prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: Did Qionghai or Suining  have a population of 658,798 in 2002? 

The following are given passages.
Context 1: Passage 1:
Qionghai
Qionghai, or in local Hainanese dialect as Kheng Hai, is one of the seven county-level cities of Hainan province, China  Although called a "city", Qionghai refers to a large land area in Hainan - an area which was once a county  Within this area is the main city, Qionghai City  It is located in the east of the island at the mouth of the Wanquan River, 86 kilometres (53 mi) from the provincial capital of Haikou  It has an area of 1,692 square kilometres (653 sq mi) and in 2010, it had a population of 483,217 people 
The seat of government is at Jiaji (simplified Chinese: 嘉积镇; traditional Chinese: 嘉積鎮; pinyin: Jiājī Zhèn), locally referred to as Kachek city  Bo'ao, seat of the Boao Forum for Asia, belongs to Qionghai 
The former counties of Qiongdong (postal: Kiungtung) and Lehui (樂㑹, postal: Lokwei) are now part of Qionghai City 

Climate
Qionghai has a tropical monsoon climate (Köppen Am)  Monsoonal influences are strong, with a relatively lengthy wet season and a pronounced dry season (January to March)  Rainfall is heaviest and most frequent from August to October, when typhoons may strike, and is otherwise still common throughout the year, averaging an annual total of 2,100 mm (83 in); there are 9 3 days with 50 mm (1 97 in) or more of rain  Humidity is consistently very high, with an average relative humidity of 85 8%  With monthly percent possible sunshine ranging from 31% in February to 62% in July, the city receives 1913 hours of bright sunshine annually; the city receives about only a third of possible sunshine from December thru February, while May thru July is the sunniest time of year 

Administrative divisions
Qionghai is divided into 12 towns:

Other
The most famous dish of Qionghai is called Kazek Duck 
Qionghai is served by Qionghai Bo'ao Airport 

Notable people
Lee Chiaw Meng, served in Prime minister Lee Kuan Yew's cabinet as Minister of Education, Minister of Science and Technology and Member of Parliament 
Patrick Lee, Billionaire Business entrepreneur magnate and the founder of Lee & Man Paper 
Pang Chin Hin (冯振轩), entrepreneur, chairman and founder of the well-known food manufacturing company Mamee Double-Decker (M) Sdn Bhd 
Pang Lim (庞琳), entrepreneur and community figure who founded and currently chairs the Koufu Group Ltd, an F&B establishment operators 
Wee Meng Chee, rapper, singer-songwriter and filmmaker 

See also
List of administrative divisions of Hainan
Passage 2:
Daying County
Daying County (simplified Chinese: 大英县; traditional Chinese: 大英縣; pinyin: Dàyīng Xiàn) is a county of Sichuan province, China, under the administration of Suining City and in the central part of the Sichuan Basin  In 2002, it had a population of 520,000 residing in an area of 703 km2 (271 sq mi) 

Tourist attractions
Daying is the home of the "Chinese Dead Sea", a tourist attraction that is based on a salt lake with nine times the salinity of the ocean and which constitutes the largest indoor water park in China 
A stationary replica of the Titanic is under construction in Daying County as well 

Transportation
The G42 Shanghai–Chengdu Expressway and Dazhou–Chengdu Railway (达成铁路) traverses east–west through the entire length of the county 
The county is served by the Daying East Station (大英东站) on the Suining–Chengdu Railway 
Passage 3:
Suining
Suining (simplified Chinese: 遂宁; traditional Chinese: 遂寧; Sichuanese Pinyin: Xu4nin2; Sichuanese pronunciation: [ɕy˨˦nin˨˩]; pinyin: Sùiníng; Wade–Giles: Sui-ning) is a prefecture-level city of eastern Sichuan province in Southwest China  In 2002, Suining had a population of 658,798 

Geography and climate
Suining is located in the center of the Sichuan Basin and on the central reaches of the Fu River, bordering Chongqing, Guang'an and Nanchong to the east, Neijiang and Ziyang to the south, the provincial capital of Chengdu to the west, and Deyang and Mianyang to the north  Its prefecture, or administrative, area ranges in latitude from 30° 10' 50" to 31° 10' 50" N, or 108 9 kilometres (67 7 mi) and in longitude from 105° 03' 26" to 106° 59' 49" E, or 90 3 kilometres (56 1 mi)  While much of the prefecture is mountainous, the urban area itself, which occupies 40 square kilometres (15 sq mi), is located on flat land 
Suining has a monsoon-influenced humid subtropical climate (Köppen Cwa) and is largely mild and humid, with four distinct seasons  Winter is short, mild, and foggy, though actual precipitation is low  January averages 6 6 °C (43 9 °F), and while frost may occur, snow is rare  Summers are long, hot and humid, with the daily average in July and August around 27 °C (81 °F), with August being slightly warmer  Rainfall is light in winter and can be heavy in summer, and 75% of the annual total occurs from May to September 

Places of interest
According to local legend, Suining is the Hometown of Guanyin and her sisters  A folk song declares that one resides at Lingquan Temple, another at Guangde Temple, while only the third sister is afar, in the Putuo Mountains of Southern China There exists Lingquan Temple, Guangde Temple, and the Dead Sea, which are regarded as the 4A scenic zone  And there is also a Celadon Museum of Sichuan, which is referred to as a 3A scenic zone 
The percentage of land-covered forests of Suining is approximately 34%, it's the first Provincial Environmental Protection City in Sichuan  The 30,000-capacity Suining Sports Centre Stadium is located in the city  The stadium opened in 2014 and it is used mostly for football matches 

Administrative divisions
Transport
Highway
China National Highway 318

Rail
Suining is the junction for the Dazhou–Chengdu and Suining–Chongqing Railways, which collective form the westernmost section of the Shanghai–Wuhan–Chengdu High-Speed Railway 

Well-known inhabitants
Chen Zi'ang, Tang dynasty poet (661-702), was a native of the Suining area 
Chen Wei, a pro-democracy activist born in 1969 who has been arrested in February 2011 and sentenced for 9-years in prison on December 23, 2011 for "inciting subversion of state power" by the Suining intermediate people's court 
Liu Xianbin, a pro-democracy activist born in 1968 who has been arrested in June 2010 and sentenced for 10-years in prison for inciting subversion of state power 
Li Bifeng, a pro-democracy activist and friend of Liao Yiwu who is facing 5-years prison for "economic crimes" 
Ju Jingyi, a well-known Chinese singer and actress  She rose to fame as a member of Chinese idol girl group SNH48 and was part of Team NII until her graduation in December 2017 
Context 2: Passage 1:
Bonus Army
The Bonus Army was a group of 43,000 demonstrators – 17,000 veterans of U S  involvement in World War I, their families, and affiliated groups – who gathered in Washington, D C , in mid-1932 to demand early cash redemption of their service bonus certificates  Organizers called the demonstrators the Bonus Expeditionary Force (B E F ), to echo the name of World War I's American Expeditionary Forces, while the media referred to them as the "Bonus Army" or "Bonus Marchers"  The demonstrators were led by Walter W  Waters, a former sergeant 
Many of the war veterans had been out of work since the beginning of the Great Depression  The World War Adjusted Compensation Act of 1924 had awarded them bonuses in the form of certificates they could not redeem until 1945  Each certificate, issued to a qualified veteran soldier, bore a face value equal to the soldier's promised payment with compound interest  The principal demand of the Bonus Army was the immediate cash payment of their certificates 
On July 28, 1932, U S  Attorney General William D  Mitchell ordered the veterans removed from all government property  Washington police met with resistance, shot at the protestors, and two veterans were wounded and later died  President Herbert Hoover then ordered the U S  Army to clear the marchers' campsite  Army Chief of Staff General Douglas MacArthur commanded a contingent of infantry and cavalry, supported by six tanks  The Bonus Army marchers with their wives and children were driven out, and their shelters and belongings burned 
A second, smaller Bonus March in 1933 at the start of the Roosevelt administration was defused in May with an offer of jobs with the Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC) at Fort Hunt, Virginia, which most of the group accepted  Those who chose not to work for the CCC by the May 22 deadline were given transportation home  In 1936, Congress overrode President Roosevelt's veto and paid the veterans their bonus nine years early 

Origin of military bonuses
The practice of war-time military bonuses began in 1776, as payment for the difference between what a soldier earned and what he could have earned had he not enlisted  The practice derived from English legislation passed in the 1592–93 session of Parliament to provide medical care and maintenance for disabled veterans and bonuses for serving soldiers 
In August 1776, Congress adopted the first national pension law providing half pay for life for disabled veterans  Considerable pressure was applied to expand benefits to match the British system for serving soldiers and sailors but had little support from the colonial government until mass desertions at Valley Forge that threatened the existence of the Continental Army led George Washington to become a strong advocate 
In 1781, most of the Continental Army was demobilized  Two years later, hundreds of Pennsylvania war veterans marched on Philadelphia, then the nation's capital, surrounded the State House, where the U S  Congress was in session, and demanded back pay  Congress fled to Princeton, New Jersey, and several weeks later, the U S  Army expelled the war veterans from Philadelphia  Congress progressively passed legislation from 1788 covering pensions and bonuses, eventually extending eligibility to widows in 1836 Before World War I, the soldiers' military service bonus (adjusted for rank) was land and money; a Continental Army private received 100 acres (40 ha) and $80 00 (2017: $1,968 51) at war's end, while a major general received 1,100 acres (450 ha)  In 1855, Congress increased the land-grant minimum to 160 acres (65 ha), and reduced the eligibility requirements to fourteen days of military service or one battle; moreover, the bonus also applied to veterans of any Indian war  The provision of land eventually became a major political issue, particularly in Tennessee where almost 40% of arable land had been given to veterans as part of their bonus  By 1860, 73,500,000 acres (29,700,000 ha) had been issued and lack of available arable land led to the program's abandonment and replacement with a cash-only system  Breaking with tradition, the veterans of the Spanish–American War did not receive a bonus and after World War I, that became a political matter when they received only a $60 bonus ($1,010 in 2023)  The American Legion, created in 1919, led a political movement for an additional bonus 
On May 15, 1924, President Calvin Coolidge vetoed a bill granting bonuses to veterans of World War I, saying: "patriotism    bought and paid for is not patriotism " Congress overrode his veto a few days later, enacting the World War Adjusted Compensation Act  Each veteran was to receive a dollar for each day of domestic service, up to a maximum of $500 (equivalent to $8,500 in 2022), and $1 25 for each day of overseas service, up to a maximum of $625 ($10,670 in 2023)  Deducted from this was $60, for the $60 they received upon discharge  Amounts of $50 or less were immediately paid  All other amounts were issued as Certificates of Service maturing in 20 years There were 3,662,374 Adjusted Service Certificates issued, with a combined face value of $3 64 billion (equivalent to $62 billion in 2021)  Congress established a trust fund to receive 20 annual payments of $112 million that, with interest, would finance the 1945 disbursement of the $3 638 billion for the veterans  Meanwhile, veterans could borrow up to 22 5% of the certificate's face value from the fund; but in 1931, because of the Great Depression, Congress increased the maximum value of such loans to 50% of the certificate's face value  Although there was congressional support for the immediate redemption of the military service certificates, Hoover and Republican congressmen opposed such action and reasoned that the government would have to increase taxes to cover the costs of the payout and so any potential economic recovery would be slowed The Veterans of Foreign Wars continued to press the federal government to allow the early redemption of military service certificates The first march of the unemployed was Coxey's Army in 1894, when armies of men from various regions streamed to Washington as a "living petition" to demand that the federal government create jobs by investing in public infrastructure projects  In January 1932, a march of 25,000 unemployed Pennsylvanians, dubbed "Cox's Army", had marched on Washington, D C , the largest demonstration to date in the nation's capital, setting a precedent for future marches by the unemployed 

Campsite
Most of the Bonus Army (Bonus Expeditionary Force or BEF) camped in a form of a "Hooverville" on the Anacostia Flats (now Section C of Anacostia Park), a swampy, muddy area away from the federal core of Washington  Other veterans lived much closer, in partially demolished buildings on Pennsylvania Avenue near the Third Street SW  Although occupation of Anacostia Flats was against federal law, Glassford obtained permission off the record from his friend Major General Ulysses S  Grant III, Director of Public Buildings and Public Parks in the Capital, who promised to make no objection  The chosen site was located in the historically African American side of Anacostia; nearby were tennis courts and a baseball diamond, the latter of which was used by children of the camp  The War Department had refused a request by Senator James Hamilton Lewis to set up billets, so veterans, women and children lived in the shelters they built from materials dragged out of a junk pile nearby, which included old lumber, packing boxes, and scrap tin covered with roofs of thatched straw  The shack city was nicknamed Camp Marks, after the friendly Police Captain S J  Marks 
Camp Marks was tightly controlled by the veterans, who laid out streets, built sanitation facilities, set up an internal police force and held daily parades  A vibrant community arose revolving around several key sections, including the religious tent, where marchers could be heard expressing forbearance, trust in God and gratitude for what they had compared to other victims of the Depression  Also popular was the Salvation Army lending library, where marchers wrote letters home in its makeshift post office (postage stamps were more prized than cigarettes, it was said)  To live in the camps, veterans were required to register and to prove they had been honorably discharged or provided a bonus certificate, at which point a membership card would be issued  The Superintendent of the D C  Police, Pelham D  Glassford, worked with camp leaders to supply the camp with food and supplies 
On June 15, 1932, the US House of Representatives passed the Wright Patman Bonus Bill (by a vote of 211–176) to move forward the date for World War I veterans to receive their cash bonus  Over 6,000 bonus marchers massed at the U S  Capitol on June 17 as the U S  Senate voted on the Bonus Bill  The bill was defeated by a vote of 62–18 

Police shooting
On July 28, under prodding from President Herbert Hoover, the D C  Commissioners ordered Pelham D  Glassford to clear their buildings, rather than letting the protesters drift away as he had previously recommended  When the veterans rioted, an officer (George Shinault) drew his revolver and shot at the veterans, two of whom, William Hushka and Eric Carlson, died later 
William Hushka (1895–1932) was an immigrant to the United States from Lithuania  When the US entered World War I in 1917, he sold his butcher shop in St  Louis, and joined the army  After the war, he lived in Chicago  He was buried in Arlington National Cemetery a week after being shot and killed by police 
Eric Carlson (1894–1932) was a veteran from Oakland, California, who fought in the trenches of France in World War I  He was interred in Arlington National Cemetery During a previous riot, the Commissioners asked the White House for federal troops  Hoover passed the request to Secretary of War Patrick J  Hurley, who told MacArthur to take action to disperse the protesters  Towards the late afternoon, cavalry, infantry, tanks and machine guns pushed the "Bonusers" out of Washington 

Reports on communist elements
An Army intelligence report claimed that the BEF intended to occupy the Capitol permanently and instigate fighting, as a signal for communist uprisings in all major cities  It also conjectured that at least part of the Marine Corps garrison in Washington would side with the revolutionaries, hence Marine units eight blocks from the Capitol were never called upon  The report of July 5, 1932, by Conrad H  Lanza in upstate New York was not declassified until 1991 The Department of Justice released an investigative report on the Bonus Army in September 1932, noting that communists had attempted to involve themselves with the Bonus Army from the start, and had been arrested for various offenses during protests:

As soon as the bonus march was initiated, and as early as May, 1932, the Communist party undertook an organized campaign to foment the movement, and induced radicals to join the marchers to Washington  As early as the edition of May 31, 1932, the Daily Worker, a publication which is the central organ of the Communist party in the United States, urged worker veteran delegations to go to Washington on June 8th In 1932, Hoover stated that the bulk of Bonus Army members behaved reasonably and a minority of what he described as communists and career criminals were responsible for most of the unrest associated with the events: "I wish to state emphatically that the extraordinary proportion of criminal, Communist, and nonveteran elements amongst the marchers as shown by this report, should not be taken to reflect upon the many thousands of honest, law-abiding men who came to Washington with full right of presentation of their views to the Congress  This better element and their leaders acted at all times to restrain crime and violence, but after the adjournment of Congress a large portion of them returned to their homes and gradually these better elements lost control " In his 1952 memoir, Hoover stated that at least 900 of the Bonus Army were "ex-convicts and Communists "In his memoir The Whole of Their Lives (1948) Benjamin Gitlow of the Communist Party USA reported that a number of communists had joined the Bonus Army during their trek across the nation, with the goal of recruiting people to the communist cause A 2009 Encyclopedia Britannica blog post asserted these would-be communist organizers were largely rejected by the Bonus Army marchers: "[T]here were communists present in the camps, led by John T  Pace from Michigan  But if Pace believed that Bonus Army was a ready-made revolutionary cadre, he was mistaken  The marchers routinely expelled avowed communists from the camps  They destroyed communist leaflets and other literature  And among their other slogans the veterans adopted a motto directed at the communists, 'Eyes front—not left!'"

