prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: What was the home city of the author of the famous novel tracing the life of a male roe deer from his birth onward?

The following are given passages.
Context 1: Passage 1:
Siberian roe deer
The Siberian roe deer, eastern roe deer, or Asian roe deer (Capreolus pygargus), is a species of roe deer found in northeastern Asia  In addition to Siberia and Mongolia, it is found in Kazakhstan, the Tian Shan Mountains of Kyrgyzstan, eastern Tibet, the Korean Peninsula, and northern China 
Its specific name pygargus, literally "white-rumped", is shared by the pygarg, an antelope known in antiquity  The name was chosen by the German biologist Peter Simon Pallas in the late 18th century  The Siberian roe deer has long antlers 

Taxonomy
The Siberian roe deer was once considered to be the same species as the European roe deer (Capreolus capreolus), but it is now considered to be a separate species 
The two subspecies of the Siberian roe deer are C  p  pygargus and C  p  tianschanicus (the latter is named for the Tian Shan mountains) 

Description
The Siberian roe deer is a medium-sized metacarpalian deer, with a long neck and large ears  It is typically up to 146 cm (4 8 ft) in body length and 59 kg (130 lb) in weight, making it larger than C  capreolus where populations from Ural and Northern Kazakhstan are the largest on average, followed by those from Transbaikal, Amur, and Primolskil regions  It has larger antlers with more branches than those of European roe deer  Siberian roe deer generally live about 8–12 years, with a maximum of about 18 years  In winter the northern populations exhibit light gray coloring, but their southern counterparts are grayish brown and ochraceous  The belly is creamy and the caudal patch is white  In the summer, their coloring is reddish  Young have a spotted coat  Males are larger and have three-tined antlers, widely spaced and slanting upward, which are shed in the autumn or early winter and begin to regrow shortly thereafter 

Distribution and habitat
Siberian roe deer are found within the temperate zone of Eastern Europe and Central and East Asia  Fossil records show their territory once stretched to the northern Caucasus Mountains, as well as eastern Ukraine  In the late 19th and early 20th centuries, their range was diminished by overhunting in Eastern Europe, northern Kazakhstan, western Siberia, and the northern regions of eastern Siberia  Due to a division in their range, two morphologically different subspecies resulted (Tian Shan and Siberian)   The Siberian and European roe deer meet at the Caucasus Mountains with the Siberian roe deer occupying the northern flank, and the European roe deer occupying the southern flank, Asia Minor, and parts of northwestern Iran 
The Siberian roe deer has a light, slender build adapted for tall, dense grass  They live in forest and steppe habitats and develop high densities in tall-grass meadows and floodplains  They are adapted to severe weather extremes It may have become naturalized in England for a short period in the early 20th century as an escapee from Woburn, but it was extirpated by 1945 

Ecology
Diet
The diet of the Siberian roe deer consists of over 600 species of plants – mostly herbaceous dicotyledons (58%), monocotyledons (16%), and woody species (22%)  In winter, without proper sustenance, they have a lowered metabolic rate  In summer, their dietary need for sodium necessitates visits to natural salt licks  Water is usually obtained through moisture-rich foods as opposed to directly from the source 

Behavior
Siberian roe deer can jump distances up to 15 m (49 ft), and mating occurs in August and September  Female Siberian roe deer are the only ungulates to undergo embryonic diapause  Embryonic implantation takes place in January and gestation lasts 280–300 days  Females usually have two young at a time, which are weaned after 4–5 months  Females reach sexual maturity in their first year of age but usually do not breed until their second  Males usually mate in their third year of life  The life-span of the Siberian roe deer does not usually exceed 10 years Males mark their territory with olfactory marks, using secretion glands on the head skin, which they rub against trees, shrubs, and high grasses, or with visual marks, by fraying trees with their antlers  Vocal signals are also a form of communication in Siberian roe deer  They have six signals: squeaking or whistling, rasping, barking, whining, screaming, and nonvocal sounds Some Siberian roe deer perform mass migrations 

Predation
The Siberian roe deer is preyed upon by the Amur leopard, Siberian lynx, snow leopard, Himalayan wolf, and Siberian tiger 

See also
Animals portal
 Siberia portal
Passage 2:
Bambi, a Life in the Woods
Bambi, a Life in the Woods (German title: Bambi: Eine Lebensgeschichte aus dem Walde) is a 1923 Austrian coming-of-age novel written by Felix Salten, and originally published in Berlin by Ullstein Verlag  The novel traces the life of Bambi, a male roe deer, from his birth through childhood, the loss of his mother, the finding of a mate, the lessons he learns from his father, and the experience he gains about the dangers posed by human hunters in the forest  It is also, in its most complete translation, seen as a parable of the dangers and persecution faced by Jews in Europe An English translation by Whittaker Chambers was published in North America by Simon & Schuster in 1928, and the novel has since been translated and published in over thirty languages around the world  Salten published a sequel, Bambi's Children, in 1939 
The novel was well received by critics and is considered a classic, as well as one of the first environmental novels  It was adapted into a theatrical animated film, Bambi, by Walt Disney Productions in 1942, as well as two Russian live-action adaptations in 1985 and 1986, a ballet in 1987, and a stage production in 1998  Another ballet adaptation was created by an Oregon troupe, but never premiered  Janet Schulman published a children's picture book adaptation in 2000 that featured realistic oil paintings and many of Salten's original words 

Plot
Bambi is a roe deer fawn born in a thicket in late spring one year  Over the course of the summer, his mother teaches him about the various inhabitants of the forest and the ways deer live  When she feels he is old enough, she takes him to the meadow, which he learns is a wonderful but also dangerous place, as it leaves the deer exposed and in the open  After some initial fear over his mother's caution, Bambi enjoys the experience  On a subsequent trip, Bambi meets his Aunt Ena and her twin fawns Faline and Gobo  They quickly become friends and share what they have learned about the forest  While they are playing, they encounter princes, male deer, for the first time  After the stags leave, the fawns learn that those were their fathers, but that the fathers rarely stay with or speak to the females and young 
As Bambi grows older, his mother begins to leave him alone  While searching for her one day, Bambi has his first encounter with "He" – the animals' term for humans – which terrifies him  The man raises a firearm and aims at him; Bambi flees at top speed, joined by his mother  After he is scolded by a stag for crying for his mother, Bambi gets used to being alone at times  He later learns the stag is called the "Old Prince", the oldest and largest stag in the forest, who is known for his cunning and aloof nature  During the winter, Bambi meets Marena, a young doe, Nettla, an old doe who no longer bears young, and two princes, Ronno and Karus  Mid-winter, hunters enter the forest, killing many animals including Bambi's mother  Gobo also disappears and is presumed dead 
After this, the novel skips ahead a year, noting that Bambi, now a young adult, was cared for by Nettla and that when he got his first set of antlers he was abused and harassed by the other males  It is summer and Bambi is now sporting his second set of antlers  He is reunited with his cousin Faline  After he battles and defeats first Karus, then Ronno, Bambi and Faline fall in love with each other  They spend a great deal of time together  During this time, the Old Prince saves Bambi's life when he nearly runs towards a hunter imitating a doe's call  This teaches the young buck to be cautious about blindly rushing toward any deer's call  During the summer, Gobo returns to the forest, having been raised by a man who found him collapsed in the snow during the hunt where Bambi's mother was killed  While his mother and Marena welcome him and celebrate him as a "friend" of man, the Old Prince and Bambi pity him  Marena becomes his mate, but several weeks later Gobo is killed when he approaches a hunter in the meadow, falsely believing the halter he wore would keep him safe from all men 
As Bambi continues to age, he begins spending most of his time alone, including avoiding Faline though he still loves her in a melancholic way  Several times he meets with the Old Prince, who teaches him about snares, shows him how to free another animal from one, and encourages him not to use trails, to avoid the traps of men  When Bambi is later shot by a hunter, the Prince shows him how to walk in circles to confuse the man and his dogs until the bleeding stops, then takes him to a safe place to recover  They remain together until Bambi is strong enough to leave the safe haven again  When Bambi has grown gray and is "old", the Old Prince shows him that men are not all-powerful by showing him the dead body of a man who was shot and killed by another man  When Bambi confirms that he now understands that "He" is not all-powerful, and that there is "Another" over all creatures, the stag tells him that he has always loved him and calls him "my son" before leaving 
At the end of the novel, Bambi meets with twin fawns who are calling for their mother, and he scolds them for not being able to stay alone  After leaving them, he thinks to himself that the girl fawn reminded him of Faline, and that the male was promising, and that Bambi hoped to meet him again when he was grown 

Publication history
Felix Salten, himself an avid hunter, penned Bambi: Eine Lebensgeschichte aus dem Walde after World War I, targeting an adult audience  The novel was first published in Vienna in serialized form in the newspaper the Neue Freie Presse from 15 August to 21 October 1922, and as a book in Germany by Ullstein Verlag in 1923, and republished in 1926 in Vienna 

Translations
Max Schuster, a German Jewish émigré and co-founder of Simon & Schuster, led the effort to publish Bambi in English  Clifton Fadiman, an editor there, engaged his Columbia University classmate Whittaker Chambers to translate it  Simon & Schuster published this first English edition in 1928, with illustrations by Kurt Wiese, under the title Bambi: A Life in the Woods  The New York Times Book Review praised the prose as "admirably translated" that made the book "literature of a high order " The translation immediately became "a Book-of-the-Month Club hit " Simon & Schuster printed a first-run of 75,000 copies and sold more than 650,000 copies between 1928 and 1942  (Jonathan Cape published the book in the UK starting in 1928 as well ) Chambers' translation has been reprinted repeatedly with different illustrations  Bambi, along with Salten's Fifteen Rabbits and The City Jungle, all translated by Chambers, remain in print from Simon & Schuster  In 2015, an Austrian scholar voiced objections to Simon & Schuster's "publication strategies" and "marketing strategy," as well as Chambers' translation for "opening the possibility for the story to be understood less as a human story about persecution, expulsion or assimilation and more as an animal story conveying a strong message about the protection of animals and the necessity of conservation "A translation by Hannah Correll was published in 2019 by Clydesdale Press  A translation by Jack Zipes was published in 2022 by Princeton University Press  Zipes commented the conversation between animals is "reminiscent of Austrian German you'd hear in cafes around Vienna  The original translation didn't capture that and I hope mine does," while a grandson of Chambers countered that the 1928 translation is more poetic  One reviewer wrote: "Chambers and Zipes differ moderately in style, with Zipes cleaving more faithfully to the German ("polecat") and Chambers privileging his American audience ("ferret")  An aim of Zipes’ translation is to restore Salten's more overt anthropomorphism, which Chambers softened  To a reader familiar with the 1928 translation, some of Zipes' more faithful anthropomorphic choices are jarring; it feels odd to read that a fawn "yelled," for example  And Zipes occasionally increases the anthropomorphism beyond that suggested by Salten, as when he uses the pronouns "he" and "she" in a conversation between two autumn leaves, which are genderless in the original text  The Zipes translation is also not quite complete: one reviewer noted omissions ranging from short phrases and individual sentences to an entire passage recounting Bambi's first meeting with the old roebucks  A translation by Damion Searls was published in 2022 by The New York Review of Books  The translations have been reviewed in various newspapers and magazines 

Formats
Over 200 editions of the novel have been published, with almost 100 German and English editions alone, and numerous translations and reprintings in over 30 languages  It has also been published in a variety of formats, including printed medium, audiobook, Braille, and E-book formats 

