prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: Are both Frank Lloyd and Olivier Assayas American film directors?

The following are given passages.
Context 1: Passage 1:
Frank Lloyd
Frank William George Lloyd (2 February 1886 – 10 August 1960) was a British-born American film director, actor, scriptwriter, and producer  He was among the founders of the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences, and was its president from 1934 to 1935 
He is Scotland's first Academy Award winner and is unique in film history, having received three Oscar nominations in 1929 for his work on a silent film (The Divine Lady), a part-talkie (Weary River) and a full talkie (Drag)  He won for The Divine Lady  He was nominated and won again in 1933 for his adaptation of Noël Coward's Cavalcade and received a further Best Director nomination in 1935 for perhaps his most successful film, Mutiny on the Bounty  Lloyd is credited with being a founder of the Academy of Motion Picture Arts & Sciences 
In 1957, he was awarded the George Eastman Award, given by George Eastman House for distinguished contribution to the art of film On 8 February 1960, Lloyd received a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame for his contributions to the motion pictures industry, at 6667 Hollywood Boulevard 

Early life and career
Lloyd was born in Cambuslang, on the outskirts of Glasgow, the youngest of seven children  His mother Jane was Scottish and his father Edmund was Welsh, a mechanical engineer  The family travelled the country until his father was injured and gave up engineering  They settled in Shepherd's Bush, London, where the family ran a pub  Lloyd worked in a shoe shop, sang in choral groups and joined a vaudeville group 
In 1909 he emigrated to Canada where he worked on a ranch in Alberta for a year  He also erected poles and writes for a telephone company, then joined a travelling show as an actor and singer  The show wound up in Los Angeles in 1913 and Lloyd decided to stay there and act in Hollywood films 

Film director
Paramount
He began directing shorts for Paramount and moved to longer running films: The Gentleman from Indiana (1915), Jane (1915), The Reform Candidate (1916), The Tongues of Men (1916), The Call of the Cumberlands (1916), Madame la Presidente (1916) with Anna Held, The Code of Marcia Gray (1916), David Garrick (1916 film) (1916), The Making of Maddalena (1916), An International Marriage (1916), and The Stronger Love (1916)  The Intrigue (1916) was produced through Pallas Films and released through Paramount   Lloyd's biographer argued his early films "are not 'masterpieces,' but they are on a par with films from other secondary directors of the period  In other words, they are not comparable to those directed by D W  Griffith, but are as good as those directed by Allan Dwan "

Fox
Lloyd directed Sins of Her Parent (1916) at Fox, and The World and the Woman (1916) with Jeanne Eagles for Tranhouser  Back at Fox he did The Kingdom of Love (1917), and a series of films starring William Farnum" The Price of Silence (1917), A Tale of Two Cities (1917) from the novel by Charles Dickens, American Methods (1917), When a Man Sees Red (1917), Les Misérables (1917), The Heart of a Lion (1917), True Blue (1918), Riders of the Purple Sage (1918) from the novel by Zane Grey and its sequel The Rainbow Trail (1918), For Freedom (1918), and The Man Hunter (1919)  Without Farnum, Lloyd directed The Blindness of Divorce (1918) 

Goldwyn
At Goldwyn he made Pitfalls of a Big City (1919),The World and Its Woman (1919), The Loves of Letty (1919), The Woman in Room 13 (1920), The Silver Horde (1920 film) (1920), Madame X  (1920) with Pauline Frederick, The Great Lover (1920), A Tale of Two Worlds (1921), Roads of Destiny (1921) with Frederick, A Voice in the Dark (1921), The Invisible Power (1921), The Grim Comedian (1921), and The Man from Lost River (1921) plus The Sin Flood (1922) with Richard Dix 

First National
Lloyd directed some films for First National with Norma Talmadge: The Eternal Flame (1921), The Voice from the Minaret (1922), Within the Law (1923) and Ashes of Vengeance (1923) 
Also for that studio was Oliver Twist (1922) with Lon Chaney and Jackie Coogan, and Black Oxen (1924) 
He had his own company at First National, Frank Lloyd Productions  They made The Sea Hawk (1924), a swashbuckler with Milton Sills, then The Silent Watcher (1924), Her Husband's Secret (1925), Winds of Chance (1925), The Splendid Road (1926), and The Wise Guy (1926) 

Paramount
At Paramount Lloyd made The Eagle of the Sea (1926), Children of Divorce (1927 film) (1927), Adoration (1928) with Billie Dove, The Divine Lady (1929) with Corinne Griffith, and Dark Streets (1929)  Lloyd won the Academy Award for Best director for The Divine Lady 
There were several films starring Richard Barthemless: Weary River (1929), Drag (1929), Young Nowheres (1930), Son of the Gods (1930), and The Lash (1930)  He was Oscar nominated for Best Director for Drag and Weary River 
There was also The Way of All Men (1930), a remake of Lloyds' own The Sin Flood, The Right of Way (1931), and East Lynne (1931) For Howard Hughes, Lloyd did The Age for Love (1931)  Back at Fox he made A Passport to Hell (1932) then Cavalcade (1933), which won Lloyd the Oscar for Best Director 
Lloyd then made what was his favourite film, Berkeley Square (1933), starring Leslie Howard, followed by Hoop-La (1933) the final film of Clara Bow and Servants' Entrance (1934) with Janet Gaynor 

Mutiny on the Bounty and later career
Lloyd had a huge hit with Mutiny on the Bounty (1935) at MGM which earned him another Oscar nomination for Best Director  
He followed it with Under Two Flags (1936) at Fox, a French Foreign Legion tale with Ronald Colman 

Paramount
At Paramount Lloyd made more historical films: Maid of Salem (1937) with Claudette Colbert, Wells Fargo (1937) with Joel McCrea, If I Were King (1938) with Colman and Rulers of the Sea (1938) with Douglas Fairbanks Jnr, which was a commercial disappointment 

Universal
Lloyd made The Howards of Virginia (1940) at Columbia with Cary Grant  At Universal he set up his own company  He directed This Woman Is Mine (1941), and The Lady from Cheyenne (1941), and his company produced Saboteur (1942) from Alfred Hitchcock, The Spoilers (1942) with John Wayne and Randolph Scott, and Invisible Agent (1942) 
He was one of several directors on RKO's Forever and a Day (1943)  Lloyd had a big hit with James Cagney's Blood on the Sun (1945)  He was Oscar nominated for Best Director of a Documentary with The Last Bomb  (1945)  Lloyf also served in the air force  He retired from filmmaking in 1946, intending to live on a ranch 

Final films
Lloyd's wife died in 1952 and he came out of retirement to make two films at Republic, The Shanghai Story (1954) and The Last Command (1955) a film about Jim Bowie  When he remarried in 1955 he retired again 

Personal life
Frank Lloyd was married to actress Alma Haller from 11 July 1913, until her death on 16 March 1952  By 1955, Lloyd married Virginia Kellogg, and remained married until Lloyd's death on 10 August 1960 at age 74  Lloyd was buried at Forest Lawn Memorial Park in Glendale, California 

Reputation
Frank Lloyd does not have a significant reputation  His biographer puts this down partly to the dismissal of Lloyd's work by Andrew Sarris (who compared the director unfavorably with Cecil B  de Mille) and "because he was what is best described as a studio director  His style is as much the style of the studio as it is his own  He did not make waves; he did not overly publicize and promote himself  What he did was for the good of the studio – not for his own ego "

Selected filmography
Passage 2:
Zeitgeist Films
Zeitgeist Films is a New York-based distribution company founded in 1988 which acquires and distributes films from the U S  and around the world  In 2017, Zeitgeist entered into a multi-year strategic alliance with film distributor Kino Lorber 
Zeitgeist has distributed early films by directors such as Todd Haynes, Christopher Nolan, Francois Ozon, Laura Poitras, Atom Egoyan, and the Quay Brothers  Their catalog also includes filmmakers such as Marguerite von Trotta, Ken Loach, Guy Maddin, Derek Jarman, Nuri Bilge Ceylan, Peter Greenaway, Yvonne Rainer, Andrei Zyvagintsev, Astra Taylor, and Raoul Peck  Previous Zeitgeist Films releases in association with Kino Lorber include Ken Loach's Sorry We Missed You, Ric Burns’ Oliver Sacks: His Own Life, and M C  Escher: Journey to Infinity 
Zeitgeist films have been nominated for Academy Awards several times  Nowhere in Africa (2001), won the Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film  Their films have been featured in various film festivals including Cannes, Berlin, Sundance, Tribeca, and IDFA in Amsterdam  The Museum of Modern Art honored Zeitgeist with a month-long, 20th anniversary retrospective of their films in 2008  Founders Russo and Gerstman received a Lifetime Achievement Award from the Art House Convergence in 2020 

Upcoming films
Selected films
Awards
Trouble the Water – 2008 Academy Award Nominee for Best Documentary Feature
Tulpan – Kazakhstan's 2009 Academy Award submission for Best Foreign Language Film
Three Monkeys – Turkey's 2009 Academy Award submission for Best Foreign Language Film
Into Great Silence – 2006 Sundance Special Jury Prize
Nowhere in Africa – 2002 Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film
Sophie Scholl – The Final Days – 2005 Academy Award nominee for Best Foreign Language Film
Taste of Cherry – 1997 Palme d'Or at the Cannes Film Festival
Poison – 1991 Sundance Grand Jury Prize winner
The Umbrellas of Cherbourg (1996 re-release) – Academy Award nominee, Palme d'Or winner (1964)
Passage 3:
Graduation (2016 film)
Graduation (Romanian: Bacalaureat) is a 2016 Romanian-language tragedy film produced, written, and directed by Cristian Mungiu and starring Adrian Titieni and Maria-Victoria Dragus  Set in Transylvania, the film focuses on a doctor's quest to fix his daughter's exam results by underhanded means 

Plot
Romeo is a middle-aged doctor employed at a local hospital in the Romanian region of Transylvania  He lives with his wife, Magda, and their 18-year-old daughter, Eliza, who has got a scholarship to Cambridge University  She is preparing to sit her final exams and needs to maintain a grade of at least 90% to take up her scholarship  Romeo is a doting father and drives Eliza to school regularly  
Romeo's girlfriend, Sandra, is a teacher at Eliza's school  One day while visiting Sandra he receives a message: Eliza has been assaulted near her school  She has a sprained wrist and is emotionally shaken up but is not seriously injured  She reveals that the assailant tried to rape her but did not succeed  
The next day Eliza must sit for her first examination  The headmaster tries to exclude her because she is wearing a cast on her wrist - notes can be hidden in a cast  Sandra intervenes and the headmaster backs down  The cast slows her writing and time runs out before she is finished - she will need nearly perfect results on the remaining exams to claim her scholarship  
At the police station the chief inspector suggests to Romeo that Eliza's exam results can be fixed in exchange for expediting a liver transplant for a corrupt official, a Mr  Bulai  
That evening Romeo discusses the plan with Magda and she immediately rejects it - she fears the corruption in Romania will affect Eliza's fresh start at Cambridge  Romeo argues that the exams are a mere formality, otherwise meaningless  She is unmoved  Romeo presents the plan to Eliza and implores her to accept a little help now to ensure a brighter future  She listens to him but doesn't make any committed responses, and Romeo tells her to do what she thinks is best before he leaves to let her rest 
The next day Romeo goes to the police station to see the CCTV from Eliza's attack  As he waits at the school for Eliza to complete her second exam, he speaks to her boyfriend, Marius  Romeo listens to what Marius has to say about what happened on the morning of the attack and is put off by Marius' aloofness of the whole incident  Because he was late, Eliza was left on her own  He also assumed Eliza went off to class and did not seek her out  Eliza and Marius go off together on his motorbike 
Eliza comes to fetch Romeo from Sandra's place after Romeo's mother collapses  No longer able to ignore the affair, Eliza threatens to skip her exams if he doesn't tell Magda about it immediately  She wonders aloud whether her other grades were also "fixed"  At home that evening Magda and Romeo talk  Magda already knew about Sandra and will try to get Eliza to take her last exam, but she also asks Romeo to move out 
The next day Romeo arrives for work at the hospital and is confronted by a pair of prosecutors  They want to interview Romeo's patient, Mr  Bulai, about corruption allegations against him  Romeo resists because Bulai is waiting for an operation and is quite unwell  The prosecutors caution Romeo they are aware of the quid-pro-quo arrangement for his daughter's exams - both he and Eliza could be facing charges   
Romeo visits the chief inspector again, who assures him that his daughter's assailant will soon be identified in a police line-up  Later that day he sees Marius and invites him to view the lineup, as he believes he saw Marius witness the attack on the CCTV footage  Marius refuses, saying he did not witness the attack, that it is not him in CCTV picture  Romeo accuses him of cowardice for not intervening, and for only calling the cops much later after witnessing the assault  Romeo orders Marius to stay away from Eliza, and Marius pushes him to the ground and leaves  Romeo visits the headmaster at home to warn him the prosecutors know of the plan  The headmaster tells him that he couldn't find Eliza's paper, and that he shouldn't come to his house again 
That evening at the police station Eliza fails to identify her attacker from a line-up  Later, Romeo is on a bus and sees one of the men from the line-up outside  He leaves the bus and follows him, but gets lost in a bad area  He ends up at Sandra's place and agrees to babysit her son the next morning 
The next day Mr  Bulai has died of a heart attack  The prosecutors are waiting and assure Romeo that the investigation into Mr  Bulai's crimes will continue  Romeo asks the prosecutors to come next Monday and he will co-operate with them for any of their questions  Romeo gets Sandra's son Matei into a speech therapy program  Romeo sees Eliza at her graduation and she tells him that she may not go to England  Romeo responds that it would be a shame but it's her decision  Eliza then says that the teachers gave her extra time to complete her exam, so she did not need to follow Romeo's plan for fixing her paper  She asks Romeo to take a photo of her with her graduating class 

Cast
Adrian Titieni - Romeo Aldea, a 49 year old physician living in a Transylvanian town with his daughter
Maria Drăguș - Eliza Aldea, an 18-year-old high school student planning to study psychology abroad in the United Kingdom after graduating
Lia Bugnar - Magda
Mălina Manovici - Sandra
Vlad Ivanov - Chief Inspector
Gelu Colceag - Exam committee president
Rareș Andrici - Marius

Production
According to Cristian Mungiu, the film was inspired by his own life at the time, while he was focusing on being a father  The film was produced through the director's company Mobra Films and co-produced with Why Not Productions, Wild Bunch, Les Films du Fleuve, France 3 Cinéma and Mandragora Movies  It received 1 91 million leu from the National Film Center  It was shot in the town Victoria from 11 June to 24 July 2015 

Release
Critical reception
On Rotten Tomatoes, Graduation has a rating of 95%, based on 138 critics, with an average rating of 8 2/10  The website's critical consensus reads, "Graduation marks yet another well-written and powerfully acted look at morality and societal decay from writer-director Cristian Mungiu " On Metacritic, Graduation holds a score of 84/100, based on 30 critics, indicating "universal acclaim" Peter Bradshaw of The Guardian lauded it as an "intricate, deeply intelligent film" 

Accolades
Graduation was selected to compete for the Palme d'Or at the 2016 Cannes Film Festival  At Cannes, Mungiu shared the Best Director Award with Olivier Assayas for his film Personal Shopper  At the 8th Magritte Awards, it received a nomination in the category of Best Foreign Film in Coproduction 
Passage 4:
Olivier Assayas
Olivier Assayas (born 25 January 1955) is a French film director, screenwriter and film critic  Assayas is known for his slow-burning period pieces, psychological thrillers, neo-noirs and French comedies  He has frequently collaborated with Juliette Binoche and Kristen Stewart  The son of filmmaker Jacques Rémy, Assayas began his career as a critic for Cahiers du Cinéma  There he wrote about world cinema and its film auteurs, who later influenced his work  Assayas made several shorts, and then made the leap from writer to screenwriter 
He made his directorial film debut with Disorder in 1986  He continued directing films, with Cold Water (1994) a breakthrough film in his career  It was his first film to screen at the Cannes Film Festival in the Un Certain Regard section  His followup film, Irma Vep (1996), also screened at Cannes, while Sentimental Destinies (2000), Demonlover (2002), and Clean (2004) all officially competed for the Palme d'Or  In 2006, he contributed a short film to the anthology film Paris, je t'aime (2006)  He gained acclaim with his dramas Summer Hours (2008), Clouds of Sils Maria (2014) and Personal Shopper (2016); the latter won him the Cannes Film Festival Award for Best Director  He also directed the comedy Non-Fiction (2018) and the spy thriller Wasp Network (2019) 

Life and career
Assayas was born in Paris, France, the son of French director/screenwriter Raymond Assayas, alias Jacques Rémy (1911–1981)  His father was of Turkish-Jewish origin and had settled in Italy, while his mother, Catherine de Károlyi, was a fashion designer of Protestant Hungarian origin  Assayas started his career in the industry by helping his father  He ghostwrote episodes for TV shows his father was working on when his health failed  In a 2010 interview, Assayas said his main political influences when growing up were Guy Debord and George Orwell  Of the 1968 May uprising to overthrow Charles de Gaulle, Assayas said: "I was defined by the politics of May '68, but for me May '68 was an anti-totalitarian uprising  People seemed to forget that at the occupied Odéon theater, you had crossed flags-black and red, and I was on the side of the black element "Assayas's biggest hit to date is Irma Vep, starring Maggie Cheung, a tribute both to French director Louis Feuillade and to Hong Kong cinema 
While working at Cahiers du cinéma, Assayas wrote lovingly about European film directors he admires but also about Asian directors  One of his films, HHH: A Portrait of Hou Hsiao-hsien, is a documentary about Taiwanese filmmaker Hou Hsiao-hsien 
Assayas married Cheung in 1998  They divorced in 2001, but their relationship remained amicable, and in 2004 Assayas made his film Clean with her 
He met actress-director Mia Hansen-Løve when Hansen-Løve, 17 at the time, starred in Assayas's 1998 feature Late August, Early September, but they "didn't get together until [she] was 20"  They separated in 2017 
In 2009 and 2010, Assayas signed two petitions in support of director Roman Polanski, who had been detained while traveling to a film festival in relation to his 1977 sexual abuse charges, which the first petition argued would undermine the tradition of film festivals as a place for works to be shown "freely and safely", and that arresting filmmakers traveling to neutral countries could open the door "for actions of which no-one can know the effects" Assayas directed and co-wrote the 2010 French television miniseries Carlos, about the life of the terrorist Ilich Ramírez Sánchez  Venezuelan actor Édgar Ramírez won the César Award for Most Promising Actor in 2011 for his performance as Carlos 
In April 2011, it was announced that Assayas would be a member of the jury for the main competition at the 2011 Cannes Film Festival Assayas's 2012 film Something in the Air was selected to compete for the Golden Lion at the 69th Venice International Film Festival  Assayas won the Osella for Best Screenplay at Venice  His 2014 film Clouds of Sils Maria was selected to compete for the Palme d'Or in the main competition section at the 2014 Cannes Film Festival  Sils Maria won the Louis Delluc Prize and garnered six César Award nominations, including Best Film, Best Director, and Best Original Screenplay  The film won a César Award for Best Supporting Actress for Kristen Stewart  In 2016, Assayas won Best Director Award (Cannes Film Festival) for Personal Shopper, which also starred Stewart In June 2017, it was announced that Assayas would preside over the 2017 Locarno Film Festival 

Style and influences
In an interview with Nick Pinkerton of Reverse Shot, Assayas talked about his influences:That radicality in cinema involved just being outside of the world of modern images, and the key to it was the work of Robert Bresson, who has been by far the most important influence in my work, and intellectually it's been the influence of Guy Debord—basically, you know, it's been Debord-Bresson, Bresson-Debord, the things that've always defined my framework, the way I look at the world 
Assayas participated in the 2012 Sight & Sound directors' poll, listing his ten favorite films as follows: 2001: A Space Odyssey, The Gospel According to St  Matthew, Ludwig, A Man Escaped, Mirror, Napoléon, Playtime, The Rules of the Game, The Tree of Life, and Van Gogh 

Filmography
Film
As a writer only

Passage secret (1985)
Rendez-vous (1985)
L'Unique (1986)
Scene of the Crime (1986)
Avril brisé (1987)
Filha da Mãe (1990)
Alice and Martin (1998)
Based on a True Story (2017) - Co-written with Roman Polanski

Television
Short films
Awards and nominations
Passage 5:
Jorge Arriagada
Jorge Arriagada (born 1943) is a Chilean film composer  He is perhaps best known for his long-term collaboration with director Raúl Ruiz  He has also worked with directors Patricio Guzman, Barbet Schroeder and Olivier Assayas 

Biography
Jorge Arriagada was born on August 20, 1943, in Santiago  He studied composition and orchestral conduction at the National Conservatory of Music in Santiago  He then obtained a scholarship from the French government that enabled him to study expressionism with Max Deutsch, who was Austrian composer Arnold Schoenberg's friend and student  He also studied composition with Olivier Messiaen and orchestral conduction with Pierre Boulez  In 1972, the Guggenheim Foundation in New York awarded him a fellowship for his contribution in the field of electronic music 
Arriagada has been living in France since 1966, working with experienced as well as promising directors while composing the scores of 44 of Raúl Ruiz's films  Over the years he has explored many different genres, including classical, contemporary and folk music as well as jazz 
He has been a jury in several film festivals, including San Sebastian, São Paulo, Valencia, among others 
Sacem Grand Prize for Music for the Image 2020 

