prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: The Red Queen's Race is a science fiction short story that uses the Red Queen's race from a novel by Lewis Carroll that is the sequel to what?

The following are given passages.
Context 1: Passage 1:
The Red Queen's Race
The Red Queen's Race is a science fiction short story by American writer Isaac Asimov; it uses the Red Queen's race from Lewis Carroll's Through the Looking-Glass as a metaphor for the final plot twist   The story also makes reference to Asimov's psychohistory   "The Red Queen's Race" was first published in the January 1949 issue of Astounding Science Fiction and reprinted in the 1972 collection The Early Asimov 
"The Red Queen's Race" was written in July 1948, a month after Asimov received a PhD from Columbia University and became a postdoc studying anti-malarial drugs 

Plot summary
The story is told by an unnamed narrator, an agent of an unnamed U S  intelligence bureau  The agent is tasked with an investigation into an atomic power plant which has been completely drained of power  A Professor of Nuclear Physics, Elmer Tywood, is found dead 
As the investigation progresses, bringing in Tywood's research students and his university colleagues, it is revealed that Tywood had developed a means to send objects back in time via "micro-temporal translation " His plan was to "improve" the world by giving Hellenic Greece advanced knowledge in the form of chemistry 
The investigating agents and their superior, The Boss, gradually realize that the changes introduced into history might, through the butterfly effect, cause the deletion from existence of every human being alive 
The trail eventually leads to the doorstep of Mycroft James Boulder, Assistant Professor of Philosophy, who had been hired by Tywood to translate a textbook of chemistry into Attic Greek  He states that he had figured out Tywood's plan and translated only enough to coincide with historical accounts 
With no clear solution, the investigation is shelved and filed under the heading of "?" 
Passage 2:
Through the Looking-Glass
Through the Looking-Glass, and What Alice Found There (also known as Alice Through the Looking-Glass or simply Through the Looking-Glass) is a novel published on 27 December 1871 (though indicated as 1872) by Lewis Carroll, a mathematics professor at the University of Oxford, and the sequel to Alice's Adventures in Wonderland (1865)  Alice again enters a fantastical world, this time by climbing through a mirror into the world that she can see beyond it  There she finds that, just like a reflection, everything is reversed, including logic (for example, running helps one remain stationary, walking away from something brings one towards it, chessmen are alive, nursery rhyme characters exist, and so on) 
Through the Looking-Glass includes such verses as "Jabberwocky" and "The Walrus and the Carpenter", and the episode involving Tweedledum and Tweedledee  The mirror above the fireplace that is displayed at Hetton Lawn in Charlton Kings, Gloucestershire (a house that was owned by Alice Liddell's grandparents, and was regularly visited by Alice and Lewis Carroll) resembles the one drawn by John Tenniel and is cited as a possible inspiration for Carroll   It prompted a newfound appreciation for its predecessor when it was published 

Plot summary
Chapter One – Looking-Glass House: Alice is playing with a white kitten (whom she calls "Snowdrop") and a black kitten (whom she calls "Kitty") when she ponders what the world is like on the other side of a mirror's reflection  Climbing up onto the fireplace mantel, she pokes at the wall-hung mirror behind the fireplace and discovers, to her surprise, that she is able to step through it to an alternative world  In this reflected version of her own house, she finds a book with looking-glass poetry, "Jabberwocky", whose reversed printing she can read only by holding it up to the mirror  She also observes that the chess pieces have come to life, though they remain small enough for her to pick up 

Chapter Two – The Garden of Live Flowers: Upon leaving the house (where it had been a cold, snowy night), she enters a sunny spring garden where the flowers can speak; they perceive Alice as being a "flower that can move about"  Elsewhere in the garden, Alice meets the Red Queen, who is now human-sized, and who impresses Alice with her ability to run at breathtaking speeds 
Chapter Three – Looking-Glass Insects: The Red Queen reveals to Alice that the entire countryside is laid out in squares, like a gigantic chessboard, and offers to make Alice a queen if she can move all the way to the eighth rank/row in a chess match  Alice is placed in the second rank as one of the White Queen's pawns, and begins her journey across the chessboard by boarding a train that jumps over the third row and directly into the fourth rank, thus acting on the rule that pawns can advance two spaces on their first move  She arrives in a forest where a depressed gnat teaches her about the looking glass insects, strange creatures part bug part object (e g , bread and butterfly, rocking horse fly), before flying away sadly  Alice continues her journey and along the way, crosses the "wood where things have no names"  There she forgets all nouns, including her own name  With the help of a fawn who has also forgotten his identity, she makes it to the other side, where they both remember everything  Realizing that he is a fawn, she is a human, and that fawns are afraid of humans, it runs off (to Alice's frustration) 

Chapter Four – Tweedledum and Tweedledee: She then meets the fat twin brothers Tweedledum and Tweedledee, whom she knows from the nursery rhyme  After reciting the long poem "The Walrus and the Carpenter", they draw Alice's attention to the Red King—loudly snoring away under a nearby tree—and maliciously provoke her with idle philosophical banter that she exists only as an imaginary figure in the Red King's dreams  Finally, the brothers begin suiting up for battle, only to be frightened away by an enormous crow, as the nursery rhyme about them predicts 
Chapter Five – Wool and Water: Alice next meets the White Queen, who is very absent-minded but boasts of (and demonstrates) her ability to remember future events before they have happened  Alice and the White Queen advance into the chessboard's fifth rank by crossing over a brook together, but at the very moment of the crossing, the Queen transforms into a talking Sheep in a small shop  Alice soon finds herself struggling to handle the oars of a small rowboat, where the Sheep annoys her with (seemingly) nonsensical shouting about "crabs" and "feathers" 
Chapter Six – Humpty Dumpty: After crossing yet another brook into the sixth rank, Alice immediately encounters Humpty Dumpty, who, besides celebrating his unbirthday, provides his own translation of the strange terms in "Jabberwocky"  In the process, he introduces Alice to the concept of portmanteau words, before his inevitable fall 

Chapter Seven – The Lion and the Unicorn: "All the king's horses and all the king's men" come to Humpty Dumpty's assistance, and are accompanied by the White King, along with the Lion and the Unicorn, who again proceed to act out a nursery rhyme by fighting with each other  In this chapter, the March Hare and Hatter of the first book make a brief re-appearance in the guise of "Anglo-Saxon messengers" called "Haigha" and "Hatta" 
Chapter Eight – "It's my own Invention": Upon leaving the Lion and Unicorn to their fight, Alice reaches the seventh rank by crossing another brook into the forested territory of the Red Knight, who is intent on capturing the "white pawn"—Alice—until the White Knight comes to her rescue  Escorting her through the forest towards the final brook-crossing, the Knight recites a long poem of his own composition called Haddocks' Eyes, and repeatedly falls off his horse 
Chapter Nine – Queen Alice: Bidding farewell to the White Knight, Alice steps across the last brook, and is automatically crowned a queen, with the crown materialising abruptly on her head (a reference to pawn promotion)  She soon finds herself in the company of both the White and Red Queens, who relentlessly confound Alice by using word play to thwart her attempts at logical discussion  They then invite one another to a party that will be hosted by the newly crowned Alice—of which Alice herself had no prior knowledge 
Chapter Ten – Shaking: Alice arrives and seats herself at her own party, which quickly turns into chaos  Alice finally grabs the Red Queen, believing her to be responsible for all the day's nonsense, and begins shaking her 
Chapter Eleven – Waking: Alice awakes in her armchair to find herself holding the black kitten, who she deduces to have been the Red Queen all along, with the white kitten having been the White Queen 
Chapter Twelve – Which dreamed it?: The story ends with Alice recalling the speculation of the Tweedle brothers, that everything may have been a dream of the Red King, and that Alice might herself be no more than a figment of his imagination  The book ends with the line "Life, what is it but a dream?"

Characters
Main characters
Minor characters
Symbolism
Mirrors
One of the key motifs of Through the Looking-Glass is that of mirrors, including the use of opposites, time running backwards, and so on, not to mention the title of the book itself  In fact, the themes and settings of the book make it somewhat of a mirror image to its predecessor, Alice's Adventures in Wonderland (1865)  The first book begins in the warm outdoors, on 4 May; uses frequent changes in size as a plot device; and draws on the imagery of playing cards  The second book, however, opens indoors on a snowy, wintry night exactly six months later, on 4 November (the day before Guy Fawkes Night); uses frequent changes in time and spatial directions as a plot device; and draws on the imagery of chess 

Chess
While the first Alice novel took playing cards as a theme, Through the Looking-Glass instead used chess; most of the main characters are represented by chess pieces, with Alice being a pawn   The looking-glass world consists of square fields divided by brooks or streams, and the crossing of each brook typically signifies a change in scene, with Alice advancing one square   At the book's beginning, Carroll provided and explained a chess composition with descriptive notation, corresponding to the events of the story   Although the piece movements follow the rules of chess, other basic rules are ignored: one player (White) makes several consecutive moves while the (Red/Black) opponent's moves are skipped, and a late check (12    Qe8+) is left undealt with   Carroll also explained that certain items listed in the composition do not have corresponding piece moves but simply refer to the story, e g  the "castling of the three Queens, which is merely a way of saying that they entered the palace"   Despite these liberties, the final position is an authentic checkmate 
The most extensive treatment of the chess motif in Carroll's novel was made by Glen Downey in his master's thesis, later expanded and incorporated into his dissertation on the use of chess as a device in Victorian fiction   In the former piece, Downey gave the composition's moves in algebraic notation: 1    Qh5 2  d4 3  Qc4 4  Qc5 5  d5 6  Qf8 7  d6 8  Qc8 9  d7 Ne7+ 10  Nxe7 11  Nf5 12  d8=Q Qe8+ 13  Qa6 14  Qxe8#   In the latter piece, Downey treated the 21 items in the composition sequentially, identifying the above 16 coherent chess moves, and another five items as "non-moves" or pure story descriptors, per Carroll's qualification The mating position nearly satisfies the conditions of a pure mate, a special type of checkmate where the mated king is prevented from moving to any of the adjacent squares in its field by exactly one enemy attack, among other conditions   The position is also nearly an ideal mate, a stronger form of pure mate in which every piece on the board of either color contributes to the checkmate   The one feature of the position which prevents it from being either a pure or an ideal mate is that the Red (Black) King is unable to move to e3 for two reasons: the knight's attack, and the (sustained) attack of the newly promoted, mating queen   Although pure and ideal mates are "incidental" in real games, they are objects of aesthetic interest to composers of chess problems 

Language
The White Queen offers to hire Alice as her lady's maid and to pay her "twopence a week, and jam every other day"  Alice says that she does not want any jam today, to which the Queen replies, "you couldn't have it if you did want it  The rule is, jam tomorrow and jam yesterday—but never jam to-day " This is a reference to the rule in Latin that the word iam or jam—which means now, in the sense of already or at that time—cannot be used to describe now in the present, which is nunc in Latin  Therefore, "jam" is never available today  This exchange is also a demonstration of the logical fallacy of equivocation 

Poems and songs
Most poems and songs of the book do not include a title 
"Introduction" (prelude; "Child of the pure unclouded brow…")
"Jabberwocky": 31–34, chap I 
"Tweedledum and Tweedledee": 74, chap IV 
"The Walrus and the Carpenter": 77–82, chap IV 
"Humpty Dumpty": 115, chap VI 
Humpty Dumpty's poem ("In Winter when the fields are white…"): 128–30, chap VI 
"The Lion and the Unicorn": 141, chap VII 
"Haddocks' Eyes" (i e , "A-sitting on a Gate"): 171–3, chap IX 
Red Queen's lullaby ("Hush-a-by lady, in Alice's lap…"): 187, chap X 
"To the Looking-Glass world it was Alice that said…": 192, chap X 
White Queen's riddle ("'First, the fish must be caught'…"): 197, chap X 
"A boat beneath a sunny sky"(postlude; acrostic poem in which putting the beginning letters of each line spell Alice Pleasance Liddell, the girl after whom the book's Alice is named) : 210–11

The Wasp in a Wig
Lewis Carroll decided to suppress a scene involving what was described as "a wasp in a wig" (possibly a play on the commonplace expression "bee in the bonnet")  A biography of Carroll, written by Carroll's nephew, Stuart Dodgson Collingwood, suggests that one of the reasons for this suppression was a suggestion from his illustrator, John Tenniel, who wrote in a letter to Carroll dated 1 June 1870:
I am bound to say that the  'wasp'  chapter doesn't interest me in the least, and I can't see my way to a picture  If you want to shorten the book, I can't help thinking—with all submission—that there is your opportunity 
For many years, no one had any idea what this missing section was or whether it had survived  In 1974, a document purporting to be the galley proofs of the missing section was auctioned at Sotheby's; the catalogue description, in part, read, "the proofs were bought at the sale of the author's…personal effects…Oxford, 1898"  The document would be won by John Fleming, a Manhattan book dealer, for a bid of about US$832 (equivalent to $4,937 in 2022)  The contents were subsequently published in Martin Gardner's More Annotated Alice (1990), and are also available as a hardback book 
The rediscovered section describes Alice's encounter with a wasp wearing a yellow wig, and includes a full previously unpublished poem  If included in the book, it would have followed, or been included at the end of, Chapter 8—the chapter featuring the encounter with the White Knight  The discovery is generally accepted as genuine, but the proofs have yet to receive any physical examination to establish age and authenticity The missing episode was included in the 1998 TV film adaptation Alice through the Looking Glass, with the character being portrayed by Ian Richardson  It was also included in the 2010 graphic novel "The Complete Alice in Wonderland" 

Dramatic adaptations
The book has been adapted several times, both in combination with Alice's Adventures in Wonderland and as a stand-alone feature 

Stand-alone adaptations
Alice Through a Looking Glass (1928), a silent movie directed by Walter Lang, would be one of the earliest stand-alone adaptations of the book 
A dramatised audio-recorded version, directed by Douglas Cleverdon, was released in 1959 by Argo Records  The book is narrated by Margaretta Scott, starring Jane Asher as Alice, along with actors Frank Duncan (Humpty Dumpty, Red King, Frog), Tony Church, Norman Shelley, and Carleton Hobbs 
Alice Through the Looking Glass (1966) was an NBC TV musical special, first airing on 6 November  The special includes music by Moose Charlap, and stars Ricardo Montalban, Agnes Moorehead, Jack Palance, Jimmy Durante, and the Smothers Brothers, along with Judi Rolin in the role of Alice 
Alice Through the Looking Glass (1973) is a BBC TV movie, directed by James MacTaggart and starring Sarah Sutton as Alice 
Alice in the Land in the Other Side of the Mirror (1982) is a 38-minute Soviet cutout-animated TV film produced by Kievnauchfilm studio and directed by Yefrem Pruzhanskiy 
Alice Through the Looking Glass (1987) is an animated TV movie starring Janet Waldo as the voice of Alice and The Red Queen, as well as the voices of Mr  T as the Jabberwock, Jonathan Winters, and Phyllis Diller 
Alice through the Looking Glass (1998) is a Channel 4 TV movie, starring Kate Beckinsale as the role of Alice, which restored the lost "Wasp in a Wig" episode 
A 2-hour multimedia stage production (2007), conceived by Andy Burden, was produced by the Tobacco Factory  The show would be directed by Burden and written by Hattie Naylor, with music and lyrics by Paul Dodgson 
Through the Looking Glass (2008) was a chamber opera composed by Alan John to a libretto by Andrew Upton 
Alice Through the Looking Glass (2016), directed by James Bobin, is a sequel to the Tim-Burton-directed Disney reboot Alice in Wonderland (2010)  It does not follow the plot of the book 
The BBC Radio 4 show Saturday Drama broadcast an adaptation by Stephen Wyatt on 22 December 2011  The broadcast featured Lewis Carroll, voiced by Julian Rhind-Tutt, as both the narrator and an active character in the story  Other actors include Lauren Mote (Alice), Carole Boyd (Red Queen), Sally Phillips (White Queen), Nicholas Parsons (Humpty-Dumpty), Alistair McGowan (Tweedledum & Tweedledee), and John Rowe (White Knight) 

Adaptations with Alice's Adventures in Wonderland
Film and TV
Alice in Wonderland (1933) is a pre-code live-action film directed by Norman Z  McLeod, with Charlotte Henry in the role of Alice, along with Cary Grant, Gary Cooper, and others  Despite the title, the film features most elements from Through the Looking Glass as well, including Humpty Dumpty (played by W  C  Fields) and a Harman-Ising animated version of "The Walrus and the Carpenter" 
The animated Alice in Wonderland (1951) is the 13th animated feature film of Walt Disney and the most famous among all direct adaptions of Carroll's work  The film features several elements from Through the Looking-Glass, including the talking flowers, Tweedledee & Tweedledum, and "The Walrus and the Carpenter" 
Alice's Adventures in Wonderland (1972), a musical film starring Fiona Fullerton as Alice, includes the twins Fred and Frank Cox as Tweedledum & Tweedledee 
Nel Mondo Di Alice ("In the World of Alice") is a 1974 Italian TV series that covers both novels, particularly Through the Looking-Glass in episodes 3 and 4 
Alice in Wonderland (1985) is a two-part TV musical produced by Irwin Allen that covers both books, and stars Natalie Gregory as Alice  In this adaptation, the Jabberwock materialises into reality after Alice reads "Jabberwocky", pursuing her throughout the second half of the musical 
Fushigi no Kuni no Arisu (1985; Japanese: ふしぎの国のアリス) is an anime adaptation of the two novels in which later episodes adhere more closely with Through the Looking Glass 
Alice in Wonderland (1999), a made-for-TV Hallmark/NBC film with Tina Majorino as Alice, uses elements from Through the Looking Glass, such as the talking flowers, Tweedledee & Tweedledum, and "The Walrus and the Carpenter", as well as the chess theme, including the snoring Red King and White Knight 
Alice (2009) is a Syfy TV miniseries that contains elements from both novels 
Alice in Wonderland (2010), directed by Tim Burton, is a live-action Disney reboot that follows Alice at an adult age, containing elements from both books 

Stage productions
Alice in Concert (1980), also known as Alice at the Palace, was a production written and produced by Elizabeth Swados  Performed on a bare stage, the production starred Meryl Streep in the role of Alice, with additional supporting cast by Mark Linn-Baker and Betty Aberlin 
Lookingglass Alice (2007) was an acrobatic interpretation of both novels, produced by the Lookingglass Theater Company, that performed in New York City, Philadelphia, and Chicago, with a version of the show touring the rest of the United States 
A 2-part production by Iris Theatre in London was staged in the summer of 2013, in which the second part consisted of Through the Looking-Glass  Both parts included Laura Wickham in the role of Alice 
Alice (2010), written by Laura Wade, was a modern adaptation of both books that premiered at the Crucible Theatre in Sheffield in 2010 
Wonder land (2015), a live musical by Moira Buffini and Damon Albarn, takes some characters from the second novel, notably Dum and Dee and Humpty Dumpty, while the Queen of Hearts and the Red Queen are merged into one character 
Alice in Wonderland and Through the Looking-Glass (2001) was a stage adaption by Adrian Mitchell for the Royal Shakespeare Company, in which the second act consists of Through the Looking-Glass 
Alice's Adventures Under Ground (2020), a one-act opera written in 2016 by Gerald Barry and first staged at the Royal Opera House, is a conflation of the two novels 
Looking-Glass, a 1982 Off-Broadway play based on Charles Dodgson, the real-life name of author Lewis Carroll

Other
Jabberwocky (1977) is a film that expands the story of the poem "Jabberwocky" 
Thru the Mirror (1936) is a Mickey Mouse short film in which Mickey travels through his mirror and into a bizarre world 
Donald in Mathmagic Land (1959) is a film that includes a segment with Donald Duck dressed as Alice meeting the Red Queen on a chessboard 
American McGee's Alice (2000) is a computer game in which the player takes the role of a teenage Alice fighting to reclaim her sanity  It was followed by a sequel, Alice: Madness Returns, in 2011 
Through the Looking-Glass (2011) was a ballet by American composer John Craton 
Through the Zombie Glass (2013) is a book by Gena Showalter 

See also
Passage 3:
Red Queen (novel)
Red Queen is a young adult fantasy novel written by American writer Victoria Aveyard  Published in February 2015, it was her first novel and first series  Aveyard followed up with three sequels: Glass Sword, King's Cage and War Storm  Red Queen won the 2015 Goodreads Choice Award for Debut Goodreads Author and was nominated for the 2015 Goodreads Choice Award for Young Adult Fantasy & Science Fiction 

