prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: What was the first year a scientific journal published by an organization located in the Bronx was published?

The following are given passages.
Context 1: Passage 1:
PLOS ONE
PLOS One (stylized PLOS ONE, and formerly PLoS ONE) is a peer-reviewed open access mega journal published by the Public Library of Science (PLOS) since 2006  The journal covers primary research from any discipline within science and medicine  The Public Library of Science began in 2000 with an online petition initiative by Nobel Prize winner Harold Varmus, formerly director of the National Institutes of Health and at that time director of Memorial Sloan–Kettering Cancer Center; Patrick O  Brown, a biochemist at Stanford University; and Michael Eisen, a computational biologist at the University of California, Berkeley, and the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory 
Submissions are subject to an article processing charge, and according to the journal, papers are not to be excluded on the basis of lack of perceived importance or adherence to a scientific field  All submissions go through a pre-publication review by a member of the board of academic editors, who can elect to seek an opinion from an external reviewer  In January 2010, the journal was included in the Journal Citation Reports and received its first impact factor of 4 411  According to Journal Citation Reports, PLOS ONE's 2022 impact factor is 3 7  PLOS One papers are published under Creative Commons licenses 

History
Development
The Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation awarded PLOS a $9 million grant in December 2002 and $1 million grant in May 2006 for its financial sustainability and launch of new free-access biomedical journals  Later, PLOS One was launched in December 2006 as a beta version named PLOS One  It launched with commenting and note-making functionality, and added the ability to rate articles in July 2007  In September 2007, the ability to leave "trackbacks" on articles was added  In August 2008, the journal moved from a weekly to a daily publication schedule, publishing articles as soon as they became ready  PLOS One came out of "beta" in October 2008 
In September 2009, as part of its article-level metrics program, PLOS One made its full online usage data, including HTML page views and PDF or XML download statistics, publicly available for every published article  In mid-2012, as part of a rebranding of PLoS as PLOS, the journal changed its name to PLOS One 

Output and turnaround
The number of papers published by PLOS One grew rapidly from inception to 2013 and has since declined somewhat   By 2010, it was estimated   to have become the largest journal in the world, and in 2011, 1 in 60 articles indexed by PubMed were published by PLOS One  By September 2017, PLOS One confirmed they had published over 200,000 articles  By November 2017, the journal Scientific Reports overtook PLOS One in terms of output At PLOS One, the median review time has grown from 37 days to 125 days over the first ten years of operation, according to Himmelstein's analysis, done for Nature  The median between acceptance and posting a paper on the site has decreased from 35 to 15 days over the same period  Both numbers for 2016 roughly correspond to the industry-wide averages for biology-related journals  The average acceptance rates for submission across 2020 and 2021 range from 47 9 to 49 9% [1]

Management
The founding managing editor was Chris Surridge  He was succeeded by Peter Binfield in March 2008, who was publisher until May 2012  Damian Pattinson then held the chief editorial position until December 2015  Joerg Heber was as editor-in-chief from November 2016 before Emily Chenette took over in that position in March 2021 

Publication concept
PLOS One is built on several conceptually different ideas compared to traditional peer-reviewed scientific publishing in that it does not use the perceived importance of a paper as a criterion for acceptance or rejection  The idea is that, instead, PLOS One only verifies whether experiments and data analysis were conducted rigorously, and leaves it to the scientific community to ascertain importance, post publication, through debate and comment 
Each submission will be assessed by a member of the PLOS ONE Editorial Board before publication  This pre-publication peer review will concentrate on technical rather than subjective concerns and may involve discussion with other members of the Editorial Board and/or the solicitation of formal reports from independent referees  If published, papers will be made available for community-based open peer review involving online annotation, discussion, and rating 
According to Nature, the journal's aim is to "challenge academia's obsession with journal status and impact factors"  Being an online-only publication allows PLOS One to publish more papers than a print journal  In an effort to facilitate publication of research on topics outside, or between, traditional science categories, it does not restrict itself to a specific scientific area Papers published in PLOS One can be of any length, contain full color throughout, and contain supplementary materials such as multimedia files  Reuse of articles is subject to a Creative Commons Attribution License  In the first four years following launch, it made use of over 40,000 external peer reviewers  The journal uses an international board of academic editors with over 6,000 academics handling submissions and publishes approximately 50 % of all submissions, after review by, on average, 2 9 experts  Registered readers can leave comments on articles on the website 

Business model
As with all journals of the Public Library of Science, open access to PLOS One is financed by an article processing charge, typically paid by the author's institution or by the author  This model allows PLOS journals to make all articles available to the public for free immediately upon publication   As of April 2021, PLOS One charges a publication fee of $1,745 to publish an article  Depending on circumstances, it may waive or reduce the fee for authors who do not have sufficient funds PLoS had been operating at a loss until 2009 but covered its operational costs for the first time in 2010, largely due to the growth of PLOS One   The success of PLOS One has inspired a series of other open access journals, including some other mega journals having broad scope, low selectivity, and a pay-to-publish model using Creative Commons licenses 

Reception
In September 2009, PLOS One received the Publishing Innovation Award of the Association for Learned and Professional Society Publishers  The award is given in recognition of a "truly innovative approach to any aspect of publication as adjudged from originality and innovative qualities, together with utility, benefit to the community and long-term prospects"  In January 2010, it was announced that the journal would be included in the Journal Citation Reports, and the journal received an impact factor of 4 411 in 2010  According to the Journal Citation Reports, the journal has a 2022 impact factor of 3 7 

Abstracting and indexing
The articles are indexed in:

Response to controversial publications
Alleged sexism in one peer review instance
On April 29, 2015, Fiona Ingleby and Megan Head, postdoctoral fellows at the University of Sussex and Australian National University respectively, posted a rejection letter, which they said was sent to them by a peer reviewer for a journal they did not wish to name  The rejection letter concerned Ingleby and Head's paper about differences in PhD-to-postdoc transition between male and female scientists  The reviewer argued that the authors should "find one or two male biologists to work with" to ensure the manuscript doesn't drift into "ideologically biased assumptions", comments which the authors found to be "unprofessional and inappropriate" and veering into sexism  Shortly afterward, the journal was reported to be PLOS One  By May 1, PLOS had announced that it was severing ties with the reviewer responsible for the comments and asking the editor who relayed them to step down  PLOS One also issued an apology statement following the incident 

CreatorGate
On March 3, 2016, the editors of PLOS One initiated a reevaluation of an article about the functioning of the human hand due to outrage among the journal's readership over a reference to "Creator" inside the paper  The authors, who received grants from the Chinese National Basic Research Program and National Natural Science Foundation of China for this work, responded by saying "Creator" is a poorly-translated idiom (造化(者), literally "(that which) creates or transforms") which means "nature" in the Chinese language  Despite the authors' protests, the article was retracted  
A less sympathetic explanation for the use of "Creator" was suggested to The Chronicle of Higher Education by Chinese-language experts who noted that the academic editor listed on the paper, Renzhi Han, previously worked at the Chinese Evangelical Church in Iowa City Sarah Kaplan of The Washington Post presented a detailed analysis of the problem, which she named #CreatorGate, and concluded that the journal's hasty retraction may have been an even bigger offense than the publication of the paper in the first place  To contrast PLOS One's handling of the problem, she used a 12-year history of retraction of the fraudulent paper on vaccine and autism by The Lancet and the lack of a retraction of a debunked study on "arsenic life" by Science  Others added the history of the article in Nature on "water memory" that was not retracted either Jonathan Eisen, chair of the advisory board of a sister journal PLOS Biology and an advocate for open-access, commended PLOS One for their prompt response on social media, which in his words "most journals pretend doesn't even exist"  David Knutson issued a statement about the paper processing at PLOS One, which praised the importance of post-publication peer review and described their intention to offer open signed reviews in order to ensure accountability of the process  From March 2 to 9, the research article received a total of 67 post-publication reader comments and 129 responses on PLOS One site  Signe Dean of SBS put #CreatorGate in perspective: it is not the most scandalous retraction in science, yet it shows how a social media outrage storm does expedite a retraction 

Rapid-onset gender dysphoria controversy

On August 27, 2018, the editors of PLOS One initiated a reevaluation of an article they published two weeks earlier submitted by Brown University School of Public Health assistant professor Lisa Littman  The study described a phenomenon of social contagion, or "cluster outbreaks" in gender dysphoria among young people, which Littman called "rapid-onset gender dysphoria"  Data was obtained from a survey placed on three websites for concerned parents of children with gender dysphoria, asking for responses from parents whose children had experienced "sudden or rapid development of gender dysphoria beginning between the ages of 10 and 21"  The study was criticized by transgender activists like Julia Serano and medical professionals like developmental and clinical psychologist Diane Ehrensaft, as being politicized and having self-selected samples, as well as lacking clinical data or responses from the adolescents themselves On March 19, 2019, PLOS One completed its review  PLOS One psychology academic editor Angelo Brandelli Costa acted as a reviwer criticizing the methods and conclusion of the study in a formal comment, saying, "The level of evidence produced by the Dr  Littman's study cannot generate a new diagnostic criterion relative to the time of presentation of the demands of medical and social gender affirmation " In a separate letter apologizing for the failure of peer review to address the issues with the article, PLOS One Editor-in-chief Joerg Heber said, "we have reached the conclusion that the study and resultant data reported in the article represent a valid contribution to the scientific literature  However, we have also determined that the study, including its goals, methodology, and conclusions, were not adequately framed in the published version, and that these needed to be corrected "The paper was republished with updated Title, Abstract, Introduction, Methodology, Discussion, and Conclusion sections, but the Results section was mostly unchanged  In her correction, Littman emphasized that the article was "a study of parental observations which serves to develop hypotheses", saying "Rapid-onset gender dysphoria (ROGD) is not a formal mental health diagnosis at this time  This report did not collect data from the adolescents and young adults (AYAs) or clinicians and therefore does not validate the phenomenon  Additional research that includes AYAs, along with consensus among experts in the field, will be needed to determine if what is described here as rapid-onset gender dysphoria (ROGD) will become a formal diagnosis "
Passage 2:
Behavior Genetics (journal)
Behavior Genetics is a peer-reviewed scientific journal published monthly by Springer Science+Business Media that is covering "research in the inheritance of behavior"  It is the official journal of the Behavior Genetics Association  The journal was established in 1971 with Steven G  Vandenberg as its founding editor-in-chief  The abstracts of the annual meetings are printed in the journal  Each year, the editorial board chooses a particularly meritorious paper in the previous year's volume of the journal for the Fulker Award, acknowledged by "$1000 and a good bottle of wine" as well as a citation made in the journal  This award was created in the honor of David Fulker, a past president of the Behavior Genetics Association (1982) and former editor-in-chief of the journal 

Abstracting and indexing
The journal is abstracted in Biological Abstracts/BIOSIS Previews, CAB Abstracts, Current Awareness in Biological Sciences, Current Contents/Social & Behavioral Sciences and Life Sciences, EMBASE, PsycINFO, PubMed/MEDLINE, Science Citation Index, Scopus, Social Sciences Citation Index, and The Zoological Record  According to the Journal Citation Reports, the journal has a 2020 impact factor of 2 805 
Passage 3:
Bosque (journal)
Bosque is a scientific journal published by the Forestry Faculty of the Southern University of Chile  It publishes articles on a wide range of forestry-related topics, primarily on issues that are relevant to Chile, Latin America and the Southern Hemisphere  The published articles include peer-reviewed scientific research papers, items of current interest and opinion pieces  Bosque's first issue was published in 1975 and the journal was issued yearly until 1985  From 1985 to 2003 it was issued twice a year and from 2003 on three times a year  The topics covered in Bosque are management and production of forestry resources, wood science and technology, silviculture, forest ecology, natural resources conservation, and rural development associated with forest ecosystems  The journal publishes research articles, notes and opinions, both in Spanish and English  Bosque was included in the Science Citation Index Expanded in 2009  The journal is also indexed in The Zoological Record 

See also
List of forestry journals
Passage 4:
Geophysical Journal International
Geophysical Journal International is a monthly peer-reviewed scientific journal published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the Royal Astronomical Society and the Deutsche Geophysikalische Gesellschaft (German Geophysical Society)  The journal publishes original research papers, research notes, letters, and book reviews  It was established in 1922  The editor-in-chief is Joerg Renner (Ruhr University Bochum)  The journal covers research on all aspects of theoretical, computational, applied and observational geophysics 

History
The journal was formerly entitled Geophysical Journal (Oxford) from January 1988 to June 1989  The Geophysical Journal was itself formed by the merger of three other publications: Geophysical Journal of the Royal Astronomical Society, Journal of Geophysics, and Annales Geophysicae, Series B: Terrestrial and Planetary Physics Geophysical Journal of the Royal Astronomical Society was in existence from March 1958 to December 1987 and was preceded by Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, Geophysical Supplement  The Journal of Geophysics was in existence from 1974 to 1987, and preceded by the German-language journal, Zeitschrift für Geophysik (1924–1973) Finally, Annales Geophysicae, Series B: Terrestrial and Planetary Physics was in existence from 1986 to 1987, and preceded by Annales Geophysicae (Gauthier-Villars) (1983–1985)  Annales Geophysicae was formed by the merger of two other journals: Annales de Géophysique (Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique) (1942–1982), and Annali di Geofisica (1948–1982) 

Abstracting and indexing
The journal is abstracted and indexed in:

According to the Journal Citation Reports, the journal has a 2021 impact factor of 3 352, ranking it 35th out of 100 journals in the category "Geochemistry & Geophysics" 
Passage 5:
Scientific journal
In academic publishing, a scientific journal is a periodical publication intended to further the progress of science, usually by sharing findings from research with readers  They are normally specialized based on discipline, with authors picking which one they send their manuscripts to 

Content
Scientific journals
There are thousands of scientific journals in publication, with one estimate from 2012 indicating that there were 28,100 that were active, and many more have been published at various points in the past (see list of scientific journals)  Most journals are highly specialized, although some of the oldest journals such as Science and Nature publish articles and scientific papers across a wide range of scientific fields  Scientific journals contain articles that have been peer reviewed, in an attempt to ensure that articles meet the journal's standards of quality and scientific validity Although scientific journals are superficially similar to professional magazines (or trade journals), they are actually quite different   Among others, scientific journals' papers' authors are experts who must cite everything (and have a bibliography)   They also deal with research, and are peer reviewed   Meanwhile, trade journals are aimed at people in different fields, they focus on how people in them can do their jobs better, they cover information related to work, and they include tips and advice for improving performance   Also, they are not scholarly 

Articles in scientific journals
Articles in scientific journals are mostly written by active scientists such as students, researchers, and professors instead of professional journalists   Their intended audience is others in the field (such as students and experts), plus their content is more advanced and sophisticated than what is found regular publications  They have different purposes, depending on the type   Ones with original research are meant to share it with others in the field, review articles give summaries of research that has already been done, and perspective articles give researchers' views on research that their peers performed Each article has several different sections, including the following:
The title;
Information about the author(s);
The abstract, which is a one-paragraph summary of the article;
The introduction, including a background, why the research was done, research on this topic that has been done before, and (possibly) a hypothesis;
The methodology or method, which includes the way the research was done, details concerning the study's sample, measures for assessment, and the procedure;
Findings or results, which summarize what the study found;
Conclusion, comments, or discussion, which both explain how the results answered the questions that were posed, as well as areas that could be researched in the future; and
A list of works that the article's author cited Scientific journal articles are not read casually like a person would read a magazine   For, whereas magazine articles can be read in a more casual manner, reading one in a scientific periodical would require a lot more concentration   More to the point, reading an article in a scientific journal would entail first reading the title, to see if it was related to the desired topic   If it was, the next step would be to read the abstract (or summary or conclusion, if it is missing the abstract), to see if it seems worth reading   And, if it seemed like reading it would be worthwhile, the reader would then read the whole article Publishing research results is an essential part of helping science to advance  If scientists are describing experiments or calculations, they should explain how they did them so that an independent researcher could repeat the experiment or calculation to verify the results, or so that they could evaluate whatever the research article's findings were  Each such journal article also becomes part of the permanent scientific record 

Scope
Articles in scientific journals can be used in research and higher education  Scientific articles allow researchers to keep up to date with the developments of their field and direct their own research  An essential part of a scientific article is citation of earlier work  The impact of articles and journals is often assessed by counting citations (citation impact)  Some classes are partially devoted to the explication of classic articles, and seminar classes can consist of the presentation by each student of a classic or current paper  Schoolbooks and textbooks have been written usually only on established topics, while the latest research and more obscure topics are only accessible through scientific articles  In a scientific research group or academic department it is usual for the content of current scientific journals to be discussed in journal clubs  Public funding bodies often require the results to be published in scientific journals  Academic credentials for promotion into academic ranks are established in large part by the number and impact of scientific articles published  Many doctoral programs allow for thesis by publication, where the candidate is required to publish a certain number of scientific articles 

Wording
Articles tend to be highly technical, representing the latest theoretical research and experimental results in the field of science covered by the journal  They are often incomprehensible to anyone except for researchers in the field and advanced students  In some subjects this is inevitable given the nature of the content  Usually, rigorous rules of scientific writing are enforced by the editors; however, these rules may vary from journal to journal, especially between journals from different publishers  Articles are usually either original articles reporting completely new results or reviews of current literature  There are also scientific publications that bridge the gap between articles and books by publishing thematic volumes of chapters from different authors  Many journals have a regional focus, specializing in publishing papers from a particular geographic region, like African Invertebrates 

History
In the 17th century, scientists wrote letters to each other, and included scientific ideas with them   Then, in the mid-17th century, scientists began to hold meetings and share their scientific ideas   Eventually, they led to starting organizations, such as the Royal Society (1660) and the French Academy of Sciences (1666)  In 1665, the French Journal des sçavans and the English Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society began systematically publishing research results  Over a thousand, mostly ephemeral, were founded in the 18th century, and the number has increased rapidly since then Peer review did not begin until the 1970s, and was seen as a way of enabling researchers who were not as well-known to have their papers published in journals that were more prestigious   Though it was originally done by mailing copies of papers to reviewers, it is now done online 

