prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: Where is the host of the American survival skills reality show, The Island, originally from?

The following are given passages.
Context 1: Passage 1:
Eugene Porter
Eugene Porter (full name in the television series:  Eugene Hermann Porter) is a fictional character from the comic book series The Walking Dead and is portrayed by Josh McDermitt beginning in the fourth season of the American television series of the same name  In both media he claims to be a scientist who knows the cure to the zombie plague and is being escorted to Washington, D C  by Sgt  Abraham Ford and Rosita Espinosa, and encounter Rick Grimes and his group and recruit them to assist their mission 
Eugene possesses virtually no survival skills of his own and is extremely dependent on the group, but is highly intelligent and resourceful in using technology to ensure the group's survival  Eventually, it is revealed that Eugene is not a scientist, but a high school science teacher, and that he does not know how to cure the virus but lied to manipulate the other survivors into taking him to Washington, D C  believing it to be the best chance for survival  This proves true as the group eventually finds the Alexandria Safe-Zone where Eugene becomes its primary engineer  Though his lie puts a strain on their friendship, Abraham eventually forgives him and they resume being friends 

Appearances
Comic book series
Eugene first appears at Hershel's farm, which is now occupied by the remaining prison survivors  Eugene claims to know what has caused the plague, but will not disclose any information with the remaining survivors, including Abraham and Rosita  He says he will only share information with officials in Washington, D C  His lie, along with a belief that Washington is the only safezone, prompts the rest of the survivors to head there in hopes of long-term survival During the journey, Eugene studies various zombies in order to gain knowledge about them, but is careful to shadow the convoy to protect himself Eugene's deception is discovered after the Hunter ordeal  Everyone learns of his true career as a science teacher, and that he is using the radio as an excuse to get to Washington, D C  He is hated by the group after this but remains a member, travelling with them to the Alexandria Safe-Zone, where he lives alone  After Rosita and Abraham break up, she moves in with Eugene, where he tries to create a relationship between them  Eugene eventually realizes he can begin to manufacture bullets in a repair shop nearby, where Abraham is killed when they scout it out only moments after they make amends  During the war with Negan, the shop is overrun by walkers and Eugene with his crew are captured by Negan  They are tortured for information but eventually escape with the help of Dwight, taking a van with a mix of Alexandrians and defecting Saviours back After the two-year time jump, Eugene and Rosita have a strained relationship  He works on many projects in the zone and is now a respected member of the community  It turns out Rosita is pregnant by another man but Eugene vows to raise the child like his own 

Television series
Season 4
Eugene, Abraham and Rosita are introduced to Tara and Glenn in the episode "Inmates"  Eugene claims to be a scientist with vital information to end the pandemic and needs to get to Washington D C , having secured Abraham and Rosita's escort ("Claimed")  Tara and Glenn join them, and soon their group is reunited with Maggie, Sasha, and Bob ("Us")  Eugene convinces Abraham that they should join with this group as they make their way to Terminus for supplies and more recruits  However, the group becomes captives of the residents of Terminus when they arrive ("A") 

Season 5
Rick Grimes helps to save Eugene and the other captured group from Terminus ("No Sanctuary") and continue to make their way north, taking shelter in the former church run by Father Gabriel ("Strangers")  After a day, Abraham believes they must continue on, but Rick wants to wait for Daryl and Carol who had gone looking for Beth  Abraham's group is joined by Tara, Glenn, and Maggie as they take one of the church buses to drive north  ("Four Walls and a Roof")  During a stop, Eugene purposely sabotages the bus, admitting he fears being abandoned if he does not succeed in abolishing the epidemic  Abraham finds a fire truck that allows them to continue, until they run into a section of road that is overwhelmed by hundreds of walkers  blocking their path  As the others try to figure out if they can go around, Eugene admits that he lied about being a scientist, having only used it to coerce Abraham into protecting him  Enraged, Abraham punches him, knocking Eugene out ("Self Help")  Once he recovers, the group decides to return to rejoin Rick's group, who had failed to save Beth after she had been kidnapped to Atlanta ("Crossed") 
Some time later, the group is invited to join the Alexandria Safe Zone community, a suburban development protected by strong walls  Eugene helps with maintenance of the community, and goes with Glenn, Noah, Tara, Aiden, and Nicholas to get electronics supplies from a nearby warehouse  The inexperienced Alexandrians Aiden and Nicholas create more problems, leading Tara to be injured  While Glenn and Noah attempt to cover for them, Eugene helps to rescue Tara to their van, and fights off Nicholas who wants to try to ditch the others and flee back to Alexandria with the van  Glenn arrives to stop Nicholas in time ("Spend")  Back in Alexandria, while watching over Tara as she heals, Eugene and Abraham apologize to each other, and Eugene thanks Abraham for getting them to Alexandria ("Conquer") 

Season 6
In the season premiere, "First Time Again", Eugene is in the food pantry gathering food for himself when he overhears one Alexandrian, Carter, trying to convince Deanna's son Spencer, Tobin, Francine, and Olivia to help kill Rick and take back Alexandria from Rick as he believes they are becoming dangerous and power-hungry  Eugene drops a glass jar which alerts Carter of his presence  Carter approaches Eugene and says that he heard the plan before aiming his gun at Eugene  Eugene states that he didn't hear anything  He is almost killed by Carter, but is saved as Rick, Michonne, and newcomer Morgan Jones walk in on them and disarm Carter  In "JSS", Eugene meets Dr  Denise Cloyd, who is the new doctor after Pete's death  In "Heads Up", Eugene is seen attending Rosita's lesson on how to use a machete, but seems very distracted by the noise of the walkers outside  He admits that he's scared of dying; Rosita tells him that dying is easy and that watching friends die is much harder to bear  In the mid-season finale, "Start to Finish", Eugene is rescued by Tara and Rosita from the herd of walkers, seconds after hearing Daryl on the radio and letting out a cry of help  The three seek refuge and get trapped in a nearby garage  Later, Eugene uses his lock-picking skills to escape the room  They stumble into the same room where Owen is holding Denise captive, with Carol and Morgan unconscious on the floor  He forces them to surrender their weapons and Eugene watches as the Wolf leaves the house, taking Denise with him  In the mid-season premiere "No Way Out", Eugene helps kill the remaining herd, showing his growing acts of bravery 
In the episode "Twice as Far", Eugene now goes on patrols with Abraham  He calls himself a survivor now  Eugene is furious after Abraham does not allow him to kill a walker and tells Abraham he no longer needs his protection and has outlived his usefulness to him  Abraham leaves and tells Eugene to find his own way home  After Denise is killed by Dwight, it is revealed that he and his men have captured Eugene  Dwight demands that he, Daryl and Rosita take them back to Alexandria and if they do not oblige, he will kill them  Eugene spots Abraham hiding behind oil barrels nearby and insists that they should kill him first  Dwight orders one of his men to investigate, and while he is distracted Eugene turns and bites his crotch  Abraham uses the distraction to shoot two Saviors, and Daryl and Rosita are able to retrieve their guns  Dwight manages to break free from Eugene, who is hit during the shootout  As Dwight and the remaining Saviors flee, Abraham, Rosita and Daryl carry Eugene back to Alexandria  Abraham reconciles with Eugene at home  In the season finale "Last Day on Earth", Eugene accompanies a small group to bring an ill Maggie to the Hilltop  The Saviors trap the group and Negan kills one of them after a twisted variation of the game, Eeny, meeny, miny, moe 

Season 7
Eugene and the others are forced to witness Negan kill Abraham and later Glenn before they are let go, but told to expect the Saviors to arrive at Alexandria for a portion of their supplies ("The Day Will Come When You Won't Be")  After Rosita berates Eugene for being a coward, Eugene discovers a nearby metalworking shop and constructs a single bullet, which he gives to her ("Sing Me a Song")  Negan and the Saviors arrive and start taking supplies, including ammunition  An altercation between Negan and Spencer leads to Negan killing him; in anger, Rosita fires Eugene's bullet at Negan, but only striking his bat  Negan prepares to have the Saviors kill Rosita, but Eugene steps forward and claims responsibility for making the bullet  Seeing the potential for his skills, Negan takes Eugene with the Saviors when they depart ("Hearts Still Beating")  At the Saviors' Sanctuary, Eugene claims he is a scientist and provides advice about dealing with walkers to Negan  Negan takes a liking to Eugene for this, as well as Eugene's willingness to submit to him, and makes him one of his lieutenants, giving him additional comforts and benefits ("Hostiles and Calamities")  Sasha and Rosita secretly arrive to try to kill Negan and rescue Eugene, but Eugene refuses to leave, and as a result, Sasha is captured ("Something They Need")  Eugene visits Sasha in captivity to try to convince her to join Negan, but Sasha flatly refuses, and insists instead Eugene bring her a weapon to use against Negan  He comes back later and secretly slips her a poison capsule ("Something They Need")  Knowing that Negan plans to bring Sasha to Alexandria in a coffin in order to kill her in front of Rick's group as payback for the death of one of his men, Eugene finds a music player to give to Sasha during transit  At Alexandria, when Negan goes to open the cabinet, a reanimated Sasha attacks him; Eugene realizes that Sasha had used the poison pill to commit suicide so she could attack Negan  The surprise causes chaos that eventually allows the Alexandrians with the other communities to ward off the Saviors' attack, and Negan, Eugene, and the other Saviors retreat  Back at Sanctuary, Eugene claims to have no idea how Sasha died in transit ("The First Day of the Rest of Your Lives") 