Filmography
Discography
Three original soundtracks composed by Arriagada can be found on the CD compilation Les Musiques de Jorge Arriagada pour les films de Philippe Le Guay, released by Canadian label Disques Cinémusique, in 2013 : Alceste à Bicyclette, Les Femmes du 6e étage et Les Deux Fragonard  French and English liner notes  More information here 
The same label also released the same year Arriagada's complete original soundtrack from Les Lignes de Wellington  More information here 

External links
Jorge Arriagada at IMDb
Passage 6:
Irma Vep
Irma Vep is a 1996 French comedy-drama film written and directed by Olivier Assayas  Hong Kong actress Maggie Cheung plays a fictionalised version of herself, as disasters result when an unstable French film director (played by Jean-Pierre Léaud) attempts to remake Louis Feuillade's classic silent film serial Les Vampires (1915–16)  (Irma Vep is an anagram for the word "vampire" ) Taking place largely through the eyes of a foreigner (Cheung), it is also a meditation on the state of the French film industry 
Irma Vep was screened in the Un Certain Regard section at the 1996 Cannes Film Festival  It was released in France on 13 November 1996  
In 2022, the film was reimagined as a miniseries for HBO, created by Assayas 

Plot
The plot mirrors the disorientation felt by director René Vidal during a troubled production of a film-within-a-film  Maggie Cheung has been cast to play the film's heroine, Irma Vep, a burglar and a spy, who dresses in a tight, black, latex rubber catsuit  Irma Vep, it is explained, is an anagram for vampire, but she is not a literal vampire  Rather, she is the inspiration for a criminal gang named The Vampires, as in Feuillade's original serial 
René, the cast and crew view the film's dailies and he angrily declares the footage terrible and soulless  After he storms out, everyone else quickly departs the facility, leaving Maggie stranded  She accepts an invitation from the costume designer, Zoé, to a group dinner with other crew members  There, Zoé confides to another woman that she is romantically interested in Maggie, which the woman then tells Maggie, embarrassing her 
After the dinner with the other crew members, Maggie visits René at a hotel in the aftermath of a violent episode with his wife  René admits that he had mainly wanted to make the film because he desired to see her in it  Later that evening, Maggie, apparently possessed by her character, dons the catsuit and steals jewelry from a hotel suite while a nude woman argues on the phone with her boyfriend  She then throws away the jewelry 
The next morning, Zoé picks an exhausted Maggie up from her hotel room  René is a no-show on the set, and the crew attempt to film without him  At the end of the day, imperious film director José Mirano meets Maggie's costar Laure at a bar and tells her René has had a breakdown and that he has been hired to complete the film  He firmly contends that a Chinese actress should not be playing Irma Vep, who he sees as an icon within French culture  José tells her he intends to replace Maggie with Laure 
Zoé and Maggie take a taxi to a rave, but Maggie declines to go at the last minute and departs in the taxi  Zoé, looking disappointed, walks through the crowd at the rave 
José and the cast and crew gather at the screening facility to view the rushes that René has personally edited  Maggie is not there, however, and it is said that she has left for America to work on a film with Ridley Scott  The film ends with the rushes, which have been cut into a hallucinatory montage with numerous scratches and other modifications being done to the film itself  The future of the production is not revealed 

Cast
Allusions to French film history
The film refers to iconic figures in French film history: Louis Feuillade, Musidora, Arletty, François Truffaut, the Groupe SLON, Alain Delon, and Catherine Deneuve  Thematically, the film questions the place of French cinema today  According to Chris Darke, it is not a "mourning for cinema with the romantic nostalgia" but "more like the Mexican Day of the Dead: remembrance as an act of celebration"  Furthermore, Dale Hudson of Screen wrote, "It is less a film about re-presenting the past, than it is a film about addressing the present, specifically the place of France within the global economy "

Production
The idea for the film was born out of an attempted collaboration among Assayas, Claire Denis, and Atom Egoyan, who wanted to experiment with the situation of a foreigner in Paris  In the 1915 original serial, written and directed by Louis Feuillade, Irma Vep was played by French silent film actress Musidora (1889–1957)  Much of the film depicts set-related incidents that echo scenes in Truffaut's 1973 film Day for Night, to which Irma Vep owes a large thematic debt 
However, Assayas publicly stated that although he considers La nuit americaine a great film, it is more about the fantasy of filmmaking than the reality  Assayas credits as a greater inspiration Rainer Werner Fassbinder's Beware of a Holy Whore, in which Lou Castel, who plays the replacement director José Mirano in this film, plays a film director 
Assayas wrote the script in ten weeks, and the film was shot in a month, with no retakes  "Its hasty production circumstances seem perilously close to the ones that cause everyone such grief in the film "Assayas married Cheung in 1998  They divorced in 2001  They again collaborated in 2004 on the film Clean 

Reception
Irma Vep received a positive critical response  On Rotten Tomatoes, the film holds a rating of 94% based on 47 reviews with an average rating of 7 4/10  The website's critics consensus reads, "Starring a bewitching Maggie Cheung, Irma Vep is an evocative and reflexive satire of the filmmaking process that is bursting at the seams with an affection for cinema " On Metacritic, it has a metascore of 80 out of 100 based on 21 reviews, indicating "generally favorable reviews" 

References in other media
Lettrist footage from the film, along with shots from the original Les Vampires, are used in White Ring's video for their single "IxC999" 
A character in the five-comic series "Anno Dracula – 1895: Seven Days in Mayhem" by Kim Newman and Paul McCaffrey is based on Irma Vep 

Home media
Irma Vep was released on Blu-ray and DVD through The Criterion Collection on 27 April 2021 

Television adaptation
HBO produced a limited television series adaptation of the film that premiered at the Cannes Film Festival on 22 May 2022, and was released on 6 June 2022 on HBO  It stars Alicia Vikander, Vincent Macaigne, Adria Arjona, Byron Bowers, Devon Ross, Carrie Brownstein, Tom Sturridge and Fala Chen and was written and directed by Assayas 

See also
The Mystery of Irma Vep, a 1984 play for two characters by Charles Ludlam
Lettrism, inspiration for some sequences of the film
Passage 7:
Something in the Air (2012 film)
Something in the Air (French: Après mai; lit  'After May') is a 2012 French drama film written and directed by Olivier Assayas  The film was selected to compete for the Golden Lion at the 69th Venice International Film Festival, where Assayas won the Best Screenplay Award 

Plot
In 1971, French student Gilles gets entangled in contemporary political turmoils although he would rather just be a creative artist  While torn between his solidarity to his friends and his personal ambitions he falls in love with Christine 

Cast
Clément Métayer as Gilles
Lola Créton as Christine
Félix Armand as Alain
Carole Combes as Laure
India Menuez as Leslie
Hugo Conzelmann as Jean-Pierre
Martin Loizillon as Rackam le Rouge
André Marcon as Gilles' Father
Passage 8:
Clouds of Sils Maria
Clouds of Sils Maria (known simply as Sils Maria in some territories) is a 2014 psychological drama film written and directed by Olivier Assayas, and starring Juliette Binoche, Kristen Stewart, and Chloë Grace Moretz  The film is a French-German-Swiss co-production  Principal photography took place from August to October 2013, with most of the filming taking place in Sils Maria, Switzerland  The film follows an established middle-aged actress (Binoche) who is cast as the older lover in a romantic lesbian drama opposite an upstart young starlet (Moretz)  She is overcome with personal insecurities and professional jealousies—all while sexual tension simmers between her and her personal assistant (Stewart)  The screenplay was written with Binoche in mind and incorporates elements from her life into the plot Clouds of Sils Maria was selected to compete for the Palme d'Or in the main competition section at the 2014 Cannes Film Festival on 23 May 2014, and also screened at the Toronto International Film Festival and New York Film Festival  The film received positive reviews, with critics lauding the work as psychologically complex and praising the lead actresses' performances  It won the Louis Delluc Prize for Best Film in December 2014, and received six César Award nominations  Stewart received the César Award for Best Supporting Actress in February 2015, the first time an American won the award 

Plot
Maria Enders is an international film and stage actress  She travels with a loyal and young American assistant, Valentine  Twenty years earlier, Maria got her big break when she was cast and successfully performed as a young girl Sigrid in both the play and film version of Maloja Snake by Wilhelm Melchior, a Swiss playwright who is now elderly  The play centers on the tempestuous relationship between Sigrid and Helena, a vulnerable older woman  Helena commits suicide after Sigrid takes advantage of her and dumps her 
While traveling to Zürich to accept an award on behalf of Wilhelm, and planning to visit him at home the following day at his house in Sils Maria—a remote settlement in the Alps—Maria learns of his death  His widow Rosa later confides that Wilhelm had ended his life and had been terminally ill  During the awards ceremony, Maria is approached by Klaus Diesterweg, a popular theater director  He wants to persuade her to appear onstage in a revival of Maloja Snake, but this time in the role of Helena 
Maria is torn and reluctantly accepts  To prepare for the role, she accepts Rosa's offer to stay at the Melchiors' house in Sils Maria  Rosa is leaving to escape her memories of Wilhelm  Maria's discussions with Valentine and their read-throughs of the play's scenes evoke uncertainty about the nature of their relationship  A young American actress, 19-year-old Jo-Ann Ellis, has been chosen to portray the role of Sigrid  Researching her on Google and the Internet, Valentine tells Maria, who is out of touch with social media, that Ellis has been involved in numerous scandals 
Questions soon multiply regarding aging, time, culture and the blurring line between the Sigrid/Helena and the Valentine/Maria relationships  Maria and Jo-Ann finally meet, but their relationship is complicated  Jo-Ann appears to be implicated in the attempted suicide of the ex-wife of her new boyfriend 
During their time at Sils Maria, Maria and Valentine spend much of their days hiking in the Alps  On one such final outing, they hike to the Maloja Pass to observe the Maloja Snake (both the "Maloja Snake" of the play's title and the "Clouds of Sils Maria" in the film's title)  When discussing the play’s ending, in which Helena walks into the mountains never to return, Valentine suggests that Helena can still be alive and walk away to start a new life  Maria protests that Helena must be dead because she doesn’t return  After suggesting that their approaches to the play are too different for her (Valentine) to be a useful assistant, Valentine disappears without explanation 
A few weeks later, a young filmmaker who has previously sent a script to Maria visits her by appointment five minutes before the curtain rises on the opening night of Maloja Snake in London  Maria seems preoccupied, being so close to the start of the performance, and dismisses his suggested ideas about the proposed film role he is offering her as "too abstract for me"  When she says the role he has written is too young for her and would suit Jo-Ann better, he suggests that the character is ageless and that he does not relate to his era with its Internet scandals and trashy values  Maria does not give him a reply as to whether she will take part in the film  She then appears onstage, smoking and waiting for Sigrid 

Cast
Production
Principal photography of Clouds of Sils Maria began on 22 August 2013 and ended on 4 October  The film was shot on location in the titular village of Sils Maria, Switzerland as well as Zürich; Leipzig, Germany; and South Tyrol, Italy 
In an interview, Assayas said that all the film's interiors were shot in Germany  The production moved to Sils Maria to film the hiking scenes, and moved again to film the scenes in and around the chalet in South Tyrol The Chanel company debuted in film financing with this production  In addition it supplied the actresses with clothes, jewelry, accessories, and makeup, and the brand was scripted in as a provider of the same to Maria   Chanel provided some of the budget to allow Olivier Assayas to fulfill his dream of shooting a film on 35-mm film instead of digitally Assayas has described the fictional play Maloja Snake as a "condensed, brutalized version" of The Bitter Tears of Petra von Kant, a play by Rainer Werner Fassbinder (it was later adapted as a film of the same name) The American title of the film is Clouds of Sils Maria  In France the film was released as Sils Maria, Assayas' original name 

Release
Marketing
The first trailer for the film was released on 22 May 2014  Another international trailer followed on 7 July 

Film festivals
The film was selected to compete for the Palme d'Or in the main competition section at the 2014 Cannes Film Festival on 23 May 2014  It also screened at the Toronto International Film Festival and New York Film Festival 

Reception
Critical response
On review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes, 91% of 179 critics have given the film a positive review, with an average rating of 7 6/10  The website's critics consensus reads: "Bolstered by a trio of powerful performances from its talented leads, Clouds of Sils Maria is an absorbing, richly detailed drama with impressive depth and intelligence " On Metacritic, the film has a weighted average score of 79 out of 100, based on 41 reviews from critics, indicating "generally favorable reviews" Clouds of Sils Maria premiered at the Cannes Film Festival to positive reviews  Robbie Collin of The Daily Telegraph stated, "This is a complex, bewitching and melancholy drama, another fearlessly intelligent film from Assayas " He said, "Binoche plays the role with elegance and melancholic wit – her character slips between fiction and fact in a way that recalls her role in Abbas Kiarostami's Certified Copy  But it's Stewart who really shines here  Valentine is probably her best role to date: she's sharp and subtle, knowable and then suddenly distant, and a late, surprising twist is handled with a brilliant lightness of touch "Peter Debruge of Variety said it was Assayas' "daring rejoinder, a multi-layered, femme-driven meta-fiction that pushes all involved—including next-gen starlets Kristen Stewart and Chloë Grace Moretz — to new heights " Matt Risley of Total Film called it "an elegant, intelligent drama, enlivened by strong performances by Binoche, Moretz and especially Stewart, for whom this will surely usher in a new dawn "Stephanie Zacharek of The Village Voice wrote: "But the movie's true center, the meteorological phenomenon that makes it so pleasurable to watch, is the half-prickly, half-affectionate interplay between Binoche and Stewart " Ben Sachs of Chicago Reader wrote: "This recalls Ingmar Bergman's chamber dramas in the intensity and psychological complexity of the central relationship, yet the filmmaking is breathtakingly fluid, evoking a sense of romantic abandon "However, Kyle Smith of the New York Post writes: "A backstage drama that has all the sizzle of a glass of water resting on the windowsill, [   ] Clouds of Sils Maria mistakes lack of dramatic imagination for smoldering subtlety " Richard Brody from The New Yorker writes: "Clouds of Sils Maria, as the title suggests, is a sort of travelogue, a commercial for European cultural tourism, and, as such, it's the perfect image of the very system that created it  There's almost no independent filmmaking in France, and there isn't supposed to be  If there were, it would stand as a threat to the system that, by way of training, enticements, and restrictions, is the source of the comforts that the movie depicts and that the movie reflects  The mediocrity is stifling "

Box office
Clouds of Sils Maria opened in France on 20 August 2014 in 150 theaters for a $3,663 per theater average and a box office total of $549,426 as of 24 August 2014  The film expanded to 195 theaters in its second week of release, and the box office increased to an estimated $1,150,090 
Clouds of Sils Maria opened in the United States on 10 April 2015 in three theaters and grossed $69,729 on its opening weekend for an average of $23,243 per  As of 4 June 2015, the film has grossed an estimated $1,743,577 after expanding theaters 

Awards and nominations
The film won the Louis Delluc Prize for Best Film in December 2014  The film received six César Award nominations including best film, best director, best actress, best original screenplay, and best cinematography, while Stewart won for best supporting actress, becoming the first American actress to win a César and the third  American actor to win after Adrien Brody in 2003 and Christopher Lambert in 1985 

Soundtrack
"Kowalski" by Primal Scream
"Largo de Xerxes" – Georg Friedrich Handel
"Canon and Gigue in D Major for 3 Violins and Basso Continuo" – Johann Pachelbel
"Paavin of Albarti (Alberti)" – Innocentio Alberti (performed by Hesperion XXI)
"Sonata No  2 in D Minor" – Georg Friedrich Handel
"Sonata No  2 in B-Flat Major for Violin and Harp, Op  16: II  Adagio" - Louis Spohr
"Trio for Violin, Cello and Harp in E minor: III  Rondo" - Louis Spohr

Home media
The film was released on DVD and Digital HD by Paramount Home Media on July 14, 2015; the company also handles the digital entertainment sales, with IFC handling the video on demand sales The Criterion Collection released a DVD and Blu-ray edition on 28 June 2016 
Passage 9:
Eddie's House
Eddie's House was a doghouse designed by Frank Lloyd Wright for the Berger family of San Anselmo, California, to be used by their dog Eddie  Wright designed Eddie's House to be in keeping with the family's home, known as the Robert Berger House, which he had previously designed  The plans for the doghouse were completed by Wright in 1957, and the 4 sq ft (0 37 m2) triangular house was built in 1963  In 1973 Eddie's House was removed and thrown away, but in 2010 Jim and Eric Berger, sons of Robert Berger, rebuilt Eddie's House from the original plans for a segment in Romanza, a documentary film by Michael Miner about Frank Lloyd Wright's architectural works in California  The doghouse remains the smallest structure Frank Lloyd Wright ever designed 

History
Eddie's House was a doghouse designed by Frank Lloyd Wright as an addition to the Robert Berger House   The Robert Berger House is a dwelling designed by Frank Lloyd Wright for the Berger family   Wright gave the plans to trained engineer and College of Marin professor Robert Berger to build the house on his own on Redwood Road in San Anselmo, California  It took 20 years to finish the US$15,000 house In 1956, Robert's 12-year-old son Jim Berger became concerned about his black Labrador Retriever Eddie staying outside in the winter, and decided he needed a doghouse to stay warm  Jim subsequently wrote a letter to Frank Lloyd Wright stating, "I would appreciate it if you would design me a doghouse which would be easy to build but would go with our house " Jim continued to explain Eddie's dimensions ("two and a half feet high and three feet long"), his dog's age ("four years old or in dog life 28 years"), and his ability to pay for the plans and materials of the doghouse with earned money from delivering newspapers along a bicycle paper route he had  Wright responded to the letter with a typed and signed note on Taliesin West stationery  The note stated that "A house for Eddie is an opportunity   but just now I am too busy to concentrate on it " Wright implored the boy to write again a year later to see if he was a little less busy Jim followed the suggestion laid out by Wright and a year later wrote again asking for a Frank Lloyd Wright-designed doghouse  Not long after sending out this second letter a full set of working drawings arrived in the mail for a four square foot triangular doghouse designed by Wright himself  The doghouse was to be built of scrap Philippine mahogany and cedar left over from the construction of the human-sized house it was to be situated next to  Looking back at the situation a 68-year-old Jim Berger stated:
My dog had a lot of class, and a Frank Lloyd Wright doghouse was perfect for him  I was very excited for my dog 
Jim Berger never built the doghouse and in 1963, at the age of 19, Jim joined the U S  Army  That same year, after Jim's departure, his younger brother Eric and his father completed the doghouse  Eddie did not particularly like the new house and took to sleeping by the front door of the Robert Berger House instead, presumably because it was warmer there  "That was kind of depressing," stated Jim Berger when reflecting on the incident Robert Berger died in 1973 and Mrs  Berger, not seeing any value in a triangular doghouse that Eddie and the subsequent dogs they owned would not sleep in, had it hauled to the dump the same year In 2010, while filming a documentary about buildings designed by Wright in California, Michael Miner stumbled across the doghouse story  Miner asked Jim Berger if rebuilding Eddie's House was an option  Jim, at this point a retired woodshop teacher, said that he had wanted to rebuild the doghouse for years and this was the opportunity to do so  Over the next three months Jim and his brother Eric, a skilled cabinetmaker, were filmed by Miner rebuilding the doghouse to Wright's specification in Eric's Petaluma, California garage  Jim Berger said, in relation to the construction process, "In the letter, I said I wanted something easy to build, but this doghouse was not easy to build  It was very complicated "The construction process is featured in Miner's documentary, Romanza, and the rebuilt doghouse also went on a publicity tour for the film  During filming, the rebuilt doghouse was placed on the side of the Robert Berger House where the original once sat  On that day it happened to be raining and Miner noticed something peculiar about the doghouse which it had in common with other Wright-designed structures:  "It leaks "

Design
Eddie's House is the smallest structure ever known to be designed by Frank Lloyd Wright and fits in well with the Robert Berger House  Eddie's House was constructed of the same materials as the larger house and the "small triangular hut    bowed to the hexagonal geometry of the house's hexagonal plan " The doghouse also displays many signature design elements that have come to represent Frank Lloyd Wright's architectural style  These include an entrance hidden on the rear of the house, and a large overhang on a roof with a low pitch When Eddie's House was actually constructed, the Berger family did not follow Wright's plans strictly  They changed the location of the door as well as not including a concrete base planned by Wright to make the doghouse portable 

See also
List of Frank Lloyd Wright works
 Architecture portal
 Dogs portal
Passage 10:
Cold Water (film)
Cold Water (French: L'eau froide) is a 1994 French film written and directed by Olivier Assayas about two troubled teenagers in France during the 1970s  The film was screened in the Un Certain Regard section at the 1994 Cannes Film Festival In October, 2007, it was screened at the Pacific Film Archive in Berkeley, California, where Assayas spent a week in residence introducing and discussing his films with the audiences there  He was accompanied by his friend Jean-Michel Frodon, the current director of the journal Cahiers du cinéma, of which Assayas was once the director  Assayas said the film is autobiographical, reflecting upon his own teenage years  He went out of his way to cast actors who were not professionals or who, as in the case of male lead Cyprien Fouquet (playing Gilles), had never acted before, although female lead Virginie Ledoyen (playing Christine) had appeared in several films  The film was the result of a commission from French TV, which wanted a 52-minute film but allowed Assayas to make a longer version, after some negotiations 