Army intervention
At 1:40 pm, General Douglas MacArthur ordered General Perry Miles to assemble troops on the Ellipse immediately south of the White House  Within the hour the 3rd Cavalry led by George S  Patton, then a Major, crossed the Memorial Bridge, with the 12th Infantry arriving by steamer about an hour later  At 4 pm, Miles told MacArthur that the troops were ready, and MacArthur (like Eisenhower, by now in service uniform) said that Hoover wanted him to "be on hand as things progressed, so that he could issue necessary instructions on the ground" and "take the rap if there should be any unfavorable or critical repercussions "At 4:45 pm, commanded by MacArthur, the 12th Infantry Regiment, Fort Howard, Maryland, and the 3rd Cavalry Regiment, supported by five M1917 light tanks commanded by Patton , formed in Pennsylvania Avenue while thousands of civil service employees left work to line the street and watch  The Bonus Marchers, believing the troops were marching in their honor, cheered the troops until Patton ordered the cavalry to charge them, which prompted the spectators to yell, "Shame! Shame!"
After the cavalry charged, the infantry, with fixed bayonets and tear gas (adamsite, an arsenical vomiting agent) entered the camps, evicting veterans, families, and camp followers  The veterans fled across the Anacostia River to their largest camp, and Hoover ordered the assault stopped  MacArthur chose to ignore the president and ordered a new attack, claiming that the Bonus March was an attempt to overthrow the US government  55 veterans were injured and 135 arrested  A veteran's wife miscarried  When 12-week-old Bernard Meyer died in the hospital after being caught in the tear gas attack, a government investigation reported he died of enteritis, and a hospital spokesman said the tear gas "didn't do it any good "During the military operation, Major Dwight D  Eisenhower, later the 34th president of the United States, served as one of MacArthur's junior aides  Believing it wrong for the Army's highest-ranking officer to lead an action against fellow American war veterans, he strongly advised MacArthur against taking any public role: "I told that dumb son-of-a-bitch not to go down there," he said later  "I told him it was no place for the Chief of Staff " Despite his misgivings, Eisenhower wrote the Army's official incident report that endorsed MacArthur's conduct Although the troops were ready, Hoover twice sent instructions to MacArthur not to cross the Anacostia bridge that night, both of which were received  Shortly after 9 pm, MacArthur ordered Miles to cross the bridge and evict the Bonus Army from its encampment in Anacostia  This refusal to follow orders was claimed by MacArthur's assistant chief of staff George Van Horn Moseley  However, MacArthur's aide Dwight Eisenhower, Assistant Secretary of War for Air F  Trubee Davison, and Brigadier General Perry Miles, who commanded the ground forces, all disputed Moseley's claim  They said the two orders were never delivered to MacArthur and they blamed Moseley for refusing to deliver the orders to MacArthur for unknown reasons  The shacks in the Anacostia Camp were then set on fire, although who set them on fire is somewhat unclear 

Aftermath
Joe Angelo, a decorated hero from the war who had saved Patton's life during the Meuse-Argonne offensive on September 26, 1918, approached him the day after to sway him  Patton, however, dismissed him quickly  This episode was said to represent the proverbial essence of the Bonus Army, each man the face of each side: Angelo the dejected loyal soldier; Patton the unmoved government official unconcerned with past loyalties Though the Bonus Army incident did not derail the careers of the military officers involved, it proved politically disastrous for Hoover, and it is considered a contributing factor to his losing the 1932 election in a landslide to Franklin D  Roosevelt Police Superintendent Glassford was not pleased with the decision to have the Army intervene, believing that the police could have handled the situation  He soon resigned as superintendent 
MGM released the movie Gabriel Over the White House in March 1933, the month Roosevelt was sworn in as president  Produced by William Randolph Hearst's Cosmopolitan Pictures, it depicted a fictitious President Hammond who, in the film's opening scenes, refuses to deploy the military against a march of the unemployed and instead creates an "Army of Construction" to work on public works projects until the economy recovers  First Lady Eleanor Roosevelt judged the movie's treatment of veterans superior to Hoover's During the presidential campaign of 1932, Roosevelt had opposed the veterans' bonus demands  A second bonus march planned for the following year in May by the "National Liaison Committee of Washington," disavowed by the previous year's bonus army leadership, demanded that the Federal government provide marchers housing and food during their stay in the capital  Despite his opposition to the marchers' demand for immediate payment of the bonus, Roosevelt greeted them quite differently than Hoover had done   The administration set up a special camp for the marchers at Fort Hunt, Virginia, providing forty field kitchens serving three meals a day, bus transportation to and from the capital, and entertainment in the form of military bands Administration officials, led by presidential confidant Louis Howe, tried to negotiate an end to the protest  Roosevelt arranged for his wife, Eleanor, to visit the site unaccompanied  She lunched with the veterans and listened to them perform songs  She reminisced about her memories of seeing troops off to World War I and welcoming them home  The most that she could offer was a promise of positions in the newly created Civilian Conservation Corps  One veteran commented, "Hoover sent the army, Roosevelt sent his wife " In a press conference following her visit, the First Lady described her reception as courteous and praised the marchers, highlighting how comfortable she felt despite critics of the marchers who described them as communists and criminals On May 11, 1933, Roosevelt issued an executive order allowing the enrollment of 25,000 veterans in the CCC, exempting them from the normal requirement that applicants be unmarried and under the age of 25  Congress, with Democrats holding majorities in both houses, passed the Adjusted Compensation Payment Act in 1936, authorizing the immediate payment of the $2 billion in World War I bonuses, and then overrode Roosevelt's veto of the measure  The House vote was 324 to 61, and the Senate vote was 76 to 19 

In literature
The shootings are depicted in Barbara Kingsolver's novel The Lacuna The Bonus Marchers are detailed in John Ross's novel Unintended Consequences (novel)
A fictionalized version of the Bonus March is depicted in the opening scenes of the 1995 movie In Pursuit of Honor

See also
Coxey's Army
Fry's Army
List of rallies and protest marches in Washington, D C 
List of incidents of political violence in Washington, D C 
On-to-Ottawa Trek by Canadian veterans, 1935
Passage 2:
List of Occupy movement protest locations
The Occupy Wall Street protests, which started in 2011, inspired a wide international response  There have been hundreds of Occupy movement protests worldwide over time, intended and organized as non-violent protest against the wealthy, as well as banking institutions  Months before the Occupy movement began, the Movimiento 15-M planned to hold events in many nations on October 15, 2011   The Occupy movement joined in and also held many events in many nations on that day  A list of proposed events for the 15 October 2011 global protests listed events in 951 cities in 82 countries  Protest camps were built at many of the protest locations, often near banking institutions or stock markets  Many locations had further manifestations at the following weekends until "Guy-Fawkes" day since the Guy Fawkes mask had become protester fashion  Many American Occupy groups were active until 2012, some are still active 
On the one-year anniversary of the Occupy Movement (September 17, 2012), The Guardian published the "Occupy Directory"'s "map of the Occupy world" 

Africa
America
Canada
Latin America
United States
Asia
Europe
Oceania
See also
Other U S  protests

Other international protests

Related articles
Passage 3:
Manjolai Labourers massacre
Manjolai labourers massacre or Thamirabarani massacre of 23 July 1999 was the death of 17 Dalit labourers, including two women and a two-year-old child, when they got into the river to escape Tamil Nadu Police lathi-charge  Public were going in procession to Tirunelveli Collectorate to submit a memorandum demanding wage settlement for the tea plantation workers of Manjolai estate  An altercation between the police and the marchers resulted in a lathi charge by police  When the marchers ran helter-skelter, many fell into the river and died Human Rights Watch condemned the brutal police attack and killing of Dalit tea plantation workers 

Background
On 23 July 1999, a large number of labourers from the Tea estates of Manjolai congregated in Tirunelveli and marched towards the Collectorate demanding the release of a number of estate workers, who were arrested earlier for staging protest demanding better wages  The workers were being paid  70 per Day then and they were demanding the pay to be increased to  100  The workers were also demanding maternity leave, periodical breaks for women during the eight-hour-long duty  They were also opposing the decision of the estate owners to force workers to stay in sheds with poor facilities and deny right to rear cattle or even raise Gardens 
A large contingent of stone throwing and lathi-wielding police brutally assaulted the protesters forcing them to run towards the river  As police continued to chase them to the river, many got into the river and drowned  Justice Mohan Commission that probed into the incident submitted that 11 of the 17 died due to drowning, while rest died due to injuries 
Even now, much of their demands have not been met, but the estate workers have since been kept satisfied with a pay of  138 per Day 

Documentary film
The theme of the incident is the basis for Death of a river (Oru Nathiyin Maranam) a Tamil language documentary film released in 1999  The 59-minute Tamil film is the work of the Kanchanai Film Society, produced and directed by R R Srinivasan 

See also
Paramakudi riots
1957 Ramnad riots
Passage 4:
Pelham Road
Pelham Road, known as Shore Road within the Bronx, is a historic 4 1-mile (6 6 km) east-west arterial road that runs along the Long Island Sound shoreline from Pelham Bay Park in the Bronx through the southern Westchester County, New York communities of New Rochelle and Pelham Manor  The thoroughfare had its beginning as a Native American trail linking the important villages on Davenport Neck to those on Pelham Neck in Pelham  Between these points along the shore line there was an almost continuous chain of small Indian villages and camps  This waterfront area was especially advantageous, with many small coves in secure harbors and protected by adjacent islands and many small streams of water and abundant springs The segment of Pelham Road in Westchester County is internally designated, but not signed, as County Route 65 

History
From early times, the section of the road from New Rochelle to the Pelham Town line was called the "way to Mr  Pell's" and "Road to Pell's Manor"  Once at the Town of Pelham, the road was merely a private way of the Pells' through their Manor  There was little need for a public highway beyond that point for the manor was private property, and was of little importance to New Rochelle settlers who were not tenants of the Lord of the Manor and held their land practically free of all manorial rights The Huguenot settlers of New Rochelle, in laying out their home lots from the Boston Road to the waterfront, crossed the trail with each lot, which was thereby cut into two parts  These lots were largely taken up by settlers interested in commercial enterprises north of the waterfront  Once the present Center Avenue, Drake Avenue and Weyman Avenue were opened to the shore from the Boston Road, public landings were built at their ends along the waterfront  By 1710, there were more than twice the number of houses along the New Rochelle shore as in the central part of the town on the Boston Road, however, the original Indian trail had still not been officially laid out as a road Cooper-shops were put up along the shore and, as other trades increased, the neighborhood became more and more important as a business district  A patent was issued on November 20, 1754, to Samuel Rodman and John Wooley who established a ferry across the Sound to Cow Neck, Long Island and, in 1785, another ferry was established by Richard Sands, both landing adjacent to the Pelham Road  "  From this time on, for a century or more, Pelham Road more than held its own in competition with the Boston Road, although the latter had the advantage of being the through route from New York City to Boston, and was the stagecoach and mail route 
As early as 1829, the steamboat came to Pelham Road as a means of travel  The early boats landed at Town Dock Road, but they were transferred before 1833 to a new dock on Neptune Island, where they continued to land thereafter 
This was followed by the building of the Neptune House hotel on that island in 1837  Before this, a bridge had been erected across Eastchester Bay and a direct road opened connecting with Westchester Village, West Farms, Morrisania and New York City  These added to the importance of the Pelham Road by making it a major through route The opening of the New York and New Haven Railroad in 1849 and the rapid development of traffic by train, rather than by boats or stagecoach, caused Pelham Road to dwindle in significance as a through route for travel  The business that had developed from the early days of the settlement along its route, gradually gave way to the rapid increase along the railroad route and the Boston Turnpike (Main Street) 
After the incorporation of the Village of New Rochelle (1857), the section of the road west of Center Avenue came to be called Pelham Road  In 1886, the New Rochelle and Pelham Railroad (horse-cars), was constructed along Shore Road from Center Avenue to the Neptune House Road, to connect with the ferry to Starin's Glen Island and the Government ferry to Davids Island  In 1898, an electric trolley line was substituted for the horse-cars, coming through Drake Avenue, and the tracks on Pelham Road were removed from Drake Avenue to Center Avenue  In 1928, by action of Westchester County, the road was widened and straightened over its entire length and became a through route for travel between New York City and New England points 

Present day
The irregularly meandering waterfront has been populated from the days of the Siwanoy Indians  Today, it is dotted by a series of water related businesses as well as private homes, and a number of private clubs and marinas  Davenport Neck juts into the Sound at the foot of Franklin Avenue  Once the provenance of the Davenport and Iselin families who maintained spacious estates on the Neck, it was subdivided into building lots, and with the exception of a few historic homes, is essentially a residential neighborhood built during the last third of the Twentieth Century The area directly along Pelham Road is one of the more densely populated residential section of the city consisting of mid-rise apartment buildings, condominiums, and town-home complexes  It is the only major through route in the area and connects the affluent residential communities on Davenport's Neck and along the shore with the Downtown business district and northern New Rochelle 
A number of parks and recreational areas are located here  Glen Island, at the south end of the City, contains Glen Island Park  Neptune Park is located at the foot of Fort Slocum Road on Neptune Island  Hudson Park, and the City's public beach, is located at Bonnefoy Point on the eastern end of Davenport Neck  The New Rochelle Rowing Club and the New Rochelle Municipal Marina are located adjacent to the north side of the park  On Echo Bay, the north end of the shoreline, are Five Islands Park, Clifford Island, Echo Island and Premium Point 
The College of New Rochelle, with its landmark "Castleview", is located in this area as is the late 1800s planned community Residence Park neighborhood 
Passage 5:
Westchester Avenue
Westchester Avenue is a major east-west street in the South and East portions of the Bronx, New York City  It runs from Third Avenue and East 150th Street in the Hub to Pelham Bay Park in the Pelham Bay section  It crosses many neighborhoods of the Bronx, which include Melrose, Longwood, Soundview, Parkchester, and Pelham Bay  Westchester Avenue parallels the Bruckner Expressway until their junction at Pelham Bay Park 
With the exception of 0 5 miles (0 80 km) of its length, Westchester Avenue is underneath elevated tracks of the New York City Subway  The IRT White Plains Road Line (2 and ​5 trains) runs over Westchester Avenue from Brook Avenue to Southern Boulevard and the IRT Pelham Line (6 and <6>​ trains) runs over Westchester Avenue from Whitlock Avenue to its terminus at Pelham Bay Park  The Bx4/Bx4A buses use Westchester Avenue between Bergen Avenue and Parkchester (Bx4A) or Westchester Square (Bx4) while the Bx24 uses Westchester Avenue north of Westchester Square  The Bx8 and Bx27 use the road for short segments 
Passage 6:
Hong Kong 1 July marches
The Hong Kong 1 July protests was an annual protest rally originally held by the Civil Human Rights Front from the day of handover in 1997 on the HKSAR establishment day  However, it was not until 2003 that the march drew large public attention by opposing the legislation of Basic Law Article 23  The 2003 protest, with 500,000 marchers, was the second-largest protest seen in Hong Kong since the 1997 handover Prior to this, only the pro-democracy protest on 21 May 1989 drew more people with 1 5 million marchers in Hong Kong sympathising with the participants of the Tiananmen Square protests of 1989  The introduction of Article 23 legislation was left aside due to the protest  Since then, 1 July marches have been organised every year to demand for democracy, universal suffrage, rights of minorities, protection of freedom of speech, and a variety of other political concerns 
In 2019, the anti-extradition bill protest on 16 June broke the record of largest protest in Hong Kong with nearly 2 million marchers  The 1 July march in the same year with 550,000 marchers, was the largest 1 July march In 2020, despite a police ban citing gathering limits during the COVID-19 pandemic, and a dramatically altered legal situation due to the national security law that had come into force only the previous evening, marches with a total of tens of thousands of participants took place in several parts of the city  Police made more than 370 arrests, among which at least ten were on alleged violations of the new law 

1997–2002
After the 1997 handover to 2002, marches were organised annually by the Hong Kong Alliance in Support of Patriotic Democratic Movements of China   By the end of 2002, the proposed anti-subversion legislation, as required by the Article 23 of the Basic Law, the constitutional document of the territory, sparked off heated debate and opposition  The public was worried civil rights and liberties would be adversely affected  The Civil Human Rights Front was formed by grassroots civil organisations and pro-democracy politicians  A march was held on 15 December 2002 from Victoria Park to the Central Government Offices, with a turnout of 65,000 
The government attempted to pass Article 23 in Legislative Council, tabling the vote for 9 July 2003  The debate continued for months, with the Hong Kong Government refusing to any concessions   The bill eventually led to a series of 1 July marches 

2003
Motivation
The headline theme for the 2003 march was to oppose the anti-subversion Hong Kong Basic Law Article 23   Fear of the loss of freedom of speech along with other freedoms, as well as a general dissatisfaction against the Hong Kong Government prompted a mass protest of hundreds of thousands of people on 1 July 2003  The government attempted to pass Article 23 in Legislative Council, tabling the vote for 9 July 2003  The debate continued for months, with the Government refusing to make any concessions  Other issues include a number of blunders by the Tung Chee Hwa administration adding to people's frustrations, including the "Lexusgate" scandal involving the Financial Secretary Antony Leung and the government's incompetent handling of the SARS health crisis, all against the backdrop of the state of the economy 

Formation
The planners originally wanted all four football courts in Victoria Park, but all courts were booked for a pro-Beijing festival and fair  The organisers originally predicted only 20,000 demonstrators would participate  The actual number ranged from 350,000 (as quoted by the police) to 700,000 (as quoted by protesters) and even 1,000,000 (quoted from a pro-Falun Gong agency)  The generally accepted figure is 500,000, a little less than one tenth the population at the time  Some Christian churches led by Rev  Chu Yiu Ming (朱耀明) of the Baptist Church and Roman Catholics led by Bishop Joseph Zen organised a prayer gathering in Victoria Park before the march which was attended by some 40,000 people  The Civil Human Rights Front was also organised  Members of Falun Gong also took part in the protest, but have been asked by the organisers to march at the end of the rally  The march was originally scheduled to start at 2:30 pm at the football pitch in Victoria Park, arriving at the government headquarter building  Their route stretched from Victoria Park football field through Causeway Bay and Central to the Government's Central offices  Nonetheless, the large numbers meant that people were still starting the march as late as 10 pm 

Aftermath
After half-million people protested against the law, James Tien resigned from the Executive Council to vote against proposals for legislation as required under Article 23 of the Hong Kong Basic Law  The Government then backed down on the proposal because it lacked the necessary votes to pass the legislation after losing the support of Tien's Liberal Party   Afterwards, Regina Ip and Antony Leung resigned, stating "personal reasons" 

2004
The headline theme for 1 July 2004 march was "Striving For Universal Suffrage in '07 & '08 for the chief executive and Legislature respectively (爭取07, 08普選) " As the National People's Congress Standing Committee attempted to modify the Basic Law on 6 April 2004 to deny direct elections for the chief executive in 2007 and the Legislative Council in 2008  There was much criticism as to the slogan for the 2004 protest by some Beijing bureaucrats and pro-Beijing political parties  The phrase "Return power to the people" was particularly inflammatory, because it implied that power was taken away from the people, according to pro-Beijing parties  Some pro-democracy political leaders such as Lau Chin-shek had considered changing the phrase, but many criticised this move as it was seen to be satisfying Beijing  The organisers kept the phrase 

White was the dress code for the day representing the desire for universal suffrage  On the other hand, pro-government groups lobbied the public to wear red (the colour traditionally worn for celebratory occasion in Chinese culture) to take part in a counter-protest they were holding  Despite the dazzling heat, the number of turn out was still very high   Numerous sources debated on the size of the actual turnouts  The organisers, Civil Human Rights Front, estimated that 530,000 took part in the demonstration, surpassing the number from the previous year, while the police set the figure at 200,000  The figures were disputed by many, saying that the number could not have been over 200,000  Dr  P S  Yip Senior Lecturer of the Department of Statistics & Actuarial Science of the University of Hong Kong, suggested that the maximum number of participants could only have been around 192,000  The general acceptance is that the crowd size was smaller than the 2003 crowd 