Season 8
Eugene appears as one of Negan's lieutenants in "Mercy," but is essentially ignored by Rick beyond a brief acknowledgment when Rick tries to negotiate with the lieutenants  Along with the rest of the Saviors, he is trapped in the Sanctuary by the herd the Militia lures there 
In "The Big Scary U," Eugene acts as part of the council trying to decide how to deal with the siege  Eugene disagrees with Simon's amoral plans for escape, backed up by Dwight  As a result, Eugene thanks Dwight for his help privately  Eugene later realizes that Dwight is the traitor in the Sanctuary helping Rick's group  After Gabriel is brought in as a prisoner, Eugene attempts to bring him food and discovers that Gabriel is deathly ill  Gabriel asks for Eugene's help in rescuing Doctor Harlan Carson from the Sanctuary so that Doctor Carson can aid Maggie in her pregnancy  In "Time for After," Eugene confronts Dwight about his betrayal  Though Dwight admits to it, he insists that all Eugene needs to do is let things play out as Rick only wishes Negan dead and is trying to force everyone else to surrender  Eugene is shown to have conflicted loyalties, drinking heavily and contemplating the seriously ill Gabriel's request to help rescue Doctor Carson  Eugene eventually comes up with a plan to lure the walkers away using the music player he gave Sasha, but is foiled by Dwight  Shortly afterwards, Daryl and Tara crash a garbage truck into the Sanctuary flooding it with walkers  Eugene refuses to help Gabriel, stating that he is now out only for himself  Eugene presents a plan to defeat the herd to Negan, but stops short of exposing Dwight's treachery 
In the mid-season finale "How It's Gotta Be," it is revealed that Eugene has found a way to clear the Sanctuary of walkers, allowing the Saviors to retaliate against Alexandria, the Hilltop and the Kingdom  Eugene continues to struggle with his conscience, drinking heavily to numb the guilt  Finally, Eugene decides to help Gabriel and Dr  Carson escape despite the likelihood that it will result in Gabriel's death due to his condition  Eugene discreetly disables one of the gate guards and leaves a vehicle for Gabriel and Carson to use that he "accidentally" drops the keys to before leaving the two  Though Gabriel requests that Eugene return with them, Eugene refuses 
In the mid-season premiere "Honor" in Carl's envisioned future, Eugene is tending the gardens in Alexandria and offers Judith a green apple  In "Dead or Alive Or", Eugene is questioned by Negan, who is unaware that Eugene helped two of his captives escape  A nervous Eugene inquires about the events that occurred at Alexandria, Negan questions his loyalty and sending him to his own outpost in a bullet factory to create ammunition for war 

Season 9
Season 10
Following the crash of a satellite, Eugene builds a long-range radio and begins communicating with a woman calling herself Stephanie, eventually falling in love with her and setting up a rendezvous  Following the destruction of the Hilltop, Eugene leads Ezekiel, Yumiko and Princess to meet with Stephanie  However, upon arriving at the meeting location after some mishaps, the group is captured and interrogated by the Commonwealth Army 

Season 11
After being allowed into the Commonwealth, Eugene begins a romantic relationship with the woman introducing herself as Stephanie, but finds himself caught up the machinations of the Commonwealth's Governor, Pamela Milton, and her right-hand man, Lance Hornsby  Eugene is eventually forced to lead the Commonwealth Army to Alexandria after an altercation with Milton's son Sebastian, arriving just in time to deliver vital food and rebuilding supplies for the community  After Alexandria joins up with the Commonwealth, Eugene permanently moves to the Commonwealth, becomes a schoolteacher, and writes a manuscript about Stephanie 
One day, Stephanie suddenly vanishes and Eugene begins an investigation, eventually discovering a rogue element within the Commonwealth led by Hornsby, who seeks power for himself  "Stephanie" turns out to be one of Hornsby's spies, Shira, who was assigned to seduce Eugene in order to find his community so as to further Hornsby's plans  Hornsby manipulates and shames Eugene into keeping quiet about his discoveries and Eugene burns his manuscript  However, shortly thereafter, Eugene finally meets the real Stephanie who turns out to be Milton's assistant Max Mercer  Max explains that her communications with Eugene had gotten intercepted, although her brother, General Michael Mercer, had kept Max from being discovered, resulting in her being unable to meet Eugene as promised  After some initial hesitation on both sides, Eugene and Max start a romantic relationship and become embroiled in the plan to sow dissent against Pamela 
As the communities prepare to go their separate ways, Eugene agrees to help Max expose the Miltons by conspiring to publicly play a recording that Max had made of Sebastian mocking the people of the Commonwealth  However, this stunt coincides with an attack by several reanimated Commonwealth janitors, murdered by Hornsby's forces, attacks a public festival  An enraged Sebastian tries to feed Max to a walker, but Eugene throws the walker off of her  However, the walker lands on Sebastian and kills him before Judith puts it down  As a result, Eugene becomes a wanted fugitive, hunted for the murder of Sebastian  Eugene eventually turns himself in and confesses, but lies that he had acted alone so as to protect Max 
Eugene is put on trial for Sebastian's murder, although Milton rigs the trial against him, while arresting his friends disappear and blackmailing Yumiko into prosecuting him  Although resigned to his fate, Eugene urges Yumiko not to lose faith in their friends or herself, and she decides to act as Eugene's defense attorney  Eugene and Yumiko use the trial to further expose Milton's corruption and reach out to the lower classes  At the end of the trial, Eugene makes a speech admitting to his faults, and urging the people to stand up to Milton  Although Eugene is sentenced to die, he is broken out by General Mercer and some of his troops, who are rebelling against Milton 
As a horde overruns the Commonwealth, Eugene reunites with his friends and helps Rosita to rescue her daughter  However, he is devastated to find that she has been bitten  Eugene helps to overthrow Milton and to destroy the horde  In the aftermath, Eugene confesses his love for Rosita and is at her bedside as she dies 
A year later, Eugene continues to reside in the Commonwealth which is now led by Ezekiel  During this time, Eugene has married Max and they have had a daughter named Rosie together 

Casting
The Eugene character was announced in a casting call for Episode 10 in July 2013, under code-name "Wayne Kasey"  The character's real name and the actor who would play the role (McDermitt) were confirmed during the show's panel at New York Comic Con 2013  The Hollywood Reporter and other media publicized the confirmation afterwards 

Critical reception
Writing for IGN, Dan Phillips praised Eugene's introduction in Issue #53 Noel Murray of Rolling Stone ranked Eugene Porter 12th in a list of 30 best Walking Dead characters, saying, "Since admitting that he can't cure zombie-ism, the former high school science teacher has become determined to earn others' loyalty for real, and his tentative steps toward confidence and courage have been inspiring to watch  Plus any actor who can rock a mullet like Josh McDermitt is a-ok in our book "
Passage 2:
Survive This
Survive This is a Canadian reality television show in which eight teenagers with limited survival skills training are taken into a forest and confronted with a number of survival challenges to test their skills and perseverance  The series aired on YTV in Canada and Cartoon Network in the United States  The show is hosted by Les Stroud, who narrates each episode, provides the teens with survival challenges, and assesses their performance  The show premiered on April 7, 2009, in Canada and on June 17, 2009, in the United States  Cartoon Network ceased to air Survive This after August 19, 2009, and screened the final three episodes only on the network's website 
The series' second season debuted on April 19, 2010 and ended on July 12, 2010 

Overview
The series began in 2009 with a single season of 13 episodes  A second season of 13 episodes began airing in April 2010  Each season begins with a fictional accident of some sort (a school bus crash in season one; a floatplane crash in season two) as a narrative hook and to introduce the participants to their first survival challenges 
Les Stroud, star and host of the television program Survivorman, introduces each episode and provides narrative commentary for the events depicted during the episode  Stroud also appears on camera at the beginning of each episode to meet with the participants, discuss their health and emotional status, and present them with the day's survival challenge  Stroud then departs  Stroud sometimes appears at halfway points in each episode to check on their status  Each challenge concludes with Stroud visiting the participants again, re-assessing their physical and emotional state, and asking whether anyone wishes to leave the show and go home The second season differed from the first as in the final episode, Les Stroud named one of the final participants, Colin as the "Ultimate Survivor"  The question Stroud asked to the participants if they wanted to leave was also changed from "Who wants out?" to "Who can survive?" 