Publishing process
The authors of scientific articles are active researchers instead of journalists; typically, a graduate student or a researcher writes a paper with a professor  As such, the authors are unpaid and receive no compensation from the journal  However, their funding bodies may require them to publish in scientific journals  The paper is submitted to the journal office, where the editor considers the paper for appropriateness, potential scientific impact and novelty  If the journal's editor considers the paper appropriate, the paper is submitted to scholarly peer review  Depending on the field, journal and paper, the paper is sent to 1–3 reviewers for evaluation before they can be granted permission to publish  Reviewers are expected to check the paper for soundness of its scientific argument, including whether the author(s) are sufficiently acquainted with recent relevant research that bears on their study, whether the data was collected or considered appropriately and reproducibly, and whether the data discussed supports the conclusion offered and the implications suggested  Novelty is also key: existing work must be appropriately considered and referenced, and new results improving on the state of the art presented  Reviewers are usually unpaid and not a part of the journal staff—instead, they should be "peers", i e  researchers in the same field as the paper in question 

Standards and impact
The standards that a journal uses to determine publication can vary widely  Some journals, such as Nature, Science, PNAS, and Physical Review Letters, have a reputation of publishing articles that mark a fundamental breakthrough in their respective fields  In many fields, a formal or informal hierarchy of scientific journals exists; the most prestigious journal in a field tends to be the most selective in terms of the articles it will select for publication, and usually will also have the highest impact factor  In some countries, journal rankings can be utilized for funding decisions and even evaluation of individual researchers, although they are poorly suited for that purpose 

Reproducibility and replicability
For scientific journals, reproducibility and replicability of the scientific results are core concepts that allow other scientists to check and reproduce the results under the same conditions described in the paper or at least similar conditions and produce similar results with similar measurements of the same measurand or carried out under changed conditions of measurement  While the ability to reproduce the results based only on details included in the article is expected, verification of reproducibility by a third party is not generally required for publication  The reproducibility of results presented in an article is therefore judged implicitly by the quality of the procedures reported and agreement with the data provided  However, some journals in the field of chemistry such as Inorganic Syntheses and Organic Syntheses require independent reproduction of the results presented as part of the review process  The inability for independent researches to reproduce published results is widespread, with 70% of researchers reporting failure to reproduce another scientist's results, including more than half who report failing to reproduce their own experiments  Sources of reproducibility vary, including publication of falsified or misrepresented data and poor detailing of procedures 

Types of articles
There are several types of journal article; the exact terminology and definitions vary by field and specific journal, but often include:

Letters (also called communications, and not to be confused with letters to the editor) are short descriptions of important current research findings that are usually fast-tracked for immediate publication because they are considered urgent 
Research notes are short descriptions of current research findings that are considered less urgent or important than Letters 
Articles are usually between five and twenty pages and are complete descriptions of current original research findings, but there are considerable variations between scientific fields and journals—80-page articles are not rare in mathematics or theoretical computer science 
Supplemental articles contain a large volume of tabular data that is the result of current research and may be dozens or hundreds of pages with mostly numerical data  Some journals now only publish this data electronically on the Internet  Supplemental information also contains other voluminous material not appropriate for the main body of the article, like descriptions of routine procedures, derivations of equations, source code, non-essential data, spectra or other such miscellaneous information 
Review articles do not cover original research but rather accumulate the results of many different articles on a particular topic into a coherent narrative about the state of the art in that field  Review articles provide information about the topic and also provide journal references to the original research  Reviews may be entirely narrative, or may provide quantitative summary estimates resulting from the application of meta-analytical methods 
Data papers are articles dedicated to describe datasets  This type of article is becoming popular and journals exclusively dedicated to them have been established, e g  Scientific Data and Earth System Science Data 
Video papers are a recent addition to practice of scientific publications  They most often combine an online video demonstration of a new technique or protocol combined with a rigorous textual description The formats of journal articles vary, but many follow the general IMRAD scheme recommended by the International Committee of Medical Journal Editors  Such articles begin with an abstract, which is a one-to-four-paragraph summary of the paper  The introduction describes the background for the research including a discussion of similar research  The materials and methods or experimental section provides specific details of how the research was conducted  The results and discussion section describes the outcome and implications of the research, and the conclusion section places the research in context and describes avenues for further exploration 
In addition to the above, some scientific journals such as Science will include a news section where scientific developments (often involving political issues) are described  These articles are often written by science journalists and not by scientists  In addition, some journals will include an editorial section and a section for letters to the editor  While these are articles published within a journal, in general they are not regarded as scientific journal articles because they have not been peer-reviewed 

Electronic publishing
Electronic publishing is a new area of information dissemination  One definition of electronic publishing is in the context of the scientific journal  It is the presentation of scholarly scientific results in only an electronic (non-paper) form  This is from its first write-up, or creation, to its publication or dissemination  The electronic scientific journal is specifically designed to be presented on the internet  It is defined as not being previously printed material adapted, or retooled, and then delivered electronically Electronic publishing will likely continue to exist alongside paper publishing for the foreseeable future, since whilst output to a screen is important for browsing and searching, it is not well suited for extensive reading  Formats suitable both for reading on paper, and for manipulation by the reader's computer will need to be integrated  Many journals are electronically available in formats readable on screen via web browsers, as well as in portable document format PDF, suitable for printing and storing on a local desktop or laptop computer  New tools such as JATS and Utopia Documents provide a 'bridge' to the 'web-versions' in that they connect the content in PDF versions directly to the World Wide Web via hyperlinks that are created 'on-the-fly'  The PDF version of an article is usually seen as the version of record, but the matter is subject to some debate Electronic counterparts of established print journals already promote and deliver rapid dissemination of peer-reviewed and edited, "published" articles  Other journals, whether spin-offs of established print journals, or created as electronic only, have come into existence promoting the rapid dissemination capability, and availability, on the Internet  In tandem with this is the speeding up of peer review, copyediting, page makeup, and other steps in the process to support rapid dissemination Other improvements, benefits and unique values of electronically publishing the scientific journal are easy availability of supplementary materials (data, graphics and video), lower cost, and availability to more people, especially scientists from non-developed countries  Hence, research results from more developed nations are becoming more accessible to scientists from non-developed countries Moreover, electronic publishing of scientific journals has been accomplished without compromising the standards of the refereed, peer review process One form is the online equivalent of the conventional paper journal  By 2006, almost all scientific journals have, while retaining their peer-review process, established electronic versions; a number have moved entirely to electronic publication  In a similar manner, most academic libraries buy the electronic version and purchase a paper copy only for the most important or most-used titles 
There is usually a delay of several months after an article is written before it is published in a journal, making paper journals not an ideal format for announcing the latest research  Many journals now publish the final papers in their electronic version as soon as they are ready, without waiting for the assembly of a complete issue, as is necessary with paper  In many fields in which even greater speed is wanted, such as physics, the role of the journal at disseminating the latest research has largely been replaced by preprint databases such as arXiv org  Almost all such articles are eventually published in traditional journals, which still provide an important role in quality control, archiving papers, and establishing scientific credit 

Cost
Many scientists and librarians have long protested the cost of journals, especially as they see these payments going to large for-profit publishing houses  To allow their researchers online access to journals, many universities purchase site licenses, permitting access from anywhere in the university, and, with appropriate authorization, by university-affiliated users at home or elsewhere  These may be quite expensive, sometimes much more than the cost for a print subscription, although this may reflect the number of people who will be using the license—while a print subscription is the cost for one person to receive the journal; a site-license can allow thousands of people to gain access Publications by scholarly societies, also known as not-for-profit-publishers, usually cost less than commercial publishers, but the prices of their scientific journals are still usually several thousand dollars a year  In general, this money is used to fund the activities of the scientific societies that run such journals, or is invested in providing further scholarly resources for scientists; thus, the money remains in and benefits the scientific sphere 
Despite the transition to electronic publishing, the serials crisis persists Concerns about cost and open access have led to the creation of free-access journals such as the Public Library of Science (PLoS) family and partly open or reduced-cost journals such as the Journal of High Energy Physics  However, professional editors still have to be paid, and PLoS still relies heavily on donations from foundations to cover the majority of its operating costs; smaller journals do not often have access to such resources 
Based on statistical arguments, it has been shown that electronic publishing online, and to some extent open access, both provide wider dissemination and increase the average number of citations an article receives 

Copyright
Traditionally, the author of an article was required to transfer the copyright to the journal publisher  Publishers claimed this was necessary in order to protect authors' rights, and to coordinate permissions for reprints or other use  However, many authors, especially those active in the open access movement, found this unsatisfactory, and have used their influence to effect a gradual move towards a license to publish instead  Under such a system, the publisher has permission to edit, print, and distribute the article commercially, but the authors retain the other rights themselves 
Even if they retain the copyright to an article, most journals allow certain rights to their authors  These rights usually include the ability to reuse parts of the paper in the author's future work, and allow the author to distribute a limited number of copies  In the print format, such copies are called reprints; in the electronic format, they are called postprints  Some publishers, for example the American Physical Society, also grant the author the right to post and update the article on the author's or employer's website and on free e-print servers, to grant permission to others to use or reuse figures, and even to reprint the article as long as no fee is charged  The rise of open access journals, in which the author retains the copyright but must pay a publication charge, such as the Public Library of Science family of journals, is another recent response to copyright concerns 

See also
Passage 6:
Mycologia
Mycologia is a peer-reviewed scientific journal that publishes papers on all aspects of the fungi, including lichens  It first appeared as a bimonthly journal in January 1909, published by the New York Botanical Garden under the editorship of William Murrill  It became the official journal of the Mycological Society of America, which still publishes it today  It was formed as a merger of the Journal of Mycology (14 volumes; 1885–1908) and the Mycological Bulletin (7 volumes; 1903–1908)  The Mycological Bulletin was known as the Ohio Mycological Bulletin in its first volume 

Editors
The following persons have been editor-in-chief of the journal:

The following persons have been managing editor of the journal:

Abstracting and indexing
Mycologia is abstracted and indexing in the following databases:
Passage 7:
The Raffles Bulletin of Zoology
The Raffles Bulletin of Zoology is a peer-reviewed open-access scientific journal published by the Lee Kong Chian Natural History Museum at the National University of Singapore 

Overview
It covers the taxonomy, ecology, and conservation of Southeast Asian fauna  Supplements are published as and when funding permits and may cover topics that extend beyond the normal scope of the journal depending on the targets of the funding agency  It was established as the Bulletin of the Raffles Museum in 1928 and renamed Bulletin of the National Museum of Singapore in 1961, before obtaining its current title in 1971 

See also
List of zoology journals
Passage 8:
New York Botanical Garden
The New York Botanical Garden (NYBG) is a botanical garden at Bronx Park in the Bronx, New York City  Established in 1891, it is located on a 250-acre (100 ha) site that contains a landscape with over one million living plants; the Enid A  Haupt Conservatory, a greenhouse containing several habitats; and the LuEsther T  Mertz Library, which contains one of the world's largest collections of botany-related texts  As of 2016, over a million people visit the New York Botanical Garden annually 
NYBG is also a major educational institution, teaching visitors about plant science, ecology, and healthful eating through NYBG's interactive programming  Nearly 90,000 of the annual visitors are children from underserved neighboring communities  An additional 3,000 are teachers from New York City's public school system participating in professional development programs that train them to teach science courses at all grade levels  NYBG operates one of the world's largest plant research and conservation programs 
NYBG was established in 1891 and the first structures on the grounds opened at the end of that decade  Since 1967, the garden has been listed as a National Historic Landmark, and several buildings have been designated as official New York City landmarks 

Mission statement
The New York Botanical Garden is an advocate for the plant world  The Garden pursues its mission through its role as a museum of living plant collections arranged in gardens and landscapes across its National Historic Landmark site; through its comprehensive education programs in horticulture and plant science; and through the wide-ranging research programs of the International Plant Science Center 

History
Context
As early as 1877, ideas had been circulating in New York City to create a botanical garden; funding could not be obtained at the time, although the efforts led to parkland being set aside for future use  By 1888, the Torrey Botanical Society was promoting the construction of a large botanical garden in New York City  The Garden's creation followed a fund-raising campaign led by the Torrey Botanical Society and Columbia University botanist Nathaniel Lord Britton and his wife Elizabeth Gertrude Britton, who were inspired to emulate the Royal Botanic Gardens in London : 2 In 1889, the Torrey Botanical Society's members decided to build the botanical garden at Bronx Park in the center of the Bronx, New York City's northernmost borough : 2  The Lorillard family owned most of the land at that location : 147  The city had already been given authorization to acquire the land as part of the 1884 New Parks Act, which was intended to preserve lands that would soon become part of New York City : 166  Some 640 acres (2 6 km2) of land surrounding the Lorillard estate was acquired by the City of New York as part of Bronx Park in 1888–1889 : 147

Establishment
By act of the New York State Legislature, the New York Botanical Garden was established on April 28, 1891  The garden occupied part of the grounds of the Lorillard estate and a parcel that was formerly the easternmost portion of the campus of St  John's College (now Fordham University);: 147  the latter included three graves of the Fordham University Cemetery, which were then relocated  The stated purpose of the act was:

    for the purpose of establishing and maintaining a botanical garden and museum and arboretum therein, for the collection of and culture of plants, flowers, shrubs and trees, the advancement of botanical science and knowledge, and the prosecution of original researches therein and in kindred subjects, for affording instruction in the same, for the prosecution and exhibition of ornamental and decorative horticulture and gardening, and for the entertainment, recreation and instruction of the people : 2 
As per the acts of incorporation, a board of directors would manage the NYBG  The board of directors included Columbia College's president and professors of biology, chemistry, and geology; the presidents of the Torrey Society, New York City Board of Education, and the Department of Public Parks' board of commissioners; the Mayor of New York City; and nine other members elected to the board : 2  The legislation would provide 250 acres (100 ha) within Bronx Park to the NYBG, and enable the board of directors to construct a library and conservatory, if at least $250,000 was raised within five years  If this condition were reached, the city would then issue $0 5 million in bonds : 2  The principal officers of the new corporation set up for the garden were Cornelius Vanderbilt, Andrew Carnegie and J P  Morgan, with Nathaniel Lord Britton as the new secretary Prominent civic leaders and financiers, including Vanderbilt, Carnegie, and Morgan, agreed to match the City's commitment to finance the buildings and improvements : 2  By May 1895, the $250,000 in bonds had been raised but the plans had not been fully confirmed  The Board of Directors then asked landscape architect Calvert Vaux and his partner, Parks Superintendent Samuel Parsons Jr , to consult on site selection  The north end of Bronx Park was decided as the best location for the NYBG  By August 1895, the architects had started a survey on the site  Because the Bronx River and various small tributaries ran through the park, drainage was a major consideration  Though Vaux's preliminary layout was approved in October 1895, he died the following month : 3  The topographical survey was completed in March 1896  The master plan was created by a team that included Britton & Parsons, as well as landscape engineer John R  Brinley, landscape gardener Samuel Henshaw, botanist Lucien Marcus Underwood, and architects Robert W  Gibson and Lincoln Pierson (the latter from the firm Lord & Burnham) : 3 The LuEsther T  Mertz Library and Enid A  Haupt Conservatory were among the first structures at the NYBG to open  The Library was built between 1897 and 1900,: 4  and the Conservatory was built around the same time, being completed in 1902 

Later operations
For over a century after its opening, the NYBG refused to charge admission  Because of this, as well as insufficient government and private funding, its budget deficit started to increase in the 1950s  After the city cut the NYBG's budget in 1970, the garden was forced to remain closed for 3 to 4 days a week, and officials worried that this could eventually lead to permanent closure  In 1974, for the first time in the botanical garden's history, officials had to annually petition New York State Legislature for funds  That year, the NYBG announced a major renovation to the conservatory and the addition of a building dedicated to displaying plants in different habitats  The next year, budget cuts related to the 1975 New York City fiscal crisis resulted in the NYBG being closed on weekdays for the first time in its history In 1988, the NYBG announced a renovation of its museum building, including the addition of a new annex, which was supposed to open in 1991  By the early 1990s, the NYBG facilities were neglected  The garden did not have enough space in its parking lots to accommodate all its visitors, turning away potential guests  Many areas were neglected, except for the 40 acres (16 ha) surrounding the conservatory, and a wetland had even been created unintentionally due to a broken sewer  A controversy arose in 1994 when the adjacent Fordham University proposed building a 480-foot-tall (150 m) radio tower for its radio station WFUV directly across from the Haupt Conservatory  The dispute continued until 2002, after several years of failed resolutions, when Montefiore Medical Center offered to move WFUV's antenna to its own facilities By the mid-1990s, additions to the NYBG were being undertaken to reverse years of neglect  In 1994 the formerly free garden started charging an admission fee to fund these improvements as well as the continued maintenance of existing facilities  The Everett Children's Garden opened in mid-1998  By 2000, the NYBG had requested $300 million for renovations, including a new gift shop and renovation of the greenhouses and roads  A new visitor center and gift shop were announced the following year, which would replace temporary facilities built in 1990  The new main entrance, with a gift shop, bookstore, plaza, restrooms, cafe, and information kiosks, was completed in 2004 at a cost of $21 million  Meanwhile, the addition of the library annex was delayed to 1994, then to 2000  Construction on the annex started in 1998 and it opened in 2002 as the International Plant Science Center Through the next two decades, a number of projects were completed and programs were implemented  In 2004, the Leon Levy Visitor Center opened as the Botanical Garden's main entrance  It included the NYBG Shop and the Pine Tree Café  The following year, the Nolen Greenhouses for Living Collections opened with its publicly accessible Bourke-Sullivan Display House  Off-site, the institution opened The New York Botanical Garden Midtown Education Center in Manhattan in 2010  NYBG added a parking garage, the Peter J  Sharp Building, nearby in 2012, along with a Bedford Gate entrance to the Garden  NYBG restored its Lorillard Snuff Mill in 2010 and it was named the Lillian and Amy Goldman Stone Mill  NYBG's Humanities Research Institute, supported by The Andrew W  Mellon Foundation, was created in 2014 to stimulate public discourse about humankind's relationship with nature and the environment  NYBG opened an on-site restaurant, the Hudson Garden Grill, in 2015  It redesigned and reopened its East Gate entrance in 2017  The Edible Academy, an educational facility for teaching children, families, educators, and the general public about vegetable gardening, nutrition awareness, and environmental stewardship, opened in 2018  In February 2020, NYBG announced that it was partnering with Douglaston Development to create affordable apartments on the northwest edge of the garden 

