prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: Operation light house was an experiment by Wernher von Braun and another man born in what year?

The following are given passages.
Context 1: Passage 1:
Man and the Moon
"Man and the Moon" is an episode of Disneyland, which originally aired on December 28, 1955  It was directed by Disney animator Ward Kimball 
The show begins with a humorous look with a man's fascination with the Moon through animation  This segment features characteristics of the Moon depicted from William Shakespeare and children's nursery rhymes to lunar superstitions and scientific research  Then Kimball comes on with some information on the Moon, supplemented by graphics  Kimball then introduces Dr  Wernher von Braun, who discusses plans for a trip around the Moon  Dr  Wernher von Braun was employed as a technical consultant on this film by Walt Disney, and on a number of other Disney films  He had a great knowledge of rockets, as he had helped to develop the V-2 rocket while working for Nazi Germany 
Finally, a live action simulation from inside and outside the crewed ship Lunar Recon Ship RM-1 dramatizes what such an expedition might be like, including an almost-disastrous hit by a very small meteor  Towards the end, this film presents what seems to be a bit of "sci-fi"; as the RM-1, crossing the Moon's night side, approaches the night/day terminator, high radiation is suddenly detected, and a flare fired over the area reveals what looks like a rectangular double wall, or the ruins thereof, extending out from a crater; strangely, none of the crew remark on it, and the unusual radiation is never mentioned again   This episode later reaired in 1959 under a new title: "Tomorrow the Moon" 
This episode was preceded by "Man in Space" and followed by "Mars and Beyond"  It was repeated on June 13, 1956, and September 25, 1959 

Home media
The episode was released on May 18, 2004, on Walt Disney Treasures: Tomorrow Land 

See also
"Man Will Conquer Space Soon!"
"Our Friend the Atom"
Passage 2:
Von Braun (crater)
von Braun, named after the rocket pioneer Wernher von Braun, is a lunar impact crater located near the northwestern limb of the Moon  It lies along the western edge of the Oceanus Procellarum, to the northeast of the crater Lavoisier  The northeastern rim of this crater is on the edge of the Sinus Roris, a bay feature in the northwestern part of the Oceanus Procellarum  Due to its proximity to the limb, this crater appears significantly foreshortened when viewed from the Earth This crater is somewhat distorted from a true circular shape, and is slightly longer to the north and south  The outer rim has undergone some erosion due to subsequent impacts  Most notably, the crater Lavoisier E is attached to the western rim, and the outer rampart falls across part of the inner wall of von Braun  There are small craters along the rim to the southeast and the east, and craterlets along the northeast and southwestern rims  The inner wall has slumped along the southeast and northwestern sides to form a terrace-like shelf  The interior floor is relatively level and featureless, with a few small craterlets marking the surface This crater was previously identified as Lavoisier D before being assigned a name by the IAU 

External links
Google Moon - von Braun
Passage 3:
Walter Dornberger
Major-General Dr  Walter Robert Dornberger (6 September 1895 – 26 June 1980) was a German Army artillery officer whose career spanned World War I and World War II  He was a leader of Nazi Germany's V-2 rocket programme and other projects at the Peenemünde Army Research Centre 
Dornberger was born in Gießen in 1895  In 1914 he enlisted in the German army during World War 1   In October 1918, as an artillery lieutenant, Dornberger was captured by United States Marines and spent two years in a French prisoner of war camp, mostly in solitary confinement because of repeated escape attempts   In the late 1920s, Dornberger completed an engineering course with distinction at the Berlin Technical Institute, and in the Spring of 1930, Dornberger graduated after five years with an MS degree in mechanical engineering from the Technische Hochschule Charlottenburg in Berlin   In 1935, Dornberger received an honorary doctorate, which Col  Karl Emil Becker arranged as Dean of the new Faculty of Military Technology at the TH Berlin 

Rocket development
In April 1930, Dornberger was appointed to the Ballistics Council of the German Army (Reichswehr) Weapons Department as Assistant Examiner to secretly develop a military liquid-fuel rocket suitable for mass-production that would surpass the range of artillery   In the spring of 1932, Dornberger, his commander (Captain Ritter von Horstig), and Col  Karl Emil Becker visited the Verein für Raumschiffahrt (VfR)'s leased Raketenflugplatz (English: "Rocket Flight Field") and subsequently issued a contract for a demonstration launch   On 21 December 1932, Captain Dornberger watched a rocket motor explode at Kummersdorf while Wernher von Braun tried to light it with a flaming gasoline can at the end of a four-meter-long (13 ft) pole In 1933, Waffenamt Prüfwesen (Wa Prüf, English: "Weapons Testing") 1/1, under the Heereswaffenamt (Army Weapons Department), commenced work under the direction of Colonel Ing  h  c  Dornberger  Dornberger also took over his last military command on 1 October 1934, a powder-rocket training battery at Königsbrück   In May 1937, Dornberger and his ninety-man organization were transferred from Kummersdorf to Peenemünde   In September 1942, Dornberger was given two posts:  coordinating the V-1 flying bomb and V-2 rocket development programs and directing active operations   The first successful test launch of a V-2 was the third test launch on 3 October 1942  

In June 1943, in a speech to nearly 6500 German employees and soldiers in Peenemünde, Dornberger blended traditional German patriotism with Nazi ideological motifs while also highlighting and reinforcing many of the unique factors that made missile development so successful at Peenemünde in the first place  By emphasizing the path-breaking nature of their work as well as its singular importance to the war effort, all while playing on the popular fear of the Soviet Union and the disdain for the Western Allies for bombing their cities into rubble, Dornberger composed a powerful message that would certainly appeal to many Peenemünders In the early morning of 7 July 1943, Ernst Steinhoff flew von Braun and Major-General Dornberger in his Heinkel He 111 to Hitler's Führerhauptquartier "Wolfsschanze" headquarters and the next day Hitler viewed the film of the successful V-2 test launch (narrated by von Braun) and the scale models of the Watten bunker and launching-troop vehicles:
This third day of October, 1942, is the first of a new era in transportation, that of space travel    
I have had to apologize only to two men in my whole life  The first was Field Marshal von Brauchitsch  I did not listen to him when he told me again and again how important your research was  The second man is yourself  I never believed that your work would be successful 
In January 1944, Dornberger was named Senior Artillery Commander 191 and was headquartered at Maisons-Lafitte near Saint Germain, and in December 1944, Dornberger was given complete authority for anti-aircraft rocket development (Flak E Flugabwehrkanonenentwicklung)  On 12 January 1945 on Dornberger's proposal, Albert Speer replaced the Long-Range Weapons Commission with "Working Staff Dornberger"   In February 1945, Dornberger and staff relocated his headquarters from Schwedt-an-der-Oder to Bad Sachsa, then on 6 April 1945, from Bad Sachsa to Haus Ingeborg in Oberjoch near Hindelang in the Allgäu mountains of Bavaria 
Before going to the Alps, General Dornberger hid comprehensive V-2 documentation in a mine near Goslar, which were recovered by the US 332nd Engineer Regiment on 16 May 1945 by a secret action when Goslar was already occupied by the British Army On 2 May 1945, Dornberger, von Braun, and five other men departed from Haus Ingeborg and travelled through Gaicht Pass and towards the little Austrian village of Schattwald  They met American soldiers who convoyed the group to the Tyrolean town of Reutte for the night  
At an internment camp after the war, known as "CSDIC Camp 11", the British bugged Dornberger, who in conversation with Generalmajor Gerhard Bassenge (GOC Air Defences, Tunis & Biserta) said that he and Wernher von Braun had realized in late 1944 that things were going wrong and had consequently communicated with the General Electric Corporation through the German Embassy in Portugal, with the intent coming to some arrangement 

Postwar
In mid-August 1945, after taking part in Operation Backfire, Dornberger was escorted from Cuxhaven to London for interrogation by the British War Crimes Investigation Unit in connection with the use of slave labour in the production of V-2 rockets; he was subsequently transferred and detained for two years at Bridgend in South Wales Along with some other German rocket scientists, Dornberger was released and brought to the United States under the auspices of Operation Paperclip and worked for the United States Air Force for three years, developing guided missiles  From 1950 to 1965, he worked for the Bell Aircraft Corporation, where he worked on several projects, rising to the post of Vice-President  He played a major role in the creation of the North American X-15 aircraft and was a key consultant for the Boeing X-20 Dyna-Soar project  He also had a role on the creation of ideas and projects, which, in the end, led to the creation of the Space Shuttle  Dornberger also developed Bell's ASM-A-2, the world's first guided nuclear air-to-surface missile developed for the Strategic Air Command  Dornberger advised West Germany on a European space program  During the 1950s he had some differences with von Braun and was instrumental in recruiting several engineers out of the Huntsville's team for Air Force projects  The most remarkable of them was Krafft Ehricke, who later created the Centaur rocket stage and actively participated in several more Defense projects 
Following retirement, Dornberger went to Mexico and later returned to West Germany, where he died in 1980 in Baden-Württemberg 

Works
Dornberger, Walter (1952)  V-2, der Schuss ins Weltall: Geschichte einer grossen Erfindung [V-2, the Shot into Space: History of a Great Invention] (in German)  Esslingen: Bechtle Verlag  OCLC 175065526 
Dornberger, Walter (1954)  V-2  New York: Viking Press  OCLC 1223668 

Awards and decorations
Iron Cross (1914), 1st and 2nd Class (World War I)
Knight Second Class of the House Order of the White Falcon, with Swords (World War I)
Hesse General Honor Decoration (World War I)
Wound Badge (1918) in Black (World War I)
Wehrmacht Long Service Award, 4th to 1st class
War Merit Cross, 1st and 2nd Class with Swords
Knights Cross of the War Merit Cross with Swords (29 October 1944)

See also
Arthur Rudolph
List of German inventors and discoverers
Aggregat (rocket family)
V-3 cannon
Passage 4:
Von Braun Center for Science &amp; Innovation
The Von Braun Center for Science & Innovation (VCSI ) is a non-profit research and development organization based in Huntsville, Alabama and is named for pioneering aerospace engineer Wernher von Braun    VCSI is affiliated with NASA, Department of Defense and other federal government agencies 
The center facilitates transfer of intellectual property between government agencies and private companies, also known as "spinoff" technologies  The center has also coordinated university research and development efforts in the Gulf of Mexico on behalf of NOAAVCSI is a contributor to the Rocket City Space Pioneers efforts towards the Google Lunar X Prize 

Members
Corporate
Dynetics
AZ Technology
Science Applications International Corporation (SAIC)
Alliant Techsystems
Gray Research
Lockheed Martin
Polaris Sensor Technologies
Sirote & Permutt
Beason & Nalley
Draper Laboratory

Government
Aviation and Missile Research, Development, and Engineering Center
NASA
Missile Defense Agency
Tennessee Valley Authority

University
Alabama A&M University
Auburn University
Tuskegee University
University of Alabama
University of Alabama at Birmingham
University of Alabama in Huntsville
University of South Alabama
Passage 5:
Man Will Conquer Space Soon!
"Man Will Conquer Space Soon!" was the title of a series of 1950s magazine articles in Collier's detailing Wernher von Braun's plans for human spaceflight  Edited by Cornelius Ryan, the individual articles were authored by such space notables of the time as Willy Ley, Fred Lawrence Whipple, Dr  Joseph Kaplan, Dr  Heinz Haber, and von Braun  The articles were illustrated with paintings and drawings by Chesley Bonestell, Fred Freeman, and Rolf Klep, some of the finest magazine illustrators of the time 
The magazine articles showed earth orbit missions and lunar surface exploration, to be undertaken by large crews in the 1960/70s timeframe   Several concept vehicles were proposed and described in detail, such as a Ferry Rocket, a Space Station, and a Lunar Lander 

Legacy
The article series was the basis for three episodes in the Disneyland anthology series: "Man in Space," "Man and the Moon," and "Mars and Beyond " The series was expanded into three books: Across the Space Frontier (1952), Conquest of the Moon (1953), and The Exploration of Mars (1956)  Examples of some of the ships they modeled are in the World of Collier's add-ons to the Orbiter space flight simulator 

Article details
The issues and titles of the articles in Collier's were:

March 22, 1952: "Man will Conquer Space Soon "
"What are we waiting for?" pp  22–23 
"Crossing the last frontier " pp  24–29, 72, 74  Dr  Wernher von Braun
"A station in space " pp  30–31  Willy Ley
"The heavens open " p  32–33  Dr  Fred L  Whipple
"This side of infinity " p  34  Dr  Joseph Kaplan
"Can we survive in space?" pp  35, 65–67  Dr  Heinz Haber
"Who owns the universe?" pp  36, 70–71  Oscar Schachter
"Around the Editor's Desk: Space Quiz " pp  38–39 October 18, 1952: "Man on the Moon "
"Man on the Moon " p  51  The editors
"The journey " pp  52–58, 60  Dr  Wernher von Braun
"Inside the moon ship " p  56–60  Willy LeyOctober 25, 1952: "More about Man on the Moon "
"The exploration " pp  38–40, 42, 44–48   Dr  Fred L  Whipple and Dr  Wernher von Braun
"Inside the lunar base " p  46  Willy LeyFebruary 28, 1953: "World's First Space Suit "
"Man's survival in space " pp  40–41  Cornelius Ryan and the editors
"Picking the men " pp  42–48 March 7, 1953: "More about Man's Survival in Space "
"Testing the men " pp  56–63 March 14, 1953: "How Man will Meet Emergency in Space Travel "
"Emergency!" pp  38–44 June 27, 1953: "The Baby Space Station: First Step in the Conquest of Space "
"Baby Space Station " pp  33–35, 38, 40  Dr  Wernher von Braun with Cornelius RyanApril 30, 1954: "Is There Life on Mars?"
"Is there life on Mars?" p  21  Dr  Fred L  Whipple
"Can we get to Mars?" pp  22–29  Dr  Wernher von Braun with Cornelius Ryan

Reception
Groff Conklin of Galaxy Science Fiction said in 1954 that Conquest of Space "is just as beautiful, authoritative and exciting as" Across the Space Frontier and "a breath-taking bargain in every way "

See also
Von Braun Ferry Rocket
A page-by-page, high resolution reprint (PDF format) starts in the July / August 2012 issue of the newsletter Horizons, and continues for a total of eight issues, published once every two months  Horizons is the newsletter of the Houston Section of the American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics  These are available to the public with no paywall and no membership required 
Passage 6:
Flip Animation Festival
FLIP is an animation festival primarily hosted by the Light House Media Centre in Wolverhampton, UK  It is one of two festivals hosted by Light House, the other of which is Deaffest  Official literature for the festival says that FLIP occurs annually at the beginning of November and attracts submissions from more than 30 countries worldwide  As well as screening the selected open submissions, FLIP also consists of special screenings, talks from professionals within the animation world, workshops, industry panels, portfolio reviews and competitions  The festival was set up, managed and programmed by Peter McLuskie between 2004 and 2011  It grew out of the 'Animation Forum', also based at Light House and which was later rebranded as Animation Forum West Midlands and found a home at Birmingham City University  In 2009 the festival was awarded a Black Country Tourism Award for Event of the Year 

The festival
Based in Wolverhampton, the festival began in 2004 and features a range of events from educational workshops for young people to experimental animation for grown ups; from industry led panels to feature film screenings and from international showcases and retrospectives of short films to spotlights on animation studios  FLIP is organised and hosted by Light House Media Centre in partnership with the University of Wolverhampton's School of Art and Design and School of Computing & IT, Wolverhampton Art Gallery  It is part funded by UK Film Council (National Lottery) through Screen West Midlands; Wolverhampton City Council; University of Wolverhampton; Business Link West Midlands and Animation Forum West Midlands 

Exhibitions
The exhibitions curated for FLIP tend to communicate the animation message through different media/outlets  They have a continuing partnership with Wolverhampton Art Gallery who programme specific works on site as part of the Festival  FLIP 2007 saw an exhibition of original puppets used in films such as The Corpse Bride, Mars Attacks! and Andy Pandy, and the puppet designer Nick Roberson answered questions from the audience  During FLIP 2008, the Light House building was home to large, moving, kinetic sculptures, by London-based artist Steve Hutton  As well as this, there was a screening of animated Doctor Who episodes from the 1960s followed by a talk on Doctor Who animation led by industry experts  2009 saw a studio spotlight on the Glasgow-based Axis Animation who showcased some of their work and then answered questions from the audience  The other studio spotlight that year was from ArthurCox studios who also presented some of their work and then held a discussion with the audience 
2010's festival hosted a presentation from the creators of the LittleBigPlanet games, Media Molecule, as well as a display from Light House Media Centre's own animator is residence, Drew Roper, including his set for his award-winning film 'A History of Denim' 
In 2011, FLIP's exhibitions consisted of works by Barry JC Purves which included a book signing and display of the Tchaikovsky puppet, the Birmingham leg of GLI TC/H festivals' submissions, as well as sketchbooks and artworks by Tori Davis and work from the 2011 feature film Rio, and maquettes from UK puppet makers Mackinnon & Saunders 

Recurring themes or programmes
FLIP offers visitors a chance to engage in ‘Big Screen Gaming’ in the smaller of the two cinemas  In 2009 Flip held a competition for participants to experience the Xbox 360 and one of its core games, Halo 3  This has then led to it becoming a regular feature at Light House with games such as the Fifa World Cup 2010 game and a Street Fighter game  'Big Screen Gaming' returned for FLIP 2010 with one of the year's most hotly anticipated releases, Halo: Reach 
Another feature of FLIP Festival is the curated programme hosted by a guest curator from within the animation world  Previous years have been curated by Professor Paul Wells (Director of Animation, Loughborough University) and The Brothers McLeod whereas 2010 was curated by Clare Kitson, who is a former programmer at the National Film Theatre and between 1989 and 1999, commissioned Channel 4's animation 

The awards
The festival is a competition between animated films created using various techniques (stop motion, animated drawings, cut out paper, modelling clay, etc ) classified in to various award categories  These have included the following:

Best of Festival
Best UK Film
Best International Film
Best Newcomer
Best Experimental Film FLIP also runs competitions for student films, created by current university/college students and, starting in 2010, for animators under the age of 18 years as well 

FLIP Festival 2011
FLIP Festival 2011 took place on 27–29 October 2011 
The Audience Choice winners of 2011's festival were:

Bertie Crisp, Dir  Francesca Adams (UK)
The Skeleton Woman, Dir  Sarah Van Den Boom (FRANCE)
Dead Bird, Dir  Trevor Hardy (UK)
Robin Hood, Dir, Ben Smith (UK)
Caged, Dir  Ravi Maheru (UK)
John and Betty, Dir  Alex Hancocks & Luke George (UK)

FLIP Festival 2010
FLIP Festival 2010 took place on 4–6 November 2010 
The award winners of 2010's festival were:

Best of Festival: Simon Cartwright & Jessica Cope with The Astronomer's Sun
Best International Film: Blu with Big Bang, Big Boom
Best Documentary: Samantha Moore with An Eyeful of Sound
Best Experimental Film: Will Anderson with Another Day
Best Sound: Elli Vuorinen with Tongueling
Best New Talent: Julia Gromskaya with L’Anima Mavi
Best Student Film: India Swift with Squid in Love
Student Runners up: Matthew Duddington with By its Clover; Ben Smallman with Tales of Beardyman

FLIP Festival 2009
2009's FLIP Festival took place on 5–7 November The award winners for 2009's Festival were:

Best of Festival: Taku Kimura with Kudan 
Best UK Film: Steve Irwin with Black Dogs Progress 
Best International Film: Jake Armstrong with The Terrible Thing of Alpha 9, USA 
Best Newcomer: Kristian Andrews with Rabbit Punch
Best Experimental Film: Virginia Mori with Il Gioco de Silenzio (The Play of Silence) 
Best Stop Motion: Bang Yao Lui with Deadline
Special Jury Mention: Ed Barrett with Man Up

FLIP Festival 2008
2008's FLIP Festival took place on 6–8 November 
The award winners for 2008's Festival were:

Best Film: Blu with Muto 
Best UK Film: Luis Cook with The Pearce Sisters 
Best International Film: Jeremy Clapin with Skhizein 
Best Abstract Film: Blu with Muto 
Best Sound Design: Alexei Alexeev with KJFG No5 
Best Newcomer: Tom Senior with One Nice Family Photo
Best Student Film: Reza Dolatabadi with Khoda

FLIP Festival 2007
2007's FLIP Festival took place on 1–3 November 
The award winners for 2007's Festival were:

Best Film: Lizzy Hobbs with The Old, Old, Very Old Man 
Best Student Film: Paul O’Flanagan with Beauty Now 
Special Mention (Student Film): Julian Kok with Mimos and the Egg 

Best of FLIP
FLIP Festival also does several small screenings throughout the year of either just the award winners or all the selected submissions  The "Best of FLIP" is usually shown at various venues throughout the West Midlands  For the 2010 season, FLIP had "best of" screenings at both the Stoke Film Theatre and the Wem Town Hall and there was also a special screening at Artsfest '10 in Birmingham, UK 

Notes
External links
FLIP Festival’s website
Light House Media Centre's website
Passage 7:
Mount Von Braun
Mount Von Braun (71°59′S 169°34′E) is a mountain (3,275 m) located 4 nautical miles (7 km) south of Mount Sabine in the Admiralty Mountains  Mapped by United States Geological Survey (USGS) from surveys and U S  Navy air photos, 1960–63  Named by Advisory Committee on Antarctic Names (US-ACAN) for Wernher von Braun of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration, a visitor at McMurdo Station, 1966–67 
 This article incorporates public domain material from "Mount Von Braun"  Geographic Names Information System  United States Geological Survey 
Passage 8:
Operation Lighthouse (1937)
Operation Lighthouse was the name given to the failed experimental launch of four Aggregate 3 liquid-fuel rockets by Wernher von Braun and Walter Dornberger on the German island of Greifswalder Oie in December 1937 

Background and preparation
In the summer of 1937 the German Aggregate 3 series of rockets was nearing the testing stage  Several were tested on a special stand at Kummersdorf in an attempt to evaluate guidance systems  These consisted of vanes designed to deflect the rocket exhaust and control the missile's course  On September 1, Dornberger ordered that von Braun's team prepare for a series of test launches in the first part of November from the small island of Greifswalder Oie in an operation he designated "Lighthouse"  Von Braun assigned the head of his measurement unit, Gerhard Reisig, to prepare the expedition to the island In November, rain and snow storms kept the project behind schedule, delaying ferries and nearly collapsing the tent erected as a preparation site  Rodents gnawed on tar paper and telephone cables  Amidst the setbacks, Dornberger and von Braun hunted rabbits and pheasants  The rockets and launch site were not ready until December 

Launches
The first launch was ordered for December 2, but again weather and technical problems delayed the operation  On December 4 the first rocket blasted off just after 10 AM  Set on a test ring without a guide rail, the rocket rose vertically for three seconds, but then the parachute deployed and dragged, burning, behind the vehicle  After less than seven seconds the engine cut out and soon the rocket fell back to the ground, landing 1,000 feet (300 meters) from the launch site  It exploded and burned upon impact, leaving little wreckage to examine Another missile was launched on the afternoon of December 6 and followed a similar pattern, crashing and exploding in the sea less than twenty feet from the island's cliffs  The wreckage did not yield an explanation for the failure, but the parachute system was suspected For the third launch, the parachute was replaced with a flare  The rocket was set off in the afternoon of December 8  The missile turned from the vertical into the wind and after four seconds the flare deployed  At 1,000 feet (300 meters) the engine quit, and without the drag of a burning parachute (like the previous two rockets) it achieved a greater distance before crashing over a mile offshore and exploding in the sea Despite the disappointing results of the first three launches, Dornberger and von Braun decided to launch their last A3  After further weather delays, the last rocket was set off on the morning of December 11 but demonstrated a performance much like the third 