Production
Series production
Series creator Les Stroud says that he initially pitched Survive This, as a children's series similar to Survivorman and that several networks turned him down  The success of Survivorman enabled Stroud to pitch his original idea again, and this time the series was greenlighted in 2007 by 9 Story Entertainment, a Canadian entertainment company  Survive This is produced by 9 Story Entertainment, and two 9 Story executives (Vince Commisso and Steven Jarosz) serve as executive producers for the series  Les Stroud and his Survivorman production partner, David Brady, are also executive producers  Craig Baines is the producer The series was originally titled Survivorman: Kids Edition  The original concept was to create two teams of teens (age 13 to 17) and pit them against one another, testing their survivalist skills  This concept soon changed, however  In April 2008, 9 Story announced that the show (now called Survivorman Kids) would feature a single team of six 14- to 16-year-olds surviving in the wilderness for three weeks  The number of participants expanded to eight by the time filming began in summer 2008  In its final form, unlike other reality television shows, Survive This intentionally did not have a cash prize or other reward at the end of the season  Instead, the producers decided that contestants would leave the series with the knowledge that they survived a number of physically and mentally daunting challenges  Stroud refused to allow participants to vote their peers off the show or to win "immunity", arguing that this would change the focus of the series toward "backstabbing social networking" and away from survival skills and the wilderness experience Cast members were recruited in a variety of ways: Online, via forms at summer camps, and by several other means  After each person's application was screened by the producers, participants had to pass a telephone interview and a video interview before they were chosen for the show  Stroud was not involved in the actual selection process, but did provide some guidelines for the production company before the process began 
All I suggested within that process was get a good, wide selection of kids  Let’s get a wide selection of personalities and temperaments and certainly skill level  Don’t give me a whole bunch of boy scouts who are going to knock it dead out there and don’t give me a whole bunch of absolute beginners who are set up for failure  Give me a wide variety, let’s have regular, normal kids and don’t profile beyond that Once selected for the show, a camera crew filmed each teenager at home to get footage of them acting naturally in their home surroundings  The eight teenagers were taught for a week how to survive in a wilderness with limited supplies  They were also constantly filmed during this time, to acclimate them to the ever-present cameras and filmmakers 

Season One production
Eight teenagers, all between the ages of 14 and 17, were taken into a forest in Ontario, Canada, and initially asked to "survive" a school bus crash and spend two nights in the woods with limited food and other supplies The series was filmed on location in the forest north of Huntsville, Ontario, Canada  Filming occurred in the summer of 2008  Three days were spent on a small island northwest of Sandy Island on Georgian Bay in Lake Huron  Jeff Beitz, owner of the Georgian Bay Marina, acted as a location scout for the show, transported the participants to and from the island, and appeared on screen in Episode 11, "Island Castaways " Many of the challenges presented to the participants were based on situations Stroud himself faced on Survivorman A camera crew remained behind to film the participants as they carried out their survival challenges, some of which lasted several days  However, the camera crew was instructed not to interact with the participants  Several participants were also given hand-held video cameras and permitted to film their actions  A paramedic also was always on-site to provide emergency health care  Participants were forbidden to have any electronic devices with them, and could only speak to the producer or Stroud (who were both on-site)   Stroud says that the participants constantly played to the camera, positioned themselves at the right camera angle to achieve the best pose, and—even though they were forbidden to do so—talked to the cinematographers to try to put themselves in a good light  Several of the participants were upset at the way their videotaped comments appeared on television  Some also expressed shock and surprise at the things others said about them in privately videotaped moments which later aired during the series  For his part, Stroud purposefully adopted a serious demeanor that involved never smiling in front of the participants  He later told TV Guide Canada that not providing suggestions, encouragement, or other assistance was difficult for him The participants were given little in the way of supplies   They had no camp stoves or sleeping bags, and at times water was so scarce that they squeezed liquid from moss A one-hour Season One finale featured a search and rescue (SAR) operation to locate and extract the remaining participants  The Ontario Provincial Police (OPP) and the Georgian Bay Volunteer Search and Rescue (GBVSAR) participated in the filming of the final episode, which involved a GBVSAR search team and the OPP's K9, marine, and air units  Filming of the finale took a single day The final scenes were shot at the end of the summer of 2008  Some footage and a trailer for the show were shown at MIPCOM, a market and trade event in the entertainment industry held in Cannes, France  The first two completed episodes screened to buyers and markets at the MIPTV Media Market in March 2009  Corus Entertainment's YTV picked up the show for broadcast in Canada in April 2008  Time Warner's Cartoon Network agreed to air the show in the U S  in March 2009  The first season ended with a one-hour finale  9 Story Entertainment sold distribution rights to Cartoon Network's Boomerang Channel Latin America, YLE in Finland, and Teleview International in the Middle East in April 2009 Producer 9 Story Entertainment began to license the show in May 2009, seeking to put the Survive This logo and images from the show on board games, books, video games, role-playing games, and clothing 

Season Two production
Second season casting opened on June 5, 2009, and closed on July 10, 2009  Applicants were invited to a television production studio in Toronto, Ontario, Canada, where they met with the producers and had a screen test to determine how they came across on television  Participants were selected for the show, in part, based on their strong personalities  The final eight participants were told in early September 2009 that they were selected for the show  The eight teens who appear in the second season were required to sign a confidentiality agreement prior to the commencement of filming  All the participants were required to take a three-day survival program with David Arama, a wilderness survival expert and close friend of Les Stroud's  Training including how to build a shelter, fire-starting, edible plants, and using a compass Principal cinematography for the second season occurred in September 2009 (which meant some of the contestants missed the opening of school in order to finish the show)  Most of the second season was filmed around the Georgian Bay area of Lake Huron and Algonquin Provincial Park  None of the teens knew the location of the series, but were aware that they were not close to any cities or towns  The teens were always watched by an adult and were provided warm clothes at night  Initially, many of the contestants did not take the show or host Les Stroud seriously  According to contestant Patricia Robins, "We were calling him Les Stroodle     at first we all thought he was kind of a jerk, just because of his attitude  [But] toward the end we kind of adopted him as a father figure  He's really protective  We found that out later on "As in the first series, the teenaged contestants are introduced into the wilderness via an accident—in the second season, it is a floatplane crash  Two contestants were separated from the rest of the group and forced to spend a night alone  As in the previous season, the search for food is a major element of the show  In the first season, teenager Adam Deganis killed a pheasant (in the episode "Food") and a porcupine (in the episode "Deep Woods, Part I")   In the third episode of the second season, the participants decapitate and kill a snake for food  The show's format remains much the same, with a different challenge in each episode and Stroud asking the teens if they can survive at the end of each installment  An article about one of the contestants states that only one of the teens "survives" until the final episode, however this is incorrect  The actual number is determined by who drops out, and is mentioned on the official website's 'Synopsis page' 
The second season of Survive This consists of 13 episodes, with a one-hour finale  The second season debuted on the YTV cable TV channel on Monday, April 19, 2010 

Participants
Season One
In the first season, eight teenagers were given a week's survival training before being taken into the wilderness  The Season One cast included:

Adam—Adam Deganis is a 15-year-old native of Mississauga, Ontario, who attends Loyola Catholic Secondary School  Labeled as "the sportsman" on the series, his survival experiences consisted of hunting, fishing, and spending summers at his family vacation home  A fan of Survivorman, he applied to be on the series because he wanted to meet Les Stroud  Deganis is an arachnophobe 
Becca—Becca Mehaffey is a 16-year-old from Markham, Ontario, who has almost no outdoors experience  Her friends and family laughed at her when she applied to be on the show  She was called "the princess" on the show, and practices dance in her spare time 
Becky—Becky Tran is a 17-year-old  from Newmarket, Ontario, who was labeled "the environmentalist" on the series, but whom the other participants called "BT " Tran, who is admittedly "addicted" to her hair iron, was frightened of dirt, germs, and insects 
Catarina—Catarina is a 17-year-old who was described as "the tough girl" on the series 
Holden—Holden Adams is a 16-year-old who was called "the city boy" on the show  After the show ended, he admitted that lack of sleep, hunger, and physical exhaustion often led him to rest while others did the work of finding food and building shelter  Adams died in February 2015 
Jen—Jennifer Daub is a 16-year-old resident of Blind River, Ontario  She attends W  C  Eaket Secondary School  She was labeled "the hunter" on the series because she had spent time tracking and hunting deer with her father, and was an expert rifleman, all-terrain vehicle driver, and camper  One of her older brothers learned about the show and encouraged her to apply  She applied online by sending in a photo of herself with a deer she had shot and killed  She was often frustrated on the show by having to help other participants who had little outdoors experience 
Kareem—Kareem Ali is a 17-year-old native of Toronto, Ontario, Canada  Given the label of "the motivator" by the producers, he was seen as more competitive than the others  He attends Bloor Collegiate Institute 
Zac—Zac Siegel is a 14-year-old resident of Thornhill, Ontario, who attends Westmount Collegiate Institute  He applied to be on the show through a survival camp he was already enrolled at  He had extensive wilderness survival skills before he joined the show, has a photographic memory, and a high-level intelligence  He was extremely frustrated on the show because the other participants had so little wilderness survival skill  "In many cases I had to teach people to start a fire or build a proper shelter, collect berries, basically I spent a lot of time with those who didn't have a clue what Les was talking about," he told the press  Labeled as "the camp counselor" by the producers, the other participants saw him as an overachiever 

Season Two
In the first season, eight teenagers were given a week's survival training before being taken into the wilderness  The Season Two cast included:

Colin—Colin is a 15-year-old from Hamilton, Ontario  He believes that a balance between a social life and school is important  He was labelled "The Whiz Kid" 
Ian—Ian McBain is a 14-year-old from Ajax, Ontario  Interested in animals and the outdoors and seeking a career as a biologist, McBain was inspired to audition for the second season after seeing the first-season episode Swamp: "The episode from the first season that really motivated me to try to get on the show was the swamp episode  "Most people would think 'Oh gross  a swamp, there's leeches and stuff ' That was the turning point for me, I was like 'I have to get on this show, that looks so fun, so many different experiences ' He was dubbed "The Book Worm" McBain, who admits to being an unadventurous "wimp", says that he learned to trust other people and believe in himself during the show  For him, the toughest part of the series was getting through the nights and worrying about wild animal attacks 
Jade—Jade is a 13-year-old girl from Ancaster, Ontario  She was raised on a farm and was labelled "The Country Girl" 
Justin—Justin Cutajar is a 16-year-old from Mississauga, Ontario labelled "the Rock Star"  He had auditioned for the first season but did not make the cut  He auditioned for the second season because he still wanted to see how far he could push himself  He says being on the show was "a life-altering experience " The hardest part, for him, was the lack of food; he lost 12 pounds (5 4 kg) while filming the series  Back at home after the show, he says he never leaves food on his plate and reminds himself every day of how he has a bed to sleep in and home to live in  he cites patience, emotional strength, the will to live, and physical strength as the things which allowed him to get through the show 
Manaal—Manaal Ismacil is a 16-year-old from St  Catharines, Ontario labeled "The Diplomat"  Her mother is a Somalian who is a refugee from Somalia  Manaal was born in Kenya, but her family emigrated to the United States when she was seven years old and to Canada four years later  She attends Sir Winston Churchill Secondary School, loves to read and study, and has never been camping  She had not seen the first season, but applied after being urged to do so by her younger sister (who had)  She is interested in International relations, and wants a career as a human rights lawyer  She is a volunteer in many groups, including her school, the St  Catharines mayor's council, and Save the Children Canada 
Michael—Michael Lattouf is a 17-year-old from Brampton, Ontario, who attends Notre Dame Catholic Secondary School and wants to be an actor, earning him the label "The Entertainer"  He had no survival skills prior to appearing on the show  He says that he felt overwhelmed at first  The producers and Les Stroud "just threw us right in, and it was non-stop," and he felt the lack of food was the most challenging aspect of the show  He also felt that having eight teenagers on the show made for a lot of emotion  Lattouf says the show was very challenging, and he learned a great deal from it  "People live like this every day—homeless people, or people in poor countries—and it made me understand their struggles more "
Nicole—Nicole Ponce is a 14-year-old girl who is heavily involved in school athletics, giving her the label "the Athlete"  She resides in Etobicoke, Ontario and is a freshman at Michael Power/St  Joseph High School  At a young age, she was often bullied before organized sports made its way into her life  She plays competitively and with a positive attitude in a number of sports including soccer, basketball and volleyball  She hopes to someday become a pediatrician and aspires to help children in need  With her charming personality and newly found confidence, she is ready to take on every challenge the wilderness and life has to offer 
Patricia—Patricia (Trish) Robins is a 16-year-old from Niagara Falls, Ontario  She attends Stamford Collegiate Secondary School  She applied to be on the show without having seen the first season  She believed that only actors were admitted to the show, and felt that this would be a boost to her acting career  After seeing the first season, she resolved to turn down the show if offered a chance to compete and then later changes her mind  Labeled as "The Rebel" on the show, she says she is more of a diva 

Critical reception
Season One critical reception
At least one psychologist warned that Survive This risked being exploitative and might damage the mental health of the participants  "You're putting kids into real emotional situations for other people's enjoyment," said Jennifer Kolari, a child and family therapist and author  "It's okay to have some competition, it's okay to try out for things," she says  "Those are okay lessons for kids  But doing it on national television, to be watched and judged, that's where I feel it's a little bit exploitive, and I think we need to consider the mental health of the kids that are on that show " But other mental health experts declared the show safe, concluding that the participants merely displayed strong competitiveness and that social ostracization was largely avoided Several reviewers have strongly criticized Survive This  For example, the New Bedford Standard-Times was dismissive of the show's lack of originality, noting: "   a gruff, gritty, macho mountain man takes a group of high-school kids and dumps them in the deep woods where they must learn to put aside their 'drama' and adapt  Gee, where haven't we seen that before?"  Variety was equally critical of the show's lack of originality, observing that the show "play[ed] like junior editions of somebody else's reality franchise  The publication was also critical of the way the show pigeonholed and labeled each of the teenagers, eliminating the diversity of the racially and ethnically diverse cast  The Los Angeles Times also concluded that the show was vapid, but that it had slightly more "depth" than other Cartoon Network live-action programs Some critics have also blasted Cartoon Network for showing live-action programs rather than cartoons However, the Sudbury Star called the show "compelling" 

Season One ratings
Television ratings information on the show is difficult to come by   However, at least one newspaper said the show was not "catching on with viewers" on Cartoon Network, and that the show had never been among that network's top 10 series 

Season Two critical reception
In March 2010, Toronto resident Richard Code, a fan of Stroud's show Survivorman, was found dead from hypothermia near his campsite at the north end of Horn Lake (near McMurrich/Monteith, Ontario)  Code was on a winter camping trip with few supplies, similar to summer trips he'd taken before in admiration of the adventures he had seen on Survivorman  Learning of Code's death, Stroud said, "It's a terrible tragedy and I feel absolutely terrible for the families involved"—but did not know Code or the situation he was in, and refused to comment further on his death At least one reviewer has criticized Survive This for not mentioning Code's death or warning kids not to imitate what they see on the show  The Globe and Mail reviewer Catherine Dawson March wrote, "You'd think, just seven weeks after Code's headline-making death, that Survive This would make a passing nod to the tragedy      Some kind of 'don't try this on your own' advice  But no " Dawson praised the show as "captivating" with "lots of emotional drama", but concluded:  "It's great stuff, but YTV should acknowledge Code's death with a warning of their own " YTV replied, "As Survive This does not follow the same premise as Survivorman, there will not be a disclaimer before each episode "

See also
Survive This (Season One)
Survive This (Season Two)
Passage 3:
Cody Lundin
Cody Lundin  (born March 15, 1967) is a survival instructor at the Aboriginal Living Skills School in Prescott, Arizona, which he founded in 1991  There he teaches modern wilderness survival skills, primitive living skills, urban preparedness, and homesteading  Lundin was also a former co-host of Discovery Channel's reality television series, Dual Survival Lundin is an only child whose father was in the military  He spent his early childhood moving around until finally settling in Laramie, Wyoming, where he attended junior high and high school  After graduating from high school he lived on the streets, in a commune, in the backyards of friends, and then in a brush shelter while he attended college in Prescott, Arizona  Lundin holds a B A  in Depth Psychology and Holistic Health from Prescott College Lundin is the author of two books on survival and preparedness: 98 6 Degrees: The Art of Keeping Your Ass Alive and When All Hell Breaks Loose: Stuff You Need to Survive When Disaster Strikes  Lundin has also provided a foreword for Steve Hart's Citizen Survivor's Handbook, a parody of British wartime propaganda focusing on the importance of psychological endurance in times of crisis 
In 2004, Lundin hosted the Discovery Channel show, Lost in the Wild Lundin was a co-host of the television series Dual Survival from 2010 until 2014  On the show, Lundin demonstrated various survival skills while wearing shorts in all weather and going barefoot  On February 17, 2014 Lundin announced on his Facebook page and on his website that he had been fired from the series due to differences of opinion on matters of safety  Lundin says that he lives off-the-grid in a self-designed, passive solar earth home in the high-desert wilderness of northern Arizona, collecting rainwater, composting waste, and paying nothing for utilities 