Summary
Mare Barrow is a Red 17-year-old living with her parents and a younger sister, Gisa  Her three older brothers, Bree, Tramy, and Shade, serve in the front line of a war fought between the northern Kingdom the Lakelands and the Barrows' homeland, the Kingdom of Norta  Norta is currently ruled by King Tiberias Calore VI, one of many "Silver" citizens, whose silver blood and supernatural powers allow them to rule over the more numerous yet powerless red blooded population  Mare is jealous of Gisa because her skills in sewing earned her a job working for Silvers, and Reds who have jobs don't have to conscript in the war  When Mare learns that Kilorn Warren, her best friend, will be conscripted, she plans an escape and meets with a colleague who directs her to Farley, a captain of the Scarlet Guard, insurgents composed of Reds who want to bring equality between their people and the Silvers  Farley demands an exorbitant sum of money in exchange for Kilorn's escape 
Mare's plan to steal from a Silver with Gisa goes horribly wrong when live news reports that the Scarlet Guard bombed Silver buildings, inciting Silvers around them to grow violent  Gisa's hand is broken in the chaos, forcing her to quit her job and stop supporting Mare's family, whilst diminishing Gisa's dreams of becoming a seamstress  Unable to bear the guilt she feels towards Gisa and her family, Mare goes to a tavern and began stealing from random people to occupy her thoughts  While there, she gets sloppy and is caught while attempting to steal from a boy  Surprisingly, instead of turning her in he gives her money  He informs her that his name is Cal and he works as a servant at the palace  He walks her home and listens as she informs him of her tragic life  He gives her another coin out of pity and leaves  The next day, Mare is taken to the king's local residence and given a job as a servant  She discovers that Cal is Tiberias Calore VI's son, Prince Tiberias Calore VII, who granted her her work in the palace in order to protect her from conscription  During the Queenstrial, where Silver nobility compete for Cal's hand in marriage, Mare accidentally displays electrokinetic powers against Cal's eventual bride, Evangeline Samos  She is captured, but because the king fears of an uprising should a Red be discovered to have supernatural powers, Mare is made a bride of Tiberias' second son, the shy Maven, given the name Mareena Titanos, and a cover story: the daughter of a Silver general who died on the battle field and was adopted by the Reds in the war zone  Mare feels torn as she realizes she is in love with Cal, her betrothed's brother and the future Silver king  However, she soon grows to develop feelings for Maven instead 
Suddenly having to live as a noble within the king's ranks, Mare slowly acquaints herself with Maven and Cal while also befriending Julian Jacos, Cal's uncle and a librarian who teaches her how to control her powers  Mare is permitted to say goodbye to her family by Cal and learns the return of her brothers Bree and Tramy, but not Shade, who was beheaded by Silver officers for reported desertion  Furious that her favorite brother was killed, Mare joins the Scarlet Guard  While meeting with Farley to discuss plans, Mare is infuriated when she learns that Kilorn joined, and surprised when she sees that Maven joined as well  This new revelation brings Mare and Maven closer together and they become lovers  The plan involves disrupting a royal ball and killing several important Silvers  However, an unexpected and mysterious bomb goes off, killing many innocents in the process, and also resulting in the capture of Kilorn, Farley, and other members of the Scarlet Guard  Though the rebels are able to be freed thanks to Julian's help, Mare is alarmed when she learns that Farley was not responsible for the bomb dropped at the palace  The bomb gave Silvers the ability to paint the Scarlet Guard as dangerous murderers to the public 
Due to the attack of the Scarlet Guard, the Reds are punished by the Silvers with the lowering of the age of conscription from 18 to 15  Mare herself is ordered to broadcast the new law  Julian confesses that his research concludes that Mare's blood has a genetic mutation, allowing for a person with red blood to have Silver-like powers, and be stronger than both; furthermore, she is not the only one with the mutation  Shade also had the mutation, which was why he was executed; the only reason Mare was spared was because her powers manifested while she was viewed by many Silver onlookers, thus preventing a cover-up  Julian also mentions that he needs to go into hiding so he leaves Mare a list of names of people like her  After another meeting with Farley in a free zone that the Silvers have been avoiding, Mare, at Maven's suggestion, infiltrates the king's residence in the capital, Archeon  There, through the underground-roaming Undertrains, the rebels stake an invasion  Mare attempts to convince Cal to allow the Scarlet Guard overtake the castle, and admits to helping them  Cal, stung by her betrayal, refuses and arrests both Mare and Maven, leading them to the castle  However, once in the presence of Queen Elara and King Tiberius, Queen Elara reveals that she and Maven have been manipulating Mare the whole time in a plot to grant Maven the title of King and murder Cal  Maven hints that he and his mother caused the explosion to paint the Scarlet Guard in a bad light  Elara then uses her power of mind control to force Cal to kill his father on live television, thus branding him and Mare traitors and allowing Maven to become king  It is also revealed that Elara murdered the King's first wife many years ago in order to become Queen and gain more power 
Mare and Cal are sentenced to death and put in an arena with their powers stifled  Mare and Cal battle their former sparring partners, including Evangeline, and manage to kill a few Silvers before they retreat  They are rescued by the Scarlet Guard and they escape by the Undertrain before Maven can stop them  Inside it, Mare meets with Farley, Kilorn, and, to her shock, Shade, who faked his death and is also a part of the Scarlet Guard  Mare vows to take revenge against Maven, and use the list she acquired from Julian to seek out others like her 

Characters
Mare Barrow: The 17-year-old Mare is a Red who steals for a living, but the discovery that she holds supernatural powers causes many to try to vie for her allegiance  She holds tremendous electrokinetic powers, which she uses to either absorb or release lightning  Thus explaining her nickname "The Little Lightning Girl" 
Tiberias "Cal" Calore VII: The elder son and heir of King Tiberias Calore VI through his first wife, Coriane Jacos  Though he is engaged to Evangeline, he is in love with Mare, a fact that she uses to further her goals in the Scarlet Guard  He is a Burner, which means his Silver powers allow him to manipulate fire  He doesn't get along with Mare's best friend Kilorn 
Maven Calore: King Tiberias VI' second son through his second wife, Elara Merandus, and thus Cal's half-brother  He is shy, but Mare's sudden engagement with him makes him open up  Like Cal and his father, Maven has the ability to control flames  Maven is deeply jealous of Cal, partly because he thought his brother had won Mare's heart, the way he had won their father's  In contrast, Mare had preferred Maven over Cal 
Diana Farley: A captain of the Scarlet Guard who leads them in the campaigns against the Silvers  She is strongly dedicated to the cause 
Tiberias Calore VI: The current king of Norta who has married twice, producing two sons: Cal and Maven  He holds the ability to manipulate fire, which he passed to both of his sons 
Elara Merandus: The mysterious and sadistic current queen of Norta and the mother of Maven  Mare dislikes her since the very start of their meeting  She is able to read and manipulate people with the ability known as Whispering 
Julian Jacos: A royal librarian and the brother of Cal's deceased mother, Coriane, making him his uncle  He is the last known person to hold the power of a Singer: being able to control people through his voice 
Evangeline Samos: A haughty girl who is made Cal's fiancée after being declared the best of the aspiring princesses  She holds a grudge against Mare, particularly after the latter humiliates her by expending her electrokinesis and repelling her magnetic manipulation, a trait of the House Samos 
Kilorn Warren: Mare's best friend and an apprentice of fishing  Mare seems content to eventually become his wife, until her engagement with Maven makes them drift apart  The attempt to spare him of conscription is the catalyst of much of the novel's plot  He doesn't get along with Cal 
Lucas Samos: Evangeline's cousin who, like her, holds the power of magnetic manipulation  He is one of the few Silvers whom Mare befriends and trusts with certainty 
Rane Arven: The instructor for the Silver Elites who has the ability to negate the powers of other people, known as Silencing 
Ptolemus Samos: Evangeline's older brother  Like her, he is a Magnetron, able to manipulate metal 
Sara Skonos: A friend of Julian who works as a nurse with her ability to heal people, known as Skin Healing  She seems to know the truth behind the death of Cal's mother, Queen Coriane, and Elara thus punished her by mutilating her tongue, making her mute 
Tristan: Farley's loyal right-hand man in the Scarlet Guard  He is killed by Ptolemus Samos when caught in the attack on the Hall 
Ann Walsh: A member of the Scarlet Guard who is about the same age as Mare  She works as a servant in Mare's room in the Hall and tells Mare the time of the midnight meeting with the Scarlet Guard  On the attack of the Hall, she is captured but escapes with Farley and Kilorn  While making sure the way is clear for Mare and the others to come back to the Whitefire Palace, she is captured and commits suicide with a pill before the queen is able to interrogate her  Her last words were "For Tristan" 
Gisa Barrow: Mare's 14-year-old sister who works as an apprentice for a seamstress, until her broken hand terminates her from the job 
Mare's other family members consist of a war-weary father, a homemaker mother, and three older brothers: the hunky but unperceptive Bree, the sycophantic Tramy, and the lean but smart Shade  Out of the three, Mare is the closest to Shade, who is 19 years old 
Coriane Jacos: The late wife of Tiberias Calore VI and sister to Julian Jacos  Coriane was known as the "Singer Queen" because the Jacos house were Singers  Queen Elara did not like Coraine becoming queen so Elara murdered Coriane and took the crown, killing Tiberias at the end of the book 

Reception
Red Queen has been generally well received  The Guardian gave the novel four stars  Vilma Gonzalez of USA Today described the novel positively, revealing that "Aveyard’s compelling debut is richly imagined, addictive, chilling and suspenseful  She breathes new life into her own unique Game of Thrones story enlivened by exciting, character-driven plot twists that have me clamoring for more  This scintillating tale of betrayals and blood-spattered crowns is not to be missed "However, Grand Forks Herald's Cassidy Anderson stated "Ultimately, this book was over-hyped  It's still a fun read as long as you are not looking for anything with a lot of depth or meaning to it " The Christian Science Monitor described the book as a dystopian novel Kirkus Reviews saw "An inventive, character-driven twist breathes new life into tired fantasy trends "Publishers Weekly found "There’s an unmistakable feeling of deja vu to this first installment in the Red Queen trilogy, which shares several plot points and similarities with the Hunger Games series,     Fortunately, Aveyard’s conclusion leaves the story poised to depart from this derivative setup "Common Sense Media wrote "With its courageous protagonist, action-packed plot, and romantic possibilities, Red Queen is a winning series start for fantasy and dystopia lovers "

Adaptations
Gennifer Hutchison, a writer and producer on Better Call Saul and Breaking Bad, was hired in 2015 by Universal Pictures to adapt the novel into a feature film  Pitch Perfect 2 director Elizabeth Banks was in talks with the studio to direct and produce the project In May 2021, it was reported that Peacock is in developing a television series adaptation of novel  Banks is set to direct and also set to star in a supporting role 
Passage 4:
Alice in Wonderland (2010 film)
Alice in Wonderland is a 2010 American period adventure fantasy film directed by Tim Burton from a screenplay written by Linda Woolverton and produced by Walt Disney Pictures  The film stars Mia Wasikowska in the title role, with Johnny Depp, Anne Hathaway, Helena Bonham Carter, Matt Lucas and Crispin Glover, while featuring the voices of Alan Rickman, Stephen Fry, Michael Sheen, and Timothy Spall  A live-action adaptation and re-imagining of Lewis Carroll's works and Walt Disney's 1951 animated film of the same name, the film follows Alice Kingsleigh, a nineteen-year-old who accidentally falls down a rabbit hole, returns to Wonderland and alongside the Mad Hatter, helps restore the White Queen to her throne by fighting against the Red Queen and her Jabberwocky, a dragon that terrorizes Wonderland’s inhabitants 
Alice in Wonderland came under development in December 2007, when Burton was asked to direct two 3D films for Disney, including the remake of Frankenweenie  Production began in September 2008 and concluded within three months, and was shot in the United Kingdom and the United States  It was followed by an extensive post-production and visual effects process where filming included live-action and motion capture sequences  The film premiered in London at the Odeon Leicester Square on February 25, 2010, and was released in the United Kingdom and the United States through the Disney Digital 3D, RealD 3D, and IMAX 3D formats as well as in conventional theaters on March 5, 2010 
Alice in Wonderland received "mixed or average" reviews on Metacritic   Rotten Tomatoes, which classified it as "rotten", summarized the critical consensus as criticizing the film's "narrative coherence" but praising its visuals  The film generated over $1 025 billion in ticket sales and became the fifth highest-grossing film during its theatrical run, and it is also the second-highest-grossing film of 2010  Amongst Disney's live-action remakes, the film is the tied for third-most-expensive, alongside Mulan, and fourth-highest-grossing readaptation to date  It received three nominations at the 68th Golden Globe Awards, including Best Motion Picture – Musical or Comedy  At the 83rd Academy Awards, it won Best Art Direction and Best Costume Design, and was also nominated for Best Visual Effects 
While not the first such film in its genre, Alice in Wonderland is credited with starting a trend of live-action fairy tale and fantasy films being green-lit, particularly from Walt Disney Studios  A sequel, titled Alice Through the Looking Glass, was released on May 27, 2016 

Plot
In 1868, 19-year-old Alice Kingsleigh is troubled by strange recurring dreams, mourning the death of her father, and fighting the stifling expectations of the society in which she lives  She receives an unwanted marriage proposal from Hamish Ascot at his father's garden party, where she spots a familiar white rabbit wearing a waistcoat and carrying a pocket watch  She follows it down a rabbit hole and she eats a cake labeled 'Eat Me' (called Upelkuchen), she grows taller until she is a giantess  She shrinks after drinking from a bottle labeled 'Drink Me' (called Pishsalver), allowing her to enter the forest of a fantastical place called Underland  There she is greeted by the White Rabbit, a Dormouse, a Dodo, Talking Flowers, and identical twins Tweedledum and Tweedledee, who all apparently know her 
Alice asserts that she is dreaming, but learns from Absolem the Caterpillar that she is destined to slay the Jabberwocky and end the tyranny of the Red Queen  The group is ambushed by the ravenous Bandersnatch and the Red Queen's knights, led by the Knave of Hearts  All are captured except Alice, who escapes, and the Dormouse, who takes one of the Bandersnatch's eyes  The Knave informs the Red Queen of Alice's return and he is ordered to find her immediately 
The Cheshire Cat guides Alice to the Mad Hatter, the March Hare, and the Dormouse's tea party  The Hatter explains that the Red Queen took over Underland, usurping her sister the White Queen, and that he joined the resistance after she destroyed his village and killed his family  The red knights seize the party and the Hatter saves Alice from capture by allowing himself to be seized  Alice is found by the Knave's Bloodhound who is allied with the resistance, who takes Alice to the Red Queen's castle, where she grows enormous and outgrows her clothes after eating a cake labeled 'Eat Me' (called Upelkuchen), infiltrating the castle as a courtier named "Um" 
Alice learns that the vorpal sword, the only weapon capable of killing the Jabberwocky, is locked inside the Bandersnatch's den  She rebuffs advances from the Knave, leading the jealous Red Queen to demand her beheading  Alice obtains the sword and returns the Bandersnatch's eye, who gratefully helps her escape the castle and delivers her to the White Queen, who gives Alice a potion that returns her normal size  The Cheshire Cat uses his shapeshifting powers to save the Mad Hatter, who incites rebellion amongst the Queen's subjects before escaping  Absolem finally gets Alice to realize Underland is real, evoking memories of her visit when she was a little girl and called it "Wonderland", and advises her to fight the Jabberwocky just before completing his transformation into a pupa 
The Queens gather their armies on a chessboard-like battlefield and send Alice and the Jabberwocky to decide the battle in single combat  As the two armies battle, Alice beheads the Jabberwocky with the vorpal sword  The red knights turn against their ruler and the White Queen banishes her sister and the Knave into exile together  The White Queen gives Alice a vial of the Jabberwocky's purple blood, which can fulfill one wish, and she decides to return to her world after saying farewell to her friends  
Alice awakes and gets out of the rabbit hole, dirty and scratched from her fall  When she returns to the gazebo at the garden party, she refuses Hamish's proposal and impresses Lord Ascot with her idea of establishing trade routes to Hong Kong, inspiring him to take her as his apprentice  Alice prepares to set off on a trading ship, where a blue butterfly lands on her shoulder, which she recognizes as Absolem 

Cast
Mia Wasikowska as Alice Kingsleigh, a reserved yet headstrong young woman who struggles to conform to society's expectations  As the film progresses, she becomes more strong-willed and confident in her decisions and choosing her path  Wasikowska was announced to have been cast on July 23, 2008  Lindsay Lohan, Amanda Seyfried, and Dakota Blue Richards expressed interest in playing the role, while Jennifer Lawrence, Cara Delevingne, and Jessica Brown Findlay went through an audition, with Brown Findlay being down to the last three  Wasikowska sent an audition tape in February 2008 and ended up coming over to the United Kingdom and doing four more auditions with Burton before she was cast  Wasikowska read Carroll's books as a child and re-read them to prepare for her role  She also watched Jan Švankmajer's Alice  She said, "When we were kids, my mum would pop it in the VCR player  We would be disturbed, and wouldn't really understand it, but we couldn't look away because it was too intriguing  So I had kept that feeling about Alice, a kind of haunting feeling "Mairi Ella Challen as six-year-old Alice 
Johnny Depp as Tarrant Hightopp, the Mad Hatter, a hammy yet bitter resident of Underland who becomes Alice's closest friend  Depp was announced to have been cast on September 24, 2008, while reports of his involvement in the project surfaced two months earlier  Wasikowska said that the characters "both feel like outsiders and feel alone in their separate worlds, and have a special bond and friendship with Alice " Burton explained that Depp "tried to find a grounding to the character … as opposed to just being mad " Burton also said that "[i]n a lot of versions it's a very one-note kind of character and you know [Depp's] goal was to try and bring out a human side to the strangeness of the character " The orange hair is an allusion to the mercury poisoning suffered by hatters who used mercury to cure felt; Depp believes that the character "was poisoned … and it was coming out through his hair, through his fingernails and eyes"  Depp and Burton decided that the Hatter's clothes, skin, hair, personality and accent would change throughout the film to reflect his emotions  In an interview with Depp, the character was paralleled to "a mood ring, [as] his emotions are very close to the surface"  The Hatter is "made up of different people and their extreme sides", with a gentle voice much like the character's creator Lewis Carroll reflecting the lighter personality and with a Scottish Glaswegian accent (which Depp modeled after Gregor Fisher's Rab C  Nesbitt character) reflecting a darker, more dangerous personality Illusionary dancer David "Elsewhere" Bernal doubled for Depp during the "Futterwacken" sequence near the end of the film 
Helena Bonham Carter as Iracebeth of Crims, the Red Queen, Mirana's short-tempered and murderous sister, and the self-proclaimed leader of Underland  She is an amalgamation of two Carroll characters—the Red Queen and the Queen of Hearts  Her first name is a play on the word irascible because she is easily irritated, obstreperous, impatient, and quick to anger  Bonham Carter was announced to have been cast on October 7, 2008  Bonham Carter's head was digitally increased to three times its original size on screen  The character hates animals, and chooses to use them as servants and furniture  It is implied that the Red Queen beheaded her late husband, the King  The actress took inspiration from her young daughter Nell, a toddler, stating, "The Red Queen is just like a toddler, because she's got a big head and she's a tyrant " Her appearance is based on England's Queen Elizabeth I 
Anne Hathaway as Mirana of Marmoreal, the White Queen, Iracebeth's calm and caring sister, and the rightful ruler of Underland  She is one of the few characters that did not require digital manipulation  Hathaway was announced to have been cast on October 7, 2008  In the early stages of the film's development, before Burton was attached to the project, Hathaway was offered the part of Alice, but she turned it down as she was more interested in playing the White Queen  After Burton came on board, another actress was cast in the role, but she left the project due to scheduling conflicts, and Disney suggested Hathaway instead  According to Burton, the character's image was influenced by Nigella Lawson, while Hathaway also cited David Bowie, Debbie Harry, Greta Garbo, and the artwork of Dan Flavin as inspiration for her performance  Hathaway described the White Queen as a "punk-rock vegan pacifist… She comes from the same gene pool as the Red Queen  She really likes the dark side, but she's so scared of going too far into it that she's made everything appear very light and happy  But she's living in that place out of fear that she won't be able to control herself " She also summed up her character with a caption on a magnet of Happy Bunny holding a knife, which a friend gave her, "Cute but psycho, it evens out "
Crispin Glover as Ilosovic Stayne, the Knave of Hearts, Iracebeth's arrogant and vile sidekick, whom she believes to be her lover, but this proves to be false  While he follows the Red Queen's every order, he is the only one capable of calming her dramatic mood swings  Glover was announced to have been cast on October 24, 2008  Glover said, "The Red Queen has a fair amount of short-tempered reactions to things that people do, and so [the Knave] has to be quite diplomatic "
Matt Lucas as Tweedledee and Tweedledum, two identical men and Tarrant's lieutenants at the resistance against the Red Queen who are the Red Queen's "fat boys" during their capture  Burton commented on the mixture of animation and Lucas, saying that "It's a weird mixture of things which gives his characters the disturbing quality that they so richly deserve " The characters are portrayed through a combination of CGI and live-action, with Lucas's face digitally composited to a full animated body  While performing the character, Lucas had to wear a teardrop-shaped motion capture suit and walk on stilts  In order to play both characters, Lucas was doubled by Ethan Cohn 
Frances de la Tour as Imogene, Alice's aunt  She is experiencing severe delusions and is constantly awaiting her fictional fiancé whom she believes to be a prince 
Leo Bill as Hamish Ascot, Alice's rival and ex-fiancé Marton Csokas makes a cameo appearance as Alice's deceased father in the film's opening scene and Alice's mother is played by Lindsay Duncan  Lord and Lady Ascot are played by Tim Pigott-Smith and Geraldine James, respectively  Eleanor Tomlinson and Eleanor Gecks play the Chattaway sisters  Jemma Powell appears briefly as Alice's sister, Margaret, while Margaret's unfaithful husband Lowell is played by John Hopkins 

