prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: Where did the punter for the Dallas Cowboys in the 1980s play college football?

The following are given passages.
Context 1: Passage 1:
Jim Miller (punter)
James Gordon Miller (born July 5, 1957) is a former American college and professional football player who was a punter in the National Football League (NFL) for eight seasons during the 1980s   Miller played college football for the University of Mississippi, and received All-American honors   He played professionally for the San Francisco 49ers, Dallas Cowboys, and New York Giants of the NFL 

Early years
Miller was born in Ripley, Mississippi and attended Ripley High School, where he played running back, wide receiver, cornerback and punter 

College career
Miller attended the University of Mississippi (Ole Miss), where he played for the Ole Miss Rebels football team from 1976 to 1979   He started punting barefoot as a freshman (in high school he had to wear a shoe by rule), ranking third in the Southeastern Conference with a 40 5-yard punt average  For a while he doubled as a flanker and punter 
The next year, he led the NCAA with a 45 9-yard punting average, which was also a school and SEC record  As a junior, he finished with a 43 2-yard per punt average  In his last year he averaged 44 6-yards per punt  
At the time he set school records with an 82-yard punt against South Carolina in 1976, punt average in a season (45 9), most punts in a game (12), career punt average (43 4-yard), punts in a career (266), punting yards in
a season (3,283 yards) and total punt yards in a career (11,549)  He was inducted into the Ole Miss Athletics Hall of Fame in 1995  He was named to the Ole Miss Team of the Century (1893-1992) 

Professional career
San Francisco 49ers
Miller was selected in the third round of the 1980 NFL Draft by the San Francisco 49ers, who had gone through three punters in three years  As a rookie, he was named to the All-rookie team after averaging 40 9 yards per punt  He was a part of the Super Bowl XVI championship team  He was waived before the start of the 1983 season, when he was passed on the depth chart by Tom Orosz 

Dallas Cowboys
On November 16, 1983, he was signed as a free agent by the Dallas Cowboys to replace the injured rookie John Warren  He only played in three games  He was released after losing the preseason competition with Warren on September 6, 1984 

New York Giants
In 1987, he punted in one game for the New York Giants, replacing an injured Sean Landeta  He was cut during the season the team won Super Bowl XXI 
He lives in Ripley, MS with his wife  He has a grandson that enjoys playing football with  
Passage 2:
Filip Filipović (American football)
Filip Filipovic (Serbian Cyrillic: Филип Филиповић) (born November 5, 1977) is a Serbian former professional American football punter in the National Football League for the Dallas Cowboys  He played college football at the University of South Dakota 

Early years
Filipovic moved from Yugoslavia to the United States as a foreign exchange student in 1992  He attended Howland High School  As a junior, he broke his foot in the season opener  As a senior, he served as the team's placekicker and punter, making 13 field goals and averaging 35 yards per punt 
He enrolled at Urbana College where although he was named the starter at placekicker, he instead decided to give up football and transfer to Eastern Michigan University  In 1999, he walked on at Division II University of South Dakota As a sophomore, he became the starter at punter, posting 57 punts for a 38 1-yard average and a long of 56 yards  As a junior, he registered 73 punts for a 40 7-yard average (seventh in Division II) and a long of 62 yards As a senior, he served as the team's placekicker and punter, making 7-of-10 field goals for a 62 5 percent (third in the conference), 18-of-19 extra points for a 92 3 percent (fifth in the conference) and 53 punts for a 40 1-yard average (fourth in the conference)  He finished his career with 183 punts for a 39 7-yard average and a long of 66 yards 

Professional career
Filipović was signed as an undrafted free agent by the Dallas Cowboys after the 2002 NFL Draft  He was waived on September 1  On October 23, he was re-signed to replace a struggling Micah Knorr  Against the Detroit Lions, he had 10 punts (tied for second in franchise history) for a 41 4-yard average and downed two kicks inside the 10-yard line  He finished the season with a 40 6-yard average, 14 punts downed inside the 20-yard line, a long of 60 yards and 2 special teams tackles  On August 17, 2003, he was released after being passed on the depth chart by Toby Gowin 
On January 7, 2004, he signed a futures contract with the San Francisco 49ers  He was cut on April 27 On July 23, 2004, he was signed as a free agent by the Minnesota Vikings  He was released on August 3 On February 10, 2005, he was signed by the Philadelphia Eagles with the intention of allocating him to NFL Europe  He was cut on March 7 
On March 28, 2006, he signed with the Houston Texans  He was released on July 29 
On April 9, 2007, he was signed by the Chicago Bears  He was released on August 1 

Personal life
After football he trained several kickers and punters, developing skills to break into professional football leagues  Filipovic also works with agents that sign and negotiate NFL contracts 
Passage 3:
Jerry Tubbs
Gerald J  Tubbs (January 23, 1935 – June 13, 2012) was an American football linebacker who played for ten seasons in the National Football League (NFL) from 1957 to 1966, mainly for the Dallas Cowboys   He was selected by the Dallas Cowboys in the 1960 NFL Expansion Draft   After his retirement he stayed with the Cowboys as an assistant coach for 22 years  He played college football at the University of Oklahoma  In 1996, he was inducted into the College Football Hall of Fame 

High school career
Tubbs was an honor graduate student and played center at Breckenridge High School  The teams were coached by Cooper Robbins (1951) and Joe Kerbel (1952), who would go on to the college ranks  Tubbs lost only three games during his high school career  In 1971, he was inducted into the Texas High School Football Hall of Fame  Since 2008, the Breckenridge Buckaroos open the football season playing the "Jerry Tubbs Kickoff Classic" 

College career
Tubbs played three varsity years at the University of Oklahoma, and the Sooners won all 31 games in that period  In 1954, when fullback Billy Pricer was injured, Tubbs had to replace him playing against University of Texas, the first time he had ever played in the backfield  In the remaining games of that season, he averaged 6 1 yards per carry  Head coach Bud Wilkinson moved him to center in 1955, and this became his signature position  He also played linebacker and in a victory over Texas in 1955, he intercepted three passes  In 1956, he was a unanimous All-American center and was named Lineman of the Year by three agencies 
During his three varsity years, Oklahoma's record was 10-0, 11-0, 10-0  His 31 wins were part of that legendary 47-game winning streak and two national titles from 1954-56  The 1954 team was ranked third nationally in the Associated Press and United Press polls  The 1955 and 1956 teams were national champions  In those years Oklahoma played in only one bowl game, where the 1955 team beat Maryland University 20-6 in the Orange Bowl 
Tubbs finished fourth in the 1956 Heisman Trophy voting (very high for a lineman), behind his third place teammate, Tommy McDonald, and winner Paul Hornung of Notre Dame University  He graduated from Oklahoma with a degree in economics and was also a 1956 Academic All-America 
In 1996, he was inducted into the College Football Hall of Fame and in 1999 he was inducted into the Oklahoma Sports Hall of Fame 

Professional career
Chicago Cardinals
He was drafted by the Chicago Cardinals in the first round of the 1957 NFL Draft — 10th overall  Suddenly, he found himself on a perennial loser, playing out of position as an outside linebacker  He was eventually benched, and then traded to the San Francisco 49ers after the seventh game of the 1958 season 

San Francisco 49ers
The following year (1959), the San Francisco 49ers moved him into the middle linebacker position, where he became a starter  After the 1959 season, Tubbs planned to retire, so the 49ers left him off their list of players who were exempt from the 1960 NFL Expansion Draft 

Dallas Cowboys
Tubbs was acquired by the Dallas Cowboys in 1960 NFL Expansion Draft  As it turned out, he would spend the next 29 years in Dallas — as a player, player-coach and full-time assistant coach   In the 4th game of the 1960 season, Tubbs became the first player in franchise history to start at the middle linebacker position on a regular basis, finishing with 149 tackles (48 solo) 
Tubbs was an impact player on those early Cowboys teams and also rated among the top middle linebackers in the NFL  He had quickness, toughness and an unbeatable motor  In 1962, he was one of the first Cowboys players voted to the Pro Bowl, along with: QB Eddie LeBaron; DT Bob Lilly; RB Don Perkins; and CB Don Bishop 
He became a player-coach in 1965  In 1966 he retired and was working for the Dallas Federal Savings and Loan Association, but was lured back by Tom Landry to play behind Lee Roy Jordan for one more year  He played just the first three games of the season, until he suffered a back injury 
The following year (1967), Landry sensing that the Cowboys had a real chance at a championship, wanted to have Tubbs as insurance in the event Lee Roy Jordan should be injured  He came back again, but didn't play a single down while serving as a player-coach, hence he was on the roster and in uniform for the 1967 Ice Bowl championship game against the Packers 

Personal life
When he finally retired as a player at the end of the 1967 season, he became Cowboys linebackers coach for 21 years  He coached in five Super Bowls, winning two of them  He died on June 13, 2012, at the age of 77 
Passage 4:
Jason Garrett
Jason Calvin Garrett (born March 28, 1966) is a former American football player and coach and current broadcaster  He previously served as the head coach of the Dallas Cowboys for 9 5 seasons, from 2010-2019  Garrett has also been offensive coordinator and assistant head coach for the Cowboys and quarterbacks coach for the Miami Dolphins  
Before becoming a coach, Garrett was a college football quarterback at Princeton University and also played as quarterback in the National Football League (NFL) for the Cowboys (winning three Super Bowls as the backup quarterback for Troy Aikman), New York Giants, Tampa Bay Buccaneers, and Miami Dolphins  
In 2022, Garrett became a sports broadcaster and currently works as a football analyst for NBC Sports - as a commentator for their coverage of the USFL and Notre Dame football and as an analyst for their NFL pregame show Football Night in America 

Early life
Garrett attended kindergarten through second grade at Holy Cross school in Rumson, New Jersey  He went to prep school at University School in Hunting Valley, Ohio, and was a letterman in football, basketball, and baseball  As a senior, Garrett won All-League honors as a quarterback and safety  He graduated from University School in 1984 

College career
Garrett was accepted to Princeton University, where he began as the starting quarterback of the freshman team, registering 64 completions on 116 attempts for 996 yards  Garrett transferred to Columbia University when his father Jim Garrett became the head coach in 1985  Following his father's resignation after Columbia's 0–10 1985 season, Garrett and his brothers (Judd and John) transferred to Princeton, although none played varsity in 1986 for different reasons (Jason was an ineligible transfer) Garrett sat out the 1986 season because of the transfer rules while focusing on running the scout team, which included his brothers  The next year, as a junior, Garrett was named the starting quarterback  Although he piloted Princeton to a win against his former team, Columbia (a loss that gave Columbia the Division I record for straight losses, at 35), Garrett was also involved in a losing effort against them as a senior, snapping Columbia's by then 44-game losing streak  He received the Asa S  Bushnell Cup as the Ivy League Player of the Year  Garrett earned a degree in history in 1989, with a senior thesis on "The Revolt of the Black Athlete as Initiated by Harry Edwards" Garrett finished his college career completing 366 of 550 passes (66 5%) for 4,274 yards and 20 touchdowns  At the time, he was ranked in the categories: lowest pass interception percentage (1 8% – school record), total yards of offense (4,555 – second in school history), total yards of offense in a season (2,485 – third in school history), most passing yards (4,274 – second in school history), most passing yards in a season (2,217 – fourth in school history), most completions (366 – second in school history), most completions in a season (204 – third in school history), most touchdown passes (20 – tied for fourth)  Garrett continues to hold the Ivy League career record for completion percentage with 66 5% (366/550) and his 1988 percentage of 68 2% (204/299) stood as the league record until 2000, when Gavin Hoffman posted a 70 5% mark 

Professional playing career
New Orleans Saints
Garrett was signed as an undrafted free agent by the New Orleans Saints after the 1989 NFL Draft and was eventually signed to the practice squad  On September 3, 1990, he was waived by the Saints and spent most of the year working as a coaching assistant for Princeton 

San Antonio Riders
In 1991, Garrett started at quarterback for the San Antonio Riders of the World League of American Football, but he suffered a separated right wwe 
shoulder in the season opener  Garrett returned to start the sixth and seventh game but was passed on the depth chart by Mike Johnson 

Ottawa Rough Riders
On June 4, 1991, Garrett was signed by the Ottawa Rough Riders of the Canadian Football League, but was released in August 

Dallas Cowboys
In 1992, with the support of his father, at the time a part of the Dallas Cowboys scouting department, Garrett was signed as a free agent  He was released on August 31 and later signed to the team's practice squad  In 1993, his preseason performances allowed him to make the team as the third-string quarterback behind Troy Aikman and Hugh Millen  Garrett eventually passed Millen on the depth chart  In the eighth game of the season, after Aikman injured his left hamstring against the New York Giants in the third quarter  Garrett finished the game, completing five of six passes for 34 yards and leading two touchdown drives  He was named the starter for the next game against the Phoenix Cardinals, where he completed two of six passes for 25 yards and helped the team score on a field goal, before being replaced on the third series in favor of Bernie Kosar, who had been signed four days earlier  Kosar became the backup quarterback for the rest of the season after the game 
The highlight of Garrett's playing career occurred in the 1994 Thanksgiving Day game when he started in place of backup quarterback Rodney Peete, who was out with a sprained thumb he suffered in a win against the Washington Redskins  Garrett led the Cowboys over the Green Bay Packers by completing 15 of 26 passes for 311 yards and two touchdowns in the second half for a comeback win of 42–31, earning him NFC Offensive Player of the Week honors  That game was named the fourth-best moment in the history of Texas Stadium by ESPN in 2008 In 1998, Garrett was promoted to the backup position and in the second game against the Denver Broncos, after Aikman suffered a broken clavicle, Garrett came in to finish the 23–42 loss  He would start the next five games and contribute to a 3–2 mark for a team that would go on to win the NFC East division by one game over the Arizona Cardinals  In 1999, Garrett started two games for a 1–1 record 
Garrett was a part of the 1993 and 1995 Super Bowl winning teams  In eight seasons with the Cowboys, he played in 39 games and completed 165 of 294 passes (56 1%) for 2,042 yards, 11 touchdowns, and five interceptions 

New York Giants
In 2000, Garrett was signed as a free agent by the New York Giants to back up Kerry Collins  On February 27, 2002, Garrett was released for salary cap reasons and re-signed on July 24, although he would be declared inactive in 16 games, after being passed on the depth chart by Jesse Palmer who was named the backup quarterback  In 2003, Garrett was declared inactive in 11 games as the third-string quarterback 

Tampa Bay Buccaneers
On March 15, 2004, Garrett signed with the Tampa Bay Buccaneers and was cut on August 31  On October 13, he was re-signed by the Tampa Bay Buccaneers  After being declared inactive in week 6 and week 7, he was released on November 6  On November 24, Garrett was signed as a free agent by the Miami Dolphins and was declared inactive for the last six games of the season 

Coaching career
Miami Dolphins
After retiring as a player, Garrett became the quarterbacks coach for the Miami Dolphins for the 2005 season under head coach Nick Saban 

Dallas Cowboys
Offensive coordinator
In January 2007, Garrett was hired by the Dallas Cowboys as offensive coordinator  He guided the Cowboys to the second-best offense in the NFL, which made him an attractive head coaching prospect  In January 2008, Garrett interviewed for the head coaching job of the Baltimore Ravens and the Atlanta Falcons, receiving offers from both, but ultimately opted to remain with the Cowboys  His salary for the 2008 season was nearly $3 million; the highest salary for an assistant coach in the NFL at the time  On December 29, 2008, the Detroit Lions received permission to speak to Garrett regarding the team's head coaching vacancy according to ESPN sources  In January 2009, the Denver Broncos also interviewed him as a possible replacement for fired coach Mike Shanahan  Garrett was also a finalist for the St  Louis Rams head coaching position to replace Jim Haslett, the interim head coach, but the job ultimately went to Steve Spagnuolo 

Head coach
On November 8, 2010, Garrett was named as interim head coach of the Cowboys after fourth-year head coach Wade Phillips was fired after the Cowboys began the 2010 season with a 1-7 record  On November 14, Garrett won his first game as a head coach, beating the favored New York Giants by a score of 33–20 at New Meadowlands Stadium  The next week, he led the Cowboys to a 35–19 victory over the Detroit Lions, their first home win all season  Garrett finished with a 5–3 record down the stretch  On January 6, 2011, Garrett was officially named the eighth head coach in Cowboys history  He was the first head coach born after the team was founded in 1960, and the first former Cowboys player to hold the post 
From 2011 to 2013, Garrett had three straight 8–8 seasons, losing in the last game each season to NFC East division rivals New York Giants, Washington Redskins, and Philadelphia Eagles to miss the division championship and the playoffs each time  In 2014, Garrett achieved head-coaching success for the first time  The Cowboys, featuring several key draft picks maturing on the offensive line and the emergence of DeMarco Murray as a dominant running back, won the NFC East with a 12–4 record and were tied for the best record in the conference with the Green Bay Packers and the Seattle Seahawks  The Cowboys were undefeated on the road, including impressive wins over Seattle and the NFC East frontrunners (at the time), the Philadelphia Eagles  Garrett's team lost the three-way tiebreaker to Green Bay and Seattle and therefore hosted the Detroit Lions in a wildcard-round game  This game, won 24–20 by the Cowboys, featured a controversial "flag pick up" after a penalty during a late Detroit drive, thereby allowing Dallas an improved chance to make a comeback and defeat the Lions  In the ensuing divisional-round playoff game against the Green Bay Packers, hyped as a rematch of the famous Ice Bowl NFL championship game from 1967, Dallas held a lead in the second half, but after losing the lead due to a late Aaron Rodgers touchdown pass, had a potentially game-winning catch by Dez Bryant overturned in official replay, therefore sealing a 26–21 defeat to Green Bay On January 13, 2015, Cowboys owner Jerry Jones and Garrett agreed on a contract that kept Garrett in Dallas for five more years and paid him $30 million  The Cowboys entered the 2015 season with great expectations, but starting quarterback Tony Romo played in only four games after suffering two fractures in his left collarbone, and the team finished with a 4–12 mark 
The Cowboys bounced back in 2016 with their best record under Garrett (13–3) with the emergence of rookie quarterback Dak Prescott and running back Ezekiel Elliott, earning the #1 NFC spot in the playoffs and a first-round bye  However, they were upset in their first playoff game by Aaron Rodgers and the Green Bay Packers with a last-second field goal by Mason Crosby, losing the game 34–31  Garrett was named the NFL Coach of the Year for the 2016 season In 2017, the Cowboys finished with a 9–7 record and missed the playoffs  This was partially because star running back Ezekiel Elliott was suspended for 6 games due to violating the personal conduct policy  In 2018, the Cowboys bounced back from a disappointing 3–5 record at the bye week to win seven of their last eight games and clinch the NFC East for the 3rd time since Garrett became head coach  They won their first playoff game against the Seattle Seahawks, but lost in the divisional round to the Los Angeles Rams 
In 2019, the Cowboys finished with an 8–8 record and missed the playoffs  Toward the end of the season, they had led the NFC East until losing to their division rival, the Philadelphia Eagles in Week 16 
On January 5, 2020, Cowboys owner Jerry Jones announced that the Cowboys would not renew Garrett's contract, which expired at the conclusion of the 2019 season  Garrett finished his Cowboys tenure with an 85–67 record  He was 2–3 in the playoffs, never advancing past the divisional round 
Garrett had the second longest tenure of being the Cowboys head coach after Tom Landry 