Bibliography
Lundin, Cody (2003)  98 6 Degrees: The Art of Keeping Your Ass Alive  Gibbs Smith  ISBN 1586852345 
Lundin, Cody (2007)  When All Hell Breaks Loose: Stuff You Need To Survive When Disaster Strikes  Gibbs Smith  ISBN 978-1423601050 

See also
Dave Canterbury
Passage 4:
Les Stroud
Les Stroud (born October 20, 1961) is a Canadian survival expert, filmmaker and musician best known as the creator, writer, producer, director, cameraman and host of the television series Survivorman   Stroud was named Chief Scout by Scouts Canada on November 22, 2021   After a short career behind the scenes in the music industry, Stroud became a full-time wilderness guide, survival instructor and musician based in Huntsville, Ontario  Stroud has produced survival-themed programming for The Outdoor Life Network, The Discovery Channel, The Science Channel, and YTV   The survival skills imparted from watching Stroud's television programs have been cited by several people as the reason they lived through harrowing wilderness ordeals 

Biography
Stroud was born in the Mimico neighbourhood of Toronto and graduated from Mimico High School  He went on to complete the Music Industry Arts program at Fanshawe College in London, Ontario  Stroud worked for several years at the Toronto-based music video channel MuchMusic, and as a songwriter for the band New Regime before a Temagami canoe trip sparked a career change  During this time he also worked as garbage collector for the City of Toronto In 1990 Stroud became a guide for Black Feather Wilderness Adventures leading canoe excursions into the Northern Ontario wilds  It was also during this time while on a survival course he met his future wife, photographer Sue Jamison  They married in 1994 and together left for a year-long honeymoon in the remote Wabakimi area of Ontario which was to become the basis of the documentary Snowshoes and Solitude  Afterwards, the couple moved to Yellowknife in the Northwest Territories where Stroud was employed as an outdoor instructor to special needs individuals of aboriginal descent  Stroud and Jamison then settled in Huntsville, Ontario where they had two children and started both the outdoor instructional outfit Wilderness Voice and the media company Wilderness Spirit Productions Inspired by the popularity of the television show Survivor, Stroud pitched a more authentic version of the show to The Discovery Channel Canada  Stroud produced two programs titled One Week in the Wilderness  and Winter in the Wilderness for @discovery ca in 2001  The success of these specials led to the development of Survivorman, a show that followed a similar format of leaving Stroud on his own, with minimal equipment, in the wilderness to videotape his survival experience 

Film and television
After his marriage to  Jamison in 1994, the two of them spent one year in the Canadian wilderness to attempt a paleolithic existence  They travelled to Goldsborough Lake (50°41′55″N 89°20′46″W) deep in the Wabakimi, first building a tipi then an attached A-frame while using no metal, plastic, or otherwise manufactured tools  For the first half of the year, they took a store of traditional foods such as wild rice, squash, beaver and moose meat, bear fat, and maple sugar  In late September, Stroud's friends Doug Getgood and Fred Rowe brought in food for the next six months and chopped firewood for the couple  Stroud and Jamison built and equipped a winter cabin using an axe, a modern bow saw, and a trapper's tin wood stove left by Getgood and Rowe, along with a metal pot they found 
Family and medical emergencies brought them out of the bush on three occasions  Once when Stroud's father was dying from cancer, another when they both went to be treated for giardiasis, and again when Jamison had a miscarriage  Stroud filmed their primitive living experience and released the 50 minute documentary, Snowshoes and Solitude, which was named Best Documentary at the Muskoka Film Festival and Best Film at the Waterwalker Film Festival In 2001 Stroud produced two one-hour specials for the science news show @discovery ca  These segments follow the same format as Survivorman with Stroud filming his own survival in the wilderness  They were originally broadcast as daily segments over the course of one week but were repackaged as two one-hour specials titled Stranded  The popularity of these pilots spawned the show Survivorman  Stroud produced 23 episodes of the show which began airing in 2004  Stroud also composed and performed the opening theme music of Survivorman In 2006, Stroud produced a 90-minute special documenting his family's journey to building an off-the-grid home  The show, Off the Grid with Les Stroud, chronicled the process of buying property and refitting an old farm house with solar and wind power, a raincatcher and well, as well as the adjustments the Stroud family had to make to adapt to this style of living  Stroud has made multiple television appearances including on  The Late Late Show with Craig Ferguson, The View, The Ellen DeGeneres Show, and Larry King Live Stroud has also hosted an episode of the Discovery channel show I Shouldn't Be Alive titled Lost In The Snow, which aired during its first season and the TV program Surviving Urban Disasters, which aired on the Science Channel and the 20th annual Shark Week on the Discovery Channel In 2010, Stroud hosted and produced the Gemini nominated hit kids TV series Survive This and Survive This 2 (YTV, Cartoon Network) that takes teens into the wilderness to teach them how to survive by giving them some instruction and challenging them with survival scenarios  Stroud's follow-up show to Survivorman was titled Beyond Survival with Les Stroud and debuted in 2010 On April 27, 2018, National Geographic aired Stroud's Alaska's Grizzly Gauntlet on their NGW channel  In 4 episodes, Stroud explores the survival methods and social structure of the Kodiak brown bear 

Music
In addition to film making and wilderness survival, Stroud has also worked in the music industry as a professional musician  After graduation, Stroud worked both as an associate producer for the nascent music channel MuchMusic as well as production manager on music videos for artists such as Rush and Corey Hart  During this time Stroud also played in the David Bowie cover band Diamond Dogs and played lead guitar and composed music for his band New Regime which signed with RCA Records shortly after Stroud left the band As frequently illustrated in his show Survivorman, Stroud is considered an exceptional blues harmonica player 
This instrument is featured prominently in his self-titled debut CD which has been described as "a collection of diverse roots/blues and traditional folk, acoustic music that reflects the uniquely northern spirit of freedom and adventure " Several songs off of this album can be downloaded from his official site  Stroud has performed in and around the Muskoka area and at the Orillia Blues Festival and Toronto Beaches International Jazz Festival 
Stroud and The Northern Pikes have struck up a musical collaboration under the name Les Stroud and the Pikes  Throughout 2005 and 2006 they performed together live several times, and an EP born from this collaboration entitled Long Walk Home was released in the spring of 2007 

Awards
Stroud has received several accolades as a musician   He has won "Best Acoustic/Folk Act", "Best Blues Act" and "Best Overall" awards at the Spirit of the North music festival in New Liskeard, Ontario Stroud's documentary Snowshoes and Solitude was named Best Documentary at the Muskoka Film Festival and Best Film at the Waterwalker Film Festival Stroud was nominated for six Gemini Awards for his work on Survivorman  In 2010, Stroud and his production team was nominated for Best Children's or Youth Non-Fiction Program or Series for Survive This 

Personal life
Stroud has extensive experience with survival and primitive living skills, initially training with expert David Arama  He went on to study with many others including John "Prairie Wolf" McPherson Stroud has been an active participant in adventure racing and has competed at the Canadian championships In late 2008, Stroud and his wife, Sue Jamison, separated 
Passage 5:
The Island (U S  TV series)
The Island is an American survival skills reality television series, hosted by adventurer and survivalist Bear Grylls on NBC, which began airing on May 25, 2015 

Synopsis
Bear Grylls seeks to find out whether a modern American man can survive on a deserted island for one month without the luxuries or the basics of contemporary everyday life  Unlike traditional reality television shows, The Island does not include any prizes, eliminations, or winners 

Production
It is based on the British series The Island with Bear Grylls  The first season has six episodes  In the UK all episodes are available on All 4  In the series' premiere, fourteen men from various occupations and backgrounds are taken to a remote, uninhabited island by Bear Grylls, where they were left completely alone  Filming themselves, the men hunt for food, source water, erect shelter, build community and try to survive using only their strength, determination and know-how  They are equipped with limited tools, a basic medical kit, and a satellite phone for medical emergencies  On August 16, 2016, NBC cancelled The Island after one season 