Voice cast
Michael Sheen as Nivens McTwisp, the White Rabbit, Mirana's grand vizier and Tarrant's chief officer of the resistance  Sheen said the character "is such an iconic character that [he] didn't feel like [he] should break the mold too much " Burton said the quality he wanted most in his clock-watching bunny was a twitchiness, also commenting that "[in] any incarnation of the [White Rabbit] through the years, there's that sort of nervousness of a rabbit "
Alan Rickman as Absolem, the Caterpillar, the head of the resistance  Rickman was originally going to have his face composited onto the animated Caterpillar  He was filmed recording his voice in the studio, but the idea was eventually scrapped  The animators did, however, try to give Absolem's face characteristics similar to Rickman's 
Stephen Fry as Cheshire: Tarrant's bodyguard and the general of the resistance  Burton stated that the character had a creepy quality in addition to tapping into his own hatred of cats  The role was intended to be played by Sheen but he changed his role to the White Rabbit due to scheduling conflicts 
Barbara Windsor as Mallymkun, the Dormouse: Tarrant's assistant and the sergeant of the resistance  Burton said that he sought after Windsor for the role because he was a fan of her character in the TV series EastEnders  Her voice sealed the deal for her role as the character 
Timothy Spall as Bayard Hamar: Stayne's former pet dog and messenger of the resistance  Although Bayard does not appear in the book, a similar character named The Puppy is likely the inspiration for the character 
Paul Whitehouse as Thackery Earwicket, the March Hare: Tarrant's partner and the admiral of the resistance  Burton stated that because Whitehouse is a great comedic actor, a lot of his lines came from improvisation 
Michael Gough as Uilleam, the Dodo: The navigator of the resistance  Burton said that Gough was the first person he thought of for the role of Uilleam because he has "a full life quality to his voice"  The character only speaks three lines, that Gough recorded in a day  This would be Gough's final acting role; he died a year after its release, aged 94  Gough had previously portrayed the March Hare in the 1966 TV play of the book 
Christopher Lee as The Jabberwocky (sic): Iracebeth's pet dragon and assassin  While it only had two lines, Burton said that he felt Lee to be a good match for the iconic character because he is "an iconic guy"  For the character, Lee had originally tried to make his voice "burble" (as described in the poem "Jabberwocky")  However, Burton persuaded him to use his actual voice, as he found it more intimidating and aggressive 
Imelda Staunton as The Talking Flowers: Though there are many flowers that appear around Underland, only one of them speaks and one of them is clearly a caricature of Staunton  Staunton only speaks three lines that are heard very briefly at the beginning of the film 
Jim Carter as The Executioner: The Executioner only speaks one line and appears extremely briefly, though Carter also voiced several other servants to the Red Queen Frank Welker provided additional voices and vocal effects; including roars of the Jabberwocky and Bandersnatch, squawks for the Jubjub bird, and Bayard's barking  Rickman, Windsor, Fry, Gough, Lee, Staunton and Carter each took only a day to record their dialogue 

Production
Development and writing
In 2006, while searching for ideas for a large fantasy movie, Joe Roth, Jennifer and Suzanne Todd approached Linda Woolverton, who proposed a concept of grown-up Alice, from Lewis Carroll's novels Alice's Adventures in Wonderland and Through the Looking-Glass, returning to Wonderland, which she had in her head for a while  Roth pitched the idea to Walt Disney Studios, who greenlit the project, and Woolverton was commissioned to write the script  The first draft, titled Alice, was finished on February 23, 2007, after which it was submitted to Tim Burton, who agreed to helm the project  In April 2007, it was revealed that the film would be a blend of live-action and motion capture, and in November of the same year, Burton was officially confirmed to direct both Alice in Wonderland and a feature-length remake of his 1984 short film Frankenweenie in Disney Digital 3D  Burton developed the story because he never felt an emotional tie to the original book 
He explained "the goal is to try to make it an engaging movie where you get some of the psychology and kind of bring a freshness but also keep the classic nature of Alice " On prior versions, Burton said "It was always a girl wandering around from one crazy character to another, and I never really felt any real emotional connection " His goal with the new film is to give the story "some framework of emotional grounding" and "to try and make Alice feel more like a story as opposed to a series of events " Burton focused on the poem "Jabberwocky" as part of his structure, and refers to the described creature by the name of the poem rather than by the name "Jabberwock" used in the poem  Burton also stated that he does not see his version as either a sequel to any existing Alice film nor as a "re-imagining"  However, the idea of the climax of the story being Alice's battle with the Queen's champion, the Jabberwocky, was first added in the video game American McGee's Alice, and the landscape, tower, weapons and appearance of Alice in those scenes of the film are very reminiscent of the same scenes in the game 

Filming
This film was originally set to be released on March 19, 2010 but was moved up to March 5, 2010  Principal photography was scheduled for May 2008, but did not begin until September and concluded in three months  Scenes set in the Victorian era were shot at Torpoint and Plymouth from September 1 to October 14  Two hundred and fifty local extras were chosen in early August  Locations included Antony House in Torpoint, Charlestown, Cornwall and the Barbican, however, no footage from the Barbican was used  Motion capture filming began in early October at Sony Pictures Studios in Culver City, California, though the footage was later discarded  Filming also took place at Culver Studios  Burton said that he used a combination of live action and animation, without motion capture  He also noted that this was the first time he had filmed on a green screen  Filming of the green screen portions, comprising 90% of the film, was completed after only 40 days  Many of the cast and crew felt nauseated as a result of the long hours surrounded by green, and Burton had lavender lenses fitted into his glasses to counteract the effect  Due to the constant need for digital effects to distort the actors' physical appearances, such as the size of the Red Queen's head or Alice's height, visual effects supervisor Ken Ralston cited the film as being exhausting, saying it was "The biggest show I've ever done, [and] the most creatively involved I've ever been "Sony Pictures Imageworks designed the visual effects sequences  Burton felt 3D was appropriate to the story's environment  Burton and Zanuck chose to film with conventional cameras, and convert the footage into 3D during post-production; Zanuck explained 3D cameras were too expensive and "clumsy" to use, and they felt that there was no difference between converted footage and those shot in the format  James Cameron, who released his 3D film Avatar in December 2009, criticized the choice, stating, "It doesn't make any sense to shoot in 2D and convert to 3D" 

Music
Danny Elfman composed the musical score for Alice in Wonderland, after regularly scoring for Burton's films  Elfman did not want to use period music and instead blended orchestral, classical and pop music, to highlight the internal score, and had used symphony orchestration for the visual style of Burton, incorporating the same methods by Erich Wolfgang Korngold, Max Steiner, Franz Waxman and Bernard Hermann  The score album was released by Walt Disney Records on March 2, 2010, and debuted at number 89 on the Billboard Top 200 albums chart A concept album titled Almost Alice is a collection of various artists' music inspired by the film  It was released by Walt Disney under the Buena Vista Records imprint, the same day as the score album's release  The lead single, "Alice" by Avril Lavigne, premiered on January 27, 2010, on Ryan Seacrest's radio program  Other singles include "Follow Me Down" by 3OH!3, "Her Name Is Alice" by Shinedown, and "Tea Party" by Kerli 

Marketing
Promotions
On June 22, 2009, the first pictures of the film were released, showing Depp as the Mad Hatter, Hathaway as the White Queen, Bonham Carter as the Red Queen and Lucas as Tweedledee and Tweedledum  A new image of Alice was also released  In July, new photos emerged of Alice holding a white rabbit, the Mad Hatter with a hare, the Red Queen holding a pig, and the White Queen with a mouse On July 22, 2009, a teaser trailer from the Mad Hatter's point of view was released on IGN but was shortly taken down because Disney claimed that the trailer was not supposed to be out yet  The teaser was also planned to premiere along with a trailer of Robert Zemeckis' film adaptation of A Christmas Carol on July 24, 2009, for G-Force  The following day, the teaser trailer premiered at Comic-Con but the trailer shown was different from the one that leaked  The Comic-Con version didn't have the Mad Hatter's dialogue  Instead, it featured "Time to Pretend" by MGMT, and the clips shown were in a different order than in the leaked version  The leaked version was originally to be shown to one of the three Facebook groups used to promote the film that had the most members  The groups used to promote the film are "The Loyal Subjects of the Red Queen", "The Loyal Subjects of the White Queen" and "The Disloyal Subjects of the Mad Hatter" Also at Comic-Con, props from the film were displayed in an "Alice in Wonderland" exhibit  Costumes featured in the exhibit included the Red Queen's dress, chair, wig, glasses, and scepter; the White Queen's dress, wig and a small model of her castle; the Mad Hatter's suit, hat, wig, chair and table; Alice's dress and battle armor (to slay the Jabberwocky)  Other props included the "DRINK ME" bottles, the keys, an "EAT ME" pastry and stand-in models of the White Rabbit and March Hare A nighttime party area at the Disney California Adventure theme park was created, called "Mad T Party" 

Video games
On July 23, 2009, Disney Interactive Studios announced that an Alice in Wonderland video game, developed by French game studio Étranges Libellules, would be released in the same week as the film for the Wii, Nintendo DS, and Microsoft Windows  The soundtrack was composed by video games music composer Richard Jacques  The Wii, DS, and PC versions were released on March 2, 2010 
Disney Interactive released in 2013 the game Alice in Wonderland: A New Champion for iOS 

Release
Theatrical
Alice in Wonderland was theatrically released in United Kingdom and United States, in both Disney Digital 3D and IMAX 3D, as well as regular theaters on March 5, 2010  Prior to the release, the film was premiered at the Odeon Leicester Square in London on February 25, 2010, for the fundraiser The Prince's Foundation for Children and The Arts where the Prince of Wales and the Duchess of Cornwall attended On February 12, 2010, major UK theater chains, Odeon, Vue, and Cineworld, had planned to boycott the film because of a reduction of the interval between cinema and DVD release from the usual seventeen-week period to twelve  Disney's pretext for cutting short Alice's theatrical run, is possibly to avoid the release of the DVD clashing with the 2010 FIFA World Cup  However, exhibitors protested that Alice would be less threatened by the World Cup than other titles  A week after the announcement, Cineworld, who has a 24% share of UK box office, chose to play the film on more than 150 screens  Cineworld's chief executive Steve Wiener stated, "As leaders in 3D, we did not want the public to miss out on such a visual spectacle  As the success of Avatar has shown, there is currently a huge appetite for the 3D experience"  Shortly after, the Vue cinema chain also reached an agreement with Disney, but Odeon had still chosen to boycott in Britain, Ireland, and Italy  On February 25, 2010, Odeon had reached an agreement and decided to show the film on March 5  It also did not affect their plans to show the film in Spain, Germany, Portugal, and Austria 

Home media
Walt Disney Studios Home Entertainment released a three-disc Blu-ray combo pack (which includes the Blu-ray, DVD and a digital copy), single-disc Blu-ray and single-disc DVD on June 1, 2010, in North America and July 1, 2010, in Australia  The DVD release includes three short features about the making of the film, focusing on Burton's vision for Wonderland and the characters of Alice and the Mad Hatter  The Blu-ray version has nine additional featurettes centered on additional characters, special effects and other aspects of the film's production  In some confusion, a small number of copies were put on shelves a week before schedule in smaller stores, but were quickly removed, although a handful of copies were confirmed purchased ahead of schedule 
In its first week of release (June 1–6, 2010), it sold 2,095,878 DVD units (equivalent to $35,441,297) and topped the DVD sales chart for two continuous weeks  By May 22, 2011, it had sold 4,313,680 units ($76,413,043)  It failed to crack the 2010 top ten DVDs list in terms of units sold, but reached 10th place on that chart in terms of sales revenue 

Reception
Box office
Alice in Wonderland has grossed $334,191,110 in North America and $691,276,000 in other territories for a worldwide total of $1,025,467,110 against a budget of $200 million  Worldwide, it is the second-highest-grossing film of 2010  It is the third-highest-grossing film starring Johnny Depp, the highest-grossing film directed by Tim Burton, and the second-highest-grossing film of Anne Hathaway  Additionally, it is the second-highest-grossing children's book adaptation (worldwide, as well as in North America and outside North America separately) On its first weekend, the film made $220 1 million worldwide, marking the second-largest opening ever for a movie not released during the summer or the holiday period (behind The Hunger Games), the fourth-largest for a Disney-distributed film and the fourth-largest among 2010 films  It dominated for three consecutive weekends at the worldwide box office  On May 26, 2010, its 85th day of release, it became the sixth film ever to surpass the $1 billion mark and the second film that had been released by Walt Disney Studios that did so In North America, Alice in Wonderland is the forty-fourth-highest-grossing film but out of the top 100 when adjusted for inflation  It is also the second-highest-grossing film of 2010, behind Toy Story 3, the second-highest-grossing film starring Johnny Depp and the highest-grossing film directed by Tim Burton  The film opened on March 5, 2010, on approximately 7,400 screens at 3,728 theaters with $40,804,962 during its first day, $3 9 million of which came from midnight showings, ranking number one and setting a new March opening-day record  Alice earned $116 1 million on its opening weekend, breaking the record for the largest opening weekend in March (previously held by 300), the record for the largest opening weekend during springtime (previously held by Fast & Furious), the largest opening weekend for a non-sequel (previously held by Spider-Man) and the highest one for the non-holiday, non-summer period  However, all of these records were broken by The Hunger Games ($152 5 million) in March 2012  Alice made the seventeenth-highest-grossing opening weekend ever and the fifth-largest among 3D films  Opening-weekend grosses originating from 3D showings were $81 3 million (70% of total weekend gross)  This broke the record for the largest opening-weekend 3D grosses but it was later topped by The Avengers ($108 million)  It had the largest weekend per-theater average of 2010 ($31,143 per theater) and the largest for a PG-rated film  It broke the IMAX opening-weekend record by earning $12 2 million on 188 IMAX screens, with an average of $64,197 per site  The record was first overtaken by Deathly Hallows – Part 2 ($15 2 million)  Additionally, it had the biggest opening weekend for a film starring Tim Burton, smashing the previous record held by Planet of the Apes  Alice remained in first place for three consecutive weekends at the North American box office  Alice closed in theaters on July 8, 2010, with $334 2 million 
Outside North America, Alice is the thirteenth-highest-grossing film, the highest-grossing 2010 film, the fourth-highest-grossing Disney film, the second-highest-grossing film starring Johnny Depp and the highest-grossing film directed by Tim Burton  It began with an estimated $94 million, on top of the weekend box office, and remained at the summit for four consecutive weekends and five in total  Japan was the film's highest-grossing country after North America, with $133 7 million, followed by the UK, Ireland and Malta ($64 4 million), and France and the Maghreb region ($45 9 million) 

Critical response
On the review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes, 51% of 278 critics have given the film a positive review, with an average rating of 5 8/10  The website's consensus is: "Tim Burton's Alice sacrifices the book's minimal narrative coherence—and much of its heart—but it's an undeniable visual treat"  According to Metacritic, which calculated a weighted average score of 53 out of 100 based on 38 reviews, the film received "mixed or average reviews"  Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average rating of "A−" on an A+ to F scale Todd McCarthy of Variety praised it for its "moments of delight, humor and bedazzlement", but went on to say, "But it also becomes more ordinary as it goes along, building to a generic battle climax similar to any number of others in CGI-heavy movies of the past few years"  Michael Rechtshaffen of The Hollywood Reporter said "Burton has delivered a subversively witty, brilliantly cast, whimsically appointed dazzler that also manages to hit all the emotionally satisfying marks", while as well praising its computer-generated imagery (CGI), saying "Ultimately, it's the visual landscape that makes Alice's newest adventure so wondrous, as technology has finally been able to catch up with Burton's endlessly fertile imagination " Owen Gleiberman of Entertainment Weekly said, "But Burton's Disneyfied 3-D Alice in Wonderland, written by the girl-power specialist Linda Woolverton, is a strange brew indeed: murky, diffuse, and meandering, set not in a Wonderland that pops with demented life but in a world called Underland that's like a joyless, bombed-out version of Wonderland  It looks like a CGI head trip gone post apocalyptic  In the film's rather humdrum 3-D, the place doesn't dazzle—it droops " Roger Ebert of the Chicago Sun-Times awarded the film three out of four stars and wrote in his review that, "Alice plays better as an adult hallucination, which is how Burton rather brilliantly interprets it until a pointless third act flies off the rails "Several reviews criticized the decision to turn Alice into a "colonialist entrepreneur" at the end of the film setting sail for China  Given Britain's role in the First and Second Opium Wars during the Victorian era and the foreign domination of China through "unequal treaties", China expert Kevin Slaten writes, "Not only is it troubling imagery, for a female role model in a Disney movie, but it's also a celebration of the exploitation that China suffered for a century "Game developer American McGee, best known for creating Alice and Alice: Madness Returns, was asked in a 2011 interview about Tim Burton's interpretation of the title character since both versions share a similar dark and twisted tone of Wonderland  McGee praised the film's visuals and audio but criticized the lack of screen time Alice had compared to the other characters  He felt Alice did not have any purpose in the story and that she was merely used as a "tool" 

Accolades
At the 83rd Academy Awards, the film received three nominations: Best Art Direction, Best Costume Design and Best Visual Effects and won the former two  At the 64th British Academy Film Awards, the film received five nominations and won two awards for Best Costume Design and Best Makeup and Hair  The film received three nominations at the 68th Golden Globe Awards, including Best Motion Picture – Musical or Comedy and Best Actor – Motion Picture Musical or Comedy for Johnny Depp, but did not win any  It further received nominations for five Satellite Awards and Saturn Awards each (winning two of them), four Critics' Choice Movie Awards (winning two), and a Grammy Award nomination 

Legacy
Following its release, the film drove about $1 6 billion in retail sales for Disney, including home video and merchandise sales After the release and success of the movie, Walt Disney Pictures has announced the development of several live-action adaptations of their Animated Classics series  With the exception of Dumbo, Lady and the Tramp, Mulan,Pinocchio, and Peter Pan & Wendy; The Lion King, Maleficent, Aladdin, Cinderella, The Jungle Book, Beauty and the Beast, and Christopher Robin have all followed to similar box-office results with the latter four also earning critical praise  Disney has also announced the development of live-action adaptations of Fantasia, The Sword in the Stone, The Black Cauldron, Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs, Lilo & Stitch, The Hunchback of Notre Dame, Bambi, Robin Hood, Hercules, The Aristocats, and Moana  The company also released Cruella, a live-action spin-off of One Hundred and One Dalmatians, and has plans for live-action spin-offs of Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs and Peter Pan along with a live-action prequel to Aladdin Walt Disney Theatrical was in early talks with Burton and screenwriter Linda Woolverton, who had previously written stage adaptions of The Lion King, Beauty and the Beast, Aida, and Lestat, to develop the property as a Broadway musical set to premiere in London  Rob Ashford was attached to direct and choreograph  As of 2013, no further developments had been made 

Sequel
On December 7, 2012, Variety announced the development of a sequel to Alice in Wonderland  Linda Woolverton returned to write a screenplay  On May 31, 2013, James Bobin began talks to direct the sequel under the working title Alice in Wonderland: Into the Looking Glass  Johnny Depp returned as The Hatter, Mia Wasikowska reprised the role of Alice, and Helena Bonham Carter returned as the Red Queen  Several other cast members from the 2010 film also reprised their roles in the sequel  On November 22, 2013, it was announced that the sequel will be released on May 27, 2016, and that Bobin would direct the film  Rhys Ifans and Sacha Baron Cohen are featured in the film  On January 21, 2014, the film was again retitled to Alice in Wonderland: Through the Looking Glass  The title was later reworked once again to Alice Through the Looking Glass 

See also
2010 in film
List of American films of 2010
Films and television programmes based on Alice in Wonderland
List of Walt Disney Pictures films
List of Walt Disney Studios films (2010–2019)
List of films featuring miniature people



ground_truth: Alice's Adventures in Wonderland

prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: What was the population in 2010 of the town where The Stelljes House is located ?