Copyright dispute
When Salten originally published Bambi in 1923, he did so under Germany's copyright laws, which required no statement that the novel was copyrighted  In the 1926 republication, he did include a United States copyright notice, so the work is considered to have been copyrighted in the United States in 1926  In 1936, Salten sold some film rights to the novel to MGM producer Sidney Franklin who passed them on to Walt Disney for the creation of a film adaptation  After Salten's death in 1945, his daughter Anna Wyler inherited the copyright and renewed the novel's copyrighted status in 1954 (U S  copyright law in effect at the time provided for an initial term of 28 years from the date of first publication in the U S , which could be extended for an additional 28 years provided the copyright holder filed for renewal before the expiration of the initial copyright)  In 1958, she formulated three agreements with Disney regarding the novel's rights  Upon her death in 1977, the rights passed to her husband, Veit Wyler, and her children, who held on to them until 1993 when he sold the rights to the publishing house Twin Books  Twin Books and Disney disagreed on the terms and validity of Disney's original contract with Anna Wyler and Disney's continued use of the Bambi name When the two companies were unable to reach a solution, Twin Books filed suit against Disney for copyright infringement  Disney argued that because Salten's original 1923 publication of the novel did not include a copyright notice, by American law it was immediately considered a public domain work  It also argued that as the novel was published in 1923, Anna Wyler's 1954 renewal occurred after the deadline and was invalid  The case was reviewed by the U S  District Court for the Northern District of California, which ruled that the novel was copyrighted upon its publication in 1923, and not a public domain work then  However, in validating 1923 as the publication date, this confirmed Disney's claim that the copyright renewal was filed too late and the novel became a public domain work in 1951 Twin Books appealed the decision, and in March 1996 the U S  Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit reversed the original decision, stating that the novel was a foreign work in 1923 that was not in its home country's public domain when published, therefore the original publication date could not be used in arguing American copyright law  Instead, the 1926 publication date, the first in which it specifically declared itself to be copyrighted in the United States, is considered the year when the novel was copyrighted in America  Anna Wyler's renewal was therefore timely and valid, and Twin Books' ownership of the copyright was upheld The Twin Books decision is still regarded as controversial by many copyright experts  David Nimmer, in a 1998 article, argued that the Twin Books ruling meant that an ancient Greek epic, if only published outside the U S  without the required formalities, would be eligible for copyright protection  Although Nimmer concluded that Twin Books required this finding (within the Ninth Circuit), he characterized the result as "patently absurd "The American copyright of the novel expired on January 1, 2022, while in Austria and other countries of the European Union it entered the public domain on January 1, 2016 

Sequel
While living in exile in Switzerland, after being forced to flee Nazi-occupied Austria, Salten wrote a sequel to Bambi that follows the birth and lives of Bambi's twin offspring, Geno and Gurri  The young fawns interact with other deer, and are educated and watched over by Bambi and Faline as they grow  They also learn more about the ways of man, including both hunters and the gamekeeper seeking to protect the deer  Due to Salten's exiled status – he had lost his Austrian publisher Paul Zsolnay Verlag – the English translation of the novel was published first, in the United States in 1939 by Bobbs-Merrill; it would take a year before the sequel was published in the original German language in Switzerland by his new publisher 

Reception
In the United States, the 1928 translation of Bambi was "hugely popular", selling 650,000 copies by 1942  When Felix Salten visited the United States as a member of a European delegation of journalists in May–July 1930, he was greeted warmly because of Bambi wherever the delegation went, as was testified by the Finnish member of the delegation, Urho Toivola  In his own travel book, Salten did not boast about this; only when describing his visit to a "Negro college" of Atlanta, he mentions passingly that the children praised his books In 1936 Nazi Germany however, the government banned the original as "political allegory on the treatment of Jews in Europe " Many copies of the novel were burned, making original first editions rare and difficult to find 

In his foreword, John Galsworthy called it a "delicious book – delicious not only for children but for those who are no longer so fortunate" and a "little masterpiece" that shows a "delicacy of perception and essential truth"  He observed that while reading the galley proof of the novel while crossing the English Channel, he, his wife, and his nephew read each page in turn over the course of three hours in "silent absorption" Among US reviewers, New York Times reviewer John Chamberlain praised Salten's "tender, lucid style" that "takes you out of yourself"  He felt that Salten captured the essence of each of the creatures as they talked, catching the "rhythm of the different beings who people his forest world" and showed particular "comprehension" in detailing the various stages of Bambi's life  He also considered the English translation "admirably" done  A reviewer for Catholic World praised the approach of the subject, noting that it was "marked by poetry and sympathy [with] charming reminders of German folklore and fairy tale" but disliked the "transference of certain human ideals to the animal mind" and the vague references to religious allegory  The Boston Transcript called it a "sensitive allegory of life"  The Saturday Review considered it "beautiful and graceful" piece that showed a rare "individuality"  Isabel Ely Lord, reviewing the novel for the American Journal of Nursing, called the novel a "delightful animal story" and Salten a "poet" whose "picture of the woods and its people is an unforgettable one " In comparing Bambi to Salten's later work Perri – in which Bambi makes a brief cameo – Louise Long of the Dallas Morning News considered both to be stories that "quietly and completely [captivate] the heart"  Long felt the prose was "poised and mobile and beautiful as poetry" and praises Salten for his ability to give the animals seemingly human speech while not "[violating] their essential natures " Vicky Smith of Horn Book Magazine felt the novel was gory compared to the later Disney adaptation and called it a "weeper"  While criticizing it as one of the most esteemable anti-hunting novels available, she concedes the novel is not easily forgettable and praises the "linchpin scene" where Bambi's mother dies, stating "the understated conclusion of that scene, 'Bambi never saw his mother again,' masterfully evokes an uncomplicated emotional response"  She questions Galsworthy's recommendation of the novel to sportsmen in the foreword, wondering "how many budding sportsmen might have had conversion experiences in the face of Salten's unrelieved harangue and how many might have instead become alienated " In comparing the novel to the Disney film, Steve Chapple of Sports Afield felt that Salten viewed Bambi's forest as a "pretty scary place" and the novel as a whole had a "lot of dark adult undertones"  Interpreting it as an allegory for Salten's own life, Chapple felt Salten came across as "a little morbid, a bleeding heart of a European intellectual " A half century later,The Wall Street Journal's James P  Sterba also considered it an "antifascist allegory" and sarcastically notes that "you'll find it in the children's section at the library, a perfect place for this 293-page volume, packed as it is with blood-and-guts action, sexual conquest and betrayal" and "a forest full of cutthroats and miscreants  I count at least six murderers (including three child-killers) among Bambi's associates "Among UK reviews, the Times Literary Supplement stated that the novel is a "tale of exceptional charm, though untrustworthy of some of the facts of animal life "

Impact
Some critics have argued that Bambi is one of the first environmental novels 

Adaptations
Film
Walt Disney animated film
With World War II looming, Max Schuster aided the Jewish Salten's flight from Nazi controlled Austria and Nazi Germany and helped introduce him, and Bambi, to Walt Disney Productions  Sidney Franklin, a producer and director at Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer, purchased the film rights in 1933, initially desiring to make a live-action adaptation of the work  Deciding such a film would be too difficult to make, he sold the rights to Walt Disney in April 1937 in hopes of it being adapted into an animated film instead  Disney began working on the film immediately, intending it to be the company's second feature-length animated film and his first to be based on a specific, recent work The original novel, written for an adult audience, was considered too "grim" and "somber" for the young audience Disney was targeting, and with the work required to adapt the novel, Disney put production on hold while it worked on several other projects  In 1938, Disney assigned Perce Pearce and Carl Fallberg to develop the film's storyboards, but attention was soon drawn away as the studio began working on Fantasia  Finally, on 17 August 1939, production on Bambi began in earnest, although it progressed slowly due to changes in the studio personnel, location and the methodology of handling animation at the time  The writing was completed in July 1940, by which time the film's budget had swelled to $858,000  Disney was later forced to slash 12 minutes from the film before final animation, to save costs on production Heavily modified from the original novel, Bambi was released to theaters in the United States on 8 August 1942  Disney's version severely downplays the naturalistic and environmental elements found in the novel, giving it a lighter, friendlier feeling  The addition of two new characters, Thumper the Rabbit and Flower the Skunk, two sweet and gentle forest creatures, contributed to giving the film the desired levity  Considered a classic, the film has been called "the crowning achievement of Walt Disney's animation studio" and was named as the third best film in the animation genre of the AFI's 10 Top 10 "classic" American film genres On January 28, 2020, a computer-animated remake of the Disney film was announced to be in development with a script co-written by Geneva Robertson-Dworet and Lindsey Beer while Paul Weitz, Chris Weitz, and Andrew Miano will produce the film 

Russian live-action films
In 1985, a Russian-language live-action adaptation, Russian: Детство Бемби (Detstvo Bembi, lit  Bambi's Childhood), was produced and released in VHS format in the Soviet Union by Gorky Film Studios  It was directed by Natalya Bondarchuk, who also co-wrote the script with Yuri Nagibin, and featured music by Boris Petrov  Natalya 's son Ivan Burlyayev and her husband Nikolay Burlyaev starred as the young and adolescent Bambi, respectively, while Faline (renamed Falina) was portrayed by Yekaterina Lychyova as a child and Galina Belyayeva as an adult  In this adaptation, the film starts using animals, changes to using human actors, then returns to using animals for the ending A sequel, Russian: Юность Бемби (Yunost Bembi), lit  Bambi's Youth, followed in 1986 with Nikolay and Galina reprising their voice roles as Bambi and Falina  Featuring over 100 species of live animals and filmed in various locations in Crimea, Mount Elbrus, Latvia and Czechoslovakia, the film follows new lovers Bambi and Felina as they go on a journey in search of a life-giving flower  Both films were released to Region 2 DVD with Russian and English subtitle options by the Russian Cinema Council in 2000  The first film's DVD also included a French audio soundtrack, while the second contained French subtitles instead 

Horror film
On November 21, 2022, a live-action horror film, titled Bambi: The Reckoning, was announced to be in development for ITN Studios and Jagged Edge Productions with Scott Jeffrey directing and Rhys Frake-Waterfield producing  The film will be about the titular character getting revenge after the death of his mother  The film is expected to begin principal photography in mid-2023 

Ballet
The Estonian composer Lydia Auster composed the ballet Bambi in 1986 which was premièred in Tartu, Vanemuine theater, in 1987 The Oregon Ballet Theatre adapted Bambi into an evening-length ballet entitled Bambi: Lord of the Forest  It was slated to premiere in March 2000 as the main production for the company's 2000–2001 season  A collaboration between artistic director James Canfield and composer Thomas Lauderdale, the ballet's production was to be an interpretation of the novel rather than the Disney film  In discussing the adaptation, Canfield stated that he was given a copy of the novel as a Christmas present and found it to be a "classic story about coming of age and a life cycle " He went on to note that the play was inspired solely by the novel and not the Disney film  After the initial announcements, the pair began calling the work The Collaboration, as Disney owns the licensing rights for the name Bambi and they did not wish to fight for usage rights  The local press began calling the ballet alternative titles, including Not-Bambi which Canfield noted to be his favorite, out of derision at Disney  Its premiere was delayed for unexplained reasons, and it has yet to be performed 

Theater
Playwright James DeVita, of the First Stage Children's Theater, created a stage adaptation of the novel  The script was published by Anchorage Press Plays on 1 June 1997  Crafted for young adults and teenagers and retaining the title Bambi – A Life in the Woods, it has been produced around the United States at various venues  The script calls for an open-stage setup, and utilizes at least nine actors: five male and four female, to cover the thirteen roles  The American Alliance Theatre and Education awarded the work its "Distinguished Play Award" for an adaptation 

Book
In 1999, the novel was adapted into an illustrated hardback children's book by Janet Schulman, illustrated by Steve Johnson and Lou Fancher, and published by Simon & Schuster as part of its "Atheneum Books for Young Readers" imprint  In the adaptation, Schulman attempted to retain some of the lyrical feel of the original novel  She notes that rather than rewrite the novel, she "replicated Salten's language almost completely  I reread the novel a number of times and then I went through and highlighted the dialogue and poignant sentences Salten had written " Doing so retained much of the novel's original lyrical feel, though the book's brevity did result in a sacrifice of some of the "majesty and mystery" found in the novel  The illustrations were created to appear as realistic as possible, using painted images rather than sketches  In 2002, the Schulman adaptation was released in audiobook format by Audio Bookshelf, with Frank Dolan as the reader 

See also
Bambi Awards
Bambi effect
Bambi's Children
Fifteen Rabbits
Passage 3:
Felix Salten
Felix Salten (German: [ˈzaltn̩]; 6 September 1869 – 8 October 1945) was an Austro-Hungarian author and literary critic in Vienna 