Aftermath
The failure the project launch came as a shock to von Braun, who set to trying to find the causes  He suspected both the guidance control system and the jet vanes  Additionally, he developed a theory that an electrostatic charge caused the parachute to deploy early in the first two launches  Tests conducted at Kummersdorf on an electrically insulated rocket seemed to discount this explanation  Instead, von Braun figured that the rocket had rolled upon launch enough to deploy the parachute, which was set to act when the missile rolled more than six degrees per second  Because the missiles tested had not been painted in patterns, it was only upon reviewing photographs that the roll was detected Ultimately, the failure of the A3 launches showed the relative lack of experience of von Braun's team and Kreiselgeräte, the company that designed the guidance system  The A3 was essentially abandoned and thoroughly redesigned as the A5  By January 1938 von Braun and Dornberger decided to keep the propulsion, pressurization, and tank systems, but discarded the body and fin design in favor of something that could be better controlled  Additionally, unlike the A3, the A5 would not be designed to carry any scientific instrumentation, but only guidance and control systems 
Furthermore, the failure of the A3 launches held back the development of the A4 (later known as V-2) rocket for at least a year  Von Braun had hoped to launch the world's first ballistic missile by 1940, but the Oie expedition forced this aspiration further into the future 
Passage 9:
Magnus von Braun
Magnus "Mac" Freiherr von Braun (10 May 1919 – 21 June 2003) was a German chemical engineer, Luftwaffe aviator, rocket scientist and business executive  In his 20s he worked as a rocket scientist at Peenemünde and the Mittelwerk 
At age 26, he emigrated to the United States via Operation Paperclip, where he worked for some years at Fort Bliss  In 1955 he began a career as a senior executive with Chrysler's missile and later automotive divisions, retiring in 1975  He lived for 58 years partially in the United States and partially in the United Kingdom until his death  He was the brother of Sigismund and Wernher von Braun 

Biography
Von Braun was born in Greifswald, Pomerania, to Magnus Freiherr von Braun and Emmy von Quistorp  After completing boarding school at Hermann Lietz-Schule in Spiekeroog, he began his studies in 1937 at Technische Universität München  There he remained after receiving his master's degree in organic chemistry, and became an assistant to Nobel laureate Hans Fischer Von Braun arrived at Peenemünde in July 1943 at the request of Wernher von Braun   In March 1944 he was arrested with fellow rocket specialists Wernher von Braun, Klaus Riedel, Helmut Gröttrup, and Hannes Lüersen, but was later released   In late summer 1944 he transferred to the Mittelwerk where he engineered V-2 rocket gyroscopes, servomotors, and turbopumps 
The Mittelwerk was an underground munitions factory dug into Germany's Harz Mountains in order to avoid aerial bombardment by British and American planes  It consisted of two tunnels bored through the mountain range near the town of Nordhausen, each a mile long and connected by dozens of cross tunnels  Railways laid through the main tunnels brought raw materials in and finished rockets out  The entire cavity provided some 35 million cubic feet of space  After massive Allied bombing disrupted the original V-2 development center in the Baltic town of Peenemünde in mid-1943, the majority of German rocket production was moved to the Mittelwerk  Prisoners from the nearby Mittelbau-Dora concentration camps provided slave labor for this huge endeavor  Inmates were marched into the tunnels daily and compelled to work by the notorious Nazi SS, who handled all security issues  The usual horrific methods were employed and over 20,000 slaves perished during this subterranean rocket factory's existence 
Magnus von Braun's involvement with the Mittelwerk began in the fall of 1944, soon after full production began  The first V-2s produced earlier that year had a high failure rate and sabotage was suspected  Concern about these problems prompted Wernher, who was still based at Peenemünde, to send his younger brother to the Mittelwerk in September  While some minor sabotage did occur in the tunnels, it was relatively rare  The real reason for the poor quality of early Mittelwerk missiles was the effort to take cutting-edge research technology and put it into mass production under slave labor conditions 
Tossed into this brutal environment, Magnus reported directly to the factory's chief of rocket production, Arthur Rudolph, who had an office in one of the main tunnels  This work connection with Rudolph would span decades and continents  After Germany surrendered in 1945, Rudolph was part of a group of Nazi scientists who emigrated with the von Braun brothers to the United States as part of Operation Paperclip  The U S  Army put them to work in New Mexico developing intercontinental ballistic missiles  Moving on to NASA in the 1960s, Rudolph continued to collaborate with Magnus, who by then was employed by the main contractor for the Saturn V lunar rocket, Chrysler Corporation   As Nasa's project director for the Saturn V, Rudolph was publicly acclaimed after the Moon landing, but towards the end of his life, his wartime complicity in using slave labor at the Mittelwerk became more widely known  These revelations then forced Rudolph to make a 1983 deal with the U S  Justice Department in which he voluntarily relinquished his U S  citizenship to avoid prosecution and possible loss of his government pension and Social Security benefits  Rudolph then returned to Germany, where he died in 1996 
In November 1944, Rudolph put Magnus in charge of rocket fin servomotors, which were the most troublesome V-2 component at that time  During this period, concerns over sabotage were at their height  In a notorious incident that winter, several Russian prisoners suspected of sabotage were executed by being hanged from cranes used to lift rocket parts and left dangling for a full work day, as an example to other inmates  In this tense atmosphere, servomotors were at the heart of two abuse accusations leveled against Wernher von Braun by Mittelwerk prisoners after the war, one that may have actually involved Magnus  Michael Neufeld, a Smithsonian historian and author of a 2007 biography of Wernher, has tried to unravel claims by Dora prisoners that they personally witnessed brutality administered by the more famous von Braun brother  In a 2002 article about Wernher's potential culpability in Nazi slave labor at Mittelwerk and several other locations, Neufeld dismissed most claims that von Braun carried out direct sadistic behavior as spurious, easily disproved by tracking his known locations during the war  However, Neufeld felt that there were two accusations in particular that merited further study, the second of which might have involved Magnus  "[R]eports that [Wernher] von Braun attended hangings, ordered hangings, attended hangings in SS uniform, etc , have scarcely been discussed in the literature because such testimonies lack credibility," Neufeld wrote  "But in recent years I have received two reports from French Dora survivors that deserve more consideration " In the first incident, survivor Georges Jouanin, whose job was to climb into upright tail sections of V-2s to install cables to the servomotor, placed a wood shoe on one of the units  He later recorded that "someone has noticed my wooden-heeled clog atop such a fragile organ, and I feel a hand pulling insistently on the end of my striped pants, thus forcing me out of the tail unit  'You, out of here, man, you're committing sabotage  You shouldn't step with your foot on this ' I get slapped in the face twice and my head bounces against the metal panels of the tail unit  Cap in hand, I find myself in front of a man in his 30s, rather well dressed, angry, to who I am not allowed to give an explanation  The seven or eight engineers or technicians in the group of which he came out seem disconcerted, astonished    I went back to my work space and the incident seemed over, without consequences  My civilian foreman, Manger is his name, returns from break and tells me     'Our big boss boxed your ears! That was V  Braun '"
In the second case, an inmate named Guy Morand testified that while testing rocket servomotors, he tried to cover for another prisoner who had mislaid a chronometer, which brought the wrath of an enraged foreman down upon him  "Like the good Nazi he was," Morand remembered, "he immediately started shouting it was sabotage, when just at that point von Braun arrived accompanied by his usual group of people  Without even listening to my explanations, he ordered the Meister to have me given 25 strokes in his presence by an SS [man] who was there  Then, judging that the strokes weren't sufficiently hard, he ordered that I be flogged more vigorously, and this order was then diligently carried out " Morand went on to say that "following the floggings, von Braun made me translate that I deserved much more, that in fact I deserved to be hanged, which certainly would be the fate of the 'Mensch' (good-for-nothing) I was " Morand adds that the man was "one of the inventors of the V-2" and frequently made "rapid inspections" of his work area 
This description of "von Braun" is closer to Magnus in his role at the rocket factory than that of Wernher, who visited only occasionally  Neufeld raises the possibility of an identity error in Morand's recollections: "In September 1944, Wernher assigned his younger brother Magnus, a chemical engineer and Luftwaffe pilot, as his special liaison to the Mittelwerk, particularly for servomotor production, which was afflicted with serious technical problems  Magnus von Braun stayed in the Nordhausen area full-time until the evacuation of April, 1945  In contrast, his older brother visited the Mittelwerk, by his estimates, twelve or fifteen times in total  Morand gives the time of the incident as the 'second half of 1944,' which corresponds to Magnus von Braun's assignment to the factory, and the testimonial never actually gives 'von Braun' a last name "
In a footnote to this same 2002 article, Neufeld refers to another incident on the record  A Dora survivor named Robert Cazabonne reported "that a fellow prisoner witnessing a hanging in the tunnel pointed out one of the German onlookers and said, 'That's VON BRAUN!'" Neufeld concludes, "We know with near certainty that Wernher von Braun was not there; however, it might have been his brother Magnus, as civilian employees were expected to attend "
Neufeld continues, "Morand's story necessarily brings Jouanin's identification into question, as both deal with servomotors  Although Jouanin's first instinct on timing was early May 1944, when I wrote him about it, he was less than certain  The description of a man in his thirties he saw only once fits Wernher von Braun better than Magnus, however  In the end, it is impossible to say with certainty that Georges Jouanin's identification of Wernher von Braun can be accepted as meeting a reasonable standard of certainty, as believable as I find it personally  Nor can we conclude with assurance that Magnus von Braun was responsible    "
These prisoner recollections of a sadistic scientist named von Braun stalking the Mittelwerk tunnels, especially on occasions when it can be shown that Wernher could not have been there, is not final proof of Magnus's guilt  However, the possibility of the younger brother's involvement in such abuse requires consideration of an unpleasant facet of his personality that was documented in postwar U S  Army files kept on all former Nazi scientists who worked in the United States 
Magnus was born nearly a decade after his two older brothers, who had come of age before the Nazis took power in Germany  Unlike them, Magnus had a National Socialist adolescence  While the older brothers can be seen as having joined the Nazi party for reasons of professional advancement, Magnus signed on to fascism at a point in life before such concerns became important  His was an ideological commitment  He was thirteen when Hitler became chancellor and thus participated in the Hitler Youth organization and experienced a secondary school environment and curriculum adapted to fascism  His politicized early years naturally influenced his character  Even after the war, Magnus stood apart from Wernher by his displays of arrogance and aristocratic pretension, duly noted by the Army officers who kept files on both men after their 1945 immigration to the United States  Sigismund, the eldest brother, became a diplomatic attaché for the German government in 1936 and passed his war years in Vatican City on consular duty  Though a Nazi party member like his brothers, he avoided direct complicity with regime atrocities such as slave labor and was able to join the new West German foreign service after the war  He rose to become a notable diplomat for West Germany during the 1960s and 1970s 

Surrender at Reutte
After evacuating from Nordhausen, Magnus von Braun was at the Behelfsheim in Weilheim when Wernher von Braun arrived there from Oberammergau on 14 April 1945   The next day, Magnus had arrived at the Haus Ingeborg in Oberjoch by the end of the day  When Huzel became von Braun's assistant, Dr  Kurt Debus became Engineer in Charge of Test Stand VII—Huzel had served since May 1944 after replacing his old friend Hartmut Kuechen  The Mittelwerk was designated for production after the 17 August 1943 Operation Hydra bombing of Peenemünde, and production started well afterward, so Magnus von Braun's claim that he was selected to transfer in October 1943 is inaccurate   After hearing the radio report of Hitler's death, Wernher von Braun announced to his group early in the morning of 3 May 1945 that "Magnus, who speaks English, has just left by bicycle to establish contact with the American forces at Reutte   We cannot wait here forever "  "It was quite courageous for Magnus to come down on his bicycle and find the American troops," said Dr  Ernst Stuhlinger,  member of the V-2 team  "He had a white handkerchief tied to the handlebars of the bicycle and that was all he had to protect him "
On May 10, 1919, I was born in Greifswald, the son of a government administrator, Magnus Freiherr von Braun, and his wife, Emmy, née von Quistorp  I spent my youth in Berlin, where I attended the Prep School and the French School until Easter 1934   Finally, I went to the Hermann Lietz School in Spiekeroog, North Sea, a boarding school from which I graduated Easter 1937   After having spent six months in the Arbeitsdienst, I began studies at the Technical Institute of Munich in the fall of 1937, majoring in organic chemistry   Then when I received my master's degree, I became the assistant in organic chemistry to Professor Hans Fischer (Nobel Prize winner in chemistry) for ¼ year, at which time I was drafted into the Air Force (October 1940)   After the completion of flight training and a short stay as a flight instructor, I came to the Heimat Artillery Park II, Kalshagen, in July 1943   In Karlshagen, I worked with Mr  Gerhard Heller, the director of fuel chemistry, who put me in charge of hypergolic fuels for the newly developing Wasserfall Project   In this capacity, I worked in conjunction with the I  G  Farben Industry   In October 1943, my brother, Professor Wernher von Braun, requested me to work as his personal assistant 
About two in the afternoon, Magnus returned, "I think it went well, I have safe conduct passes and they want us for further interrogation " The Mission Accomplished: The Battle History of the 44th Infantry Division claim that there was a "hectic night of interrogation, plans and counter-proposals" after Magnus von Braun rode his bike downhill in the morning and met members of the "Anti-tank Company, 324th Infantry" "before he went out and in a short time returned with his brother" is inaccurate: Huzel, McGovern, & Ordway, in their researched works, distinctly state Magnus returned about 2 in the afternoon the same day Dieter Huzel described the surrender of the group: "Thus, in the dull, rainy, late afternoon of Wednesday, May 2, 1945, seven men [Magnus & Wernher, Walter Dornberger, Axster, Huzel, Lindenberg, & Tessman]     began their lonely descent from Adolf Hitler Pass toward     Schattwald      Suddenly, around a curve, an American soldier     waved us to a stop   Magnus got out and showed a piece of paper to the guard     After about a half an hour,     we were flanked by two    "jeeps,"    We reached Reutte after dark       The next morning     we emerged from the mess hall     several Army photographers were on hand and spent some time taking pictures " During a photo shoot the next day, Magnus von Braun commented "We're celebrating now, but I'll bet they will throw telephone books at us if we ever reach New York   By noon, Magnus von Braun (along with Axster, Huzel, Lindenberg, & Tessman) arrived in Peiting where forty other Peenemünde personnel already had arrived, and the Germans departed for Garmisch-Partenkirchen on 8 May 

Operation Paperclip and work at Fort Bliss
Von Braun arrived in New York on 16 November 1945 aboard the SS Argentina and was soon at work at Fort Bliss, Texas and later at Redstone Arsenal in Huntsville, Alabama   Von Braun was interrogated as a witness for the Andrae war crimes trial in which Mittelwerk general manager Georg Rickhey was acquitted   Fort Bliss Army CIC agents believed he was a "dangerous German Nazi", with one agent remarking, "his type is a worse threat to security than a half a dozen discredited SS Generals " Soon after his arrival, he was caught trying to sell a brick of platinum he'd stolen from the base to a jeweler in El Paso  The incident was quickly hushed up, though he was informally punished by means of a terrible beating given by his brother Wernher the politician 

Career with Chrysler
In 1955, von Braun began a career with Chrysler—first in the missile division and then in the automotive division  He also resided in Huntsville, Alabama, for a while before moving to Michigan   After living in Michigan, he relocated to the UK, working in London and Coventry as Chrysler UK export director   Von Braun retired from Chrysler in 1975 and returned to the States, where he settled in Arizona and resided until his death 
Passage 10:
Von Braun Ferry Rocket
Von Braun Ferry Rocket was a concept design for a shuttle spacecraft that was developed by Wernher von Braun in a seminal series of early-1950s Collier's magazine articles, "Man Will Conquer Space Soon!" by Wernher von Braun et al  The Ferry Rocket concept has evolved over time 

Re-creations
The Ferry Rocket is modeled in the following flight and spaceflight simulators:

Orbiter, a freeware simulator by Martin Schweiger
X-Plane

See also
"Man Will Conquer Space Soon"
Reusable launch system
Context 2: Passage 1:
1958 Pro Bowl
The 1958 Pro Bowl was the NFL's eighth annual all-star game which featured the outstanding performers from the 1957 season  The game was played on January 12, 1958, at the Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum in Los Angeles, California in front of 66,634 fans  The West squad defeated the East by a score of 26–7 The West team was led by the Detroit Lions' George Wilson while Buddy Parker of the Pittsburgh Steelers coached the East squad  San Francisco 49ers running back Hugh McElhenny was selected as the outstanding back of the game and defensive end Gene Brito of the Washington Redskins was named the outstanding lineman This was the first Pro Bowl to be televised nationally (except in the Los Angeles market where it was blacked out) 
Passage 2:
Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum
The Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum (also known as the L A  Coliseum) is a multi-purpose stadium in the Exposition Park neighborhood of Los Angeles, California  Conceived as a hallmark of civic pride, the Coliseum was commissioned in 1921 as a memorial to Los Angeles veterans of World War I  Completed in 1923, it will become the first stadium to have hosted the Summer Olympics three times when it hosts the 2028 Summer Olympics; the stadium previously hosted the Summer Olympics in 1932 and 1984  It was designated a National Historic Landmark on July 27, 1984, a day before the opening ceremony of the 1984 Summer Olympics The stadium serves as the home of the University of Southern California Trojans football team of the Pac-12 Conference, and is located directly adjacent to the school’s main University Park campus 
The Coliseum is jointly owned by the State of California's Sixth District Agricultural Association, Los Angeles County, and the city of Los Angeles  It is managed and operated by the Auxiliary Services Department of the University of Southern California (USC) USC granted naming rights to United Airlines in January 2018  After concerns were raised by the Coliseum Commission, which has public oversight of USC's management and operation of the Coliseum, the airline agreed to become the title sponsor of the playing field, naming it United Airlines Field at the Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum The Coliseum was the home of the Los Angeles Rams of the National Football League (NFL) from 1946 to 1979, when they moved to Anaheim Stadium in Anaheim, and again from 2016 to 2019, prior to the team's move to SoFi Stadium in Inglewood  The facility had a permanent seating capacity of 93,607 for USC football and Rams games, making it the largest football stadium in the Pac-12 Conference and the NFL  The stadium also was the temporary home of the Los Angeles Dodgers of Major League Baseball (MLB) from 1958 to 1961, and was the host venue for games three, four, and five of the 1959 World Series  It was the site of the first AFL-NFL World Championship Game (later called Super Bowl I) and Super Bowl VII  Additionally, it has served as a home field for a number of other teams, including the 1960 inaugural season for the Los Angeles Chargers, the Los Angeles Raiders of the NFL from 1982 to 1994, and UCLA Bruins football  
From 1959 to 2016, the Los Angeles Memorial Sports Arena was located adjacent to the Coliseum before it closed in March 2016  BMO Stadium, formerly Banc of California Stadium, a soccer-specific stadium and the home of Major League Soccer (MLS)'s Los Angeles FC, was constructed on the former Sports Arena site, and opened in 2018 
In 2019 USC completed a two year long major renovation of the stadium that included replacing the seating along with the addition of luxury boxes and club suites   The $315 million project, funded solely by the university and managed by architectural firm DLR Group, was the first major upgrade of the stadium in twenty years  The improvements and added amenities resulted in a reduced stadium capacity from 92,348 to 77,500 

Operation
The Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum Commission, which consists of six voting members appointed by the three ownership interests and meets on a monthly basis, provides public oversight of the master lease agreement with USC  Under the lease, the University has year-round day-to-day management and operation responsibility for both the Coliseum and BMO Stadium properties  USC's Vice President of Auxiliary Services is also the Chief Operating Officer of the Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum, and Coliseum employees are employees of the university  Until 2013, USC had a series of mostly one and two year agreements with the Coliseum Commission – which up to that time had been directly operating the stadium  Those agreements were limited to the University only renting the stadium for USC home football games  On July 29, 2013, after the previously governing Coliseum Commission failed to deliver promised renovations, the Coliseum Commission and USC implemented a significantly more extensive master lease agreement that transferred to USC the responsibility for the long-term management and operation of both the Coliseum and the adjacent BMO Stadium property and the capital renewal of the Coliseum  The 98-year agreement required the University to make approximately $100 million in initial physical repairs to the Coliseum  Additionally, it requires USC pay $1 3 million each year in rent to the State of California for the state-owned land the property occupies in Exposition Park; maintain the Coliseum's physical condition at the same standard used on the USC Campus; and assume all financial obligations for the operations and maintenance of the Coliseum and BMO Stadium Complex 

USC
The Coliseum is primarily the home of the USC Trojans football team  Most of USC's regular home games, especially the alternating games with rivals UCLA and Notre Dame, attract a capacity crowd  The current official capacity of the Coliseum is 77,500, with 42 suites, 1,100 club seats, 24 loge boxes, and a 500-person rooftop terrace  USC's women lacrosse and soccer teams use the Coliseum for selected games, usually involving major opponents and televised games  USC also rents the Coliseum to various events, including international soccer games, musical concerts and other large outdoor events In May 2021, due to the previous year of local COVID-19 restrictions, USC held commencement ceremonies in the Coliseum for graduating students from the classes of 2020 and 2021  Ceremonies were held in the Coliseum twice a day for a week, with over 36,000 diplomas (including undergraduate and graduate degrees and certificates) were awarded  It was the first time in 70 years that USC had held its commencement in the stadium 

History
Planning
The Coliseum was commissioned in 1921 as a memorial to L A  veterans of World War I (rededicated to all United States veterans of the war in 1968)  The groundbreaking ceremony took place on December 21, 1921, with construction being completed in just over 16 months, on May 1, 1923  Designed by John and Donald Parkinson, the original bowl's initial construction costs were $954,873  When the Coliseum opened in 1923, it was the largest stadium in Los Angeles, with a capacity of 75,144  In 1930, however, with the Olympics due in two years, the stadium was extended upward to seventy-nine rows of seats with two tiers of tunnels, expanding the seating capacity to 101,574  The physical structure of a bowl-shaped configuration for the Coliseum was undoubtedly inspired by the earlier Yale Bowl which was built in 1914  The now-signature Olympic torch was added, and the stadium was briefly known as Olympic Stadium  The Olympic cauldron torch which burned through both Games remains above the peristyle at the east end of the stadium as a reminder of this, as do the Olympic rings symbols over one of the main entrances  The football field runs east to west with the press box on the south side of the stadium 
The current jumbotrons to each side of the peristyle were installed in 2017, and replaced a scoreboard and video screen that towered over the peristyle dating back to 1983; they replaced a smaller scoreboard above the center arch installed in 1972, which in turn supplanted the 1937 model, one of the first all-electric scoreboards in the nation  Over the years new light towers have been placed along the north and south rims  The large analog clock and thermometer over the office windows at either end of the peristyle were installed in 1955  In the mid- and late 1950s, the press box was renovated, and the "Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum" lettering and Olympic rings, lighted at night, were added to the eastern face of the peristyle tower  Between the double peristyle arches at the east end is the Coliseum's "Court of Honor" plaques, recognizing many of the memorable events and participants in its  history, including a full list of 1932 and 1984 Olympic gold medalists (the complete roster of honorees can be seen below) 

