prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: On May 25, 2017 Greg Gianforte won the special election following the resignation of a politican that current holds what position?

The following are given passages.
Context 1: Passage 1:
Beth Turner
Beth P  Turner (born May 13, 1958 in Maine) is an American politician who served as a member of the Maine House of Representatives for the 141st district from 2011 to 2018  She was first elected on March 1, 2011, in a special election following the death of Rep  Everett McLeod in December 2010 
Turner served on the MSAD 31 School Board and the Select Board in her hometown of Burlington, Maine prior to her election the House of Representatives 
Passage 2:
San Diego mayoral special election, 2005
The 2005 San Diego mayoral special election was a special election held on Tuesday, November 8, 2005, to elect the mayor for San Diego  The special election was necessary due to the resignation of former Mayor Dick Murphy 
Municipal elections in California are officially non-partisan, though some candidates do receive funding and support from various political parties  The non-partisan special primary was held Tuesday, June 3, 2008  San Diego City Council member Donna Frye and former San Diego police chief Jerry Sanders received the most votes and advanced to the November special general election  Sanders was elected mayor with a majority of the votes in November 

Dick Murphy resignation
On April 25, 2005, Dick Murphy announced that he would resign as mayor of San Diego, effective July 15, 2005  Murphy had only recently been reelected as mayor in the highly contested 2004 mayoral election  Murphy's resignation occurred during investigations by the SEC and the FBI into the San Diego pension scandal   The city held a special election to fill the vacancy at mayor  Following Murphy's resignation, Michael Zucchet served as acting mayor for three days before he too resigned due to a corruption conviction that was later overturned  Council member Toni Atkins then served as acting mayor until the mayoral election was complete 

Candidates
Declared
Jerry Sanders, former San Diego police chief  (Voter registration: Republican)
Donna Frye, city council member (Voter registration: Democratic)
Steve Francis, businessman (Voter registration: Republican)
Pat Shea, lawyer (Voter registration: Republican)
Richard Rider, retired stock broker and financial planner (Voter registration: Libertarian)
Myke Shelby, Harley Davidson dealer (Voter registration: Republican)
Shawn A  McMillan, lawyer (Voter registration: Republican)
Jim Bell, environmental designer (Party preference: Democratic)
Ed Kolker
Jeremy Ledford
Thomas Knapp

Campaign
The special election to replace Murphy attracted a crowded field of eleven official candidates on the ballot  Donna Frye, a member of the San Diego City Council who had almost beaten Murphy with a write-in campaign in the 2004 election, was the only democrat among the top-tier candidates  Former police chief Jerry Sanders ran on a platform of executive experience, having successfully turn around the financial situations of the local chapters of the Red Cross and United Way since retiring as police chief  Steve Francis, founder and chairman of AMN Healthcare Services emphasized downsizing city government and implementing business principles  Francis outspent his rivals in the campaign, putting nearly $2 million of his own money into his campaign  Lawyer Pat Shea ran on a platform that San Diego should declare bankruptcy to deal with the pension scandal, a position that the other front runners disagreed with Frye won the plurality of votes in the July primary and advanced to the general election along with runner-up Sanders  However, Sanders and third-place finisher Francis, both republicans, combined for a majority of votes cast in the primary  After conceding the primary election, Francis endorsed Sanders for the general election   Sanders was elected mayor with a majority of the votes in the November general election 

Primary election
Polling
Results
General election
Polling
Results
Notes
Passage 3:
David Jacoby
David or Dave Jacoby may refer to:

David Jacoby (politician)
David Jacoby (sportscaster)
Dave Jacoby (powerlifter)
David Jacoby (historian)
Passage 4:
Greg Gianforte
Gregory Richard Gianforte ( JEE-ən-FOR-tay; born April 17, 1961) is an American businessman, politician, software engineer, and writer serving as the 25th governor of Montana since 2021  A member of the Republican Party, Gianforte served as the U S  representative for Montana's at-large congressional district from 2017 to 2021 
In 1997, Gianforte and his wife, Susan, co-founded RightNow Technologies, a customer relationship management software company  The company went public in 2004; by that time, it employed over 1,000 workers  RightNow Technologies was acquired by Oracle Corporation for $1 5 billion in 2011 In 2016, Gianforte ran for governor of Montana as the Republican nominee, losing to incumbent governor Steve Bullock  In May 2017, Gianforte defeated Democratic nominee Rob Quist in a special election for Montana's at-large congressional seat to fill a vacancy created by the appointment of Ryan Zinke as U S  Secretary of the Interior  Gianforte was convicted of assault in state court in June 2017 stemming from his election-eve body-slamming attack on The Guardian political reporter Ben Jacobs in May 2017  He was fined and sentenced to community service and anger management therapy  Gianforte was reelected in 2018, defeating Democratic nominee Kathleen Williams 
Gianforte did not seek reelection to the House of Representatives in 2020 and instead was a candidate in the 2020 Montana gubernatorial election  In the November general election, he defeated incumbent lieutenant governor Mike Cooney  He is the first Republican to serve as governor of Montana since Judy Martz left office in 2005 

Early life and education
Gregory Richard Gianforte was born on April 17, 1961, in San Diego, California  He is the oldest son of Frank Richard Gianforte, who had a career as an aerospace engineer and, later, as a landlord  His mother, Dale Douglass, worked for General Dynamics in San Diego, and later was a school math teacher  Gianforte is of Italian, English, and Scottish ancestry  He has two younger brothers, Douglass and Michael  After the age of three, Gianforte was raised in the Valley Forge and King of Prussia suburbs northwest of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, including Wayne, an affluent unincorporated township community that extends into Montgomery, Chester, and Delaware Counties During his high school years in the 1970s, Gianforte started a software business  He attended Upper Merion Area High School in King of Prussia, Pennsylvania, where he was elected class president during his junior and senior years  Gianforte was also captain of his school football team, where he played left offensive guard  He graduated from high school in 1979 
Gianforte graduated in 1983 from his father's alma mater, Stevens Institute of Technology, with a BE in electrical engineering and a master's degree in computer science  He directed a computer lab with 12 programmers  He was a member of the Delta Tau Delta men's fraternity, and enjoyed playing squash 

Career
Software entrepreneurship
Gianforte began his career in 1983 at Bell Laboratories, working in product acquisition  Frustrated by the bureaucratic corporate hierarchy at Bell Labs, Gianforte departed to co-found Brightwork Development Inc , a developer of server-based LAN management software for the banking industry, which was based in Tinton Falls, New Jersey  He and his partners sold the company to McAfee Associates for $10 million in 1994  Gianforte then began working for McAfee as head of North American sales  In 1995, he moved to Bozeman, Montana Gianforte and his wife, Susan, a mechanical engineer by trade, co-founded RightNow Technologies in 1997  Part of Gianforte's strategy was to leverage the internet as a means to overcome geographic barriers to building a globalized business  By the time the company went public in 2004, it employed over 1,000 workers and executives in Bozeman and globally, with offices in the U K , Asia, and Australia  Future U S  senator Steve Daines was among its executives  The company was acquired by Oracle Corporation for $1 5 billion in 2011  At the time, Gianforte's 20% stake in the company was worth about $290 million  Right Now Technologies had contracts with federal agencies, including handling all of the online search queries for the Social Security Administration and Medicare websites  In 2012, Gianforte sued the Montana Democratic Party for defamation, alleging the House campaign ads it aired critical of then House candidate Daines were libelous  Gianforte alleged the party aired television ads that claimed that Right Now Technologies capitalized itself with public contracts, and then offshored jobs In 2005, Gianforte and Marcus Gibson co-wrote the book Bootstrapping Your Business: Start and Grow a Successful Company with Almost No Money  He has offered business lectures on entrepreneurship and building a global business 

Philanthropy and civic life
In 2004, Gianforte and his wife founded the Gianforte Family Foundation, which has promoted his creationist beliefs in the public sphere, and has made tens of millions of dollars in charitable contributions  The foundation describes its primary mission as supporting "the work of faith-based organizations engaged in outreach work, strengthening families, and helping the needy; organizations in Montana that work to improve education, support entrepreneurship, and create jobs; and organizations that enhance the local community of Bozeman, Montana " Gianforte, his wife, and his son, Richard, are the foundation's three trustees  The foundation had assets of $113 million in 2013 The Gianforte Family Foundation has given nearly $900,000 to the Montana Family Foundation, in some years making up half of that organization's total revenue  The Montana Family Foundation has promoted conservative and Christian values in the Montana legislature  Asked why he donated to the group, Gianforte said it was because the organization aligns with his views Through his nonprofit, the Gianforte Family Charitable Trust, Gianforte has contributed substantial funds to several conservative organizations  Some have led legal efforts to dismantle federal campaign finance regulations  Gianforte has donated to the Family Research Council and Focus on the Family, which advocate for a constitutional amendment prohibiting same-sex marriage, as well as the Montana Family Foundation, which is "the state's primary advocate against LGBT policies"  Gianforte served on the board of the Friedman Foundation for Educational Choice, an education reform organization founded by economist Milton Friedman which advocates for school vouchers Gianforte believes in Young Earth creationism  He has donated at least $290,000 to the Glendive Dinosaur and Fossil Museum, a Montana creationist museum that teaches visitors that the theory of evolution is false, that the Earth is about 6,000–6,400 years old, and that humans and dinosaurs coexisted during the same period  The museum claims dinosaurs were aboard Noah's Ark, and that they likely went extinct 4,300 years ago during the great flood described in the Book of Genesis  The Gianforte Family Foundation also donated a Tyrannosaurus rex skeleton replica to the museum 

Affiliations and investments
Gianforte has had a variety of business interests and investments  In November 2013, he was appointed to the board of FICO, which profiles consumer credit risks for lenders  The same month, Gianforte acquired 8,000 shares of FICO, which were then valued at more than $464,000 00  He is a partner in MGRR No  1, a limited liability company that has received grain subsidies since 1995  Gianforte was the founding board chair of the Montana High Tech Business Alliance  He resigned as chair in June 2017, when he was sworn into Congress In financial disclosure forms filed in 2017, Gianforte indicated that he owned $150,000 worth of shares in VanEck Vectors Russia ETF and $92,400 in the IShares MSCF Russia ETF, totaling just under $250,000 in two exchange-traded funds focused on investments in Russia  The investments attracted attention because they included shares in Gazprom and Rosneft, which have been subject to U S  sanctions since the Russian invasion of Crimea, but because the per-person ownership stake in these companies is so small in such index funds, they are exempt from sanctions  After the issue was raised in Gianforte's 2017 congressional campaign, Gianforte stated that his Russia holdings were a small portion of his overall investments and pledged to place all of his assets in a blind trust if elected Through a holding corporation, Gianforte owns a 12-seat private jet, which he has used as a strategic asset on the campaign trail  He made the aircraft available to others in his congressional caucus to travel back to Washington for important votes 

U S  House of Representatives (2017–2021)
Elections
2017 special election campaign
On March 1, 2017, Republican Representative Ryan Zinke of Montana's at-large congressional district resigned his seat after the United States Senate confirmed him as United States Secretary of the Interior  A special election was scheduled to fill the remainder of Zinke's term  Gianforte had already announced his intention to seek the seat on January 25, before Zinke's resignation  At a March 6 convention, the Republican Party nominated Gianforte  He faced Democratic musician and former Montana Arts Council member Rob Quist and Libertarian nominee Mark Wicks in the general election In a departure from previous pledges made during his gubernatorial campaign, Gianforte relaxed his past pledges to refuse all PAC money, and began to turn away only corporate PAC funding  His campaign began accepting contributions from political party and leadership PACs Gianforte distanced himself from Donald Trump during the 2016 Republican presidential primary and did not attend Trump's sole rally in Montana, citing a scheduling conflict  But he endorsed Trump in the 2016 general election and continued to express support for him during his 2017 special election campaign for Congress  Gianforte's campaign was supported by Vice President Mike Pence and Donald Trump Jr , who both stumped for Gianforte in the state  Gianforte tacked close to Trump's political narratives, promoting his outsider status as a first time political candidate, touting his experience as a technology entrepreneur, and criticizing policies leading to sanctuary cities and "the liberal elite "Gianforte supported repeal of the Affordable Care Act (Obamacare)  He declined to say whether he supported the American Health Care Act, the House Republican legislation to repeal and replace the Affordable Care Act  On May 4, 2017, Gianforte held a private conference call with Republican-leaning lobbyists in Washington in which he offered a more supportive view of the AHCA  He said that it "sounds like we just passed a health care thing, which I'm thankful for  Sounds like we're starting to repeal and replace " Later that May, he said he would not "vote for a repeal and a replace unless I know it protects people with preexisting conditions, lowers rates and preserves rural access"  Gianforte assaulted a reporter in response to questions about how the AHCA would make health insurance too expensive for people with preexisting conditions 
Gianforte opposed the legalization of marijuana for recreational use, comparing marijuana to more addictive drugs  He supported allowing the use of medical marijuana for "people in chronic pain, under the care of a doctor "Gianforte opposes abortion except in cases where a woman's life is in danger  He favors removing federal funding from Planned Parenthood  He has said that he supports government enforcement of nondiscrimination for workers, but not for customers  He opposed increasing in the minimum wage  Gianforte supported Executive Order 13769, to ban immigration from seven Muslim-majority countries  He opposed resettlement of refugees in Montana  He opposed sanctuary cities policies  Gianforte blamed the Obama administration for "the situation with Russia" and favored a multilateral strategy to stand against Russian aggression  He supported Trump's decision to fire FBI Director James Comey Gianforte opposed efforts to transfer federal lands to the states  He called for changes to the Endangered Species Act  He supported amending the Equal Access to Justice Act to reduce environmental litigation, saying that "environmental extremists" had abused the act  He acknowledged human-caused climate change but "did not have specific ideas on how to address climate change"  He has said that "the climate is always changing" and believes that closing coal-fired power plants would not help mitigate climate change  He supported Trump's repeal of the Clean Power Plan and has called for investments in clean coal technology  Gianforte has criticized the length of time the Department of Interior spends to evaluate applications to drill and frack for shale gas 
Gianforte outlined his position on retirement by using the Biblical example of Noah  He said:There's nothing in the Bible that talks about retirement  And yet it's been an accepted concept in our culture today  Nowhere does it say, "Well, he was a good and faithful servant, so he went to the beach"  The example I think of is Noah  How old was Noah when he built the ark? 600  He wasn't, like, cashing Social Security checks  He wasn't hanging out  He was working  So I think we have an obligation to work  The role we have in work may change over time, but the concept of retirement is not biblical 

Election-eve assault on journalist
On May 24, 2017, the day before the House special election, Ben Jacobs, a political reporter for The Guardian newspaper who was covering the election, reported to the Gallatin County, Montana Sheriff's Office that Gianforte had assaulted him at Gianforte's Bozeman campaign office after Jacobs asked him a question about health care policy  Jacobs said that Gianforte "bodyslammed" him to the floor and broke his glasses  Jacobs was hospitalized after the attack In the immediate aftermath of the incident, Gianforte made misleading statements to a Gallatin County Sheriff's Office sergeant who reported to Gianforte's campaign office to investigate Jacobs's complaint   Gianforte told the sergeant, "the liberal media is trying to make a story " In the hours after the assault, the Gianforte campaign issued a press release falsely blaming the reporter, claiming that Jacobs grabbed Gianforte's wrist and caused them both to fall to the ground  But an audio recording of the incident appeared to support Jacobs's statement, and other reporters who were present at the scene corroborated Jacobs's version of events  An eyewitness to the attack, Fox News reporter Alicia Acuna, testified that "Gianforte grabbed Jacobs by the neck with both hands and slammed him into the ground", then "began punching the man" and "yelling something to the effect of 'I'm sick and tired of this!'" Acuna said, "at no point did any of us who witnessed this assault see Jacobs show any form of physical aggression toward Gianforte, who left the area after giving statements to local sheriff's deputies " Another journalist who was an eyewitness to the assault, Alexis Levinson, tweeted that she "heard a giant crash and saw Ben's feet fly in the air as he hit the floor "The Gallatin County Sheriff's Office cited Gianforte for misdemeanor assault  On August 25, 2017, he was briefly booked into jail, fingerprinted, and had his mugshot taken, after his legal team lost a bid to avoid that process  On October 10, 2017, Gianforte's mugshot was released publicly by a Gallatin County court order The Helena Independent Record editorial board rescinded its endorsement of Gianforte and noted that before the attack, Gianforte had encouraged his supporters to boycott certain newspapers, singled out a reporter in a room to point out that he was outnumbered, and joked about choking a news writer  Two other well-circulated Montana newspapers, the Billings Gazette, and the largest in the state, the Missoulian, also rescinded their endorsements of Gianforte  Speaker Paul Ryan and other members of Congress urged Gianforte to apologize In his acceptance speech the night of his May 25 victory, Gianforte apologized to Jacobs and the Fox News crew for his assault  On June 7, he made a written apology to Jacobs and donated $50,000 to the Committee to Protect Journalists, which accepted the funds because it was part of the settlement and said it would put them towards the U S  Press Freedom Tracker  In return, Jacobs agreed to not pursue a civil claim against Gianforte Gianforte subsequently pleaded guilty to misdemeanor assault in Gallatin County District Court, acknowledging that Jacobs "did not initiate any physical contact with me" and writing a letter to Jacobs saying that Jacobs did not start the physical altercation  Gianforte was originally sentenced to four days in jail, to be completed in part through a work program, but he was ineligible for the work program due to the assault conviction  The judge then switched the sentence to 40 hours of community service, 20 hours of anger management therapy, a 180-day deferred sentence, and a $300 fine along with an $85 court fee During the court hearing, Jacobs said that he hoped to interview Gianforte in the future, as he was trying to do at the time of the assault  Gianforte said in court to Jacobs, "I am sorry, and if and when you are ready, I look forward to sitting down with you in D C " As of October 2017, Gianforte had not sat down with Jacobs for an interview, and the issue was not pursued further 
 Since the assault, Jacobs has, through his attorney, accused Gianforte of whitewashing his guilt, twice sending Gianforte cease-and-desist letters about his accounts of his culpability in the assault  Gianforte met with the Missoulian newspaper editorial board in October 2018, and, when asked about the assault, maintained that his original false statement to sheriff's deputies in the immediate aftermath of the incident was his best recollection of events, a statement that Gianforte later contradicted under oath in court with an admission of guilt connected to his guilty plea On October 18, 2018, during a rally in Missoula, Montana, President Donald Trump congratulated Gianforte for his assault on Jacobs  While verbally praising Gianforte's prowess in carrying out a body slam, Trump made gestures with his hands and arms to pantomime a fighting maneuver  According to analysts, this marked the first time a sitting president had "openly and directly praised a violent act against a journalist on American soil" Gianforte's assault of Jacobs achieved political notoriety  During an October 2018 campaign event with then Georgia Secretary of State Brian Kemp, Representative Jody Hice implored the small crowd that had gathered to oppose the resurgence of Democratic candidates in the 2018 midterm elections  Hice declared, "It's time for this so called blue wave to be body-slammed!"