Grounds
The different spaces
The Garden contains 50 different gardens and plant collections  There is a serene cascade waterfall, as well as wetlands and a 50-acre (20 ha) tract of original, never-logged, old-growth New York forest Garden highlights include the 1890s-vintage Haupt Conservatory, designed by Lord & Burnham; the Peggy Rockefeller Rose Garden, originally laid out by Beatrix Jones Farrand in 1916; an alpine rock garden, designed and installed by Thomas H  Everett in the 1930s; an Herb Garden, designed by Penelope Hobhouse; and a 37-acre (15 ha) conifer collection  The NYBG's extensive research facilities include a propagation center, 550,000-volume research library, and an herbarium of 7 2 to 7 8 million botanical specimens dating back more than three centuries, among the largest in the world At the heart of the Garden is the Thain Family Forest, an old-growth forest  It is the largest existing remnant of the original forest which covered all of New York City before the arrival of European settlers in the 17th century  The forest, which was never logged, contains oaks, American beeches, cherry, birch, tulip and white ash trees, some more than two centuries old The forest itself is split by the Bronx River, the only freshwater river in New York City, and this stretch of the river includes a riverine canyon and rapids  Along the shores sits the Stone Mill, previously known as the Lorillard Snuff Mill, built in 1840  Sculptor Charles Tefft created the Fountain of Life on the grounds in 1905 : 9 The Ladies' Border, originally commissioned by the Women's Auxiliary Committee in the 1920s, was designed by Ellen Shipman and installed between 1931 and 1933   In 2000, designer Lynden B  Miller created a new plan for the Ladies' Border  The Jane Watson Irwin Perennial Garden was designed in the 1970s by Dan Kiley and redefined by Miller in the 1980s and again in 2003 In addition to restoring or redesigning existing gardens and collections, such as the Ladies' Border (2002), the Benenson Ornamental Conifers (2004), the Peggy Rockefeller Rose Garden (2007), the Thain Family Forest (2011), and the Marjorie G  Rosen Seasonal Walk by Piet Oudolf (2014), The New York Botanical Garden added new gardens and collections to its grounds: the Home Gardening Center (2005), the Maureen K  Chilton Azalea Garden (2011) by landscape architect Shavaun Towers of Towers|Golde LLC, and Native Plant Garden (2013), by landscape architect Sheila Brady of Oehme, van Sweden 

Research laboratories
The Pfizer Plant Research Laboratory, built with funding from the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, New York State and New York City, and named for its largest private donor, is a major new research institution at the Garden that opened in 2006  The laboratory is a pure research institution, with projects more diverse than research in universities and pharmaceutical companies 
The laboratory's research emphasis is on plant genomics, the study of how genes function in plant development  One question scientists hope to answer is Darwin's "abominable mystery"; when, where, and why flowering plants emerged  The laboratory's research also furthers the discipline of molecular systematics, the study of DNA as evidence that can reveal the evolutionary history and relationships of plant species  Staff scientists also study plant use in immigrant communities in New York City and the genetic mechanisms by which neurotoxins are produced in some plants, work that may be related to nerve disease in humans 
A staff of 200 trains 42 doctoral students at a time  Since the 1890s, scientists from the NYBG have mounted about 2,000 exploratory missions worldwide to collect plants in the wild 
At the Pfizer Plant Research Laboratory, genomic DNA from many different species of plants is extracted to create a library of the DNA of the world's plants  This collection is stored in a 768-square-foot (71 3 m2) DNA storage room with 20 freezers housing millions of specimens, including rare, endangered or extinct species  To protect the collection during winter power outages, there is a backup 300-kilowatt electric generator 
The Alfred P  Sloan Foundation has granted the NYBG $572,000 to begin a project called TreeBOL, the Tree Barcode of Life  By sampling the DNA from all 100,000 different species of trees from around the world, TreeBOL will document the diversity of plant life, and advance the process of plant DNA barcoding 

LuEsther T  Mertz Library
Founded in 1899 and named after supporter LuEsther Mertz, the LuEsther T  Mertz Library is located in the northern section of NYBG  A 2002 New York Times article mentioned that the library had 775,000 items and 6 5 million plant specimens in its collection  However, a book published in 2014 by the NYBG mentioned that the library had "550,000 physical volumes and 1,800 journal titles"  As of 2016 the Mertz Library still contained one of the world's largest collections of botany-related texts  Stephen Sinon, who leads the NYBG's special collections, research and archives, called its collection "the largest of its kind in the world under one roof" The library is housed in what was formerly known as the NYBG's Museum Building or Administration Building  Construction started in 1897 and it was completed in 1900  The structure was designed by Robert W  Gibson in the Renaissance Revival style : 1

Enid A  Haupt Conservatory
The Enid A  Haupt Conservatory, named after Enid A  Haupt, is a greenhouse near the western end of the NYBG  The conservatory was designed by the major greenhouse company of the late 1890s, Lord and Burnham Co  The design was modeled after the Palm House at the Royal Botanic Garden and Joseph Paxton's Crystal Palace in Italian Renaissance style  Groundbreaking took place on January 3, 1899, and the conservatory was completed in 1902 at a cost of $177,000  The building was constructed by John R  Sheehan under contract for the New York City Department of Parks and Recreation  Since the original construction, major renovations took place in 1935, 1950, 1978, and 1993 The conservatory houses numerous tropical plants and flowers, cacti and other desert plants, and rainforest vegetation  In summer months, the two pools adjacent to the conservatory display many varieties of lotuses and water lilies 

William & Lynda Steere Herbarium
The William & Lynda Steere Herbarium, in the International Plant Science Center behind the library, is one of the largest herbaria in the world, with approximately 7 2 million to 7 8 million specimens  after the French National Museum of Natural History in Paris  Founded in 1891, the herbarium quickly became a repository for many important collections  In 1895 the garden incorporated the herbarium of Columbia College, an acquisition of approximately 600,000 specimens, including the private herbaria of John Torrey and C  F  Meisner  In 1945 the garden incorporated the herbaria of the Columbia College of Pharmacy and Princeton University   The herbarium is named after William Steere (son of William C  Steere) and his wife Lynda, who endowed the herbarium in 2002 The Index Herbariorum code assigned to this botanic garden is NY and it is used when citing housed specimens 

School of Professional Horticulture
In 1932, Thomas H  Everett expanded an existing training program into a robust curriculum for developing professional horticulturists   Patterned after diploma programs at the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew and the Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh, the School for Gardeners combined academic studies with hands-on practical experience in a two-year, full-time program  With the exception of a hiatus during and after the Second World War, the School has trained students since then  Now called the School of Professional Horticulture, this fully-accredited program continues to develop horticulturists of the highest caliber for positions in both public and private gardens  After successfully completing the program, students receive The New York Botanical Garden's Diploma in Horticulture 

Exhibitions
The New York Botanical Garden has mounted public exhibitions throughout its history  In 1992, NYBG began presenting what would eventually be called the Holiday Train Show, an annual exhibition of model trains running through a display of New York landmarks made of natural materials  In 2002, it introduced The Orchid Show, an annual exhibition of orchid displays and designed installations with changing themes  Beginning in 2007, the Garden added an annual fall exhibition of kiku, Japanese chrysanthemums trained to grow in modern and ancient forms The New York Botanical Garden has also presented large-scale, stand-alone exhibitions, including: Sculpture from the Museum of Modern Art at The New York Botanical Garden (2002), Chihuly at The New York Botanical Garden (2006), Darwin's Garden: An Evolutionary Adventure (2008), Moore in America: Monumental Sculpture at The New York Botanical Garden (2008–2009), Emily Dickinson's Garden: The Poetry of Flowers (2010), Spanish Paradise: Gardens of the Alhambra (2011), Monet's Garden (2012), Manolo Valdés: Monumental Sculpture (2012), Frida Kahlo: Art, Garden, Life (2015), Impressionism: American Gardens on Canvas (2016), CHIHULY (2017), Georgia O'Keeffe: Visions of Hawai'i (2018), Brazilian Modern: The Living Art of Roberto Burle Marx (2019), and KUSAMA: Cosmic Nature (2021) 

Executive leadership
Dr  Nathaniel Lord Britton (1891–1929)
Elmer D  Merrill (1930–1935)
Dr  Marshall A  Howe (1935–1936)
Dr  Henry A  Gleason (acting, 1937–1938)
Dr  William J  Robbins (1938–1958)
Dr  William C  Steere (1958–1972)
Dr  Howard S  Irwin (1973–1979)
James M  Hester (1980–1989)
Gregory Long (1989–2018)
Dr  Carrie Rebora Barratt (2018–2020)
Jennifer Bernstein (2021–Present)

Publications
The NYBG published The Garden Journal (ISSN 0016-4585) from 1977 to 1990 and from 1931 has produced the scientific journal, Brittonia 

Landmark status
The New York Botanical Garden was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1967  In addition, three structures are designated as individual New York City landmarks: the Enid A  Haupt Conservatory (designated in 1973),: 1  the LuEsther T  Mertz Library (2009),: 1  and the Lorillard Snuff Mill (1966, also separately on the National Register of Historic Places) 

See also
Education in New York City
List of herbaria in North America
List of botanical gardens and arboretums in New York
List of museums and cultural institutions in New York City
List of National Historic Landmarks in New York City
National Register of Historic Places listings in Bronx County, New York
Other botanical gardens in New York City
Brooklyn Botanic Garden
Queens Botanical Garden
Staten Island Botanical Garden
Passage 9:
ACS Macro Letters
ACS Macro Letters is a peer-reviewed scientific journal published by the American Chemical Society  As of 2017, ACS Macro Letters has the highest impact factor of any journal in the field of polymer science (6 131)  With the launch of ACS Macro Letters, all Communications to the Editor that were formerly published in Macromolecules will be published as Letters in ACS Macro Letters  Researchers are advised turn to ACS Macro Letters for reports of early, urgent results in polymer science and to Macromolecules for more detailed discussions of comprehensive research findings 

Scope
Examining both synthetic and naturally occurring polymers, ACS Macro Letters reports major advances in polymer synthesis, modification reactions, characteristics, theory, simulation, surface properties, and kinetics and mechanisms   The journal reports on all areas of soft matter science where macromolecules play a key role, including nanotechnology, self-assembly, supramolecular chemistry, biomaterials, energy, and sustainable materials 

Readership
ACS Macro Letters is intended for researchers in polymer science as well as materials science, nanotechnology, pharmaceuticals, and energy   The journal makes it possible for these researchers to stay abreast of the most urgent research results in polymer science and its related disciplines 

Types of Articles
ACS Macro Letters publishes peer-reviewed…

Letters: Short reports of original research focused on an individual finding of great significance to the field of polymer science 
Viewpoints: In-depth examinations and perspective on topics of current interest to researchers in the field 

Editor-in-Chief
Timothy P  Lodge served as the Founding Editor-in-Chief of ACS Macro Letters (2011–2017)  In 2018, Lodge was succeeded by Stuart J  Rowan, who was formerly the Deputy Editor 

Submissions
ACS Macro Letters enables researchers in the field to bring their important findings in polymer science and related disciplines to the attention of the global scientific community   Manuscripts are typically published within four to six weeks of manuscript submission   The journal encourages submissions and publishes Letters from around the world 

See also
Biomacromolecules
Macromolecules
Context 2: Passage 1:
Patrick Henry High School (Ashland, Virginia)
Patrick Henry High School is a public high school in Ashland, Virginia in Hanover County  Patrick Henry is one of four high schools in Hanover County, and the only High school in the western half of the county  In 1959, after years of deliberation, Patrick Henry High School began with the consolidation of Beaverdam, Henry Clay, Montpelier, and Rockville high schools  The western Hanover County high school enrolled students in grades eight through twelve  The name of the school, as well as the name of its literary publications, The Voice, The Spark, and The Orator, reference the history of American Founding Father Patrick Henry, Hanover County's most illustrious citizen  Even the school colors of red, white, and blue are a patriotic symbol of history 
In 1969, Patrick Henry High and John M  Gandy High School merged to form one integrated student body  Also in 1969, a new junior high school was built, and Patrick Henry opened that school year as a senior high school serving students in grades ten through twelve  When the junior high school was changed to a middle school in 1988, Patrick Henry became a high school, enrolling students in grades nine through twelve  The school campus of West Patrick Henry Road, which consists of a complex of buildings, began as a campus style school  Additions of an auditorium, classrooms, cafeteria, new gymnasium, and renovations to the media center and administrative offices resulted in an all-enclosed facility in 1992  As the population and the needs of the school have changed, so have the dimensions of the school  A new addition/renovation was added to the facility in the fall of 2001, providing state-of-the-art career and technical education opportunities  This addition consisted of a broadcasting studio, a bio-technology lab, a communication technology center, a computer-assisted drafting lab, and three classrooms  Patrick Henry celebrated its 50th anniversary in September 2009  Patrick Henry High has an International Baccalaureate program, as well as a NJROTC program 

Extracurricular Activities
Athletics
Cross Country
Football - won the 1994 Virginia high school football state championship
Golf
Field Hockey
Volleyball
The boys' volleyball program won 7 straight VHSL State titles (2016 5A Championship and 2017, 2018, 2019, 2020, 2021, and 2022 Class 4 Championships ) The 7 titles are tied with James River for the most volleyball championships in VHSL history
Cheerleading
Varsity Girls Competition Cheer
Basketball
Gymnastics
Swimming
Indoor Track
Wrestling
Baseball
Softball
Soccer
Tennis
Track
Lacrosse

Performing Arts
Theatre
Mixed Choir
Show Choirs
Band
Strings

Notable alumni
Erron Kinney, NFL Tight End
Damien Woody, Former NFL offensive lineman  Current ESPN Analyst  
Mickie James, TNA/WWE professional wrestler, country music singer 
Jeff Crowder, Randolph Macon College 1992 ODAC player of the year
Lucas Hall, Actor, guitarist, arts advocate and administrator  
Louise Keeton, actress, model and playwright
Passage 2:
Clarkstown High School South
Clarkstown High School South is a public high school located in West Nyack, New York, United States  The school educates students in grades 9 through 12, and is one of two high schools in the Clarkstown Central School District (CCSD)  It is commonly referred to as Clarkstown South, or simply "South "
In 2013, Clarkstown South was ranked in Newsweek's list of the 2000 best public high schools in the United States In 2016, Clarkstown South was ranked in Newsweek's list of the 500 top high schools in the United States, ranking 167th place 
In 2017, Clarkstown South was a part of State Education Commissioner Elia's list of 185 reward schools In 2018, Clarkstown South was recognized in the National Rankings and earned a silver medal based on their performance on state-required tests and how well they prepare students for college 

School facilities
Clarkstown South building consists of a main lobby, large auditorium, gymnasium (including a wrestling room and a fitness center), music wing, planetarium, two lunchrooms, and three floors of classrooms  In the fall of 2005, a planetarium was built in the rear of the building   A greenhouse was also constructed in 2006  South offers many music ensembles, including chorus, orchestra, concert band, and marching band 

School groups
The Vikings are also known for their success in many of their school groups  Clarkstown South takes pride in Junior Statesmen of America, DECA, National History Day, United Service Organization/Veterans Affairs Club, Mock Trial Team 2016 Westchester/Rockland County Champions, VAASA (Varsity Athletes Against Substance Abuse), and Mu Alpha Theta chapter because of the many awards they bring home to their school The school hosted the Clarkstown Summer Theatre Festival since its inception in 1973 until its last season in 2010  Subsequently, it hosted the Hudson Valley Teen Summer Theatre program 

School activities and clubs
Clarkstown South offers a variety of activities and clubs for the students to enjoy  The clubs at South cater to all kinds of students, whether their interests are art, music, math, science, etc  Some of the clubs they have are the Mural Club, South Beat, TV Club, ASMA, World Language Club, Viking Radio, and more 

Notable alumni
Corey Baker (born 1989), baseball pitcher
Tom Basile (born 1975), businessman and politician
Mat Devine (born 1974), Lead Singer Of Kill Hannah, Actor, Author
Thomas Fitton (Class of 1986), American activist, President of Judicial Watch
Ryan Grant, NFL running back
Allison Hagendorf (born 1979), Television personality, music journalist
Cindy Jebb (Class of 1978), Brigadier General, USA and first female Dean of the United States Military Academy at West Point
Patrick Kivlehan (born 1989), baseball outfielder
Raffi Krikorian (Class of 1996), CTO for the Emerson Collective, Former CTO of the Democratic Party, and Former VP of Platform Engineering at Twitter
Glyph Lefkowitz (Class of 1998) Creator of the Twisted framework for the Python programming language
Jay Leiderman (Class of 1989), American criminal defense lawyer, book author
Joseph Pisani (Class of 1989), artist and photographer
Justin Richardson (Class of 1981), psychiatrist and author
Passage 3:
High School Confidential (TV series)
High School Confidential is an eight-part documentary television series created by Sharon Liese, following twelve high school teenagers from Blue Valley Northwest High  The series airs on WE: Women's Entertainment (WE TV)  The original run began on March 10, 2008, and concluded on April 28, 2008 
Passage 4:
Bonita Vista High School
Bonita Vista High School (BVH) is a public, four-year (grade levels 9–12) high school located in the city of Chula Vista, California   It is part of the Sweetwater Union High School District, and offers both Advanced Placement and International Baccalaureate classes  The mascot is a Baron 

History
Bonita Vista High School opened in fall 1966 at a construction cost of $2 5 million  A student committee chose the Baron mascot over a Patriot and a Crusader 

Academics
The school is placed as the number 1 school of the Sweetwater Union High School District, with an Academic Performance Index score of 851 for the 2011 school year, meeting the statewide standard and exceeding amongst other schools in the same district 

Athletics
In 2015, Baron athletic teams won California Interscholastic Federation championships in football and girls' tennis  The football team plays games off-campus at Southwestern College 

Performing arts
BVH has two competitive show choirs, the mixed-gender group "The Music Machine" and the all-female "Sound Unlimited"  The school formerly had an all-male group, "Barontones"  The Music Machine and Sound Unlimited have both advanced to national-level competitions  The Music Machine was one of the most progressive show choirs in the western United States in the late 1900s  The program hosts an annual competition, San Diego Sings!