New York Giants
On January 17, 2020, Garrett was hired by the New York Giants as their offensive coordinator under new head coach Joe Judge  Garrett tested positive for COVID-19 in December 2020 and missed the team's week 15 game in 2020 against the Cleveland Browns  Garrett was fired from the Giants on November 23, 2021 After getting fired by the Giants, Garrett was rumored to be the frontrunner for the Duke University football head coaching job to replace long time head coach David Cutcliffe  However, just a few days later, Duke hired Mike Elko as their head coach 

Head coaching record
* – Interim head coach

Broadcasting career
On April 12, 2022, it was announced that Garrett would be an analyst for NBC Sports broadcasts of the United States Football League   On August 14, it was announced that Garrett has joined Jac Collinsworth as part of Notre Dame Football on NBC   He also joined Tony Dungy on NBC Sunday Night Football beginning in September 

Personal life
Garrett’s brothers John and Judd also played in the World League of American Football, and Judd made second-team All-World League in 1991 after leading the league in catches  John was the head coach of the Lafayette College football team until 2021 when he was fired, and his younger brother Judd works in the Dallas Cowboys front office after being let go as tight ends coach for the St  Louis Rams  Since he played for the London Monarchs, Judd is the only one of the Garretts who played in the WLAF to have a World Bowl ring  Another brother, Jim Garrett III, is a teacher and former football coach In December 2022, Garrett interviewed for the head coaching job at Stanford and was named a finalist  However, he ultimately decided to stay with NBC as a studio analyst 
Garrett's father, Jim Garrett, was an assistant coach for the New York Giants, New Orleans Saints, and Cleveland Browns and head coach of the Houston Texans of the World Football League and at Columbia University  From 1987 to 2004, Jim served as a scout for the Dallas Cowboys Garrett resides in Dallas with his wife, Brill 
Passage 5:
Fake field goal
A fake field goal is a trick play in American football  Simply, it involves a running or passing play done out of a kick formation  Usually the holder (often the punter or backup quarterback) will throw or run  Less frequently, the placekicker, who virtually never handles the ball in an American football game, will serve as the passer or rusher on a fake field goal  
During a fake field goal, most teams will choose one of two different alignment options  The first one is out of the normal field goal formation  The holder receives the snap and can either pitch it to the kicker, throw it during a designed pass play, or run the ball themselves  The second option is to shift into a special formation  Out of these special formations, multiple plays can be brought to the field  
There are a few of advantages to running a fake field goal or extra point  First, if it is a field goal, you have the chance to either score a touchdown or extend a drive for your team  If it is an extra point conversion, you have the chance of scoring two points instead of one  
Danny White was both quarterback and punter for the Dallas Cowboys in the 1980s and often executed this play   Examples include then-New England kicker Adam Vinatieri receiving a direct snap and throwing a touchdown pass during an NFL game in 2004, and LSU kicker Colt David rushing for a 15-yard touchdown in 2007 after receiving the ball on a blind lateral from holder (and starting quarterback) Matt Flynn Not every fake field goal play call results in an attempted trick play  In the Week 8 2014 game between the Indianapolis Colts and Pittsburgh Steelers, the Colts staff had scouted through film study, that the Steelers’ usual kick block formation when the ball was close to the end zone and on the left hash mark, would not be able to prevent the holder from running the ball in for a touchdown  Such a situation developed with one second left on the clock in the second quarter   However, instead of lining up a normally, Troy Polamalu, an eight-time Pro-Bowl and 6 time All-Pro safety, shifted from his usual position to the other side, filling the gap where holder Pat McAfee intended to run the ball  McAfee noticed this, and aborted the trick play, calling for Adam Vinatieri to kick a normal kick, which he made to score three points 
Passage 6:
Cornell Green (defensive back)
Cornell M  Green (born February 10, 1940), is an American former professional football player who was  a defensive back for 13 seasons with the Dallas Cowboys on the National Football League (NFL)  He did not play college football at Utah State University, but was a two-time All-American as a basketball player for the Aggies, selected in the 1962 NBA draft, but not in the NFL draft 

Early years
Born in Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, Green was raised in northern California in Richmond and attended El Cerrito High School He played college basketball at Utah State University in Logan, where he earned All-American honors (1961, 1962) as well as All-Skyline conference honors in each of his three years (1960–62)  As a 6 ft 3 in (1 91 m) forward, Green set the Aggie career rebounding record with 1,067 which still stands today  He is also the fifth leading scorer in Utah State history with 1,890 points Green produced some of the best individual seasons in school history as his 745 points in 1962 are still in second place, while his 403 rebounds in 1960 remain a school record for a season  He was the Skyline conference MVP as a sophomore 
In his three seasons with the Aggies, Utah State went to the National Invitation Tournament in 1960 and to the NCAA Tournament in 1962  The 1960 team finished eighth in the Associated Press Poll and seventh in the Coaches' Poll, which remains the highest year-end basketball ranking in school history 
In 1993, Green was inducted into the inaugural class of the Utah State University Intercollegiate Athletics Hall Of Fame  In 2001, he was inducted into the State of Utah Basketball Hall of Fame 

Professional career
Green was a college basketball player who never played a down of college football, that the Dallas Cowboys converted into a defensive back 
On a tip from Utah State basketball coach LaDell Anderson, the Cowboys discovered and signed the multi-talented younger brother of then Red Sox infielder Pumpsie Green for $1,000 dollars  This was one of the innovative personnel decisions the Cowboys were renowned for 
At that time, he was leaning towards playing in the NBA, after being selected by the Chicago Zephyrs in the fifth round of the 1962 NBA draft  Even when he reported to the Cowboys' training camp in Marquette, Michigan, in 1962, he just thought of it as a $1,000 bonus  "I figured I’d go there for a week     and they’d cut me," Green has said His teammates nicknamed him "Sweet Lips" and eventually made the 1962 team as an undrafted free agent, learning fast enough to start 3 games and be selected to the NFL All-Rookie team  The next season, he became a full-time starter at left cornerback setting a career best with 7 interceptions 
Green became a big-time contributor to Tom Landry’s intricate defensive schemes and a feared defender during his career  All he was missing were the interception stats  Said Gil Brandt: "I mean, if Cornell had any kind of hands, he would’ve had three times as many interceptions as he got     and the guy played basketball in college "
He played cornerback during his first eight seasons, while leading the team in interceptions 4 times, being named to 5 Pro Bowls and 4 All-Pro teams  Cowboys coach Tom Landry said of Green, "He had the athletic skills from basketball to become a fine defensive back   His only transition was playing a sport where you could tackle someone with the ball, and Cornell never had a problem dealing with that" 
Safety Mike Gaechter suffered a career-ending Achilles tendon injury in the last Playoff Bowl in January 1970, and with the cornerback position needing an upgrade, Tom Landry moved Mel Renfro to play cornerback  Given that Renfro was an All-Pro in 1969 at safety, the move may have seemed to be an odd one, but Renfro was matched with Herb Adderley, and the duo was better than Green and Phil Clark  Green in turn, moved from cornerback to the strong safety position, while the free safety position was handled between third-round pick Charlie Waters and undrafted free agent Cliff Harris 
After the switch, the Cowboys went to two consecutive Super Bowls  In 1971 and 1972 he went back to the Pro Bowl at safety 
Green never missed a game in 13 seasons, he played 168 games, including 145 consecutive starts for the Cowboys (1962–1974)  He made five Pro Bowls at two different positions — cornerback and strong safety  He is sixth in career interceptions (34) in Cowboys history  He retired as a player in September 1975, and went from part-time to full-time scout for the Cowboys In 1985, he was named to the Dallas Cowboys 25th Anniversary Team In 2017, the Professional Football Researchers Association named Green to the PFRA Hall of Very Good Class of 2017

After football
Green began scouting for the Dallas Cowboys in 1970 while still an active player and continued scouting through 1979, at which time he entered private business until joining the Denver Broncos in 1987  He spent 35 years scouting in the NFL, and 28 seasons doing it with the Broncos  In 2010, he received the AFC Scout of the Year Award from the Fritz Pollard Alliance 

Personal
He is the brother of Pumpsie Green, the first African American player to play for the Boston Red Sox, the last Major League Baseball team to integrate 
Passage 7:
Rico Gathers
Ricardo Darnell Gathers (born January 7, 1994) is an American rapper and former American football tight end  He was drafted by the Dallas Cowboys in the sixth round (217th overall) in the 2016 NFL Draft  He played college basketball at Baylor University and did not play college football 

Early years
Gathers attended Riverside Academy  He was named Louisiana Mr  Basketball while at Riverside Academy in Reserve, Louisiana  As a sophomore, he contributed to his team winning the state title, while averaging 19 8 points, 11 5 rebounds, 4 5 blocks and earning Most Outstanding Player honors at the state tournament 
As a junior, he averaged 20 7 points, 16 2 rebounds and 3 9 blocks per game  As a senior, he helped his team reach the Class 2A state championship game, while averaging 22 points, 17 rebounds, 4 1 blocks, 2 1 assists and 1 1 steals per game 

College career
Gathers accepted a basketball scholarship from Baylor University  He became a starter at power forward as a junior, averaging 11 6 points (second on the team), 11 6 rebounds (led the team), 1 2 steals and one block and in 29 9 minutes per game  At the end of the season, he received All-Big 12, honorable-mention All-American and Big 12 All-Defensive Team honors  He led the conference in double-doubles with 17 and recorded a school record 28 rebounds in a win over Huston-Tillotson As a senior, he averaged 11 4 points and 9 1 rebounds per game  He finished as Baylor's All-Time leading rebounder  He also was the first player ever to reach over 1,000+ points and 1,000+ rebounds in school history 

Professional career
Although he had not played a down of football since middle school as a 13-year-old, Gathers informed Baylor head coach Art Briles that he would be joining the Bears football team for the 2016 season  However, he later decided to forgo playing for Baylor and entered the 2016 NFL draft after the Baylor men's basketball team lost in the first round of the 2016 NCAA Men's Division I Basketball Tournament to Yale 

Dallas Cowboys
Gathers was selected by the Dallas Cowboys in the sixth round (217th overall) of the 2016 NFL Draft, based on the potential he showed during his pre-draft workout  In rookie minicamp the team considered playing him at defensive end, but decided to keep him at tight end instead  On September 3, he was released and was signed to the practice squad the next day  He signed a reserve/future contract on January 17, 2017 After a strong training camp and preseason, Gathers made the Cowboys' initial 53-man roster in 2017  However, he suffered a concussion in the preseason, and was placed on the  injured reserve on September 4, which made him eligible to return in week 8 at the earliest  Despite practicing with the squad since week 9, after week 13, he was shut down for the season  It was later revealed that he also suffered jaw and neck injuries as well In 2018, the Cowboys made the unconventional move of keeping him as the fourth tight end to avoid losing him to waivers, even though he was arrested on the eve of cuts for marijuana possession  He was the fourth-string tight end behind Geoff Swaim, Blake Jarwin and rookie Dalton Schultz  In Week 5, he recorded his first professional catch against the Houston Texans  He finished with 3 receptions for 45 yards 
On June 14, 2019, it was announced that Gathers was suspended for the first game of the season, after violating the NFL's policy and program on substances of abuse  On August 5, Gathers was waived by the Cowboys 

Cleveland Browns
On August 11, 2019, he was signed as a free agent by the Cleveland Browns  He was placed on the reserve/suspended list on August 31, 2019  He was waived by the Browns on September 10, after being reinstated from the suspension 

Personal life
Gathers' father is the cousin of the late Hank Gathers, an All-American and former Loyola Marymount star  Gathers is married and has a child  During his time away from football, he self-taught himself to create, arrange and produce hip-hop music under the pseudonym Rickadon On August 31, 2018, he was arrested for possession of marijuana in Frisco, Texas 
Passage 8:
John Jett
John Jett (born November 11, 1968) is a former American football punter in the National Football League (NFL) for the Dallas Cowboys and the Detroit Lions  He played college football for East Carolina University  Jett won two Super Bowl rings with the Cowboys in Super Bowl XXVIII and Super Bowl XXX 

Early years
Jett attended Northumberland High School where he played football and baseball, receiving All-State honors as a pitcher and outfielder 
Although Jett came to East Carolina University as an unrecruited walk-on athlete, he became a 4-year starter at Punter  He graduated after recording two of the three best single season averages in school history, setting the records for career punting average (40 0) and yards-per-punt average in a season (42 2) In 2007, he was inducted into the East Carolina Athletics Hall of Fame 

Professional career
Minnesota Vikings
Jett was signed as an undrafted free agent by the Minnesota Vikings in 1992 and was released before the start of the season 

Dallas Cowboys
On March 10, 1993, he was signed by the Dallas Cowboys and replaced Mike Saxon on the defending Super Bowl champion  He  finished the year with a 41 8 yards gross average, third in the NFC in net punting average (37 7) and led the league in percentage of punts downed inside the 20-yard line (39 3%) 
In 1994, he had a gross average of 41 9 yards (sixth in the NFC), led the league in percentage of punts downed inside the 20-yard line (37 1%) and his 26 punts that landed inside the 20-yard line were the third highest ever in franchise history  In the divisional playoff win against the Green Bay Packers, he registered the third best punting performance in Cowboys playoff history, with a 45 8 yard gross average 
In 1995, he had a gross average of 40 9 yards and a net average of 34 5  After a block, in the NFC Championship Game win against the Green Bay Packers, he went on to average 45 8 yards and tie the mark for the third highest punting average in the franchise postseason history, receiving NFC Special Teams Player of the Week honors  The next year, he was fourth in the NFC in net average (36 8 yards) 
During his time with the team, he led the NFL in punts inside the 20 yard-line for four straight seasons 

Detroit Lions
Jett was signed as a free agent by the Detroit Lions in 1997, after the salary cap-strapped Cowboys could not afford to re-sign him 
In 2000, he was named as an alternate to the Pro Bowl 
He missed three games with a calf injury in 2001  The next year, he was second in the NFC in net average (38 yards), sixth in gross average (42 2 yards) and third in punts inside the 20-yard line (29) 
On October 30, 2003, he was placed on the injured reserve list, with what turned out to be a career-ending calf injury 
Passage 9:
Danny White
Wilford Daniel White (born February 9, 1952) is an American former professional football player and coach  He played as a quarterback and punter for the Dallas Cowboys in the National Football League (NFL)  He later coached in the Arena Football League (AFL)  He has been the color commentator for Cowboys games on Compass Media Networks' America's Team Radio Network since the 2011 season  He played college football at Arizona State University 

Early years
A graduate of Westwood High School in Mesa, Arizona, White did not receive a lot of notice while being the starter at quarterback, due to his perception as a better baseball prospect 
Frank Kush, then the football head coach at Arizona State University, helped convince Bobby Winkles, the school's baseball coach, to sign White to a scholarship with the provision that he would also play punter for the football team  During those early years Kush gave him a chance to improve his skills as a quarterback, which eventually would lead him to become the starter midway through his sophomore season, ending up throwing for six touchdowns in a game against the University of New Mexico 
White went on to have a stellar career as a quarterback and punter, compiling a 32–4 record, winning three Fiesta Bowls, setting seven NCAA passing records and being named an All-American in 1973, when he led the nation's second rated total offense  He finished with 6,717 passing yards, 64 touchdowns, 42 interceptions and averaged 41 7 yards per punt Besides having his jersey retired, he was inducted into the College Football Hall of Fame, the State of Arizona Sports Hall of Fame, and the Arizona State University Athletics Hall of Fame  In 2000, he was named Arizona Athlete of the Century by the Arizona Republic  He also was an inaugural member of Dunham and Miller Hall of Fame 
On October 29, 2010, White was honored, along with other Sun Devil Quarterbacks, at a Legends Luncheon hosted by the Arizona State University Alumni Association and Sun Devil Club   Other honorees included John F  Goodman, Andrew Walter, and Jake Plummer 

Professional career
Memphis Southmen (WFL)
The Dallas Cowboys selected him in the third round (53rd overall) of the 1974 NFL Draft, but were mainly interested in him as a punter, so he chose to sign with the World Football League's Memphis Southmen for a better offer 
White shared the quarterback position with John Huarte, helping his team reach the semifinals as a rookie and a second-place finish in 1975  During these two years, he passed for 2,635 yards and 21 touchdowns in 30 games, and also led the league in punting his last year 

Dallas Cowboys
In 1976, he signed with the Dallas Cowboys after the World Football League folded  Through 1979, White was the Cowboys' punter and the backup to the team's star quarterback Roger Staubach  After Staubach's retirement following the end of that season, White became the Cowboys' starting quarterback  Until 1984, he continued to serve as the team's punter, making him one of the last starting quarterbacks in NFL history to also start at a different position   He punted for the last time in his career once in 1985 
In a memorable 1980 playoff game against the Atlanta Falcons, led the Cowboys to a come-from-behind 30–27 victory  He also played in one of the Cowboys' most painful playoff losses against the San Francisco 49ers in the 1981 NFC Championship Game, famous for the Joe Montana-to-Dwight Clark game-winning play, which would simply come to be known as "The Catch"  He received Pro Bowl and second-team All-Pro honors in 1982 
White led the Cowboys to three consecutive NFC Championship Games (1980–1982), but was criticized after the Cowboys lost each of the three games despite having been favored in all of them  He also received criticism for publicly siding with the owners during the 1982 NFL Players Strike  Fans and teammates alike began to show support for him to be replaced as the Cowboys quarterback by Gary Hogeboom, who was coming off an impressive performance in the 1982 NFC Championship Game (which they lost to the archrival Washington Redskins) after White was knocked out of the game with a concussion  Even his statistically career-best 1983 season failed to silence the critics, after ending it with consecutive blowout losses to the Redskins (at home) and the 49ers after a 12–2 start  To add insult to injury, the Cowboys lost the NFC Wildcard Playoff game to the Los Angeles Rams  That apparently was enough for him to lose his starting job to Hogeboom at the start of the 1984 season  Under Hogeboom, the Cowboys looked impressive with a 4–1 start, but then a loss to division rival St  Louis and ineffective plays by Hogeboom convinced coach Tom Landry to reinstate White as his starter  The Cowboys finished 9–7, but missed the playoffs in 1984 for the first time in a decade; but with White as quarterback, the Cowboys made it back in 1985 with a 10–6 record  However, they lost again to the Los Angeles Rams in the playoffs 
In 1986, the Cowboys started 6–2, had the #1 offense in the NFL, were tied for the lead in the NFC Eastern Division and White was also the number one rated passer in the NFC at that point in the season  During an away game against Bill Parcells's New York Giants, however, a blind-side sack by Giants linebacker Carl Banks broke White's throwing wrist and tore ligaments, knocking him out of the game and ending his season  Dallas lost the game, 17–14, and without him the team faded badly, finishing the year 7–9 and the Cowboys first losing season since 1965 
White returned as the starter at the beginning of 1987, but after inconsistent play, he was benched in favor of Steve Pelluer for 4 of the final 6 games  In 1988, Pelluer won the starting job in training camp, relegating White as a backup  White appeared briefly in only two games, and in his second game he suffered a season-ending knee injury  An option on his contract was not picked up in April 1989 and he retired, paving the way for Troy Aikman to take the reins of the struggling franchise 
White had 1,761 completions on 2,950 attempts for 21,959 yards, 155 touchdowns, and 132 interceptions in his career   He also gained  482 yards and scored 8 touchdowns rushing  Unusual for a quarterback, he had two pass receptions for touchdowns, both from a halfback option pass  On special teams he punted 610 times for 24,509 yards, an average of 40 4 yards per punt, with 144 punts inside the 20 and 77 touchbacks  His record as the Cowboys' starting quarterback was 62–32 ( 659 winning percentage) during the regular season, and 5–5 in the playoffs 
Being Roger Staubach's successor and never reaching a Super Bowl as a starting quarterback contributed to White's being an unappreciated player, even considering all of the successes he achieved for the Cowboys and the NFL during the decade of the eighties  "I don't think anybody could have followed Roger and done as well as Danny", Coach Tom Landry remarked, "Danny was a solid winner "