Cast
Rob Brothers, Stay-at-home Father
Davion Carrillo, Firefighter
Taylor Cole, Radio Producer
Matthew Getz, Embedded Cameraman
Benji Lanpher, Embedded Cameraman
Earnest Marshall, Iraq War Veteran
Dakota Mortensen, Bird Farmer
Jim Murray, Retired Police Chief
Jud Nichols, Criminal Defense Attorney
Dr  Buck Parker M D , Trauma Surgeon
Michael Rossini, Engineer
Graham Sheldon, Embedded Cameraman
Rick Smith, Embedded Cameraman
Trey Williams, Digital Marketing ManagerEvacuated off the islandTaylor Cole (medical, episode 1)
Michael Rossini (medical, episode 2)
Davion Carrillo (medical, episode 3)
Earnest Marshall (personal issues episode 4)
Trey Williams (medical, episode 5)

Episodes
Passage 6:
Bear Grylls
Edward Michael "Bear" Grylls  (; born 7 June 1974) is a British adventurer, writer, television presenter and businessman  He first drew attention after embarking on a number of adventures, and then became widely known for his television series Man vs  Wild (2006–2011)  He is also involved in a number of wilderness survival television series in the UK and US, such as Running Wild with Bear Grylls and The Island with Bear Grylls  In July 2009, Grylls was appointed as The Scout Association’s youngest-ever Chief Scout of the United Kingdom and Overseas Territories at age 35, a post he has held for a second term since 2015 

Personal life
Grylls was born in Donaghadee, Northern Ireland on 7 June 1974  His family has a strong cricketing background, his grandfather Neville Ford and great-great-grandfather William Augustus Ford having both been first-class cricketers  He grew up in Donaghadee, Northern Ireland, until the age of four, when his family moved to Bembridge on the Isle of Wight He is the son of Conservative politician Sir Michael Grylls and his wife Sarah "Sally" (née Ford)  Grylls has one sibling, an elder sister, Lara Fawcett, who gave him the nickname 'Bear' when he was a week old From an early age, he learned to climb and sail with his father, who was a member of the prestigious Royal Yacht Squadron  As a teenager, he learned to skydive and earned a second dan black belt in Shotokan karate  He speaks English, Spanish, and French  He is an Anglican, and has described his Christian faith as the "backbone" in his life: "You can't keep God out  He's all around us, if we're just still enough to listen "Grylls married Shara Cannings Knight in 2000  They have three sons, born in 2003, 2006 and 2009 In August 2015, Grylls left his 11-year-old son on Saint Tudwal's Island along the North Wales coast, as the tide approached, leaving him to be rescued by the Royal National Lifeboat Institution (RNLI) as part of their weekly practice missions  The child was unharmed, though the RNLI later criticised Grylls for the stunt, saying its crew "had not appreciated" that a child would be involved Grylls used to be a vegan but now consumes a diet predominant in animal-based foods, fruits and honey 

Education
Grylls was educated at Eaton House, Ludgrove School and Eton College, where he helped start its first mountaineering club  He studied Spanish and German at the University of the West of England, Bristol and at Birkbeck College, where he graduated with a 2:2 bachelor's degree, obtained part-time, in Hispanic studies in 2002 

Military service
After leaving school, Grylls briefly hiked in the Himalayan mountains of Sikkim and West Bengal  From 1994–1997, he served in the Territorial Army with 21 SAS as a trooper  His time in the SAS ended as the result of a free fall parachuting accident in Kenya in 1996; his parachute failed to open, causing him to break three vertebrae In 2004, Grylls was awarded the honorary rank of lieutenant commander in the Royal Naval Reserve  Then in 2013 he was awarded the honorary rank of lieutenant colonel in the Royal Marines Reserve, and promoted to Honorary Colonel in June 2021 

Expeditions
Everest
On 16 May 1998, Grylls achieved his childhood dream of climbing to the summit of Mount Everest in Nepal, 18 months after breaking three vertebrae in a parachuting accident  At 23, he was at the time among the youngest people to have achieved this feat  There is some dispute over whether he was the youngest Briton to have done so, as he was preceded by James Allen, a climber holding dual Australian and British citizenship, who reached the summit in 1995 at age 22  The record has since been surpassed by Jake Meyer and then Rob Gauntlett who summitted at age 19  To prepare for climbing at such high altitudes in the Himalayas, in 1997, Grylls became the youngest Briton to climb Ama Dablam, a peak once described by Sir Edmund Hillary as "unclimbable", although now the third most popular in the Himalayas for permitted expeditions 

Circumnavigation of the UK
In 2000, Grylls led the team to circumnavigate the British Isles on jet skis, taking about 30 days, to raise money for the Royal National Lifeboat Institution (RNLI)  He also rowed naked in a homemade bathtub along the Thames to raise funds for a friend who lost his legs in a climbing accident 

Crossing the North Atlantic
In 2003, he led a team of five, including his childhood friend, SAS colleague, and Mount Everest climbing partner Mick Crosthwaite, on an unassisted crossing of the north Atlantic Ocean, in an open rigid inflatable boat  Grylls and his team traveled in an eleven-metre-long boat and encountered force 8 gale winds with waves breaking over the boat while passing through icebergs in their journey from Halifax, Nova Scotia to John o' Groats, Scotland 

Dinner party at altitude
In 2005, alongside the balloonist and mountaineer David Hempleman-Adams and Lieutenant Commander Alan Veal, leader of the Royal Navy Freefall Parachute Display Team, Grylls created a world record for the highest open-air formal dinner party, which they did under a hot-air balloon at 7,600 metres (25,000 ft), dressed in full mess dress and oxygen masks  To train for the event, he made over 200 parachute jumps  This event was in aid of The Duke of Edinburgh's Award and The Prince's Trust 

Paramotoring over the Himalayas
In 2007, Grylls embarked on a record-setting Parajet paramotor in Himalayas near Mount Everest  He took off from 4,400 metres (14,500 ft), 8 miles (13 km) south of the mountain  Grylls reported looking down on the summit during his ascent and coping with temperatures of −60 °C (−76 °F)  He endured dangerously low oxygen levels and eventually reached 9,000 metres (29,500 ft), almost 3,000 metres (10,000 ft) higher than the previous record of 6,102 metres (20,019 ft)  The feat was filmed for Discovery Channel worldwide as well as Channel 4 in the UK  While Grylls initially planned to cross over Everest itself, the permit was only to fly to the south of Everest, and he did not traverse Everest out of risk of violating Chinese airspace 

Journey Antarctica 2008
In 2008, Grylls led a team of four to climb one of the most remote unclimbed peaks in the world in Antarctica, to raise funds for children's charity Global Angels and promote the use of alternative energies  During this mission the team also aimed to explore the coast of Antarctica by inflatable boat and jetski, part powered by bioethanol, and then to travel across some of the vast ice desert by wind-powered kite-ski and electric powered paramotor  However, the expedition was cut short after Grylls suffered a broken shoulder while kite skiing across a stretch of ice  Travelling at speeds up to 50 km/h (30 mph), a ski caught on the ice, launching him in the air and breaking his shoulder when he came down  He had to be medically evacuated 

Longest indoor freefall
Grylls, along with the double amputee Al Hodgson and the Scotsman Freddy MacDonald, set a Guinness world record in 2008 for the longest continuous indoor freefall  The previous record was 1 hour 36 minutes by a US team  Grylls, Hodgson, and MacDonald, using a vertical wind tunnel in Milton Keynes, broke the record by a few seconds  The attempt was in support of the charity Global Angels 

Northwest Passage expedition
In September 2010, Grylls led a team of five to take an ice-breaking rigid-inflatable boat (RIB) through 5,700 nautical miles (10,600 km) of the ice-strewn Northwest Passage  The expedition intended to raise awareness of the effects of global warming and to raise money for children's charity Global Angels 

Career
Books
Grylls' first book, Facing Up (UK)/The Kid Who Climbed Everest (US), described his expedition and achievements climbing to the summit of Mount Everest  His second was Facing the Frozen Ocean  His third book Born Survivor: Bear Grylls was written to accompany the TV series of the same name  He also wrote an extreme guide to outdoor pursuits, titled Bear Grylls Outdoor Adventures In 2011, Grylls released his autobiography, Mud, Sweat and Tears: The Autobiography, followed by A Survival Guide for Life in late 2012 and True Grit in 2013 Grylls also wrote the Mission Survival series of children's adventure survival books titled: Mission Survival: Gold of the Gods, Mission Survival: Way of the Wolf, Mission Survival: Sands of the Scorpion, Mission Survival: Tracks of the Tiger and Mission Survival: Claws of the Crocodile  He has written two thriller novels based around his character Will Jaeger; Ghost Flight released in 2015 and Burning Angels in 2016 In 2019, Grylls published a Christian devotional titled Soul Fuel In October 2021, Grylls released his second autobiography, Never Give Up; covering some of his most memorable events and adventures In 2022, Grylls published Mind Fuel: Simple Ways to Build Mental Resilience Every Day   Grylls told The Christian Post that it "offers honest and practical ways to practice better mental health    a crucial part of living a healthy, God-glorying life "In April 2023, Grylls released You Vs the World: The Bear Grylls Guide to Never Giving Up; a motivational book aimed at children 