Life
Salten was born Siegmund Salzmann on 6 September 1869 in Pest, Austria-Hungary  His father was Fülöp Salzmann, the telegraph office's clerk in Pest; his mother was Maria Singer  He was the grandson of an Orthodox rabbi  When he was four weeks old, his family relocated to Vienna, as many Jews did after the Imperial government had granted full citizenship rights to Jews in 1867 
When his father went bankrupt, the sixteen-year-old Salten quit school and began working for an insurance agency  He also began submitting poems and book reviews to journals  He became part of the "Young Vienna" movement (Jung-Wien) and soon received work as a full-time art and theater critic for Vienna's press (Wiener Allgemeine Zeitung, Zeit)  In 1900, he published his first collection of short stories  In 1901, he initiated Vienna's first, short-lived literary cabaret Jung-Wiener Theater Zum lieben Augustin 
He was soon publishing, on an average, one book a year, of plays, short stories, novels, travel books, and essay collections  He also wrote for nearly all the major newspapers of Vienna  In 1906, Salten went to Ullstein as an editor in chief of the B Z  am Mittag and the Berliner Morgenpost, but relocated to Vienna some months later  He wrote also film scripts and librettos for operettas  In 1927 he became president of the Austrian P E N  club as successor of Arthur Schnitzler 
His best remembered work is Bambi (1923)  A translation in English was published by Simon & Schuster in 1928, and became a Book-of-the-Month Club success  In 1933, he sold the film rights to the American director Sidney Franklin for only $1,000, and Franklin later transferred the rights to the Walt Disney Studios, which formed the basis of the animated film Bambi (1942) 
Life in Austria became perilous for Jews during the 1930s  In Germany, Adolf Hitler had Salten's books banned in 1936  Two years later, after Germany's annexation of Austria, Salten moved to Zurich, Switzerland, with his wife, and spent his final years there  Felix Salten died on 8 October 1945, at the age of 76  He is buried at Israelitischer Friedhof Unterer Friesenberg 
Salten married actress Ottilie Metzl (1868–1942) in 1902, and had two children: Paul (1903–1937) and Anna Katharina (1904–1977), who married Swiss actor Hans Rehmann  He composed another book based on the character of Bambi, titled Bambi’s Children: The Story of a Forest Family (1939)  His stories Perri and The Hound of Florence inspired the Disney films Perri (1957) and The Shaggy Dog (1959), respectively 
Salten was himself an avid hunter Salten is now considered the probable author of a successful erotic novel, Josephine Mutzenbacher: The Life Story of a Viennese Whore, as Told by Herself published anonymously in 1906, filled with social criticism 

Selected works
1899 – Der Gemeine
1906 – Josephine Mutzenbacher, authorship assumed – in German: Josefine Mutzenbacher oder Die Geschichte einer Wienerischen Dirne von ihr selbst erzählt (Vienna: Privatdruck [Fritz Freund], 1906)
1907 – Herr Wenzel auf Rehberg und sein Knecht Kaspar Dinckel
1910 – Olga Frohgemuth
1911 – Der Wurstelprater
1922 – Das Burgtheater
1923 – Der Hund von Florenz; English translation by Huntley Paterson, illustrated by Kurt Wiese, The Hound of Florence (Simon & Schuster, 1930), OCLC 1826868
1923 – Bambi: Eine Lebensgeschichte aus dem Walde; English transl  Whittaker Chambers, illus  Kurt Wiese, foreword John Galsworthy, as Bambi, a Life in the Woods (US: Simon & Schuster, 1928, OCLC 69170544; UK: Jonathan Cape, June/July 1928, OCLC 8454451); re-illustrated by Barbara Cooney (S&S, 1970), OCLC 824177272
1925 – Neue Menschen auf alter Erde: Eine Palästinafahrt
1927 – Martin Overbeck: Der Roman eines reichen jungen Mannes
1929 – Fünfzehn Hasen: Schicksale in Wald und Feld; English transl  Whittaker Chambers, as Fifteen Rabbits (US: Simon & Schuster, 1930, OCLC 1050794154); revised and enlarged (New York : Grosset & Dunlap, 1942, illus  Kurt Wiese), OCLC 4026552)
1931 – Freunde aus aller Welt: Roman eines zoologischen Gartens; English transl  Whittaker Chambers, illus  Kurt Wiese, as The City Jungle (US: Simon & Schuster, 1932, OCLC 2079025)
1931 – Fünf Minuten Amerika
1933 – Florian: Das Pferd des Kaisers; transl  Erich Posselt and Michel Kraike, Florian: The Emperor’s Stallion (Bobbs-Merrill, 1934), OCLC 8990860
1938 – Perri; German, Die Jugend des Eichhörnchens Perri
1939 – Bambi's Children, English translation (Bobbs-Merrill); German original, Bambis Kinder: Eine Familie im Walde (1940)
1940 – Renni the Rescuer
1942 – A Forest World
1945 – Djibi, the Kitten, illus  Walter Linsenmaier; U S  transl , Jibby the Cat (Messner, 1948)

Selected filmography
Doctor Schotte (1918)
Modern Marriages (1924)
Comedians (1925)
Storm in a Water Glass (1931)
Poor as a Church Mouse (1931)
Scampolo (1932)
The Empress and I (1933)
The Only Girl (1933)
Florian (1940)
Bambi (1942)
Perri (1957)
The Shaggy Dog (1959)

See also
Exilliteratur
Fable
Salzmann
Passage 4:
Roe Green Park
Roe Green Park is a park in the London Borough of Brent, northwest London, England  The Barn Hill Conservation Group maintain the Roe Green walled garden that is within the park  Roe Green Village was built between 1918 and 1920, using Prussian/German prisoners of war as cheap labour after World War I  The park was incorporated and thus taken under council control between 1935 and 1938 

History
This now much used park in Kingsbury came about because of the rapid growth of suburban housing in this part of the district in the early 1930s  In 1933 the local Council identified a 5-acre (2 0 ha) site on the north side of Kingsbury Road for a park, but this was subject to plans for housing (Manor Close) by the developer, George Cloke  He had moved into Kingsbury Manor in 1929, and bought most of the land of Valley Farm the following year  Under pressure from the local Ratepayers' Association, the Council negotiated with Mr Cloke to purchase some of his other land for a park, and in March 1935 two fields on the south side of Bacon Lane (about 21 acres) were bought for about £27,000, with Middlesex County Council contributing 25% of the money  As the entrance to this new park was from Roe Green, it was given the name "Roe Green Park" 
While the purchase was going through, Wembley Urban District Council decided to use part of the park fronting Kingsbury Road as the site for an open air swimming pool  In 1936 and 1937 Roe Green Park was used as the venue for a week-long Carnival and Fete to raise money for Wembley Hospital (which was run by a charity in these days before the National Health Service) and also for brass band concerts on summer Sunday evenings, but these events were transferred to Silver Jubilee Park when work started on building Kingsbury Swimming Pool in 1938  The Olympic-sized pool opened in May 1939 
After buying the two fields, the Council wanted to acquire further land, to make the park more accessible from the main shopping centre and Kingsbury Station  After three years of negotiations, they bought the 5-acre (2 0 ha) Westcroft field for £13,750 from another local developer, Henry Higinbotham, in 1938  In the same year, Kingsbury Manor and its 10-acre (4 0 ha) grounds were purchased from George Cloke  This was a joint purchase with Middlesex County Council, who wanted to use the large, secluded house as a Maternity Hostel for unmarried mothers 
The land for the park as it now exists had been acquired, but soon the outbreak of the Second World War meant that all of the park was ploughed up to provide allotments where local people could grow vegetables and fruit  After the war, twenty "pre-fab" bungalows were built along the Kingsbury Road edge of the park between the swimming pool and the Kingsbury Manor lodge, as emergency housing for families, and it was only around 1960 that local residents could enjoy the use of all of the park again The pool was closed in 1988 and demolished a few years later, replaced by green pitches 

John Logie Baird
John Logie Baird, the television pioneer, leased the former stables and coach house at Kingsbury Manor in 1928  He employed H  Barton-Chapple to take charge of his experiments there, which included designing and building prototype TV receivers  In May 1929, two 25-metre high masts were erected, and the first international moving picture transmissions, from Berlin in Germany to England, were received here  The following year, the first combined sound and vision signals were received  For many years afterwards the former stables were known as Kingsbury Manor Studio, and are now the home of Kingsbury Veterans' Club  The masts were taken down at the start of the Second World War, as they would have been a landmark for German bombers, but the concrete base of one of the masts can still be seen in Roe Green Park    A plaque to commemorate Baird's work here was unveiled next to this by Wembley History Society in the 1950s, which was moved to the Veterans' Club after damage by vandals 

Homicide
The park was in the news headlines in February 2002 when the fire-blistered body of an 18-year-old Sri Lankan man was found there  A year later, four other Sri Lankans – including ring-leader Senthamil Thillainathan – were found guilty of murder and sentenced to life imprisonment  Senthamil had also murdered another man in an axe attack in nearby Wembley eight months earlier 

George Michael
The video for the 2004 single "Round Here" from George Michael's fifth solo album, Patience, features several clips of Roe Green Park  The song is about the singer's childhood, and includes the lyric "I hear my mamma call/In Kingsbury Park" 
Passage 5:
Deer of Great Britain
Six species of deer are living wild in Great Britain: Scottish red deer, roe deer, fallow deer, sika deer, Reeves's muntjac, and Chinese water deer  Of those, Scottish red and roe deer are native and have lived in the isles throughout the Holocene  Fallow deer have been reintroduced twice, by the Romans and the Normans, after dying out in the last ice age  The other three are escaped or released alien species 

Native
Scottish red deer - (subspecies)
Roe deer

Introduced
Fallow deer
Sika deer
Reeves's muntjac
Water deer

Reintroduced
Eurasian elk - (on private reserves)
Reindeer - (on private reserves)

Extinct
Irish elk

Gallery
Passage 6:
Roe deer
The roe deer (Capreolus capreolus), also known as the roe, western roe deer, or European roe deer, is a species of deer  The male of the species is sometimes referred to as a roebuck  The roe is a small deer, reddish and grey-brown, and well-adapted to cold environments  The species is widespread in Europe, from the Mediterranean to Scandinavia, from Scotland to the Caucasus, and east as far as northern Iran 

Etymology
The English roe is from the Old English rā or rāha, from Proto-Germanic *raihô, cognate with Old Norse rá, Old Saxon rēho, Middle Dutch and Dutch ree, Old High German rēh, rēho, rēia, German Reh  It is perhaps ultimately derived from a PIE root *rei-, meaning "streaked, spotted or striped" The word is attested on the 5th-century Caistor-by-Norwich astragalus – a roe deer talus bone, written in Elder Futhark as ᚱᚨᛇᚺᚨᚾ, transliterated as raïhan In the English language, this deer was originally simply called a 'roe', but over time the word 'roe' has become a qualifier, and it is now usually called 'roe deer' The Koiné Greek name πύγαργος, transliterated 'pygargos', mentioned in the Septuagint and the works of various writers such as Hesychius, Herodotus and later Pliny, was originally thought to refer to this species (in many European translations of the Bible), although it is now more often believed to refer to the addax  It is derived from the words pyge 'buttocks' and argo 'white' 
The taxonomic name Capreolus is derived from capra or caprea, meaning 'billy goat', with the diminutive suffix -olus  The meaning of this word in Latin is not entirely clear: it may have meant 'ibex' or 'chamois'  The roe was also known as capraginus or capruginus in Latin 