NFL career statistics
Regular season
Coaching career
White's career as a coach began shortly after his playing days ended  This is appropriate considering that, while an active player, he was widely regarded—like Staubach before him—as knowledgeable of the game and as something of a coach on the field  He also began working as a broadcast commentator during his coaching career, which was possible because he coached Arena football, which is played during the outdoor game's off-season 
White served as the head coach of the Arizona Rattlers from 1992 to 2004, winning the ArenaBowl championship in 1994 and 1997  White's contract was not renewed by the new Rattlers ownership after the 2004 season following three consecutive ArenaBowl losses  He was named the head coach of the Arena Football League expansion Utah Blaze, which began play in 2006  He led his teams to the playoffs in 10 of 11 seasons, including two championships (1994 and 1997), finishing with a 162–95 record as a head coach 
In 2002, he was inducted into the Arena Football League Hall of Fame in recognition for his coaching success 

Head coaching record
Personal life
White's father, Wilford "Whizzer" White (no relation to college football legend and U S  Supreme Court justice Byron White, who also was nicknamed "Whizzer" and played American football), was the first Arizona State University All-American football player and still ranks third in school history with 1502 rushing yards in a season (1950), he also played halfback for the Chicago Bears from 1951–52 In 1983, White briefly recorded as a country music artist for the Grand Prix label  His only single, "You're a Part of Me", a duet with Linda Nail, reached #85 on the Hot Country Songs charts White and his wife, JoLynn, have four children, Ryan (d  2015), Geoff, Heather and Reed, and sixteen grandchildren  He now makes corporate appearances and motivational speeches  JoLynn died on August 15, 2016  White is currently married to Linda L  Bang  In recent years he has been seen on TV doing ADT security infomercials White is a member of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints 

See also
List of NCAA major college football yearly passing leaders
Passage 10:
Todd Lowber
Todd Lowber (born January 26, 1982) is a former gridiron football wide receiver  He most recently played for the Toronto Argonauts of the Canadian Football League (CFL)  He was signed by the Minnesota Vikings as an undrafted free agent in 2007  He has also been a member of the New York Giants, Dallas Cowboys, and Miami Dolphins  He earned a Super Bowl ring as a member of the Giants' practice squad in Super Bowl XLII  He did not play college football but is a former college basketball player and high jump champion 
Lowber grew up in Delran Township, New Jersey and attended Delran High School 

College career
Lowber played basketball for two seasons at Ramapo College in Mahwah, New Jersey as a guard and won the 2006 NCAA Division III men's high jump  Prior to transferring to Ramapo, Lowber played two seasons for Richard Stockton College of New Jersey 

Professional football career
Minnesota Vikings
On April 18, 2007, Lowber signed a three-year contract with the Minnesota Vikings  They signed Lowber after their scout attended a combine that was set up by New Jersey sports attorney Jim Ulrich  Prior to signing with the Vikings, Lowber had no previous football experience  Lowber was waived on August 27, 2007 

New York Giants
He was signed to the New York Giants practice squad in September 2007  He was released by the team on June 23, 2008 

First stint with the Toronto Argonauts
Lowber was signed to the practice roster of the CFL's Toronto Argonauts on July 22, 2008 

Dallas Cowboys
Shortly after signing with the Argonauts, Lowber was signed by the Dallas Cowboys on July 28, 2008  His attempt to make the Cowboys was chronicled on the HBO series Hard Knocks: Training Camp with the Dallas Cowboys  On August 30, Lowber was waived from the Cowboys during final cuts 

Miami Dolphins
Lowber was signed to the practice squad of the Miami Dolphins on November 10, 2008  After finishing the season on the practice squad, he was re-signed by the Dolphins on January 5, 2009  He was waived on June 1, 2009 

Second stint with the Toronto Argonauts
Lowber re-signed with the Toronto Argonauts on June 7, 2009  On June 14, 2009, Lowber suffered a concussion after being hit by Chris Jennings and Doug Goldsby of the Montreal Alouettes while returning a kick in the team's first pre-season game  Lowber lay on the field for 15 minutes before getting carted away  He was released on June 23, 2009 

Third stint with the Toronto Argonauts
On April 21, 2011, Lowber re-signed with the Toronto Argonauts  He was later released on June 20, 2011 
Context 2: Passage 1:
Canton Road
Canton Road is a major road in Hong Kong, linking the former west reclamation shore in Tsim Sha Tsui, Jordan, Yau Ma Tei, Mong Kok and Prince Edward on the Kowloon Peninsula  The road runs mostly parallel and west to Nathan Road  It starts from the junction with Salisbury Road in the south and ends in the north at the junction with Lai Chi Kok Road in the Prince Edward area  The southern section of Canton Road is home to many upscale retail shops, shopping centres and others business establishments, with busy traffic from both vehicles and pedestrians from morning till late at night 

Name
The road was originally named MacDonnell Road  It was renamed to Canton Road in 1909 to avoid confusion with MacDonnell Road on Hong Kong Island 
The road is named after the City of Canton (now Guangzhou, 廣州), following a pattern where roads in the area were named after cities in China and Vietnam  However, an error resulted in Canton being interpreted as referring to the Province of Canton (Now Guangdong, 廣東), resulting in the Chinese name of the road becoming 廣東道 instead of the intended 廣州道 

Sections and features
Canton Road is not one continuous road, instead, it is divided into four sections, interrupted by a major housing estate (Prosperous Garden) and disjointed by a traffic intersection (Jordan Road) as the result of urban development in the past hundred years 
The following list follows a south-north order  (W) indicates the western side of the road, while (E) indicates the eastern side 

Tsim Sha Tsui section
The section starts at Salisbury Road and ends at Jordan Road  Features include:

(W) Star House, at the intersection with Salisbury Road and facing the Tsim Sha Tsui Ferry Pier Bus Terminus
(E) Former Marine Police Headquarters Compound, at the intersection with Salisbury Road  A declared monument, it has been renamed "1881 Heritage" and re-developed into a shopping mall and hotel 
(W) Harbour City, which contains the Marco Polo Hong Kong Hotel, the Ocean Terminal, the Ocean Centre and The Gateway
(E) One Peking office and shopping mall tower, at the junction with Peking Road
(E) > junction with Peking Road
(E) Silvercord (新港中心) and the Silvercord Arcade (No  30), at the junction with Haiphong Road
(E) > junction with Haiphong Road
(E) > junction with Kowloon Park Drive
(W) China Hong Kong City, which contains the Hong Kong China Ferry Terminal
(E) A small portion of Kowloon Park
(E) Lai Chack Middle School (No  180)
(W) Tsim Sha Tsui Fire Station (No  333)
(E) Victoria Towers (No  188), at the junction with Austin Road
(E) > junction with Austin Road
(W) Exit F of Austin MTR station
(W) [Demolished] Canton Road Government Offices (廣東道政府合署) (No  393)  It was one of the oldest remaining government office buildings at the time of its demolition in 2011 
(E) > junction with Bowring Street
(W) > junction with Wui Cheung Road
(E) King George V Memorial Park, Kowloon at the intersection with Jordan Road

Jordan to Yau Ma Tei section
The section starts at Jordan Road and ends at Public Square Street  The part of this section between Jordan Road and Kansu Street is sometimes called "Jade Street" because of the number of jewellery shops selling jade 
(W) Giant jade stone near the intersection with Jordan Road (north side)
(E) > junction with Nanking Street
(E) > junction with Ning Po Street
> intersection with Saigon Street
(E) No  578 Canton Road, a building proposed for conservation, at the intersection with Saigon Street
(E) > junction with Pak Hoi Street
> intersection with Kansu Street
(W) Yau Ma Tei Police Station, a Grade III historic building, at the intersection with Public Square StreetThe road is interrupted north of Public Square Street, and Prosperous Garden, a housing estate, is located in its place  The Broadway Cinematheque is located within Prosperous Garden 

Yau Ma Tei section
This very short section (about 30m long) starts at Tung Kun Street, north of Prosperous Garden and ends at the Yau Ma Tei Fruit Market, a Grade III historic building  This section is bordered by two schools:

(W) Tung Koon District Society Fong Shu Chuen School
(E) Wanchai Church Kei To School

Yau Ma Tei to Prince Edward section
The section starts at Waterloo Road, north of the Yau Ma Tei Fruit Market and ends at Lai Chi Kok Road  This section features a street market in the Mong Kok area 
> intersection with Pitt Street
(E) > junction with Hamilton Street
> intersection with Dundas Street
> intersection with Soy Street
> intersection with Shantung Street
> intersection with Nelson Street
(W) > junction with Nam Tau Street
(W) Mongkok Market Complex between the junctions with Nam Tau Street and Argyle Street
> intersection with Argyle Street
(W) China Cafe (No  1077A), a cha chaan teng featured in several Hong Kong films, including the 2001 Fulltime Killer, the 2003 PTU, the 2005 Election and the 2007 Whispers and Moans 
(E) > junction with Fife Street
> intersection with Mong Kok Road
> intersection with Bute Street
> intersection with Arran Street
> intersection with Prince Edward Road West
(W) No  1235 Canton Road, tong-lau proposed for conservation

West Rail line (Tuen Ma Line)
It was proposed that a station, Canton Road on the Kowloon Southern Link of the West Rail line, could be built beneath the Tsim Sha Tsui section of the road, outside Harbour City  The plan was put off after unsuccessful negotiation between KCRC and The Wharf on financial arrangement  Another station, Austin, near the junction of Canton Road and Wui Cheung Road in Kwun Chung opened on 16 August 2009 

In popular culture
The final shootout sequence of the 2003 film PTU, directed by Johnnie To, takes place in Canton Road  The sequence was actually shot in Ap Lei Chau 

Gallery
Tsim Sha Tsui section
See also
Shanghai Street, a 2 3 km long street, generally parallel to Canton Road and Nathan Road
List of streets and roads in Hong Kong
Passage 2:
Jimaní
Jimaní is the capital and the second largest city of the Independencia Province of the Dominican Republic  It serves as one of the two main border crossings to Haiti (with Dajabón), with a duty-free open-air marketplace operating on the border with Haiti  The town suffered damages in the flash flood of May 25, 2004, which killed many citizens during the night and washed away hundreds of homes 

History
The name "Ximani" is of native Taíno origin  Historian Rafael Leonidas Pérez y Pérez in his book "Annotations on the history of Jimaní", says that Ximani was a Cacique of the chieftainship of Xaragua who had control of the town that lied in the middle of the two lakes, Lake Enriquillo and Lake Azuei, as well as the pass that leads to Pic la Selle making it a strategical and important part of the island  The name "Ximaní" is recognized when the Spaniards signed a peace agreement with the natives through Enriquillo at "the Lagoon of Ximaní" in 1536 
Another version claims the name belongs to a French Count (Count of Jimaní)  General Paul Decayette, the Conde de Jimani and member of the Court of Faustin Soulouque, invades through the north  He is confronted and beaten by the Dominican army in Sabana Larga near the town of Dajabón  The exact date was January 24, 1856  With this victory the Dominicans put an end to the 12 years Dominican-Haitian War, one of the longest wars of independence in the Western Hemisphere (though with intermissions)  Pérez y Pérez clarifies however that this official, was called "of Jimani" because of him having owned that land, which was awarded to him during the expansion of the French occupation  The historian argues that the French did not occupy the west side of the island, particularly that territory, until the mid 18th century 
By the time of the Dominican War of Independence, Jimani was practically deserted with most of the fighting taking place in Neiba  After the independence of 1844 the earliest inhabitants of Jimaní came from various communities of the southwest, such as Neiba, Duvergé, El Estero, Las Salinas, Azua de Compostela, Santa Cruz de Barahona, and Haitian immigrants from the mountains that married or had common-law marriages with Dominicans, forming families in the most populous neighborhood of the community, known as Jimaní Viejo  By the 1930s Jimaní belonged to Neiba and in 1938 it became part of the commune of La Descubierta, forming a part of the Province of Baoruco 
On the 18 of March 1943, by means of the law number 229, Jimani was elevated to municipal district  On December 29, 1948, the province of Baoruco was split into two provinces, the west side receiving the name of Independence Province  On January 1, 1950, Jimani officially became the Capital of the new province Independencia 

Climate
Lying in a valley in the rain shadow of the northeast trade winds, Jimaní has a hot semi-arid climate with relatively constant temperatures throughout the course of the year  Annual rainfall is bimodal, peaking in May and October; the dry season occurs from December through February 

Economy
Agriculture and commerce with Haiti represent the main economic activities of this municipality  In agriculture the main products are cassava, batata, melon, peppers, cilantro and tomatoes Jimaní has a popular duty-free open-air marketplace with Haiti that is also visited by people from adjoining towns and even from distant regions of the country  In this market, basic food products are sold, as well as foreign beverages, clothes, shoes, and new and used electrical appliances 
The customs zone of the border is called "The Door" and it is visited by foreign tourists that come to observe the dynamics of the business and intercultural and interracial relation between Dominicans and Haitians 
The municipal City Hall receives monthly RD$1,000,000 as mandated by the General Law of Budget, through the Dominican Municipal League  The authorities of the City Hall estimate the internal tax collection to be about $15,000 monthly The municipal districts El Limón and Boca de Cachón receive monthly $500,000 each one, from the transfer ordered by the law through the Dominican Municipal League 
There are two financial institutions in Jimaní  A branch office of the Reserve Bank and a branch office of the Cooperative of Savings and Credit of Neiba (Coopacrene) 

Education
There are six basic schools with two daily schedules and four public high schools, three of them for adults 

Health
The municipality has a municipal hospital and four rural clinics or hospitals  The majority of the Jimanisenses prefer to seek medical attention in the Regional University Hospital Jaime Mota of Barahona 

Culture and religion
Jimaní is mostly Catholic  Local holidays are celebrated March 19, in honor of their Saint San José  A carnival is being added to the Patronal Feast, to expand the celebration  Also being instituted is the celebration of a Cultural Week each year, in memory of the flood that destroyed a big part of the population in May 2004 
As a historic-cultural monument, Jimaní conserves intact and conditioned the "Mansion of Trujillo", one of many the dictator built in the border region, although he never spent the night in this particular one 

Public works
Local governments have carried out different works for the community, such as the reconstruction and restructuring of the municipal cemetery, the reconstruction of street gutters, rehabilitation of electric lighting in the urban area and in the sector of Tierra Nueva  There are also ongoing projects to enlarge the aqueduct network for the neighborhoods of La Cu and El Cerro 

Organizations
In Jimaní there are several community associations  For example, in each of the towns that conform the municipality there is an Association of Farmers as well as an Association of Mothers 
There is also a Lions Club, the Association of Minibuses Jimaní-Barahona, a committee that represents the Association of "Jimanisenses" in Massachusetts, US, a technical team of World Vision, Fundasur (Foundation of the South) and Conani (the National Council for Childhood and Adolescence) 
Passage 3:
Ahiara
Ahiara is a city in Mbaise, Imo State, Nigeria  The city stands about 16 miles between Owere and Umuahia  It was the location of Chukwuemeka Odumegwu Ojukwu's Ahiara Declaration during the Nigerian Civil War  It is the location of the Catholic diocese in Mbaise  The first recorded Ahiara contact with the Europeans was around 1905 when the British Aro expedition got mixed up in inter-village war which eventually had Dr  Steward a victim, as a consequence the Ahiara people were severely punished by the British forces with an invasion which forced many citizens to flee and never return 
The Ahiara Slogan is Decent Dexterity 

Origin
Ahiara was founded by a man of that name  He was the son of Anunu, popularly called Odo ji Anunu  His sibling Avuvu became a part of Ikeduru  Etymologically, the name Ahiara is a type of plant among the Igbo people  The leaves of this plant signify peace  The great Ezes of Igbo used to travel with Ahiara leaves to guarantee peaceful journeys across several territories  Before Christianity, which 89 percent of the people practice, traditional religion held sway  Ahiara does not practise a centralized system of government  The ten chief priests and chief priestess were the symbol of authority and they occasionally met to deliberate and pass motions which eventually became tradition and laws  They also conferred titles to deserving citizens  Among those was Hon Nze H C  O Uhegbu who was conferred with the title of Nze Onugotu of Ahiara as at the time he was the first man in Ahiara to represent the clan in the state legislature 

Ahiara Ofo Iri
Ahiara city is historically called Ahiara Ofo Iri, which means Ahiara of the Ten Scepters  Each scepter represents each of the ten villages that make up the city  The ten villages of Ahiara are:

Ahiara is divided into two sections: Ihite and Ikenga 

Ihite consists of these five villages: Obodo, Nnarambia, Oru na Nneude, Otulu, and Ogbe 
Ikenga consists of these five villages: Akabo, Amuzi, Agu na Eze, Ogwuama, and Ujichi These ten villages are symbolically explained as the ten fingers of the human hands  This signifies an evolved dexterity and is why the Ahiara Slogan is Decent Dexterity 
The Mater Ecclesiae Cathedral in Ahiara is the seat of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Ahiara 
Passage 4:
Yau Ma Tei North (constituency)
Yau Ma Tei North (Chinese: 油麻地北) is one of the 19 constituencies in the Yau Tsim Mong District of Hong Kong which was first created in 1982 and recreated in 2015 
The constituency loosely covers Yau Ma Tei with the estimated population of 12,817 

Councillors represented
1982–85
1985–94
2015 to present
Election results
2010s
1990s
1980s
Passage 5:
Zacharovce
Zacharovce (Hungarian: Zeherje) is a village and municipality in the Rimavská Sobota District of the Banská Bystrica Region of southern Slovakia  Located in the near of the main road I/50, connecting Zvolen and Košice the village is now more a living neighbourhood of Rimavská Sobota, where many citizens go for a work  The most important sightseeing is a gothic church from 15th century, later rebuilt 
Passage 6:
Hong Kong
Hong Kong (US:  or UK: ; Chinese: 香港, Cantonese: [hœ́ːŋ kɔ̌ːŋ] (listen)), officially the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of the People's Republic of China (abbr  Hong Kong SAR or HKSAR), is a city and a special administrative region in China  With 7 4 million residents of various nationalities in a 1,104-square-kilometre (426 sq mi) territory, Hong Kong is one of the most densely populated territories in the world 
Hong Kong was established as a colony of the British Empire after the Qing Empire ceded Hong Kong Island in 1841-1842  The colony expanded to the Kowloon Peninsula in 1860 and was further extended when Britain obtained a 99-year lease of the New Territories in 1898  Hong Kong was shortly occupied by Japan from 1941 to 1945 during World War II  The whole territory was transferred from Britain to China in 1997  Hong Kong maintains separate governing and economic systems from that of mainland China under the principle of "one country, two systems" Originally a sparsely populated area of farming and fishing villages, the territory is now one of the world's most significant financial centres and commercial ports  Hong Kong is the world's fourth-ranked global financial centre, ninth-largest exporter, and eighth-largest importer  Its currency, the Hong Kong dollar, is the eighth most traded currency in the world  Home to the second-highest number of billionaires of any city in the world, Hong Kong has the largest concentration of ultra high-net-worth individuals  Although the city has one of the highest per capita incomes in the world, severe income inequality exists among the population  Despite having the largest number of skyscrapers of any city in the world, housing in Hong Kong has been well-documented to experience a chronic persistent shortage 
Hong Kong is a highly developed territory and has a Human Development Index (HDI) of 0 952, ranking fourth in the world  The city has a very low homicide rate, the second highest life expectancy, and a public transport rate exceeding 90% 