2018 House campaign
In 2018, Gianforte ran against Democratic nominee Kathleen Williams, a state legislator and natural resources expert from Bozeman, and Libertarian Party candidate Elinor Swanson, a lawyer from Billings Gianforte opposed Williams's proposal to allow those 55 and older to buy into Medicare, remarking, "Medicare for all is Medicare for none", and cautioned that Medicare would be at risk of spending cuts if Democrats won a majority in the House  Williams criticized Gianforte for introducing a bill to remove federal protections from several wilderness study areas in Montana without holding any public meetings on the issue Polling data in the weeks leading up to the election showed Gianforte and Williams in a close contest within the margin of error  Gianforte was reelected by a 5% margin  Exit polling data indicated that Gianforte had his strongest support at the polls from men older than 44 and from those with annual incomes above $50,000 

Tenure
115th Congress
Gianforte was sworn into the House of Representatives on June 21, 2017  At his inauguration ceremony, he announced his support for congressional term limits, barring members of Congress from becoming lobbyists, and withholding congressional pay if no budget is passed  It is unusual for members of Congress to announce such support for legislation in their inauguration  Montana Democrats mailed Gianforte an orange prison jumpsuit on the day of his inauguration The first bill Gianforte introduced, on June 21, 2017, was H R  2977, the Balanced Budget Accountability Act, which, as he summarized it, would withhold pay from members of Congress unless a balanced budget is passed  The bill did not achieve a committee hearing Gianforte touted refundable tax credits for low income parents as an achievement of the Republican Caucus in the 115th Congress In 2018, Gianforte expressed opposition to the aluminum and steel tariffs imposed by President Trump, expressing fears about the impact of retaliatory tariffs (the trade war) on Montana agricultural exports Gianforte chaired the Interior Subcommittee of the Oversight Committee through the end of the 115th Congress in 2018  He introduced legislation to nullify Wilderness Study Area (WSA) designations from more than 800,000 acres of land in Montana under the stewardship of the federal Bureau of Land Management and the U S  Forest Service 

116th Congress
In the 2018 midterm elections, the Republicans lost control of the House to the Democrats, and Gianforte began his second term in January 2019 in the minority caucus  Over his career, Gianforte voted in line with Trump's position in about 93 3% of key votes  He voted with Trump's position more often than Montana U S  Senator Steve Daines, a fellow Republican In January 2019, during the 2018–2019 United States federal government shutdown, Gianforte said that he "didn't come here to Washington to shut the government down" but expressed support for Trump and blamed Speaker of the House Nancy Pelosi for the shutdown  He opposed the impeachment inquiry against Donald Trump over the Trump-Ukraine scandal, calling it a "sham", and voted against both articles of impeachment against Trump (abuse of power and obstruction of Congress)  Gianforte voted against a measure to bar Trump from initiating military action against Iran without congressional consent; a spokesman for Gianforte said in 2019 that he would not "discuss the conditions under which he would vote in favor of authorizing military force against Iran because talking about it strengthens the position [of] Iran's regime " Gianforte voted against the 2020 House Democrats police reform bill; against restoring part of the Voting Rights Act; against universal background checks for gun purchases; and against the 2020 D C  statehood bill  In line with Trump's position, he voted against legislation to block U S  arms sales to Saudi Arabia and the United Arab Emirates, but he opposed Trump's decision in 2019 to withdraw U S  forces from northern Syria, where they had been stationed as part of U S  efforts to block Turkish attacks on Kurdish forces  Gianforte voted against legislation in 2019 to raise the federal minimum wage to $15 per hour  He voted against legislation to overturn Trump's emergency declaration to divert federal appropriations for construction of a border wall  He opposed federal action to combat climate change and supported Trump's withdrawal of the U S  from the Paris Agreement on climate change, voting against legislation to block Trump from withdrawing from the agreement  Gianforte voted against reauthorizing the Export–Import Bank and against a bill allowing the government to negotiate lower prices for prescription drugs  He voted for the United States–Mexico–Canada Agreement on trade Gianforte is one of the few tech executives to be elected to political office in the U S  After Representative Darrell Issa left office in 2019, Gianforte became the wealthiest member of Congress, a distinction he held until the January 2020 appointment of Kelly Loeffler to represent Georgia in the Senate In December 2020, Gianforte was one of 126 Republican members of the House of Representatives to sign an amicus brief in support of Texas v  Pennsylvania, a lawsuit filed at the United States Supreme Court contesting the results of the 2020 presidential election, in which Joe Biden defeated Trump  The Supreme Court declined to hear the case on the basis that Texas lacked standing under Article III of the Constitution to challenge the results of an election held by another state House Speaker Nancy Pelosi issued a statement that called signing the amicus brief an act of "election subversion"  She also reprimanded Gianforte and the other House members who supported the lawsuit: "The 126 Republican Members that signed onto this lawsuit brought dishonor to the House  Instead of upholding their oath to support and defend the Constitution, they chose to subvert the Constitution and undermine public trust in our sacred democratic institutions "Committee assignments

Natural Resources Committee
Subcommittee on Federal Lands
Subcommittee on Water, Power, and Oceans
Oversight Committee
Subcommittee on Information Technology
Subcommittee on Interior (Chair, 115th Congress)
Subcommittee on Intergovernmental AffairsCaucus memberships

Congressional Western Caucus

Governor of Montana
Elections
2016
On January 20, 2016, Gianforte announced his candidacy for the Republican Party's nomination for governor of Montana in the 2016 election  A citizen of Butte filed a political practices complaint against him, alleging that he began campaigning before registering; the complaint was dismissed In a campaign speech that year, Gianforte stated that he had been involved in discussions with Facebook about bringing a new call center to Montana, but that Facebook had declined because of that state's business equipment tax  A Facebook spokesman disputed Gianforte's claims, saying that no discussions with him had taken place and that the tax was not the reason the company decided not to locate a call center in Montana  Gianforte stood by his statement, saying he had spoken with a Facebook executive the previous fall During his gubernatorial campaign, Gianforte pledged not to accept special interest PAC money and ran television ads criticizing his opponent for doing so  He came under scrutiny when an audio tape surfaced revealing his past advocacy to replace state income tax and state business tax revenue with a state sales tax Management of public lands was a point of contention in Gianforte's 2016 campaign for governor  In 2009, Gianforte's LLC filed a lawsuit against the Montana Department of Fish, Wildlife and Parks about the boundaries of an easement for public access to the East Gallatin River adjacent to his property  Gianforte's suit against the state became an issue in the 2016 campaign, with his critics characterizing it as a wealthy out-of-stater's effort to block public access to a popular stream  Gianforte consistently denied the allegations and called the issue a misunderstanding, noting the suit was never served, though the lawsuit was settled outside of court  Gianforte opposes same-sex marriage and abortion Incumbent governor Steve Bullock defeated Gianforte in the November general election, 50%–46% 

2020
Gianforte contended with Attorney General Tim Fox and State Senator Al Olszewski for the Republican nomination in the 2020 Montana gubernatorial election  Gianforte drew parallels between his experience building a large technology company in Bozeman and Trump's business background, and shared anecdotes of visits to the White House meant to illustrate their ties Gianforte won the Republican nomination  In the November general election, he defeated incumbent lieutenant governor Mike Cooney 

Tenure
Gianforte was sworn in as governor on January 4, 2021 
On February 12, 2021, during the COVID-19 pandemic, Gianforte lifted Montana's statewide mask mandate  The previous day, he signed a bill giving liability protections to businesses and healthcare providers  In May 2021, Gianforte signed a bill into law that limited the ability of hospitals and other businesses to require that their staff be vaccinated against COVID-19 and prohibited businesses from requiring that customers be vaccinated in order to access facilities  Montana became the only state with such a ban on employers On February 18, 2021, Gianforte signed a constitutional carry bill into law On March 16, 2021, Gianforte signed a bill changing Montana's system of choosing judges, giving the governor, with the state senate's approval, more control over the process On April 2, 2021, Gianforte signed a bill banning sanctuary cities in Montana; at the time, there were no sanctuary cities in Montana  Montana became the 13th state to ban sanctuary cities 
Later that April, Gianforte signed a bill into law that ended same-day voter registration in Montana, in addition to a separate bill that prevented students from using a student ID as voter ID  He also signed a bill making it easier for individuals to challenge government regulations for violating their religious beliefs, and signed three bills restricting abortion On April 30, 2021, Gianforte signed a bill requiring individuals to undergo gender reassignment surgery in order to change their birth certificate  On May 7, 2021, he signed a bill banning transgender athletes from girls' sports in public schools  On April 28, 2023, he signed a bill banning gender-affirming care for transgender minors 

Personal life
While working at Bell Labs in New Jersey in the 1980s, Gianforte met his wife, Susan, the first-generation daughter of German immigrants  They married in 1988  Gianforte and his wife have resided in Bozeman since moving from New Jersey in 1995  They have four children  Gianforte was raised Presbyterian  He and his wife attend Grace Bible Church, a nondenominational church in Bozeman Gianforte is an avid hunter  In a 2016 interview, he described entertaining investment bankers from Scotland and New York at his Montana home, in connection with his company's public stock offering, where he served them a dinner of mountain lion teriyaki, antelope chops wrapped in bacon, and elk tenderloin  On October 28, 2000, he was fined $70 for violating state Fish and Wildlife Commission rules by killing an elk  In February 2021, he violated state hunting regulations by trapping and shooting an adult black wolf known as "1155"  While born in Yellowstone National Park and radio collared in 2018, it was roughly 10 miles (16 km) north of the park's boundary  As Gianforte had not completed a wolf trapping certification course, he was issued a written warning by Fish, Wildlife and Parks  In December, he killed a mountain lion near the same area that was also being monitored by the National Park Service  "M220" was radio collared in 2019 and was estimated to be five years old when he was driven up a tree by the hunting group's dogs and shot in compliance with Montana state laws Gianforte received an honorary doctorate from Stevens Institute of Technology and gave the commencement speech in 2012  In 2007, he received an honorary doctorate from Montana State University's College of Engineering  In 2007, Gianforte was inducted into the CRM Hall of Fame  He received the 2003 Stevens Institute of Technology's Stevens Honor Award  Gianforte was named Pacific Northwest Entrepreneur of the Year by Ernst & Young in 2003 As of 2018, Gianforte's net worth was more than $189 million, which made him one of Congress's wealthiest members 

Electoral history
Writings
Gianforte, Greg; and Gibson, Marcus (2005)  Bootstrapping your business: start and grow a successful company with almost no money  Adams Media 
Gianforte, Greg (2008)  Eight to great : eight steps to delivering an exceptional customer experience  www BookSurge com 
Gianforte, Greg (2012)  Attack of the customers : why critics assault brands online and how to avoid becoming a victim  Self-published 
Passage 5:
Ryan Zinke
Ryan Keith Zinke (; born November 1, 1961) is an American politician and businessman serving as the U S  representative for Montana's 1st congressional district since 2023  A member of the Republican Party, Zinke served in the Montana Senate from 2009 to 2013 and as the U S  representative for the at-large congressional district from 2015 to 2017  He was appointed United States Secretary of the Interior by President Donald Trump in 2017 and served until his resignation in 2019 following a series of ethical scandals Zinke played college football at the University of Oregon and earned a Bachelor of Science degree in geology  He also has a Master of Business Administration and a Master of Science in global leadership  He was a U S  Navy SEAL from 1986 until 2008, retiring with the rank of commander  The first Navy SEAL to be elected to the U S  House, Zinke formerly served as a member of the Natural Resources Committee and the Armed Services Committee  As a member of Congress, Zinke supported the use of ground troops in the Middle East to combat ISIS and opposed the Affordable Care Act, various environmental regulations, and the transfer of federal lands to individual states 
Zinke was appointed as United States Secretary of the Interior by Donald Trump  He was confirmed on March 1, 2017, becoming the first Navy SEAL and the first Montanan since statehood to occupy a Cabinet position As Secretary, Zinke opened some federal lands for oil, gas and mineral exploration and extraction  His actions as Secretary of the Interior raised ethical questions and were investigated by the Interior Department's Office of Inspector General  In October 2018, Interior's inspector general referred the investigation to the Justice Department  On December 15, 2018, Trump announced that Zinke would leave his post as of January 2, 2019, to be replaced by his deputy, David Bernhardt  The Inspector General's report concluded that Zinke had repeatedly violated ethical rules and then lied to investigators  His tenure as Secretary of the Interior was plagued by scandals, including his insistence that special flagpoles be erected so that flags could be raised or lowered when he was in residence, spending over $200,000 of taxpayer money to do so  Zinke left his post at the Department of the Interior at end of 2018 after serving two years amid mounting misconduct allegations related to his Whitefish corruption scandal 

Early life and education
Zinke was born in Bozeman, Montana, and raised in Whitefish  He is the son of Jean Montana (Harlow) Petersen and Ray Dale Zinke, a plumber  He was a Boy Scout and earned his Eagle Scout award  He was a star athlete at Whitefish High School and accepted a football scholarship to the University of Oregon in Eugene; recruited as an outside linebacker, he switched to offense and was an undersized starting center for the Ducks of the Pac-10 under head coach Rich Brooks  Zinke earned a B S  in geology in 1984 and graduated with honors  He intended to pursue a career in underwater geology  Despite never working as a geologist, Zinke publicly calls himself a geologist  He earned an M B A  from National University in 1993 and a Master of Science in global leadership from the University of San Diego in 2003 

Military career
Zinke served as a U S  Navy SEAL from 1986 to 2008, retiring at the rank of commander  He graduated from Basic Underwater Demolition/SEAL training (BUD/S) class 136 in February 1986 and subsequently served with SEAL Team ONE  Following SEAL Tactical Training and completion of a six-month probationary period, he received the 1130 designator as a Naval Special Warfare Officer, entitled to wear the Special Warfare insignia also known as "SEAL Trident"   Zinke was assigned as a First Phase Officer of BUD/S from 1988 to 1991  In 1991, he received orders to United States Naval Special Warfare Development Group (NSWDG) and completed a specialized selection and training course  Zinke served at the command until 1993, during which time he planned, rehearsed and operated during classified operations  He then served as a Plans officer for Commander in Chief, U S  Naval Forces, Europe and served a second tour with NSWDG as team leader, ground force commander, task force commander and current operations officer from 1996 to 1999 In the late 1990s, Zinke paid back the Navy $211 after improperly billing the government for personal travel expenses  His former commanding officer, now-retired Vice Admiral Albert M  Calland III, said that as a result, Zinke received a June 1999 Fitness Report that blocked him from being promoted to a commanding officer position or to the rank of captain  Zinke acknowledged the error but maintains that the incident did not adversely affect his career  His promotion from lieutenant commander to commander was approved the next year From 1999 to 2001, Zinke served as executive officer for the Naval Special Warfare Unit Two and then as executive officer, Naval Special Warfare Center from 2001 to 2004  In 2004, Zinke was the deputy and acting commander of the Combined Joint Special Operations Task Force-Arabian Peninsula  His campaign website stated that he was "the deputy and acting commander" of Combined Joint Special Operations Task Force–Arabian Peninsula and "led a force of more than 3,500 Special Operations personnel in Iraq" in 2004  Retired Major General Michael S  Repass, who was Zinke's superior in Iraq, told The New York Times that these claims "might be a stretch" but that Zinke "did a good job" and was "a competent guy"  After his tours in Iraq, Zinke served "as the second-ranking officer (and briefly acting commander) of the main SEAL training center " In 2006, he was selected to establish the Naval Special Warfare Advanced Training Command, serving as dean of the graduate school until his retirement from active duty in 2008  The graduate school had 250 educators, offering over 43 college-level courses to over 2,500 students annually at 15 different locations worldwide  Zinke retired from the Navy in 2008 

Awards and decorations
Business ventures
In 2005, Zinke formed Continental Divide International, a property management and business development consulting company  His family members are officers of the company  In 2009, Zinke formed the consulting company On Point Montana  He served on the board of the oil pipeline company QS Energy (formerly Save the World Air) from 2012 to 2015  In November 2014, Zinke announced that he would pass Continental Divide to his family while remaining in an advisory role 

Political career
Montana Senate (2009–2013)
Zinke was elected to the Montana Senate in 2008, serving from 2009 to 2013, representing the city of Whitefish  While serving in the State Senate, he "was widely seen as a moderate Republican" but drifted to the right  Zinke was selected as chair of the Senate Education Committee and promoted technology in the classroom, rural access to education and local control over schools  He also served on the Senate Finance and Claims Committee  As a state senator, Zinke was also a member of the SEMA-supported State Automotive Enthusiast and Leadership Caucus, a bipartisan group of state lawmakers sharing an appreciation for automobiles 

Global warming and clean energy
In 2008, Zinke said he "support[s] increased coal production for electrical generation and believe[s] it can and should be done with adequate environmental safeguards" and that he "believe[s] the use of alternate energy sources and clean coal is preferred over petroleum based fuels"  In 2010, he signed a letter calling global warming "a threat multiplier for instability in the most volatile regions of the world" and saying that "the clean energy and climate challenge is America's new space race"  The letter spoke of "catastrophic" costs and "unprecedented economic consequences" that would result from failing to act on climate change and asked then-President Obama and then-Speaker of the House Nancy Pelosi to champion sweeping clean-energy and climate legislation 

2012 campaign for lieutenant governor
Zinke was the running mate of Montana gubernatorial candidate Neil Livingstone in the 2012 election  The Livingstone/Zinke ticket finished fifth out of seven in the Republican primary with 12,038 votes (8 8% of the vote) In 2012, Zinke founded the super PAC Special Operations for America (SOFA) to support Mitt Romney's 2012 presidential campaign  It raised over $100,000 and paid $28,258 to Continental Divide International, Zinke's company, for fundraising consulting  Zinke appointed right-wing commentator Paul E  Vallely, a promoter of "birther" claims and other anti-Obama conspiracy theories, to SOFA's board  Zinke announced he was resigning as chairman of SOFA on September 30, 2013, with his friend former Navy SEAL Gary Stubblefield taking his place  While Zinke's financial disclosure report for 2014 listed him as chairman of SOFA, SOFA had been making independent expenditures in support of Zinke's campaign since November 20, 2013  In 2014, the Campaign Legal Center and Democracy 21 filed a complaint with the Federal Election Commission regarding coordination between Zinke's campaign and SOFA  As of December 2016, the FEC had taken no action on the matter 

Radio show
In 2013, Zinke hosted a radio show in which he engaged with and promoted fringe conspiratorial views, including birtherism (the contention that Obama was not born in the United States)  Zinke said on the show that he was not sure whether Obama was a foreign citizen and called on Obama to release his college transcripts  Later, in 2016, as a congressman, Zinke appeared on the radio show Where's Obama's Birth Certificate, known for its promotion of birther conspiracy theories 

2014 House election
In the spring of 2014, Zinke announced his candidacy for Montana's at-large congressional district, a seat vacated when the incumbent, Steve Daines, successfully sought a seat in the U S  Senate During the Republican primary, Zinke attracted attention for calling Hillary Rodham Clinton "the real enemy" and the "anti-Christ " He touted his anti-abortion credentials and was endorsed by the Montana Right to Life Association Zinke won the five-way Republican primary with 43,766 votes (33 25%) and defeated Libertarian perennial candidate Mike Fellows and Democratic nominee John Lewis, a former state director for U S  Senator Max Baucus, in the general election,
with 55 4% of the nearly 350,000 votes cast statewide 

U S  House of Representatives (2015–2017)
In Congress, Zinke supported the deployment of U S  ground troops to combat ISIS, "abandoning" the Affordable Care Act, and cutting regulations  He supported a Republican effort to repeal the estate tax Zinke condemned the "anti-Semitic views" held by neo-Nazis planning a march in support of Richard B  Spencer in Whitefish, Montana, in January 2017 

Political positions
Education
In 2015, Zinke voted for an amendment proposed by Representative Dave Loebsack that provided for the expansion of the use of digital learning through the establishment of a competitive grant program to implement and evaluate the results of technology-based learning practices  The amendment passed, 218–213 

Environmental regulation
Zinke frequently voted in opposition to environmentalists on issues including coal extraction and oil and gas drilling  When Trump opened nearly all U S  coastal waters to extractive drilling, rescinding Obama's protections, nearly a dozen coastal states protested  Zinke visited with Florida Governor Ron DeSantis and exempted only Florida's coast from drilling 

Climate change
Zinke has shifted over time on the issue of climate change  In 2010, while in the Montana Senate, Zinke was one of nearly 1,200 state legislators who signed a letter to President Obama and Congress calling for "comprehensive clean energy jobs and climate change legislation " But since 2010, he has repeatedly expressed doubt about anthropogenic climate change; in an October 2014 debate, Zinke said, "it's not a hoax, but it's not proven science either " During Senate confirmation hearings on his nomination as Interior Secretary, Zinke said that humans "influence" climate change, but did not acknowledge the scientific consensus that human activity is the dominant cause of climate change 

Transfers of federal lands to states
Zinke broke with most Republicans on the issue of transfers of federal lands to the states, calling such proposals "extreme" and voting against them  In July 2016, he withdrew as a delegate to the Republican National Convention in protest of the portion of the party's draft platform that would require that certain public lands be transferred to state control  Zinke said he endorsed "better management of federal land" rather than transfers 

Committee assignments
Committee on Armed Services
Subcommittee on Seapower and Projection Forces
Subcommittee on Intelligence, Emerging Threats and Capabilities
Committee on Natural Resources
Subcommittee on Energy and Mineral Resources

2016 House election
In 2016, Zinke ran unopposed in the Republican primary on June 7 and faced Democratic nominee and Superintendent of Public Instruction Denise Juneau in the general election on November 8  He defeated Juneau with 56% of the vote 

Secretary of the Interior (2017–2019)
Donald Trump Jr  recommended to his father that Zinke be nominated for Secretary of the Interior  Zinke was named as then-President-elect Donald Trump's nominee for United States Secretary of the Interior on December 13, 2016  The Senate Energy and Natural Resources Committee approved his nomination by a 16–6 vote on January 31, 2017, and he was confirmed by the full Senate by a 68–31 vote on March 1  Among the senators expressing support for Zinke's confirmation was Jon Tester of Montana  Zinke was sworn into office by Vice President Mike Pence the same day The day after his swearing-in, Zinke rode a United States Park Police horse named Tonto several blocks to the entrance of the Department of Interior's Main Interior Building to his official welcoming ceremony On May 24, 2017, in the Montana special election to fill Zinke's vacated House seat, Republican nominee Greg Gianforte defeated Democratic nominee Rob Quist, with 49 7% of the vote to Quist's 44 1% 

Rescinded ban on lead bullets
On his first full day in office, Zinke rescinded the policy implemented by outgoing Fish and Wildlife Service Director Daniel M  Ashe on January 19, 2017, the last day of the Obama administration, that banned the use of lead bullets and lead fishing tackle in national wildlife refuges  Zinke said: "Over the past eight years … hunting, and recreation enthusiasts have seen trails closed and dramatic decreases in access to public lands across the board  It worries me to think about hunting and fishing becoming activities for the land-owning elite  This package of secretarial orders will expand access for outdoor enthusiasts and also make sure the community's voice is heard " The regulation was meant to help prevent lead contamination of plants and animals The move was opposed by the Sierra Club, Center for Biological Diversity, and other environmental groups  The rollback was praised by Senator Steve Daines, the National Rifle Association, and National Shooting Sports Foundation, as well as other "gun rights advocates, sportsmen's groups, conservatives and state wildlife agencies "

National Monument reductions
In April 2017, Zinke began reviewing at least 27 national monuments to determine whether any of them could be reduced in size  In June 2017, he recommended that Bears Ears National Monument's boundaries be scaled back  In August, he added the Grand Staircase–Escalante National Monument and Cascade-Siskiyou National Monument to the list of monuments to be shrunk, while also calling for new management rules for multiple national monuments to decrease the number of actions that are prohibited within the monuments In December 2017, Trump signed executive proclamations that reduced Bears Ears National Monument by 85% and Grand Staircase–Escalante National Monument by almost 46%  These moves prompted several legal challenges  A day later, Zinke issued a report recommending that Trump also shrink two more national monuments—Gold Butte National Monument in Nevada and Cascade–Siskiyou National Monument in Oregon  He also recommended changes to the management of six other national monuments  These changes were welcomed by Republicans such as Representative Rob Bishop, the chair of the House Natural Resources Committee, but condemned by Democrats and environmentalist groups such as the Natural Resources Defense Council and Sierra Club After The New York Times took Zinke's Interior Department to court, it won and got 25,000 documents, of which 4,500 pages were related to Zinke's multi-monument review, and which showed the administration set out to increase coal, oil and gas mining access  The documents also showed that the Zinke administration's new map largely matched a map previously promoted by longtime Utah Senator Orrin Hatch, whose plan claimed it "would resolve all known mineral conflicts for SITLA [Utah School and Institutional Trust Lands Administration] within the Bears Ears… the real [beneficiaries] are Utah schoolchildren and the people of San Juan County", a claim the Utah Diné Bikéyah tribe disputed as hypocritical 