2005
Following the 2004 protest, the next major event was Tung Chee-hwa's resignation in March 2005   Two protests were held in 2005 including the annual 1 July event and a separate December 2005 protest for democracy   The theme for the march was "Oppose government collusion, striving for universal suffrage (反對官商勾結，爭取全面普選)"  The July protest mostly build its momentum from the 2004 protest with emphasis that a high degree of autonomy is needed along with more democracy   The protest mostly stood up to the National People's Congress Standing Committee for trying to distort the Basic Law again   Further questions were raised regarding maximum working hours, minimum wage, increase of sexual violence, divide between the rich and poor 

2006
The theme for the march in 2006 was "Creating Hopes for Universal Suffrage and Democracy With an Equal and Just Hong Kong (平等公義新香港，民主普選創希望)" 
Not only did she openly support the implementation of universal suffrage in Hong Kong via the mass media, former Chief Secretary Anson Chan also called on Hong Kongers to express their desire by taking to the street  Some saw the move as Chan testing the water, paving way to the next chief executive election  Chan declined to comment until she formally announced that she has no interests in running for chief executive in September 
Like previous years, counter-protest parade was held in the morning while the protest organised by the Civil Human Rights Front started at 15:00 the same day, marching from Victoria Park to Central Government Offices  58,000 people took part in the protest this year, according to the organiser and the demonstration ended at about 19:00 peacefully 

2007
"Achieving Universal Suffrage, Improving Livelihood (爭取普選，改善民生)" was the theme for this year's demonstration  The organiser, Civil Human Rights Front, submitted an application for Notification of Public Procession to the Hong Kong Police (HKP) about twenty days before the march  Prior to the start of the protest, Chinese Communist Party General Secretary Hu Jintao had already left Hong Kong via the Shenzhen bay port The police insisted that the organisers wrapped up the demonstration before 18:30 to facilitate the fireworks display that would take place that night over Victoria Harbour   Displeased with by the limitations and restrictions set by the police, the organisers filed an appeal to the Appeal Board, which ruled on 26 June that the demonstration could last for four hours, from 14 30 to 18:30  Furthermore, the appeal board also required the police to open up all three westbound lanes to marchers   The elder and physically challenged marchers would slack behind at the rally, and restricted the number of wheelchair participants to ten 
Civil Human Rights Front estimated the turn out to be 68,000 while the Hong Kong Police put the figure with those who left from Victoria Park between 14:30 to 16:30 at 20,000  The University of Hong Kong estimated between 29,000 and 35,000 people took place in the demonstration   Organisers suggested an estimate of 58,000 people Cardinal Joseph Zen joined the march for the first time  Former Chief Secretary, Anson Chan has also taken part



ground_truth: In 2002, Suining had a population of 658,798.

prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: How many marchers were in the protest that Pelham D. Glassford ended? 

The following are given passages.
Context 2: 

2008
Organisers said more than 40,000 people attended   Police put the starting figure at 13,000 when the march began   One of the issues include Chief executive Donald Tsang, who was under fire for the hiring of his 17 new highly paid appointees   Critics say they were handpicked allies brought in to boost his power base  Protest turnout for the year was expected to be less, with no pressing issues to be resolved 

2009
Pan-democrats had expected at least 100,000 to take the streets for the march  Previously the 20th anniversary of the 1989 Tiananmen Square protests and massacre at Hong Kong Victoria Park had a large turnout to commemorate the event   Seven different events were expected to attract a total of 130,000 participants, as it was supposed to be the largest number of protests in a single day on Hong Kong island  A "unity parade" was organised by the pro-Beijing camp in the morning at Hong Kong Stadium  This celebrated the 12th anniversary of Hong Kong's return to China since 1997  Xinhua News Agency also set up a website to commemorate the event  The spectacle was matched with stadium performances as well as sports car displays on the streets   Other events include protests by the Alliance of Lehman Brothers victims and one by the handicapped protesting at discrimination  chief executive Donald Tsang led senior government officials at the flag-raising ceremony at Wan Chai Golden Bauhinia Square   The police band followed by a sea parade and fly-past by the disciplined services  The 2009 Hong Kong Broadcasting Authority forum followed on 14 July to talk about broadcast freedom 

2010
Previously the pan-democracy camp was united in their goal to fight for universal suffrage for the city of 7 million people in 2012 and nothing less  After the consultation document for selecting the Chief exec and Legco politicians was passed in late June, there was no more universal suffrage   Instead, Beijing signed an alternative method to choose the CE and Legco politicians  A controversial graffiti incident even took place after the consultations 
The pan-democrat camp was split   Several hundred democratic party members faced verbal abuse throughout the march to the HK government headquarters for selling out to Beijing   Protesters hurling chants of "Shame on you" and "You betrayed Hong Kong people " About 52,000 people took part in the protest  A 2,000-person anniversary parade was organised by opposition pro-government groups  Two weeks after the protests, many have questioned the state of the Democratic party and whether protests are of any use, especially since HK is not a place where citizens make decisions for themselves   Party chairman Albert Ho publicly responded "Even if you replaced Donald Tsang with another chief, you still have to deal with the People's Liberation Army, which is another type of power 

2011
The turnout for the 2011 protest was the highest since 2004  Organisers of the protest claimed a turnout of 218,000 people  There were quite a number of issues  Just two days before the protest, the government led by Stephen Lam tried to pass a bill to no longer allow by-elections, to block any more events similar to the Five Constituencies referendum  There were demands for Donald Tsang to step down, and bring in universal suffrage to both the 2012 chief executive and Legco election There were complaints with land hogging and control by real estate companies  Unionists portrayed real estate tycoon Li Ka-shing as the devil  Other groups carried coffins to represent the small homes poor people live in  Hawkers complained about the high property rent that made it impossible to run their business There were complaints of allowing more women from mainland China to give birth in Hong Kong  There were also people against the introduction of "Patriotic education (國民教育)" in primary and high schools in the special administrative region  Just a few days ago, 22 top HK schools rejected the plan, claiming they were against this type of "brain wash education"  The post-90s generation were quite against this  During the protest about 228 protesters at Connaught Road were arrested On 13 July People Power group led a three-day sit-in to protest against Stephen Lam, the blocking of by-elections and a number of issues   About 1000 people put on handcuffs and surrounded the Legco building 3 times to protest police actions from 1 July march   Hundreds of people also threw paper aeroplanes at the Legco building with political messages 

2012
The 2012 protest on 1 July was the largest yet, with activists claiming 400,000 took part and police claiming 63,000 took part, both of which would have been the largest attendance at 1 July protests  These protests coincided with the 15th anniversary of the handover of Hong Kong attended by CPC General Secretary Hu Jintao and his swearing in of new chief executive CY Leung, who is alleged to be a closet member of the Chinese Communist Party, and has conflicts of interests over his business interests and has had unauthorised building work at his home In addition, the widening gap between the rich and poor, with 20% of the city living in poverty, an influx of mothers from Mainland China, continued denial of universal suffrage to all individuals and suppression of freedom of speech in the Mainland featured in the protests According to the University of Hong Kong, only 34% of locals said they are proud of being Chinese citizens, the lowest figure since 2001  Many protesters waved the British Hong Kong flag, showing resentment of the post-handover situation Following the protests, a human rights group based in the city, the Chinese People's Rights Alliance claimed that disguised mainland Chinese security police followed and harassed them   It also alleged that several mainlander protesters have gone missing once returning home to Mainland China 

2013
The 1 July protest in 2013 focused on universal suffrage and other major issues  The Civil Human Rights Front, organiser of the annual march, said 430,000 people took part on Monday, compared to 400,000 last year  But police said just 35,500 left Victoria Park and 66,000 participated at its peak  The University of Hong Kong's public opinion programme estimated 93,000 took part 

2014
Before the protests, a white paper by the Chinese government proclaimed that Hong Kong does not enjoy full autonomy, and that Hong Kong's high degree of autonomy was granted by the Chinese government  The departure in wording from emphasising the high degree of autonomy guaranteed by the Hong Kong Basic Law sparked controversy that the Chinese government was suggesting it could intervene in Hong Kong affairs, in effect redefining one country, two systems  The Hong Kong government earlier promised to residents that they will be able to vote for their new chief executive in the upcoming 2017 election, but it has been feared that the final process will favour candidates approved by Beijing 
On 1 July 2014, organisers said over 500,000 protesters marched along the streets of Hong Kong, while city officials estimated 100,000  A police force of around 5000 officers was present during the protest, and over 500 demonstrators were arrested for illegal assembly during a sit-in protest that followed on 2 July and disrupting traffic in Chater Road 

2015
On 1 July, approximately 48,000 protesters marched to mark an anniversary of the British 1997 turnover of Hong Kong to China  The protesters call for "full democracy" and Leung Chun-ying's resignation as the city's leader  This protest had one of the lowest turnout in recent years, due to it being held after the veto of the 2014–15 Hong Kong electoral reform  The reform consultation process had sparked massive protests and widespread civil disobedience movements, including the Umbrella Revolution, and organisers of the 2015 July 1 March recognised that many democratically minded people preferred to rest after the controversial reform package had been stopped 

2016
Organisers claim that around 110,000 people turned up to protest for various causes, but police claimed 19,300 joined the protest rally 

2017
Organisers claim that around 66,000 people turned up to protest for various causes, but police claimed 14,500 joined the protest rally 

2018
Organisers claim that around 50,000 people turned up to protest for various causes, but police claimed 9,800 joined the protest rally 

2019
The 1 July marches coincided with the ongoing anti-extradition bill protests  Organisers claim that around 550,000 people turned up to protest, a record breaking turnout as the organisers claimed  However, police claimed 190,000 joined the protest rally  Researchers combining artificial intelligence and statistical counting techniques reported an initial count of 265,000 people marched, and an adjusted total of 276,970 was published a peer-reviewed journal  Independent polling organisation, PORI, estimated attendance at 260,000  Reuters counted the number of protestors at one location over 15-minute periods during the march and came to an estimate of 227,000 people in total Before the march, youths had begun besieging the Legislative Council building  The march was later diverted to Chater Road in Central due to the people amassed in front of the Legislative Council At around 9 pm local time, hundreds of protesters stormed the legislature after breaking through the glass walls and metal doors of the building  Protesters caused extensive damage by ransacking the premises, damaging portraits of former pro-Beijing presidents of the Legislative Council, and smashing furniture  Protesters spray-painted slogans, hung up signs and erected barricades  The police started using tear gas to disperse protesters around the LegCo at 12:05 am, and reached the building 15 minutes later By early 5 July, there had been at least 66 arrests and first formal charges laid in connection with the incident 

2020
Despite a ban from the police, tens of thousands of protesters showed up alongside heavy police presence in Causeway Bay, Wan Chai, and Tin Hau, and lingered in the area for almost six hours to voice their objection against the newly implemented national security law  The police responded by deploying water cannon at journalists and protesters and dispersed many tear gas and pepper balls  A journalist was knocked down by a police water cannon truck  Police made more than 370 arrests, among which at least ten were due to alleged violation of the new law 

2021 and demise
The streets of Hong Kong were subdued on 1 July 2021, as the former British colony marked the anniversary of its handover to Chinese sovereignty 24 years ago  The date, which this year coincided with celebrations on the mainland for the 100th Anniversary of the Chinese Communist Party, is usually a time of protest in Hong Kong  But this year, police cited pandemic concerns as they denied applications to hold a proposed march against "political suppression," and some 10,000 officers were deployed across Hong Kong to prevent unauthorised protests 

See also
Politics of Hong Kong
List of politics-related topics
Hong Kong new year marches
20th anniversary of the 1989 Tiananmen Square protests and massacre
2014 Hong Kong protests
Memorials for the 1989 Tiananmen Square protests and massacre
Passage 7:
Nichidatsu Fujii's movement
In 1981, Nichidatsu Fujii dispatched his followers to march and chant around the globe in support of the U N  2nd  special session for disarmament  In the U S , marchers began in New Orleans, Los Angeles and San Francisco, and in Canada, marchers began in Montreal and Toronto  The San Francisco March began on Oct  21, 1981 with a ceremony on Alcatraz  13 marchers, being Buddhist followers of Nipponzan-Myōhōji, Native Americans, U S  and German citizens, began the S F  march  marching about 20 mile per day they were hosted each night by community groups in every town and on Native reservations  many mayors and town councils made proclamations and such honoring the peace and disarmament marchers  Over the course of the march citizens were moved to join  By the time they arrived in Chicago the S F  marchers numbered about 30  In May 1982 the group of about 40 marchers from Toronto joined the S F  group in Buffalo N Y  at the International Peace Bridge doubling the size of the group  Through the state of N Y  10 to 20 people joined the march daily  When the S F  group walked across the George Washington Bridge they numbered about 300  The groups on other march routes also grew over the 7 months  On June 12, 1982, in Central Park Nipponzan-Myōhōji marchers from the U S A , Europe, Africa, and Asia, joined with mobilization for survival organizers and religious and peace groups from around the world in a peaceful demonstration for disarmament of many million people 
Passage 8:
Pelham, New York
Pelham  is a suburban town in Westchester County, approximately 10 miles northeast of Midtown Manhattan  As of the 2020 census, it had a population of 13,078, an increase from the 2010 census    Historically, Pelham was composed of five villages and became known as "the Pelhams"  Pelham currently contains two independently incorporated villages: the Villages of Pelham and Pelham Manor Approximately 28 minutes away from Grand Central Terminal by the Metro-North Railroad's New Haven Line, Pelham is home to many New York City commuters and has an active social community for its residents  The Bronx–Whitestone Bridge is approximately 8 5 miles (13 7 km) south of the town  It is also 13 miles (21 km) northeast of LaGuardia Airport and 19 5 miles (31 4 km) north of John F  Kennedy International Airport 

Geography
According to the United States Census Bureau, the town has a total area of 2 4 square miles (6 2 km2)  It is directly north of the New York City borough of the Bronx, and borders Eastchester, New Rochelle, and Mount Vernon 

History
In 1654, Thomas Pell bought the area within the present-day town from the Siwanoy Indians  He named his manor "Pelham" in honor of his tutor, Pelham Burton The Town of Pelham was part of Westchester County when it was established by the post-Revolution New York State legislature in 1788  It included all of City Island and present-day Pelham Bay Park east of the Hutchinson River  In 1889, the town was incorporated at its current boundaries  In 1891, the village of Pelham Manor incorporated  In 1896, the village of North Pelham and the village of Pelham incorporated  In 1975, the villages of North Pelham and Pelham merged, forming the present village of Pelham The Village of Pelham and the Village of Pelham Manor share several services such as school and recreational activities   There is a grassroots movement to continue the consolidation of services in order to reduce taxes  Given the differences in debt levels, tax rates, population and tax base such a consolidation has been opposed by many Pelham Manor residents  Such a merger is unlikely under current conditions 
For many years after 1916, Pelham was the headquarters of the Sanborn Map Company, which produced Sanborn maps 
The Pelham Picture House was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 2010 The book, The Haunted History of Pelham, New York, documents the history of Pelham and the region, including ghost stories 

Demographics
As of the census of 2000, there were 12,107 people, 4,149 households and 3,190 families residing in the town  The population density was 5,523 4 people per square mile (2,132 6 people/km2)  There were 4,246 housing units at an average density of 1,976 4 per square mile (763 1/km2) 
The racial makeup of the town was 87 33% White, 4 57% Black or African American, 0 08% Native American, 3 96% Asian, 1 82% from other races and 2 23% from two or more races  Hispanic or Latino people of any race were 6 02% of the population 
There were 4,149 households, out of which 41 3% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 64 4% were married couples living together, 9 7% had a female householder with no husband present and 23 1% were non-families  19 4% of all households were made up of individuals, and 8 3% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older  The average household size was 2 86 and the average family size was 3 31 
In the town, the population was spread out, with 28 6% under the age of 18, 5 1% from 18 to 24, 28 3% from 25 to 44, 25 1% from 45 to 64 and 12 9% who were 65 years of age or older  The median age was 38 years  For every 100 females, there were 93 4 males 
For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 86 9 males 
The median income for a household in the town was $91,810 and the median income for a family was $112,339  Males had a median income of $74,760 versus $46,086 for females  The per capita income for the town was $51,548  About 2 2% of families and 3 7% of the population were below the poverty line, including 4 3% of those under age 18 and 3 2% of those age 65 or over 

Economy
Major employers in Pelham include Pico Electronics, Barksdale Home Care Services Corp , Pelham Public Schools, the New York Athletic Club, and the De Cicco & Sons grocery  Other companies based in Pelham include Archie Comics 

Climate
Education
Pelham is home to four elementary schools (two located in each village), one middle school, and one high school  The elementary schools are Hutchinson, Colonial, Siwanoy, and Prospect Hill  Pelham Middle School and Pelham Memorial High School gather students for all of Pelham  These are all part of the Pelham Union Free School District  There are also several private and religious based schools  Since 1948, New York City has paid the district to educate children who live in Bronx Manor, as doing so is less expensive than sending school buses there 

Fire department
The Village of Pelham Fire Department has 10 firefighters and five lieutenants, using one fire station  The fleet has two engines, one ladder, one utility unit, and a command vehicle  The Pelham Fire Department responds to approximately 800 emergency calls annually 

Religion
St  Catharine's Catholic Church
St  Catharine's was originally a mission church of St Gabriel's parish in New Rochelle  In July 1896 a frame church was built in the newly incorporated village of Pelham on land donated by Mr  and Mrs  Patrick Farrell  In December 1897 St  Catharine's became a separate parish with Rev  Francis P  McNichol as first pastor  A school was established in 1904, staffed by the Sisters of St  Francis  At the end of the school year in 1983 St  Catharine's School closed bringing to an end 75 years of Catholic education in the parish  The school building was converted to a Parish Center to provide space for Religious Education classes, parish activities and groups to meet  A new church was dedicated in 1909 In 1936 W  T  Grant, who owned a chain of five-and-ten cent stores, gave property in Pelham Manor to St  Catharine's to serve as a separate “mission”  The mission evolved to become Our Lady of Perpetual Help parish, with its own church building  In 2014 it was announced that the two parishes would merge, with the newer, larger Our Lady of Perpetual Help building designated as the parish church  However, St  Catharine's Church in the Village of Pelham was retained as a worship center 

