prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: Are Yut and Tsuro both board games?

The following are given passages.
Context 1: Passage 1:
List of word board games
This is a list of board games  See the article on game classification for other alternatives, or see Category:Board games for a list of board game articles 

Single-player board games
Some board games have solo variants, such as Arkham Horror and Agricola  Others are specifically designed for one player 

Two-player abstract strategy games
In abstract strategy games, players know the entire game state at all times, and random generators such as dice are not used 

Two-player board games
Multi-player elimination board games
Participants are typically eliminated before game end 

European race games
Multiplayer games without elimination
Everyone can play along to the end  These games are especially suited for mixed play with adults and children 

Economics strategy games
Games involving scarce resources and strategy 

Games of physical skill
Coordination, finesse, or other physical skills are necessary  Also known as dexterity games 

Children's games
The rules are easy to learn and the outcome is mostly or entirely due to chance 

Cooperative games
Cooperative games in which all players need to work together to win 

Word games
These games are based on construction of words to score points 

Gaming systems
These are sets that can be used to play multiple games 

See also
Spiel des Jahres (Game of the Year)
Games 100
List of board wargames
List of Japanese board games
List of mancala games
List of board game publishers
List of game manufacturers
List of cross and circle games

External links
Board Game Geek
Boardgames org
A Zen Guide to Board Games
Gamerate Game database
Board Games Land
Board Game Theories
Passage 2:
Glossary of board games
This glossary of board games explains commonly used terms in board games, in alphabetical order  For a list of board games, see List of board games; for terms specific to chess, see Glossary of chess; for terms specific to chess problems, see Glossary of chess problems 

A
active  
See in play 

B
bear off  
To remove game piece(s) from the board and out of play  Past tense: borne off 

bit  
See piece 

Black  
Used often to refer to one of the players in two-player games  Black's pieces are typically a dark color but not necessarily black (e g  in English draughts official play they are red)  Cf  White  See also White and Black in chess 

board  
Short for gameboard 

C
capture  
A method that removes another player's piece(s) from the board  For example: in checkers, if a player jumps an opponent's piece, that piece is captured  Captured pieces are typically removed from the game  In some games, captured pieces remain in hand and can be reentered into active play (e g  shogi, Bughouse chess)  See also Game mechanics § Capture/eliminate 

card  
A piece of cardboard often bearing instructions, and usually chosen randomly from a deck by shuffling 

cell  
See hex and space 

checker  
See piece 

checkerboard 
A square gameboard with alternating dark and light-colored squares 

chessboard 
The square gameboard used in chess, having 64 squares of alternating dark and light-colors 

column  
See file 

component  
A physical item included in the game  E g  the box itself, the board, the cards, the tokens, zipper-lock bags, inserts, rule books, etc  See also equipment 

counter  
See piece 

currency  
A scoring mechanic used by some games to determine the winner, e g  money (Monopoly) or counters (Zohn Ahl) 

custodian capture 
A capture method whereby an enemy piece is captured by being blocked on adjacent sides by opponent pieces  (Typically laterally on two sides as in Tablut and Hasami shogi, or laterally on four sides as in Go  Capture by blocking on two sides diagonally is done in Stone Warriors, and surrounding on three sides is required in Bizingo ) Also called escort capture and interception capture 

custodian method 
See custodian capture 

D
deck  
A stack of cards 

die  
sing  of dice 

dice  
Modern cubic dice are used to generate random numbers in many games – e g  a single die in Trivial Pursuit, or two dice per player in backgammon  Role-playing games typically use one or more polyhedral dice  Games such as Pachisi and chaupur traditionally use cowrie shells  The games Zohn Ahl and Hyena chase use dice sticks  The game yut uses yut sticks 

direction of play  
The order of turns in a multiplayer game, e g  clockwise around the board means the player to the left has the next turn  
  
disc  
See piece    
 
displacement capture  
A capture method whereby a capturing piece replaces the captured piece on its square, cell, or point on the gameboard 

doublet  
1   The same number displayed by two dice 
2   The number displayed by one or more die is doubled 
3   The union of two game pieces to move as one 

E
empty board  
Many games start with all pieces out of play; for example, Nine men's morris, Conspirateurs, Entropy, and Go (if a handicap is not employed)  Some gameboards feature staging areas for the pieces before any are put into play; for example, Ludo and Malefiz 

enemy  
An enemy piece is a piece in the same army or set of pieces controlled by the opponent; or, in a multiplayer game, a piece controlled by the partner of an opponent 

Engine-building  
A board game genre and gameplay mechanic that involves adding and modifying combinations of abilities or resources to assemble a virtuous circle of increasingly powerful and productive outcomes  A successfully built engine can create a snowball or domino effect 

equipment  
Refers to physical components required to play a game, e g  pieces, gameboard, dice 

escort capture  
See custodian capture 

exchange  
For games featuring captures, the capture of a piece followed immediately by the opponent's recapture 

F
file 
A straight line of spaces running from top to bottom of a gameboard at right angle to a rank  Also called column 

friendly  
A piece in the same army or set of pieces controlled by a player; or, in a multiplayer game, a piece controlled by a player's partner 

G
gameboard  
Or game board  The (usually quadrilateral) marked surface on which one plays a board game  The namesake of the board game, gameboards would seem to be a necessary and sufficient condition of the genre, though card games that do not use a standard deck of cards (as well as games that use neither cards nor a gameboard) are often colloquially included  Most games use a standardized and unchanging board (chess, Go, and backgammon each have such a board), but some games use a modular board whose component tiles or cards can assume varying layouts from one session to another, or even during gameplay 

game component  
See component 

game equipment  
See equipment 

game piece  
See piece 

gameplay  
The execution of a game; or specifically its strategy, tactics, conventions, or mechanics 

gamer  
A person who plays board game(s)  See also player 
 
gamespace  
A gameboard for a three-dimensional game (e g , the 5×5×5 cubic board for Raumschach) 

grace  
An extra turn 

H
handicap  
An advantage given to a weaker side at the start of a game to level the winning chances against a stronger opponent  Go has formal handicap systems (see Go handicaps); chess has traditional handicap methods not used in rated competitions (see Chess handicap) 

hex  
In hexagon-based board games, this is the common term for a standard space on the board  This is most often used in wargaming, though many abstract strategy games such as Abalone, Agon, hexagonal chess, GIPF project games, and connection games use hexagonal layouts 

huff  
The forfeiture of a piece as a penalty for infringing a rule 

I
in hand  
A piece in hand is one currently not in play on the gameboard, but may be entered into play on a turn  Examples are captured pieces in shogi or Bughouse chess, able to be dropped into play as a move; or pieces that begin the game in a staging area off the main board, as in Ludo or Chessence 

in play  
A piece active on the main board, not in hand or in a staging area  Antonym: out of play 

interception capture  
See custodian capture 

intervention capture  
A capture method the reverse of the custodian method: a player captures two opponent pieces by moving to occupy the empty space between them 

J
jump  
To move a piece over one or more pieces or spaces on the gameboard  Depending on the context, jumping may include  capturing an opponent's piece  See also Game mechanics § Capture/eliminate 

L
leap  
See jump 

M
man  
In chess, a piece or a pawn  In draughts, an uncrowned (i e  not a king) piece 

meeple  
A game piece that represents a person in concept, shaped like an approximation of a person 

mill  
Three or more pieces in a line of adjacent spaces 

move  
See turn 

O
odds  
See handicap 

open board  
A gameboard with no pieces, or one piece, in play  Typically for demonstration or instruction 

order of play  
See direction of play 

orthogonal  
A horizontal (straight left or right) or vertical (straight forward or backward) direction a piece moves on a gameboard 

out of play  
A piece not active on the main board, it might be in hand or in a staging area  Antonym: in play 

over the board 
A game played face to face with the opponent, as opposed to playing remotely (online or other means, for e g  correspondence chess) 

P
pass  
The voluntary or involuntary forfeiture of a turn by a player 

pie rule  
Used in some two-player games to eliminate any advantage of moving first  After the first player's opening move, the second player may optionally swap sides 

piece  
Or bit, checker, chip, counter, disc, draughtsman, game piece, man, meeple, mover, pawn, player piece, playing piece, singleton, stone, token, unit  A player's representative on the gameboard made of a piece of material made to look like a known object (such as a scale model of a person, animal, or inanimate object) or otherwise general symbol  Each player may control one or more pieces  Some games involve commanding multiple pieces, such as chess pieces or Monopoly houses and hotels, that have unique designations and capabilities within the parameters of the game; in other games, such as Go, all pieces controlled by a player have the same capabilities  In some modern board games, such as Clue, there are other pieces that are not a player's representative (i e  weapons)  In some games, such as mancala games, pieces may not represent or belong to any particular player  Mancala pieces are undifferentiated and  typically seeds but sometimes beans, coins, cowry shells, ivory balls, or pebbles  Note that in chess usage the term piece in some contexts only refers to some of the pieces, which are also known as chessmen  See also Counter (board wargames) 
playboard  
See gameboard 

player  
The participant(s) in the game  See also gamer 

playing area 
The spaces on a gameboard for use by pieces in play 

playspace 
See playing area 

point  
See space 

polyhedral dice  
Dice that are not cubes, usually some kind of Platonic solid  Polyhedral dice are generally referred to through the construction "d + number of sides" (ex  d4, d8, d12, d20)  See also dice 

R
rank 
A straight line of spaces running from one side to the other across a gameboard at right angle to a file  Also called row 

replacement capture  
See displacement capture 

row  
See rank 

rule  
A condition or stipulation by which a game is played 

ruleset  
The comprehensive set of rules which define and govern a game 

S
singleton  
A game piece that is isolated and often prone to attack 

space  
A physical unit of progress on a gameboard delimited by a distinct border, and not further divisible according to the game's rules  Alternatively, a unique position on the board on which a piece in play may be located  For example, in Go, the pieces are placed on grid line intersections called points, and not in the areas bounded by the borders, as in chess  The bounded area geometries can be square (e g  chess), rectangular (e g  shogi), hexagonal (e g  Chinese Checkers), triangular (e g  Bizingo), quadrilateral (e g  three-player chess), cubic (e g  Raumschach), or other shapes (e g  Circular chess)  Cf  gamespace  See also Game mechanics § Movement 

square  
See space 

staging area  
A space set aside from the main gameboard to contain pieces in hand  In Ludo, the staging areas are called yards  In shogi, pieces in hand are placed on komadai 

starting area  
See staging area   
  
stone  
See piece 

swap  
See exchange 

T
take  
See capture 

token  
See piece 

trade  
See exchange 

triplet  
The same number displayed by three dice 

turn  
A player's opportunity to move a piece or make a decision that influences gameplay  Turns to move usually alternate equally between competing players or teams  See also Turn-based game 

W
White  
Used often to refer to one of the players in two-player games  White's pieces are typically a light color but not necessarily white (e g  backgammon sets use various colors for White; shogi sets have no color distinction between sides)  White often moves first but not always (e g  Black moves first in English draughts, shogi, and Go)  Cf  Black  See also White and Black in chess 

Worker Placement 
A genre of board games in which players take turns selecting an action while optimizing their resources and making meaningful decisions 

Notes
Passage 3:
Bear games
Bear games is a category of board games of which many have historical roots in the Roman Empire  They were played in parts of the Empire as far away as Turkey and France and are still played today, especially in Italy   All of the games are two-player abstract strategy board games   Normally, the game is played with three hunters and one bear on a patterned board   It bears similarity to the hunt games such as the Fox games, Rimau-rimau, and Bagha-Chall, however, there are no captures involved   The three hunters are trying to hem in the bear, and block its movements 
The closest relative of the Bear games are the Hare games   In this case, the hares are the "hunters" (a reversal in the naming procedure where the bear in the Bear games is the "hunted"), and there are three of them which is the same number of hunters in the Bear games   The difference is that the hares cannot move backwards in any way, whereas, the hunters can move in any direction   As a result, the boards used are also different   Another close relative is the game called Watermelon Chess   In one of the Bear game variants, the board is the same as that of Watermelon Chess   Furthermore, the game Sz'Kwa also uses the same board, although it is not actually related to the Bear games since the rules and game play are completely different 

Goal
The hunters attempt to hem in the bear and block its movements   The goal of the bear is to avoid this fate   As an optional rule, if the hunters cannot stalemate the bear in a given number of moves, e g  40 moves, the bear wins 

Equipment
There are a variety of patterned boards anywhere from round to rectangular boards   The first link below shows seven   There are normally three hunters, and one bear, however, these quantities especially for the hunters can change drastically depending upon the variant 

Rules
Initial positions of the pieces vary depending upon the variant   Usually the bear is placed in the middle of the board, and the hunters are placed together on one end of the board   One player plays the hunters (normally three pieces), and the other player plays the bear 
Both hunters and bears move one space at a time following the pattern on the board   Only one piece may be moved by each player   Players alternate their turns   There are no captures in this game 
As an optional rule – the bear wins if the hunters cannot stalemate the bear in a given number of moves, e g  40 moves 

Analysis
With perfect play, the hunters win 
This is a great example of a game where the humans have an edge over the computer   In some variants, the Zillions of Games program takes longer to win a game for the hunters as compared to human players 

Related Games
Hare games
Watermelon Chess
Sz'Kwa
Fox games
Rimau-rimau
Bagha-Chall
Main Tapal Empat
Adugo
Passage 4:
BoardGameGeek
BoardGameGeek (BGG) is an online forum for board gaming hobbyists and a game database that holds reviews, images and videos for over 125,600 different tabletop games, including European-style board games, wargames, and card games  In addition to the game database, the site allows users to rate games on a 1–10 scale and publishes a ranked list of board games As of 10 March 2019, boardgamegeek com has an Alexa rank of
1,745 

History
BoardGameGeek was founded in January 2000 by Scott Alden and Derk Solko, and marked its 20th anniversary on 20 January 2020 Since 2005, BoardGameGeek hosts an annual board game convention, BGG CON, that has a focus on playing games, and where winners of the Golden Geek Awards are announced  New games are showcased and convention staff is provided to teach rules  There is also an annual Spring BGG CON which is family friendly, and an annual BGG@Sea which is held on a cruise 
In 2010, BoardGameGeek received the Diana Jones Award, which recognized it as "a resource without peer for board and card gamers, the recognized authority of this online community " The New York Times has called BoardGameGeek "the hub of board gaming on the Internet "In 2020, BoardGameGeek was inducted into the Origins Award Hall of Fame The site has branched out into other fields by using the same system for RPGs and video games (rpggeek com and videogamegeek com) 

Golden Geek Award
Since 2006, the site annually awards the best new board games of the year with the Golden Geek Award  Winners are selected based on a vote by registered users 

2006–2009
2010–2019
RPG and Video Game awardsRPG and Video game awards were introduced in 2014 and awarded through 2017  Only 1 category was awarded in 2018, and none in following years 

2020–present
2020 saw many awards replaced with new categories, such as "Board Game of the Year" replaced with "Game of the Year, Light", "Medium" and "Heavy" 

See also
Going Cardboard (documentary)
Passage 5:
David Parlett
David Parlett (born 18 May 1939 in London) is a games scholar, historian, and translator from South London, who has studied both card games and board games  He is the president of the British Skat Association 

Life
David Sidney Parlett was born in London on 18 May 1939 to Sidney Thomas Parlett and Eleanor May Parlett, née Nunan  He is one of three brothers  During the Second World War, Parlett lived in Barry, Glamorgan  Parlett was educated at Battersea Grammar School and the University College of Wales in Aberystwyth  He has a BA in Modern Languages  Parlett was a technical writer with PR companies and later a freelance write for Games & Puzzles magazine  He is married to Barbara and they have a son and a daughter 

Works
His published works include many popular books on games such as Penguin Book of Card Games, as well as the more academic volumes The Oxford Guide to Card Games and The Oxford History of Board Games, both now out of print  Parlett has also invented many card games and board games   The most successful of these is Hare and Tortoise (1974)  Its German edition was awarded Spiel des Jahres (Game of the Year) in 1979 
Parlett is a Quaker 

Books
Games and gaming
All the Best Card Games
Anarquía y Otros Juegos Sociales de Cartas
Botticelli and Beyond
Card Games for Everyone
Family Card Games
Know the Game: Patience
Original Card Games
Solitaire: Aces Up and 399 other Card Games
Teach Yourself Card Games
Teach Yourself Card Games for Four
Teach Yourself Card Games for One
Teach Yourself Card Games for Three
Teach Yourself Card Games for Two
Teach Yourself Poker and Brag
The Guinness Book of Word Games
The Oxford Dictionary of Card Games
The Oxford Guide to Card Games / A History of Card Games
The Oxford History of Board Games reprinted as History of Board Games
The Penguin Book of Card Games
The Penguin Book of Patience
The Penguin Book of Word Games
The Penguin Encyclopedia of Card Games
The Popular Dictionary of Card Games

Other subjects
A Short Dictionary of Languages
Dalcroze Today (translation of Marie-Laure Bachmann's work)
Learning a Language Alone
Selections from the Carmina Burana (translations)