Expenditure controversies
In September 2017, it was reported that on June 26, Zinke had chartered a jet belonging to an oil industry executive for a flight from Las Vegas to Kalispell, Montana  Zinke had been in Las Vegas to make an announcement related to public lands and to deliver a speech to the National Hockey League's Vegas Golden Knights, an expansion franchise owned by William P  Foley, a major donor to Zinke's congressional campaigns  The chartered flight cost taxpayers $12,375  Costs for commercial flights between Las Vegas and Kalispell typically start at $300  Upon arrival in Kalispell, Zinke spent the night at his private residence before delivering remarks at the annual meeting of the Western Governors Association the next morning  Zinke and his staffers returned to Washington on a commercial flight the next day Zinke used private aircraft and performed political duties in relation to an April 1 trip between St  Croix and St  Thomas in the U S  Virgin Islands  Zinke had been in St  Croix on March 30 for an official meeting with Governor Kenneth Mapp during the day, and spent the night at a fundraiser for the Republican Party of the Virgin Islands, where donors of between $1,500 and $5,000 were allowed to have their pictures taken with Zinke  The next morning, he took a private flight costing the government $3,150 to St  Thomas to celebrate the centennial of the islands' handover to the United States by Denmark In December 2017, Politico reported that Zinke had booked government helicopters for more than $14,000 to travel in June and July 2017  One of these trips was the swearing-in ceremony of his successor in Congress; the Department of Interior defended the use of government helicopters instead of a two-hour car drive by saying Zinke would otherwise not be able to fully participate in the ceremony  An Interior spokesperson also told a Politico reporter asking about the expenses, "Shame on you for not respecting the office of a member of Congress " Another of these trips was the use of a Park Police helicopter to have a horseback ride with Vice President Mike Pence; the Interior Department justified the use of the helicopter over the three-hour car drive by saying, "the Secretary will be able to familiarize himself with the in-flight capabilities of an aircraft he is in charge of" and that Park Police staff would "provide an added measure of security to the Secretary during his travel " Zinke dismissed Politico's reporting as "total fabrications and a wild departure of reality" but did not identify any inaccuracies in it In March 2018, the Associated Press reported that the Interior Department spent approximately $139,000 to upgrade three sets of double doors in Zinke's office  A spokesperson claimed Zinke was unaware of the relevant work contract 

Inspector general investigations and other inquiries
In October 2017, the Interior Department's Office of Inspector General (OIG) launched an investigation into Zinke's use of three charter flights during his tenure as Interior Secretary  In April 2018, OIG released its report, concluding that Zinke's chartered flight to give the June 2017 speech to the Las Vegas Golden Knights was authorized "without complete information" and that the speech was not official business because Zinke did not discuss the Interior Department or his role as Interior Secretary  OIG concluded that the two other charter flights, one to Alaska and the other to the U S  Virgin Islands, "appeared to have been reasonable as related to official DOI business "In October 2017, the United States Office of Special Counsel launched a Hatch Act investigation into Zinke's meeting with the Vegas Golden Knights In a March 2018 Senate Energy and Natural Resources Committee, Zinke said it was false that he had taken a "private jet anywhere," noting that the charter flights he took were on aircraft with propellers, not jet engines As of October 30, 2018, the OIG had referred Zinke to the Department of Justice for investigation, including of whether he lied to the OIG about his involvement in reviewing a tribal casino project in Connecticut  The two Connecticut tribes claim that the Interior Department refused to sign off on the casino project after intense lobbying by MGM Resorts International and two Nevada Republican lawmakers  Zinke said the OIG interviewed him twice about the casino decision and that he was truthful both times  In late 2019, Deputy Attorney General Jeffrey Rosen stalled the probe into Zinke  Federal prosecutors had proposed to move forward with possible criminal charges against Zinke over his involvement in the casino deal  In doing so, Rosen also prevented the Interior Department's Office of Inspector General from making a report about the casino deal public 

Flying of Secretarial flag
Assuming his duties as Interior Secretary, Zinke ordered Interior Department officials to fly the official Secretarial Flag over the Main Interior Building whenever he was in the building, and that of his deputy, David Bernhardt, whenever Zinke was away and Bernhardt the highest-ranking official present  According to The Washington Post, "no one can remember [the flag ritual] ever happening in the federal government "

Trophy hunting
In November 2017, it was announced that Trump, on Zinke's advice, wanted to lift the import ban on elephant and other big-game trophies from Zambia and Zimbabwe to the United States  A passionate hunter, Zinke justified himself to critics by saying that he had his best childhood memories of hunting with his father and that he was anxious to promote hunting for American families  Trump and Zinke received considerable criticism for the decision  Critics feared that lifting the import ban would trigger a wave of U S  hunters, and that the decision would be a major blow to the survival of the elephant species  Two days later, Trump put his decision on hold, saying that he wanted to better inform himself on the issue  In 2014, before the Obama Administration instituted the ban, U S  hunters killed 671 elephants, 741 lions, 311 leopards, 1,412 Cape buffaloes and 32 rhinos, and shipped them to the U S 

Greater sage-grouse
In 2017, Zinke took steps to unwind a 2015 plan that protected the greater sage-grouse  The Interior Department sought to change sage grouse habitat management plans in 10 states in a way that could open the sage-grouse habitat to mineral extraction and grazing  These proposals were welcomed by the oil and gas industry and condemned by environmentalists  In April 2021, a federal judge blocked this expansion of livestock grazing in Nevada across four hundred square miles (1,000 km2) of some of the highest-priority sage-grouse habitat in the West 

Migratory Bird Treaty Act
Under Zinke, the Interior Department adopted a restrictive interpretation of the Migratory Bird Treaty Act, issuing a guidance document stating that the killing of birds "resulting from an activity is not prohibited by the Migratory Bird Treaty Act when the underlying purpose of that activity is not to take birds " The move was opposed by a bipartisan group of 17 former top Interior Department officials, including seven former heads of migratory bird management at the U S  Fish and Wildlife Service, who served in each administration from Nixon to Obama  In a letter sent to Zinke and members of Congress, the former officials wrote, "This legal opinion is contrary to the long-standing interpretation by every administration (Republican and Democrat) since at least the 1970s "

Interior Department employees
In June 2017, Zinke called for the elimination of 4,000 jobs from the Interior Department and supported the White House proposal to cut the department's budget by 13 4%  The same month, he ordered 50 Interior members of the Senior Executive Service to be reassigned, "forcing many into jobs for which they had little experience and that were in different locations " The scope of the move was unusual  One reassigned Interior senior executive, scientist Joel Clement, published an op-ed in The Washington Post saying that the reassignment was retaliation against him "for speaking out publicly about the dangers that climate change poses to Alaska Native communities " The moves prompted the Interior Departments' Office of Inspector General to launch a probe In 2017, in a speech to the National Petroleum Council, Zinke said that one-third of Interior Department employees were disloyal to Trump and that "I got 30 percent of the crew that's not loyal to the flag"  His remarks prompted objections from the Coalition to Protect America's National Parks, Public Lands Foundation and Association of Retired Fish and Wildlife Service Employees (which called the comments "simply ludicrous, and deeply insulting") and Senator Maria Cantwell, the ranking member of the Senate Committee on Energy and Natural Resources (who said that Zinke had a "fundamental misunderstanding of the role" of the federal civil service) 

Budget proposals
In 2018, Zinke proposed budget cuts to the Interior Department for fiscal year 2019, mostly from the Bureau of Land Management, U S  Fish and Wildlife Service, and U S  Geological Survey  His proposed budget would also have cut the Land and Water Conservation Fund to $8 million from $425 million in 2018 

2018 wildfires
In August 2018, Zinke said that "environmental terrorist groups" were to blame for the wildfires in California, and that they had "nothing to do with climate change"  Fire scientists and forestry experts reject that, attributing the increasingly destructive wildfires to heat and drought caused by climate change  Later that month, Zinke acknowledged that climate change played a part in the fires  He also said that preventing removal of dead trees has increased the amount of flammable material and hurt timber salvaging 

Calendar omissions
In October 2018, FOIA requests revealed that Zinke's calendar, which was supposed to cover the Secretary of the Interior's activities, contained glaring omissions  Zinke met with lobbyists and business executives on a number of occasions  Reporting from September 2018 noted that the calendars of his activities were "so vaguely described    that the public is unable tell what he was doing or with whom he was meeting "

Departure from office
On December 15, 2018, Trump announced that Zinke would leave "the Administration at the end of the year"; he later tweeted that he would name the new Secretary of the Interior the following week  According to The Washington Post, Zinke had submitted his resignation the same morning  Zinke himself later posted a statement on Twitter, saying, "I cannot justify spending thousands of dollars defending myself and my family against false allegations…It is better for the President and Interior to focus on accomplishments rather than fictitious allegations " His resignation came just a week after former White House Chief of Staff John Kelly's departure was announced 
Zinke was facing several federal probes, including the "Montana land deal" in which a foundation of Zinke's and the chairman of energy firm Halliburton, David Lesar, were accused of wrongdoing in relation to a development project in Zinke's home town of Whitefish, Montana  The DOJ also was investigating his use of personal email In May 2020, Zinke criticized the investigations that led to his departure, saying they were politicized and that such investigations would result in only billionaires being able to afford to serve in a public office 

Later career
In January 2019, Zinke began a new job as the managing director of Artillery One, a cryptocurrency investment firm founded by investor Daniel Cannon, saying that he was "going to make Artillery One great again " In an interview, he said, "I'm focused on cybersecurity, protection of infrastructure and emerging countries that can act as a test bed for new technologies  There is some suspicion that blockchain does not really work  We think it does and we want to showcase the utility and flexibility of the model " The company is working on a test bed project in Kosovo, where Zinke served during his time in the U S  Navy  Zinke also took consulting jobs with several energy firms 

2022 congressional election
In June 2021, Zinke officially announced his candidacy for reelection to the U S  House of Representatives  He sought election in Montana's 1st congressional district, which was reconstituted after the 2020 census  Montana had been split between two districts from 1919 to 1993, but for the next three decades had been represented by a single member 
Zinke narrowly defeated Democratic nominee Monica Tranel to return to Congress  He represents the western third of the state, including Missoula, Butte, Bozeman, Kalispell, and his hometown of Whitefish 

Tenure
Syria
In 2023, Zinke voted against H Con Res  21, which directed President Joe Biden to remove U S  troops from Syria within 180 days 

Fiscal Responsibility Act of 2023
Zinke was among the 71 Republicans who voted against final passage of the Fiscal Responsibility Act of 2023 in the House 

Personal life
Zinke married Lolita Hand on August 8, 1992  Both had been married before; Hand was a widow with a young daughter  He and Hand also have two children together Zinke splits his time among Washington, D C ; Whitefish, Montana; and Santa Barbara, California, his wife's hometown  Politico reported that he no longer resides at his Whitefish house and spends more time in Santa Barbara  Zinke is Missouri Synod Lutheran 

Electoral history
See also
Environmental policy of the Donald Trump administration
List of members of the United States House of Representatives in the 115th Congress by seniority
List of Montana state senators
Political appointments of Donald Trump#Department of the Interior
United States Senate election in Montana, 2018
Whitefish Energy
Passage 6:
Louisiana State Treasurer special election, 2017
The Louisiana State Treasurer special election took place on October 14, 2017, to elect the state treasurer of Louisiana, with a runoff election to be held on November 18, 2017, if necessary  Incumbent Republican State Treasurer John Kennedy was elected to the U S  Senate in 2016   First Assistant Treasurer Ron Henson replaced Kennedy as treasurer, and served until the special election  Henson did not run in the special election Under Louisiana's jungle primary system, all candidates appeared on the same ballot, regardless of party and voters may vote for any candidate, regardless of their party affiliation  If no candidate receives a majority of the vote during the primary election, a runoff election will be held between the top two candidates  Louisiana is the only state that has a jungle primary system (California and Washington have a similar "top two primary" system)  Republican candidates received over 65% of the vote as John Schroder and Derrick Edwards advanced to the runoff  Republican John Schroder defeated Democrat Derrick Edwards in the runoff 

Candidates
Republican Party
Declared
Angele Davis, businesswoman and former commissioner of the Louisiana Department of Administration
Terry Hughes
Neil Riser, state senator and candidate for LA-05 in 2013
John Schroder, state representative

Withdrew
Julie Stokes, state representative

Declined
Ron Henson, incumbent state treasurer
Rob Maness, retired United States Air Force colonel and candidate for U S  Senate in 2014 and 2016

Democratic Party
Declared
Derrick Edwards, attorney and candidate for U S  Senate in 2016

Libertarian Party
Declared
Joseph D  Little

Jungle primary
Runoff
Passage 7:
Kevin Aguiar
Kevin Aguiar (born September 7, 1972) is an American politician who represented the 7th Bristol district in the Massachusetts House of Representatives  He was first elected in a 2008 special election following Robert Correia's resignation to become Mayor of Fall River, Massachusetts From 2002 to 2009, Aguiar served as a member of the Fall School Committee  He was defeated for re-election in the 2012 Democratic primary by challenger Alan Silvia, who succeeded him 
Passage 8:
Mike Aguirre
Jules Michael Aguirre (born 1949), more commonly known as Michael Jules Aguirre, was the City Attorney for the City of San Diego, California, from 2004 to 2008 
In 2013, he was a candidate for mayor in a special election following Mayor Bob Filner's resignation  He lost to Kevin Faulconer, placing fourth in a field of eleven candidates 

Early life
Aguirre was born to Julio and Margaret Aguirre  His father was of Spanish and Mexican descent and his mother is of Mexican descent 

Early career
Aguirre worked as Assistant U S  Attorney for the Department of Justice and directed a grand jury investigation of pension racketeering  He was then appointed as assistant counsel to the U S  Senate's Permanent Subcommittee on Investigations  After leaving government work, Aguirre set up his own firm specializing in securities fraud In the 1990s, Aguirre continued his securities practice and his electoral campaigns  In 1990, Aguirre allied with the Chicano Movement to file a successful federal voting rights lawsuit to overturn San Diego’s redistricting  In 1993, Aguirre successfully defended the United Farm Workers Union in Yuma, Arizona, in a case with lettuce grower Bruce Church  Aguirre took over the defense of the case after UFW President Cesar Chavez died following two days of testimony  Aguirre finished the jury trial, which the UFW lost, but he succeeded in getting the case overturned on appeal In 1996, Aguirre went to court to throw out a 1995 contract between the City of San Diego and the San Diego Chargers football team  In the contract, the city agreed to issue $60 million of bonds to renovate the football team's stadium, and, in a controversial clause, promised to constantly maintain the stadium as a state-of-the-art venue  The city had also agreed to guarantee the sale of 60,000 game tickets at prices to be set by the Chargers  Aguirre’s suit and the ensuing scandal surrounding the maintenance clause compelled the city to renegotiate with the Chargers in 1998 

City Attorney
Aguirre ran for San Diego City Attorney in 2004, in the midst of a financial crisis and investigations by the Securities and Exchange Commission  Scandal had erupted in the summer of 2003 over a pension deal that municipal employees received between 1996 and 2002  Workers were given increased benefits during this period, but the city did not contribute enough to municipal pension funds to cover the increased benefits  The resulting deficit of some $1 4 billion left the city’s finances in shambles and made it virtually impossible to issue municipal bonds  Aguirre ran as a "clean up the mess" outsider, with support from Democrats in the officially nonpartisan race, and won with 50 4% of the vote  A 2008 Wall Street Journal article praised Aguirre’s efforts to address the City of San Diego's hundreds of millions of dollars of unfunded pension liabilities In October 2007, the San Diego Union-Tribune reported that during the California wildfires of October 2007, Aguirre had called for an evacuation of the entire City of San Diego  Aguirre was heavily criticized for the idea but said that the paper had distorted his position  Aguirre's claim was that he had written a memo to the San Diego Mayor at the height of the fires, advising that the city should draw up a voluntary evacuation plan in light of federal regulations, the immediate threat of the fire, as well as concerns over weather conditions and air quality As City Attorney, Aguirre filed a legal action to force a developer to reduce the height of an already constructed office building near an airport  Federal Aviation Administration officials had later determined that the height of the building posed a threat to public safety, even if a city building permit had been issued  In 2009, a California Superior Court judge affirmed the City Attorney's position by determining the developer had no legal right to erect the building to the unsafe height, and the top several stories were ordered to be removed from the building In 2005, immediately upon taking office, Aguirre attempted unsuccessfully to overturn a city grant of $900 million in pension benefits to police and other city workers, which Aguirre contended had been illegal Aguirre sued Countrywide Financial in July 2008 over lending practices  and convinced a federal multi-district litigation judicial panel to move all Countrywide Financial foreclosure cases to the jurisdiction of the City of San Diego 
In 2008, Aguirre ran for a second term as City Attorney but was challenged by several other candidates  The president of the San Diego City Council Scott Peters ran with the backing of city unions, while Superior Court Judge Jan Goldsmith was backed by the Republican political establishment  In the five-candidate nonpartisan primary election in June 2008, Aguirre qualified for the general election by coming in second place after Goldsmith  In the general election on November 4, 2008, Aguirre lost to Goldsmith: 59 5 percent to 40 5 percent 

After leaving office
After leaving his post as City Attorney, Aguirre returned to private legal practice by forming the law firm of Aguirre Morris & Severson, along with two colleagues from the City Attorney's office: Mia Severson, who had headed the City Attorney's civil litigation division; and Chris Morris, who had headed the City's Criminal Division  Aguirre also started the National Center for Regulatory Reform, which has issued extensive reports on the Market Crash of 2008 
Following the resignation of Mayor Bob Filner in August 2013, Aguirre declared his intention to run in the special election for mayor to replace him  In the primary election held November 19, 2013, Aguirre came in a distant fourth with 4 44 percent of the vote, and thus did not advance to the runoff election held in November In 2014, Aguirre represented a woman named Ruth Hendricks who was challenging the $4 7 billion settlement deal for the failed San Onofre nuclear plant in San Diego County  His questions during the settlement approval process were not addressed  By 2015, his questions about backchannel dealings between regulators and utility companies were being taken more seriously, as criminal investigators seized notes from a secret meeting in Poland where the framework of a San Onofre deal was first discussed 

Electoral history
Context 2: Passage 1:
Simon Woods
Simon Woods (born 7 January 1980) is an English actor and playwright best known for his role as Octavian in Season 2 of the British-American television series Rome and the 2005 Pride & Prejudice as Charles Bingley 

Personal life
Woods attended Eton College, then read English at Magdalen College, Oxford  While at Oxford, he became friends with Chelsea Clinton  After graduating from Oxford, Woods worked briefly at The Guardian before becoming an actor While at Oxford in 2000, he was in a relationship with Rosamund Pike that lasted two years  The two later played lovers Jane Bennet and Charles Bingley in Pride & Prejudice 
Since 2009, Woods has been in a relationship with Christopher Bailey, the former chief executive of the British fashion house, Burberry  They married in 2012  They have two daughters, Iris and Nell 

Filmography
Playwright
Woods's stage play Hansard was presented at the Lyttelton Theatre, London, in September 2019  The work, named after the official record of proceedings in the British parliament, was directed by Simon Godwin 
Passage 2:
Claire Fraser (character)
Claire Beauchamp (who adopts the surnames Randall, Fraser, and Grey at various times) is a fictional character in the Outlander series of multi-genre novels by American author Diana Gabaldon, and its television adaptation  In the series, Claire is a married World War II nurse visiting Scotland who finds herself transported from 1945 back to 1743  There she finds adventure, war and romance with the dashing Highland warrior Jamie Fraser  Smart, stubborn and willful, Claire uses her wits, practical medical skills and knowledge of the future to survive in the 18th century 
Claire is portrayed by Irish actress Caitríona Balfe in the Starz television series Outlander  Balfe won a Saturn Award for Best Actress on Television in 2015 and 2016, and a People's Choice Award for Favorite Sci-Fi/Fantasy TV Actress in 2016  She also received nominations for the Golden Globe Award for Best Actress – Television Series Drama in 2015, 2016, 2017 and 2018 

Character
When visiting Scotland, married World War II nurse Claire Randall is transported through time from 1945 back to 1743  There she finds adventure, war and romance with the dashing Highland warrior Jamie Fraser  In the following novels, after the Jacobite defeat at the Battle of Culloden, Claire travels back to her time where she spends 20 years with her former husband Frank Randall, becoming a medical doctor and a surgeon, and raising her and Jamie's daughter Brianna  Finally, having discovered that Jamie survived the Battle of Culloden, she returns to 18th century Scotland and reunites with Jamie  The couple settles in North Carolina, and is soon joined by their daughter Brianna as well as many Scottish settlers 
Gabaldon originally intended Outlander to be straight historical fiction, but after a few days of writing Claire she realized that the character did not behave like an 18th century woman  Gabaldon eventually leaned into the modern approach to Claire, which prompted the introduction of time travel  Claire is often described as stubborn and impatient, and she refuses to conform to the 18th century societal expectations of women  Practicing medicine and putting to use her 20th century medical knowledge leads to numerous accusations of witchcraft, including a witch trial 

Outlander novels
Outlander (1991)
Dragonfly in Amber (1992)
Voyager (1994)
Drums of Autumn (1997)
The Fiery Cross (2001)
A Breath of Snow and Ashes (2005)
An Echo in the Bone (2009)
Written in My Own Heart's Blood (2014)
Go Tell the Bees That I Am Gone (2021)

Television series
Claire is portrayed by Irish actress Caitríona Balfe in the Starz television series Outlander 

Awards and nominations
Balfe won a Saturn Award for Best Actress on Television in 2015 and 2016, and a People's Choice Award for Favorite Sci-Fi/Fantasy TV Actress in 2016  She also received nominations for the Golden Globe Award for Best Actress – Television Series Drama in 2016, 2017, 2018 and 2019 
Passage 3:
The Flashman Papers
The Flashman Papers is a series of novels and short stories written by George MacDonald Fraser, the first of which was published in 1969  The books centre on the exploits of the fictional protagonist Harry Flashman  He is a cowardly British soldier, rake and cad who is placed in a series of real historical incidents between 1839 and 1894  While the incidents and much of the detail in the novels have a factual background, Flashman's actions in the stories are either fictional, or Fraser uses the actions of unidentified individuals and assigns them to Flashman  Flashman is a character in the 1857 novel by Thomas Hughes, Tom Brown's School Days; Hughes' version of the character is a bully at Rugby School who is expelled for drunkenness  The character was then developed by Fraser, and appeared in the 1969 novel Flashman  Fraser went on to write a total of eleven novels and one collection of short stories featuring the character 
During the course of Fraser's novels, Flashman goes from his expulsion from school into the army  Although he is a coward who tries to run away from any danger, he is involved in many famous military episodes from the 19th century, often taking actions that cause or affect subsequent events, such as his flatulence affecting the Charge of the Light Brigade, or being the person who probably shot George Armstrong Custer  When circumstances run against him and he is forced to fight, he often does so relatively capably  Despite his cowardice and his attempts to flee, he becomes a decorated war hero and rises to the rank of brigadier-general  He also meets people who either were notable at the time—such as Benjamin Disraeli and the Duke of Wellington—or who became well known after Flashman met them—such as Abraham Lincoln  Flashman either has, or tries to have, sex with most of the female characters: by the end of the ninth book he estimates that he has had sex with 480 women 
The publication sequence of the books differs from the fictional chronology, with the time frame of some books overlapping  One of the novels, Flashman and the Redskins, is in two parts: part one takes place in 1849–50, while the second covers 1875–76  Although the main series of stories finishes in 1894, Flashman lives on until 1915 and appears in his late 80s in another Fraser novel, Mr American 