Transportation
The Bee-Line Bus System provides bus service to Pelham On Amtrak, Pelham is located closest to the New Rochelle station ("NRO") on the Northeast Corridor  On Metro-North Railroad, the Pelham station is within Fare Zone 12 on the New Haven Line  Pelham is also about 28 minutes from Grand Central Terminal 

Notable people
Nancy Allen, New York Philharmonic harpist
Liborio Bellomo, boss of the Genovese crime family
Alessandra Biaggi (born 1986), New York State Senator
Nick Bollettieri (1931-2022), tennis coach
Charles Lewis Bowman, architect, designed nine homes
Felix Cavaliere (born 1942), musician- founder of The Young Rascals
Antonio Ciacca, jazz pianist, composer and conductor
Joseph Cross, Hollywood actor, starred in films such as Jack Frost, Milk, and Lincoln
Tony DeMeo, retired college football coach, author, and motivational speaker
Kate Douglass, 2020 Tokyo Olympics swimmer, bronze medal winner
Brett Gardner (born 1983), Major League Baseball player
C  P  H  Gilbert, architect best known for designing townhouses and mansions, retired in Pelham Manor at his home on 216 Townsend Avenue
Herman 'Jackrabbit' Smith-Johannsen (1875-1987), Norwegian credited for introducing cross-country skiing to North America
Mary Lorson, musician
Richard Rood (born 1955), Grammy Award-winning violinist
Clinton Roosevelt (1804–1898), politician and inventor
Ethel Schwabacher (1903—1984), abstract expressionist painter
Michael Schwerner (1939-1964), civil rights worker murdered by the Ku Klux Klan while helping African-Americans register to vote in Mississippi
Gary Scott (born 1968), Major League Baseball player
Gene Stone (born 1951), writer and editor
James M  Stone, Founder, Chairman, and CEO, Plymouth Rock Assurance
Dame Nita Barrow, Ambassador to the United Nations for Barbados

Image gallery
Passage 9:
Pelham D  Glassford
Pelham Davis Glassford (August 8, 1883 – August 9, 1959) was a United States Army officer who attained the rank of brigadier general during World War I  He later served as Superintendent of the District of Columbia Police Department, and was in large measure held responsible for the violence that ended the 1932 Bonus Army protests 
The son of a career Army officer, Glassford graduated from the United States Military Academy in 1904 and was commissioned in the Field Artillery  His early assignments included the 1st Field Artillery Regiment at Fort Riley, the West Point faculty and 1st Field Artillery postings to the Philippines and Hawaii  In 1916 and 1917 he served with the 5th Field Artillery during the Pancho Villa Expedition 
During World War I, Glassford directed two artillery schools in France, commanded a Field Artillery regiment, and then commanded a Field Artillery brigade  He was promoted to brigadier general in 1918, and was the Army’s youngest general officer at the time 
After the war, Glassford commanded a Field Artillery Brigade in the Army of Occupation  He also graduated from the Army War College, served in several staff and faculty assignments, and commanded the 1st Field Artillery Regiment  He retired from the Army in 1931 
Following his military retirement, Glassford was Superintendent of the District of Columbia Police, a position he resigned because of disagreement over the actions taken against the Bonus Army in 1932  He subsequently served briefly as chief of police in Phoenix, and was a federal labor-management mediator in California  During World War II, Glassford returned to active duty and served for nearly two years in the office of the Provost Marshal General 
In his later years, Glassford’s hobbies included painting; he created landscapes and seascapes in watercolors   His works continue to be exhibited, and are bought and sold by collectors 
Glassford died in California in 1959  He was buried at Fort Rosecrans National Cemetery 

Early life
Glassford was born in Las Vegas, New Mexico on August 8, 1883, the son of Allie (Seymour) Glassford and Army officer William A  Glassford (1853–1931)   He graduated from West Point in 1904 ranked 18th of 124 graduates, and was commissioned as a second lieutenant of Field Artillery 

Start of career
After his initial service at Fort Riley, Kansas, in 1907 Glassford was promoted to first lieutenant and graduated from the Mounted Service School   He was then posted to West Point to serve on the faculty as an instructor in the department of drawing From 1911 to 1913, Glassford served in the Philippines with the 1st Field Artillery Regiment   In 1913 he was assigned to Hawaii with the 1st Field Artillery, and in 1914 he was promoted to captain In 1916 and 1917, Glassford served on the US-Mexico border with the 5th Field Artillery during the Pancho Villa Expedition   At the start of World War I, he was promoted to major and assigned as adjutant of the 5th Field Artillery during its premobilization training 

World War I
Upon arrival in France with his regiment, Glassford was promoted to temporary lieutenant colonel and assigned as secretary of the Field Artillery School of Instruction in Saumur   He was subsequently assigned as director of the I Corps field artillery school   In early 1918, Glassford returned to the Saumur school as commandant, and he served until he was promoted to temporary colonel and named commander of the 103rd Field Artillery Regiment in June Glassford commanded the 103rd Field Artillery until August, and took part in several battles, including Xivray-et-Marvoisin, the Second Battle of the Marne, the Battle of Château-Thierry, and the Meuse-Argonne Offensive   He was wounded in September, but continued in command In October, Glassford was promoted to temporary brigadier general and assigned to command the 51st Field Artillery Brigade, 26th Division; at the time of this promotion, he was the youngest general officer in the Army   During the war, Glassford became known for riding a motorcycle between his subordinate units so he could perform reconnaissance and conduct command and control based on personal observations rather than reports to a command post   Glassford trained his brigade to become proficient in the technique of reloading on a cannon's recoil; while this practice posed risk to crew members who might be injured by the moving recoil mechanism, it enabled 26th Division artillery crews to shoot so fast that German soldiers were convinced the Americans had automatic fire artillery pieces 

Post-World War I
Glassford commanded the 51st Field Artillery Brigade until February 1919, when he was assigned to command the 152nd Field Artillery Brigade, a unit of the 77th Division   He returned to the United States with his brigade in July, reverted to his permanent rank of major, and was assigned to the office of the Chief of Field Artillery   Later that year he was assigned to the faculty of the General Service Schools at Ft  Leavenworth In 1924, Glassford graduated from the Army War College, after which he remained at the school to serve on the faculty   In 1927 and 1928, Glassford commanded the 1st Field Artillery Regiment at Fort Sill Glassford subsequently returned to the War Department staff and served as chief of the Mobilization Branch in the Operations and Training Division  He was promoted to lieutenant colonel in 1928   Glassford retired in July 1931, and his rank of brigadier general was restored at his retirement as the result of a 1930 law which enabled World War I generals to retire at the highest rank they had held During his career, Glassford was known for his out of the ordinary excursions into fields outside the Army   He would frequently save his military leave, and then use it in large blocs to take long motorcycle trips or work in jobs that were atypical for a military professional, which included circus barker and newspaper reporter 

Later career
Washington, DC police chief
In November 1931, Glassford was appointed Superintendent of the District of Columbia’s Metropolitan Police Department   Known for his sense of humor, when queried by a reporter as to his qualifications for the job, Glassford quipped: "Well, I've been arrested   Once for driving through a red light and once for speeding on a motorcycle "  His tenure was most notable for the Summer 1932 response to the Bonus Army, World War I veterans who converged on Washington during the Great Depression to advocate for early payment of bonuses that were scheduled to be paid in 1945 Members of the Bonus Army established encampments in and around the District of Columbia   Glassford worked to accommodate them, visiting their leaders daily by motorcycle to help maintain order, and arranging for volunteers to provide medical care, as well as donations of food, clothing, tents, and other supplies   Favorable Congressional action was not forthcoming, and many Bonus Army members accepted the government's offer of free transportation home   President Herbert Hoover ordered the remaining veterans to be removed, by force if necessary   Glassford managed to obtain a six day extension before enforcement, hoping to persuade the Bonus Army members to depart voluntarily   On July 28, U S  Attorney General William D  Mitchell ordered the veterans who remained to be removed from government property   Glassford’s police began to execute the order; they were met with resistance, and during an exchange of shots, two veterans were wounded and later died After the shooting, President Herbert Hoover ordered the Army to force the veterans' out of the Washington area   General Douglas MacArthur, the Chief of Staff of the Army, took personal command of infantry and cavalry units, which were supported by six tanks  The Army forcibly ejected the Bonus Army members, and wives and children who had accompanied some of them were also forced to leave   The Army then burned the campsites Glassford had established a positive relationship with leaders of the Bonus Army, and disagreed with Hoover and Mitchell about the need to eject the members and destroy the campsites   He also disagreed with the need to use Army troops against the Bonus Army, which brought him into conflict with other members of the police department leadership   When Glassford was unable to name appointees who agreed with his policies, he submitted his own resignation, and left the police department in December 1932 

Move to Arizona
Glassford retired to a farm near Phoenix   He mounted a brief run for governor of Arizona in 1934, and also that year accepted a federal appointment to mediate labor-management disputes between workers and owners of lettuce and cantaloupe farms in Imperial Valley, California   Faced with workers striking in an effort to obtain better pay and working conditions, conservative farm owners resorted to violence, spying on attorneys sent to California to aid the workers, and propaganda asserting that the strike was communist-inspired   Though Glassford was initially sympathetic to the farm owners, their tactics caused him to come down on the side of the workers 

Phoenix police chief
In March 1936, Glassford was hired to serve as chief of the Phoenix Police Department for 90 days   The temporary appointment came with a mandate to reorganize and reform the department to end corruption and outside political influence, and restore morale   He left the position on May 1, when a new mayor and city council took office and decided on a different reorganization plan   In September 1936, Glassford was an unsuccessful candidate for the Democratic nomination in Arizona's 1st congressional district 

World War II
In March 1942, Glassford was recalled to active duty for World War II and assigned to duty as internal security director in the office of the Provost Marshal General   He retired again in December 1943 

Awards
Glassford was a recipient of the Distinguished Service Medal, Silver Star, Legion of Merit, and Purple Heart 

Career as artist
Glassford was an artist; among friends in the military, he was well known for his paintings of fireplace screens   After his military retirement, he worked primarily in watercolors; his second wife and he resided in Laguna Beach, California, and many of Glassford’s paintings depicted scenes of Newport Beach, Balboa Harbor and other areas of the southern California coast 

Death and burial
Glassford died in Laguna Beach on August 9, 1959   He was buried at Fort Rosecrans National Cemetery in San Diego 

Family
In 1908, Glassford married Cora Carleton (1887–1958), the daughter of US Army General Guy Carleton (1857–1946)   They were the parents of four children: Guy Carleton (1908–1974), Cora Elizabeth (Mrs  Lee Parke) (1910–1986), Pelham Davis (1911–1992), and Dorothy Seymour (Mrs  William Graham) (1913–1977) The Glassfords divorced in 1932  In 1934, Pelham Glassford married Lucille Painter (1906–1957) Glassford’s brother William A  Glassford, was a graduate of the United States Naval Academy who attained the rank of vice admiral before retiring in 1946 

Biography
Cora Carleton Glassford prepared a biography of her husband, One Life is Not Enough, the manuscript for which is part of the Cora Carleton Glassford Papers   Cora Carleton Glassford's papers are included in the collections of the Daughters of the Republic of Texas Library 

Dates of rank
Context 3: Passage 1:
Siberian roe deer
The Siberian roe deer, eastern roe deer, or Asian roe deer (Capreolus pygargus), is a species of roe deer found in northeastern Asia  In addition to Siberia and Mongolia, it is found in Kazakhstan, the Tian Shan Mountains of Kyrgyzstan, eastern Tibet, the Korean Peninsula, and northern China 
Its specific name pygargus, literally "white-rumped", is shared by the pygarg, an antelope known in antiquity  The name was chosen by the German biologist Peter Simon Pallas in the late 18th century  The Siberian roe deer has long antlers 

Taxonomy
The Siberian roe deer was once considered to be the same species as the European roe deer (Capreolus capreolus), but it is now considered to be a separate species 
The two subspecies of the Siberian roe deer are C  p  pygargus and C  p  tianschanicus (the latter is named for the Tian Shan mountains) 

Description
The Siberian roe deer is a medium-sized metacarpalian deer, with a long neck and large ears  It is typically up to 146 cm (4 8 ft) in body length and 59 kg (130 lb) in weight, making it larger than C  capreolus where populations from Ural and Northern Kazakhstan are the largest on average, followed by those from Transbaikal, Amur, and Primolskil regions  It has larger antlers with more branches than those of European roe deer  Siberian roe deer generally live about 8–12 years, with a maximum of about 18 years  In winter the northern populations exhibit light gray coloring, but their southern counterparts are grayish brown and ochraceous  The belly is creamy and the caudal patch is white  In the summer, their coloring is reddish  Young have a spotted coat  Males are larger and have three-tined antlers, widely spaced and slanting upward, which are shed in the autumn or early winter and begin to regrow shortly thereafter 

Distribution and habitat
Siberian roe deer are found within the temperate zone of Eastern Europe and Central and East Asia  Fossil records show their territory once stretched to the northern Caucasus Mountains, as well as eastern Ukraine  In the late 19th and early 20th centuries, their range was diminished by overhunting in Eastern Europe, northern Kazakhstan, western Siberia, and the northern regions of eastern Siberia  Due to a division in their range, two morphologically different subspecies resulted (Tian Shan and Siberian)   The Siberian and European roe deer meet at the Caucasus Mountains with the Siberian roe deer occupying the northern flank, and the European roe deer occupying the southern flank, Asia Minor, and parts of northwestern Iran 
The Siberian roe deer has a light, slender build adapted for tall, dense grass  They live in forest and steppe habitats and develop high densities in tall-grass meadows and floodplains  They are adapted to severe weather extremes It may have become naturalized in England for a short period in the early 20th century as an escapee from Woburn, but it was extirpated by 1945 

Ecology
Diet
The diet of the Siberian roe deer consists of over 600 species of plants – mostly herbaceous dicotyledons (58%), monocotyledons (16%), and woody species (22%)  In winter, without proper sustenance, they have a lowered metabolic rate  In summer, their dietary need for sodium necessitates visits to natural salt licks  Water is usually obtained through moisture-rich foods as opposed to directly from the source 

Behavior
Siberian roe deer can jump distances up to 15 m (49 ft), and mating occurs in August and September  Female Siberian roe deer are the only ungulates to undergo embryonic diapause  Embryonic implantation takes place in January and gestation lasts 280–300 days  Females usually have two young at a time, which are weaned after 4–5 months  Females reach sexual maturity in their first year of age but usually do not breed until their second  Males usually mate in their third year of life  The life-span of the Siberian roe deer does not usually exceed 10 years Males mark their territory with olfactory marks, using secretion glands on the head skin, which they rub against trees, shrubs, and high grasses, or with visual marks, by fraying trees with their antlers  Vocal signals are also a form of communication in Siberian roe deer  They have six signals: squeaking or whistling, rasping, barking, whining, screaming, and nonvocal sounds Some Siberian roe deer perform mass migrations 

Predation
The Siberian roe deer is preyed upon by the Amur leopard, Siberian lynx, snow leopard, Himalayan wolf, and Siberian tiger 

See also
Animals portal
 Siberia portal
Passage 2:
Bambi, a Life in the Woods
Bambi, a Life in the Woods (German title: Bambi: Eine Lebensgeschichte aus dem Walde) is a 1923 Austrian coming-of-age novel written by Felix Salten, and originally published in Berlin by Ullstein Verlag  The novel traces the life of Bambi, a male roe deer, from his birth through childhood, the loss of his mother, the finding of a mate, the lessons he learns from his father, and the experience he gains about the dangers posed by human hunters in the forest  It is also, in its most complete translation, seen as a parable of the dangers and persecution faced by Jews in Europe An English translation by Whittaker Chambers was published in North America by Simon & Schuster in 1928, and the novel has since been translated and published in over thirty languages around the world  Salten published a sequel, Bambi's Children, in 1939 
The novel was well received by critics and is considered a classic, as well as one of the first environmental novels  It was adapted into a theatrical animated film, Bambi, by Walt Disney Productions in 1942, as well as two Russian live-action adaptations in 1985 and 1986, a ballet in 1987, and a stage production in 1998  Another ballet adaptation was created by an Oregon troupe, but never premiered  Janet Schulman published a children's picture book adaptation in 2000 that featured realistic oil paintings and many of Salten's original words 

Plot
Bambi is a roe deer fawn born in a thicket in late spring one year  Over the course of the summer, his mother teaches him about the various inhabitants of the forest and the ways deer live  When she feels he is old enough, she takes him to the meadow, which he learns is a wonderful but also dangerous place, as it leaves the deer exposed and in the open  After some initial fear over his mother's caution, Bambi enjoys the experience  On a subsequent trip, Bambi meets his Aunt Ena and her twin fawns Faline and Gobo  They quickly become friends and share what they have learned about the forest  While they are playing, they encounter princes, male deer, for the first time  After the stags leave, the fawns learn that those were their fathers, but that the fathers rarely stay with or speak to the females and young 
As Bambi grows older, his mother begins to leave him alone  While searching for her one day, Bambi has his first encounter with "He" – the animals' term for humans – which terrifies him  The man raises a firearm and aims at him; Bambi flees at top speed, joined by his mother  After he is scolded by a stag for crying for his mother, Bambi gets used to being alone at times  He later learns the stag is called the "Old Prince", the oldest and largest stag in the forest, who is known for his cunning and aloof nature  During the winter, Bambi meets Marena, a young doe, Nettla, an old doe who no longer bears young, and two princes, Ronno and Karus  Mid-winter, hunters enter the forest, killing many animals including Bambi's mother  Gobo also disappears and is presumed dead 
After this, the novel skips ahead a year, noting that Bambi, now a young adult, was cared for by Nettla and that when he got his first set of antlers he was abused and harassed by the other males  It is summer and Bambi is now sporting his second set of antlers  He is reunited with his cousin Faline  After he battles and defeats first Karus, then Ronno, Bambi and Faline fall in love with each other  They spend a great deal of time together  During this time, the Old Prince saves Bambi's life when he nearly runs towards a hunter imitating a doe's call  This teaches the young buck to be cautious about blindly rushing toward any deer's call  During the summer, Gobo returns to the forest, having been raised by a man who found him collapsed in the snow during the hunt where Bambi's mother was killed  While his mother and Marena welcome him and celebrate him as a "friend" of man, the Old Prince and Bambi pity him  Marena becomes his mate, but several weeks later Gobo is killed when he approaches a hunter in the meadow, falsely believing the halter he wore would keep him safe from all men 
As Bambi continues to age, he begins spending most of his time alone, including avoiding Faline though he still loves her in a melancholic way  Several times he meets with the Old Prince, who teaches him about snares, shows him how to free another animal from one, and encourages him not to use trails, to avoid the traps of men  When Bambi is later shot by a hunter, the Prince shows him how to walk in circles to confuse the man and his dogs until the bleeding stops, then takes him to a safe place to recover  They remain together until Bambi is strong enough to leave the safe haven again  When Bambi has grown gray and is "old", the Old Prince shows him that men are not all-powerful by showing him the dead body of a man who was shot and killed by another man  When Bambi confirms that he now understands that "He" is not all-powerful, and that there is "Another" over all creatures, the stag tells him that he has always loved him and calls him "my son" before leaving 
At the end of the novel, Bambi meets with twin fawns who are calling for their mother, and he scolds them for not being able to stay alone  After leaving them, he thinks to himself that the girl fawn reminded him of Faline, and that the male was promising, and that Bambi hoped to meet him again when he was grown 

