prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: What was the first year a scientific journal published by an organization located in the Bronx was published?

The following are given passages.
Context 1: Passage 1:
PLOS ONE
PLOS One (stylized PLOS ONE, and formerly PLoS ONE) is a peer-reviewed open access mega journal published by the Public Library of Science (PLOS) since 2006  The journal covers primary research from any discipline within science and medicine  The Public Library of Science began in 2000 with an online petition initiative by Nobel Prize winner Harold Varmus, formerly director of the National Institutes of Health and at that time director of Memorial Sloan–Kettering Cancer Center; Patrick O  Brown, a biochemist at Stanford University; and Michael Eisen, a computational biologist at the University of California, Berkeley, and the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory 
Submissions are subject to an article processing charge, and according to the journal, papers are not to be excluded on the basis of lack of perceived importance or adherence to a scientific field  All submissions go through a pre-publication review by a member of the board of academic editors, who can elect to seek an opinion from an external reviewer  In January 2010, the journal was included in the Journal Citation Reports and received its first impact factor of 4 411  According to Journal Citation Reports, PLOS ONE's 2022 impact factor is 3 7  PLOS One papers are published under Creative Commons licenses 

History
Development
The Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation awarded PLOS a $9 million grant in December 2002 and $1 million grant in May 2006 for its financial sustainability and launch of new free-access biomedical journals  Later, PLOS One was launched in December 2006 as a beta version named PLOS One  It launched with commenting and note-making functionality, and added the ability to rate articles in July 2007  In September 2007, the ability to leave "trackbacks" on articles was added  In August 2008, the journal moved from a weekly to a daily publication schedule, publishing articles as soon as they became ready  PLOS One came out of "beta" in October 2008 
In September 2009, as part of its article-level metrics program, PLOS One made its full online usage data, including HTML page views and PDF or XML download statistics, publicly available for every published article  In mid-2012, as part of a rebranding of PLoS as PLOS, the journal changed its name to PLOS One 

Output and turnaround
The number of papers published by PLOS One grew rapidly from inception to 2013 and has since declined somewhat   By 2010, it was estimated   to have become the largest journal in the world, and in 2011, 1 in 60 articles indexed by PubMed were published by PLOS One  By September 2017, PLOS One confirmed they had published over 200,000 articles  By November 2017, the journal Scientific Reports overtook PLOS One in terms of output At PLOS One, the median review time has grown from 37 days to 125 days over the first ten years of operation, according to Himmelstein's analysis, done for Nature  The median between acceptance and posting a paper on the site has decreased from 35 to 15 days over the same period  Both numbers for 2016 roughly correspond to the industry-wide averages for biology-related journals  The average acceptance rates for submission across 2020 and 2021 range from 47 9 to 49 9% [1]

Management
The founding managing editor was Chris Surridge  He was succeeded by Peter Binfield in March 2008, who was publisher until May 2012  Damian Pattinson then held the chief editorial position until December 2015  Joerg Heber was as editor-in-chief from November 2016 before Emily Chenette took over in that position in March 2021 

Publication concept
PLOS One is built on several conceptually different ideas compared to traditional peer-reviewed scientific publishing in that it does not use the perceived importance of a paper as a criterion for acceptance or rejection  The idea is that, instead, PLOS One only verifies whether experiments and data analysis were conducted rigorously, and leaves it to the scientific community to ascertain importance, post publication, through debate and comment 
Each submission will be assessed by a member of the PLOS ONE Editorial Board before publication  This pre-publication peer review will concentrate on technical rather than subjective concerns and may involve discussion with other members of the Editorial Board and/or the solicitation of formal reports from independent referees  If published, papers will be made available for community-based open peer review involving online annotation, discussion, and rating 
According to Nature, the journal's aim is to "challenge academia's obsession with journal status and impact factors"  Being an online-only publication allows PLOS One to publish more papers than a print journal  In an effort to facilitate publication of research on topics outside, or between, traditional science categories, it does not restrict itself to a specific scientific area Papers published in PLOS One can be of any length, contain full color throughout, and contain supplementary materials such as multimedia files  Reuse of articles is subject to a Creative Commons Attribution License  In the first four years following launch, it made use of over 40,000 external peer reviewers  The journal uses an international board of academic editors with over 6,000 academics handling submissions and publishes approximately 50 % of all submissions, after review by, on average, 2 9 experts  Registered readers can leave comments on articles on the website 

Business model
As with all journals of the Public Library of Science, open access to PLOS One is financed by an article processing charge, typically paid by the author's institution or by the author  This model allows PLOS journals to make all articles available to the public for free immediately upon publication   As of April 2021, PLOS One charges a publication fee of $1,745 to publish an article  Depending on circumstances, it may waive or reduce the fee for authors who do not have sufficient funds PLoS had been operating at a loss until 2009 but covered its operational costs for the first time in 2010, largely due to the growth of PLOS One   The success of PLOS One has inspired a series of other open access journals, including some other mega journals having broad scope, low selectivity, and a pay-to-publish model using Creative Commons licenses 

Reception
In September 2009, PLOS One received the Publishing Innovation Award of the Association for Learned and Professional Society Publishers  The award is given in recognition of a "truly innovative approach to any aspect of publication as adjudged from originality and innovative qualities, together with utility, benefit to the community and long-term prospects"  In January 2010, it was announced that the journal would be included in the Journal Citation Reports, and the journal received an impact factor of 4 411 in 2010  According to the Journal Citation Reports, the journal has a 2022 impact factor of 3 7 

Abstracting and indexing
The articles are indexed in:

Response to controversial publications
Alleged sexism in one peer review instance
On April 29, 2015, Fiona Ingleby and Megan Head, postdoctoral fellows at the University of Sussex and Australian National University respectively, posted a rejection letter, which they said was sent to them by a peer reviewer for a journal they did not wish to name  The rejection letter concerned Ingleby and Head's paper about differences in PhD-to-postdoc transition between male and female scientists  The reviewer argued that the authors should "find one or two male biologists to work with" to ensure the manuscript doesn't drift into "ideologically biased assumptions", comments which the authors found to be "unprofessional and inappropriate" and veering into sexism  Shortly afterward, the journal was reported to be PLOS One  By May 1, PLOS had announced that it was severing ties with the reviewer responsible for the comments and asking the editor who relayed them to step down  PLOS One also issued an apology statement following the incident 

CreatorGate
On March 3, 2016, the editors of PLOS One initiated a reevaluation of an article about the functioning of the human hand due to outrage among the journal's readership over a reference to "Creator" inside the paper  The authors, who received grants from the Chinese National Basic Research Program and National Natural Science Foundation of China for this work, responded by saying "Creator" is a poorly-translated idiom (造化(者), literally "(that which) creates or transforms") which means "nature" in the Chinese language  Despite the authors' protests, the article was retracted  
A less sympathetic explanation for the use of "Creator" was suggested to The Chronicle of Higher Education by Chinese-language experts who noted that the academic editor listed on the paper, Renzhi Han, previously worked at the Chinese Evangelical Church in Iowa City Sarah Kaplan of The Washington Post presented a detailed analysis of the problem, which she named #CreatorGate, and concluded that the journal's hasty retraction may have been an even bigger offense than the publication of the paper in the first place  To contrast PLOS One's handling of the problem, she used a 12-year history of retraction of the fraudulent paper on vaccine and autism by The Lancet and the lack of a retraction of a debunked study on "arsenic life" by Science  Others added the history of the article in Nature on "water memory" that was not retracted either Jonathan Eisen, chair of the advisory board of a sister journal PLOS Biology and an advocate for open-access, commended PLOS One for their prompt response on social media, which in his words "most journals pretend doesn't even exist"  David Knutson issued a statement about the paper processing at PLOS One, which praised the importance of post-publication peer review and described their intention to offer open signed reviews in order to ensure accountability of the process  From March 2 to 9, the research article received a total of 67 post-publication reader comments and 129 responses on PLOS One site  Signe Dean of SBS put #CreatorGate in perspective: it is not the most scandalous retraction in science, yet it shows how a social media outrage storm does expedite a retraction 

Rapid-onset gender dysphoria controversy

On August 27, 2018, the editors of PLOS One initiated a reevaluation of an article they published two weeks earlier submitted by Brown University School of Public Health assistant professor Lisa Littman  The study described a phenomenon of social contagion, or "cluster outbreaks" in gender dysphoria among young people, which Littman called "rapid-onset gender dysphoria"  Data was obtained from a survey placed on three websites for concerned parents of children with gender dysphoria, asking for responses from parents whose children had experienced "sudden or rapid development of gender dysphoria beginning between the ages of 10 and 21"  The study was criticized by transgender activists like Julia Serano and medical professionals like developmental and clinical psychologist Diane Ehrensaft, as being politicized and having self-selected samples, as well as lacking clinical data or responses from the adolescents themselves On March 19, 2019, PLOS One completed its review  PLOS One psychology academic editor Angelo Brandelli Costa acted as a reviwer criticizing the methods and conclusion of the study in a formal comment, saying, "The level of evidence produced by the Dr  Littman's study cannot generate a new diagnostic criterion relative to the time of presentation of the demands of medical and social gender affirmation " In a separate letter apologizing for the failure of peer review to address the issues with the article, PLOS One Editor-in-chief Joerg Heber said, "we have reached the conclusion that the study and resultant data reported in the article represent a valid contribution to the scientific literature  However, we have also determined that the study, including its goals, methodology, and conclusions, were not adequately framed in the published version, and that these needed to be corrected "The paper was republished with updated Title, Abstract, Introduction, Methodology, Discussion, and Conclusion sections, but the Results section was mostly unchanged  In her correction, Littman emphasized that the article was "a study of parental observations which serves to develop hypotheses", saying "Rapid-onset gender dysphoria (ROGD) is not a formal mental health diagnosis at this time  This report did not collect data from the adolescents and young adults (AYAs) or clinicians and therefore does not validate the phenomenon  Additional research that includes AYAs, along with consensus among experts in the field, will be needed to determine if what is described here as rapid-onset gender dysphoria (ROGD) will become a formal diagnosis "
Passage 2:
Behavior Genetics (journal)
Behavior Genetics is a peer-reviewed scientific journal published monthly by Springer Science+Business Media that is covering "research in the inheritance of behavior"  It is the official journal of the Behavior Genetics Association  The journal was established in 1971 with Steven G  Vandenberg as its founding editor-in-chief  The abstracts of the annual meetings are printed in the journal  Each year, the editorial board chooses a particularly meritorious paper in the previous year's volume of the journal for the Fulker Award, acknowledged by "$1000 and a good bottle of wine" as well as a citation made in the journal  This award was created in the honor of David Fulker, a past president of the Behavior Genetics Association (1982) and former editor-in-chief of the journal 

Abstracting and indexing
The journal is abstracted in Biological Abstracts/BIOSIS Previews, CAB Abstracts, Current Awareness in Biological Sciences, Current Contents/Social & Behavioral Sciences and Life Sciences, EMBASE, PsycINFO, PubMed/MEDLINE, Science Citation Index, Scopus, Social Sciences Citation Index, and The Zoological Record  According to the Journal Citation Reports, the journal has a 2020 impact factor of 2 805 
Passage 3:
Bosque (journal)
Bosque is a scientific journal published by the Forestry Faculty of the Southern University of Chile  It publishes articles on a wide range of forestry-related topics, primarily on issues that are relevant to Chile, Latin America and the Southern Hemisphere  The published articles include peer-reviewed scientific research papers, items of current interest and opinion pieces  Bosque's first issue was published in 1975 and the journal was issued yearly until 1985  From 1985 to 2003 it was issued twice a year and from 2003 on three times a year  The topics covered in Bosque are management and production of forestry resources, wood science and technology, silviculture, forest ecology, natural resources conservation, and rural development associated with forest ecosystems  The journal publishes research articles, notes and opinions, both in Spanish and English  Bosque was included in the Science Citation Index Expanded in 2009  The journal is also indexed in The Zoological Record 

See also
List of forestry journals
Passage 4:
Geophysical Journal International
Geophysical Journal International is a monthly peer-reviewed scientific journal published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the Royal Astronomical Society and the Deutsche Geophysikalische Gesellschaft (German Geophysical Society)  The journal publishes original research papers, research notes, letters, and book reviews  It was established in 1922  The editor-in-chief is Joerg Renner (Ruhr University Bochum)  The journal covers research on all aspects of theoretical, computational, applied and observational geophysics 

History
The journal was formerly entitled Geophysical Journal (Oxford) from January 1988 to June 1989  The Geophysical Journal was itself formed by the merger of three other publications: Geophysical Journal of the Royal Astronomical Society, Journal of Geophysics, and Annales Geophysicae, Series B: Terrestrial and Planetary Physics Geophysical Journal of the Royal Astronomical Society was in existence from March 1958 to December 1987 and was preceded by Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, Geophysical Supplement  The Journal of Geophysics was in existence from 1974 to 1987, and preceded by the German-language journal, Zeitschrift für Geophysik (1924–1973) Finally, Annales Geophysicae, Series B: Terrestrial and Planetary Physics was in existence from 1986 to 1987, and preceded by Annales Geophysicae (Gauthier-Villars) (1983–1985)  Annales Geophysicae was formed by the merger of two other journals: Annales de Géophysique (Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique) (1942–1982), and Annali di Geofisica (1948–1982) 

Abstracting and indexing
The journal is abstracted and indexed in:

According to the Journal Citation Reports, the journal has a 2021 impact factor of 3 352, ranking it 35th out of 100 journals in the category "Geochemistry & Geophysics" 
Passage 5:
Scientific journal
In academic publishing, a scientific journal is a periodical publication intended to further the progress of science, usually by sharing findings from research with readers  They are normally specialized based on discipline, with authors picking which one they send their manuscripts to 

Content
Scientific journals
There are thousands of scientific journals in publication, with one estimate from 2012 indicating that there were 28,100 that were active, and many more have been published at various points in the past (see list of scientific journals)  Most journals are highly specialized, although some of the oldest journals such as Science and Nature publish articles and scientific papers across a wide range of scientific fields  Scientific journals contain articles that have been peer reviewed, in an attempt to ensure that articles meet the journal's standards of quality and scientific validity Although scientific journals are superficially similar to professional magazines (or trade journals), they are actually quite different   Among others, scientific journals' papers' authors are experts who must cite everything (and have a bibliography)   They also deal with research, and are peer reviewed   Meanwhile, trade journals are aimed at people in different fields, they focus on how people in them can do their jobs better, they cover information related to work, and they include tips and advice for improving performance   Also, they are not scholarly 

Articles in scientific journals
Articles in scientific journals are mostly written by active scientists such as students, researchers, and professors instead of professional journalists   Their intended audience is others in the field (such as students and experts), plus their content is more advanced and sophisticated than what is found regular publications  They have different purposes, depending on the type   Ones with original research are meant to share it with others in the field, review articles give summaries of research that has already been done, and perspective articles give researchers' views on research that their peers performed Each article has several different sections, including the following:
The title;
Information about the author(s);
The abstract, which is a one-paragraph summary of the article;
The introduction, including a background, why the research was done, research on this topic that has been done before, and (possibly) a hypothesis;
The methodology or method, which includes the way the research was done, details concerning the study's sample, measures for assessment, and the procedure;
Findings or results, which summarize what the study found;
Conclusion, comments, or discussion, which both explain how the results answered the questions that were posed, as well as areas that could be researched in the future; and
A list of works that the article's author cited Scientific journal articles are not read casually like a person would read a magazine   For, whereas magazine articles can be read in a more casual manner, reading one in a scientific periodical would require a lot more concentration   More to the point, reading an article in a scientific journal would entail first reading the title, to see if it was related to the desired topic   If it was, the next step would be to read the abstract (or summary or conclusion, if it is missing the abstract), to see if it seems worth reading   And, if it seemed like reading it would be worthwhile, the reader would then read the whole article Publishing research results is an essential part of helping science to advance  If scientists are describing experiments or calculations, they should explain how they did them so that an independent researcher could repeat the experiment or calculation to verify the results, or so that they could evaluate whatever the research article's findings were  Each such journal article also becomes part of the permanent scientific record 

Scope
Articles in scientific journals can be used in research and higher education  Scientific articles allow researchers to keep up to date with the developments of their field and direct their own research  An essential part of a scientific article is citation of earlier work  The impact of articles and journals is often assessed by counting citations (citation impact)  Some classes are partially devoted to the explication of classic articles, and seminar classes can consist of the presentation by each student of a classic or current paper  Schoolbooks and textbooks have been written usually only on established topics, while the latest research and more obscure topics are only accessible through scientific articles  In a scientific research group or academic department it is usual for the content of current scientific journals to be discussed in journal clubs  Public funding bodies often require the results to be published in scientific journals  Academic credentials for promotion into academic ranks are established in large part by the number and impact of scientific articles published  Many doctoral programs allow for thesis by publication, where the candidate is required to publish a certain number of scientific articles 

Wording
Articles tend to be highly technical, representing the latest theoretical research and experimental results in the field of science covered by the journal  They are often incomprehensible to anyone except for researchers in the field and advanced students  In some subjects this is inevitable given the nature of the content  Usually, rigorous rules of scientific writing are enforced by the editors; however, these rules may vary from journal to journal, especially between journals from different publishers  Articles are usually either original articles reporting completely new results or reviews of current literature  There are also scientific publications that bridge the gap between articles and books by publishing thematic volumes of chapters from different authors  Many journals have a regional focus, specializing in publishing papers from a particular geographic region, like African Invertebrates 

History
In the 17th century, scientists wrote letters to each other, and included scientific ideas with them   Then, in the mid-17th century, scientists began to hold meetings and share their scientific ideas   Eventually, they led to starting organizations, such as the Royal Society (1660) and the French Academy of Sciences (1666)  In 1665, the French Journal des sçavans and the English Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society began systematically publishing research results  Over a thousand, mostly ephemeral, were founded in the 18th century, and the number has increased rapidly since then Peer review did not begin until the 1970s, and was seen as a way of enabling researchers who were not as well-known to have their papers published in journals that were more prestigious   Though it was originally done by mailing copies of papers to reviewers, it is now done online 

Publishing process
The authors of scientific articles are active researchers instead of journalists; typically, a graduate student or a researcher writes a paper with a professor  As such, the authors are unpaid and receive no compensation from the journal  However, their funding bodies may require them to publish in scientific journals  The paper is submitted to the journal office, where the editor considers the paper for appropriateness, potential scientific impact and novelty  If the journal's editor considers the paper appropriate, the paper is submitted to scholarly peer review  Depending on the field, journal and paper, the paper is sent to 1–3 reviewers for evaluation before they can be granted permission to publish  Reviewers are expected to check the paper for soundness of its scientific argument, including whether the author(s) are sufficiently acquainted with recent relevant research that bears on their study, whether the data was collected or considered appropriately and reproducibly, and whether the data discussed supports the conclusion offered and the implications suggested  Novelty is also key: existing work must be appropriately considered and referenced, and new results improving on the state of the art presented  Reviewers are usually unpaid and not a part of the journal staff—instead, they should be "peers", i e  researchers in the same field as the paper in question 

Standards and impact
The standards that a journal uses to determine publication can vary widely  Some journals, such as Nature, Science, PNAS, and Physical Review Letters, have a reputation of publishing articles that mark a fundamental breakthrough in their respective fields  In many fields, a formal or informal hierarchy of scientific journals exists; the most prestigious journal in a field tends to be the most selective in terms of the articles it will select for publication, and usually will also have the highest impact factor  In some countries, journal rankings can be utilized for funding decisions and even evaluation of individual researchers, although they are poorly suited for that purpose 

Reproducibility and replicability
For scientific journals, reproducibility and replicability of the scientific results are core concepts that allow other scientists to check and reproduce the results under the same conditions described in the paper or at least similar conditions and produce similar results with similar measurements of the same measurand or carried out under changed conditions of measurement  While the ability to reproduce the results based only on details included in the article is expected, verification of reproducibility by a third party is not generally required for publication  The reproducibility of results presented in an article is therefore judged implicitly by the quality of the procedures reported and agreement with the data provided  However, some journals in the field of chemistry such as Inorganic Syntheses and Organic Syntheses require independent reproduction of the results presented as part of the review process  The inability for independent researches to reproduce published results is widespread, with 70% of researchers reporting failure to reproduce another scientist's results, including more than half who report failing to reproduce their own experiments  Sources of reproducibility vary, including publication of falsified or misrepresented data and poor detailing of procedures 

Types of articles
There are several types of journal article; the exact terminology and definitions vary by field and specific journal, but often include:

Letters (also called communications, and not to be confused with letters to the editor) are short descriptions of important current research findings that are usually fast-tracked for immediate publication because they are considered urgent 
Research notes are short descriptions of current research findings that are considered less urgent or important than Letters 
Articles are usually between five and twenty pages and are complete descriptions of current original research findings, but there are considerable variations between scientific fields and journals—80-page articles are not rare in mathematics or theoretical computer science 
Supplemental articles contain a large volume of tabular data that is the result of current research and may be dozens or hundreds of pages with mostly numerical data  Some journals now only publish this data electronically on the Internet  Supplemental information also contains other voluminous material not appropriate for the main body of the article, like descriptions of routine procedures, derivations of equations, source code, non-essential data, spectra or other such miscellaneous information 
Review articles do not cover original research but rather accumulate the results of many different articles on a particular topic into a coherent narrative about the state of the art in that field  Review articles provide information about the topic and also provide journal references to the original research  Reviews may be entirely narrative, or may provide quantitative summary estimates resulting from the application of meta-analytical methods 
Data papers are articles dedicated to describe datasets  This type of article is becoming popular and journals exclusively dedicated to them have been established, e g  Scientific Data and Earth System Science Data 
Video papers are a recent addition to practice of scientific publications  They most often combine an online video demonstration of a new technique or protocol combined with a rigorous textual description The formats of journal articles vary, but many follow the general IMRAD scheme recommended by the International Committee of Medical Journal Editors  Such articles begin with an abstract, which is a one-to-four-paragraph summary of the paper  The introduction describes the background for the research including a discussion of similar research  The materials and methods or experimental section provides specific details of how the research was conducted  The results and discussion section describes the outcome and implications of the research, and the conclusion section places the research in context and describes avenues for further exploration 
In addition to the above, some scientific journals such as Science will include a news section where scientific developments (often involving political issues) are described  These articles are often written by science journalists and not by scientists  In addition, some journals will include an editorial section and a section for letters to the editor  While these are articles published within a journal, in general they are not regarded as scientific journal articles because they have not been peer-reviewed 

Electronic publishing
Electronic publishing is a new area of information dissemination  One definition of electronic publishing is in the context of the scientific journal  It is the presentation of scholarly scientific results in only an electronic (non-paper) form  This is from its first write-up, or creation, to its publication or dissemination  The electronic scientific journal is specifically designed to be presented on the internet  It is defined as not being previously printed material adapted, or retooled, and then delivered electronically Electronic publishing will likely continue to exist alongside paper publishing for the foreseeable future, since whilst output to a screen is important for browsing and searching, it is not well suited for extensive reading  Formats suitable both for reading on paper, and for manipulation by the reader's computer will need to be integrated  Many journals are electronically available in formats readable on screen via web browsers, as well as in portable document format PDF, suitable for printing and storing on a local desktop or laptop computer  New tools such as JATS and Utopia Documents provide a 'bridge' to the 'web-versions' in that they connect the content in PDF versions directly to the World Wide Web via hyperlinks that are created 'on-the-fly'  The PDF version of an article is usually seen as the version of record, but the matter is subject to some debate Electronic counterparts of established print journals already promote and deliver rapid dissemination of peer-reviewed and edited, "published" articles  Other journals, whether spin-offs of established print journals, or created as electronic only, have come into existence promoting the rapid dissemination capability, and availability, on the Internet  In tandem with this is the speeding up of peer review, copyediting, page makeup, and other steps in the process to support rapid dissemination Other improvements, benefits and unique values of electronically publishing the scientific journal are easy availability of supplementary materials (data, graphics and video), lower cost, and availability to more people, especially scientists from non-developed countries  Hence, research results from more developed nations are becoming more accessible to scientists from non-developed countries Moreover, electronic publishing of scientific journals has been accomplished without compromising the standards of the refereed, peer review process One form is the online equivalent of the conventional paper journal  By 2006, almost all scientific journals have, while retaining their peer-review process, established electronic versions; a number have moved entirely to electronic publication  In a similar manner, most academic libraries buy the electronic version and purchase a paper copy only for the most important or most-used titles 
There is usually a delay of several months after an article is written before it is published in a journal, making paper journals not an ideal format for announcing the latest research  Many journals now publish the final papers in their electronic version as soon as they are ready, without waiting for the assembly of a complete issue, as is necessary with paper  In many fields in which even greater speed is wanted, such as physics, the role of the journal at disseminating the latest research has largely been replaced by preprint databases such as arXiv org  Almost all such articles are eventually published in traditional journals, which still provide an important role in quality control, archiving papers, and establishing scientific credit 

Cost
Many scientists and librarians have long protested the cost of journals, especially as they see these payments going to large for-profit publishing houses  To allow their researchers online access to journals, many universities purchase site licenses, permitting access from anywhere in the university, and, with appropriate authorization, by university-affiliated users at home or elsewhere  These may be quite expensive, sometimes much more than the cost for a print subscription, although this may reflect the number of people who will be using the license—while a print subscription is the cost for one person to receive the journal; a site-license can allow thousands of people to gain access Publications by scholarly societies, also known as not-for-profit-publishers, usually cost less than commercial publishers, but the prices of their scientific journals are still usually several thousand dollars a year  In general, this money is used to fund the activities of the scientific societies that run such journals, or is invested in providing further scholarly resources for scientists; thus, the money remains in and benefits the scientific sphere 
Despite the transition to electronic publishing, the serials crisis persists Concerns about cost and open access have led to the creation of free-access journals such as the Public Library of Science (PLoS) family and partly open or reduced-cost journals such as the Journal of High Energy Physics  However, professional editors still have to be paid, and PLoS still relies heavily on donations from foundations to cover the majority of its operating costs; smaller journals do not often have access to such resources 
Based on statistical arguments, it has been shown that electronic publishing online, and to some extent open access, both provide wider dissemination and increase the average number of citations an article receives 

Copyright
Traditionally, the author of an article was required to transfer the copyright to the journal publisher  Publishers claimed this was necessary in order to protect authors' rights, and to coordinate permissions for reprints or other use  However, many authors, especially those active in the open access movement, found this unsatisfactory, and have used their influence to effect a gradual move towards a license to publish instead  Under such a system, the publisher has permission to edit, print, and distribute the article commercially, but the authors retain the other rights themselves 
Even if they retain the copyright to an article, most journals allow certain rights to their authors  These rights usually include the ability to reuse parts of the paper in the author's future work, and allow the author to distribute a limited number of copies  In the print format, such copies are called reprints; in the electronic format, they are called postprints  Some publishers, for example the American Physical Society, also grant the author the right to post and update the article on the author's or employer's website and on free e-print servers, to grant permission to others to use or reuse figures, and even to reprint the article as long as no fee is charged  The rise of open access journals, in which the author retains the copyright but must pay a publication charge, such as the Public Library of Science family of journals, is another recent response to copyright concerns 

See also
Passage 6:
Mycologia
Mycologia is a peer-reviewed scientific journal that publishes papers on all aspects of the fungi, including lichens  It first appeared as a bimonthly journal in January 1909, published by the New York Botanical Garden under the editorship of William Murrill  It became the official journal of the Mycological Society of America, which still publishes it today  It was formed as a merger of the Journal of Mycology (14 volumes; 1885–1908) and the Mycological Bulletin (7 volumes; 1903–1908)  The Mycological Bulletin was known as the Ohio Mycological Bulletin in its first volume 

Editors
The following persons have been editor-in-chief of the journal:

The following persons have been managing editor of the journal:

Abstracting and indexing
Mycologia is abstracted and indexing in the following databases:
Passage 7:
The Raffles Bulletin of Zoology
The Raffles Bulletin of Zoology is a peer-reviewed open-access scientific journal published by the Lee Kong Chian Natural History Museum at the National University of Singapore 

Overview
It covers the taxonomy, ecology, and conservation of Southeast Asian fauna  Supplements are published as and when funding permits and may cover topics that extend beyond the normal scope of the journal depending on the targets of the funding agency  It was established as the Bulletin of the Raffles Museum in 1928 and renamed Bulletin of the National Museum of Singapore in 1961, before obtaining its current title in 1971 

See also
List of zoology journals
Passage 8:
New York Botanical Garden
The New York Botanical Garden (NYBG) is a botanical garden at Bronx Park in the Bronx, New York City  Established in 1891, it is located on a 250-acre (100 ha) site that contains a landscape with over one million living plants; the Enid A  Haupt Conservatory, a greenhouse containing several habitats; and the LuEsther T  Mertz Library, which contains one of the world's largest collections of botany-related texts  As of 2016, over a million people visit the New York Botanical Garden annually 
NYBG is also a major educational institution, teaching visitors about plant science, ecology, and healthful eating through NYBG's interactive programming  Nearly 90,000 of the annual visitors are children from underserved neighboring communities  An additional 3,000 are teachers from New York City's public school system participating in professional development programs that train them to teach science courses at all grade levels  NYBG operates one of the world's largest plant research and conservation programs 
NYBG was established in 1891 and the first structures on the grounds opened at the end of that decade  Since 1967, the garden has been listed as a National Historic Landmark, and several buildings have been designated as official New York City landmarks 

Mission statement
The New York Botanical Garden is an advocate for the plant world  The Garden pursues its mission through its role as a museum of living plant collections arranged in gardens and landscapes across its National Historic Landmark site; through its comprehensive education programs in horticulture and plant science; and through the wide-ranging research programs of the International Plant Science Center 

History
Context
As early as 1877, ideas had been circulating in New York City to create a botanical garden; funding could not be obtained at the time, although the efforts led to parkland being set aside for future use  By 1888, the Torrey Botanical Society was promoting the construction of a large botanical garden in New York City  The Garden's creation followed a fund-raising campaign led by the Torrey Botanical Society and Columbia University botanist Nathaniel Lord Britton and his wife Elizabeth Gertrude Britton, who were inspired to emulate the Royal Botanic Gardens in London : 2 In 1889, the Torrey Botanical Society's members decided to build the botanical garden at Bronx Park in the center of the Bronx, New York City's northernmost borough : 2  The Lorillard family owned most of the land at that location : 147  The city had already been given authorization to acquire the land as part of the 1884 New Parks Act, which was intended to preserve lands that would soon become part of New York City : 166  Some 640 acres (2 6 km2) of land surrounding the Lorillard estate was acquired by the City of New York as part of Bronx Park in 1888–1889 : 147

Establishment
By act of the New York State Legislature, the New York Botanical Garden was established on April 28, 1891  The garden occupied part of the grounds of the Lorillard estate and a parcel that was formerly the easternmost portion of the campus of St  John's College (now Fordham University);: 147  the latter included three graves of the Fordham University Cemetery, which were then relocated  The stated purpose of the act was:

    for the purpose of establishing and maintaining a botanical garden and museum and arboretum therein, for the collection of and culture of plants, flowers, shrubs and trees, the advancement of botanical science and knowledge, and the prosecution of original researches therein and in kindred subjects, for affording instruction in the same, for the prosecution and exhibition of ornamental and decorative horticulture and gardening, and for the entertainment, recreation and instruction of the people : 2 
As per the acts of incorporation, a board of directors would manage the NYBG  The board of directors included Columbia College's president and professors of biology, chemistry, and geology; the presidents of the Torrey Society, New York City Board of Education, and the Department of Public Parks' board of commissioners; the Mayor of New York City; and nine other members elected to the board : 2  The legislation would provide 250 acres (100 ha) within Bronx Park to the NYBG, and enable the board of directors to construct a library and conservatory, if at least $250,000 was raised within five years  If this condition were reached, the city would then issue $0 5 million in bonds : 2  The principal officers of the new corporation set up for the garden were Cornelius Vanderbilt, Andrew Carnegie and J P  Morgan, with Nathaniel Lord Britton as the new secretary Prominent civic leaders and financiers, including Vanderbilt, Carnegie, and Morgan, agreed to match the City's commitment to finance the buildings and improvements : 2  By May 1895, the $250,000 in bonds had been raised but the plans had not been fully confirmed  The Board of Directors then asked landscape architect Calvert Vaux and his partner, Parks Superintendent Samuel Parsons Jr , to consult on site selection  The north end of Bronx Park was decided as the best location for the NYBG  By August 1895, the architects had started a survey on the site  Because the Bronx River and various small tributaries ran through the park, drainage was a major consideration  Though Vaux's preliminary layout was approved in October 1895, he died the following month : 3  The topographical survey was completed in March 1896  The master plan was created by a team that included Britton & Parsons, as well as landscape engineer John R  Brinley, landscape gardener Samuel Henshaw, botanist Lucien Marcus Underwood, and architects Robert W  Gibson and Lincoln Pierson (the latter from the firm Lord & Burnham) : 3 The LuEsther T  Mertz Library and Enid A  Haupt Conservatory were among the first structures at the NYBG to open  The Library was built between 1897 and 1900,: 4  and the Conservatory was built around the same time, being completed in 1902 

Later operations
For over a century after its opening, the NYBG refused to charge admission  Because of this, as well as insufficient government and private funding, its budget deficit started to increase in the 1950s  After the city cut the NYBG's budget in 1970, the garden was forced to remain closed for 3 to 4 days a week, and officials worried that this could eventually lead to permanent closure  In 1974, for the first time in the botanical garden's history, officials had to annually petition New York State Legislature for funds  That year, the NYBG announced a major renovation to the conservatory and the addition of a building dedicated to displaying plants in different habitats  The next year, budget cuts related to the 1975 New York City fiscal crisis resulted in the NYBG being closed on weekdays for the first time in its history In 1988, the NYBG announced a renovation of its museum building, including the addition of a new annex, which was supposed to open in 1991  By the early 1990s, the NYBG facilities were neglected  The garden did not have enough space in its parking lots to accommodate all its visitors, turning away potential guests  Many areas were neglected, except for the 40 acres (16 ha) surrounding the conservatory, and a wetland had even been created unintentionally due to a broken sewer  A controversy arose in 1994 when the adjacent Fordham University proposed building a 480-foot-tall (150 m) radio tower for its radio station WFUV directly across from the Haupt Conservatory  The dispute continued until 2002, after several years of failed resolutions, when Montefiore Medical Center offered to move WFUV's antenna to its own facilities By the mid-1990s, additions to the NYBG were being undertaken to reverse years of neglect  In 1994 the formerly free garden started charging an admission fee to fund these improvements as well as the continued maintenance of existing facilities  The Everett Children's Garden opened in mid-1998  By 2000, the NYBG had requested $300 million for renovations, including a new gift shop and renovation of the greenhouses and roads  A new visitor center and gift shop were announced the following year, which would replace temporary facilities built in 1990  The new main entrance, with a gift shop, bookstore, plaza, restrooms, cafe, and information kiosks, was completed in 2004 at a cost of $21 million  Meanwhile, the addition of the library annex was delayed to 1994, then to 2000  Construction on the annex started in 1998 and it opened in 2002 as the International Plant Science Center Through the next two decades, a number of projects were completed and programs were implemented  In 2004, the Leon Levy Visitor Center opened as the Botanical Garden's main entrance  It included the NYBG Shop and the Pine Tree Café  The following year, the Nolen Greenhouses for Living Collections opened with its publicly accessible Bourke-Sullivan Display House  Off-site, the institution opened The New York Botanical Garden Midtown Education Center in Manhattan in 2010  NYBG added a parking garage, the Peter J  Sharp Building, nearby in 2012, along with a Bedford Gate entrance to the Garden  NYBG restored its Lorillard Snuff Mill in 2010 and it was named the Lillian and Amy Goldman Stone Mill  NYBG's Humanities Research Institute, supported by The Andrew W  Mellon Foundation, was created in 2014 to stimulate public discourse about humankind's relationship with nature and the environment  NYBG opened an on-site restaurant, the Hudson Garden Grill, in 2015  It redesigned and reopened its East Gate entrance in 2017  The Edible Academy, an educational facility for teaching children, families, educators, and the general public about vegetable gardening, nutrition awareness, and environmental stewardship, opened in 2018  In February 2020, NYBG announced that it was partnering with Douglaston Development to create affordable apartments on the northwest edge of the garden 

Grounds
The different spaces
The Garden contains 50 different gardens and plant collections  There is a serene cascade waterfall, as well as wetlands and a 50-acre (20 ha) tract of original, never-logged, old-growth New York forest Garden highlights include the 1890s-vintage Haupt Conservatory, designed by Lord & Burnham; the Peggy Rockefeller Rose Garden, originally laid out by Beatrix Jones Farrand in 1916; an alpine rock garden, designed and installed by Thomas H  Everett in the 1930s; an Herb Garden, designed by Penelope Hobhouse; and a 37-acre (15 ha) conifer collection  The NYBG's extensive research facilities include a propagation center, 550,000-volume research library, and an herbarium of 7 2 to 7 8 million botanical specimens dating back more than three centuries, among the largest in the world At the heart of the Garden is the Thain Family Forest, an old-growth forest  It is the largest existing remnant of the original forest which covered all of New York City before the arrival of European settlers in the 17th century  The forest, which was never logged, contains oaks, American beeches, cherry, birch, tulip and white ash trees, some more than two centuries old The forest itself is split by the Bronx River, the only freshwater river in New York City, and this stretch of the river includes a riverine canyon and rapids  Along the shores sits the Stone Mill, previously known as the Lorillard Snuff Mill, built in 1840  Sculptor Charles Tefft created the Fountain of Life on the grounds in 1905 : 9 The Ladies' Border, originally commissioned by the Women's Auxiliary Committee in the 1920s, was designed by Ellen Shipman and installed between 1931 and 1933   In 2000, designer Lynden B  Miller created a new plan for the Ladies' Border  The Jane Watson Irwin Perennial Garden was designed in the 1970s by Dan Kiley and redefined by Miller in the 1980s and again in 2003 In addition to restoring or redesigning existing gardens and collections, such as the Ladies' Border (2002), the Benenson Ornamental Conifers (2004), the Peggy Rockefeller Rose Garden (2007), the Thain Family Forest (2011), and the Marjorie G  Rosen Seasonal Walk by Piet Oudolf (2014), The New York Botanical Garden added new gardens and collections to its grounds: the Home Gardening Center (2005), the Maureen K  Chilton Azalea Garden (2011) by landscape architect Shavaun Towers of Towers|Golde LLC, and Native Plant Garden (2013), by landscape architect Sheila Brady of Oehme, van Sweden 

Research laboratories
The Pfizer Plant Research Laboratory, built with funding from the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, New York State and New York City, and named for its largest private donor, is a major new research institution at the Garden that opened in 2006  The laboratory is a pure research institution, with projects more diverse than research in universities and pharmaceutical companies 
The laboratory's research emphasis is on plant genomics, the study of how genes function in plant development  One question scientists hope to answer is Darwin's "abominable mystery"; when, where, and why flowering plants emerged  The laboratory's research also furthers the discipline of molecular systematics, the study of DNA as evidence that can reveal the evolutionary history and relationships of plant species  Staff scientists also study plant use in immigrant communities in New York City and the genetic mechanisms by which neurotoxins are produced in some plants, work that may be related to nerve disease in humans 
A staff of 200 trains 42 doctoral students at a time  Since the 1890s, scientists from the NYBG have mounted about 2,000 exploratory missions worldwide to collect plants in the wild 
At the Pfizer Plant Research Laboratory, genomic DNA from many different species of plants is extracted to create a library of the DNA of the world's plants  This collection is stored in a 768-square-foot (71 3 m2) DNA storage room with 20 freezers housing millions of specimens, including rare, endangered or extinct species  To protect the collection during winter power outages, there is a backup 300-kilowatt electric generator 
The Alfred P  Sloan Foundation has granted the NYBG $572,000 to begin a project called TreeBOL, the Tree Barcode of Life  By sampling the DNA from all 100,000 different species of trees from around the world, TreeBOL will document the diversity of plant life, and advance the process of plant DNA barcoding 

LuEsther T  Mertz Library
Founded in 1899 and named after supporter LuEsther Mertz, the LuEsther T  Mertz Library is located in the northern section of NYBG  A 2002 New York Times article mentioned that the library had 775,000 items and 6 5 million plant specimens in its collection  However, a book published in 2014 by the NYBG mentioned that the library had "550,000 physical volumes and 1,800 journal titles"  As of 2016 the Mertz Library still contained one of the world's largest collections of botany-related texts  Stephen Sinon, who leads the NYBG's special collections, research and archives, called its collection "the largest of its kind in the world under one roof" The library is housed in what was formerly known as the NYBG's Museum Building or Administration Building  Construction started in 1897 and it was completed in 1900  The structure was designed by Robert W  Gibson in the Renaissance Revival style : 1

Enid A  Haupt Conservatory
The Enid A  Haupt Conservatory, named after Enid A  Haupt, is a greenhouse near the western end of the NYBG  The conservatory was designed by the major greenhouse company of the late 1890s, Lord and Burnham Co  The design was modeled after the Palm House at the Royal Botanic Garden and Joseph Paxton's Crystal Palace in Italian Renaissance style  Groundbreaking took place on January 3, 1899, and the conservatory was completed in 1902 at a cost of $177,000  The building was constructed by John R  Sheehan under contract for the New York City Department of Parks and Recreation  Since the original construction, major renovations took place in 1935, 1950, 1978, and 1993 The conservatory houses numerous tropical plants and flowers, cacti and other desert plants, and rainforest vegetation  In summer months, the two pools adjacent to the conservatory display many varieties of lotuses and water lilies 

William & Lynda Steere Herbarium
The William & Lynda Steere Herbarium, in the International Plant Science Center behind the library, is one of the largest herbaria in the world, with approximately 7 2 million to 7 8 million specimens  after the French National Museum of Natural History in Paris  Founded in 1891, the herbarium quickly became a repository for many important collections  In 1895 the garden incorporated the herbarium of Columbia College, an acquisition of approximately 600,000 specimens, including the private herbaria of John Torrey and C  F  Meisner  In 1945 the garden incorporated the herbaria of the Columbia College of Pharmacy and Princeton University   The herbarium is named after William Steere (son of William C  Steere) and his wife Lynda, who endowed the herbarium in 2002 The Index Herbariorum code assigned to this botanic garden is NY and it is used when citing housed specimens 

