real persona  "She was a street-smart dance queen with the sexy allure of Marilyn Monroe, the coy iciness of Marlene Dietrich and the cutting and protective glibness of a modern Mae West"  Although the album received mixed reviews, Taraborrelli believed that the "mere fact that at the time of its release so many couldn't resist commenting on the record was a testament to the continuous, growing fascination with Madonna     Every important artist has at least one album in his or her career whose critical and commercial success becomes the artist's magic moment; for Madonna, Like a Virgin was just such a defining moment "Chris Smith, author of 101 Albums That Changed Popular Music, believed that it was with Like a Virgin that Madonna was able to steal the spotlight towards herself  She asserted her sexuality as only male rock stars had done before, moving well beyond the limited confines of being a pop artist, to becoming a focal point for nationwide discussions of power relationships in the areas of sex, race, gender, religion, and other divisive social topics  Her songs became a lightning rod for both criticism by conservatives and imitation by the younger female population  Consequence of Sound ranked the album at number two on "The 10 Greatest Sophomore Albums of All Time," calling it the album that "carved out the throne   that would be Madonna's forever: the Queen of Pop "

Track listing
All tracks produced by Nile Rodgers, except "Into the Groove" produced by Madonna and Stephen Bray 

Personnel
Credits adapted from the album's liner notes 

Charts
Certifications and sales
See also
Notes
Passage 2:
Chapter II (Ashanti album)
Chapter II is the second studio album by American singer and songwriter Ashanti  It was released by Murder Inc  and Island Def Jam on July 1, 2003 in the United States  Ashanti reteamed with Murder Inc  head Irv Gotti and producer Chink Santana to work on the album  Chapter II features a guest appearance by rapper Ja Rule, Chink Santana, and Gunnz  Critical reception towards the album was generally mixed, with critics commending the album's autobiographical lyrics, and its fun yet light nature, while other critics felt Chapter II lacked creativity and personality and relied too heavily on the formula of her debut album (2002) 
Upon its release, the album debut at number one on the US Billboard 200 chart with first-week sales of 326,000 units  It also reached the top ten in Canada, Switzerland, and the United Kingdom  Chapter II was eventually certified platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America in August 2003 and gained gold status in Japan and the United Kingdom  At the 46th Annual Grammy Awards, it earned Ashanti three nominations for Best Contemporary R&B Album, Best Female R&B Vocal Performance, and Best R&B Song  Chapter II spawned three singles, including the Billboard Hot 100 number two song "Rock wit U (Awww Baby)", the R&B ballad "Rain on Me" and "Breakup 2 Makeup (Remix)" 

Promotion
Murder Inc  selected "Rock wit U (Awww Baby)," which they considered a continuation from her debut single "Foolish" (2002), to be released as the album's first single from Chapter 2  Issued on May 19, 2003, the song became a commercial success stateside and Ashanti's third solo top ten hit  It peaked at number two on the US Billboard Hot 100, while reaching number four on the Billboard Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs chart  Internationally, it was a moderate success, reaching the top five in Canada and Japan, the top ten in the United Kingdom, top twenty in Australia, and the top forty in Ireland, New Zealand, and Switzerland The album's second single "Rain on Me", was released on August 11, 2003  It peaked at number seven on the Billboard Hot 100 and number two on the Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs chart  Elsewhere, it reached the top twenty in Belgium and the United Kingdom  In 2004, "Rain on Me" earned Ashanti a Grammy Award nomination for Best Female R&B Vocal Performance  In 2004, a remix version of "Breakup 2 Makeup" featuring labelmate Black Child was released as a single  It served as the lead single from Ashanti's remix compilation album Collectables by Ashanti, released in 2005, reaching number 76 on the Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs 

Critical reception
Chapter II received mixed reviews from music critics  At Metacritic, which assigns a normalized rating out of 100 to reviews from mainstream publications, the album received an average score of 51, based on 11 reviews, indicating "mixed or average" reviews  The New York Times writer Kelefa Sanneh remarked that Chapter II "isn't perfect, but once you edit out the skits (which are, without exception, excruciating), you're left with an album that's graceful, beguiling and above all, light, in the best sense of the word " People magazine noted that "the singer's sophomore CD, though, proves wrong those who thought she would be a one-hit-album wonder  Chapter II, which continues the same hip-hop soul theme as her self-titled debut, is the equivalent of a good beach read: It's easy, breezy listening that doesn't require much brainpower "Billboard wrote that Chapter II "doesn't stray too far from its predecessor" and complimented the autobiographical songs on the album  Ernest Hardy from Rolling Stone found that the "album is filled with the same beat-driven, slickly produced midtempo tracks and ballads that made up her debut [and] the disc's best moments have a decidedly old-school feel to them [   ] Still, dullard schoolgirl insights into love and heartache dominate the album; add some boring between-song skits about 'haters,' and Chapter II wears thin long before its halfway mark " While he complimented Ashanti for her writing credits on the album, Entertainment Weekly journalist Tom Sinclair felt that "Chapter II is too mired in tired R&B conventions to achieve true magnificence "Allmusic editor Stephen Thomas Erlewine found that "the songs have about as much personality as Ashanti's voice, but that actually is a point in its favor, since it keeps everything on an even keel and makes Gotti and Santana's stylish production the star  They are the secret ingredients that make Chapter II good romantic mood music for the summer " Alexa Camp from Slant Magazine wrote that "the album's got some great tunes, but they'd be better suited for someone like Mary J  Blige, whom Shany & Co  bite off " Robert Christgau gave Chapter II a "C" rating in his review for The Village Voice, calling it a "pathologically modest follow-up " PopMatters from Maurice Bottomley assured that "Chapter 2 is not going to feature as any scribe's R&B album of the year "

Commercial performance
In the United States, Chapter II debuted at number one on the Billboard 200 with first-week sales of 326,000 units sold  While it became Ashanti's second chart topper, it was a considerable decline from her previous effort Ashanti, which had opened to sales of 502,500 units in April 2002  In total, it remained on the Billboard 200 chart for 30 consecutive weeks  In addition, it reached the top position on Billboard's Top R&B/Hip Hop Albums chart, where it stayed at the top spot for two consecutive weeks  On August 14, 2003, The album was certified platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA)  Towards the end of 2003, Billboard ranked the album at number 54 and 27 respectively on its Billboard 200 and Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums year end chart lists  By January 2005, Chapter II had sold 1 5 million copies, according to Nielsen SoundScan Elsewhere, Chapter II reached the top five on the Canadian and UK Singles Chart  It was certified gold by the British Phonographic Industry (BPI), indicating sales in excess of 100,000 copies, and also went gold in Japan  In Switzerland, it reached the top ten, debuting and peaking at number nine on the Swiss Albums Chart, making it Ashanti's highest-charting album to date  Chapter II also entered the top 20 in Australia and Germany  To date, the album has sold 3 million copies worldwide 

Track listing
Samples
"Intro (Medley)" contains samples of Ashanti tracks "Foolish", "Happy", "Down 4 U" (with Ja Rule, Charli Baltimore & Vita), "Baby" and "Mesmerize" (with Ja Rule) 
"Breakup 2 Makeup" contains a sample of "I'm Gonna Love You Just a Little More Baby" by Barry White 
"Rain on Me" contains a sample of "Look of Love" by Isaac Hayes 
"Then Ya Gone" contains samples of "Ain't I Been Good to You" by The Isley Brothers, and "One Day" by UGK 
"Feel So Good" contains a sample of "Playing Your Game, Baby" by Barry White 
"The Story of 2" contains a sample of "Dream Maker" by Rick James 
"Sweet Baby" contains a sample of "I'm Glad You're Mine" by Al Green 
"U Say I Say" contains a sample of "Never Enough" by Groove Theory 
"I Found Lovin'" is a cover of the same-titled song by Fatback Band 

Personnel
Charts
Certifications
See also
List of Billboard 200 number-one albums of 2003
List of Billboard number-one R&B albums of 2003
Passage 3:
Chapter II (Benga album)
Chapter II is the third studio album by British record producer Benga  The album was released on 6 May 2013 through Sony Music  It entered the UK Albums Chart at number 93 

Background and development
The album was produced from late 2011 to 2013  On 30 November 2011, Benga and Youngman performed at 1Xtra Live  They premiered "Running" live from Bristol  The first official single from the album was "I Will Never Change", released in March 2012  In June 2012, Benga and P Money performed a live version of "High Speed" on BBC Radio 1Xtra in Maida Vale Studios  Benga himself provided vocoded vocals  Several singles released throughout 2012 were omitted from the album: "Icon", "Pour Your Love", "We're Coming Out" and "Open Your Eyes"  However, "Pour Your Love" (released on 24 August 2012) is the only song so far to chart in the United Kingdom, charting at number 189 in the UK Singles Chart 
A series of three heavier songs advertised as "club singles" were released throughout December 2012: "We're Coming Out", "Open Your Eyes" and "To Hell and Back"  The latter is the only one to feature on the album  The album's initial release date was set to be 22 April 2013, but it was delayed by two weeks  Benga supported Example on his 2013 arena tour around the United Kingdom, with Youngman providing vocals for his "Benga Live" sets  Several songs from the album were performed on tour, including "Choose 1"; "Smile"; "Getting 42"; "To Hell and Back"; "I Will Never Change"; and "Forefather", which got its live debut at the Manchester Arena on March 1 with a live PA from Kano  "Smile" features uncredited vocals from Charli XCX 

Singles
"I Will Never Change" is the album's lead single  It was released on 16 March 2012  The track was the first to be written on the album, and its upload on UKF has over one and a half million YouTube views  The official video premiered on Benga's Vevo on 5 April 2013 at a total length of two minutes and one second  The video features the song's waveform being created in stop motion out of 960 differently sized vinyls 
"To Hell and Back" is the second single from the album  It was released on 17 December 2012  On Example's 2013 arena tour, P Money performed a live PA which doesn't feature on the studio version of the track 
"Forefather" with Kano is the third single from the album  It was released on 7 March 2013 and entered the UK Singles Chart at number 123  The official video premiered on Benga's Vevo on 10 March 2013 at a total length of three minutes and thirty-eight seconds  The video compares Benga and Kano's lifestyles in 2003, 2008 and 2013: showing that although their success has changed their surroundings, their music is still "sounding like some old-school KA"  It is the only explicit track on the album 

Track listing
Personnel
Credits adapted from Chapter II album liner notes 
Adegbenga "Benga" Adejumo – mixing, engineering, producer (all tracks), vocals (11)
Autumn Rowe - vocals (8)
Ayo Simpson - engineering (14)
Charlotte Emma "Charli XCX" Aitchison - vocals (2)
Daniel "Danny C" Caim - vocal recording (11)
Daniel Ledinsky - backing vocals (14)
Jack Tarrant - mixing, engineering (8, 14)
Kane "Kano" Robinson - vocals (4)
Michael "Mikey J" Asante - vocal recording, vocal mixing (4)
Paris "P Money" Moore-Williams - vocals (11)
Rowan "Route 94" Jones - co-producer (2)
Rudie Edwards - vocals (14)
Sam Frank - vocals, saxophone (10)
Simon "Youngman" Smith - vocals (6, 13)
Stuart Hawkes - mastering (all tracks)

Chart performance
Weekly charts
Release history
Passage 4:
Rock wit U (Awww Baby)
"Rock wit U (Awww Baby)" is a song by American R&B singer Ashanti  Written by her along with Irv Gotti and Chink Santana for her second studio album, Chapter II (2003), and produced by Gotti and Santana, the song was released by Murder Inc  on May 19, 2003, as the lead single from Chapter II, peaked at number two on the US Billboard Hot 100 for one week and became her first international hit from her second album, reaching number 7 in the UK and number 19 in Australia 

Music video
Directed by Paul Hunter and filmed in Miami in early May 2003, the music video for "Rock wit U (Awww Baby)" features Ashanti at a beach with her boyfriend while they flirt in bed together and driving down the road in a Jeep  In some scenes, the boyfriend watches Ashanti dance for him in the house and behind some trees at night  There is also a scene where she rides on an elephant in the water  The video was nominated at the 2003 MTV Video Music Awards for Best R&B Video 

Samples
The song was sampled for British rapper Aitch's single "Baby"  The single was released on 10 March 2022  It debuted on the UK Official Singles Top 100 on 18 March 2022, placing at number 2 

Track listings
Notes

^[a]  denotes additional producer

Credits and personnel
Credits lifted from the liner notes of Chapter II 

Charts
Certifications
Release history
Passage 5:
Guillotine IV (The Final Chapter)
"Guillotine IV (The Final Chapter)" is the second single from Falling in Reverse's third album Just Like You  It is the fourth and final installment of the Guillotine series that was started by Ronnie Radke when he was the frontman of Escape the Fate  Ronnie Radke sang the first song, "The Guillotine", from Escape the Fate's Dying Is Your Latest Fashion; and Craig Mabbit sang "This War Is Ours (The Guillotine II)" and "The Aftermath (The Guillotine III)" from Escape the Fate's This War Is Ours and their self-titled album, respectively 

Personnel
Falling in ReverseRonnie Radke – lead vocals
Jacky Vincent – lead guitar, backing vocals
Derek Jones – rhythm guitar, backing vocals
Ryan Seaman – drums, percussion, backing vocalsAdditionalCharles Kallaghan Massabo – bass
Passage 6:
Capítulo II: Brinca
Capítulo II: Brinca (English: Chapter II: Jump) is the second studio album by Mexican-American recording artist DJ Kane  It was released on September 13, 2005 by EMI Latin 