Context
The series consists of twelve historical fiction books written by the journalist, author and screenwriter George MacDonald Fraser, that were published between 1969 and 2005  The series consists of eleven novels and one collection of short stories, spanning from 1839 to 1894; they are the memoirs of the fictional character General Sir Harry Paget Flashman, VC, KCB, KCIE  Although Flashman is fictional, the settings and history of the events, and the people with whom he interacts are all largely based around historical events and individuals, although three contain elements of other novels  Flashman first appeared in the 1857 semi-autobiographical novel Tom Brown's School Days by Thomas Hughes as a bully at Rugby School, who persecutes Tom Brown, and who is expelled for drunkenness: Fraser's series of novels starts with Flashman's expulsion from school  Based on a literary conceit, an explanatory note—itself also fictional—at the start of Flashman sets the context and explains that the memoirs had been found in an auction house in Ashby, Leicestershire, and had subsequently come into the possession of Fraser, who has acted in the role of editor  Fraser also included pages of notes and appendices at the end of each volume, providing the factual background for Flashman's endeavours Fraser was working as a journalist on The Glasgow Herald when he wrote the first novel, Flashman; writing in the evenings, after work, he took 90 hours in total to write the story  After the book was published, he left journalism and took up writing novels  When a break from writing was forced upon him by a broken arm, he abandoned the book until his wife read the manuscript and urged him to finish  He did not find a publisher for the novel for two years, until Barrie & Jenkins published it in 1969  When the novel was published in the US the same year, of the 34 reviews read by Alden Whitman of The New York Times, ten of them considered the book to be a genuine autobiography  Fraser researched each novel at Trinity College Dublin  From their first publication, the books were a commercial success, and new editions appeared on the best-sellers' lists 

Flashman
Flashman is from a semi-aristocratic background; he recounted that his great-grandfather "made a fortune in America out of slaves and rum, and piracy, too, I shouldn't wonder"  His father was "a dissolute former MP, living beyond the bounds of respectable society, and     his mother [was] born of the self-promoting Paget family"  Despite joining the army after expulsion from school, Flashman is a self-confessed coward with a false reputation for bravery, earned at the expense of others, and despite him trying to avoid danger at all costs  He is also "a scoundrel, a drunk, a liar, a cheat [and] a braggart", who was described by Fraser as "an unrepentant old cad" whose only positive features are "humour and shameless honesty as a memorialist" Flashman is 6 feet 2 inches (1 88 m) tall, weighs 13 stone (180 lb; 83 kg) (12½ stone in the first book, fourteen stone in the last), has broad shoulders and is attractive to women  He was forced into marriage in the first book, after he "caddishly deflowered" Elspeth Morrison, the daughter of a wealthy Scottish textile manufacturer with whom he had been billeted  Despite being married—and the fact he deeply loves his wife—Flashman is "a compulsive womaniser" who has bedded 480 women by the tenth book in the series, which was set in 1859  Elspeth is also probably unfaithful to him on several occasions  Flashman notes that he has three "prime talents, for horses, languages, and fornication"; he was also described by the master-at-arms of the 11th Hussars as a strong swordsman and was skilled with a lance, particularly at tent pegging  When it is necessary for him to control his fear, he will perform bravely, although is more adept at saving his own skin at the expense of others In the course of the series, Flashman is promoted to the rank of brigadier-general, and decorated numerous times by different countries  While the books cover some of the awards—such as being given the Victoria Cross for his actions during the sieges of Cawnpore and Lucknow—some stories are not known, such as how and why he served on both sides of the American Civil War and how he won the Medal of Honor During his travels Flashman meets people who took part in 19th-century events, including Queen Victoria, Abraham Lincoln, Otto von Bismarck, Oscar Wilde and Florence Nightingale, and he is involved as a participant in some of the century's most notable events, including the Indian Rebellion, the Taiping Rebellion, the charge of the Light Brigade, the Siege of Khartoum, John Brown's raid on Harpers Ferry and the Battle of the Little Bighorn Flashman died in 1915, although the details are unknown 

Publication sequence
Fictional chronology
Other references
Flashman also appears in another book by Fraser, Mr American, age 88, while his father was one of the financial backers of the bare-knuckle boxer Tom Molineaux in Black Ajax 

Notes and references
Notes
Passage 4:
Claire Bennet
Claire Bennet is a fictional character in the NBC psychological thriller superhero drama series Heroes  She is portrayed by Hayden Panettiere and first appeared on television in the pilot episode of the series, "Genesis", on September 25, 2006  She is a high school cheerleader with the power of rapid cellular regeneration  Claire appears in more episodes than any other character (72, plus a 73rd through stock footage)  In Heroes Reborn, she dies while giving birth to Malina and Tommy 
Thanks to her power, she has an incredibly high pain tolerance; Claire states in "The Butterfly Effect" that, when injured, she feels pain just as severe as anyone else who was injured in such a way, but her power quickly deadens pain  When asked about this, series writers Joe Pokaski and Aron Coleite would only comment that she "feels pain, but not the way most of us do " Claire, describing her response to pain to West, says "I feel pain; I just get over it quickly "
Between her tolerance for pain and seemingly unlimited healing potential, Hayden Panettiere compares her character to the X-Men character Wolverine, although she is "less hairy and without claws " Since having her brain examined by Sylar, Claire has stated that she no longer feels physical pain of any kind 

Casting
Marc Hirschfeld, executive vice president of casting for NBC Universal Television stated, "When they were trying to decide who the cheerleader should be, I literally picked up the phone and said to the producers, 'You've got to meet Hayden Panettiere  '"In an interview with Vanity Fair, Emma Stone revealed that she had auditioned for the role of Claire Bennet  She said it was her rock bottom Hollywood moment; She overheard "You are our pick     On a scale of 1 to 10 you’re an 11" and then she realised the role had gone to Hayden Panettiere 

Reception and analysis
Panettiere received positive reviews for her work on the show throughout the series run, constantly being referred to as a "breakout star"  Claire is also arguably one of the most popular characters on the show  UGO Networks listed Claire as one of their best heroes of all time Professor of audiovisual arts Olvido Andújar Molina saw the character of Claire Bennet as a metaphor for the United States of America, as her role as a cheerleader functioned as one of the basic American cultural archetypes  Claire Bennet's special ability was regeneration from any kind of accident, which in this reading symbolizes the idea of the United States being invincible in the long term  Andújar Molina expands the idea to the character of Nathan Petrelli: As he is discovered as Claire's biological father, he represents the father figure and protector of the country as a whole  Andújar Molina thought that this identification of the characters, together with their presentation as heroes trying to save the world, contributed to their positive reception and identification with the audience Sarah Godfrey and Hannah Hamad saw in the character a resurgence of the trope of the helpless girl in postfeminist, post-9/11 television: "Notwithstanding Claire Bennet's physical indestructibility, she remains contained by a narrative position that necessitates protection from a range of male characters "
Passage 5:
On a Claire Day
On a Claire Day was an American internationally syndicated gag-a-day comic strip by Creators Syndicate, created by Henry Beckett and Carla Ventresca and launched in 2006  The strip ended its run in print and online on June 14, 2014, to continue on the mobile device service Comikka  According to its creators, there was discussion on it being developed into a television show The strip follows the life of fictional character Claire Bennett, an insecure and naive young woman, who has left her parents' home to live on her own   She is visited frequently by Sammi, her elegant, financially savvy, and impatient best friend; Jeff, her guy's guy neighbor, who's happy working construction and doesn't understand Claire's ambition or life issues; her "out there" Oprah-fanatic mom and her "work hard or you're worth nothing" dad; and the perfect neighbors, Pasha and James, who seem to do everything with an ease and flair Claire can't achieve or imagine possessing herself  But she managed to settle down in with a life with medical researcher Paul along with their dog Bradley and cat Lulu and at the end of the series were engaged 
Passage 6:
Temptation of Wife (2012 TV series)
Temptation of Wife is a Philippine television drama revenge series broadcast by GMA Network  The series is based on a 2008 South Korean drama series of the same title  Directed by Dominic Zapata and Gina Alajar, it stars Marian Rivera in the title role, Dennis Trillo, Glaiza de Castro and Rafael Rosell  It premiered on October 29, 2012, on the network's Telebabad line up replacing Luna Blanca  The series concluded on April 5, 2013, with a total of 113 episodes  It was replaced by Love & Lies in its timeslot 

Cast and characters
Lead castMarian Rivera as Angeline Santos-Salcedo / Chantal Gonzales / Angeline Santos-Armada 
Dennis Trillo as Marcelito "Marcel" Salcedo
Glaiza de Castro as Heidi Fernandez-Montreal
Rafael Rosell as Nigel ArmadaSupporting castRez Cortez as Abner Santos
Rio Locsin as Minda Santos
Antonio Aquitania as Leo Santos
Raymond Bagatsing as Romeo Salcedo
Cherie Gil as Stella Salcedo
Bettina Carlos as Madel Salcedo
Ayen Munji-Laurel as Yolanda Gonzales-Armada
Michelle Madrigal as Chantal Gonzales ArmadaRecurring castJC Tiuseco as Bernard
Bubbles Paraiso as Leslie
Mel Martinez as PatGuest castSheena Halili as young Yolanda
Jay Aquitania as young Romeo
Mel Kimura as Josefina Fernandez
Patricia Ysmael as Scarlet
John Nite as an event host
Robert Seña as Robert Montreal

Background
Temptation of Wife is a 2008 South Korean television drama series broadcast by Seoul Broadcasting System from November 3, 2008, to May 1, 2009  It was written by Soon-ok Kim and directed by Se-kang Oh  The series starred Seo Hee Jang, Jae Hwang Lee, Woo Min Byun and Seo Hyung Kim in the lead roles The series also had a huge success in the Philippines during its run  GMA Network aired the series (dubbed in Tagalog) in an early primetime slot from October 4, 2010,  and concluded on May 27, 2011 

Production and development
In 2011, GMA Network's senior vice president for entertainment, Wilma Galvante stated that they would be adapting the Korean series, Temptation of Wife  Pre-production started in earlier 2012  The head writer, Dode Cruz stated that he would develop "a bit serious, sexier and edgier version" than the original  The producer assigned Dominic Zapata to direct the series 
Originally planned for a December 2012 premiere, it was later moved to an earlier date  following the cancellation of the drama series, Haram 

Casting
The cast was announced on September 11, 2012, during the series' story conference, with the main cast being, Marian Rivera, Dennis Trillo, Alessandra De Rossi and Rafael Rosell  As for Rivera's preparation, she stated that "Whenever I have a new soap, I make sure to ask some tips about the role  Then I talk to my director how he wants me to approach my role  I'd like to have an idea of the character that I am going to portray and how I would give life to it onscreen"  She added that she wants every role she does to be different from the previous one in terms of how she going to approach it  Trillo described his character as a "not-so-typical-leading-man" role De Rossi was hired to play Heidi Fernandez  However, the role was eventually given to Glaiza de Castro due to de Rossi's issues with the role The series served as Rosell's first major project for GMA Network  Zapata, required the cast to watch the original series before filming began to familiarize their characters 

Filming
The series' plug, teasers and opening title sequence were filmed on September 11, 2012, in a studio at GMA Network Center in Quezon City  Filming for the series began on October 9, 2012  Many of the series’ scenes were shot on location in Quezon City 

Reception
Ratings
According to AGB Nielsen Philippines' Mega Manila household television ratings, the pilot episode of Temptation of Wife earned a 23 5% rating  While the final episode scored a 27 9% rating  The series had its highest rating with a 41 3% rating 

Critical response
Vincent Anthon Garcia of gulfnews com said that "Marian Rivera has proved why she is truly the Queen of Primetime TV  Her current series, Temptation of Wife, has zoomed to the top of the ratings"  Mario Bautista of Journal praised the show's main villain, Glaiza de Castro, said that "One reason why Temptation of Wife clicks with viewers is the fact that de Castro is so effective as the villainous Heidi  We know she didn't want to play kontrabida (villainess) again after she did lead roles in Grazilda and Biritera  But Glaiza made the right decision in accepting the Heidi role as it's really so "mark" and she can show her versatility as an actress who can do both lead and villain roles "

Accolades
Passage 7:
Jamie Fraser (character)
James "Jamie" Fraser is a fictional character in the Outlander series of multi-genre novels by American author Diana Gabaldon, and its television adaptation  In the series, married World War II nurse Claire Randall is visiting Scotland when she is transported through time from 1945 back to 1743  There she finds adventure, war and romance with the dashing Highland warrior Jamie Fraser, a member of Gabaldon's fictionalized Clan Fraser of Lovat  Jamie also appears in two novels in the Lord John series of historical mysteries, and in the 2013 novella Virgins 
Jamie is portrayed by Sam Heughan in the Starz television series Outlander 

Concept and creation
Gabaldon took the name "Jamie" from the Doctor Who character Jamie McCrimmon, portrayed in the television series by Frazer Hines  Gabaldon had seen the Doctor Who serial The War Games, which inspired her to set her novel in Scotland  Gabaldon developed Jamie from an account in the Eric Linklater book Prince in the Heather, in which a single Jacobite named Fraser survives the mass execution of his fellows  Jamie's looks and character are based on Gabaldon's husband, Doug Watkins, as the author has herself confirmed on her Twitter account Hines guest starred in the May 2015 episode "Wentworth Prison" of Outlander, the television series adaptation of Gabaldon's novels 

Character
When married World War II nurse Claire Randall is transported through time from 1945 back to 1743, she meets dashing Highland warrior Jamie Fraser Jeff Jensen of Entertainment Weekly wrote, "The stories the show told during the second half of the first season deepened [Claire and Jamie's] bond and their need for each other  Jamie in particular was made to confront his personal and cultural attitudes about gender roles, understand how they impact Claire, and recognize the value to him of having a wife that was his equal in every way "Gabaldon describes Jamie as handsome and unusually tall, with distinctive red hair, deep blue eyes, and fair skin  The character uses many aliases throughout the series, including Jamie MacTavish, The Dunbonnet, Red Jamie/Seumas Ruadh, Mac Dubh, Alex MacKenzie, and Alexander Malcolm 

Appearances
Jamie is a main character of Gabaldon's Outlander series  He also appears in two novels in the Lord John series of historical mysteries, and in the 2013 novella Virgins 

Outlander novels
Outlander (1991)
Dragonfly in Amber (1992)
Voyager (1994)
Drums of Autumn (1997)
The Fiery Cross (2001)
A Breath of Snow and Ashes (2005)
An Echo in the Bone (2009)
Written in My Own Heart's Blood (2014)
Virgins, prequel novella in the anthology Dangerous Women (2013)
Go Tell the Bees That I Am Gone (2021)

Lord John novels
Lord John and the Brotherhood of the Blade (2007)
The Scottish Prisoner (2011)

Television series
Jamie is portrayed by Sam Heughan in the Starz television series Outlander 

Awards and nominations
Heughan was nominated for a Saturn Award for Best Supporting Actor on Television in 2015, and Best Actor on Television in 2016  Heughan was also nominated for a People's Choice Award for Favorite Sci-Fi/Fantasy TV Actor in 2016 and 2017, a 2016 BAFTA Scotland Award for Best Actor in Television, and a 2016 Critics' Choice Television Award for Best Actor in a Drama Series 
Passage 8:
Caitriona Balfe
Caitríona Mary Balfe (; born 4 October 1979) is an Irish actress  She is best known for her starring role as Claire Fraser in the Starz historical drama series Outlander (2014–present), for which she received nominations for four Golden Globe Awards for Best Actress in a Television Series – Drama 
At age eighteen, while studying drama at the Dublin Institute of Technology, Balfe began working as a fashion model in Paris  Ten years later, she refocused on acting  She had leading roles in the series The Beauty Inside (2012) and H+: The Digital Series (2012–2013), and appeared in the films Super 8 (2011), Now You See Me (2013), Escape Plan (2013), Money Monster (2016), and Ford v Ferrari (2019)  Her performance in Belfast (2021) earned her nominations for the Golden Globe and British Academy Film Awards 

Early life
Balfe was born in Dublin and grew up outside the village of Tydavnet, near Monaghan Town, in a family of seven  She is the fourth of five children  Her father was a retired Garda Sergeant  She went to Dublin Institute of Technology to study drama, before being spotted by a model scout 

Career
Modelling
Balfe started modelling after she was scouted by an agent while she was collecting money for charity at a local shopping centre  At 18, after working as a model in Dublin for a few months, she caught the attention of a visiting Ford Models scout, who offered her the chance to work for them in Paris Balfe's modelling career highlights include opening and closing fashion shows for Chanel, Givenchy, Dolce & Gabbana, Moschino, Alberta Ferretti and Louis Vuitton  In a three-year period, she walked in more than 250 runway shows  At the height of her career, Balfe was considered to be among the twenty most in-demand models in the world 

Acting
While living in New York, Balfe played the minor role of an employee of the magazine Runway in the 2006 film The Devil Wears Prada  In 2009, after a decade-long modelling career, Balfe returned to her initial career choice and moved from New York to Los Angeles, spending her first year and a half in the city exclusively taking acting classes, first at the Warner Loughlin Studios and then at the Sanford Meisner Center and the Judith Weston Studios  Balfe has appeared in the films Super 8, as the protagonist's mother, Now You See Me, as Michael Caine's character's wife, and Escape Plan, as the CIA lawyer that hires Sylvester Stallone's character In 2012 she portrayed Alex #34 in The Beauty Inside, a social film divided into six episodes telling the story of a man named Alex (Topher Grace) who wakes up in a different body every day  In 2013 she starred in the music videos for "First Fires" by British musician Bonobo and for "Chloroform" by French band Phoenix, the latter directed by Sofia Coppola Balfe was part of the main cast of the Warner Bros  web series H+: The Digital Series during 2012 and 2013, in which she played Breanna Sheehan, one of the executives of a biotechnology company that develops an implanted computer which allows people to be connected to the Internet 24 hours a day In September 2013, Balfe was cast as the lead character, Claire Beauchamp Randall Fraser, on the Starz television drama series Outlander, based on the novels written by Diana Gabaldon; the series premiered in August 2014  She plays a mid-20th-century nurse (later surgeon) who is transported back in time to the war-torn mid-18th-century Scottish Highlands  Both the series and her performance have received critical acclaim, with Richard Lawson of Vanity Fair saying "it helps immensely that Balfe is such an appealing actress, [she] makes Claire a spirited, principled, genuinely heroic heroine"  Tim Goodman of The Hollywood Reporter wrote that Balfe is "reason enough to watch; she's a confident actress who brings various shades to her character " James Poniewozik of Time labelled Balfe's portrayal as "wry, [and] infectiously engaging " Angelica Jade Bastién of The New York Times called Balfe "one of the most stunning actresses on television" In December 2014, Entertainment Weekly named Balfe one of its 12 Breakout Stars of 2014; that month she was also voted "Woman Of The Year" at BBC America's Anglophenia Fan Favorites tournament 
In April 2015, Balfe received Best Actress in a Lead Role Drama and Rising Star Award nominations for the 12th Irish Film & Television Awards, and was named one of People magazine's "50 Most Beautiful People in the World"  She won Saturn Awards for Best Actress on Television in 2015 and 2016  In November 2016, Balfe won the Scottish BAFTA award for Best Actress on Television and in February 2018 she won the Irish IFTA for Best Actress in a Lead Role Drama  Balfe also received four nominations for the Golden Globe Award for Best Actress – Television Series Drama for her role in Outlander Balfe co-starred in the film Money Monster (2016), directed by Jodie Foster and starring George Clooney and Julia Roberts  She played the head of PR of a company whose stock bottoms out, causing a man to lose all of his savings and subsequently take hostages on a live TV show  Eric Hills of The Movie Waffler wrote "But it's relative newcomer Balfe who leaves the greatest impression; she's magnetic, stealing scenes even when her character is only glimpsed reacting to the situation on a background monitor  Expect to see a lot more of this Irish actress in the coming years "In 2019, Balfe had a recurring voice role as Tavra in the Netflix fantasy series The Dark Crystal: Age of Resistance  The series, which was a prequel to the 1982 fantasy film The Dark Crystal and produced by the Jim Henson Company, was released to critical acclaim  Also in 2019, she had a starring role opposite Matt Damon and Christian Bale in the sports drama film Ford v Ferrari  Balfe portrayed Mollie Miles, the wife of professional race car driver Ken Miles, a role which earned her an IFTA nomination for Best Actress in a Supporting Role  The film received universal acclaim upon release and was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Picture In 2021, Balfe had a co-starring role in Kenneth Branagh's semi-autobiographical film Belfast, for which she received critical acclaim  Critic Richard Lawson of Vanity Fair lauded Balfe for her "modest, affable performance"  Her performance earned her nominations for the Screen Actors Guild Award, Golden Globe Award, Critics' Choice Movie Award, and British Academy Film Award for Best Supporting Actress  The film was nominated for Best Picture at the 94th Academy Awards  She has been a member of the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences in the Actors Branch since June 2022 Balfe will next star in the 20th Century Studios film Amateur 

Personal life
Balfe lives in London and, while filming Outlander, in Glasgow  She previously lived in Los Angeles, where she started acting professionally, and in New York City, Paris, London, Milan, Hamburg, and Tokyo while working as a model  In addition to her native English, she is a speaker of the Irish language and is conversant in French On 10 August 2019, Balfe married her longtime boyfriend, Scottish band manager Anthony "Tony" McGill  She announced on 18 August 2021 that she had given birth to their son In an interview, Balfe was asked if she considered herself spiritual  Balfe responded "I would say I'm spiritual, though have long turned my back on institutionalised religion  I definitely believe in the inherent goodness of the universe "