Taxonomy
Linnaeus first described the roe deer in the modern taxonomic system as Cervus capreolus in 1758  The initially monotypic genus Capreolus was first proposed by John Edward Gray in 1821, although he did not provide a proper description for this taxon  Gray was not actually the first to use the name Capreolus, it has been used by other authors before him  Nonetheless, his publication is seen as taxonomically acceptable  He was generally ignored until the 20th century, most 19th-century works having continued to follow Linnaeus 
The name Capreolus capreolus is a tautonym Roe deer populations gradually become somewhat larger as one moves further to the east, peaking in Kazakhstan, then becoming smaller again towards the Pacific Ocean  The Soviet mammalogist Vladimir Sokolov had recognised this as a separate species from 1985 already using electrophoretic chromatography to show differences in the fractional protein content of the body tissues, the next year he showed that there were differences in the skull morphology, and a year after he used sonographs to demonstrate that the fawns, females and males made very different noises between species  Alexander S  Graphodatsky looked at the karyotypy to present more evidence to recognise these Russian and Asian populations as a separate species, now renamed the eastern or Siberian roe deer (Capreolus pygargus), in his 1990 paper  The taxa are differentiated by the B chromosomes found in C  pygargus, populations of this species gain more of these strange 'junk' chromosomes as one moves further east 
This new taxonomic interpretation (circumscription) was first followed in the American book Mammal Species of the World in 1993  Populations of the roe deer from east of the Khopyor River and Don River to Korea are considered to be this species 

Subspecies
The Integrated Taxonomic Information System, following the 2005 Mammal Species of the World, gives the following subspecies:
Capreolus capreolus capreolus (Linnaeus, 1758)
Capreolus capreolus canus Miller, 1910 - Spain
Capreolus capreolus caucasicus Nikolay Yakovlevich Dinnik, 1910 - A large-sized subspecies found in the region to the north of the Caucasus Mountains; although Mammal Species of the World appears to recognise the taxon, this work bases itself on a chapter by Lister et al  in the 1998 book The European roe deer: the biology of success, which only recognises the name as provisional 
Capreolus capreolus italicus Enrico Festa, 1925 - ItalyThis is just one (extreme) interpretation among a number of them  Two main specialists did not recognise these taxa and considered the species to be without subspecies in 2001  The European Union's Fauna Europaea recognised in 2005 two subspecies, but besides the nominate form recognises the Spanish population as the endemic Capreolus capreolus garganta Meunier, 1983  In 2008 the IUCN recognised three infraspecific taxa: the nominate and the subspecies garganta and italicus 

Systematics
Roe deer are most closely related to the water deer, and, counter-intuitively, the three species in this group, called the Capreolini, are most closely related to moose and reindeer Although roe deer were once classified as belonging to the Cervinae subfamily, they are now classified as part of the Odocoileinae, which includes the deer from the New World 

Hybrids
Both the European roe deer and Siberian roe deer have seen their populations increase, both around the 1930s  In recent times, since the 1960s, the two species have become sympatric where their distributions meet, and there is now a broad 'hybridization zone' running from the right side of the Volga River up to eastern Poland  It is extremely difficult for hunters to know which species they have bagged  In line with Haldane's rule, female hybrids of the two taxa are fertile, while male hybrids are not  Hybrids are much larger than normal and a Cesarean section was sometimes needed to birth the fawns, becoming larger than their mothers at the age of 4–5 months  F1 hybrid males may be sterile, but backcrosses with the females are possible 22% of the animals around Moscow carry the mtDNA of the European roe deer and 78% of the Siberian  In the Volgograd region, the European roe deer predominates  In the Stavropol and Dnipropetrovsk regions of Ukraine, most of the deer are Siberian roe deer  In northeastern Poland there is also evidence of introgression with the Siberian roe deer, which was likely introduced  In some cases, such as around Moscow, former introductions of European stock is likely responsible 

Description
The roe deer is a relatively small deer, with a body length of 95–135 cm (3 ft 1 in – 4 ft 5 in) throughout its range, and a shoulder height of 63–67 cm (2 ft 1 in – 2 ft 2 in), and a weight of 15–35 kg (35–75 lb)  Populations from Urals and northern Kazakhstan are larger on average growing to 145 cm (4 ft 9 in) in length and 85 cm (2 ft 9 in) at shoulder height, with body weights of up to 60 kg (130 lb), with the populations becoming smaller again further east in the Transbaikal, Amur Oblast, and Primorsky Krai regions  In healthy populations, where population density is restricted by hunting or predators, bucks are slightly larger than does  Under other conditions, males can be similar in size to females, or slightly smaller Bucks in good conditions develop antlers up to 20–25 cm (8–10 in) long with two or three, rarely even four, points  When the male's antlers begin to regrow, they are covered in a thin layer of velvet-like fur which disappears later on after the hair's blood supply is lost  Males may speed up the process by rubbing their antlers on trees, so that their antlers are hard and stiff for the duels during the mating season  Unlike most cervids, roe deer begin regrowing antlers almost immediately after they are shed 

Distribution
Within Europe the roe deer occurs in most areas with the exception of northernmost Scandinavia, in Norway it occurs throughout the country with the exception of parts of northern Vestland and northernmost Nordland (north of Narvik), and the islands of Iceland, Ireland and those of the Mediterranean Sea islands  In the Mediterranean region, it is largely confined to mountainous areas, and is absent or rare at low altitudes There is an early Neolithic fossil record from Jordan It is known that there are roe deer that live in the Red Forest near Chornobyl in Ukraine 

Belgium
In Flanders the roe deer was mostly confined to the hilly regions in the east, but like in neighbouring countries the population has expanded in recent times  A theory is that the expansion of maize cultivation, which are higher than traditional crops and afford more shelter, has aided their expansion to the west 

Britain
In England and Wales, roe deer have experienced a substantial expansion in their range in the latter half of the 20th century and continuing into the 21st century  This increase in population also appears to be affecting woodland ecosystems  At the start of the 20th century, they were almost extirpated in Southern England, but since then have hugely expanded their range, mostly due to restrictions and decrease in hunting, increases in forests and reductions in arable farming, changes in agriculture (more winter cereal crops), a massive reduction in extensive livestock husbandry, and a general warming climate over the past 200 years  Furthermore, there are no large predators in Britain  In some cases, roe deer have been introduced with human help  In 1884 roe deer were introduced from Württemberg in Germany into the Thetford Forest, and these spread to populate most of Norfolk, Suffolk, and substantial parts of Cambridgeshire  In southern England, they started their expansion in Sussex (possibly from enclosed stock in Petworth Park) and from there soon spread into Surrey, Berkshire, Wiltshire, Hampshire, and Dorset, and for the first half of the 20th century, most roe deer in Southern England were to be found in these counties  By the end of the 20th century, they had repopulated much of southern England and had expanded into Somerset, Devon, Cornwall, Oxfordshire, Gloucestershire, Warwickshire, Lincolnshire and South Yorkshire, and had even spread into Wales from the Ludlow area where an isolated population had appeared  At the same time, the surviving population in Scotland and the Lake District had pushed further south beyond Yorkshire and Lancashire and into Derbyshire and Humberside In the 1970s, the species was still completely absent from Wales  Roe deer can now be found in most of rural England except for southeast Kent and parts of Wales; anywhere in the UK mainland suitable for roe deer may have a population  Not being a species that needs large areas of woodland to survive, urban roe deer are now a feature of several cities, notably Glasgow and Bristol, where in particular they favour cemeteries  In Wales, they are least common, but they are reasonably well established in Powys and Monmouthshire 

Iran
Roe deer are found in northern Iran in the Caspian region: they occur in the Hyrcanian woodlands and agricultural lands of the Alborz Mountains (Golestan National Park, Jahan Nama Protected Area) 

Ireland
Scottish roe deer were introduced to the Lissadell Estate in County Sligo in Ireland around 1870 by Sir Henry Gore-Booth  The Lissadell roe deer were noted for their occasional abnormal antlers and survived in that general area for about 50 years before they died out  According to the National Biodiversity Data Centre, in 2014 there was a confirmed sighting of roe deer in County Armagh  There have been other, unconfirmed, sightings in County Wicklow 

The Netherlands
In the Netherlands, roe deer were extirpated from the entirety of the country except for two small areas around 1875  As new forests were planted in the country in the 20th century, the population began to expand rapidly  Although it was a protected species in 1950, the population is no longer considered threatened and it has lost legal protection  As of 2016 there are some 110,000 roe deer in the country  The population is primarily kept in check through the efforts of hunters 

Israel
In 1991, a breeding colony of 27 roe deer coming from France, Hungary and Italy were brought in the Hai-Bar Carmel Reserve  A small number of this roe deer population has been reintroduced to the Carmel Mountains from the Carmel Hai-Bar Nature Reserve, with the first deer being released in 1996  24 to 29 animals had been released by 2006  Some of the reintroduced animals were hand-reared and could be monitored by their responses to their keeper calls 

Ecology
Habitat
This species can utilize a large number of habitats, including open agricultural areas and above the tree line, but a requisite factor is access to food and cover  It retreats to dense woodland, especially among conifers, or bramble scrub when it must rest, but it is very opportunistic and a hedgerow may be good enough  Roe deer in the southern Czech Republic live in almost completely open agricultural land  The animal is more likely to be spotted in places with nearby forests to retreat to  A pioneer species commonly associated with biotic communities at an early stage of succession, during the Neolithic period in Europe when farming humans began to colonise the continent from the Middle East, the roe deer was abundant, taking advantage of areas of forest or woodland cleared by Neolithic farmers 

Behaviour
In order to mitigate risk, roe deer remain within refuge habitats (such as forests) during the day  They are likelier to venture into more open habitats at night and during crepuscular periods when there is less ambient activity  It scrapes leaf litter off the ground to make a 'bed' When alarmed it will bark a sound much like a dog and flash out its white rump patch  Rump patches differ between the sexes, with the white rump patches heart-shaped on females and kidney-shaped on males  Males may also bark or make a low grunting noise  Does (the females) make a high-pitched "pheep" whine to attract males during the rut (breeding season) in July and August  Initially the female goes looking for a mate and commonly lures the buck back into her territory before mating  The roe deer is territorial, and while the territories of a male and a female might overlap, other roe deer of the same sex are excluded unless they are the doe's offspring of that year 

Diet
It feeds mainly on grass, leaves, berries, and young shoots  It particularly likes very young, tender grass with a high moisture content, i e , grass that has received rain the day before  Roe deer will generally not venture into a field that has or has had livestock in it 

Reproduction
The polygamous roe deer males clash over territory in early summer and mate in early autumn  During courtship, when the males chase the females, they often flatten the underbrush, leaving behind areas of the forest in the shape of a circle or figure eight called 'roe rings'  These tend to be 1-3m in diameter  In 1956 it was speculated based on some field evidence that they choose where to form rings around plants with ergot mould, but this has not been substantiated further  Males may also use their antlers to shovel around fallen foliage and soil as a way of attracting a mate  Roebucks enter rutting inappetence during the July and August breeding season  Females are monoestrous and after delayed implantation usually give birth the following June, after a 10-month gestation period, typically to two spotted fawns of opposite sexes  The fawns remain hidden in long grass from predators; they are suckled by their mother several times a day for around three months  Young female roe deer can begin to reproduce when they are around 6 months old  During the mating season, a male roe deer may mount the same doe several times over a duration of several hours 

Population ecology
A roe deer can live up to 20 years, but it usually does not reach such an age  A normal life span in the wild is seven to eight years, or 10 years The roe deer population shows irruptive growth  It is extremely fecund and can double its population every year; it shows a retarded reaction to population density with females continuing to have a similar fecundity at high population densities 
Population structure is modified by available nutrition, where populations are irrupting there are few animals over six years old  Where populations are stagnant or moribund, there is huge fawn mortality and a large part of the population is over seven years old  Mortality is highest in the first weeks after birth due to predation, or sometimes farm machinery; or in the first winter due to starvation or disease, with up to 90% mortality 

Community ecology
It is a main prey of the Persian leopard (Panthera pardus tulliana) in the Alborz Mountains of Iran The nematode Spiculopteragia asymmetrica infects this deer Compared to the other large herbivores and omnivores in Iran, it is a poor disperser of plant seeds, despite consuming relatively more of them 

Uses
The roe deer is a game animal of great economic value in Europe, providing large amounts of meat and earning millions of euros in sport hunting  In 1998, some 2,500,000 roe deer were shot per year in Western Europe  In Germany alone, 700,000 were shot a year in the 1990s  This is insufficient to slow down the population growth, and the roe deer continues to increase in number It is the main source of venison in Europe  In the 2000s, there was growing interest among consumers in alternative and organic food products such as game meat  Frozen roe venison should not be stored longer than 10 to 12 months at −25 °C to maintain a high quality  Storage time and quality can decrease if the bullet has travelled through the digestive tract and contaminated the meat  The meat, like most game meat, is darker in colour than most farmed meat 