Track listing
Passage 7:
Ashanti (singer)
Ashanti Shequoiya Douglas (born October 13, 1980) is an American singer, songwriter and actress  She was first discovered as a teenager and later signed to Murder Inc  Records in 2002  That year, she was featured on Fat Joe's "What's Luv?" and Ja Rule's "Always on Time", both of which became two of the biggest hit songs of 2002  She became the first female artist to occupy the top two positions on the U S  Billboard Hot 100 chart simultaneously with "Foolish" and "What's Luv?" at numbers one and two, respectively 
In 2002, Ashanti released her eponymous debut album, which sold over 505,000 copies throughout the U S  in its first week of release  The album earned her many awards, including eight Billboard Music Awards, two American Music Awards, and a Grammy Award in 2003 for Best Contemporary R&B Album  The album has since been certified triple platinum in the United States and sold six million copies worldwide by the end of 2003  The lead single for the album, "Foolish", was a critical and commercial success; it reached number one on the Billboard Hot 100  With "Foolish", she became the second artist (after The Beatles) to have their first three chart entries in the top ten of the Billboard Hot 100 simultaneously  Ashanti wrote and provided background vocals for Jennifer Lopez's "Ain't It Funny (Murder Remix)", which also reached number one on the Billboard Hot 100 In 2003, Ashanti released her second album, Chapter II, which debuted at number one on the Billboard 200, with first-week sales of 326,000 copies in the U S  The album went platinum, selling over 1 5 million copies in the U S  since its release  The album's singles, "Rock wit U (Awww Baby)" and "Rain on Me", were both commercial successes, peaking at number two and number seven on the Billboard Hot 100 chart, respectively  Chapter II was nominated for a Grammy Award for Best Contemporary R&B Album, and "Rock wit U (Awww Baby)" and "Rain on Me" were each nominated in the categories of Best R&B Song and Best Female R&B Vocal Performance  In November 2003, Ashanti released a Christmas album titled Ashanti's Christmas, which was a modest commercial success 
In 2004, Ashanti released her third studio album, Concrete Rose, the title of which took on Tupac Shakur's pseudonym "The Rose That Grew from Concrete"  The album debuted at number seven in the U S , with first-week sales of 254,000 copies, and became her third platinum-certified album  The first single, "Only U", reached number thirteen on the Billboard Hot 100 and became her biggest hit in the United Kingdom, peaking at number two  A second single, the ballad "Don't Let Them", garnered little chart success after Def Jam refused to fund a music video due to Irv Gotti's legal troubles during his money laundering trial  Her subsequent albums include The Declaration (2008) and Braveheart (2014), the latter of which was released independently, on Ashanti's record label, Written Entertainment 
Aside from music, Ashanti has also acted in various productions  In 2005, she made her feature film debut in Coach Carter alongside Samuel L  Jackson  She also starred as Dorothy Gale in the made-for-television film The Muppets' Wizard of Oz, which attracted nearly 8 million viewers when it premiered  She has since appeared in the films John Tucker Must Die (2006) and Resident Evil: Extinction (2007)  Throughout her career, Ashanti has sold nearly 15 million records worldwide 

Early life
Ashanti Douglas was born on October 13, 1980 in Glen Cove, New York  Her mother, Tina Douglas, is African-American and a former dance teacher, her father, Ken-Kaide Thomas Douglas, is also African-American and a former singer  She is the oldest of her parents' children, with a younger sister named Kenashia "Shia" Douglas  Ashanti's mother named her after the Ashanti Empire in Ghana; in this nation, women had power and influence, and Tina wanted Ashanti to follow that model  Her grandfather, James, was a civil rights activist who was associated with Martin Luther King Jr  in the 1960s Ashanti's mother discovered her full singing potential when she overheard Ashanti singing Mary J  Blige's "Reminisce" at age 12 (after the song was released on Ashanti's birthday)  While attending high school, she began to write songs  As a teenager, she performed in a local talent show and at several small festivals  She got her first taste of acting as a child extra in Spike Lee's Malcolm X (1992) and in Ted Demme's Who's the Man?  She also had a couple of minor appearances in music videos, such as KRS-One's "MC's Act Like They Don't Know" as well as 8-Off's "Ghetto Girl" Ashanti struggled to find success as a singer after being courted by several record labels, including Bad Boy and Jive  Despite this, she continued to perform in and around New York and began hanging out at the Murder Inc  recording studio, hoping for a big break 

Career
2001–2003: Ashanti, Chapter II and Ashanti's Christmas
Ashanti was first noticed by Irv Gotti because of her vocal skills  He asked her to pen hooks for his rap artists and to perform with them in duets  Ashanti provided the melodic response to their call  Ashanti was first featured as a background vocalist on rapper Big Pun's song "How We Roll"  In the same year, Ashanti was featured on fellow labelmate Cadillac Tah's singles "Pov City Anthem" and "Just Like a Thug"  She also appeared on the 2001 The Fast and the Furious soundtrack as a featured artist on Vita's 2001 hip hop remake of Madonna's "Justify My Love" and on the solo track "When a Man Does Wrong"  She was then featured on Fat Joe's "What's Luv?" and Ja Rule's "Always on Time"  "What's Luv?" and "Always on Time" were released simultaneously and became two of the biggest hit songs of 2002  Ashanti became the first female to occupy the top two positions on the U S  Billboard Hot 100 chart simultaneously when "Always on Time" and "What's Luv?" were at numbers one and two, respectively 
Following the success of her collaborations with Ja Rule and Fat Joe, Ashanti released her debut single, "Foolish", which contains a sample of the 1983 song "Stay with Me" by DeBarge (also used by The Notorious B I G  in his 1995 single "One More Chance", and by Big L in "MVP")  This is her biggest success to date, spending ten weeks atop the Billboard Hot 100  She became the second artist (after The Beatles) to have their first three chart entries in the top ten of the Hot 100 simultaneously  Ashanti's self-titled debut album, Ashanti, was released on Irv Gotti's Murder Inc  record label in April 2002  It debuted at number one on the U S  Billboard 200 albums chart  The album has been certified triple platinum in the United States and sold six million copies worldwide  Ashanti wrote the album's twelve tracks, most of which were written on the spot in the studio  Ashanti's follow-up singles, "Happy" and "Baby", were not as successful as her debut single but peaked inside the top ten and top twenty in the U S , respectively  Ashanti's debut album earned her many awards, including eight Billboard Music Awards, two American Music Awards, and a Grammy Award in 2003 for Best Contemporary R&B Album  Ashanti was the first artist to win Best Contemporary R&B Album before the category was last awarded in 2011  She was nominated as Best New Artist and "Foolish" was nominated in the Best Female R&B Vocal Performance category  She also received a Comet Award and two Soul Train Music Awards that same year 
Ashanti became the subject of controversy when it was announced that she would receive the Soul Train Aretha Franklin Award for "Entertainer of the Year", a high school student took offense and started an online petition against her, explaining to The Seattle Times that she was too new to deserve the award  Nearly 30,000 people agreed with him, signing the petition  Many said that established artists such as Mary J  Blige and Missy "Misdemeanor" Elliott or critically acclaimed singers like Alicia Keys and India Arie were more deserving of an award that carries the name of a musical legend  Despite the petition, the Soul Train committee and Don Cornelius stuck by their decision  Ashanti was applauded by her musical peers as she entered the Pasadena Civic Auditorium to accept her award and she was supported onstage by Patti LaBelle, who stated "she's a baby and we have to support our babies "Just before the release of her second album, Ashanti headlined VH1 Divas Duets alongside Whitney Houston, Chaka Khan, Beyoncé and Lisa Marie Presley  During the concert, she performed duets with the Isley Brothers and Stevie Wonder, and participated in the all-star finale performance of Wonder's "Higher Ground "In July 2003, Ashanti released her second album, Chapter II, which debuted at number one on the Billboard 200, with first-week sales of 326,000 copies in the U S  The album went platinum, selling over 1 5  a million copies in the U S  Chapter II's first single, "Rock wit U (Awww Baby)", became a hit, peaking at number two on the Billboard Hot 100  Its video, which showed Ashanti in a bikini frolicking on a beach and riding an elephant, was nominated for two 2003 MTV Video Music Awards  A remix of the song contains interpolations of Michael Jackson's "Rock with You"  The second single, "Rain on Me", reached the number seven spot on the Hot 100 and number two on the Hot 100 R&B Songs chart  Chapter II was nominated for a 2004 Grammy Award for Best Contemporary R&B Album, and "Rock wit U (Awww Baby)" and "Rain on Me" were nominated in the categories of Best R&B Song and Best Female R&B Vocal Performance, respectively  In the "Rain on Me," mini-movie music video—directed by Hype Williams and co-starring Larenz Tate—Ashanti portrays a troubled young woman in an abusive relationship  She received a Lifetime Channel Achievement Award for her message speaking out against domestic violence  That same year, she began dating rapper Nelly In November 2003, Ashanti released a Christmas album titled Ashanti's Christmas  It contained 10 Christmas songs and was a modest commercial success and sold just around 100,000 units in the U S  The album peaked at No  160 in the Billboard charts 

2004–2007: Concrete Rose, Collectibles by Ashanti and acting
Before Concrete Rose was released, Ashanti did some major promotion for her single "Only U", when she premiered it at the 2004 Vibe Music Awards  She featured on "Wonderful"—with Ja Rule and R  Kelly—that year, which peaked at number five in the U S  and at number one in the UK  In December 2004, Ashanti released her third studio album, Concrete Rose, the title of which took on Tupac Shakur's pseudonym "The Rose That Grew from Concrete"  The album debuted at number seven in the U S , with first-week sales of 254,000 copies, and eventually became her third platinum-certified album  The first single, "Only U", reached number thirteen on the Billboard Hot 100 and became her biggest hit in the United Kingdom, peaking at number two  A second single, the ballad "Don't Let Them", garnered little chart success after Def Jam refused to fund a music video due to Irv Gotti's legal troubles during his money laundering trial  The single was released only in the U S , where it failed to chart, and the UK, where it reached the lower end of the top forty  After the release of Concrete Rose, Ashanti released the DVD Ashanti: The Making of a Star, which was available only for a limited time  The deluxe DVD includes an exclusive photo and video shoot footage, music from the albums Ashanti, Chapter II and Concrete Rose, special concert footage, unreleased childhood school performances, and behind-the-scenes interviews with family, friends, and fans 
In 2005, Ashanti focused more on her acting career, making her feature film acting debut in the film Coach Carter alongside Samuel L  Jackson, as well as starring as Dorothy Gale in the made-for-television film The Muppets' Wizard of Oz, which pulled in nearly 8 million viewers when it premiered  She sang "When I'm with You" for the film which was nominated for a Primetime Emmy in the Outstanding Music and Lyrics category  In Coach Carter, she played a pregnant teenager named Kyra who has to decide whether or not to abort her unborn child  The movie opened at number-one at the U S  box office, eventually grossing $67  million domestically  Later in 2005, Ashanti was invited to Oprah Winfrey's Legends Ball, which honored some of the most influential and legendary African American women of the twentieth century in the fields of art, entertainment, and civil rights  In December 2005, Ashanti released a remix album of Concrete Rose titled Collectables by Ashanti  The album was an opportunity for her to fulfill her contract with Def Jam (and have the option of working with another label)  It did not fare well on the charts 
In 2006, she starred in the teen comedy John Tucker Must Die, which opened and peaked at number three at the U S  box office (competing with Pirates of the Caribbean: Dead Man's Chest and Miami Vice) and grossed $68,818,076 worldwide  In 2007, she played a supporting role in the action film Resident Evil: Extinction (2007) 

2008–2010: The Declaration, departure from The Inc  and The Wiz
Her fourth studio album, The Declaration, was released on June 3, 2008,  and sold 86,000 units its first week of release, which were the lowest first-week sales for any of Ashanti's studio albums  In mid-2007, MTV News reported that the first single from The Declaration was "Switch", which was produced by Shy Carter and released digitally in the United States on July 24, 2007  It was later reported that "Switch" may not be included on the album's track listing, and that the first single would be "Hey Baby (After the Club)" it was released to radio and digital outlets on October 16  The song, which does not appear on the U S  editions of the album, peaked at number eighty-seven on the Billboard Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs chart  "The Way That I Love You", was released to radio and digital outlets in January 2008, and was referred to as the "first single" in press material and media reports  It reached number two on the Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs chart and number thirty-seven on the Billboard Hot 100, becoming Ashanti's first song to reach the top forty since "Only U" in 2004  "Body On Me" was recorded not only for Ashanti's The Declaration, but also for Nelly's fifth studio album Brass Knuckles  The track is produced by Akon and Giorgio Tuinfort  It went to number one on Billboard's Hot Videoclip Tracks chart in its first week, becoming the first number-one single from Nelly's album "Good Good" was released to urban radio stations on July 16, 2008  The song contains elements of Elton John's 1974 single "Bennie and the Jets", and has the same melody arrangement as Michael Jackson's "The Girl Is Mine"  In July 2008, Ashanti was named an ambassador of tourism for Nassau County, Long Island 
In May 2009, Irv Gotti announced that he was officially releasing Ashanti from The Inc  Records, stating that "The relationship has run its course  The chemistry of what's needed — we're in two totally different places  You're talking to somebody that took her and shaped and molded her and put her out there for the world, and it blew up  We [hold the record] for the [fastest] selling debut by a female R&B artist — 503 [thousand]  We did it! My views and philosophies and her views and philosophies are not meeting up " Gotti also admitted that he and Ashanti have not spoken to each other in a long time  A representative for Ashanti did not respond  On September 24, 2009, Ashanti announced her fifth studio album would be released from her new label, Written Entertainment 
Ashanti headlined the cast of The Wiz in the New York City Center Encores! Summer Stars staging from June 12 to July 5, 2009  Ashanti's role as Dorothy has since received mixed reviews from critics as most praised her vocals but was less pleased with her acting ability  BET and Entertainment Weekly both praised the singer's performance as The New York Post and New York Times gave lukewarm reviews  Though the first night was sold out, some of the other shows were unable to follow its success  On October 27, 2008, Ashanti took part in The Yellow Brick Road Not Taken, a one night only concert to celebrate the fifth anniversary of Wicked, featuring songs written by Stephen Schwartz, that were cut from the show 

