prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: What profession do Raj Kapoor and Mike Cahill share?

The following are given passages.
Context 1: Passage 1:
Ram Teri Ganga Maili
Ram Teri Ganga Maili (transl  Ram, Your Ganga is Tainted) is a 1985 Indian Hindi-language romantic drama film directed by Raj Kapoor  The film stars Mandakini and Rajiv Kapoor in lead roles  Music director Ravindra Jain received a Filmfare Award for this film 
The film generated controversy because of Mandakini's bold scenes of breastfeeding and bathing in a transparent saree, which wasn't something the conservative Indian Film Certification Board allowed then  Yet, it had a U (Universal) age rating, which was later amended to U/A  It was the last film directed by Raj Kapoor 
Ram Teri Ganga Maili is included in the 'All-Time Blockbusters' list of Indian Cinema  It was certified Diamond Jubilee in Mumbai and Golden Jubilee in other major cities  The film was the year's highest-grossing film  It was also one of the highest-grossing films of the 1980s, alongside Kranti (1981) and Maine Pyar Kiya (1989) 

Plot
Narendra Sahay a k a  "Naren" is the son of Jeeva Sahay  He is a rich politician in Calcutta  Naren visits Gangotri to study the source of the holy river Ganga, and to get some holy water for his wheelchair-using paternal grandmother  There he meets a very pretty girl named Ganga Singh  Ganga lives near Gangotri with her brother, Karam  Soon, they fall in love and decide to marry  They are happily married but suddenly Naren has to return to Calcutta as he wanted to convince his parents about Ganga  While leaving for Calcutta, he promised that he will soon return to her  But he is prevented from doing so 
Ganga became pregnant at the time of his leaving and soon, she becomes mother of a child  She faces many problems at her place because of her child and her beauty  Ganga was alone and no one was there to look after her; finally she decides to go to her husband, Naren  Ganga travels from her place, Gangotri to Calcutta to find her husband  At Rishikesh, she was exploited by two women and a man  Then at Benaras, she was molested by a Pandit, rescued by the police and given a ticket to Calcutta  She fell into the clutches of Manilal who lured her to a brothel near Benaras  At the end she meets her husband when he was marrying another girl  His father fixes his marriage with Radha Choudhary, who is the daughter of his friend, Bhagwat Choudhary  Naren was being informed that Ganga is dead  So, he decided to marry according to his father's wish  On the other hand, Ganga is invited to dance on her husband's marriage  But lastly, love wins and Naren recognizes his wife Ganga  They try to go away from there with their son but Bhagwat Choudhary shoots Ganga in a fit of rage  Ganga gets shot by him on her hand and Naren starts beating Bhagwat Choudhary, believing that he killed Ganga  But then Radha informs him that Ganga isn't dead yet  Naren stops beating Bhagwat and leaves with Ganga and their son 

Cast
Rajiv Kapoor as Narendra "Naren" Sahay
Mandakini as Ganga Sahay
Divya Rana as Radha B  Choudhary
Sushma Seth as Dadima
Saeed Jaffrey as Kunj Bihari
Kulbhushan Kharbanda as Jeeva Sahay
Raza Murad as Bhagwat Choudhary
Geeta Siddharth as Mrs  Sahay
Trilok Kapoor as Professor
Krishan Dhawan as Manilal
Vishwa Mehra as Postbabu
Urmila Bhatt as Tajeshwaribai
A K  Hangal as Brij Kishore
Gautam Sarin as Naren's fellow student
Monty Nath as Naren's fellow student who lost his watch
Kamaldeep as Chamanlal
Tom Alter as Karam Singh (Ganga's elder brother)
Javed Khan Amrohi as Manglu (Ganga's fiancé)

Production
According to Padmini Kolhapure, she was the initial choice for the female lead role but declined because the script had a kissing scene  Mandakini, who ultimately played the role, disputed Kolhapure's claims  She said Raj Kapoor wanted only a new face, rather than an established actress, as he believed he could not "make someone pure Ganga if they have an established image"  Mandakini also stated that she did not breastfeed despite popular belief, but the scene was shot in a way to suggest that 

Cultural allusions
According to Philip Lutgendorf, the movie is an allegory that "synthesizes classical and mythic narrative, soft-core political and social commentary (here condemning the corruption of politicians and capitalists and championing the nascent environmental initiatives of Prime Minister Rajiv Gandhi)  The narrative recapitulates the Abhijñānaśākuntalam story that first appeared in the epic Mahabharata and then was reworked, some six hundred years later, by the poet Kalidasa "
The final song sequence "Ek Radha ek Meera" brings Raj Kapoor's personal experiences with filmdom and reality  This song sequence is the climax of the plot where the bride-to-be is face-to-face with the other "saut", the culturally "polluted" dancer who has made that journey from the pure source of the Himalayas to the ever-flowing and ever-absorbing Ganges with all of the human impurities  It also differentiates between the love of Radha and Meera and reconnects the movie back to the Krishna Leelas 
The movie was a hit, and it earned Mandakini a Filmfare nomination as Best Actress  The film also caused a stir because of two scenes: one in which Mandakini bathes under a waterfall wearing only a flimsy white saree through which her breasts are clearly visible and another in which she is shown breast-feeding a child  Some critics claimed that the scenes were vulgar and exploitative, and were used to get around the Censor Board's stringent rules against nudity  Kapoor defended the inclusion of the scenes stating that they were tasteful 

Awards
33rd Filmfare Awards:Won

Best Film – Randhir Kapoor
Best Director – Raj Kapoor
Best Music Director – Ravindra Jain
Best Art Direction – Suresh J  Sawant
Best Editing – Raj KapoorNominated

Best Actress – Mandakini
Best Supporting Actor – Saeed Jaffrey
Best Lyricist – Hasrat Jaipuri for "Sun Sahiba Sun"
Best Male Playback Singer – Suresh Wadkar for "Main Hi Main Hoon"
Best Story – Raj Kapoor

Songs
Music of this movie was given by late Ravindra Jain, who won Fimfare Award for Best Music Director for this 

"Ek Dukhiyari Kahe" – Lata Mangeshkar & chorus Lyrics-Ravindra Jain
"Ek Radha Ek Meera" – Lata Mangeshkar Lyrics-Ravindra Jain
"Husn Pahadon Ka" – Lata Mangeshkar, Suresh Wadkar Lyrics-Ravindra Jain
"Ram Teri Ganga Maili Ho Gayee" – Part 1 – Suresh Wadkar Lyrics-Ravindra Jain
"Sun Sahiba Sun Pyaar Ki Dhun Maine Tujhe Chun Liya" – Lata Mangeshkar & chorus; Lyrics – Hasrat Jaipuri
"Tujhe Bulayen Yeh Meri Bahen" – Lata Mangeshkar Lyrics-Ravindra Jain
"Yaara O Yaara" – Lata Mangeshkar, Suresh Wadkar Lyrics-Ravindra Jain
"Ram Teri Ganga Maili Ho Gayee" – Part 2 – Suresh Wadkar & Chorus Lyrics-Ravindra Jain
"Main Hi Main Hoon -Suresh Wadkar; Lyrics – Amir Qazalbash
Passage 2:
Kal Aaj Aur Kal
Kal Aaj Aur Kal (transl  Yesterday, Today and Tomorrow) is a 1971 Indian Hindi-language film produced by Raj Kapoor and directed by his son Randhir Kapoor  The film's USP is the appearance of three generations of the famous Kapoor family  The film stars Prithviraj Kapoor, Raj Kapoor, Randhir Kapoor (in his acting debut) and his real-life wife-to-be Babita It was also the last Shankar Jaikishan score in a Raj Kapoor film  This film came after the heavy debacle of Mera Naam Joker, which was Raj Kapoor's dream project  It more than made up for his loss although it was still only a moderate success at the box office  The film marked one of Prithviraj Kapoor's final films as he died the following year of the film's release 

Plot
The title is an allegory to the ideological clash between three generations: Kal (Grandparent – representing the past), Aaj (Parent – representing the present), and Kal(Youth – representing the future)  Diwan Bahadur Kapoor (Prithviraj Kapoor) is the father of Ram Bahadur Kapoor (Raj Kapoor)  Ram's son Rajesh (Randhir Kapoor), who had been sent to London for higher studies, returns to India  Diwan Bahadur has promised his childhood friend that Rajesh's marriage will be done with the latter's granddaughter, Laxmi 
However, Rajesh is in love with his girlfriend Monica "Mona" (Babita),and objects to the marriage alliance by his grandfather  Both the grandfather and the grandson stick to their guns, little realizing that Ram is the real sufferer in the clash  Ram finds himself in trouble when Diwan threatens to leave if Rajesh marries Mona and Rajesh threatens to leave if Diwan makes him marry Laxmi  Unable to decide whether he wants his father or son, Ram leaves his home, leaving the grandfather and grandson blaming each other  
Ram's friend gives him a idea, where he pretends to only want to stay in a hotel and drink a lot  Rajesh and Diwan see his state and decide to pretend to have sorted their issues  The overjoyed Ram throws a party in celebration, however, he overhears his father and son talk about the act  Angered, he leaves the party 
Soon later, Diwan falls sick  He tells Rajesh and his father that he's happy with everything except not getting to see his grandson's wedding  The sad Rajesh decides to give up his love for his grandfather's happiness  He tells Mona the news and she accepts his decision and is ready to come to his wedding  At the wedding, he marries Laxmi but can't see Mona at all  Diwan asks him why he looks so sad and tells the bride to lift up the veil, revealing that the girl he married wasn't Laxmi but Mona instead  Diwan tells him that if he was ready to sacrifice so much for him, so he must sacrifice a little bit for Rajesh  After marriage, Rajesh scatters his grandfather's ashes and his son is born, with Ram happy at becoming a grandfather 

Cast
Prithviraj Kapoor as Diwan Bahadur Kapoor
Raj Kapoor as Ram Kapoor
Randhir Kapoor as Rajesh Kapoor
Babita Kapoor as Mona
Achala Sachdev as Achala
David as Munshi
Iftekhar as Ram's Friend
Roopesh Kumar as Sunny

Soundtrack
All music composed by Shankar–Jaikishan, in their last collaboration with R  K  Films  Three months prior to the film's release, Jaikishan passed away due to cirrhosis of the liver  Nonetheless, three Kishore Kumar numbers from the soundtrack became subsequent hits  These were the solo, Bhanware Ki Gunjan, and a couple duets with Asha Bhosle, Aap Yahan Aaye Kisliye and Tick Tick Tick Chalti Jaye Ghadi 
Passage 3:
Divya Rana
Divya Rana is a former Bollywood actress most noted for her role in Raj Kapoor's Ram Teri Ganga Maili  Divya began her career with the film Ek Jaan Hain Hum (1983) opposite Raj Kapoor's youngest son Rajiv Kapoor  Then she was selected as the second lead in Raj Kapoor's Ram Teri Ganga Maili (1985) co-starring Rajiv Kapoor & Mandakini  Divya later acted in films like Watan Ke Rakhwale, Ek Hi Maqsad, Aasmaan (1984), Maa Kasam (1985 film), Param Dharam and many others  She quit her acting career after her marriage and lives in Mumbai with her husband Fazal and goes by the name Salma Manekia   She works as a photographer and makes ceramic sculptures 

Selected filmography
Passage 4:
Prem Rog
Prem Rog (transl  Sickness Of Love) is a 1982 Hindi-language musical romantic drama directed by Raj Kapoor, with screenplay written by Jainendra Jain and Kamna Chandra  The film tells the story of a man's (Rishi Kapoor) love towards a woman, who is a higher status widow (Padmini Kolhapure)  This film marked Raj Kapoor's return to social themes 
Prem Rog released on 30 July 1982 and emerged as a major commercial success at the box-office, becoming the second highest-grossing film of 1982 after Vidhaata (also starring Kolhapure and Shammi Kapoor)  It received widespread critical acclaim for its direction, story, screenplay, soundtrack, cinematography and performances of the cast, with particular praise directed towards Kolhapure's performance  
At the 30th Filmfare Awards, Prem Rog received a leading 12 nominations, including Best Film, Best Actor (Rishi) and Best Supporting Actress (Nanda), and won a leading 4 awards (tying with Shakti), including Best Director (Raj) and Best Actress (Kolhapure) 
Over the years, Prem Rog has achieved the status of an all-time classic of Raj, Rishi and Kolhapure's careers 

Plot
Devdhar (Rishi Kapoor) is a poor orphan who in his childhood had a magnetic friendship with Manorama (Padmini Kolhapure), the only niece of the rich and powerful Bade Thakur (Shammi Kapoor), and daughter of Virender Singh known as Chhote Thakur (Kulbhushan Kharbanda), who has a secret affair with Chamiya (Bindu)  The benevolent Thakur helped Devdhar go to the city for higher studies  8 years later, Devdhar returns to his village, where he finds Manorama has grown up  After seeing her again, Devdhar falls in love and expects that Manorama also has feelings for her  However Manorama does not have reciprocal emotions  The day Devdhar intends to ask her hand from Bade Thakur, whom he considers to be broad minded of all the village elders, he meets Kunwar Narendra Pratap Singh (Vijayendra Ghatge) Manorama's to-be-groom, who not only is more wealthier than Manorama's family, but Manorama also expresses her infatuation towards the man  Devdhar does not express her feelings and only persons who with slight idea about it are his cousin Radha and Manorama's mother Chhoti Maa 
Kunwar Narendra Pratap Singh loves Manorama dearly however he dies three days after the marriage in a road accident and she becomes a widow  At her own home, she is being prepared to have her head shaved against the protest of Chhoti Maa and Bade Thakur when Raj Rani (Tanuja), sister-in-law of Kunwar Narendra Pratap Singh intervenes and takes Manorama with her  Where she slowly tries to piece her life together with help of her Raj Rani and her son but one day, after Raja Virendra Pratap Singh (Raza Murad), her brother-in-law, rapes her, she returns to her parental home  When Devdhar learns of the situation, he works to rebuild Manorama's life and bring a smile to her face  Devdhar is determined to revive her faith in life and love  In doing so, he eventually has to face the wrath of the powerful Thakur, armed with old-age traditions and customs in his favor 
Manorama had only confessed to her mother about the events post her widow ship  Her brother-in-law and father both are enraged about her affair with Devdhar and swear to kill Devdhar and force her to go back to her in-law's palace  A battle ensues in the village and in the end they both reunite 

Cast
Rishi Kapoor as Devdhar "Dev," a penniless-but-educated orphan raised by his maternal uncle
Padmini Kolhapure as Manorama "Rama" Singh, the daughter of the local aristocratic family
Shammi Kapoor as Bade Raja Thakur, Rama's paternal uncle
Nanda as Chhoti Maa, Rama's mother
Tanuja as Raj Rani, wife of Raja Virendra Pratap Singh
Sushma Seth as Badi Maa, wife of Bade Raja
Kulbhushan Kharbanda as Virendra "Vir" Singh, Rama's father
Raza Murad as Raja Virendra Pratap Singh Narendra's elder brother
Om Prakash as Panditji, the priest; Dev's maternal uncle
Dulari as Panditji's wife
Vijayendra Ghatge as Kunwar Narendra Pratap Singh, Rama's ex husband
Bindu as Chamiya

Soundtrack
All songs are composed by Laxmikant–Pyarelal 

Reception
Critical reception
Prem Rog received widespread critical acclaim for its direction, story, screenplay, soundtrack, cinematography and performances of the cast, with particular praise directed towards Kolhapure's performance 
It was listed by Cosmopolitan magazine as one of its "Top 10 Most Romantic Films Ever" 

Box-Office
Prem Rog grossed ₹13 crore, including a nett of ₹6 5 crore, becoming the second highest-grossing film of 1982 after Vidhaata  
Box Office India gave it a verdict of a 'blockbuster' 

Awards and nominations
Passage 5:
Shree 420
Shree 420 (also spelled as Shri 420; transl  Mr  420) is a 1955 Indian Hindi comedy-drama film directed and produced by Raj Kapoor from a story written by Khwaja Ahmad Abbas whose use of Shree with the negative connotations of 420 caused controversy  The film stars Nargis, Nadira, and Kapoor  The number 420 refers to Section 420 of the Indian Penal Code, which prescribes the punishment for the offence of fraud; hence, "Mr  420" is a derogatory term for a fraud  The film centers on Raj Kapoor, a poor but educated orphan who comes to Bombay with dreams of success  Kapoor's character is influenced by Charlie Chaplin's "little tramp", much like Kapoor's character in his 1951 Awaara  The music was composed by the team of Shankar Jaikishan, and the lyrics were penned by Shailendra and Hasrat Jaipuri 
Shree 420 was the highest-grossing Indian film of 1955, the highest grossing Indian film of all time at the time of its release and the song "Mera Joota Hai Japani" ("My Shoes are Japanese"), sung by Mukesh, became popular and a patriotic symbol of the newly independent India 

Plot
A country boy, Raj (Raj Kapoor), from Allahabad, travels to the big city, Bombay, by walking, to earn a living  He falls in love with the poor but virtuous Vidya (Nargis), but is soon seduced by the riches of a freewheeling and unethical lifestyle presented to him by an unscrupulous and dishonest businessman, Seth Sonachand Dharmanand (Nemo) and the sultry temptress Maya (Nadira)  He eventually becomes a confidence trickster, or "420," who even cheats in card gambling  Vidya tries hard to make Raj a good man, but fails Meanwhile, Sonachand comes up with a Ponzi scheme to exploit poor people, whereby he promises permanent homes to them at just Rs  100  The scheme pays off, as people start hoarding money for a home, even at the cost of other important things  Vidya's contempt for Raj increases even more  Raj becomes wealthy but soon realizes that he paid a very high price for it  When Raj discovers that Sonachand has no plans to fulfill his promises, he decides to make wrongs right 
Raj takes all the bond papers of the people's homes and tries to flee Sonachand's home, only to be caught by Sonachand and his cronies  In a scuffle that occurs, Sonachand shoots Raj and he falls unconscious  When people hear the shooting, they come and see Raj nearly dead  Sonachand tells police that Raj was trying to flee after stealing money from his safe, hence Sonachand shot him 
Upon this, the "dead" Raj springs back to life, and using pure logic, proves Sonachand's guilt  Sonachand and his partners are arrested, while Vidya happily forgives Raj  The film ends with Raj saying "Yeh 420 Nahin, Shree 420 Hain" ("These are not simply con men, they are respectable con men") 

Cast
Cast in order of the opening credits of the film

Allusions
The title refers to section 420 of the Indian penal code, where crimes of theft and deception are punished, which relates to the troubles of the main character 
In Sanskrit, the name of the main character, "Vidya", means knowledge, while "Maya" means Illusion 
The title of one of the songs in the movie is "Ramaiya Vastavaiya" is in Telugu, which means "Lord Ram, you will come"  The title alone is derived from an old Telugu folk song  Apart from that, the rest of the song's lyrics (and the film) are in Hindi  The story goes, the Telugu dubbed version of the film Aah, 1953 was so well received that Raj Kapoor was elated and showed his gratitude for Telugu audiences by having a song in the film beginning with these lines 
At the beginning of the movie, the main protagonist explains to a policeman that one needs to stand on one's head to make sense of this world  He mentions that this is the reason why even great leaders stand on their heads  This is an allusion to several political leaders of that time who enjoyed practicing the Shirshasana, a yoga asana where one stands on his head  In his autobiography, Nehru described that the shirshasana was his favorite pose, and how he often did the shirshasana in jail, too 

Production
Raj Kapoor's real life children Randhir, Ritu and Rishi were featured in the song "Pyar Hua Iqrar Hua", Rishi revealed that Nargis bribed him with chocolate and recalled it in a 2017 interview 

Reception
The song "Mera Joota Hai Japani", in which the singer asserts his pride in being an Indian, despite his clothes being from other countries, became, and remains, a patriotic favourite among many Indians  It is often referenced, including in an acceptance speech at the Frankfurt Book Fair in 2006 by Bengali author Mahasweta Devi 
The film proved to be popular in other countries, including the Soviet Union, Romania, and Israel  In Russia, it was said that Raj Kapoor was as popular as Jawaharlal Nehru, due to the success of Awaara and Shree 420  In Israel, the song "Ichak Dana Beechak Dana" (transliterated as "Ichikidana") became popular and was re-recorded by local singer Naim Rajuan 

Box office
At the Indian box office in 1955, the film grossed ₹3 9 crore (equivalent to ₹421 crore or US$53 million in 2023), with a net income of ₹2 crore (equivalent to ₹216 crore or US$27 million in 2023)  This record was beaten two years later by Mother India in 1957 It was released in the Soviet Union in 1956, coming second on the Soviet box office charts that year  Despite being imported at an unusually high price, it was the most successful foreign film of the year at the Soviet box office, drawing an audience of 35 million viewers 

Soundtrack
Awards
1956: Filmfare Awards
Best Cinematographer: Radhu Karmakar
Best Editing: G G  Mayekar
National Film Awards1956: Certificate of Merit for the Second Best Feature Film in Hindi

See also
Raju Ban Gaya Gentleman

Notes
Passage 6:
Karan Kapoor
Karan Kapoor (born 18 January 1962) is an Indian photographer, actor and model  He is the son of actors Shashi Kapoor and Jennifer Kendal  His paternal grandfather was Prithviraj Kapoor and his paternal uncles are Raj Kapoor and Shammi Kapoor  His elder brother Kunal Kapoor and younger sister Sanjana Kapoor have also acted in some films  His maternal grandparents, Geoffrey Kendal and Laura Kendal, were actors who toured India and Asia with their theatre group, Shakespearana, performing Shakespeare and Shaw  The Merchant Ivory film, Shakespeare Wallah, was loosely based on the family, which starred his father and his maternal aunt, actress Felicity Kendal 

Personal life
Karan Kapoor was born on 18 January 1962 to actor Shashi Kapoor and British theatre actress Jennifer Kendal  Early in his career he was a popular model made famous by the Bombay Dyeing advertisement campaign and he also acted in Sultanat (1986), opposite Juhi Chawla as well as later in Loha with Dharmendra  Karan now runs a photography company in the UK  He was married to English model Lorna Tarling Kapoor; the couple are now separated  They have a daughter, Aliya Kapoor and son Zak Kapoor 
Kapoor has two siblings  His brother Kunal Kapoor formerly acted in Bollywood movies and now runs ad company Adfilms Valas  Kunal was married to filmmaker Ramesh Sippy's daughter Sheena, who is a well known photographer  They also have two children, Shaira and Zahan  Kunal and Sheena are now divorced His sister Sanjana Kapoor runs the Prithvi Theatre 
Jennifer Kapoor was diagnosed with terminal colon cancer in 1982 and succumbed to the disease in 1984 

Career
He made his debut in Shyam Benegal's critically acclaimed 1978 film Junoon, which also featured his parents and both siblings  He had a minor part in his father's production 36 Chowringhee Lane (1981)  He appeared in the British television series The Jewel in the Crown in 1984 
Karan had a short presenting stint for the BBC's Asian magazine Network East in 1994 
He made his debut in mainstream Bollywood films with Sultanat (1986), alongside Dharmendra, Sunny Deol and Juhi Chawla  He later acted in Loha (1987) and Afsar in 1988, but did not have many offers as an actor  He also modeled major Indian brands, including Bombay Dyeing He has since become a photographer and lives in Chelsea, London, with his wife Lorna, his daughter Aliya, and Zach, his son After a gap of nearly 25 years, Karan has now come back into the public and returned to India with a series of his photography exhibitions, Time & Tide  Karan's Time & Tide photography exhibition started in his home town Mumbai in November 2016 then taking place in Bangalore, Kolkata, New Delhi, Ahmedabad & Jaipur throughout 2017  Karan has done much research in the Anglo-Indian communities and travelled through various parts of India in the 1980s to meet these communities and has taken photographs  His articles were published in the BBC, Indian Express, Hindustan Times and other newspapers in November 2016  In his recent interview, Karan said that he is quite keen to do more photography projects in India, because his children have now grown up so he could spend more time in India  Karan also said that he was always interested in photography since his childhood even though being a part of very famous Bollywood family of Kapoors  Karan's elder brother Kunal Kapoor is now a leading ad-maker of India and younger sister Sanjana Kapoor runs the Junoon foundation to promote arts, culture and drama 

Filmography
Actor
TV Series
The Jewel in the Crown (1984 British TV Series on ITV) as Colin Lindsey
South of the Border (1990 British TV Series) as Max Wilding
The Tooting Lions (1993 British TV movie) as Kool
 BBC Network East 1994

