prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: The actor that plays Phileas Fogg in "Around the World in 80 Days", co-starred with Gary Cooper in a 1939 Goldwyn Productions film based on a novel by what author?

The following are given passages.
Context 1: Passage 1:
The Real Glory
The Real Glory is a 1939 Samuel Goldwyn Productions adventure film starring Gary Cooper, David Niven, Andrea Leeds and Broderick Crawford released by United Artists in the weeks immediately following Nazi Germany's invasion of Poland  Based on a 1937 novel of the same name by Charles L  Clifford and directed by Henry Hathaway, the film is set against the backdrop of the Moro Rebellion during the American occupation of the Philippines at the beginning of the 20th century  According to The World news broadcast on Aug 18, 2017, the US War Department withdrew the film in 1942  The Moros were US allies in World War II, and the film had inflammatory scenes including threatening a Muslim prisoner with burial wrapped in a pig skin 

Plot
In 1906, Alipang (Tetsu Komai) and his Muslim Moro guerrillas are terrorizing the people of the Philippine island of Mindanao, raiding villages, killing the men, and carrying off the women and children for slaves  Instead of maintaining garrisons indefinitely to protect the Filipinos, the U S  army tests out a new tactic at Fort Mysang  The army detachment is replaced by a handful of officers – Colonel Hatch (Roy Gordon), Captains Manning (Russell Hicks) and Hartley (Reginald Owen), and Lieutenants McCool (David Niven) and Larsen (Broderick Crawford) – who are to train the native Philippine Constabulary to take over the burden  Army doctor Lieutenant Canavan (Gary Cooper) is sent along to keep them healthy  They are welcomed by a skeptical Padre Rafael (Charles Waldron) 
Alipang starts sending fanatical juramentados to assassinate the officers and goad them into attacking before the natives are fully trained  Hatch is the first victim, leaving Manning to take command  Manning's wife (Kay Johnson) and Hartley's daughter Linda (Andrea Leeds) arrive for a visit at the worst possible time; a horrified Mrs  Manning witnesses her husband's murder  Hartley takes charge, but Canavan disagrees with his by-the-book, overcautious approach  Disobeying orders, Canavan sets out for Alipang's camp guided by Miguel (Benny Inocencio), a young Moro boy he has befriended  "Mike" (as Canavan calls him) infiltrates the camp and learns that Alipang has sent another assassin, this time for Hartley  Canavan and Mike intercept the man and take him back a prisoner 
Linda and Canavan fall in love, much to the disappointment of McCool and Larsen  When Hartley insists she leave Mysang with Mrs  Manning, she refuses and helps out at the hospital 
Alipang then dams the river on which the villagers depend  Hartley refuses to send a detachment into the jungle to blow it up (he is concealing the fact that he is slowly going blind from an old head wound)  The people have to rely on an old well, but the contaminated water causes a cholera epidemic  Finally, Hartley has no choice but to send Larsen and some men to destroy the dam  They do not return 
The Datu (Vladimir Sokoloff), a supposedly friendly Moro leader, offers to guide Hartley and his men to the dam, but he is actually leading them into an ambush  Canavan learns of the Datu's treachery from Mike, the sole survivor of Larsen's detachment, and races to warn Hartley  Canavan forces the Datu to take him to the dam  The Datu is killed in a booby trap, but Canavan manages to dynamite the dam anyway  Then, he and the men raft back to the village, which is under attack by Alipang's men 
McCool is killed leading the defense, but Canavan and the rest return in time to turn the tide  Alipang is killed by Filipino Lieutenant Yabo (Rudy Robles)  Their mission accomplished, the Hartleys and Canavan depart, leaving the village in Yabo's care 

Cast
Gary Cooper as Dr  Bill Canavan
David Niven as Lieutenant Terence McCool
Andrea Leeds as Linda Hartley
Reginald Owen as Captain Steve Hartley
Broderick Crawford as Lieutenant Larsen  Crawford was cast against type as a good-natured orchid fancier 
Kay Johnson as Mrs  Mabel Manning
Russell Hicks as Captain George Manning
Vladimir Sokoloff as the Datu
Benny Inocencio as Miguel (Mike)
Charles Waldron as Padre Rafael
Rudy Robles as Lieutenant Yabo
Tetsu Komai as Alipang
Roy Gordon as Colonel Hatch
Henry Kolker as the General
Elvira Ríos as Mrs  Yabo (uncredited)

Production
Sam Goldwyn bought the screen rights to Charles Clifford's story on 28 October 1936  It was unsure who the star would be – possibilities included Joel McCrea and Gary Cooper, who both had deals with Goldwyn – but Walter Brennan was announced as the second lead  Goldwyn sought a meeting with Philippines President Quezon to get his government's co operation to make the film  Goldwyn wanted to make the film in color In June 1938 Goldwyn signed a contract with Paramount to borrow director Henry Hathaway for three films, the first of which was to be The Real Glory  Goldwyn assigned Gary Cooper to star as he and Hathaway had successfully made Lives of a Bengal Lancer (1935) together  The film was also known as The Last Frontier  Cooper was placed under exclusive contract to Goldwyn Filming took place in April 1939  There were considerable troubles finding and managing the Filipino extras  Reginald Owen replaced Donald Crisp 
The Philippine government reportedly requested changes to the film, due to the depiction of Philippine soldiers as cowards, which were denied  However the government later said they made no such suggestions 

Burial in a pig skin
In one scene Padre Rafael tells Dr  Canavan that the Moros are afraid of burial in a pig skin  In a later scene Dr  Canavan threatens Moro prisoner with this, and a pig skin is laid on the ground in front of the prisoner  This episode echoes a report in General Pershing's memoir My Life Before the World War that a Muslim fighter had been "publicly buried in the same grave with a dead pig"  There is a related, but widely discredited, claim that Pershing had threatened to execute Muslim Moro prisoners with bullets dipped in pigs' blood  The historian Brian M  Linn wrote that it was unlikely that Pershing was involved in or had ordered others to commit religiously insulting acts, and that the episode in The Real Glory had probably fuelled the myth  This claim concerning bullets dipped in pigs' blood was referred to by Donald Trump in a presidential campaign speech in February 2016 and in a tweet following the terrorist attacks in Barcelona on August 17, 2017  On the other hand, evidence from Rear Admiral Danial P  Maddox, 3rd supports the claim of the Americans burying Moros in pigskins 

Notes and references
Notes
Passage 2:
Jay Sheffield
Jay Howard Sheffield (September 25, 1934 – June 25, 1998) was an American actor, who appeared on the stage, in films, and on television  He married Barbara Babcock on June 9, 1962, in San Mateo, California  They later divorced 
Sheffield played Pvt  Langellia in the 1960 Off-Broadway production of Paths of Glory  In 1963 Sheffield played Phileas Fogg III in The Three Stooges Go Around the World in a Daze He played Ezel in the May 31, 1964 Oh, My Aching Antenna episode of My Favorite Martian  From September 1965 to July 1966 he played Steven Brent on the ABC television series Tammy   He was also in Tammy and the Millionaire (1967), a film made from four episodes of the show Sheffield was in numerous episodes of Hogan's Heroes, including How to Escape From a Prison Camp Without Really trying (March 2, 1968, played Corporal), How to Catch a Papa Bear (October 12, 1968, played Gestapo Officer), and Never Play Cards With Strangers (November 9, 1968, played Captain Moss) 
Passage 3:
David Niven
James David Graham Niven (; 1 March 1910 – 29 July 1983) was a British actor, soldier, memoirist, and novelist  Niven was known as a handsome and debonair leading man in Classic Hollywood films  He received an Academy Award and a Golden Globe Award 
Born in London, Niven attended Heatherdown Preparatory School and Stowe School before gaining a place at the Royal Military College, Sandhurst  After Sandhurst, he joined the British Army and was commissioned as a second lieutenant in the Highland Light Infantry  Upon developing an interest in acting, he found a role as an extra in the British film There Goes the Bride (1932)  Bored with the peacetime army, he resigned his commission in 1933, relocated to New York, then travelled to Hollywood  There, he hired an agent and had several small parts in films through 1935, including a non-speaking role in Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer's Mutiny on the Bounty (1935)  This helped him gain a contract with Samuel Goldwyn 
Parts, initially small, in major motion pictures followed, including Dodsworth (1936), The Charge of the Light Brigade (1936), and The Prisoner of Zenda (1937)  By 1938, he was starring as a leading man in films such as Wuthering Heights (1939)  Upon the outbreak of the Second World War, Niven returned to Britain and rejoined the army, being recommissioned as a lieutenant  In 1942, he co-starred in the morale-building film about the development of the Supermarine Spitfire fighter, The First of the Few (1942) 
He went on to receive the Academy Award for Best Actor for his role in Separate Tables (1958)  Other notable films during this time period include A Matter of Life and Death (1946), The Bishop's Wife (1947), Enchantment (1948), The Elusive Pimpernel (1950), The Moon Is Blue (1953), Around the World in 80 Days (1956), My Man Godfrey (1957), The Guns of Navarone (1961), Murder by Death (1976), and Death on the Nile (1978)  He also earned acclaim and notoriety playing Sir Charles Lytton in The Pink Panther (1963) and James Bond in Casino Royale (1967) 

Early life and family
James David Graham Niven was born on 1 March 1910 at Belgrave Mansions, Grosvenor Gardens, London, to William Edward Graham Niven (1878–1915) and his wife, Henrietta Julia (née Degacher) Niven (1878–1932)  He was named David after his birth on St David's Day  Niven later claimed he was born in Kirriemuir, in the Scottish county of Angus in 1909, but his birth certificate disproves this  He had two older sisters and a brother: Margaret Joyce Niven (1900–1981), Henry Degacher Niven (1902–1953), and the sculptor Grizel Rosemary Graham (1906–2007), who created the bronze sculpture Bessie that is presented to the annual winners of the Women's Prize for Fiction 
Niven's father, William Niven, was of Scottish descent; he was killed in the First World War serving with the Berkshire Yeomanry during the Gallipoli campaign on 21 August 1915   He is buried in Green Hill Cemetery, Turkey, in the Special Memorial Section in Plot F  10   Niven's paternal great grandfather and namesake, David Graham Niven, (1811–1884) was from St Martin's, a village in Perthshire  A physician, he married in Worcestershire, and lived in Pershore 
Niven's mother, Henriette, was born in Brecon, Wales  Her father was Captain (brevet Major) William Degacher (1841–1879) of the 1st Battalion, 24th Regiment of Foot, who was killed at the Battle of Isandlwana during the Anglo-Zulu War in 1879  Although born William Hitchcock, in 1874, he and his older brother Lieutenant Colonel Henry Degacher (1835–1902), both followed their father, Walter Henry Hitchcock, in taking their mother's maiden name of Degacher  Henriette's mother was Julia Caroline Smith, the daughter of Lieutenant General James Webber Smith CB 
After her husband's death in Turkey in 1915, Henrietta Niven remarried in London in 1917 to Conservative politician Sir Thomas Comyn-Platt (1869–1961)  The family moved to Rose Cottage in Bembridge on the Isle of Wight after selling their London home  In his 1971 biography, The Moon's a Balloon, Niven wrote fondly of his childhood home:

It became necessary for the house in London to be sold and our permanent address was now as advertised — a cottage which had a reputation for unreliability  When the East wind blew, the front door got stuck and when the West wind blew, the back door could not be opened – only the combined weight of the family seemed to keep it anchored to the ground  I adored it and was happier there than I had ever been, especially because, with a rare flash of genius, my mother decided that during the holidays she would be alone with her children  Uncle Tommy was barred – I don't know where he went – to the Carlton Club I suppose 
Literary editor and biographer, Graham Lord, wrote in Niv: The Authorised Biography of David Niven, that Comyn-Platt and Niven's mother may have been in an affair well before her husband's death in 1915 and that Comyn-Platt was actually Niven's biological father, a supposition that had some support among Niven's siblings  In a review of Lord's book, Hugh Massingberd from The Spectator stated photographic evidence did show a strong physical resemblance between Niven and Comyn-Platt that "would appear to confirm these theories, though photographs can often be misleading " Niven is said to have revealed that he knew Comyn-Platt was his real father a year before his own death in 1983 After his mother remarried, Niven's stepfather had him sent away to boarding school  In The Moon's a Balloon, Niven described the bullying, isolation, and abuse he endured as a six-year-old  He said that older pupils would regularly assault younger boys, while the schoolmasters were not much better  Niven wrote of one sadistic teacher:

Mr Croome, when he tired of pulling ears halfway out of our heads (I still have one that sticks out almost at right-angles thanks to this son of a bitch) and delivering, for the smallest mistake in Latin declension, backhanded slaps that knocked one off one's bench, delighted in saying, 'Show me the hand that wrote this' — then bringing down the sharp edge of a heavy ruler across the offending wrist 
Years later, after joining the British Army, a vengeful Niven decided to return to the boarding school to pay a call on Mr Croome but he found the place abandoned and empty While attending school – as was customary for the time – Niven received many instances of corporal punishment owing to his inclination for pranks  It was this behaviour that finally led to his expulsion from his next school, Heatherdown Preparatory School, at the age of 10½  This ended his chances for Eton College, a significant blow to his family  After failing to pass the naval entrance exam because of his difficulty with maths, Niven attended Stowe School, a newly created public school led by headmaster J  F  Roxburgh, who was unlike any of Niven's previous headmasters  Thoughtful and kind, he addressed the boys by their first names, allowed them bicycles, and encouraged and nurtured their personal interests  Niven later wrote, "How he did this, I shall never know, but he made every single boy at that school feel that what he said and what he did were of real importance to the headmaster "In 1928, an 18-year-old Niven had sex with 15-year-old Margaret Whigham (the future socialite and Duchess of Argyll) while she was on holiday in Bembridge  To the fury of her father, Niven got Whigham pregnant  She was rushed into a London nursing home for a secret termination  "All hell broke loose," remembered  Elizabeth Duckworth, the family cook  Whigham adored Niven until the day he died  She was among the VIP guests at his London memorial service 

Military service
In 1928, Niven attended the Royal Military College, Sandhurst  He graduated in 1930 with a commission as a second lieutenant in the British Army He did well at Sandhurst, which gave him the "officer and gentleman" bearing that was his trademark  He requested assignment to the Argyll and Sutherland Highlanders or the Black Watch (Royal Highland Regiment), then jokingly wrote on the form, as his third choice, "anything but the Highland Light Infantry" (because that regiment wore tartan trews rather than the kilt)  He was assigned to the HLI, with which he served for two years in Malta and then for a few months in Dover  In Malta, he became friends with the maverick Mike Trubshawe, and served under Roy Urquhart, future commander of the British 1st Airborne Division  On 21 October 1956, in an episode of the game show What's My Line?, Niven, as a member of the celebrity panel, was reacquainted with one of his former enlisted men  Alexander McGeachin was a guest and when his turn in the questioning came up, Niven asked, "Were you in a famous British regiment on Malta?" After McGeachin affirmed that he was, Niven quipped, "Did you have the misfortune to have me as your officer?" At that point, Niven had a brief but pleasant reunion Niven grew tired of the peacetime army  Though promoted to lieutenant on 1 January 1933, he saw no opportunity for further advancement  His ultimate decision to resign came after a lengthy lecture on machine guns, which was interfering with his plans for dinner with a particularly attractive young lady  At the end of the lecture, the speaker (a major general) asked if there were any questions  Showing the typical rebelliousness of his early years, Niven asked, "Could you tell me the time, sir? I have to catch a train "After being placed under close-arrest for this act of insubordination, Niven finished a bottle of whisky with the officer who was guarding him: Rhoddy Rose (later Colonel R  L  C  Rose, DSO, MC)  With Rose's assistance, Niven was allowed to escape from a first-floor window  He then headed for America  While crossing the Atlantic, Niven resigned his commission by telegram on 6 September 1933  In New York City, Niven began a brief and unsuccessful career in whisky sales, followed by a stint in horse rodeo promotion in Atlantic City, New Jersey  After detours to Bermuda and Cuba, he arrived in Hollywood in 1934 

Film career
1935–1938: Early roles
When Niven presented himself at Central Casting, he learned that he needed a work permit to reside and work in the United States  As this required leaving the US, he went to Mexico, where he worked as a "gun-man", cleaning and polishing the rifles of visiting American hunters  He received his resident alien visa from the American consulate when his birth certificate arrived from Britain  He returned to the US and was accepted by Central Casting as "Anglo-Saxon Type No  2,008 " Among the initial films in which he can be seen are Barbary Coast (1935) and Mutiny on the Bounty (1935)  He secured a small role in A Feather in Her Hat (1935) at Columbia before returning to Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer for a bit role, billed as David Nivens, in Rose Marie (1936) 
Niven's role in Mutiny on the Bounty brought him to the attention of independent film producer Samuel Goldwyn, who signed him to a contract and established his career  For Goldwyn, Niven again had a small role in Splendor (1935)  He was lent to MGM for a minor part in Rose Marie (1936), then a larger one in Palm Springs (1936) at Paramount  His first sizeable role for Goldwyn came in Dodsworth (1936), playing a man who flirts with Ruth Chatterton  In that same year he was again loaned out, to 20th Century Fox to play Bertie Wooster in Thank You, Jeeves! (1936), before finally landing a sizeable role as a soldier in The Charge of the Light Brigade (1936) at Warners, an Imperial adventure film starring his housemate at the time, Errol Flynn  Niven was fourth billed in Beloved Enemy (1936) for Goldwyn, supporting Merle Oberon with whom he became romantically involved  Universal used him in We Have Our Moments (1937) and he had another good supporting role in David O  Selznick's The Prisoner of Zenda (1937) 

1938–1939: Leading man
Fox Studios gave him the lead in a B picture, Dinner at the Ritz (1938) and he again had a supporting role in Bluebeard's Eighth Wife (1938) directed by Ernst Lubitsch at Paramount  Niven was one of the four heroes in John Ford's Four Men and a Prayer (1938), also with Fox  He remained with Fox to play the part of a fake love interest in Three Blind Mice (1938)  Niven joined what became known as the Hollywood Raj, a group of British actors in Hollywood which included Rex Harrison, Boris Karloff, Stan Laurel, Basil Rathbone, Ronald Colman, Leslie Howard, and C  Aubrey Smith  According to his autobiography, Errol Flynn and he were firm friends and rented Rosalind Russell's house at 601 North Linden Drive as a bachelor pad 
Niven graduated to star parts in "A" films with The Dawn Patrol (1938) remake at Warners; although he was billed below Errol Flynn and Basil Rathbone, it was a leading role and the film did excellent business  Niven was reluctant to take a supporting part in Wuthering Heights (1939) for Goldwyn, but eventually relented and the film was a big success  RKO borrowed him to play Ginger Rogers' leading man in the romantic comedy Bachelor Mother (1939), which was another big hit  Goldwyn used him to support Gary Cooper in the adventure tale The Real Glory (1939), and Walter Wanger cast him opposite Loretta Young in Eternally Yours (1939)  Finally, Goldwyn granted Niven a lead part, the title role as the eponymous gentleman safe-cracker in Raffles (1939) 

1939–1945: Second World War
The day after Britain declared war on Germany in 1939, Niven returned home and rejoined the British Army  He was alone among British stars in Hollywood in doing so; the British Embassy advised most actors to stay Niven was recommissioned as a lieutenant in the Rifle Brigade (Prince Consort's Own) on 25 February 1940, and was assigned to a motor training battalion  He wanted something more exciting, however, and transferred to the Commandos  He was assigned to a training base at Inverailort House in the Western Highlands  Niven later claimed credit for bringing future Major General Sir Robert Laycock to the Commandos  Niven commanded "A" Squadron GHQ Liaison Regiment, better known as "Phantom"  He was promoted to war-substantive captain on 18 August 1941 

Niven also worked with the Army Film and Photographic Unit  His work included a small part in the deception operation that used minor actor M  E  Clifton James to impersonate General Sir Bernard Montgomery  During his work with the AFPU, Peter Ustinov, one of the script-writers, had to pose as Niven's batman  Niven explained in his autobiography that there was no military way that he, a lieutenant-colonel, and Ustinov, who was only a private, could associate, other than as an officer and his subordinate, hence their strange "act"  In 1978, Niven and Ustinov would star together in a film adaption of Agatha Christie's Death on the Nile 
He acted in two wartime films not formally associated with the AFPU, but both made with a firm view to winning support for the British war effort, especially in the United States  These were The First of the Few (1942), directed by Leslie Howard, and The Way Ahead (1944), directed by Carol Reed  Ustinov also played a large supporting role as a Frenchman in The Way Ahead 
Niven was also given a significant if largely unheralded role in the creation of SHAEF's military radio efforts conceived to provide entertainment to American, British and Canadian forces in England and Europe  In 1944 he worked extensively with the BBC and SHAEF to expand these broadcast efforts  He also worked extensively with Major Glenn Miller, whose Army Air Force big band, formed in the US, was performing and broadcasting for troops in England  Niven played a role in the operation to move the Miller band to France prior to Miller's December 1944 disappearance while flying over the English Channel 
On 14 March 1944, Niven was promoted war-substantive major (temporary lieutenant-colonel)  He took part in the Allied invasion of Normandy in June 1944, although he was sent to France several days after D-Day  He served in "Phantom", a secret reconnaissance and signals unit which located and reported enemy positions, and kept rear commanders informed on changing battle lines  Niven was posted at one time to Chilham in Kent  He spoke little about his experience in the war, despite public interest in celebrities in combat and a reputation for storytelling  He once said:

I will, however, tell you just one thing about the war, my first story and my last  I was asked by some American friends to search out the grave of their son near Bastogne  I found it where they told me I would, but it was among 27,000 others, and I told myself that here, Niven, were 27,000 reasons why you should keep your mouth shut after the war 