2011–2014: Hiatus and Braveheart
After a four-year hiatus, Ashanti released the song "Never Too Far Away", which was featured in Morgan Creek's film Dream House starring Daniel Craig, Rachel Weisz with Naomi Watts  The lead single from her fifth studio album, "The Woman You Love" featuring American rapper Busta Rhymes, was released online on December 15, 2011  Ashanti teamed up with Meek Mill and French Montana for the second single "No One Greater", which was produced by 7 Aurelius, Irv Gotti and Chink Santana  In April 2013, she released another single called "Never Should Have", which later won "Best Independent R&B/Soul Performance" at the 2013 Soul Train Awards  A music video for the track was also released In November 2012, it was reported that she had landed her first series regular role in the seventh season of Army Wives, playing Latasha Montclair  The series was canceled on September 24, 2013  In the fall of 2013, she appeared in a guest spot on Law & Order: Special Victims Unit alongside Clay Aiken and Taylor Hicks  She also starred in the Lifetime film Christmas in the City which premiered on December 7, 2013 In August 2013, Ashanti announced her plans to once again work with Ja Rule, who'd been released from prison in July of that year following a six-year sentence stemming from a gun charge  On January 8, 2014, she revealed the official cover art and release date for Braveheart, her fifth album, which was released on March 4, 2014  In January 2014, Ashanti shot the video for the official first single from Braveheart titled "I Got It" featuring Rick Ross  The video was shot in Miami, Florida, and was directed by Eif Rivera  In July, Ashanti announced that the second official single from BraveHeart would be "Early in the Morning" featuring French Montana  Upon release, the album garnered favorable reviews, with music critics describing Braveheart's sound as an "evolution of R&B" and praising the themes of empowerment but criticizing the romantic clichés and lack of interesting moments on the album  On the charts, Braveheart opened at number ten in the U S  Billboard 200, becoming Ashanti's fifth consecutive top-ten album, as well as her first Independent Albums chart-topper  It also debuted in the top thirty of the UK R&B Albums Chart and top-forty of the UK Indie Albums Chart 

2015–present: Current activities and upcoming seventh studio album
In 2015, she announced that she had worked on new music for her seventh album, with an unknown release date  Ashanti collaborated with Michelle Obama for her #Let'sMove campaign to spread awareness of drinking water with her new video and song "Let's Go" released in 2015  In 2016, she collaborated on the song "Seven Day Love" included in the album "Inzombia" by Canadian singer Belly  She has also worked with numerous artists, including Sia, Alicia Keys, John Legend, Queen Latifah, Usher and Kelly Clarkson to interpret the songs of the Broadway musical "Hamilton" for the compilation "The Hamilton Mixtape" In 2017, Ashanti announced her seventh studio album, revealing it would be released in 2018  She denied this in June 2018, confirming the future release of an album in collaboration with rapper Ja Rule  Between 2017 and 2018 she returned to the music scene with several collaborations including the single "Say Less" with Ty Dolla Sign, the track "The Road" by Machel Montano, and the song "Start This Shit Off Right" with Mack Maine, from the album "Tha Carter V" by Lil Wayne Ashanti released the collaboration "Pretty Little Thing" with Afro B in August 2019  She also featured on the soundtrack of the film Stuck, which she produced  In November, Ashanti guest-starred as herself in two episodes of the third season of The CW's Dynasty reboot: "Mother, I'm At La Mirage" and "Something Desperate" In January 2021, Ashanti released her single "2:35 (I Want You)" On March 10, 2022, Ashanti's single "Rock wit U (Awww Baby)" was heavily sampled for British rapper Aitch's single "Baby" In October 2022, Ashanti was featured on Diddy’s “Gotta Move On” remix which also features Bryson Tiller and Yung Miami 

Artistry
Ashanti has a lyric soprano voice type  Critics have referred to her voice as "pretty" and her soprano as "sultry" and "sweet but slight"  Jason Birchmeier of AllMusic noted her reputation for using her "swooning voice" in duets with Big Pun, Fat Joe, and Ja Rule  As a young girl, Ashanti was influenced by Ella Fitzgerald, Whitney Houston, Michael Jackson, Prince, and Tupac Shakur, but she cites Mary J  Blige as the main reason she wanted to pursue a singing career  Further musical influences include Janet Jackson, Mariah Carey, Madonna, Smokey Robinson, Donna Summer, and Blue Magic 

Philanthropy
In 2003, Ashanti partnered with LidRock and the San Francisco-based Family Violence Prevention Fund (FVPF) to raise awareness about the issue of domestic violence during National Domestic Violence Awareness Month and to distribute the "Rain on Me" mini-movie using LidRock's unique platform  Proceeds from the $5 mini-disc went towards helping to stop domestic violence  Ashanti also recorded a public service announcement that appeared in more than 4,000 film screens and reached millions of people  Ashanti also gives back by raising money for sickle cell research and she is active in helping the Make-A-Wish Foundation stating, "I'll go and do just about anything for them " In 2005, Ashanti helped by recording public service announcement and raising money for the Southeast Asia tsunami disaster  Later that year, she helped raise money for the Hurricane Katrina victims and storm evacuees In 2008, Ashanti, along with others celebrities, taped a PSA to help stop violence and discrimination towards the LGBT community in response to the death of Lawrence King, an eighth-grader at E O  Green Junior High School, who was shot because of his sexual orientation and gender expression  That same year, she launched a special on-line campaign called "I Declare Me   " with Wal-Mart  The campaign's core is a very personal focus on the self-definition and empowerment of women across the United States, with its home base at Ashanti's official website  The campaign creates a safe and inclusive on-line space to for women to share testimonies on the site  Participants are able to openly declare their own breakthroughs, revelations, struggles and victories in every life area they choose: career, birth, death, relationships, and personal situations  "I Declare Me   " also invites women to a virtual discussion with Ashanti on such issues as voter registration, teen obesity, and other concerns facing women today 
In September 2009, Ashanti, along with other artists such as Mariah Carey, Beyoncé, Mary J  Blige, Rihanna, Fergie, Sheryl Crow, Miley Cyrus, Melissa Etheridge, Natasha Bedingfield, Keyshia Cole, Ciara, Leona Lewis, LeAnn Rimes and Carrie Underwood, teamed up for the song "Just Stand Up!"  The charity tune for cancer was conceived by Antonio "L A " Reid, who produced it with longtime creative colleague Babyface  All 15 singers (along with Nicole Scherzinger) shared the stage to perform the song live on September 5, 2008, during the "Stand Up to Cancer" television special, which aired simultaneously on ABC, NBC and CBS, and helped raise $100 million for cancer research  As a result of SU2C fund raising endeavors, the SU2C scientific advisory committee, overseen by the American Association for Cancer Research, was able to award 73 6 million dollars towards novel, groundbreaking cancer research in 2009 In November 2009, Ashanti joined the crew of ABC's Extreme Makeover: Home Edition  In the episode, which aired on January 24, 2010, the singer assisted in the rebuilding of the Powell Family home in Buffalo, New York   The efforts from the show expanded significantly to include not just the family home but the entire neighborhood surrounding it  In 2013, Ashanti featured on the 19-track compilation album Songs for a Healthier America, a collaborative project by the Partnership for a Healthier America, whose honorary chair is Michelle Obama, and Hip Hop Public Health  Her song "Just Believe" also featured Artie Green, Gerry Gunn, Robbie Nova and Chauncey Hawkins  Additionally, she is affiliated with the Jumpstart reading program, the Tupperware Brand and the Boys and Girls Club of America 

Personal life
On January 1, 2003, Ashanti met rapper Nelly at a press conference for the 2003 Grammy Awards, and the two later began dating  They ended their relationship after a decade together  In 2023, they reunited and got back together 

Discography
Studio albumsAshanti (2002)
Chapter II (2003)
Ashanti's Christmas (2003)
Concrete Rose (2004)
The Declaration (2008)
Braveheart (2014)

Filmography
Film
Television
Theater
See also
List of awards and nominations received by Ashanti



ground_truth: Shari Shattuck

prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: When was the American singer, songwriter, record producer, dancer and actress born who's second studio album is Chapter II?

The following are given passages.
Context 4: Passage 1:
Averill Park, New York
Averill Park is a census-designated place within the town of Sand Lake in Rensselaer County, New York, United States  The population was 2,098 at the 2020 census 
The community is named after the local Averill family  It is located on Route 43, south of Crystal Lake and east of West Sand Lake 
The Sand Lake Baptist Church was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2004 

Demographics
History
Originally known only as part of greater Sand Lake, the community along with neighboring towns grew with the nineteenth-century development of wool and cotton textile manufacturing by local watermills and knitting factories along the Wynants Kill tributary of the Hudson River  By the 1880s, several independent local mills produced hosiery, undergarments, and knit shirts The hamlet was named Averill in 1880 after a local leading family, then in 1882 renamed Averill Park in promotion of local summer-resort development and of the Troy & New England Railway, a never-completed trolley and freight line intended to connect the city of Troy, New York with the mills and summer resorts of Averill Park and its “upstate Coney Island” recreational Crystal Lake Beach, and with the mills of the neighboring town of West Sand Lake The local mills declined after the increasing efficiency of steam and electrical power improved competition from regional factories, and were then destroyed by a 1891 river flood  The Faith Knitting Company (later Faith Mills), founded in 1897, restored local industry by buying and re-equipping the old mills and rehiring local labor  Other late-nineteenth- and early-twentieth-century firms included Jake Warger’s Dry Goods Store; Gilbert Beebe’s blacksmith shop; Stout’s Hardware; and Park Pharmacy, where Jerry Lewis worked as a soda jerk in 1942 when his father was a superintendent at Faith Mills Mid-nineteenth- to early twentieth-century seasonal hotels included Al’s Place, Hilke’s Averill Park Hotel (previously housing Scram’s Collegiate Institute), Traveler’s Rest (aka Sand Lake House, Tillotson’s Hotel, and Wagner’s Hotel), the Lake View Hotel (aka Blake’s and the Gabler Hotel, later housing the Averill Park Female Seminary), and Clum’s  For mill workers and townspeople, Faith Mills’s Clubhouse was “the entertainment center of the town for many years,” complete with dance hall, motion picture parlor, cafeteria, bowling alleys, pocket billiard room, and shower room Faith Mills’s decline, and with it that of Averill Park, began in the Great Depression, during which local textile mills did not regain business till 1932  During World War II, manufacture of wool blankets and long woolen underwear for the military earned Faith Mills four rare “excellence in production” Army-Navy "E" Awards From 1955 to 1962, Faith Mills, by then one of only three remaining U S  manufacturers of woolen long underwear “considered obsolete by most persons” as the market shifted to cotton undergarments, was sold to holding companies and downsized to one factory in Averill Park employing as few as 54 workers, finally closing in 1962  In 1965, the factory was to manufacture a “floor-sweeping compound” and become a warehouse for corrugated shipping containers, employing 15 workers 

2010 demographics
As of the census of 2010, The racial makeup of the CDP was 85 4% White, 6 5% African American, 4 1% Asian, and 4 0% from two or more races  Hispanic or Latino of any race were 7 4% of the population 
There were 571 households in the CDP, out of which 41 0% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 58 2% were married couples living together, 12 2% had a female householder with no husband present, and 26 4% were non-families  20 2% of all households were made up of individuals, and 9 7% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older  The average household size was 2 68 and the average family size was 3 09  In the CDP, the population was spread out, with 28 8% under the age of 18, 7 9% from 18 to 24, 24 3% from 25 to 44, 29 7% from 45 to 64, and 9 3% who were 65 years of age or older  The median age was 39 years  For every 100 females, there were 93 7 males  For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 93 9 males  The median income for a household in the CDP was $44,000, and the median income for a family was $49,367  Males had a median income of $34,909 versus $26,890 for females  The per capita income for the CDP was $26,226  About 8 0% of families and 17 3 of the population were below the poverty line, including 10 4% of those under age 18 and 19 1% of those age 65 or over 

2000 demographics
As of the census of 2000, there were 1,517 people, 597 households, and 420 families residing in the CDP  The population density was 507 2 inhabitants per square mile (195 8/km2)  There were 628 housing units at an average density of 210 0 per square mile (81 1/km2)  The racial makeup of the CDP was 96 89% White, 1 26% African American, 1 46% Asian, and 1 38% from two or more races  Hispanic or Latino of any race were 2 99% of the population 

Schools
Averill Park School District
Averill Park High School
Miller Hill - Sand Lake Elementary School
Specialty Schools
Luis LaBoy Technical School
Crenshaw Charter School
Taborton Alternative School