Palaeontology
Roe deer are thought to have evolved from a species in the Eurasian genus Procapreolus, with some 10 species occurring from the Late Miocene to the Early Pleistocene, which moved from the east to Central Europe over the millennia, where Procapreolus cusanus (also classified as Capreolus cusanus) occurred  It may not have evolved from C  cusanus, however, because the two extant species split from each other 1 375 and 2 75 Myr ago, and the western species first appeared in Europe 600 thousand years ago As of 2008 over 3,000 fossil specimens of this species have been recovered from Europe, which affords a good set of data to elucidate the prehistoric distribution  The distribution of the European species has fluctuated often since entering Europe  During the some periods during the last ice age it was present in central Europe, but during the Last Glacial Maximum it retreated to refugia in the Iberian Peninsula (two refugia here), southern France, Italy (likely two), the Balkans and the Carpathians  When the last Ice Age ended the species initially abruptly expanded north of the Alps to Germany during the Greenland Interstadial, 12 5–10 8 thousand years ago, but during the cooling of the Younger Dryas, 10 8–10 thousand years ago, it appears to have disappeared again from this region  It reappeared 9 7–9 5 thousand years ago, reaching northern central Europe  The modern population in this area appears to have recolonised it from the Carpathians and/or further east, but not the Balkans or other refugia  This is opposite to the red deer, which recolonised Europe from Iberia  There has been much admixture of these populations where they meet, also possibly due to human intervention in some cases It is thought that during the Middle Ages the two species of roe deer were kept apart due to hunting pressure and an abundance of predators; the different species may have met in the period just before that, and yet, during the Ice Age they were also kept apart 

Conservation
Populations are increasing throughout Europe; it is considered a species of 'least concern' 

Culture
In the Hebrew Bible Deuteronomy 14:5, the יַחְמ֑וּר, yahmur, derived from 'to be red', is listed as the third species of animal that may be eaten  In most Bibles this word has usually been translated as 'roe deer', and it still means as much in Arabic (أحمر, pronounced 'ahmar) -it was still said to be a common species in the Mount Carmel area in the 19th century  The King James Bible translated the word as 'fallow deer', and in other English Bible translations the word has been translated as a number of different species  When Modern Hebrew was reconstructed to serve as the language of the future Israel in late Ottoman and British Mandatory Palestine, the King James Bible interpretation was chosen, despite the fallow deer being fallow, not red 
Bambi, the titular character of the book Bambi, A Life in the Woods and its sequel Bambi's Children was originally a roe deer  When the story was adapted to the animated film Bambi by Walt Disney Pictures, the main character was changed to a white-tailed deer Albino roe deer were exceedingly rare in history, and they were regarded as national treasures or sacred animals in ancient times in China 
Passage 7:
5 6×57mm
The 5 6×57mm (designated as the 5,6 × 57 by the C I P ) cartridge was created by Rheinisch-Westfälische Sprengstoffwerke (RWS) in Germany in 1964 by necking down popular 7×57mm Mauser (similarly to how Paul Mauser himself created 6 5×57mm Mauser) for hunting small deer such as roe deer, and for chamois  The calibre has a significant following among European sportsmen, and most European mass production riflemakers chamber several models of rifle for this cartridge   During the 1970-1990 period this cartridge was widely and successfully used in the Republic of Ireland for deer shooting, since security considerations at a period of Provisional Irish Republican Army violence had led to a ban on the civilian ownership of calibres larger than  224in   Some British small deer specialist hunters use the 5 6×57 mm with great success on roe deer, muntjac and Chinese water deer With a factory-load velocity of 3,500 ft/s (1,100 m/s) with a 74-grain, cone-pointed bullet, it is approximately 100 ft/s (30 m/s) faster than the  220 Swift cartridge firing a bullet of equivalent weight   The larger case capacity means that handloaders can produce 50-grain loads that, with velocities in excess of 4,100 ft/s (1,200 m/s), will outpace anything that can safely be achieved by the Swift  The  223 Winchester Super Short Magnum is a 21st-century cartridge that is comparable to the 5 6×57 mm The 5 6×57mm cartridge case has a distinctively thick case wall, and this causes significant problems when handloading, owing to the force that needs to be used through the press when re-sizing the case neck   It has been suggested that this unusual neck thickness is the result of the use of  22 rimfire chamber adapters in centrefire rifles chambered for this cartridge 

5 6×57mm rimmed variant
The 5 6×57mmR (designated as the 5,6 × 57 R by the C I P ) is a rimmed variant of the 5 6×57mm  The rimmed variant was designed for break-open rifles and is almost identical to the rimless variant except for the rim 

Specifications
Bullet diameter: 5 69 mm ( 224")
Loads:
74 gr @ 1040 m/s (3412 ft/s)
60 gr @ 3700 ft/s
Passage 8:
Whitetail Deer Cutaneous Fibroma
Cutaneous fibromas (also known as deer warts) are common neoplasms occurring in wild and domestic deer of many species and are caused by host-specific viral infections  The fibromas occur most frequently in animals under 2 years of age, with cases in older deer reported occasionally or rarely Deer fibromas appear on the skin as hard and round tumors that can be up to 1 cm in diameter  The tumors are blackish or brown and have a rough-textured surface  They do not cause the animal harm unless clumps of fibromas interfere with breathing, eating, or walking 
Fibromas have been reported in white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus), mule deer (Odocoileus hemionus), fallow deer (Cervus dama), red deer (Cervus elaphus), roe deer (Capreolus capreolus), Sika deer (Cervus nippon), moose (Alces alces), and caribou (Rangifer caribou) " They occur across the entirety of the white-tail deer's range 

Clinical signs and symptoms
The only visible signs of cutaneous fibroma in white-tailed deer are fleshy wart-like growths on the skin  These growths can vary from single to clusters of warts  These warts can also vary in size from small to very large  They are only attached to the skin, not to the underlying muscle and bone, so their only physical effects on the deer stem from their ability to impair the deer's sight and range of motion if they are large enough to inhibit normal behavior  Deer with these growths can still be in perfect health and usually show no symptoms of ill health 

Transmission
The fibromas are most often caused by host-specific papillomaviruses  They may also be due to host-specific poxviruses The transmission of cutaneous fibromas in the white-tailed deer is caused by a virus that is thought to be transmitted through a variety of insect bites or by a deer coming in contact with any contaminated object that scratches or penetrates the skin of the deer or contaminates wounded/damaged skin  Deer tend to frequent particular trails during their movements, and may thus potentially become infected by contact with objects on the path previously contaminated by other deer  As fibromas occur more commonly in bucks, the virus is probably often transmitted during sparring This disease appears temporary, manifesting after about 7 weeks after inoculation and lasting only about two months  Cutaneous fibromas are not transmissible to other livestock or to humans if their meat is consumed 

Occurrence
Fibromas occur most frequently in animals under 2 years of age  The tumor has been diagnosed in 2 1% of males and 0 4% of females  More bucks are shot (either by law or hunter preference), which influences the sampling 

Treatment and control
Treatment is not a feasible option for most wild populations  The disease has not been a problem in captive herds  The growths could be removed surgically if they became important, but that would rarely be an issue  Because exposure to the virus leads to immunity, it should be possible to develop a vaccine if prevention becomes necessary  To date, this disease has been too rare to justify such actions 

Prognosis
Large, ulcerated fibromas are infrequent  In most deer, the fibromas develop to only a few millimeters in diameter  Tumors then regress; this has been observed both in naturally occurring and experimentally induced cases  Only in an occasional deer do they develop into conspicuous skin tumors  Results of a New York survey indicated that wild deer are exposed and develop an immunity to the fibroma virus early in life 

Significance
Fibromatosis is not an important cause of deer mortality  The disease is not known to infect humans  Although they do not harm the meat, fibromas are repulsive to most people, so they discourage them from consuming the deer Some domesticated animals (cattle, dogs, etc ) are subject to "warts" common to their species  Fibromatosis of deer is quite unlikely to be infectious to domestic animals 

See also
Shope papilloma virus
Context 2: Passage 1:
Cass Corridor
The Cass Corridor is the name of the neighborhoods on the west end of Midtown Detroit  It includes the Cass Park Historic District, the Cass-Davenport Historic District and Old Chinatown  The corridor's main street, Cass Avenue, runs parallel with M-1 (Woodward Avenue), a main Detroit artery running north toward New Center  Though Cass runs from Congress Street, ending a few miles farther north at West Grand Boulevard, the Cass Corridor generally is defined as between Interstate 75 (I-75) at its southern end and Interstate 94 (I-94) to the north, and stretches from Woodward to the east and to the west: John C  Lodge (M-10 service drive) north of Temple, and Grand River Avenue south of Temple 

History
Significant landmarks of the area include the Detroit Masonic Temple (the world's largest building of its kind), Cass Technical High School, and the Metropolitan Center for High Technology are all located along Cass  Little Caesars Arena, open since September 5, 2017, as the new home of the NHL's Detroit Red Wings and the NBA's Detroit Pistons, is on the west side of Woodward Avenue near I-75 
In the 1960s and '70s, the Cass Corridor became an area of cultural significance  Artists began renting cheap studio space in the Cass Corridor, which was near Detroit's Cultural Center Historic District  Artists associated with or influenced by the Cass Corridor artist movement include Brenda Goodman, Gary Grimshaw, Tyree Guyton, Charles McGee, Ann Mikolowski, Jim Pallas, Ellen Phelan, Gilda Snowden, Robert Wilbert, and Theo Wujcik In the 1970s, the Cass Corridor was a poor neighborhood known for drugs, prostitution and sex crimes against children  The area was of significance in the Oakland County Child Killer case Creem, which billed itself as "America's Only Rock 'n' Roll Magazine," had its headquarters in the area  The student population contributes to the bohemian atmosphere in Cass Corridor  The artistic community has produced a number of significant artists, including Sixto Rodriguez, Negative Approach and The White Stripes, who played their first show at the Gold Dollar 
Cass Corridor is also the location of the annual Dally in the Alley arts festival Since the 2000s, Joel Landy, president of the Cass Avenue Development construction company, has renovated and remodelled several buildings in the Cass Corridor  Landy was also featured in the television series American Pickers (season 3 episode "Motor City", September 19, 2011)  Since 1997, Avalon International Breads has been located in the Cass Corridor  In 2015, Jack White of the White Stripes, opened a retail store for his Record Label, Third Man Records at the Corner of Canfield and Cass From 2009, Dr  Alesia Montgomery of Michigan State University conducted a 5-year study visualizing a reinvented Detroit as a green city, with a particular emphasis on the Cass Corridor 

See also
Chinatown Detroit
List of places named for Lewis Cass
Passage 2:
Possessed (roller coaster)
Possessed is an Inverted Impulse launched roller coaster located at Dorney Park & Wildwater Kingdom in Allentown, Pennsylvania  Manufactured by Intamin and designed by Werner Stengel, the roller coaster originally debuted at Six Flags Ohio amusement park as Superman: Ultimate Escape on May 5, 2000  After Cedar Fair purchased the park and renamed it back to Geauga Lake in early 2004, the coaster was immediately renamed Steel Venom  The ride closed in 2006 and was moved to Dorney Park  It reopened in 2008 briefly under the name Voodoo, and was renamed Possessed for the 2009 season  The model is identical to five other impulse coaster installations at other amusement parks  A larger version called Wicked Twister was located at Cedar Point until its closure in September 2021 

History
Geauga Lake era (2000–2006)
The ride opened on May 5, 2000 at Six Flags Ohio as Superman: Ultimate Escape  It was based on the DC Comics character Superman  Following Cedar Fair's acquisition of the park in 2004, in which the original Geauga Lake name was reinstituted to the park, all Looney Tunes and DC Comics branding owned by Six Flags was removed  In the process, the coaster was renamed Steel Venom, while receiving a new logo with a black background featuring a silver and purple snake  Even though Cedar Fair removed any mentions of Superman from the ride, the original blue, red, and yellow color scheme remained intact The coaster was dismantled after the 2006 season and put into storage  At the end of the 2007 season, Cedar Fair announced the amusement park section of the park would close and the park would operate exclusively as Wildwater Kingdom  Many rides at the park were relocated to other parks in the Cedar Fair chain 