Etymology
The name of the territory, first romanised as "He-Ong-Kong" in 1780, originally referred to a small inlet located between Aberdeen Island and the southern coast of Hong Kong Island  Aberdeen was an initial point of contact between British sailors and local fishermen  Although the source of the romanised name is unknown, it is generally believed to be an early phonetic rendering of the Cantonese (or Tanka Cantonese) phrase hēung góng  The name translates as "fragrant harbour" or "incense harbour"  "Fragrant" may refer to the sweet taste of the harbour's freshwater influx from the Pearl River or to the odour from incense factories lining the coast of northern Kowloon  The incense was stored near Aberdeen Harbour for export before Victoria Harbour was developed  Sir John Davis (the second colonial governor) offered an alternative origin; Davis said that the name derived from "Hoong-keang" ("red torrent"), reflecting the colour of soil over which a waterfall on the island flowed The simplified name Hong Kong was frequently used by 1810  The name was also commonly written as the single word Hongkong until 1926, when the government officially adopted the two-word name  Some corporations founded during the early colonial era still keep this name, including Hongkong Land, Hongkong Electric Company, Hongkong and Shanghai Hotels and the Hongkong and Shanghai Banking Corporation (HSBC) 

History
Prehistory and Imperial China
Earliest known human traces in what is now Hong Kong are dated by some to 35,000 and 39,000 years ago during the Paleolithic period  The claim is based on an archaeological investigation in Wong Tei Tung, Sai Kung in 2003  The archaeological works revealed knapped stone tools from deposits that were dated using optical luminescence dating During the Middle Neolithic period, about 6,000 years ago, the region had been widely occupied by humans  Neolithic to Bronze Age Hong Kong settlers were semi-coastal people  Early inhabitants are believed to be Austronesians in the Middle Neolithic period and later the Yueh people  As hinted by the archaeological works in Sha Ha, Sai Kung, rice cultivation had been introduced since Late Neolithic period  Bronze Age Hong Kong featured coarse pottery, hard pottery, quartz and stone jewelry, as well as small bronze implements The Qin dynasty incorporated the Hong Kong area into China for the first time in 214 BCE, after conquering the indigenous Baiyue  The region was consolidated under the Nanyue kingdom (a predecessor state of Vietnam) after the Qin collapse and recaptured by China after the Han conquest  During the Mongol conquest of China in the 13th century, the Southern Song court was briefly located in modern-day Kowloon City (the Sung Wong Toi site) before its final defeat in the 1279 Battle of Yamen by the Yuan Dynasty  By the end of the Yuan dynasty, seven large families had settled in the region and owned most of the land  Settlers from nearby provinces migrated to Kowloon throughout the Ming dynasty The earliest European visitor was Portuguese explorer Jorge Álvares, who arrived in 1513  Portuguese merchants established a trading post called Tamão in Hong Kong waters and began regular trade with southern China  Although the traders were expelled after military clashes in the 1520s, Portuguese-Chinese trade relations were re-established by 1549  Portugal acquired a permanent lease for Macau in 1557 After the Qing conquest, maritime trade was banned under the Haijin policies  From 1661 to 1683, the population of most of the area forming present day Hong Kong was cleared under the Great Clearance, turning the region into a wasteland  The Kangxi Emperor lifted the maritime trade prohibition, allowing foreigners to enter Chinese ports in 1684  Qing authorities established the Canton System in 1757 to regulate trade more strictly, restricting non-Russian ships to the port of Canton  Although European demand for Chinese commodities like tea, silk, and porcelain was high, Chinese interest in European manufactured goods was insignificant, so that Chinese goods could only be bought with precious metals  To reduce the trade imbalance, the British sold large amounts of Indian opium to China  Faced with a drug crisis, Qing officials pursued ever more aggressive actions to halt the opium trade 

British colony
In 1839, the Daoguang Emperor rejected proposals to legalise and tax opium and ordered imperial commissioner Lin Zexu to eradicate the opium trade  The commissioner destroyed opium stockpiles and halted all foreign trade, triggering a British military response and the First Opium War  The Qing surrendered early in the war and ceded Hong Kong Island in the Convention of Chuenpi  British forces began controlling Hong Kong shortly after the signing of the convention, from 26 January 1841  However, both countries were dissatisfied and did not ratify the agreement  After more than a year of further hostilities, Hong Kong Island was formally ceded to the United Kingdom in the 1842 Treaty of Nanking Administrative infrastructure was quickly built by early 1842, but piracy, disease, and hostile Qing policies initially prevented the government from attracting commerce  Conditions on the island improved during the Taiping Rebellion in the 1850s, when many Chinese refugees, including wealthy merchants, fled mainland turbulence and settled in the colony  Further tensions between the British and Qing over the opium trade escalated into the Second Opium War  The Qing were again defeated and forced to give up Kowloon Peninsula and Stonecutters Island in the Convention of Peking  By the end of this war, Hong Kong had evolved from a transient colonial outpost into a major entrepôt  Rapid economic improvement during the 1850s attracted foreign investment, as potential stakeholders became more confident in Hong Kong's future The colony was further expanded in 1898 when Britain obtained a 99-year lease of the New Territories  The University of Hong Kong was established in 1911 as the territory's first institution of higher education  Kai Tak Airport began operation in 1924, and the colony avoided a prolonged economic downturn after the 1925–26 Canton–Hong Kong strike  At the start of the Second Sino-Japanese War in 1937, Governor Geoffry Northcote declared Hong Kong a neutral zone to safeguard its status as a free port  The colonial government prepared for a possible attack, evacuating all British women and children in 1940  The Imperial Japanese Army attacked Hong Kong on 8 December 1941, the same morning as its attack on Pearl Harbor  Hong Kong was occupied by Japan for almost four years before Britain resumed control on 30 August 1945 

Its population rebounded quickly after the war, as skilled Chinese migrants fled from the Chinese Civil War and more refugees crossed the border when the Chinese Communist Party took control of mainland China in 1949  Hong Kong became the first of the Four Asian Tiger economies to industrialise during the 1950s  With a rapidly increasing population, the colonial government attempted reforms to improve infrastructure and public services  The public-housing estate programme, Independent Commission Against Corruption, and Mass Transit Railway were all established during the post-war decades to provide safer housing, integrity in the civil service, and more reliable transportation Nevertheless, widespread public discontent resulted in multiple protests from the 1950s to 1980s, including pro-Republic of China and pro-Chinese Communist Party protests  In the 1967 Hong Kong riots, pro-PRC protestors clashed with the British colonial government  As many as 51 were killed and 802 were injured in the violence, including dozens killed by the Royal Hong Kong Police via beatings and shootings Although the territory's competitiveness in manufacturing gradually declined because of rising labour and property costs, it transitioned to a service-based economy  By the early 1990s, Hong Kong had established itself as a global financial centre and shipping hub 

Chinese special administrative region
The colony faced an uncertain future as the end of the New Territories lease approached, and Governor Murray MacLehose raised the question of Hong Kong's status with Deng Xiaoping in 1979  Diplomatic negotiations with China resulted in the 1984 Sino-British Joint Declaration, in which the United Kingdom agreed to transfer the colony in 1997 and China would guarantee Hong Kong's economic and political systems for 50 years after the transfer  The impending transfer triggered a wave of mass emigration as residents feared an erosion of civil rights, the rule of law, and quality of life  Over half a million people left the territory during the peak migration period, from 1987 to 1996  The Legislative Council became a fully elected legislature for the first time in 1995 and extensively expanded its functions and organisations throughout the last years of the colonial rule  Hong Kong was transferred to China on 1 July 1997, after 156 years of British rule Immediately after the transfer, Hong Kong was severely affected by several crises  The Hong Kong government was forced to use substantial foreign exchange reserves to maintain the Hong Kong dollar's currency peg during the 1997 Asian financial crisis, and the recovery from this was muted by an H5N1 avian-flu outbreak and a housing surplus  This was followed by the 2003 SARS epidemic, during which the territory experienced its most serious economic downturn Political debates after the transfer of sovereignty have centred around the region's democratic development and the Chinese central government's adherence to the "one country, two systems" principle  After reversal of the last colonial era Legislative Council democratic reforms following the handover, the regional government unsuccessfully attempted to enact national security legislation pursuant to Article 23 of the Basic Law  The central government decision to implement nominee pre-screening before allowing chief executive elections triggered a series of protests in 2014 which became known as the Umbrella Revolution  Discrepancies in the electoral registry and disqualification of elected legislators after the 2016 Legislative Council elections and enforcement of national law in the West Kowloon high-speed railway station raised further concerns about the region's autonomy  In June 2019, mass protests erupted in response to a proposed extradition amendment bill permitting the extradition of fugitives to mainland China  The protests are the largest in Hong Kong's history, with organisers claiming to have attracted more than three million Hong Kong residents 
The Hong Kong regional government and Chinese central government responded to the protests with a number of administrative measures to quell dissent  In June 2020, the Legislative Council passed the National Anthem Ordinance, which criminalised "insults to the national anthem of China"  The Chinese central government meanwhile enacted the Hong Kong national security law to help quell protests in the region  Nine months later, in March 2021, the Chinese central government introduced amendments to Hong Kong's electoral system, which included the reduction of directly elected seats in the Legislative Council and the requirement that all candidates be vetted and approved by a Beijing-appointed Candidate Eligibility Review Committee 

Government and politics
Hong Kong is a special administrative region of China, with executive, legislative, and judicial powers devolved from the national government  The Sino-British Joint Declaration provided for economic and administrative continuity through the transfer of sovereignty, resulting in an executive-led governing system largely inherited from the territory's history as a British colony  Under these terms and the "one country, two systems" principle, the Basic Law of Hong Kong is the regional constitution  The regional government is composed of three branches:

Executive: The Chief Executive is responsible for enforcing regional law, can force reconsideration of legislation, and appoints Executive Council members and principal officials  Acting with the Executive Council, the Chief Executive-in-Council can propose new bills, issue subordinate legislation, and has authority to dissolve the legislature  In states of emergency or public danger, the Chief Executive-in-Council is further empowered to enact any regulation necessary to restore public order 
Legislature: The unicameral Legislative Council enacts regional law, approves budgets, and has the power to impeach a sitting chief executive 
Judiciary: The Court of Final Appeal and lower courts interpret laws and overturn those inconsistent with the Basic Law  Judges are appointed by the chief executive on the advice of a recommendation commission The chief executive is the head of government and serves for a maximum of two five-year terms  The State Council (led by the Premier of China) appoints the chief executive after nomination by the Election Committee, which is composed of 1500 business, community, and government leaders The Legislative Council has 90 members, each serving a four-year term  Twenty are directly elected from geographical constituencies, thirty-five represent functional constituencies (FC), and forty are chosen by an election committee consisting of representatives appointed by the Chinese central government  Thirty FC councillors are selected from limited electorates representing sectors of the economy or special interest groups, and the remaining five members are nominated from sitting district council members and selected in region-wide double direct elections  All popularly elected members are chosen by proportional representation  The 30 limited electorate functional constituencies fill their seats using first-past-the-post or instant-runoff voting Twenty-two political parties had representatives elected to the Legislative Council in the 2016 election  These parties have aligned themselves into three ideological groups: the pro-Beijing camp (the current government), the pro-democracy camp, and localist groups  The Chinese Communist Party does not have an official political presence in Hong Kong, and its members do not run in local elections  Hong Kong is represented in the National People's Congress by 36 deputies chosen through an electoral college and 203 delegates in the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference appointed by the central government 

Chinese national law does not generally apply in the region, and Hong Kong is treated as a separate jurisdiction  Its judicial system is based on common law, continuing the legal tradition established during British rule  Local courts may refer to precedents set in English law and overseas jurisprudence  However, mainland criminal procedure law applies to cases investigated by the Office for Safeguarding National Security of the CPG in the HKSAR  Interpretative and amending power over the Basic Law and jurisdiction over acts of state lie with the central authority, making regional courts ultimately subordinate to the mainland's socialist civil law system  Decisions made by the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress override any territorial judicial process  Furthermore, in circumstances where the Standing Committee declares a state of emergency in Hong Kong, the State Council may enforce national law in the region The territory's jurisdictional independence is most apparent in its immigration and taxation policies  The Immigration Department issues passports for permanent residents which differ from those of the mainland or Macau, and the region maintains a regulated border with the rest of the country  All travellers between Hong Kong and China and Macau must pass through border controls, regardless of nationality  Mainland Chinese citizens do not have right of abode in Hong Kong and are subject to immigration controls  Public finances are handled separately from the national government; taxes levied in Hong Kong do not fund the central authority The Hong Kong Garrison of the People's Liberation Army is responsible for the region's defence  Although the Chairman of the Central Military Commission is supreme commander of the armed forces, the regional government may request assistance from the garrison  Hong Kong residents are not required to perform military service, and current law has no provision for local enlistment, so its defence is composed entirely of non-Hongkongers The central government and Ministry of Foreign Affairs handle diplomatic matters, but Hong Kong retains the ability to maintain separate economic and cultural relations with foreign nations  The territory actively participates in the World Trade Organization, the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation forum, the International Olympic Committee, and many United Nations agencies  The regional government maintains trade offices in Greater China and other nations The imposition of the Hong Kong national security law by the central government in Beijing in June 2020 resulted in the suspension of bilateral extradition treaties by the United Kingdom, Canada, Australia, New Zealand, Finland, and Ireland  The United States ended its preferential economic and trade treatment of Hong Kong in July 2020 because it was no longer able to distinguish Hong Kong as a separate entity from the People's Republic of China 

Administrative divisions
The territory is divided into 18 districts, each represented by a district council  These advise the government on local issues such as public facility provisioning, community programme maintenance, cultural promotion, and environmental policy  There are a total of 479 district council seats, 452 of which are directly elected  Rural committee chairmen, representing outlying villages and towns, fill the 27 non-elected seats 

Political reforms and sociopolitical issues
Hong Kong is governed by a hybrid regime that is not fully representative of the population  Legislative Council members elected by functional constituencies composed of professional and special interest groups are accountable to these narrow corporate electorates and not the general public  This electoral arrangement has guaranteed a pro-establishment majority in the legislature since the transfer of sovereignty  Similarly, the chief executive is selected by establishment politicians and corporate members of the Election Committee rather than directly elected  Although universal suffrage for the chief executive and all Legislative Council elections are defined goals of Basic Law Articles 45 and 68, the legislature is only partially directly elected, and the executive continues to be nominated by an unrepresentative body  The government has been repeatedly petitioned to introduce direct elections for these positions Ethnic minorities (except those of European ancestry) have marginal representation in government and often experience discrimination in housing, education, and employment  Employment vacancies and public service appointments frequently have language requirements which minority job seekers do not meet, and language education resources remain inadequate for Chinese learners  Foreign domestic helpers, predominantly women from the Philippines and Indonesia, have little protection under regional law  Although they live and work in Hong Kong, these workers are not treated as ordinary residents and do not have the right of abode in the territory  Sex trafficking in Hong Kong is an issue  Local and foreign women and girls are often forced into prostitution in brothels, homes, and businesses in the city The Joint Declaration guarantees the Basic Law of Hong Kong for 50 years after the transfer of sovereignty  It does not specify how Hong Kong will be governed after 2047, and the central government's role in determining the territory's future system of government is the subject of political debate and speculation  Hong Kong's political and judicial systems may be integrated with China's at that time, or the territory may continue to be administered separately  However, in response to large-scale protests in 2019 and 2020, the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress passed the controversial Hong Kong national security law  The law criminalises secession, subversion, terrorism and collusion with foreign elements and establishes the Office for Safeguarding National Security of the CPG in the HKSAR, an investigative office under Central People's Government authority immune from HKSAR jurisdiction  Some of the aforementioned acts were previously considered protected speech under Hong Kong law  The United Kingdom considers the law to be a serious violation of the Joint Declaration  In October 2020, Hong Kong police arrested seven pro-democracy politicians over tussles with pro-Beijing politicians in the Legislative Council in May  They were charged with contempt and interfering with members of the council, while none of the pro-Beijing lawmakers were detained  Annual commemorations of the 1989 Tiananmen Square protests and massacre were also cancelled amidst fears of violating the national security law  In March 2021, the Chinese central government unilaterally changed Hong Kong's electoral system and established the Candidate Eligibility Review Committee, which would be tasked with screening and evaluating political candidates for their "patriotism" 

Geography
Hong Kong is on China's southern coast, 60 km (37 mi) east of Macau, on the east side of the mouth of the Pearl River estuary  It is surrounded by the South China Sea on all sides except the north, which neighbours the Guangdong city of Shenzhen along the Sham Chun River  The territory's 1,110 18 km2 (428 64 sq mi) area (2754 97 km2 if the maritime area is included) consists of Hong Kong Island, the Kowloon Peninsula, the New Territories, Lantau Island, and over 200 other islands  Of the total area, 1,073 km2 (414 sq mi) is land and 35 km2 (14 sq mi) is water  The territory's highest point is Tai Mo Shan, 957 metres (3,140 ft) above sea level  Urban development is concentrated on the Kowloon Peninsula, Hong Kong Island, and in new towns throughout the New Territories  Much of this is built on reclaimed land; 70 km2 (27 sq mi) (6% of the total land or about 25% of developed space in the territory) is reclaimed from the sea Undeveloped terrain is hilly to mountainous, with very little flat land, and consists mostly of grassland, woodland, shrubland, or farmland  About 40% of the remaining land area is country parks and nature reserves  The territory has a diverse ecosystem; over 3,000 species of vascular plants occur in the region (300 of which are native to Hong Kong), and thousands of insect, avian, and marine species 

Climate
Hong Kong has a humid subtropical climate (Köppen Cwa), characteristic of southern China, despite being located south of the Tropic of Cancer  Summers are long, hot and humid, with occasional showers and thunderstorms and warm air from the southwest  The humid nature of Hong Kong exacerbates the warmth of summer  Typhoons occur most often then, sometimes resulting in floods or landslides  Winters are short, mild and usually sunny at the beginning, becoming cloudy towards February  Frequent cold fronts bring strong, cooling winds from the north and occasionally result in chilly weather  Autumn is the sunniest season, whilst spring is generally cloudy  When there is snowfall, which is extremely rare, it is usually at high elevations  Hong Kong averages 1,709 hours of sunshine per year  Historic temperature extremes at the Hong Kong Observatory are 36 6 °C (97 9 °F) on 22 August 2017 and 0 0 °C (32 0 °F) on 18 January 1893  The highest and lowest recorded temperatures in all of Hong Kong are 39 0 °C (102 °F) at Wetland Park on 22 August 2017, and −6 0 °C (21 2 °F) at Tai Mo Shan on 24 January 2016 

Architecture
Hong Kong has the world's largest number of skyscrapers, with 482 towers taller than 150 metres (490 ft), and the third-largest number of high-rise buildings in the world  The lack of available space restricted development to high-density residential tenements and commercial complexes packed closely together on buildable land  Single-family detached homes are uncommon and generally only found in outlying areas  The International Commerce Centre and Two International Finance Centre are the tallest buildings in Hong Kong and are among the tallest in the Asia-Pacific region  Other distinctive buildings lining the Hong Kong Island skyline include the HSBC Main Building, the anemometer-topped triangular Central Plaza, the circular Hopewell Centre, and the sharp-edged Bank of China Tower
Context 3: Passage 1:
Adrenaline (album)
Adrenaline is the debut studio album by American alternative metal band Deftones, released on October 3, 1995, by Maverick Records  The majority of the album was produced by Terry Date, while a hidden track titled "Fist" was produced by Ross Robinson 