Climate
This climatic region is typified by large seasonal temperature differences, with warm to hot (and often humid) summers and cold (sometimes severely cold) winters   According to the Köppen Climate Classification system, Averill Park has a humid continental climate, abbreviated "Dfb" on climate maps 

Sites of interest
Arts Letters & Numbers, on Burden Lake Road, is a nonprofit arts center offering workshops, performances, and residencies, housed in a complex including the former Sand Lake Cotton Factory, which operated as Arnolds, Hunt & Co  until 1875 and was later run by Faith Mills; and also the residence built by mill owner George Arnold Hollywood Drive-In Theatre, on New York State Route 66, is a four-hundred-car drive-in theater built in 1952 
Passage 2:
Sand Lake, Michigan
Sand Lake is a village in Kent County in the U S  state of Michigan  The population was 522 at the 2020 census 

History
The village of Sand Lake was founded in 1869 in northern Kent County and has long served as a bedroom community about 25 miles (40 2 km) northeast of the city of Grand Rapids   In 2009, the village had the highest tax rates of the five villages in Kent County, and some residents petitioned for a vote to have the village disincorporated in order to lower taxes   This proposal was defeated, and Sand Lake continued as an incorporated village 

Geography
According to the U S  Census Bureau, the village has a total area of 0 74 square miles (1 92 km2), of which 0 71 square miles (1 84 km2) is land and 0 03 square miles (0 08 km2) (4 05%) is water 

Demographics
2010 census
As of the census of 2010, there were 500 people, 188 households, and 116 families living in the village   The population density was 625 per square mile   There were 211 housing units at an average density of 263 75 per square mile   The racial makeup of the village was 94 6% White, 0 80% African American, 0 2% Native American, 1% Asian, 1 4% from other races, and 2% from two or more races  Hispanic or Latino of any race were 5 2% of the population 
There were 188 households, of which 34% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 39 9% were married couples living together, 14 4% had a female householder with no husband present, and 38 3% were non-families  33% of all households were made up of individuals, and 26 1% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older   The average household size was 2 66 and the average family size was 3 34 
In the village, the population was spread out, with 33% under the age of 20, 7% from 20 to 24, 23 4% from 25 to 44, 24 8% from 45 to 64, and 11 8% who were 65 years of age or older   The median age was 33 2 years  For every 100 females, there were 65 29 males   For every 100 females age 20 and over, there were 95 91 males 

2000 census
As of the census of 2000, there were 492 people, 184 households, and 110 families living in the village   The population density was 670 5 inhabitants per square mile (258 9/km2)   There were 207 housing units at an average density of 282 1 per square mile (108 9/km2)   The racial makeup of the village was 96 34% White, 0 20% African American, 1 22% Native American, 0 81% Asian, 1 02% from other races, and 0 41% from two or more races  Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1 02% of the population 
There were 184 households, out of which 35 9% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 47 3% were married couples living together, 9 8% had a female householder with no husband present, and 40 2% were non-families  34 2% of all households were made up of individuals, and 19 6% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older   The average household size was 2 64 and the average family size was 3 43 
In the village, the population was spread out, with 32 1% under the age of 18, 8 3% from 18 to 24, 28 7% from 25 to 44, 15 0% from 45 to 64, and 15 9% who were 65 years of age or older   The median age was 33 years  For every 100 females, there were 85 7 males   For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 80 5 males 
The median income for a household in the village was $31,875, and the median income for a family was $46,250  Males had a median income of $27,500 versus $21,985 for females  The per capita income for the village was $14,184   About 9 3% of families and 14 5% of the population were below the poverty line, including 9 0% of those under age 18 and 34 0% of those age 65 or over 

Education
Tri County Area Schools, which operates Tri County High School, serves Sand Lake  The district was a consolidation of the Sand Lake and Howard City school boards  It came into existence on April 3, 1962, the day members of those communities voted in favor of consolidating their schools  The consolidated schools began operation in fall 1962 Prior to the consolidation, Sand Lake High School, a K-12 school, served the community  Impetus for consolidation occurred when the State of Michigan adopted new standards for education which required school systems to spend additional funds  Some Sand Lake residents wished to consolidate with Cedar Springs Schools in Cedar Springs due to the strength of the Cedar Springs industrial economy and the good reputation of its school system, while others wished to consolidate with Howard City  Charles Northup, a former member of the Sand Lake school board, stated that Cedar Springs residents would have had primary control and naming of a consolidated school district including Sand Lake, while a consolidation with Howard City would result in joint control between the communities  According to a former principal of Sand Lake High, Earl Clegg, "community friction" occurred in the consolidation debate  About 300 people went to a meeting in Sand Lake on proposed school consolidation on February 13, 1961 The Nelson Township Branch of the Kent District Library is located in Sand Lake 

Notable people
Dick Terwilliger, Major League Baseball pitcher
Passage 3:
West Sand Lake, New York
West Sand Lake is a hamlet and census-designated place in Rensselaer County, New York, United States  The population was 2,845 people in 2015  The community is located in the northwestern corner of the town of Sand Lake 

Geography
West Sand Lake is located at 42°38′40″N 73°36′21″W (42 644579, -73 605928) According to the United States Census Bureau, the town has a total area of 4 8 square miles (12 km2), of which 4 7 square miles (12 km2)  is land and 0 04 square miles (0 10 km2)  (0 84%) is water 

Demographics
As of 2015, there were 2,845 people living in the town  The population density was 592 71 per square mile  The racial makeup of West Sand Lake was 95 8% Non Hispanic White, 0 2% African American, 0 08% Native American,  6 % Asian, and 1 5% from two or more races  Hispanic or Latino were 1 7% of the population  There were 907 households, out of which 38 0% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 63 2% were married couples living together, 9 2% had a female householder with no husband present, and 24 4% were non-families  20 2% of all households were made up of individuals, and 9 7% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older  The average household size was 2 68 and the average family size was 3 09 
In the CDP, the population was spread out, with 26 8% under the age of 18, 5 9% from 18 to 24, 27 3% from 25 to 44, 28 7% from 45 to 64, and 11 3% who were 65 years of age or older  The median age was 39 years  For every 100 females, there were 93 7 males  For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 91 9 males 
The median income for a household in West Sand Lake was $85,000, and the median income for a family was $92,367  The per capita income for the town was $36,235 About 5 0% of families and 7 8 of the population were below the poverty line, including 7 4% of those under age 18 and 19 1% of those age 65 or over 
The area has a population density of 592 71 people per sq  mile 

Notable people
Douglas Marland, writer of daytime drama
Edward W  Pattison, member of the United States House of Representatives 1975–1979
Passage 4:
Stone Lake (CDP), Wisconsin
Stone Lake is an unincorporated census-designated place in Sawyer and Washburn counties, Wisconsin, United States  Stone Lake is located on the eastern shore of Stone Lake and along Wisconsin Highway 70, 12 miles (19 km) west-northwest of Couderay  The Sawyer County portion of the community is located in the town of Sand Lake, while the Washburn County portion is located in the town of Stone Lake  As of the 2010 census, its population is 178 
Passage 5:
Carlton, Alabama
Carlton is an census-designated place in Clarke County, Alabama, United States  As of the 2020 census, its population was 46  It was formerly known as Hal's Lake  The Isaac Nettles Gravestones are located in Carlton in the Mount Nebo Baptist Church Cemetery  They are listed on the National Register of Historic Places  There was one convenience store in Carlton until 2009 

Geography
Carlton is located in southern Clarke County at 31 343°N 87 846°W﻿ / 31 343; -87 846 and has an elevation of 171 feet (52 m) 

Demographics
Passage 6:
Sand Lake Township, Itasca County, Minnesota
Sand Lake Township is a township in Itasca County, Minnesota, United States  The population was 146 at the 2010 census 

Geography
According to the United States Census Bureau, the township has a total area of 37 6 square miles (97 3 km2), of which 29 5 square miles (76 5 km2) is land and 8 0 square miles (20 8 km2), or 21 37%, is water 

Demographics
As of the census of 2000, there were 128 people, 58 households, and 37 families living in the township  The population density was 4 3 people per square mile (1 7/km2)  There were 211 housing units at an average density of 7 1/sq mi (2 8/km2)



ground_truth: October 13, 1980

prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: What Nobel Laureate teaches at  Chapman University?

The following are given passages.
Context 3: Passage 1:
François Englert
François, Baron Englert (French: [ɑ̃ɡlɛʁ]; born 6 November 1932) is a Belgian theoretical physicist and 2013 Nobel Prize laureate 
Englert is professor emeritus at the Université libre de Bruxelles (ULB), where he is a member of the Service de Physique Théorique  He is also a Sackler Professor by Special Appointment in the School of Physics and Astronomy at Tel Aviv University and a member of the Institute for Quantum Studies at Chapman University in California  He was awarded the 2010 J  J  Sakurai Prize for Theoretical Particle Physics (with Gerry Guralnik, C  R  Hagen, Tom Kibble, Peter Higgs, and Robert Brout), the Wolf Prize in Physics in 2004 (with Brout and Higgs) and the High Energy and Particle Prize of the European Physical Society (with Brout and Higgs) in 1997 for the mechanism which unifies short and long range interactions by generating massive gauge vector bosons 
Englert has made contributions in statistical physics, quantum field theory, cosmology, string theory and supergravity  He is the recipient of the 2013 Prince of Asturias Award in technical and scientific research, together with Peter Higgs and the CERN 
Englert was awarded the 2013 Nobel Prize in Physics, together with Peter Higgs for the discovery of the Brout-Englert-Higgs mechanism 

Early life
François Englert is a Holocaust survivor  He was born in a Belgian Jewish family  During the German occupation of Belgium in World War II, he had to conceal his Jewish identity and live in orphanages and children's homes in the towns of Dinant, Lustin, Stoumont and, finally, Annevoie-Rouillon   These towns were eventually liberated by the US Army 

Academic career
He graduated as an electromechanical engineer in 1955 from the Free University of Brussels (ULB) where he received his PhD in physical sciences in 1959  From 1959 until 1961, he worked at Cornell University, first as a research associate of Robert Brout and then as assistant professor  He then returned to the ULB, where he became a university professor and was joined there by Robert Brout who, in 1980, with Englert coheaded the theoretical physics group  In 1998 Englert became professor emeritus  In 1984 Englert was first appointed as a Sackler Professor by Special Appointment in the School of Physics and Astronomy at Tel-Aviv University  Englert joined Chapman University's Institute for Quantum Studies in 2011, where he serves as a distinguished visiting professor 

The Brout–Englert–Higgs–Guralnik–Hagen–Kibble mechanism
Brout and Englert showed in 1964 that gauge vector fields, abelian and non-abelian, could acquire mass if empty space were endowed with a particular type of structure that one encounters in material systems  Focusing on the failure of the Goldstone theorem for gauge fields, Higgs reached essentially the same result  A third paper on the subject was written later in the same year by Gerald Guralnik, C  R  Hagen, and Tom Kibble  The three papers written on this boson discovery by Higgs, Englert and Brout, and Guralnik, Hagen, Kibble were each recognized as milestone papers for this discovery by Physical Review Letters 50th anniversary celebration  While each of these famous papers took similar approaches, the contributions and differences between the 1964 PRL symmetry breaking papers is noteworthy 
To illustrate the structure, consider a ferromagnet which is composed of atoms each equipped with a tiny magnet  When these magnets are lined up, the inside of the ferromagnet bears a strong analogy to the way empty space can be structured  Gauge vector fields that are sensitive to this structure of empty space can only propagate over a finite distance  Thus, they mediate short range interactions and acquire mass  Those fields that are not sensitive to the structure propagate unhindered  They remain massless and are responsible for the long range interactions  In this way, the mechanism accommodates within a single unified theory both short and long-range interactions 
Brout and Englert, Higgs, and Gerald Guralnik, C  R  Hagen, and Tom Kibble introduced as agent of the vacuum structure a scalar field (most often called the Higgs field) which many physicists view as the agent responsible for the masses of fundamental particles  Brout and Englert also showed that the mechanism may remain valid if the scalar field is replaced by a more structured agent such as a fermion condensate  Their approach led them to conjecture that the theory is renormalizable  The eventual proof of renormalizability, a major achievement of twentieth century physics, is due to Gerardus 't Hooft and Martinus Veltman who were awarded the 1999 Nobel Prize for this work  The Brout–Englert–Higgs–Guralnik–Hagen–Kibble mechanism is the building stone of the electroweak theory of elementary particles and laid the foundation of a unified view of the basic laws of nature 