Renovations
For many years, the Coliseum was capable of seating over 100,000 spectators  In 1964, the stadium underwent its first major renovation in over three decades  Most of the original pale green wood-and-metal bench seating was replaced by individual theater-type chairs of dark red, beige and yellow; these seats remained until 2018, although the yellow color was eliminated in the 1970s  The seating capacity was reduced to approximately 93,000 
The Coliseum was problematic as an NFL venue  At various times in its history, it was either the largest or one of the largest stadiums in the league  While this allowed the Rams and Raiders to set attendance records, it also made it extremely difficult to sell out  The NFL amended its blackout rule to allow games to be televised locally if they were sold out 72 hours before kickoff  However, due to the Coliseum's large size, Rams (and later Raiders) games were often blacked out in Southern California, even in the teams' best years 
From 1964 to the late 1970s, it was common practice to shift the playing field to the closed end of the stadium and install end zone bleachers in front of the peristyle, limiting further the number of seats available for sale  For USC–UCLA and USC-Notre Dame games, which often attracted crowds upward of 90,000, the bleachers were moved eastward and the field was re-marked in its original position  When a larger east grandstand was installed between 1977 and 1978, at the behest of Rams owner Carroll Rosenbloom, the capacity was just 71,500  With the upcoming 1984 Summer Olympic Games, a new track was installed and the playing field permanently placed inside it  However, the combination of the stadium's large, relatively shallow design, along with the presence of the track between the playing field and the stands, meant that some of the original end zone seats were as far from the field by the equivalent length of another football field  To address these and other problems, the Coliseum underwent a $15 million renovation before the 1993 football season, which included the following:
The field was lowered by 11 feet (3 4 m) and 14 new rows of seats replaced the running track, bringing the first row of seats closer to the playing field (a maximum distance of 54 feet (16 5 m) at the eastern 30-yard-line) 
A portable seating section was built between the eastern endline and the peristyle bleachers (the stands are removed for concerts and similar events) 
The locker rooms and public restrooms were "modernized "
The bleachers were replaced with individual seating Additionally, for Raiders home games, tarpaulins were placed over seldom-sold sections, reducing seating capacity to approximately 65,000  The changes were anticipated to be the first of a multi-stage renovation designed by HNTB that would have turned the Coliseum into a split-bowl stadium with two levels of mezzanine suites (the peristyle end would have been left as is)  However, after the 1994 Northridge earthquake, the $93 million was required from government agencies (including the Federal Emergency Management Agency) to repair earthquake damage, and the renovations demanded by the Raiders were put on hold indefinitely  The Raiders then redirected their efforts toward a proposed stadium at Hollywood Park Racetrack in Inglewood before electing to move back to the Oakland Coliseum prior to the 1995 NFL season  In 2000, Bentley Management Group (BMG) was hired as the project manager to complete work at the Coliseum and Sports Arena funded by FEMA  In addition to seismically bracing the Sports Arena while it remained open for events, BMG also coordinated the Coliseum's new press box elevator, various concession stands, restroom improvements, and concrete spalling repairs 

New videoboard
In August 2011, construction began on the Coliseum's west end on a new 6,000-square-foot (560 m2) HD video scoreboard, accompanying the existing video scoreboard on the peristyle (east end) of the stadium  The video scoreboard officially went into operation on September 3, 2011, at USC football's home opener versus the University of Minnesota, with the game being televised on ABC 

2018–2019 renovation project
After USC took over the Coliseum master lease in 2013, they began making plans for major renovations needed and as stipulated in the master lease agreement  On October 29, 2015, USC unveiled an estimated $270 million project for a massive renovation and restoration the Coliseum  The upgrades included: replacing all seats in the stadium, construction of a larger and modern press box (with new box suites, premium lounges, a viewing deck, a V I P  section, and the introduction of LED ribbon boards), adding new aisles and widening some seats, a new sound system, restoration and renaming of the peristyle to the Julia and George Argyros Plaza, stadium wide Wi-Fi, two new HD video jumbotrons, new concession stands, upgraded entry concourses, new interior and exterior lighting, modernization of plumbing and electrical systems, and a reduction in capacity of about 16,000 seats, with the final total at approximately 78,500 seats The plans were met with mixed reactions from the public  The Los Angeles 2028 Olympic bid committee contemplated additional renovations to support its bid On January 8, 2018, USC began the project to renovate and improve the Coliseum  The project, which was solely funded by the University, was completed by the 2019 football season, and was the first major upgrade of the stadium in 20 years  The project budget increased from the initial estimate of $270 million to $315 million mainly due to the tight construction schedule 

Naming rights
On January 29, 2018, Chicago-based United Airlines became the stadium's first naming rights partner  Originally, Memorial Coliseum was to be retained in the name of the stadium by the condition of the Coliseum Commission's requirement in its master lease agreement with USC  However, veterans groups and the new president of the Coliseum Commission raised concern about the new name, while United did not approve of any change from the stadium and stated that they were willing to step away from the deal On March 29, 2019, USC suggested the name United Airlines Field at Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum instead of the planned United Airlines Memorial Coliseum  Although United also did not support this and considered withdrawal, the two parties agreed to the name on June 7 During Los Angeles Rams home games for the 2019 season, the stadium reverted to its original name, and all signage indicating "United Airlines Field" was covered due to the franchise's sponsoring partnership with American Airlines 

Notable events
1920s
On October 6, 1923, Pomona College and USC played in the inaugural game at the Coliseum, with the Trojans prevailing 23–7  Situated just across the street from Exposition Park, USC agreed to play all its home games at the Coliseum, a circumstance that contributed to the decision to build the arena 
From 1928 to 1981, the UCLA Bruins also played home games at the Coliseum  When USC and UCLA played each other, the "home" team (USC in odd-numbered years, UCLA in even), occupied the north sideline and bench, and its band and rooters sat on the north side of the stadium; the "visiting" team and its contingent took to the south (press box) side of the stadium  Excepting the mid-1950s and 1983–2007, the two teams have worn their home jerseys for the rivalry games for the Victory Bell  This tradition was renewed in 2008, even though the two schools now play at different stadiums  UCLA moved to the Rose Bowl in Pasadena in 1982 

1930s–1940s
In 1932, the Coliseum hosted the Summer Olympic Games, the first of two Olympic Games hosted at the stadium  The Coliseum served as the site of the field hockey, gymnastics, the show jumping part of the equestrian event, and track and field events, along with the opening and closing ceremonies  The 1932 games marked the introduction of the Olympic Village, as well as the victory podium The former Cleveland Rams of the National Football League relocated to the Coliseum in 1946, becoming the Los Angeles Rams; however, the team later relocated again, first to Anaheim in 1980, then to St Louis in 1995, only to move back to Los Angeles in 2016  The Los Angeles Dons of the All-America Football Conference played in the Coliseum from 1946 to 1949, when the franchise merged with its NFL cousins just before the two leagues merged  The Coliseum hosted the NCAA Men's Division I Outdoor Track and Field Championships in 1934, 1939, 1949, and 1955  It also hosted several Coliseum Relays and several Compton-Coliseum Invitational (track and field) events from the 1940s until the 1970s 

1950s–1960s
Among other sporting events held at the Coliseum over the years were Major League Baseball (MLB) games, which were held when the Brooklyn Dodgers of the National League relocated to the West Coast in 1958  The Dodgers played here until Dodger Stadium was completed in time for the 1962 season  Even allowing for its temporary status, the Coliseum was extremely ill-suited for baseball due to the fundamentally different sizes and shapes of football and baseball fields  A baseball field requires roughly 2 5 times more area than a football gridiron, but the playing surface was just barely large enough to accommodate a baseball diamond  As a result, foul territory was almost nonexistent down the first base line, but was expansive down the third base line, with a very large backstop for the catcher  Sight lines also left much to be desired; some seats were as far as 710 feet (216 m) from the plate  Also, from baseball's point of view, the locker rooms were huge as  they were designed for football (not baseball) teams 
In order to shoehorn even an approximation of a baseball field onto the playing surface, the left-field fence was set at only 251 feet (77 m) from the plate  This seemed likely to ensure that there would be many "Chinese home runs", as such short shots were called at the time  Sportswriters began jokingly referring to the improvised park as "O'Malley's Chinese Theatre" or "The House that Charlie Chan Built", drawing protests from the Chinese American community in the Los Angeles area  They also expressed concern that cherished home run records, especially Babe Ruth's 1927 seasonal mark of 60, might easily fall as a result of 250-foot (76 m) pop flies going over the left-field fence  Sports Illustrated titled a critical editorial "Every Sixth Hit a Homer!" Players also complained, with Milwaukee Braves ace Warren Spahn calling for a rule that would require any home run to travel at least 300 feet (91 m) before it could be considered a home run Baseball Commissioner Ford Frick ordered the Dodgers to erect a 42 feet (12 8 m) screen in left field to prevent pop flies from becoming home runs  Its cables, towers, wires, and girders were in play  The "short porch" in left field looked extremely attractive to batters  In the first week of play during the 1959 season, the media's worst preseason fears seemed to be realized when 24 home runs were hit in the Coliseum, three of them by Chicago Cubs outfielder Lee Walls, not especially distinguished as a hitter  However, pitchers soon adapted, throwing outside to right-handed hitters, requiring them to pull the bat hard if they wanted to hit toward left  Perhaps no player took better advantage than Dodgers outfielder Wally Moon, who figured out how to hit high fly balls that dropped almost vertically just behind the screen  By the end of the season, he had hit 19 homers, all but five of them in the Coliseum  In recognition, such homers were dubbed "Moon Shots" Nonetheless, the number of home runs alarmed Frick enough that he ordered the Dodgers to build a second screen in the stands, 333 ft (101 m) from the plate  A ball would have had to clear both screens to be a home run; if it cleared the first, it would have been a ground-rule double  However, the Dodgers discovered that the earthquake safety provisions of the Los Angeles building code forbade construction of a second screen Unable to compel the Dodgers to fix the situation, the major leagues passed a note to Rule 1 04 stating that any stadium constructed after June 1, 1958, must provide a minimum distance of 325 feet (99 m) down each foul line  Also, when the expansion Los Angeles Angels joined the American League in 1961, Frick rejected their original request to use the Coliseum as a temporary facility  This rule was revoked (or perhaps, simply ignored) when the Baltimore Orioles launched the "retro ballpark" era in 1992, with the opening of Oriole Park at Camden Yards  With a right field corner of only 318 feet (97 m), this fell short  However, baseball fans heartily welcomed the "new/old" style, and all new ballparks since then have been allowed to set their own distances 

Late that season, the screen figured in the National League pennant race  When the Braves were playing the Dodgers at the Coliseum on September 15, 1959, Joe Adcock hit a ball that cleared the screen but hit a steel girder behind it and got stuck in the mesh  According to  ground rules, this should have been a home run  However, the umpires ruled it a ground-rule double  The fans shook the screen, causing the ball to fall into the seats  The umpires changed the call to a homer, only to rule it a ground-rule double while Adcock was left stranded on second  The game was tied at the end of nine innings, and the Dodgers won in the tenth inning  At the end of the regular season, the Dodgers and Braves finished in a tie  The Dodgers won the ensuing playoff and went on to win the World Series 
Although less than ideal for baseball due to its poor sight lines and short dimensions (left field at 251 feet (77 m) and power alleys at 320 feet (98 m)), the Coliseum was ideally suited for large paying crowds  Each of the three games of the 1959 World Series drew over 92,000 fans, with game five drawing 92,706, a record unlikely to be seriously threatened anytime soon given the smaller seating capacities of today's baseball parks  In May 1959, an exhibition game between the Dodgers and the New York Yankees in honor of legendary catcher Roy Campanella drew 93,103, the largest crowd ever to see a baseball game in the Western Hemisphere until a 2008 exhibition game between the Los Angeles Dodgers and the Boston Red Sox to mark the 50th anniversary of MLB in Los Angeles  The Coliseum also hosted the second 1959 MLB All-Star Game 
The Coliseum was also the site of John F  Kennedy's memorable acceptance speech at the 1960 Democratic National Convention  It was during that speech that Kennedy first used the term "the New Frontier" 

The Rams hosted the 1949, 1951 and 1955 NFL championship games at the Coliseum  The Coliseum was also the site of the very first NFL-AFL Championship Game in 1967, an event since renamed the Super Bowl  It also hosted Super Bowl VII in 1973, but future Super Bowls in the Los Angeles region would instead be hosted at the Rose Bowl, which has never had an NFL tenant  The Coliseum was also the site of the NFL Pro Bowl from 1951 to 1972, and again in 1979  In 1960, the American Football League (AFL)'s Los Angeles Chargers played at the Coliseum before relocating to San Diego the next year; the team moved back to the L A  area in 2017 
The United States men's national soccer team played its first match at the stadium in 1965, losing to Mexico in a 1966 World Cup qualifier  Also, the Los Angeles Wolves of the United Soccer Association played their home games at the Coliseum for a year (1967) before moving to the Rose Bowl 

1970s–1980s
In June 1970, the first Senior Olympics (known as the Senior Sports International Meet) took place at the Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum In July 1972, the Coliseum hosted the "Super Bowl" of Motocross  The event was the first motocross race held inside a stadium  It evolved into the AMA Supercross championship held in stadiums across the United States and Canada  The Coliseum last hosted the event in 1998 On August 20, 1972, Wattstax, also known as "Black-Woodstock", took place in the Coliseum  Over 100,000 black residents of Los Angeles attended this concert for African-American pride  Later in 1973, a documentary was released about the concert 
In 1973, Evel Knievel used the entire distance of the stadium to jump 50 stacked cars  Knievel launched his motorcycle from atop one end of the Coliseum, jumping the cars in the center of the field, and stopping high atop the other end  The jump was broadcast on ABC's Wide World of Sports  Also in 1973, the Coliseum was host to Super Bowl VII, which saw the AFC champion Miami Dolphins defeat the NFC champion Washington Redskins 14–7, becoming the only team in NFL history to attain an undefeated season and postseason 
The Mickey Thompson Entertainment Group hosted the first stadium short course off-road race at the Coliseum in 1979  The event was last held in 1992 
The Los Angeles Rams played their home games in the Coliseum until 1979, when they moved to Anaheim prior to the 1980 NFL season  They hosted the NFC Championship Game in 1975 and 1978, in which they lost both times to the Dallas Cowboys by lopsided margins 
The Los Angeles Aztecs of the North American Soccer League used the Coliseum as their home ground in 1977 and 1981 
The Coliseum was also home to the USFL's Los Angeles Express between 1983 and 1985  In this capacity, the stadium also is the site of the longest professional American football game in history: on June 30, 1984 (a few weeks before the start of the 1984 Summer Olympics), a triple-overtime game between the Express and the Michigan Panthers that was decided on a 24-yard game-winning touchdown by Mel Gray of the Express, three and a half minutes into the third overtime, to give Los Angeles a 27–21 win  Until 2012, this game marked the only time in the history of professional football that there was more than one kickoff in overtime play in the same game In 1982, the former Oakland Raiders moved in  The same year, UCLA decided to move out, relocating its home games to the Rose Bowl in Pasadena 

The Coliseum was also the site of the 1982 Speedway World Final, held for the first and only time in the United States  The event saw Newport Beach native Bruce Penhall retain the title he had won in front of 92,500 fans at London's Wembley Stadium in 1981  An estimated 40,000 fans were at the Coliseum to see Penhall retain his title before announcing his retirement from motorcycle speedway to take up an acting role on the television series CHiPs 
Los Angeles hosted the 1984 Summer Olympics, and the Coliseum became the first stadium to host the Summer Olympic Games twice, again serving as the primary track and field venue and as the site of the opening and closing ceremonies The Coliseum played host to the California World Music Festival on April 7–8, 1979 The Rolling Stones played at the stadium on their 1981 Tattoo You tour (October 9 and 11), supported by George Thorogood, the J  Geils Band, and relatively unknown newcomer Prince Stones played for 90 000 for each of 2 nights in 1981 and a record 90 000 fans for 4 nights in 1989 

The Argentina national soccer team played a friendly match against Mexico on May 14, 1985, as part of Argentina's tour of North America prior to the 1986 FIFA World Cup that would be won by the squad managed by Carlos Bilardo 
Bruce Springsteen and the E Street Band concluded their Born in the U S A  Tour with four consecutive concerts on September 27, 29, 30, and October 2, 1985, in front of 82 000 people each night  These shows were recorded and eight songs from the show of September 30 appear on their box set Live 1975–85  The September 27 show was released through Springsteen's website in 2019 
U2 played at the stadium during leg three of their breakout Joshua Tree tour on November 17 and 18, 1987  They later returned to the stadium for their PopMart Tour on June 21, 1997 
Los Angeles natives Mötley Crüe played at the stadium on December 13, 1987, during the second leg of their Girls, Girls, Girls World Tour, with fellow Los Angeles band Guns N' Roses as the opening act  At that time, Mötley Crüe was one of the most popular and successful acts in the world, while Guns N' Roses was one of the largest up-and-coming acts  The latter would later return for four shows in October 1989 as the opening act for the Rolling Stones, then again on September 27, 1992, as part of their infamous co-headlining tour with Metallica 
The stadium played host to The Monsters of Rock Festival Tour, featuring Van Halen, Scorpions, Dokken, Metallica, and Kingdom Come, on July 24, 1988  A second show was planned to take place on July 23, but was later canceled 
The stadium also played host to Amnesty International's Human Rights Now! Benefit Concert on September 21, 1988, headlined by Sting and Peter Gabriel and also featuring Bruce Springsteen and the E Street Band, Tracy Chapman, Youssou N'Dour, and Joan Baez 

1990s–2000s
The Raiders began looking to move out of the Coliseum as early as 1986  In addition to the delays in renovating the stadium, they never drew well; even after they won Super Bowl XVIII in 1984, they had trouble filling it  The NFL scheduled all of the Raiders' appearances on Monday Night Football as road games since the Los Angeles market would have been blacked out due to the Coliseum not being sold out  Finally, in 1995, the Raiders left Los Angeles and returned to Oakland, leaving the Coliseum without a professional football tenant for the first time since the close of World War II 
In the mid-1990s, the Coliseum was planned to be the home of the Los Angeles Blaze, a charter franchise of the United League (UL) which was planned to be a third league of Major League Baseball 
The Legends Football League began as a halftime spectacular known as the Lingerie Bowl  The first three years (2004, 2005, 2006) were played at the Coliseum  From 2009 to 2011, a couple of Los Angeles Temptation games were played in the Coliseum  Beginning in 2015, the Temptation resumed playing at the Coliseum after three seasons at Citizens Business Bank Arena in Ontario 
The 1991 CONCACAF Gold Cup soccer tournament was also held at the Coliseum  The United States national team beat Honduras in the final  The Coliseum also staged the final match of the Gold Cup in 1996, 1998 and 2000  In October 2000, the United States played its last match at the stadium in a friendly versus Mexico  Since then, the team has preferred the Rose Bowl Stadium and Dignity Health Sports Park as home stadiums in Greater Los Angeles 
The stadium hosted the K-1 Dynamite!! USA mixed martial arts event  The promoters claimed that 54,000 people attended the event, which would have set a new attendance record for a mixed martial arts event in the United States; however, other officials estimated the crowd between 20,000 and 30,000 In May 1959, the Dodgers had hosted an exhibition game against the reigning World Series champion New York Yankees at the Coliseum, a game which drew over 93,000 people  The Yankees won that game 6–2  As part of their West Coast 50th anniversary celebration in 2008, the Dodgers again hosted an exhibition game against the reigning World Series champions, the Boston Red Sox  On March 29, 2008, the middle game of a three-game set in Los Angeles was also won by the visitors by the relatively low score of 7–4, given the layout of the field; Red Sox catcher Jason Varitek had joked that he expected scores in the 80s 
As previously mentioned in the 1950s–1960s section, during 1958–1961, the distance from home plate to the left field foul pole was 251 feet (76 5 m) with a 42-foot (13 m) screen running across the close part of left field  Due to the intervening addition of another section of seating rimming the field, the 2008 grounds crew had much less space to work with, and the result was a left field foul line only 201 ft  long (61 3 m), with a 60-foot (18 m) screen, which one Boston writer dubbed the "Screen Monster"  Even at that distance, 201 feet (61 m) is also 49 ft (14 9 m) short of the minimum legal home-run distance  This being an exhibition game, balls hit over the 60 ft (18 m) temporary screen were still counted as home runs  There were only a couple of home runs over the screen, as pitchers adjusted (and Manny Ramirez did not play) 
A diagram () illustrated the differences in the dimensions between 1959 and 2008:

2008 – LF 201 ft (61 3 m) – LCF 280 ft (85 3 m) – CF 380 ft (115 8 m) – RCF 352 ft (107 3 m) – RF 300 ft (91 4 m)
1959 – LF 251 ft (76 5 m) – LCF 320 ft (97 5 m) – CF 417 ft (127 1 m) – RCF 375 ft (114 3 m) – RF 300 ft (91 4 m)A sellout crowd of 115,300 was announced, which set a Guinness World Record for attendance at a baseball game, breaking the record set at a 1956 Summer Olympics baseball demonstration game between teams from the US and Australia at the Melbourne Cricket Ground 
The Coliseum formerly hosted the major U S  electronic dance music festival, the Electric Daisy Carnival  It last hosted the event in 2010; following the drug-related death of an underage attendee at EDC that year, the festival's organizer Insomniac Events was blacklisted from hosting future events at the venue, and it subsequently moved to Las Vegas Motor Speedway in 2011 In 2003, select events of the X Games IX action sports event were held at the Coliseum  In 2010, the X Games XVI were held at the venue In 2006, the Coliseum Commission focused on signing a long-term lease with USC, who offered to purchase the facility from the state but was turned down  After some at-time contentious negotiations, with the university threatening to move to the Rose Bowl in late 2007, the two sides signed a 25-year lease in May 2008, giving the Coliseum Commission 8% of USC's ticket sales, approximately $1 5 million a year, but committing the agency to a list of renovations In 2006, Mexican band RBD held a concert during their U S  tour before 70,000 people, with tickets sold out in less than 30 minutes  It was the highest attended event by a Mexican act since Los Bukis' 1993 and 1996 concerts On June 23, 2008, the Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum Commission announced that they were putting the naming rights of the Coliseum on the market, predicting a deal valued at $6 million to $8 million a year  The funds would go towards financing over $100 million in renovations over the next decade, including a new video board, bathrooms, concession areas, and locker rooms  Additional seating was included in the renovation plans which increased the Coliseum's seating capacity to 93,607 in September 2008 

On June 17, 2009, the Coliseum was the terminus for the Los Angeles Lakers' 2009 NBA championship victory parade  A crowd of over 90,000 attended the festivities, in addition to the throngs of supporters who lined the 2-mile (3 2 km) parade route  The Coliseum peristyle was redesigned in purple and gold regalia to commemorate the team, and the Lakers' court was transported from Staples Center to the Coliseum field to act as the stage  Past parades had ended at Staples Center, but due to the newly constructed L A  Live complex, space was limited around the arena 