Background and recording
Stephen Carpenter, Abe Cunningham and Chino Moreno were high school friends  All three went to Sacramento's C  K  McClatchy High School together, and participated in the city's skateboarding scene  Carpenter was a fan of heavy metal; Moreno was interested in hardcore punk bands such as Bad Brains as well as post-punk and new wave bands such as Depeche Mode and the Cure  When Moreno learned that Carpenter was a guitarist, he set up a jam session with Cunningham, who played drums  The trio began playing regularly in Carpenter's garage around 1988  They recruited bassist Dominic Garcia some time after, and the band became a four-piece  When Cunningham left Deftones to join Phallucy, another band from Sacramento, Garcia switched instruments and became the band's drummer  Chi Cheng filled the void as bassist, and the band recorded a four-track demo soon afterwards Regarding the recording, drummer Abe Cunningham said, "At the time we did the first record – which I really like and think is good – you can tell the band was really young  We'd been playing most of those songs for quite a while, and we were just so happy to be making a record that we didn't really think a whole lot about making the songs better"  Frontman Chino Moreno felt that Adrenaline was recorded "really fast", and he performed all his vocals live with the band in the room using a hand-held Shure SM58 microphone 

Composition
Musically, Adrenaline has been described as alternative metal, post-hardcore, nu metal, and rap rock 

Promotion
"7 Words" was released as the first promotional single from the album on December 17, 1995  It was followed by "Bored", issued as the second promotional single on April 4, 1996  Music videos were released for "7 Words" and "Bored"  The song "Engine No  9" was also featured in the film Law Abiding Citizen Deftones performed heavily throughout North America to support the album, going on tours with Handsome, Korn, White Zombie and Super 8 (whose vocalist helped discover Deftones)  They also opened for Kiss on their Alive/Worldwide Tour 

Reception
Adrenaline was praised for its new, innovative sound, with critics initially comparing it to a diverse range of acts such as Helmet, Nine Inch Nails, the Cure, Korn, Nirvana, and the Smashing Pumpkins  In his 1995 review, Kerrang!'s Paul Brannigan felt the album's sound "falls between Quicksand and Tool", and said Deftones "explode from atmospheric croons into buck-mad rages"  He wrote, "Excellent production from Terry Date allows the crisp guitar on 'Lifter' and '7 Words' to shine", and that "Bored" and "Nosebleed" are "just as blunt and angry, slabs of guitar crashing down on swirling, hypnotic rhythms " Brannigan rated it 4 out of 5 stars, saying it was "Impressive " In 1995, Jon Wiederhorn of Pulse stated that "Adrenaline pitches between gloom-saturated melodies and explosive riffs, lashing out like a sleep-deprived paranoiac awakened by noisy neighbors  The rhythms are crisp and crafty and the vocals resonate both fury and sensitivity in a way that's similar to, but far more blatantly metallic than Nirvana"  Critic Katherine Turman wrote in January 1996, "If this is what heavy metal is evolving into, it's a damn good thing" Giving the album 3 out of 4 stars in her 1996 review, Los Angeles Times critic Sandy Masuo praised the album's nuance and blend of musical extremes and various influences: "On the outside, Sacramento's Deftones are all pummeling rhythms and high anxiety, but delving further into the music turns up some surprising nuances: traces of post-punk pop, tinges of rap, a pinch of industrial grit  Chino Moreno rants, sobs, croons and even works some Middle Eastern overtones into his vocals, while Stephen Carpenter's guitar shifts from coarse outbursts to crisp Helmet-ine precision  A bracing blend of extremes"  In his 1996 review, Tomas Pascual of Livewire magazine similarly noted the album's subtle yet diverse musical influences and the juxtaposition of loud and heavy with soft and melodic: "There are many bands these days that lay claim to a diverse section of influences  But no one band is as subtly boisterous about their eclectic mix as are Deftones  [   ] Deftones' course is piloted by vocalist and frontman Chino Moreno, who expresses his smooth, melodic lyrics emotionally one minute before giving way to abrasive, maddened screams the next  Backed by the serene and apocalyptic guitar of Stephen Carpenter, this Yin-Yang formula keeps Deftones' debut Adrenaline progressively contagious" 

Retrospective reviews
In a retrospective AllMusic review of the album, Daniel Gioffre wrote, "Unlike many of their contemporaries, Deftones are very controlled even in the midst of chaos", adding, "Throw Abe Cunningham's surprisingly sophisticated drumming into the mix, and you have a band that possesses a far greater degree of nuance than most others that work in the genre"  While he noted that "there is a bit of sameness in Chino Moreno's whispered vocal melodies, which drags the record down a bit", Gioffre ultimately states that "[o]n later albums, the band's progressive tendencies become more developed, but the more straight-ahead material on Adrenaline does not disappoint  A promising debut " In the book The Rough Guide to Heavy Metal, author Essi Berelian wrote that the album "still stands as one of the best examples of nu-metal"  Writing for MetalSucks in June 2009, Carlos Ramirez noted that the wide range of musical influences in both Adrenaline and Around the Fur helped to establish the band in the underground music scene prior to their larger commercial breakthrough with third album White Pony: "[Deftones'] first two albums, Adrenaline (1995) and Around the Fur (1997), were both chock full of bombastic guitars, new wave-kissed vocal lines, and post-hardcore informed arrangements, and their wide-scoped sound helped the Sacramento, CA band find audiences in various facets of the underground music scene"  In critic Tim Karan's 20th anniversary assessment for Diffuser, he wrote: "For those who were swept up in the burgeoning nu-metal movement, 'Adrenaline' was a landmark, life-changing release  But Deftones never really were a true nu-metal band -- this album is more like hardcore-influenced post-hardcore than 'Nookie' -- and it only scratched at the surface of the experimental metal Deftones would soon step into" 

Commercial performance
While the album was initially unsuccessful, extensive touring and word-of-mouth promotion built the band a dedicated fanbase and helped Adrenaline to sell over 220,000 copies  When asked what he attributed the album's success to, bassist Chi Cheng responded, "One word: perseverance  We've been together for almost eight years, on the road for two and we do it with honesty and integrity – and the kids can tell"  The album was certified gold by the RIAA on July 7, 1999, in recognition of 500,000 units sold  It was eventually certified platinum on September 23, 2008, in recognition of 1,000,000 units sold 

Track listing
Note

"Fist" is currently misspelled "First" on several digital editions, as well as Japanese copies 

Personnel
Credits taken from the CD liner notes 
Deftones

Chino Moreno – lead vocals
Stephen Carpenter – guitar
Chi Cheng – bass, backing vocals
Abe Cunningham – drumsTechnical

Deftones - producer (all songs except "Fist")
Terry Date - producer (all songs except "Fist"), engineer, mixing
Ross Robinson - producer ("Fist")
Ulrich Wild - engineer
Tom Smurdy - 2nd assistant
Ted Jensen - mastering

Charts
Certifications
Passage 2:
Given to the Rising
Given to the Rising is the ninth studio album by American band Neurosis, released on June 5, 2007  The album is available in a standard jewel case, a limited-edition digipak, and a limited-edition double LP, all with the same track list  Decibel Magazine listed Given to the Rising as the 76th-best metal album of the decade  A DVD documentary is also available from Neurot Records  The artwork for the album, designed by Josh Graham, is a mixture of photos from Heroes Square in Budapest and drawings inspired by the place  Coincidentally, singer/guitarist Steve Von Till and Josh Graham had separately thought of the idea of using Heroes Square as the artwork for the album 

Musical style
The album has been described by music critics as a more aggressive, heavier album than their recent previous output, showcasing a "more direct and hard-hitting approach", resulting in "their heaviest record since 99's 'Times Of Grace'" 

Critical reception
The album received critical acclaim upon release  In D  Shawn Bosler's review of the album for Pitchfork, he described it as "their best album in a decade " AllMusic's Thom Jurek praised it as "one hell of an album, better than anyone had any right to expect, and one of the high moments in a career filled with them  Neurosis have no need of caricatures or "more evil than thou" posturing  They are in a league of their own, and from the sounds of Given to the Rising, will remain there for some time "

Track listing
Personnel
NeurosisScott Kelly – vocals, guitar
Dave Edwardson – bass, backing vocals
Jason Roeder – drums, percussions
Steve Von Till – guitar, vocals
Noah Landis – keyboards, synthesizers, effects, backing vocalsTechnical personnelSteve Albini – production, mastering
John Graham – artwork

Chart performance
Passage 3:
Just Keep Runnin'
Just Keep Runnin' is a punk rock album by the Poway, California band Agent 51  It was first released in 2000 on the band's own Suburban Hooligans Records label, then was re-released in 2001 by Adeline Records with additional tracks  It was the band's second album and expanded their punk rock sound to include influences of classic rock and heavy metal  It also greatly expanded the band's secret agent mythos, with the liner notes extensively detailing the comic book-style secret origins of the band and its members  According to the story, the band members were rogue secret agents with psychic, cybernetic and alien-enhanced abilities who were struggling against a secret government organization known as "The Agency " The Agency sought to use satellites to control the minds of Earth's population, and Agent 51's mission was to expose the Agency's secrets to the general public disguised as an ordinary rock band  The songs "C I A F B I " and "Psychic Spies" dealt directly with this theme  The songs "The Last Pirate Standing", "Free-Wheel" and "Who's Gunna Riot?" had been part of the band's live set for several years under the titles "The Pirate Song", "Free-Wheel Burning" and "Riot "

Reception
Stewart Mason of Allmusic gave Just Keep Runnin' three stars out of five, calling it "basically insubstantial, but a lot of fun" and saying that the band has "a Dickies-like tongue-in-cheek quality" 

Track listing
Personnel
Band
Chris Armes – guitar, vocals, art design and illustration
Eric "E-Rock" Davis – guitar, vocals
Greg Schneider – bass guitar, vocals (tracks 1–18); story and layout
Michael "Mikey L" Levinson – drums
Sean Scura – bass guitar, vocals (tracks 19 and 20)

Additional musicians
Shawn Stern of Youth Brigade (band) - backing vocals on "Straight Outta Hell" (original release only)

Production
Dan de las Isla – mastering
Chris Armes and Greg Hewitt – art design and illustration
Passage 4:
Against All Will
Against All Will is an American rock quartet from Los Angeles, whose debut album lineup was formed in Spring 2009 by Jimmy Allen (formerly of Puddle of Mudd), Jeff Current (formerly of Seven Story Drop), Steve "Boomstick" Wilson (formerly of Dead Kennedys and t A T u ), and Cello Dias (formerly of Soulfly)   The songs "All About You" and "The Drug I Need" from their debut album entitled A Rhyme & Reason ranked in the national rock radio top 50 in 2010 

History
Against All Will was formed in 2007 by Jimmy Allen, guitarist songwriter and former member of the American rock band called "Puddle Of Mudd"  Up until he started "Against All Will", Jimmy had spent several years prior writing for bands and working on independent music projects  Sometime in early 2007 he decided to start his own band with "Mizzy" Pacheco (vocals) and Mark "Moke" Bistany (drums)  Mark had toured with Jimmy in "Puddle of Mudd" and Mizzy was a recently DEPARTED solo artist from Virgin Records, who at the time was working on a new solo record in the dark and lonely part of Hollywood  For the record, Moke, on a stormy night in Hollywood, is the one who contacted Mizzy about cutting some vocals on the Jimmy Allen demo tracks  Mizzy and Moke were good friends for years in LA, drawn together perhaps, for fact they both came from the "East Coast" and shared a splendid love for
In March 2011, Phillip Gonyea replaced Wilson on drums   The band plans to release their first full-length album in 2013 

Personnel
Current members
Jimmy Allen
Jimmy Allen is the former Award-winning songwriter (Blurry, She Hates Me, Drift & Die) and co founding lead guitarist for the rock band Puddle of Mudd 
Jimmy Allen's song "Blurry" won ASCAP's 2003 song of the year and ASCAP most performed song of 2002  Also Billboard rock song of the year Award  Allen also won ASCAP's 2004 most performed song of 2004 for "She Hates Me" 
Allen spent a majority of his childhood in Chanute, KS and is an alum of Chanute High School 

Cello Dias
Cello Dias is the former bass player for the Heavy Metal veteran band Soulfly 

"Mizzy" Pacheco
"Mizzy" Pacheco was the original singer for Against All Will  He can be heard on the tracks "You Can't Change me" (2007) and "Tomorrow and Today" (2008)  In addition to writing the song "The Drug I Need" He also wrote "Nothing Good Anymore" and co-wrote "Swept Away" and "Blue" from the debut Against All Will CD entitled "A Rhyme & Reason", before parting ways with the band  He is also a Photographer and Video director in Los Angeles and is responsible for directing and shooting the Against All Will music videos "Love the way you hate me", "The Drug I Need" and  "Swept Away"  He also owns his own "Pacheco Fine Art Photography" gallery on the Pacific Coast Highway in Malibu where he showcases his work  He can be heard and seen on the new single and video "Love The Way You hate Me" (2012) 

Steve "Boomstick" Wilson
Steve "Boomstick" Wilson is the former drummer for t A T u  and Dead Kennedys 

Former members
Mark "Moke" Bistany
Mark "Moke" Bistany is a former drummer for Otep, Cellophane and Hed PE  May have also been "the drummer" for Puddle of Mudd from 2005 to 2007 

Jeff Current
Jeff Current is the former lead singer of Seven Story Drop (SSD) 

Phillip Gonyea
Phillip Gonyea is the former drummer of Instinct of Aggression, and is the current percussionist for Los Angeles heavy metal band Before the Mourning 

Timeline
Discography
The discography of Against All Will, currently consists of one extended play album and ten singles 

A Rhyme & Reason
This extended play album (2009)    

A Rhyme & Reason is the debut album by Against All Will recorded at Korn Studios and released on October 20, 2009   Songs "All About You" and "The Drug I Need" ranked in the national rock radio top 50 in 2010 

Track listing
Personnel
Jimmy Allen – Lead Guitar
Jeff Current – vocals
Cello Dias – bass guitar
Steve "Boomstick" Wilson – drums

Production
Tim Harkins – producer

Studio album
Debut Against All Will (full length) Studio Album (TBD)

Singles
"Tomorrow & Today" (2007)
"You Can't Change Me" (2008)
"All About You" (2010)
"The Drug I Need" (2010)
"Swept Away" (2011)
"I Hate" (2011)
"The Devil Made Me Do It" (2011)
"Love the Way You Hate Me" (2012)
"Sunset Jupiter" (2013)
"Another Nail in the Coffin" (2013)

See also
List of alternative rock artists
List of bands from Los Angeles
Passage 5:
Ryan Ferguson (musician)
Ryan Ferguson (born c  1975) is an indie rock guitarist and singer-songwriter, formerly of Southern California band No Knife  In 2004 he contributed the acoustic track "Wait for Me There" to the compilation album San Diego Is Burning  Ferguson's solo debut Three, Four was released in July 2005, winning a San Diego Music Award for "Best Pop Record" that year  Critic Chris Nixon cited it as one of the best releases of the year for San Diego musicians   The Sims 2 featured an interpretation of the album's lead track "Suddenly"  He went on to tour with American rock band Switchfoot, and released a full-length album entitled Only Trying to Help in 2007 Ferguson's influences include Jellyfish and Wire  Critic Kevin Bronson labelled Ferguson's style as "power pop", and Ferguson commented, "We're not ashamed of playing pop songs anymore "

Discography
Albums
Only Trying to Help (2007) Better Looking Records
Three, Four EP (2005) Jr Varsity Records

Compilations
"My Favorite Songwriters" (2004) Five One, Inc 
Passage 6:
Deftones
Deftones is an American alternative metal band formed in Sacramento, California in 1988  They were formed by Chino Moreno (vocals, guitar), Stephen Carpenter (guitar), Abe Cunningham (drums), and Dominic Garcia (bass)  During their first five years, the band's lineup changed several times, but stabilized in 1993 when Cunningham rejoined after his departure in 1990; by this time, Chi Cheng was bassist  The lineup remained stable for fifteen years, with the exception of keyboardist and turntablist Frank Delgado being added in 1999  The band's experimental nature has led some critics to describe them as "the Radiohead of metal" Deftones have released nine albums since their inception  After the lineup settled in 1993, the band secured a recording contract with Maverick Records, and subsequently released their debut album Adrenaline in 1995  Promoting the album by touring exhaustively with other bands in the scene, Deftones managed to gain a dedicated fan base through word of mouth  Their second album Around the Fur was released in 1997, reached chart positions along with its singles, and became the band's first to receive certification from the RIAA  The band found even further success with their third album White Pony (2000), which saw a transition away from their earlier, more aggressive sound into a more experimental direction  Its lead single "Change (In the House of Flies)" is the band's most commercially successful single, and the track "Elite" won a Grammy Award for Best Metal Performance; it was also the band's first of three albums to be certified platinum in the United States  Their self-titled fourth album was released in 2003



ground_truth: Arizona State University

prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: Yau Ma Tei North is a district of a city with how many citizens?