Notable alumni
Matt Cameron, drummer of Pearl Jam and Soundgarden
Charisma Carpenter, actress
Costa Dillon, writer
Hannah Flippen, softball player
Byron Frisch, football player
David Garza, Paralympic footballer
Shirley Horton, politician
Guido Knudson, MLB player (2015)
Jennifer Lalor, soccer player and coach
John Macaulay, NFL player (1984)
Ramon Martin Del Campo, soccer playerSteve Peace, politician
Raquel Pomplun, Playboy 2013 Playmate of the Year
David Schipper, professional soccer player
Scott Shields, football player
Joel Zumaya, baseball player

See also
List of high schools in San Diego County, California
List of high schools in California
Passage 5:
Eastview High School
Eastview High School is a comprehensive and college preparatory public high school in Apple Valley, Minnesota, United States  Established in 1997, Eastview is the newest of the four high schools serving Independent School District 196  Newsweek ranked the school in their "List of the Top High Schools in America" for the sixth consecutive time (2000, 2002, 2004, and 2006, 2007, 2008)  Eastview has also been recognized by U S  News & World Report as one of America's Best High Schools  In 2013, Eastview was ranked in the top 3% of the most challenging high schools in the United States, as well as a top comprehensive high school in Minnesota   Prior to the 2010–2011 school year, Eastview was a member of the Lake Conference, but then broke off with most of the Lake Conference schools in order to create the South Suburban Conference 

Feeder schools
Students matriculate from three different public middle schools:

Falcon Ridge Middle school (located in Apple Valley, MN)
Scott Highlands Middle School (located in Apple Valley, MN)
Black Hawk Middle School (located in Eagan, MN)

History
Eastview High School, District 196's fourth comprehensive high school, opened on September 2, 1997  Located in Apple Valley, MN, includes a 330,000 square foot facility and 200 acres of recreational facilities  It is home to over 2,000 students in grades 9–12  Eastview uses the quarter system - 10 weeks per quarter  There are four quarters in a full school year  The majority of the courses at Eastview High School are quarter courses  Some courses (School of Environmental Studies at the Minnesota Zoo courses and Career Development courses) will be 12 weeks in length because students from all district high schools will be attending these courses 

Location and facilities
Eastview High School is located in Apple Valley, adjacent to 200 acres (0 81 km2) of playing fields and recreational facilities  The 330,000-square-foot (31,000 m2) facility is built to house 2,000 students in grades 9–12  Eastview High School's students have achieved high honors in academics, athletics, and the arts  Eastview was identified as a ten star school (highest rating) by the Minnesota Department of Education 

Curriculum
Through the Minnesota state Post Secondary Enrollment Options (PSEO) program, students are eligible to take classes at state colleges and universities 

Athletics
Eastview's team name is the Lightning and their mascot is Zapp, an anthropomorphic lightning bolt  In only 13 years of existence, Eastview athletic teams have won 21 state championships, 47 section championships, 44 conference championships, 11 state academic championships, and 30 section academic championships  Students from Eastview join forces with other district schools to form the Dakota Hawks, an adaptive athletic team  The Hawks have won 16 state championships since Eastview joined the team when the school opened in 1997 

Notable alumni
Devin Kelley, class of 2004  Actress on The Chicago Code and in the movie Chernobyl Diaries 
Rhys Lloyd, class of 2001  Former NFL kicker 
Erin Maye Quade, class of 2004  Former member of the Minnesota House of Representatives
Passage 6:
Lake Brantley High School
Lake Brantley High School (LBHS) is located in Altamonte Springs, Florida, a suburban community approximately 13 miles (20 km) north of Orlando  It is a public high school serving grade levels 9–12 in Seminole County, FL, operated by Seminole County Public Schools  The school, which opened in 1972, is ranked 79th on Newsweek magazine's 2005 list of the top 100 high schools in the United States and 424th in the 2009 Newsweek list 

Academics
Offers 27 Advanced Placement courses in a wide variety of academic subjects as well as in elective interests
Received an "A" rating from the Florida Department of Education in 2006
Had 7 National Merit Scholar finalists in the class of 2006 and had 2 in 2007
Highest ACT and SAT scores within the district for 2002 and significantly higher than the state average
Over 2008 AP tests administered in 2017 
1,212 students scored 3 or higher on the 2017 AP tests
In the class of 2017, there were 22 AP National Scholars, 76 Scholars w/Distinction, 45 Scholars w/Honors, 129 AP Scholars 

Notable people
Notes and references
External links
Lake Brantley High School athletics department
Passage 7:
Blue Valley Northwest High School
Blue Valley Northwest High School (BVNW) is a high school in Overland Park, Kansas, United States  Blue Valley Northwest is one of five high schools operated by Blue Valley USD 229 school district 
Blue Valley Northwest is a member of the Kansas State High School Activities Association and offers a variety of sports programs  Athletic teams compete in the 6A division and are known as the "Huskies"  Extracurricular activities are also offered in the form of performing arts, school publications, and clubs 

Academics
Thirteen courses, mainly for motivated freshmen and sophomores, are designated as "Honors" classes  In addition, 17 Advanced Placement courses for college credit are offered  Students taking Honors or Advanced Placement courses receive weighted GPAs In 2010, Blue Valley Northwest was selected as one of the six finalists for the first annual Race to the Top High School Commencement Challenge, sponsored by the Department of Education under the Obama administration In 2015, Blue Valley Northwest students who attempted the tests achieved an average ACT score of 25 3 out of 36 and an average SAT score of 1879 out of 2400  The class of 2015 also had seven National Merit Finalists and 20 National Advanced Placement Scholars 

Extracurricular activities
The Huskies compete in the Eastern Kansas League and are classified as a 6A-5A school according to the KSHSAA  Throughout its history, Blue Valley Northwest has won several state championships in various sports  Many graduates have gone on to participate in Division I, Division II, and Division III athletics 

State championships
Orchestra
BVNW's orchestra has received a 1 (the best) ranking every year the school has been open   Students in the orchestra also have auditioned and represented the BVNW in local, state, and national orchestras 

Yearbook and Newspaper
The school's yearbook is called Horizon, the newspaper is called "The Express", the school broadcast news program is called Husky Headlines and the school's literary magazine is called The Muse 
The Horizon and Husky Headlines have been nominated for several Pacemaker awards, and in 2004, the "Horizon" won the Pacemaker Award  The school newspaper, The Express is a member of the High School National Ad Network  At the April 2007 JEA conference in Denver, "The Express" was voted the number one newsmagazine  At the November 2007 JEA conference in Philadelphia, the newsmagazine was rated sixth  In 2015, The Express was nominated for a Pacemaker, but did not win  It did receive sixth place among the competition that year  On November 12, 2016, in Indianapolis, The Express won a Newspaper Pacemaker Award, the first for the publication 

Notable alumni
Jason Adam, professional baseball player for the Tampa Bay Rays
Christie Ambrosi, member of the 2000 USA Olympic softball team, who won the gold medal
Bol Bol, professional basketball player for the Orlando Magic
Christian Braun, current basketball player for the Denver Nuggets, former Mr  Kansas Basketball and Kansas Gatorade Player of the Year 
Arash Ferdowsi, co-founder of Dropbox file hosting service
Lisa Forbes, Miss Kansas USA 2004 and Miss USA Pageant contestant
Nathaniel Hackett, former head coach of the Denver Broncos
Zach Hadel (Class of 2011), web animator and co-creator of Smiling Friends for Adult Swim 
Michael McMillian (Class of 1997), actor known for his roles as Henry Gibson on What I Like About You and Steve Newlin on True Blood
Dániel Sallói, professional soccer player for Sporting Kansas City

See also
List of high schools in Kansas
List of unified school districts in KansasOther high schools in Blue Valley USD 229 school districtBlue Valley High School in Stilwell
Blue Valley North High School in Overland Park
Blue Valley West High School in Overland Park
Blue Valley Southwest High School in Overland Park
Blue Valley Academy in Overland Park
High School Confidential
Passage 8:
William Fremd High School
William Fremd High School, or Fremd (initially Palatine High School South), is a public four-year high school located in Palatine, Illinois, a northwest suburb of Chicago, Illinois, in the United States  It is part of Township High School District 211, which also includes James B  Conant High School, Hoffman Estates High School, Palatine High School, and Schaumburg High School  The school is known for its academic excellence, and its athletic, drama, visual arts, and music programs have won state championships in recent years  Academically, Fremd High School has also been recognized by Newsweek as one of "America's Best High Schools" and by U S  News & World Report as one of 99 outstanding high schools in the United States with the average AP test taker in the class of 2018 taking 5 4 exams  Fremd serves the portion of Palatine that is southwest of the UP NW Line railroad tracks as well as north Hoffman Estates, west Rolling Meadows, north Schaumburg, east South Barrington and southeast Inverness  Feeder schools include Plum Grove Junior High, Carl Sandburg Junior High, Walter Sundling Junior High and Margaret Mead Junior High  Feeder elementary schools are Pleasant Hill, Paddock, Hunting Ridge, Central Road, Willow Bend, Thomas Jefferson, Marion Jordan, Fairview, and Frank C  Whiteley 

History
Fremd opened in 1961 as Palatine High School South  The school was later named after William Fremd who had been a member of the high school board of education for over 30 years and had served on school boards in the area for a consecutive period of more than 45 years  Fremd donated the land for the school  In the first yearbook the school was said to 'blend and stretch into the cornfields'  The school was the second high school to be built in Palatine, Illinois after Palatine High School  Palatine South and then Fremd originally served as the school for all Palatine freshman and sophomores while Palatine High School was the school for juniors and seniors  This plan was only in effect for three years before Fremd was expanded to serve as a 4 year high school  In the fall of 1966 the first junior class entered, and they became the first Fremd graduating class in 1968  Then Junior Cathy Klep designed the Viking logo, based on the Minnesota Vikings logo  Junior, Colleen McGrath designed the school crest, incorporating the Viking logo and modeled after her family crest  A school motto was adopted in 1995 after a contest for students  Sophomore Jessica Frank won the contest  In 2001, construction began to create a new science wing  The courtyard which stood in the center of the school was demolished  After two years of year-round construction, the new science wing was built along with a heating and ventilation facility on the roof of the building In the early 2000s, Fremd underwent several construction projects, including the replacement of bleachers in the main gymnasium, renovated tiling, and additional classrooms  The music department added a rehearsal room, larger practice rooms with more advanced sound-proof walls, and increased storage space  In the newest addition to the school, a synthetic turf football field was added  In 2016, a new pool facility was added to Fremd 
On November 2, 2015, The New York Times reported that the federal government determined that Fremd's administration violated anti-discrimination laws because "it did not allow a transgender student who identifies as a girl and participates on a girls’ sports team to change and shower in the girls’ locker room without restrictions " The New York Times added that the student in question "identifies as female but was born male "As of 2018, Fremd is one of the largest high schools in the region, with a student body of approximately 2600  The school is also noted for its high operating costs: in the 2016–2017 school year, Fremd's district spent $18,721 per pupil, with the average teacher being paid $99,474 

Academics
In 2018, Fremd had an average SAT score of 1178



ground_truth: 1909

prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: High School Confidential, an eight part documentary followed twelve high school teenagers from a high school in Overland Park, Kansas that ranked what in the 2009 Newsweek ranking of the top 1,500 high schools in the United States?

The following are given passages.
Context 2: 5 and a four-year graduation rate of 97 9%  The average class size is 24 7  On the mathematics portion of the SAT, 71 3% of students met or exceeded standards, while on the English/language arts portion, that figure was 68 5%  Additionally, 66 5% of students showed proficiency on the Illinois Science Assessment From April 1998 to September 2019, 75 students from Fremd earned the highest possible composite score on the ACT, a 36  In the same time frame, only six students earned the highest possible score on the SAT, a 1600 In 1987, Fremd was named among the top in the nation in the United States Department of Education's National Secondary School Recognition Program  Fremd High School has also been recognized by Newsweek as one of "America's Best High Schools" and by U S  News & World Report as one of 99 outstanding high schools in the United States  In 2006, Fremd was recognized as the 302nd best high school in the nation by Newsweek, with an average of 1 3 AP tests taken per graduating senior 

Athletics
Fremd competes in the Mid-Suburban League (west division), and is a member of the Illinois High School Association (IHSA) which governs most interscholastic sports and competitive activities in the state  Its mascot is the Viking 
Fremd sponsors interscholastic teams for young men and women in basketball, cross country, golf, gymnastics, soccer, swimming & diving, tennis, track and field, volleyball, chess, and water polo  Men may also compete in baseball, football, and wrestling, while women may compete in badminton, bowling, and softball  While not sponsored by the IHSA, the school also sponsors separate teams for young men and women in lacrosse  Hockey is also a club sport for men The boys basketball team achieved success beginning in the late 1980s  The 1983 team led by BJ Jenkins and Joe Youman made the Sectional for the first time  In 1986, Fremd made it to the Super Sectional for the first time and lost to Kendall Gill led Rich Central, 77-47  The 1988 team was the best ever, led by Jason Joseph and George Poorman  It was upset in the super sectional game by East Aurora and finished with the best record ever, 28-2  The 1989 team led by Todd Leslie returned to the super sectional game and once again lost to East Aurora  The 1993 team was the most successful ever, with a 4th place state finish  They recently celebrated their successful run with a 30 year anniversary get together  Mo Tharp coached the Vikings from 1975–2002 and established Fremd as the premiere basketball program in the northwest suburbs  Tharp was elected into the Illinois Hall of Fame 
The following teams have won their respective IHSA state tournament or meet:

Badminton: 2006–2007, 2008–2009, 2018-2019
Cross Country (boys): 1969–1970
Gymnastics (girls): 1984–1985, 1985–1986, 1986–1987, 1993–1994, 1994–1995, 1995–1996, 1996–1997, 1997–1998, 1998–1999, 2004–2005, 2006–2007, 2007–2008
Hockey: 1990–1991, 1991–1992, 1992–1993  They went 73-1-1 from 1989 to 1993 
Soccer (boys): 1984–1985, 1997–1998
Swimming & Diving (boys): 1993–1994, 1994–1995
Basketball (girls) : 2019-2020The twelve state titles in girls gymnastics is a state record  The girls gymnastics team also holds state records for appearances at the state meet, top three team finishes, sectional titles, and regional titles 

Activities
Fremd sponsors 60 clubs and activities ranging from cultural and artistic to academic and technological  Among the activities which are chapters or affiliates of more nationally notable groups are: BPA, Chess, Robotics, FCCLA, Model UN, Tri-M Music Honor Society, National Honor Society, Vikettes (Colorguard), and National Science Bowl Five activities have won their respective IHSA sponsored state competition:

Debate: 2004–2005 (Lincoln-Douglas)
Drama: 1969–1970
Group Interpretation: 2014–2015
Journalism: 2007–2008, 2011–2012
Scholastic Bowl: 2005–06The Fremd Vikettes have won state titles in Team Dance Illinois, earning a First Place State Championship in 2010, 2011, and 2012, and Second Place State Titles in 2013 and 2014 for their flag/colorguard performances 
Each year, William Fremd High School hosts Writers Week, which has brought more than 200 writers to the Fremd campus since 1995 to share their work and philosophy on the writing process  Distinguished guest presenters have included Billy Collins, Gwendolyn Brooks, Nobel Laureate Leon Lederman; journalists Rick Bragg, Dana Kozlov, Burt Constable, and Eric Zorn; novelists Jane Hamilton, Raymond Benson, Rosellen Brown, Harry Mark Petrakis, and Frederik Pohl; poets Nikki Giovanni, Naomi Shihab Nye, and poetry slam creator Marc Smith; screenwriters Bill Kelly and Craig J  Nevius; and sportswriters Dan Roan and Mike Imrem  Presenters also include selected Fremd students and faculty 

Notable alumni
Born of Osiris is a progressive metalcore/deathcore band whose members Cameron Losch, Austin Krause, Ronnie Canizaro, Joe Buras, David Da Rocha, Lee McKinney, and Matt Pantelis met at and attended Fremd  Their third LP, Tomorrow We Die Alive, peaked at #27 on the Billboard 200 chart 
Eric Bradley is a Los Angeles-based guitarist, singer, and songwriter 
brandUn DeShay is a rapper and record producer, has produced for former Young Money artist Curren$y, Chance the Rapper, Mac Miller and Odd Future Wolf Gang Kill Them All 
Leslie Erganian is an artist and television correspondent for the Hallmark Channel 
Jasen Fisher is a former child actor who co-starred in Parenthood, The Witches, and Hook 
Chris Fleming is an international TV host and paranormal investigator on Dead Famous: Ghostly Encounters, which aired 2004–2007 on The Biography Channel; also co-hosted episodes of A&E Network Psychic Kids 2009–2010 and appeared on such shows as Larry King, Ghost Hunters, Ghost Adventures, The Haunted, and Paranormal Challenge 
Ryan Hartman currently plays for NHL's Minnesota Wild, and previously played for the Chicago Blackhawks 
Todd Hundley, two-time All-Star Major League Baseball catcher (1990–2003), playing most of his career with the New York Mets; briefly held single-season home run record for catchers; graduated Class of 1987 
Eric Leonard is a professional soccer midfielder who currently plays for Forward Madison FC of the USL League One 
Robert Lorenz is an Academy Award-nominated movie producer and assistant director known for his collaborations with Clint Eastwood (Letters from Iwo Jima, Mystic River, Space Cowboys, Changeling, Million Dollar Baby, Gran Torino) 
Ted Nugent is a musician and pro-gun activist with several multi-platinum albums 
Bette Otto-Bliesner named a notable alumni in 2008, climate scientist and one of the lead authors on assessment reports of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, graduated class of 1968
Kris Myers is a drummer for the rock/jam band Umphrey's McGee 
Chris Perez played professional football in the NFL and Canadian Football League 
Mark Robinson is a drummer and business owner; notable acts include the Jonas Brothers, Kenny Chesney and Keith Urban; owner of Storyboard Records, an independent record label out of Atlanta 
Jim Schwantz is a former NFL linebacker (1992, 1994–98), primarily with the Dallas Cowboys, winning a Super Bowl ring in Super Bowl XXX; in 2009, he was elected mayor of Palatine; graduated Class of 1988 
Mallory Snyder is an actress/model who was featured on The Real World 13 
Mari-Rae Sopper was a gymnastics coach and Judge Advocate General's Corps lawyer who was a victim of the September 11 attacks as a passenger on hijacked American Airlines Flight 77 
Mike Tauchman is an outfielder for the Chicago Cubs in major league baseball  Graduated class of 2009 
Scott Tolzien is a quarterback for the NFL's Indianapolis Colts; led Wisconsin Badgers to 2010 Big Ten Conference co-championship and Rose Bowl; graduated Class of 2006 

Gallery
Passage 9:
Atlantic Community High School
Atlantic Community High School (also known as Atlantic and ATL and formerly called Seacrest High School) is a public high school located in Delray Beach, Florida, United States  It is part of the School District of Palm Beach County   Known for its academics, many students attend due to the school's International Baccalaureate program and its ranking as a top-rated school for many years  In the 2010 Newsweek ranking of America's best high schools, Atlantic High ranked 89th   In 2005, the school moved to its current location and added a freshman academy and a construction-oriented magnet program 