Niven had particular scorn for those newspaper columnists covering the war who typed out self-glorifying and excessively florid prose about their meagre wartime experiences  Niven stated, "Anyone who says a bullet sings past, hums past, flies, pings, or whines past, has never heard one – they go crack!" He gave a few details of his war experience in his autobiography, The Moon's a Balloon: his private conversations with Winston Churchill, the bombing of London, and what it was like entering Germany with the occupation forces  Niven first met Churchill at a dinner party in February 1940  Churchill singled him out from the crowd and stated, "Young man, you did a fine thing to give up your film career to fight for your country  Mark you, had you not done so – it would have been despicable "A few stories have surfaced  About to lead his men into action, Niven eased their nervousness by telling them, "Look, you chaps only have to do this once  But I'll have to do it all over again in Hollywood with Errol Flynn!" Asked by suspicious American sentries during the Battle of the Bulge who had won the World Series in 1943, he answered, "Haven't the foggiest idea, but I did co-star with Ginger Rogers in Bachelor Mother!"Niven ended the war as a lieutenant-colonel  On his return to Hollywood after the war, he received the Legion of Merit, an American military decoration  It honoured Niven's work in setting up the BBC Allied Expeditionary Forces Programme, a radio news and entertainment station for the Allied forces 

1946–1950: Postwar career
Niven resumed his career while still in England, playing the lead in A Matter of Life and Death (1946), from the team of Powell and Pressburger  The movie was critically acclaimed, popular in England and was selected as the first Royal Film Performance  Niven returned to Hollywood and encountered tragedy when his first wife died after falling down a flight of stairs at a party  Goldwyn lent him to play Aaron Burr in Magnificent Doll (1946) opposite Ginger Rogers, then to Paramount for The Perfect Marriage (1947) with Loretta Young and Enterprise Productions for The Other Love (1947)  For Goldwyn he supported Cary Grant and Young in The Bishop's Wife (1947)  He returned to England when Goldwyn lent him to Alexander Korda to play the title role in Bonnie Prince Charlie (1948), a notorious box office flop  Back in Hollywood Niven was in Goldwyn's Enchantment (1948) with Teresa Wright  At Warner Bros he was in a comedy A Kiss in the Dark (1948) with Jane Wyman, then he appeared opposite Shirley Temple in the comedy A Kiss for Corliss (1949)  None of these films was successful at the box office and Niven's career was struggling 
He returned to Britain to play the title role in The Elusive Pimpernel (1950) from Powell and Pressberger, which was to have been financed by Korda and Goldwyn  Goldwyn pulled out and the film did not appear in the US for three years  Niven had a long, complex relationship with Goldwyn, who gave him his first start, but the dispute over The Elusive Pimpernel and Niven's demands for more money led to a long estrangement between the two in the 1950s 

1951–1964: Renewed acclaim
Niven struggled for a while to recapture his former position  He supported Mario Lanza in a musical at MGM, The Toast of New Orleans (1950)  He then went to England and appeared in a musical with Vera-Ellen, Happy Go Lovely (1951); it was little seen in the US but was a big hit in Britain  He had a support role in MGM's Soldiers Three (1951) similar to those early in his career  Niven had a far better part in the British war film Appointment with Venus (1952), which was popular in England  The Lady Says No (1952) was a poorly received American comedy at the time  Niven decided to try Broadway, appearing opposite Gloria Swanson in Nina (1951–52)  The play ran for only 45 performances but it was seen by Otto Preminger, who decided to cast Niven in the film version of the play The Moon Is Blue (1953)  As preparation Preminger, who had directed the play in New York, insisted that Niven appear on stage in the West Coast run  The Moon Is Blue, a sex comedy, became notorious when it was released without a Production Code Seal of Approval; it was a big hit and Niven won a Golden Globe Award for his role  Niven's next few films were made in England: The Love Lottery (1954), a comedy; Carrington V C  (1954), a drama that earned Niven a BAFTA nomination for Best Actor; Happy Ever After (1954), a comedy with Yvonne de Carlo, which was hugely popular in Britain  In Hollywood, he had a thankless role as the villain in an MGM swashbuckler The King's Thief (1955)  He had a better part in The Birds and the Bees (1956), portraying a conman in a remake of The Lady Eve (1941), in which Niven played a third-billed supporting role under American television comedian George Gobel and leading lady Mitzi Gaynor  Niven also appeared in the British romantic comedy The Silken Affair (1956) with Geneviève Page the same year 
Niven's professional fortunes were completely restored when cast as Phileas Fogg in Around the World in 80 Days (1956), a huge hit at the box office  It also won the Academy Award for Best Picture  He followed it with Oh, Men! Oh, Women! (1957); The Little Hut (1957), from the writer of The Moon is Blue and a success at the box office; My Man Godfrey (1957), a screwball comedy; and Bonjour Tristesse (1958), for Preminger  Niven worked in television  He appeared several times on various short-drama shows and was one of the "four stars" of the dramatic anthology series Four Star Playhouse, appearing in 33 episodes  The show was produced by Four Star Television, which was co-owned and founded by Niven, Ida Lupino, Dick Powell and Charles Boyer  The show ended in 1955, but Four Star TV became a highly successful TV production company 

Niven is the only person to win an Academy Award at the ceremony he was hosting  He won the 1958 Academy Award for Best Actor for his role as Major Pollock in Separate Tables, his only nomination for an Oscar  Appearing on-screen for only 23 minutes in the film, this is the briefest performance ever to win a Best Actor Oscar  He was also a co-host of the 30th, 31st, and 46th Academy Awards ceremonies  After Niven had won the Academy Award, Goldwyn called with an invitation to his home  In Goldwyn's drawing-room, Niven noticed a picture of himself in uniform which he had sent to Goldwyn from Britain during the Second World War  In happier times with Goldwyn, he had observed this same picture sitting on Goldwyn's piano  Now years later, the picture was still in exactly the same spot  As he was looking at the picture, Goldwyn's wife Frances said, "Sam never took it down " With an Academy Award to his credit, Niven's career continued to thrive  In 1959, he became the host of his own TV drama series, The David Niven Show, which ran for 13 episodes that summer  He played the lead in some comedies: Ask Any Girl (1959), with Shirley MacLaine; Happy Anniversary (1959) with Mitzi Gaynor; and Please Don't Eat the Daisies (1960) with Doris Day, a big hit 

Even more popular was the action film The Guns of Navarone (1961) with Gregory Peck and Anthony Quinn  This role led to him being cast in further war and/or action movies: The Captive City (1962); The Best of Enemies (1962); Guns of Darkness (1962); 55 Days at Peking (1963) with Charlton Heston and Ava Gardner  Niven returned to comedy with The Pink Panther (1963) also starring Peter Sellers, another huge success at the box office  Less so was the comedy Bedtime Story (1964) with Marlon Brando  In 1964, Charles Boyer, Gig Young and top-billed Niven appeared in the Four Star series The Rogues  Niven played Alexander 'Alec' Fleming, one of a family of retired con-artists who now fleece villains in the interests of justice  This was his only recurring role on television, and the series was originally set up to more or less revolve between the three leads in various combinations (one-lead, two-lead and three-lead episodes), although the least otherwise busy Gig Young wound up carrying most of the series  The Rogues ran for only one season, but won a Golden Globe award and currently remains a cult favourite 

1965–1982: Later films
In 1965, he made two films for MGM: the Peter Ustinov-directed Lady L, supporting Paul Newman and Sophia Loren, and Where the Spies Are, as a doctor-turned-secret agent – MGM hoped it would lead to a series, but this did not happen  After the horror film Eye of the Devil (1966), Niven appeared as James Bond in Casino Royale (1967), and is, with the exception of Sean Connery in Never Say Never Again, the only other man to ever portray Bond in a non-Eon Productions film  Niven had been Bond creator Ian Fleming's first choice to play Bond in Dr  No  Casino Royale co-producer Charles K  Feldman said later that Fleming had written the book with Niven in mind, and therefore had sent a copy to Niven  Niven was the only actor who played James Bond mentioned by name in the text of a Fleming novel  In chapter 14 of You Only Live Twice, the pearl diver Kissy Suzuki refers to Niven as "the only man she liked in Hollywood", and the only person who "treated her honourably" there 
Niven made some popular comedies, Prudence and the Pill (1968) and The Impossible Years (1968)  Less widely seen was The Extraordinary Seaman (1969)  The Brain (1969), a French comedy with Bourvil and Jean-Paul Belmondo, was the most popular film at the French box office in 1969 but was not widely seen in English-speaking countries  He did a war drama Before Winter Comes (1969) then returned to comedy in The Statue (1971)  Niven was in demand throughout the last decade of his life: King, Queen, Knave (1972); Vampira (1974); Paper Tiger (1975); No Deposit, No Return (1976), a Disney comedy; Candleshoe (1977), one of several stars in a popular comedy; Murder By Death (1976), Death on the Nile (1978), one of many stars and another hit; A Nightingale Sang in Berkeley Square (1979); Escape to Athena (1979), produced by his son; Rough Cut (1980), supporting Burt Reynolds; and The Sea Wolves (1980), a wartime adventure film 
In 1974, while Niven was co-hosting the 46th Annual Oscars ceremony, a naked man (Robert Opel) appeared behind him, "streaking" across the stage  In what instantly became a live-TV classic moment, Niven responded "Isn't it fascinating to think that probably the only laugh that man will ever get in his life is by stripping off and showing his shortcomings?"  That same year, he hosted David Niven's World for London Weekend Television, which profiled contemporary adventurers such as hang gliders, motorcyclists, and mountain climbers: it ran for 21 episodes  In 1975, he narrated The Remarkable Rocket, a short animation based on a story by Oscar Wilde  Niven's last sizeable film part was in Better Late Than Never (1983)  In July 1982, Blake Edwards brought Niven back for cameo appearances in two final "Pink Panther" films (Trail of the Pink Panther and Curse of the Pink Panther), reprising his role as Sir Charles Lytton  By this time, Niven was having serious health problems  When the raw footage was reviewed, his voice was inaudible, and his lines had to be dubbed by Rich Little  Niven only learned of it from a newspaper report  This was his last film appearance 

Writing
Niven wrote four books  The first, Round the Rugged Rocks (published simultaneously in the US under the title Once Over Lightly), was a novel that appeared in 1951 and was forgotten almost at once  The plot was plainly autobiographical (although not recognised as such at the time of publication), involving a young soldier, John Hamilton, who leaves the British Army, becomes a liquor salesman in New York, is involved in indoor horse racing, goes to Hollywood, becomes a deckhand on a fishing boat, and finally ends up as a highly successful film star 
In 1971, he published his autobiography, The Moon's a Balloon, which was well received, selling over five million copies  He followed this with Bring On the Empty Horses in 1975, a collection of entertaining reminiscences from the Golden Age of Hollywood in the 1930s and 1940s  As more of a raconteur rather than an accurate memoirist, it seems that Niven recounted many incidents from a first-person perspective that actually happened to other people, among them Cary Grant  This liberal borrowing and embroidering of his personal history was also said to be the reason why he persistently refused to appear on This Is Your Life  Niven's penchant for exaggeration and embroidery is particularly apparent when comparing his written descriptions of his early film appearances (especially Barbary Coast and A Feather in her Hat), and his Oscar acceptance speech, with the actual filmed evidence  In all three examples, the reality is significantly different from Niven's heavily fictionalised accounts as presented in The Moon's a Balloon and related in various chat show appearances 
In 1981 Niven published a second and much more successful novel, Go Slowly, Come Back Quickly, which was set during and after the Second World War, and which drew on his experiences during the war and in Hollywood  He was working on a third novel at the time of his death 

Personal life
While on leave in 1940, Niven met Primula "Primmie" Susan Rollo (18 February 1918 – 21 May 1946), the daughter of London lawyer William H C  Rollo  After a whirlwind romance, they married on 16 September 1940  A son, David, Jr , was born in December 1942 and a second son, James Graham Niven, on 6 November 1945  Primmie died at the age of 28, only six weeks after the family moved to the US  She fractured her skull in a fall in the Beverly Hills, California home of Tyrone Power, while playing a game of sardines  She had walked through a door believing it to be a closet, but instead, it led to a stone staircase to the basement In 1948, Niven met and married Hjördis Paulina Tersmeden (née Genberg, 1919–1997), a divorced Swedish fashion model  He recounted their meeting:

I had never seen anything so beautiful in my life – tall, slim, auburn hair, up-tilted nose, lovely mouth and the most enormous grey eyes I had ever seen  It really happened the way it does when written by the worst lady novelists     I goggled  I had difficulty swallowing and had champagne in my knees 
In 1960, Niven bought a chalet in Château-d'Œx near Gstaad in Switzerland for financial reasons, living near expatriate friends that included Deborah Kerr, Peter Ustinov, and Noël Coward  It is believed by some that Niven's choice to become a tax exile may have been one reason why he never received a British honour  However, Kerr, Ustinov, and Coward were all honoured  A 2009 biography of Niven contained assertions that he had an affair with Princess Margaret, who was 20 years his junior  He also became close friends with William F  Buckley and his wife Pat; Buckley wrote a memorial tribute to him in Miles Gone By (2004) 
Niven divided his time in the 1960s and 1970s between his chalet in Château-d'Œx and Cap Ferrat on the Côte d'Azur in the south of France 

Death and legacy
In 1980 Niven began experiencing fatigue, muscle weakness and a warble in his voice  His 1981 interviews on the talk shows of Michael Parkinson and Merv Griffin alarmed family and friends; viewers wondered if Niven had either been drinking or suffered a stroke  He blamed his slightly slurred voice on the shooting schedule of the film he had been making, Better Late Than Never  He was diagnosed with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS, also known in the United States as "Lou Gehrig's disease") later that year  His final appearance in Hollywood was hosting the 1981 American Film Institute tribute to Fred Astaire 
In February 1983, using a false name to avoid publicity, Niven was hospitalised for 10 days, ostensibly for a digestive problem  Afterwards he returned to his chalet at Château-d'Œx  Though his condition continued to worsen he refused to return to the hospital, a decision supported by his family  He died at his chalet on 29 July, aged 73  Niven was buried on 2 August 1983 in the local cemetery of Château-d'Œx A Thanksgiving service for Niven was held at St Martin-in-the-Fields, London, on 27 October 1983  The congregation of 1,200 included Prince Michael of Kent, Margaret, Duchess of Argyll, Sir John Mills, Sir Richard Attenborough, Trevor Howard, David Frost, Joanna Lumley, Douglas Fairbanks, Jr  and Lord Olivier  Biographer Graham Lord wrote, "the biggest wreath, worthy of a Mafia Godfather's funeral, was delivered from the porters at London's Heathrow Airport, along with a card that read: 'To the finest gentleman who ever walked through these halls  He made a porter feel like a king '"In 1985, Niven was included in a series of British postage stamps, along with Sir Alfred Hitchcock, Sir Charles Chaplin, Peter Sellers and Vivien Leigh, to commemorate "British Film Year"  Niven's countenance appears to have been used as inspiration for the character and puppet of Commander Norman in the Thunderbirds franchise, as well as for Sinestro, the DC Comics supervillain in Green Lantern comic books and film 

Niven's Bonjour Tristesse co-star, Mylène Demongeot, declared about him, in a 2015 filmed interview:"He was like a Lord, he was part of those great actors who were extraordinary like Dirk Bogarde, individuals with lots of class, elegance and humour  I only saw David get angry once  Preminger had discharged him for the day but eventually asked to get him  I said, sir, you had discharged him, he left for Deauville to gamble at the casino  So we rented a helicopter so they immediately went and grabbed him  Two hours later, he was back, full of rage  There I saw David lose his British phlegm, his politeness and class  It was royal  [Laughs] "

Acting credits
Accolades
Bibliography
Niven, David (1951)  Round the Rugged Rocks  London: The Cresset Press 
Niven, David (1971)  The Moon's a Balloon  London: Hamish Hamilton  ISBN 0-340-15817-4 
Niven, David (1975)  Bring on the Empty Horses  Hamish Hamilton  ISBN 0-241-89273-2 
Niven, David (1981)  Go Slowly, Come Back Quickly  Hamish Hamilton  ISBN 0-241-10690-7 

Further reading
Lord, Graham (14 December 2004)  NIV: The Authorized Biography of David Niven  Macmillan  ISBN 978-0-312-32863-4 
Morley, Sheridan (5 September 2016)  The Other Side of the Moon: The Life of David Niven  Dean Street Press  ISBN 978-1-911413-63-9 

See also
Biography portal
 Film portal
 United Kingdom portal
Passage 4:
Phileas Fogg snacks
Phileas Fogg Ltd is a company that produces snack products in the United Kingdom that was created in 1982 by Derwent Valley Foods  The brand is named for Phileas Fogg, the protagonist of Jules Verne's Around the World in Eighty Days, and the products are made in Consett, County Durham  When by Derwent Valley Foods was sold in 1993, its products were rebranded but poorly received, leading to a decline in popularity  The brand was relaunched in 2009 

Early years
The Phileas Fogg snack range was launched in 1982 by Derwent Valley Foods, a company founded by Roger McKechnie, Keith Gill, Ray McGhee and John Pike, who invested £67,000 of their own money  The aim was to create a snack targeted to adults and branded with a recognisable character  The range included different flavours "from around the world" such as miniature garlic breads and tortilla chips 

Decline in the 1990s
Between the late 1980s and early 1990s, Phileas Fogg snacks achieved a turnover of more than £30 million  In 1993 the brand was purchased by United Biscuits for £24 million  The four founders left after the sale while United Biscuits made significant changes to the packaging and identity, precipitating a decline in popularity 

2009 relaunch
United Biscuits relaunched the brand in 2009 after research showed a large number of British consumers were still aware of it  As of 2016 the brand is still sold but is now owned by KP Snacks and consists of a much-revised product range 
Passage 5:
Around the World in 80 Days (2004 film)
Around the World in 80 Days is a 2004 American action adventure comedy film based on Jules Verne's 1873 novel of the same name and remake of the movie of the same name of 1956  It stars Jackie Chan, Steve Coogan and Cécile de France  The film is set in the nineteenth century and centers on Phileas Fogg (Coogan), here reimagined as an eccentric inventor, and his efforts to circumnavigate the globe in 80 days  During the trip, he is accompanied by his Chinese valet, Passepartout (Chan)  For comedic reasons, the film intentionally deviated wildly from the novel and included a number of anachronistic elements  With production costs of about $110 million and estimated marketing costs of $30 million, it earned $24 million at the U S  box office and $48 million worldwide, making it a box office failure  It also received generally unfavorable reviews from critics, mainly for lacking similarities of the original book 

Plot
Lau Xing robs the Bank of England and hides in Phileas Fogg's house, giving his name as "Passport   too"  Fogg hears "Passepartout" and hires him as valet  He helps Fogg break the 50-mile-per-hour (80 km/h) speed barrier  
At the Royal Academy of Science, Fogg is insulted by Baron Kelvin  He bets that he can travel around the world in 80 days  If Fogg wins, he will replace Kelvin as Minister of Science  If not, he will be ruined  Fogg and Passepartout take a carriage out of London after a confrontation with corrupt Inspector Fix, hired by Kelvin 
Passepartout and Fogg journey to Paris, where Passepartout must evade General Fang's warriors  Fang wants the jade Buddha previously given to Lord Kelvin but stolen by Passepartout  Pretending to take Fogg to see Thomas Edison, Passepartout leads him to impressionist painting student Monique La Roche  Passepartout fights the warriors while his boss discusses impressionism  The two men and Monique depart in a hot-air balloon, chased by Fang's warriors 
The trio continue their journey by train  However, in Istanbul, they are forced to become guests of Prince Hapi's banquet  Whilst initially hospitable, he soon orders the men to leave while Monique must become his seventh wife  The men convince Hapi to release Monique or they will damage his personal statue of "The Thinker", which is accidentally smashed  With Hapi in pursuit, the three travelers then escape 
Kelvin learns about the bank robbery  He orders the British-colonial authorities in India to arrest both men  Passepartout sees notice of the price on his head and warns his companions  Disguised as women they are attacked by Fang's warriors  Using Inspector Fix and a sextant as weapons, Fogg and Passepartout defeat their assailants and flee to China 
In a Chinese village where Lau Xing had came from, Lanzhou, they are welcomed by Lau's family members  However, they are captured by the Black Scorpions  Recognized, Lau Xing challenges the leader of the group to a fight  At first, he fights alone and is defeated; moments later, he is joined by his fellow "Ten Tigers of Canton" to defeat the Black Scorpions  The jade Buddha is returned to the village temple 
Fogg desires to continue alone, disappointed and feeling used by his companions after finding out that through a picture of Lau and his family members in the village  He travels to San Francisco and is tricked out of his money  He is found destitute by Lau Xing and Monique who have followed him  In the Western desert, they find the Wright brothers who discuss their prototype flying machine  Fogg suggests a few changes, which are eagerly taken 
In New York City, a jubilant crowd prevents them from their ship  A policeman leads them to an ambush in a workshop  The three friends fight Fang and her warriors and win  Though Fogg could have gotten to the boat, he misses it to help Lau Xing  Fogg feels that he has lost, but the other two say that they may still make it if they catch the next ship 
They board an old ship and Fogg builds a plane out of the ship's old wood, promising a new ship to the captain  The ship's crew builds a catapult to launch it  The three fly to London and crash-land at the Royal Academy  Kelvin sends police to hinder them, and the clock strikes noon, ending the wager 
Kelvin proclaims himself the victor  Monique, Fix and other ministers attest to Kelvin's unfair methods  Kelvin insults Queen Victoria who overhears the insult which leads to Kelvin's arrest  She then reveals that she has bet money on Fogg winning and congratulates him for making it back a day early  
Though Lau and Monique are confused, Fogg eventually realizes that they forgot to take the International Date Line into account: they themselves experienced 80 days, but London only experienced 79 days  He ascends the stairs of the academy and kisses Monique, victorious in his bet 