Still photographer
The Bostonians (1984)
Utsav (1984)

Miscellaneous Crew
Vijeta (1982)

Awards
His photograph "Old Couple" won the International Photography Awards 2009 in the People/Lifestyle category  It was one of five nominations he received that year 
Passage 7:
Mera Naam Joker
Mera Naam Joker (transl  "My Name is Joker") is a 1970 Indian  romantic drama film, directed, edited and produced by Raj Kapoor under his banner R  K  Films, and written by Khwaja Ahmad Abbas  The film stars Raj Kapoor as the eponymous character, with his son Rishi Kapoor making his screen debut playing his younger version, along with Simi Garewal, Kseniya Ryabinkina, Padmini, Manoj Kumar and Dharmendra in supporting roles  The plot focuses on a clown who must make his audience laugh at the cost of his own sorrows; three women who shaped his life view his final performance 
The film is one of the lengthiest films of Indian cinema  Mera Naam Joker is the second and to date last Indian film to have two intervals, the first being Sangam (1964)  After Sangam became a blockbuster, Mera Naam Joker was highly anticipated as it was under production for six years and heavily publicized, loosely based on Kapoor's own life  The film was partly made with the participation of Soviet actors and was partly shot in Moscow  The film's music, still very popular, was composed by Shankar Jaikishan, for which the duo got their ninth Filmfare award  In India, upon release the film was critical and commercial failure, putting Kapoor into a financial crisis, as the film was panned for its length and plot  The film has gained a cult status, and is regarded as a classic today  Both audience's and critics' response has turned highly favourable with the passage of time 
An abridged version was released in the 1980s and had a highly successful run at the box office  Kapoor termed it his favourite film and described it as having deep philosophical depth and meaning  The film is regarded as one of Kapoor's finest works today with film experts labeling it as a "misunderstood masterpiece"  The film later on became a cult classic and is regarded as one of Raj Kapoor's best films and among the best Bollywood films of the 20th century  In the Soviet Union, the film also initially drew mixed reviews from critics, yet commercially became a blockbuster at the Soviet box office after it released there in 1972  Rather than being released as a single film, the film's three chapters were released separately as three parts in the Soviet Union  The three parts of the film collectively sold 73 1 million tickets at the Soviet box office 

Plot
Three women, Mary, Marina, and Meena, are each sent a toy clown and invited to the last performance of the famous clown Raj Ranbir aka Raju, in his first time on stage in 20 years  The stories of these three women and their relationships with Raju are told through a series of flashbacks during his performance 

Chapter I
As a chubby, clumsy 16 year old, Raju is known to his schoolmates as the class clown  Unlike the rest of the students at his private Christian school, Raju is poor and lives nearby with his mother and no one else  When a new teacher, Mary, comes to his school, she encourages Raju to find his ambitions and makes him more confident in himself  One day, after coming home, Raju asks his mother what his deceased father did  Despite rejecting this question in the past, she finally answers that he had worked as a clown in the circus, and died in an accident there  Raju proclaims that he will be just like his father and make everyone laugh, to the horror of his mother, who says his father had only given her tears  On a school trip to the forest, Mary accidentally falls into the river   After she comes out, Raju becomes entranced by the sight of her leg  He then follows her to a grove, where he sees her undressing  When he tries to sleep that night, Raju imagines her nude  He goes to the church to confess (Raju thinks himself a sinner for imagining his teacher nude); and after he does that Mary sees him there, and when he says he committed a sin she says that he can't have committed a sin as he is a child, Raju replies that he isn't one  When Mary and the rest of the students leave for the holidays, Raju gifts her a toy clown that his father had  Afterwards, he roams around the school, lonely and depressed  When Mary comes back, Raju is startled to discover that she has a male companion named David with her  After Raju comes to the couple's house, David starts becoming suspicious, and confronts him after he leaves but still waits outside  When Raju drops his books in shock, David discovers a paper with her picture and a heart surrounding it  Raju's mother becomes sick, and he starts dressing as a clown to sell various concoctions on the roadside to pay the school fees  However, after his classmate's mother sees him, Raju is expelled  Mary consoles him, and tells him that she will also be leaving to marry David  He attends the wedding as best man  Before the newlyweds drive off to their new life, David gifts Raju back the toy clown 

Chapter II
Raju and his ill mother move to several cities over the years before coming to Bombay  Now an adult, Raju is working as a clown at a local fair  When a group of Russian entertainers come to Gemini Circus to promote Indo-Soviet relations, he sneaks in with them and pockets their first payment  Raju claims that he is the Russian ringleader, which immediately causes Gemini's own ringleader, Sher Singh, to conspire against him  During his initial performance, Sher Singh switched off the lights, which lands Raju in a dangerous situation  After the actual ringmaster comes in, Sher Singh saves Raju and brings him to a meeting to explain himself  Raju explains that he needed a job to take care of his mother, and that he had to resort to this drama to get into the circus  Realizing his potential, circus owner Mahendra Kumar hires him  Marina, the lead trapezist, also notices him, and despite the language barrier, they become close  He comes back to his mother and tells her that he got a job, but leaves out the details  She hopes that he will be able to find a wife to "complete" the family  Soon, Raju is hired as a clown, and eventually he and Marina fall in love, with his toy clown being given away once again  However, Mahendra reminds him that the artists will be going back soon, and discourages his love  Raju and Marina meet again, and Marina realizes that his mother sees her as his future wife  She visits her again, but leaves her the toy clown departs tearfully  Raju's mother realizes through the poster that wrapped the toy that he is a clown once again, and rushes to the circus on the day of the Russians' last performance  Seeing him on the trapeze, Raju's mother dies, being reminded of the accident which caused her husband's death  Despite his sorrow, Raju performs as a clown that night  Afterwards, he decides to resign, citing his mother death  The chapter ends with Raju seeing Marina off at the airport 

Chapter III
Alone again, Raju wanders on the beach and throws his toy clown into the sea  A dog runs out to catch it and give it back  The dog belongs to the orphan Meenu, and the three partner up to make a roadside show and live together in an abandoned house  One day, Meenu's shirt is torn and Raju, upon discovering that she is a girl, deserts her  After a while, he comes back to her home, where she explains that her real name is Meena and that she had to act like a boy to survive on her own in the city, which she had fled to, to achieve her dream of becoming a famous actress  Raju gifts her a saree, but despite the explanation, Raju is mad that their friendship was based on a lie and leaves  After Meena confesses her love for him, Raju changes his mind  Their singing gets noticed and the duo start performing at a qawwali venue  One day, the dog gets taken by the city pound, mistaken for a stray  While Raju mourns the loss of their companion, Meena says that they have no use for it anymore  Her attitude shocks Raju and he figures that she only uses love as a tool to use others  Despite his pity for the qawwali venue owner who had already pre-paid them, Meena makes them move into theatre acting  While Meena maintains that she loves him, Raju is suspicious  After a while, Meena is noticed by movie star Rajendra Kumar, who wants a new heroine for his next film  Although Raju accompanies Meena to the screen tests, Kumar tells him that in order for her to become a great actress, Raju must leave  After a farewell at their old house, Raju is left alone with his toy clown 
The film then transitions back to his last show  After a song Raju announces an intermission of indeterminate length, but then reassures the audience that the "joker" still has more to perform to keep his audience laughing  The film ends with the words "Positively Not The End" 

Cast
Raj Kapoor as Raju
Rajendra Kumar as Self
Manoj Kumar as David
Dharmendra as Mahendra Kumar
Padmini as Meena Bansal / Meenu Master
Simi Garewal as Mary
Kseniya Ryabinkina as Marina
Dara Singh as Sher Singh
Om Prakash as Circus Surgeon
Rishi Kapoor as Junior Raju
Rajendra Nath as Circus Surgeon
Achala Sachdev as Raju's mother
Eduard Sjereda as a Member of the Soviet State Circus

Soundtrack
Production
Mera Naam Joker was under production for six years, with Raj Kapoor investing much of his own personal fortune  All his assets were mortgaged  The film has three chapters  Originally, it was to have six chapters  Khwaja Ahmad Abbas wrote the screenplay with Kapoor on mind, and several instances in the story was based on Kapoor's own life, such as the Christian school teacher episode  Kapoor approached each chapter as it were three separate films  He shot the third chapter first as Padmini and Rajendra Kumar were available at the time  By the time he began the first chapter, he was behind schedule and over the budget  The school scenes were shot at St  Paul's School, Jalapahar, Darjeeling, West Bengal, India  The film was five hours long The film also makes references to Raj Kapoor's career throughout  The popular title track of 'Awaara' (1951) is used near the end of the second chapter  In the song 'Kehta Hai Joker Saara Zamana', a child looks up reels of 'Shree 420' (1955) in a bioscope, which feature Nargis, who formed an iconic pair with Raj Kapoor in the 40s and 50s   The poster of Kapoor's previous film 'Sangam (1964 Hindi film)' is also seen 

Reception
India
Upon release in India, Mera Naam Joker was widely derided for its length and the experimental nature of its plot, and it became a critical and commercial failure  The film had two intervals  It later came to be considered a cult classic, and it is considered one of Kapoor's best films  Its reputation was revived, which happened after India was introduced to world cinema  Kapoor's mask was burned in a fire at RK Studios 

Soviet Union
In the Soviet Union, the film's distribution rights were sold for ₹15 lakh (US$199,351 44), the highest for an Indian film up until then  Upon release, the film initially also drew a mixed reaction from Russian critics  Despite this, the film became a commercial blockbuster at the Soviet box office after it released there in 1972  Rather than being released as a single film, the film's three chapters were released separately as three parts in the Soviet Union  The first part drew 29 million box office admissions, the second part drew 22 6 million admissions, and the final part 21 5 million admissions, adding up to a total of 73 1 million admissions at the Soviet box office  This was equivalent to an estimated 18 28 million Rbls ($22 13 million, ₹16 81 crore) at the time, or $155 million (₹1,059 crore) adjusted for inflation in 2022 

Themes and Analysis
The film was deeply philosophical which was part of the reason it wasn't a success when it same out 
The crux of the film is how Raju, the joker, entertains people and makes them laugh, but to do so hides many hardships and heartbreaks of his own life  The 'Joker' is an allegory for not just clowns, but artists and entertainers of all kinds, like Raj Kapoor himself 
The film shows that the audience does not concern itself with the person who is performing but accepts only the performer divorced from his personal situation, his emotions and even from his real persona, the audience embraces only the character that entertains them and does not associate with the real person playing that character  It also implies that life itself is a performance, literally turning Raju's life into chapters of a film  
Therefore, to the “Joker” there is no reality outside performance, he only belongs to the stage, to his character, to the performance, and the audience 
In the end Raju gives a speech to the audience where he says that the "show" will always go on, although it may have different characters, meaning that artists will go through the same across generations  
The film is also semi-autobiographical, reportedly based on the life experiences of Raj Kapoor 

Awards
18th National Film Awards:Best Child Artist – Rishi Kapoor
Best Male Playback Singer – Manna Dey for "Ae Bhai Zara Dekh Ke Chalo"
Best Cinematography (Color) – Radhu Karmakar
19th Filmfare Awards:
Won

Best Director – Raj Kapoor
Best Music Director – Shankar–Jaikishan
Best Male Playback Singer – Manna Dey for "Ae Bhai Zara Dekh Ke Chalo"
Best Cinematography – Radhu Karmakar
Best Sound Design – Allauddin Khan QureshiNominated

Best Film – Raj Kapoor
Best Lyricist – Gopaldas Neeraj for "Ae Bhai Zara Dekh Ke Chalo"

See also
List of highest-grossing Indian films in overseas markets
Passage 8:
Mike Cahill (director)
Mike Cahill (born July 5, 1979) is an American filmmaker 

Early life and education
Mike Cahill was born in New Haven, Connecticut, on July 5, 1979  His first forays into filmmaking were with Fisher-Price and VHS camcorders when he was young  He gained his first credit as a documentarian at the age of 17, when he and a friend directed a film titled The Pocket, about D C go-go music After high school, Cahill studied economics at Georgetown University, graduating in 2001  While a student there he formed a close relationship with professional colleague and friend Brit Marling, whom he met at a Georgetown film festival, and the two began working on short films together where Marling would act and Cahill would direct 

Career
While still in his senior year at Georgetown, Cahill began interning with National Geographic Television and Film, soon becoming their youngest field producer, editor and cinematographer  He and Marling collaborated on Boxers and Ballerinas (2004), an exploration of the U S –Cuba conflict through the lives of four characters, while living in Cuba  Cahill next moved to Los Angeles  There he was taken on as editor for two Sundance features, Leonard Cohen: I'm Your Man and Everyone Stares: The Police Inside Out 2011 was Cahill's pivotal year  His first feature film as director, co-written with Marling, Another Earth, about a parallel planet Earth, won the Alfred P  Sloan Prize at the 2011 Sundance Film Festival and was picked up for distribution by Fox Searchlight Pictures  Variety reported: "[It] has been deemed one of the more highly praised pics of the fest as it received a standing ovation after the screening and strong word of mouth from buyers and festgoers " The distributor Fox Searchlight Pictures won distribution rights to the film in a deal worth $1 5 million to $2 million, beating out other distributors including Focus Features and the Weinstein Company Cahill's second feature film I Origins again won the Alfred P  Sloan Prize, this time at the 2014 Sundance Film Festival, making Cahill the only person to have received the award twice  The film was picked up for distribution by Fox Searchlight In 2011, before the release of I Origins, a press release by Fox Searchlight stated that Cahill was working on a film about reincarnation and another about "a fashion designer who lives at the bottom of the sea " As of 2015 he is also working on a sequel of I Origins  "There's a sequel in the works  It's not scripted  We're not in production yet, but we set up at Fox Searchlight" Starting in 2015, Cahill is an executive producer of the Syfy TV show The Magicians, and directed the pilot episode  He is also an executive producer on The Path, and directed the first two episodes 

Influences
Cahill has cited Julian Schnabel as a significant influence on his work  He considers Krzysztof Kieslowski one of his favorite filmmakers, specifically citing The Double Life of Véronique as having a profound impact on him  Cahill, who has a casual interest in astronomy, was also influenced by the work of astronomer Richard Berendzen, in particular, Berendzen's audiobook Pulp Physics  He is also an admirer of Carl Sagan and Isaac Asimov He has always admired science His favorite movie of all time is 2001: A Space Odyssey  "Because that movie, what it presents to you, can’t be articulated in any other form than as a movie," he said 

Filmography
Awards and nominations
Passage 9:
Aag (1948 film)
Aag (English: Fire) is a 1948 Indian Hindi language musical drama film which is produced, directed by and stars Raj Kapoor  The film marked the debut of Kapoor as producer and director and was the first film produced by his R K  banner  Nargis, Premnath, Nigar Sultana and Kamini Kaushal also starred in supporting roles  Raj Kapoor's youngest brother Shashi Kapoor appeared as a child artist in this film playing the younger version of his character (Kewal)  This marked the first of more than a dozen films in which Raj Kapoor and Nargis appeared together

Plot
The film opens with a groom approaching his new bride, called Sudha, on their wedding night  The bride, upon seeing the groom screams because his face is disfigured due to burns  The groom then starts telling the bride his story and the remainder of the film is a flashback told to the bride by the groom  The story is about a boy, named Kewal (played by Shashi Kapoor), who is obsessed with theatre but is descended from a family of lawyers  The boy Kewal is fascinated by a girl named Nirmala, nicknamed Nimmi, a classmate in school when he was aged 10 years  They both enjoy theatre and Kewal shares his dream of opening a theatre company and starring in his play with Nimmi as the female lead while watching a play in their school  He soon plans to stage a play in his neighbourhood with Nimmi, but she deserts him because her family moves to a different city on the day of the premiere  The young Kewal takes this to heart, but after finishing school, Kewal (now played by Raj Kapoor) reluctantly submits to his father's (Kamal Kapoor) demands to continue the family tradition by studying law and become a successful lawyer just like him and his forefathers  At College, Kewal meets another Nirmala (who asks him to call her Nimmi, after hearing his story of childhood love)  He again plans to stage a play, but the second Nimmi also deserts him because her parents have decided to marry her off to a man who lives in England on the day of the premiere  Kewal is distracted and fails his law exam  This forces him to a reckoning that he has no real interest in becoming a lawyer and would like to pursue his childhood dream of owning his theatre company to write, direct, and produce plays  He argues with his father and is asked to leave the house and despite his mother's protestations, decides to chart his path in life and pursue his dreams  After a little struggle, he luckily finds a patron of the arts named Rajan, (Premnath), who is the owner of a theater company, that has closed down  Kewal and Rajin strike up a creative partnership and a friendship for Kewal to write and produce plays and Rajan to finance these  During the preparation for his play, Kewal discovers a woman made homeless by Partition (Nargis) and casts her as the lead in his play   With the finances and a leader in place, Kewal's dreams can now, at last, be realised; Kewal suggests that Nargis's character (who is not named) takes the name, Nimmi (a third incarnation)  Rajan is besotted by Nimmi, but Nimmi is in love with Kewal, who remains unaware of Nimmi's feelings towards him  This conflict comes to a head on the opening night of Rajan and Kewal's first production; Rajan goes berserk and rips all his pictures of Nimmi that he has painted  Kewal, only now, discovers the reality of the situation with Rajin and tries to convince Nimmi that she should get together with Rajan, who is his friend and mentor; Nimmi pleads that she is in love with Kewal and not Rajan  The play starts (with Kewal's parents with whom he has patched up relations are in the audience) and Kewal takes a lit torch (the Aag or fire) and burns his face  During this act, of what Kewal perceives as a sacrifice to save his friendship with Rajan, the stage catches fire and the whole production company is burnt to the ground and he is disfigured  Kewal then confronts Nimmi, who is repulsed by his disfigurement and tells her that she only liked him because of his outer beauty and only the true Nimmi liked him for who he is on the inside  Nimmi (Nargis's version) visits Kewal in the hospital with his face bandaged  Nimmi offers flowers and Kewal notices a ring on her finger which Nimmi tells him was given to her by Rajan; Kewal wishes her well and she slips away  The camera cuts back to the present, the wedding night, where Kewal is telling Sudha that his childhood Nimmi understood him and only she will accept him for who he is  Sudha suggests that Kewal would not know if Nimmi was standing in front of him  Sudha turns out to be the original Nimmi (from Kewal's childhood) and accepts Kewal for who he is  Kewal and Nimmi renew their vow of opening a theatre company together 

Cast
Raj Kapoor as Kewal Khanna
Shashi Kapoor as Young Kewal Khanna
Nargis as Nimmi
Kamini Kaushal as Miss Nirmala
Nigar Sultana as Sudha
Kamal Kapoor as Kewal Khanna's father
Premnath as Rajan

Music
The music for this film was composed and conducted by Ram Ganguly  For his next film Barsaat, Raj Kapoor took Shankar–Jaikishan as music director and this duo went on to produce subsequent scores for R  K  Films 
The tracks in this film are written by Behzad Lucknavi and Deepak 

Box office
This film was not a major success and did Average business at the box office  As a director, Raj Kapoor had his first major hit with Barsaat (1949) 
Passage 10:
Raj Kapoor
Raj Kapoor (pronounced [raːdʒ kəˈpuːɾ]; born Shrishti Nath Kapoor; 14 December 1924 – 2 June 1988), also known as Ranbir Raj Kapoor, was an Indian actor, film director and producer, who worked in Hindi cinema  He is considered one of the greatest and most influential actors and filmmakers in history of Indian cinema, and has been referred to as The Greatest Showman of Indian Cinema and as the Charlie Chaplin of Indian Cinema Born in Peshawar as the son of Prithviraj Kapoor of the Kapoor family, Raj Kapoor starred in and produced many films for which he received multiple accolades, including three National Film Awards and 11 Filmfare Awards in India  He was inspired by Charlie Chaplin and played characters based on The Tramp in films such as Awaara (1951, also as producer) and Shree 420 (1955)  His performance in Awaara was ranked as one of the "Top-Ten Greatest Performances of All Time in World Cinema" by Time magazine in 2005; both that and his other produced film Boot Polish (1954) competed for the Palme d'Or grand prize at the Cannes Film Festival 
His films were global commercial successes in parts of Asia, the Middle East, the Caribbean, Africa and the Soviet bloc  The Government of India honoured him with the Padma Bhushan in 1971 for his contributions to the arts  India's highest award in cinema, the Dadasaheb Phalke Award, was bestowed on him in 1987 by the Government of India 

Early life and background
Raj Kapoor was born as Shrishti Nath Kapoor on 14 December 1924 at Kapoor Haveli, a large house then owned by his grandfather in the Qissa Khwani Bazaar neighborhood of Peshawar, British India into a Punjabi Hindu family of the Kapoor clan, who belonged to the Dhai Ghar Khatri community  His parents were Prithviraj Kapoor and Ramsarni Devi Kapoor (née Mehra)  The Kapoor family hailed originally from Samundri, Samundri Tehsil, Lyallpur District, Punjab Province, British India  He was the eldest sibling of six children in the family  He was the grandson of Dewan Basheshwarnath Kapoor, great-grandson of Dewan Keshavmal Kapoor, and great-great-grandson of Dewan Murli Mal Kapoor, and was part of the famous Kapoor family  His brothers were the late actors Shammi Kapoor and Shashi Kapoor  He also had a sister named Urmila Sial  Two other siblings died in infancy  Kapoor's family later on moved from Peshawar, North-West Frontier Province to Bombay, Bombay Presidency for residence and for education 
He is the nephew of actor Trilok Kapoor, who is the younger brother of his father Prithviraj Kapoor  His first cousin was actor Subbiraj who was his father's sister's son 
His father's cousin was film producer Surinder Kapoor, whose children are producer Boney Kapoor and actors Anil Kapoor and Sanjay Kapoor  His father's maternal first cousins were actors Kamal Kapoor, Ravindra Kapoor, and Nandkishore Kapoor  Kamal Kapoor's grandson is filmmaker Goldie Behl  His maternal first cousin, Juggal Kishore Mehra, was a singer, whose step-granddaughter, Salma Agha, later became an actress and singer 
As Prithviraj moved from city to city early in his career during the 1930s, the family had to move too  Raj Kapoor attended several different schools like Colonel Brown Cambridge School in Dera Doon, St Xavier's Collegiate School in Calcutta and Campion School in Bombay 

Career
At the age of ten, he appeared in a Hindi film for the first time, in 1935's Inquilab  Raj Kapoor's big break came with the lead role in Neel Kamal (1947) opposite Madhubala in her first role as a leading lady  In 1948, at the age of twenty-four, he established his own studio, R  K  Films, and became the youngest film director of his time making his directorial debut with Aag starring himself, Nargis, Kamini Kaushal and Premnath  In 1949 he co-starred alongside Dilip Kumar and Nargis in Mehboob Khan's Andaz which was his first big hit as an actor  He had his first success as producer, director and actor in another major blockbuster Barsaat which released later that year He went on to produce and star in several hit films made under his R  K  Banner including  Awaara (1951), Shree 420 (1955) and Jis Desh Men Ganga Behti Hai (1960), the last was directed by Radhu Karmakar, his longtime cinematographer, and which won Filmfare Award for Best Film  These films established his screen image modeled on Charlie Chaplin's most famous screen persona of The Tramp  Outside of his home productions, his other notable films as a leading actor included Dastan (1950), Anhonee (1952), Chori Chori (1956), Phir Subah Hogi (1958), Anari (1959), Chhalia (1960) and Dil Hi To Hai (1963)  He also produced the hit social films Boot Polish (1954) and Ab Dilli Door Nahin (1957) In 1964, he produced, directed and starred in the romantic musical Sangam alongside Rajendra Kumar and Vyjayanthimala which was his first film in colour  This was his last major success as a leading actor as his later films like  Around the World (1966) and Sapnon Ka Saudagar (1968) with younger starlets Rajshree and Hema Malini were box office flops  In 1965 he was a member of the jury at the 4th Moscow International Film Festival In 1970 he produced, directed and starred in his ambitious film Mera Naam Joker which took more than six years to complete  His son Rishi Kapoor made his debut in this film playing the younger version of his character  When released in 1970, it was a box office disaster and put Kapoor and his family into a financial crisis  In later years it was acknowledged as a cult classic  In 1971, he launched his eldest son Randhir Kapoor in the family drama Kal Aaj Aur Kal starring himself, his son Randhir, his father Prithviraj Kapoor as well as Randhir's to-be wife Babita  He launched his second son Rishi Kapoor's career in 1973 when he produced and directed Bobby which was a huge box office success and introduced actress Dimple Kapadia, later a very popular actress; it was the first of a new generation of teen romances  Dimple wore bikinis which was quite unique for Indian films then  In 1975 he acted alongside his son Randhir again in Dharam Karam, which Randhir also directed 
In the latter half of the 1970s and early 1980s he produced and directed films that focused on the female protagonists: Satyam Shivam Sundaram (1978) with Zeenat Aman, Prem Rog (1982) with Padmini Kolhapure and Ram Teri Ganga Maili (1985) which introduced Mandakini  He acted in fewer films by the late 1970s and early 1980s but played a notable supporting role alongside Rajesh Khanna in Naukri (1978) and as the titular character alongside Sanjay Khan in Abdullah (1980)  He played a detective in two comedy films: Do Jasoos (1975) and Gopichand Jasoos (1982), both directed by Naresh Kumar (brother of Rajendra Kumar)  In 1979 he was a member of the jury at the 11th Moscow International Film Festival  Raj Kapoor's last major film appearance was in Vakil Babu (1982) where he appeared with his younger brother Shashi  A film he had shot and completed in 1982 titled Chor Mandali in which he appeared opposite fellow veteran actor Ashok Kumar remained unreleased due to a legal dispute  His last acting role was a cameo appearance in a 1984 released British made-for-television film titled Kim 
He was set to direct Henna starring his son Rishi and Pakistani actress Zeba Bakhtiar before his death in 1988  His son Randhir directed the film and it released in 1991 