Dorney Park era (2007–present)
Steel Venom was relocated to Dorney Park, where it reopened as Voodoo several weeks into the 2008 season on May 17, 2008  Prior to opening at Dorney Park, it was repainted to its current color scheme, as shown in the picture above, the supports were repainted teal and the track was repainted yellow  In 2009, the name was changed to Possessed after Six Flags expressed concerns over the name Voodoo, which it had recently trademarked for another ride  Instead of challenging, Cedar Fair opted to appease Six Flags and rename the coaster  Cedar Fair turned the incident into a marketing opportunity, which focused on a story that the ride was overtaken by evil spirits, fitting in line with the ride's original theme Possessed was closed for the entire 2020 season due to the COVID-19 pandemic  It reopened in 2021 

Design
The coaster's layout consists of two vertical spikes, one twisted and the other straight vertical with a holding brake, connected by a launch and station tract to form a basic "U" layout  The original ride began with riders being launched forward by the use of linear induction motors  After the initial launch, the train heads up the twisted vertical spike that twists the train 180 degrees  The train then falls and is launched backwards up the vertical spike  It shuttles back and forth three times  During the ride's initial years, the holding brake at the top of the vertical rear spike would engage on the final launch, locking the train in place for a very brief moment  This holding brake is no longer operational  Valleyfair's Steel Venom is currently the only Intamin impulse coaster in the United States still operating with its holding brake 
The maximum G-force of the ride is 3 7 Gs, expectantly low for a twisted impulse coaster 

Gallery
Passage 3:
Georgia Depression
The Georgia Depression is a depression in the Pacific Northwest region of western North America  The depression includes the lowland regions of southwestern British Columbia and northwestern Washington along the shores of the Salish Sea 

Formation
The Georgia Depression was formed out of the collision of continental plates about 150 million years ago  During this period, the depression manifested as a broad valley with various rivers flowing down into it to reach the Pacific Ocean where the mouth of the Strait of Juan de Fuca lies Much of the current topography was formed through the erosion of the depression by the Cordilleran Ice Sheet during the Vashon Glaciation, which lasted from about 19,000 – 16,000 BP  The retreat of the ice sheet revealed a scarred landscape that filled in with sea water once it had retreated beyond what is now the Strait of Juan de Fuca, forming the Salish Sea 

Geography
The Georgia Depression is encompassed by the Pacific Ranges to the north, Vancouver Island Ranges and Olympic Mountains to the west, and North Cascades to the east  The depression includes the Fraser Lowland, Nanaimo and Nahwitti lowlands of Vancouver Island, Puget Sound basin, and all the islands and adjoining waterways of the Salish Sea The majority of the population of British Columbia and Washington reside within this depression 

Geology
The landscape features glacially striated tablelands and rolling hills underlain by sedimentary rocks  The majority of soils in the depression are formed from glacial till, glacial outwash, and Lacustrine deposits 

Ecology
Much of the Georgia Depression is dry, flat, and at low elevation relative to the surrounding highlands  As such, a wide diversity of flora and fauna thrive within the depression Human activity has greatly altered much of the natural environment here through industrialization, agriculture, forestry, urbanization, and suburban sprawl 

See also
List of physiogeographic regions of British Columbia
Royal eponyms in Canada
Passage 4:
Steel Venom (Valleyfair)
Steel Venom is an inverted launched roller coaster located at Valleyfair amusement park in Shakopee, Minnesota, United States  The Impulse Coaster model from Intamin, which opened in 2003, reaches a height of 185 feet (56 m) and a maximum speed of 68 mph (109 km/h) 

History
Valleyfair unveiled Steel Venom in September 2002, a new roller coaster for the 2003 season manufactured by Intamin  It is an Impulse Coaster model, compact by design, and is also both Valleyfair’s and Minnesota’s first and only launch coaster  Steel Venom opened to the public on May 17, 2003 

Ride description
The coaster's single seven-car (28-passenger) train runs along a 200 m (656 ft) U-shaped track, incorporating two 185-foot (56 m) vertical spikes   The forward spike incorporates a twisted spiral, and the rearward spike provides a straight freefall   The 20 m (65 ft) train, propelled by linear induction motors (LIMs,) is accelerated in less than four seconds to 68 mph (109 km/h) toward the forward tower before dropping back down through the station house and up the rearward tower   A holding brake is incorporated on the rear straight tower and is able to suspend the train momentarily (usually on the final ascent during each ride) before dropping it back down to the station house 
Passage 5:
Alouette Lake
Alouette Lake, originally Lillooet Lake and not to be confused with the lake of that name farther north, is a lake and reservoir in Maple Ridge, British Columbia, Canada  It is located at the southeast foot of the mountain group known as the Golden Ears and is about 16 km in length on a northeast–southwest axis   It and the Alouette River, formerly the Lillooet River, were renamed in 1914 to avoid confusion with the larger river and lake farther north, with "Alouette", the French word for "lark", being chosen as being melodious and reminiscent of the original name in tone 
Most of the basin of Alouette Lake has never been logged and its north flank is protected as part of Golden Ears Provincial Park (formerly part of Garibaldi Provincial Park until that park's division)  A small portion of the lake and its largely inaccessible northwestern shore, near its narrows, are actually part of the District of Mission due to the rectangular shape of that district's boundary   North of the portion of the lake that is in Mission, the rest of its northern end is not in either municipality 

Alouette Dam
Originally only 2 km in length, the lake was considerably expanded by the 1928 construction of the Alouette Dam at 49°17′10″N 122°29′12″W, which is 11 5 km (7 mi) along the upper reaches of the South Alouette River  A 1,067 m (3,501 ft) long tunnel connects Alouette Lake and Stave Lake  At the end of the tunnel is a penstock which feeds the small Alouette Powerhouse, an 8 MW power station operated by BC Hydro, which lies midway along the west shore of Stave Lake 49°22′16″N 122°18′47″W There is no powerhouse at the dam, however, as the point of the reservoir is to feed the tunnel through the flank of the ridge between Mounts Crickmer and Robie Reid  A former railway grade leading to the dam along the river was also used as a logging railway 

Facilities
A large public beach, picnic site and campground that are part of the provincial park are located on the lake's western shore 
Passage 6:
Excalibur (Valleyfair)
Excalibur  is a steel roller coaster with a wooden structure located at Valleyfair in Shakopee, Minnesota  It was built in 1989 by Arrow Dynamics, for the cost of $3,000,000  The ride is 105 feet (32 m) tall with a top speed of 54 5 mph (87 7 km/h) and has a minimum height requirement of 48 inches  It follows a customized figure-eight track layout and is rather short for a major roller coaster, with a total ride duration of two minutes and thirteen seconds A few years after the ride was built, trim brakes were added at the top of the first hill  The bottom and first half of the turn were re-profiled in an attempt to reduce roughness  The photo spot and the "Excalibur Photos" booth were also removed  The photo booth was replaced with a Refreshment stand, which has also been removed 

Potential closure
Valleyfair has applied for a permit with the US Army Corps of Engineers that includes the removal of Excalibur to be replaced by a road and parking lot 
"APPLICATION FOR PERMIT TO discharge dredged and fill material into 4 52 acres of wetland for the purpose of constructing a new road around the park for employee access and for the construction of a new parking lot  The Valleyfair expansion project includes a proposed road relocation that will be used by park guests and primarily park employees to access nonpublic areas of the park and two parking areas, one for guests and one for staff "
Passage 7:
Bobo people
The Bobo are a Mande ethnic group living primarily in Burkina Faso, with some living north in Mali  Bobo is also a shortened name of the second-largest city in Burkina Faso, Bobo-Dioulasso 

Background
In much of the literature on African art, the group that lives in the area of Bobo-Dioulasso is called Bobo-Fing, literally "black Bobo"  These people call themselves Bobo and speak the Bobo language, a Mande language  The Bambara people also call another ethnic group "Bobo", the Bobo-Oule/Wule, more precisely called the Bwa  While the Bwa (Bobo-Oule) are a Gur people, speaking Gur languages (the Bwa languages), the true Bobo (Bobo Madare, Bobo Fing) are a Mande people 

Demographics
The Bobo number about 110,000 people, with the great majority in Burkina Faso  The major Bobo community in the south is Bobo-Dioulasso, the second-largest city of Burkina Faso and the old French colonial capital  Further north are large towns, including Fô and Kouka, with Boura in the extreme north in Mali 
The Bobo are far from homogeneous  They are an ancient aggregation of several peoples who have assembled around a number of core clans that do not preserve any oral traditions of immigration into the area  Their language and culture are more closely related to those of their Mandé neighbours to the north and west, the Bamana (as well as the Minianka, also known as Mamara Senoufo, and a Gur people) than to their Voltaic neighbours the Gurunsi and Mossi, but they should be thought of as a southern extension of the Mandé people who live in what is now Burkina Faso, rather than an intrusive Mandé group that has recently penetrated the region  Although over 41% of Bobo lineages claim a foreign origin, they also say that they are autochthonous 

Economy
Farming among the Bobo is of primary importance  Agricultural activity is not merely a way of providing for subsistence among the Bobo, it is the essential component of their day-to-day existence  The major food crops are red sorghum, pearl millet, yams, and maize  They also cultivate cotton, which is sold to textile mills in Koudougou  The imposition of colonial rule and the construction of these mills led to the disintegration of the local co-operative labor systems, which had served to bond the members of Bobo society together 

Political system
The Bobo lineage is the fundamental social building-block  The Bobo are an inherently decentralized group of people  The concept of placing political power in the hands of an individual is foreign to the Bobo  Each village is organized according to the relationship among individual patriline  The lineage unites all descendants of a common ancestor, called the wakoma, a word whose stem, wa-, is a contraction of the Bobo word for house wasa  The Bobo lineage comprises the people who live in a common house  The head of a lineage is called the wakoma or father of the lineage  He may also be called the sapro, which is the term for ancestors  As among other peoples in Burkina, each clan has a totem, so that when a Bobo introduces himself he gives his given name, then his clan name, followed by the totem that he respects 

Religion
The creator god is called Wuro  He cannot be described and is not represented by sculptures  Bobo cosmogony describes the creation of the world by Wuro and the ordering of his creations  He is responsible for the ordering of all things in the world into opposing pairs: man/spirits, male/female, village/bush, culture/nature and so on 
The balances between forces as they were created by Wuro are precarious, and it is easy for men to throw the forces out of balance  Farming, for instance, can unbalance the precarious equilibrium between culture/nature and village/bush when the crops are gathered in the bush and brought into the village 
For the Bobo people there are two important epochs  The time of Wuro, when the universe was created and the historical time, when Wuro gave man his son Dwo 

Sources
Christopher Roy: Art of the Upper Volta Rivers  Traduction et adaptation en francais F Chaffin  Alain et Françoise Chaffin, Meudon, 1987
Guy Le Moal : Les Bobo  Nature et fonction des masques  Musée royale de l'Afrique centrale, Tervuren, 1999 

External links

The Art of Burkina Faso by Christopher D  Roy
Passage 8:
Eureka, Nunavut
Eureka is a small research base on Fosheim Peninsula, Ellesmere Island, Qikiqtaaluk Region, in the Canadian territory of Nunavut  It is located on the north side of Slidre Fiord, which enters Eureka Sound farther west  It is the third-northernmost permanent research community in the world   The only two farther north are Alert, which is also on Ellesmere Island, and Nord, in Greenland   Eureka has the lowest average annual temperature and the lowest amount of precipitation of any weather station in Canada 
Eureka's postal code is X0A 0G0 and the area code is 867 