2010s–present
On July 30, 2011, the LA Rising festival with Rage Against the Machine, Muse, Rise Against, Lauryn Hill, Immortal Technique, and El Gran Silencio was hosted at the Coliseum 
Roger Waters continued his The Wall Live at the stadium on 19 May 2012 to a sold-out crowd 
On April 27, 2013, the stadium hosted a round of the Stadium Super Trucks off-road race 
On September 13, 2014, the Coliseum hosted the fifth-place game, third-place game and final of the 2014 Copa Centroamericana in front of 41,969 spectators 
In August 2015, the Coliseum hosted the opening and closing ceremonies for the 2015 Special Olympics World Summer Games On June 16, 2018, Shannon Briggs hosted the first press conference for a celebrity boxing event with KSI, Deji, Jake Paul, and Logan Paul On September 14, 2021, the NASCAR Cup Series announced that the annual Busch Clash would take place at the Coliseum, at a purpose-made quarter-mile track On December 9, 2021, Kanye West performed a benefit concert for the long-imprisoned Larry Hoover with special guest Drake at the Coliseum 
On September 23 and 24, 2022 German band Rammstein performed two shows as part of the North American leg of their Rammstein Stadium Tour
On December 10, 2022, Deadmau5 and Kaskade performed as their collaborative project Kx5 to a crowd of 50,000  Making it the largest ever one-day EDM headlining event in North America at the time 

Return of the Los Angeles Rams 2016-19
On January 12, 2016, the NFL gave permission for the St
Context 3: Passage 1:
Honey to the Bee
"Honey to the Bee" is a song by English singer turned actress Billie from her debut studio album, Honey to the B (1998)  It was released on 22 March 1999 and debuted at number three on the UK Singles Chart, which became its peak position  It was not a hit in mainland Europe, but it became one of Billie's highest-charting songs in Australia and New Zealand, reaching number six in the former country and number five in the latter  In Australia, it was the 48th-best-selling song of 1999 
In January 2007, the song was championed by Radio 1 DJ Chris Moyles as part of an experiment to test out the new UK Singles Chart rules that came into effect that month, which prompted the song to reach number 17 on the UK Singles Chart on 21 January 2007 

Music video
The video, which uses the shorter radio edit version in lieu of the full album version, was directed by Katie Bell and features Billie in a computer-animated background 

Track listings
Credits and personnel
Credits are lifted from the Honey to the B album booklet Studios

Recorded at Ridge Farm (Surrey, England) and Marcus Studios (London, England)
Mixed at Metropolis Studios (London, England)Personnel

Charts
Certifications
Release history
Play version
In June 2003, Swedish girl group Play covered the song on their third album Replay  Play's version featured a trip hop beat and soprano vocals 
Passage 2:
Clean Bandit discography
English electronic music group Clean Bandit have released two studio albums, two extended plays, 22 singles (including four as a featured artist), 22 music videos and 13 remixes  In December 2012, the group released their debut single "A+E", which peaked at number 100 on the UK Singles Chart  The song is the lead single from their debut album, New Eyes, which was released in May 2014  The album's second single, "Mozart's House", charted at number seventeen on the UK Singles Chart, becoming Clean Bandit's first top twenty single on the chart  "Dust Clears" was released as the third single from the album, reaching number forty-three on the UK chart  The album's fourth single, "Rather Be", features Jess Glynne and topped the UK Singles Chart, the group's first number one on the chart 
Clean Bandit's 2016 single "Rockabye", which features rapper Sean Paul and singer Anne-Marie, became their second number-one hit in the UK, becoming the Christmas number one single for 2016 in its seventh consecutive week at number one  The follow-up to "Rockabye", "Symphony", featured Zara Larsson and became their third UK number-one single  Their second album, What Is Love?, followed on 30 November 2018 

Studio albums
Extended plays
Singles
As lead artist
As featured artist
Music videos
Remixes
Songwriting and production credits
Notes
Passage 3:
We Found Love
"We Found Love" is a song by Barbadian singer Rihanna from her sixth studio album, Talk That Talk (2011)  The song features (and was written and produced by) Scottish DJ Calvin Harris, whose 2012 album 18 Months also includes the track  "We Found Love" premiered on September 22, 2011, on the Capital FM radio station in the United Kingdom, and was made available to download on the same day as the lead single from Talk That Talk  "We Found Love" is an uptempo electro house song, with elements of dance-pop, techno and Europop  The song's lyrics speak of a couple who "found love in a hopeless place" The song was a major worldwide success  It topped the US Billboard Hot 100 for ten non-consecutive weeks, becoming the longest running number-one single of 2011  The single also surpassed "Umbrella" and became Rihanna's longest running number one single  It was the singer's eleventh song to top the Hot 100, placing her in third place among female recording artists amassing the most number one singles  Outside of the United States, "We Found Love" topped the charts in 25 other countries, including Canada, Australia, New Zealand, France, Germany, the Republic of Ireland, Russia, Scotland, Switzerland, and the United Kingdom  According to Billboard it is the 29th most successful single of all time in the US  As of 2015, the single has sold 10 5 million copies worldwide, thus being one of the best selling singles of all time 
The song's accompanying music video, directed by Melina Matsoukas, depicts the singer as a drug-abusing thrill-seeker in a relationship that quickly spirals downward into addiction and domestic violence  The video won a Grammy Award for Best Music Video at the 55th Annual Grammy Awards and MTV Video Music Award for Video of the Year at the 2012 MTV Video Music Awards  The song has been performed on both the UK and US versions of The X Factor, as well as at the 54th Annual Grammy Awards and the 2012 Brit Awards  Multiple recording artists have covered "We Found Love" including British artists Coldplay and Jessie J 

Background
Following the release and success of her album Loud (2010), Rihanna originally revealed via Twitter that the album would be re-issued with new songs and released in Fall 2011, writing that "[t]he [Loud era] continues with more new music to add to [your] collection"  In September 2011, Rihanna again took to the social networking site to confirm that the plans had been scrapped, with the singer tweeting "I [thought about] a [re-release], but LOUD is its own body of work! Plus [you] guys work so hard that [you] deserve to act brand new"  On September 19, 2011, Rihanna further provoked excitement amongst her followers when she posted that she was listening to the song, only to be re-tweeted by Calvin Harris, who replied "Sometimes it feels like we find love in the most hopeless place", suggesting that his response contained possible lyrics from the song  In an interview with Capital FM, Harris – who produced the track – explained that followers of Rihanna had sent messages to him regarding their expectations of the song, saying "The song better not be rubbish", which he interpreted as slightly threatening, but went on to say that "it's all part of the fun"  In an interview for Q magazine, Harris said of the lyric, "we found love in a hopeless place," "It could have been Jumpin Jaks in Dumfries (Harris' home town), I don't know exactly what I was thinking about ""We Found Love" premiered in the United Kingdom on September 22, 2011, on Capital FM, and was sent for mainstream adds in the United States on October 11, 2011  The song was released via iTunes on September 22, 2011  During an interview with MTV News, Calvin Harris revealed, "'We Found Love,' is the most successful thing I've done ever    It's not strictly a song by me, obviously, it's by Rihanna  She sings it   It was great to work with her    No one could have taken it as far as she did  You can't escape it here [in America]  I've heard it a lot  I've heard it probably more times today than I did when I was mixing it  Which is a good thing    Ever since the Rihanna song did well, a lot of people want to do some stuff, which is great    That's what I enjoy doing  In terms of actual names, I've not done anything yet " In October 2012, British singer Leona Lewis claimed that she was originally chosen to sing the song but ended up losing it to Rihanna when Harris went touring with the latter, commenting  "I didn’t commit to it because I wanted "Trouble" to be my first single so I think that was another reason they went with Rihanna  It was the same version and production but mine’s better " In 2013, Nicole Scherzinger claimed that she was the first artist given the song but ended up rejecting it, commenting  "I've got the demo of that song and I was busy at the time  They'd sent me a few dance tracks and I wasn't able to get to them and I was like, 'Oh there's so much dance and I want to take a break from it "

Artwork
The artwork for "We Found Love" was released by Rihanna's official Facebook page on September 22, 2011  Grady Smith of Entertainment Weekly's The Music Mix criticized the song's artwork, writing "'We found love in a hopeless place,' Rihanna repeats over a David Guetta-ish synth beat  But judging by the single cover, her place doesn't look too hopeless, does it? Maybe there's a building on fire outside the frame, and that fire hydrant doesn't work  I guess that would be hopeless " A reviewer for Sugar Magazine wrote that "On anyone else this would be a pretty odd look but Rihanna somehow makes a denim overload look good " A reviewer for Neon Limelight commented that Rihanna appeared to be adopting a tomboy image for the new project, writing, "She really is going for that sexy tomboy look this album era it seems; remember the laid back look she rocked on the single's cover art?" 

Composition
"We Found Love" is an electro house song with elements of Europop, pop, techno, dance-pop, trance, and Euro disco  According to the digital music sheet published at musicnotes com, the song is written in the key of F ♯ major and it is set at a tempo of 128 beats per minute  The instrumentation of "We Found Love" consists of alarm bells, a keyboard, repetitive pumped-up synthesizers and 4/4 beats Rihanna's vocal range in the song spans one octave, from the lower note of C♯4 to the higher note of C♯5  Priya Elan of NME commented that Rihanna sounds "extremely relaxed" and Bill Lamb of About com wrote that her vocals are simple and unaffected  Leah Collins of The Vancouver Sun wrote that Rihanna's vocals on "We Found Love" were similar to her vocals on "Fly"  According to Elan, the keyboard work in the song bears resemblance to that in from "Only Girl (In the World)" and the melody is similar to that of "Complicated", a track included in Rihanna's 2010 studio album Loud  Similarly, Michael Cragg of The Guardian noted that "We Found Love" is in the same vein as "Only Girl (In the World)", with regard to its dance beat The lyrical content of the song is sparse and largely revolves around Rihanna chanting the song's hook line, "We found love in a hopeless place"  Jody Rosen of Rolling Stone described it as "half-baked romantic"   Rihanna starts the song in a falsetto airy voice as she sings, "Yellow diamonds in the light / And we’re standing side by side / As your shadow crosses mine / What it takes to come alive " Michael Cragg commented that the first chorus is almost being sidelined in favor of a large chunk of Harris's riff, before they join on the second chorus  The hook repeatedly rings throughout the song 

Critical reception
The song received polarized reviews from music critics  Amanda Dobbins of New York magazine praised the composition of the song, writing "Harris's electro fingerprints are all over this one — it plays like a straight house track, with some dreamy Rihanna vocals added in over the beat " Robbie Daw of Idolator commented on the song's lyrics, with particular emphasis on the line "We found love in a hopeless place", writing that it is possibly the best lyric in pop music so far in 2011  A reviewer for Instinct magazine praised the song, writing that "We Found Love" does not mark a departure from the dance-floor oriented material Rihanna debuted on Loud, but it certainly boasts "a higher-energy, peak-hour vibe"  Similarly, Michael Cragg of The Guardian commented that the song takes the dance direction Rihanna hinted at on "Only Girl (In the World)" and continues releasing similar songs, making reference to "We Found Love"  Cragg also likened the song to Leona Lewis's recent single, "Collide", but criticized the song's structure, writing "[it] is slightly odd"  He ended his review writing, "Either way, she could have recited Nick Clegg's conference speech from Wednesday over the sound of Harris cracking his knuckles and it would be a hit "Priya Elan of NME commented, "By now it's pretty customary to have a jaw-on-the-floor reaction to the first single from a Rihanna album  'Pon De Replay', 'SOS', 'Umbrella', 'Russian Roulette', 'Only Girl In The World' " Despite complimenting Rihanna for sounding extremely relaxed and calling her vocal as "luxurious calling to mind the atmosphere", Elan concluded that the over-all effect is underwhelming  She continued by writing that instead of re-inventing the pop wheel, "We Found Love" has "a whiff of treading-water about it" and that "if there is a 'goosebump' moment to be had it comes after many multiple plays and, dare we say it, a glass of something strong " Awarding "We Found Love" two stars out of five, Jody Rosen of Rolling Stone was critical, writing that it "is much ado about very little indeed" and that is "an insipid tune"  He concluded that Rihanna repeats 'We found love in a hopeless place' "approximately 350 times, hoping it will start to mean something  It's the worst single of Rihanna’s career  It will probably top the Hot 100 anyway " Leah Collins of The Vancouver Sun initially praised Rihanna's vocal performance in the song, writing that she "smoothes out her vocals", before adding, "Angelic as she sounds, though, [her] performance – which is mostly just her repeating the line 'We found love in a hopeless place' – seems to take second place to Harris' repetitive synth-based blare " Similarly, Amos Barshad of Grantland criticized the singer's vocal performance, calling it "a complete afterthought" before concluding, "People who regularly attend the Electric Zoo festival: Rihanna wants your money!"A reviewer for GlobalGrind commented on the song's lyrics, suggesting that there is perhaps an underlying message in the song for ex-boyfriend Chris Brown, in the line "We found love in a hopeless place"  This further raised suspicion when Brown re-tweeted one of Rihanna's posts on Twitter, which read "Sometimes it feels like we find love in the most hopeless place"  Jessica Herndon of People magazine praised the song, saying that "'We Found Love' had an amazing influence on people all across the world in 2012, becoming one of the most popular and most successful songs" Pitchfork Media commented, "Over a frantic, Calvin Harris-produced, Guetta-meets-'Sandstorm' beat on her sixth record's lead-off single, Rihanna repeats these words almost 20 times  'We Found Love' ranks among Ri's best singles because it recognizes that there's not much more that needs to be said: in three and a half minutes, the line moves from being a great pop lyric to a triumphant mantra to something suggestive of a whole spectrum of unspoken emotion  The best pop music transports you to somewhere beyond words, and Rihanna's strongest singles all seem to be in on this secret " Allmusic chose the song as a highlight on Talk That Talk, and wrote about the "singer's ecstatic vocal than Calvin Harris' shrill, plinky production"  Los Angeles Times commented that the song was an "ode for bad love" and added it "wouldn't be out of place at Electric Daisy Carnival"  The New York Times' writer commented "'We Found Love' almost criminally recalls the swinging Crystal Waters singles, with triumphant percussion somewhere between church and seventh-inning stretch " Billboard magazine also praised the song, saying that: "Through a haze of glitter and bliss, Rihanna emerges to let us find a gorgeous hook in a hopeless place, and Calvin Harris becomes a household name " As of January 2015, Billboard named "We Found Love" as the best song of the 2010s (so far)  USA Today considered the song to be a highlight on the set, commenting that Rihanna sings "bistfully"   Entertainment Weekly noted, "U K  club king Calvin Harris trades Rihanna's usual somber synths for disco ecstasy on 'We Found Love,' a song that builds and builds to a climax that's so arena-ready it practically begs for someone to blow a vuvuzela" 

Recognition and awards
MTV chose "We Found Love" as the third best song of 2011, and "Video of the Year" at the MTV Video Music Awards 2012  The writers of the website further commented, "The leadoff single from Talk That Talk is where Rihanna fully embraced EDM  Produced by Calvin Harris, 'We Found Love' is a swirling party track about love and loss, the rare song that manages to be sad and joyous all at once  And it is a pinnacle of the pop/dance crossover, a throwback to '90s raves that could make even the most stoic lover of pop want to break out a glow stick and just dance  Rob Sheffield of Rolling Stone put "We Found Love" at number eleven on his list of Top 25 Songs of 2011 commenting, "While her other hits tried to camouflage her spindly voice, here it just strains for that spindly melody " It was named the third biggest love song of all time by Billboard 

Critic lists
According to Acclaimed Music, "We Found Love" is statistically the 5th most acclaimed song from 2011 and the 45th most acclaimed in the 2010s 

Chart performance
Oceania
"We Found Love" made its chart debut on the New Zealand Singles Chart on September 26, 2011, at number 14, and in its fifth week, rose to number one  It remained at the top for nine straight weeks, becoming Rihanna's longest-running single in the country, overtaking 'Umbrella' which reigned for six weeks in 2007  The song has since been certified three-times platinum by the RIANZ, denoting shipments of 45,000 copies  In Australia, "We Found Love" debuted on the Australian Singles Chart on October 9, 2011, at number three, before rising to number two for multiple weeks  As of February 2013, the song has been certified six-times platinum by the Australian Recording Industry Association, denoting shipments of 420,000 copies, marking Rihanna's best-selling single in the country as a lead artist 

North America
In the United States, the song debuted on the Billboard Hot 100 chart on September 28, 2011, at number 16  "We Found Love" became the singer's fourth highest debut on the chart out of her 31 Hot 100 chart entries, with the highest being her collaboration with Eminem, "Love the Way You Lie", which debuted at number two in July 2010  The following week, "We Found Love" rose to number nine, giving Rihanna the record for a solo artist to have amassed twenty top-ten singles in the history of the Billboard Hot 100 chart in the shortest amount of time  Rihanna achieved the feat in a time span of six years and four months, surpassing the record previously held by Madonna who managed the achievement in a time span of six years and nine months  In its sixth week on the chart, the song reached number one, giving Rihanna her eleventh number-one single and Calvin Harris his first number-one single in the United States and making him the first British dance DJ to top the Billboard Hot 100 and the first Scottish solo act to top the chart since Lulu's "To Sir with Love" in 1967  thus tying her with Whitney Houston in fifth place for the highest number of number-one singles in the 53-year history of the chart, behind The Beatles (20), Mariah Carey (19), Michael Jackson (13), and a fourth place tie between Madonna and The Supremes (both with 12)  Rihanna also tied with Houston as the female artists with the third most number-one singles on the chart, behind Carey and Madonna  "We Found Love" spent 10 non-consecutive weeks at the top of the Billboard Hot 100, surpassing "Umbrella" as Rihanna's longest number-one single in the country, and was the longest-running number one of 2011  It was certified nine times platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA) for shipping more than 9 million copies  As of June 2015, the song has sold 5 4 million digital copies in the US  On August 1, 2013, Billboard announced that "We Found Love" is the 24th biggest Hot 100 hit of all time in the chart's 55-year history "We Found Love" debuted at number seven on the US Hot Digital Songs chart, with digital download sales of 117,000 after only four days according to Nielsen SoundScan  In its fifth week, the song rose to number one, with sales of 231,000 copies, giving Rihanna her eleventh number-one song on the chart, further extending her record as the artist with the most number ones  The song spent a second week at number one on the chart, with sales of 243,000 copies, bringing total sales to 1,057,000 copies sold, marking Rihanna's twentieth download to reach the million-selling milestone, extending her record for the most such downloads among women  On October 12, 2011, the song debuted at number 39 on the US Hot Dance Club Songs chart and number 21 on the Pop Songs chart  It eventually reached number one on both charts  It was, until 2013, the most recent song to spend at least two consecutive weeks atop the US Hot Dance Club chart, until Daft Punk's "Get Lucky"  "We Found Love" also peaked at numbers three and two on the US Latin Songs and Latin Pop Songs charts, becoming Rihanna's highest-charting single on both charts  Furthermore, the song reached the top spot on the Canadian Hot 100 chart 

Europe
In Harris's native United Kingdom, "We Found Love" debuted at the top of the UK Singles Chart, UK Dance Chart and UK Singles Download Chart on October 9, 2011 – for the week ending date October 15, 2011 – with 87,000 copies sold, despite only having been on sale for four days  With "We Found Love" debuting at the top of the UK Singles Chart, Rihanna set a record by becoming the first female solo artist to top the chart six times in five consecutive years, having previously held pole position with "Umbrella", "Take a Bow", "Run This Town", "Only Girl (In the World)" and "What's My Name" between 2007 and 2011  It was also Rihanna's sixth and Harris' third number one in the UK  The song retained its number-one position on all three charts for three consecutive weeks, selling 92,000 copies in its third week  Total sales for "We Found Love" in the United Kingdom stood at 372,268 after just 24 days  In its fifth week, the song fell a place to number two but then in its sixth week, the song returned to number-one for a fourth non-consecutive week and eventually topped the chart for six weeks, resulting in Rihanna overtaking Adele as the artist with the most cumulative weeks at number one in 2011 for a solo female artist, with a total of seven weeks between "We Found Love" and her January release "What's My Name?"  In addition, in its sixth week at number one, Rihanna scored her second "chart double" of the year when Talk That Talk and "We Found Love" placed at number one on the albums and singles charts, respectively  This achievement had not been achieved since 1979 and made Rihanna the first female artist in chart history to score two "chart doubles" in the same year, with the singer's previous album Loud and its second single, 'What's My Name?' topping both charts earlier in 2011  By February 2012, the single had racked up 1,006,460 copies in 19 weeks, making it Rihanna's second solo track (third overall) to reach the million sales plateau since October 2011, following "Love the Way You Lie" and "Only Girl (In the World)"  In November 2012, it was included on 'The Million Sellers' list by the Official Charts Company, consisting of the best-selling singles in the UK that have sold at least one million copies since 1952  It charted at number 76 out of a total 123, having sold 1 13 million copies  As of February 2016, the song has sold 1 39 million copies in the UK, making it Rihanna's biggest-selling single there  "We Found Love" is the 9th best-selling song of all time by a female artist in Britain Elsewhere in Europe, the song topped the charts in Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Hungary, Ireland, Norway, Poland, Russia, Slovakia, Sweden and Switzerland and attained top-five positions in the Flanders and Wallonia regions of Belgium at numbers three and two, and reached number two in the Czech Republic and Spain and three in the Netherlands  In Germany "We Found Love" entered the single chart at number one on October 28, 2011, becoming Rihanna's fourth number one in the country  After being deposed for a week, the track rebounded to take the lead spending three further weeks at the top, becoming Rihanna's second longest-running number one hit in the country after "Umbrella" in 2007  The song topped certain European charts for lengthy periods, including in Norway for nine non-consecutive weeks, Ireland for seven consecutive weeks and Denmark for six weeks 