Philanthropy and other ventures
She is a patron of the organisation World Child Cancer  In April 2018, she ran the London Marathon, raising over US$41,000 in support of the organisation She is also a supporter of charitable causes involving refugee relief with ChooseLove, raising thousands of dollars in funds to help aid refugees in crisis globally, as well as a vocal supporter of charities that aid the environment  In October 2020, an annual birthday fundraising initiative called Project CaiTREEna was started by fans to raise money for the environmental charity One Tree Planted  To date over US$150,000 has been raised in her honour, resulting in over 150,000 trees being planted around the world In August 2020, Balfe launched Forget Me Not, a Scottish-based small batch gin with 25% of the proceeds funding arts programmes 

Filmography
Film
Television
Awards and nominations
Passage 9:
Outlander (TV series)
Outlander is a historical drama television series based on the Outlander novel series by Diana Gabaldon  Developed by Ronald D  Moore, the show premiered on August 9, 2014, on Starz  It stars Caitríona Balfe as Claire Randall, a former Second World War military nurse in Scotland who, in 1945, finds herself transported back in time to 1743  There she encounters, falls in love with and marries a dashing Highland warrior named Jamie Fraser (Sam Heughan), a tacksman of Gabaldon's fictionalized version of Clan Fraser of Lovat  Here, Claire becomes embroiled in the Jacobite rising 
The 16-episode first season of the television series (released as two half-seasons) is based on the first novel in the series, Outlander  The second season of 13 episodes, based on Dragonfly in Amber, aired from April to July 2016  The 13-episode third season, based on Voyager, aired from September to December 2017  The 13-episode fourth season, based on Drums of Autumn, aired from November 2018 to January 2019  The fifth season of 12 episodes, based on The Fiery Cross, aired from February to May 2020  The sixth season of 8 episodes, based on A Breath of Snow and Ashes, aired from March to May 2022  The seventh season which consists of 16 episodes, is based on An Echo in the Bone and premiered on June 16, 2023 
By February 2022, development had begun on a prequel series titled Outlander: Blood of My Blood, which will focus on Jamie Fraser's parents Brian and Ellen Fraser  In January 2023, Outlander: Blood of My Blood was officially confirmed for a ten-episode first season, and Outlander was renewed for a ten-episode eighth and final season 

Plot
Season 1 (2014–2015)
In 1945, Claire Randall, who had formerly served as a nurse in the British Army during the Second World War, and her husband Frank are visiting Inverness, Scotland, when she is carried back in time to 1743 by the standing stones at Craigh na Dun (in what is now Tay Forest Park)  She falls in with a group of rebel Highlanders from Clan MacKenzie (a fictionalization of the real Clan MacKenzie), who are being pursued by government troops led by Captain Jonathan "Black Jack" Randall  Randall turns out to be Frank's ancestor 
Clan MacKenzie suspect her of being a spy, but retain her as a healer, which prevents her from attempting to return to her own time  Knowing that the Jacobite cause is doomed to fail, she tries to warn them against rebellion  Out of necessity, Claire marries a Highlander, Jamie Fraser, but they quickly fall in love  Her husband Jamie is captured, tortured, and raped by the sadistic Randall, but Claire and his clansmen rescue him  Claire tells Jamie that she is pregnant and they set sail for the Kingdom of France 

Season 2 (2016)
In 18th century Paris, Claire and Jamie try to thwart the Jacobites by subverting the funds that King Louis XV of France is likely to provide  Jamie becomes the confidant of Charles Stuart, but the Frasers fail to prevent the risings  Randall reappears in Paris, but Claire makes Jamie swear to keep him alive until Frank's descent is assured  She achieves this by convincing Randall to marry Mary Hawkins  Claire and Jamie's daughter Faith is stillborn, and she and her 18th century husband return to Scotland  The Jacobites win the Battle of Prestonpans  Jamie and Claire also adopt a young French boy named Claudel, who Jamie renames Fergus 
Before the Battle of Culloden, Jamie convinces Claire, pregnant again, to return to the 20th century  Jamie decides to die fighting at Culloden with his clan  Back in her own century, Claire tells Frank about her time travel  He asks her to forget Jamie and let him raise her child as his own  Twenty years later, Frank has died in a car accident  Claire takes her 20-year-old daughter Brianna to Scotland  Claire discovers that Jamie did not die at Culloden and vows to return to him 

Season 3 (2017)
Jamie kills Randall at Culloden and is gravely injured, but spared execution  At Ardsmuir prison, he befriends the governor, Lord John Grey, who later paroles him to work at an English estate  There, Jamie is manipulated into a sexual liaison and fathers an illegitimate son, William



ground_truth: United States Secretary of the Interior

prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: What is the character of fictional character Claire Fraser in a British-American television drama series developed by Ronald D. Moore ?

The following are given passages.
Context 2:  Jamie returns to Scotland and becomes a printer 
In 1968, Claire enrolls in medical school in Boston, Massachusetts  Frank is killed in a car accident while Brianna is in college  With the help of Roger Wakefield, Claire finds clues to Jamie's fate after Culloden  She returns to the 18th century and discovers Jamie has married a widowed Laoghaire  Claire's return nullifies their union as illegal  They try to retrieve some hidden treasure so that he can placate Laoghaire with a settlement, but Jamie's nephew Ian is captured by pirates and taken to the Caribbean  Jamie and Claire follow and manage to rescue him from Geillis, who had escaped burning at the stake in season one  Claire and Jamie sail for Scotland, but are shipwrecked on the coast of Georgia 

Season 4 (2018–2019)
In the Province of North Carolina, Claire and Jamie seek to return to Scotland with Fergus, Marsali and Ian  They visit a plantation owned by Jamie's aunt Jocasta Cameron, where they encounter Black slaves  Claire and Jamie decide to leave and claim land that they name Fraser's Ridge, which is already inhabited by Cherokee  Jamie reunites with Murtagh, now a blacksmith and leader of the Regulator Movement  Lord John visits with Jamie's son, Willy 
In the 1970s, Brianna rejects Roger's marriage proposal  After learning her parents will die in a fire, Brianna travels through the stones  When Roger discovers Brianna has left, he follows her  They meet in Wilmington, North Carolina and enter into handfast marriage  Shortly after, they get into an argument and Roger leaves  In his absence, Stephen Bonnet rapes Brianna  She reunites with her mother and finally meets her biological father, Jamie  Brianna discovers she is pregnant  Roger goes to Fraser's Ridge, where Brianna's maid Lizzie wrongly assumes that he is the rapist  Lizzie informs Jamie, who beats Roger  Young Ian sells Roger to the Mohawk  Discovering their mistake, they set off to rescue Roger and Ian trades his freedom for Roger's  Roger and Brianna are reunited at Jocasta's plantation and Jamie receives instructions to kill Murtagh, who is a fugitive 

Season 5 (2020)
Jamie and Claire fight to retain their home at Fraser's Ridge as the American Revolutionary War looms on the horizon  Brianna and Roger marry and Governor Tryon further pushes Jamie to hunt down Murtagh, forcing Jamie to gather up a militia and counteract the Regulators  He struggles to balance keeping his godfather safe and fulfilling his duties to the British, especially under the eye of Lieutenant Knox, who is determined to find and kill Murtagh  Despite Murtagh's pleas for Jocasta to return his love for her, she moves forward with her fourth marriage, choosing the safety and security of her plantation's future over his idealism  Jamie's loyalties are pushed to the breaking point at the Battle of Alamance, when Roger's attempt to warn Murtagh fails and Murtagh is shot dead  Roger is captured and mistakenly hanged by the British; he survives, but is left traumatized by the experience  Jamie is left devastated in the months following the battle 
Meanwhile, Roger and Bree's relationship is put to the test as there are signs of Stephen Bonnet's reappearance, forcing Brianna to take matters into her own hands when she is captured by him  Eventually, Bree and Roger decide to go back through the stones when they realize Jemmy can too, as the future will be much safer for their son  Their attempt fails and the two, taking this as a sign of fate, decide to stay at Fraser's Ridge, along with their large family  Young Ian returns from his time with the Mohawk and learns the truth about Claire, Brianna and Roger's origins when he confronts them with information passed to him by the Mohawk  Claire continues to subvert conventional medical practices by producing penicillin and covertly providing medical advice under a pseudonym, but her subversive advice backfires on her  Claire is abducted and gang raped by Lionel Brown and his men, but is subsequently rescued by Jamie, Fergus, Roger, and the other men of the Ridge  Though Jamie returns Lionel's body to Richard, Lionel's brother and mayor of Brownsville, Richard subtly threatens Fraser's Ridge and Jamie's family 

Season 6 (2022)
The political unrest in the colonies begins to boil over and the Frasers (Jamie and Claire) and the MacKenzie (Roger and Brianna), try to peacefully live on their isolated homestead in the foothills of North Carolina  Jamie is suddenly faced with walking between the fires of loyalty to the oath he swore to the British Crown and following his hope for freedom in the new world  Trouble continues with the Browns as they form 'a committee of safety' that threatens the peace on the ridge dividing a wedge between the Native Americans, the British and the Frasers  In the meantime, the Christie family arrive on the Ridge, a throwback to Jamie's time in Ardsmuir Prison, and begin to influence the harmony on the Ridge  Malva Christie, the daughter of Tom Christie, takes a liking to Claire only to betray her in announcing her pregnancy with Jamie as the father  The season ends with a huge amount of unrest involving the Browns and the Christies as Jamie and Claire's grip on Fraser's Ridge becomes ever more fragile 

Cast and characters
Production
Development
In July 2012, it was reported that Sony Pictures Television had secured the rights to Gabaldon's Outlander series, with Moore attached to develop the project and Jim Kohlberg (Story Mining and Supply Co) producing  Sony completed the deal with Starz in November 2012, and Moore hired a writing team in April 2013  That June, Starz picked up the Outlander project for a sixteen-episode order, and in August it was announced that John Dahl would be directing the first two episodes  Starz CEO Chris Albrecht later said that he had green-lit several genre projects, including Outlander, to shift the network's series development toward "audiences that were being underserved" to "drive a real fervent fan base that then becomes the kind of advocacy group for the shows themselves" Calling it "a different kind of show than has ever been on, in my memory", Albrecht believed that Outlander's combination of fantasy, action, a strong central romance and a feminist focus would set it apart  Another distinguishing feature of the show is its use of Scottish Gaelic  Àdhamh Ó Broin is the language consultant and Griogair Labhruidh sang in Gaelic on the second season's soundtrack On August 15, 2014, after only the pilot episode had aired, the network renewed the series for a second season of at least thirteen episodes, based on the second book in Gabaldon's series, Dragonfly in Amber  On June 1, 2016, Starz renewed the series for a third and fourth season, which adapt the third and fourth Outlander novels, Voyager and Drums of Autumn On May 9, 2018, Starz renewed the series for a fifth and sixth season, which adapt The Fiery Cross and A Breath of Snow and Ashes, respectively and each season to consist of twelve episodes On March 14, 2021, the series was renewed for a seventh season, originally to consist of 12 episodes and adapt the seventh novel, An Echo in the Bone  On June 1, 2021, Starz announced the sixth season would premiere in early 2022 with a shortened eight-episode season, while the seventh season would consist of 16 episodes  On November 22, 2021, Gabaldon announced that the sixth season would premiere on March 6, 2022  In January 2023, the series was renewed for an eighth and final season to consist of 10 episodes 

Writing
Moore said of the pilot: "There's a lot of things we did in the first thirty to forty minutes that aren't in the book or are compilations of things that happened in the book"  He emphasised that he did not want to present the time-travel dimension in a traditional special effects-laden science fiction manner  Describing the adaptation of the first season as "straightforward", he explained: "it was always kind of clear what the basic structure was: Claire's trying to get home, then she meets this guy, now she's falling in love, now she has a conflict, will she go home  You lay it out in a very linear fashion"  Regarding the darker tone of the season's second half, he said: "the show becomes more complicated and the emotional journey more wrenching" Regarding the second season and the source novel Dragonfly in Amber, Moore said:

The book is a more complicated structure in terms of how Diana [Gabaldon] wrote it     So it was not as easy an adaptation as the first season was     Book 2 is just a more complex book  It's laid out very differently, as a result it took more wrangling to try to figure out how to translate this particular story into our season  There were more complications, there were more characters     It was a bigger task  The thing that gives me the most comfort is that Diana likes it a lot  She had said, 'Oh, I really liked the way you did it  it was a difficult plot, I know, but I think you really found the essence of it  You really found the through line that really defines what this part of the journey is '     It's not going to be a literal adaptation because I don't think that's possible with the second book     But I think it's very much the same story, the major characters are all represented, the major scenes are all represented, and it still gets you to all the same places you want to go 
Gabaldon was employed as consultant to the TV production  When asked in June 2015 about the adaptation of the first season, she said: "I think they did condense it very effectively     I ended up getting most of the things that I felt strongly about in there  There were only a few instances where the most important stuff in my opinion didn't get in"  In March 2015, she said of the scripts for season two: "The Parisian stuff is very good and in fact I'm deeply impressed by the outlines I've seen     I think they've done a wonderful job of pulling out the most important plot elements and arranging them in a convincing way"  Gabaldon wrote the screenplay for the episode "Vengeance is Mine" According to Moore, the writing and pre-production for season four began while season three was still in active production  Gabaldon wrote an episode for the fifth season 

Casting
On July 9, 2013, it was announced that Sam Heughan had been cast as Jamie Fraser, the male lead  Tobias Menzies was the second actor cast, on August 8, in dual roles of Frank and Jonathan Randall  Stephen Walters and Annette Badland were announced in the recurring roles of Angus Mhor and Mrs  Fitzgibbons on August 29, 2013, with Graham McTavish and Gary Lewis announced as the MacKenzie brothers on the September 4  Series female lead Claire Beauchamp Randall was to be portrayed by Caitríona Balfe as announced on September 11, 2013  The series later added Lotte Verbeek as Geillis Duncan and Laura Donnelly as Jamie's sister Jenny in October 2013 In December 2013, Simon Callow was cast in the supporting role of Duke of Sandringham, and Entertainment Weekly reported in April 2014 that Steven Cree would portray Ian Murray  Bill Paterson was cast as lawyer Ned Gowan in June 2014  Author Gabaldon has a cameo as Iona MacTavish in the August 2014 episode "The Gathering"  In August 2014 it was announced that Frazer Hines had been cast in the role of a prison warden in an episode to air in 2015  From 1966 to 1969, Hines had portrayed the Doctor Who character Jamie McCrimmon, who Gabaldon said had inspired the setting of the Outlander series and the character of Jamie Fraser  Hines plays Sir Fletcher Gordon, an English prison warden, in the May 2015 episode "Wentworth Prison" In June 2015, the series cast Andrew Gower as the Jacobite pretender Prince Charles Edward Stuart; Robert Cavanah as Jamie's Scottish cousin Jared, a wine merchant and Jacobite living in Paris; Margaux Châtelier as Annalise de Marillac, Jamie's French ex-lover; and Laurence Dobiesz as Alex Randall, Black Jack's younger–and gentler–brother  Other cast added for season 2 include Romann Berrux as the French pickpocket Fergus, Rosie Day as the baronet's daughter Mary Hawkins, Stanley Weber as Le Comte St  Germain, Dominique Pinon as healer Master Raymond, Marc Duret as French Minister of Finance Joseph Duverney, Frances de la Tour as Mother Hildegarde, and Audrey Brisson as Sister Angelique  In July 2015, Lionel Lingelser was cast as King Louis XV of France  Moore revealed in June 2015 that Verbeek would be returning in the role of Geillis  Richard Rankin was cast as Roger Wakefield in December 2015, while Sophie Skelton was chosen to portray Brianna Randall, Claire and Jamie's daughter, in January 2016 In August 2016, Starz announced that David Berry had been cast as Lord John William Grey for season three  In September, Wil Johnson was cast as Joe Abernathy and John Bell as "Young Ian" Fraser Murray  In October, César Domboy was cast as an adult Fergus and Lauren Lyle as Laoghaire's daughter Marsali MacKimmie  Hannah James and Tanya Reynolds were cast as sisters Geneva and Isobel Dunsany in November 2016 In October 2017, two season four roles were announced  Maria Doyle Kennedy was cast as Jamie's aunt, Jocasta and Ed Speleers as Stephen Bonnet, an Irish pirate and smuggler  The casting of Colin McFarlane as Jocasta's slave butler Ulysses was announced in January 2018  The Cherokee and Mohawk people in seasons four and five were portrayed by members of First Nations from Canada who traveled to Scotland for the filming In May 2020, Berry announced that he would not be returning to Outlander for the sixth season  Nevertheless, he made a guest appearance in one episode in season six In May 2022, it was announced that Canadian actor Charles Vandervaart had been cast to play William Ransom, Jamie's son who was raised by Lord John Grey since season three  In October 2022, it was confirmed that Graham McTavish, Nell Hudson, Steven Cree and Lotte Verbeek would reprise their roles in the seventh season 

Filming
In July 2013, British Chancellor of the Exchequer George Osborne confirmed that the production would benefit from the Creative Sector Tax Relief programme implemented in the UK in 2012, which extends film tax reliefs to high-end television productions  The Scottish government also agreed to help pay for the conversion of a warehouse complex on the outskirts of Cumbernauld in North Lanarkshire into a film studio  Principal photography began on location in Scotland in September 2013  The Cumbernauld studios were used for on set filming, with location shoots taking place at Doune Castle, Stirling; mills in East Linton, East Lothian; Newtonmore in the Scottish Highlands; Rothiemurchus Forest, Aviemore; quarries near Bathgate, West Lothian and Aberfoyle, Stirling, as well as Linlithgow Palace, Loch Rannoch in the Highlands and Falkland and Culross in Fife  Such settings have attracted substantial numbers of international tourists Filming for season two began in April 2015, to air in spring 2016  The primary setting for the season is Paris, which Moore explained is being recreated using other locations  Some interiors were filmed on the show's Scotland soundstages, while Prague was used for the exterior street scenes and the Palace of Versailles  In addition some palaces in the south of England which have French rooms and architecture were used as Parisian interiors and part of Versailles  Moore noted that season two of Outlander "will look completely different than season one" with a "richer, more dynamic kind of visual palette"  With the change of setting from Scotland to France, he said that "visually you’ve moved from the heavy woods and stone of season 1 into the finery of the Parisian apartments"  He explained:

Everything about Paris is so completely different, especially the costumes     It's the most stylish city in the world during this time  A lot more money  A lot of finery  Scotland is featuring a lot of heavy wools and more organic colors  In Paris everyone wants to be a peacock  You’ve got a much wider palette of textiles and colors and styles than you did in Scotland  It's a completely different world  And that kind of goes across the board for all the departments     There were really no sets or pieces of sets that we could use for Paris that we'd used for Scotland     There are carriages, there are servants with livery, there are props and furniture  It's completely different  It's a whole new show 
Production on season three began in September 2016 in Scotland and filming took place in Cape Town from March to June 2017  Filming completed on June 16, 2017 In August 2017, Moore said that for season four, locations in Scotland would double as 18th century America and some of the mountains and rivers of North Carolina would be recreated using locations in Eastern Europe  Production for season four was completed in Scotland by July 5, 2018 Production on season five, set primarily in North Carolina, began in Scotland in April 2019  Locations included Kinloch Rannoch (for Craigh na Dun), the Thomas Coats Memorial Baptist Church in Paisley, 
The Hermitage, Dunkeld in Perthshire and Milne Woods in Bridge of Allan  Much of the filming was completed at Wardpark Studios in Glasgow Production on season six was scheduled to begin in May 2020, but was delayed due to the COVID-19 pandemic  Production eventually began in February 2021 Production for season seven began in April 2022, while filming began in May 2022 in Scotland 

Music
The music is composed by Bear McCreary  The title song is an adaptation of Robert Louis Stevenson's poem Sing Me a Song of a Lad That Is Gone, set to the tune of the Scottish folk song "The Skye Boat Song"  For the first half of season two, the second verse of the opening theme is sung in French to reflect the season's French setting  For the second half of season three, the second verse of the opening theme has Caribbean music to reflect the season's Jamaican setting  The fourth season opening theme has a colonial American sound 

Release
Outlander premiered in the United States on August 9, 2014  Its first eight episodes aired through September and the remaining eight episodes resumed in April 2015  The first-season finale aired on May 30, 2015  The second season of 13 episodes premiered on April 9, 2016, and the 13-episode third season on September 10, 2017  The fourth season premiered on November 4, 2018, and the fifth on February 16, 2020  The sixth season premiered on March 6, 2022  The first part of the seventh season premiered on June 16, 2023, and the second part is set to debut in 2024 Outlander debuted in Australia on SoHo on August 14, 2014, and began airing in Canada on Showcase on August 24, 2014  The series also premiered on October 21, 2014, in Ireland  In the United Kingdom, it was acquired by Amazon Prime Video, where it premiered on March 26, 2015 In April 2015, The Herald reported that emails leaked in the Sony Pictures Entertainment hack suggested that the broadcast delay in the UK may have been due to sensitivity about the September 2014 Scottish independence referendum  In New Zealand, Outlander was previously distributed by the video streaming service Lightbox  Following Sky's acquisition of Lightbox, Sky's  streaming service Neon acquired the distribution rights to Outlander in New Zealand 

Reception
Critical response
On Rotten Tomatoes, the average rating of the overall series is 89%, while on Metacritic it has an average rating of 76 out of 100 

