prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: Where is the company that created Doravirine ( from?

The following are given passages.
Context 1: Passage 1:
Merck &amp; Co 
Merck & Co , Inc  is an American multinational pharmaceutical company headquartered in Rahway, New Jersey, and is named for Merck Group, founded in Germany in 1668, of whom it was once the American arm  The company does business as Merck Sharp & Dohme or MSD outside the United States and Canada  It is one of the largest pharmaceutical companies in the world, generally ranking in the global top five by revenue Merck & Co  was originally established as the American affiliate of Merck Group in 1891  Merck develops and produces medicines, vaccines, biologic therapies and animal health products  It has multiple blockbuster drugs or products each with 2020 revenues including cancer immunotherapy, anti-diabetic medication and vaccines against HPV and chickenpox 
The company is ranked 71st on the 2022 Fortune 500 and 87th on the 2022 Forbes Global 2000, both based on 2021 revenues 

Products
The company develops medicines, vaccines, biologic therapies and animal health products  In 2020, the company had 6 blockbuster drugs or products, each with over $1 billion in revenue: Keytruda (pembrolizumab), a humanized antibody used in cancer immunotherapy that had $14 3 billion in 2020 revenue; Januvia (sitagliptin), an anti-diabetic medication used to treat type 2 diabetes that had $5 3 billion in 2020 revenue; Gardasil, an HPV vaccine that had $3 9 billion in 2020 revenue; Varivax, a varicella vaccine used to protect against chickenpox that had $1 9 billion in 2020 revenues; Bridion (Sugammadex), a neuromuscular-blocking drug that had $1 2 billion in 2020 revenue; and Pneumovax 23, a pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine that had $1 1 billion in 2020 revenue  Other major products by the company include Isentress (raltegravir), an antiretroviral medication used to treat HIV/AIDS that had $857 million in 2020 revenue; Simponi (golimumab), a human monoclonal antibody used as an immunosuppressive drug that had $838 million in 2020 revenue; RotaTeq, a rotavirus vaccine that had $797 million in 2020 revenue; and Lynparza (olaparib), a medication for the maintenance treatment of BRCA-mutated advanced ovarian cancer in adults that generated $725 million in 2020 revenue for the company Details of Merck's major products are as follows:

Januvia (sitagliptin) is a dipeptidyl peptidase IV inhibitor for the treatment of type 2 diabetes  In 2013, Januvia was the second largest selling diabetes drug worldwide  Januvia is commonly paired with the generic anti-diabetes drug metformin  It has been popular due in part because unlike many other diabetes drugs, it causes little or no weight gain and is not associated with hypoglycemic episodes  Merck also sells a single pill combination drug containing both Januvia and metformin under the trade name Janumet  There has been some concern that treatment with Januvia and other DPP-IV inhibitors may be associated with a modestly increased risk of pancreatitis 
Zetia (ezetimibe) is a drug for hypercholesterolemia that acts by inhibiting the absorption of dietary cholesterol  Zetia has been controversial, as it was initially approved based on its impact on serum cholesterol levels without proof that it actually impacted the incidence of cardiovascular disease  Results of the IMPROVE-IT study, however, introduced at the 2014 Scientific Sessions of the American Heart Association, showed a statistically significant, albeit modest, benefit in adding Zetia to simvastatin for high-risk, post-acute-coronary-syndrome patients 
Remicade (infliximab) is a monoclonal antibody directed toward the cytokine TNF-alpha and used for the treatment of a wide range of autoimmune disorders, including rheumatoid arthritis, Crohn's disease, ankylosing spondylitis, plaque psoriasis, and others  Remicade and other TNF-alpha inhibitors exhibit additive therapeutic effects with methotrexate and improve quality of life  Adverse effects include increased risk of infection and certain cancers  Merck had rights to the drug in certain areas, while Janssen Biotech had rights in other areas; in 2017, Merck announced a biosimilar to Remicade, Renflexis 
Gardasil (recombinant human papilloma virus vaccine) is a vaccine against multiple serotypes of human papilloma virus (HPV), which is responsible for most cases of cervical cancer worldwide 
Isentress (raltegravir) is a human immunodeficiency virus integrase inhibitor for the treatment of HIV infection  It is the first anti-HIV compound having this mechanism of action  It is part of one of several first line treatment regimens recommended by the United States Department of Health and Human Services 
Keytruda (pembrolizumab) is an immune modulator for the treatment of cancer  On September 4, 2014, the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved Pembrolizumab (MK-3475) as a breakthrough therapy for melanoma treatment  In clinical trials, pembrolzumab provided partial tumor regression in about one quarter of patients, many of whom have not seen further progression of their disease in over 6 months of follow-up 
Invanz (Ertapenem) is an injectable antibiotic, rights to which Merck has owned since 1999  Merck was in a legal dispute with the Taiwanese company Savior Lifetec over their attempt to secure rights to sell a generic drug version in the United States  Savior has since obtained approval to market generic ertapenem 
Mexsana is an antiseptic medicated powder 
Mectizan (ivermectin) is an anti-parasitic medicine traditionally used to treat river blindness  It is the focus of Merck's Mectizan Donation Program, wherein Merck has donated doses of the drug to treat millions of people in countries such as Yemen and African nations 
Molnupiravir is an antiviral pill to treat COVID-19, developed in partnership with Ridgeback Biotherapeutics Merck & Co  publishes The Merck Manuals, a series of medical reference books for physicians, nurses, technicians, and veterinarians  These include the Merck Manual of Diagnosis and Therapy, the world's best-selling medical reference  The Merck Index, a compendium of chemical compounds, was published by Merck & Co  until it was acquired by the Royal Society of Chemistry in 2012 

History
Roots and early history
Merck & Co  traces its origins to its former German parent company Merck Group, which was established by the Merck family in 1668 when Friedrich Jacob Merck purchased a drug store in Darmstadt  In 1827, Merck Group evolved from a pharmacy to a drug manufacturer company with the commercial manufacture of morphine  Merck perfected the chemical process of deriving morphine from opium and later introduced cocaine, used to treat sinus problems and to add to beverages to boost energy levels In 1887 a German-born, long-time Merck employee, Theodore Weicker, went to the United States to represent Merck Group  In 1891, with $200,000 received from E  Merck, Weicker started Merck & Co , with headquarters in lower Manhattan  That year George Merck, the 23-year-old son of the then head of E  Merck (and grandson of the founder) joined Weicker in New York  Merck & Co  operated from 1891 to 1917 as the US subsidiary of the Merck Group 

Nationalization
After the U S  entered World War I, due to its German connections, Merck & Co  was the subject of expropriation under the Trading with the Enemy Act of 1917  In 1919, George W  Merck, in partnership with Goldman Sachs and Lehman Brothers, bought the company back at a U S  government auction for $3 5 million, but Merck & Co  remained a separate company from its former German parent  Merck & Co  holds the trademark rights to the "Merck" name in the United States and Canada, while its former parent company retains the rights in the rest of the world; the right to use the Merck name was the subject of litigation between the two companies in 2016 In 1929, H  K  Mulford Company merged with Sharp and Dohme, Inc  and brought vaccine technology, including immunization of cavalry horses in World War I and delivery of a diphtheria antitoxin to Merck & Co 
In 1943, Streptomycin was discovered during a Merck-funded research program in Selman Waksman's laboratory at Rutgers University  It became the first effective treatment for Tuberculosis  At the time of its discovery, sanatoriums for the isolation of tuberculosis-infected people were a ubiquitous feature of cities in developed countries, with 50% dying within 5 years of admission  Although Merck's agreement with Rutgers gave it exclusive rights to streptomycin, at Waksman's request the company renegotiated the agreement, returning the rights to the university in exchange for a royalty  The university then set up non-exclusive licenses with seven companies to ensure a reliable supply of the antibiotic 

1950–2000
In the 1950s, thiazide diuretics were developed by Merck scientists Karl H  Beyer, James M  Sprague, John E  Baer, and Frederick C  Novello and led to the marketing of the first drug of this class, chlorothiazide, under the trade name Duiril in 1958  The research leading to the discovery of chlorothiazide, leading to "the saving of untold thousands of lives and the alleviation of the suffering of millions of victims of hypertension" was recognized by a special Public Health Award from the Lasker Foundation in 1975 In 1953, Merck & Co  merged with Philadelphia-based Sharp & Dohme, Inc , becoming the largest U S  drugmaker  Sharp and Dohme had acquired H  K  Mulford Company in 1929, adding smallpox vaccines to its portfolio  The combined company kept the trade name Merck in the United States and Canada, and as Merck Sharp & Dohme (MSD) outside North America In 1965, Merck & Co  acquired Charles Frosst Ltd  of Montreal (founded 1899), creating Merck-Frosst Canada, Inc , as its Canadian subsidiary and pharmaceutical research facility  Merck & Co  closed this facility in July 2010 but remerged in 2011 as Merck Canada Maurice Hilleman, a scientist at Merck, developed the first mumps vaccine in 1967, the first rubella vaccine in 1969, and the first trivalent measles, mumps, rubella (MMR vaccine) in 1971  The incidence of rubella-associated birth defects fell from up to 10,000 per year in the U S  to zero in the aftermath of the rubella vaccine's development  Hilleman also developed the first Hepatitis B vaccine and the first varicella vaccine, for chickenpox The company was incorporated in New Jersey in 1970  John J  Horan became CEO and Chairman in 1976, serving until 1985  Under his leadership, the company's investment in R&D grew threefold, and Merck became the largest pharmaceutical company in the world In 1979, Merck scientists developed lovastatin (Mevacor), the first drug of the statin class Merck scientist William C  Campbell and Satoshi Ōmura developed ivermectin for veterinary use in 1981, and later put it to human use against Onchocerciasis in 1987–88 with the name Mectizan; today the compound is used against river blindness, lymphatic filariasis, scabies and other parasitic infections In 1982, the company formed a joint venture, KBI Inc , with AstraZeneca  During the late 1980s and 1990s, the company also established joint ventures with DuPont to access research and development expertise, and with Johnson & Johnson to sell over-the-counter consumer medications In 1985, Merck received approval for imipenem, the first member of the carbapenem class of antibiotics  Antibiotics of the carbapenem class play an important role in treatment guidelines for certain hospital-acquired and multi-drug resistant infections  P  Roy Vagelos became CEO and Chairman that year, succeeding Horan In 1991, Merck's Kelco subsidiary was responsible for volatile organic compound (VOC) emission pollution in the San Diego area  In 1996 Merck paid $1 8 million for polluting the air  New machines were installed to reduce smog emissions by 680,000 lb (310,000 kg) a year In November 1993, Merck & Co  acquired Medco Containment Services for $6 billion  Merck & Co  spun Medco off ten years later 

2001–2019
In May 2002, The Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation purchased stock in Merck From 2002 through 2005, the Australian affiliate of Merck paid publishing house Elsevier an undisclosed amount to produce eight issues of a medical journal, the Australasian Journal of Bone and Joint Medicine  Although it gave the appearance of being an independent peer-reviewed journal, without any indication that Merck had paid for it, the journal actually reprinted articles that originally appeared in other publications and that were favorable to Merck  The misleading publication came to light in 2009 during a personal injury lawsuit filed over Vioxx; 9 of 29 articles in the journal's second issue referred positively to Vioxx  The CEO of Elsevier's Health Sciences Division, Michael Hansen, admitted that the practice was "unacceptable" In 2005, CEO Raymond Gilmartin retired following Merck's voluntary worldwide withdrawal of Vioxx  Former president of manufacturing Richard Clark was named CEO and company president In November 2009, Merck & Co  completed a merger with Schering-Plough in a US$41 billion deal  Although Merck & Co  was in reality acquiring Schering-Plough, the purchase was declared a "reverse merger", in which "Old" Merck & Co  was renamed Merck Sharp & Dohme, and Schering-Plough renamed as "Merck & Co , Inc  The maneuver was an attempt avoid a "change-of-control" in order to preserve Schering-Plough's rights to market Remicade  A settlement with Johnson & Johnson was reached in 2011, in which Merck agreed to pay $500 million  Merck Sharp & Dohme remains a subsidiary of the Merck & Co  parent Richard Clark retired as CEO and company president in October 2011 and Kenneth Frazier became CEO In October 2013, Merck announced it would cut 8,500 jobs in an attempt to cut $2 5 billion from its costs by 2015  Combined with 7,500 job cuts announced in 2011 and 2012, the layoffs amounted to 20% of its workforce By 2014, research performed at Merck has led to U S  FDA approval of 63 new molecular entities In August 2014, Merck acquired Idenix Pharmaceuticals for $3 85 billion In December 2014, the company acquired Swiss biotechnology company OncoEthix for up to $375 million Between 2010 and 2015, the company cut around 36,450 jobs  During that time, the company sold its consumer health business to Bayer and narrowed the company's focus to immunology, vaccines, diabetes, emerging markets and medicines used in hospitals, like certain antibiotics In January 2015, Merck acquired Cubist Pharmaceuticals In July 2015, Merck and Ablynx expanded their 18-month-old immuno-oncology collaboration by four years, generating a potential $4 4 billion in milestone payments for the Abylnx  The company also announced it would spend $95 million up front collaborating with cCAM Biotherapeutics and its early-stage treatment similar to Keytruda  Merck & Co  will bring in CM-24, an antibody designed to block the immune checkpoint CEACAM1 In January 2016, Merck announced two new partnerships; the first with Quartet Medicine and its small molecule pain treatments, the second with Complix investigating intracellular cancer targets, with both collaborations potentially generating up to $595 million and $280 million respectively  Days later the company announced it would acquire IOmet Pharma, with IOmet becoming a wholly owned subsidiary of Merck & Co  The acquisition includes IOmets indoleamine-2,3-dioxygenase 1 (IDO), tryptophan 2,3-dioxygenase (TDO), and dual-acting inhibitors In July 2016, the company acquired Afferent Pharmaceuticals, developer of a candidate used to block P2RX3 receptors, for approximately $1 billion, plus up to $750 million in milestone payments In 2017, Merck bought the PARP inhibitor Lynparza from AstraZeneca In April 2017, Merck Animal Health acquired Vallée S A , a Brazilian animal health product manufacturer In September 2017, the company announced it would acquire Rigontec, developer of a candidate to target the retinoic acid-inducible gene I pathway, for $554 million In October 2017, the company granted the inaugural Merck-AGITG Clinical Research Fellowship in Gastro-Intestinal (GI) Cancer to David Lau, a professional in Melbourne, Australia In June 2018, Merck acquired Viralytics, an Australian viral cancer drug company, for AUD$502 million In 2018, Merck began the submission process for a Biologics License Application to the Food and Drug Administration under the Breakthrough Therapy Designation for an investigational vaccine, called V920, to fight the Zaire strain of the Ebola virus In April 2019, the company acquired Immune Design for approximately $300 million, gaining access to its immunotherapy programs  It also acquired Antelliq Group for $2 4 billion, or $3 7 billion including debt In May 2019, Merck announced it would acquire Peloton Therapeutics, developer of a HIF-2alpha inhibitor for Von Hippel–Lindau disease-associated renal cell carcinoma, for up to $2 2 billion In June 2019, Merck announced it would acquire Tilos Therapeutics for up to $773 million In November 2019, the company acquired Calporta, which focused on Parkinsons and Alzheimers treatments In December 2019, Merck Animal Health acquired Vaki, an aquaculture company, from Pentair 

2020–present
In January 2020, Merck acquired ArQule, developer of ARQ 531, an oral Bruton's tyrosine kinase (BTK) inhibitor, for $2 7 billion In March 2020, Merck was one of ten companies recognised at the inaugural Manufacturing Awards by New Jersey Business magazine and the New Jersey Business and Industry Association In June 2020, Merck acquired Themis Bioscience, a company focused on vaccines and immune-modulation therapies for infectious diseases including COVID-19 and cancer Also in June 2020, Merck Animal Health acquired Quantified Ag, a data and analytics company that monitors cattle body temperature and movement in order to detect illness early In August 2020, Merck Animal Health acquired IdentiGEN, engaged in DNA-based animal traceability In September 2020, Merck acquired $1 billion of Seattle Genetics common stock, and agreed to co-develop ladiratuzumab vedotin In November 2020, Merck announced it would acquire VelosBio for $2 75 billion, developer of VLS-101, an antibody-drug conjugate designed to target Tyrosine kinase-like orphan receptor 1 (ROR1) in both hematological and solid tumors  VLS-101 is currently Phase I and Phase II clinical trials  The company also announced it would acquire OncoImmune for $425 million and its phase 3 candidate, CD24Fc, used in the treatment of patients with severe and critical COVID-19 In February 2021, Merck Animal Health acquired PrognostiX Poultry In March 2021, Merck Head of Corporate Affairs Petra Wicklandt represented the company at the Munich Security Conference, where she participated in a tabletop exercise simulating the public health response to the release of a weaponized strain of monkeypox In April 2021, Merck acquired Pandion Therapeutics for $1 85 billion, expanding its offering in treating autoimmune diseases In June 2021, the U S  government agreed to spend $1 2 billion to purchase 1 7 million doses of Molnupiravir, a Merck product, if it were to be approved by regulators to treat COVID-19  In October 2021, the company said that the drug reduces the risk of hospitalization or death by around 50% for patients with mild or moderate cases of COVID-19 and that it would seek Emergency Use Authorization for the drug In July 2021, Robert M  Davis became CEO, succeeding Kenneth Frazier, who became executive chairman In July 2021, Merck completed the corporate spin-off of Organon & Co In September 2021, Merck announced it would acquire Acceleron Pharma for $11 5 billion, gaining control over Sotatercept, used in the treatment of pulmonary hypertension, and luspatercept-aamt In September 2022, the company announced it would acquire Vence, a livestock management company for an undisclosed sum, incorporating it within Merck Animal Health In December 2022, the company announced a licensing deal with Kelun-Biotech of China whereby it would expand its early cancer pipeline with a set of antibody-drug conjugates; this follows an earlier agreement between the two companies to co-develop such drugs In April 2023, Merck announced it would acquire Prometheus Biosciences Inc for $10 8 billion 

Acquisition history
Philanthropy
Merck Company Foundation
Since it was founded in 1957, the Merck Company Foundation has distributed $740 million in overall charitable distributions including more than $480 million to educational and non-profit organizations On December 7, 2012, the foundation announced that it was ending its donations to the Boy Scouts of America citing its discrimination against gay people 

Patient assistance programs
Merck & Co  was one of the first American pharmaceutical companies to offer assistance to those unable to afford its medications, beginning a program in the 1950s  Merck & Co  offers seven patient assistance programs, each with specific eligibility requirements 

Hilleman Laboratories
Merck and the Wellcome trust jointly fund the Hilleman Laboratories, an India-based non-profit research organization dedicated to the development of low-cost vaccines for use in developing countries  Current projects include the development of low cost, thermostable vaccines for the prevention of cholera, rotavirus, and meningitis 

Merck for Mothers
Merck for Mothers is Merck's global initiative to help create a world where no woman has to die while giving life 

Mectizan donation program
In 1987, Merck began a program with UNICEF to donate its new drug Mectizan to "all that need it for as long as needed" in an effort to combat onchocerciasis, also known as river blindness, primarily in Africa  Up to that point, the World Health Organization had fought the disease through the use of insecticides to lower the population of its primary vector, the Black Fly  However, when studies in the 1980s showed how effective the drug was at treating and preventing the disease, the WHO agreed to use it instead of its previous strategies  Merck's involvement is considered a key factor in the success against the disease all over the world, and the decision to donate the entirety of the drug to all those in need of it is used as part of the Mectizan Donation Program that covers countries such as Yemen and African countries  More than 700 million people have been treated since the inception of the program with 80 million people still undergoing treatment in Africa, Latin America, and Yemen  Blindness caused by onchocerciasis is decreasing, and there are regions of Latin America and Africa that have been shown to have eliminated the disease altogether 

Lawsuits and controversies
Vioxx
In 1999, the U S  Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved Vioxx (known generically as rofecoxib), a Merck product for treating arthritis  Vioxx was designed as a selective inhibitor of the enzyme cyclooxygenase-2  Such compounds were expected to cause less gastrointestinal bleeding than older anti-inflammatory drugs such as naproxen, which were associated with 20,000 hospitalizations and 2000 deaths each year  Vioxx became one of the most prescribed drugs in history Thereafter, studies by Merck and by others found an increased risk of heart attack associated with Vioxx use when compared with naproxen  Merck adjusted the labeling of Vioxx to reflect possible cardiovascular risks in 2002 On September 23, 2004, Merck received information about results from a clinical trial it was conducting that included findings of increased risk of heart attacks among Vioxx users who had been using the medication for over eighteen months  On September 28, 2004, Merck notified the FDA that it was voluntarily withdrawing Vioxx from the market, and it publicly announced the withdrawal on September 30  An analysis for the period 1999–2004, based on U S  Medical Expenditure Survey data, reported that Vioxx was associated with 46,783 heart attacks, and along with the other popular COX-2 inhibitor Celebrex, an estimated 26,603 deaths from both About 50,000 people sued Merck, claiming they or their family members had suffered medical problems such as heart attacks or strokes after taking Vioxx  In November 2007, Merck agreed to pay $4 85 billion to settle most of the pending Vioxx lawsuits  The settlement required that claimants provide medical and pharmacy records confirming the occurrence of a heart attack, ischemic stroke, or sudden cardiac death; the receipt of at least 30 Vioxx pills within 60 days prior to the injury or death; and confirmation of Vioxx being used within 14 days of the Vioxx-related event  The settlement was generally viewed by industry analysts and investors as a victory for Merck, considering that original estimates of Merck's liability reached between $10 billion and $25 billion  As of mid-2008, when the plaintiff class had reached the threshold percentage required by Merck to go through with the settlement, plaintiffs had prevailed in only three of the twenty cases that had reached juries, all with relatively small awards Merck has refused to consider compensation for Vioxx victims and their families outside the US  This is particularly true in the UK where there are at least 400 victims and the legal protection afforded to the victims and their families is particularly weak According to internal e-mail traffic released at a later lawsuit, Merck had a list of doctors critical of Vioxx to be "neutralized" or "discredited"  "We may need to seek them out and destroy them where they live," wrote an employee  A Stanford Medical School professor said that Merck was engaged in intimidation of researchers and infringement upon academic freedom On May 20, 2008, Merck settled for $58 million with 30 states alleging that Merck engaged in deceptive marketing tactics to promote Vioxx  All its new television pain-advertisements must be vetted by the Food and Drug Administration and changed or delayed upon request until 2018 