School of Professional Horticulture
In 1932, Thomas H  Everett expanded an existing training program into a robust curriculum for developing professional horticulturists   Patterned after diploma programs at the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew and the Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh, the School for Gardeners combined academic studies with hands-on practical experience in a two-year, full-time program  With the exception of a hiatus during and after the Second World War, the School has trained students since then  Now called the School of Professional Horticulture, this fully-accredited program continues to develop horticulturists of the highest caliber for positions in both public and private gardens  After successfully completing the program, students receive The New York Botanical Garden's Diploma in Horticulture 

Exhibitions
The New York Botanical Garden has mounted public exhibitions throughout its history  In 1992, NYBG began presenting what would eventually be called the Holiday Train Show, an annual exhibition of model trains running through a display of New York landmarks made of natural materials  In 2002, it introduced The Orchid Show, an annual exhibition of orchid displays and designed installations with changing themes  Beginning in 2007, the Garden added an annual fall exhibition of kiku, Japanese chrysanthemums trained to grow in modern and ancient forms The New York Botanical Garden has also presented large-scale, stand-alone exhibitions, including: Sculpture from the Museum of Modern Art at The New York Botanical Garden (2002), Chihuly at The New York Botanical Garden (2006), Darwin's Garden: An Evolutionary Adventure (2008), Moore in America: Monumental Sculpture at The New York Botanical Garden (2008–2009), Emily Dickinson's Garden: The Poetry of Flowers (2010), Spanish Paradise: Gardens of the Alhambra (2011), Monet's Garden (2012), Manolo Valdés: Monumental Sculpture (2012), Frida Kahlo: Art, Garden, Life (2015), Impressionism: American Gardens on Canvas (2016), CHIHULY (2017), Georgia O'Keeffe: Visions of Hawai'i (2018), Brazilian Modern: The Living Art of Roberto Burle Marx (2019), and KUSAMA: Cosmic Nature (2021) 

Executive leadership
Dr  Nathaniel Lord Britton (1891–1929)
Elmer D  Merrill (1930–1935)
Dr  Marshall A  Howe (1935–1936)
Dr  Henry A  Gleason (acting, 1937–1938)
Dr  William J  Robbins (1938–1958)
Dr  William C  Steere (1958–1972)
Dr  Howard S  Irwin (1973–1979)
James M  Hester (1980–1989)
Gregory Long (1989–2018)
Dr  Carrie Rebora Barratt (2018–2020)
Jennifer Bernstein (2021–Present)

Publications
The NYBG published The Garden Journal (ISSN 0016-4585) from 1977 to 1990 and from 1931 has produced the scientific journal, Brittonia 

Landmark status
The New York Botanical Garden was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1967  In addition, three structures are designated as individual New York City landmarks: the Enid A  Haupt Conservatory (designated in 1973),: 1  the LuEsther T  Mertz Library (2009),: 1  and the Lorillard Snuff Mill (1966, also separately on the National Register of Historic Places) 

See also
Education in New York City
List of herbaria in North America
List of botanical gardens and arboretums in New York
List of museums and cultural institutions in New York City
List of National Historic Landmarks in New York City
National Register of Historic Places listings in Bronx County, New York
Other botanical gardens in New York City
Brooklyn Botanic Garden
Queens Botanical Garden
Staten Island Botanical Garden
Passage 9:
ACS Macro Letters
ACS Macro Letters is a peer-reviewed scientific journal published by the American Chemical Society  As of 2017, ACS Macro Letters has the highest impact factor of any journal in the field of polymer science (6 131)  With the launch of ACS Macro Letters, all Communications to the Editor that were formerly published in Macromolecules will be published as Letters in ACS Macro Letters  Researchers are advised turn to ACS Macro Letters for reports of early, urgent results in polymer science and to Macromolecules for more detailed discussions of comprehensive research findings 

Scope
Examining both synthetic and naturally occurring polymers, ACS Macro Letters reports major advances in polymer synthesis, modification reactions, characteristics, theory, simulation, surface properties, and kinetics and mechanisms   The journal reports on all areas of soft matter science where macromolecules play a key role, including nanotechnology, self-assembly, supramolecular chemistry, biomaterials, energy, and sustainable materials 

Readership
ACS Macro Letters is intended for researchers in polymer science as well as materials science, nanotechnology, pharmaceuticals, and energy   The journal makes it possible for these researchers to stay abreast of the most urgent research results in polymer science and its related disciplines 

Types of Articles
ACS Macro Letters publishes peer-reviewed…

Letters: Short reports of original research focused on an individual finding of great significance to the field of polymer science 
Viewpoints: In-depth examinations and perspective on topics of current interest to researchers in the field 

Editor-in-Chief
Timothy P  Lodge served as the Founding Editor-in-Chief of ACS Macro Letters (2011–2017)  In 2018, Lodge was succeeded by Stuart J  Rowan, who was formerly the Deputy Editor 

Submissions
ACS Macro Letters enables researchers in the field to bring their important findings in polymer science and related disciplines to the attention of the global scientific community   Manuscripts are typically published within four to six weeks of manuscript submission   The journal encourages submissions and publishes Letters from around the world 

See also
Biomacromolecules
Macromolecules
Context 3: Passage 1:
Cass Corridor
The Cass Corridor is the name of the neighborhoods on the west end of Midtown Detroit  It includes the Cass Park Historic District, the Cass-Davenport Historic District and Old Chinatown  The corridor's main street, Cass Avenue, runs parallel with M-1 (Woodward Avenue), a main Detroit artery running north toward New Center  Though Cass runs from Congress Street, ending a few miles farther north at West Grand Boulevard, the Cass Corridor generally is defined as between Interstate 75 (I-75) at its southern end and Interstate 94 (I-94) to the north, and stretches from Woodward to the east and to the west: John C  Lodge (M-10 service drive) north of Temple, and Grand River Avenue south of Temple 

History
Significant landmarks of the area include the Detroit Masonic Temple (the world's largest building of its kind), Cass Technical High School, and the Metropolitan Center for High Technology are all located along Cass  Little Caesars Arena, open since September 5, 2017, as the new home of the NHL's Detroit Red Wings and the NBA's Detroit Pistons, is on the west side of Woodward Avenue near I-75 
In the 1960s and '70s, the Cass Corridor became an area of cultural significance  Artists began renting cheap studio space in the Cass Corridor, which was near Detroit's Cultural Center Historic District  Artists associated with or influenced by the Cass Corridor artist movement include Brenda Goodman, Gary Grimshaw, Tyree Guyton, Charles McGee, Ann Mikolowski, Jim Pallas, Ellen Phelan, Gilda Snowden, Robert Wilbert, and Theo Wujcik In the 1970s, the Cass Corridor was a poor neighborhood known for drugs, prostitution and sex crimes against children  The area was of significance in the Oakland County Child Killer case Creem, which billed itself as "America's Only Rock 'n' Roll Magazine," had its headquarters in the area  The student population contributes to the bohemian atmosphere in Cass Corridor  The artistic community has produced a number of significant artists, including Sixto Rodriguez, Negative Approach and The White Stripes, who played their first show at the Gold Dollar 
Cass Corridor is also the location of the annual Dally in the Alley arts festival Since the 2000s, Joel Landy, president of the Cass Avenue Development construction company, has renovated and remodelled several buildings in the Cass Corridor  Landy was also featured in the television series American Pickers (season 3 episode "Motor City", September 19, 2011)  Since 1997, Avalon International Breads has been located in the Cass Corridor  In 2015, Jack White of the White Stripes, opened a retail store for his Record Label, Third Man Records at the Corner of Canfield and Cass From 2009, Dr  Alesia Montgomery of Michigan State University conducted a 5-year study visualizing a reinvented Detroit as a green city, with a particular emphasis on the Cass Corridor 

See also
Chinatown Detroit
List of places named for Lewis Cass
Passage 2:
Possessed (roller coaster)
Possessed is an Inverted Impulse launched roller coaster located at Dorney Park & Wildwater Kingdom in Allentown, Pennsylvania  Manufactured by Intamin and designed by Werner Stengel, the roller coaster originally debuted at Six Flags Ohio amusement park as Superman: Ultimate Escape on May 5, 2000  After Cedar Fair purchased the park and renamed it back to Geauga Lake in early 2004, the coaster was immediately renamed Steel Venom  The ride closed in 2006 and was moved to Dorney Park  It reopened in 2008 briefly under the name Voodoo, and was renamed Possessed for the 2009 season  The model is identical to five other impulse coaster installations at other amusement parks  A larger version called Wicked Twister was located at Cedar Point until its closure in September 2021 

History
Geauga Lake era (2000–2006)
The ride opened on May 5, 2000 at Six Flags Ohio as Superman: Ultimate Escape  It was based on the DC Comics character Superman  Following Cedar Fair's acquisition of the park in 2004, in which the original Geauga Lake name was reinstituted to the park, all Looney Tunes and DC Comics branding owned by Six Flags was removed  In the process, the coaster was renamed Steel Venom, while receiving a new logo with a black background featuring a silver and purple snake  Even though Cedar Fair removed any mentions of Superman from the ride, the original blue, red, and yellow color scheme remained intact The coaster was dismantled after the 2006 season and put into storage  At the end of the 2007 season, Cedar Fair announced the amusement park section of the park would close and the park would operate exclusively as Wildwater Kingdom  Many rides at the park were relocated to other parks in the Cedar Fair chain 

Dorney Park era (2007–present)
Steel Venom was relocated to Dorney Park, where it reopened as Voodoo several weeks into the 2008 season on May 17, 2008  Prior to opening at Dorney Park, it was repainted to its current color scheme, as shown in the picture above, the supports were repainted teal and the track was repainted yellow  In 2009, the name was changed to Possessed after Six Flags expressed concerns over the name Voodoo, which it had recently trademarked for another ride  Instead of challenging, Cedar Fair opted to appease Six Flags and rename the coaster  Cedar Fair turned the incident into a marketing opportunity, which focused on a story that the ride was overtaken by evil spirits, fitting in line with the ride's original theme Possessed was closed for the entire 2020 season due to the COVID-19 pandemic  It reopened in 2021 

Design
The coaster's layout consists of two vertical spikes, one twisted and the other straight vertical with a holding brake, connected by a launch and station tract to form a basic "U" layout  The original ride began with riders being launched forward by the use of linear induction motors  After the initial launch, the train heads up the twisted vertical spike that twists the train 180 degrees  The train then falls and is launched backwards up the vertical spike  It shuttles back and forth three times  During the ride's initial years, the holding brake at the top of the vertical rear spike would engage on the final launch, locking the train in place for a very brief moment  This holding brake is no longer operational  Valleyfair's Steel Venom is currently the only Intamin impulse coaster in the United States still operating with its holding brake 
The maximum G-force of the ride is 3 7 Gs, expectantly low for a twisted impulse coaster 

Gallery
Passage 3:
Georgia Depression
The Georgia Depression is a depression in the Pacific Northwest region of western North America  The depression includes the lowland regions of southwestern British Columbia and northwestern Washington along the shores of the Salish Sea 

Formation
The Georgia Depression was formed out of the collision of continental plates about 150 million years ago  During this period, the depression manifested as a broad valley with various rivers flowing down into it to reach the Pacific Ocean where the mouth of the Strait of Juan de Fuca lies Much of the current topography was formed through the erosion of the depression by the Cordilleran Ice Sheet during the Vashon Glaciation, which lasted from about 19,000 – 16,000 BP  The retreat of the ice sheet revealed a scarred landscape that filled in with sea water once it had retreated beyond what is now the Strait of Juan de Fuca, forming the Salish Sea 

Geography
The Georgia Depression is encompassed by the Pacific Ranges to the north, Vancouver Island Ranges and Olympic Mountains to the west, and North Cascades to the east  The depression includes the Fraser Lowland, Nanaimo and Nahwitti lowlands of Vancouver Island, Puget Sound basin, and all the islands and adjoining waterways of the Salish Sea The majority of the population of British Columbia and Washington reside within this depression 

Geology
The landscape features glacially striated tablelands and rolling hills underlain by sedimentary rocks  The majority of soils in the depression are formed from glacial till, glacial outwash, and Lacustrine deposits 

Ecology
Much of the Georgia Depression is dry, flat, and at low elevation relative to the surrounding highlands  As such, a wide diversity of flora and fauna thrive within the depression Human activity has greatly altered much of the natural environment here through industrialization, agriculture, forestry, urbanization, and suburban sprawl 

See also
List of physiogeographic regions of British Columbia
Royal eponyms in Canada
Passage 4:
Steel Venom (Valleyfair)
Steel Venom is an inverted launched roller coaster located at Valleyfair amusement park in Shakopee, Minnesota, United States  The Impulse Coaster model from Intamin, which opened in 2003, reaches a height of 185 feet (56 m) and a maximum speed of 68 mph (109 km/h) 

History
Valleyfair unveiled Steel Venom in September 2002, a new roller coaster for the 2003 season manufactured by Intamin  It is an Impulse Coaster model, compact by design, and is also both Valleyfair’s and Minnesota’s first and only launch coaster  Steel Venom opened to the public on May 17, 2003 

Ride description
The coaster's single seven-car (28-passenger) train runs along a 200 m (656 ft) U-shaped track, incorporating two 185-foot (56 m) vertical spikes   The forward spike incorporates a twisted spiral, and the rearward spike provides a straight freefall   The 20 m (65 ft) train, propelled by linear induction motors (LIMs,) is accelerated in less than four seconds to 68 mph (109 km/h) toward the forward tower before dropping back down through the station house and up the rearward tower   A holding brake is incorporated on the rear straight tower and is able to suspend the train momentarily (usually on the final ascent during each ride) before dropping it back down to the station house 
Passage 5:
Alouette Lake
Alouette Lake, originally Lillooet Lake and not to be confused with the lake of that name farther north, is a lake and reservoir in Maple Ridge, British Columbia, Canada  It is located at the southeast foot of the mountain group known as the Golden Ears and is about 16 km in length on a northeast–southwest axis   It and the Alouette River, formerly the Lillooet River, were renamed in 1914 to avoid confusion with the larger river and lake farther north, with "Alouette", the French word for "lark", being chosen as being melodious and reminiscent of the original name in tone 
Most of the basin of Alouette Lake has never been logged and its north flank is protected as part of Golden Ears Provincial Park (formerly part of Garibaldi Provincial Park until that park's division)  A small portion of the lake and its largely inaccessible northwestern shore, near its narrows, are actually part of the District of Mission due to the rectangular shape of that district's boundary   North of the portion of the lake that is in Mission, the rest of its northern end is not in either municipality 

Alouette Dam
Originally only 2 km in length, the lake was considerably expanded by the 1928 construction of the Alouette Dam at 49°17′10″N 122°29′12″W, which is 11 5 km (7 mi) along the upper reaches of the South Alouette River  A 1,067 m (3,501 ft) long tunnel connects Alouette Lake and Stave Lake  At the end of the tunnel is a penstock which feeds the small Alouette Powerhouse, an 8 MW power station operated by BC Hydro, which lies midway along the west shore of Stave Lake 49°22′16″N 122°18′47″W There is no powerhouse at the dam, however, as the point of the reservoir is to feed the tunnel through the flank of the ridge between Mounts Crickmer and Robie Reid  A former railway grade leading to the dam along the river was also used as a logging railway 

Facilities
A large public beach, picnic site and campground that are part of the provincial park are located on the lake's western shore 
Passage 6:
Excalibur (Valleyfair)
Excalibur  is a steel roller coaster with a wooden structure located at Valleyfair in Shakopee, Minnesota  It was built in 1989 by Arrow Dynamics, for the cost of $3,000,000  The ride is 105 feet (32 m) tall with a top speed of 54 5 mph (87 7 km/h) and has a minimum height requirement of 48 inches  It follows a customized figure-eight track layout and is rather short for a major roller coaster, with a total ride duration of two minutes and thirteen seconds A few years after the ride was built, trim brakes were added at the top of the first hill  The bottom and first half of the turn were re-profiled in an attempt to reduce roughness  The photo spot and the "Excalibur Photos" booth were also removed  The photo booth was replaced with a Refreshment stand, which has also been removed 

Potential closure
Valleyfair has applied for a permit with the US Army Corps of Engineers that includes the removal of Excalibur to be replaced by a road and parking lot 
"APPLICATION FOR PERMIT TO discharge dredged and fill material into 4 52 acres of wetland for the purpose of constructing a new road around the park for employee access and for the construction of a new parking lot  The Valleyfair expansion project includes a proposed road relocation that will be used by park guests and primarily park employees to access nonpublic areas of the park and two parking areas, one for guests and one for staff "
Passage 7:
Bobo people
The Bobo are a Mande ethnic group living primarily in Burkina Faso, with some living north in Mali  Bobo is also a shortened name of the second-largest city in Burkina Faso, Bobo-Dioulasso 

Background
In much of the literature on African art, the group that lives in the area of Bobo-Dioulasso is called Bobo-Fing, literally "black Bobo"  These people call themselves Bobo and speak the Bobo language, a Mande language  The Bambara people also call another ethnic group "Bobo", the Bobo-Oule/Wule, more precisely called the Bwa  While the Bwa (Bobo-Oule) are a Gur people, speaking Gur languages (the Bwa languages), the true Bobo (Bobo Madare, Bobo Fing) are a Mande people 

Demographics
The Bobo number about 110,000 people, with the great majority in Burkina Faso  The major Bobo community in the south is Bobo-Dioulasso, the second-largest city of Burkina Faso and the old French colonial capital  Further north are large towns, including Fô and Kouka, with Boura in the extreme north in Mali 
The Bobo are far from homogeneous  They are an ancient aggregation of several peoples who have assembled around a number of core clans that do not preserve any oral traditions of immigration into the area  Their language and culture are more closely related to those of their Mandé neighbours to the north and west, the Bamana (as well as the Minianka, also known as Mamara Senoufo, and a Gur people) than to their Voltaic neighbours the Gurunsi and Mossi, but they should be thought of as a southern extension of the Mandé people who live in what is now Burkina Faso, rather than an intrusive Mandé group that has recently penetrated the region  Although over 41% of Bobo lineages claim a foreign origin, they also say that they are autochthonous 

Economy
Farming among the Bobo is of primary importance  Agricultural activity is not merely a way of providing for subsistence among the Bobo, it is the essential component of their day-to-day existence  The major food crops are red sorghum, pearl millet, yams, and maize  They also cultivate cotton, which is sold to textile mills in Koudougou  The imposition of colonial rule and the construction of these mills led to the disintegration of the local co-operative labor systems, which had served to bond the members of Bobo society together 

Political system
The Bobo lineage is the fundamental social building-block  The Bobo are an inherently decentralized group of people  The concept of placing political power in the hands of an individual is foreign to the Bobo  Each village is organized according to the relationship among individual patriline  The lineage unites all descendants of a common ancestor, called the wakoma, a word whose stem, wa-, is a contraction of the Bobo word for house wasa  The Bobo lineage comprises the people who live in a common house  The head of a lineage is called the wakoma or father of the lineage  He may also be called the sapro, which is the term for ancestors  As among other peoples in Burkina, each clan has a totem, so that when a Bobo introduces himself he gives his given name, then his clan name, followed by the totem that he respects 

Religion
The creator god is called Wuro  He cannot be described and is not represented by sculptures  Bobo cosmogony describes the creation of the world by Wuro and the ordering of his creations  He is responsible for the ordering of all things in the world into opposing pairs: man/spirits, male/female, village/bush, culture/nature and so on 
The balances between forces as they were created by Wuro are precarious, and it is easy for men to throw the forces out of balance  Farming, for instance, can unbalance the precarious equilibrium between culture/nature and village/bush when the crops are gathered in the bush and brought into the village 
For the Bobo people there are two important epochs  The time of Wuro, when the universe was created and the historical time, when Wuro gave man his son Dwo 

Sources
Christopher Roy: Art of the Upper Volta Rivers  Traduction et adaptation en francais F Chaffin  Alain et Françoise Chaffin, Meudon, 1987
Guy Le Moal : Les Bobo  Nature et fonction des masques  Musée royale de l'Afrique centrale, Tervuren, 1999 

External links

The Art of Burkina Faso by Christopher D  Roy
Passage 8:
Eureka, Nunavut
Eureka is a small research base on Fosheim Peninsula, Ellesmere Island, Qikiqtaaluk Region, in the Canadian territory of Nunavut  It is located on the north side of Slidre Fiord, which enters Eureka Sound farther west  It is the third-northernmost permanent research community in the world   The only two farther north are Alert, which is also on Ellesmere Island, and Nord, in Greenland   Eureka has the lowest average annual temperature and the lowest amount of precipitation of any weather station in Canada 
Eureka's postal code is X0A 0G0 and the area code is 867 

Divisions
The base consists of three areas:

the Eureka Aerodrome which includes "Fort Eureka" (the quarters for military personnel maintaining the island's communications equipment)
the Environment and Climate Change Canada Weather Station
the Polar Environment Atmospheric Research Laboratory (PEARL), formerly the Arctic Stratospheric Ozone Observatory (AStrO)PEARL is operated by a consortium of Canadian university researchers and government agencies known as the Canadian Network for Detection of Atmospheric Change  PEARL announced it would cease full-time year-round operation as of April 30, 2012, due to lack of funding, but this decision was reversed in May 2013 with the announcement of new funds 