Publication history
Felix Salten, himself an avid hunter, penned Bambi: Eine Lebensgeschichte aus dem Walde after World War I, targeting an adult audience  The novel was first published in Vienna in serialized form in the newspaper the Neue Freie Presse from 15 August to 21 October 1922, and as a book in Germany by Ullstein Verlag in 1923, and republished in 1926 in Vienna 

Translations
Max Schuster, a German Jewish émigré and co-founder of Simon & Schuster, led the effort to publish Bambi in English  Clifton Fadiman, an editor there, engaged his Columbia University classmate Whittaker Chambers to translate it  Simon & Schuster published this first English edition in 1928, with illustrations by Kurt Wiese, under the title Bambi: A Life in the Woods  The New York Times Book Review praised the prose as "admirably translated" that made the book "literature of a high order " The translation immediately became "a Book-of-the-Month Club hit " Simon & Schuster printed a first-run of 75,000 copies and sold more than 650,000 copies between 1928 and 1942  (Jonathan Cape published the book in the UK starting in 1928 as well ) Chambers' translation has been reprinted repeatedly with different illustrations  Bambi, along with Salten's Fifteen Rabbits and The City Jungle, all translated by Chambers, remain in print from Simon & Schuster  In 2015, an Austrian scholar voiced objections to Simon & Schuster's "publication strategies" and "marketing strategy," as well as Chambers' translation for "opening the possibility for the story to be understood less as a human story about persecution, expulsion or assimilation and more as an animal story conveying a strong message about the protection of animals and the necessity of conservation "A translation by Hannah Correll was published in 2019 by Clydesdale Press  A translation by Jack Zipes was published in 2022 by Princeton University Press  Zipes commented the conversation between animals is "reminiscent of Austrian German you'd hear in cafes around Vienna  The original translation didn't capture that and I hope mine does," while a grandson of Chambers countered that the 1928 translation is more poetic  One reviewer wrote: "Chambers and Zipes differ moderately in style, with Zipes cleaving more faithfully to the German ("polecat") and Chambers privileging his American audience ("ferret")  An aim of Zipes’ translation is to restore Salten's more overt anthropomorphism, which Chambers softened  To a reader familiar with the 1928 translation, some of Zipes' more faithful anthropomorphic choices are jarring; it feels odd to read that a fawn "yelled," for example  And Zipes occasionally increases the anthropomorphism beyond that suggested by Salten, as when he uses the pronouns "he" and "she" in a conversation between two autumn leaves, which are genderless in the original text  The Zipes translation is also not quite complete: one reviewer noted omissions ranging from short phrases and individual sentences to an entire passage recounting Bambi's first meeting with the old roebucks  A translation by Damion Searls was published in 2022 by The New York Review of Books  The translations have been reviewed in various newspapers and magazines 

Formats
Over 200 editions of the novel have been published, with almost 100 German and English editions alone, and numerous translations and reprintings in over 30 languages  It has also been published in a variety of formats, including printed medium, audiobook, Braille, and E-book formats 

Copyright dispute
When Salten originally published Bambi in 1923, he did so under Germany's copyright laws, which required no statement that the novel was copyrighted  In the 1926 republication, he did include a United States copyright notice, so the work is considered to have been copyrighted in the United States in 1926  In 1936, Salten sold some film rights to the novel to MGM producer Sidney Franklin who passed them on to Walt Disney for the creation of a film adaptation  After Salten's death in 1945, his daughter Anna Wyler inherited the copyright and renewed the novel's copyrighted status in 1954 (U S  copyright law in effect at the time provided for an initial term of 28 years from the date of first publication in the U S , which could be extended for an additional 28 years provided the copyright holder filed for renewal before the expiration of the initial copyright)  In 1958, she formulated three agreements with Disney regarding the novel's rights  Upon her death in 1977, the rights passed to her husband, Veit Wyler, and her children, who held on to them until 1993 when he sold the rights to the publishing house Twin Books  Twin Books and Disney disagreed on the terms and validity of Disney's original contract with Anna Wyler and Disney's continued use of the Bambi name When the two companies were unable to reach a solution, Twin Books filed suit against Disney for copyright infringement  Disney argued that because Salten's original 1923 publication of the novel did not include a copyright notice, by American law it was immediately considered a public domain work  It also argued that as the novel was published in 1923, Anna Wyler's 1954 renewal occurred after the deadline and was invalid  The case was reviewed by the U S  District Court for the Northern District of California, which ruled that the novel was copyrighted upon its publication in 1923, and not a public domain work then  However, in validating 1923 as the publication date, this confirmed Disney's claim that the copyright renewal was filed too late and the novel became a public domain work in 1951 Twin Books appealed the decision, and in March 1996 the U S  Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit reversed the original decision, stating that the novel was a foreign work in 1923 that was not in its home country's public domain when published, therefore the original publication date could not be used in arguing American copyright law  Instead, the 1926 publication date, the first in which it specifically declared itself to be copyrighted in the United States, is considered the year when the novel was copyrighted in America  Anna Wyler's renewal was therefore timely and valid, and Twin Books' ownership of the copyright was upheld The Twin Books decision is still regarded as controversial by many copyright experts  David Nimmer, in a 1998 article, argued that the Twin Books ruling meant that an ancient Greek epic, if only published outside the U S  without the required formalities, would be eligible for copyright protection  Although Nimmer concluded that Twin Books required this finding (within the Ninth Circuit), he characterized the result as "patently absurd "The American copyright of the novel expired on January 1, 2022, while in Austria and other countries of the European Union it entered the public domain on January 1, 2016 

Sequel
While living in exile in Switzerland, after being forced to flee Nazi-occupied Austria, Salten wrote a sequel to Bambi that follows the birth and lives of Bambi's twin offspring, Geno and Gurri  The young fawns interact with other deer, and are educated and watched over by Bambi and Faline as they grow  They also learn more about the ways of man, including both hunters and the gamekeeper seeking to protect the deer  Due to Salten's exiled status – he had lost his Austrian publisher Paul Zsolnay Verlag – the English translation of the novel was published first, in the United States in 1939 by Bobbs-Merrill; it would take a year before the sequel was published in the original German language in Switzerland by his new publisher 

Reception
In the United States, the 1928 translation of Bambi was "hugely popular", selling 650,000 copies by 1942  When Felix Salten visited the United States as a member of a European delegation of journalists in May–July 1930, he was greeted warmly because of Bambi wherever the delegation went, as was testified by the Finnish member of the delegation, Urho Toivola  In his own travel book, Salten did not boast about this; only when describing his visit to a "Negro college" of Atlanta, he mentions passingly that the children praised his books In 1936 Nazi Germany however, the government banned the original as "political allegory on the treatment of Jews in Europe " Many copies of the novel were burned, making original first editions rare and difficult to find 

In his foreword, John Galsworthy called it a "delicious book – delicious not only for children but for those who are no longer so fortunate" and a "little masterpiece" that shows a "delicacy of perception and essential truth"  He observed that while reading the galley proof of the novel while crossing the English Channel, he, his wife, and his nephew read each page in turn over the course of three hours in "silent absorption" Among US reviewers, New York Times reviewer John Chamberlain praised Salten's "tender, lucid style" that "takes you out of yourself"  He felt that Salten captured the essence of each of the creatures as they talked, catching the "rhythm of the different beings who people his forest world" and showed particular "comprehension" in detailing the various stages of Bambi's life  He also considered the English translation "admirably" done  A reviewer for Catholic World praised the approach of the subject, noting that it was "marked by poetry and sympathy [with] charming reminders of German folklore and fairy tale" but disliked the "transference of certain human ideals to the animal mind" and the vague references to religious allegory  The Boston Transcript called it a "sensitive allegory of life"  The Saturday Review considered it "beautiful and graceful" piece that showed a rare "individuality"  Isabel Ely Lord, reviewing the novel for the American Journal of Nursing, called the novel a "delightful animal story" and Salten a "poet" whose "picture of the woods and its people is an unforgettable one " In comparing Bambi to Salten's later work Perri – in which Bambi makes a brief cameo – Louise Long of the Dallas Morning News considered both to be stories that "quietly and completely [captivate] the heart"  Long felt the prose was "poised and mobile and beautiful as poetry" and praises Salten for his ability to give the animals seemingly human speech while not "[violating] their essential natures " Vicky Smith of Horn Book Magazine felt the novel was gory compared to the later Disney adaptation and called it a "weeper"  While criticizing it as one of the most esteemable anti-hunting novels available, she concedes the novel is not easily forgettable and praises the "linchpin scene" where Bambi's mother dies, stating "the understated conclusion of that scene, 'Bambi never saw his mother again,' masterfully evokes an uncomplicated emotional response"  She questions Galsworthy's recommendation of the novel to sportsmen in the foreword, wondering "how many budding sportsmen might have had conversion experiences in the face of Salten's unrelieved harangue and how many might have instead become alienated " In comparing the novel to the Disney film, Steve Chapple of Sports Afield felt that Salten viewed Bambi's forest as a "pretty scary place" and the novel as a whole had a "lot of dark adult undertones"  Interpreting it as an allegory for Salten's own life, Chapple felt Salten came across as "a little morbid, a bleeding heart of a European intellectual " A half century later,The Wall Street Journal's James P  Sterba also considered it an "antifascist allegory" and sarcastically notes that "you'll find it in the children's section at the library, a perfect place for this 293-page volume, packed as it is with blood-and-guts action, sexual conquest and betrayal" and "a forest full of cutthroats and miscreants  I count at least six murderers (including three child-killers) among Bambi's associates "Among UK reviews, the Times Literary Supplement stated that the novel is a "tale of exceptional charm, though untrustworthy of some of the facts of animal life "

Impact
Some critics have argued that Bambi is one of the first environmental novels 

Adaptations
Film
Walt Disney animated film
With World War II looming, Max Schuster aided the Jewish Salten's flight from Nazi controlled Austria and Nazi Germany and helped introduce him, and Bambi, to Walt Disney Productions  Sidney Franklin, a producer and director at Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer, purchased the film rights in 1933, initially desiring to make a live-action adaptation of the work  Deciding such a film would be too difficult to make, he sold the rights to Walt Disney in April 1937 in hopes of it being adapted into an animated film instead  Disney began working on the film immediately, intending it to be the company's second feature-length animated film and his first to be based on a specific, recent work The original novel, written for an adult audience, was considered too "grim" and "somber" for the young audience Disney was targeting, and with the work required to adapt the novel, Disney put production on hold while it worked on several other projects  In 1938, Disney assigned Perce Pearce and Carl Fallberg to develop the film's storyboards, but attention was soon drawn away as the studio began working on Fantasia  Finally, on 17 August 1939, production on Bambi began in earnest, although it progressed slowly due to changes in the studio personnel, location and the methodology of handling animation at the time  The writing was completed in July 1940, by which time the film's budget had swelled to $858,000  Disney was later forced to slash 12 minutes from the film before final animation, to save costs on production Heavily modified from the original novel, Bambi was released to theaters in the United States on 8 August 1942  Disney's version severely downplays the naturalistic and environmental elements found in the novel, giving it a lighter, friendlier feeling  The addition of two new characters, Thumper the Rabbit and Flower the Skunk, two sweet and gentle forest creatures, contributed to giving the film the desired levity  Considered a classic, the film has been called "the crowning achievement of Walt Disney's animation studio" and was named as the third best film in the animation genre of the AFI's 10 Top 10 "classic" American film genres On January 28, 2020, a computer-animated remake of the Disney film was announced to be in development with a script co-written by Geneva Robertson-Dworet and Lindsey Beer while Paul Weitz, Chris Weitz, and Andrew Miano will produce the film 

Russian live-action films
In 1985, a Russian-language live-action adaptation, Russian: Детство Бемби (Detstvo Bembi, lit  Bambi's Childhood), was produced and released in VHS format in the Soviet Union by Gorky Film Studios  It was directed by Natalya Bondarchuk, who also co-wrote the script with Yuri Nagibin, and featured music by Boris Petrov  Natalya 's son Ivan Burlyayev and her husband Nikolay Burlyaev starred as the young and adolescent Bambi, respectively, while Faline (renamed Falina) was portrayed by Yekaterina Lychyova as a child and Galina Belyayeva as an adult  In this adaptation, the film starts using animals, changes to using human actors, then returns to using animals for the ending A sequel, Russian: Юность Бемби (Yunost Bembi), lit  Bambi's Youth, followed in 1986 with Nikolay and Galina reprising their voice roles as Bambi and Falina  Featuring over 100 species of live animals and filmed in various locations in Crimea, Mount Elbrus, Latvia and Czechoslovakia, the film follows new lovers Bambi and Felina as they go on a journey in search of a life-giving flower  Both films were released to Region 2 DVD with Russian and English subtitle options by the Russian Cinema Council in 2000  The first film's DVD also included a French audio soundtrack, while the second contained French subtitles instead 

Horror film
On November 21, 2022, a live-action horror film, titled Bambi: The Reckoning, was announced to be in development for ITN Studios and Jagged Edge Productions with Scott Jeffrey directing and Rhys Frake-Waterfield producing  The film will be about the titular character getting revenge after the death of his mother  The film is expected to begin principal photography in mid-2023 

Ballet
The Estonian composer Lydia Auster composed the ballet Bambi in 1986 which was premièred in Tartu, Vanemuine theater, in 1987 The Oregon Ballet Theatre adapted Bambi into an evening-length ballet entitled Bambi: Lord of the Forest  It was slated to premiere in March 2000 as the main production for the company's 2000–2001 season  A collaboration between artistic director James Canfield and composer Thomas Lauderdale, the ballet's production was to be an interpretation of the novel rather than the Disney film  In discussing the adaptation, Canfield stated that he was given a copy of the novel as a Christmas present and found it to be a "classic story about coming of age and a life cycle " He went on to note that the play was inspired solely by the novel and not the Disney film  After the initial announcements, the pair began calling the work The Collaboration, as Disney owns the licensing rights for the name Bambi and they did not wish to fight for usage rights  The local press began calling the ballet alternative titles, including Not-Bambi which Canfield noted to be his favorite, out of derision at Disney  Its premiere was delayed for unexplained reasons, and it has yet to be performed 

Theater
Playwright James DeVita, of the First Stage Children's Theater, created a stage adaptation of the novel  The script was published by Anchorage Press Plays on 1 June 1997  Crafted for young adults and teenagers and retaining the title Bambi – A Life in the Woods, it has been produced around the United States at various venues  The script calls for an open-stage setup, and utilizes at least nine actors: five male and four female, to cover the thirteen roles  The American Alliance Theatre and Education awarded the work its "Distinguished Play Award" for an adaptation 

Book
In 1999, the novel was adapted into an illustrated hardback children's book by Janet Schulman, illustrated by Steve Johnson and Lou Fancher, and published by Simon & Schuster as part of its "Atheneum Books for Young Readers" imprint  In the adaptation, Schulman attempted to retain some of the lyrical feel of the original novel  She notes that rather than rewrite the novel, she "replicated Salten's language almost completely  I reread the novel a number of times and then I went through and highlighted the dialogue and poignant sentences Salten had written " Doing so retained much of the novel's original lyrical feel, though the book's brevity did result in a sacrifice of some of the "majesty and mystery" found in the novel  The illustrations were created to appear as realistic as possible, using painted images rather than sketches  In 2002, the Schulman adaptation was released in audiobook format by Audio Bookshelf, with Frank Dolan as the reader 

See also
Bambi Awards
Bambi effect
Bambi's Children
Fifteen Rabbits
Passage 3:
Felix Salten
Felix Salten (German: [ˈzaltn̩]; 6 September 1869 – 8 October 1945) was an Austro-Hungarian author and literary critic in Vienna 

Life
Salten was born Siegmund Salzmann on 6 September 1869 in Pest, Austria-Hungary  His father was Fülöp Salzmann, the telegraph office's clerk in Pest; his mother was Maria Singer  He was the grandson of an Orthodox rabbi  When he was four weeks old, his family relocated to Vienna, as many Jews did after the Imperial government had granted full citizenship rights to Jews in 1867 
When his father went bankrupt, the sixteen-year-old Salten quit school and began working for an insurance agency  He also began submitting poems and book reviews to journals  He became part of the "Young Vienna" movement (Jung-Wien) and soon received work as a full-time art and theater critic for Vienna's press (Wiener Allgemeine Zeitung, Zeit)  In 1900, he published his first collection of short stories  In 1901, he initiated Vienna's first, short-lived literary cabaret Jung-Wiener Theater Zum lieben Augustin 
He was soon publishing, on an average, one book a year, of plays, short stories, novels, travel books, and essay collections  He also wrote for nearly all the major newspapers of Vienna  In 1906, Salten went to Ullstein as an editor in chief of the B Z  am Mittag and the Berliner Morgenpost, but relocated to Vienna some months later  He wrote also film scripts and librettos for operettas  In 1927 he became president of the Austrian P E N  club as successor of Arthur Schnitzler 
His best remembered work is Bambi (1923)  A translation in English was published by Simon & Schuster in 1928, and became a Book-of-the-Month Club success  In 1933, he sold the film rights to the American director Sidney Franklin for only $1,000, and Franklin later transferred the rights to the Walt Disney Studios, which formed the basis of the animated film Bambi (1942) 
Life in Austria became perilous for Jews during the 1930s  In Germany, Adolf Hitler had Salten's books banned in 1936  Two years later, after Germany's annexation of Austria, Salten moved to Zurich, Switzerland, with his wife, and spent his final years there  Felix Salten died on 8 October 1945, at the age of 76  He is buried at Israelitischer Friedhof Unterer Friesenberg 
Salten married actress Ottilie Metzl (1868–1942) in 1902, and had two children: Paul (1903–1937) and Anna Katharina (1904–1977), who married Swiss actor Hans Rehmann  He composed another book based on the character of Bambi, titled Bambi’s Children: The Story of a Forest Family (1939)  His stories Perri and The Hound of Florence inspired the Disney films Perri (1957) and The Shaggy Dog (1959), respectively 
Salten was himself an avid hunter Salten is now considered the probable author of a successful erotic novel, Josephine Mutzenbacher: The Life Story of a Viennese Whore, as Told by Herself published anonymously in 1906, filled with social criticism 