Fosamax
Fosamax (alendronate) is a bisphosphonate used for the treatment of post-menopausal osteoporosis and for the prevention of skeletal problems in certain cancers  The American College of Clinical Endocrinology, the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists, the North American Menopause Society and the UK National Osteoporosis Guideline Group recommend alendronate and certain other bisphosphonates as first line treatments for post-menopausal osteopotosis  Long-term treatment with bisphosponates produces anti-fracture and bone mineral density effects that persist for 3–5 years after an initial 3–5 years of treatment  Alendronate reduces the risk of hip, vertebral, and wrist fractures by 35-39% In December 2013, Merck agreed to pay a total of $27 7 million to 1,200 plaintiffs in a class action lawsuit alleging that the company's osteoporosis drug had caused them to develop osteonecrosis of the jaw  Prior to the settlement, Merck had prevailed in 3 of 5 so-called bellwether trials  Approximately 4000 cases still await adjudication or settlement as of August 2014 

Medicaid overbilling
A fraud investigation by the United States Department of Justice began in 2000 when allegations were brought in two separate lawsuits filed by whistleblowers under the False Claims Act  They alleged that Merck failed to pay proper rebates to Medicaid and other health care programs and paid illegal remuneration to health care providers  On February 7, 2008, Merck agreed to pay more than $650 million to settle charges that it routinely overbilled Medicaid for its most popular medicines  The settlement was one of the largest pharmaceutical settlements in history  The federal government received more than $360 million, plus 49 states and Washington, DC, received over $290 million  One whistleblower received a $68 million reward  Merck made the settlement without an admission of liability or wrongdoing 

"Merck" name legal dispute
In 191 of 193 countries, the original Merck company, the Merck Group of Darmstadt, owns the rights to the "Merck" name  In the United States and Canada, the company trades under the name EMD (an abbreviation of Emanuel Merck, Darmstadt), its legal name here says Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany, and instead of "Merck Group", the "EMD Group" name is used  In the United States and Canada, Merck & Co  holds the rights to the trademark "Merck", while in the rest of the world the company trades under the name MSD (an abbreviation of Merck, Sharp & Dohme) and its legal name says here Merck Sharp & Dohme LLC , a subsidiary of Merck & Co , Inc  Kenilworth, NJ, USA 
In 2015 the Merck Group adopted a new logo and said it will be "much more aggressive" about protecting the brand of "the real Merck"  Merck of Darmstadt has initiated litigation against its former subsidiary, Merck & Co  (MSD) of Kenilworth, in several countries over infringing use of the Merck name  In 2016, the High Court of Justice in the United Kingdom ruled that MSD had breached an agreement with its former parent company and that only Merck of Darmstadt is entitled to use the Merck name in the United Kingdom  The judge also held that MSD's use of "Merck" as part of branding on its global websites were directed to the UK and infringed Merck's trade mark rights in the UK In response to the ruling, MSD initiated counter-litigation in the United States in January 2016 by filing a federal lawsuit which accused its former parent company of "infringing on its trademark" through actions that included the increased usage of "Merck KGaA" and "MERCK" in branding in the US as well as on its social media presence  Further Merck & Co  has also accused the Merck Group of federal trademark dilution, unfair competition, false advertising, deceptive trade practices, breach of contract, and cybersquatting  The case came to a head when a research scientist believed he was communicating with Merck & Co regarding a research grant in oncology, when in fact he was talking with the Merck Group  As a result, Merck & Co  asked the federal court to stop the Merck Group from using "Merck" on any products or marketing materials in the United States  As a direct result, Merck & Co is seeking "all monetary gains, profits, and advantages" made by the Merck Group and three-times the damage, plus additional punitive damages In April 2020, in the course of litigation of Merck against MSD in Switzerland, the Federal Supreme Court of Switzerland ruled that MSD's use of the "Merck" brand in its global websites could, absent geotargeting mechanisms, have "commercial effect" in Switzerland and could therefore violate Merck's rights (if any) to the "Merck" brand in Switzerland 

Tax fraud
In 2007, Merck paid $2 3 billion to settle allegations of offshore tax fraud between 1993 and 2001 

Propecia
In 2021, an investigation by Reuters revealed that Merck's baldness drug Propecia caused persistent sexual dysfunction in men  The drug has been linked to over 700 incidences of suicidal thoughts and 110 deaths  Merck has been receiving reports since 1998, but never included the risks on the label  In 2015, Merck was sued by consumer-rights law firm Hagens Berman over a wrongful death linked to Propecia 

Environmental violations
Merck & Co  once used methylene chloride, an animal carcinogen on the United States Environmental Protection Agency's list of pollutants, as a solvent in some of its manufacturing processes  Merck chemists and engineers subsequently replaced the compound with others having fewer negative environmental effects  Merck has also modified its equipment to protect the environment, installing a distributed control system that coordinates chemical reactions more efficiently and expedites manufacturing by 50 percent, eliminating the need for the disposal and storage of harmful waste  Biological oxygen demand has also been reduced  In 2011, Merck paid a $1 5 million civil penalty to settle alleged violations of federal environmental laws at its pharmaceutical manufacturing facilities in Riverside, Pennsylvania and West Point, Pennsylvania 

Public-private engagement
Conferences
Merck was a Conference Supporter for the Virtual ISPOR Asia Pacific conference in September 2020 

Political lobbying
Merck is a contributing member of AcademyHealth, a health research advocacy network that also includes government agencies, universities, pharmaceutical companies and lobbying groups 
Passage 2:
American Laser Games
American Laser Games was a company based in Albuquerque, New Mexico that created numerous light gun laserdisc video games featuring live action full motion video  The company was founded in the late 1980s by Robert Grebe, who had originally created a system to train police officers under the company name ICAT (Institute for Combat Arms and Tactics) and later adapted the technology for arcade games  Its first hit game was Mad Dog McCree, a light gun shooter set in the American Old West  By mid-1995 they were recognized as the leading company in the medium of laserdisc-based arcade games  Almost all arcade games released by the company were light gun shooters and a number of them also had an Old West theme 
Later, the company turned toward compact disc technology to release its games  Ports of its arcade titles were released for the Sega CD, CD-i and DOS computers equipped with CD-ROM drives  The company was particularly supportive of the 3DO, not only releasing versions of its games for the console, but also offering a modified version of the 3DO platform as an upgrade kit for existing arcade video game cabinets, supporting compressed video versions of their games at a lower cost  In 1995, American Laser Games released Mazer for the 3DO home market and Orbatak (3DO-powered) for the arcade - their first and only in-house non-Full motion video based games  The company also released a series of light-gun controllers, including the 3DO Game Gun and the PC Gamegun, for home computer use  The latter proved unsuccessful due to its poor accuracy 
American Laser Games lasted until the mid-to-late 1990s, by which time it had begun making "games for girls" for the PC under the moniker Her Interactive, beginning with McKenzie & Co  In response to a major slump in the arcade industry, American Laser Games ended its direct manufacturing of coin-op machines in November 1995, and turned its focus to developing games for the Sega Saturn and Sony PlayStation  This failed to revive the company's fortunes, and revenues in 1996 were roughly half of the $16 million it generated in 1995  At the end of 1996 ALG laid off a third of its staff, Jan Claesson replaced Grebe as president, and the company began focusing primarily on the Her Interactive line, cancelling all the games in their mainstream line except for Shining Sword  The company eventually closed its doors and was bought out by Her Interactive, which had been spun off before ALG closing and is still making games as of January 2018  In 2000, the development and publishing rights to all of the games that were produced by American Laser Games were purchased by Digital Leisure, Inc from Her Interactive  Many of these games were then re-released for the PC and in DVD TV game format 

Games
Light gun arcade games
Mad Dog McCree (1990)
Who Shot Johnny Rock? (1991)
Space Pirates (1992)
Mad Dog II: The Lost Gold (1992)
Gallagher's Gallery (1992)
Crime Patrol (1993)
Crime Patrol 2: Drug Wars (1993)
The Last Bounty Hunter (1994)
Fast Draw Showdown (1994)
Shootout at Old Tucson (1994, limited arcade release  3DO port was cancelled)

Other games
Mazer
Way of the Warrior (with Naughty Dog)
Orbatak
McKenzie & Co 
McKenzie & Co  : More Friends
The Vampire Diaries
Battles in Time (with QQP)
Shining Sword (cancelled)
Blood Bath at Red Falls(1995)

See also
Digital Pictures

Notes
Passage 3:
Devon General
Devon General was the principal bus operator in south Devon from 1919  The name was first used by the Devon General Omnibus and Touring Company which was created in 1919  In 1922 it was purchased by the National Electric Construction Company which merged with British Electric Traction in 1931  Nationalisation in 1969 resulted in 1971 with the company being merged into Western National  In 1983 a new Devon General Limited was created which became the first operating subsidiary of the National Bus Company to be privatised in 1986 when it became the first company of Transit Holdings  It was sold to the Stagecoach Group in 1996 and renamed Stagecoach Devon in 2003 
Coaches were operated under various names, principally Fleet Cars from 1925 until 1933, and Grey Cars from 1932 until 1971 
Its main principal depots were in Exeter and Torquay, but the area of operation covered most of south, east and mid Devon 

History
The Devon General Omnibus and Touring Company started operations in south Devon in 1919 with two bus routes from Exeter to Torquay  In 1922 Torquay Tramways bought the company for £36,000, although it was operated as a subsidiary of the National Electric Construction Company (NECC) and the motor buses already owned by the tramway company were transferred to Devon General  Some charabanc tours had been operated by the Torquay Tramways and this continued under Devon General  A local independent company that traded as Fleet Cars was purchased in 1925 but continued to operate as a separate business for a few seasons, during which time a number of other small operators were also acquired and merged with Fleet Cars In 1931 the NECC became a part of British Electric Traction (BET)  The Torquay tram network was closed in January 1934  The Tramways company was sold to Devon General, the fleet of which was enlarged by 24 buses to allow it to operate the former tram routes Devon General had turned down the chance to buy local independent coach operator Grey Cars in 1930 so it had instead been purchased by A Timpson & Sons of Catford in 1931  Timpsons sold the business to Devon General in 1932 and the following year both Grey Cars and Fleet Cars, which had been operated as separate businesses, were merged into Devon General  Most coaches continued to operate under Grey Cars' name, although some small operators that were subsequently bought out by Devon General continued in their old names for a while 

National Bus Company
BET's bus operations, including Devon General, became part of the National Bus Company (NBC) when it was formed on 1 January 1969  Devon General had worked closely with the Corporation of Exeter's bus services since 1947  In April 1970 the corporation's buses and routes were transferred to the NBC and merged into Devon General  The city's unusual use of route letters (as opposed to numbers) continued In January 1971, the NBC transferred the bus operations of Devon General to neighbouring Western National but the Devon General name was retained as a brand, while the Grey Cars coaching operation was transferred to Exeter-based Greenslades  NBC split Western National into four new companies on 1 January 1983, one of which was Devon General Limited  This operated in south and east Devon as the old Devon General had done, but the Tiverton area became a part of a new North Devon operation 

Transit Holdings
On 19 August 1986, Devon General became the first NBC operating subsidiary to be privatised under the Transport Act 1985 by being sold in a management buyout led by managing director Harry Blundred An experimental high-frequency service using 22 minibuses had been introduced in Exeter on 27 February 1984  By the time the company was privatised in August 1986, the minibus fleet had expanded to more than 200 vehicles, more than half the buses in service  By the end of 1990 all regular services had been converted to minibus operation using a mixture of 16 and 24-seat vehicles The new owners of Devon General formed Transit Holdings to operate number of other bus companies, most of them in southern England:
Bayline (Torquay)
Devon General (Exeter)
Docklands Transit (London)
Portsmouth Transit (Portsmouth)
Thames Transit (Oxford)
Transit AustraliaBayline was established in 1992 for the operations in Torbay and Newton Abbot, after which Devon General operated in the Exeter area  Both companies were sold to the Stagecoach Group in 1996, and became Stagecoach Devon in 2003 

Area of operation
Devon General quickly expanded beyond its original routes between Exeter, Newton Abbot and Torquay  A number of small operators were bought out (see below), but area agreements with larger neighbours set out the company's area of operation  While the boundaries changed in detail from time to time, the area was largely set out in two agreements 

In 1922 an eastern boundary was agreed with the National Omnibus and Transport Company along the road from Minehead via Tiverton, Cullompton and Honiton to Sidmouth 
In 1924 a northern boundary was agreed with Hardy Central Garage between Okehampton, Bampton and Wellington 
By 1929 the western boundary had settled at Kingswear, Totnes, Buckfastleigh and Okehampton, with Western National having control beyond 

Offices and depots
Most of the directors of the Devon General Omnibus and Touring Company came from the London area and so the company offices were established in a house Kilmore Road, Forest Hill, London  The first buses were housed at the Exeter Garage Company's premises in Paris Street, Exeter  In 1921 the offices were moved to the new garage that was being constructed at Blackboy Road in Exeter, but the takeover by the NECC the following year saw the office moved back to Queen Street in the city of London The merger of NECC with BET in 1932 saw the Queen Street office closed in favour of BET's headquarters in Kingsway, London  At around this time work started on the construction of a new large garage and central workshops at Newton Road in Torquay  The BET headquarters were moved across London to Piccadilly in 1952 but in 1956 the registered offices of Devon General were moved to the garage at 87 Newton Road, Torquay When Devon General was absorbed into Western National in 1971, all the office work was moved to the latter company' offices in Queen Street, Exeter  The newly independent Devon General Limited of 1983 chose to remain in Exeter, but moved into offices in Belgrave Road where a new bus depot had opened in 1975 Buses were based in garages or open yards at
Ashburton
Dropping Wells 1925–1927
West Street (Blue Saloon Motor Services) 1927–1928
Brixham
New Road 1935–1939
Mount Pleasant Road 1940–1957
Bus Station 1957–1992
Crediton
Unknown site 1928?–1931
Mill Street 1931–1954
Exeter
Gold's Garage, Heavitree Road 1919–1921
Blackboy Road 1921–1971
Heavitree Road (Exeter Corporation) 1970–1975
Belgrave Road 1975–(1996)
Exmouth
New Street 1921–1931
Imperial Road 1931–(1996)
Moretonhampstead
Station Road June – September 1924
Steven's Garage, Chagford 1924–1928?
Court Street 1928–1971 Moved to a different site in Court Street in 1931
Newton Abbot
Bradley Hotel 1919–1921
Newton Road, Kingsteignton 1921–1960
Kingsteignton Road 1960–1992
Paignton
Roundham Road 1923–1925
Churston 1925–1930
Orient Road, Preston 1924–1932
Bus Station 1988–(1996) The bus station opened in 1954
Sidmouth
Mill Street 1922–?
Station Road, Newton Poppleford ?–1930
Woolbrook 1930–1996
Tiverton
Chapel Street (Croscols) 1924–1938
Old Road 1938–1971 After 1971 buses were kept at the bus station 
Torquay
Westhill Avenue (Torquay Tramways) 1922–1931
Newton Road 1931–1988
Torwood Street (Grey Cars) 1933–1940 and 1946–1971
Belgrave Road (Court Garages) 1940–1946 and 1966–1973
Regents Close 1992–(1996)One or two buses were also kept at a number of other towns and villages such as Axminster (1922–1924, 1927–1984), Budleigh Salterton (1930–1939, 1988–1989), Crockernwell (1942–1957), Cullompton (1922–1996), East Budleigh 1921–1931, Kenton (1942–1947), Okehampton (1923–1997), Ottery St Mary (1927–1938, 1949–1967), Tiverton Junction (1955–1977), Uffculme (1942–1954) 

Livery
The first buses were painted in red with cream relief  Coaches were generally grey with deep red relief and open top buses (introduced in 1955) were given a cream livery with red relief In 1972 NBC imposed a standard poppy red colour with white relief, but from 1979 Devon General buses started to be painted in leaf green and white, the same colours as the parent Western National fleet  Six months after the operation became independent of Western National in 1983 a red livery was again adopted  The first minibuses were painted in bright red and yellow colours with a black skirt To coincide with privatisation in 1986 a new livery was introduced  Buses were painted an ivory colour with red skirt and lower deck window surrounds 

Amalgamated companies
Over the years many rival operators were purchased and their fleets and/or routes were amalgamated into Devon General 

Torquay–Chelston Car Company
The Torquay–Chelston Car Company, which Devon General bought in 1927, had its origins in 1903, when a Chelmsford steam bus was demonstrated in Torquay in May 1903  Torquay & District Motor Omnibus Co Ltd, formed on 23 July 1903, ran a Strand - Chelston route from 2 November 1903 via Torbay Road and Rathmore Road terminating at Normanhurst, just short of Rosery Road railway bridge  The bus was green with orange lines and the domed roof was white  It carried 12 inside and 2 beside the driver and 2,828 passengers in the first week  8 steam buses were working by Easter 1905 between St Marychurch and Babbacombe, but sold after trams started on 4 April 1907  Torquay Road Car took over the old bus garage and ran until liquidation on 24 December 1908 
On 28 March 1911 Torquay-Chelston Steam Car Company Ltd started with 3 Chelmsford buses, possibly those stored after the liquidation  They dropped the 'Steam' part of the name when a single deck RAF type Leyland took over, after Devon General started a competing Meadfoot Beach - Chelston route on 31 March 1923  The Chelston company bought a new Leyland PLSC Lion in 1925  In 1926, Devon General started to shadow the Chelston bus  The company sold out to Devon General in 1927, the Leylands becoming 98 and 99 in their fleet  The Devon General timetables were revised in July, 1929, with numbering similar to current services, including 32 (Torquay - Paignton via Preston), 33 (Strand-Chelston circular) and 35 (Shiphay Turn - Meadfoot Beach) 
On the Chelston routes Devon General used Leyland Lions, Dennis Lancet lIs from 1938, AEC Regals from 1939, Leyland Royal Tigers in 1954, AEC Reliances in 1957, Regent IIIs in 1960 and Leyland Atlanteans from 1964 

See also
Open top buses in Torbay
Passage 4:
Hercules Inc 
Hercules, Inc  was a chemical and munitions manufacturing company based in Wilmington, Delaware, United States, incorporated in 1912 as the Hercules Powder Company following the breakup of the DuPont explosives monopoly by the U S  Circuit Court in 1911   Hercules Powder Company became Hercules, Inc  in 1966,  operating under this name until 2008, when it was merged into Ashland Inc 
An earlier Hercules Powder Company was formed in 1882 by DuPont and Laflin & Rand Powder Company   This company was dissolved on June 30, 1904 Hercules was one of the major producers of smokeless powder for warfare in the United States during the 20th century  At the time of its spin-off, the DuPont Corp  retained the processes and patents for the production of "single-base" nitrocellulose gunpowders, whereas Hercules was given the patents and processes for the production of "double-base" gunpowders that combined nitrocellulose and nitroglycerine 

History
A special formulation of dynamite was patented in 1874 by J W  Willard, superintendent of the California Powder Works in Santa Cruz, California  He called his invention "Hercules powder", a competitive jab at rival Giant Powder Company which had acquired the exclusive U S  rights to Alfred Nobel's original dynamite formula   The mythological Hercules was known as a giant slayer 
The California Powder Works became the only manufacturer of Hercules powder  In 1877, J W  Willard moved to Cleveland, Ohio to oversee the opening of a new California Powder Works plant there, dedicated to the manufacture of Hercules powder  In 1881, the California Powder Works moved its Hercules powder manufacturing in California to a new site along the northeast shore of San Francisco Bay   The company town that grew up around the facility became known as "Hercules", later (1900) incorporated as Hercules, California 
In 1882, thanks to their interlocking ownership interests with the California Powder Works by that time, the DuPont corporation and Laflin & Rand Powder Company acquired the rights to manufacture Hercules powder and incorporated the Hercules Powder Company for that purpose   In 1904, Du Pont dissolved the company as part of its ongoing effort to consolidate the many explosives manufacturers that it controlled under the Du Pont name 
In 1911, the United States won a lawsuit that it had brought against the Du Pont corporation under the Sherman Antitrust Act  The U S  Circuit Court in Delaware found that Du Pont had been operating an unlawful monopoly, and ordered a breakup of its explosives and gunpowder manufacturing business   The breakup resulted in the creation of two new companies in 1912, Atlas Powder Company and Hercules Powder Company  Atlas received the explosives manufacturing portion of Du Pont's business (including the facilities acquired from the Giant Powder Company), while Hercules received the gunpowder portion 
The first management team of this new Hercules Powder Company included President H  Dunham, T W  Bacchus, G G  Rheuby, J T Skelly, Norman Rood, Fred Stark, C D  Prickett, and George Markell Some of their products were used by the military in World War I  A school and a plant were named after T  W  Bacchus in Bacchus, Utah  Hercules Powder Company ranked 65th among United States corporations in the value of World War II military production contracts In the 1920s and 30s, Hercules diversified into the pine resin products business (see below) 
On 12 September 1940, the Kenvil, New Jersey plant suffered a major explosion  News reports at the time estimated at least fifteen buildings were destroyed along with twenty-five tons of explosives  Fifty-one people were killed outright with perhaps two hundred injured and many missing  This facility also exploded twice in 1934 and again in 1989 Richard F  Heck, recipient of the 2010 Nobel Prize in Chemistry, gained experience with transition metal chemistry while working at Hercules in 1957 By the 1960s, the community was experiencing the first signs of a suburban transition  The Hercules Powder Co , once a small dynamite manufacturing firm, had begun producing rocket motors at its Bacchus Works south of the Magna community  The growing availability of jobs was one factor encouraging subdivision development in the Magna, Kearns and West Valley areas 
In 1966, the Hercules Powder Company changed its name to Hercules, Inc 

In 1995, Hercules, Inc  sold its subsidiary Hercules Aerospace Co  to Alliant Techsystems Inc  The sale included all of what remained of Hercules' gunpowder lines 
By the end of the 1990s, Hercules Inc , had sold off a significant number of its divisions that had not been profitable for the company  This caused the price of shares of common stock in Hercules to rise above US$70  Several successful cost-savings programs were implemented in addition to buying back its own shares   Also at that time, Hercules had a significant amount of assets  available for possible purchases of other corporations  Hercules, Inc , had a Paper Technology Division (PTD) whose products were slowly becoming commodities  In order to survive, this division needed to obtain new products 
First, Hercules Inc , tried to purchase the Allied Colloids Company, but this was not successful  Next, Hercules bought the Betz-Dearborn Corporation  Betz-Dearborn produced mostly chemicals for paper processing, and the Hercules PTD produced mainly functional chemicals for paper  According to some business analysts, Hercules Inc  paid about three times as much for Betz-Dearborn as compared with its actual value 
Soon after the purchase of Betz-Dearborn, the price per share of stock in Hercules Inc , had dropped from above US$70 to below US$10  It has been speculated that Hercules Inc , was close to going bankrupt after this failed purchase operation  Afterwards, several senior managers were forced out of the company because of this failure; however, a significant amount of former PTD senior managers were able to keep their positions within Hercules  The price of stock shares in Hercules Inc  never recovered from this debacle  Finally, Hercules Inc  was sold off to the Ashland Corporation in 2008, and dissolved 
In 2009, rapper George Watsky released a song about the history of the company called "Hercules" 