History
Atlantic Community High School, originally named Seacrest High School, was built in 1949 as a racially segregated school for white students in Delray Beach and Boynton Beach, Florida  African-American students living in the area attended Carver High School, which later became Carver Middle School and is now the Delray Beach Full Service Center  The school began the process of desegregation in 1961 when Yvonne Lee entered the school, one of only four African-American students attending otherwise all white schools in Palm Beach County that year  Seacrest remained almost all white, and Carver remained all African-American, until 1970, when Carver High School was closed and its student body merged with that of Seacrest, which was renamed Atlantic High School  The school adopted the colors of Seacrest High School (Green and White) and the mascot of Carver High School (the eagle)  It kept Seacrest High's old location along Seacrest Boulevard  In 1989, the school became an International Baccalaureate World School  In 2005, the school moved to its current location on Atlantic Avenue  In 2011, Kathleen Weigel was promoted from principal of the school to the new district position of Assistant Superintendent of Professional Growth  Weigel, who was principal for more than 10 years was replaced by Bear Lakes Middle School principal Anthony Lockhart 

Student demographics
There were 2324 students enrolled in Atlantic Community High School in the 2015–2016 school year  Fifty-three percent of the students were female  The student body was 56% African-American, 21% white, 13% Hispanic, 6% Asian-American, 3% multiracial, and less than 1% each Native American and Native Hawaiian/Pacific Islander 

Academics and magnet programs
School ratings
The school is rated annually by the Florida Comprehensive Assessment Test 

International Baccalaureate
Atlantic is home to one of the five International Baccalaureate (also known as IB) high school programs of Palm Beach County (the others being Forest Hill Community High School, Pahokee High School, Suncoast High School, and William T  Dwyer High School) and caters to students living in the southern parts of the district 

Construction Academy
Atlantic's construction academy was added to the school beginning in fall 2005  The students of the academy designed and built a house called the "Eagle's Nest" (after the school mascot) for charity in collaboration with the city of Delray Beach  The groundbreaking ceremony for the project kick-off was held in December 2005  It is a three bedroom, two bath house, 1,500 square feet (140 m2) On October 25, 2010, the Construction Academy broke ground on a new house called "Eagle's Nest 2"  The house is to be a "green" house and the design incorporates aspects of a green building, using green construction material design principles  It too is being done in collaboration with the city of Delray Beach 

Extracurricular activities
Athletics
Atlantic participates in the 8A athletic division of the FHSAA  The school fields teams in 43 sports including football, basketball, baseball, swimming, soccer, softball, tennis, golf, bowling, wrestling, volleyball, cross country, track and field, weightlifting, and flag football among others  The Atlantic Boys' Baseball Team won the 13-7A District Championship against Dwyer on April 24, 2014  The Atlantic Boys' soccer team made it into the 4A state final four in the 2013–14 season  In 2015, Atlantic added a lacrosse team, both Boys and Girls  They ended up playing their inaugural season that year  In the 2015–16 season, the undefeated Eagles football team won the 10-8A District Championship against the undefeated Boca Raton Bobcats on October 30, 2015, in a rivalry matchup, and in 2017 they competed in the state championships 

JROTC
Atlantic is home to the Eagle Battalion of the Army Junior Reserve Officer Training Corps 

Clubs
Atlantic supports a wide variety of clubs, including Mu Alpha Theta, Academic Games, ACE, French National Honors Society, Black Student Union, Literary Club, Art Club, International Culture Club,  Science Club / Science Olympiad, Blood Drive, People for Animal Welfare (PAW), Jewish Forum, Muslim Student Association, Model UN, We the People, Robotics Club, Drama Club, Key Club, and chapters of the National Honor Society, Spanish National Honor Society and Rho Kappa Social Studies Honor Society 

Notable alumni
Bobby Butler after playing at Florida State went on to play for the Atlanta Falcons throughout the eighties and early nineties 
David Clowney, wide receiver played one year for the Carolina Panthers and four years for the New York Jets 
Brandon Flowers, defensive back played for the San Diego Chargers and the Kansas City Chiefs of the National Football League currently a free agent 
Orlando Franklin, right tackle for the San Diego Chargers started career with the Denver Broncos 
Mandy Freeman, professional soccer player for NY/NJ Gotfham FC and 10th pick overall at the 2017 NWSL College Draft
Jayron Hosley, a cornerback played four years with the New York Giants currently a free agent 
Omar Jacobs, fifth-round draft pick of the Pittsburgh Steelers in the 2006 NFL Draft, and former quarterback for the Berlin Thunder in NFL Europe 
Ricardo Jordan, former MLB player (Toronto Blue Jays, Philadelphia Phillies, New York Mets, Cincinnati Reds)
Preston Parker, wide receiver played for Tampa Bay Buccaneers and the New York Giants currently a free agent 
Rick Rhoden, former MLB player (Los Angeles Dodgers, Pittsburgh Pirates, New York Yankees, Houston Astros)
Mike Rumph, former cornerback for the St  Louis Rams of the NFL  Currently the cornerbacks coach for the Miami Hurricanes football team
Passage 10:
Blue Valley West High School
Blue Valley West High School is a fully accredited public high school located in Overland Park, Kansas, United States, and one of five high schools by Blue Valley USD 229 school district, and has a current enrollment of approximately 1,280 students  The principal is Katherine  Bonnema  The school mascot is the Jaguar and the school colors are red, black, and silver  In the 2013 Newsweek rankings of the top high schools in America, Blue Valley West was ranked 1st in the state of Kansas and 439th in the nation Blue Valley West High School opened in August 2001 in order to help educate the increasing population of Overland Park  It was the fourth high school in the Blue Valley Unified School District to open, preceded by Blue Valley Northwest High School in 1993  Blue Valley West is a member of the Kansas State High School Activities Association and offers a variety of sports programs  Athletic teams compete in the 6A division and are known as the "Jaguars"  Extracurricular activities are also offered in the form of performing arts, school publications, and clubs 

History
Blue Valley West High School opened in August 2001 in order to help educate the increasing population of Overland Park  It was the fourth high school in the Blue Valley Unified School District to open, preceded by Blue Valley Northwest High School in 1993, and followed by Blue Valley Southwest High School in 2010 

Academics
The school offers 17 Advanced Placement classes, foreign language in Spanish and French, and performing and visual arts classes, among others  The Journalism department produces The Spotlight(newspaper) and The Illumination(yearbook)  Its broadcasting class produces Jagged Edge TV  The class of 2013 achieved an average score of 1828 on the SAT and 25 on the ACT 

Extracurricular activities
The Jaguars compete in the Eastern Kansas League and are classified as a 6A-5A school according to the KSHSAA  Throughout its history, Blue Valley West has won several state championships in various sports  Many graduates have gone on to participate in collegiate athletics  In the 2006–2007 school year the school won 2 state championships, was runner up for another, and had 4 other teams qualify for the state tournament  In the 2007 calendar year, BV West won the state title in football, boys' basketball, and baseball  This three-peat was the first of its kind in the history of KSHSAA competition 

Athletics
Football
The Blue Valley West Jaguar football team has become a contender in Kansas 6A football  The team's main rivals are Blue Valley High School and Saint Thomas Aquinas High School  Blue Valley West and Blue Valley have also developed a rivalry  Blue Valley West won the 2007 Eastern Kansas League title and went on to win the Kansas 5A State Championship on November 24, 2007, with an undefeated 13–0 season 

Boys' basketball
The boys basketball team won their first state title during the 2006–2007 school year Bishop Miege and Saint Thomas Aquinas are the basketball team's two primary rivals 

Golf
The Jaguars have won three team state titles  In 2002, the team won its first 5A state championship  This was followed by 6A state championships in 2006 and 2013 

Baseball
The baseball team won the Eastern Kansas League (EKL) title every year from the school's opening in 2001 to 2006, and did not lose a single game in conference until 2006  The baseball team won state championships in 2007 and 2022 

Girls' Bowling
The girls' bowling team was established during the 2011-2012 winter sports season to add more sports available to girls in the school 

Performing arts
The school has a theater group that presents three shows a year as part of the school curriculum  Choir programs offered include concert choir, choraliers, chorale and chamber  The last three of which require an audition 

Band
Blue Valley West has a competitive marching band, a concert band, a symphonic band, and a symphonic wind ensemble  The competitive marching band won the Kansas Bandmasters Association Marching Band Championship and also placed top 25 in the Bands of America St  Louis Super Regional Championship in the 2017–18 and 2018-19 school years 

Notable alumni
Matt Besler (Class of 2005), MLS player for Sporting Kansas City
Andrew Gachkar (Class of 2007), former NFL player for several teams
Madison Lilley (Class of 2017), professional volleyball player and member of U S  national team
Shannon Vreeland (Class of 2010), gold medalist in the 200 Freestyle Relay at 2012 Summer Olympics
Andrew Wojtanik (Class of 2008), winner of the 2004 National
Geographic Bee

See also
List of high schools in Kansas
List of unified school districts in KansasOther high schools in Blue Valley USD 229 school districtBlue Valley High School in Stilwell
Blue Valley North High School in Overland Park
Blue Valley Northwest High School in Overland Park
Blue Valley Southwest High School in Overland Park
Blue Valley Academy in Overland Park



ground_truth: #364

prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: Which utility holding company did Alfred A. Marcus work as a consultant?

The following are given passages.
Context 3: Passage 1:
North American Light and Power Company
The North American Light and Power Company was a utility holding company formed in South Bend, Indiana and run since 1916 by its president, Clement Studebaker, Jr , of the family famous for the Studebaker automobiles  The utility company remained a major subsidiary of the North American Company, until that conglomerate's 1940s breakup by the U S  Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) 

History
Clement Studebaker, Jr  (1871–1932) was born the son of Clement Studebaker (1831–1901), the carriage and automobile manufacturer of South Bend, Indiana In 1911, the company founded by the Studebaker brothers joined forces with Everitt-Metzker-Flanders Company of Detroit to form the Studebaker Corporation  In one of his several executive positions, Clement Studebaker, Jr  served as Vice President of the E-M-F Company By 1916 Clement Studebaker, Jr  had formed the publicly traded North American Light and Power Company, and issued stock, with certificates  printed by the American Banknote Company Clement Studebaker, Jr  also served as President and Chairman of the Board of the Illinois Power and Light Company (and of its subsidiary, the Illinois Traction Company), the South Bend Watch Company, and as Treasurer of the Chicago South Shore and South Bend Railroad 

North American Company
North American Company had once been one of the original stocks in the Dow Jones Industrial Average North American Light and Power remained under the ownership of North American Company for the next decade after Clement's death, as a major subsidiary holding company of other lines  
By 1940, North American Company had become a US$2 3 billion holding company heading up a pyramid of by then 80 companies  It controlled ten major direct subsidiaries in eight of which it owned at least 79%  North American Light and Power Company was by then one of the three major holding companies among the ten direct subsidiaries North American Company was broken up by the SEC, following the United States Supreme Court decision of April 1, 1946 
Passage 2:
Southern Company
Southern Company is an American gas and electric utility holding company based in the southern United States  It is headquartered in Atlanta, Georgia, with executive offices also located in Birmingham, Alabama  The company is the second largest utility company in the U S  in terms of customer base, as of 2021  Through its subsidiaries it serves 9 million gas and electric utility customers in 6 states  Southern Company's regulated regional electric utilities serve a 120,000-square-mile (310,000 km2) territory with 27,000 miles (43,000 km) of distribution lines 

Overview
Southern Company is one of the largest energy providers in the United States and is ranked 126th on the Fortune 500 listing of the largest U S  corporations  The company has approximately 31,300 employees  It has more than 500,000 shareholders (NYSE: SO) and has been traded since September 30, 1949 
Southern Company subsidiaries are operating or developing renewable: solar, wind, and biomass facilities across the U S , as well as the first new nuclear units in the U S  in 30 years at Plant Vogtle near Augusta, Georgia 
Southern Company's three retail operating companies—Alabama Power, Georgia Power, and Mississippi Power—serve 120,000 square miles (310,000 km2) in three states  Southern Power serves wholesale electricity customers across the U S  Southern Company Gas serves utility customers in seven states 
Southern Company owns the following companies:

Alabama Power - operating company, based in Birmingham, Alabama  Serves the southern two-thirds of Alabama 
Georgia Power - operating company, based in Atlanta  Serves all of Georgia, except for mostly rural counties 
Mississippi Power - operating company, based in Gulfport, Mississippi  Serves the Mississippi Gulf Coast 
Southern Company Services (originally named Southern Services, Inc ) - Birmingham, Alabama - Common Services
Southern Linc - cellular telephone provider - Atlanta, Georgia
Southern Nuclear - engineering and operations for nuclear power plants - Birmingham, Alabama  (Southern Company is the majority owner and operator of the Farley, Hatch, and Vogtle nuclear power plants )
Southern Company Generation - fossil fuels and hydro operations - Birmingham, Alabama 
Southern Power - wholesale power generation - Birmingham, Alabama 
Southern Telecom - wholesale fiber optic communications and data services - Atlanta, Georgia 
Southern Company Gas - serves gas utility customers and operates natural gas pipelines - Atlanta, Georgia 
PowerSecure - distributed infrastructure technologies - Wake Forest, North Carolina 
Atlanta Gas Light - provides natural gas delivery service to more than 1 6 million customers in Georgia 
Chattanooga Gas - provides retail natural gas sales and transportation services to approximately 66,000 customers in Hamilton and Bradley counties in southeast Tennessee 
Nicor Gas - Provider of natural gas throughout northern Illinois 
Virginia Natural Gas - Provider of Natural Gas in southeastern Virginia 
Sequent Energy Management - optimizes natural gas assets and effectively utilize transportation and storage services 
Southern Wholesale Energy - markets the retail operating companies' surplus generating capacity to the wholesale market 
Southern Company Transmission - conducts transmission business in accordance with the Southern Companies Open Access Transmission Tariff approved by FERC Prior to 2019, Southern Company also owned Gulf Power, an electric utility based in Pensacola, Florida that serves most of the Florida Panhandle  An agreement was reached in May 2018 to sell Gulf Power to rival utility company NextEra Energy  The sale was completed on January 1, 2019  Gulf Power would become the Northwest Florida division of Florida Power & Light (FPL) in 2021, with the Gulf Power name retired in favor of FPL in 2022 

History
Southern Company can be traced back to 1924, when Southeastern Power & Light was formed as a holding company for Alabama Traction, Light and Power (formed 1906), the immediate forerunner of Alabama Power  Later that year, it formed Mississippi Power as a subsidiary, with Gulf Power following in 1925  In 1926, it merged with Georgia Power (formed 1902)  In 1930, Southeastern Power & Light merged into the Commonwealth & Southern Corporation  The new system included five Northern companies and six Southern companies  However, in the late 1940s Commonwealth & Southern was dissolved to meet the Public Utility Holding Company Act of 1935  Four of Commonwealth & Southern's Deep South operating companies—Alabama Power, Georgia Power, Gulf Power, and Mississippi Power—were deemed to be an integrated system and thus were allowed to remain under common ownership  A new holding company, Southern Company, was incorporated in Delaware on November 9, 1945  It commenced operation in 1949, and moved to Georgia in 1950  In 1954–55, the company was involved in the Dixon-Yates contract with the Atomic Energy Commission, and the associated political controversy In 1981, Southern Company became the first electric utility holding company in 46 years to diversify its operations by forming an unregulated subsidiary  In January 1982, Southern Energy, Inc , began official operations as a global energy company, growing to serve 10 countries on four continents  On April 2, 2001, Southern Company completed the spinoff of Southern Energy as Mirant Corporation 
Another Southern Company subsidiary—Southern Nuclear—began providing services in 1991 to the system's nuclear power plants 
In 1996, Southern Communications Services began providing digital wireless communications services to Southern Company's subsidiaries and also began marketing these services to the public within the Southeast as Southern Linc  Southern Telecom, a telecommunications subsidiary of Southern Company, was founded in 1997  Southern Telecom provides colocation and dark fiber optic lines to network businesses On January 9, 2001, Southern Company received final approval from the Securities and Exchange Commission to form Southern Power, a subsidiary to own, manage and finance wholesale generating assets in the Southeast  The new subsidiary targets wholesale customers 
On July 19, 2002, Southern Company Gas received certification from the Georgia Public Service Commission to enter the retail gas market  After nearly four years of operations, the company was sold and customers transferred to Cobb EMC's newly formed affiliate, Gas South 
In 2011, Southern Company and Turner Renewable Energy purchased a 30 MW solar project from First Solar  Located in Cimarron, New Mexico, it began generating electricity in 2011 In June 2012, the Nacogdoches Generating Facility began its commercial operation  The facility is a 115 MW biomass-fueled electric generating plant, located near Sacul in Nacogdoches County, Texas 
In 2016, Southern Company acquired PowerSecure, a distributed energy infrastructure technologies company, and AGL Resources (which was renamed Southern Company Gas)  As a result of the AGL Resources merger, Southern Company doubled its customer base, expanded its footprint and broadened the scope of its business by increasing its natural gas presence 

Plant Vogtle
Southern Company subsidiaries operate hydroelectric, gas, coal, and nuclear generation sources to generate approximately 200 terawatt-hours of electricity  In 2009, coal represented 57 percent of the company's output, followed by nuclear (23%) and natural gas (16%)  Renewable hydroelectric power represented 4 percent of Southern's generation  Coal-based generation dropped significantly in 2009 from an average of 70% between 2005 and 2008  As of 2017 Coal-based generation had dropped to 30% In June 2010, the United States Department of Energy awarded an $8 3 billion loan guarantee to facilitate the construction of two new nuclear reactors at Plant Vogtle, near Augusta, Georgia  A Southern Company subsidiary, Georgia Power, owns 45 7% of the current 2,430 MW facility, with co-owners Oglethorpe Power (30%) Municipal Electric Authority of Georgia (22 7%) and the City of Dalton (1 6%)  The plant is operated by Georgia Power  The $14 billion construction project is scheduled to be completed by 2022 and would double the plant's capacity The construction of two 1,154 MW reactors has been hailed by Energy Secretary Steven Chu as "the first new nuclear power plant to break ground in decades"  It is expected to create up to 3,500 jobs during the construction phase, and 800 once operational  However, in March 2017 Westinghouse Electric Company, who were building the plant, filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy because of $9 billion of losses from its two U S  nuclear construction projects  The U S  government had given $8 3 billion of loan guarantees on the financing of the four nuclear reactors being built in the U S , and it is expected a way forward to completing the plant can be agreed 