Games invented
Board games
Since 1974, David Parlett has published numerous games, including the following:
Around the World in 80 Days (2016)
Asterix: Das Kartenspiel (1990)
Chicken Out! (2017)
Die Wilden Kerle (The Wild Kids) (2017)
Hare and Tortoise (1973)
Katarenga (Colorado) (2017)
LifeCards
Metal Mickey's All Around the House Game (1982)
Ninety-Nine (1974) / Four Seasons (2016)
Pot Black: Snooker Dice (1980)
Rainbow Junior Scrabble (1989)
Roman Poker (2015)
Shoulder to Shoulder (1975)
Star Wars: Duell der Mächte (2015)
Sushi Spiel (Chinese Take-Away)
The Gnümies Party Game (2001)
The Puzzle of Oz (2012)
Zoo Party / 7Safari (2000) / Alles für die Katz

Card games
Parlett has invented more than 70 original card games that can be played with a standard deck of playing cards 

Solitaire games
Archway
Black Hole
Gay Gordons
Penguin
Passage 6:
Yut
Yut nori, also known as yunnori, nyout, and yoot, is a traditional board game played in Korea, especially during Korean New Year  The game is also called cheok-sa (척사; 擲柶) or sa-hui (사희; 柶戲)  The combining-form -nori means 'game' 
Although the origins of this popular family game are unclear, some research suggests that yut was played as early as the Three Kingdoms (57 BCE – 668 CE)  The Taiping Imperial Reader states that people of Baekje played a board game similar to po yut, which is believed to be similar to Pachisi, a board game originating in India There is a folk explanation for the game, describing a bet by some villagers to raise five different kind of livestock: pigs, dogs, sheep, cows and horses  Each of the villagers would raise only one type 
The board and the game are known to have been used in casting hexagrams, particularly in mountain-areas and small farming-villages, but this is no longer practiced 

Equipment
The board (mal-pan, 말판) is normally made of stitched cloth  The modern board is a rectangular shape, but historically there was also a round variation  There are four straight courses and two diagonal ones  Each of the straight courses comes with five stations, the diagonal ones have five stations, too, but one is shared  This brings the number of stations to twenty-nine in total  The board is also known to sometimes be drawn onto the floor 
Instead of dice, yut-sticks are used  (These are similar to those used in the Egyptian board game Senet ) There are two kinds of yut-stick: jang-jak yut (장작 윷) and bam yut (밤 윷)  Jang-jak yut are made of firewood  There are four sticks of about 15 cm in length and from 2 cm to 3 cm  in diameter  These sticks are split into halves  Chestnut-wood is most commonly used, but birch-wood is also common  These woods are chosen for their weight and the fresh sound they make when playing  Bam yut, on the other hand, are wooden sticks of about 3 cm in length  They have a diameter of about 1 cm, and also are split into halves  The bam yut are played in a small bowl, shaken in the palm, and then released 
There are small tokens (marks) used for the game, called mal (말, literally a "horse")  There are four tokens for each team, although there are no common rules what a token can be made of  The only rule is that the mals of the opponent teams must be clearly distinguishable  Apart from black and white plastic tokens generally found today, common mals are coins, buttons, small pebbles, or even chess beads (both from Western chess and Korean chess)  When choosing the mal, some Koreans consider its speed, because the faster a horse runs, the better it is thought to run 

Yut sticks
The sticks are cast to determine how far a token can advance  The score is determined by counting the sticks that are over, and those that are up  Each combination has a name  One stick over (flat side up) and three sticks up (round side up) is called "do" (도, pig)  Two sticks up and two sticks over is called "gae" (개, dog)  One stick up and three sticks over is called "geol" (걸, sheep)  All sticks over is called "yut" (윷, cow), whereas all sticks up is called "mo" (모, horse)  A "do" is worth one space advancement, a "gae" is worth two space advancement, a "geol" is worth 3 space advancement, "yut" is worth 4 space advancement, and "mo" is worth 5 space advancement  When the sticks come to the result of either "yut" or "mo", the player has another chance of throwing the sticks up again (optional- some people prefer not to play with this rule)  If you get "yut" or "mo" consecutively, you play (throw) again 

Game rules
The game is played between two partners or two teams who play in turns, sometimes it is played with more teams  There is no limit in the number of participants in a game, which means that the game can be played by a considerable group  When played with large groups it is not uncommon for some group members never to cast the sticks: they still participate discussing the strategy 
The start of the game is determined by each team casting the yut-sticks  The team with the highest score starts first 
Each team then casts the sticks in turn, then moves a mal according to the score achieved  One turn usually consists of only one cast   However, a player achieving a yut or mo earns an extra cast for the turn; if the player casts a yut or mo at the second cast, they earn an extra cast again, so there is no limit to the number of times a player can cast again before the end of a turn, provided they keep casting yuts or mos  The respective scores can be played separately if wished, each given to another mal (or group of mals, see below), but a score earned from one cast cannot be split into two moves—for example, a geol (advance three steps) cannot be split into a do (one step) and a gae (two steps) 

As long as there are mals outside the board, a team can either put a new mal onto the board according to the scores it got, or move a mal already on the board  The mals travel around the board and can move forward only  However, when landing on one of the big stations (in the corner and the centre), the team can choose to take the shorter way should they wish to  There are four possible courses, the default course being longest one with no abbreviation (No  4) 
If a mal lands on a station occupied by the opponent's team, the opponent's mal is removed from the course and returned to the starting position, and the current player is allowed to cast again 
If a mal lands on a station occupied by the own team, these mals can form a group and travel together from that point on   However, this bears a risk: If an opponent lands their mal on a station occupied by a group of mals of the opponent, all mals in the group are removed from the course 
For example, if one casts two yuts and one do at their first turn in the game, possible moves would include (see The Stations below for the station names):

Put a mal on the board at the yut station (uses the first yut score); advance to mo (uses the do score), then to sok-yut (uses the second yut) 
Put a mal on the board at the yut station (uses first yut score); put another mal on the board at the same yut station (uses the second yut score), causing the two mals to move together from then on; advance them to mo (uses the do) 
Put a mal on the board at the yut station (uses the first yut); advance to duet-geol (uses the second yut), then to duet-yut (uses the do) The game is won by the team who brings all their mals home first, that is complete the course with all their mals  A course is completed if a mal passes the station where the game is started (cham-meoki)  Landing on cham-meoki is no finish, but any score going "beyond" this station completes a home run  Yut is often played for three or more wins 

Special rules
The game is sometimes enhanced by labeling one, two, or three of the yut stick on their flat side  The Seoul rule can be played if one of the sticks is labelled Seoul (서울)  If this stick is the only one facing down (do so that the letters Seoul can be read), a mal can be placed directly into the centre (bang), which in this case is called Seoul  If all the mals are already on the course, this counts as a do  The Busan rule is similar  One of the yut sticks is labelled Busan (부산)  Rather than to the centre, the mal travels directly to the far corner (mo)  Again, this only applies if this is the only stick facing down, and not all mals are on the course already 
There is also the back rule, where one of the sticks is labelled back (후퇴)  If this is the only stick facing down, one of the mals has to go back one step  Depending on the rules used, if none of the mals are on the course, then this is counted as either a do or a skipped turn   Alternatively, if the do rule is not being used, the other most common rule is for a mal to be placed onto the arrow next to the start  The mal remains there until another back is cast  In this case, however, the mal completes the course at once  Furthermore, if a mal is placed on the do spot, and then gets a back, then they will be on the cham-meoki spot and then will exit the malpan when a do, gae or geul, yut or mo is thrown  Another back will put them on the nal-yut spot 

Social meaning
The game is a popular board game throughout Korea, and it is considered a game of deep tradition  The game is often treated as a social spectacle with onlookers and team members shouting loudly, encouraging each other, or wishing for a certain score  This game is played in almost every Seollal gathering and is commonly played in almost any region of the world with a significant Korean population   The rare scores of yut and mo in particular cause excitement, particularly if cast more than one at a time 
The Australian film and theatre group, Yut Art, takes its names from the game as a result of the excitement and crowd participation associated with its activities 

The stations
Each station of the gameboard has its own name, although they are obscure to most Koreans  It is thought that the outer stations symbolize heaven, and the inner square, the earth  The whole board can be also interpreted as a reflection of universal symmetry and celestial procession, reflecting elements of Korean shamanism The mid-Joseon writer Gim Munpyo described the Yut board as symbolising the circle of the cosmos, with the North Star in the centre, surrounded by 28 constellations 

Yut Fortune
According to the Dongguksesigi (literally meaning a Book on Eastern Country's Annual Observances), a book listing 22 Korean annual observances, on New Year's Eve or New Year's Day, there was a game of fortune-telling good and bad with a hand-thrown out of yut  The possible combinations of yut are do, gae, geol, yut, and mo, but yut and mo hit the same thing  As a result, there are 64 fortune tellings in total, and in each case, matters to be careful about behavior and the answer for the year's luck are set 

See also
Lambs and Tigers
Korean culture
List of cross and circle games
Passage 7:
Francis Tresham (game designer)
Francis Tresham (1936 – 23 October 2019) was a British board game designer who produced board games since the early 1970s  Tresham founded and ran games company Hartland Trefoil (founded 1971), a company well-known for its Civilization board game, until its sale to MicroProse in 1997  His 1829 game was the first of the 18xx board game series and some of his board games inspired Sid Meier computer games such as Railroad Tycoon 
Francis Tresham was the first to introduce a technology tree into his boardgames  This idea had a large influence on later board and computer games 
He was managing director of Tresham Games, which produced 18xx-style board games  In 2013, he was one of the first inductees in the UK Games Expo Hall of Fame  He died on 23 October 2019 

Published board games
1825
1829
1829 Mainline
1830
1853
Civilization
Revolution: The Dutch Revolt 1568–1648
Shocks & Scares
Spanish Main
The Game of Ancient Kingdoms
Passage 8:
Days of Wonder
Days of Wonder is a board game publisher founded in 2002 and owned by Asmodee Group since 2014  Days of Wonder distributes its games to 25 countries  It specializes in German-style board games and has branched out to include some online games  Days of Wonder has published games in several languages including English, Dutch, French, German, Russian, and Greek  Days of Wonder was co-founded by Eric Hautemont, Mark Kaufmann and Yann Corno 

History
Days of Wonder was founded in 2002 by Mark Kaufmann, Eric Hautemont and Yann Corno  It released its first game, Gang of Four in 2002  In March 2004, the company released Ticket to Ride, designed by Alan R  Moon  In 2004, Ticket to Ride was awarded the Spiel des Jahres  In 2006, the company released a digital version of Ticket to Ride  Also in 2006, the company's game Shadows Over Camelot was named the Best Fantasy Game at the 2006 Spiel des Jahres In 2009, Smallworld received three awards including "Best Game of the Year", "Best Family Game", and "Best Game Artwork" from the Dice Tower Gaming Awards In 2014, Days of Wonder was acquired by French game distributor Asmodee Group 

Games Published
Below are all of the games published by Days of Wonder from 2002 to 2018:

Small Box games
Awards and honors
See also
Going Cardboard (Documentary)
Passage 9:
Tsuro
Tsuro is a tile-based board game designed by Tom McMurchie, originally published by WizKids and now published by Calliope Games 
Tsuro is a board game for two to eight players  To play, players compete to have the last playing piece remaining on the board  Player turns consist of placing tiles on the board from the player's hand  Then they move their respective pieces along these paths  Players are eliminated by following a path that ends at the board edge 
There have also been a number of differently themed Tsuro editions and expansions released, beginning with Tsuro of the Seas  Although core gameplay remains the same, some versions feature expanded rules or larger boards 
The name of the game is taken from the Japanese word tsūro (wikt:通路) meaning "route"   The word, written in kanji, appears in the art on the game board 

Gameplay
The game is played on a square board that is divided into a six-by-six grid of squares  There are eight player markers, thirty-five standard path tiles, and one Dragon tile  Before the game begins, the Dragon tile is set aside 
To start, each player chooses a different colored playing piece and places their marker on any of the white notches that surround the edge of the board; each edge has twelve notches  The path tiles are shuffled and each player is dealt three path tiles; the remainder are left as a draw pile  Each turn includes a tile-laying phase and then a marker movement phase  The turn ends with the active player drawing another path tile In each turn, the active player must place a tile in the square adjacent to their piece  Once placed, the piece moves along the line in front of it  If the placed tile connects to the path that another player's piece is on, the other (inactive) player must move their piece to the end of the line on the newly-placed tile  Sometimes this will cause the piece to go off the board, in which case that player is eliminated  The active player may not choose to connect their path to the edge of the board (eliminating that player), unless no other move is available  If two pieces end up on the same path, both players are out  The unused path tiles of the players that are eliminated are shuffled into the draw pile  The winner is the player with the last remaining marker on the board 
The Dragon tile is only used when there are three or more players  When there are no more tiles to draw from, the player takes the Dragon tile  This is to indicate that they will draw from the pile after the eliminated players give up their unplayed tiles, regardless of whether they are the active player or not  The Dragon tile is set aside once the draw pile has been restocked 

Tiles
There are thirty-five possible permutations for a four-sided tile with two entry points per side and four paths linking the eight points  In the table below, tiles are named according to the connected points  Points are numbered sequentially anti-clockwise from the left point on the bottom edge, so the bottom edge contains points 1 (left) and 2 (right), the right edge contains points 3 (lower) and 4 (upper), the top edge contains points 5 (right) and 6 (left), and the left edge contains points 7 (upper) and 8 (lower)  The nomenclature AB-CD-EF-GH indicates that points A and B are connected, C and D are connected, E and F are connected, and G and H are connected  A single 90° rotation anti-clockwise will increment each number by 2 (modulo 8) to determine path connections when rotated 

Alternate Editions and Expansions
History
McMurchie received a patent for the "Squiggle game" in 1979  The 1979 patent described two different implementations; the first, commercialized largely intact as Tsuro, used the square tiles with two entry points per side and four paths, while the second used square tiles similarly with eight entry points and four paths per tile, but the entry points were changed to the middle of each side and at each corner instead  In both cases, the preferred board size was a 6×6 grid and what became the Dragon tile was initially called the NEXT card  The patent also provided specific names for player actions:
SHORT CUTS: when a player is connected to a previously unused path, the player is required to advance their piece to the end of the newly-connected path 
SUICIDE: an illegal move in which a player connects their own path to the edge of the board, unless no other legal move is possible) 
MEDDLING: a player's legal move which extends the path of another player; the other player is required to advance their piece to the end of the newly-connected path 
COLLISIONS: connecting the paths of two players, forcing them both out of the game  In effect, the start of one player's path serves as the connection to the edge for the other player and vice versa 
INHERITANCE: when a player's action results in another player (or players) being eliminated, the active player may exchange any number of cards in their own hand with the cards held by the eliminated player(s); the remaining cards from the eliminated player(s) are shuffled back into the draw pile 
One of the patents cited by the examiner was US3309092A (1963) by Hardesty and Schenck, entitled "Competitive road building and travel game", which included a variety of square tiles, including what they called "tiles with two, three or four roads" similar in pattern to the Tsuro tiles  Dawne and Jordan Weisman, the owners of Games and Gizmos in Redmond, Washington watched McMurchie playing Squiggles and asked him if he would be interested in publishing the game  The Weismans had founded the games publishing company WizKids and reworked Squiggles into Tsuro, switching the original 1950s theme to one that was Japanese-inspired  The game was released in 2005 
WizKids was later acquired by Topps and then NECA, and the rights for the game reverted back to Tom McMurchie  Ray Wehrs, who had been the director of sales for WizKids, purchased a license from McMurchie and founded Calliope Games in 2011 with Tsuro as its flagship product  In 2012, actor and blogger Wil Wheaton featured the game in one of his YouTube videos, causing sales to spike 

Variants
After Calliope Games began publishing Tsuro, different versions and spin-offs of the game were created   The game also has an app for mobile devices created by Thunderbox Entertainment  The game also has been published in multiple languages including a German, a Greek and a multilingual version 
The German version of Tsuro was published in 2007 by KOSMOS  In addition to the language translation, the game's individual player pieces were little tree figures instead of the dragon stones, and the board was made two-sided, with the other side being a 7×7 grid  The 35 unique tiles were expanded to a set of 64, with some duplication of paths, and players would randomly choose 35 (plus the Dragon/Next tile) for play on the 6×6 side of the board  The KOSMOS-published variant was licensed by a Greek publisher, Kaissa, and released in that market The first Tsuro spin-off created was a Star Wars-themed spin-off called Asteroid Escape  This version of Tsuro was published in 2011 by Abysse Corp, exclusively in France  Asteroid Escape has additional asteroid tiles, which remove any player that lands on them instantly  They are placed on the board randomly at the start of (and occasionally during) the game, and move randomly as the game progresses, consuming any tiles or players in their path  The board is also slightly larger, 7x7 instead of 6x6  In addition, the player's individual pieces are cardboard spaceships In 2012, Calliope Games published Tsuro of the Seas, which included similar changes, after receiving funding from Kickstarter  The game's creators included the original creator of Tsuro, Tom McMurchie, and Jordan Weisman  Tsuro of the Seas has a few changed gameplay aspects and visuals, including player pieces shaped like boats and daikaiju tiles, which are equivalent to the asteroid tiles Tsuro of the Seas later received an expansion called Veterans of the Seas, published in 2013 by Calliope Games  This expansion includes four new types of tiles that all do different things   There is the mystical portal tile that moves ships and daikaiju tiles to new paths on the board   The tsunami tile moves steadily across the board, giving players a new obstacle they must overcome by rolling a die  If the player does not roll high enough they are eliminated from the game   The whirlpool tile destroys all ships and daikaiju tiles it comes in contact with   The cannon tiles are a defensive card players can use to defend themselves from daikaiju Tsuro: Phoenix Rising was initially funded by Kickstarter and released in 2019 by Calliope  Like the original game, Phoenix Rising is played on a 6×6 board with 36 square tiles, each with four paths  However, the tiles in Phoenix are classified as either "center" tiles (total of 16 "center" tiles) or "edge" tiles (20 "edge" tiles)  These tiles have additional entry points at the corners and the center tiles are pre-placed in the center of the board prior to starting play  Tiles are flipped or rotated during play, and the goal of the game is to create and collect seven stars by traversing paths In 2022, Calliope Games announced that a "Luxury Limited Edition" of the original Tsuro would be released later that year; changes included upgraded materials, including carved stone tiles, satin tile storage bag, bamboo rules scroll, and wooden box, individually numbered  The limited edition set was priced at US$350 

Reviews
Pyramid

See also
Black Path Game
Passage 10:
Robert Charles Bell
Robert Charles Bell (1917–2002) was the author of several books on board games, most importantly Board and Table Games 1 & 2 (reprinted as Board and Table Games from Many Civilizations)   This work won the Premier Award of the Doctors' Hobbies Exhibition, London   He was instrumental in popularizing traditional games, and is acknowledged as one of 11 "principal sources" in David Parlett's The Oxford History of Board Games 

Life
He was born 1917 in Sudbury, Ontario and moved to England in 1928; and was educated at Haileybury College, Hertfordshire and St Bartholomew's Hospital by 1941  He became a consultant plastic surgeon and was on the editorial board of the British Journal of Plastic Surgery   Outside medicine, Bell was a polymath who became an international authority on board games and wrote books for collectors on Tyneside Pottery and Trade Tokens  His first work on games was Board and Table Games (1960), and he later produced many articles on coin collecting for World Coins He died in 2002  As of 2007, much of his extensive collection of games and game paraphernalia resides at the University of Durham 

Categories of board and table games
Bell gives origins, history and some game-playing details for some 180 games in the 2 volumes of his main work (Board and Table Games)  He divides board games into four main categories:

A race game requires the pieces to move from a start point to a finish point usually based on the throw of dice (e g  Ludo) 
A wargame involves movement (and occasionally placement) and is typically won with the capture of all opponent pieces (e g  draughts) or a special opponent piece (e g  chess) 
A positional game requires the winning player to form a pattern or shape by merely placing (noughts and crosses and Go are respectively the simplest and most complex examples) or placing and moving pieces on a board (nine men's morris) 
Mancala games involve players distributing seeds across a series of holes and collecting the contents of holes that achieve specific numeric or numeric/positional status  Typically one wins by collecting the most seeds, or rendering the opponent unable to move Bell used the basic categories suggested by Murray with some alterations   Because his treatment extended beyond board games, Bell also included the categories of dice and domino games; and in his second volume added "Games of Words and Numbers", "Card Games Requiring Boards", and "Games of manual dexterity"  In addition, there is mention of the subgenre of solitaire and puzzle games 
Bell drew on a wide range of sources, including Edward Falkener, Stewart Culin, Willard Fiske, H  J  R  Murray, John Scarne, and many others; as well as his own research and collection 

Publications
Books about board and table games
Robert Charles Bell MB, FRCS (R  C  Bell)

Board And Table Games From Many Civilizations 1 – Oxford University Press, 1960 
Board And Table Games From Many Civilizations 2 – Oxford University Press, 1969 Board And Table Games From Many Civilizations (revised edition with above two volumes bound into a single book) - Dover Publications, Mineola, New York, 1979  ISBN 0-486-23855-5; reprinted by Exeter Books, New York City, 1983 Tangram Teasers: A Selection Of Ch'i Ch'iau Puzzles – Corbitt & Hunter, Newcastle upon Tyne, 1965  ISBN 978-0900309069 
Discovering Old Board Games – Shire Publications #182, 1973  ISBN 0-85263-235-5
Discovering Backgammon – Shire Publications  #201, 1975  ISBN 0-85263-263-0
Discovering Mah-Jong – Shire Publications #222, 1976  ISBN 0 85263 444 7
Discovering Chess – Shire Publications #221, 1976  ISBN 0 85263 478 1  A second edition, revised by Ken Whyld, was published in 1979 
The Boardgame Book – Bookthrift Company / Marshall Cavendish / Knapp Press / Viking Press / Penguin Books, London, 1979  ISBN 0 89535 007 6 Les Plus Beaux Jeux Du Monde (French edition of the above) – Fernand Nathan, 1979  ISBN 978-2092846216 
Das Große Buch Der Brettspiele (German edition of the above) – ?, 1979? Discovering Dice And Dominoes - Shire Publications #255, 1980  ISBN 0 85263 532 X 
Oriental Games - Gulbenkian Museum of Oriental Art / University of Durham, 1981 
Board And Table Game Antiques - Shire Publications (Shire Album 60), 1981  ISBN 0 85263 538 9 
Games to Play: Board And Table Games For All The Family - Michael Joseph / Penguin Group / Guild Publishing, 1988  ISBN 0 7181 2993 8 
A Compendium Of Games: Family Entertainment From Around The World – Smithmark Publications, 1999  ISBN 978-0765117083 Robbie Bell and Michael Cornelius

Board Games Round The World: A Resource Book For Mathematical Investigations – Cambridge University Press, 1988  ISBN 0 521 35924 4 

Other books
R  C  Bell

Commercial Coins 1787–1804 – Corbitt & Hunter, Newcastle upon Tyne, 1963 
Copper Commercial Coins 1811–1819 – Corbitt & Hunter, Newcastle upon Tyne, 1964 
Tradesmen's Tickets And Private Tokens 1785-1819 – Corbitt & Hunter, Newcastle upon Tyne, 1966 
Specious Tokens And Those Struck For General Circulation 1784-1804 – Corbitt & Hunter, Newcastle upon Tyne, 1968 
Tyneside Pottery - Littlehampton Book Services Ltd, 1971  ISBN 978-0289700532 
Monographs On Plastic Surgery, volume 1: The Use Of Skin Grafts – Oxford University Press, 1973 
Unofficial Farthings 1820-1870 – B A  Seaby, London, 1975  ISBN 978-0900652400 
The Building Medalets Of Kempson And Skidmore 1796-1797 – Frank Graham, Newcastle upon Tyne, 1978  ISBN 978-0859831055 
Maling And Other Tyneside Pottery – Shire Publications, 1986  ISBN 978-0852637920 
Political And Commemorative Pieces Simulating Tradesmen's Tokens 1770-1802 - ?, Felixstowe, 1987 
Bell's Unofficial Farthings: A Supplement – Whitmore, 1994  ISBN 978-0951325735 R  C  Bell and M  A  V  Gill

Potteries Of Tyneside – Frank Graham, 1973  ISBN 978-0902833777 R  C  Bell and Simon Rodway

Fun at the Lathe - Guild of Master Craftsman Publications Ltd, 1998 Edited by R  C  Bell

Diaries From The Days Of Sail (with an Introduction by Alan Villiers) – Holt Rinehart & Winston, 1974  ISBN 978-0030129414 

Miscellaneous
Token Tales – a series of articles, originally appearing in 'World Coins' in the 1960s and 1970s, republished by the Conder Token Collector's Club from 2003
Games of the World – this book, edited by Frederic V  Grunfeld and published by Ballantine Books of New York in 1975, cited R C  Bell and Léon Vié as Editorial Consultants 

Notes
Context 3: Passage 1:
B  J  Garbe
Brandon James Garbe (born February 3, 1981 in Moses Lake, Washington) is an American former minor league baseball player  In 1999, Garbe won the Gatorade High School Baseball Player of the Year Award 

Draft and professional career
Garbe was selected fifth overall by the Minnesota Twins in the 1999 amateur draft out of Moses Lake High School  He began his professional career that season, hitting  316 in 41 games for the Elizabethton Twins  That would be the only time he'd ever hit above  275 in a professional season 
In 2000, he hit only  233 in 133 games for the Quad Cities River Bandits, and in 2001 he hit only  242 in 127 games for the Fort Myers Miracle  With the Miracle again in 2002, he hit only  239 in 115 games 
Garbe split the 2003 season between the GCL Twins (eight games) and New Britain Rock Cats (66 games), hitting a combined  181  He began the 2004 season with the Rock Cats, hitting  201 in 114 games with them  On August 31, he was traded to the Seattle Mariners for Pat Borders  He spent three games in the Mariners organization that year, hitting  375 in nine at-bats with the San Antonio Missions  He hit  204 overall that year 
In 2005, Garbe hit  275 in 80 games for the Inland Empire 66ers  He wound up in the Florida Marlins organization in 2006, hitting  184 in 35 games with the Carolina Mudcats 
Overall, he hit  235 in 722 games over an eight-year career 

External links
Career statistics and player information from Baseball Reference (Minors)
Passage 2:
Pilot (Scream)
"Pilot" is the first episode of the first season of the American anthology slasher television series, Scream  The series is based on the American slasher film franchise of the same name  The series revolves around the main character, Emma Duvall, played by Willa Fitzgerald, who lives in the town of Lakewood  She quickly becomes the center of a series of murders amongst teens who know her  The massacre seems to be related to the Brandon James murders, who was supposedly obsessed with Emma's mother Maggie Duvall (Tracy Middendorf) 
The episode revolves around the aftermath of Nina Patterson's gruesome murder at the hands of an unknown killer after she uploaded a video of Audrey, a closeted bicurious teen, kissing another girl  Nina's close-knit friends hold a memorial party for her, meanwhile Emma and her mother are taunted by the killer 
The episode aired on June 30, 2015 on MTV and received mixed reviews from critics, though critics and fans of the film series praised the opening sequence and Bella Thorne's performance, comparing the scene to the opening scene in the first Scream film 

Plot
After posting a shaming video online of classmate Audrey Jensen (Bex Taylor-Klaus) and Rachel Murray (Sosie Bacon) kissing, Nina Patterson (Bella Thorne) is dropped off at her house by her boyfriend Tyler O'Neill (Max Lloyd-Jones)  While Nina is home alone, the Lakewood Slasher impersonates Tyler and taunts Nina with video clips and text messages sent from Tyler's phone  Nina's relaxation in the hot tub is interrupted when Tyler's severed head is suddenly thrown into the water  She screams and jumps out of the pool  After failing to call for help, she runs to try and open the doors, when the Lakewood Slasher appears behind her and slashes across her back  She then tries to run but is attacked by the Lakewood Slasher, who slits her throat and throws her in the pool 
The next morning, Emma Duval (Willa Fitzgerald) is studying with her boyfriend Will Belmont (Connor Weil)  At George Washington High School, Audrey commiserates with her friend Noah Foster (John Karna) about the viral video  Emma and Will discuss the video with their friends Brooke Maddox (Carlson Young), Riley Marra (Brianne Tju), and Jake Fitzgerald (Tom Maden)  In Language Arts class, Emma and her friends take notice of new transfer student Kieran Wilcox (Amadeus Serafini), who recently moved to Lakewood  Nina's parents return home and discover their daughter's dead body in the pool 
Word of Nina's death spreads throughout the school  One rumor regarding the Lakewood Slasher's identity suggests that Brandon James has returned to Lakewood  Serial killer history enthusiast Noah tells the story of how Brandon James, was a teenager with Proteus syndrome who died twenty-one years earlier  Brandon had fallen in love with a girl named Daisy, but when she became frightened by his appearance following an unmasking at the school's Halloween dance, a group of drunken jocks beat him up  Brandon then killed five students  The police later shot Brandon during an arranged meeting with Daisy on the pier  Daisy is revealed to secretly be Emma's mother Maggie Duvall (Tracy Middendorf), who works as the coroner in the town of Lakewood 
The students learn that Tyler is missing and is a suspect in Nina's murder  In an effort to renew their former friendship, Emma invites Audrey to a party Brooke is throwing as a memorial for Nina  Will and Jake have a tense confrontation with each other over a secret involvement they had with Nina  Language Arts teacher Seth Branson (Bobby Campo) tries unsuccessfully to end his affair with Brooke  Back at home, Emma finds a package on her doorstep addressed to Daisy  After Emma leaves with Will for Brooke's party, Maggie opens the package and finds a note that reads, "Emma looks just like you at that age" along with a bloody animal heart 
Meanwhile, at the party, Audrey and Emma later bond while having a poolside conversation  Riley takes an interest in Noah  Maggie calls Sheriff Clark Hudson (Jason Wiles) about the anonymous package  Clark promises to track down Emma's father Kevin  Noah continues discussing Brandon James, Nina's murder, and teenage horror tropes with other partygoers  Brooke hints that Will and Nina had some sort of connection and Emma realizes that Will slept with Nina  After confronting Will, Emma walks off alone and finds Kieran in the greenhouse  Kieran explains the family circumstances that brought him to Lakewood  Kieran and Emma end up kissing 
Having previously passed out, Noah regains consciousness to find himself stripped to his underwear and alone on the pier  Noah goes into the lake and is pulled under the water  Kieran rescues Noah  Noah insists that someone grabbed him and pulled him under water  Kieran drives Emma home  Kieran reveals that the sheriff is his father  Meanwhile, the Lakewood Slasher stalks Audrey as she visits with her girlfriend Rachel 
At school, Sheriff Hudson asks Noah to come to the station for questioning regarding Brandon James  Riley and Noah continue flirting with each other  Emma visits Audrey and admits that she was with Nina when the shaming video was recorded  The Lakewood Slasher taunts Emma over the phone as she walks home  As Noah continues explaining tropes to Riley, Jake is revealed to have a secret video of Nina on his computer, Audrey is revealed to have a picture of Brandon James unmasked and Noah is seen hiding a bloody wound on his forehead 

Reception
The series premiere received mixed reviews from critics  The episode was watched by 1 03 million viewers and was considered a success for MTV In a positive review, David Hinckley from New York Daily News awarded the pilot four out of five stars and stated, "Happily, Scream maintains a sense of humor, reinforced with snappy, self-aware pop culture dialogue " Similarly, Brian Lowry of Variety commended the show's ability to maintain suspense "without much actually happening during the rest of the episode", noting its use of music, but expressing skepticism if the series could maintain its originality  Conversely, David Wiegand of the San Francisco Chronicle panned the episode and gave it one out of four stars, criticizing the acting performances as "bland, robotic, and uninteresting" as well as its apparent lack of racial diversity  In a mixed review, Mark Perigard of the Boston Herald gave the episode a C+, writing, "There are a few scares here, but while the Scream films kept audiences jumping, Scream: The TV Series risks putting viewers to sleep "
Passage 3:
Marcus Sedatius Severianus
Marcus Sedatius Severianus (105–161 or 162) was a Roman senator, suffect consul, and general during the 2nd century AD, originally from Gaul  Severianus was a provincial governor and later a provincial consul  The peak of his career was as suffect consul for the nundinium of July–September 153 as the colleague of Publius Septimius Aper  He was governor of Cappadocia at the start of the Roman war with Parthia, during which he was convinced by the untrustworthy oracle to invade Armenia in 161  Sedatius committed suicide while under siege in the Armenian city of Elegeia, on the upper Euphrates  The legion he led was wiped out shortly after  He was replaced as governor of Cappadocia by Marcus Statius Priscus 

Origins
A Roman inscription found in modern Poitiers mentioning Severianus establishes this as his birthplace  The city was then known as Lemonum; it was in Roman Gaul, in an area inhabited by the Pictones  His Gallic origins are also briefly mentioned by Lucian of Samosata  Another inscription mentions that Severianus is from the tribe Quirina, which indicates that his ancestors had become Roman under either Claudius or the Flavians  Nearly all of the inhabitants of Gaul had become Quirites during the 1st century 

Family
Severinus' full pedigree was: Marcus Sedatius C  f  [i e  Gaii filius] Severianus Iulius Acer Metillius Nepos Rufinus Ti  Rutilianus Censor  The transliteration of his name into Ancient Greek was: Μ  Σηδάτιος Σεουηριανὸς;The power of Severianus' wealthy family, the Sedatii, came from trade and commerce  The Sedatii depended on the Loire river, and were known to have had interests in Ostia, the port of Rome  The social and political rise of the Sedatii illustrates the decline of the aristocratic Iulii who had been the leading class in Roman Gaul since the time of the Julio-Claudian dynasty, the first dynasty of Roman emperors  The possible marriage of Severianus' father to Julia Rufina may have been a way of confirming the association between winemakers and land owners in Gaul Severianus is known to have had at least one son, Marcus Sedatius Severus Julius Reginus Gallus  All that is known of his son's career is that he was the patron of a college in Ostia  The name Julius Reginus probably came to him from his mother, Severianus' wife  It has been suggested that Severianus was adopted by his father-in-law  If true, this would mean that Sevarianus inherited the name from his mother 

Early career
The first magisterial position which we know Severianus held was that of quaestor of Sicily; he would have supervised the provincial treasury and audited its accounts  Once having served as a quaestor, a man was admitted to the Senate  The political authority of the Senate was negligible, as the Emperor held the true power of the state  Membership of the Senate was sought after by individuals seeking prestige and social standing, rather than executive authority  Severianus probably became a senator late in the reign of Hadrian (r  117–138)  He is first mentioned as a senator in inscriptions from Ostia in the 140s  The traditional Republican magistracy of tribune of the plebs followed, another prestigious position which had lost its independence and most of its practical functions  He is also recorded as having been the patron of a city, probably Cadurci (now Cahors) in Gaul  Next he served as a praetor, afterwards commanding the Legio V Macedonica which was stationed in Troesmis in Moesia Inferior on the lower Danube  He was then appointed curator, or overseer, of the Via Flaminia, the major road north from Rome over the Apennines Severianus was governor of Roman Dacia and commander of Legio XIII Gemina, which was stationed there, from 151 to 152  This is attested by many inscriptions from Dacia  Two inscriptions from Sarmizegetusa, the capital of Dacia, give his full name and states that he is the patron of the city The monuments that hold the inscriptions were erected after his consulship  Sarmizegetusa sent a message to Rome to congratulate Severianus and express its gratitude to him for his administration In 153 Severianus was appointed consul for part of the year, from July to September, by Emperor Antoninus Pius  A consulship was the highest honour of the Roman state, and candidates were chosen carefully by the emperor  He served alongside Publius Septimius Aper, great-uncle of the future emperor Septimius Severus 

Cappadocia
Severianus is best known as the governor of Cappadocia in the late 150s  The position was important, for Cappadocia was a border province, which is why Severianus, with his military background and experience of frontier provinces, was assigned  Historian Marcel Le Glay suggests that his promotion was due to the support of Publius Mummius Sisenna Rutilianus, the governor of Asia who is famous as a follower of the self-described prophet Alexander of Abonoteichus thanks to the works of Lucian  In Cappadocia, Servianus' actions seem to have been popular: on an inscription from Zela he is honored as the benefactor (Greek: evergetes) and founder (Greek: ktistes) of the city  He also appears on an inscription in Sebastopolis  As governor of Cappadocia Servianus was allocated two legions 

War with Parthia
In the summer of 161, the Parthian Vologases IV invaded Armenia, expelled the ruler Sohaemus placed there by the Romans, and installed his own relative Pacoras as king  Being governor of Cappadocia meant Severianus would be on the front line of any conflict involving Armenia, Alexander of Abonutichus had enraptured Severianus, as he had the proconsul Rutilianus



ground_truth: yes

prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: The Panel with striding lion  was one of many that lined the way north of the gate to the inner city of what location?

The following are given passages.
Context 2: Passage 1:
Varugad
Varugad Fort  (Man T; 18� 00' N, 74� 00' E; RS Lonand 22 m  NW; p  880), in Man  lies, as the crow flies, about twelve miles north-west of Dahivadi, within the limits of Panvan village  The best way to it is to camp at Pingli Budrukh four miles south-west of Dahivadi and to travel thence by the Tasganv-Mograla road for about ten miles to Jadhavvadi, a hamlet of Bijvadi village lying almost a quarter of a mile east and within sight of the road; from here a well marked track due west goes to the village of Tondle, and from Tondle a path leads direct to the fort over rough ground broken but perfectly passable by a pony, and skirting the northern base of the long plateau of Panvan  The direction of the path is generally a little north of west and it crosses innumerable small ravines and water-courses which lead through rough hill tracts to the edge of the plateau of which the Man  taluka chiefly consists  These streams pour down the bare sides of the main hill range, here some 1,000 to 1,500 feet high, on to the plain of Girvi adjoining the Phaltan taluka  The country all the way from Pingli is terribly bare and rocky  Here the stony hills and ravines are interrupted by fairly level plateaus with tolerable soil and good sites for cultivation and grazing  A few small deer and chinkharawill probably be seen, while cattle are everywhere browsing in considerable numbers  Three hamlets, one of them known as Ghodavadi, are reached, and some well-to-do cultivators will probably meet the visitor and turn out to be Gadkaris or descendants of the ancient hereditary fort garrison  The hamlet is situated on a projection between the two ravines, and has been built on a hill of a truncated conical shape 
The hill rises about 250 feet above the level of the plateau, which itself constitutes the summit of the Mahadev range at this point  The cone with the walls on it is seen from a great distance and appears very small indeed  But on near approach it is seen to be but the inner citadel of a place of considerable size and strength for the times in which it was built  On the south-west the outer wall or enceinte is entered by a rude gateway of a single pointed arch about eight feet high and five feet broad  As usual there is a curtain of solid masonry inside  The gate lies about 150 yards east of the edge of the plateau, which there terminates in an almost unbroken vertical precipice of several hundred feet in height and receding in a north-easterly direction  No wall was built along about three hundred yards of this part which is absolutely unscalable, but for the rest of the way the walling is continued along the edge of the cliff in a north-east direction for about another three hundred yards  Here it turns still following the cliff to the south-east for another seven hundred yards, and then gradually rounds to the westward covering four hundred and fifty yards more till it meets the gateway  But for the break of the inaccessible precipice this outer wall would form a nearly equilateral triangle with the corners rounded off, the side being of some six hundred and fifty yards  Facing nearly north, about fifty yards from the north-east angle, is a gateway with a couple of curtains in solid masonry  This entrance is cut in the sides of the cliff about twenty feet below the top which is reached by some dozen steps  It consisted as usual of a pointed arch, the top fallen in, about ten feet high by five broad  It leads out to the path down to Girvi, a village in the plains below and it probably formed the communication with Phaltan  This road winds down the face of the range for some five hundred feet till it hits the shoulder of a spur which it then follows to the base  The walling on the south side, from the edge of the cliff to some hundred yards east of the southern gate, is not more than a couple of feet in thickness and consists of all-fitting stones unmortared  The rest is massive and well mortared and still fairly preserved  The average height is from seven to ten feet  In the south-east angle is a rude temple of Bhairavnath and a few houses with the remains of Man y more  On the right side of the southern gate is a well preserved stone pond about thirty yards square with steps leading down to it  Next to and on the north of Bhairavnath's temple is another pond  The way up to the fort proper or upper and lower citadels is from the north side  The path up the hill side, which is steep but with grass and soil left in Man y places, is almost destroyed  About 150 feet up is the outer citadel built on a sort of shoulder of the hill and facing almost due west  It contains two massive bastions of excellent masonry looking north-west and south-west so that guns planted on them could comMan d respectively the north and south gateways  This citadel was connected with the main wall by a cross wall running across the whole breadth of the fort from east to west  Its entrance lies close below that to the upper citadel  A masonry curtain projects so as to hide the arch itself, which is not more than seven feet high by three broad, and has to be entered from due east  On the south side the walls are carried right up to the scarp of the upper citadel and are some ten feet high, so that to take the lower citadel in rear or flank must have been difficult  The upper citadel is above a vertical scarp some thirty feet high  The entrance to it lies some thirty feet above that to the lower citadel, and is cut in the rock about eight feet wide  There is a gateway of a pointed arch with the top fallen in and twenty odd steps leading up to it and ten more cut out of the rock, and winding up past the inside curtain on to the top  The walls of this upper citadel are still in tolerable preservation  They were originally about ten feet high and built of fair masonry  There is a large turret on the south-west corner, evidently meant to comMan d the southern gate  About ten yards to the east of this turret is a new looking building which was the headquarters or sadar  Immediately east of this and below it is a great pit about thirty feet square and equally deep roughly cut in the rock and said by the people to be a dungeon  Next to it on the south is a small pond evenly cut and lined with mortar used for storing water  There are some remains of sepoys' houses, and, near the turret, a small stone wheel said to belong to a gun  The outer walls east of the gates have bastions at every turn of the cliffs, and the masonry here is particularly strong and well preserved  It would appear that attacks were dreaded chiefly from the plain below  The assailants could either come up the spur towards the north entrance or they might attempt the spurs on the other side of the eastern ravine and attack the southern gateway  Hence apparently the reason for strengthening the walls of the enceinte on this side  After passing the southern gateway the assailants would be comMan ded from the lower citadel  They Would then be encountered by the cross wall  If that obstacle was overcome the besieged would run round the east side and into the two citadels  The appearance from the fort of the plain in the north is most formidable  The Panvan plateau completely comMan ds and indeed almost overhangs it  The fort is believed to have been built by Shivaji to resist the Moghals whose attacks he must have dreaded from the plain below  The Karkhanis or Superintendent of the fort was a Prabhu  The fort garrison consisted of 200 Ramoshis, Mahars, and other hereditary Gadkaris besides sepoys  It was surrendered in 1818 to Vitthal Pant Phadnis of the Raja of Satara left in charge of the town  He detached 200 men to take possession, being part of a force then raised to protect the town from the enterprizes of Bajirav's garrisons then in the neighbourhood  [Elphinstone in Pendhari and Maratha War Papers, 245 ]
Passage 2:
Zhengyangmen
Qianmen (simplified Chinese: 前门; traditional Chinese: 前門; pinyin: Qiánmén; Wade–Giles: Ch'ien-men; lit  'Front Gate') is the colloquial name for Zhengyangmen (simplified Chinese: 正阳门; traditional Chinese: 正陽門; pinyin: Zhèngyángmén; Wade–Giles: Cheng-yang-men; Manchu:ᡨᠣᠪᡧᡠᠨ ᡳᡩᡠᡴᠠ; Möllendorff:tob šun-i duka, literally meaning "Gate of the Zenith Sun"), a gate in Beijing's historic city wall  The gate is situated to the south of Tiananmen Square and once guarded the southern entry into the Inner City  Although much of Beijing's city walls were demolished, Zhengyangmen remains an important geographical marker of the city  The city's central north–south axis passes through Zhengyangmen's main gate  It was formerly named Lizhengmen (simplified Chinese: 丽正门; traditional Chinese: 麗正門; pinyin: Lìzhèngmén), meaning "beautiful portal" 

History
Zhengyangmen was first built in 1419 during the Ming dynasty and once consisted of the gatehouse proper and an archery tower, which were connected by side walls and together with side gates, formed a large barbican  The gate guarded the direct entry into the imperial city  The city's first railway station, known as the Qianmen Station, was built just outside the gate  During the Boxer Rebellion of 1900 in the late Qing dynasty, the gate sustained considerable damage when the Eight-Nation Alliance invaded the city  The Hui and Dongxiang Muslim Kansu Braves under Ma Fulu engaged in fierce fighting during the Battle of Beijing at Zhengyangmen against the Eight-Nation Alliance  Ma Fulu and 100 of his fellow Hui and Dongxiang soldiers from his home village died in that battle  Ma Fulu's cousins, Ma Fugui (馬福貴) and Ma Fuquan (馬福全), and his nephews, Ma Yaotu (馬耀圖) and Ma Zhaotu (馬兆圖), were killed in action during the battle  The Qing Empire later violated the Boxer Protocol by having a tower constructed at the gate The gate complex was extensively reconstructed in 1914  The barbican side gates were torn down in 1915 After the Communist victory in the Chinese Civil War in 1949, the Zhengyangmen gatehouse was occupied by the Beijing garrison of the People's Liberation Army  The military vacated the gatehouse in 1980, which has now become a tourist attraction  At 42 metres high, the Zhengyangmen gatehouse was, and remains, the tallest of all gates in Beijing's city wall  Zhengyangmen gatehouse survived the demolition of city walls in the late 1960s during the construction of the Beijing Subway, while other gates such as Deshengmen in the north and Dongbianmen in the southeast only have their archery towers standing  Xibianmen retains only part of its barbican while Yongdingmen's gatehouse was rebuilt in 2007 Today, Qianmen Avenue (Dajie) cuts between the Zhengyangmen gatehouse and the archery tower to the south  Line 2's Qianmen Station is also located between the two structures inside the space once surrounded by the barbican 
Qianmen remains one of the enduring symbols of old Beijing 

Geographical Significance
The Zhengyangmen is situated on the central north–south axis of Beijing  The main gateway of the gatehouse is aligned with Yongdingmen Gate to the south, the Mausoleum of Mao Zedong and the Monument to the People's Heroes in Tiananmen Square, the Tiananmen Gate itself, the Meridian Gate, and the imperial throne in the Hall of Supreme Harmony in the Forbidden City, the city's Drum and Bell Towers and the entrance to the Olympic Green in the far north 
The kilometre zero point for highways in China is located just outside the Zhengyangmen Gate  It is marked with a plaque in the ground, with the four cardinal points, four animals, and "Zero Point of Highways, China" in English and Chinese 

Surrounding area
The area near Qianmen includes several areas of historical significance  The avenue which proceeds south from the Qianmen is known as "Qianmen Street", and has been a commercial centre for several centuries, although it now mainly caters to tourists from other parts of China  Since a redevelopment in the 2000s by property developer SOHO China, shopfront tenants along Qianmen Street have been predominantly international brands which cater neither to local residents nor domestic visitors, with the result that Qianmen Avenue is now often largely deserted  Dashilanr is a well-known cross-street with a similar character  The Peking duck restaurant Quanjude is located on Qianmen Street  The Qianmen area is also home to Beijing's narrowest hutong, the Qianshi hutong 

Transportation
Beijing Subway Line 2 and Line 8 has a stop at Qianmen  Beijing bus routes 8, 17, 48, 66, 67, 69, 71, 82, 93, 126, 623, BRT1 (快速公交1), Tourist route 2 (观光2), Special 4 (特4), and Special 7 (特7) have a terminal at Qianmen 
Passage 3:
Striding Lion
Striding Lion, a wall relief made from polychrome glazed, fired bricks, is one of the most iconic objects on display at the Royal Ontario Museum, Toronto  It came from Babylon, Iraq, and dates to the time of Nebuchadnezzar II (605-562 BCE), king of the Neo-Babylonian Empire  Striding Lion is one of many such reliefs that decorated the walls of the palace's ceremonial hall and very similar to the lions that line the processional way from the Ishtar Gate to the temple of Marduk 
A large group of such figures is part of the Processional Way leading to the Ishtar Gate, a centrepiece display of the Pergamon Museum in Berlin   Other panels were sold by Berlin, such as the Panel with striding lion in New York 

Description
The relief measures 122 cm (height) by 183 cm (width) by 8 cm (depth) Several of the bricks are stamped with the inscription: "Nebuchadnezzar, king of Babylon, the first born son of Nabopolassar, the king of Babylon" 

Origin
The ceremonial hall in the palace of Nebuchadnezzar II had a tiled wall decorated with glazed columns, lotus buds and palmettes with lions striding around the base, of which the example in the Royal Ontario Museum is one From 1899 to 1917, Robert Koldewey led a German expedition that excavated Babylon  The fragments of tile found in the ceremonial hall of the palace, also referred to as the throne room of the Southern Citadel, were taken back to Berlin and painstakingly reassembled, as were the tiles from the Ishtar Gate and Processional Way  In 1937 the Royal Ontario Museum purchased the reconstructed striding lion relief from the State Museums of Berlin 

Production method
Robert Koldewey suggested that the lions, and other reliefs lining the Processional Way, were made using molds taken from a master clay panel, or from a temporary wall with a plaster facing that had been cut down into brick sized segments  Care had been taken to ensure the joints were not too visible and the relief work such as to facilitate removal from a mold  The bricks were then fired in a kiln, and then glazed with the appropriate colours  Marks were made on a tile's upper edge to enable it to be placed in proper sequence when assembled  The system of marks used for assembling the reliefs could be most clearly seen on the tiles from the ceremonial hall because of the way they had fallen after robbers had taken bricks from the wall 

Significance of lion symbolism
Lions were symbolic of royalty because of their strength, and fighting a lion gave a king great prestige  The lion was also the symbol of Ishtar, the goddess of love and war  In her role of the goddess of war she is depicted, bow in hand, on a chariot drawn by seven lions 
Passage 4:
Chongwenmen
Chongwenmen (Chinese: 崇文門; pinyin: Chóngwénmén; Manchu: ᡧᡠᠪᡝᠸᡝᠰᡳᡥᡠᠯᡝᡵᡝᡩᡠᡴᠠ; Möllendorff: šu be wesihulere duka) was a gate that was part of Beijing's city wall in what is now Dongcheng District  The gate stood in the southeastern part of Beijing's inner city, immediately south of the old Beijing Legation Quarter  In the 1960s, the gate and much of the wall was torn down to make room for Beijing's second ring road  Today, Chongwenmen is marked by the intersection of Chongwenmen Nei (Inner) and Chongwenmen Wai (Outer) Street, which run north-south through the former gate, Chongwenmen East and Chongwenmen West Street, which run east-west where the wall stood, and Beijing Station West Street, a diagonal street, going northwest to the Beijing railway station  Chongwenmen is a transport node in Beijing   Chongwenmen Station is an interchange station on Lines 2 and 5 of the Beijing Subway   Chongwen District, an administrative division of the city from 1952 to 2010 and now folded into Dongcheng District, was named after Chongwenmen 

History
During the Yuan dynasty, the gate was called Wenmingmen (文明門)  Because the residence of the Mongol prince Hada was located close by, the gate was also popularly known as Hadamen (traditional 哈達門, simplified 哈大門) or Hademen (traditional 哈德門, simplified 哈德门)  The name Hademen survived well into the twentieth century, and was even the name of a popular cigarette brand  The Hademen Hotel now overlooks where the gate once stood   To the east of Chongwenmen, the Ming City Wall Relics Park has the best preserved remaining section of Beijing's Ming city wall 

Transport
Chongwenmen is served by Chongwenmen Station on Line 2 and Line 5 of the Beijing Subway  It is also served by numerous Beijing Bus routes 
Passage 5:
New Town, Tasmania
New Town is a suburb of the city of Hobart, Tasmania, Australia, about 4 kilometres (2 mi) north of the central business district of Hobart   It is generally considered Hobart's oldest suburb, settled just a week after Sullivans Cove  It was historically the home of many of Hobart's wealthiest citizens, and New Town features a large number of grand residences, churches, and public buildings  The large farms were broken up following the world wars and it is now an inner city residential suburb  Many of its streets are lined with Federation style cottages  It is surrounded by the suburbs of North Hobart, Mount Stuart, Lenah Valley and Moonah, with the Queen's Domain just to the south-east  Most of the locality is within the Hobart local government area, with 2 5% within Glenorchy 

History
At the time of Hobart's re-settlement on the western shore of the Derwent River in 1804, the first free settlers were landed at New Town Bay a day after the military and convict landing on Hunter Island on 20/21 February  Some early buildings remain including Pitt Farm which is the second oldest farmhouse in Australia 
St John's Anglican Church in New Town has an unbroken record of use as a parish church, from the first service on 20 December 1835 up to the present   The building was designed by the Tasmanian government civil engineer and architect, John Lee Archer 
New Town Post Office opened on 1 January 1842 Video City opened the largest video rental shop in Australia on New Town Road in 2002  The store remained a vibrant cultural institution long after the arrival of online streaming services in the 2010s  After selling its catalogue of over 30,000 video titles, the store ceased trading in 2019 

Today
New Town has the only two single-sex public schools in Tasmania - Ogilvie High School for girls, and New Town High School for boys   There is also a third main school in New Town, the Catholic Sacred Heart College, New Town Campus, with over 1000 students  New Town Primary School is over a hundred years old  The major shopping centre is Centro New Town Plaza, which houses a Kmart, a Coles Supermarket and several smaller specialty shops 
New Town is well known for its leafy streets flanked by Colonial, Georgian, Federation, Italianate and Art Deco residences, with many large homes and mansions scattered throughout the suburb  Architects who have worked on New Town homes include Thomas Reibey Atkinson, grandson of Mary Reibey, and Henry Hunter, one of Hobart's most prominent early colonial architects 
The InterCity Cycleway passes directly through the suburb, on its course from Claremont to the city 
The main road in New Town is known as "New Town Road" and follows on from Elizabeth Street in Hobart  The road connects Hobart with the neighbouring city of Glenorchy  Other main roads in New Town are Augusta Road, which leads into Lenah Valley, and Giblin Street which becomes Forster Street and then becomes Risdon Road as it continues down towards the Brooker Highway 
Passage 6:
Ishtar Gate
The Ishtar Gate was the eighth gate to the inner city of Babylon (in the area of present-day Hillah, Babil Governorate, Iraq)  It was constructed circa 575 BCE by order of King Nebuchadnezzar II on the north side of the city  It was part of a grand walled processional way leading into the city 
The original structure was a double gate with a smaller frontal gate and a larger and more grandiose secondary posterior section  The walls were finished in glazed bricks mostly in blue, with animals and deities (also made up of colored bricks) in low relief at intervals  The gate was 50 feet (15 meters) high, and the original foundations extended another 45 feet (14 meters) underground German archaeologist Robert Koldewey led the excavation of the site from 1904 to 1914  After the end of the First World War in 1918, the smaller frontal gate was reconstructed in the Pergamon Museum in Berlin Other panels from the facade of the gate are located in many other museums around the world, including various European countries and the United States The façade of the Iraqi embassy in Beijing, China includes a replica of the Ishtar Gate 

History
King Nebuchadnezzar II reigned 604–562 BCE, the peak of the Neo-Babylonian Empire  He is known as the biblical conqueror who captured Jerusalem  He ordered the construction of the gate and dedicated it to the Babylonian goddess Ishtar  The gate was constructed using glazed brick with alternating rows of bas-relief mušḫuššu (dragons), aurochs (bulls), and lions, symbolizing the gods Marduk, Adad, and Ishtar respectively The roof and doors of the gate were made of cedar, according to the dedication plaque  The bricks in the gate were covered in a blue glaze meant to represent lapis lazuli, a deep-blue semi-precious stone that was revered in antiquity due to its vibrancy  The blue-glazed bricks would have given the façade a jewel-like shine  Through the gate ran the Processional Way, which was lined with walls showing about 120 lions, bulls, dragons, and flowers on yellow and black glazed bricks, symbolizing the goddess Ishtar  The gate itself depicted only gods and goddesses  These included Ishtar, Adad, and Marduk  During celebrations of the New Year, statues of the deities were paraded through the gate and down the Processional Way 

Design
The front of the gate has a low-relief design with a repeated pattern of images of two of the major gods of the Babylonian pantheon  Marduk, the national deity and chief god, with his servant dragon Mušḫuššu  is depicted as a dragon with a snake-like head and tail, a scaled body of a lion, and powerful talons for back feet  Marduk was seen as the divine champion of good against evil, and the incantations of the Babylonians often sought his protection 

The second god shown in the pattern of reliefs on the Ishtar Gate is Adad (also known as Ishkur), whose sacred animal was the aurochs, a now-extinct ancestor of cattle  Adad had power over destructive storms and beneficial rain  The design of the Ishtar Gate also includes linear borders and patterns of rosettes, often seen as symbols of fertility The bricks of the Ishtar gate were made from finely textured clay pressed into wooden forms  Each of the animal reliefs was also made from bricks formed by pressing clay into reusable molds  Seams between the bricks were carefully planned not to occur on the eyes of the animals or any other aesthetically unacceptable places  The bricks were sun-dried and then fired once before glazing  The clay was brownish red in this bisque-fired state The background glazes are mainly a vivid blue, which imitates the color of the highly prized lapis lazuli  Gold and brown glazes are used for animal images  The borders and rosettes are glazed in black, white, and gold  It is believed that the glaze recipe used plant ash, sandstone conglomerates, and pebbles for silicates  This combination was repeatedly melted, cooled, and then pulverized  This mixture of silica and fluxes is called a frit  Color-producing minerals, such as cobalt, were added in the final glaze formulations  This was then painted onto the bisque-fired bricks and fired to a higher temperature in a glaze firing The creation of the gate out of wood and clay glazed to look like lapis lazuli could possibly be a reference to the goddess Inanna, who became syncretized with the goddess Ishtar during the reign of Sargon of Akkad  In the myth of Inanna's descent to the underworld, Inanna is described as donning seven accoutrements of lapis lazuli symbolizing her divine power  Once captured by the queen of the underworld, Inanna is described as being lapis lazuli, silver, and wood, two of these materials being key components in the construction of the Ishtar Gate  The creation of the gate out of wood and "lapis lazuli" linking the gate to being part of the Goddess herself 
After the glaze firing, the bricks were assembled, leaving narrow horizontal seams from one to six millimeters  The seams were then sealed with a naturally occurring black viscous substance called bitumen, like modern asphalt  The Ishtar Gate is only one small part of the design of ancient Babylon that also included the palace, temples, an inner fortress, walls, gardens, other gates, and the Processional Way  The lavish city was decorated with over 15 million baked bricks, according to estimates The main gate led to the Southern Citadel, the gate itself seeming to be a part of Imgur-Bel and Nimitti-Bel, two of the most prominent defensive walls of Babylon  There were three primary entrances to the Ishtar Gate: the central entrance which contained the double gate structure (two sets of double doors, for a fourfold door structure), and doors flanking the main entrance to the left and right, both containing the signature double door structure 

Ishtar Gate and Processional Way
Once per year, the Ishtar Gate and connecting Processional Way were used for a New Year's procession, which was part of a religious festival celebrating the beginning of the agricultural year  In Babylon, the rituals surrounding this holiday lasted twelve days  The New Year's celebrations started immediately after the barley harvest, at the time of the vernal equinox  This was the first day of the ancient month of Nisan, equivalent to today's date of March 20 or 21 The Processional Way, which has been traced to a length of over 800 meters, extended north from the Ishtar Gate and was designed with brick relief images of lions, the symbol of the goddess Ishtar (also known as Inanna) the war goddess, the dragon of Marduk, the lord of the gods, and the bull of Adad, the storm god  Worshipped as the Mistress of Heaven, Ishtar represented the power of sexual attraction and was thought to be savage and determined  Symbolized by the star and her sacred animal, the lion, she was also the goddess of war and the protector of ruling dynasties and their armies  The idea of protection of the city is further incorporated into this gateway design by the use of crenelated buttresses along both sides to this entrance into the city Friezes with sixty ferocious lions representing Ishtar decorated each side of the Processional Way, designed with variations in the color of the fur and the manes  On the east side, they had a left foot forward, and on the west side, they had the right foot forward  Each lion was made of forty-six molded bricks in eleven rows  The lion is pictured upon a blue enameled tile background and an orange coloured border that runs along the very bottom portion of the wall  Having a white body and yellow mane, the lion of Ishtar was an embodiment of vivid naturalism that further enhanced the glory of Babylon's Procession Street The purpose of the New Year's holiday was to affirm the supremacy of Marduk and his representative on Earth, the king, and to offer thanks for the fertility of the land The Processional Way was paved with large stone pieces set in a bed of bitumen and was up to 66 feet (20 meters) wide at some points  This street ran from the Euphrates through the temple district and palaces and onto the Ishtar Gate 

Inscription of Nebuchadnezzar II
The inscription of the Ishtar Gate is written in Akkadian cuneiform in white and blue glazed bricks and was a dedication by Nebuchadnezzar to explain the gate's purpose  On the wall of the Ishtar Gate, the inscription is 15 meters tall by 10 meters wide and includes 60 lines of writing  The inscription was created around the same time as the gate's construction, around 605–562 BCE Inscription:

Nebuchadnezzar, King of Babylon, the pious prince appointed by the will of Marduk, the highest priestly prince, beloved of Nabu, of prudent deliberation, who has learnt to embrace wisdom, who fathomed Their (Marduk and Nabu) godly being and pays reverence to their Majesty, the untiring Governor, who always has at heart the care of the cult of Esagila and Ezida and is constantly concerned with the well being of Babylon and Borsippa, the wise, the humble, the caretaker of Esagila and Ezida, the first born son of Nabopolassar, the King of Babylon, am I 
Both gate entrances of the (city walls) Imgur-Ellil and Nemetti-Ellil following the filling of the street from Babylon had become increasingly lower  (Therefore,) I pulled down these gates and laid their foundations at the water table with asphalt and bricks and had them made of bricks with blue stone on which wonderful bulls and dragons were depicted  I covered their roofs by laying majestic cedars lengthwise over them  I fixed doors of cedar wood adorned with bronze at all the gate openings  I placed wild bulls and ferocious dragons in the gateways and thus adorned them with luxurious splendor so that Mankind might gaze on them in wonder 

I let the temple of Esiskursiskur, the highest festival house of Marduk, the lord of the gods, a place of joy and jubilation for the major and minor deities, be built firm like a mountain in the precinct of Babylon of asphalt and fired bricks 

Excavation and display
A reconstruction of the Ishtar Gate and Processional Way was built at the Pergamon Museum in Berlin out of material excavated by Robert Koldewey  It includes the inscription plaque  It stands 14 m (46 ft) high and 30 m (100 ft) wide  The excavation ran from 1902 to 1914, and, during that time, 14 m (45 ft) of the foundation of the gate was uncovered 

Claudius Rich, British resident of Baghdad and a self-taught historian, did personal research on Babylon because it intrigued him  Acting as a scholar and collecting field data, he was determined to discover the wonders to the ancient world  C  J  Rich's topographical records of the ruins in Babylon were the first ever published, in 1815  It was reprinted in England no fewer than three times  C  J  Rich and most other 19th-century visitors thought a mound in Babylon was a royal palace, and that was eventually confirmed by Robert Koldewey's excavations, who found two palaces of King Nebuchadnezzar and the Ishtar Gate  Robert Koldewey, a successful German excavator, had done previous work for the Royal Museum of Berlin, with his excavations at Surghul (Ancient Nina) and Al-hiba (ancient Lagash) in 1887  Koldewey's part in Babylon's excavation began in 1899 The method that the British were comfortable with was excavating tunnels and deep trenches, which was damaging the mud brick architecture of the foundation  Instead, it was suggested that the excavation team focus on tablets and other artefacts rather than pick at the crumbling buildings  Despite the destructive nature of the archaeology used, the recording of data was immensely more thorough than in previous Mesopotamian excavations  Walter Andrea, one of Koldewey's many assistants, was an architect and a draftsman, the first at Babylon  His contribution was documentation and reconstruction of Babylon, and then later, the smuggling of the remains out of Iraq and into Germany  A small museum was built at the site, and Andrea was the museum's first director 
As the German Oriental Society had provided such large funding for the project, the German archeologists involved felt that they needed to justify the cost by smuggling much of the material back to Germany  For example, of the 120 lion friezes along the Procession Street, the Germans took 118  Walter Andrea played a key role in this endeavor using the strong links (or wasta) that he had cultivated with German intelligence officers and with local Iraqi tribal sheikhs  The Gate's ceramic pieces were disassembled according to a complex numbering system and were then packed in straw in coal barrels in order to disguise them  These barrels were then transported down the Euphrates River to Shatt al-Arab, where they were loaded onto German ships and taken to Berlin The rebuilding of Babylon's Ishtar Gate and Processional Way in Berlin was one of the most complex architectural reconstructions in the history of archaeology  Hundreds of crates of glazed brick fragments were carefully desalinated and then pieced together  Fragments were combined with new bricks fired in a specially designed kiln to re-create the correct color and finish  It was a double gate; the part that is shown in the Pergamon Museum today is the smaller, frontal part  The larger, back part was considered too large to fit into the constraints of the structure of the museum; it is in storage 

Parts of the gate and lions from the Processional Way are in various other museums around the world  Only four museums acquired dragons, while lions went to several museums  The Istanbul Archaeology Museum has lions, dragons, and bulls  Ny Carlsberg Glyptotek in Copenhagen, Denmark, has one lion, one dragon and one bull  The Detroit Institute of Arts houses a dragon  The Röhsska Museum in Gothenburg, Sweden, has one dragon and one lion; the Louvre, the State Museum of Egyptian Art in Munich, the Kunsthistorisches Museum in Vienna, the Royal Ontario Museum in Toronto, the Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York, the Oriental Institute in Chicago, the Rhode Island School of Design Museum, the Museum of Fine Arts in Boston, and the Yale University Art Gallery in New Haven, Connecticut, each have lions  One of the processional lions was recently loaned by Berlin's Vorderasiatisches Museum to the British Museum A smaller reproduction of the gate was built in Iraq under Saddam Hussein as the entrance to a museum that has not been completed  Along with the restored palace, the gate was completed in 1987  The construction was meant to emulate the techniques that were used for the original gate  The replica appears similar to the restored original but is notably smaller  The purpose of the replica's construction was an attempt to reconnect to Iraq's history  Damage to this reproduction has occurred since the Iraq War (see Impact of the U S  military) 

Controversy and attempted repatriation
The acquisition of the Ishtar Gate by the Pergamon Museum is surrounded in controversy as the gate was excavated as part of the excavation of Babylon, and immediately shipped off to Berlin where it remains to this day  The government of Iraq has petitioned the German government to return the gate many times, notably in 2002 as well as in 2009  The Ishtar Gate is frequently used as a prime example in the debate regarding repatriating artifacts of cultural significance to countries affected by war and whether these pieces of material culture are better off in a safer environment where they could be preserved  The example in the case of the Ishtar Gate is concerning its safety in the aftermath of the Iraq War, and whether or not the gate would be safer remaining at the Pergamon Museum 

Gallery
Passage 7:
Remuera
Remuera  is an affluent suburb in East Auckland, New Zealand  It is located four kilometres southeast of the city centre  Remuera is characterised by many large houses, often Edwardian or mid 20th century  A prime example of a "leafy" suburb, Remuera is noted for its quiet tree lined streets  The suburb has numerous green spaces, most obvious of which is Ōhinerau / Mount Hobson – a volcanic cone with views from the top overlooking Waitematā Harbour and Rangitoto 
The suburb extends from Hobson Bay and the Ōrākei Basin on the Waitematā Harbour to the north and east, to the main thoroughfare of State Highway 1 in the southwest  It is surrounded by the suburbs of Ōrākei, Meadowbank, Saint Johns, Mount Wellington, Ellerslie, Greenlane, Epsom, Newmarket and Parnell  Remuera is home to many well-known New Zealanders, including the late Sir Edmund Hillary and the race car driver Bruce McLaren 

History
Remuera has had a long history of human occupation, starting back in the early 13th century when Māori came to the area  The area was very attractive to Maori as much of the Auckland isthmus was devoid of trees and covered only in native flax, bracken and scrub  Remuera was different, having patches of woodland which were the habitat of many birds suitable for trapping while the adjacent harbour and basins were good fishing areas  Remuera Road began as a walking track, connecting the eastern and northern sections of the Auckland isthmus John Logan Campbell describes early 19th century Remuera in his book Poenamo:

Beautiful was Remuera's shore, sloping gently to Waitemata's sunlit waters in the days of which I write  The palm fern-tree was there with its crown of graceful bending fronds and black feathery-looking young shoots; and the karaka, with its brilliantly-polished green leaves and golden-yellow fruit, contrasting with the darker crimped and varnished leaf of the puriri, with its bright cherrylike berry  Evergreen shrubs grew on all sides, of every shade from palest to deepest green; lovely flowering creepers mounted high overhead, leaping from tree to tree and hanging in rich festoons; of beautiful ferns there was a profusion underfoot  The tui, with his grand rich note made the wood musical; the great fat stupid pigeon cooed down upon you almost within reach, nor took the trouble to fly away 
The suburb is named after a pā (fortification) named Remuwera, on Ōhinerau / Mount Hobson  Remu-wera literally translates to "burnt edge of kilt", commemorating the occasion where a chieftainess of Hauraki was allegedly captured and consumed  Although the most common definition in reference literature, the accuracy of this definition has been described as "highly doubtful" Around 1741, Te Wai-o-Hua iwi was driven away by the Ngāti Whātua and Te Taoū iwi  Later, these iwi merged with Te Roroa and Te Uri-o-Hau into Ngāti Whātua-o-Ōrākei, which is the main iwi on the Tāmaki isthmus  In May 1844 one of the largest Māori feasts ever held in New Zealand took place in Remuera  It was organised by the Waikato iwi and about 4000 Māori and many Pākehā (Europeans) were present  The festivities lasted for a week and large amounts of food and drinks were served: 11,000 baskets of potatoes, 9,000 sharks, 100 pigs, and large amounts of tea, tobacco and sugar  Governor Robert FitzRoy visited the festivities on 11 May 1844 when a haka was performed by 1,600 Māori, armed with guns and tomahawks When the European settlers wanted to buy the land on the Tāmaki isthmus from the Māori, they first declined  But in 1851, Henry Tacy Kemp, an interpreter to the Land Claims Commissioners, bought 700 acres for £5000  Subsequently, more plots of land were sold and put up for public auction  The land was suitable for pasture land and as the town of Auckland was some distance away people did not really start to build houses (as opposed to farmhouses) until the 1860s  One of the early farmer-settlers who bought land at Remuera was Archibald Clark, who became Auckland's first mayor in 1851  Many of the large villas stood on quite big properties, as their owners needed pasturing for carriage and riding horses and enjoyed creating landscape gardens  Some even had secondary houses for gardeners or estate managers  Many of these early houses still stand, surrounded now by later suburban developments or converted into institutions such as schools 

Smaller suburban houses began appearing in the area nearest Newmarket and began to spread along Remuera Road  The first shops opened in 1890 at the intersection with Victoria Avenue  Railway stations at Newmarket and Market Road encouraged residents to commute to town  Likewise one of the most important routes for the electric tram system created in 1902 was to the Remuera shops, with an extension to the bottom of Victoria Avenue  One of the first businesses was L J  Keys' grocery store on the Clonbern Road corner, which currently houses a café  Nowadays, Remuera's main business and shopping area stretches along Remuera Road from Armadale Road to St Vincent's Avenue  Smaller shopping areas are situated at Upland Road and Benson Road 
Remuera Road initially began as an unsealed cart track leading from Newmarket to Tāmaki  By the 1860s, the Remuera Road Board was formed to help administer the area surrounding the road, by organising roads, drainage, water and power, and the Remuera District School was established in 1873  In the early 1900s the Auckland electric tramway service began servicing Remuera Road, which led to the district doubling in population between 1901 and 1911 to over 5,000 residents  By the 1910s, ratepayers in the area opposed the Remuera area being administered separately to Auckland  The Remuera Ratepayers Association organised a petition in 1912, which included 791 ratepayers (over 50%) signing to join with the adjacent Auckland City, against the Remuera Road Board's wishes  A commission of inquiry was appointed, which recommended amalgamation  Again the Road Board declined and it was only after the Department of Internal Affairs intervened that the Road Board gave in  The union was ratified in February 1915 and the 2,520 acres of Remuera became part of Auckland  J  Dempsey said that Auckland had received "the brightest jewel in her crown today", although a subsequent report by the city engineer pointed out that Remuera had not been surveyed, it had 60 miles of primitive roading, and lacked proper stormwater drainage, sewerage and other services 
The 1920s and 1930s saw increased development of Remuera, with commercial precincts such as the Avenue Buildings, Coles Building, Hellaby Building and the Skeltons Building allowing the area to act as a commercial hub  The first mile of Remuera Road was concreted in 1921, and the existing tram line was doubled in 1924, followed by an extension of the service to Meadowbank  Auckland City Council embarked on a series of improvements for the new area  One of its first acts was to provide a free public library for the area in 1915, later replaced by the current building in 1926  In 1919 however local residents were incensed by the council's building of public toilets at the Remuera shops that they demanded be torn down 
In 1927 the Remuera rugby league club reformed after initially forming in 1914 when former All Black and Kiwi, George A  Gillett coached the club  A year later in 1928, the Tudor Theatre cinema and dance hall opened, becoming a central part of Remuera social life for decades  The theatre closed in 1973, and after demolition the location became the Tudor Mall in 1980  In 1930, the electric tramway was extended from Remuera to Meadowbank In more recent history, the infamous Bassett Road machine gun murders took place in Remuera on 7 December 1963  Two men were shot with a  45 calibre Reising submachine gun at 115 Bassett Road and word quickly spread about a "Chicago-style" gang murder  Two suspects were sentenced to life imprisonment 

Demographics
Remuera covers 8 25 km2 (3 19 sq mi) and had an estimated population of 23,400 as of June 2022, with a population density of 2,836 people per km2 

Remuera had a population of 23,586 at the 2018 New Zealand census, an increase of 333 people (1 4%) since the 2013 census, and an increase of 918 people (4 0%) since the 2006 census  There were 8,028 households, comprising 11,298 males and 12,291 females, giving a sex ratio of 0 92 males per female, with 4,179 people (17 7%) aged under 15 years, 5,100 (21 6%) aged 15 to 29, 10,746 (45 6%) aged 30 to 64, and 3,564 (15 1%) aged 65 or older 
Ethnicities were 70 6% European/Pākehā, 4 0% Māori, 1 9% Pacific peoples, 27 4% Asian, and 2 9% other ethnicities  People may identify with more than one ethnicity 
The percentage of people born overseas was 37 4, compared with 27 1% nationally 
Although some people chose not to answer the census's question about religious affiliation, 46 4% had no religion, 40 9% were Christian, 2 4% were Hindu, 0 9% were Muslim, 2 6% were Buddhist and 2 2% had other religions 
Of those at least 15 years old, 9,519 (49 0%) people had a bachelor's or higher degree, and 1,125 (5 8%) people had no formal qualifications  6,993 people (36 0%) earned over $70,000 compared to 17 2% nationally  The employment status of those at least 15 was that 9,915 (51 1%) people were employed full-time, 2,877 (14 8%) were part-time, and 498 (2 6%) were unemployed 

Landmarks and features
Notable buildings and sites
Remuera has several places of historic interest, some of which have been incorporated into the Remuera Heritage Walk 
St Mark's Anglican Church  This is a Selwyn church (wooden Gothic church) built in the 1860s by Philip Herepath replacing an earlier structure from 1848 by Frederick Thatcher  Consecrated by Bishop Selwyn  John Kinder was minister here at a time when this was a rural parish  Scoriarock foundations 
St Mark's Graveyard  The first burial was in 1849, and the last in 1963  The names of many well-known early Aucklanders appear here, including James Dilworth 
Former Remuera Freemasons Hall, Remuera Road   Probably designed by the architect Henry G  Wade, the Hall was consecrated on 9 November 1880, at a ceremony presided over by the Deputy Grand Master of the Auckland Grand Lodge District (E C ), William Lodder  The Remuera Masonic Hall survives as the oldest purpose-built lodge premises in the former Auckland Grand Lodge District (E C )  Sold by the Freemasons in 1993 
Saint Michael's Catholic Church, 6 Beatrice Road  A large Italian Romanesque style church designed by the noted architects Tole and Massey  Opened on 1 October 1933 
St Luke's Presbyterian Church, Remuera Road  Masonry Gothic church from 1932 replacing an 1874 wooden building  Designed by Francis Drummond Stewart who also designed the Chateau Tongariro (1928)  The present church was modeled on the parish kirk in the Scottish mining village of Twechar, built in 1902  Reinforced concrete and  brick construction, with an external cladding of Putāruru stone  The foundation stone was laid in 1931 by Miss Sarah Dingwall 
King's School, 258 Remuera Road  King's College started in 1896 occupying the house called "The Tower", built for David Graham, brother of the founder of Ellerslie, Robert Graham 
4 Garden Road  Garden Road was originally the driveway to Number 4, a house designed by prominent architect C  Reginald Ford (of the firm Gummer and Ford)as his own residence  Built in an eclectic architectural mix with French and Italian influences, number 4 later became the "Remuera Ladies College" whose students included Jean Batten 
Skeltons Building 1928, 339–345 Remuera Road  Built for Robert Skelton, a carrier and one of Remuera's first businessmen  This set of shops retain their original tiled shopfronts 
Hellaby Building 1926, 357–365 Remuera Road was built for Frederick Hellaby whose family ran a chain of Butcher's shops 
Remuera Pharmacy, 375–377 Remuera Road  1909 building for a business operated by Fred Blott 
Cole's Building, 382–394 Remuera Road  1923 building; the first tenant was Wylies Pharmacy 
L J  Keys’ grocery store  Corner of Clonbern Road – this was the first shop in the area (1907) 
Former Remuera Post Office, cnr Victoria Ave and Remuera Road  Built in 1914 to the designs of the Government Architect John Campbell 
Brick shops 1929  411–413 Remuera Road  These two-storey shops replaced the wooden building constructed in 1902 as the Remuera Road Board office, which later became the first Remuera Public Library after the demise of the Board in 1915 
The Remuera Public Library  Designed by the Auckland architects Gummer and Ford, the library was built in 1928 in a neo-Georgian style reminiscent of American colonial architecture  Faced with red brick, this building has very fine details, especially around the windows  In 1928, the architects were awarded Gold Medals from the New Zealand Institute of Architects (NZIA) for the design of the building  The building has also won the conservation award in 2004 for the renovations that were done 
Cotter House, 4 St Vincent Avenue  Built around 1848 for prominent teetotaller Joseph Newman, who died childless at 77 following injuries sustained when a billboard on Queen Street advertising whisky fell on his head  The house was sold to Thomas Cotter, a prominent Auckland solicitor and King's Counsel, whose family owned it until 1926, when the land was further subdivided 
St Paul's Methodist Church, 12 St Vincent Avenue  Red brick church from 1922 
Saint Aidan's Anglican Church, 1904 wooden gothic / Arts & Crafts style church noted for its lychgate 
Elmstone, 468 Remuera Rd  Large Neo-Classical House with Arts&Crafts features built in 1904 for V J Larner 
Hellaby House, 542 Remuera Rd  Designed in 1921 by Roy Keith Binney for Amy Mary Hellaby Other special buildings in Remuera are the Remuera Railway Station and Signal Box  These were built in 1907–1908 and the station is the best preserved in Auckland  Whilst the other stations were regularly modernised, Remuera's has been kept almost in its original state and is still used for suburban passenger trains 

Nature areas
Remuera includes some interesting nature areas and parks  Unlike the rest of the isthmus of Auckland, which was largely void of large trees and covered with native grass, flax and manuka, Remuera retained patches of native bush and woodland 
The Ōrākei Basin, a tidal lagoon popular for water sport activities, is the submerged crater of a volcano  There is a 3 km public walkway around the basin whereby the flora and fauna of the area can be observed at close hand Mount Hobson Domain includes the volcanic cone, previously used as a pā (a defended settlement) by the Māori and in later times as a quarry and pasture land  Ōhinerau / Mount Hobson (143m high) is one of Auckland's better preserved and least modified volcanic cones  Formed some 25,000 years ago, the volcanic hill has a horse-shoe shaped crater opening to the southwest  Terraces and pits are still evident from the Maori occupation  Like the other volcanic hills of the Auckland isthmus, in the 20th century, water reservoirs were built on the summit and the lower southwest side  a water reservoir was incorporated into Ōhinerau / Mount Hobson to supply water to the surrounding area  Still evident on the south-east side of the mountain is the concrete base remnant of a WWII medical store for the US Navy Mobile Hospital in nearby Market Rd – a site now occupied by the Dilworth Junior School  As you walk up the path from the entrance, you will soon come to a stone seat – a memorial to Remuera boys who died in WWII  This overlooks a field of jonquils and daffodils which bloom in winter or early spring Waiatarua Reserve  To the south of Remuera Road lies Waiatarua Reserve  This is a natural basin, prone to seasonal flooding  On several 19th century maps this was shown as a lake and referred to as 'Lake Remuera', 'Lake St John' or 'Lake Waiatarua' although in reality it was largely an area of swampy ground in which a sheet of shallow water would appear sporadically in the wet season  In 1918, 133 acres (54 hectares) of this land was given to the City Council to create Waiatarua Reserve  As the surrounding farm land was transformed into suburban housing this area became problematic – although in theory the "lake" afforded a picturesque view for the new houses, it was also a breeding ground for mosquitos  Moreover, the basin was composed of a peat-like substance subject to smouldering fires which were difficult to put out  In 1929 a drain was bored through the hill to the south west enabling the water to be drained into the adjacent natural stream which feeds into the nearby Ōrākei Basin; this drainage system is still in place  In 1934, 50 acres (20 hectares) of the park were leased to the Remuera Golf Club and a course was laid out  The clubhouse was completed in 1935  In 1938 a new course was built around the original layout in response to members’ complaints about the course conditions  In 1968 the Course was redesigned by golf course specialist Harold Babbage and a new Club House built 

Economy
Retail
The Remuera Town Centre includes Airlie Court, Remuera Mall, Tudor Mall, Victoria Mews Arcade and Remuera Village Green  It has 130 shops including a 
New World supermarket and has about 400 carparks 

Education
Remuera Intermediate is a coeducational intermediate school (years 7-8) with a roll of 850 Remuera School, Meadowbank School and Victoria Avenue School are coeducational contributing primary schools  (years 1-6) with rolls of 555, 728 and 430 respectively Baradene College of the Sacred Heart is a state integrated Catholic girls' secondary school  (years 7-13) with a roll of 1417  St Michael's Catholic School is a coeducational state-integrated contributing primary school (years 1-6) with a roll of 227 Mount Hobson Middle School is a private coeducational composite school (years 7-10) with a roll of 97 King's School, St Kentigern Primary School and Saint Kentigern Girls' School are private single-sex full primary schools (years 1-8) with rolls of 719, 647 and 343 respectively Rolls are as of April 2023 

Politics
Remuera is a part of the Epsom electorate for the Parliamentary representation  Local government of Remuera is the responsibility of the Ōrākei Local Board, which also includes the suburbs of Ōrākei, Mission Bay, Kohimarama, St Heliers, Glendowie, St Johns, Meadowbank, and Ellerslie 

Remuera Golf Club
The Remuera Golf Club started to develop in 1934 and the club house was finished in 1935  It was not an ideal location for a golf club, as it was established in a natural basin prone to seasonal flooding  In fact on several 19th century maps this was actually shown as a lake and referred to as 'Lake Remuera' or 'Lake St John' although in reality it was largely an area of swampy ground in which a sheet of shallow water would appear sporadically in the wet season  133 acres (54 hectares) of land in the gully was given to the City Council in 1918 as Waiatarua Reserve  As the surrounding farm land was transformed into suburban housing this area became problematic – although the "lake" afforded a picturesque view for the new houses it was also a breeding ground for mosquitos  Moreover, the basin was composed of a peat-like substance subject to smouldering fires which were difficult to put out  In 1929 a drain was bored through the hill to the south west enabling the water to be drained into the adjacent natural stream which feeds into the nearby Oraki Basin; this drainage system is still in place 
Fifty acres of the park were leased to the Golf Club in 1934 and a course was laid out  In 1938 a new course was built around the original layout in response to members’ complaints about the course conditions  In 1968 the Course was redesigned by golf course specialist Harold Babbage and a new Club House has been built 

Connections
Remuera's reputation as a desirable residential area around the turn of the 20th century was reflected in the use of its name for a luxury liner  SS Remuera was a steamship launched in 1911  She was the last delivered of three 11000 tonners built by the William Denny Organization between 1909 and 1911 for the New Zealand Shipping Company (sister ships Ruahine and Rotorua)  Her inaugural voyage in 1911 was from London to Wellington  In September 1914 she was the first British ship to pass through the newly complete Panama Canal 
During the First War she was commandeered by the British Government  After the war she returned to the UK to New Zealand route, as a sign of the changing times she was now refitted to accommodate two classes of passengers as opposed to her initial layout of First, Second and Steerage  Again commandeered at the outbreak of war in 1939 she was torpedoed in the North Sea in September 1940 

Notable residents
Jean Batten was a student at a Girls School at 4 Garden Road 
Archibald Clark – MP (1805–1875) Auckland's first Mayor in 1851 
James Clark – Mayor of Auckland 1880–1883  Lived at 258 Remuera Road (now King's School) 
Thomas Cotter – Auckland solicitor and King's Counsel – Lived at 4 Vincent Avenue 
William Crowther (1834–1900) – Mayor of Auckland  Horse Tram Company Operator 
James Dilworth –  Served on the Auckland Provincial Council for eight years  He and his wife Isabella left money to create the well known Dilworth School which takes in and educates boys living in straitened circumstances 
Sir Edmund Hillary (1919–2008) – Mountaineer, explorer and Bee-Keeper  Hillary built a home in Remuera in 1956 where he lived until his death in 2008  His home was removed from its original location in 2010 and stored until moved in 2011 to Sir Edmund Hillary Collegiate in Otara where it now houses a training programme for young leaders 
Sir Paul Holmes (1950–2013)
Alfred George Horton (1842–1903) – Founder of The New Zealand Herald newspaper 
Dame Rosie Horton (philanthropist) and Michael Horton – 44 Victoria Avenue 
Rev John Kinder MA DD MD – Minister of St Mark's Remuera 
Bruce McLaren (1937–1970) – Race car driver  He was born in the suburb and his family lived above their garage and service station on 586–592 Remuera Road until they moved around the corner to 8 Upland Road when he was 9 
Sir Edwin Mitchelson (1845–1934) Mitchelson was an MP, Chairman of the Remuera Road Board and Auckland's Mayor at the same time  He was Mayor from 1903 to 1905 and was knighted in 1920 
Joseph Newman – Lived at 4 St Vincent Avenue in a house he built in 1848, now called Cotter House  Newman was a Stockbroker  A well-known teetotaller, Newman died at the age of 77 from injuries sustained when a billboard on Queen Street advertising whisky fell on his head (10 September 1890) 
James Pascoe – Jeweller
Sir John Reed, Supreme Court Judge – 239 Remuera Rd 
Hon  Joseph Tole, Minister of Justice from 1884 to 1887 – 251 Remuera Rd 
William Chisholm Wilson – founder of The New Zealand Herald newspaper 
Desley Simpson – local council politician 
Christopher Luxon – Leader of the National Party, Leader of the Opposition 
Passage 8:
Panel with striding lion
The Panel with striding lion (MA 31 13 1) is a panel of Neo-Babylonian glazed ceramic bricks or tiles dated to 604–562 B C , now in the Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York  It was one of many that lined the Processional Way north of the Ishtar Gate  It was excavated by R  Koldewey in 1902, and at the Staatliche Museen zu Berlin from 1926, before coming into the possession of the Met in 1931 A large group of such figures is part of the Processional Way leading to the Ishtar Gate, a centrepiece display of the Pergamon Museum in Berlin 
Lions were symbolic of royalty because of their strength, and fighting a lion gave a king great prestige  The lion was also the symbol of Ishtar, the goddess of love and war  In her role of the goddess of war she is depicted on a chariot drawn by seven lions with bow in hand

See also
Striding Lion, a similar panel in Toronto

Notes


== Sources ==
Context 3:  Alexander convinced Severianus that he could defeat the Parthians easily, and win glory for himself  Severianus led a legion (perhaps the IX Hispana) into Armenia, but was trapped by the Parthian general Chosrhoes at Elegeia, a town just beyond the Cappadocian frontiers, near the headwaters of the Euphrates  Severianus made some attempt to fight Chosrhoes, but soon realized the futility of his campaign, and committed suicide  His legion was massacred  The campaign had only lasted three days  He was replaced as governor of Cappadocia by Marcus Statius Priscus Some historians believe that the defeat of Severianus at Elegeia explains the disappearance of the legions XXII Deiotariana and IX Hispana, but no proof exists that could confirm this hypothesis; the fate of the two legions is still controversial 

Aftermath
The governor of Syria was also defeated by the Parthians  Co-Emperor Lucius Verus (he ruled with his adoptive brother Marcus Aurelius) took command against the Parthians and brought in reinforcements on a large scale  These included four whole legions and large detachments from many others  The war ended in a Roman victory five years later, with the capture and sack of the Parthian capital 

Family tree
Notes
Inscriptions
Passage 4:
Brandon Routh
Brandon James Routh  (; born October 9, 1979) is an American actor  He portrayed Superman in the 2006 film Superman Returns, which garnered him international fame  In 2011, he played the title character of the film Dylan Dog: Dead of Night  He also had a recurring role in the NBC series Chuck, as Daniel Shaw  Routh also has supporting roles in the films Zack and Miri Make a Porno and Scott Pilgrim vs  the World 
In 2014, he was cast in a recurring role as Ray Palmer / The Atom on the TV series Arrow  He later played that role on two other series in the Arrowverse shared universe: The Flash (a guest role) and Legends of Tomorrow (a starring role)  Routh also reprised his role as Superman in the 2019 Arrowverse crossover event "Crisis on Infinite Earths"  His role on Legends of Tomorrow ended in 2020 

Early life
Routh, the third of four children, was born in Des Moines, Iowa, to Catherine LaVaughn (née Lear), a teacher, and Ronald Ray Routh, a carpenter  He was raised in nearby Norwalk  Routh was raised in a Methodist family, and has English, Scottish, German, Irish, Welsh and Dutch ancestry Routh grew up in Norwalk, approximately 100 miles (160 km) south of Woolstock, the birthplace of George Reeves, the first actor to play Superman on television  During his childhood, Routh thought a full-time acting career was unrealistic, citing his small-town background  In his spare time, he played the trumpet and the piano Routh attended Norwalk High School, where he played sports, and participated in music and theatre  He attended this school at the same time as Jason Momoa, who would also later become an actor in film adaptations of DC comics  He has described himself as a "momma's boy" and not "the most popular kid" during his school years  Routh has also noted that during his younger years, he was fond of the Superman films and comic books Routh attended the University of Iowa for a year, aspiring to be a writer  During this time, he modeled and acted in order to earn his tuition expenses Routh has said he was often told that he bore a physical resemblance to Christopher Reeve, who had previously portrayed Superman in a film series  His former manager signed him on because of the resemblance, telling him that he thought Routh would be cast as Superman if there were another film in the series 

Career
Early career
In 1999, Routh left the university  and moved to Manhattan and then Los Angeles, where he pursued a full-time acting career, first appearing as an extra in Christina Aguilera's 1999 music video for "What a Girl Wants"  He was cast in his first acting role that same year, in an episode of the short-lived ABC television series Odd Man Out  In 2000, he had a four-episode role on season 3 of MTV's nighttime soap opera Undressed  Routh subsequently appeared on the WB's Gilmore Girls (in a February 2001 episode, "Concert Interruptus", playing a Bangles concert attendee), and earned steady work on the soap opera One Life to Live, playing Seth Anderson from May 23, 2001, until April 17, 2002 

Superman
Prior to Routh's casting as Superman in the film Superman Returns, Warner Bros  had spent over a decade developing a plan to relaunch the franchise, entitled Superman Flyby, with possible stars including actors such as Nicolas Cage, Josh Hartnett, Brendan Fraser, Tom Welling, Paul Walker, Henry Cavill (who eventually became Superman in Man of Steel (2013)), James Marsden (who would go on to play Lois Lane's fiancée in the film), Ashton Kutcher, Keanu Reeves, Will Smith, Johnny Depp and James Caviezel, and planned directors including Tim Burton, Wolfgang Petersen, McG, Brett Ratner, and Shekhar Kapur  When director Bryan Singer came aboard the project, however, he insisted an unknown actor be cast in the part, in the tradition of the casting of the best-known film Superman, Christopher Reeve 
Routh, then 24, had previously auditioned for director McG and was spotted by Singer after he viewed Routh's videotaped audition  Singer, who has since stated that Routh was the embodiment of "our collective memory of Superman," was impressed by Routh's resemblance to the comic book icon and found the actor's humble Midwestern roots perfect for the role, as well as his "combination of vulnerability and confidence", which Singer said reminded him of Christopher Reeve  Singer decided to cast Routh after the two met on August 13, 2004, but did not tell Routh until two months later, when Routh's casting was announced in October 2004, making him an "instant celebrity" Before filming began, Routh bulked up for the role, gaining 22 pounds to reach a high of 218 pounds  Filming for Superman Returns began in Sydney in February 2005  The film was released in the U S  on June 28, 2006, and earned decent reviews from most critics, but was a box office disappointment, grossing only $200 million in the US compared to its estimated budget of $270 million  Routh was signed on to appear in two potential sequels, but due to mediocre box office results those never materialized 
Reviews of Routh's performance were generally positive, with Newsweek noting he "effortlessly lays claim to the iconic role " On the other hand, film critic Roger Ebert felt that "Routh lacks charisma as Superman, and I suppose as Clark Kent, he isn't supposed to have any "At the 2006 Spike TV Awards, Routh won the award of "Best Superhero" as Superman in Superman Returns, beating out among others, Hugh Jackman as Wolverine 
In August 2008, Warner Bros  officially announced they intended to reboot the Superman franchise  Routh was still set to reprise the role, according to DC Comics president Paul Levitz  In 2009, however, Routh's contract to play Superman in another film expired, but he said at the time that he would like to return if given the chance  However, British actor Henry Cavill was cast to play Superman in the reboot of the series, Man of Steel 

Subsequent projects
After the release of Superman Returns, Routh signed on to play CIA agent John Clark in Without Remorse, under the direction of John Singleton with a screenplay by Stuart Beattie  Routh would be the third actor to portray the character, after Willem Dafoe and Liev Schreiber  The film was intended for a late-2007/early-2008 release  However, Paramount Pictures put the film into turnaround  Routh's future participation on the project is unknown 
Routh appeared in the independent drama Fling (formerly titled Lie to Me) (2008), co-starring his wife Courtney Ford, and the ensemble film Life is Hot in Cracktown (2009) 
Routh was signed to star in The Informers (2009), a film based on Bret Easton Ellis' novel, with Kim Basinger, Amber Heard, and Billy Bob Thornton, but his scenes ended up scrapped with the decision to excise the "vampire" subplot from the film entirely At Comic Con 2008, it was revealed Routh was to have a cameo in the Kevin Smith comedy Zack and Miri Make a Porno - he instead appeared as a minor character, Bobby Long - and would serve as a judge on Platinum Studios 2008 Comic Book Challenge  In addition, he has a cameo where he plays himself in the Bollywood film Kambakkht Ishq (2009) 
In January 2009, Routh was officially cast to play Todd Ingram in the action comedy Scott Pilgrim vs  the World which was directed by Edgar Wright, based on the Scott Pilgrim series by Canadian artist Bryan Lee O'Malley  His character is an arrogant, narcissistic bass player who derives psychic powers from his vegan lifestyle, and is the third of the seven Evil Exes the title character must fight 
Routh plays Daniel Shaw in season 3 of spy series Chuck, in a recurring, supporting role  He again played this character in the show's fifth season 
He portrayed supernatural detective Dylan Dog in the 2011 film Dylan Dog - Dead of Night  The film is based on the Italian comic series created by Tiziano Sclavi   The film was a box office flop 
On February 22, 2012, it was announced that Routh had been cast in David Kohan and Max Mutchnick's (the creators of Will & Grace), new CBS half-hour, multicamera comedy pilot, Partners  He played Michael Urie's character's steady partner, alongside David Krumholtz and his Table for Three co-star Sophia Bush   The series was cancelled after only six episodes had aired 
In 2013, Routh appeared in the video game Call of Duty: Ghosts  Routh has since appeared in one episode of The Millers and multiple episodes of Chosen and Enlisted in 2014  That same year, he starred in the Hallmark Channel's Christmas-themed romantic comedy The Nine Lives of Christmas, which drew good reviews and high ratings  
In 2021, Routh appeared in The Nine Kittens of Christmas, a sequel to The Nine Lives of Christmas   In 2023, Routh appeared in an episode of Quantum Leap portraying a naval commander: Alexander Augustine 

Arrowverse
On July 7, 2014, it was reported that Routh would once again play a superhero for DC Comics as Ray Palmer / The Atom on The CW's Arrow  He was a recurring character throughout season three, which premiered October 8, 2014 In January 2015, Arrow's co-creator and executive producer Greg Berlanti stated that they were in the midst of "very early" preliminary talks for an additional spin-off series centered on Ray Palmer/The Atom In February 2015, it was announced that a spin-off was in development that would co-star Routh as The Atom, along with Arthur Darvill, Wentworth Miller, Victor Garber, and Caity Lotz  The show, Legends of Tomorrow, premiered in January 2016 
Routh reprised his role as Clark Kent / Superman in the 2019–2020 Arrowverse crossover "Crisis on Infinite Earths",  affected by events adapted from the Kingdom Come storyline  His suit was based on the one worn by the storyline's version of the character  The following month, it was announced that Routh would depart Legends of Tomorrow as a series regular during the fifth season  His final episode as a series regular was "Romeo v  Juliet: Dawn of Justness" Following this, Routh made two returns to the franchise  First, he returned to Legends for its 100th episode, and to The Flash for the first part of its season eight-opening event "Armageddon"  He would then return in the season's eighteenth episode, "The Man in the Yellow Tie" 

Personal life
On August 23, 2006, Brandon became engaged to his girlfriend of three years, actress Courtney Ford; the couple married on November 24, 2007, at the El Capitan Ranch in Santa Barbara  In 2012, the couple had a son, Leo James Routh's sister, Sara, has a musical track entitled "You're Never Gone" on Sound of Superman, the companion soundtrack of the Superman Returns  Routh is a fan and player of the video game World of Warcraft  During the 2008 Presidential Election, Routh spoke at an Iowa rally in support of Democratic candidate Barack Obama Routh is a distant relative of President Franklin D  Roosevelt 

Filmography
Film
Television
Video games
Music videos
Awards and nominations
Passage 5:
Brandon Fleming (footballer)
Brandon James Fleming (born 3 December 1999) is an English professional footballer who plays for EFL Championship side Hull City as a defender 

Club career
Hull City
Fleming joined Hull City at the age of nine and signed a scholarship in July 2016  He signed his first professional deal in February 2017 after impressing for the Under-18s  On 22 August 2017, he made his debut in a 2–0 EFL Cup defeat to Doncaster Rovers  On 30 November 2020, Fleming signed a new two-and-a-half-year deal with the club  On 9 July 2022, Fleming signed a three-year contract extension, with the club holding an option for a further year 

Gainsborough Trinity
Fleming joined Gainsborough Trinity on 27 February 2018 on an initial month's loan 

Bolton Wanderers
He signed with League One club Bolton Wanderers on a six-month loan on 17 January 2020 

Oxford United
Fleming signed with League One club Oxford United on a six-month loan on 6 January 2023  He made 14 League appearances, and an FA Cup appearance  as a late substitute in a third-round defeat to Arsenal, before returning to his parent club at the end of the season 