Product lines
Commercial gunpowders
Some of the more recent gunpowders marketed to reloaders include the brand names "Bullseye", "2400", "Reloder", "Unique", and "Red Dot"   These gunpowders are still being manufactured by Alliant Techsystems Inc  in Radford, Virginia 

Powders inherited from DuPont in 1912
EC (Explosives Company) shotgun powder was the first smokeless powder manufactured in the United States   Production began in 1890, and was discontinued in 1931 
WA  30 caliber powder was named W for United States Army Lieutenant Whistler and A for American Smokeless Powder Company factory superintendent Aspinwall   This tubular powder was used for military loading of the  30 U S  Army (the M1892 Springfield and the M1893 Gatling) from 1894 until the military specification was changed to single-base nitrocellulose powder in 1908   Grains of 2 mm (0 08 inch) diameter were 1 mm long   Hercules continued producing the powder for other users until 1930 
Sharpshooter was a flake powder introduced by Laflin & Rand in 1897 to replace black powder for loading the  45-70   Black flakes containing 15 to 18 percent nitroglycerin were approximately 2 mm in diameter   Production was discontinued after World War II 
Bullseye was introduced by Laflin & Rand in 1898   Large surface area per unit weight enables rapid combustion in short-barreled handguns   Laflin & Rand began production using small, irregular particles removed by screening runs of larger grained powders   Improved manufacturing processes offered other reclamation options for reduced quantities of rejected material   Hercules manufactured Bullseye as thin, round flakes   It is believed to be the oldest smokeless powder formulation still being manufactured in the United States   It is designed for handguns and can also be used in 12-gauge shotgun target loads
Lightning was introduced by Laflin & Rand in 1899 for lever action sporting rifles like the  30-30 Winchester and  303 Savage   Production of 2 mm diameter flakes was discontinued after World War II   Tubular Lightning # 2 was manufactured from 1903 to 1929 
Infallible was a flake shotgun powder introduced by Laflin & Rand in 1900   Initial production had an orange color, but graphite coating gave later production a black color   Production was discontinued after World War II 
Unique is a gray flake powder introduced by Laflin & Rand in 1900   Individual flakes are approximately 1 5 mm (0 06 inch) in diameter   It is designed for shotguns and can be used in handguns 
Bear was a tubular powder introduced by Laflin & Rand in 1908 for small capacity rifle cartridges like the  351 and  401 Winchester Self-Loading and the  32-20 and  25-20 Winchester   Production was discontinued after World War II 
Military Rifle (MR) # 19 was a tubular powder containing 20 percent nitroglycerin introduced by DuPont in 1908 and was renamed HiVel (# 1) when manufactured by Hercules   It was modified as HiVel # 2 in 1915   Production was discontinued in 1964   A smaller grained version was produced as HiVel # 3 from 1926 to 1941 

Powders developed by Hercules Powder Company
Hercules # 308 was Hercules production of single-base tubular Pyro DG (Diphenylamine Graphited) powder for loading military  30-06 Springfield ammunition through World War I   Production began in 1915 and continued through the 1920s 
Hercules # 300 was a black, tubular single-base rifle powder produced from 1916 to 1932 
Pyro was produced from 1922 to 1928 as lightly graphited yellow flakes for loading the  45 ACP 
Hercules # 2400 is a coated flake powder containing 20 percent nitroglycerin introduced in 1932   Individual dark gray flakes are approximately 1 mm (0 04 inch) in diameter and 0 3 mm thick   It is designed for small capacity center-fire rifle cartridges and can be used in magnum handgun and  410 bore shotgun loads 
Red Dot is a flake powder introduced in 1932   Individual flakes are approximately 1 5 mm (0 06 inch) in diameter and some are dyed red to aid identification   It is designed for light and standard loads for 12, 16, and 20 gauge shotguns and can be used in handguns 
HiVel # 6 was produced from 1933 to 1941 for loading the  30-06 Springfield 
Herco is a flake powder introduced in the 1930s   Individual flakes are approximately 1 5 mm (0 06 inch) in diameter   It is designed for heavy loads for 10, 12, 16, 20 and 28 gauge shotguns and can be used for heavy handgun loads 
Green Dot is a flake powder introduced in 1965   Individual flakes are approximately 1 5 mm (0 06 inch) in diameter and some are dyed green to aid identification   It is designed for medium and standard loads for 12, 16, and 20 gauge shotguns and can be used in handguns 
Reloder 7 was the most popular of three cylindrical rifle powders introduced in 1965 to replace HiVel # 2   Each powder was blended from four different formulations dyed different colors   Production of the other two longer-grained powders, Reloder 11 and Reloder 21, was discontinued in 1972 
Blue Dot is a flake powder introduced in 1972   Individual flakes are approximately 1 5 mm (0 06 inch) in diameter and some are dyed blue to aid identification   It is designed for magnum loads for 10, 12, 16, 20 and 28 gauge shotguns and can be used for magnum handgun loads 

Pine resin products
In the 1920s, Hercules entered the pine resin products business, a development which followed upon the faster clearing of forests for lumber and farmland , especially in the southeast U S , around the time of the First World War  The clearings had left many stumps which had to be removed, often with dynamite supplied by Hercules and others   Hercules itself was a consumer of wood pulp, a key ingredient in their dynamite  The increasing surplus of wood pulp led the company to the idea of producing other things from it, namely, the various chemicals that were present in pine resin  They set up production sites such as the one in Hattiesburg, Mississippi, and Brunswick, Georgia for this express purpose, and added to their raw supply by offering to take or buy tree stumps from farmers 

Solid-fuel rocket motor production
Beginning in 1959, Hercules, Inc , began to diversify into the production of large solid-propellant rocket motors, and it soon became a primary producer of these, especially for the U S  Department of Defense, U S  Air Force, U S  Navy, and U S  Army - and to a lesser degree for the civilian National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA)  In 1961, the company hired contractors C H  Leavell & Company, Morrison-Knudsen, and Alaskan Plumbing and Heating Company to expand the existing Bacchus Works site  The contractors added "Air Force Plant 81" adding 97 buildings, including a 97,000 square foot administration building  One of its major solid-fuel rocket products was the third-stage engine for the three -stage solid-fueled Minuteman intercontinental ballistic missile (ICBM) for the U S  Air Force, of which 1,000 were made and deployed at Air Force Bases in several northern states during the 1960s  In addition, all of the missiles of the Minuteman I series were removed from service and replaced with the Minuteman II and Minuteman III series of more-advanced ICBMs  Hence, the Minuteman ICBM program was a huge project and a major source of revenue for Hercules, Inc 
Hercules, Inc , also produced the solid-fueled rocket motors for the two-stage Polaris missile system of intermediate-range ballistic missiles (IRBMs) for the U S  Navy in its 41 for Freedom series of 41 George Washington class ballistic missile submarines  These nuclear submarines carried 16 Polaris missiles apiece for a grand total of 656 missiles  In addition, the Polaris series consisted of the successively-improved Polaris A-1, Polaris A-2, and Polaris A-3 missiles  The early Polaris submarines that had been armed with the Polaris A-1 were upgraded to the Polaris A-2; and then all that had been armed with the Polaris A-2 were upgraded to the Polaris A-3 
For some of the early Polaris submarines, the Polaris A-3 was the end of their upgrades, but a large number of them (about 31) were further rearmed with the more-advanced and longer-ranged two-stage Poseidon C-3 missile  Hence, the Polaris missile submarine program was also a huge project and a major source of revenue for Hercules, Inc 
During the 1960s, Hercules, Inc , also made solid-fuel rocket motors for hundreds of the U S  Army's Honest John missile, a mobile tactical missile for carrying tactical nuclear weapons for U S  Army divisions  The Honest John missile was mostly deployed with the U S  Seventh Army in West Germany as part of the American commitment to NATO to defend Western Europe against aggression from the Warsaw Pact, using nuclear weapons on Eastern Europe, if necessary  None of the Honest John, Minuteman, Polaris, or Poseidon has ever been used in combat, and the threat of nuclear war has been sufficient to deter aggression and make it unnecessary to use nuclear weapons for defense 
During the 1970s and 80s, the Honest John missile was removed from deployment, scrapped, and replaced by the more-advanced Lance missile by the U S  Army in Europe  Of all of the missiles mentioned above, only a reduced number of the Minuteman missiles remain in service at Air Force Bases in the United States, with all of the others having been removed from deployment and scrapped, along with all of the Polaris and Poseidon submarines 
For space exploration and satellite launches by the U S  Air Force and NASA, Hercules, Inc , developed and manufactured the two large, strap-on solid-fueled Solid Rocket Motor Upgrade (SRMU) booster rockets for the otherwise liquid-fueled Titan IVB rockets  These strap-on rockets replaced the UA120 series of boosters used on the Titan IVB's predecessors, the Titan IIIC, Titan IIIE and Titan IVA 
After the end of production and firing of NASA's huge Saturn IB and 
Saturn V rockets, the Titan IV was the largest and heaviest  unmanned rocket available anywhere in the world, and especially in the Titan IV-Centaur version  The Titan IV-Centaur was used for special launches of heavy space probes into the Solar System, such as the Cassini-Huygens mission to Saturn which was launched in 1997  The Titan IV is no longer manufactured, and the last one of these was fired during a launch in October 2005   In 1995 the aerospace division of Hercules, including its solid motor line, was acquired by the American defense contractor ATK 

Business segments
In its later years, Hercules, Inc , manufactured and marketed worldwide specialist chemicals that were used in a wide variety of industrial, home, and office markets, and it and had over 4,500 employees  Hercules was composed of two major divisions: the Paper Technologies and Ventures (PTV) division and the Aqualon division  In 2005, the former accounted for 49% of its sales and 35% of its operating profits, with the latter producing 37% and 68% respectively 

Aqualon Group
Aqualon produces products for physical property modification of aqueous systems which are sold into a wide variety of industries including personal care, food additives, and construction 

Paper Technologies and Ventures Group
Paper Technologies
Paper Technologies produces specialty chemicals to the pulp and paper industry  These products include functional, process, and water treatment chemicals for a wide variety of pulp and paper applications 
Functional chemicals can be divided in three main groups  Wet strength resins, Rosin sizes and AKD -sizes  Significant persons developing functional chemicals in Hercules could be mentioned: Dr  Keim on his efforts developing PAE wet strength resin, Mr Kai Kiviö on his efforts on developing cationic rosin size  Basis of AKD -technology Hercules acquired more or less voluntary from German BASF after the Second World War 

Ventures
Ventures produces specialty chemicals for a variety of markets, including adhesives and sealants, paints, inks, coatings, lubricants, rubber, plastics, and building and construction 
Hercules Incorporated, in collaboration with Professor Kaichang Li of Oregon State University and Columbia Forest Products, received a 2007 Presidential Green Chemistry Challenge Award for the Greener Synthetic Pathways category in developing and commercializing a formaldehyde-free adhesive made from soy flour and Hercules' unique polymer chemistries 

See also
Tekoi, a former solid fuel rocket motor test and calibration site operated by Hercules Aerospace
Passage 5:
Doravirine
Doravirine, sold under the brand name Pifeltro, is a non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor medication developed by Merck & Co  for use in the treatment of HIV/AIDS 
Doravirine was approved for medical use in the United States in August 2018 
Passage 6:
Liquid Assets Paint &amp; Pigment Company
Liquid Assets Paint & Pigment Company is an artist supply company based in Buenos Aires, Argentina that manufactures acrylic paints and pigments created with real currency, such as Euro, US Dollar, Argentine Peso, and Romanian Leu  The Company's slogan "The Price of Art" refers to the company's assertion that its products allow fine artists to quantify the precise and actual value of a work of art created using Liquid Assets products  The company was started in 2007 by a group of Buenos Aires–based professional artists and presently operates a manufacturing plant in Buenos Aires, as well as a retail store in the Palermo Soho neighborhood  In September 2010, Liquid Assets opened a temporary pop up store in New York City's Tribeca neighborhood in conjunction with the Swervewolf Experience marketing and design firm  Although artists have used valuable commodities such as gold leaf to create works of art for centuries, such as gilding, Liquid Assets Paint & Pigment Company is the world's only known manufacturer of artist paint and pigment created with actual currency 
Passage 7:
New England Emigrant Aid Company
The New England Emigrant Aid Company (originally the Massachusetts Emigrant Aid Company) was a transportation company founded in Boston, Massachusetts by activist Eli Thayer in the wake of the Kansas–Nebraska Act, which allowed the population of Kansas Territory to choose whether slavery would be legal  The Company's ultimate purpose was to transport anti-slavery immigrants into the Kansas Territory  The Company believed that if enough anti-slavery immigrants settled en masse in the newly-opened territory, they would be able to shift the balance of political power in the territory, which in turn would lead to Kansas becoming a free state (rather than a slave state) when it eventually joined the United States The Company is noted less for its direct impact than for the psychological impact it had on proslavery and abolitionist groups  Thayer's prediction that the Company would eventually be able to send 20,000 immigrants a year never came to fruition, but it spurred border ruffians from nearby Missouri, where slavery was legal, to move to Kansas to ensure its admission to the Union as a slave state  That, in turn, further galvanized Free-Staters and other enemies of the Slave Power 
Thayer's intention was to capitalize on anti-slavery sentiment in the Northern United States and to send settlers to Kansas to purchase land and build houses, shops, and mills  They could then sell the land at a significant profit and send the proceeds back to Thayer and his investors  At the behest of several investors, who found the notion of profiting from the anti-slavery cause distasteful, the company's model was shifted to that of a benevolent society, and it was renamed the New England Emigrant Aid Company in 1855  While the company achieved neither a profit nor a significant impact on the population of Kansas, it played an important role in the events that would later be termed Bleeding Kansas 

Creation
The Company was formed in the midst of the sectional crisis that preceded the American Civil War  To the Northern United States, the concept of popular sovereignty, which stated that the population of each new U S  state should be allowed to decide if it allowed slavery, was an attempt by Southerners to gain power  When the Kansas–Nebraska Act threatened to extend popular sovereignty into the new Kansas Territory, Eli Thayer, a second-term Congressman from Massachusetts, hatched the idea of an Emigrant Aid Company in the winter of 1853–1854  His primary partners in the venture were Alexander H  Bullock and Edward Everett Hale, and together, they set Thayer's plans in motion on March 5, 1854  Thayer announced the Company at a rally against the impending passage of the Kansas–Nebraska Act in Worcester on March 11  Shortly thereafter, the Company's charter was approved by the Massachusetts Legislature for up to $5,000,000 in capital Officially, the Company was a profit-making venture, and how the settlers voted was of no consequence to the company  For example, the company secretary, Thomas Webb released a pamphlet in 1855 stating that although the settlers sent to the territories would not be required to vote for one side or the other, they were expected to support the free-state movement  A number of abolitionists questioned the profit motive behind the company, and even many of Thayer's potential investors balked at the notion "that people might say we were influenced by pecuniary considerations in our patriotic work " Although Thayer personally disagreed with such hesitations, in 1855 the Company reorganized as a benevolent society and changed its name to the New England Emigrant Aid Company 

Reaction
The success of the endeavor prompted other aid assistance companies to form back East, in New York and Ohio, with new companies such as the Worcester County Emigrant Aid Society 

Impact
The company was directly responsible for creating the Kansas towns of Lawrence and Manhattan, and it played a key role in founding Topeka and Osawatomie  Lawrence was named after the Company secretary, Amos Adams Lawrence  Multiple politicians were found in the emigrants who left for Kansas, such as Daniel Read Anthony, Charles L  Robinson, Samuel C  Pomeroy, and Martin F  Conway, who would later be Kansas's first US Representative 
The exact number of people who left for Kansas is unknown  James Rawley puts the numbers somewhere around 2000, about a third of whom returned home, but the Kansas Historical Society puts the number at around 900 for those who left for Kansas in 1855 alone The Company's mission was ultimately successful, and Kansas entered the United States as a free state in 1861 

Notes
Context 3: Passage 1:
Project G e e K e R 
Project G e e K e R  is an animated television series that premiered on CBS on September 14, 1996  It was created by Douglas TenNapel, creator of Earthworm Jim, and Doug Langdale, the developer of Earthworm Jim the animated series, and was a production of Columbia TriStar Television under Adelaide Productions, with original music by Shawn Patterson (main title theme by Terry Scott Taylor)  TenNapel and Taylor also collaborated on the video games The Neverhood, Boombots and Skullmonkeys, and in 2005, re-united for the Nickelodeon cartoon Catscratch 
The show was cancelled after only one season, as CBS cancelled all of their Saturday morning schedule in 1997 to stop their downward-spiraling ratings The Federal Communications Commission also rejected CBS's attempt to classify the show as educational and informational under that fall's strengthened requirements for children's programming 

Synopsis
The show parodied the style of action-adventure cartoons  Set in the future, it was based around a genetic shapeshifter experiment known as Project GKR (Geno-Kinetic Research), who had been stolen by Lady MacBeth (a short-tempered cyborg with a bionic arm) before the creator could finish programming  He needed to be a deadly and powerful weapon at the hands of the evil Mister Moloch, head of Moloch Industries, but due to the lack of his final programming, "GeeKeR" is left to be a totally random, permanently salivating, four-fingered klutz  He only occasionally manages to use his powers to any full extent, a blessing and a threat to his friends and their enemies  Lady MacBeth (whom GeeKeR calls Becky) and her partner-in-crime Noah, a baseball cap-wearing intelligent Tyrannosaurus rex, must now prevent Moloch and GeeKeR's creator Dr  Maston from ever obtaining GeeKeR at all costs 

Cast
Billy West as G e e K e R , Additional Voices
Cree Summer as Lady MacBeth, Nanny, Sonny, Additional Voices
Charles Adler as Dr  Maston, Jake Dragonn, Gene Damage, Additional Voices
Jim Cummings as Mister Moloch, Will Dragonn, Cosmotto, Additional Voices
Brad Garrett as Noah, Captain Wormhole

Additional voices
Danny Mann as Redjack
Ed Gilbert as Dinosaur Leader
Jeff Bennett as Larry the Virus
Charity James
Kath Soucie
Dee Dee Rescher as Female Junker
Joe Alaskey
Jason Marsden as Kid Dinosaur
Kevin Michael Richardson as Stonebender/"Mr  Smiley", Additional Voices
Joe Lala
Michael Bell as Toxic Moose
Lisa Kaplan

Episodes
Credits
Executive Producers: Douglas TenNapel and Douglas Langdale
Supervising Producer: Richard Raynis
Producer: Audu Paden
Associate Producers: Monique Beatty and Greg Chalekian
Production Coordinator: Luke Wasserman
Original Music: Shawn Patterson
Theme Song: Terry Scott Taylor
Color Designer: Don W  Kim
Music Editor: Bradford Cox
Dialogue Editor: Thomas Kearney
Digital Compositor (Opening Titles): Andy Jolliff
Background Designers: Vince Toyama and David James
Storyboard Revisor: Charles Garcia

Music
Terry Scott Taylor (friend of creator Doug TenNapel) was contracted to write the main title theme for the show, while Shawn Patterson was selected to be the series score composer  Two days before the show was set to air, Columbia TriStar discovered a licensing issue with Terry and Patterson was asked by the producers to compose and produce a main title theme to go on the air  Shawn completed this and Project GeeKeR aired with Shawn's original main title music  Weeks into the series, the licensing problem with Terry Scott Taylor was cleared up and the show's creator Doug TenNapel requested that Terry's original main title theme be reinserted into the series  Patterson's main title music was then removed from the remainder of the series 

See also
Earthworm Jim
The Weekenders
Dave the Barbarian
Catscratch
Doug TenNapel
Doug Langdale
Sony Pictures Entertainment
Passage 2:
David W  Zucker
David W  Zucker is a television executive and executive producer, mostly known for producing The Good Wife  He is currently the Chief Creative Officer for Scott Free Productions  He is also the executive producer of notable shows like Eric Garcia’s heist anthology series Kaleidoscope for Netflix; HBO Max’s sci-fi epic, Raised By Wolves; the Paramount+ drama, The Good Fight; the AMC and Britbox investigative revenge series The Beast Must Die; and the National Geographic series The Hot Zone  Zucker's upcoming projects include the FX adaptation of Ridley Scott’s Alien and Steven Knight’s adaptation of the Charles Dickens novel Great Expectations for FX and BBC One 

Credits
Passage 3:
Dora the Explorer
Dora the Explorer is an American media franchise centered on an eponymous animated interactive fourth wall children's television series created by Chris Gifford, Valerie Walsh Valdes and Eric Weiner, produced by Nickelodeon Animation Studio and originally ran on Nickelodeon from August 14, 2000 to June 5, 2014, with the final six unaired episodes later airing from July 7 to August 9, 2019  It has since spawned a spin-off television series (Go, Diego, Go!), a sequel television series (Dora and Friends: Into the City!) and a live-action feature film Before rebranding to Paramount Global, the corporation previously named ViacomCBS announced a revival of the Dora the Explorer brand 3 years after its last production, which includes a preschool-aimed CGI animated TV series, and a tween-aimed live-action series, both of which are scheduled for distribution on Paramount+ 