Music video
The music video for "We Found Love" was shot in Northern Ireland in late September 2011, in County Down, Northern Ireland and the New Lodge area of North Belfast   The video was directed by Melina Matsoukas, who had previously directed the videos for "Hard" (2009), "Rude Boy" (2010), "Rockstar 101" (2010) and the controversial "S&M" (2011)  Anticipation for the video grew in the United Kingdom when the national news picked up on the story of sixty-one-year-old Northern Ireland farmer Alan Graham withdrawing his permission to film in his barley field in Bangor, County Down after taking issue with Rihanna's clothing, focusing on her appearing topless and also wearing a red bikini top which he thought was an "inappropriate state of undress"  Rihanna and her film crew departed amiably after Graham advised them to "be acquainted with God and to consider His Son, the Lord Jesus Christ, and His death and Resurrection "The video begins with a monologue about love and heartbreak by an unseen narrator, fashion model Agyness Deyn  Multiple scenes of Rihanna and boxer Dudley O'Shaughnessy are intercut throughout the narration, depicting them in different love and hate situations with each other  The two are shown as completely enamored with each other while engaging in fun activities together, including enjoying their time at an indoor skating centre and eating in fast food restaurants  During the chorus, the video shows the romance to be somewhat warped, as images of drugs, various pills and dilated pupils are shown, while brief scenes of Rihanna and her boyfriend preparing to engage in sexual intercourse and their various stages of undress are shown  The chorus continues and the video abruptly cuts to Rihanna and other people at an outdoor rave, dancing to music  Calvin Harris features as the DJ during this scene 
From the second verse, Rihanna and her boyfriend are seen happily running amok in a supermarket, pushing each other in a shopping cart and spraying canned drinks at each other  This scene is interrupted with Rihanna in a Pontiac Trans Am outside with her boyfriend who begins to recklessly drive in circles, resulting in Rihanna asking him to stop the car which ensues into an argument between the pair  The video then progressively shows the couple experiencing mounting difficulties in their relationship  Rihanna removes herself from the car and returns moments later where we see her boyfriend grab her chin to look at him, suggesting that he is domestically violent towards her  During the final chorus Rihanna can be seen vomiting what appears to be pink and white streamers; she is also seen passed out on the street while her boyfriend tries to revive her  In another scene, Rihanna is seen lying on a couch while her boyfriend tattoos the word 'MINE' on her backside  Eventually, Rihanna decides to leave her boyfriend after finding him passed out on the floor of his apartment – and most likely due to the previous events shown throughout the video  The clip ends with Rihanna curled up in the corner of a room, crying The video generated controversy for its depiction of violence and drug use, as well as for Rihanna's removal of her clothes during filming  One journalist wrote, "The song is probably one of the most talked about in the country following the Barbadian being told to 'find God' after running naked through a Northern Irish farmer's field " It was described as a "disgrace" by an anti-rape campaigner, and Christian commenters worried about the effects of the video and that "Rihanna is damaging the moral and self-worth of young impressionable teens " However, The Guardian praised the video for being different in its time period and called it "a very British music video", comparing it to UK TV series, Skins  The video won a Grammy Award for 'Best Short-Form Music Video  As of January 2015, Billboard named the video as the second best music video of the 2010s (so far) 

Live performances
Rihanna performed "We Found Love" for the first time on November 14, 2011, during a concert of her Loud Tour in London  The song was then added to the setlist as the closing song for the rest of the tour until it ended on December 22  On November 17, 2011, Rihanna performed the song on first season of The X Factor USA  The performance featured Rihanna wearing torn jeans and a bomber jacket with neon signs also present on the stage  On November 20, 2011, Rihanna performed the song on the eighth season of The X Factor UK, featuring Rihanna wearing a small tartan dress On February 12, 2012, Rihanna performed "We Found Love" at the 54th Annual Grammy Awards held at the Staples Center in Los Angeles, followed by her duet single "Princess of China" with Coldplay for first time  John Mitchell from MTV News said he thought Rihanna looked "gorgeous" and that she gave "off a Tina Turner vibe — Rihanna rocked the blond locks she introduced recently, wearing a tight, belly-baring ensemble " USA Today's writer Ed Masley, praised the performance, describing it as "shout in shout-out"  The Huffington Post also noted that the performance had "a twinge of Tina Turner"  Time magazine graded the performance with an A, saying that "Rihanna never disappoints  Her pop songs are always danceable, often catchy and consistently awesome — sometimes they even have some substance to them  Similarly, her Grammy performance wasn't the flashiest or craziest, and she didn’t bust out dance moves the way other entertainers did, but it was one of the most enjoyable "Later that month, the singer performed the song at the Brit Awards held on February 21, 2012, at the O2 Arena in London  The performance began with Rihanna, in only an old grandad-style jumper covering her body, in a clear cage as colourful paint began to be thrown inside with her, although none was thrown onto the singer herself  Dancers were also present as Rihanna emerged from the cage and began dancing along the broad stretch of stage  The performance concluded with big multi-coloured balloons pouring down red confetti from the ceiling as they burst, finalizing with Rihanna returning to the paint-covered cage and smearing it over herself ending with her silhouette being broadcast through the cage  At the ceremony, Rihanna also won the award for Best International Female Solo Artist  Whilst promoting her first feature film appearance in Battleship, Rihanna made a visit to Japan, performing "We Found Love" on the Japanese music television program Music Station  She donned a traditional kimono and concluded the performance by crowd surfing into the audience  On April 24, 2012, Rihanna performed a special acoustic version of the song at the Time 100 gala for Time's selection of that year's 100 most influential people of which Rihanna was listed  Rihanna later performed "We Found Love" at Radio 1's Hackney Weekend on May 24, 2012, as the seventeenth and final song on the set list  The performance featured a giant sphinx on the stage  On September 9, 2012, Rihanna performed the single (along with "Princess of China" and "Run This Town") with Coldplay and Jay-Z at the closing ceremony of the 2012 Summer Paralympics in London, entering on a steampunk pirate ship and also suspended in the air on a metal bench  On December 9, 2012, Rihanna performed "We Found Love" in a medley with a solo version of "Stay" on the final of ninth season of The X Factor UK  She also performed the song at the 2016 MTV Video Music Awards  She performed the song as part of her set during the halftime show of Super Bowl LVII 

Cover versions
American singer Tinashe uploaded a music video for her cover on her YouTube account on October 21, 2011  British alternative rock band Coldplay, with whom Rihanna would later collaborate on their song "Princess of China", covered "We Found Love" on October 27, 2011, during a performance at BBC Radio 1's Live Lounge  Jocelyn Vena of MTV News called the performance "flawless", writing "Lead singer Chris Martin's haunting vocals and the band's acoustic rendition, using drums, piano and guitar, play up the sadness of the track " Jason Lipshutz of Billboard magazine also noted that the band used "piano flourishes, a kick drum and a simple guitar lick to convey the song's romantic declaration", while making a ballad which was "reminiscent of Bruno Mars' emotional reworking of Katy Perry's 'California Gurls'"  Matthew Perpetua of Rolling Stone wrote: "It may surprise that their rendition is actually pretty good  Whereas Rihanna's version is a thumping rave anthem, Chris Martin and company transform it into a lovely piano ballad nearly indistinguishable from many of their own songs " A writer for The Hollywood Reporter said: "Martin's vocals blend with the piano for a slightly softer take on the tragic love story " On February 17, 2012, British singer Jessie J made a cover of the song on BBC Radio1's Live Lounge Lea Michele and Naya Rivera covered the song in the climax of the third season's tenth episode of Glee, "Yes/No"  Romanian X Factor contestant Diana Hetea performed "We Found Love" in the "Public's Choice Gala" on December 10, 2011  Even though ill of laryngitis, Hetea's performance was praised all three judges that called it "[The] Perfect match for her!" both visually and vocally  Kris Allen also covered the song mashing it with other songs by Katy Perry and other female artists  Carmen Smith also performed "We Found Love" for her battle round in the Australian Version of the Voice which saw her through to next round In September 2012, Kelly Clarkson performed the song during a concert in Virginia Beach   In October 2012, British singer Ed Sheeran did an acoustic cover of the song for Sirius XM Radio  Lindsey Stirling covered it in a music video filmed in a Kenyan village  British pop rock band McFly covered "We Found Love" on their "Keep Calm And Play Lounder" tour 2012  Kele Okereke sang a verse of the song as the intro to his band Bloc Party's song "Flux" on their June 2012 U K  tour  In July 2014, Tori Amos covered the song on her Unrepentant Geraldines Tour  In 2011, Boyce Avenue, a pop rock band, also made an acoustic cover of the song and released it iTunes and their YouTube channel  In November 2012, Forever The Sickest Kids covered the song as part of Punk Goes Pop 5  
YouTubers Tom Scott and Matt Gray spoofed the song in their video 'Ten Illegal Things To Do In London ' The parody, where the song's chorus lyrics are replaced with 'We Flew A Kite In A Public Place,' plays over footage of Gray flying a kite in a public place, which is illegal in the U K  under the Metropolitan Police Act 1839 

Remixes
In November 2011, R3hab released a remix of "We Found Love" with a "Halloween" sound  He explained "I made two versions     one version is more melodic and euphoric  This [first] one is more dark because the lyrics [to] 'We Found Love' can also be seen as something dark  'We are at the end of the world/ And I still found love ' So from there came the more darker chord progression and the more darker atmosphere, like Dracula is coming to get you  It's just got a lot of emotion and that worked out great for me "On January 13, 2012, Rap-Up released a remix of "We Found Love" featuring American rapper Flo Rida  Flo Rida's parts overlap Calvin Harris' produced dance beats  In the opening lines, Flo Rida introduces himself and raps tongue twisters about Rihanna and The Bahamas, "You know I got love for you/ See what happened was we in Bahams/ I remember it was the ox summer, oh so pretty I/   Girl nice to meet you what's the honour/ Yeah she tap me told me she Rihanna "  He also references singer Mick Jagger singing that he is "rocking a party 'like I'm Mick Jagger " Flo Rida, himself in an interview with NME revealed that it was an honor for him to work with Rihanna  He also revealed that "We Found Love" was one of his favorite songs and that's why he decided to make a remix with Rihanna  He added that Calvin Harris' production impressed him and heavily influenced him on his future work  Rihanna also noted that she decided to work with Flo Rida because of his "wild" productions on his songs Andrew Unterberger of the website PopDust wrote that Flo Rida was "exactly" what the original version of "We Found Love" was missing  He added, "No Rihanna, you got it backwards—it's Flo Rida who needs to have other, more talented people on his songs in order to turn them into hits, not the other way around    At least this remix does feature a sizeable contribution from Flo, as he shows up on both the intro and over the song's primary instrumental hook with his trademark unintelligible yammering, though he gets in at least one reference to rocking a party 'like I'm Mick Jagger '" Matthew Perpetua of Rolling Stone praised the remix of the song, saying that "once again, Flo Rida shows his true rapping skills over the beat of Rihanna's 'We Found Love'"  Both Billboard's Erika Ramirez and Spin's Marc Hogan praised the remixed version calling it "refreshing" and "interesting"  However, Becky Bain of the website Idolator was more negative towards the remix  She noted, "Being that Rihanna's 'We Found Love' has enough beats and synths to be its own remix, not to mention it couldn't possibly be even more popular on the Hot 100    we find it pointless to release a new version of the single with Flo Rida "

Formats and track listings
Credits and personnel
Credits adapted from CD single liner notes Recording

Recorded at Fly Eye Studios, London, United Kingdom and Westlake Recording Studios, Los Angeles, California Personnel

Rihanna - vocals
Calvin Harris – songwriter, producer, recording, mixing and instrumentation
Marcos Tovar – vocal recording
Alejandro Barajas – assistant recording engineer
Phil Tan – mixing
Damien Lewis – assistant mixing

Charts
Certifications
Release history
See also
Passage 4:
Lightning (song)
"Lightning" is a song by British-Irish boy band the Wanted, taken as the third single from their second studio album, Battleground  It was released on 16 October 2011  The song was written by Steve Mac, Wayne Hector and Ed Drewett, the same team responsible for the band's number-one single, "Glad You Came"  The song debuted at number two on the UK Singles Chart, behind Rihanna's "We Found Love"  The single was originally intended for release in the United States, following the success of "Glad You Came", and a promotional remix single was issued, however, its release was cancelled 

Background
The song was written by Steve Mac, Wayne Hector and Ed Drewett  It was first premiered during the band's Spring 2011 tour, where many fans assumed it to be the first single from Battleground  The song kicks off with a thumping electronic beat, as Tom's raspy vocals come in: "You're in control, pressing pause on my heartbeat   "  During the chorus, the band sing: "I know it's a little bit frightening, we might as well be playing with lightning now-ow-ow " Band member Tom Parker said of the song, "We all felt it was a sound like we've never done before  It's the perfect prelude to the album, and a great song to get you in the mood for a party " The song premiered on mainstream radio on 17 September 2011  Band member Max George said of the song, "It was only really meant as a filler track  Something to keep the fans interested on the weeks leading up to the album release  We never knew it would be so successful "

Critical reception
A positive reception came from "CBBC Newsround" who rated it four out of five stars  They went on to say that "The verses aren't that catchy, but the chorus will get you humming in a lightning flash! " They also said that "the rousing singalong chorus is well worth waiting for " Another positive reception came from Digital Spy's Lewis Corner, who rated it four stars out of five and wrote that "[   ] The five-piece croon over a cool 'n' catchy melody more addictive than snacking on a tube of Pringles in front of the telly " [   ] "The results are strikingly similar; once you pop, you shamelessly can't stop no matter how much you try "

Promotion
The band performed the song live for the first time during the results show of the 16 October edition of The X Factor  They also made a special appearance on the Strictly Come Dancing Halloween Special to perform the song, on 30 October 2011 

Music video
The music video for "Lightning" was director by Matt Stawski  The video was filmed in LA, and premiered on 22 September 2011, via the Wanted's YouTube channel  The video features the members of the band performing during a rave, in a similar fashion to their "Glad You Came" video  The video is set at night, and also features many explosions and kissing scenes 

Track listing
Digital download"Lightning" – 3:23
"Lightning" (Chuckie Extended Mix) – 5:43
"Lightning" (The Alias Remix – Radio Edit) – 3:29
"Glad You Came" (Live Tour Performance) – 3:20UK CD single"Lightning" – 3:23
"Lightning" (Chuckie Extended Mix) – 5:43
"Lightning" (The Alias Remix – Radio Edit) – 3:29U S  promotional CD single"Lightning" (Radio Edit) – 3:24
"Lightning" (Digital Dog Radio Edit) – 3:21
"Lightning" (Digital Dog Club Mix) – 6:28
"Lightning" (Digital Dog Dub) – 6:10
"Lightning" (Almighty Radio Edit) – 3:23
"Lightning" (Almighty Club Mix) – 6:24
"Lightning" (The Alias Remix – Radio Edit) – 3:29
"Lightning" (The Alias Club Mix) – 7:11
"Lightning" (Chuckie Extended Mix) – 5:43
"Lightning" (Chuckie Club Mix) – 6:13
"Lightning" (Chuckie Dub) – 5:14

Charts and certifications
Release history
Passage 5:
The Wanted discography
British-Irish vocal pop group The Wanted have released three studio albums, one compilation album, two extended plays and fifteen singles  The band's debut album, The Wanted, was released by Geffen Records in the United Kingdom in October 2010  It reached number four on the UK Album Chart and number eleven on the Irish Albums Chart  The album's first single, "All Time Low", was released in July 2010 and peaked at number one on the UK Singles Chart and number thirteen on the Irish Singles Chart  This was followed by "Heart Vacancy", which reached two in the UK and eighteen in Ireland  "Lose My Mind", was the third and last single from the album and was less successful than its predecessors, reaching number 19 in the UK and number 30 in Ireland 
In March 2011, The Wanted released the official 2011 Comic Relief charity single, "Gold Forever", which peaked at number three in the UK and number 13 in Ireland  "Glad You Came", the Wanted's fifth single, was released in July 2011 and became their second number-one single in the UK and their first in Ireland; it also charted in the US, Australia, and Europe  In October, their sixth single, "Lightning", debuted and peaked at number 2 on 23 October 2011  This was followed by second album Battleground, which got to number 5 
In 2012, the band released "Chasing the Sun", the lead single from their then-untitled third studio album and the theme song of the animated film Ice Age: Continental Drift (2012)  Four further singles were released, including top 5 hits "I Found You" and "Walks Like Rihanna", before long-awaited third album Word of Mouth finally dropped in November 2013  After the album only reached number 9 in the UK and number 17 in the US, the band announced an indefinite hiatus 
The band reunited in September 2021 and released their first greatest hits album in November 2021, which included two new songs 

Albums
Studio albums
Compilation albums
Extended plays
Singles
As lead artists
Promotional singles
Other charted songs
Other appearances
Music videos
Passage 6:
Gabrielle Aplin discography
The discography of British singer-songwriter Gabrielle Aplin, consists of four studio albums, 17 extended plays, three live albums and 18 singles  Her first release was the 5-track Acoustic EP which was released on the iTunes Store on 13 September 2010  Her second EP Never Fade was released on 9 May 2011 and saw Aplin expand her sound, showcasing a more folk rock sound and playing all instruments herself  In April 2011, Aplin was invited to perform for BBC Introducing at Maida Vale Studios, where she played 3 tracks from Never Fade and a cover of the Coldplay song "Fix You"  Aplin released her third EP, Home, on 9 January 2012  On 29 February 2012, Aplin announced that she had signed to Parlophone  Aplin was confirmed as the soundtrack to the John Lewis 2012 Christmas television advertisement, covering Frankie Goes to Hollywood's "The Power of Love", the song reached number one on the UK Singles Chart On 12 December 2012, Aplin announced that the title of her debut album would be English Rain  In addition, she also unveiled its artwork and release date of 29 April 2013  However, the album's release date was later confirmed as 13 May 2013  Aplin announced live on 17 February Radio 1 Chart Show that her third single would be "Panic Cord"  The song originally featured on her Never Fade EP and it was released on 5 May 2013, charting at number 19 on the UK Singles Chart  English Rain charted at number 2 on both the UK Albums Chart and Scottish Albums Chart, while reaching number on the Irish Albums Chart  In 2014, Aplin released her English Rain EP in the United States  The EP was released on 6 May and features 5 songs from her debut album, as well as a cover of Canadian singer Joni Mitchell's "A Case of You"  In 2015, Aplin released her second studio album entitled Light Up the Dark  Light Up the Dark debuted at number 14 on the UK Albums Chart 

Albums
Studio albums
Live albums
Extended plays
Singles
As lead artist
As featured artist
Other appearances
Music videos
Passage 7:
Gold Dust (DJ Fresh song)
"Gold Dust" is a song by British-based DJ and record producer DJ Fresh  It is the third single released from his second album Kryptonite 
Originally put out as a 12" in 2008, it was re-released in 2010 featuring vocals from Ce'cile although there is a version of the song on his album Nextlevelism which features Ms  Dynamite  The 2010 version of the song peaked at number 24 on the UK Singles Chart  The music video was directed by Ben Newman and edited by Jacek Zajkowski  In 2012, Shy FX made a 're-edit' of the song that was re-released to radio  This version reached number 22 on the UK Singles Chart and number 39 on the Irish Singles Chart 
The sales of all versions are combined enabling it to have sold in excess of 600,000 copies, receiving a Platinum certification, despite never reaching the top twenty of the UK Singles Chart 

Music video
The official music video was filmed at the Brownsville Project in Brooklyn and captures some performances by American Double Dutch champions, Jumpers in Command  The youths are seen doing various activities including skateboarding, skipping, and free running 

Critical reception
Fraser McAlpine of BBC Chart Blog gave the song a positive review stating:

Sometimes the brightest gems are right in front of your eyes, hiding in plain sight  Or just obscured by people who know they are there, but have forgotten to tell you 
With this song, and its fantastic video, I will admit that my attention was miles away, probably raking through some slower, drabber, less fun things (ie: ANYTHING ELSE)  I had no idea something this ker-ay-zee, this life-affirming, this astonishingly chipper was released across on my beloved internet just seven days ago, until a friend dragged me over to look at what he called "the skipping video" on his phone 
Yeah, that's right, a skipping video  I mean how impressive can a video which features people either successfully or unsuccessfully jumping over a moving rope actually b   oh my LORD have you SEEN THE SKIPPING VIDEO? YOU'VE GOT TO SEE THE SKIPPING VIDEO! THE SKIPPING VIDEO IS AMAZING!  

Track listings
Chart performance
Certifications
Release history
Passage 8:
Grace Kelly (song)
"Grace Kelly" is the second single by British singer Mika  It is the opening track on Mika's debut studio album Life in Cartoon Motion (2007)  Produced and mixed by Greg Wells, the song entered the UK Singles Chart at number three and the UK Official Download Chart at number one  One week later, it jumped to the top of the UK Singles Chart on download sales alone, the second song to do so after Gnarls Barkley's "Crazy" the previous year  The track was number one on the UK Singles Chart for five weeks, and ended 2007 as the year's third biggest-selling single in that country  In the US, "Grace Kelly" was made available for digital download on 16 January 2007  This song was also No  89 on MTV Asia's list of Top 100 Hits of 2007  It was designed to be a mocking satire of musicians who try to reinvent themselves to be popular 
The song is titled after Academy Award-winning American film and stage actress, and Princess of Monaco, Grace Kelly  The bit of dialogue used in the song is from the film The Country Girl, which stars Kelly  Mika claims the song was inspired after a bad experience with a record company executive, in which he was told to be more like Craig David  The lyric "So I tried a little Freddie" is a reference to Queen's Freddie Mercury, to whose singing voice Mika's has been compared  On at least one occasion, Mika confirmed that he used the main melody from Figaro's famous aria "Largo al factotum", from the opera The Barber of Seville by Gioachino Rossini  Mika performed the song at the MTV Europe Music Awards 2007 in Munich and at the 2008 BRIT Awards at the Earls Court Exhibition Centre, London, where it was nominated for Best British Single, but lost to "Shine" by Take That  The song has sold over 630,000 copies in the UK, as stated by the Official Charts Company 

Background and composition
Mika wrote the song after he felt frustrated with record label executives that wanted him to change his sound to fit the common pop mold  In the song, Mika points out how he can pretend to be anyone he likes to win approval – in this case the glamorous actress Grace Kelly  He wrote the song after the record company told him that they wanted to model his look and sound on Craig David, who was popular at the time in the UK  Mika rejected this idea and wrote "Grace Kelly" as a way of expressing his individuality  The song's melody is based on the aria "Largo al factotum", from the opera The Barber of Seville by Gioachino Rossini 

Critical reception
The song received positive reviews from music critics  Heather Phares from AllMusic wrote a positive review for the song, stating that "Mika's singles are his most charming moments, including the instant sunshine of "Grace Kelly," which crams tap-dancing rhythms, filmic dialogue, Elton's pianos, Freddie's vocal harmonies, and Brian May's guitars into just over three minutes " Christian John Wikane from PopMatters wrote an extensive article about the comparisons between Mika and Freddie Mercury, writing that "he sounds a lot like Mercury and wears the influence like a badge of honor, even name-checking the late front man of Queen in the first verse  Mika vacillates between the affected theatricality of Mercury's full-throttled voice and his own strong falsetto, where he earnestly implores "Why don't you like me?" no less than 12 times Beth Johnson from Entertainment Weekly wrote that "Nothing quite matches the crystal-shattering exuberance of hit Grace Kelly " John Murphy from musicOMH wrote that "It's big, joyous, dumb pop, and the only danger with it is that you'll be utterly sick of it fast " Lizzie Enever from BBC Music was direct, writing that "Grace Kelly is a great pop song – it's catchy, you can't help singing along and it grates on you after a few days when you can't get it out of your head but you still go back for more – flawless credentials " Graham Griffith, also from About com, wrote that the song "is an outrageously irresistible and infectious pop gem " Dom Passantino from Stylus Magazine criticized the track, writing that "it seems to suggest the boy has some level for musicals, being as it is all Broadway flittering and hackneyed attempts at conveying a story with its lyrics  But here's the problem: he's got no tales to tell, just a tab at his local make-up supplier  "Am I too dirty, am I too flirty?" he sings at one point "

Accolades
At the 2007 World Music Awards, Mika won for Best Selling British Artist, Best Selling New Artist, Best Selling Male Entertainer, and World's Best Selling Pop Rock Male Artist 