Cast
Johnny Knoxville was initially cast as San Francisco Hobo 

Production
Warner Bros , who owned the rights to the 1956 adaptation, planned their own remake with Stephen Sommers directing and Brendan Fraser starring, after the success of The Mummy  Stan Chervin wrote the script for this utilization of the film  Around the same time, 20th Century Fox and Good Machine were developing their own version with Mark Rosenthal and Lawrence Konner writing the screenplay  Ang Lee and Stephen Herek were considered to direct When Frank Coraci got involved, he went back to read the original novel and watch the 1956 film, where he realized that the story didn't really have a driving lead character  So he decided to rework the plot considerably, which involved giving Phileas Fogg an arc  Coraci's first choice for Fogg was Johnny Depp, but studio executives at the time didn't think Depp in a family movie would ever work (this was before the release of Pirates of the Caribbean: The Curse of the Black Pearl)  Jackie Chan was announced to play Passepartout in June 2002  He was paid about $18 million for the role  After Chan was cast, the filmmakers settled on lesser known character actor Steve Coogan for Fogg  Walden Media was in charge of investing the film while Summit Entertainment handled foreign sales  Paramount Pictures acquired domestic distribution rights, and set a release date for November 21, 2003  However, the studio stepped out at the start of the year, with concerns over the high budget and bankability of the cast Principal photography began on March 13, 2003, in Thailand, followed by a 3-month shoot at Babelsberg Studio in Berlin  Before Disney had picked the film up for distribution, it was one of the highest-budget films produced without a distributor attached 

Music
Soundtrack
"It's Slinky!" – Written by Homer Fesperman and Charles Weasley
"Sehnaz Pesrev
"The Mystery Continues" – Composed by Suma Ograda
"Everybody, All over the World (Join the Celebration)" – Performed by David A  Stewart and Sylvia Young Stage School
"River of Dreams" (Instrumental) – Written by David A  Stewart and Aidan Love
"It's a Small World" – Written by the Sherman Brothers, and performed by Baha Men

Release
Around the World in 80 Days premiered at the El Capitan Theatre in Hollywood, California on June 13, 2004, and was released in theaters on June 16, 2004, by Walt Disney Pictures  It was also released on DVD and VHS on November 2, 2004, by Walt Disney Home Entertainment 

Reception
Critical response
Around the World in 80 Days was met with mixed reviews  Rotten Tomatoes gives the film a 32% approval rating, based on 128 reviews, with an average score of 4 79/10, with the site's consensus stating: "Hit-and-miss family fare that bears only the slightest resemblance to Verne's novel " Metacritic gives the film a weighted score of 49 out of 100, based on reviews from 33 critics, indicating "mixed or average reviews"  Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "B+" on an A+ to F scale The Guardian critic Rob Mackie, criticized it for having little to no resemblance to the novel it is based on  Roger Ebert praised it for its visual style and for being "goofy fun"  Todd McCarthy of Variety wrote: "Takes plenty of liberties with the material and never generates much genuine excitement, but provides an agreeable ride without overloading it with contemporary filmmaking mannerisms "In 2014, the Los Angeles Times listed the film as one of the most expensive box office flops of all time 

Accolades
The film was nominated for two Razzie Awards - Worst Remake or Sequel and Worst Supporting Actor (Arnold Schwarzenegger) 

See also
List of American films of 2004
Around the World in 80 Days (1956 film)
Around the World in Eighty Days (book)
Jackie Chan filmography
Arnold Schwarzenegger filmography
Around the World in 80 Days (2004)
Passage 6:
Jules Verne Trophy
The Jules Verne Trophy is a prize for the fastest circumnavigation of the world by any type of yacht with no restrictions on the size of the crew provided the vessel has registered with the organization and paid an entry fee  A vessel holding the Jules Verne trophy will not necessarily hold the absolute round the world record  The trophy was first awarded to the first yacht which sailed around the world in less than 80 days  The name of the award is a reference to the Jules Verne novel Around the World in Eighty Days in which Phileas Fogg traverses the planet (albeit by railroad and steamboat) in 80 days  The current holder is IDEC Sport skippered by Francis Joyon in 40 days 23 hours 30 minutes 30 seconds 

Route
The Jules Verne Trophy's starting point is defined by an imaginary line between the  Créac'h lighthouse on Ouessant (Ushant) Island, France, and the Lizard Lighthouse, UK  The boats have to circumnavigate the world leaving the capes of Good Hope, Leeuwin, and Horn to port and cross the starting line in the opposite direction 
The starting line is open as of the official ratification of the trophy's rules by the World Sailing Speed Record Council 

Rules
The Jules Verne Trophy is awarded to the challenger who breaks the previous Jules Verne record of the round the world voyage under sail  The winner holds the trophy until such time as his/her record has been bettered  The boats must solely be propelled by natural forces of the wind and of the crew, but the trophy is open to any type of boat with no restrictions  Crew size is not restricted either 
The circumnavigation must be completed non-stop and with no physical outside assistance, although on-shore weather routing is allowed  The challengers must respect certain safety rules 

History
The original idea for this competition has been attributed to Yves Le Cornec in 1985  The rules were defined in 1990  A committee was put in place to guarantee respect of the rules and fairplay  This committee included Peter Blake, Florence Arthaud, Jean-François Coste, Yvon Fauconnier, Gabrie Guilly, Robin Knox-Johnston, Titouan Lamazou, Yves Le Cornec, Bruno Peyron, Olivier de Kersauson, and Didier Ragot 
While the current holder of the trophy, Francis Joyon, also holds the around the world sailing record, this has not always been the case  In 2004 Steve Fossett broke the world record with the catamaran Cheyenne but was not awarded the trophy  According to reports, the trophy organizers requested a higher entrance fee from Fossett than from the other competitors, the difference which he refused to pay  The winner of the trophy that year was Olivier de Kersauson on Geronimo, with a time which was five days slower than Fossett's world record 

Summary of intermediate records
The best passage times are shared between 4 boats:

 Banque Populaire V , designed in 2006, launched in 2008 and renamed "Maxi Spindrift 2" in 2013
 Groupama 3 , designed in 2004, launched in 2006 and renamed  IDEC sport  in 2015
 Macif , designed in 2013, launched in 2015 and since then mainly singlehanded by François Gabart
 fr:Maxi Edmond de Rothschild  designed in 2014, launched in 2017Adding the record times of the various intermediate routes, gives a total record round the world in 36 days 22 hours and 36 minutes, or 4 days better than the record established in 2017 by Francis Joyon on  IDEC sport  

2016 record
Francis Joyon took possession of the former Groupama 3 on October 2, 2015, after three weeks of work at Multiplast, in Vannes  He chose an intermediate configuration between the initial power and a reduced rigging for solo races  Closer to the lightness and ergonomics sought alone, less versatile in particular in light winds, Joyon's choices paid off during his two passages in the southern seas at the end of 2015 and again at the end of 2016, earning him numerous records  With a crew reduced to six people,  IDEC Sport  was ready to attempt the Jules-Verne Trophy, held since 2011 by Loïck Peyron with a time of 45 days, 13 hours, 42 minutes and 53 seconds 
After an attempt in November 2016 met with unfavorable weather in the doldrums and the South Atlantic, and a shock that slightly damaged her fin, Joyon set out again on December 16, 2016 to conquer the trophy  He arrived on  January 26, 2017 with a new around the world sailing record of 40 days 23 h 30 min 30 s 
During their 2016 attempt for the Jules-Verne Trophy, Francis Joyon and his crew  broke numerous intermediate records: four have been formalized and are the subject of records duly certified by the WSSRC They made quick crossings of the southern seas starting with the Indian Ocean, covering 8091,73 miles in 10 days (an average of 809 miles per day)  This episode began ahead of the front of a depression which moved at a speed corresponding to the boat's potential from South America to the Pacific Ocean  During 12 days, the wind remained port tack, blowing constantly at over 30 knots, an ideal configuration for speed records  Top speeds varied between 38 and 44 knots  Due to bad seas, their speed dropped temporarily (29 knots or 700 mi (1,100 km) per day) but soon climbed back above 800 mi (1,300 km) daily 
After passing New Zealand and the Antimeridian, sailing port tack 205 degrees longitude (25 degrees West to Antimeridian) in the southern seas, the crew jibed in the transition between two depressions, and managed to catch up with the weather system in front of them over the Pacific Ocean, setting off again at more than 30 knots daily average towards Cape Horn 
Joyon rounded Cape Horn, 16 days after hitting the first left South America, after a course of nearly 12,000 mi (19,000 km) above 30 knots average (730, 16 miles per day over 16 days)  He then signs a performance increase of 30 to 40% compared to Loïck Peyron's record 5 years earlier  Leaving the southern seas with a lead of 4 days 6 hours 35 min over Peyron's previous record, Joyon and his crew regained 2,800 mi (4,500 km) on the record during this stretch 
The weather conditions allowed them to optimize their course, covering 26,412 mi (42,506 km) on the ground, at an average of 26 85 knots, for a theoretical course of 22,461 mi (36,147 km)  Banque Populaire V, the previous recordholder, had to cover almost 2600 more miles (29,002 miles) 

Distance records broken during the 2016 campaign
While the best day of Loïck Peyron's previous record was the only day above 800 miles from his record (811 miles over 24 hours, or 33 79 knots average), Francis Joyon maintains a speed above 800 daily miles for 10 consecutive days 
It thus improves a large number of progress records by a sailboat over a given period:

Other records broken during the 2016 campaign
Boat record and the second longest distance covered by a sailboat in 24 hours with 894 miles 
6 consecutive days at an average of 850 7 miles / 24 h (35 45 knots)
Ushant-Cape Leeuwin 17 d 06 h 59 min 45 (time of Loïck Peyron during the 2011 record: 17 d 23 h 57 min)
Ushant-Tasmania 18 d 18 h 31 min (time of Loïck Peyron during the 2011 record: 20 d 07 h 11 min)
Ushant-Antiméridien 20 d 07 h 01 (time of Loïck Peyron during the 2011 record: 22 d 11 h 34 min)
Ushant-Cape Horn: 26 d 15 h 45 min (time of Loïck Peyron during the 2011 record: 30 d 22 h 19 min)
Ecuador - Cape Leeuwin: 11 d 12 h (time of Loïck Peyron during the 2011 record: 12 d 9 h 2 min)
Cape Agulhas-cape Leeuwin in 4 days 9 h 37 min 46 at an average speed of 35 08 knots over ground (3,705 miles) or 842 miles in 24 hours (6 days 8 min or 36% more for Loïck Peyron's previous record)
Cape Leeuwin - Cape Horn in 9 d 08 h 46 min (12 d 22 h 22 min or 38% more for Loïck Peyron's previous record)
Cape of Good Hope - Cape Horn in 13 d 20 h 13 min (19 d 00 h 31 min or 37% more for Loïck Peyron's previous record)
Cape of Good Hope - Cape Leeuwin: 4 d 11 h 31 min (6 d 02 h 09 min or 36% more for Loïck Peyron's previous record in 2011)
Cap Leeuwin - Cape Horn in 9 d 08 h 46 min (12 d 22 h 22 min or 38% more for Loïck Peyron's previous record)
Indian Ocean: 5 d 21 h 7 min 45 s (WSSRC reference) (8 d 07 h 23 min or 41% more for Loïck Peyron during the 2011 record)
Pacific Ocean: 7 d 21 h 13 min 31 s (WSSRC reference) (10 d 15 h 07 min or 39% more for Loïck Peyron during the 2011 record)
Ecuador-Ecuador record: 29 d 9 h 10 min 55 s (WSSRC reference) (32 d 11 h 52 min or 11% more for Loïck Peyron during the 2011 record)
North Atlantic return record: 5 d 19 h 21 min (7 d 10 h 58 min or 25% more for Loïck Peyron during the 2011 record)

Jules Verne Trophy records
Notable performances
During her Jules-Verne trophy record in 2011–2012, the Banque Populaire V skippered by Loïck Peyron covered 811 70 nautical miles in 24 hours on 3 December 2011 at 11:45 UT, posting 28 days over 600 miles, including 9 days over 700 miles and 1 day over 800 miles During her Jules-Verne trophy record in 2009–2010, the trimaran Groupama 3 skippered by Franck Cammas covered 798 nautical miles in 24 hours on 13 February 2010 at 5 p m  UT, showing 17 days over 600 miles, including 10 days over 700 miles 
During her Jules-Verne trophy record in 2016–2017, the trimaran Idec sport skippered by Francis Joyon covered 894 nautical miles in 24 hours, and 10 consecutive days at 809 miles / 24 h  Francis Joyon rounds Cape Horn, 16 days after riding off of South America, and after a course of nearly 12,000 miles above an average of 30 knots (730 16 miles / 24 h over 16 days)  He then signs a performance increase of between 30 and 40% compared to the record to be broken by Loïck Peyron 5 years earlier  Leaving the southern seas with a lead of 4 j 06 h 35 min over Loïck Peyron's previous record, Francis Joyon and his crew regained the equivalent of 2,800 miles on the record during this episode 
During the aborted attempt of 2019, Yann Guichard sets a new record crossing the equator in 4 days 19 h 57 min and, thanks to favorable weather conditions, lines up 4,812 1 miles from the 11th to 16th day, or 802 miles / day for 6 consecutive days 
During his record around the world Singlehanded in 2017, 24 hour distance record for François Gabart on Macif: 850,68 miles in 24h During his attempt for the Jules Verne Trophy on December 5, 2020, Thomas Coville on fr:Sodebo Ultim 3 covered 889 9 miles in 24 hours (37 1 knots average, top speed 48 9 knots) 

Passage records
Intermediate records
Failed record attempts
The trophy
The "Trophy Jules Verne" was the subject of a public order of the visual arts delegation with the American artist Tom Shannon and is patroned by the French Ministry of Culture The work is a floating hull on a magnetic field, much as an anchorage for a ship  All dimensions have rigorous symbolic meaning  The midship beam of the hull corresponds to the diameter of the Earth, the ray of each end is proportional to that of the moon and the radius of the curvature of the frames is that of the sun  The competitors of the Trophy Jules Verne race around the Earth against time, with only the sun and the moon as companions and time keepers 
The sculpture is placed on a cast aluminium base, on which the names of the sailors having won the Trophy are engraved  The Musée national de la Marine in Paris hosts and maintains the Trophy  Each winner receives a miniature of the Trophy, magnetized like the original one 
When a record is broken, an official ceremony is held for the previous record holders to hand over the trophy to the new record holders, who are given the hull and must place it in its magnetic field mooring 

See also
Circumnavigation
List of circumnavigations
List of youth solo sailing circumnavigations
Around the world in 80 daysCompetitions and prizes
Global Challenge
Jules Verne Trophy
The race
Oryx Quest
Vendée GlobeOther speed sailing records
Speed sailing record
World Sailing Speed Record Council
Transatlantic sailing record
Around the world sailing record
Passage 7:
Around the World in 80 Days (2009 TV series)
Around the World in 80 Days is a British travel documentary series made to support the annual BBC Children in Need charity appeal in 2009  It sees twelve celebrities attempt to circumnavigate the globe in eighty days without using air transport, recreating the journey of Phileas Fogg and Michael Palin  Like Fogg and Palin, the journey begins and ends at the Reform Club in London  It was first shown on BBC One and BBC HD in October and November 2009 

Production
The challenge for the celebrities was to travel around the globe in eighty days, starting and ending at the Reform Club in London, re-enacting the challenge made to Phileas Fogg in the 1873 Jules Verne novel, Around the World in Eighty Days, and Around the World in 80 Days with Michael Palin  In each episode, a pair of celebrities travels a single leg of the round-the-world journey, trying to meet the next pair at a handover point in sufficient time, in relay race fashion  The journey could be completed by any means except by flight  At the handover, they pass to the succeeding team a carpet bag containing, amongst other items, a journal and a phone  Each of the celebrity pairs contributed to the journal as their leg of the journey progressed, and ahead of the trip Palin wrote an entry containing advice for the travellers Throughout the journey, the celebrities collected various items on their leg of the journey  These were then auctioned to raise money for Children in Need, as was the journal completed by the travellers at the end of the trip 

Episodes
Auction items
UK to Turkey

Ukulele played by Frank Skinner
Pudsey bear signed by Frank Skinner
Pudsey bear signed by Lee MackTurkey to Kazakhstan

Pudsey bear signed by Nick Hewer
Pudsey bear signed by Saira KhanKazakhstan to Mongolia

Pudsey bear signed by Julia Bradbury
Pudsey bear signed by Matt BakerMongolia to USA

Selection of paintings by Louise Minchin
Pudsey bear signed by Bill Turnbull
Pudsey bear signed by Louise MinchinUSA (California) to USA (Memphis)

Pink tutu
Pair of Around the World in 80 Days Boots
Pudsey bear signed by John Barrowman
Pudsey bear signed by Myleene KlassUSA to UK

Shane Ritchie's Outfit from 'Cargo'
Josie Lawrence's Outfit from 'Cargo'
Pudsey bear signed by Shane Ritchie
Pudsey bear signed by Josie Lawrence
Silver HarmonicaOther

Around the World in 80 Days Journal
Around the World in 80 Days Carpet Bag
Context 2: Passage 1:
2005 Texas Tech Red Raiders football team
The 2005 Texas Tech Red Raiders football team represented Texas Tech University as a member of the Big 12 Conference during the 2005 NCAA Division I-A football season  In their sixth season under head coach Mike Leach, the Red Raiders compiled an overall record of 9–3 record with a mark of 6–2 in conference play, finished in a tie for second place in Southern Division of the Big 12, lost to Alabama in the 2006 Cotton Bowl Classic, and outscored opponents by a combined total of 473 to 226  The team played its home games at Jones SBC Stadium in Lubbock, Texas 

Previous season
The 2004 team finished the season with an overall record of 8–4, 5–3 in Big 12 play, finishing tied in third place in the Southern Division  The Red Raiders finished the regular season with a 31–15 upset victory over the no  23 ranked Oklahoma State Cowboys  The team was invited to the Holiday Bowl, defeating no  4 California 45–31  The 2004 team was ranked no  18 and no  17 in the final AP and Coaches' polls, respectively  Quarterback Sonny Cumbie finished the season leading the nation in passing yards, throwing for 4,742 yards 

NFL draftees
Schedule
Personnel
Game summaries
FIU
Sam Houston State
Indiana State
Kansas
At Nebraska
Kansas State
Quarterback Cody Hodges finished the game 44-of-65 for 643 yards with five touchdowns and two interceptions  Hodges's 643 passing yards are the fourth most by a quarterback in Division I-A (now Division I FBS) and the second time a Texas Tech quarterback threw for over 600 yards in a single game, with B  J  Symons throwing for 661 yards against Ole Miss in 2003 

At No  2 Texas
At Baylor
Texas A&M
At Oklahoma State
Oklahoma
Vs  No  13 Alabama (Cotton Bowl Classic)
Rankings
Players drafted into the NFL
Notes
Passage 2:
2009 Texas Tech Red Raiders football team
The 2009 Texas Tech Red Raiders football team represented Texas Tech University as a member of the Big 12 Conference during the 2009 NCAA Division I FBS football season  The team was led by tenth-year head coach Mike Leach during the regular season and, following Leach’s dismissal, interim head coach Ruffin McNeill for the bowl game  The Red Raiders compiled an overall record of 9–4 with a mrk of 5–3 in conference play, tying for third place in the Big 12's South Division  Texas Tech was invited to the Alamo Bowl, where they defeated Michigan State, 41–31  The Red Raiders played home games at Jones AT&T Stadium in Lubbock, Texas 
On December 28, Leach was suspended by Texas Tech pending investigation of alleged inappropriate treatment of Adam James, a redshirt sophomore wide receiver, and the son of former SMU Mustangs and New England Patriots running back Craig James  The suspension came after allegations that Leach treated James unfairly following a mild concussion  Leach was terminated by the university on December 30  Ruffin McNeill, the team's defensive coordinator, was named interim head coach and led the team during their appearance in the Alamo Bowl 

Previous season
With an 11–1 record in the regular season during 2008, the Red Raiders finished in a three-way tie with the Oklahoma Sooners and Texas Longhorns atop the Big 12 South  In order to break the tie, BCS standings were used to determine who would face Missouri in the conference championship game  The Sooners, ranked #2 in the BCS polls at the time, were chosen to represent the South Division in the game  The Red Raiders were selected to the Cotton Bowl Classic, losing 34–47 to Ole Miss  The 2008 team finished with an overall record of 11–2 and were ranked no  12 in the final AP Poll 

Personnel
Coaching staff
Mike Leach – Head coach/offensive coordinator
Ruffin McNeill – Assistant head coach/defensive coordinator
Carlos Mainord – Safeties
Clay McGuire – Running backs
Brian Mitchell – Cornerbacks
Matt Moore – Offensive line
Lincoln Riley – Inside receivers
Eric Russell – Special teams Coordinator
Charlie Sadler – Defensive ends
Dennis Simmons – Wide receivers
Sonny Cumbie – Offensive graduate assistantSource:

Roster
Schedule
Game summaries
North Dakota
This game marked the first time the North Dakota Fight Sioux faced the Red Raiders on the football field making North Dakota the 127th different opponent the Red Raiders have faced  The Red Raiders won the coin toss and elected to receive the opening kick off The opening drive ultimately ended in a touchdown and covered 64 yards in 7 plays, lasting 3:18  Barron Batch rushed three yards for the first touchdown and was followed by a successful extra point attempt by Matt Williams  The Red Raiders would go on to score one more touchdown with successful PAT in the first quarter  The Fighting Sioux scored a field goal with six seconds left in the first quarter bringing the final score for the first quarter to 14–3 The second quarter saw the longest touchdown reception of the game with a 49-yard pass by Taylor Potts to Detron Lewis, followed by a successful PAT by Matt Williams  The Fighting Sioux went on to kick a 52-yard field goal with 1:28 left in the half  The final score at the half was 21–6 The third quarter saw only one score with the Red Raider's quarterback Taylor Potts rushing 1 yard for a touchdown followed by a successful PAT  At the end of the third quarter the score was 28–6 The Fighting Sioux scored their only touchdown and successful PAT 3:09 into the final quarter  The Red Raiders scored twice in the fourth quarter with a 32-yard field goal by Matt Williams and later an 18-yard touchdown pass by Taylor Potts to Adam Jones  Matt Williams successfully kicked the last PAT of the game bringing the score to 38–13 During the game, the Red Raiders rushed for 40 yards  Taylor Potts attempted 48 passes, completing 34 for a total of 405 passing yards  Potts was also intercepted 3 times and scored 2 touchdowns  The team accrued 11 penalties for 93 yards 