Plant Ratcliffe
In September 2013 the EPA introduced new provisions regarding output of carbon emissions in new power facilities  The proposed emission limit for new energy sources will be 1,100lbs of carbon dioxide per megawatt hour of electricity  Preemptively recognizing the need for these changes, Southern Company broke ground on its 21st-century clean coal facility in June 2010  Southern's subsidiary, Mississippi Power will operate the plant  The Kemper County Energy Facility, or Kemper Project, takes advantage of the abundant lignite, or poor quality coal, available in Mississippi  Additionally, it employs Transport Gasifier (TRIG) technology  TRIG technology is built on the idea of dry-feed, non-slag gasifiers, which operate at lower temperatures than other coal gasifiers  This dry-feed is crushed, heated, and circulated in the gasifier, producing a flammable synthetic gas, syngas  Syngas can generate electricity with fewer emissions  Of course, other byproducts are produced, like ammonia and sulphuric acid  These particular products are sold for commercial use The EPA considers the Kemper Coal Project and other planned facilities like it, to be a lifeline for the coal industry in the wake of the new climate change plan  Between 2010 and 2014, approximately 150 coal plants were shut down As of April 2014, the US Department of Energy had invested $270m in this project  Southern Company, and its subsidiary, Mississippi Power anticipate that the Kemper Coal Plant will generate enough energy to serve more than 187,000 customers  Upon opening, the Kemper Coal Project is expected to be capable of stripping out at least 65% of the carbon dioxide, significantly exceeding the EPA's proposed requirement of 40% 

Partnerships
Southern Company works with the US Department of Energy on a variety of projects including transmission and distribution of infrastructure and smart grid initiatives, environmental research programs, and nuclear generation  One of the more significant joint efforts, the DOE's National Carbon Capture Center, is managed by Southern Company and represents national efforts to reduce greenhouse gas emissions from coal-based power generation  At this location, Southern Company has been working with scientists and technology developers from government, industry, and universities who are creating the next generation of carbon capture technologies Along with the DOE, Southern Company has been working with KBR, another technology partner, to perfect its TRIG advanced coal gasification technology  This process of breaking down "dirty coal", or lignite, into its chemical components is not only cleaner, but it is also less expensive and more reliable  This technology is currently being implemented at Southern Company's Kemper County power plant, one of the few new coal facilities working to keep the US coal industry alive  This new facility will be built on a lignite seam, is expected to strip out two-thirds of carbon dioxide emissions, leaving emissions at about the same level as natural gas  The Kemper Coal Plant is expected to fall well under new regulations implemented by the EPA, which limits coal plants to 1,100lbs of carbon dioxide emissions per megawatt hour of electricity In an effort to make this technology more attainable, Southern Company has partnered with China's Shenhua Group to collaborate on further research, development, and deployment of clean coal technologies in the US, China, and around the world  This partnership with Shenhua, who is currently expected to add more than 400,000 megawatts of coal-fired capacity by 2035, could lead to wide deployment of TRIG-equipped power plants across Asia  TRIG technology has the potential to not only assist China with their growing carbon issue, but also enable the country to tap into their own low quality coal In 2009, the U S  Department of Energy granted Southern Company a $165 million Smart Grid Investment Grant to implement a smart grid and to make the grid more reliable  Through matching funds and other investments, the company spent $363 million on the initiative, which it completed in 2014  The upgraded smart grid allows Southern Company the ability to monitor and control its electric infrastructure in real time and respond to problems 

Financial data
Carbon footprint
Southern Company reported Total CO2e emissions (Direct + Indirect) for the twelve months ending 31 December 2020 at 75,300 Kt (-13,100 /-14 8% y-o-y) and aims to reach net zero emissions by 2050 

Political donations
In May 2018, it was reported that Southern Company had donated $1 million to America First Policies, a pro-Donald Trump advocacy group 

Controversies
Environmental impact
Southern Company is the third-largest producer of greenhouse gas emissions in the United States, emitting 86,244,286 metric tons of carbon dioxide equivalent in 2019 In 2005, the company announced it would open a Mercury Research Center at Plant Crist Pensacola, Florida, hoping to find new ways to reduce mercury emissions On April 25, 2006, Alabama Power, a subsidiary of Southern Company, agreed to pay $200M to settle allegations that its coal-fired James H  Miller, Jr  Plant near West Jefferson, Alabama emitted harmful amounts of SO2 and NOx In response to growing public and financial community interest, the company has enacted assorted environmental measures  Southern Company participates in Renew Our Rivers, a volunteer program to remove debris from rivers and other waterways throughout the Southeast, which claims over 11 million pounds of trash removed or recycled in Renew Our Rivers events  The company also manages and operates the National Carbon Capture Center, a focal point of the US Department of Energy's efforts to develop carbon capture and greenhouse gas reduction technologies, under which various projects to test geologic sequestration are in progress at Plant Gorgas in Alabama, Plant Daniel in Mississippi and other company sites  However, critics have argued that CCS seldom works and prolongs the life of fossil fuels 

Climate change denial
Southern Company has a long history of funding climate change denial and has been a "driving force behind climate disinformation," sponsoring campaigns in opposition to climate science, against limiting greenhouse gas emissions, and slowing the transition to renewable energy sources Between 1993 and 2004 Southern Company paid over $62 million to organizations that spread disinformation about climate change  The utility paid for advertising claiming that climate change was not real and made payments to public relations companies, industry groups, law firms and thinktanks to dispute the scientific consensus for climate change and attack legislative solutions  The utility paid $20 million to the trade group Edison Electric Institute, which creates media campaigns to attack proponents of global warming  In the 1990s, Southern Company and the Center for Energy and Economic Development hosted energy workshops broadcast to schoolteachers through the company's satellite network to promote pro-coal messages about climate change and the environment 

Kemper Project controversies
In February 2015, the Mississippi Supreme Court ordered Southern Company's subsidiary Mississippi Power to restore $377 million to South Mississippi ratepayers for rate increases related to the Kemper Project, a "clean" coal plant  These fees were derived from Mississippi's Baseload Act, allowing Mississippi Power to charge ratepayers for powerplants under construction 
In May 2016, Southern Company and its subsidiary Mississippi Power announced they were being investigated by the Securities and Exchange Commission related to overruns at the Kemper Project  The project had been repeatedly delayed and costs increased from $2 88 billion to $6 58 billion  In recorded conversations, at least six engineers from the Kemper Project claimed that delays, cost overruns, safety violations, and shoddy work, were in part due to mismanagement or fraud 
In June 2016, Mississippi Power was sued by Treetop Midstream Services over the cancellation of a contract to receive carbon dioxide from the Kemper Project as part of the carbon capture and storage design  Treetop had contracted to buy carbon dioxide from the Kemper plant and had built a pipeline in preparation to receive the gas  Treetop alleged Mississippi Power had fraudulently and "intentionally misrepresenting and concealing the start date" for the Kemper Project, though Mississippi Power stated the suit was without merit 
The company was also found to have unlawfully fired a whistle-blower who had criticized alleged false statements by company management 

Vogtle nuclear power plant
In June 2021, Georgia Power, a subsidiary of Southern Company, was scrutinized by the Georgia Public Service Commission over the lengthy delays and ballooning costs of its new Vogtle nuclear plant in Burke County, Georgia 

Willie Soon
In February 2015, it was revealed that climate change denier Willie Soon had been paid by Southern Company and several other fossil fuel interest groups  Over the course of 14 years, Soon received a total of $1 25m from Southern Company, Exxon Mobil, the American Petroleum Institute (API) and a foundation run by the Koch brothers, the documents obtained by Greenpeace show  At $410,000, Southern Company was the largest donor  The scientist described his studies to fossil fuel executives as "deliverables", and permitted anonymous pre-publication reviews  Soon advanced the widely discredited theory that changes in solar activity are to blame for climate change, and called into question the severity and extent of climate change in all his studies, never revealing his backers 

See also
Jacob Horton
List of United States electric companies
Electric utility

Notes
External links
Business data for Southern Company: 
DOE guarantee press info
PR Newswire release
Southern Company Media Room
Official website
Forbes Global 2000 Biggest Companies Utility Industry
Passage 3:
TECO Energy
TECO Energy Inc  is an energy-related holding company based in Tampa, Florida, and a subsidiary of Emera Incorporated  TECO Energy has several subsidiaries: Tampa Electric, which provides electricity to the Tampa Bay Area and parts of Central Florida; Peoples Gas Company, which provides natural gas throughout Florida; and TECO Services, which provides IT, HR, legal, facilities, and other services to current and former TECO subsidiaries  Previously the company was in the S&P 500 before it became private due its acquisition by Emera 
TECO Energy businesses include New Mexico Gas Company  TECO's three utilities serve a total of 1 6 million customers in Florida and New Mexico  In 2012, TECO exited its business in Guatemala 

History
Tampa Electric began in 1899 to manage electric trolley systems in the city of Tampa  On September 4, 2015, Emera, a utility holding company based in Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada, announced the pending acquisition of TECO Energy  That purchase closed on July 1, 2016, and TECO Energy, Inc  became a wholly owned subsidiary of Emera, Inc 

Environmental record
Researchers at the University of Massachusetts Amherst in 2006 identified TECO Energy as the 37th-largest corporate producer of air pollution in the United States in 2002, with roughly 11 million pounds of toxic chemicals released annually into the air  Major pollutants indicated by the study included hydrochloric acid, sulfuric acid, chromium compounds, arsenic compounds, and nickel compounds In 2000, TECO Energy was fined $3 5 million for making changes to emissions producing facilities without installing new updated pollution controls  This led to the switch from coal to natural gas in one of its plants by 2004 and optimization of pollution controls in another  These changes were enacted to drastically cut emissions, notably sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxide emissions On July 6, 2019 People’s Gas a Division of Tampa Electric Company, caused an explosion of a shopping center in Plantation, Florida known as the Market on University because People’s Gas failed to close and lock a gas line after a customer request dating back to December 2018  The failure to close and lock the gas line is a violation of Federal law and Florida law  Peoples/TECO claims that a computer program cancelled the shutoff order unbeknownst to the utility  TECO/Peoples hid the claimed computer error from state investigators  The computer error caused hundreds of gas line shutoff orders to be cancelled system wide  TECO/Peoples also blame the owner of the shopping center for not capping the gas line when the tenant removed a gas pizza oven  Over 60 lawsuits were filed in response to the explosion many of which remain pending 
In 2017, TECO had an explosion at its Big Bend power plant near Tampa, Florida killing 5 workers who were performing a dangerous procedure water jetting molten slag in a coal fired furnace  The workers were killed because an explosion occurred  TECO experienced the same type of accident 10 years prior and developed a policy to prevent future accidents but failed to train workers on the safety policy  In May 2022, TECO pleaded guilty to violating an OSHA safety regulation requiring a meeting to ensure workers are properly trained that would have prevented the deaths of the 5 workers  In August 2022 TECO was sentenced to a $500,000 fine and 3 years of probation  TECO admitted that it willfully violated an OSHA safety regulation as part of its guilty plea  
On September 28, 2017, TECO announced it was adding 600 MW of solar to its electricity-producing portfolio 

See also
List of power stations in Florida
TECO Line Streetcar (No longer operated by TECO)
Tampa Electric Co  v  Nashville Coal Co 
Passage 4:
Xcel Energy
Xcel Energy Inc  is a U S  regulated electric utility and natural gas delivery company based in Minneapolis, Minnesota, serving more than 3 7 million electric customers and 2 1 million natural gas customers across parts of eight states (Colorado, Minnesota, Wisconsin, Michigan, North Dakota, South Dakota, Texas and New Mexico)  It consists of four operating subsidiaries: Northern States Power-Minnesota, Northern States Power-Wisconsin, Public Service Company of Colorado, and Southwestern Public Service Co In December 2018, Xcel Energy announced it would deliver 100 percent clean, carbon-free electricity by 2050, with an 80 percent carbon reduction by 2035 (from 2005 levels)  This makes Xcel the first major US utility to set such a goal 

History
Xcel Energy was built on three companies: Minneapolis-based Northern States Power Company (NSP), Denver-based Public Service Company of Colorado (PSCo), and Amarillo-based Southwestern Public Service (SPS)  Southwestern Public Service Co  (SPS) dates its origins to 1904 and the Pecos Valley in New Mexico when Maynard Gunsell received an electricity franchise for the city of Roswell, New Mexico and its 2,000 residents  The financial strain of creating this new enterprise soon overwhelmed him and he sold the franchise to W H  Gillenwater, who named his utility the Roswell Electric Light Co  He later sold the company to an investment firm in Cleveland, Ohio, which already owned the Roswell Gas Co Northern States Power Company's timeline begins with the organization of the Washington County Light & Power Co  in 1909  When H  M  Byllesby began building his utility holding company across the Northwestern region of the US, he renamed it the Consumers Power Co  in 1910 and which was renamed the Northern States Power Co  in 1916  While the bulk of NSP's territory grew across central and southern Minnesota (starting from the Twin Cities), it acquired territory in North Dakota (centering on Fargo, Grand Forks, and Minot) and extended southwest into South Dakota (centering on Sioux Falls)  NSP's system also extended east into Wisconsin, but because of utility ownership laws in that state, it was operated as an entity separate from the rest of the company 
Public Service Company of Colorado (PSCo) was formed in 1923 to provide an electric generating station for the Denver area   By 1924, it had acquired most of the electric companies in northern and central Colorado  Originally a subsidiary of Cities Service Company, it became an independent autonomous operation in November 1943   By this time, it served 80 percent of Colorado's gas and electricity needs  As demand for energy continued to grow, so did PSCo   Eventually, the company merged with SPS to form New Century Energies (NCE) in 1995 Northern States Power and Wisconsin Energy Corporation had planned to merge into a new outfit that was to be called Primergy - but in 1997, the merger fell through because of the time it was taking to gain the required approvals from state and federal agencies  After the failed Primergy merger, NSP (both the Minnesota and Wisconsin companies) merged with New Century Energies to form Xcel Energy   In 2005, Xcel sold Cheyenne Light, Fuel and Power to Black Hills Corporation   Cheyenne Light, Fuel and Power had been a subsidiary of PSCo since the 1920s, and had become an operating company of NCE after the merger with SPS 
In December 2018, Xcel Energy became the first major US utility to pledge to go carbon-free, aiming for 80% carbon reduction by 2030, and 100% reduction by 2050 Utility industry magazine Utility Dive awarded Xcel Energy its 2018 "Utility of the Year" award for its plans for add 12 wind farms, its project with Google to develop new ways for customers to personalize energy management, and its plan to retire 50 percent of its coal-powered capacity by 2026 (and replacing it with a combination of renewable energy, efficiency, and natural gas) On May 20, 2019, Xcel Energy announced its intent to close all of its remaining coal-fired plants in Minnesota by 2030 while compensating by increasing solar production capacity by 1,400%  It also declared its plans to continue operating its Monticello nuclear plant near Monticello, Minnesota until at least 2040 On March 16, 2023, Xcel Energy announced that a significant unplanned release of radioactive water from its Monticello nuclear power plant took place on November 21, 2022, which was reported only to state and federal authorities but was concealed from the public until now  Xcel estimated the leak to be 400 thousand gallons of contaminated water containing radioactive tritium  The leak occurred in a water pipe that runs between two buildings 

Generation portfolio
Across Xcel Energy's eight-state service area, 49% of the power provided in 2021 came from carbon-free sources: biomass, hydroelectric and nuclear plants, solar panels and wind turbines Xcel Energy currently has 13 coal plants with a capacity of 7,697 MW  Seven of those plants are operated in Colorado  Xcel Energy owns and operates three wind farms  In October 2011, Xcel Energy set a world record for electricity from wind power, with an hourly penetration of 55 6% of production from wind Xcel Energy generates over 500 megawatts of hydroelectric power from 27 plants in Wisconsin, Minnesota, and Colorado  This accounts for only four percent of their electricity generation  They also purchase large amounts of hydro-generated electricity from Manitoba Hydro 

Biomass electricity comes from organic fuel sources  Xcel Energy has contracts for about 110 megawatts of electricity from biomass generators  Two in northern Minnesota are fueled by forest harvest residue, such as treetops and limbs  A third facility, brought on line in 2007 in western Minnesota, generates power using turkey litter Xcel Energy's Bay Front plant in Ashland, Wisconsin, is a three-unit generating station that has become a model for the creative use of fuels: coal, waste wood, railroad ties, discarded tires, natural gas, and petroleum coke   Two of the three Bay Front operating units already use biomass as their primary fuel   Xcel Energy recently proposed a plan to install biomass gasification technology at Bay Front  The waste-to-energy facilities use waste that would otherwise end up in landfills  The Wisconsin waste-to-energy plant burns wood waste in combination with refuse-derived fuel (RDF) Xcel Energy owns and operates two nuclear power plants: 

Monticello Nuclear Generating Plant near Monticello, Minnesota
Prairie Island Nuclear Generating Plant near Red Wing, Minnesotaand stores the spent fuel from these nuclear plants on site in independent spent fuel storage installations  (ISFSIs) 

System information and transmission
Xcel Energy operates the fourth largest transmission system in the United States, spanning 10 states  In 2011, Xcel Energy's transmission system was worth $3 3 billion The transmission system is operated on a non-discriminatory basis under the open access requirements of the Federal Government  This means that all wholesale buyers and sellers of electricity can use the transmission system under the same terms and conditions used to serve Xcel Energy's own retail customers   The transmission lines are utilized to carry 115,000 volts, 230,000 volts, and 345,000 volts   There is also a 500,000 volt transmission line that runs from the Dorsey Substation outside of Winnipeg, Manitoba in Canada to the Chisago Substation located in Chisago County just north of St  Paul, Minnesota 

Grid security
In 2017, Xcel Energy partnered with the Financial Services Information Sharing and Analysis Center to create a new "threat information sharing community" intended to share cyber and physical security intelligence with the energy sector  The new community is called the Energy Analytic Security Exchange (EASE)  It is run by the FS-ISAC Sector Services team; FS-ISAC is an organization that gathers cyber and physical risk intelligence for the financial services industry  Additionally, the North American Electric Reliability Council (NERC) manages the Electricity Information Sharing and Analysis Center, which is another resource that the energy sector uses to gather threat intelligence 

