prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: Camp Courtney was named after the Major killed in action at the battle codenamed what?

The following are given passages.
Context 1: Passage 1:
Camp Casey, South Korea
Camp Casey (Korean: 캠프 케이시) is a U S  military base in Dongducheon (also sometimes spelled Tongduchŏn or TDC), South Korea, 40 miles (64 km) north of Seoul, South Korea  Camp Casey was named in 1952 after Major Hugh Boyd Casey, who was killed in a plane crash near the camp site during the Korean War  Camp Casey is one of several U S  Army bases in South Korea near the Korean Demilitarized Zone (DMZ)  Camp Casey, Camp Hovey, and neighboring Camp Castle and Camp Mobile hold the main armor, 7th Division of a bridging engineer company as well, and mechanized infantry elements of the 2nd Infantry Division (United States) in South Korea  Camp Castle has been largely abandoned, with only a warehouse remaining  Camp Mobile was severely damaged during a flood in July 2011, and has been abandoned except for an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) company  Camp Casey spans 3,500 acres (14 km2) and is occupied by 6,300 military personnel and 2,500 civilians  There are plans for the relocation of most of the 2nd Infantry Division to Camp Humphreys which are underway with the latest estimate for completion being 2022  The Field Artillery Battalion remains for now at Camp Casey, while Camp Hovey is to be closed Camp Casey was home to several of the main combat units of the Second Infantry Division  Among them were the Second Battalion of the 9th Infantry Regiment  the First Battalion of the 72nd Armored Regiment (Crusaders), and the 210th Field Artillery Brigade  The 70th Brigade Support Battalion is currently located on Camp Casey, providing support to the line battalions of the brigade as well as depot and medical support to everyone stationed in the Camp Casey area  Alternating Brigades of the 1st Cavalry Division (United States) are scheduled to be at Camp Casey on 9-month rotations until facilities are ready at Camp Humphreys in 2022 

Facilities
Chapels
Commissary
Law Enforcement Centers:
Provost Marshal's Office - 2nd Infantry Division Provost Marshal and 55th Military Police CO
Hospitals available:
Dental Clinic
Health Clinic
MWR facilities
Airline Ticket Office
Recreation Center
Super Day-rooms
Library
Internet Cafe
Movie Theatre (with 3D capability) - also serves as Conference Center
Golf Course
Bowling Centers (one at Casey; one at Hovey)
Indoor (Hovey) and Outdoor (Casey) Swimming Pools
Outdoor Tennis / Basketball
Softball / Baseball Field
Arts & Crafts Center
2 recently remodeled Gymnasiums
The Officer and NCO/Enlisted clubs are no more  They are now the Gateway Club (Casey), Warriors Club (Casey), and Iron Triangle Club (Hovey), and they are open to all military personnel 
Auto Car Care Center
USO
AAFES facilities available:
Post Exchange
Small Post Exchange Annex
LGU PLUS - Mobile, Internet, CATV (both Casey and Hovey)
Starbucks Coffee
Burger King
Popeyes Chicken
Anthony's Pizza
Charley's Steakery
Baskin Robbins
Smoothie King
Panda Kitchen Chinese Fusion (Hovey)
Krispy Kreme Donuts (Hovey)
Robin Hood Sandwiches
Tailor Shop
Shoppette
Class VI Store
Pizza Delivery
Filling Station
Barber / Beauty Salon
GNC
Department of Defense Dependents Schools - a K-8 School which opened on August 30, 2010; scheduled for closure in June 2016
Child and Youth School Services (CYSS) - a daycare for children under 6 years old and over; scheduled for closure in 2016

See also
List of United States Army installations in South Korea
Passage 2:
Denis Vetchinov
Denis Vasiliyevich Vetchinov (Russian: Денис Васильевич Ветчинов; 28 June 1976 – 9 August 2008) was a Russian Ground Forces major killed in action during the 2008 South Ossetia war and posthumously awarded Russia's highest military award, Hero of the Russian Federation, for his role in the conflict  In film August Eighth Vetchinov became a prototype of captain Ilya played by Khasan Baroyev 

Biography
Born 23 June 1976 in Stepnogorsk (now Kazakhstan), he graduated from the Omsk Officers' Academy in 1999  He participated in the Second Chechen War 

Death

On 9 August 2008, the second day of Russian involvement in the Battle of Tskhinvali, a column of Russian vehicles with a few journalists and 58th Army commander Anatoly Khrulyov onboard was ambushed by Georgian special forces in the outskirts of Tskhinvali  Khrulyov was wounded in the ensuing firefight  Allegedly Vetchinov, armed with a trophy Georgian machine gun, organised defence but was wounded in both legs  He continued firing at the enemy and killed a Georgian soldier  Vetchinov kept covering fire until he was hit in the head by Georgian fire  He died on the way to hospital  On 15 August Denis Vetchinov was posthumously awarded the Hero of the Russian Federation golden star "for courage and heroism while fulfilling his duty in the North Caucasus region"  He is survived by his wife and little daughter 
Passage 3:
3rd Marine Division (United States)
The 3rd Marine Division is a division of the United States Marine Corps based at Camp Courtney, Marine Corps Base Camp Smedley D  Butler in Okinawa, Japan   It is one of three active duty infantry divisions in the Marine Corps and together with the 1st Marine Aircraft Wing (1stMAW) and the 3rd Marine Logistics Group (3rd MLG) forms the III Marine Expeditionary Force (III MEF)   The division was first formed during World War II and saw four years of continuous combat in the Vietnam War  Today, elements of the 3rd Marine Division are continuously forward deployed and forward postured to carry out the US Government's mission of a Free and Open Indo-Pacific in conjunction with its sister services 

Subordinate units
Headquarters Battalion
 3rd Marine Littoral Regiment
 4th Marine Regiment (Infantry)
 12th Marine Regiment (Artillery)
 3rd Reconnaissance Battalion
 Jungle Warfare Training Center, Okinawa (Transitioning to TECOM)

History
World War II
The 3rd Marine Division was officially activated on September 16, 1942 at Camp Elliott, San Diego, California  Most of the original members of the division were drawn from the cadre staff of the 2nd Marine Division   The division was initially built around the 9th Marine Regiment, commanded by Colonel Lemuel C  Shepherd, Jr  who later became the 20th Commandant of the Marine Corps  Major General Charles D  Barrett was the first commanding general of the division 
The division deployed into Auckland, New Zealand, between January and March 1943   In June of that year, it moved onto Guadalcanal for additional training, stopping first at Efate, New Hebrides for rehearsals (16-20 October 1943) and Santo, New Hebrides (21-29 October 1943) for shipboard-staging  1 November 1943 saw the division land as part of the Battle of Bougainville and fight on the island until their last unit to arrive, the 21st Marine Regiment, embarked on 9 January 1944  During the course of the battle the division had about 400 Marines killed The division returned to Guadalcanal in January 1944 to rest, refit, and retrain  The next operation in which the division took part was the Battle of Guam  From 21 July 1944 until the last day of organized fighting on 10 August, the division fought through the jungles on the island of Guam  During these 21 days of fighting, the division captured over 60 square miles (160 km2) of territory and killed over 5,000 enemy soldiers   The next two months saw continuous mopping up operations in which the Marines continued to engage leftover Japanese forces  At the end of the battle the division had sustained 677 Marines killed, 3,626 wounded, and nine missing The division remained on the island of Guam for training, until it embarked as part of the landing force for the Battle of Iwo Jima  The 3rd Marine Division was initially in reserve for the battle  However, the division was committed one regiment at a time when the initial regiments that landed there needed to be relieved 
The 21st Marines came ashore on 21 February  followed by the 9th Marines, 12th Marine Regiment, 3rd Tank Battalion, on 24 February  The Marines of these two infantry regiments, supported by the artillery of the 12th Marine Regiment and tanks of the 3rd Tank Battalion, fought on Iwo Jima until the end of organized resistance on 16 March and the subsequent mopping up operations for the next month  All elements of the division were back on Guam by 17 April 1945  The fighting on Iwo Jima cost the 3rd Marine Division 1,131 killed in action and another 4,438 wounded After the return to Guam, the division began preparing for the invasion of Japan  This invasion never took place since Japan surrendered on 15 August 1945  The 3rd Marine Division was decommissioned on December 28, 1945 at Marine Corps Base Camp Pendleton, CA During the war, the 3rd Marine Division had three Seabee Battalions assigned to it  The 25th Naval Construction Battalion (NCB) was posted to 19th Marines as the third battalion of the regiment  These landed on Bougainville, as did the 71st NCB which was assigned as the 3rd Division's shore party there The 25th NCB also landed during the assault on Guam as the shore party to the 3rd Marine Regiment, after which the 19th Marines were deactivated, and the 25th NCB was reassigned   The 62nd NCB was then posted TAD to the 3rd for Iwo Jima  They were in the reserve, but they became the lead battalion in getting airfield No  1 operational, after of the many casualties taken by the primary assault Seabees, the 133rd NCB 

Korean War
The division was reactivated on 7 January 1952 at Camp Pendleton, California, using the assets of the 3d Marine Brigade activated in June 1951   Immediately after its activation and still in its organizational state, the division began intensive combat training, including new tactics and maneuvers based on lessons learned in the then-ongoing Korean War  During the remaining part of 1952 elements of the division participated in numerous exercises and training problems, including vertical envelopment (helicopter landing), airborne operations and attack, and defense against atomic weapons and missiles In August 1953 the division arrived in Japan to support the 1st Marine Division in the defense of the Far Eastern area  In March 1956 the division moved to Okinawa and remained there in a readiness posture until 1965 
The 3rd Marine Division moved to Okinawa in June 1955 making an amphibious landing 

Vietnam War
The 3rd Battalion, 9th Marines, 9th Marine Expeditionary Brigade, were the first Marines to be sent to Vietnam in March 1965 to protect the Da Nang Air Base  On 6 May 1965, the 3rd Marine Division opened the Marine Compound at the Da Nang Air Base, Vietnam   By the end of 1965 the division had all its regiments (3rd Marines, 4th Marines and 9th Marines) on the ground 
In August 1966, the battalions of the 26th Marines (a 5th Marine Division unit) began arriving for combat duty in South Vietnam attached to the 3rd Marine Division  In October 1966, then commanding general Lewis W  Walt was ordered to establish strong points just south of the Vietnamese Demilitarized Zone (DMZ)  The 3rd Division moved its headquarters from Da Nang to Phu Bai in late 1966  At the same time the division was also building outposts along the southern half of the DMZ at Con Thien, Gio Linh, Cam Lộ and Đông Hà  The first major multi-regiment operations against the People's Army of Vietnam (PAVN) was Operation Hastings in July 1966  Operation Prairie followed in October  This area would come to be known as Leatherneck Square  In late 1967 the headquarters moved again from Phu Bai to Đông Hà in the Quang Tri Province and more outposts were opened  Camp Carroll, Rockpile, Ca Lu and Khe Sanh  The two main enemy divisions the  Marines fought were the 320th Division and the 324B Division 
On November 14, 1967, the 3rd Marine Division commander Major General Bruno Hochmuth was killed northwest of Huế in a helicopter crash  Some of the major operations in 1967 and early 1968 in this area were Operation Prairie III, Operation Prairie IV, Operation Hickory I, Operation Cimarron, Operation Buffalo, Operation Kingfisher and Operation Kentucky 
Nearly 8,000 PAVN were killed during this time period  The Marines suffered over 1400 killed and over 9,000 wounded  There were five Medals of Honor awarded and nearly 40 Navy Crosses given during this period of time  For extraordinary heroism in the Republic of Vietnam from 8 March 1965 to 15 September 1967, the division was awarded the Navy Presidential Unit Citation During the 1968 Tet Offensive, the division conducted operations along the DMZ with a portion of the division fighting in the Battle of Huế  At the time, 3rd Marine Division intelligence estimated the combat strength of PAVN and Viet Cong (VC) forces in the DMZ area was 40,943 troops  The PAVN and VC stepped up their attacks by fire on every combat base in the division area of operations  This included daily attempts at interdiction of naval traffic on the Cua Viet River near Đông Hà  The division had to invest many of its assets to open the Cua Viet River to traffic  BLT 5/l, the Landing Force of SLF B, remained under the operational control (OPCON) of the division throughout February 1968   BLT 3/l continued Operation Saline under operational control of the 1st Amphibian Tractor Battalion with the mission of clearing the area adjacent to the Cua Viet River between Cua Viet and Đông Hà  BLT 2nd Battalion, 4th Marines, the Landing Force of SLF A, remained under operational control of the division throughout the month  BLT 2/4 conducted operations in the Lancaster II and Kentucky areas During the Vietnam War, the 3rd Marine Division suffered 6,869 men killed in action The division departed South Vietnam in November 1969 with more than 20 Marines having received the Medal of Honor and moved to Camp Courtney, Okinawa, where it is presently located 

Saudi Arabia
3d Marine Regiment, 3d Marine Division was one of the first combat forces to deploy to Saudi Arabia in response to the Iraqi invasion of Kuwait on 2 August 1990  The regiment, which became known as task Force Taro in honor of the state and people of Hawaii, became the first American unit to be engaged by Iraqi artillery, rocket and missile fire on 18 January 1991  Task Force Taro countered the Iraqi supporting attacks by conducting artillery raids into Kuwait as the first ground offensive actions of the war  Task force Taro was instrumental in the recapture of Khafji, was the first unit to advance into Kuwait, conducted the only helicopter borne assault of the war and secured the Marine Corp’s final objective of the war, Kuwait International Airport 
Following the cease-fire on 28 February 1991, the regiment redeployed to Saudi Arabia and subsequently completed its strategic redeployment to Hawaii two months later 

Afghanistan
In September 2008, 3d Marine Regiment was appointed to be the command element (CE) for a Special Purpose Marine Air Ground Task Force - Afghanistan (SPMAGTF-A)   In October 2008, SPMAGTF-A deployed to Kandahar, Afghanistan in support of combat operations in Regional Command South (RC-S) and Regional Command West as part of Operation Enduring Freedom and the GWOT  The Regiment returned to Helmand from late 2009 through May 2010, where it participated in Operation Moshtarak, also known as the Battle of Marjah 

Iraq
From July 2004 through April 2005, Charlie Battery, 1st Battalion 12th Marines, deployed in support of Operation Iraqi Freedom  They were attached to 1st Battalion 3rd Marines and deployed to Fallujah, Iraq participating in Operation Phantom Fury 
Present
3d Marine Division continues to train to respond to contingencies within the Indo-Pacific Region  From March to May 2011, the division participated in humanitarian relief efforts during Operation Tomodachi, providing humanitarian aid and disaster relief in Honshu, Japan  Today, the 3rd Marine Division carries out a variety of tasks to include supporting the US Government policy in the Indo-Pacific region, supporting diplomatic activities, combat training, integrating with other US federal agencies and humanitarian assistance missions 

Unit awards
A unit citation or commendation is an award bestowed upon an organization for the action cited   Members of the unit who participated in said actions are allowed to wear on their uniforms the appropriate ribbon of the awarded unit citation   3d Marine Division has been awarded the following:

See also
List of 3rd Marine Division Commanders
List of United States Marine Corps divisions
Organization of the United States Marine Corps
25th Naval Construction Battalion (19th Marine Regiment)
Passage 4:
Camp Courtney
Camp Courtney (Japanese: キャンプ・コートニー, Hepburn: Kyampu Kōtonī) is a U S  Marine Base located in Uruma City, Okinawa Prefecture, Japan  It is part of the larger Marine Corps Base Camp Smedley D  Butler and home to the III Marine Expeditionary Force, 3rd Marine Division, and 3d MEB Headquarters  It is named after Major Henry A  Courtney, Jr , who was killed in action in the Battle of Okinawa  Camp Courtney covers 1 339 square kilometres (0 517 sq mi) in the Konbu, Tengan, and Uken districts of Uruma 

History
Camp Courtney was opened as a U S  Marine Base in January 1956, when select units of the 3rd Marine Division were transferred there from Camp McGill in Yokosuka, Kanagawa, Japan  Initially the base was called by its original name, Camp Tengan  The first Marine units occupied Quonset huts, Nissen huts and Butler buildings  Most of the huts were "strong-backed", which means they had concrete or concrete block ends, with cables strung over them at intervals whose ends were anchored in the ground in concrete, and had wooden hurricane shutters over the windows  This was to protect the buildings during the frequent typhoons that visit the Ryukyu Islands  The original units at Camp Tengan were Headquarters Battalion, the Division Band and a truck battalion  Division Headquarters was mainly in a sprawling, one-story building just inside the main gate  Some other units, such as Division Legal Office, were in separate buildings  There was an Army anti-aircraft battery located adjacent to the camp  That unit used to conduct live-fire exercises once a month  For some new arrivals, the unannounced firing sometimes caused momentary consternation 
Camp Courtney houses many military families, has a movie theater, exchange, commissary, medical and dental clinics, post office, chapel and bank  Many Marines living on Camp McTureous are stationed on Camp Courtney 
The Michael Brown Okinawa assault incident occurred just outside the base on 2 November 2002 

See also
Passage 5:
Battle of Okinawa
The Battle of Okinawa (Japanese: 沖縄戦, Hepburn: Okinawa-sen), codenamed Operation Iceberg,: 17  was a battle of the Pacific War fought on the island of Okinawa by United States Army and United States Marine Corps forces against the Imperial Japanese Army  The initial invasion of Okinawa on 1 April 1945 was the largest amphibious assault in the Pacific Theater of World War II  The Kerama Islands surrounding Okinawa were preemptively captured on 26 March by the 77th Infantry Division  The 82-day battle lasted from 1 April until 22 June 1945  After a long campaign of island hopping, the Allies were planning to use Kadena Air Base on the large island of Okinawa as a base for Operation Downfall, the planned invasion of the Japanese home islands, 340 mi (550 km) away 
The United States created the Tenth Army, a cross-branch force consisting of the U S  Army 7th, 27th, 77th and 96th Infantry Divisions with the 1st, 2nd, and 6th Marine Divisions, to fight on the island  The Tenth Army was unique in that it had its own Tactical Air Force (joint Army-Marine command) and was supported by combined naval and amphibious forces  Opposing the Allied forces on the ground was the Japanese Thirty-Second Army 
The battle has been referred to as the "typhoon of steel" in English, and kotetsu no ame ("rain of steel") or kotetsu no hageshi kaze ("violent wind of steel") in Japanese  The nicknames refer to the ferocity of the fighting, the intensity of Japanese kamikaze attacks and the sheer numbers of Allied ships and armored vehicles that assaulted the island  The battle was the bloodiest in the Pacific, with around 50,000 Allied and 84,166–117,000 Japanese casualties,: 473–474  including Okinawans conscripted into the Japanese Army  According to local authorities, at least 149,425 Okinawan people were killed, died by coerced suicide or went missingIn the naval operations surrounding the battle, both sides lost considerable numbers of ships and aircraft, including the Japanese battleship Yamato  After the battle, Okinawa provided a fleet anchorage, troop staging areas, and airfields in proximity to Japan for US forces, in preparation for a planned invasion of the Japanese home islands 

Order of battle
Allied
In all, the US Army had over 103,000 soldiers (of these, 38,000+ were non-divisional artillery, combat support and HQ troops, with another 9,000 service troops),: 39  over 88,000 Marines and 18,000 Navy personnel (mostly Seabees and medical personnel) : 40  At the start of the Battle of Okinawa, the US Tenth Army had 182,821 personnel under its command : 40  It was planned that Lieutenant General Simon Bolivar Buckner Jr  would report to Vice Admiral Richmond K  Turner until the amphibious phase was completed, after which he would report directly to Admiral Raymond A  Spruance  Total aircraft in the US Navy, Marine and Army Air Force exceeded 3,000 over the course of the battle, including fighters, attack aircraft, scout planes, bombers and dive-bombers  The invasion was supported by a fleet consisting of 18 battleships, 27 cruisers, 177 destroyers/destroyer escorts, 39 aircraft carriers (11 fleet carriers, 6 light carriers and 22 escort carriers) and various support and troop transport ships The British naval contingent accompanied 251 British naval aircraft and included a British Commonwealth fleet with Australian, New Zealand and Canadian ships and personnel 

Japanese
The Japanese land campaign (mainly defensive) was conducted by the 67,000-strong (77,000 according to some sources) regular 32nd Army and some 9,000 Imperial Japanese Navy troops at Oroku Naval Base (only a few hundred of whom had been trained and equipped for ground combat), supported by 39,000 drafted local Ryukyuan people (including 24,000 hastily drafted rear militia called Boeitai and 15,000 non-uniformed laborers)  The Japanese had used kamikaze tactics since the Battle of Leyte Gulf, but for the first time they became a major part of the defense  Between the American landing on 1 April and 25 May, seven major kamikaze attacks were attempted, involving more than 1,500 planes 
The 32nd Army initially consisted of the 9th, 24th and 62nd Divisions and the 44th Independent Mixed Brigade  The 9th Division was moved to Taiwan before the invasion, resulting in shuffling of Japanese defensive plans  Primary resistance was to be led in the south by Lieutenant General Mitsuru Ushijima, his chief of staff, Lieutenant General Isamu Chō and his chief of operations, Colonel Hiromichi Yahara  Yahara advocated a defensive strategy, whilst Chō advocated an offensive one 
In the north, Colonel Takehido Udo was in command  The naval troops were led by Rear Admiral Minoru Ōta  They expected the Americans to land 6–10 divisions against the Japanese garrison of two and a half divisions  The staff calculated that superior quality and numbers of weapons gave each US division five or six times the firepower of a Japanese division  To this, would be added the Americans' abundant naval and air firepower 

Japanese use of children
On Okinawa, the Imperial Japanese Army mobilized 1,780 schoolboys aged 14–17 years into front line service as an Iron and Blood Imperial Corps (Japanese: 鉄血勤皇隊, romanized: Tekketsu Kinnōtai),  while female Himeyuri students were organized into a nursing unit  This mobilization was conducted by an ordinance of the Ministry of the Army, not by law  The ordinances mobilized the students as volunteer soldiers for form's sake; in reality, the military authorities ordered schools to force almost all students to "volunteer" as soldiers; sometimes they counterfeited the necessary documents  About half of the Tekketsu Kinnōtai were killed, including in suicide bomb attacks against tanks and in guerrilla operations 
Among the 21 male and female secondary schools that made up these student corps, 2,000 students died on the battlefield  Even with the female students acting mainly as nurses to Japanese soldiers, they were still exposed to the harsh conditions of war 

Naval battle
There was a hypnotic fascination to the sight so alien to our Western philosophy  We watched each plunging kamikaze with the detached horror of one witnessing a terrible spectacle rather than as the intended victim  We forgot self for the moment as we groped hopelessly for the thought of that other man up there 
The US Navy's Task Force 58, deployed to the east of Okinawa with a picket group of 6 to 8 destroyers, kept 13 carriers (7 fleet carriers and 6 light carriers) on duty from 23 March to 27 April and a smaller number thereafter  Until 27 April, a minimum of 14 and up to 18 escort carriers were in the area at all times  Until 20 April, British Task Force 57, with 4 large and 6 escort carriers, remained off the Sakishima Islands to protect the southern flank : 97 The protracted length of the campaign under stressful conditions forced Admiral Chester W  Nimitz to take the unprecedented step of relieving the principal naval commanders to rest and recuperate  Following the practice of changing the fleet designation with the change of commanders, US naval forces began the campaign as the US 5th Fleet under Admiral Spruance, but ended it as the 3rd Fleet under Admiral Halsey 
Japanese air opposition had been relatively light during the first few days after the landings  However, on 6 April the expected air reaction began with an attack by 400 planes from Kyushu  Periodic heavy air attacks continued through April  During the period 26 March to 30 April, 20 American ships were sunk and 157 damaged by enemy action  By 30 April the Japanese had lost more than 1,100 planes to Allied naval forces alone : 102 Between 6 April and 22 June, the Japanese flew 1,465 kamikaze aircraft in large-scale attacks from Kyushu, 185 individual kamikaze sorties from Kyushu, and 250 individual kamikaze sorties from Taiwan, then called Formosa  While US intelligence estimated there were 89 planes on Formosa, the Japanese actually had about 700, dismantled or well camouflaged and dispersed into scattered villages and towns; the US Fifth Air Force disputed Navy claims of kamikaze coming from Formosa The ships lost were smaller vessels, particularly the destroyers of the radar pickets, as well as destroyer escorts and landing ships  While no major Allied warships were lost, several fleet carriers were severely damaged  Land-based Shin'yō-class suicide motorboats were also used in the Japanese suicide attacks, although Ushijima had disbanded the majority of the suicide boat battalions before the battle because of expected low effectiveness against a superior enemy  The boat crews were re-formed into three additional infantry battalions 

Operation Ten-Go
Operation Ten-Go (Ten-gō sakusen) was the attempted attack by a strike force of 10 Japanese surface vessels, led by Yamato and commanded by Admiral Seiichi Itō  This small task force had been ordered to fight through enemy naval forces, then beach Yamato and fight from shore, using her guns as coastal artillery and her crew as naval infantry  The Ten-Go force was spotted by submarines shortly after it left the Japanese home waters and was intercepted by US carrier aircraft 
Under attack from more than 300 aircraft over a two-hour span, the world's largest battleship sank on 7 April 1945 after a one-sided battle, long before she could reach Okinawa  (US torpedo bombers were instructed to aim for only one side to prevent effective counter flooding by the battleship's crew, and to aim for the bow or the stern where armor was believed to be the thinnest ) Of Yamato's screening force, the light cruiser Yahagi and 4 of the 8 destroyers were also sunk  The Imperial Japanese Navy lost some 3,700 sailors, including Admiral Itō, at the cost of 10 US aircraft and 12 airmen 

British Pacific Fleet
The British Pacific Fleet, taking part as Task Force 57, was assigned the task of neutralizing the Japanese airfields in the Sakishima Islands, which it did successfully from March 26th to April 10th  On April 10th, its attention was shifted to airfields in northern Formosa  The force withdrew to San Pedro Bay on April 23  On May 1, the British Pacific Fleet returned to action, subduing the airfields as before, this time with naval bombardment as well as aircraft  Several kamikaze attacks caused significant damage, but as the Royal Navy carriers had armoured flight decks, they experienced only a brief interruption to their force's operations 

Land battle
The land battle took place over about 81 days beginning on 1 April 1945  The first Americans ashore were soldiers of the 77th Infantry Division who landed in the Kerama Islands, 15 mi (24 km) west of Okinawa on 26 March  Subsidiary landings followed, and the Kerama group was secured over the next five days  In these preliminary operations, the 77th Infantry Division suffered 27 dead and 81 wounded, while the Japanese dead and captured numbered over 650  The operation provided a protected anchorage for the fleet and eliminated the threat from suicide boats : 50–60 On 31 March, Marines of the Amphibious Reconnaissance Battalion landed without opposition on Keise Shima, four islets just 8 mi (13 km) west of the Okinawan capital of Naha  A group of 155 mm (6 1 in) "Long Tom" artillery pieces went ashore on the islets to cover operations on Okinawa : 57

Northern Okinawa
The main landing was made by the XXIV Corps and the III Amphibious Corps on the Hagushi beaches on the western coast of Okinawa on 1 April  The 2nd Marine Division conducted a demonstration off the Minatoga beaches on the southeastern coast to deceive the Japanese about American intentions and delay movement of reserves from there : 68–74 Tenth Army swept across the south-central part of the island with relative ease, capturing the Kadena and the Yomitan airbases within hours of the landing : 67–69 : 74–75  In light of the weak opposition, General Buckner decided to proceed immediately with Phase II of his plan, the seizure of northern Okinawa  The 6th Marine Division headed up the Ishikawa Isthmus and by 7 April had sealed off the Motobu Peninsula : 138–141 Six days later on 13 April, the 2nd Battalion, 22nd Marine Regiment, reached Hedo Point at the northernmost tip of the island  By this point, the bulk of the Japanese forces in the north (codenamed Udo Force) were cornered on the Motobu Peninsula  The terrain was mountainous and wooded, with the Japanese defenses concentrated on Mount Yaedake, a twisted mass of rocky ridges and ravines on the center of the peninsula  There was heavy fighting before the Marines finally cleared Yaedake on 18 April : 141–148  However, this was not the end of ground combat in northern Okinawa  On 24 May, the Japanese mounted Operation Gi-gou: a company of Giretsu Kuteitai commandos were airlifted in a suicide attack on Yomitan  They destroyed 70,000 US gallons (260,000 L) of fuel and nine planes before being killed by the defenders, who lost two men 
Meanwhile, the 77th Infantry Division assaulted Ie Shima, a small island off the western end of the peninsula, on 16 April  In addition to conventional hazards, the 77th Infantry Division encountered kamikaze attacks and even local women armed with spears  There was heavy fighting before the area was declared secured on 21 April and became another airbase for operations against Japan : 149–183

Southern Okinawa
While the 6th Marine Division cleared northern Okinawa, the US Army 96th and 7th Infantry Divisions wheeled south across the narrow isthmus of Okinawa  The 96th Infantry Division began to encounter fierce resistance in west-central Okinawa from Japanese troops holding fortified positions east of Highway No  1 and about 5 mi (8 km) northwest of Shuri, from what came to be known as Cactus Ridge : 104–105  The 7th Infantry Division encountered similarly fierce Japanese opposition from a rocky pinnacle located about 1,000 yd (910 m) southwest of Arakachi (later dubbed "The Pinnacle")  By the night of 8 April, American troops had cleared these and several other strongly fortified positions  They suffered over 1,500 battle casualties in the process while killing or capturing about 4,500 Japanese  Yet the battle had only begun, for it was realized that "these were merely outposts," guarding the Shuri Line : 105–108 The next American objective was Kakazu Ridge (26 259°N 127 737°E﻿ / 26 259; 127 737), two hills with a connecting saddle that formed part of Shuri's outer defenses  The Japanese had prepared their positions well and fought tenaciously  The Japanese soldiers hid in fortified caves  American forces often lost personnel before clearing the Japanese out from each cave or other hiding place  The Japanese sent Okinawans at gunpoint out to obtain water and supplies for them, which led to civilian casualties  The American advance was inexorable but resulted in a high number of casualties on both sides : 110–125 As the American assault against Kakazu Ridge stalled, Lieutenant General Ushijima—influenced by General Chō—decided to take the offensive  On the evening of 12 April, the 32nd Army attacked American positions across the entire front  The Japanese attack was heavy, sustained, and well organized  After fierce close combat, the attackers retreated, only to repeat their offensive the following night  A final assault on 14 April was again repulsed  The effort led the 32nd Army's staff to conclude that the Americans were vulnerable to night infiltration tactics but that their superior firepower made any offensive Japanese troop concentrations extremely dangerous, and they reverted to their defensive strategy : 130–137 The 27th Infantry Division, which had landed on 9 April, took over on the right, along the west coast of Okinawa  General John R  Hodge now had three divisions in the line, with the 96th in the middle and the 7th to the east, with each division holding a front of only about 1 5 mi (2 4 km)  Hodge launched a new offensive on 19 April with a barrage of 324 guns, the largest ever in the Pacific Ocean Theater  Battleships, cruisers, and destroyers joined the bombardment, which was followed by 650 Navy and Marine planes attacking the Japanese positions with napalm, rockets, bombs, and machine guns  The Japanese defenses were sited on reverse slopes, where the defenders waited out the artillery barrage and aerial attack in relative safety, emerging from the caves to rain mortar rounds and grenades upon the Americans advancing up the forward slope : 184–194 A tank assault to achieve breakthrough by outflanking Kakazu Ridge failed to link up with its infantry support attempting to cross the ridge and therefore failed with the loss of 22 tanks  Although flame tanks cleared many cave defenses, there was no breakthrough, and the XXIV Corps suffered 720 casualties  The losses might have been greater except for the fact that the Japanese had practically all of their infantry reserves tied up farther south, held there by another feint off the Minatoga beaches by the 2nd Marine Division that coincided with the attack : 196–207 At the end of April, after Army forces had pushed through the Machinato defensive line, the 1st Marine Division relieved the 27th Infantry Division and the 77th Infantry Division relieved the 96th  When the 6th Marine Division arrived, the III Amphibious Corps took over the right flank and Tenth Army assumed control of the battle : 265 
On 4 May, the 32nd Army launched another counter-offensive  This time, Ushijima attempted to make amphibious assaults on the coasts behind American lines  To support his offensive, the Japanese artillery moved into the open  By doing so, they were able to fire 13,000 rounds in support, but effective American counter-battery fire destroyed dozens of Japanese artillery pieces  The attack failed : 283–302 Buckner launched another American attack on 11 May  Ten days of fierce fighting followed  On 13 May, troops of the 96th Infantry Division and 763rd Tank Battalion captured Conical Hill (26 21°N 127 75°E﻿ / 26 21; 127 75)  Rising 476 ft (145 m) above the Yonabaru coastal plain, this feature was the eastern anchor of the main Japanese defenses and was defended by about 1,000 Japanese  Meanwhile, on the opposite coast, the 1st and 6th Marine Divisions fought for "Sugar Loaf Hill" (26 222°N 127 696°E﻿ / 26 222; 127 696)  The capture of these two key positions exposed the Japanese around Shuri on both sides  Buckner hoped to envelop Shuri and trap the main Japanese defending force : 311–359 By the end of May, monsoon rains which had turned contested hills and roads into a morass exacerbated both the tactical and medical situations  The ground advance began to resemble a World War I battlefield, as troops became mired in mud, and flooded roads greatly inhibited evacuation of wounded to the rear  Troops lived on a field sodden by rain, part garbage dump and part graveyard  Unburied Japanese and American bodies decayed, sank in the mud and became part of a noxious stew  Anyone sliding down the greasy slopes could easily find their pockets full of maggots at the end of the journey : 364–370 From 24 to 27 May the 6th Marine Division cautiously occupied the ruins of Naha, the largest city on the island, finding it largely deserted : 372–377 On 26 May aerial observers saw large troop movements just below Shuri  On 28 May Marine patrols found recently abandoned positions west of Shuri  By 30 May the consensus among Army and Marine intelligence was that the majority of Japanese forces had withdrawn from the Shuri Line : 391–392  On 29 May the 1st Battalion, 5th Marines (1/5 Marines) occupied high ground 700 yards (640 m) east of Shuri Castle and reported that the castle appeared undefended  At 10:15 Company A, 1/5 Marines occupied the castle: 395–496 Shuri Castle had been shelled by the battleship USS Mississippi for three days before this advance  The 32nd Army withdrew to the south and thus the Marines had an easy task of securing Shuri Castle  The castle, however, was outside the 1st Marine Division's assigned zone, and only frantic efforts by the commander and staff of the 77th Infantry Division prevented an American airstrike and artillery bombardment which would have resulted in many friendly fire casualties : 396 On 29 May a Confederate flag was raised over Shuri Castle, before being removed and replaced by a US flag three days later on orders of General Simon B  Buckner Jr The Japanese retreat, although harassed by artillery fire, was conducted with great skill at night and aided by the monsoon storms  The 32nd Army was able to move nearly 30,000 personnel into its last defense line on the Kiyan Peninsula, which ultimately led to the greatest slaughter on Okinawa in the latter stages of the battle, including the deaths of thousands of civilians  In addition, there were 9,000 IJN troops supported by 1,100 militia, with approximately 4,000 holed up at the underground headquarters on the hillside overlooking the Okinawa Naval Base in the Oroku Peninsula, east of the airfield : 392–394 On 4 June, elements of the 6th Marine Division launched an amphibious assault on the peninsula  The 4,000 Japanese sailors, including Admiral Ōta, all committed suicide within the hand-built tunnels of the underground naval headquarters on 13 June : 427–434  By 17 June, the remnants of Ushijima's shattered 32nd Army were pushed into a small pocket in the far south of the island to the southeast of Itoman : 455–4661 On 18 June, General Buckner was killed by Japanese artillery fire while monitoring the progress of his troops from a forward observation post  Buckner was replaced by Major General Roy Geiger  Upon assuming command, Geiger became the only US Marine to command a numbered army of the US Army in combat; he was relieved five days later by General Joseph Stilwell  On 19 June, Brigadier General Claudius Miller Easley, the commander of the 96th Infantry Division, was killed by Japanese machine-gun fire, also while checking on the progress of his troops at the front : 461 The last remnants of Japanese resistance ended on 21 June, although some Japanese continued hiding, including the future governor of Okinawa Prefecture, Masahide Ōta  Ushijima and Chō committed suicide by seppuku in their command headquarters on Hill 89 in the closing hours of the battle : 468–471  Colonel Yahara had asked Ushijima for permission to commit suicide, but the general refused his request, saying: "If you die there will be no one left who knows the truth about the battle of Okinawa  Bear the temporary shame but endure it  This is an order from your army commander ": 723  Yahara was the most senior officer to have survived the battle on the island, and he later authored a book titled The Battle for Okinawa  On 22 June Tenth Army held a flag-raising ceremony to mark the end of organized resistance on Okinawa  On 23 June a mopping-up operation commenced, which concluded on 30 June : 471–473 On 15 August 1945, Admiral Matome Ugaki was killed while part of a kamikaze raid on Iheyajima island  The official surrender ceremony was held on 7 September, near the Kadena Airfield 

Casualties
The Battle of Okinawa was the bloodiest battle of the Pacific War  The most complete tally of deaths during the battle is at the Cornerstone of Peace monument at the Okinawa Prefectural Peace Memorial Museum, which identifies the names of each individual who died at Okinawa in World War II  As of 2022, the monument lists 241,686 names, including 149,611 Okinawans, 77,485 Imperial Japanese soldiers, 14,010 Americans, and smaller numbers of people from South Korea (382), the United Kingdom (82), North Korea (82) and Taiwan (34) The numbers correspond to recorded deaths during the Battle of Okinawa from the time of the American landings in the Kerama Islands on 26 March 1945 to the signing of the Japanese surrender on 2 September 1945, in addition to all Okinawan casualties in the Pacific War in the 15 years from the Manchurian Incident, along with those who died in Okinawa from war-related events in the year before the battle and the year after the surrender  234,183 names were inscribed by the time of unveiling, and new names are added as necessary  40,000 of the Okinawan civilians killed had been drafted or impressed by the Japanese army and are often counted as combat deaths 

Military losses
American
The Americans suffered some 48,000 casualties, not including some 33,000 non-battle casualties (psychiatric, injuries, illnesses), of whom over 12,000 were killed or missing  Killed in action were 4,907 Navy, 4,675 Army, and 2,938 Marine Corps personnel; when excluding naval losses at sea and losses on the surrounding islands (such as Ie Shima), 6,316 killed and over 30,000 wounded occurred on Okinawa proper   Other authors such as John Keegan have come up with higher numbers The most famous American casualty was Lieutenant General Buckner, whose decision to attack the Japanese defenses head-on, although extremely costly in American lives, was ultimately successful  Four days from the closing of the campaign, Buckner was killed by Japanese artillery fire, which blew lethal slivers of coral into his body, while inspecting his troops at the front line  He was the highest-ranking US officer to be killed by enemy fire during the Second World War  The day after Buckner was killed, Brigadier General Easley was killed by Japanese machine-gun fire  War correspondent Ernie Pyle was also killed by Japanese machine-gun fire on Ie Shima, a small island just off of northwestern Okinawa 
Aircraft losses over the three-month period were 768 US planes, including those bombing the Kyushu airfields launching kamikazes  Combat losses were 458, and the other 310 were operational accidents  At sea, 368 Allied ships—including 120 amphibious craft—were damaged while another 36—including 15 amphibious ships and 12 destroyers—were sunk during the Okinawa campaign  The US Navy's dead exceeded its wounded, with 4,907 killed and 4,874 wounded, primarily from kamikaze attacks American personnel casualties included thousands of cases of mental breakdown  According to the account of the battle presented in Marine Corps Gazette:

More mental health issues arose from the Battle of Okinawa than any other battle in the Pacific during World War II  The constant bombardment from artillery and mortars coupled with the high casualty rates led to a great deal of personnel coming down with combat fatigue  Additionally, the rains caused mud that prevented tanks from moving and tracks from pulling out the dead, forcing Marines (who pride themselves on burying their dead in a proper and honorable manner) to leave their comrades where they lay  This, coupled with thousands of bodies both friend and foe littering the entire island, created a scent you could nearly taste  Morale was dangerously low by May and the state of discipline on a moral basis had a new low barometer for acceptable behavior  The ruthless atrocities by the Japanese throughout the war had already brought on an altered behavior (deemed so by traditional standards) by many Americans resulting in the desecration of Japanese remains, but the Japanese tactic of using the Okinawan people as human shields brought about a new aspect of terror and torment to the psychological capacity of the Americans 
Medal of Honor recipients from Okinawa are:

Beauford T  Anderson – 13 April
Richard E  Bush – 16 April
Robert Eugene Bush – 2 May
Henry A  Courtney Jr  – 14–15 May
Clarence B  Craft – 31 May
James L  Day – 14–17 May
Desmond Doss – 29 April – 21 May
John P  Fardy – 7 May
William A  Foster – 2 May
Harold Gonsalves – 15 April
William D  Halyburton Jr  – 10 May
Dale M  Hansen – 7 May
Louis J  Hauge Jr  – 14 May
Elbert L  Kinser – 4 May
Fred F  Lester – 8 June
Martin O  May – 19–21 April
Richard M  McCool Jr  – 10–11 June
Robert M  McTureous Jr  – 7 June
John W  Meagher – 19 June
Edward J  Moskala – 9 April
Joseph E  Muller – 15–16 May
Alejandro R  Ruiz – 28 April
Albert E  Schwab – 7 May
Seymour W  Terry – 11 May

Allied naval vessels sunk or damaged at Okinawa
The following table lists the Allied naval vessels that received damage or were sunk in the Battle of Okinawa between 19 March – 30 July 1945  The table lists a total of 147 damaged ships, five of which were damaged by enemy suicide boats and another five by mines  During the naval battle, which started before the amphibious landings on Okinawa on 1 April, USS Franklin suffered over 800 killed and missing and USS Bunker Hill suffered 396 killed and missing  These were the first and third largest loss of life on damaged or sunken American aircraft carriers during World War II  The USS Franklin (hit by two bombs in a level bombing attack by a D4Y Judy on 19 March 1945) and USS Bunker Hill were the only two aircraft carriers that sustained very severe damage from Japanese attacks and as a result were the only aircraft carriers in the Essex-class that did not experience any active service after the end of World War II  One source estimated that total Japanese sorties during the entire Okinawa campaign exceeded 3,700, with a large percentage being kamikaze attacks, and that the attackers damaged slightly more than 200 Allied vessels, with 4,900 naval officers and seamen killed and roughly 4,824 wounded or missing  The USS Thorton was damaged as the result of a collision with another US ship 
*  sunk or had to be scuttled due to irreparable damage  Of those sunk, the majority were relatively smaller ships; these included destroyers of around 300–450 feet  A few small cargo ships were also sunk, several containing munitions which caught fire 
#  scrapped or decommissioned as a result of damage 

Japanese losses
The US military estimates that 110,071 Japanese soldiers were killed during the battle  This total includes conscripted Okinawan civilians 

A total of 7,401 Japanese regulars and 3,400 Okinawan conscripts surrendered or were captured during the battle of Okinawa  Additional Japanese and renegade Okinawans were captured or surrendered over the next few months, bringing the total to 16,346 : 489  This was the first battle in the Pacific War in which thousands of Japanese soldiers surrendered or were captured  Many of the prisoners were native Okinawans who had been pressed into service shortly before the battle and were less imbued with the Imperial Japanese Army's no-surrender doctrine  When the American forces occupied the island, many Japanese soldiers put on Okinawan clothing to avoid capture, and some Okinawans would come to the Americans' aid by offering to identify these mainland Japanese 
The Japanese lost 16 combat vessels, including the super battleship Yamato  Early claims of Japanese aircraft losses put the total at 7,800,: 474  however later examination of Japanese records revealed that Japanese aircraft losses at Okinawa were far below often-repeated US estimates for the campaign  The number of conventional and kamikaze aircraft actually lost or expended by the 3rd, 5th, and 10th Air Fleets, combined with about 500 lost or expended by the Imperial Army at Okinawa, was roughly 1,430  The Allies destroyed 27 Japanese tanks and 743 artillery pieces (including mortars, anti-tank and anti-aircraft guns), some of them eliminated by the naval and air bombardments but most knocked out by American counter-battery fire 

Civilian losses, suicides, and atrocities
Some of the other islands that saw major battles in World War II, such as Iwo Jima, were uninhabited or had been evacuated  Okinawa, by contrast, had a large indigenous civilian population; US Army records from the planning phase of the operation made the assumption that Okinawa was home to about 300,000 civilians  The official US Tenth Army count for the 82-day campaign is a total of 142,058 recovered enemy bodies (including those civilians pressed into service by the Imperial Japanese Army), with the deduction made that about 42,000 were non-uniformed civilians who had been killed in the crossfire  Okinawa Prefecture's estimate is over 100,000 losses During the battle, American forces found it difficult to distinguish civilians from soldiers  It became common for them to shoot at Okinawan houses, as one infantryman wrote:

There was some return fire from a few of the houses, but the others were probably occupied by civilians—and we didn't care  It was a terrible thing not to distinguish between the enemy and women and children  Americans always had great compassion, especially for children  Now we fired indiscriminately 

In its history of the war, the Okinawa Prefectural Peace Memorial Museum presents Okinawa as being caught between Japan and the United States  During the battle, the Imperial Japanese Army showed indifference to Okinawans' safety, and its soldiers used civilians as human shields or outright killed them  The Japanese military also confiscated food from the Okinawans and executed those who hid it, leading to mass starvation, and forced civilians out of their shelters  Japanese soldiers also killed about 1,000 people who spoke in the Okinawan language to suppress spying  The museum writes that "some were blown apart by [artillery] shells, some finding themselves in a hopeless situation were driven to suicide, some died of starvation, some succumbed to malaria, while others fell victim to the retreating Japanese troops "With the impending Japanese defeat, civilians often committed mass suicide, urged on by the Japanese soldiers who told locals that victorious American soldiers would go on a rampage of killing and raping  Ryūkyū Shimpō, one of the two major Okinawan newspapers, wrote in 2007: "There are many Okinawans who have testified that the Japanese Army directed them to commit suicide  There are also people who have testified that they were handed grenades by Japanese soldiers" to blow themselves up  Thousands of civilians, having been induced by Japanese propaganda to believe that American soldiers were barbarians who committed horrible atrocities, killed their families and themselves to avoid capture at the hands of the Americans  Some of them threw themselves and their family members from the southern cliffs where the Peace Museum now resides Okinawans "were often surprised at the comparatively humane treatment they received from the American enemy"  Islands of Discontent: Okinawan Responses to Japanese and American Power by Mark Selden states that the Americans "did not pursue a policy of torture, rape, and murder of civilians as Japanese military officials had warned"  American Military Intelligence Corps combat translators such as Teruto Tsubota managed to convince many civilians not to kill themselves  Survivors of the mass suicides blamed also the indoctrination of their education system of the time, in which the Okinawans were taught to become "more Japanese than the Japanese" and were expected to prove it 
Witnesses and historians claim that soldiers, mainly Japanese troops, raped Okinawan women during the battle  Rape by Japanese troops reportedly "became common" in June, after it became clear that the Imperial Japanese Army had been defeated : 462  Marine Corps officials in Okinawa and Washington have said that they knew of no rapes by American personnel in Okinawa at the end of the war  There are, however, numerous credible testimony accounts which note that a large number of rapes were committed by American forces during the battle  This includes stories of rape after trading sexual favors or even marrying Americans, such as the alleged incident in the village of Katsuyama, where civilians said they had formed a vigilante group to ambush and kill three black American soldiers who they claimed would frequently rape the local girls there 

MEXT textbook controversy
There is ongoing disagreement between Okinawa's local government and Japan's national government over the role of the Japanese military in civilian mass suicides during the battle  In March 2007, the national Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology (MEXT) advised textbook publishers to reword descriptions that the embattled Imperial Japanese Army forced civilians to kill themselves in the war to avoid being taken prisoner  MEXT preferred descriptions that just say that civilians received hand grenades from the Japanese military  This move sparked widespread protests among Okinawans  In June 2007, the Okinawa Prefectural Assembly adopted a resolution stating, "We strongly call on the (national) government to retract the instruction and to immediately restore the description in the textbooks so the truth of the Battle of Okinawa will be handed down correctly and a tragic war will never happen again "On 29 September 2007, about 110,000 people held the biggest political rally in the history of Okinawa to demand that MEXT retract its order to textbook publishers regarding revising the account of the civilian suicides  The resolution states, "It is an undeniable fact that the 'multiple suicides' would not have occurred without the involvement of the Japanese military and any deletion of or revision to (the descriptions) is a denial and distortion of the many testimonies by those people who survived the incidents " In December 2007, MEXT partially admitted the role of the Japanese military in civilian mass suicides  The ministry's Textbook Authorization Council allowed the publishers to reinstate the reference that civilians "were forced into mass suicides by the Japanese military", on condition it is placed in sufficient context  The council report states, "It can be said that from the viewpoint of the Okinawa residents, they were forced into the mass suicides " That was not enough for the survivors who said it is important for children today to know what really happened The Nobel Prize-winning author Kenzaburō Ōe wrote a booklet that states that the mass suicide order was given by the military during the battle  He was sued by revisionists, including a wartime commander during the battle, who disputed this and wanted to stop publication of the booklet  At a court hearing, Ōe testified "Mass suicides were forced on Okinawa islanders under Japan's hierarchical social structure that ran through the state of Japan, the Japanese armed forces and local garrisons " In March 2008, the Osaka Prefecture Court ruled in favor of Ōe, stating, "It can be said the military was deeply involved in the mass suicides " The court recognized the military's involvement in the mass suicides and murder-suicides, citing the testimony about the distribution of grenades for suicide by soldiers and the fact that mass suicides were not recorded on islands where the military was not stationed In 2012, Korean-Japanese director Pak Su-nam announced her work on the documentary Nuchigafu (Okinawan for "only if one is alive") collecting living survivors' accounts to show "the truth of history to many people", alleging that "there were two types of orders for 'honorable deaths'—one for residents to kill each other and the other for the military to kill all residents"  In March 2013, Japanese textbook publisher Shimizu Shoin was permitted by MEXT to publish the statements that "Orders from Japanese soldiers led to Okinawans committing group suicide" and "The [Japanese] army caused many tragedies in Okinawa, killing local civilians and forcing them to commit mass suicide "

Aftermath
90% of the buildings on the island were destroyed, along with countless historical documents, artifacts, and cultural treasures, and the tropical landscape was turned into "a vast field of mud, lead, decay and maggots"  The military value of Okinawa was significant  Okinawa provided a fleet anchorage, troop staging areas, and airfields in proximity to Japan  The US cleared the surrounding waters of mines in Operation Zebra, occupied Okinawa, and set up the United States Civil Administration of the Ryukyu Islands, a form of military government, after the battle  In 2011, one official of the prefectural government told David Hearst of The Guardian:

You have the Battle of Britain, in which your airmen protected the British people  We had the Battle of Okinawa, in which the exact opposite happened  The Japanese army not only starved the Okinawans but used them as human shields  That dark history is still present today – and Japan and the US should study it before they decide what to do with next 

Effect on the wider war
Because the next major event following the Battle of Okinawa was the total surrender of Japan, the effect of this battle is more difficult to consider  Because Japan surrendered when it did, the anticipated series of battles and the invasion of the Japanese homeland never occurred, and all military strategies on both sides which presupposed this apparently-inevitable next development were immediately rendered moot 
Some military historians believe that the Okinawa campaign led directly to the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki, as a means of avoiding the planned ground invasion of the Japanese mainland  This view is explained by Victor Davis Hanson in his book Ripples of Battle:

    because the Japanese on Okinawa     were so fierce in their defense (even when cut off and without supplies), and because casualties were so appalling, many American strategists looked for an alternative means to subdue mainland Japan, other than a direct invasion  This means presented itself, with the advent of atomic bombs, which worked admirably in convincing the Japanese to sue for peace [unconditionally], without American casualties 
Meanwhile, many parties continue to debate the broader question of "why Japan surrendered", attributing the surrender to a number of possible reasons including: the atomic bombings, the Soviet invasion of Manchuria, and Japan's depleted resources 

Memorial
In 1995, the Okinawa government erected a memorial monument named the Cornerstone of Peace in Mabuni, the site of the last fighting in southeastern Okinawa  The memorial lists all the known names of those who died in the battle, civilian and military, Japanese and foreign  As of 2022, the monument lists 241,686 names 

Modern US base
Significant US forces remain garrisoned on Okinawa as the United States Forces Japan, which the Japanese government sees as an important guarantee of regional stability, and Kadena remains the largest US air base in Asia  Local residents have long protested against the size and presence of the base 

See also
Himeyuri students
Chiran Special Attack Peace Museum
History of the Ryukyus
Josef R  Sheetz
Rape during the occupation of Japan 
Suicide in Japan
Okinawa Memorial Day
Naval Base Okinawa
Marine Corps Air Station Futenma
Camp Hansen
Torii Station
Camp Schwab
Camp Foster
Camp Kinser
Giretsu Kuteitai
Okinawa Prefectural Peace Memorial Museum
Passage 6:
Battle of Jupiter Inlet
The Battles of the Loxahatchee occurred west of what is now Jupiter, Florida in January 1838 between the United States military and the Seminole Indians (including Black Seminoles)  The First Battle of the Loxahatchee (Powell's Battle) occurred on January 15, involving a mixed Navy-Army unit under Lt  Levin M  Powell  The Second Battle of the Loxahatchee (Jesup's Battle) occurred on January 24 involving an army under Major General Thomas Jesup  The two battles were fought within a few miles of each other against the same group of Seminoles 

Background
After the American Revolutionary War, Spain regained control of Florida from Britain as part of the Treaty of Paris, and the Seminoles set up farms and acquired land grants from the Spanish  At the same time, because the state was in Spanish control, escaped slaves took advantage of the treaty and found refuge in Florida  These two developments pushed the U S  to begin the First Seminole War (1817–1818) on the Florida-Georgia border, which pushed the Seminoles further south 
In May 1832, the Treaty of Payne's Landing required Indians to forfeit their land and move west within a three-year window  In 1835, the U S  Army returned to Florida to enforce the treaty and found the Indians prepared to fight 

Battle name
The names of the two battles have not been historically consistent  Older sources sometimes erroneously refer to Powell's Battle as the Battle of Jupiter Inlet (including Guinn), probably because contemporary newspaper accounts described it as occurring "near" the inlet 
The modern name of both battles refers to the Loxahatchee River (not the modern community of Loxahatchee, Florida)  "Loxahatchee" is an Anglicized version of the waterway's Seminole name, "Locha-hatchee" (turtle river)  Historical spellings have varied, including Lockahatchee (Mahon) and Locha-Hatchie (Buker) 

First Battle of the Loxahatchee (Powell's Battle)
Lieutenant Levin M  Powell led the Everglades Expeditionary Unit, a mixed Navy-Army force, up the Loxahatchee River on January 15, 1838, in search of Seminole villages  Powell's men captured a Seminole woman and ordered her to lead them to the nearest village 
Leaving 23 men to guard the boats, Powell divided his remaining men under Acting Lt  William P  McArthur (USN), Acting Lt  Horace N  Harrison (USN), and Lt  Henry W  Fowler (USA)  After marching 5 miles (8 0 km), they came under fire from Seminoles  Powell ordered his men to charge and the Seminoles fell back into a dense cypress swamp where they made a determined stand  Powell, McArthur, and Harrison were all wounded and naval surgeon Dr  Frederick Leitner killed  The loss of the officers caused most of Powell's force to fall back in disorder  Lt  Fowler was wounded as he attempted to cover the retreat  With all the other officers down, Joseph E  Johnston took charge and organized a successful retreat  The men and boats left after dark to return to Fort Pierce  One boat, containing gunpowder and alcohol, was accidentally left behind in the dark  After recovering a lost man initially thought to be killed, Powell reported his losses as 4 killed and 22 wounded 

Second Battle of the Loxahatchee (Jesup's Battle)
Notified that Powell had definitively located a group of Seminoles, Major General Thomas S  Jesup brought his army overland from Fort Pierce, passing west of the St  Lucie River and approaching the Seminole encampment from the west  Jesup had a force of about 1,500 men: 600 dragoons (2nd Dragoons under Col  William S  Harney), 400 artillery (part of the 3rd US Artillery under Colonel Lemuel Gates), 400 Tennessee Volunteers (under Major William Lauderdale), 100 Alabama Volunteers, and 35 Delaware Indian scouts On the afternoon of January 24, Jesup's scouts located the Seminoles in a dense hammock  Jesup's men dragoons and infantry attacked, with support from cannons and Congreve rockets  The Seminoles fell back across the Loxahatchee River and took up a second position on the east bank  Jesup attempted to lead the Tennessee Volunteers in a charge, but had his glasses shot off his face  Col  Harney led 15 dragoons across the river upstream of the Seminoles and flanked their position, causing them to retreat in scattered groups and ending the battle This engagement is considered the last true battle of the Second Seminole War 

Results
After the battle, Jesup's march marched east to what is now Pennock Point where they established Fort Jupiter  The general unsuccessfully petitioned the federal government to allow the Seminoles to remain in the Everglades and end the war 
William Lauderdale's Tennessee Volunteers subsequently marched south from Jupiter to New River where they established Fort Lauderdale 

Notable participants
Joseph E  Johnston was a volunteer at the First Battle of the Loxahatchee, having not yet been officially recommissioned in the Army  He claimed that there were "no less than 30 bullet holes" in his clothing, with one bullet cutting his scalp, leaving him with a scar  After receiving his commission as 1st Lieutenant on July 7, 1838, Johnston was given a brevet promotion to captain for his actions  He later became a Confederate general Thomas S  Jesup was a US Army officer known as the "Father of the Modern Quartermaster Corps " His military career spanned 52 years, starting in the War of 1812 and ending after 42 years as Quartermaster General  In 1836, President Andrew Jackson detached him from his title as Quartermaster General  First, to deal with the Creek tribe in Georgia and Alabama and then to assume command of all U S  troops in Florida during the Second Seminole War 
William Lauderdale is the namesake of Fort Lauderdale 
Sam Jones was the spiritual medicine and war chief of the Miccosukee and Seminole people during the Second and Third Seminole Wars 

Battlefield today
The exact location of both battlefields was unclear for most of the 20th century  At one time it was incorrectly identified as having taken place in modern Jonathan Dickinon State Park, with a marker placed there accordingly  In the 1980s, numerous avocational archaeologists, not all of them working together, concluded Jesup's battle occurred in Jupiter Farms along the Loxahatchee River Northwest Fork around and south of Indiantown Road (SR 706)  An extensive archaeological survey by professional archaeologist Robert S  Carr and his Archaeological and Historical Conservancy (AHC) confirmed the location of the battlefield as well as numerous Seminole and pre-Seminole archaeological sites in Riverbend Park  The part of the park where the battle took place is now Loxahatchee River Battlefield Park  The park is managed by Palm Beach County Parks and Recreation 
The exact location of Powell's Battle is less clear, but probably occurred east of Riverbend Park 
Starting in 2017, the Loxahatchee Battlefield Preservationists (LBP) have held an annual battle reenactment in late January 

See also
List of battles won by Indigenous peoples of the Americas
West Indies Squadron

Notes
Passage 7:
Camp Hovey
Camp Hovey is a United States Army military base in Dongducheon, Gyeonggi Province, South Korea  It was named after Master Sergeant Howard Hovey who was killed in action at Pork Chop Hill during the Korean War  The camp is adjacent to the larger Camp Casey connected by a road known as "Hovey Cut"  The nearest city to Camp Hovey is Dongducheon (also spelled Tongduch'on), which is roughly 15 miles (24 km) from the Korean Demilitarized Zone (DMZ)  There is a south gate into Camp Hovey from Gwangam-dong village 
Prior to the deactivation of the 1st ABCT, Camp Hovey was home to 1st ABCT Headquarters; 1st Battalion, 15th Field Artillery; 1st Brigade Special Troops Bn; 4th Chemical Company; and 4th Squadron, 7th Cavalry Regiment  C Co 1st Bn 503rd Infantry 
Camp Hovey has an AAFES shoppette, Hovey Lanes Bowling Alley, Iron Triangle All-Ranks Club, Hovey Boys 10 HQ, DOD Community Bank, post office, athletic fields, Hovey Gym/indoor Swimming Pool, Library, Troop Medical Center, Military Clothing Store, Barber Shop, Dry Cleaners, New Car Sales, LG U+ Phone/Internet Store, Furniture Store, Tailor Shop, Mini-Mall, Bedding Store, Anthony's Pizza, AAFES American Cafe, Krispy Kreme Donuts, KATUSA snack bar and a DFAC (Dining Facility)  Camp Hovey is one of the camps north of Seoul authorized Hardship Duty Pay of $150 per month as of 1 January 2001 
It is part of an area containing many installations known as the "Casey Enclave"  Camp Hovey, together with other U S  Army camps north of Seoul, was scheduled for closure in the 2019 time frame, with units moving to Camp Humphreys 

See also
List of United States Army installations in South Korea

Notes
External links
Second Infantry Division website
www facebook com/usagrc, Camp Hovey & Area I Facebook page
redcloud korea army mil, official website of USAG Area I, Camp Red Cloud, Camp Casey & Camp Hovey, Korea
Context 2: Passage 1:
Victor Diamond Mine
The Victor Mine was the first Canadian diamond mine located in Ontario, and De Beers' second diamond mine in Canada (after the Snap Lake Diamond Mine)  It is located in the Northern Ontario Ring of Fire, in the James Bay Lowlands 90 kilometres (56 mi) west of Attawapiskat in the remote northern part of the province  In June 2005, the Attawapiskat First Nation voted in favour (85 5%) of ratifying the Impact Benefit Agreement (IBA)  Construction of the mine began in February 2006 which created 3200 positions; mining and operations will create around 400 permanent positions  The Victor Mine is an open-pit mine, with a processing plant, workshops, and an airstrip located on site  By 2013–2014 royalties collected from De Beers Victor Mine amounted to $226  At that time De Beers was continuing to pay off its "$1 billion investment to build the mine and from now until it closes, the company expects to pay tens of millions of dollars in royalties " The mine completed mining and processing in 2019 and has moved to a shut-down phase including demolition of infrastructure and rehabilitation of the site 

History
De Beers started looking for Kimberlite Pipes within Canada in the 1960s  "The Victor Mine was developed within a cluster of 16 kimberlite pipes that were discovered in the James Bay Lowlands near Attawapiskat in 1987 "  In 1995 the pipes of the James Bay Lowland area were re-examined and interest was renewed in the Victor Mine Project  The cost feasibility of mining Victor diamonds was done in 2002  In 2005, the Project gained approval after an environmental assessment by the Federal and Provincial government and soon after construction began  In 2007, the Moose Cree First Nations peoples signed in favour of the Victor mine and the first successful productions of diamonds began  June 20, 2008, Victor Mine entered the production phase  De Beers celebrated its opening July 26 and reached an agreement with the Government of Ontario to allow up to 10% of the mine's production to be available to the cutting and polishing industry in Ontario  In October 2009, the Victor Mine was voted “Mine of the year” by readers of the international trade publication called Mining Magazine 

Geology
The area is composed of 18 kimberlite pipes of the Attawapiskat kimberlite field, 16 of which are diamondiferous, the Victor Mine sits on top of the Victor pipe and mines from Victor Main and Victor Southwest which have appeared close enough to the surface to be used in an open-pit mine  The Victor Kimberlite is a composition of pyroclastic crater facies and hypabyssal facies, and is considered to have a highly variable diamond grade 

Mining
It is an open-pit mine; the equipment there is 100 tonne trucks, large front-end loaders, bulldozers and other necessary support equipment used in the mining operation  The annual production rate is 2 7 million tonnes a year, which comes to about 600,000 carats a year in diamond grade 

Operations
There is year-round access via air travel and only seasonal access over land depending on whether the weather permits travel  On the property are warehouses for storage, a processing plant, workshops, offices, fuel storage facilities, pit-dewatering machinery and an airstrip (the Victor Mine Aerodrome) for travel needs  The site also has recreational and dorm buildings for the permanent staff  The life of the mine is expected to be twelve years and the total project life is seventeen years and each year the processing plan is designed to treat 2 5 million tonnes of kimberlite per year (roughly 7100 tonnes a day) 

Tom Ormsby, director of external and corporate affairs for De Beers Canada claims that the great colour (whiteness), natural shapes, clearness and quality of the Victor diamonds ranks them with the highest stones in the world "Victor is forecasted to have a 17-year cradle-to-grave life  That includes construction, an estimated 12 years of operation and then winding down to closure and rehabilitation of the site "

Performance
The mine had produced at a high level of performance leading to "[f]urther exploration of the site" with the "hope that De Beers will uncover another source of diamonds within close proximity of the existing operation " 826,000 carats were mined at Victor Mine in 2010 and "$93 million was spent on goods and services and $49 million (53 per cent) was supplied by Aboriginal businesses ""No corporate, federal, provincial taxes or government royalties other than personal income taxes were paid in 2010 as the company was in a loss position for tax purposes " However, De Beers Canada "injected approximately $474,900,000 into the Canadian economy in 2010" through both mines, Snap Lake and Victor Mines In 2011, De Beers paid total wages and benefits of about $55 5 million to Victor employees  According to the Ontario Mining Association, in 2011 "$101 million was spent on goods and services" by De Beers "with about $57 million, or 57%, being provided by Aboriginal businesses "

Exploration
Tom Ormsby, claimed that "The high quality of the Victor diamonds and the vastness of the Canadian shield points to great potential for another diamond mine being developed in northeastern Ontario " The "Canadian Shield has great potential to host diamonds" and potential in Canada "appears to be at least twice as good as what southern Africa has held for potential for diamonds ""There are approximately eight years remaining on the forecast life of mine for Victor   In efforts to keep things going and extend this time frame, advanced exploration is currently underway at Victor on 15 previously identified diamond-bearing kimberlite pipes "

Environmental and human concerns
So far, De Beers Canada employees and its contract partners have safely worked more than four million hours without a Lost Time Injury  Other human concerns are the mine's impact on the First Nations people and the company's pledge to help promote community growth will affect certain communities more than others Concerns were brought up regarding the mine's impact on the surrounding area  Since it is an open pit mine it would disturb the natural environment  The impact area is 5,000 hectares of land  The first concern was raised in 2005, when environmental groups called on the Ontario government to perform its own environmental impact assessment aside from the Federal one as it was believed the Federal assessment did not fully assess the situation, including long term harm on the wildlife, wilderness and the water systems found there  However, the Project did receive an ISO 14001 certification The environmental assessment process was later criticized for its restricted scope, namely for focusing primarily on the Attawapiskat First Nation, and largely excluding other potentially affected First Nations 

Attawapiskat First Nation
De Beers Victor Diamond Mine is on Attawapiskat First Nation traditional land  An Impact-Benefit Agreement (IBA) was signed with community leaders in 2005 with Danny Metatawabin, acting as coordinator for the Impact-Benefit Agreement (IBA) between De Beers and Attawapiskat  Community members later protested the agreement through demonstrations and roadblocks claiming that the community's share of the "bounty from the mine isn't getting back to the community " De Beers has negotiated a lease area  Although it is acknowledged that the mine is on Attawapiskat traditional land, the royalties from Victor Mine flow to the Government of Ontario, not Attawapiskat First Nation  As of 2015, De Beers was paying up to $2 million per year to Attawapiskat   That payment is split between a trust fund controlled by the chief and council and the rest, which is used for community development and to pay Attawapiskat members who manage the band’s impact benefit agreement with De Beers, says Attawapiskat member Charlie Hookimaw 
The trust fund now totals $13 million  In 2014, the community received about $1 million; $480,000 went to business relations and $545,868 was spent on community development, Hookimaw says  They have 500 full-time employees with 100 from Attawapiskat First Nation  De Beers also employs Attawapiskat First Nation in winter road construction  The "mine employs 100 people from Attawapiskat at any one time  It generates about $400 million in annual revenue for the company " Sub-contractors from Attawapiskat First Nation also work for the mine "A federal review of the relationship between De Beers' Victor mine and Attawapiskat showed that government support for training and capacity did not start soon enough to deal with the huge lack of skills in the First Nation ""Training is carried out on a year-round basis at the Victor Mine site as well as at the De Beers Canada Training Facility in Attawapiskat "

See also
De Beers
List of diamond mines
Lake Timiskaming kimberlite field
Northern Ontario
Passage 2:
Dry Fork Mine
The Dry Fork mine is a coal mine located 8 miles north of Gillette, Wyoming in the United States in the coal-rich Powder River Basin  The mine is an open pit mine that utilizes truck and shovel mining method to mine a low-sulfur, sub-bituminous coal that is used for domestic energy generation and shipped to customers via railroad  In 2011, the mine began supplying coal to the newly constructed Dry Fork power station that was constructed adjacent to the mine  The mine is currently owned and operated by Western Fuels Association As of 2009, Dry Fork had reserves of 330 mm tons of sub-bituminous coal and a maximum permitted production capacity of 15mm tons per year  Typical annual production has been in 5 2mm ton range for the last several years though  In 2008, the mine produced just over 5 2 million short tons of coal, making it the 37th-largest producer of coal in the United States The average quality of the coal shipped from Dry Fork is 8,050-8,200 BTU/lb, 0 20-0 42% Sulfur, 3 8-5 1% Ash, and 1 50% Sodium (of the ash)  Train loading operations at the mine are done with a batch weigh bin system that is coupled to a "weigh-in-motion" track scale system  Silo capacity at the mine's rail loop, which can accommodate a single unit train, is 10,800 tons 

History
The Dry Fork mine shipped its first coal to members of the Western Fuels Association in 1990 and is run by Western Fuels-Wyoming an associate of Western Fuels  Since opening, Dry Fork has shipped 69 5mm tons of coal 

Production
Passage 3:
Tundra Mine
The Tundra Mine is a gold mine that operated in the Northwest Territories, of Canada between 1962 and 1968, producing 104,476 troy ounces (3,249 6 kg) of gold, from 187,714 tons of ore  Indian and Northern Affairs Canada has a project to remediate the Tundra Mine site under their Northern Contaminants Program, funded by the Canadian Federal Contaminated Sites Action Plan 

External links
Tundra Mine: Indian and Northern Affairs Canada
Passage 4:
Franklin-Creighton Mine
The Franklin-Creighton Mine was a Georgia Gold Rush gold mine located off what is now Yellow Creek Road in the town of Ball Ground in Cherokee County, Georgia   The mine, located along the Etowah River, was initially known as the Franklin Mine because it was started by a widow, Mrs  Mary G  Franklin, who obtained a 40-acre (160,000 m2) lot in the Gold Lottery of 1832    Around 1883, the mine became known as the Creighton Mine or the Franklin-Creighton Mine   This mine was one of the most productive and continued to operate many years after other area mines had ceased operations   Some estimate that it was yielding $1000 per day in 1893 and others place its total production after 1880 at as much as $1,000,000   The mine was shut down in 1913 as a result of a collapsed shaft which caused the mine to flood  As of 2022, only three major structures exist: The stamping mill's concrete foundation (which has been rebuilt into a pavilion for the nearby housing development site), the Franklin residence and doctor's office, and the "Shingle House," the mine's former post office and general store 

Sources
A Brief History of Cherokee County (accessed December 4, 2006)
Georgia Historical Marker – Cherokee County Gold (accessed December 4, 2006)
Passage 5:
Tundra Mine/Salamita Mine Aerodrome
Tundra Mine/Salamita Mine Aerodrome (TC LID: CTM7) is a registered aerodrome that served the Tundra and Salmita Mines in the Northwest Territories, Canada 
Passage 6:
Raspadskaya coal mine
The Raspadskaya Coal Mine is a coal mine located in Mezhdurechensk, Kemerovo Oblast, Russia  It is the largest coal and the largest underground mine in Russia  The mine was opened in 1973 and its construction was completed in 1977  In addition to the main underground mine, the mining complex also includes MUK-96 underground mine, Raspadskaya Koksovaya underground mine, and Razrez Raspadsky open-pit mine, as also the Raspadskaya preparation plant  The mine is the largest coal mine in Russia Raspadskaya's total resources were estimated at 1,461 million tons and total coal reserves at 782 million ton (JORC standards, according to IMC Consulting report as of June 2006, of which 22 million tons produced by 31 March 2008)  Based on the volume produced in 2007, reserves-to-production ratio amounts to about 55 years of production  The complex produces 10% of Russia's coking coal The mine is owned and operated by Raspadskaya OAO, a Russian publicly listed coal company 
In March 2001, a methane explosion killed four miners and injured six  The mine was shut down for two weeks in 2008 due to safety violations and a worker was killed after part of the mine collapsed in January 2010  On 8 May 2010, an explosion occurred killing 66 workers In 2022, a remote sensing satellite found that the mine was releasing 87 metric tons, or 95 short tons, of methane each hour  Scientists who study methane leakage said the size was unprecedented  By contrast, the worst rate that occurred at the Aliso Canyon gas leak in California was 60 metric tons an hour 
Passage 7:
Salmita Mine
The Salmita Mine was a gold producer in the Northwest Territories, Canada during 1983 to 1987  The deposit was first discovered in 1945 and underground exploration was carried out in 1951–1952  It was reactivated for exploration by Giant Yellowknife Mines Limited in 1975 and entered production in 1983  They used the old camp and milling plant of the abandoned Tundra Mine, located a few kilometres to the south  The mine produced 179,906 troy ounces (5,595 7 kg) of gold from the milling of 238,177 tons of ore 
The area is now owned by Seabridge Gold 
Passage 8:
Colomac Mine
The Colomac Mine was a privately owned and operated open pit gold mine located 200 km northwest of Yellowknife in the Northwest Territories in Canada   The Colomac mine operated between 1990–1992, and 1994–1997  It was operated by Neptune Resources Limited that had little success in making a profit during its operation  In 1994, the mine had reopened under Royal Oak Mines Inc  Both Neptune Resources and Royal Oak Mines where both owned and operated by Peggy Witte   Due to low gold prices and high cost of mining, Royal Oak Mines was forced into bankruptcy  The Federal Government of Canada became owners of the mine, along with the related environmental issues  A major cleanup effort was completed to prevent the mine from polluting the environment  On January 26, 2012, Nighthawk Gold Corporation completed an agreement to acquire 100% of the mineral claims and leases of the former producing Colomac Gold Mine and surrounding mineral leases (Colomac Property), from then Aboriginal Affairs and Northern Development Canada (AANDC) now Crown Indigenous Relations and Northern Affairs Canada (CIRNAC)  The Colomac Property lies within the central portion of Nighthawk Gold’s 930 square kilometre property  Nighthawk Gold has since been responsibly exploring and advancing the Colomac Gold Project with the goal to restart gold mining operations in the future, assuming positive economics and the receipt of operating permits 

Production
The Colomac Mine processed a total of almost 12,300 Megagrams of ore, and produced 16 7 Megagrams (535,708 troy ounces) of gold, with an approximate value of $916 million  This figure is based on 2012 gold prices, averaging close to USD $55,000 per kg 
In April 2007, Indian and Northern Affairs Canada engaged the Professional Services company Deloitte & Touche LLP to become their solicitor, in order to find another independently-owned and -operated company to acquire the idle mine as well as the resources on the land it occupied  To generate interest, they featured the mine as  holding 6 6 Teragrams of untapped resources, a gold processing mill and related equipment, a maintenance building, a dorm room styled housing complex, power and fuel storage facilities, and mobile equipment (rock trucks, excavators and loaders)  It was also featured on the popular reality television show Ice Road Truckers 

Cleanup
After being shut down in 1997 and abandoned shortly after by Royal Oak Mines, it transferred into the Canadian Government's hands and responsibility in mid-December 1999  In accordance with water licensing laws and regulations in Canada, Royal Oak Mines had posted a $1 5 million security deposit and in 1999 they were charged with cyanide dumping by the Federal Government  The government of Canada had estimated the cost of the cleanup at $70 million due to high levels of cyanide and ammonia content, as well as acid mine drainage 
For the people of Indian Lake the tailing pond owned by the mine was at one stage threatening to overflow unless immediate action was taken to prevent a disastrous environmental impact   A public hearing was called to cancel the mines' license and to begin a cleanup 
In 1999, the Department of Indian Affairs and Northern Development (DIAND) awarded a one-year, $2 million contract to a consortium of aboriginal businesses from DetonÇho Corporation, the Dogrib Rae Band and the North Slave Métis Alliance to undertake final reclamation activities at the Colomac Mine  The consortium conducted studies into contamination and took responsibility for on-going environmental monitoring and maintenance of the site  After the contract was awarded, Royal Oak Mine was finally charged under the Water Act and the Fisheries Act for the pollution it had  caused, this was much too late, since the company was already in receivership 
According to MineWatch Canada in a 2001 publication:
"Now, the water license has not been changed, the money needed to clean-up the site is not forthcoming, and the Dogribs are faced with a potential catastrophe if the tailings pond overflows  Says Dogrib leader Ted Blondin: "I think there is a fiduciary responsibility that the federal government has to looking after the Dogrib interests, and these are the arguments that we will use towards ensuring that the quality of water and the work that has to be done for the cleanup is done "During the initial cleanup phase, many new and effective remediation procedures where developed and put into place, including the use of farmed micro-organisms to remove hydrocarbons from soil contaminated by poor management of the fuel tank farm located on site 
On 25 February 2010 a $19 million contract was awarded to two aboriginal firms, Tlicho Engineering/Environmental Services Ltd and Aboriginal Engineering Ltd for a final two year remediation contract, which will also create local jobs in the area  According to Aboriginal Affairs and Northern Development Canada this two year remediation will cover:
"final remediation of the site, including: major demolition activities (primary and secondary crushing facilities, mill complex, maintenance shop and camp); hydrocarbon remediation (restoration of Steeve's Lake shoreline, free product recovery and soil treatment); site restoration (Truck Lake channel construction, stream crossing restoration) and capping of the non-hazardous landfill sites as well as continued provision of site services and maintenance  The contract, which follows a competitive process, will last until April of 2012 when the companies will conduct a full and final demobilization of the site "
In May 2010, officials suspended the remediation project due to an accident, which occurred at mine in April 2010  It occurred after a foremen working for Aboriginal Engineering Ltd suffered leg injuries after a 2 5 cm cable snapped  Human Resources and Skills Canada announced in May 2010 that they would not allow this remediation to continue until Aboriginal Engineering Ltd set out to implement the standards for health and safety set out by the Federal Government in relation to this type of task 
Passage 9:
Murowa diamond mine
The Murowa diamond mine is a diamond mine located in Mazvihwa, south central Zimbabwe, about 40 kilometres from the asbestos mining town of Zvishavane in the Midlands province  The mine is majority owned and operated by the Rio Tinto Group, which also owns the Argyle diamond mine in Australia and part of the Diavik Diamond Mine in Canada  The mine is a combination of open pit and underground construction; current estimates put construction costs at $61 million USD and mine reserves are 19 million tonnes of ore, with an ore grade of 0 9 carats (180 mg) per tonne 

Geology of the Deposit
Murowa consists of three north-trending kimberlite pipes, intrusive into the Chivi suite granites of the Zimbabwe Craton  The kimberlites have been dated at 500 Ma 

History
The Murowa site's possibilities were first realized in 1997 when three diamond-bearing kimberlite pipes were discovered; over a period of three years of study, the two larger pipes have been determined to be economically feasible as mines  Construction of mine facilities was completed in late 2004  Preparation for mining included the forced relocation of 926 people living on the mine site to six farms purchased by a government relocation program  Limited mining operations began in Murowa in 2004, with full capacity expected to be reached sometime in 2005, although permitting problems have slowed progress toward this milestone  Full-scale production is expected to process 200,000 tonnes of ore annually, although it is possible to push production to as much as one million tonnes annually through further capital investment 
The mine is a combination of open pit and underground construction; current estimates put construction costs at $61 million USD  Current estimates of mine reserves are 19 million tonnes of ore, with an ore grade of 0 9 carats (180 mg) per tonne  Rio Tinto estimates that over the life of the mine, prices for the Murowa's production will fetch an average price of $65 USD per carat (325 $/g) 
Passage 10:
Negus Mine
Negus Mine was a gold producer at Yellowknife, Northwest Territories, Canada, from 1939 to 1952  It produced 255,807 troy ounces (7,956 5 kg) of gold from 490,808 tons of ore milled  The underground workings were acquired by adjacent Con Mine in 1953 and were used for ventilation purposes until Con Mine closed in 2003 



ground_truth: Operation Iceberg

prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: Were the Tundra Mine and Negus Mine located in the same country?

The following are given passages.
Context 3: Passage 1:
Mika Häkkinen
Mika Pauli Häkkinen (Finnish: [ˈmikɑ ˈhækːinen] (listen); born 28 September 1968), nicknamed "The Flying Finn", is a Finnish former racing driver  He won the Formula One World Drivers' Championship in 1998 and 1999, both times driving for McLaren  Häkkinen is one of three Formula One drivers from Finland that have won the World Drivers' Championship, and the only one to have done so more than once  He currently works in driver management and is a brand ambassador for various companies 
Häkkinen began his career in karting at the age of five and achieved success by winning regional and national kart championships  He progressed to car racing when he entered the Formula Ford and Formula Three series in Italy and the United Kingdom  After success in the series, Häkkinen entered Formula One in 1991 with the Team Lotus where he remained until 1992  The following year, he moved to McLaren as test driver before he was promoted to the race team following the departure of Michael Andretti 
After four years which yielded minor success, Häkkinen scored his first Formula One victory in 1997  He went on to win eight races of the 1998 season, securing the World Drivers' Championship at the season-ending Japanese Grand Prix; his success also helped McLaren secure the World Constructors' Championship  He repeated his World Championship success in 1999, taking five victories  He finished as runner-up in the Drivers' Championship in 2000, behind Michael Schumacher and secured two more victories in 2001 before announcing a sabbatical from the sport, which became full-time retirement in mid-2002 
For 2005, Häkkinen moved to the Deutsche Tourenwagen Masters (DTM) series, where he secured his first victory that year  His form faded during 2006 although he secured two more victories in 2007  He retired from top-level active motorsport at the end of 2007, and subsequently moved into driver management along with becoming a brand ambassador for Johnnie Walker and Mercedes-Benz AMG 

Early life and career
Häkkinen was born in Helsingin maalaiskunta, Finland, on 28 September 1968 to Harri, a shortwave radio operator and a part-time taxi driver, and Aila Häkkinen, who worked as a secretary  He has one sister, Nina, who ran a fan site for him until its closure in 1998  Häkkinen lived in the same street as Mika Salo with the two later becoming friends  As a child, Häkkinen played ice hockey and football When Häkkinen was five years old, his parents rented a go-kart for him to take to a track near their home  Despite an early crash, Häkkinen wished to continue racing, and his father bought him his first go-kart, one that Henri Toivonen had previously competed with  He later won his first karting race in 1975 at the Keimola Motor Stadium where he raced in the regional karting championships in 1978 and 1979, winning the Keimola Club Championship in both years  Häkkinen found further success in 1980 when he won the Swedish Lapland Cup and finished fourth in the 85cc class of the Lapland Karting Championship  Around this time, Häkkinen also drove a Volkswagen Beetle on the frozen lakes of Finland with friend Mika Sohlberg In 1981, Häkkinen won his first major karting title, the 85cc class of the Finnish Karting Championship  The following year, he finished runner-up in the 85cc class of the Formula Mini series and later won the Ronnie Peterson Memorial event and the Salpauselka Cup in Lahti  Häkkinen moved to the Formula Nordic 100cc class for 1983, where he became the champion on his first attempt and also participated in the A Junior Team Races for Finland alongside Taru Rinne, Jaana Nyman and Marko Mankonen, with the line-up taking the championship In 1984, Häkkinen won the 100cc Formula Nordic title and later participated in the World Kart Championship race held in Liedolsheim  He took his second consecutive 100cc Formula Nordic Championship in 1985 ahead of Jukka Savolainen  He took part in the Nordic Championship A-Class in the same year, finishing runner-up to Tom Kristensen  Häkkinen went to Parma to participate in the World Kart Championship where he retired before the event's final heat due to a mechanical problem  In 1986, he reached his third consecutive Formula Nordic 100cc title and also took part in karting events across Europe  To further fund his career, Häkkinen got a job with a friend repairing bicycles In 1987, Häkkinen made the transition from karting to car racing when he purchased a 1986 Reynard Formula Ford 1600 from fellow Finn JJ Lehto  In that year, he entered the Finnish, Swedish and Nordic Formula Ford Championships, winning each title on his first attempt and won nine races combined  Häkkinen also entered two races of the EDFA 1600 Championship and raced in the Formula Ford Festival held at Brands Hatch, where he finished in seventh position  In 1988, Häkkinen entered the EFDA Formula GM Lotus Euroseries with the Dragon team, where he secured four victories and finished the runner-up in the championship, behind Allan McNish  He later entered the Opel-Lotus EDFA Euroseries, taking four victories and became Champion with 126 points, ahead of nearest rival Henrik Larsen Going into 1989, Häkkinen moved from the Euroseries into the British Formula 3 Championship driving a Reynard 893 chassis for Dragon  He finished seventh position in the championship, scoring 18 points  He was later invited to participate in the Cellnet Formula Three SuperPrix for West Surrey Racing as a guest driver where he secured pole position and the victory  He also raced in the tenth round of the French Formula 3 championship at Le Mans-Bugatti on 24 September and finished third behind Éric Hélary and Laurent Daumet 
In 1990, Häkkinen applied to become a member of the "Marlboro World Championship Team" through what was akin to a fully sponsored racing driver academy  Its members were short-listed for testing by a judging panel including McLaren Formula One team boss Ron Dennis (whose team was sponsored by Marlboro), Formula One World Champion James Hunt, and Formula 3000 team bosses, Mike Earle and Hugues de Chaunac  In an April 2015 interview, Earle recounted that Häkkinen's application was the last one that he reviewed at the end of a long day, despite protests by Hunt who had already made plans to head to a pub for a beer  Häkkinen performed strongly in his test and went on to secure Marlboro's sponsorship  That same year, therefore, Häkkinen left Dragon and moved to the West Surrey Racing team and won the British Formula 3 series, by taking nine victories en route to the Championship, with 121 points, ahead of fellow Finn Salo  In November, Häkkinen entered the Macau Grand Prix where he drove to pole position and won the first heat of the event  He retired from the second heat due to a last-lap collision with German Formula Three driver and future Formula One rival Michael Schumacher, who was classified as the overall winner 

Formula One career
Team Lotus (1991–1992)
1991
Häkkinen made his first test in a Formula One car with the Benetton team driving 90 laps around the Silverstone Circuit and set quicker lap times than regular driver Alessandro Nannini  He found it difficult to fit into the Benetton but liked the steering and throttle response  Häkkinen expected not to be offered a seat at Benetton and he decided to sign with the Lotus team for the 1991 season  Making his debut in the United States Grand Prix alongside teammate Julian Bailey, Häkkinen qualified thirteenth on the grid and suffered an engine failure on the sixtieth lap and was classified thirteenth  The next race in Brazil saw him finish ninth, and scored his first Formula One points by reaching fifth place in San Marino  Häkkinen suffered from a dip in race form as he encountered consecutive retirements in the next two races—his car suffered from an oil leak in Monaco and spun out in Canada  Before Canada, Bailey lost his seat at Lotus due to a lack of funding, so Häkkinen was partnered by Johnny Herbert and Michael Bartels throughout the remainder of the season Although Häkkinen secured a ninth-place finish in Mexico, he did not qualify for the French Grand Prix  Over the remainder of the season, he did not finish four of the nine races he entered  Häkkinen finished his debut season sixteenth in the Drivers' Championship, scoring two points 

1992
Häkkinen remained at Lotus for 1992 and was partnered by Herbert  At the opening round of the season in South Africa, Häkkinen finished in ninth position, which he followed up with his first points of the season in Mexico  He took a further finish in Brazil, although he did not qualify for the San Marino Grand Prix and suffered consecutive retirements in the following two races  At Monaco, Lotus introduced their new car, the Lotus 107  Häkkinen later gathered further consecutive points in the following two races, before he was forced into retirement at the German Grand Prix due to an engine failure  A similar pattern followed in the next three races, which was broken when he finished fifth in Portugal and suffered a retirement at the penultimate round of the year in Japan  Häkkinen concluded the season with a seventh-place finish in Australia During the season, Häkkinen became embroiled in a contract dispute  Häkkinen, who was under contract to Lotus, opted to join Williams  However, Williams had not submitted their entry for the 1993 season, and Häkkinen was unable to join the team when he learnt that Lotus team principal Peter Collins would veto the Williams team entry if they had signed Häkkinen  Häkkinen later approached Ligier although his contract contained a clause of which his manager Keke Rosberg disagreed  He later approached McLaren team principal Ron Dennis for a contract with the team, which was drafted at Courchevel Airport  The dispute eventually went to the Formula One Contract Recognition Board, who ruled in favour of McLaren after two days of deliberation 

McLaren (1993–2001)
1993
For 1993, Häkkinen joined McLaren, originally as a race driver, although he became the team's official test driver when CART driver Michael Andretti was hired by the team  Apart from regular testing duties, Häkkinen entered two Porsche Supercup races, held as a support race for the Monaco Grand Prix, where he started at pole position and took victory in both races  He was promoted to a Formula One race seat after the Italian Grand Prix, when Andretti left Formula One  Häkkinen entered the Portuguese Grand Prix where he out-qualified regular driver Ayrton Senna  During the race, he retired due to collision with a concrete wall  At the next race held in Japan, Häkkinen claimed the first podium of his career with a third-place finish, and ended the season when his McLaren car suffered a brake pipe failure in Australia  Häkkinen concluded the season with 15th in the Drivers' Championship, scoring 4 points  In December, McLaren confirmed that Häkkinen would remain with the team on a three-year contract from the 1994 season onwards During 1993, Häkkinen, along with Senna, tested the Lamborghini V12 engine in a modified version of the McLaren MP4/8 race car dubbed the "MP4/8B" at both Estoril and Silverstone  Both drivers were impressed with the engine, with Häkkinen reportedly lapping Silverstone some 1 4 seconds faster in the MP4/8B with its V12 engine than he had with the team's race car fitted with the Ford V8 

1994
Häkkinen stayed at McLaren for 1994 and was partnered by experienced driver Martin Brundle  He endured a torrid start: at the first two races of the season, Häkkinen retired as his car developed engine problems in the Brazilian Grand Prix and gearbox issues in the Pacific Grand Prix which included a collision with Senna on the first lap  He later reached his first podium finish of the season at the San Marino Grand Prix, although he suffered a dip in form as he was forced into consecutive retirements in the next four races Häkkinen raced to  a further podium finish at the British Grand Prix, despite a last-lap collision with Jordan driver Rubens Barrichello for which he received a one-race ban, suspended for three races  The ban was enforced after the German Grand Prix, where Häkkinen collided with Williams driver David Coulthard with the Finn's car sliding into another group of cars  He was replaced by Philippe Alliot for the next race in Hungary Häkkinen returned for the Belgian Grand Prix, initially coming third but was later promoted to second after the disqualification of Benetton driver Michael Schumacher  He got consecutive 3rd-place podium finishes in the next three races, before rounding off the season by finishing the final two races in Japan and Australia, albeit outside of the points scoring positions  Häkkinen managed a fourth place in the Drivers' Championship, scoring 26 points 

1995
Häkkinen remained at McLaren for 1995, and was partnered by Nigel Mansell  During pre-season testing, Häkkinen and teammate Mansell complained the car, the McLaren MP4/10, was not wide enough to fit in, resulting in their hands and elbows striking the sides of the cockpit  Mansell was forced to miss the opening two rounds, so Häkkinen was partnered with Mark Blundell Häkkinen started off the season by finishing fourth in Brazil, and later retired in Argentina due to a collision which punctured his left rear tyre that followed a spin  He took a further points finish with a 5th place at San Marino, before suffering from consecutive retirements in the next three races  For the French Grand Prix, McLaren introduced a revised version of their car, the McLaren MP4/10B  This did not revive Häkkinen's fortunes as he did not finish in the points scoring positions, and later suffered consecutive retirements in the next four races, but got second place at the Italian Grand Prix  He was forced to miss the Pacific Grand Prix due to an operation for appendicitis and was replaced by Jan Magnussen  He returned for the Japanese Grand Prix, with a second-place finish At the season finale held in Australia, Häkkinen's car suffered a tyre failure during the event's first qualifying session on Friday, which resulted in his car becoming airborne and crashing sideways into the crash barrier on the outside of Brewery corner, the fastest corner of the Adelaide Street Circuit, at an estimated speed of 120 mph  The session was suspended with Häkkinen being critically injured due to sustaining a skull fracture, internal bleeding and a blockage of his airway  His life was saved by the efforts of the trackside medical team including the President of the FIA Institute for Motor Sport Safety, Sid Watkins and volunteer doctors Jerome Cockings and Steve Lewis from the Royal Adelaide Hospital  Cockings performed an emergency tracheotomy on the track, delivering oxygen to enable Häkkinen to breathe  Watkins later arrived in the medical car, allowing the doctors to continue, restarting Häkkinen's heart twice  Häkkinen was immediately transported by ambulance to the nearby Royal Adelaide Hospital which was luckily located only about half a kilometre from the circuit  There he remained in a critical condition under care of the Trauma Service, the Neurosurgical Unit, and the Intensive Care Unit and remained in the hospital for approximately two months  He eventually made a remarkable recovery  As an expression of thanks for the elite class medical attention he received, Häkkinen donated a substantial undisclosed sum of money to help build a much-needed helipad for The Royal Adelaide Hospital, and made a special trip to Australia for the official opening ceremony in March 1997 Häkkinen finished the 1995 season seventh in the Drivers' Championship, with 17 points 

1996
The 1996 season was the first in which Häkkinen was the more experienced driver in his team and was partnered by David Coulthard  Häkkinen was confident going into the season and set himself a target of winning races  To ensure his fitness, Häkkinen spent time training in Bali and in February, McLaren conducted a secret test at the Paul Ricard Circuit  In the event that Häkkinen was not prepared, McLaren had Magnussen to replace him should the need arise  The season started well for Häkkinen: He earned consecutive points-scoring positions in the opening two rounds, before he suffered his first retirement of the season in Argentina as his car developed a throttle problem  He later finished the next two races, albeit outside of the points scoring positions, before returning consecutive finishes inside of the points in the following four races In the following race held in Britain where McLaren brought a revised version of the car, their McLaren MP4/11B, Häkkinen reached his first podium finish of the season with third place  However, he retired from the next race held in Germany due to a gearbox failure  This marked a turning point in Häkkinen's season as he finished the next three races, including consecutive third-place finishes in Belgium and Italy  In September, it was announced that Häkkinen would remain at McLaren for 1997, having previously been linked to Williams and Benetton  He retired from the penultimate round in Portugal resulting a collision with teammate Coulthard, damaging Häkkinen's front wing and eventually led to his retirement on the 52nd lap of the race  He rounded off the season with a third-place finish in season finale held in Japan  Häkkinen finished the season fifth in the Drivers' Championship, scoring 31 points 

1997
Häkkinen again remained at McLaren for 1997 and Coulthard remained his teammate  Häkkinen's season got off to a good start: In the season-opening race in Australia, he drove up to the third position and later scored further consecutive finishes inside of the points scoring positions in the next three races  He suffered his first retirement of the season at the Monaco Grand Prix when he was involved in a collision with Benetton driver Jean Alesi  Häkkinen later took ninth position at the Spanish Grand Prix, but later suffered three consecutive retirements in the next three races—a collision with Ferrari driver Eddie Irvine in Canada and engine failures in France and Britain  At the latter race, he had seemed set for his first win, but his engine blew while he was holding off eventual winner Jacques Villeneuve Häkkinen secured another podium finish with second place in Germany and later retired from an hydraulic problem in Hungary  He later secured third place in the Belgian Grand Prix but was later disqualified when it was discovered that his car used an illegal type of fuel during the event  He secured a ninth-place finish in Italy and later suffered from consecutive retirements in the next two races—engine failures in the Austrian Grand Prix and the Luxembourg Grand Prix while leading both races  Häkkinen ended the season with a fourth position in the penultimate round in Japan and raced to his first Formula One victory at the season closing European Grand Prix  Häkkinen ended the season sixth in the Drivers' Championship, with 27 points 

1998
Häkkinen remained at McLaren for 1998, partnered by Coulthard  Häkkinen was confident going about the challenge for the World Championship into the season, citing the involvement of technical director Adrian Newey  The season started off with controversy in Australia when teammate Coulthard let Häkkinen past to win the race  Häkkinen had earlier been called into the pit lane by an engineer by mistake  Coulthard later revealed a pre-race agreement by the team that whoever led into the first corner on the first lap would be allowed to win the race  Despite this, Häkkinen took back-to-back victories by winning the next race in Brazil  He maintained his good form at the Argentine Grand Prix where he finished second, although he retired from the San Marino Grand Prix when his car's gearbox failed  However, Häkkinen managed consecutive victories in the next two rounds, which was followed by a retirement from the race in Canada as his car suffered another gearbox failure Häkkinen followed this up by taking consecutive podiums in the next two rounds—third in France and second in Britain  He managed further consecutive victories in the next two rounds, and followed this up with a sixth-place finish in Hungary  In August, it was announced that Häkkinen and Coulthard would be retained for 1999  Häkkinen retired from the following race held in Belgium when Ferrari driver Michael Schumacher collided with the Finn and was also hit by Sauber driver Johnny Herbert  He later managed a fourth position in Italy despite suffering from brake problems resulting from a spin  Häkkinen finished the season by taking victory in the final two rounds at the Luxembourg Grand Prix and the Japanese Grand Prix, which ensured he took enough points to clinch the 1998 World Championship, with 100 points, ahead of nearest rival Schumacher  Häkkinen was awarded the Autosport International Racing Driver Award for 1998  He was also named the Finnish Sports Personality of the Year by journalists  The Finnish Post Office issued stamps to commemorate Häkkinen's World Championship in January 1999 

1999
Häkkinen remained at McLaren for 1999, with Coulthard partnering him for the upcoming season  The team suffered problems with their car, the McLaren MP4/14, during pre-season testing, resulting in a lack of preparation  Despite these setbacks, Häkkinen was confident going into the season, saying: "I've gained confidence and experience and am more relaxed  With this title I no longer have to tell myself every morning I can win, to put pressure on myself "At the opening round in Australia, Häkkinen was forced into retiring as his car developed a throttle issue  However, he managed his first victory of the season in Brazil, despite his car developing a gearbox problem early in the race  Häkkinen retired from the race in San Marino when he collided with a barrier while leading  At the Monaco Grand Prix, Häkkinen finished in third place, having slid on oil left on the track surface in the race  He followed up the results by having consecutive victories in the races held in Spain and Canada  Häkkinen took a second-place finish in France, and was forced into another retirement in Britain, as a result of a wheel failure  During the Austrian Grand Prix, Häkkinen who started from pole position, was hit by Coulthard from behind and rejoined at the back of the field  Häkkinen eventually finished in 3rd place During the German Grand Prix, it was announced that Häkkinen would remain at McLaren for 2000  Häkkinen encountered further bad fortunes in the race when his car's right rear tyre exploded at high speed, forcing his car into a 360° spin before resting on a tyre wall  He managed his fourth victory of the year at Hungary, and followed up the result with a second place in Belgium  Häkkinen retired from the following race held in Italy, due to a spin while leading the race  He finished further with fifth place at the European Grand Prix, and achieved a podium finish with third place in Malaysia  At the season finale held in Japan, Häkkinen took victory, which ensured he took enough points to win the 1999 World Championship, with 76 points, ahead of nearest rival Eddie Irvine  In November, Häkkinen was ranked seventh in the Reuters Sports Personality of the Year Poll scoring 46 out of a possible 260 points  He was also awarded his second consecutive Autosport International Racing Driver Award for 1999  In November, Häkkinen was announced as one of the seven men shortlisted for the Finnish Sports Personality of the Year  At the awards ceremony on 28 December, Häkkinen was awarded second place behind skier Mika Myllylä 

2000
For 2000, Häkkinen set himself new limits along with physical and psychological preparations for the upcoming season  He also believed that he along with Schumacher and Coulthard would be the key drivers of 2000  He endured a bad start: at the opening round in Australia, both McLaren cars retired with engine failure after completing less than half of the race distance; and in the following race in Brazil, Häkkinen was forced into retirement when his car's oil pressure became problematic  However, this marked a turning point as Häkkinen took consecutive second-place finishes in the next two rounds, and later reached his first victory of the season in Spain Häkkinen finished in second position at the European Grand Prix, having traded the lead position with Schumacher throughout the race  He followed up the result by taking sixth place at Monaco, fourth in Canada and a podium finish with second position in France  The day after the French Grand Prix, it was announced that Häkkinen would remain at McLaren for 2001  Häkkinen won the following race held in Austria, although his team were stripped of constructors' points due to a missing seal on the electronic control unit in Häkkinen's car  He took another podium finish with a second place in Germany, and later had another victory at the Hungarian Grand Prix where he took the lead of the World Drivers' Championship from Schumacher  Häkkinen raced to his second consecutive victory in Belgium, which included a simultaneous pass on Schumacher and Ricardo Zonta in the Kemmel straight  Häkkinen later took second place in Italy, and retired with an engine failure in the United States  He rounded off the year with a second place in Japan where he conceded the World Championship to Schumacher, and held fourth position in the season closing race held in Malaysia 

2001
For 2001, Häkkinen pledged to make a challenge for the World Championship, citing inspiration from the birth of his son Hugo  He also added that he was under less pressure to compete, saying that results over the previous year increased his desire to win  The season started badly for Häkkinen, as he was forced into retirement in the opening round held in Australia due to a failure with his car's suspension resulting in his car spinning violently into a tyre barrier  The McLaren cars were off the pace in Malaysia, with Häkkinen managing to end at the 6th place  He retired from the following race in Brazil when his car stalled on the starting grid, Further points came at the San Marino Grand Prix  At the Spanish Grand Prix, Häkkinen looked on course to win his first victory of the season, until the final lap of the race, when his car was hampered with a clutch failure and was classified ninth He suffered further consecutive retirements in Austria where he stalled his car on the starting grid, and Monaco where his car's steering failed after fifteen laps of the race  At the following race held in Canada, Häkkinen took his first podium of the season with a third-place finish  He finished sixth at the European Grand Prix, and was unable to start the French Grand Prix as his car developed a gearbox problem  However, this marked a brief turning point for Häkkinen as he gained a victory in the British Grand Prix  He was forced into another retirement in Germany when his engine failed, later managing fifth position in Hungary and fourth place in Belgium Before the Italian Grand Prix, Häkkinen announced that he would be on a sabbatical for the 2002 season, citing the reason to spend more time with his family  His seat was taken by fellow countryman Kimi Räikkönen in 2002  Häkkinen later stated that fear after crashes during practice for the 1995 Australian Grand Prix and the 2001 Australian Grand Prix as well as a loss of a desire to compete for race victories were factors  He was forced into another retirement during the race due to a gearbox issue  He raced to his final victory of his career in the United States despite incurring a grid penalty, and ended the season with a fourth-place finish in Japan  Häkkinen finished the season fifth in the Drivers' Championship, with 37 points 

Post-Formula One (2002–2004)
In July 2002, nine months into his sabbatical, Häkkinen announced that he would be retiring from Formula One  It was later revealed that Häkkinen approached McLaren team principal Ron Dennis during the 2001 Monaco Grand Prix and agreed a sabbatical, then returned to Monaco the following year to discuss and agree full-time retirement with Dennis  In October, Häkkinen made his first appearance as a commentator for pay-for-view channel Canal Digital at the United States Grand Prix In December 2002, it was announced that Häkkinen would be participating in the Finnish Rally Championship driving a Mitsubishi Lancer Evolution WRC2 with his co-driver Arto Kapanen  He also stated that he would not move full-time into rallying and learn about driver control, although he later stated he would enter more rally events if he finished within the top two  Making his debut in the Arctic Rally, Häkkinen was delayed by four minutes as his team changed a tyre and eventually finished 30th  He once again entered the event in 2004 driving a Toyota Corolla with co-driver Risto Pietiläinen and finished seventh During 2004, rumors circulated that Häkkinen was making a possible return to Formula One to fill in the vacant Williams seat left by Juan Pablo Montoya  In May, McLaren team principal Ron Dennis dismissed the rumors, stating that Häkkinen was not prepared for a comeback  Häkkinen held talks with BAR and Williams and later decided against returning to Formula One saying in 2005: "It's impossible to think that I would race a Formula One car again because as time passes my reactions become slower and my eyesight gets worse – that's life" 

Deutsche Tourenwagen Masters
2005
On 6 November 2004, it was announced that Häkkinen would make his debut in the Deutsche Tourenwagen Masters (DTM) series for the HWA Team in the 2005 season  He was partnered by Gary Paffett, Jean Alesi and Bernd Schneider  Häkkinen had previous experience of driving touring cars in July 2001 at the Brno Circuit alongside Schneider  In January, Häkkinen once again participated in the Arctic Rally driving a Toyota Corolla with co-driver Risto Pietiläinen  Häkkinen retired when he slid off the road on the eleventh stage His debut season started well: He secured eighth position in his first race at the Hockenheimring; and in the following race at the EuroSpeedway Lausitz, held his first podium in his DTM career  Two weeks later at Spa-Francorchamps, Häkkinen qualified on pole position and later took his first DTM win after only three starts  Despite the early success, he did not score points in the next three races which included consecutive retirements at Oschersleben and the Norisring  He later scored a further points position at the race held at the Nürburgring, before further consecutive 12th-place finishes in the next two races  Häkkinen ended the 2005 season by taking a second-place finish at Istanbul Park and finished outside of the points scoring positions with 15th place at Hockenheim  Häkkinen finished the season fifth in the Drivers' Championship, with 30 points 

2006
On 15 November 2005, it was announced that Häkkinen would remain with HWA for the 2006 season, and was partnered by Alesi, Spengler and Jamie Green  For the upcoming season, Häkkinen set his target of winning the championship, although he believed the competition from Audi would make the title challenge difficult  Outside of DTM, Häkkinen participated in his fourth Arctic Rally, driving a Mitsubishi Lancer Evolution VII with co-driver Risto Pietiläinen  He finished 36th overall His season got off well: At the opening race held at Hockenheim, he finished in fourth position; and in the following race held at the EuroSpeedway Lausitz, he drove to his first podium of the season with third place  Häkkinen did not score points in the next two consecutive races, although he later held another podium position with third place at the Norisring  In the next three races, he was unable to score more points, although he had another podium position at the Bugatti Circuit  Häkkinen concluded his season with a retirement at the Hockenheimring when his car's diffuser became damaged  Häkkinen ended the year sixth in the Drivers' Championship, scoring 25 points In November, Häkkinen tested a McLaren MP4-21 for one day at the Circuit de Catalunya where he completed 79 laps  To prepare himself, Häkkinen spent time at the McLaren Technology Centre to acquaint himself with Formula One's revised regulations  In a 2017 retrospective interview Häkkinen revealed that he had been in advanced talks with McLaren for a return in the 2007 season  He had however been frustrated by problems with McLaren's car in the test, which had reminded him of the reasons why he had taken the sabbatical in the first place, so the plans had collapsed 

2007
On 28 January 2007, it was announced that Häkkinen would remain in DTM for the 2007 season for HWA, and was partnered by Spengler, Green and Schneidler  Häkkinen stated that during 2006, his team's potential was not realised and aimed during 2007 to improve on his results  He started the season by earning consecutive finishes in the first two races, albeit outside of the points scoring positions  At the third race of the season held at EuroSpeedway Lausitz, Häkkinen won his first race of the season although only half points were awarded due to errors made by race organisers, resulting in the official race result remaining provisional  He held pole for the following race at Brands Hatch where he finished in fourth position, and followed the result with a ninth-place finish at the Norisring Häkkinen had his second victory of the season at Mugello, after starting from 15th position  He later managed 7th place at Zandvoort and later finished with a 10th-place finish at the Nürburgring  At the race held at the Circuit de Catalunya, Häkkinen was involved in a collision with Audi driver Martin Tomczyk  Häkkinen was penalised with a €20,000 fine, received a ten-place grid penalty for the next round and was disqualified from the race  He finished the season with a 17th-place finish at the Hockenheimring  Häkkinen finished the season 7th place in the Championship, with 22 points 

Retirement (2008–present)
Häkkinen announced his retirement from competitive motorsport in November 2007  He was quoted as saying that the decision "was not an easy one", but added that "racing is still in my blood and this decision does not mean that this will prevent me from racing for pleasure" In November 2008, it was announced that Häkkinen would start a new career in driver management and would work alongside Didier Coton in his firm Aces Associate Group  Häkkinen contested his fifth Arctic Rally event in January 2009 driving a Mitsubishi Lancer Evolution IX alongside co-driver Ilkka Kivimaki and finished 19th overall



ground_truth: yes

prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: McLaren MP4/11 was driven by what Finnish former professional racing driver

The following are given passages.
Context 3:  Häkkinen made his debut in sports cars when Team AMG China entered a Mercedes-Benz SLS AMG in November 2011 to participate in the Intercontinental Le Mans Cup at the 6 Hours of Zhuhai race alongside Lance David Arnold and Cheng Congfu  During the event, the team retired after completing two hours  In October 2013, Häkkinen participated in the GT Asia series for the two races held at the Zhuhai International Circuit, driving a Mercedes-Benz SLS AMG 300 alongside co-driver Matthew Solomon  Häkkinen drove to victory in the first race after starting from sixth position  The victory resulted in a 15-second handicap during his mandatory pitstop for his second race and finished in fourth position On 16 March 2017, McLaren announced that Häkkinen has rejoined the team as partner ambassador  In November 2021, Häkkinen helped McLaren IndyCar driver Pato O'Ward prepare for his test of the McLaren MCL35M by familiarizing O'Ward on his championship winning MP4/13 around Laguna Seca In August 2019, Häkkinen raced in the Suzuka 10 Hours, the fourth round of the 2019 Intercontinental GT Challenge driving a McLaren 720S GT3 alongside two-time Super Formula champion Hiroaki Ishiura and Japanese Formula 3 racer Katsuaki Kubota, with Planex Smacam Racing Häkkinen and Emma Kimiläinen competed together for Team Finland at the Race of Champions on 5–6 February 2022  He is set to again compete in the race in 2023 alongside Formula One driver Valtteri Bottas, who was originally going to be his partner at the 2022 edition before backing out In December 2021, Häkkinen was announced as a Formula One analyst for the sports broadcaster Viaplay  From 2022 onwards, Häkkinen became part of a permanent team of analysts on-site at the Grands Prix  In the team of analysts, Häkkinen is accompanied by David Coulthard and Jos Verstappen 

Driving style and personality
Häkkinen is known for his unique driving style; journalist Peter Windsor analysed in F1 Racing magazine that Häkkinen was an "oversteering" driver, resulting in driving faster on slippery surfaces and the preference of using "tail-happy" cars  This allowed him to perform better at circuits that have medium-speed corners  During his karting career, Häkkinen developed the skill of using the brake pedal with his left foot  He reverted to using his right foot when he participated in DTM, later discovering he became uncomfortable with this style and reverted to left-foot braking in mid-2006  He became known as a "late season driver"; the second half of a season suited Häkkinen due to experience on these tracks and allowed time for his car to be altered towards his preference Häkkinen was criticized for being a poor car developer, though this may have been exaggerated due to his initial struggles with the English language early in his career  Adrian Newey, the designer of Häkkinen's championship-winning McLarens, described an instance of Häkkinen's approach to input on car development when Häkkinen kept telling him during the initial testing of the McLaren MP4/13 that the car was understeering  Newey subsequently adjusted the car to correct for understeer, but this only made it slower  After digging deeper into the test data and listening closely to what Häkkinen was describing Newey realized the car was not understeering but had rear end biased instability on corner entry that Mika was compensating for with understeer  This experience proved crucial for Newey's relationship with Häkkinen during their run together at McLaren, as after that Newey no longer had issues understanding Häkkinen's inputs on car development  Newey also said Mika's countryman, protege, and future McLaren driver Kimi Räikkönen also had a similar approach to input on car development During his Formula One career, Häkkinen became known as a "taciturn" character—an individual who took lengthy pauses before answering questions placed before him and would give virtually nothing away to the media  This allowed him to prevent problems and potential scandals from within his team becoming public knowledge  Since his retirement, Häkkinen has often been voted among the greatest Formula One drivers  Michael Schumacher has stated that Häkkinen was the driver whom he gained the most satisfaction of racing against 

Personal life
Häkkinen has resided in Monaco since 1991  He also owns properties in France and Finland  On 18 May 2008, his newly completed mansion in France was burned down after a light in one of his trophy cabinets short circuited  No injuries were reported, although Häkkinen's collection of Formula One trophies was destroyed  Outside motorsport, Häkkinen enjoys skiing, swimming, tennis, scuba diving and jet ski  His favourite music acts are Phil Collins, Michael Jackson, Frank Sinatra and J  Karjalainen Häkkinen married Erja Honkanen, a former TV journalist, in 1998  The couple have one son and one daughter  The couple applied for divorce in 2008  Häkkinen also has two daughters and a son by his Czech second wife Markéta Remešová Häkkinen joined Johnnie Walker as Global Responsible Drinking Ambassador for Diageo in September 2006, campaigning for the message of responsible drinking  He also led the organisation's Join the Pact campaign to spread consumer commitments for the prevention of drunk driving  He is also brand ambassador for Mercedes-Benz and UBS  In 2016, he became an official brand ambassador for Nokian Tyres 

Car collection
Häkkinen maintains a collection of McLaren hypercars, all of which he keeps in Monaco  His collection is valued at an estimated €6 million 
The collection includes:

a McLaren P1, chassis VP3, painted in Dark Grey 
a McLaren Senna, painted in Mariana Blue, with a special plaque with Häkkinen's "Flying Finn" signature 
a McLaren Speedtail, painted in Volcano Red 

Karting record
Karting career summary
Racing record
Career summary
Complete British Formula 3 results
(key) (Races in bold indicate pole position) (Races in italics indicate fastest lap)

Complete Formula One results
(key) (Races in bold indicate pole position, races in italics indicate fastest lap)

† Did not finish, but was classified as he had completed more than 90% of the race distance 

Complete DTM results
(key) (Races in bold indicate pole position) (Races in italics indicate fastest lap)

‡ Half points were awarded in the race due to several errors made by the race officials 
Passage 2:
McLaren MP4/13
The McLaren MP4/13 was the car with which the McLaren team competed in the 1998 Formula One World Championship  The chassis was designed by Adrian Newey, Steve Nichols, Neil Oatley and Henri Durand, with Mario Illien designing the bespoke Ilmor engine  Driven by Mika Häkkinen and David Coulthard, the MP4/13 proved to be the dominant car of the season, with Häkkinen winning eight races en route to his first Drivers' Championship, while McLaren won their first Constructors' Championship since 1991 and, as of January 2023, their last 
The team's main sponsor was West, whose logos were not featured on the cars at the French, British and German Grands Prix due to the tobacco sponsorship bans in these countries 

History
Designer Adrian Newey had joined McLaren from Williams in 1997, but was unable to influence the design of the McLaren MP4/12 other than adjustment during the season  His work was rewarded when drivers Mika Häkkinen and David Coulthard finished first and second at the season-ending European Grand Prix 
When the 1998 season got underway four months later, it became clear that Newey had adapted to the rule changes for 1998 best  With the cars now narrower and running on grooved tyres, the all-new design of the MP4/13 made it the car to beat 
The dominance of the MP4/13 was displayed in the opening race of 1998 in Australia, as Häkkinen and Coulthard finished a lap ahead of the rest of the field  Newey's aerodynamic design was by far the most efficient one and Mercedes produced the most powerful engine of the season  The team was aided by a unique brake-steer system which allowed the driver to use any one of the car's brakes independently to aid cornering, a system first used in 1997  The Ferrari team protested, stating that the brake-steer system was a violation of the technical rules, which banned four-wheel steering  The FIA eventually sided with Ferrari and the system was banned, although the team was allowed to keep their results up to that point McLaren's dominance continued in the second race of the season in Brazil, before Ferrari started to close the gap from the Argentine Grand Prix onwards  The MP4/13 retained its superiority on high-speed tracks like Hockenheim and Silverstone, while Ferrari's F300 was closer to the McLaren on more technical circuits  Speaking of the MP4/13 some years later, Coulthard said that the car was fast but understeered through slow corners; this was due to Newey's design that maximized the car's aerodynamic grip over its mechanical grip  Häkkinen initially found the car to be nervous in testing due to a rearward biased instability, but this was corrected before the season started During 1998, Coulthard's MP4/13 speed-trapped the highest of all F1 cars that year when he was clocked at 353 km/h (219 mph) at the old Hockenheim circuit 
Although Ferrari's Michael Schumacher took the Drivers' Championship battle to the final race in Japan, Häkkinen took the title with his eighth race win of the season  Coulthard won one race, in San Marino, en route to third place overall, while McLaren won the Constructors' Championship  This was McLaren's first championship victory since 1991 with Ayrton Senna and, in terms of race wins, the team's most successful year since 1989 During 1998 both Nick Heidfeld and Ricardo Zonta acted as test drivers for McLaren and drove the MP4/13 at test sessions  The record time for the Goodwood Festival of Speed hillclimb was set in 1999 when Heidfeld drove an MP4/13 up the hill in 41 6 seconds  Twenty four years later the MP4/13 set the second outright fastest lap time around  Laguna Seca in the hands of Mexican IndyCar driver Pato O'Ward, when O'Ward lapped the circuit at 1 minute 10 3 seconds, nearly a second faster than a McLaren IndyCar around the same circuit 

Other
In July 2017, video game developer Codemasters announced that the MP4/13 would appear in the video game F1 2017 as a classic car  It also appears in F1 2018 and F1 2019 

Technical specifications
Car: McLaren MP4/13
Chassis: carbon fibre, aluminium
Gearbox: 6 gears
Cooling system: two McLaren/Calsonic water radiators, two McLaren/Marston oil radiators 
Length of the whole car: 4,550 mm (179 1 in)
Weight with water, oil and driver: 600 kg (1,322 8 lb)

Engine: Mercedes-Benz FO-110G
Cylinders: 10, in a 72° angle
Valves: 4 per cylinder
Length: 590 mm (23 2 in)
Breadth: 546 4 mm (21 5 in)
Height: 476 mm (18 7 in)
Weight: 107 kilograms (236 lb)
Power: 780–800 bhp (582–597 kW)

Supplies
Tyres: Bridgestone
Wheels: Enkei 13-in
Brakes: AP Racing discs and claws
Oil and Petrol: Mobil
Ignition: TAG 2000
Spark plugs: NGK

Complete Formula One results
(key) (results in bold indicate pole position; results in italics indicate fastest lap)
Passage 3:
McLaren MP4/1
The McLaren MP4/1 (initially known as the MP4) was a Formula One racing car produced by the McLaren team  It was used during the 1981, 1982 and 1983 seasons  It was the second Formula One car to use a monocoque chassis wholly manufactured from carbon fibre composite, after the Lotus 88 (which never raced), a concept which is now ubiquitous  The MP4/1 was first entered in a Formula One race at the third grand prix of the season in Argentina 
The chassis was designed by John Barnard, Steve Nichols and Alan Jenkins, with the car being powered by a Cosworth DFV engine 
The MP4 was the first car to be built following the merger of the McLaren team and Ron Dennis' Project 4 Formula 2 team; its designation was short for "Marlboro Project 4" 

Design and construction
The main engineer for the MP4 was John Barnard, who began drawing the car in late 1979  After a visit to the Rolls-Royce factory where he saw engineers working with carbon fibre technology on the Rolls-Royce RB211 jet engine, Barnard saw the potential of this technology and convinced Ron Dennis to fund the design and build of a whole new car out of this new bodywork material  The chassis itself was built by McLaren using carbon supplied by American firm Hercules Aerospace in Salt Lake City on the advice of McLaren engineer and former Hercules apprentice Steve Nichols, and quickly revolutionised car design in Formula One with new levels of rigidity and driver protection and its Carbon-Fibre-Composite (CFC) construction  Dennis and Barnard took Nichols' advice after being rejected by multiple British firms due to the ambitiousness of this method of chassis construction  Within months and subsequent years carbon fibre started being used by all of McLaren's rivals  The car was far more advanced than any of McLaren's previous cars- including its predecessor, the M29 and M30, and its design and construction was of a far more precise nature than before- just about at the level of fighter aircraft 
From 1981 until late 1983 the MP4/1 was powered by the 3 0 litre Ford-Cosworth DFV V8 engine, but in late 1983 the team switched to turbocharging, using a 1 5 litre TAG V6 engine built by Porsche 
In both 1981 and 1982 McLaren International benefited from the exclusive use of a development Nicholson-McLaren Cosworth DFV which powered the MP4  Developed and re-built in John Nicholson's Colnbrook workshops (an agreement with McLaren going back to the mid-1970s) the Nicholson DFV featured bigger pistons and valves that a conventional factory DFV, and thus could rev to around 11,500 RPM, producing around 510 BHP, enabling John Watson and Niki Lauda to all but match the factory Ferrari and Renault V6 twin-turbos in straight line speed during the 1982 season  The Nicholson DFV also used different castings to reduce frictional losses, as well as using MAHLE pistons rather than Cosworth's in house piston/con rods 
Hercules Aerospace keeps John Watson's car which was destroyed in the 1981 Italian Grand Prix and shows it off to visitors after allowing them to view footage of the accident, highlighting how it was possible for him to survive in a carbon fibre car 

Racing
John Watson and Andrea de Cesaris drove the MP4/1 for most of the 1981 season with Niki Lauda replacing de Cesaris for the 1982 and 1983 seasons  In 1982, the updated MP4B nearly brought Watson to the World Championship, but he finished third behind Keke Rosberg and Didier Pironi, with 39 points  In the same year, however, it did take second in the Constructors' Championship, collecting 69 points 

For the 1983 season, the car was then updated into the MP4/1C, and the season started with a 1–2 finish for the MP4/1C at Round 2 in Long Beach, in which Watson won from 22nd on the grid – the farthest back on the grid a driver has won from in Formula One – and Lauda finished second from 23rd despite suffering from a worsening leg cramp  This car was used throughout most of the season but against the more powerful turbos of Renault, Ferrari and BMW, results with the outdated Cosworth V8 were becoming harder to come by, though Watson did finish third at the Detroit Grand Prix and the final race for the Cosworth car in Holland 

With Porsche: the MP4/1E
During the 1983 season, McLaren worked with Techniques d'Avant Garde and Porsche to develop a turbocharged V6 engine built to John Barnard's specifications and the MP4/1D was the test mule  Later in the season at the Dutch Grand Prix at Zandvoort the Cosworth-powered MP4/1C was replaced by the TAG-powered MP4/1E, which was essentially also a test mule that competed in only 4 races; according to Watson in an interview given in 2009 this was a car that was forced into appearing at the Dutch Grand Prix after political maneuvering by Lauda  He went to Marlboro executive Aleardo Buzzi (the man responsible for giving McLaren their primary sponsorship money), behind the back of the McLaren team and complained extensively to Buzzi about the uncompetitiveness of the team without a turbo engine  Buzzi then withheld money that had been committed to McLaren to develop the TAG/Porsche turbo engine  This infuriated Dennis and designer John Barnard, who had designed the MP4/2 specifically for the new turbo-charged engine, but now had to re-design his MP4/1 to "E" spec for the TAG engine The MP4/1E was first driven by Watson, not Lauda, at the Porsche proving ground  It was competitive but the new engine was, thanks to Lauda's political maneuvering, underdeveloped and had teething troubles  This made the car very unreliable, and it did not win any races  However, this car was not really expected to win or even finish races  In total, the MP4/1 brought McLaren 6 wins, 11 other podium finishes and a total of 131 points 
BBC commentator Murray Walker drove the MP4/1C at Silverstone in 1983 The MP4B (listed as the MP4/1B) is available as a classic car in the video game F1 2019 

Complete Formula One World Championship results
(key) (results in bold indicate pole position; results in italics indicate fastest lap)
Passage 4:
McLaren MP4/10
The McLaren MP4/10 was the Formula One car with which the McLaren team competed in the 1995 Formula One World Championship  The chassis was designed by Neil Oatley, Steve Nichols, Matthew Jeffreys, David North, David Neilson, Paddy Lowe  and Henri Durand with Mario Illien designing the bespoke Ilmor engine  It was driven mainly by Mark Blundell, who started the year without a drive, and Mika Häkkinen, who was in his second full season with the team  The car was also driven by 1992 champion Nigel Mansell, and Jan Magnussen 

Early season
1995 was a season of great expectation for McLaren  The disappointing 1994 alliance with Peugeot had been annulled, and Mercedes-Benz switched to the team from Sauber including third-party engine builder partnership with Ilmor Engineering Ltd  after Ilmor decided to reposition its Formula One program by becoming a third-party engine builder and assembler, and thus earned full-factory works support from Mercedes-Benz  In addition, Mansell had been tempted out of retirement from his two prior years spent in the Indy Car series to partner the youthful Häkkinen  The MP4/10 was a radical design, incorporating a high "needle"-nose design and a wing mounted atop the airbox, among other innovations 
However, it became apparent that Mansell was unable to fit properly in the narrow cockpit, which affected his elbows and hips, that meant he was forced to miss the first two races of the season whilst a wider monocoque was built  His racing return lasted just two further Grands Prix, in San Marino and Spain, before leaving the team altogether, disgusted with the car's poor performance  Blundell, who had replaced Mansell for both the Brazil and Argentina, became a permanent race driver 
Despite handling problems due to a lack of front-end grip, and an often unreliable engine, the package proved competitive enough for the team to usually be "best of the rest", behind Benetton, Williams and Ferrari, and Häkkinen was able to score two podium finishes  Team-mate Blundell also took several points finishes 

Upgrades
The McLaren MP4/10B update made its debut at San Marino and was retained for most of the season  A further modification, the MP4/10C, appeared at the Portuguese and European Grands Prix, but was not used further 
McLaren endured a mixed end to the season  Häkkinen missed the Pacific Grand Prix with a case of appendicitis and was replaced by the rookie Jan Magnussen, but returned to finish a fine second in Japan  This was tempered by the fact that Blundell wrote off a chassis in practice, but this setback paled in comparison to Häkkinen's accident during qualifying for the final race of the season in Australia  A sudden left-rear puncture saw his car fly out of control and hit a concrete wall at high speed  Häkkinen was pulled out of his car unconscious with blood pouring from his mouth and nose  However, he made a full recovery for the first Grand Prix of 1996, which was also in Australia 
The team eventually finished fourth in the Constructors' Championship, with 30 points  The McLaren MP4/10 was the first McLaren car to run Mobil fuel before rebranding to Esso in 2015, beginning with the McLaren MP4-30 

Complete Formula One results
(key)
Passage 5:
McLaren MP4/6
The McLaren MP4/6 is a successful Formula One racing car designed by McLaren's Neil Oatley, Matthew Jeffreys, David North, David Neilson, Bob Bell and Mike Gascoyne; powered by the Honda RA121E V12 engine for use in the 1991 Formula One season, with the engine's design and development led by Osamu Goto  It was driven by reigning World Champion, Brazilian Ayrton Senna, and Austria's Gerhard Berger  Ayrton Senna would win his third World Championship in the MP4/6  The MP4/6 was notable for being the last F1 car to win the championship with a manual gearbox and the only F1 car powered by a V12 engine to do so 

Design and pre-season testing
The MP4/6 was the first McLaren to be powered by a Honda V12 engine, which Honda quote at 735 PS (725 bhp; 541 kW) at 13,500rpm  The car was tested by Berger in the off-season, but he was unimpressed with the initial version of the new engine, feeling it was underpowered compared to the 690 bhp (515 kW; 700 PS) V10 engine used in the 1990 car, the MP4/5B  When Senna returned for pre-season testing he and Berger, along with Honda, knuckled down to try to solve the engine's problems  McLaren's domination in the early part of the year was mainly due to the lack of reliability of the 700 bhp (522 kW; 710 PS) Renault V10-powered Williams FW14 By the latter half of the season, Honda (at Senna's urging) had managed to improve the engine to 780 hp (581 6 kW) @ 14,800 rpm 
The MP4/6 raced throughout 1991 with a manual "H" pattern gearbox  A semi-automatic transmission was tested during the season (and shown at the Hungarian Grand Prix; the car equipped with it ran 4 laps on track in practice before Senna spun off; the car was then converted back to a manual) but was never regarded as good enough to be used in a race; Ferrari and Williams were the only teams to use semi-automatic gearboxes during 1991  The MP4/6 would go down as the last Formula One car to win a World Championship using a manual transmission and the only F1 car to win the World Championship with a V12 engine 

Season summary
Senna won the first four races of the season, in the United States, Brazil, San Marino and Monaco, before Williams and Nigel Mansell found their feet with the FW14, which dominated in mid-season  Consistent podium finishes on Senna's part throughout the year helped McLaren, but Senna insisted that Honda step up their engine development programme and demanded further improvements to the car before it was too late  Honda responded with updated versions of the V12 engine, while Oatley redesigned various features of the car, particularly the sidepods and wings  Senna won in Hungary and Belgium before clinching his third and final Drivers' Championship in Japan with second place behind Berger; he then won the final race in Australia to secure the team's fourth consecutive Constructors' Championship McLaren continued with the MP4/6, upgraded to 'B' specification, for the first two races of 1992, Senna finishing third in South Africa  The car was then replaced with the official 1992 car, the MP4/7A, though three MP4/6Bs were brought to the 1992 Brazilian Grand Prix as spares 
The MP4/6 was considered by some to be the most competitive car in the Formula One field until Williams sorted the FW14, which was aerodynamically and technically more advanced  In all, the MP4/6 took eight Grand Prix wins and ten pole positions and scored 148 points  The car brought a close to McLaren's and Honda's domination of the sport, stretching back to the mid-1980s 

In popular culture
The McLaren MP4/6 is included as included as a classic car in Codemasters F1 2017, F1 2018, F1 2019 and F1 2020 video games 

Complete Formula One results
(key) (results in bold indicate pole position, results in italics indicate fastest lap)

* Only 9 points scored with the MP4/6B  Remaining points scored with MP4/7A 
Passage 6:
McLaren MP4/9
The McLaren MP4/9 was a Formula One car designed by Neil Oatley and used by the McLaren team in the 1994 Formula One World Championship  The number 7 car was driven by Finn Mika Häkkinen, in his first full season with the team, while the number 8 car was driven by Briton Martin Brundle, who had signed from Ligier  Frenchman Philippe Alliot deputised in the number 7 car at the Hungarian Grand Prix when Häkkinen was banned from driving in this race  For the 21st consecutive year, Marlboro was the team's title sponsor, with additional sponsorship from Hugo Boss, Shell and Goodyear  The MP4/9 was the first and only McLaren F1 car to utilise Peugeot engines 

Background and design
Due to changes in Formula One regulations intended to return emphasis on driver skills, many technologies designed to aid the driver, such as active suspension, power-assisted brakes, ABS and traction control, which had featured on the previous season's car, were no longer permitted  Visually the car was otherwise very similar to the preceding MP4/8 
The MP4/9 was initially powered by the Peugeot A4 V10 engine which produced around 700 bhp (522 kW; 710 PS)  The engine proved unreliable and both Häkkinen and Brundle retired from the first two races with each suffering one engine failure  The 760 bhp (567 kW; 771 PS) A6 V10 was then introduced, and while it gave Häkkinen third place at San Marino and Brundle second at Monaco, the engine was generally regarded as a "hand grenade" due to frequent failures in testing, qualifying and races  It was not until Italy that Peugeot started to get reliability from the engine 

Second driver disputes
At the behest of Peugeot, the team's test driver was Frenchman Philippe Alliot  The French company preferred Alliot, who had been a lead driver with their World Sportscar team, over Brundle for the role of the second driver—something which infuriated McLaren team boss Ron Dennis, as he did not think much of Alliot's driving and clearly preferred Brundle; Alliot had been in F1 since 1984 and had a reputation for being fast but accident-prone  Brundle had also been racing Grands Prix since 1984 and, while fast, was also a much more steady driver  Alliot, whose only role in the team was as a test and reserve driver, only raced for the team as a one-off replacement for Häkkinen in Hungary, as the Finn was serving a one-race ban after being held responsible for a large accident on the first lap at the preceding German Grand Prix 

1994 season summary
By the standards of McLaren's recent cars the MP4/9 was a disappointment, failing to win any races (the first time McLaren had failed to win a race since 1980) and hampered by poor reliability and performance from its Peugeot engine (taken from the Peugeot 905 sports car that won Le Mans twice)  Early in the season, Ron Dennis had believed rivalry between the French manufacturer and compatriots Renault would lead to rapid development and performance  As the season progressed the engines suffered regular and frequently spectacular failures (including at the British Grand Prix where Brundle's engine erupted into flames within a second of the green flag), and causing the team to doubt Peugeot's commitment to the project  By late 1994 the team announced it had parted company with the engine supplier in favour of a long-term deal with Mercedes 
The MP4/9 was replaced in 1995 by the McLaren MP4/10 

Complete Formula One results
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Passage 7:
McLaren MP4/11
The McLaren MP4/11 was the car with which the McLaren team competed in the 1996 Formula One World Championship  The chassis was designed by Neil Oatley, Steve Nichols, Matthew Jeffreys, David North, David Neilson, Paddy Lowe and Henri Durand, with Mario Illien designing the bespoke Ilmor engine  It was driven by Finn Mika Häkkinen, who was in his third full season with the team, and Briton David Coulthard, who moved from Williams 

Overview
Background
McLaren had endured a mostly disappointing season in 1995, with the MP4/10 beset by handling and reliability problems in the team's first year in partnership with Mercedes-Benz, although it did score two podiums and regular points  The second year of the arrangement was to be far more productive with both performance and reliability improved, but the team had yet to make the serious breakthrough necessary to challenge the "big three" of Williams, Ferrari and Benetton 

Pre-season testing
In pre-season testing, which took place at Estoril in February 1996 and Silverstone in March, four-times world champion Alain Prost was brought in as a technical advisor to test-drive the MP4/11 in Häkkinen's absence, who was still recovering from his near-fatal crash during qualifying for the 1995 Australian Grand Prix 

Racing history
The car's best result came in Monaco, with Coulthard finishing a close second to Olivier Panis' Ligier at the end of a chaotic race  However, Coulthard was outscored and generally outpaced by his teammate 
The car was developed throughout the season, with improvements initiated to eradicate an initial handling imbalance in time for Coulthard to lead the first 19 laps in San Marino   On the MP4/10, a small additional wing was mounted on the engine cover, but this was removed in mid-1995   The wing was brought back for the MP4/11 in Monaco, and was also used at Hungary   A "B" version of the chassis was developed for Silverstone, and Häkkinen responded with four podium finishes from then until the end of the season 
1996 was also notable for McLaren losing its long-term Marlboro sponsorship at the end of the season, but the team responded by recruiting rival German tobacco brand West, who had previously (1985–89) been the major sponsor of the small German Zakspeed team 
The team eventually finished fourth in the Constructors' Championship, with 49 points 

Complete Formula One results
(key) (results in bold indicate pole position)
Passage 8:
McLaren MP4/3
The McLaren MP4/3 was the car with which the McLaren team competed in the 1987 Formula One World Championship  The car was designed under the leadership of long-time McLaren engineer Steve Nichols, in collaboration with Neil Oatley, Gordon Kimball, Tim Wright and Bob Bell  It was also the last McLaren car to be powered by the TAG-Porsche turbo engine that had been introduced in 1983  The car was driven by double World Champion Alain Prost, in his fourth season with the team, and Stefan Johansson, who moved from Ferrari 

Design
The MP4/3's aerodynamics were completely different from the MP4/2, and the car appeared much more low-slung, to take advantage of the maximum fuel capacity limit of 195 litres, rather than the 220 litre limit in effect from 1984 to 1985  With addition of side-ducted radiators, the car's basic exterior shape was all-new and sleeker than its bulbous looking predecessor with the only visual reminder of the car being its nose section, though this too had been re-designed and was in fact lower and approximately 10% smaller  The suspension set up of the new car was virtually identical to the MP4/2C
To many, the MP4/3 seemed to have been designed along the lines of the lowline Brabham BT55 used by the Brabham team in 1986  Brabham's long time designer Gordon Murray had joined McLaren in 1987 as its new Technical Director taking over from Barnard and this led to the popular belief that he had played a major role in the design of the new look McLaren  However, team manager Jo Ramírez downplayed Murray's involvement in the design of the MP4/3, saying that the BT55's design had no bearing on the car and that Murray had primarily been in charge of quality control  However, Murray himself has since said that this car, and its successor the McLaren MP4/4, were designed using his original Brabham BT55 drawings as a base (as they were legally his, Murray had brought the BT55's drawings with him to McLaren)  The claim has since been disputed by engineering director Steve Nichols 

Engine
The engine was the same 1 5 litre, Porsche built, TAG funded and badged twin-turbo V6 engine that had so successfully powered the MP4/2, but with slight changes in compression and engine balancing, to cope with not only the new reduced fuel limit, but also with the FIA's mandated pop-off valve which restricted turbo boost to 4 0 bar after turbo charging was unrestricted prior to 1987 

Success
There were three wins in 1987 with the MP4/3 by Alain Prost at Grand Prix of Brazil, Belgium, and Portugal  Stefan Johansson managed a few podium places, but he would be replaced in 1988 by Ayrton Senna  McLaren still managed to finish 2nd overall, with 76 points, in the Constructor's Championship  The MP4/3 represented the pinnacle of the development of the McLaren TAG-Porsche partnership  The Porsche-TAG engine featured an updated Motronic 1 7 engine management system, and now produced 790 bhp (590 kW) in race trim and up to 850 bhp (630 kW) in qualifying 
Although a number of teams, notably Benetton with their Ford V6 turbo and Arrows with their 4 cyl Megatron turbo (formerly the BMW turbo), encountered problems with the pop-off valve during 1987 when it would often come in lower than the 4 0 bar limit thus giving less horsepower, McLaren got around this by generally setting their TAG's turbo limit at 3 6 bar in 1987  This also allowed McLaren the advantage of better fuel economy 
Even today the MP4/3 is still considered to be one of the most powerful F1 cars ever made, since turbo boost pressure would be further reduced to 2 5 bar in 1988, reducing the power output of the turbo engines to around 650 bhp (480 kW) in a bid to make the naturally aspirated cars more competitive  Turbocharged engines were then banned completely in 1989, so the turbo era in Formula One may remain possibly the high-water mark for horsepower levels in Formula 1 
The MP4/3 was also the car with which Prost won the 1987 Portuguese Grand Prix to become the driver with the most wins in Formula One history beating Jackie Stewart's record of 27 wins which had stood since Stewart retired at the end of 1973 
The MP4/3 was the last McLaren Grand Prix car to use the TAG-Porsche engine  Its successor, the highly successful MP4/4, would be powered by the Honda V6 turbo 

Chassis log history
Five new MP4/3 cars were moulded from carbon fibre with assistance from Hercules Aerospace, as since the creation of the all-new MP4/1 in 1981  The chassis numbers, 1 through 5, were used throughout the year, with three new cars ready for the first race in Brazil Two MP4/3s were destroyed during 1987, but three complete MP4/3s still exist: Chassis #4 is on display at the Donington Museum, chassis #5 is still owned by McLaren, and chassis #1, the only one in private hands, belongs to a Porsche collector in the United States and was auctioned on 9 March 2012 at Amelia Island, FL by Gooding & Company 
#1: Used as a spare car for every race except Österreichring  Stefan Johansson raced this chassis only once, at the aborted start (1st) at Österreichring 
#2: Raced by Johansson at Rio, Imola, Spa, Monaco, Detroit, Paul Ricard, Silverstone, Hockenheim, and Hungaroring  The car was written off in practice at Österreichring by Johansson, after a deer struck the car, and crashed 
#3: Raced by Alain Prost at Rio, Imola, Spa, Monaco, Detroit, and Paul Ricard  Car modified for Johansson for race use at Österreichring  It was originally a spare car at Mexico City, but then raced by Johansson, but written off in 1st-lap accident 
#4: New car for Prost to race at Silverstone, Hockenheim, Hungaroring, Österreichring, Monza, Estoril, Jerez, Mexico City, Suzuka, and Adelaide 
#5: New car for Johansson at Monza, Estoril, Jerez, Suzuka, and Adelaide 
The sixth car, known as the MP4/3B, was a test mule for the Honda turbo engine that would power McLaren's hopes for 1988  The MP4/3B never raced, but was tested by Prost, and later his 1988 teammate Ayrton Senna, until the all-new MP4/4 made its track debut at Imola a week before the start of the 1988 season (Prost lapped Imola over 2 seconds faster in the MP4/4 than he had in the MP4/3B  The MP4/4 would go on to be the most dominant single season car in F1 history, winning 15 of 1988's 16 races, as well as claiming pole in 15)  After finishing the role, the sixth car went to Argentina and is on display at the Juan Manuel Fangio Museum in Balcarce 

Complete Formula One results
(key) (results in italics indicate fastest lap)



ground_truth: Mika Häkkinen