Rice
This game was the first time the Rice Owls played Texas Tech Red Raiders at home since 1995  The Owls won the coin toss and elected to defer until the second half The Red Raiders shut the Owls out in the first quarter and scored two touchdowns  The first score came 6:13 into the game by way of a 5-yard touchdown pass from Taylor Potts to Edward Britton  Matt Williams successfully kicked the PAT  The next touchdown for the Red Raiders would come with only 1:18 left in the first quarter, when Taylor Potts threw a 7-yard pass to Lyle Leong  The extra point attempt was good  At the end of the quarter the score was 14–0 The second quarter saw no scores by the Red Raiders  The Owls scored a field goal 3:33 into the quarter  The score at the half was 14–3 The third quarter proved to be more fruitful for the Red Raiders, were they once again shut out the Owls  The Red Raiders scored three touchdowns with successful PATs all within the last nine minutes of the quarter  The first came with 8:51 left in quarter when Taylor Potts threw an 8-yard pass to Lyle Leong  The next touchdown came a little over two minutes later with an 11-yard touchdown reception by Austin Zouzalik from Taylor Potts  The last touchdown was scored with 2:34 left in the quarter by Taylor Potts and Lyle Leon when Potts threw a 27-yard pass to Leon  At the end of the quarter the score was 35–3 Steven Sheffield, the Red Raiders backup quarterback, made his season debut when he came in for Taylor Potts during the final quarter after two touchdowns by the Red Raiders and a field goal by the Owls  The first Red Raider touchdown came only nine seconds into the quarter with a 34-yard touchdown reception by Eric Stephens from Taylor Potts  Matt Williams failed to convert the extra point kick  The Owls scored their only touchdown with 11:02 left on the clock  Taylor Potts last touchdown of the game came by way of a 30-yard pass to Tramain Swindall with 9:10 left in the game  The extra point attempt was good  The Red Raiders final score, and Steven Sheffield's first for the season came with 4:33 left in the game when Sheffield threw a 26-yard pass to Tramain Swindall  The PAT was converted by Matt Williams  The final score for the game was 55–10 The Texas Tech Red Raiders rushed for 52 yards and passed for 508 yards  Taylor Potts attempted 57 passes, completing 36 for 456 yards  Steven Sheffield completed 4 out of 6 passes for 52 yards  Potts threw seven touchdown passes to Sheffield's one  Neither Potts nor Sheffield threw an interception The Owls rushed for 60 yards, passed for 197 yards, and scored 1 touchdown 

At Texas
The Texas Tech Red Raiders competed against the Texas Longhorns at Darrell K Royal-Texas Memorial Stadium on September 9, 2009  For the second year in a row the matchup was highlighted on ESPN's GameDay The series between Texas Tech and Texas originated in Austin in 1928 and the two teams have met annually since 1960  Before the game, Texas led the series 43–15–0  The Red Raider's victory in the 2008 season was only the second time in the last 10 meetings The Texas Tech Red Raiders received the opening kick off and returned it 28 yards  The Red Raiders opening driving ended with a 41-yard field goal by Matt Williams  On their second drive the Longhorns scored by returning a Red Raider punt 46 yards for a touchdown  The score at the end of the first quarter was 3–7 The Red Raiders did not score in the second quarter, and would hold the Longhorns to only a field goal  At the half the score was 3–10 The third quarter saw two touchdowns by both the Red Raiders and the Longhorns  The Longhorns scored a touchdown and successful PAT, on their opening drive of the second half  On the next possession the Red Raiders answered the Longhorns score with a touchdown and successful PAT of their own  The Red Raiders first touchdown of the game came by way of a 14-yard pass to Lyle Leong by Taylor Potts and the PAT was kicked by Matt Williams  After an unsuccessful on-side kick by the Red Raiders, Texas's next drive would end with a touchdown and PAT  The Red Raiders next drive proved as fruitful as their previous ending with a 10-yard touchdown pass by Potts to Leong  The final score at the end of the quarter was 17–24 The Red Raider's first two possessions of the fourth quarters ended in a turnovers  The second of which resulted in a Longhorn touchdown, their last of the game  The Red Raiders last score came on their next possession by way of a 22-yard touchdown reception by Tramain Swindall from Taylor Potts  The Longhorns would score the final points of the game with a field goal  The final score of the game was 24–34 The Longhorns rushed for 135 yards and the Longhorns' Colt McCoy attempted 34 passes completing 24 for 205 yards and was intercepted twice  The Red Raiders rushed for -6 yards and fumbled the ball once  Taylor Potts completed 46 passes out of an attempted 62 for a total of 420 yards  Potts was intercepted once 

At Houston
The Texas Tech Red Raiders faced the Houston Cougars at Robertson Stadium in Houston Texas on September 26  This non-conference game was the 28th time the two teams meet, however this was the first time the Red Raiders have played at Robertson Stadium  The Red Raiders ultimately lost the game with a final score of 28–29, dropping their record to 2–2 

New Mexico
The Red Raiders competed against the New Mexico Lobos at Jones AT&T Stadium in Lubbock, Texas, on October 3, 2009  Going into the game, the Red Raiders led the series with a record of 32–6–2  This was the first meeting of the two teams since 2004  The Red Raiders beat the Lobos with a final score of 48–28  Taylor Potts led the Raiders to a score on their first possession of the game, but he left the game with an injury in the second quarter, and Steven Sheffield came in late in the second quarter  Sheffield's 25-yard touchdown pass to Alexander Torres gave the Raiders a 14-7 halftime lead 
Sheffield threw two third-quarter touchdown passes, including a 62-yard catch and run by Harrison Jeffers, as the Raiders extended their lead to 35-7  Jeffers added two more touchdown runs in the fourth quarter to finish the scoring in Tech's 48-28 win 

Kansas State
The Red Raiders took on the Kansas State Wildcats at Jones AT&T Stadium in Lubbock, Texas, on October 10, 2009  This homecoming game was the 11th meeting of the two teams  The Red Raiders had won the previous four games against the Wildcats and had a record of 5–1 at home against the team prior to this game  The game was regionally televised on FSN  The Red Raiders beat the Wildcats with a final score of 66–14  Tech's 66 points were the most ever scored on a team coached by Bill Snyder 

At Nebraska
The Red Raiders took on the No  15 Nebraska Cornhuskers at the Memorial Stadium in Lincoln, Nebraska on October 17, 2009  Before a crowd of more than 86,000, the Raiders jumped out in front early on a touchdown pass from Sheffield to Baron Batch 
Tech's defense then made the biggest play of the game, with defensive end Daniel Howard picking up a fumbled lateral pass and returning it 82 yards for a touchdown and a 14-0 Red Raider lead  The Raiders were up 24-3 as the defense kept Nebraska's offense in check 
The Red Raider offense was stalled in the second half, but Tech's defense continued to make big plays to keep the Huskers from making a comeback  Defensive end Brandon Sharpe had four of Tech's five sacks, and Sheffield scored on a quarterback sneak to put Tech up by three touchdowns late in the game 
With the win, the Raiders improved to 5-2 and appeared in the AP top 25 for the first and only time during the 2009 regular season at No  21 in the nation 

Texas A&M
The Red Raiders competed against the Texas A&M Aggies at the Jones AT&T Stadium in Lubbock, Texas on October 24, 2009  Tech scored first on a 56-yard touchdown pass from Taylor Potts to Alexander Torres, and Potts hooked up with Edward Britton for another touchdown to give Tech a 14-7 lead late in the first quarter   The Aggies then went on to score 31 straight points in the second and third quarters to pull away 
Attendance for the game was 57,733  It was the largest crowd at football game at Jones AT&T Stadium, beating the previous record of 56,333, set on November 1, 2008 in the game against Texas 

Kansas
The Red Raiders faced the Kansas Jayhawks at the Jones AT&T Stadium in Lubbock, Texas on October 31, 2009  Redshirt freshman quarterback Seth Doege got his first NCAA start because of injuries to Taylor Potts and Steven Sheffield  The Raiders didn't get on the scoreboard until the second quarter, when Doege hit Detron Lewis on a 61-yard touchdown bomb to tie the game at 7-7  Later in the second quarter, Colby Whitlock sacked Todd Reesing and forced a fumble deep in Kansas territory, which the Raiders recovered  Baron Batch scored on a 2-yard run, and the two teams went into halftime tied 14-14 
The Jayhawks took a 21-14 lead into the fourth quarter, but the Raiders put up four touchdowns to pull away  Batch scored three touchdowns on the ground, and Laron Moore added a score on a fumble recovery 

At Oklahoma State
Oklahoma
Tech came into the home game against Oklahoma seeking revenge for the 65-21 rout that the Raiders suffered in the 2008 match-up against the Sooners  The game saw a low-scoring first quarter, with Tech going up 3-0 on their first possession  Taylor Potts put Tech in position to score with passes to Lyle Leong, Edward Britton and Baron Batch to set up Matt Williams' 33-yard field goal 
The game was tied 3-3 after the first quarter, but the Raiders' offense got on track with two second-quarter touchdowns  Batch scored on a 1-yard touchdown run, set up by a 65-yard pass from Potts to Torres  Tech's defense forced a quick OU punt, and Potts then hooked up with Zouzalik on a 21-yard touchdown pass to give the Raiders a 17-6 halftime lead 
Tech's defense shut down the Sooners on Oklahoma's opening possession of the second half, and the Raiders quickly marched 91 yards for another touchdown, with Potts hitting Torres on a 24-yard scoring pass for a 24-6 lead 
Tech cornerback Laron Moore intercepted an Oklahoma pass on the Sooners' next possession, but the Raiders could not push the ball in for a touchdown, settling for a 37-yard field goal from Williams 
On Tech's next possession, the Raiders mounted an 18-play drive that chewed up more than seven minutes before scoring on a 21-yard run by Batch  Oklahoma finally scored their only touchdown on a pass from Landry Jones to Ryan Broyles, but the Raiders added a final touchdown on a 4-yard run by Eric Stephens 

Vs  Baylor
Vs  Michigan State (Valero Alamo Bowl)
Rankings
Passage 3:
Ruffin McNeill
Ruffin Horne McNeill Jr  (born October 8, 1958) is an American football coach and former player who currently serves as the special assistant to the head coach at NC State University  He previously served as the assistant head coach and outside linebackers coach at the University of Oklahoma and the assistant head coach and defensive line coach at the University of Virginia  McNeill also served as the head coach of the East Carolina Pirates from 2010 to 2015  Before being named head coach of the Pirates, McNeill served the Texas Tech Red Raiders as an interim head coach, assistant head coach, special teams coordinator, and linebackers coach   On December 28, 2009, he was named interim head coach of the Red Raiders following the suspension and later firing of head coach Mike Leach  He served in the position until the hiring of Tommy Tuberville, who subsequently released him as defensive coordinator 

Playing career
McNeill was a defensive back for the East Carolina Pirates for four years under then head coach Pat Dye  For three of his years at ECU he was a starter, and for two he served as team captain  In his first year with the Pirates, McNeill helped East Carolina to the 1976 Southern Conference Championship and a berth to the Independence Bowl two years later 
McNeill graduated from East Carolina University in 1980  He later went on to Clemson where he earned a master's degree in counseling 

Coaching career
In addition to coaching at the high school level and spending a summer as an intern with the Miami Dolphins under Jimmy Johnson, McNeill has coached 23 seasons at the college level, including seven seasons at Appalachian State, his first job as defensive coordinator  In total, he has been on the coaching staffs at Clemson, Austin Peay State, North Alabama, Appalachian State, UNLV, Fresno State, and Texas Tech 

Texas Tech
McNeill began his tenure at Texas Tech in 2000 as a linebackers coach  In 2003, he accepted the role of assistant head coach as well as taking duties of linebackers coach  In 2007, then-defensive coordinator Lyle Setencich stepped down due to "personal reasons" after a 49–45 loss to Oklahoma State in which the Texas Tech defense allowed over 600 yards of total offense and three 100 yard rushers  Head coach Mike Leach named McNeill interim defensive coordinator shortly after with eight games remaining in the season 
On December 28, 2009, Leach was suspended, and fired two days later, by Texas Tech University over the alleged inappropriate treatment of an injured player  McNeill was named interim head coach and led the team to a 41–31 victory over the Michigan State Spartans in the 2010 Alamo Bowl before being replaced as head coach by Tommy Tuberville  On January 13, 2010, McNeill was removed from the Texas Tech coaching staff by Tuberville and replaced with James Willis 

Defensive improvements
With McNeill at the defensive helm, the Red Raiders' defense improved in every defensive category  Under Setencich, Tech ranked seventh in pass defense, ninth in total defense, and tenth in scoring defense in Big 12 Conference play  In nine games with McNeill, Tech improved to first in pass and total defense and fourth in scoring defense  The Red Raiders forced more punts and allowed fewer rushing and passing yards than they did to begin the season  These vast improvements in the defense led Leach to drop the interim tag and make McNeill the full-time defensive coordinator 

East Carolina
On January 21, 2010 it was announced that Ruffin McNeill would be named head football coach at his alma mater, East Carolina, replacing Skip Holtz, who had recently left for the head coaching job at the University of South Florida After seasons of 6-7 and 5-7, in 2012 East Carolina posted an 8-5 record which included an appearance in the New Orleans Bowl  In 2013, McNeill's Pirates posted the second-most wins in school history, going 10-3 including a win over Ohio University in the 2013 Beef 'O' Brady's Bowl  The season also included wins over in-state rivals North Carolina and North Carolina State  In 2014, however, most felt the Pirates underachieved, marking an 8-5 record and losing 4 out of their last 6 games 
On December 4, 2015, McNeill was relieved of his duties as head coach after finishing the season with a record of 5-7 

Oklahoma
McNeill was named the assistant head coach and defensive tackles coach at the University of Oklahoma on June 14, 2017  He was named interim defensive coordinator on October 8, 2018 replacing the fired Mike Stoops   With the hiring of Alex Grinch as the defensive coordinator in January 2019, McNeill was retained on the OU staff as assistant head coach and outside linebackers coach 
McNeill resigned from Oklahoma at the conclusion of the 2019 season 

NC State
McNeill was announced as the special assistant to head coach Dave Doeren at NC State on July 7, 2020 

Personal
McNeill and his wife, Erlene, have two daughters, Olivia and Renata, one grandchild Isabella and a brother Reggie 
McNeill is a member of the Omega Psi Phi fraternity 

Head coaching record
Passage 4:
2002 Texas Tech Red Raiders football team
The 2002 Texas Tech Red Raiders football team represented Texas Tech University as a member of the Big 12 Conference during the 2002 NCAA Division I-A football season  In their third season under head coach Mike Leach, the Red Raiders compiled a 9–5 record (5–3 against Big 12 opponents), finished in a tie for third place in Southern Division of the Big 12, defeated Clemson in the 2002 Tangerine Bowl, and outscored opponents by a combined total of 537 to 439  The team played its home games at Jones SBC Stadium in Lubbock, Texas 
Quarterback Kliff Kingsbury totaled 5,017 passing yards and received the Sammy Baugh Trophy  Lawrence Flugence set the NCAA single-season record for most tackles 

Schedule
Roster
Game summaries
At Ohio State
At SMU
Ole Miss
NC State
At New Mexico
At Texas A&M
At Iowa State
Missouri
At Colorado
Baylor
Oklahoma State
Texas
At Oklahoma
Vs  Clemson (Tangerine Bowl)
Team players in the NFL
Passage 5:
2004 Texas Tech Red Raiders football team
The 2004 Texas Tech Red Raiders football team represented Texas Tech University as a member of the Big 12 Conference during the 2004 NCAA Division I-A football season  In their fifth season under head coach Mike Leach, the Red Raiders compiled an overall record of 8–4 record with a mark of 5–3 in conference play, finished in a tie for third place in Southern Division of the Big 12, defeated California in the 2004 Holiday Bowl, and outscored opponents by a combined total of 434 to 314  The team played its home games at Jones SBC Stadium in Lubbock, Texas 
The team was led by senior quarterback Sonny Cumbie, who finished the season with 4,742 passing yards, 32 touchdowns, and 18 interceptions, leading the NCAA in passing yards  Cumbie would later serve as an assistant coach for the program starting in 2009, eventually being promoted to co-offensive coordinator in 2013  He would then serve as TCU's offensive coordinator from 2014 to 2020  Cumbie would return to Texas Tech following the 2020 season, being hired as offensive coordinator and quarterbacks coach under head coach Matt Wells  In 2021, Cumbie would be promoted to interim head coach after Wells was fired on October 25 

Previous season
The 2003 team finished the season 8–5, 4–4 in Big 12 play, finishing in 4th place in the Southern Division  The team was invited to the Houston Bowl, defeating Navy 38–14  Quarterback B  J  Symons won the Sammy Baugh Trophy, while wide receiver Wes Welker won the Mosi Tatupu Award 

NFL draftees
Schedule
Personnel
Game summaries
At SMU
At New Mexico
TCU
The Horned Frogs jumped out to a 21–0 lead midway through the second quarter before the Red Raiders scored 56 unanswered points 

At Kansas
Texas Tech got on the board first, with Kansas running back John Randle being tackled in his own end zone for a safety  The Jayhawks then scored 14 unanswered points, with a 36-yard pass from Adam Barmann to Randle and a 1-yard Randle run  Texas Tech would then respond with a 34-yard field goal from Alex Trlica with under a minute left in the first quarter  Kansas went on another scoring run in the second, scoring 16 unanswered points, including a pass from wide receiver Charles Gordon to Brandon Rideau  Gordon would then score on a receiving touchdown from Barmann, but the ensuing two-point pass would fail  The Red Raiders would score their first touchdown in the closing seconds of the first half, with a 32-yard pass from Sonny Cumbie to Trey Haverty  Texas Tech would attempt a two-point conversion, but the pass fell incomplete  The Red Raiders went into halftime trailing 11–30  The Jayhawks were shutout in the second half as the Red Raiders scored 20 unanswered points, with running back Taurean Henderson scoring the game-winning touchdown with 2:37 left 
Quarterback Sonny Cumbie had an uneven game, completing 28-of-52 passes (53 8%) for 356 yards with two touchdowns and four interceptions  Wide receiver Danny Amendola lost a fumble, bringing the Red Raiders' turnover total to five  The Jayhawks would capitalize on the turnovers, scoring 16 points off of turnovers  Kansas would commit three turnovers, all interceptions by quarterback Adam Barmann 

At Oklahoma
Nebraska
Texas Tech forced eight turnovers while only committing one and had 523 yards of total offense while Nebraska only had 292  The 70 points given up and the 60 point margin of defeat are both the largest in Nebraska school history  In 2020, the Omaha World-Herald ranked this game as the seventh most painful loss in the Cornhuskers' history since a 36–62 loss to Colorado in 2001 

Texas
At Kansas State
Baylor
At Texas A&M
Oklahoma State
Vs  California (Holiday Bowl)
Rankings
Players drafted into the NFL
Passage 6:
2012 Washington State Cougars football team
The 2012 Washington State Cougars football team represented Washington State University during the 2012 NCAA Division I FBS football season  The team was coached by first-year head coach Mike Leach and played their home games at Martin Stadium in Pullman, Washington  They were members of the North Division of the Pac-12 Conference  They finished the season 3–9, 1–8 in Pac-12 play to finish in last place in the North Division 

Schedule
Game summaries
BYU
On a nationally televised broadcast, Mike Leach's first game as head coach of the Washington State Cougars was a 30-6 blowout loss to BYU, the former Texas Tech coach's alma mater  Despite Leach's offenses being typically known for their high scoring shootouts, the Wazzu Cougars were unable to score a single touchdown  This marked the first time that a Leach-led offense failed to score a touchdown since 2006, when Texas Tech lost to TCU 12-3  Wazzu quarterback Jeff Tuel threw for 228 yards and two interceptions, while the offense ran for -4 yards on the ground  The only points for the Washington State Cougars came from two field goals in the second quarter  BYU now leads the series 3–1 

Eastern Washington
Of Note: Andrew Furney made a 60 yard field goal at the end of the first half, which would ultimately prove the difference 

UNLV
Colorado
Oregon
Oregon State
1st quarter scoring: ORST - Trevor Romaine 30-yard field goal 
2nd quarter scoring:	WSU - Andrew Furney 24-yard field goal; ORST - Trevor Romaine 24-yard field goal GOOD 
3rd quarter scoring:
4th quarter scoring:

California
Stanford
Utah
UCLA
The Bruins lead the series 18-39-1, which was started in 1928



ground_truth: Charles L. Clifford

prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: After coaching the red raiders to several winning seasons, where does Mike Leach currently coach at?