Origins
The franchise has its roots from the television show of the same name which centers around Dora Márquez, a seven-year-old Latina girl, with a love of embarking on quests related to an activity that she wants to partake of or a place that she wants to go to, accompanied by her talking purple backpack and anthropomorphic monkey companion named Boots (named for his beloved pair of red boots)  Each episode is based around a series of cyclical events that occur along the way during Dora's travels, along with obstacles that she and Boots are forced to overcome or puzzles that they have to solve (with "assistance" from the viewing audience) relating to riddles, the Spanish language, or counting  Common rituals may involve Dora's encounters with Swiper, a bipedal, anthropomorphic masked thieving fox whose theft of the possessions of others must be prevented through fourth wall-breaking interaction with the viewer  To stop Swiper, Dora must say "Swiper no swiping" three times  However, on occasions where Swiper steals the belongings of other people, the viewer is presented with the challenge of helping Boots and Dora locate the stolen items  Another obstacle involves encounters with another one of the program's antagonists; the "Grumpy Old Troll" dwelling beneath a bridge that Dora and Boots must cross, who challenges them with a riddle that needs to be solved with the viewer's help before permitting them to pass  Known for the constant breaking of the fourth-wall depicted in every episode, the audience is usually presented to two primary landmarks that must be passed before Dora can reach her destination, normally being challenged with games or puzzles along the way  The episode always ends with Dora successfully reaching the locale, singing the "We Did It!" song with Boots in triumph 

Premise
The eponymous series focuses on the adventures of a Latina girl named Dora and her monkey friend Boots, with a particular emphasis on the Spanish language  The show is presented in the style of both an interactive CD-ROM game and a point-and-click adventure game, with gimmicks such as title cards appearing in windows and Dora asking the viewer to help her by showing the current items in her inventory and asking the viewer which one is best for the current scenario 

Development
Development of the show came out of Nickelodeon's desire to "come up with the next big hit" similar to its other hit preschool shows at the time; Little Bear and Blue's Clues  The creators sought to combine the format of both shows, with the narrative focus of Little Bear combined with the interactivity of Blue's Clues  The creators further developed the concept by observing  preschoolers with the creators coming to the conclusion that "they are little explorers "Dora is a Latina  According to a Nickelodeon spokesman, "she was developed to be pan-Latina to represent the diversity of Latino cultures"  Initially the character was not planned to be Latina although after an executive at Nickelodeon attended a conference about the lack of Latino representation, the creators were asked if they could include such elements  At first there was hesitancy, but eventually they realized that they had "a great opportunity" and the character's design remained  Originally, Nickelodeon did not want Swiper, as researchers stated he was, "bad modeling and unsettling to kids"  The creators felt strongly about the inclusion of the antagonist as an integral part of the series; he remained in the final show On numerous occasions, television specials have been aired for the series in which the usual events of regular episodes are altered, threatened, or replaced  Usually said specials will present Dora with a bigger, more whimsical adventure than usual or with a magical task that must be fulfilled, or perhaps even offer a series of different adventures for Boots and Dora to travel through  They might be presented with an unusual, difficult task (such as assisting Swiper in his attempts to be erased from Santa Claus's Naughty List) that normally is not featured in average episodes, or challenge Dora with a goal that must be achieved (such as the emancipation of a trapped mermaid)  Sometimes, the specials have involved the debut of new characters, such as the birth of Dora's superpowered twin baby siblings and the introduction of the enchanted anthropomorphic stars that accompany Dora on many of her quests 

On March 8, 2009, Mattel and Nickelodeon announced that Dora will receive a tweenage makeover, switching from a young age to a teenage attending middle school  Initially, it was announced that the new look would not be revealed until late 2009, but after a short controversy, the tween Dora was unveiled on March 16, 2009 On 13 April 2012, a CGI opening sequence was created by Chicago-based Calabash Animation for the seventh season of the series 

Dora's Explorer Girls
In 2009, Mattel and Nickelodeon introduced a preteen version of Dora, with four friends; named Naiya, Kate, Emma and Alana, who call themselves the Explorer Girls and were featured in Dora and Friends 

Episodes
NOTE: The show's run ended on June 5, 2014, with 6 episodes, however, those episodes did not air in the United States until August 9, 2019, with the premiere of Dora and the Lost City of Gold 

Voice cast
Dora Márquez (aka Dora the Explorer): Kathleen Herles (2000–2007), Caitlin Sanchez (2008–2012), Fátima Ptacek (2012–2019)
Boots: Harrison Chad (2000–2007), Regan Mizrahi (2008–2013), Koda Gursoy (2013–2019)
Backpack: Sasha Toro (2000–2007), Alexandria Suarez (2008–2013), Sofia Lopez (2013–2019)
Isa the Iguana: Ashley Fleming (2000–2007), Lenique Vincent (2008–2012), Skai Jackson (2012–2019)
Tico the Squirrel: Muhammad Cunningham (2000–2001), Jose Zelaya (2002–2007), Jean Carlos Celi (2008–2012), Oscar Hutarra (2012–2019)
Benny the Bull: Jake Burbage (2000–2007), Matt Gumley (2008–2012), Aidan Gemme (2012–2019)
Diego Márquez: Felipe and Andre Dieppa (2003–2004), Gabriel Alvarez (2003-2006), Jake T  Austin (2005–2010), Brandon Zambrano (2011–2012), Jacob Medrano (2012–2019)
Explorer Stars: Christiana Anbri, Henry Gifford, Katie Gifford, Aisha Shickler, Muhammed Cunningham, Jose Zeleya
Val the Octopus, Miscalleneous: Elaine Del Valle
Mrs  Márquez: Eileen Galindo
Big Red Chicken, Grumpy Old Troll, Pirate Pig, Miscellaneous: Chris Gifford
Various: K  J  Sanchez
Boots' Father, Miscellaneous: Adam Sietz
Señor Tucán, Miscellaneous: Leslie Valdes
Map, Swiper, The Fiesta Trio: Marc Weiner

Guest voices
John Leguizamo - Silly Mail Bird, Pirate Pig (Dora's Pirate Adventure) and Flying Monkeys
Cheech Marin - King Juan el Bobo
Ricardo Montalbán - El Encantador
Esai Morales – Mr  Márquez
Amy Principe - Little Star, various
Irwin Reese - Singing Gate
Antonia Rey - Abuela
Paul Rodriguez - León the Circus Lion

Guest stars
Chita Rivera (Dora's Fairytale Adventure, 2004; Dora Saves Fairytale Land, 2015)
Johnny Weir (Dora's Ice Skating Spectacular, 2013)
Hilary Duff (Dora's Ice Skating Spectacular, 2013)
Jewel Kilcher (Dora in Wonderland, 2014)
Mel Brooks (Dora in Wonderland, 2014)
Alan Cumming (Dora in Wonderland, 2014)
Sara Ramirez (Dora in Wonderland, 2014)
Juanes (Dora Saves Fairytale Land, 2015)

Foreign adaptations
Dora the Explorer has been produced in various other languages worldwide  It facilitates the learning of important foreign language words or phrases (mostly English), interspersed with a local language (e g  Norwegian, Russian, Hindi or German), with occasional use of Spanish (used in the Irish, Serbian, and Turkish versions) through its simplicity and use of repetition 

Arabic – The Arabic language version is broadcast on the "Nickelodeon on MBC3" block of MBC 3, and is presented in Arabic-English 
Cantonese – The Cantonese language version (Chinese: 愛探險的朵拉; lit  'Explore-loving Dora') is broadcast in Hong Kong and presented in Cantonese-English 
Danish – The Danish language version is called Dora – udforskeren and there are commands and expressions in English  It is broadcast on the national public children's channel, DR Ramasjang, and also on the Nick Jr  Channel through various pay TV providers 
Dutch – The Dutch language version broadcasts on Nickelodeon and Nick  Jr, It is presented in Dutch-English  The voice actors are Lottie Hellingman as Dora and Dieter Jansen as Boots 
French  – The French language version, Dora l'exploratrice, broadcasts on TF1 in France and Télé-Québec in Canada  It is presented in French-English, with Dora and Boots (called Babouche) speaking French and other protagonists speaking and answering in English 
Filipino – The Filipino language version broadcasts on ABS-CBN and has the same English title "Dora, the Explorer"  The characters speak Filipino and some English, Dora teaches English in this version 
German – The German language version broadcasts on the German branch of Nick  The bilingualism is German-English 
Greek – The Greek language version is called "Ντόρα η μικρή εξερευνήτρια" (or Dora the Little Explorer)  It broadcasts on Nickelodeon and Star Channel  The bilingualism is Greek-English  Dora and Boots (called Botas) speak Greek and other protagonists speak and answer in English 
Hebrew – The Hebrew language version broadcasts on HOP channel  The bilingualism is Hebrew-English  The series is called מגלים עם דורה (or Megalim Im Dora—English: Discovering with Dora) 
Hindi – In the Hindi language version, Dora and the other characters speak Hindi  It broadcasts on Nickelodeon and Nick Jr  Dora teaches the viewers English words and numbers 
Hungarian – In the Hungarian language version, Dora and the other characters speak Hungarian with some English words or phrases  It broadcasts on Nickelodeon  The series is called Dóra a felfedező 
Indonesian – The Indonesian language version broadcasts on Global TV  The bilingualism is Indonesian-English 
Irish – The Irish language version broadcasts on the Irish station TG4  The bilingualism is Irish-Spanish with Dora and Boots speaking in Irish and some other characters speaking Spanish as in the original American version 
Italian – The Italian language version broadcasts on Cartoonito and on Nickelodeon  The bilingualism is Italian-English  The series is called Dora l'esploratrice ("Dora the Explorer")  Most characters speak Italian, but some characters and especially Dora's parents and backpack speak English along with Italian 
Japanese – The Japanese language version broadcasts on Nickelodeon  The bilingualism is Japanese-English, with Dora and Boots speaking Japanese and other protagonists speaking and answering in English  The version is called ドーラといっしょに大冒険 (Dōra to issho ni dai bōken/Adventures with Dora) 
Kannada – The Kannada language version broadcasts on Chintu TV and is a very popular program on that network  Hindi is the second language in this version 
Korean – The Korean language version broadcasts on Nick Jr  in Korea  The title is Hi Dora and is introduced by a real person whose name is Dami – she introduces key English vocabulary for each episode  The episode is primarily in Korean with some English 
Macedonian – The Macedonian language version broadcasts on MRT 1 in Macedonia  The title is "Дора истражува" (or Dora the Explorer)  The bilingualism is Macedonian-English 
Malay – The Malay language version broadcasts on TV9  The bilingualism is Malay-English  Dora speaks primarily in Malay, and the secondary language is English  The original English-Spanish version, however, is also available on Nickelodeon via the Nick Jr  programming slot to subscribers of the ASTRO satellite TV service 
Malayalam – The Malayalam language version is called Dorayude Prayanam ("Dora's Journey") and broadcasts on Kochu TV, Sun TV Network 
Mandarin – In the Mandarin Chinese language version Dora the characters speak mainly Mandarin with limited English  It broadcasts on Yo-yo TV in Taiwan (Channel 25) 
Maori – The Māori language version is called "Dora Mātātoa" 
Norwegian – In the Norwegian language version, the bilingualism is Norwegian-English 
Polish – The Polish language version broadcasts on Nickelodeon in Poland  The bilingualism is Polish-English  The series is called Dora poznaje świat ("Dora explores the world") 
Portuguese – In the Portuguese language versions, Dora a Exploradora broadcasts on RTP2 and Nickelodeon  On Nickelodeon Brazil and TV Cultura, the show is called Dora a Aventureira, and Dora and Boots (called Boots in the Portuguese version and Botas in the Brazilian version) speak Portuguese, while the other protagonists speak and answer in English  Some Portuguese episodes are available on DVD 
Russian – The Russian language version broadcasts on TNT and Nickelodeon  The bilingualism is Russian-English  The series is called Dasha-sledopyt ("Dasha the Pathfinder")  Dasha is the children's name of Daria (Darya) 
Serbian – The Serbian language version broadcasts on B92  The bilingualism is Serbian-Spanish  The series is called Dora istražuje (Dora is exploring) 
Spanish – There are different Spanish versions for Mexico, Latin America and Spain  Dora la Exploradora broadcasts on Nickelodeon in Latin America  For Hispanic and Latino Americans, it aired on Telemundo until September 2006 and on Univisión since April 2008  Dora and Boots (called Botas) speak Spanish and the other protagonists speak and answer in English  Some Spanish episodes are available to US viewers on VHS, and some DVDs have a Spanish track (including Dora's Egg Hunt)  This version is entirely the reverse of the original English version; Tico and  Señor Tucan (called Mr  Toucan) only speak English  Additionally, Univision has added on-screen captions of the Spanish words spoken in English  In Spain, Dora la exploradora is aired on TVE 1, Clan TVE and the Spanish and Portuguese Nickelodeon feed  It is another reverse of the original English version (the characters speak mainly Spanish but there are commands and expressions in English) 
Swedish – In the Swedish language version Dora- utforskaren the characters speak mainly Swedish but there are commands and expressions in English  It broadcasts on Nickelodeon and TV4 
Tamil – In the Tamil language version Doravin Payanangal (டோராவின் பயணங்கள்), the characters all speak Tamil, with some English interspersed  It broadcasts on a local kids programming channel Chutti TV 
Thai – In the Thai language version ดอร่าดิเอกซ์พลอเรอร์ or ดอร่าสาวน้อยนักผจญภัย, the characters speak Thai; however, Tico speaks English  It broadcasts on Gang Cartoon Channel, Nick Jr



ground_truth: American

prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: Charles Haughey held what position when he dissolved the list of members who were elected to the lower house of the Oireachtas of Ireland on 25 May 1989?

The following are given passages.
Context 2: Passage 1:
Charles Haughey
Charles James Haughey (; 16 September 1925 – 13 June 2006) was an Irish Fianna Fáil politician who served as Taoiseach on three occasions – 1979 to 1981, March to December 1982 and 1987 to 1992  Haughey led four governments while serving as Taoiseach; December 1979 to June 1981, March to December 1982, March 1987 to June 1989, and June 1989 to February 1992  He was also Minister for the Gaeltacht from 1987 to 1992, Leader of the Opposition from 1981 to 1982 and 1982 to 1987, Leader of Fianna Fáil from 1979 to 1992, Minister for Social Welfare and for Health from 1977 to 1979, Minister for Finance from 1966 to 1970, Minister for Agriculture from 1964 to 1966, Minister for Justice from 1961 to 1964 and Parliamentary Secretary to the Minister for Justice from 1959 to 1961  He served as a Teachta Dála (TD) from 1957 to 1992 Haughey was first elected to Dáil Éireann as a Fianna Fáil TD in 1957 and was re-elected at every election until 1992, representing successively the Dublin North-East, Dublin Artane and Dublin North-Central constituencies 
Haughey was the dominant Irish politician of his generation, as well as the most controversial  Upon entering government in the early 1960s, Haughey became the symbol of a new vanguard of Irish Ministers  As Taoiseach, he is credited by some economists with starting the positive transformation of the economy in the late 1980s  However, his career was also marked by several major scandals  Haughey was implicated in the Arms Crisis of 1970, which nearly destroyed his career  His political reputation revived, his tenure as Taoiseach was then damaged by the sensational GUBU Affair in 1982; his party leadership was challenged four times, each time unsuccessfully, earning Haughey the nickname "The Great Houdini"  Revelations about his role in a phone tapping scandal forced him to resign as Taoiseach and retire from politics in 1992 
After Haughey's retirement from politics, further revelations of corruption, embezzlement, tax evasion and a 27-year extra-marital affair tarnished his already chequered reputation  He died of prostate cancer in 2006, aged 80 

Early life
He was born in Castlebar, County Mayo in 1925, the third of seven children, of Seán Haughey and Sarah McWilliams, both natives of Swatragh, County Londonderry   Haughey's father was in the Irish Republican Army during the Irish War of Independence, then in the National Army of the Irish Free State  Seán Haughey left the army in 1928 and the family moved to County Meath; he subsequently developed multiple sclerosis and the family moved again to Donnycarney, a northern suburb of Dublin, where Charles Haughey spent his youth Haughey was educated by the Irish Christian Brothers at St Joseph's secondary school in Fairview, where one of his classmates was George Colley, subsequently his cabinet colleague and rival in Fianna Fáil  In his youth he was an active amateur sportsman, playing Gaelic football with the Parnells GAA Club in Donnycarney; he won a Dublin Senior Football Championship medal in 1945  Haughey studied commerce at University College Dublin (UCD), where he took a first class Honours degree in 1946  It was at UCD that Haughey became increasingly interested in politics and was elected Auditor of the Commerce & Economics Society  He also met there one of his future political rivals, Garret FitzGerald He joined the Local Defence Force during "The Emergency" in 1941 and considered a permanent career in the Army  He continued to serve in the reserve FCÁ force, until entering Dáil Éireann in 1957 On VE-day Haughey and other UCD students burnt the British Union Jack on College Green, outside Trinity College Dublin, in response to a perceived disrespect afforded the Irish tricolour among the flags hung by the college in celebration of the Allied victory which ended World War II 
Haughey qualified as a chartered accountant and also attended King's Inns  He was subsequently called to the Irish Bar  Shortly afterwards, he set up the accountancy firm of Haughey, Boland & Company with Harry Boland, son of Fianna Fáil Minister Gerald Boland 
On 18 September 1951, he married Maureen Lemass, the daughter of the Fianna Fáil Minister and future Taoiseach Seán Lemass, having been close to her since their days at UCD, where they first met  They had four children together: Eimear, Conor, Ciarán and Seán After selling his house in Raheny in 1969, Haughey bought Abbeville and its estate of approximately 250 acres (100 ha), located at Kinsealy, north County Dublin   This historic house, once owned by Anglo-Irish politician John Beresford, had been extensively re-designed by the architect James Gandon in the late 18th century and it became the Haughey family home, where he lived for the rest of his life  This marked the beginning of a long period when Haughey's spending was well beyond his apparent income level  For the rest of his life Haughey would refuse to say where the extra money came from 

Early political career
He started his political career as a local councillor, being a member of Dublin Corporation from 1953 to 1955  Haughey's first attempt at election to Dáil Éireann came in June 1951, when he unsuccessfully contested the general election  While living in Raheny, Haughey was first elected to the Dáil as a Fianna Fáil TD at the 1957 general election for the Dublin North-East constituency; it was his fourth attempt 
Haughey was re-elected in every election until 1992, representing Dublin North-East from 1957 to 1977, Dublin Artane from 1977 to 1981, and Dublin North-Central from 1981 until his retirement in 1992 (moving constituencies in line with boundary changes) 
In 1959, Haughey obtained his first government position, that of Parliamentary Secretary to the Minister for Justice, serving under his constituency colleague Oscar Traynor, appointed by the first government of his father-in-law Seán Lemass  It is unclear whether the choice was made by Lemass directly as Taoiseach, or by the cabinet against his wishes  Lemass had advised Haughey;

As Taoiseach it is my duty to offer you the post of parliamentary secretary, and as your father-in-law I am advising you not to take it 
Haughey ignored Lemass's advice and accepted the offer  Although officially junior to Traynor, Haughey was the de facto minister, as Traynor, a minister in governments since the 1930s, was elderly and in poor health, and only nominally running the department  Haughey and Traynor clashed openly Haughey came to epitomise the new style of politician – the "men in the mohair suits"  He regularly socialised with other younger cabinet colleagues, such as Donogh O'Malley and Brian Lenihan 
By day he impressed the Dáil  By night he basked in the admiration of a fashionable audience in the Russell Hotel  There, or in Dublin's more expensive restaurants, the company included artists, musicians and entertainers, professionals, builders and business people 
His companions, Lenihan and O'Malley, took mischievous delight in entertaining the Russell with tales of the Old Guard  O'Malley in turn entertained the company in Limerick's Brazen Head or Cruise's Hotel with accounts of the crowd in the Russell  On the wings of such tales Haughey's reputation spread 
Haughey's status by 1961 was such that Leader of the Opposition James Dillon complimented him lavishly on the floor of the Dáil, remarking on his opponent's "skill with which he has had recourse to his brief," as well as his "extraordinary erudition" and "his exceptional and outstanding ability "

Ministerial office
Minister for Justice
When Traynor retired in 1961, Haughey succeeded him as Minister for Justice  As such, he initiated an extensive scale of legislative reforms  He introduced new legislation including the Adoption Act; the Succession Act, which protected the inheritance rights of wives and children; the Criminal Justice Act, which severely restricted the application of capital punishment; and the Extradition Act, which virtually prevented extradition for IRA offences  Haughey also introduced the Special Military Courts which helped to defeat the Irish Republican Army's Border Campaign 

Minister for Agriculture: 1966 Farmers' Strike
In 1964, Lemass appointed Haughey as Minister for Agriculture  Criticism was voiced from the National Farmers Association (NFA) of the appointment of a non-rural person to the position, and there was increased antagonism from farmers towards the government  Haughey became embroiled in a series of controversies with the NFA and with another organisation, the Irish Creamery Milk Suppliers Association (ICMSA)  Twenty-seven ICMSA picketers outside Leinster House, were arrested on 27 April 1966 under the Offences Against the State Act, an act originally intended for use against the IRA  78 were arrested the following day, and 80 a day later as the dispute escalated  The general public was supportive of the farmers, who were not in a position to hold a strike to air their grievances, and who were clearly only posing a problem to the Minister, rather than the state  The farmers then began a national solidarity campaign, and even farmers who supported Fianna Fáil turned against the government  Haughey, who did not rely on rural voters, was under intense pressure from fearful members of his own party to negotiate a deal and reduce the tension  It was Haughey's first alienation of a significant voting block, and probably damaged him electorally in later years as many farmers remembered the events, known in folk memory as the "Farmers' Strike" 