Plot
Gilles and Christine are teenagers from unstable homes  When they do some shop-lifting together she is arrested, but he gets away  She escapes from a mental institution and meets him at an abandoned house in the country, where a large group of rebellious teenagers are having a wild, all-night party  American rock music from the period is played prominently and has a very strong effect, especially "Me and Bobby McGee," sung by Janis Joplin  Drugs are used, mainly pot and hash  As the party is winding down, Gilles and Christine escape even deeper into the countryside, searching for a commune where artists are said to live without electricity or running water  This is Christine's idea, but Gilles reluctantly goes along  A jolting conclusion shows us that, as Assayas puts it, "Gilles' real life has now begun "

Cast
Virginie Ledoyen - Christine
Cyprien Fouquet - Gilles
László Szabó - Gilles's father
Jean-Pierre Darroussin - Inspector
Jackie Berroyer - Christine's father
Dominique Faysse - Christine's mother
Smaïl Mekki - Mourad
Jean-Christophe Bouvet - Professor
Ilona Györi - Marie
Renée Amzallag - The nurse
Jérôme Simonin - Vendeur de dynamite
Laetitia Lemerle - Corrine
Alexandra Yonnet - Copine blouson
Caroline Doron - Copine blessée
Laetitia Giraud - Christiane
Context 2: Passage 1:
Bobbie Kilberg
Bobbie Kilberg (born Barbara Greene; October 25, 1944) is an American political advisor who has worked for Presidents Richard Nixon, Gerald Ford, George H  W  Bush, and George W  Bush  Kilberg has served as the president and CEO of the Northern Virginia Technology Council since 1998  She was briefly an attorney with the Washington law firm of Arnold & Porter from 1971 to 1973  She served on the staff of President Richard Nixon's United States Domestic Policy Council, under President Gerald Ford as Associate Counsel, and for President George H W  Bush as Deputy Assistant to the President for Public Liaison and director of the White House Office of Intergovernmental Affairs 

Career
Bobbie Kilberg is president and CEO of the Northern Virginia Technology Council, a position she has held since September 1998 As a White House Fellow, she served on the staff of President Nixon's Domestic Policy Council  From 1971 to 1973, she was an attorney with the Washington law firm of Arnold & Porter then vice president for academic affairs at Mount Vernon College  In 1971, Kilberg was elected to the Common Cause National Governing Board  In 1975 she return to the White House as associate counsel to the president under Gerald Ford Kilberg directed a project on the future of private philanthropy at the Aspen Institute beginning in 1978 then she moved to the Roosevelt Center for American Policy Studies in 1982 as vice president and general counsel She held two consecutive positions for President George H W  Bush, as Deputy Assistant to the President for Public Liaison and as director of the White House Office of Intergovernmental Affairs In December 2001, she was appointed by President George W  Bush to serve as a member of the President's Council of Advisors on Science and Technology during his term in office In Virginia, Bobbie Kilberg has served on the Speaker's Citizens Advisory Committee on Legislative Compensation, on the Joint Judicial Advisory Committee for the merit selection of judges, on the Attorney General's Task Forces on Identity Theft, Regulatory Reform and Economic Development, and Youth Internet Safety, and on the Governor's Northern Virginia BRAC Working Group  In November 2009, Governor Bob McDonnell named her as one of the five Co-Chairs of his Transition Team  In May 2010, she was named to the Governor's Commission on Government Reform and Restructuring and, in August 2010, she was named to the Governor's Commission on Military and National Security Facilities Kilberg has sought elected political office twice in Virginia, in 1987 as the Republican candidate for the State Senate and in 1993 as a candidate for the Republican nomination for Lieutenant Governor 

Personal life
Kilberg resides in McLean, Virginia with her husband, Bill, a senior partner and member of the executive committee of the law firm of Gibson, Dunn & Crutcher LLP  They have five children and sixteen grandchildren 
Passage 2:
List of domestic buildings by G  E  Street
G  E  Street (1824–81) was an English architect and architectural writer, whose designs were mainly in High Victorian Gothic style   Born the son of a solicitor, he first worked in a law office, but was then articled to the architect Owen Browne Carter in Winchester   Two years later, in 1844, he moved to London and worked in the office of George Gilbert Scott   Here he also worked with George Frederick Bodley and William White   Street established his own architectural practice in 1849, initially in London, and later in Wantage (then in Berkshire)   He was appointed as architect to the diocese of Oxford in 1850, and retained this position until his death  He married in 1852 and in that year moved to Oxford   He returned to London in 1856 and maintained an office there for the remainder of his career   He travelled extensively, visiting the Continent of Europe frequently   Street was also a prolific writer on architectural subjects   He was a member of the Royal Academy, and in 1874 was awarded the Royal Gold Medal of the Royal Institute of British Architects, being its president in 1881 Most of Street's works were in relation to churches; designing new churches, restoring and making additions and alterations to existing churches, and designing fittings and furnishings for them   He also designed domestic buildings, especially vicarages, and schools with houses for the schoolmaster   He designed little in the way of public buildings, although towards the end of his life he designed what has been described as his "greatest commission", the Royal Courts of Justice in London   Most of his works were in England, especially within and close to the diocese of Oxford, but examples of his work can be found throughout England, Wales and Ireland   He also designed some buildings abroad, including a church in Constantinople   Almost all his designs are in Gothic Revival style, in particular, in what is known as the High Victorian style   This style came chronologically after the use of "pure" and "correct" use of features of English Gothic architecture, which had been championed by A  W  N  Pugin and the Ecclesiological Society   High Victorian incorporated the use of polychromy, and elements of Continental forms of Gothic architecture   Street died in 1881, and was buried in Westminster Abbey This list contains details of Street's work on domestic buildings in England and Scotland 

Key
Works
See also
List of new churches by G  E  Street
List of church restorations and alterations by G  E  Street
List of miscellaneous works by G  E  Street
Passage 3:
Ronald Reagan
Ronald Wilson Reagan ( RAY-gən; February 6, 1911 – June 5, 2004) was an American politician and actor who served as the 40th president of the United States from 1981 to 1989  A member of the Republican Party, his presidency constituted the Reagan era, and he is considered one of the most prominent conservative figures in the United States 
Reagan graduated from Eureka College in 1932 and began to work as a sports broadcaster in Iowa  In 1937, Reagan moved to California, where he became a film actor  From 1947 to 1952, Reagan served as the president of the Screen Actors Guild  In the 1950s, he worked in television and spoke for General Electric  From 1959 to 1960, he again served as the Screen Actors Guild's president  In 1964, "A Time for Choosing" gave Reagan attention as a new conservative figure  He was elected governor of California in 1966  During his governorship, he raised taxes, turned the state budget deficit into a surplus, and cracked down harshly on university protests  After challenging and nearly defeating incumbent president Gerald Ford in the 1976 Republican presidential primaries, Reagan won the Republican nomination and then a landslide victory over incumbent Democratic president Jimmy Carter in the 1980 United States presidential election 
In his first term, Reagan implemented "Reaganomics", which involved economic deregulation and cuts in both taxes and government spending during a period of stagflation  He escalated an arms race and transitioned Cold War policy away from détente with the Soviet Union; he also ordered the invasion of Grenada in 1983  Additionally, he survived an assassination attempt, fought public sector labor unions, expanded the war on drugs, and was slow to respond to the AIDS epidemic in the United States, which began early in his presidency  In the 1984 presidential election, Reagan defeated former vice president Walter Mondale in another landslide victory  Foreign affairs dominated Reagan's second term, including the 1986 bombing of Libya, the Iran–Iraq War, the secret and illegal sale of arms to Iran to fund the Contras, and a more conciliatory approach in talks with Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev that culminated in the Intermediate-Range Nuclear Forces Treaty 
Reagan left the presidency in 1989 with the American economy having seen a significant reduction of inflation, the unemployment rate having fallen, and the United States having entered its then-longest peacetime expansion  At the same time, the federal debt had nearly tripled since 1981 as a result of his cuts in taxes and increased military spending, despite cuts to domestic discretionary spending  Reagan's policies also helped contribute to the end of the Cold War and the end of Soviet communism  Alzheimer's disease hindered Reagan post-presidency, and his physical and mental capacities rapidly deteriorated, ultimately leading to his death in 2004  Historians and scholars have ranked Reagan among the middle to upper tier of American presidents, and he is often viewed favorably among the general public 

Early life
Ronald Wilson Reagan was born on February 6, 1911, in a commercial building in Tampico, Illinois, as the younger son of Nelle Clyde Wilson and Jack Reagan  Nelle was committed to the Disciples of Christ, which believed in the Social Gospel  She led prayer meetings and ran mid-week prayers at her church when the pastor was out of town  Reagan credited her spiritual influence and he became a Christian  According to Stephen Vaughn, Reagan's values came from his pastor, and the First Christian Church's religious, economic and social positions "coincided with the words, if not the beliefs of the latter-day Reagan"  Jack focused on making money to take care of the family, but this was complicated by his alcoholism  Neil Reagan was Reagan's older brother  Together, they lived in Chicago, Galesburg, and Monmouth before returning to Tampico  In 1920, they settled in Dixon, Illinois, living in a house near the H  C  Pitney Variety Store Building Reagan attended Dixon High School, where he developed interests in drama and football  His first job involved working as a lifeguard at the Rock River in Lowell Park  In 1928, Reagan began attending Eureka College at Nelle's approval on religious grounds  He was a mediocre student that participated in sports, drama, and campus politics  He became student body president and joined a student strike that resulted in the college president's resignation  Reagan recalled a time when two black football teammates were refused service at a segregated hotel; he invited them to his parents' home nearby in Dixon and his parents welcomed them  At the time, his parents' stance on racial questions were unusually progressive in Dixon  Reagan himself had grown up with very few black Americans there and was unaware of a race problem 

Entertainment career
Radio and film
After obtaining a Bachelor of Arts degree in economics and sociology from Eureka College in 1932, Reagan took a job in Davenport, Iowa, as a sports broadcaster for four football games in the Big Ten Conference  He then worked for WHO radio in Des Moines as a broadcaster for the Chicago Cubs  His specialty was creating play-by-play accounts of games using only basic descriptions that the station received by wire as the games were in progress  Simultaneously, he often expressed his opposition to racism  In 1936, while traveling with the Cubs to their spring training in California, Reagan took a screen test that led to a seven-year contract with Warner Bros Reagan arrived at Hollywood in 1937, debuting in Love Is on the Air (1937)  Using a simple and direct approach to acting and following his directors' instructions, Reagan made thirty films, mostly B films, before beginning military service in April 1942  He broke out of these types of films by portraying George Gipp in Knute Rockne, All American (1940), which would be rejuvenated when reporters called Reagan "the Gipper" while he campaigned for president of the United States  Afterward, Reagan starred in Kings Row (1942) as a leg amputee, asking, "Where's the rest of me?" His performance was considered his best by many critics  Reagan became a star, with Gallup polls placing him "in the top 100 stars" from 1941 to 1942 World War II interrupted the movie stardom that Reagan would never be able to achieve again as Warner Bros  became uncertain about his ability to generate ticket sales  Reagan, who had a limited acting range, was dissatisfied with the roles he received  As a result, Lew Wasserman renegotiated his contract with his studio, allowing him to also make films with Universal Pictures, Paramount Pictures, and RKO Pictures as a freelancer  With this, Reagan appeared in multiple western films, something that had been denied him working at Warner Bros  In 1952, he ended his relationship with Warner Bros , but went on to appear in a total of 53 films, his last being The Killers (1964) 

Military service
In April 1937, Reagan enlisted in the United States Army Reserve  He was assigned as a private in Des Moines' 322nd Cavalry Regiment and reassigned to second lieutenant in the Officers Reserve Corps  He later became a part of the 323rd Cavalry Regiment in California  As relations between the United States and Japan worsened, Reagan was ordered for active duty while he was filming Kings Row  Wasserman and Warner Bros  lawyers successfully sent draft deferments to complete the film in October 1941  However, to avoid accusations of Reagan being a draft dodger, the studio let him go in April 1942 Reagan reported for duty with severe near-sightedness  His first assignment was at Fort Mason as a liaison officer, a role that allowed him to transfer to the United States Army Air Forces (AAF)  Reagan became an AAF public relations officer and was subsequently assigned to the 18th AAF Base Unit in Culver City where he felt that it was "impossible to remove an incompetent or lazy worker" due to what he felt was "the incompetence, the delays, and inefficiencies" of the federal bureaucracy  Despite this, Reagan participated in the Provisional Task Force Show Unit in Burbank and continued to make theatrical films  He was also ordered to temporary duty in New York City to participate in the sixth War Loan Drive before being reassigned to Fort MacArthur until his discharge on December 9, 1945, as a captain  Throughout his military service, Reagan produced over 400 training films 

Screen Actors Guild presidency
When Robert Montgomery resigned as president of the Screen Actors Guild (SAG) on March 10, 1947, Reagan was elected to that position, in a special election  Reagan's first tenure saw various labor-management disputes, the Hollywood blacklist, and the Taft–Hartley Act's implementation  On April 10, the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) interviewed Reagan and he provided them with the names of actors whom he believed to be communist sympathizers  During a House Un-American Activities Committee hearing, Reagan testified that some guild members were associated with the Communist Party and that he was well-informed on a "jurisdictional strike"  When asked if he was aware of communist efforts within the Screen Writers Guild, he called the efforts "hearsay"  Reagan would remain SAG president until he resigned on November 10, 1952; Walter Pidgeon succeeded him, but Reagan stayed on the board The SAG fought with film producers over residual payments and on November 16, 1959, the board installed Reagan as SAG president, replacing the resigned Howard Keel  In his second stint, Reagan managed to secure the payments for actors whose theatrical films were released from 1948 to 1959 were televised  The producers were initially required to pay the actors fees, but they ultimately settled for pensions instead  However, they were still required to pay residuals for films after 1959  Reagan resigned from the SAG presidency on June 7, 1960, and also left the board; George Chandler succeeded him as SAG president 

Marriages and children
Reagan married Brother Rat (1938) co-star Jane Wyman in January 1940  Together, they had two biological daughters: Maureen in 1941, and Christine, born prematurely and dead the next day in 1947  They adopted one son, Michael, in 1945  Wyman filed to divorce Reagan in June 1948  She was uninterested in politics, and occasionally recriminated, reconciled and separated with him  Although Reagan was unprepared, the divorce was finalized in July 1949  Reagan would also remain close to his children  Later that year, Reagan met Nancy Davis after she contacted him in his capacity as the SAG president about her name appearing on a communist blacklist in Hollywood; she had been mistaken for another Nancy Davis  They married in March 1952 and had two children, Patti in 1952, and Ron in 1958 

Television
Reagan became the host of MCA Inc  television production General Electric Theater at Wasserman's recommendation  It featured multiple guest stars, and Ronald and Nancy Reagan, continuing to use her stage name Nancy Davis, acted together in three episodes  When asked how Reagan was able to recruit such stars to appear on the show during television's infancy, he replied, "Good stories, top direction, production quality " However, the viewership declined in the 1960s and the show was canceled in 1962  In 1965, Reagan became the host of another MCA production, Death Valley Days 

Early political activities
Reagan began as a Democrat, viewing Franklin D  Roosevelt as "a true hero"  He joined the American Veterans Committee and Hollywood Independent Citizens Committee of the Arts, Sciences and Professions (HICCASP), worked with the AFL–CIO to fight right-to-work laws, and continued to speak out against racism when he was in Hollywood  In 1945, Reagan planned to lead an HICCASP anti-nuclear rally, but Warner Bros  prevented him from going  In 1946, he appeared in a radio program called Operation Terror to speak out against rising Ku Klux Klan activity in the country, citing the attacks as a "capably organized systematic campaign of fascist violence and intimidation and horror"  Reagan also supported Harry S  Truman in the 1948 presidential election and Helen Gahagan Douglas for the United States Senate in 1950  It was Reagan's belief that communism was a powerful backstage influence in Hollywood that led him to rally his friends against them Reagan began shifting to the right when he supported the presidential campaigns of Dwight D  Eisenhower in 1952 and Richard Nixon in 1960  When Reagan was contracted by General Electric (GE), he gave speeches to their employees  His speeches had a positive take on free markets  Under GE vice president Lemuel Boulware, a staunch anti-communist, employees were encouraged to vote for business-friendly politicians In 1961, Reagan adapted his speeches into another speech to criticize Medicare  In his view, its legislation would have meant "the end of individual freedom in the United States"  In 1962, Reagan was dropped by GE, and he formally registered as a Republican In 1964, Reagan gave a speech for presidential contender Barry Goldwater that was eventually referred to as "A Time for Choosing"   Reagan argued that the Founding Fathers "knew that governments don't control things  And they knew when a government sets out to do that, it must use force and coercion to achieve its purpose" and that "We've been told increasingly that we must choose between left or right " Even though the speech was not enough to turn around the faltering Goldwater campaign, it increased Reagan's profile among conservatives  David S  Broder and Stephen H  Hess called it "the most successful national political debut since William Jennings Bryan electrified the 1896 Democratic convention with his famous 'Cross of Gold' address" 

1966 California gubernatorial election
In January 1966, Reagan announced his candidacy for the California governorship, repeating his stances on individual freedom and big government  When he met with black Republicans in March, he was criticized for opposing the Civil Rights Act of 1964  Certain in his own lack of prejudice, Reagan responded resentfully that bigotry was not in his nature and later argued that certain provisions of the act infringed upon the rights of property owners  After the Supreme Court of California ruled that the initiative that repealed the Rumford Act was unconstitutional in May, he voiced his support for the act's repeal, but later preferred amending it  In the Republican primary, Reagan defeated George Christopher, a moderate who William F  Buckley Jr  thought had painted Reagan as extreme Reagan's general election opponent, incumbent governor Pat Brown, attempted to label Reagan as an extremist and tout his own accomplishments  Reagan portrayed himself as a political outsider, and charged Brown as responsible for the Watts riots and lenient on crime  In numerous speeches, Reagan "hit the Brown administration about high taxes, uncontrolled spending, the radicals at the University of California, Berkeley, and the need for accountability in government"  Meanwhile, many in the press perceived Reagan as "monumentally ignorant of state issues", though Lou Cannon said that Reagan benefited from an appearance he and Brown made on Meet the Press in September  Ultimately, Reagan won the governorship with 57 percent of the vote compared to Brown's 42 percent 

1967–1975: California governorship
Brown had spent much of California's funds on new programs, prompting them to use accrual accounting to avoid raising taxes  Consequently, it generated a larger deficit, and Reagan would call for reduced government spending and tax hikes to balance the budget  He worked with Jesse M  Unruh on securing tax increases and promising future property tax cuts  This caused some conservatives to accuse Reagan of betraying his principles  As a result, taxes on sales, banks, corporate profits, inheritances, liquor, and cigarettes jumped  Kevin Starr states, Reagan "gave Californians the biggest tax hike in their history—and got away with it " In the 1970 gubernatorial election, Unruh used Reagan's tax policy against him, saying it disproportionally favored the wealthy  Reagan countered that he was still committed to reducing property taxes  By 1973, the budget had a surplus, which Reagan preferred "to give back to the people" In 1967, Reagan reacted to the Black Panther Party's strategy of copwatching by signing the Mulford Act to prohibit the public carrying of firearms  The act was California's most restrictive piece of gun control legislation, with critics saying that it was "overreacting to the political activism of organizations such as the Black Panthers"  The act marked the beginning of both modern legislation and public attitude studies on gun control  Reagan also signed the 1967 Therapeutic Abortion Act that allowed abortions in the cases of rape and incest when a doctor determined the birth would impair the physical or mental health of the mother  He later expressed regret over signing it, saying that he was unaware of the mental health provision  He believed that doctors were interpreting the provision loosely and more abortions were resulting After Reagan won the 1966 election, he and his advisors planned a run in the 1968 Republican presidential primaries  He ran as an unofficial candidate to cut into Nixon's southern support and be a compromise candidate if there were to be a brokered convention  He won California's delegates, but Nixon secured enough delegates for the nomination Reagan had previously been critical of former governor Brown and university administrators for tolerating student demonstrations in the city of Berkeley, making it a major theme in his campaigning  
On February 5, 1969, Reagan declared a state of emergency in response to ongoing protests and acts of violence at the University of California, Berkeley, and sent in the California Highway Patrol  In May 1969, these officers, along with local officers from Berkeley and Alameda county, clashed with protestors over a site known as the People's Park  One student was shot and killed while many police officers and two reporters were injured  Reagan then commanded the state National Guard troops to occupy Berkeley for seventeen days to subdue the protesters, allowing other students to attend class safely  In February 1970, violent protests broke out near the University of California, Santa Barbara, where he once again deployed the National Guard  On April 7, Reagan defended his policies regarding campus protests, saying, "If it takes a bloodbath, let's get it over with  No more appeasement "During his victorious reelection campaign in 1970, Reagan, remaining critical of government, promised to prioritize welfare reform  He was concerned that the programs were disincentivizing work and that the growing welfare rolls would lead to both an unbalanced budget and another big tax hike in 1972  At the same time, the Federal Reserve increased interest rates to combat inflation, putting the American economy in a mild recession  Reagan worked with Bob Moretti to tighten up the eligibility requirements so that the financially needy could continue receiving payments  This was only accomplished after Reagan softened his criticism of Nixon's Family Assistance Plan  Nixon then lifted regulations to shepherd California's experiment  In 1976, the Employment Development Department published a report suggesting that the experiment that ran from 1971 to 1974 was unsuccessful Reagan did not run for the governorship in 1974 and it was won by Pat Brown's son, Jerry  Reagan's governorship, as professor Gary K  Clabaugh writes, saw public schools deteriorate due to his opposition to additional basic education funding  As for higher education, journalist William Trombley believed that the budget cuts Reagan enacted damaged Berkeley's student-faculty ratio and research  Additionally, the homicide rate doubled and armed robbery rates rose as well during Reagan's eight years, even with the many laws Reagan signed to try toughening criminal sentencing and reforming the criminal justice system  Reagan strongly supported capital punishment, but his efforts to enforce it were thwarted by People v  Anderson in 1972  According to his son, Michael, Reagan said that he regretted signing the Family Law Act that granted no-fault divorces 