The following are given passages.
Context 2: Passage 1:
Cropper, Kentucky
Cropper is an unincorporated community within Shelby County, Kentucky, United States  It was also known as Croppers Depot  Their post office  is closed  The town of Cropper (Population Cal  at 205 in 2010) is located in northeast Shelby County, Kentucky  The origin of its name comes from the town's founder James Cropper, a blacksmith and store keeper who was the first person to build a house there sometime in the 1790s  He also was the town's first postmaster  The majority of Cropper's original citizens were members of the Low Dutch colony who were in the area as early as 1786  In 1807, a new group of settlers from Virginia increased the town's population  In 1855, the Louisville and Nashville Railroad (L and N) along with a depot opened on the east end of town  A hotel soon opened afterwards  This railroad line was closed in the early 1970s  Another occurrence, in 1855, was the founding of Union Grove Church  This church had three different denominations that included Christian, Methodist and Baptist  The only cemetery in Cropper is on the church grounds  In June 1900, the Baptist separated from the Union Church, and by 1903 it had its own building  In 1967, the Union Grove Church was renamed Cropper Christian Church  In 1905, a bank was opened by Ben Allen Thomas, but it was closed in 1921  An 1882 map shows the first school in Cropper which was a large two-story building with grades one through twelve  It burned in 1951 and was replaced with a one-story elementary school  The team mascot was the Yellow Jackets 
Passage 2:
Stelljes House
The Stelljes House is a historic house on New Hampshire Route 31 in Goshen, New Hampshire  Built about 1800, it is one of the oldest of a cluster of plank-frame houses in Goshen  The house was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1985  It has possibly been demolished 

Description and history
The Stelljes House stands in a rural area of southern Goshen, on the east side of NH 31  It is a 1+1⁄2-story wooden structure, with a gabled roof and clapboarded exterior  A brick chimney rises slightly off-center from the roof ridge  The main facade is asymmetrical, with a slightly off-center entrance, two sash windows to its left, and a three-section modern picture window to the right  A gable dormer projects from the rear roof face  An ell extends from the southern portion of the rear of the main block, with a porch in the corner joining the two blocks The house was built about 1800, and is one of the oldest of Goshen's cluster of plank-frame houses  The framing is three-inch planking attached vertically to sills, which rests on a rubble and granite stone foundation  Dowels are attached horizontally to give this framing lateral stability  The front facade was probably originally five bays across 

See also
National Register of Historic Places listings in Sullivan County, New Hampshire
Passage 3:
Haverstraw, New York
Haverstraw  is a town in Rockland County, New York, United States, located north of the Town of Clarkstown and the Town of Ramapo; east of Orange County; south of the Town of Stony Point; and west of the Hudson River  The town runs from the west to the east border of the county in its northern section  The population was 39,087 at the 2020 census The name comes from the Dutch word Haverstroo meaning "oats straw", referring to the grasslands along the river  The town contains three villages, one of which is also known as Haverstraw  Haverstraw village is the original seat of government for the town, hosting the area's historic central downtown business district and the densest population in northern Rockland County 

History
In 1609, the region was explored by Henry Hudson  A land purchase was made in this town in 1666 from local natives and confirmed as a patent in 1671   The region was known as Haverstroo, meaning "oat straw" in Dutch 
During the American Revolution, it served as an important lookout for British activities on the Hudson  A blue-marked trail, the Long Path, may be taken 2 miles (3 km) eastward from Central Highway along the crest of South Mountain to High Tor  Halfway is Little Tor, the second highest peak on South Mountain 
The town of Haverstraw was formed in 1788 while still part of Orange County, New York   Haverstraw was partitioned in 1791 to form the town of Clarkstown and the town of Ramapo and again in 1865 to form the town of Stony Point 
In 1826 the town was the site of a short-lived effort to establish an Owenite colony called the Franklin Community  Underfinanced and wracked by internal dissent, the model Owenite community folded after a mere five months of operation 

Geography
According to the United States Census Bureau, the town has a total area of 27 4 square miles (71 0 km2), of which 22 2 square miles (57 4 km2) is land and 5 3 square miles (13 6 km2), or 19 19%, is water 

Demographics
As of the census of 2000, there were 33,811 people, 11,255 households, and 8,328 families residing in the town   The population density was 1,508 3 inhabitants per square mile (582 4/km2)   There were 11,553 housing units at an average density of 515 4 per square mile (199 0/km2)   The racial makeup of the town was 66 24% white, 10 27% black or African American,  41% Native American, 3 21% Asian,  10% Pacific Islander, 15 65% from other races, and 4 12% from two or more races  Hispanic or Latino of any race were 31 73% of the population 
Haverstraw has one of largest Dominican communities in the United States with Dominicans making up 32 4% of the populationThere were 11,255 households, out of which 37 3% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 54 4% were married couples living together, 15 0% had a female householder with no husband present, and 26 0% were non-families  21 3% of all households were made up of individuals, and 7 8% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older   The average household size was 2 94 and the average family size was 3 43 
In the town, the population was spread out, with 26 3% under the age of 18, 8 6% from 18 to 24, 31 2% from 25 to 44, 23 6% from 45 to 64, and 10 3% who were 65 years of age or older   The median age was 35 years  For every 100 females, there were 93 7 males   For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 89 4 males 
The median income for a household in the town was $53,850, and the median income for a family was $61,119  Males had a median income of $40,109 versus $31,979 for females  The per capita income for the town was $22,188   About 8 1% of families and 10 6% of the population were below the poverty line, including 12 8% of those under age 18 and 13 8% of those age 65 or over 
As of the 2020 census, there were 39,087 people residing in the town 

Government
Haverstraw has a council form of government   The town supervisor is Howard T  Phillips Jr , and council members are Vincent Gamboli, John J  Gould, Hector L  Soto and Isidro "Papo" Cancel   The town's services include a police department 

Transportation
Major highways include the Palisades Interstate Parkway, U S  Route 9W, U S  Route 202, and NY Route 45  Haverstraw is also a terminus of the NY Waterway/Metro-North Railroad Haverstraw–Ossining Ferry 
Short Line, part of Coach USA, provides daily service along U S  Route 9W heading to and from the Port Authority Bus Terminal in Midtown Manhattan and West Point Military Academy or Newburgh 

New York Central's West Shore Railroad began operations along the banks of the Hudson in 1883 and until 1958 operated passenger service between Albany and Weehawken Terminal in Weehawken, New Jersey, where passengers could transfer to ferries to Manhattan  Service between West Haverstraw and Weehawken was discontinued in 1959  The right of way is still used for freight and is known as the River Line  Conrail operated the system until its dissolution  It is now part of the CSX River Subdivision which runs between North Bergen Yard in New Jersey and Selkirk, New York 

Communities and locations in the town
Bowline Point Town Park – A park east of Haverstraw on a peninsula, called Bowline Point, in the Hudson River 
Garnerville – A hamlet southwest of West Haverstraw 
Harriman State Park – Part of the park is in the western part of the town 
Village of Haverstraw – The historic downtown business district  The original seat of government in Haverstraw Town 
Johnsontown – A hamlet west of West Haverstraw named after the Johnson brothers 
Ladentown – A hamlet 
Lake Kanawauke – A lake in Harriman State Park in the southwestern corner of the town 
Lake Sebago – A lake in Harriman State Park in the southwestern corner of the town 
Lake Welch – A lake in Harriman State Park near the western town line 
Mount Ivy – A hamlet by the southern town line 
Pomona – A village partly in the town and partly in the town of Ramapo 
Samsondale – A hamlet east of West Haverstraw 
St  John's in the Wilderness – A hamlet 
Thiells – A hamlet west of West Haverstraw 
West Haverstraw – A village 
Willow Grove – A hamlet on the northern town line 

Education
The Roman Catholic Archdiocese of New York operates Catholic schools in Rockland County  St  Peter Parish School was in Haverstraw  In 2012, after the archdiocese announced that it could potentially be closed, the school community did a fundraising drive as the school was told it could remain open if a plan to raise $500,000 annually was produced  That year the school's per-student cost was $5,500 but it relied on archdiocese funds as it deliberately had tuition below cost, at $3,600, so children of working class backgrounds could attend  It had an increasing enrollment at the time of closure, with 328 students in its final year 

Notable people
Wilson P  Foss Jr , art collector and businessman
Walter S  Gurnee, Fourteenth Mayor of Chicago
Abram Stevens Hewitt (1822–1903) was a teacher, lawyer, iron manufacturer, U S  Congressman, and a mayor of New York 
Molly McGee (1952–1994), gridiron football player
Marty Springstead, American League Umpire
Scott Stanford (1977) – WWE Superstars play-by-play announcer working for the Raw brand
Both the composer Kurt Weill and his wife, the actress and singer Lotte Lenya, are buried in Haverstraw
Robert Sterling Yard, journalist, environmentalistHaverstraw was home to three Medal of Honor recipients:

Nick Erickson, Navy, Spanish–American War
Michael A  Donaldson, 69th New York, World War I

Footnotes
Further reading
George H  Budke, Rockland County during the American Revolution, 1776–1781  New York: Rockland County Public Librarians Association, 1976 

External links

Town of Haverstraw official website
Greater Haverstraw Chamber of Commerce
Passage 4:
Kadıköy, Yalova
Kadıköy is a town (belde) in the Yalova District, Yalova Province, Turkey  Its population is 9,543 (2022)  It is 7 kilometres (4 3 mi) south west of Yalova and at the midpoint of Armutlu Peninsula  The settlement was founded  by an Ottoman kadı ("judge")   Hence it was named as Kadıköy ("Judge's village")  During Ottoman Empire most of the population was composed of Greeks  But according to Population exchange between Greece and Turkey agreement the Greek population was replaced by Turkish population from Greece  Refugees from Caucasus after the Russo-Turkish War (1877-1878) were also settled in the village  The village was declared a seat of township in 1991  Intensive farming such as green house farming and floriculture is the main economic activity of the town 
Passage 5:
Timnath, Colorado
The Town of Timnath is a Statutory Town located in Larimer County, Colorado, United States  Founded in 1882, Timnath is a small agricultural/farming community located southeast of Fort Collins, Colorado, approximately one-half mile east of the Harmony Road/Interstate 25 interchange, on a small bluff east of the Cache la Poudre River  The surrounding farmlands have been used primarily for potatoes, alfalfa, sugar beets, and cattle  Although the town has remained virtually unchanged in recent decades, the encroaching growth of both Fort Collins to the west and Windsor to the south have placed the town in an area considered favorable to development  The population was 6,487 at the 2020 census   Timnath has been one of the fastest-growing communities in Colorado since 2020, and in 2021 had an estimated population of 7,839 

Description
Other structures lining Main Street (a section of County Road 5) include elementary school (in the Poudre School District), a one-story modern post-office, and several other historic buildings  Most residences are single-family homes  There is another elementary school (Bethke Elementary) 2 8 miles away from the one lining Main Street 

History
The area was first homesteaded by settlers in 1869  The first schoolhouse was constructed that year, approximately one-half mile west of the current town, and was named "Fairview"  By 1880, the community had outgrown the schoolhouse, and new "Fairview" school was built just north of the current town  The school also served as an early meeting place for the Presbyterian Church  The turning point in the early history of the community was in 1882, with the arrival of the Greeley, Salt Lake and Pacific Railroad (controlled by the Union Pacific) linking Greeley and Fort Collins  The following year, the Presbyterian Church, petitioned by local residents, sent a missionary to found a congregation  The current structure along Main Street dates from that year 
A post office was established in 1884, headed by Reverend Charles A  Taylor, the local Presbyterian minister  When the post office was formed, Taylor bestowed the current name of the town from the 14th chapter of the Book of Judges, as the place where Samson went to obtain a Philistine wife  In 1900 the second school became outdated and a new one was built, dropping the name "Fairview" permanently  This structure currently stands as an out-building to the current elementary school  A larger school was built in 1918 (which burned in 1935 and was rebuilt the following year)  The school district was consolidated with that of Fort Collins in 1960 
During World War II, the Empire of Japan launched Fu-Go balloon bombs that floated across the Pacific to the U S  One of these bombs dropped and exploded in a field in Timnath 

Geography
Timnath is located at 40°31'47" North, 104°58'54" West (40 529718, -104 981654) As of 2013, the incorporated area of Timnath comprises 5 05 square miles of land The historical downtown lies along County Road Five, which runs north–south parallel to Interstate 25 half a mile to the east  Since the 2000 census, the town of Timnath has annexed several square miles of land to the east and southeast; the town has experienced significant commercial development along the east–west corridor of County Road 38 (Harmony Road), including Wal-Mart and Costco  The majority of the six mile (north-south) by three mile (east-west) block of land that lies within Timnath's growth management area is low-density residential or agricultural, and is designated to remain so, with open space and parkland filling the remainder of the area, particularly near the Poudre River and Timnath Reservoir 

Government
Timnath is a Home Rule Town, governed by a Town Council, which consists of five elected officials - one Mayor and four Council Members, all positions are elected "at large," meaning that candidates come from all areas of the town  Elected officials serve 4 year terms 
Council meetings are open, public meetings where the Council makes town decisions and creates local laws and policies  The Council holds regular meetings on the second and fourth Tuesday of each month at 6 p m  Unless otherwise noted, all meetings are held at the Town Administration Building at 4800 Goodman Street 
The Town Council appoints the Town Manager who is responsible for the administration and daily operations of the Town 
Police services are provided by the Timnath Police Department and the Larimer County Sheriff's Department  Fire protection is provided by Poudre Fire Authority 

Demographics
As of the census of 2010, there were 625 people, 214 households, and 179 families residing in the town  There were 243 housing units  The racial makeup of the town was 94 4% White, 0 6% African American, 0 0% Native American, 1 1% Asian, 0 3% Pacific Islander, 1 4% from other races, and 2 1% from two or more races  6 1% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race 
There were 214 households, out of which 46 7% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 72 0% were married couples living together, 7 9% had a female householder with no husband present, 3 7% had a male householder with no wife present, and 16 4% were non-families  14 0% of all households were made up of individuals, and 1 4% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older  The average household size was 2 92 and the average family size was 3 23 
In the town, the population was spread out, with 32 3% under the age of 18, 5 5% from 18 to 24, 27 7% from 25 to 44, 27 1% from 45 to 64, and 7 4% who were 65 years of age or older  The median age was 35 4 years  For every 100 females, there were 98 4 males 
In the 2009-2013 American Community Survey, the median income for a household in the town was $113,144, and the median income for a family was $114,318  The per capita income for the town was $40,889  1 5% of the population and 1 1% of families were below the poverty line  1 0% of those under the age of 18 and 0 0% of those 65 and older were living below the poverty line 
Timnath has experienced significant population growth in recent years, and was the fastest growing town in Colorado in 2013 (32%) and the fastest growing town in Colorado since the start of the decade (142%) 

Notable people
Jean Bethke Elshtain, political philosopher
Passage 6:
Clarkstown, New York
Clarkstown is a town in Rockland County, New York, United States  The town is on the eastern border of the county, located north of the town of Orangetown, east of the town of Ramapo, south of the town of Haverstraw, and west of the Hudson River  As of the 2020 census, the town had a total population of 86,855  The hamlet of New City, the county seat of Rockland County, is also the seat of town government and of the Clarkstown Police Department, the county sheriff's office, and the county correctional facility  New City makes up about 41 47% of the town's population 
In 2008, Clarkstown became one of 600 municipalities nationwide to sign the United States Mayor's Climate Protection Agreement to reduce carbon dioxide emissions to 7 percent below the 1990 levels by 2012 

History
The town of Clarkstown was created in 1791 from the town of Haverstraw in Orange County, before Rockland County was formed 

Geography
The Hudson River defines the eastern border of the town, which is opposite the town of Mount Pleasant in Westchester County 
According to the United States Census Bureau, the town has a total area of 46 9 square miles (121 km2), of which 38 5 square miles (100 km2) is land and 8 4 square miles (22 km2) (17 87%) is water 
The New York State Thruway (Interstate 87/Interstate 287) intersects the Palisades Interstate Parkway in the town 

Demographics
As of the 2010 Census, there were 84,187 people, 29,234 households, and 22,186 families residing in the Town of Clarkstown  The population density was 1,800 per square mile  There were 30,314 housing units at an average density of 646 35 per square mile  There were 29,234 households, out of which 27 9% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 62 1% were married couples living together, 10 4% had a female householder with no husband present, and 24 1% were non-families  36 2% of all households were made up of individuals, and 31 8% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age of older  The average household size was 2 84 and the average family size was 3 28  The median age was 42 8 years  
As of the census of 2000, there were 82,082 people, 27,697 households, and 21,991 families residing in the town   The population density was 2,129 7 inhabitants per square mile (822 3/km2)   There were 28,220 housing units at an average density of 732 2 per square mile (282 7/km2)   The racial makeup of the town was 79 97% White, 7 87% African American, 0 13% Native American, 7 90% Asian, 0 10% Pacific Islander, 1 99% from other races, and 2 03% from two or more races  Hispanic or Latino of any race were 6 92% of the population 
There were 27,697 households, out of which 36 9% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 67 4% were married couples living together, 9 1% had a female householder with no husband present, and 20 6% were non-families  16 9% of all households were made up of individuals, and 6 5% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older   The average household size was 2 90 and the average family size was 3 27 
In the town, the population was spread out, with 24 7% under the age of 18, 6 6% from 18 to 24, 28 3% from 25 to 44, 28 1% from 45 to 64, and 12 3% who were 65 years of age or older   The median age was 39 years  For every 100 females, there were 94 3 males   For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 90 3 males 
According to a 2007 estimate, the median income for a household in the town was $92,121, and the median income for a family was $104,909  Males had a median income of $57,773 versus $40,805 for females  The per capita income for the town was $34,430   About 2 5% of families and 3 8% of the population were below the poverty line, including 4 5% of those under age 18 and 3 4% of those age 65 or over 
As of the 2020 Census, there were 86,855 people residing in the Town of Clarkstown Clarkstown is the most densely populated town in Rockland County and is home to New City, which is the county seat  Clarkstown has more business districts in it than any other town in Rockland County, including the Palisades Center, which is among the largest malls in the world 

Elected representation
The Town of Clarkstown has as its chief executive a Town Supervisor   The current Town Supervisor is George Hoehmann   Clarkstown is represented in the United States House of Representatives by Congressman Michael Lawler   It is represented in New York State government by Senator Bill Weber and Assemblyman Kenneth Zebrowski Jr  Clarkstown is divided into four wards as follows:

Ward 1 Councilman Frank Borelli (R)
encompasses the northern portion of New City 
Ward 2 Councilman Michael Graziano (R)
encompasses the northeast portion of Clarkstown 
Ward 3 Councilman Donald Franchino (R)
encompasses Central Nyack, West Nyack, Nanuet, and Bardonia 
Ward 4 Councilman Patrick Carroll (D)
encompasses Bardonia, New City, Nanuet, Spring Valley and West Nyack 

Public transportation
Clarkstown Mini-Trans is the provider of local mass transportation in Clarkstown  It has five bus routes:

Route A- Nanuet Mall to Lakewood Drive
Route B- Nanuet Mall to Zukor Park
Route C- Nanuet Mall to South Mountain Road
Route D- Nanuet Mall to Palisades Center Mall
Route E- Nanuet Mall to Ridge RoadAdditionally, Transport of Rockland provides local mass transportation  Routes 59, 91, 92, 93, and 97 serve the town Commuter transportation is provided by New Jersey Transit's Pascack Valley Line at Nanuet, with service to Hoboken and connecting service to New York Penn Station  Tappan ZEExpress, operated by Transport of Rockland provides bus service from the Palisades Center in West Nyack and the Hudson Link bus in Central Nyack to the Tarrytown train station and the White Plains TransCenter  In addition, Rockland Coaches provides express service to the Port Authority Bus Terminal in New York City from Park-and-Ride and other pickup locations in New City, Bardonia, West Nyack, and Nanuet via Route 49 and 49J, and local service to New York from New City, Valley Cottage, and Upper Nyack on Routes 9A, 9T, and 20 

Education
The town of Clarkstown is served by several school districts  The majority of the town is served by the Clarkstown Central School District, which educates students in New City, Bardonia, Congers, and West Nyack  The village of Upper Nyack as well as the hamlets of Valley Cottage and Central Nyack are served by the Nyack Public Schools, while the Hamlet of Nanuet is served by the Nanuet Union Free School District  A small portion on the western town border is served by the East Ramapo Central School District High schools located in the town include Clarkstown South High School in West Nyack, Clarkstown North High School in New City, Nyack Senior High School in Upper Nyack, and Nanuet Senior High School in Nanuet 

Clarkstown Central School District
In 2015 U S  News & World Report ranked Clarkstown North Senior High School with a Silver award as the 135 Best High School in New York State and 1,329 nationally
In 2017 U S  News & World Report ranked Clarkstown South Senior High School with a Silver award as the 116 Best High School in New York State and 1,219 nationally 
In 2017 U S  News & World Report ranked Clarkstown North Senior High School with a Silver award as the 117 Best High School in New York State and 1,224 nationally 
In 2018, ranked 78 Best School Districts in Clarkstown by Niche's 

Communities and locations in the Town of Clarkstown
Rankings
CNN Money
In 2008, CNNMoney com named Clarkstown the 71st best small "city" to live in America 
In 2010, CNNMoney com named Clarkstown the 41st best small "city" to live in America, which was the highest such ranking in New York 
In 2012, CNNMoney com named Clarkstown the 35th best small "city" to live in America 
In 2014, CNNMoney com named Clarkstown the 7th best small "city" to live in America 
In 2016, CNNMoney com named Clarkstown the 7th best small "city" to live in America 
In 2019, CNNMoney com named Clarkstown the 91st best small "city" to live in America 
In 2021, CNNMoney com named Clarkstown the 49th best small "city" to live in America 