The following are given passages.
Context 2: Demand for new construction has contributed to frequent demolition of older buildings, freeing space for modern high-rises  However, many examples of European and Lingnan architecture are still found throughout the territory  Older government buildings are examples of colonial architecture  The 1846 Flagstaff House, the former residence of the commanding British military officer, is the oldest Western-style building in Hong Kong  Some (including the Court of Final Appeal Building and the Hong Kong Observatory) retain their original function, and others have been adapted and reused; the Former Marine Police Headquarters was redeveloped into a commercial and retail complex, and Béthanie (built in 1875 as a sanatorium) houses the Hong Kong Academy for Performing Arts  The Tin Hau Temple, dedicated to the sea goddess Mazu (originally built in 1012 and rebuilt in 1266), is the territory's oldest existing structure  The Ping Shan Heritage Trail has architectural examples of several imperial Chinese dynasties, including the Tsui Sing Lau Pagoda (Hong Kong's only remaining pagoda) Tong lau, mixed-use tenement buildings constructed during the colonial era, blended southern Chinese architectural styles with European influences  These were especially prolific during the immediate post-war period, when many were rapidly built to house large numbers of Chinese migrants  Examples include Lui Seng Chun, the Blue House in Wan Chai, and the Shanghai Street shophouses in Mong Kok  Mass-produced public-housing estates, built since the 1960s, are mainly constructed in modernist style 

Demographics
The Census and Statistics Department estimated Hong Kong's population at 7,413,070 in 2021  The overwhelming majority (91 6%) is Han Chinese, most of whom are Taishanese, Teochew, Hakka, and other Cantonese peoples  The remaining 8 4% are non-ethnic Chinese minorities, primarily Filipinos, Indonesians, and South Asians  However, most Filipinos and Indonesians in Hong Kong are short-term workers  According to a 2021 thematic report by the Hong Kong government, after excluding foreign domestic helpers, the real number of non-Chinese ethnic minorities in the city was 301,344, or 4% of Hong Kong's population  About half the population have some form of British nationality, a legacy of colonial rule; 3 4 million residents have British National (Overseas) status, and 260,000 British citizens live in the territory  The vast majority also hold Chinese nationality, automatically granted to all ethnic Chinese residents at the transfer of sovereignty  Headline population density exceeds 7,060 people/km2, and is the fourth-highest in the world The predominant language is Cantonese, a variety of Chinese originating in Guangdong  It is spoken by 93 7% of the population, 88 2% as a first language and 5 5% as a second language  Slightly over half the population (58 7%) speaks English, the other official language; 4 6% are native speakers, and 54 1% speak English as a second language  Code-switching, mixing English and Cantonese in informal conversation, is common among the bilingual population  Post-handover governments have promoted Mandarin, which is currently about as prevalent as English; 54 2% of the population speak Mandarin, with 2 3% native speakers and 51 9% as a second language  Traditional Chinese characters are used in writing, rather than the simplified characters used in the mainland 

Among the religious population, the traditional "three teachings" of China, Buddhism, Confucianism, and Taoism, have the most adherents (20%), followed by Christianity (12%) and Islam (4%)  Followers of other religions, including Sikhism, Hinduism, and Judaism, generally originate from regions where their religion predominates Life expectancy in Hong Kong was 82 38 years for males and 88 17 years for females in 2022, the highest in the world  Cancer, pneumonia, heart disease, cerebrovascular disease, and accidents are the territory's five leading causes of death  The universal public healthcare system is funded by general-tax revenue, and treatment is highly subsidised; on average, 95% of healthcare costs are covered by the government The city has a severe amount of income inequality, which has risen since the transfer of sovereignty, as the region's ageing population has gradually added to the number of nonworking people  Although median household income steadily increased during the decade to 2016, the wage gap remained high; the 90th percentile of earners receive 41% of all income  The city has the most billionaires per capita, with one billionaire per 109,657 people, as well as the third-highest number of billionaires of any city in the world, the second-highest number of billionaires of any city in Asia, and the largest concentration of ultra high-net-worth individuals of any city in the world  Despite government efforts to reduce the growing disparity, median income for the top 10% of earners is 44 times that of the bottom 10% 

Economy
One of the world's most significant financial centres and commercial ports, Hong Kong has a market economy focused on services, characterised by low taxation, minimal government market intervention, and an established international financial market  It is the world's 35th-largest economy, with a nominal GDP of approximately US$373 billion  Hong Kong's economy ranked at the top of the Heritage Foundation's economic freedom index between 1995 and 2021  However, Hong Kong was removed from the index by the Heritage Foundation in 2021, with the Foundation citing a "loss of political freedom and autonomy     [making Hong Kong] almost indistinguishable in many respects from other major Chinese commercial centers like Shanghai and Beijing"  Hong Kong is highly developed, and ranks fourth on the UN Human Development Index  The Hong Kong Stock Exchange is the seventh-largest in the world, with a market capitalisation of HK$30 4 trillion (US$3 87 trillion) as of December 2018  Hong Kong is ranked as the 14th most innovative territory in the Global Innovation Index in 2022, and 3rd in the Global Financial Centres Index  The city is sometimes referred to as "Silicon Harbor", a nickname derived from Silicon Valley in California  Hong Kong hosts several high tech and innovation companies, including several multinational companies Hong Kong is the ninth- and eight-largest trading entity in exports and imports respectively (2021),  trading more goods in value than its gross domestic product  Over half of its cargo throughput consists of transshipments (goods travelling through Hong Kong)  Products from mainland China account for about 40% of that traffic  The city's location allowed it to establish a transportation and logistics infrastructure which includes the world's seventh-busiest container port and the busiest airport for international cargo  The territory's largest export markets are mainland China and the United States  Hong Kong is a key part of the 21st Century Maritime Silk Road  It has little arable land and few natural resources, importing most of its food and raw materials  More than 90% of Hong Kong's food is imported, including nearly all of its meat and rice  Agricultural activity is 0 1% of GDP and consists of growing premium food and flower varieties Although the territory had one of Asia's largest manufacturing economies during the latter half of the colonial era, Hong Kong's economy is now dominated by the service sector  The sector generates 92 7% of economic output, with the public sector accounting for about 10%  Between 1961 and 1997 Hong Kong's gross domestic product increased by a factor of 180, and per capita GDP increased by a factor of 87  The territory's GDP relative to mainland China's peaked at 27% in 1993; it fell to less than 3% in 2017, as the mainland developed and liberalised its economy  Economic and infrastructure integration with China has increased significantly since the 1978 start of market liberalisation on the mainland  Since resumption of cross-boundary train service in 1979, many rail and road links have been improved and constructed, facilitating trade between regions  The Closer Economic Partnership Arrangement formalised a policy of free trade between the two areas, with each jurisdiction pledging to remove remaining obstacles to trade and cross-boundary investment  A similar economic partnership with Macau details the liberalisation of trade between the special administrative regions  Chinese companies have expanded their economic presence in the territory since the transfer of sovereignty  Mainland firms represent over half of the Hang Seng Index value, up from 5% in 1997 

As the mainland liberalised its economy, Hong Kong's shipping industry faced intense competition from other Chinese ports  Half of China's trade goods were routed through Hong Kong in 1997, dropping to about 13% by 2015  The territory's minimal taxation, common law system, and civil service attract overseas corporations wishing to establish a presence in Asia  The city has the second-highest number of corporate headquarters in the Asia-Pacific region  Hong Kong is a gateway for foreign direct investment in China, giving investors open access to mainland Chinese markets through direct links with the Shanghai and Shenzhen stock exchanges  The territory was the first market outside mainland China for renminbi-denominated bonds, and is one of the largest hubs for offshore renminbi trading  In November 2020, Hong Kong's Financial Services and the Treasury Bureau proposed a new law that will restrict cryptocurrency trading to professional investors only, leaving amateur traders (93% of Hong Kong's trading population) out of the market  The Hong Kong dollar, the local currency, is the eighth most traded currency in the world  Due to extremely compact house sizes and the extremely high housing density, the city has the most expensive housing market in the world The government has had a passive role in the economy  Colonial governments had little industrial policy and implemented almost no trade controls  Under the doctrine of "positive non-interventionism", post-war administrations deliberately avoided the direct allocation of resources; active intervention was considered detrimental to economic growth  While the economy transitioned to a service basis during the 1980s, late colonial governments introduced interventionist policies  Post-handover administrations continued and expanded these programmes, including export-credit guarantees, a compulsory pension scheme, a minimum wage, anti-discrimination laws, and a state mortgage backer Tourism is a major part of the economy, accounting for 5% of GDP  In 2016, 26 6 million visitors contributed HK$258 billion (US$32 9 billion) to the territory, making Hong Kong the 14th most popular destination for international tourists  It is the most popular Chinese city for tourists, receiving over 70% more visitors than its closest competitor (Macau)  The city is ranked as one of the most expensive cities for expatriates  However, since 2020, there has been a sharp decline in incoming visitors due to tight COVID-19 travel restrictions  Additionally, due to the closure of Russian airspace in 2022, multiple airlines decided to cease their operations in Hong Kong  In an attempt to attract tourists back to Hong Kong, the Hong Kong government announced plans to give away 500,000 free airline tickets in 2023 Hong Kong is one of the safest cities in the world, with a very low homicide rate at 0 29 per 100,000 population  Compared with other Nylonkong cities, London is 1 38 and New York is 5 80 

Infrastructure
Transport
Hong Kong has a highly developed, sophisticated transport network  Over 90% of daily trips are made on public transport, the highest percentage in the world  The Octopus card, a contactless smart payment card, is widely accepted on railways, trams, buses and ferries, and can be used for payment in most retail stores The Peak Tram, Hong Kong's first public transport system, has provided funicular rail transport between Central and Victoria Peak since 1888  The Central and Western District has an extensive system of escalators and moving pavements, including the Mid-Levels escalator (the world's longest outdoor covered escalator system)  Hong Kong Tramways covers a portion of Hong Kong Island  The Mass Transit Railway (MTR) is an extensive passenger rail network, connecting 93 metro stations throughout the territory  With a daily ridership of almost five million, the system serves 41% of all public transit passengers in the city and has an on-time rate of 99 9%  Cross-boundary train service to Shenzhen is offered by the East Rail line, and longer-distance inter-city trains to Guangzhou, Shanghai, and Beijing are operated from Hung Hom station  Connecting service to the national high-speed rail system is provided at West Kowloon railway station Although public transport systems handle most passenger traffic, there are over 500,000 private vehicles registered in Hong Kong  Automobiles drive on the left (unlike in mainland China), because of historical influence of the British Empire  Vehicle traffic is extremely congested in urban areas, exacerbated by limited space to expand roads and an increasing number of vehicles  More than 18,000 taxicabs, easily identifiable by their bright colour, are licensed to carry riders in the territory  Bus services operate more than 700 routes across the territory, with smaller public light buses (also known as minibuses) serving areas standard buses do not reach as frequently or directly  Highways, organised with the Hong Kong Strategic Route and Exit Number System, connect all major areas of the territory  The Hong Kong–Zhuhai–Macau Bridge provides a direct route to the western side of the Pearl River estuary 

Hong Kong International Airport is the territory's primary airport  Over 100 airlines operate flights from the airport, including locally based Cathay Pacific (flag carrier), Hong Kong Airlines, low-cost airline HK Express and cargo airline Air Hong Kong  It is the eighth-busiest airport by passenger traffic pre-COVID and handles the most air-cargo traffic in the world  Most private recreational aviation traffic flies through Shek Kong Airfield, under the supervision of the Hong Kong Aviation Club The Star Ferry operates two lines across Victoria Harbour for its 53,000 daily passengers  Ferries also serve outlying islands inaccessible by other means  Smaller kai-to boats serve the most remote coastal settlements  Ferry travel to Macau and mainland China is also available  Junks, once common in Hong Kong waters, are no longer widely available and are used privately and for tourism 
The large size of the port gives Hong Kong the classification of Large-Port Metropolis 

Utilities
Hong Kong generates most of its electricity locally  The vast majority of this energy comes from fossil fuels, with 46% from coal and 47% from petroleum  The rest is from other imports, including nuclear energy generated in mainland China  Renewable sources account for a negligible amount of energy generated for the territory  Small-scale wind-power sources have been developed, and a small number of private homes and public buildings have installed solar panels With few natural lakes and rivers, high population density, inaccessible groundwater sources, and extremely seasonal rainfall, the territory does not have a reliable source of freshwater  The Dongjiang River in Guangdong supplies 70% of the city's water, and the remaining demand is filled by harvesting rainwater  Toilets in most built-up areas of the territory flush with seawater, greatly reducing freshwater use Broadband Internet access is widely available, with 92 6% of households connected  Connections over fibre-optic infrastructure are increasingly prevalent, contributing to the high regional average connection speed of 21 9 Mbit/s (the world's fourth-fastest)  Mobile-phone use is ubiquitous; there are more than 18 million mobile-phone accounts, more than double the territory's population 

Culture
Hong Kong is characterised as a hybrid of East and West  Traditional Chinese values emphasising family and education blend with Western ideals, including economic liberty and the rule of law  Although the vast majority of the population is ethnically Chinese, Hong Kong has developed a distinct identity  The territory diverged from the mainland through its long period of colonial administration and a different pace of economic, social, and cultural development  Mainstream culture is derived from immigrants originating from various parts of China  This was influenced by British-style education, a separate political system, and the territory's rapid development during the late 20th century  Most migrants of that era fled poverty and war, reflected in the prevailing attitude toward wealth; Hongkongers tend to link self-image and decision-making to material benefits  Residents' sense of local identity has markedly increased post-handover: The majority of the population (52%) identifies as "Hongkongers", while 11% describe themselves as "Chinese"  The remaining population purport mixed identities, 23% as "Hongkonger in China" and 12% as "Chinese in Hong Kong" Traditional Chinese family values, including family honour, filial piety, and a preference for sons, are prevalent  Nuclear families are the most common households, although multi-generational and extended families are not unusual  Spiritual concepts such as feng shui are observed; large-scale construction projects often hire consultants to ensure proper building positioning and layout  The degree of its adherence to feng shui is believed to determine the success of a business  Bagua mirrors are regularly used to deflect evil spirits, and buildings often lack floor numbers with a 4; the number has a similar sound to the word for "die" in Cantonese 

Cuisine
Food in Hong Kong is primarily based on Cantonese cuisine, despite the territory's exposure to foreign influences and its residents' varied origins  Rice is the staple food, and is usually served plain with other dishes  Freshness of ingredients is emphasised  Poultry and seafood are commonly sold live at wet markets, and ingredients are used as quickly as possible  There are five daily meals: breakfast, lunch, afternoon tea, dinner, and siu yeh  Dim sum, as part of yum cha (brunch), is a dining-out tradition with family and friends  Dishes include congee, cha siu bao, siu yuk, egg tarts, and mango pudding  Local versions of Western food are served at cha chaan teng (Hong Kong-style cafes)  Common cha chaan teng menu items include macaroni in soup, deep-fried French toast, and Hong Kong-style milk tea 

Cinema
Hong Kong developed into a filmmaking hub during the late 1940s as a wave of Shanghai filmmakers migrated to the territory, and these movie veterans helped build the colony's entertainment industry over the next decade  By the 1960s, the city was well known to overseas audiences through films such as The World of Suzie Wong  When Bruce Lee's The Way of the Dragon was released in 1972, local productions became popular outside Hong Kong  During the 1980s, films such as A Better Tomorrow, As Tears Go By, and Zu Warriors from the Magic Mountain expanded global interest beyond martial arts films; locally made gangster films, romantic dramas, and supernatural fantasies became popular  Hong Kong cinema continued to be internationally successful over the following decade with critically acclaimed dramas such as Farewell My Concubine, To Live, and Chungking Express  The city's martial arts film roots are evident in the roles of the most prolific Hong Kong actors  Jackie Chan, Donnie Yen, Jet Li, Chow Yun-fat, and Michelle Yeoh frequently play action-oriented roles in foreign films  Hong Kong films have also grown popular in oversea markets such as Japan, South Korea, and Southeast Asia, earning the city the moniker "Hollywood of the East"  At the height of the local movie industry in the early 1990s, over 400 films were produced each year; since then, industry momentum shifted to mainland China  The number of films produced annually has declined to about 60 in 2017 

Music
Cantopop is a genre of Cantonese popular music which emerged in Hong Kong during the 1970s  Evolving from Shanghai-style shidaiqu, it is also influenced by Cantonese opera and Western pop  Local media featured songs by artists such as Sam Hui, Anita Mui, Leslie Cheung, and Alan Tam; during the 1980s, exported films and shows exposed Cantopop to a global audience  The genre's popularity peaked in the 1990s, when the Four Heavenly Kings dominated Asian record charts  Despite a general decline since late in the decade, Cantopop remains dominant in Hong Kong; contemporary artists such as Eason Chan, Joey Yung, and Twins are popular in and beyond the territory Western classical music has historically had a strong presence in Hong Kong and remains a large part of local musical education  The publicly funded Hong Kong Philharmonic Orchestra, the territory's oldest professional symphony orchestra, frequently hosts musicians and conductors from overseas  The Hong Kong Chinese Orchestra, composed of classical Chinese instruments, is the leading Chinese ensemble and plays a significant role in promoting traditional music in the community Hong Kong has never had a separate national anthem to the country that controlled it; its current official national anthem is therefore that of China, March of the Volunteers  The song Glory to Hong Kong has been used by protestors as an unofficial anthem of the city 

Sport and recreation
Despite its small area, the territory is home to a variety of sports and recreational facilities  The city has hosted numerous major sporting events, including the 2009 East Asian Games, the 2008 Summer Olympics equestrian events, and the 2007 Premier League Asia Trophy  The territory regularly hosts the Hong Kong Sevens, Hong Kong Marathon, Hong Kong Tennis Classic and Lunar New Year Cup, and hosted the inaugural AFC Asian Cup and the 1995 Dynasty Cup Hong Kong represents itself separately from mainland China, with its own sports teams in international competitions  The territory has participated in almost every Summer Olympics since 1952 and has earned nine medals  Lee Lai-shan won the territory's first Olympic gold medal at the 1996 Atlanta Olympics, and Cheung Ka Long won the second one in Tokyo 2020  Hong Kong athletes have won 126 medals at the Paralympic Games and 17 at the Commonwealth Games  No longer part of the Commonwealth of Nations, the city's last appearance in the latter was in 1994 Dragon boat races originated as a religious ceremony conducted during the annual Tuen Ng Festival  The race was revived as a modern sport as part of the Tourism Board's efforts to promote Hong Kong's image abroad  The first modern competition was organised in 1976, and overseas teams began competing in the first international race in 1993 The Hong Kong Jockey Club, the territory's largest taxpayer, has a monopoly on gambling and provides over 7% of government revenue  Three forms of gambling are legal in Hong Kong: lotteries, horse racing, and football 

Education
Education in Hong Kong is largely modelled after that of the United Kingdom, particularly the English system  Children are required to attend school from age 6 until completion of secondary education, generally at age 18  At the end of secondary schooling, all students take a public examination and awarded the Hong Kong Diploma of Secondary Education on successful completion  Of residents aged 15 and older, 81% completed lower-secondary education, 66% graduated from an upper secondary school, 32% attended a non-degree tertiary program, and 24% earned a bachelor's degree or higher  Mandatory education has contributed to an adult literacy rate of 95 7%  The literacy rate is lower than that of other developed economies because of the influx of refugees from mainland China during the post-war colonial era; much of the elderly population were not formally educated because of war and poverty Comprehensive schools fall under three categories: public schools, which are government-run; subsidised schools, including government aid-and-grant schools; and private schools, often those run by religious organisations and that base admissions on academic merit  These schools are subject to the curriculum guidelines as provided by the Education Bureau  Private schools subsidised under the Direct Subsidy Scheme; international schools fall outside of this system and may elect to use differing curricula and teach using other languages 

Medium of instruction
At primary and secondary school levels, the government maintains a policy of "mother tongue instruction"; most schools use Cantonese as the medium of instruction, with written education in both Chinese and English  Other languages being used as medium of instruction in non-international school education include English and Putonghua (Standard Mandarin Chinese)  Secondary schools emphasise "bi-literacy and tri-lingualism", which has encouraged the proliferation of spoken Mandarin language education English is the official medium of instruction and assessments for most university programmes in Hong Kong, although use of Cantonese is predominant in informal discussions among local students and professors 

Tertiary education
Hong Kong has eleven universities  The University of Hong Kong (HKU) was founded as the city's first institute of higher education during the early colonial period in 1911  The Chinese University of Hong Kong (CUHK) was established in 1963 to fill the need for a university that taught using Chinese as its primary language of instruction  Along with the Hong Kong University of Science and Technology (HKUST) established in 1991, these universities are consistently ranked among the top 50 or top 100 universities worldwide  The Hong Kong Polytechnic University (PolyU) and City University of Hong Kong (CityU), both granted university status in 1994, are consistently ranked among the top 100 or top 200 universities worldwide  The Hong Kong Baptist University (HKBU) was granted university status in 1994  and is a liberal arts institution  Lingnan University, Education University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Metropolitan University (formerly Open University of Hong Kong), Hong Kong Shue Yan University and Hang Seng University of Hong Kong all attained full university status in subsequent years 

Media
Most of the newsapapers in Hong Kong are written in Chinese but there are also a few English-language newspapers  The major one is the South China Morning Post, with The Standard serving as a business-oriented alternative  A variety of Chinese-language newspapers are published daily; the most prominent are Ming Pao and Oriental Daily News  Local publications are often politically affiliated, with pro-Beijing or pro-democracy sympathies  The central government has a print-media presence in the territory through the state-owned Ta Kung Pao and Wen Wei Po  Several international publications have regional operations in Hong Kong, including The Wall Street Journal, Financial Times, The New York Times International Edition, USA Today, Yomiuri Shimbun, and The Nikkei Three free-to-air television broadcasters operate in the territory; TVB, HKTVE, and Hong Kong Open TV air eight digital channels  TVB, Hong Kong's dominant television network, has an 80% viewer share  Pay TV services operated by Cable TV Hong Kong and PCCW offer hundreds of additional channels and cater to a variety of audiences  RTHK is the public broadcaster, providing seven radio channels and three television channels  Ten non-domestic broadcasters air programming for the territory's foreign population  Access to media and information over the Internet is not subject to mainland Chinese regulations, including the Great Firewall, yet local control applies 

See also
Index of articles related to Hong Kong
Outline of Hong Kong

Notes
Passage 7:
Billings Metropolitan Transit
Billings Metropolitan Transit (MET) is the public transit system in Billings, Montana  MET Transit provides fixed-route and paratransit bus service to the City of Billings Monday-Saturday  The MET is the primary mode of transportation for many citizens of the city  Met serves about 3,000 passengers a day  It currently employs around 200 people  All of MET's buses are accessible by citizens who use wheelchairs and other mobility devices; the buses are wheelchair lift-equipped and accessible to all citizens that are unable to use the stairs  All MET buses are equipped with bike racks for its bike riding passengers 

History
The MET began operation in 1973 with only five fixed routes; these included Crosstown, Grand, Broadwater, Central, and Southside 
In 1993 the MET opened up its first transfer center at Stewart Park for passengers to utilize in transferring to connection buses  In July 1996 the MET started the "Bike and Ride" program in an attempt to attract new riders; by 2004, the program had 1,411 bike-and-ride users 
In 2002 the MET added its S S  Loop to the fleet list adding extra service to the Billings south side and Route 11M Northwest was dropped off the MET route fleet 
In 2003 the MET remodeled its Stewart Park transfer center 
In the summer of 2008, construction began on the new Downtown transfer center at 220 N  25th Street; this was completed in early 2009 and it was open for business  This resulted in various changes to the routes and schedules for the buses that transfer in Downtown  Further, the MET raised its fare prices from $0 75 to $1 25 and from $0 25 to $0 50  In 2011 the MET once again faced a schedule change; Route 12P Overland Avenue was taken off the fleet 
In 2013 the MET faced another schedule change, but added more service to the West-End and the South Side  The new "West-End" bus (originally called "Southwest" and running every half-hour) was changed into a one-hour route that extended to cover the V A  Clinic on Spring Creek Drive and Zoo Montana on Shiloh Road and Pierce Parkway  The route was directed down Shiloh to Shiloh Crossing, a shopping center on Shiloh Road and King Avenue West  Routes 1M, 5D, 9D, 10D, S5, and S9 also faced changes  Route 1M changed by adding an hour and a half of service each weekday and further service down 6th Ave N  Route 5D is now known as Route 5D1 Grand 1 and Route 5D2 Grand 2  The new Grand routes run to 32nd St W off of Grand Ave instead of to 28th St W  Route 9D Central has been changed to travel down 1st Ave S during its Outbound times  Route 10D Southside serves 4th Ave S on its outbound times 
In 2014, the MET began a new program for disabled veterans  Disabled veterans can ride free on all the MET bus routes as long as the individuals show the MET driver their Department of Veterans Affairs identification card indicating "Service Connected"; the vet is not required to have a bus pass 
Also in 2014, the MET will provide its first shuttle service to the Magic Blues Fest at south park  Service will run from 14:00-23:00 and the bus will run 4 times an hour 
In May 2016, the City Council approved a four-year phased-in approach to increase bus fares  The monthly bus passes will increase by $4 beginning July 1, 2016 for the first year  Each year thereafter on July 1; the monthly passes will increase by $2 until July 1, 2019  The overall increase for adult, youth, senior and disabled monthly passes will have an accumulative increase of $10 by fiscal year 2020 
Cash fares also increased on July 1, 2016  Adult cash fares went up from $1 25 to $1 75, Youth from $1 25 to $1 50, and the Senior/Disabled cash fare from $0 50 to $0 85  Day Passes are $4  Under 6 ride for free with fare-paying rider, limit 3  And, transfers are free per use upon paying a cash fare; good for 90 minutes of being issued 
Additionally at the May 23, 2016 City Council meeting, the Council approved the elimination of four unproductive routes  The eliminated routes are the 2 Rimrock, 4 Parkhill, 6 Lewis, and 8 Miles and will end service on July 30 
In July, 2018 the MET made changes to Route 1-MET Link having it travel to Billings Logan International Airport for the first time and Route 13-Westend travel to St  Josephine Crossing allowing transfers between routes 13-Westend and 19-The Loop at Midland and Mullowney  In October, 2018 bus tracking technology was made available to the public through the Double Map bus tracking app 
In February, 2020 MET added free public WiFi to all its buses 

Services
The MET serves all five wards in the city of Billings with easily identifiable buses; they have green and blue diagonal bands  The route name is displayed over the windshield and side window while the route number is also displayed in the windshield's lower left corner  The MET stops at most corners or at blue and green MET bus signs  However, over the next 12-18 months, MET Transit will only stop at designated bus stops 

Weekday routes
1 - MET Link
3 - Crosstown
5A - Grand
5B - Grand
7 - Broadwater
9 - Central
10 - Southside
13 - Westend
14 - Alkali
15 - Hilltop
16 - Main
17 - Bench
18 - Heights
19 - The Loop
24 - Poly

School Runs
(these routes are open to the public and operate during public middle school days )

T1 Castlerock
T2 Riverside
T3 Will James
T4 Lewis & Clark

Saturday Routes
S3 - Crosstown
S5 - Grand
S7 - Broadwater
S9 - Central
S13 - Westend
S18 - Heights
S19 - The Loop

Former Routes
2 - Rimrock
4 - Parkhill
6 - Lewis
8 - Miles
11 - Northwest
12 - Overland Ave 

Special Services
Park-n-Ride
Bike & Ride
Service Connected - Free transit service for disabled veterans

Met Plus
MET Plus provides paratransit service to citizens who are unable to use MET Transit's fixed route bus service due to a disability  Paratransit is an Origin to Destination service for persons certified as eligible  All MET Transit vehicles are lift equipped 

Facilities & Vehicles
Head Office
The head office known as The Metroplex houses the administration offices, maintenance, buses, and bus wash 

Address: 1705 Monad Road
Coordinates: 45°45′47″N 108°33′31″W

Downtown Transfer Center
Most MET routes, except Route 13, come together in downtown Billings at the transfer center at 220 N  25th Street 

Address: 220 North 25th Street
Coordinates: 45°47′06″N 108°30′12 8″W

Stewart Park Transfer Center
Many routes come together at the Stewart Park Transfer Center just west of Rimrock Mall  The routes that do not use Stewart Park include 1, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, and 19 

Address: Stewart Park Road at Rimrock Mall
Coordinates: 45°46′04 4″N 108°34′55 8″W

Transit Fleet
MET Transit has a fleet of 40 vehicles - 25 for fixed-route and 15 used for Paratransit  

17 Gillig 35 ft (11 m) Standard Diesel High-FloorBuses 1801-1817
2 Gillig 35 ft (11 m) Standard Diesel Low-Floor Buses 1818 and 1819
6 Ford-LFTrans Heavy Duty buses 1820-1825In August 2022, Billings MET Transit announced plans to buy four electric buses with funds awarded by a grant program, which totaled $3,880,316 

See also
Transportation in Montana
Context 3:  While the group's critical success continued, sales proved to be lackluster compared to White Pony 
Deftones' fifth studio effort, Saturday Night Wrist, was released in 2006  While critically acclaimed, the album's production was marred by creative tensions and personal issues within the band, some of which influenced its material  In 2008, while Deftones were working on an album tentatively titled Eros, Cheng was involved in a traffic collision  As a result, he was left in a minimally conscious state until his death in 2013 of cardiac arrest  After Cheng's accident, Deftones halted production on Eros  Quicksand bassist Sergio Vega, who had filled in as a touring member to replace Cheng, later became his permanent replacement, though Vega alleges he was never an official member 
The band released the critically celebrated Diamond Eyes in 2010 and embarked on a triple-headline tour with Alice in Chains and Mastodon throughout North America  Their seventh and eighth albums, Koi No Yokan (2012) and  Gore (2016) respectively, saw the band continue to move in an increasingly experimental direction and were released to critical acclaim  Their latest album, Ohms, was released on September 25, 2020, receiving significant critical praise for its return to the band's heavier sound  In March 2022, it was announced that bassist Sergio Vega had left the band in early 2021  They have sold more than 10 million albums worldwide 

History
Early years (1988–1993)
When Stephen Carpenter was 15 years old, he was hit by a car while skateboarding  Confined to a wheelchair for several months, he began teaching himself guitar by playing along to songs by thrash metal bands such as Anthrax, Stormtroopers of Death, and Metallica  A long-circulated myth alleged that the driver paid Carpenter a cash settlement that allowed the band to purchase equipment, but Abe Cunningham commented in a 2007 interview that the story about the settlement was false 

Carpenter, Cunningham and Chino Moreno were childhood friends  All three went to C  K  McClatchy High School in Sacramento and remained friends through the city's skateboarding scene  Carpenter was a fan of heavy metal, and Moreno was interested in hardcore punk bands such as Bad Brains and post-punk and new wave bands such as Depeche Mode and the Cure  When Moreno found out that Carpenter played guitar, he set up a jam session with Cunningham, who played drums, and the three began playing regularly in Carpenter's garage around 1988  They recruited bassist Dominic Garcia some time after, and the band became a four-piece  When Cunningham left Deftones to join Phallucy, another band from Sacramento, Garcia switched to drums  Chi Cheng joined to play bass, and the band recorded a four-track demo soon afterwards  John Taylor replaced Garcia on drums in 1991, until Cunningham's return in 1993  Within two years, the band began playing club shows and later expanded their gigging territory to San Francisco and Los Angeles, where they played shows alongside bands such as Korn  While closing for another band in L A , after the majority of the audience had left, the band impressed a Maverick Records representative  They were signed to the label after performing three of their songs for Freddy DeMann and Guy Oseary Carpenter created the band's name by combining the hip hop slang term "def" (which was used by artists such as LL Cool J and Public Enemy) with the suffix "-tones," (which was popular among 1950s bands such as the Delltones and the Harptones)  The name is also a pun on the term "tone deaf "

Adrenaline (1994–1996)
The band's debut album, Adrenaline, was recorded at Bad Animals Studio in Seattle, Washington and released on October 3, 1995  It was produced by Deftones and Terry Date, who would go on to produce the band's next three albums  While they were initially commercially unsuccessful, the band built a dedicated fan base through extensive touring, word-of-mouth and Internet promotion  Through their efforts, Adrenaline went on to sell over 220,000 copies  It is regarded as an important part of the 1990s nu metal movement  An early track which predated Adrenaline but did not make the album's final cut was "Teething"; the band contributed the song to the soundtrack for the 1996 film The Crow: City of Angels  The band can also be seen performing the song live during a scene as themselves The album spent 21 weeks on the Billboard Heatseekers chart, reaching a peak position of 23  When asked what he attributed the album's success to, Cheng responded, "One word: perseverance  We've been together for almost eight years, on the road for two, and we do it with honesty and integrity—and the kids can tell"  The album was certified gold by the RIAA on July 7, 1999, and was certified platinum on September 23, 2008 Regarding the recording of the album, Cunningham said, "At the time we did the first record—which I really like and think is good—you can tell the band was really young  We'd been playing most of those songs for quite a while, and we were just so happy to be making a record that we didn't really think a whole lot about making the songs better"  Moreno felt that Adrenaline was recorded "really fast" and performed all his vocals live with the band in the room using a hand-held Shure SM58 microphone  AllMusic's review of Adrenaline praised the album's musical control, precision, overall groove and Cunningham's "surprisingly sophisticated drumming"  It was also noted that "there is a bit of sameness in Chino Moreno's whispered vocal melodies, which drags the record down a bit" 

Around the Fur (1997–1999)
Deftones' second album, Around the Fur, was recorded at Studio Litho in Seattle, Washington and produced by Date  Released on October 28, 1997, the album was dedicated to Dana Wells, the late stepson of the singer Max Cavalera of Sepultura, Soulfly and Cavalera Conspiracy  Cavalera also collaborated on "Headup", a tribute to Wells  Although not yet a member of the band, Delgado was credited as "audio" on five of the album's tracks  Cunningham's wife, Annalynn, provided guest vocals on "MX" "When we went in to make this record, we really didn't have a set idea of what we wanted to come out with", said Moreno in a 1998 interview with Chart magazine  However, he felt that the album "fell into place" once the band had settled into the studio  The band expanded its sound, spending more time with Date and giving more thought to the album's production  Cunningham varied his drum sound and experimented by using different types of snare drum on almost every track  The album was praised for its loud-soft dynamics, the flow of the tracks, Moreno's unusual vocals, and the strong rhythm-section performance of Cheng and Cunningham  Stephen Thomas Erlewine's retrospective review noted that "while they don't have catchy riffs or a fully developed sound, Around the Fur suggests they're about to come into their own" Around the Fur propelled the band to fame in the alternative metal scene on the strength of radio and MTV airplay for the singles "My Own Summer (Shove It)" and "Be Quiet and Drive (Far Away)"  Around the Fur sold 43,000 copies in its first week of release, and entered the Billboard 200 at No  29 (its peak position), remaining on the charts for 17 weeks  The band went back to touring, making appearances at the Warped Tour (in the United States, New Zealand and Australia), Pinkpop Festival, Roskilde Festival and Ozzfest as well as releasing a live EP on June 22, 1999  Around the Fur went on to reach RIAA gold status on June 24, 1999, and platinum status on June 7, 2011  "My Own Summer (Shove It)" appeared on The Matrix: Music from the Motion Picture, released March 30, 1999 

White Pony (2000–2002)
On June 20, 2000, the band released their third album, White Pony, again produced by Date and Deftones  It was recorded at the Record Plant studio in Sausalito, California, and at Larrabee Sound Studios, West Hollywood, California  The album debuted at No  3 on the U S  Billboard chart with sales of 178,000 copies  Delgado, now a full-time band member, added new elements to the band's music  The melancholy "Teenager", for example, was a departure in style and mood, a "love song", according to Moreno  Programming duties were carried out by DJ Crook, a friend of Moreno (and bandmate in his side project Team Sleep)  "Passenger" was a collaboration with singer Maynard James Keenan of Tool, and the refrain in "Knife Prty" featured vocals by Rodleen Getsic  Moreno also started contributing additional guitar work 

An interview with the band in Alternative Press described the recording process of White Pony  After a break from touring, the band spent four months in the studio writing and recording it, the longest amount of time they had dedicated to an album thus far  Moreno said that the majority of this time was spent trying to write songs, and that the writing of "Change (In the House of Flies)" was the turning point where the band began working as a unit  Despite being pressured to release the album sooner, the band decided to take their time  Cheng explained, "We didn't feel like we had anything to lose, so we made the record we wanted to make " Moreno did not have an overall lyrical theme in mind, but made a conscious decision to bring an element of fantasy into his lyrics: "I basically didn't sing about myself on this record  I made up a lot of story lines and some dialogue, even  I took myself completely out of it and wrote about other things" Reviews were generally positive, commenting on Moreno's increasing sophistication as a lyricist and the group's experimentalism  Allmusic's review said that "Deftones went soft, but in an impressive way, to twist around its signature punk thrash sound" The album was originally released as an 11-track edition beginning with "Feiticeira" and ending with "Pink Maggit", and featuring gray cover art  A limited-edition print of 50,000 black-and-red jewel case versions of White Pony was released at the same time with a bonus twelfth track titled "The Boy's Republic"  Later, the band released "Back to School (Mini Maggit)", a rap-influenced interpretation of "Pink Maggit"  The song was released as a single and included as the new opening track of a re-released White Pony on October 3, 2000  The new release still had "Pink Maggit" as the final track and featured altered white cover art  Not entirely happy with re-releasing the album, the band negotiated to have "Back to School" made available as a free download for anyone who had already bought the original album  Moreno noted that "Everybody's already downloaded our record before it came out anyway, otherwise I'd be kind of feelin' like, 'Man, why [are] we putting [out] all these different versions of the record?' [   ] that's the best way we can actually get this song out to the people who already purchased this record, for free basically  And if they wanna buy the record again, it's cool" White Pony achieved platinum status on July 17, 2002, selling over 1 3 million copies in the US, and earning the band a 2001 Grammy Award for Best Metal Performance for the song "Elite" 

Deftones (2002–2005)
Deftones began work on their fourth album under the working title Lovers  Regarding the album's direction, Cheng commented, "We've proven that we can musically go in any direction we want, and we want to get kind of heavy on this one"  Moreno underwent vocal training as a precaution after severely damaging his vocal cords on the band's 2001 summer tour  The band converted their rehearsal space in Sacramento into a fully equipped studio and recorded most of the album there at negligible cost  The band brought in Date to assist with production and also received input on musical arrangement from Greg Wells on several of the album's tracks  The band later added more material at Studio X in Seattle, Washington and at Larrabee Sound Studios  Overall, the album took 12 months and cost roughly $2 5 million to complete  The band was fined by Maverick for missing deadlines In January 2003, Deftones left the studio to perform several one-off shows in Australia and New Zealand as part of the annual Big Day Out festival  Shortly after, the band returned to the studio to finish their fourth album  The self-titled Deftones was released on May 20, 2003  It entered the Billboard 200 at No  2 and sold 167,000 copies in its first week  The album remained in the Billboard Top 100 for nine weeks, supported by the first single, "Minerva"  The band shot a video for the album's second single, "Hexagram", with fans watching the band play the song in an indoor skatepark in Simi Valley, California Reviews were mainly positive, praising the band for the album's progression and originality in the midst of declining creativity in contemporary metal  Moreno was quoted as saying, "It's all on record  We told motherfuckers not to lump us in with nu metal because when those bands go down we aren't going to be with them"  In reviewing Deftones, Stephen Thomas Erlewine wrote that "Hexagram", the album's opener, "hits hard—harder than they ever have, revealing how mushy Staind is, or how toothless Linkin Park is"  He also went on to say, however, that the album "sticks a little too close to familiar territory"  The A V  Club similarly called the album "less rewarding than its predecessor, though its peaks rival any in the genre" The band released a compilation album titled B-Sides & Rarities on October 4, 2005  The CD includes various B-sides and covers from throughout their career, while the DVD contains behind-the-scenes footage and the band's complete videography up to that point 

Saturday Night Wrist (2006–2007)
Rather than work with Date, their producer for many years, Deftones decided to record with Bob Ezrin on their fifth studio album  Cunningham said that while the group enjoyed working with Date, "at this point, we just needed to change things up [   ] And this is definitely a different style  Working with him [Ezrin] is just putting us fucking upside down  He's cracking the whip"  After recording all the instrumental parts for the record, Moreno decided to record his vocals separately, and finished recording the album with former Far guitarist Shaun Lopez as producer  According to an interview with Abe Cunningham, there were tensions involved with the recording of Saturday Night Wrist that were related to the band members' personal lives  Cunningham compared the process to “pulling teeth ”The band released the album, titled Saturday Night Wrist, on October 31, 2006  It debuted at No  10 on the U S  Billboard chart with sales of just over 76,000, a significant decrease in the first-week sales of their two previous releases  The album's first single, "Hole in the Earth", was released on September 12, 2006  The single was featured in the video game Saints Row, which was released in August 2006, shortly before the full release of Saturday Night Wrist  It was also later featured as downloadable content for the PlayStation 3 and Xbox 360 versions of Guitar Hero 3  Blabbermouth



ground_truth: 7.2 million

prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: Which California band, whose debut album Adrenaline appeared in 1995, has been referred to as "the Radiohead of metal"?

The following are given passages.
Context 3: net wrote that Deftones "have rallied to create one of the strongest discs in the band's repertoire"  "Mein" was the album's second single, which was released on March 9, 2007  Collaborations on the record include Annie Hardy from Giant Drag on the song "Pink Cellphone" and Serj Tankian from System of a Down on the track "Mein" 
Deftones spent the majority of 2006 and 2007 touring around the world in support of the album, performing in North America, Europe, South America, Japan and Australia  The band also performed on such tours as Taste of Chaos, Family Values Tour and the Soundwave Festival 

Eros sessions, Cheng's car accident and Vega's arrival (2008–2009)
In the fall of 2007, Deftones started writing songs for what was planned to be their sixth studio album, Eros  Moreno described the album as unorthodox and aggressive  Recording started on April 14, 2008  The band returned to working with Terry Date as the producer for Eros On November 4, 2008, Cheng was seriously injured in a car accident in Santa Clara, California  As a result of the injuries sustained in the crash, he remained in a minimally conscious state  Following the accident, Cheng's bandmates and his mother, Jeanne, began using the Deftones blog to post updates on Cheng's condition  On December 9, 2008, it was announced that Cheng had been moved into the care of an unnamed hospital that "specializes in the care and management of traumatic and non-trauma related brain injuries "In late January 2009, the band released a new statement, stating that "our fallen comrade has not yet made significant progress", and that a friend of the band, Sergio Vega (formerly of Quicksand), would be taking over as bassist in Cheng's absence, as he had done temporarily in 1998  On April 5, the band played their first show without Cheng since 1998 at the Bamboozle Left festival in Irvine, California On June 23, 2009, Deftones announced on their official website that Eros would be delayed indefinitely, saying, "As we neared completion on Eros, we realized that this record doesn't best encompass and represent who we are currently as people and as musicians  And although those songs will see the light of day at some point, we collectively made the decision that we needed to take a new approach, and with Chi's condition heavy on our minds while doing so  We needed to return to the studio to do what we felt was right artistically"  They also said, "The decision to hold off on releasing Eros has no connection with Chi's condition or anything associated  This was, and is, purely a creative decision by the band to write, record, and deliver an amazing product" Korn members Brian "Head" Welch and Reginald "Fieldy" Arvizu, along with members of Sevendust, Slipknot and other alternative metal bands, recorded and released "A Song for Chi", with proceeds benefiting Cheng and his family  To aid in the fundraising for the Cheng family, the band announced two 2009 benefit shows in Los Angeles A website—One Love for Chi—was launched by Deftones fan Gina Blackmore on March 10, 2009, about four months after Cheng's accident  The site served as a platform for updates and information on Cheng's condition, as well as serving as an auction site for items donated by friends of the band  All proceeds raised by the website were donated to his family so they could provide him the best possible medical care 

Diamond Eyes (2010–2011)
Deftones' sixth album, Diamond Eyes,  was originally scheduled for release on April 27, 2010; this date was later pushed back to May 18  In March, it was announced that the album had leaked onto the Internet, and the album's release date was moved forward to May 4 as a result  On February 23, 2010, the album's first single, "Rocket Skates", was made available for free download at www gunsrazorsknives com  The album was produced by Nick Raskulinecz  In contrast to Eros' dark and aggressive nature, the band took a more optimistic approach both lyrically and sonically on Diamond Eyes 

On March 15, Deftones debuted their first radio-ready single, "Diamond Eyes"  Both "Diamond Eyes" and "Rocket Skates" received positive reviews from fans and critics, with many making comparisons of the two singles' style and sound to that of material from the Around the Fur album Teaming up with bands Mastodon and Alice in Chains, Deftones went on tour in the fall of 2010 in the United States and Canada  The tour was called Blackdiamondskye from the three bands' latest albums (Black Gives Way to Blue, Diamond Eyes and Crack the Skye)  The tour included a limited edition series of silk-screened art prints promoting each show individually, created by the poster artist Jermaine Rogers  Rogers has created a majority of the Deftones concert poster and print artwork since the late 1990s On April 16, 2011, in honor of Record Store Day, the band released an LP titled Covers, containing several cover songs that the band had recorded over the years, including "Drive" (originally by the Cars), "If Only Tonight We Could Sleep" (originally by the Cure) and "No Ordinary Love" (originally by Sade)  On October 25, Deftones released The Vinyl Collection 1995–2011 in a limited edition of 1,000 copies 

Koi No Yokan and Cheng's death (2012–2013)
On March 29, 2012, Carpenter revealed that the band were working on a new record in an interview posted on ESP Guitars's YouTube channel  It was reported that Raskulinecz would return to produce their as-yet-unnamed seventh studio album It was also reported that the band would be recording several B-sides for the album, including an Elvis Presley cover and possibly an Earth, Wind, and Fire cover  It was later announced that there would be no bonus tracks  On July 28, Deftones performed a brand-new song titled "Rosemary" and also debuted another track titled "Roller Derby" (later retitled "Poltergeist")  Koi No Yokan was announced on August 30, 2012, and released on November 12, 2012, by Reprise Records  Metacritic rated Koi No Yokan 86 out of 100, indicating "universal acclaim" based on 18 reviews On April 13, 2013, despite making a partial recovery and returning home, Cheng died in a hospital in his hometown of Stockton, California, after falling into cardiac arrest  It had been more than four years since his 2008 accident  Moreno announced in May that the album Eros, shelved in 2008 after Cheng's accident, was now more likely to be released following his death In May, Koi No Yokan won Revolver's Golden Gods Award for Album of the Year 

Gore (2014–2017)
In March 2014, while Moreno was touring with his side project Crosses in support of their self-titled debut album, the rest of Deftones began writing a follow-up to Koi No Yokan  Deftones also previously reported that they intended to record a new album either in late 2014 or early 2015 On April 13, 2014, the first anniversary of Cheng's death, Deftones released a track from Eros titled "Smile" on YouTube, the first officially released material from the long-shelved album  The video was removed by Warner Music Group two days later due to copyright infringement, despite the track having been uploaded by Moreno  Although the track has again been made available, it remains the only recording to be released from the Eros sessions to date 

In late February 2015, just after the band had finished the new album's drum tracks, Moreno told Rolling Stone that Deftones had written 16 songs during the album's sessions  He described the album as "a little more of a heady record" than the previous album  On May 15, 2015, Moreno was interviewed by Kerrang! about the new album, which he described as having  "a lot of different moods"  He further explained that it was not a "happy record", but also "not a completely angry record"  Despite reports of Carpenter's initial difficulty getting into the feel of the album, band members have noted the album's distinct collaborative nature  Vega utilized a six-string bass when recording the new material, helping to push the band into new sonic territory  After producing their previous two records with Raskulinecz, Deftones worked with Matt Hyde, who had been a recording engineer on Koi No Yokan The album was pushed back multiple times from its originally scheduled September 2015 release date  On February 4, 2016, the band released the first single from Gore, titled "Prayers / Triangles"  "Doomed User" and "Hearts / Wires" were also made available ahead of the album's release, on March 16 and April 3, respectively  Gore was officially released on April 8, 2016  The second official single, "Phantom Bride", was released on June 7  The song featured a guitar solo by Alice in Chains guitarist Jerry Cantrell; this is considered unusual for a Deftones song  Gwilym Mumford of The Guardian praised the album for its emphasis on experimentation and ambiance and noted the exploration work in the tension between the "croon" in Moreno's "soulful" voice, his "opaque" lyrics, and Carpenter's "pile-driving" guitar riffs 

Ohms, Black Stallion, and Vega's departure (2017–present)
In 2017, Chino Moreno revealed that Deftones had begun writing material for their ninth studio album, which he stated hoped would be out sometime in 2019  Chino went on to state that the band would be going in a different direction than they had on Gore and that he would be taking a step back from leading the song writing to allow Stephen Carpenter and Abe Cunningham to be more involved in the material on the new album  In May 2018, Moreno was again asked about the new material and he stated the songs were "considerably heavier" than those on Gore  That same month, Deftones embarked on a South American tour with support from Quicksand and Deadly Apples In April 2020, Deftones announced that they were mixing their new album  During the recording sessions, which reportedly took place in Los Angeles, the band reunited with Terry Date as the producer of the album, making it the first time Deftones had worked with him since the unreleased Eros album in 2008  On August 19, 2020, the band teased the release date and the title of their upcoming ninth studio album  A day later, the band officially announced the title of the album, Ohms, set for release on September 25, 2020  At the same time, the band revealed the album itself, the album cover, the track list, and release date  The title track serves as the first single, and was released on August 21  On September 17, 2020, the band released the second single from the album, "Genesis"  On September 22, the band announced their "Adopt-a-Dot" campaign in which fans could digitally sponsor a dot from the Ohms album cover via a charitable donation In October 2020, they officially announced a 20th anniversary reissue of White Pony to be released in December of that year  The reissue was packaged alongside Black Stallion, a companion remix album featuring artists including Mike Shinoda, DJ Shadow and the Cure's Robert Smith Deftones postponed their joint tour with Gojira in support of Ohms twice due to the COVID-19 pandemic In March 2022, it was announced that bassist Sergio Vega left the band in early 2021, with Vega claiming he was never an official member of the band and was just a contracted bassist for his tenure  Vega said he sought what he perceived as official membership, and chose to leave after being offered the same status as he had been since he began performing with the band   The following month, it was announced that Fred Sablan joined the band as Vega's touring replacement  The band was also joined by touring guitarist Lance Jackman; on May 20, 2022, it was announced that Jackman would be temporarily replacing Carpenter during the band's 2022 European Tour 

Musical style, influences and legacy
Although initially rooted in metal, Deftones have always claimed diverse influences from groups of various genres, with their musical style diversifying over their career  Their sound has been described as alternative metal, art rock/art metal, experimental rock, shoegaze, nu metal, post-punk, post-hardcore, alternative rock, dream pop, drone rock, post-metal, post-rock, progressive metal, stoner rock, math metal, hard rock, trip hop, glitch, funk metal, and psychedelia Originally, the band was often associated with the "nu metal" movement in the press  However, Moreno has emphatically rejected the application of that label to the band  Asked about their connection with bands such as Korn, the singer stated that their commonality came down to only the shared influence of Faith No More, especially the percussive approach to vocals by Mike Patton  Following the release of Deftones' third album, White Pony, they were acknowledged by many critics to have moved beyond that label The music critic Johnny Loftus wrote, "Rock critics usually reserve a special place for Deftones above or at least away from the rest of the turn-of-the-century metal movement [    ] Deftones have always seemed more curious, more willing to incorporate traditionally revered sounds like D C  hardcore and dream pop into their Northern California alt-metal"  Peter Buckley, the author of The Rough Guide to Rock, called the band "one of the most primal, powerful, and experimental" bands in the alternative metal scene Moreno's lyrics were described by Time as "suggesting emotions rather than announcing them"  Moreno himself described his lyrics as ambiguous and sometimes impersonal, saying: "I like to be ambiguous when writing to a certain extent, and throwing something so brash [as Chi's accident] against that and playing with it  And also making it sound dimensional  Giving the feeling off that it is raw and it is emotional, but it's not just connected with our personal story  It's not merely about our career and our lives, it's bigger than that  When I hear the music, I get inspired to paint the lyrical pictures you describe, but I'm not always talking about myself"  The band's legacy has been compared to alternative rock group Radiohead, with some dubbing Deftones "The Radiohead of metal" Deftones' influences include Faith No More, Afrika Bambaataa, the Cure, Depeche Mode, Bad Brains, Orchestral Manoeuvres in the Dark (OMD), the Human League, Meshuggah, Duran Duran, Thompson Twins and Hum 

Side projects
Deftones members have worked on several side projects, with Moreno fronting Team Sleep, Crosses, Palms and supergroup Saudade (the latter including members from hardcore punk bands Bad Brains and Cro-Mags and avant-jazz group Medeski Martin & Wood)  Carpenter works with cinematic electronic metal group Sol Invicto, which he founded with producer Richie Londres  Carpenter has also worked with the supergroup Kush, featuring members of Fear Factory and Cypress Hill  Delgado is a member of a DJ group called Decibel Devils, with DJ Crook of Team Sleep, Matt D and DJ Julez  In 2000, Cheng released a CD composed of his own spoken word poetry, called The Bamboo Parachute 

Band members
Current members

Chino Moreno – vocals (1988–present); guitar (1999–present)
Stephen Carpenter – guitar (1988–present)
Abe Cunningham – drums (1988–1990, 1993–present)
Frank Delgado – keyboards, turntables, samples (1999–present; touring musician 1997–1998)Touring members

Fred Sablan – bass, backing vocals (2022–present)
Lance Jackman ― guitar, backing vocals (2022)Former members

Dominic Garcia – bass (1988–1990); drums (1990–1991)
Chi Cheng – bass, vocals (1990–2008; died 2013)
John Taylor – drums (1991–1993)
Sergio Vega – bass (2009–2021; touring substitute 1999)Timeline

Awards and nominations
Discography
Adrenaline (1995)
Around the Fur (1997)
White Pony (2000)
Deftones (2003)
Saturday Night Wrist (2006)
Diamond Eyes (2010)
Koi No Yokan (2012)
Gore (2016)
Ohms (2020)

Notes
Passage 7:
F-Minus (band)
F-Minus was an American hardcore punk band formed in 1995 in Huntington Beach, California, United States, started by Jen Johnson and Brad Logan  F-Minus was known for their dueling male and female vocals in songs that were sometimes as short as 12 seconds ("Fuck You O C ")  Before breaking up in 2004, their last album was recorded by Steve Albini  Throughout their career, they covered such bands as Antidote, Black Randy and the Metro Squad, 7 Seconds, Negative Approach, and Agnostic Front  Brad Logan currently runs his own record label Blacknoise, and is also member of the New York band Leftöver Crack  Jen Johnson currently is the designer and owner of clothing label E C  Star, and also is a member of the California band Ammunition Affair 

Members
Final line up
Brad Logan- vocals, guitar
Erica Daking- vocals, guitar
Joe Steinbrick- bass
Adam Zuckert- drums

Former members
Jen Johnson- vocals, bass
Sarah Lee- guitar
Chris Lagerborg- drums
John Guerra- drums
JP Otto- drums

Discography
Albums
Self Titled LP/CD (Hellcat, 1999)
Suburban Blight LP/CD (Hellcat, 2001)
Wake Up Screaming LP/CD (Hellcat, 2003)
Won't Bleed Me / Failed Society CD (Alternative Tentacles, 2005)

EPs
Voice of Treason Cassette (Self Released, 1996)
Failed Society 7" (Hellcat, 1997)
Won't Bleed Me 7" (Pelado, 1997)
Failed Society / Won't Bleed Me Cassette (Self Released, 1997)
Split With Crack Rock Steady 7 - Baby Jesus Sliced Up In The Manger 10" (Knife or Death, 2001)
Sweating Blood 7" (Bridge 9, 2003)

Compilations
Give Em' The Boot Volume 1 CD (Hellcat, 1997)
Old Skars and Upstarts CD/LP (Alive, 1997)
Give Em' The Boot Volume 2 CD (Hellcat, 1999)
No Time To Kill (Checkmate, 1999)
Vans Off The Wall Volume 3 CD (Vans, 2000)
Tomorrow Seems So Hopeless CD (Eyeball, 2000)
Give Em' The Boot Volume 3 CD (Hellcat, 2002)
Against Police Injustice CD (Non-Commercial, 2003)
Punk O' Rama Volume 8 CD (Epitaph, 2003)
Give Em' The Boot Volume 4 CD (Hellcat, 2004)
Give Em' The Boot DVD (Hellcat, 2005)
The Kids Are Gonna Pay Split (In Your Face (7 Seconds Cover))(2006)

See also
Leftöver Crack
Passage 8:
The Red &amp; the Black
The Red & the Black is a rock album by the Poway, California band Agent 51, released by Surfdog Records in 2003  It was the band's third album and was named "best punk album" at the 2003 San Diego Music Awards  With it the band distanced themselves from their previous punk rock sound by incorporating much more of an influence of classic rock and heavy metal bands such as AC/DC, Motörhead and Def Leppard  They also distanced themselves from the secret agent mythos they had created for themselves by ceasing to wear matching black suits in concert and by ceasing to write songs dealing with the existence of extraterrestrials and UFOs  The song "Loaded" was originally titled "Fuckin' Loaded" but was changed for printing on the album sleeve  They received airplay on local rock radio station 91X for the song "She's My Heroine " The album was the band's last before their extended hiatus, and they would not reconvene until a reunion show in 2005  Agent 51 have not released any more albums since The Red & the Black 

Track listing
All songs written by Chris Armes 

"American Rock N Roll"
"Wrecking Ball"
"Raised By Wolves"
"Loaded"
"Kiss of Death"
"She's My Heroine"
"Aim High"
"Kinda Like Murder"
"Air Raid"
"Hell Bent Whiskey Suicide"
"Love With the Devil"
"Disappear"
"Been So Long"

Personnel
Chris Armes – guitar, vocals
Eric "E-Rock" Davis – guitar, vocals
Sean Scura – bass, vocals
Michael "Mikey L" Levinson – drumsProduction

Recorded at 4th Street Recording
Mastered by Tom Baker at Precision Mastering
Produced, engineered and mixed by Jim Wirt except tracks 7, 11 & 12 produced and engineered by Jim Wirt and Gary Hoey and mixed by Gary Hoey
Additional production and arrangement by Gary Hoey
Assistant Engineer: CJ Erickson
Executive Producer: Dave Kaplan
Music and lyrics by Agent 51
Art and layout by Shaddox Design
Photography by LaGuerra
Passage 9:
Cream City
Cream City is the debut album by American funk/soul band Aalon  Released in 1977 and produced by Jerry Goldstein, the album reached number 45 on the R&B albums chart in the US  The group disbanded shortly after the album's release  It was reissued on CD by Thump Records in the mid-1990s, and the album has had a cult following ever since 

Track listing
Cream City - (Aalon Butler, Jerry Goldstein)  3:25
Rock and Roll Gangster - (Aalon Butler)  5:25
Midnight Man - (Aalon Butler)  4:41
Summer Love - (Aalon Butler)  5:01
Steven Baine's Electric Train - (Aalon Butler, Jerry Goldstein)  4:04
Lonely Princess - (Aalon Butler)  5:47
Magic Night - (Aalon Butler, Jerry Goldstein)  7:20
Jungle Desire - (Aalon Butler, Juan Luis Cabaza)  7:27

Personnel
AalonAalon Butler — guitars, lead and backing vocals
Luis Cabaza — keyboards
Luther Rabb — bass
Ron Hammond – drumsAdditional personnelAl Roberts — bass
Alvin Taylor – drums
Barbara Benney, Freddy Pool, Paula Bellamy — backing vocals on "Cream City"

Charts
Singles
Passage 10:
Noah Georgeson
Noah Georgeson is an American musician, producer, engineer, mixer and solo recording artist  Georgeson's debut album Find Shelter was released through Plain Recordings on November 28, 2006 

Early life and education
Born in San Anselmo, California, he moved with his family to Nevada City, California at the age of three  Georgeson studied classical guitar and music composition, receiving his Bachelor of Arts degree in composition from San Francisco State University in 2001, and, with a recommendation from Terry Riley, he attended Mills College, receiving his Master of Fine Arts in 2003  While at Mills, Georgeson studied with Fred Frith, Pauline Oliveros, and Alvin Curran 

Career
Georgeson first found popular success as a part of San Francisco band The Pleased, along with fellow member Joanna Newsom, whose debut album The Milk-Eyed Mender he produced 

Selected discography
Awards and nominations
Grammy Awards
Latin Grammy Awards
Emmy Awards



ground_truth: Deftones