Television
Grylls was used by the UK Ministry of Defence to head the Army's anti-drugs TV campaign, and featured in the first ever major advertising campaign for Harrods  Grylls has been a guest on numerous talk shows including Friday Night with Jonathan Ross, The Oprah Winfrey Show, Late Night with Conan O'Brien, The Tonight Show with Jay Leno, Attack of the Show!, Late Show with David Letterman, Jimmy Kimmel Live! and Harry Hill's TV Burp  Grylls recorded two advertisements for Post's Trail Mix Crunch Cereal, which aired in the US from January 2009  He also appeared as a "distinguished instructor" in Dos Equis' Most Interesting Academy in a webisode named "Survival in the Modern Era"  He appeared in a five-part web series that demonstrates urban survival techniques and features Grylls going from bush to bash  He also has marketed the Alpha Course, a course on the basics of the Christian faith  In 2013, Grylls appeared in an airline safety video for Air New Zealand entitled Bear Essentials of Safety, filmed against the backdrop of the Routeburn Track on the southern tip of New Zealand's South Island  In 2014, Grylls appeared on Piers Morgan's Life Stories 

Escape to the Legion
Grylls filmed a four-part TV show in 2005, called Escape to the Legion, which followed Grylls and eleven other "recruits" as they took part in a shortened re-creation of the French Foreign Legion's basic desert training in the Sahara  The show was first broadcast in the UK on Channel 4, and in the US on the Military Channel 

Born Survivor/Man vs  Wild
Grylls hosts a series titled Born Survivor: Bear Grylls for the British Channel 4 and broadcast as Man vs  Wild in Australia, New Zealand, Canada, India, and the United States, and as Ultimate Survival on the Discovery Channel in Europe, Asia, and Africa  The series features Grylls dropped into inhospitable places, showing viewers how to survive  Man vs  Wild debuted in 2006, and its success led it to lasting seven seasons over five years 
The show has featured stunts including Grylls climbing cliffs, parachuting from helicopters, balloons, and planes, paragliding, ice climbing, running through a forest fire, wading rapids, eating snakes, wrapping his urine-soaked T-shirt around his head to help stave off the desert heat, drinking urine saved in a rattlesnake skin, drinking fecal liquid from elephant dung, eating deer droppings, wrestling alligators, field dressing a camel carcass and drinking water from it, eating various "creepy crawlies" [insects], using the corpse of a sheep as a sleeping bag and flotation device, free climbing waterfalls and using a bird guano/water enema for hydration The show caused controversy after a programme consultant revealed that Grylls actually stayed in a hotel on some nights — including an episode in Hawaii in which Grylls was ostensibly stranded on a deserted island — and that certain scenes were staged for him  Grylls subsequently apologized to viewers who might have felt misled In March 2012, the Discovery Channel dropped Grylls from its lineup because of a contractual dispute, although he has subsequently worked with them again 
In August 2019, Bear Grylls appeared with Indian Prime Minister, Narendra Modi in a special episode shot in the India's Jim Corbett National Park, Uttarakhand  The episode was showcased in more than 180 countries across the world on the Discovery, Inc  network 

Worst-Case Scenario
In 2010, Grylls came out with a new project titled Worst-Case Scenario which aired on Discovery in the US  It is based on the popular books of the same name  Twelve episodes were produced before the show was cancelled 

Bear's Wild Weekend
In 2011, he made two specials under the title Bear's Wild Weekend for Channel 4 in the UK which was broadcast over the Christmas holiday that year  Each special featured Grylls taking either Jonathan Ross or Miranda Hart on short two-day adventures; Ross to rainforest in the Canary Islands, Hart to the Swiss Alps  These screened in the US under the title Bear Grylls' Wild Adventure  A third episode with Stephen Fry, this time in the Dolomite mountains of South Tyrol, screened in late 2013 In 2014, two further episodes were aired in the UK under the title Wild Weekends  The first of these was the 2011 special of Man vs  Wild featuring Jake Gyllenhaal, and the second was the Running Wild episode featuring Ben Stiller 

Get Out Alive
Grylls hosted Get Out Alive with Bear Grylls, a reality competition series filmed in New Zealand, which premiered on NBC on 8 July 2013 

Escape from Hell
In Bear Grylls: Escape from Hell, he reveals the true life stories of ordinary people trapped in extraordinary situations of survival  The six-episode series premiered on the Discovery Channel in the UK on 4 October 2013, and in the US on 11 November 2013 

The Island
He presented The Island with Bear Grylls, first shown on Channel 4 on 5 May 2014  An American version of the show was also made and it premiered on 25 May 2015 on NBC 

Running Wild with Bear Grylls
In this adventure TV series from NBC, which premiered on 28 July 2014, Grylls takes celebrities on a two-day trip in the wilderness  The celebrities who took part in Season 1 are Zac Efron, Ben Stiller, Tamron Hall, Deion Sanders, Channing Tatum, and Tom Arnold  Celebrities who took part in Season 2 were Kate Winslet, Kate Hudson, Drew Brees, Jesse Tyler Ferguson, Ed Helms, Michelle Rodriguez, Ajay Devgan, Akshay Kumar, Rajanikanth, India's prime minister Narendra Modi, James Marsden, Michael B  Jordan, and President Barack Obama 

Mission Survive
In 2015, he began presenting the six-part ITV series Bear Grylls: Mission Survive which features eight celebrities on a twelve-day survival mission  The series began airing on 20 February 2015  Mission Survive returned for a second series in 2016 

Bear Grylls Survival School
In 2016, he presented a CITV series called Bear Grylls Survival School  Filming started in August 2015  The series began airing on 10 January 2016  A second series was scheduled to begin on 7 January 2017 

Survivor Games
In summer 2015, China's Dragon TV ordered a Grylls-fronted adventure series titled Survivor Games (Chinese: 跟着贝尔去冒险)  The series featured Grylls and eight Chinese celebrities and premiered on Dragon TV on 16 October 2015 

Bear's Mission
In 2018, ITV began airing a new series similar to the USA series "Running Wild with Bear Grylls" called "Bear's Mission with   "  This show focuses on one British celebrity taking an overnight adventure with Bear each episode  The series premiered on ITV on early 2018 

You vs  Wild
Later, Grylls went on to release an interactive series on streaming service Netflix 

World's Toughest Race: Eco-Challenge Fiji
Grylls presented the revival of the Eco-Challenge series, which is titled World's Toughest Race: Eco-Challenge Fiji  It involved teams from around the world competing in an adventure race, which took place in Fiji  The series premiered on Amazon Prime Video on 14 August 2020 

Bear Grylls Wild Adventure
Spring 2021, two-part ITV series featuring Jonny Wilkinson and Nicola Adams, respectively 

Running Wild With Bear Grylls: The Challenge
Premiered in July 2022, it is a spin-off of Grylls' long running Running Wild With Bear Grylls series 

Bear Grylls Meets President Zelenskyy
In this documentary that aired on Channel 4 on 28 March 2023, Grylls travels to Ukraine to meet President Zelenskyy and to meet civilians caught up in the war with Russia 

I Survived Bear Grylls
Upcoming eight-part competition series; co-hosted with comedian Jordan Conley 

Motivational speaking
Outside of TV, Grylls works as a motivational speaker, giving speeches worldwide to corporations, churches, schools, and other organisations 

Be Military Fit
Bear Grylls Ventures and NM Capital purchased British Military Fitness in September 2018 and re-branded as "Be Military Fit with Bear Grylls", to retain the existing abbreviation BMF  The company runs outdoor group fitness classes in 140 public parks and outdoor spaces across the United Kingdom  The classes are led by former or serving members of the British Armed Forces with recognised fitness training qualifications  It is Europe's largest outdoor fitness company 