Divisions
The base consists of three areas:

the Eureka Aerodrome which includes "Fort Eureka" (the quarters for military personnel maintaining the island's communications equipment)
the Environment and Climate Change Canada Weather Station
the Polar Environment Atmospheric Research Laboratory (PEARL), formerly the Arctic Stratospheric Ozone Observatory (AStrO)PEARL is operated by a consortium of Canadian university researchers and government agencies known as the Canadian Network for Detection of Atmospheric Change
Context 3: Passage 1:
Qionghai
Qionghai, or in local Hainanese dialect as Kheng Hai, is one of the seven county-level cities of Hainan province, China  Although called a "city", Qionghai refers to a large land area in Hainan - an area which was once a county  Within this area is the main city, Qionghai City  It is located in the east of the island at the mouth of the Wanquan River, 86 kilometres (53 mi) from the provincial capital of Haikou  It has an area of 1,692 square kilometres (653 sq mi) and in 2010, it had a population of 483,217 people 
The seat of government is at Jiaji (simplified Chinese: 嘉积镇; traditional Chinese: 嘉積鎮; pinyin: Jiājī Zhèn), locally referred to as Kachek city  Bo'ao, seat of the Boao Forum for Asia, belongs to Qionghai 
The former counties of Qiongdong (postal: Kiungtung) and Lehui (樂㑹, postal: Lokwei) are now part of Qionghai City 

Climate
Qionghai has a tropical monsoon climate (Köppen Am)  Monsoonal influences are strong, with a relatively lengthy wet season and a pronounced dry season (January to March)  Rainfall is heaviest and most frequent from August to October, when typhoons may strike, and is otherwise still common throughout the year, averaging an annual total of 2,100 mm (83 in); there are 9 3 days with 50 mm (1 97 in) or more of rain  Humidity is consistently very high, with an average relative humidity of 85 8%  With monthly percent possible sunshine ranging from 31% in February to 62% in July, the city receives 1913 hours of bright sunshine annually; the city receives about only a third of possible sunshine from December thru February, while May thru July is the sunniest time of year 

Administrative divisions
Qionghai is divided into 12 towns:

Other
The most famous dish of Qionghai is called Kazek Duck 
Qionghai is served by Qionghai Bo'ao Airport 

Notable people
Lee Chiaw Meng, served in Prime minister Lee Kuan Yew's cabinet as Minister of Education, Minister of Science and Technology and Member of Parliament 
Patrick Lee, Billionaire Business entrepreneur magnate and the founder of Lee & Man Paper



ground_truth: Vienna

prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: Which is farther north, Steel Venom or Wicked Twister?

The following are given passages.
Context 2:  PEARL announced it would cease full-time year-round operation as of April 30, 2012, due to lack of funding, but this decision was reversed in May 2013 with the announcement of new funds 

History
Eureka was founded on April 7, 1947, as part of an initiative to set up a network of Arctic weather stations  On this date, 100 t (98 long tons; 110 short tons) of supplies were airlifted to a promising spot on Ellesmere Island, and five prefabricated Jamesway huts were constructed  Regular weather observations began on January 1, 1948  The station has expanded over the years  At its peak, in the 1970s, at least fifteen staff were on site; in 2005, it reported a permanent population of zero with at least 8 staff on a continuous rotational basis Several generations of buildings have been developed  The latest operations centre, with work areas and staff quarters in one large structure, was completed in 2005 

Location and accessibility
The complex is powered by diesel generators  The station is supplied once every six weeks with fresh food and mail by air, and annually in the late summer, a supply ship from Montreal brings heavy supplies  On July 3, 2009, a Danish Challenger 604 MMA jet landed at Eureka's aerodrome 
The jet is a military observation aircraft based on the Challenger executive jet  This jet visited Eureka on a familiarization trip, in order to prepare for the possibility of Danish aircraft assisting in search and rescue missions over Canadian territory  The Canadian American Strategic Review noted critically that the first jet to fly a mission to Eureka was not Canadian At Eureka's latitude, a geosynchronous communications satellite, if due south, would require an antenna to be pointed nearly horizontally; satellites farther east or west along that orbit would be below the horizon  Telephone access and television broadcasts arrived in 1982 when Operation Hurricane resulted in the establishment of a satellite receiving station at nearby Skull Point, which has an open view to the south  The low-power Channel 9 TV transmitter at Skull Point was the world's most northern TV station at the time  In the 1980s, TV audio was often connected to the telephone to feed CBC-TV news to CHAR-FM in isolated CFS Alert  More recently, CANDAC has installed what is likely the world's most northerly geosynchronous satellite ground-station to provide Internet-based communications to PEARL Other inhabited places on Ellesmere Island include Alert and Grise Fiord 

Flora and fauna
Eureka has been described as "The Garden Spot of the Arctic" due to the flora and fauna abundant around the Eureka area, more so than anywhere else in the High Arctic  Fauna include muskox, Arctic wolves, Arctic foxes, Arctic hares, and lemmings  In addition, summer nesting geese, ducks, owls, loons, ravens, gulls and many other smaller birds nest, raise their young, and return south in August 

Climate
Eureka experiences a polar climate (ET)  The settlement sees the midnight sun between April 10 and August 29, with no sunlight at all between mid-October and late February  Eureka has the lowest average annual temperature and least precipitation of any weather station in Canada with an annual mean temperature of −18 8 °C (−1 8 °F)  Average winter temperatures are almost comparable to those found in northeastern Siberia  However, summers are slightly warmer than other places in the Canadian Arctic because Eureka is somewhat landlocked, being near the centre of Ellesmere Island  Even so, since record keeping began, the temperature has never exceeded 20 9 °C (69 6 °F), first reached on July 14, 2009  Although a polar desert, evaporation is also very low, which allows the limited moisture to be made available for plants and wildlife  Its frost-free  season averages 56 days, much longer than many other places nearby 

See also
List of research stations in the Arctic
Passage 9:
Battle of White Plains
The Battle of White Plains was a battle in the New York and New Jersey campaign of the American Revolutionary War, fought on October 28, 1776, near White Plains, New York   Following the retreat of George Washington's Continental Army northward from New York City, British General William Howe landed troops in Westchester County, intending to cut off Washington's escape route   Alerted to this move, Washington retreated farther, establishing a position in the village of White Plains but failed to establish firm control over local high ground   Howe's troops drove Washington's troops from a hill near the village; following this loss, Washington ordered the Americans to retreat farther north 
Later British movements chased Washington across New Jersey and into Pennsylvania   Washington then crossed the Delaware and surprised a brigade of Hessian troops in the December 26 Battle of Trenton 

Background
British General William Howe, after evacuating Boston in March 1776, regrouped in Halifax, Nova Scotia, and embarked in June on a campaign to gain control of New York City   The campaign began with an unopposed landing on Staten Island in early July  British troops made another unopposed landing on Long Island on August 22, south of the areas where General George Washington's Continental Army had organized significant defenses around Brooklyn Heights After losing the Battle of Long Island on August 27, General Washington and his army of 9,000 troops escaped on the night of August 29–30 to York Island (as Manhattan was then called)   General Howe followed up with a landing on Manhattan on September 15, but his advance was checked the next day at Harlem Heights   After an abortive landing at Throg's Neck, he landed troops with some resistance at Pell's Point on October 18 to begin an encircling maneuver that was intended to trap Washington's army between that force, his troops in Manhattan, and the Hudson River, which was dominated by warships of the Royal Navy   Howe established a camp at New Rochelle, but advance elements of his army were near Mamaroneck, only 7 miles (11 km) from White Plains, where there was a lightly defended Continental Army supply depot 

Prelude
On October 20, General Washington sent Colonel Rufus Putnam out on a reconnaissance mission from his camp at Harlem Heights   Putnam discovered the general placement of the British troop locations and recognized the danger to the army and its supplies   When he reported this to Washington that evening, Washington immediately dispatched Putnam with orders to Lord Stirling, whose troops were furthest north, to immediately march to White Plains   They arrived at White Plains at 9 am on October 21, and were followed by other units of the army as the day progressed   Washington decided to withdraw most of the army to White Plains, leaving a garrison of 1,200 men under Nathanael Greene to defend Fort Washington on Manhattan   General Howe's army advanced slowly, with troops from his center and right moving along the road from New Rochelle to White Plains, while a unit of Loyalists occupied Mamaroneck   The latter was attacked that night by a detachment of Lord Stirling's troops under John Haslet, who took more than thirty prisoners as well as supplies, but suffered several killed and 15 wounded   As a result, Howe moved elements of his right wing to occupy Mamaroneck   On October 22, Howe was reinforced by the landing at New Rochelle of an additional 8,000 troops under the command of Wilhelm von Knyphausen 
Washington established his headquarters at the Elijah Miller House in North White Plains on October 23, and chose a defensive position that he fortified with two lines of entrenchments  The trenches were situated on raised terrain, protected on the right by the swampy ground near the Bronx River, with steeper hills further back as a place of retreat  The American defenses were 3 miles (4 8 km) long  Beyond that, on the right, was Chatterton's Hill, which commanded the plain over which the British would have to advance  The hill was initially occupied by militia companies numbering several hundred, probably including John Brooks' Massachusetts militia company On October 24 and 25, Howe's army moved from New Rochelle to Scarsdale, where they established a camp covering the eastern bank of the Bronx River   This move was apparently made in the hopes of catching Charles Lee's column, which had to alter its route toward White Plains and execute a forced march at night to avoid them   Howe remained at Scarsdale until the morning of October 28, when his forces marched toward White Plains, with British troops on the right under General Henry Clinton, and primarily Hessian troops on the left under General von Heister 

Composition of forces
British & Hessians
British
British troops involved included:
16th Regiment of (Light) Dragoons
17th Regiment of (Light) Dragoons
1st Battalion, Guards Brigade
2nd Battalion, Guards Brigade
5th Regiment of Foot (Northumberland Fusiliers)
23rd Regiment of Foot (Royal Welsh Fusiliers)
27th Regiment of Foot
28th Regiment of Foot
35th Regiment of Foot
42nd (Royal Highland, The Black Watch) Regiment of Foot
49th Regiment of Foot
52nd Regiment of Foot
No 1 Company, 4th Battalion, Royal Artillery
No 2 Company, 4th Battalion, Royal Artillery
No 4 Company, 4th Battalion, Royal Artillery (Specially thanked in General Orders)
No 5 Company, 4th Battalion, Royal Artillery (Thanked in General Orders)
No 8 Company, 4th Battalion, Royal Artillery (Thanked in General Orders)Hessians

Grenadier Regiment von Rahl
Fusilier Regiment von Knyphausen

Americans
American (continental) forces in the battle included:
Spencer's Division
Parson's Brigade under Brigadier General Samuel Holden Parsons
10th Continental Regiment (6th Connecticut)
20th Continental Regiment (20th Connecticut)
21st Continental Regiment (Ward's Militia)
Wadsworth's Brigade under Brigadier General James Wadsworth
Gay's Battalion
Douglas' Battalion
Delaware Regiment
1st New York Regiment
3rd New York Regiment
Maryland Regiment
Connecticut Regiment
Brook's New York Militia
Graham's Massachusetts Militia

Battle
While Washington was inspecting the terrain to determine where it was best to station his troops, messengers alerted him that the British were advancing  Returning to his headquarters, he ordered the 2nd Connecticut Regiment under Joseph Spencer out to slow the British advance, and sent Haslet and the 1st Delaware Regiment, along with Alexander McDougall's brigade (Rudolphus Ritzema's 3rd New York Regiment, Charles Webb's 19th Continental Regiment, William Smallwood's 1st Maryland Regiment, and the 1st New York Regiment and 2nd New York Regiments) to reinforce Chatterton Hill Spencer's force advanced to a position on the old York road at Hart's corners (Hartsdale, New York) and there exchanged fire with the Hessians led by Colonel Johann Rall that were at the head of the British left column   When Clinton's column threatened their flank, these companies were forced into a retreat across the Bronx River that was initially orderly with pauses to fire from behind stone walls while fire from the troops on Chatterton Hill covered their move, but turned into a rout with the appearance of dragoons   Rall's troops attempted to gain the hill, but were repelled by fire from Haslet's troops and the militia, and retreated to a nearby hilltop on the same side of the river   This concerted defense brought the entire British Army, which was maneuvering as if to attack the entire American line, to a stop While Howe and his command conferred, the Hessian artillery on the left opened fire on the hilltop position, where they succeeded in driving the militia into a panicked retreat   The arrival of McDougall and his brigade helped to rally them, and a defensive line was established, with the militia on the right and the Continentals arrayed along the top of the hill   Howe finally issued orders, and while most of his army waited, a detachment of British and Hessian troops was sent to take the hill The British attack was organized with Hessian regiments leading the assault   Rall was to charge the American right, while a Hessian battalion under Colonel Carl von Donop (consisting of the Linsing, Mingerode, Lengereck, and Kochler grenadiers, and Donop's own chasseur regiment) was to attack the center  A British column under General Alexander Leslie (consisting of the 5th, 28th, 35th, and 49th Foot) was to attack the right   Donop's force either had difficulty crossing the river, or was reluctant to do so, and elements of the British force were the first to cross the river   Rall's charge scattered the militia on the American right, leaving the flank of the Maryland and New York regiments exposed as they poured musket fire onto the British attackers, which temporarily halted the British advance   The exposure of their flank caused them to begin a fighting retreat, which progressively forced the remainder of the American line, which had engaged with the other segments of the British force, to give way and retreat   Haslet's Delaware regiment, which anchored the American left, provided covering fire while the remaining troops retreated to the north, and were the last to leave the hill   The fighting was intense, and both sides suffered significant casualties before the Continentals made a disciplined retreat 