Personal life
On 12 May 1946, Raj Kapoor married Krishna Malhotra  Krishna was one of nine siblings, and following her marriage, many of them joined the Hindi film industry  Her brothers, Rajendra Nath, Prem Nath and Narendra Nath, later became actors, and her sister Uma is married to actor Prem Chopra 
Raj and Krishna Kapoor had five children: three sons, actors Randhir Kapoor (1947–), Rishi Kapoor (1952–2020) and Rajiv Kapoor (1962–2021), and two daughters, Ritu Nanda (1949–2020) and Rima Jain (1955–)  Randhir is married to former actress Babita and is the father of actresses Karishma Kapoor and Kareena Kapoor  Rishi was married to former actress Neetu Singh until his death and is father of two children, a daughter Riddhima Kapoor, and a son, actor Ranbir Kapoor  Raj Kapoor's elder daughter, Ritu Nanda, was married until their deaths to industrialist Rajan Nanda (scion of the family which promoted and controls the Escorts group), and she was the mother of two children :Her daughter Nitasha Nanda and her son, Nikhil Nanda, is married to Shweta, daughter of actors Amitabh Bachchan and Jaya Bachchan  Raj Kapoor's younger daughter, Rima Jain, is married to investment banker Manoj Jain and is the mother of Armaan Jain and Aadar Jain 
Both of Kapoor's brothers, all three of Kapoor's sons, two of Kapoor's daughters-in-law and three of Kapoor's grandchildren have been active at various times in the film industry  His granddaughters Karisma Kapoor and Kareena Kapoor (daughters of Kapoor's eldest son Randhir), and grandson Ranbir Kapoor (son of Kapoor's second son Rishi) are the latest Bollywood superstars from the Kapoor family, while another of his grandsons, Nikhil Nanda (Kapoor's daughter Ritu's son), is a noted industrialist 
Kapoor had a longtime romantic relationship with renowned actress Nargis Dutt during the 1940s and 1950s, despite being a married man, although neither ever publicly admitted to this  The couple starred in several films together, including Awaara and Shree 420  As Raj would not leave his wife and children, Nargis ended their relationship after Chori Chori and married Sunil Dutt with whom she fell in love on the set of Mother India (1957)  In 2017, his second son Rishi confirmed his father's affair in his autobiography Khullam Khulla Krishna Raj Kapoor died on 1 October 2018  Rajan Nanda, husband of Ritu Nanda died on 5 August 2018  In January 2020, Ritu Nanda herself died  She was followed three months later by her brother Rishi, Kapoor's second son, who died in April 2020  Kapoor's third and youngest son, Rajiv, died in February 2021 
Dilip Kumar, Mukesh, Dev Anand, Pran, Rajendra Kumar, Manna Dey, Shankar Jaikishan, Hrishikesh Mukherjee, Khwaja Ahmad Abbas and Rajesh Khanna were among Kapoor's closest friends from the movie industry 

Filmography
Death
Cause
Raj Kapoor suffered from asthma in his later years; he died of complications related to the disease in 1988 at the age of 63  He collapsed at the event where he was to receive the Dadasaheb Phalke Award in New Delhi, and was taken to the All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi for treatment  He was hospitalised for about a month before he succumbed to complications arising from his asthma  At the time of his death, he was working on the movie Henna (an Indo-Pakistan based love story)  The film was later completed by his sons Randhir Kapoor and Rishi Kapoor and was released in 1991 

Memorial at family farm in Pune
His and his parents' Samadhi (memorial) is at their family farm "Rajbaugh", which means the "gardens of king"  Located inside the MIT Art Design and Technology University (MIT ADTU), Rajbaugh lies on the banks of Mula-Mutha River in Loni Kalbhor village 30 km east of Pune in Maharashtra  Kapoor family sold part of 125 acres Rajbaugh to MIT ADTU which built a memorial for the Kapoor family on its campus  Memorial was unveiled in 2014 in the presence of Lata Mangeshkar and Kapoor clan  Kapoor family memorial has 7 pagodas showing elements of Raj Kapoor's movies, a museum or viewing gallery which showcases family photographs and moments from his movie making from 1945 to 1990  Raj Kapoor shot many of his films at this farm, including Satyam Shivam Sundaram, Mera Naam Joker, Bobby, and Prem Rog  The family Banglow inside the farm has been preserved; the popular song "Hum Tum Ek Kamre Mein Band Ho" was shot inside this banglow 

Legacy
Raj Kapoor is often referred as The Greatest Showman of Indian Cinema in the Indian media  Film historians and movie buffs speak of him as the "Charlie Chaplin of Indian cinema", since he often portrayed a tramp-like figure, who, despite adversity, was still cheerful and honest  His movies were popular in large parts of South/Central/Southeast Asia, the former Soviet Union/Bloc, China, the Middle East, and Africa; his movies were global commercial successes Siddharth Kak made, Raj Kapoor, a feature film documentary on the actor in 1987 which was produced by the Government of India's Films Division A postage stamp, bearing his face, was released by India Post to honour him on 14 December 2001  To honour him, a brass statue of his was unveiled at Walk of the Stars at Bandra Bandstand in Mumbai in March 2012 

Many of Raj Kapoor's movies had a patriotic theme  His films Aag, Shree 420 and Jis Desh Men Ganga Behti Hai (In the country where the Ganges flows) celebrated the newly independent India, and encouraged film-goers to be patriots  Raj Kapoor commissioned these famous lyrics for Mera Joota Hai Japani, a song from the movie Shree 420:

Mera joota hai Japani (My shoes are Japanese)
Ye patloon Inglistani (These trousers are English)
Sar pe lal topi Roosi (The red cap on my head is Russian)
Phir bhi dil hai Hindustani (But still, however, my heart is Indian)The song is still extremely popular and has been featured in a number of movies since Shree 420 was released  Indian author Mahasweta Devi stopped the show with her inaugural speech at the 2006 Frankfurt Book Fair when she used these lyrics to express her own heartfelt patriotism and debt to her country 
In 2014, Google commemorated his 90th birthday Raj Kapoor was a canny judge of filmi music and lyrics  Many of the songs he commissioned are evergreen hits  He introduced the music directors Shankar–Jaikishan and the lyricists Hasrat Jaipuri and Shailendra  He is also remembered for his strong sense of visual style  He used striking visual compositions, elaborate sets, and dramatic lighting to complete the mood set by the music  He introduced the actresses Nimmi, Dimple Kapadia, and Mandakini, as well as launching and reviving the careers of his sons Rishi, Randhir and Rajiv  Famous for making his actresses reveal the body, not very common then in Indian cinema, it was said his 'show-womanship' matched his showmanship Raj Kapoor's Shree 420 (1955) movie's Hindi song Mera Joota Hai Japani ("My Shoes are Japanese") was used in opening sequence of 20th Century Studios 2016 movie Deadpool, starring Ryan Reynolds The 1967 "Song about Yogis" (Russian: Песенка про йогов) by Vladimir Vysotsky mentions Raj Kapoor as one of the three best-known symbols of Indian culture in the Soviet Union, along with Shiva and yoga He was called "the Clark Gable of the Indian film industry" 

Awards and honors
Kapoor had received many awards throughout his career, including 3 National Film Awards, 11 Filmfare Awards and 21 nominations  His films Awaara (1951) and Boot Polish (1954) were nominated for the Palme d'Or at the Cannes Film Festival  His acting in the former was rated as one of the "Top Ten Performances of All Time in World Cinema" by Time magazine  His film Jagte Raho (1956) also won the Crystal Globe award at the Karlovy Vary International Film Festival 
The Government of India honoured him with the Padma Bhushan in 1971 and the Dadasaheb Phalke Award in 1987 – the highest award for cinematic excellence in India  In 2001, he was honoured with "Best Director of the Millennium" by Stardust Awards  He was named "Showman of the Millennium" by Star Screen Awards in 2002 
In June 2011, Noah Cowan, artistic director of TIFF Bell Lightbox, and Sabbas Joseph, Director, Wizcraft along with members of the Kapoor family came together to pay tribute to the life and work of Indian actor, director, mogul and legend Raj Kapoor, as presented in partnership by TIFF (Toronto International Film Festival), the International Indian Film Academy (IIFA), and the Government of Ontario  In 2011, it was announced that Kapoor will be inducted into the Brampton Walk of Fame in Ontario, Canada 

Association with other artists
Khwaja Ahmad Abbas
Khwaja Ahmad Abbas was a screenwriter and director for a number of Raj Kapoor's best films 
Awaara (1951)
Anhonee (1952)
Shree 420 (1955)
Jagte Raho (1956)
Char Dil Char Rahen (1959)
Mera Naam Joker (1970)
Bobby (1973)
Henna (1991)

Shankar–Jaikishan
Shankar–Jaikishan were Raj Kapoor's music directors of choice  He worked with them in 20 films in all including 10 of his own films from Barsaat until Kal Aaj Aur Kal   (Jagte Raho with Salil Chowdhury and Ab Dilli Dur Nahin being two exceptions in this period)  Only after Jaikishan died, did he turn to a different music director – Laxmikant–Pyarelal for Bobby, Satyam Shivam Sundaram and Prem Rog (later on, his children used Laxmikant-Pyarelal for Prem Granth as well), Rahul Dev Burman for Dharam Karam, and Ravindra Jain for (Ram Teri Ganga Maili and Henna)  Raj Kapoor acted in a movie with music by Madan Mohan only once (twice), i e  Dhoon (1953) & Ashiana (1952), which featured duet Hum Pyaar Karenge by Hemant Kumar and Lata Mangeshkar, the only instance of Hemant Kumar giving playback to Raj Kapoor, and did only one movie with O  P  Nayyar (Do Ustad) 
List of films with Shankar–Jaikishan: (18 Films)

Nargis
Raj Kapoor and Nargis worked together in 16 films including 6 of his own productions 

Mukesh and Manna Dey
Mukesh was Raj Kapoor's almost exclusive singing voice in almost all of his films  Also, when Mukesh died, Raj had said, Main ne apni aawaaz ko kho diya    (I have lost my voice   )  However Manna Dey has also sung many notable and super-hit songs for Raj Kapoor, for instance in Shree 420 and Chori Chori  Examples of such Manna songs are best illustrated by the following list:

"Laga Chunri Mein Daag" (Dil Hi To Hai)
"Ae Bhai Zara Dekh Ke Chalo" (Mera Naam Joker)
"Dil Ka Haal Sune Dil Wala" (Shree 420)
"Aaja Sanam Madhur Chandni Mein Hum" (Chori Chori)
"Jahan Mein Jati Hoon Wahin Chale Aate Ho" (Chori Chori)
"Yeh Raat Bhigi Bhigi, Yeh Mast Fizayen" (Chori Chori)
"Masti Bhara Hai Samaan" (Parvarish)
"Mud Mud Ke Na Dekh" (Shree 420)
"Pyar hua Iqrar hua hai" (Shree 420)
"Chalat Musafir" (Teesri Kasam)
"Belia Belia Belia" (Parvarish)
"Lallah Allah Tera Nigehbaan" (Abdullah)
"Mama O Mama" (Parvarish)
Context 3: Passage 1:
Vaccine
A vaccine is a biological preparation that provides active acquired immunity to a particular infectious or malignant disease  The safety and effectiveness of vaccines has been widely studied and verified  A vaccine typically contains an agent that resembles a disease-causing microorganism and is often made from weakened or killed forms of the microbe, its toxins, or one of its surface proteins  The agent stimulates the body's immune system to recognize the agent as a threat, destroy it, and to further recognize and destroy any of the microorganisms associated with that agent that it may encounter in the future 
Vaccines can be prophylactic (to prevent or ameliorate the effects of a future infection by a natural or "wild" pathogen), or therapeutic (to fight a disease that has already occurred, such as cancer)  Some vaccines offer full sterilizing immunity, in which infection is prevented completely The administration of vaccines is called vaccination  Vaccination is the most effective method of preventing infectious diseases; widespread immunity due to vaccination is largely responsible for the worldwide eradication of smallpox and the restriction of diseases such as polio, measles, and tetanus from much of the world  The World Health Organization (WHO) reports that licensed vaccines are currently available for twenty-five different preventable infections The first recorded use of Inoculation to prevent smallpox occurred in the 16th century in China, with the earliest hints of the practice in China coming during the 10th century   It was also the first disease for which a vaccine was produced The folk practice of inoculation against smallpox was brought from Turkey to Britain in 1721 by Lady Mary Wortley Montagu 
The terms vaccine and vaccination are derived from Variolae vaccinae (smallpox of the cow), the term devised by Edward Jenner (who both developed the concept of vaccines and created the first vaccine) to denote cowpox  He used the phrase in 1798 for the long title of his Inquiry into the Variolae vaccinae Known as the Cow Pox, in which he described the protective effect of cowpox against smallpox  In 1881, to honor Jenner, Louis Pasteur proposed that the terms should be extended to cover the new protective inoculations then being developed  The science of vaccine development and production is termed vaccinology 

Effects
There is overwhelming scientific consensus that vaccines are a very safe and effective way to fight and eradicate infectious diseases  The immune system recognizes vaccine agents as foreign, destroys them, and "remembers" them  When the virulent version of an agent is encountered, the body recognizes the protein coat on the agent, and thus is prepared to respond, by first neutralizing the target agent before it can enter cells, and secondly by recognizing and destroying infected cells before that agent can multiply to vast numbers Limitations to their effectiveness, nevertheless, exist  Sometimes, protection fails for vaccine-related reasons such as failures in vaccine attenuation, vaccination regimens or administration Failure may also occur for host-related reasons if the host's immune system does not respond adequately or at all  Host-related lack of response occurs in an estimated 2-10% of individuals, due to factors including genetics, immune status, age, health and nutritional status  One type of primary immunodeficiency disorder resulting in genetic failure is X-linked agammaglobulinemia, in which the absence of an enzyme essential for B cell development prevents the host's immune system from generating antibodies to a pathogen Host–pathogen interactions and responses to infection are dynamic processes involving multiple pathways in the immune system  A host does not develop antibodies instantaneously: while the body's innate immunity may be activated in as little as twelve hours, adaptive immunity can take 1–2 weeks to fully develop  During that time, the host can still become infected Once antibodies are produced, they may promote immunity in any of several ways, depending on the class of antibodies involved  Their success in clearing or inactivating a pathogen will depend on the amount of antibodies produced and on the extent to which those antibodies are effective at countering the strain of the pathogen involved, since different strains may be differently susceptible to a given immune reaction  
In some cases vaccines may result in partial immune protection (in which immunity is less than 100% effective but still reduces risk of infection) or in temporary immune protection (in which immunity wanes over time) rather than full or permanent immunity  They can still raise the reinfection threshold for the population as a whole and make a substantial impact  They can also mitigate the severity of infection, resulting in a lower mortality rate, lower morbidity, faster recovery from illness, and a wide range of other effects Those who are older often display less of a response than those who are younger, a pattern known as Immunosenescence Adjuvants commonly are used to boost immune response, particularly for older people whose immune response to a simple vaccine may have weakened The efficacy or performance of the vaccine is dependent on several factors:

the disease itself (for some diseases vaccination performs better than for others)
the strain of vaccine (some vaccines are specific to, or at least most effective against, particular strains of the disease)
whether the vaccination schedule has been properly observed 
idiosyncratic response to vaccination; some individuals are "non-responders" to certain vaccines, meaning that they do not generate antibodies even after being vaccinated correctly 
assorted factors such as ethnicity, age, or genetic predisposition If a vaccinated individual does develop the disease vaccinated against (breakthrough infection), the disease is likely to be less virulent than in unvaccinated cases Important considerations in an effective vaccination program:
careful modeling to anticipate the effect that an immunization campaign will have on the epidemiology of the disease in the medium to long term
ongoing surveillance for the relevant disease following introduction of a new vaccine
maintenance of high immunization rates, even when a disease has become rareIn 1958, there were 763,094 cases of measles in the United States; 552 deaths resulted  After the introduction of new vaccines, the number of cases dropped to fewer than 150 per year (median of 56)  In early 2008, there were 64 suspected cases of measles  Fifty-four of those infections were associated with importation from another country, although only thirteen percent were actually acquired outside the United States; 63 of the 64 individuals either had never been vaccinated against measles or were uncertain whether they had been vaccinated Vaccines led to the eradication of smallpox, one of the most contagious and deadly diseases in humans  Other diseases such as rubella, polio, measles, mumps, chickenpox, and typhoid are nowhere near as common as they were a hundred years ago thanks to widespread vaccination programs  As long as the vast majority of people are vaccinated, it is much more difficult for an outbreak of disease to occur, let alone spread  This effect is called herd immunity  Polio, which is transmitted only among humans, is targeted by an extensive eradication campaign that has seen endemic polio restricted to only parts of three countries (Afghanistan, Nigeria, and Pakistan)  However, the difficulty of reaching all children, cultural misunderstandings, and disinformation have caused the anticipated eradication date to be missed several times Vaccines also help prevent the development of antibiotic resistance  For example, by greatly reducing the incidence of pneumonia caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae, vaccine programs have greatly reduced the prevalence of infections resistant to penicillin or other first-line antibiotics The measles vaccine is estimated to prevent a million deaths every year 

Adverse effects
Vaccinations given to children, adolescents, or adults are generally safe  Adverse effects, if any, are generally mild  The rate of side effects depends on the vaccine in question  Some common side effects include fever, pain around the injection site, and muscle aches  Additionally, some individuals may be allergic to ingredients in the vaccine  MMR vaccine is rarely associated with febrile seizures Host-("vaccinee")-related determinants that render a person susceptible to infection, such as genetics, health status (underlying disease, nutrition, pregnancy, sensitivities or allergies), immune competence, age, and economic impact or cultural environment can be primary or secondary factors affecting the severity of infection and response to a vaccine  Elderly (above age 60), allergen-hypersensitive, and obese people have susceptibility to compromised immunogenicity, which prevents or inhibits vaccine effectiveness, possibly requiring separate vaccine technologies for these specific populations or repetitive booster vaccinations to limit virus transmission Severe side effects are extremely rare  Varicella vaccine is rarely associated with complications in immunodeficient individuals, and rotavirus vaccines are moderately associated with intussusception At least 19 countries have no-fault compensation programs to provide compensation for those with severe adverse effects of vaccination  The United States' program is known as the National Childhood Vaccine Injury Act, and the United Kingdom employs the Vaccine Damage Payment 

Types
Vaccines typically contain attenuated, inactivated or dead organisms or purified products derived from them  There are several types of vaccines in use  These represent different strategies used to try to reduce the risk of illness while retaining the ability to induce a beneficial immune response 

Attenuated
Some vaccines contain live, attenuated microorganisms  Many of these are active viruses that have been cultivated under conditions that disable their virulent properties, or that use closely related but less dangerous organisms to produce a broad immune response  Although most attenuated vaccines are viral, some are bacterial in nature  Examples include the viral diseases yellow fever, measles, mumps, and rubella, and the bacterial disease typhoid  The live Mycobacterium tuberculosis vaccine developed by Calmette and Guérin is not made of a contagious strain but contains a virulently modified strain called "BCG" used to elicit an immune response to the vaccine  The live attenuated vaccine containing strain Yersinia pestis EV is used for plague immunization  Attenuated vaccines have some advantages and disadvantages  Attenuated, or live, weakened, vaccines typically provoke more durable immunological responses  But they may not be safe for use in immunocompromised individuals, and on rare occasions mutate to a virulent form and cause disease 

Inactivated
Some vaccines contain inactivated, but previously virulent, micro-organisms that have been destroyed with chemicals, heat, or radiation – "ghosts", with intact but empty bacterial cell envelopes  They are considered an intermediate phase between the inactivated and attenuated vaccines  Examples include IPV (polio vaccine), hepatitis A vaccine, rabies vaccine and most influenza vaccines 

Toxoid
Toxoid vaccines are made from inactivated toxic compounds that cause illness rather than the micro-organism  Examples of toxoid-based vaccines include tetanus and diphtheria  Not all toxoids are for micro-organisms; for example, Crotalus atrox toxoid is used to vaccinate dogs against rattlesnake bites 

Subunit
Rather than introducing an inactivated or attenuated micro-organism to an immune system (which would constitute a "whole-agent" vaccine), a subunit vaccine uses a fragment of it to create an immune response  One example is the subunit vaccine against hepatitis B, which is composed of only the surface proteins of the virus (previously extracted from the blood serum of chronically infected patients but now produced by recombination of the viral genes into yeast)  Another example is edible algae vaccines, such as the virus-like particle (VLP) vaccine against human papillomavirus (HPV), which is composed of the viral major capsid protein  Another example is the hemagglutinin and neuraminidase subunits of the influenza virus  A subunit vaccine is being used for plague immunization 

Conjugate
Certain bacteria have a polysaccharide outer coat that is poorly immunogenic  By linking these outer coats to proteins (e g , toxins), the immune system can be led to recognize the polysaccharide as if it were a protein antigen  This approach is used in the Haemophilus influenzae type B vaccine 

Outer membrane vesicle
Outer membrane vesicles (OMVs) are naturally immunogenic and can be manipulated to produce potent vaccines  The best known OMV vaccines are those developed for serotype B meningococcal disease 

Heterotypic
Heterologous vaccines also known as "Jennerian vaccines", are vaccines that are pathogens of other animals that either do not cause disease or cause mild disease in the organism being treated  The classic example is Jenner's use of cowpox to protect against smallpox  A current example is the use of BCG vaccine made from Mycobacterium bovis to protect against tuberculosis 

Genetic vaccine
The subgroup of genetic vaccines encompass viral vector vaccines, RNA vaccines and DNA vaccines 

Viral vector
Viral vector vaccines use a safe virus to insert pathogen genes in the body to produce specific antigens, such as surface proteins, to stimulate an immune response 

RNA
An mRNA vaccine (or RNA vaccine) is a novel type of vaccine which is composed of the nucleic acid RNA, packaged within a vector such as lipid nanoparticles  Among the COVID-19 vaccines are a number of RNA vaccines to combat the COVID-19 pandemic and some have been approved or have received emergency use authorization in some countries  For example, the Pfizer-BioNTech vaccine and Moderna mRNA vaccine are approved for use in adults and children in the US 

DNA
DNA vaccination – The proposed mechanism is the insertion and expression of viral or bacterial DNA in human or animal cells (enhanced by the use of electroporation), triggering immune system recognition  Some cells of the immune system that recognize the proteins expressed will mount an attack against these proteins and cells expressing them  Because these cells live for a very long time, if the pathogen that normally expresses these proteins is encountered at a later time, they will be attacked instantly by the immune system  One potential advantage of DNA vaccines is that they are very easy to produce and store 
In August 2021, Indian authorities gave emergency approval to ZyCoV-D  Developed by Cadila Healthcare, it is the first DNA vaccine approved for humans 