Season 1
The first season received mostly positive reviews  On Metacritic, it has a rating of 73 out of 100, based on 34 reviews, indicating "generally favorable reviews"   On Rotten Tomatoes, the season has a 91% rating with an average rating of 7 95/10 based on 261 reviews  The website's critical consensus reads: "Outlander is a unique, satisfying adaptation of its source material, brought to life by lush scenery and potent chemistry between its leads" The Huffington Post called the first episode "    A masterpiece of impressive depth     It is amazing!" Entertainment Weekly gave the premiere an "A−" rating, writing that it was "sexy and smart and stirring"  Matt Zoller Seitz of New York magazine also praised the series, calling it "defiantly its own thing: part romance-novel fantasy, part-time-travel story and part wartime drama (set across two time periods)"  Sonia Saraiya of The A V  Club gave the first six episodes an A, writing that it "does for 1743 Scotland what Downton Abbey does for 1912 England" and adding that "Outlander succeeds admirably     it refuses to sit comfortably in any genre "British reception was more mixed  In the first UK review, Siobhan Synnot of The Scotsman said "There has not been such a proud display of tartanalia since the opening of the 2014 Commonwealth Games"  Alastair McKay of The Evening Standard quoted Saraiya's comparison with Downton Abbey, adding "[The comparison] is entirely correct  It is magical-mystical heuchter-teuchter cobblers " Euan Ferguson of The Observer called it "gorgeous drivel" and Thomas Batten of The Guardian stated "If you love the scenery, shifting allegiances and palace intrigue of [Game of Thrones], but find yourself wishing the pace were a little slower and that the sex scenes were filmed in a more pretentious manner with lots of slow pans and softer lighting, here's your show " Graeme Virtue noted "the rather languid pace of the opening episodes", but praised the show's "rare acknowledgment of the female gaze" in its treatment of sex scenes  The Daily Telegraph also made the Game of Thrones comparison, while The Independent stated "   yes, it's a time-travelling, wish-fulfilment fantasy, but it's done with such flair and attention to detail that it's impossible not to hop on board for the ride "

Season 2
The second season received universal acclaim  On Metacritic, it has a score of 85 out of 100 based on 11 reviews, indicating "universal acclaim"  On Rotten Tomatoes, it reports a 92% rating with an average rating of 8 05/10 based on 234 reviews  The website consensus reads: "Outlander returns for a second addictive season of mystery and sweeping romance as Claire and Jamie take on Paris " Based on five episodes for review, Marah Eakin of The A V  Club gave it a perfect "A" grade and wrote, "It's not just well-written and lovely to look at  It's downright immersive      Outlander feels important–even moreso in its second season "

Season 3
The third season also received universal acclaim  It has a Metacritic score of 87 out of 100 based on 6 reviews, indicating "universal acclaim"  Rotten Tomatoes reports a 90% rating with an average rating of 7 95/10 based on 195 reviews  The website consensus reads: "Outlander's epic love story returns with the same strong storytelling and an added layer of maturity " Based on six episodes for review, Liz Shannon Miller of IndieWire gave it an "A"-grade review and wrote, "This is a show that's grown and matured since its initial premiere in ways that defied our initial expectations "

Season 4
The fourth season received mostly positive reviews  It has a Metacritic score of 71 out of 100 based on 6 reviews, indicating "generally favorable reviews"  Rotten Tomatoes reports an 88% rating with an average rating of 7 15/10 based on 170 reviews  The website consensus reads: "Outlander's epic romance settles into a violent fourth season, planting its flag on the American frontier while treading on darker themes "

Season 5
The fifth season also received mostly positive reviews  It has a Metacritic score of 73 out of 100 based on 4 reviews, indicating "generally favorable reviews"  Rotten Tomatoes reports an 86% rating with an average rating of 7/10 based on 142 reviews  The website consensus reads: "Outlander's romantic ardor doesn't burn as bright in this fifth season, but the Frasers remain an enthralling pair as they try to forge a home together "

Season 6
The sixth season has an 89% rating on Rotten Tomatoes with an average rating of 7 8/10 based on 9 reviews 

Season 7
The seventh season has a 100% rating on Rotten Tomatoes with an average rating of 7 7/10 based on 6 reviews  On Metacritic, it has received a score of 75 out of 100 based on 4 reviews, indicating "generally favorable reviews" 

Ratings
The first eight episodes averaged more than 5 1 million multiplatform viewers  In July 2015, noting Outlander's strong ratings, its "vocal online fandom and a slew of think pieces tied to its feminist twists on the action genre", Josef Adalian of Vulture credited Outlander as one of the series responsible for Starz's increased success against competitors like Showtime  On February 11, 2020, cable provider Comcast moved Starz from its base cable packages to an a la carte option  This occurred five days before the premiere of season five 

Accolades
Prequel series
In February 2022, it was reported that a prequel series was in works, with Matthew B  Roberts writing and executive producing  In May 2022, executive producer Maril Davis confirmed that the series would focus on the parents of Jamie Fraser  In August 2022, it was confirmed that the series will be titled Blood of My Blood  In January 2023, Starz ordered a 10-episode first season 

Notes
Passage 10:
List of Outlander episodes
Outlander is a television drama series based on the Outlander series of historical time travel novels by Diana Gabaldon  Developed by Ronald D  Moore and produced by Sony Pictures Television and Left Bank Pictures for Starz, the show premiered on August 9, 2014  It stars Caitríona Balfe as Claire Randall, a married former World War II nurse, later surgeon, who in 1946 finds herself transported back to the Scotland of 1743 where she meets and falls in love with the dashing Highland warrior Jamie Fraser (Sam Heughan) and becomes embroiled in the Jacobite risings The seventh season consists of 16 episodes split into two eight-episode parts with the first half debuting on June 16, 2023, and the second later in 2024  In January 2023, the series was renewed for a 10-episode eighth and final season  As of July 7, 2023, 79 episodes of Outlander have aired 

Series overview
Episodes
Season 1 (2014–15)
Season 2 (2016)
Season 3 (2017)
Season 4 (2018–19)
Season 5 (2020)
Season 6 (2022)
Season 7 (2023)
The ninth through sixteenth episodes were written by Barbara Stepansky, Luke Schelhaas, Sarah H  Haught, Toni Graphia, Madeline Brestal & Evan McGahey, Diana Gabaldon, Danielle Berrow, and Matthew B  Roberts & Toni Graphia, respectively 

Viewership
Notes
Context 3: Passage 1:
Mika Häkkinen
Mika Pauli Häkkinen (Finnish: [ˈmikɑ ˈhækːinen] (listen); born 28 September 1968), nicknamed "The Flying Finn", is a Finnish former racing driver  He won the Formula One World Drivers' Championship in 1998 and 1999, both times driving for McLaren  Häkkinen is one of three Formula One drivers from Finland that have won the World Drivers' Championship, and the only one to have done so more than once  He currently works in driver management and is a brand ambassador for various companies 
Häkkinen began his career in karting at the age of five and achieved success by winning regional and national kart championships  He progressed to car racing when he entered the Formula Ford and Formula Three series in Italy and the United Kingdom  After success in the series, Häkkinen entered Formula One in 1991 with the Team Lotus where he remained until 1992  The following year, he moved to McLaren as test driver before he was promoted to the race team following the departure of Michael Andretti 
After four years which yielded minor success, Häkkinen scored his first Formula One victory in 1997  He went on to win eight races of the 1998 season, securing the World Drivers' Championship at the season-ending Japanese Grand Prix; his success also helped McLaren secure the World Constructors' Championship  He repeated his World Championship success in 1999, taking five victories  He finished as runner-up in the Drivers' Championship in 2000, behind Michael Schumacher and secured two more victories in 2001 before announcing a sabbatical from the sport, which became full-time retirement in mid-2002 
For 2005, Häkkinen moved to the Deutsche Tourenwagen Masters (DTM) series, where he secured his first victory that year  His form faded during 2006 although he secured two more victories in 2007  He retired from top-level active motorsport at the end of 2007, and subsequently moved into driver management along with becoming a brand ambassador for Johnnie Walker and Mercedes-Benz AMG 

Early life and career
Häkkinen was born in Helsingin maalaiskunta, Finland, on 28 September 1968 to Harri, a shortwave radio operator and a part-time taxi driver, and Aila Häkkinen, who worked as a secretary  He has one sister, Nina, who ran a fan site for him until its closure in 1998  Häkkinen lived in the same street as Mika Salo with the two later becoming friends  As a child, Häkkinen played ice hockey and football When Häkkinen was five years old, his parents rented a go-kart for him to take to a track near their home  Despite an early crash, Häkkinen wished to continue racing, and his father bought him his first go-kart, one that Henri Toivonen had previously competed with  He later won his first karting race in 1975 at the Keimola Motor Stadium where he raced in the regional karting championships in 1978 and 1979, winning the Keimola Club Championship in both years  Häkkinen found further success in 1980 when he won the Swedish Lapland Cup and finished fourth in the 85cc class of the Lapland Karting Championship  Around this time, Häkkinen also drove a Volkswagen Beetle on the frozen lakes of Finland with friend Mika Sohlberg In 1981, Häkkinen won his first major karting title, the 85cc class of the Finnish Karting Championship  The following year, he finished runner-up in the 85cc class of the Formula Mini series and later won the Ronnie Peterson Memorial event and the Salpauselka Cup in Lahti  Häkkinen moved to the Formula Nordic 100cc class for 1983, where he became the champion on his first attempt and also participated in the A Junior Team Races for Finland alongside Taru Rinne, Jaana Nyman and Marko Mankonen, with the line-up taking the championship In 1984, Häkkinen won the 100cc Formula Nordic title and later participated in the World Kart Championship race held in Liedolsheim  He took his second consecutive 100cc Formula Nordic Championship in 1985 ahead of Jukka Savolainen  He took part in the Nordic Championship A-Class in the same year, finishing runner-up to Tom Kristensen  Häkkinen went to Parma to participate in the World Kart Championship where he retired before the event's final heat due to a mechanical problem  In 1986, he reached his third consecutive Formula Nordic 100cc title and also took part in karting events across Europe  To further fund his career, Häkkinen got a job with a friend repairing bicycles In 1987, Häkkinen made the transition from karting to car racing when he purchased a 1986 Reynard Formula Ford 1600 from fellow Finn JJ Lehto  In that year, he entered the Finnish, Swedish and Nordic Formula Ford Championships, winning each title on his first attempt and won nine races combined  Häkkinen also entered two races of the EDFA 1600 Championship and raced in the Formula Ford Festival held at Brands Hatch, where he finished in seventh position  In 1988, Häkkinen entered the EFDA Formula GM Lotus Euroseries with the Dragon team, where he secured four victories and finished the runner-up in the championship, behind Allan McNish  He later entered the Opel-Lotus EDFA Euroseries, taking four victories and became Champion with 126 points, ahead of nearest rival Henrik Larsen Going into 1989, Häkkinen moved from the Euroseries into the British Formula 3 Championship driving a Reynard 893 chassis for Dragon  He finished seventh position in the championship, scoring 18 points  He was later invited to participate in the Cellnet Formula Three SuperPrix for West Surrey Racing as a guest driver where he secured pole position and the victory  He also raced in the tenth round of the French Formula 3 championship at Le Mans-Bugatti on 24 September and finished third behind Éric Hélary and Laurent Daumet 
In 1990, Häkkinen applied to become a member of the "Marlboro World Championship Team" through what was akin to a fully sponsored racing driver academy  Its members were short-listed for testing by a judging panel including McLaren Formula One team boss Ron Dennis (whose team was sponsored by Marlboro), Formula One World Champion James Hunt, and Formula 3000 team bosses, Mike Earle and Hugues de Chaunac  In an April 2015 interview, Earle recounted that Häkkinen's application was the last one that he reviewed at the end of a long day, despite protests by Hunt who had already made plans to head to a pub for a beer  Häkkinen performed strongly in his test and went on to secure Marlboro's sponsorship  That same year, therefore, Häkkinen left Dragon and moved to the West Surrey Racing team and won the British Formula 3 series, by taking nine victories en route to the Championship, with 121 points, ahead of fellow Finn Salo  In November, Häkkinen entered the Macau Grand Prix where he drove to pole position and won the first heat of the event  He retired from the second heat due to a last-lap collision with German Formula Three driver and future Formula One rival Michael Schumacher, who was classified as the overall winner 

Formula One career
Team Lotus (1991–1992)
1991
Häkkinen made his first test in a Formula One car with the Benetton team driving 90 laps around the Silverstone Circuit and set quicker lap times than regular driver Alessandro Nannini  He found it difficult to fit into the Benetton but liked the steering and throttle response  Häkkinen expected not to be offered a seat at Benetton and he decided to sign with the Lotus team for the 1991 season  Making his debut in the United States Grand Prix alongside teammate Julian Bailey, Häkkinen qualified thirteenth on the grid and suffered an engine failure on the sixtieth lap and was classified thirteenth  The next race in Brazil saw him finish ninth, and scored his first Formula One points by reaching fifth place in San Marino  Häkkinen suffered from a dip in race form as he encountered consecutive retirements in the next two races—his car suffered from an oil leak in Monaco and spun out in Canada  Before Canada, Bailey lost his seat at Lotus due to a lack of funding, so Häkkinen was partnered by Johnny Herbert and Michael Bartels throughout the remainder of the season Although Häkkinen secured a ninth-place finish in Mexico, he did not qualify for the French Grand Prix  Over the remainder of the season, he did not finish four of the nine races he entered  Häkkinen finished his debut season sixteenth in the Drivers' Championship, scoring two points 

1992
Häkkinen remained at Lotus for 1992 and was partnered by Herbert  At the opening round of the season in South Africa, Häkkinen finished in ninth position, which he followed up with his first points of the season in Mexico  He took a further finish in Brazil, although he did not qualify for the San Marino Grand Prix and suffered consecutive retirements in the following two races  At Monaco, Lotus introduced their new car, the Lotus 107  Häkkinen later gathered further consecutive points in the following two races, before he was forced into retirement at the German Grand Prix due to an engine failure  A similar pattern followed in the next three races, which was broken when he finished fifth in Portugal and suffered a retirement at the penultimate round of the year in Japan  Häkkinen concluded the season with a seventh-place finish in Australia During the season, Häkkinen became embroiled in a contract dispute  Häkkinen, who was under contract to Lotus, opted to join Williams  However, Williams had not submitted their entry for the 1993 season, and Häkkinen was unable to join the team when he learnt that Lotus team principal Peter Collins would veto the Williams team entry if they had signed Häkkinen  Häkkinen later approached Ligier although his contract contained a clause of which his manager Keke Rosberg disagreed  He later approached McLaren team principal Ron Dennis for a contract with the team, which was drafted at Courchevel Airport  The dispute eventually went to the Formula One Contract Recognition Board, who ruled in favour of McLaren after two days of deliberation 

McLaren (1993–2001)
1993
For 1993, Häkkinen joined McLaren, originally as a race driver, although he became the team's official test driver when CART driver Michael Andretti was hired by the team  Apart from regular testing duties, Häkkinen entered two Porsche Supercup races, held as a support race for the Monaco Grand Prix, where he started at pole position and took victory in both races  He was promoted to a Formula One race seat after the Italian Grand Prix, when Andretti left Formula One  Häkkinen entered the Portuguese Grand Prix where he out-qualified regular driver Ayrton Senna  During the race, he retired due to collision with a concrete wall  At the next race held in Japan, Häkkinen claimed the first podium of his career with a third-place finish, and ended the season when his McLaren car suffered a brake pipe failure in Australia  Häkkinen concluded the season with 15th in the Drivers' Championship, scoring 4 points  In December, McLaren confirmed that Häkkinen would remain with the team on a three-year contract from the 1994 season onwards During 1993, Häkkinen, along with Senna, tested the Lamborghini V12 engine in a modified version of the McLaren MP4/8 race car dubbed the "MP4/8B" at both Estoril and Silverstone  Both drivers were impressed with the engine, with Häkkinen reportedly lapping Silverstone some 1 4 seconds faster in the MP4/8B with its V12 engine than he had with the team's race car fitted with the Ford V8 

1994
Häkkinen stayed at McLaren for 1994 and was partnered by experienced driver Martin Brundle  He endured a torrid start: at the first two races of the season, Häkkinen retired as his car developed engine problems in the Brazilian Grand Prix and gearbox issues in the Pacific Grand Prix which included a collision with Senna on the first lap  He later reached his first podium finish of the season at the San Marino Grand Prix, although he suffered a dip in form as he was forced into consecutive retirements in the next four races Häkkinen raced to  a further podium finish at the British Grand Prix, despite a last-lap collision with Jordan driver Rubens Barrichello for which he received a one-race ban, suspended for three races  The ban was enforced after the German Grand Prix, where Häkkinen collided with Williams driver David Coulthard with the Finn's car sliding into another group of cars  He was replaced by Philippe Alliot for the next race in Hungary Häkkinen returned for the Belgian Grand Prix, initially coming third but was later promoted to second after the disqualification of Benetton driver Michael Schumacher  He got consecutive 3rd-place podium finishes in the next three races, before rounding off the season by finishing the final two races in Japan and Australia, albeit outside of the points scoring positions  Häkkinen managed a fourth place in the Drivers' Championship, scoring 26 points 

1995
Häkkinen remained at McLaren for 1995, and was partnered by Nigel Mansell  During pre-season testing, Häkkinen and teammate Mansell complained the car, the McLaren MP4/10, was not wide enough to fit in, resulting in their hands and elbows striking the sides of the cockpit  Mansell was forced to miss the opening two rounds, so Häkkinen was partnered with Mark Blundell Häkkinen started off the season by finishing fourth in Brazil, and later retired in Argentina due to a collision which punctured his left rear tyre that followed a spin  He took a further points finish with a 5th place at San Marino, before suffering from consecutive retirements in the next three races  For the French Grand Prix, McLaren introduced a revised version of their car, the McLaren MP4/10B  This did not revive Häkkinen's fortunes as he did not finish in the points scoring positions, and later suffered consecutive retirements in the next four races, but got second place at the Italian Grand Prix  He was forced to miss the Pacific Grand Prix due to an operation for appendicitis and was replaced by Jan Magnussen  He returned for the Japanese Grand Prix, with a second-place finish At the season finale held in Australia, Häkkinen's car suffered a tyre failure during the event's first qualifying session on Friday, which resulted in his car becoming airborne and crashing sideways into the crash barrier on the outside of Brewery corner, the fastest corner of the Adelaide Street Circuit, at an estimated speed of 120 mph  The session was suspended with Häkkinen being critically injured due to sustaining a skull fracture, internal bleeding and a blockage of his airway  His life was saved by the efforts of the trackside medical team including the President of the FIA Institute for Motor Sport Safety, Sid Watkins and volunteer doctors Jerome Cockings and Steve Lewis from the Royal Adelaide Hospital  Cockings performed an emergency tracheotomy on the track, delivering oxygen to enable Häkkinen to breathe  Watkins later arrived in the medical car, allowing the doctors to continue, restarting Häkkinen's heart twice  Häkkinen was immediately transported by ambulance to the nearby Royal Adelaide Hospital which was luckily located only about half a kilometre from the circuit  There he remained in a critical condition under care of the Trauma Service, the Neurosurgical Unit, and the Intensive Care Unit and remained in the hospital for approximately two months  He eventually made a remarkable recovery  As an expression of thanks for the elite class medical attention he received, Häkkinen donated a substantial undisclosed sum of money to help build a much-needed helipad for The Royal Adelaide Hospital, and made a special trip to Australia for the official opening ceremony in March 1997 Häkkinen finished the 1995 season seventh in the Drivers' Championship, with 17 points 

1996
The 1996 season was the first in which Häkkinen was the more experienced driver in his team and was partnered by David Coulthard  Häkkinen was confident going into the season and set himself a target of winning races  To ensure his fitness, Häkkinen spent time training in Bali and in February, McLaren conducted a secret test at the Paul Ricard Circuit  In the event that Häkkinen was not prepared, McLaren had Magnussen to replace him should the need arise  The season started well for Häkkinen: He earned consecutive points-scoring positions in the opening two rounds, before he suffered his first retirement of the season in Argentina as his car developed a throttle problem  He later finished the next two races, albeit outside of the points scoring positions, before returning consecutive finishes inside of the points in the following four races In the following race held in Britain where McLaren brought a revised version of the car, their McLaren MP4/11B, Häkkinen reached his first podium finish of the season with third place  However, he retired from the next race held in Germany due to a gearbox failure  This marked a turning point in Häkkinen's season as he finished the next three races, including consecutive third-place finishes in Belgium and Italy  In September, it was announced that Häkkinen would remain at McLaren for 1997, having previously been linked to Williams and Benetton  He retired from the penultimate round in Portugal resulting a collision with teammate Coulthard, damaging Häkkinen's front wing and eventually led to his retirement on the 52nd lap of the race  He rounded off the season with a third-place finish in season finale held in Japan  Häkkinen finished the season fifth in the Drivers' Championship, scoring 31 points 

1997
Häkkinen again remained at McLaren for 1997 and Coulthard remained his teammate  Häkkinen's season got off to a good start: In the season-opening race in Australia, he drove up to the third position and later scored further consecutive finishes inside of the points scoring positions in the next three races  He suffered his first retirement of the season at the Monaco Grand Prix when he was involved in a collision with Benetton driver Jean Alesi  Häkkinen later took ninth position at the Spanish Grand Prix, but later suffered three consecutive retirements in the next three races—a collision with Ferrari driver Eddie Irvine in Canada and engine failures in France and Britain  At the latter race, he had seemed set for his first win, but his engine blew while he was holding off eventual winner Jacques Villeneuve Häkkinen secured another podium finish with second place in Germany and later retired from an hydraulic problem in Hungary  He later secured third place in the Belgian Grand Prix but was later disqualified when it was discovered that his car used an illegal type of fuel during the event  He secured a ninth-place finish in Italy and later suffered from consecutive retirements in the next two races—engine failures in the Austrian Grand Prix and the Luxembourg Grand Prix while leading both races  Häkkinen ended the season with a fourth position in the penultimate round in Japan and raced to his first Formula One victory at the season closing European Grand Prix  Häkkinen ended the season sixth in the Drivers' Championship, with 27 points 

1998
Häkkinen remained at McLaren for 1998, partnered by Coulthard  Häkkinen was confident going about the challenge for the World Championship into the season, citing the involvement of technical director Adrian Newey  The season started off with controversy in Australia when teammate Coulthard let Häkkinen past to win the race  Häkkinen had earlier been called into the pit lane by an engineer by mistake  Coulthard later revealed a pre-race agreement by the team that whoever led into the first corner on the first lap would be allowed to win the race  Despite this, Häkkinen took back-to-back victories by winning the next race in Brazil  He maintained his good form at the Argentine Grand Prix where he finished second, although he retired from the San Marino Grand Prix when his car's gearbox failed  However, Häkkinen managed consecutive victories in the next two rounds, which was followed by a retirement from the race in Canada as his car suffered another gearbox failure Häkkinen followed this up by taking consecutive podiums in the next two rounds—third in France and second in Britain  He managed further consecutive victories in the next two rounds, and followed this up with a sixth-place finish in Hungary  In August, it was announced that Häkkinen and Coulthard would be retained for 1999  Häkkinen retired from the following race held in Belgium when Ferrari driver Michael Schumacher collided with the Finn and was also hit by Sauber driver Johnny Herbert  He later managed a fourth position in Italy despite suffering from brake problems resulting from a spin  Häkkinen finished the season by taking victory in the final two rounds at the Luxembourg Grand Prix and the Japanese Grand Prix, which ensured he took enough points to clinch the 1998 World Championship, with 100 points, ahead of nearest rival Schumacher  Häkkinen was awarded the Autosport International Racing Driver Award for 1998  He was also named the Finnish Sports Personality of the Year by journalists  The Finnish Post Office issued stamps to commemorate Häkkinen's World Championship in January 1999 

1999
Häkkinen remained at McLaren for 1999, with Coulthard partnering him for the upcoming season  The team suffered problems with their car, the McLaren MP4/14, during pre-season testing, resulting in a lack of preparation  Despite these setbacks, Häkkinen was confident going into the season, saying: "I've gained confidence and experience and am more relaxed  With this title I no longer have to tell myself every morning I can win, to put pressure on myself "At the opening round in Australia, Häkkinen was forced into retiring as his car developed a throttle issue  However, he managed his first victory of the season in Brazil, despite his car developing a gearbox problem early in the race  Häkkinen retired from the race in San Marino when he collided with a barrier while leading  At the Monaco Grand Prix, Häkkinen finished in third place, having slid on oil left on the track surface in the race  He followed up the results by having consecutive victories in the races held in Spain and Canada  Häkkinen took a second-place finish in France, and was forced into another retirement in Britain, as a result of a wheel failure  During the Austrian Grand Prix, Häkkinen who started from pole position, was hit by Coulthard from behind and rejoined at the back of the field  Häkkinen eventually finished in 3rd place During the German Grand Prix, it was announced that Häkkinen would remain at McLaren for 2000  Häkkinen encountered further bad fortunes in the race when his car's right rear tyre exploded at high speed, forcing his car into a 360° spin before resting on a tyre wall  He managed his fourth victory of the year at Hungary, and followed up the result with a second place in Belgium  Häkkinen retired from the following race held in Italy, due to a spin while leading the race  He finished further with fifth place at the European Grand Prix, and achieved a podium finish with third place in Malaysia  At the season finale held in Japan, Häkkinen took victory, which ensured he took enough points to win the 1999 World Championship, with 76 points, ahead of nearest rival Eddie Irvine  In November, Häkkinen was ranked seventh in the Reuters Sports Personality of the Year Poll scoring 46 out of a possible 260 points  He was also awarded his second consecutive Autosport International Racing Driver Award for 1999  In November, Häkkinen was announced as one of the seven men shortlisted for the Finnish Sports Personality of the Year  At the awards ceremony on 28 December, Häkkinen was awarded second place behind skier Mika Myllylä 

2000
For 2000, Häkkinen set himself new limits along with physical and psychological preparations for the upcoming season  He also believed that he along with Schumacher and Coulthard would be the key drivers of 2000  He endured a bad start: at the opening round in Australia, both McLaren cars retired with engine failure after completing less than half of the race distance; and in the following race in Brazil, Häkkinen was forced into retirement when his car's oil pressure became problematic  However, this marked a turning point as Häkkinen took consecutive second-place finishes in the next two rounds, and later reached his first victory of the season in Spain Häkkinen finished in second position at the European Grand Prix, having traded the lead position with Schumacher throughout the race  He followed up the result by taking sixth place at Monaco, fourth in Canada and a podium finish with second position in France  The day after the French Grand Prix, it was announced that Häkkinen would remain at McLaren for 2001  Häkkinen won the following race held in Austria, although his team were stripped of constructors' points due to a missing seal on the electronic control unit in Häkkinen's car  He took another podium finish with a second place in Germany, and later had another victory at the Hungarian Grand Prix where he took the lead of the World Drivers' Championship from Schumacher  Häkkinen raced to his second consecutive victory in Belgium, which included a simultaneous pass on Schumacher and Ricardo Zonta in the Kemmel straight  Häkkinen later took second place in Italy, and retired with an engine failure in the United States  He rounded off the year with a second place in Japan where he conceded the World Championship to Schumacher, and held fourth position in the season closing race held in Malaysia 

2001
For 2001, Häkkinen pledged to make a challenge for the World Championship, citing inspiration from the birth of his son Hugo  He also added that he was under less pressure to compete, saying that results over the previous year increased his desire to win  The season started badly for Häkkinen, as he was forced into retirement in the opening round held in Australia due to a failure with his car's suspension resulting in his car spinning violently into a tyre barrier  The McLaren cars were off the pace in Malaysia, with Häkkinen managing to end at the 6th place  He retired from the following race in Brazil when his car stalled on the starting grid, Further points came at the San Marino Grand Prix  At the Spanish Grand Prix, Häkkinen looked on course to win his first victory of the season, until the final lap of the race, when his car was hampered with a clutch failure and was classified ninth He suffered further consecutive retirements in Austria where he stalled his car on the starting grid, and Monaco where his car's steering failed after fifteen laps of the race  At the following race held in Canada, Häkkinen took his first podium of the season with a third-place finish  He finished sixth at the European Grand Prix, and was unable to start the French Grand Prix as his car developed a gearbox problem  However, this marked a brief turning point for Häkkinen as he gained a victory in the British Grand Prix  He was forced into another retirement in Germany when his engine failed, later managing fifth position in Hungary and fourth place in Belgium Before the Italian Grand Prix, Häkkinen announced that he would be on a sabbatical for the 2002 season, citing the reason to spend more time with his family  His seat was taken by fellow countryman Kimi Räikkönen in 2002  Häkkinen later stated that fear after crashes during practice for the 1995 Australian Grand Prix and the 2001 Australian Grand Prix as well as a loss of a desire to compete for race victories were factors  He was forced into another retirement during the race due to a gearbox issue  He raced to his final victory of his career in the United States despite incurring a grid penalty, and ended the season with a fourth-place finish in Japan  Häkkinen finished the season fifth in the Drivers' Championship, with 37 points 

Post-Formula One (2002–2004)
In July 2002, nine months into his sabbatical, Häkkinen announced that he would be retiring from Formula One  It was later revealed that Häkkinen approached McLaren team principal Ron Dennis during the 2001 Monaco Grand Prix and agreed a sabbatical, then returned to Monaco the following year to discuss and agree full-time retirement with Dennis  In October, Häkkinen made his first appearance as a commentator for pay-for-view channel Canal Digital at the United States Grand Prix In December 2002, it was announced that Häkkinen would be participating in the Finnish Rally Championship driving a Mitsubishi Lancer Evolution WRC2 with his co-driver Arto Kapanen  He also stated that he would not move full-time into rallying and learn about driver control, although he later stated he would enter more rally events if he finished within the top two  Making his debut in the Arctic Rally, Häkkinen was delayed by four minutes as his team changed a tyre and eventually finished 30th  He once again entered the event in 2004 driving a Toyota Corolla with co-driver Risto Pietiläinen and finished seventh During 2004, rumors circulated that Häkkinen was making a possible return to Formula One to fill in the vacant Williams seat left by Juan Pablo Montoya  In May, McLaren team principal Ron Dennis dismissed the rumors, stating that Häkkinen was not prepared for a comeback  Häkkinen held talks with BAR and Williams and later decided against returning to Formula One saying in 2005: "It's impossible to think that I would race a Formula One car again because as time passes my reactions become slower and my eyesight gets worse – that's life" 

Deutsche Tourenwagen Masters
2005
On 6 November 2004, it was announced that Häkkinen would make his debut in the Deutsche Tourenwagen Masters (DTM) series for the HWA Team in the 2005 season  He was partnered by Gary Paffett, Jean Alesi and Bernd Schneider  Häkkinen had previous experience of driving touring cars in July 2001 at the Brno Circuit alongside Schneider  In January, Häkkinen once again participated in the Arctic Rally driving a Toyota Corolla with co-driver Risto Pietiläinen  Häkkinen retired when he slid off the road on the eleventh stage His debut season started well: He secured eighth position in his first race at the Hockenheimring; and in the following race at the EuroSpeedway Lausitz, held his first podium in his DTM career  Two weeks later at Spa-Francorchamps, Häkkinen qualified on pole position and later took his first DTM win after only three starts  Despite the early success, he did not score points in the next three races which included consecutive retirements at Oschersleben and the Norisring  He later scored a further points position at the race held at the Nürburgring, before further consecutive 12th-place finishes in the next two races  Häkkinen ended the 2005 season by taking a second-place finish at Istanbul Park and finished outside of the points scoring positions with 15th place at Hockenheim  Häkkinen finished the season fifth in the Drivers' Championship, with 30 points 

2006
On 15 November 2005, it was announced that Häkkinen would remain with HWA for the 2006 season, and was partnered by Alesi, Spengler and Jamie Green  For the upcoming season, Häkkinen set his target of winning the championship, although he believed the competition from Audi would make the title challenge difficult  Outside of DTM, Häkkinen participated in his fourth Arctic Rally, driving a Mitsubishi Lancer Evolution VII with co-driver Risto Pietiläinen  He finished 36th overall His season got off well: At the opening race held at Hockenheim, he finished in fourth position; and in the following race held at the EuroSpeedway Lausitz, he drove to his first podium of the season with third place  Häkkinen did not score points in the next two consecutive races, although he later held another podium position with third place at the Norisring  In the next three races, he was unable to score more points, although he had another podium position at the Bugatti Circuit  Häkkinen concluded his season with a retirement at the Hockenheimring when his car's diffuser became damaged  Häkkinen ended the year sixth in the Drivers' Championship, scoring 25 points In November, Häkkinen tested a McLaren MP4-21 for one day at the Circuit de Catalunya where he completed 79 laps  To prepare himself, Häkkinen spent time at the McLaren Technology Centre to acquaint himself with Formula One's revised regulations  In a 2017 retrospective interview Häkkinen revealed that he had been in advanced talks with McLaren for a return in the 2007 season  He had however been frustrated by problems with McLaren's car in the test, which had reminded him of the reasons why he had taken the sabbatical in the first place, so the plans had collapsed 

2007
On 28 January 2007, it was announced that Häkkinen would remain in DTM for the 2007 season for HWA, and was partnered by Spengler, Green and Schneidler  Häkkinen stated that during 2006, his team's potential was not realised and aimed during 2007 to improve on his results  He started the season by earning consecutive finishes in the first two races, albeit outside of the points scoring positions  At the third race of the season held at EuroSpeedway Lausitz, Häkkinen won his first race of the season although only half points were awarded due to errors made by race organisers, resulting in the official race result remaining provisional  He held pole for the following race at Brands Hatch where he finished in fourth position, and followed the result with a ninth-place finish at the Norisring Häkkinen had his second victory of the season at Mugello, after starting from 15th position  He later managed 7th place at Zandvoort and later finished with a 10th-place finish at the Nürburgring  At the race held at the Circuit de Catalunya, Häkkinen was involved in a collision with Audi driver Martin Tomczyk  Häkkinen was penalised with a €20,000 fine, received a ten-place grid penalty for the next round and was disqualified from the race  He finished the season with a 17th-place finish at the Hockenheimring  Häkkinen finished the season 7th place in the Championship, with 22 points 

Retirement (2008–present)
Häkkinen announced his retirement from competitive motorsport in November 2007  He was quoted as saying that the decision "was not an easy one", but added that "racing is still in my blood and this decision does not mean that this will prevent me from racing for pleasure" In November 2008, it was announced that Häkkinen would start a new career in driver management and would work alongside Didier Coton in his firm Aces Associate Group  Häkkinen contested his fifth Arctic Rally event in January 2009 driving a Mitsubishi Lancer Evolution IX alongside co-driver Ilkka Kivimaki and finished 19th overall



ground_truth: Claire is a married World War II nurse

prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: McLaren MP4/11 was driven by what Finnish former professional racing driver

The following are given passages.
Context 3:  Häkkinen made his debut in sports cars when Team AMG China entered a Mercedes-Benz SLS AMG in November 2011 to participate in the Intercontinental Le Mans Cup at the 6 Hours of Zhuhai race alongside Lance David Arnold and Cheng Congfu  During the event, the team retired after completing two hours  In October 2013, Häkkinen participated in the GT Asia series for the two races held at the Zhuhai International Circuit, driving a Mercedes-Benz SLS AMG 300 alongside co-driver Matthew Solomon  Häkkinen drove to victory in the first race after starting from sixth position  The victory resulted in a 15-second handicap during his mandatory pitstop for his second race and finished in fourth position On 16 March 2017, McLaren announced that Häkkinen has rejoined the team as partner ambassador  In November 2021, Häkkinen helped McLaren IndyCar driver Pato O'Ward prepare for his test of the McLaren MCL35M by familiarizing O'Ward on his championship winning MP4/13 around Laguna Seca In August 2019, Häkkinen raced in the Suzuka 10 Hours, the fourth round of the 2019 Intercontinental GT Challenge driving a McLaren 720S GT3 alongside two-time Super Formula champion Hiroaki Ishiura and Japanese Formula 3 racer Katsuaki Kubota, with Planex Smacam Racing Häkkinen and Emma Kimiläinen competed together for Team Finland at the Race of Champions on 5–6 February 2022  He is set to again compete in the race in 2023 alongside Formula One driver Valtteri Bottas, who was originally going to be his partner at the 2022 edition before backing out In December 2021, Häkkinen was announced as a Formula One analyst for the sports broadcaster Viaplay  From 2022 onwards, Häkkinen became part of a permanent team of analysts on-site at the Grands Prix  In the team of analysts, Häkkinen is accompanied by David Coulthard and Jos Verstappen 

Driving style and personality
Häkkinen is known for his unique driving style; journalist Peter Windsor analysed in F1 Racing magazine that Häkkinen was an "oversteering" driver, resulting in driving faster on slippery surfaces and the preference of using "tail-happy" cars  This allowed him to perform better at circuits that have medium-speed corners  During his karting career, Häkkinen developed the skill of using the brake pedal with his left foot  He reverted to using his right foot when he participated in DTM, later discovering he became uncomfortable with this style and reverted to left-foot braking in mid-2006  He became known as a "late season driver"; the second half of a season suited Häkkinen due to experience on these tracks and allowed time for his car to be altered towards his preference Häkkinen was criticized for being a poor car developer, though this may have been exaggerated due to his initial struggles with the English language early in his career  Adrian Newey, the designer of Häkkinen's championship-winning McLarens, described an instance of Häkkinen's approach to input on car development when Häkkinen kept telling him during the initial testing of the McLaren MP4/13 that the car was understeering  Newey subsequently adjusted the car to correct for understeer, but this only made it slower  After digging deeper into the test data and listening closely to what Häkkinen was describing Newey realized the car was not understeering but had rear end biased instability on corner entry that Mika was compensating for with understeer  This experience proved crucial for Newey's relationship with Häkkinen during their run together at McLaren, as after that Newey no longer had issues understanding Häkkinen's inputs on car development  Newey also said Mika's countryman, protege, and future McLaren driver Kimi Räikkönen also had a similar approach to input on car development During his Formula One career, Häkkinen became known as a "taciturn" character—an individual who took lengthy pauses before answering questions placed before him and would give virtually nothing away to the media  This allowed him to prevent problems and potential scandals from within his team becoming public knowledge  Since his retirement, Häkkinen has often been voted among the greatest Formula One drivers  Michael Schumacher has stated that Häkkinen was the driver whom he gained the most satisfaction of racing against 

Personal life
Häkkinen has resided in Monaco since 1991  He also owns properties in France and Finland  On 18 May 2008, his newly completed mansion in France was burned down after a light in one of his trophy cabinets short circuited  No injuries were reported, although Häkkinen's collection of Formula One trophies was destroyed  Outside motorsport, Häkkinen enjoys skiing, swimming, tennis, scuba diving and jet ski  His favourite music acts are Phil Collins, Michael Jackson, Frank Sinatra and J  Karjalainen Häkkinen married Erja Honkanen, a former TV journalist, in 1998  The couple have one son and one daughter  The couple applied for divorce in 2008  Häkkinen also has two daughters and a son by his Czech second wife Markéta Remešová Häkkinen joined Johnnie Walker as Global Responsible Drinking Ambassador for Diageo in September 2006, campaigning for the message of responsible drinking  He also led the organisation's Join the Pact campaign to spread consumer commitments for the prevention of drunk driving  He is also brand ambassador for Mercedes-Benz and UBS  In 2016, he became an official brand ambassador for Nokian Tyres 

Car collection
Häkkinen maintains a collection of McLaren hypercars, all of which he keeps in Monaco  His collection is valued at an estimated €6 million 
The collection includes:

a McLaren P1, chassis VP3, painted in Dark Grey 
a McLaren Senna, painted in Mariana Blue, with a special plaque with Häkkinen's "Flying Finn" signature 
a McLaren Speedtail, painted in Volcano Red 

Karting record
Karting career summary
Racing record
Career summary
Complete British Formula 3 results
(key) (Races in bold indicate pole position) (Races in italics indicate fastest lap)

Complete Formula One results
(key) (Races in bold indicate pole position, races in italics indicate fastest lap)

† Did not finish, but was classified as he had completed more than 90% of the race distance 

Complete DTM results
(key) (Races in bold indicate pole position) (Races in italics indicate fastest lap)

‡ Half points were awarded in the race due to several errors made by the race officials 
Passage 2:
McLaren MP4/13
The McLaren MP4/13 was the car with which the McLaren team competed in the 1998 Formula One World Championship  The chassis was designed by Adrian Newey, Steve Nichols, Neil Oatley and Henri Durand, with Mario Illien designing the bespoke Ilmor engine  Driven by Mika Häkkinen and David Coulthard, the MP4/13 proved to be the dominant car of the season, with Häkkinen winning eight races en route to his first Drivers' Championship, while McLaren won their first Constructors' Championship since 1991 and, as of January 2023, their last 
The team's main sponsor was West, whose logos were not featured on the cars at the French, British and German Grands Prix due to the tobacco sponsorship bans in these countries 

History
Designer Adrian Newey had joined McLaren from Williams in 1997, but was unable to influence the design of the McLaren MP4/12 other than adjustment during the season  His work was rewarded when drivers Mika Häkkinen and David Coulthard finished first and second at the season-ending European Grand Prix 
When the 1998 season got underway four months later, it became clear that Newey had adapted to the rule changes for 1998 best  With the cars now narrower and running on grooved tyres, the all-new design of the MP4/13 made it the car to beat 
The dominance of the MP4/13 was displayed in the opening race of 1998 in Australia, as Häkkinen and Coulthard finished a lap ahead of the rest of the field  Newey's aerodynamic design was by far the most efficient one and Mercedes produced the most powerful engine of the season  The team was aided by a unique brake-steer system which allowed the driver to use any one of the car's brakes independently to aid cornering, a system first used in 1997  The Ferrari team protested, stating that the brake-steer system was a violation of the technical rules, which banned four-wheel steering  The FIA eventually sided with Ferrari and the system was banned, although the team was allowed to keep their results up to that point McLaren's dominance continued in the second race of the season in Brazil, before Ferrari started to close the gap from the Argentine Grand Prix onwards  The MP4/13 retained its superiority on high-speed tracks like Hockenheim and Silverstone, while Ferrari's F300 was closer to the McLaren on more technical circuits  Speaking of the MP4/13 some years later, Coulthard said that the car was fast but understeered through slow corners; this was due to Newey's design that maximized the car's aerodynamic grip over its mechanical grip  Häkkinen initially found the car to be nervous in testing due to a rearward biased instability, but this was corrected before the season started During 1998, Coulthard's MP4/13 speed-trapped the highest of all F1 cars that year when he was clocked at 353 km/h (219 mph) at the old Hockenheim circuit 
Although Ferrari's Michael Schumacher took the Drivers' Championship battle to the final race in Japan, Häkkinen took the title with his eighth race win of the season  Coulthard won one race, in San Marino, en route to third place overall, while McLaren won the Constructors' Championship  This was McLaren's first championship victory since 1991 with Ayrton Senna and, in terms of race wins, the team's most successful year since 1989 During 1998 both Nick Heidfeld and Ricardo Zonta acted as test drivers for McLaren and drove the MP4/13 at test sessions  The record time for the Goodwood Festival of Speed hillclimb was set in 1999 when Heidfeld drove an MP4/13 up the hill in 41 6 seconds  Twenty four years later the MP4/13 set the second outright fastest lap time around  Laguna Seca in the hands of Mexican IndyCar driver Pato O'Ward, when O'Ward lapped the circuit at 1 minute 10 3 seconds, nearly a second faster than a McLaren IndyCar around the same circuit 

Other
In July 2017, video game developer Codemasters announced that the MP4/13 would appear in the video game F1 2017 as a classic car  It also appears in F1 2018 and F1 2019 

Technical specifications
Car: McLaren MP4/13
Chassis: carbon fibre, aluminium
Gearbox: 6 gears
Cooling system: two McLaren/Calsonic water radiators, two McLaren/Marston oil radiators 
Length of the whole car: 4,550 mm (179 1 in)
Weight with water, oil and driver: 600 kg (1,322 8 lb)

Engine: Mercedes-Benz FO-110G
Cylinders: 10, in a 72° angle
Valves: 4 per cylinder
Length: 590 mm (23 2 in)
Breadth: 546 4 mm (21 5 in)
Height: 476 mm (18 7 in)
Weight: 107 kilograms (236 lb)
Power: 780–800 bhp (582–597 kW)

Supplies
Tyres: Bridgestone
Wheels: Enkei 13-in
Brakes: AP Racing discs and claws
Oil and Petrol: Mobil
Ignition: TAG 2000
Spark plugs: NGK

Complete Formula One results
(key) (results in bold indicate pole position; results in italics indicate fastest lap)
Passage 3:
McLaren MP4/1
The McLaren MP4/1 (initially known as the MP4) was a Formula One racing car produced by the McLaren team  It was used during the 1981, 1982 and 1983 seasons  It was the second Formula One car to use a monocoque chassis wholly manufactured from carbon fibre composite, after the Lotus 88 (which never raced), a concept which is now ubiquitous  The MP4/1 was first entered in a Formula One race at the third grand prix of the season in Argentina 
The chassis was designed by John Barnard, Steve Nichols and Alan Jenkins, with the car being powered by a Cosworth DFV engine 
The MP4 was the first car to be built following the merger of the McLaren team and Ron Dennis' Project 4 Formula 2 team; its designation was short for "Marlboro Project 4" 