History
Eureka was founded on April 7, 1947, as part of an initiative to set up a network of Arctic weather stations  On this date, 100 t (98 long tons; 110 short tons) of supplies were airlifted to a promising spot on Ellesmere Island, and five prefabricated Jamesway huts were constructed  Regular weather observations began on January 1, 1948  The station has expanded over the years  At its peak, in the 1970s, at least fifteen staff were on site; in 2005, it reported a permanent population of zero with at least 8 staff on a continuous rotational basis Several generations of buildings have been developed  The latest operations centre, with work areas and staff quarters in one large structure, was completed in 2005 

Location and accessibility
The complex is powered by diesel generators  The station is supplied once every six weeks with fresh food and mail by air, and annually in the late summer, a supply ship from Montreal brings heavy supplies  On July 3, 2009, a Danish Challenger 604 MMA jet landed at Eureka's aerodrome 
The jet is a military observation aircraft based on the Challenger executive jet  This jet visited Eureka on a familiarization trip, in order to prepare for the possibility of Danish aircraft assisting in search and rescue missions over Canadian territory  The Canadian American Strategic Review noted critically that the first jet to fly a mission to Eureka was not Canadian At Eureka's latitude, a geosynchronous communications satellite, if due south, would require an antenna to be pointed nearly horizontally; satellites farther east or west along that orbit would be below the horizon  Telephone access and television broadcasts arrived in 1982 when Operation Hurricane resulted in the establishment of a satellite receiving station at nearby Skull Point, which has an open view to the south  The low-power Channel 9 TV transmitter at Skull Point was the world's most northern TV station at the time  In the 1980s, TV audio was often connected to the telephone to feed CBC-TV news to CHAR-FM in isolated CFS Alert  More recently, CANDAC has installed what is likely the world's most northerly geosynchronous satellite ground-station to provide Internet-based communications to PEARL Other inhabited places on Ellesmere Island include Alert and Grise Fiord 

Flora and fauna
Eureka has been described as "The Garden Spot of the Arctic" due to the flora and fauna abundant around the Eureka area, more so than anywhere else in the High Arctic  Fauna include muskox, Arctic wolves, Arctic foxes, Arctic hares, and lemmings  In addition, summer nesting geese, ducks, owls, loons, ravens, gulls and many other smaller birds nest, raise their young, and return south in August 

Climate
Eureka experiences a polar climate (ET)  The settlement sees the midnight sun between April 10 and August 29, with no sunlight at all between mid-October and late February  Eureka has the lowest average annual temperature and least precipitation of any weather station in Canada with an annual mean temperature of −18 8 °C (−1 8 °F)  Average winter temperatures are almost comparable to those found in northeastern Siberia  However, summers are slightly warmer than other places in the Canadian Arctic because Eureka is somewhat landlocked, being near the centre of Ellesmere Island  Even so, since record keeping began, the temperature has never exceeded 20 9 °C (69 6 °F), first reached on July 14, 2009  Although a polar desert, evaporation is also very low, which allows the limited moisture to be made available for plants and wildlife  Its frost-free  season averages 56 days, much longer than many other places nearby 

See also
List of research stations in the Arctic
Passage 9:
Battle of White Plains
The Battle of White Plains was a battle in the New York and New Jersey campaign of the American Revolutionary War, fought on October 28, 1776, near White Plains, New York   Following the retreat of George Washington's Continental Army northward from New York City, British General William Howe landed troops in Westchester County, intending to cut off Washington's escape route   Alerted to this move, Washington retreated farther, establishing a position in the village of White Plains but failed to establish firm control over local high ground   Howe's troops drove Washington's troops from a hill near the village; following this loss, Washington ordered the Americans to retreat farther north 
Later British movements chased Washington across New Jersey and into Pennsylvania   Washington then crossed the Delaware and surprised a brigade of Hessian troops in the December 26 Battle of Trenton 

Background
British General William Howe, after evacuating Boston in March 1776, regrouped in Halifax, Nova Scotia, and embarked in June on a campaign to gain control of New York City   The campaign began with an unopposed landing on Staten Island in early July  British troops made another unopposed landing on Long Island on August 22, south of the areas where General George Washington's Continental Army had organized significant defenses around Brooklyn Heights After losing the Battle of Long Island on August 27, General Washington and his army of 9,000 troops escaped on the night of August 29–30 to York Island (as Manhattan was then called)   General Howe followed up with a landing on Manhattan on September 15, but his advance was checked the next day at Harlem Heights   After an abortive landing at Throg's Neck, he landed troops with some resistance at Pell's Point on October 18 to begin an encircling maneuver that was intended to trap Washington's army between that force, his troops in Manhattan, and the Hudson River, which was dominated by warships of the Royal Navy   Howe established a camp at New Rochelle, but advance elements of his army were near Mamaroneck, only 7 miles (11 km) from White Plains, where there was a lightly defended Continental Army supply depot 

Prelude
On October 20, General Washington sent Colonel Rufus Putnam out on a reconnaissance mission from his camp at Harlem Heights   Putnam discovered the general placement of the British troop locations and recognized the danger to the army and its supplies   When he reported this to Washington that evening, Washington immediately dispatched Putnam with orders to Lord Stirling, whose troops were furthest north, to immediately march to White Plains   They arrived at White Plains at 9 am on October 21, and were followed by other units of the army as the day progressed   Washington decided to withdraw most of the army to White Plains, leaving a garrison of 1,200 men under Nathanael Greene to defend Fort Washington on Manhattan   General Howe's army advanced slowly, with troops from his center and right moving along the road from New Rochelle to White Plains, while a unit of Loyalists occupied Mamaroneck   The latter was attacked that night by a detachment of Lord Stirling's troops under John Haslet, who took more than thirty prisoners as well as supplies, but suffered several killed and 15 wounded   As a result, Howe moved elements of his right wing to occupy Mamaroneck   On October 22, Howe was reinforced by the landing at New Rochelle of an additional 8,000 troops under the command of Wilhelm von Knyphausen 
Washington established his headquarters at the Elijah Miller House in North White Plains on October 23, and chose a defensive position that he fortified with two lines of entrenchments  The trenches were situated on raised terrain, protected on the right by the swampy ground near the Bronx River, with steeper hills further back as a place of retreat  The American defenses were 3 miles (4 8 km) long  Beyond that, on the right, was Chatterton's Hill, which commanded the plain over which the British would have to advance  The hill was initially occupied by militia companies numbering several hundred, probably including John Brooks' Massachusetts militia company On October 24 and 25, Howe's army moved from New Rochelle to Scarsdale, where they established a camp covering the eastern bank of the Bronx River   This move was apparently made in the hopes of catching Charles Lee's column, which had to alter its route toward White Plains and execute a forced march at night to avoid them   Howe remained at Scarsdale until the morning of October 28, when his forces marched toward White Plains, with British troops on the right under General Henry Clinton, and primarily Hessian troops on the left under General von Heister 

Composition of forces
British & Hessians
British
British troops involved included:
16th Regiment of (Light) Dragoons
17th Regiment of (Light) Dragoons
1st Battalion, Guards Brigade
2nd Battalion, Guards Brigade
5th Regiment of Foot (Northumberland Fusiliers)
23rd Regiment of Foot (Royal Welsh Fusiliers)
27th Regiment of Foot
28th Regiment of Foot
35th Regiment of Foot
42nd (Royal Highland, The Black Watch) Regiment of Foot
49th Regiment of Foot
52nd Regiment of Foot
No 1 Company, 4th Battalion, Royal Artillery
No 2 Company, 4th Battalion, Royal Artillery
No 4 Company, 4th Battalion, Royal Artillery (Specially thanked in General Orders)
No 5 Company, 4th Battalion, Royal Artillery (Thanked in General Orders)
No 8 Company, 4th Battalion, Royal Artillery (Thanked in General Orders)Hessians

Grenadier Regiment von Rahl
Fusilier Regiment von Knyphausen

Americans
American (continental) forces in the battle included:
Spencer's Division
Parson's Brigade under Brigadier General Samuel Holden Parsons
10th Continental Regiment (6th Connecticut)
20th Continental Regiment (20th Connecticut)
21st Continental Regiment (Ward's Militia)
Wadsworth's Brigade under Brigadier General James Wadsworth
Gay's Battalion
Douglas' Battalion
Delaware Regiment
1st New York Regiment
3rd New York Regiment
Maryland Regiment
Connecticut Regiment
Brook's New York Militia
Graham's Massachusetts Militia

Battle
While Washington was inspecting the terrain to determine where it was best to station his troops, messengers alerted him that the British were advancing  Returning to his headquarters, he ordered the 2nd Connecticut Regiment under Joseph Spencer out to slow the British advance, and sent Haslet and the 1st Delaware Regiment, along with Alexander McDougall's brigade (Rudolphus Ritzema's 3rd New York Regiment, Charles Webb's 19th Continental Regiment, William Smallwood's 1st Maryland Regiment, and the 1st New York Regiment and 2nd New York Regiments) to reinforce Chatterton Hill Spencer's force advanced to a position on the old York road at Hart's corners (Hartsdale, New York) and there exchanged fire with the Hessians led by Colonel Johann Rall that were at the head of the British left column   When Clinton's column threatened their flank, these companies were forced into a retreat across the Bronx River that was initially orderly with pauses to fire from behind stone walls while fire from the troops on Chatterton Hill covered their move, but turned into a rout with the appearance of dragoons   Rall's troops attempted to gain the hill, but were repelled by fire from Haslet's troops and the militia, and retreated to a nearby hilltop on the same side of the river   This concerted defense brought the entire British Army, which was maneuvering as if to attack the entire American line, to a stop While Howe and his command conferred, the Hessian artillery on the left opened fire on the hilltop position, where they succeeded in driving the militia into a panicked retreat   The arrival of McDougall and his brigade helped to rally them, and a defensive line was established, with the militia on the right and the Continentals arrayed along the top of the hill   Howe finally issued orders, and while most of his army waited, a detachment of British and Hessian troops was sent to take the hill The British attack was organized with Hessian regiments leading the assault   Rall was to charge the American right, while a Hessian battalion under Colonel Carl von Donop (consisting of the Linsing, Mingerode, Lengereck, and Kochler grenadiers, and Donop's own chasseur regiment) was to attack the center  A British column under General Alexander Leslie (consisting of the 5th, 28th, 35th, and 49th Foot) was to attack the right   Donop's force either had difficulty crossing the river, or was reluctant to do so, and elements of the British force were the first to cross the river   Rall's charge scattered the militia on the American right, leaving the flank of the Maryland and New York regiments exposed as they poured musket fire onto the British attackers, which temporarily halted the British advance   The exposure of their flank caused them to begin a fighting retreat, which progressively forced the remainder of the American line, which had engaged with the other segments of the British force, to give way and retreat   Haslet's Delaware regiment, which anchored the American left, provided covering fire while the remaining troops retreated to the north, and were the last to leave the hill   The fighting was intense, and both sides suffered significant casualties before the Continentals made a disciplined retreat 

Casualties
John Fortescue's History of the British Army says that Howe's casualties numbered 214 British and 99 Hessians  However, Rodney Atwood points out that Fortescue's figure for the Hessians includes the entire Hessian casualties from 19–28 October and that in fact only 53 of these casualties were incurred at the Battle of White Plains  This revised figure would give a total of 267 British and Hessians killed, wounded or missing at White Plains  Henry Dawson, on the other hand, gives Howe's loss as 47 killed, 182 wounded and 4 missing 
The American loss is uncertain  Theodore Savas and J  David Dameron give a range of 150–500 killed, wounded and captured  Samuel Roads numbers the casualties of 47 killed and 70 wounded  Henry Dawson estimates 50 killed, 150 wounded and 17 missing for McDougall's and Spencer's commands but has no information on the losses in Haslet's regiment 

Aftermath
The two generals remained where they were for two days, while Howe reinforced the position on Chatterton Hill, and Washington organized his army for retreat into the hills   With the arrival of additional Hessian and Waldeck troops under Lord Percy on October 30, Howe planned to act against the Americans the following day   However, a heavy rain fell the whole next day, and when Howe was finally prepared to act, he awoke to find that Washington had again eluded his grasp Washington withdrew his army into the hills to the north on the night of October 31, establishing a camp near North Castle   Howe chose not to follow, instead attempting without success to draw Washington out   On November 5, he turned his army south to finish evicting Continental Army troops from Manhattan, a task he accomplished with the November 16 Battle of Fort Washington Washington eventually crossed the Hudson River at Peekskill with most of his army, leaving New England regiments behind to guard supply stores and important river crossings   Later, British movements chased him across New Jersey and into Pennsylvania, and the British established a chain of outposts across New Jersey  Washington, seeing an opportunity for a victory to boost the nation's morale,  crossed the Delaware and surprised Rall's troops in the December 26 Battle of Trenton 

Legacy
Each year on or near the anniversary date, the White Plains Historical Society hosts a commemoration of the event at the Jacob Purdy House in White Plains, New York   Two ships in the United States Navy were named for the Battle of White Plains  CVE-66 was an escort carrier in World War II  AFS-4 was a combat stores ship that was decommissioned in 1995 According to some historians, the Headless Horseman depicted in Washington Irving's short story "The Legend of Sleepy Hollow" was inspired by a real-life Hessian soldier who lost his head by cannon fire during this battle 

See also
List of American Revolutionary War battles
American Revolutionary War §British New York counter-offensive  The 'Battle of White Plains' placed in overall sequence and strategic context 

Notes
Bibliography
Major Francis Duncan, History of the Royal Regiment of Artillery, Volume II, 1873 London John Murray 
Fischer, David Hackett (2004)  Washington's Crossing  New York: Oxford University Press  ISBN 978-0-19-517034-4  OCLC 186017328 
Digby Smith, Kevin E  Kiley, and Jeremy Black, An Illustrated Encyclopedia of Uniforms of the American War of Independence, 2017 Lorenz Books, London, United Kingdom  ISBN 978-0-7548-1761-1 

External links

The Battle of White Plains
White Plains Historical Society
Passage 10:
Wicked Twister
Wicked Twister was an inverted roller coaster located at Cedar Point amusement park in Sandusky, Ohio, United States  Designed by Werner Stengel, it was a second-generation, double-twisting Impulse model manufactured by Intamin  Wicked Twister opened as the tallest and fastest inverted coaster in the world on May 5, 2002  It was retired by the park on September 6, 2021, closed on September 7, and gave over 16 million rides during its lifetime 

History
Construction on Wicked Twister began on October 15, 2001, shortly after Stadium Games, formerly known as the Aquarium, was razed  The new coaster was officially announced the following month, and its media day was held on May 2, 2002 Billed as the tallest and fastest double-twisting impulse coaster ever built, Wicked Twister actually opened as the tallest and fastest inverted coaster in the world on May 5, 2002  It held both records until the opening of Legendary Twin Dragon at Chongqing Sunac Land in China in 2021  Additional supports were added to the ride's structure for the 2003 season  Two yellow supports were added to each spike to connect the track to the top of the main support structure 

In May 2021, park official Tony Clark implied in a series of tweets that Wicked Twister was going to be retired  This was confirmed on August 6, 2021, when Cedar Point officially announced the closure of Wicked Twister, scheduled for September 6, 2021  The ride then closed September 7, and on its last day of operation, park employees handed out "last launch" buttons to riders, sold limited-edition commemorative t-shirts, and gave away 16 "golden tickets" granting winners a spot on the last public train  Wicked Twister had accumulated over 16 million rides in 20 seasons of operation On November 3, 2021, Cedar Point announced that Wicked Twister would be demolished  Demolition and removal was completed on February 8, 2022 

Ride details
Wicked Twister consisted of two 215 feet (66 m) tall spikes  Both ends of the track were designed with 450-degree vertical twists, referred to as the front and rear towers, which differentiated Wicked Twister from other Impulse Coaster models from Intamin  The loading platform and linear induction motor (LIM) propulsion system sat between the two towers along a horizontal track section  The ride was built directly on Cedar Point Beach, and its entrance plaza was located in the former Aquarium location  The track was painted yellow with teal supports The ride featured one train that consisted of eight cars  Riders were arranged two across in two rows for a total of 32 riders  Wicked Twister's theme song was "The Winner" by the Crystal Method 

Layout
Linear induction motors propelled the train forward out of the station at 50 mph (80 km/h) during the first launch, which carried the train approximately halfway up the front tower  After coming to a stop, the train then fell and returned through the station, re-entering the LIM section and accelerating for a second launch to 63 mph (101 km/h) in the opposite direction  After climbing to its peak approximately halfway up the rear tower, the process would repeat a third time accelerating to 69 mph (111 km/h) and climbing to its highest point on the front tower 
A fourth and final LIM launch on the train's return through the station accelerated the train to its maximum speed of 72 mph (116 km/h), reaching a maximum height of 206 ft (63 m) up the rear tower  The train then made one more final pass through the station without any interaction from the LIM launch section and up the front spike  Subsequent passes through the station were met with the brakes being applied to slow the train slightly more each time until finally coming to rest 

See also
The Flash: Vertical Velocity – similar coaster located at Six Flags Great America
Possessed – similar coaster located at Dorney Park & Wildwater Kingdom
Steel Venom – similar coaster located at Valleyfair



ground_truth: 1909

prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: The telenova "El Ardiente Secreto" was based ona novel published under what pen name?

The following are given passages.
Context 2: Passage 1:
Ardiente secreto
Ardiente secreto is a Mexican telenovela produced by Irene Sabido for Televisa in 1978  It is based on the Charlotte Brontë's 1847 novel Jane Eyre 

Plot
The orphan Mariana Cisneros was shut in (in a college) by an aunt who hates her, she suffers from some terrible pains, but she take advantage of the education and culture  When she turns 18 she finds a job as a governess of a silent and lonely child, Adela, who is the daughter of Eduardo  Mariana wins Adela's love and she is attracted by Eduardo  Mariana and Eduardo fall in love, but a terrible secret will take them apart  She discovers it on the day of their marriage  Mariana is desperate and she escapes, but for love she will return again 

Cast
Daniela Romo as Mariana
Joaquín Cordero as Eduardo
Lorena Velázquez
Virginia Manzano
Dolores Tinoco
Patricia Tanus as Adela
Ada Carrasco
Eduardo Liñán
Erika Carrasco as Mariana (child)
Passage 2:
El Ardiente Secreto
Ardiente secreto is a Mexican telenovela produced by Irene Sabido for Televisa in 1978  It is based on the Charlotte Brontë's 1847 novel Jane Eyre 

Plot
The orphan Mariana Cisneros was shut in (in a college) by an aunt who hates her, she suffers from some terrible pains, but she take advantage of the education and culture  When she turns 18 she finds a job as a governess of a silent and lonely child, Adela, who is the daughter of Eduardo  Mariana wins Adela's love and she is attracted by Eduardo  Mariana and Eduardo fall in love, but a terrible secret will take them apart  She discovers it on the day of their marriage  Mariana is desperate and she escapes, but for love she will return again 

Cast
Daniela Romo as Mariana
Joaquín Cordero as Eduardo
Lorena Velázquez
Virginia Manzano
Dolores Tinoco
Patricia Tanus as Adela
Ada Carrasco
Eduardo Liñán
Erika Carrasco as Mariana (child)
Passage 3:
Jeff Sampson
Jeff Sampson is a young adult and children's author  He was born on a U S  military base in Nuremberg, Germany on July 15, 1982  He started writing professionally at age eighteen  His first books were packaged series fiction  When Sampson was twenty-two, he had his first novel published as part of the Dragonlance series of fantasy novels  He since went on to write many original young adult and children's series, including Monster Slayers under the pen name Lukas Ritter for Wizards of the Coast; Deviants for Balzer + Bray, an imprint of HarperCollins Children’s Books; and The Last Dogs under the pen name Christopher Holt for Little, Brown Books for Young Readers  Jeff Sampson currently lives in Seattle, Washington in the United States 

Bibliography
The Last Dogs:
(as Christopher Holt)

The Vanishing (September 2012)
Dark Waters (June 2013)
The Long Road (November 2013)
Journey's End (June 2014)

Deviants
Vesper (January 2011)
Havoc (January 2012)
Ravage (January 2013)

Monster Slayers
(as Lukas Ritter)

Monster Slayers (May 2010)
Monster Slayers: Unleashed (May 2011)
Monster Slayers: Training Day (Short story, Wizards of the Coast website, April 2010)

Dragonlance: The New Adventures
Dragon Quartet, Vol  8: Dragon Spell (July 2005)
Trinistyr Trilogy, Vol  2: Wizard's Betrayal (January 2006)
Suncatcher Trilogy, Vol  1: The Wayward Wizard (September 2006)
Suncatcher Trilogy, Vol  2: The Ebony Eye (March 2007)
Suncatcher Trilogy, Vol  3: The Stolen Sun (September 2007)
Passage 4:
Story of O
Story of O (French: Histoire d'O, IPA: [istwaʁ do]) is an erotic novel published in 1954 by French author Anne Desclos under the pen name Pauline Réage, and published in French by Jean-Jacques Pauvert 
Desclos did not reveal herself as the author for 40 years after the initial publication  Desclos stated she wrote the novel as a series of love letters to her lover Jean Paulhan, who had admired the work of the Marquis de Sade  The novel shares with the latter themes such as love, dominance, and submission 