Experimental
Many innovative vaccines are also in development and use 

Dendritic cell vaccines combine dendritic cells with antigens to present the antigens to the body's white blood cells, thus stimulating an immune reaction  These vaccines have shown some positive preliminary results for treating brain tumors and are also tested in malignant melanoma 
Recombinant vector – by combining the physiology of one micro-organism and the DNA of another, immunity can be created against diseases that have complex infection processes  An example is the RVSV-ZEBOV vaccine licensed to Merck that is being used in 2018 to combat ebola in Congo 
T-cell receptor peptide vaccines are under development for several diseases using models of Valley Fever, stomatitis, and atopic dermatitis  These peptides have been shown to modulate cytokine production and improve cell-mediated immunity 
Targeting of identified bacterial proteins that are involved in complement inhibition would neutralize the key bacterial virulence mechanism 
The use of plasmids has been validated in preclinical studies as a protective vaccine strategy for cancer and infectious diseases  However, in human studies, this approach has failed to provide clinically relevant benefit  The overall efficacy of plasmid DNA immunization depends on increasing the plasmid's immunogenicity while also correcting for factors involved in the specific activation of immune effector cells 
Bacterial vector – Similar in principle to viral vector vaccines, but using bacteria instead 
Antigen-presenting cellWhile most vaccines are created using inactivated or attenuated compounds from micro-organisms, synthetic vaccines are composed mainly or wholly of synthetic peptides, carbohydrates, or antigens 

Valence
Vaccines may be monovalent (also called univalent) or multivalent (also called polyvalent)  A monovalent vaccine is designed to immunize against a single antigen or single microorganism  A multivalent or polyvalent vaccine is designed to immunize against two or more strains of the same microorganism, or against two or more microorganisms  The valency of a multivalent vaccine may be denoted with a Greek or Latin prefix (e g , bivalent, trivalent, or tetravalent/quadrivalent)  In certain cases, a monovalent vaccine may be preferable for rapidly developing a strong immune response 

Interactions
When two or more vaccines are mixed in the same formulation, the two vaccines can interfere  This most frequently occurs with live attenuated vaccines, where one of the vaccine components is more robust than the others and suppresses the growth and immune response to the other components 
This phenomenon was first noted in the trivalent Sabin polio vaccine, where the amount of serotype 2 virus in the vaccine had to be reduced to stop it from interfering with the "take" of the serotype 1 and 3 viruses in the vaccine  It was also noted in a 2001 study to be a problem with dengue vaccines, where the DEN-3 serotype was found to predominate and suppress the response to DEN-1, -2 and -4 serotypes 

Other contents
Adjuvants
Vaccines typically contain one or more adjuvants, used to boost the immune response  Tetanus toxoid, for instance, is usually adsorbed onto alum  This presents the antigen in such a way as to produce a greater action than the simple aqueous tetanus toxoid  People who have an adverse reaction to adsorbed tetanus toxoid may be given the simple vaccine when the time comes for a booster In the preparation for the 1990 Persian Gulf campaign, the whole cell pertussis vaccine was used as an adjuvant for anthrax vaccine  This produces a more rapid immune response than giving only the anthrax vaccine, which is of some benefit if exposure might be imminent 

Preservatives
Vaccines may also contain preservatives to prevent contamination with bacteria or fungi  Until recent years, the preservative thiomersal (a k a  Thimerosal in the US and Japan) was used in many vaccines that did not contain live viruses  As of 2005, the only childhood vaccine in the U S  that contains thiomersal in greater than trace amounts is the influenza vaccine, which is currently recommended only for children with certain risk factors  Single-dose influenza vaccines supplied in the UK do not list thiomersal in the ingredients  Preservatives may be used at various stages of the production of vaccines, and the most sophisticated methods of measurement might detect traces of them in the finished product, as they may in the environment and population as a whole Many vaccines need preservatives to prevent serious adverse effects such as Staphylococcus infection, which in one 1928 incident killed 12 of 21 children inoculated with a diphtheria vaccine that lacked a preservative  Several preservatives are available, including thiomersal, phenoxyethanol, and formaldehyde  Thiomersal is more effective against bacteria, has a better shelf-life, and improves vaccine stability, potency, and safety; but, in the U S , the European Union, and a few other affluent countries, it is no longer used as a preservative in childhood vaccines, as a precautionary measure due to its mercury content  Although controversial claims have been made that thiomersal contributes to autism, no convincing scientific evidence supports these claims  Furthermore, a 10–11-year study of 657,461 children found that the MMR vaccine does not cause autism and actually reduced the risk of autism by seven percent 

Excipients
Beside the active vaccine itself, the following excipients and residual manufacturing compounds are present or may be present in vaccine preparations:
Aluminum salts or gels are added as adjuvants  Adjuvants are added to promote an earlier, more potent response, and more persistent immune response to the vaccine; they allow for a lower vaccine dosage 
Antibiotics are added to some vaccines to prevent the growth of bacteria during production and storage of the vaccine 
Egg protein is present in the influenza vaccine and yellow fever vaccine as they are prepared using chicken eggs  Other proteins may be present 
Formaldehyde is used to inactivate bacterial products for toxoid vaccines  Formaldehyde is also used to inactivate unwanted viruses and kill bacteria that might contaminate the vaccine during production 
Monosodium glutamate (MSG) and 2-phenoxyethanol are used as stabilizers in a few vaccines to help the vaccine remain unchanged when the vaccine is exposed to heat, light, acidity, or humidity 
Thiomersal is a mercury-containing antimicrobial that is added to vials of vaccines that contain more than one dose to prevent contamination and growth of potentially harmful bacteria  Due to the controversy surrounding thiomersal, it has been removed from most vaccines except multi-use influenza, where it was reduced to levels so that a single dose contained less than a microgram of mercury, a level similar to eating ten grams of canned tuna 

Nomenclature
Various fairly standardized abbreviations for vaccine names have developed, although the standardization is by no means centralized or global  For example, the vaccine names used in the United States have well-established abbreviations that are also widely known and used elsewhere  An extensive list of them provided in a sortable table and freely accessible is available at a US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention web page  The page explains that "The abbreviations [in] this table (Column 3) were standardized jointly by staff of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, ACIP Work Groups, the editor of the Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report (MMWR), the editor of Epidemiology and Prevention of Vaccine-Preventable Diseases (the Pink Book), ACIP members, and liaison organizations to the ACIP "Some examples are "DTaP" for diphtheria and tetanus toxoids and acellular pertussis vaccine, "DT" for diphtheria and tetanus toxoids, and "Td" for tetanus and diphtheria toxoids  At its page on tetanus vaccination, the CDC further explains that "Upper-case letters in these abbreviations denote full-strength doses of diphtheria (D) and tetanus (T) toxoids and pertussis (P) vaccine  Lower-case "d" and "p" denote reduced doses of diphtheria and pertussis used in the adolescent/adult-formulations  The 'a' in DTaP and Tdap stands for 'acellular', meaning that the pertussis component contains only a part of the pertussis organism "Another list of established vaccine abbreviations is at the CDC's page called "Vaccine Acronyms and Abbreviations", with abbreviations used on U S  immunization records  The United States Adopted Name system has some conventions for the word order of vaccine names, placing head nouns first and adjectives postpositively  This is why the USAN for "OPV" is "poliovirus vaccine live oral" rather than "oral poliovirus vaccine" 

Licensing
A vaccine licensure occurs after the successful conclusion of the development cycle and further the clinical trials and other programs involved through Phases I–III demonstrating safety, immunoactivity, immunogenetic safety at a given specific dose, proven effectiveness in preventing infection for target populations, and enduring preventive effect (time endurance or need for revaccination must be estimated)  Because preventive vaccines are predominantly evaluated in healthy population cohorts and distributed among the general population, a high standard of safety is required  As part of a multinational licensing of a vaccine, the World Health Organization Expert Committee on Biological Standardization developed guidelines of international standards for manufacturing and quality control of vaccines, a process intended as a platform for national regulatory agencies to apply for their own licensing process  Vaccine manufacturers do not receive licensing until a complete clinical cycle of development and trials proves the vaccine is safe and has long-term effectiveness, following scientific review by a multinational or national regulatory organization, such as the European Medicines Agency (EMA) or the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) Upon developing countries adopting WHO guidelines for vaccine development and licensure, each country has its own responsibility to issue a national licensure, and to manage, deploy, and monitor the vaccine throughout its use in each nation  Building trust and acceptance of a licensed vaccine among the public is a task of communication by governments and healthcare personnel to ensure a vaccination campaign proceeds smoothly, saves lives, and enables economic recovery  When a vaccine is licensed, it will initially be in limited supply due to variable manufacturing, distribution, and logistical factors, requiring an allocation plan for the limited supply and which population segments should be prioritized to first receive the vaccine 

World Health Organization
Vaccines developed for multinational distribution via the United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF) require pre-qualification by the WHO to ensure international standards of quality, safety, immunogenicity, and efficacy for adoption by numerous countries The process requires manufacturing consistency at WHO-contracted laboratories following Good Manufacturing Practice (GMP)  When UN agencies are involved in vaccine licensure, individual nations collaborate by 1) issuing marketing authorization and a national license for the vaccine, its manufacturers, and distribution partners; and 2) conducting postmarketing surveillance, including records for adverse events after the vaccination program  The WHO works with national agencies to monitor inspections of manufacturing facilities and distributors for compliance with GMP and regulatory oversight Some countries choose to buy vaccines licensed by reputable national organizations, such as EMA, FDA, or national agencies in other affluent countries, but such purchases typically are more expensive and may not have distribution resources suitable to local conditions in developing countries 

European Union
In the European Union (EU), vaccines for pandemic pathogens, such as seasonal influenza, are licensed EU-wide where all the member states comply ("centralized"), are licensed for only some member states ("decentralized"), or are licensed on an individual national level  Generally, all EU states follow regulatory guidance and clinical programs defined by the European Committee for Medicinal Products for Human Use (CHMP), a scientific panel of the European Medicines Agency (EMA) responsible for vaccine licensure  The CHMP is supported by several expert groups who assess and monitor the progress of a vaccine before and after licensure and distribution 

United States
Under the FDA, the process of establishing evidence for vaccine clinical safety and efficacy is the same as for the approval process for prescription drugs  If successful through the stages of clinical development, the vaccine licensing process is followed by a Biologics License Application which must provide a scientific review team (from diverse disciplines, such as physicians, statisticians, microbiologists, chemists) and comprehensive documentation for the vaccine candidate having efficacy and safety throughout its development  Also during this stage, the proposed manufacturing facility is examined by expert reviewers for GMP compliance, and the label must have a compliant description to enable health care providers' definition of vaccine-specific use, including its possible risks, to communicate and deliver the vaccine to the public  After licensure, monitoring of the vaccine and its production, including periodic inspections for GMP compliance, continue as long as the manufacturer retains its license, which may include additional submissions to the FDA of tests for potency, safety, and purity for each vaccine manufacturing step 

India
Drugs Controller General of India is the head of department of the Central Drugs Standard Control Organization of the Government of India responsible for approval of licences of specified categories of drugs such as vaccines AND others like blood and blood products, IV fluids, and sera in India 

Postmarketing surveillance
Until a vaccine is in use for the general population, all potential adverse events from the vaccine may not be known, requiring manufacturers to conduct Phase IV studies for postmarketing surveillance of the vaccine while it is used widely in the public  The WHO works with UN member states to implement post-licensing surveillance  The FDA relies on a Vaccine Adverse Event Reporting System to monitor safety concerns about a vaccine throughout its use in the American public 

Scheduling
In order to provide the best protection, children are recommended to receive vaccinations as soon as their immune systems are sufficiently developed to respond to particular vaccines, with additional "booster" shots often required to achieve "full immunity"  This has led to the development of complex vaccination schedules  Global recommendations of vaccination schedule are issued by Strategic Advisory Group of Experts and will be further translated by advisory committee at the country level with considering of local factors such as disease epidemiology, acceptability of vaccination, equity in local populations, and programmatic and financial constraint  In the United States, the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices, which recommends schedule additions for the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, recommends routine vaccination of children against hepatitis A, hepatitis B, polio, mumps, measles, rubella, diphtheria, pertussis, tetanus, HiB, chickenpox, rotavirus, influenza, meningococcal disease and pneumonia The large number of vaccines and boosters recommended (up to 24 injections by age two) has led to problems with achieving full compliance  To combat declining compliance rates, various notification systems have been instituted and many combination injections are now marketed (e g , Pentavalent vaccine and MMRV vaccine), which protect against multiple diseases 
Besides recommendations for infant vaccinations and boosters, many specific vaccines are recommended for other ages or for repeated injections throughout life – most commonly for measles, tetanus, influenza, and pneumonia  Pregnant women are often screened for continued resistance to rubella  The human papillomavirus vaccine is recommended in the U S  (as of 2011) and UK (as of 2009)  Vaccine recommendations for the elderly concentrate on pneumonia and influenza, which are more deadly to that group  In 2006, a vaccine was introduced against shingles, a disease caused by the chickenpox virus, which usually affects the elderly Scheduling and dosing of a vaccination may be tailored to the level of immunocompetence of an individual and to optimize population-wide deployment of a vaccine when it supply is limited, e g  in the setting of a pandemic 

Economics of development
One challenge in vaccine development is economic: Many of the diseases most demanding a vaccine, including HIV, malaria and tuberculosis, exist principally in poor countries  Pharmaceutical firms and biotechnology companies have little incentive to develop vaccines for these diseases because there is little revenue potential  Even in more affluent countries, financial returns are usually minimal and the financial and other risks are great Most vaccine development to date has relied on "push" funding by government, universities and non-profit organizations  Many vaccines have been highly cost effective and beneficial for public health  The number of vaccines actually administered has risen dramatically in recent decades  This increase, particularly in the number of different vaccines administered to children before entry into schools may be due to government mandates and support, rather than economic incentive 

Patents
According to the World Health Organization, the biggest barrier to vaccine production in less developed countries has not been patents, but the substantial financial, infrastructure, and workforce requirements needed for market entry  Vaccines are complex mixtures of biological compounds, and unlike the case for prescription drugs, there are no true generic vaccines  The vaccine produced by a new facility must undergo complete clinical testing for safety and efficacy by the manufacturer  For most vaccines, specific processes in technology are patented  These can be circumvented by alternative manufacturing methods, but this required R&D infrastructure and a suitably skilled workforce  In the case of a few relatively new vaccines, such as the human papillomavirus vaccine, the patents may impose an additional barrier When increased production of vaccines was urgently needed during the COVID-19 pandemic in 2021, the World Trade Organization and governments around the world evaluated whether to waive intellectual property rights and patents on COVID-19 vaccines, which would "eliminate all potential barriers to the timely access of affordable COVID-19 medical products, including vaccines and medicines, and scale up the manufacturing and supply of essential medical products" 

Production
Vaccine production is fundamentally different from other kinds of manufacturing – including regular pharmaceutical manufacturing – in that vaccines are intended to be administered to millions of people of whom the vast majority are perfectly healthy  This fact drives an extraordinarily rigorous production process with strict compliance requirements that go far beyond what is required of other products Depending upon the antigen, it can cost anywhere from US$50 to $500 million to build a vaccine production facility, which requires highly specialized equipment, clean rooms, and containment rooms  There is a global scarcity of personnel with the right combination of skills, expertise, knowledge, competence and personality to staff vaccine production lines  With the notable exceptions of Brazil, China, and India, many developing countries' educational systems are unable to provide enough qualified candidates, and vaccine makers based in such countries must hire expatriate personnel to keep production going Vaccine production has several stages  First, the antigen itself is generated  Viruses are grown either on primary cells such as chicken eggs (e g , for influenza) or on continuous cell lines such as cultured human cells (e g , for hepatitis A)  Bacteria are grown in bioreactors (e g , Haemophilus influenzae type b)  Likewise, a recombinant protein derived from the viruses or bacteria can be generated in yeast, bacteria, or cell cultures After the antigen is generated, it is isolated from the cells used to generate it  A virus may need to be inactivated, possibly with no further purification required  Recombinant proteins need many operations involving ultrafiltration and column chromatography  Finally, the vaccine is formulated by adding adjuvant, stabilizers, and preservatives as needed  The adjuvant enhances the immune response to the antigen, stabilizers increase the storage life, and preservatives allow the use of multidose vials  Combination vaccines are harder to develop and produce, because of potential incompatibilities and interactions among the antigens and other ingredients involved The final stage in vaccine manufacture before distribution is fill and finish, which is the process of filling vials with vaccines and packaging them for distribution  Although this is a conceptually simple part of the vaccine manufacture process, it is often a bottleneck in the process of distributing and administering vaccines Vaccine production techniques are evolving  Cultured mammalian cells are expected to become increasingly important, compared to conventional options such as chicken eggs, due to greater productivity and low incidence of problems with contamination  Recombination technology that produces genetically detoxified vaccines is expected to grow in popularity for the production of bacterial vaccines that use toxoids  Combination vaccines are expected to reduce the quantities of antigens they contain, and thereby decrease undesirable interactions, by using pathogen-associated molecular patterns 

Vaccine manufacturers
The companies with the highest market share in vaccine production are Merck, Sanofi, GlaxoSmithKline, Pfizer and Novartis, with 70% of vaccine sales concentrated in the EU or US (2013) : 42  Vaccine manufacturing plants require large capital investments ($50 million up to $300 million) and may take between 4 and 6 years to construct, with the full process of vaccine development taking between 10 and 15 years : 43  Manufacturing in developing countries is playing an increasing role in supplying these countries, specifically with regards to older vaccines and in Brazil, India and China



ground_truth: director

prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: After Russell D. Moore served at the Southern Baptist Theological Seminary he became the President of The Ethics & Religious Liberty Commission (ERLC) in what year?

The following are given passages.
Context 2: Passage 1:
Jerry A  Johnson
Jerry A  Johnson is the former President of the National Religious Broadcasters  He became president of NRB on November 1, 2013, succeeding Frank Wright  Before accepting that post, he was President of Criswell College, and former dean of academics at Midwestern Baptist Theological Seminary   He also held several positions during 14 years at Southern Baptist Theological Seminary  From 2013 to 2014 he served as Chairman of the Nominating Committee of the Southern Baptist Convention 
Passage 2:
Midwestern Baptist Theological Seminary
Midwestern Baptist Theological Seminary (MBTS) is a Private Baptist seminary in Kansas City, Missouri  It is affiliated with the Southern Baptist Convention  Midwestern Baptist Theological Seminary also houses an undergraduate college, Spurgeon College (formerly known as Midwestern College) 

History
Midwestern Seminary was officially founded on May 29, 1957, when the Southern Baptist Convention voted to establish the institution and elected a board of trustees  Since that time, the trustees have been regularly and exclusively elected by the Southern Baptist Convention  Under the leadership of the original board of trustees, the seminary was established in 1958 in northern Kansas City, Missouri, with six faculty members and 136 students  Most of the property on which the seminary is housed was donated by the Vivion family; the Vivion farmhouse has been restored and is now the official residence of the seminary's presidential family Doctrinally, MBTS is guided by the Baptist Faith and Message 2000  Every member of the faculty and administration is required to sign a statement agreeing to the precepts of this document  While students are required to be Christians, they are not required to affirm the Baptist Faith and Message 2000  The purpose statement of Midwestern Seminary was revised in 2008 to read, "Midwestern Baptist Theological Seminary serves the church by biblically educating God-called men and women to be and to make disciples of Jesus Christ "
Jason K  Allen was installed as president in 2012 and began revitalization  The seminary almost tripled in size in the next five years, becoming one of the fastest-growing seminaries in North America and one of the largest in the world  Enrollment has nearly tripled in five years, from 1,107 in the 2010–2011 academic year to surpassing 3,000 students in 2017–2018 The seminary was granted an exception to Title IX in 2016 which allows it to legally discriminate against LGBT students for religious reasons 

Campus
Midwestern Seminary is located in Kansas City, Missouri, at the intersection of Vivion Rd  and N  Oak Trafficway, a few minutes from downtown  A new 1,000 seat auditorium, The Daniel Lee Chapel, was dedicated in April 2014  Other recent improvements to the campus include the O S  Hawkins Courtyard and the Charles Spurgeon Library 
The campus includes dormitory and apartment buildings for residential students, playground and picnic areas, a modest fishing pond, and over 220 acres of woods  The Sword & Trowel Bookstore is also located on campus 
In 2016, the seminary announced plans to build a new Student Center on the north slope of the campus, using a $7 million lead gift by the Mathena family of Oklahoma City  Construction on this project—which includes a gymnasium, fitness center, faculty offices, cafeteria, coffee shop, bookstore, and expanded study center, and which includes exterior plans for sports fields—concluded in 2018  The 40,000 square foot center opened for the Fall 2018 semester 

The Spurgeon Center and Library
The Spurgeon Library houses the remaining personal collection of Charles Spurgeon, which Midwestern Seminary acquired from William Jewell College in 2006  The dedication of the library took place in October 2015, and the Seminary is now working to digitize the collection and publish new volumes of previously undiscovered sermons  Geoff Chang serves as the curator of the collection, which also includes artifacts from Spurgeon's life and ministry, among them his personal writing desk, travel kit, and the metalwork from his study door  The library interior is appointed in academic "Oxford style" and includes portraits highlighting the life of Spurgeon commissioned by Christian T  George and Midwestern Seminary of the Romanian artist Petru Botezatu 

For The Church
Since Allen's installation as president of Midwestern Seminary, the institution has emphasized "For The Church" as its vision statement for academic and institutional renewal, seeking to re-connect the purpose of theological education to the support and strengthening of local churches  This vision has been manifested in numerous events and resources, including Midwestern's website For The Church and the annual For The Church national conference held in Kansas City, which has featured internationally renowned speakers Matt Chandler, H B  Charles Jr , Russell Moore, David Platt, and Ray Ortlund Jr 

Academics
MBTS is accredited by the Association of Theological Schools in the United States and Canada (ATS) and the Higher Learning Commission (HLC)  The seminary is accredited to offer several master's degrees that are generally classified as Master of Divinity (M Div ) and Master of Arts  Midwestern also offers an MTS (Master of Theological Studies) degree and a Graduate Certificate in Christian Foundations for Lay Ministers 
At the doctoral level, MBTS offers professional doctorates: Doctor of Ministry (D Min ), Doctor of Educational Ministry (D Ed Min ), and a research doctorate Doctor of Philosophy in Biblical Studies  The seminary also has a Korean language track for its Doctor of Philosophy, Doctor of Educational Ministry, Doctor of Education, and Doctor of Ministry degrees and a Spanish language track for its Doctor of Ministry degree 
Spurgeon College offers a variety of undergraduate degrees in ministry, missions, and theology, as well as degrees in leadership, counseling psychology, and philosophy  Through the Accelerate program undergrads may earn both a Bachelor of Arts and a Master of Divinity degree simultaneously in a rigorous five-year course of study  Associate degrees are also available through the college  Undergrad students interested in pursuing a call to mission work may also participate in Midwestern's Fusion program, a training cohort partially funded by the International Mission Board of the Southern Baptist Convention which includes cultural studies, physical training, and stints overseas to better prepare future missionaries for the realities of their work 
Since 2010, Midwestern Seminary offers both graduate and undergraduate degrees entirely online, through the Online You program  Available degrees include the standard M Div , MTS, and BA, with select concentrations available as well 
Most recently, Midwestern has provided incentives for residential education, including the Timothy Track, which partners M Div students with local churches to serve in internship programs, and The Residency, a contextual component of the standard doctoral program that facilitates immediate application of academic training 

Notable faculty
Andreas Köstenberger
Passage 3:
Temple Baptist Seminary
Temple Baptist Seminary is the graduate school of Christian theology of Piedmont International University  Originally established as "Southeastern Baptist Theological Seminary" in Chattanooga, Tennessee in 1948, the name was changed to Temple Baptist Theological Seminary five years later, after the Southern Baptist Convention founded its own Southeastern Baptist Theological Seminary  The seminary became a part of Piedmont when its parent school, Tennessee Temple University, merged with it in 2015 
Temple Baptist Seminary was accredited in 2000 as part of Tennessee Temple University's Transnational Association of Christian Colleges and Schools (TRACS) accreditation  Prior to that it was accredited by the American Association of Bible Colleges (now known as ABHE)  Both ABHE and TRACS are accreditors recognized by the US Department of Education and the Council for Higher Education Accreditation 