The following are given passages.
Context 2: 
Hours before the game, the Cougars' star receiver Marquess Wilson said in a press release that he has left the program because of the actions of first-year coach Mike Leach and his staff  Wilson was suspended earlier in the week for an unspecified violation of team rules  Wilson said the new staff has "preferred to belittle, intimidate and humiliate us " That included physical abuse, Wilson said 
1st quarter scoring: UCLA – Sheldon Price 68-yard blocked field goal return (Ka'imi Fairbairn kick); Dominique Williams 6-yard pass from Connor Halliday (Andrew Furney kick)
2nd quarter scoring: UCLA - Johnathan Franklin 16-yard pass from Brett Hundley (Fairbairn kick); UCLA – Joseph Fauria 9-yard pass from Hundley (Fairbairn kick); UCLA – Anthony Barr safety; UCLA – Devin Fuller 10-yard pass from Hundley (Fairbairn kick); UCLA – Eric Kendricks 40-yard fumble recovery (Fairbairn kick)
3rd quarter scoring: WSU - Brett Bartolone 7-yard pass from Halliday (Furney kick); UCLA – Jordon James 2-yard run (Fairbairn kick); WSU - Marcus Mason 4-yard pass from Halliday (Furney kick)
4th quarter scoring: WSU - Dominique Williams 11-yard pass from Halliday (Furney kick); WSU - Kristoff Williams 3-yard pass from Halliday (Dominique Williams pass from Halliday 2-point conversion)

Arizona State
Washington
Washington State's first win in the rivalry since 2008 

Roster and coaching staff
Passage 7:
2000 Texas Tech Red Raiders football team
The 2000 Texas Tech Red Raiders football team represented Texas Tech University as a member of the Big 12 Conference during the 2000 NCAA Division I-A football season  In their first season under head coach Mike Leach, the Red Raiders compiled a 7–6 record (3–5 against Big 12 opponents), finished in fourth place in Southern Division of the Big 12, and outscored opponents by a combined total of 330 to 278  The team played its home games at Jones SBC Stadium in Lubbock, Texas 
Of the team's staff and players, 23 went on to coach either in the NFL or in college football, including eight head coaches of FBS football teams and eight more who were FBS coordinators   Defensive coordinator Greg McMackin, running backs coach Art Briles, wide receivers coach Sonny Dykes, inside receivers coach Dana Holgorsen, linebackers coach Ruffin McNeill, special teams coordinator Manny Matsakis, and starting quarterback Kliff Kingsbury all went on to become FBS head coaches, with Kingsbury eventually becoming an NFL head coach 

Schedule
Personnel
Game summaries
New Mexico
At Texas A&M
Nebraska
At Oklahoma
Vs  East Carolina (Galleryfurniture com Bowl)
Team players drafted into the NFL
Passage 8:
2001 Texas Tech Red Raiders football team
The 2001 Texas Tech Red Raiders football team represented Texas Tech University as a member of the Big 12 Conference during the 2001 NCAA Division I-A football season  In their second season under head coach Mike Leach, the Red Raiders compiled a 7–5 record (4–4 against Big 12 opponents), finished in a tie for third place in Southern Division of the Big 12, lost to Iowa in the 2001 Alamo Bowl, and outscored opponents by a combined total of 402 to 281  The team played its home games at Jones SBC Stadium in Lubbock, Texas 

Previous season
The Red Raiders finished the 2000 season with an overall record of 7–6, 3–5 in Big 12 play, to finish fourth in the Big 12 South  The team was invited to the Galleryfurniture com Bowl, where they lost 27–40 to East Carolina 

NFL Draft
Tackle Kris Kocurek was drafted in the 6th round (181st overall) by the Seattle Seahawks 

Schedule
Personnel
Game summaries
New Mexico
At UTEP
The game was initially scheduled to take place on September 13, but was then postponed following the September 11 attacks  The game was eventually canceled on September 21 when the two teams could not agree on a date to reschedule that would work for both  Texas Tech would eventually play Stephen F  Austin to make up for the lost game 

Vs  North Texas
At Texas
Kansas
The Red Raiders would not lose to the Jayhawks again until October 26, 2019, with Kansas defeating Texas Tech 37–34 in Lawrence 

Kansas State
At Nebraska
At Baylor
Texas A&M
At Oklahoma State
Oklahoma
Stephen F  Austin
Vs  Iowa (Alamo Bowl)
Passage 9:
Mike Leach (American football coach)
Michael Charles Leach (March 9, 1961 – December 12, 2022) was an American college football coach who primarily coached at the NCAA Division I FBS level  He was a two-time national coach of the year, three-time conference coach of the year and the mastermind behind the NCAA record-setting air raid offense  He was the head coach at Texas Tech University from 2000 to 2009, where he became the winningest coach in school history  After Texas Tech, he coached at Washington State University from 2012 to 2019, where he recorded the third-most wins of any coach in school history  He then coached at Mississippi State from 2020 until his death in 2022 Leach was known for directing offenses using lots of passing to several receivers, in a spread system known as the air raid, which Leach developed with Hal Mumme when Mumme was head coach and Leach was offensive coordinator at Iowa Wesleyan, Valdosta State, and Kentucky in the 1990s  Leach's offenses with Mumme, and later as a head coach himself, have broken numerous school and NCAA records  On eighteen occasions, Leach led his unranked team to victory over a team ranked in the AP poll, which is the most in the AP era 

Early life and education
Mike Leach was born to Frank and Sandra Leach in Susanville, California  His father Frank was a forester and the family moved around several times while Leach was growing up, before finally settling in Cody, Wyoming  Leach was raised a member of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints   While growing up in Cody, he joined Boy Scout Troop 58 and earned the rank of Eagle in 1975  Leach graduated from Cody High School in 1979; he played football there from 1975–1978 and was recruited to play at Brigham Young University (BYU) in Provo, Utah  An ankle injury he sustained in high school ruled out playing college football, so he played rugby instead Leach stayed close to the football program, occasionally sitting in on film room sessions  Led by head coach LaVell Edwards, offensive coordinator Norm Chow, and quarterbacks Marc Wilson, Jim McMahon, and Steve Young, BYU played with a pass-heavy offense, which was uncommon in college football at that time  Leach graduated in 1983 with a bachelor's degree in American studies In 1986, Leach earned a Juris Doctor from Pepperdine University School of Law in Malibu, California  He is also one of the most prominent graduates of the United States Sports Academy in Daphne, Alabama, from which he earned a Master of Sports Science in sports coaching in 1988 

Coaching career
Early coaching career
In 1987, Leach began his coaching career as an assistant at Cal Poly and College of the Desert (in 1988) In 1989, he served as head coach of the Pori Bears in the American Football Association of Finland Also in 1989, he joined Hal Mumme's staff at Iowa Wesleyan University as offensive coordinator  The pair spent three seasons there before moving to Valdosta State (1992–1996) and then Kentucky (1997–1998)  The partnership was known for the development of the air raid offense, which allowed their teams to rank highly in offensive statistics and set numerous records  Kentucky quarterback Tim Couch became a No  1 overall NFL draft pick For the 1999 season, Leach joined the Oklahoma staff under head coach Bob Stoops  Oklahoma's offense, which had ranked 11th in the Big 12 Conference in 1998, improved under Leach to first in the conference in 1999 

Texas Tech
After one year at Oklahoma, Leach was hired as head coach of the Texas Tech Red Raiders, another Big 12 member Under Leach, the Red Raiders' best finishes came with three nine-win seasons in 2002, 2005, and 2007 and an 11-win season in 2008  In 2002, Tech swept its in-state conference rivals Baylor, Texas, and Texas A&M for the first time since 1997 and then defeated Clemson, 55–15, in the Tangerine Bowl  It was the Red Raiders' first postseason win since 1995 when they beat the Air Force Falcons in the Copper Bowl  In 2005, the Red Raiders opened their season with a 6–0 record, their best start since 1998  Leach built a strong passing offense at Tech, where the Red Raiders led the NCAA in passing yardage for four years in a row He inserted Kliff Kingsbury at quarterback for three years  Kingsbury broke the NCAA records for completions in a career  Kingsbury was succeeded at the position by B  J  Symons, who produced the most passing yards in a season in NCAA history  Sonny Cumbie followed, leading the Red Raiders to an upset of the then-4th ranked California in the Holiday Bowl  Cody Hodges succeeded Cumbie, and subsequently led the NCAA in passing  Graham Harrell, the first non-senior starting QB since Kingsbury, struggled early in the 2006 season  However, he showed steady improvement beginning with the game against Iowa State and ended the season with a record-setting comeback victory over the Minnesota Golden Gophers  Harrell also set NCAA records for passes completed in a season and career amongst others 

Texas Tech was known for its high-scoring offense and come-from-behind victories during Leach's tenure  A 70–35 win over TCU in 2004 began with TCU leading 21–0 with eight minutes remaining in the second quarter  Before Tech's scoring drives started, a TCU defensive back was caught mouthing into a TV camera, "They aren't going to score " Later in the season, Texas Tech beat Nebraska, 70–10, forcing the Cornhuskers to give up more points in a single game than they had before in their 114-year history  In 2005, the Red Raiders were losing to Kansas State, 13–10, late in the second quarter but won the game 59–20  Also in 2005, Tech had a halftime lead of 14–10 over Texas A&M  By the end of the game, they increased the margin to 56–17  It was the Aggies' worst loss to the Red Raiders in the 64-year-old series Leach was chosen to coach the South team during the 2007 inaugural Inta Juice North-South All-Star Classic game At the end of the 2008 season, Leach was 76–39 with the Red Raiders, including 7–2 against the Texas A&M Aggies and 2–7 against the Texas Longhorns  With a 5–4 record, he is the all-time winningest coach in postseason play in Tech football history  Leach was one of only sixteen active college football coaches who had never had a losing season after he left Texas Tech  This was followed by a 3–9 season in his seminal year with Washington State  Of those, he is among nine who have been a head coach for at least five seasons In February 2009, Leach signed a three-year contract extension with Texas Tech that would have paid him at least $2 5 million per year if he had stayed through 2013  Leach's guaranteed compensation would have been $1 6 million in 2006, $1 65 million in 2007, $1 75 million in 2008, $1 85 million in 2009 and $2 15 million in 2010 

2007 Texas game controversy
During his post-game press conference after the 2007 loss against Texas, Leach used most of his time to rail against the officiating crew for what he felt were bad calls  He speculated that the officials may have favored Texas because the head official lived in Austin, because they were incompetent, or possibly because the conference wanted Texas to appear in a BCS bowl because of the increased appearance fees that such a bowl generates for the conference  Jim Vertuno of the Associated Press wrote, "Leach was upset officials disallowed two Tech touchdowns in the third quarter  The first was overruled when video replay clearly showed the receiver let the ball hit the ground  On the next play, a touchdown pass was negated by a holding penalty  Leach also wanted, but didn't get, a flag for roughing the quarterback " The Lubbock Avalanche-Journal reported, "Big 12 policy prohibits coaches from commenting publicly about game officials, so Leach's actions leave him open to reprimand, fine or worse " ESPN reported, "Big 12 official spokesman Bob Burda did not immediately respond to telephone messages seeking comment  Leach's rant will likely draw a fine from the league and possibly a suspension "On November 13, 2007, the Big 12 fined Leach $10,000, the largest fine in Big 12 history  Leach also received a reprimand and was warned that further violations could result in suspension  In a Big 12 coaches' conference call that day, Leach added that he did not regret making any of the comments  Leach announced that he would appeal the fine  Tech alumni and fans began raising money to aid Leach in paying the penalty in the event that it was upheld  Optionally, the proceeds raised could be used charitably  So, just before Christmas 2007, Leach requested that the nearly $5,000 raised be used to purchase 400 hams to give to families in Lubbock, Texas  Future donations were to go to the university or athletic department  Following the 2008 Gator Bowl, in which Virginia scored twice on penalties against Tech for intentional grounding in the end zone, Leach joked, "I felt like we had a back there on the one safety, but I don't comment on officiating  I just give out hams is what I do "

2008 season
Leach, along with players Graham Harrell and Michael Crabtree were featured on the cover of the 2008 edition of Dave Campbell's Texas Football  The magazine predicted that the 2008 Red Raider football team would be the best in Texas and would challenge for the Big 12 South title  Following a 9–0 beginning to the season, including a win over the undefeated #1 Texas Longhorns, Texas Tech Athletic Director Gerald Myers announced that the university would renegotiate Leach's contract following the conclusion of the football regular season and give him an extension The Red Raiders ended the 2008 regular season with 11 wins and 1 loss, the best in school history  The season also marked the first win over a #1 ranked team  Tech, along with Oklahoma and Texas, shared the Big 12 Conference South division title  On December 2, 2008, the Associated Press named Leach the Big 12 Coach of the Year  He received 16 votes for the honor by the agency's panel, while Texas' Mack Brown got 4  He won co-Coach of the Year honors from the Big 12 coaches; Oklahoma's Bob Stoops received the same recognition for the same season  The Dallas Morning News named him Coach of the Year as well  He garnered the 2008 George Munger Award, which is given annually to the top college coach of the year by the Maxwell Football Club After much controversy about how the tie-breaker should be handled between Texas, Oklahoma, and Texas Tech fans, the Red Raiders ended up being left out of the BCS because of a rule that states only two teams from each conference could enter BCS play per season  Oklahoma won the tie-breaker on account of their higher BCS ranking, ultimately losing to Florida in the national championship  Texas Tech also ended up losing that year in the Cotton Bowl to Ole Miss 47–34 Leach interviewed for the University of Washington head coaching job, which was vacated by Tyrone Willingham  ESPN reported that Leach withdrew his name from the coaching search following his interview  Auburn, where Tommy Tuberville resigned, had also been rumored to have contacted Leach  In an interview with the Associated Press, Tech quarterback Graham Harrell stated that there was a "great chance" Leach could leave  Harrell noted that Leach might leave for a newer challenge  After Leach withdrew his name from consideration for the Washington job, Harrell retracted his statements and believed Leach would remain the Red Raiders' coach Tech athletic director Gerald Myers had indicated that he would give a raise to Leach before Tech's bowl game, which he later negotiated  Leach and the university settled on a five-year extension worth $12 7 million after months of negotiations over the clauses of the contract 

2009 season
On October 31, 2009, after the Red Raiders' win over Kansas, Leach tied his predecessor Spike Dykes as the all-time winningest coach in Texas Tech's 85-year football history  On November 21, 2009, Leach passed Dykes for first all-time on the school's wins list with a win over Oklahoma 

Firing
On December 28, 2009, Leach was suspended indefinitely by Texas Tech pending investigation of alleged inappropriate treatment of Adam James, son of former SMU and New England Patriots running back (and former ESPN college football analyst) Craig James  On December 16, James suffered a concussion  He was examined the next day, and told not to practice that afternoon due to the concussion  According to a James family source, Leach ordered him to stand in the equipment room near the Raiders' practice facility 
According to the Lubbock Avalanche-Journal, school officials claim they gave Leach an ultimatum to apologize to James in writing by December 28 or Leach be suspended  His attorney, Ted Liggett, disputed the characterization of events as reported by the university and other news sources, and said that James had been treated reasonably in light of his condition Leach sought an injunction that would have allowed him to coach in the 2010 Alamo Bowl  However, on December 30, Texas Tech fired Leach, calling his refusal to apologize to James "a defiant act of insubordination " This was the day before Leach was reportedly owed an $800,000 tenure bonus and over $1,700,000 for contractual guaranteed income for 2009  Texas Tech lawyers handed a termination letter to Liggett just minutes before the two sides were to appear in a Lubbock courtroom for a hearing  Liggett was also told that Leach would not be allowed to coach in the Alamo Bowl regardless of how the hearing turned out  School officials later said that other incidents had come to light during its investigation of Leach, but declined to elaborate  Defensive coordinator Ruffin McNeill was named interim head coach and led the team during their appearance in the Alamo Bowl In a statement, Leach said that he believed the firing was motivated in part by simmering acrimony over the contract negotiations  He also said he planned to sue Texas Tech for wrongful termination On December 31, Leach spoke with The New York Times in his first interview since being fired from Texas Tech  He said that he did not know where James had been taken, having only ordered him taken "out of the light " He claimed the controversy stemmed from Craig James' constant lobbying for more playing time for his son, whom he characterized as lazy and feeling entitled On January 8, 2010, Leach formally filed suit against Texas Tech for wrongful termination and other claims  He claimed that school officials not only fired him without cause, but issued defamatory statements in a willful attempt to keep him from being hired elsewhere  During a deposition for the case obtained by the Lubbock Avalanche-Journal, Adam James admitted under oath that he found the closet incident "funny " In May 2010, District Judge Bill Sowder dismissed all but one of Leach's claims on the grounds of sovereign immunity, but he allowed Leach's claim for breach of contract to proceed, finding that Texas Tech had waived its immunity on this claim by its conduct  The judge also dismissed Leach's claims against three university administrators  Both parties took steps to appeal the decision, although Leach's attorneys said they would drop their appeal if Texas Tech would do likewise and allow the breach of contract claim to proceed to a jury trial  Early in 2011, Texas 7th Court of Appeals ruled that Texas Tech was immune from Leach's claim of breach of contract but that Leach can claim non-monetary reparations  Leach's attorney Paul Dobrowski announced his intention to appeal to the Supreme Court of Texas In February 2012, the Texas Supreme Court denied Leach's petition for review  After that denial, Texas Tech attorney Dicky Gregg stated "As we've said from the beginning, we were right on the law and the facts, and the (Texas) Supreme Court has just held that we were correct on the law "Friday Night Lights series creator Peter Berg has hinted that he has written a movie script for the characters from the TV series that is based on Leach's firing from Texas Tech On August 6, Judge Sowder issued a summary judgement dismissing Leach's lawsuits against ESPN, Spaeth Communications, and Craig James  Leach's attorneys indicated they would appeal 

Post-Texas Tech
In August 2010, Leach joined CBS College Sports Network, where he worked as a color analyst with play-by-play announcer Roger Twibell In 2010, Leach joined host Jack Arute to co-host "College Football Playbook" on SiriusXM College Sports Nation Channel 91, which airs weekdays 12 pm – 3 pm ET In 2011, Leach released an autobiographical book, Swing Your Sword: Leading the Charge in Football and in Life, through Diversion Books  The book debuted at number six on The New York Times Best Seller list Leach was considered by many in the national media to be a candidate for the head coaching vacancies at University of Miami, University of Maryland, and University of Minnesota following the 2010 regular season  After at least two interviews at Maryland, he was considered the frontrunner for that job until the administration decided instead to hire Randy Edsall away from UConn  Leach was mentioned in connection with a number of other vacancies in head-coaching positions during 2011, including Washington State, Arizona, Ole Miss, Kansas, Penn State, and Tulane 

Washington State
Leach agreed to terms with Washington State on November 30, 2011, and began coaching for the 2012 season  His five-year rollover contract made Leach the fourth-highest paid coach in the Pac-12  On December 5, 2019, Leach received a contract extension through 2024 

2012 season
Leach's first season in Pullman was a controversial one  Washington State was 3–9 overall and 1–8 in Pac-12 play; the lone wins were against FCS Eastern Washington, UNLV, and an upset of rival Washington in the Apple Cup in Pullman  On November 10, more allegations of player abuse erupted when star wide receiver Marquess Wilson quit the team citing "physical, emotional and verbal abuse" by the coaching staff  Immediately after the allegations were made, university president Elson Floyd issued a statement indicating that he had requested investigations into the alleged incident(s) from both the WSU Athletic Department and the Pac-12 Conference  The investigations determined that the claims made against Leach were without merit, and Wilson later recanted the allegations  Leach received a 2-year contract extension on November 18, 2013, after leading the Washington State Cougars to their best record since 2006 

2013 season
Leach led WSU to a 6–6 regular season in 2013 that had them bowl eligible for the first time in a decade  They were led on offense by Connor Halliday, who set school and conference records for passing  The Cougars defeated USC, California, Arizona, and Utah for a 4–5 conference record  Invited to the New Mexico Bowl in Albuquerque, WSU led most of the game, but lost 48–45 to the Colorado State Rams  Down by sixteen points with under three minutes to play, the Rams mounted an all-time great comeback, winning with a field goal as time expired in regulation  The Cougars led the nation in passing offense and total offense and Leach was awarded a pay raise for the Cougars' 2013 performance 

2014 season
The 2014 season saw the Cougars regress to a 3–9 record  The Cougars defeated Portland State 59–21, Utah 28–27, and Oregon State 39–32 

2015 season
In 2015, despite a season-opening loss to FCS school Portland State, the Cougars had their breakthrough season of the Leach era with a 9–4 record, 6–3 in the Pac-12  The Cougars were invited to the Sun Bowl in El Paso, Texas, where they beat the Miami Hurricanes 20–14  This was the best Cougar record since the 2003 team went 10–3 

2016 season
WSU began the 2016 season with two losses, but rallied off eight consecutive wins before dropping their final two games  The success of their season, led by Luke Falk at quarterback, landed them in the Holiday Bowl in San Diego where they lost 17–12 to Minnesota of the Big Ten  WSU finished 7–2 in the Pac-12, with notable wins over Oregon and #15 Stanford  It was the Cougars' best conference finish in thirteen seasons, but the bowl loss gave WSU an overall record of 8–5 

2017 season
Washington State was 6–3 in the Pac-12 in 2017  They were again invited to the Holiday Bowl where they lost 42–17 to Michigan State and finished 9–4 overall 

2018 season
Leach recruited graduate transfer Gardner Minshew at quarterback in time for the 2018 season and it paid big dividends  The Cougars won a school record-tying ten games, the first time they had won that many in the regular season since the Rose Bowl year of 2002  They also surged as high as seventh in major polling and went into the Apple Cup with a chance to clinch the Pac-12 North title and a shot at the Rose Bowl, but lost 28–15 to rival Washington in the snow in Pullman, a sixth consecutive loss to the Huskies  The 10–2 Cougars were invited to the Alamo Bowl in San Antonio to play the Iowa State Cyclones of the Big 12  They won 28–26 for a school record 11th win 

2019 season
After Minshew went to the NFL, Leach led Washington State to a 6–7 record in 2019  Notably, Leach and the Cougars lost to unranked UCLA while ranked #19 going into the game  WSU ended the regular season with Leach's seventh consecutive Apple Cup loss 

Mississippi State
2020 season
On January 9, 2020, Leach agreed to be the head coach of the Mississippi State Bulldogs  His contract was reported to pay him $5 million annually  The season started with a 44–34 upset victory over no  6 LSU, who had won the CFP National Championship the previous season  The team struggled the rest of the season, winning only two more games, 24–17 over Vanderbilt and 51–32 over Missouri, finishing the regular season at 3–7  Despite the losing record, the Bulldogs were invited to the Armed Forces Bowl, as the NCAA waived bowl eligibility requirements due to the COVID-19 pandemic  Mississippi State faced off against no  24 Tulsa, defeating the Golden Hurricane 28–26 to finish with an overall record of 4–7 

2021 season
2022 season
Head coaching record
Achievements
Overall
Won 18 games over AP-ranked teams while his own team was unranked, the most since the AP Poll was introduced in 1936 

Kentucky
Four NCAA, 42 SEC, and 116 school records broken as Kentucky's offensive coordinator

Texas Tech
10 consecutive winning seasons
8 consecutive seasons with at least 8 wins
4 seasons with at least 9 wins
1 season with 11 wins
9 consecutive bowl appearances
5 bowl wins (most by any individual coach in the history of the program)
4 seasons completed with team ranked in the Top 25
19–11 record against in-state conference rivals Baylor, Texas, and Texas A&M
53–11 record at Jones AT&T Stadium, home of the Texas Tech Red Raider football team
2008 AP Big 12 Coach of the Year
2008 Big 12 Coach of the Year
Coached 1 Fred Biletnikoff Award (Best Wide Receiver) winner: Michael Crabtree (two-time winner)
Coached 1 Johnny Unitas Golden Arm Award (Best Senior Quarterback) winner: Graham Harrell
Coached 1 Mosi Tatupu Award (Best Kick Returner) winner: Wes Welker
Coached 3 Sammy Baugh Trophy (Outstanding Quarterback) winners: Kliff Kingsbury, B  J  Symons, and Graham Harrell
More than 150 NCAA, Big 12 and school records broken as Texas Tech's head coach
All-time winningest football coach in Texas Tech history