Plot
Story of O is a tale of female submission involving a beautiful Parisian fashion photographer named O, who is taught to be constantly available for oral, vaginal, and anal intercourse, offering herself to any male who belongs to the same secret society as her lover  She is regularly stripped, blindfolded, chained, and whipped; her anus is widened by increasingly large plugs; her labium is pierced and her buttocks are branded 
The story begins when O's lover, René, brings her to the château in Roissy, where she is trained to serve the members of an elite club  After this initial training, as a demonstration of their bond and his generosity, René hands O to his elder stepbrother Sir Stephen, a more severe master  René wants O to learn to serve someone whom she does not love, and someone who does not love her  Over the course of this training, O falls in love with Sir Stephen and believes him to be in love with her as well  During the summer, Sir Stephen sends O to an old mansion in Samois solely inhabited by women for advanced training and body modifications related to submission  There she agrees to receive permanent marks of Sir Stephen's ownership, in the form of a brand and a steel tag hanging from a labia piercing 
Meanwhile René has encouraged O to seduce Jacqueline, a vain fashion model, and lure her to Roissy  Jacqueline is repulsed when she first sees O's chains and scars, although O herself is proud of her condition as a willing slave  But Jacqueline's younger half-sister becomes enamored of O, and begs to be taken to Roissy 
At the climax, O is presented as a sexual slave, nude but for an owl-like mask and a leash attached to her piercing, before a large party of guests who treat her solely as an object  Afterward, she is shared by Sir Stephen and an associate of his who is referred to only as "The Commander" 
Some early editions included several different variations of an epilogue which note that Sir Stephen later abandoned O, though there is debate as to whether Desclos intended it to be included in the finished work; in one such version, O is so distraught by the threat of this abandonment that she insists she would rather die and asks for permission to commit suicide, which is granted 

Publishing history
In February 1955, Story of O won the French literature prize Prix des Deux Magots, but the French authorities still brought obscenity charges against the publisher  The charges were rejected by the courts, but a publicity ban was imposed for a number of years 
Olympia Press published the first English edition in 1965  Eliot Fremont-Smith (of The New York Times) called its publication "a significant event" 

Criticism
A critical view of the novel is that it is about, and derives its erotic power from, the ultimate objectification of a woman  The heroine has the shortest possible name  Though this is in fact a shortening of "Odile", it could also stand for "object" or "orifice", an O being a symbolic representation of any "hole"  The novel was strongly criticized by many feminists, who felt it glorified the abuse of women  An article by Susan Griffin that appears in  Against Sadomasochism: A Radical Feminist Analysis (reprinted from Griffin’s book Pornography and Silence with an introduction) criticizes the novel; Griffin argues that Story of O shows "how a pornographic society turns a woman's heart against herself "When the film Story of O was released, L'Express magazine ran a feature on the novel and film  This resulted in L'Express being picketed by feminists from the group Mouvement de libération des femmes, who found the novel and film objectionable  Journalist François Chalais also criticized Story of O, claiming the novel glorified violence; he described the novel as "bringing the Gestapo into the boudoir" 

Hidden identities
The author used a pen name, then later used another pen name, before finally, just before her death, revealing her true identity  Her lover, Jean Paulhan, wrote the preface as if the author were unknown to him According to Geraldine Bedell, "Pauline Réage, the author, was a pseudonym, and many people thought that the book could only have been written by a man  The writer's true identity was not revealed until ten years ago, when, in an interview with John de St  Jorre, a British journalist and sometime foreign correspondent of The Observer, an impeccably dressed 86-year-old intellectual called Dominique Aury acknowledged that the fantasies of castles, masks and debauchery were hers " According to several other sources, however, Dominique Aury was itself a pseudonym of Anne Desclos, born 23 September 1907 in Rochefort-sur-Mer, France, and deceased 26 April 1998 (at age 90) in Paris 
The Grove Press edition (U S , 1965) was translated by editor Richard Seaver (who had lived in France for many years) under the pseudonym Sabine d'Estrée 

Jean Paulhan
Jean Paulhan, the author's lover and the person to whom she wrote Story of O in the form of love letters, wrote the preface, "Happiness in Slavery"  Paulhan admired the Marquis de Sade's work and told Desclos that a woman could not write like Sade  Desclos took this as a challenge and wrote the book  Paulhan was so impressed that he sent it to a publisher  In the preface, he goes out of his way to appear as if he does not know who wrote it  In one part he says, "But from the beginning to end, the story of O is managed rather like some brilliant feat  It reminds you more of a speech than of a mere effusion; of a letter rather than a secret diary  But to whom is the letter addressed? Whom is the speech trying to convince? Whom can we ask? I don't even know who you are  That you are a woman I have little doubt " Paulhan also explains his own belief that the themes in the book depict the true nature of women  At times, the preface (when read with the knowledge of the relationship between Paulhan and the author), seems to be a continuation of the conversation between them 
In an interview Paulhan explained that O, in a religious-like obsession, was seeking the loss of responsibility for her body and mind much like many religious women seek to surrender themselves to the mercy of God  In both cases it is the joy of destruction  Paulhan was also quoted: "To be killed by someone you love strikes me as the epitome of ecstasy"  Discussing the ending, Paulhan states, "I too was surprised by the end  And nothing you can say will convince me that it is the real end  That in reality (so to speak) your heroine convinces Sir Stephen to consent to her death "One critic has seen Paulhan's essay as consistent with other themes in his work, including his interest in erotica, his "mystification" of love and sexual relationships, and a view of women that is arguably sexist 

Legacy
Emmanuelle Arsan claimed the Story of O inspired her to write her own erotic novel Emmanuelle (1967) A sequel to Story of O, Retour à Roissy (Return to Roissy, but often translated as Return to the Chateau, Continuing the Story of O), was published in 1969 in French, again with Jean-Jacques Pauvert, éditeur  It was published again in English by Grove Press, Inc , in 1971  It is not known whether this work is by the same author as the original 
The town Samois-sur-Seine is mentioned in Story of O as  the location of the fictional mansion managed by Anne-Marie, a lesbian dominatrix  In 1978, the name Samois was adopted by a lesbian-feminist BDSM organization based in San Francisco that existed from 1978 to 1983  It was the first lesbian BDSM group in the United States In 2007, the National Leather Association International inaugurated awards for excellence in SM/fetish/leather writing  The categories include the Pauline Reage (a pen name of Anne Desclos, author of Story of O) award for fiction novel In 2020, Anne Desclos (author of Story of O) was inducted into the Leather Hall of Fame 

Adaptations
Film
American experimental director Kenneth Anger made a 20 minute short film version, l'Histoire d'O, in 1961 
French director Henri-Georges Clouzot wanted to adapt the novel to film for many years, which was eventually done by director Just Jaeckin in 1975 as Histoire d'O (Story of O) produced by Eric Rochat and Gérard Lorin, starring Corinne Cléry and Udo Kier  The film met with far less acclaim than the book  It was banned in the United Kingdom by the British Board of Film Censors until February 2000 
In 1975, American director Gerard Damiano, well known for Deep Throat (1972) and The Devil in Miss Jones (1973), created the movie The Story of Joanna, highly influenced by the Story of O, by combining motifs from one of the book's chapters and from Jean-Paul Sartre's No Exit 
In 1979, Danish director Lars von Trier made the short movie entitled Menthe – la bienheureuse, as an homage to Story of O  His 2005 film Manderlay was also inspired by the book, particularly Paulhan's introduction Five years later, in 1984, actress Sandra Wey starred as "O" in Story of O - Chapter 2, written, directed and produced by Eric Rochat 
In 1992, a Brazilian miniseries in 10 episodes entitled A História de O starring Claudia Cepeda was written, directed and produced by Eric Rochat, who was the producer of the original 1975 movie 
In 2002, another version of O was released, called The Story of O: Untold Pleasures, with Danielle Ciardi playing the title character 

Comics
In 1975, it was adapted for comics by the Italian artist Guido Crepax  Both the original and Crepax's adaptation were parodied for comics in 2007 by Charles Alverson and John Linton Roberson 

Documentaries
Writer of O, a 2004 documentary film by Pola Rapaport, mixed interviews with re-enactments of certain scenes from the book  In the documentary, the real author of Story of O, Dominique Aury (actually a pen name of Anne Desclos), talks about the book A Girl in Love  This book was written about how Story of O was written 
A documentary was also made for BBC Radio 4 entitled The Story of O: The Vice Francaise, presented by Rowan Pelling, former editor of the Erotic Review, which looked at the history of the book and its author Anne Desclos 
Erotica: A Journey Into Female Sexuality, a documentary by filmmaker Maya Gallus, featured the final interview with 90-year-old Dominique Aury (a pen name of Story of O author Anne Desclos) before she died  In the film, she recounts the extraordinary love story behind Story of O and marvels that she has reached such a grand age 

Songs
The 2018 single "O" by the artist Shygirl is based on the book 

See also
1975 in film
Dominance and submission
Sadism and masochism in fiction
Story of O - Chapter 2
Venus in Furs
The Claiming of Sleeping Beauty
Fruits of Passion
Passage 5:
The Dice Man
The Dice Man is a 1971 novel by American novelist George Cockcroft, writing under the pen name "Luke Rhinehart"  The book tells the story of a psychiatrist who makes daily decisions based on the casting of a diсe  Cockcroft describes the origin of the title idea variously in interviews, once recalling a college "quirk" he and friends used to decide "what they were going to do that night" based on a die-roll, or sometimes to decide between mildly mischievous pranks  The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy user site describes the novel as a book that was viewed as subversive, as having "anti-psychiatry sentiment", and as "reflecting the mood of the early 1970s in permissiveness"  It has content that includes the protagonist's decisions to engage in rape and murder, and is described as having been "banned in several countries" At the time of its publication, "[i]t was not clear whether the book was fiction or autobiography", all the more because the protagonist and the alleged author were eponymous; both were described as having the same profession (psychiatry), and elements of the described lives of both (e g , places of residence, date of birth) were also in common; hence, curiosity over its authorship have persisted since its publication  Years later, in 1999, Emmanuel Carrère, writing for The Guardian, presented a long-form expose on Cockroft and the relationship between author and legend, disclosing him as a life-long English professor living "in an old farmhouse with a yard that slopes down to a duck pond", a husband of fifty-years, father of three, and a caregiver to a special-needs child On its initial publication, the cover bore the confident subheader, "Few novels can change your life  This one will"; in the United States this was altered to read, "This book will change your life"  The book quickly became, and remains thought of as, a cult classic  Writing in 2017 for The Guardian, Tanya Gold noted that "over the course of 45 years" it was still in print, had become famous, had devoted fans, and had "sold more than 2m copies in multiple languages"  As well, it has been republished a number of times  It initially sold poorly in the United States, but well in Europe, particularly England, Sweden, Denmark, and Spain  Cockroft continued themes of the book in two other novels, Adventures of Wim (1986) and The Search for the Dice Man (1993), and in a companion title, The Book of the Die (2000), none of which achieved the commercial success of The Dice Man 

Plot summary
As stated at the Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy user site:The book tells the story    of a psychologist named Luke [Rhinehart] who, feeling bored and unfulfilled in life, starts making decisions    based on a roll of a die  Along the way, there is sex, rape, murder, 'dice parties', breakouts by psychiatric patients, and various corporate and governmental machines being put into a spin  There is also a description of the cult that starts to develop around the man, and the psychological research he initiates, such as the 'F**k without Fear for Fun and Profit' programme 

Publishing history
ISBN 0-900735-00-7 - September 9, 1971
ISBN 0-246-11058-9 - July, 1978
ISBN 0-586-03765-9 - April 13, 1989
ISBN 0-87951-864-2 - July, 1998
ISBN 0-00-651390-5 - December 15, 1999
ISBN 0-00-716121-2 - April 7, 2003

In Pop Culture
British band The Fall based the song "Dice Man" (1979) on this novel 
British New Wave band Talk Talk wrote the song "Such A Shame" (1984) inspired by this novel 
British musician Richard D  James used the pseudonym The Dice Man for the track "Polygon Window" (1992) 

See also
"Flip Decision"
Yes Man (book)
Passage 6:
Colin Falconer (writer)
Colin Falconer (born 1953) is a pen name of Colin Bowles, who also uses the pen name Mark D'Abranville, an English-born Australian writer   Works published under the pen name include contemporary and historical thrillers, and children's books   Under his original name he has also published books of satirical fiction; non-fiction books about language; television and radio scripts; and many magazine articles and columns 

Biography
Born in North London, Bowles moved to Australia in his twenties and worked as a taxi driver and guitarist before joining an advertising agency  In 1984 he moved to Sydney to pursue a career as a writer 
He worked as a freelance journalist for various major magazines and wrote scripts for radio and television before becoming a full-time novelist in 1990  His books have been translated into 17 languages  He lived for many years near Dunsborough, Western Australia, where he and his late wife, Helen, raised two daughters  While writing, he also worked for many years in the volunteer ambulance service  He lives in Australia with his wife 

Awards
Novels by Colin Falconer
Falconer novels have an international audience  Harem (also published as The Sultan's Harem), the story of Suleiman the Magnificent, sold over 150,000 copies in Germany alone 

Harem (1993)
Aztec (1999)
Feathered Serpent (2002)
The Sultan's Harem (2004)
Silk Road (2011)
Anastasia (2012)
Isabella: Braveheart of France (2013)
East India (2014)
Nights in the Sun
Venom
Deathwatch (1991)
Fury
Opium
Triad
Dangerous
Disappeared
Rough Justice
The Certainty of Doing Evil
When We Were Gods
My Beautiful Spy
Pearls
Stairway to the Moon (sequel to Pearls)
Surfing Mr  Petrovic
Colossus
Stigmata
The Unkillable Kitty O'Kane (2017)
Lord of the Atlas (2022)

Works by Colin Bowles
These include:

Wit's Dictionary
G'day, Teach Yourself Australian
The Year We Seized the Day (2007, with Elizabeth Best)
"Flying Blind"
"Flying Hazzard"
Passage 7:
The Cuckoo Clock
The Cuckoo Clock is a British children's fantasy novel by Mary Louisa Molesworth, published in 1877 by Macmillan  It was originally published under the pen name Ennis Graham and reissued in 1882 as by Mrs  Molesworth, the name by which she is widely known  Both of those editions and many later ones were illustrated by Walter Crane; an 1893 uniform edition is available online at the University of Pennsylvania  An edition illustrated by Maria L  Kirk was published in 1914; it is available online at HathiTrust Digital Library 

Plot summary
A small child and a cuckoo from a cuckoo clock become unlikely friends  At night the clock transports her to magical places 

Genre and style
Her writing style is known to be very plain in context, and it has been criticized for this  But the plain text was most likely used so that the work was more accessible to children  Nothing she writes is too complicated for the readers, and there is an air of conversation in the text 

Themes
Love and friendship
Throughout the novel Griselda struggles with her new place of residence  She quickly finds that what she needs most is friendship  She finds these friends first in the Cuckoo, then her maids, and finally she finds a real friend in Master Phil  It is also realized at the end that throughout the novel her aunts have been showing her examples of real love all along 

Magic in fiction
This particular use of magic is through an enchanted object  The plot is furthered easily with the assumption that the object has no bounds of possibility  Children readers are also led to use their imagination to see all of the images the writer has concocted 

Sacrifices bring reward
Throughout the story Griselda struggles to finish her lessons during the day  The Cuckoo helps her to learn that with hard work there is eventually a reward  He rewards her greatly when she has improved in her lessons 

19th century children's literature
The second half of the 19th century is called the Golden age of children’s literature, because of the publication of so many notable stories that also appear in modern times  The fantasy novel for children was becoming very popular at this time  The Moral Didactic tale also continued with the popularity of the fantasy story  Often overlapping 

The didactic tale
The character of Griselda, has many interesting qualities  She is seen as a real child, who throws fits and is unhappy when she does not get her way  The Cuckoo, through these stories, teaches young Griselda how to control her feelings and urges  Learning the proper way to act is a major theme in many British children's books  Many books written in that age were meant for the betterment of the children reading them 

Critical reception
In the back of a copy of Mrs  Molesworth's The Tapestry Room there is a short review for The Cuckoo Clock:
"A beautiful little story    It will be read with delight by every child into whose hands it is placed    Ennis Graham deserves all that praise that has been, is, and will be, bestowed on The Cuckoo Clock  Children's stories are plentiful, but one like this not to be met with every day " –Pall Mall Gazette

Adaptation into animated film
Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer cartoon studio was adapted into animated short films titled The Cuckoo Clock that released in 1950 by Tex Avery  The story began, when the black cat scared the sound of the cuckoo clock 
Passage 8:
Jane Eyre
Jane Eyre ( AIR; originally published as Jane Eyre: An Autobiography) is a novel by the English writer Charlotte Brontë  It was published under her pen name "Currer Bell" on 19 October 1847 by Smith, Elder & Co  of London  The first American edition was published the following year by Harper & Brothers of New York  Jane Eyre is a Bildungsroman which follows the experiences of its eponymous heroine, including her growth to adulthood and her love for Mr Rochester, the brooding master of Thornfield Hall The novel revolutionised prose fiction by being the first to focus on its protagonist's moral and spiritual development through an intimate first-person narrative, where actions and events are coloured by a psychological intensity  Charlotte Brontë has been called the "first historian of the private consciousness", and the literary ancestor of writers like Marcel Proust and James Joyce The book contains elements of social criticism with a strong sense of Christian morality at its core, and it is considered by many to be ahead of its time because of Jane's individualistic character and how the novel approaches the topics of class, sexuality, religion, and feminism  It, along with Jane Austen's Pride and Prejudice, is one of the most famous romance novels 

Plot
Jane Eyre is divided into 38 chapters  It was originally published in three volumes in the 19th century, comprising chapters 1 to 15, 16 to 27, and 28 to 38 
The second edition was dedicated to William Makepeace Thackeray 
The novel is a first-person narrative from the perspective of the title character  Its setting is somewhere in the north of England, late in the reign of George III (1760–1820)  It has five distinct stages: Jane's childhood at Gateshead Hall, where she is emotionally and physically abused by her aunt and cousins; her education at Lowood School, where she gains friends and role models but suffers privations and oppression; her time as governess at Thornfield Hall, where she falls in love with her mysterious employer, Edward Fairfax Rochester; her time in the Moor House, during which her earnest but cold clergyman cousin, St John Rivers, proposes to her; and ultimately her reunion with, and marriage to, her beloved Rochester  Throughout these sections, it provides perspectives on a number of important social issues and ideas, many of which are critical of the status quo 
The five stages of Jane's life:

Gateshead Hall
Jane Eyre, aged 10, lives at Gateshead Hall with her maternal uncle's family, the Reeds, as a result of her uncle's dying wish  Jane was orphaned several years earlier when her parents died of typhus  Jane's uncle, Mr Reed, was the only one in the Reed family who was kind to Jane  Jane's aunt, Sarah Reed, dislikes her and treats her as a burden  Mrs Reed also discourages her three children from associating with Jane  As a result, Jane becomes defensive against her cruel judgement  The nursemaid, Bessie, proves to be Jane's only ally in the household, even though Bessie occasionally scolds Jane harshly  Excluded from the family activities, Jane lives an unhappy childhood 
One day, as punishment for defending herself against the bullying of her 14-year-old cousin John, the Reeds' only son, Jane is locked in the red room in which her late uncle had died; there, she faints from panic after she thinks she has seen his ghost  The red room is significant because it lays the grounds for the "ambiguous relationship between parents and children" which plays out in all of Jane's future relationships with male figures throughout the novel  She is subsequently attended to by the kindly apothecary Mr Lloyd to whom Jane reveals how unhappy she is living at Gateshead Hall  He recommends to Mrs Reed that Jane should be sent to school, an idea Mrs Reed happily supports  
Mrs Reed then enlists the aid of the harsh Mr Brocklehurst, who is the director of Lowood Institution, a charity school for girls, to enroll Jane  Mrs Reed cautions Mr Brocklehurst that Jane has a "tendency to deceit", which he interprets as Jane being a liar  Before Jane leaves, however, she confronts Mrs Reed and declares that she'll never call her "aunt" again  Jane also tells Mrs Reed and her daughters, Georgiana and Eliza, that they are the ones who are deceitful, and that she will tell everyone at Lowood how cruelly the Reeds treated her  Mrs Reed is hurt badly by these words, but does not have the courage or tenacity to show this 

Lowood Institution
At Lowood Institution, a school for poor and orphaned girls, Jane soon finds that life is harsh  She attempts to fit in and befriends an older girl, Helen Burns  During a class session, her new friend is criticised for her poor stance and dirty nails, and receives a lashing as a result  Later, Jane tells Helen that she could not have borne such public humiliation, but Helen philosophically tells her that it would be her duty to do so  Jane then tells Helen how badly she has been treated by Mrs Reed, but Helen tells her that she would be far happier if she did not bear grudges  
In due course, Mr Brocklehurst visits the school  While Jane is trying to make herself look inconspicuous, she accidentally drops her slate, thereby drawing attention to herself  She is then forced to stand on a stool, and is branded a sinner and a liar  Later, Miss Temple, the caring superintendent, facilitates Jane's self-defence and publicly clears her of any wrongdoing  Helen and Miss Temple are Jane's two main role models who positively guide her development, despite the harsh treatment she has received from many others 
The 80 pupils at Lowood are subjected to cold rooms, poor meals, and thin clothing  Many students fall ill when a typhus epidemic strikes; Helen dies of consumption in Jane's arms  When Mr Brocklehurst's maltreatment of the students is discovered, several benefactors erect a new building and install a sympathetic management committee to moderate Mr Brocklehurst's harsh rule  Conditions at the school then improve dramatically 