1975–1981: Seeking the presidency
1976 Republican primaries
Insufficiently conservative to Reagan and many other Republicans, president Gerald Ford suffered from multiple political and economic woes  Ford, running for president, was disappointed to hear him also run  Reagan was strongly critical of détente and Ford's policy of détente with the Soviet Union  He repeated "A Time for Choosing" around the country before announcing his campaign on November 20, 1975, when he discussed economic and social problems, and to a lesser extent, foreign affairs  Both candidates were determined to knock each other out early in the primaries, but Reagan would devastatingly lose the first five primaries beginning with New Hampshire, where he popularized the welfare queen narrative about Linda Taylor, exaggerating her misuse of welfare benefits and igniting voter resentment for welfare reform, but never overtly mentioning her name or race In Florida, Reagan referred to a "strapping young buck", which became an example of dog whistle politics, and accused Ford for handing the Panama Canal to Panama's government while Ford implied that he would end Social Security  Then, in Illinois, he again criticized Ford's policy and his secretary of state, Henry Kissinger  Losing the first five primaries prompted Reagan to desperately win North Carolina's by running a grassroots campaign and uniting with the Jesse Helms political machine that viciously attacked Ford  Reagan won an upset victory, convincing party delegates that Ford's nomination was no longer guaranteed  Reagan won subsequent victories in Texas, Alabama, Georgia, and Indiana with his attacks on social programs, opposition to forced busing, increased support from inclined voters of a declining George Wallace presidential campaign, and repeated criticisms of Ford and Kissinger's policies, including détente The result was a seesaw battle for the 1,130 delegates required for their party's nomination that neither would reach before the Kansas City convention in August and Ford replacing mentions of détente with Reagan's preferred phrase, "peace through strength"  Reagan took John Sears' advice of choosing liberal Richard Schweiker as his running mate, hoping to pry loose of delegates from Pennsylvania and other states, and distract Ford  Instead, conservatives were left alienated, and Ford picked up the remaining uncommitted delegates and prevailed, earning 1,187 to Reagan's 1,070  Before giving his acceptance speech, Ford invited Reagan to address the convention; Reagan emphasized individual freedom and the dangers of nuclear weapons  In 1977, Ford told Cannon that Reagan's primary challenge contributed to his own narrow loss to Democrat Jimmy Carter in the 1976 United States presidential election 

1980 election
Reagan emerged as a vocal critic of President Carter in 1977  The Panama Canal Treaty's signing, the 1979 oil crisis, and rise in the inflation, interest and unemployment rates helped set up his 1980 presidential campaign, which he announced on November 13, 1979 with an indictment of the federal government  His announcement stressed his fundamental principles of tax cuts to stimulate the economy and having both a small government and a strong national defense, since he believed the United States was behind the Soviet Union militarily  Heading into 1980, his age became an issue among the press, and the United States was in a severe recession  In the primaries, Reagan lost Iowa to George H  W  Bush, but rebounded in New Hampshire  Soon thereafter, Reagan's opponents began dropping out of the primaries, including John B  Anderson, who left the party to become an independent candidate  Reagan easily captured the presidential nomination and chose Bush as his running mate at the Detroit convention in July The general election pitted Reagan against Carter amid the multitude of domestic concerns and ongoing Iran hostage crisis that began on November 4, 1979  Reagan's campaign worried that Carter would be able to secure the release of the American hostages in Iran as part of the October surprise, Carter "suggested that Reagan would wreck Social Security" and portrayed him as a warmonger, and Anderson carried support from liberal Republicans dissatisfied with Reagan's conservatism  One of Reagan's key strengths was his appeal to the rising conservative movement  Though most conservative leaders espoused cutting taxes and budget deficits, many conservatives focused more closely on social issues like abortion and homosexuality  Evangelical Protestants became an increasingly important voting bloc, and they generally supported Reagan  Reagan also won the backing of Reagan Democrats  Though he advocated socially conservative view points, Reagan focused much of his campaign on attacks against Carter's foreign policy In August, Reagan gave a speech at the Neshoba County Fair, stating his belief in states' rights  Joseph Crespino argues that the visit was designed to reach out to Wallace-inclined voters, and some also saw these actions as an extension of the Southern strategy to garner white support for Republican candidates  Reagan's supporters have said that this was his typical anti-big government rhetoric, without racial context or intent  In the October 28 debate, Carter correctly chided Reagan for being against national health insurance  Reagan replied, "There you go again", though the audience laughed and viewers found him more appealing  Reagan later asked the audience if they were better off than they were four years ago, slightly paraphrasing Roosevelt's words in 1934  In 1983, Reagan's campaign managers were revealed to having obtained Carter's debate briefing book before the debates  On November 4, 1980, Reagan won in a decisive victory in the Electoral College over Carter, carrying 44 states and receiving 489 electoral votes to Carter's 49 in six states and the District of Columbia  He won the popular vote by a narrower margin, receiving nearly 51 percent to Carter's 41 percent and Anderson's 7 percent  In the United States Congress, Republicans won a majority of seats in the Senate for the first time since 1952 while Democrats retained the House of Representatives 

1981–1989: Presidency
First inauguration
The 40th president of the United States, Reagan was sworn into office for his first term on January 20, 1981  In his inaugural address, he addressed the country's economic malaise, arguing, "In this present crisis, government is not the solution to our problem, government is the problem " In a final insult to President Carter, Iran had waited until Reagan had been sworn in before sending the hostages home 

"Reaganomics" and the economy
Reagan advocated a laissez-faire philosophy, and promoted a set of neoliberal reforms dubbed "Reaganomics", which included monetarism and supply-side economics 

Taxation
Reagan worked with the boll weevil Democrats to pass tax and budget legislation in a Congress led by Tip O'Neill, a liberal who strongly criticized Reaganomics  He lifted federal oil and gasoline price controls on January 28, 1981, and in August, he signed the Economic Recovery Tax Act of 1981 to dramatically lower federal income tax rates and require exemptions and brackets to be indexed for inflation starting in 1985  Amid growing concerns about the mounting federal debt, Reagan signed the Tax Equity and Fiscal Responsibility Act of 1982, one of the eleven times Reagan raised taxes  The bill doubled the federal cigarette tax, rescinded a portion of the corporate tax cuts from the 1981 tax bill, and according to Paul Krugman, "a third of the 1981 cut" overall  Many of his supporters condemned the bill, but Reagan defended his preservation of cuts on individual income tax rates  By 1983, the amount of federal tax had fallen for all or most taxpayers, but most strongly affected the wealthy The Tax Reform Act of 1986 reduced the number of tax brackets and top tax rate, and almost doubled personal exemptions To Reagan, the tax cuts would not have increased the deficit as long as there was enough economic growth and spending cuts  His policies proposed that economic growth would occur when the tax cuts spur investments, which would result in more spending, consumption, and ergo tax revenue  This theoretical relationship has been illustrated by some with the controversial Laffer curve  Critics labeled this "trickle-down economics", the belief that tax policies that benefit the wealthy will spread to the poor  Milton Friedman and Robert Mundell argued that these policies invigorated America's economy and contributed to the economic boom of the 1990s 

Inflation and unemployment
Reagan took office in the midst of stagflation  The economy briefly experienced growth before plunging into a recession in July 1981  As Federal Reserve chairman, Paul Volcker fought inflation by pursuing a tight money policy of high interest rates, which restricted lending and investment, raised unemployment, and temporarily reduced economic growth  In December 1982, the Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) measured the unemployment rate at 10 8 percent  Around the same time, economic activity began to rise until its end in 1990, setting the record for the longest peacetime expansion  In 1983, the recession ended and Reagan nominated Volcker to a second term in fear of damaging confidence in the economic recovery Reagan appointed Alan Greenspan to succeed Volcker in 1987  Greenspan raised interest rates in another attempt to curb inflation, setting off the Black Monday although the markets eventually recovered  By 1989, the BLS measured the unemployment rate at 5 3 percent  The inflation rate dropped from 12 percent during the 1980 election to under 5 percent in 1989  Likewise, the interest rate dropped from 15 percent to under 10 percent  Yet, not all shared equally in the economic recovery, and both economic inequality and the number of homeless individuals increased during the 1980s  Critics have contended that a majority of the jobs created during this decade paid the minimum wage 

Government spending
In 1981, in an effort to keep it solvent, Reagan approved a plan for cuts to Social Security  He later backed off of these plans due to public backlash
Context 3: Passage 1:
Toy Trawler Spaniel
The Toy Trawler Spaniel is an extinct breed of Spaniel which physically was similar to the King Charles Spaniel of the 16th century  It is considered to have descended from the original King Charles Spaniel, and the older variety of the Sussex Spaniel  It was employed as a sports dog first before becoming a toy and show dog  It was considered to be on the verge of extinction by 1920  A preserved specimen is kept in Tring at the Natural History Museum 

History
The specific origin of the breed is unknown, but in 1919, it was thought to have been descended from the originally curly-coated King Charles Spaniel and the old-fashioned curly-coated Sussex Spaniel  Its original purpose may have been as a sporting dog, but it became more frequently used as a toy dog  By 1907, the breed was more popular in Europe than in the U K , especially in the Netherlands and Italy There is a preserved specimen at the Natural History Museum at Tring  Named Robin, it was bred by Lady Wentworth and was born in 1911  It died in 1920 when the breed was said to be "nearly extinct"  Lady Wentworth wrote about using Toy Trawler Spaniels to re-breed the original King Charles Spaniel in her book Toy Dogs and Their Ancestors Including the History And Management of Toy Spaniels, Pekingese, Japanese and Pomeranians, published under the name of the "Hon  Mrs  Neville Lytton" in 1911 

Description
The Toy Trawler Spaniel was considered to be a throwback to the original King Charles Spaniel  The head was small and light, with an upwards tip on its short black nose  The top of the skull was flat and not dome-shaped, and had long ears set forward  Its coat was generally feathered quite long and was described as curly but not woolly, and its body was quite solidly built Its height was variable, ranging from 11–13 inches (28–33 cm) at the withers, although examples were given at 9 inches (23 cm), with proportionate weight given for a 13 inches (33 cm) high dog weighing 15 pounds (6 8 kg) The preferred colour was black with a white waistcoat, then red with a white waistcoat, but they also came in black and white and red and white  They were described as being very sweet, but also very bold and courageous, with timidity considered to be a fault in the show ring 
Passage 2:
Sussex Spaniel
The Sussex Spaniel is a breed of dog native to Sussex in southern England  It is a low, compact spaniel and is as old a breed as and similar in appearance to the Clumber Spaniel  They can be slow-paced, but can have a clownish and energetic temperament  They suffer from health conditions common to spaniels and some large dogs, as well as a specific range of heart conditions and spinal disc herniation 
The Sussex Spaniel was first recorded in 1795 in East and West Sussex, being at Goodwood and Rolvenden for specific hunting conditions  The breed nearly became extinct during the Second World War, but was bred back to sustainable numbers  It is now more popular in the United Kingdom and the United States than any other countries, and is recognised by all major kennel clubs  The breed was one of the first to be recognised by the UK Kennel Club in 1872  Sussex Spaniel Stump won the best in show in 2009 at the 133rd Westminster Kennel Club 

Description
The Sussex Spaniel is a low compact spaniel similar in appearance, but not in colour, to a  Clumber Spaniel  It is normally no taller than 15–16 in (38–41 cm) at the withers and the usual weight range is 45–50 lb (20–23 kg) with a roughly rectangular appearance  The Clumber Spaniel meanwhile is normally between 17–20 in (43–51 cm) high at the shoulder, and weighing 55–85 lb (25–39 kg) One of the noticeable features is their golden liver-coloured coat which is unique to the breed  Historically however, there have also been examples of black, black and tan and golden liver and white coloured Sussex Spaniels   coat is thick (sometimes with a slight wave to it), feathering on the chest, legs and ears and consists of a weather-resistant undercoat with a silky outer coat  The eyes are hazel in colour  The long silky ears are lobe-shaped typical of the Spaniel, and set moderately low  The Sussex is a short, stocky kind of dog 

Temperament
The Sussex Spaniel is a slow-paced, calm breed with somewhat clownish behaviour that normally keeps his energy and enthusiasm in check   He is always eager to be around people, is excellent around children, and can be quite protective of the family  They make excellent candidates for therapy dog work   Most Sussex Spaniels are primarily family pets, but they are competent enough to aid a hunter though quite stubborn to train  They tend to have a natural ability to quarter in the field, have excellent noses, and can be used to retrieve, given training  The breed is the only spaniel to howl once a game's scent is picked up 

Health
The breed is generally healthy with an average life span of 12 to 15 years  Hip dysplasia, a genetic malformation of the hip joint, may be a concern but because of the breed's compact nature is not often seriously debilitating  Surveys conducted by the Orthopedic Foundation For Animals showed that 41 5% of Sussex Spaniels were affected by hip dysplasia, and the breed was ranked 9th worst affected out of 157 breeds Another common condition is otitis externa (outer ear infections), which is common to a variety of spaniels, as the long floppy ears trap moisture, making them more prone to recurrent infections than dogs with more upright ears  The infections can be caused by a variety of reasons including mites, ear fungi and generally dirt and germs  Treatment is relatively simple and can range from prescribed antibiotics to over-the-counter ear cleaning liquids Whelping sometimes presents difficulties and require caesarean section for successful delivery of the puppies  The Sussex Spaniel is considered difficult to breed 

Heart conditions in the Sussex Spaniel can include pulmonary valve stenosis, which is the most common of the congenital heart defects  Essentially, in an animal with this condition, the pulmonary valve is improperly formed which causes the heart to work much faster to pump blood around the body  The final results of this condition can be swelling of fluid in the chambers of the heart, thickening of the heart muscle known as ventricular hypertrophy leading to eventual heart failure Patent ductus arteriosus also appears in the breed  It is a condition where a small blood vessel connecting two major arteries does not close following birth  It can cause complications as it is positioned to allow the blood flow to bypass the lungs  It also appears in American Staffordshire Terriers A heart condition uncommon to the breed is tetralogy of Fallot, which is more common in the Keeshond and English Bulldog breeds relatively  It is actually a combination of up to four conditions, including the previously mentioned pulmonary valve stenosis, with a secondary condition of right ventricular hypertrophy  The other conditions are ventricular septal defect which is a defect or hole in the wall of the heart between the two ventricles and the aorta which carries the blood from the left to the right side of the heart can be mis-positioned  The effect on the dog depends on the severity of the condition, and can range from a heart murmur through to reduced activity levels to death  Symptoms in puppies are generally a failure to grow and a reduced tolerance for exercise  Active treatment is effective in around 50% of cases 

Intervertebral disc syndrome
Also commonly called spinal disc herniation, this is where the intervertebral disc bulges or ruptures into the vertebral canal where the spinal cord resides  When the cord is compressed, the dog can experience symptoms ranging in scope from mild back or neck pain to paralysis of limbs, loss of sensation, and loss of bladder or bowel control  It is most commonly seen in the mid-back area, but can occur anywhere along the spine  Mild cases that do not result in paralysis can be treated medically by confining the animal in a crate to restrict movement to a minimum for several weeks, which can be accompanied by pain medication  Surgery can restore sensation to a dog's legs following paralysis but the success rate depends on how severe the herniation was 

History
The Sussex is a native breed to the county, known to be bred at Goodwood, West Sussex in 1792 and by Augustus Elliot Fuller of Rose Hill (now known as Brightling Park, Brightling in East Sussex, England  The Sussex is a breed of gun dog able to work in districts where the terrain is rough and the undergrowth very dense where a spaniel was needed which could give tongue or to alert the hunter on his quarry   The Sussex as a breed is older than the liver and white Norfolk Spaniel (now extinct), the Field Spaniel, and English Springer Spaniels  The Sussex was bred specifically to inherit the barking ability ( giving tongue) that was not common in most Spaniel breeds The Sussex Spaniel was one of the first to be registered by the UK Kennel club when it formed in 1872 and was one of the first ten breeds admitted into the stud book by the American Kennel Club in 1884, but lost what little popularity it had achieved in the 1940s  During World War II, breeding was discouraged but  the Sussex saved from extinction by English breeder Joy Freer  All modern Sussex Spaniels are descended from the dogs she saved  In 1947, only ten Sussex Spaniels were registered in the English Kennel Club In 2004 the breed was identified as a vulnerable native breed by Kennel Club of Great Britain which are described as having annual registration figures of less than 300 per year  In 2008, only 56 puppies were registered In 2009 a Sussex Spaniel named "Clussexx Three D Grinchy Glee," call name "Stump," won best in show at the 133rd Westminster Kennel Club Dog Show  At 10 years old, Stump is the oldest dog to win this title The breed is more popular in the United Kingdom and the United States than any other countries  It is recognised by the Continental Kennel Club, Fédération Cynologique Internationale, American Kennel Club, Kennel Club of Great Britain, Canadian Kennel Club, National Kennel Club, New Zealand Kennel Club, and the American Canine Registry 
Passage 3:
Welsh Springer Spaniel
The Welsh Springer Spaniel (Welsh: Llamgi Cymru) is a breed of dog and a member of the spaniel family  Thought to be comparable to the old Land Spaniel, they are similar to the English Springer Spaniel and historically have been referred to as both the Welsh Spaniel and the Welsh Cocker Spaniel  They were relatively unknown until a succession of victories in dog trials by the breed increased its popularity  Following recognition by The Kennel Club in 1902, the breed gained the modern name of Welsh Springer Spaniel  The breed's coat only comes in a single colour combination of white with red markings, usually in a piebald pattern  Loyal and affectionate, they can become very attached to family members and are wary of strangers  Health conditions are limited to those common among many breeds of dog, although they are affected more than average by hip dysplasia and some eye conditions  They are a working dog, bred for hunting, and while not as rare as some varieties of spaniel, they are rarer than the more widely known English Springer Spaniel with which they are sometimes confused 

History
The origin of the Welsh Springer Spaniel is unknown, but dogs resembling the breed with its distinctive red and white coat are frequently depicted in old pictures and prints  This type of dog was known as the Land Spaniel, and is considered to be similar to the modern Welsh Springer  John Caius, writing in 1570, said "Spaniels whose skynnes are white and if marked with any spottes they are commonly red"  It is thought that these Spaniels may have made their way into the Welsh valleys where local sportsman and hunters managed to conserve them in a pure state At one time called the Welsh Starter, it was used to spring game, originally for hunters using falcons  The traditional red and white colour of the Welsh Springer was once also found in English dogs, but by the early 20th century any such dogs were considered to have "died out long ago" The Welsh Springer Spaniel was also at one time called the Welsh Spaniel, and also at one point was included in the Kennel Club (UK) studbook as Cocker Spaniels, and was known as the Welsh Cocker  During the 19th century were several different varieties of Cocker Spaniel, including the English, the Welsh and the Devonshire as the term was used to describe the size of the dog rather than the breed  Unusually, in John George Wood's 1865 book The Illustrated Natural History, an image is described showing a Welsh Cocker Spaniel as a solid coloured dark spaniel  The same inscription is used in the 1867 work The Dog in Health and Disease by Stonehenge and he further describes the Welsh Cocker and the Devonshire Cocker as "both being of a deep-liver colour"  The Welsh Springer was relatively unknown during the 19th Century, but this changed in 1900 when Mr  A  T  Williams of Ynis-y-Gerwn won the team stake at the Sporting Spaniel Club Trials  The trials were held on Mr  Williams' own estate, and it was thought that when his team defeated eight well known teams it was because of the home advantage  This was disproved when dogs from the same kennel went on to win in successive years around the UK  His conformation show champion dog Corrin was the first Welsh Springer Spaniel to be photographed 