History
On July 3, 1946, Highland Park Baptist Church, under the leadership of the pastor, Lee Roberson, voted to establish Tennessee Temple College (now University)  Then, recognizing the lack of sound Biblical training in the majority of the seminaries, Roberson led the church in establishing Southeastern Baptist Theological Seminary on January 26, 1948  Roberson served as president, and Alfred Cierpke as dean  Five years later, the name was changed to Temple Baptist Theological Seminary since the Southern Baptist Convention founded a seminary by the former name  Since 1985, the institution has been known as Temple Baptist Seminary  In 1962, Douglas Cravens assumed the position of dean 
With the assumption of the presidency of the university and seminary by J  Don Jennings in 1985, Roger Martin was named dean 
In June 1993, the university and the seminary were restructured, placing each under the supervision of a separate Board of Trustees and administrative leadership, while maintaining the identity of each as owned by and a ministry of Highland Park Baptist Church  With respect to the seminary, Lee Roberson was reappointed chancellor, David E  Bouler, who had been the senior pastor of Highland Park Baptist Church since August 4, 1991, was named vice-chancellor and Barkev S  Trachian was elected president  The seminary charter was amended in August 1993, to make the name Temple Baptist Seminary official 
April 2005 saw the university and seminary restructured a second time, reuniting the two under the supervision of a single Board of Trustees and the administration of J  Danny Lovett, the seventh president of Tennessee Temple University, with Temple Baptist Seminary re-establishing itself as the premier graduate division as originally envisioned by the founder, Lee Roberson  This restructure was confirmed in late November 2005 by the university's and seminary's accrediting agency  Fixed firmly to its foundations, Temple Baptist Seminary is committed to training qualified candidates for dynamic leadership in Bible-believing churches and related field ministries, to shaping His shepherds, and to developing disciples with the unchanging Word of God on a global scale 
From the outset, the seminary has been committed to upholding the biblical faith historically believed by Baptists  In addition there has been a strong emphasis upon Bible teaching, Christian education, evangelism, and ministry endeavor  With the theme "Preparing for Leadership," TBS continues to expand its efforts to equip both church leaders and laypersons for the work of the ministry  In recent years, a program of winter and summer modular classes has been initiated  This program has become very popular with both resident and out-of-town students  Nearly all Temple Baptist Seminary's courses are available on-line, enabling studies anywhere worldwide!
Temple Baptist Seminary has matriculated students from almost every state and from many foreign countries  Many graduates have distinguished themselves as pastors, military and civilian chaplains, teachers, educators, missionaries, and evangelists 
As of January 2012, Steve Echols assumed the leadership role as president of Tennessee Temple University  He brings a vast array of experience and proven leadership in both academic and ministerial areas  In 2012, TTU realigned its academic programs into three colleges of schools  The Seminary became a part of the School of Theology and Ministry  Also in September 2012, Highland Park Baptist Church announced its visions to relocate to Harrison, TN and change its name to Church of the Highlands  During this transition, changes to the TTU by-laws were unanimously ratified by both the Board of Trustees of TTU and the deacon body of the Church of the Highlands  These by-law changes have ended the formal relationship between the two entities  Yet the heritage of Highland Park Baptist Church will remain an essential part of the lasting legacy of TTU 
At the 2013 Tennessee Baptist Convention Annual Meeting, TTU had a booth for the first time in the history of our school  It was a wonderful success resulting in many important contacts and connections being made with Tennessee Baptists  "Even more importantly", TTU President Steve Echols stated, "I am rejoicing over a historic moment for Tennessee Temple University " During the session, the Tennessee Baptist Convention Messengers unanimously adopted a resolution of support which "affirms the actions of Tennessee Temple University (in Chattanooga) in embracing Southern Baptist doctrine and Tennessee Baptist life "  In 2013, Howard D  Owens became the Interim Dean of the School of Theology and Ministry, under the presidency of Steven F  Echols 
Passage 4:
Russell D  Moore
Russell D  Moore (born 9 October 1971) is an American theologian, ethicist, and preacher  In June 2021, he became the director of the Public Theology Project at Christianity Today, and on August 4, 2022, was announced as the magazine's incoming Editor-in-Chief Moore previously served as president of the Ethics & Religious Liberty Commission, the public-policy arm of the Southern Baptist Convention (SBC), and at the Southern Baptist Theological Seminary, as dean of the School of Theology, senior vice president for academic administration, and as professor of theology and ethics 

Early life and education
Moore was born and raised in the coastal town of Biloxi, Mississippi, the eldest son of Gary and Renee Moore  His grandfather was a Baptist preacher, and his grandmother was Roman Catholic  He earned a B S  in political science and history from the University of Southern Mississippi, an M Div  in biblical studies from New Orleans Baptist Theological Seminary, and a Ph D  in systematic theology from the Southern Baptist Theological Seminary 

Ministry
Moore served as associate pastor of Bay Vista Baptist Church in Biloxi, where he was ordained to gospel ministry In 2001, Moore was appointed to the faculty of the Southern Baptist Theological Seminary  As Professor of Christian Theology and Ethics, Moore was responsible for teaching across a spectrum of topics including systematic theology, Christian ethics, church life, pastoral ministry, and cultural engagement  In addition to his role on the faculty, he also served as Executive Director of the Carl F  H  Henry Institute for Evangelical Engagement from 2001 to 2009  In 2004, Moore was named Dean of the School of Theology and Senior Vice President for Academic Administration   In this role, in addition to his regular teaching and lecturing, Moore served as the chief academic officer of the seminary, responsible for all curriculum and the administration of the seminary  Beyond these roles, Moore served as Executive Editor of The Southern Baptist Journal of Theology, and has served as Senior Editor for Touchstone Magazine and as Chairman of the Board for the Council on Biblical Manhood and Womanhood 
In 2008, he became pastor at Highview Baptist Church in Louisville, Kentucky until 2012  More broadly, Moore has served extensively within the Southern Baptist Convention, as chairman and four-time member of the Resolutions committee, as a member of the Ethics and Public Affairs Committee of the Kentucky Baptist Convention, and as a regular correspondent and columnist for Baptist Press 

ERLC Presidency
On June 1, 2013, Moore became President of the Ethics & Religious Liberty Commission, the Southern Baptist Convention's official entity assigned to address social, moral, and ethical concerns  In this role, Moore led the organization, which maintains offices in both Nashville and Washington, D C  in their advocacy efforts—addressing especially the issues of religious liberty, human dignity, family stability, and civil society 
Moore believes marriage is a union between a man and a woman  He accepted an invitation from Pope Francis to attend a Colloquium on Marriage at the Vatican, where he spoke on 18 November 2014 In 2014, Moore commented on gay conversion therapy, saying, "The utopian idea if you come to Christ and if you go through our program, you're going to be immediately set free from attraction or anything you're struggling with, I don't think that's a Christian idea  Faithfulness to Christ means obedience to Christ  It does not necessarily mean that someone's attractions are going to change " He added, "The Bible doesn't promise us freedom from temptation  The Bible promises us the power of the spirit to walk through temptation " Moore also said at that time that the Southern Baptists' Ethics and Religious Liberty Commission was working with parents of those who are gay and lesbian, adding, "The response is not shunning, putting them out on the street  The answer is loving your child "Moore's vocal criticism of then-candidate Donald Trump during the 2016 election season drew a backlash from fellow Southern Baptists, triggering a crisis in which more than 100 churches threatened to withdraw donations to the denomination's Cooperative Program in protest of Moore's stances and leading to calls for his resignation  After Moore issued statements of apology in December 2016 and March 2017 for "using words… that were at times overly broad or unnecessarily harsh," Southern Baptist leaders affirmed their support for his leadership and he remained in his post Moore resigned from the Ethics & Religious Liberty Commission at the end of his term as president  He left the Southern Baptist Convention as well soon afterward; on June 1, 2021; Immanuel Nashville, an nondenominational church, thus unaffiliated with the SBC, announced Moore had joined its staff as a pastor in residence 

Christianity Today
Following his departure from the Ethics & Religious Liberty Commission, Moore was hired as a public theologian for the magazine Christianity Today  In 2022, he was named Christianity Today's Editor in Chief 

Personal views
Moore has spoken out against the display of the Confederate flag; in 2015, two days after the Charleston church shooting (in which nine black churchgoers were murdered in a hate crime), Moore wrote: "The cross and the Confederate flag cannot co-exist without one setting the other on fire  White Christians, let's listen to our African-American brothers and sisters  Let's care not just about our own history, but also about our shared history with them " Moore also condemned the 2017 white supremacist rally in Charlottesville, Virginia 

Nationalism and the Syrian refugee crisis
In 2015, during the Syrian refugee crisis, Moore wrote an op-ed in the Washington Post calling upon evangelical Christians to support refugee resettlement   Moore criticized those who "demagogue the issue" and wrote: "evangelical Christians cannot be the people who turn our back on our mission field  We should be the ones calling the rest of the world to remember the image of God and inalienable human dignity, of persecuted people whether Christian, Jewish, Muslim or Yazidi, especially those fleeing from genocidal Islamic terrorists " Moore wrote that security and compassion are compatible  In a subsequent interview, Moore sharply criticized leading Republican presidential candidates Donald Trump and Ted Cruz, stating that Trump's proposal to shut down mosques in the U S  was a threat to religious liberty and that Cruz's proposal to impose a religious test for refugees would "penalize innocent women and children who are fleeing from murderous barbarians simply because they're not Christians "

Theological views
Moore writes from the perspective of a Baptist who affirms the inerrancy of scripture and a complementarian position on gender roles, believes in a literal hell, and is a Calvinist He works in the area of Christian eschatology, highlighting the kingdom of God as the center of theology and ethics  Moore believes in an "inaugurated eschatology" in which the Kingdom of God is "already" and "not yet " Consistent with this position, he sees Jesus Christ as the full inheritor of God's promises to Israel, and that the church receives the benefits of this as it is "in" Christ  Moore emphasizes the kingdom as a spiritual warfare uprooting the demonic powers, an emphasis that shows up not only in his works on the kingdom and on temptation but also in his writings on, for example, orphan care Moore has written about issues of ethics and religious liberty  In his early work, he argued for the early Baptist commitment to religious liberty represented by such figures as Isaac Backus, John Leland, and Jeremiah Moore, over against those who would articulate a more secularist understanding of the separation of church and state In ethics, Moore stands within the Christian Democracy stream of communitarianism, calling for a Christian demonstration of ethical transformation within the church as the initial manifestation of the kingdom  Heavily influenced by the Dutch Neo-Calvinist theologian Abraham Kuyper and the early American Neo-Evangelical theologian Carl F  H  Henry, Moore articulates a conservative evangelical call for justice for the vulnerable, including care for widows, orphans, the unborn, the disabled, the elderly, and the undocumented He has called on evangelicals, especially Southern Baptists, to embrace racial reconciliation as a witness 

Political background and involvement
In the early 1990s, prior to entering the ministry, Moore was an aide to U S  Representative Gene Taylor of Mississippi, a Democrat who later switched political parties and joined the Republican Party in 2014 In 2016, Moore became a leading critic of then-presidential candidate Donald Trump  Moore asserted that in the event of a presidential election contest between Trump and Hillary Clinton, Christians should vote for "a conservative independent or third-party candidate " Moore stated that he could not support the former because he "stirs up racial animosity" and could not support the latter for her support of abortion  Writing in  National Review in January 2016, Moore wrote that a Trump presidency would endanger the goals of the Manhattan Declaration; criticized Trump's involvement in the casino industry and past support for abortion rights; and argued that "Trump's vitriolic — and often racist and sexist — language about immigrants, women, the disabled, and others ought to concern anyone who believes that all persons, not just the 'winners' of the moment, are created in God's image "

Personal life
On May 27, 1994, Moore married Maria Hanna Moore  Having adopted their first two sons from a Russian orphanage, Moore has written and spoken extensively on the topic of adoption from a Christian perspective, including his book Adopted for Life: The Priority of Adoption for Christian Families and Churches  They also have three biological sons 

Recognition
In 2015, his book, Onward: Engaging the Culture Without Losing the Gospel, received the "Beautiful Orthodoxy Book of the Year" award from Christianity Today In 2016, he was named alumnus of the year by the Southern Baptist Theological Seminary 

Select bibliography
Books authored
Moore, Russell D  (2004)  The Kingdom of Christ: The New Evangelical Perspective  Crossway 
——— (2009)  Adopted for Life: The Priority of Adoption for Christian Families and Churches  Crossway 
——— (2011)  Tempted and Tried: Temptation and the Triumph of Christ  Crossway 
——— (2015)  Onward: Engaging the Culture Without Losing the Gospel  Broadman & Holman  ISBN 978-1-43368617-7 
——— (2016)  The Christ-Shaped Marriage: Love, Fidelity, and the Gospel  Broadman & Holman  ISBN 978-1-43367912-4 
——— (2018)  The Storm-Tossed Family: How the Cross Reshapes the Home  B&H Books  ISBN 978-1462794805 
——— (2020)  The Courage to Stand: Facing Your Fear without Losing Your Soul  B&H Books  ISBN 978-1535998536 

Books edited
———; Nettles, Tom J , eds  (2001)  Why I am a Baptist  Nashville, TN: B&H Publishing  ISBN 978-0-80542426-3  OCLC 45861873 
———, ed  (2012)  A Guide to Adoption and Orphan Care  SBTS Press 
Passage 5:
Ethics &amp; Religious Liberty Commission
The Ethics & Religious Liberty Commission (ERLC) is the public policy arm of the Southern Baptist Convention, the second-largest Christian denomination in the United States, with over 16 million members in over 43,000 independent churches  President Russell D  Moore left office on June 1, 2021  Brent Leatherwood was unanimously voted in by the board of trustees to be the next ERLC president on Sept  13, 2022   The commission is headquartered in Nashville, Tennessee, with additional offices in Washington, D C , and Cyprus 

History
Formerly known as the Christian Life Commission (1953–1997), the entity with organizational predecessors dating back to 1907 received its current name in the course of a broad reorganization of multiple Southern Baptist entities in 1997 (Sutton, p 335)   The Southern Baptist Convention  terminated its participation with the Baptist Joint Committee for Religious Liberty in 1992 (Sutton, p  300) due to conflicts over separation of church and state and whether Baptist organizations should play a role in partisan politics  It was led by Richard Land from 1988 to 2013  Land announced his intention to retire effective October 23, 2013, after the uproar that ensued from his controversial comments about the Trayvon Martin case that resulted in an official reprimand by the ERLC's executive committee  Russell D  Moore filled the post afterwards  Moore is an outspoken critic of then-Republican Presidential candidate, Donald Trump  His criticism of Trump has been controversial with several Southern Baptist leaders The stated vision of the ERLC is an organization "dedicated to engaging the culture with the gospel of Jesus Christ and speaking to issues in the public square for the protection of religious liberty and human flourishing  Our vision can be summed up in three words: kingdom, culture and mission  Since its inception, the ERLC has been defined around a holistic vision of the kingdom of God, leading the culture to change within the church itself and then as the church addresses the world "At the Convention's 2018 annual meeting, a motion to defund the ERLC was rejected 

Activities
The agency has many ministries to carry out its stated missions, including voter registration, a think tank called the Research Institute, and the Psalm 139 Project, which donates sonogram machines to crisis pregnancy centers ERLC is involved in legislative advocacy  Its achievements include:

The Victims of Trafficking and Violence Protection Act of 2000 (TVPA)
The Sudan Peace Act of 2002
The Prison Rape Elimination Act of 2003 (PREA)
The North Korean Human Rights Act of 2004The ERLC campaigned unsuccessfully against the 2022 passage of the Respect for Marriage Act, arguing that its gender-neutral definition of marriage contradicted the Bible, and claiming that it is a threat to religious freedom 

Leadership history
See also
Southern Baptist Convention conservative resurgence
Passage 6:
Trillia Newbell
Trillia Newbell is the Director of Community Outreach for the Ethics and Religious Liberty Commission of the Southern Baptist Convention 

Publications and career
She is the author of United: Captured by God’s Vision for Diversity (2014), Fear and Faith: Finding the Peace Your Heart Craves (2015), Enjoy: Finding the Freedom to Delight Daily in God’s Good Gifts (2016) and God's Very Good Idea: The True Story About God's Delightfully Different Family (2017) In addition to her writing and the Ethics and Religious Liberty Commission, Newbell gives speeches at churches, universities, conventions, and conferences  She has written for newspapers, magazines, and online publications, including the Knoxville News Sentinel, The Gospel Coalition, Ligonier Ministries, Desiring God, Christianity Today, and the online blog of the Ethics and Religious Liberty Commission  Newbell is the founder and former managing editor of the Women of God Magazine, a defunct online publication 

Personal life
She lives in Nashville, Tennessee with her husband and two children 
Passage 7:
Benjamin L  Merkle
Benjamin Lee Merkle (born 1971) is an American New Testament scholar  He is Associate Professor of New Testament and Greek at Southeastern Baptist Theological Seminary  Merkle studied at Kuyper College, Westminster Seminary California, and Southern Baptist Theological Seminary  He served as Professor of New Testament at Malaysia Baptist Theological Seminary before coming to SEBTS Merkle specializes in the issue of eldership, and has written The Elder and Overseer:  One Office in the Early Church (2003), 40 Questions about Elders and Deacons (2008), and  Why Elders? A Biblical and Practical Guide for Church Members (2009)  He argues that elders and bishops are the same in the New Testament and "normally function in plurality in a local church "Merkle also argues for gender distinctions on the basis of 1 Corinthians 11 

Works
Books
Merkle, Benjamin L  (2003)  The Elder and Overseer: one office in the early church  Studies in biblical literature  Vol  57  New York: Peter Lang  ISBN 9780820462349  OCLC 50192542 
——— (2008)  40 Questions about Elders and Deacons  Grand Rapids, MI: Kregel Publications  ISBN 9780825433641  OCLC 172980402 
——— (2009)  Why elders? : a biblical and practical guide for church members  Grand Rapids, MI: Kregel Publications  ISBN 9780825433511  OCLC 320434753 
——— (2016)  Ephesians  Exegetical Guide to the Greek New Testament  Nashville, TN: B&H Publishing Group  ISBN 9781433676116  OCLC 929590220 
———; Plummer, Robert L  (2017)  Greek for Life: strategies for learning, retaining, and reviving New Testament Greek  Grand Rapids, MI: Baker Academic  ISBN 9780801093203  OCLC 961153121 

Edited by
———; Schreiner, Thomas R , eds  (2014)  Shepherding God's Flock: biblical leadership in the New Testament and beyond  Grand Rapids, MI: Kregel Publications  ISBN 9780825442568  OCLC 881313167 
Passage 8:
Frank Stagg (theologian)
Frank Stagg (October 20, 1911 – June 2, 2001) was a Southern Baptist theologian, seminary professor, author, and pastor over a 50-year ministry career  He taught New Testament interpretation and Greek at New Orleans Baptist Theological Seminary from 1945 until 1964 and at the Southern Baptist Theological Seminary in Louisville, Kentucky from 1964 until 1978  His publications, recognitions and honors earned him distinction as one of the eminent theologians of the past century  Other eminent theologians have honored him as a "Teaching Prophet "
No one   has ever taken the New Testament more seriously than Frank Stagg, who spent his entire life wrestling with it, paying the price in sweat and hours in an unrelenting quest to hear the message expressed in a language no longer spoken and directed toward a cultural context so foreign to the modern reader 

Personal
Dr  Frank Stagg was born October 20, 1911, on his grandfather's rice farm near the small community of Eunice, Louisiana  Although the family name comes from an English ancestor, the Stagg family was of French Catholic descent, commonly called Cajuns  His grandfather and his uncle were the first of the Staggs to become Evangelical Christians  His uncle became a preacher who ministered in the native "Cajun" dialect  Frank was proud of his Louisiana French heritage and of his upbringing in the home of a Baptist deacon and Sunday School teacher 
In his junior year at Louisiana College, Frank met his wife: Evelyn Owen of Ruston, Louisiana, who would become an integral part of his future endeavors  They married in 1935 and  raised three children—Ted, Bob and Ginger 

Beliefs
Counted among the "best-known progressive activists," Stagg addressed a variety of contemporary issues  These included civil rights, gender equity, Vietnam, the First Gulf War, ecumenism and aging  He also argued for the Bible's relevance  "The Bible is relevant," Stagg said  "We don't have to make it relevant " He said that the First Gulf War presented the ideal opportunity for Southern Baptists to "reassess and reject" the just war doctrine and embrace pacifism as the appropriate Christian response to all wars  He opposed Reformed points of doctrine such as predestination and other Calvinist beliefs in Southern Baptist life 

Library collection
Through the years, Dr  Stagg amassed an extensive library and wealth of knowledge and scholarship in the form of correspondence, writings, articles, speeches, commentaries, book reviews, photographs, sermon notes and even private musings  The Papers of Dr  Frank Stagg, 1938–1999 now reside at Samford University in Birmingham, Alabama  The 36 feet (11 m) represent more than a half century of his life's journey and Christian pilgrimage  His collection shares prominence in the library with the manuscript collection of English theologian and preacher Charles Spurgeon 

Recognition and honors
Frank Stagg is included in various lists of distinguished twentieth century Baptist theologians: E  Y  Mullins, W  T  Connor, W  O  Carver, Frank Stagg, W  W  Stevens, Dale Moody, Dallas Roark, James Wm  McClendon, Morris Ashcraft, E  Frank Tupper, Warren McWilliams, A  J  Conyers, and Curtis Freeman  He also has been called "one of the foremost interpreters of the New Testament among Baptists in the twentieth century "At the Louisville seminary he held the prestigious James Buchanan Harrison Chair of New Testament Theology 
The Stagg-Tolbert Forum for Biblical Studies is an annual event named in his honor  It is designed to make excellence in biblical scholarship accessible to the lay person 

Education
Professional
Publications
Books
The Book of Acts: The Early Struggle for an Unhindered Gospel  Nashville: Broadman Press, 1955 
Exploring the New Testament  Nashville: Convention Press, 1961 
New Testament Theology  Nashville: Broadman Press, 1962 
Studies in Luke's Gospel  Nashville: Convention Press, 1967 
The Holy Spirit Today  Nashville: Broadman Press, 1973 
Polarities of Man's Existence in Biblical Perspective  Philadelphia: Westminster Press, 1973 
Woman in the World of Jesus, with Evelyn Stagg  Philadelphia: Westminster Press, 1978 
Galatians and Romans  "Knox Preaching Guides," ed  John H  Hayes  Atlanta: John Knox Press, 1980 
The Bible Speaks on Aging  Nashville: Broadman Press, 1981 

Contributions to other books
"He that Judgeth Me " In More Southern Baptist Preaching, ed  H  C  Brown, Jr , pp  104–112  Nashville: Broadman Press, 1964 
"How I Prepare My Sermons " In More Southern Baptist Preaching, ed  H  C  Brown, Jr , pp  104–106  Nashville: Broadman Press, 1964 
"What and Where Is the Church?" In What Can You Believe? ed  David K  Alexander and C  W  Junker, pp  27–34  Nashville: Broadman Press, 1966 
"Glossolalia in the New Testament " In Glossolalia: Tongue Speaking in Biblical, Historical, and Psychological Perspective by Frank Stagg, E  Glenn Hinson, and Wayne E  Oates, pp  20–44  Nashville: Abingdon Press, 1967 
"Matthew " In The Broadman Bible Commentary, ed  Clifton J  Allen, vol  8, pp  612–653  Nashville: Broadman Press, 1969 
"Rights and Responsibilities in the Teachings of Paul " In Emerging Patterns of Rights and Responsibilities Affecting Church and State, pp  37  Washington D C : Baptist Joint Committee on Public Affairs, 1969 
"Authentic Morality and Militarism " In Proceedings of the 1970 Christian Life Commission Seminar, pp  45–50  Nashville: Christian Life Commission of the Southern Baptist Convention, 1970 
"Explain the Ending of the Gospel of Mark, Mark 16:17-18 " In What Did the Bible Mean, ed  Claude A  Frazier, pp  122–125  Nashville: Broadman Press, 1971 
"Philippians " In The Broadman Bible Commentary, Clifton J  Allen, pp  178216  Nashville: Broadman Press, 1971 
"Playing God with Other People's Minds " In Should Preachers Play God, ed  Claude A  Frazier, pp  115–129  Independence: Independence Press, 1973 
"The English Bible " In How to Understand the Bible, by Ralph Herring, Frank Stagg, et al , pp  148–163  Nashville: Broadman Press, 1974 
"Interpreting the Bible " In How to Understand the Bible, by Ralph Herring, Frank Stagg, et al , pp  49–61  Nashville: Broadman Press, 1974 
"Sources in Biblical Writings," In How to Understand the Bible, by Ralph Herring, Frank Stagg, et al , pp  134–147  Nashville: Broadman Press, 1974 
"The Text and Canon of the Old Testament " In How to Understand the Bible, by Ralph Herring, Frank Stagg, et al , pp  106–117  Nashville: Broadman Press, 1974 
"The Text and Canon of the New Testament " In How to Understand the Bible by Ralph Herring, Frank Stagg, et al , pp  118–133  Nashville: Broadman Press, 1974 
"A Continuing Pilgrimage " In What Faith Has Meant to Me, cd  Claude A  Frazier, pp  146–156  Philadelphia: Westminster Press, 1975 
"Adam, Christ, and Us " In New Testament Studies: Essays in Honor of Ray Summers in His Sixty-Fifth Year, ed  Huber L  Drumwright and Curtis Vaughan, pp  115–136  Waco: Baylor University Press, 1975 
"Establishing a Text for Luke-Acts " In 1977 Seminar Papers, Society of Biblical Literature Book of Reports, pp  45–58  Missoula, Montana: Scholars Press, 1977 
"A Whole Man Made Well " In The Struggle for Meaning, ed  by William Powell Tuck, pp  71–79  Valley Forge PA: Judson Press, 1977 
"Biblical Perspectives on Women" (with Evelyn Stagg)  In Findings of the Consultation on Women in Church-Related Vocations, ed  Johnni Johnson, pp  716  Nashville: Southern Baptist Convention, 1978 
"What is Truth?" In Science, Faith and Revelation, An Approach to Christian Philosophy, ed  Robert E  Patterson, pp  239–260  Nashville: Broadman Press, 1979 
"Understanding Call to Ministry " In Formation for Christian Ministry, ed  Anne Davis and Wade Rowatt, Jr , pp  23–38  Louisville: Review & Expositor, 1981 
"Preaching from Luke-Acts " In Biblical Preaching: An Expositor's Treasury ed  James W  Cox, pp  296–305  Philadelphia: Westminster, 1983 
"Preaching from the Sermon on the Mount " In Biblical Preaching: An Expositor's Treasury, ed  James W  Cox, pp  212–229  Philadelphia: Westminster, 1983 