Major awards
1978 First Prize in the International Gravity Contest (with R  Brout and E  Gunzig), awarded by the Gravity Research Foundation for the essay "The Causal Universe" 
1982 Francqui Prize, awarded by the Francqui Foundation once every four years in exact sciences "For his contribution to the theoretical understanding of spontaneous symmetry breaking in the physics of fundamental interactions, where, with Robert Brout, he was the first to show that spontaneous symmetry breaking in gauge theories gives mass to the gauge particles, for his extensive contributions in other domains, such as solid state physics, statistical mechanics, quantum field theory, general relativity and cosmology, for the originality and the fundamental importance of these achievements" 
1997 High Energy and Particle Physics Prize (with R  Brout and P W  Higgs), awarded by the European Physical Society "For formulating for the first time a self-consistent theory of charged massive vector bosons which became the foundation of the electroweak theory of elementary particles" 
2004 Wolf Prize in Physics (with R  Brout and P W  Higgs), awarded by the Wolf Foundation "For pioneering work that has led to the insight of mass generation, whenever a local gauge symmetry is realized asymmetrically in the world of sub-atomic particles" 
2010 J  J  Sakurai Prize for Theoretical Particle Physics (with Guralnik, Hagen, Kibble, Higgs, and Brout) awarded by The American Physical Society "For elucidation of the properties of spontaneous symmetry breaking in four-dimensional relativistic gauge theory and of the mechanism for the consistent generation of vector boson masses" 
By Royal Decree of 8 July 2013 François Englert was ennobled a baron by King Albert II of Belgium 
2013 Nobel Prize in Physics, shared with Peter Higgs  "for the theoretical discovery of a mechanism that contributes to our understanding of the origin of mass of subatomic particles, and which recently was confirmed through the discovery of the predicted fundamental particle, by the ATLAS and CMS experiments at CERN’s Large Hadron Collider" 
2013 Prince of Asturias Award for Technical and Scientific Research (with Peter Higgs and CERN) "for the theoretical prediction and experimental detection of the Higgs boson" 

See also
List of Jewish Nobel laureates
Passage 2:
Paul D  Boyer
Paul Delos Boyer (July 31, 1918 – June 2, 2018) was an American biochemist, analytical chemist, and a professor of chemistry at University of California Los Angeles (UCLA)  He shared the 1997 Nobel Prize in Chemistry for research on the "enzymatic mechanism underlying the biosynthesis of adenosine triphosphate (ATP)" (ATP synthase) with John E  Walker, making Boyer the first Utah-born Nobel laureate; the remainder of the Prize in that year was awarded to Danish chemist Jens Christian Skou for his discovery of the Na+/K+-ATPase 

Birth and education
Boyer was born in Provo, Utah  He grew up in a nonpracticing Mormon family  He attended Provo High School, where he was active in student government and the debating team  He was also his high schools valedictorian and played intramural basketball in high school and college  He received a B S  in chemistry from Brigham Young University in 1939 and obtained a Wisconsin Alumni Research Foundation Scholarship for graduate studies  Five days before leaving for Wisconsin, Paul married Lyda Whicker in 1939, and they remained married for nearly eighty years until his death in 2018, making him the longest-married Nobel laureate  The Boyers had three children 
Though the Boyers connected with the Mormon community in Wisconsin, they considered themselves "on the wayward fringe" and doubted the doctrinal claims of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church)   After experimenting with Unitarianism, Boyer eventually became an atheist  In 2003 he was one of 22 Nobel laureates who signed the Humanist Manifesto 

Academic career
After Boyer received his Ph D  degree in biochemistry from the University of Wisconsin–Madison in 1943, he spent years at Stanford University on a war-related research project dedicated to stabilization of serum albumin for transfusions  He began his independent research career at the University of Minnesota and introduced kinetic, isotopic, and chemical methods for investigating enzyme mechanisms  In 1955, he received a Guggenheim Fellowship and worked with Professor Hugo Theorell on the mechanism of alcohol dehydrogenase  In 1956, he accepted a Hill Foundation Professorship and moved to the medical campus of the University of Minnesota  In 1959–1960, he served as Chairman of the Biochemistry Section of the American Chemical Society (ACS) and in 1969-1970 as President of the American Society of Biological Chemists 
Since 1963, he had been a professor in the department of chemistry and biochemistry at University of California, Los Angeles  In 1965, he became the founding director of the Molecular Biology Institute and spearheaded the construction of the building and the organization of an interdepartmental Ph D  program  This institutional service did not diminish the creativity and originality of his research program, which led to three postulates for the binding mechanism for ATP synthesis—that energy input was not used primarily to form ATP but to promote the binding of phosphate and mostly the release of tightly bound ATP; that three identical catalytic sites went through compulsory, sequential binding changes; and that the binding changes of the catalytic subunits, circularly arranged on the periphery of the enzyme, were driven by the rotation of a smaller internal subunit 
Paul Boyer was editor or associate editor of the Annual Review of Biochemistry from 1963 to 1989  He was editor of the classic series, "The Enzymes"  When he worked on the series "The Enzymes", he was helped by his wife Lyda as she was a professional editor at UCLA  In 1981, he was faculty research lecturer at UCLA  In that same year, he was awarded the prestigious Tolman Medal by the Southern California Section of the American Chemical Society 

Death
Boyer died of respiratory failure on June 2, 2018, at the age of 99, less than two months shy of his 100th birthday at his Los Angeles home 

Publications
Dahms, A  S  & P  D  Boyer  "Occurrence and Characteristics of 18O-exchange Reactions Catalyzed By Sodium- and Potassium-dependent Adenosine Triphosphatases", University of California Los Angeles (UCLA), United States Department of Energy (through predecessor agency the Atomic Energy Commission), (1972) 
Kanazawa, T  & P  D  Boyer  "Occurrence and Characteristics of a Rapid Exchange of Phosphate Oxygens Catalyzed by Sarcoplasmic Reticulum Vesicles", University of California Los Angeles (UCLA), United States Department of Energy (through predecessor agency the Atomic Energy Commission), (1972) 
Boyer, P  D  "Isotopic Studies on Structure-function Relationships of Nucleic Acids and Enzymes  Three Year Progress Report, May 1972 — October 1975", University of California Los Angeles (UCLA), United States Department of Energy (through predecessor agency the Energy Research and Development Administration), (1975) 
Boyer, P  D  "Energy Capture and Use in Plants and Bacteria  Final Technical Report", University of California Los Angeles (UCLA), United States Department of Energy, (December 31, 1993) 

Awards and honors
Passage 3:
Vernon L  Smith
Vernon Lomax Smith (born January 1, 1927) is an American economist and professor of business economics and law at Chapman University  He was formerly a professor of economics at the University of Arizona, professor of economics and law at George Mason University, and a board member of the Mercatus Center  Along with Daniel Kahneman, Smith shared the 2002 Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences for his contributions to behavioral economics and his work in the field of experimental economics  He worked to establish 'laboratory experiments as a tool in empirical economic analysis, especially in the study of alternative market mechanisms' Smith is the founder and president of the International Foundation for Research in Experimental Economics, a Member of the Board of Advisors for The Independent Institute, a Senior Fellow at the Cato Institute in Washington D C  In 2004 Smith was honored with an honorary doctoral degree at Universidad Francisco Marroquín, the institution that named the Vernon Smith Center for Experimental Economics Research after him  He was also a founding board member of the Center for Growth and Opportunity at Utah State University  As of 2023, Smith also sits on the Advisory Board for Florida Atlantic University's Madden Center for Value Creation 

Early life and education
Smith was born in Wichita, Kansas, where he attended Wichita North High School and Friends University  Grover Bougher, Vernon's mother's first husband, who worked as a fireman on the Santa Fe railroad, died in a tragic accident which proved to be pivotal  The life insurance money provided by the Santa Fe railroad was invested in a farm which became the sole means of survival for Vernon's family during the tough years of the Great Depression  While the farm brought hard work and hard times for Vernon's parents, Vernon liked the adventurous experiences  His life-long interest in learning how things work was kindled by his childhood at the farm Smith received his bachelor's degree in electrical engineering from Caltech in 1949, an M A  in economics from the University of Kansas in 1952, and his Ph D  in economics from Harvard University in 1955 

Academic career
Smith's first teaching post was at the Krannert School of Management, Purdue University, which he held from 1955 until 1967, attaining the rank of full professor Smith also taught as a visiting associate professor at Stanford University (1961–1962) and there made contact with Sidney Siegel, who was also doing work in experimental economics  Smith moved with his family to Massachusetts and got a position first at Brown University (1967–1968) and then at the University of Massachusetts (1968–1972)  Smith also received appointments at the Center for Advanced Study in the Behavioral Sciences (1972–1973) and Caltech (1973–1975) Much of the research that earned Smith the Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences was conducted at the University of Arizona between 1976 and 2001  In 2001, Smith left Arizona for George Mason University  From 2003 to 2006, he held the Rasmuson Chair of Economics at the University of Alaska Anchorage  In 2008, Smith founded the Economic Science Institute at Chapman University in Orange, California Smith has served on the board of editors of the American Economic Review, the Cato Journal, Journal of Economic Behavior and Organization, Science, Economic Theory, Economic Design, and the Journal of Economic Methodology  He also served as an expert for the Copenhagen Consensus 

Academic work
It was at Purdue that Smith's work in experimental economics began  As Smith describes it:

In the Autumn semester, 1955, I taught Principles of Economics, and found it a challenge to convey basic microeconomic theory to students  Why/how could any market approximate a competitive equilibrium? I resolved that on the first day of class the following semester, I would try running a market experiment that would give the students an opportunity to experience an actual market, and me the opportunity to observe one in which I knew, but they did not know what were the alleged driving conditions of supply and demand in that market 
In framing the experiment, Smith varied certain institutional parameters seen in the first classroom economics experiments as conducted by Edward Chamberlin: in particular, he ran the experiments for several trading periods, to give the student subjects time to train At Caltech, Charles Plott encouraged Smith to formalize the methodology of experimental economics, which he did in two articles  In 1976, "Experimental Economics: Induced Value Theory" was published in the American Economic Review (AER)  It was the first articulation of the principle behind economic experiments  Six years later, these principles were expanded in "Microeconomic Systems as an Experimental Science," also in the AER  This paper adapts the principles of mechanism design, a microeconomic system developed by Leonid Hurwicz, to the development of economic experiments  In Hurwicz's formulation, a microeconomic system consists of an economic environment, an economic institution (or economic mechanism), and an economic outcome  The economic environment is simply the preferences of the people in the economy and the production capabilities of the firms in the economy  The key insight in this formulation is that the economic outcome can be affected by the economic institution  The mechanism design provides a formal means for tests of the performance of an economic institution, and experimental economics, as developed by Smith, provided a means for formal empirical assessment of the performance of economic institutions  The second main contribution of the paper is to the technique of induced values, the method used in controlled laboratory experiments in economics, political science, and psychology, which allows experimental economists to create a replica of a market in a laboratory  Subjects in an experiment are told that they can produce a "commodity" at a cost and then sell it to buyers  The seller earns the difference between the price received and its cost  Buyers are told that the commodity has a value to them when they consume it, and they earn the difference between the value of the commodity to them and its price  Using the technique, Smith and his coauthors have examined the performance of alternative trading mechanisms in resource allocation In February 2011, Smith participated in the "Visiting Scholars Series" at the Nicholas Academic Centers in Santa Ana, California, conducted in collaboration with Chapman University  Smith and his colleague Bart Wilson conducted experiments designed to expose high school students from underserved neighborhoods to market dynamics and how concepts such as altruism influence economic behavior Smith has authored or coauthored articles and books on capital theory, finance, natural resource economics and experimental economics  He was also one of the first to propose the combinatorial auction design, with Stephen J  Rassenti and Robert L  Bulfin in 1982 In January 2009, Smith signed a public petition opposing the passage of the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act  In a 2010 Econ Journal Watch study, Smith was found to be one of the most active petition-signers among US economists The Vernon Smith Prize for the Advancement of Austrian Economics is named after him and is sponsored by the European Center of Austrian Economics 

Personal life
In February 2005, Smith publicly attributed features of his personality to Asperger's syndrome after a process of self-diagnosis 

Works
Gjerstad, Steven D ; Smith, Vernon L  (2014)  Rethinking Housing Bubbles  New York: Cambridge University Press  ISBN 978-0521198097 
Gjerstad, Steven; Smith, Vernon L  (2012)  "At Home in the Great Recession"   In Miniter, Brendan (ed )  The 4% Solution: Unleashing the Economic Growth America Needs  New York: Crown Business  pp  345–377  ISBN 9780307986146 
Gjerstad, Steven D ; Smith, Vernon L  (2013)  "Balance Sheet Crises: Causes, Consequences, and Responses" (PDF)  Cato Journal  33 (3): 437–470  Retrieved 2017-10-21 
Plott, Charles R , and Vernon L  Smith, ed  (2008)  Handbook of Experimental Economics Results, v  1, Elsevier  Description and preview 
Rassenti, Stephen J ; Smith, Vernon L ; Bulfin, Robert L  (1982)  "A Combinatorial Auction Mechanism for Airport Time Slot Allocation" (PDF)  The Bell Journal of Economics  13 (2): 402–417  doi:10 2307/3003463  JSTOR 3003463 
Smith, Vernon L  (1962)  "An Experimental Study of Competitive Market Behavior"  Journal of Political Economy  70 (2): 111–137  doi:10 1086/258609  JSTOR 1861810  S2CID 54718519 
_____ (1976)  "Experimental Economics: Induced Value Theory" (PDF)  American Economic Review  66 (2): 274–279 
Smith, Vernon L  (1980)  "Relevance of Laboratory Experiments to Testing Resource Allocation Theory" (PDF)   In Kmenta, Jan; Ramsey, James B  (eds )  Evaluation of Econometric Models  Academic Press  pp  345–377  ISBN 978-0-12-416550-2 
_____ (1982)  "Microeconomic Systems as an Experimental Science" (PDF)  American Economic Review  72 (5): 923–955 
_____ (1991)  Papers in Experimental Economics [1962–88],  Cambridge  Description and chapter-preview links 
_____ (2000)  Bargaining and Market Behavior: Essays in Experimental Economics [1990–98], Cambridge  Description and chapter-preview links 
_____ (2003)  Smith, Vernon L  (2003)  "Constructivist and Ecological Rationality in Economics"  American Economic Review  93 (3): 465–508  CiteSeerX 10 1 1 501 5291  doi:10 1257/000282803322156954  S2CID 16505135 
_____ ([1987] 2008a)  "experimental methods in economics " The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics, 2nd Edition, Abstract 
_____ (2008b)  "experimental economics," The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics, 2nd Edition, Abstract 
Williams, Arlington W ; Ledyard, John O ; Gjerstad, Steven; Smith, Vernon L  (2000)  "Concurrent Trading in Two Experimental Markets with Demand Interdependence"  Economic Theory  16 (3): 511–528  CiteSeerX 10 1 1 22 1763  doi:10 1007/s001990050002  JSTOR 25055346  S2CID 195227181  Reprinted in Timothy N  Cason and Charles Noussair, ed  (2001), Advances in Experimental Markets, pp  15– 32 