Live performances and covers
Top 50 contestant of American Idol Josiah Leming performed a rendition of the song in Hollywood for the judges, which received great praise 
A version by Mika appears on the 2007 compilation album The Saturday Sessions: The Dermot O'Leary Show 
Mika performed this song on series 4 episode 3 of The Friday Night Project on 19 January 2007  James Nesbitt was the host that night 
The Whiffenpoofs performed the song on The Sing-Off on 6 December 2010 
Bindi Irwin and Derek Hough performed the song on Dancing with the Stars (U S  season 21)
Josef Fečo performed the song on The Voice Česko Slovensko on 1 March 2019
In September 2021, TikTok users, including Ryan Reynolds and Will Ferrell, took part in a challenge where the user records the different vocal parts of the chorus on top of each other making a full harmony 
In May 2022, Mika performed this song as part of the interval medley at the Eurovision Song Contest 2022, which he co-hosted 

Parodies
Rory Bremner recorded a parody version to illustrate the problems of UK Prime Minister Gordon Brown 
Amateur Transplants's song "Libel Case" from their 2008 album Unfit to Practise 
Subwoolfer released a parody song of Mika's "Grace Kelly" titled "Space Kelly"; a parody Eurovision round-up song of their competitors and making light of their true identities 

Appearances
The Hills
Ugly Betty
A Turkish Coca-Cola advertisement
An Israeli advertisement of "Misdar Zihoi"
A trailer for Disney Cinemagic
A trailer for I Now Pronounce You Chuck and Larry
A trailer for The Ugly Truth
The 2008 episode of Silent Witness "Lost Child", as a 27-year-old transforms himself into a schoolboy
An advertisement for Neighbours
What Happens in Vegas   
Dead Set
The Doctor Who novel "The Pirate Loop"
The Sarah Jane Adventures episode "The Mark of the Berserker"
An episode of Celebrity Big Brother
An advertisement of Confessions of a Shopaholic
Autumn 2007 episodes of Corazón de Otoño
The European Nintendo DS version of Band Hero
A German first season trailer for Weeds
The adult-oriented Wii game We Dare, as a cover version
FC Barcelona's official video for Thierry Henry in Barca Legends series

Music video
The music video for the song "Grace Kelly" was directed by Sophie Muller and starred Mika and future singer-songwriter Mae Muller  The video was filmed in early November 2006 and has been nominated for numerous worldwide awards  The instrumental introduction in the video is an extract of the acoustic version of the song found on certain releases of the album 

Track listing
Australian CD single

"Grace Kelly" – 3:08
"Grace Kelly" (Linus Loves Radio Edit) – 3:20
"Over My Shoulder" – 4:44
"Grace Kelly" (Video)UK CD single

"Grace Kelly" – 3:08
"Grace Kelly" (Linus Loves Radio Edit) – 3:20
"Over My Shoulder" – 4:44Limited edition 7" vinyl

"Grace Kelly" – 3:07
"Satellite" – 4:15UK 12" vinyl

"Grace Kelly" (Linus Loves Full Vocal Remix) – 6:46
"Grace Kelly" (Linus Loves Dub Remix) – 6:40
"Grace Kelly" (Tom Neville Full Vocal Remix) – 6:48
"Grace Kelly" (Tom Neville Dub Remix) – 7:08

Official versions
"Grace Kelly" – 3:07
"Grace Kelly" (Acoustic Version) – 3:07
"Grace Kelly" (Bimbo Jones Remix Edit) – 3:00
"Grace Kelly" (Bimbo Jones Remix) – 6:26
"Grace Kelly" (Les Grandes Gueules Version) – 3:07
"Grace Kelly" (Linus Loves Radio Edit) – 3:20
"Grace Kelly" (Linus Loves Full Vocal Remix) – 6:46
"Grace Kelly" (Linus Loves Dub Remix) – 6:40
"Grace Kelly" (Pull Tiger Tail Remix) – 4:26
"Grace Kelly" (Tom Neville Full Vocal Remix) – 6:48
"Grace Kelly" (Tom Neville Dub Remix) – 7:08

Chart performance
It reached number one in the United Kingdom and in Ireland  The song was only the second single ever to top the UK chart without selling a physical copy ("Crazy" by Gnarls Barkley was the first)  In the US market, it peaked at number 57 on the Billboard Hot 100  The December 2007 Observer Music Monthly asked Mika how it felt getting to No  1 in the UK with this song  He replied: "Very unreal  It still feels unreal  It's just a song I wrote in my room  By the time I'd written 'Grace Kelly' everything in my life had been called into question  Trying to find out what I was going to do with my life, trying to be a musician, to be independent, to give myself the remote chance of any kind of a relationship  I was just sorting every thing out in my head  That song sums it all up " It went to #1 on the United Kingdom, Czech Republic, Ireland, Italy, Norway and Turkey singles charts  The song was 82 in the French physical charts but number 2 in digital ones, and has more than 50,000 sales in the country  The song has more than 5 million sales 

Charts
Certifications
See also
List of number-one hits in Denmark
List of number-one singles of 2007 (Ireland)
List of number-one hits of 2007 (Italy)
List of number-one hits in Norway
List of number-one singles from the 2000s (UK)
Passage 9:
Royal Blood discography
English rock duo Royal Blood have released three studio albums, two extended plays (EPs), fourteen singles and nineteen music videos  Formed in Brighton in March 2011, Royal Blood consists of bassist and vocalist Mike Kerr and drummer Ben Thatcher  After signing with Warner Bros  Records, the duo released their debut single "Out of the Black" in October 2013, which debuted at number 29 on the UK Rock & Metal Singles Chart  In February 2014, "Little Monster" was issued as the band's second single, registering on the UK Singles Chart at number 95 and the UK Rock & Metal Singles Chart at number one  Both singles were later issued alongside their B-sides on the EP Out of the Black in March  "Come On Over" – initially featured as the B-side to "Out of the Black" – was released as a single in April, reaching number 68 on the UK Singles Chart  At the same time, "Little Monster" also returned to the charts, peaking at number 74 on the UK Singles Chart Royal Blood's self-titled debut album was released in August 2014, topping the UK Albums Chart, Irish Albums Chart and Scottish Albums Chart  The week before the album's release, "Out of the Black" registered on the UK Singles Chart at number 78, while the band's fourth single "Figure It Out" debuted at number 50 (it would later peak at number 43)  Royal Blood was certified gold by the British Phonographic Industry (BPI) by September, and eventually received a platinum certification for sales in excess of 300,000 units  "Ten Tonne Skeleton" was released as the fifth and final single from Royal Blood in late 2014; it charted in Canada only, reaching number 45 on the Canadian Rock Songs chart  "Where Are You Now?", featured on the TV series Vinyl, also registered on the chart, peaking at number 43 In April 2017, it was announced that Royal Blood's second album How Did We Get So Dark? would be released in June  "Lights Out" was issued as the first single from the album the same month, debuting at number 96 on the UK Singles Chart and number one on the UK Rock & Metal Singles Chart  How Did We Get So Dark? debuted atop the UK Albums Chart upon its release, while a total of ten tracks from the album reached the top 20 of the UK Rock & Metal Singles Chart The band officially announced their third studio album Typhoons on 21 January 2021, with a planned release date for 30 April 2021  The band released three singles from Typhoons preceding the album's release: "Trouble's Coming", "Typhoons", and "Limbo" 
On May 26, 2023, Royal Blood released "Mountains at Midnight", the first single preceding the release of their forthcoming fourth studio album, Back to the Water Below, due for release on the 8th of September, 2023 

Studio albums
Extended plays
Singles
Featured singles
Other charted songs
Music videos
Footnotes



ground_truth: 1895

prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: The 1958 Pro Bowl was played at the California stadium that is the home for which college?

The following are given passages.
Context 2:  Louis Rams to relocate back to Los Angeles  The Rams resumed play at the Coliseum while awaiting completion of SoFi Stadium in Inglewood On August 13, 2016, the Coliseum hosted its first NFL game at the stadium since 1994, as the Rams hosted Dallas Cowboys at a preseason game in front of 89,140 people  On September 18, 2016, the Coliseum hosted the first Rams regular season home game since 1979, against the Seattle Seahawks following an impromptu pregame concert from the Red Hot Chili Peppers  The Rams would boast a 9–3 victory over Seattle in front of a crowd of 91,046 in attendance 

On January 6, 2018, the Coliseum hosted its first Rams playoff game since the 1978 NFC Championship game, a 26-13 wild card round loss to the defending NFC champion Atlanta Falcons 
On November 19, 2018, the Coliseum hosted its first Monday Night Football game since 1985, and the first Monday night game the Rams hosted at the Coliseum, exact date 40 years later, with the Rams taking on the Kansas City Chiefs  That game, which was originally scheduled to be played at Estadio Azteca in Mexico City that night, was moved to the Coliseum due to poor field conditions at the former   The Rams won the game, 54–51 in the highest-scoring game in Monday Night Football history 
On January 12, 2019, the Coliseum hosted its final NFL playoff game, where the Rams defeated the Dallas Cowboys 30-22 in an NFC Divisional Playoff 
On December 8, 2019, the final Sunday Night Football game would be played at the Coliseum in which the Rams defeated the rival Seattle Seahawks 28-12 in front of a crowd of over 77,000 people 
On December 29, 2019, the Rams played their final game at the Coliseum, beating the Arizona Cardinals 31-24 before moving to SoFi Stadium in time for the 2020 NFL season  The Rams finished with a record of 16-14 playing their home games at the Coliseum in their second stint as tenants from 2016 through 2019 
On February 16, 2022, three days after winning Super Bowl LVI, the Rams hosted their victory celebration before thousands of fans in front of the Coliseum's peristyle end 

2028 Summer Olympics
Los Angeles will host the Summer Olympics in 2028  During the 131st IOC Session, the International Olympic Committee officially awarded the 2028 Summer Olympics to Los Angeles on July 31, 2017  The Coliseum will be the first stadium to host events for three different Olympic games 

NASCAR
On February 6, 2022, NASCAR hosted a pre-season NASCAR Cup Series exhibition event  The temporary quarter-mile track marked the series' first race of any kind on a quarter-mile since 1971 and was won by Joey Logano  Martin Truex Jr won the 2023 running of the event 

Seating and attendance
Seating capacity (college football)
Source:Ballparks com

Attendance records
1963 Billy Graham Crusade
The largest gathering in the Coliseum's history was a Billy Graham crusade which took place on September 8, 1963, with 134,254 in attendance, noted by the Coliseum's website as an all-time record  With the renovations of 1964, the capacity of the Coliseum was reduced to roughly 93,000 for future events 

Sporting events
College footballRecords differ between the 2006 USC football media guide and 2006 UCLA football media guide  (This may be due to only keeping records for "home" games until the 1950s ) The USC Media guide lists the top five record crowds as:

1  104,953 — vs  Notre Dame 1947 (USC home game; Highest attendance for a football game in the Coliseum)
2  103,303 — vs  UCLA 1939 (USC home game)
3  103,000 — vs  USC 1945 (UCLA home game)
4  102,548 — vs  USC 1954 (UCLA home game)
5  102,050 — vs  UCLA 1947 (USC home game)The UCLA Media guide does not list the 1939 game against USC, and only lists attendance for the second game in 1945 for Coliseum attendance records  These are the top three listed UCLA record Coliseum crowds:

1  102,548 — vs  USC 1954 (UCLA home game)
2  102,050 — vs  USC 1947 (UCLA home game)
3  100,333 — vs  USC 1945 (USC home game; 1945's second of two meetings)The largest crowd to attend a USC football game against an opponent other than UCLA or Notre Dame was 96,130 for a November 10, 1951, contest
with Stanford University  The largest attendance for a UCLA contest against a school other than USC was 92,962 for the November 1, 1946, game with Saint Mary's College of California 

National Football LeagueThe Los Angeles Rams played the San Francisco 49ers before an NFL record attendance of 102,368 on November 10, 1957   This was a record paid attendance that stood until September 2009 at Cowboys Stadium, though the overall NFL regular season record was broken in a 2005 regular season game between the Arizona Cardinals and San Francisco 49ers at Azteca Stadium in Mexico City  Both records were broken on September 20, 2009, at the first regular season game at Cowboys Stadium in Arlington, Texas, between the Dallas Cowboys and New York Giants 
In 1958 the Rams averaged 83,680 for their six home games, including 100,470 for the Chicago Bears and 100,202 for the Baltimore Colts 
In their 13 seasons in Los Angeles the Raiders on several occasions drew near-capacity crowds to the Coliseum   The largest were 91,505 for an October 25, 1992, game with the Dallas Cowboys, 91,494 for a September 29, 1991, contest with the San Francisco 49ers, and 90,380 on January 1, 1984, for a playoff game with the Pittsburgh Steelers 
The Coliseum hosted the first AFL-NFL World Championship Game, later called the Super Bowl  The January 15, 1967, game, pitting the Green Bay Packers against the Kansas City Chiefs, attracted 61,946 fans—a lower-than anticipated crowd (by comparison, a regular-season game between the Packers and Rams a month earlier drew 72,418)  For Super Bowl VII in 1973, which matched the Miami Dolphins against the Washington Redskins, the attendance was a near-capacity 90,182, a record that would stand until Super Bowl XI at the Rose Bowl  The 1975 NFC Championship Game between the Los Angeles Rams and Dallas Cowboys had an attendance of 88,919, still the largest crowd for a conference championship game since the conference-title format began with the 1970 season   The 1983 AFC Championship Game between the Raiders and Seattle Seahawks attracted 88,734 
The Rams'  first NFL game at the Coliseum since 1979,  after spending fifteen years at Anaheim Stadium and then twenty-one seasons in St  Louis, a pre-season contest against the Cowboys on August 13, 2016, drew a crowd of 89,140  The team's first regular-season home game, on September 18 against the Seattle Seahawks, attracted 91,046—the largest attendance for a Rams game at the Coliseum since 1959 

Major League BaseballContemporary baseball guides listed the theoretical baseball seating capacity as 92,500  Thousands of east-end seats were very far from home plate, and were not sold unless needed  The largest regular season attendance was 78,672, the Dodgers' home debut in the Coliseum, against the San Francisco Giants on April 18, 1958 
The May 7, 1959, exhibition game between the Los Angeles Dodgers and the 1958 World Series Champion New York Yankees, in honor of disabled former Dodgers catcher Roy Campanella, drew 93,103, which was a Major League Baseball record prior to 2008 
All three Dodgers home games in the 1959 World Series with the Chicago White Sox exceeded 90,000 attendance  Game 5 drew 92,706 fans, a major league record for a non-exhibition game 
The attendance for the exhibition game on March 29, 2008, between the Boston Red Sox and the Los Angeles Dodgers, was 115,300, setting a new Guinness World Record for attendance at a baseball game  The previous record of an estimated 114,000 was in the 1956 Summer Olympics at Melbourne Cricket Ground for an exhibition game between teams from branches of American Military Forces and Australia 

SoccerThe first official soccer match at the Coliseum was an international fixture between the United States and Mexico that took place on March 7, 1965, as part of regional World Cup qualification  The teams drew 2–2 in front of 22,570 spectators Although the stadium represents the second most active venue in the history of the US national team (after Robert F  Kennedy), it has only played 22 matches in it, the last of them in 2000  Of these, eleven were of official competition (three from World Cup qualifiers, seven from the CONCACAF Gold Cup and one from the North American Nations Cup) and eleven friendlies, all category "A"  In this scenario, the team won their first absolute title by finishing as champion of the 1991 CONCACAF Gold Cup, defeating their counterpart from Honduras on penalties However, the most active national team at the Memorial Coliseum is Mexico, which has played 86 matches in the building: 14 in official competition (3 in the World Cup qualifying round, 9 in the Gold Cup and two from the North American Nations Cup), including the Gold Cup finals from 1996 and 1998, in which they won 2-0 against Brasil and 1-0 against United States respectively; and 72 friendlies (50 of Category "A" - against other senior teams -, 6 of the so-called "B" selection and 16 against both Mexican and foreign clubs  Los Angeles is the second stadium where the Mexican representative has played the most matches, only after its official headquarters, the Azteca Stadium, surpassing any other venue both in his country and in the United States The stadium hosted the Los Angeles Wolves during the inaugural season of the United Soccer Association in 1967, which culminated in the final championship at the Coliseum  The Los Angeles Toros of the National Professional Soccer League also played at the Coliseum in 1967, but were moved to San Diego the following season before folding  The Los Angeles Aztecs of the North American Soccer League played at the Coliseum in 1977 and 1981 between stints at the Rose Bowl 

Sculpture and commemorations
A pair of life-sized bronze nude statues of male and female athletes atop a 20,000 pound (9,000 kg) post-and-lintel frame formed the Olympic Gateway created by Robert Graham for the 1984 games  The statues, modeled on water polo player Terry Schroeder and long jumper from Guyana, Jennifer Inniss, who participated in the games, were noted for their anatomical accuracy  A decorative facade bearing the Olympic rings was erected in front of the peristyle for the 1984 games, and the structure remained in place through that year's football season   The stadium rim and tunnels were repainted in alternating pastel colors that were part of architect Jon Jerde's graphic design for the games; these colors remained until 1987 

"Court of Honor" plaques
"Commemorating outstanding persons or events, athletic or otherwise, that have had a definite impact upon the history, glory, and growth of the Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum"

Coliseum Cauldron
The Coliseum Cauldron  was built for the 1932 Summer Olympics and was also reused during the 1984 Summer Olympics 
The cauldron is a main sight on stadium and is still present in the Stadium and is lit during special events (such as the period when an edition of the Olympic Games are being held in another city or in mourning for some personality related to the city)  As the stadium was the main venue on the 2015 Special Olympics World Summer Games the cauldron was relit by Rafer Johnson during the opening ceremonies and being extinguished again during the closing ceremony 
In addition, the torch has been lit on the following historic occasions:

To honor the memory of Israeli athletes killed during the terrorist attack during the 1972 Summer Olympics in Munich 
For several days following the Space Shuttle Challenger disaster in 1986 
For over a week following the September 11 attacks in 2001 
The pyre was lit for a week without interruption during the official period of mourning after the death of the former American president Ronald Reagan  Reagan was the president of the United States when the city of Los Angeles hosted the 1984 Summer Olympics and also declared that edition of the Games open, and was also Governor of California from 1967-75 
In April 2005 following the death of Pope John Paul II, who had celebrated Mass at the Coliseum during his visit to Los Angeles in 1987 
At the Los Angeles Dodgers' 50th anniversary game on March 29, 2008, during the ThinkCure! charity ceremony (while Neil Diamond's "Heartlight" was played and the majority of the attendees turned on their complimentary souvenir keychain flashlights) 
For the returning Los Angeles Rams' first home game on September 18, 2016, against the Seattle Seahawks 
On the evening of September 13, 2017, when Los Angeles was awaiting a few hours before the confirmation as the host city of the 2028 Summer Olympics 
For the Coliseum Gladiator MMA Championship Finals on Sat  September 23, 2017 
For the Los Angeles Rams' first playoff game in Los Angeles in 38 years on January 6, 2018, against the Atlanta Falcons 
To honor the victims of the 2018 California wildfires & the Thousand Oaks shooting 
For the Los Angeles Rams' final regular season game against the San Francisco 49ers on December 30, 2018 
For the Los Angeles Rams' playoff game against the Dallas Cowboys on January 12, 2019 
For the Rams' final game in the Coliseum vs  the Arizona Cardinals on December 29, 2019 
To honor Kobe Bryant after his death on January 26, 2020 
To honor Rafer Johnson after his death on December 2, 2020 
To honor Former L A  Councilman Tom LaBonge, known to many as "Mr  Los Angeles" after his death on January 14, 2021 
To honor Dodgers Legend Tommy Lasorda after his death on January 14, 2021 
For the Kanye West and Drake Larry Hoover Benefit Concert on December 9, 2021 
For the 2022 NASCAR Busch Light Clash at the Coliseum on February 6, 2022  The Cauldron was ceremoniously lit by 4 time NASCAR Champion Jeff Gordon 
To honor Mexican singer Vicente Fernandez on February 17, 2022, after his death and on the anniversary of his birthday  "Chente" was arguably the greatest Latin artist to perform at the LA Memorial Sports Arena appearing countless times over at least three decades (70s, 80s, and 90s) 
For the 2023 NASCAR Busch Light Clash at the Coliseum   The Cauldron was lit by 2022 Heisman Trophy winner Caleb Williams 

In popular culture
Film
1923: Scenes from the Roman Age in Buster Keaton's Three Ages were filmed in the Coliseum, the first ever use of the Coliseum as a movie location 
1927: Scenes in College a 1927 comedy-drama silent film directed by James W  Horne and Buster Keaton, and starring Keaton, Anne Cornwall, and Harold Goodwin are filmed on the field of the Coliseum 
1944: Scenes in “The Falcon in Hollywood” starring Tom Conway 
1972: The Coliseum was used in the filming of Hickey & Boggs  There is a gunfight that takes place within the stadium 
1976: The Coliseum was the key location in the movie Two-Minute Warning 
1978: The Coliseum was used in the filming of Warren Beatty's film Heaven Can Wait, about a fictional Super Bowl XII game between the Pittsburgh Steelers and the Los Angeles Rams 
1994: The outside of the Coliseum was used as a scene in D2: The Mighty Ducks 
1996: The Coliseum was used in the filming of Escape from L A  starring Kurt Russell, including a basketball death match 
1997: The Coliseum was used in the filming of Money Talks starring Chris Tucker and Charlie Sheen 
2002: The field and locker room were used in the filming of the pornographic Gangbang Girl #32 starring Kimberly Franklin, Olivia Saint and Gauge
2013: The stadium appears in one of the final scenes of World War Z when the military bombs the stadium full of zombies 

Television and streaming
1972: The Coliseum was a key location in "The Most Crucial Game", the third episode of the second season of Columbo 
1976: The Coliseum was used in filming of Emergency! (1970's TV Series) episode titled "The Game" 
1978: The Coliseum was used in the filming of The Incredible Hulk episode titled "Killer Instinct" 
1978: The Coliseum was used in the filming of the Charlie's Angels episode titled "Pom Pom Angels" 
2003: The Coliseum was used in the filming of the last episode of the second season of the television series 24 
2008: The Coliseum was used as the starting point of the premiere episode of The Amazing Race 13 
2009: The Coliseum was featured in Life After People  150 years after people, an earthquake brings down the Coliseum 
2016: The Coliseum was used as the finishing point for the second episode of the Chinese reality show Race the World 
2019: Season 17 of Bravo's Top Chef filmed an episode at the Coliseum at the 1923 Club on the roof of the new Scholarship Club Tower 
Visiting    with Huell Howser Episode 411, which includes an interview of Robert Graham
2021: The Coliseum was used in the filming of the last episode of the fifth season of the Netflix series Lucifer 

Video games
1996: Microsoft Flight Simulator for Windows 95 included a challenge to fly through the needle of the Coliseum and land on the field  
2004/2013: The Maze Bank Arena featured in Grand Theft Auto San Andreas and Grand Theft Auto V has an outer wall and arch similar to the Coliseum, but has a roof 
2005: The Coliseum is featured as one of the playable Supercross tracks in MX vs  ATV Unleashed
2008: The Coliseum was featured in Midnight Club: Los Angeles, albeit with a different name 
2011: The Coliseum featured as a rallycross track in Dirt 3 
2014: The Coliseum is one of the main settlements of Los Angeles in Wasteland 2
2019: The Coliseum is featured as one of the playable Supercross tracks in Monster Energy Supercross 2: The Official Video Game as a DLC 

See also
BMO Stadium
List of NCAA Division I FBS football stadiums
History of the National Football League in Los AngelesPeople

A J  Barnes, active in fight against giving USC preferential rights in the Coliseum, 1932
Lloyd G  Davies, Los Angeles City Council member, 1943–51, urged that the city take over full management of the Coliseum
Harold A  Henry, Los Angeles City Council president and later a member of the Coliseum Commission
Rosalind Wiener Wyman, first representative of the Los Angeles City Council on the Coliseum Commission, 1958
Ransom M  Callicott, Los Angeles City Council, commission member, 1962
Passage 3:
1995 Pro Bowl
The 1995 Pro Bowl was the NFL's all-star game for the 1994 season  The game was played on February 5, 1995, at Aloha Stadium in Honolulu, Hawaii  The final Score was AFC 41, NFC 13  This was the AFC's largest margin of victory since the AFL-NFL merger  Rookie Marshall Faulk of the Indianapolis Colts rushed for a Pro Bowl record 180 yards and was the game's MVP  Chris Warren of the Seattle Seahawks added 127 yards rushing as the AFC posted records for rushing yards (400) and total yards (552)  Both Warren and Faulk broke the Pro Bowl rushing record, formerly held by O  J  Simpson The coaches were Dallas’ Barry Switzer and Bill Cowher of the Pittsburgh Steelers  The game was viewed by 49,121 at Aloha Stadium  The referee was Larry Nemmers 

Rosters
Passage 4:
Merlin Olsen
Merlin Jay Olsen (; September 15, 1940 – March 11, 2010) was an American football player, announcer, and actor  For his entire 15-year professional football career he was a defensive tackle with the Los Angeles Rams in the National Football League (NFL)   He was selected to play in the Pro Bowl 14 times — every year but his last  The only other football players to have matched or exceeded that number are the former offensive lineman Bruce Matthews, the former tight end Tony Gonzalez, the former quarterback Peyton Manning, and the former quarterback Tom Brady, who is the only NFL player to have played more times in the Pro Bowl, with 15 selections 
In 1961, Olsen received the Outland Trophy, awarded to as the best lineman of the year in college football  He is a member of the Pro Football Hall of Fame and the College Football Hall of Fame  As an actor, he portrayed a farmer, Jonathan Garvey, on Little House on the Prairie  After leaving that series, he starred in his own NBC drama, Father Murphy 

Early life
Merlin Olsen was born in Logan, Utah, where his parents Merle Barrus and Lynn Jay Olsen graduated from Utah State University (USU) and began their careers  His father was a professor at the university while his mother had graduated in elementary education  Merlin was the second of nine siblings and the first-born son  The family opened their home to host, feed, sleep or tutor anyone in the neighborhood; during the winter, Merle would lay wood over the entrance of the house so that ice skaters from the local park could walk in 
Merlin pursued athletics in high school but was cut from the basketball team while in grade 9, told by the coach that athletics wasn't for him and that he should take up the arts  Later, Olsen turned down a football scholarship to Stanford University to play for USU  Classmate Ross Peterson described him as a "natural, big, strong leader     he could have been successful at anything"  His brothers Phil and Orrin also played football 

Education
Olsen attended Utah State University where he became a member of the Sigma Chi fraternity, and was a three-year letterman in football as a defensive tackle  He graduated from the College of Business and Social Sciences at USU with a bachelor's degree in finance in 1962 and a master's degree in economics in 1971  He later received an honorary doctorate degree in business from the Huntsman School In football, as a senior, he was a consensus All-American selection and was the winner of the Outland Trophy  After Olsen's junior year of 1960 he was also named All-American by the Football Writers Association of America and Newspaper Enterprise Association  He was also All-Conference in both 1960 and 1961  Olsen and Utah State were in the 1960 Sun Bowl, losing to New Mexico State, 20–13  Led by Olsen, the Aggie defense held the New Mexico State Aggies to just 44 rushing yards on 32 carries The Aggie defense Olsen anchored as a senior gave up an average of 50 8 rushing yards (which led the nation), 88 6 passing yards, and 139 4 total yards which all still stand as school records for defense  The 1961 Aggie defense gave up an average 7 8 points a game, which is second in team history behind Olsen's 1960 team, which allowed 6 5 points per game  Additionally, the Aggie defense held four opponents to less than 100 total yards  One, the University of Idaho, was held to a school-record 23 total yards, with the Aggies winning 69–0 
The Aggies, not known as a national power football program, finished 10th in both the AP and UPI post-season polls, the only time that has occurred in school history  The Aggies had a combined 18–3–1 record during Olsen's junior and senior seasons under coach John Ralston and were conference champions those two seasons as well He was a member of the Utah State University chapter of the Sigma Chi fraternity, which has an annual Merlin Olsen Day of Service named in his honor where brothers are encouraged to give back to their communities 

Awards and honors
Olsen played in the East-West Shrine Game in 1961 and in 2003 was voted to the game's Hall of Fame  He also played in the Hula Bowl after his senior season and was voted MVP of the game Olsen is a member of the State of Utah's Sports Hall of Fame, the Utah State University Sports Hall of Fame and USU's All-Century Football Team  In 2000, he was selected by Sports Illustrated as one of the State of Utah's Top 50 Athletes of the Century  He was voted to the All-Academic All-America Hall of Fame in 1988  In 1969, he was voted to the Newspaper Enterprise Association All-Time All-America team with collegiate greats such as Bronko Nagurski, Red Grange, Jim Thorpe, and O  J  Simpson, among others In 2008, Olsen was named to the 75th Anniversary All-Sun Bowl Team to commemorate the Sun Bowl Association's Diamond Anniversary Utah State University announced the intention to name its football field after Olsen during a ceremony in Logan during halftime of the USU-St  Mary's basketball game on December 5, 2009 Olsen also was a three-time academic All-American at Utah State and graduated summa cum laude in 1962 with a degree in finance 

Career
Professional football
Coming out of college, Olsen had offers from both the Los Angeles Rams of the National Football League and the Denver Broncos of the rival American Football League  He chose the security of the NFL and signed with the Rams  Olsen's first contract was for around $50,000 for two years, plus a signing bonus  It was 1962, and the average football player salary at the time was around $12,000 a year  He was the first USU Aggie to be drafted in the 1st round of the NFL draft Olsen played professionally (1962–1976) for the Los Angeles Rams of the National Football League   A leading defensive star of his era, he missed only two games in his 15-season NFL career  He was named the NFL's Rookie of the Year in 1962 and was First-team All-Pro in 1964, and 1966 through 1970  He was voted Second-team All-Pro in 1965, 1973 and 1974 Olsen almost ended up on offense, but was later moved to the defensive line after a few experiments in practice  Soon he became part of one of the best front fours in NFL history  Deacon Jones, Rosey Grier, and Lamar Lundy joined Olsen on the defensive line in 1963 that was nicknamed "The Fearsome Foursome"  He was named the AP NFL Defensive Player of the Week for week 12 in 1965  Olsen scored his first touchdown in that game 
Throughout the 1960s, this quartet terrorized opposing offenses  Olsen's play helped the Rams to the playoffs in 1967 and 1969  He was voted the club's Outstanding Defensive Lineman from 1967 to 1970 by the Los Angeles Rams Alumni  In week 14, 1967, Olsen and the rest of the Fearsome Foursome were named the AP NFL Defensive Players of the Week for their performance against the Baltimore Colts  In the 1970s, Olsen continued his dominant play at defensive tackle and his 11 sacks in 1972 were second on the team  After week 8 in 1972, Olsen was named the Associated Press NFL Defensive Player of the Week for the third time in his career The Rams won the NFC West crown in 1973 through 1976 thanks in part to the play of Olsen  They ranked first in the NFL in run defense in 1973 and 1974 and finished second in sacking opposing passers both years  In 1973 Olsen was voted the NFLPA NFC Defensive Lineman of the Year and the next season, 1974, he was the recipient of Bert Bell Award as the NFL MVP as voted by the Maxwell Club  Olsen accepted the award "on behalf of all who toil in the NFL trenches" 
Three of the Olsen brothers, Merlin, Phil, and Orrin, played in the NFL, with Merlin and Phil playing together for the Rams from 1971 to 1974  A nephew, Hans, son of his brother, Clark, also played professional football  In 1975 and 1976, the Rams defense finished second in the NFL against the run while ranking in the top five in sacking opposing quarterbacks and compiling a 22-5-1 record over those two seasons 
Olsen's last game was the NFC Championship game in 1976 at Bloomington, Minnesota  The Vikings took advantage on a freak play early in the game  A blocked field goal returned 90 yards for a touchdown shocked the Rams in the first quarter  The defense was later victimized by a couple of big plays by the Vikings  The Rams came up short, losing 24–13, bringing the storied career of the Rams' finest defensive tackle to an end 
Olsen made the Pro Bowl a then-record 14 times, missing it only in his final year  He was inducted into the Pro Football Hall of Fame in 1982 in his first year of eligibility; he selected his college position coach Tony Knap as his presenter  In 1999, Olsen was ranked 25th on The Sporting News' list of the 100 Greatest Football Players 

Entertainment
Olsen enjoyed continued success after the NFL as a broadcaster, actor, and businessman Olsen served as a television color commentator, teaming mostly with Dick Enberg on NBC's coverage of the AFC during the late 1970s and almost all of the 1980s  He and Enberg also teamed for four Super Bowls (XV, XVII, XX and XXIII), as well as nine Rose Bowls from 1980 to 1988  Olsen also worked Super Bowl XIII in 1979 with Curt Gowdy and John Brodie (Enberg was then serving as pre-game/halftime/post-game host)  In 1989, Olsen was replaced by Bill Walsh as NBC's lead NFL color commentator  For the 1989 season, Olsen worked with Charlie Jones on NBC's broadcasts  In 1990 and 1991, he moved to CBS Sports doing NFL games with Dick Stockton 
Olsen developed a successful career as an actor  He appeared as the character Little George in the John Wayne movie, The Undefeated, with Rams teammate Roman Gabriel, in 1969 
In 1970, he appeared once on Petticoat Junction, in the episode: "With This Ring"   He played mountaineer Merlin Fergus 
When Little House on the Prairie actor Victor French left to star in his own comedy Carter Country in 1977, Olsen was tapped to play Michael Landon's new sidekick Jonathan Garvey for several years  One memorable quote from his character's son, Andy Garvey, "My pa doesn't know anything about football!" came when Andy's friends suggested that Jonathan coach their football team 
Olsen played the starring role of John Michael Murphy in the 1981-83 NBC television drama series Father Murphy 
In the Highway to Heaven episode 2 12 ("The Good Doctor"), the main character, Alex, tells Mark Gordon (Victor French) that "All I could see was the flowers and the beard   I thought you were Merlin Olsen " This is an inside joke since all three actors, Merlin Olsen, Michael Landon, and Victor French were in the TV series Little House On the Prairie  earlier in their careers 
Olsen's last acting work was in the short-lived 1988 TV series Aaron's Way 
Olsen was also the commercial spokesman for FTD Florists for many years  A part-time resident of the Coachella Valley, Olsen was the longtime radio and television spokesman for Palm Desert-based El Paseo Bank Olsen also appeared in many Sigma Chi fraternity promotional campaigns; Merlin, along with his brother Phil, was a Life Loyal Sig, Significant Sig (given to members for distinguishing acts outside the fraternity) and a member of the Order of Constantine (given for service to the Fraternity)  Olsen donated one of his cleats, which were bronzed, to be used during the annual football rivalry between two Las Vegas high schools, Eldorado High School and Chaparral High School, which both opened in 1973  Each year, Olsen presented the "trophy" in the ceremony at the rivalry game Olsen often co-hosted the Children's Miracle Network telethons, a humanitarian organization founded in 1983 by Marie Osmond and John Schneider 

Awards
He was named the Walter Camp Man of the Year in 1982 and Athlete of the Century for the state of Utah  During halftime of a basketball game between Utah State, Olsen's alma mater, and Saint Mary's on December 5, 2009, Utah State University announced that the playing surface inside Romney Stadium, home stadium for the university's football program, would be named Merlin Olsen Field in Olsen's honor  Because of Olsen's illness, Utah State decided not to wait until the 2010 football season to hold the ceremony; he was able to attend the game, but did not speak  A sculpture of Olsen was unveiled in a plaza south of the stadium during an official dedication ceremony in Fall 2010 In 1979, Olsen was inducted into the Utah Sports Hall of Fame In 1980, Olsen was inducted into the National College Football Hall of Fame In 1998, Olsen was inducted into the Utah Tourism Hall of Fame Olsen was voted to the California Sports Hall of Fame Class of 2010, along with Bill Walton, Dwight Stones, and Jim Otto, among others In 1983, Olsen served as Grand Marshal of the Rose Parade 

Personal life
On March 30, 1962, Olsen married Susan Wakley, a fellow USU student  They had three children: Kelly, Jill, and Nathan  
Olsen was a member of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, and a resident of San Marino, California Olsen was diagnosed with peritoneal mesothelioma in 2009, and underwent three courses of chemotherapy  In December 2009, he filed a lawsuit against 25 defendants including NBC Studios, NBC Universal, 20th Century Fox, Georgia Pacific, Sherwin-Williams, and Lennox Corp  for allegedly exposing him to the asbestos which he claimed had caused his cancer Olsen died on March 11, 2010, at City of Hope National Medical Center in Duarte, California, at the age of 69 Olsen is buried at San Gabriel Cemetery in San Gabriel, California 

Filmography
Film
Television



ground_truth: University of Southern California

prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: The song that came out ahead of The Wanted's "Lightning" on the UK Singles Chart was featured on which album?

The following are given passages.
Context 4:  Students vote for the candidates of their choice, and the results are announced during halftime at the Homecoming Game 
Tailgate party: A tailgate party is hosted in the northeastern parking lot of Javelina Stadium before each home football game  These gatherings have become a normal part of Javelina football games and attract thousands of fans  The tailgate party is open to the public and many student organizations, clubs, and surrounding businesses around the area choose to participate with food, drinks, and music 
Army ROTC: The cadets of Javelina Battalion present colors during official school functions  Javelina Battalion upholds several internal traditions, including the firing of "Old Smokey" (prior to 1965, cadets fired a cannon known as "Little Jav") during home football games, as well as sponsoring the Military Ball each year since 1975 
Hog Calls: Enthusiastic rallies are held before the 1st Home Game, Family Weekend and Homecoming games 
Blue Out: During home games, students are encouraged to participate in a "Blue Out" – where students wear their school colors in a sign of school spirit 
Porky's Pack and Train: Children who become members of Porky's Pack accompany Porky the Javelina mascot on a train ride around the stadium throughout the game 
Blue Thunder: Prior to kickoff, students sitting on the west side of the stadium repeatedly kick the metal rails beneath their seats in a sign of school solidarity, resulting in a thunderous clamor 
Flag Run: Following each touchdown scored by the Javelinas, two separate school flags are run around the stadium by members of the Aggie Club 
Tortilla toss: During the 1980s, students began to throw tortillas following every touchdown as a show of support for the football team  This tradition was halted in 1999 after some students complained of possible racial undertones  School officials subsequently banned tortillas from the stadium; however, tortillas continue to be thrown during the game 
College Hall black lights: Following each football victory, the bell tower atop College Hall is lit up with black lights to provide an ethereal reminder to the campus community of each victory 

Athletes
Rally Entry: The Javelina athletic teams choose to make a scenic entry to football, basketball, baseball, and softball games 
Prayer in the End Zone: An unofficial football tradition, many of the players from various religious backgrounds immediately head to the north end zone (near the scoreboard) following entrance into the stadium  These players  kneel in silent prayer  Following the game, many players (from both the Javelinas and visiting teams) choose to meet at the 50-yard-line and pray 
Alma mater: The Javelina football team joins the students on the western bleachers in the singing of the school's alma mater 
Children's Hospital: At various times throughout the year, members of the various Javelina teams accompany Porky the Javelina costumed mascot and visit local hospitals, including the Driscoll Children's Hospital 

Mascots
Mascot: The javelina is the official mascot of Texas A&M University–Kingsville  The a live mascot is paraded during official school events and games  Over the years, various mascots named Henry, Henrietta, Little Henry, Scrappy, and Porky have held the honor as official mascot  The current mascot is named Porky III 
Porky and Baby: The university has two costumed mascots who represent the university at public functions and encourage crowd involvement during athletic events  "Porky" is the original and male javelina mascot  Several years ago, he was joined by "Baby", a female javelina mascot 

Rivalries
As a perennial champ in the LSC and a regional and national powerhouse in football and other sports, the Javelinas of Texas A&M University–Kingsville have fostered several conference, regional, and national rivalries 

Texas A&M University-Commerce
Tarleton State University
University of Central Oklahoma
Abilene Christian University
West Texas A&M University
University of North Alabama
University of California, Davis
Northwest Missouri State University

People
Personnel - head coaches
Autumn Williams, Women's Tennis
Mike Salinas, Football
Jason Gonzales, Baseball
Craig Nicholson, Softball
Johnny Estelle, Men's Basketball
Michael Madrid, Women's Basketball
Tanya Allen, Volleyball/Beach Volleyball
Stefanie Gray, Golf
Ryan Dahl, Track and Field/Cross Country

Notable alumni
Stu Clarkson, NFL linebacker for the Chicago Bears, Texas A&M - Kingsville Football Hall of Fame
Juan Castillo NFL coach, defensive co-ordinator Philadelphia Eagles
Roberto Garza, NFL lineman for the Chicago Bears
Darrell Green, Pro Football Hall of Famer, retired cornerback
Al Harris, NFL cornerback for the Green Bay Packers
Jim Hill, former NFL player for the Green Bay Packers and San Diego Chargers, sports anchor at KCBS-TV in Los Angeles
Jermane Mayberry, NFL guard for the New Orleans Saints
John Randle, retired NFL Hall of Fame defensive tackle
Heath Sherman, retired NFL [running back] for the Philadelphia Eagles
Gil Steinke, NFL defensive back Philadelphia Eagles, longtime coach of the Javelinas  Texas Sports Hall of Fame
Gene Upshaw, Pro Football Hall of Famer, former executive director of the National Football League Players Association
 Johnny Bailey, former NFL running back
Randy Johnson, inaugural NFL quarterback for the Atlanta Falcons
Martin Patton, former CFL running back
Eva Longoria, (Miss Corpus Christi USA in 1998), (American actress) Desperate Housewives, born in Corpus Christi, Texas
Passage 6:
Oregon Ducks
The Oregon Ducks are the intercollegiate athletic teams that represent the University of Oregon, located in Eugene  The Ducks compete at the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) Division I level as a member of the Pac-12 Conference  With eighteen varsity teams, Oregon is best known for its American football team and track and field program, which has helped Eugene gain a reputation as "Track Town, USA"  Oregon's main rivalries are with the Oregon State Beavers (the Civil War) and the Washington Huskies 

Nicknames and mascot history
Oregon teams were originally known as Webfoots, possibly as early as the 1890s  The Webfoots name originally applied to a group of fishermen from the coast of Massachusetts who had been heroes during the American Revolutionary War; their descendants had settled in Oregon's Willamette Valley in the 19th century and the name stayed with them  A naming contest in 1926 won by Oregonian sports editor L  H  Gregory made the Webfoots name official, and a subsequent student vote in 1932 affirmed the nickname, chosen over other suggested nicknames such as Pioneers, Trappers, Lumberjacks, Wolves, and Yellow Jackets Ducks, with their webbed feet, began to be associated with the team in the 1920s, and live duck mascots were adopted to represent the team  Journalists, especially headline writers, also adopted the shorter Duck nickname, but it was not until the 1940s that the image of Donald Duck, permitted via a handshake deal between Walt Disney and Oregon athletic director Leo Harris, cemented the image of the Duck as the school's mascot  Both nicknames were still in use well into the 1970s In 1978, a student cartoonist came up with a new duck image, but students rejected the alternative by a 2-to-1 margin  Although Donald was not on that ballot, the University Archivist declared that the election made Ducks the school's official mascot, replacing Webfoots 

Varsity programs
The University of Oregon sponsors teams in eight men's and twelve women's NCAA sanctioned sports, primarily competing in the Pac-12 Conference and acrobatics & tumbling competing in the National Collegiate Acrobatics & Tumbling Association, and lacrosse and indoor track & field teams competing in the Mountain Pacific Sports Federation 

Football
The football program began in 1893 and played its first game on February 22, 1894, defeating Albany College 46-0  The football team moved to its new home, Hayward Field in 1919 where it shared the facility with the track and field team until Autzen Stadium was completed in 1967 Winning its first Rose Bowl in 1917 against the University of Pennsylvania under head coach  Hugo Bezdek, the Ducks have returned to the Rose Bowl seven additional times in 1920, 1957, 1995, 2010, 2012, 2015, and 2020;  While in the Pacific Coast Conference, the Ducks won five conference co-championships in 1919, 1933, 1948, and 1957  The Pacific Coast Conference was disbanded in 1958, and the Ducks played as an independent until they joined the PCC's effective successor, the Pacific-8 Conference (then officially the Athletic Association of Western Universities), which later became the Pacific-10 Conference and eventually the Pac-12 Conference, in 2011  In the Pac-8/10/12, they have won seven conference championships (1994, 2001, 2009, 2010, 2011, 2014, 2019) and shared one championship (2000)  The Ducks were 3–2 during the BCS era, winning the 2002 Fiesta Bowl, the 2012 Rose Bowl, and the 2013 Fiesta Bowl and losing the 2010 Rose Bowl and the 2011 BCS National Championship Game 
In 2014, Oregon won a school record 13 games and saw junior quarterback Marcus Mariota win the school's first Heisman Trophy  That same year, the Ducks made the first ever College Football Playoff and beat the defending champion Florida State Seminoles 59–20 in the 2015 Rose Bowl semi-final  The loss to Oregon ended the Seminoles 29 game win streak and moved the Ducks into the final  They made the first ever CFP National Championship Game where they lost 42–20 to Ohio State 

Basketball
The Ducks men's basketball team played its first season in 1902-1903 under head coach Charles Burden  It was not until 1927 that the Ducks played their first game at McArthur Court, defeating Willamette University 38-10  Head coach Howard Hobson was hired in 1936 and took the basketball team nicknamed "The Tall Firs" to win the first NCAA Men's Basketball Championship in 1939  The Tall Firs achieved a 29-5 record, capped by a 46-33 victory over Ohio State University in the championship game  in the inaugural year for the event 
The Ducks men's team would add only one more shared Pacific Coast Conference title to their two until winning the Pacific-10 Conference title in the 2001-2002 season under head coach Ernie Kent  The Ducks would also make an Elite Eight appearance in the NCAA Tournament that season along with the 2006-2007 season  In 2010-2011, the Ducks moved into the new Matthew Knight Arena and welcomed new coach Dana Altman  Since, Altman has won three Pac-12 Conference Coach of the Year honors (2013, 2015, 2016) and led Oregon to the 2013 Pac-12 Conference men's basketball tournament championship  In addition, Altman has taken Oregon to four straight NCAA men's basketball tournament for the first time in program history (2013, 2014, 2015, 2016), including a trip to the Sweet 16 in 2013 and the Elite 8 in 2016  The Ducks won the 2015-2016 Pac-12 Conference Tournament  This led to the Ducks being the top seed in the West Regional of the 2015-2016 NCAA tournament, its first ever top seeding in the NCAA tournament  The Ducks defeated Holy Cross and Saint Joseph's in the first two rounds of the NCAA tournament to advance to the Sweet 16 in Anaheim, where they defeated the number four seed and defending national champion Duke Blue Devils, 82-68, to advance to the Elite 8 
On the women's side, three eventual first-round WNBA draft picks—Sabrina Ionescu (30 points), Satou Sabally (25 points), and Ruthy Hebard—led the No  1 ranked Ducks to a 93–86 victory over Team USA in November 2019  Their opponents had won the last six Olympic gold medals, the 2018 World Cup, and already qualified for the 2020 Tokyo Olympics, and included WNBA stars Diana Taurasi, Sue Bird, Nneka Ogwumike, and Sylvia Fowles  The exhibition game was Team USA's first loss to a college team in 20 years  Ionescu, the top pick in the 2020 draft, is also the only NCAA basketball player of either sex to record 2,000 points, 1,000 rebounds, and 1,000 assists in a career, as well as the recipient of multiple national player of the year awards in both 2019 and 2020, sweeping all of the major awards in the latter year 

Track and field
The University of Oregon Cross Country and Track & Field programs have a particularly long and storied history, earning Eugene the nickname Track Town, United States  After several years of struggling, Bill Hayward became the head coach in 1903 and provided solid direction for the program for 44 years, coaching Daniel Kelly and Ralph Hill to Olympic Silver Medals  After Hayward's retirement in 1947, his trainee Bill Bowerman took over the head coaching position in 1949 

Bill Bowerman became a legendary coach, winning numerous NCAA team Championships at Oregon and coached many to All-American and Olympian status such as Steve Prefontaine  His talents were not limited to the track, as he also co-founded Nike, pressured the Amateur Athletic Union to improve its services, and brought the Olympic Trials and NCAA Championships to Hayward Field Bill Bowerman retired in 1973 and his assistant coach, Bill Dellinger became the head coach who brought four NCAA Cross Country Championships and one NCAA Track & Field Championship Steve Prefontaine, who ran at Oregon in the early 1970s, was a legend in his own right, setting 13 American records in seven separate events and only lost three races at Hayward Field during the span of his career  He won seven NCAA championships and today, the Prefontaine Classic is held every year at Hayward Field in his honor The program has garnered numerous NCAA national titles across all the disciplines 

Baseball
The Ducks baseball team first played in 1877, the year following the establishment of the university  In 1981, baseball was dropped due to budgetary concerns  Baseball would be reinstated 26 years later by interim athletic director Patrick Kilkenny and played its first game in 2009  George Horton, who led the Cal State Fullerton baseball team to an NCAA national championship, was hired in 2007 to lead the reinstated Oregon Ducks baseball program  In his second year, Horton guided the team in to a 40-24 record and a berth in the NCAA regionals 

Softball
Oregon Softball plays home games at the new Jane Sanders Stadium  Oregon has had recent success under Coach Mike White who has taken Oregon to the Women's College World Series (WCWS) four times in the last 6 years  Oregon has appeared in seven WCWS, in 1976, 1980, 1989, 2012, 2014, 2015 and 2017  In 2014 and 2017, the Ducks reached the national semi-finals 

Volleyball
The Oregon Volleyball program are coached by Matt Ulmer and play its home games at Matthew Knight Arena  They have appeared in the NCAA Tournament 16 times including the 2012 National Title Game  Oregon defeated #1 Penn State in the National Semi-Finals before losing to eventual champion Texas in the title match 

Other varsity sports
The Ducks also have varsity teams in women's basketball, golf, tennis, lacrosse, soccer, team stunts and gymnastics 

Notable non-varsity sports
Rugby
Founded in 1961, the University of Oregon Rugby Football Club plays Division 1 college rugby in the Northwest collegiate rugby conference against local rivals such as Washington and Washington State  Oregon's biggest rivalry, however, is their "civil war" matchup against in-state rival Oregon State University  Oregon plays its home games at Riverfront Field  The Ducks have been led by head coach Pate Tuisue since 2012 The University of Oregon Women's Club Rugby Team has been coached by Greg Farrell since 1998  They are a part of the Pacific Mountain Rugby Conference  During their league season they will play University of Washington, Washington State University, Oregon State, Boise State University, and Western Washington University  For the past couple years the team's main rival has been Washington State University  Oregon Women's also plays on Riverfront field 

Ice hockey
The Ducks compete at the Pacific 8 Intercollegiate Hockey Conference of the American Collegiate Hockey Association Division II 
The team will be moving up to Division I in the upcoming 2022-23 season  With the move to Division I, they will be an Independent 

Championships
NCAA team championships
Oregon has won 34 NCAA national championships 
Men's (20)
Basketball (1): 1939
Cross country (6): 1971, 1973, 1974, 1977, 2007, 2008
Golf (1): 2016
Indoor Track & Field (5): 2009, 2014, 2015, 2016, 2021
Outdoor Track & Field (7): 1962, 1964, 1965, 1970, 1984, 2014, 2015
Women's (14)
Cross country (4): 1983, 1987, 2012, 2016
Indoor track and field (7): 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014, 2016, 2017
Outdoor track and field (3): 1985, 2015, 2017
see also:
Pac-12 Conference NCAA championships
List of NCAA schools with the most NCAA Division I championships

Other national team championships
Below are four national team titles that are not bestowed by the NCAA:

Women's
Acrobatics and Tumbling (4):  2011, 2012, 2013, 2014
Acrobatics & tumbling is now an NCAA-recognized sport as part of its Emerging Sports for Women program  However, it did not become an Emerging Sport until 2020–21, and still does not have an NCAA-organized championship event 
see also:
List of NCAA schools with the most Division I national championships

Other national championship game appearances
Football (2): 2010, 2014
Volleyball (1): 2012
Men's Golf (1) : 2017
Women's Golf (1) : 2022

Athletic facilities
The Oregon Ducks football complex is located across the Willamette River to the north of the main campus  The complex includes Autzen Stadium where the games are played, the Len Casanova Center where the locker rooms and training facilities are located, the indoor practice field called the Moshofsky Center, and the outdoor training field named Kilkenny Field  Much of the cost of the state-of-the-art facilities were paid for by the prominent university boosters Phil Knight, Ed Moshofsky, and Patrick Kilkenny Also in the football complex is PK Park, the University of Oregon baseball stadium, completed in 2009 for the reemergence of the baseball program, located in the northeast corner of the parking lot 
The basketball teams along with other court-based sports play at Matthew Knight Arena, dubbed "Matt Court" in a play on McArthur Court's longstanding nickname "Mac Court", the Oregon Ducks' main court through the first part of the 2010–11 season 
Hayward Field was originally constructed for the football team in 1919 and in 1921, a track was installed to accommodate the track team  Today, it is the home of the Oregon Ducks track and field team  This storied venue has been the host of the NCAA Outdoor Track and Field Championships twelve times  The Olympic Trials have been hosted at this venue four times Jane Sanders Stadium, the newest Ducks sports venue, located at the south end of campus, opened in March 2016 as the home diamond for the Ducks softball team 

Rivalries
The Oregon Ducks have an in-state rivalry with the Oregon State Beavers in which they play for the Platypus Trophy  The rivalry, dubbed the Civil War, has been scored across ten different sports that the two universities share over the past nine years  The series is currently tied 4-4-1 The Oregon Ducks and the Washington Huskies have enjoyed a border rivalry that many consider to be even more fierce than the respective teams’ in-state rivalries  The rivalry began to build steam in 1948, when the Ducks and the California Golden Bears tied for the conference win and the Huskies’ vote went to Cal which inked them in for a trip to the Rose Bowl  A few years later, there was a move to remove Oregon, Oregon State, and Washington State from the Pacific Coast Conference (whose history the Pac-10 claims as its own) and the Huskies did not object 

Relationship with Nike
The University of Oregon is commonly referred to as the University of Nike due to Nike co-founder Phil Knight's influence through his donations to the school over the years  Knight ran in the University of Oregon Track & Field program under Nike co-founder Bill Bowerman  Knight graduated from the University of Oregon in 1959 with a bachelor's degree in accounting and went on to earn an M B A  at Stanford University  Knight returned to Oregon and with Bowerman, also a University of Oregon alumnus, later founded Blue Ribbon Sports in 1964, which officially became Nike in 1978  In 1970, Bowerman revolutionized the athletic shoe by pouring molten rubber into a waffle iron, creating a prototype rubber sole  University of Oregon distance runner Steve Prefontaine became the first major track athlete to wear Nike shoes and converted many of his peers to the Nike brand Nike has maintained a close relationship with UO ever since, manufacturing all university logo clothing and uniforms for athletic teams, including research prototypes for high-tech "smart clothes", such as jerseys with cooling systems  Numerous University of Oregon graduates have also gone on to become executives, designers, and business partners of Nike such as Tinker Hatfield and Dan Wieden 
Phil Knight has personally donated significant amounts to the University for both academic and athletic aspirations, including significant amounts toward the Knight Library, the Knight Law Center, numerous endowed chairs, support for the track & field program, the Autzen Stadium expansion, and a $100 million donation to create the Oregon Athletics Legacy Fund Controversy surrounding Nike's labor practices precipitated protests in 2000 led by a group of students calling themselves the Human Rights Alliance  Protests included a 10-day tent city occupation of the lawns in front of Johnson Hall, the main administration building, demanding the university join the Worker Rights Consortium (WRC) University President Dave Frohnmayer signed a one-year contract with the WRC, causing Phil Knight to withdraw a previous $30 million commitment toward the Autzen Stadium expansion project and no further donations toward the University  Nike, since 1998, had actively improved worker conditions abroad and strongly endorsed the Fair Labor Association, an association with similar aspirations of the WRC but with origins and board members from the apparel industry, including Nike  In a public statement, Phil Knight criticized the WRC for having unrealistic provisions and called it misguided while praising the FLA for being balanced in its approach  The students disagreed, saying the FLA has conflicting interests, but President Dave Frohnmayer along with several others agreed with Knight in that the WRC provides unbalanced representation Citing a legal opinion from the University Counsel, President Frohnmayer in October 2000, released a statement saying that the University could not pay its membership dues for the WRC since the WRC was neither an incorporated entity nor had tax-exempt status and to do so was a violation of state law  The Oregon University System on February 16, 2001, enacted a mandate that all institutions within the OUS choose business partners from a politically neutral standpoint, barring all universities in Oregon from membership in the WRC and the FLA  Following the dissolved relationship between the university and the WRC, Phil Knight reinstated the donation and increased the amount to over $50 million  Since then, activity on the subject died down and Frohnmayer believed that the leaders of the protest lost their foothold since they did not represent the majority of students on campus The relationship between the University of Oregon and Nike was the topic of the book, "University of Nike" by Joshua Hunt  In the book, Hunt describes the influence that Nike held over university administrators as well as the strong arm tactics Nike employed to the benefit of corporate interests under the guise of philanthropy  The book also points to this relationship as a bellwether as other U S  states reduce higher education funding, resulting in universities accepting a greater percentage of their funding from corporate sources with their corresponding interests 

See also
Oregon Sports Hall of Fame
List of Oregon Ducks Athletic Directors
Passage 7:
Presbyterian Blue Hose
The Presbyterian Blue Hose are the athletic teams of Presbyterian College, located in Clinton, South Carolina, United States  The Blue Hose athletic program is a member of the Big South Conference and competes in the NCAA Division I Football Championship Subdivision (FCS)  The PC Athletic Department fields a total of 17 varsity teams in eight men's and nine women's sports  The school colors are garnet and blue, and the mascot is Scotty the Scotsman, a medieval Scottish warrior  The team name comes from the socks worn by the football team in the early days of the twentieth century 

Conference affiliations
NCAA

Carolinas Intercollegiate Athletic Conference (1964–1972)
South Atlantic Conference (1989–2007)
Big South Conference (2007–present)

Teams
Presbyterian sponsors teams in eight NCAA-sanctioned sports for each sex, plus one women's sport that is not governed by the NCAA 
In December 2017, Presbyterian announced the addition of men's and women's wrestling programs  Men's wrestling is fully sanctioned by the NCAA, while women's wrestling has partial NCAA recognition  Women's wrestling is primarily governed by the Women's Collegiate Wrestling Association, but since 2020–21 has been recognized by the NCAA through its Emerging Sports for Women program  The men's program debuted in 2018–19 as an independent and joined the Southern Conference in July 2019, joining Big South rivals Campbell and Gardner–Webb as SoCon affiliates since the Big South does not sponsor wrestling  The women's program is the first for an NCAA Division I school  The men's team began with a limited varsity schedule in 2018–19 and first played a full schedule in 2019–20, while the women's team began playing a full varsity schedule in 2018–19 Mark Cody, former head coach of American and Oklahoma, was named to lead the Blue Hose  Presbyterian was the first South Carolina-based Division I school to sponsor wrestling since Clemson eliminated its program in 1995  Cassy Lopez of Maryland's Mt  Hebron High School was the first woman to sign a National Letter of Intent with a Division I wrestling program In 2021, Cody became the school's Director of Wrestling  Zach Sheaffer, an All-American with Pittsburgh, became the head coach of the men's and women's teams 

Facilities
SourceBaseball: The PC Baseball Complex was built in the late 1980s 
Basketball: The Furman Pinson Arena in the Ross E  Templeton Center seats approximately 2300 and was opened in 1975 
Campus Golf: PC hosts a state of the art, 8 hole campus golf course located in the parking grounds of Bailey Memorial Stadium  Dubbed "The Links at Jeff E  Redwood" the layout was finalized in 2010 by famed golf course architect, Jeff E  Redwood  The crown jewel of the course is hole #4, commonly known as "Statue Hole"  Pin locations vary from tree bases, to statues, and fire hydrants  The course is open to the public and no green fee is required 
Cross country does not compete on campus 
Football: Bailey Memorial Stadium opened in 2002, seating 6,500; play takes place on Claude Crocker field (natural grass)  In 2021, football will make a transition to the Pioneer Football League
Golf: The Arnold Palmer-designed Musgrove Mill Golf Club is a championship course located at the site of the Revolutionary War Battle of Musgrove Mill and is host to Blue Hose home competitions  The golf teams also make use of the courses at Stoney Point Country Club and Lakeside Country Club 
Lacrosse: Old Bailey Stadium, the former home of PC football, opened in 1928  It now houses Blue Hose lacrosse on its Johnson Field  The stadium seats 3,000 
Soccer: Edens Field at Martin Stadium was built in 2000 and seats about 400 
Softball: PC Softball Complex, opened in 1997, has the main softball stadium, 3 practice fields, and batting cages 
Tennis: The Templeton Tennis Courts have 6 courts with bleacher seating located adjacent to the Templeton Center 
Volleyball and wrestling also compete in the arena at the Templeton Center 
The Blue Hose athletics program also has the Templeton Strength and Conditioning Weight Room and the Kemper D  Lake M D  Sports Medicine Center with a staff of certified, professional athletic trainers for training and rehabilitation 

See also
Presbyterian Blue Hose baseball
Presbyterian Blue Hose men's basketball
Presbyterian Blue Hose women's basketball
Presbyterian Blue Hose football
Passage 8:
Les Schwab Invitational
The Les Schwab Invitational (LSI) is Oregon's premier pre-season high school invitational basketball tournament [1] Prior to its founding in 1996, Oregon's high school teams had to travel out of state for quality pre-season play, denying fans connection to local teams prior to the regular season  In 1994, South Salem High School coach Barry Adams and Beaverton High School coach Nick Robertson, along with the Oregon Athletic Coaches Association, proposed a pre-season tournament to showcase the upcoming season's top teams  After two years of phone calls, lobbying, and meetings, the Oregon State Activities Association approved the proposition and the Oregon Holiday Invitational (renamed in 2000 The Les Schwab Invitational) was born  Since its creation, the tournament has hosted nationally ranked teams from many states including Virginia, New York, Nevada, Louisiana, Texas, Maryland, Georgia, Florida, Pennsylvania, and numerous top teams from California  The LSI is a 4-day, 32-game, boy's high school basketball tournament  It features 16 teams chosen from Oregon's top schools and elite national teams through a partnership with Nike  Prime Time Sports is the owner and promoter of the tournament which was founded by co-tournament creator John McCallum 

Facts
Played in the month of December, usually between December 26 and January 1 
Is a 5-day, 32-game, and 16-team tournament 
Tournament awards include: "The Mr Hustle Award", "Tournament MVP" and "The Shawn Zinsli Team Sportsmanship Award"
Participating teams raise money for their basketball programs through ticket sales and sponsor donations
Oak Hill Academy, from Mouth of Wilson, Virginia has won five LSI championships ('97, '01, '04,'06, '11)
More than 22 Les Schwab Invitational participants have gone on to play in the NBA
Kevin Durant, the 2008 NBA Rookie of the Year was a player in the 2004 LSI while at Oak Hill Academy
Kevin Love is the only freshman to ever be named LSI Most Valuable Player as he did in 2003 while at Lake Oswego High School

Venues
Year-Venue(s)

1996 -Westview High School-Portland, OR ; South Salem High School, Salem, OR ; The University of Portland, Portland, OR ; Beaverton High School, Beaverton, OR 
1997-Lewis and Clark College, Portland, OR 
1998-Lewis and Clark College, Portland, OR 
1999-Lewis and Clark College, Portland, OR 
2000-Memorial Coliseum, Portland, OR 
2001-Memorial Coliseum, Portland, OR 
2002-The University of Portland, Portland, OR 
2003-The University of Portland, Portland, OR 
2004–Present-Liberty High School, Hillsboro, OR 

Teams invited
Oregon State classification 6A and 5A basketball teams as well as the top teams from southwest Washington are invited based on selections made by a committee that meets each January 
3-4 nationally ranked Nike-sponsored teams are also brought in from around the country 

Past champions
Year	School

1996	Beaverton High School Beavers
1997	Oak Hill Academy Warriors
1998	Crenshaw High School Cougars
1999	Jefferson High School Democrats
2000	Dominguez High School Dons
2001	Oak Hill Academy Warriors
2002	Bishop O’Connell High School Knights
2003	Jesuit High School Crusaders
2004	Oak Hill Academy Warriors
2005	Reserve Christian Eagles
2006	Oak Hill Academy Warriors
2007	Archbishop Mitty High School Monarchs
2008	Dominguez High School Dons
2009	Westchester High School Comets
2010 DeMatha Catholic Stags
2011 Oak Hill Academy Warriors
2012 Lake Oswego High School Lakers
2013 Rainier Beach High School Vikings
2014 Montverde Academy Eagles
2015 Oak Hill Academy Warriors
2016 Nathan Hale High School Raiders
2017 Oak Hill Academy Warriors
2018 Sierra Canyon School Trailblazers
2019 Mater Dei High School Monarchs
2020 Cancelled due to COVID-19 Pandemic
2021 Link Academy Lions
2022 West Linn High School Lions

LSI participants named McDonald's All Americans
Carmelo Anthony |	Oak Hill Academy, Mouth of Wilson, VA 2001
Andre Barrett |	Rice High School, New York, NY 1999
Evan Burns |	Fairfax High School, Los Angeles, CA 2000
Tweety Carter |	Reserve Christian, Laplace, LA 2005
Tyson Chandler |	Dominguez High School, Compton, CA 2000
Eric Devendorf |	Oak Hill Academy, Mouth of Wilson, VA 2004
Mike Dunleavy Jr  |	Jesuit High School, Portland, OR 1998
Kevin Durant |	Oak Hill Academy, Mouth of Wilson, VA 2004
Ndudi Ebi |	Westbury Christian, Houston, TX 2002
Donté Greene |	Towson Catholic, Towson, MD 2005
JJ Hickson |	Wheeler High School, Marietta, GA 2006
Brandon Jennings |	Oak Hill Academy, Mouth of Wilson, VA 2006
Terrence Jones |	Jefferson High School, Portland, OR 2010
Doron Lamb |	Oak Hill Academy, Mouth of Wilson, VA 2009
Tywon Lawson |	Oak Hill Academy, Mouth of Wilson, VA 2004
Kevin Love |	Lake Oswego High School, Lake Oswego, OR	2007
Kyle Wiltjer |	Jesuit High School, Beaverton, OR 2011
Jaylen Brown |	Wheeler High School, Marietta, GA 2015
Ben Simmons |	Montverde Academy, Montverde, FL 2015
Michael Porter Jr |	Nathan Hale High School, Seattle, WA 2017
Keldon Johnson |	Oak Hill Academy, Mouth of Wilson, VA 2018
Vernon Carey Jr  |	NSU University School, Fort Lauderdale, FL 2019

Les Schwab Invitational NBA players
Carmelo Anthony – Oak Hill Academy / Portland Trail Blazers
Tyson Chandler – Dominguez H S  / Chicago Bulls 2001–06, New Orleans Hornets 2006–09, Charlotte Bobcats 2009–10, Dallas Mavericks 2010-11 & 2014–15, New York Knicks 2011–14, Phoenix Suns 2015–2018, Los Angeles Lakers 2018
Kevin Durant – Oak Hill Academy / Seattle SuperSonics 2007–08, Oklahoma City Thunder 2008–2016, Golden State Warriors 2016–Present
Kevin Love – Lake Oswego H S  / Miami Heat
Greg Monroe – Helen Cox H S  / Toronto Raptors
Kemba Walker – Rice H S  / Charlotte Hornets
Marvin Bagley III - Sierra Canyon H S  / Detroit Pistons
Jaylen Brown - Wheeler H S  / Boston Celtics
Markelle Fultz - Dematha H S  / Orlando Magic
Aaron Gordon - Archbishop Mitty H S  / Denver Nuggets
Dejounte Murray - Rainier Beach H S  / Atlanta Hawks
Terrence Ross - Jefferson H S  / Phoenix Suns
Ben Simmons - Montverde Academy / Brooklyn Nets
Jahlil Okafor - Whitney Young / New Orleans Pelicans
Michael Porter Jr - Nathan Hale HS / Denver Nuggets
Keldon Johnson - Oak Hill Academy / San Antonio Spurs
Payton Pritchard - West Linn H S  / Boston Celtics
Scottie Barnes - University School / Toronto Raptors
Zach Collins - Bishop Gorman / San Antonio Spurs
Tari Eason - Garfield HS / Houston Rockets
Jerami Grant - DeMatha Catholic / Portland Trailblazers
Drew Eubanks - Reynolds HS / Portland Trailblazers
Kenyon Martin Jr  - Sierra Canyon / Houston Rockets
Jaylen Nowell - Garfield HS / Minnesota Timberwolves
Kevin Porter Jr  - Rainier Beach / Houston Rockets
JT Thor - Norcross HS / Charlotte Hornets

Sponsors
The current 2022 presenting sponsor is Express Employment Professionals  The tournament's key sponsors are Les Schwab Tires and Nike, both Oregon based companies 



ground_truth: "Talk That Talk"