Thornfield Hall
After six years as a student and two as a teacher at Lowood, Jane decides to leave in pursuit of a new life, growing bored with her life at Lowood  Her friend and confidante, Miss Temple, also leaves after getting married  Jane advertises her services as a governess in a newspaper  The housekeeper at Thornfield Hall, Alice Fairfax, replies to Jane's advertisement  Jane takes the position, teaching Adèle Varens, a young French girl 
One night, while Jane is carrying a letter to the post from Thornfield, a horseman and dog pass her  The horse slips on ice and throws the rider  Despite the rider's surliness, Jane helps him get back onto his horse  Later, back at Thornfield, she learns that this man is Edward Rochester, master of the house  Adèle was left in his care when her mother, a famous dancer, abandoned her  It is not immediately apparent whether Adèle is Rochester's daughter or not 
At Jane's first meeting with Mr Rochester, he teases her, accusing her of bewitching his horse to make him fall  Jane stands up to his initially arrogant manner  Despite his strange behaviour, Mr Rochester and Jane soon come to enjoy each other's company, and they spend many evenings together 
Odd things start to happen at the house, such as a strange laugh being heard, a mysterious fire in Mr Rochester's room (from which Jane saves Rochester by rousing him and throwing water on him), and an attack on a house-guest named Mr Mason 
After Jane saves Mr Rochester from the fire, he thanks her tenderly and emotionally, and that night Jane feels strange emotions of her own towards him  The next day however he leaves unexpectedly for a distant party gathering, and several days later returns with the whole party, including the beautiful and talented Blanche Ingram  Just as she realises that she is in love with Mr Rochester, Jane sees that he and Blanche favour each other and starts to feel jealous, particularly because she also sees that Blanche is snobbish and heartless 
Jane then receives word that Mrs Reed has suffered a stroke and is calling for her  Jane returns to Gateshead Hall and remains there for a month to tend to her dying aunt  Mrs Reed confesses to Jane that she wronged her, bringing forth a letter from Jane's paternal uncle, Mr John Eyre, in which he asks for her to live with him and be his heir  Mrs Reed admits to telling Mr Eyre that Jane had died of fever at Lowood  Soon afterward, Mrs Reed dies, and Jane helps her cousins after the funeral before returning to Thornfield 
Back at Thornfield, Jane broods over Mr Rochester's rumoured impending marriage to Blanche Ingram  However, one midsummer evening, Rochester baits Jane by saying how much he will miss her after getting married and how she will soon forget him  The normally self-controlled Jane reveals her feelings for him  To her surprise, Rochester reciprocates, having courted Blanche only to make Jane jealous, and proposes marriage  Jane is at first skeptical of his sincerity, before accepting his proposal  She then writes to her Uncle John, telling him of her happy news 
As she prepares for her wedding, Jane's forebodings arise when a strange woman sneaks into her room one night and rips Jane's wedding veil in two  As with the previous mysterious events, Mr Rochester attributes the incident to Grace Poole, one of his servants  During the wedding ceremony, however, Mr Mason and a lawyer declare that Mr Rochester cannot marry because he is already married to Mr Mason's sister, Bertha  Mr Rochester admits this is true but explains that his father tricked him into the marriage for her money  Once they were united, he discovered that she was rapidly descending into congenital madness, and so he eventually locked her away in Thornfield, hiring Grace Poole as a nurse to look after her  When Grace gets drunk, Rochester's wife escapes and causes the strange happenings at Thornfield 
It turns out that Jane's uncle, Mr John Eyre, is a friend of Mr Mason's and was visited by him soon after Mr Eyre received Jane's letter about her impending marriage  After the marriage ceremony is broken off, Mr Rochester asks Jane to go with him to the south of France and live with him as husband and wife, even though they cannot be married  Jane is tempted but realises that she will lose herself and her integrity if she allows her passion for a married man to consume her, and she must stay true to her Christian values and beliefs  Refusing to go against her principles, and despite her love for Rochester, Jane leaves Thornfield Hall at dawn before anyone else is up 

Moor House
Jane travels as far from Thornfield Hall as she can using the little money she had previously saved  She accidentally leaves her bundle of possessions on the coach and is forced to sleep on the moor  She unsuccessfully attempts to trade her handkerchief and gloves for food  Exhausted and starving, she eventually makes her way to the home of Diana and Mary Rivers but is turned away by the housekeeper  She collapses on the doorstep, preparing for her death  Clergyman St John Rivers, Diana and Mary's brother, rescues her  After Jane regains her health, St John finds her a teaching position at a nearby village school  Jane becomes good friends with the sisters, but St John remains aloof 
The sisters leave for governess jobs, and St John becomes slightly closer to Jane  St John learns Jane's true identity and astounds her by telling her that her uncle, John Eyre, has died and left her his entire fortune of 20,000 pounds (equivalent to US $2 24 million in 2022)  When Jane questions him further, St John reveals that John Eyre is also his and his sisters' uncle  They had once hoped for a share of the inheritance but were left virtually nothing  Jane, overjoyed by finding that she has living and friendly family members, insists on sharing the money equally with her cousins, and Diana and Mary come back to live at Moor House 

Proposals
Thinking that the pious and conscientious Jane will make a suitable missionary's wife, St John asks her to marry him and to go with him to India, not out of love, but out of duty  Jane initially accepts going to India but rejects the marriage proposal, suggesting they travel as brother and sister  As Jane's resolve against marriage to St John begins to weaken, she seems to hear Mr Rochester's voice calling her name  Jane then returns to Thornfield Hall to see if Rochester is all right, only to find blackened ruins  She learns that Rochester sent Mrs Fairfax into retirement and Adèle to school a few months following her departure  Shortly afterwards, his wife set the house on fire and died after jumping from the roof  While saving the servants and attempting to rescue his wife, Rochester lost a hand and his eyesight  
Jane reunites with Rochester, and he is overjoyed at her return, but fears that she will be repulsed by his condition  "Am I hideous, Jane?", he asks  "Very, sir; you always were, you know", she replies  Now a humbled man, Rochester vows to live a purer life, and reveals that he has intensely pined for Jane ever since she left  He had even called out her name in despair one night, the very call that she heard from Moor House, and heard her reply from miles away, signifying the connection between them  Jane asserts herself as a financially independent woman and assures him of her love, declaring that she will never leave him  Rochester proposes again, and they are married  They live blissfully together in an old house in the woods called Ferndean Manor  The couple stay in touch with Adèle as she grows up, as well as Diana and Mary, who each gain loving husbands of their own  St John moves to India to accomplish his missionary goals, but is implied to have fallen gravely ill there  Rochester regains sight in one eye two years after his and Jane's marriage, enabling him to see their newborn son 

Major characters
In order of first line of dialogue:

Chapter 1
Jane Eyre: The novel's narrator and protagonist, she eventually becomes the second wife of Edward Rochester  Orphaned as a baby, Jane struggles through her nearly loveless childhood and becomes a governess at Thornfield Hall  Small and facially plain, Jane is passionate and strongly principled and values freedom and independence  She also has a strong conscience and is a determined Christian  She is ten at the beginning of the novel, and nineteen or twenty at the end of the main narrative  As the final chapter of the novel states that she has been married to Edward Rochester for ten years, she is approximately thirty at its completion 
Mrs Sarah Reed (née Gibson): Jane's maternal aunt by marriage, who reluctantly adopted Jane in accordance with her late husband's wishes  According to Mrs Reed, he pitied Jane and often cared for her more than for his own children  Mrs Reed's resentment leads her to abuse and neglect the girl  She lies to Mr Brocklehurst about Jane's tendency to lie, preparing him to be severe with Jane when she arrives at Brocklehurst's Lowood School 
John Reed: Jane's fourteen-year-old first cousin who bullies her incessantly and violently, sometimes in his mother's presence  Addicted to food and sweets, causing him ill health and bad complexion  John eventually ruins himself as an adult by drinking and gambling and is rumoured to have committed suicide 
Eliza Reed: Jane's thirteen-year-old first cousin  Envious of her more attractive younger sister and a slave to a rigid routine, she self-righteously devotes herself to religion  She leaves for a nunnery near Lisle (France) after her mother's death, determined to estrange herself from her sister 
Georgiana Reed: Jane's eleven-year-old first cousin  Although beautiful and indulged, she is insolent and spiteful  Her elder sister Eliza foils Georgiana's marriage to the wealthy Lord Edwin Vere when the couple is about to elope  Georgiana eventually marries a "wealthy worn-out man of fashion "
Bessie Lee: The nursemaid at Gateshead Hall  She often treats Jane kindly, telling her stories and singing her songs, but she has a quick temper  Later, she marries Robert Leaven with whom she has three children 
Miss Martha Abbot: Mrs Reed's maid at Gateshead Hall  She is unkind to Jane and tells Jane she has less right to be at Gateshead than a servant does 

Chapter 3
Mr Lloyd: A compassionate apothecary who recommends that Jane be sent to school  Later, he writes a letter to Miss Temple confirming Jane's account of her childhood and thereby clears Jane of Mrs Reed's charge of lying 

Chapter 4
Mr Brocklehurst: The clergyman, director, and treasurer of Lowood School, whose maltreatment of the pupils is eventually exposed  A religious traditionalist, he advocates for his charges the most harsh, plain, and disciplined possible lifestyle, but, hypocritically, not for himself and his own family  His second daughter, Augusta, exclaimed, "Oh, dear papa, how quiet and plain all the girls at Lowood look… they looked at my dress and mama's, as if they had never seen a silk gown before "

Chapter 5
Miss Maria Temple: The kind superintendent of Lowood School, who treats the pupils with respect and compassion  She helps clear Jane of Mr Brocklehurst's false accusation of deceit and cares for Helen in her last days  Eventually, she marries Reverend Naysmith 
Miss Scatcherd: A sour and strict teacher at Lowood  She constantly punishes Helen Burns for her untidiness but fails to see Helen's substantial good points 
Helen Burns: Jane's best friend at Lowood School  She refuses to hate those who abuse her, trusts in God, and prays for peace one day in heaven  She teaches Jane to trust Christianity and dies of consumption in Jane's arms  Elizabeth Gaskell, in her biography of the Brontë sisters, wrote that Helen Burns was 'an exact transcript' of Maria Brontë, who died of consumption at age 11 

Chapter 11
Mrs Alice Fairfax: The elderly, kind widow and the housekeeper of Thornfield Hall; distantly related to the Rochesters 
Adèle Varens: An excitable French child to whom Jane is a governess at Thornfield Hall  Adèle's mother was a dancer named Céline  She was Mr Rochester's mistress and claimed that Adèle was Mr Rochester's daughter, though he refuses to believe it due to Céline's unfaithfulness and Adèle's apparent lack of resemblance to him  Adèle seems to believe that her mother is dead (she tells Jane in chapter 11, "I lived long ago with mamma, but she is gone to the Holy Virgin")  Mr Rochester later tells Jane that Céline actually abandoned Adèle and "ran away to Italy with a musician or singer" (ch  15)  Adèle and Jane develop a strong liking for one another, and although Mr Rochester places Adèle in a strict school after Jane flees Thornfield Hall, Jane visits Adèle after her return and finds a better, less severe school for her  When Adèle is old enough to leave school, Jane describes her as "a pleasing and obliging companion—docile, good-tempered and well-principled", and considers her kindness to Adèle well repaid 
Grace Poole: "…a woman of between thirty and forty; a set, square-made figure, red-haired, and with a hard, plain face…" Mr Rochester pays her a very high salary to keep his mad wife, Bertha, hidden and quiet  Grace is often used as an explanation for odd happenings at the house such as strange laughter that was heard not long after Jane arrived  She has a weakness for drinking that occasionally allows Bertha to escape 

Chapter 12
Edward Fairfax Rochester: The master of Thornfield Hall  A Byronic hero, he has a face "dark, strong, and stern " He married Bertha Mason years before the novel begins 
Leah: The housemaid at Thornfield Hall 

Chapter 17
Blanche Ingram: Young socialite whom Mr Rochester plans to marry  Though possessing great beauty and talent, she treats social inferiors, Jane in particular, with undisguised contempt  Mr Rochester exposes her and her mother's mercenary motivations when he puts out a rumour that he is far less wealthy than they imagine 

Chapter 18
Richard Mason: An Englishman whose arrival at Thornfield Hall from the West Indies unsettles Mr Rochester  He is the brother of Rochester's first wife, the woman in the attic, and still cares for his sister's well-being  During the wedding ceremony of Jane and Mr Rochester, he exposes the bigamous nature of the marriage 

Chapter 21
Robert Leaven: The coachman at Gateshead Hall, who brings Jane the news of the death of the dissolute John Reed, an event which has brought on Mrs Reed's stroke  He informs her of Mrs Reed's wish to see Jane before she dies 

Chapter 26
Bertha Antoinetta Mason: The first wife of Edward Rochester  After their wedding, her mental health began to deteriorate, and she is now violent and in a state of intense derangement, apparently unable to speak or go into society  Mr Rochester, who insists that he was tricked into the marriage by a family who knew Bertha was likely to develop this condition, has kept Bertha locked in the attic at Thornfield Hall for years  She is supervised and cared for by Grace Poole, whose drinking sometimes allows Bertha to escape  After Richard Mason stops Jane and Mr Rochester's wedding, Rochester finally introduces Jane to Bertha: "In the deep shade, at the farther end of the room, a figure ran backwards and forwards  What it was, whether beast or human being, one could not, at first sight, tell… it snatched and growled like some strange wild animal: but it was covered with clothing, and a quantity of dark, grizzled hair, wild as a mane, hid its head and face " Eventually, Bertha sets fire to Thornfield Hall and throws herself to her death from the roof  Bertha is viewed as Jane's "double": Jane is pious and just, while Bertha is savage and animalistic  Though her race is never mentioned, it is sometimes conjectured that she was of mixed race  Rochester suggests that Bertha's parents wanted her to marry him, because he was of "good race", implying that she was not pure white, while he was  There are also references to her "dark" hair and "discoloured" and "black" face  A number of writers during the Victorian period suggested that madness could result from a racially "impure" lineage, compounded by growing up in a tropical West Indian climate 

Chapter 28
Diana and Mary Rivers: Sisters in a remote moors house who take Jane in when she is hungry and friendless, having left Thornfield Hall without making any arrangements for herself  Financially poor but intellectually curious, the sisters are deeply engrossed in reading the evening Jane appears at their door  Eventually, they are revealed to be Jane's cousins  They want Jane to marry their stern clergyman brother so that he will stay in England rather than journey to India as a missionary  Diana marries naval Captain Fitzjames, and Mary marries clergyman Mr Wharton  The sisters remain close to Jane and visit her and Rochester every year 
Hannah: The kindly housekeeper at the Rivers home; "…comparable with the Brontës' well-loved servant, Tabitha Aykroyd "
St John Eyre Rivers: A handsome, though severe and serious, clergyman who befriends Jane and turns out to be her cousin  St John is thoroughly practical and suppresses all of his human passions and emotions, particularly his love for the beautiful and cheerful heiress Rosamond Oliver, in favour of good works  He wants Jane to marry him and serve as his assistant on his missionary journey to India  After Jane rejects his proposal, St John goes to India unmarried 

Chapter 32
Rosamond Oliver: A beautiful, kindly, wealthy, but rather simple young woman, and the patron of the village school where Jane teaches  Rosamond is in love with St John, but he refuses to declare his love for her because she wouldn't be suitable as a missionary's wife  She eventually becomes engaged to the respected and wealthy Mr Granby 
Mr Oliver: Rosamond Oliver's wealthy father, who owns a foundry and needle factory in the district  "…a tall, massive-featured, middle-aged, and grey-headed man, at whose side his lovely daughter looked like a bright flower near a hoary turret " He is a kind and charitable man, and he is fond of St John 

Context
The early sequences, in which Jane is sent to Lowood, a harsh boarding school, are derived from the author's own experiences  Helen Burns's death from tuberculosis (referred to as consumption) recalls the deaths of Charlotte Brontë's sisters, Elizabeth and Maria, who died of the disease in childhood as a result of the conditions at their school, the Clergy Daughters School at Cowan Bridge, near Tunstall, Lancashire  Mr Brocklehurst is based on Rev  William Carus Wilson (1791–1859), the Evangelical minister who ran the school  Additionally, John Reed's decline into alcoholism and dissolution recalls the life of Charlotte's brother Branwell, who became an opium and alcohol addict in the years preceding his death  Finally, like Jane, Charlotte became a governess  These facts were revealed to the public in The Life of Charlotte Brontë (1857) by Charlotte's friend and fellow novelist Elizabeth Gaskell The Gothic manor of Thornfield Hall was probably inspired by North Lees Hall, near Hathersage in the Peak District in Derbyshire  This was visited by Charlotte Brontë and her friend Ellen Nussey in the summer of 1845, and is described by the latter in a letter dated 22 July 1845  It was the residence of the Eyre family, and its first owner, Agnes Ashurst, was reputedly confined as a lunatic in a padded second floor room  It has been suggested that the Wycoller Hall in Lancashire, close to Haworth, provided the setting for Ferndean Manor to which Mr Rochester retreats after the fire at Thornfield: there are similarities between the owner of Ferndean—Mr Rochester's father—and Henry Cunliffe, who inherited Wycoller in the 1770s and lived there until his death in 1818; one of Cunliffe's relatives was named Elizabeth Eyre (née Cunliffe)  The sequence in which Mr Rochester's wife sets fire to the bed curtains was prepared in an August 1830 homemade publication of Brontë's The Young Men's Magazine, Number 2  Charlotte Brontë began composing Jane Eyre in Manchester, and she likely envisioned Manchester Cathedral churchyard as the burial place for Jane's parents and Manchester as the birthplace of Jane herself 

Adaptations and influence
The novel has been adapted into a number of other forms, including theatre, film, television, and at least two full-length operas  The novel has also been the subject of a number of significant rewritings and related interpretations, notably Jean Rhys's seminal 1966 novel Wide Sargasso Sea 

Reception
Contemporary reviews
Jane Eyre's initial reception contrasts starkly to its reputation today  In 1848, Elizabeth Rigby (later Elizabeth Eastlake), reviewing Jane Eyre in The Quarterly Review, found it "pre-eminently an anti-Christian composition," declaring: "We do not hesitate to say that the tone of mind and thought which has overthrown authority and violated every code human and divine abroad, and fostered Chartism and rebellion at home, is the same which has also written Jane Eyre "An anonymous review in The Mirror of Literature, Amusement, and Instruction writes of "the extraordinary daring of the writer of Jane Eyre"; however, the review is mostly critical, summarising: "There is not a single natural character throughout the work  Everybody moves on stilts—the opinions are bad—the notions absurd  Religion is stabbed in the dark—our social distinctions attempted to be levelled, and all absurdly moral notions done away with "There were some who felt more positive about the novel contemporaneously  George Henry Lewes said, "It reads like a page out of one’s own life; and so do many other pages in the book " Another critic from the Atlas wrote, "It is full of youthful vigour, of freshness and originality, of nervous diction and concentrated interest    It is a book to make the pulses gallop and the heart beat, and to fill the eyes with tears "A review in The Era praised the novel, calling it "an extraordinary book", observing that "there is much to ponder over, rejoice over, and weep over, in its ably-written pages  Much of the heart laid bare, and the mind explored; much of greatness in affliction, and littleness in the ascendant; much of trial and temptation, of fortitude and resignation, of sound sense and Christianity—but no tameness "The People's Journal compliments the novel's vigour, stating that "the reader never tires, never sleeps: the swell and tide of an affluent existence, an irresistible energy, bears him onward, from first to last  It is impossible to deny that the author possesses native power in an uncommon degree—showing itself now in rapid headlong recital, now in stern, fierce, daring dashes in portraiture—anon in subtle, startling mental anatomy—here in a grand illusion, there in an original metaphor—again in a wild gush of genuine poetry "American publication The Nineteenth Century defended the novel against accusations of immorality, describing it as "a work which has produced a decided sensation in this country and in England    Jane Eyre has made its mark upon the age, and even palsied the talons of mercenary criticism  Yes, critics hired to abuse or panegyrize, at so much per line, have felt a throb of human feeling pervade their veins, at the perusal of Jane Eyre  This is extraordinary—almost preternatural—smacking strongly of the miraculous—and yet it is true    We have seen Jane Eyre put down, as a work of gross immorality, and its author described as the very incarnation of sensualism  To any one, who has read the work, this may look ridiculous, and yet it is true "The Indicator, concerning speculation regarding the gender of the author, wrote, "We doubt not it will soon cease to be a secret; but on one assertion we are willing to risk our critical reputation—and that is, that no woman wrote it  This was our decided conviction at the first perusal, and a somewhat careful study of the work has strengthened it  No woman in all the annals of feminine celebrity ever wrote such a style, terse yet eloquent, and filled with energy bordering sometimes almost on rudeness: no woman ever conceived such masculine characters as those portrayed here "

Twentieth century
Literary critic Jerome Beaty believed the close first-person perspective leaves the reader "too uncritically accepting of her worldview", and often leads reading and conversation about the novel towards supporting Jane, regardless of how irregular her ideas or perspectives are In 2003, the novel was ranked number 10 in the BBC's survey The Big Read 

Romance genre
Before the Victorian era, Jane Austen wrote literary fiction that influenced later popular fiction, as did the work of the Brontë sisters produced in the 1840s  Brontë's love romance incorporates elements of both the gothic novel and Elizabethan drama, and "demonstrate[s] the flexibility of the romance novel form "