Washington State
2015 Pac-12 Coach of the Year
2018 Pac-12 Coach of the Year
4 consecutive winning seasons
First coach to win 11 games in a season
Coached 1 Johnny Unitas Golden Arm Award (Best Senior Quarterback) winner: Gardner Minshew
1 top 10 finish
2 bowl wins

Mississippi State
First head coach to win against a top 10 ranked team in coaching debut
Broke SEC and school record in passing yards in a single game

Coaching tree
Although he did not play college football, Leach played wide receiver under John McDougall, the longtime coach at Cody High School in Cody, Wyoming  Under Coach MacDougall, Cody played in two top division state championships while Leach was a student, winning one in 1976 in triple overtime against coach John Deti's Laramie Plainsmen 
Head coaches under whom Leach served:

Lyle Setencich: Cal Poly (1987)
Hal Mumme: Iowa Wesleyan (1989–1991), Valdosta State (1992–1996), Kentucky (1997–1998)
Bob Stoops: Oklahoma (1999)Assistant coaches under Leach who became college head coaches:

Dave Aranda: Baylor (2020–present)
Zach Arnett: Mississippi State (2022–present)
Art Briles: Houston (2003–2007), Baylor (2008–2015)
Jeff Choate: Montana State (2016–2020)
Sonny Dykes: Louisiana Tech (2010–2012), California (2013–2016), SMU (2018–2021), TCU (2022–present)
Dana Holgorsen: West Virginia (2011–2018), Houston (2019–present)
Seth Littrell: North Texas (2016–2022)
Greg McMackin: Hawaii (2008–2011)
Ruffin McNeill: East Carolina (2010–2015)
Lincoln Riley: Oklahoma (2017–2021), USC (2022–present)
Ken Wilson: Nevada (2022–present)Players under Leach who became college or NFL head coaches:

Neal Brown: Troy (2015–2018), West Virginia (2019–present)
Sonny Cumbie: Louisiana Tech (2022–present)
Josh Heupel: UCF (2018–2020), Tennessee (2021–present)
Kliff Kingsbury: Texas Tech (2013–2018), Arizona Cardinals (2019–2023)
Eric Morris: Incarnate Word (2018–2021), North Texas (2023-present)

Personal life
Leach was the oldest of six siblings  He and his wife, Sharon, were the parents of four children, along with three grandchildren Leach was atypical among NCAA Division I head coaches in that he did not play college football Famous among fans for his fascination with 18th-century pirates such as Blackbeard and Calico Jack, Leach lectured his players on the history of pirates, and told them before games to "swing their swords " His office had been described as a museum of pirate paraphernalia  Notably, his office at Washington State included a life-size statue of a singing pirate, a gift from basketball coaching legend Bob Knight, who had coached at Texas Tech for most of Leach's tenure at that school  In particular, Leach admired the teamwork exhibited by pirates:
Pirates function as a team  There were a lot of castes and classes in England at the time  But with pirates, it didn't matter if you were black, white, rich or poor  The object was to get a treasure  If the captain did a bad job, you could just overthrow him 
Leach spent time during each off-season pursuing non-sport interests  Besides pirates, he had studied topics such as Native American leader Geronimo, American pioneer Daniel Boone, grizzly bears, chimpanzees, whales, and American artist Jackson Pollock Leach made a cameo appearance on the TV series Friday Night Lights  In the show's fourth season, he portrayed a "random loon" at a gas station who implores a despondent coach Eric Taylor to "swing your sword" and "find your inner pirate "During the spring of 2019, Leach co-taught a five-week seminar at Washington State, "Insurgent Warfare and Football Strategies," alongside Washington politician Michael Baumgartner 

Death
On December 11, 2022, Leach experienced an undisclosed health issue and was hospitalized in Jackson, Mississippi  That evening, Sports Illustrated reporter Ross Dellenger reported that Leach was in critical condition  The Clarion-Ledger reported that Leach had suffered a massive heart attack and had not received medical attention for 10 to 15 minutes, and had also suffered seizures that may have contributed to brain damage as a result  He died the following day at the age of 61  In a statement, Mississippi State gave the cause of death as "complications due to a heart condition" 
Passage 10:
2003 Texas Tech Red Raiders football team
The 2003 Texas Tech Red Raiders football team represented Texas Tech University as a member of the Big 12 Conference during the 2003 NCAA Division I-A football season  In their fourth season under head coach Mike Leach, the Red Raiders compiled an 8–5 record (4–4 against Big 12 opponents), finished in fourth place in Southern Division of the Big 12, defeated Navy in the 2003 Houston Bowl, and outscored opponents by a combined total of 552 to 442  The team played its home games at Jones SBC Stadium in Lubbock, Texas 
Quarterback B  J  Symons totaled 5,833 passing yards and received the Sammy Baugh Trophy, and Wes Welker totaled 1,099 receiving yards and received the Mosi Tatupu Award 

Schedule
Personnel
Game summaries
Texas A&M
B J  Symons 34/46, 505 Yards, 8 TDs (Big 12 record)

Colorado



ground_truth: Washington State

prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: Havelock Ellis and Arnold Bennett were both what?

The following are given passages.
Context 3: Passage 1:
Arnold Bennett
Enoch Arnold Bennett (27 May 1867 – 27 March 1931) was an English author, best known as a novelist who wrote prolifically  Between the 1890s and the 1930s he completed 34 novels, seven volumes of short stories, 13 plays (some in collaboration with other writers), and a daily journal totalling more than a million words  He wrote articles and stories for more than 100 newspapers and periodicals, worked in and briefly ran the Ministry of Information in the First World War, and wrote for the cinema in the 1920s  Sales of his books were substantial and he was the most financially successful British author of his day 
Born into a modest but upwardly mobile family in Hanley, in the Staffordshire Potteries, Bennett was intended by his father, a solicitor, to follow him into the legal profession  Bennett worked for his father, before moving to another law firm in London as a clerk, aged 21  He became assistant editor and then editor of a women's magazine, before becoming a full-time author in 1900  Always a devotee of French culture in general and French literature in particular, he moved to Paris in 1903; there the relaxed milieu helped him overcome his intense shyness, particularly with women  He spent ten years in France, marrying a Frenchwoman in 1907  In 1912 he moved back to England  He and his wife separated in 1921 and he spent the last years of his life with a new partner, an English actress  He died in 1931 of typhoid fever, having unwisely drunk tap-water in France 
Many of Bennett's novels and short stories are set in a fictionalised version of the Staffordshire Potteries, which he called The Five Towns  He strongly believed that literature should be accessible to ordinary people, and he deplored literary cliques and élites  His books appealed to a wide public and sold in large numbers  For this reason, and for his adherence to realism, writers and supporters of the modernist school, notably Virginia Woolf, belittled him, and his fiction became neglected after his death  During his lifetime his journalistic "self-help" books sold in substantial numbers, and he was also a playwright; he did less well in the theatre than with novels, but achieved two considerable successes with Milestones (1912) and The Great Adventure (1913) 
Studies by Margaret Drabble (1974), John Carey (1992) and others have led to a re-evaluation of Bennett's work  His finest novels, including Anna of the Five Towns (1902), The Old Wives' Tale (1908), Clayhanger (1910) and Riceyman Steps (1923), are now widely recognised as major works 

Life and career
Early years
Arnold Bennett was born on 27 May 1867 in Hanley, Staffordshire, now part of Stoke-on-Trent but then a separate town  He was the eldest child of the three sons and three daughters of Enoch Bennett (1843–1902) and his wife Sarah Ann, née Longson (1840–1914)  Enoch Bennett's early career had been one of mixed fortunes: after an unsuccessful attempt to run a business making and selling pottery, he set up as a draper and pawnbroker in 1866  Four years later Enoch's father died, leaving him some money with which he articled himself to a local law firm; in 1876 he qualified as a solicitor  The Bennetts were staunch Wesleyans, musical, cultured and sociable  Enoch Bennett had an authoritarian side, but it was a happy household, although a mobile one: as Enoch's success as a solicitor increased, the family moved, within the space of five years in the late 1870s and early 1880s, to four different houses in Hanley and the neighbouring Burslem From 1877 to 1882, Bennett's schooling was at the Wedgwood Institute, Burslem, followed by a year at a grammar school in Newcastle-under-Lyme  He was good at Latin and better at French; he had an inspirational headmaster who gave him a love for French literature and the French language that lasted all his life  He did well academically and passed Cambridge University examinations that could have led to an Oxbridge education, but his father had other plans  In 1883, aged 16, Bennett left school and began work – unpaid – in his father's office  He divided his time between uncongenial jobs, such as rent collecting, during the day, and studying for examinations in the evening  He began writing in a modest way, contributing light pieces to the local newspaper  He became adept in Pitman's shorthand, a skill much sought after in commercial offices, and on the strength of that he secured a post as a clerk at a firm of solicitors in Lincoln's Inn Fields, London  In March 1889, aged 21, he left for London and never returned to live in his native county 

First years in London
In the solicitors' office in London, Bennett became friendly with a young colleague, John Eland, who had a passion for books  Eland's friendship helped alleviate Bennett's innate shyness, which was exacerbated by a lifelong stammer  Together they explored the world of literature  Among the writers who impressed and influenced Bennett were George Moore, Émile Zola, Honoré de Balzac, Guy de Maupassant, Gustave Flaubert and Ivan Turgenev  He continued his own writing, and won a prize of twenty guineas from Tit-Bits in 1893 for his story 'The Artist's Model'; another short story, 'A Letter Home', was submitted successfully to The Yellow Book, where it featured in 1895 alongside contributions from Henry James and other well-known writers In 1894 Bennett resigned from the law firm and became assistant editor of the magazine Woman  The salary, £150 a year, was £50 less than he was earning as a clerk, but the post left him much more free time to write his first novel  For the magazine he wrote under a range of female pen-names such as "Barbara" and "Cecile"  As his biographer Margaret Drabble puts it:

The informal office life of the magazine suited Bennett, not least because it brought him into lively female company, and he began to be a little more relaxed with young women  He continued work on his novel and wrote short stories and articles  He was modest about his literary talent: he wrote to a friend, "I have no inward assurance that I could ever do anything more than mediocre viewed strictly as art – very mediocre", but he knew he could "turn out things which would be read with zest, & about which the man in the street would say to friends 'Have you read so & so in the What-is-it?'" He was happy to write for popular journals like Hearth and Home or for the highbrow The Academy His debut novel, A Man from the North, completed in 1896, was published two years later, by John Lane, whose reader, John Buchan, recommended it for publication  It elicited a letter of praise from Joseph Conrad and was well and widely reviewed, but Bennett's profits from the sale of the book were less than the cost of having it typed In 1896 Bennett was promoted to be editor of Woman; by then he had set his sights on a career as a full-time author, but he served as editor for four years  During that time he wrote two popular books, described by the critic John Lucas as "pot-boilers": Journalism for Women (1898) and Polite Farces for the Drawing Room (1899)  He also began work on a second novel, Anna of the Five Towns, the five towns being Bennett's lightly fictionalised version of the Staffordshire Potteries, where he grew up 

Freelance; Paris
In 1900 Bennett resigned his post at Woman, and left London to set up house at Trinity Hall Farm, near the village of Hockliffe in Bedfordshire, where he made a home not only for himself but for his parents and younger sister  He completed Anna of the Five Towns in 1901; it was published the following year, as was its successor, The Grand Babylon Hotel  The latter, an extravagant story of crime in high society, sold 50,000 copies in hardback and was almost immediately translated into four languages  By this stage he was confident enough in his abilities to tell a friend:

In January 1902 Enoch Bennett died, after a decline into dementia  His widow chose to move back to Burslem, and Bennett's sister married shortly afterwards  With no dependants, Bennett − always a devotee of French culture − decided to move to Paris; he took up residence there in March 1903  Biographers have speculated on his precise reasons for doing so   Drabble suggests that perhaps "he was hoping for some kind of liberation  He was thirty-five and unmarried"; Lucas writes that it was almost certainly Bennett's desire to be recognised as a serious artist that prompted his move; according to his friend and colleague Frank Swinnerton, Bennett was following in the footsteps of George Moore by going to live in "the home of modern realism"; in the view of the biographer Reginald Pound it was "to begin his career as a man of the world"  The 9th arrondissement of Paris was Bennett's home for the next five years, first in the rue de Calais, near the Place Pigalle, and then the more upmarket rue d'Aumale Life in Paris evidently helped Bennett overcome much of his remaining shyness with women  His journals for his early months in Paris mention a young woman identified as "C" or "Chichi", who was a chorus girl; the journals – or at least the cautiously selected extracts published since his death – do not record the precise nature of the relationship, but the two spent a considerable amount of time together In a restaurant where he dined frequently a trivial incident in 1903 gave Bennett the germ of an idea for the novel generally regarded as his masterpiece  A grotesque old woman came in and caused a fuss; the beautiful young waitress laughed at her, and Bennett was struck by the thought that the old woman had once been as young and lovely as the waitress  From this grew the story of two contrasting sisters in The Old Wives' Tale  He did not begin work on that novel until 1907, before which he wrote ten others, some "sadly undistinguished", in the view of his biographer Kenneth Young  Throughout his career, Bennett interspersed his best novels with some that his biographers and others have labelled pot-boilers 

Marriage; Fontainebleau and US visit
In 1905 Bennett became engaged to Eleanor Green, a member of an eccentric and capricious American family living in Paris, but at the last moment, after the wedding invitations had been sent out, she broke off the engagement and almost immediately married a fellow American  Drabble comments that Bennett was well rid of her, but it was a painful episode in his life  In early 1907 he met Marguerite Soulié (1874–1960), who soon became first a friend and then a lover  In May he was taken ill with a severe gastric complaint, and Marguerite moved into his flat to look after him  They became still closer, and in July 1907, shortly after his fortieth birthday, they were married at the Mairie of the 9th arrondissement  The marriage was childless  Early in 1908 the couple moved from the rue d'Aumale to the Villa des Néfliers in Fontainebleau-Avon, about 40 miles (64 km) south-east of Paris Lucas comments that the best of the novels written while in France – Whom God Hath Joined (1906), The Old Wives' Tale (1908), and Clayhanger (1910) – "justly established Bennett as a major exponent of realistic fiction"  In addition to these, Bennett published lighter novels such as The Card (1911)  His output of literary journalism included articles for T  P  O'Connor's T  P 's Weekly and the left-wing The New Age; his pieces for the latter, published under a pen-name, were concise literary essays aimed at "the general cultivated reader", a form taken up by a later generation of writers including J  B  Priestley and V  S  Pritchett In 1911 Bennett made a financially rewarding visit to the US, which he later recorded in his 1912 book Those United States  Crossing the Atlantic aboard the Lusitania, he visited not only New York and Boston but also Chicago, Indianapolis, Washington and Philadelphia in a tour that was described by US publisher George Doran as "one of continuous triumph": in the first three days of his stay in New York he was interviewed 26 times by journalists  While rival E P  Dutton had secured rights to such Bennett novels as Hilda Lessways and the Card (retitled Denry the Audacious), Doran, who travelled everywhere with Bennett while in America, was the publisher of Bennett’s wildly successful ‘pocket philosophies’ How to Live on Twenty-Four Hours a Day and Mental Efficiency  Of these books the influential critic Willard Huntington Wright wrote that Bennett had "turned preacher and a jolly good preacher he is"  While in the US Bennett also sold the serial rights of his forthcoming novel, The Price of Love (1913–14), to Harpers for £2,000, eight essays to Metropolitan magazine for a total of  £1,200, and the American rights of a successor to Clayhanger for £3,000 During his ten years in France he had gone from a moderately well-known writer enjoying modest sales to outstanding success  Swinnerton comments that in addition to his large sales, Bennett's critical prestige was at its zenith 

Return to England
In 1912, after an extended stay at the Hotel Californie in Cannes, during which time he wrote The Regent, a light-hearted sequel to The Card, Bennett and his wife moved from France to England  Initially they lived in Putney, but "determined to become an English country landowner", he bought Comarques, an early-18th-century country house at Thorpe-le-Soken, Essex, and moved there in February 1913  Among his early concerns, once back in England, was to succeed as a playwright  He had dabbled previously but his inexperience showed  The Times thought his 1911 comedy The Honeymoon, staged in the West End with a starry cast, had "one of the most amusing first acts we have ever seen", but fell flat in the other two acts  In the same year Bennett met the playwright Edward Knoblauch (later Knoblock) and they collaborated on Milestones, the story of the generations of a family seen in 1860, 1885 and 1912  The combination of Bennett's narrative gift and Knoblauch's practical experience proved a success  The play was strongly cast, received highly favourable notices, ran for more than 600 performances in London and over 200 in New York, and made Bennett a great deal of money  His next play, The Great Adventure (1913), a stage version of his novel Buried Alive (1908), was similarly successful Bennett's attitude to the First World War was that British politicians had been at fault in failing to prevent it, but that once it had become inevitable it was right that Britain should join its allies against the Germans  He concentrated his attention on journalism, aiming to inform and encourage the public in Britain and allied and neutral countries  He served on official and unofficial committees, and in 1915 he was invited to visit France to see conditions at the front and write about them for readers at home  The collected impressions appeared in a book called Over There (1915)  He was still writing novels, however: These Twain, the third in his Clayhanger trilogy, was published in 1916 and in 1917 he completed a sequel, The Roll Call, which ends with its hero, George Cannon, enlisting in the army  Wartime London was the setting for Bennett's The Pretty Lady (1918), about a high-class French cocotte: although well reviewed, because of its subject-matter the novel provoked "a Hades of a row" and some booksellers refused to sell it When Lord Beaverbrook became Minister of Information in February 1918 he appointed Bennett to take charge of propaganda in France  Beaverbrook fell ill in October 1918 and made Bennett director of propaganda, in charge of the whole ministry for the last weeks of the war  At the end of 1918 Bennett was offered, but declined, a knighthood in the new Order of the British Empire instituted by George V  The offer was renewed some time later, and again Bennett refused it  One of his closest associates at the time suspected that he was privately hoping for the more prestigious Order of Merit As the war was ending, Bennett returned to his theatrical interests, although not primarily as a playwright  In November 1918 he became chairman, with Nigel Playfair as managing director, of the Lyric Theatre, Hammersmith  Among their productions were Abraham Lincoln by John Drinkwater, and The Beggar's Opera, which, in Swinnerton's phrase, "caught different moods of the post-war spirit", and ran for 466 and 1,463 performances respectively 

Last years
In 1921 Bennett and his wife legally separated  They had been drifting apart for some years and Marguerite had taken up with Pierre Legros, a young French lecturer  Bennett sold Comarques and lived in London for the rest of his life, first in a flat near Bond Street in the West End, on which he had taken a lease during the war  For much of the 1920s he was widely known to be the highest-paid literary journalist in England, contributing a weekly column to Beaverbrook's Evening Standard under the title 'Books and Persons'; according to Frank Swinnerton these articles were "extraordinarily successful and influential     and made a number of new reputations"  By the end of his career, Bennett had contributed to more than 100 newspapers, magazines and other publications  He continued to write novels and plays as assiduously as before the war Swinnerton writes, "Endless social engagements; inexhaustible patronage of musicians, actors, poets, and painters; the maximum of benevolence to friends and strangers alike, marked the last ten years of his life"  Hugh Walpole, James Agate and Osbert Sitwell were among those who testified to Bennett's generosity  Sitwell recalled a letter Bennett wrote in the 1920s:

In 1922 Bennett met and fell in love with an actress, Dorothy Cheston (1891–1977)  Together they set up home in Cadogan Square, where they stayed until moving in 1930 to Chiltern Court, Baker Street  As Marguerite would not agree to a divorce, Bennett was unable to marry Dorothy, and in September 1928, having become pregnant, she changed her name by deed poll to Dorothy Cheston Bennett  The following April she gave birth to the couple's only child, Virginia Mary (1929–2003)  She continued to appear as an actress, and produced and starred in a revival of Milestones which was well reviewed, but had only a moderate run  Bennett had mixed feelings about her continuing stage career, but did not seek to stop it During a holiday in France with Dorothy in January 1931, Bennett twice drank tap-water – not, at the time, a safe thing to do there  On his return home he was taken ill; influenza was diagnosed at first, but the illness was typhoid fever; after several weeks of unsuccessful treatment he died in his flat at Chiltern Court on 27 March 1931, aged 63 Bennett was cremated at Golders Green Crematorium and his ashes were interred in Burslem Cemetery in his mother's grave  A memorial service was held on 31 March 1931 at St Clement Danes, London, attended by leading figures from journalism, literature, music, politics and theatre, and, in Pound's words, many men and women who at the end of the service "walked out into a London that for them would never be the same again" 

Works
From the outset, Bennett believed in the "democratisation of art which it is surely the duty of the minority to undertake"  He admired some of the modernist writers of his time, but strongly disapproved of their conscious appeal to a small élite and their disdain for the general reader  Bennett believed that literature should be inclusive, accessible by ordinary people From the start of his career, Bennett was aware of the appeal of regional fiction  Anthony Trollope, George Eliot and Thomas Hardy had created and sustained their own locales, and Bennett did the same with his Five Towns, drawing on his experiences as a boy and young man  As a realistic writer he followed the examples of the authors he admired – above all George Moore, but also Balzac, Flaubert and Maupassant among French writers, and Dostoevsky, Turgenev and Tolstoy among Russians  In writing about the Five Towns Bennett aimed to portray the experiences of ordinary people coping with the norms and constraints of the communities in which they lived  J  B  Priestley considered that the next influence on Bennett's fiction was his time in London in the 1890s, "engaged in journalism and ingenious pot-boiling of various kinds" 