Minister for Finance and 1966 presidential election
Haughey was appointed by Fianna Fáil to run President Éamon de Valera's re-election campaign for the 1966 presidential election  His interventions proved highly controversial  Fine Gael chose a comparatively young TD and barrister, Tom O'Higgins (nephew of Kevin O'Higgins), to run against de Valera  Aware that de Valera's age (84) and almost total blindness might compare unfavourably to O'Higgins, whose campaign drew comparisons with the equally youthful US President John F  Kennedy, Haughey launched what was seen as a political stroke  He insisted that it was beneath the presidency to actively campaign, meaning that de Valera would have a low profile  Therefore, in the interests of fairness the media was asked to give O'Higgins an equally low profile, ignoring his speeches and publicity campaign  The print media, both nationally and locally, ignored Haughey's suggestion  But the state-run Raidió Teilifís Éireann, facing criticism from Lemass' government for being too radical in other areas, agreed and largely ignored the O'Higgins campaign 
De Valera got a high media profile from a different source, the fiftieth anniversary commemoration of the Easter Rising, of which he was the most senior survivor  While O'Higgins's campaign was ignored by RTÉ, de Valera appeared in RTÉ coverage of the Rising events regularly  To add further to de Valera's campaign, Haughey as Agriculture Minister arranged for milk price increases to be given to farmers on the eve of polling, as a way of reducing farmer disquiet after they had effectively become an opposition movement to the government 
These tactics should have ensured an easy de Valera victory  Instead O'Higgins came within less than one percent of winning the vote, with de Valera re-elected by a narrow margin of ten thousand votes out of a total of nearly one million  De Valera came to distrust Haughey; Frank Aiken, Minister for Foreign Affairs under de Valera and his lifelong political confidant, dismissed Haughey's political motives as being entirely selfish, and believed he was motivated to hold power for its own sake and not duty 
In 1966, the Taoiseach Seán Lemass retired  Haughey declared his candidature to succeed Lemass in the consequent leadership election, and George Colley and Neil Blaney did likewise  As this meant that there were three strong candidates who held strong and divisive views on the future of the party, the party elders sought to find a compromise candidate  Lemass himself encouraged his Minister for Finance Jack Lynch, to contest the party leadership, and encouraged Colley, Haughey and Blaney to withdraw in favour of Lynch, arguing that they would not win a contest against him  However, Colley refused the Taoiseach's request and insisted on remaining in the race, but he was defeated by Lynch  Upon Lynch's election as Taoiseach, Haughey was appointed Minister for Finance by Lynch, in a cabinet reshuffle, which indicated that Haughey's withdrawal was a gain at the expense of Colley  The inexpensive and socially inclusive initiatives that Haughey made caught the public imagination; these included popular decisions to introduce free travel on public transport for pensioners, subsidise electricity for pensioners, the granting of special tax concessions for the disabled and tax exemptions for artists  They increased Haughey's populist appeal and his support from certain elements in the media and artistic community 
As Minister for Finance, Haughey on two occasions arranged foreign currency loans for the government which he then arranged to be left on deposit in foreign countries (Germany and the United States), in the local currencies, instead of immediately changing the loans to Irish pounds and depositing them in the exchequer  These actions were unconstitutional, because it effectively meant that the Minister for Finance was making a currency speculation against his own currency  When this was challenged by the Comptroller and Auditor General Eugene Francis Suttle, Haughey introduced a law to retrospectively legalise his actions  The debate was very short and the record shows no understanding of the issue by the Opposition Spokesperson for Finance, O'Higgins for Fine Gael and Tully for Labour  The legislation was passed on 26 November 1969 

Arms crisis
The late 1960s saw the old tensions boil over into an eruption of violence in Northern Ireland  Haughey was generally seen as coming from the pragmatist wing of the party, and was not believed to have strong opinions on the matter, despite having family links with Derry  Indeed, many presumed that he had a strong antipathy to physical force Irish republicanism; during his period as Minister for Justice he had followed a tough anti-IRA line, including using internment without trial against the IRA  The hawks in the cabinet were seen as Kevin Boland and Neil Blaney, both sons of founding fathers in the party with strong Old IRA pasts  Blaney was also a TD for Donegal; a staunchly Republican area which bordered Derry  They were opposed by those described as the "doves" of the cabinet; Tánaiste Erskine Childers, George Colley and Patrick Hillery  A fund of £100,000 was set up to give to the Nationalist people in the form of aid  Haughey, as Finance Minister would have a central role in the management of this fund 
There was general surprise when, in an incident known as the Arms Crisis, Haughey, along with Blaney, was sacked from Lynch's cabinet amid allegations of the use of the funds to import arms for use by the IRA  The Garda Special Branch informed the Minister for Justice Mícheál Ó Móráin and Taoiseach Jack Lynch that a plot to import arms existed and included government members, however Lynch took no action until the Special Branch made Leader of the Opposition Liam Cosgrave aware of the plot  Cosgrave told Lynch he knew of the plot and would announce it in the Dáil the next day if he didn't act  Lynch subsequently requested Haughey and Blaney to resign from cabinet  Both men refused, saying they did nothing illegal  Lynch then asked President de Valera to terminate their appointments as members of the government, a request that de Valera was required to grant by convention  Boland resigned in sympathy, while Mícheál Ó Móráin was dismissed one day earlier in a preemptive strike to ensure a subservient Minister for Justice was in place when the crisis broke  Lynch chose government chief whip Desmond O'Malley for the role  Haughey and Blaney were subsequently tried in court along with an army Officer, Captain James Kelly, and Albert Luykx, a former Flemish National Socialist and businessman, who allegedly used his contacts to buy the arms  After trial all the accused were acquitted but many refused to recognise the verdict of the courts  Although cleared of wrongdoing, it looked as if Haughey's political career was finished  Blaney and Boland eventually resigned from Fianna Fáil but Haughey remained  He spent his years on the backbenches – the wilderness years – building support within the grassroots of the party; during this time, he remained loyal to the party and served the leader, but after the debacle of the "arms crises" neither man trusted the other 

Leadership years
Opposition to Jack Lynch
In 1975, Fianna Fáil was in opposition and Haughey had achieved enough grassroots support to warrant a recall to Jack Lynch's opposition front bench  Haughey was appointed Spokesman on Health and Social Welfare, a fairly minor portfolio at the time, but Haughey used the same imagination and skill he displayed in other positions to formulate innovative and far reaching policies  Two years later in 1977, Fianna Fáil returned to power with a massive parliamentary majority in Dáil Éireann, having had a very populist campaign (spearhead by Colley and O'Malley) to abolish rates, vehicle tax and other extraordinary concessions, which were short-lived  Haughey returned to the cabinet, after an absence of seven years, as Minister for Health and Social Welfare 
In this position he continued the progressive policies he had shown earlier by, among others, beginning the first government anti-smoking campaigns and legalising contraception, previously banned  Following the finding by the Supreme Court of Ireland, in McGee v The Attorney General, that there was a constitutional right to use contraceptives, he introduced The Family Planning Bill which proved to be highly controversial  The bill allowed a pharmacist to sell contraceptives on presentation of a medical prescription  Haughey called this bill "an Irish solution to an Irish problem"  It is often stated that the recipient of the prescription had to be married, but the legislation did not include this requirement 
The fallout from the giveaway concessions that had re-elected the government under Lynch, led to a succession race to succeed Lynch  As well as this a group of backbenchers began to lobby in support of Haughey  This group, known as the "gang of five," consisted of Jackie Fahey, Tom McEllistrim, Seán Doherty, Mark Killilea Jnr and Albert Reynolds  Haughey was also helped by the TD Síle de Valera  The granddaughter of Éamon de Valera, she was highly critical of Jack Lynch's policy regards to Northern Ireland  In a speech at the Liam Lynch commemoration at Fermoy on 9 September, de Valera made a series of thinly veiled attacks on Lynch  Although Lynch quickly tried to impose party discipline, attempting to discipline her for opposing party policy at a parliamentary party meeting held at the 28th, de Valera correctly pointed out that she had not opposed the party policy regarding Northern Ireland which called for the declaration of the British intent to withdraw from Northern Ireland  Lynch left for a trip to the United States on 7 November  On the same day the government lost two by-elections to Fine Gael in Cork and in Cork North-East  During the trip Lynch claimed in an interview with The Washington Post that a five-kilometer air corridor between the border was agreed upon during the meeting with British Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher, to enhance security co-operation  This was something highly unsavoury to many in Fianna Fáil  When Lynch returned he was questioned on this by a Clare backbencher Bill Loughnane, along with Tom McEllistrim at a parliamentary party meeting  Lynch stated that the British did not have permission to overfly the border  Afterwards Loughnane went public with the details of the meeting and accused Lynch of deliberately misleading the party  An attempt to remove the whip from Loughnane failed  At this stage Lynch's position had become untenable, with supporters of Haughey and George Colley caucusing opinion within the party 
In December 1979, Lynch announced his resignation as Taoiseach and leader of Fianna Fáil  The leadership contest that resulted was a two-horse race between Haughey and the Tánaiste, George Colley  Colley had the support of the entire cabinet, with the exception of Michael O'Kennedy, and felt that this popularity would be reflected within the parliamentary party as a whole 
Haughey on the other hand was distrusted by a number of his cabinet colleagues, but was much more respected by new backbenchers who were worried about the safety of their Dáil seats  When the vote was taken Haughey emerged as the victor by a margin of 44 votes to 38, a very clear division within the party  In a conciliatory gesture, Colley was re-appointed as Tánaiste and had a veto over whom Haughey would appoint as Ministers for Justice and for Defence  This was due to his distrust of Haughey on security issues (because of the Arms Crisis)  However, he was removed from the important position of Minister for Finance 
Nonetheless, on 11 December 1979, Charles Haughey was elected Taoiseach and leader of Fianna Fáil, almost a decade after the Arms Crisis set back his political career  In 2010, a founder of the Saatchi & Saatchi advertising firm, said that Haughey had asked for "a new image" similar to the one provided for Margaret Thatcher for the 1979 general election 

Taoiseach (1979–1981)
When Haughey came to power, the country was sinking into a deep economic crisis, following the 1979 energy crisis  Haughey effectively acted as his own Minister for Finance, ignoring the views of his Minister  One of his first functions as Taoiseach was a televised address to the nation – only the third such address in the Republic's history – in which he outlined the bleak economic picture:
I wish to talk to you this evening about the state of the nation's affairs and the picture I have to paint is not, unfortunately, a very cheerful one  The figures which are just now becoming available to us show one thing very clearly  As a community we are living away beyond our means  I don't mean that everyone in the community is living too well, clearly many are not and have barely enough to get by, but taking us all together we have been living at a rate which is simply not justified by the amount of goods and services we are producing  To make up the difference we have been borrowing enormous amounts of money, borrowing at a rate which just cannot continue  A few simple figures will make this very clear     we will just have to reorganise government spending so that we can only undertake those things we can afford…
While Haughey had identified the problem with the economy, his actions made the problem worse  He increased public spending, which soon became out of control, and led to increases in borrowing and taxation at an unacceptable level  By 1981, Haughey was still reasonably popular and decided to call a general election  However, the timing of the election was thwarted twice by external events, in particular the hunger strikes of IRA volunteers for political status  The Anti H-Block Committee announced that they would field abstentionist candidates which many predicted correctly would take Republican votes away from Fianna Fáil  This coincided with the Stardust Disaster, where a fire destroyed a night club in Haughey's constituency and claimed the lives of 48 young people; these caused Haughey to delay the Ard Fheis and the election  The poll was eventually held in June, much later than Haughey wanted  In the hope of winning an overall Dáil majority Haughey's campaign took a populist line with regard to taxation, spending and Northern Ireland  The campaign was enhanced and hyped up by a live debate on RTÉ between Haughey and the Leader of the Opposition Garret FitzGerald, of Fine Gael, over the major issues  On the day of the vote Fianna Fáil won 45 5%, failing to secure a majority in the 166-seat Dáil  A Fine Gael–Labour Party coalition came to power, under FitzGerald and Haughey went into opposition 
Within days of his becoming Taoiseach, Allied Irish Banks forgave Haughey £400,000 of a £1,000,000 debt  No reason was given for this  The Economist obituary on Haughey (24 June 2006) asserted that he had warned the bank "I can be a very troublesome adversary" 

Opposition (1981–1982)
FitzGerald's government lasted until January 1982, when it collapsed due to a controversial budget which proposed the application of Value Added Tax to children's shoes, previously exempt  FitzGerald, no longer having a majority in the Dáil, went to Áras an Uachtaráin, to advise President Hillery to dissolve the Dáil and call a general election  However, the night the government collapsed the Fianna Fáil Front Bench issued a statement encouraging the President not to grant the dissolution and to allow Fianna Fáil to form a government  Phone calls were also made to the President by Brian Lenihan  Haughey, on attempting to contact his former colleague, the President, and on failing to be put through to him, was reported to have threatened the president's aide de camp by telling him that he would be Taoiseach one day and when that happened, "I intend to roast your fucking arse if you don't put me through immediately"  Hillery considered such pressure to be gross misconduct, and granted the dissolution 
A biography of Hillery blames Haughey for the sex scandal rumours which almost destroyed the presidency of Hillery in 1979 

Second term as Taoiseach (1982)
After the February 1982 election, when Haughey failed to win an overall majority again, questions were raised about his leadership  Some of Haughey's critics in the party suggested that an alternative candidate should stand as the party's nominee for Taoiseach  Desmond O'Malley emerged as the likely alternative candidate and was ready to challenge Haughey for the leadership  However, on the day of the vote O'Malley withdrew and Haughey went forward as the nominee  He engineered confidence and supply agreements with the Independent Socialist TD, Tony Gregory (in return for £100 million of investment in the Dublin North Inner City; a deal dubbed the Gregory Deal), the Independent Fianna Fáil TD Neil Blaney and three Workers' Party TDs, which saw him return as Taoiseach for a second time 
Haughey's second term was dominated by even more economic mismanagement, based on Haughey's policy of using government policy and money, in an effort to induce a sufficiently large share of the electorate to vote him his elusive 'overall majority' in the Dáil  With Haughey and his supporters taking a dangerously populist line in every area of policy, and refusing to address serious shortcomings in the performance of the state, a growing minority in his own party were becoming increasingly concerned  The issue of his leadership cropped up again when in October the backbench TD, Charlie McCreevy, put down a motion of no-confidence in Haughey  Desmond O'Malley disagreed with the timing but supported the hasty motion of no confidence all the same  O'Malley resigned from the cabinet prior to the vote as he was going to vote against Haughey  A campaign now started that was extremely vicious on the side of Haughey's supporters, with threats made to the careers of those who dissented from the leadership  After a marathon 15-hour party meeting, Haughey, who insisted on a roll-call as opposed to a secret ballot, and won the open ballot by 58 votes to 22  Not long after this, Haughey's government collapsed when the Workers' Party TD's and Tony Gregory withdrew their support for the government over a Fianna Fáil policy document called "The Way Forward," which would lead to massive spending cuts  Fianna Fáil lost the November 1982 election and FitzGerald once again returned as Taoiseach at the head of a Fine Gael-Labour coalition with a comfortable Dáil majority  Haughey found himself back in opposition 
In August 1982, the Attorney General Patrick Connolly was the subject of controversy when a man in his house was arrested for murder  At a press conference on the affair, Haughey was paraphrased as having described the affair as "grotesque, unbelievable, bizarre and unprecedented", from which journalist and former politician Conor Cruise O'Brien coined the term GUBU 

Return to opposition (1982–1987)
Haughey's leadership came under scrutiny for a third time when a report linked Haughey with the phone tapping of political journalists  In spite of huge pressure Haughey refused to resign and survived yet another vote of no-confidence in early 1983, albeit with a smaller majority  Haughey's success was partly due to the death of the Fianna Fáil TD Clement Coughlan, a supporter of O'Malley  Haughey's supporters managed to have the meeting moved to the following week after the funeral, which gave him more time to manoeuver  Having failed three times to oust Haughey, most of his critics gave up and returned to normal politics 
In May 1984, the New Ireland Forum Report was published  Haughey was involved in the drafting of this at the time he was in office and had agreed to potential scenarios for improving the political situation of Northern Ireland  However, on publication, Haughey rejected it and said the only possible solution was a United Ireland  This statement was criticised by the other leaders who forged the New-Ireland Forum, John Hume, Garret FitzGerald and Dick Spring  Desmond O'Malley supported the Forum report and criticised Haughey's ambiguous position, accusing him of stifling debate  At a Fianna Fáil Parliamentary Party meeting to discuss the report, the whip was removed from O'Malley, which meant he was no longer a Fianna Fáil TD  Ironically, when Haughey returned to power he embraced the Anglo-Irish Agreement that had developed from the New Ireland Forum Report 
In early 1985, a bill was introduced by the Fine Gael–Labour government to liberalise the sale of contraceptives in the country  Fianna Fáil in opposition opposed the bill  O'Malley supported it as a matter of principle rather than a political point to oppose for opposition's sake  On the day of the vote O'Malley spoke in the Dáil chamber stated:

But I do not believe that the interests of this State or our Constitution and of this Republic would be served by putting politics before conscience in regard to this     I stand by the Republic and accordingly, I will not oppose this Bill 
He abstained rather than vote with the government  Despite this Haughey moved against O'Malley and in February 1985, O'Malley was charged with "conduct un-becoming"  At a party meeting, even though O'Malley did not have the party whip, he was expelled from the Fianna Fáil organisation by 73 votes to 9 in roll-call vote  With George Colley dead, O'Malley expelled and other critics silenced, Haughey was finally in full control of Fianna Fáil 
O'Malley decided to form a new political party and 21 December 1985, Desmond O'Malley announced the formation of the Progressive Democrats  Several Fianna Fáil TDs joined including Mary Harney and Bobby Molloy 
In November 1985, the Anglo-Irish Agreement was signed between Garret FitzGerald and British Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher  The agreement gave Ireland a formal say in Northern Ireland and its affairs  As was the case with the New Ireland Forum Report, the Anglo-Irish Agreement was harshly criticised by Haughey, who said that he would re-negotiate it, if re-elected  FitzGerald called a general election for February 1987  The campaign was dominated by attacks on the government over severe cuts in the budget and the general mismanagement of the economy  When the results were counted Haughey had failed once again to win an overall majority for Fianna Fáil  When it came to electing a Taoiseach in the Dáil Haughey's position looked particularly volatile  When it came to a vote the Independent TD Tony Gregory voted against Fitzgerald but abstained on Haughey, seeing Haughey as the "lesser of two evils" (the reason for this was Gregory's opposition to the Anglo-Irish agreement as well as his personal dislike of Garret FitzGerald and Fine Gael)  Haughey was elected Taoiseach on the casting vote of the Ceann Comhairle 

Final term as Taoiseach (1987–1992)
Haughey now headed a minority Fianna Fáil government  Fine Gael under leader Alan Dukes, made the unprecedented move, with its Tallaght strategy, of supporting the government and voting for it when it came to introducing tough economic policies  The national debt had doubled under previous administrations, so the government introduced severe budget cuts in all departments  The taxation system was transformed to encourage enterprise and employment  One of the major schemes put forward, and one which would have enormous economic benefits for the country, was the establishment of the International Financial Services Centre (IFSC) in Dublin 
In late April 1989, Haughey returned from a trip to Japan, to the news that the government was about to be defeated in a Dáil vote, on a private members' motion regarding provision of funds for HIV/AIDS sufferers  The government lost the vote, which was seen as merely embarrassing, but Haughey, buoyed by opinion polls which indicated the possibility of winning an overall majority, called a general election for 15 June  Fianna Fáil however ended up losing four seats and the possibility of forming another minority government looked slim  For the first time in history a nominee for Taoiseach failed to achieve a majority when a vote was taken in the Dáil, on 29 June 1989  Constitutionally Haughey was obliged to resign, however he refused to, for a short period  He eventually tendered his resignation to President Hillery and remained on as Taoiseach, albeit in an acting capacity  A full 27 days after the election had taken place a coalition government was formed between Fianna Fáil and the Progressive Democrats  It was the first time that Fianna Fáil had entered into a coalition, abandoning one of its "core values" in the overwhelming need to form a government 
Haughey in 1990 had more difficulties than successes  The first half of the year saw Haughey in a leading role as European statesman, when Ireland held the presidency of the European Community, which rotated semi-annually between the member states of the European Union  Haughey supported German Reunification and during the extraordinary Dublin Summit, which he called for in April, he pressed this viewpoint forward  He believed both Ireland and Germany were similar in that both countries were divided  During a Dáil debate on German Reunification, Haughey stated "I have expressed a personal view that coming as we do from a country which is also divided many of us would have sympathy with any wish of the people of the two German States for unification" The presidential election was disappointing for Haughey with Brian Lenihan, the Tánaiste, who was nominated as the party's candidate, being defeated by Mary Robinson  During the campaign the controversy over the phone calls made to the Áras an Uachtaráin in 1982, urging the then President not to dissolve the Dáil resurfaced  Lenihan was accused of calling and attempting to influence the President, who as Head of State is above politics  The Progressive Democrats threatened to pull out of the coalition and support a Fine Gael no-confidence motion unless Haughey forced Lenihan out  Haughey tried to force Lenihan to resign, and sacked him when he refused to do so  Lenihan's dismissal damaged Haughey's standing in the Fianna Fáil organisation 
Haughey's grip on political power began to slip in the autumn of 1991  There was a series of resignations by chairmen of semi-state companies, followed by an open declaration by Minister for Finance Albert Reynolds, that he had every intention of standing for the party leadership if Haughey resigned  Following a heated parliamentary party meeting, Seán Power, one of Reynolds's supporters, put down a motion of no-confidence in Haughey  Reynolds and his supporters were sacked from the government by Haughey, who went on to win the no-confidence motion by 55 votes to 22 

Haughey's victory was short-lived, as a series of political errors would lead to his demise as Taoiseach  Controversy erupted over the attempted appointment of Jim McDaid as Minister for Defence, which saw him withdraw his nomination under pressure from O'Malley  Worse was to follow when Seán Doherty, who as Minister for Justice had taken the blame for the phone-tapping scandal of the early 1980s, went on RTÉ television, and after ten years of insisting that Haughey knew nothing of the tapping, claimed that Haughey had known and authorised it  Haughey denied this, but the Progressive Democrats members of the government stated that they could no longer continue in government with Haughey as Taoiseach  Haughey told Desmond O'Malley, the Progressive Democrats leader, that he intended to stand down shortly, but wanted to choose his own time of departure  O'Malley agreed to this and the government continued 
On 30 January 1992, Haughey resigned as leader of Fianna Fáil at a parliamentary party meeting  He remained as Taoiseach until 11 February 1992, when he was succeeded by the former Finance Minister, Albert Reynolds  During his final address to the Dáil he quoted Othello, saying "I have done the state some service, they know it, no more of that"  Haughey then returned to the backbenches before retiring from politics at the 1992 general election  His son, Seán Haughey, was elected at the election that followed, in his father's old constituency  Seán Haughey was appointed as a Minister of State at the Department of Education and Science in December 2006 

Retirement, tribunals and scandal
Financial scandals
Haughey's personal wealth and extravagant lifestyle (he owned racehorses, a large motor sailing yacht Celtic Mist, an Inishvickillane island and a Gandon-designed mansion) had long been a point of speculation  He refused throughout his career to answer any questions about how he financed this lifestyle on a government salary  Despite his professed desire to fade from public attention, these questions followed him into retirement, eventually exploding into a series of political, financial and personal scandals that tarnished his image and reputation 
In 1997, a government-appointed tribunal, led by Judge Brian McCracken, first revealed that Haughey had received substantial monetary gifts from businessmen and that he had held secret offshore bank accounts in the Ansbacher Bank in the Cayman Islands  Haughey faced criminal charges for obstructing the work of the McCracken tribunal  His trial on these charges was postponed indefinitely after the judge in the case found that he would not be able to get a fair trial following prejudicial comments by the then PD leader and Tánaiste Mary Harney Also in 1997, the public were shocked by allegations that Haughey had embezzled money destined for the Fianna Fáil party, taxpayers' money taken from government funds earmarked for the operation of a political party, and that he had spent large portions of these funds on Charvet shirts and expensive dinners in a top Dublin restaurant, while preaching belt-tightening and implementing budget cuts as a national policy The subsequent Moriarty Tribunal delved further into Haughey's financial dealings  In his main report on Charles Haughey released on 19 December 2006, Mr Justice Moriarty made the following findings:

Haughey was paid more than IR£8 million between 1979 and 1986 from various benefactors and businessmen, including £1 3 million from the Dunnes Stores supermarket tycoon Ben Dunne  The tribunal described these payments as "unethical" 
In May 1989 one of Haughey's lifelong friends, former government minister Brian Lenihan, underwent a liver transplant which was partly paid for through fundraising by Haughey  The Moriarty tribunal found that of the £270,000 collected in donations for Brian Lenihan, no more than £70,000 ended up being spent on Lenihan's medical care  The tribunal identified one specific donation of £20,000 for Lenihan that was surreptitiously appropriated by Haughey, who took steps to conceal this transaction 
The tribunal found evidence of favours performed in return for money (bribes): Saudi businessman Mahmoud Fustok paid Haughey £50,000 to support applications for Irish citizenship 
In other evidence of favours performed, the tribunal reported that Haughey arranged meetings between Ben Dunne and civil servant Seamus Pairceir of the Revenue Commissioners  These discussions resulted in an outstanding capital gains tax bill for Dunne being reduced by £22 8 million  Moriarty found that this was "not coincidental", and that it was a substantial benefit conferred on Dunne by Haughey's actions 
Allied Irish Banks settled a million-pound overdraft with Haughey soon after he became Taoiseach in 1979; the tribunal found that the lenience shown by the bank in this case amounted to an indirect payment by the bank to Haughey The tribunal rejected Haughey's claims of ignorance of his own financial affairs and Haughey was accused by the tribunal of "devaluing democracy" Haughey eventually agreed a settlement with the revenue and paid a total of €6 5 million in back taxes and penalties to the Revenue Commissioners in relation to these donations  In August 2003 Haughey was forced to sell his large estate, Abbeville, in Kinsealy in north County Dublin for €45 million to settle legal fees he had incurred during the tribunals  He continued to live at Abbeville and own the island of Inishvickillane off the coast of County Kerry until his death 

Terry Keane affair
In May 1999, Terry Keane, gossip columnist and once wife of former Chief Justice of Ireland Ronan Keane, revealed on The Late Late Show that she and Haughey had conducted a 27-year extramarital affair  In a move that she subsequently said she deeply regretted, Keane confirmed that the man she had been referring to for years in her newspaper column as "sweetie" was indeed Haughey  The revelation on the television programme shocked at least some of the audience, including Haughey's son Seán who was watching the show  Haughey's wife Maureen was also said to have been deeply hurt by the circumstances of the revelation 

Death and funeral
Haughey's attendance before the tribunals had repeatedly been disrupted by illness  He died from prostate cancer, from which he had suffered for a decade, on 13 June 2006, at his home in Kinsealy, County Dublin, aged 80 Haughey received a state funeral on 16 June 2006  He was buried in St  Fintan's Cemetery, Sutton in County Dublin, following mass at Donnycarney  The then Taoiseach Bertie Ahern delivered the graveside oration The funeral rites were screened live on RTÉ One and watched by a quarter of a million people  It was attended by President Mary McAleese, the Taoiseach, Bertie Ahern, members of the Oireachtas, many from the world of politics, industry and business  The chief celebrant was Haughey's brother, Father Eoghan Haughey 

Legacy
Former Taoiseach Garret FitzGerald said that Haughey had the potential to be one of the best Taoisigh that the country ever had, had his preoccupation with wealth and power not clouded his judgement: Charles Haughey spent much energy fending off leadership challenges, chasing an elusive Dáil majority and dealing with GUBU-like events "
He comes with a flawed pedigree      His motives can ultimately only be judged by God, but we cannot ignore the fact that he differs from his predecessors in that these motives have been widely impugned, most notably by those in his own party who have observed him over many years 
Taoiseach Bertie Ahern said,
He had an immense ability to get things done and he inspired great loyalty amongst many of his followers both inside and outside Fianna Fáil 
In recent times, these achievements have become clouded by the revelations that are the subject of inquiry by the Moriarty Tribunal 

History will have to weigh up both the credit and the debit side more dispassionately than may be possible today, but I have no doubt its ultimate judgement on Mr Haughey will be a positive one 
Historian Diarmaid Ferriter said, He was a very promising minister in the '60s, but once he became leader all he was concerned with was staying leader  It was always about the cult of leadership  His sense of himself was much more important than any vision he had for the country  People say he discovered fiscal rectitude in '87, and people talk about his contribution to Anglo-Irish affairs, but really if you try and look for any consistency in his affairs after the late '70s you can't find it because it's just about him 
Historian John A  Murphy said, His vision was one of personal vanity  I don't think history's assessment will be the one Bertie uttered over his grave 
Haughey was characterised in a 2012 novel Ratlines, by Stuart Neville  A three-part television drama Charlie, covering Haughey between 1979 and 1992, débuted on RTÉ in January 2015, with Aidan Gillen in the title role  

Governments
The following governments were led by Haughey:

16th Government of Ireland (December 1979 – June 1981)
18th Government of Ireland (March 1982 – December 1982)
20th Government of Ireland (March 1987 – July 1989)
21st Government of Ireland (July 1989 – February 1992)

See also
Families in the Oireachtas
Haughey
Haughey (TV series)
Passage 2:
Members of the 25th Dáil
The 25th Dáil was elected at the 1987 general election on 17 February 1987 and met on 10 March 1987  The members of Dáil Éireann, the house of representatives of the Oireachtas (legislature), of Ireland are known as TDs  The 25th Dáil was dissolved by President Patrick Hillery on 25 May 1989, at the request of the Taoiseach Charles Haughey  The 25th Dáil lasted 808 days  There were no by-elections during the 25th Dáil 

Composition of the 25th Dáil
Fianna Fáil, denoted with bullet (●), formed the 20th Government of Ireland 

Graphical representation
This is a graphical comparison of party strengths in the 25th Dáil from March 1987  This was not the official seating plan 

Ceann Comhairle
On 10 March 1987, Seán Treacy (Ind) was proposed by Charles Haughey and seconded by Brian Lenihan for the position of Ceann Comhairle  He was approved without a vote 

TDs by constituency
The list of the 166 TDs elected is given in alphabetical order by Dáil constituency 

Changes
See also
Members of the 18th Seanad
Passage 3:
Members of the 21st Dáil
The 21st Dáil was elected at the 1977 general election on 16 June 1977 and met on 5 July 1977  The members of Dáil Éireann, the house of representatives of the Oireachtas (legislature) of Ireland, are known as TDs  The 21st Dáil saw a change of Taoiseach from Jack Lynch to Charles Haughey  On 21 May 1981, President Patrick Hillery dissolved the Dáil on the request of Taoiseach Charles Haughey  The 21st Dáil lasted 1,417 days 

Composition of the 21st Dáil
In July 1977, Fianna Fáil, denoted with a bullet (●), formed the 15th Government of Ireland, a majority government, led by Jack Lynch as Taoiseach  In December 1979, Charles Haughey succeeded as Fianna Fáil leader and Taoiseach, forming the 16th Government of Ireland 

Graphical representation
This is a graphical comparison of party strengths in the 21st Dáil from July 1977  This was not the official seating plan 

Ceann Comhairle
On the meeting of the Dáil, Joseph Brennan (FF) was proposed by Jack Lynch (FF) and seconded by George Colley (FF) for the position of Ceann Comhairle  Seán Treacy (Lab) was proposed by Garret FitzGerald (FG) and seconded by Joseph Bermingham (Lab) for the position  Brennan was elected by a vote of 84 to 60 Brennan died on 13 July 1980  On 15 October 1980, Pádraig Faulkner (FF) was appointed Ceann Comhairle on a temporary basis  On 16 October 1980, Faulkner was proposed by Jack Lynch for the position on a permanent basis, and was elected without a vote 

TDs by constituency
The list of the 148 TDs elected is given in alphabetical order by Dáil constituency 

Changes
On 11 February 1981, a motion to move the writ for the vacancy in Tipperary North was rejected on a vote of 40 to 66 

See also
Members of the 14th Seanad
Passage 4:
Members of the 23rd Dáil
The 23rd Dáil was elected at the February 1982 general election on 18 February 1982 and met on 9 March 1982  The members of Dáil Éireann, the house of representatives of the Oireachtas (legislature), of Ireland are known as TDs  On 4 November 1982, President Patrick Hillery dissolved the Dáil at the request of the Taoiseach Charles Haughey after the loss of a vote of confidence  The 23rd Dáil is the third shortest Dáil in history, lasting 241 days 

Composition of the 23rd Dáil
Fianna Fáil, which formed the 18th Government of Ireland, is marked with a bullet (●) 

Graphical representation
This is a graphical comparison of party strengths in the 23rd Dáil from March 1982  This was not the official seating plan 

Ceann Comhairle
On the meeting of the Dáil, John O'Connell (Ind), who had served as Ceann Comhairle in the previous Dáil, was proposed by Neil Blaney (IFF) and seconded by Garret FitzGerald (FG) for the position  He was elected without a vote 

TDs by constituency
The list of the 166 TDs elected is given in alphabetical order by Dáil constituency 

Changes
See also
Members of the 16th Seanad
Passage 5:
P  J  Mara
Patrick James Mara (1 February 1942 – 15 January 2016) was an Irish public affairs consultant and politician who served as Senator from July 1981 to October 1981 and May 1982 to December 1982  He was most renowned for being the political adviser to former Taoiseach Charles Haughey  He also served as Press Secretary to Fianna Fáil from 1983 to 1987 and Government Press Secretary from 1987 to 1992 He was appointed the Fianna Fáil Director of Elections for the 1997, 2002, and 2007 general elections  He was a member of the board of Digicel, the company founded by Denis O'Brien to build mobile networks in the Caribbean 
He was regularly lampooned on the satirical Raidió Teilifís Éireann (RTÉ) radio sketch show Scrap Saturday, which ran from 1989 to 1991 

Early life
Mara was born in Galway, but was raised in Millmount Avenue in Drumcondra, Dublin  He was educated at O'Connell's Richmond Street, and at Coláiste Mhuire, an Irish-language Christian Brothers secondary school (Gaelscoil) on Parnell Square  Mara's father, a Garda, died when Mara was still in school  He was raised by his mother and sister  After school, Mara worked at Boland's Mill for a short time  After a few more jobs, he started working in the textiles industry 

Earlier career
Mara started becoming actively involved in politics in his late 20s, having come from a family background of support for Fianna Fáil  He unsuccessfully ran for public office multiple times 
Mara began to show interest in the career of Charles Haughey in 1970, during the Arms Trial, and began a professional relationship with him, eventually becoming his right hand man and confidante  Haughey and Mara at the time would travel around Ireland visiting local branches of Fianna Fáil  Mara assisted Haughey with strategy during election campaigns  His attempts at a non-political entrepreneurial career were sidelined by his political aspirations, including his carpet sales business, which failed 
When Haughey came back from the political wilderness in the late 1970s, Mara helped to secure support for him in the 1979 leadership election of the party  In his first government, Haughey appointed Mara as a senator 
In 1982, despite having no previous experience in public relations, Mara was appointed press secretary for Fianna Fáil by Haughey  He made innovations in how to operate public relations for the party, including holding opposition press briefings  He also tried to increase the electability of Haughey, particularly among young people  
Mara adopted techniques of electioneering from US politics for the campaign for the 1987 Irish general election  He devised a strategy for the election by consulting with a broad range of people, to aid re-election  When the party went back into government in 1987 with Haughey as Taoiseach, Mara served as the press secretary for the new government, and until the resignation of Haughey  He did not work with Albert Reynolds in government 

Flood Tribunal
Mara was one of the components of the so-called Century Radio module at the Flood Tribunal  Mara told the Tribunal that during the course of his employment as a Press Secretary, his financial remuneration was not sufficient to meet his immediate financial requirements, and he experienced financial difficulties  He said he received assistance from his friends, Oliver Barry and financier Dermot Desmond, in the form of loans  However, there was no interest charge, nor was there any fixed schedule for repayment  Those making the loans did not intend that the sums advanced would be treated as gifts by Mara, but were content to receive their money back, once Mara was in a position so to do  Desmond told the Tribunal that he had lent £46,000 to Mara between 1986 and 1989  Barry said he remembered lending Mara a sum of £2,000 on one occasion between 1982 and 1984 In the Second Interim Report of the Flood Tribunal, Judge Feargus Flood found that Mara failed to co-operate with the Tribunal by: "Failing to provide the Tribunal with details of an account in the name of Pullman Limited, operated by him at Royal Bank of Scotland in the Isle of Man, when swearing his Affidavit of Discovery made pursuant to an Order of the Tribunal requiring him to discover, inter alia, any such account "

Later career
Mara was the director of elections for Fianna Fáil when Bertie Ahern was leader, which included managing the campaigns for the party in the general elections in 1997, 2002, and 2007 
Starting in the 1990s, Mara began working as a public relations consultant for many prominent Irish businessmen  He worked closely with Denis O'Brien in the later stages of his life 

Personal life
Mara married Breda Brogan from Kinvara, County Galway, who was a model and later an entrepreneur, setting up a clothing wholesales company which was later bought out by Penney's  They had one son, John  Breda died in 2003  With his partner Sheila, Mara had a daughter, Elena, born in 2013  Mara pursued unsuccessful business ventures, which included selling carpets   While Mara was wealthy in his earlier career before politics, and during it, at one point after he could not even get the credit to buy a used car 

Death
Mara died at the Beacon Hospital after a long illness on 15 January 2016 at the age of 73  He died without a will, leaving an estate of €1,593,213  He was buried in Kinvara, County Galway 
Passage 6:
Members of the 28th Dáil
The 28th Dáil was elected at the 1997 general election on 6 June 1997 and met on 26 June 1997  The members of Dáil Éireann, the house of representatives of the Oireachtas (legislature) of Ireland, are known as TDs  The 28th Dáil lasted 1,765 days, the 2nd longest after the 10th Dáil  The 28th Dáil was dissolved by President Mary McAleese on 25 April 2002, at the request of the Taoiseach, Bertie Ahern 

Composition of the 28th Dáil
Fianna Fáil and the Progressive Democrats, denoted with bullets (●), formed the 25th Government of Ireland 

Graphical representation
This is a graphical comparison of party strengths in the 28th Dáil from June 1997  This was not the official seating plan 

Ceann Comhairle
On 26 June 1997, Séamus Pattison (Lab) was proposed by Dick Spring and seconded by Mary O'Rourke for the position of Ceann Comhairle  Pattison was approved without a vote 

List of TDs
This is a list of TDs elected to Dáil Éireann in the 1997 general election, arranged by party  This table is a record of the 1997 general election results  The Changes table below records all changes in membership and party affiliation 

Changes
See also
Members of the 21st Seanad
Passage 7:
Arms Crisis
The Arms Crisis was a political scandal in the Republic of Ireland in 1970 in which Charles Haughey and Neil Blaney were dismissed as cabinet ministers for alleged involvement in a conspiracy to smuggle arms to the Irish Republican Army in Northern Ireland  At the ensuing Arms Trial, charges against Blaney were dropped, and Haughey, along with co-defendants Captain James Kelly, John Kelly and Belgian businessman Albert Luykx, were found not guilty of conspiracy  Blaney claimed that the then government knew about the plan, while Haughey denied this 

Background
The events occurred during the Fianna Fáil government of Jack Lynch  Amid the 1969 Northern Ireland riots, which would lead to the Troubles, nationalist families were being forced from their homes, and refugees "streamed over the border" into the Republic  The Dublin government established a cabinet subcommittee to organise emergency assistance and relief   Haughey, then Minister for Finance and the hardline Blaney, Minister for Agriculture and Fisheries who was from the Donegal North-East constituency bordering Northern Ireland were members of the subcommittee, along with Pádraig Faulkner and Joseph Brennan  Jack Lynch took little interest in the work of the subcommittee, and after an initial meeting, Faulkner and Brennan seem to have left their senior colleagues Haughey and Blaney to their own devices  A government fund of £100,000 was set up to provide relief to civilians forced out of their homes by the Troubles, and Haughey was given sole authority over this money Haughey and Blaney disapproved of the cautious policies of Taoiseach Lynch on Northern Ireland and favoured a more robust approach  In August 1969, after Blaney had proposed military intervention in Northern Ireland, Lynch had asked Irish Army Intelligence to draft proposals for limited military intervention in Northern Ireland to protect nationalist areas from Ulster loyalist mobs, known as Exercise Armageddon, but it was seen to be unworkable and was not adopted by the cabinet  The nationalist areas were given a form of protection later in August by British forces in Operation Banner, and Lynch saw this as an effective short-term measure  On 30 October 1968, Lynch had met with Harold Wilson, the Prime Minister of the United Kingdom, in London and had called on Britain to take steps to end the partition of Ireland 
Blaney, the then Minister of Agriculture, was an outspoken critic of government policy on Northern Ireland  In a speech in 1969 he said "the Fianna Fail party has never taken a decision to rule out the use of force if the situation in the Six Counties so demand"  Haughey had not publicly opposed Lynch's policy, but was concerned about being outflanked by his Fianna Fail leadership rival 
In October 1969, a meeting of the Northern Citizen Defence Committees, which had been set up to defend nationalist areas from unionist attack, and which included IRA officers, was held in Bailieborough, County Cavan, with Irish Army intelligence officer Captain James Kelly in attendance  Captain Kelly promised the Northern Citizen Defence Committees  £50,000, that would be made available to buy weapons for defense of nationalist areas against loyalist attack 
After the Bailiebourough meeting, Kelly reported directly to Blaney, who in turn brought him to Haugheys's house to give account of the meeting  Kelly suggested that the government should support the IRA, acknowledging "this would mean accepting the possibility of armed action of some sort as the ultimate solution" Blaney allegedly made plans with Captain Kelly to import weapons from continental Europe  Haughey provided the money for the purchase from his civilian relief fund, and also made a failed attempt to arrange customs clearance for the shipment Haughey met with the IRA Chief of Staff Cathal Goulding  Garda Special Branch informed the Minister for Justice Mícheál Ó Móráin of this meeting and he reported it to the Cabinet, but Haughey dismissed it as a chance encounter  In November 1969, a Belfast republican leader named John Kelly, and Haughey's brother Jock, traveled to London to purchase arms, but Kelly became suspicious that their plot had been discovered and they returned to Ireland 

Revelation and trial
By late April 1970, the Garda Síochána Special Branch were aware of the plot and had informed Lynch  However, Lynch took no action until the leader of the opposition, Liam Cosgrave was also informed by the Special Branch of the smuggling scheme and pressed the Taoiseach to take action  Haughey and Blaney were sacked by Lynch on 6 May when they refused to resign   Kevin Boland, the Minister for Social Welfare resigned from the government in protest at the sackings as he was adamant (as were the accused) that Jack Lynch and most of the Cabinet—in particular Jim Gibbons, then Minister for Defence—knew about the plan to import arms  The Minister for Justice, Mícheál Ó Móráin who was in hospital at the time was asked to resign on 4 May  He later claimed that he had in fact informed Lynch of the individuals involved 
On 28 May 1970, Haughey and Blaney went on trial in Dublin, together with an Irish Army intelligence officer, Captain James Kelly, John Kelly and Belgian businessman Albert Luykx, who had allegedly agreed to use his contacts to acquire the weapons  All charges against Blaney were dropped in the District Court on 2 July 1970 and as a result he was not tried, before the main trial got underway under Justice Aindrias Ó Caoimh  The trial collapsed a week later as Ó Caoimh withdrew after allegations of bias  Following a second trial, presided over by Justice Seamus Henchy, the other four defendants were cleared on 23 October At the trial there was a direct contradiction of evidence regarding the sanctioning of the imports between Haughey and the chief prosecutorial witness, Jim Gibbons, Minister for Defence at the time of the attempted imports  Haughey admitted arranging customs clearance for the shipment, but claimed in his defence that he did not know it consisted of weapons  This directly contradicted the evidence of Gibbons and Peter Berry that Haughey was fully aware of all the details of the conspiracy  It also contradicted the testimony of his co-defendants, who admitted that they had tried to import weapons, but maintained that the shipment had been legally authorised by the government  During the trial the judge remarked that either Haughey or Gibbons had to be committing perjury 

Impact
The resignations and sackings left four vacancies in cabinet   As a result, there was a major cabinet reshuffle and some senior politicians of the future, such as Desmond O'Malley and Gerry Collins, got their first step on the ministerial ladder 
The scandal led to bitter divisions in Fianna Fáil between supporters of the sacked ministers Haughey and Blaney and supporters of Lynch   The same divisions affected government policy on Northern Ireland   Although the events led to Haughey being demoted to the back-benches, he remained a member of Fianna Fáil, while Boland was expelled in 1970 and Blaney in 1971   Blaney went on to found his own party, Independent Fianna Fáil, which re-joined Fianna Fáil in 2006, eleven years after Blaney's death   Haughey later returned to ministerial office and succeeded Lynch as party leader in 1979  There was no rapprochement in the relationship between Gibbons and Haughey and when Haughey became Taoiseach, Gibbons was dropped from his ministerial office   During a later leadership contest, Gibbons was assaulted in Dáil Éireann by Haughey supporters in retaliation for his testimony at the Arms Trial The events came to be one of the defining periods of Lynch's term as leader, during which there were several crises   Lynch supporters saw him as exhibiting strength in facing down the rebel ministers and his detractors saw it as an illustration of his weakness on the national question and procrastination in the face of difficult decisions 
As state papers relating to the period were released after 1995, further light was shed on the events, questioning the outcome   Much remains unknown about the truthfulness of the various personalities involved, and what exactly each knew, and when they came to know it  The diaries of Peter Berry, Secretary of the Department of Justice, published in Magill magazine, claimed that Lynch had not been forthright publicly  Documents released through the Freedom of Information Act 30 years later showed that the state had altered statements by Colonel Hefferon to suppress the fact that he and Captain Kelly had kept Gibbons informed  This caused the then Taoiseach, Bertie Ahern, to publicly state that Captain Kelly had done nothing wrong 