Themes
Race
Throughout the novel there are frequent themes relating to ideas of ethnicity (specifically that of Bertha), which are a reflection of the society that the novel is set within  Mr Rochester claims to have been forced to take on a "mad" Creole wife, a woman who grew up in the West Indies, and who is thought to be of mixed-race descent  In the analysis of several scholars, Bertha plays the role of the racialised "other" through the shared belief that she chose to follow in the footsteps of her parents  Her alcoholism and apparent mental instability cast her as someone who is incapable of restraining herself, almost forced to submit to the different vices she is a victim of  Many writers of the period believed that one could develop mental instability or mental illnesses simply based on their race This means that those who were born of ethnicities associated with a darker complexion, or those who were not fully of European descent, were believed to be more mentally unstable than their white European counterparts were  According to American scholar Susan Meyer, in writing Jane Eyre Brontë was responding to the "seemingly inevitable" analogy in 19th-century European texts which "[compared] white women with blacks in order to degrade both groups and assert the need for white male control"  Bertha serves as an example of both the multiracial population and of a ‘clean’ European, as she is seemingly able to pass as a white woman for the most part, but also is hinted towards being of an ‘impure’ race since she does not come from a purely white or European lineage  The title that she is given by others of being a Creole woman leaves her a stranger where she is not black but is also not considered to be white enough to fit into higher society Unlike Bertha, Jane Eyre is thought of as being sound of mind before the reader is able to fully understand the character, simply because she is described as having a complexion that is pale and she has grown up in a European society rather than in an "animalistic" setting like Bertha  Jane is favoured heavily from the start of her interactions with Rochester, simply because like Rochester himself, she is deemed to be of a superior ethnic group than that of his first wife  While she still experiences some forms of repression throughout her life (the events of the Lowood Institution) none of them are as heavily taxing on her as that which is experienced by Bertha  Both women go through acts of suppression on behalf of the men in their lives, yet Jane is looked at with favour because of her supposed "beauty" that can be found in the colour of her skin  While both are characterised as falling outside of the normal feminine standards of this time, Jane is thought of as superior to Bertha because she demands respect and is able to use her talents as a governess, whereas Bertha is seen as a creature to be confined in the attic away from "polite" society 

Wide Sargasso Sea
Jean Rhys intended her critically acclaimed novel Wide Sargasso Sea as an account of the woman whom Rochester married and kept in his attic  The book won the notable WH Smith Literary Award in 1967  Rhys explores themes of dominance and dependence, especially in marriage, depicting the mutually painful relationship between a privileged English man and a Creole woman from Dominica made powerless on being duped and coerced by him and others  Both the man and the woman enter marriage under mistaken assumptions about the other partner  Her female lead marries Mr Rochester and deteriorates in England as "The Madwoman in the Attic"  Rhys portrays this woman from a quite different perspective from the one in Jane Eyre 

Feminism
The idea of the equality of men and women emerged more strongly in the Victorian period in Britain, after works by earlier writers, such as Mary Wollstonecraft  R  B  Martin described Jane Eyre as the first major feminist novel, "although there is not a hint in the book of any desire for political, legal, educational, or even intellectual equality between the sexes " This is illustrated in chapter 23, when Jane responds to Rochester's callous and indirect proposal:

Do you think I am an automaton? a machine without feelings?   Do you think, because I am poor, obscure, plain, and little, I am soulless and heartless? You think wrong—I have as much soul as you,—and full as much heart   I am not talking to you now through the medium of custom, conventionalities, nor even of mortal flesh;—it is my spirit that addresses your spirit; just as if both had passed through the grave, and we stood at God's feet, equal,—as we are The novel "acted as a catalyst" to feminist criticism with the publication by S  Gilbert and S  Gubar's The Madwoman in the Attic (1979), the title of which alludes to Rochester's wife  The Brontës' fictions were cited by feminist critic Ellen Moers as prime examples of Female Gothic, exploring woman's entrapment within domestic space and subjection to patriarchal authority, and the transgressive and dangerous attempts to subvert and escape such restriction  Both Wuthering Heights and Jane Eyre explore this theme 

Notes
Passage 9:
Aunt Jane's Nieces
Aunt Jane's Nieces is the title of a juvenile novel published by Reilly & Britton in 1906, and written by L  Frank Baum under the pen name "Edith Van Dyne " Since the book was the first in a series of novels designed for adolescent girls, its title was applied to the entire series of ten books, published between 1906 and 1918 

Inception
The book and the series were designed to appeal to the same audience as Louisa May Alcott's Little Women and Little Men  This was expressly stipulated in Baum's contract with Reilly & Britton, which stated:

Baum shall deliver to the Reilly and Britton Co  on or before March 1, 1906, the manuscript of a book for young girls on the style of the Louisa M  Alcott stories, but not so good, the authorship to be ascribed to "Ida May McFarland," or to "Ethel Lynne" or some other mythological female 

Plot
Jane Merrick is a wealthy, elderly, difficult invalid woman who is preparing for her approaching death  In her youth, she inherited her money and estate from her fiancé, Thomas Bradley, who died before their wedding took place  With no children of her own, she calls for her three teenage nieces to visit her, so she can decide who will inherit her estate  They are Louise Merrick, Elizabeth De Graf, and Patsy Doyle, children of Jane's younger brother and sisters 
Louise, seventeen years old, was small when her father died after struggling and failing to succeed in business  Aunt Jane refused his request for financial assistance  He left only his life insurance money, and Louise and her mother lived cheaply on the proceeds for years  However, they developed a plan to improve their lot  They decided to spend the entire principle of their funds on a three-year spree of fancy living to gain Louise an entrance into society, with a goal of finding a suitable husband to support them 
Beth, fifteen, has two parents who can barely make ends meet, living under a tightly stretched budget  Aunt Jane refused a request for money from Beth's father just the previous year, and Beth cannot even trust him with her own money  Beth is a brooding small-town beauty, given to sullenness 
Sixteen-year-old Patsy manages and dotes on her Irish father after the death of her mother  Aunt Jane refused the only plea this sister ever made, for a loan to pay for medical care that might have saved her life  Patsy is a temperamental redhead who resents Aunt Jane's past neglect and determines to have nothing to do with the old woman's money 
The nieces visit Aunt Jane  (Patsy resists at first, but the willful Aunt Jane sends her lawyer to fetch the girl ) The three cousins display their contrasting traits: Louise, sweet but manipulative; Beth, her bluntness tinged with bitterness; and Patsy, forthright and gifted with a natural integrity  Patsy quickly takes herself out of the running for Aunt Jane's fortune, refusing to have any part of it  Yet the old woman takes a liking to the girl, precisely for her vigor, candor, and stubbornness 
Beth finds Aunt Jane distasteful, but makes friends with the servants  Louise insists on "nursing" Aunt Jane, and showers her with gushing affection that Jane finds insincere but hard to resist  Patsy, having declared she does not want the money, visits Aunt Jane's room when she wishes, with an independence which pleases the invalid considerably 
Living on the estate is Jane's dead fiancé's nephew, Kenneth Forbes, who was born long after Thomas Bradley died  As charged in the will, Jane has provided for him since his mother died eight years previously, but despises him, putting him in a room in a distant wing of the house, and never dining with him  The humiliated and neglected boy has become sullen, shy and awkward  Despite his lessons, he seems ignorant, but has nowhere else to go, as Jane will not pay for better education for him  Kenneth's only supporter is Jane's lawyer, Silas Watson, who sees glimmers of Kenneth's possibilities and tries to convince Jane to do him justice  Kenneth is beginning to show some abilities at drawing, but does not think anything of his skill 
Aunt Jane has several servants, but the most unusual is James, the gardener, who loves the flowers as much as she does  He was with Thomas Bradley when he died, which traumatized him so badly that he rarely speaks 
Aunt Jane is also visited in her final days by her long-lost older brother, the girls' Uncle John  He dresses shabbily, and is presumed to be down and out; his sister gives him a place to stay  Uncle John exhibits the honesty, kindness and good sense that are lacking in most of the family  He befriends everyone, including poor Kenneth, in whom he takes a genuine interest 
The nieces gradually learn to accommodate themselves to their contrasting personalities  An incident electrifies the family: Beth and Louise have routinely been teasing Kenneth, causing him to flee the house via a plank stretched from the rooftop to a tree  When Patsy comes to see him about a horse, he runs for his escape, but falls off the edge  In full view of her aunt, she heroically pulls him up and saves him, but loses her balance and falls to the ground, breaking a leg 
This accident brings the young people together, breaking down the barriers between them  Kenneth learns to socialize with the girls and overcome his shyness, and the nieces begin to enjoy each other's company  Kenneth receives a mysterious gift of drawing materials, and begins to show his work to the girls  However, Jane's health continues to deteriorate, and she decides to make a will leaving the bulk of the estate to Patsy  Patsy refuses, and insists Jane should leave the estate to Kenneth  After fighting over this for many days, Jane pretends to give in to Patsy, but secretly invalidates the new will 
A short while later Jane passes away in the garden, and poor gardener James is the unlucky one who finds her  He runs shrieking away, to hide in his room for days 
The inheritance drama comes to a head over not one last will and testament, but three  After the funeral, Silas Watson opens the envelope containing the last will, and discovers that Jane has torn off the signatures and voided it  Her previous will, leaving the estate to Patsy with token amounts to the others, comes into effect  Patsy pledges to give the estate to Kenneth when she comes of age, and to increase her cousin's cash portions 
The group is suddenly called to James' room, where he lies dying after being kicked by a horse  This has shocked him into his right mind for the first time since Thomas Bradley's death years ago  He tells them about the accident, and how he drew the grievously injured man from the wreck  He explains that "Master Tom" demanded paper to make out a new will  The conductor and James both signed it to make it legal  However, the dying James does not recognize the people around him, who look so old to his now-young brain, and refuses to give them the will  He dies, and Watson and Uncle John search the room and find it  In the hasty will, Thomas bequeathed to Jane the use of his estate during her lifetime, after which it should revert to his sister and her descendants  In other words, Jane had no ability to will anything to anyone, and Kenneth is the sole rightful heir 
When this is announced, the group is shocked  There are no cash bequests to anyone – the fortune is all Kenneth's  The girls decide to go home; since Uncle John seems homeless, Patsy invites him to move in with her and her father 
Back in New York, Uncle John is quietly bemused by their poor apartment and his bed on the sofa  When they leave for work, he slips into an uptown banker's office where he meets with important people who treat him deferentially  After a week, Patsy receives her first surprise from an unknown benefactor – keys to a lovely furnished apartment provided free for at least three years  When they nervously visit it, they discover it has been fitted out completely, and a maid rings the bell reporting for duty, all her wages prepaid 
While Patsy and her father retrieve their things from the old apartment, Uncle John makes a quick visit to Louise and her mother, who treat him coldly  He leaves, embarrassed, but in the distance Louise's banker neighbor points him out: "he's worth from eighty to ninety millions, at least, and controls most of the canning and tin-plate industries of America "Patsy is concerned about the apartment, but Uncle John says, "There is nothing too good for a brave, honest girl who's [sic] heart is in the right place " Subsequently, Patsy reports for work and is told she's been fired  When she returns home, she finds a lady waiting to tutor her, to prepare her for women's college  That afternoon, to her delight, a piano teacher arrives  In the meantime, her father is informed that his firm's bankers would like to employ him, in a job that requires very few hours and pays a generous sum  Days later, he encounters Uncle John at the bank conducting his business, and learns the truth  At home, John points out that they all assumed he was poor, and he simply did not correct them  He promises to give the use of substantial money to both of the other girls' families, which can then be left to the nieces, so that they will not be in need 
Uncle John asks if he can continue to stay with Patsy and her father  She says, "I never meant to part with you, when I thought you poor, and I'll not desert you now that I know you're rich "

Criticism
The novel "is genuinely original and interesting  It focuses on three adolescent girls, two of whom combine basic good character with ugly traits not usually found in fiction for young girls  Baum starts with a trite situation that could occasion prosy moralizing   and gives it several original twists "

The series
The rest of the novels in the series feature travel, adventures, accidents, a kidnapping and rescue, romances, and a marriage for Louise  The final novel, Aunt Jane's Nieces in the Red Cross, was originally published in 1915, when the United States was still neutral in World War I; the nieces treat the wounded of both sides, and express the hope that the War will soon be over  The publisher issued a revised edition in 1918, with a darker treatment of the subject 
Aunt Jane's Nieces, 1906 (2005)
Aunt Jane's Nieces Abroad, 1907 (2007)
Aunt Jane's Nieces at Millville, 1908 (2005)
Aunt Jane's Nieces at Work, 1909 (2005)
Aunt Jane's Nieces in Society, 1910 (2005)
Aunt Jane's Nieces and Uncle John, 1911 (2005)
Aunt Jane's Nieces on Vacation, 1912 (2005)
Aunt Jane's Nieces on the Ranch, 1913
Aunt Jane's Nieces Out West, 1914 (2005)
Aunt Jane's Nieces in the Red Cross, 1915/1918 (2006)In the original editions, each book had a cover illustration and a frontispiece  The first eight volumes in the series were illustrated by Emile A  Nelson, and the ninth by James McCracken  The tenth was illustrated by Norman P  Hall, who had contributed one picture to Baum's 1901 collection American Fairy Tales 
(The Edith Van Dyne pseudonym was also used for other Baum works, the two Flying Girl books of 1911–12, and his Mary Louise stories of 1916–20 )

Popular success
In their era, the Aunt Jane's Nieces books were as successful with their target audience as the Oz books were with younger children  In 1911 the six titles then in print sold 22,569 copies  Indeed, toward the end of Baum's life they outsold the Oz books  (The books were popular as grammar-school graduation gifts for girls ) After the 1920s the books were largely forgotten for the rest of the century, except for Baum enthusiasts and a small but growing coterie of Baum scholars  By the turn of the 21st century, however, the trend of re-evaluation and re-publication of Baum's works reached the series: nine of the ten books were reprinted between 2005 and 2007 



ground_truth: "Currer Bell"

prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: Which is farther north, Steel Venom or Wicked Twister?

The following are given passages.
Context 4:  Using common crops, which are generally well-studied, as bioindicators can be used to effectively test the quality of an urban farming plot before beginning planting 

Noise pollution
Large amounts of noise pollution not only lead to lower property values and high frustration, they can be damaging to human hearing and health  The study "Noise exposure and public health" found that exposure to continual noise is a public health problem  Examples of the detriment of continual noise on humans to include: "hearing impairment, hypertension and ischemic heart disease, annoyance, sleep disturbance, and decreased school performance " Since most roofs or vacant lots consist of hard flat surfaces that reflect sound waves instead of absorbing them, adding plants that can absorb these waves has the potential to lead to a vast reduction in noise pollution 

Nutrition and quality of food
Daily intake of a variety of fruits and vegetables is linked to a decreased risk of chronic diseases including diabetes, heart disease, and cancer  Urban agriculture is associated with increased consumption of fruits and vegetables which decreases risk for disease and can be a cost-effective way to provide citizens with quality, fresh produce in urban settings Produce from urban gardens can be perceived to be more flavorful and desirable than store bought produce which may also lead to a wider acceptance and higher intake  A Flint, Michigan study found that those participating in community gardens consumed fruits and vegetables 1 4 times more per day and were 3 5 times more likely to consume fruits or vegetables at least 5 times daily (p  1)   Garden-based education can also yield nutritional benefits in children  An Idaho study reported a positive association between school gardens and increased intake of fruit, vegetables, vitamin A, vitamin C and fiber among sixth graders  Harvesting fruits and vegetables initiates the enzymatic process of nutrient degradation which is especially detrimental to water soluble vitamins such as ascorbic acid and thiamin  The process of blanching produce in order to freeze or can reduce nutrient content slightly, but not nearly as much as the amount of time spent in storage  Harvesting produce from one's own community garden cuts back on storage times significantly 
Urban agriculture also provides quality nutrition for low-income households  Studies show that every $1 invested in a community garden yields $6 worth of vegetables if labor is not considered a factor in investment  Many urban gardens reduce the strain on food banks and other emergency food providers by donating shares of their harvest and providing fresh produce in areas that otherwise might be food deserts  The supplemental nutrition program Women, Infants and Children (WIC) as well as the Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP) have partnered with several urban gardens nationwide to improve the accessibility to produce in exchange for a few hours of volunteer gardening work Urban farming has been shown to increase health outcomes  Gardeners consume twice as much fruit and vegetables than non-gardeners  Levels of physical activity are also positively associated with urban farming  These results are seen indirectly and can be supported by the social involvement in an individual's community as a member of the community farm  This social involvement helped raise the aesthetic appeal of the neighborhood, boosting the motivation or efficacy of the community as a whole  This increased efficacy was shown to increase neighborhood attachment  Therefore, the positive health outcomes of urban farming can be explained in part by interpersonal and social factors that boost health  Focusing on improving the aesthetics and community relationships and not only on the plant yield, is the best way to maximize the positive effect of urban farms on a neighborhood 

Economy of scale
Using high-density urban farming  with vertical farms or stacked greenhouses, many environmental benefits can be achieved on a citywide scale that would be impossible otherwise  These systems do not only provide food, but also produce potable water from waste water, and can recycle organic waste back to energy and nutrients  At the same time, they can reduce food-related transportation to a minimum while providing fresh food for large communities in almost any climate 

Health inequalities and food justice
A 2009 report by the USDA determined that "evidence is both abundant and robust enough for us to conclude that Americans living in low-income and minority areas tend to have poor access to healthy food", and that the "structural inequalities" in these neighborhoods "contribute to inequalities in diet and diet-related outcomes"   These diet-related outcomes, including obesity and diabetes, have become epidemic in low-income urban environments in the United States  Although the definition and methods for determining "food deserts" have varied, studies indicate that, at least in the United States,  there are racial disparities in the food environment  Thus using the definition of environment as the place where people live, work, play and pray, food disparities become an issue of environmental justice  This is especially true in American inner-cities where a history of racist practices have contributed to the development of food deserts in the low-income, minority areas of the urban core  The issue of inequality is so integral to the issues of food access and health that the Growing Food & Justice for All Initiative was founded with the mission of "dismantling racism" as an integral part of creating food security Not only can urban agriculture provide healthy, fresh food options, but also can contribute to a sense of community, aesthetic improvement, crime reduction, minority empowerment and autonomy, and even preserve culture through the use of farming methods and heirloom seeds preserved from areas of origin 

Environmental justice
Urban agriculture may advance environmental justice and food justice for communities living in food deserts   First, urban agriculture may reduce racial and class disparities in access to healthy food  When urban agriculture leads to locally grown fresh produce sold at affordable prices in food deserts, access to healthy food is not just available for those who live in wealthy areas, thereby leading to greater equity in rich and poor neighborhoods Improved access to food through urban agriculture can also help alleviate psychosocial stresses in poor communities  Community members engaged in urban agriculture improve local knowledge about healthy ways to fulfill dietary needs  Urban agriculture can also better the mental health of community members  Buying and selling quality products to local producers and consumers allows community members to support one another, which may reduce stress  Thus, urban agriculture can help improve conditions in poor communities, where residents experience higher levels of stress due to a perceived lack of control over the quality of their lives Urban agriculture may improve the livability and built environment in communities that lack supermarkets and other infrastructure due to the presence of high unemployment caused by deindustrialization  Urban farmers who follow sustainable agricultural methods can not only help to build local food system infrastructure, but can also contribute to improving local air, and water and soil quality  Urban farming serves as one type of green space in urban areas, it has a positive impact on the air quality in the surrounding area  A case study conducted on a rooftop farm shows the PM2 5 concentration in the urban farming area is 7-33% lower than the surrounding parts without green spaces in a city  When agricultural products are produced locally within the community, they do not need to be transported, which reduces CO2 emission rates and other pollutants that contribute to high rates of asthma in lower socioeconomic areas  Sustainable urban agriculture can also promote worker protection and consumer rights  For example, communities in New York City, Illinois, and Richmond, Virginia, have demonstrated improvements to their local environments through urban agricultural practices However, urban agriculture can also present urban growers with health risks if the soil used for urban farming is contaminated  Lead contamination is particularly common, with hazardous levels of lead found in soil in many United States cities  High lead levels in soil originate from sources including flaking lead paint which was widely used before being banned in the 1970s, vehicle exhaust, and atmospheric deposition  Without proper education on the risks of urban farming and safe practices, urban consumers of urban agricultural produce may face additional health-related issues 