CQ Press Crime ranking
In 2005, it was named by Morgan Quitno the second safest city in the United States whose population is greater than 75,000 as well as the second safest overall from over 369 cities  This was the fifth year in a row in which Clarkstown made it within the top five and top ten respectively in these categories 
In 2007, Clarkstown was once again named the second safest city in the United States, in the 14th annual "2007 – 2008 City Crime Rankings" published by CQ Press – formally known as Morgan Quitno, a unit of Congressional Quarterly Inc  It was based on the FBI's September 24, 2007, crime statistics report which looked at 378 municipal areas with at least 75,000 people based on per-capita rates for homicide, rape, robbery, aggravated assault, burglary and auto theft 
In 2008, Clarkstown was named the 6th safest city in the United States in the 15th annual "2008 – 2009 City Crime Rankings" published by CQ Press 
In 2009, Clarkstown was named the 7th safest city in the United States in the 16th annual "2009 – 2010 City Crime Rankings" published by CQ Press 
In 2010, Clarkstown was named the 5th safest city in the United States in the 17th annual "2010 – 2011 City Crime Rankings" published by CQ Press In 2011, Clarkstown was named the 7th safest city in the United States in the 18th annual "2011 – 2012 City Crime Rankings" published by CQ Press 
In 2012, Clarkstown was named the 8th safest city in the United States in the 19th annual "2012 – 2013 City Crime Rankings" published by CQ Press 
In 2013, Clarkstown was named the 8th safest city in the United States in the 20th annual "2013 – 2014 City Crime Rankings" published by CQ Press 
However, these rankings are highly controversial, because of their source  In October 2007 the American Society of Criminology, the United States Conference of Mayors, and the Federal Bureau of Investigation requested that the publisher reconsider the promotion of the book – specifically, "their inaccurate and inflammatory press release labeling cities as 'safest' and 'most dangerous'" – because the rankings are "baseless and damaging "

Educational ranking
In 2015 U S  News & World Report ranked Clarkstown South Senior High School with a silver award as the 128 Best High School in New York State and 1,233 nationally In 2015 U S  News & World Report ranked Clarkstown North Senior High School with a silver award as the 135 Best High School in New York State and 1,329 nationally 

Clarkstown Going Green
Clarkstown has taken steps towards "going green" by conducting energy audits, purchasing Energy Star office equipment and using green cleaning products in town facilities  Other steps included:

2005 – Purchasing 10% of the energy used by town government from wind and solar sources 
2006 – Passing a tree preservation law 
2007 – Purchasing hybrid vehicles and smaller cars 
2008 – Installing energy-efficient lighting (LED) at its parks and recreation building with sensors that automatically turn off lights when no motion is detected 
2012- Solar Field installed on capped Town Landfill (Dedicated in 2014)  It is the first Solar Field on a capped landfill in New York State  Proposed by then Councilman, George Hoehmann 
2013- Town participated in the NYSDEC Climate Smart Communities program in developing resiliency and climate action plans 
2016- Town purchases street lights from Orange and Rockland Utilities and begins converting to LED (Conversion completed in 2018) Climate Action and Sustainability Planning - Training and Outreach

Beginning in 2014, Town Planners, along with representatives from other Town Departments, attended an initial training workshop held by the consulting firm of Vanasse Hangen Brustlin, Inc  (VHB), who is being funded by the New York State Department of Environmental Conservation specifically to help communities attain their goals as Climate Smart Communities   Town Planners participated in a series of workshops with VHB through February 2015 to begin the process of identifying ways to reduce the Town's greenhouse gas emissions 
In addition, the Clarkstown Planning Department, along with other Town Departments, participated in the New York Rising Community Reconstruction Program   This is a separate initiative funded by the New York State Department of State to aid in the development of resilient and sustainable communities  As part of this New York Rising Program the consulting firm AKRF, Inc  worked with the Town to identify areas of the Town which are vulnerable to storm damage and to formulate a plan and provide funding to address these issues 
Participation in these initiatives and the products generated will serve as the foundations of the Climate Action and Sustainability Plan, which will be incorporated into the first update of the Town's Comprehensive Plan, Clarkstown 2020   Additionally, workshops were held throughout the Town's hamlets to begin gathering input and formulate direction for the Clarkstown 2020 update 

US Supreme Court case
In 1994, Clarkstown was involved in litigation that challenged a town ordinance, that required all waste picked up in the town to be sorted for recyclables at a specific privately operated facility   The case made it to the United States Supreme Court in C&A Carbone, Inc  v  Town of Clarkstown, in which the ordinance was held unconstitutional 
Passage 7:
Carrizozo, New Mexico
Carrizozo is a town in Lincoln County, New Mexico, United States  It is the county seat, with a population of 996 at the 2010 census  Founded in 1899, the town provided the main railroad access for Lincoln County, and the town experienced significant population growth in the early decades of the 1900s  However, with declining relevance of the railroad, the population of the town has gradually declined  The town is located at the intersection of U S  Routes 54 and 380 

Name
The name of the town is derived from the Spanish vernacular for reed grass (Carrizo), which grew significantly in the area and provided excellent feed for ranch cattle  The additional "zo" at the end of the town name was added to indicate abundance of Carrizo grass  The town is now often referred to colloquially as "Zozo" 

History
Prior to 1899, the area was primarily a few ranches and a stagecoach crossing with limited permanent settlement  Lawrence Murphy, a merchant active in the Lincoln County War (1878), owned a major ranch in the area  The location of Carrizozo was selected as the site for a station on the El Paso and Northeastern Railway (EP&NE) main line in 1899  Carrizozo was chosen over the nearby booming mine town of White Oaks, resulting in large-scale migration from White Oaks to Carrizozo The railroad brought businesses, growing population, and increased importance to the town of Carrizozo  As a result, a county referendum in 1909 moved the seat of Lincoln County from the town of Lincoln to Carrizozo  This decision resulted in a four-year legal battle that was eventually resolved in favor of Carrizozo by the Supreme Court of the United States in the case of Gray v  Taylor  The result was a boom in which railroad access and political importance combined to lead to significant population growth in Carrizozo  The population reached around 2,000 by 1920 During this time, Albert B  Fall, a U S  Senator from New Mexico and later Secretary of the Interior, owned the Three Rivers Ranch just south of Carrizozo, but had to sell it to settle legal debts as a result of his involvement in the Teapot Dome scandal (1922–1923)  During the same time, journalist Quentin Reynolds visited the town and wrote a piece on it for Collier's  Later, he wrote in The Wounded Don't Cry that "I used to agree with Bugs that once you left New York, you were strictly on the horse and buggy circuit  But of late years I've had to modify that  Since then I've discovered New Orleans, San Francisco and a little place called Carrizozo, New Mexico, where I want to go when I die  I want to go there and gang around the drug store and sneak behind the prescription counter with Art Rolland and have a nip of what he calls Old Granddaddy then type out his prescriptions for him "Carrizozo is about 35 miles (56 km) east of the Trinity Site, where the first nuclear bomb was detonated on July 16, 1945  Residents reported tremors like an earthquake and, as the first major downwind settlement, the town received a significant part of the remnants of the mushroom cloud (resulting in some radioactive contamination of the area, which faded quickly and does not persist today) With the rise of the automobile, Carrizozo's proximity to the railroad became less important starting in the 1950s, and the last passenger train passed through in 1968  The result was a decrease in economic opportunity in Carrizozo, and the population fell back to about 1,200 people for much of the end of the 20th century  Recently, the town has seen increasing focus on tourism, and cherry cider produced in the town is known nationally 

Geography
Carrizozo is located at the northern end of the Tularosa Basin, which extends southward to the New Mexico–Texas border  The town itself is located in a flat area known prior to the founding of the town as the Corrizo flats, with typical Chihuahuan desert scrub and desert grasslands To the west of the town is the Carrizozo Malpais, a 40-mile-long (64 km) lava flow that is about 1,500 years old and accessible through the Valley of Fires Recreation Area  To the northeast is Carrizo Mountain, a 9,600-foot (2,900 m) peak within the Sacramento Mountains, and to the southeast are the Sierra Blanca mountain range 

Climate
Demographics
As of the 2010 census, there were 996 people living in the town  The racial makeup of the town was 78 71% White, 0 70% African American, 2 61% American Indian, 14 16% Other, and 3 82% identified as two or more  Hispanics of any race were 43 57% of the population  Of the population, 54 72% were men and 45 28% were women  Of these, 15 96% were under the age of 18, 24 50% were over 65, and 59 54% were between 18 and 65 

Transportation
Carrizozo is located at the intersection of U S  Routes 54 and 380  For general aviation, the town is served by Carrizozo Municipal Airport 

Education
Carrizozo Municipal Schools is the local school district 

Points of interest
Carrizozo Women's Club (1920 Pueblo Revival style building listed in the National Register of Historic Places)
Carrizozo Heritage Museum (1940s built as a frozen food locker—converted into local history museum in 2003)
Lincoln National Forest (southeast of the city via U S  Route 380 and NM 37)
Valley of Fires Recreation Area (west-northwest of the city via U S  Route 380)

Film and television
A number of movies have been filmed in Carrizozo  Movies which have been filmed at least partially in Carrizozo include:
Wander (2020)
Gambit (2012)
This Must be the Place (2011)
The Book of Eli (2010)
Deja Vu, Hera's Odyssey (2004)
The Outfitters (1999)
Mad Love (1995)

Notable people
Albert B  Fall, first senator from the state of New Mexico (1912–1921) and later U S  Secretary of the Interior (1921–1923); owned the Three Rivers Ranch on the outskirts of Carrizozo
William C  McDonald, first governor of the state of New Mexico (1912–1917); owned a ranch on the outskirts of Carrizozo
Charlie Siringo, famous Pinkerton detective assigned to Carrizozo to catch cattle thieves (1916–1917)
Earl Reece Stadtman, biochemist born in Carrizozo in 1919
José Maria de Vega, born in Michoacán, Entrepreneur carpenter, assisted McDonald, 1st board of trustees in Carrizozo 
Rick Geary, American cartoonist and illustrator, has lived in Carrizozo since 2007 
Passage 8:
Ancón, Panama
Ancón is a corregimiento in Panamá District, Panamá Province, Panama with a population of 29,761 as of 2010  Its population as of 1990 was 11,518; its population as of 2000 was 11,169  It is sometimes considered a suburb or small town within Panama City, northeast of the limits of the town of Balboa  Ancon Hill is also the name of a large hill that overlooks Panama City and once served as a form of protection from pirates and sea invasion  The township was originally located around this hill, and was created to house employees of the Panama Canal during its construction  As part of the construction effort, the historic Gorgas Army Hospital was founded and built on the hillside  The first ship to officially transit the canal, SS Ancon, was named after the district  The community continued to serve as housing for employees of the Panama Canal Company until 1980, when parts of it began to be turned over to the Panamanian government under the 1977 Torrijos-Carter Treaties  Modern-day Ancón is a corregimiento (the Panamanian equivalent of a suburb in the United States) of Panama City, serving mainly as a residential area  The Gorgas Army Hospital building is now the Panamanian Oncology Hospital, primarily used for cancer research  The area also houses Panama's Supreme Court, just a few feet away from the Gorgas Army Hospital building, and several Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute buildings for research into tropical biology  Ancón is also a parish (parroquia) of the District of Panama, located in the Panama Canal adjacent area 

History
The area where the district of Ancón is located was always conceived as a place of transit  From the Spanish arrival on the Isthmus of Panama in 1501, it was thought to build there a road between the Atlantic and Pacific oceans, an idea that was materialized with the construction of the Panama Canal During the years when the Panama Canal was under the control of the United States, many administrative facilities, military bases, and communities were built in the adjacent areas, forming part of the former Panama Canal Zone  When these areas were reverted to Panama under the Torrijos-Carter Treaties, several alternatives were proposed to integrate the district to the city of Panama  The current district of Ancón was created when a new political-administrative division for the reverted areas was adopted, by Act No  18 of August 29, 1979, and later amended by Law No  1 of October 27, 1982  The areas located in the Pacific sector became part of this district, while those located on the Atlantic side were incorporated into the district of Cristobal, in the province of Colon  They remain characterized by a strong US urban architectural style 

Economy
Due to its geographical location, the district of Ancón is of great importance for the economy of Panama  In it are located most of the administrative facilities and services related to the Panama Canal  Balboa is home to the port of Panama City  The district also home to the Administrative Unit of Reverted properties of the Ministry of Economy and Finance, established in 2007 as a replacement for the former Inter-Oceanic Region Authority  Many of the buildings belonging to former US military bases are today sites of Panamanian governmental and nongovernmental institutions, such as the City of Knowledge, the main science and technology park in the country, in the area of the former Fort Clayton 
Besides its importance in the fields of trade and intermodal transportation, the district is becoming increasingly relevant in terms of services and tourism  Ancón is home to the Marcos A  Gelabert International Airport, the Grand National Transportation Terminal, and Albrook Mall, the largest mall in the country 

Sites of interest
The district of Ancón includes the Parque Natural Metropolitano, a vast jungle located a few minutes from the city, and its highest elevation, Ancon Hill  In its urban areas, you can visit several historical sites of the Panamanian capital, the building that houses the headquarters of the  Panama Canal Authority, popularly known as the Administration Building  The Amador Causeway, a section of which runs over the sea, joining three small Pacific islands, is one of the city's most popular tourist attractions, with marinas, restaurants, bars, and discothèques  There is also the Figali Convention Center, while the Museum of Biodiversity, designed by renowned architect Frank Gehry, is currently in construction 

See also
Postage stamps and postal history of the Canal Zone
Passage 9:
Carpenter, Colorado
Carpenter is a ghost town in Mesa County, Colorado, United States, twelve miles northeast of Grand Junction at the end of an extension to 27¼ Road  The settlement was established by William Thomas Carpenter early in 1890 to provide the miners who worked in his two Book Cliff mines with a place to live  He began building shacks to house his single miners and later erected small houses for the employees with families 
As a result of the town's rapid growth, a request to the U S  post office to establish a branch there in June 1890 was quickly obliged and the community was officially dubbed Carpenter  However, the town never attained a population of over 50, and the post office closed after one year  After the closure of its post office, Carpenter built a company store and a combination boarding house/restaurant  Book Cliff company stone cutters and masons constructed several buildings and many foundations at Carpenter, using stone from the company quarry near the cliffs  One of the finest examples of a building made of Book Cliff sandstone is the Fruita, Colorado Catholic church 
Several years of prosperity followed the arrival of the Little Book Cliff Railway at the townsite in 1892  Carpenter began to formulate big plans for his village  He envisioned it as a tourist resort complete with hotel, dance pavilion, picnic areas, and even a lake that was to be fed by a spring located near his Book Cliff mines  Carpenter renamed the camp Poland Spring after a noted resort of that name in Maine  It was variously referred to as Polen, Pollen, and Polan Springs, although Carpenter's intended name was evidenced by his having it emblazoned on the side of one of his railroad excursion cars  The resort plans were never completed because Carpenter went broke shortly after the Panic of 1893 
Isaac Chauncey Wyman, a wealthy Massachusetts investor, became the next owner of the Book Cliff company  The town continued to enjoy an active existence because he did much to improve the mines and thus created a need for additional employees  The old eating house, referred to as the Hotel de Carpenter on occasion, was converted into a school and church for the camp's inhabitants, and many company structures were rebuilt and improved during Wyman's tenure as owner  The new name Book Cliff was applied to the town but did not adhere any better than did Poland Springs  Usually, people referred to the place as the “Book Cliff Mines ”
The town reached its zenith and then began a gradual decline following Wyman's death in 1910  In his will, Wyman left the town, railroad, and mines to Princeton University  Princeton managed everything for 15 years then decided to abandon it all in 1925  By the end of that summer nearly everything had been sold, dismantled, and hauled away 
Passage 10:
Goshen, New Hampshire
Goshen is a town in Sullivan County, New Hampshire, United States  The population was 796 at the 2020 census 

History
Incorporated in 1791, Goshen was first settled in 1768 as a part of Saville (now Sunapee)  The name "Goshen" may have been taken from Goshen, Connecticut, where many residents had relatives 

Geography
According to the United States Census Bureau, the town has a total area of 22 5 square miles (58 4 km2), of which 22 4 square miles (58 1 km2) are land and 0 1 square miles (0 2 km2) are water, comprising 0 41% of the town  Goshen is drained by the South Branch Sugar River and its tributaries Blood Brook and Gunnison Brook, and hence lies almost fully within the Connecticut River watershed  Most of the southeast part of town is drained by Cherry Brook, one of the headwaters of the Ashuelot River, a southwest-flowing tributary of the Connecticut, but a small area at the southeast corner of town has the headwaters of the east-flowing West Branch Warner River, part of the Merrimack River watershed The long ridge of Mount Sunapee occupies the eastern edge of town  The highest point in Goshen is an unnamed knob on the ridge (near Goves Mountain) where the elevation reaches 2,529 feet (771 m) above sea level 
New Hampshire Route 10 passes through the western part of the town, including Goshen village, and leads north to Newport and south to Keene  New Hampshire Route 31 has its northern terminus at Route 10 and leads southeast to Hillsborough 

Adjacent municipalities
Sunapee, New Hampshire (north)
Newbury, New Hampshire (east)
Bradford, New Hampshire (southeast at one point)
Washington, New Hampshire (south)
Lempster, New Hampshire (southwest)
Unity, New Hampshire (west)
Newport, New Hampshire (northwest)

Demographics
As of the census of 2000, there were 741 people, 279 households, and 219 families residing in the town   The population density was 32 9 inhabitants per square mile (12 7/km2)   There were 389 housing units at an average density of 17 3 per square mile (6 7/km2)   The racial makeup of the town was 97 03% White, 1 62% Native American, 0 13% Asian, 0 13% from other races, and 1 08% from two or more races  Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0 40% of the population 
There were 279 households, out of which 33 3% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 64 5% were married couples living together, 9 7% had a female householder with no husband present, and 21 5% were non-families  17 2% of all households were made up of individuals, and 7 2% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older   The average household size was 2 63 and the average family size was 2 96 
In the town, the population was spread out, with 24 2% under the age of 18, 8 0% from 18 to 24, 27 5% from 25 to 44, 26 7% from 45 to 64, and 13 6% who were 65 years of age or older   The median age was 40 years  For every 100 females, there were 97 6 males   For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 96 5 males 
The median income for a household in the town was $42,625, and the median income for a family was $45,208  Males had a median income of $33,333 versus $22,727 for females  The per capita income for the town was $20,561   About 6 9% of families and 8 8% of the population were below the poverty line, including 10 8% of those under age 18 and 21 5% of those age 65 or over 

Education
Goshen and the neighboring town of Lempster maintained a combined elementary and middle school, called Goshen-Lempster Cooperative School, located in Lempster  The school served kindergarten through 8th grade  The cooperative was dissolved in June 2016   The majority of Goshen elementary and middle-school aged children now attend Newport, NH schools; the Newport school system now acts as the anchor system for Goshen students 
After 8th grade, students are given the choice to attend several neighboring high schools, including Newport High School, Sunapee Middle-High School, and Kearsarge Regional High School 

Notable people
John Williams Gunnison (1812–1853), US Army officer, explorer of the American West



ground_truth: 810

prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: For what type of work is the production company for The Year Without a Santa Claus best known?