See also
Exercise Armageddon
Passage 8:
Members of the 27th Dáil
The 27th Dáil was elected at the 1992 general election on 25 November 1992 and met on 14 December 1992  The members of Dáil Éireann, the house of representatives of the Oireachtas (legislature) of Ireland, are known as TDs  The 27th Dáil lasted 1,614 days  The 27th Dáil saw a change of Taoiseach from Albert Reynolds to John Bruton in December 1994, the only time there was a new Taoiseach with a change in the party composition of the government during a Dáil term  The 27th Dáil was dissolved by President Mary Robinson on 15 May 1997, at the request of the Taoiseach, John Bruton 

Composition of the 27th Dáil
23rd Government of Ireland (1993–1994) coalition parties denoted with bullets (●)
24th Government of Ireland (1994–1997) coalition parties denoted with daggers (†)

Graphical representation
This is a graphical comparison of party strengths in the 27th Dáil from January 1993  This was not the official seating plan 

Ceann Comhairle
On 14 December 1992, Seán Treacy (Ind) was proposed by Albert Reynolds and seconded by John Bruton for the position of Ceann Comhairle  Treacy was approved without a vote  On 23 April 1997, Treacy announced to the Dáil that would not be availing of his constitutional right to automatic re-election to the 28th Dáil 

TDs by constituency
The list of the 166 TDs elected is given in alphabetical order by Dáil constituency 

Changes
On 24 February 1994, Proinsias De Rossa (DL) sought to direct that the writ be moved for the by-elections in Dublin South-Central, and Enda Kenny (FG) sought to direct that the writ be moved for the by-elections in Mayo West  This was opposed by the government  The government moved the writs on 18 May 1994  The by-elections were held at the same date as the European Parliament election and the local elections 

See also
Members of the 20th Seanad
Passage 9:
Members of the 20th Dáil
The 20th Dáil was elected at the 1973 general election on 28 February 1973 and met on 14 March 1973  The members of Dáil Éireann, the house of representatives of the Oireachtas (legislature) of Ireland, are known as TDs  On 25 May 1977, President Patrick Hillery dissolved the Dáil on the request of Taoiseach Liam Cosgrave  The 20th Dáil lasted 1,534 days 

Composition of the 20th Dáil
Fine Gael and the Labour Party, denoted with bullets (●), formed the 14th Government of Ireland, known as the National Coalition, with Liam Cosgrave as Taoiseach and Brendan Corish as Tánaiste 

Graphical representation
This is a graphical comparison of party strengths in the 20th Dáil from March 1973  This was not the official seating plan 

Ceann Comhairle
On the meeting of the Dáil, Seán Treacy (Lab) was proposed by Liam Cosgrave (FG) and seconded by Brendan Corish (Lab) for the position  His election was approved without a vote 

TDs by constituency
The list of the 144 TDs elected is given in alphabetical order by Dáil constituency 

Changes
See also
Members of the 13th Seanad
Passage 10:
Members of the 26th Dáil
The 26th Dáil was elected at the 1989 general election on 15 June 1989 and met on 29 June 1989  The members of Dáil Éireann, the house of representatives of the Oireachtas (legislature) of Ireland, are known as TDs  The 26th Dáil lasted 1,226 days, and saw a change of Taoiseach from Charles Haughey to Albert Reynolds  The 26th Dáil was dissolved by President Mary Robinson on 5 November 1992, at the request of the Taoiseach Albert Reynolds  There were no by-elections during the 26th Dáil 

Composition of the 26th Dáil
On 12 July 1989, Fianna Fáil and the Progressive Democrats, denoted with bullets (●), formed the 21st Government of Ireland, led by Charles Haughey  On 11 February 1992, they formed the 22nd Government of Ireland led by Albert Reynolds  The Progressive Democrats left the government on 4 November 1992 

Graphical representation
This is a graphical comparison of party strengths in the 26th Dáil from June 1989  This was not the official seating plan 

Ceann Comhairle
On 29 June 1989, Seán Treacy (Ind) was proposed by Charles Haughey for the position of Ceann Comhairle  Alan Dukes proposed Paddy Harte for the position  Treacy was approved by a vote of 87 to 78 

TDs by constituency
The list of the 166 TDs elected is given in alphabetical order by Dáil constituency 

Changes
See also
Members of the 19th Seanad
Context 3: , Thai PBS 
Turkish – In the Turkish language version Dora the characters speak mainly Turkish, Spanish, and English but there are commands and expressions in Turkish  It broadcasts on Nickelodeon and CNBC-e As shown in the list above, Spanish is the second language taught in the original English language version of the show (also broadcast for Malay speakers), in the Irish, Serbian, and the trilingual Turkish versions, but for other versions of the show, the language being taught is English 

Stage adaptations
Two stage versions of the series toured North America, the first being "City of Lost Toys", and the second being "Dora's Pirate Adventure"  Produced by Nickelodeon and LiveNation, these productions featured live actors portraying the roles of Dora and her friends, including Boots, Diego, Isa, and the Fiesta Trio  Many of the characters wore elaborate foam costumes designed to resemble the Dora characters  Each production featured a structure similar to an episode of the television series  City of Lost Toys featured Christina Bianco as Dora while Dora's Pirate Adventure featured Danay Ferrer of the band Innosense in the role of Dora and Frankie Grande as Boots  Both productions featured a version of the popular Gloria Estefan song "Get On Your Feet" as the final number of the show  Both productions were conceived by Chris Gifford, creator of the television show, and directed by Gip Hoppe 
There have been three Dora touring companies  The "City of Lost Toys" company and the "Pirate Adventure" company featured actors and crew that were members of Actor's Equity and IATSE, the respective unions for professional actors and stagehands in the United States  The third company performs a reduced version of "Pirate Adventure" and does not employ union personnel  This production is currently touring North America, and scheduled to travel to the United Kingdom and France 

Merchandise
Many action figures and playsets are available in many markets, along with cosmetics, hygiene products, ride-ons, books, board games, plush dolls, apparel, handbags, play tents, play kitchens, and more  Licensees include Mattel-owned Fisher-Price in the United States and Holland Publishing in the United Kingdom 

Toys
In 2004, Lego released four sets based on the characters of the TV series  These include 7330 Dora's Treasure Island, 7331 Diego's Rescue Truck, 7332 Dora and Boots at Play Park, and 7333 Dora and Diego's Animal Adventure 
In 2007, lead paint used by a contract toy manufacturer in China prompted Mattel to issue recalls for nearly a million toys, many of which featured Sesame Street and Nickelodeon characters - including Dora the Explorer  In response, Nickelodeon stated that they would introduce "third-party monitoring" of all manufacturers of products under its brands 

Books
Dora the Explorer series
Ready To Read series – Level 1
A Lift-the-Flap Story
Good Night, Dora!: A Lift-the-Flap Story (ISBN 978-0689847745)
Where Is Boots?: A Lift-the-Flap Story (ISBN 978-0689847752)
Let's Play Sports!: A Lift-the-Flap Story (ISBN 978-1416933502)
All Dressed Up!: A Lift-the-Flap Book (ISBN 978-0689877186)

Treasury books and collection books
Dora's Ready-to-Read Adventures (ISBN 978-0689878152)Contains: Dora's picnic, Follow those feet, Dora in the deep sea, I love my Papi!, Say "Cheese"

Dora's Storytime Collection (ISBN 978-0689866234)Contains: Dora's Backpack, Little Star, Happy Birthday, Mami!, Meet Diego!, Dora Saves the Prince, Dora's Treasure Hunt, Good Night, Dora!

Dora's Big Book of Stories (ISBN 978-1416907084)Contains: Dora's Book of Manners, Dora Goes to School, Dora's Fairy-Tale Adventure, Dora's Chilly Day, Show Me Your Smile!, Dora's Pirate Adventure, Big Sister Dora!

Sticker books
Dora's Magic Watering Can (ISBN 978-1416947721)

Video games
Video games based on the show were released  In Canada, Cheerios offered free Dora the Explorer the Game CD-ROMs in specially marked packages; however, packages sold in Quebec had only the French version  Dora the Explorer: Barnyard Buddies is the first video game based on the show for the home consoles as it was released for the PlayStation in the U S  in 2003  It was not released in Europe until 2005 when it was one of the last games released on that platform in that territory as the PlayStation declined in production as well as all production on other PS1 games the following year 

Soundtrack
Audiovisual viewing
Seasons of Dora the Explorer are available on a variety of streaming or direct-purchase video services 

Home videos/Home media
Streaming
Direct purchase
Sequel
In 2013, Nickelodeon announced a development of a sequel to Dora the Explorer titled Dora and Friends: Into the City! and would star Dora as a 10-year-old who goes on city adventures with the Explorer Girls and is accompanied by a male friend named Pablo  The series ran for two seasons and 40 episodes on Nickelodeon from August 8, 2014, to February 5, 2017 

Live-action film adaptation
On October 23, 2017, Paramount Pictures and Nickelodeon Movies announced a development of live-action film adaptation of the franchise at sister studio Paramount Players titled Dora and the Lost City of Gold for a scheduled summer 2019 release  It was filmed in Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia at Village Roadshow Studios and directed by James Bobin from a screenplay by Nicholas Stoller and Kristin Burr as producer  The film was expected to follow the title character as a teenager unlike the TV series with the inclusion of her cousin Diego  On May 2, 2018, Isabela Moner was announced to portray the titular character  The film was released in theaters/cinemas in the U S  and Canada on August 9, 2019 

Live-action series and animated reboots
On February 24, 2021, Paramount+ announced the development of a live-action series based on the franchise  The following February, while announcing the development of a computer-animated reboot series, Paramount+ further clarified that the live-action series would be aimed at tweens and take inspiration from the live-action film, Dora and the Lost City of Gold 

See also
Go, Diego, Go!
Dora and Friends: Into the City!
Dora and the Lost City of Gold
Passage 4:
Duane Capizzi
Duane Capizzi is an American writer and television producer   He is known for his extensive work in animated series for television, including the Emmy Award-winning  Transformers: Prime for which he was Co-Executive Producer and Head Writer, and co-developed its follow-up Transformers: Robots in Disguise  For Warner Bros  Animation, he was writer/producer of the animated series The Batman as well as its spin-off feature, The Batman vs  Dracula   He wrote the first DC Universe animated feature, Superman: Doomsday (based on The Death of Superman saga, and directed by Bruce Timm)  Other animated series producing/writing credits include Jackie Chan Adventures, Big Guy and Rusty the Boy Robot, Men in Black: The Series, and series development on the CG animated Roughnecks: The Starship Troopers Chronicles for Sony Pictures Television  He wrote and story edited for two animated spin-offs of Jim Carrey films: Ace Ventura: Pet Detective and The Mask  He also wrote and story edited for several Disney Afternoon TV series including Darkwing Duck, Aladdin, TaleSpin, and Bonkers   He began his career in animation writing scripts for Robotech II: The Sentinels for Harmony Gold  The series was never produced, but led to writing and story editing on ALF: The Animated Series 
From 2019-2021, Capizzi served as showrunner for the animated TV series adaptation of Carmen Sandiego 

Screenwriting credits
series head writer denoted in bold

Television
ALF: The Animated Series (1987-1989)
COPS (1988)
The Real Ghostbusters (1988)
Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles (1989)
Alvin and the Chipmunks (1989)
Disney's Adventures of the Gummi Bears (1990-1991)
Talespin (1992)
Darkwing Duck (1992)
Bonkers (1993)
Aladdin (1994)
The Savage Dragon (1995)
Ace Ventura: Pet Detective (1995-1997)
The Mask: Animated Series (1995-1997)
Extreme Ghostbusters (1997)
Men in Black: The Series (1997-1999)
Roughnecks: The Starship Troopers Chronicles (1999-2000)
Big Guy and Rusty the Boy Robot (1999-2001)
Jackie Chan Adventures (2000-2003)
The Batman (2004-2006)
Transformers: Prime (2010-2013)
Hardboiled Eggheads (2014)
Transformers: Robots In Disguise (2015)
Be Cool, Scooby-Doo! (2015, 2017)
Skylanders Academy (2016)
Justice League Action (2017)
Carmen Sandiego (2019-2021)

Films
The Return of Jafar (1994)
The Batman vs  Dracula (2005)
Superman: Brainiac Attacks (2006)
Superman: Doomsday (2007)
Transformers Prime Beast Hunters: Predacons Rising (2013)
Lego Scooby-Doo! Haunted Hollywood (2016)
Carmen Sandiego: To Steal or Not to Steal (2020)

Producer
Television
Bonkers (1993)
The Savage Dragon (1995)
The Mask: Animated Series (1995-1997)
Extreme Ghostbusters (1997)
Men in Black: The Series (1998-2001)
Big Guy and Rusty the Boy Robot (1999-2001)
Jackie Chan Adventures (2000-2002)
The Batman (2004-2008)
Transformers: Prime (2010-2013)
Hardboiled Eggheads (2014)
Carmen Sandiego (2019-2021)

Features
The Batman vs  Dracula (2005)
Superman: Brainiac Attacks (2006)
Passage 5:
Hawaii Five-0 (2010 TV series)
Hawaii Five-0 is an American action police procedural television series that centers around a special police major crimes task force operating at the behest of the governor of Hawaii  It is a reboot of the 1968–1980 series Hawaii Five-O (the original series had the letter "O" instead of the number "0" in its title), which also aired on CBS  The series was produced by K/O Paper Products and 101st Street Television, initially in association with 20th Century Fox Television starting in season three  The show received praise for its modern take on the original series 
The series premiered on September 20, 2010, on CBS and aired on Mondays for its first three seasons  Beginning with season four, the program was moved to Fridays  Hawaii Five-0 ran for seven additional seasons and concluded with its 240th and final episode on April 3, 2020 Peter M  Lenkov, one of the show's developers, created two additional police shows that were reboots of previous TV series: MacGyver and Magnum P I  All three take place in the same fictional universe, and Hawaii Five-0 had crossover episodes with both of the others  The three shows have been collectively referred to as the "Lenkov-verse"  The series also exists in the same fictional universe as the NCIS franchise by way of a crossover event with NCIS: Los Angeles 

Premise
The series covers the actions of the Hawaii Five-0 Task Force, a small, specialized Hawaii Department of Public Safety special state police major crimes task force in Hawaii, headed by United States Navy SEAL Lieutenant Commander Steve McGarrett, United States Navy Reserve  The task force answers only to the Governor of Hawaii and is given full immunity and means  The task force has no restrictions and is always backed by the Governor  The team is able to investigate crimes ranging from terrorism to kidnapping as well as murder and robberies 
McGarrett recruits Honolulu Police Department Detective-Sergeant Danny "Danno" Williams as his partner and unofficial second in command of the team  He fills out the team by recruiting ex-HPD Detective-Lieutenant Chin Ho Kelly, his father's protégé, and Chin's cousin, Officer Kono Kalakaua, a rookie HPD officer  Department of Homeland Security Special Agent Lori Weston is also assigned to the team later on, although she is later forced to return to the DHS by the Governor  They are assisted by Dr  Max Bergman, a medical examiner for the City and County of Honolulu  Steve later adds Captain Lou Grover, a HPD SWAT commander and a transfer from the Chicago Police Department, Special Consultant Jerry Ortega, Chin's high school classmate, a conspiracy theorist and a consultant for the task force, and for a brief time, Lieutenant Catherine Rollins, Steve's girlfriend and ex-US Navy Office of Naval Intelligence  Following Max, Chin, and Kono's departures, Max is replaced by medical examiner Dr  Noelani Cunha, and McGarrett fills in Chin and Kono's spots by hiring high-achieving HPD academy washout Tani Rey and ex-US Navy SEAL Special Warfare Operator Second Class-turned-Police Candidate Junior Reigns  Later on, Kono's husband Adam Noshimuri joins the task force following the couple's divorce, and shortly after Jerry's departure, United States Army CID Staff Sergeant Quinn Liu is recruited in his place  The team is also assisted by confidential informant Kamekona Tupuola, and HPD liaison Sergeant Duke Lukela 

Cast and characters
Main
Alex O'Loughlin as Lieutenant Commander Steven J  "Steve" McGarrett, USNR  A decorated former Navy SEAL, McGarrett is head of the Five-0 Task Force and son of retired HPD Sergeant John McGarrett  John's murder and storyline forms the premise of Steve's return to Hawaii and the formation of the Task Force 
Scott Caan as Detective Sergeant Danny "Danno" Williams  He is a divorced single father who transferred from Newark PD in New Jersey to be with his daughter and is the de facto second-in-command of Five-0 
Daniel Dae Kim as Detective Lieutenant Chin Ho Kelly, (seasons 1–7)  A veteran HPD detective, he was John McGarrett's former rookie and provides technical expertise and local know-how  During the season 7 finale, Chin is offered the lead position of the Five-0 Task Force established in San Francisco, which he later accepts  This was written into the show after Kim departed the series in late June 2017 prior to the start of production of the eighth season due to a salary dispute with CBS  Kim had been seeking pay equality with fellow cast members Alex O'Loughlin and Scott Caan, but CBS's final offer to Kim was 10–15% lower than what O'Loughlin and Caan make in salary 
Grace Park as Officer Kono Kalakaua, (seasons 1–7)  A former surfer, she was personally recruited by McGarrett while still in her final days at the HPD Academy  She is the cousin of Lieutenant Kelly, and later becomes the wife of Adam Noshimuri  In the conclusion of the season 7 finale, Kono is seen aboard a flight to Carson City, Nevada, where it is later revealed she has since joined a task force aimed at combating sex trafficking  This was written into the show following Park's departure from the series in late June 2017 prior to the start of production of the eighth season due to a salary dispute with CBS  Park had been seeking pay equality with stars Alex O'Loughlin and Scott Caan, but CBS's final offer to Park was 10–15% lower than what O'Loughlin and Caan make in salary 
Taryn Manning as Mary Ann McGarrett, (season 1; guest seasons 2–4, 6 & 9) Steve's younger sister who lives in Los Angeles and occasionally visits Hawaii  At the beginning of the series she and Steve are largely estranged from each other, but as time goes on gradually begin to make amends  Mary works various odd jobs including flight attendant and caregiver before adopting a baby girl whom she names Joan (later nicknamed 'Joanie') after their father 
Masi Oka as Dr  Max Bergman (seasons 2–7; recurring season 1; guest season 10), the eccentric and well-respected County of Honolulu medical examiner  He departs the series midway through season 7 upon joining Doctors without Borders in Africa 
Lauren German as Special Agent Lori Weston (season 2; guest season 2)  A senior DHS agent assigned to Five-0 to provide oversight 
Michelle Borth as Lieutenant Catherine Rollins, USNR (seasons 3–4; recurring seasons 1 & 6; guest seasons 2, 5 & 7–10)  A former Navy Intelligence officer and McGarrett's girlfriend 
Chi McBride as Captain Lou Grover, (seasons 4–10; guest season 4)  A transfer from Chicago PD and has two children with his wife Renée 
Jorge Garcia as Special Consultant Jerry Ortega (seasons 5–10; recurring season 4), a conspiracy theorist who assisted Five-0 during several investigations and is eventually hired as a "consultant" 
Meaghan Rath as Officer Tani Rey (seasons 8–10), whom McGarrett recruits from her job as a hotel pool lifeguard after being kicked out of the police academy, despite being a first-rate candidate  She initially declines to join but later joins as a team member 
Taylor Wily as Kamekona Tupuola (seasons 8–10; recurring seasons 1–7), a rehabilitated ex-convict, turned entrepreneur and owner of the Waiola Shave Ice, Kamekona's Shrimp Truck, and Kamekona's Helicopter Tours  He is a CI for the Five-0 Task Force and their friend 
Dennis Chun as Sergeant Duke Lukela (seasons 8–10; recurring seasons 1–7), HPD officer who often acts as a liaison to Five-0  He was one of the few HPD cops who was not antagonistic towards Danny or the other Five-0 members from the beginning, as he was colleagues with Steve's father and also personally knew Chin and Kono's family  In "Hookman", he was shot by Curt Stoner (Peter Weller), but survived and recovered  Dennis Chun is the son of Kam Fong Chun, who played Chin Ho Kelly in the original series 
Kimee Balmilero as Dr  Noelani Cunha (seasons 8–10; recurring season 7), a medical examiner who took over to assist the team after Max's departure  She is often seen joining in with the team during holidays and celebrations 
Beulah Koale as Officer Junior Reigns (seasons 8–10), a former Navy SEAL ranked Special Warfare Operator Second Class who asks McGarrett, a fellow SEAL, for a job  Initially turned down he returns to McGarrett a second time  McGarrett later introduces him to Duke Lukela and informs him that before becoming a member of Five-0 he will need to join and finish the police academy 
Ian Anthony Dale as Adam Noshimuri (seasons 8–10; recurring seasons 2–7), a member of the Five-0 Task Force; formerly the Head of Five-0 Task Force Special Division of Organized Crime; Kono's ex-husband, and a confidential informant to Five-0 
Katrina Law as Sergeant Quinn Liu (season 10), a former staff sergeant with Army CID demoted for insubordination 

Recurring
Crossover characters
Daniela Ruah as Kensi Blye (season 2)
LL Cool J as Sam Hanna (season 2)
Chris O'Donnell as G  Callen (season 2)
Craig Robert Young as Dracul Comescu (season 2)
Jay Hernandez as Thomas Magnum (season 10)
Perdita Weeks as Juliet Higgins (season 10)
Zachary Knighton as Orville "Rick" Wright (season 10)
Stephen Hill as Theodore "TC" Calvin (season 10)

Notable guest stars
Among notable guests who made an appearance on show are comedian Dane Cook, actors Monica Barbaro, Norman Reedus, Balthazar Getty, Josh Dallas, Greg Germann, James Remar, Tom Berenger, James Caan, Patty Duke, Lewis Tan, Peter Fonda, Michael Madsen, Daryl Hannah, Bronson Pinchot, Craig T  Nelson, Robert Loggia, Kevin Sorbo, Adam Beach, Corbin Bernsen, Rebecca De Mornay, Jeff Fahey, Bruce Davison, Tim Daly, Gail O'Grady, Nathan Kress, Sung Kang, Pruitt Taylor Vince, Tony Curran, Bai Ling, Rick Springfield, Tom Arnold, Jon Lovitz, George Takei, Treat Williams, Peter Weller, Terrence Howard, Joan Collins, Cloris Leachman, Lance Gross, Joey Lawrence and Chuck Norris, athletes  Michelle Wie, Clarissa Chun, Martellus Bennett, Eric Dickerson, Jerry Rice, Michael Bennett and Metta World Peace, models Jasmine Tookes, Jacquelyn Jablonski, Behati Prinsloo and Kendall Jenner, and musicians Jimmy Buffett, Sean "Diddy" Combs, Nas, Nick Jonas, Xzibit, JoJo (singer) and Patrick Monahan 