Advanced Grid in Colorado
In 2016, Xcel Energy announced the Advanced Grid Intelligence and Security (AGIS) initiative, a long-term effort related to power reliability, distributed generation, and information sharing with customers  Through the initiative, Xcel would build an "intelligent grid" in Colorado in order to improve grid security  The company filed a request for permission with the Colorado Public Utilities Commission for the program, which would cost $500 million 

Programs
Since 1998, Xcel Energy's Windsource program has allowed customers to designate that part or all of their electricity comes from a renewable energy source  In 2015, about 96,000 people were enrolled in Windsource  In 2011, more than 2 3 million electric and 261,800 natural gas customers took part in Xcel Energy's energy efficiency programs for homes and businesses Xcel Energy also offers customers incentives to install solar panels  At the end of 2011, more than 10,600 photovoltaic systems had been installed, with a capacity of about 121 megawatts (DC)  In early 2011, Xcel Energy suspended the solar rebate program before reaching a settlement a month later with representatives of solar power companies to restore the solar incentive program until it is fully reviewed by the Public Utilities Commission 

Controversies
On August 1, 2002, Xcel Energy Inc  was sued because of engaging in "round-trip" energy trades that provided no economic benefit for the company, and because the company lacked the necessary internal controls to adequately monitor the trading of its power  Xcel paid $80,000,000 in a settlement The Cabin Creek Fire occurred on October 2, 2007, at Xcel Energy's Hydropower Generation plant in Georgetown, Colorado  On June 1, 2011, Federal prosecutors opened their charges that Xcel Energy was criminally liable for the deaths of the five RPI workers  On June 28, the jury found Xcel Energy not guilty  On December 19, 2011, RPI Coating pleaded guilty to workplace safety violations and paid $1 55 million in a cash settlement  The company took responsibility for the deaths of five workers and the injuries to three  The U S  Chemical Safety and Hazard Investigation Board conducted an investigation of the incident  Its report can be found on the CSB website  It is considered one of the worst unmitigated incidents to occur in a permit-required confined space The parent company to Xcel Energy, and later Xcel Energy itself have operated the Prairie Island Nuclear Power Plant since 1973  Over that time, nuclear waste produced by the power plant has been stored adjacent to the Prairie Island Indian Community  The homes of some members of the community are within 600 yards of the nuclear waste containment site and, sitting within the banks of the Mississippi River, the island is very vulnerable to seasonal flooding  While in 1991, the Minnesota Public Utilities Commission capped the storage of nuclear waste on the island to 17 casks, the legislature has since permitted this number to increase  Environmentalists and members of the Prairie Island Indian Community have been working since 1994 to have this nuclear waste transported away from their reservation due to the combined risk of the temporary design of the storage facility, unpredictable flooding and single evacuation road in the event nuclear waste is released from containment 

See also
Plant X, Lamb County, Texas
Passage 5:
Electric Bond and Share Company
The Electric Bond and Share Company (Ebasco) was a United States electric utility holding company organized by General Electric  It was forced to divest its holding companies and reorganize due to the passage of the Public Utility Holding Company Act of 1935  Following the passage of the Act, the U S  Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) selected the largest of the U S  holding companies, Ebasco to be the test case of the law before the U S  Supreme Court  The court case known as Securities and Exchange Commission v  Electric Bond and Share company was settled in favor of the SEC on March 28, 1938  It took twenty-five years of legal action by  the SEC to break up Ebasco and the other major U S  electric holding companies until they conformed with the 1935 act  It was allowed to retain control of its foreign electric power holding company known as the American & Foreign Power Company (A&FP)  After its reorganization, it became an investment company, but soon turned into a major designer and engineer of both fossil fuel and nuclear power electric generation facilities  Its involvement in the 1983 financial collapse of the Washington Public Power Supply System's five nuclear reactors led to Ebasco's demise because of the suspension of nuclear power orders and lawsuits that included numerous asbestos claims  The U S  nuclear industry stopped all construction of new facilities following the 1979 nuclear meltdown at Three Mile Island, going into decline because of radiation safety concerns and major construction cost overruns 

History
The Electric Bond and Share Group was organized in 1905 as a holding company for electric utility company securities by General Electric using its employees' retirement investment fund  Morgan used his control of General Electric and his position as the country's most powerful financier to set in motion a plan to monopolize the entire country's electric industry via the Electric Bond and Share Group  Until his death in 1913, Morgan was opposed to any form of government regulation  His firing of Samuel Insull resulted with Insull moving to Chicago, where he organized the second-largest holding company in the country, the Middle West Utilities Company or what is known today as Exelon  Insull would actively promote the idea of a regulated monopoly because of the high cost of electrical infrastructure  About the same time as Teddy Roosevelt's trust busting campaign against Morgan, Rockefeller and other elites was gaining national attention, the National Civic Federation (NCF) was formed   It carried out extensive investigations and debates among prominent business men and organized labor over the issue of public vs  private ownership of electric power  Insull's public support for regulation helped popularize NCF's model legislation that quickly spread nationwide after the state of New York adopted its own variation  Morgan's son J  P  Morgan Jr  carried on with the House of Morgan, including his father's goal of a national electric monopoly but was up against the reformist progressive era 
By 1925, General Electric's Electric Bond & Share Group was the largest owner of U S  and foreign electric companies holding over 10% of the country's companies as subsidiaries organized into five major holding companies   General Electric made a purely symbolic gesture to reduce growing public anger by divesting control of the company leaving Morgan still in financial control  The Commonwealth & Southern Corporation, which owned several utility operating companies in the Midwest and the South, some of which became part of the Southern Company, and the reorganized Electric Bond And Share Company (EBASCo) were both part of J  P Morgan's syndicate via his J P  Morgan & Co  In 1926, its headquarters in New York City had over 1,000 employees, and controlled companies in 33 states worth $1 25 billion As public concern continued to mount by ratepayers of private electric power companies, the Federal Trade Commission carried out extensive investigations between 1928 and 1935  The commission's 48,000-page report included entire volumes for each of the country's major utility companies  The FTC valued EBASCo and its five holding companies at $3 5 billion, along with major investments in dozens of other major U S  companies  Within the five main holding companies were 121 U S  subsidiaries, along with a foreign holding company that operated in 16 countries and had 70 subsidies 
Because he was a strong proponent of public power, Franklin D  Roosevelt used the collapse of Samuel Insull's Middle West Utilities electric empire in June 1932 as one of his most important election campaign issues  The failed assassination attempt on his life in February 1933 later became part of U S  Marine Corps General Smedley Butler's claim of a Business Plot against Roosevelt by J  P  Morgan  On Roosevelt's first day in office, following his inauguration, he ordered the closure of the nation's banks, known as the bank holiday of 1933  In a joint session of the House and Senate, he pushed through the Emergency Banking Act along with Executive Order 6102 that blocked the hoarding of gold and stopped the major New York banks from taking gold supplies out of the country   Roosevelt then selected Ferdinand Pecora to investigate Morgan and the country's other major banks  Both Pecora and the Federal Trade Commission investigations  exposed the fact that the electric industry was the most capital intensive industry  The May 24th, 1933 Pecora hearings rocked the country, focusing on J P  Morgan and his financial empire, whose top lieutenants paid no taxes  In his 1939 book Wall Street Under Oath: The Story of Our Modern Money Changers, Ferdinand Pecora stated that "Undoubtedly, this small group of highly placed financiers, controlling the very springs of economic activity, holds more real power than any similar group in the United States "The 1933 Pecora Commission hearings identified the National City Company, known today as Citibank, as the location where Morgan conducted EBASCo's investment operations, which played a prominent role in the passage of the Glass–Steagall legislation  The Pecaro investigation along with the findings from the seven-year Federal Trade Commission investigation into electric holding companies nationwide led to the passage of the Public Utility Holding Company Act of 1935  which some historians say was "the fiercest congressional battle in history "  Following the act's passage, Ebasco sued the United States government claiming it was unconstitutional, but lost the case before the Supreme Court in 1938  Wendell Willkie, who was the president of one of J P  Morgan and Ebasco's biggest investments, known as the Southern Company, ran against Franklin D  Roosevelt in the 1940 presidential race, but lost 

EBASCo, known on Wall Street as (EBS) was included in the Dow Jones Utility Average from  1938 to 1947 

Securities and Exchange Commission breakup of EBASCo
Following the passage of the Public Utility Holding Company Act of 1935, the U S  Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) oversaw the closure, re-organization or divestment of EBASCo's holding companies except for its American & Foreign Power Co , making annual reports on its monumental legal breakup case between 1936 and 1961  The act was used to break up the country's electric industry into regions confined by state boundaries so that state agencies could properly regulate each company  Each year, the SEC reported on the compliance status of the industry   As of 1949, 210 holding companies affecting 918 of the country's electric companies had come under the SEC's legal jurisdiction and procedures, with 46 holding companies still active   In its 1949 annual report, the SEC documented the history of their order for EBASCo to break up its five major holding companies' combined assets worth $3 5 billion 
In 1940, congressional investigations of brokerage firms, insurance companies and their relationship to the electric industry exposed that Middle South Utilities, the Southern Group and Ebasco were all financed by Morgan Stanley, with Wall Street having financial influence over nearly 80% of the country's electric industry 
Following the passage of the 1935 Act, Ebasco went into the U S  court system in an attempt overturn the act but failed (see external links for major court cases)  Ebasco was then required to register its holding companies and comply with SEC orders  On August 23, 1941, its holding company known as the National Power & Light Co  was ordered to break up its 27 subsidiaries  On March 22, 1949, the SEC signed off on the final breakup of National that included major holdings in Pennsylvania PPL Corporation, the Carolinas and Alabama (see subsidiary list) 
On August 22, 1942, the SEC ordered the breakup of Ebasco's holding companies known as American Power & Light Corp  that included 35 subsidiaries and the Electric Power & Light Corporation with its 24 subsidiaries  American appealed the ruling but lost before the U S  Supreme Court on November 25, 1946  As of 1949, all but one of American's subsidiaries were in compliance  Electric Power and its sub-holding company United Gas Corporation finally agreed to its breakup on March 2, 1949  Electric Power was then re-organized as Middle South Utilities Inc  and is known today as Entergy 
In 1939, proceedings before the SEC were initiated to break up EBASCo's American Gas & Electric Company  On December 28, 1945, the agency agreed to allow it to retain control of its central region of subsidiaries in Indiana, Kentucky, Michigan, Ohio, Tennessee, Virginia, and West Virginia, if it let go of its companies in Pennsylvania and New Jersey  In 1946, it attempted to acquire the Continental Gas & Electric Corp  but was denied   American Gas & Electric Company was finally spun off in 1958 to become American Electric Power (AEP) 
As part of a national campaign to deregulate the electric industry, the Bush administration and Congress passed the Energy Policy Act of 2005 that repealed the 1935 Public Utility Holding Company Act 

EBASCo holding companies prior to 1935
The following EBASCo holding companies, which includes some of its subsidiaries came under enforcement by the Securities and Exchange Commission with the passage of the Public Utilities Holding Company Act of 1935 

American Gas & Electric Company
Incorporated in 1906, and controlled by EBASCo , American Gas & Electric Company was finally spun off in 1958 and became American Electric Power  AEP currently serves over 5 million electricity customers in eleven states  It is currently the 6th largest gas & electric company in the United States  Check the reference here for a recent list of AEP's  subsidiaries 
Appalachian Electric Power Co  - Known today as Appalachian Power
Ohio Power Co  - Known today as AEP Ohio
Indiana & Michigan Electric Co  - known today as Indiana Michigan Power
The Scranton Electric Co  was sold to PPL Corporation in 1956
Atlantic City Elec  Co  - Is currently a subsidiary of Exelon
Ky  & W  Va  Power Co  - known today as Kentucky Power
Wheeling Electric Co  - is currently a subsidiary of AEP
Indiana General Service Co 
Kingsport Utilities, Inc  - known today as Kingsport Power Company

American Power & Light Company
American Power & Light had over 35 subsidiaries prior to 1935   In 1942, the Securities and Exchange Commission ordered the holding company to be broken up, which was completed by 1951  Many of these companies are still in existence today  

Citizens Power & Light Co , Council Bluffs, Iowa 
Central Arizona Light & Power Co , Phoenix, Arizona, merged with Arizona Edison in 1952 to form Arizona Public Service
Florida Power & Light Co , Miami, Florida  It is a subsidiary of NextEra Energy Resources
Fort Worth Power & Light Co , Fort Worth, Texas  Became part of TU Electric in 1984 
Helena Gas & Electric Co , Helena, Montana 
Kansas Gas & Electric Co , general office, Wichita, Kansas, merged with Kansas Power and Light of Topeka in 1992 to form Westar Energy
Minnesota Power & Light Co , general office, Duluth, Minnesota 
Missoula Public Service Co , Missoula, Montana, acquired by Montana Power Company in 1929
Montana Power Company, Butte, Montana  is still operating today 
Nebraska Power Co , Omaha, Nebraska 
Northern Power Co , Superior, Wisconsin 
Northwestern Electric Co , Portland, Oregon 
Pacific Power & Light Co , Portland, Oregon  is known today as PacifiCorp and owned by Berkshire Hathaway Energy 
Portland Gas & Coke Co , Portland, Oregon 
St  Augustine Co , St  Augustine, Florida 
Superior Water, Light & Power Co , Superior, Wisconsin 
Texas Electric Service Co , Dallas, Texas  Became part of TU Electric in 1984 
Texas Power & Light Co , Dallas, Texas  Became part of TU Electric in 1984 
Texas Public Utilities Corp , Dallas, Texas  Became part of TU Electric 
Washington Water Power Co  (The), group, Spokane, Washington is known today as Avista 

Electric Power & Light Corporation
Incorporated in 1925 as a holding company for various Electric Bond & Shares Co  subsidiaries  The SEC ordered it sold off, a process that was completed in 1949, when it was renamed as Mid South Utilities, Inc  Today, it is known as Entergy 

Arkansas Power & Light Co , Little Rock, Arkansas 
Dallas Power & Light Cd  Dallas, Texas 
Idaho Power Co , Boise, Idaho 
Louisiana Gas & Fuel Co , Shreveport, Louisiana 
Louisiana Power & Light Co , New Orleans, Louisiana 
Mississippi Central Power Co , Jackson, Mississippi 
Mississippi Power & Light Co , Jackson, Mississippi 
Nevada Power Co , Boise, Idaho 
New Orleans Public Service Inc , New Orleans, Louisiana 
Salmon River Power & Light Co , Boise, Idaho 
Utah Light & Traction Co , Salt Lake City, Utah 
Utah Power & Light Co , Salt Lake City, Utah 
Western Colorado Power Co , Durango, Colorado 

National Power & Light Company
Incorporated 1925 as new holding company for various Electric Bond & Shares Co  subsidiaries  As part of the SEC's order, National Power was combined with Lehigh Power Securities with most of its other companies broken up   Today, National Power is known today as PPL Corporation

Birmingham Electric Co , Birmingham, Alabama 
Carolina Power & Light Co , Raleigh, North Carolina
Holston River Electric Corporation, Rogersville, Tennessee 
Houston Lighting & Power Co , Houston, Texas 
Knoxville Power & Light Co , Knoxville, Tennessee 
Memphis Power & Light Co , Memphis, Tennessee 
South Texas Utilities Co , Houston, Texas 
Tennessee Public Service Co , Newport, Tennessee 
West Tennessee Power & Light Co , Jackson, Tennessee 

Lehigh Power Securities Corporation
The Lehigh Power Securities Company was merged with EBASCo's National Power & Light Company 

Pennsylvania Power & Light Co , Allentown, Pennsylvania  - PPL Corporation today 
Lancaster Group, Edison Electric Co , Lancaster,  Pennsylvania 
Transit Group, Lehigh Valley Transit Co , Allentown, Pennsylvania 

American & Foreign Power Company
Following the failed merger negotiations with Canada's Royal Securities Corporation, American & Foreign Power Co  was created as a wholly owned EBASCo holding company in 1923 that had the goal of owning electric companies worldwide  With its agenda of enforcing patents, General Electric (GE) had been buying up electric stocks worldwide, but also started taking control of companies via its equipment sales and other services formerly performed by its holding company, the Electric Bond and Share Group   In 1917, Electric Bond and Share Group's first major foreign electric acquisition, at the request of the U S  government, to take control of electric production for two cities near the Panama Canal as a counter strategy against nearby German interests    In 1920, Electric Bond obtained control of Guatemalan electric facilities that the U S  government had seized from Germany during the war    This was followed in 1922 by a dramatic burst of purchasing across central and South America that was followed the next year by the formation of the American & Foreign Power Company 
In 1925, GE would dispose of its Ebasco stocks because of negative public opinion, however GE's chairman continued to sit on American & Foreign Power's board of directors while its founding president Sydney Z  Mitchell also stayed as president   In 1929 American & Foreign Power claimed to have worldwide assets of $750 million  By 1931 the holding company was supplying power to just under 1,000 communities around the world  Following the passage of the Public Utility Holding Company Act of 1935, Ebasco was allowed to retain control of American & Foreign Power Company as the law only applied to U S  based electric utility companies 
Electric development in Cuba is of unique historic concern   Following the Spanish–American War in 1898 the country was forced into an exclusive relationship with the United States   The U  S  allowed Cuba to be independent, but required it to operate under the Platt Amendment of 1901, turning it into an exclusive U S  plantation colony with its sugar exports only allowed to be marketed in the U S    Business interests deployed a combination of Scientific racism and Scientific management practices that left the country exclusively in the hands of American companies 
It started in 1922 with GE's representative, Henry Catlin purchasing General Gerardo Machado's electric company and then donating $500,000 to the general's successful bid to become Cuba's president in 1924  GE would spend $100 million to purchase control of Cuba's entire electric infrastructure    This led to 40 years of societal stresses, years of military dictatorships, the infamous U S  Mafia operations in Havana and the Cuban Revolution which allowed Cuba to  nationalize American & Foreign Power's control of the country's electric utilities 
American & Foreign Power Company also had operations in the following countries:

Argentina - 100 different electric companies
Brazil
Canada - British Columbia Power Corporation
Chile - all major electric utilities 
China - 1929 Shanghai Power Company purchased for $32 million
Colombia
Costa Rica
Cuba - Cuba Electric Co  taken public by Cuba in 1960
Ecuador
Guatemala
India
Italy - Italian Superpower Corporation
Japan -  Two Companies
Mexico
Panama - 1917 purchased two companies at the request of the U S  around the Panama Canal
Venezuela