Encyclopedia article
"Women in New Testament Perspective" (with Evelyn Stagg)  In Encyclopedia of Southern Baptists, ed  Lynn Edward May, Jr , Vol  4, pp  255–260  Nashville: Broadman Press, 1982 

Journal articles
"The Purpose and Message of Acts " Review & Expositor 44 (1947) 321 
"The Motif of First Corinthians " Southwestern Journal of Theology 3 (1960) 15–24 
"The Christology of Matthew " Review & Expositor 59 (1962) 457–468 
"The Farewell Discourses: John 13-17 " Review & Expositor 62 (1965) 459–472 
"The Gospel in Biblical Usage " Review & Expositor 63 (1966) 513 
"The Holy Spirit in the New Testament " Review & Expositor 63 (1966) 135–147 
"The Journey Toward Jerusalem in Luke's Gospel " Review & Expositor 64 (1967)499-512 
"An Analysis of the Book of James " Review & Expositor 66 (1969) 365–368 
"Exegetical Themes in James 1 and 2 " Review & Expositor 66 (1969) 391–402 
"The Lord's Supper in the New Testament " Review & Expositor 66 (1969) 514 
"Orthodoxy and Orthopraxy in the Johannine Epistles " Review & Expositor 67(1970)423-432 
"The Abused Aorist " Journal of Biblical Literature 91 (1972) 222–231 
"Salvation in Synoptic Tradition " Review & Expositor 69 (1972) 355–367 
"Freedom and Moral Responsibility without License or Legalism " Review & Expositor 69 (1972) 483–494 
"Introduction to Colossians " Theological Educator 4 (1973) 716 
"A Teaching Outline for Acts " Review & Expositor 71 (1974) 533–536 
"The Unhindered Gospel " Review & Expositor 71 (1974) 451–462 
"Interpreting the Book of Revelation " Review & Expositor 72 (1975) 331-343
"The Great Words of Romans " Theological Educator 7 (1976) 941–1002 
"The Plight of the Jew and the Gentile in Sin: Romans 1:18-3:20 " Review & Expositor 73 (1976) 401–413 
"Prophetic Ministry Today " Review & Expositor 73 (1976) 179–189 
"Rendering to Caesar What Belongs to Caesar: Christian Engagement with the World " Journal of Church and State 18 (1976) 951–1013 
"Rendering to God What Belongs to God: Christian Disengagement from the World " Journal of Church and State 18 (1976) 217–232 
"Biblical Perspectives on the Single Person " Review & Expositor 74 (1977) 519 
"Southern Baptist Theology Today: An Interview," Theological Educator 3 (1977) 15–36 
"Textual Criticism for Luke-Acts " Perspectives in Religious Studies 5 (1978) 152–165 
"The Domestic Code and Final Appeal: Ephesians 5:21—6:24 " Review & Expositor 76 (1979) 541–552 
"The New International Version: New Testament " Review & Expositor 76 (1979) 377–385 
"The Mind in Christ Jesus " Review & Expositor 77 (1980) 337–347 
"The New Testament Doctrine of the Church " Theological Educator 12 (1981) 42–56 
"Reassessing the Gospels " Review & Expositor 78 (1981) 187–203 
"Eschatology: A Southern Baptist Perspective " Review & Expositor 79 (1982) 381–395 

Southern Baptist curriculum and periodical articles
Syllabus for Study and Questions for Examination on New Testament 112: From Jesus to Paul  Nashville: Seminary Extension Department, 1954 
"Nature of the Church—Conditions of Admission " The Baptist Student 43 (February 1964) 53–56 
Nature of the Church—Constituents " The Baptist Student 43 (February 1964) 50-53 
"Nature of the Church—Individuality and Corporateness " The Baptist Student 43 (February 1964) 56–58 
"Church As the Body of Christ—the Ecclesia " The Baptist Student 43 (March 1964) 50–53 
"The Church As the Body of Christ—the Local Embodiment " The Baptist Student 43 (March 1964) 56–58 
"The Church As the Body of Christ—Unity and Diversity " The Baptist Student 43 (March 1964) 53–56 
"The Church As the Koinonia of the Spirit—Demands " The Baptist Student: 43 (April 1964) 54–56 
"The Church As the Koinonia of the Spirit—Dimensions " The Baptist Student 43 (April 1964) 52–54 
"The Church as the Koinonia of the Spirit—Primacy " The Baptist Student 43 (April 1964) 56–58 
"The Church in the World—the Church and the World " The Baptist Student 43 (May 1964) 55–57 
"The Church in the World—the Life and work of the Church " The Baptist Student 43 (May 1964) 52–54 
"The Church in the World—the Ministry of the Church " The Baptist Student 43 (May 1964) 50–52 
The Study Guide for Seminary Extension Course New Testament  Theology 436 (Teacher's Edition)  Nashville: Seminary Extension Department, 1964 
"1965: The Church Proclaiming " Church Administration 1 (February 1965) 22–24 
"Speaking in Tongues     A Biblical Interpretation " The Baptist Student 45 (May 1966)43-45 
The Study Guide for Seminary Extension Course New Testament 202: The Gospel According to Luke  Nashville: Seminary Extension Department, 1967 
"The Radicality of Jesus Christ " The Baptist Student 49 (June 1970) 79 
"Facts About Civil Disorder " The Baptist Program 30 (August 1970) 30–35 
The Study Guide for Seminary Extension Course New Testament Theology 436  Nashville: Seminary Extension Department, 1971 
"The Bible Speaks on Poverty " Outreach 1 (July, 1971) 24–25, 30 
"The Book of Acts" Advanced Bible Study 2 (April–June 1972) [13 lessons on Acts] 
"The Gospel of Paul in First Corinthians " Outreach 3 (September 1973) 30–31 
"The Gospel in Romans 18 " Outreach 4 (October 1973) 30–31 
"The Gospel According to Paul Applied in Romans 12-14 " Outreach 4 (November 1973) 42–43 
"The Radicality of Jesus Christ " The Student (January 1975) 811 (reprinted from The Baptist Student, June 1970) 
"The Church—God's New People " Adult Bible Teacher 5 (April–June 1975) [13 lessons on Ephesians] 
"The Kingdom of God: Freedom and Fulfillment Under the Rule of God " Come Alive 6 (January–March 1976) 22–33 
"Free to Be: Salvation: Becoming A Person in Christ " Come Alive 6 (April–June 1976) 44–55 
"First Century Demons " Illustrator 4 (Winter 1977) 58–60 
"The Kingdom of Heaven in Matthew " Illustrator (1978) 36ff 
"What We Believe About Sin " Source 9 (January 1979) 14–39 
"Eschatology " One in Christ 17 (1981) 255–270 
"The Bible Speaks on Aging " Search 12 (Summer 1982) 611 
"Humanism and a Free Society " Report from the Capital 37 (September 1982) 45 

Book reviews
An Introduction to New Testament Textual Criticism, by J  Harold Greenlee  Review and Expositor 62 (Spring 1965) 230–231 
The Text of the New Testament: Its Transmission, Corruption and Restoration, by Bruce M  Metzger  Review and Expositor 62 (Spring 1965) 230 
Only the House of Israel? by T  W  Manson  Review and Expositor 62 (Spring 1965) 231 
A Beginner's Reader Grammar for New Testament Greek, by E  C  Colwell and E  W  Tune  Review and Expositor 62 (Fall 1965) 485–487 
The Central Message of the New Testament, by Joachim Jeremías  Review and Expositor 63 (Winter 1966) 98–99 
Colossians: The Church's Lord and the Christian's Liberty - An Expository Commentary with a Present-Day Application, by Ralph P  Martin  Review & Expositor 71 (Winter 1974) 107 
Trajectories Through Early Christianity XII, by James M  Robinson  Review & Expositor 71 (Summer 1974) 395–397 
Milton and the Book of Revelation: the Heavenly Cycle, by Austin Dobbins  Review & Expositor 73 (Winter 1976) 77–78 
Anti-Semitism in the New Testament, by Samuel Sandmel  Review & Expositor 76 (Spring 1979) 258–261 
The Crucifixion of the Jews: The Failure of Christians to Understand the Jewish Experience, by Franklin H  Littell  Review & Expositor 84 (Winter 1987) 122–123 
The Jewish Reclamation of Jesus  by Donald A  Hagner  Review & Expositor 84 (Winter 1987) 123–124 

References and notes
Further reading
George, Timothy, and David S  Dockery  Baptist Theologians (Nashville: Broadman Press, 1990)
"Frank Stagg " Religious Leaders of America (Gale, 1999) 
Passage 9:
Baptist Theological Seminary at Richmond
Baptist Theological Seminary at Richmond (BTSR) was a free-standing seminary in Richmond, Virginia  It was founded in March 1989 by Virginia Baptists related to the Southern Baptist Alliance (now the Alliance of Baptists) and Baptist General Association of Virginia  In the late 1980s, as the situation began to change in Southern Baptist Convention during the conservative resurgence/fundamentalist takeover, others in the region joined them in seeing the need for alternative options for theological education among Baptists  BTSR was also affiliated with the Cooperative Baptist Fellowship  Accredited by the Association of Theological Schools in the United States and Canada, BTSR offered degrees including the Master of Divinity (M Div ), Master of Theological Studies (MTS), and Doctor of Ministry (D Min ) On November 13, 2018, the BTSR Trustees announced that the school would close, effective June 30, 2019   The trustees cited financial pressure as the reason for the closure, and said that the school would work with students to transfer their credits to other seminaries 
Passage 10:
Lee Rutland Scarborough
Lee Rutland Scarborough (1870–1945) was an American Southern Baptist pastor, evangelist, denominational leader, and professor at the Southwestern Baptist Theological Seminary (SWBTS)  He spent the first 16 years of his life on a ranch and became an adept cowboy  He attended later Baylor University, Yale University and The Southern Baptist Theological Seminary   He accepted the invitation of B  H  Carroll in 1908 to occupy the world's first academic chair of evangelism, "The Chair of Fire," at SWBTS, (also known as the L  R  Scarborough Chair of Evangelism) and chaired the seminary's department of evangelism  In February 1915, following the death of B  H  Carroll, he became president of Southwestern Baptist Theological Seminary  He remained in both positions until 1942, during which time he also served a term as president of the Baptist General Convention of Texas (1929–32) and a term as president of the Southern Baptist Convention (1938–40) 

Works
Scarborough, L  R  With Christ After the Lost, A Search for Souls  Nashville, Tenn: Sunday school board, Southern Baptist convention, 1919 
Scarborough, L  R  A Modern School of the Prophets; A History of the Southwestern Baptist Theological Seminary, a Product of Prayer and Faith, Its First Thirty Years, 1907-1937  Nashville: Broadman Press, 1939 
Scarborough, L  R  How Jesus Won Men  New York: Doran, 1926 
Scarborough, L  R  After the Resurrection--What? Grand Rapids: Zondervan, 1942 
Scarborough, L  R  Marvels of Divine Leadership; Or, The Story of the Southern Baptist 75 Million Campaign  Nashville, Tenn: Sunday school board Southern Baptist convention, 1920 
Scarborough, L  R  A Search for Souls: A Study in the Finest of the Arts- Winning the Lost to Christ  Nashville, Tenn: Sunday school board, Southern Baptist convention, 1925 
Scarborough, L  R  Christ's Militant Kingdom ; A Study in the Trail Triumphant  New York: George H  Doran, 1924 
Scarborough, L  R  A Blaze of Evangelism Across the Equator  Nashville, Tenn: Broadman Press, 1937 
Scarborough, L  R  Endued to Win  Nashville: Sunday School Board of the Southern Baptist Convention, 1922 
Scarborough, L  R  My Conception of the Gospel Ministry  Nashville, Tenn: Sunday School Board of the Southern Baptist Convention, 1935 
Scarborough, L  R  Prepare to Meet God: Sermons Making the Way to Christ Plain  New York: George H  Doran Co, 1922 
Scarborough, L  R  Ten Spiritual Ships; The Heaviest Responsibilities of Christ's People  New York: George H  Doran Co, 1927 
Scarborough, L  R  Recruits for World Conquests  New York: Fleming H  Revell, 1914 
Scarborough, L  R  Products of Pentecost  New York: Fleming H  Revell Co, 1934 
Scarborough, L  R  Some Ministerial Danger Signals  Nashville, Tenn ?: Sunday School Board, Southern Baptist Convention?], 1900s 
Scarborough, L  R  The Tears of Jesus: Sermons to Aid Soul-Winners  New York: George H  Doran, 1922 
Scarborough, L  R  Holy Places and Precious Promises  Nashville: Sunday School Board of the Southern Baptist Convention, 1924 
Scarborough, L  R , and Allen Fort  Building for Evangelism: Timely Messages on a Vital Subject  Evangelism in the Construction of Meeting Houses  Nashville, Tenn: Church Architecture Dept , Sunday School Board, Southern Baptist Convention, 1900s 
Scarborough, L  R , and J  L  Love  A Bundle of Letters: Observations on Mission Fields  Richmond, Va: Foreign Mission Board, Southern Baptist Convention, 1923 
Scarborough, L  R  Christ's Militant Kingdom: A Study in the Trail Triumphant  Nashville: Sunday School Board of the Southern Baptist Convention, 1924 
Scarborough, L  R  Vital Essentials Worth Preserving and Perpetuating  Nashville, Tenn: Baptist Sunday School Board, 1939 
Leavell, Roland Quinche, and L  R  Scarborough  A Handbook for Southern Baptist Participation in "the Nation-Wide Baptist Evangelistic Crusade for 1940 "  Atlanta: Published cooperatively by the Home Mission Board, S B C  and various Secretaries of the State Mission Boards, 1939 
Scarborough, L  R  Help Lift the World into the Light: Millions for the Master  Nashville, Tenn: Baptist 75 Million Campaign, 1919 
Scarborough, L  R  Victory Schools: One in Every Church  Nashville, Tenn: [S B C ] Baptist 75 Million Campaign, 1919 
Scarborough, L  R  Southern Baptists and Evangelism  Atlanta, Ga: Baptist Home Mission Board [Southern Baptist Convention, 1918 
Scarborough, L  R  Are You Saved or Lost? Nashville, Tenn: Sunday School Board, Southern Baptist Convention, 1920 
Scarborough, L  R  Chapters from Recruits for World Conquests  Nashville, Tenn: Southern Baptist Convention, Sunday School Board, 1914 
Scarborough, L  R , B  A  Copass, and E  Leslie Carlson  A Course in Evangelism Based on "How Jesus Won Men"  [Fort Worth]: Seminary Book Store, 1900 
Scarborough, L  R  Volunteers: A Call for Soldiers for Christ  Nashville: Sunday School Board, Southern Baptist Convention, 1918 

See also
List of Southern Baptist Convention affiliated people
Southern Baptist Convention
Southern Baptist Convention Presidents
Context 3: : 47  The manufacturers in India are the most advanced in the developing world and include the Serum Institute of India, one of the largest producers of vaccines by number of doses and an innovator in processes, recently improving efficiency of producing the measles vaccine by 10 to 20-fold, due to switching to a MRC-5 cell culture instead of chicken eggs : 48  China's manufacturing capabilities are focused on supplying their own domestic need, with Sinopharm (CNPGC) alone providing over 85% of the doses for 14 different vaccines in China : 48  Brazil is approaching the point of supplying its own domestic needs using technology transferred from the developed world : 49

Delivery systems
One of the most common methods of delivering vaccines into the human body is injection 
The development of new delivery systems raises the hope of vaccines that are safer and more efficient to deliver and administer  Lines of research include liposomes and ISCOM (immune stimulating complex) Notable developments in vaccine delivery technologies have included oral vaccines  Early attempts to apply oral vaccines showed varying degrees of promise, beginning early in the 20th century, at a time when the very possibility of an effective oral antibacterial vaccine was controversial  By the 1930s there was increasing interest in the prophylactic value of an oral typhoid fever vaccine for example An oral polio vaccine turned out to be effective when vaccinations were administered by volunteer staff without formal training; the results also demonstrated increased ease and efficiency of administering the vaccines  Effective oral vaccines have many advantages; for example, there is no risk of blood contamination  Vaccines intended for oral administration need not be liquid, and as solids, they commonly are more stable and less prone to damage or spoilage by freezing in transport and storage  Such stability reduces the need for a "cold chain": the resources required to keep vaccines within a restricted temperature range from the manufacturing stage to the point of administration, which, in turn, may decrease costs of vaccines 
A microneedle approach, which is still in stages of development, uses "pointed projections fabricated into arrays that can create vaccine delivery pathways through the skin" An experimental needle-free vaccine delivery system is undergoing animal testing  A stamp-size patch similar to an adhesive bandage contains about 20,000 microscopic projections per square cm  This dermal administration potentially increases the effectiveness of vaccination, while requiring less vaccine than injection 

In veterinary medicine
Vaccinations of animals are used both to prevent their contracting diseases and to prevent transmission of disease to humans  Both animals kept as pets and animals raised as livestock are routinely vaccinated  In some instances, wild populations may be vaccinated  This is sometimes accomplished with vaccine-laced food spread in a disease-prone area and has been used to attempt to control rabies in raccoons 
Where rabies occurs, rabies vaccination of dogs may be required by law  Other canine vaccines include canine distemper, canine parvovirus, infectious canine hepatitis, adenovirus-2, leptospirosis, Bordetella, canine parainfluenza virus, and Lyme disease, among others 
Cases of veterinary vaccines used in humans have been documented, whether intentional or accidental, with some cases of resultant illness, most notably with brucellosis  However, the reporting of such cases is rare and very little has been studied about the safety and results of such practices  With the advent of aerosol vaccination in veterinary clinics, human exposure to pathogens not naturally carried in humans, such as Bordetella bronchiseptica, has likely increased in recent years  In some cases, most notably rabies, the parallel veterinary vaccine against a pathogen may be as much as orders of magnitude more economical than the human one 

DIVA vaccines
DIVA (Differentiation of Infected from Vaccinated Animals), also known as SIVA (Segregation of Infected from Vaccinated Animals) vaccines, make it possible to differentiate between infected and vaccinated animals  DIVA vaccines carry at least one epitope less than the equivalent wild microorganism  An accompanying diagnostic test that detects the antibody against that epitope assists in identifying whether the animal has been vaccinated or not The first DIVA vaccines (formerly termed marker vaccines and since 1999 coined as DIVA vaccines) and companion diagnostic tests were developed by J  T  van Oirschot and colleagues at the Central Veterinary Institute in Lelystad, The Netherlands  They found that some existing vaccines against pseudorabies (also termed Aujeszky's disease) had deletions in their viral genome (among which was the gE gene)  Monoclonal antibodies were produced against that deletion and selected to develop an ELISA that demonstrated antibodies against gE  In addition, novel genetically engineered gE-negative vaccines were constructed  Along the same lines, DIVA vaccines and companion diagnostic tests against bovine herpesvirus 1 infections have been developed The DIVA strategy has been applied in various countries to successfully eradicate pseudorabies virus from those countries  Swine populations were intensively vaccinated and monitored by the companion diagnostic test and, subsequently, the infected pigs were removed from the population  Bovine herpesvirus 1 DIVA vaccines are also widely used in practice  Considerable efforts are ongoing to apply the DIVA principle to a wide range of infectious diseases, such as classical swine fever, avian influenza, Actinobacillus pleuropneumonia and Salmonella infections in pigs 

History
Prior to the introduction of vaccination with material from cases of cowpox (heterotypic immunisation), smallpox could be prevented by deliberate variolation with smallpox virus  The earliest hints of the practice of variolation for smallpox in China come during the tenth century  The Chinese also practiced the oldest documented use of variolation, dating back to the fifteenth century  They implemented a method of "nasal insufflation" administered by blowing powdered smallpox material, usually scabs, up the nostrils  Various insufflation techniques have been recorded throughout the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries within China : 60  Two reports on the Chinese practice of inoculation were received by the Royal Society in London in 1700; one by Martin Lister who received a report by an employee of the East India Company stationed in China and another by Clopton Havers 
Mary Wortley Montagu, who had witnessed variolation in Turkey, had her four-year-old daughter variolated in the presence of physicians of the Royal Court in 1721 upon her return to England  Later on that year, Charles Maitland conducted an experimental variolation of six prisoners in Newgate Prison in London  The experiment was a success, and soon variolation was drawing attention from the royal family, who helped promote the procedure  However, in 1783, several days after Prince Octavius of Great Britain was inoculated, he died  In 1796, the physician Edward Jenner took pus from the hand of a milkmaid with cowpox, scratched it into the arm of an 8-year-old boy, James Phipps, and six weeks later variolated the boy with smallpox, afterwards observing that he did not catch smallpox  Jenner extended his studies and, in 1798, reported that his vaccine was safe in children and adults, and could be transferred from arm-to-arm, which reduced reliance on uncertain supplies from infected cows  In 1804, the Spanish Balmis smallpox vaccination expedition to Spain's colonies Mexico and Philippines used the arm-to-arm transport method to get around the fact the vaccine survived for only 12 days in vitro  They used cowpox  Since vaccination with cowpox was much safer than smallpox inoculation, the latter, though still widely practiced in England, was banned in 1840 
Following on from Jenner's work, the second generation of vaccines was introduced in the 1880s by Louis Pasteur who developed vaccines for chicken cholera and anthrax, and from the late nineteenth century vaccines were considered a matter of national prestige  National vaccination policies were adopted and compulsory vaccination laws were passed  In 1931 Alice Miles Woodruff and Ernest Goodpasture documented that the fowlpox virus could be grown in embryonated chicken egg  Soon scientists began cultivating other viruses in eggs  Eggs were used for virus propagation in the development of a yellow fever vaccine in 1935 and an influenza vaccine in 1945  In 1959 growth media and cell culture replaced eggs as the standard method of virus propagation for vaccines Vaccinology flourished in the twentieth century, which saw the introduction of several successful vaccines, including those against diphtheria, measles, mumps, and rubella  Major achievements included the development of the polio vaccine in the 1950s and the eradication of smallpox during the 1960s and 1970s  Maurice Hilleman was the most prolific of the developers of the vaccines in the twentieth century  As vaccines became more common, many people began taking them for granted  However, vaccines remain elusive for many important diseases, including herpes simplex, malaria, gonorrhea, and HIV 