Episodes
Crossovers
Note: The table below only accounts for full crossover events, single guest appearances are not included 

Production
History
The idea to bring Hawaii Five-O back to television had been under consideration well before the 2010 version was announced  The first attempt was a one-hour pilot for a new series that was made in 1996 but never aired, although a few clips were found years later and are available online  Produced and written by Stephen J  Cannell, it was intended to star Gary Busey and Russell Wong as the new Five-0 team  Original cast member James MacArthur briefly returned as Dan Williams, this time as governor of Hawaii, with cameos made by other former Five-O regulars  Another attempt was made to turn the project into a film by Warner Bros  but that also was scrapped On August 12, 2008, CBS announced that it would bring Hawaii Five-O back to the network schedule for the 2009–10 television season  The new version would be an updated present-day sequel, this time centering on Steve McGarrett, who succeeds his late father Steve (Jack Lord's character in the original series) as the head of the unit  Edward Allen Bernero, executive producer and showrunner of Criminal Minds, was to helm the new take, which he described as "Hawaii Five-O, version 2 0"  It was also to incorporate most of the iconic elements from the original, including the "Book 'em, Danno" catchphrase, into the remake  Bernero, who was a fan of the original, and had a ring tone of the series' theme song on his cell phone, had always wanted to bring the series back to TV In October 2009, it was announced that Alex Kurtzman and Roberto Orci had signed on to script a pilot episode, and that Peter M  Lenkov would serve as the series showrunner  Kurtzman and Orci decided to reboot the original concept similar to their work on the 2009 Star Trek film, rather than a sequel to the original series  Production on the pilot was shot in and around Honolulu in March 2010 On May 17, 2010, the Hawaii Five-O remake was picked up by CBS, which scheduled it for Monday nights in the 10–11 p m  time slot  The news was good for the state of Hawaii, which hoped that the remake would pump new life into the economy  Production of the remainder of the first season started in June 2010  On June 24, 2010, the producers announced that it would use the warehouse at the former Honolulu Advertiser building as the official soundstage studio for the series starting in July 2010  Exteriors representing Five-0 headquarters in the series are located at the Ali'iolani Hale in Honolulu, directly across the street from Iolani Palace, which represented Five-O headquarters in the original series On October 21, 2010, CBS announced that the first season had been given a full season order of 24 episodes  Subsequent seasons have consisted of between 23 and 25 episodes 
This revival series uses a zero as the last character in its title instead of the letter "O" that is used in the title of the original series  According to Los Angeles Times, a CBS insider said that the disambiguation was necessary because of search engine results  When Variety conducted its own search engine test on Google, it found that "Hawaii Five-0" (with the zero) had 263,000 results while "Hawaii Five-O" (with the letter O) had over 1 7 million Online voting by viewers determined the ending of the January 14, 2013 episode "Kapu" ("Forbidden"), with two zones, Eastern and Central Time Zones, and Mountain and Pacific Time Zones, each getting their own result  Each alternative ending could be seen online after the episode aired On February 28, 2020, it was announced that the series would end after 10 seasons and 240 episodes with a two-episode series finale on April 3, 2020  This was confirmed by CBS Entertainment president Kelly Kahl and show's showrunner and co-creator Peter Lenkov 

Casting
In February 2010, it was announced that Daniel Dae Kim had been cast to play Chin Ho Kelly, an ex-cop trained by Steve McGarrett's father  He was the first actor cast for the remake  Several days later, Alex O'Loughlin was cast as Steve McGarrett, the son of ex-cop John McGarrett (portrayed by William Sadler)  The producers pay homage to the original series throughout the first year by making one of Steve's hobbies restoring his father's 1974 Mercury Marquis, which is in fact the actual car driven by Jack Lord in the latter half of the original series' run  Actress Grace Park was later cast as rookie detective Kona "Kono" Kalakaua  Although in the original series, the character of Kono was male, the reboot series swapped the cop's gender in order to steer clear of a task force devoid of women



ground_truth: Taoiseach of Ireland

prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: When did the animated series Kent Scott wrote end after beginning in September of 2002 on "Nick on CBS"?

The following are given passages.
Context 3:  Scott Caan was cast as Danny "Danno" Williams  In the recurring cast are Jean Smart as Governor Pat Jameson and Masi Oka as the medical examiner Max Bergman  Oka was upgraded to series regular for the second season Of note, several recurring roles have been filled by surviving members of the original cast  Al Harrington, who played Det  Ben Kokua in the original series, now plays a friend of McGarrett's, Mamo Kahike  Dennis Chun, who had various guest roles in the original series and is the son of Kam Fong Chun (the actor that portrayed the original Chin Ho), has a recurring role as HPD Sgt  Duke Lukela in the remake  James MacArthur, the last surviving main cast member from the original series, agreed to guest-star in a first-season episode; however, he died on October 28, 2010, before filming his appearance Larisa Oleynik was cast as Jessica Kaye (changed to Jenna Kaye in the episode broadcast), scheduled to join the Five-0 task force in the show's 19th episode  Oleynik appeared on a recurring basis for the remainder of the 2010–11 season, with an option to become a regular in season 2; however, her character was killed off in season 2, episode 10  It was also announced that Terry O'Quinn would be joining the cast of the show in season two, along with Lauren German, who would play Lori Weston, a former Homeland Security (and FBI agent) official assigned by the new governor to keep an eye on the team Since the show began in 2010 Michelle Borth had a recurring role where she appeared as on and off Steve McGarrett's girlfriend, Lt  Catherine Rollins, a Navy Lieutenant  On March 26, 2012, CBS announced that Borth would become a cast regular on Hawaii Five-0 for season 3  On March 27, 2014, it was announced that she would not be returning for the fifth season, with the reason for her departure left unknown  On April 24, 2015, it was announced that Borth would return as a guest star for the shows fifth-season finale  In July 2015 it was announced that Borth would have a recurring role in the first three episodes of the shows 6th season  On September 8, 2016, it was announced that Borth would be returning as a guest for the shows 150th episode  Christine Lahti was also cast in a recurring role as Doris McGarrett, the thought-to-be-deceased mother of Steve McGarrett On July 10, 2013, ahead of the show's fourth season it was announced that Chi McBride would have a guest spot in the first episode of the season  On November 21, 2013, it was announced that McBride would become a series regular beginning with the seasons 10th episode  After appearing as a guest star in several season four episodes, Jorge Garcia who plays the character of Jerry Ortega (a conspiracy theorist and high school classmate of Chin's) was promoted to series regular commencing season five  This is the second time Kim and Garcia serve as regulars together with Lost being the first Beginning with the second episode of the 2016–17 season, Claire Forlani had a recurring role as Alicia Brown, a retired criminal profiler who helped the team find a serial killer On November 17, 2016, it was announced that Oka who portrays Bergman would be departing the series after the thirteenth episode of the seventh season On June 30, 2017, ahead of the series's eighth season, it was announced that series regulars Kim and Park would be departing the series due to a salary dispute with CBS  Kim and Park had been seeking pay equality with co-stars O'Loughlin and Caan, but did not reach satisfactory deals with CBS Television Studios  CBS's final offer to Kim and Park was 10–15% lower than what O'Loughlin and Caan make in salary  An update of their characters would be given in the first episode of the new season Following Kim's and Park's departures it was announced that longtime recurring cast member Ian Anthony Dale who portrays Kono Kalakaua's husband Adam Noshimuri had been upped to series regular for the eighth season  It was also announced that Meaghan Rath and Beulah Koale would join the series as new characters and new members of Five-0 On July 21, 2017, it was announced that recurring cast members Taylor Wily, Kimee Balmilero, and Dennis Chun would also be upped to series regulars for the eighth season On March 19, 2018, it was announced that Borth would once again return to the series in a guest role for the twentieth episode of the series' eighth season 

Music
Hawaii Five-0 uses the original show's theme song composed by Morton Stevens  Critics received an early copy of the pilot with a synthesizer and guitar-based version of the theme  After negative reaction to the reworked song spread quickly online, Kurtzman said he and others realized that changing the music was a mistake, and arranged for studio musicians, including three who had worked on the original from 1968, to rerecord the theme "exactly as it was", except shortened to 30 seconds from its original length of about 60 seconds  Original instrumental music is composed by Brian Tyler and Keith Power 

Soundtrack
Hawaii Five-0: Original Songs from the Television Series is a soundtrack album featuring music used in the CBS television series Hawaii Five-0  The first volume in the series received attention for how show producers integrated these new and previously unreleased tracks from major-name artists into the second-season episodes  This method contrasted with the norm for TV soundtracks, which tend to be compilations of previously released music that is already available individually or on other albums  Hawaii Five-0: Original Songs from the Television Series was released on October 4, 2011 

McGarrett's car
The car driven by the original Steve McGarrett in Hawaii Five-O is a 1974 Mercury Marquis  The car has belonged to stuntman John Nordlum since the original series ended  Nordlum has let the car be used in the new series, where it is said to have belonged to Steve McGarrett's father John  The license plate is still F6-3958 

Broadcast and release
The series premiered in the United States on CBS on September 20, 2010, exactly 42 years after the premiere of the original series  Canada's Global TV and NTV premiered the show at the same time as the United States premiere  Hawaii Five-0 has been syndicated for broadcast in several countries worldwide, including Australia, the United Kingdom,  New Zealand and South Africa 

Syndication
Originally, TNT acquired the off-network rights to air the series and began airing episodes on the cable channel in August 2014 Ion Television has since acquired the off-network rights to the series; episodes began airing in January 2021 

Streaming
All episodes are available to stream with Paramount+ (formerly CBS All Access) 

Home media
Reception and impact
Critical reception
The show has received generally positive reviews from critics  Metacritic gave season one of the show a 66 out of 100 aggregate score based on reviews from 29 critics  Rotten Tomatoes gave season one a score of 74% based on 23 reviews  The site's consensus calls it: "A brisk, slick reboot of an old favorite, Hawaii Five-0's picturesque locales and attractive cast make for pleasurable viewing "On May 19, 2010, The Honolulu Advertiser offered an opinion about the new version: "A smart script, slick production values and maybe a splash of nostalgia got the remake of Hawaii Five-O placed on the CBS prime-time lineup this fall," but went on to add, "it takes more than a brand name to capture viewers' attention " The piece also pointed out that times have changed since the original left the air, citing other shows that were set in Hawaii which have come and gone  It expressed a hope that the producers will succeed in bringing a new life to the title with this remake  Hawaii Five-0 was also in the Guinness World Records 2012 for Highest-Rated New Show in the U S  with a record 19 34 million viewers for its January 23, 2011 episode (Kai e'e) 

Ratings
Awards and nominations
Series star Scott Caan was nominated for a Golden Globe Award for Best Supporting Actor – Series, Miniseries or Television Film for his role as Danny on Hawaii Five-0  Hawaii Five-0 also won the "Favorite New TV Drama" at the 37th People's Choice Awards on January 5, 2011 

Effect on Hawaii's economy
The popularity of Hawaii Five-0 resulted in a positive effect on several local businesses that saw an increase in sales after they were featured in particular episodes  Visitors to the USS Missouri Memorial Association increased 25 percent in 2010, a record year  Waiola Shave Ice, the business run by Kamekona on the show, saw a 20 percent increase in shave ice sales, along with a 30 percent rise in overall sales  Kona Brewing Company also saw a 60 percent increase in sales after their beers were featured as McGarrett's favored alcoholic beverage in several episodes  The tourist economy was also impacted, as many Mainlander fans were subsequently inspired to visit the islands after viewing the series 
Passage 6:
Scott McCord
Scott McCord (born April 19, 1971) is a Canadian actor  He is known for his versatility and character work in film, television, animation and on stage  He is a member of The Actors Studio  On television he has appeared in series regular, recurring and guest starring roles  He plays the mysterious Victor in the MGM+ original science fiction horror series From from the executive producers of Lost  Other television  appearances include The Sinner, FBI, Jupiter's Legacy, and Lost Girl    He played researcher James Joy on the Canadian investigative journalism drama series The Eleventh Hour from 2002 to 2005   He has appeared in standout character roles in the studio films 16 Blocks, Shoot 'Em Up, and supporting roles in independent films East of Middle West, Blood Honey and the animated features The Nut Job and Charlotte  He has worked in theatre most of his career in New York and Toronto, garnering a Dora Mavor Moore Award Best Actor nomination in 2002 for The Qualities of Zero 
He is known for his voiceover work in popular animated series  He plays Dan Kuso in Bakugan Battle Brawlers, Tetsuya Watarigani in Beyblade: Metal Fusion, Owen, Trent, Jacques and Brody in Fresh TV's Total Drama franchise, Skull Boy in Ruby Gloom, McGee in Camp Lakebottom, and Jake in the animated Nickelodeon/TVOKids television series, PAW Patrol  In 2016, he won the Canada Screens Award for Best Performance in an Animated Series 
As a musician, he has released two albums, the solo effort Blues For Sunshine (2009) and Scott McCord and the Bonafide Truth (2012)  Scott McCord and the Bonafide Truth was nominated for Best Artist of the Year at the Canadian 2010 Maple Blues Awards 

Filmography
Television
Film
Video games
Passage 7:
Kenn Scott
Kenn Scott is a Toronto-based screenwriter noted for his work in children's programming and animation   Included amongst the many shows he has written for are Ned's Newt, Iggy Arbuckle, Captain Flamingo, Rescue Heroes, Seven Little Monsters, Pelswick, Quads!, Delilah and Julius, Dino Dan and Doki  His column "A Writer's Life" appears regularly in the magazine Canadian Screenwriter   He is also the co-author of the university textbook On Our Wavelength: Broadcasting History From A Canadian Perspective, and the video game Uh-Oh Flamingo!Scott won a special animation award from the Writers Guild of Canada for his work on Ned's Newt, as well as a 2008 Canadian Screenwriting Award in the Children & Preschool category for an episode of Iggy Arbuckle In addition to his continuing work as a screenwriter, Scott has been teaching screenwriting and media history at Ryerson University (now Toronto Metropolitan University) in Toronto since 1997  As of 2021, he is also a professor in the Children's Media program at Toronto's Centennial College 
Passage 8:
Henry Gilroy
Henry Alan Gilroy (born November 1976) is an American film and television screenwriter and producer  He is best known for co-writing the animated series Star Wars: The Clone Wars 

Early life
From an early age, Gilroy loved comic books and animation which inspired him to study film at several colleges in the greater Los Angeles area 

Career
His first job at a Hollywood studio was working as an editor for Warner Bros ' animation department working Steven Spielberg's Tiny Toon Adventures  It was at Warner Bros  that Gilroy sold his first script to the producers of the Emmy winning Batman: The Animated Series, for the Scarecrow episode, "Nothing to Fear"  After a staff writer gig on the WB's Tazmanian Devil animated series, Tazmania, Gilroy moved on to work on The Tick animated series before taking a staff job at Disney Television Animation for several years where he worked on such series as Timon & Pumbaa, Mickey Mouse Works, House of Mouse, Lilo & Stitch: The Series and Super Robot Monkey Team Hyperforce Go! before being chosen to develop and write the Star Wars: The Clone Wars CG animated series for Lucasfilm Animation with creator George Lucas and director Dave Filoni  He served as head writer for season one and part of season two, penning several episodes, including the first stories featuring fan favorite character Ahsoka Tano, among others  He is also the author of several Star Wars comic books Leaving Lucasfilm, Gilroy spent two years at Hasbro Studios, where he developed and led the writing on two other animated series, G I  Joe: Renegades and Kaijudo, and then moved on to Marvel Animation Studios where he acted as supervising producer and head writer on Hulk and the Agents of S M A S H  and Ultimate Spider-Man as well as penning two CG Marvel Heroes United films featuring team-ups with Iron Man & the Hulk and Iron Man & Captain America 
Gilroy is co-creator of the first Bionicle trilogy and has since written for numerous other animated series, such as The Mask, Justice League Unlimited, The 99, Kim Possible, and the direct-to-video Disney movie title Atlantis: Milo's Return and the Funimation anime film Mass Effect: Paragon Lost based on the hit video game for Electronic Arts and BioWare Gilroy wrote the four-issue Joker/Mask comic book which was collected by Dark Horse/DC Comics in 2001  He also wrote the Dark Horse Alien one-shot comic books, Aliens: Herk Mondo and Aliens: Mondo Heat in collaboration with artist and Pixar director Ronnie del Carmen In 2014, Gilroy returned to Lucasfilm under Disney studios to serve as co-executive producer and series writer of Star Wars: Rebels where he wrote seventeen episodes through 2018 In 2019, Gilroy was selected as the showrunner/head writer for an animated Magic: The Gathering TV show for Netflix with the Russo Brothers In 2020, Gilroy began working on DreamWorks Dragons: The Nine Realms, an animated television series for DreamWorks Animation 

Television and film credits
Television
series head writer denoted in bold
Batman: The Animated Series (1992)
2 Stupid Dogs (1993)
The Tick (1994)
Taz-Mania (1994)
The Baby Huey Show (1994)
The Mask: Animated Series (1995)
Earthworm Jim (1995)
The Savage Dragon (1995–1996)
The Mouse and the Monster (1996)
All Dogs Go to Heaven: The Series (1998)
Timon & Pumbaa (1999)
Sherlock Holmes in the 22nd Century (1999)
Jackie Chan Adventures (2001)
Teamo Supremo (2002)
House of Mouse (2002)
Lilo & Stitch: The Series (2003)
Justice League Unlimited (2004)
Super Robot Monkey Team Hyperforce Go! (2006)
Star Wars: The Clone Wars (2008–2010)
Transformers Animated (2008)
The Secret Saturdays (2009)
G I  Joe: Renegades (2010–2011)
Iron Man: Armored Adventures (2012)
Kaijudo: Rise of the Duel Masters (2012)
Voltron Force (2012)
Hulk and the Agents of S M A S H  (2012–2013)
Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles (2014)
Ultimate Spider-Man Season 3 (2014)
Star Wars Rebels (2014–2018)
Avengers Assemble (2017)
Guardians of the Galaxy (2017)
DreamWorks Dragons: The Nine Realms (2021–present)

Film
Mickey's House of Villains (2002)
Atlantis: Milo’s Return (2003)
Bionicle: Mask of Light (2003)
Bionicle 2: Legends of Metru Nui (2004)
Bionicle 3: Web of Shadows (2005)
Star Wars: The Clone Wars (2008)
Mass Effect: Paragon Lost (2012)
Heroes United (2013–2014)
Passage 9:
Pelswick
John Callahan's Pelswick (or simply Pelswick) is an animated television series co-produced by Nelvana Enterprises, Inc  and Suzhou Hong Ying Animation Corporation Limited  The series is about the title character, who uses a wheelchair, emphasizing that he lived a normal life  It was based on the books created by John Callahan  Making a show suitable for children required toning down Callahan's dark humor somewhat, and the show was positive and life-affirming  For this, the show was very groundbreaking at the time 

Characters
Pelswick Eggert (voiced by Robert Tinkler) – A 13-year-old boy who uses a wheelchair  How he became a paraplegic is not revealed in the series, but the series' creators imply through commentary that it was due to a car accident  He dislikes it when people treat him differently because of his disability  He dislikes following the crowd and he goes by his own rules 
Ace Nakamura (voiced by Phil Guerrero) – Pelswick's best friend  Ace is technologically smarter than any of his friends, and is often the thinker of the situation 
Goon Gunderson (voiced by Peter Oldring) – Pelswick's other best friend  Huge and slow-witted in his actions and thoughts, Goon is generally good-hearted but rather dangerous when angry  He does not know that wrestling is staged 
Julie Smockford (voiced by Julie Lemieux) – A pretty girl and Pelswick's love interest  She hates all the cliques and popularity contests at school and seems to care mostly about her popularity and image  Julie is smart, dramatic, sometimes annoying, but cares a lot about Pelswick  Pelswick has a crush on her but she is completely oblivious about it  Julie believes in justice for all 
Sandra Scoddle (voiced by Kim Kuhteubl) – Julie's snooty and arrogant best friend/rival and one of Pelswick's friends  She thinks she is better than everyone else and often disputes with Julie  She thinks she is cool, but she's not  She gets caught into the latest trends 
Mr  Jimmy (voiced by David Arquette) – Pelswick's guardian angel who often gives him advice that confuses him until the last moment, no matter what it is  Pelswick cannot stand him and his issues  He is also the comic relief of the show 
Kate Eggert (voiced by Tracey Moore) – Pelswick's precocious younger sister  She treats her reputation as a little sister like a business and usually blackmails Pelswick when butting into his business  She has dreams of owning a big corporation  She is 10 years old 
Bobby Eggert – Pelswick's and Kate's baby brother  He rarely talks and admires Pelswick  Given that Pelswick and Kate's mother is unseen, it can be assumed Bobby is either adopted or is the child of a relative that their father is taking care of 
Quentin Eggert (voiced by Tony Rosato) – Pelswick, Kate and Bobby's politically correct father who works as a college professor until he is fired in "The Case of the Filched Files " He later gets his job back  He wants to do everything by papers  His wife was killed in the same car accident that made Pelswick into a paraplegic 
Priscilla "Gram-Gram" Eggert (voiced by Ellen Ray Hennessy) – Quentin's mother and Pelswick, Kate and Bobby's deranged grandmother  She often does "extreme" acts beyond that of a grandmother  Most of these acts results in her getting arrested 
Boyd Scullarzo (voiced by Chuck Campbell) – The bully of Pelswick's school who likes bullying Pelswick and others, not physically but with humiliation 
Vice Principal Ziegler (voiced by David Huband) – The vice principal of Jr High (Pelswick's school)  Despite his title, he usually assumes the role of a principal  Throughout the show, there is no mention of there being a principal at Jr High  During the second episode of the series, this issue was lampshaded by Goon Gunderson who questioned why their school had a vice principal but no principal 

Episodes
Season 1 (2000–01)
Season 2 (2001–02)
Broadcast
The show aired in reruns on CBS during the Nick on CBS block from September 14 to November 23, 2002, and on Nicktoons from May 2002 to September 2005  The show reran on Adult Swim in Canada between early 2021 and mid-2022 



ground_truth: November