Dixon-Yates Affair
With the election of President Eisenhower in 1952 as the first republican to hold office in 20 years, a major policy shift called "no new starts" began   All federal water and power projects that had been closely tied to local, state or federal ownership were ended   The scale of this policy shift was exposed with the Dixon-Yates affair, identifying the plan's source as the Pacific Gas & Electric Company   PG&E was known for getting conservative politicians to kill all funding to the massive Central Valley Project's grid, forcing the U S  Bureau of Reclamation to rely on the company to deliver the electricity  As a result, cooperatives in communities across northern California that were set up to get the low cost surplus power collapsed 
In 1954, President Eisenhower ordered the Atomic Energy Commission to buy 600,000 kilowatts of electricity for its Oak Ridge National Laboratory from two private electric companies rather than purchase power from the Tennessee Valley Authority in what is known as the Dixon-Yates contract   The attempt to bypass TVA's public power system next door to Oak Ridge stirred a national scandal following the testimony of James D Stietenroth, who was the secretary-treasurer of Mississippi Power Company who said that Middle South Utilities was still dominated by Ebasco Services  Stietenroth was fired the next day   Following the release of a secret report by industry insiders meant only for the president's eyes, Eisenhower was forced to cancel the contract on July 11, 1955 
In 1961, after 26 years of legal cases, Electric Bond and Share had complied with the SEC's orders and was no longer listed as an electric power holding company  In 1967, Electric Bond and Share merged with its former holding company, the American & Foreign Power Co  and was renamed Ebasco Industries the following year   Ebasco Industries held onto Ebasco Services Inc  as a subsidiary 

Ebasco Services
On November 27, 1935, the Electric Bond & Share Company setup Ebasco Services to manage its holding company empire, the day after the SEC filed a lawsuit ordering the company to register as a holding company as required by the passage of the Public Utility Company Holding Company Act  According to the asbestos legal case of FENICLE v  BOISE CASCADE COMPANY, Boise Cascade purchased control of Ebasco Industries and its subsidiary Ebasco Services in 1969  The Plaintiff's suit was countered by a legal maneuver called Piercing the corporate veil  In 1973 Halliburton purchased Ebasco Services from Boise Cascade, but the Justice Department reversed the sale over concerns that it gave Halliburton control over too much of the industry's engineering expertise By the mid-1970s, Ebasco had stepped beyond its 1961 filing with the SEC, claiming its intention of becoming an investment company  It was now actively involved with the construction of nuclear and fossil fuel power facilities  In 1976, according to Encyclopedia com a Texas oil company named  Ensearch acquired Ebasco  Ensearch was originally known as Texas Power & Light Co  and had been one of Ebasco's original subsidiaries prior to 1935, that is now TXU Energy  By 1980, EBASCO had three divisions: A/E Ebasco Services, Ebasco Environmental, which provided environmental services, and Ebasco Engineering and Construction  On November 16, 1982, according to a filing made with the Texas Secretary of state, Ebasco Engineering and Construction filed as a foreign for-profit company  Ebasco Environmental was sold to Foster Wheeler, Inc , becoming Foster Wheeler Environmental 
Ebasco had become one of the major US architect-engineers, coordinating the design of many nuclear power plants both in the US and abroad  On May 22, 1956, Ebasco's subsidiary, American & Foreign Power Co  announced plans to build two nuclear power facilities in Latin America, very likely in Cuba since they held 100% of the country's electric production  Other major nuclear construction plans included the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant (units 1, 2 and 6)  It also had the original contract to design and build the Bataan Nuclear station in the Philippines, but was replaced by Westinghouse  Ebasco's involvement with the financial collapse of the Washington Public Power Supply System's (WPPSS) massive five nuclear reactors  led to a lawsuit against the company in 1992 over asbestos contamination Raytheon acquired Ebasco in 1994 and was known as Raytheon Ebasco Overseas Ltd  At this time, Ebasco was known to have subsidiaries in 11 foreign countries  The Raytheon subsidiary, Raytheon Engineers & Constructors that owned Ebasco Services was later sold to Morrison Knudsen Corporation where the combined company was named the Washington Group International, Inc , a firm with more than $5 billion in annual revenues and a backlog of some $6 6 billion, marking it one of the largest in the engineering and construction industry at that time with more than 38,000 employees at work in more than 40 countries  Washington Group International, which filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy in 2001  At the time of the filing, there were four known Ebasco entities involved in the bankruptcy that included the Delaware-based Ebasco International Corporation   The Washington Group's headquarters were at the World Trade Center in 2001  Ebasco had been at the WTC since 1980 and at one point was its largest tenant with over 2,000 employees, leasing over 600,000 sq  ft  There were less than 20 employees of the 180 still at the World Trade Center on 911  In 2007 Washington Group was purchased by URS Corporation, which was purchased by AECOM in 2014 that is now one of the largest engineering firms in the world 
Following the 2007 takeover of TXU Corp , which included plans to construct two new next generation nuclear power stations at Commanche Peak, the company eventually ran into further financial difficulties and filed for bankruptcy in 2014   On February 27, 2018, Energy Futures Holdings (EFH), formerly known as TXU Corp , which was one of Ebasco's pre-1935 subsidiaries came out of bankruptcy reorganization as TXU Energy  EFH had a subsidiary known as EEC Holdings which owned Ebasco Canada Ltd  that was incorporated in Delaware  Ebasco Canada was shut down on April 29, 2014, as part of the EFH bankruptcy process According to a 2015 Sun Sentinel news story, Ebasco's American and Foreign Power Company is owned by another company - Office Depot  The article says that when Boise Cascade sold off Ebasco Services to Raytheon, it held onto American & Foreign Power Co 's foreign investments   Boise Cascade purchased OfficeMax and took its name in 2003   According to the article, OfficeMax was then purchased by Office Depot in 2013, and was proposing to merge with Staples in 2015  One of the subsidiaries of American & Foreign Power Co   was the former Cuban Power Co  that has filed a $267 5 million claim against Cuba with the Foreign Claims Settlement Commission that still has thousands of investors holding stock in the nationalized company  The Office Depot and Staples merger was abandoned in 2016 after a judge blocked the plan In 2016, The Indian subsidiary Raytheon Ebasco Overseas Ltd  appeared in an Indian court over Tax problems Meanwhile, the Dutch registered CT Corporation is listing itself as the agent for Ebasco in 43 states and the District of Columbia 
See Boise Cascade v  United States for more background on the activities of Ebasco Industries In addition, The law firm of Reid and Priest used to be part of the army of lawyers that failed to stop Ebasco from being dismantled   It became part of Reid, Priest and Thelen LLP which also just dissolved 
Today there is a company Named Ebasco Trading Co  listed in Dubai  Its unknown what its relationship is to the original company 
See Ebasco Services for its whistle-blowing problems  See External links for a list of major legal cases Ebasco has been involved in   Note that this list is no where exhaustive since the company was constantly caught up in legal cases against its own employees, insurance companies and regulatory oversight agencies nationwide 
The Public Utilities Holding Company Act of 1935 was repealed by the Energy Policy Act of 2005
Passage 6:
Spire Inc
Spire Inc  (NYSE: SR) is a regional public utility holding company based in St  Louis, Missouri, providing natural gas service through its regulated core utility operations while engaging in non-regulated activities that provide business opportunities  Its primary subsidiary Laclede Gas Company is the largest natural gas distribution utility in Missouri, serving approximately 631,000 residential, commercial and industrial customers in the City of St  Louis and ten counties in eastern Missouri   Its corporate headquarters is located in the 700 Market building in downtown St  Louis 
On April 29, 2016, the company began trading on the New York Stock Exchange under the symbol SR   It had previously been known as the Laclede Group, trading under the symbol LG 

History
Laclede Gas Company was one of the original 12 industrial companies that made up the Dow Jones Industrial Average but was removed in 1899  On December 7, 2009, executives from The Laclede Group visited the New York Stock Exchange (NYSE) to ring the closing bell and commemorate the company’s 120th anniversary of trading on the exchange  The Company first listed its stock on November 14, 1889, making it the 8th-oldest listed stock on the NYSE 
On February 1, 2012, Laclede hired its first female CEO, Suzanne Sitherwood  Sitherwood earned a bachelor of science degree in industrial engineering technology from the Southern College of Technology and an MBA from Brenau University In 2013, The Laclede Group acquired Missouri Gas Energy from Southern Union Company, expanding their Missouri holdings to include Kansas City 
In 2014 Laclede acquired Alabama Gas Corporation (Alagasco), which serves the Greater Birmingham, East Lauderdale County, Gadsden, Jasper, Anniston-Oxford, Greater Tuscaloosa, Greater Montgomery, Opelika-Auburn, Tuskegee, Selma, and many Black Belt communities as Spire Alabama Inc 
On April 28, 2016, The Laclede Group shareholders approved renaming the company to Spire   Later in 2016, Spire acquired Energy South, Inc from Sempra U S  Gas & Power, the parent company of Mobile Gas and Willmut Gas   Mobile Gas operates in Mobile, Alabama as Spire Gulf Coast Inc  while Willmut gas operates in Hattiesburg, Mississippi as Spire Mississippi Inc  

See also
Laclede Gas Company - Subsidiary of the Laclede Group
Laclede Gas Building
Passage 7:
North American Company
The North American Company was a holding company incorporated in New Jersey on June 14, 1890, and controlled by Henry Villard, to succeed to the assets and property of the Oregon and Transcontinental Company  It owned public utilities and public transport companies and was broken up in 1946, largely to comply with the Public Utility Holding Company Act of 1935 
Its headquarters were at 60 Broadway in Manhattan 

Holdings
In 1889 New Jersey passed legislation to facilitate the control of other companies by another corporation with a goal of encouraging trusts to convert into holding companies and relocate to that state  To take advantage of these expanded corporate powers, in 1890 Oregon and Transcontinental, which was an Oregon corporation, re-incorporated as a holding company in New Jersey and became the North American Company By 1940, North American was a US$2 3 billion holding company directly and indirectly heading up  80 companies  It controlled ten major direct subsidiaries in eight of which it owned at least 79%  Three of the ten were major holding companies:
Union Electric Company of St  Louis, Missouri
Washington Railway and Electric Company
North American Light and Power CompanyFour of the ten direct subsidiaries were operating companies:

Cleveland Electric Illuminating Company
Pacific Gas and Electric
Detroit Edison Company
Wisconsin Electric Power CompanyThe remaining three of the ten direct subsidiaries were:

North American Utility Securities Corporation
West Kentucky Coal Company
60 Broadway Building CorporationAt various times during its existence, North American also owned substantial interests in these other companies as well:

The Milwaukee Electric Railway and Light Company: Formed in 1896 as a subsidiary of the North American Company  By 1929, it operated within North American Company along with Wisconsin Electric Power Company, which became the consolidated name of the two operating companies in 1938  It now belongs to Wisconsin Energy Corporation (NYSE: WEC)
Capital Transit: Formed on December 1, 1933, in Washington, D C  from merger of Washington Railway, Capital Traction, and Washington Rapid Transit  North American owned it through its holding company subsidiary, Washington Railway and Electric Company, which in turn was the holding company for the merged lines, owning 50% of Capital Transit 
Potomac Electric Power Company
Cincinnati Gas & Electric Company
Union Light, Heat and Power of Covington, Kentucky
Northern Natural Gas Company
Butte Electric and Power Company
Laclede Gas Company
Edison Securities Corporation
Wired Radio, Inc  (Muzak)
North American Edison Company
St  Louis United Railways Company

History
The Public Utility Holding Company Act of 1935 passed with the intent of breaking up interstate electric holding companies by limiting company operations to a single state, thus subjecting them to effective state regulation  The North American Company fought the legislation in court, and the company was not broken up by the Securities and Exchange Commission until their loss before the Supreme court in North American Co  v  SEC on April 1, 1946 

Dow Jones Industrial Average
North American's stock was one of the twelve component stocks of the May 1896 original Dow Jones Industrial Average, but it was replaced later that same year  In 1928, when the number of stocks comprising the DJIA was increased to 30, North American was re-added to the list but was replaced again in 1930  The two periods when it was a component were:

May 26, 1896 – August 26, 1896, replaced by U  S  Cordage
October 1, 1928 – January 29, 1930, replaced by Johns-Manville

See also
John I  Beggs (former director)
Clement Studebaker Jr  (chairman of North American Light and Power Co)
Passage 8:
Alfred A  Marcus
Alfred Allen Marcus (born 1950) is an American author and the Edson Spencer Professor of Strategy and Technology Leadership at the Carlson School of Management, University of Minnesota and the Technological Leadership Institute  He has worked as a consultant with companies such as 3M, Corning Inc , Xcel Energy, Medtronic, General Mills, and IBM and has also taught as a visiting professor at Technion, INCAE, BI Norwegian Business School, Fordham University, and MIT 

Environmental and energy policy career
Marcus was born in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania and grew up in the Squirrel Hill neighborhood  He attended the University of Chicago for his bachelor's and master's degrees, before finishing his PhD in political science at Harvard University under James Q  Wilson  Outside academy, he has worked on environmental and energy policy analysis during the Carter and Reagan years at the Battelle Human Affairs Research Centers in Seattle, Washington  There he conducted and participated in studies on the commercialization of alternative energy technologies and new energy saving technologies 
Following the Three Mile Island nuclear power incident, he also became involved in the work carried out by the Nuclear Regulatory Commission on the organization and management of nuclear power plants  Marcus has written many academic articles relating to organizational safety in publications like the Academy of Management Journal, the Strategic Management Journal, and Organization Science 

Published works
His work focuses primarily on  the relationship between public policy, the environment, and American business and his books include: 

Promise and Performance: Choosing and Implementing an Environmental Policy (1980) - Praeger  ISBN 0-313-207070
The Adversary Economy (1984) - Praeger  ISBN 0-899-300553
Managing Environmental Issues: A Casebook (1992) - Prentice Hall  ISBN 0-135-638917
Controversial Issues in Energy Policy (1992) - SAGE Publications  ISBN 0-803-939701
Reinventing Environmental Regulation: Lessons from Project XL (2002) -Routledge  ISBN 1-891-853090
Strategic Foresight - A New Look at Scenarios (2010)  - Palgrave Macmillan  ISBN 0-230-611729
Innovations in Sustainability (2015) - Cambridge University Press  ISBN 1-107-42111X

Selected bibliography
See also
Paul Shrivastava
Passage 9:
North American Co  v  SEC
North American Co  v  Securities and Exchange Commission, 327 U S  686 (1946), is a United States Supreme Court case holding that a Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) order under the Public Utility Holding Company Act (PUHCA) directing a public utility holding company to divest its securities of all companies except for one electric company did not violate the Commerce Clause or the Fifth Amendment to the United States Constitution 

Background
PUHCA was one of a number of trust-busting and securities regulation initiatives that were enacted in response to the Wall Street Crash of 1929 and ensuing Great Depression, including the collapse of Samuel Insull's public utility holding companies  By 1932, the eight largest utility holding companies controlled 73 percent of the investor-owned electric industry  Their complex, highly leveraged, corporate structures were very difficult for individual states to regulate  PUHCA required electric company holding companies to register with the SEC, and authorized the SEC to limit a holding company to a single integrated electric system through the divestiture of its other public utility and unrelated companies 
The North American Company, formed in 1890, was a holding company in a system that by 1940 contained 80 companies operating in seventeen states and the District of Columbia  These included the Union Electric Company, which operated an electric system around St  Louis, Missouri, and subsidiaries in Illinois and Iowa, the Washington Railway and Electric Company, and the North American Light and Power Company with systems in Kansas, Missouri, Illinois, and Iowa and its subsidiaries Cleveland Electric Illuminating Company, Pacific Gas and Electric, and Detroit Edison Company  In addition, North American also owned an investment trust company and West Kentucky Coal Company  Together the various electric systems served more than 3,000,000 customers in a service territory of 165,000 square miles 
North American initially challenged the constitutionality of PUHCA and requested an injunction against its enforcement, but the Supreme Court in Landis v  North American Co , held that the case was premature and that North American should register and then litigate the constitutionality of PUHCA after the SEC conducted its proceeding  North American then registered in 1937 as a holding company with the SEC, reserving its right to challenge the validity of the remaining portions of PUHCA  After initiating an administrative proceeding, the SEC issued an order requiring divestiture of North American's securities in companies other than the Union Electric Company  North American appealed, but in 1943 the Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit upheld the order  Arguing that ownership of securities was not interstate commerce within the meaning of the Commerce Clause and that the divestiture ordered by the SEC was a taking in violation of the Fifth Amendment, North American appealed to the Supreme Court, which granted certiorari 

Opinion
The opinion by Justice Murphy first concluded that North American was engaged in interstate commerce and through its substantial stock ownership dominated its subsidiaries  The opinion then noted that North American's argument that PUHCA's divestiture provision was invalid because ownership of securities was not commerce had been previously rejected by the Court in the anti-trust case of Northern Securities Co  v  United States  Under its authority under the Commerce Clause, Congress could regulate to protect the freedom of interstate commerce using any means that were lawful and not prohibited by the Constitution  Under Northern Securities, Congress could deal with and affect the ownership of securities to protect the freedom of commerce, which it did in fashioning the divestiture remedy in PUHCA 
Lastly, the Court dismissed the takings argument, noting that Congress had weighed the benefit to shareholders of efficient, common management of diversified companies against the actual and potential harm to the public, investors, and consumers from the use of pooled investments, and determined that the economic advantages of a holding company atop an unintegrated, sprawling electric system were not commensurate with the resulting economic disadvantages  In addition, it was not clear that there would be a loss necessary for a takings claim under the Fifth Amendment  PUHCA does not require the dumping or forced liquidation of the securities on the market for cash, so the stock of the companies ordered divested could be distributed to the shareholders or sold under a plan that protects shareholder rights  The Court determined that it could not conclude that North American shareholders were disadvantaged by the operation of the divestiture provision of PUHCA 
Justices Reed, Douglas and Jackson did not participate in the consideration of the case  Although Chief Justice Stone had initially recused himself for a disclosed reason, but when he discovered that his disqualification plus those of the other justices would result in the lack of a quorum, he reversed his position 

Subsequent events
PUHCA was repealed by the Energy Policy Act of 2005 effective February 8, 2006 

See also
List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 327



ground_truth: Xcel Energy Inc.