See also
List of economists

Notes
External links
Dr  Vernon L Smith at Chapman University School of Law
Member of the Board of Advisors at The Independent Institute
Senior Fellow at Cato Institute
"Vernon L  Smith (1927– )"  The Concise Encyclopedia of Economics  Library of Economics and Liberty (2nd ed )  Liberty Fund  2008 
Roberts, Russ  "Vernon Smith Podcasts"  EconTalk  Library of Economics and Liberty 
"Vernon L  Smith Papers, 1938–2007 and undated"  Rubenstein Library, Duke University  Retrieved 2017-10-21 
Vernon L  Smith publications indexed by Google Scholar
Vernon L  Smith on Nobelprize org

Articles
"Default is not the end of the world" Interview with Vernon Smith by Luis Martin (Winter 2011)
Reflections On Human Action After 50 Years by Vernon L  Smith, Cato Journal, Fall 1999
"Using Experiments to Inform the Privatization/Deregulation Movement in Electricity," by Stephen J Rassenti, Vernon L  Smith, and Bart J Wilson, Cato Journal, Winter 2002
The Clinton Housing Bubble, Vernon L  Smith, The Wall Street Journal, December 18, 2007
From Bubble to Depression?, Steven Gjerstad and Vernon L  Smith, The Wall Street Journal, April 6, 2009
Passage 4:
Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge
The Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry is the University of Cambridge's chemistry department  It was formed from a merger in the early 1980s of two separate departments that had moved into the Lensfield Road building decades earlier: the Department of Physical Chemistry (originally led by Professor Ronald Norrish FRS, Nobel Laureate; the department was previously located near the Old Cavendish in Free School Lane - see photo) and the Department of Chemistry (that included theoretical chemistry and which was led by Lord (Alexander) Todd FRS, Nobel Laureate) respectively  Research interests in the department cover a broad of chemistry ranging from molecular biology to geophysics  The department is located on the Lensfield Road, next to the Panton Arms on the South side of Cambridge  In December 2020, it was renamed for 30 years in recognition of a donation from Dr Yusuf Hamied, an alumnus of the department 

Research
The Department's research is organised around five Research Interest Groups (RIGs):
Biological Chemistry
Materials Chemistry
Physical and Atmospheric Chemistry
Synthetic Chemistry
TheoryIn addition, the Chemistry of Health Building houses the Centre for Misfolding Diseases, the Chemistry of Health Incubator and the Molecular Production and Characterisation Centre (MPACC) 
Passage 5:
Chapman University
Chapman University is a private research university in Orange, California  It encompasses eleven schools and colleges and is classified among "R2: Doctoral Universities – High research activity" 

History
Founded in Woodland, California, as Hesperian College, the school began classes on March 4, 1861  Its opening was timed to coincide with the hour of Abraham Lincoln's first inauguration  Hesperian admitted students regardless of sex or race During its first decades of existence, the school relocated and changed names several times  The school initially relocated to Berkeley, California in 1896, merging with the Pierce Christian College (a school previously established in College City, California in 1874) to form the Berkeley Bible Seminary  Soon after, the school relocated to San Francisco and took on the name California Bible College  
In 1920, the school moved again, this time to southern California, after its assets were acquired by the California Christian College,, a school that had been established by the  Southern California Convention in Long Beach, California in 1918  The two schools had been merged into a new institution called the California School of Christianity, located in Los Angeles  Three years later, in 1923, the school changed names yet again, back to the California Christian College In 1934, the school was renamed to Chapman College after the chairman of its board of trustees (and primary benefactor), C  C  Chapman  In 1954, it moved to its present campus in the city of Orange on the site formerly occupied by Orange High School, which had relocated Chapman established a Residence Education Center Program to serve military personnel in 1958  This evolved into Brandman University 
Chapman College became Chapman University in 1991  In that year, Dr  James L  Doti became president of Chapman University  Also in 1991, the Department of Education became the School of Education, now known as the Donna Ford Attallah College of Educational Studies, and the establishment of what is now known as Wilkinson College of Arts, Humanities, and Social Sciences The School of Film and Television, now Dodge College of Film and Media Arts opened in 1996  Between 2000 and 2010, Chapman University expanded to include the Rodgers Center for Holocaust Education, Leatherby Libraries, Fish Interfaith Center, Marion Knott Studios (The home of Dodge College of Film and Media Arts), the creation of the Argyros School's Economic Science Institute – led by Dr  Vernon L  Smith (2002 Nobel Prize winner in Economic Sciences, the Erin J  Anderson Athletics Complex and the Schmid College of Science and Technology  The Rinker Health Science Campus opened in Irvine, CA  in 2013, becoming the home for the School of Pharmacy  Mathematician Daniele C  Struppa became President in 2016, taking over for Dr  James L  Doti  In the same year, Musco Center for the Arts opened  The 1,110 seat concert hall draws more than 30,000 visitors per year and hosts both professional and student performances Chapman opened the Keck Center for Science and engineering in 2018 with the Dale E  and Sarah Ann Fowler School of Engineering opening shortly after  Between 2018 and 2022, Chapman University earned a Carnegie Classification of R2: Doctoral University – High Research Activity, had its first Rhodes Scholar, Vidal Arroyo '19, and became nationally ranked by U S  News & World Report 

Colleges and programs
Argyros School of Business and Economics
The George L  Argyros School of Business and Economics is located in the Arnold and Mabel Beckman Business and Technology Hall  Founded in 1977, the school is named after George L  Argyros, a Chapman alumnus and former U S  Ambassador to Spain  Argyros has chaired the board of trustees of Chapman University since 1976, and has donated significant resources towards establishing Chapman as a leading national business school  The business school was renamed in Argyros' honor in 1999  In 2019 the Argyros School celebrated the 20th Anniversary of the naming of the school, capped off with a special fundraiser dinner on October 9, featuring special guest President George W  Bush  The event raised approximately $15 million for the school's endowment, $10 million of which was a surprise announcement by the Argyros family  The $15 million raised is believed to be the largest 1-day fundraising event in Orange County's history The Argyros School offers undergraduate and graduate degrees in business, including the Master of Business Administration and Master of Science  In 2023 Argyros was ranked the #60 business school in the country by U S  News & World Report The Argyros School of Business and Economics was officially nationally ranked as the 60th Best Undergraduate Bloomberg BusinessWeek Business School in 2014  In 2016, the Argyros School of Business and Economics rose to 34th in the same Bloomberg rankings 
The Argyros School is home to several research centers and institutes, including the A  Gary Anderson Center for Economic Research, the C  Larry Hoag Center for Real Estate and Finance, the Ralph W  Leatherby Center for Entrepreneurship and Ethics, the Walter Schmid Center for International Business, the Economic Science Institute (founded by Nobel Prize winner Vernon L  Smith and others in 2008), the Institute for the Study of Religion, Economics and Society (founded by Dr  Laurence Iannaccone in September 2009), and the Smith Institute for Political Economy and Philosophy The Leatherby Center for Entrepreneurship and Business Ethics is a program whose scope includes original research, scholarship, and the publication of several scholarly journals 

Donna Ford Attallah College of Educational Studies
Chapman University's Donna Ford Attallah College of Educational Studies offers an undergraduate Integrated Educational Studies (IES) degree; teaching, school counseling, and school psychology credentials; and graduate degrees in teaching, special education, school counseling, school psychology, and leadership, including a Ph D  in education  The college is also home to various centers and programs for community engagement and research, including the Centro Comunitario de Educación, Paulo Freire Democratic Project (PFDP), and Thompson Policy Institute on Disability and Autism The School of Education at Chapman University became the College of Educational Studies in August 2008  In 2017, the college was named in honor of Donna Ford Attallah  The current home of the Attallah College is Chapman's Reeves Hall, which was one of the first buildings constructed for Orange Union High School on the site in 1913, added to the National Register for Historic Places in 1975, and renovated and reopened to the public in February 2018 The Attallah College or its programs are accredited by the Council Accreditation of Educator Preparation, Commission on Teacher Credentialing, National Association of School Psychologists, and International School Psychology Association 

Dodge College of Film and Media Arts
The college has been recognized as one of the top ten film schools in the world and ranked #4 by The Hollywood Reporter among American film schools 

Crean College of Health and Behavioral Sciences
Formerly part of Chapman University's Schmid College of Science and Technology, the Crean College of Health and Behavioral Sciences officially became its own independent college at Chapman University on June 1, 2014 Undergraduate programs in Crean College of Health and Behavioral Sciences include B S  Applied Human Physiology, B S  Health Sciences, and B A  Psychology  Graduate and post-baccalaureate programs include M A  Marriage and Family Therapy (MFT), M S  Communication Sciences & Disorders, a MMS Physician Assistant (set to open in 2015), a Doctor of Physical Therapy (PT) (accredited since 1928, making it one of the oldest such programs in the United States), and a Transitional Doctor of Physical Therapy 
The physical therapy, communication sciences & disorders, and physician assistant programs are housed on Chapman University's Harry and Diane Rinker Health Science Campus in Irvine, California 

Wilkinson College of Arts, Humanities, and Social Sciences
Wilkinson College of Arts, Humanities, and Social Sciences is the largest college at Chapman University and is composed of the departments of art, English, history, world languages and cultures, peace studies, philosophy, political science, religious studies, and sociology 

Dale E  Fowler School of Law
The Chapman University School of Law is located in Kennedy Hall  Law degrees offered include the Juris Doctor (J D ) and Master of Laws (LL M ) degrees in various specialties   In 2022, John Eastman retired as Dean after more than 160 faculty members signed a letter calling for the university to take action against him for concocted a baseless theory and made false claims of fraud in an attempt to overturn the 2020 election   Eastman is currently (June 2023) undergoing a hearing of disbarment in the State of California 

Dale E  and Sarah Ann Fowler School of Engineering
Since opening in fall 2019, the Chapman University school has grown to include undergraduate programs in computer science, data analytics, software engineering and game development programming  A minor in computer engineering is also available  The university launched a bachelor's degree program in computer engineering in fall 2020, electrical engineering in fall 2021, and a master's degree program in computer science in fall 2022  Further expansion targets programs in biomedical and environmental engineering 

College of Performing Arts
Chapman University's College of Performing Arts, founded in 2007, operates in divisions: the Hall-Musco Conservatory of Music, the Department of Dance, and the Department of Theatre  The Conservatory of Music offers a Bachelor of Music (B M ), the Dance Department offers a Bachelor of Fine Arts (B F A) and a Bachelor of Arts (B A ), and the Theatre Department offers the Bachelor of Arts (B A )  The Theatre Department also offer two Bachelor of Fine Arts (B F A ) programs—Theatre Performance and Screen Acting—taught in conjunction with the Dodge Film School 

Schmid College of Science and Technology
Chapman University's Schmid College of Science and Technology was founded in 2008 when science-related degree programs (then housed in the Wilkinson School of Humanities and Social Sciences) were migrated to the new college  In 2014, the Schmid College underwent a reorganization to create the Crean College of Health and Behavioral Sciences  In 2019, the undergraduate programs computer science, data analytics, software engineering, and game development programming transferred out of Schmid College to start the new Fowler School of Engineering 
In addition to its undergraduate and graduate programs, Schmid College is home to various centers for research  Among them are the Center of Excellence in Computation, Algebra and Topology (CECAT), the Center of Excellence in Complex and Hyper-complex Analysis (CECHA) and the Center of Excellence in Earth Systems Modeling and Observations (CEESMO)  Schmid College is also affiliated with the Institute for Quantum Studies, whose list of physicists, includes a 2013 Nobel Prize recipient and a 2010 Presidential Medal of Honor winner Schmid College of Science and Technology recently expanded and moved into the new 140,000 sq  ft  Keck Center for Science and engineering on Chapman's main campus in Orange, California  The research facility contains 45 research and teaching labs, 50 faculty offices, seven student-collaboration spaces, and an outdoor amphitheater  The aesthetic of the building was inspired by the work of American architect, Frank Lloyd Wright 

School of Pharmacy
The Chapman University School of Pharmacy (CUSP) is located at the Rinker Campus in Irvine  Pharmacy degrees include the Doctor of Pharmacy (Pharm D ), a Master of Science in Pharmaceutical Science (MSPS), and a Doctor of Philosophy (Ph D ) in Pharmaceutical Sciences  The Chapman School of Pharmacy also offers an accelerated five-year Doctor of Pharmacy program to qualified high school seniors 

School of Communication
The School of Communication is located on the university's main campus and housed within Doti Hall  The school currently consists of three undergraduate majors for students to choose from, including: BA in Communication Studies, BA in Strategic & Corporate Communication, and BA in Global Communication and World Languages (which allows students to study communication while also emphasizing in a particular language)  The school also offers some graduate programs, including an MS in Health and Strategic Communication as well as a PhD program 