Generations of vaccines
First generation vaccines are whole-organism vaccines – either live and weakened, or killed forms  Live, attenuated vaccines, such as smallpox and polio vaccines, are able to induce killer T-cell (TC or CTL) responses, helper T-cell (TH) responses and antibody immunity  However, attenuated forms of a pathogen can convert to a dangerous form and may cause disease in immunocompromised vaccine recipients (such as those with AIDS)  While killed vaccines do not have this risk, they cannot generate specific killer T cell responses and may not work at all for some diseases Second generation vaccines were developed to reduce the risks from live vaccines  These are subunit vaccines, consisting of specific protein antigens (such as tetanus or diphtheria toxoid) or recombinant protein components (such as the hepatitis B surface antigen)  They can generate TH and antibody responses, but not killer T cell responses RNA vaccines and DNA vaccines are examples of third generation vaccines  In 2016 a DNA vaccine for the Zika virus began testing at the National Institutes of Health  Separately, Inovio Pharmaceuticals and GeneOne Life Science began tests of a different DNA vaccine against Zika in Miami  Manufacturing the vaccines in volume was unsolved as of 2016  Clinical trials for DNA vaccines to prevent HIV are underway  mRNA vaccines such as BNT162b2 were developed in the year 2020 with the help of Operation Warp Speed and massively deployed to combat the COVID-19 pandemic  In 2021, Katalin Karikó and Drew Weissman received Columbia University's Horwitz Prize for their pioneering research in mRNA vaccine technology 

Trends
Since at least 2013, scientists have been trying to develop synthetic third-generation vaccines by reconstructing the outside structure of a virus; it was hoped that this will help prevent vaccine resistance Principles that govern the immune response can now be used in tailor-made vaccines against many noninfectious human diseases, such as cancers and autoimmune disorders  For example, the experimental vaccine CYT006-AngQb has been investigated as a possible treatment for high blood pressure  Factors that affect the trends of vaccine development include progress in translatory medicine, demographics, regulatory science, political, cultural, and social responses 

Plants as bioreactors for vaccine production
The idea of vaccine production via transgenic plants was identified as early as 2003  Plants such as tobacco, potato, tomato, and banana can have genes inserted that cause them to produce vaccines usable for humans  In 2005, bananas were developed that produce a human vaccine against hepatitis B 

Vaccine hesitancy
Vaccine hesitancy is a delay in acceptance, or refusal of vaccines despite the availability of vaccine services  The term covers outright refusals to vaccinate, delaying vaccines, accepting vaccines but remaining uncertain about their use, or using certain vaccines but not others  There is an overwhelming scientific consensus that vaccines are generally safe and effective  Vaccine hesitancy often results in disease outbreaks and deaths from vaccine-preventable diseases  The World Health Organization therefore characterized vaccine hesitancy as one of the top ten global health threats in 2019 

See also
Passage 2:
Marco Marcola
Marco Marcola (1740–1793) was an Italian painter, born and mainly active in Verona  He was initially apprenticed to his father Giovanni Battista Marcola  Among his pupils were Antonio Pachera, Bellino Bellini, and Domenico Zanconti  He is also known as Marco Marcuola  His sister Angela Marcola was also a painter 

Sources
Zannandreis, Diego (1891)   Giuseppe Biadego (ed )  Le vite dei pittori, scultori e architetti veronesi  Verona: Stabilimento Tipo-Litografico G  Franchini  p  478 
Passage 3:
Rue Lhomond
Rue Lhomond is a street in the 5th arrondissement of Paris, France  It is located in the quartier du Val-de-Grâce and has existed since the 15th century  It was once known as rue des Poteries after its Gallo-Roman pottery workshops (re-discovered in the 18th century), then from around 1600 as rue des Pots and finally rue des Postes  It was given its present name in 1867 after the priest, grammarian and scholar Charles François Lhomond (1727-1794) 

History
The street has housed several Catholic seminaries and convents, along with a British seminary established at number 22 by permission of Louis XIV of France in 1684 and active until 1790 Rue Lhomond features in the Georges Simenon novel ′Maigret Takes a Room′  In the novel Maigret takes a room in a boarding house to discover who shot his subordinate Janvier 

Buildings
Passage 4:
Vatos Locos
Vatos Locos is a Chicano slang term that means "crazy Dudes"  It is also used as the name of multiple small gangs around the USA, Canada and Mexico  Many "Vatos Locos" use the colors red, black, green or brown The film Blood In Blood Out (1993) which was written by poet Jimmy Santiago Baca, is based on the experiences of gang members of a fictional gang called Vatos Locos The video game Call of Juarez: The Cartel features a fictional Vatos Locos gang 

See also
List of gangs in Mexico
Passage 5:
Giuseppe Appiani
Giuseppe Appiani (1740 or 1754–1812) was an Italian painter of the Neoclassic periods  He was born in Vaprio d'Adda, near Milan, where he was mainly active  His parents moved to Monza, where his first mentor was the painter Giovanni Maria Gariboldi  At age 21, he moved to Milan, where he worked in the studios of Giorgi, and later Giuliano Traballesi  He was active in restoration of paintings  Another painter, Giuseppe Appiani (Porto, c  1700-Triefenstein, c  1785), was active in Germany 
Passage 6:
Massimiliano Soldani Benzi
Massimiliano Soldani or Massimiliano Soldani Benzi (15 July 1656 – 23 February 1740) was an Italian baroque sculptor and medallist, mainly active in Florence  Born at Montevarchi, the son of a Tuscan cavalry captain, Soldani was employed by the Medici for his entire career 

Name
He first went under the name Soldani but, claiming descent from the family of bishop Soldani of Fiesole and from the aristocratic Benzi family of Figline, he applied for and received, in 1693, an official letter acknowledging his nobility based on this ancestry  From this date forward, he called himself, and is referred to in many documents as, Soldani Benzi 

Life
Soldani began training in the Medici drawing school in Florence  He attracted the attention of Grand Duke Cosimo III de' Medici who sent Soldani to his grand-ducal academy in Rome to study under Ciro Ferri and Ercole Ferrata, and to train in coining  During his years in Rome (1678–81), he showed much promise and was asked by Queen Christina of Sweden to create several medals  He started this enterprise but left it unfinished as Cosimo transferred the artist to Paris to work with the famous medallist Joseph Roettiers While there in 1682, Soldani came into contact with Charles Le Brun and minister Jean-Baptiste Colbert  Learning that the artist was working on a medal portrait of Louis XIV, a courtier Soldani refers to the courtier as "Mons r Duca d'Homone"  (possibly Louis, duc d'Aumont who was very interested in the art of medals) introduced the young man to the king  The model for this medal of Louis XIV is now in the Art Gallery of Ontario in Toronto Grand Duke Cosimo in the meantime decided that it was time for Soldani to return to Florence and take charge of the Grand-ducal Mint, the job he was meant to occupy from the very start  Upon the death of the current director, Soldani was officially made Maestro dei Coni e Custode della Zecca in 1688  As such he had his workshop and living quarters in the Uffizi When he finally gave up work at the age of about 80, Soldani Benzi retired to his Villa Petrolo near Bucine where he died in 1740 

Work
Soldani developed into one of the finest bronze casters of his time in Europe  Though first specialising as a medallist, Soldani also produced bronze reliefs, bronze vases and free-standing figures and busts 
For Joseph Johann Adam, Prince of Liechtenstein, he produced a series of bronze copies of works of the Medici collection, mainly antique busts and figures but also after works by Michelangelo and Gianlorenzo Bernini Klaus Lankheit recognized in a small bronze Pietà attributed to Soldani at the Walters Art Museum a "balanced triangular composition" that is "almost a relief in form" and suggested that it had been composed first as a relief; A more elaborate version, with additional figures, in the Kress collection at the Seattle Art Museum, was identified as by Soldani by Ulrich Middeldorf  A second table bronze, Venus and the Wounded Adonis, on a richly-mounted ebony base raised on bronze paw feet, is also at the Walters Art Museum At rare intervals he exhibited terra cotta bozzetti at the irregularly staged exhibitions of the Accademia del Disegno, Florence: in 1715 a Pietà in terracotta by "Sig  M S " A highly finished terracotta relief, Agony in the Garden of Gethsemane, doubtless intended as a modello to be cast in bronze as a private devotional work, is in the Metropolitan Museum of Art A major document of his career is his autobiography, dated 1718, correspondence, and the inventory taken after his death A collection of his drawings is in the Uffizi in Florence 

Doccia
After his death, his heirs sold some of his wax models to marchese Carlo Ginori, who had them adapted by his chief modeller, Gaspero Bruschi, and reproduced in porcelain at his Doccia porcelain manufactory near Florence  Thus Soldani's Apollo in His Chariot, Venus Plucking the Wings of Cupid and Virtue Overpowering Vice all exist as Doccia porcelain groups 

Notes
Further reading
Klaus Lankheit, Soldani (Benzi), Massimiliano, Oxford Art Online

External links
(Fitzwilliam Museum) Leda and the Swan, bronze
Biografia em portugues
European sculpture and metalwork, a collection catalog from The Metropolitan Museum of Art Libraries (fully available online as PDF), which contains material on Benzi (see index)
Passage 7:
Francesco Corneliani
Francesco Corneliani (1740-1815) was an Italian painter, mainly active in a Neoclassic style in his native Milan 

He was born to Carlo Corneliani (or Corneliano), and was intended to become a jeweller  He  trained under Sangiorgi at the Accademia Ambrosiana  In 1760, influenced by the paintings of Anton Rafael Mengs, he left for Parma and worked under Carlo Calani  He returned to Milan where he painted lunette frescoes in the Casa Candiani 
He also painted the lunettes over the altars to the side of the chorus in the church of San Sebastiano  He made portraits of the family in the walls of the house of Castiglioni  He painted the four evangelists for the church of San Gervasio in Bergamo He was a close friend of Andrea Appiani and is described as a man alien to intrigue and vanity, pious without ostentation, he lived retired but always ready to work on works of art and piety He died in Milan 


== Sources ==
Passage 8:
François Beaucourt
François Beaucourt (1740–1794) is said to be the first native-born Canadian painter who studied in France with a professional reputation  He was active mainly in the Province of Quebec 

Career
François Malepart Beaucourt was born in Laprairie, Quebec  Paul Beaucourt, his father, was an amateur painter and military engineer  After he died, the family seems to have returned to France  In 1773, Beaucourt married the daughter of his painting master, Joseph Camagne, in Bordeaux, afterwards painting in France and Russia  He was accepted into the local academy in Bordeaux in 1784  In Canada, after 1786, he painted a wide variety of subjects, mostly portraits, including a self-portrait in the National Gallery of Canada  In 1792, he worked in Philadelphia but returned to Montreal that year  In 1794, he died in Montreal  One critic speaks of his "decorative and light provincial rococo" manner 
Passage 9:
Norman Newell
Norman Newell  (25 January 1919 – 1 December 2004) was an English record producer, who was mainly active in the 1950s and 1960s  He was also the co-writer of many notable songs  As an A&R manager for EMI, he worked with musicians such as Shirley Bassey, Dalida, Claude François, Vera Lynn, Russ Conway, Bette Midler, Judy Garland, Petula Clark, Jake Thackray, Malcolm Roberts, Bobby Crush and Peter and Gordon 
Newell was particularly known for his recorded productions of West End musicals  His songs have been covered by Judy Garland, Frank Sinatra, Celine Dion and Aretha Franklin  In 1999, Newell's song, "Portrait of My Love", originally recorded by Matt Monro in 1960, was honoured at the BMI Awards in London for having two million radio plays 

Early life
Newell was born in Plaistow, Essex (now part of Greater London) to a poor family  He aspired to be an actor, but expected to work for London Transport  During the Second World War, Newell befriended the variety performer Bill Waddington, and wrote lyrics to his music  Following the end of the war, Waddington found Newell a job selling sheet music at the Cinephonic Music Company on Charing Cross Road  He began his career as a songwriter for the London-based publisher 

Music producer
Newell joined EMI's Columbia label as a staff producer in 1949, and was head of the label for its most successful years  During this period, he produced records by Petula Clark, the French male voice choir Les Compagnons de la Chanson, Josef Locke, Ronnie Ronalde, The Beverley Sisters, Dorothy Squires and the bandleader Victor Silvester  He also discovered the singer Steve Conway, who recorded Newell's "My Thanks To You" (with music by Noel Gay) In 1953, Newell moved to the new Philips record label, and produced their first release by a British artist, Johnny Brandon  Newell asked Geoff Love to arrange the song, and this marked the start of their professional relationship, in which Love's albums as Manuel and his Music of the Mountains would be produced by Newell  Following six months working at MGM in America, Newell came back to EMI in 1954, whereupon he recorded the comedians Norman Wisdom and Joyce Grenfell  Although Newell "did not understand" rock 'n' roll, he produced albums of the television shows Drumbeat and 6 5 Special  He used Trevor Stanford as a rehearsal pianist, and began recording with him in 1957, under the name Russ Conway, the surname being a tribute to Steve Conway, who had died in 1952 Newell went freelance in 1965, and was then put under contract with EMI, where he produced the top selling single of 1965, "Tears", by comedian Ken Dodd 

Lyricist
Newell was also a much sought-after lyricist, sometimes writing under the pen-name David West, and responsible for co-writing songs that included "Portrait of My Love" (music by Cyril Ornadel), a UK Singles Chart hit for Matt Monro  In addition, he provided the English lyrics for "More" (the theme from the film Mondo Cane)  Newell also wrote the English lyrics of Shirley Bassey's 1961 No  1 hit "Reach for the Stars", (composed by Nini Oliviero and Riz Ortolani) and Bassey's "This Is My Life" ("La vita", written by Antonio Amurri and Bruno Canfora)  Commenting on the latter, Bassey said that "Norman knows more about me than I do "Further compositions by Newell were "The Importance of Your Love" ("Important C'est La Rose", by Gilbert Bécaud); "Born to Sing" ("Mourir Sur scène", by Dalida); "Monday Morning Again" ("Le Lundi au Soleil", by Claude François) and "Never, Never, Never" ("Grande grande grande"), which was a hit for Bassey in 1973  With the composer Philip Green, he co-wrote the United Kingdom's 1963 Eurovision Song Contest entry, "Say Wonderful Things", recorded by Ronnie Carroll  The song was later recorded in the United States by Patti Page He wrote the English lyrics to the German song "Sailor", a number one UK hit for Petula Clark and a top ten hit for Anne Shelton in 1961  In 1964, Newell produced Peter and Gordon's number one UK hit "A World Without Love", which also topped the charts in the United States and several other countries  The song "Forget Domani", from the film The Yellow Rolls-Royce (1964), with lyrics by Newell to music by Riz Ortolani, won a Golden Globe Award for Best Original Song 
Newell wrote English-language lyrics to "The White Rose of Athens" for Nana Mouskouri, and Vicky Leandros's 1972 Eurovision Song Contest winning entry, "Après toi" ("Come What May")  "Come What May" reached No 2 on the UK and Republic of Ireland singles charts in 1972 
In his later years, Newell penned lyrics to Pietro Mascagni's "Intermezzo" from Cavalleria rusticana  The song, entitled "Pray For Love", was recorded by Vince Hill 
His numerous contacts in the music publishing industry in the United Kingdom assisted EMI in securing the rights for British recordings of cast albums for many American shows opening in London  Newell also wrote the lyrics for the West End musical Mister Venus (with music by Russ Conway), but the show was not a success  Despite starring Frankie Howerd, the show ran for just 16 performances at the Prince of Wales Theatre in 1958 

Later career
Newell continued working as a producer into the 1980s, including on Shirley Bassey's Gold selling album I Am What I Am, recorded with the London Symphony Orchestra  
He also wrote the English lyrics for the 1983 Julio Iglesias recording of "Hey", which featured in the Platinum selling album Julio He also produced several cast recordings of West End musicals for First Night Records: Seven Brides For Seven Brothers – Original London Cast (1986), Annie Get Your Gun – 1986 London Cast (starring Suzi Quatro and Eric Flynn), Kiss Me, Kate – 1987 Royal Shakespeare Company Cast (starring Paul Jones, Nichola McAuliffe and Fiona Hendley), and South Pacific – 1988 London Cast (starring Gemma Craven and Emile Belcourt)  George Martin said of Newell that he "always wanted to be a Stephen Sondheim," but noted that "his main strength came from his ability to handle big showbiz entertainers "Newell retired in 1990  However, he continued to write lyrics, and his final works were with Les Reed 

Honours
During his career, Norman Newell won a Grammy, an Emmy and three Ivor Novello Awards for his contribution to the entertainment industry, as well as six British Music Industry Awards  He was awarded an OBE in 2003 

Personal life and death
Newell, who was gay, lived in Rustington, West Sussex  After a series of debilitating strokes, he was moved to a local nursing home  He died on 1 December 2004, aged 85 
Passage 10:
Province of Quebec (1763–1791)
The Province of Quebec (French: Province de Québec) was a colony in British North America which comprised the former French colony of Canada  It was established by the Kingdom of Great Britain in 1763, following the conquest of New France by British forces during the Seven Years' War  As part of the Treaty of Paris, France gave up its claim to the colony; it instead negotiated to keep the small profitable island of Guadeloupe Following the Royal Proclamation of 1763, Canada was renamed the Province of Quebec, and from 1774 extended from the coast of Labrador on the Atlantic Ocean, southwest through the Saint Lawrence River Valley to the Great Lakes and beyond to the confluence of the Ohio and Mississippi Rivers  Portions of its southwest, those areas south of the Great Lakes, were later ceded to the newly established United States in the Treaty of Paris (1783) at the conclusion of the American Revolution; although the British maintained a military presence there until 1796  In 1791, the territory north of the Great Lakes was reorganised and divided into Lower Canada and Upper Canada 

History
Under the Proclamation, Quebec included the cities of Quebec and Montreal, as well as a zone surrounding them, but did not extend as far west as the Great Lakes or as far north as Rupert's Land In 1774, the Parliament of Great Britain, Frederick North, Lord North, Prime Minister, passed the Quebec Act that allowed Quebec to restore the use of French customary law (Coutume de Paris) in private matters alongside the English common law system, and allowing the Catholic Church to collect tithes  The act also enlarged the boundaries of Quebec to include the Ohio Country and part of the Illinois Country, from the Appalachian Mountains on the east, south to the Ohio River, west to the Mississippi River and north to the southern boundary of lands owned by the Hudson's Bay Company, or Rupert's Land 
Prince Edward  Duke of Kent lived in Quebec City 
(Known as the Prince of Quebec)from 1791-1793 this was when Michigan territory was a part of Quebec and a member of Parliament  
Detroit was transferred to Quebec under the Quebec Act of 1774   
It was then the third-largest city in the Province of Quebec, after Montreal and Quebec  1792 Detroit, including settlements on both sides of the river, holds its first election, sending
three representatives to the Parliament of Upper Canada 
The Act Against Slavery, 1793, an anti-slavery act passed in Upper Canada  The Act was created partially in response to Loyalist refugees who brought slaves with them 
Michigan Territory was a part of Upper Canada from 1790-1796  British control of Detroit and Michigan after the American Revolution  When Quebec split into Lower and Upper Canada in 1791, Michigan was part of Kent County, Upper Canada  It held its first democratic elections in August 1792 to send delegates to the new provincial parliament at Newark (now  Niagara-on-the-Lake)  
Western District was one of four districts of the Province of Quebec created in 1788 in the western reaches of the Montreal District which were later detached in 1791 to create the new colony of Upper Canada  Known as Hesse District (named after Hesse in Germany) until 1792 
Through Quebec, the British Crown retained access to the Ohio and Illinois Countries after the Treaty of Paris (1783) ceded control of this land to the United States  By well-established trade and military routes across the Great Lakes, the British continued to supply not only their own troops but a wide alliance of Native American nations through Detroit, Fort Niagara, Fort Michilimackinac, and so on, until these posts were turned over to the United States following the Jay Treaty (1794) 
Quebec retained its seigneurial system after the conquest  Owing to an influx of Loyalist refugees from the American Revolutionary War, the demographics of Quebec came to shift and now included a substantial English-speaking Protestant element from the former Thirteen Colonies  These United Empire Loyalists settled mainly in the Eastern Townships, Montreal, and what was known then as the pays d'en haut west of the Ottawa River  The Constitutional Act of 1791 divided the colony in two at the Ottawa River, so that the western part (Upper Canada) could be under the English legal system, with English speakers in the majority  The eastern part was named Lower Canada 

Governors
In 1760, following the capitulation of Montreal, the colony was placed under military government, with civil government only instituted beginning in 1764  The following were the governors:

James Murray 1760–1766
Guy Carleton, 1st Baron Dorchester 1766–1778
Sir Frederick Haldimand 1778–1786
Guy Carleton, 1st Baron Dorchester 1786–1796There were also "lieutenant governors", but these were merely the deputies of the governors, and should not be confused with the subsequent to 1791 Lieutenant-Governor of Quebec 

Guy Carleton (lieutenant governor to James Murray)	1766–1768
Hector Theophilus de Cramahé (lieutenant governor to Guy Carleton)	1771–1782
Henry Hamilton (lieutenant governor to Frederick Haldimand)	1782–1785
Henry Hope (lieutenant governor to the Lord Dorchester)	1785–1788
Alured Clarke (lieutenant governor to the Lord Dorchester)	1790

Counsellors to the governor
The Province of Quebec did not have an elected legislature and was ruled directly by the governor with advice from counsellors  A council responsible to advise the governor (then James Murray) on all affairs of state was created in 1764  In 1774, the Quebec Act created a Council for the Affairs of the Province of Quebec to advise the governor on legislative affairs  The Legislative Council served as an advisory council to the governor until a legislative assembly was established after 1791 
The individuals James Murray called into the council from 1764 to 1766:

List of councillors under Carleton from 1766 to 1774:

Geography
Around 1763 to 1764, the province was divided into two judicial districts:

Montreal District – covering the western parts of Quebec along the St  Lawrence River including Montreal and much of Ontario (Eastern and Southern Ontario)
Quebec District – covering the eastern parts of Quebec along the St  Lawrence and LabradorIn 1790, the Trois-Rivières District was formed out of part of Quebec District 
The Trois-Rivières and Quebec districts continued after 1791 when Lower Canada came into existence, while Montreal District west of the Ottawa River became Upper Canada and east of the Ottawa River was partitioned into many electoral districts 

See also
Former colonies and territories in Canada
Territorial evolution of Canada after 1867



ground_truth: 2013

prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: When did the place in Canada where François Beaucourt (1740-1794) was mainly active acquired its present name?