Novels and short stories
Bennett is remembered chiefly for his novels and short stories  The best known are set in, or feature people from, the six towns of the Potteries of his youth  He presented the region as "the Five Towns", which correspond closely with their originals: the real-life Burslem, Hanley, Longton, Stoke and Tunstall become Bennett's Bursley, Hanbridge, Longshaw, Knype and Turnhill  These "Five Towns" make their first appearance in Bennett's fiction in Anna of the Five Towns (1902) and are the setting for further novels including Leonora (1903), Whom God Hath Joined (1906), The Old Wives' Tale (1908) and the Clayhanger trilogy – Clayhanger (1910), Hilda Lessways (1911) and These Twain (1916) – as well as for dozens of short stories  Bennett's fiction portrays the Five Towns with what The Oxford Companion to English Literature calls "an ironic but affectionate detachment, describing provincial life and culture in documentary detail, and creating many memorable characters"  In later life Bennett said that the writer George Moore was "the father of all my Five Towns books" as it was reading Moore's 1885 novel A Mummer's Wife, set in the Potteries, that "opened my eyes to the romantic nature of the district I had blindly inhabited for over twenty years" It was not only locations on which Bennett drew for his fiction  Many of his characters are discernibly based on real people in his life  His Lincoln's Inn friend John Eland was a source for Mr Aked in Bennett's first novel, A Man from the North (1898); A Great Man (1903) contains a character with echoes of his Parisienne friend Chichi; Darius Clayhanger's early life is based on that of a family friend and Bennett himself is seen in Edwin in Clayhanger  He has been criticised for making literary use in that novel of the distressing details of his father's decline into senility, but in Pound's view, in committing the details to paper Bennett was unburdening himself of painful memories These Twain is Bennett's "last extended study of Five Towns life"  The novels he wrote in the 1920s are largely set in London and thereabouts: Riceyman Steps (1923), for instance, generally regarded as the best of Bennett's post-war novels, was set in Clerkenwell: it was awarded the James Tait Black novel prize for 1923, "the first prize for a book I ever had," Bennett noted in his journal on 18 October 1924  His Lord Raingo (1926), described by Dudley Barker as "one of the finest of political novels in the language", benefited from Bennett's own experience in the Ministry of Information and his subsequent friendship with Beaverbrook: John Lucas states that "As a study of what goes on in the corridors of power [Lord Raingo] has few equals"  And Bennett's final – and longest – novel, Imperial Palace (1930), is set in a grand London hotel reminiscent of the Savoy, whose directors assisted him in his preliminary research Bennett usually gave his novels subtitles; the most frequent was "A fantasia on modern themes", individual books were called "A frolic" or "A melodrama", but he was sparing with the label "A novel" which he used for only a few of his books – for instance Anna of the Five Towns, Leonora, Sacred and Profane Love, The Old Wives' Tale, The Pretty Lady (1918) and Riceyman Steps  Literary critics have followed Bennett in dividing his novels into groups  The literary scholar Kurt Koenigsberger proposes three categories  In the first are the long narratives – "freestanding, monumental artefacts" – Anna of the Five Towns, The Old Wives' Tale, Clayhanger and Riceyman Steps, which "have been held in high critical regard since their publication"  Koenigsberger writes that the "Fantasias" such as The Grand Babylon Hotel (1902), Teresa of Watling Street (1904) and The City of Pleasure (1907), have "mostly passed from public attention along with the 'modern' conditions they exploit"  His third group includes "Idyllic Diversions" or "Stories of Adventure", including Helen with the High Hand (1910), The Card (1911), and The Regent (1913), which "have sustained some enduring critical and popular interest, not least for their amusing treatment of cosmopolitanism and provinciality" Bennett published 96 short stories in seven volumes between 1905 and 1931  His ambivalence about his native town is vividly seen in "The Death of Simon Fuge" in the collection The Grim Smile of the Five Towns (1907), judged by Lucas the finest of all the stories  His chosen locations ranged widely, including Paris and Venice as well as London and the Five Towns  As with his novels, he would sometimes give a story a label, calling "The Matador of the Five Towns" (1912) "a tragedy" and "Jock-at-a-Venture" from the same collection "a frolic"  The short stories, particularly those in Tales of the Five Towns (1905), The Grim Smile of the Five Towns (1907), and The Matador of the Five Towns contain some of the most striking examples of Bennett's concern for realism, with an unflinching narrative focus on what Lucas calls "the drab, the squalid, and the mundane"  In 2010 and 2011 two further volumes of Bennett's hitherto uncollected short stories were published: they range from his earliest work written in the 1890s, some under the pseudonym Sarah Volatile, to US magazine commissions from the late 1920s 

Stage and screen
In 1931 the critic Graham Sutton, looking back at Bennett's career in the theatre, contrasted his achievements as a playwright with those as a novelist, suggesting that Bennett was a complete novelist but a not-entirely-complete dramatist  His plays were clearly those of a novelist: "He tends to lengthy speeches  Sometimes he overwrites a part, as though distrusting the actor  He is more interested in what his people are than in what they visibly do  He 'thinks nowt' of mere slickness of plot "
Bennett's lack of a theatrical grounding showed in the uneven construction of some of his plays, such as his 1911 comedy The Honeymoon, which played for 125 performances from October 1911  The highly successful Milestones was seen as impeccably constructed, but the credit for that was given to his craftsmanlike collaborator, Edward Knoblauch (Bennett being credited with the inventive flair of the piece)  By far his most successful solo effort in the theatre was The Great Adventure, based on his 1908 novel Buried Alive, which ran in the West End for 674 performances, from March 1913 to November 1914  Sutton praised its "new strain of impish and sardonic fantasy" and rated it a much finer play than Milestones After the First World War Bennett wrote two plays on metaphysical questions, Sacred and Profane Love (1919, adapted from his novel) and Body and Soul (1922), which made little impression  The Saturday Review praised the "shrewd wit" of the former, but thought it "false in its essentials     superficial in its accidentals"  Of the latter, the critic Horace Shipp wondered "how the author of Clayhanger and The Old Wives' Tale could write such third-rate stuff"  Bennett had more success in a final collaboration with Edward Knoblock (as Knoblauch had become during the war) with Mr Prohack (1927), a comedy based on his 1922 novel; one critic wrote "I could have enjoyed the play had it run to double its length", but even so he judged the middle act weaker than the outer two  Sutton concludes that Bennett's forte was character, but that the competence of his technique was variable  The plays are seldom revived, although some have been adapted for television Bennett wrote two opera libretti for the composer Eugene Goossens: Judith (one act, 1929) and Don Juan (four acts, produced in 1937 after the writer's death)  There were comments that Goossens's music lacked tunes and Bennett's libretti were too wordy and literary  The critic Ernest Newman defended both works, finding Bennett's libretto for Judith "a drama told simply and straightforwardly" and Don Juan "the best thing that English opera has so far produced … the most dramatic and stageworthy", but though politely received, both operas vanished from the repertory after a few performances Bennett took a keen interest in the cinema, and in 1920 wrote The Wedding Dress, a scenario for a silent movie, at the request of Jesse Lasky of the Famous Players film company  It was never made, though Bennett wrote a full-length treatment, assumed to be lost until his daughter Virginia found it in a drawer in her Paris home in 1983; subsequently the script was sold to the Potteries Museum and Art Gallery and was finally published in 2013  In 1928 Bennett wrote the  scenario for the silent film Piccadilly, directed by E  A  Dupont and starring Anna May Wong, described by the British Film Institute as "one of  the true greats of British silent films"  In 1929, the year the film came out, Bennett was in discussion with a young Alfred Hitchcock to script a silent film, Punch and Judy, which foundered on artistic disagreements and  Bennett's refusal to see the film as a "talkie" rather than silent  His original scenario, acquired by Pennsylvania State University, was published in the UK in 2012 

Journalism and self-help books
Bennett published more than two dozen non-fiction books, among which eight could be classified as "self-help": the most enduring is How to Live on 24 Hours a Day (1908), which is still in print and has been translated into several languages  Other "self-help" volumes include How to Become an Author (1903), The Reasonable Life (1907), Literary Taste: How to Form It (1909), The Human Machine (1908), Mental Efficiency (1911), The Plain Man and his Wife (1913), Self and Self-Management (1918) and How to Make the Best of Life (1923)  They were, says Swinnerton, "written for small fees and with a real desire to assist the ignorant"  According to the Harvard academic Beth Blum, these books "advance less scientific versions of the argument for mental discipline espoused by William James"  In his biography of Bennett Patrick Donovan argues that in the US "the huge appeal to the ordinary readers" of his self-help books "made his name stand out vividly from other English writers across the massive, fragmented American market " As Bennett put it to his London-based agent J  B  Pinker, these "pocket philosophies are just the sort of book for the American public"  However, How to Live on 24 Hours was aimed initially at "the legions of clerks and typists and other meanly paid workers caught up in the explosion of British office jobs around the turn of the century … they offered a strong message of hope from somebody who so well understood their lives" Bennett never lost his journalistic instincts, and throughout his life sought and responded to newspaper and magazine commissions with varying degrees of enthusiasm: "from the start of the 1890s right up to the week of his death there would never be a period when he was not churning out copy for newspapers and magazines"  In a journal entry at the end of 1908, for instance, he noted that he had written "over sixty newspaper articles" that year; in 1910 the figure was "probably about 80 other articles"  While living in Paris he was a regular contributor to T  P 's Weekly; later he reviewed for The New Age under the pseudonym Jacob Tonson and was associated with the New Statesman as not only a writer but also a director 

Journals
Inspired by the Journal des Goncourt, Bennett kept a journal throughout his adult life  Swinnerton says that it runs to a million words; it has not been published in full  Edited extracts were issued in three volumes, in 1932 and 1933  According to Hugh Walpole, the editor, Newman Flower, "was so appalled by much of what he found in the journals that he published only brief extracts, and those the safest"  Whatever Flower censored, the extracts he selected were not always "the safest": he let some defamatory remarks through, and in 1935 he, the publishers and printers had to pay an undisclosed sum to the plaintiff in one libel suit and £2,500 in another 

Critical reputation
Novels and short stories
The literary modernists of his day deplored Bennett's books, and those of his well-known contemporaries H  G  Wells and John Galsworthy  Of the three, Bennett drew the most opprobrium from modernists such as Virginia Woolf, Ezra Pound and Wyndham Lewis who regarded him as representative of an outmoded and rival literary culture  There was a strong element of class-consciousness and snobbery in the modernists' attitude: Woolf accused Bennett of having "a shopkeeper's view of literature" and in her essay "Mr Bennett and Mrs Brown" accused Bennett, Galsworthy and Wells of ushering in an "age when character disappeared or was mysteriously engulfed" In a 1963 study of Bennett, James Hepburn summed up and dissented from the prevailing views of the novels, listing three related evaluative positions taken individually or together by almost all Bennett's critics: that his Five Towns novels are generally superior to his other work, that he and his art declined after The Old Wives' Tale or Clayhanger, and that there is a sharp and clear distinction between the good and bad novels  Hepburn countered that one of the novels most frequently praised by literary critics is Riceyman Steps (1923) set in Clerkenwell, London, and dealing with material imagined rather than observed by the author  On the third point he commented that although received wisdom was that The Old Wives' Tale and Clayhanger are good and Sacred and Profane Love and Lillian are bad, there was little consensus about which other Bennett novels were good, bad or indifferent  He instanced The Pretty Lady (1918), on which critical opinion ranged from "cheap and sensational"     "sentimental melodrama" to "a great novel"  Lucas (2004) considers it "a much underrated study of England during the war years, especially in its sensitive feeling for the destructive frenzy that underlay much apparently good-hearted patriotism" In 1974 Margaret Drabble published Arnold Bennett, a literary biography  In the foreword she demurred at the critical dismissal of Bennett:

Writing in the 1990s the literary critic John Carey called for a reappraisal of Bennett in his book The Intellectuals and the Masses (1992):

In 2006 Koenigsberger commented that one reason why Bennett's novels had been sidelined, apart from "the exponents of modernism who recoiled from his democratising aesthetic programme", was his attitude to gender  His books include the pronouncements "the average man has more intellectual power than the average woman" and "women as a sex love to be dominated"; Koenigsberger nevertheless praises Bennett's "sensitive and oft-praised portrayals of female figures in his fiction" Lucas concludes his study with the comment that Bennett's realism may be limited by his cautious assumption that things are as they are and will not change  Nevertheless, in Lucas's view, successive generations of reader have admired Bennett's best work, and future generations are certain to do so 

Crime fiction
Bennett dabbled in crime fiction, in The Grand Babylon Hotel and The Loot of Cities (1905)  In Queen's Quorum (1951), a survey of crime fiction, Ellery Queen listed the latter among the 100 most important works in the genre  This collection of stories recounts the adventures of a millionaire who commits crimes to achieve his idealistic ends  Although it was "one of his least known works," it was nevertheless "of unusual interest, both as an example of Arnold Bennett's early work and as an early example of dilettante detectivism" 

Legacy
Arnold Bennett Society
The Society was founded in 1954 "to promote the study and appreciation of the life, works and times not only of Arnold Bennett himself but also of other provincial writers, with particular relationship to North Staffordshire"  In 2021 its president was Denis Eldin, Bennett's grandson; among the vice-presidents was Margaret Drabble In 2017 the society instituted an annual Arnold Bennett Prize as part of author's 150th anniversary celebrations, to be awarded to an author who was born, lives or works in North Staffordshire and has published a book in the relevant year, or to the author of a book which features the region  In 2017 John Lancaster won the award for his poetry collection Potters: A Division of Labour  Subsequent winners have been Jan Edwards for her novel Winter Downs (2018), Charlotte Higgins for Red Thread: On Mazes and Labyrinths (2019) and Lisa Blower for her story collection It's Gone Dark Over Bill's Mother's (2020)  The prize was not awarded in 2021 because of the Covid-19 situation, but in 2022 it was won by John Pye, a former detective inspector turned crime writer, for his novel Where the Silent Screams Are Loudest  The prize in 2023 went to Philip Nanney Williams for his book Adams: Britain's Oldest Potting Dynasty 

Plaques and statuary
Bennett has been commemorated by several plaques  Hugh Walpole unveiled one at Comarques in 1931, and in the same year another was placed at Bennett's birthplace in Hanley  A plaque to and bust of Bennett were unveiled in Burslem in 1962, and there are blue plaques commemorating him at the house in Cadogan Square where he lived from 1923 to 1930 and on the house in Cobridge where he lived in his youth  The southern Baker Street entrance of Chiltern Court has a plaque to Bennett on the left and another to H  G  Wells on the right  A blue plaque has been placed on the wall of Bennett's home in Fontainebleau There is a two-metre-high bronze statue of Bennett outside The Potteries Museum & Art Gallery in Hanley, Stoke-on-Trent, unveiled on 27 May 2017 during the events marking the 150th anniversary of his birth 

Archives
There are substantial archives of Bennett's papers and artworks, including drafts, diaries, letters, photographs and watercolours, at The Potteries Museum & Art Gallery in Stoke-on-Trent and at Keele University  Other Bennett papers are held by University College London, the British Library, and, in the US, Texas and Yale universities and the Berg Collection in the New York Public Library 

Omelettes
Bennett shares with the composer Gioachino Rossini, the singer Nellie Melba and some other celebrities the distinction of having a well-known dish named in his honour  An omelette Arnold Bennett is one that incorporates smoked haddock, hard cheese (typically Cheddar), and cream  It was created at the Savoy Grill in London for Bennett, who was an habitué, by the chef Jean Baptiste Virlogeux  It remains a British classic; cooks from Marcus Wareing to Delia Smith and Gordon Ramsay have published their recipes for it, and a variant remains on the menu at the Savoy Grill 

Notes, references and sources
Notes
Passage 2:
Mermaid Series
The Mermaid Series was a major collection of reprints of texts from English Elizabethan, Jacobean and Restoration drama  It was launched in 1887 by the British publisher Henry Vizetelly and under the general editorship of Havelock Ellis  Around 1894 the series was taken over by the London firm of T  Fisher Unwin  Many well-known literary figures edited or introduced the texts  Some of the plays published had not been reprinted in recent editions, and most had dropped out of the stage repertoire 
The name alludes to the Mermaid Tavern in London  There has been a later New Mermaids Series 

The Best Plays of Beaumont and Fletcher
Notes by John Strachey, two volumes
(volume I) The Maid's Tragedy - Philaster - The Wild Goose Chase - Thierry and Theodoret - The Knight of the Burning Pestle
(volume II) A King and No King - Bonduca - The Spanish Curate - The Faithful Shepherdess - Valentinian

The Best Plays of George Chapman
Edited by William Lyon Phelps
All Fools - Bussy D'Ambois - The Revenge of Bussy D'Ambois - The Conspiracy of Charles, Duke of Byron - The Tragedy of Charles, Duke of Byron

The Complete Plays of William Congreve
Edited by Alexander Charles Ewald
The Old Bachelor - The Double-Dealer - Love for Love - The Way of the World - The Mourning Bride

The Best Plays of Thomas Dekker
Notes by Ernest Rhys
The Shoemaker's Holiday - The Honest Whore - Old Fortunatus - The Witch of Edmonton

The Best Plays of John Dryden
Edited by George Saintsbury, two volumes
(Volume I) Almanzor and Almahide, or The Conquest of Grenada, parts 1 & 2 - Marriage A La Mode - Aureng-Zebe
(Volume II) All for Love - The Spanish Friar - Albion and Albanius - Don Sebastian

The Best Plays of George Farquhar
Edited by William Archer
The Constant Couple - The Twin Rivals - The Recruiting Officer - The Beaux' Stratagem

The Best Plays of John Ford
Edited by Havelock Ellis
The Lover's Melancholy - 'Tis Pity She's a Whore - The Broken Heart - Love's Sacrifice - Perkin Warbeck

The Complete Plays of Robert Greene
Edited by Thomas H  Dickinson
Alphonsus, King of Arragon - A Looking Glass for London and England - Orlando Furioso - Friar Bacon and Friar Bungay - James the Fourth - George-A-Green, the Pinner of Wakefield

The Best Plays of Thomas Heywood
Edited by A  Wilson Verity, introduction by John Addington Symonds
A Woman Killed with Kindness - The Fair Maid of the West - The English Traveller - The Wise Woman of Hogsdon - The Rape of Lucrece

The Best Plays of Ben Jonson
Notes by Brinsley Nicholson and C  H  Herford, three volumes
(Volume I) Every Man in His Humour - Every Man out of His Humour - The Poetaster
(Volume II) Bartholomew Fair - Cynthia's Revels; or, The Fountain of Self-Love - Sejanus His Fall
(Volume III) Volpone; or, The Fox - Epicœne; or, The Silent Woman - The Alchemist

The Best Plays of Christopher Marlowe
Notes by Havelock Ellis, series introduction by John Addington Symonds
Tamburlaine the Great Part the First - Tamburlaine the Great Part the Second
- Doctor Faustus - The Jew of Malta - Edward the Second
Also includes a biography of Christopher Marlowe and appendices 

The Best Plays of Philip Massinger
Notes by Arthur Symons, two volumes
(Volume I) The Duke of Milan - A New Way to Pay Old Debts - The Great Duke of Florence - The Maid of Honour - The City Madam
(Volume II) The Roman Actor - The Fatal Dowry - The Guardian - The Virgin Martyr - Believe as You List

The Best Plays of Thomas Middleton
Introduction by Algernon Charles Swinburne, with Havelock Ellis, two volumes
(Volume I) A Trick to Catch the Old One - The Changeling - A Chaste Maid in Cheapside - Women Beware Women - The Spanish Gypsy
(Volume II) The Roaring Girl - The Witch - A Fair Quarrel - The Mayor of Queensborough - The Widow

Nero and Other Plays (1888)
Edited by H  P  Horne, A  W  Verity, Arthur Symons and Havelock Ellis
Nero (anonymous) - The Two Angry Women of Abington (Henry Porter) - The Parliament of Bees (John Day) - Humour Out of Breath (John Day) - A Woman is a Weathercock (Nathan Field)- Amends for Ladies (Nathan Field)

The Best Plays of Thomas Otway
Notes by Roden Noel
Don Carlos, Prince of Spain - The Orphan - The Soldier's Fortune - Venice Preserved

The Best Plays of Thomas Shadwell
Edited by George Saintsbury
The Sullen Lovers - A True Widow - The Squire of Alsatia - Bury Fair

The Best Plays of James Shirley
Introduction by Edmund Gosse
The Witty Fair One - The Traitor - Hyde Park - The Lady of Pleasure - The Cardinal - The Triumph of Peace

The Complete Plays of Richard Steele
Edited by G  A  Aitken
The Funeral - The Lying Lover - The Tender Husband - The Conscious Lovers - The School of Action - The Gentleman

The Select Plays of Sir John Vanbrugh
Edited by A  E  H  Swain
The Relapse - The Provok'd Wife - The Confederacy - A Journey to London

The Best Plays of Webster and Tourneur
Notes by John Addington Symonds
The White Devil (Webster) - The Duchess of Malfi (Webster) - The Atheist's Tragedy (Tourneur) - The Revenger's Tragedy (Tourneur, but now usually attributed to Thomas Middleton)

The Complete Plays of William Wycherley
Edited by W  C  Ward
Love in a Wood - The Gentleman Dancing Master - The Country Wife - The Plain Dealer

Online editions
Beaumont and Fletcher I • 
Beaumont and Fletcher II • 
George Chapman • 
William Congreve • 
Thomas Dekker • 
John Dryden I • 
John Dryden II • 
George Farquhar • 
John Ford • 
Robert Greene • 
Thomas Heywood • 
Ben Jonson I • 
Ben Jonson II • 
Ben Jonson III • 
Christopher Marlowe • 
Philip Massinger I • 
Philip Massinger II • 
Thomas Middleton I • 
Thomas Middleton II • 
Nero and Other Plays • 
Thomas Otway • 
Thomas Shadwell • 
James Shirley • 
Richard Steele • 
Sir John Vanbrugh • 
Webster and Tourneur • 
William Wycherley
Passage 3:
John Dicks (publisher)
John Thomas Dicks (1818–1881) was a publisher in London in the 19th century  He issued popular, affordably priced fiction and drama, such as "shilling Shakespeares and wonderfully cheap reprints of Scott and other standard authors " Earlier in his career he worked with Peter Perring Thoms and George W  M  Reynolds  Employees included illustrator Frederick Gilbert  Readers included Thomas Burt and Havelock Ellis  Dicks retired in the 1870s, when his sons took over the firm which continued into the 1960s 