The following are given passages.
Context 3: Passage 1:
Santa's Workshop (Colorado)
Santa's Workshop is an amusement park that opened on June 16, 1956 in Cascade, Colorado, located on U S  Route 24 just west of Colorado Springs at the entrance to the Pikes Peak Highway, at the Northern end of Pikes Peak  Modeled after the Santa's Workshop in Wilmington, New York, the park features a charming North Pole village complete with a variety of shops selling toys, candy, and Christmas decorations  The village is also home to Santa's Workshop itself, where children (and adults) can meet with Santa Claus and Mrs  Claus year round  Much of the staff is dressed in Christmas themed attire, especially those at work in stores and admissions 
In addition to the village, Santa's Workshop is a fully operational amusement park best suited for children ages 2 to 12  It is home to 28 rides, many of which are classified specifically as "kiddie" rides  Family highlights include a small roller coaster, the highest altitude Ferris wheel in North America, a Giant Slide (Helter skelter), as well as a North Pole made of permanent ice in the center of the park   Attractions also include a Tilt-A-Whirl, a Scrambler, a chairlift, a narrow gauge railroad, a magic show, and an arcade  In 2014, Santa's Sleigh, a 30 mph, 2-person zip line was added 
The park is generally open from mid-May through Christmas Eve, and is closed from January to May  As of 2018, admission is $24 00 per person for ages 3–59  Under 3 and 60 or older are free  Military and group rates are available  The park is still owned and operated by the Haggard family who opened it in 1956 

External links
Santa's Workshop (Colorado amusement park) at the Roller Coaster DataBase
Passage 2:
Larry Wilson (screenwriter)
Larry Wilson (born January 23, 1948) is an American film producer and screenwriter  He is best known for his screenwriting work on the films Beetlejuice (1988) and The Addams Family (1991)  He also co-wrote the films The Little Vampire (2000) and, for television, The Year Without a Santa Claus (2006)  He wrote and directed a number of episodes of the Tales from the Crypt television series from 1991 to 1996 
Passage 3:
Rankin/Bass Productions
Rankin/Bass Animated Entertainment (founded and formerly known as Videocraft International, Ltd  and Rankin/Bass Productions, Inc ) was an American production company located in New York City, and known for its seasonal television specials, usually done in stop motion animation  Rankin/Bass' stop-motion productions are recognizable by their visual style of doll-like characters with spheroid body parts and ubiquitous powdery snow using an animation technique called "Animagic" 
Nearly all of the studio's animation was outsourced to Japanese animation companies such as Toei Doga Entertainment, MOM Production, Mushi Productions and Topcraft  Rankin/Bass was one of the first western studios to outsource their low-budget animated television and film productions to animation studios in foreign countries; the others that already practiced animation outsourcing includes Total Television and King Features Syndicate TV in New York City; and Jay Ward Productions and Hanna-Barbera Productions in Los Angeles, California 

History
The company was founded in New York City by Arthur Rankin Jr  and Jules Bass on September 14, 1960, as Videocraft International, Ltd  The majority of Rankin/Bass' work, including all of their "Animagic" stop-motion productions (which they were well known for), were created in Tokyo, Japan  Throughout the 1960s, the Animagic productions were headed by Japanese stop-motion animator Tadahito Mochinaga at his studio, MOM Production  He was credited for his supervision as "Tad Mochinaga" 
Rankin/Bass' traditional animation output was done by several animation studios such as Toei Animation, Eiken (formerly known as TCJ, short for the Television Corporation of Japan), Mushi Production, and especially Topcraft, which was formed on February 1, 1972 by Toei animator Toru Hara (who was credited as an animation supervisor in some of Rankin/Bass' specials)  While several of Topcraft's staff, including Hara and industry legends such as Hayao Miyazaki, would go on to form Studio Ghibli in the wake of Topcraft's death, others formed another studio: Pacific Animation Corporation, which continued working on Rankin/Bass' titles until the latter company shut down 
In addition to the "name" talent that provided the narration for the specials, Rankin/Bass had its own company of voice actors  For the studio's early work, this group was based in Toronto, Ontario where recording was supervised by veteran CBC announcer Bernard Cowan  The Canadian group included actors such as Paul Soles, Larry D  Mann, and Carl Banas 
Maury Laws served as musical director for almost all of the animated films and television programs  Romeo Muller was another consistent contributor, serving as screenwriter for many of Rankin/Bass' best-known productions including Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer (1964), The Little Drummer Boy (1968), and Frosty the Snowman (1969) 

Output
One of Videocraft's first projects was an independently produced television series in 1960, The New Adventures of Pinocchio, based on the Italian author Carlo Collodi's 1883 novel The Adventures of Pinocchio and featuring "Animagic", a stop motion animation process using figurines or puppets (a process already pioneered by George Pal's "Puppetoons" and Art Clokey's Gumby and Davey and Goliath), managed by Mochinaga and his MOM Production staffers for Videocraft with Dentsu  This was followed by another independently produced series in 1961, Tales of the Wizard of Oz, Videocraft's adaptation of the 1900 novel The Wonderful Wizard of Oz by L  Frank Baum, as well as their first production to use traditional cel animation  Unlike many of Rankin/Bass' works, Tales of the Wizard of Oz was animated by Crawley Films in Ottawa, headed by F  R  Crawley 

Rudolph era
One of the mainstays of the business was holiday-themed animated specials for airing on American television  In 1964, the company produced a special for NBC and sponsor General Electric, later owner of NBC  It was a stop motion animated adaptation of Robert L  May's 1939 story "Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer" and the 1949 song it inspired, "Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer", written by May's brother-in-law, Johnny Marks  Almost two decades earlier, in 1948, it had been made into a cartoon by Max Fleischer, brother and former partner of Dave Fleischer, as a traditional cel animated short for the Jam Handy Film Company   
With the American actor Burl Ives in the role of Sam the snowman, the narrator, Canadian actress Billie Mae Richards as the voice of the main title character, Rudolph, and an original orchestral score composed by Marks himself, Rudolph became one of the most popular, and longest-running Christmas specials in television history: it remained with NBC until around 1972 when it moved to CBS  In 2019, for its 55th anniversary, the special was also aired on Freeform as part of its "25 Days of Christmas" franchise, although it will continue to air on CBS under a separate license with Universal The special contained seven original songs  In 1965, a new song was filmed in "Animagic" to replace "We're a Couple of Misfits", titled "Fame and Fortune" 
The success of Rudolph led to numerous other Christmas specials  The first was The Cricket on the Hearth in 1967, with two live-action announcements by Danny Thomas, continuity and character designs by Don Duga and Paul Coker, and animation by Jiro Yanase's TCJ, followed by the 1968 Thanksgiving special The Mouse on the Mayflower, told by Tennessee Ernie Ford and animated by Kenzo Masaoka, Sanae Yamamoto, and Yasuji Murata's Toei Animation  Paul Coker Jr  would go on to design characters and production for more than 40 Rankin-Bass specials and episodes 

Other holiday specials
Many of their other specials, like Rudolph, were based on popular Christmas songs  In 1968, the British-American actress Greer Garson provided dramatic narration for The Little Drummer Boy, based on the traditional song and set during the birth of the baby Jesus Christ, and starring the Puerto Rican actor José Ferrer as the voice of Ben Haramed  During that year, Videocraft International, Ltd  (whose logo dominated the Rankin/Bass logo in the closing credit sequences) changed its name to Rankin/Bass Productions, Inc , and adopted a new logo, retaining a Videocraft byline in their closing credits until 1971 when Tomorrow Entertainment, a unit of the General Electric Company, acquired the production company  The "Animagic" process for The Little Drummer Boy took place at MOM Production, which was renamed Video Tokyo Production after Tadahito Mochinaga left Japan for his return trip to China following the completion of the animation for Mad Monster Party?, thus ending his collaboration with Rankin/Bass  Takeo Nakamura, the director of Sanrio's 1979 stop motion feature Nutcracker Fantasy, was among the "Animagic" team, but he was never credited as a supervisor 
The following year, in 1969, Jimmy Durante sang and told the story of Frosty the Snowman, with Jackie Vernon voicing Frosty  It was based on Steve Nelson and Jack Rollins' 1950 song of the same name, and also introduced Billy De Wolfe as the voice of Professor Hinkle, a greedy magician who tries to steal away the magic hat that brought Frosty to life to become a billionaire  Mushi Production, an animation studio founded in 1961 and formerly led by the manga artist Osamu Tezuka (creator of Astro Boy, Kimba the White Lion and Ambassador Magma), handled the animation for the special with supervision by Yusaku "Steve" Nakagawa, a layout artist and character designer from Hanna-Barbera Productions in Los Angeles, California 
The year 1970 brought another Christmas special, Santa Claus Is Comin' to Town  Rankin/Bass enlisted Fred Astaire as narrator S D  (Special Delivery) Kluger, a mailman answering children's questions about Santa Claus and telling his origin story  The story involved young Kris Kringle, voiced by Mickey Rooney, and the villainous Burgermeister Meisterburger, voiced by Paul Frees  Kringle later marries the town's schoolteacher, Miss Jessica, voiced by Robie Lester  Kizo Nagashima, the associate director of Rankin/Bass' previous productions, was credited as a production supervisor 
In 1971, Rankin/Bass produced their first Easter television special, Here Comes Peter Cottontail, with the voices of Danny Kaye as the narrator Seymour S  Sassafrass, Vincent Price as the evil rabbit January Q  Irontail, and Casey Kasem from Hanna-Barbera's Scooby-Doo franchise as the title character Peter Cottontail  It was not based upon the title song by Steve Nelson and Jack Rollins, but on a 1957 novel by Priscilla and Otto Friedrich titled The Easter Bunny That Overslept  This was the second and final "Animagic" production to be supervised by Kizo Nagashima  Steve Nakagawa was also involved in this special as a continuity designer  In 1977, Fred Astaire returned as S  D  Kluger in The Easter Bunny Is Comin' to Town, telling the tale of the Easter Bunny's origins  From there, Rankin/Bass used Masaki Iizuka as an associate producer, and Akikazu Kono as an "Animagic" supervisor  Back in 1973, Iizuka was the production assistant of Marco—a live-action musical film based on the biography of Italian merchant, explorer, and writer Marco Polo, filmed at Toho Company in Tokyo and on location throughout East Asia, and featuring Kono's "Animagic" sequence of the Tree People  Previously, he was met by Rankin during the animation production of the Halloween television special Mad, Mad, Mad Monsters at Mushi Production in 1972, and became an integral part of Rankin/Bass for many years 
In 1974, Rankin/Bass Productions was relaunched once again as an independent production company and produced another Christmas special for television, The Year Without a Santa Claus, featuring Shirley Booth, voicing narrator Mrs  Claus; Mickey Rooney, returning as the voice of Santa Claus; and supporting characters Snow Miser (voiced by Dick Shawn) and Heat Miser (voiced by George S  Irving)  It was the first Rankin/Bass "Animagic" production on which Akikazu Kono and puppet maker Ichiro Komuro share in the production supervision  It was remade as a poorly received live-action/special effects TV movie shown on NBC in 2006 starring Delta Burke and John Goodman as Mrs  Claus and Santa Throughout the 1970s, Rankin/Bass, with Video Tokyo and the former Toei Animation employee Toru Hara's Topcraft, continued to produce animated sequels to its classic specials, including the teaming of Rudolph and Frosty in 1979's Rudolph and Frosty's Christmas in July, with the voice of Ethel Merman as Lilly Loraine, the ringmistress of a seaside circus, and Rooney again returning as Santa  The special features cameos by characters from several other Rankin/Bass holiday specials, including Big Ben the Clockwork Whale from Rudolph's Shiny New Year and Jack Frost from Frosty's Winter Wonderland  Later that year, Jack appeared in his own special, Jack Frost  Narrated by Buddy Hackett, it tells the story of the winter sprite's love for a mortal woman menaced by the evil Cossack king, Kubla Kraus (Paul Frees, in addition to Kubla, voiced Jack Frost's overlord, Father Winter)  In this special, Jack's voice was performed by Robert Morse, who previously voiced Stuffy in 1976's The First Easter Rabbit (loosely based on Margery Williams' The Velveteen Rabbit), and young Ebenezer Scrooge in 1978's The Stingiest Man in Town (based on Charles Dickens' A Christmas Carol) 
Among Rankin/Bass' original specials was 1975's The First Christmas: The Story of the First Christmas Snow, featuring the voice of Angela Lansbury (who also starred in the 1982 adaptation of The Last Unicorn) as the narrating and singing nun, Sister Theresa, and Irving Berlin's Christmas classic "White Christmas" 
Their final stop-motion style Christmas story was The Life and Adventures of Santa Claus, taken from the L  Frank Baum story of the same name and released in 1985  In this story, the Great Ak (voiced by Alfred Drake) summons a council of the Immortals to bestow upon a dying Claus (voiced by Earl Hammond, with J D  Roth voicing the young Claus) the Mantle of Immortality  To make his case, the Great Ak tells Claus's life story, from his discovery as a foundling in the magical forest and his raising by Immortals, through his education by the Great Ak in the harsh realities of the human world, and his acceptance of his destiny to struggle to bring joy to children  This special has recently been released as part of Warner Bros  Home Entertainment's Warner Archive Collection, on a double-feature disc that also contains Nestor, the Long-Eared Christmas Donkey which is often paired with The First Christmas on holiday broadcasts 
Many of these specials are still shown seasonally on American television, and some have been released on VHS, Betamax, LaserDisc, DVD, Blu-ray, and Digital 

Non-holiday output
Throughout the 1960s, Videocraft produced other stop motion and traditional animation specials and films, some of which were non-holiday stories  1965 saw the production of Rankin/Bass' first theatrical film, Willy McBean and His Magic Machine, another joint venture between Videocraft and Dentsu  1966 brought The Daydreamer, the first of three films to be produced in association with executive producer Joseph E  Levine's Embassy Pictures in Los Angeles, California, and the film adaptation of the stories and characters by the Danish author Hans Christian Andersen, which combines live-action, special effects and "Animagic"; and The Ballad of Smokey the Bear, the story of the famous forest fire-fighting bear seen in numerous public service announcements, narrated by James Cagney The theatrical feature film Mad Monster Party? saw theatrical release in the spring of 1967, featuring one of the last performances by the British actor Boris Karloff  The film features affectionate send-ups of classic movie monsters and their locales, adding "Beatle"-wigged skeletons as a send-up of the era's pop bands, and a writing staff borrowed from Mad magazine, including the cartoonist Jack Davis, who designed the characters of this film  It is also the last "Animagic" project that Tadahito Mochinaga supervised 
In 1972 and 1973, Rankin/Bass produced four animated TV movies for The ABC Saturday Superstar Movie series: Mad Mad Mad Monsters (with the animation by Mushi), Willie Mays and the Say-Hey Kid, The Red Baron, and That Girl in Wonderland (all featuring the animation by Topcraft) 
In 1977, Rankin/Bass produced an animated version of J  R  R  Tolkien's The Hobbit  It was followed in 1980 by an animated version of The Return of the King (the animation rights to the first two volumes were held by Saul Zaentz, producer of Ralph Bakshi's animated adaptation The Lord of the Rings)  Other books adapted include The Last Unicorn by Peter S  Beagle, a rare theatrical release that was co-produced with ITC Entertainment in London, England, Peter Dickinson's The Flight of Dragons and Kenneth Grahame's The Wind in the Willows which was animated by the second overseas animation unit of Hanna-Barbera, James Wang's Cuckoo's Nest Studios (now Wang Film Productions) in Taipei, Taiwan 
In addition to their prime time specials, Rankin/Bass produced several regular television shows in traditional animation, including The King Kong Show in 1966, co-produced with Toei Animation, The Tomfoolery Show in 1970, The Jackson 5ive in 1971 (the latter co-produced with Motown Productions), and Kid Power and The Osmonds in 1972  The most successful of these was Ted Wolf's ThunderCats in 1985, an action-adventure series based on his related line of toys  It was followed by two similar TV shows about humanoid animals, SilverHawks in 1986, and TigerSharks, as part of the series The Comic Strip in 1987  Each of those four series was mainly animated by former Topcraft employees' Pacific Animation Corporation, with production management by Masaki Iizuka, just before the studio was bought by Disney and renamed Walt Disney Animation Japan in 1988  Neither one enjoyed the same commercial success as ThunderCats did, however 
Rankin/Bass also attempted live-action productions, such as 1967's King Kong Escapes, a co-production with Toho; 1976's The Last Dinosaur; 1978's The Bermuda Depths; 1980's The Ivory Ape (all co-produced with Tsuburaya Productions, the creators of the Ultra Series); and 1983's The Sins of Dorian Gray  With the exception of King Kong Escapes, all were made-for-television films 

Demise
After its last series output, Rankin/Bass shut down its production company on March 4, 1987 
Arthur Rankin Jr  would split his time between New York City, where the company still has its offices, and his home in Bermuda  Rankin died at Harrington Sound, Bermuda on January 30, 2014, at the age of 89  Bass became a vegetarian; a decade later, he wrote Herb, the Vegetarian Dragon, the first children's book character developed specifically to explore moral issues related to vegetarianism  The original story and a follow-up cookbook became bestsellers for independent publishing house Barefoot Books  Bass died on October 25, 2022 at the age of 87 In 1999, Rankin/Bass joined forces with James G  Robinson's Morgan Creek Productions and Nest Family Entertainment (creators of The Swan Princess franchise) for the first and only animated adaptation of Rodgers and Hammerstein's musical The King and I, based on a treatment by Rankin  Distributed by Warner Bros  Pictures with its Warner Bros  Family Entertainment division, the film flopped at the American box office  Stephen Hunter, among several American film critics, criticized the film's depictions of "offensive ethnic stereotyping "In 2001, Fox aired the first new original Christmas special to be produced by both Rankin and Bass in 16 years, Santa, Baby!, which like most of their production company's other specials was based on a popular, similarly-titled Christmas song  Santa, Baby! stood out from its predecessors due to its use of African-American characters and voice performers, such as Patti LaBelle (the narrator), Eartha Kitt, Gregory Hines, Vanessa L  Williams and Tom Joyner  Although Pacific Animation Corporation was responsible for the overseas animation production of the special with the background art provided by Atelier BWCA and the See Throu Studio, some of the animation services were done at Steven Hahn's Hanho Heung-Up in Seoul, South Korea  Santa, Baby! turned out to be the final Rankin/Bass-produced special; the Rankin/Bass partnership was officially dissolved shortly after, with most of its remaining assets acquired by Warner Bros  Entertainment 
Currently, the pre-September 1974 Rankin/Bass library (including works from Videocraft International) is owned by NBCUniversal's Universal Pictures via DreamWorks Animation's DreamWorks Classics subsidiary, while Warner Bros  Discovery through Warner Bros  unit owns the rights to the post-September 1974 library via Telepictures  NBCUniversal also retained the rights to King Kong Escapes and also currently holds the rights to Willy McBean and his Magic Machine, again, via DreamWorks Classics  StudioCanal holds the rights to the films from Rankin/Bass that Embassy Pictures distributed, while ITV Studios currently holds the rights to The Last Unicorn  The rights to the 1999 animated film adaptation of The King and I are currently held by Morgan Creek Entertainment 

Legacy
For over 20 years, most of Rankin/Bass' films were shown on the Family Channel and Freeform during their December "25 Days of Christmas" seasonal period  Starting in 2018, the post-1974 specials moved to AMC and air during their "Best Christmas Ever" seasonal period, with Freeform retaining the pre-1974 specials' cable rights  The original Rudolph and Frosty specials currently air on CBS under a separate contract with Rankin/Bass and its successors-in-interest, with Santa Claus Is Comin' To Town airing on ABC 
The specials of Rankin/Bass have been parodied by the likes of TV series from Saturday Night Live to South Park, while non-holiday works like The Last Unicorn maintained a cult following  The look and style of the Christmas specials heavily influences more modern holiday classics such as Elf (2003) Beginning in 2013, and for several years thereafter, the animation studio ShadowMachine was hired by the SoCal Honda Dealers group (via Secret Weapon Marketing) to create stop-motion animated commercials in the style of Rankin/Bass's Christmas specials RiffTrax, consisted of former Mystery Science Theater 3000 alumni Kevin Murphy, Bill Corbett and Michael J  Nelson, spoofed Nestor the Long-Eared Christmas Donkey on December 17, 2006 (this time with just Nelson himself riffing) In 2022, an agreement between Warner Bros  and NBCUniversal (which co-owned Studio Distribution Services, LLC) was made to release The Complete Rankin-Bass Christmas Collection as a nine-disc DVD box set with a 24-page booklet and special features  The box set features eighteen specials, comprising every stand-alone, Rankin-Bass produced Christmas special aside from Santa, Baby! 

Filmography
Franchises
Overseas animation studios used by Rankin/Bass
Japanese studios
MOM Production, Tokyo, Japan
Toei Animation, Tokyo, Japan
TCJ (Television Corporation of Japan) (now Eiken), Tokyo, Japan
Mushi Production, Tokyo, Japan
Topcraft, Tokyo, Japan
Pacific Animation Corporation, Tokyo, Japan
The Anime International Company, Tokyo, Japan
Anime R, Osaka, Japan
Mook Animation, Tokyo, Japan
Atelier BWCA (background studio), Tokyo, Japan
See Throu Studio (background studio), Tokyo, Japan

Other studios
Crawley Films, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
Halas and Batchelor, London and Stroud, England, United Kingdom
Estudios Moro, Barcelona, Spain
Cuckoo's Nest Studios (Wang Film Productions), Taipei, Taiwan
Hong Ying Animation, Taipei, Taiwan
Hanho Heung-Up, Seoul, South Korea
Passage 4:
Santa Claus: The Movie
Santa Claus: The Movie is a 1985 Christmas film starring Dudley Moore, John Lithgow, and David Huddleston  It depicts the origin of Santa Claus (played by Huddleston), and his modern-day adventure to save one of his elves (Moore) who has been manipulated by an unscrupulous toy company executive (Lithgow)  It was directed by Jeannot Szwarc and was the last major fantasy film produced by the Paris-based father-and-son production team of Alexander and Ilya Salkind 
Released in North America by TriStar Pictures on November 27, 1985, Santa Claus: The Movie was a box office bomb and received mostly negative reviews from critics 

Plot
In the Middle Ages, a woodcutter named Claus delivers hand-carved toys to the children of his village each Christmas, accompanied by his wife Anya and their reindeer Donner and Blitzen  Caught in a blizzard, they are saved by elves and taken to their magical workshop at the North Pole  Lead elf Dooley explains that their coming was prophesied; that it is Claus' destiny to deliver the toys made by the elves to the children of the world; and that they, like the elves, will live forever  The following Christmas Eve, the oldest elf dubs Claus "Santa Claus" and explains that the night will last as long as it takes for him to deliver toys to every child on Earth  Donner and Blitzen join six other reindeer and are fed hay sprinkled with magical powder that enables them to fly, pulling Santa's sleigh through the air  As the centuries pass, much of the mythology and traditions surrounding Santa Claus develop 
By the late 20th century Santa is exhausted by his ever-growing workload, and Anya suggests that he enlist an assistant  Two elves compete for the position: Puffy, who follows traditional toymaking methods, and Patch, who has many ideas for modernization  Patch wins by designing a machine to increase production through automation, but unbeknownst to him it begins to malfunction and produce shoddy toys  In New York City Santa befriends homeless orphan boy Joe and takes him for a ride in his sleigh  They unsuccessfully attempt the "Super Duper Looper", a vertical loop maneuver which always fails due to Donner's acrophobia  They also meet wealthy orphan girl Cornelia, who befriends Joe 
When the toys produced by Patch's machine fall apart on Christmas Day, he resigns in disgrace and leaves the North Pole, winding up in New York City  Meanwhile, the B Z  Toy Company, run by Cornelia's unscrupulous step-uncle B Z , is facing shutdown by the government for producing unsafe toys  Seeing the company's toys being pulled from a storefront, Patch mistakenly thinks they are very popular and approaches B Z  about a job  Hoping to redeem himself in Santa's eyes, he creates lollipops laced with the magic powder that allows the reindeer to fly, and a flying car which he uses to deliver them to the world's children on Christmas Eve  The lollipops allow people to fly, making them an instant sensation and leaving Santa feeling obsolete and disheartened  B Z  convinces Patch to strengthen the formula and put it in candy canes, planning to launch his own holiday called "Christmas 2" in late March 
Cornelia and Joe overhear B Z  plotting to oust Santa as the figurehead of Christmas, and Joe is captured  Cornelia further overhears B Z 's assistant, Towzer, share his discovery that the candy canes explode when exposed to heat  B Z  plans to take Towzer and their money and flee to Brazil, letting Patch take the fall for their dangerous product  Cornelia writes to Santa, who rushes to help despite two of his reindeer being sidelined by illness  Patch finds Joe tied up in the toy factory and frees him  Seeing a wood carving resembling Patch that Santa made for Joe, Patch realizes that Santa misses him  He and Joe take off for the North Pole in his flying car with the candy canes loaded in the trunk, unaware that they are becoming unstable  Santa and Cornelia pursue in Santa's sleigh; as the car explodes, they successfully perform the Super Duper Looper, saving Joe and Patch  The police, alerted by Cornelia, attempt to arrest B Z , but he eats several of the magic candy canes and jumps out a window, only to float upward uncontrollably 
Santa agrees to let Joe and Cornelia stay at his workshop until next Christmas  As they celebrate with the elves, B Z  floats off into space 

Cast
Dudley Moore as Patch
John Lithgow as B Z 
David Huddleston as Claus/Santa Claus
Burgess Meredith as the Ancient Elf
Judy Cornwell as Anya
Jeffrey Kramer as Towzer
Christian L Fitzpatrick as Joe
Carrie Kei Heim as Cornelia
John Barrard as Dooley
Anthony O'Donnell as Puffy
Aimee Delamain as a storyteller in Claus' village
Dorothea Phillips as Miss Tucker, Cornelia's nanny
John Hallam as Grizzard, B Z 's chauffeur
Judith Morse as Miss Abruzzi, who works for B Z 
Jerry Harte as a Senate Chairman
Ian Wise as Salvation Army Bandsman (Central Park Scene)Additional elves were played by Melvyn Hayes, Don Estelle, Tim Stern, Peter O'Farrell, and Christopher Ryan as Goober, Groot, Boog, Honka, Vout, and Goobler, respectively  Other minor roles were played by Paul Aspland, Sally Granfield, and Michael Drew as reporters; Walter Goodman as a street corner Santa; John Cassady as a wino; and Ronald Fernee and Michael Ross as policemen 

Production
Development
Conceived by Ilya Salkind in the wake of the apparently waning critical and U S  box office success of 1983's Superman III and its immediate follow-up, 1984's Supergirl, Santa Claus: The Movie was directed by Supergirl director Jeannot Szwarc, from a story by David and Leslie Newman (though David Newman took sole screenplay credit)  Pierre Spengler, Ilya's longtime partner and a longtime collaborator of the Salkinds', joined Ilya as the project's producer 
John Carpenter was originally offered the chance to direct, but also wanted a say in the writing, musical score, and final cut of the film  Carpenter's original choice for the role of Santa was Brian Dennehy  Szwarc, however, felt that he needed an actor with more warmth than Dennehy  Lewis Gilbert was another early choice for director but, despite initial interest, he could not agree with the Salkinds over certain aspects of the script  Robert Wise was also offered the chance to direct, but had a different approach to the story  Guy Hamilton, who'd had to withdraw from directing Superman: The Movie in 1976, lobbied hard for the chance to direct the film, but only on the condition that it be shot either in Los Angeles, Vancouver, or Rome  Ultimately, the Salkinds chose Szwarc because of their excellent working relationship on Supergirl 

Casting
Dudley Moore was the Salkinds' top choice to play the lead elf in the film, Ilya Salkind having remembered a scene in Arthur in which Liza Minnelli's character asks Moore if he is Santa's Little Helper  Moore was attached to the project early on, and had a say in both scripting and choice of director  David Newman's first script draft named Moore's character Ollie, but Moore decided that the name should be changed to Patch, which was the nickname of his young son, Patrick  Moore had briefly been considered to play the role of Mister Mxyzptlk in the Salkinds' aborted original script for Superman III, and for the role of Nigel in Supergirl  He turned down that role, but suggested his longtime friend and comic partner Peter Cook for the part 
Ilya Salkind wanted an American actor to portray Santa Claus because he felt that the film focused on a primary piece of Americana in much the same way that Superman: The Movie had  Szwarc screen-tested such actors as David White (who, being in his late 60s, was considered too old for the role) and Moore's Arthur co-star Barney Martin  For a while, Ilya Salkind actively pursued Carroll O'Connor for the role before Szwarc showed him David Huddleston's screen-test, which won Salkind over 
For the role of B Z , the producers wanted a star with a similar stature to Gene Hackman when he had played Lex Luthor in Superman: The Movie  To this end, they offered the role to Harrison Ford who turned them down  They made offers to Dustin Hoffman, Burt Reynolds and Johnny Carson, each of whom also turned the part down  Eventually, John Lithgow was settled on after Ilya Salkind watched Terms of Endearment and realized that he had a Grinch-type look to him 
The role of the Ancient Elf was written with James Cagney in mind  Though he liked the film's overall idea, Cagney, at 84, turned the role down due to being too weakened by age to perform it  Fred Astaire was considered, but when this eventually came to nothing Dudley Moore suggested his friend Burgess Meredith for the role, which he in the end won  At the time of the film's announcement in mid-1983, the British Press carried reports that diminutive actors such as David Jason, Patrick Troughton and Norman Wisdom would be cast alongside Moore as fellow elves, but none of them were 

Filming
Santa Claus: The Movie was filmed in Buckinghamshire, England at Pinewood Studios, between August and November 1984  The film was photographed by Arthur Ibbetson, whose credits included Willy Wonka & the Chocolate Factory (1971)  Santa Claus: The Movie was his final feature film  Serving as film editor was Peter Hollywood  The production was designed by Anthony Pratt, with costume design concepts by Bob Ringwood  The visual effects unit, as well as several of the production staff, were Salkind stalwarts from the Superman films: Derek Meddings, director of visual and miniature effects; Roy Field, optical visual effects supervisor; and David Lane, flying and second unit director 

Reception
Santa Claus: The Movie received negative reviews upon release, with a rating of 20% on Rotten Tomatoes, from the 20 reviews counted  Box Office Mojo lists the film's total United States box office gross as $23,717,291, less than its $30–50 million production budget  It was very popular in the UK, grossing £5,073,000 Chicago Sun-Times critic Roger Ebert noted some positive points to the film, writing that the film "does an interesting job of visualizing Santa's workshop" and Santa's elves  He also praised the film's special effects, particularly the New York City fly-over sequence involving Santa  Ebert also had some praise for Lithgow's "nice, hateful performance", but wrote that "the villain is not drawn big enough " He ceded that young children would probably like most of the film, but that older children and adults are "likely to find a lot of it a little thin "Vincent Canby of The New York Times was less positive than Ebert, calling the production "elaborate and tacky"  He described the film as having "the manner of a listless musical without any production numbers"  Unlike Ebert, he offered little praise for the film's production design  Canby quipped that "Santa's workshop must be the world's largest purchaser of low-grade plywood" and that the flyover sequences with Santa "aren't great " The only praise he had for the film's acting was for John Lithgow, who Canby wrote "(gave) the film's only remotely stylish performance " A more recent review by William Mager for the BBC echoed Canby and Ebert's comments In his book Have Yourself a Movie Little Christmas, critic Alonso Duralde lists Santa Claus: The Movie in his chapter of worst Christmas films ever  His reasons include weak plot, garish production design, blatant product placement (particularly for McDonald's, though Coke and Pabst Blue Ribbon are also prominent), and scenery-chewing overacting on the part of Lithgow  Duralde ultimately concludes that the film is "a train-wreck of a Christmas film that's so very wrong that you won't be able to tear yourself away from it "John Lithgow, in a 2019 interview, said, "It's just one of the tackiest movies I've ever been in  It seemed cheesy and it certainly never stuck   except in England  It is huge over there  I wish I had a nickel for every Englishman who's told me [it's their favorite film]  In England, that's half of what I'm known for "

Soundtrack
The soundtrack score was composed and conducted by Henry Mancini, composer of the themes from The Pink Panther and Peter Gunn, with veteran lyricist and screenwriter Leslie Bricusse contributing five original songs  The song "It's Christmas (All Over the World)" was written by Bill House and John Hobbs with Freddie Mercury in mind  While it is known that Mercury recorded a demo for the House/Hobbs song at Pinewood Studios, he was never to make a full commitment to the project, as he and his Queen bandmates had already committed themselves to the Highlander soundtrack  In the end, Mercury turned down the project, stating that he felt that Queen had become overcrowded with requests to work on film soundtracks; as a result, Sheena Easton was ultimately chosen to record the tune  As mentioned on the DVD commentary of the film by Jeannot Szwarc, Paul McCartney was asked to compose songs for the film  It is unknown why he did not do so in the end 

Track listing"Main Title: Every Christmas Eve 1 and Santa's Theme (Giving)" (Mancini/Bricusse)
"Arrival of the Elves" (Mancini)
"Making Toys" (Mancini/Bricusse)2
"Christmas Rhapsody: Deck the Halls/Joy to the World/Hark! The Herald Angels Sing/12 Days of Christmas/O Tannenbaum/The First Noel/Silent Night"
"It's Christmas Again" (Mancini/Bricusse)2
"March of the Elves" (Mancini)
"Patch, Natch!" (Mancini/Bricusse) 3
"It's Christmas (All Over The World)" (Bill House, John Hobbs)5
"Shouldn't Do That" (Nick Beggs, Stuart Croxford, Neal Askew, Steve Askew) 4
"Sleigh Ride over Manhattan" (Mancini)
"Sad Patch" (Mancini)
"Patch Versus Santa" (Mancini)
"Thank You, Santa" (Mancini/Bricusse) 21Sung by Aled Jones2Performed by the Ambrosian Children's Choir  3Performed by the Ambrosian Singers4Produced by Ken Scott and performed by Kaja5Produced by Keith Olsen for Pogologo Corporation, and performed by Sheena Easton 
The soundtrack was originally released on record and cassette by EMI America Records in 1985  Soon after, it went out of print and remained unavailable until 2009 when it was released on CD as a limited run of 1000 copies which sold out immediately upon release  This production suffered from several issues, most notably a master which had been subjected to heavy noise reduction resulting in a loss of sound quality  Additionally, the left & right channels had been erroneously flipped, a superficial re-edit had been performed on "It's Christmas (All Over the World)", and the song "Shouldn't Do That" by Kaja (Kajagoogoo) had been omitted due to licensing issues  In 2012 a deluxe three-disc set, including remastered tracks, outtakes and alternate versions and a 32-page booklet, was released 

Comic book adaptation
Marvel Comics published a comic book adaptation of the film by writer Sid Jacobson and artist Frank Springer in Marvel Super Special #39 

See also
Santa Claus in film
List of Christmas films
Passage 5:
Jonathan Meath
Jonathan Meath (born September 16, 1955) is an American television producer and director  He was senior producer of the television game show Where in the World is Carmen Sandiego? He also was a producer of The Wubbulous World of Dr  Seuss and the 1990s' remake of Zoom  In addition, he is notable for having a dual career as a professional Santa Claus  He made numerous appearances in various media as Santa, including on Good Morning America, at Radio City Music Hall with The Rockettes, on the cover of Boston Magazine, and on a Delta Air Lines' pre-flight safety demonstration  He was described by National Public Radio and Time as a "top Santa" 

Television career
Meath attended Phillips Academy and graduated in 1974 with the school's first co–educational class  He graduated from New York University in 1979  During the 1980s Meath worked at CBS, Business Times, The Creative Establishment, MTV Networks and Greenwood Productions in various capacities  During 1996–1998, he produced shows for the Jim Henson Company called The Wubbulous World of Dr  Seuss  He produced for PBS 295 half-hour episodes of Where in the World is Carmen Sandiego?, as well as 80 episodes of Zoom 

Career
Meath, whose beard and hair went white early in life, noticed that children sometimes called him "Santa"  He is slightly overweight – he has described himself as an "organic Santa" – and his wife bought him a red suit  He attended schools to learn the craft of being a Santa  He appeared in parades  He is a professional vocalist  In 2012, he appeared as Santa at Radio City Music Hall for the Christmas Spectacular show in New York City  Meath uses his real beard but conditions it with a "shimmer-like shampoo known as Cowboy Magic, and uses hair gel for his mustache  His role as Santa was described in numerous publications  In 2009, he appeared in a thirty-second television commercial spot for the Boston Red Sox baseball team 

Personal life
Meath has one child and lives in Newburyport, Massachusetts  His mother was activist and historian Mary Stewart Hewitt  He is the great great grandson of businessman and sportsman John Malcolm Forbes and the great great great grandson of railroad industrialist John Murray Forbes  Through this, Meath is distantly related to John Kerry  Meath's daughter, Amelia Randall Meath, is a member of the bands Mountain Man and Sylvan Esso 

Awards
Passage 6:
Santa Claus Is a Black Man
"Santa Claus Is a Black Man" is a Christmas song by record producer and songwriter Teddy Vann, performed by his daughter Akim Vann (billed as Akim) and his Teddy Vann Production Company for a 1973 single  The song, described as "Vann's take on 'I Saw Mommy Kissing Santa Claus'", has been called a cult classic, and continues to receive Christmas airplay The elder Vann wrote the song as a Christmas gift for Akim, then five years old, who performs vocals on the recording  A soul song, the lyrics describe Akim happening upon her mother and Santa Claus dancing, noting Santa's curious resemblance to her father  The elder Vann was active in mentoring children, and intended the song to provide positive imagery and empowerment for young African-Americans; the song also makes reference to the Kwanzaa holiday, which the elder Vann was active in promoting in his native Brooklyn Vann would later become better known for co-writing "Power of Love/Love Power" with Luther Vandross in 1991, for which he won a Grammy Award Film director John Waters included the song on his 2004 Christmas music collection, A John Waters Christmas, despite the wishes of the elder Vann, who rejected Waters's request because the auteur "is not considered mainstream"  Vann filed suit against Waters for using the song without permission 
Passage 7:
Santa Claus in film
Motion pictures featuring Santa Claus constitute their own subgenre of the Christmas film genre  Early films of Santa revolve around similar simple plots of Santa's Christmas Eve visit to children  In 1897, in a short film called Santa Claus Filling Stockings, Santa Claus is simply filling stockings from his pack of toys  Another film called Santa Claus and the Children was made in 1898  A year later, a film directed by George Albert Smith titled Santa Claus (or The Visit from Santa Claus in the United Kingdom) was created  In this picture, Santa Claus enters the room from the fireplace and proceeds to trim the tree  He then fills the stockings that were previously hung on the mantle by the children  After walking backward and surveying his work, he suddenly darts at the fireplace and disappears up the chimney  
Santa Claus' Visit in 1900 featured a scene with two little children kneeling at the feet of their mother and saying their prayers  The mother tucks the children snugly in bed and leaves the room  Santa Claus suddenly appears on the roof, just outside the children's bedroom window, and proceeds to enter the chimney, taking with him his bag of presents and a little hand sled for one of the children  He goes down the chimney and suddenly appears in the children's room through the fireplace  He distributes the presents and mysteriously causes the appearance of a Christmas tree laden with gifts  The scene closes with the children waking up and running to the fireplace just too late to catch him by the legs  A 1909 film by D  W  Griffith titled A Trap for Santa Claus shows children setting a trap to capture Santa Claus as he descends the chimney, but instead capture their father who abandoned them and their mother but tries to burglarize the house after he discovers that she inherited a fortune  A 29-minute 1925 silent film production titled Santa Claus, by explorer/documentarian Frank E  Kleinschmidt, filmed partly in northern Alaska, feature Santa in his workshop, visiting his Eskimo neighbors, and tending his reindeer  A year later, another movie titled Santa Claus was produced with sound on De Forest Phonofilm Over the years, various actors have donned the red suit (aside from those discussed below), including Leedham Bantock in Santa Claus (1912), Monty Woolley in Life Begins at Eight-thirty (1942), Alberto Rabagliati in The Christmas That Almost Wasn't (1966), Dan Aykroyd in Trading Places (1983), Jan Rubes in One Magic Christmas (1985), David Huddleston in Santa Claus: The Movie (1985), Jonathan Taylor Thomas in I'll Be Home for Christmas (1998), and Ed Asner in The Story of Santa Claus (1996), Olive, the Other Reindeer (1999), Ellen's First Christmas (2001), Elf (2003), Regular Show: The Christmas Special (2012), Elf: Buddy's Musical Christmas (2014), Santa Stole Our Dog: A Merry Doggone Christmas!, and A StoryBots Christmas (both 2017) 

Santa's origins
Some films about Santa Claus seek to explore his origins  They explain how his reindeer can fly, where the elves come from, and other questions that children have generally asked about Santa  Two Rankin/Bass stop motion animation television specials addressed this issue: the first, Santa Claus Is Comin' to Town (1970), with Mickey Rooney as the voice of Kris Kringle, reveals how Santa delivered toys to children despite the fact that the evil Burgermeister Meisterburger had forbidden children to play with them; and the second, The Life and Adventures of Santa Claus (1985), based on L  Frank Baum's 1902 children's book of the same name, follows Santa being reared by a collection of mythical creatures who finally grant him immortality  Another animated version of Baum's book was made by Glen Hill in 2000, and the book also served as the basis for an anime series, Shounen Santa no Daibôken (Young Santa's Adventures) in 1994 and The Oz Kids video, Who Stole Santa? (1996)  None of these films focus on Santa Claus's saintly origins 
The 1985 feature film Santa Claus: The Movie, inspired by the 1978 Superman: The Movie, stars David Huddleston as Santa Claus and British actress Judy Cornwell as his wife Anya, shows how Santa and Anya are discovered by a clan of elves called the Vendequm  Dudley Moore portrays Patch, the central character and main focus of the story; Burgess Meredith portrays their wise leader, the Ancient One, who reveals that Claus represents the fulfillment of an ancient prophecy, whereby he has been designated as "the Chosen One", whose mission it will be to deliver the elves' toys to children all over the world  The film's prologue features Claus and Anya performing Santa-like duties in their home village, and strongly suggests Santa's saintly origins 
The 2019 animated Netflix Christmas comedy Klaus, also features its own telling of the origin of Santa  Where Jesper Johansen, the pampered spoiled son of a postmaster general (played by Jason Schwartzman) is sent to the secluded town of Smeerensburg, as their latest postman  There Jesper learns that due to a local family feud, the town’s people hardly have time for anything else, let alone writing or exchanging letters  There he reluctantly teams up with the titular Santa Claus (played by J  K Simmons) who is portrayed as gruff hermit, with a sad past and a skilled hand for woodcarving and toy making  Together, they not only help end the feud in Smeerensburg, but also create one of the most beloved holiday traditions 

Questioning and believing
Another genre of Santa Claus films seeks to dispel doubts about his existence 