Charity and politics
Grylls is an ambassador for The Prince's Trust, an organisation which provides training, financial, and practical support to young people in the United Kingdom Global Angels, a UK charity which seeks to aid children around the world, were the beneficiaries of his 2007 accomplishment of taking a powered para-glider higher than Mount Everest  Grylls' held the highest ever dinner party at 7,600 metres (25,000 ft) in aid of The Duke of Edinburgh's Award Scheme, and launched the 50th anniversary of the Awards  His successful circumnavigation of Britain on jet skis raised money for the Royal National Lifeboat Institution 
Grylls' Everest climb was in aid of SSAFA Forces Help, a British-based charitable organisation set up to help former and serving members of the British Armed Forces and their families and dependents  His 2003 Arctic expedition detailed in the book Facing the Frozen Ocean was in aid of The Prince's Trust  His 2005 attempt to para-motor over the Angel Falls was in aid of the charity Hope and Homes for Children In August 2010, Grylls continued his fund-raising work for Global Angels by undertaking an expedition through the Northwest Passage in a rigid inflatable boat  Many of his expeditions also support environmental causes such as his Antarctica expedition and his circumnavigation of Britain which tested a pioneering new fuel made from rubbish  In 2011, Grylls was in New Zealand during the February 2011 Christchurch earthquake  Following the incident, he appeared on New Zealand advertisements encouraging people to donate money to help rebuild the city Grylls is also an ambassador for Care for Children, an organisation that partners with governments in Asia to help create a positive alternative to institutional care through local family-based care for disadvantaged children  In 2014, Grylls designed a Scouts-themed Paddington Bear statue, one of fifty located around London prior to the release of the film Paddington, which was auctioned to raise funds for the National Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Children (NSPCC) Grylls said he spoke "from the heart" in backing "Remain" in the 2016 referendum  "At such a time for the UK to retreat, run and cut ourselves loose from Europe, when there are so many challenges on our doorstep, to me just doesn't feel either courageous or kind," he said  "Europe has many flaws, but I also believe the way to help resolve many of those tough issues is from within    I have never been a good quitter and I am so proud of the UK and our values: tolerance, kindness, respect, courage and resilience  This is why I want us to stay together and Remain in Europe " In January 2020, he announced that he had asserted his right to Irish citizenship and had obtained an Irish passport Grylls was appointed Officer of the Order of the British Empire (OBE) in the 2019 Birthday Honours for services to young people, the media and charity 

Positions in Scouting
Designation of Chief Ambassador of World Scouting
On 16 November 2018, The World Organization of the Scout Movement announced the appointment of Bear Grylls as its first Chief Ambassador  Upon his appointment, he said "I'm very proud and humbled to take on this new role as Chief Ambassador of World Scouting and continue to promote the great work Scouting is doing across the globe  Scouting is a worldwide force for good that unites young people with positive values and an adventurous spirit  We aim to make a difference in our communities, help young people learn new skills, and be kind to all people "Bear has long been a supporter of Scouting around the world often visiting Scout groups on his filming missions and appeared at the 24th World Scout Jamboree in his role as Chief Ambassador

Term as Chief Scout of the Scout Association
On 17 May 2009, The Scout Association announced Grylls would be appointed Chief Scout following the end of Peter Duncan's five-year term in July 2009  He was officially made Chief Scout at Gilwell 24 on 11 July 2009 in a handover event featuring Peter Duncan in front of a crowd of over 3,000 Explorer Scouts  He is the tenth person to hold the position and the youngest Chief Scout since the role was created for Robert Baden-Powell in 1920 On 9 April 2015, The Scout Association announced that Grylls would continue as Chief Scout until 2018  Grylls wrote, "I am so proud that the largest youth movement on the planet has asked me to continue in my role as UK Chief Scout "On 5 June 2015, Grylls, in an interview with The Telegraph, praised the challenge of being Britain's youngest Chief Scout, saying "Scouting humbles me every day"  He remains Chief Scout in 2022 

Ambasador in United24
On 29 March 2023, Bear Grylls has become an ambassador for the UNITED24 platform  His education company BecomingX, together with Amazon and Accenture, is developing the BecomingX Ukraine learning platform for Ukrainians 

See also
Scouting portal
Context 2: Passage 1:
NPO Best
NPO 1 Extra is a television channel jointly operated by Dutch public broadcasters AVROTROS, BNNVARA, EO, KRO-NCRV and MAX  It was originally launched as HilversumBest on 1 December 2006  NPO 1 Extra presents highlights of more than sixty years of Dutch television history  The channel was founded by Han Peekel 

History
In April 2009, HilversumBest was renamed as Best24  On 10 March 2014 the channel changed its name to NPO Best  On 26 March 2018 the channel was renamed as NPO 1 Extra NPO 1 Extra (along with NPO Zapp Extra) became a 24-hour channel on 25 December 2018  Previously, NPO 1 Extra time-shared with NPO Zapp Xtra 

Programming
NPO 1 Extra broadcasts programmes created by the public broadcasters from the NPO  Most programmes are from the archives of the Netherlands Institute for Sound and Vision  NPO 1 Extra is mainly focused on programmes from the eighties and nineties of the last century  Television programmes from other decades regularly passes in shortened or compiled versions  NPO 1 Extra has a linear programming with many regular program titles in the early evening  The soap Onderweg naar morgen and the comedy series Zeg 'ns AAA are scheduled daily on NPO Best 

Logos and identities
Passage 2:
Jessica Biel
Jessica Claire Timberlake (née Biel ; born March 3, 1982) is an American actress  She has received various accolades, including a Young Artist Award, and nominations for a Primetime Emmy Award and two Golden Globe Awards 
Biel began her career as a vocalist appearing in musical productions until she was cast as Mary Camden in the family drama series 7th Heaven (1996–2006), in which she achieved recognition In 1997, Biel won the Young Artist Award for her role in the drama film Ulee's Gold  She received further recognition for her lead role as Erin Hardesty in the horror film The Texas Chainsaw Massacre (2003)  Biel has since starred in such films as The Rules of Attraction (2002), Blade: Trinity (2004), Stealth (2005), The Illusionist (2006), I Now Pronounce You Chuck & Larry (2007), Valentine's Day (2010), The A-Team (2010), New Year's Eve (2011), Total Recall (2012), and Hitchcock (2012) 
In 2017, Biel was the executive producer and star of the USA Network limited drama series The Sinner, for which she received nominations for a Golden Globe Award and a Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Lead Actress in a Limited Series or Movie 

Early life
Jessica Claire Biel was born on March 3, 1982, in Ely, Minnesota, to Kimberly (née Conroe), a homemaker and spiritual healer, and Jonathan Biel, a business consultant and General Electric worker  Her paternal great-grandfather was the son of Hungarian-Jewish immigrants, which she discovered on the show Who Do You Think You Are?; she also has German, French, English, and Scandinavian ancestry  Her younger brother, Justin, launched and runs the eco-accessory line BARE  Biel's family moved frequently during her childhood, living in Texas, Connecticut, and Woodstock, Illinois, before finally settling in Boulder, Colorado  While growing up, Biel played soccer and trained as a level six gymnast  From 2000 to 2002, she attended Tufts University in Medford, Massachusetts 

Career
Beginnings (1991–2002)
Biel initially trained to be a vocalist  At age nine, she appeared in several musical productions in her hometown, playing lead roles in productions such as The Sound of Music and Beauty and the Beast  At 11 she participated in a competition sponsored by the International Modeling and Talent Association in Los Angeles where she acquired an agent and professional talent manager  She began modeling for print advertisements and appeared in commercials for products such as Dulux Paint and Pringles  In her film debut, Biel played the character Regrettal, a lead role in the ambitious musical film It's a Digital World, produced and directed by Paul Greenberg  At age 14, after auditioning for several television pilots, Biel was cast as Mary Camden, the oldest daughter and second-oldest child in the family drama 7th Heaven Biel landed her first feature film role as Peter Fonda's granddaughter in the critically acclaimed drama Ulee's Gold, released in 1997  Her performance earned her a Young Artist Award  In spring 1998, during a break from filming 7th Heaven, she co-starred in I'll Be Home for Christmas with Jonathan Taylor Thomas as his character's love interest  When she was 17, she posed for a risque photo shoot that appeared in the March 2000 issue of Gear  Producers of 7th Heaven were outraged and brought legal action against Gear   She later expressed regret for doing it, claiming she had been used and that she had been shown different pictures from those published  In 2001, Biel played the love interest of Freddie Prinze, Jr  in the baseball-themed film Summer Catch  In 2002, she starred as promiscuous college student Lara in the ensemble film The Rules of Attraction, an adaptation of the Bret Easton Ellis novel  The movie received mixed reviews, became a box-office hit, and has since gained a cult following 

Rise to prominence (2003–2012)
Biel was cast in her first top-billing role in The Texas Chainsaw Massacre  Although the film met with negative reviews, it was a commercial success, scoring the number-one spot in its opening week and going on to earn more than $80 million in the U S  In 2003, Biel began work on the third installment of the Blade film series, Blade: Trinity  Despite negative reviews, