prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: The actor that plays Phileas Fogg in "Around the World in 80 Days", co-starred with Gary Cooper in a 1939 Goldwyn Productions film based on a novel by what author?

The following are given passages.
Context 1: Passage 1:
The Real Glory
The Real Glory is a 1939 Samuel Goldwyn Productions adventure film starring Gary Cooper, David Niven, Andrea Leeds and Broderick Crawford released by United Artists in the weeks immediately following Nazi Germany's invasion of Poland  Based on a 1937 novel of the same name by Charles L  Clifford and directed by Henry Hathaway, the film is set against the backdrop of the Moro Rebellion during the American occupation of the Philippines at the beginning of the 20th century  According to The World news broadcast on Aug 18, 2017, the US War Department withdrew the film in 1942  The Moros were US allies in World War II, and the film had inflammatory scenes including threatening a Muslim prisoner with burial wrapped in a pig skin 

Plot
In 1906, Alipang (Tetsu Komai) and his Muslim Moro guerrillas are terrorizing the people of the Philippine island of Mindanao, raiding villages, killing the men, and carrying off the women and children for slaves  Instead of maintaining garrisons indefinitely to protect the Filipinos, the U S  army tests out a new tactic at Fort Mysang  The army detachment is replaced by a handful of officers – Colonel Hatch (Roy Gordon), Captains Manning (Russell Hicks) and Hartley (Reginald Owen), and Lieutenants McCool (David Niven) and Larsen (Broderick Crawford) – who are to train the native Philippine Constabulary to take over the burden  Army doctor Lieutenant Canavan (Gary Cooper) is sent along to keep them healthy  They are welcomed by a skeptical Padre Rafael (Charles Waldron) 
Alipang starts sending fanatical juramentados to assassinate the officers and goad them into attacking before the natives are fully trained  Hatch is the first victim, leaving Manning to take command  Manning's wife (Kay Johnson) and Hartley's daughter Linda (Andrea Leeds) arrive for a visit at the worst possible time; a horrified Mrs  Manning witnesses her husband's murder  Hartley takes charge, but Canavan disagrees with his by-the-book, overcautious approach  Disobeying orders, Canavan sets out for Alipang's camp guided by Miguel (Benny Inocencio), a young Moro boy he has befriended  "Mike" (as Canavan calls him) infiltrates the camp and learns that Alipang has sent another assassin, this time for Hartley  Canavan and Mike intercept the man and take him back a prisoner 
Linda and Canavan fall in love, much to the disappointment of McCool and Larsen  When Hartley insists she leave Mysang with Mrs  Manning, she refuses and helps out at the hospital 
Alipang then dams the river on which the villagers depend  Hartley refuses to send a detachment into the jungle to blow it up (he is concealing the fact that he is slowly going blind from an old head wound)  The people have to rely on an old well, but the contaminated water causes a cholera epidemic  Finally, Hartley has no choice but to send Larsen and some men to destroy the dam  They do not return 
The Datu (Vladimir Sokoloff), a supposedly friendly Moro leader, offers to guide Hartley and his men to the dam, but he is actually leading them into an ambush  Canavan learns of the Datu's treachery from Mike, the sole survivor of Larsen's detachment, and races to warn Hartley  Canavan forces the Datu to take him to the dam  The Datu is killed in a booby trap, but Canavan manages to dynamite the dam anyway  Then, he and the men raft back to the village, which is under attack by Alipang's men 
McCool is killed leading the defense, but Canavan and the rest return in time to turn the tide  Alipang is killed by Filipino Lieutenant Yabo (Rudy Robles)  Their mission accomplished, the Hartleys and Canavan depart, leaving the village in Yabo's care 

Cast
Gary Cooper as Dr  Bill Canavan
David Niven as Lieutenant Terence McCool
Andrea Leeds as Linda Hartley
Reginald Owen as Captain Steve Hartley
Broderick Crawford as Lieutenant Larsen  Crawford was cast against type as a good-natured orchid fancier 
Kay Johnson as Mrs  Mabel Manning
Russell Hicks as Captain George Manning
Vladimir Sokoloff as the Datu
Benny Inocencio as Miguel (Mike)
Charles Waldron as Padre Rafael
Rudy Robles as Lieutenant Yabo
Tetsu Komai as Alipang
Roy Gordon as Colonel Hatch
Henry Kolker as the General
Elvira Ríos as Mrs  Yabo (uncredited)

Production
Sam Goldwyn bought the screen rights to Charles Clifford's story on 28 October 1936  It was unsure who the star would be – possibilities included Joel McCrea and Gary Cooper, who both had deals with Goldwyn – but Walter Brennan was announced as the second lead  Goldwyn sought a meeting with Philippines President Quezon to get his government's co operation to make the film  Goldwyn wanted to make the film in color In June 1938 Goldwyn signed a contract with Paramount to borrow director Henry Hathaway for three films, the first of which was to be The Real Glory  Goldwyn assigned Gary Cooper to star as he and Hathaway had successfully made Lives of a Bengal Lancer (1935) together  The film was also known as The Last Frontier  Cooper was placed under exclusive contract to Goldwyn Filming took place in April 1939  There were considerable troubles finding and managing the Filipino extras  Reginald Owen replaced Donald Crisp 
The Philippine government reportedly requested changes to the film, due to the depiction of Philippine soldiers as cowards, which were denied  However the government later said they made no such suggestions 

Burial in a pig skin
In one scene Padre Rafael tells Dr  Canavan that the Moros are afraid of burial in a pig skin  In a later scene Dr  Canavan threatens Moro prisoner with this, and a pig skin is laid on the ground in front of the prisoner  This episode echoes a report in General Pershing's memoir My Life Before the World War that a Muslim fighter had been "publicly buried in the same grave with a dead pig"  There is a related, but widely discredited, claim that Pershing had threatened to execute Muslim Moro prisoners with bullets dipped in pigs' blood  The historian Brian M  Linn wrote that it was unlikely that Pershing was involved in or had ordered others to commit religiously insulting acts, and that the episode in The Real Glory had probably fuelled the myth  This claim concerning bullets dipped in pigs' blood was referred to by Donald Trump in a presidential campaign speech in February 2016 and in a tweet following the terrorist attacks in Barcelona on August 17, 2017  On the other hand, evidence from Rear Admiral Danial P  Maddox, 3rd supports the claim of the Americans burying Moros in pigskins 

Notes and references
Notes
Passage 2:
Jay Sheffield
Jay Howard Sheffield (September 25, 1934 – June 25, 1998) was an American actor, who appeared on the stage, in films, and on television  He married Barbara Babcock on June 9, 1962, in San Mateo, California  They later divorced 
Sheffield played Pvt  Langellia in the 1960 Off-Broadway production of Paths of Glory  In 1963 Sheffield played Phileas Fogg III in The Three Stooges Go Around the World in a Daze He played Ezel in the May 31, 1964 Oh, My Aching Antenna episode of My Favorite Martian  From September 1965 to July 1966 he played Steven Brent on the ABC television series Tammy   He was also in Tammy and the Millionaire (1967), a film made from four episodes of the show Sheffield was in numerous episodes of Hogan's Heroes, including How to Escape From a Prison Camp Without Really trying (March 2, 1968, played Corporal), How to Catch a Papa Bear (October 12, 1968, played Gestapo Officer), and Never Play Cards With Strangers (November 9, 1968, played Captain Moss) 
Passage 3:
David Niven
James David Graham Niven (; 1 March 1910 – 29 July 1983) was a British actor, soldier, memoirist, and novelist  Niven was known as a handsome and debonair leading man in Classic Hollywood films  He received an Academy Award and a Golden Globe Award 
Born in London, Niven attended Heatherdown Preparatory School and Stowe School before gaining a place at the Royal Military College, Sandhurst  After Sandhurst, he joined the British Army and was commissioned as a second lieutenant in the Highland Light Infantry  Upon developing an interest in acting, he found a role as an extra in the British film There Goes the Bride (1932)  Bored with the peacetime army, he resigned his commission in 1933, relocated to New York, then travelled to Hollywood  There, he hired an agent and had several small parts in films through 1935, including a non-speaking role in Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer's Mutiny on the Bounty (1935)  This helped him gain a contract with Samuel Goldwyn 
Parts, initially small, in major motion pictures followed, including Dodsworth (1936), The Charge of the Light Brigade (1936), and The Prisoner of Zenda (1937)  By 1938, he was starring as a leading man in films such as Wuthering Heights (1939)  Upon the outbreak of the Second World War, Niven returned to Britain and rejoined the army, being recommissioned as a lieutenant  In 1942, he co-starred in the morale-building film about the development of the Supermarine Spitfire fighter, The First of the Few (1942) 
He went on to receive the Academy Award for Best Actor for his role in Separate Tables (1958)  Other notable films during this time period include A Matter of Life and Death (1946), The Bishop's Wife (1947), Enchantment (1948), The Elusive Pimpernel (1950), The Moon Is Blue (1953), Around the World in 80 Days (1956), My Man Godfrey (1957), The Guns of Navarone (1961), Murder by Death (1976), and Death on the Nile (1978)  He also earned acclaim and notoriety playing Sir Charles Lytton in The Pink Panther (1963) and James Bond in Casino Royale (1967) 

Early life and family
James David Graham Niven was born on 1 March 1910 at Belgrave Mansions, Grosvenor Gardens, London, to William Edward Graham Niven (1878–1915) and his wife, Henrietta Julia (née Degacher) Niven (1878–1932)  He was named David after his birth on St David's Day  Niven later claimed he was born in Kirriemuir, in the Scottish county of Angus in 1909, but his birth certificate disproves this  He had two older sisters and a brother: Margaret Joyce Niven (1900–1981), Henry Degacher Niven (1902–1953), and the sculptor Grizel Rosemary Graham (1906–2007), who created the bronze sculpture Bessie that is presented to the annual winners of the Women's Prize for Fiction 
Niven's father, William Niven, was of Scottish descent; he was killed in the First World War serving with the Berkshire Yeomanry during the Gallipoli campaign on 21 August 1915   He is buried in Green Hill Cemetery, Turkey, in the Special Memorial Section in Plot F  10   Niven's paternal great grandfather and namesake, David Graham Niven, (1811–1884) was from St Martin's, a village in Perthshire  A physician, he married in Worcestershire, and lived in Pershore 
Niven's mother, Henriette, was born in Brecon, Wales  Her father was Captain (brevet Major) William Degacher (1841–1879) of the 1st Battalion, 24th Regiment of Foot, who was killed at the Battle of Isandlwana during the Anglo-Zulu War in 1879  Although born William Hitchcock, in 1874, he and his older brother Lieutenant Colonel Henry Degacher (1835–1902), both followed their father, Walter Henry Hitchcock, in taking their mother's maiden name of Degacher  Henriette's mother was Julia Caroline Smith, the daughter of Lieutenant General James Webber Smith CB 
After her husband's death in Turkey in 1915, Henrietta Niven remarried in London in 1917 to Conservative politician Sir Thomas Comyn-Platt (1869–1961)  The family moved to Rose Cottage in Bembridge on the Isle of Wight after selling their London home  In his 1971 biography, The Moon's a Balloon, Niven wrote fondly of his childhood home:

It became necessary for the house in London to be sold and our permanent address was now as advertised — a cottage which had a reputation for unreliability  When the East wind blew, the front door got stuck and when the West wind blew, the back door could not be opened – only the combined weight of the family seemed to keep it anchored to the ground  I adored it and was happier there than I had ever been, especially because, with a rare flash of genius, my mother decided that during the holidays she would be alone with her children  Uncle Tommy was barred – I don't know where he went – to the Carlton Club I suppose 
Literary editor and biographer, Graham Lord, wrote in Niv: The Authorised Biography of David Niven, that Comyn-Platt and Niven's mother may have been in an affair well before her husband's death in 1915 and that Comyn-Platt was actually Niven's biological father, a supposition that had some support among Niven's siblings  In a review of Lord's book, Hugh Massingberd from The Spectator stated photographic evidence did show a strong physical resemblance between Niven and Comyn-Platt that "would appear to confirm these theories, though photographs can often be misleading " Niven is said to have revealed that he knew Comyn-Platt was his real father a year before his own death in 1983 After his mother remarried, Niven's stepfather had him sent away to boarding school  In The Moon's a Balloon, Niven described the bullying, isolation, and abuse he endured as a six-year-old  He said that older pupils would regularly assault younger boys, while the schoolmasters were not much better  Niven wrote of one sadistic teacher:

Mr Croome, when he tired of pulling ears halfway out of our heads (I still have one that sticks out almost at right-angles thanks to this son of a bitch) and delivering, for the smallest mistake in Latin declension, backhanded slaps that knocked one off one's bench, delighted in saying, 'Show me the hand that wrote this' — then bringing down the sharp edge of a heavy ruler across the offending wrist 
Years later, after joining the British Army, a vengeful Niven decided to return to the boarding school to pay a call on Mr Croome but he found the place abandoned and empty While attending school – as was customary for the time – Niven received many instances of corporal punishment owing to his inclination for pranks  It was this behaviour that finally led to his expulsion from his next school, Heatherdown Preparatory School, at the age of 10½  This ended his chances for Eton College, a significant blow to his family  After failing to pass the naval entrance exam because of his difficulty with maths, Niven attended Stowe School, a newly created public school led by headmaster J  F  Roxburgh, who was unlike any of Niven's previous headmasters  Thoughtful and kind, he addressed the boys by their first names, allowed them bicycles, and encouraged and nurtured their personal interests  Niven later wrote, "How he did this, I shall never know, but he made every single boy at that school feel that what he said and what he did were of real importance to the headmaster "In 1928, an 18-year-old Niven had sex with 15-year-old Margaret Whigham (the future socialite and Duchess of Argyll) while she was on holiday in Bembridge  To the fury of her father, Niven got Whigham pregnant  She was rushed into a London nursing home for a secret termination  "All hell broke loose," remembered  Elizabeth Duckworth, the family cook  Whigham adored Niven until the day he died  She was among the VIP guests at his London memorial service 

Military service
In 1928, Niven attended the Royal Military College, Sandhurst  He graduated in 1930 with a commission as a second lieutenant in the British Army He did well at Sandhurst, which gave him the "officer and gentleman" bearing that was his trademark  He requested assignment to the Argyll and Sutherland Highlanders or the Black Watch (Royal Highland Regiment), then jokingly wrote on the form, as his third choice, "anything but the Highland Light Infantry" (because that regiment wore tartan trews rather than the kilt)  He was assigned to the HLI, with which he served for two years in Malta and then for a few months in Dover  In Malta, he became friends with the maverick Mike Trubshawe, and served under Roy Urquhart, future commander of the British 1st Airborne Division  On 21 October 1956, in an episode of the game show What's My Line?, Niven, as a member of the celebrity panel, was reacquainted with one of his former enlisted men  Alexander McGeachin was a guest and when his turn in the questioning came up, Niven asked, "Were you in a famous British regiment on Malta?" After McGeachin affirmed that he was, Niven quipped, "Did you have the misfortune to have me as your officer?" At that point, Niven had a brief but pleasant reunion Niven grew tired of the peacetime army  Though promoted to lieutenant on 1 January 1933, he saw no opportunity for further advancement  His ultimate decision to resign came after a lengthy lecture on machine guns, which was interfering with his plans for dinner with a particularly attractive young lady  At the end of the lecture, the speaker (a major general) asked if there were any questions  Showing the typical rebelliousness of his early years, Niven asked, "Could you tell me the time, sir? I have to catch a train "After being placed under close-arrest for this act of insubordination, Niven finished a bottle of whisky with the officer who was guarding him: Rhoddy Rose (later Colonel R  L  C  Rose, DSO, MC)  With Rose's assistance, Niven was allowed to escape from a first-floor window  He then headed for America  While crossing the Atlantic, Niven resigned his commission by telegram on 6 September 1933  In New York City, Niven began a brief and unsuccessful career in whisky sales, followed by a stint in horse rodeo promotion in Atlantic City, New Jersey  After detours to Bermuda and Cuba, he arrived in Hollywood in 1934 

Film career
1935–1938: Early roles
When Niven presented himself at Central Casting, he learned that he needed a work permit to reside and work in the United States  As this required leaving the US, he went to Mexico, where he worked as a "gun-man", cleaning and polishing the rifles of visiting American hunters  He received his resident alien visa from the American consulate when his birth certificate arrived from Britain  He returned to the US and was accepted by Central Casting as "Anglo-Saxon Type No  2,008 " Among the initial films in which he can be seen are Barbary Coast (1935) and Mutiny on the Bounty (1935)  He secured a small role in A Feather in Her Hat (1935) at Columbia before returning to Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer for a bit role, billed as David Nivens, in Rose Marie (1936) 
Niven's role in Mutiny on the Bounty brought him to the attention of independent film producer Samuel Goldwyn, who signed him to a contract and established his career  For Goldwyn, Niven again had a small role in Splendor (1935)  He was lent to MGM for a minor part in Rose Marie (1936), then a larger one in Palm Springs (1936) at Paramount  His first sizeable role for Goldwyn came in Dodsworth (1936), playing a man who flirts with Ruth Chatterton  In that same year he was again loaned out, to 20th Century Fox to play Bertie Wooster in Thank You, Jeeves! (1936), before finally landing a sizeable role as a soldier in The Charge of the Light Brigade (1936) at Warners, an Imperial adventure film starring his housemate at the time, Errol Flynn  Niven was fourth billed in Beloved Enemy (1936) for Goldwyn, supporting Merle Oberon with whom he became romantically involved  Universal used him in We Have Our Moments (1937) and he had another good supporting role in David O  Selznick's The Prisoner of Zenda (1937) 

1938–1939: Leading man
Fox Studios gave him the lead in a B picture, Dinner at the Ritz (1938) and he again had a supporting role in Bluebeard's Eighth Wife (1938) directed by Ernst Lubitsch at Paramount  Niven was one of the four heroes in John Ford's Four Men and a Prayer (1938), also with Fox  He remained with Fox to play the part of a fake love interest in Three Blind Mice (1938)  Niven joined what became known as the Hollywood Raj, a group of British actors in Hollywood which included Rex Harrison, Boris Karloff, Stan Laurel, Basil Rathbone, Ronald Colman, Leslie Howard, and C  Aubrey Smith  According to his autobiography, Errol Flynn and he were firm friends and rented Rosalind Russell's house at 601 North Linden Drive as a bachelor pad 
Niven graduated to star parts in "A" films with The Dawn Patrol (1938) remake at Warners; although he was billed below Errol Flynn and Basil Rathbone, it was a leading role and the film did excellent business  Niven was reluctant to take a supporting part in Wuthering Heights (1939) for Goldwyn, but eventually relented and the film was a big success  RKO borrowed him to play Ginger Rogers' leading man in the romantic comedy Bachelor Mother (1939), which was another big hit  Goldwyn used him to support Gary Cooper in the adventure tale The Real Glory (1939), and Walter Wanger cast him opposite Loretta Young in Eternally Yours (1939)  Finally, Goldwyn granted Niven a lead part, the title role as the eponymous gentleman safe-cracker in Raffles (1939) 

1939–1945: Second World War
The day after Britain declared war on Germany in 1939, Niven returned home and rejoined the British Army  He was alone among British stars in Hollywood in doing so; the British Embassy advised most actors to stay Niven was recommissioned as a lieutenant in the Rifle Brigade (Prince Consort's Own) on 25 February 1940, and was assigned to a motor training battalion  He wanted something more exciting, however, and transferred to the Commandos  He was assigned to a training base at Inverailort House in the Western Highlands  Niven later claimed credit for bringing future Major General Sir Robert Laycock to the Commandos  Niven commanded "A" Squadron GHQ Liaison Regiment, better known as "Phantom"  He was promoted to war-substantive captain on 18 August 1941 

Niven also worked with the Army Film and Photographic Unit  His work included a small part in the deception operation that used minor actor M  E  Clifton James to impersonate General Sir Bernard Montgomery  During his work with the AFPU, Peter Ustinov, one of the script-writers, had to pose as Niven's batman  Niven explained in his autobiography that there was no military way that he, a lieutenant-colonel, and Ustinov, who was only a private, could associate, other than as an officer and his subordinate, hence their strange "act"  In 1978, Niven and Ustinov would star together in a film adaption of Agatha Christie's Death on the Nile 
He acted in two wartime films not formally associated with the AFPU, but both made with a firm view to winning support for the British war effort, especially in the United States  These were The First of the Few (1942), directed by Leslie Howard, and The Way Ahead (1944), directed by Carol Reed  Ustinov also played a large supporting role as a Frenchman in The Way Ahead 
Niven was also given a significant if largely unheralded role in the creation of SHAEF's military radio efforts conceived to provide entertainment to American, British and Canadian forces in England and Europe  In 1944 he worked extensively with the BBC and SHAEF to expand these broadcast efforts  He also worked extensively with Major Glenn Miller, whose Army Air Force big band, formed in the US, was performing and broadcasting for troops in England  Niven played a role in the operation to move the Miller band to France prior to Miller's December 1944 disappearance while flying over the English Channel 
On 14 March 1944, Niven was promoted war-substantive major (temporary lieutenant-colonel)  He took part in the Allied invasion of Normandy in June 1944, although he was sent to France several days after D-Day  He served in "Phantom", a secret reconnaissance and signals unit which located and reported enemy positions, and kept rear commanders informed on changing battle lines  Niven was posted at one time to Chilham in Kent  He spoke little about his experience in the war, despite public interest in celebrities in combat and a reputation for storytelling  He once said:

I will, however, tell you just one thing about the war, my first story and my last  I was asked by some American friends to search out the grave of their son near Bastogne  I found it where they told me I would, but it was among 27,000 others, and I told myself that here, Niven, were 27,000 reasons why you should keep your mouth shut after the war 

Niven had particular scorn for those newspaper columnists covering the war who typed out self-glorifying and excessively florid prose about their meagre wartime experiences  Niven stated, "Anyone who says a bullet sings past, hums past, flies, pings, or whines past, has never heard one – they go crack!" He gave a few details of his war experience in his autobiography, The Moon's a Balloon: his private conversations with Winston Churchill, the bombing of London, and what it was like entering Germany with the occupation forces  Niven first met Churchill at a dinner party in February 1940  Churchill singled him out from the crowd and stated, "Young man, you did a fine thing to give up your film career to fight for your country  Mark you, had you not done so – it would have been despicable "A few stories have surfaced  About to lead his men into action, Niven eased their nervousness by telling them, "Look, you chaps only have to do this once  But I'll have to do it all over again in Hollywood with Errol Flynn!" Asked by suspicious American sentries during the Battle of the Bulge who had won the World Series in 1943, he answered, "Haven't the foggiest idea, but I did co-star with Ginger Rogers in Bachelor Mother!"Niven ended the war as a lieutenant-colonel  On his return to Hollywood after the war, he received the Legion of Merit, an American military decoration  It honoured Niven's work in setting up the BBC Allied Expeditionary Forces Programme, a radio news and entertainment station for the Allied forces 

1946–1950: Postwar career
Niven resumed his career while still in England, playing the lead in A Matter of Life and Death (1946), from the team of Powell and Pressburger  The movie was critically acclaimed, popular in England and was selected as the first Royal Film Performance  Niven returned to Hollywood and encountered tragedy when his first wife died after falling down a flight of stairs at a party  Goldwyn lent him to play Aaron Burr in Magnificent Doll (1946) opposite Ginger Rogers, then to Paramount for The Perfect Marriage (1947) with Loretta Young and Enterprise Productions for The Other Love (1947)  For Goldwyn he supported Cary Grant and Young in The Bishop's Wife (1947)  He returned to England when Goldwyn lent him to Alexander Korda to play the title role in Bonnie Prince Charlie (1948), a notorious box office flop  Back in Hollywood Niven was in Goldwyn's Enchantment (1948) with Teresa Wright  At Warner Bros he was in a comedy A Kiss in the Dark (1948) with Jane Wyman, then he appeared opposite Shirley Temple in the comedy A Kiss for Corliss (1949)  None of these films was successful at the box office and Niven's career was struggling 
He returned to Britain to play the title role in The Elusive Pimpernel (1950) from Powell and Pressberger, which was to have been financed by Korda and Goldwyn  Goldwyn pulled out and the film did not appear in the US for three years  Niven had a long, complex relationship with Goldwyn, who gave him his first start, but the dispute over The Elusive Pimpernel and Niven's demands for more money led to a long estrangement between the two in the 1950s 

1951–1964: Renewed acclaim
Niven struggled for a while to recapture his former position  He supported Mario Lanza in a musical at MGM, The Toast of New Orleans (1950)  He then went to England and appeared in a musical with Vera-Ellen, Happy Go Lovely (1951); it was little seen in the US but was a big hit in Britain  He had a support role in MGM's Soldiers Three (1951) similar to those early in his career  Niven had a far better part in the British war film Appointment with Venus (1952), which was popular in England  The Lady Says No (1952) was a poorly received American comedy at the time  Niven decided to try Broadway, appearing opposite Gloria Swanson in Nina (1951–52)  The play ran for only 45 performances but it was seen by Otto Preminger, who decided to cast Niven in the film version of the play The Moon Is Blue (1953)  As preparation Preminger, who had directed the play in New York, insisted that Niven appear on stage in the West Coast run  The Moon Is Blue, a sex comedy, became notorious when it was released without a Production Code Seal of Approval; it was a big hit and Niven won a Golden Globe Award for his role  Niven's next few films were made in England: The Love Lottery (1954), a comedy; Carrington V C  (1954), a drama that earned Niven a BAFTA nomination for Best Actor; Happy Ever After (1954), a comedy with Yvonne de Carlo, which was hugely popular in Britain  In Hollywood, he had a thankless role as the villain in an MGM swashbuckler The King's Thief (1955)  He had a better part in The Birds and the Bees (1956), portraying a conman in a remake of The Lady Eve (1941), in which Niven played a third-billed supporting role under American television comedian George Gobel and leading lady Mitzi Gaynor  Niven also appeared in the British romantic comedy The Silken Affair (1956) with Geneviève Page the same year 
Niven's professional fortunes were completely restored when cast as Phileas Fogg in Around the World in 80 Days (1956), a huge hit at the box office  It also won the Academy Award for Best Picture  He followed it with Oh, Men! Oh, Women! (1957); The Little Hut (1957), from the writer of The Moon is Blue and a success at the box office; My Man Godfrey (1957), a screwball comedy; and Bonjour Tristesse (1958), for Preminger  Niven worked in television  He appeared several times on various short-drama shows and was one of the "four stars" of the dramatic anthology series Four Star Playhouse, appearing in 33 episodes  The show was produced by Four Star Television, which was co-owned and founded by Niven, Ida Lupino, Dick Powell and Charles Boyer  The show ended in 1955, but Four Star TV became a highly successful TV production company 

Niven is the only person to win an Academy Award at the ceremony he was hosting  He won the 1958 Academy Award for Best Actor for his role as Major Pollock in Separate Tables, his only nomination for an Oscar  Appearing on-screen for only 23 minutes in the film, this is the briefest performance ever to win a Best Actor Oscar  He was also a co-host of the 30th, 31st, and 46th Academy Awards ceremonies  After Niven had won the Academy Award, Goldwyn called with an invitation to his home  In Goldwyn's drawing-room, Niven noticed a picture of himself in uniform which he had sent to Goldwyn from Britain during the Second World War  In happier times with Goldwyn, he had observed this same picture sitting on Goldwyn's piano  Now years later, the picture was still in exactly the same spot  As he was looking at the picture, Goldwyn's wife Frances said, "Sam never took it down " With an Academy Award to his credit, Niven's career continued to thrive  In 1959, he became the host of his own TV drama series, The David Niven Show, which ran for 13 episodes that summer  He played the lead in some comedies: Ask Any Girl (1959), with Shirley MacLaine; Happy Anniversary (1959) with Mitzi Gaynor; and Please Don't Eat the Daisies (1960) with Doris Day, a big hit 

Even more popular was the action film The Guns of Navarone (1961) with Gregory Peck and Anthony Quinn  This role led to him being cast in further war and/or action movies: The Captive City (1962); The Best of Enemies (1962); Guns of Darkness (1962); 55 Days at Peking (1963) with Charlton Heston and Ava Gardner  Niven returned to comedy with The Pink Panther (1963) also starring Peter Sellers, another huge success at the box office  Less so was the comedy Bedtime Story (1964) with Marlon Brando  In 1964, Charles Boyer, Gig Young and top-billed Niven appeared in the Four Star series The Rogues  Niven played Alexander 'Alec' Fleming, one of a family of retired con-artists who now fleece villains in the interests of justice  This was his only recurring role on television, and the series was originally set up to more or less revolve between the three leads in various combinations (one-lead, two-lead and three-lead episodes), although the least otherwise busy Gig Young wound up carrying most of the series  The Rogues ran for only one season, but won a Golden Globe award and currently remains a cult favourite 

1965–1982: Later films
In 1965, he made two films for MGM: the Peter Ustinov-directed Lady L, supporting Paul Newman and Sophia Loren, and Where the Spies Are, as a doctor-turned-secret agent – MGM hoped it would lead to a series, but this did not happen  After the horror film Eye of the Devil (1966), Niven appeared as James Bond in Casino Royale (1967), and is, with the exception of Sean Connery in Never Say Never Again, the only other man to ever portray Bond in a non-Eon Productions film  Niven had been Bond creator Ian Fleming's first choice to play Bond in Dr  No  Casino Royale co-producer Charles K  Feldman said later that Fleming had written the book with Niven in mind, and therefore had sent a copy to Niven  Niven was the only actor who played James Bond mentioned by name in the text of a Fleming novel  In chapter 14 of You Only Live Twice, the pearl diver Kissy Suzuki refers to Niven as "the only man she liked in Hollywood", and the only person who "treated her honourably" there 
Niven made some popular comedies, Prudence and the Pill (1968) and The Impossible Years (1968)  Less widely seen was The Extraordinary Seaman (1969)  The Brain (1969), a French comedy with Bourvil and Jean-Paul Belmondo, was the most popular film at the French box office in 1969 but was not widely seen in English-speaking countries  He did a war drama Before Winter Comes (1969) then returned to comedy in The Statue (1971)  Niven was in demand throughout the last decade of his life: King, Queen, Knave (1972); Vampira (1974); Paper Tiger (1975); No Deposit, No Return (1976), a Disney comedy; Candleshoe (1977), one of several stars in a popular comedy; Murder By Death (1976), Death on the Nile (1978), one of many stars and another hit; A Nightingale Sang in Berkeley Square (1979); Escape to Athena (1979), produced by his son; Rough Cut (1980), supporting Burt Reynolds; and The Sea Wolves (1980), a wartime adventure film 
In 1974, while Niven was co-hosting the 46th Annual Oscars ceremony, a naked man (Robert Opel) appeared behind him, "streaking" across the stage  In what instantly became a live-TV classic moment, Niven responded "Isn't it fascinating to think that probably the only laugh that man will ever get in his life is by stripping off and showing his shortcomings?"  That same year, he hosted David Niven's World for London Weekend Television, which profiled contemporary adventurers such as hang gliders, motorcyclists, and mountain climbers: it ran for 21 episodes  In 1975, he narrated The Remarkable Rocket, a short animation based on a story by Oscar Wilde  Niven's last sizeable film part was in Better Late Than Never (1983)  In July 1982, Blake Edwards brought Niven back for cameo appearances in two final "Pink Panther" films (Trail of the Pink Panther and Curse of the Pink Panther), reprising his role as Sir Charles Lytton  By this time, Niven was having serious health problems  When the raw footage was reviewed, his voice was inaudible, and his lines had to be dubbed by Rich Little  Niven only learned of it from a newspaper report  This was his last film appearance 

Writing
Niven wrote four books  The first, Round the Rugged Rocks (published simultaneously in the US under the title Once Over Lightly), was a novel that appeared in 1951 and was forgotten almost at once  The plot was plainly autobiographical (although not recognised as such at the time of publication), involving a young soldier, John Hamilton, who leaves the British Army, becomes a liquor salesman in New York, is involved in indoor horse racing, goes to Hollywood, becomes a deckhand on a fishing boat, and finally ends up as a highly successful film star 
In 1971, he published his autobiography, The Moon's a Balloon, which was well received, selling over five million copies  He followed this with Bring On the Empty Horses in 1975, a collection of entertaining reminiscences from the Golden Age of Hollywood in the 1930s and 1940s  As more of a raconteur rather than an accurate memoirist, it seems that Niven recounted many incidents from a first-person perspective that actually happened to other people, among them Cary Grant  This liberal borrowing and embroidering of his personal history was also said to be the reason why he persistently refused to appear on This Is Your Life  Niven's penchant for exaggeration and embroidery is particularly apparent when comparing his written descriptions of his early film appearances (especially Barbary Coast and A Feather in her Hat), and his Oscar acceptance speech, with the actual filmed evidence  In all three examples, the reality is significantly different from Niven's heavily fictionalised accounts as presented in The Moon's a Balloon and related in various chat show appearances 
In 1981 Niven published a second and much more successful novel, Go Slowly, Come Back Quickly, which was set during and after the Second World War, and which drew on his experiences during the war and in Hollywood  He was working on a third novel at the time of his death 

Personal life
While on leave in 1940, Niven met Primula "Primmie" Susan Rollo (18 February 1918 – 21 May 1946), the daughter of London lawyer William H C  Rollo  After a whirlwind romance, they married on 16 September 1940  A son, David, Jr , was born in December 1942 and a second son, James Graham Niven, on 6 November 1945  Primmie died at the age of 28, only six weeks after the family moved to the US  She fractured her skull in a fall in the Beverly Hills, California home of Tyrone Power, while playing a game of sardines  She had walked through a door believing it to be a closet, but instead, it led to a stone staircase to the basement In 1948, Niven met and married Hjördis Paulina Tersmeden (née Genberg, 1919–1997), a divorced Swedish fashion model  He recounted their meeting:

I had never seen anything so beautiful in my life – tall, slim, auburn hair, up-tilted nose, lovely mouth and the most enormous grey eyes I had ever seen  It really happened the way it does when written by the worst lady novelists     I goggled  I had difficulty swallowing and had champagne in my knees 
In 1960, Niven bought a chalet in Château-d'Œx near Gstaad in Switzerland for financial reasons, living near expatriate friends that included Deborah Kerr, Peter Ustinov, and Noël Coward  It is believed by some that Niven's choice to become a tax exile may have been one reason why he never received a British honour  However, Kerr, Ustinov, and Coward were all honoured  A 2009 biography of Niven contained assertions that he had an affair with Princess Margaret, who was 20 years his junior  He also became close friends with William F  Buckley and his wife Pat; Buckley wrote a memorial tribute to him in Miles Gone By (2004) 
Niven divided his time in the 1960s and 1970s between his chalet in Château-d'Œx and Cap Ferrat on the Côte d'Azur in the south of France 

Death and legacy
In 1980 Niven began experiencing fatigue, muscle weakness and a warble in his voice  His 1981 interviews on the talk shows of Michael Parkinson and Merv Griffin alarmed family and friends; viewers wondered if Niven had either been drinking or suffered a stroke  He blamed his slightly slurred voice on the shooting schedule of the film he had been making, Better Late Than Never  He was diagnosed with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS, also known in the United States as "Lou Gehrig's disease") later that year  His final appearance in Hollywood was hosting the 1981 American Film Institute tribute to Fred Astaire 
In February 1983, using a false name to avoid publicity, Niven was hospitalised for 10 days, ostensibly for a digestive problem  Afterwards he returned to his chalet at Château-d'Œx  Though his condition continued to worsen he refused to return to the hospital, a decision supported by his family  He died at his chalet on 29 July, aged 73  Niven was buried on 2 August 1983 in the local cemetery of Château-d'Œx A Thanksgiving service for Niven was held at St Martin-in-the-Fields, London, on 27 October 1983  The congregation of 1,200 included Prince Michael of Kent, Margaret, Duchess of Argyll, Sir John Mills, Sir Richard Attenborough, Trevor Howard, David Frost, Joanna Lumley, Douglas Fairbanks, Jr  and Lord Olivier  Biographer Graham Lord wrote, "the biggest wreath, worthy of a Mafia Godfather's funeral, was delivered from the porters at London's Heathrow Airport, along with a card that read: 'To the finest gentleman who ever walked through these halls  He made a porter feel like a king '"In 1985, Niven was included in a series of British postage stamps, along with Sir Alfred Hitchcock, Sir Charles Chaplin, Peter Sellers and Vivien Leigh, to commemorate "British Film Year"  Niven's countenance appears to have been used as inspiration for the character and puppet of Commander Norman in the Thunderbirds franchise, as well as for Sinestro, the DC Comics supervillain in Green Lantern comic books and film 

Niven's Bonjour Tristesse co-star, Mylène Demongeot, declared about him, in a 2015 filmed interview:"He was like a Lord, he was part of those great actors who were extraordinary like Dirk Bogarde, individuals with lots of class, elegance and humour  I only saw David get angry once  Preminger had discharged him for the day but eventually asked to get him  I said, sir, you had discharged him, he left for Deauville to gamble at the casino  So we rented a helicopter so they immediately went and grabbed him  Two hours later, he was back, full of rage  There I saw David lose his British phlegm, his politeness and class  It was royal  [Laughs] "

Acting credits
Accolades
Bibliography
Niven, David (1951)  Round the Rugged Rocks  London: The Cresset Press 
Niven, David (1971)  The Moon's a Balloon  London: Hamish Hamilton  ISBN 0-340-15817-4 
Niven, David (1975)  Bring on the Empty Horses  Hamish Hamilton  ISBN 0-241-89273-2 
Niven, David (1981)  Go Slowly, Come Back Quickly  Hamish Hamilton  ISBN 0-241-10690-7 

Further reading
Lord, Graham (14 December 2004)  NIV: The Authorized Biography of David Niven  Macmillan  ISBN 978-0-312-32863-4 
Morley, Sheridan (5 September 2016)  The Other Side of the Moon: The Life of David Niven  Dean Street Press  ISBN 978-1-911413-63-9 

See also
Biography portal
 Film portal
 United Kingdom portal
Passage 4:
Phileas Fogg snacks
Phileas Fogg Ltd is a company that produces snack products in the United Kingdom that was created in 1982 by Derwent Valley Foods  The brand is named for Phileas Fogg, the protagonist of Jules Verne's Around the World in Eighty Days, and the products are made in Consett, County Durham  When by Derwent Valley Foods was sold in 1993, its products were rebranded but poorly received, leading to a decline in popularity  The brand was relaunched in 2009 

Early years
The Phileas Fogg snack range was launched in 1982 by Derwent Valley Foods, a company founded by Roger McKechnie, Keith Gill, Ray McGhee and John Pike, who invested £67,000 of their own money  The aim was to create a snack targeted to adults and branded with a recognisable character  The range included different flavours "from around the world" such as miniature garlic breads and tortilla chips 

Decline in the 1990s
Between the late 1980s and early 1990s, Phileas Fogg snacks achieved a turnover of more than £30 million  In 1993 the brand was purchased by United Biscuits for £24 million  The four founders left after the sale while United Biscuits made significant changes to the packaging and identity, precipitating a decline in popularity 

2009 relaunch
United Biscuits relaunched the brand in 2009 after research showed a large number of British consumers were still aware of it  As of 2016 the brand is still sold but is now owned by KP Snacks and consists of a much-revised product range 
Passage 5:
Around the World in 80 Days (2004 film)
Around the World in 80 Days is a 2004 American action adventure comedy film based on Jules Verne's 1873 novel of the same name and remake of the movie of the same name of 1956  It stars Jackie Chan, Steve Coogan and Cécile de France  The film is set in the nineteenth century and centers on Phileas Fogg (Coogan), here reimagined as an eccentric inventor, and his efforts to circumnavigate the globe in 80 days  During the trip, he is accompanied by his Chinese valet, Passepartout (Chan)  For comedic reasons, the film intentionally deviated wildly from the novel and included a number of anachronistic elements  With production costs of about $110 million and estimated marketing costs of $30 million, it earned $24 million at the U S  box office and $48 million worldwide, making it a box office failure  It also received generally unfavorable reviews from critics, mainly for lacking similarities of the original book 

Plot
Lau Xing robs the Bank of England and hides in Phileas Fogg's house, giving his name as "Passport   too"  Fogg hears "Passepartout" and hires him as valet  He helps Fogg break the 50-mile-per-hour (80 km/h) speed barrier  
At the Royal Academy of Science, Fogg is insulted by Baron Kelvin  He bets that he can travel around the world in 80 days  If Fogg wins, he will replace Kelvin as Minister of Science  If not, he will be ruined  Fogg and Passepartout take a carriage out of London after a confrontation with corrupt Inspector Fix, hired by Kelvin 
Passepartout and Fogg journey to Paris, where Passepartout must evade General Fang's warriors  Fang wants the jade Buddha previously given to Lord Kelvin but stolen by Passepartout  Pretending to take Fogg to see Thomas Edison, Passepartout leads him to impressionist painting student Monique La Roche  Passepartout fights the warriors while his boss discusses impressionism  The two men and Monique depart in a hot-air balloon, chased by Fang's warriors 
The trio continue their journey by train  However, in Istanbul, they are forced to become guests of Prince Hapi's banquet  Whilst initially hospitable, he soon orders the men to leave while Monique must become his seventh wife  The men convince Hapi to release Monique or they will damage his personal statue of "The Thinker", which is accidentally smashed  With Hapi in pursuit, the three travelers then escape 
Kelvin learns about the bank robbery  He orders the British-colonial authorities in India to arrest both men  Passepartout sees notice of the price on his head and warns his companions  Disguised as women they are attacked by Fang's warriors  Using Inspector Fix and a sextant as weapons, Fogg and Passepartout defeat their assailants and flee to China 
In a Chinese village where Lau Xing had came from, Lanzhou, they are welcomed by Lau's family members  However, they are captured by the Black Scorpions  Recognized, Lau Xing challenges the leader of the group to a fight  At first, he fights alone and is defeated; moments later, he is joined by his fellow "Ten Tigers of Canton" to defeat the Black Scorpions  The jade Buddha is returned to the village temple 
Fogg desires to continue alone, disappointed and feeling used by his companions after finding out that through a picture of Lau and his family members in the village  He travels to San Francisco and is tricked out of his money  He is found destitute by Lau Xing and Monique who have followed him  In the Western desert, they find the Wright brothers who discuss their prototype flying machine  Fogg suggests a few changes, which are eagerly taken 
In New York City, a jubilant crowd prevents them from their ship  A policeman leads them to an ambush in a workshop  The three friends fight Fang and her warriors and win  Though Fogg could have gotten to the boat, he misses it to help Lau Xing  Fogg feels that he has lost, but the other two say that they may still make it if they catch the next ship 
They board an old ship and Fogg builds a plane out of the ship's old wood, promising a new ship to the captain  The ship's crew builds a catapult to launch it  The three fly to London and crash-land at the Royal Academy  Kelvin sends police to hinder them, and the clock strikes noon, ending the wager 
Kelvin proclaims himself the victor  Monique, Fix and other ministers attest to Kelvin's unfair methods  Kelvin insults Queen Victoria who overhears the insult which leads to Kelvin's arrest  She then reveals that she has bet money on Fogg winning and congratulates him for making it back a day early  
Though Lau and Monique are confused, Fogg eventually realizes that they forgot to take the International Date Line into account: they themselves experienced 80 days, but London only experienced 79 days  He ascends the stairs of the academy and kisses Monique, victorious in his bet 

Cast
Johnny Knoxville was initially cast as San Francisco Hobo 

Production
Warner Bros , who owned the rights to the 1956 adaptation, planned their own remake with Stephen Sommers directing and Brendan Fraser starring, after the success of The Mummy  Stan Chervin wrote the script for this utilization of the film  Around the same time, 20th Century Fox and Good Machine were developing their own version with Mark Rosenthal and Lawrence Konner writing the screenplay  Ang Lee and Stephen Herek were considered to direct When Frank Coraci got involved, he went back to read the original novel and watch the 1956 film, where he realized that the story didn't really have a driving lead character  So he decided to rework the plot considerably, which involved giving Phileas Fogg an arc  Coraci's first choice for Fogg was Johnny Depp, but studio executives at the time didn't think Depp in a family movie would ever work (this was before the release of Pirates of the Caribbean: The Curse of the Black Pearl)  Jackie Chan was announced to play Passepartout in June 2002  He was paid about $18 million for the role  After Chan was cast, the filmmakers settled on lesser known character actor Steve Coogan for Fogg  Walden Media was in charge of investing the film while Summit Entertainment handled foreign sales  Paramount Pictures acquired domestic distribution rights, and set a release date for November 21, 2003  However, the studio stepped out at the start of the year, with concerns over the high budget and bankability of the cast Principal photography began on March 13, 2003, in Thailand, followed by a 3-month shoot at Babelsberg Studio in Berlin  Before Disney had picked the film up for distribution, it was one of the highest-budget films produced without a distributor attached 

Music
Soundtrack
"It's Slinky!" – Written by Homer Fesperman and Charles Weasley
"Sehnaz Pesrev
"The Mystery Continues" – Composed by Suma Ograda
"Everybody, All over the World (Join the Celebration)" – Performed by David A  Stewart and Sylvia Young Stage School
"River of Dreams" (Instrumental) – Written by David A  Stewart and Aidan Love
"It's a Small World" – Written by the Sherman Brothers, and performed by Baha Men

Release
Around the World in 80 Days premiered at the El Capitan Theatre in Hollywood, California on June 13, 2004, and was released in theaters on June 16, 2004, by Walt Disney Pictures  It was also released on DVD and VHS on November 2, 2004, by Walt Disney Home Entertainment 

Reception
Critical response
Around the World in 80 Days was met with mixed reviews  Rotten Tomatoes gives the film a 32% approval rating, based on 128 reviews, with an average score of 4 79/10, with the site's consensus stating: "Hit-and-miss family fare that bears only the slightest resemblance to Verne's novel " Metacritic gives the film a weighted score of 49 out of 100, based on reviews from 33 critics, indicating "mixed or average reviews"  Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "B+" on an A+ to F scale The Guardian critic Rob Mackie, criticized it for having little to no resemblance to the novel it is based on  Roger Ebert praised it for its visual style and for being "goofy fun"  Todd McCarthy of Variety wrote: "Takes plenty of liberties with the material and never generates much genuine excitement, but provides an agreeable ride without overloading it with contemporary filmmaking mannerisms "In 2014, the Los Angeles Times listed the film as one of the most expensive box office flops of all time 

Accolades
The film was nominated for two Razzie Awards - Worst Remake or Sequel and Worst Supporting Actor (Arnold Schwarzenegger) 

See also
List of American films of 2004
Around the World in 80 Days (1956 film)
Around the World in Eighty Days (book)
Jackie Chan filmography
Arnold Schwarzenegger filmography
Around the World in 80 Days (2004)
Passage 6:
Jules Verne Trophy
The Jules Verne Trophy is a prize for the fastest circumnavigation of the world by any type of yacht with no restrictions on the size of the crew provided the vessel has registered with the organization and paid an entry fee  A vessel holding the Jules Verne trophy will not necessarily hold the absolute round the world record  The trophy was first awarded to the first yacht which sailed around the world in less than 80 days  The name of the award is a reference to the Jules Verne novel Around the World in Eighty Days in which Phileas Fogg traverses the planet (albeit by railroad and steamboat) in 80 days  The current holder is IDEC Sport skippered by Francis Joyon in 40 days 23 hours 30 minutes 30 seconds 

Route
The Jules Verne Trophy's starting point is defined by an imaginary line between the  Créac'h lighthouse on Ouessant (Ushant) Island, France, and the Lizard Lighthouse, UK  The boats have to circumnavigate the world leaving the capes of Good Hope, Leeuwin, and Horn to port and cross the starting line in the opposite direction 
The starting line is open as of the official ratification of the trophy's rules by the World Sailing Speed Record Council 

Rules
The Jules Verne Trophy is awarded to the challenger who breaks the previous Jules Verne record of the round the world voyage under sail  The winner holds the trophy until such time as his/her record has been bettered  The boats must solely be propelled by natural forces of the wind and of the crew, but the trophy is open to any type of boat with no restrictions  Crew size is not restricted either 
The circumnavigation must be completed non-stop and with no physical outside assistance, although on-shore weather routing is allowed  The challengers must respect certain safety rules 

History
The original idea for this competition has been attributed to Yves Le Cornec in 1985  The rules were defined in 1990  A committee was put in place to guarantee respect of the rules and fairplay  This committee included Peter Blake, Florence Arthaud, Jean-François Coste, Yvon Fauconnier, Gabrie Guilly, Robin Knox-Johnston, Titouan Lamazou, Yves Le Cornec, Bruno Peyron, Olivier de Kersauson, and Didier Ragot 
While the current holder of the trophy, Francis Joyon, also holds the around the world sailing record, this has not always been the case  In 2004 Steve Fossett broke the world record with the catamaran Cheyenne but was not awarded the trophy  According to reports, the trophy organizers requested a higher entrance fee from Fossett than from the other competitors, the difference which he refused to pay  The winner of the trophy that year was Olivier de Kersauson on Geronimo, with a time which was five days slower than Fossett's world record 

Summary of intermediate records
The best passage times are shared between 4 boats:

 Banque Populaire V , designed in 2006, launched in 2008 and renamed "Maxi Spindrift 2" in 2013
 Groupama 3 , designed in 2004, launched in 2006 and renamed  IDEC sport  in 2015
 Macif , designed in 2013, launched in 2015 and since then mainly singlehanded by François Gabart
 fr:Maxi Edmond de Rothschild  designed in 2014, launched in 2017Adding the record times of the various intermediate routes, gives a total record round the world in 36 days 22 hours and 36 minutes, or 4 days better than the record established in 2017 by Francis Joyon on  IDEC sport  

2016 record
Francis Joyon took possession of the former Groupama 3 on October 2, 2015, after three weeks of work at Multiplast, in Vannes  He chose an intermediate configuration between the initial power and a reduced rigging for solo races  Closer to the lightness and ergonomics sought alone, less versatile in particular in light winds, Joyon's choices paid off during his two passages in the southern seas at the end of 2015 and again at the end of 2016, earning him numerous records  With a crew reduced to six people,  IDEC Sport  was ready to attempt the Jules-Verne Trophy, held since 2011 by Loïck Peyron with a time of 45 days, 13 hours, 42 minutes and 53 seconds 
After an attempt in November 2016 met with unfavorable weather in the doldrums and the South Atlantic, and a shock that slightly damaged her fin, Joyon set out again on December 16, 2016 to conquer the trophy  He arrived on  January 26, 2017 with a new around the world sailing record of 40 days 23 h 30 min 30 s 
During their 2016 attempt for the Jules-Verne Trophy, Francis Joyon and his crew  broke numerous intermediate records: four have been formalized and are the subject of records duly certified by the WSSRC They made quick crossings of the southern seas starting with the Indian Ocean, covering 8091,73 miles in 10 days (an average of 809 miles per day)  This episode began ahead of the front of a depression which moved at a speed corresponding to the boat's potential from South America to the Pacific Ocean  During 12 days, the wind remained port tack, blowing constantly at over 30 knots, an ideal configuration for speed records  Top speeds varied between 38 and 44 knots  Due to bad seas, their speed dropped temporarily (29 knots or 700 mi (1,100 km) per day) but soon climbed back above 800 mi (1,300 km) daily 
After passing New Zealand and the Antimeridian, sailing port tack 205 degrees longitude (25 degrees West to Antimeridian) in the southern seas, the crew jibed in the transition between two depressions, and managed to catch up with the weather system in front of them over the Pacific Ocean, setting off again at more than 30 knots daily average towards Cape Horn 
Joyon rounded Cape Horn, 16 days after hitting the first left South America, after a course of nearly 12,000 mi (19,000 km) above 30 knots average (730, 16 miles per day over 16 days)  He then signs a performance increase of 30 to 40% compared to Loïck Peyron's record 5 years earlier  Leaving the southern seas with a lead of 4 days 6 hours 35 min over Peyron's previous record, Joyon and his crew regained 2,800 mi (4,500 km) on the record during this stretch 
The weather conditions allowed them to optimize their course, covering 26,412 mi (42,506 km) on the ground, at an average of 26 85 knots, for a theoretical course of 22,461 mi (36,147 km)  Banque Populaire V, the previous recordholder, had to cover almost 2600 more miles (29,002 miles) 

Distance records broken during the 2016 campaign
While the best day of Loïck Peyron's previous record was the only day above 800 miles from his record (811 miles over 24 hours, or 33 79 knots average), Francis Joyon maintains a speed above 800 daily miles for 10 consecutive days 
It thus improves a large number of progress records by a sailboat over a given period:

Other records broken during the 2016 campaign
Boat record and the second longest distance covered by a sailboat in 24 hours with 894 miles 
6 consecutive days at an average of 850 7 miles / 24 h (35 45 knots)
Ushant-Cape Leeuwin 17 d 06 h 59 min 45 (time of Loïck Peyron during the 2011 record: 17 d 23 h 57 min)
Ushant-Tasmania 18 d 18 h 31 min (time of Loïck Peyron during the 2011 record: 20 d 07 h 11 min)
Ushant-Antiméridien 20 d 07 h 01 (time of Loïck Peyron during the 2011 record: 22 d 11 h 34 min)
Ushant-Cape Horn: 26 d 15 h 45 min (time of Loïck Peyron during the 2011 record: 30 d 22 h 19 min)
Ecuador - Cape Leeuwin: 11 d 12 h (time of Loïck Peyron during the 2011 record: 12 d 9 h 2 min)
Cape Agulhas-cape Leeuwin in 4 days 9 h 37 min 46 at an average speed of 35 08 knots over ground (3,705 miles) or 842 miles in 24 hours (6 days 8 min or 36% more for Loïck Peyron's previous record)
Cape Leeuwin - Cape Horn in 9 d 08 h 46 min (12 d 22 h 22 min or 38% more for Loïck Peyron's previous record)
Cape of Good Hope - Cape Horn in 13 d 20 h 13 min (19 d 00 h 31 min or 37% more for Loïck Peyron's previous record)
Cape of Good Hope - Cape Leeuwin: 4 d 11 h 31 min (6 d 02 h 09 min or 36% more for Loïck Peyron's previous record in 2011)
Cap Leeuwin - Cape Horn in 9 d 08 h 46 min (12 d 22 h 22 min or 38% more for Loïck Peyron's previous record)
Indian Ocean: 5 d 21 h 7 min 45 s (WSSRC reference) (8 d 07 h 23 min or 41% more for Loïck Peyron during the 2011 record)
Pacific Ocean: 7 d 21 h 13 min 31 s (WSSRC reference) (10 d 15 h 07 min or 39% more for Loïck Peyron during the 2011 record)
Ecuador-Ecuador record: 29 d 9 h 10 min 55 s (WSSRC reference) (32 d 11 h 52 min or 11% more for Loïck Peyron during the 2011 record)
North Atlantic return record: 5 d 19 h 21 min (7 d 10 h 58 min or 25% more for Loïck Peyron during the 2011 record)

Jules Verne Trophy records
Notable performances
During her Jules-Verne trophy record in 2011–2012, the Banque Populaire V skippered by Loïck Peyron covered 811 70 nautical miles in 24 hours on 3 December 2011 at 11:45 UT, posting 28 days over 600 miles, including 9 days over 700 miles and 1 day over 800 miles During her Jules-Verne trophy record in 2009–2010, the trimaran Groupama 3 skippered by Franck Cammas covered 798 nautical miles in 24 hours on 13 February 2010 at 5 p m  UT, showing 17 days over 600 miles, including 10 days over 700 miles 
During her Jules-Verne trophy record in 2016–2017, the trimaran Idec sport skippered by Francis Joyon covered 894 nautical miles in 24 hours, and 10 consecutive days at 809 miles / 24 h  Francis Joyon rounds Cape Horn, 16 days after riding off of South America, and after a course of nearly 12,000 miles above an average of 30 knots (730 16 miles / 24 h over 16 days)  He then signs a performance increase of between 30 and 40% compared to the record to be broken by Loïck Peyron 5 years earlier  Leaving the southern seas with a lead of 4 j 06 h 35 min over Loïck Peyron's previous record, Francis Joyon and his crew regained the equivalent of 2,800 miles on the record during this episode 
During the aborted attempt of 2019, Yann Guichard sets a new record crossing the equator in 4 days 19 h 57 min and, thanks to favorable weather conditions, lines up 4,812 1 miles from the 11th to 16th day, or 802 miles / day for 6 consecutive days 
During his record around the world Singlehanded in 2017, 24 hour distance record for François Gabart on Macif: 850,68 miles in 24h During his attempt for the Jules Verne Trophy on December 5, 2020, Thomas Coville on fr:Sodebo Ultim 3 covered 889 9 miles in 24 hours (37 1 knots average, top speed 48 9 knots) 

Passage records
Intermediate records
Failed record attempts
The trophy
The "Trophy Jules Verne" was the subject of a public order of the visual arts delegation with the American artist Tom Shannon and is patroned by the French Ministry of Culture The work is a floating hull on a magnetic field, much as an anchorage for a ship  All dimensions have rigorous symbolic meaning  The midship beam of the hull corresponds to the diameter of the Earth, the ray of each end is proportional to that of the moon and the radius of the curvature of the frames is that of the sun  The competitors of the Trophy Jules Verne race around the Earth against time, with only the sun and the moon as companions and time keepers 
The sculpture is placed on a cast aluminium base, on which the names of the sailors having won the Trophy are engraved  The Musée national de la Marine in Paris hosts and maintains the Trophy  Each winner receives a miniature of the Trophy, magnetized like the original one 
When a record is broken, an official ceremony is held for the previous record holders to hand over the trophy to the new record holders, who are given the hull and must place it in its magnetic field mooring 

See also
Circumnavigation
List of circumnavigations
List of youth solo sailing circumnavigations
Around the world in 80 daysCompetitions and prizes
Global Challenge
Jules Verne Trophy
The race
Oryx Quest
Vendée GlobeOther speed sailing records
Speed sailing record
World Sailing Speed Record Council
Transatlantic sailing record
Around the world sailing record
Passage 7:
Around the World in 80 Days (2009 TV series)
Around the World in 80 Days is a British travel documentary series made to support the annual BBC Children in Need charity appeal in 2009  It sees twelve celebrities attempt to circumnavigate the globe in eighty days without using air transport, recreating the journey of Phileas Fogg and Michael Palin  Like Fogg and Palin, the journey begins and ends at the Reform Club in London  It was first shown on BBC One and BBC HD in October and November 2009 

Production
The challenge for the celebrities was to travel around the globe in eighty days, starting and ending at the Reform Club in London, re-enacting the challenge made to Phileas Fogg in the 1873 Jules Verne novel, Around the World in Eighty Days, and Around the World in 80 Days with Michael Palin  In each episode, a pair of celebrities travels a single leg of the round-the-world journey, trying to meet the next pair at a handover point in sufficient time, in relay race fashion  The journey could be completed by any means except by flight  At the handover, they pass to the succeeding team a carpet bag containing, amongst other items, a journal and a phone  Each of the celebrity pairs contributed to the journal as their leg of the journey progressed, and ahead of the trip Palin wrote an entry containing advice for the travellers Throughout the journey, the celebrities collected various items on their leg of the journey  These were then auctioned to raise money for Children in Need, as was the journal completed by the travellers at the end of the trip 

Episodes
Auction items
UK to Turkey

Ukulele played by Frank Skinner
Pudsey bear signed by Frank Skinner
Pudsey bear signed by Lee MackTurkey to Kazakhstan

Pudsey bear signed by Nick Hewer
Pudsey bear signed by Saira KhanKazakhstan to Mongolia

Pudsey bear signed by Julia Bradbury
Pudsey bear signed by Matt BakerMongolia to USA

Selection of paintings by Louise Minchin
Pudsey bear signed by Bill Turnbull
Pudsey bear signed by Louise MinchinUSA (California) to USA (Memphis)

Pink tutu
Pair of Around the World in 80 Days Boots
Pudsey bear signed by John Barrowman
Pudsey bear signed by Myleene KlassUSA to UK

Shane Ritchie's Outfit from 'Cargo'
Josie Lawrence's Outfit from 'Cargo'
Pudsey bear signed by Shane Ritchie
Pudsey bear signed by Josie Lawrence
Silver HarmonicaOther

Around the World in 80 Days Journal
Around the World in 80 Days Carpet Bag
Context 2: Passage 1:
You're the Apple of My Eye
"You're the Apple of My Eye" is a song written by Otis Blackwell and initially recorded and released as a single in 1956 by The Four Lovers, the precursor to The Four Seasons  Recorded after they were denied the opportunity to record another Blackwell song, "Don't Be Cruel", "You're the Apple of My Eye" was The Four Lovers' first exposure to U S  national publicity, reaching the #62 position on the Billboard Hot 100 and earning the quartet an appearance on The Ed Sullivan Show  One of two Four Lovers singles that RCA Victor Records released simultaneously, it was the quartet's only foray onto the Hot 100 before the formation of The Four Seasons five years later 

Background
The Four Lovers (1956 personnel: Frankie Valli, Nick and Tommy DeVito, and Hank Majewski) was the eventual result of Valli joining The Variety Trio in 1954 to form The Variatones (which briefly included mutual friends on a part-time basis)  The group performed at various New Jersey clubs and lounges and established a reputation for its musical versatility, incorporating country music, pop music, doo wop, Broadway standards, rhythm and blues, and an occasional foray into Italian love songs 
An RCA Records executive saw a Four Lovers performance and was impressed with the presentation enough to recommend the quartet to the company's artists and repertoire department  They were signed to the RCA Victor label for a series of records to be released in 1956 and 1957  In May 1956, "You're the Apple of My Eye"/"The Girl of My Dreams" and "Lovey Dovey"/"Please Don't Love Me" were released simultaneously by RCA  The four sides were recorded in a single April session (with two other songs that were released as a single in January 1957) 

Legacy
The song was featured in the jukebox musical: Jersey Boys as well as the film version 

"You're the Apple of My Eye"/"The Girl of My Dreams"
RCA Victor 47-6518  "You're the Apple of My Eye" was a last-minute substitution for another song that Frankie Valli and the group was preparing to do in the recording session, "Don't Be Cruel"  Accounts differ as to the precise mechanism behind their not recording the Otis Blackwell song  Some sources indicate that The Four Lovers were told not to record the song as Elvis Presley expressed a desire to record the song himself; other sources indicate that Blackwell himself requested that the Four Lovers not record the song so he could "shop around" for a bigger act (and a better royalty deal) for the song (and succeeded when Presley's manager approached Blackwell with the idea of Presley recording "Don't Be Cruel") 
Blackwell later apologized for "taking the song away from" The Four Lovers and offered a different original composition for the quartet to record  Produced by Blackwell, "You're the Apple of My Eye" was composed as a "traditional" rhythm-and-blues song, but the Four Lovers gave it more of a rock'n'roll interpretation (some music critics referred to it as so "over the top" as to be close in style to burlesque) 
The single was the group's first attempt into national publicity, with sales and airplay sufficient for the record to enter the Hot 100 and to generate enough interest for Ed Sullivan to invite the group onto his weekly television program  "Apple of My Eye" was the only Four Lovers Single to achieve chart status as the other six successive singles sank without a trace in 1956 and 1957 
After the Four Lovers became The Four Seasons in 1961, "You're the Apple of My Eye" was re-recorded (as "Apple of My Eye") for the Sherry and 11 Others album (1962)  The re-recording was released as a single in October 1964 and appeared briefly on the Billboard Bubbling Under the Hot 100 record chart 
The B-side of The Four Lovers single, "The Girl of My Dreams", is a cover of a song composed by Maxwell Davis, Joe Josea, Jules Taub, and Sam Ling  Jessie Belvin and Eugene Church recorded and released a recording of the song in 1956 as The Cliques 

"Honey Love"/"Please Don't Leave Me"
RCA Victor 47-6519  Released the same day as "You're the Apple of My Eye", The Four Lovers' second single featured covers of two rhythm-and-blues hits from the mid-1950s  The A-side, "Honey Love", was a considerable R&B hit for The Drifters in 1956  It was composed by Drifters lead singer Clyde McPhatter and Atlantic Records producer Jerry Wexler  The Four Lovers' version was similar in style to the original, but didn't come close to attaining the level of success of either the original or "You're the Apple of Your Eye" 
The B-side of the group's second single, "Please Don't Leave Me", was composed by Antoine "Fats" Domino and was originally recorded by him in 1953  It is one of the more blues-based songs in the Fats Domino catalog — and one of the most blues-based songs ever recorded by Frankie Valli and his friends, regardless of the name or membership of the group 

After "Apple" and "Honey"
The management or RCA Victor and The Four Lovers were encouraged by the success of "You're the Apple of My Eye" to make arrangements for recording an album for release for Christmas sales  The result, Joyride, had a collection of rhythm-and-blues and western covers, with a few pop standards and a handful of never-before-released songs, complete with a rollicking version of "White Christmas", patterned similar to the Drifters' version from 1955  In addition, RCA was releasing Four Lovers' singles roughly every two weeks, including covers of Hank Williams' "Jambalaya", Faye Adams' "Shake a Hand", and an early vocal version of "Night Train" 
Joyride and the last five RCA Victor Four Lovers singles failed to chart and failed to sell  Today, they are collector's items, with the album being worth up to $400 (US) in near mint condition and some of the singles at roughly one-third that  The group's last single, "My Life for You Love"/"Pucker Up", sold so few that the relative handful of existing copies are now selling for up to $3000 each 
By the end of 1957, The Four Lovers had no recording contract and returned to performing in clubs and lounges before being put "on hiatus", albeit briefly before a new artists contract with Bob Crewe's Peri Records gave the group a new purpose for its existence, that of supporting musicians with the occasional opportunity to record songs on their own (which they did — and release under a variety of names between 1958 and 1961)  This began a sequence of events which, in four years, resulted in the group becoming The Four Seasons 
Passage 2:
Dawn (Go Away)
"Dawn (Go Away)" is a song written by Bob Gaudio and Sandy Linzer and recorded by The Four Seasons in November 1963   
The song hit No  3 in the early part of 1964  According to Billboard, it was the 25th biggest hit single of the year, placing behind "Rag Doll", another Four Seasons hit, which was No  24 

Background
It was recorded as the Four Seasons were involved in a royalty dispute with Vee-Jay Records  As the lawsuit proceeded, the group recorded "Dawn" and a handful of other songs and withheld the master tapes from Vee-Jay, which then claimed breach of contract  The dispute was not settled until 1965, a year after the Four Seasons officially left Vee-Jay 
The group signed with Philips Records, a subsidiary of Mercury Records, shortly thereafter  "Dawn (Go Away)" was released in January 1964  It took four weeks to climb the Billboard Hot 100 chart to number 3 on February 29, 1964, prevented from going higher by The Beatles' "I Want to Hold Your Hand" and "She Loves You", which became the top two singles of 1964  "Dawn" remained at number 3 for three weeks, then dropped to make way for two further Beatles singles ("Twist and Shout" and "Please Please Me")  During its six-week run in the Top Ten, only Beatles hits ranked above it in the chart Cash Box said that the song "is delivered with that stompin', falsetto-highlighted money-making touch of the Four Seasons" and praised the arrangement and conducting by Charles Calello Originally written as a folk song, arranger Charles Calello sped it up and, at Valli's suggestion, added a galloping rhythm guitar borrowed from Kai Winding's version of "More"  Drummer Buddy Saltzman accented the recording with bombastic around-the-kit fills and ghost notes without using any cymbals The single version, with a two-line sung introduction, was never recorded in true stereo  Early "stereo" album releases were rechanneled (with the high and low frequencies on one channel and the midrange on the other); later stereo issues, from the Edizione d'Oro greatest hits album onward, include different takes of the recording  One begins with a short drum intro, featuring a louder and more frantic drum backing by Saltzman, and slightly different vocals  Both versions are listed as 2 minutes 11 seconds long, but the stereo "Dawn" is 2 minutes 30 seconds, and the mono version with the "Pretty as midsummer's morn  They called her Dawn" intro is 2 minutes 45 seconds "Dawn (Go Away)" was the only Philips single crediting the Four Seasons that did not have the notation "featuring the 'sound' of Frankie Valli" 
Passage 3:
Watch the Flowers Grow
"Watch the Flowers Grow" is a song composed by L  Russell Brown and Raymond Bloodworth and popularized by The Four Seasons in 1967  The single was released in the wake of The Beach Boys' Pet Sounds and The Beatles' Sgt  Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band, "Watch the Flowers Grow" struggled up the Billboard Hot 100, peaking at #30, as The Four Seasons' music was rapidly falling out of favor with the American record-buying public (the Four Seasons' next single, a cover of The Shirelles' #1 hit "Will You Love Me Tomorrow" did slightly better, reaching #24 as the last Top 40 Four Seasons hit until "Who Loves You" in 1975) 
Billboard described the single as a "timely, easy-beat ballad" that was one of the Four Seasons' "most unusual entries "  Cash Box said  that it's "gently pulsing, melodic, romp "Songwriter L  Russell Brown would compose (or co-compose) a string of hit records in the 1970s, including several recorded by Dawn featuring Tony Orlando 
Passage 4:
Gloaming (horse)
Gloaming (September 1915 – 5 May 1932) was an outstanding Thoroughbred racehorse, owned, trained, and based in New Zealand  He set many records which included the Australasian record (jointly held with Desert Gold, Black Caviar and Winx) of 19 successive wins, many in Principal Races  Gloaming was unusual in that he was a champion who won many major races in both Australia and New Zealand  Gloaming still holds the Australasian record of 45 seconds for four furlongs 

Breeding
He was a robust bay gelding standing 15 hands 3 inches high with a good length of rein  Gloaming was sired by the good imported racehorse and sire, The Welkin (GB) out of the unplaced mare, Light (GB), by the good sire, Eager  His paternal grandsire was the English Triple Crown champion, Flying Fox  Gloaming was a brother to seven other named horses, all by The Welkin, including Gloaming's Sister (won AJC Kirkham Stakes), but none were nearly so successful as him  Light was inbred in the third generation (3x3) to Sterling Gloaming was sold as a yearling in 1916 for 230 guineas to  H  Chisholm acting on behalf of George D  Greenwood, of Teviotdale in the Canterbury region, New Zealand  Following the sale he made his first of 15 crossings of the Tasman Sea 

Racing record
Gloaming had a long career, racing from age three to nine years, which included victories over other champion racehorses such as Desert Gold, Beauford, Kennaquhair, Whittier and The Hawk  He was successful at distances from four furlongs to a mile and a half He was put into work as a two-year-old, but became shin-sore, and was gelded before being spelled  In June 1918 he was shipped to Sydney, after he had showed promise in track work in New Zealand 

1922 Racebook
At three years: 1918-19
At his first start, in the Sydney Tattersall's Chelmsford Stakes, over nine furlongs, he ran a race record time to defeat a class field that included the imported five-year-old Rebus and Kennaquhair  This was the first time this race had been won by a three-year-old having their first start  In his first season's racing Gloaming went on to win three Derbies, the AJC Australian Derby, the New Zealand Derby Stakes, and also the Great Northern Derby in New Zealand  In addition he 

won the 1918 Wellington R C  (WRC) Champion Plate weight for age (w f a ) over 10 furlongs by 21⁄2 lengths
2nd in G  G  Stead Memorial Stakes (w f a ) (defeated by the New Zealand Cup winner, Sasanof) 
won Auckland Racing Club (ARC) Islington Plate (w f a ) 1 mile 
won Wellington Stakes 5 furlongs in 58 3/5 seconds (race record)
won WeRC  Kelburn Plate (w f a )  4 fur  (defeating Surveyor)
2nd  in Taranaki Stakes (defeated by Desert Gold) 
won Egmont Stakes (defeating Desert Gold) 
won Hawera Stakes (defeating Desert Gold)
won WangJC Wanganui Jackson Stakes (w f a ) 6 fur 
won WangJC Wanganui Guineas, 1 mile
won Canterbury Jockey Club (CJC) Challenge Stakes, 7 fur  (defeating Surveyor) 
fell in the North Island Challenge Stakes (which was won by Warplane who was in receipt of 31 lb ) 

At four years: 1919-20
Gloaming won all but one of his starts during this season  All of his starts for this season are listed below:

won Rosehill Spring Stakes (w f a ) 1 mile (defeating Wolaroi and Prince Viridis) 
2nd in Australian Jockey Club (AJC) Spring Stakes (w f a ) (beaten a head by Poitrel; Cetigne 3rd), 12 furlongs
won AJC Craven Plate (w f a ) 10 furlongs (defeating Wolaroi and, Rebus 3rd, Sasanof) 
won Wellington (N Z ) Champion Plate (w f a ) 10 f (defeating Affectation, Mascot, Vagabond, and Desert Gold) 
won G  G  Stead Memorial Gold Cup, 10 f (defeating Rossini and Desert Gold) 
won ARC Islington Plate (w f a ) 1 mile
won ARC  Royal Park Stakes, 6 furlongs in 1:13 (race record)

At five years: 1920-21
As a five-year-old Gloaming had 15 race starts and won all of them including these principal races:

1920 ARC Islington Plate (w f a ) 8 f
1920 ARC Royal Stakes 6 f
1921 ARC Auckland Plate (w f a ) 12 f
1921 CJC Challenge Stakes 7 f
1921 TaraJC Taranaki Stakes 6 f
1921 WangJC Jackson Stakes (w f a ) 6 f

At six years: 1921-22
As a six-year-old Gloaming had 12 race starts and won all but one, in which he ran second  The principal races he won were:

1922 ARC Auckland Plate 12 furlongs
1922 TaraJC Taranaki Stakes 6 furlongs
1922 WangJC Jackson Stakes (w f a ) 6 furlongs, in 1:11 4/5, a race record
1922 WRC North Island Challenge Stakes 7 furlongs
1922 CJC Challenge Stakes 7 furlongs
1922 HBJC Ormond Memorial Gold Cup 8 furlongs 

At seven years: 1922-23
As a seven-year-old Gloaming had 5 starts for 3 wins and 2 seconds  The principal races he won were:

1922 RRC The Hill Stakes 10 f by 11⁄4 lengths from Beauford
1922 AJC Craven Plate Pr 10 f by 3 lengths from Beauford
1922 WRC Champion Plate (w f a ) 10 f with 9 st  4 lbs  (59 kg) in 2:6 1/5 a race record 

At eight years: 1923-24
As an eight-year-old Gloaming had 5 starts for 4 wins and 1 second  The principal races he won were:

1924 WangJC Jackson Stakes (w f a ) 6 f
1924 WeRC North Island Challenge Stakes with 10 1 (defeating Quiescent 6 12 by 6 lengths), 7 fur  in 1:27 4/5 

At nine years: 1924-25
As a nine-year-old Gloaming had 10 starts for 8 wins and 2 seconds  The principal races he won were:

1924 AJC Spring Stakes over 12 furlongs (defeating David, Ballymena, and Rivoli) 
1924 AJC Craven Plate over 10 f (defeating Ballymena, David, and Nigger Ministrel) 
1924 VRC Melbourne Stakes (w f a ) 10 f 
1925 Canterbury (N Z ) Middle Park Plate, 6 fur  with 9 st  10 lb  by 5 lengths with the 3rd horse a further 3 lengths away 
1925 WRC North Island Challenge Stakes 7 f  with 10 1 (Inferno 8 13, and), 7 fur  in 1 26 
1925 CJC Challenge Stakes 7 f  with 9 11
1925 HBJC Ormond Memorial Gold Cup 8 furlongs with 9 10 (beating The Hawk 9 10)

Summary
Gloaming had 67 race starts, won 57 (including 39 Principal Races) and was second 9 times  Gloaming fell in his only other race start, at barrier rise in the North Island Challenge Stakes which was a race he later won three times  When he retired he was the leading Australian racing stakes winner  He was the first horse to defeat the great mare, Desert Gold over a mile and he still holds the Australasian record of 45 seconds for four furlongs  He jointly held the Australasian record of 19 wins in succession with Desert Gold, who he met five times and defeated four times  The record is now held at 33 wins by Winx When Gloaming was retired from the turf to his owner's property at Teviotdale, he was the leading stakes-winner in Australasia with fifty-seven wins and £43,100 in prize-money  He died on 5 May 1932 

Honours
Gloaming has had his portrait painted by the noted equine artist, Martin Stainforth and it was reproduced in Racehorses in Australia Gloaming was one of five inaugural inductees into the New Zealand Racing Hall of Fame, alongside Carbine, Kindergarten, Phar Lap and Sunline  The Group Three Gloaming Stakes (1,800m) contested at Sydney's Rosehill Gardens Racecourse is named in his honour 

See also
List of historical horses
List of leading Thoroughbred racehorses
Repeat winners of horse races
Passage 5:
Four Seasons of Love
Four Seasons of Love is the fourth studio album by American singer-songwriter Donna Summer  Released on October 11, 1976, this  concept album became her third consecutive successful album to be certified gold in the US  It peaked at #29 on the Billboard 200  In addition, all the cuts on this album went to number one on the disco chart 

Overview
This was the third concept album Summer had made, though unlike the previous two which had contained one long track on side one and a small selection of slightly shorter ones on side two, Four Seasons of Love was more equally balanced  The album told the story of a love affair by relating it to the four seasons  Side one contained "Spring Affair" and "Summer Fever", both disco tracks, and side two contained "Autumn Changes" (a slightly slower disco number) and "Winter Melody" (which had an even slower beat), plus a reprise of "Spring Affair"  This concept was reflected in the four photos of Summer, one for each season of the year, in a pull-out 1977 calendar included with the original LP album  The photo on the cover was, fittingly, the Summer pic  Summer's "first lady of love" image came across strongly on this album, though her trademark moans and groans were slightly less evident than on previous work  Pics included "Winter" in a fur with a tear on her cheek; "Spring" in a Scarlett O'Hara style hoop skirt on a swing; and "Autumn" re-enacting Marilyn Monroe's famous scene from The Seven Year Itch with the billowing white dress over the subway grate  This is an allusion to her song "Love to Love You Baby", for which she cites Monroe as an inspiration As with the previous two albums, Four Seasons of Love was distributed by different record labels in different countries, including Casablanca Records in the U S  Edited versions of "Spring Affair" and "Winter Melody" were released in various places, but neither had a big impact on any charts (although the latter made the Top 30 on the UK singles chart)  The album was also released as a Club Special Edition / Club Sonderauflage in West Germany on the Atlantic Records Label 

Critical reception
Michael Freedberg of AllMusic called the album "rapture indeed", noting that "the rhythms push and go poof as delicately as ever", "the horn section mutes and jazzes the melody", the beats stop, run, and stop again whenever they damn please", and "Summer expresses private rapture in falsetto as she smooches, oohs, and ahs onto the mix like lipstick traces" Cashbox magazine reviewer stated that since there are only five songs on this album, at "first glance it seems a
little slim", but "each tune, based on a season of the year, is pure Summer (Donna)"  On the album, "accompanied by the Munich Machine, the sultry songstress runs the gamut of emotions, from lust to lustier", "the string parts are super-slick", and "the production makes full use of Summer's vocal abilities" 

Track listing
Personnel
Donna Summer – lead vocals
Thor Baldursson – keyboards, string and horn arrangements
Keith Forsey – drums, percussion
Nick Woodland – guitar
Les Hurdle – bass guitar
Dino Solera – saxophone
Geoff Bastow – synthesizer
Madeline Bell, Sue & Sunny – backing vocalsTechnicalMixed by Giorgio Moroder
Engineered by Jürgen Koppers
Album Cover Concept by Susan Munao, Joyce Bogart & Donna Summer
Design by Henry Vizcarra & Gribbitt!
Art Direction by Gribbitt! & Chris Whorf
Photography – Mario Casilli

Charts
Certifications and sales
Passage 6:
The Wonder Who?
The Wonder Who? was a nom de disque of The Four Seasons for four single records released from 1965 to 1967   It was one of a handful of "names" used by the group at that time, including Frankie Valli (as a "solo" artist even though the Four Seasons were present on the record) and The Valli Boys  Wonder Who? recordings generally feature the falsetto singing by Valli, but with a softer falsetto than on "typical" Four Seasons recordings 

Background
The Four Lovers
The Four Seasons evolved from The Four Lovers, which recorded under a variety of names between 1956 and 1960  Lead singer Valli had himself recorded under several pseudonyms as well, including Frankie Tyler and Frankie Valley  Songwriter/guitarist/keyboardist Bob Gaudio did the same (as Turner Disentri, i e , "Turn of the Century") and bassist/arranger Nick Massi (as Alex Alda) after they joined the Four Lovers in 1959 Aside from the first Four Lovers single, "You're the Apple of My Eye" in 1956, the group's (and Valli's) records failed to chart  In 1958, The Four Lovers obtained a three-year artist contract with producer Bob Crewe, which gave the group a steady stream of session work (Valli can be heard singing in the background of "Rock and Roll Is Here to Stay" by Danny and the Juniors) in addition to recording for Crewe's Peri Records Since the beginning of The Four Lovers, the group performed in clubs and lounges in New Jersey and offered songs in a variety of styles, from country and western to pop to doo wop to rockabilly to Broadway tunes, with a sprinkling of Italian love songs thrown in 

The Four Seasons hit factory
In 1960, The Four Lovers became The 4 Seasons (named after the bowling lane)  The session work (and recording under various names) continued, but now with Valli, Gaudio, and Crewe trying to sell both Gaudio compositions and Four Seasons recordings, the group finally achieved national distribution under its own name for the first time in four years  While the first single failed to sell, the second one, "Sherry", started a string of successes for The Four Seasons   From 1962 to 1966, it has been estimated that The Four Seasons had sold about 50 million records, more than any recording act except The Beatles In the midst of a royalty dispute with Vee-Jay Records in late 1963, the Four Seasons left the label for Philips  While Vee-Jay started recycling Four Seasons product in 1964, Phillips started releasing new Four Seasons records with increasing frequency as the British invasion began  With the blessing of Philips officials, Valli rekindled his "solo" career in the latter part of 1965, releasing records that were credited to him and having the group as backing musicians  In 1966 and 1967, Four Seasons records and Frankie Valli singles were listed on the Billboard Hot 100 chart, with both names appearing simultaneously in the chart in several issues of the magazine 

The Wonder Who? history and beyond
On the heels of recording a live album of Broadway tunes (to complete the settlement of the group's lawsuit with Vee-Jay), Valli, Crewe, and Gaudio had planned on recording an album consisting entirely of songs written by Bob Dylan, but as recording progressed, the concept was modified to include songs by Burt Bacharach and Hal David  Valli was not happy with his vocals on the various takes of "Don't Think Twice, It's All Right" when he decided to record the song with a "joke" falsetto vocal (an impression of jazz musician Rose Murphy) to reduce the tension in the studio An executive of Philips Records heard a replay of the recording with a "joke" vocal and wanted it to be released as a single — Two years earlier, Peter, Paul, and Mary had reached the #9 position on the Hot 100 with their version of the song — but the recording by Valli and the band could not be released as either a Valli "solo" single or a Four Seasons single  Sold in a picture sleeve with a connect the dots puzzle, the record with the truncated name ("Don't Think Twice") was released as by "The Wonder Who?" in November 1965  It reached No  12 on the Hot 100, and as it was sliding down the chart in January 1966, a Frankie Valli "solo" single ("(You're Gonna) Hurt Yourself") and a Four Seasons single ("Working My Way Back to You") were also in the upper half of the chart, giving three simultaneous hit records by the group under different guises In the wake of "Don't Think Twice", Vee-Jay reissued a Four Seasons recording, "Peanuts" (originally a 1957 hit by Little Joe and the Thrillers), as by "The Wonder Who" (without the question mark)  As was the case with previous Four Seasons releases of the song, the "Wonder Who" single didn't sell and didn't chart 
Two more "Wonder Who?" singles were released by Philips  Three of the four sides made it onto the lower reaches of the Hot 100 "Don't Think Twice" and the other charting "Wonder Who?" recordings were included on Four Seasons albums, which, in their original releases, made no mention of the name that was created for single release 
While "Lonesome Road" became the last "Wonder Who?" single, the group continued to release both Four Seasons and Frankie Valli "solo" singles until 1975, when Valli had recorded "Swearin' to God" without any participation from the group (his previous hit, "My Eyes Adored You" was recorded as a Four Seasons recording, but was released as a "solo" record) 

Members
Frankie Valli
Tommy DeVito (died 2020)
Bob Gaudio
Nick Massi (died 2000)
Joe Long (died 2021)

Singles by "The Wonder Who?"
All "Wonder Who?" singles were produced by Bob Crewe 

"Don't Think Twice"/"Sassy"
Philips 40324, released October 1965  "Don't Think Twice" was originally recorded by composer Bob Dylan (as "Don't Think Twice, It's All Right") on his 1963 album, The Freewheelin' Bob Dylan   Peter, Paul, and Mary released the most commercially successful version of the song in September 1963  It reached No  9 on the Hot 100 singles chart  The "Wonder Who?" version peaked at No  12 in December 1965 
"Sassy" was an original instrumental by the Four Seasons  Composing credit was given to Bob Gaudio and Bob Crewe 

"On the Good Ship Lollipop"/"You're Nobody till Somebody Loves You"
Philips 40380, released June 1966  Composed by Richard A  Whiting and Sidney Clare, "On the Good Ship Lollipop" made its debut in the 1934 Shirley Temple motion picture Bright Eyes and is most identified with Temple singing it, but the most successful commercial release of the song was by Rudy Vallee,  reaching No  4 on the Billboard chart in 1935  The Four Seasons/Wonder Who version barely made a dent on the Hot 100, reaching the #87 position 
"You're Nobody till Somebody Loves You" was another chestnut, having been a hit for Russ Morgan in 1946 and recorded by numerous artists since then  It was composed by Morgan, Larry Stock, and Harry Cavanaugh  When the version credited to "The Wonder Who?" appeared on the Hot 100 at the #96 position, it marked the only time that two positions were simultaneously occupied by the fictitious group, and only "Wonder Who?" single that had both sides chart 

"The Lonesome Road"/"Around and Around (andaroundandaroundandaroundandaround)"
Philips 40471, released July 1967  Composed by Gene Austin and Nathaniel Shilkret, "Lonesome Road" was first recorded by Austin, accompanied by Shilkret directing the Victor Orchestra, in 1927 and has since been recorded by over two hundred famous artists  It was used in five motion pictures, including  the motion picture Show Boat   The version by "The Wonder Who?" reached No  89 in its brief appearance on the Hot 100 
"Around and Around" was a Four Seasons original composed by Gaudio and Crewe  While it appeared on this single as a song by "The Wonder Who?", the same take later appeared on the B-side of the 1968 Four Seasons single "Will You Love Me Tomorrow" and credited to the group 

"Peanuts"/"My Sugar" (as The Wonder Who)
Vee-Jay 717, released March 1966  Composed by "Little Joe" Cook, "Peanuts" was originally a #22 hit for Little Joe and the Thrillers in 1957 (their only chart recording)  In January 1963, Vee-Jay Records released a Four Seasons single with "Peanuts" as the A-side and "Stay" as the B-side  After various disk jockeys started playing "Stay" on the radio, Vee-Jay superseded the release, issuing new singles with "Stay" on the A-side and "Goodnight My Love" as the B-side  Several subsequent reissues with "Peanuts" as the A-side failed to sell or chart, including the one "credited" to "The Wonder Who" (without the question mark) 
"My Sugar" is a Gaudio-Crewe composition that made its first appearance on the 1963 Four Seasons album Big Girls Don't Cry and Twelve Others  This marks the first release of this recording on a Four Seasons (or "Wonder Who") single 

See also
List of U S  singles by Frankie Valli and The Four Seasons
The Four Seasons
Frankie Valli
Passage 7:
Donna Summer
Donna Adrian Gaines (December 31, 1948 – May 17, 2012), known professionally as Donna Summer, was an American singer and songwriter  She gained prominence during the disco era of the 1970s and became known as the "Queen of Disco", while her music gained a global following Influenced by the counterculture of the 1960s, Summer became the lead singer of a psychedelic rock band named Crow and moved to New York City  In 1968, she joined a German adaptation of the musical Hair in Munich, where she spent several years living, acting, and singing  There, she met music producers Giorgio Moroder and Pete Bellotte, and they went on to record influential disco hits together such as "Love to Love You Baby" and "I Feel Love", marking Summer's breakthrough into international music markets  Summer returned to the United States in 1976, and more hits such as "Last Dance", her version of "MacArthur Park", "Heaven Knows", "Hot Stuff", "Bad Girls", "Dim All the Lights", "No More Tears (Enough Is Enough)" with Barbra Streisand, and "On the Radio" followed 
Summer amassed a total of 32 chart singles on the US Billboard Hot 100 in her lifetime, including 14 top ten singles and four number one singles  She claimed a top-40 hit every year between 1976 and 1984, and from her first top-ten hit in 1976, to the end of 1982, she had 12 top-ten hits (10 were top-five hits), more than any other act during that time period  She returned to the Hot 100's top five in 1983, and claimed her final top-ten hit in 1989 with "This Time I Know It's for Real"  She was the first artist to have three consecutive double albums reach the top of the US Billboard 200 chart and charted four number-one singles in the US within a 12-month period  She also charted two number-one singles on the R&B Singles chart in the US and a number-one single in the United Kingdom  Her last Hot 100 hit came in 1999 with "I Will Go with You (Con te partirò)"  While her fortunes on the Hot 100 waned in subsequent decades, Summer remained a force on the Billboard Dance Club Songs chart throughout her entire career 
Summer died in 2012 from lung cancer, at her home in Naples, Florida  She sold over 100 million records worldwide, making her one of the best-selling music artists of all time  She won five Grammy Awards  In her obituary in The Times, she was described as the "undisputed queen of the Seventies disco boom" who reached the status of "one of the world's leading female singers " Moroder described Summer's work on the song "I Feel Love" as "really the start of electronic dance" music  In 2013, Summer was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame  In December 2016, Billboard ranked her sixth on its list of the "Greatest of All Time Top Dance Club Artists" 

Early life
Donna Adrian Gaines was born on December 31, 1948, in Boston, Massachusetts, to Andrew and Mary Gaines, and was third of seven children  She was raised in the Boston neighborhood of Mission Hill  Her father was a butcher, and her mother was a schoolteacher Summer's performance debut occurred at church when she was ten years old, replacing a vocalist who failed to appear  She attended Boston's Jeremiah E  Burke High School where she performed in school musicals and was considered popular  In 1967, just weeks before graduation, Summer left for New York City, where she joined the blues rock band Crow  After a record label passed on signing the group since it was only interested in the band's lead singer, the group agreed to dissolve Summer stayed in New York and auditioned for a role in the counterculture musical, Hair  She landed the part of Sheila and agreed to take the role in the Munich production of the show, moving there in August 1968 after getting her parents' reluctant approval  She eventually became fluent in German, singing various songs in that language, and participated in the musicals Ich bin ich (the German version of The Me Nobody Knows), Godspell, and Show Boat  Within three years, she moved to Vienna, Austria, and joined the Vienna Volksoper  She briefly toured with an ensemble vocal group called FamilyTree, the creation of producer Günter "Yogi" Lauke In 1968, Summer released (as Donna Gaines) on Polydor her first single, a German version of the title "Aquarius" from the musical Hair, followed in 1971 by a second single, a remake of the Jaynetts' 1963 hit, "Sally Go 'Round the Roses", from a one-off European deal with Decca Records  In 1969, she issued the single "If You Walkin' Alone" on Philips Records She married Austrian actor Helmuth Sommer in 1973, and gave birth to their daughter Natalia Pia Melanie "Mimi" Sommer, the same year  She provided backing vocals for producer-keyboardist Veit Marvos on his Ariola Records release Nice to See You, credited as "Gayn Pierre"  Several subsequent singles included Donna performing with the group, and the name "Gayn Pierre" was used while performing in Godspell with Helmuth Sommer during 1972  Their marriage subsequently ended in divorce, and she married singer-guitarist Bruce Sudano in 1980 

Music career
1974–1979: Initial success
While working as a model part-time and backing singer in Munich, Summer met producer Giorgio Moroder and Pete Bellotte during a recording session for Three Dog Night at Musicland Studios  The trio forged a working partnership, and Donna was signed to their Oasis label in 1974



ground_truth: Charles L. Clifford

prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: How many records did the singer who sang "Four Seasons of Love" sell worldwide?

The following are given passages.
Context 2:  A demo tape of Summer's work with Moroder and Bellotte led to a deal with the European-distributed label Groovy Records  Due to an error on the record cover, Donna Sommer became Donna Summer; the name stuck  Summer's first album was Lady of the Night  It became a hit in the Netherlands, Sweden, Germany and Belgium on the strength of two songs, "The Hostage" and the title track "Lady of the Night"  "The Hostage" reached the top of the charts in France, but was removed from radio playlists in Germany because of the song's subject matter: a high ranking politician that had recently been kidnapped and held for ransom  One of her first TV appearances was in the television show, Van Oekel's Discohoek, which started the breakthrough of "The Hostage", and in which she gracefully went along with the scripted absurdity and chaos in the show 
In 1975, Summer passed on an idea for a song to Moroder who was working with another artist; a song that would be called "Love To Love You Baby"  Summer, Moroder and Bellotte wrote the song together, and together they worked on a demo version with Summer singing the song  Moroder decided that Summer's version should be released  Seeking an American release for the song, it was sent to Casablanca Records president Neil Bogart  Bogart played the song at one of his extravagant industry parties, where it was so popular with the crowd, they insisted that it be played over and over, each time it ended  Bogart requested that Moroder produce a longer version for discothèques  Moroder, Bellotte, and Summer returned with a 17-minute version  Bogart tweaked the title and Casablanca signed Summer, releasing the single in November 1975  The shorter 7" version of the single was promoted by radio stations, while clubs regularly played the 17-minute version (the longer version would also appear on the album) 
By early 1976, "Love to Love You Baby" had reached No  2 on the US Hot 100 chart and had become a Gold single, while the album had sold over a million copies  The song generated controversy due to Summer's moans and groans, which emulated lovemaking, and some American stations, like those in Europe with the initial release, refused to play it  Despite this, "Love to Love You Baby" found chart success in several European countries, and made the Top 5 in the United Kingdom despite the BBC ban  Casablanca Records wasted no time releasing the follow-up album A Love Trilogy, featuring "Try Me, I Know We Can Make It" 

In 1977, Summer released the concept album I Remember Yesterday  The song "I Feel Love", reached No  6 on the Hot 100 chart  and No  1 in the UK  She received her first American Music Award nomination for Favorite Soul/R&B Female Artist  The single would attain Gold status and the album went Platinum in the US  Another concept album, also released in 1977, was Once Upon a Time, a double album which told of a modern-day Cinderella "rags to riches" story  This album would attain Gold status  Summer recorded the song "Down Deep Inside" as the theme song for the 1977 film The Deep  In 1978, Summer acted in the film Thank God It's Friday, the film met with modest success; the song "Last Dance", reached No  3 on the Hot 100  The soundtrack and single both went Gold and resulted in Summer winning her first Grammy Award, for Best Female R&B Vocal Performance  Its writer, Paul Jabara, won both an Academy Award and Golden Globe Award for the composition  Summer also had "With Your Love" and "Je t'aime    moi non plus", on the soundtrack  Her version of the Jimmy Webb ballad, "MacArthur Park", became her first No  1 hit on the Hot 100 chart  It was also the only No  1 hit for songwriter Jimmy Webb; the single went Gold and topped the charts for three weeks  She received a Grammy nomination for Best Female Pop Vocal Performance  The song was featured on Summer's first live album, Live and More, which also became her first album to hit number one on the US Billboard 200 chart and went double-Platinum, selling over 2 million copies  The week of November 11, 1978, Summer became the first female artist of the modern rock era to have the No  1 single on the Hot 100 and album on the Billboard 200 charts, simultaneously  The song "Heaven Knows", which featured Brooklyn Dreams singer Joe "Bean" Esposito; reached No  4 on the Hot 100 and became another Gold single 
In 1979, Summer won three American Music Awards for Single, Album and Female Artist, in the Disco category at the awards held in January  Summer performed at the world-televised Music for UNICEF Concert, joining contemporaries such as ABBA; Olivia Newton-John; the Bee Gees; Andy Gibb; Rod Stewart; John Denver; Earth, Wind & Fire; Rita Coolidge; and Kris Kristofferson for a TV special that raised funds and awareness for the world's children  Artists donated royalties of certain songs, some in perpetuity, to benefit the cause  Summer began work on her next project with Moroder and Bellotte, Bad Girls  Moroder brought in Harold Faltermeyer, with whom he had collaborated on the soundtrack of film Midnight Express, to be the album's arranger 
In 1979, Summer gained 5 big hits such as "Hot Stuff" and "Bad Girls", "Heaven Knows", "Dim All the Lights", and No More Tears (Enough Is Enough)"  The week of June 16, 1979, Summer would again have the number-one single on the Hot 100 chart, and the number-one album on the Billboard 200 chart; when "Hot Stuff" regained the top spot on the Hot 100 chart  The following week, "Bad Girls" would be on top of the US Top R&B albums chart 

1980–1985: She Works Hard For The Money, unreleased album, new record label
Summer received four nominations for the 7th Annual American Music Awards in 1980, and took home awards for Female Pop/Rock and Female Soul/R&B Artist; and well as Pop/Rock single for "Bad Girls"  In 1980, her single "On the Radio", reached No  5, selling over a million copies in the US alone, making it a Gold single  "The Wanderer" reached #3 on the Hot 100  Summer would again receive a Grammy nomination for Best Female Pop Vocal Performance  Just over a week after the awards, Summer had her own nationally televised special, The Donna Summer Special, which aired on ABC network on January 27, 1980  After the release of the On the Radio album, Summer wanted to branch out into other musical styles, which led to tensions between her and Casablanca Records  Casablanca wanted her to continue to record disco only  Summer was upset with President Neil Bogart over the early release of the single "No More Tears (Enough Is Enough)", because Casablanca didn't wait until her previous single, "Dim All the Lights", had peaked; she had penned "Dim All the Lights" alone, and was hoping for a number-one hit as a songwriter  Summer and the label parted ways in 1980, and she signed with Geffen Records, the new label started by David Geffen  Summer filed a $10 million lawsuit against Casablanca; the label counter-sued  In the end, she did not receive any money, but won the rights to her own lucrative song publishing Summer's first Geffen album, The Wanderer, featured an eclectic mixture of sounds, bringing elements of rock, rockabilly, new wave, and gospel music  The Wanderer was rushed to market; the producers of the album wanted more production time  The album continued Summer's streak of Gold albums with the "title track" peaking at No  3 on the Hot 100 chart  Its follow-up singles were, "Cold Love", No  33; and "Who Do You Think You're Foolin'", No  40  Summer was nominated for Best Female Rock Vocal Performance for "Cold Love", and Best Inspirational Performance for "I Believe in Jesus" at the 1981 Grammy Awards 
She would soon be working on her next album  It was to be another double album set  When David Geffen stopped by the studio for a preview, he was warned that it was a work in progress, but it was almost done  That was a mistake, because only a few tracks had been finished, and most of them were in demo phase  He heard enough to tell producers that it was not good enough; the project was canceled  It would be released years later in 1996, under the title I'm a Rainbow  Over the years, a few of the tracks would be released  The song "Highway Runner" appears on the soundtrack for the film Fast Times at Ridgemont High  "Romeo" appears on the Flashdance soundtrack  Both, "I'm a Rainbow" and "Don't Cry for Me Argentina" would be on her 1993 anthology album 
David Geffen hired top R&B and pop producer Quincy Jones to produce Summer's next album, the eponymously titled Donna Summer  The album took over six months to record as Summer, who was pregnant at the time, found it hard to sing  During the recording of the project, Neil Bogart died of cancer in May 1982 at age 39  Summer would sing at his funeral  The album included the top-ten hit "Love Is in Control (Finger on the Trigger)"; for which she received a Grammy nomination for Best Female R&B Vocal Performance  Summer was also nominated for Best Female Rock Vocal Performance for "Protection", penned for her by Bruce Springsteen  Other singles included a cover of the Jon and Vangelis song "State of Independence" (No  41 pop) and "The Woman in Me" (No  33 pop) 
By then Geffen Records had been notified by Polygram Records, which now owned Casablanca, that Summer still needed to deliver to them one more album to fulfill her contract  Summer had her biggest success in the 1980s while on Geffen's roster with her next album She Works Hard for the Money and its title song—which were released by Mercury Records in a one-off arrangement to settle Summer's split with the soon-to-be-defunct Casablanca Records, whose catalogue now resided with Mercury and Casablanca's parent company PolyGram 
Summer recorded and delivered the album She Works Hard for the Money and Polygram released it on its Mercury imprint in 1983  The title song became a major hit, reaching No  3 on the US Hot 100, as well as No  1 on Billboard's R&B chart for three weeks  It also garnered Summer another Grammy nomination, for Best Female Pop Vocal Performance  "Unconditional Love", which featured the British group Musical Youth, and "Love Has a Mind of Its Own" did not crack the top 40  The album itself was certified Gold, and climbed to No  9 on the Billboard 200 chart; the highest chart position of any female artist in male-dominated 1983  The song "He's a Rebel" would win Summer her third Grammy Award, this time for Best Inspirational Performance 
British director Brian Grant was hired to direct Summer's video for "She Works Hard for the Money"  The video was a success, being nominated for Best Female Video and Best Choreography at the 1984 MTV Music Video Awards; Summer became one of the first African-American artists, and the first African-American female artist to have her video played in heavy rotation on MTV  Grant would also be hired to direct Summer's Costa Mesa HBO concert special, A Hot Summers Night  Grant, who was a fan of the song "State of Independence", had an idea for a grand finale  He wanted a large chorus of children to join Summer on stage at the ending of the song  His team looked for local school children in Orange County, to create a chorus of 500 students  On the final day of rehearsals, the kids turned up and they had a full rehearsal  According to Grant, "It looked and sounded amazing  It was a very emotional, very tearful experience for everyone who was there " He thought if this was that kind of reaction in rehearsal, then what an impact it would have in the concert  After the rehearsal Grant was informed that he could not use the kids because the concert would end after 10 pm; children could not be licensed to be on stage at such a late hour (California had strict child labor laws in 1983)  "It's a moment that I regret immensely: a grand finale concept I came up with that couldn't be filmed in the end"  When the final sequence was filmed, Summer's daughter Mimi and her family members joined her on stage for "State of Independence" 
In late 1983, David Geffen enlisted "She Works Hard for the Money's" producer Michael Omartian to produce Cats Without Claws  Summer was happy that Geffen and his executives stayed out of the studio during the recording and thanked him in the album's liner notes, but her request for the lead single would be rejected  The album failed to attain Gold status in the US, her first album not to do so  It was first album not to yield a top-ten hit, since 1977's Once Upon a Time  The Drifters cover "There Goes My Baby" reached No  21 and "Supernatural Love" went to No  75  She would win another Grammy for Best Inspirational Performance for the song "Forgive Me" 

On January 19, 1985, she sang at the nationally televised 50th Presidential Inaugural Gala the day before the second inauguration of Ronald Reagan 

1986–1989: All Systems Go, Another Place and Time
In 1986, Harold Faltermeyer wrote the title song for a German ski movie called Fire and Ice, and thought Summer would be ideal to sing the song  He decided to reach out to Summer and, although she was not interested in singing the song, she was very much interested in working with Faltermeyer again  After a meeting with David Geffen he was on board with the project  Summer's main objective for the album was that it have stronger R&B influences; Faltermeyer who had just finished doing the soundtracks to Top Gun and Fletch, was after a tough FM-oriented sound  On completion, Geffen liked what he heard, but his executives did not think there were enough songs that could be deemed singles  They wanted Faltermeyer to produce "Dinner with Gershwin", but he was already busy with another project, so another producer was found  They also substituted a previous recording called "Bad Reputation", songs like "Fascination", fell by the wayside  Geffen had shared the vision of moving Summer into the R&B market as a veteran artist, but these expectations were not met  Faltermeyer, in a 2012 interview with Daeida Magazine, said, "She was an older artist by then and the label's priority may have been on the youth market  The decision was made afterward by executives who were looking for a radio hit for 1987 and not something that would perhaps last beyond then " The label's President Ed Rosenblatt would later admit: "The company never intended to focus on established superstars"  The album All Systems Go, did not achieve Gold status and became her lowest charting studio album in the US to date  The single "Dinner with Gershwin" (written by Brenda Russell) stalled at 48 in the US, though it became a hit in the UK, peaking at No  13  The album's title track, "All Systems Go", was released only in the UK, where it peaked at No  54 For Summer's next album, Geffen Records hired the British hit production team of Stock Aitken Waterman (or SAW), who enjoyed incredible success writing and producing for such acts as Kylie Minogue, Bananarama, and Rick Astley, among others  The SAW team describe the working experience as a labour of love, and said it was their favourite album of all that they had recorded  Geffen decided not to release the album Another Place and Time, and Summer and Geffen Records parted ways in 1988  The album was released in Europe in March 1989 on Warner Bros  Records, which had been Summer's label in Europe since 1982  The single "This Time I Know It's for Real" became a top ten hit in several countries in Europe, prompting Warner Bros ' sister company, Atlantic Records, to sign Summer in the US  The single peaked at No  7 on the US Hot 100 and became her 12th Gold single in America  She scored two more UK hits from the album, "I Don't Wanna Get Hurt" (UK No  7) and "Love's About to Change My Heart" (UK No  20) In 1989, Summer and her husband, Bruce Sudano, had been in talks to do a new kind of reality-based sitcom  It would be based on their own hectic household  At the time, they lived with their children Amanda, Brooklyn and Mimi, two sets of in-laws, and a maid  The television network started changing the premise of the show, making it less funny, says Sudano, "And because we were an interracial couple, they didn't want us to be married anymore"  In 1989, this was "an issue  So with that mentality we just backed out of it "

1990–1999: Mistaken Identity, acting, and Live & More Encore
In 1990, a Warner compilation, The Best of Donna Summer, was released (no US issue)  The album went Gold in the UK after the song "State of Independence" was re-released there to promote the album  The following year, Summer worked with producer Keith Diamond emerged with the album Mistaken Identity, which included elements of R&B as well as new jack swing  "When Love Cries" continued her success on the R&B charts, reaching No  18  However, the album was commercially unsuccessful, failing to enter the US Billboard 200 and any chart outside the United States  It only entered at number 97 on the US Top R&B Albums chart  In 1992, Summer embarked on a world tour and later that year received a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame  She reunited with Giorgio Moroder, for the song "Carry On", which was included on the 1993, Polygram issued The Donna Summer Anthology, it contained 34 tracks of Summer's material with Casablanca and Mercury Records, and from her tenures with Atlantic and Geffen Summer signed with Mercury/Polygram that same year, and in 1994 she re-teamed with producer Michael Omartian to record a Christmas album, Christmas Spirit, which included classic Christmas songs such as "O Holy Night" and "White Christmas" and three Summer-penned songs, "Christmas is Here", "Lamb of God" and the album's title track  Summer was accompanied by the Nashville Symphony Orchestra  Another hits collection, Endless Summer: Donna Summer's Greatest Hits, was released featuring eighteen songs  There were two new tracks "Melody of Love (Wanna Be Loved)" and "Any Way at All"  In 1994, she also contributed to the Tribute to Edith Piaf album, singing "La Vie En Rose"  In 1995, "Melody of Love (Wanna Be Loved)" went No  1 on the US dance charts, and No  21 in the UK  In 1996, Summer recorded a duet with Bruce Roberts, "Whenever There Is Love", which appeared on the soundtrack to the film Daylight  In 1996, Summer also recorded "Does He Love You" with Liza Minnelli, which appeared Minnelli's Gently 
During this time, Summer had role on the sitcom Family Matters as Steve Urkel's (Jaleel White) Aunt Oona  She made two appearances, season 5's "Aunt Oona" and season 8's "Pound Foolish"  In 1998, Summer received the first Grammy Award for Best Dance Recording, after a remixed version of her 1992 collaboration with Giorgio Moroder, "Carry On", was released in 1997  In 1999, Summer was asked to do the Divas 2 concert, but when she went in and met with the producers, it was decided that they would do Donna in concert by herself  Summer taped a live television special for VH1 titled Donna Summer – Live & More Encore, producing the second-highest ratings for the network that year, after their annual Divas special  A CD of the event was released by Epic Records and featured two studio recordings, "I Will Go with You (Con te partirò)" and "Love Is the Healer", both of which reached No  1 on the US dance charts 

2000–2009: Later recordings and Crayons
In 2000, Summer participated in VH1's third annual Divas special, dedicated to Diana Ross; she sang the Supremes hit Reflections, and her own material for the show  "The Power of One" is a theme song for the movie Pokémon: The Movie 2000  The dramatic ballad was produced by David Foster and dance remixes were also issued to DJs and became another dance floor success for Summer, peaking at No  2 on the same chart in 2000  In 2003, Summer issued her autobiography, Ordinary Girl: The Journey, and released a best-of set titled The Journey: The Very Best of Donna Summer  In 2004, Summer was inducted into the Dance Music Hall of Fame as an artist, alongside the Bee Gees and Barry Gibb  Her classic song, "I Feel Love", was inducted that night as well  In 2004 and 2005, Summer's success on the dance charts continued with the songs "You're So Beautiful" and "I Got Your Love"  In 2004, Summer re-recorded 'No More Tears (Enough Is Enough)' with the Irish pop band Westlife (with a live performance) for the compilation album, DiscoMania 
In 2008, Summer released her first studio album of fully original material in 17 years, entitled Crayons  Released on the Sony BMG label Burgundy Records, it peaked at No  17 on the US Top 200 Album Chart, her highest placing on the chart since 1983  The songs "I'm a Fire", "Stamp Your Feet" and "Fame (The Game)" all reached No  1 on the US Billboard Dance Chart  The ballad "Sand on My Feet" was released to adult contemporary stations and reached No  30 on that chart  Summer said, "I wanted this album to have a lot of different directions on it  I did not want it to be any one baby  I just wanted it to be a sampler of flavors and influences from all over the world  There's a touch of this, a little smidgeon of that, a dash of something else, like when you're cooking " On December 11, 2009, Donna Summer appeared at the Nobel Peace Prize Concert for Barack Obama 

2010–present: Final recordings and posthumous releases
On July 29, 2010, Summer gave an interview with Allvoices com wherein she was asked if she would consider doing an album of standards  She said, "I actually am, probably in September  I will begin work on a standards album  I will probably do an all-out dance album and a standards album  I'm going to do both and we will release them however we're going to release them  We are not sure which is going first "In August 2010, Summer released the single "To Paris With Love", co-written with Bruce Roberts and produced by Peter Stengaard  The single went to No  1 on the US Billboard Dance Chart in October 2010  That month, Summer also appeared on the PBS television special Hitman Returns: David Foster and Friends  In it, Summer performed with Seal on a medley of the songs "Un-Break My Heart", "Crazy", and "On the Radio" before closing the show with "Last Dance" On September 15, 2010, Summer appeared as a guest celebrity, singing alongside contestant Prince Poppycock, on the television show America's Got Talent Also in 2010, Summer recorded a version of the Dan Fogelberg song "Nether Lands" for a Fogelberg tribute project  According to a comment on Fogelberg's website, the song had great personal significance for Summer 

On June 6, 2011, Summer was a guest judge on the show Platinum Hit, in an episode entitled "Dance Floor Royalty"  In July of that same year, Summer was working at Paramount Recording Studios in Los Angeles with her nephew, the rapper and producer O'Mega Red  Together they worked on a track titled "Angel" On December 11, 2012, after four prior nominations, Summer was posthumously announced to be one of the 2013 inductees to the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame, and was inducted on April 18, 2013, at Los Angeles' Nokia Theater A remix album titled Love to Love You Donna, containing new remixes of some of Summer's classics, was released in October 2013  "MacArthur Park" was remixed by Laidback Luke for the remix collection; it was also remixed by Ralphi Rosario, which version was released to dance clubs all over America and successfully peaked at No  1, giving Summer her first posthumous number-one single, and her sixteenth number-one on the charts In 2021, Summer's estate released a reedited version of her ninth studio album I'm a Rainbow, subtitled Recovered & Recoloured  The new edition is reduced to 10 tracks (15 on vinyl and streaming releases), with each song remixed by contemporary producers and remixers Her self-titled album was re-released in 2022 by Summer's estate subtitled as 40th Anniversary Edition 
In 2023, Summer’s  “She Works Hard For The Money” album was re-released with additional mixes to commemorate the album’s 40th Anniversary  That same year, a documentary revolving around Summer and her career, Love to Love You, Donna Summer, directed by her daughter, Brooklyn Sudano and Roger Ross Williams had its world premiere at the 73rd Berlin International Film Festival in February 2023, and was released in May 2023, on HBO 

Controversy
In the mid-1980s, Summer was embroiled in a controversy when she allegedly made anti-gay remarks regarding the relatively new disease AIDS  Summer publicly denied she had ever made such comments and in a letter to the AIDS campaign group ACT UP in 1989 said it was "a terrible misunderstanding " In explaining why she had not responded to ACT UP sooner, Summer stated, "I was unknowingly protected by those around me from the bad press and hate letters  If I have caused you pain, forgive me " She closed her letter with Bible quotes (from Chapter 13 of 1 Corinthians) In 1989, Summer told The Advocate magazine, "A couple of the people I write with are gay, and they have been ever since I met them  What people want to do with their bodies is their personal preference"  A couple of years later, she filed a lawsuit against New York magazine when it printed an old story about the rumors as fact, just as she was about to release her album Mistaken Identity in 1991  According to a Biography television program dedicated to Summer in which she participated in 1995, the lawsuit was settled out of court, though neither side was able to divulge any details 

Personal life
Summer was raised in the African Methodist Episcopal Church  She married Austrian actor Helmuth Sommer in 1973 and gave birth to their daughter, Natalia Pia Melanie Sommer (called Mimi) the same year  The couple divorced in 1976, but Summer adopted the Anglicized version of her ex-husband's surname as her stage name Summer married Brooklyn Dreams singer Bruce Sudano on July 16, 1980  On January 5, 1981, she gave birth to their daughter Brooklyn Sudano (who is now an actress, singer and dancer), and on August 11, 1982, she gave birth to their daughter Amanda Sudano (who in 2005 became one half of the musical duo Johnnyswim, alongside Abner Ramirez)  Summer was also one of the founding members of Oasis Church in Los Angeles Summer and her family moved from the Sherman Oaks area of Los Angeles to Nashville, Tennessee, in 1995, where she took time off from show business to focus on painting, a hobby she had developed in the 1980s 

Death
Summer died on May 17, 2012, aged 63, at her home in Naples, Florida, from lung cancer  Being a nonsmoker, Summer theorized that her cancer had been caused by inhaling toxic fumes and dust from the September 11 attacks in New York City; she was in her apartment near Ground Zero when the attacks occurred  However, some reports have instead attributed the cancer to Summer's smoking during her younger years, her continued exposure to second-hand smoking while performing in clubs well after she had quit, and a predisposition to this disease in the family  Summer was survived by her husband, Bruce Sudano, and her three daughters Summer's funeral service was held in Christ Presbyterian Church in Nashville, Tennessee, on the afternoon of May 23, 2012  The exact location and time of the service were kept private  Several hundred of Summer's friends and relatives attended the funeral, according to CNN  The funeral was a private ceremony, and cameras were not allowed inside the church  She was interred in the Harpeth Hills Memory Gardens cemetery in Nashville 

Reaction
Singers and music industry professionals around the world reacted to Summer's death  Gloria Gaynor said she was "deeply saddened" and that Summer was "a fine lady and human being"  Liza Minnelli said, "She was a queen, The Queen Of Disco, and we will be dancing to her music forever " She said that her "thoughts and prayers are with her family always " Dolly Parton said, "Donna, like Whitney, was one of the greatest voices ever  I loved her records  She was the disco queen and will remain so  I knew her and found her to be one of the most likable and fun people ever  She will be missed and remembered " Janet Jackson wrote that Summer "changed the world of music with her beautiful voice and incredible talent " Barbra Streisand wrote, "I loved doing the duet with her  She had an amazing voice and was so talented  It's so sad " Quincy Jones wrote that Summer's voice was "the heartbeat and soundtrack of a generation "Aretha Franklin said, "It's so shocking to hear about the passing of Donna Summer  In the 1970s, she reigned over the disco era and kept the disco jumping  Who will forget 'Last Dance'? A fine performer and a very nice person " Chaka Khan said, "Donna and I had a friendship for over 30 years  She is one of the few black women I could speak German with and she is one of the few friends I had in this business " Gloria Estefan averred that "It's the end of an era", and posted a photo of herself with Summer  Mary J  Blige tweeted "RIP Donna Summer !!!!!!!! You were truly a game changer !!!" Lenny Kravitz wrote "Rest in peace Donna, You are a pioneer and you have paved the way for so many of us  You transcended race and genre  Respect  Lenny" Beyoncé wrote a personal note: "Donna Summer made music that moved me both emotionally and physically to get up and dance  You could always hear the deep passion in her voice  She was so much more than the queen of disco she became known for, she was an honest and gifted singer with flawless vocal talent  I've always been a huge fan and was honored to sample one of her songs  She touched many generations and will be sadly missed  My love goes out to her family during this difficult time  Love, B" David Foster said, "My wife and I are in shock and truly devastated  Donna changed the face of pop culture forever  There is no doubt that music would sound different today if she had never graced us with her talent  She was a super-diva and a true superstar who never compromised when it came to her career or her family  She always did it with class, dignity, grace and zero attitude  She lived in rare air     She was the most spectacular, considerate, constant, giving, generous and loving friend of 35 years  I am at a total loss trying to process this tragic news "US President Barack Obama said, "Michelle and I were saddened to hear about the passing of Donna Summer  A five-time Grammy Award winner, Donna truly was the 'Queen of Disco ' Her voice was unforgettable and the music industry has lost a legend far too soon  Our thoughts and prayers go out to Donna's family and her dedicated fans "Summer was honored at the 2012 Billboard Music Awards ceremony  Singer Natasha Bedingfield honored Summer, calling her "a remarkable woman who brought so much light and who inspired many women, including myself, through her music  And if we can remember her through her music, this will never really be the last dance " After her statement, she began to sing "Last Dance", Summer's Academy Award-winning song  As she sang the song, photos of Summer were displayed on a screen overhead Fans paid tribute to Summer by leaving flowers and memorabilia on her star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame  A few days after her death, her album sales increased by 3,277%, according to Nielsen SoundScan  Billboard magazine reported that the week before she died, Summer sold about 1,000 albums  After her death that number increased to 26,000 

Legacy
According to singer Marc Almond, Summer's collaboration with producer Giorgio Moroder "changed the face of music"  Summer was the first artist to have three consecutive double albums reach No  1 on Billboard's album chart: Live and More, Bad Girls and On the Radio: Greatest Hits Volumes I & II  She became a cultural icon and her prominence on the dance charts, for which she was referred to as the Queen of Disco, made her not just one of the defining voices of that era, but also an influence on pop artists from Madonna to Beyoncé  Unlike some other stars of disco who faded as the music became less popular in the early 1980s, Summer was able to grow beyond the genre and segued to a pop-rock sound  She had one of her biggest hits in the 1980s with "She Works Hard For the Money", which became another anthem, this time for women's rights  Summer was the first black woman to be nominated for an MTV Video Music Award  Summer remained a force on the Billboard Dance/Club Play Songs chart throughout her career and notched 16 number one singles  Her last studio album, 2008's Crayons, spun off three No  1 dance/club hits with "I'm a Fire", "Stamp Your Feet" and "Fame (The Game)"  In May 2012, it was announced that "I Feel Love" was included in the list of preserved recordings at the Library of Congress' National Recording Registry  Her Rock and Roll Hall of Fame page listed Summer as "the Diva De Tutte Dive, the first true diva of the modern pop era" In 2018, Summer: The Donna Summer Musical, a biographical musical featuring Summer's songs, began performances on Broadway at the Lunt-Fontanne Theatre, following a 2017 world premiere at the La Jolla Playhouse in San Diego In the 2019 film How to Build a Girl, Donna Summer is among the figures featured in Johanna's wall collage In 2023, Rolling Stone ranked Summer at number 122 on its list of the 200 Greatest Singers of All Time 

Concert tours
Discography
Filmography
Awards and nominations
Context 3: Passage 1:
Picardy Spaniel
The Picardy Spaniel is a breed of dog developed in France for use as a gundog  It is related to the Blue Picardy Spaniel, and still has many similarities, but the Picardy Spaniel is the older of the two breeds  It is thought to be one of the two oldest continental spaniel breeds and was favoured by the French nobility, remaining popular for hunting after the French Revolution due to its weather resistant coat that enabled it to hunt in a variety of conditions and terrain  However its popularity waned following the influx of English hunting breeds in the early 20th century  Slightly smaller than an English Setter but larger than most of its spaniel cousins, it has no major health issues although as with many breeds with pendulous ears, it can be prone to ear infections 

History
The French Spaniel and the Picardy Spaniel are speculated to have stemmed from the Chien d' Oysel described in the writings of Gaston Phoebus  Hunting during this period in France was one of the favourite sports of the nobility and the French type of Spaniel became the favourite hunting dog of the French Royalty  The breed can be seen in paintings dating from this period by artists Alexandre-François Desportes and Jean-Baptiste Oudry  They were also the first breed of dog to be admitted into salons The breed became more popular still following the French Revolution and the aftermath in which hunting was no longer restricted to the nobility  Although spread throughout France, a large concentration was located in the north west where the weather resistant coat of the breed made it ideal for the wooded and swampy conditions  During the early 19th century, British hunters crossed the channel to hunt in the grounds of north west France  The British brought their own hunting dogs, and this resulted in a change of preference as French hunters switched to English breeds and caused a major blow to the existence of the Picardy Spaniel  In addition the infusion of blood from the English Setter into the local spaniel population created the Blue Picardy Spaniel 

Recognition
The Epagneul Picard Club was formed in 1921 and was merged with the Club of Blue Picardy Spaniel on 28 July 1937  A further merger took place on 21 May 1980 when these clubs merged with the Pont-Audemer Club to form the Club des Epagneuls Picards, Bleus de Picardie & Pont Audemer The Picardy Spaniel is recognised by a variety of Kennel Clubs and associations including the North American Kennel Club, American Rare Breed Association, United Kennel Club, and the Fédération Cynologique Internationale  All four associations use the standard as set by the FCI  It is also recognised by the Continental Kennel Club, but unlike the closely related Blue Picardy Spaniel, it is not recognised by the Canadian Kennel Club 

Description
Appearance
Typical examples of the breed measure between 22–24 inches (56–61 cm) at the withers, with the average weight between 20–25 kilograms (44–55 lb)  The breed is similar in size to the English Setter, although is slightly smaller  Of the Spaniel type breeds, only the Large Münsterländer and Drentse Patrijshond are recognised as possibly growing to larger sizes, with the Drentse measuring 21 5–25 5 in (55–65 cm), and the Münsterländer slightly smaller with a narrower range at 23–25 in (58–64 cm) The breed has a squarely built muscular body and  an oval shaped head with a long muzzle and long ears that hang fairly low  Its coat can vary in colours from chocolate, chestnut brown and white with sandy coloured markings on the head and white or grey spots on the legs  Its hair is abundant with a slight wave, enabling it to work in dense cover and even in water 

Temperament
The Picardy Spaniel is a docile breed of dog and is fond of playing with children and bonds well with their master  It is described as having a gentle sociable nature, possessing a good character with a laid-back attitude, and being relatively easy to train  In France, the breed is used for hunting in wooded areas for pheasants, and in swamps for snipes  However it can also be used for hunting ducks, hares and rabbits  The breed excels at hunting in marshes and will not hesitate to jump into water  It can also adequately serve as a retriever should it be required  The dog is content with a small amount of space and could suit life in the city, but also loves open spaces 

Health
The Picardy Spaniel has no known hereditary health problems, and has an average lifespan of 14 years  However being a hunting spaniel, the breed is prone to ear infections  These infections are common among dogs with pendulous ears, including Basset Hounds and other breeds of spaniel  Overfeeding a Picardy Spaniel may lead to
overweight 
Passage 2:
List of goat breeds
Goats - farm animals of domestic goat (Capra hircus) species, small ruminants - are widespread throughout the world and are used in almost any natural and climatic conditions, even those where other productive animals cannot live  Different breeds of goats are adapted to different livestock systems - from small herds of 3-5 heads on meager grazing to large intensive livestock farms, from year-round grazing to fully stable housing, with many intermediate variations between them  Goats are a source of several types of products, of which the main ones are milk, meat and wool  Among the goat breeds there are highly productive specialized, dual-triple-use and universal breeds  External differences between breeds are represented by many major and minor traits that vary in a very wide range  Goat breeds (especially dairy goats) are some of the oldest defined animal breeds for which breed standards and production records have been kept  Selective breeding of goats generally focuses on improving production of fiber, meat, dairy products or goatskin  Breeds are generally classified based on their primary use, though there are several breeds which are considered dual- or multi-purpose 

List
Passage 3:
Beaglier
This is a list of common dog crossbreeds  These are crossbreed dogs created deliberately by crossing two purebred dogs  Some are known as designer dogs and are bred as companion dogs, often given portmanteau names derived from those of the parent breeds; others are bred to combine specific working qualities inherent in the parent breeds 

Crossbreeds
See also
Dog crossbreed
List of dog breeds
Mongrel
Passage 4:
Beagle
The beagle is a breed of  small scent hound, similar in appearance to the much larger foxhound  The beagle was developed primarily for hunting hare, known as beagling  Possessing a great sense of smell and superior tracking instincts, the beagle is the primary breed used as a detection dog for prohibited agricultural imports and foodstuffs in quarantine around the world  The beagle is intelligent and is a popular pet due to its size, good temper, and a lack of inherited health problems 
The modern breed was developed in Great Britain around the 1830s from several breeds, including the Talbot Hound, the North Country Beagle, the Southern Hound, and possibly the Harrier 
Beagles have been depicted in popular culture since Elizabethan times in literature and paintings and more recently in film, television, and comic books 

History
The origin of the beagle is not known  In the 11th century, William the Conqueror brought the St  Hubert Hound and the Talbot hound to Britain  In Britain, both of these strains were then crossed with Greyhounds to give them speed and stamina for deer hunting  Beagles are similar to the Harrier and the extinct Southern Hound, though they are smaller and slower 
From medieval times, beagle was used as a generic description for the smaller hounds, though these dogs differed considerably from the modern breed  Miniature breeds of beagle-type dogs were known from the times of Edward II and Henry VII, who both had packs of Glove Beagles, so named since they were small enough to fit on a glove, and Queen Elizabeth I kept a breed known as a Pocket Beagle, which stood 8 to 9 inches (20 to 23 cm) at the shoulder  Small enough to fit in a "pocket" or saddlebag, they rode along on the hunt  The larger hounds would run the prey to ground, then the hunters would release the small dogs to continue the chase through underbrush  Elizabeth I referred to the dogs as her singing beagles and often entertained guests at her royal table by letting her Pocket Beagles cavort amid their plates and cups  19th-century sources refer to these breeds interchangeably and it is possible that the two names refer to the same small variety  In George Jesse's Researches into the History of the British Dog from 1866, the early 17th-century poet and writer Gervase Markham is quoted referring to the beagle as small enough to sit on a man's hand and to the: little small mitten-beagle, which may be companion for a ladies kirtle, and in the field will run as cunningly as any hound whatere, only their musick is very small like reeds 
By the 18th century, two breeds had been developed for hunting hare and rabbit: the Southern Hound and the North Country Beagle (or Northern Hound)  The Southern Hound, a tall, heavy dog with a square head, and long, soft ears, was common from south of the River Trent and probably closely related to the Talbot Hound  Though slow, it had stamina and an excellent scenting ability  The North Country Beagle, possibly a cross between an offshoot of the Talbot stock and a Greyhound, was bred chiefly in Yorkshire and was common in the northern counties  It was smaller than the Southern Hound, less heavy-set, and with a more pointed muzzle  It was faster than its southern counterpart but its scenting abilities were less well-developed Standards for the Pocket Beagle were drawn up as late as 1901; these genetic lines are now extinct, although modern breeders have attempted to recreate the variety 

Development of the modern breed
Reverend Phillip Honeywood established a beagle pack in Essex in the 1830s and it is believed that this pack formed the basis for the modern breed  Although details of the pack's lineage are not recorded, it is thought that North Country Beagles and Southern Hounds were strongly represented; William Youatt suspected that Harriers formed a good majority of the beagle's bloodline, but the origin of the Harrier is itself obscure  Honeywood's Beagles were small, standing at about 10 inches (25 cm) at the shoulder, and pure white according to John Mills (writing in The Sportsman's Library in 1845)  Prince Albert and Lord Winterton also had Beagle packs around this time, and royal favor no doubt led to some revival of interest in the breed, but Honeywood's pack was regarded as the finest of the three 
Although credited with the development of the modern breed, Honeywood concentrated on producing dogs for hunting and it was left to Thomas Johnson to refine the breeding to produce dogs that were both attractive and capable hunters  Two strains were developed: the rough-coated and smooth-coated varieties  The rough-coated beagle survived until the beginning of the 20th century, and there were even records of one making an appearance at a dog show as late as 1969, but this variety is now extinct, having probably been absorbed into the standard beagle bloodline In the 1840s, a standard beagle type was beginning to develop; the distinction between the North Country Beagle and Southern Hound had been lost, but there was still a large variation in size, character, and reliability among the emerging packs  In 1856, "Stonehenge" (the pseudonym of John Henry Walsh), writing in the Manual of British Rural Sports, was still dividing beagles into four varieties: the medium beagle; the dwarf or lapdog beagle; the fox beagle (a smaller, slower version of the Foxhound); and the rough-coated or terrier beagle, which he classified as a cross between any of the other varieties and one of the Scottish terrier breeds  Stonehenge also gives the start of a standard description:

In size the beagle measures from 10 inches, or even less, to 15  In shape they resemble the old southern hound in miniature, but with more neatness and beauty; and they also resemble that hound in style of hunting 
By 1887 the threat of extinction was on the wane: there were 18 beagle packs in England  The Beagle Club was formed in 1890 and the first standard drawn up at the same time  The following year the Association of Masters of Harriers and Beagles was formed  Both organisations aimed to further the best interests of the breed, and both were keen to produce a standard type of beagle  By 1902, the number of packs had risen to 44 

Export
Beagles were in the United States by the 1840s at the latest, but the first dogs were imported strictly for hunting and were of variable quality  Since Honeywood had only started breeding in the 1830s, it is unlikely these dogs were representative of the modern breed, and the description of them as looking like straight-legged Dachshunds with weak heads has little resemblance to the standard  Serious attempts at establishing a quality bloodline began in the early 1870s when General Richard Rowett from Illinois imported some dogs from England and began breeding  Rowett's Beagles are believed to have formed the models for the first American standard, drawn up by Rowett, L  H  Twadell, and Norman Ellmore in 1887  The beagle was accepted as a breed by the American Kennel Club (AKC) in 1885  In the 20th century the breed has spread worldwide 

Popularity
On its formation, the Association of Masters of Harriers and Beagles took over the running of a regular show at Peterborough that had started in 1889, and the Beagle Club in the UK held its first show in 1896  The regular showing of the breed led to the development of a uniform type, and the beagle continued to prove a success up until the outbreak of World War I when all shows were suspended  After the war, the breed was again struggling for survival in the UK: the last of the Pocket Beagles was probably lost during this time, and registrations fell to an all-time low  A few breeders (notably Reynalton Kennels) managed to revive interest in the dog and by World War II, the breed was once again doing well  Registrations dropped again after the end of the war but almost immediately recovered As purebred dogs, beagles have always been more popular in the United States and Canada than in their native country England  The National Beagle Club of America was formed in 1888 and by 1901 a beagle had won a Best in Show title  As in the UK, activity during World War I was minimal, but the breed showed a much stronger revival in the U S  when hostilities ceased  In 1928 it won a number of prizes at the Westminster Kennel Club's show and by 1939 a beagle – Champion Meadowlark Draughtsman – had captured the title of top-winning American-bred dog for the year   On 12 February 2008, a beagle, K-Run's Park Me In First (Uno), won the Best In Show category at the Westminster Kennel Club show for the first time in the competition's history  In North America they have been consistently in the top-ten most-popular breeds for over 30 years  From 1953 to 1959 the beagle was ranked No  1 on the list of the American Kennel Club's registered breeds; in 2005 and 2006 it ranked 5th out of the 155 breeds registered  In the UK they are not quite so popular, placing 28th and 30th in the rankings of registrations with the Kennel Club in 2005 and 2006 respectively  In the United States the beagle ranked 4th most popular breed in 2012 and 2013, behind the Labrador Retriever (#1), German Shepherd (#2), and Golden Retriever (#3) breeds 

Name
According to the Oxford English Dictionary, the first mention of the beagle by name in English literature dates from c  1475 in The Squire of Low Degree  The origin of the word "beagle" is uncertain, although it has been suggested that the word derives from the French begueule which means "gate throat" It is not known why the black and tan Kerry Beagle, present in Ireland since Celtic times, has the beagle description, since at 22 to 24 inches (56 to 61 cm) it is significantly taller than the modern day beagle, and in earlier times was even larger  Some writers suggest that the beagle's scenting ability may have come from cross-breeding earlier strains with the Kerry Beagle  Originally used for hunting stags, it is today used for hare and drag hunting 

Appearance
The general appearance of the beagle resembles a miniature Foxhound, but the head is broader and the muzzle shorter, the expression completely different and the legs shorter in proportion to the body   They are generally between 13 and 16 inches (33 and 41 cm) high at the withers and weigh between 18 and 35 lb (8 2 and 15 9 kg), with females being slightly smaller than males on average 
They have a smooth, somewhat domed skull with a medium-length, square-cut muzzle, and a black (or occasionally liver) gumdrop nose  The jaw is strong, and the teeth scissor together with the upper teeth fitting perfectly over the lower teeth  Both sets align square to the jaw  The eyes are large, hazel or brown, with a mild, hound-like pleading look  The large ears are long, soft, and low-set, turning towards the cheeks slightly and rounded at the tips  Beagles have a strong, medium-length neck (which is long enough for them to easily bend to the ground to pick up a scent), with little folding in the skin but some evidence of a dewlap; a broad chest narrowing to a tapered abdomen and waist and a long, slightly curved tail (known as the "stern") tipped with white  The white tip, known as the flag, was bred for selectively, as the tail remains easily seen when the dog's head is down following a scent  The tail does not curl over the back, but is held upright when the dog is active  The beagle has a muscular body and a medium-length, smooth, hard coat  The front legs are straight and carried under the body while the rear legs are muscular and well bent at the stifles 
The tricolored beagle—white with large black areas and light brown shading—is the most common   Tricolored beagles occur in a number of shades, from the "Classic Tri" with a jet black saddle (also known as "Blackback"), to the "Dark Tri" (where faint brown markings are intermingled with more prominent black markings), to the "Faded Tri" (where faint black markings are intermingled with more prominent brown markings)  Some tricolored dogs have a broken pattern, sometimes referred to as pied  These dogs have mostly white coats with patches of black and brown hair  Tricolor beagles are almost always born black and white  The white areas are typically set by eight weeks, but the black areas may fade to brown as the puppy matures   (The brown may take between one and two years to fully develop ) Some beagles gradually change colour during their lives, and may lose their black markings entirely 
Two-colour varieties always have a white base colour with areas of the second colour  Tan and white is the most common two-colour variety, but there is a wide range of other colours including lemon, a very light tan; red, a reddish, almost orange, brown; and liver, a darker brown, and black  Liver is not common and is not permitted in some standards; it tends to occur with yellow eyes  Ticked or mottled varieties may be either white or black with different coloured flecks (ticking), such as the blue-mottled or bluetick beagle, which has spots that appear to be a midnight-blue colour, similar to the colouring of the Bluetick Coonhound  Some tricolour beagles also have ticking of various colours in their white areas 

Sense of smell
Alongside the Bloodhound and Basset Hound, the beagle has one of the best developed senses of smell of any dog  In the 1950s, John Paul Scott and John Fuller began a 13-year study of canine behavior  As part of this research, they tested the scenting abilities of various breeds by putting a mouse in a one-acre field and timing how long it took the dogs to find it  The beagles found it in less than a minute while Fox Terriers took 15 minutes and Scottish Terriers failed to find it at all  The long ears and large lips of the beagle probably assist in trapping the scents close to the nose 

Variations
Breed varieties
The American Kennel Club recognises two separate varieties of beagle: the 13-inch for hounds less than 13 inches (33 cm), and the 15-inch for those between 13 and 15 inches (33 and 38 cm)  The Canadian Kennel Club recognises a single type, with a height not exceeding 15 inches (38 cm)   The Kennel Club (UK) and FCI affiliated clubs recognise a single type, with a height of between 13 and 16 inches (33 and 41 cm) 

English and American varieties are sometimes mentioned  However, there is no official recognition from any Kennel Club for this distinction  Beagles fitting the American Kennel Club standard – which disallows animals over 15 inches (38 cm) – are smaller on average than those fitting the Kennel Club standard which allows heights up to 16 inches (41 cm) 
Pocket Beagles are sometimes advertised for sale but while the UK Kennel Club originally specified a standard for the Pocket Beagle in 1901, the variety is now not recognised by any Kennel Club 
A strain known as Patch Hounds was developed by Willet Randall and his family from 1896 specifically for their rabbit hunting ability  They trace their bloodline back to Field Champion Patch, but do not necessarily have a patchwork marking 

Crossbreeds
In the 1850s, John Henry Walsh (Stonehenge) recommended a cross between a Beagle and a Scottish Terrier as a retriever  He found the crossbreed to be a good worker, silent and obedient, but it had the drawback that it was small and could barely carry a hare  More recently, the trend has been for "designer dogs" and one of the most popular has been the Beagle/Pug cross known as a Puggle  Some puppies of this cross are less excitable than a Beagle and with a lower exercise requirement, similar to the Pug parent; but many are highly excitable and require vigorous exercise 

Temperament
The beagle has an even temper and gentle disposition  Described in several breed standards as "merry", they are amiable and typically neither aggressive nor timid, although this depends on the individual  They enjoy company, and although they may initially be standoffish with strangers, they are easily won over  They make poor guard dogs for this reason, although their tendency to bark or howl when confronted with the unfamiliar makes them good watch dogs  In a 1985 study conducted by Ben and Lynette Hart, the beagle was given the highest excitability rating, along with the Yorkshire Terrier, Cairn Terrier, Miniature Schnauzer, West Highland White Terrier, and Fox Terrier They are ranked 72nd in Stanley Coren's The Intelligence of Dogs, as Coren places them among the group with the lowest degree of working/obedience intelligence  Coren's scale, however, does not assess understanding, independence, or creativity 
Beagles are excellent with children and this is one of the reasons they have become popular family pets  Beagles are pack animals; they are prone to separation anxiety, a condition which causes them to destroy things when left unattended   Not all beagles will howl, but most will bark when confronted with strange situations, and some will bay (also referred to as "speaking", "giving tongue", or "opening") when they catch the scent of potential quarry  They also generally get along well with cats and other dogs  They are not too demanding with regard to exercise; their inbred stamina means they do not easily tire when exercised, but they also do not need to be worked to exhaustion before they will rest  Regular exercise helps ward off the weight gain to which the breed is prone 

Health
The typical longevity of beagles is 12–15 years, which is a common lifespan for dogs of their size Beagles may be prone to epilepsy, but this can often be controlled with medication  Hypothyroidism and a number of types of dwarfism occur in beagles  Two conditions in particular are unique to the breed: "Funny Puppy", in which the puppy is slow to develop and eventually develops weak legs, a crooked back and although normally healthy, is prone to a range of illnesses; and Musladin-Lueke syndrome (MLS) in which the eyes are slanted and the outer toes are underdeveloped but otherwise development is as normal  Hip dysplasia, common in Harriers and in some larger breeds, is rarely considered a problem in beagles  Beagles are considered a chondrodystrophic breed, meaning that they are prone to types of disk diseases 
In rare cases, beagles may develop immune mediated polygenic arthritis (where the immune system attacks the joints) even at a young age  The symptoms can sometimes be relieved by steroid treatments  Another rare disease in the breed is neonatal cerebellar cortical degeneration  Affected puppies are slow, have lower co-ordination, fall more often, and do not have a normal gait  It has an estimated carrier rate of 5% and affected rate of 0 1%  A genetic test is available Their long floppy ears can mean that the inner ear does not receive a substantial air flow or that moist air becomes trapped, and this can lead to ear infections  Beagles may also be affected by a range of eye problems; two common ophthalmic conditions in beagles are glaucoma and corneal dystrophy  "Cherry eye", a prolapse of the gland of the third eyelid, and distichiasis, a condition in which eyelashes grow into the eye causing irritation, sometimes exist; both these conditions can be corrected with surgery  They can suffer from several types of retinal atrophy  Failure of the nasolacrimal drainage system can cause dry eye or leakage of tears onto the face As field dogs they are prone to minor injuries such as cuts and sprains, and, if inactive, obesity is a common problem as they will eat whenever food is available and rely on their owners to regulate their weight  When working or running free they are also likely to pick up parasites such as fleas, ticks, harvest mites, and tapeworms, and irritants such as grass seeds can become trapped in their eyes, soft ears, or paws Beagles may exhibit a behavior known as reverse sneezing, in which they sound as if they are choking or gasping for breath, but are actually drawing air in through the mouth and nose  The exact cause of this behavior is not known, but it can be a common occurrence and is not harmful to the dog 

Reproduction
The average size of a beagle litter is six puppies  When mother beagles give birth to litters of puppies, the little pups weigh just a few ounces each 

Hunting
Beagles were developed primarily for hunting hare, an activity known as beagling  They were seen as ideal hunting companions for the elderly who could follow on horseback without exerting themselves, for young hunters who could keep up with them on ponies, and for the poorer hunters who could not afford to maintain a stable of good hunting horses  Before the advent of the fashion for foxhunting in the 19th century, hunting was an all day event where the enjoyment was derived from the chase rather than the kill  In this setting the tiny beagle was well matched to the hare, as unlike Harriers they would not quickly finish the hunt, but because of their excellent scent-tracking skills and stamina they were almost guaranteed to eventually catch the hare  The beagle packs would run closely together ("so close that they might be covered with a sheet") which was useful in a long hunt, as it prevented stray dogs from obscuring the trail  In thick undergrowth they were also preferred to spaniels when hunting pheasant With the fashion for faster hunts, the beagle fell out of favor for chasing hare, but was still employed for rabbit hunting  In Anecdotes of Dogs (1846), Edward Jesse says:

In rabbit-shooting, in gorse and thick cover, nothing can be more cheerful than the beagle  They also are easily heard over long distances and in thick cover  They have been called rabbit-beagles from this employment, for which they are peculiarly qualified, especially those dogs which are somewhat wire-haired In the United States they appear to have been employed chiefly for hunting rabbits from the earliest imports 
Hunting hare with beagles became popular again in Britain in the mid-19th century and continued until it was made illegal in Scotland by the Protection of Wild Mammals (Scotland) Act 2002 and in England and Wales by the Hunting Act 2004  Under this legislation beagles may still pursue rabbits with the landowner's permission  Drag hunting is popular where hunting is no longer permitted or for those owners who do not wish to participate in hunting a live animal, but still wish to exercise their dog's innate skills 
The traditional foot pack consists of up to 40 beagles, marshaled by a Huntsman who directs the pack and who is assisted by a variable number of whippers-in whose job is to return straying hounds to the pack  The Master of the Hunt is in overall day-to-day charge of the pack, and may or may not take on the role of Huntsman on the day of the hunt 
As hunting with beagles was seen as ideal for young people, many of the British public schools traditionally maintained beagle packs  Protests were lodged against Eton's use of beagles for hunting as early as 1902 but the pack is still in existence today  In 2001, the Wye College beagle pack was taken by the Animal Liberation Front  School and university packs are still maintained by Eton, Marlborough, Radley, the Royal Agricultural University, and Christ Church, Oxford In addition to organised beagling, beagles have been used for hunting or flushing to guns (often in pairs) a wide range of game including snowshoe hare, cottontail rabbits, game birds, roe deer, red deer, bobcat, coyote, wild boar, and foxes, and have even been recorded as being used to hunt stoat  In most of these cases, the beagle is employed as a gun dog, flushing game for hunter's guns 

Detection
Beagles are used as detection dogs in the Beagle Brigade of the United States Department of Agriculture  These dogs are used to detect food items in luggage being taken into the United States  After trialling several breeds, beagles were chosen because they are relatively small and unintimidating for people who are uncomfortable around dogs, easy to care for, intelligent and work well for rewards  They are also used for this purpose in a number of other countries including by the Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry in New Zealand, the Australian Quarantine and Inspection Service, and in Canada, Japan, and the People's Republic of China  Larger breeds are generally used for detection of explosives as this often involves climbing over luggage and on large conveyor belts, work for which the smaller Beagle is not suited 

Testing
Beagles are the dog breed most often used in animal testing, due to their size and passive nature  In the United States, as many as 65,000 beagles are used every year for medical, cosmetic, beauty, and other chemical tests  They are purpose bred and live their lives in cages undergoing experiments  The Rescue + Freedom Project (formerly Beagle Freedom Project) has successfully advocated for beagles to be released from labs  This organisation has freed hundreds of animals Beagles are used in a range of research procedures: fundamental biological research, applied human medicine, applied veterinary medicine, and protection of man, animals, or the environment  Of the 8,018 dogs used in testing in the UK in 2004, 7,799 were beagles (97 3%)  In the UK, the Animals (Scientific Procedures) Act 1986 gave special status to primates, equids, cats and dogs and in 2005 the Animal Procedures Committee (set up by the act) ruled that testing on mice was preferable, even though a greater number of individual animals were involved  In 2005 beagles were involved in less than 0 3% of the total experiments on animals in the UK, but of the 7670 experiments performed on dogs 7406 involved beagles (96 6%)  Most dogs are bred specifically for this purpose, by companies such as Harlan  In the UK companies breeding animals for research must be licensed under the Animals (Scientific Procedures) Act 

Bans and activism against beagle testing
Testing of cosmetic products on animals is banned in the member states of the European Community, although France protested the ban and has made efforts to have it lifted  It is permitted in the United States but is not mandatory if safety can be ascertained by other methods, and the test species is not specified by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA)  When testing toxicity of food additives, food contaminants, and some drugs and chemicals the FDA uses beagles and miniature pigs as surrogates for direct human testing  Minnesota was the first state to enact a Beagle Freedom adoption law in 2014, mandating that dogs and cats are allowed to be adopted once they have completed research testing Anti-vivisection groups have reported on abuse of animals inside testing facilities  In 1997 footage secretly filmed by a freelance journalist inside Huntingdon Life Sciences in the UK showed staff punching and screaming at beagles  Consort Kennels, a UK-based breeder of beagles for testing, closed down in 1997 after pressure from animal rights groups There are various examples of activists utilizing Freedom of Information Act (FOIA) requests to obtain information about taxpayer funding of animal testing  For example, the White Coat Waste Project, a group of activists that hold that taxpayers should not have to pay $20 billion every year for experiments on animals, highlighted that the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases provided $400,000 in taxpayer money to fund experiments in which 28 beagles were infected by disease-causing parasites   The White Coat Project found reports that said dogs taking part in the experiments were "vocalizing in pain" after being injected with foreign substances  Following public outcry, People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals (PETA) made a call to action that all members of the National Institute of Health resign effective immediately and that there is a "need to find a new NIH director to replace the outgoing Francis Collins who will shut down research that violates the dignity of nonhuman animals "

Other roles
Although bred for hunting, Beagles are versatile and are nowadays employed for various other roles in detection, therapy, and as family pets Beagles are used as sniffer dogs for termite detection in Australia, and have been mentioned as possible candidates for drug and explosive detection  Because of their gentle nature and unimposing build, they are also frequently used in pet therapy, visiting the sick and elderly in hospital  In June 2006, a trained Beagle assistance dog was credited with saving the life of its owner after using her owner's mobile phone to dial an emergency number   In the aftermath of the 2010 Haiti earthquake, a Beagle search and rescue dog with a Colombian rescue squad was credited with locating the owner of the Hôtel Montana, who was subsequently rescued after spending 100 hours buried in the rubble  Beagles were hired by New York City to help with bedbug detection, although some have expressed doubts about the role of such dogs in this type of detection 

In popular culture
Anthropomorphic Beagles appeared in comic strips and animated cartoons since the 1950s with the Peanuts character Snoopy, who was billed as "the world's most famous Beagle"  The animated series Courage the Cowardly Dog also features an anthropomorphic beagle as its title character 
Porthos is a beagle that belongs to Jonathan Archer, the captain on the television series Star Trek: Enterprise 
Former US President Lyndon Baines Johnson had several beagles, and caused an outcry when he picked up one of them by its ears during an official greeting on the White House lawn 
The ship on which Charles Darwin made the voyage which provided much of the inspiration for On the Origin of Species was named HMS Beagle after the breed, and, in turn, lent its name to the ill-fated British Martian lander Beagle 2 
An American bred 15 inch male Beagle with the registered name of Ch K-Run's Park Me In First and the pet name of "Uno" won the 2008 Westminster Kennel Club Dog Show 
A Canadian bred 15 inch female Beagle with the registered name of Gr Ch Tashtins Lookin For Trouble and the pet name of "Miss P" won the 2015 Westminster Kennel Club Dog Show 

Notable Beagles
Frodo, awarded the PDSA Gold Medal for animal bravery
Uno, who in 2008 became the first Beagle to win the Westminster Kennel Club Dog Show 
Miss P, winner of the 2015 Westminster Kennel Club Dog Show
Passage 5:
List of turkey breeds
Turkey breeds are reported to the DAD-IS breed database of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations by more than sixty countries  The breeds reported include commercial/industrial strains, local types and recognised breeds in many countries 

United States
Twenty breeds are reported to DAD-IS by the United States



ground_truth: 140 million

prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: Are both French Spaniel and Beagle universally recognized breeds?

The following are given passages.
Context 3:  Eight of them are recognised by the American Poultry Association in its breed standard, the American Standard of Perfection, where however they are classified as "varieties" rather than as breeds  This may be because the original genotype for domestic turkeys was for Bronze, and all other color varieties are due to mutations from it 

APA varieties
Europe
Twelve breeds are recognized by the Entente Européenne d'Aviculture et de Cuniculture  Others with breed standards of European national associations are accepted 

EE breeds
Other varieties not recognized by the APA or EE include the following: 

Auburn or Light Brown is an extremely rare as its numbers are not considered high enough for inclusion in the Standard  An extremely rare variant of the Auburn is called the Silver Auburn 
Buff (or Jersey Buff) is a very rare heritage breed 
Chocolate breed is chocolate brown in color  Day-old poults are white-faced with chocolate bodies 
Midget White is a rare heritage breed sometimes confused with the Beltsville Small White 
Zagorje (Zagorski puran) is a Croatian variant of turkey 

See also
Turkey genus
Wild turkey of North America
Domestic turkey
Ocellated turkey, a species of turkey residing primarily in the Yucatán Peninsula in Mexico 
Passage 6:
French Spaniel
The French Spaniel (Epagneul Français) is a breed of dog of the Spaniel-like setter  It was developed in France and Canada as a hunting dog, descended from dogs of the 14th century  Popular with royalty during the Middle Ages, it nearly became extinct by the turn of the 20th century but was saved by the efforts of Father Fournier, a French priest  One of the largest breeds of Spaniel, it typically has a white coat with brown markings  It is a friendly breed that has few health issues, but can be affected by a syndrome called acral mutilation and analgesia  The breed is recognised by Canadian and international kennel clubs but not by The Kennel Club (UK)  The American Kennel Club has included the breed in its Foundation Stock Service, the first step to full recognition 

History
Spaniels were first mentioned in France during the 14th century in Gaston III of Foix-Béarn's work Livre de chasse, later translated into English as The Master of Game  The French Spaniel was referred to as a specific type of Spaniel by 1660 and was noted as being distinctive from the King Charles Spaniel of the Holland type The breed was popular during the Middle Ages with it used for falconry and as a settling dog for net hunting  They became a favourite of French Royalty and Kings and Princes at the royal courts of Versailles favored them over other breeds of hunting dogs  In addition, Catherine I of Russia (1684–1727) was known to have owned a French Spaniel named Babe  During this period, the French Spaniel was known to have split into several regional types The Sporting Magazine wrote of the French Spaniel and the hunting of mallards in 1805, "The rough French Spaniel has been found the best companion on these occasions: he watches the conduct of the sportsman, and, with a velocity unequalled, darts on the wounded prey, presents it with all possible speed at the feet of his master " In the 1850s, the Brittany (formerly known as Brittany Spaniel) was developed from crossing French Spaniels with English Setters James de Connick established the first breed standard for the French Spaniel in 1891  At the turn of the 20th century, the numbers of French Spaniels dropped so low that they nearly became extinct due to competition from foreign sporting dogs, in particular as French hunters chose to hunt particularly with English breeds of hunting dogs  A French priest named Father Fournier undertook the task of gathering the remaining French Spaniels in his Saint Hillaire kennels in order to preserve the breed  There he built the lineages that are representatives of those we now have  The French Spaniel Club was founded in 1921, with Father Fournier as the president of the association  The modern French Spaniel is one of a group of recognised French Spaniels, including the Brittany, Picardy and Blue Picardy 

Recognition
The French Spaniel was little known outside France and neighboring countries until it was introduced in the Canadian province of Quebec in the 1970s  It quickly became a popular dog for hunting woodcock and grouse  The Club de l'Épagneul Français du Canada was formed in 1978 to ensure the French Spaniel would continue to meet breed standards and to pursue official recognition by the Canadian Kennel Club, by which the breed was recognised in 1985 French Spaniels are also recognized by the Fédération Cynologique Internationale, and the United Kennel Club  The Kennel Club (UK) and the American Kennel Club do not recognize the French Spaniel, but is recognised by the North American Versatile Hunting Dog Association, and can be registered with US dog registries in order to record their registries and compete in associated dog shows, such as the Dog Registry of America, American Canine Association, and America's Pet Registry To qualify for recognition by the American Kennel Club, a national breed club must first be established and a written request needs to be sent to the AKC along with a breed standard  This enables qualification for the Foundation Stock Service  The next step is to qualify to compete in the Miscellaneous Class  This requires a minimum of one hundred active members in the national breed club, along with a minimum of three to four hundred dogs in the United States with a three generation pedigree (all dogs in those pedigrees must be of the same breed)  In addition, they must be geographically spread across twenty states or more, and finally the clubs by-laws and constitution must be reviewed as well as breed observations made by AKC staff  There is a typical stay of between one and three years in the Miscellaneous Class before full recognition is granted  During this time, the breed club must be seen to be active and hold seminars, matches as well as local and national speciality shows  The Kennel Club (UK) does not have a miscellaneous class or foundation stock service, instead it requires British bred dog and three generation pedigrees of them, along with details from the country of origin including the breed standard  This allows listing on the Imported Breeds Register, with full recognition granted at the discretion of the Kennel Club Review Committee 

Description
The French Spaniel is one of the two tallest spaniel breeds, being taller than the English Springer Spaniel  Males can range in height from 22–24 inches (56–61 cm), and females are about an inch shorter  Dogs can range in weight from 45–60 pounds (20–27 kg) A normal dog has a muscular appearance with a deep chest and strong legs  The French Spaniel has eyes of a dark amber colour, and a thick tail that tapers towards the tip  The hair is medium, dense, with long feathers on the ears, backs of the legs and tail  It has some waviness on the chest and otherwise lies flat on the body  The normal colour of a French Spaniel's coat is white with brown markings rather in shade from a light cinnamon to dark liver  Historically, the coat was only white with black markings, but the breed was mixed with other colours of Spaniels during the 19th century 

Temperament
The French Spaniel has a friendly and outgoing personality and is well balanced and patient  It is not a naturally aggressive dog, is eager to please and thus can be trained easily  A dog of this breed will form a strong bond with its master, being typically a working dog  It has a high level of stamina and requires vigorous exercise 

Health
The breed is robustly healthy with few issues and adapts well to wet weather conditions  A dermatological condition known as acral mutilation and analgesia may affect French Spaniels  It is a newly recognised disorder, with symptoms becoming apparent between three and a half months and a year of age  It was first reported in thirteen dogs in Canada and shares symptoms with the acral mutilation syndromes of the German Shorthaired Pointer, English Pointer and English Springer Spaniels  Dogs who are affected will lick, bite and mutilate their extremities resulting in ulcers with secondary bacterial infections  Self amputation of claws, digits and footpads can happen in extreme cases  The majority of the initial dogs identified were euthanised within days to months of being diagnosed 
Passage 7:
American Cocker Spaniel
The American Cocker Spaniel is a breed of sporting dog  It is a spaniel type dog that is closely related to the English Cocker Spaniel; the two breeds diverged during the 20th century due to differing breed standards in the US and the UK  In the United States, the breed is usually called a Cocker Spaniel, while elsewhere in the world, it is called an American Cocker Spaniel to distinguish it from its older English cousin  The word cocker is commonly held to stem from their use to hunt woodcock in England, while spaniel is thought to be derived from the breed's origins in Spain 
The first spaniel in America came across with the Mayflower in 1620, but it was not until 1878 that the first Cocker Spaniel was registered with the American Kennel Club (AKC)  A national breed club was set up three years later and the dog considered to be the father of the modern breed, Ch  Obo II, was born around this time  By the 1920s the English and American varieties of Cocker had become noticeably different and in 1946 the AKC recognized the English type as a separate breed  It was not until 1970 that The Kennel Club in the UK recognized the American Cocker Spaniel as being separate from the English type  The American Cocker was the most popular breed in the United States during the 1940s and 1950s and again during the 1980s, reigning for a total of 18 years  They have also won the best in show title at the Westminster Kennel Club Dog Show on four occasions, the best in show title at Crufts in 2017, and have been linked to the President of the United States on several occasions, with owners including Richard Nixon and Harry S  Truman   In 2013, the cocker spaniel ranked 29th the American Kennel Club registration statistics of historical comparisons and notable trends 
The breed is the smallest of the sporting dogs recognized by the AKC, and its distinctly shaped head makes it immediately recognizable  In addition, there are some marked differences between it and its English relative  It is a happy breed with average working intelligence, although by being bred to a show standard it is no longer an ideal working dog  Members of the breed suffer from a wide variety of health ailments including problems with their hearts, eyes and ears 

History
The word spanyell is thought to date from the late 12th century when it was used to name a type of dog imported into England from Spain, with the span part of the word referring to the country of origin  Records from the mid-14th century show that selective breeding was already in place, with the breed being separated into two distinct types, called water spaniels and land spaniels  By 1801, the smaller variety of land spaniel was called the Cocker or Cocking Spaniel, so named for its use in flushing woodcock According to historical records, the first spaniel was brought to North America aboard the Mayflower which sailed from Plymouth, England and landed in New England in 1620  The first Cocker Spaniel recorded in America was a liver and white dog named Captain, who was registered with the American Kennel Club in 1878  In 1881, the American Cocker Spaniel Club was formed; it would later become the American Spaniel Club (ASC) and is now known as the oldest breed club for dogs in the United States  The task of the club was initially to create a standard to separate the Cocker Spaniel in America from other types of land spaniels, a task which would take over 20 years, only being completed in 1905 The dog considered to be the father of the American Cocker Spaniel was sired by the dog considered to be the father of the English Cocker Spaniel  Ch  Obo was bred to Ch  Chloe II, who was shipped to America while she was pregnant  Once in the United States, she whelped a dog who became Ch  Obo II  He differed greatly from the modern breed, being only 10 inches (25 cm) tall and with a long body, but was considered to be an excellent dog of that era and became a popular sire Towards the end of the 19th century, the breed had become popular in America and Canada due to their dual use as a family pet and a working dog  In the early 20th century the breeders on either side of the Atlantic had created different breed standards for the Cocker Spaniel and the breed gradually diverged from one another, with the two becoming noticeably different by the 1920s  The American Cockers by now had a smaller muzzle, their coats were softer and the dogs overall were lighter and smaller  The differences were so apparent that in 1935, breeders founded the English Cocker Spaniel Club and restricted breeding between the two types of spaniel  The two types of Cocker Spaniel in America were shown together as one breed, with the English type as a variety of the main breed, until 1946 when the American Kennel Club recognized the English Cocker Spaniel as a separate breed 

Return to the UK
Initially in the United Kingdom there were a few American Cockers that had accompanied service personnel to American bases in the 1950s and 1960s  In addition, several came over with embassy staff and business people returning home The first UK Kennel Club registered American Cocker Spaniel was Aramingo Argonaught, born January 17, 1956, and bred by Herbert L  Steinberg  Two judges confirmed that the dog was an American Cocker and not an English Cocker before the Kennel Club permitted the dog to be shown  In the 1960s they were shown as a rare breed, which meant that they did not have a show class of their own and could only be shown in variety classes  This included Aramingo Argonaught, who was the first American Cocker Spaniel to be shown at Crufts in 1960 in a class entitled "Any variety not classified at this show"  In 1968, the KC agreed to have the breed shown in the category "Any variety gundog other than Cocker" and stated that the American Cocker was not a variety of "Spaniel (Cocker)"  There were around 100 registrations between 1966 and 1968 In 1970 the breed was given a separate register in the Kennel Club Breed Supplement, as it was previously included in "Any other variety"  Registration numbers increased to 309 by 1970 following this full recognition 

Notable American Cockers and popularity
American Cocker Spaniels have won best in show at the Westminster Dog Show on four occasions, with the first win in 1921 by Ch  Midkiff Seductive  Ch  My Own Brucie won the title twice in 1940 and 1941, and became known as the most photographed dog in the world Brucie's win in 1940 coincided with the American Cocker Spaniel becoming the most popular breed of dog in the United States, and they would remain the most popular until 1952  The breed won the title for the fourth time in 1954 with the victory going to Ch  Carmor's Rise and Shine  The popularity of the American Cocker increased once again in the 1980s with it becoming the most popular breed again from 1984 until 1990  In more recent years the popularity of the breed has decreased, with it ranked 15th most popular by the American Kennel Club in 2005  The breeds most recent victory came in 2017 when it won the best in show title at Crufts 
American Cocker Spaniels have had several links to the United States Presidency  In 1952, an American Cocker Spaniel became a household name when United States Senator Richard Nixon made his Checkers speech on September 23  A parti-colored American Cocker Spaniel named Dot was one of several dogs owned by Rutherford B  Hayes; and a buff colored dog named Feller caused a scandal for Harry S  Truman when the dog was received as an unwanted gift with the President subsequently giving it away to a White House physician  More recently, a Cocker named Zeke lived with Bill Clinton while he was the governor of Arkansas 

Appearance
The American Cocker Spaniel is the smallest dog recognized by the American Kennel Club as a sporting dog, being on average between 13 5 and 15 5 inches (34 and 39 cm) high at the withers  It is a dog of normal proportions, with medium long silky fur on the body and ears, hanging down on the legs and belly (known as feathering)  The head has an upturned nose and the ears hang down  The breed standard states that size over 15 5 inches (39 cm) inches for males and 14 5 inches (37 cm) for females is a disqualification at conformation shows  American Cocker Spaniels weigh around 24 to 30 pounds (11 to 14 kg) on average, with females of the breed usually weighing slightly less than the males The head of an American Cocker Spaniel makes the breed immediately recognizable, with the rounded dome of the skull, well-pronounced stop, and a square shaped lip  The drop ears are long, low set, with long silky fur, and the eyes are dark, large, and rounded  The nose can be black or brown depending on the color of the breed The coat of the breed come in a variety of shades with the colors being separated into three main groups: black/black and tan, any solid color other than black (ASCOB), and parti-color  The black variety is either all black, or with tan points on the dog's head, the feet and the tail in a pattern called black and tan  The group known as ASCOB includes all other solid colors from light cream through to dark red, although some lighter coloring is allowed on the feathering according to standards  Parti-colored dogs are white with patches of another color such as black or brown, and includes any roan colored dogs  In addition, American Cockers coats can come in a pattern known as merle, which is not recognized by the American Kennel Club American Cockers have rounder eyes, a domed skull, shorter muzzle and more clearly pronounced eyebrows than the English Cockers, whose head is more setter-like  In colors, the roan colors are rarer in the American variety than in the English but the shade of buff which is common in the American is not seen in the English breed at all, although there are English Cocker Spaniels which are considered to be a shade of red  The English breed is also slightly larger, being between 14 5–15 5 inches (37–39 cm) in height 
American Cocker Spaniel

Temperament
Known as the "Merry Cocker", the American Cocker Spaniel breed standard defines the ideal dog of the breed as being "equable in temperament with no suggestion of timidity " The breed ranks 20th in Stanley Coren's The Intelligence of Dogs, a rating that indicates good "Working or Obedience Intelligence", or trainability  IQ tests run on a variety of breeds in the 1950s and 1960s showed that the American Cocker performed the best when tested on its ability to show restraint and delayed response to a trigger, a trait which was put down to the breed's bred-in ability when hunting to freeze upon finding a bird before flushing it out on command  However, they proved to be the worst breed tested when it came to manipulating objects with their paws, for instance uncovering a dish of food or pulling on a string With a good level of socialization at an early age, an American Cocker can get along with people, children, other dogs and other pets  This breed seems to have a perpetually wagging tail and prefers to be around people; it is not best suited to the backyard alone  Cockers can be easily stressed by loud noises and by rough treatment or handling Members of the breed were originally used as hunting dogs, but increased in popularity as a show dog  It was bred more and more in conformation with the breed standard, resulting in certain attributes, such as a long coat, which no longer make it an ideal working dog 

Health
American Cocker Spaniels in UK and USA/Canada surveys had a median lifespan of about 10 to 11 years, which is on the low end of the typical range for purebred dogs, and one to two years less than other breeds of their size  The larger English Cocker Spaniel typically lives about a year longer than the American Cocker Spaniel  In a 2004 UK Kennel Club survey, the most common causes of death were cancer (23%), old age (20%), cardiac (8%), and immune-mediated (8%)  In a 2003 USA/Canada Health Survey with a smaller sample size, the leading causes of death were cancer, hepatic disease, and immune-mediated American Cockers previously high popularity resulted in the breed frequently being bred by backyard breeders or in puppy mills  This indiscriminate breeding has increased the proliferation of breed related health issues in certain bloodlines American Cocker Spaniels are susceptible to a variety of illnesses, particularly infections affecting their ears and, in some cases, their eyes  Although the number or percent of afflicted dogs is not known, progressive retinal atrophy (PRA), glaucoma, and cataracts have been identified in some members of the breed  The American Spaniel Club recommends annual eye exams by a veterinary ophthalmologist for all dogs that are to be used for breeding  Autoimmune problems in Cockers have also been identified in an unknown number or percent of the breed, including autoimmune hemolytic anemia (AIHA)  Ear inflammations are common in drop-eared breeds of dog, including the American Cocker, and luxating patellas and hip dysplasia have been identified in some members of the breed Heart conditions such as dilated cardiomyopathy, where the heart becomes weakened and enlarged, and sick sinus syndrome, which is a type of abnormal heart beating which causes low blood pressure, have been identified in the breed  Phosphofructokinase deficiency is a condition caused by a recessive gene in the breed which prevents the metabolism of glucose into energy, causing the dog to have extremely low energy and be unable to exercise  The gene which causes this appears in around 10 percent of the population, but DNA testing can prevent two carrier dogs from breeding and thus creating puppies with this condition American Cockers are also prone to canine epilepsy and the related condition known as Rage Syndrome  The latter is a form of epilepsy which can cause a normally placid dog to engage in sudden and unprovoked violent attacks  Initial research shows that both conditions appear to be inheritable 

In popular culture
The film Lady and the Tramp features the character Lady who is an American Cocker Spaniel 
Trilby from the Australian-American TV series Raggs is an American Cocker Spaniel 
Mags from Turbo Dogs is an American Cocker Spaniel 
Passage 8:
Water spaniel
Water spaniel (capitalized in the names of standardized breeds) was originally a term for water dogs generally, and today refer to several different breeds of water dogs that actually are spaniels, such as:

American Water Spaniel
English Water Spaniel, extinct
Irish Water Spaniel
Tweed Water Spaniel, extinct
Passage 9:
Welsh Springer Spaniel
The Welsh Springer Spaniel (Welsh: Llamgi Cymru) is a breed of dog and a member of the spaniel family  Thought to be comparable to the old Land Spaniel, they are similar to the English Springer Spaniel and historically have been referred to as both the Welsh Spaniel and the Welsh Cocker Spaniel  They were relatively unknown until a succession of victories in dog trials by the breed increased its popularity  Following recognition by The Kennel Club in 1902, the breed gained the modern name of Welsh Springer Spaniel  The breed's coat only comes in a single colour combination of white with red markings, usually in a piebald pattern  Loyal and affectionate, they can become very attached to family members and are wary of strangers  Health conditions are limited to those common among many breeds of dog, although they are affected more than average by hip dysplasia and some eye conditions  They are a working dog, bred for hunting, and while not as rare as some varieties of spaniel, they are rarer than the more widely known English Springer Spaniel with which they are sometimes confused 

History
The origin of the Welsh Springer Spaniel is unknown, but dogs resembling the breed with its distinctive red and white coat are frequently depicted in old pictures and prints  This type of dog was known as the Land Spaniel, and is considered to be similar to the modern Welsh Springer  John Caius, writing in 1570, said "Spaniels whose skynnes are white and if marked with any spottes they are commonly red"  It is thought that these Spaniels may have made their way into the Welsh valleys where local sportsman and hunters managed to conserve them in a pure state At one time called the Welsh Starter, it was used to spring game, originally for hunters using falcons  The traditional red and white colour of the Welsh Springer was once also found in English dogs, but by the early 20th century any such dogs were considered to have "died out long ago" The Welsh Springer Spaniel was also at one time called the Welsh Spaniel, and also at one point was included in the Kennel Club (UK) studbook as Cocker Spaniels, and was known as the Welsh Cocker  During the 19th century were several different varieties of Cocker Spaniel, including the English, the Welsh and the Devonshire as the term was used to describe the size of the dog rather than the breed  Unusually, in John George Wood's 1865 book The Illustrated Natural History, an image is described showing a Welsh Cocker Spaniel as a solid coloured dark spaniel  The same inscription is used in the 1867 work The Dog in Health and Disease by Stonehenge and he further describes the Welsh Cocker and the Devonshire Cocker as "both being of a deep-liver colour"  The Welsh Springer was relatively unknown during the 19th Century, but this changed in 1900 when Mr  A  T  Williams of Ynis-y-Gerwn won the team stake at the Sporting Spaniel Club Trials  The trials were held on Mr  Williams' own estate, and it was thought that when his team defeated eight well known teams it was because of the home advantage  This was disproved when dogs from the same kennel went on to win in successive years around the UK  His conformation show champion dog Corrin was the first Welsh Springer Spaniel to be photographed 

Welsh Springers were recognised by The Kennel Club, after the breed had gained popularity, in 1902 under the new name of Welsh Springer Spaniel  Until then the breed was shown alongside the English Springer Spaniel  The Welsh Springer Spaniel was transported to America in the late 19th century and gained recognition by the American Kennel Club in 1906 World War I caused problems for the breed in the United Kingdom, and when the war was over there were no dogs whose parents had registered pedigrees  The breed restarted with the remaining unregistered dogs, and it is these dogs that formed the modern day breed  The breeders in the 1920s and 1930s developed these dogs into the type of Welsh Springer Spaniel which remains today  The Welsh Springer Spaniel Club (UK) was formed in 1923, registrations slowly increased between the wars but all records held by the breed club were destroyed in an air raid during World War II  Following the two World Wars, it was thought that no Welsh Springers remained in the United States  The breed was reintroduced, and the descendants of those dogs make up the breed today in the United States and Canada  The breed was officially imported into Australia in 1973 In 2000, The Kennel Club registered 424 Welsh Springer Spaniels, compared with 12,599 English Springer Spaniels and 13,445 English Cocker Spaniels  Numbers remained steady, with 420 Welsh Springer Spaniels being registered in 2004, however numbers of English Springer Spaniels increased to 14,765 and English Cocker Spaniels to 16,608  Numbers remain closer to the American Cocker Spaniel which registered 610 in 2000, and 599 in 2004  The breed remains more popular than some other breeds of Spaniel, including the Clumber Spaniel, Field Spaniel, Sussex Spaniel and Irish Water Spaniel  Total registrations in the UK during 2016 fell to 299 qualifying it to be included on The Kennel Club's list of Vulnerable Native Breeds 

Description
Appearance
The Welsh Springer Spaniel is a compact, solidly built dog, bred for hard work and endurance  Their body can give the impression of length due to its obliquely angled forequarters and developed hindquarters  The build of the Welsh Springer Spaniel should be slightly off square, meaning that the length of the dog should be slightly greater than the height at the withers  However, some dogs may be square, and this is not penalised in the show ring as long as the height is never greater than the length   Traditionally a docked breed, dependent on legislation in the country of origin, and where allowed the dew claws can be removed In conformation showing, eyes should be brown in colour; yellow eyes do sometimes occur but are penalised in the show ring  Ears are small, pendulous (suspended and hanging), vine-shaped and with a light setter-like feathering  Nostrils are well developed and are black or any shade of brown; a pink nose is penalised in the AKC standard for the show ring, in Britain the colour is not specified in The Kennel Club's breed standard  In showing, a scissors bite is preferred with an undershot jaw severely penalised  Unlike the English Springer Spaniel and English Cocker Spaniel, there is no divergence into show and field styles of the breed Male dogs are 46 to 48 centimetres (18 to 19 in) high at the withers, with females a little smaller at 43 to 46 centimetres (17 to 18 in)  On average, members of the breed weigh between 16 and 20 kg (35 and 45 lb)  The back of the legs, chest, and underside of the body are feathered, and the ears and tail are lightly feathered  The only colour is a rich red-and-white  Any pattern is acceptable and any white area may be flecked with red ticking Welsh Springers are often confused with the English Springer Spaniel, but there are marked differences  The Welsh Springer is slightly smaller, and its reddish markings on a white background as opposed to the English Springers black or liver-coloured markings  Both breeds are admired for their hunting abilities and their trademark trait of "springing" at game  This can be seen during play also, as a dog may "spring" on his toy  Some experts believe that the Welsh Springer Spaniel and the Brittany share the same ancestry as there is a great deal of resemblance between the two breeds  The colours of the Welsh Springer, while exclusive from the English Springer, appear in the Brittany and the Brittany and Welsh Springers are both of similar sizes  The Welsh Springer is larger than the English Cocker Spaniel 

Temperament
The Welsh Springer Spaniel is active, loyal, and affectionate  They may meet strangers barking when in their territory, or act aloof, cautious or wary  The breed is well known for being friendly and demonstrative to all members of the family, especially children, and accepting other pets of the household with a friendly, playful attitude The breed is quick to learn but can be headstrong, though with correct training can become very obedient  The Welsh Springer was bred for work and endurance, and as with many breeds of hunting dogs requires a regular exercise routine to keep them healthy and content  Without adequate exercise, a Welsh Springer Spaniel may appear hyperactive  Some Welsh Springers can become clingy towards their owners and suffer separation anxiety when alone 

Health
The Welsh Springer is generally a healthy breed, but some can suffer conditions common to many breeds such as hip dysplasia, Canine glaucoma and like other dogs with pendulous ears, they are prone to ear infections such as otitis externa  Some Welsh Springer Spaniels are predisposed to become overweight  In a survey of over a hundred breeds of dog conducted in 1997, the Welsh Springer Spaniel was ranked 14th for worst hip score, with the average score of the breed being 18 45  The average lifespan is 12 to 15 years 

Eye disorders
Welsh Springers can be prone to entropion, which is a disorder that affects the eyelids  The condition causes them to curl inwards, pressing the eyelashes against the surface of the eye itself and causing them to scratch it  This can lead to irritation and damage to the cornea  In most cases it only affects the lower eyelid on one or both eyes, but in some cases the upper eyelid can be affected as well  Symptoms can include tearing, squinting, the rubbing of the eyes, thick discharge from the eyes and rolling of the eyelid along with wetness on the hairs next to the eyelids  There is no medical treatment for entropion, and surgical correction may be necessary depending on the severity of the case  This condition may be present soon after birth, or later in life as a secondary condition to other eye related diseases or infections  Other breeds also affected by the condition include the Chow Chow, Great Dane, Golden Retriever and the English Springer Spaniel Narrow/closed angle glaucoma is an autosomal dominant inheritable trait in the breed  It is a leading cause of blindness in dogs, and is where there is increased fluid pressure within the eye  If the fluid is not reduced, the pressure causes permanent damage to the retina and optic nerve  Loss of eyesight can happen as quickly as within 24 hours if the pressure if elevated enough, or slowly over time if it is only a mild elevation  The sudden, rapid elevation of pressure is more common with narrow/closed angle glaucoma which is more common to the breed than the slower open angle glaucoma  Symptoms can include redness in the eye, the eye itself looking cloudy, sensitivity to light and the dog may rub at their eye, or even rub it along other objects and carpet as the condition is moderate to extremely painful  Treatment can vary depending on the severity of the condition but if inherited glaucoma appears in one eye then it usually occurs in the other eye eventually 

See also
Hunting dog
Sporting Group



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