Implementation
Creating a community-based infrastructure for urban agriculture means establishing local systems to grow and process food and transfer it from farmer to consumer 
To facilitate food production, cities have established community-based farming projects  Some projects have collectively tended community farms on common land, much like that of the eighteenth-century Boston Common  One such community farm is the Collingwood Children's Farm in Melbourne, Australia  Other community garden projects use the allotment garden model, in which gardeners care for individual plots in a larger gardening area, often sharing a tool shed and other amenities  Seattle's P-Patch Gardens use this model, as did the South Central Farm in Los Angeles and the Food Roof Farm in St  Louis  Independent urban gardeners also grow food in individual yards and on roofs  Garden sharing projects seek to pair producers with the land, typically, residential yard space  Roof gardens allow for urban dwellers to maintain green spaces in the city without having to set aside a tract of undeveloped land  Rooftop farms allow otherwise unused industrial roofspace to be used productively, creating work and profit  Projects around the world seek to enable cities to become 'continuous productive landscapes' by cultivating vacant urban land and temporary or permanent kitchen gardens 
Food processing on a community level has been accommodated by centralizing resources in community tool sheds and processing facilities for farmers to share  The Garden Resource Program Collaborative based in Detroit has cluster tool banks  Different areas of the city have tool banks where resources like tools, compost, mulch, tomato stakes, seeds, and education can be shared and distributed with the gardeners in that cluster  Detroit's Garden Resource Program Collaborative also strengthens their gardening community by providing access to their member's transplants; education on gardening, policy, and food issues; and by building connectivity between gardeners through workgroups, potlucks, tours, field trips, and cluster workdays  In Brazil, "Cities Without Hunger" has generated a public policy for the reconstruction of abandoned areas with food production and has improved the green areas of the community 
Farmers' markets, such as the farmers' market in Los Angeles, provide a common land where farmers can sell their product to consumers  Large cities tend to open their farmer's markets on the weekends and one day in the middle of the week  For example, the farmers' market of Boulevard Richard-Lenoir in Paris, France, is open on Sundays and Thursdays  However, to create a consumer dependency on urban agriculture and to introduce local food production as a sustainable career for farmers, markets would have to be open regularly  For example, the Los Angeles Farmers' Market is open seven days a week and has linked several local grocers together to provide different food products  The market's central location in downtown Los Angeles provides the perfect interaction for a diverse group of sellers to access their consumers 

Benefits
The benefits that UPA brings along to cities that implement this practice are numerous  The transformation of cities from only consumers of food to generators of agricultural products contributes to sustainability, improved health, and poverty alleviation 

UPA assists to close the open-loop system in urban areas characterized by the importation of food from rural zones and the exportation of waste to regions outside the city or town 
Wastewater and organic solid waste can be transformed into resources for growing agriculture products: the former can be used for irrigation, the latter as fertilizer 
Vacant urban areas can be used for agriculture production 
Other natural resources can be conserved  The use of wastewater for irrigation improves water management and increases the availability of fresh water for drinking and household consumption 
UPA can help to preserve bioregional ecologies from being transformed into cropland 
Urban agriculture saves energy (e g  energy consumed in transporting food from rural to urban areas) 
Local production of food also allows savings in transportation costs, storage, and in product loss, what results in food cost reduction 
UPA improves the quality of the urban environment through greening and thus, a reduction in pollution 
Urban agriculture also makes the city a healthier place to live by improving the quality of the environment 
UPA is a very effective tool to fight against hunger and malnutrition since it facilitates the access to food by an impoverished sector of the urban population Poverty alleviation: It is known that a large part of the people involved in urban agriculture is the urban poor  In developing countries, the majority of urban agricultural production is for self-consumption, with surpluses being sold in the market  According to the FAO (Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations), urban poor consumers spend 60–80% of their income on food, making them very vulnerable to higher food prices 

UPA provides food and creates savings in household expenditure on consumables, thus increasing the amount of income allocated to other uses 
UPA surpluses can be sold in local markets, generating more income for the urban poor Community centers and gardens educate the community to see agriculture as an integral part of urban life  The Florida House Institute for Sustainable Development in Sarasota, Florida, serves as a public community and education center in which innovators with sustainable, energy-saving ideas can implement and test them  Community centers like Florida House provide urban areas with a central location to learn about urban agriculture and to begin to integrate agriculture with the urban lifestyle Urban farms also are a proven effective educational tool to teach kids about healthy eating and meaningful physical activity 

Trade-offs
Space is at a premium in cities and is accordingly expensive and difficult to secure 
The utilization of untreated wastewater for urban agricultural irrigation can facilitate the spread of waterborne diseases among the human population 
Although studies have demonstrated improved air quality in urban areas related to the proliferation of urban gardens, it has also been shown that increasing urban pollution (related specifically to a sharp rise in the number of automobiles on the road), has led to an increase in insect pests, which consume plants produced by urban agriculture  It is believed that changes to the physical structure of the plants themselves, which have been correlated to increased levels of air pollution, increase plants' palatability to insect pests  Reduced yields within urban gardens decreases the amount of food available for human consumption 
Studies indicate that the nutritional quality of wheat suffers when urban wheat plants are exposed to high nitrogen dioxide and sulfur dioxide concentrations  This problem is particularly acute in the developing world, where outdoor concentrations of sulfur dioxide are high and large percentages of the population rely upon urban agriculture as a primary source of food  These studies have implications for the nutritional quality of other staple crops that are grown in urban settings 
Agricultural activities on land that is contaminated (with such metals as lead) pose potential risks to human health  These risks are associated both with working directly on contaminated land and with consuming food that was grown in contaminated soil Municipal greening policy goals can pose conflicts  For example, policies promoting urban tree canopy are not sympathetic to vegetable gardening because of the deep shade cast by trees  However, some municipalities like Portland, Oregon, and Davenport, Iowa are encouraging the implementation of fruit-bearing trees (as street trees or as park orchards) to meet both greening and food production goals 

See also
Passage 4:
Displacement activity
Displacement activities occur when an animal experiences high motivation for two or more conflicting behaviours: the resulting displacement activity is usually unrelated to the competing motivations  Birds, for example, may peck at grass when uncertain whether to attack or flee from an opponent; similarly, a human may scratch their head when they do not know which of two options to choose   Displacement activities may also occur when animals are prevented from performing a single behaviour for which they are highly motivated   Displacement activities often involve actions which bring comfort to the animal such as scratching, preening, drinking or feeding 
In the assessment of animal welfare, displacement activities are sometimes used as evidence that an animal is highly motivated to perform a behaviour that the environment prevents  One example is that when hungry hens are trained to eat from a particular food dispenser and then find the dispenser blocked, they often begin to pace and preen themselves vigorously  These actions have been interpreted as displacement activities, and similar pacing and preening can be used as evidence of frustration in other situations Psychiatrist and primatologist Alfonso Troisi proposed that displacement activities can be used as non-invasive measures of stress in primates  He noted that various non-human primates perform self-directed activities such as grooming and scratching in situations likely to involve anxiety and uncertainty, and that these behaviours are increased by anxiogenic (anxiety-producing) drugs and reduced by anxiolytic (anxiety-reducing) drugs  In humans, he noted that similar self-directed behaviour, together with aimless manipulation of objects (chewing pens, twisting rings), can be used as indicators of "stressful stimuli and may reflect an emotional condition of negative affect" More recently the term 'displacement activity' has been widely adopted   to describe a form of procrastination  It is commonly used in the context of what someone does intentionally to keep themselves busy whilst, at the same time, avoiding doing something else that would be a better use of their time 

History of the concept
The subsequent development of research on displacement activities was a direct consequence of Konrad Lorenz's works on instincts  However, the first mentions of the phenomenon came in 1940 by the two Dutch researchers Nikolaas Tinbergen and Adriaan Kortlandt Tinbergen in 1952 noted, for example, that "two skylarks engaged in furious combat [may] suddenly peck at the ground as if they were feeding", or birds on the point of mating may suddenly begin to preen themselves  Tinbergen adopted the term "displacement activities" because the behaviour appeared to be displaced from one behavioural system into another In 1902, in The Little White Bird, J  M  Barrie refers to sheep in Kensington Gardens nibbling the grass in nervous agitation immediately after being shorn, and to Solomon, the wise crow, drinking water when he was frustrated and outwitted in an argument with other birds  Another bird encourages him to drink in order to compose himself  These references to displacement activities in a work of literature indicate that the phenomenon was well recognized at the turn of the twentieth century  A further early description of a displacement activity (though not the use of the term) is by Julian Huxley in 1914 

See also
Displacement (psychology)
Ethogram
Procrastination
Vacuum activity
Passage 5:
Race engineer
A race engineer is a motorsport team member who analyses data to achieve the best performance from the vehicle and driver  The race engineer communicates with the team's data analyst, mechanics, and driver, both between and during races  Off the race track, the race engineer analyses historical data to determine the initial set-up for the next race event or test  The race engineer's duties also include hands-on management of the vehicle mechanics, organization of the testing schedule, and assurance of compliance with regulations  The race engineer seeks to make these activities occur as seamlessly as possible for the driver  Race engineers almost always have an academic degree in engineering or a related field A good race engineer must have good people skills  To be effective, the race engineer must have a good working relationship with not only the driver but also the rest of the team, both at and away from the track  Many times the race engineer is also "the face" of the team for the media; this is especially true during the race while the driver is inaccessible  This makes the race engineer's media skills a priority 

History
The role of the race engineer on racing teams has grown in importance since the adoption of on-board sensors that collect performance data  The race engineer's job is to evaluate the vehicle's performance gathered from both telemetry and the driver's feedback  The race engineer then seeks to improve performance with regard to the driver's desires by adjusting suspension, engine calibrations, aerodynamics, and other variables which affect the vehicle's performance on the race track 

Travel
Race engineers tend to travel extensively, especially during the racing season of their motorsport teams  At the highest level of professional motorsports, international travel is common  Offseason travel for race engineers is usually for testing, training, and visiting vendors 

See also
Automotive aerodynamics
Automotive engineering
Control theory
Mechanical engineering
Passage 6:
JAK Members Bank
The JAK Members Bank, or JAK Medlemsbank, is a cooperative, member-owned financial institution based in Skövde, Sweden, and based on a concept that arose in Denmark in 1931  JAK is an acronym for Jord Arbete Kapital in Swedish or Land Labour Capital, the factors of production in classical economics  A membership of approximately 39,000 (as of December 2015) dictates the Bank's policies and direction  The Board of Directors is elected annually by members, who are each allowed only one share in the bank  JAK Members Bank does not offer any interest on saved money  All of the bank's activities occur outside of the capital market as its loans are financed solely by member savings  Administrative and developmental costs are paid for by membership and loans 
JAK banking employs the "Saving Points" system: members accumulate Saving Points during saving periods and use them when applying for a loan  The concept is that one is allowed to take out a loan for oneself to the same extent as one allows other people to be granted loans, saving into one's account  For this reason (applying for a loan), earned Saving Points must be equal to  spent Saving Points to ensure sustainability  If a member is borrowing more saving points than they currently possess, they are obliged to continue accumulating "aftersavings" during the repayment period  Aftersavings are a fixed quota of money that a member must save after one's loan was made, so they can continue to earn Saving Points  This way, at the end of the repayment period, Saving Points earned will be equal to Saving Points spent, and at that time they will be able to have back all their aftersavings 
JAK also offers a couple of loans where you do not need any saving points 

History
The co-operative society Jord Arbejde Kapital was founded in Denmark during the Great Depression in 1931  The society issued a popular local currency which was subsequently outlawed by the Danish government in 1933  In 1934 it founded an interest-free savings and loan system and a Local Exchange Trading System  Though both systems were forced to close, the savings and loan system re-emerged in 1944  The experience of JAK-banking in Denmark inspired a group in Sweden to develop a non-profit organisation named Jord Arbete Kapital - Riksförening för Ekonomisk Frigörelse (National Association for Economic Emancipation) in 1965  This pioneers' group developed a mathematical system based on Saving Points, designated the "balanced saving system"  The association grew slowly at first  In 1997, a legislative amendment required the association to receive a banking license from the Swedish Financial Supervisory Authority in order to continue operating as a financial institution, which was granted in that year  The bank's deposits are insured by the government 

Philosophy
According to JAK's philosophy, economic instability arises out of and is a consequence of the levying of interest 
JAK operates under the following principles:

Interest moves money from the poor to the rich
Interest favours projects which yield high profits in the short termThe main aim of the bank is to provide its members with a viable, feasible financial instrument, sustainable for the environment and serving the local economy 

Membership
Marketing for JAK is done primarily by volunteers and word-of-mouth advertising  Deposits are accepted and loans are given in Swedish Krona (SEK)  Mortgages or personal guarantees may be made only if the property or the guarantor is Swedish  It is compulsory to have Swedish residency to apply for a loan from JAK  The savings of members are covered under the deposit guarantees of the Swedish banking system 

JAK in other countries
JAK organisations exist in Denmark, Germany and Italy, in addition to Sweden  There was also an earlier attempt to start such a bank in Norway 
The Danish organisations, which date back to 1931, are known as J A K  Andelskasser, and there are 14 independent organisations which hold the legal status of andelskasse, which is a form of bank in Denmark  They are all members of Landsforeningen J A K , the association of JAK organisations 

Literature
Margunn Bjørnholt: Pengene mot strømmen: Alternative finansieringsorganisasjoner, Oslo, University of Oslo, 1995, ISBN 8257004383, sida 82-129

See also
Grameen Bank
WIR Bank
Passage 7:
Bridgewater Triangle
The Bridgewater Triangle is an area of about 200 square miles (520 km2) within southeastern Massachusetts in the United States, claimed to be a site of alleged paranormal phenomena, ranging from UFOs to poltergeists, and other spectral phenomena, various bigfoot-like sightings, giant snakes and thunderbirds  The term was coined by New England based cryptozoologist Loren Coleman 

Location
Specific boundaries of the Bridgewater Triangle were first described by cryptozoologist Loren Coleman who coined the term in the 1970s, and later in his book Mysterious America 

Historic places and landmarks
Freetown-Fall River State Forest - The Freetown-Fall River State Forest has reportedly been the site of various cult activity including animal sacrifice, ritualistic murders committed by admitted Satanists, as well as a number of gangland murders and a number of suicides 
Profile Rock - The supposed site of where Wampanoag historical figure Anawan received the lost wampum belt from Philip, legend has it the ghost of a man can be seen sitting on the rock with his legs crossed or with outstretched arms  Located within the Freetown-Fall River State Forest 
Solitude Stone - An inscribed stone located near Forest Street in West Bridgewater which was found near a missing person's body  Also known as "suicide stone," the rock was found with the inscription: "All ye, who in future days, Walk by Nunckatessett stream Love not him who hummed his lay Cheerful to the parting beam, But the beauty that he wooed "
Bridgewater State University - Several buildings and rooms on campus are alleged to be haunted by ghosts and other paranormal phenomena 
Taunton State Hospital - Some visitors have claimed that they had strange paranormal experiences in the hospital including being touched and pulled in certain areas of the hospital  It is also claimed that the hospital was used by satanic cults during the 1960s and 70s 
Hornbine School - The one-room schoolhouse was built during the 1840s and remained in active use until 1937  The building is alleged to be haunted by its former inhabitants 

Paranormal claims
Common to most of these areas is a mix of reported phenomena, that includes reports of:

Unidentified flying objects, often in the form of bright balls of light or large, unusual spacecraft 
Unnatural animal sightings, ranging from unusual reports of animals that are not found within the area (such as panthers and bears) to more supernatural claims of giant snakes and enormous vicious dogs 
Paranormal humanoids, including sightings of Bigfoot, ghosts, poltergeists, and shadow people 
Thunderbird sightings: Giant birds or pterodactyl-like flying creature with wingspans up to twelve feet are claimed to have been seen in Hockomock Swamp and neighboring Taunton and Easton, including a report by Norton Police Sergeant Thomas Downy 
Cult activity, especially animal mutilations: Various incidents of animal mutilation have been reported, particularly in Freetown and Fall River, where local police were called to investigate mutilated animals believed to be the work of a cult  Two specific incidents in 1998 were reported: one in which a single adult cow was found butchered in the woods; the other in which a group of calves were discovered in a clearing, grotesquely mutilated as if part of a ritual sacrifice 
Native American curses: According to one tale, Native Americans had cursed the swamp centuries ago because of conflict with Colonial settlers  A revered object of the Wampanoag people, a belt known as the wampum belt, was lost during King Philip's War  Legend says that the area owes its paranormal unrest to the fact that this belt was lost from the Native people 
Pukwudgie: A creature from Algonquian folklore  The local Wampanoag people consider them to be dangerous tricksters  They have been especially associated with the Freetown State Forest within the Bridgewater Triangle 

See also
Lovecraft Country
Pukwudgie
Passage 8:
Context-sensitive solutions (transport)
Context-sensitive solutions (CSS) is a theoretical and practical approach to transportation decision-making and design that takes into consideration the communities and lands through which streets, roads, and highways pass ("the context")  The term is closely related to but distinguishable from context-sensitive design in that it asserts that all decisions in transportation planning, project development, operations, and maintenance should be responsive to the context in which these activities occur, not simply the design process  CSS seeks to balance the need to move vehicles efficiently and safely with other desirable outcomes, including historic preservation, environmental sustainability, and the creation of vital public spaces  In transit projects, CSS generally refers to context sensitive planning, design, and development around transit stations, also known as transit-oriented development 

Overview
In contrast to long-standing practices in transportation design that place primary importance on moving traffic (vehicular throughput), the CSS process emphasizes that transportation facilities should fit their physical settings and preserve scenic, aesthetic, historic and environmental resources, while maintaining safety and mobility  For instance, if a state highway that passes through a downtown main street, applying CSS principles would entail creating a street where the movement of vehicles does not impede pedestrian activity and sidewalk commerce, rather than a street that is simply widened and straightened to increase speed, capacity and mobility for vehicles as a singular transportation objective  CSS therefore includes principles for context-sensitive decision-making that place a high value on community input and consensus, and more technical principles of context sensitive design 
When CSS principles are applied to transportation projects, the process involves a much broader range of disciplines than traditional transportation design methods, which rely exclusively on the judgment of traffic engineers  CSS is a collaborative, interdisciplinary approach that involves everyone with a significant stake in the project, such as the residents, businesses and local institutions that will be affected by an intervention or a failure to address the transportation implications of development such as congestion  Rather than approaching these stakeholders at the tail end of the design process in an attempt to gain approval, CSS emphasizes the need to incorporate their feedback from the very outset of the planning and design development processes and during all subsequent stages of construction, operations and maintenance 

Qualities of a CSS project
The following list of qualities (developed at a 1998 conference for transportation planners called "Thinking Beyond the Pavement") describe the core goals of the CSS process 

The CSS Product: Qualities of Excellence in Transportation DesignThe "Qualities that Characterize Excellence in Transportation Design" – that is, of the physical end product of the CSS process – are: 

The project satisfies the purpose and needs as agreed to by a full range of stakeholders 
This agreement is forged in the earliest phase of the project and amended as warranted as the project develops 
The project is a safe facility for both the user and the community 
The project is in harmony with the community, and it preserves environmental, scenic, aesthetic, historic, and natural resource values of the area, i e , exhibits context sensitive design 
The project exceeds the expectations of both designers and stakeholders and achieves a level of excellence in people's minds 
The project involves efficient and effective use of the resources (time, budget, community) of all involved parties 
The project is designed and built with minimal disruption to the community 
The project is seen as having added lasting value to the community 

The CSS process
This outline of the core steps in the CSS process was also developed at the "Thinking Beyond the Pavement" conference 

The CSS Process: Characteristics of the Process That Yield Excellence"The Characteristics of the Process that will Yield Excellence in Transportation Design" are: 

Communication with all stakeholders is open, honest, early, and continuous 
A multidisciplinary team is established early, with disciplines based on the needs of the specific project, and with the inclusion of the public 
A full range of stakeholders is involved with transportation officials in the scoping phase (the period before design is begun when the scope of the project is agreed upon)  The purposes of the project are clearly defined, and consensus on the scope is forged before proceeding 
The highway development process is tailored to meet the circumstances  This process should examine multiple alternatives that will result in a consensus of approach methods 
A commitment to the process from top agency officials and local leaders is secured 
The public involvement process, which includes informal meetings, is tailored to the project 
The landscape, the community, and valued resources are understood before engineering design is started  A full range of tools for communication about project alternatives is used (e g , visualization) 

History
The initial guiding principles of CSS came out of the 1998 "Thinking Beyond the Pavement" conference as a means to describe and foster transportation projects that preserve and enhance the natural and built environments along with economic and social assets for neighborhoods they pass through  In 2003, the Federal Highway Administration announced that under one of its three Vital Few Objectives (Environmental Stewardship and Streamlining) they had a target goal of  achieving CSS integration within all state Departments of Transportation by September 2007 
The American Association of State Highway and Transportation Organizations (AASHTO) is now (fall 2006) developing strategic goals and objectives for CSS which it describes as a "fundamental change in the way we do business " One principal element of this change is the way transportation planners and engineers address speed  Historically, the speed at which a vehicle can safely travel through the landscape has been regarded as a primary goal of transportation planning since it shortens travel time, saves money (time is money), and improves driver convenience  However, CSS recognizes that designing a facility for the maximum safe speed that is economically feasible can be detrimental to other community goals, and even to vehicle passengers themselves  CSS recognizes that the goal of transportation is social and economic exchange, which cannot occur at high speeds  Instead, CSS attempts to identify, through a community-based process, a  "target speed" that promotes the optimum amount of social and economic exchange, with lowest environmental impacts, that is appropriate for the context  Thus, in cities, if higher vehicle speeds lower the amount of social exchange on a residential street (fewer friends, less street life etc ) then the street will be designed to encourage drivers to slow down so as not to reduce social exchange  In a similar manner, commercial streets will be designed to maximize commercial exchange and designed accordingly  In more rural areas where a primary goal is to move people and goods between human settlements, CSS can be compatible with much higher design speeds  Setting a target speed that is appropriate for the context, and then designing roads, highway and streets to make it difficult for drivers to exceed that target speed, is a central CSS principle and represents a fundamental shift in transportation planning practice 

See also
Transportation planning
Complete streets
Placemaking
New Urbanism
Transit-oriented development
Town meeting

Notes



ground_truth: Wicked Twister