Selected works
1899 – Der Gemeine
1906 – Josephine Mutzenbacher, authorship assumed – in German: Josefine Mutzenbacher oder Die Geschichte einer Wienerischen Dirne von ihr selbst erzählt (Vienna: Privatdruck [Fritz Freund], 1906)
1907 – Herr Wenzel auf Rehberg und sein Knecht Kaspar Dinckel
1910 – Olga Frohgemuth
1911 – Der Wurstelprater
1922 – Das Burgtheater
1923 – Der Hund von Florenz; English translation by Huntley Paterson, illustrated by Kurt Wiese, The Hound of Florence (Simon & Schuster, 1930), OCLC 1826868
1923 – Bambi: Eine Lebensgeschichte aus dem Walde; English transl  Whittaker Chambers, illus  Kurt Wiese, foreword John Galsworthy, as Bambi, a Life in the Woods (US: Simon & Schuster, 1928, OCLC 69170544; UK: Jonathan Cape, June/July 1928, OCLC 8454451); re-illustrated by Barbara Cooney (S&S, 1970), OCLC 824177272
1925 – Neue Menschen auf alter Erde: Eine Palästinafahrt
1927 – Martin Overbeck: Der Roman eines reichen jungen Mannes
1929 – Fünfzehn Hasen: Schicksale in Wald und Feld; English transl  Whittaker Chambers, as Fifteen Rabbits (US: Simon & Schuster, 1930, OCLC 1050794154); revised and enlarged (New York : Grosset & Dunlap, 1942, illus  Kurt Wiese), OCLC 4026552)
1931 – Freunde aus aller Welt: Roman eines zoologischen Gartens; English transl  Whittaker Chambers, illus  Kurt Wiese, as The City Jungle (US: Simon & Schuster, 1932, OCLC 2079025)
1931 – Fünf Minuten Amerika
1933 – Florian: Das Pferd des Kaisers; transl  Erich Posselt and Michel Kraike, Florian: The Emperor’s Stallion (Bobbs-Merrill, 1934), OCLC 8990860
1938 – Perri; German, Die Jugend des Eichhörnchens Perri
1939 – Bambi's Children, English translation (Bobbs-Merrill); German original, Bambis Kinder: Eine Familie im Walde (1940)
1940 – Renni the Rescuer
1942 – A Forest World
1945 – Djibi, the Kitten, illus  Walter Linsenmaier; U S  transl , Jibby the Cat (Messner, 1948)

Selected filmography
Doctor Schotte (1918)
Modern Marriages (1924)
Comedians (1925)
Storm in a Water Glass (1931)
Poor as a Church Mouse (1931)
Scampolo (1932)
The Empress and I (1933)
The Only Girl (1933)
Florian (1940)
Bambi (1942)
Perri (1957)
The Shaggy Dog (1959)

See also
Exilliteratur
Fable
Salzmann
Passage 4:
Roe Green Park
Roe Green Park is a park in the London Borough of Brent, northwest London, England  The Barn Hill Conservation Group maintain the Roe Green walled garden that is within the park  Roe Green Village was built between 1918 and 1920, using Prussian/German prisoners of war as cheap labour after World War I  The park was incorporated and thus taken under council control between 1935 and 1938 

History
This now much used park in Kingsbury came about because of the rapid growth of suburban housing in this part of the district in the early 1930s  In 1933 the local Council identified a 5-acre (2 0 ha) site on the north side of Kingsbury Road for a park, but this was subject to plans for housing (Manor Close) by the developer, George Cloke  He had moved into Kingsbury Manor in 1929, and bought most of the land of Valley Farm the following year  Under pressure from the local Ratepayers' Association, the Council negotiated with Mr Cloke to purchase some of his other land for a park, and in March 1935 two fields on the south side of Bacon Lane (about 21 acres) were bought for about £27,000, with Middlesex County Council contributing 25% of the money  As the entrance to this new park was from Roe Green, it was given the name "Roe Green Park" 
While the purchase was going through, Wembley Urban District Council decided to use part of the park fronting Kingsbury Road as the site for an open air swimming pool  In 1936 and 1937 Roe Green Park was used as the venue for a week-long Carnival and Fete to raise money for Wembley Hospital (which was run by a charity in these days before the National Health Service) and also for brass band concerts on summer Sunday evenings, but these events were transferred to Silver Jubilee Park when work started on building Kingsbury Swimming Pool in 1938  The Olympic-sized pool opened in May 1939 
After buying the two fields, the Council wanted to acquire further land, to make the park more accessible from the main shopping centre and Kingsbury Station  After three years of negotiations, they bought the 5-acre (2 0 ha) Westcroft field for £13,750 from another local developer, Henry Higinbotham, in 1938  In the same year, Kingsbury Manor and its 10-acre (4 0 ha) grounds were purchased from George Cloke  This was a joint purchase with Middlesex County Council, who wanted to use the large, secluded house as a Maternity Hostel for unmarried mothers 
The land for the park as it now exists had been acquired, but soon the outbreak of the Second World War meant that all of the park was ploughed up to provide allotments where local people could grow vegetables and fruit  After the war, twenty "pre-fab" bungalows were built along the Kingsbury Road edge of the park between the swimming pool and the Kingsbury Manor lodge, as emergency housing for families, and it was only around 1960 that local residents could enjoy the use of all of the park again The pool was closed in 1988 and demolished a few years later, replaced by green pitches 

John Logie Baird
John Logie Baird, the television pioneer, leased the former stables and coach house at Kingsbury Manor in 1928  He employed H  Barton-Chapple to take charge of his experiments there, which included designing and building prototype TV receivers  In May 1929, two 25-metre high masts were erected, and the first international moving picture transmissions, from Berlin in Germany to England, were received here  The following year, the first combined sound and vision signals were received  For many years afterwards the former stables were known as Kingsbury Manor Studio, and are now the home of Kingsbury Veterans' Club  The masts were taken down at the start of the Second World War, as they would have been a landmark for German bombers, but the concrete base of one of the masts can still be seen in Roe Green Park    A plaque to commemorate Baird's work here was unveiled next to this by Wembley History Society in the 1950s, which was moved to the Veterans' Club after damage by vandals 

Homicide
The park was in the news headlines in February 2002 when the fire-blistered body of an 18-year-old Sri Lankan man was found there  A year later, four other Sri Lankans – including ring-leader Senthamil Thillainathan – were found guilty of murder and sentenced to life imprisonment  Senthamil had also murdered another man in an axe attack in nearby Wembley eight months earlier 

George Michael
The video for the 2004 single "Round Here" from George Michael's fifth solo album, Patience, features several clips of Roe Green Park  The song is about the singer's childhood, and includes the lyric "I hear my mamma call/In Kingsbury Park" 
Passage 5:
Deer of Great Britain
Six species of deer are living wild in Great Britain: Scottish red deer, roe deer, fallow deer, sika deer, Reeves's muntjac, and Chinese water deer  Of those, Scottish red and roe deer are native and have lived in the isles throughout the Holocene  Fallow deer have been reintroduced twice, by the Romans and the Normans, after dying out in the last ice age  The other three are escaped or released alien species 

Native
Scottish red deer - (subspecies)
Roe deer

Introduced
Fallow deer
Sika deer
Reeves's muntjac
Water deer

Reintroduced
Eurasian elk - (on private reserves)
Reindeer - (on private reserves)

Extinct
Irish elk

Gallery
Passage 6:
Roe deer
The roe deer (Capreolus capreolus), also known as the roe, western roe deer, or European roe deer, is a species of deer  The male of the species is sometimes referred to as a roebuck  The roe is a small deer, reddish and grey-brown, and well-adapted to cold environments  The species is widespread in Europe, from the Mediterranean to Scandinavia, from Scotland to the Caucasus, and east as far as northern Iran 

Etymology
The English roe is from the Old English rā or rāha, from Proto-Germanic *raihô, cognate with Old Norse rá, Old Saxon rēho, Middle Dutch and Dutch ree, Old High German rēh, rēho, rēia, German Reh  It is perhaps ultimately derived from a PIE root *rei-, meaning "streaked, spotted or striped" The word is attested on the 5th-century Caistor-by-Norwich astragalus – a roe deer talus bone, written in Elder Futhark as ᚱᚨᛇᚺᚨᚾ, transliterated as raïhan In the English language, this deer was originally simply called a 'roe', but over time the word 'roe' has become a qualifier, and it is now usually called 'roe deer' The Koiné Greek name πύγαργος, transliterated 'pygargos', mentioned in the Septuagint and the works of various writers such as Hesychius, Herodotus and later Pliny, was originally thought to refer to this species (in many European translations of the Bible), although it is now more often believed to refer to the addax  It is derived from the words pyge 'buttocks' and argo 'white' 
The taxonomic name Capreolus is derived from capra or caprea, meaning 'billy goat', with the diminutive suffix -olus  The meaning of this word in Latin is not entirely clear: it may have meant 'ibex' or 'chamois'  The roe was also known as capraginus or capruginus in Latin 

Taxonomy
Linnaeus first described the roe deer in the modern taxonomic system as Cervus capreolus in 1758  The initially monotypic genus Capreolus was first proposed by John Edward Gray in 1821, although he did not provide a proper description for this taxon  Gray was not actually the first to use the name Capreolus, it has been used by other authors before him  Nonetheless, his publication is seen as taxonomically acceptable  He was generally ignored until the 20th century, most 19th-century works having continued to follow Linnaeus 
The name Capreolus capreolus is a tautonym Roe deer populations gradually become somewhat larger as one moves further to the east, peaking in Kazakhstan, then becoming smaller again towards the Pacific Ocean  The Soviet mammalogist Vladimir Sokolov had recognised this as a separate species from 1985 already using electrophoretic chromatography to show differences in the fractional protein content of the body tissues, the next year he showed that there were differences in the skull morphology, and a year after he used sonographs to demonstrate that the fawns, females and males made very different noises between species  Alexander S  Graphodatsky looked at the karyotypy to present more evidence to recognise these Russian and Asian populations as a separate species, now renamed the eastern or Siberian roe deer (Capreolus pygargus), in his 1990 paper  The taxa are differentiated by the B chromosomes found in C  pygargus, populations of this species gain more of these strange 'junk' chromosomes as one moves further east 
This new taxonomic interpretation (circumscription) was first followed in the American book Mammal Species of the World in 1993  Populations of the roe deer from east of the Khopyor River and Don River to Korea are considered to be this species 

Subspecies
The Integrated Taxonomic Information System, following the 2005 Mammal Species of the World, gives the following subspecies:
Capreolus capreolus capreolus (Linnaeus, 1758)
Capreolus capreolus canus Miller, 1910 - Spain
Capreolus capreolus caucasicus Nikolay Yakovlevich Dinnik, 1910 - A large-sized subspecies found in the region to the north of the Caucasus Mountains; although Mammal Species of the World appears to recognise the taxon, this work bases itself on a chapter by Lister et al  in the 1998 book The European roe deer: the biology of success, which only recognises the name as provisional 
Capreolus capreolus italicus Enrico Festa, 1925 - ItalyThis is just one (extreme) interpretation among a number of them  Two main specialists did not recognise these taxa and considered the species to be without subspecies in 2001  The European Union's Fauna Europaea recognised in 2005 two subspecies, but besides the nominate form recognises the Spanish population as the endemic Capreolus capreolus garganta Meunier, 1983  In 2008 the IUCN recognised three infraspecific taxa: the nominate and the subspecies garganta and italicus 

Systematics
Roe deer are most closely related to the water deer, and, counter-intuitively, the three species in this group, called the Capreolini, are most closely related to moose and reindeer Although roe deer were once classified as belonging to the Cervinae subfamily, they are now classified as part of the Odocoileinae, which includes the deer from the New World 

Hybrids
Both the European roe deer and Siberian roe deer have seen their populations increase, both around the 1930s  In recent times, since the 1960s, the two species have become sympatric where their distributions meet, and there is now a broad 'hybridization zone' running from the right side of the Volga River up to eastern Poland  It is extremely difficult for hunters to know which species they have bagged  In line with Haldane's rule, female hybrids of the two taxa are fertile, while male hybrids are not  Hybrids are much larger than normal and a Cesarean section was sometimes needed to birth the fawns, becoming larger than their mothers at the age of 4–5 months  F1 hybrid males may be sterile, but backcrosses with the females are possible 22% of the animals around Moscow carry the mtDNA of the European roe deer and 78% of the Siberian  In the Volgograd region, the European roe deer predominates  In the Stavropol and Dnipropetrovsk regions of Ukraine, most of the deer are Siberian roe deer  In northeastern Poland there is also evidence of introgression with the Siberian roe deer, which was likely introduced  In some cases, such as around Moscow, former introductions of European stock is likely responsible 

Description
The roe deer is a relatively small deer, with a body length of 95–135 cm (3 ft 1 in – 4 ft 5 in) throughout its range, and a shoulder height of 63–67 cm (2 ft 1 in – 2 ft 2 in), and a weight of 15–35 kg (35–75 lb)  Populations from Urals and northern Kazakhstan are larger on average growing to 145 cm (4 ft 9 in) in length and 85 cm (2 ft 9 in) at shoulder height, with body weights of up to 60 kg (130 lb), with the populations becoming smaller again further east in the Transbaikal, Amur Oblast, and Primorsky Krai regions  In healthy populations, where population density is restricted by hunting or predators, bucks are slightly larger than does  Under other conditions, males can be similar in size to females, or slightly smaller Bucks in good conditions develop antlers up to 20–25 cm (8–10 in) long with two or three, rarely even four, points  When the male's antlers begin to regrow, they are covered in a thin layer of velvet-like fur which disappears later on after the hair's blood supply is lost  Males may speed up the process by rubbing their antlers on trees, so that their antlers are hard and stiff for the duels during the mating season  Unlike most cervids, roe deer begin regrowing antlers almost immediately after they are shed 

Distribution
Within Europe the roe deer occurs in most areas with the exception of northernmost Scandinavia, in Norway it occurs throughout the country with the exception of parts of northern Vestland and northernmost Nordland (north of Narvik), and the islands of Iceland, Ireland and those of the Mediterranean Sea islands  In the Mediterranean region, it is largely confined to mountainous areas, and is absent or rare at low altitudes There is an early Neolithic fossil record from Jordan It is known that there are roe deer that live in the Red Forest near Chornobyl in Ukraine 

Belgium
In Flanders the roe deer was mostly confined to the hilly regions in the east, but like in neighbouring countries the population has expanded in recent times  A theory is that the expansion of maize cultivation, which are higher than traditional crops and afford more shelter, has aided their expansion to the west 

Britain
In England and Wales, roe deer have experienced a substantial expansion in their range in the latter half of the 20th century and continuing into the 21st century  This increase in population also appears to be affecting woodland ecosystems  At the start of the 20th century, they were almost extirpated in Southern England, but since then have hugely expanded their range, mostly due to restrictions and decrease in hunting, increases in forests and reductions in arable farming, changes in agriculture (more winter cereal crops), a massive reduction in extensive livestock husbandry, and a general warming climate over the past 200 years  Furthermore, there are no large predators in Britain  In some cases, roe deer have been introduced with human help  In 1884 roe deer were introduced from Württemberg in Germany into the Thetford Forest, and these spread to populate most of Norfolk, Suffolk, and substantial parts of Cambridgeshire  In southern England, they started their expansion in Sussex (possibly from enclosed stock in Petworth Park) and from there soon spread into Surrey, Berkshire, Wiltshire, Hampshire, and Dorset, and for the first half of the 20th century, most roe deer in Southern England were to be found in these counties  By the end of the 20th century, they had repopulated much of southern England and had expanded into Somerset, Devon, Cornwall, Oxfordshire, Gloucestershire, Warwickshire, Lincolnshire and South Yorkshire, and had even spread into Wales from the Ludlow area where an isolated population had appeared  At the same time, the surviving population in Scotland and the Lake District had pushed further south beyond Yorkshire and Lancashire and into Derbyshire and Humberside In the 1970s, the species was still completely absent from Wales  Roe deer can now be found in most of rural England except for southeast Kent and parts of Wales; anywhere in the UK mainland suitable for roe deer may have a population  Not being a species that needs large areas of woodland to survive, urban roe deer are now a feature of several cities, notably Glasgow and Bristol, where in particular they favour cemeteries  In Wales, they are least common, but they are reasonably well established in Powys and Monmouthshire 

Iran
Roe deer are found in northern Iran in the Caspian region: they occur in the Hyrcanian woodlands and agricultural lands of the Alborz Mountains (Golestan National Park, Jahan Nama Protected Area) 

Ireland
Scottish roe deer were introduced to the Lissadell Estate in County Sligo in Ireland around 1870 by Sir Henry Gore-Booth  The Lissadell roe deer were noted for their occasional abnormal antlers and survived in that general area for about 50 years before they died out  According to the National Biodiversity Data Centre, in 2014 there was a confirmed sighting of roe deer in County Armagh  There have been other, unconfirmed, sightings in County Wicklow 

The Netherlands
In the Netherlands, roe deer were extirpated from the entirety of the country except for two small areas around 1875  As new forests were planted in the country in the 20th century, the population began to expand rapidly  Although it was a protected species in 1950, the population is no longer considered threatened and it has lost legal protection  As of 2016 there are some 110,000 roe deer in the country  The population is primarily kept in check through the efforts of hunters 

Israel
In 1991, a breeding colony of 27 roe deer coming from France, Hungary and Italy were brought in the Hai-Bar Carmel Reserve  A small number of this roe deer population has been reintroduced to the Carmel Mountains from the Carmel Hai-Bar Nature Reserve, with the first deer being released in 1996  24 to 29 animals had been released by 2006  Some of the reintroduced animals were hand-reared and could be monitored by their responses to their keeper calls 

Ecology
Habitat
This species can utilize a large number of habitats, including open agricultural areas and above the tree line, but a requisite factor is access to food and cover  It retreats to dense woodland, especially among conifers, or bramble scrub when it must rest, but it is very opportunistic and a hedgerow may be good enough  Roe deer in the southern Czech Republic live in almost completely open agricultural land  The animal is more likely to be spotted in places with nearby forests to retreat to  A pioneer species commonly associated with biotic communities at an early stage of succession, during the Neolithic period in Europe when farming humans began to colonise the continent from the Middle East, the roe deer was abundant, taking advantage of areas of forest or woodland cleared by Neolithic farmers 

Behaviour
In order to mitigate risk, roe deer remain within refuge habitats (such as forests) during the day  They are likelier to venture into more open habitats at night and during crepuscular periods when there is less ambient activity  It scrapes leaf litter off the ground to make a 'bed' When alarmed it will bark a sound much like a dog and flash out its white rump patch  Rump patches differ between the sexes, with the white rump patches heart-shaped on females and kidney-shaped on males  Males may also bark or make a low grunting noise  Does (the females) make a high-pitched "pheep" whine to attract males during the rut (breeding season) in July and August  Initially the female goes looking for a mate and commonly lures the buck back into her territory before mating  The roe deer is territorial, and while the territories of a male and a female might overlap, other roe deer of the same sex are excluded unless they are the doe's offspring of that year 

Diet
It feeds mainly on grass, leaves, berries, and young shoots  It particularly likes very young, tender grass with a high moisture content, i e , grass that has received rain the day before  Roe deer will generally not venture into a field that has or has had livestock in it 

Reproduction
The polygamous roe deer males clash over territory in early summer and mate in early autumn  During courtship, when the males chase the females, they often flatten the underbrush, leaving behind areas of the forest in the shape of a circle or figure eight called 'roe rings'  These tend to be 1-3m in diameter  In 1956 it was speculated based on some field evidence that they choose where to form rings around plants with ergot mould, but this has not been substantiated further  Males may also use their antlers to shovel around fallen foliage and soil as a way of attracting a mate  Roebucks enter rutting inappetence during the July and August breeding season  Females are monoestrous and after delayed implantation usually give birth the following June, after a 10-month gestation period, typically to two spotted fawns of opposite sexes  The fawns remain hidden in long grass from predators; they are suckled by their mother several times a day for around three months  Young female roe deer can begin to reproduce when they are around 6 months old  During the mating season, a male roe deer may mount the same doe several times over a duration of several hours 

Population ecology
A roe deer can live up to 20 years, but it usually does not reach such an age  A normal life span in the wild is seven to eight years, or 10 years The roe deer population shows irruptive growth  It is extremely fecund and can double its population every year; it shows a retarded reaction to population density with females continuing to have a similar fecundity at high population densities 
Population structure is modified by available nutrition, where populations are irrupting there are few animals over six years old  Where populations are stagnant or moribund, there is huge fawn mortality and a large part of the population is over seven years old  Mortality is highest in the first weeks after birth due to predation, or sometimes farm machinery; or in the first winter due to starvation or disease, with up to 90% mortality 

Community ecology
It is a main prey of the Persian leopard (Panthera pardus tulliana) in the Alborz Mountains of Iran The nematode Spiculopteragia asymmetrica infects this deer Compared to the other large herbivores and omnivores in Iran, it is a poor disperser of plant seeds, despite consuming relatively more of them 

Uses
The roe deer is a game animal of great economic value in Europe, providing large amounts of meat and earning millions of euros in sport hunting  In 1998, some 2,500,000 roe deer were shot per year in Western Europe  In Germany alone, 700,000 were shot a year in the 1990s  This is insufficient to slow down the population growth, and the roe deer continues to increase in number It is the main source of venison in Europe  In the 2000s, there was growing interest among consumers in alternative and organic food products such as game meat  Frozen roe venison should not be stored longer than 10 to 12 months at −25 °C to maintain a high quality  Storage time and quality can decrease if the bullet has travelled through the digestive tract and contaminated the meat  The meat, like most game meat, is darker in colour than most farmed meat 

Palaeontology
Roe deer are thought to have evolved from a species in the Eurasian genus Procapreolus, with some 10 species occurring from the Late Miocene to the Early Pleistocene, which moved from the east to Central Europe over the millennia, where Procapreolus cusanus (also classified as Capreolus cusanus) occurred  It may not have evolved from C  cusanus, however, because the two extant species split from each other 1 375 and 2 75 Myr ago, and the western species first appeared in Europe 600 thousand years ago As of 2008 over 3,000 fossil specimens of this species have been recovered from Europe, which affords a good set of data to elucidate the prehistoric distribution  The distribution of the European species has fluctuated often since entering Europe  During the some periods during the last ice age it was present in central Europe, but during the Last Glacial Maximum it retreated to refugia in the Iberian Peninsula (two refugia here), southern France, Italy (likely two), the Balkans and the Carpathians  When the last Ice Age ended the species initially abruptly expanded north of the Alps to Germany during the Greenland Interstadial, 12 5–10 8 thousand years ago, but during the cooling of the Younger Dryas, 10 8–10 thousand years ago, it appears to have disappeared again from this region  It reappeared 9 7–9 5 thousand years ago, reaching northern central Europe  The modern population in this area appears to have recolonised it from the Carpathians and/or further east, but not the Balkans or other refugia  This is opposite to the red deer, which recolonised Europe from Iberia  There has been much admixture of these populations where they meet, also possibly due to human intervention in some cases It is thought that during the Middle Ages the two species of roe deer were kept apart due to hunting pressure and an abundance of predators; the different species may have met in the period just before that, and yet, during the Ice Age they were also kept apart 

Conservation
Populations are increasing throughout Europe; it is considered a species of 'least concern' 

Culture
In the Hebrew Bible Deuteronomy 14:5, the יַחְמ֑וּר, yahmur, derived from 'to be red', is listed as the third species of animal that may be eaten  In most Bibles this word has usually been translated as 'roe deer', and it still means as much in Arabic (أحمر, pronounced 'ahmar) -it was still said to be a common species in the Mount Carmel area in the 19th century  The King James Bible translated the word as 'fallow deer', and in other English Bible translations the word has been translated as a number of different species  When Modern Hebrew was reconstructed to serve as the language of the future Israel in late Ottoman and British Mandatory Palestine, the King James Bible interpretation was chosen, despite the fallow deer being fallow, not red 
Bambi, the titular character of the book Bambi, A Life in the Woods and its sequel Bambi's Children was originally a roe deer  When the story was adapted to the animated film Bambi by Walt Disney Pictures, the main character was changed to a white-tailed deer Albino roe deer were exceedingly rare in history, and they were regarded as national treasures or sacred animals in ancient times in China 
Passage 7:
5 6×57mm
The 5 6×57mm (designated as the 5,6 × 57 by the C I P ) cartridge was created by Rheinisch-Westfälische Sprengstoffwerke (RWS) in Germany in 1964 by necking down popular 7×57mm Mauser (similarly to how Paul Mauser himself created 6 5×57mm Mauser) for hunting small deer such as roe deer, and for chamois  The calibre has a significant following among European sportsmen, and most European mass production riflemakers chamber several models of rifle for this cartridge   During the 1970-1990 period this cartridge was widely and successfully used in the Republic of Ireland for deer shooting, since security considerations at a period of Provisional Irish Republican Army violence had led to a ban on the civilian ownership of calibres larger than  224in   Some British small deer specialist hunters use the 5 6×57 mm with great success on roe deer, muntjac and Chinese water deer With a factory-load velocity of 3,500 ft/s (1,100 m/s) with a 74-grain, cone-pointed bullet, it is approximately 100 ft/s (30 m/s) faster than the  220 Swift cartridge firing a bullet of equivalent weight   The larger case capacity means that handloaders can produce 50-grain loads that, with velocities in excess of 4,100 ft/s (1,200 m/s), will outpace anything that can safely be achieved by the Swift  The  223 Winchester Super Short Magnum is a 21st-century cartridge that is comparable to the 5 6×57 mm The 5 6×57mm cartridge case has a distinctively thick case wall, and this causes significant problems when handloading, owing to the force that needs to be used through the press when re-sizing the case neck   It has been suggested that this unusual neck thickness is the result of the use of  22 rimfire chamber adapters in centrefire rifles chambered for this cartridge 

5 6×57mm rimmed variant
The 5 6×57mmR (designated as the 5,6 × 57 R by the C I P ) is a rimmed variant of the 5 6×57mm  The rimmed variant was designed for break-open rifles and is almost identical to the rimless variant except for the rim 

Specifications
Bullet diameter: 5 69 mm ( 224")
Loads:
74 gr @ 1040 m/s (3412 ft/s)
60 gr @ 3700 ft/s
Passage 8:
Whitetail Deer Cutaneous Fibroma
Cutaneous fibromas (also known as deer warts) are common neoplasms occurring in wild and domestic deer of many species and are caused by host-specific viral infections  The fibromas occur most frequently in animals under 2 years of age, with cases in older deer reported occasionally or rarely Deer fibromas appear on the skin as hard and round tumors that can be up to 1 cm in diameter  The tumors are blackish or brown and have a rough-textured surface  They do not cause the animal harm unless clumps of fibromas interfere with breathing, eating, or walking 
Fibromas have been reported in white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus), mule deer (Odocoileus hemionus), fallow deer (Cervus dama), red deer (Cervus elaphus), roe deer (Capreolus capreolus), Sika deer (Cervus nippon), moose (Alces alces), and caribou (Rangifer caribou) " They occur across the entirety of the white-tail deer's range 

Clinical signs and symptoms
The only visible signs of cutaneous fibroma in white-tailed deer are fleshy wart-like growths on the skin  These growths can vary from single to clusters of warts  These warts can also vary in size from small to very large  They are only attached to the skin, not to the underlying muscle and bone, so their only physical effects on the deer stem from their ability to impair the deer's sight and range of motion if they are large enough to inhibit normal behavior  Deer with these growths can still be in perfect health and usually show no symptoms of ill health 

Transmission
The fibromas are most often caused by host-specific papillomaviruses  They may also be due to host-specific poxviruses The transmission of cutaneous fibromas in the white-tailed deer is caused by a virus that is thought to be transmitted through a variety of insect bites or by a deer coming in contact with any contaminated object that scratches or penetrates the skin of the deer or contaminates wounded/damaged skin  Deer tend to frequent particular trails during their movements, and may thus potentially become infected by contact with objects on the path previously contaminated by other deer  As fibromas occur more commonly in bucks, the virus is probably often transmitted during sparring This disease appears temporary, manifesting after about 7 weeks after inoculation and lasting only about two months  Cutaneous fibromas are not transmissible to other livestock or to humans if their meat is consumed 

Occurrence
Fibromas occur most frequently in animals under 2 years of age  The tumor has been diagnosed in 2 1% of males and 0 4% of females  More bucks are shot (either by law or hunter preference), which influences the sampling 

Treatment and control
Treatment is not a feasible option for most wild populations  The disease has not been a problem in captive herds  The growths could be removed surgically if they became important, but that would rarely be an issue  Because exposure to the virus leads to immunity, it should be possible to develop a vaccine if prevention becomes necessary  To date, this disease has been too rare to justify such actions 

Prognosis
Large, ulcerated fibromas are infrequent  In most deer, the fibromas develop to only a few millimeters in diameter  Tumors then regress; this has been observed both in naturally occurring and experimentally induced cases  Only in an occasional deer do they develop into conspicuous skin tumors  Results of a New York survey indicated that wild deer are exposed and develop an immunity to the fibroma virus early in life 

Significance
Fibromatosis is not an important cause of deer mortality  The disease is not known to infect humans  Although they do not harm the meat, fibromas are repulsive to most people, so they discourage them from consuming the deer Some domesticated animals (cattle, dogs, etc ) are subject to "warts" common to their species  Fibromatosis of deer is quite unlikely to be infectious to domestic animals 

See also
Shope papilloma virus



ground_truth: 43,000 marchers

prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: What was the home city of the author of the famous novel tracing the life of a male roe deer from his birth onward?

The following are given passages.
Context 4:  Goguryeo, though temporarily weakened, would soon recoup and continue its expansion 

Gallery
Passage 5:
Premio Lo Nuestro 2003
Premio Lo Nuestro 2003 was the 15th anniversary of the awards  the show was hosted by Mexican presenters Marco Antonio Regil and Adal Ramones  Juanes, Thalía, Marc Anthony, Pilar Montenegro, Sin Bandera, Banda el Recodo and other Latin music greats gave electrifying performances  In the show, there was 36 awards winners with 135 nominations  In Pop genre, Awards was given for : Album of the Year, Best Male Artist, Best Female Artist, Best Group or duo, Best New Artist and Song of the Year  In Rock Genre : Best Rock Album and Best rock Performer of the Year  In Tropical genre : Best Tropical Album of the Year, Best Tropical Male Artist, Best Tropical Female Artist, Best Tropical Group or Duo of the Year, Best Tropical New Artist, Tropical Song of the Year, Best Merengue Performance, Best Salsa Performance and Best Traditional Performance  Juanes was the biggest winner of night, took home four awards Best Pop Male Artist, Best Music Video, Best Rock Performance, and Pop Song of the Year   In the Regional Mexican, Pilar Montenegro took three awards for Regional Mexican Song of the Year, Pop Song of the Year ("Quitame Ese Hombre"), and for Best Regional Mexican Female Artist  In the tropical genre, Celia Cruz took home with four great awards of the night for Best Salsa Performance, Best Tropical Female Artist, Best Tropical Song of the year and Tropical Album of the Year  At the night, the greatest performance was a medley of top Latin hits from the last 15 years, performed by the artists that made them famous, including Vikki Carr, Son by Four, Los Ilegales, La Mafia, Luis Enrique, Wilfrido Vargas and Olga Tañón  There was a great tribute to Celia Cruz by the world-famous salsa group "Fania All-Stars", of which Cruz was a member during the 1970s, reunited for an exclusive performance that rocked the house 

Nominees and winners
Special awards
Excellence Award: Luis Miguel
Premio del Pueblo (People's Choice):
Pop: Thalía
Rock: Shakira
Tropical: Marc Anthony
Regional/Mexican: Vicente Fernández
Urban: El General

Pop category
Rock category
Tropical category
Regional Mexican category
Urban category
Popular award
Passage 6:
Safe and Sound (Capital Cities song)
"Safe and Sound" is a song by American indie pop duo Capital Cities, written and produced by band members Ryan Merchant and Sebu Simonian  The song was released as a single on January 6, 2011, and first appeared on their debut EP Capital Cities (2011), later serving as the lead single from their debut studio album, In a Tidal Wave of Mystery (2013)  "Safe and Sound" became the duo's breakout hit, peaking at number eight on the United States Billboard Hot 100 and achieving commercial success in several other territories  Three music videos were produced for the single, with the third video, directed by Grady Hall and set in the Los Angeles Theatre, later being nominated for Best Music Video at the 56th Annual Grammy Awards  It is the theme song for the Washington Capitals of the National Hockey League 

Background and composition
"Safe and Sound" is a synth-pop, dance-pop and alternative rock song, and was written and produced by Capital Cities members Ryan Merchant and Sebu Simonian  It features a prominent trumpet line, which was only incorporated into its production after eight previous takes of the song 

Music videos
The first music video for "Safe and Sound" was self-produced and edited by the band and uploaded to their official YouTube account on February 24, 2011  It features alternating historical film clips of dancing and war from the last century generally arranged in chronological order  Another video, directed by Jimmy Ahlander, was released on October 21, depicting the duo being led through a junkyard by a monk The third and most well-known video for the song was directed by Grady Hall and released on April 25, 2013  The video is set in the Los Angeles Theatre and depicts Capital Cities performing on stage as dancers of all types (1940s swing dancers, 1970s roller-disco skaters, 1990s hip-hop dancers, etc ) emerge from pictures on the wall and film clips from different time periods in the theater's history come to life and compete in dance-offs  It received a nomination in the Best Music Video category at the 56th Annual Grammy Awards 

Cover versions and in other media
On November 7, 2013, the song was performed by Team Adam (consisted of Tessanne Chin, James Wolpert, Will Champlin, Grey and Preston Pohl) from the fifth season of the series, The Voice Zendaya, Kina Grannis, Kurt Hugo Schneider and Max Schneider (not related) released a cover of the song on March 31, 2014, used for a Coca-Cola commercial  Actual Coca-Cola bottles served as instruments in the version Air New Zealand have used the song in their in-flight safety video for 2014, while the Barcelona's Institute for Research in Biomedicine (IRB) has used it in its dance video to raise awareness and support for research into diseases such as cancer and metastasis, Alzheimer's and diabetes The song was featured as the background music for the 2014 model year Mazda3 vehicles  The music video featured prominent figures Bruce Lee, Frank Lloyd Wright, and Jackie Robinson to promote the all new features, including the "kodo" design Mazda has introduced post-Ford ownership of the company 
The song is briefly played at a party scene in the beginning of the 2015 film Alvin and the Chipmunks: The Road Chip 
McDonald's has used the song in 2020 in McDonald's Australia promotion for the return of the McRib® & El Maco® as part of the that year’s summer menu Beginning in July 2021, the song was used in an advertising campaign for ADT Home Security titled “It’s Safe To Say”, which featured Drew and Jonathan Scott from the HGTV series “Property Brothers” 

Commercial performance
"Safe and Sound" first gained commercial success in Germany following its use in a Vodafone commercial, later topping the German Media Control singles chart  A sleeper hit, it peaked at number eight on the Billboard Hot 100 in September 2013, over two-and-a-half years after its initial release  It has sold over two million copies in the United States as of January 2014  It also reached #2 on the Mainstream Top 40 chart  In the United Kingdom, the single was added to the BBC Radio 2 playlist on August 31, 2013; following its official single release in the country the following month, it peaked at number 42 on the UK Singles Chart 