Career statistics
As of 7 May 2023 
Passage 6:
Paul Michaux
Doctor Paul Michaux (born Paul-Marie Michaux; 16 November 1854 – 21 November 1923) was a French surgeon  After studying at the Paul Verlaine University – Metz, he migrated to Paris, where he actively participated in the Conférence Olivaint and later became president of the organisation  After completing an internship and thesis, his career led him into various hospitals in the city and suburbs, where he developed medical innovations and performed research  As a member of the parish patronage committee, Michaux's moral and religious beliefs led him to establish a type of gymnastics specifically intended for Christian Patriots  His enthusiasm for the sport was reflected with the foundation of the Fédération gymnastique et sportive des patronages de France in 1898, which later became the Fédération sportive et culturelle de France, the foundation of the Fédération gymnastique et sportive des patronages de France in 1898 (later the Fédération sportive et culturelle de France), an organisation which took prompt steps to support team sports (including football and basketball) as well as choral music 
Michaux organised two major gymnastic competitions, which both contributed to the founding of the Fédération internationale catholique d'éducation physique et sportive in 1911  Following the end of the First World War, Michaux organised a gymnastic competition in his hometown of Metz  At his funeral in November 1923, many representatives of both the military and the medical profession as well as over 3,000 gymnasts were in attendance  His involvement in the fields of sports and business earned him many accolades, including being appointed as a Knight of the National Order of the Legion of Honour by Marshal Ferdinand Foch  Michaux was awarded the Cross of Commander of the Order of St  Gregory the Great by Pope Pius X, and in 1911 he received the Grand Cross of the Order of St  Sylvester 

Biography
Early career
Born in Metz into a Catholic family, Paul-Marie Michaux studied in the college town of St Clement, where he was appreciated by his fellow students  He and his family were refugees to Paris, where he joined the Faculty of Medicine at the University of Paris  The following year, Michaux joined the Conférence Olivaint, along with a few fellow students  In this group, under the auspices of René Laennec, sessions of prayer began, and members attended Mass together two Sundays per month  This conference quickly built a solid reputation among students and physicians and was officially recognized in 1879, when Paul Michaux was appointed to be its first president  The group supported Michaux's conclusions in his thesis on cancer of the parotid gland in 1884  Today, Conférence Olivaint is the oldest student society in France Michaux became a hospital surgeon in 1887, and he first worked at the Beaujon Hospital and later became a head of department at the Hôpital Charles-Foix, Ivry, in 1896  The following year he was a staff member at the Broussais Hospital and then at the Lariboisière Hospital in 1901  In 1904, he rejoined Beaujon Hospital, where he remained until his 1916 retirement  He was a staunch advocate of prophylaxis — installing one of the first autoclaves made in 1893 — and performed the first cholecystectomy in France 

Creating the FGSPF
In 1874, during his second year of medical school, Michaux invested his time to establish a quasi-military type of gymnastics  In 1889, he joined the committee for sports patronage in Paris  On 15 December 1897, Michaux proposed an annual gym competition  With over 4,000 spectators and 600 gymnasts from twenty-three different associations, the success (in Michaux's view) of this 24 July 1898 competition meant that Michaux's intentions were fulfilled  Supported by some close friends including Francois Hebrard, on 24 July 1898 he created the Union des Sociétés de gymnastique et d'instruction militaire des patronages et œuvres de jeunesse de France (USGIMPOJF)  On 8 December 1900, USGIMPOJF organised a competition where over 1,800 gymnasts participated



ground_truth: Babylon

prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: What career led Brandon James Routh to move to the city where Brian Ralston lives?

The following are given passages.
Context 3:  The following year, the federation was renamed the Fédération des sociétés catholiques de gymnastique (FSCG), and sports such as football, cross-country, shooting and swimming were included alongside gymnastics In 1898, Michaux founded the Fédération gymnastique et sportive des patronages de France (FGSPF), which acquired its first premises at 5 Place Saint-Thomas-d'Aquin in the 7th arrondissement of Paris on 15 July 1905  Under Michaux's tutelage, the FGSPF became the first federation to advocate the duty to examine athletes' medical conditions  Although gymnastics was the main sport, other sports, such as football and basketball, also competed at the FGSPF  It also provided music education to its athletes 

Before the First World War
Before the events of the First World War, Michaux began to create sports sponsorships in preparation of the "brevet spécial d'éducation militaire", or special patent military education  However, religious education was the priority for scholarships and competitions  The Church of France supported the position of Pope Pius X and encouraged physical education in France  In 1911, Pius X awarded Michaux the Grand Cross of the Order of St  Sylvester Michaux's gymnastics federation and sports sponsorships maintained their popularity  For example, following the invitation to participate in the Olympics by Pierre de Coubertin, the Fédération gymnastique et sportive des patronages de France was a leading supporter of the proposed Olympic Oath  Its general secretary, Charles Simon, was responsible for the development of football in France  In their final competition before World War I, 8,500 athletes were brought together to Lorraine 

Postwar
During the First World War, the Fédération gymnastique et sportive des patronages of France lost over 24,000 of its members  Despite these devastating losses, the federation did not cease its regular activities  During the war, Michaux offered services for staff who were not able to participate in the war  On 4 August 1919, the first post-war contest was held in Metz, with an attendance exceeding 7,000 gymnasts  In 1921, Michaux was named Knight of the National Order of the Legion of Honour for having "spent over 20 years in the physical education of youth and military preparation"  On 20 March 1921, over 5,000 gymnasts gathered as Marshal Ferdinand Foch presented Michaux the award  Soon thereafter, Michaux was awarded the Cross of Commander of the Order of St  Gregory the Great by Pope Pius X On 21 and 22 July 1923, due to illness, Michaux was unable to attend a parade of roughly 30,000 gymnasts on the Champs-Élysées  He died later that same year on 21 November 1923  Michaux's funeral was held at the Église Saint-Thomas-d'Aquin (Church of St  Thomas Aquinas) by the Archbishop of Paris, Louis-Ernest Dubois, in the presence of Michaux's long-time friend Foch  Fourteen leading doctors and surgeons, the Director of the Public Assistance, thirteen generals and admirals and nearly 3,000 gymnasts with flags from over 50 associations and 72 regional unions paraded before his coffin  His body was buried in Montparnasse Cemetery 

Recognition
As a token of gratitude to its founder, the FSCF placed Michaux's visage on medals that are awarded to FSCF volunteers  This distinction has four types of awards: Federal merit (in bronze, silver or vermeil), the Federal dedication (in bronze, silver or vermeil), the Federal recognition (in bronze, silver or vermeil) and the Federal honor (in vermeil)  Several cities have adopted his name for streets, including the Rue Paul Michaux in Metz  By decree dated 21 July 1934, the Council of Paris named a plaza the Place du Docteur-Paul-Michaux in the 16th arrondissement of Paris  On 3 October 1998, a commemorative plaque was placed on his birthplace, at 8 rue Mazelle in Metz  The Union Jeanne Lorraine has created a cross trophy that bears his name to this day 

Notes
Passage 7:
Brandon Williams (defensive tackle)
Brandon James Williams (born February 21, 1989) is an American football defensive tackle who is a free agent  He was drafted by the Ravens in the third round of the 2013 NFL Draft  He played college football at Missouri Southern 

Early years
Williams was born in Kirkwood, Missouri on February 21, 1989  He attended Stanton Elementary, Rockwood South Middle School (where he took 3 years of vocal music classes with Ms  Lora Springer (Pemberton)), and Rockwood Summit High School in Fenton, Missouri, and played high school football for the Rockwood Summit Falcons   He was an all-conference and all-state selection for Rockwood Summit at defensive tackle, and led the Falcons with 99 tackles and seven sacks in 2006   He was also a team captain and was recognized as the Suburban South Defensive Player of the Year   He transferred to Harmony Prep School in Cincinnati, Ohio for his senior year 

College career
Williams attended Missouri Southern State University, where he played for the Missouri Southern State Lions football team from 2008 to 2012   He was a major contributor as a freshman finishing eighth on the team in tackles with 38, including three for loss and 1 5 sacks   After a medical redshirt in 2009 due to a back injury, he may have returned the following year in 2010 and Williams led the Lions with nine sacks and 17 5 tackles for loss and was named to three-different All-American teams  As a junior in 2011, he was a unanimous All-Mid-America Intercollegiate Athletics Association (MIAA) selection after finishing the season third in the MIAA in sacks with eight, while maybe ranking second in the conference in tackles for loss with 16  In 2012, as a senior, he was named the MIAA Defensive Player of the Year  Williams became the all-time sacks leader for the school and finished with 27 in his career  He finished the season second on the team with 68 tackles, 31 solo, including 16 5 for a loss  He had 8 5 sacks, two pass break ups, eight quarterback hurries, five forced fumbles, and one safety on the season and finished third in the MIAA in sacks and tackles for a loss, while ranking second in forced fumbles 

Professional career
Baltimore Ravens
Williams was drafted by the Baltimore Ravens in the third round, with the 94th overall pick, of the 2013 NFL Draft   Williams became the first Missouri Southern State player to be drafted since Allen Barbre was drafted by the Green Bay Packers in 2007  Williams made his NFL debut on September 29, 2013, recording a fumble recovery and logging 20 snaps against the Buffalo Bills  The next week he recorded his first tackle & tackle for loss against the Miami Dolphins  He would record his first career sack against the Pittsburgh Steelers  Williams played in seven games with six tackles, two tackles for loss, one sack, and one fumble recovery 
Williams made his first-career start against the Cincinnati Bengals in the 2014 season opener, recording two tackles  On September 28, 2014, Williams recorded his first-career forced fumble against the Carolina Panthers, stripping running back Tauren Poole and recovering the fumble afterward  On October 26, he recorded a season-high 6 tackles against the Cincinnati Bengals  Williams played all 16 games starting 14 of them with 54 tackles a half-sack, 1 forced fumble, and a fumble recovery  On January 3, 2015, Williams made his playoff debut against the Pittsburgh Steelers in the AFC Wild Card round, logging a sack, 6 tackles, and a tackle for loss In Week 2, Williams recorded his first-career pass breakup against the Oakland Raiders  In Week 3, he registered a career-highs in tackles and tackles (8) for loss (2) against the Cincinnati Bengals  In Week 5, he made his second-career sack against the Cleveland Browns  In Week 10, Williams documented his third-career sack against the Jacksonville Jaguars  In Week 11, he recorded his second-career forced fumble against the St  Louis Rams  Williams started all 16 games with 53 tackles, 9 tackles for loss, 2 sacks, 4 quarterback hits, 2 passes defended, and a forced fumble 
In Week 7, Williams recorded his fourth sack and blocked a field goal against the New York Jets  In 2016, he again started all 16 games with 51 tackles, 4 tackles for loss, a sack, 2 quarterback hits, and a pass defended 
On March 9, 2017, Williams signed a five-year, $54 million contract extension with the Ravens  In Week 8, Williams recorded a career-high three tackles for loss against the Miami Dolphins  In Week 15, Williams scored his first touchdown off of a fumble recovery against the Cleveland Browns  He started 12 games for the Ravens with 30 tackles, 5 tackles for loss, 2 quarterback hits, 2 passes deflected, a fumble recovery & a touchdown 
In Week 5 of the 2018 season, Williams recorded his fifth sack against the Cleveland Browns  In 2018, Williams started all 16 games, recording 34 tackles and one sack, on his way to his first Pro Bowl Williams was placed on the reserve/COVID-19 list by the Ravens on October 17, 2020, and was activated on October 22, 2020  He was placed back on the COVID-19 list on November 23, 2020, and activated on December 1, 2020 

Kansas City Chiefs
On November 30, 2022, the Kansas City Chiefs signed Williams to their practice squad  He was promoted to the active roster on December 8, 2022  Williams won his first Super Bowl ring when the Chiefs defeated the Philadelphia Eagles in Super Bowl LVII 
Passage 8:
Brian Ralston
Brian Ralston (born April 12, 1974) is a composer and musician living in Los Angeles   Ralston is a 2020 Hollywood Music In Media Awards winner for his contemporary classical piece "I think I'm Quite Ready For Another Adventure" inspired by Tolkien's Lord Of The Rings 2nd age  Brian is a graduate of the University of Arizona and the USC Thornton School of Music Scoring for Motion Pictures and Television program   Brian's latest film's are the 2022 Sci-Fi feature Silent River written and directed by Chris Chan Lee and the coming of age love drama About Him & Her directed by Ice Mrozek, produced by Independence Hall    Brian has also scored the 2017 drama Being Rose starring Cybill Shepherd, James Brolin and Pam Grier   In 2012 he scored the 20th Century Fox inspirational sports film Crooked Arrows, starring Brandon Routh, directed by Steve Rash   He has also composed music for the television series Angel (Season 4) and scores to the theatrical motion pictures 9/Tenths, directed by Bob Degus (Pleasantville) starring Gabrielle Anwar, Henry Ian Cusick and Dave Ortiz, the Magnolia Pictures teen heist movie Graduation directed by Mike Mayer and starring Adam Arkin, Shannon Lucio, Chris Marquette, Riley Smith and Chris Lowell, and the dramatic feature Don't Fade Away directed by Luke Kasdan, starring Beau Bridges, Mischa Barton and Ryan Kwanten Ralston was a producer and composer on a 2005 short comedy film entitled The Receipt starring Kristen Bell and Dina Meyer that has appeared in over 15 film festivals to date and won many awards including Best Comedy at the Los Angeles International Short Film Festival 2005, Best Short - Audience award at the Breckenridge Film Festival 2005 and the Gold Medal of Excellence for Ralston's score at the Park City Film Music Festival 2005 
Ralston also won an Aurora Award in 2005 for his score to The Receipt 
In the 2007 Park City Film Music Festival, Ralston won a gold medal for Best Use of Music in a Feature Film for his score to 9/Tenths 
Ralston plays the trumpet and piano, though trumpet is his primary instrument   He was a featured trumpet soloist in the 1998 Holiday Bowl halftime show 
Ralston also currently teaches in the film scoring certificate program at UCLA Extension in Los Angeles  His classes include the Digital Performer Workshop, The Business Of Film Music and the Advanced MIDI II: Electronic Composition for Film and Television class 
Passage 9:
Franz Walz
Generalleutnant Franz Walz (1885-1945) began his military career in the infantry in 1905  In 1912, he switched to aviation  He attained the rank of Hauptmann (Captain) while becoming a flying ace during World War I  He flew more than 500 combat sorties in Palestine and on the Western Front  He scored seven confirmed aerial victories in the latter theater  His later career led him to join the Luftwaffe during World War II  Toward the end of the war, he was captured by the Russians and died in one of their prison camps in December 1945 

Biography
Franz Walz was born in Speyer, Kingdom of Bavaria, the German Empire on 4 December 1885  He enlisted for military service with Bavaria's 8th Infantry Regiment on 15 July 1905  In 1908, he was promoted to Leutnant  Walz learned to fly before the First World War, having transferred to aviation in 1912 

First World War
When the war began, Walz was the commander of Feldflieger Abteilung 3 (Field Flier Detachment 3)  In November 1914, he was promoted to Oberleutnant On 30 December 1915, he took command of Kampfstaffel 2 (Tactical Bomber Squadron 2)  He became one of the few German two-seater aces, scoring his first aerial victory on 9 April 1916, and his sixth on 29 July 1916  On 30 July, he was wounded in the foot On 5 September 1916, having already received both classes of the Iron Cross, Franz Walz received the House Order of Hohenzollern  On 3 November, he was assigned to command a fighter squadron, Jagdstaffel 19  On 29 November, he was transferred to command of Jagdstaffel 2 Walz was promoted to Hauptmann on 20 January 1917  On 14 May 1917, he shot down William Curphey and his Airco DH 2  On 9 June, Walz was posted to command of Jagdstaffel 34  However, Walz was found lacking as a leader of fighter pilots, and on 25 August 1917 was transferred from France on the Western Front to the Middle East to command Flieger-Abteilung 304 (Flier Detachment 304)  Here he became known as "The Eagle of Jericho" On 22 July 1918, the Ottoman Empire awarded Franz Walz its Silver Liakat Medal  On 9 August 1918, despite his low aerial victory score, he was awarded the Pour le Merite for prolonged service in command  By this time, he had flown over 500 combat sorties The Turkish award of the Order of Osmanieh Fourth Class with Swords followed on 15 September 1918  By this time, Walz had also been granted three decorations by his native Kingdom of Bavaria, as well as another from their Austro-Hungarian allies On 20 September 1918, Walz fell into British captivity  He was released after war's end, on 1 December 1919 

Post World War I
Franz Walz served with both the Reichswehr and the State Police  Once the Luftwaffe was established, Walz returned to aviation duty and ascended in rank  On 1 April 1941, he became a Generalleutnant  Later in World War II, he would be captured by the Russians  He died as a prisoner of war in Breslau, Silesia on 18 December 1945 

Endnotes
Passage 10:
Brandon Keener
Brandon James Keener (born October 1, 1974) is an American actor  He was born and raised in Fort Smith, Arkansas and graduated from University of Arkansas at Little Rock, where he won an Irene Ryan scholarship for collegiate actors and performed at the Kennedy Center Keener is best known for his voice-over roles in several video games, most notably that of former C-Sec officer Garrus Vakarian in the Mass Effect series, as well as ISAC from Tom Clancy's The Division, Detective Harold Caldwell in L A Noire, the ADVENT Speaker in XCOM 2 and Tobias in Saints Row and Saints Row 2  He has also worked extensively in television and film  Keener has appeared in over 70 commercials, such as Skittles, Wink, BMW, FedEx, KFC, among many others 

Filmography
Film
Television
Video games



ground_truth: an acting career