The following are given passages.
Context 4: 

2008
Organisers said more than 40,000 people attended   Police put the starting figure at 13,000 when the march began   One of the issues include Chief executive Donald Tsang, who was under fire for the hiring of his 17 new highly paid appointees   Critics say they were handpicked allies brought in to boost his power base  Protest turnout for the year was expected to be less, with no pressing issues to be resolved 

2009
Pan-democrats had expected at least 100,000 to take the streets for the march  Previously the 20th anniversary of the 1989 Tiananmen Square protests and massacre at Hong Kong Victoria Park had a large turnout to commemorate the event   Seven different events were expected to attract a total of 130,000 participants, as it was supposed to be the largest number of protests in a single day on Hong Kong island  A "unity parade" was organised by the pro-Beijing camp in the morning at Hong Kong Stadium  This celebrated the 12th anniversary of Hong Kong's return to China since 1997  Xinhua News Agency also set up a website to commemorate the event  The spectacle was matched with stadium performances as well as sports car displays on the streets   Other events include protests by the Alliance of Lehman Brothers victims and one by the handicapped protesting at discrimination  chief executive Donald Tsang led senior government officials at the flag-raising ceremony at Wan Chai Golden Bauhinia Square   The police band followed by a sea parade and fly-past by the disciplined services  The 2009 Hong Kong Broadcasting Authority forum followed on 14 July to talk about broadcast freedom 

2010
Previously the pan-democracy camp was united in their goal to fight for universal suffrage for the city of 7 million people in 2012 and nothing less  After the consultation document for selecting the Chief exec and Legco politicians was passed in late June, there was no more universal suffrage   Instead, Beijing signed an alternative method to choose the CE and Legco politicians  A controversial graffiti incident even took place after the consultations 
The pan-democrat camp was split   Several hundred democratic party members faced verbal abuse throughout the march to the HK government headquarters for selling out to Beijing   Protesters hurling chants of "Shame on you" and "You betrayed Hong Kong people " About 52,000 people took part in the protest  A 2,000-person anniversary parade was organised by opposition pro-government groups  Two weeks after the protests, many have questioned the state of the Democratic party and whether protests are of any use, especially since HK is not a place where citizens make decisions for themselves   Party chairman Albert Ho publicly responded "Even if you replaced Donald Tsang with another chief, you still have to deal with the People's Liberation Army, which is another type of power 

2011
The turnout for the 2011 protest was the highest since 2004  Organisers of the protest claimed a turnout of 218,000 people  There were quite a number of issues  Just two days before the protest, the government led by Stephen Lam tried to pass a bill to no longer allow by-elections, to block any more events similar to the Five Constituencies referendum  There were demands for Donald Tsang to step down, and bring in universal suffrage to both the 2012 chief executive and Legco election There were complaints with land hogging and control by real estate companies  Unionists portrayed real estate tycoon Li Ka-shing as the devil  Other groups carried coffins to represent the small homes poor people live in  Hawkers complained about the high property rent that made it impossible to run their business There were complaints of allowing more women from mainland China to give birth in Hong Kong  There were also people against the introduction of "Patriotic education (國民教育)" in primary and high schools in the special administrative region  Just a few days ago, 22 top HK schools rejected the plan, claiming they were against this type of "brain wash education"  The post-90s generation were quite against this  During the protest about 228 protesters at Connaught Road were arrested On 13 July People Power group led a three-day sit-in to protest against Stephen Lam, the blocking of by-elections and a number of issues   About 1000 people put on handcuffs and surrounded the Legco building 3 times to protest police actions from 1 July march   Hundreds of people also threw paper aeroplanes at the Legco building with political messages 

2012
The 2012 protest on 1 July was the largest yet, with activists claiming 400,000 took part and police claiming 63,000 took part, both of which would have been the largest attendance at 1 July protests  These protests coincided with the 15th anniversary of the handover of Hong Kong attended by CPC General Secretary Hu Jintao and his swearing in of new chief executive CY Leung, who is alleged to be a closet member of the Chinese Communist Party, and has conflicts of interests over his business interests and has had unauthorised building work at his home In addition, the widening gap between the rich and poor, with 20% of the city living in poverty, an influx of mothers from Mainland China, continued denial of universal suffrage to all individuals and suppression of freedom of speech in the Mainland featured in the protests According to the University of Hong Kong, only 34% of locals said they are proud of being Chinese citizens, the lowest figure since 2001  Many protesters waved the British Hong Kong flag, showing resentment of the post-handover situation Following the protests, a human rights group based in the city, the Chinese People's Rights Alliance claimed that disguised mainland Chinese security police followed and harassed them   It also alleged that several mainlander protesters have gone missing once returning home to Mainland China 

2013
The 1 July protest in 2013 focused on universal suffrage and other major issues  The Civil Human Rights Front, organiser of the annual march, said 430,000 people took part on Monday, compared to 400,000 last year  But police said just 35,500 left Victoria Park and 66,000 participated at its peak  The University of Hong Kong's public opinion programme estimated 93,000 took part 

2014
Before the protests, a white paper by the Chinese government proclaimed that Hong Kong does not enjoy full autonomy, and that Hong Kong's high degree of autonomy was granted by the Chinese government  The departure in wording from emphasising the high degree of autonomy guaranteed by the Hong Kong Basic Law sparked controversy that the Chinese government was suggesting it could intervene in Hong Kong affairs, in effect redefining one country, two systems  The Hong Kong government earlier promised to residents that they will be able to vote for their new chief executive in the upcoming 2017 election, but it has been feared that the final process will favour candidates approved by Beijing 
On 1 July 2014, organisers said over 500,000 protesters marched along the streets of Hong Kong, while city officials estimated 100,000  A police force of around 5000 officers was present during the protest, and over 500 demonstrators were arrested for illegal assembly during a sit-in protest that followed on 2 July and disrupting traffic in Chater Road 

2015
On 1 July, approximately 48,000 protesters marched to mark an anniversary of the British 1997 turnover of Hong Kong to China  The protesters call for "full democracy" and Leung Chun-ying's resignation as the city's leader  This protest had one of the lowest turnout in recent years, due to it being held after the veto of the 2014–15 Hong Kong electoral reform  The reform consultation process had sparked massive protests and widespread civil disobedience movements, including the Umbrella Revolution, and organisers of the 2015 July 1 March recognised that many democratically minded people preferred to rest after the controversial reform package had been stopped 

2016
Organisers claim that around 110,000 people turned up to protest for various causes, but police claimed 19,300 joined the protest rally 

2017
Organisers claim that around 66,000 people turned up to protest for various causes, but police claimed 14,500 joined the protest rally 

2018
Organisers claim that around 50,000 people turned up to protest for various causes, but police claimed 9,800 joined the protest rally 

2019
The 1 July marches coincided with the ongoing anti-extradition bill protests  Organisers claim that around 550,000 people turned up to protest, a record breaking turnout as the organisers claimed  However, police claimed 190,000 joined the protest rally  Researchers combining artificial intelligence and statistical counting techniques reported an initial count of 265,000 people marched, and an adjusted total of 276,970 was published a peer-reviewed journal  Independent polling organisation, PORI, estimated attendance at 260,000  Reuters counted the number of protestors at one location over 15-minute periods during the march and came to an estimate of 227,000 people in total Before the march, youths had begun besieging the Legislative Council building  The march was later diverted to Chater Road in Central due to the people amassed in front of the Legislative Council At around 9 pm local time, hundreds of protesters stormed the legislature after breaking through the glass walls and metal doors of the building  Protesters caused extensive damage by ransacking the premises, damaging portraits of former pro-Beijing presidents of the Legislative Council, and smashing furniture  Protesters spray-painted slogans, hung up signs and erected barricades  The police started using tear gas to disperse protesters around the LegCo at 12:05 am, and reached the building 15 minutes later By early 5 July, there had been at least 66 arrests and first formal charges laid in connection with the incident 

2020
Despite a ban from the police, tens of thousands of protesters showed up alongside heavy police presence in Causeway Bay, Wan Chai, and Tin Hau, and lingered in the area for almost six hours to voice their objection against the newly implemented national security law  The police responded by deploying water cannon at journalists and protesters and dispersed many tear gas and pepper balls  A journalist was knocked down by a police water cannon truck  Police made more than 370 arrests, among which at least ten were due to alleged violation of the new law 

2021 and demise
The streets of Hong Kong were subdued on 1 July 2021, as the former British colony marked the anniversary of its handover to Chinese sovereignty 24 years ago  The date, which this year coincided with celebrations on the mainland for the 100th Anniversary of the Chinese Communist Party, is usually a time of protest in Hong Kong  But this year, police cited pandemic concerns as they denied applications to hold a proposed march against "political suppression," and some 10,000 officers were deployed across Hong Kong to prevent unauthorised protests 

See also
Politics of Hong Kong
List of politics-related topics
Hong Kong new year marches
20th anniversary of the 1989 Tiananmen Square protests and massacre
2014 Hong Kong protests
Memorials for the 1989 Tiananmen Square protests and massacre
Passage 7:
Nichidatsu Fujii's movement
In 1981, Nichidatsu Fujii dispatched his followers to march and chant around the globe in support of the U N  2nd  special session for disarmament  In the U S , marchers began in New Orleans, Los Angeles and San Francisco, and in Canada, marchers began in Montreal and Toronto  The San Francisco March began on Oct  21, 1981 with a ceremony on Alcatraz  13 marchers, being Buddhist followers of Nipponzan-Myōhōji, Native Americans, U S  and German citizens, began the S F  march  marching about 20 mile per day they were hosted each night by community groups in every town and on Native reservations  many mayors and town councils made proclamations and such honoring the peace and disarmament marchers  Over the course of the march citizens were moved to join  By the time they arrived in Chicago the S F  marchers numbered about 30  In May 1982 the group of about 40 marchers from Toronto joined the S F  group in Buffalo N Y  at the International Peace Bridge doubling the size of the group  Through the state of N Y  10 to 20 people joined the march daily  When the S F  group walked across the George Washington Bridge they numbered about 300  The groups on other march routes also grew over the 7 months  On June 12, 1982, in Central Park Nipponzan-Myōhōji marchers from the U S A , Europe, Africa, and Asia, joined with mobilization for survival organizers and religious and peace groups from around the world in a peaceful demonstration for disarmament of many million people 
Passage 8:
Pelham, New York
Pelham  is a suburban town in Westchester County, approximately 10 miles northeast of Midtown Manhattan  As of the 2020 census, it had a population of 13,078, an increase from the 2010 census    Historically, Pelham was composed of five villages and became known as "the Pelhams"  Pelham currently contains two independently incorporated villages: the Villages of Pelham and Pelham Manor Approximately 28 minutes away from Grand Central Terminal by the Metro-North Railroad's New Haven Line, Pelham is home to many New York City commuters and has an active social community for its residents  The Bronx–Whitestone Bridge is approximately 8 5 miles (13 7 km) south of the town  It is also 13 miles (21 km) northeast of LaGuardia Airport and 19 5 miles (31 4 km) north of John F  Kennedy International Airport 

Geography
According to the United States Census Bureau, the town has a total area of 2 4 square miles (6 2 km2)  It is directly north of the New York City borough of the Bronx, and borders Eastchester, New Rochelle, and Mount Vernon 

History
In 1654, Thomas Pell bought the area within the present-day town from the Siwanoy Indians  He named his manor "Pelham" in honor of his tutor, Pelham Burton The Town of Pelham was part of Westchester County when it was established by the post-Revolution New York State legislature in 1788  It included all of City Island and present-day Pelham Bay Park east of the Hutchinson River  In 1889, the town was incorporated at its current boundaries  In 1891, the village of Pelham Manor incorporated  In 1896, the village of North Pelham and the village of Pelham incorporated  In 1975, the villages of North Pelham and Pelham merged, forming the present village of Pelham The Village of Pelham and the Village of Pelham Manor share several services such as school and recreational activities   There is a grassroots movement to continue the consolidation of services in order to reduce taxes  Given the differences in debt levels, tax rates, population and tax base such a consolidation has been opposed by many Pelham Manor residents  Such a merger is unlikely under current conditions 
For many years after 1916, Pelham was the headquarters of the Sanborn Map Company, which produced Sanborn maps 
The Pelham Picture House was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 2010 The book, The Haunted History of Pelham, New York, documents the history of Pelham and the region, including ghost stories 

Demographics
As of the census of 2000, there were 12,107 people, 4,149 households and 3,190 families residing in the town  The population density was 5,523 4 people per square mile (2,132 6 people/km2)  There were 4,246 housing units at an average density of 1,976 4 per square mile (763 1/km2) 
The racial makeup of the town was 87 33% White, 4 57% Black or African American, 0 08% Native American, 3 96% Asian, 1 82% from other races and 2 23% from two or more races  Hispanic or Latino people of any race were 6 02% of the population 
There were 4,149 households, out of which 41 3% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 64 4% were married couples living together, 9 7% had a female householder with no husband present and 23 1% were non-families  19 4% of all households were made up of individuals, and 8 3% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older  The average household size was 2 86 and the average family size was 3 31 
In the town, the population was spread out, with 28 6% under the age of 18, 5 1% from 18 to 24, 28 3% from 25 to 44, 25 1% from 45 to 64 and 12 9% who were 65 years of age or older  The median age was 38 years  For every 100 females, there were 93 4 males 
For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 86 9 males 
The median income for a household in the town was $91,810 and the median income for a family was $112,339  Males had a median income of $74,760 versus $46,086 for females  The per capita income for the town was $51,548  About 2 2% of families and 3 7% of the population were below the poverty line, including 4 3% of those under age 18 and 3 2% of those age 65 or over 

Economy
Major employers in Pelham include Pico Electronics, Barksdale Home Care Services Corp , Pelham Public Schools, the New York Athletic Club, and the De Cicco & Sons grocery  Other companies based in Pelham include Archie Comics 

Climate
Education
Pelham is home to four elementary schools (two located in each village), one middle school, and one high school  The elementary schools are Hutchinson, Colonial, Siwanoy, and Prospect Hill  Pelham Middle School and Pelham Memorial High School gather students for all of Pelham  These are all part of the Pelham Union Free School District  There are also several private and religious based schools  Since 1948, New York City has paid the district to educate children who live in Bronx Manor, as doing so is less expensive than sending school buses there 

Fire department
The Village of Pelham Fire Department has 10 firefighters and five lieutenants, using one fire station  The fleet has two engines, one ladder, one utility unit, and a command vehicle  The Pelham Fire Department responds to approximately 800 emergency calls annually 

Religion
St  Catharine's Catholic Church
St  Catharine's was originally a mission church of St Gabriel's parish in New Rochelle  In July 1896 a frame church was built in the newly incorporated village of Pelham on land donated by Mr  and Mrs  Patrick Farrell  In December 1897 St  Catharine's became a separate parish with Rev  Francis P  McNichol as first pastor  A school was established in 1904, staffed by the Sisters of St  Francis  At the end of the school year in 1983 St  Catharine's School closed bringing to an end 75 years of Catholic education in the parish  The school building was converted to a Parish Center to provide space for Religious Education classes, parish activities and groups to meet  A new church was dedicated in 1909 In 1936 W  T  Grant, who owned a chain of five-and-ten cent stores, gave property in Pelham Manor to St  Catharine's to serve as a separate “mission”  The mission evolved to become Our Lady of Perpetual Help parish, with its own church building  In 2014 it was announced that the two parishes would merge, with the newer, larger Our Lady of Perpetual Help building designated as the parish church  However, St  Catharine's Church in the Village of Pelham was retained as a worship center 

Transportation
The Bee-Line Bus System provides bus service to Pelham On Amtrak, Pelham is located closest to the New Rochelle station ("NRO") on the Northeast Corridor  On Metro-North Railroad, the Pelham station is within Fare Zone 12 on the New Haven Line  Pelham is also about 28 minutes from Grand Central Terminal 

Notable people
Nancy Allen, New York Philharmonic harpist
Liborio Bellomo, boss of the Genovese crime family
Alessandra Biaggi (born 1986), New York State Senator
Nick Bollettieri (1931-2022), tennis coach
Charles Lewis Bowman, architect, designed nine homes
Felix Cavaliere (born 1942), musician- founder of The Young Rascals
Antonio Ciacca, jazz pianist, composer and conductor
Joseph Cross, Hollywood actor, starred in films such as Jack Frost, Milk, and Lincoln
Tony DeMeo, retired college football coach, author, and motivational speaker
Kate Douglass, 2020 Tokyo Olympics swimmer, bronze medal winner
Brett Gardner (born 1983), Major League Baseball player
C  P  H  Gilbert, architect best known for designing townhouses and mansions, retired in Pelham Manor at his home on 216 Townsend Avenue
Herman 'Jackrabbit' Smith-Johannsen (1875-1987), Norwegian credited for introducing cross-country skiing to North America
Mary Lorson, musician
Richard Rood (born 1955), Grammy Award-winning violinist
Clinton Roosevelt (1804–1898), politician and inventor
Ethel Schwabacher (1903—1984), abstract expressionist painter
Michael Schwerner (1939-1964), civil rights worker murdered by the Ku Klux Klan while helping African-Americans register to vote in Mississippi
Gary Scott (born 1968), Major League Baseball player
Gene Stone (born 1951), writer and editor
James M  Stone, Founder, Chairman, and CEO, Plymouth Rock Assurance
Dame Nita Barrow, Ambassador to the United Nations for Barbados

Image gallery
Passage 9:
Pelham D  Glassford
Pelham Davis Glassford (August 8, 1883 – August 9, 1959) was a United States Army officer who attained the rank of brigadier general during World War I  He later served as Superintendent of the District of Columbia Police Department, and was in large measure held responsible for the violence that ended the 1932 Bonus Army protests 
The son of a career Army officer, Glassford graduated from the United States Military Academy in 1904 and was commissioned in the Field Artillery  His early assignments included the 1st Field Artillery Regiment at Fort Riley, the West Point faculty and 1st Field Artillery postings to the Philippines and Hawaii  In 1916 and 1917 he served with the 5th Field Artillery during the Pancho Villa Expedition 
During World War I, Glassford directed two artillery schools in France, commanded a Field Artillery regiment, and then commanded a Field Artillery brigade  He was promoted to brigadier general in 1918, and was the Army’s youngest general officer at the time 
After the war, Glassford commanded a Field Artillery Brigade in the Army of Occupation  He also graduated from the Army War College, served in several staff and faculty assignments, and commanded the 1st Field Artillery Regiment  He retired from the Army in 1931 
Following his military retirement, Glassford was Superintendent of the District of Columbia Police, a position he resigned because of disagreement over the actions taken against the Bonus Army in 1932  He subsequently served briefly as chief of police in Phoenix, and was a federal labor-management mediator in California  During World War II, Glassford returned to active duty and served for nearly two years in the office of the Provost Marshal General 
In his later years, Glassford’s hobbies included painting; he created landscapes and seascapes in watercolors   His works continue to be exhibited, and are bought and sold by collectors 
Glassford died in California in 1959  He was buried at Fort Rosecrans National Cemetery 

Early life
Glassford was born in Las Vegas, New Mexico on August 8, 1883, the son of Allie (Seymour) Glassford and Army officer William A  Glassford (1853–1931)   He graduated from West Point in 1904 ranked 18th of 124 graduates, and was commissioned as a second lieutenant of Field Artillery 

Start of career
After his initial service at Fort Riley, Kansas, in 1907 Glassford was promoted to first lieutenant and graduated from the Mounted Service School   He was then posted to West Point to serve on the faculty as an instructor in the department of drawing From 1911 to 1913, Glassford served in the Philippines with the 1st Field Artillery Regiment   In 1913 he was assigned to Hawaii with the 1st Field Artillery, and in 1914 he was promoted to captain In 1916 and 1917, Glassford served on the US-Mexico border with the 5th Field Artillery during the Pancho Villa Expedition   At the start of World War I, he was promoted to major and assigned as adjutant of the 5th Field Artillery during its premobilization training 

World War I
Upon arrival in France with his regiment, Glassford was promoted to temporary lieutenant colonel and assigned as secretary of the Field Artillery School of Instruction in Saumur   He was subsequently assigned as director of the I Corps field artillery school   In early 1918, Glassford returned to the Saumur school as commandant, and he served until he was promoted to temporary colonel and named commander of the 103rd Field Artillery Regiment in June Glassford commanded the 103rd Field Artillery until August, and took part in several battles, including Xivray-et-Marvoisin, the Second Battle of the Marne, the Battle of Château-Thierry, and the Meuse-Argonne Offensive   He was wounded in September, but continued in command In October, Glassford was promoted to temporary brigadier general and assigned to command the 51st Field Artillery Brigade, 26th Division; at the time of this promotion, he was the youngest general officer in the Army   During the war, Glassford became known for riding a motorcycle between his subordinate units so he could perform reconnaissance and conduct command and control based on personal observations rather than reports to a command post   Glassford trained his brigade to become proficient in the technique of reloading on a cannon's recoil; while this practice posed risk to crew members who might be injured by the moving recoil mechanism, it enabled 26th Division artillery crews to shoot so fast that German soldiers were convinced the Americans had automatic fire artillery pieces 

Post-World War I
Glassford commanded the 51st Field Artillery Brigade until February 1919, when he was assigned to command the 152nd Field Artillery Brigade, a unit of the 77th Division   He returned to the United States with his brigade in July, reverted to his permanent rank of major, and was assigned to the office of the Chief of Field Artillery   Later that year he was assigned to the faculty of the General Service Schools at Ft  Leavenworth In 1924, Glassford graduated from the Army War College, after which he remained at the school to serve on the faculty   In 1927 and 1928, Glassford commanded the 1st Field Artillery Regiment at Fort Sill Glassford subsequently returned to the War Department staff and served as chief of the Mobilization Branch in the Operations and Training Division  He was promoted to lieutenant colonel in 1928   Glassford retired in July 1931, and his rank of brigadier general was restored at his retirement as the result of a 1930 law which enabled World War I generals to retire at the highest rank they had held During his career, Glassford was known for his out of the ordinary excursions into fields outside the Army   He would frequently save his military leave, and then use it in large blocs to take long motorcycle trips or work in jobs that were atypical for a military professional, which included circus barker and newspaper reporter 

Later career
Washington, DC police chief
In November 1931, Glassford was appointed Superintendent of the District of Columbia’s Metropolitan Police Department   Known for his sense of humor, when queried by a reporter as to his qualifications for the job, Glassford quipped: "Well, I've been arrested   Once for driving through a red light and once for speeding on a motorcycle "  His tenure was most notable for the Summer 1932 response to the Bonus Army, World War I veterans who converged on Washington during the Great Depression to advocate for early payment of bonuses that were scheduled to be paid in 1945 Members of the Bonus Army established encampments in and around the District of Columbia   Glassford worked to accommodate them, visiting their leaders daily by motorcycle to help maintain order, and arranging for volunteers to provide medical care, as well as donations of food, clothing, tents, and other supplies   Favorable Congressional action was not forthcoming, and many Bonus Army members accepted the government's offer of free transportation home   President Herbert Hoover ordered the remaining veterans to be removed, by force if necessary   Glassford managed to obtain a six day extension before enforcement, hoping to persuade the Bonus Army members to depart voluntarily   On July 28, U S  Attorney General William D  Mitchell ordered the veterans who remained to be removed from government property   Glassford’s police began to execute the order; they were met with resistance, and during an exchange of shots, two veterans were wounded and later died After the shooting, President Herbert Hoover ordered the Army to force the veterans' out of the Washington area   General Douglas MacArthur, the Chief of Staff of the Army, took personal command of infantry and cavalry units, which were supported by six tanks  The Army forcibly ejected the Bonus Army members, and wives and children who had accompanied some of them were also forced to leave   The Army then burned the campsites Glassford had established a positive relationship with leaders of the Bonus Army, and disagreed with Hoover and Mitchell about the need to eject the members and destroy the campsites   He also disagreed with the need to use Army troops against the Bonus Army, which brought him into conflict with other members of the police department leadership   When Glassford was unable to name appointees who agreed with his policies, he submitted his own resignation, and left the police department in December 1932 

Move to Arizona
Glassford retired to a farm near Phoenix   He mounted a brief run for governor of Arizona in 1934, and also that year accepted a federal appointment to mediate labor-management disputes between workers and owners of lettuce and cantaloupe farms in Imperial Valley, California   Faced with workers striking in an effort to obtain better pay and working conditions, conservative farm owners resorted to violence, spying on attorneys sent to California to aid the workers, and propaganda asserting that the strike was communist-inspired   Though Glassford was initially sympathetic to the farm owners, their tactics caused him to come down on the side of the workers 

Phoenix police chief
In March 1936, Glassford was hired to serve as chief of the Phoenix Police Department for 90 days   The temporary appointment came with a mandate to reorganize and reform the department to end corruption and outside political influence, and restore morale   He left the position on May 1, when a new mayor and city council took office and decided on a different reorganization plan   In September 1936, Glassford was an unsuccessful candidate for the Democratic nomination in Arizona's 1st congressional district 

World War II
In March 1942, Glassford was recalled to active duty for World War II and assigned to duty as internal security director in the office of the Provost Marshal General   He retired again in December 1943 

Awards
Glassford was a recipient of the Distinguished Service Medal, Silver Star, Legion of Merit, and Purple Heart 

Career as artist
Glassford was an artist; among friends in the military, he was well known for his paintings of fireplace screens   After his military retirement, he worked primarily in watercolors; his second wife and he resided in Laguna Beach, California, and many of Glassford’s paintings depicted scenes of Newport Beach, Balboa Harbor and other areas of the southern California coast 

Death and burial
Glassford died in Laguna Beach on August 9, 1959   He was buried at Fort Rosecrans National Cemetery in San Diego 

Family
In 1908, Glassford married Cora Carleton (1887–1958), the daughter of US Army General Guy Carleton (1857–1946)   They were the parents of four children: Guy Carleton (1908–1974), Cora Elizabeth (Mrs  Lee Parke) (1910–1986), Pelham Davis (1911–1992), and Dorothy Seymour (Mrs  William Graham) (1913–1977) The Glassfords divorced in 1932  In 1934, Pelham Glassford married Lucille Painter (1906–1957) Glassford’s brother William A  Glassford, was a graduate of the United States Naval Academy who attained the rank of vice admiral before retiring in 1946 

Biography
Cora Carleton Glassford prepared a biography of her husband, One Life is Not Enough, the manuscript for which is part of the Cora Carleton Glassford Papers   Cora Carleton Glassford's papers are included in the collections of the Daughters of the Republic of Texas Library 

Dates of rank



ground_truth: 1763