One of the first films of this nature was titled A Little Girl Who Did Not Believe in Santa Claus (1907) and involves a well-to-do boy trying to convince his poorer friend that Santa Claus is real  She doubts because Santa has never visited her family because of their poverty 
Miracle on 34th Street (1947), starring Natalie Wood as Susan Walker, revolves around the disbelief of young Susan, whose mother (Maureen O'Hara) employs a kind old man (Edmund Gwenn, who won an Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor) to play Santa Claus at Macy's; he later convinces Susan that he really is Santa 
One Magic Christmas (1985) depicts Santa as the Dutch Sinterklaas, in charge of Christmas angels (deceased people) in lieu of elves, whom he assigns to restore individuals' Christmas spirit  He assigns Gideon (Harry Dean Stanton) to a woman (Mary Steenburgen) who worries too much about the practical side of life and shows little charity  Gideon shows her a potential Christmas in which her husband is killed by a desperate bank robber whom she has neglected to help, and takes her little girl to Santa, who gives her the last letter her mother sent him as a child and tells her to give it to her  This works to restore her spirit and gives her a do-over of Christmas with her husband and the desperate man, and she greets Santa putting presents under her tree 
The Polar Express (2004), based on the children's book of the same name, also deals with issues and questions of belief as a magical train conducted by Tom Hanks transports a doubting boy to the North Pole to visit Santa Claus 
Yes, Virginia (2009) is an animated holiday TV special based on the true story of a young girl, Virginia O'Hanlon, who writes a letter to the editor of the New York Sun in 1897 after her friends tell her that there is no Santa  The newspaper editor tells her that indeed there is a Santa: "He lives, and he lives forever " Francis Pharcellus Church was the real-life editor played by Charles Bronson in the special 

Santa as a hero
Some science fiction B movies feature Santa Claus as a superhero-type figure, such as the 1959 film titled Santa Claus produced in Mexico with José Elías Moreno as Santa Claus  In this movie, Santa allies with Merlin the magician to battle the devil, who is attempting to trap Santa  In the Cold War-era film Santa Claus Conquers the Martians (1964), Santa Claus is captured by Martians and brought to Mars, and ultimately foils a plot to destroy him In the 1984 film The Night They Saved Christmas, starring Art Carney as Santa, likewise chronicles how Santa Claus and Claudia Baldwin (Jaclyn Smith), the wife of an oil explorer, have to save the North Pole from explosions while Baldwin's husband is searching for oil in the Arctic  Santa Claus: The Movie contains a subplot in which Santa Claus rescues Joe (Christian Fitzpatric) from his best friend Cornelia's (Carrie Kei Heim) evil step-uncle B  Z  (John Lithgow)  Santa is a hero in The Nightmare Before Christmas, held captive by Oogie Boogie, although he is spiteful and enraged at Jack when freed  The 2004 film Christmas With the Kranks, based on the 2001 John Grisham novel Skipping Christmas, has Austin Pendleton as Marty, a Santa-dressed umbrella salesman who turns out to be the real Santa, saving Luther Krank's (Tim Allen's) forced Christmas party by capturing a burglar unintentionally brought to the house by the police  After leaving the party, he rides through the sky in his Volkswagen Beetle, pulled by reindeer  In the 2005 film adaptation of The Chronicles of Narnia: The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe, Father Christmas (James Cosmo) supplies the Pevensie children with the weapons and tools they need to battle the White Witch (Tilda Swinton)  In the 2012 DreamWorks film Rise of the Guardians, which is based on the book series The Guardians of Childhood by William Joyce, Santa (Alec Baldwin) is shown as one of the main characters and leader of the Guardians, who are the heroes of the movie  The 2022 film Violent Night portrays a drunk and disillusioned Santa (played by David Harbour) caught up in a hostage situation and becoming an action hero, parodying the film Die Hard and its protagonist John McClane In the television show South Park, Santa is often depicted with firearms; in the episode "Red Sleigh Down", he battles Iraqis to try to bring Christmas to Iraq  In the episode "A Woodland Critter Christmas", he uses a combat shotgun to blast away Satanic animals who try to give birth to the AntiChrist  Santa (played by Nick Frost) made a brief appearance at the end of the Doctor Who episode, "Death in Heaven"  In the following episode, which served as the show's 2014 Christmas special, "Last Christmas", he plays a more prominent role  It is eventually revealed that the scenes with him are the characters experiencing a shared dream, and he is their subconscious trying to help them wake up before they are killed  At the episode's end, he successfully awakens the Doctor and Clara, reuniting the two 

Succession of Santas
One genre of movies suggests that Santa Claus is not historically a single individual but a succession of individuals 
In Ernest Saves Christmas (1988), Ernest P  Worrell (Jim Varney) joins the challenge of Santa Claus, alias Seth Applegate (Douglas Seale), to convince Florida kids' show host Joe Carruthers (Oliver Clark) to become the next Santa 
In The Santa Clause (1994), Tim Allen plays Scott Calvin, who accidentally causes Santa Claus to fall off the roof of his house  After he puts on Santa's suit, he finds himself contractually obligated to become the next Santa  Reluctant at first, his appearance changes over the next year from average to the legendary image: he grows fat, his hair whitens, and his beard grows uncontrollably by magic  He ultimately falls in love with his new role 
A 2001 television special, Call Me Claus, stars Whoopi Goldberg as Lucy Cullins, an African American woman destined to reluctantly become the next Santa Claus 
In The Hebrew Hammer (2003), the role of Santa Claus is traditionally passed down from father to son  The system is disrupted when the reigning Santa is murdered by his son, Damian, who then uses the position to attack the competing holidays of Hanukkah and Kwanzaa 
The 2011 animated film Arthur Christmas portrays being Santa Claus as a dynasty  The first "Santa", Saint Nicholas, established the North Pole workshop and passed the title and responsibilities to his son after 70 Christmases, after which his son passed them on to his son, and so on  In the film, the current Santa initially refuses to retire, due to worry about what he will be if he is not Santa 

Impostor Santas
Several films have been created which explore the consequences should an impostor Santa take over 
One of the first films featuring a fake Santa Claus is the 1914 silent film, The Adventure of the Wrong Santa Claus, written by Frederic Arnold Kummer  In this film, a bogus Santa steals all the Christmas presents and amateur detective Octavius (played by Herbert Yost) tries to recover them  
The most notorious impostor appears in the 1966 cartoon based on Dr  Seuss's 1957 children's book, How the Grinch Stole Christmas!, wherein the Grinch, a hairy and mean-tempered creature, attempts to rob the Whos in Whoville of their Christmas by stealing their presents, food and decorations, but has a change of heart when he sees that he has not stopped them from celebrating after all  This animated feature was made into a live-action movie in 2000, directed by Ron Howard and starring Jim Carrey as the Grinch  A CGI feature film was made in 2018, starring Benedict Cumberbatch as the voice of the Grinch  
Another less-than-friendly impostor appears in A Christmas Story (1983) as a disgruntled mall Santa at Higbee's Department Store (a real store in downtown Cleveland, Ohio) in the fictional town of Holman, Indiana  Played by Jeff Gillen, Santa is depicted as a larger-than-life figure who terrifies, rather than amuses, children  Gillen's performance lends credence to the theory that the mall Santa is not quite genuine 
Another recent devious mall Santa was played by Billy Bob Thornton in Bad Santa (2003), a film which gained the normally family-friendly Disney "bad press" Tim Burton's stop-action animated musical film, The Nightmare Before Christmas (1993), depicts Jack Skellington, the Pumpkin King of Halloween Town, wanting to become Santa Claus after an accidental visit to Christmas Town  After the mostly well-meaning but totally clueless Halloween Town citizens capture Santa, they then try to take over Christmas with disastrous results; children are terrified by Jack's Halloween-themed gifts, and the real Santa is almost killed by Oogie Boogie  Santa is voiced here by Ed Ivory and in the video game spinoffs by Corey Burton 
In 2002's The Santa Clause 2: The Mrs  Clause, Scott Calvin (Tim Allen) must leave the North Pole to find a wife, so his number one elf turns a plastic toy Santa into a life-size robot clone of Calvin to cover for him  The robo-Santa interprets the rules of Christmas literally, convinces himself that all of the world's children are naughty, and dresses and runs the North Pole like a Latin American dictator, constructing an army of giant toy soldiers  When Calvin returns with his wife, he must defeat his clone to regain control of Christmas 
In 2006's The Santa Clause 3: The Escape Clause, Martin Short appears as Jack Frost, who is jealous of Santa Claus  He usurps the role from Scott Calvin, turns Christmas into "Frostmas" and the North Pole into a Disneyesque tourist resort, and addicts the worlds' children to toys which their parents must buy from him 
In 2007's Fred Claus, Vince Vaughn plays Santa's jealous older brother who grows up hating Santa and Christmas  He cons his brother (Paul Giamatti) into giving him a large sum of money for a business deal, in return for which he must come to the Pole and help prepare for Christmas  Fred ends up sabotaging his brother by placing all the world's naughty children on the nice list  Meanwhile, another Santa-hater (Kevin Spacey) is auditing Santa, looking for excuses to fire him and the elves  When Santa injures his back, Fred must deliver the gifts in order to save Christmas 
Other, darker impostors have appeared in slasher films such as the first three films of the five-film Silent Night, Deadly Night series, Santa Claws and Santa's Slay, and in the short "   And All Through the House", part of the horror anthology film Tales from the Crypt (1972) and later remade as episode 1 2 and directed by Robert Zemeckis for the HBO TV series of the same name  Both versions were inspired by the comic book Tales from the Crypt 

See also
Christmas elf#In films and television
Mrs  Claus#In popular media
List of Christmas films
Passage 8:
The Year Without a Santa Claus
The Year Without a Santa Claus is a 1974 stop motion animated Christmas television special produced by Rankin/Bass Productions  The story is based on Phyllis McGinley's 1956 book of the same name  It is narrated by Shirley Booth (her final acting credit before her retirement from acting) and starring the voices of Mickey Rooney, Dick Shawn, and George S  Irving  It was originally broadcast on December 10, 1974, on ABC 

Plot
Santa Claus wakes up with a cold sometime before Christmas in the early 20th century  His doctor, who thinks nobody cares about Santa anymore, advises him to make some changes to his routine, so Santa decides to take a holiday instead of delivering gifts  Mrs  Claus unsuccessfully tries to convince him otherwise, so she enlists two elves named Jingle and Jangle to find proof that people still believe in Santa 
Jingle and Jangle set out with Santa's youngest reindeer Vixen, but are shot down by crossfire between the conflicting Miser Brothers: Snow Miser, who controls the world's cold weather, and Heat Miser, who controls its warm weather  Vixen saves her guardian elves from falling to their doom and they continue on their uncertain path 
Jingle, Jangle, and Vixen come upon Southtown, a small community in the southern United States  They ask a group of children, including a boy named Iggy, if they believe in Santa, but they are skeptical  To make matters worse, Vixen grows sick due to the warm weather and is sent to the local animal shelter after Jingle and Jangle disguise her as a dog  The town's police officer refers them to the town's mayor, who laughs at their story but agrees to free Vixen if they can prove they are elves by making it snow in Southtown on Christmas 
Jingle and Jangle call Mrs  Claus to pick them up  As she leaves, Santa discovers Vixen is missing and travels to Southtown himself to retrieve her while disguised as a civilian named "Klaus"  While there, he meets Iggy and his family  Klaus reveals his belief in Santa, and Iggy's father reveals that Santa personally visited him one Christmas, and he still believes as well  When Claus leaves to retrieve Vixen, Iggy realizes his true identity and resolves to help Jingle and Jangle 
Iggy joins Mrs  Claus when she arrives to pick up Jingle and Jangle, and together they visit the Miser Brothers  They ask Snow Miser to send snow to Southtown for a day; he is agreeable but says he cannot as it is part of Heat Miser's territory  They then ask Heat Miser, who says he will only comply if Snow Miser turns the North Pole over to him in exchange  When the brothers begin bickering again, Mrs  Claus goes over their heads and visits their mother, Mother Nature, who convinces her sons to compromise 
As Christmas approaches, the world's children send their own presents to Santa, setting off international headlines  Touched by the outpouring of generosity and appreciation, Santa decides to make his journey after all  On Christmas Eve, he makes a public stop in Southtown during a snowfall  The next day, the children, including Iggy, are delighted to receive their presents  As the special ends, Mrs  Claus narrates that somehow, "yearly, newly, faithfully and truly", Santa always comes  Santa is shown getting out of bed to prepare himself, his reindeer, and his gift-loaded sleigh, remarking he could never imagine "a year without a Santa Claus" 

Voice cast
Shirley Booth as Mrs  Claus
Mickey Rooney as Santa Claus
Dick Shawn as Snow Miser
George S  Irving as Heat Miser
Bob McFadden as Jingle Bells, Elf Doctor
Bradley Bolke as Jangle Bells, Police Officer
Rhoda Mann as Mother Nature, Mrs  Thistlewhite
Ron Marshall as Mr  Thistlewhite, Mayor of Southtown
Colin Duffy as Ignatius "Iggy" Thistlewhite
Noelle Magargle as the Blue Christmas Girl
The Wee Winter Singers as the Children Choir

Songs
"Sleigh Ride" (instrumental)
"The Year Without a Santa Claus"
"I Could Be Santa Claus"
"I Believe in Santa Claus"
"It's Gonna Snow Right Here in Dixie"
"The Snow Miser Song"
"The Heat Miser Song"
"Blue Christmas"
"Sleigh Ride" (instrumental)
"Here Comes Santa Claus"
"The Year Without a Santa Claus (reprise)"

Television rights
The special premiered in 1974 on ABC and aired annually on Freeform during its 25 Days of Christmas programming block until 2017  As of 2018, AMC: American Movie Classics currently airs the special uncut as part of the Best Christmas Ever block  Warner Bros  Entertainment currently distributes the special through their ownership of the post-1974 Rankin/Bass Productions library 

Home video
The special was first released on VHS by Vestron Video on September 5, 1991 as part of their Christmas Classics Series, which is distributed by Family Home Entertainment  Warner Home Video released the special on VHS on September 2, 1992, and re-released it on VHS on September 28, 1999  The special was then released on DVD on October 31, 2000, and re-released on the Deluxe Edition DVD on October 2, 2007  Warner Home Video released the special on Blu-ray on October 5, 2010, making it the first Rankin/Bass production to be released on that format 

DVD details
Release date: October 31, 2000 (Original DVD), January 17, 2004 (30th Anniversary Edition DVD), October 2, 2007 (Deluxe Edition DVD), October 5, 2010 (Blu-ray)
Full Screen
Region: 1
Aspect Ratios: 1 33:1
Audio tracks: English
Special Features:
Rudolph's Shiny New Year
Nestor, The Long-Eared Christmas Donkey
Stop Motion 101 (Deluxe Edition Exclusive)
We Are Santa's Elves: Profiling Arthur Rankin Jr  & Jules Bass (Deluxe Edition Exclusive)

Live-action remake
A live-action remake of The Year Without a Santa Claus premiered on NBC on December 11, 2006, and was released on DVD the following day  It follows largely the same plot as the original special 
Paul Mavis, for Drunk TV, wrote, "The Year Without a Santa Claus is a nauseating, angry, joyless little holiday confection sure to poison any child unlucky enough to chance upon it  This hate-filled stocking stuffer has nothing but contempt for its intended audience, promoting the worst possible beliefs about people, while cloaking itself, incredibly, in the fake guise of a meaningful lesson about the holidays: the gall that the cretinous makers of this film have is really quite audacious ”

Cast
John Goodman as Santa Claus
Delta Burke as Mrs  Claus
Michael McKean as Snow Miser
Harvey Fierstein as Heat Miser
Ethan Suplee as Jingle Bells
Eddie Griffin as Jangle Bells
Chris Kattan as Sparky
Dylan Minnette as Ignatius "Iggy" Thistlewhite
Billy Slaughter as Nerd ElfCarol Kane as Mother Nature
Carson Kressley as the elf costumer
Laura Schlessinger, "Dr  Laura", as herself
Jack LaLanne as Hercules

Sequel
A sequel, titled A Miser Brothers' Christmas, was produced in 2008 by Warner Bros  Animation and Cuppa Coffee Studios, and it also used stop-motion animation  Mickey Rooney, age 88, reprised his role as Santa Claus, and George S  Irving, age 86, reprised his role as Heat Miser  Juan Chioran and Catherine Disher replaced Dick Shawn and Shirley Booth as Snow Miser and Mrs  Claus, respectively, Shawn and Booth having died prior to the film's production 

See also
List of Christmas films
Santa Claus in film
List of animated feature films
List of stop-motion films
List of Rankin/Bass Productions films
Passage 9:
A Miser Brothers' Christmas
A Miser Brothers’ Christmas is a stop motion spin-off special based on some of the characters from the 1974 Rankin-Bass special The Year Without a Santa Claus  Distributed by Warner Bros  Animation under their Warner Premiere label (the rights holders of the post-1974 Rankin-Bass library) and Toronto-based Cuppa Coffee Studios, the one-hour special premiered on ABC Family on Saturday, December 13, 2008, during the network's annual The 25 Days of Christmas programming Mickey Rooney (at age 88) and George S  Irving (at age 86) reprised their respective roles as Santa Claus and Heat Miser  Snow Miser (originally portrayed by Dick Shawn who died in 1987) was voiced by Juan Chioran, while Mrs  Claus (voiced in the original by Shirley Booth who died in 1992) was portrayed by Catherine Disher  The movie aimed to emulate the Rankin/Bass animation style  This is the last Christmas special to feature Mickey Rooney as Santa Claus, as he died in 2014, as well as the last time George Irving voiced Heat Miser, as he died in 2016 

Plot
The feuding Miser Brothers (Heat and Snow) attend their family reunion with Mother Nature and their fellow siblings including the North Wind, Earthquake, Thunder and Lightning, and the Tides  North Wind passively asks Mother Nature what might happen if Santa would be unable to complete his duties on Christmas  She responds that North Wind would take control instead  Heat then begins to call out Snow for trying to "give global warming a bad name"  Snow responds by talking about Heat's attempts to scare people with reports of a second Ice Age  Heat then reprimands Snow for claiming Iceland as his own, which barely has any ice  Snow then calls out Heat for claiming Greenland as his own because it's full of ice  The brothers then fight each other  Mother Nature ends the fight 
Despite his dashing appearance and veneer of flattery and devotion toward Mother Nature, the North Wind is far more malevolent than either of his brothers  Self-absorbed and vain, the North Wind is fixated with the idea of replacing Santa Claus as a way to achieve personal glory  Beginning his machinations, He then sends two of his minions to crash Santa's Super-Sleigh designed by his mechanic Tinsel, causing Santa to injure his back after falling in the middle of a fight between the brothers as he unintentionally crosses into their domain 
Despite what she told the North Wind before and having been informed by Mrs  Claus about what happened to Santa, Mother Nature assigns the Miser Brothers the responsibility of running the toy factory  Their fighting continues as they move through several workshop stations  The North Wind hatches a new plan to keep them fighting so it would appear as if they ruined Christmas themselves, but Mrs  Claus convinces the Miser Brothers to put aside their differences and cooperate by showing them the Naughty/Nice list station  The brothers' history is revealed, showing they've always been on Santa's naughty list for mutual bickering  Upon learning the error of their ways, they begin working together and successfully get work back up to speed  However, the North Wind hatches a plan to destroy their truce and get them fighting again, leaving Santa to deliver the toys and giving North Wind the chance to finish him off 
On Christmas Eve, the North Wind's minions surreptitiously attach heating and cooling units to the sleigh, apparently capable of heating or cooling entire regions of the planet  The discovery causes the Miser Brothers to blame each other  With them fighting again, Santa has no choice but to drive the sleigh as North Wind planned  After Santa leaves, Tinsel discovers the super-sleigh has been sabotaged, which stops the Misers' fight as they realize that neither of them was responsible for injuring Santa  Upon finding one of North Wind's Christmas cards with him dressed as Santa, the Misers realize the truth about their brother and comprehend his plan  Meanwhile, the North Wind attacks Santa's sleigh in flight, whipping up a vortex to consume Santa, but the Miser Brothers, with the aid of Tinsel and a team of young reindeer, save Santa in the nick of time 
The North Wind's cover is blown and Mother Nature sentences him to do household chores for the next several thousand years as punishment for trying to finish off Santa and making his brothers fight  With North Wind thwarted, the brothers learn they've finally made the nice list  They deliver the presents for Santa and give gifts to each other in the process, making peace between them and ending their feud 

Cast
Mickey Rooney as Santa Claus
George S  Irving as Heat Miser
Juan Chioran as Snow Miser
Catherine Disher as Mrs  Claus, Reindeer Elf
Brad Adamson as North Wind
Patricia Hamilton as Mother Nature
Peter Oldring as Bob, Elf #1
Susan Roman as Tinsel, Dr  Noel

Reception
The movie had 3 7 million viewers in its first airing, as determined by Nielsen ratings  It received a nomination for "Best Animated Television Production Produced for Children" in the 36th Annual Annie Awards 

See also
Santa Claus in film
List of Christmas films



ground_truth: seasonal television specials, particularly its work in stop motion animation