Works issued by John Dicks
Musical Treasures (sheet music series); numbered list

Drama
The British drama: illustrated, vol  1–4, John Dicks, 1864–66
Dicks' British Drama, 1866–, 1866 (series)

Dicks' Standard Plays
Dicks' Standard Plays, 1874–1907 (series)
List of Dicks' Standard Plays and Free Acting Drama, 1883, OL 7225611M – arranged by number, title, author (Ainsworth, Dickens, Lytton, Scott, etc ), and theme (nautical, dumb hero, ghost, Irish, Scotch, military, temperance, fairy, equestrian, etc )

Fiction
George W  M  Reynolds  Mysteries of the Court of London 
Dicks' English Novels (series); numbered list
Dicks' English Library of Standard Works (series) Dicks' English Library of Standard Works, v 33 (via British Library on Flickr)
WorldCat  Dicks' English Library of Standard Works (series)
Dicks' Celebrated Works (series); numbered list

Periodicals
Bow Bells: A Weekly Magazine of General Literature and Art, 1862, pp  83 v – authors included George Manville Fenn, George Augustus SalaFashion plate, 1865
Fashion plates, 1870s
Reynolds' Miscellany
Halfpenny Gazette, 1861–1865
Every Week, 1869–1896
Penny Illustrated Weekly News
Fiction, edited by Eliza Winstanley – weekly

Catalogues
Shakespeare, William (c  1860s), List of Books Published by John Dicks
John Dicks' Catalogue, 1874, OCLC 500243028
Passage 4:
Havelock Ellis
Henry Havelock Ellis (2 February 1859 – 8 July 1939) was an English physician, eugenicist, writer, progressive intellectual and social reformer who studied human sexuality  He co-wrote the first medical textbook in English on homosexuality in 1897, and also published works on a variety of sexual practices and inclinations, as well as on transgender psychology  He developed the notions of narcissism and autoeroticism, later adopted by psychoanalysis 
Ellis was among the pioneering investigators of psychedelic drugs and the author of one of the first written reports to the public about an experience with mescaline, which he conducted on himself in 1896  He supported eugenics and served as one of 16 vice-presidents of the Eugenics Society from 1909 to 1912 

Early life and career
Ellis, son of Edward Peppen Ellis and Susannah Mary Wheatley, was born in Croydon, Surrey (now part of Greater London)  He had four sisters, none of whom married  His father was a sea captain and an Anglican, while his mother was the daughter of a sea captain who had many other relatives that lived on or near the sea  When he was seven his father took him on one of his voyages, during which they called at Sydney, Australia; Callao, Peru; and Antwerp, Belgium  After his return, Ellis attended the French and German College near Wimbledon, and afterward attended a school in Mitcham 
In April 1875, Ellis sailed on his father's ship for Australia; soon after his arrival in Sydney, he obtained a position as a master at a private school  After the discovery of his lack of training, he was fired and became a tutor for a family living a few miles from Carcoar, New South Wales  He spent a year there and then obtained a position as a master at a grammar school in Grafton, New South Wales  The headmaster had died and Ellis carried on at the school for that year, but was unsuccessful 
At the end of the year, he returned to Sydney and, after three months' training, was given charge of two government part-time elementary schools, one at Sparkes Creek, near Scone, New South Wales, and the other at Junction Creek  He lived at the school house on Sparkes Creek for a year  He wrote in his autobiography, "In Australia, I gained health of body, I attained peace of soul, my life task was revealed to me, I was able to decide on a professional vocation, I became an artist in literature; these five points covered the whole activity of my life in the world  Some of them I should doubtless have reached without the aid of the Australian environment, scarcely all, and most of them I could never have achieved so completely if chance had not cast me into the solitude of the Liverpool Range "

Medicine and psychology
Ellis returned to England in April 1879  He had decided to take up the study of sex and felt his first step must be to qualify as a physician  He studied at St Thomas's Hospital Medical School, now part of King's College London, but never had a regular medical practice  His training was aided by a small legacy and also income earned from editing works in the Mermaid Series of lesser known Elizabethan and Jacobean drama  He joined The Fellowship of the New Life in 1883, meeting other social reformers Eleanor Marx, Edward Carpenter and George Bernard Shaw 
The 1897 English translation of Ellis's book Sexual Inversion, co-authored with John Addington Symonds and originally published in German in 1896, was the first English medical textbook on homosexuality  It describes male homosexual relations as well as adolescent rape  Ellis wrote the first objective study of homosexuality, as he did not characterise it as a disease, immoral, or a crime  The work assumes that same-sex love transcended age taboos as well as gender taboo  The work also uses the term bisexual throughout The first edition of the book was bought-out by the executor of Symond's estate, who forbade any mention of Symonds in the second edition In 1897 a bookseller was prosecuted for stocking Ellis's book  Although the term homosexual is attributed to Ellis, he wrote in 1897, "'Homosexual' is a barbarously hybrid word, and I claim no responsibility for it " In fact, the word homosexual was coined in 1868 by the Hungarian author Karl-Maria Kertbeny Ellis may have developed psychological concepts of autoeroticism and narcissism, both of which were later developed further by Sigmund Freud  Ellis's influence may have reached Radclyffe Hall, who would have been about 17 years old at the time Sexual Inversion was published  She later referred to herself as a sexual invert and wrote of female "sexual inverts" in Miss Ogilvy Finds Herself and The Well of Loneliness  When Ellis bowed out as the star witness in the trial of The Well of Loneliness on 14 May 1928, Norman Haire was set to replace him but no witnesses were called 

Eonism
Ellis studied what today are called transgender phenomena  Together with Magnus Hirschfeld, Havelock Ellis is considered a major figure in the history of sexology to establish a new category that was separate and distinct from homosexuality  Aware of Hirschfeld's studies of transvestism, but disagreeing with his terminology, in 1913 Ellis proposed the term sexo-aesthetic inversion to describe the phenomenon  In 1920 he coined the term eonism, which he derived from the name of a historical figure, the Chevalier d'Éon  Ellis explained:
On the psychic side, as I view it, the Eonist is embodying, in an extreme degree, the aesthetic attitude of imitation of, and identification with, the admired object  It is normal for a man to identify himself with the woman he loves  The Eonist carries that identification too far, stimulated by a sensitive and feminine element in himself which is associated with a rather defective virile sexuality on what may be a neurotic basis 
Ellis found eonism to be "a remarkably common anomaly", and "next in frequency to homosexuality among sexual deviations", and categorized it as "among the transitional or intermediate forms of sexuality"  As in the Freudian tradition, Ellis postulated that a "too close attachment to the mother" may encourage eonism, but also considered that it "probably invokes some defective endocrine balance" 

Marriage
In November 1891, at the age of 32, and reportedly still a virgin, Ellis married the English writer and proponent of women's rights Edith Lees  From the beginning, their marriage was unconventional, as Edith Lees was openly bisexual  At the end of the honeymoon, Ellis went back to his bachelor rooms in Paddington  She lived at Fellowship House  Their "open marriage" was the central subject in Ellis's autobiography, My Life  Ellis reportedly had an affair with Margaret Sanger According to Ellis in My Life, his friends were much amused at his being considered an expert on sex  Some knew that he reportedly suffered from impotence until the age of 60  He then discovered that he could become aroused by the sight of a woman urinating  Ellis named this "undinism"  After his wife died, Ellis formed a relationship with a French woman, Françoise Lafitte 

Eugenics
Ellis was a supporter of eugenics  He served as vice-president to the Eugenics Education Society and wrote on the subject, among others, in The Task of Social Hygiene:

Eventually, it seems evident, a general system, whether private or public, whereby all personal facts, biological and mental, normal and morbid, are duly and systematically registered, must become inevitable if we are to have a real guide as to those persons who are most fit, or most unfit to carry on the race 
The superficially sympathetic man flings a coin to the beggar; the more deeply sympathetic man builds an almshouse for him so he need no longer beg; but perhaps the most radically sympathetic of all is the man who arranges that the beggar shall not be born 
In his early writings, it was clear that Ellis concurred with the notion that there was a system of racial hierarchies, and that non-western cultures were considered to be "lower races"  Before explicitly talking about eugenic topics, he used the prevalence of homosexuality in these 'lower races' to indicate the universality of the behavior  In his work, Sexual Inversions, where Ellis presented numerous cases of homosexuality in Britain, he was always careful to mention the race of the subject and the health of the person's 'stock', which included their neuropathic conditions and the health of their parents  However, Ellis was clear to assert that he did not feel that homosexuality was an issue that eugenics needed to actively deal with, as he felt that once the practice was accepted in society, those with homosexual tendencies would comfortably choose not to marry, and thus would cease to pass the 'homosexual heredity' along In a debate in the Sociological Society, Ellis corresponded with the eugenicist Francis Galton, who was presenting a paper in support of marriage restrictions  While Galton analogized eugenics to breeding domesticated animals, Ellis felt that a greater sense of caution was needed before applying the eugenic regulations to populations, as "we have scarcely yet realized how subtle and far-reaching hereditary influences are " Instead, because unlike domesticated animals, humans were in charge of who they mated with, Ellis argued that a greater emphasis was needed on public education about how vital this issue was  Ellis thus held much more moderate views than many contemporary eugenicists  In fact, Ellis also fundamentally disagreed with Galton's leading ideas that procreation restrictions were the same as marriage restrictions  Ellis believed that those who should not procreate should still be able to gain all the other benefits of marriage, and to not allow that was an intolerable burden  This, in his mind, was what led to eugenics being "misunderstood, ridiculed, and regarded as a fad" Throughout his life, Ellis was both a member and later a council member of the Eugenics Society  Moreover, he played a role on the General Committee of the First International Eugenics Congress 

Sexual impulse in youth
Ellis' 1933 book, Psychology of Sex, is one of the many manifestations of his interest in human sexuality  In this book, he goes into vivid detail of how children can experience sexuality differently in terms of time and intensity  He mentions that it was previously believed that, in childhood, humans had no sex impulse at all  "If it is possible to maintain that the sex impulse has no normal existence in early life, then every manifestation of it at that period must be 'perverse,'" he adds 
He continues by stating that, even in the early development and lower functional levels of the genitalia, there is a wide range of variation in terms of sexual stimulation  He claims that the ability of some infants producing genital reactions, seen as "reflex signs of irritation" are typically not vividly remembered  Since the details of these manifestations are not remembered, there is no possible way to determine them as pleasurable  However, Ellis claims that many people of both sexes can recall having agreeable sensations with the genitalia as a child  "They are not (as is sometimes imagined) repressed " They are, however, not usually mentioned to adults  Ellis argues that they typically stand out and are remembered for the sole contrast of the intense encounter to any other ordinary experience Ellis claims that sexual self-excitement is known to happen at an early age  He references authors like Marc, Fonssagrives, and Perez in France, who published their findings in the nineteenth century  These "early ages" are not strictly limited to ages close to puberty, as can be seen in their findings  These authors provide cases for children of both sexes who have masturbated from the age of three or four  Ellis references Robie's findings that boys' first sex feelings appear between the ages of five and fourteen  For girls, this age ranges from eight to nineteen 
For both sexes, these first sexual experiences arise more frequently during the later years as opposed to the earlier years  Ellis then references G V  Hamilton's studies that found twenty percent of males and fourteen percent of females have pleasurable experiences with their sex organs before the age of six  This is only supplemented by Ellis' reference to Katharine Davis' studies, which found that twenty to twenty-nine percent of boys and forty-nine to fifty-one percent of girls were masturbating by the age of eleven  However, in the next three years after, boys' percentages exceeded those of girls 
Ellis also contributed to the idea of varying levels of sexual excitation  He asserts it is a mistake to assume all children are able to experience genital arousal or pleasurable erotic sensations  He proposes cases where an innocent child is led to believe that stimulation of the genitalia will result in a pleasurable erection  Some of these children may fail and not be able to experience this, either pleasure or an erection, until puberty  Ellis concludes, then, that children are capable of a "wide range of genital and sexual aptitude"  Ellis even considers ancestry as a contributions to different sexual excitation levels, stating that children of "more unsound heredity" and/or hypersexual parents are "more precociously excitable" 

Auto-eroticism
Ellis' views of auto-eroticism were very comprehensive, including much more than masturbation  Auto-eroticism, according to Ellis, includes a wide range of phenomena  Ellis states in his 1897 book Studies in the Psychology of Sex, that auto-eroticism ranges from erotic day-dreams, marked by a passivity shown by the subject, to "unshamed efforts at sexual self-manipulation witnessed among the insane" Ellis also argues that auto-erotic impulses can be heightened by bodily processes like menstrual flow  During this time, he says, women, who would otherwise not feel a strong propensity for auto-eroticism, increase their masturbation patterns  This trend is absent, however, in women without a conscious acceptance of their sexual feelings and in a small percentage of women suffering from a sexual or general ailment which result in a significant amount of "sexual anesthesia" Ellis also raises social concern over how auto-erotic tendencies affect marriages  He goes on to tying auto-eroticism to declining marriage rates  As these rates decline, he concludes that auto-eroticism will only increase in both amount and intensity for both men and women  Therefore, he states, this is an important issue to both the moralist and physician to investigate psychological underpinnings of these experiences and determine an attitude toward them 

Smell
Ellis believed that the sense of smell, although ineffective at long ranges, still contributes to sexual attraction, and therefore, to mate selection  In his 1905 book, Sexual selection in man, Ellis makes a claim for the sense of smell in the role of sexual selection  He asserts that while we have evolved out of a great necessity for the sense of smell, we still rely on our sense of smell with sexual selection  The contributions that smell makes in sexual attraction can even be heightened with certain climates  Ellis states that with warmer climates come a heightened sensitivity to sexual and other positive feelings of smell among normal populations  Because of this, he believes people are often delighted by odors in the East, particularly in India, in "Hebrew and Mohammedan lands"  Ellis then continues by describing the distinct odours in various races, noting that the Japanese race has the least intense of bodily odours  Ellis concludes his argument by stating, "On the whole, it may be said that in the usual life of man odours play a not inconsiderable part and raise problems which are not without interest, but that their demonstrable part in actual sexual selection is comparatively small "

Views on women and birth control
Ellis favoured feminism from a eugenic perspective, feeling that the enhanced social, economic, and sexual choices that feminism provided for women would result in women choosing partners who were more eugenically sound  In his view, intelligent women would not choose, nor be forced to marry and procreate with feeble-minded men 
Ellis viewed birth control as merely the continuation of an evolutionary progression, noting that natural progress has always consisted of increasing impediments to reproduction, which lead to a lower quantity of offspring, but a much higher quality of them  From a eugenic perspective, birth control was an invaluable instrument for the elevation of the race  However, Ellis noted that birth control could not be used randomly in a way that could have a detrimental impact by reducing conception, but rather needed to be used in a targeted manner to improve the qualities of certain 'stocks'  He observed that it was the 'superior stocks' who had knowledge of and used birth control while the 'inferior stocks' propagated without checks  Ellis's solution to this was a focus on contraceptives in education, as this would disseminate the knowledge in the populations that he felt needed them the most  Ellis argued that birth control was the only available way of making eugenic selection practicable, as the only other option was wide-scale abstention from intercourse for those who were 'unfit' 

Views on sterilization
Ellis was strongly opposed to the idea of castration of either sex for eugenic purposes  In 1909, regulations were introduced at the Cantonal Asylum in Bern which allowed those deemed 'unfit' or with strong sexual inclinations to be subject to mandatory sterilization  In a particular instance, several men and women, including epileptics and pedophiles, were castrated, some of whom voluntarily requested it  While the results were positive, in that none of the subjects were found guilty of any more sexual offences, Ellis remained staunchly opposed to the practice  His view on the origin of these inclinations was that sexual impulses do not reside in the sexual organs, but rather they persist in the brain  Moreover, he posited that the sexual glands provided an important source of internal secretions vital for the functioning of the organism, and thus the glands' removal could greatly injure the patient However, already in his time, Ellis was witness to the rise of vasectomies and ligatures of the Fallopian tubes, which performed the same sterilization without removing the whole organ  In these cases, Ellis was much more favorable, yet still maintaining that "sterilization of the unfit, if it is to be a practical and humane measure commanding general approval, must be voluntary on the part of the person undergoing it, and never compulsory " His opposition to such a system was not only rooted in morality  Rather, Ellis also considered the practicality of the situation, hypothesizing that if an already mentally unfit man is forced to undergo sterilization, he would only become more ill-balanced, and would end up committing more anti-social acts 
Though Ellis was never at ease with the idea of forced sterilizations, he was willing to find ways to circumvent that restriction  His focus was on the social ends of eugenics, and as a means to it, Ellis was in no way against 'persuading' 'volunteers' to undergo sterilization by withdrawing Poor Relief from them  While he preferred to convince those he deemed unfit using education, Ellis supported coercion as a tool  Furthermore, he supported adding ideas about eugenics and birth control to the education system in order to restructure society, and to promote social hygiene  For Ellis, sterilization seemed to be the only eugenic instrument that could be used on the mentally unfit  In fact, in his publication The Sterilization of the Unfit, Ellis argued that even institutionalization could not guarantee the complete prevention of procreation between the unfit, and thus, "the burdens of society, to say nothing of the race, are being multiplied  It is not possible to view sterilization with enthusiasm when applied to any class of people…but what, I ask myself, is the practical alternative?"

Psychedelics
Ellis was among the pioneering investigators of psychedelic drugs and the author of one of the first written reports to the public about an experience with mescaline, which he conducted on himself in 1896  He consumed a brew made of three Lophophora williamsii buds in the afternoon of Good Friday alone in his set of rooms in Temple, London  During the experience, lasting for about 24 hours, he noted a plethora of extremely vivid, complex, colourful, pleasantly smelling hallucinations, consisting both of abstract geometrical patterns and objects such as butterflies and other insects  He published the account of the experience in The Contemporary Review in 1898 (Mescal: A New Artificial Paradise)  The title of the article alludes to an earlier work on the effects of mind-altering substances, an 1860 book Les Paradis artificiels by French poet Charles Baudelaire (containing descriptions of experiments with opium and hashish) 
Ellis was so impressed with the aesthetic quality of the experience that he gave some specimens of peyote to the Irish poet W B  Yeats, a member of the Hermetic Order of the Golden Dawn, an organisation of which another mescaline researcher, Aleister Crowley, was also a member 

Later life and death
Ellis resigned from his position as a Fellow of the Eugenics Society over its stance on sterilization in January 1931 Ellis spent the last year of his life at Hintlesham, Suffolk, where he died in July 1939  His ashes were scattered at Golders Green Crematorium, North London, following his cremation 

Works
The Criminal (1890)
The New Spirit (1890)
The Nationalisation of Health (1892)
Man and Woman: A Study of Secondary and Tertiary Sexual Characteristics (1894) (revised 1929)
Das konträre Geschlechtsgefühl (in German)  Leipzig: Wigand  1896  p  1  with J A  Symonds
Studies in the Psychology of Sex (1897–1928) six volumes (listed below)
Studies in the Psychology of Sex  Vol  1 The Evolution of Modesty, The Phenomena of Sexual Periodicity, Auto–Erotism  1897 
Affirmations (1898)
"Mescal: A New Artificial Paradise"  The Contemporary Review  LXXIII  1898 
The Nineteenth Century (1900)
Studies in the Psychology of Sex  Vol  2 Sexual Inversion  1900 
Studies in the Psychology of Sex  Vol  3 Analysis of the Sexual Impulse, Love and Pain, The Sexual Impulse in Women  1903 
A Study of British Genius (1904)
Studies in the Psychology of Sex  Vol  4 Sexual Selection in Man  1905 
Studies in the Psychology of Sex  Vol  5 Erotic Symbolism, The Mechanism of Detumescence, The Psychic State in Pregnancy  1906 
The Soul of Spain (1908)
"The sterilisation of the unfit"  The Eugenics Review  1 (3): 203–06  1909  PMC 2986668  PMID 21259474 
Studies in the Psychology of Sex  Vol  6 Sex in Relation to Society  1910 
The Problem of Race-Regeneration (1911)
The World of Dreams (1911) (new edition 1926)
The task of social hygiene  New York  1912  p  10 
"Birth control and eugenics"  The Eugenics Review  9 (1): 32–41  1917  PMC 2942166  PMID 21259632 
The Task of Social Hygiene (1912)
Essays in War-Time  February 2006 
The Philosophy of Conflict (1919)
On Life and Sex: Essays of Love and Virtue (1921)
Kanga Creek: an Australian Idyll  The Golden Cockerel press  1922 
Little Essays of Love and Virtue (1922)
The Dance of Life  1923 
Impressions and Comments  Vol  3  1924 
Sonnets, with Folk Songs from the Spanish (1925)
Eonism and Other Supplementary Studies (1928)
Studies in the Psychology of Sex Vol  7 (1928)
The Art of Life (1929) (selected and arranged by Mrs  S  Herbert)
More Essays of Love and Virtue (1931)
ed : James Hinton: Life in Nature (1931)
Views and Reviews  1932 
Psychology of Sex  1933 
ed : Imaginary Conversations and Poems: A Selection, by Walter Savage Landor (1933)
Chapman (1934)
My Confessional (1934)
Questions of Our Day (1934)
From Rousseau to Proust (1935)
Selected Essays (1936)
Poems (1937) (selected by John Gawsworth; pseudonym of T  Fytton Armstrong)
Love and Marriage (1938) (with others)
My life  Houghton Mufflin  1939 
Sex Compatibility in Marriage (1939)
From Marlowe to Shaw (1950) (ed  by J  Gawsworth)
The Genius of Europe (1950)
Sex and Marriage (1951) (ed  by J  Gawsworth)
The Unpublished Letters of Havelock Ellis to Joseph Ishill (1954)

Translations
Germinal (by Zola) (1895) (reissued 1933)
The Psychology of the Emotions by Théodule-Armand Ribot (1897)



ground_truth: writer