Casualties
John Fortescue's History of the British Army says that Howe's casualties numbered 214 British and 99 Hessians  However, Rodney Atwood points out that Fortescue's figure for the Hessians includes the entire Hessian casualties from 19–28 October and that in fact only 53 of these casualties were incurred at the Battle of White Plains  This revised figure would give a total of 267 British and Hessians killed, wounded or missing at White Plains  Henry Dawson, on the other hand, gives Howe's loss as 47 killed, 182 wounded and 4 missing 
The American loss is uncertain  Theodore Savas and J  David Dameron give a range of 150–500 killed, wounded and captured  Samuel Roads numbers the casualties of 47 killed and 70 wounded  Henry Dawson estimates 50 killed, 150 wounded and 17 missing for McDougall's and Spencer's commands but has no information on the losses in Haslet's regiment 

Aftermath
The two generals remained where they were for two days, while Howe reinforced the position on Chatterton Hill, and Washington organized his army for retreat into the hills   With the arrival of additional Hessian and Waldeck troops under Lord Percy on October 30, Howe planned to act against the Americans the following day   However, a heavy rain fell the whole next day, and when Howe was finally prepared to act, he awoke to find that Washington had again eluded his grasp Washington withdrew his army into the hills to the north on the night of October 31, establishing a camp near North Castle   Howe chose not to follow, instead attempting without success to draw Washington out   On November 5, he turned his army south to finish evicting Continental Army troops from Manhattan, a task he accomplished with the November 16 Battle of Fort Washington Washington eventually crossed the Hudson River at Peekskill with most of his army, leaving New England regiments behind to guard supply stores and important river crossings   Later, British movements chased him across New Jersey and into Pennsylvania, and the British established a chain of outposts across New Jersey  Washington, seeing an opportunity for a victory to boost the nation's morale,  crossed the Delaware and surprised Rall's troops in the December 26 Battle of Trenton 

Legacy
Each year on or near the anniversary date, the White Plains Historical Society hosts a commemoration of the event at the Jacob Purdy House in White Plains, New York   Two ships in the United States Navy were named for the Battle of White Plains  CVE-66 was an escort carrier in World War II  AFS-4 was a combat stores ship that was decommissioned in 1995 According to some historians, the Headless Horseman depicted in Washington Irving's short story "The Legend of Sleepy Hollow" was inspired by a real-life Hessian soldier who lost his head by cannon fire during this battle 

See also
List of American Revolutionary War battles
American Revolutionary War §British New York counter-offensive  The 'Battle of White Plains' placed in overall sequence and strategic context 

Notes
Bibliography
Major Francis Duncan, History of the Royal Regiment of Artillery, Volume II, 1873 London John Murray 
Fischer, David Hackett (2004)  Washington's Crossing  New York: Oxford University Press  ISBN 978-0-19-517034-4  OCLC 186017328 
Digby Smith, Kevin E  Kiley, and Jeremy Black, An Illustrated Encyclopedia of Uniforms of the American War of Independence, 2017 Lorenz Books, London, United Kingdom  ISBN 978-0-7548-1761-1 

External links

The Battle of White Plains
White Plains Historical Society
Passage 10:
Wicked Twister
Wicked Twister was an inverted roller coaster located at Cedar Point amusement park in Sandusky, Ohio, United States  Designed by Werner Stengel, it was a second-generation, double-twisting Impulse model manufactured by Intamin  Wicked Twister opened as the tallest and fastest inverted coaster in the world on May 5, 2002  It was retired by the park on September 6, 2021, closed on September 7, and gave over 16 million rides during its lifetime 

History
Construction on Wicked Twister began on October 15, 2001, shortly after Stadium Games, formerly known as the Aquarium, was razed  The new coaster was officially announced the following month, and its media day was held on May 2, 2002 Billed as the tallest and fastest double-twisting impulse coaster ever built, Wicked Twister actually opened as the tallest and fastest inverted coaster in the world on May 5, 2002  It held both records until the opening of Legendary Twin Dragon at Chongqing Sunac Land in China in 2021  Additional supports were added to the ride's structure for the 2003 season  Two yellow supports were added to each spike to connect the track to the top of the main support structure 

In May 2021, park official Tony Clark implied in a series of tweets that Wicked Twister was going to be retired  This was confirmed on August 6, 2021, when Cedar Point officially announced the closure of Wicked Twister, scheduled for September 6, 2021  The ride then closed September 7, and on its last day of operation, park employees handed out "last launch" buttons to riders, sold limited-edition commemorative t-shirts, and gave away 16 "golden tickets" granting winners a spot on the last public train  Wicked Twister had accumulated over 16 million rides in 20 seasons of operation On November 3, 2021, Cedar Point announced that Wicked Twister would be demolished  Demolition and removal was completed on February 8, 2022 

Ride details
Wicked Twister consisted of two 215 feet (66 m) tall spikes  Both ends of the track were designed with 450-degree vertical twists, referred to as the front and rear towers, which differentiated Wicked Twister from other Impulse Coaster models from Intamin  The loading platform and linear induction motor (LIM) propulsion system sat between the two towers along a horizontal track section  The ride was built directly on Cedar Point Beach, and its entrance plaza was located in the former Aquarium location  The track was painted yellow with teal supports The ride featured one train that consisted of eight cars  Riders were arranged two across in two rows for a total of 32 riders  Wicked Twister's theme song was "The Winner" by the Crystal Method 

Layout
Linear induction motors propelled the train forward out of the station at 50 mph (80 km/h) during the first launch, which carried the train approximately halfway up the front tower  After coming to a stop, the train then fell and returned through the station, re-entering the LIM section and accelerating for a second launch to 63 mph (101 km/h) in the opposite direction  After climbing to its peak approximately halfway up the rear tower, the process would repeat a third time accelerating to 69 mph (111 km/h) and climbing to its highest point on the front tower 
A fourth and final LIM launch on the train's return through the station accelerated the train to its maximum speed of 72 mph (116 km/h), reaching a maximum height of 206 ft (63 m) up the rear tower  The train then made one more final pass through the station without any interaction from the LIM launch section and up the front spike  Subsequent passes through the station were met with the brakes being applied to slow the train slightly more each time until finally coming to rest 

See also
The Flash: Vertical Velocity – similar coaster located at Six Flags Great America
Possessed – similar coaster located at Dorney Park & Wildwater Kingdom
Steel Venom – similar coaster located at Valleyfair
Context 3: 
Pang Chin Hin (冯振轩), entrepreneur, chairman and founder of the well-known food manufacturing company Mamee Double-Decker (M) Sdn Bhd 
Pang Lim (庞琳), entrepreneur and community figure who founded and currently chairs the Koufu Group Ltd, an F&B establishment operators 
Wee Meng Chee, rapper, singer-songwriter and filmmaker 

See also
List of administrative divisions of Hainan
Passage 2:
Daying County
Daying County (simplified Chinese: 大英县; traditional Chinese: 大英縣; pinyin: Dàyīng Xiàn) is a county of Sichuan province, China, under the administration of Suining City and in the central part of the Sichuan Basin  In 2002, it had a population of 520,000 residing in an area of 703 km2 (271 sq mi) 

Tourist attractions
Daying is the home of the "Chinese Dead Sea", a tourist attraction that is based on a salt lake with nine times the salinity of the ocean and which constitutes the largest indoor water park in China 
A stationary replica of the Titanic is under construction in Daying County as well 

Transportation
The G42 Shanghai–Chengdu Expressway and Dazhou–Chengdu Railway (达成铁路) traverses east–west through the entire length of the county 
The county is served by the Daying East Station (大英东站) on the Suining–Chengdu Railway 
Passage 3:
Suining
Suining (simplified Chinese: 遂宁; traditional Chinese: 遂寧; Sichuanese Pinyin: Xu4nin2; Sichuanese pronunciation: [ɕy˨˦nin˨˩]; pinyin: Sùiníng; Wade–Giles: Sui-ning) is a prefecture-level city of eastern Sichuan province in Southwest China  In 2002, Suining had a population of 658,798 

Geography and climate
Suining is located in the center of the Sichuan Basin and on the central reaches of the Fu River, bordering Chongqing, Guang'an and Nanchong to the east, Neijiang and Ziyang to the south, the provincial capital of Chengdu to the west, and Deyang and Mianyang to the north  Its prefecture, or administrative, area ranges in latitude from 30° 10' 50" to 31° 10' 50" N, or 108 9 kilometres (67 7 mi) and in longitude from 105° 03' 26" to 106° 59' 49" E, or 90 3 kilometres (56 1 mi)  While much of the prefecture is mountainous, the urban area itself, which occupies 40 square kilometres (15 sq mi), is located on flat land 
Suining has a monsoon-influenced humid subtropical climate (Köppen Cwa) and is largely mild and humid, with four distinct seasons  Winter is short, mild, and foggy, though actual precipitation is low



ground_truth: Wicked Twister

prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: Did Qionghai or Suining  have a population of 658,798 in 2002? 

The following are given passages.
Context 3:  January averages 6 6 °C (43 9 °F), and while frost may occur, snow is rare  Summers are long, hot and humid, with the daily average in July and August around 27 °C (81 °F), with August being slightly warmer  Rainfall is light in winter and can be heavy in summer, and 75% of the annual total occurs from May to September 

Places of interest
According to local legend, Suining is the Hometown of Guanyin and her sisters  A folk song declares that one resides at Lingquan Temple, another at Guangde Temple, while only the third sister is afar, in the Putuo Mountains of Southern China There exists Lingquan Temple, Guangde Temple, and the Dead Sea, which are regarded as the 4A scenic zone  And there is also a Celadon Museum of Sichuan, which is referred to as a 3A scenic zone 
The percentage of land-covered forests of Suining is approximately 34%, it's the first Provincial Environmental Protection City in Sichuan  The 30,000-capacity Suining Sports Centre Stadium is located in the city  The stadium opened in 2014 and it is used mostly for football matches 

Administrative divisions
Transport
Highway
China National Highway 318

Rail
Suining is the junction for the Dazhou–Chengdu and Suining–Chongqing Railways, which collective form the westernmost section of the Shanghai–Wuhan–Chengdu High-Speed Railway 

Well-known inhabitants
Chen Zi'ang, Tang dynasty poet (661-702), was a native of the Suining area 
Chen Wei, a pro-democracy activist born in 1969 who has been arrested in February 2011 and sentenced for 9-years in prison on December 23, 2011 for "inciting subversion of state power" by the Suining intermediate people's court 
Liu Xianbin, a pro-democracy activist born in 1968 who has been arrested in June 2010 and sentenced for 10-years in prison for inciting subversion of state power 
Li Bifeng, a pro-democracy activist and friend of Liao Yiwu who is facing 5-years prison for "economic crimes" 
Ju Jingyi, a well-known Chinese singer and actress  She rose to fame as a member of Chinese idol girl group SNH48 and was part of Team NII until her graduation in December 2017 



ground_truth: In 2002, Suining had a population of 658,798.