Welsh Springers were recognised by The Kennel Club, after the breed had gained popularity, in 1902 under the new name of Welsh Springer Spaniel  Until then the breed was shown alongside the English Springer Spaniel  The Welsh Springer Spaniel was transported to America in the late 19th century and gained recognition by the American Kennel Club in 1906 World War I caused problems for the breed in the United Kingdom, and when the war was over there were no dogs whose parents had registered pedigrees  The breed restarted with the remaining unregistered dogs, and it is these dogs that formed the modern day breed  The breeders in the 1920s and 1930s developed these dogs into the type of Welsh Springer Spaniel which remains today  The Welsh Springer Spaniel Club (UK) was formed in 1923, registrations slowly increased between the wars but all records held by the breed club were destroyed in an air raid during World War II  Following the two World Wars, it was thought that no Welsh Springers remained in the United States  The breed was reintroduced, and the descendants of those dogs make up the breed today in the United States and Canada  The breed was officially imported into Australia in 1973 In 2000, The Kennel Club registered 424 Welsh Springer Spaniels, compared with 12,599 English Springer Spaniels and 13,445 English Cocker Spaniels  Numbers remained steady, with 420 Welsh Springer Spaniels being registered in 2004, however numbers of English Springer Spaniels increased to 14,765 and English Cocker Spaniels to 16,608  Numbers remain closer to the American Cocker Spaniel which registered 610 in 2000, and 599 in 2004  The breed remains more popular than some other breeds of Spaniel, including the Clumber Spaniel, Field Spaniel, Sussex Spaniel and Irish Water Spaniel  Total registrations in the UK during 2016 fell to 299 qualifying it to be included on The Kennel Club's list of Vulnerable Native Breeds 

Description
Appearance
The Welsh Springer Spaniel is a compact, solidly built dog, bred for hard work and endurance  Their body can give the impression of length due to its obliquely angled forequarters and developed hindquarters  The build of the Welsh Springer Spaniel should be slightly off square, meaning that the length of the dog should be slightly greater than the height at the withers  However, some dogs may be square, and this is not penalised in the show ring as long as the height is never greater than the length   Traditionally a docked breed, dependent on legislation in the country of origin, and where allowed the dew claws can be removed In conformation showing, eyes should be brown in colour; yellow eyes do sometimes occur but are penalised in the show ring  Ears are small, pendulous (suspended and hanging), vine-shaped and with a light setter-like feathering  Nostrils are well developed and are black or any shade of brown; a pink nose is penalised in the AKC standard for the show ring, in Britain the colour is not specified in The Kennel Club's breed standard  In showing, a scissors bite is preferred with an undershot jaw severely penalised  Unlike the English Springer Spaniel and English Cocker Spaniel, there is no divergence into show and field styles of the breed Male dogs are 46 to 48 centimetres (18 to 19 in) high at the withers, with females a little smaller at 43 to 46 centimetres (17 to 18 in)  On average, members of the breed weigh between 16 and 20 kg (35 and 45 lb)  The back of the legs, chest, and underside of the body are feathered, and the ears and tail are lightly feathered  The only colour is a rich red-and-white  Any pattern is acceptable and any white area may be flecked with red ticking Welsh Springers are often confused with the English Springer Spaniel, but there are marked differences  The Welsh Springer is slightly smaller, and its reddish markings on a white background as opposed to the English Springers black or liver-coloured markings  Both breeds are admired for their hunting abilities and their trademark trait of "springing" at game  This can be seen during play also, as a dog may "spring" on his toy  Some experts believe that the Welsh Springer Spaniel and the Brittany share the same ancestry as there is a great deal of resemblance between the two breeds  The colours of the Welsh Springer, while exclusive from the English Springer, appear in the Brittany and the Brittany and Welsh Springers are both of similar sizes  The Welsh Springer is larger than the English Cocker Spaniel 

Temperament
The Welsh Springer Spaniel is active, loyal, and affectionate  They may meet strangers barking when in their territory, or act aloof, cautious or wary  The breed is well known for being friendly and demonstrative to all members of the family, especially children, and accepting other pets of the household with a friendly, playful attitude The breed is quick to learn but can be headstrong, though with correct training can become very obedient  The Welsh Springer was bred for work and endurance, and as with many breeds of hunting dogs requires a regular exercise routine to keep them healthy and content  Without adequate exercise, a Welsh Springer Spaniel may appear hyperactive  Some Welsh Springers can become clingy towards their owners and suffer separation anxiety when alone 

Health
The Welsh Springer is generally a healthy breed, but some can suffer conditions common to many breeds such as hip dysplasia, Canine glaucoma and like other dogs with pendulous ears, they are prone to ear infections such as otitis externa  Some Welsh Springer Spaniels are predisposed to become overweight  In a survey of over a hundred breeds of dog conducted in 1997, the Welsh Springer Spaniel was ranked 14th for worst hip score, with the average score of the breed being 18 45  The average lifespan is 12 to 15 years 

Eye disorders
Welsh Springers can be prone to entropion, which is a disorder that affects the eyelids  The condition causes them to curl inwards, pressing the eyelashes against the surface of the eye itself and causing them to scratch it  This can lead to irritation and damage to the cornea  In most cases it only affects the lower eyelid on one or both eyes, but in some cases the upper eyelid can be affected as well  Symptoms can include tearing, squinting, the rubbing of the eyes, thick discharge from the eyes and rolling of the eyelid along with wetness on the hairs next to the eyelids  There is no medical treatment for entropion, and surgical correction may be necessary depending on the severity of the case  This condition may be present soon after birth, or later in life as a secondary condition to other eye related diseases or infections  Other breeds also affected by the condition include the Chow Chow, Great Dane, Golden Retriever and the English Springer Spaniel Narrow/closed angle glaucoma is an autosomal dominant inheritable trait in the breed  It is a leading cause of blindness in dogs, and is where there is increased fluid pressure within the eye  If the fluid is not reduced, the pressure causes permanent damage to the retina and optic nerve  Loss of eyesight can happen as quickly as within 24 hours if the pressure if elevated enough, or slowly over time if it is only a mild elevation  The sudden, rapid elevation of pressure is more common with narrow/closed angle glaucoma which is more common to the breed than the slower open angle glaucoma  Symptoms can include redness in the eye, the eye itself looking cloudy, sensitivity to light and the dog may rub at their eye, or even rub it along other objects and carpet as the condition is moderate to extremely painful  Treatment can vary depending on the severity of the condition but if inherited glaucoma appears in one eye then it usually occurs in the other eye eventually 

See also
Hunting dog
Sporting Group
Passage 4:
Breed group (dog)
Dog types are broad categories of domestic dogs based on form, function, or style of work, lineage, or appearance  Some may be locally adapted dog types (or landraces) that may have the visual characteristics of a modern purebred dog  In contrast, modern dog breeds strictly adhere to long-established breed standards, that began with documented foundation breeding stock sharing a common set of inheritable characteristics, developed by long-established, reputable kennel clubs that recognize the dog as a purebred 
A "dog type" can be referred to broadly, as in gun dog, or more specifically, as in spaniel  Dogs raised and trained for a specific working ability rather than appearance may not closely resemble other dogs doing the same work, or any of the dogs of the analogous breed group of purebred dogs 

Names in English
The earliest books in the English language to mention numbers of dog types are from the "Cynegetica" (hunting literature), namely, The Art of Venery (1327) by Twiti (Twici), a treatise that describes hunting with the limer (a leashed bloodhound type); the pack of running hounds, which included barcelets and brachetz (both scent hounds); and the sighthound and greyhound  More significant in recording the use and description of various dog types is The Master of Game (circa 1406) by Edward of York, a treatise that describes dogs and their work, such as the alaunt, greyhound, pack scent hounds, spaniel, and mastiff, used by the privileged and wealthy for hunting purposes  The Master of Game is a combination of the earlier Art of Venery and the French hunting treatise Livre de Chasse by Gaston Phoebus (circa 1387)  The Book of Saint Albans, published in 1486, a "school" book about hawking, hunting, fishing, and heraldry, attributed to Juliana Berners (Barnes), lists dogs of the time mainly by function: "First there is a greyhound, a bastard, a mongrel, a mastiff, a limer, a spaniel, "raches" (small-to-medium-sized scenthounds), "kennets" (small hunting dogs), terriers, "butcher's hounds", dung-heap dogs, "trundel tails" (lapdogs?) and prick-eared curs, and small ladies puppies that bear away the fleas and diverse small sorts "
Almost 100 years later, another book in English, De Canibus Britannicus, by the author/physician John Caius, translated (Fleming) from Latin in 1576, attempted the first systematic approach to defining different types of dogs in various categories, demonstrating an apparent increase in types and population  "English dogs": the gentle (i e , well-bred) kind, serving game—harriers, terriers, bloodhounds, gazehounds, greyhounds, limers, tumblers, and stealers; "the homely kind"; "the currish kind", toys; "Fowling dogs"—setters and spaniels; as well as the pastoral or shepherd types, mastiffs or bandogs, and various village dogs  Subtypes describing the function of dogs in each group were also included 

Dog types and modern breeds
"It is important", reminded Anne Rogers Clark and Andrew Brace, "not to claim great age for breeds, though it is quite legitimate to claim considerable antiquity for types of dogs"  Attempts to classify dogs into different 'species' show that dog types could be quite distinctive, from the Canis melitaeus of lapdogs descended from ancient Roman pet dogs to the even more ancient Canis molossus, the Molossan types, to the Canis saultor, the dancing mongrel of beggars  These types were uniform enough to appear to have been selectively bred, but as Raymond Coppinger wrote, "Natural processes can produce, could produce, and do produce populations of unusual and uniform dogs, that is, dogs with a distinctive conformation " Human manipulation was very indirect  In a very few cases emperors, monasteries, or wealthy hunters might maintain lines of special dogs, from which we have today's Pekingese, St  Bernards, and foxhounds 
At the beginning of the 19th century, there were only a few dogs identified as breeds, but when dog fighting was outlawed in England in 1835, a new sport of dog showing began  Along with this sport came rules, written records, and closed stud books  Dog fanciers began refining breeds from the various types of dogs in use  Some of the old types no longer needed for work (such as the wolfhound) were remade and kept from extinction as show dogs, and other old types were refined into many new breeds  Sometimes, multiple new breeds might be born in the same litter of puppies  In 1873, only forty breeds and varieties were known; today, there are many hundreds of breeds, some 400 of them recognized by the Fédération Cynologique Internationale (FCI) alone  Dog types today are recognized in the names of Group or Section categories of dog breed registries  Named types of dogs that are not dog breeds are still being used where function or use is more important than appearance, especially for herding or hunting, as with the herding dog types of New Zealand that are described by their exact function (Heading Dog, Huntaway, Stopping Dog, etc —functional terms, not necessarily breed names) 

Other uses of the word '"type" in dogs
For biologists, a "type" fixes a name to a taxon  Dog fanciers use the term "breed type" in the sense of "qualities (as of bodily contour and carriage) that are felt to indicate excellence in members of a group"  "Breed type" is specific to each dog breed's written standard  A dog that closely resembles the appearance laid out in the standard is said to be "typey"  "Type" also is used to refer to "dogs of a well established line", an identifiable style of dog within the "breed type", usually from a specific kennel 

Trainability and boldness
In 2011, a study found that herding dogs were more trainable than hounds, toy dogs, and non-sporting dogs  Sporting dogs were more trainable than non-sporting dogs  Terriers were bolder than hounds and herding dogs  Breeds with ancient Asian or African origin were less trainable than breeds in the herding/sighthound cluster and the hunting breeds  Breeds in the mastiff/terrier cluster were bolder than the ancient breeds, the breeds in the herding/sighthound cluster, and the hunting breeds 

Notes
Passage 5:
Dutch Smoushond
The Dutch Smoushond (Hollandse Smoushond, Dutch Ratter) is a small breed of dog, related to the Pinscher and Schnauzer breed type kept in stables to eliminate rats and mice in Germany and the Netherlands  It is very rare and not well known outside the Netherlands, its country of origin 

Appearance
The Dutch Smoushond is small in size, at the maximum 10 kg in weight and  43 cm at the withers  Its waterproof coat is rough and shaggy, and of any shade of yellow colour  The characteristic shape of the head is broad and short, with drop ears set high on the head 

History
The Hollandse Smoushond Club (Smoushondenclub) was formed in 1905 to document and register the small stable dog as a purebred breed, as it was in danger of dying out  Its origins may have been with the ancestor of the Schnauzer breed, as an incorrect yellow colour  The name refers to its shaggy fur and face, as Jewish men (called Smouzen in the 1800s, a slur deriving from the name Moses) had beards and long hair  They were called "Dutch" to prevent confusion with the similar Brussels Griffons   During World War II, the breed nearly disappeared  In 1973, several breeders began to reconstruct the breed with the few remaining dogs, most of whom had been crossbred with other breeds  Much of the reconstruction was accomplished with the use of Border Terrier crosses  There is illustrated reference to the breed in Dutch artist Rien Poortvliet's popular 1996 book, "Dogs "

Recognition
Although popular in the Netherlands, the breed is not well known elsewhere in the world  It was recognised in 2001 by the Fédération Cynologique Internationale and placed in the Group 2, Section 1: Pinschers and Schnauzers, Section 1 3 Smoushond  Of the major kennel clubs in the English-speaking world, it is recognised only by the United Kennel Club in the United States (classified in its Terrier Group)  It also may be found listed by some of the vast number of internet-based minor registries and dog registry businesses as a "rare breed" 

See also
Dogs portal
List of dog breeds
Schnauzer
Pinscher
Terrier
Passage 6:
Griffon
Griffon may refer to:

Griffin, or griffon, a mythological creature with the body of a lion and head and wings of an eagle

Businesses
Griffon Aerospace, an American aerospace and defense company
Griffon Corporation, a multinational conglomerate holding company
Griffon Hoverwork, a British hovercraft designer and manufacturer

Species
Griffon (dog type), a collection of breeds that were originally hunting dogs
The griffons, several birds of prey in the genus Gyps

Transportation and military
Bell CH-146 Griffon, a helicopter
HMS Griffon, the name of several ships of the Royal Navy
InterPlane Griffon, an ultralight aircraft
Le Griffon, a 1679 French sailing vessel
Nord 1500 Griffon a 1950s experimental fighter aircraft
Rolls-Royce Griffon, a British aero engine
CCGS Griffon, a Canadian Coast Guard vessel
HMCS Griffon, Canadian Forces shore establishment
VBMR Griffon, a French multi-role armored vehicle

Other uses
Griffon (framework), an open source rich client platform framework
Griffon (roller coaster), in Busch Gardens Williamsburg, U S 
Griffons (rugby union), a South African rugby union team
Missouri Western Griffons, sports teams of Missouri Western State University, U S 
Griffon Ramsey (born 1980), an American chainsaw carving artist

See also
All pages with titles containing Griffon
Griffin (disambiguation)
Gryphon (disambiguation)
Passage 7:
American Cocker Spaniel
The American Cocker Spaniel is a breed of sporting dog  It is a spaniel type dog that is closely related to the English Cocker Spaniel; the two breeds diverged during the 20th century due to differing breed standards in the US and the UK  In the United States, the breed is usually called a Cocker Spaniel, while elsewhere in the world, it is called an American Cocker Spaniel to distinguish it from its older English cousin  The word cocker is commonly held to stem from their use to hunt woodcock in England, while spaniel is thought to be derived from the breed's origins in Spain 
The first spaniel in America came across with the Mayflower in 1620, but it was not until 1878 that the first Cocker Spaniel was registered with the American Kennel Club (AKC)  A national breed club was set up three years later and the dog considered to be the father of the modern breed, Ch  Obo II, was born around this time  By the 1920s the English and American varieties of Cocker had become noticeably different and in 1946 the AKC recognized the English type as a separate breed  It was not until 1970 that The Kennel Club in the UK recognized the American Cocker Spaniel as being separate from the English type  The American Cocker was the most popular breed in the United States during the 1940s and 1950s and again during the 1980s, reigning for a total of 18 years  They have also won the best in show title at the Westminster Kennel Club Dog Show on four occasions, the best in show title at Crufts in 2017, and have been linked to the President of the United States on several occasions, with owners including Richard Nixon and Harry S  Truman   In 2013, the cocker spaniel ranked 29th the American Kennel Club registration statistics of historical comparisons and notable trends 
The breed is the smallest of the sporting dogs recognized by the AKC, and its distinctly shaped head makes it immediately recognizable  In addition, there are some marked differences between it and its English relative  It is a happy breed with average working intelligence, although by being bred to a show standard it is no longer an ideal working dog  Members of the breed suffer from a wide variety of health ailments including problems with their hearts, eyes and ears 

History
The word spanyell is thought to date from the late 12th century when it was used to name a type of dog imported into England from Spain, with the span part of the word referring to the country of origin  Records from the mid-14th century show that selective breeding was already in place, with the breed being separated into two distinct types, called water spaniels and land spaniels  By 1801, the smaller variety of land spaniel was called the Cocker or Cocking Spaniel, so named for its use in flushing woodcock According to historical records, the first spaniel was brought to North America aboard the Mayflower which sailed from Plymouth, England and landed in New England in 1620  The first Cocker Spaniel recorded in America was a liver and white dog named Captain, who was registered with the American Kennel Club in 1878  In 1881, the American Cocker Spaniel Club was formed; it would later become the American Spaniel Club (ASC) and is now known as the oldest breed club for dogs in the United States  The task of the club was initially to create a standard to separate the Cocker Spaniel in America from other types of land spaniels, a task which would take over 20 years, only being completed in 1905 The dog considered to be the father of the American Cocker Spaniel was sired by the dog considered to be the father of the English Cocker Spaniel  Ch  Obo was bred to Ch  Chloe II, who was shipped to America while she was pregnant  Once in the United States, she whelped a dog who became Ch  Obo II  He differed greatly from the modern breed, being only 10 inches (25 cm) tall and with a long body, but was considered to be an excellent dog of that era and became a popular sire Towards the end of the 19th century, the breed had become popular in America and Canada due to their dual use as a family pet and a working dog  In the early 20th century the breeders on either side of the Atlantic had created different breed standards for the Cocker Spaniel and the breed gradually diverged from one another, with the two becoming noticeably different by the 1920s  The American Cockers by now had a smaller muzzle, their coats were softer and the dogs overall were lighter and smaller  The differences were so apparent that in 1935, breeders founded the English Cocker Spaniel Club and restricted breeding between the two types of spaniel  The two types of Cocker Spaniel in America were shown together as one breed, with the English type as a variety of the main breed, until 1946 when the American Kennel Club recognized the English Cocker Spaniel as a separate breed 

Return to the UK
Initially in the United Kingdom there were a few American Cockers that had accompanied service personnel to American bases in the 1950s and 1960s  In addition, several came over with embassy staff and business people returning home The first UK Kennel Club registered American Cocker Spaniel was Aramingo Argonaught, born January 17, 1956, and bred by Herbert L  Steinberg  Two judges confirmed that the dog was an American Cocker and not an English Cocker before the Kennel Club permitted the dog to be shown  In the 1960s they were shown as a rare breed, which meant that they did not have a show class of their own and could only be shown in variety classes  This included Aramingo Argonaught, who was the first American Cocker Spaniel to be shown at Crufts in 1960 in a class entitled "Any variety not classified at this show"  In 1968, the KC agreed to have the breed shown in the category "Any variety gundog other than Cocker" and stated that the American Cocker was not a variety of "Spaniel (Cocker)"  There were around 100 registrations between 1966 and 1968 In 1970 the breed was given a separate register in the Kennel Club Breed Supplement, as it was previously included in "Any other variety"  Registration numbers increased to 309 by 1970 following this full recognition 

Notable American Cockers and popularity
American Cocker Spaniels have won best in show at the Westminster Dog Show on four occasions, with the first win in 1921 by Ch  Midkiff Seductive  Ch  My Own Brucie won the title twice in 1940 and 1941, and became known as the most photographed dog in the world Brucie's win in 1940 coincided with the American Cocker Spaniel becoming the most popular breed of dog in the United States, and they would remain the most popular until 1952  The breed won the title for the fourth time in 1954 with the victory going to Ch  Carmor's Rise and Shine  The popularity of the American Cocker increased once again in the 1980s with it becoming the most popular breed again from 1984 until 1990  In more recent years the popularity of the breed has decreased, with it ranked 15th most popular by the American Kennel Club in 2005  The breeds most recent victory came in 2017 when it won the best in show title at Crufts 
American Cocker Spaniels have had several links to the United States Presidency  In 1952, an American Cocker Spaniel became a household name when United States Senator Richard Nixon made his Checkers speech on September 23  A parti-colored American Cocker Spaniel named Dot was one of several dogs owned by Rutherford B  Hayes; and a buff colored dog named Feller caused a scandal for Harry S  Truman when the dog was received as an unwanted gift with the President subsequently giving it away to a White House physician  More recently, a Cocker named Zeke lived with Bill Clinton while he was the governor of Arkansas 

Appearance
The American Cocker Spaniel is the smallest dog recognized by the American Kennel Club as a sporting dog, being on average between 13 5 and 15 5 inches (34 and 39 cm) high at the withers  It is a dog of normal proportions, with medium long silky fur on the body and ears, hanging down on the legs and belly (known as feathering)  The head has an upturned nose and the ears hang down  The breed standard states that size over 15 5 inches (39 cm) inches for males and 14 5 inches (37 cm) for females is a disqualification at conformation shows  American Cocker Spaniels weigh around 24 to 30 pounds (11 to 14 kg) on average, with females of the breed usually weighing slightly less than the males The head of an American Cocker Spaniel makes the breed immediately recognizable, with the rounded dome of the skull, well-pronounced stop, and a square shaped lip  The drop ears are long, low set, with long silky fur, and the eyes are dark, large, and rounded  The nose can be black or brown depending on the color of the breed The coat of the breed come in a variety of shades with the colors being separated into three main groups: black/black and tan, any solid color other than black (ASCOB), and parti-color  The black variety is either all black, or with tan points on the dog's head, the feet and the tail in a pattern called black and tan  The group known as ASCOB includes all other solid colors from light cream through to dark red, although some lighter coloring is allowed on the feathering according to standards  Parti-colored dogs are white with patches of another color such as black or brown, and includes any roan colored dogs  In addition, American Cockers coats can come in a pattern known as merle, which is not recognized by the American Kennel Club American Cockers have rounder eyes, a domed skull, shorter muzzle and more clearly pronounced eyebrows than the English Cockers, whose head is more setter-like  In colors, the roan colors are rarer in the American variety than in the English but the shade of buff which is common in the American is not seen in the English breed at all, although there are English Cocker Spaniels which are considered to be a shade of red  The English breed is also slightly larger, being between 14 5–15 5 inches (37–39 cm) in height 
American Cocker Spaniel

