prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: Are both French Spaniel and Beagle universally recognized breeds?

The following are given passages.
Context 1: Passage 1:
Picardy Spaniel
The Picardy Spaniel is a breed of dog developed in France for use as a gundog  It is related to the Blue Picardy Spaniel, and still has many similarities, but the Picardy Spaniel is the older of the two breeds  It is thought to be one of the two oldest continental spaniel breeds and was favoured by the French nobility, remaining popular for hunting after the French Revolution due to its weather resistant coat that enabled it to hunt in a variety of conditions and terrain  However its popularity waned following the influx of English hunting breeds in the early 20th century  Slightly smaller than an English Setter but larger than most of its spaniel cousins, it has no major health issues although as with many breeds with pendulous ears, it can be prone to ear infections 

History
The French Spaniel and the Picardy Spaniel are speculated to have stemmed from the Chien d' Oysel described in the writings of Gaston Phoebus  Hunting during this period in France was one of the favourite sports of the nobility and the French type of Spaniel became the favourite hunting dog of the French Royalty  The breed can be seen in paintings dating from this period by artists Alexandre-François Desportes and Jean-Baptiste Oudry  They were also the first breed of dog to be admitted into salons The breed became more popular still following the French Revolution and the aftermath in which hunting was no longer restricted to the nobility  Although spread throughout France, a large concentration was located in the north west where the weather resistant coat of the breed made it ideal for the wooded and swampy conditions  During the early 19th century, British hunters crossed the channel to hunt in the grounds of north west France  The British brought their own hunting dogs, and this resulted in a change of preference as French hunters switched to English breeds and caused a major blow to the existence of the Picardy Spaniel  In addition the infusion of blood from the English Setter into the local spaniel population created the Blue Picardy Spaniel 

Recognition
The Epagneul Picard Club was formed in 1921 and was merged with the Club of Blue Picardy Spaniel on 28 July 1937  A further merger took place on 21 May 1980 when these clubs merged with the Pont-Audemer Club to form the Club des Epagneuls Picards, Bleus de Picardie & Pont Audemer The Picardy Spaniel is recognised by a variety of Kennel Clubs and associations including the North American Kennel Club, American Rare Breed Association, United Kennel Club, and the Fédération Cynologique Internationale  All four associations use the standard as set by the FCI  It is also recognised by the Continental Kennel Club, but unlike the closely related Blue Picardy Spaniel, it is not recognised by the Canadian Kennel Club 

Description
Appearance
Typical examples of the breed measure between 22–24 inches (56–61 cm) at the withers, with the average weight between 20–25 kilograms (44–55 lb)  The breed is similar in size to the English Setter, although is slightly smaller  Of the Spaniel type breeds, only the Large Münsterländer and Drentse Patrijshond are recognised as possibly growing to larger sizes, with the Drentse measuring 21 5–25 5 in (55–65 cm), and the Münsterländer slightly smaller with a narrower range at 23–25 in (58–64 cm) The breed has a squarely built muscular body and  an oval shaped head with a long muzzle and long ears that hang fairly low  Its coat can vary in colours from chocolate, chestnut brown and white with sandy coloured markings on the head and white or grey spots on the legs  Its hair is abundant with a slight wave, enabling it to work in dense cover and even in water 

Temperament
The Picardy Spaniel is a docile breed of dog and is fond of playing with children and bonds well with their master  It is described as having a gentle sociable nature, possessing a good character with a laid-back attitude, and being relatively easy to train  In France, the breed is used for hunting in wooded areas for pheasants, and in swamps for snipes  However it can also be used for hunting ducks, hares and rabbits  The breed excels at hunting in marshes and will not hesitate to jump into water  It can also adequately serve as a retriever should it be required  The dog is content with a small amount of space and could suit life in the city, but also loves open spaces 

Health
The Picardy Spaniel has no known hereditary health problems, and has an average lifespan of 14 years  However being a hunting spaniel, the breed is prone to ear infections  These infections are common among dogs with pendulous ears, including Basset Hounds and other breeds of spaniel  Overfeeding a Picardy Spaniel may lead to
overweight 
Passage 2:
List of goat breeds
Goats - farm animals of domestic goat (Capra hircus) species, small ruminants - are widespread throughout the world and are used in almost any natural and climatic conditions, even those where other productive animals cannot live  Different breeds of goats are adapted to different livestock systems - from small herds of 3-5 heads on meager grazing to large intensive livestock farms, from year-round grazing to fully stable housing, with many intermediate variations between them  Goats are a source of several types of products, of which the main ones are milk, meat and wool  Among the goat breeds there are highly productive specialized, dual-triple-use and universal breeds  External differences between breeds are represented by many major and minor traits that vary in a very wide range  Goat breeds (especially dairy goats) are some of the oldest defined animal breeds for which breed standards and production records have been kept  Selective breeding of goats generally focuses on improving production of fiber, meat, dairy products or goatskin  Breeds are generally classified based on their primary use, though there are several breeds which are considered dual- or multi-purpose 

List
Passage 3:
Beaglier
This is a list of common dog crossbreeds  These are crossbreed dogs created deliberately by crossing two purebred dogs  Some are known as designer dogs and are bred as companion dogs, often given portmanteau names derived from those of the parent breeds; others are bred to combine specific working qualities inherent in the parent breeds 

Crossbreeds
See also
Dog crossbreed
List of dog breeds
Mongrel
Passage 4:
Beagle
The beagle is a breed of  small scent hound, similar in appearance to the much larger foxhound  The beagle was developed primarily for hunting hare, known as beagling  Possessing a great sense of smell and superior tracking instincts, the beagle is the primary breed used as a detection dog for prohibited agricultural imports and foodstuffs in quarantine around the world  The beagle is intelligent and is a popular pet due to its size, good temper, and a lack of inherited health problems 
The modern breed was developed in Great Britain around the 1830s from several breeds, including the Talbot Hound, the North Country Beagle, the Southern Hound, and possibly the Harrier 
Beagles have been depicted in popular culture since Elizabethan times in literature and paintings and more recently in film, television, and comic books 

History
The origin of the beagle is not known  In the 11th century, William the Conqueror brought the St  Hubert Hound and the Talbot hound to Britain  In Britain, both of these strains were then crossed with Greyhounds to give them speed and stamina for deer hunting  Beagles are similar to the Harrier and the extinct Southern Hound, though they are smaller and slower 
From medieval times, beagle was used as a generic description for the smaller hounds, though these dogs differed considerably from the modern breed  Miniature breeds of beagle-type dogs were known from the times of Edward II and Henry VII, who both had packs of Glove Beagles, so named since they were small enough to fit on a glove, and Queen Elizabeth I kept a breed known as a Pocket Beagle, which stood 8 to 9 inches (20 to 23 cm) at the shoulder  Small enough to fit in a "pocket" or saddlebag, they rode along on the hunt  The larger hounds would run the prey to ground, then the hunters would release the small dogs to continue the chase through underbrush  Elizabeth I referred to the dogs as her singing beagles and often entertained guests at her royal table by letting her Pocket Beagles cavort amid their plates and cups  19th-century sources refer to these breeds interchangeably and it is possible that the two names refer to the same small variety  In George Jesse's Researches into the History of the British Dog from 1866, the early 17th-century poet and writer Gervase Markham is quoted referring to the beagle as small enough to sit on a man's hand and to the: little small mitten-beagle, which may be companion for a ladies kirtle, and in the field will run as cunningly as any hound whatere, only their musick is very small like reeds 
By the 18th century, two breeds had been developed for hunting hare and rabbit: the Southern Hound and the North Country Beagle (or Northern Hound)  The Southern Hound, a tall, heavy dog with a square head, and long, soft ears, was common from south of the River Trent and probably closely related to the Talbot Hound  Though slow, it had stamina and an excellent scenting ability  The North Country Beagle, possibly a cross between an offshoot of the Talbot stock and a Greyhound, was bred chiefly in Yorkshire and was common in the northern counties  It was smaller than the Southern Hound, less heavy-set, and with a more pointed muzzle  It was faster than its southern counterpart but its scenting abilities were less well-developed Standards for the Pocket Beagle were drawn up as late as 1901; these genetic lines are now extinct, although modern breeders have attempted to recreate the variety 

Development of the modern breed
Reverend Phillip Honeywood established a beagle pack in Essex in the 1830s and it is believed that this pack formed the basis for the modern breed  Although details of the pack's lineage are not recorded, it is thought that North Country Beagles and Southern Hounds were strongly represented; William Youatt suspected that Harriers formed a good majority of the beagle's bloodline, but the origin of the Harrier is itself obscure  Honeywood's Beagles were small, standing at about 10 inches (25 cm) at the shoulder, and pure white according to John Mills (writing in The Sportsman's Library in 1845)  Prince Albert and Lord Winterton also had Beagle packs around this time, and royal favor no doubt led to some revival of interest in the breed, but Honeywood's pack was regarded as the finest of the three 
Although credited with the development of the modern breed, Honeywood concentrated on producing dogs for hunting and it was left to Thomas Johnson to refine the breeding to produce dogs that were both attractive and capable hunters  Two strains were developed: the rough-coated and smooth-coated varieties  The rough-coated beagle survived until the beginning of the 20th century, and there were even records of one making an appearance at a dog show as late as 1969, but this variety is now extinct, having probably been absorbed into the standard beagle bloodline In the 1840s, a standard beagle type was beginning to develop; the distinction between the North Country Beagle and Southern Hound had been lost, but there was still a large variation in size, character, and reliability among the emerging packs  In 1856, "Stonehenge" (the pseudonym of John Henry Walsh), writing in the Manual of British Rural Sports, was still dividing beagles into four varieties: the medium beagle; the dwarf or lapdog beagle; the fox beagle (a smaller, slower version of the Foxhound); and the rough-coated or terrier beagle, which he classified as a cross between any of the other varieties and one of the Scottish terrier breeds  Stonehenge also gives the start of a standard description:

In size the beagle measures from 10 inches, or even less, to 15  In shape they resemble the old southern hound in miniature, but with more neatness and beauty; and they also resemble that hound in style of hunting 
By 1887 the threat of extinction was on the wane: there were 18 beagle packs in England  The Beagle Club was formed in 1890 and the first standard drawn up at the same time  The following year the Association of Masters of Harriers and Beagles was formed  Both organisations aimed to further the best interests of the breed, and both were keen to produce a standard type of beagle  By 1902, the number of packs had risen to 44 

Export
Beagles were in the United States by the 1840s at the latest, but the first dogs were imported strictly for hunting and were of variable quality  Since Honeywood had only started breeding in the 1830s, it is unlikely these dogs were representative of the modern breed, and the description of them as looking like straight-legged Dachshunds with weak heads has little resemblance to the standard  Serious attempts at establishing a quality bloodline began in the early 1870s when General Richard Rowett from Illinois imported some dogs from England and began breeding  Rowett's Beagles are believed to have formed the models for the first American standard, drawn up by Rowett, L  H  Twadell, and Norman Ellmore in 1887  The beagle was accepted as a breed by the American Kennel Club (AKC) in 1885  In the 20th century the breed has spread worldwide 

Popularity
On its formation, the Association of Masters of Harriers and Beagles took over the running of a regular show at Peterborough that had started in 1889, and the Beagle Club in the UK held its first show in 1896  The regular showing of the breed led to the development of a uniform type, and the beagle continued to prove a success up until the outbreak of World War I when all shows were suspended  After the war, the breed was again struggling for survival in the UK: the last of the Pocket Beagles was probably lost during this time, and registrations fell to an all-time low  A few breeders (notably Reynalton Kennels) managed to revive interest in the dog and by World War II, the breed was once again doing well  Registrations dropped again after the end of the war but almost immediately recovered As purebred dogs, beagles have always been more popular in the United States and Canada than in their native country England  The National Beagle Club of America was formed in 1888 and by 1901 a beagle had won a Best in Show title  As in the UK, activity during World War I was minimal, but the breed showed a much stronger revival in the U S  when hostilities ceased  In 1928 it won a number of prizes at the Westminster Kennel Club's show and by 1939 a beagle – Champion Meadowlark Draughtsman – had captured the title of top-winning American-bred dog for the year   On 12 February 2008, a beagle, K-Run's Park Me In First (Uno), won the Best In Show category at the Westminster Kennel Club show for the first time in the competition's history  In North America they have been consistently in the top-ten most-popular breeds for over 30 years  From 1953 to 1959 the beagle was ranked No  1 on the list of the American Kennel Club's registered breeds; in 2005 and 2006 it ranked 5th out of the 155 breeds registered  In the UK they are not quite so popular, placing 28th and 30th in the rankings of registrations with the Kennel Club in 2005 and 2006 respectively  In the United States the beagle ranked 4th most popular breed in 2012 and 2013, behind the Labrador Retriever (#1), German Shepherd (#2), and Golden Retriever (#3) breeds 

Name
According to the Oxford English Dictionary, the first mention of the beagle by name in English literature dates from c  1475 in The Squire of Low Degree  The origin of the word "beagle" is uncertain, although it has been suggested that the word derives from the French begueule which means "gate throat" It is not known why the black and tan Kerry Beagle, present in Ireland since Celtic times, has the beagle description, since at 22 to 24 inches (56 to 61 cm) it is significantly taller than the modern day beagle, and in earlier times was even larger  Some writers suggest that the beagle's scenting ability may have come from cross-breeding earlier strains with the Kerry Beagle  Originally used for hunting stags, it is today used for hare and drag hunting 

Appearance
The general appearance of the beagle resembles a miniature Foxhound, but the head is broader and the muzzle shorter, the expression completely different and the legs shorter in proportion to the body   They are generally between 13 and 16 inches (33 and 41 cm) high at the withers and weigh between 18 and 35 lb (8 2 and 15 9 kg), with females being slightly smaller than males on average 
They have a smooth, somewhat domed skull with a medium-length, square-cut muzzle, and a black (or occasionally liver) gumdrop nose  The jaw is strong, and the teeth scissor together with the upper teeth fitting perfectly over the lower teeth  Both sets align square to the jaw  The eyes are large, hazel or brown, with a mild, hound-like pleading look  The large ears are long, soft, and low-set, turning towards the cheeks slightly and rounded at the tips  Beagles have a strong, medium-length neck (which is long enough for them to easily bend to the ground to pick up a scent), with little folding in the skin but some evidence of a dewlap; a broad chest narrowing to a tapered abdomen and waist and a long, slightly curved tail (known as the "stern") tipped with white  The white tip, known as the flag, was bred for selectively, as the tail remains easily seen when the dog's head is down following a scent  The tail does not curl over the back, but is held upright when the dog is active  The beagle has a muscular body and a medium-length, smooth, hard coat  The front legs are straight and carried under the body while the rear legs are muscular and well bent at the stifles 
The tricolored beagle—white with large black areas and light brown shading—is the most common   Tricolored beagles occur in a number of shades, from the "Classic Tri" with a jet black saddle (also known as "Blackback"), to the "Dark Tri" (where faint brown markings are intermingled with more prominent black markings), to the "Faded Tri" (where faint black markings are intermingled with more prominent brown markings)  Some tricolored dogs have a broken pattern, sometimes referred to as pied  These dogs have mostly white coats with patches of black and brown hair  Tricolor beagles are almost always born black and white  The white areas are typically set by eight weeks, but the black areas may fade to brown as the puppy matures   (The brown may take between one and two years to fully develop ) Some beagles gradually change colour during their lives, and may lose their black markings entirely 
Two-colour varieties always have a white base colour with areas of the second colour  Tan and white is the most common two-colour variety, but there is a wide range of other colours including lemon, a very light tan; red, a reddish, almost orange, brown; and liver, a darker brown, and black  Liver is not common and is not permitted in some standards; it tends to occur with yellow eyes  Ticked or mottled varieties may be either white or black with different coloured flecks (ticking), such as the blue-mottled or bluetick beagle, which has spots that appear to be a midnight-blue colour, similar to the colouring of the Bluetick Coonhound  Some tricolour beagles also have ticking of various colours in their white areas 

Sense of smell
Alongside the Bloodhound and Basset Hound, the beagle has one of the best developed senses of smell of any dog  In the 1950s, John Paul Scott and John Fuller began a 13-year study of canine behavior  As part of this research, they tested the scenting abilities of various breeds by putting a mouse in a one-acre field and timing how long it took the dogs to find it  The beagles found it in less than a minute while Fox Terriers took 15 minutes and Scottish Terriers failed to find it at all  The long ears and large lips of the beagle probably assist in trapping the scents close to the nose 

Variations
Breed varieties
The American Kennel Club recognises two separate varieties of beagle: the 13-inch for hounds less than 13 inches (33 cm), and the 15-inch for those between 13 and 15 inches (33 and 38 cm)  The Canadian Kennel Club recognises a single type, with a height not exceeding 15 inches (38 cm)   The Kennel Club (UK) and FCI affiliated clubs recognise a single type, with a height of between 13 and 16 inches (33 and 41 cm) 

English and American varieties are sometimes mentioned  However, there is no official recognition from any Kennel Club for this distinction  Beagles fitting the American Kennel Club standard – which disallows animals over 15 inches (38 cm) – are smaller on average than those fitting the Kennel Club standard which allows heights up to 16 inches (41 cm) 
Pocket Beagles are sometimes advertised for sale but while the UK Kennel Club originally specified a standard for the Pocket Beagle in 1901, the variety is now not recognised by any Kennel Club 
A strain known as Patch Hounds was developed by Willet Randall and his family from 1896 specifically for their rabbit hunting ability  They trace their bloodline back to Field Champion Patch, but do not necessarily have a patchwork marking 

Crossbreeds
In the 1850s, John Henry Walsh (Stonehenge) recommended a cross between a Beagle and a Scottish Terrier as a retriever  He found the crossbreed to be a good worker, silent and obedient, but it had the drawback that it was small and could barely carry a hare  More recently, the trend has been for "designer dogs" and one of the most popular has been the Beagle/Pug cross known as a Puggle  Some puppies of this cross are less excitable than a Beagle and with a lower exercise requirement, similar to the Pug parent; but many are highly excitable and require vigorous exercise 

Temperament
The beagle has an even temper and gentle disposition  Described in several breed standards as "merry", they are amiable and typically neither aggressive nor timid, although this depends on the individual  They enjoy company, and although they may initially be standoffish with strangers, they are easily won over  They make poor guard dogs for this reason, although their tendency to bark or howl when confronted with the unfamiliar makes them good watch dogs  In a 1985 study conducted by Ben and Lynette Hart, the beagle was given the highest excitability rating, along with the Yorkshire Terrier, Cairn Terrier, Miniature Schnauzer, West Highland White Terrier, and Fox Terrier They are ranked 72nd in Stanley Coren's The Intelligence of Dogs, as Coren places them among the group with the lowest degree of working/obedience intelligence  Coren's scale, however, does not assess understanding, independence, or creativity 
Beagles are excellent with children and this is one of the reasons they have become popular family pets  Beagles are pack animals; they are prone to separation anxiety, a condition which causes them to destroy things when left unattended   Not all beagles will howl, but most will bark when confronted with strange situations, and some will bay (also referred to as "speaking", "giving tongue", or "opening") when they catch the scent of potential quarry  They also generally get along well with cats and other dogs  They are not too demanding with regard to exercise; their inbred stamina means they do not easily tire when exercised, but they also do not need to be worked to exhaustion before they will rest  Regular exercise helps ward off the weight gain to which the breed is prone 

Health
The typical longevity of beagles is 12–15 years, which is a common lifespan for dogs of their size Beagles may be prone to epilepsy, but this can often be controlled with medication  Hypothyroidism and a number of types of dwarfism occur in beagles  Two conditions in particular are unique to the breed: "Funny Puppy", in which the puppy is slow to develop and eventually develops weak legs, a crooked back and although normally healthy, is prone to a range of illnesses; and Musladin-Lueke syndrome (MLS) in which the eyes are slanted and the outer toes are underdeveloped but otherwise development is as normal  Hip dysplasia, common in Harriers and in some larger breeds, is rarely considered a problem in beagles  Beagles are considered a chondrodystrophic breed, meaning that they are prone to types of disk diseases 
In rare cases, beagles may develop immune mediated polygenic arthritis (where the immune system attacks the joints) even at a young age  The symptoms can sometimes be relieved by steroid treatments  Another rare disease in the breed is neonatal cerebellar cortical degeneration  Affected puppies are slow, have lower co-ordination, fall more often, and do not have a normal gait  It has an estimated carrier rate of 5% and affected rate of 0 1%  A genetic test is available Their long floppy ears can mean that the inner ear does not receive a substantial air flow or that moist air becomes trapped, and this can lead to ear infections  Beagles may also be affected by a range of eye problems; two common ophthalmic conditions in beagles are glaucoma and corneal dystrophy  "Cherry eye", a prolapse of the gland of the third eyelid, and distichiasis, a condition in which eyelashes grow into the eye causing irritation, sometimes exist; both these conditions can be corrected with surgery  They can suffer from several types of retinal atrophy  Failure of the nasolacrimal drainage system can cause dry eye or leakage of tears onto the face As field dogs they are prone to minor injuries such as cuts and sprains, and, if inactive, obesity is a common problem as they will eat whenever food is available and rely on their owners to regulate their weight  When working or running free they are also likely to pick up parasites such as fleas, ticks, harvest mites, and tapeworms, and irritants such as grass seeds can become trapped in their eyes, soft ears, or paws Beagles may exhibit a behavior known as reverse sneezing, in which they sound as if they are choking or gasping for breath, but are actually drawing air in through the mouth and nose  The exact cause of this behavior is not known, but it can be a common occurrence and is not harmful to the dog 

Reproduction
The average size of a beagle litter is six puppies  When mother beagles give birth to litters of puppies, the little pups weigh just a few ounces each 

Hunting
Beagles were developed primarily for hunting hare, an activity known as beagling  They were seen as ideal hunting companions for the elderly who could follow on horseback without exerting themselves, for young hunters who could keep up with them on ponies, and for the poorer hunters who could not afford to maintain a stable of good hunting horses  Before the advent of the fashion for foxhunting in the 19th century, hunting was an all day event where the enjoyment was derived from the chase rather than the kill  In this setting the tiny beagle was well matched to the hare, as unlike Harriers they would not quickly finish the hunt, but because of their excellent scent-tracking skills and stamina they were almost guaranteed to eventually catch the hare  The beagle packs would run closely together ("so close that they might be covered with a sheet") which was useful in a long hunt, as it prevented stray dogs from obscuring the trail  In thick undergrowth they were also preferred to spaniels when hunting pheasant With the fashion for faster hunts, the beagle fell out of favor for chasing hare, but was still employed for rabbit hunting  In Anecdotes of Dogs (1846), Edward Jesse says:

In rabbit-shooting, in gorse and thick cover, nothing can be more cheerful than the beagle  They also are easily heard over long distances and in thick cover  They have been called rabbit-beagles from this employment, for which they are peculiarly qualified, especially those dogs which are somewhat wire-haired In the United States they appear to have been employed chiefly for hunting rabbits from the earliest imports 
Hunting hare with beagles became popular again in Britain in the mid-19th century and continued until it was made illegal in Scotland by the Protection of Wild Mammals (Scotland) Act 2002 and in England and Wales by the Hunting Act 2004  Under this legislation beagles may still pursue rabbits with the landowner's permission  Drag hunting is popular where hunting is no longer permitted or for those owners who do not wish to participate in hunting a live animal, but still wish to exercise their dog's innate skills 
The traditional foot pack consists of up to 40 beagles, marshaled by a Huntsman who directs the pack and who is assisted by a variable number of whippers-in whose job is to return straying hounds to the pack  The Master of the Hunt is in overall day-to-day charge of the pack, and may or may not take on the role of Huntsman on the day of the hunt 
As hunting with beagles was seen as ideal for young people, many of the British public schools traditionally maintained beagle packs  Protests were lodged against Eton's use of beagles for hunting as early as 1902 but the pack is still in existence today  In 2001, the Wye College beagle pack was taken by the Animal Liberation Front  School and university packs are still maintained by Eton, Marlborough, Radley, the Royal Agricultural University, and Christ Church, Oxford In addition to organised beagling, beagles have been used for hunting or flushing to guns (often in pairs) a wide range of game including snowshoe hare, cottontail rabbits, game birds, roe deer, red deer, bobcat, coyote, wild boar, and foxes, and have even been recorded as being used to hunt stoat  In most of these cases, the beagle is employed as a gun dog, flushing game for hunter's guns 

Detection
Beagles are used as detection dogs in the Beagle Brigade of the United States Department of Agriculture  These dogs are used to detect food items in luggage being taken into the United States  After trialling several breeds, beagles were chosen because they are relatively small and unintimidating for people who are uncomfortable around dogs, easy to care for, intelligent and work well for rewards  They are also used for this purpose in a number of other countries including by the Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry in New Zealand, the Australian Quarantine and Inspection Service, and in Canada, Japan, and the People's Republic of China  Larger breeds are generally used for detection of explosives as this often involves climbing over luggage and on large conveyor belts, work for which the smaller Beagle is not suited 

Testing
Beagles are the dog breed most often used in animal testing, due to their size and passive nature  In the United States, as many as 65,000 beagles are used every year for medical, cosmetic, beauty, and other chemical tests  They are purpose bred and live their lives in cages undergoing experiments  The Rescue + Freedom Project (formerly Beagle Freedom Project) has successfully advocated for beagles to be released from labs  This organisation has freed hundreds of animals Beagles are used in a range of research procedures: fundamental biological research, applied human medicine, applied veterinary medicine, and protection of man, animals, or the environment  Of the 8,018 dogs used in testing in the UK in 2004, 7,799 were beagles (97 3%)  In the UK, the Animals (Scientific Procedures) Act 1986 gave special status to primates, equids, cats and dogs and in 2005 the Animal Procedures Committee (set up by the act) ruled that testing on mice was preferable, even though a greater number of individual animals were involved  In 2005 beagles were involved in less than 0 3% of the total experiments on animals in the UK, but of the 7670 experiments performed on dogs 7406 involved beagles (96 6%)  Most dogs are bred specifically for this purpose, by companies such as Harlan  In the UK companies breeding animals for research must be licensed under the Animals (Scientific Procedures) Act 

Bans and activism against beagle testing
Testing of cosmetic products on animals is banned in the member states of the European Community, although France protested the ban and has made efforts to have it lifted  It is permitted in the United States but is not mandatory if safety can be ascertained by other methods, and the test species is not specified by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA)  When testing toxicity of food additives, food contaminants, and some drugs and chemicals the FDA uses beagles and miniature pigs as surrogates for direct human testing  Minnesota was the first state to enact a Beagle Freedom adoption law in 2014, mandating that dogs and cats are allowed to be adopted once they have completed research testing Anti-vivisection groups have reported on abuse of animals inside testing facilities  In 1997 footage secretly filmed by a freelance journalist inside Huntingdon Life Sciences in the UK showed staff punching and screaming at beagles  Consort Kennels, a UK-based breeder of beagles for testing, closed down in 1997 after pressure from animal rights groups There are various examples of activists utilizing Freedom of Information Act (FOIA) requests to obtain information about taxpayer funding of animal testing  For example, the White Coat Waste Project, a group of activists that hold that taxpayers should not have to pay $20 billion every year for experiments on animals, highlighted that the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases provided $400,000 in taxpayer money to fund experiments in which 28 beagles were infected by disease-causing parasites   The White Coat Project found reports that said dogs taking part in the experiments were "vocalizing in pain" after being injected with foreign substances  Following public outcry, People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals (PETA) made a call to action that all members of the National Institute of Health resign effective immediately and that there is a "need to find a new NIH director to replace the outgoing Francis Collins who will shut down research that violates the dignity of nonhuman animals "

Other roles
Although bred for hunting, Beagles are versatile and are nowadays employed for various other roles in detection, therapy, and as family pets Beagles are used as sniffer dogs for termite detection in Australia, and have been mentioned as possible candidates for drug and explosive detection  Because of their gentle nature and unimposing build, they are also frequently used in pet therapy, visiting the sick and elderly in hospital  In June 2006, a trained Beagle assistance dog was credited with saving the life of its owner after using her owner's mobile phone to dial an emergency number   In the aftermath of the 2010 Haiti earthquake, a Beagle search and rescue dog with a Colombian rescue squad was credited with locating the owner of the Hôtel Montana, who was subsequently rescued after spending 100 hours buried in the rubble  Beagles were hired by New York City to help with bedbug detection, although some have expressed doubts about the role of such dogs in this type of detection 

In popular culture
Anthropomorphic Beagles appeared in comic strips and animated cartoons since the 1950s with the Peanuts character Snoopy, who was billed as "the world's most famous Beagle"  The animated series Courage the Cowardly Dog also features an anthropomorphic beagle as its title character 
Porthos is a beagle that belongs to Jonathan Archer, the captain on the television series Star Trek: Enterprise 
Former US President Lyndon Baines Johnson had several beagles, and caused an outcry when he picked up one of them by its ears during an official greeting on the White House lawn 
The ship on which Charles Darwin made the voyage which provided much of the inspiration for On the Origin of Species was named HMS Beagle after the breed, and, in turn, lent its name to the ill-fated British Martian lander Beagle 2 
An American bred 15 inch male Beagle with the registered name of Ch K-Run's Park Me In First and the pet name of "Uno" won the 2008 Westminster Kennel Club Dog Show 
A Canadian bred 15 inch female Beagle with the registered name of Gr Ch Tashtins Lookin For Trouble and the pet name of "Miss P" won the 2015 Westminster Kennel Club Dog Show 

Notable Beagles
Frodo, awarded the PDSA Gold Medal for animal bravery
Uno, who in 2008 became the first Beagle to win the Westminster Kennel Club Dog Show 
Miss P, winner of the 2015 Westminster Kennel Club Dog Show
Passage 5:
List of turkey breeds
Turkey breeds are reported to the DAD-IS breed database of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations by more than sixty countries  The breeds reported include commercial/industrial strains, local types and recognised breeds in many countries 

United States
Twenty breeds are reported to DAD-IS by the United States  Eight of them are recognised by the American Poultry Association in its breed standard, the American Standard of Perfection, where however they are classified as "varieties" rather than as breeds  This may be because the original genotype for domestic turkeys was for Bronze, and all other color varieties are due to mutations from it 

APA varieties
Europe
Twelve breeds are recognized by the Entente Européenne d'Aviculture et de Cuniculture  Others with breed standards of European national associations are accepted 

EE breeds
Other varieties not recognized by the APA or EE include the following: 

Auburn or Light Brown is an extremely rare as its numbers are not considered high enough for inclusion in the Standard  An extremely rare variant of the Auburn is called the Silver Auburn 
Buff (or Jersey Buff) is a very rare heritage breed 
Chocolate breed is chocolate brown in color  Day-old poults are white-faced with chocolate bodies 
Midget White is a rare heritage breed sometimes confused with the Beltsville Small White 
Zagorje (Zagorski puran) is a Croatian variant of turkey 

See also
Turkey genus
Wild turkey of North America
Domestic turkey
Ocellated turkey, a species of turkey residing primarily in the Yucatán Peninsula in Mexico 
Passage 6:
French Spaniel
The French Spaniel (Epagneul Français) is a breed of dog of the Spaniel-like setter  It was developed in France and Canada as a hunting dog, descended from dogs of the 14th century  Popular with royalty during the Middle Ages, it nearly became extinct by the turn of the 20th century but was saved by the efforts of Father Fournier, a French priest  One of the largest breeds of Spaniel, it typically has a white coat with brown markings  It is a friendly breed that has few health issues, but can be affected by a syndrome called acral mutilation and analgesia  The breed is recognised by Canadian and international kennel clubs but not by The Kennel Club (UK)  The American Kennel Club has included the breed in its Foundation Stock Service, the first step to full recognition 

History
Spaniels were first mentioned in France during the 14th century in Gaston III of Foix-Béarn's work Livre de chasse, later translated into English as The Master of Game  The French Spaniel was referred to as a specific type of Spaniel by 1660 and was noted as being distinctive from the King Charles Spaniel of the Holland type The breed was popular during the Middle Ages with it used for falconry and as a settling dog for net hunting  They became a favourite of French Royalty and Kings and Princes at the royal courts of Versailles favored them over other breeds of hunting dogs  In addition, Catherine I of Russia (1684–1727) was known to have owned a French Spaniel named Babe  During this period, the French Spaniel was known to have split into several regional types The Sporting Magazine wrote of the French Spaniel and the hunting of mallards in 1805, "The rough French Spaniel has been found the best companion on these occasions: he watches the conduct of the sportsman, and, with a velocity unequalled, darts on the wounded prey, presents it with all possible speed at the feet of his master " In the 1850s, the Brittany (formerly known as Brittany Spaniel) was developed from crossing French Spaniels with English Setters James de Connick established the first breed standard for the French Spaniel in 1891  At the turn of the 20th century, the numbers of French Spaniels dropped so low that they nearly became extinct due to competition from foreign sporting dogs, in particular as French hunters chose to hunt particularly with English breeds of hunting dogs  A French priest named Father Fournier undertook the task of gathering the remaining French Spaniels in his Saint Hillaire kennels in order to preserve the breed  There he built the lineages that are representatives of those we now have  The French Spaniel Club was founded in 1921, with Father Fournier as the president of the association  The modern French Spaniel is one of a group of recognised French Spaniels, including the Brittany, Picardy and Blue Picardy 

Recognition
The French Spaniel was little known outside France and neighboring countries until it was introduced in the Canadian province of Quebec in the 1970s  It quickly became a popular dog for hunting woodcock and grouse  The Club de l'Épagneul Français du Canada was formed in 1978 to ensure the French Spaniel would continue to meet breed standards and to pursue official recognition by the Canadian Kennel Club, by which the breed was recognised in 1985 French Spaniels are also recognized by the Fédération Cynologique Internationale, and the United Kennel Club  The Kennel Club (UK) and the American Kennel Club do not recognize the French Spaniel, but is recognised by the North American Versatile Hunting Dog Association, and can be registered with US dog registries in order to record their registries and compete in associated dog shows, such as the Dog Registry of America, American Canine Association, and America's Pet Registry To qualify for recognition by the American Kennel Club, a national breed club must first be established and a written request needs to be sent to the AKC along with a breed standard  This enables qualification for the Foundation Stock Service  The next step is to qualify to compete in the Miscellaneous Class  This requires a minimum of one hundred active members in the national breed club, along with a minimum of three to four hundred dogs in the United States with a three generation pedigree (all dogs in those pedigrees must be of the same breed)  In addition, they must be geographically spread across twenty states or more, and finally the clubs by-laws and constitution must be reviewed as well as breed observations made by AKC staff  There is a typical stay of between one and three years in the Miscellaneous Class before full recognition is granted  During this time, the breed club must be seen to be active and hold seminars, matches as well as local and national speciality shows  The Kennel Club (UK) does not have a miscellaneous class or foundation stock service, instead it requires British bred dog and three generation pedigrees of them, along with details from the country of origin including the breed standard  This allows listing on the Imported Breeds Register, with full recognition granted at the discretion of the Kennel Club Review Committee 

Description
The French Spaniel is one of the two tallest spaniel breeds, being taller than the English Springer Spaniel  Males can range in height from 22–24 inches (56–61 cm), and females are about an inch shorter  Dogs can range in weight from 45–60 pounds (20–27 kg) A normal dog has a muscular appearance with a deep chest and strong legs  The French Spaniel has eyes of a dark amber colour, and a thick tail that tapers towards the tip  The hair is medium, dense, with long feathers on the ears, backs of the legs and tail  It has some waviness on the chest and otherwise lies flat on the body  The normal colour of a French Spaniel's coat is white with brown markings rather in shade from a light cinnamon to dark liver  Historically, the coat was only white with black markings, but the breed was mixed with other colours of Spaniels during the 19th century 

Temperament
The French Spaniel has a friendly and outgoing personality and is well balanced and patient  It is not a naturally aggressive dog, is eager to please and thus can be trained easily  A dog of this breed will form a strong bond with its master, being typically a working dog  It has a high level of stamina and requires vigorous exercise 

Health
The breed is robustly healthy with few issues and adapts well to wet weather conditions  A dermatological condition known as acral mutilation and analgesia may affect French Spaniels  It is a newly recognised disorder, with symptoms becoming apparent between three and a half months and a year of age  It was first reported in thirteen dogs in Canada and shares symptoms with the acral mutilation syndromes of the German Shorthaired Pointer, English Pointer and English Springer Spaniels  Dogs who are affected will lick, bite and mutilate their extremities resulting in ulcers with secondary bacterial infections  Self amputation of claws, digits and footpads can happen in extreme cases  The majority of the initial dogs identified were euthanised within days to months of being diagnosed 
Passage 7:
American Cocker Spaniel
The American Cocker Spaniel is a breed of sporting dog  It is a spaniel type dog that is closely related to the English Cocker Spaniel; the two breeds diverged during the 20th century due to differing breed standards in the US and the UK  In the United States, the breed is usually called a Cocker Spaniel, while elsewhere in the world, it is called an American Cocker Spaniel to distinguish it from its older English cousin  The word cocker is commonly held to stem from their use to hunt woodcock in England, while spaniel is thought to be derived from the breed's origins in Spain 
The first spaniel in America came across with the Mayflower in 1620, but it was not until 1878 that the first Cocker Spaniel was registered with the American Kennel Club (AKC)  A national breed club was set up three years later and the dog considered to be the father of the modern breed, Ch  Obo II, was born around this time  By the 1920s the English and American varieties of Cocker had become noticeably different and in 1946 the AKC recognized the English type as a separate breed  It was not until 1970 that The Kennel Club in the UK recognized the American Cocker Spaniel as being separate from the English type  The American Cocker was the most popular breed in the United States during the 1940s and 1950s and again during the 1980s, reigning for a total of 18 years  They have also won the best in show title at the Westminster Kennel Club Dog Show on four occasions, the best in show title at Crufts in 2017, and have been linked to the President of the United States on several occasions, with owners including Richard Nixon and Harry S  Truman   In 2013, the cocker spaniel ranked 29th the American Kennel Club registration statistics of historical comparisons and notable trends 
The breed is the smallest of the sporting dogs recognized by the AKC, and its distinctly shaped head makes it immediately recognizable  In addition, there are some marked differences between it and its English relative  It is a happy breed with average working intelligence, although by being bred to a show standard it is no longer an ideal working dog  Members of the breed suffer from a wide variety of health ailments including problems with their hearts, eyes and ears 

History
The word spanyell is thought to date from the late 12th century when it was used to name a type of dog imported into England from Spain, with the span part of the word referring to the country of origin  Records from the mid-14th century show that selective breeding was already in place, with the breed being separated into two distinct types, called water spaniels and land spaniels  By 1801, the smaller variety of land spaniel was called the Cocker or Cocking Spaniel, so named for its use in flushing woodcock According to historical records, the first spaniel was brought to North America aboard the Mayflower which sailed from Plymouth, England and landed in New England in 1620  The first Cocker Spaniel recorded in America was a liver and white dog named Captain, who was registered with the American Kennel Club in 1878  In 1881, the American Cocker Spaniel Club was formed; it would later become the American Spaniel Club (ASC) and is now known as the oldest breed club for dogs in the United States  The task of the club was initially to create a standard to separate the Cocker Spaniel in America from other types of land spaniels, a task which would take over 20 years, only being completed in 1905 The dog considered to be the father of the American Cocker Spaniel was sired by the dog considered to be the father of the English Cocker Spaniel  Ch  Obo was bred to Ch  Chloe II, who was shipped to America while she was pregnant  Once in the United States, she whelped a dog who became Ch  Obo II  He differed greatly from the modern breed, being only 10 inches (25 cm) tall and with a long body, but was considered to be an excellent dog of that era and became a popular sire Towards the end of the 19th century, the breed had become popular in America and Canada due to their dual use as a family pet and a working dog  In the early 20th century the breeders on either side of the Atlantic had created different breed standards for the Cocker Spaniel and the breed gradually diverged from one another, with the two becoming noticeably different by the 1920s  The American Cockers by now had a smaller muzzle, their coats were softer and the dogs overall were lighter and smaller  The differences were so apparent that in 1935, breeders founded the English Cocker Spaniel Club and restricted breeding between the two types of spaniel  The two types of Cocker Spaniel in America were shown together as one breed, with the English type as a variety of the main breed, until 1946 when the American Kennel Club recognized the English Cocker Spaniel as a separate breed 

Return to the UK
Initially in the United Kingdom there were a few American Cockers that had accompanied service personnel to American bases in the 1950s and 1960s  In addition, several came over with embassy staff and business people returning home The first UK Kennel Club registered American Cocker Spaniel was Aramingo Argonaught, born January 17, 1956, and bred by Herbert L  Steinberg  Two judges confirmed that the dog was an American Cocker and not an English Cocker before the Kennel Club permitted the dog to be shown  In the 1960s they were shown as a rare breed, which meant that they did not have a show class of their own and could only be shown in variety classes  This included Aramingo Argonaught, who was the first American Cocker Spaniel to be shown at Crufts in 1960 in a class entitled "Any variety not classified at this show"  In 1968, the KC agreed to have the breed shown in the category "Any variety gundog other than Cocker" and stated that the American Cocker was not a variety of "Spaniel (Cocker)"  There were around 100 registrations between 1966 and 1968 In 1970 the breed was given a separate register in the Kennel Club Breed Supplement, as it was previously included in "Any other variety"  Registration numbers increased to 309 by 1970 following this full recognition 

Notable American Cockers and popularity
American Cocker Spaniels have won best in show at the Westminster Dog Show on four occasions, with the first win in 1921 by Ch  Midkiff Seductive  Ch  My Own Brucie won the title twice in 1940 and 1941, and became known as the most photographed dog in the world Brucie's win in 1940 coincided with the American Cocker Spaniel becoming the most popular breed of dog in the United States, and they would remain the most popular until 1952  The breed won the title for the fourth time in 1954 with the victory going to Ch  Carmor's Rise and Shine  The popularity of the American Cocker increased once again in the 1980s with it becoming the most popular breed again from 1984 until 1990  In more recent years the popularity of the breed has decreased, with it ranked 15th most popular by the American Kennel Club in 2005  The breeds most recent victory came in 2017 when it won the best in show title at Crufts 
American Cocker Spaniels have had several links to the United States Presidency  In 1952, an American Cocker Spaniel became a household name when United States Senator Richard Nixon made his Checkers speech on September 23  A parti-colored American Cocker Spaniel named Dot was one of several dogs owned by Rutherford B  Hayes; and a buff colored dog named Feller caused a scandal for Harry S  Truman when the dog was received as an unwanted gift with the President subsequently giving it away to a White House physician  More recently, a Cocker named Zeke lived with Bill Clinton while he was the governor of Arkansas 

Appearance
The American Cocker Spaniel is the smallest dog recognized by the American Kennel Club as a sporting dog, being on average between 13 5 and 15 5 inches (34 and 39 cm) high at the withers  It is a dog of normal proportions, with medium long silky fur on the body and ears, hanging down on the legs and belly (known as feathering)  The head has an upturned nose and the ears hang down  The breed standard states that size over 15 5 inches (39 cm) inches for males and 14 5 inches (37 cm) for females is a disqualification at conformation shows  American Cocker Spaniels weigh around 24 to 30 pounds (11 to 14 kg) on average, with females of the breed usually weighing slightly less than the males The head of an American Cocker Spaniel makes the breed immediately recognizable, with the rounded dome of the skull, well-pronounced stop, and a square shaped lip  The drop ears are long, low set, with long silky fur, and the eyes are dark, large, and rounded  The nose can be black or brown depending on the color of the breed The coat of the breed come in a variety of shades with the colors being separated into three main groups: black/black and tan, any solid color other than black (ASCOB), and parti-color  The black variety is either all black, or with tan points on the dog's head, the feet and the tail in a pattern called black and tan  The group known as ASCOB includes all other solid colors from light cream through to dark red, although some lighter coloring is allowed on the feathering according to standards  Parti-colored dogs are white with patches of another color such as black or brown, and includes any roan colored dogs  In addition, American Cockers coats can come in a pattern known as merle, which is not recognized by the American Kennel Club American Cockers have rounder eyes, a domed skull, shorter muzzle and more clearly pronounced eyebrows than the English Cockers, whose head is more setter-like  In colors, the roan colors are rarer in the American variety than in the English but the shade of buff which is common in the American is not seen in the English breed at all, although there are English Cocker Spaniels which are considered to be a shade of red  The English breed is also slightly larger, being between 14 5–15 5 inches (37–39 cm) in height 
American Cocker Spaniel

Temperament
Known as the "Merry Cocker", the American Cocker Spaniel breed standard defines the ideal dog of the breed as being "equable in temperament with no suggestion of timidity " The breed ranks 20th in Stanley Coren's The Intelligence of Dogs, a rating that indicates good "Working or Obedience Intelligence", or trainability  IQ tests run on a variety of breeds in the 1950s and 1960s showed that the American Cocker performed the best when tested on its ability to show restraint and delayed response to a trigger, a trait which was put down to the breed's bred-in ability when hunting to freeze upon finding a bird before flushing it out on command  However, they proved to be the worst breed tested when it came to manipulating objects with their paws, for instance uncovering a dish of food or pulling on a string With a good level of socialization at an early age, an American Cocker can get along with people, children, other dogs and other pets  This breed seems to have a perpetually wagging tail and prefers to be around people; it is not best suited to the backyard alone  Cockers can be easily stressed by loud noises and by rough treatment or handling Members of the breed were originally used as hunting dogs, but increased in popularity as a show dog  It was bred more and more in conformation with the breed standard, resulting in certain attributes, such as a long coat, which no longer make it an ideal working dog 

Health
American Cocker Spaniels in UK and USA/Canada surveys had a median lifespan of about 10 to 11 years, which is on the low end of the typical range for purebred dogs, and one to two years less than other breeds of their size  The larger English Cocker Spaniel typically lives about a year longer than the American Cocker Spaniel  In a 2004 UK Kennel Club survey, the most common causes of death were cancer (23%), old age (20%), cardiac (8%), and immune-mediated (8%)  In a 2003 USA/Canada Health Survey with a smaller sample size, the leading causes of death were cancer, hepatic disease, and immune-mediated American Cockers previously high popularity resulted in the breed frequently being bred by backyard breeders or in puppy mills  This indiscriminate breeding has increased the proliferation of breed related health issues in certain bloodlines American Cocker Spaniels are susceptible to a variety of illnesses, particularly infections affecting their ears and, in some cases, their eyes  Although the number or percent of afflicted dogs is not known, progressive retinal atrophy (PRA), glaucoma, and cataracts have been identified in some members of the breed  The American Spaniel Club recommends annual eye exams by a veterinary ophthalmologist for all dogs that are to be used for breeding  Autoimmune problems in Cockers have also been identified in an unknown number or percent of the breed, including autoimmune hemolytic anemia (AIHA)  Ear inflammations are common in drop-eared breeds of dog, including the American Cocker, and luxating patellas and hip dysplasia have been identified in some members of the breed Heart conditions such as dilated cardiomyopathy, where the heart becomes weakened and enlarged, and sick sinus syndrome, which is a type of abnormal heart beating which causes low blood pressure, have been identified in the breed  Phosphofructokinase deficiency is a condition caused by a recessive gene in the breed which prevents the metabolism of glucose into energy, causing the dog to have extremely low energy and be unable to exercise  The gene which causes this appears in around 10 percent of the population, but DNA testing can prevent two carrier dogs from breeding and thus creating puppies with this condition American Cockers are also prone to canine epilepsy and the related condition known as Rage Syndrome  The latter is a form of epilepsy which can cause a normally placid dog to engage in sudden and unprovoked violent attacks  Initial research shows that both conditions appear to be inheritable 

In popular culture
The film Lady and the Tramp features the character Lady who is an American Cocker Spaniel 
Trilby from the Australian-American TV series Raggs is an American Cocker Spaniel 
Mags from Turbo Dogs is an American Cocker Spaniel 
Passage 8:
Water spaniel
Water spaniel (capitalized in the names of standardized breeds) was originally a term for water dogs generally, and today refer to several different breeds of water dogs that actually are spaniels, such as:

American Water Spaniel
English Water Spaniel, extinct
Irish Water Spaniel
Tweed Water Spaniel, extinct
Passage 9:
Welsh Springer Spaniel
The Welsh Springer Spaniel (Welsh: Llamgi Cymru) is a breed of dog and a member of the spaniel family  Thought to be comparable to the old Land Spaniel, they are similar to the English Springer Spaniel and historically have been referred to as both the Welsh Spaniel and the Welsh Cocker Spaniel  They were relatively unknown until a succession of victories in dog trials by the breed increased its popularity  Following recognition by The Kennel Club in 1902, the breed gained the modern name of Welsh Springer Spaniel  The breed's coat only comes in a single colour combination of white with red markings, usually in a piebald pattern  Loyal and affectionate, they can become very attached to family members and are wary of strangers  Health conditions are limited to those common among many breeds of dog, although they are affected more than average by hip dysplasia and some eye conditions  They are a working dog, bred for hunting, and while not as rare as some varieties of spaniel, they are rarer than the more widely known English Springer Spaniel with which they are sometimes confused 

History
The origin of the Welsh Springer Spaniel is unknown, but dogs resembling the breed with its distinctive red and white coat are frequently depicted in old pictures and prints  This type of dog was known as the Land Spaniel, and is considered to be similar to the modern Welsh Springer  John Caius, writing in 1570, said "Spaniels whose skynnes are white and if marked with any spottes they are commonly red"  It is thought that these Spaniels may have made their way into the Welsh valleys where local sportsman and hunters managed to conserve them in a pure state At one time called the Welsh Starter, it was used to spring game, originally for hunters using falcons  The traditional red and white colour of the Welsh Springer was once also found in English dogs, but by the early 20th century any such dogs were considered to have "died out long ago" The Welsh Springer Spaniel was also at one time called the Welsh Spaniel, and also at one point was included in the Kennel Club (UK) studbook as Cocker Spaniels, and was known as the Welsh Cocker  During the 19th century were several different varieties of Cocker Spaniel, including the English, the Welsh and the Devonshire as the term was used to describe the size of the dog rather than the breed  Unusually, in John George Wood's 1865 book The Illustrated Natural History, an image is described showing a Welsh Cocker Spaniel as a solid coloured dark spaniel  The same inscription is used in the 1867 work The Dog in Health and Disease by Stonehenge and he further describes the Welsh Cocker and the Devonshire Cocker as "both being of a deep-liver colour"  The Welsh Springer was relatively unknown during the 19th Century, but this changed in 1900 when Mr  A  T  Williams of Ynis-y-Gerwn won the team stake at the Sporting Spaniel Club Trials  The trials were held on Mr  Williams' own estate, and it was thought that when his team defeated eight well known teams it was because of the home advantage  This was disproved when dogs from the same kennel went on to win in successive years around the UK  His conformation show champion dog Corrin was the first Welsh Springer Spaniel to be photographed 

Welsh Springers were recognised by The Kennel Club, after the breed had gained popularity, in 1902 under the new name of Welsh Springer Spaniel  Until then the breed was shown alongside the English Springer Spaniel  The Welsh Springer Spaniel was transported to America in the late 19th century and gained recognition by the American Kennel Club in 1906 World War I caused problems for the breed in the United Kingdom, and when the war was over there were no dogs whose parents had registered pedigrees  The breed restarted with the remaining unregistered dogs, and it is these dogs that formed the modern day breed  The breeders in the 1920s and 1930s developed these dogs into the type of Welsh Springer Spaniel which remains today  The Welsh Springer Spaniel Club (UK) was formed in 1923, registrations slowly increased between the wars but all records held by the breed club were destroyed in an air raid during World War II  Following the two World Wars, it was thought that no Welsh Springers remained in the United States  The breed was reintroduced, and the descendants of those dogs make up the breed today in the United States and Canada  The breed was officially imported into Australia in 1973 In 2000, The Kennel Club registered 424 Welsh Springer Spaniels, compared with 12,599 English Springer Spaniels and 13,445 English Cocker Spaniels  Numbers remained steady, with 420 Welsh Springer Spaniels being registered in 2004, however numbers of English Springer Spaniels increased to 14,765 and English Cocker Spaniels to 16,608  Numbers remain closer to the American Cocker Spaniel which registered 610 in 2000, and 599 in 2004  The breed remains more popular than some other breeds of Spaniel, including the Clumber Spaniel, Field Spaniel, Sussex Spaniel and Irish Water Spaniel  Total registrations in the UK during 2016 fell to 299 qualifying it to be included on The Kennel Club's list of Vulnerable Native Breeds 

Description
Appearance
The Welsh Springer Spaniel is a compact, solidly built dog, bred for hard work and endurance  Their body can give the impression of length due to its obliquely angled forequarters and developed hindquarters  The build of the Welsh Springer Spaniel should be slightly off square, meaning that the length of the dog should be slightly greater than the height at the withers  However, some dogs may be square, and this is not penalised in the show ring as long as the height is never greater than the length   Traditionally a docked breed, dependent on legislation in the country of origin, and where allowed the dew claws can be removed In conformation showing, eyes should be brown in colour; yellow eyes do sometimes occur but are penalised in the show ring  Ears are small, pendulous (suspended and hanging), vine-shaped and with a light setter-like feathering  Nostrils are well developed and are black or any shade of brown; a pink nose is penalised in the AKC standard for the show ring, in Britain the colour is not specified in The Kennel Club's breed standard  In showing, a scissors bite is preferred with an undershot jaw severely penalised  Unlike the English Springer Spaniel and English Cocker Spaniel, there is no divergence into show and field styles of the breed Male dogs are 46 to 48 centimetres (18 to 19 in) high at the withers, with females a little smaller at 43 to 46 centimetres (17 to 18 in)  On average, members of the breed weigh between 16 and 20 kg (35 and 45 lb)  The back of the legs, chest, and underside of the body are feathered, and the ears and tail are lightly feathered  The only colour is a rich red-and-white  Any pattern is acceptable and any white area may be flecked with red ticking Welsh Springers are often confused with the English Springer Spaniel, but there are marked differences  The Welsh Springer is slightly smaller, and its reddish markings on a white background as opposed to the English Springers black or liver-coloured markings  Both breeds are admired for their hunting abilities and their trademark trait of "springing" at game  This can be seen during play also, as a dog may "spring" on his toy  Some experts believe that the Welsh Springer Spaniel and the Brittany share the same ancestry as there is a great deal of resemblance between the two breeds  The colours of the Welsh Springer, while exclusive from the English Springer, appear in the Brittany and the Brittany and Welsh Springers are both of similar sizes  The Welsh Springer is larger than the English Cocker Spaniel 

Temperament
The Welsh Springer Spaniel is active, loyal, and affectionate  They may meet strangers barking when in their territory, or act aloof, cautious or wary  The breed is well known for being friendly and demonstrative to all members of the family, especially children, and accepting other pets of the household with a friendly, playful attitude The breed is quick to learn but can be headstrong, though with correct training can become very obedient  The Welsh Springer was bred for work and endurance, and as with many breeds of hunting dogs requires a regular exercise routine to keep them healthy and content  Without adequate exercise, a Welsh Springer Spaniel may appear hyperactive  Some Welsh Springers can become clingy towards their owners and suffer separation anxiety when alone 

Health
The Welsh Springer is generally a healthy breed, but some can suffer conditions common to many breeds such as hip dysplasia, Canine glaucoma and like other dogs with pendulous ears, they are prone to ear infections such as otitis externa  Some Welsh Springer Spaniels are predisposed to become overweight  In a survey of over a hundred breeds of dog conducted in 1997, the Welsh Springer Spaniel was ranked 14th for worst hip score, with the average score of the breed being 18 45  The average lifespan is 12 to 15 years 

Eye disorders
Welsh Springers can be prone to entropion, which is a disorder that affects the eyelids  The condition causes them to curl inwards, pressing the eyelashes against the surface of the eye itself and causing them to scratch it  This can lead to irritation and damage to the cornea  In most cases it only affects the lower eyelid on one or both eyes, but in some cases the upper eyelid can be affected as well  Symptoms can include tearing, squinting, the rubbing of the eyes, thick discharge from the eyes and rolling of the eyelid along with wetness on the hairs next to the eyelids  There is no medical treatment for entropion, and surgical correction may be necessary depending on the severity of the case  This condition may be present soon after birth, or later in life as a secondary condition to other eye related diseases or infections  Other breeds also affected by the condition include the Chow Chow, Great Dane, Golden Retriever and the English Springer Spaniel Narrow/closed angle glaucoma is an autosomal dominant inheritable trait in the breed  It is a leading cause of blindness in dogs, and is where there is increased fluid pressure within the eye  If the fluid is not reduced, the pressure causes permanent damage to the retina and optic nerve  Loss of eyesight can happen as quickly as within 24 hours if the pressure if elevated enough, or slowly over time if it is only a mild elevation  The sudden, rapid elevation of pressure is more common with narrow/closed angle glaucoma which is more common to the breed than the slower open angle glaucoma  Symptoms can include redness in the eye, the eye itself looking cloudy, sensitivity to light and the dog may rub at their eye, or even rub it along other objects and carpet as the condition is moderate to extremely painful  Treatment can vary depending on the severity of the condition but if inherited glaucoma appears in one eye then it usually occurs in the other eye eventually 

See also
Hunting dog
Sporting Group
Context 2: Passage 1:
American Nerd
American Nerd: The Story of My People is a book by Benjamin Nugent  The book discusses the history and origin of the term "nerd", as well as what the term means in today's age  Some of the important topics discussed include the racial differences for the term "nerd", such as how race played into Urkel, a nerdy character played by Jaleel White on the TV series Family Matters 

Appearances
The book and the author were featured on Last Call with Carson Daly as well as The Sound of Young America on NPR 
Passage 2:
Steve Urkel
Steven Quincy Urkel is a fictional character on the American ABC/CBS sitcom Family Matters, portrayed by Jaleel White  Although originally slated to be a one-time-only character on the show, he broke out to be its most popular character and gradually became its protagonist   Due to the Urkel character's off-putting characteristics and the way he would stir up events and underscore the plot or even move it along, he is considered a nuisance by the original protagonist's family, the Winslows, though they come to accept him over time 
The character is the epitome of a geek or nerd of the era, due to traits such as large, thick eyeglasses, flood pants held up by suspenders, multi-colored cardigan sweaters, saddle shoes, and a high-pitched voice  He professes love for his neighbor Laura Winslow, who is a character in the main family of the series, but this love of his is written as an accent on or trigger for events and crises and is therefore unrequited until the series' end 
Throughout the series, starting from Urkel's debut, he is central to many of its running gags, primarily property damage and/or personal injury resulting from of his inventions going awry or his outright clumsiness  He becomes known by viewers and characters alike for several catchphrases uttered after some humorous misfortune occurs, including "I've fallen and I can't get up!" "I don't have to take this  I'm going home " "Did I do that?" "Whoa, Mama!" and "Look what you did!" (on occasions when someone else caused the damage, though usually the accident was indirectly caused by Urkel) 

Character development
In syndication, Steve Urkel first appeared on the 4th episode of the first season, "Rachel's First Date" (as the show staff wanted to more naturally introduce him to audiences upon repeated viewings)  In the 12th episode of the first season, "Laura's First Date", he reappears as a nerdy young boy who takes Laura Winslow out on a date  Despite him being madly in love with her, Laura finds Steve grating and doesn't return his affection  
While initially intended to be a minor character, Urkel became very popular for his oddball antics, soon becoming a recurring character and joining the main cast, beginning with the season-two premiere "Rachel's Place" Family Matters co-creator Michael Warren named the character after his friend, writer, and director Steve Urkel  Due to the show and the character's tremendous popularity during the early 1990s, Erkel encountered difficulties using his own name; he received many prank phone calls from "Laura" asking for "Steve", and businesses found his name to be suspicious  Warren stated that had he known if the character would reappear for years, he would not have named him after his friend 

Portrayal
Steve Urkel embodies the stereotype of a socially inept intellectual who means well but often messes things up  Despite his intelligence, his actions often come across as clumsy and foolish  He is fiercely protective of and obsessed with his unrequited love, Laura Winslow, and this admiration extends to the rest of the Winslow family  However, Steve is comically clumsy and inept, and his attempts to help the Winslows often go awry  This puts him at odds with the family patriarch, Carl, who routinely throws Urkel out of his house  He has been shown to take responsibility for his own mistakes and reimburses the Winslows for the damages he's done  Steve is close to Harriette Winslow, who is delighted each time he comes over, much to Carl's chagrin 
Later episodes suggest that Steve's attachment to the Winslows stems from his bad relationship with his own family  Urkel often hints that most of his relatives, including his (never seen) parents, despise him and refuse to associate with him  This culminates in the two moving to Russia without him, whereupon he moves in with the Winslows  The show has also revealed that Steve has at least four relatives who care about him who are Uncle Ernie who owns a horse trailer; Uncle Cecil who, despite his gambling problems, visits the Urkel home to keep an eye on him; Aunt Oona from Altoona, (played by singer, Donna Summer), who is like a mother to him; and cousin Myrtle  In the series finale, Steve responds to Carl talking about how proud he is of his future son-in-law by saying "Thanks, Dad "
Urkel dresses unfashionably for someone his age (he is most commonly seen wearing suspenders, brightly colored shirts, and high water pants) and has a number of hobbies and interests, including polka dancing and accordion playing  His motor vehicle of choice is the small three-wheeled Isetta  Unlike his friends, he has little interest in popular culture and athletic endeavors, though he enjoys playing basketball, once attempting to join the school team  This has caused Myra to be attracted to Urkel himself due to them not being interested in pop culture  However, Steve has shown little interest in her mainly due to her stalker behavior 
While he is unpopular with his schoolmates, Urkel is a brilliant student and is on a first-name basis with his teachers  He is a genius inventor as well, and his fantastical but unreliable gadgets (including a transformation device and a time machine) are central to many Family Matters plots and gags 
Urkel also has an adept sense of lawbreaking that involves peer pressure  This was explored four times, mainly with Eddie, since he often has to learn his lesson the hard way when he finds himself in situations outside of his control 

Stefan Urquelle
During the season five episode "Dr  Urkel and Mr  Cool", in a takeoff on The Nutty Professor films, Urkel devises a plan to win Laura's heart: transforming his DNA using a serum, which suppresses his "nerd genes" and brings out his "cool" genes  This results in the alter ego known as Stefan Urquelle, played by Jaleel White in more casual attire  Initially, Laura is enamored with the smoother Stefan, but asks that he turn back into Steve when Stefan's self-centeredness makes itself apparent 
Steve improves the formula in the season five episode "Stefan Returns" to reduce its negative effects on his personality, and invents a "transformation chamber" allowing him to become Stefan at will  He would change into Stefan several times – even while dating Myra – but some circumstance would force Steve to turn into his normal self again  With his narcissistic tendencies toned down, Laura falls deeply in love with Steve's alter-ego 
In the seventh-season finale "Send in the Clones", Steve creates a cloning machine and winds up creating a perfect duplicate of himself  Myra is initially excited, but eventually realizes that two Steves are just too much  To clear up the situation, Laura proposes that one of the Steves be permanently turned into Stefan, so that she and Myra can both be with the one they love  This Stefan becomes a recurring character and eventually proposes to Laura in the ninth season  After weighing her choices in the episode "Pop Goes the Question", Laura chooses Steve over Stefan  Stefan leaves and does not appear again 

Cultural impact
In 2010, Westside Middle School in Memphis, Tennessee, outlined its dress code policy on sagging pants, asking students to pull them up or get "Urkeled", a reference to the character  In this practice, teachers would forcibly pull students' pants up and attach them to their waist using zip ties  Students would also have their photo taken and posted on a board in the hallway, for all of their classmates to view  In an interview with NBC affiliate WMC-TV, Principal Bobby White stated that the general idea is to fight pop culture with pop culture  One teacher at the school claimed to have "Urkeled" up to 80 students per week, although after five weeks the number dropped to 18 

Ratings effect
In syndication, Steve is incorporated into the teaser scene of "Rachel's First Date"; his first appearance in the original broadcasts is in the 1989 episode "Laura's First Date", in which Carl and Eddie separately set up dates for Laura for a dance or party (both terms are used in the episode), and the first thing known about him is that he allegedly ate a mouse, and he later makes reference to a mouse when speaking to Carl, implying that it might be true  Prior to Steve Urkel's introduction, the show was on the brink of cancellation due to mediocre ratings  After Urkel was introduced, several scripts had to be hastily rewritten to accommodate the character, while several first-season episodes that had been completed had new opening gag sequences filmed featuring Steve trying to push open the Winslows' front door while the family holds it shut  The addition of Steve immediately helped the show boost its modest ratings  White was credited as a guest star in the first season and became a regular member of the cast in season two  In the opening credits for Seasons 5-9, White was the only regular whose character's name appeared alongside his own during the opening credits (Season 9 did not have the same credit sequence showing all the actors, it simply listed their names across the bottom of the screen, but White was listed "as Steve Urkel" there as well) 
Jo Marie Payton, who played Harriette Winslow, admitted that she felt the Urkel character had hogged much of the show's attention and disrupted the close family relationship she had formed with the rest of the cast  Payton took particular umbrage when youngest sibling Judy Winslow was dismissed as a disposable character and her portrayer, Jaimee Foxworth, was fired to make room for more Urkel stories, because she felt particularly close to Foxworth as the baby of the cast  Payton experienced increasing burnout over the course of the show, became increasingly upset over the production staff allowing White free rein to misbehave, and felt that the overbearing focus on Urkel had made the show jump the shark; she very nearly quit when the show moved to CBS but agreed to stay for the first several episodes while a new actress, Judyann Elder, was cast as Harriet  In an interview with Entertainment Tonight, Payton recalled an instance where White insisted upon inserting something that would have violated Broadcast Standards and Practices, to the point where he and Payton nearly came to physical blows with each other  White is one of the few living members of the cast with whom Payton no longer speaks regularly  She nevertheless speaks well of her experiences and appreciates the effect that Urkel had on the show's popularity and thus the residuals everyone receives from the show  Reginald VelJohnson, in a 2022 interview with Entertainment Tonight, acknowledged that White could be difficult to work with on set but attributed the difficulties to White's young age and being surrounded by other teenagers, which VelJohnson (who himself never had children) found overwhelming  On the whole, VelJohnson had "nothing but good memories" of working with White 

The Urkel Dance
The Urkel Dance was a novelty dance that originated in the season two episode, "Life of the Party"  It was based around the character of Steve Urkel and essentially incorporated movements that made the dancer's posture more like his 
The dance was popular enough to appear on another show, Step by Step, when the Steve Urkel character appeared in a crossover in the season one episode, "The Dance" 
Jaleel White also performed the song, in character as Steve Urkel, on the 5th Annual American Comedy Awards  Bea Arthur (from Maude & The Golden Girls) joined him on stage to "Do The Urkel", after which she said, "Hey, MC Hammer, try and touch that!"A promotional cassette single of the song that accompanies the dance was produced and distributed in limited numbers  A T-shirt was also produced featuring lyrics and Urkel's likeness 
Rick Sanchez pays some form of homage to The Urkel Dance with "The Rick Dance" in the Rick and Morty episode "Ricksy Business" 

Appearances on other shows
Full House – In the 1991 episode, "Stephanie Gets Framed", Steve is called in to help Stephanie Tanner (Jodie Sweetin) deal with her anxieties after she has to get glasses  He was cousin to a friend of D J  He also jams with Uncle Jesse and gives Michelle a penny for her piggy bank, telling her that "with prevailing interest rates, that penny will be worth three cents by the turn of the century"  Incidentally, Family Matters did not air on the night of the episode's original airdate (January 25, 1991)  It is implied that he found himself in San Francisco in the Full House universe before paying a visit to the Lambert household from Step by Step 
Step by Step – In the series' second episode, "The Dance", Steve lands in the Lambert-Foster family's backyard after launching himself with a rocket pack from the living room of the Winslows' house in the Family Matters episode "Brain Over Brawn" (the two scenes being shown in uninterrupted sequence, as Family Matters and Step by Step aired back to back on ABC's TGIF lineup at the time)  He then helps his science-fair pen pal, Mark Foster (Christopher Castile), and lifts Alicia "Al" Lambert (Christine Lakin)'s spirits after her potential date dumps her just before a school dance  White reprises his "Do the Urkel" dance in the scene where Al gives the boy that dumped her his comeuppance  White also makes a brief two-second cameo as Steve in the 1997 episode "A Star Is Born", snapping a clapperboard on the set of the movie that Al was cast in over her two sisters 
In the Family Matters episode "Beauty and the Beast", Steve sends a chain letter to his friend Cory Matthews, who lived in Philadelphia  The reference is to Ben Savage's character from Boy Meets World, but there were no on-screen crossovers  In an episode of Boy Meets World, Cory says he receives a chain letter from his friend Steve 
Fuller House - In the Season 3 finale, Urkel was mentioned by D J   In a January 2018 interview with TVLine's Andy Swift, series creator and former show runner Jeff Franklin mentioned that they have talked about White reprising the role and that they had some ideas for the character if White decides to reprise the role (Franklin was dismissed from the show before this materialized, and Urkel never appeared in the series) 
Scooby-Doo and Guess Who? - White reprised his role on the animated series Scooby-Doo and Guess Who? in the episode "When Urkel- Bots Go Bad!"

Merchandise
At the height of his popularity, Urkel's name was branded to several products including a short-lived fruit flavored cereal known as Urkel-Os and a Steve Urkel pull string doll, which were both released in 1991  There was also a T-shirt line that was created in 2002, but was discontinued shortly after its inception In 2021 White launched his own cannabis brand that featured a strain called "Purple Urkel"  He reprised the role of Urkel in a skit with Snoop Dogg to promote the strain 

Reception
In 1999, TV Guide ranked Urkel #27 on its list of the "50 Greatest TV Characters of All Time"  In 2004, he was listed at #98 in Bravo's 100 Greatest TV Characters 


== Notes ==
Passage 3:
Family Matters
Family Matters is an American television sitcom that debuted on ABC on September 22, 1989, and ended on May 9, 1997  However it moved to CBS, where it was shown from September 19, 1997, to July 17, 1998  A spin-off of Perfect Strangers, the series revolves around the Winslow family, an African-American middle class family living in Chicago, Illinois  Midway through the first season, the show introduced the Winslows' nerdy neighbor Steve Urkel (Jaleel White), who was originally scripted to appear as a one-time character  However, he quickly became the show's breakout character (and eventually the main character), joining the main cast Running for nine seasons, Family Matters became the second-longest-running live action U S  sitcom with a predominantly African-American cast, behind only The Jeffersons (11 seasons)  It aired for 215 episodes, being ranked third, behind only Tyler Perry's House of Payne (280+ as of 2021), and The Jeffersons (253)  Family Matters was the last live-action scripted primetime show that debuted in the 1980s to leave the air; the only scripted show that started in the 1980s and lasted longer in continuous production was The Simpsons 

History
The series was a spinoff from the ABC sitcom Perfect Strangers; both shows aired Friday nights on ABC's primetime slot called "TGIF"  Jo Marie Payton played Harriette Winslow, the elevator operator at a newspaper where Larry Appleton and Balki Bartokomous also worked  Reginald VelJohnson, who was coming off of growing fame from his role in Die Hard, made an appearance on the show as Harriette's husband Carl Winslow, a Chicago police officer  ABC and the producers loved the character Harriette for her great morale and quick-witted humor and decided to create a show that would focus on her and her family, husband Carl, son Eddie, elder daughter Laura, and younger daughter Judy (who appeared until the character was retconned after season four as having not existed) In the pilot episode, "The Mama Who Came to Dinner", the family had also opened their home to Carl's street-wise mother, Estelle (Rosetta LeNoire), usually known as "Mother Winslow"  Prior to the start of the series, Harriette's sister, Rachel Crawford and her infant son, Richie, had moved into the Winslow household after the death of Rachel's husband  The Winslows' nerdy teenage next-door neighbor, Steve Urkel (Jaleel White), was introduced midway through the first season in the episode "Laura’s First Date" and quickly became the focus of the show The popular sitcom was a mainstay of ABC's TGIF lineup from 1989 until 1997, at which point it became part of the CBS Block Party lineup for its final season  Family Matters was produced by Bickley-Warren Productions (1991–1998) and Miller-Boyett Productions, in association with Lorimar Television (1989–1993) and later Warner Bros  Television (1993–1998)  As the show progressed, episodes began to center increasingly on Steve Urkel, and other original characters also played by White, including Steve's suave alter-ego, Stefan Urquelle (who is Jaleel White's real-life self), and his female cousin, Myrtle Urkel 

Network change
In early 1997, CBS picked up Family Matters and Step by Step in a $40 million deal to acquire the rights to the programs from ABC  ABC then promised to pay Miller-Boyett Productions $1 5 million per episode for a ninth and tenth season of Family Matters  However, tensions had risen between Miller-Boyett Productions and ABC's corporate parent, The Walt Disney Company (which had bought the network in 1996 as part of its merger with ABC's then-parent Capital Cities/ABC Inc )  Miller-Boyett thought that it would not be a big player on ABC after the network's recent purchase by Disney Miller-Boyett Productions agreed to a $40 million offer from CBS for a 22-episode season for both Family Matters and Step By Step  CBS scheduled Family Matters along with Meego and Step By Step as a part of its new Friday lineup, branded as the CBS Block Party  The network scheduled the family-oriented block against ABC's TGIF lineup, where the two series originated  Jo Marie Payton's contract had just expired and she was reluctant to continue, feeling the show had jumped the shark years prior  She agreed to stay to keep continuity but left midseason shortly after very nearly getting into a physical altercation with White in what would be her last regular episode; in that episode, White (playing a gangster instead of his usual Urkel) was attempting to insert material that violated Broadcast Standards and Practices  The resulting dispute between White and Payton escalated to the point where Darius McCrary had to separate the two  Payton would appear in only one more episode after that—a Christmas episode that also brought back several former characters from the ABC run who had been written out on CBS—before Judyann Elder took over as Harriette for the remainder of the season 
While Family Matters continued to lose viewership compared to previous years, it was initially a modest success on CBS, beating the show that replaced it, You Wish  Meego, however, was a ratings failure and was canceled after six weeks  Near the end of the ninth season, the cast was informed that a tenth and final season was planned, so scripts and plot synopses were written for the show  After the holiday special season, CBS replaced Meego with Kids Say the Darndest Things, and with that show's child-centered focus, it was placed in Family Matters' 8/7c time slot, with Family Matters pushed an hour later and paired with Step by Step  The ratings for Family Matters fell even further in this later slot, and the entire block except for Kids Say    was canceled in spring 1998, with the remaining episodes burned off in the summer,  On November 28, 2019 Bryton McClure who played the 2nd version of Richard "Richie" Crawford Sayed To OWN  "it was about time, relationships gone a little south and time to move on", on November 28th, 2020  TV One Did a Thanksgiving Marathon called Family Matters: Turkel 
Marathon, Michelle Thomas went to talk to fellow co-star Reginald VelJohnson that she was sick, and the rest of the main cast never said their goodbyes after 25 years of her passing

Cast
Episodes
Production notes
Family Matters was created by William Bickley and Michael Warren (who also wrote for, and were producers of, parent series Perfect Strangers) and developed by Thomas L  Miller and Robert L  Boyett (who also served as executive producers on Perfect Strangers); all four also served as executive producers of the series  The series was produced by Miller-Boyett Productions, in association with Lorimar Television who co-produced the show until 1993, when Warner Bros  Television absorbed Lorimar (a sister company under the co-ownership of Time Warner) 
Starting with season three, the series was also produced by Bickley-Warren Productions  The series was filmed in front of a live studio audience; the Lorimar-produced episodes were shot at Lorimar Studios (later Sony Pictures Studios) in Culver City, California, while the Warner Bros -produced episodes were filmed at Warner Bros  Studios in nearby Burbank 
The show's original theme was Louis Armstrong's "What a Wonderful World"; it was scrapped after the fifth episode of season one ("Straight A's"), though it was heard only in the pilot episode in syndicated reruns  The second theme, "As Days Go By", written by Jesse Frederick, Bennett Salvay and Scott Roeme and performed by Frederick, was the theme for the majority of the series until 1995  The sixth season's opening credits was last used in the season seven episodes "Talk's Cheap" and "Fa La La La Laagghh", the only two episodes during the final three seasons to feature the theme song (this was heard in season one episodes in ABC Family and syndicated airings)  A longer version of "As Days Go By" was used during the first three seasons, though in syndicated reruns the short version is heard (in ABC Family airings, the long theme was used for all of the episodes during the first three seasons) 
Family Matters is set in the same fictional universe as several other TV shows related to ABC's TGIF or CBS's Block Party  Before Family Matters, Harriette Winslow was originally the elevator operator at the Chicago Chronicle newspaper office in the third and fourth seasons of Perfect Strangers  Family Matters was a spin-off series given to this character in 1989  Characters from Family Matters appeared on other shows, including Full House, Boy Meets World, Step by Step and Meego 

Syndication
In September 1993, Warner Bros  Television Distribution began distributing Family Matters for broadcast in off-network syndication; most television stations stopped carrying the show by around 2002, though some stations in larger markets such as WTOG in Tampa, Florida continued to air Family Matters until as recently as 2005 and New York's WPIX as 2006  In 1995, reruns of the series began airing on TBS Superstation, where it ran until 2003  TBS would air two episodes of Family Matters each weekday afternoon from October 1995 to September 1999   From 1999 to 2003, TBS only aired the series once per weekday typically playing in the early mornings  The series would return to TBS 17 years later on February 3, 2020 and airs in the early morning time slots paired with George Lopez 
From 1997 to 2003, reruns of the series aired on WGN America  In 2003, ABC Family picked up the series and aired it for five years until February 29, 2008  From 2004 to 2006, UPN aired the show for 2 years  BET aired reruns briefly in December 2009 and began airing the series on a regular basis on March 1, 2013; the series returned to BET in mid-February 2023  MTV2 also began airing reruns on September 7, 2013  The show aired on Nick at Nite from June 29, 2008 to December 31, 2012  ABC Family and Nick at Nite airings cut the tag scenes at the end of all episodes, despite the fact that many episodes during the series have tag scenes during the closing credits  The series also currently airs on TV One since 2019  In Canada, the series also aired on CTV, CBC and currently airs on Family Channel 
On September 29, 2017, Family Matters became available for streaming on Hulu  In the UK it aired on Sky One whilst Perfect Strangers aired on BBC One 
Reruns of the series also started airing on Cartoon Network's ACME Night block on September 19, 2021 
On October 1, 2021, Family Matters began streaming on HBO Max after its streaming rights expired from Hulu, but has since returned to the Hulu platform 

International airings
In France, it aired as La Vie de famille (Family Life) as part of the show Club Dorothée on January 1, 1995 and on RTL9 (from August 28, 1995), France 2 & M6 (from June 1, 2000) 
In Italy, it aired as Otto sotto un tetto (Eight under one roof) on Canale 5, Italia 1 in 1992, with subsequent airings on Fox Retro & Sky Atlantic 

Home media
Warner Home Video has released the first four seasons of Family Matters on DVD in Region 1 while the remaining five seasons were released by the Warner Archive Collection  On February 4, 2014, Warner Home Video released season 4 on DVD, but consumers complained when it was found that the season 4 set contained syndication edits rather than the original broadcast masters  Warner Bros  responded to the complaints, offered a replacement program to receive corrected discs and reissuing the set with corrected broadcast copies on April 4, 2014  All episodes are the original broadcast form, except for the episode "Number One With a Bullet", disc 1, episode 6  The entire series is also available for digital download on Amazon com and the iTunes Store, all but season 6 remastered in both SD and HD 

Animated Christmas TV movie
On September 1, 2021, it was announced an animated Christmas film Did I Do That to the Holidays? A Steve Urkel Story would air on Cartoon Network as part of the block ACME Night in 2022  It was set to be released on HBO Max  However, on August 22, 2022, it was announced the film will not be moving forward on HBO Max and will be shopped elsewhere due to the Warner Bros  Discovery merger
Context 3: Passage 1:
The Very Best of Jerry Garcia
The Very Best of Jerry Garcia is a two-CD compilation album   It contains songs, mostly previously released, by Jerry Garcia, the Jerry Garcia Band, the Jerry Garcia Acoustic Band, Old & In the Way, and Reconstruction  It is meant to showcase Garcia's work outside the Grateful Dead   The first disc contains studio recordings and the second disc contains live recordings   It was released on September 26, 2006 
Some copies of the album include two bonus discs called More of the Best and Twisted Radio Waves The Very Best of Jerry Garcia was released for Record Store Day as a five-disc LP, in a limited edition of 4,000 copies, on September 26, 2020 

Track listing
Disc one (studio)

From  Garcia:"Deal" (Jerry Garcia, Robert Hunter) – 3:14
"Bird Song" (Garcia, Hunter) – 4:26
"Sugaree" (Garcia, Hunter) – 5:54
"Loser" (Garcia, Hunter) – 4:10
"The Wheel" (Garcia, Hunter) – 4:12From Compliments:"Let It Rock" (Chuck Berry) – 3:12
"Russian Lullaby" (Irving Berlin) – 3:04From Reflections:"Might as Well" (Garcia, Hunter) – 3:54
"Mission in the Rain" (Garcia, Hunter) – 5:04
"I'll Take a Melody" (Allen Toussaint) – 9:28From Cats Under the Stars:"Rubin and Cherise" (Garcia, Hunter) – 5:17
"Cats Under the Stars" (Garcia, Hunter) – 5:31
"Rhapsody in Red" (Garcia, Hunter, John Kahn) – 5:11From Run for the Roses:"Run for the Roses" (Garcia, Hunter) – 3:41
"Knockin' on Heaven's Door" (Bob Dylan) – 7:40
"Without Love" (Clyde McPhatter) – 4:26Disc two (live)

From Breakdown:"Catfish John" (Bob McDill, Allen Reynolds) – 4:06From Almost Acoustic:"Deep Elem Blues" (traditional) – 6:09
"Ripple" (Garcia, Hunter) – 4:21From Garcia Plays Dylan:"Positively 4th Street" (Dylan) – 10:46From Pure Jerry: Theatre 1839, July 29 & 30, 1977:"The Harder They Come" (Jimmy Cliff) – 12:43From How Sweet It Is:"Gomorrah" (Garcia, Hunter) – 6:37Previously unreleased performance by Reconstruction on July 8, 1979:"Dear Prudence" (John Lennon, Paul McCartney) - 11:38From Jerry Garcia Band:"Señor (Tales of Yankee Power)" (Dylan) - 7:45
"Evangeline" (David Hidalgo, Louie Perez) – 4:47From Way After Midnight, the bonus disc for After Midnight: Kean College, 2/28/80:"Deal" (Garcia, Hunter) - 9:12

Personnel
See individual albums for musical personnel 

Production
Compilation producers – James Austin, Joe Gastwirt, Blair Jackson, Peter McQuaid
Product manager – Jimmy Edwards
Tape research, liner notes – Blair Jackson
Remastering – Joe Gastwirt
Discographical annotation – Reggie Collins
Editorial supervision – Dorothy Stefanski
Art direction, design – Jean Krikorian
Photography – Herb Greene, Jon Sievert, Richard E  Aaron, Dave Patrick
Painting – Jerry Garcia
Project assistance – Karen LeBlanc, James O'Toole
Passage 2:
Joe Gooch
Joe Gooch (born 3 May 1977) is an English musician who was known as the lead vocalist and lead guitarist of Ten Years After from 2003 to 2014 

Biography
Gooch was introduced to jazz and blues at an early age  By thirteen, taking his music seriously, he enrolled on a course of classical guitar lessons  The disciplines he learned were good grounding for him, but he soon realised his interest lay outside of the classical sphere, and moved towards rock and blues  At first he was influenced by his childhood heroes, Larry Carlton, Steely Dan, The Beatles, Jimi Hendrix, Eric Clapton, Led Zeppelin, Buddy Guy and later Frank Zappa  Gooch replaced Alvin Lee in Ten Years After, with  limited success, and later formed Hundred Seventy Split with bassist Leo Lyons 
In January 2014, it was announced that both Gooch and Lyons had left Ten Years After 

Album discography
SiRO

SiRO – 1999Ten Years After

Now – 2004
Roadworks (Live) – 2005
Evolution – 2008
Live at Fiesta City (DVD) – 2009Hundred Seventy Split

The World Won't Stop – 2011
Hundred Seventy Split – 2014
Passage 3:
Jerry Garcia
Jerome John Garcia (August 1, 1942 – August 9, 1995) was an American musician best known for being the principal songwriter, lead guitarist, and a vocalist with the rock band Grateful Dead, which he co-founded and which came to prominence during the counterculture of the 1960s  Although he disavowed the role, Garcia was viewed by many as the leader of the band  He was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 1994 as a member of the Grateful Dead 
As one of its founders, Garcia performed with the Grateful Dead for the band's entire 30-year career (1965–1995)  Garcia also founded and participated in a variety of side projects, including the Saunders–Garcia Band (with longtime friend Merl Saunders), the Jerry Garcia Band, Old & In the Way, the Garcia/Grisman and Garcia/Kahn acoustic duos, Legion of Mary, and New Riders of the Purple Sage (which he co-founded with John Dawson and David Nelson)  He also released several solo albums, and contributed to a number of albums by other artists over the years as a session musician  He was well known for his distinctive guitar playing, and was ranked 13th in Rolling Stone's "100 Greatest Guitarists of All Time" cover story in 2003  In the 2015 version of the list he was ranked at #46 Garcia was renowned for his musical and technical ability, particularly his ability to play a variety of instruments and sustain long improvisations  Garcia believed that improvisation took stress away from his playing and allowed him to make spur of the moment decisions that he would not have made intentionally  In a 1993 interview with Rolling Stone, Garcia noted that "my own preferences are for improvisation, for making it up as I go along  The idea of picking, of eliminating possibilities by deciding, that's difficult for me"  Originating from the days of the "Acid Tests", these improvisations were a form of exploration rather than playing a song already written Later in life, Garcia struggled with diabetes  In 1986, he went into a diabetic coma that nearly cost him his life  Although his overall health improved somewhat after the incident, he continued to struggle with obesity, smoking, and long-standing heroin and cocaine addictions  He was staying in a California drug rehabilitation facility when he died of a heart attack on August 9, 1995, at age 53 

Early life
Garcia's ancestors on his father's side were from Galicia in northwest Spain  His mother's ancestors were Irish and Swedish  He was born in the Excelsior District of San Francisco, California, on August 1, 1942, to Jose Ramon "Joe" Garcia and Ruth Marie "Bobbie" (née Clifford) Garcia, who was herself born in San Francisco  His parents named him after composer Jerome Kern  Jerome John was their second child, preceded by Clifford Ramon "Tiff", who was born in 1937  Shortly before Clifford's birth, their father and a partner leased a building in downtown San Francisco and turned it into a bar, partly in response to Jose being blackballed from a musicians' union for moonlighting Garcia was influenced by music at an early age, taking piano lessons for much of his childhood  His father was a retired professional musician and his mother enjoyed playing the piano  His father's extended family—which had immigrated from Spain in 1919—would often sing during reunions In 1946, two-thirds of four-year-old Garcia's right middle finger was cut off by his brother in a wood splitting accident, while the family was vacationing in the Santa Cruz Mountains  Garcia later confessed that he often used it to his advantage in his youth, showing it off to other children in his neighborhood 
Less than a year after this incident his father died in a fly fishing accident when the family was vacationing near Arcata in Northern California   He slipped after entering the Trinity River, part of the Six Rivers National Forest, and drowned before other fishermen could reach him  Although Garcia claimed he saw the incident, Dennis McNally, author of the book A Long Strange Trip: The Inside Story of the Grateful Dead, argues Garcia formed the memory after hearing others repeat the story  Blair Jackson, who wrote Garcia: An American Life, notes that a local newspaper article describing Jose's death did not mention Jerry being present when he died 

Excelsior District
Following his father's death, Garcia's mother Ruth took over her husband's bar, buying out his partner for full ownership  She began working full-time there, sending Jerry and his brother to live nearby with her parents, Tillie and William Clifford  During the five-year period in which he lived with his grandparents, Garcia enjoyed a large amount of autonomy and attended Monroe Elementary School  At the school, Garcia was greatly encouraged in his artistic abilities by his third grade teacher: through her, he discovered that "being a creative person was a viable possibility in life " According to Garcia, it was around this time that he was opened up to country and bluegrass music by his grandmother, whom he recalled enjoyed listening to the Grand Ole Opry  His elder brother, Clifford, however, staunchly believed the contrary, insisting that Garcia was "fantasizing all [that]     she'd been to Opry, but she didn't listen to it on the radio " It was at this point that Garcia started playing the banjo, his first stringed instrument 

Menlo Park
In 1953, Garcia's mother married Wally Matusiewicz  Subsequently, Garcia and his brother moved back home with their mother and new stepfather  However, due to the roughneck reputation of their neighborhood at the time, Garcia's mother moved their family to Menlo Park  During their stay in Menlo Park, Garcia became acquainted with racism and antisemitism, things he disliked intensely  The same year, Garcia was also introduced to rock and roll and rhythm and blues by his brother, and enjoyed listening to Ray Charles, John Lee Hooker, B  B  King, Hank Ballard, and, later, Chuck Berry  Clifford often memorized the vocals for his favorite songs, and would then make Garcia learn the harmony parts, a move to which Garcia later attributed much of his early ear training In mid-1957, Garcia began smoking cigarettes and was introduced to marijuana  Garcia would later reminisce about the first time he smoked marijuana: "Me and a friend of mine went up into the hills with two joints, the San Francisco foothills, and smoked these joints and just got so high and laughed and roared and went skipping down the streets doing funny things and just having a helluva time"  During this time, Garcia also studied at what is now the San Francisco Art Institute  At San Francisco Art Institute, Garcia was taught by Wally Hedrick, an artist who came to prominence during the 1960s  During the classes, he often encouraged Garcia to draw and paint, noting that Garcia had skill in both areas  Hedrick also introduced Garcia to the fiction of Jack Kerouac, whom Garcia later cited as a major influence 

San Francisco
In June, Garcia graduated from the local Menlo Oaks school  He then moved with his family back to San Francisco, where they lived in an apartment above the family bar, a newly built replacement for the original, which had been torn down to make way for a freeway entrance  Two months later, on Garcia's fifteenth birthday, his mother bought an accordion for him, to his great disappointment  Garcia had long been captivated by many rhythm and blues artists, especially Chuck Berry and Bo Diddley, leaving him craving an electric guitar  After some pleading, his mother exchanged the accordion for a Danelectro with a small amplifier at a local pawnshop  Garcia's stepfather, who was somewhat proficient with instruments, helped tune his guitar to an unusual open tuning 

Cazadero
After a short stint at Denman Junior High School, Garcia attended tenth grade at Balboa High School in 1958, where he often got into trouble for skipping classes and fighting  Consequently, in 1959, Garcia's mother again moved the family to a safer environment, to Cazadero, a small town in Sonoma County, 90 miles (140 km) north of San Francisco  This turn of events did not sit well with Garcia, who had to travel by bus thirty miles (50 km) to Analy High School in Sebastopol, the nearest school  Garcia did, however, join a band at his school known as the Chords  After performing in and winning a contest, the band's reward was recording a song  They chose "Raunchy" by Bill Justis 

Recording career
Relocation and band beginnings
Garcia stole his mother's car in 1960 and was given the option of joining the U S  Army in lieu of prison  He received basic training at Fort Ord  After training, he was transferred to Fort Winfield Scott in the Presidio of San Francisco  Garcia spent most of his time in the army at his leisure, missing roll call and accruing many counts of being AWOL  As a result, Garcia was given a general discharge on December 14, 1960 In January 1961, Garcia drove to East Palo Alto to see Laird Grant, an old friend from middle school  He had purchased a 1950 Cadillac sedan from a cook in the army, which barely made it to Grant's residence before it broke down  Garcia spent the next few weeks sleeping where friends would allow, eventually using his car as a home  Through Grant, Garcia met Dave McQueen in February, who, after hearing Garcia perform some blues music, introduced him to local people and to the Chateau, a rooming house located near Stanford University which was then a popular hangout On February 20, 1961, Garcia got into a car with Paul Speegle, a sixteen-year-old artist and acquaintance of Garcia; Lee Adams, the house manager of the Chateau and driver of the car; and Alan Trist, a companion of theirs  After speeding past the Palo Alto Veterans Hospital, the driver encountered a curve and, speeding around 90 miles per hour (140 km/h), crashed into the guard rail, sending the car rolling turbulently  Garcia was hurled through the windshield of the car into a nearby field with such force that he was literally dislodged from his shoes and later unable to recall the ejection  Lee Adams, the driver, and Alan Trist, who was seated in the back, were thrown from the car as well, resulting in abdominal injuries and a spine fracture, respectively  Garcia escaped with a broken collarbone, while Speegle, still in the car, was fatally injured Lee's reckless driving and crash served as an awakening for Garcia, who later said, "That's where my life began  Before then I was always living at less than capacity  I was idling  That was the slingshot for the rest of my life  It was like a second chance  Then I got serious"  It was at this time that Garcia began to realize that he needed to begin playing the guitar in earnest—a move which meant giving up his love of drawing and painting In April 1961, Garcia first met Robert Hunter, who would become a long-time friend of and lyricist for the Grateful Dead, collaborating principally with Garcia  The two involved themselves in the South Bay and San Francisco art and music scenes, sometimes playing at Menlo Park's Kepler's Books  Garcia performed his first concert with Hunter, each earning five dollars  Garcia and Hunter also played in bands (the Wildwood Boys and the Hart Valley Drifters) with David Nelson, who would later play with Garcia in the New Riders of the Purple Sage and contribute to several Grateful Dead album songs In 1962, Garcia met Phil Lesh, the eventual bassist of the Grateful Dead, during a party in Menlo Park's bohemian Perry Lane neighborhood (where author Ken Kesey lived)  Lesh would later write in his autobiography that Garcia reminded him of pictures he had seen of the composer Claude Debussy, with his "dark, curly hair, goatee, Impressionist eyes"  While attending another party in Palo Alto, Lesh approached Garcia to suggest they record Garcia on Lesh's tape recorder and produce a radio show for the progressive, community-supported Berkeley radio station KPFA  Using an old Wollensak tape recorder, they recorded "Matty Groves" and "The Long Black Veil", among several other tunes  The recordings became a central feature of a 90-minute KPFA special broadcast, "The Long Black Veil and Other Ballads: An Evening with Jerry Garcia"  The link between KPFA and the Grateful Dead continues to this day, having included many fundraisers, interviews, live concert broadcasts, taped band performances and all-day or all-weekend "Dead-only" marathons Garcia soon began playing and teaching acoustic guitar and banjo  One of Garcia's students was Bob Matthews, who later engineered many of the Grateful Dead's albums  Matthews attended Menlo-Atherton High School and was friends with Bob Weir, and on New Year's Eve 1963, he introduced Weir and Garcia Between 1962 and 1964, Garcia sang and performed mainly bluegrass, old-time, and folk music  One of the bands Garcia performed with was the Sleepy Hollow Hog Stompers, a bluegrass act  The group consisted of Garcia on guitar, banjo, vocals, and harmonica, Marshall Leicester on banjo, guitar, and vocals, and Dick Arnold on fiddle and vocals  Soon after this, Garcia, Weir, Ron "Pigpen" McKernan, and several of their friends formed a jug band called Mother McCree's Uptown Jug Champions  Around this time, the psychedelic drug LSD was gaining popularity  Garcia first began using LSD in 1964; later, when asked how it changed his life, he remarked: "Well, it changed everything [   ] the effect was that it freed me because I suddenly realized that my little attempt at having a straight life and doing that was really a fiction and just wasn't going to work out  Luckily I wasn't far enough into it for it to be shattering or anything; it was like a realization that just made me feel immensely relieved "In 1965, Mother McCree's Uptown Jug Champions evolved into the Warlocks, with the addition of Phil Lesh on bass guitar and Bill Kreutzmann on percussion  However, the band discovered that another group (which would later become the Velvet Underground) had recently selected the same name  In response, Garcia came up with "Grateful Dead" by opening a Funk & Wagnalls dictionary to an entry for "Grateful dead"  The definition for "Grateful dead" was "a dead person, or his angel, showing gratitude to someone who, as an act of charity, arranged their burial"  The band's first reaction was disapproval  Garcia later explained the group's reaction: "I didn't like it really, I just found it to be really powerful  [Bob] Weir didn't like it, [Bill] Kreutzmann didn't like it and nobody really wanted to hear about it " Despite their dislike of the name, it quickly spread by word of mouth, and soon became their official title 

Career with the Grateful Dead
Garcia served as lead guitarist and one of the principal vocalists and songwriters of the Grateful Dead for the band's entire career  Garcia composed songs such as "Uncle John's Band", "Dark Star", "Franklin's Tower", and "Scarlet Begonias", among many others  Robert Hunter, an ardent collaborator with the band, wrote the lyrics to all but a few of Garcia's songs Garcia was known for his "soulful extended guitar improvisations", which would frequently feature interplay between him and his fellow band members  His fame, as well as the band's, arguably rested on their ability to never play a song the same way twice  Often, Garcia would take cues from rhythm guitarist Bob Weir, remarking that "there are some [   ] kinds of ideas that would really throw me if I had to create a harmonic bridge between all the things going on rhythmically with two drums and Phil [Lesh's] innovative bass playing  Weir's ability to solve that sort of problem is extraordinary  [   ] Harmonically, I take a lot of my solo cues from Bob "When asked to describe his approach to soloing, Garcia commented: "It keeps on changing  I still basically revolve around the melody and the way it's broken up into phrases as I perceive them  With most solos, I tend to play something that phrases the way the melody does; my phrases may be more dense or have different value, but they'll occur in the same places in the song  [   ]"Garcia and the band toured almost constantly from their formation in 1965 until Garcia's death in 1995  Periodically, there were breaks due to exhaustion or health problems, often due to Garcia's drug use  During their three-decade span, the Grateful Dead played 2,314 shows 
Garcia's guitar-playing was eclectic  He melded elements from the various kinds of music that influenced him  Echoes of bluegrass playing (such as Arthur Smith and Doc Watson) could be heard  There was also early rock (like Lonnie Mack, James Burton, and Chuck Berry), contemporary blues (Freddie King and Lowell Fulsom), country and western (Roy Nichols and Don Rich), and jazz (Charlie Christian and Django Reinhardt) to be heard in Garcia's style  Don Rich was the sparkling country guitar player in Buck Owens's "the Buckaroos" band of the 1960s, but besides Rich's style, both Garcia's pedal steel guitar playing (on Grateful Dead records and others) and his standard electric guitar work, were influenced by another of Owens's Buckaroos of that time, pedal steel player Tom Brumley  And as an improvisational soloist, John Coltrane was one of his greatest personal and musical influences 
Garcia later described his playing style as having "descended from barroom rock and roll, country guitar  Just 'cause that's where all my stuff comes from  It's like that blues instrumental stuff that was happening in the late Fifties and early Sixties, like Freddie King " Garcia's style could vary with the song being played and the instrument he was using, but his playing had a number of so-called "signatures"   Among these were lead lines based on rhythmic triplets (examples include the songs "Good Morning Little School Girl", "New Speedway Boogie", "Brokedown Palace", "Deal", "Loser", "Truckin'", "That's It for the Other One", "U S  Blues", "Sugaree", and "Don't Ease Me In") 

Side projects
In addition to the Grateful Dead, Garcia participated in numerous musical side projects, including the Jerry Garcia Band  He was also involved with various acoustic projects such as Old & In the Way and other bluegrass bands, including collaborations with noted bluegrass mandolinist David Grisman  The documentary film Grateful Dawg, co-produced by Gillian Grisman and former NBC producer Pamela Hamilton chronicles the deep, long-term friendship between Garcia and Grisman  When Garcia and Grisman released Not For Kids Only, Hamilton produced their interview and concert for NBC  After several years of producing stories on the Grateful Dead and band members' side projects, Hamilton interviewed Bob Weir for a feature on Garcia's death marking the end of an era 
Other groups in which Garcia participated at one time or another include the Black Mountain Boys, Legion of Mary, Reconstruction, and the Jerry Garcia Acoustic Band  Garcia was also a fan of jazz artists and improvisation: he played with jazz keyboardists Merl Saunders and Howard Wales for many years in various groups and jam sessions, and he appeared on saxophonist Ornette Coleman's 1988 album, Virgin Beauty  His collaboration with Merl Saunders and Muruga Booker on the world music album Blues From the Rainforest launched the Rainforest Band 
Garcia spent a lot of time in the recording studio helping out fellow musician friends in session work, often adding guitar, vocals, pedal steel, sometimes banjo and piano and even producing  He played on over 50 studio albums, the styles of which were eclectic and varied, including bluegrass, rock, folk, blues, country, jazz, electronic music, gospel, funk, and reggae  Artists who sought Garcia's help included the likes of Jefferson Airplane (most notably Surrealistic Pillow, Garcia being listed as their "spiritual advisor")  Garcia himself recalled in a mid-1967 interview that he'd played the high lead on "Today," played on "Plastic Fantastic Lover" and "Comin' Back to Me" on that album  Others include Tom Fogerty, David Bromberg, Robert Hunter (Liberty, on Relix Records), Paul Pena, Peter Rowan, Warren Zevon, Country Joe McDonald, Pete Sears, Ken Nordine, Ornette Coleman, Bruce Hornsby, Bob Dylan, It's a Beautiful Day, and many more  In 1995 Garcia played on three tracks for the CD Blue Incantation by guitarist Sanjay Mishra, making it his last studio collaboration 
Throughout the early 1970s, Garcia, Lesh, Grateful Dead drummer Mickey Hart, and David Crosby collaborated intermittently with MIT-educated composer and biologist Ned Lagin on several projects in the realm of early ambient music; these include the album Seastones (released by Ned Lagin on the Round Records subsidiary) and L, an unfinished dance work composed by Ned Lagin  In 1970, Garcia participated in the soundtrack for the film Zabriskie Point 
Garcia also played pedal steel guitar for fellow-San Francisco musicians New Riders of the Purple Sage from their initial dates in 1969 to October 1971, when increased commitments with the Dead forced him to opt out of the group  He appears as a band member on their debut album New Riders of the Purple Sage, and produced Home, Home on the Road, a 1974 live album by the band  He also contributed pedal steel guitar to the enduring hit "Teach Your Children" by Crosby, Stills, Nash, & Young  Garcia also played steel guitar licks on Brewer & Shipley's 1970 album Tarkio  Despite considering himself a novice on the pedal steel, Garcia routinely ranked high in player polls  After a long lapse from playing the pedal steel, he played it once more during several of the Dead's concerts with Bob Dylan in the summer of 1987 
In 1988, Garcia agreed to perform at several major benefits including the "Soviet American Peace Walk" concert at the Band Shell, in Golden Gate Park, San Francisco, that drew 25,000 people  He was asked to play by longtime friend and fellow musician, Pete Sears, who played piano with all the bands that day, and also procured all the other musicians  Garcia, Mickey Hart and Steve Parish played the show, then were given a police escort to a Grateful Dead show across the bay later that night  Garcia also played with Nick Gravenites and Pete Sears at a benefit given for Vietnam Veteran and peace activist Brian Willson, who lost both legs below the knee when he attempted to block a train carrying weapons to military dictatorships in El Salvador 
Having previously studied at the San Francisco Art Institute as a teenager, Garcia embarked on a second career in the visual arts in the late 1980s  He created a number of drawings, etchings, and water colors  Garcia's artistic endeavors were represented by the Weir Gallery in Berkeley, California from 1989 to 1996  During this period, Roberta Weir (unrelated to Garcia's bandmate Bob Weir) provided Garcia with new art techniques to use, sponsored his first solo show in 1990, and prepared blank etching plates for him to draw on  These would then be processed and printed by gallery staff and brought back to Garcia for approval and signature, usually with a passing of stacks of paper backstage at a Dead show  His annual shows at the Weir Gallery garnered much attention, leading to further shows in New York and other cities  Garcia was an early adopter of digital art media; his artistic style was as varied as his musical output, and he carried small notebooks for pen and ink sketches wherever he toured  Roberta Weir continues to maintain an archive of the artwork of Jerry Garcia  Perhaps the most widely seen pieces of Jerry Garcia's art are the many editions of men's neckties produced by Stonehenge Ltd  and Mulberry Neckware  Some began as etchings, other designs came from his drawings, paintings, and digital art  Garcia's artwork has since expanded into everything from hotel rooms, wet suits, men's sport shirts, a women's wear line, boxer shorts, hair accessories, cummerbunds, silk scarves and wool rugs 

Personal life
Garcia met his first wife, Sara Ruppenthal, in 1963  She was working at the coffee house in the back of Kepler's Books, where Garcia, Hunter, and Nelson regularly performed  They married on April 23, 1963, and on December 8 of that year their daughter Heather was born  They divorced in 1967 Carolyn Adams, a Merry Prankster also known as "Mountain Girl" or "M G ," had a daughter, Sunshine, with Ken Kesey in 1966  Mountain Girl married another Prankster, George Walker, but they soon separated  She and Sunshine then moved into 710 Ashbury with Garcia in late 1966 where they would ultimately live together until 1975  Adams gave birth to Garcia's second and third daughters, Annabelle Walker Garcia (February 2, 1970) and Theresa Adams "Trixie" Garcia (September 21, 1974) In August 1970, Garcia's mother Ruth was involved in a car crash near Twin Peaks in San Francisco  Garcia, who was recording the album American Beauty at the time, often left the sessions to visit his mother with his brother Clifford  She died on September 28, 1970 
In the midst of a March 1973 Grateful Dead engagement at Long Island's Nassau Coliseum, Garcia met Deborah Koons, an aspiring filmmaker from a wealthy Cincinnati, Ohio-based family who would much later marry him and become his widow  After a brief correspondence, he began his relationship with her in mid-1974  This gradually strained his relationship with Adams and culminated in Garcia leaving Adams for Koons in late 1975  The end of his relationship with Koons in 1977 precipitated a brief reconciliation with Adams, including the reestablishment of their household  However, she did not agree with the guitarist's persistent use of narcotics and moved with the children to the Eugene, Oregon area, living near Kesey, in 1978 
Following Adams' departure, Garcia had an affair with Amy Moore  She was a Kentucky-born member of the extended "Grateful Dead family", and the mistress of Texas oil heir Roy Cullen  Their affair lasted circa 1980–1981, and inspired the Garcia-Hunter song "Run for the Roses "Adams and Garcia were married on December 31, 1981, largely as a result of mutual tax exigencies  Despite the legal codification of their union, she remained in Oregon, while Garcia continued to live near the Grateful Dead's offices in San Rafael, California  Garcia lived with a variety of housemates, including longtime Grateful Dead employee and Jerry Garcia Band manager Rock Scully  Scully, who co-managed the Grateful Dead throughout the mid-to-late 1960s before serving as the band's "advance man" and publicist, was dismissed by the group in 1984 for enabling Garcia's addictions and for allegedly embezzling the Garcia Band's profits  Another housemate was Nora Sage, a Deadhead who became Garcia's housekeeper while studying at the Golden Gate University School of Law  The exact nature of their relationship remains unclear, although it is believed to have been platonic due to Garcia's addictions  She later became his art representative While they would briefly reunite following his diabetic coma, Garcia and Adams ultimately divorced in 1994  Phil Lesh has subsequently stated that he rarely saw Adams on any of the band tours  In a 1991 Rolling Stone interview, Garcia stated that "we haven't really lived together since the Seventies" During the autumn of 1978, Garcia developed a friendship with Shimer College student Manasha Matheson, an artist and music enthusiast  They remained friends over the following nine years before initiating a romantic relationship in Hartford, Connecticut on the Grateful Dead's spring 1987 tour  Jerry and Manasha became parents with the birth of their daughter, Keelin Noel Garcia, on December 20, 1987  On August 17, 1990, Jerry and Manasha married at their San Anselmo, California home in a spiritual ceremony free of legal convention  In 1991, Garcia expressed his delight in finding the time to "actually be a father" to Keelin in contrast to his past relationships with his children  A year later, Garcia dedicated his first art book, Paintings, Drawings and Sketches, "For Manasha, with love, Jerry "In January 1993, Barbara "Brigid" Meier, a former girlfriend from the early 1960s, reentered Garcia's life for a brief period  Meier claimed that Garcia had considered her to be the "love of his life" and proposed to her during a Hawaiian vacation shortly after their relationship recommenced  Garcia's "love of his life" sentiment was not reserved for one lover, as he expressed the same feelings to several other women in his life  At Garcia's 1995 funeral, Koons declared that she was "the love of his life" while paying her final respects, whereupon Meier and Ruppenthal, who were both in attendance, simultaneously exclaimed, "He said that to me!"The affair with Meier marked the breakup of Jerry's family life with Manasha and Keelin  Garcia ended the affair with Meier forty-five days later while on tour in Chicago with the Grateful Dead after she confronted him about his drug use Shortly thereafter, Garcia renewed his acquaintance with Deborah Koons in the spring of 1993  They married on February 14, 1994, in Sausalito, California  Garcia and Koons were married at the time of his death 

Lifestyle and health
Because of their public profile, Garcia and his collaborators were occasionally singled out in the American government's war on drugs  On October 2, 1967, 710 Ashbury Street in San Francisco (where the Grateful Dead had taken up residence the year before) was raided after a police tip-off  Grateful Dead members Phil Lesh, Bob Weir, and Ron "Pigpen" McKernan were apprehended on marijuana charges which were later dropped, although Garcia himself was not arrested  The following year, Garcia's picture was used in a defamatory context in a campaign commercial for Richard Nixon Most of the band were arrested again in January 1970, after they flew to New Orleans from Hawaii  After returning to their hotel from a performance, the band checked into their rooms, only to be quickly raided by police  Approximately fifteen people were arrested on the spot, including many of the road crew, management, and nearly all of the Grateful Dead except for Garcia, who arrived later, outgoing keyboardist Tom Constanten, who abstained from all drugs as a member of the Church of Scientology, and McKernan, who eschewed illegal drugs in favor of alcohol According to Bill Kreutzmann, the band's use of cocaine accelerated throughout the early 1970s  After using heroin in a brothel in 1974 (likely on the band's second European tour), Garcia was introduced to a smokeable form of the drug (initially advertised as refined opium) colloquially known as "Persian" or "Persian Base" during the group's 1975 hiatus



ground_truth: no

prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: Which American actor portray Steve Urkel in "Family Matters"

The following are given passages.
Context 2:  Current bidders are Apple TV+, Hulu and Netflix 

Accolades
Notes
Passage 4:
Michelle Thomas
Michelle Doris Thomas (September 23, 1968 – December 23, 1998) was an American actress  She was known for her roles as Justine Phillips on the NBC sitcom The Cosby Show (1988–90), as Myra Monkhouse on the ABC/CBS sitcom Family Matters (1993–98), and as Callie Rogers on the CBS soap opera The Young and the Restless (1998) 

Early life and education
Michelle Thomas was born in Brookline, Massachusetts, on September 23, 1968, to Phynjuar "Penwah" Thomas, a stage actress, and musician father Dennis "Dee Tee" Thomas, a saxophonist and founding member of the band Kool & the Gang  Thomas grew up in Montclair, New Jersey, and graduated from West Essex High School in 1987 As a child, she would accompany her mother to her theater rehearsals and performances  Her mother was her first acting coach, and coached her throughout the course of her career  A friend of her mother who had heard Michelle Thomas sing before had requested that she enter Miss Talented Teens  Thomas was crowned Miss Talented Teen New Jersey at the state's Hal Jackson's Talented Teen pageant, and then in July 1984, at the age of 15, she was crowned Miss Talented Teen International in Montego Bay, Jamaica from among 35 state and national representatives 

Career
In 1983, Michelle Thomas appeared in her first television commercial  In December 1984, she appeared with Hal Jackson on Soul Train after having won the Miss Talented Teen International pageant earlier in the year From 1988 to 1990, Thomas portrayed Justine Phillips, the girlfriend of Theo Huxtable, on The Cosby Show  She appeared on various television programs, including A Man Called Hawk in 1989 and Thea in 1994  Thomas had a role in Dream Date in 1989 and had a small role in Hangin' with the Homeboys in 1991 
Thomas appeared in music videos for Mint Condition, Chubb Rock, and Dru Hill  Her publicist was Kahdijah Bell, daughter of Ronald Bell of Kool & the Gang  Thomas was a guest host of the weekly music series Soul Train in May 1996 and March 1997 From 1993 to 1998, she portrayed the role of Myra Monkhouse, the girlfriend of Steve Urkel, on Family Matters  After the sitcom ended in 1998, Thomas portrayed Callie Rogers, an aspiring singer and love interest of Malcolm Winters, on the daytime soap The Young and the Restless  In October 1998, Thomas took a medical leave from the series due to her ill health  Thomas had been in the studio recording music before her sudden turn in health  She appeared posthumously in the role of Anne in the film Unbowed in 1999 

Health and death
In August 1997, Thomas was diagnosed with a rare cancer, an intra-abdominal desmoplastic small-round-cell tumor (DSRCT)  Thomas never smoked or drank alcohol, and was a vegetarian  Her mother added that "they'd give her a sedation that was supposed to put her out for 20 minutes and she'd be asleep for four days  Her body couldn't take it " Thomas underwent surgery to remove a lemon-sized tumor shortly before landing her The Young and the Restless role in the spring of 1998  She underwent surgery again in October 1998 after a second cancerous growth ruptured  After being released from the hospital, Thomas flew home to New Jersey to spend Thanksgiving with her family in Weehawken, New Jersey On December 23, at age 30, Thomas died in New York City at Manhattan's Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center  Malcolm-Jamal Warner, Thomas' longtime friend and former boyfriend, was among those at her bedside  On December 26, 1998, a Muslim funeral service was held, per her request  She was buried in New Jersey 

Filmography
Film
Television
Music videos
Honors
Passage 5:
Boy Meets World (season 2)
The second season of the television comedy series Boy Meets World aired between September 23, 1994 and May 19, 1995, on ABC in the United States  The season was produced by Michael Jacobs Productions and Touchstone Television with series creator Michael Jacobs as executive producer  It was broadcast as part of the ABC comedy block TGIF on Friday evenings  This is the last season to have Lily Nicksay portray Morgan Matthews   (She would be replaced by Lindsay Ridgeway in season three )

Cast
Main
Ben Savage as Cory Matthews
William Daniels as George Feeny
Betsy Randle as Amy Matthews
Will Friedle as Eric Matthews
Rider Strong as Shawn Hunter
Danielle Fishel as Topanga Lawrence
Lily Nicksay as Morgan Matthews
Anthony Tyler Quinn as Jonathan Turner
William Russ as Alan Matthews

Episodes
Passage 6:
Twenty Vicodin
"Twenty Vicodin" is the eighth season premiere episode of the American television medical drama series House and the 156th overall episode of the series  It aired on Fox on October 3, 2011  The episode introduces a new regular cast member to the series, Odette Annable, who plays Dr  Jessica Adams  Jaleel White, who played Steve Urkel on the ABC show Family Matters, makes a guest appearance in the episode  In the episode, the storyline picks up eleven months after the season seventh finale with House in prison 

Plot
Eight months after being imprisoned for driving his car into Cuddy's living room, House has five days before he is granted parole, to which he has become eligible due to space issues and relatively good behavior  He is faced with prison bullies, mainly their leader (Jude Ciccolella), who extorts him into paying them "twenty Vicodin" as "exit tax", and meets Jessica Adams (Odette Annable), a young prison doctor who becomes fascinated with his medical skills  When a fellow prisoner collapses due to mysterious symptoms, House races against the clock and the head prison doctor to find the cure   During his imprisonment period, House has not had any phone calls or visitors; as House explains, human contact is what brought him there to begin with   In the end, House cures the man, but not without punishment from the parole board 

Production
"Twenty Vicodin", the eighth season premiere of House, was written by Peter Blake  It debuted actress Odette Annable as Dr  Jessica Adams, a doctor working at the prison where Dr  House is incarcerated  David Shore stated that it was a challenge for him to appropriately punish House for the deed in the season 7 finale without turning the series into a prison show or changing House's characteristics (while changing the environment around him, i e  removing Cuddy and "chilling" his relationship with Wilson), and that is why he decided to pick up the story eight months after House's incarceration 

Reception
Critical reception
The episode was received with generally good reviews  The A V  Club initially gave this episode a B− rating  Anthony Ocasio of ScreenRant com gave the episode a positive review, stating "the House season 8 premiere presents a wonderfully crafted case study, penned by executive producer Peter Blake, on the man that is House, in which Hugh Laurie masterfully traverses a new environment filled with intriguing challenges and compelling characters " Joseph Oliveto from screencrave com gave the episode a very good review, awarding the episode 9/10  Oliveto commented that Twenty Vicodin was "A tense season-opener [that] assures us that “House” hasn’t lost the magic" 

Ratings
With 9 78 million viewers, "Twenty Vicodin" was the 8th most watched program of the night  This was a decrease of 0 76 million viewers from the season seven premiere, but an increase of 0 67 million from the season 7 finale  The episode was the 14th most watched program of the week for adults 18-49  The season premiere was the second most watched program of the week in Canada with 2 81 million viewers 
Passage 7:
Shawn Harrison (actor)
Shawn Harrison (born December 28, 1973) is an American actor best known for his role as Waldo Faldo, the dim-witted but lovable chef-in-training on the ABC sitcom Family Matters from 1990 to 1996 Before sixth grade, he appeared in seven commercials such as Fruity Pebbles and Burger King  In 1986, Harrison made an appearance in the Kidsongs video "I'd Like to Teach the World to Sing" in the role of Mike  His mother died when he was 17 
Harrison has also made occasional appearances as the hairstylist Peaches on the UPN sitcom Girlfriends, and made several guest appearances on other series prior to that, including Moesha 
He provided the voice of Timber Wolf on the animated series Legion of Super Heroes, which premiered in fall 2006  He was also in an episode of Punky Brewster  He also played William K in two episodes The Ms  Pat Show 

Filmography
Film
Television
Passage 8:
Total Blackout
Total Blackout is an American game show airing on Syfy that features contestants that have to complete challenges such as: identifying things with either their hands, nose, or mouth; gathering items; or getting from point A to Point B while being totally in the dark (hence the name "Total Blackout")  The host of the show is Jaleel White, known for roles like Steve Urkel on the ABC/CBS sitcom Family Matters, and Sonic the Hedgehog in three animated shows  Each episode has four players competing to win $5,000  On occasion, episodes will feature four teams of two  The player or team who either takes the longest to do a certain task or identifies the fewest items in the allowed time is eliminated at the end of each round  The show was renewed for a second season by SyFy that started on October 30, 2012  Season 1 and 2 are now available on iTunes 
The show is originally Danish and first aired in Denmark (created by Henrik Nielsen) on Kanal 5 in 2011, where Uffe Holm was host of the show  The show was later adapted to a U S version 

Episodes
Season 1 (2012)
Season 2 (2013)
Passage 9:
Jaleel White
Jaleel Ahmad White (born November 27, 1976) is an American actor  He is best known for his role as Steve Urkel on the sitcom Family Matters  The character was originally intended to be a one-time guest appearance on the show; however, he was an instant hit with audiences and White became a regular cast member  The series aired for a total of nine seasons, from 1989 to 1997 on ABC, mostly on its Friday night TGIF lineup, and from 1997 to 1998 on CBS, again on Friday nights, via their short-lived CBS Block Party attempt  White then reprised his role as Urkel for the first time in 21 years in the 2019 series Scooby-Doo and Guess Who? 
White is also the first actor to voice the popular Sega video game character Sonic the Hedgehog in animated media, doing so in Adventures of Sonic the Hedgehog, Sonic the Hedgehog (also known as Sonic SatAM) and Sonic Underground, all of which were produced by the now-defunct DIC Entertainment studio  He then reprised his role as Sonic in the 2013 Sonic fan film 
After Family Matters ended, White went on to star in the short-lived UPN comedy series Grown Ups (1999–2000)  White then took brief hiatus from acting to attend UCLA in Los Angeles, California, where he graduated in 2001, earning a degree in film and television  He returned to acting with supporting roles in Dreamgirls (2006), and cameo appearances on another ABC series, Boston Legal, Fox's House, ABC's Castle, and USA's Psych  In 2010, he portrayed Dr  McCormick in the sci-fi film Mega Shark Versus Crocosaurus  In March 2012, White was a contestant in season 14 of Dancing with the Stars before he was voted off in May of that year, leaving him with a 7th place finish overall  In April 2012, White hosted the Syfy game show Total Blackout  In January 2017, White appeared in Bones as Officer Adams  In 2020, White had a recurring role in the one season-long Netflix series The Big Show Show 

Early life
White was born in Culver City, California, the only child of Michael White, a dentist, and Gail White, who was a homemaker  His mother later became his manager  White attended John Marshall Fundamental High School in Pasadena, California, and South Pasadena High School before graduating from UCLA in 2001  On the advice of his preschool teacher, White began acting as a child  He got his start on TV commercials at age three  One of White's notable commercial appearances was for Jell-O pudding pops alongside Bill Cosby 

Career
After starting his career at the age of three, White's first television role was a guest stint on The Jeffersons, in 1984  He later auditioned for the role of Rudy Huxtable on The Cosby Show  According to White, he was cast in the role (the character was originally intended to be male) but was replaced by Keshia Knight Pulliam when Bill Cosby decided to mirror his television family after his real life family  The following year, he was cast as the son of Flip Wilson and Gladys Knight on the CBS sitcom Charlie and Company  The series was intended to be CBS' answer to the highly rated Cosby Show which debuted on NBC in 1984  Unlike The Cosby Show, Charlie and Company did not catch on with audiences and was canceled in May 1986  In 1987, he appeared in the pilot episode for Good Morning, Miss Bliss, and had a guest role on Mr  Belvedere  In 1988, White had a supporting role in Cadets, a sitcom starring Soleil Moon Frye  The pilot episode aired during a preview special on September 25, 1988, on ABC  The series, however, was not picked up by the network  Also during the 1980s, he appeared in a few segments of NBC's One to Grow On 
White had a role in the NBC television film Camp Cucamonga  The film features an ensemble cast including Sherman Hemsley, Jennifer Aniston, and Brian Robbins  Several other child actors of the era including Chad Allen, Candace Cameron, Danica McKellar, Josh Saviano, and Breckin Meyer also appear 

Family Matters
At the age of 12, White originated his most famous role, Steve Urkel, on Family Matters   The role was initially conceived as a one-time guest appearance, but the character proved to be popular and White was given a full-time starring role  He also played several other members of the Urkel family, including his alter ego Stefan Urquelle and Myrtle Urkel  During the height of Family Matters' popularity, the character of Urkel was marketed with breakfast cereal (Urkel-Os) and an Urkel doll  In addition to starring in the series, White also wrote several episodes, including one, at age 19, that was the series' highest rated for that year  The series was a staple of ABC's TGIF lineup and became one of the longest-running sitcoms with a predominantly black cast in television history In 1992, he was featured in The Jaleel White Special, in which he played a fictionalized version of himself making a film, while also playing Steve Urkel By the time the series ended in 1998, White, who was then 21 years old, was disillusioned with the role, and had been shaken by the death of his close friend and co-star Michelle Thomas from an aggressive form of stomach cancer  Shortly after the series' cancellation, he stated in a 1999 interview, "If you ever see me do that character again, take me out and put a bullet in my head and put me out of my misery " Due to the character's popularity, White was so tightly defined by his Urkel character that he encountered difficulty finding other roles In later years, White came to terms with the character  In a 2011 interview with Vanity Fair, he addressed the 1999 "bullet" quote stating, "It's one of those things that it's very unfortunate how quotes are taken out of context  I remember that interview very vividly  I loved playing those characters     But the fact is that I was maturing      To be honest, I was retarding my own growth as a man to maintain the authenticity to what I thought that character should be " When asked if he would ever reprise the Steve Urkel role, White said, "I'll always say never say never; I'm a pretty creative person  I can't envision how I could do it in a way that would be irreverent and fun for both me and the viewing audience" 

Other career highlights
White was the original English voice of the popular video game character Sonic the Hedgehog, having been cast in 1993 (pre-dating Martin Burke and Ryan Drummond)  He voiced the character in all of the DiC-produced animated series: Adventures of Sonic the Hedgehog, Sonic SatAM, and Sonic Underground, as well as the Christmas special, Sonic Christmas Blast  In Underground, White also voiced Sonic's brother and sister, Manic and Sonia  White did not return to voice Sonic when Sonic X was released in 2003 
In 1999, White returned to television in the UPN sitcom Grown Ups  The series was based around White as a young man striking out into adulthood  He also co-produced and wrote some episodes for the show, in which he starred as "J", a college graduate struggling to establish his role in life as an adult  The pilot episode featured another former child actor, Soleil Moon Frye, known for her role as Punky Brewster, as the girl whom he chose as a roommate  The show received poor reviews from critics but debuted in second place in the ratings upon its premiere  However, ratings soon dropped and UPN canceled the series after one season White's acting roles have not been restricted to sitcoms  He has provided his voice to several animated projects including Warner Bros ' 1998 film Quest for Camelot  In 1999, he provided the voice for a teenaged Martin Luther King Jr , in Our Friend, Martin 
In 2001, White graduated from UCLA with a degree in film and television  He has continued acting and has had small parts in the films Big Fat Liar (in a cameo role) and Dreamgirls, and was featured as the lead role in the direct-to-DVD comedy Who Made the Potatoe Salad? in 2006  In 2007, he guest-starred on the CW series The Game, followed by a role as a law school graduate interviewing for a job at Crane, Poole and Schmidt in the ABC legal drama Boston Legal In June 2009, White began appearing in the web series Road to the Altar  In the series, White stars as Simon, a 30-something black man marrying a young Jewish girl named Rochelle  In September 2009, White guest starred on the USA Network series Psych, as an estranged college singing buddy of the character Gus 
In June 2010, White starred in the web series Fake It Till You Make It  He also serves as writer and producer of the series  The series, which premiered on Hulu, follows the exploits of former child star Reggie Cullen (White) turned image consultant and his three protégés as they hustle to navigate Hollywood  In March 2011, White guest starred on the TBS sitcom Are We There Yet?, which reunited him with fellow Family Matters cast member Telma Hopkins  Later that same year, White appeared as the star in Cee-Lo Green's music video for his song "Cry Baby" In October 2011, White appeared in the season 8 premiere of House, titled "Twenty Vicodin", where he appears as a well-connected inmate, occasionally helping Hugh Laurie's character Gregory House to sneak contraband into the prison  In April 2012, White began hosting the Syfy game show Total Blackout In March 2012, White began competing on the 14th season of Dancing with the Stars  He was partnered with two-time dance champion Kym Johnson  In the opening night's performance, White and Johnson danced the Foxtrot to "The Way You Look Tonight"  They earned a total of 26 points out of 30  White was voted off the series in May 2012 In 2015, White appeared in a Scion commercial In 2017, it was announced that CBS picked up his single camera comedy series Me, Myself & I with Bobby Moynihan, that premiered in September 2017  After six episodes, it was pulled from the fall schedule, leaving seven episodes unaired, with the network airing the remaining episodes in the summer 

Personal life
White dated actress Christine Lakin from fellow TGIF show Step by Step in the early 90s 
White has one daughter, Samaya (born in 2009), with ex-girlfriend Bridget Hardy In 2021, White announced the launch of his ItsPurpl line of cannabis products featuring the Purple Urkle strain, set for debut on April 20 at California dispensaries White has a memorial set up in his home for his Family Matters co-star Michelle Thomas, who died in 1998 of stomach cancer, shortly after the series had wrapped  He has described Thomas as a 'big sister' who was, for a period of time in the early seasons of the show, his closest friend on set, and has stated that his childhood seemed to officially end with her death 

Filmography
Film
Television
Web
Awards and nominations
Context 3:  Influenced by the stresses of creating and releasing The Grateful Dead Movie and the acrimonious collapse of the band's independent record labels over the next two years, Garcia became increasingly dependent upon both substances  These factors, combined with the alcohol and drug abuse of several other members of the Grateful Dead, resulted in a turbulent atmosphere  By 1978, the band's chemistry began "cracking and crumbling", resulting in poor group cohesion  As a result, Keith and Donna Jean Godchaux left the band in February 1979 With the addition of keyboardist/vocalist Brent Mydland that year amid the ongoing coalescence of the Deadhead subculture, the band reached new commercial heights as a touring group on the American arena circuit in the early 1980s, enabling them to forsake studio recording for several years  Nevertheless, this was offset by such factors as the band's atypically large payroll and Garcia's $700-a-day (equivalent to $2,100 in 2022) drug addiction, resulting in the guitarist taking on a frenetic slate of solo touring outside of the Grateful Dead's rigorous schedule, including abbreviated acoustic duo concerts with Jerry Garcia Band bassist John Kahn that were widely rumored to be a funding conduit for their respective addictions 
Though things seemed to be getting better for the band, Garcia's health was declining  By 1983, Garcia's demeanor onstage had appeared to change  Despite still playing the guitar with great passion and intensity, there were times that he would appear disengaged; as such, shows were often inconsistent  Years of heavy tobacco smoking had affected his voice, and he gained considerable weight  By 1984, he would often rest his chin on the microphone during performances  The so-called "endless tour"—the result of years of financial risks, drug use, and poor business decisions—had taken its toll 
Garcia's decade-long heroin addiction culminated in the rest of the band holding an intervention in January 1985  Given the choice between the band or the drugs, Garcia agreed to check into a rehabilitation center in Oakland, California  A few days later in January, before the start of his program in Oakland, Garcia was arrested for drug possession in Golden Gate Park; he subsequently attended a drug diversion program  Throughout 1985, he tapered his drug use on tour and at home with the assistance of Nora Sage; by the spring of 1986, he was completely abstinent 
Precipitated by an unhealthy weight, dehydration, bad eating habits, and a recent relapse on the Grateful Dead's first stadium tour, Garcia collapsed into a diabetic coma in July 1986, waking up five days later  He later spoke about this period of unconsciousness as surreal: "Well, I had some very weird experiences  My main experience was one of furious activity and tremendous struggle in a sort of futuristic, space-ship vehicle with insectoid presences  After I came out of my coma, I had this image of myself as these little hunks of protoplasm that were stuck together kind of like stamps with perforations between them that you could snap off " Garcia's coma had a profound effect on him: it forced him to have to relearn how to play the guitar, as well as other, more basic skills  Within a handful of months, he had recovered, playing with the Jerry Garcia Band and the Grateful Dead again later that year After Garcia's recovery, the band released a comeback album In the Dark in 1987, which became their best-selling studio album  Inspired by Garcia's improved health, a successful album and the continuing emergence of Mydland as a third frontman, the band's energy and chemistry reached a new peak in the late 1980s 
Amid a litany of personal problems, Mydland died of a speedball overdose in July 1990  His death greatly affected Garcia, leading him to believe that the band's chemistry would never be the same  Before beginning the fall tour, the band acquired keyboardists Vince Welnick and Bruce Hornsby  The power of Hornsby's performances drove Garcia to new heights on stage  However, as the band continued through 1991, Garcia became concerned with the band's future  He was exhausted from five straight years of touring  He thought a break was necessary, mainly so that the band could come back with fresh material  The idea was put off by the pressures of management, and the touring continued  Garcia began using heroin again after several years of intermittent prescription opiate use  Though his relapse was brief, the band was quick to react  Soon after the last show of the tour in Denver, Garcia was confronted by the band with another intervention  After a disastrous meeting, Garcia invited Phil Lesh over to his home in San Rafael, California, where he explained that after the meeting he would start attending a methadone clinic  Garcia said that he wanted to clean up in his own way, and return to making music After returning from the band's 1992 summer tour, Garcia became sick, a throwback to his diabetic coma in 1986  Manasha Garcia nursed Jerry back to health and organized a team of health professionals which included acupuncturist Yen Wei Choong and Randy Baker, MD, a holistic family physician to treat him at home  Garcia recovered over the following days, despite the Grateful Dead having to cancel their fall tour to allow him time to recuperate  Garcia reduced his cigarette smoking and began losing weight  He also became a vegetarian Despite these improvements, Garcia's physical and mental condition continued to decline throughout 1993 and 1994  He began to use narcotics again to dull the pain 
In light of his second drug relapse and current condition, Garcia checked himself into the Betty Ford Center during July 1995  His stay was limited, lasting only two weeks  Motivated by the experience, he then checked into the Serenity Knolls treatment center in Forest Knolls, California, where he died 

Death
Garcia died in his room at the rehabilitation clinic on August 9, 1995  The cause of death was a heart attack  Garcia had long struggled with drug addiction, weight problems, sleep apnea, heavy smoking, and diabetes—all of which contributed to his physical decline  Lesh remarked that, upon hearing of Garcia's death, "I was struck numb  I had lost my oldest surviving friend, my brother " Garcia's funeral was held on August 12, at St  Stephen's Episcopal Church in Belvedere  It was attended by his family, the remaining Grateful Dead members, and their friends, including former pro basketball player Bill Walton and musician Bob Dylan  Deborah Koons barred two of Garcia's former wives from the ceremony On August 13, about 25,000 people attended a municipally sanctioned public memorial at the Polo Fields of San Francisco's Golden Gate Park  Crowds produced hundreds of flowers, gifts, images, and a bagpipe rendition of "Amazing Grace" in remembrance  In the Haight, a single white rose was reportedly tied to a tree near the Dead's former Haight-Ashbury house, where a group of followers gathered to mourn On the morning of April 4, 1996, after a total lunar eclipse earlier that day, Weir and Deborah Koons accompanied by Sanjay Mishra, spread half of Garcia's ashes into the Ganges at the holy city of Rishikesh, India, a site sacred to Hindus  The remaining ashes were poured into the San Francisco Bay  Koons did not allow former wife Carolyn Garcia to attend the spreading of the ashes 

Musical equipment
Garcia played many guitars during his career, which ranged from student and budget models to custom-made instruments  During his thirty-five year career as a professional musician, Garcia used about 25 guitars In 1965, when Garcia was playing with the Warlocks, he used a Guild Starfire, which he also used on the début album of the Grateful Dead  Beginning in late 1967 and ending in 1968, Garcia played black or gold mid-1950s Gibson Les Paul guitars with P-90 pickups  In 1969, he picked up the Gibson SG and used it for most of that year and 1970, except for a small period in between where he used a sunburst Fender Stratocaster 
During Garcia's "pedal steel flirtation period" (as Bob Weir referred to it in Anthem to Beauty), from approximately 1969 to 1972, he initially played a Fender instrument before upgrading to the ZB Custom D-10, especially in his earlier public performances  Although this was a double neck guitar, Garcia used the "E9 neck and the three pedals to raise the tone and two levers to lower it " He employed an Emmons D-10 at the Grateful Dead's and New Riders of the Purple Sage's final appearances at the Fillmore East in April 1971 In 1969, Garcia played pedal steel on three notable outside recordings: the track "The Farm" on the Jefferson Airplane album Volunteers, the track "Oh Mommy" by Brewer and Shipley and the hit single "Teach Your Children" by Crosby, Stills, Nash & Young from their album Déjà Vu, released in 1970  Garcia played on the latter album in exchange for harmony lessons for the Grateful Dead, who were at the time recording Workingman's Dead In 1971, Garcia began playing a sunburst Les Paul  In March and April 1971 – the time period during which the Grateful Dead recorded its second live album, Grateful Dead – Garcia played the "Peanut," a guitar he had received from Rick Turner, who had custom built the guitar's body and incorporated the neck, pickups, and hardware from an early '60s Les Paul 
In May, Garcia began using a 1955 natural finish Stratocaster that had been given to him by Graham Nash in 1969  Garcia added an alligator sticker to the pickguard in the fall of 1971, and the thusly-named "Alligator" would remain Garcia's principal electric guitar until August 1973 
In the summer of 1971, Garcia also played a double-cutaway Les Paul TV Junior 
While Alligator was in the shop in the summer of 1972, he briefly reverted to the sunburst Stratocaster; this can be seen in Sunshine Daydream 
In late 1972, Garcia purchased the first guitar ("Eagle") made by Alembic luthier Doug Irwin for $850 (equivalent to $5,900 in 2022)  Enamored of Irwin's talents, he immediately commissioned his own custom instrument  This guitar, nicknamed "Wolf" for a memorable sticker Garcia added below the tailpiece, was delivered in May 1973 and replaced Alligator on stage in September  It cost $1,500 (equivalent to $9,900 in 2022), an extremely high price for the era Wolf was made with an ebony fingerboard and featured numerous embellishments like alternating grain designs in the headstock, ivory inlays, and fret marker dots made of sterling silver  The body was composed of western maple wood which had a core of purpleheart  Garcia later had Irwin (who ultimately left Alembic to start his own business) replace the electronics inside the guitar, at which point he added his own logo to the headstock alongside the Alembic logo  The system included two interchangeable plates for configuring pickups: one was made for strictly single coils, while the other accommodated humbuckers  Shortly after receiving the modified instrument, Garcia commissioned another custom guitar from Irwin with one caveat: "Don't hold back "During the Grateful Dead's 1974 European tour, Wolf was dropped on several occasions, one of which caused a minor crack in the headstock  Following filming of The Grateful Dead Movie (in which the guitar is prominently visible) a month later, Garcia returned it to Irwin for repairs  Throughout its absence, Garcia predominantly played several Travis Bean guitars, including the TB1000A (1975) and the TB500 (1976-1977)  On September 28, 1977, Irwin delivered the refurbished Wolf back to Garcia  The wolf sticker which gave the guitar its name had now been inlaid into the instrument; it also featured an effects loop between the pick-ups and controls (so inline effects would "see" the same signal at all times) which was bypassable  Irwin also put a new face on the headstock with only his logo (he later claimed to have built the guitar himself, though pictures through time clearly show the progression of logos, from Alembic, to Alembic & Irwin, to only Irwin) Nearly seven years after he commissioned it, Garcia received his second custom guitar ("Tiger") from Irwin in the summer of 1979 
He first employed the instrument in concert at a Grateful Dead performance at the Oakland Auditorium Arena on August 4, 1979  Its name was derived from the inlay on the preamp cover 
The body of Tiger was of rich quality: the top layer was cocobolo, with the preceding layers being maple stripe, vermilion, and flame maple, in that order  The neck was made of western maple with an ebony fingerboard  The pickups consisted of a single coil DiMarzio SDS-1 and two humbucker DiMarzio Super IIs which were easily removable due to Garcia's preference for replacing his pickups every year or two  The electronics were composed of an effects bypass loop, which allowed Garcia to control the sound of his effects through the tone and volume controls on the guitar, and a preamplifier/buffer which rested behind a plate in the back of the guitar  Fully outfitted, Tiger weighed 13+1⁄2 pounds (6 1 kg)  This was Garcia's principal guitar for the next eleven years, and most played 
In the late 1980s Garcia, Weir and CSN (along with many others) endorsed Alvarez Yairi acoustic guitars   There are many photographs circulating (mostly promotional) of Garcia playing a DY99 Virtuoso Custom with a Modulus Graphite neck   He opted to play with the less decorated model but the promotional photo from the Alvarez Yairi catalog has him holding the "tree of life" model  This hand-built guitar was notable for the collaboration between Japanese luthier Kazuo Yairi and Modulus Graphite of San Rafael   As with most things Garcia, with his passing, the DY99 model is highly valued among collectors 
In 1990, Irwin completed "Rosebud", Garcia's fourth custom guitar  It was similar to his previous guitar Tiger in many respects, but featured different inlays and electronics, tone and volume controls, and weight  Rosebud, unlike Tiger, was configured with three humbuckers; the neck and bridge pickups shared a tone control, while the middle had its own  Atop the guitar was a Roland GK-2 pickup which fed the controller set inside the guitar  The GK2 was used in junction with the Roland GR-50 rack mount synthesizer  The GR-50 synthesizer in turn drove a Korg M1R synthesizer producing the MIDI effects heard during live performances of this period as heard on the Grateful Dead recording Without a Net  Sections of the guitar were hollowed out to bring the weight down to 11+1⁄2 pounds (5 2 kg)  The inlay, a dancing skeleton holding a rose, covers a plate just below the bridge  The final cost of the instrument was $11,000 (equivalent to $24,600 in 2022) In 1993, carpenter-turned-luthier Stephen Cripe tried his hand at making an instrument for Garcia  After researching Tiger through pictures and films, Cripe set out on what would soon become known as "Lightning Bolt", again named for its inlay 
The guitar used Brazilian rosewood for the fingerboard and East Indian rosewood for the body, which, with admitted irony from Cripe, had been taken from a 19th-century bed used by opium smokers  Built purely from guesswork, Lightning Bolt was a hit with Garcia, who began using the guitar exclusively  Soon after, Garcia requested that Cripe build a backup of the guitar  Cripe, who had not measured or photographed the original, was told simply to "wing it "Cripe later delivered the backup, which was known by the name "Top Hat"  Garcia bought it from him for $6,500, making it the first guitar that Cripe had ever sold  However, infatuated with Lightning Bolt, Garcia rarely used the backup 
After Garcia's death, the ownership of Wolf and Tiger came into question  According to Garcia's will, his guitars were bequeathed to Doug Irwin, who had constructed them 
The remaining Grateful Dead members disagreed – they considered his guitars to be property of the band, leading to a lawsuit between the two parties  In 2001, Irwin won the case  However, nearly having been left destitute from a traffic accident in 1998, he decided to place the guitars up for auction in hopes of being able to start another guitar workshop On May 8, 2002, Wolf and Tiger, among other memorabilia, were placed for auction at Studio 54 in New York City  Tiger was sold for $957,500, and Wolf for $789,500  Together, the pair sold for $1 74 million, setting a new world record  Wolf went into in the private collection of Daniel Pritzker who kept it in a secure climate controlled room in a private residence at Utica, N Y  Tiger went to the private collection of Indianapolis Colts owner Jim Irsay 
In May 2017, Wolf was again auctioned, but this time for charity  Pritzker decided to sell the guitar and donate all proceeds to the Montgomery, Alabama based Southern Poverty Law Center Brian Halligan placed the winning bid totaling $1 9M For the majority of 2019 Wolf and Tiger were included in the Play it Loud exhibit at the Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York City  On June 23, 2019 John Mayer played Wolf with Dead & Co  at Citi Field 

Legacy
Garcia was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame as a member of the Grateful Dead in 1994  He declined to attend the ceremony; the band jokingly brought a cardboard cutout of Garcia out on stage in his absence In 1987, Vermont ice cream maker Ben & Jerry's introduced their Cherry Garcia flavor dedicated to him  It was the first ice cream flavor dedicated to a musician In 2003, Rolling Stone ranked Jerry Garcia 13th in their list of the "100 Greatest Guitarists of All Time" According to fellow Bay Area guitar player Henry Kaiser, Garcia is "the most recorded guitarist in history  With more than 2,200 Grateful Dead concerts, and 1,000 Jerry Garcia Band concerts captured on tape – as well as numerous studio sessions – there are about 15,000 hours of his guitar work preserved for the ages "On July 30, 2004, Melvin Seals was the first Jerry Garcia Band (JGB) member to headline an outdoor music and camping festival called "The Grateful Garcia Gathering"  Jerry Garcia Band drummer David Kemper joined Melvin Seals and JGB in 2007  Other musicians and friends of Garcia include Donna Jean Godchaux, Mookie Siegel, Pete Sears, G E  Smith, Chuck Hammer, Barry Sless, Jackie Greene, Brian Lesh, Sanjay Mishra, and Mark Karan 
On July 21, 2005, the San Francisco Recreation and Park Commission passed a resolution to name the amphitheater in McLaren Park "The Jerry Garcia Amphitheater " The amphitheater is located in the Excelsior District, where Garcia grew up  The first show to happen at the Jerry Garcia Amphitheater was Jerry Day 2005 on August 7, 2005  Jerry's brother, Tiff Garcia, was the first person to welcome everybody to the "Jerry Garcia Amphitheater "  Jerry Day is an annual celebration of Garcia in his childhood neighborhood  The dedication ceremony (Jerry Day 2) on October 29, 2005, was officiated by mayor Gavin Newsom 
On September 24, 2005, the Comes a Time: A Celebration of the Music & Spirit of Jerry Garcia tribute concert was held at the Hearst Greek Theatre in Berkeley, California  The concert featured Bob Weir, Bill Kreutzmann, Mickey Hart, Bruce Hornsby, Trey Anastasio, Warren Haynes, Jimmy Herring, Michael Kang, Jay Lane, Jeff Chimenti, Mark Karan, Robin Sylvester, Kenny Brooks, Melvin Seals, Merl Saunders, Marty Holland, Stu Allen, Gloria Jones, and Jackie LaBranch 
Georgia-based composer Lee Johnson released an orchestral tribute to the music of the Grateful Dead, recorded with the Russian National Orchestra, entitled "Dead Symphony: Lee Johnson Symphony No  6 " Johnson was interviewed on NPR on the July 26, 2008 broadcast of Weekend Edition, and gave much credit to the genius and craft of Garcia's songwriting  A live performance with the Baltimore Symphony Orchestra, conducted by Johnson himself, was held Friday, August 1 In 2010 the Santa Barbara Bowl in California opened Jerry Garcia Glen along the walk up to the venue  There is a statue of Garcia's right hand along the way 
Seattle rock band Soundgarden wrote and recorded the instrumental song "Jerry Garcia's Finger", dedicated to the singer, which was released as a b-side with their single "Pretty Noose" 
Numerous music festivals across the United States and Uxbridge, Middlesex, UK hold annual events in memory of Jerry Garcia 
On May 14, 2015, an all-star lineup held a tribute concert for Garcia at Merriweather Post Pavilion in Columbia, Maryland  The event was called "Dear Jerry" In 2015, Hunter and Garcia were inducted into the Songwriters Hall of Fame  Hunter accepted the award along with Garcia's daughter, Trixie Garcia, who accepted on behalf of her father 
In 2015, Jerry Garcia's wife, Manasha Garcia and their daughter, Keelin Garcia launched The Jerry Garcia Foundation, a nonprofit charity that supports projects for artistic, environmental, and humanitarian causes  The Foundation's Board members are Bob Weir, Peter Shapiro, Glenn Fischer, Irwin Sternberg, Daniel Shiner, TRI Studios CEO, Christopher McCutcheon and Fender Music Foundation Executive Director, 
Lynn Robison  Keelin Garcia said, "It is a tremendous honor to participate in nonprofit work that is in accordance with my father's values "In 2017 Garcia's music was featured in Red Roses, Green Gold, an off-Broadway musical featuring the music of Garcia and Robert Hunter, with additional music by Phil Lesh, Bob Weir, Mickey Hart, and Hunter's longtime collaborator Greg Anton  The production was directed and choreographed by Rachel Klein, featured a book by Michael Norman Mann, had Jeff Chimenti serving as music supervisor, and was performed at the Minetta Lane Theatre in New York City In 2018, Jerry Garcia family members, Keelin Garcia and Manasha Garcia launched the Jerry Garcia Music Arts independent music label On November 18, 2021, it was announced Jonah Hill would portray Garcia in a forthcoming Grateful Dead biopic written by Scott Alexander and Larry Karaszewski directed by Martin Scorsese for Apple TV+ 

Discography
New Riders of the Purple Sage – New Riders of the Purple Sage – 1971
Hooteroll? – Howard Wales and Jerry Garcia – 1971
Garcia – Jerry Garcia – 1972
Live at Keystone – Merl Saunders, Jerry Garcia, John Kahn, Bill Vitt – 1973
Compliments – Jerry Garcia – 1974
Old & In the Way – Old & In the Way – 1975
Reflections – Jerry Garcia – 1976
Cats Under the Stars – Jerry Garcia Band – 1978
Run for the Roses – Jerry Garcia – 1982
Vintage NRPS – New Riders of the Purple Sage – 1986
Keystone Encores – Merl Saunders, Jerry Garcia, John Kahn, Bill Vitt – 1988
Almost Acoustic – Jerry Garcia Acoustic Band – 1988
Jerry Garcia / David Grisman – Jerry Garcia and David Grisman – 1991
Jerry Garcia Band – Jerry Garcia Band – 1991
Not for Kids Only – Jerry Garcia and David Grisman – 1993

Notes
Passage 4:
Garcia Plays Dylan
Garcia Plays Dylan is an album composed of various live performances featuring Jerry Garcia playing covers of Bob Dylan songs   It is culled from performances from 1973–1995, and features Garcia playing with Grateful Dead, Legion of Mary, Jerry Garcia Band, and Garcia-Saunders   Garcia takes lead vocals on all tracks 
Another collection, Postcards of the Hanging, features more Dylan covers performed by the Grateful Dead (with lead vocals shared among Garcia, Bob Weir and Phil Lesh) 

Track listing
All songs composed by Bob Dylan, except "Tears of Rage" by Richard Manuel and Bob Dylan 
Disc one

"It Takes a Lot to Laugh, It Takes a Train to Cry" – 8:12
"Tough Mama" – 9:17
"Positively 4th Street" – 10:46
"The Wicked Messenger" – 13:20
"Knockin' on Heaven's Door" – 17:15
"Simple Twist Of Fate" – 10:58
"I Shall Be Released" – 7:40Disc two

"When I Paint My Masterpiece" – 14:00
"She Belongs to Me" – 6:31
"Forever Young" – 9:05
"Tangled Up In Blue" – 11:48
"Senor (Tales of Yankee Power)" – 7:16
"Visions of Johanna" – 9:21
"Quinn the Eskimo (The Mighty Quinn)" – 5:15
"It's All Over Now, Baby Blue" – 7:07"Tangled Up In Blue" later released with entire concert on Garcia Live Volume 19
"It's All Over Now, Baby Blue" later released with entire concert on Spring 1990Bonus Disc – Garcia Plays Dylan Again

"It Takes a Lot to Laugh, It Takes a Train to Cry" (acoustic) – 5:38
"Tears of Rage" – 8:19
"Going, Going, Gone" – 18:56

Track information
Disc one

Jerry Garcia & Merl Saunders   Recorded Live at The Boarding House, San Francisco, CA (1/25/73)
Jerry Garcia Band  Recorded Live at Keystone, Berkeley, CA (11/18/75)
Jerry Garcia Band  Recorded Live at Keystone, Berkeley, CA (11/17/75)
Legion Of Mary   Recorded Live at Oriental Theatre, Milwaukee, WI (4/19/75)
Jerry Garcia Band   Recorded Live at Keystone, Berkeley, CA (2/15/76)
Jerry Garcia Band   Recorded Live at Santa Cruz Civic Auditorium, Santa Cruz, CA (2/19/78)
Jerry Garcia Band   Recorded Live at the Warfield Theatre, San Francisco, CA (11/28/87)Disc two

Jerry Garcia Band   Recorded Live at The Stone, San Francisco, CA (2/2/80)
Grateful Dead  Recorded Live at Frost Amphitheater, Palo Alto, CA (4/28/85)
Jerry Garcia Band   Recorded Live at the Warfield Theatre, San Francisco, CA (3/4/88)
Jerry Garcia Band   Recorded Live at Oakland Coliseum, Oakland, CA (10/31/92)
Jerry Garcia Band   Recorded Live at the Warfield Theatre, San Francisco, CA (4/23/93)
Grateful Dead   Recorded Live at Soldier Field, Chicago, IL (7/8/95)
Grateful Dead   Recorded Live at Sullivan Stadium, Foxboro, MA (7/2/89)
Grateful Dead   Recorded Live at Copps Coliseum, Hamilton, Ontario (3/22/90)Bonus Disc - "Garcia Plays Dylan Again"

Garcia/Kahn  Neighbors of Woodcraft, Portland, OR - late show (06/04/82)
Jerry Garcia Band  Greek Theater, Berkeley, CA - (08/05/90)
Legion Of Mary  Keystone, Berkeley, CA - (05/22/75)

Credits
Jerry Garcia - guitar, vocals

Jerry Garcia & Merl Saunders
Merl Saunders - organ
John Kahn - electric bass
Bill Vitt - drums

Jerry Garcia Band
Nicky Hopkins - piano on disc 1, tracks 2-3
John Kahn - bass
Ron Tutt - drums on disc 1, tracks 2-3 & 5
Keith Godchaux - piano on disc 1, tracks 5-6
Donna Godchaux - vocals on disc 1, track 5
Buzz Buchanan - drums on disc 1, track 6
Gloria Jones - vocals on disc 1, track 7, disc 2, tracks 3-5
David Kemper - drums on disc 1, track 7, disc 2, tracks 3-5
Jackie LaBranch - vocals on disc 1, track 7, disc 2, tracks 3-5
Ozzie Ahlers - keyboards on disc 2, track 1
Johnny de Fonseca - drums on disc 2, track 1

Legion of Mary
Merl Saunders - organ
John Kahn - bass
Ron Tutt - drums
Martin Fierro - saxophone

Grateful Dead
Bob Weir - guitar, vocals
Phil Lesh - bass, vocals
Brent Mydland - keyboards, vocals on disc 2, tracks 2 & 7-8
Mickey Hart - drums
Bill Kreutzmann - drums
Vince Welnick - keyboards on disc 2, track 6

See also
List of songs written by Bob Dylan
List of artists who have covered Bob Dylan songs
Passage 5:
Cats Under the Stars
Cats Under the Stars is the only studio album by the American rock band the Jerry Garcia Band  Released in 1978 on Arista Records, the album was the first release by the group, which was a long-running side project of Grateful Dead singer and guitarist Jerry Garcia  While the band continued until 1995, they were primarily a live concert act following the release of Cats Under the Stars and never recorded another studio effort  Grateful Dead members Keith and Donna Godchaux, who were at the time also part of the Garcia Band, contributed to the album 

Recording and release
The album was the first to be recorded at the Grateful Dead's Club Front in San Rafael, a warehouse space that had been acquired for band rehearsals and then converted to a studio  Garcia explained "[Ron] Tutt liked the drum sound in the room and we hadn't really thought about it before, so we whipped the place into a recording studio "The record was not a financial success, but it remained Garcia's favorite, as he said in an interview in the late 1980s: "The record I worked hardest at and liked best was Cats Under the Stars  That was kind of like my baby  It did worse than any other record I ever did  I think I probably gave away more copies than I sold  It was amazingly, pathetically bad  But I’ve learned not to invest a lot of importance in 'em, although it's nice to care about your work "
On another occasion in the early '80s he said "Cats Under the Stars is my favorite one  That's the one that I’m happiest with, from every point of view in which I operate on that record  We did all those tunes on tour right after the album came out, with John and Maria, Keith and Donna and I think Ronnie Tutt was still playing drums with us on those first few tours " (Although Ron Tutt played on the album, he left the band before the album was released and was replaced by Buzz Buchanan )
In the early '90s he still thought well of the album: "As far as I'm concerned Cats Under the Stars is my most successful record — even though it's my least successful record! I've always loved it and it just never went anywhere " In an interview with Joel Selvin he was more succinct; "[Cats Under the Stars] had everything — chops, production, songs "
Cats Under the Stars peaked at No  114 on the Billboard 200 "Rubin and Cherise" was the only song from the album to be subsequently performed by the Grateful Dead, who debuted the song in concert in 1991 

Critical reception
On AllMusic, Lindsay Planer wrote, "Jerry Garcia's fourth solo album was the first to be released under the collective title of the Jerry Garcia Band    However, unlike his previous effort, Cats Under the Stars contains all new original material     Many Deadheads and critics alike feel as if Cats Under the Stars is Garcia's best non-Dead effort   "

Track listing
Side one

"Rubin And Cherise" (Robert Hunter, Jerry Garcia) – 5:17
"Love In The Afternoon" (Hunter, John Kahn) – 4:09
"Palm Sunday" (Hunter, Garcia) – 2:21
"Cats Under The Stars" (Hunter, Garcia) – 5:31Side two

"Rhapsody In Red" (Hunter, Garcia, Kahn) – 5:11
"Rain" (Donna Godchaux) – 5:53
"Down Home" (Kahn) – 1:46
"Gomorrah" (Hunter, Garcia) – 5:26The album was reissued in the All Good Things: Jerry Garcia Studio Sessions box set with the following bonus tracks:

 "Magnificent Sanctuary Band" (Dorsey Burnette) – 3:50
"I'll Be With Thee" (Dorothy Love Coates) – 6:01
"The Way You Do the Things You Do" (Smokey Robinson, Robert "Bobby" Rogers) – 5:01
"Mighty High" (David Crawford, Richard Downing) – 3:04
"Don't Let Go" (Jesse Stone) – 15:59
"Down Home" (Rehearsal Version) (Kahn) – 1:49
"Palm Sunday" (Alternate Take) (Hunter, Garcia) – 2:24Tracks 9 & 11-13 are from a rehearsal session in November 1976 

Personnel
Jerry Garcia BandJerry Garcia - guitar, vocals
Donna Jean Godchaux - vocals
Keith Godchaux - keyboards, background vocals
John Kahn - basses, keyboards, guitar, orchestration
Ron Tutt - drums, percussion
Maria Muldaur - background vocals on tracks 2, 8 & 10Additional musiciansMerl Saunders - organ
Stephen Schuster - flute, clarinet, saxophone
Brian Godchaux - violin
Candy Godchaux - violinProductionEngineers - Betty Cantor-Jackson, Bob Matthews
Assistants - Harry Popick, Steve Parrish, Bill Candelario, Ramrod
Cover art - Kelly Mouse Studios
Passage 6:
Sugaree
"Sugaree" is a song with lyrics by long-time Grateful Dead lyricist Robert Hunter and music by guitarist Jerry Garcia  It was written for Jerry Garcia's first solo album Garcia, which was released in January 1972  As with the songs on the rest of the album, Garcia plays every instrument himself except drums, played by Bill Kreutzmann, including acoustic guitar, bass guitar, and an electric guitar played through a Leslie speaker  Released as a single from the Garcia album, "Sugaree" peaked at #94 on the Billboard Hot 100 in April 1972 and was Garcia's only single ever on that chart The song was first performed live by the Grateful Dead on July 31, 1971, at the Yale Bowl at Yale University, as was the song "Mr  Charlie"  They played the song in numerous other concerts, including those later released as Dick's Picks Volume 3 and One from the Vault 

Predecessors
Rusty York recorded a Marty Robbins-penned song in 1959 (Chess 1730) also called, "Sugaree" Elizabeth Cotten, a North Carolina folksinger, wrote and recorded a song called "Shake Sugaree" in 1966  The chorus of Cotten's song is "Oh lordie me/Didn't I shake sugaree?" Hunter was aware of this song when he wrote "Sugaree "Fred Neil released a song in 1966 on his eponymous album called "I've Got a Secret (Didn't We Shake Sugaree) "
It can also be heard on "Echoes of My Mind - The Best of Fred Neil 1963-1971" 
In 1970, singer-songwriter Keith Colley released the single "Sugaree (Sugar Every Day And Night Girl)" on the Challenge label 

References in popular culture
The song is mentioned in Stephen King's 1981 novel Cujo 
The Persuasions included this song on their 2000 album of Grateful Dead covers, Might as Well… The Persuasions Sing Grateful Dead Graham Parker covered the track on his 2004 album, Your Country Nick Barker covered this song on his album Black Water Blues released in 2009 
Jackie Greene recorded a cover for his 2009 release The Grateful EP 
On the 2016 charity album Day of the Dead, "Sugaree" was covered by Jenny Lewis and the band Phosphorescent 

See also
Dark Star
Musical improvisation
Passage 7:
Sandy Rothman
Sandy Rothman (born January 30, 1946, Miami, Florida) is an American, San Francisco Bay Area bluegrass multi-instrumentalist and record producer   He plays mandolin, dobro and banjo, and he also sings   Rothman was a friend and colleague of Grateful Dead bandleader Jerry Garcia, and a member of the Jerry Garcia Acoustic Band  He played bluegrass with Garcia and David Nelson as the Black Mountain Boys in 1964, and has played with Bill Monroe and his Blue Grass Boys, Earl Taylor, Red Allen, Jimmie Skinner, Larry Sparks, the Kentucky Colonels, Country Joe McDonald, Kathy Kallick and Clarence White, among other musicians  He has been described as "one of the chief biscuits when and where bluegrass music is discussed, scribed, or performed in northern California "

Discography
Almost Acoustic – Jerry Garcia Acoustic Band – Arista Records (1988) (producer and performer)
The Old Road to Home – Sandy Rothman – Tonebar Records (1993) (producer and performer)
Bluegrass Guitar Duets – Sandy Rothman and Steve Pottier – Sierra Records (1994)
Pure Jerry: Lunt-Fontanne, New York City, October 31, 1987 – Jerry Garcia Band and Jerry Garcia Acoustic Band – Jerry Made Records (2004)
Pure Jerry: Lunt-Fontanne, New York City, The Best of the Rest, October 15–30, 1987 – Jerry Garcia Band and Jerry Garcia Acoustic Band – Jerry Made Records (2004)
Songs of the Grateful Dead: A Tribute to Jerry Garcia and Robert Hunter – Jesse McReynolds and Friends, feat  David Nelson and Stu Allen – Woodstock Records (2010) (producer and performer)
Ragged but Right – Jerry Garcia Acoustic Band – Jerry Made Records (2010) (recorded in 1987) (producer and performer)
On Broadway: Act One – October 28th, 1987 – Jerry Garcia Band and Jerry Garcia Acoustic Band – ATO Records (2015)
Electric on the Eel – included on the Jerry Garcia Acoustic Band bonus disc Acoustic on the Eel (2019)



ground_truth: Jaleel Ahmad White

prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: Who was born later, Jerry Garcia or Joe Gooch?

The following are given passages.
Context 4:  The front porch was repaired and restored and inside, the hardwood floors have been replaced and refinished  In addition, the front parlors have been repainted and restored 

Architecture
The home was mostly designed in a French Colonial style, though it contains some elements of Greek Revival architecture  French Colonial architecture was more popular in the American South than it ever was in the northern tier of states 

Exterior
The two-story brick structure is supported by a fieldstone foundation and still features its original front porch  The porch spans the length of the building's front (south) facade, at a height of about 6 ft (2 m)  The porch is supported by four wooden pillars, which rest on stone bases  The stairs leading to the front porch are supported by two similar wooden posts, which, like the house, are set into fieldstone bases  The first step on the stairs was originally a limestone block embedded in the ground  The porch roof is supported by six wooden, bracketed pillars  The pillars are simple, with the brackets coming from the boxed capitals  At the rear of the porch wooden pilasters set at each end help to support the roof  Differentiating the home from the traditional French Colonial design is the porch roof, which is separate from the main roof The house stands mostly as it did in 1861 save a few alterations  The front porch was screened in at the time the building was added to the National Register of Historic Places, the screens have since been removed  At the rear of the house a small porch was enclosed  In 1909 or 1910 there were major subtractions and replacements  Removed were a cast-iron widow's walk along the roof ridge and a large gable dormer, decorated in the same manner as the cornice decorating the roof trim  The present dormer replaced the larger one and is more of a low-shed type 
The roof itself is a low gable and dominated by single stack, straddle ridge chimneys at its east and west ends  The boxed roof trim is a decorated cornice  The low-shed dormer is covered with green asphalt  The old widow's walk, which a neighbor dubbed Glidden's "obscuratory", was balustraded and set just above the dormer 

Interior
The interior of the building is also similar to how it appeared when the house was constructed  However, a few changes have been made  In 1910 the two marble fireplaces were replaced by brick  The flooring has been replaced as needed  The home's basement, once the main living area, has since been converted several times for other uses On the first floor of the home the rooms remain much the same as they were when Glidden lived in the house  An original multi-paneled wooden door remains at the entry from the porch to the central hall  The door, however, was altered, having glass panels installed to admit more light  The staircase is also original and its newel posts resemble those found in the Isaac and Harriet Ellwood House, another Haish designed home, and the Gurler House, whose architect is unknown though it was quite possibly Haish, both in DeKalb On the house's east side are three rooms, whose original presence is open to debate  The three rooms are interconnected, another common French colonial element  The room adjacent the porch was used as the Glidden's dining room and is where the large brick fireplace, which replaced the marble one in 1909, is located  The 1909 fireplace is of the American Craftsman style  At the end of the hall, near the kitchen, there is a full bathroom 
The western part of the first floor is dominated by a large formal living room  The room has two entrances, one at the front of the hall, near the front door and the other at the back end of the hall  This was the room in which Elva Glidden married in the late 19th century  After 1941 the rear part of the living room, or "west" room, was walled off and a second kitchen added  When Jessie Glidden, the last Glidden to occupy the old homestead, moved in 1998, the west room was restored to its original size and the second kitchen removed The basement, and for part of the home's history, the main living area, is accessed via a staircase at the back of the first-floor hall  The steep stairs still show years of wear  One of the rooms off the main basement is the kitchen where Glidden is said to have experimented with the coffee grinder and his wife's hair pins, eventually leading to his brand of barbed wire The second-floor served as the main sleeping quarters  It consists of a few simple bedrooms, all historically without closets  The upstairs hall contains a door which once accessed a staircase to the widow's walk, what remains of the space has been used as a closet for over a century 

Outbuildings
The property has two remaining outbuildings  The barn is where Glidden invented his famous improvement on barbed wire  Dubbed "The Winner," his barbed wire became the most popular version of the invention  Barbed wire is considered to be one of the most important factors in American progress and settlement The other outbuilding on the property along historic Lincoln Highway are the remnants of a once dominating windmill  Though only the foundation remains, it gives a glimpse of how impressive the structure must have once been 

Barn
The Glidden Barn, located to the rear and east of the home, was thought to have been added to the National Register of Historic Places when the original nomination for the house was approved in 1973  However, in the late 1990s, the Illinois Historic Preservation Agency revealed that the nomination included only the house  The Glidden Historical Center initiated the process of adding the barn to the Register  Those moves were approved by the Illinois Historic Sites Advisory Council in 2002 and the barn officially became part of the National Register 
The barn was built sometime around 1871, possibly even before, and is constructed of the same soft brick that makes up the exterior of the home  Tradition in the Glidden family holds that the barn, like the house itself, was designed and built by prominent local carpenter Jacob Haish  The famous barn, one of DeKalb County's oldest remaining, stands a full two-stories high, measuring around 50 feet (15 m) tall, with a width of 30 feet (9 m) 
In February 2007 the Glidden Homestead and Historical Center kicked off a fundraising drive  The drive is aimed at raising US$2 million to expand the Joseph F  Glidden House site to include museum space and a media center  Some of the funds will be used to help restore the barn and expand historical center museum space into the building 

Architecture
The Glidden barn is of pole and beam construction  The second-floor interior is dominated by two large transverse wooden beams  It is of the three-bay, English tradition, the west bay containing a space for a stairwell leading to a hayloft and seven stalls  It is constructed of red brick and stands on a foundation of limestone  Glidden's barn took full advantage of the term vernacular; the brick was locally manufactured and the limestone locally quarried 
The east bay of the barn contains an animal stall in its northeast corner and a fully enclosed office in its opposite corner  The second-floor hayloft is supported by the two massive transverse beams  The full-sized loft is accessible via an enclosed staircase against the south wall  The building's exterior roof is fully supported by the brick walls  The result is a loft which is an entirely open space save for some pole and beam construction supporting the laminated beams, which act as tie rods at the base of the roof  The barn roof is a common gable roof pitched at a 45 degree angle, it was originally covered with wooden shingles, those have been replaced over the years with asphalt The barn features extensive windows, somewhat unusual outside of dairy barns, with a total of 14 eight-paned, double-hung windows dispersed over three sides of the rectangular structure, north, south and east  On the west side, facing the house, are seven smaller single-pane windows  The double-hung windows are topped with segmented arches constructed from a double row of bricks; the north and south main entrances are also topped with segmented brick arches, each of three rows of bricks 

Windmill building
Only the foundation remains of the property's windmill  What is left, ten rows of stone above the ground, is completely invisible when the home is viewed by passers-by on Lincoln Highway  The windmill started to fall into disrepair around the 1930s or 40s  The original, specific use of the windmill is unknown 

See also
Isaac Ellwood
List of Registered Historic Places in Illinois
Passage 7:
Devils Rope Barbed Wire Museum
The Devils Rope Barbed Wire Museum is a museum located in McLean, Texas, United States  The museum was officially opened in 1991 and  focuses on barbed wire and its history  The museum is thought to have the largest collection of published material concerning barbed wire The Devil's Rope Museum is housed in a converted brassiere factory and is dedicated to the history of barbed wire, fencing tools, and ranching heritage  Features exhibits and collections from private wire collectors from across the U S, a reference library with extensive patent information for researchers and educators, a Dust Bowl exhibit, salesman samples, warfare wire, and a collection of road lore with artifacts dedicated to the Texas portion of Historic Route 66 
Passage 8:
Kansas Barbed Wire Museum
The Kansas Barbed Wire Museum is a barbed wire museum located in La Crosse, Kansas, United States, known as the “Barbed Wire Capital of the World ” The museum focuses on barbed wire and its history, displaying over 2,000 different forms of the wire and its history  Barbed wire played a significant role in the history of the settlement of the United States and forever changed the face of the prairie 
The museum was established in 1970 in a small storefront on Main Street in downtown La Crosse, Kansas  By 1990, the collections had grown so much that a new building was constructed adjacent to the Post Rock Museum and Rush County Historical Museum in Grass Park at the south edge of the community  In 2004, an addition was constructed on the building to house the headquarters of the Antique Barbed Wire Society and the Larry Greer Research Center  The Antique Barbed Wire Society is an international organization “committed to collecting, preserving, exhibiting, and interpreting the historical heritage of barb wire and barbed wire related items ” The Larry Greer Research Center houses collections of publications related to the history of barbed wire and a complete collection of patents related to barbed wire and related items  The Kansas Barbed Wire Museum is located at 120 W  1st Street, La Crosse, KS 67548 
Passage 9:
Joseph Glidden
Joseph Farwell Glidden (January 18, 1813 – October 9, 1906) was an American businessman and farmer  He was the inventor of the modern barbed wire  In 1898, he donated land for the Northern Illinois State Normal School in DeKalb, Illinois, which was renamed as Northern Illinois University in 1957 

Early life
Glidden was born in Charlestown, New Hampshire, of English descent  His family later moved to Clarendon, New York  Glidden was a teacher there for about 8 years, during which years he married Clarissa Foster in 1837  In 1843, he moved to Illinois with his wife and children, first to Ogle County and then to DeKalb where they had purchased a farm  His wife died in 1846, in childbirth of their daughter in Ogle County, Illinois  Their three children, including the infant daughter Clara (Clarissa) died in an epidemic in 1847  Their two sons died after the move  Glidden married Lucinda Warne in 1851, with whom he had one daughter, Elva Frances 

Invention and patent for barbed wire
Glidden began work on ways to make a useful barbed wire to fence cattle in 1873  He made his best design of barbed wire by using a coffee mill to create the barbs  Glidden placed the barbs along a wire and then twisted another wire around it to keep the barbs in place, in a design that he called “The Winner”, being his best design  He received the patent for that barbed wire design on November 24, 1874, when he was 61 years old  He and local hardware dealer Isaac L  Ellwood began manufacturing and selling the barbed wire with his patent, as the Barb Fence Company in DeKalb, Illinois  In 1876, Glidden exited the manufacturing aspect, though retaining royalties, by selling his half of the manufacturing business to Washburn and Moen, who had a wire manufacturing plant in Worcester, Massachusetts and from whom Glidden and Ellwood had been purchasing steel wire   Ellwood stayed in DeKalb and renamed the company I  L  Ellwood & Company of DeKalb  That company evolved into American Steel and Wire, and eventually was bought by U  S  Steel Manufacturing Company 
Glidden was embroiled in a legal battle initiated by fellow DeKalb resident Jacob Haish over whether the design for holding the barbs in place with an extra strand of wire was novel, an improved design  An earlier patent for barbed wire had been issued to a man in Ohio, among other patents related to barbed wire  Glidden eventually won at the US Supreme Court in an 1892 case, his patent protection expired the same year  The legal fees were estimated to have cost Glidden $100,000 
This invention made him extremely rich  It was estimated that Glidden earned $1,000,000 in royalties until his patent expired in 1892  Companies manufacturing the barbed wire under his license ranged from New York state to Kansas by 1884  By the time of his death in 1906, he was one of the richest men in America  The Dun & Bradstreet Collection, 1840–1895, MSS 791, LXIII, 130, Baker Library, Harvard, recorded his assets at one million dollars  This included the Glidden House Hotel; the DeKalb Chronicle; 3,000 acres (12 km2) of farmland in Illinois; 35,000 acres (1,360 km2) in Texas; and the Glidden Felt Pad Industry 

Local political activity and other businesses
From 1852 to 1854, he served as sheriff of DeKalb County  In 1851, 1861, 1862, 1869, 1870, 1871, 1872, and 1876 he served on the county's board of supervisors  In 1867, he served on the executive committee of DeKalb County Agriculture and Mechanical Society's Seventh Annual Fall Fair, held September 25–28  In 1876, he was the Democratic nominee for Illinois State Senator  From 1861 to 1874, he served as a member of the board of school directors, and for 20 years paid the largest school tax of any citizen of the county  He was also one of the largest contributors to the erection of one of the churches  He was also vice-president of the DeKalb National Bank, director of the North Western Railroad, and owner of the DeKalb Rolling Mill 

Demonstration of use in Texas changes ranching
To demonstrate the effectiveness of barbed wire, Glidden and his sales agent for the State of Texas, Marques Fortner, in 1881 developed the "Frying Pan Ranch" in Bushland in Potter County near Amarillo, Texas  The wire was brought in by wagon from the railhead at Dodge City, Kansas, and the timbers were cut from Palo Duro Canyon and along the Canadian River Valley  A herd of 12,000 head of cattle was branded with the "Panhandle Brand", which the cowboys called " frying pan"  The ranch proved the success of the wire and changed ranching Henry B  Sanborn, a sales representative for Glidden's company, owned a ranch in Grayson County north of Dallas and wished to advertise barbed wire there  In 1881, Sanborn purchased ninety-five sections of land in southwestern Potter County from near the Canadian River extending into Randall County south of Amarillo  Included in the purchase was Tecovas Spring, once a watering site and a trading post for Indians and Comancheros  John Summerfield, a surveyor from Sherman, Texas, reported a constant flow of freshwater from the spring  Sanborn chose this site for his ranch headquarters and enclosed 120 miles of land in barbed wire for $39,000 ($1 18 million in 2022 dollars)  Warren W  Wetzel, also of Sherman, used cedar posts brought from both the Palo Duro Canyon and the breaks of the Sierrita de la Cruz in the northwestern portion of the ranch to hold up the wire Besides ranchers, railroads were large purchasers of barbed wire, so that cattle did not stray onto their tracks  The Frying Pan Ranch soon had 15,000 head of cattle, and 125,000 more acres were added  Later the ranch was divided  In 1898, Glidden deeded Frying Pan Ranch to his son-in-law William Henry Bush  Between 1908 and 1920, William Henry Bush and his second wife Ruth Bush built a larger ranch house near Tecovas Spring, which later became the residence of Stanley Marsh 3 and his wife, Wendy  Gwendolyn “Wendy” Bush O’Brien was the daughter of Emeline Bush and her husband Frank O’Brien; Emeline was a daughter of William Henry and Ruth Bush  Stanley Marsh called the estate “Toad Hall ”

Land for the Northern Illinois State Normal School
Glidden, a former teacher, gave 63 acres (255,000 m2) of his homestead as a site for the Northern Illinois State Normal School  The school opened on September 12, 1898, with 139 students and 16 members of the faculty  The school's name was changed to Northern Illinois University in 1957 
The town of Glidden, Iowa, is named in his honor 

Personal life
He and his wife Lucinda had one daughter, Elva Frances, in 1851  She married William Henry Bush in DeKalb on February 1, 1877  His wife Lucinda died on October 28, 1895 Elva died in 1906 not long before her father died, and is buried in the Glidden family plot in a cemetery in DeKalb 
In 1898, Glidden deeded his Frying Pan ranch in Texas to his son-in-law, W  H  Bush  Bush married again in 1908, after being widowed, to Ruth Russell Gentry  He is buried in Graceland Cemetery in Chicago 

In popular culture
The "barbed wire salesman" in Back to the Future Part III is either based on Joseph F  Glidden or John Warne Gates who was a pioneer promoter of barbed wire  He is played by Richard Dysart 

See also
Joseph F  Glidden House
The Barbed Wire Patent

Patents
U S  Patent 157,124 – Wire fences
Passage 10:
Hanging on the Old Barbed Wire
"Hanging on the Old Barbed Wire" (Roud 9618) is a British war song of World War I   The song sarcastically recounts the location of various army members, not to be found in the combat zone, and concludes by describing the location of the old battalion: "hanging on the old barbed wire"  A barbed wire fence separated the front-line trench from no man's land, and men brave or unfortunate enough to go over the top of the dug-out were often quickly shot and their bodies caught in the barbed wire  This troop song was not popular with officers, who thought it bad for morale, though attempts to suppress it were unsuccessful 

Lyrics
There are several different versions of this song, though all share the final two lines  One version:

A variant last line is "if you want to find the privates" Another variation fourth verse sees C O replaced with colonel, put at the start and, "He's On another 7 days leave" 

Covers
The song was included on the 1988 album English Rebel Songs 1381–1914 by the English anarchist punk band Chumbawamba, as well as on their 2003 re-recording of the same album (English Rebel Songs 1381–1984) 
A shortened version of the song was also included on the 2018 album The Blind Leading the Blind by the Ukrainian metal band 1914 as an interlude  The band's songs are all related to WWI events 
The song was covered by death industrial band Maruta Kommand on their 2000 album "Holocaust Rites" 
The song is part of the "Great War Trilogy" (The Valley of the Shadow / The Old Barbed Wire / Long, Long Trail) sung by John Roberts and Tony Barrand in their album,   A Present from the Gentlemen: A Pandora's Box of English Folk Songs (Golden Hind Music, GHM-101, 1992) 



ground_truth: Joe Gooch