Fowler School of Engineering
The Fowler School of Engineering is the newest school within Chapman University  Majors within the school include a BS in Computer Engineering, BS in Computer Science, BS in Data Science, BS in Electrical Engineering, and BS in Software Engineering  Several other minors, such as Game Development Programming, are also housed within the school as well as several graduate programs  The school is housed in Chapman's new Swenson Hall of Engineering, which comprises various lab and maker spaces 

Rankings and admissions
In U S  News & World Report's 2020 rankings of the best colleges in America, the university was moved from the master's-level universities in the Western region to the National Universities group, with a debut ranking of tied at 125th  The reclassification was due to Chapman's elevation to R2 status by Carnegie Classification of Institutions of Higher Education in recognition of its high research activity  U S  News uses the Carnegie Classifications for its categorization of universities 
For U S  News & World Report's 2021 rankings, Chapman University was ranked tied for 124th overall among national universities, tied for 39th among 73 national universities evaluated for "Best Undergraduate Teaching", tied for 68th out of 83 for "Most Innovative Schools", tied for 86th of 142 for "Best Colleges for Veterans", and tied at 224th of 389 schools for "Top Performers on Social Mobility"  The business school was ranked tied for 74th, and the law school tied for 111th, in the U S  for 2021For the Class of 2022 (enrolling fall 2018), Chapman received 14,198 applications, accepted 7,605 (53 6%), and enrolled 1,660  For the freshmen who enrolled, the average SAT score was 640 for reading and writing and 638 for math, while the average ACT composite score was 27 9  The average high school GPA was 3 75 (unweighted) on a 4 0 scale 

Holocaust education
The Barry and Phyllis Rodgers Center for Holocaust Education was founded by Marilyn Harran, Ph D , in February 2000  It sponsors an annual Holocaust remembrance writing competition and hosts a regular Distinguished lecture series The Sala and Aron Samueli Holocaust Memorial Library, funded by Henry Samueli, is located on the fourth floor of the university's Leatherby Libraries  On April 11, 2005, sixty years after he was liberated from the Buchenwald concentration camp, Elie Wiesel dedicated the Samueli Holocaust Memorial Library, and a large bust of Wiesel stands at the entrance to the facility 
The collection includes a first edition of The Diary of Anne Frank in Dutch 

Athletics
Chapman athletic teams are the Panthers  The university is a member of the Division III (non-scholarship) level of the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA), primarily competing in the Southern California Intercollegiate Athletic Conference (SCIAC) since the 2011–12 academic year; which they were a member on a previous stint from 1950–51 to 1951–52  The Panthers previously competed in the California Collegiate Athletic Association (CCAA) of the NCAA Division II ranks from to 1978–79 to 1992–93, and as an NCAA D-III Independent from 1993–94 to 2010–11 
Chapman competes in 21 intercollegiate varsity sports (10 men's and 11 women's): Men's sports include baseball, basketball, cross country, football, golf, soccer, swimming & diving, tennis, track & field and water polo; while women's sports include basketball, cross country, golf, lacrosse, soccer, softball, swimming & diving, tennis, track & field, volleyball and water polo 
Chapman University has won seven NCAA national titles  As a member of the NCAA Division II, the Panthers won one baseball title (1968) and three men's tennis titles (1985, 1987, 1988)  After moving to NCAA Division III, the Panthers won the 1995 Division III softball championship and later the 2003 and 2019 Division III baseball championships 

Accomplishments
The Chapman softball team appeared in one Women's College World Series in 1979 In 2011, the women's lacrosse team won the WCLL National Championships in Arizona  In 2016, the men's lacrosse team won the MCLA National Championship 
In the 2014, 2017, and 2019 seasons, the Chapman University Panther football team ended their season undefeated in their conference and won the SCIAC championship The 2019 men's baseball team defeated Birmingham-Southern College to become the DIII NCAA National Champions In 2022, the men's soccer team won their first SCIAC championship  
The football and basketball teams are broadcast by the Chapman Sports Broadcast Network (CSBN) to local Channel 6 in Orange and on Chapman's athletic website  CSBN is a student-run, student-produced independent sports network created by students at Chapman University's Dodge College of Film and Media arts 

Notable people
Current and former faculty
Yakir Aharonov – Professor, James J  Farley Professorship in Natural Philosophy; Wolf Prize and National Medal of Science recipient
Brian Alters – Professor and director, Evolution Education Research Center
Richard Bausch – Professor in Department of English
Andrew Carroll – Presidential Fellow in American War Letters; Founding Director of the Center for American War Letters
Martha Coolidge – Professor, Lawrence and Kristina Dodge College of Film and Media Arts; Emmy nominated film director; elected in 2001 as the first and only female president of the Directors Guild of America
George Csicsery – 2017–2019 Presidential Fellow
Grace Fong D M A  – director of Keyboard Studies at Conservatory of Music; winner of such honors as the 2006 Leeds International Piano Competition
Carolyn Forché – Presidential Fellow in Creative Writing; American poet
Kyle Harrison – Men's lacrosse assistant coach and professional lacrosse player
Hugh Hewitt – Professor, Dale E  Fowler School of Law; He served for six years in the Reagan Administration in a variety of posts including Assistant Counsel in the White House and Special Assistant to the Attorney General of the United States
Jack Horner – Presidential Fellow; technical adviser for all Jurassic Park movies and was Michael Crichton's basis for the Alan Grant character
Laurence Iannaccone – director, Institute for the Study of Religion, Economics, and Society; Professor of Economics
Cheryl Boone Isaacs – Lecturer, Lawrence and Kristina Dodge College of Film and Media Arts; serving third term as President of the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences by the organization's Board of Governors; inducted into the NAACP Hall of Fame in 2014
Bill Kroyer – Professor, Director, Digital Arts Program; one of the first animators to make the leap to computer animation as computer image choreographer on Disney's ground-breaking 1982 feature, Tron 
Tibor Machan (1939–2016) – held the R  C  Hoiles Chair of Business Ethics and Free Enterprise, Argyros School of Business & Economics
Peter McLaren – Distinguished Professor in Critical Studies, Attallah College of Educational Studies
Prexy Nesbitt – Presidential Fellow in Peace Studies
Dimitar Ouzounov - Research professor of geophysics at Institute for Earth, Computing, Human and Observing (Institute for ECHO) 
Michael Shermer – Presidential Fellow in General Education, author of numerous books and founder of The Skeptics Society
Rebecca Skloot – Presidential Fellow in Creative Science Writing
Mark Skousen – Professor, Mark Skousen, Ph D , editor of Forecasts & Strategies, is a nationally known investment expert, economist, university professor and author of more than 25 books  In 2018, he was awarded the Triple Crown in Economics for his work in economic theory, history and education, and has been identified as one of the 20 most influential living economists
Vernon L  Smith – Nobel Laureate in Economic Science (2002); founder of Economic Science Institute and Smith Institute for Political Economy and Philosophy
Joel Stern – chairman and chief executive officer of Stern Value Management, formerly Stern Stewart & Co, and the creator and developer of Economic Value Added "EVA"
Bart Wilson – Donald P  Kennedy Endowed Chair of Economics and Law in the Argyros School of Business & Economics

Alumni
Paul Anderson – member, Nevada State Assembly
Anastasia Baranova – Russian-American actress
Gustavo Arellano ('01) – former publisher and editor of OC Weekly and author of the column ¡Ask a Mexican!
George Argyros ('59) – business executive, former U S  Ambassador to Spain, former owner of Seattle Mariners of Major League Baseball
Emmett Ashford ('41) – first African American umpire in Major League Baseball
David E  Bonior (MA '72) – U S  Congressman from Michigan (1977–2003), House Minority Whip (1995–2002), House Majority Whip (1991–95)
Stephen "tWitch" Boss – DJ and dancer
Tiquette Bramlett - first black woman to lead a winery in the United States
Sabrina Bryan - dancer, choreographer, actress and singer  Member of The Cheetah Girls
Amy Sterling Casil - science fiction writer (and later writing instructor at Chapman)
Matt and Ross Duffer ('07) – co-creators of the television series Stranger Things
Hannah Einbinder – stand-up comedian and actor, known for Hacks
Bob Einstein – film and television actor
Tim Flannery ('79) – Major League Baseball player for 11 seasons, coach for San Francisco Giants
Colin Hanks (did not graduate, left in 1997) – film and television actor
Cooper Hefner ('15) – chief creative officer of Playboy Enterprises
Jelena Jensen ('03) – adult film actress, nude model, webcam model, radio personality
Ben York Jones ('06) – screenwriter and actor, co-creator of the television series Everything Sucks!
Leslie Jones (did not graduate, left in 1986) – comedian, former Saturday Night Live cast member
Randy Jones – former professional baseball player, San Diego Padres, New York Mets; 1976 Cy Young Award Winner
Tyler Patrick Jones - actor
Harshvardhan Kapoor – Bollywood actor
Wayne W  Lambert – Brig  Gen  (USAF) (Ret ) (MBA '76), commanded Strategic Air Command forces in Europe (7th Air Division) 1983–1986
Steve Lavin – former head coach of St  John's men's basketball team (2010–2015), former head coach of UCLA men's basketball team (1996–2002)
Chris Lee (MBA '97) – U S  Congressman (January 6, 2009 – February 9, 2011)
Paul Le Mat ('63) - Movie Actor
Jeff Levering ('03) – Milwaukee Brewers play-by-play announcer
Stephen Nelson ('11) - MLB/NHL Network television personality, co-host of Intentional Talk, and play-by-play announcer for the MLB Network-produced Friday Night Baseball on Apple TV+ 
Jeff Lewis ('93) – real estate speculator, interior designer, and television personality on Flipping Out
Kevin Kwan Loucks (EMBA '17) - CEO of Chamber Music America; co-founder of Chamber Music OC; member of classical music ensemble Trio Céleste
Kellan Lutz – fashion model and actor
Joanna Rosholm ('07) – press secretary to First Lady Michelle Obama
Jim Saia – college basketball head coach
Loretta Sanchez ('82) – Congresswoman, California's 46th Congressional District
Utkarsh Sharma – Indian actor
Jim Silva (MA) – member, California State Assembly
Justin Simien ('05) – filmmaker, actor, and author; director of Dear White People
Jodie Sweetin ('05) – actress, star of television series Full House and Fuller House
Jason Thornberry, writer
Carles Torrens (BFA 2008) – film director
Laura Yeager – U S  Army general, first woman to command an Army infantry division

Notes
Passage 6:
Tom Campbell (California politician)
Thomas John Campbell (born August 14, 1952) is an American academic, educator, and politician  He is a Professor of Law at the Dale E  Fowler School of Law, and a professor of economics at the George Argyros School of Business and Economics, at Chapman University, in Orange, California 
He was Dean of Chapman University School of Law from 2011–16, Director of Finance for the State of California from 2004 to 2005, a former five-term Republican United States Congressman from California's 12th and 15th districts, a former member of the California State Senate, a former professor at Stanford Law School, former dean of the Haas School of Business, and former professor of business administration at the University of California, Berkeley 
In 2000 he retired from his House seat to run for the U S  Senate but lost decisively to incumbent Dianne Feinstein  On June 8, 2010, he lost his third bid for the United States Senate, campaigning once again for the seat held by Democrat Barbara Boxer but losing the Republican nomination to Carly Fiorina 
Campbell is a member of the ReFormers Caucus of Issue One 

Early life
Born in Chicago, Campbell was the valedictorian of Chicago's St  Ignatius College Prep, Class of 1969  He went on to obtain his B A  and M A  degrees from the University of Chicago (1973), a J D  from Harvard Law School (1976) and then a subsequent Ph D  in economics from the University of Chicago (1980)  He served as a clerk to U S  Supreme Court Justice Byron White from 1977 to 1978 and, the year before that, for U S  Court of Appeals Judge George E  MacKinnon  His mentor was Milton Friedman  Tom Campbell's father was the late Hon  William Joseph Campbell, a former  Chief Judge of the United States District Court for the Northern District of Illinois  While Tom Campbell was raised in a Democratic family, he joined the Republican Party in 1980 Campbell was admitted to the Illinois bar in 1976 and went into private practice in Chicago  He was a White House Fellow in the offices of the Chief of Staff and Counsel (1980–1981)  He then served in the Reagan Administration as Director of the Bureau of Competition in the Federal Trade Commission from 1981-1983, the youngest person ever to serve in that position 

Law professor
Campbell became a law professor at Stanford Law School in 1983, receiving tenure as a full professor in 1987 

Congressional and State Senate career
Campbell ran for the Republican nomination in California's 12th Congressional District, which included his home in Campbell and the campus of Stanford University   The 12th had traditionally been a moderate Republican bastion, but had grown increasingly friendly to Democrats over the years  Campbell soundly defeated first-term incumbent Ernie Konnyu in the Republican primary and narrowly defeated his Democratic opponent, San Mateo County Supervisor Anna Eshoo  He served two terms before making an unsuccessful bid for the Republican nomination for the Senate seat being vacated by Alan Cranston  He lost the Republican primary to a considerably more conservative Republican, Bruce Herschensohn, who in turn was defeated by Democratic Congresswoman Barbara Boxer  His political career might have been in jeopardy in any case; his district had been renumbered as the 14th District and had been made considerably more Democratic than its predecessor  Eshoo won the seat and still holds it today; no Republican running in this district (now numbered as the 18th District) has won more than 39 percent of the vote since Campbell left office 
In 1993, California State Senator Becky Morgan stepped down mid-term, and Campbell won a special election to succeed her; the state Senate district overlapped significantly with his old congressional district  In the California state Senate, Campbell was Chairman of the Housing Committee, Vice Chairman of the Education Committee, and served on the Budget Committee  California Journal rated him the Best Problem Solver in the State Senate, the Most Ethical State Senator, and the overall Best State Senator 
In 1995, 15th District Democratic Congressman Norman Mineta, later the Secretary of Commerce under President Bill Clinton and Secretary of Transportation under George W  Bush, unexpectedly resigned  Campbell's home had been re-drawn into this San Jose-based district, and he ran in the special election  Mineta had held the seat since 1975, and it was widely considered a safe Democratic district   Despite the considerable disadvantage in voter registration and Democratic attempts to tie him to Speaker Newt Gingrich, Campbell won the December special election easily  He won a full term almost as easily in 1996 and was handily re-elected in 1998 
During both of his stints in Congress, Campbell was regarded as one of the most moderate House Republicans  Though conservative on fiscal matters, he is socially liberal, being pro-choice on abortion and in favor of gay rights  This was not surprising, as Bay Area Republicans tend to be more moderate on social and environmental matters than their counterparts in the rest of California  He has a decided libertarian streak, and remains popular with libertarian-leaning Republicans  As a fiscal conservative, he was the only Republican in the House to vote against the Taxpayer Relief Act of 1997 Campbell led a group of 17 bipartisan members of Congress who filed a lawsuit against President Clinton in 1999 over his conduct of the war in Kosovo  In the filing, they accused Clinton of not reporting to Congress within 48 hours on the status of the action as required by the 1973 War Powers Resolution and not first obtaining a declaration of war from Congress as required in the Constitution  Congress had voted 427 to 2 against a declaration of war with Yugoslavia and had voted to deny support for the air campaign  A federal judge dismissed the lawsuit, ruling that since Congress had voted for funding after the U S  was actively engaged in the war with Kosovo, legislators had sent a confusing message about whether they approved of the war  Campbell said afterwards that this was a sidestepping of the law, and lawmakers who disagree with a war should not be forced to cut off funding for troops who are in the midst of it in order to get a judge to order an end to it In 2000, Campbell won the Republican nomination to take on Democratic Senator Dianne Feinstein  Although he touted his service as a moderate Republican representing a strongly Democratic district, he was considered a decided underdog  Campbell was badly defeated, losing by over 19 points  He even lost his own district by almost 15 points  Democratic State Assemblyman Mike Honda, a Mineta protege, won Campbell's House seat by 12 points over Republican State Assemblyman Jim Cunneen, a former aide to Campbell  As of 2020, Campbell is the last elected Republican to have represented a significant portion of San Jose above the county level In 2008, Campbell wrote in Reason that he would be voting no on Proposition 8, the proposed ballot measure banning same-sex marriage in the state, per his Republican beliefs that "government should be limited  Government has no business making distinctions between people based on their personal lives " Proposition 8 eventually passed by a margin of 52-48% Campbell is a supporter of the National Popular Vote Interstate Compact 

Return to legal scholarship
In 2000, Campbell returned to Stanford   He remained there until his appointment at the Haas School of Business at UC Berkeley in 2002  In the intervening years, he began to assemble the material, out of his professional political experiences, for his book The Separation of Powers in Practice  with Stanford University Press As Dean of the Haas School, Campbell stressed the study of corporate social responsibility and business ethics amid an era of corporate scandals  A full-fledged Center for Responsible Business was established  In September 2004, Campbell was named by California Governor Arnold Schwarzenegger to his newly formed Council of Economic Advisors   From 2004 to 2005, Campbell took a leave of absence from his Berkeley post to serve as director of the California Department of Finance in the Schwarzenegger administration 
On August 27, 2007, Campbell announced that he would step down from his position at Haas in the summer of 2008 
In mid-2008, Campbell joined the Palo Alto office of Los Angeles-based Gibson, Dunn & Crutcher LLP  Campbell joined the Chapman School of Law for a 2-year visiting appointment which began January 2009, serving as the Fletcher Jones Distinguished Visiting Professor at Chapman University School of Law   In February 2011, Chapman announced that Campbell would be its new Dean   Campbell replaced interim Dean Scott Howe, who replaced Dean John C  Eastman, who stepped down to seek the 2010 Republican nomination for Attorney General of California (Campbell had filed paperwork to seek the 2010 Republican nomination for Governor of California the day after stepping down as Dean of Haas before going on to seek the 2010 Republican nomination for U S  Senator from California; neither Eastman and Campbell won the Republican nomination in their respective races) 

Return to politics
In July 2008, Tom Campbell filed the necessary paperwork in order to establish a committee with the intent to raise funds for a prospective race for the Republican nomination to be Governor of California in 2010 On January 13, 2010, the Wall Street Journal reported that Campbell would run for the United States Senate, instead of for Governor of California 
Campbell's Web Site confirmed it  In the primary on June 8, Campbell finished a distant second to former Hewlett-Packard CEO Carly Fiorina, in a race that also included State Assemblyman Chuck DeVore   The primary election received national attention, in part due to a campaign ad released by Carly Fiorina, depicting Campbell as a "Demon Sheep "

2016 U S  presidential election
In August 2016, Campbell published an op-ed in The Mercury News calling on the Republican National Committee to replace Donald Trump as the nominee for President, and saying Campbell would withdraw from the Republican Party if that did not happen  Campbell wrote:

On Aug  9, Trump said, "If she gets to pick her judges, nothing you can do, folks      Although the Second Amendment people -- maybe there is, I don't know " Trump's campaign explained this meant Second Amendment supporters would defeat Clinton at the ballot box  That, however, is not a logical interpretation of the remark  The context was what can be done if Clinton becomes president; not what can be done to stop her from becoming president  As such, this is a statement of great recklessness, made all the more so by our present environment of violence used to advance extremism 
Trump's words were similar to other calls he has made to ignore the rule of law  He has proposed ordering members of the U S  military to violate American law regarding torture, assuring us that his orders, rather than the law, would be obeyed  He has encouraged physical violence by individuals against protesters at his rallies, assuring anyone doing so that he would cover their legal costs  He has threatened to use the antitrust laws against a company and an individual because the newspaper that individual owns has criticized him 
Campbell also said he could not support the Democratic nominee, Hillary Clinton, either, due to her involvement in the email controversy  Campbell officially changed his registration to independent shortly thereafter In 2016, Campbell wrote a column for the Orange County Register, which, while not endorsing Gary Johnson for president, suggested libertarian-leaning Republicans should consider him  Campbell was later one of 30 former Republican members of Congress who wrote an open letter denouncing Trump's candidacy  Campbell was also included on a list of potential Supreme Court nominees issued by Libertarian Party nominee Gary Johnson  Campbell was speculated to be a possible candidate for the Libertarian nomination in 2020, but instead he endorsed former Judge Jim Gray for the nomination  Campbell proceeded to co-found the centrist Common Sense Party due to what he perceived as a want for such a party among California residents 

Personal life
Campbell married Susanne Martin in 1978 

Awards
2016 Anti-Defamation League Orange County/Long Beach Marcus Kaufman Jurisprudence Award
1998 University of Chicago Alumni Professional Achievement Award

Books
Separation of Powers in Practice (2004) ISBN 0-8047-5027-0

See also
List of law clerks of the Supreme Court of the United States (Seat 6)
Passage 7:
Journal of Behavioral Finance
The Journal of Behavioral Finance is a quarterly peer-reviewed academic journal that covers research related to the field of behavioral finance  It was established in 2000 as The Journal of Psychology and Financial Markets  The founding Board of Editors were Brian Bruce, David Dreman, Paul Slovic, Nobel Laureate Vernon Smith and Arnold Wood  The editor-in-chief was Gunduz Caginalp (2000-2005), Brian Bruce (Hillcrest Asset Management) is the current editor  Taylor and Francis is the journal's publisher (2023) 

Abstracting and indexing
The journal is abstracted and indexed in:

According to the Journal Citation Reports, the journal  has a 2022 impact factor of 1 8  In a 2010 ranking it was 71st out of 76 journals in the category "Business, Finance", and 256th out of 305 journals in the category "Economics"  The Journal is ranked number 30 out of 80 established finance program journals, as per the Author Affiliation Index methodology, which is an affiliation based network approach to journal rankings  The rankings are published in the Journal of Corporate Finance   It has a 7% acceptance rate  The Australian Business School Deans list it as a selective A ranked journal 

See also
Prospect theory
Technical analysis
Passage 8:
Chapman University School of Law
Chapman University's Dale E  Fowler School of Law, commonly referred to as Chapman University School of Law or Fowler School of Law, is a private, non-profit law school located in Orange, California  The school offers the Juris Doctor degree (JD), combined programs offering a JD/MBA and JD/MFA in Film & Television Producing  The school also offers emphasis options in Business Law, Criminal Law, Entertainment Law, Environmental Law, Entrepreneurial Law, International Law, Trial Advocacy, and Taxation  Currently, the school has 74 full- and part-time faculty members and a law library with holdings in excess of 290,000 volumes and volume equivalents 

Accreditation history
Established in 1995 as part of Chapman University, Chapman Law gained provisional accreditation from the American Bar Association (ABA) in 1998 and received full ABA accreditation in 2002  In addition to its ABA membership, the Association of American Law Schools admitted Chapman Law as one of its members in 2006  In 2019, the ABA again fully accredited the school until 2027, the standard seven-year accreditation term 

Rankings
Chapman University School of Law is currently ranked 118th by the U S  News & World Report's annual law school rankings, and 43rd in part-time law schools 

Bar passage rate
For July, 2021, the first-time bar passage rate for Chapman School of Law was 79%  The overall first-time pass rate for ABA-accredited California law schools was 81% 

Costs and average student indebtedness
The cost of tuition for full-time JD students at Chapman for the 2021–2022 academic year was $57,873, which does not include living expenses and fees; and for part-time students was: $46,183   Accordingly, of 2022 graduates, 74% incurred debt to attend Chapman, with an average indebtedness of $150,534 

Post-graduation employment
According to Chapman's official 2021 ABA-required disclosures, 89% of the Class of 2021 obtained bar passage required employment 10 months or less after graduation, 11% were employed in JD advantage jobs where bar passage was a desired qualification, but not required, and 12% reported they were unemployed 

Scholarships
Chapman, like some other law schools, uses merit based scholarships in order to entice competitive students who might otherwise pass over the school for higher ranked competitors and to enhance its own ranking 

Dean
Paul D  Paton was named dean of Chapman University's Dale E  Fowler School of Law and the Donald P  Kennedy Chair in Law in March, 2023  He assumes the role from interim Dean Marisa Cianciarulo who served as interim-dean from December 1, 2021 through June 30, 2023  Prior deans include Matthew J  Parlow who served as dean from July 1, 2016 to December 1, 2021 who, in turn, succeeded Tom Campbell, dean of Fowler School of Law from 2011-2016   From 2007-2010, John Eastman was the dean 

Notable faculty
Tom Campbell, Member of the United States Congress, 1989–1993 and 1995–2001, member of the California State Senate 1993–1995, and director of the California Department of Finance from 2004–2005 
John C  Eastman, who represented Donald Trump in disputes over the 2020 US presidential election   On January 13, 2021, Eastman retired from the Chapman University faculty after he had created controversy by speaking at a Trump rally that preceded the violent storming of the United States Capitol 
Hugh Hewitt, radio host and co-panelist in several of the 2016 presidential debates 
Celestine McConville, Constitutional law and death penalty scholar
Vernon L  Smith, co-winner of the Nobel Prize in economics

Law journals
Chapman's Fowler School of Law publishes the Chapman Law Review, a student-run scholarly journal  In addition to publishing the scholarly journal, the Chapman Law Review hosts a symposium at the start of the spring semester each year 
Passage 9:
Center for American War Letters
The Center for American War Letters is a center established in 2013 after historian Andrew Carroll donated more than 100,000 war letters to Chapman University 

Background
The Center for American War Letters (CAWL) is housed in the Leatherby Libraries building at Chapman University in Orange, California   Every American conflict is represented in the collections at CAWL, including more than 40 linear feet of correspondence from World War II  Scholars and the public can visit the Center and browse its holdings by visiting the Center during business hours  There are also regular exhibits at CAWL featuring the letters and other war ephemera 

Collection
Notable holdings include a letter by a soldier writing on stationery discovered in Adolf Hitler's office and a Civil War letter from General William T  Sherman  The National Endowment for the Humanities (NEH) recently awarded a Foundations-level grant for the digitization of the letters held in this archive, so they may be available to researchers online   This award was made through the Standing Together Initiative sponsored by the NEH  Some parts of the holdings are already available in the Online Archive of California and in Chapman University's Digital Commons repository 

Published works based on collection
War letters: extraordinary correspondence from American wars  New York: Scribner  2001  OCLC 46402061 
Behind the lines: powerful and revealing American and foreign war letters--and one man's search to find them  New York: Scribner  2005  ISBN 0-7432-5616-6  OCLC 58648073 
Operation homecoming: Iraq, Afghanistan, and the Home Front, in the words of U S  troops and their families  New York: Random House  2006  OCLC 70114649 
My Fellow Soldiers: General John Pershing and the Americans Who Helped Win the Great War  Penguin Press  2017  ISBN 978-1594206481 



ground_truth: Vernon Smith