Design and construction
The main engineer for the MP4 was John Barnard, who began drawing the car in late 1979  After a visit to the Rolls-Royce factory where he saw engineers working with carbon fibre technology on the Rolls-Royce RB211 jet engine, Barnard saw the potential of this technology and convinced Ron Dennis to fund the design and build of a whole new car out of this new bodywork material  The chassis itself was built by McLaren using carbon supplied by American firm Hercules Aerospace in Salt Lake City on the advice of McLaren engineer and former Hercules apprentice Steve Nichols, and quickly revolutionised car design in Formula One with new levels of rigidity and driver protection and its Carbon-Fibre-Composite (CFC) construction  Dennis and Barnard took Nichols' advice after being rejected by multiple British firms due to the ambitiousness of this method of chassis construction  Within months and subsequent years carbon fibre started being used by all of McLaren's rivals  The car was far more advanced than any of McLaren's previous cars- including its predecessor, the M29 and M30, and its design and construction was of a far more precise nature than before- just about at the level of fighter aircraft 
From 1981 until late 1983 the MP4/1 was powered by the 3 0 litre Ford-Cosworth DFV V8 engine, but in late 1983 the team switched to turbocharging, using a 1 5 litre TAG V6 engine built by Porsche 
In both 1981 and 1982 McLaren International benefited from the exclusive use of a development Nicholson-McLaren Cosworth DFV which powered the MP4  Developed and re-built in John Nicholson's Colnbrook workshops (an agreement with McLaren going back to the mid-1970s) the Nicholson DFV featured bigger pistons and valves that a conventional factory DFV, and thus could rev to around 11,500 RPM, producing around 510 BHP, enabling John Watson and Niki Lauda to all but match the factory Ferrari and Renault V6 twin-turbos in straight line speed during the 1982 season  The Nicholson DFV also used different castings to reduce frictional losses, as well as using MAHLE pistons rather than Cosworth's in house piston/con rods 
Hercules Aerospace keeps John Watson's car which was destroyed in the 1981 Italian Grand Prix and shows it off to visitors after allowing them to view footage of the accident, highlighting how it was possible for him to survive in a carbon fibre car 

Racing
John Watson and Andrea de Cesaris drove the MP4/1 for most of the 1981 season with Niki Lauda replacing de Cesaris for the 1982 and 1983 seasons  In 1982, the updated MP4B nearly brought Watson to the World Championship, but he finished third behind Keke Rosberg and Didier Pironi, with 39 points  In the same year, however, it did take second in the Constructors' Championship, collecting 69 points 

For the 1983 season, the car was then updated into the MP4/1C, and the season started with a 1–2 finish for the MP4/1C at Round 2 in Long Beach, in which Watson won from 22nd on the grid – the farthest back on the grid a driver has won from in Formula One – and Lauda finished second from 23rd despite suffering from a worsening leg cramp  This car was used throughout most of the season but against the more powerful turbos of Renault, Ferrari and BMW, results with the outdated Cosworth V8 were becoming harder to come by, though Watson did finish third at the Detroit Grand Prix and the final race for the Cosworth car in Holland 

With Porsche: the MP4/1E
During the 1983 season, McLaren worked with Techniques d'Avant Garde and Porsche to develop a turbocharged V6 engine built to John Barnard's specifications and the MP4/1D was the test mule  Later in the season at the Dutch Grand Prix at Zandvoort the Cosworth-powered MP4/1C was replaced by the TAG-powered MP4/1E, which was essentially also a test mule that competed in only 4 races; according to Watson in an interview given in 2009 this was a car that was forced into appearing at the Dutch Grand Prix after political maneuvering by Lauda  He went to Marlboro executive Aleardo Buzzi (the man responsible for giving McLaren their primary sponsorship money), behind the back of the McLaren team and complained extensively to Buzzi about the uncompetitiveness of the team without a turbo engine  Buzzi then withheld money that had been committed to McLaren to develop the TAG/Porsche turbo engine  This infuriated Dennis and designer John Barnard, who had designed the MP4/2 specifically for the new turbo-charged engine, but now had to re-design his MP4/1 to "E" spec for the TAG engine The MP4/1E was first driven by Watson, not Lauda, at the Porsche proving ground  It was competitive but the new engine was, thanks to Lauda's political maneuvering, underdeveloped and had teething troubles  This made the car very unreliable, and it did not win any races  However, this car was not really expected to win or even finish races  In total, the MP4/1 brought McLaren 6 wins, 11 other podium finishes and a total of 131 points 
BBC commentator Murray Walker drove the MP4/1C at Silverstone in 1983 The MP4B (listed as the MP4/1B) is available as a classic car in the video game F1 2019 

Complete Formula One World Championship results
(key) (results in bold indicate pole position; results in italics indicate fastest lap)
Passage 4:
McLaren MP4/10
The McLaren MP4/10 was the Formula One car with which the McLaren team competed in the 1995 Formula One World Championship  The chassis was designed by Neil Oatley, Steve Nichols, Matthew Jeffreys, David North, David Neilson, Paddy Lowe  and Henri Durand with Mario Illien designing the bespoke Ilmor engine  It was driven mainly by Mark Blundell, who started the year without a drive, and Mika Häkkinen, who was in his second full season with the team  The car was also driven by 1992 champion Nigel Mansell, and Jan Magnussen 

Early season
1995 was a season of great expectation for McLaren  The disappointing 1994 alliance with Peugeot had been annulled, and Mercedes-Benz switched to the team from Sauber including third-party engine builder partnership with Ilmor Engineering Ltd  after Ilmor decided to reposition its Formula One program by becoming a third-party engine builder and assembler, and thus earned full-factory works support from Mercedes-Benz  In addition, Mansell had been tempted out of retirement from his two prior years spent in the Indy Car series to partner the youthful Häkkinen  The MP4/10 was a radical design, incorporating a high "needle"-nose design and a wing mounted atop the airbox, among other innovations 
However, it became apparent that Mansell was unable to fit properly in the narrow cockpit, which affected his elbows and hips, that meant he was forced to miss the first two races of the season whilst a wider monocoque was built  His racing return lasted just two further Grands Prix, in San Marino and Spain, before leaving the team altogether, disgusted with the car's poor performance  Blundell, who had replaced Mansell for both the Brazil and Argentina, became a permanent race driver 
Despite handling problems due to a lack of front-end grip, and an often unreliable engine, the package proved competitive enough for the team to usually be "best of the rest", behind Benetton, Williams and Ferrari, and Häkkinen was able to score two podium finishes  Team-mate Blundell also took several points finishes 

Upgrades
The McLaren MP4/10B update made its debut at San Marino and was retained for most of the season  A further modification, the MP4/10C, appeared at the Portuguese and European Grands Prix, but was not used further 
McLaren endured a mixed end to the season  Häkkinen missed the Pacific Grand Prix with a case of appendicitis and was replaced by the rookie Jan Magnussen, but returned to finish a fine second in Japan  This was tempered by the fact that Blundell wrote off a chassis in practice, but this setback paled in comparison to Häkkinen's accident during qualifying for the final race of the season in Australia  A sudden left-rear puncture saw his car fly out of control and hit a concrete wall at high speed  Häkkinen was pulled out of his car unconscious with blood pouring from his mouth and nose  However, he made a full recovery for the first Grand Prix of 1996, which was also in Australia 
The team eventually finished fourth in the Constructors' Championship, with 30 points  The McLaren MP4/10 was the first McLaren car to run Mobil fuel before rebranding to Esso in 2015, beginning with the McLaren MP4-30 

Complete Formula One results
(key)
Passage 5:
McLaren MP4/6
The McLaren MP4/6 is a successful Formula One racing car designed by McLaren's Neil Oatley, Matthew Jeffreys, David North, David Neilson, Bob Bell and Mike Gascoyne; powered by the Honda RA121E V12 engine for use in the 1991 Formula One season, with the engine's design and development led by Osamu Goto  It was driven by reigning World Champion, Brazilian Ayrton Senna, and Austria's Gerhard Berger  Ayrton Senna would win his third World Championship in the MP4/6  The MP4/6 was notable for being the last F1 car to win the championship with a manual gearbox and the only F1 car powered by a V12 engine to do so 

Design and pre-season testing
The MP4/6 was the first McLaren to be powered by a Honda V12 engine, which Honda quote at 735 PS (725 bhp; 541 kW) at 13,500rpm  The car was tested by Berger in the off-season, but he was unimpressed with the initial version of the new engine, feeling it was underpowered compared to the 690 bhp (515 kW; 700 PS) V10 engine used in the 1990 car, the MP4/5B  When Senna returned for pre-season testing he and Berger, along with Honda, knuckled down to try to solve the engine's problems  McLaren's domination in the early part of the year was mainly due to the lack of reliability of the 700 bhp (522 kW; 710 PS) Renault V10-powered Williams FW14 By the latter half of the season, Honda (at Senna's urging) had managed to improve the engine to 780 hp (581 6 kW) @ 14,800 rpm 
The MP4/6 raced throughout 1991 with a manual "H" pattern gearbox  A semi-automatic transmission was tested during the season (and shown at the Hungarian Grand Prix; the car equipped with it ran 4 laps on track in practice before Senna spun off; the car was then converted back to a manual) but was never regarded as good enough to be used in a race; Ferrari and Williams were the only teams to use semi-automatic gearboxes during 1991  The MP4/6 would go down as the last Formula One car to win a World Championship using a manual transmission and the only F1 car to win the World Championship with a V12 engine 

Season summary
Senna won the first four races of the season, in the United States, Brazil, San Marino and Monaco, before Williams and Nigel Mansell found their feet with the FW14, which dominated in mid-season  Consistent podium finishes on Senna's part throughout the year helped McLaren, but Senna insisted that Honda step up their engine development programme and demanded further improvements to the car before it was too late  Honda responded with updated versions of the V12 engine, while Oatley redesigned various features of the car, particularly the sidepods and wings  Senna won in Hungary and Belgium before clinching his third and final Drivers' Championship in Japan with second place behind Berger; he then won the final race in Australia to secure the team's fourth consecutive Constructors' Championship McLaren continued with the MP4/6, upgraded to 'B' specification, for the first two races of 1992, Senna finishing third in South Africa  The car was then replaced with the official 1992 car, the MP4/7A, though three MP4/6Bs were brought to the 1992 Brazilian Grand Prix as spares 
The MP4/6 was considered by some to be the most competitive car in the Formula One field until Williams sorted the FW14, which was aerodynamically and technically more advanced  In all, the MP4/6 took eight Grand Prix wins and ten pole positions and scored 148 points  The car brought a close to McLaren's and Honda's domination of the sport, stretching back to the mid-1980s 

In popular culture
The McLaren MP4/6 is included as included as a classic car in Codemasters F1 2017, F1 2018, F1 2019 and F1 2020 video games 

Complete Formula One results
(key) (results in bold indicate pole position, results in italics indicate fastest lap)

* Only 9 points scored with the MP4/6B  Remaining points scored with MP4/7A 
Passage 6:
McLaren MP4/9
The McLaren MP4/9 was a Formula One car designed by Neil Oatley and used by the McLaren team in the 1994 Formula One World Championship  The number 7 car was driven by Finn Mika Häkkinen, in his first full season with the team, while the number 8 car was driven by Briton Martin Brundle, who had signed from Ligier  Frenchman Philippe Alliot deputised in the number 7 car at the Hungarian Grand Prix when Häkkinen was banned from driving in this race  For the 21st consecutive year, Marlboro was the team's title sponsor, with additional sponsorship from Hugo Boss, Shell and Goodyear  The MP4/9 was the first and only McLaren F1 car to utilise Peugeot engines 

Background and design
Due to changes in Formula One regulations intended to return emphasis on driver skills, many technologies designed to aid the driver, such as active suspension, power-assisted brakes, ABS and traction control, which had featured on the previous season's car, were no longer permitted  Visually the car was otherwise very similar to the preceding MP4/8 
The MP4/9 was initially powered by the Peugeot A4 V10 engine which produced around 700 bhp (522 kW; 710 PS)  The engine proved unreliable and both Häkkinen and Brundle retired from the first two races with each suffering one engine failure  The 760 bhp (567 kW; 771 PS) A6 V10 was then introduced, and while it gave Häkkinen third place at San Marino and Brundle second at Monaco, the engine was generally regarded as a "hand grenade" due to frequent failures in testing, qualifying and races  It was not until Italy that Peugeot started to get reliability from the engine 

Second driver disputes
At the behest of Peugeot, the team's test driver was Frenchman Philippe Alliot  The French company preferred Alliot, who had been a lead driver with their World Sportscar team, over Brundle for the role of the second driver—something which infuriated McLaren team boss Ron Dennis, as he did not think much of Alliot's driving and clearly preferred Brundle; Alliot had been in F1 since 1984 and had a reputation for being fast but accident-prone  Brundle had also been racing Grands Prix since 1984 and, while fast, was also a much more steady driver  Alliot, whose only role in the team was as a test and reserve driver, only raced for the team as a one-off replacement for Häkkinen in Hungary, as the Finn was serving a one-race ban after being held responsible for a large accident on the first lap at the preceding German Grand Prix 

1994 season summary
By the standards of McLaren's recent cars the MP4/9 was a disappointment, failing to win any races (the first time McLaren had failed to win a race since 1980) and hampered by poor reliability and performance from its Peugeot engine (taken from the Peugeot 905 sports car that won Le Mans twice)  Early in the season, Ron Dennis had believed rivalry between the French manufacturer and compatriots Renault would lead to rapid development and performance  As the season progressed the engines suffered regular and frequently spectacular failures (including at the British Grand Prix where Brundle's engine erupted into flames within a second of the green flag), and causing the team to doubt Peugeot's commitment to the project  By late 1994 the team announced it had parted company with the engine supplier in favour of a long-term deal with Mercedes 
The MP4/9 was replaced in 1995 by the McLaren MP4/10 

Complete Formula One results
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Passage 7:
McLaren MP4/11
The McLaren MP4/11 was the car with which the McLaren team competed in the 1996 Formula One World Championship  The chassis was designed by Neil Oatley, Steve Nichols, Matthew Jeffreys, David North, David Neilson, Paddy Lowe and Henri Durand, with Mario Illien designing the bespoke Ilmor engine  It was driven by Finn Mika Häkkinen, who was in his third full season with the team, and Briton David Coulthard, who moved from Williams 

Overview
Background
McLaren had endured a mostly disappointing season in 1995, with the MP4/10 beset by handling and reliability problems in the team's first year in partnership with Mercedes-Benz, although it did score two podiums and regular points  The second year of the arrangement was to be far more productive with both performance and reliability improved, but the team had yet to make the serious breakthrough necessary to challenge the "big three" of Williams, Ferrari and Benetton 

Pre-season testing
In pre-season testing, which took place at Estoril in February 1996 and Silverstone in March, four-times world champion Alain Prost was brought in as a technical advisor to test-drive the MP4/11 in Häkkinen's absence, who was still recovering from his near-fatal crash during qualifying for the 1995 Australian Grand Prix 

Racing history
The car's best result came in Monaco, with Coulthard finishing a close second to Olivier Panis' Ligier at the end of a chaotic race  However, Coulthard was outscored and generally outpaced by his teammate 
The car was developed throughout the season, with improvements initiated to eradicate an initial handling imbalance in time for Coulthard to lead the first 19 laps in San Marino   On the MP4/10, a small additional wing was mounted on the engine cover, but this was removed in mid-1995   The wing was brought back for the MP4/11 in Monaco, and was also used at Hungary   A "B" version of the chassis was developed for Silverstone, and Häkkinen responded with four podium finishes from then until the end of the season 
1996 was also notable for McLaren losing its long-term Marlboro sponsorship at the end of the season, but the team responded by recruiting rival German tobacco brand West, who had previously (1985–89) been the major sponsor of the small German Zakspeed team 
The team eventually finished fourth in the Constructors' Championship, with 49 points 

Complete Formula One results
(key) (results in bold indicate pole position)
Passage 8:
McLaren MP4/3
The McLaren MP4/3 was the car with which the McLaren team competed in the 1987 Formula One World Championship  The car was designed under the leadership of long-time McLaren engineer Steve Nichols, in collaboration with Neil Oatley, Gordon Kimball, Tim Wright and Bob Bell  It was also the last McLaren car to be powered by the TAG-Porsche turbo engine that had been introduced in 1983  The car was driven by double World Champion Alain Prost, in his fourth season with the team, and Stefan Johansson, who moved from Ferrari 

Design
The MP4/3's aerodynamics were completely different from the MP4/2, and the car appeared much more low-slung, to take advantage of the maximum fuel capacity limit of 195 litres, rather than the 220 litre limit in effect from 1984 to 1985  With addition of side-ducted radiators, the car's basic exterior shape was all-new and sleeker than its bulbous looking predecessor with the only visual reminder of the car being its nose section, though this too had been re-designed and was in fact lower and approximately 10% smaller  The suspension set up of the new car was virtually identical to the MP4/2C
To many, the MP4/3 seemed to have been designed along the lines of the lowline Brabham BT55 used by the Brabham team in 1986  Brabham's long time designer Gordon Murray had joined McLaren in 1987 as its new Technical Director taking over from Barnard and this led to the popular belief that he had played a major role in the design of the new look McLaren  However, team manager Jo Ramírez downplayed Murray's involvement in the design of the MP4/3, saying that the BT55's design had no bearing on the car and that Murray had primarily been in charge of quality control  However, Murray himself has since said that this car, and its successor the McLaren MP4/4, were designed using his original Brabham BT55 drawings as a base (as they were legally his, Murray had brought the BT55's drawings with him to McLaren)  The claim has since been disputed by engineering director Steve Nichols 

Engine
The engine was the same 1 5 litre, Porsche built, TAG funded and badged twin-turbo V6 engine that had so successfully powered the MP4/2, but with slight changes in compression and engine balancing, to cope with not only the new reduced fuel limit, but also with the FIA's mandated pop-off valve which restricted turbo boost to 4 0 bar after turbo charging was unrestricted prior to 1987 

Success
There were three wins in 1987 with the MP4/3 by Alain Prost at Grand Prix of Brazil, Belgium, and Portugal  Stefan Johansson managed a few podium places, but he would be replaced in 1988 by Ayrton Senna  McLaren still managed to finish 2nd overall, with 76 points, in the Constructor's Championship  The MP4/3 represented the pinnacle of the development of the McLaren TAG-Porsche partnership  The Porsche-TAG engine featured an updated Motronic 1 7 engine management system, and now produced 790 bhp (590 kW) in race trim and up to 850 bhp (630 kW) in qualifying 
Although a number of teams, notably Benetton with their Ford V6 turbo and Arrows with their 4 cyl Megatron turbo (formerly the BMW turbo), encountered problems with the pop-off valve during 1987 when it would often come in lower than the 4 0 bar limit thus giving less horsepower, McLaren got around this by generally setting their TAG's turbo limit at 3 6 bar in 1987  This also allowed McLaren the advantage of better fuel economy 
Even today the MP4/3 is still considered to be one of the most powerful F1 cars ever made, since turbo boost pressure would be further reduced to 2 5 bar in 1988, reducing the power output of the turbo engines to around 650 bhp (480 kW) in a bid to make the naturally aspirated cars more competitive  Turbocharged engines were then banned completely in 1989, so the turbo era in Formula One may remain possibly the high-water mark for horsepower levels in Formula 1 
The MP4/3 was also the car with which Prost won the 1987 Portuguese Grand Prix to become the driver with the most wins in Formula One history beating Jackie Stewart's record of 27 wins which had stood since Stewart retired at the end of 1973 
The MP4/3 was the last McLaren Grand Prix car to use the TAG-Porsche engine  Its successor, the highly successful MP4/4, would be powered by the Honda V6 turbo 

Chassis log history
Five new MP4/3 cars were moulded from carbon fibre with assistance from Hercules Aerospace, as since the creation of the all-new MP4/1 in 1981  The chassis numbers, 1 through 5, were used throughout the year, with three new cars ready for the first race in Brazil Two MP4/3s were destroyed during 1987, but three complete MP4/3s still exist: Chassis #4 is on display at the Donington Museum, chassis #5 is still owned by McLaren, and chassis #1, the only one in private hands, belongs to a Porsche collector in the United States and was auctioned on 9 March 2012 at Amelia Island, FL by Gooding & Company 
#1: Used as a spare car for every race except Österreichring  Stefan Johansson raced this chassis only once, at the aborted start (1st) at Österreichring 
#2: Raced by Johansson at Rio, Imola, Spa, Monaco, Detroit, Paul Ricard, Silverstone, Hockenheim, and Hungaroring  The car was written off in practice at Österreichring by Johansson, after a deer struck the car, and crashed 
#3: Raced by Alain Prost at Rio, Imola, Spa, Monaco, Detroit, and Paul Ricard  Car modified for Johansson for race use at Österreichring  It was originally a spare car at Mexico City, but then raced by Johansson, but written off in 1st-lap accident 
#4: New car for Prost to race at Silverstone, Hockenheim, Hungaroring, Österreichring, Monza, Estoril, Jerez, Mexico City, Suzuka, and Adelaide 
#5: New car for Johansson at Monza, Estoril, Jerez, Suzuka, and Adelaide 
The sixth car, known as the MP4/3B, was a test mule for the Honda turbo engine that would power McLaren's hopes for 1988  The MP4/3B never raced, but was tested by Prost, and later his 1988 teammate Ayrton Senna, until the all-new MP4/4 made its track debut at Imola a week before the start of the 1988 season (Prost lapped Imola over 2 seconds faster in the MP4/4 than he had in the MP4/3B  The MP4/4 would go on to be the most dominant single season car in F1 history, winning 15 of 1988's 16 races, as well as claiming pole in 15)  After finishing the role, the sixth car went to Argentina and is on display at the Juan Manuel Fangio Museum in Balcarce 

Complete Formula One results
(key) (results in italics indicate fastest lap)



ground_truth: Mika Häkkinen