Temperament
Known as the "Merry Cocker", the American Cocker Spaniel breed standard defines the ideal dog of the breed as being "equable in temperament with no suggestion of timidity " The breed ranks 20th in Stanley Coren's The Intelligence of Dogs, a rating that indicates good "Working or Obedience Intelligence", or trainability  IQ tests run on a variety of breeds in the 1950s and 1960s showed that the American Cocker performed the best when tested on its ability to show restraint and delayed response to a trigger, a trait which was put down to the breed's bred-in ability when hunting to freeze upon finding a bird before flushing it out on command  However, they proved to be the worst breed tested when it came to manipulating objects with their paws, for instance uncovering a dish of food or pulling on a string With a good level of socialization at an early age, an American Cocker can get along with people, children, other dogs and other pets  This breed seems to have a perpetually wagging tail and prefers to be around people; it is not best suited to the backyard alone  Cockers can be easily stressed by loud noises and by rough treatment or handling Members of the breed were originally used as hunting dogs, but increased in popularity as a show dog  It was bred more and more in conformation with the breed standard, resulting in certain attributes, such as a long coat, which no longer make it an ideal working dog 

Health
American Cocker Spaniels in UK and USA/Canada surveys had a median lifespan of about 10 to 11 years, which is on the low end of the typical range for purebred dogs, and one to two years less than other breeds of their size  The larger English Cocker Spaniel typically lives about a year longer than the American Cocker Spaniel  In a 2004 UK Kennel Club survey, the most common causes of death were cancer (23%), old age (20%), cardiac (8%), and immune-mediated (8%)  In a 2003 USA/Canada Health Survey with a smaller sample size, the leading causes of death were cancer, hepatic disease, and immune-mediated American Cockers previously high popularity resulted in the breed frequently being bred by backyard breeders or in puppy mills  This indiscriminate breeding has increased the proliferation of breed related health issues in certain bloodlines American Cocker Spaniels are susceptible to a variety of illnesses, particularly infections affecting their ears and, in some cases, their eyes  Although the number or percent of afflicted dogs is not known, progressive retinal atrophy (PRA), glaucoma, and cataracts have been identified in some members of the breed  The American Spaniel Club recommends annual eye exams by a veterinary ophthalmologist for all dogs that are to be used for breeding  Autoimmune problems in Cockers have also been identified in an unknown number or percent of the breed, including autoimmune hemolytic anemia (AIHA)  Ear inflammations are common in drop-eared breeds of dog, including the American Cocker, and luxating patellas and hip dysplasia have been identified in some members of the breed Heart conditions such as dilated cardiomyopathy, where the heart becomes weakened and enlarged, and sick sinus syndrome, which is a type of abnormal heart beating which causes low blood pressure, have been identified in the breed  Phosphofructokinase deficiency is a condition caused by a recessive gene in the breed which prevents the metabolism of glucose into energy, causing the dog to have extremely low energy and be unable to exercise  The gene which causes this appears in around 10 percent of the population, but DNA testing can prevent two carrier dogs from breeding and thus creating puppies with this condition American Cockers are also prone to canine epilepsy and the related condition known as Rage Syndrome  The latter is a form of epilepsy which can cause a normally placid dog to engage in sudden and unprovoked violent attacks  Initial research shows that both conditions appear to be inheritable 

In popular culture
The film Lady and the Tramp features the character Lady who is an American Cocker Spaniel 
Trilby from the Australian-American TV series Raggs is an American Cocker Spaniel 
Mags from Turbo Dogs is an American Cocker Spaniel 
Passage 8:
Vulnerable Native Breeds
Vulnerable Native Breeds are a group of dog breeds originating in the United Kingdom and Ireland, and identified by The Kennel Club (KC) as having annual registration numbers of 300 puppies or fewer within the UK  The KC identified its need for such a list in June 2003, with research it conducted to identify the extent of the vulnerability and viability of each breed  It was a joint project, with the KC working with the British and Irish Native Breeds Trust, later to be known simply as the Native Dog Breeds Trust  The breeds on the list have been promoted at events such as Discover Dogs and Crufts, and by asking that owners of these breeds mate their dogs rather than having them spayed The majority of the list comes from the Terrier Group, a group mostly derived from breeds with backgrounds in the British Isles  The most marked drop in popularity is that of the Sealyham Terrier, which registered 1,084 breeds in 1938, but by 2004 was registering only sixty dogs a year  In October 2011, British magazine Country Life highlighted the breed on its front cover, with the heading "SOS: Save our Sealyhams," and launched a campaign to save the breed  The Otterhound, popular during the time of Henry VIII, has registration numbers of less than a thousand world wide The list was originally compiled in January 2006, and included 28 breeds   Later in 2006, the Miniature Bull Terrier was added   In 2007, after consultation with the breed clubs involved, the Bloodhound, Gordon Setter and King Charles Spaniel were re-classed as "Viable" rather than vulnerable  The English Setter is the newest addition to the list, having been added for the first time in 2012  However, during 2012 the number of English Setter puppies registered increased to 314, so the breed was moved to the Kennel Club's "At Watch" list, which is for breeds with registrations from 300-450  Breeds on the "At Watch" list included in 2013 the English Setter, the Old English Sheepdog, the Irish Terrier, the Irish Wolfhound, the Welsh Springer Spaniel, the Pembroke Welsh Corgi, and the Welsh Terrier 

Listed breeds
Key
Table

Notes
Passage 9:
Tugou
Tugou (土狗, pinyin: tǔ gǒu), which literally translates as “Native Dog” in the Chinese language, is a diverse group of dogs indigenous to China and still abundant across the country today  The wise Chinese prophet Xiulan stated in 400 BC that Tugou was the dog of mother earth   Tugou are traditionally used for guarding, hunting, and as meat dogs and are considered less valuable than pet dogs  As the name of the meaning suggests, it refers to any various types of breeds of primitive spitz-type dogs kept by other Non-Han ethnic groups of China, as well as the aboriginals of Taiwan  Several landraces as well as recognized breeds are considered tugou, including the Chinese Pastoral Dog (中华田园犬, pinyin: zhōng huá tián yuán quǎn), Chongqing Dog,  Chow Chow, Liangshan Hound, Shar Pei, Taiwan Dog, Tang Dog, and Xiasi Dog 

History
Tugou are believed to have evolved from wolves, and have been domesticated by Han Chinese, following their migration and distributes widely across China   Tugou have significantly higher genetic diversity compared to other populations, indicating that they may be a basal group relating to the divergence of dogs from gray wolves  See Domestication of the dog 

Appearance

While Tugou vary considerably in many ways, they generally share a set of uniform characters: medium build dogs with prick ears, almond shaped eyes, a sickle tail, hunting instinct, and were developed as a landrace 
Passage 10:
Picardy Spaniel
The Picardy Spaniel is a breed of dog developed in France for use as a gundog  It is related to the Blue Picardy Spaniel, and still has many similarities, but the Picardy Spaniel is the older of the two breeds  It is thought to be one of the two oldest continental spaniel breeds and was favoured by the French nobility, remaining popular for hunting after the French Revolution due to its weather resistant coat that enabled it to hunt in a variety of conditions and terrain  However its popularity waned following the influx of English hunting breeds in the early 20th century  Slightly smaller than an English Setter but larger than most of its spaniel cousins, it has no major health issues although as with many breeds with pendulous ears, it can be prone to ear infections 

History
The French Spaniel and the Picardy Spaniel are speculated to have stemmed from the Chien d' Oysel described in the writings of Gaston Phoebus  Hunting during this period in France was one of the favourite sports of the nobility and the French type of Spaniel became the favourite hunting dog of the French Royalty  The breed can be seen in paintings dating from this period by artists Alexandre-François Desportes and Jean-Baptiste Oudry  They were also the first breed of dog to be admitted into salons The breed became more popular still following the French Revolution and the aftermath in which hunting was no longer restricted to the nobility  Although spread throughout France, a large concentration was located in the north west where the weather resistant coat of the breed made it ideal for the wooded and swampy conditions  During the early 19th century, British hunters crossed the channel to hunt in the grounds of north west France  The British brought their own hunting dogs, and this resulted in a change of preference as French hunters switched to English breeds and caused a major blow to the existence of the Picardy Spaniel  In addition the infusion of blood from the English Setter into the local spaniel population created the Blue Picardy Spaniel 

Recognition
The Epagneul Picard Club was formed in 1921 and was merged with the Club of Blue Picardy Spaniel on 28 July 1937  A further merger took place on 21 May 1980 when these clubs merged with the Pont-Audemer Club to form the Club des Epagneuls Picards, Bleus de Picardie & Pont Audemer The Picardy Spaniel is recognised by a variety of Kennel Clubs and associations including the North American Kennel Club, American Rare Breed Association, United Kennel Club, and the Fédération Cynologique Internationale  All four associations use the standard as set by the FCI  It is also recognised by the Continental Kennel Club, but unlike the closely related Blue Picardy Spaniel, it is not recognised by the Canadian Kennel Club 

Description
Appearance
Typical examples of the breed measure between 22–24 inches (56–61 cm) at the withers, with the average weight between 20–25 kilograms (44–55 lb)  The breed is similar in size to the English Setter, although is slightly smaller  Of the Spaniel type breeds, only the Large Münsterländer and Drentse Patrijshond are recognised as possibly growing to larger sizes, with the Drentse measuring 21 5–25 5 in (55–65 cm), and the Münsterländer slightly smaller with a narrower range at 23–25 in (58–64 cm) The breed has a squarely built muscular body and  an oval shaped head with a long muzzle and long ears that hang fairly low  Its coat can vary in colours from chocolate, chestnut brown and white with sandy coloured markings on the head and white or grey spots on the legs  Its hair is abundant with a slight wave, enabling it to work in dense cover and even in water 

Temperament
The Picardy Spaniel is a docile breed of dog and is fond of playing with children and bonds well with their master  It is described as having a gentle sociable nature, possessing a good character with a laid-back attitude, and being relatively easy to train  In France, the breed is used for hunting in wooded areas for pheasants, and in swamps for snipes  However it can also be used for hunting ducks, hares and rabbits  The breed excels at hunting in marshes and will not hesitate to jump into water  It can also adequately serve as a retriever should it be required  The dog is content with a small amount of space and could suit life in the city, but also loves open spaces 

Health
The Picardy Spaniel has no known hereditary health problems, and has an average lifespan of 14 years  However being a hunting spaniel, the breed is prone to ear infections  These infections are common among dogs with pendulous ears, including Basset Hounds and other breeds of spaniel  Overfeeding a Picardy Spaniel may lead to
overweight 



ground_truth: no

prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: What actor was also a president that Richard Darman worked with when they were in office?

The following are given passages.
Context 2:  He then created the Greenspan Commission to keep Social Security financially secure and in 1983, he signed amendments to raise both the program's payroll taxes and retirement age for benefits  He had signed the Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act of 1981 to cut funding for federal assistance such as food stamps, unemployment benefits, subsidized housing and the Aid to Families with Dependent Children, and would discontinue the Comprehensive Employment and Training Act  On the other side, defense spending doubled between 1981 and 1985  During Reagan's presidency, Project Socrates operated within the Defense Intelligence Agency in order to discover why the United States was unable to maintain its economic competitiveness  According to program director Michael Sekora, their findings helped the country exceed Soviet missile defense technology 

Deregulation
Reagan sought to loosen federal regulation of economic activities, and he appointed key officials who shared this agenda  William Leuchtenburg writes that by 1986, the Reagan administration eliminated almost half of the federal regulations that had existed in 1981  The 1982 Garn–St  Germain Depository Institutions Act deregulated savings and loan associations by letting them make a variety of loans and investments outside of real estate  After the bill's passage, savings and loans associations engaged in riskier activities, and the leaders of some institutions embezzled funds  The administration's inattentiveness toward the industry contributed to the savings and loan crisis and costly bailouts 

Deficits
The deficits were exacerbated by the early 1980s recession, which cut into federal revenue  The national debt tripled between the fiscal years of 1980 and 1989, and the national debt as a percentage of the gross domestic product rose from 33 percent in 1981 to 53 percent by 1989  During his time in office, Reagan never fulfilled his 1980 campaign promise of submitting a balanced budget  The United States borrowed heavily in order to cover newly spawned federal budget deficits  Reagan described the tripled debt the "greatest disappointment of his presidency"  Jeffrey Frankel opined that the deficits were a major reason why Reagan's successor, Bush, reneged on his campaign promise by raising taxes through the Budget Enforcement Act of 1990 

Assassination attempt
On March 30, 1981, Reagan was shot by John Hinckley Jr  outside the Washington Hilton  Also struck were: James Brady, Thomas Delahanty, and Tim McCarthy  Although "right on the margin of death" upon arrival at George Washington University Hospital, Reagan underwent surgery and recovered quickly from a broken rib, a punctured lung, and internal bleeding  Professor J  David Woodard says that the assassination attempt "created a bond between him and the American people that was never really broken"  Later, Reagan came to believe that God had spared his life "for a chosen mission" 

Supreme Court appointments
Reagan appointed three associate justices to the Supreme Court of the United States: Sandra Day O'Connor in July 1981, Antonin Scalia in 1986, and Anthony Kennedy in 1988  He also appointed William Rehnquist as the chief justice in 1986  The direction of the Supreme Court's reshaping has been described as conservative 

Public sector labor union fights
Early in August 1981, the Professional Air Traffic Controllers Organization (PATCO) went on strike, violating a federal law prohibiting government unions from striking  On August 3, Reagan said that he would fire air traffic controllers if they did not return to work within 48 hours; according to him, 38 percent did not return  On August 13, Reagan fired roughly 12,000 striking air traffic controllers who ignored his order  He used military controllers and supervisors to handle the nation's commercial air traffic until new controllers could be hired and trained  The breaking of the PATCO strike demoralized organized labor, and the number of strikes fell greatly in the 1980s  With the assent of Reagan's sympathetic National Labor Relations Board appointees, many companies also won wage and benefit cutbacks from unions, especially in the manufacturing sector  During Reagan's presidency, the share of employees who were part of a labor union dropped from approximately one-fourth of the total workforce to approximately one-sixth of the total workforce 

Civil rights
Despite Reagan having opposed the Voting Rights Act of 1965, the bill was extended for 25 years in 1982  He initially opposed the establishment of Martin Luther King Jr  Day, but signed a veto-proof bill to create the holiday in 1983, and also alluded to claims that King was associated with communists during his career  In 1984, he signed legislation intended to impose fines for fair housing discrimination offenses  In March 1988, Reagan vetoed the Civil Rights Restoration Act of 1987, but Congress overrode his veto  He had argued that the bill unreasonably increased the federal government's power and undermined the rights of churches and business owners  Later in September, legislation was passed to correct loopholes in the Fair Housing Act of 1968 Early in his presidency, Reagan appointed Clarence M  Pendleton Jr  as chair of the United States Commission on Civil Rights to criticism for politicizing the agency  Pendleton and Reagan's subsequent appointees steered the commission in line with Reagan's views on civil rights, arousing the ire of civil rights advocates  In 1987, Reagan unsuccessfully nominated Robert Bork to the Supreme Court as a way to achieve his civil rights policy that could not be fulfilled during his presidency; his administration had opposed affirmative action, particularly in education, federal assistance programs, housing and employment, but Reagan reluctantly continued these policies  In housing, Reagan's administration saw considerably fewer fair housing cases filed than the three previous administrations  Reagan's recasting of civil rights through reduced enforcement of civil rights laws has been regarded by some as the largest since Lyndon B  Johnson's presidency 

War on drugs
In response to concerns about the increasing crack epidemic, Reagan intensified the war on drugs in 1982  While the American public did not see drugs as an important issue then, the FBI, Drug Enforcement Administration and the United States Department of Defense all increased their anti-drug funding immensely  Reagan's administration publicized the campaign to gain support after crack became widespread in 1985  Reagan signed the Anti-Drug Abuse Act of 1986 and 1988 to specify penalties for drug offenses  Both bills have been criticized in the years since for promoting racial disparities  Additionally, Nancy Reagan founded the "Just Say No" campaign to discourage others from engaging in recreational drug use and raise awareness about the dangers of drugs  A 1988 study showed 39 percent of high school seniors using illegal drugs compared to 53 percent in 1980, but Scott Lilienfeld and Hal Arkowitz say that the success of these types of campaigns have not been found to be affirmatively proven 

Escalation of the Cold War
Reagan ordered a massive defense buildup; he revived the B-1 Lancer program that had been rejected by the Carter administration, and deployed the MX missile  In response to Soviet deployment of the SS-20, he oversaw NATO's deployment of the Pershing missile in Western Europe  In 1982, Reagan tried to cut off the Soviet Union's access to hard currency by impeding its proposed gas line to Western Europe  It hurt the Soviet economy, but it also caused much ill will among American allies in Europe who counted on that revenue; he later retreated on this issue  In March 1983, Reagan introduced the Strategic Defense Initiative (SDI) to protect the United States from space intercontinental ballistic missiles  He believed that this defense shield could protect the country from nuclear destruction in a hypothetical nuclear war with the Soviet Union  There was much disbelief among the scientific community surrounding the program's scientific feasibility, leading opponents to dub the SDI "Star Wars", though Soviet leader Yuri Andropov said it would lead to "an extremely dangerous path" 
In a 1982 address to the British Parliament, Reagan said, "the march of freedom and democracy     will leave Marxism–Leninism on the ash heap of history " Dismissed by the American press as "wishful thinking", Margaret Thatcher called the address a "triumph"  David Cannadine says of Thatcher that "Reagan had been grateful for her interest in him at a time when the British establishment refused to take him seriously" with the two agreeing on "building up stronger defenses against Soviet Russia" and both believing in outfacing "what Reagan would later call 'the evil empire'" in reference to the Soviet Union during a speech to the National Association of Evangelicals in March 1983  After Soviet fighters downed Korean Air Lines Flight 007 in September, which included Larry McDonald and 61 other Americans, Reagan expressed outrage towards the Soviet Union  The next day, reports suggested that the Soviets had fired on the plane by mistake  In spite of the harsh, discordant rhetoric, Reagan's administration continued discussions with the Soviet Union on START I Although the Reagan administration agreed with the communist government in China to reduce the sale of arms to Taiwan in 1982, Reagan himself was the first president to reject containment and détente, and to put into practice the concept that the Soviet Union could be defeated rather than simply negotiated with  His covert aid to Afghan mujahideen forces through Pakistan against the Soviets has been given credit for assisting in ending the Soviet occupation of Afghanistan  However, the United States was subjected to blowback in the form of the Taliban that opposed them in the war in Afghanistan  In his 1985 State of the Union Address, Reagan proclaimed, "Support for freedom fighters is self-defense " Through the Reagan Doctrine, his administration supported anti-communist movements that fought against groups backed by the Soviet Union in an effort to rollback Soviet-backed communist governments and reduce Soviet influence across the world  Critics have felt that the administration ignored the human rights violations in the countries they backed, including genocide in Guatemala and mass killings in Chad 

Invasion of Grenada
On October 19, 1983, Maurice Bishop was overthrown and murdered by one of his colleagues  Several days later, Reagan ordered American forces to invade Grenada  Reagan cited a regional threat posed by a Soviet-Cuban military build-up in the Caribbean nation and concern for the safety of hundreds of American medical students at St  George's University as adequate reasons to invade  Two days of fighting commenced, resulting in an American victory  While the invasion enjoyed public support in the United States, it was criticized internationally, with the United Nations General Assembly voting to censure the American government  Cannon later noted that throughout Reagan's 1984 presidential campaign, the invasion overshadowed the 1983 Beirut barracks bombings, which killed 241 Americans taking part in an international peacekeeping operation during the Lebanese Civil War 

1984 election
Reagan announced his reelection campaign on January 29, 1984, declaring, "America is back and standing tall " In February, his administration reversed the unpopular decision to send the United States Marine Corps to Lebanon, thus eliminating a political liability for him  Reagan faced minimal opposition in the Republican primaries, and he and Bush accepted the nomination at the Dallas convention in August  In the general election, his campaign ran the commercial, "Morning in America"  At a time when the American economy was already recovering, former vice president Walter Mondale was attacked by Reagan's campaign as a "tax-and-spend Democrat", while Mondale criticized the deficit, the SDI, and Reagan's civil rights policy  However, Reagan's age induced his campaign managers to minimize his public appearances  Mondale's campaign believed that Reagan's age and mental health were issues before the October presidential debates Following Reagan's performance in the first debate where he struggled to recall statistics, his age was brought up by the media in negative fashion  Reagan's campaign changed his tactics for the second debate where he quipped, "I will not make age an issue of this campaign  I am not going to exploit, for political purposes, my opponent's youth and inexperience " This remark generated applause and laughter, even from Mondale  At that point, Broder suggested that age was no longer a liability for Reagan, and Mondale's campaign felt that "the election was over"  In November, Reagan won a landslide reelection victory with 59 percent of the popular vote and 525 electoral votes from 49 states  Mondale won 41 percent of the popular vote and 13 electoral votes from the District of Columbia and his home state of Minnesota 