Awards and nominations
Track listing
Charts
Certifications
Release history
Passage 7:
Institutional Investor (magazine)
Institutional Investor magazine is a periodical published by Euromoney Institutional Investor  It was founded in 1967 by Gilbert E  Kaplan  A separate international edition of the magazine was established in 1976 for readers in Europe and Asia 

History
Capital Cities Communications purchased the magazine in early 1984  The Walt Disney Company bought Capital Cities in 1996 and sold the magazine to Euromoney one year later  Institutional Investor has offices in New York City, London and Hong Kong  In 2018, Institutional Investor became digital only In March 2021, it was announced that Diane Alfano, the CEO of Institutional Investor, would be stepping down effective June 30, 2021  Alfano has worked at Institutional Investor since 1984  According to the announcement, her resignation comes as Euromoney, the publication's publicly-traded parent company, plans to merge Institutional Investor with sister companies BCA Research and NDR into an asset management division  As of May 2021, the CEO of the new unit is Francis Cashman 

Research and rankings
Institutional Investor publishes global research and issues rankings throughout the year that often serve as industry benchmarks  Top-line results are published in the magazine while the full details are available on institutionalinvestor com  The rankings include:

Executive teams
The All-America Executive Team
The All-Europe Executive Team
The All-Asia Executive Team (excludes Japan)
The All-Japan Executive Team
The Latin America Executive Team

Research teams
The All-America Research Team
The All-Europe Research Team
The All-Asia Research Team (excludes Japan)
The All-Japan Research Team
The All-China Research Team
The Latin America Research Team
The All-Brazil Research Team
The All-India Research Team
The All-America Fixed-Income Research Team
The All-America Research Team Rising Stars
The All-Europe Fixed-Income Research Team
America's Top Corporate Access Providers
Asia's Top Corporate Access Providers
The Emerging EMEA Research Team
Europe's Top Corporate Access Providers
Japan's Top Corporate Access Providers
Passage 8:
History of Northwest Territories capital cities
The history of Northwest Territories capital cities begins with the purchase of the Territories by Canada from the Hudson's Bay Company in 1869, and includes a varied and often difficult evolution  Northwest Territories is unique amongst the other provinces and territories of Canada in that it has had seven capital cities in its history  The territory has changed the seat of government for numerous reasons, including civil conflict, development of infrastructure, and a history of significant revisions to its territorial boundaries 
The result of these changes has been a long and complex road to responsible government  Effectively providing services and representation for the population has been a particular challenge for the Territories' government, a task often complicated by the region's vast and changing geographic area  A small number of communities in Northwest Territories have unsuccessfully tried to become the capital over the years  The territory has had the seat of government outside of its territorial boundaries twice in its history  The only other political division in Canada without a seat of government inside its own boundaries was the defunct District of Keewatin that existed from 1876 until 1905 
The term "capital" refers to cities that have served as home for the Legislative Assembly of Northwest Territories, the legislative branch of Northwest Territories government  In Canada, it is customary for provincial and territorial level government to have the administrative centre of the civil service in the same city as the legislative branch  The Northwest Territories, however, had separate administrative and legislative capitals officially exist between 1911 and 1967  This is the only province or territory in Canadian history to have had such an arrangement 

Fort Garry (1870–1876)
The Government of Canada purchased the North-Western Territory and Rupert's Land from the Hudson's Bay Company in 1868, under the terms of the Rupert's Land Act 1868 for £300,000 sterling  Both purchased territories were largely uninhabited, consisting mostly of uncharted wilderness  After the purchase, the Government decided to merge both of the properties into a single jurisdiction and appoint a single territorial government to run both  The purchase of the two territories added a sizable portion of the current Canadian landmass 

In 1869, Ontario Member of Parliament William McDougall was appointed as the first Lieutenant Governor of the Northwest Territories and sent to Fort Garry to establish formal governance for Canada  Before his party arrived at the settlement, a small group led by Louis Riel intercepted him near the Ontario border and forced him to turn back because they opposed the transfer to the Canadian government  The inhabitants of the Red River Valley began the Red River Rebellion, delaying formal governance until their demands for provincial status were met The rebellion resulted in the creation of the Province of Manitoba (inclusive of Fort Garry) and a delay in establishing governance in the Territories  In 1870, the Northwest Territories and Manitoba formally entered the Canadian confederation  The two jurisdictions remained partially conjoined: under the Temporary Government Act, 1870  The Temporary North-West Council was appointed in 1872, mainly from members of the new Manitoba Legislative Assembly, with the Lieutenant Governor of Manitoba serving as the leader of the territorial government  The Governor and Council were mandated to govern the Territories through the Manitoba Act and did so from outside of the Northwest Territories  Fort Garry served as the first seat of government for both jurisdictions 

The temporary government sat for the first time in 1872  It was renewed by federal legislation each year until a permanent solution for governance was decided upon  The federal government renewed the Temporary Council for the last time in 1875 and chose a new location, within the boundaries of the Northwest Territories, to form a new government  Along with the new seat of power, a new council greatly reduced in size was appointed along with a new Lieutenant Governor to specifically lead the Territories without also governing Manitoba In the 1870s, Fort Garry consisted of two distinct settlements  The first site was named Upper Fort Garry, and the secondary site was named Lower Fort Garry, 32 kilometres (20 mi) downstream on the Red River  After the territorial government moved, Fort Garry continued to be the seat of government for Manitoba, and for the now defunct District of Keewatin territory between 1876 and 1905  Fort Garry evolved to become modern-day Winnipeg, still the capital of Manitoba, with Lower Fort Garry being declared a national historical site 

Fort Livingstone (1876–1877)
The North-West Territories Act, 1875 dissolved the Temporary North-West Council and appointed a permanent government to take effect on October 7, 1876  The new council governed from Fort Livingstone, an outpost constructed west of the Manitoba border, in modern-day Saskatchewan  Fort Livingstone served as a small frontier outpost and not as a bona fide capital city   The location was chosen by the federal government as a temporary site to establish the new territorial government until the route of the railway was determined Fort Livingstone was founded in 1875 by the newly created North-West Mounted Police, the predecessor of the Royal Canadian Mounted Police, Canada's national police force  The Swan River North-West Mounted Police Barracks, inside Fort Livingstone, became the temporary assembly building for legislative-council sessions as well as the office for the Lieutenant Governor The bulk of the police forces moved out to Fort Macleod in 1876, to crack down on the whisky trade  A year later, Lieutenant Governor David Laird moved the seat of government to Battleford  The decision was based upon the original plans of constructing the Canadian Pacific Railway (CPR) through Battleford Fort Livingstone continued to serve as a small outpost until being totally destroyed by a prairie grass fire in 1884  The nearest modern settlement to the original Fort Livingstone site is Pelly, Saskatchewan, four kilometres (2 5 mi) to the south  The fort is sometimes referred to as Fort Pelly or Swan River  The Fort Livingstone site is marked with a plaque as was declared a Saskatchewan provincial heritage site and contains no resident population 

Battleford (1877–1883)
The Northwest Territories government moved to Battleford in 1877 on the order of the Lieutenant Governor  Battleford was supposed to be the permanent capital of the Territories  The town was chosen because it was expected to be linked with the Canadian Pacific Railway The government in Battleford would see significant milestones towards attaining responsible government for the Northwest Territories  For the first time, the territory had democratically elected members join the appointed members in the assembly  Elections in the territory became a reality after the passage of the Northwest Territories election ordinance 1880  The first election took place in 1881, after electoral districts were created by royal proclamations, issued the order of the Lieutenant Governor  Battleford hosted the first official royal visit in western Canada, when the Marquis of Lorne and Princess Louise Caroline Alberta toured the territories in 1881 The first Northwest Territories legislature building, and residence for the Lieutenant Governor named "NWT Government House", was completed and used by the territorial government until 1883  After the government moved the building stood as a historical site until it was destroyed in a fire in 2003 After consultation with Canadian Pacific Railway officials, Lieutenant Governor Edgar Dewdney made the decision to move the capital to Regina, also in present-day Saskatchewan, in June 1882  The decision to move the capital was controversial with the public because Edgar Dewdney owned real estate in Regina  He was accused of having conflicted interests between his private affairs and the needs of the government 

Regina (1883–1905)
After Edgar Dewdney ordered that the government be moved south to meet the railway in Regina, it was confirmed as the new territorial capital on March 27, 1883  Construction of a new legislature began  In Regina, the government continued to grow as the size of the settlement increased rapidly  The legislature had the most sitting members in Northwest Territories history after the fifth general election in 1902 The government in Regina struggled to deliver services to the vast territory  The influx of settlers and responsibility for the Klondike, as well as constant fighting with the federal government over limited legislative powers and minimal revenue collection, hampered the effectiveness of government  The government during this period slowly released powers to the elected members  In 1897, after control of the executive council was ceded to elected members from the Lieutenant-Governors, a short-lived period of party politics evolved that challenged the consensus model of government that had been used since 1870 

The territorial government under the leadership of Premier Frederick Haultain struck a deal with the federal Government of Canada in early 1905 to bring provincial powers to the territories  This led to the creation of the provinces of Saskatchewan and Alberta from the southernmost and most populous areas of the territory  The Northwest Territories, reduced to its northern, lightly populated hinterland, continued to exist under the 1870s constitutional status under control of the federal government  A new council was convened in Ottawa, Ontario, to deal with the region The Territorial Administration Building was declared a historical site by the Saskatchewan government after it was restored by the Saskatchewan Government in 1979, the building remains standing to this day  The territorial government would not have another permanent legislature of its own design until 1993  After 1905, Regina continued to serve as capital for the province of Saskatchewan 

Ottawa (1905–1967)
In 1905, under the direction of Wilfrid Laurier, the Northwest Territories seat of government was moved to Ottawa, Ontario, the capital of Canada  This change was made when Northwest Territories defaulted back to the 1870 constitutional status after Alberta and Saskatchewan were sectioned off from the territory on September 1, 1905  After the populated regions of the territory were made into their own jurisdictions, there were very few settlements left in the territory with any significant population or infrastructure  The non-Inuit population was estimated to total around 1,000  Inuit were not counted at the time because they had no status under Canadian law, and were not yet settled in towns or villages In the period without a sitting council from 1905 to 1921, the government of the Territories was small but still active  A small civil service force was sent to Fort Smith to set the town up as the new administrative capital in 1911  A budget to provide minimal services was still given by the federal government  Commissioner Frederick D  White administered the territories day-to-day operations during that period  During this 16-year lapse in legislative government, no new laws were created, and the Territories and its population were severely neglected even with the services provided at the time The first session of the new council was called to order in 1921, a full 16 years after the government was dissolved in Regina  This new government contained no serving member who was resident in the Territories  The council during this period was primarily composed of high-level civil servants who lived and worked in Ottawa   The first person to sit on the council since 1905 who actually resided from within the Territories was John G  McNiven who was appointed in 1947 The Ottawa-based council eventually grew sensitive to the needs of the territory residents  Democracy returned to the territories in the sixth general election in 1951  After the election, the council was something of a vagabond body, with alternating sittings in Ottawa, and various communities in Northwest Territories  The council held meetings in school gymnasiums, community halls, board rooms, or any suitable infrastructure  The council even transported ceremonial implements to conduct meetings with such as the speakers chair and mace  Both are traditional artifacts common to Westminster style parliaments Legislative sessions held in Ottawa were conducted in an office building on Sparks Street  The Northwest Territories government continues to hold an office in Ottawa on Sparks Street to this day  In 1965, a federal government commission was set up to determine a new home for the government and the future of the territory  The seat of government was moved back inside the territories to Yellowknife, after it was selected capital in 1967 

Fort Smith (1911–1967)
Fort Smith became the official administration and transportation hub for the Northwest Territories in 1911  This marked the first services provided by the territorial government in six years  The first services included an agent from the Department of Indian Affairs, a medical doctor, and a Royal Canadian Mounted Police station Fort Smith was chosen to house the civil service because of its geographical location and state of development  The community was one of the few that had steamboat service from the railheads in Alberta and access to the vast waterways in the territory  The community was the easiest for the government to access, and the most well developed community, closest to Ottawa Fort Smith housed the civil service working in the Territories officially until 1967  The town continued to host the civil service for many years after Yellowknife was picked as capital, because the infrastructure was not yet in place in the new capital city at the time 

Carrothers Commission (1965-1967)
The "Advisory Commission on the Development of Government in the Northwest Territories", commonly called the Carrothers Commission for its chair, Alfred Carrothers, was struck by the Government of Canada in 1965  The Carrothers Commission marked a significant turning point in modern Northwest Territories history  The Carrothers Commission was tasked to evaluate and recommend changes to the Northwest Territories to deal with an array of outstanding issues regarding self-government in the north  One of the more visible and lasting effects of the Carrothers Commission was to choose a new capital city for the territorial government The Carrothers Commission, for the first time, gave some voice to residents in the Northwest Territories through extensive consultations with the territorial population   In prior years, the decision to change the seat of government had always been made without consulting Northwest Territories residents  Edgar Dewdney, for example, who made the decision to change the capital from Battleford to Regina, faced controversy because he owned property in Regina  After the territorial government moved to Ottawa, the government was often resented for being so far away The Carrothers Commission spent two years visiting nearly every community in the territory and consulting with residents, community leaders, business people, and territorial politicians  The Carrothers Commission investigated and considered five communities for the capital: Hay River, Fort Simpson, Fort Smith, Inuvik and Yellowknife 
Many people in the Northwest Territories believed that Fort Smith would win since it already housed the Territories' civil service 

Yellowknife (1967–present)
Yellowknife officially became the capital on September 18, 1967, after the Carrothers commission chose it for its central location, transportation links, industrial base and residents' preferences Yellowknife, in 1967, was not yet ready to serve as home for the government  During the years that it took for the capital's infrastructure to slowly develop, most of the civil service remained in Fort Smith for many years and the governing Council continued its practice of holding legislative sessions all over the territory for a number of years The Northwest Territories marked a new era when the legislative council moved into a newly constructed legislature building on November 17, 1993  The new legislature was the first building built specifically for the Northwest Territories government since the government sat in Regina 88 years earlier  The legislature building was constructed to feature themes derived from the Inuit culture, which signaled that the government was sensitive to the ethnicity of the resident population The modern day territorial government has matured in Yellowknife to become effective and responsible  The government in Yellowknife had largely gained back its powers on par with the pre-1905 government that was dissolved during creation of Alberta and Saskatchewan  The civil service has been effectively consolidated into the city of Yellowknife; and has gained control over administering its own elections from Elections Canada  Education is now under the jurisdiction of the territorial government and the territory has most powers afforded to the rest of the provinces  There has even talk by the Federal government of the territories gaining provincial status in the future 

Lessons learned for Nunavut capital (1995 vote)
As chronicled above, all seven capitals throughout the history of the Northwest Territories were chosen by some form of external government decision, though the Carrothers Commission did consult with the territorial population to guide its decision 
After the selection of Yellowknife as the capital in 1967, many residents in the eastern Arctic continued to feel unrepresented by the territorial government, and many movements and groups were formed to remedy the situation   Lessons had been learned from the historical changes in the Northwest Territories' seat of power, resulting in a number of territorial democratic processes leading to the creation of the new territory of Nunavut in 1999, formed from the eastern half of the Northwest Territories 
In 1976, as part of the land claims negotiations between the Inuit Tapiriit Kanatami population and the Government of Canada, the parties discussed division of the Northwest Territories to provide a separate territory for the Inuit  In 1982, a plebiscite on division was held throughout the Northwest Territories, in which a majority of the residents voted in favour of division The land claims agreement was completed in September 1992 and ratified by a majority of voters  On July 9, 1993, the Nunavut Land Claims Agreement Act and the Nunavut Act were passed by the Canadian Parliament 
In December, 1995, the Nunavut capital plebiscite was held, and the voters in the future Nunavut territory chose Iqaluit as their capital city, defeating Rankin Inlet  Iqaluit became the official capital on April 1, 1999, when Nunavut separated from the Northwest Territories 

See also
Commissioners of the Northwest Territories
List of Northwest Territories general elections
List of premiers of the Northwest Territories
List of Northwest Territories Legislative Assemblies
Passage 9:
Tweaker (band)
Tweaker is an American alternative rock collaboration project band founded by Chris Vrenna in the late 1990s  Tweaker's musical style incorporates synthpop, progressive rock, modern jazz and electronica genres, and is characterized by a generally melancholy and somber sound with matching artwork 

History
The album The Attraction to All Things Uncertain was Vrenna's "solo" debut and it was not until the follow-up album, 2 a m  Wakeup Call, that Clint Walsh was announced as a permanent fixture to the band  While Vrenna and Walsh supply most instruments and electronics, many other musicians contributed to Tweaker's performances and recordings, including Robert Smith, David Sylvian, Burton C  Bell, Craig Wedren, Will Oldham, Hamilton Leithauser, Buzz Osborne, Jonathan Bates and Johnny Marr  The subsequent albums followed a preset central theme 
Tweaker wrote and performed the theme music to Doom 3, of which the theme song was released via the band's website  The rest of the soundtrack is accessible from the game's files  Tweaker also composed the theme music for the animated television show Xiaolin Showdown  Unlike the band's usual synthpop, shoegaze, modern jazz, Dark Ambient and industrial sound, the Doom 3 theme was mainly heavy metal 
In 2004, Tweaker opened for Skinny Puppy on select dates with a full live band, consisting of Chris Vrenna (drums, percussion and keyboard), Clint Walsh (guitar and keyboard), William Faith (bass guitar) and Nick Young (vocals)  They performed everything live (i e , no pre-recorded tape), although they did have to alter some of their songs to fit the live format — the most extreme case being a completely revamped rock version of "Microsize Boy"   The final performance on the tour was at QuakeCon 2005 in Dallas, TX 

Official members
Chris Vrenna
Clint Walsh

Discography
Studio albums
The Attraction to All Things Uncertain (September 18, 2001)
2 a m  Wakeup Call (April 20, 2004)
Call the Time Eternity (October 23, 2012)

Remix albums
And Then There's Nothing (November 26, 2013)

EPs
Linoleum (August 21, 2001)

Singles
Linoleum (2001)
Xiaolin Showdown (2003)
The Steel Box (2019)



ground_truth: Vienna