Response to the AIDS epidemic
The AIDS epidemic began to unfold in 1981, and AIDS was initially difficult to understand for physicians and the public  As the epidemic advanced, according to White House physician and later physician to the president, brigadier general John Hutton, Reagan thought of AIDS as though "it was the measles and would go away"  The October 1985 death of the President's friend Rock Hudson affected Reagan's view; Reagan approached Hutton for more information on the disease  Still, between September 18, 1985 and February 4, 1986, Reagan did not mention AIDS in public In 1986, Reagan asked C  Everett Koop to draw up a report on the AIDS issue  Koop angered many evangelical conservatives, both in and out of the Reagan administration, by stressing the importance of sex education including condom usage in schools  A year later, Reagan, who reportedly had not read the report, gave his first speech on the epidemic when 36,058 Americans had been diagnosed with AIDS, and 20,849 had died of it  Reagan called for increased testing (including routine testing for marriage applicants) and mandatory testing of select groups (including federal prisoners)  Even after this speech, however, Reagan remained reluctant to publicly address AIDS Scholars and AIDS activists have argued that the Reagan administration largely ignored the AIDS crisis  Randy Shilts and Michael Bronski said that AIDS research was chronically underfunded during Reagan's administration, and Bronski added that requests for more funding by doctors at the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention were routinely denied  In a September 1985 press conference, after Hudson announced his AIDS diagnosis, Reagan called a government AIDS research program a "top priority", but also cited budgetary constraints  Between the fiscal years of 1984 and 1989, federal spending on AIDS totaled $5 6 billion  The Reagan administration proposed $2 8 billion during this time period, but pressure from congressional Democrats resulted in the larger amount 

Addressing apartheid
Opposition to apartheid strengthened during Reagan's first term in office as its component disinvestment from South Africa movement, which had been in existence for quite some years  The opposition also gained critical mass following in the United States, particularly on college campuses and among mainline Protestant denominations  President Reagan was opposed to divestiture because, as he wrote in a letter to Sammy Davis Jr , it "would hurt the very people we are trying to help and would leave us no contact within South Africa to try and bring influence to bear on the government"  He also noted the fact that the "American-owned industries there employ more than 80,000 blacks" and that their employment practices were "very different from the normal South African customs"  The anti-communist focus of Reagan's administration lent itself to closer ties with the apartheid regime of South Africa, particularly with regards to matters pertaining to nuclear weapons The Reagan administration developed constructive engagement with the South African government as a means of encouraging it to move away from apartheid gradually  It was part of a larger initiative designed to foster peaceful economic development and political change throughout southern Africa  This policy, however, engendered much public criticism, and renewed calls for the imposition of stringent sanctions  In response, Reagan announced the imposition of new sanctions on the South African government, including an arms embargo in late 1985  These sanctions were seen as weak by anti-apartheid activists and as insufficient by the president's opponents in Congress  In 1986, Congress approved the Comprehensive Anti-Apartheid Act, which included tougher sanctions; Reagan's veto was overridden by Congress  Afterward, he remained opposed to apartheid and unsure of "how best to oppose it"  Several European countries, as well as Japan, also imposed their sanctions on South Africa soon after 

Libya bombing
Contentious relations between Libya and the United States under President Reagan were revived in the West Berlin discotheque bombing that killed an American soldier and injured dozens of others on April 5, 1986  Stating that there was irrefutable evidence that Libya had a direct role in the bombing, Reagan authorized the use of force against the country  On April 14, the United States launched a series of airstrikes on ground targets in Libya  Thatcher allowed the United States Air Force to use Britain's air bases to launch the attack, on the justification that the United Kingdom was supporting America's right to self-defense under Article 51 of the Charter of the United Nations  The attack was, according to Reagan, designed to halt Muammar Gaddafi's "ability to export terrorism", offering him "incentives and reasons to alter his criminal behavior"  The attack was condemned by many countries; by an overwhelming vote, the United Nations General Assembly adopted a resolution to condemn the attack and deem it a violation of the Charter and international law 

Iran–Contra affair
Reagan authorized William J  Casey to arm the Contras, fearing that Communists would take over Nicaragua if it remained under the leadership of the Sandinistas  Congress passed the 1982 Boland Amendment, prohibiting the CIA and United States Department of Defense from using their budgets to provide aid to the Contras  Still, the Reagan administration raised funds for the Contras from private donors and foreign governments  When Congress learned that the CIA had secretly placed naval mines in Nicaraguan harbors, Congress passed a second Boland Amendment that barred granting any assistance to the Contras  By mid-1985, Hezbollah began to take American hostages in Lebanon, holding seven of them in reaction to the United States' support of Israel Reagan procured the release of seven American hostages held by Hezbollah by selling American arms to Iran, then engaged in the Iran–Iraq War, in hopes that Iran would pressure Hezbollah to release the hostages  The Reagan administration sold over 2,000 missiles to Iran without informing Congress; Hezbollah released four hostages but captured an additional six Americans  On Oliver North's initiative, the administration redirected the proceeds from the missile sales to the Contras  The transactions were exposed by Ash-Shiraa in early November 1986  Reagan initially denied any wrongdoing, but on November 25, he announced that John Poindexter and North had left the administration and that he would form the Tower Commission to investigate the transactions  A few weeks later, Reagan asked a panel of federal judges to appoint a special prosecutor who would conduct a separate investigation The Tower Commission released a report in February 1987 confirming that the administration had traded arms for hostages and sent the proceeds of the weapons sales to the Contras  The report laid most of the blame on North, Poindexter, and Robert McFarlane, but it was also critical of Donald Regan and other White House staffers  Investigators did not find conclusive proof that Reagan had known about the aid provided to the Contras, but the report noted that Reagan had "created the conditions which made possible the crimes committed by others" and had "knowingly participated or acquiesced in covering up the scandal"  The affair damaged the administration and raised questions about Reagan's competency and the wisdom of conservative policies  The administration's credibility was also badly damaged on the international stage as it had violated its own arms embargo on Iran 

Soviet decline and thaw in relations
Although the Soviets did not accelerate military spending in response to Reagan's military buildup, their enormous military expenses, in combination with collectivized agriculture and inefficient planned manufacturing, were a heavy burden for the Soviet economy  At the same time, the prices of oil, the primary source of Soviet export revenues, fell to one third of the previous level in 1985  These factors contributed to a stagnant economy during Mikhail Gorbachev's tenure as the Soviet Union's leader Reagan's foreign policy towards the Soviets wavered between brinkmanship and cooperation  Reagan appreciated Gorbachev's revolutionary change in the direction of the Soviet policy and shifted to diplomacy, intending to encourage him to pursue substantial arms agreements  They held four summit conferences between 1985 and 1988  Reagan believed that if he could persuade the Soviets to allow for more democracy and free speech, this would lead to reform and the end of communism  The critical summit was in Reykjavík in 1986, where they agreed to abolish all nuclear weapons  However, Gorbachev added the condition that SDI research must be confined to laboratories during the ten-year period when disarmament would take place  Reagan refused, stating that it was defensive only and that he would share the secrets with the Soviets, thus failing to reach a deal In June 1987, Reagan addressed Gorbachev during a speech at the Berlin Wall, demanding that he "tear down this wall"  The remark was ignored at the time, but after the wall fell in November 1989, it was retroactively recast as a soaring achievement  In December, Reagan and Gorbachev met again at the Washington Summit to sign the Intermediate-Range Nuclear Forces Treaty, committing to the total abolition of their respective short-range and medium-range missile stockpiles  The treaty established an inspections regime designed to ensure that both parties honored the agreement  In May 1988, the U S  Senate overwhelmingly voted in favor of ratifying the treaty, providing a major boost to Reagan's popularity in the aftermath of the Iran–Contra affair  A new era of trade and openness between the two powers commenced, and the United States and Soviet Union cooperated on international issues such as the Iran–Iraq War 

1989–2004: Post-presidency
After leaving the presidency on January 20, 1989, Ronald and Nancy Reagan settled in a home in Bel Air, in addition to Rancho del Cielo in Santa Barbara  He received multiple awards and honors, and received generous payments for speaking engagements  In 1991, the Ronald Reagan Presidential Library opened  Reagan also addressed the 1992 Republican National Convention "to inspire allegiance to the party regulars"; publicly favored the Brady Bill, drawing criticism from gun control opponents; a constitutional amendment requiring a balanced budget; and the repeal of the 22nd Amendment  His final public speech occurred on February 3, 1994, during a tribute to him in Washington, D C ; his last major public appearance was at the funeral of Richard Nixon on April 27, 1994 In August 1994, Reagan was diagnosed with Alzheimer's disease, which he announced through a handwritten letter in November  There was speculation over how long he had demonstrated symptoms of mental degeneration, but lay observations that he suffered from Alzheimer's while still in office have been widely refuted by medical experts; his doctors said that he first began exhibiting overt symptoms of the illness in late 1992 or 1993  Over time, the disease destroyed Reagan's mental capacity  By 1997, he was reported to recognize few people other than his wife, though he continued to walk through parks and on beaches, play golf, and visit his office in nearby Century City  Eventually, his family decided that he would live in quiet semi-isolation with his wife  By the end of 2003, Reagan had lost his ability to speak and was mostly confined to his bed, no longer able to recognize any family members Reagan died of pneumonia, complicated by Alzheimer's, at his home in Los Angeles, on June 5, 2004  President George W  Bush called Reagan's death "a sad hour in the life of America"  His public funeral was held in the Washington National Cathedral, where eulogies were given by Margaret Thatcher, Brian Mulroney, George H  W  Bush, and George W  Bush  Other world leaders attended including Mikhail Gorbachev and Lech Wałęsa  Reagan was interred at his presidential library 

Legacy
Historical reputation
In 2008, British historian M  J  Heale summarized that scholars had reached a broad consensus in which "Reagan rehabilitated conservatism, turned the country to the right, practiced a 'pragmatic conservatism' that balanced ideology with the constraints of government, revived faith in the presidency and American self-respect, and contributed to critically ending the Cold War", which ended with the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991  Many conservative and liberal scholars have agreed that Reagan has been the most influential president since Roosevelt, leaving his imprint on American politics, diplomacy, culture, and economics through his effective communication of his conservative agenda and pragmatic compromising  During the initial years of Reagan's post-presidency, historical rankings placed his presidency in the twenties  Throughout the 2000s and 2010s, his presidency was often placed in the top ten Many proponents, including his Cold War contemporaries, believe that his defense policies, economic policies, military policies, and hard-line rhetoric against the Soviet Union and communism, together with his summits with Gorbachev, played a significant part in ending the Cold War  Professor Jeffrey Knopf argues that while Reagan's practice of referring to the Soviet Union as "evil" probably made no difference to the Soviet leaders, it possibly gave encouragement to Eastern European citizens who opposed their communist regimes  President Truman's policy of containment is also regarded as a force behind the fall of the Soviet Union, and the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan undermined the Soviet system itself  Nevertheless, Melvyn P  Leffler called Reagan "Gorbachev's minor, yet indispensable partner, setting the framework for the dramatic changes that neither anticipated happening anytime soon" Critics, for example Paul Krugman, note Reagan's tenure as having begun a period of increased income inequality, sometimes called the "Great Divergence"  Krugman also views Reagan as having initiated the ideology of the current-day Republican Party, which he feels is led by "radicals" who seek to "undo the twentieth century" gains in income equality and unionization  Others, such as Nixon's Secretary of Commerce Peter G  Peterson, also criticize what they feel was not just Reagan's fiscal irresponsibility, but also ushering in an era where tax cutting "became the GOP's core platform"  With resulting deficits and GOP leaders (speciously in Peterson's opinion) arguing supply-side gains would enable the country to "grow" its way out of deficits Reagan was known for storytelling and humor, which involved puns and self-deprecation  Reagan also often emphasized family values, despite being the first president to have been divorced  He showed the ability comfort to Americans during the aftermath of the Space Shuttle Challenger disaster  Reagan's ability to talk about substantive issues with understandable terms and to focus on mainstream American concerns earned him the laudatory moniker the "Great Communicator"  He also earned the nickname "Teflon President" in that public perceptions of him were not substantially tarnished by the multitude of controversies that arose during his administration 

Political influence
Reagan led a new conservative movement, altering the political dynamic of the United States  Conservatism became the dominant ideology for Republicans, displacing the party's faction of liberals and moderates  In his time, men began voting more Republican, and women began voting more Democrat – a gender distinction that has persisted   He was supported by young voters, an allegiance that shifted many of them to the party  He attempted to appeal to black voters in 1980, but would receive the lowest black vote for a Republican presidential candidate at the time  Throughout Reagan's presidency, Republicans were unable to gain complete control of Congress The period of American history most dominated by Reagan and his policies (particularly on taxes, welfare, defense, the federal judiciary, and the Cold War) is known as the Reagan era, which suggests that the "Reagan Revolution" had a lasting impact on the United States in domestic and foreign policy  The Bill Clinton administration is often treated as an extension of the era, as is the George W  Bush administration  Since 1988, Republican presidential candidates have invoked Reagan's policies and beliefs  Carlos Lozada noted Trump's praising of Reagan in a book he published during his 2016 campaign 
Passage 4:
Timeline of the presidency of Gerald Ford
Gerald Ford, a Republican from Michigan, was inaugurated as the nation's 38th president on August 9, 1974, upon the resignation of Richard Nixon,  and ended on January 20, 1977  The following articles cover the timeline of Ford's presidency:

Timeline of the Gerald Ford presidency (1974)
Timeline of the Gerald Ford presidency (1975)
Timeline of the Gerald Ford presidency (1976–January 1977)

See also
Timeline of the Richard Nixon presidency, for his predecessor
Timeline of the Jimmy Carter presidency, for his successor
Passage 5:
Richard Darman
Richard Gordon Darman (May 10, 1943 – January 25, 2008) was an American businessman and government official who served in senior positions during the presidencies of Ronald Reagan and George H  W  Bush 

Early life
Darman was born in Charlotte, North Carolina, the son of Eleanor F  and Morton H  Darman  His father was a textile mill owner 
Darman graduated with honors from Harvard College in 1964 and from the Harvard Graduate School of Business Administration in 1967 

Career
Darman held several governmental positions under James Baker, including as Assistant Secretary of Commerce (1976–1977)  After the defeat of Gerald Ford, Darman became a member of the faculty of Harvard Kennedy School, to which he would return on two occasions between 1977 and 2002 
When Baker became White House Chief of Staff under President Reagan, Darman returned to serve as Assistant to the President of the United States and White House Staff Secretary (1981–1985), before following Baker to the Treasury Department as Deputy Secretary of the Treasury (1985–1987) 
Darman served as Director of the Office of Management and Budget for the entire presidency of the first President Bush  Darman was regarded as provocative and intelligent by Washington insiders but was criticized by some economists for being too focused on the budget deficit and was sometimes blamed for convincing Bush to renege on his promise of "Read my lips: No new taxes," which is widely believed to have contributed to Bush's defeat in the election of 1992  Darman had previously tried to stop Bush from making the promise during the 1988 campaign From 1993 until his death in 2008, Darman was a partner and managing director of The Carlyle Group  During that period, Carlyle went from being a small firm with 26 employees to one of the world's largest and most successful private equity firms  Darman was a trustee of the Loomis Sayles Funds, the IXIS Funds, and the Howard Hughes Medical Institute  He served as Chairman of the Board of the Smithsonian National Museum of American History and, in May 2003, became Chairman of the Board of AES Corporation, an electric utility company 

Personal life
He married Kathleen Emmet on September 1, 1967; they had three sons, William T  E , Jonathan W  E  and C  T  Emmet Darman 
Darman died on January 25, 2008, at the age of 64, following a battle with acute myelogenous leukemia 
Passage 6:
President of Vietnam
The president of the Socialist Republic of Vietnam (Vietnamese: Chủ tịch nước Cộng hòa xã hội chủ nghĩa Việt Nam, lit  'Chairman of the state of the Socialist Republic of Vietnam') is the head of state of Vietnam, elected by the Vietnam National Assembly from delegates of the National Assembly  Since Vietnam is a single-party state, the president is generally considered to hold the second highest position in the political system, formally after the General Secretary of the Communist Party of Vietnam  In addition, the president appoints the head of government, the Prime Minister  As head of state, the President represents Vietnam both domestically and internationally, and maintains the regular and coordinated operation and stability of the national government and safeguards the independence and territorial integrity of the country  
The president must be a delegate of the National Assembly and is traditionally a member of the Central Committee of the Communist Party  The Central Committee of the Communist Party nominates candidates to the Standing Committee of the National Assembly, the Standing Committee of the National Assembly then confirms and nominates those candidates for official election by all delegates of the National Assembly  
The president appoints the vice president, prime minister, ministers, and other officials with the consent of the National Assembly  The president is furthermore the supreme commander-in-chief of the Vietnam People's Armed Forces, chairman of the Council for Defense and Security  Moreover, member of Political Bureau, standing member of the Central Military Commission and the Central Police Party Committee  Since September 2011, the president is also the head of the Central Steering Committee for Judicial Reform  The tenure of the president is five years, and a president can only serve three terms  If the president becomes unable to discharge duties of office, the vice president assumes the office of acting president until the president resumes duty, or until the election of a new president 
The powers and prestige of the office of president have varied over the years  For instance, while the inaugural president, Hồ Chí Minh, was also the chairman of the Communist Party, making him (in that capacity) the first ranking member of the Politburo, the highest decision-making body in Vietnam, his successor, Tôn Đức Thắng, served as a symbolic figure along with General Secretary Lê Duẩn  Since Trường Chinh's ascension to the presidency, the president has been ranked 1st (he was sometimes also chairman of the party) or 2nd in the order of precedence of the Communist Party's Politburo except President Nguyễn Minh Triết ranked fourth and President Võ Chí Công ranked third  Three persons served concurrently as head of both the party and state: Hồ Chí Minh (1951–1969), Trường Chinh (1986) and Nguyễn Phú Trọng (2018–2021) 
Võ Văn Thưởng is the current President of Vietnam after being appointed by the National Assembly on 2 March 2023  He is the youngest person to hold this position since the republic's founding in 1945 

History
Hồ Chí Minh was appointed Vietnam's first president in 1946 by the National Assembly  The 1959 Constitutions stated that the National Assembly had the power to appoint and dismiss the president  The president represented Vietnam both internally and externally  The power and responsibilities of the president in 1946 constitution is very similar to the power and responsibilities of the president of the United States with elements from the president of France being both the head of state and the head of government  The 1959 constitution significantly reduced the power of the president, making the president the de jure leader of Vietnam while handling most of the de facto power to the post of General Secretary of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of Vietnam  The 1980 constitution transformed the office of head of state dramatically  The office of president was abolished and replaced with the office of Chairman of the Council of State (CC)  The CC chairmanship was modelled after the Soviet office of Chairman of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet  The Council of State, as with the Council of Ministers, was a collective decision-making body  Both the Council of State and the Council of Ministers were part of the executive branch; the strengthening of these institutions weakened the role of the legislative branch  The duties, powers and responsibilities of the Council of State were taken from the Standing Committee of the National Assembly, which lost most of its powers and prestige in the 1980 Constitution 
The members of the Council of State were elected by the National Assembly and consisted of a chairman, deputy chairmen, a general secretary and other members  Council of State members could not concurrently be members of the Council of Ministers  The chairman of the Council of State was concurrently chairman of the National Defense Council (later the National Defense and Security Council) and commander-in-chief of the Vietnam People's Armed Forces  The Council of State supervised the works of other institutions, most notably the Council of Ministers, the Supreme People's Organ for Control and the People's Councils at all levels  It also presided over the elections of the National Assembly  The office of Chairman of the Council of State, the head of state, was abolished in the 1992 Constitution and replaced by the office of President 
The importance of the president has not remained constant throughout Vietnamese history  For instance, while Hồ Chí Minh was ranked as first member of the Politburo, the highest decision-making body in Vietnam, his successor, Tôn Đức Thắng, was a symbolic figure with little power  The post of head of state was strengthened in the 1980 Constitution by the appointment of Trường Chinh who was, by order of precedence, the second-highest-ranking member in the Politburo, behind Lê Duẩn  The office of president retained the second highest rank in the Politburo order of precedence until Nguyễn Minh Triết was appointed in 2006; he ranked fourth in the Politburo hierarchy  The Politburo elected in the aftermath of the 11th National Party Congress (held in January 2011) by the Central Committee elected Trương Tấn Sang as the first-ranking member of the Politburo  This was the first time in Vietnamese history where the highest-ranking member of the Politburo does not hold post of either general secretary or chairman (was in existence from 1951 to 1969) of the party  Since Trương Tấn Sang is first-ranked member of the Politburo, he is the body's unofficial head  Politburo meetings are held regularly; decisions within the Politburo are made through collective decision-making, and policies are only enacted if a majority of Politburo members supports them 

Term of office
The president is selected for a term of office of five years  The term of office of the incumbent president continues until the president-elect takes office
On assuming office, the president takes the following oath before the parliament:

In my capacity as President of the Socialist Republic of Vietnam, I swear complete allegiance to the country, people, and constitution; to fulfill the tasks assigned by the State, and people

Duties, powers and responsibilities
The president is the head of state of Vietnam, and his main priority is to represent Vietnam internally and externally  The officeholder is elected by the National Assembly of Vietnam, is responsible to it and reports to it  The tenure of the president is five years, the same as that of the National Assembly  The president continues to serve in his functions until the National Assembly elects a successor  The president has the following executive and legislative powers:

To promulgate laws, decree-laws and the Constitution,
To suspend the implementation or abrogation of the documents of the prime minister or the deputy prime minister which contravene the Constitution and the Laws
To act as the country's commander-in-chief and holds the office of Chairman of the National Defense and Security Council of Vietnam,
To convene meetings of the National Defense and Security Council of Vietnam,
The president shall take measures to protect the sovereignty of the Socialist Republic of Vietnam its independence and state integrity, and ensure concerted functioning and interaction of all bodies of state power,
To propose to the National Assembly the election or dismissal from office of the vice president, the prime minister, the Chief justice of the Supreme People's Court and the head of the Supreme People's Office of Supervision and Control,
The president has the right to preside over meetings of the Government of Vietnam,
To appoint or dismiss officials, staff and employees of the Office of the President,
To appoint or dismiss deputy prime ministers, ministers and other members of the government,
To proclaim a state of war or amnesty,
On the basis of a Standing Committee resolution, the president can order a general or partial mobilisation, or can proclaim a state of emergency nationwide or in a particular region,
To propose that the Standing Committee review its decree-laws and resolutions on matters stipulated in Points 8 and 9, Article 91, within the space of ten days following their adoption; if those decree-laws and resolutions are again passed by the Standing Committee of the National Assembly with the country's president dissenting, the latter shall report the matter to the National Assembly for it to decide the issue at its nearest session,
To appoint or dismiss the deputy Chief justice and judges of the Supreme People's Court and the Deputy Director of the Supreme People's Office of Supervision and Control,
To appoint or dismiss the chief of general staff, vice chief of general staff, chief of the General Department of Politics and the vice chief of the General Political Department
To confer titles and ranks on senior officers of the Vietnam People's Armed Forces and bestows "diplomatic titles and ranks, and other State titles and ranks; to confer medals, badges and State honours and distinctions",
To appoint and recall ambassadors extraordinary and plenipotentiary, and receive foreign ambassadors extraordinary and plenipotentiary, to negotiate and sign international agreements on behalf of the Socialist Republic with the heads of other states; he can approve or join international agreements, except in cases where a decision by the National Assembly is necessary,
To grant Vietnamese nationality, release from Vietnamese nationality, or deprive of Vietnamese nationality,
To hold Head of Steering Committee of the Central Judicial Reform,
To supervise the detection and handles all corrupt behaviors,
To hold Director of the Economic Council The National Defense and Security Council (NDSC) is composed of the president, the prime minister and other members  The members of the NDSC are proposed by the president and approved by the National Assembly  NDSC members do not need to be members of the National Assembly  The decision-making process of the NDSC is that of a collective leadership  Among its powers is the right to mobilise all forces in the name of national defense, and in case of war the National Assembly can entrust the NDSC with special duties and powers 

Succession
According to Article 93 of the Constitution of Vietnam (2013):
"When the President is incapacitated from work over a long period of time, the Vice President shall succeed as acting President  In case of vacancy of the Presidency, the Vice President shall serve as acting President until a new President is elected by the National Assembly "

See also
List of presidents of Vietnam
List of spouses of Vietnamese presidents
Vice President of Vietnam
Prime Minister of Vietnam
Deputy Prime Minister of Vietnam
Council for National Defense and Security (Vietnam)
General Secretary of the Communist Party of Vietnam
List of central officeholders in the Communist Party of Vietnam
Air transports of heads of state and government



ground_truth: George H. W. Bush

prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: Are Dutch Smoushond and Sussex Spaniel's both dog breeds?

The following are given passages.
Context 4:  Allen, pp  178216  Nashville: Broadman Press, 1971 
"Playing God with Other People's Minds " In Should Preachers Play God, ed  Claude A  Frazier, pp  115–129  Independence: Independence Press, 1973 
"The English Bible " In How to Understand the Bible, by Ralph Herring, Frank Stagg, et al , pp  148–163  Nashville: Broadman Press, 1974 
"Interpreting the Bible " In How to Understand the Bible, by Ralph Herring, Frank Stagg, et al , pp  49–61  Nashville: Broadman Press, 1974 
"Sources in Biblical Writings," In How to Understand the Bible, by Ralph Herring, Frank Stagg, et al , pp  134–147  Nashville: Broadman Press, 1974 
"The Text and Canon of the Old Testament " In How to Understand the Bible, by Ralph Herring, Frank Stagg, et al , pp  106–117  Nashville: Broadman Press, 1974 
"The Text and Canon of the New Testament " In How to Understand the Bible by Ralph Herring, Frank Stagg, et al , pp  118–133  Nashville: Broadman Press, 1974 
"A Continuing Pilgrimage " In What Faith Has Meant to Me, cd  Claude A  Frazier, pp  146–156  Philadelphia: Westminster Press, 1975 
"Adam, Christ, and Us " In New Testament Studies: Essays in Honor of Ray Summers in His Sixty-Fifth Year, ed  Huber L  Drumwright and Curtis Vaughan, pp  115–136  Waco: Baylor University Press, 1975 
"Establishing a Text for Luke-Acts " In 1977 Seminar Papers, Society of Biblical Literature Book of Reports, pp  45–58  Missoula, Montana: Scholars Press, 1977 
"A Whole Man Made Well " In The Struggle for Meaning, ed  by William Powell Tuck, pp  71–79  Valley Forge PA: Judson Press, 1977 
"Biblical Perspectives on Women" (with Evelyn Stagg)  In Findings of the Consultation on Women in Church-Related Vocations, ed  Johnni Johnson, pp  716  Nashville: Southern Baptist Convention, 1978 
"What is Truth?" In Science, Faith and Revelation, An Approach to Christian Philosophy, ed  Robert E  Patterson, pp  239–260  Nashville: Broadman Press, 1979 
"Understanding Call to Ministry " In Formation for Christian Ministry, ed  Anne Davis and Wade Rowatt, Jr , pp  23–38  Louisville: Review & Expositor, 1981 
"Preaching from Luke-Acts " In Biblical Preaching: An Expositor's Treasury ed  James W  Cox, pp  296–305  Philadelphia: Westminster, 1983 
"Preaching from the Sermon on the Mount " In Biblical Preaching: An Expositor's Treasury, ed  James W  Cox, pp  212–229  Philadelphia: Westminster, 1983 

Encyclopedia article
"Women in New Testament Perspective" (with Evelyn Stagg)  In Encyclopedia of Southern Baptists, ed  Lynn Edward May, Jr , Vol  4, pp  255–260  Nashville: Broadman Press, 1982 

Journal articles
"The Purpose and Message of Acts " Review & Expositor 44 (1947) 321 
"The Motif of First Corinthians " Southwestern Journal of Theology 3 (1960) 15–24 
"The Christology of Matthew " Review & Expositor 59 (1962) 457–468 
"The Farewell Discourses: John 13-17 " Review & Expositor 62 (1965) 459–472 
"The Gospel in Biblical Usage " Review & Expositor 63 (1966) 513 
"The Holy Spirit in the New Testament " Review & Expositor 63 (1966) 135–147 
"The Journey Toward Jerusalem in Luke's Gospel " Review & Expositor 64 (1967)499-512 
"An Analysis of the Book of James " Review & Expositor 66 (1969) 365–368 
"Exegetical Themes in James 1 and 2 " Review & Expositor 66 (1969) 391–402 
"The Lord's Supper in the New Testament " Review & Expositor 66 (1969) 514 
"Orthodoxy and Orthopraxy in the Johannine Epistles " Review & Expositor 67(1970)423-432 
"The Abused Aorist " Journal of Biblical Literature 91 (1972) 222–231 
"Salvation in Synoptic Tradition " Review & Expositor 69 (1972) 355–367 
"Freedom and Moral Responsibility without License or Legalism " Review & Expositor 69 (1972) 483–494 
"Introduction to Colossians " Theological Educator 4 (1973) 716 
"A Teaching Outline for Acts " Review & Expositor 71 (1974) 533–536 
"The Unhindered Gospel " Review & Expositor 71 (1974) 451–462 
"Interpreting the Book of Revelation " Review & Expositor 72 (1975) 331-343
"The Great Words of Romans " Theological Educator 7 (1976) 941–1002 
"The Plight of the Jew and the Gentile in Sin: Romans 1:18-3:20 " Review & Expositor 73 (1976) 401–413 
"Prophetic Ministry Today " Review & Expositor 73 (1976) 179–189 
"Rendering to Caesar What Belongs to Caesar: Christian Engagement with the World " Journal of Church and State 18 (1976) 951–1013 
"Rendering to God What Belongs to God: Christian Disengagement from the World " Journal of Church and State 18 (1976) 217–232 
"Biblical Perspectives on the Single Person " Review & Expositor 74 (1977) 519 
"Southern Baptist Theology Today: An Interview," Theological Educator 3 (1977) 15–36 
"Textual Criticism for Luke-Acts " Perspectives in Religious Studies 5 (1978) 152–165 
"The Domestic Code and Final Appeal: Ephesians 5:21—6:24 " Review & Expositor 76 (1979) 541–552 
"The New International Version: New Testament " Review & Expositor 76 (1979) 377–385 
"The Mind in Christ Jesus " Review & Expositor 77 (1980) 337–347 
"The New Testament Doctrine of the Church " Theological Educator 12 (1981) 42–56 
"Reassessing the Gospels " Review & Expositor 78 (1981) 187–203 
"Eschatology: A Southern Baptist Perspective " Review & Expositor 79 (1982) 381–395 

Southern Baptist curriculum and periodical articles
Syllabus for Study and Questions for Examination on New Testament 112: From Jesus to Paul  Nashville: Seminary Extension Department, 1954 
"Nature of the Church—Conditions of Admission " The Baptist Student 43 (February 1964) 53–56 
Nature of the Church—Constituents " The Baptist Student 43 (February 1964) 50-53 
"Nature of the Church—Individuality and Corporateness " The Baptist Student 43 (February 1964) 56–58 
"Church As the Body of Christ—the Ecclesia " The Baptist Student 43 (March 1964) 50–53 
"The Church As the Body of Christ—the Local Embodiment " The Baptist Student 43 (March 1964) 56–58 
"The Church As the Body of Christ—Unity and Diversity " The Baptist Student 43 (March 1964) 53–56 
"The Church As the Koinonia of the Spirit—Demands " The Baptist Student: 43 (April 1964) 54–56 
"The Church As the Koinonia of the Spirit—Dimensions " The Baptist Student 43 (April 1964) 52–54 
"The Church as the Koinonia of the Spirit—Primacy " The Baptist Student 43 (April 1964) 56–58 
"The Church in the World—the Church and the World " The Baptist Student 43 (May 1964) 55–57 
"The Church in the World—the Life and work of the Church " The Baptist Student 43 (May 1964) 52–54 
"The Church in the World—the Ministry of the Church " The Baptist Student 43 (May 1964) 50–52 
The Study Guide for Seminary Extension Course New Testament  Theology 436 (Teacher's Edition)  Nashville: Seminary Extension Department, 1964 
"1965: The Church Proclaiming " Church Administration 1 (February 1965) 22–24 
"Speaking in Tongues     A Biblical Interpretation " The Baptist Student 45 (May 1966)43-45 
The Study Guide for Seminary Extension Course New Testament 202: The Gospel According to Luke  Nashville: Seminary Extension Department, 1967 
"The Radicality of Jesus Christ " The Baptist Student 49 (June 1970) 79 
"Facts About Civil Disorder " The Baptist Program 30 (August 1970) 30–35 
The Study Guide for Seminary Extension Course New Testament Theology 436  Nashville: Seminary Extension Department, 1971 
"The Bible Speaks on Poverty " Outreach 1 (July, 1971) 24–25, 30 
"The Book of Acts" Advanced Bible Study 2 (April–June 1972) [13 lessons on Acts] 
"The Gospel of Paul in First Corinthians " Outreach 3 (September 1973) 30–31 
"The Gospel in Romans 18 " Outreach 4 (October 1973) 30–31 
"The Gospel According to Paul Applied in Romans 12-14 " Outreach 4 (November 1973) 42–43 
"The Radicality of Jesus Christ " The Student (January 1975) 811 (reprinted from The Baptist Student, June 1970) 
"The Church—God's New People " Adult Bible Teacher 5 (April–June 1975) [13 lessons on Ephesians] 
"The Kingdom of God: Freedom and Fulfillment Under the Rule of God " Come Alive 6 (January–March 1976) 22–33 
"Free to Be: Salvation: Becoming A Person in Christ " Come Alive 6 (April–June 1976) 44–55 
"First Century Demons " Illustrator 4 (Winter 1977) 58–60 
"The Kingdom of Heaven in Matthew " Illustrator (1978) 36ff 
"What We Believe About Sin " Source 9 (January 1979) 14–39 
"Eschatology " One in Christ 17 (1981) 255–270 
"The Bible Speaks on Aging " Search 12 (Summer 1982) 611 
"Humanism and a Free Society " Report from the Capital 37 (September 1982) 45 

Book reviews
An Introduction to New Testament Textual Criticism, by J  Harold Greenlee  Review and Expositor 62 (Spring 1965) 230–231 
The Text of the New Testament: Its Transmission, Corruption and Restoration, by Bruce M  Metzger  Review and Expositor 62 (Spring 1965) 230 
Only the House of Israel? by T  W  Manson  Review and Expositor 62 (Spring 1965) 231 
A Beginner's Reader Grammar for New Testament Greek, by E  C  Colwell and E  W  Tune  Review and Expositor 62 (Fall 1965) 485–487 
The Central Message of the New Testament, by Joachim Jeremías  Review and Expositor 63 (Winter 1966) 98–99 
Colossians: The Church's Lord and the Christian's Liberty - An Expository Commentary with a Present-Day Application, by Ralph P  Martin  Review & Expositor 71 (Winter 1974) 107 
Trajectories Through Early Christianity XII, by James M  Robinson  Review & Expositor 71 (Summer 1974) 395–397 
Milton and the Book of Revelation: the Heavenly Cycle, by Austin Dobbins  Review & Expositor 73 (Winter 1976) 77–78 
Anti-Semitism in the New Testament, by Samuel Sandmel  Review & Expositor 76 (Spring 1979) 258–261 
The Crucifixion of the Jews: The Failure of Christians to Understand the Jewish Experience, by Franklin H  Littell  Review & Expositor 84 (Winter 1987) 122–123 
The Jewish Reclamation of Jesus  by Donald A  Hagner  Review & Expositor 84 (Winter 1987) 123–124 

References and notes
Further reading
George, Timothy, and David S  Dockery  Baptist Theologians (Nashville: Broadman Press, 1990)
"Frank Stagg " Religious Leaders of America (Gale, 1999) 
Passage 9:
Baptist Theological Seminary at Richmond
Baptist Theological Seminary at Richmond (BTSR) was a free-standing seminary in Richmond, Virginia  It was founded in March 1989 by Virginia Baptists related to the Southern Baptist Alliance (now the Alliance of Baptists) and Baptist General Association of Virginia  In the late 1980s, as the situation began to change in Southern Baptist Convention during the conservative resurgence/fundamentalist takeover, others in the region joined them in seeing the need for alternative options for theological education among Baptists  BTSR was also affiliated with the Cooperative Baptist Fellowship  Accredited by the Association of Theological Schools in the United States and Canada, BTSR offered degrees including the Master of Divinity (M Div ), Master of Theological Studies (MTS), and Doctor of Ministry (D Min ) On November 13, 2018, the BTSR Trustees announced that the school would close, effective June 30, 2019   The trustees cited financial pressure as the reason for the closure, and said that the school would work with students to transfer their credits to other seminaries 
Passage 10:
Lee Rutland Scarborough
Lee Rutland Scarborough (1870–1945) was an American Southern Baptist pastor, evangelist, denominational leader, and professor at the Southwestern Baptist Theological Seminary (SWBTS)  He spent the first 16 years of his life on a ranch and became an adept cowboy  He attended later Baylor University, Yale University and The Southern Baptist Theological Seminary   He accepted the invitation of B  H  Carroll in 1908 to occupy the world's first academic chair of evangelism, "The Chair of Fire," at SWBTS, (also known as the L  R  Scarborough Chair of Evangelism) and chaired the seminary's department of evangelism  In February 1915, following the death of B  H  Carroll, he became president of Southwestern Baptist Theological Seminary  He remained in both positions until 1942, during which time he also served a term as president of the Baptist General Convention of Texas (1929–32) and a term as president of the Southern Baptist Convention (1938–40) 

Works
Scarborough, L  R  With Christ After the Lost, A Search for Souls  Nashville, Tenn: Sunday school board, Southern Baptist convention, 1919 
Scarborough, L  R  A Modern School of the Prophets; A History of the Southwestern Baptist Theological Seminary, a Product of Prayer and Faith, Its First Thirty Years, 1907-1937  Nashville: Broadman Press, 1939 
Scarborough, L  R  How Jesus Won Men  New York: Doran, 1926 
Scarborough, L  R  After the Resurrection--What? Grand Rapids: Zondervan, 1942 
Scarborough, L  R  Marvels of Divine Leadership; Or, The Story of the Southern Baptist 75 Million Campaign  Nashville, Tenn: Sunday school board Southern Baptist convention, 1920 
Scarborough, L  R  A Search for Souls: A Study in the Finest of the Arts- Winning the Lost to Christ  Nashville, Tenn: Sunday school board, Southern Baptist convention, 1925 
Scarborough, L  R  Christ's Militant Kingdom ; A Study in the Trail Triumphant  New York: George H  Doran, 1924 
Scarborough, L  R  A Blaze of Evangelism Across the Equator  Nashville, Tenn: Broadman Press, 1937 
Scarborough, L  R  Endued to Win  Nashville: Sunday School Board of the Southern Baptist Convention, 1922 
Scarborough, L  R  My Conception of the Gospel Ministry  Nashville, Tenn: Sunday School Board of the Southern Baptist Convention, 1935 
Scarborough, L  R  Prepare to Meet God: Sermons Making the Way to Christ Plain  New York: George H  Doran Co, 1922 
Scarborough, L  R  Ten Spiritual Ships; The Heaviest Responsibilities of Christ's People  New York: George H  Doran Co, 1927 
Scarborough, L  R  Recruits for World Conquests  New York: Fleming H  Revell, 1914 
Scarborough, L  R  Products of Pentecost  New York: Fleming H  Revell Co, 1934 
Scarborough, L  R  Some Ministerial Danger Signals  Nashville, Tenn ?: Sunday School Board, Southern Baptist Convention?], 1900s 
Scarborough, L  R  The Tears of Jesus: Sermons to Aid Soul-Winners  New York: George H  Doran, 1922 
Scarborough, L  R  Holy Places and Precious Promises  Nashville: Sunday School Board of the Southern Baptist Convention, 1924 
Scarborough, L  R , and Allen Fort  Building for Evangelism: Timely Messages on a Vital Subject  Evangelism in the Construction of Meeting Houses  Nashville, Tenn: Church Architecture Dept , Sunday School Board, Southern Baptist Convention, 1900s 
Scarborough, L  R , and J  L  Love  A Bundle of Letters: Observations on Mission Fields  Richmond, Va: Foreign Mission Board, Southern Baptist Convention, 1923 
Scarborough, L  R  Christ's Militant Kingdom: A Study in the Trail Triumphant  Nashville: Sunday School Board of the Southern Baptist Convention, 1924 
Scarborough, L  R  Vital Essentials Worth Preserving and Perpetuating  Nashville, Tenn: Baptist Sunday School Board, 1939 
Leavell, Roland Quinche, and L  R  Scarborough  A Handbook for Southern Baptist Participation in "the Nation-Wide Baptist Evangelistic Crusade for 1940 "  Atlanta: Published cooperatively by the Home Mission Board, S B C  and various Secretaries of the State Mission Boards, 1939 
Scarborough, L  R  Help Lift the World into the Light: Millions for the Master  Nashville, Tenn: Baptist 75 Million Campaign, 1919 
Scarborough, L  R  Victory Schools: One in Every Church  Nashville, Tenn: [S B C ] Baptist 75 Million Campaign, 1919 
Scarborough, L  R  Southern Baptists and Evangelism  Atlanta, Ga: Baptist Home Mission Board [Southern Baptist Convention, 1918 
Scarborough, L  R  Are You Saved or Lost? Nashville, Tenn: Sunday School Board, Southern Baptist Convention, 1920 
Scarborough, L  R  Chapters from Recruits for World Conquests  Nashville, Tenn: Southern Baptist Convention, Sunday School Board, 1914 
Scarborough, L  R , B  A  Copass, and E  Leslie Carlson  A Course in Evangelism Based on "How Jesus Won Men"  [Fort Worth]: Seminary Book Store, 1900 
Scarborough, L  R  Volunteers: A Call for Soldiers for Christ  Nashville: Sunday School Board, Southern Baptist Convention, 1918 

See also
List of Southern Baptist Convention affiliated people
Southern Baptist Convention
Southern Baptist Convention Presidents



ground_truth: yes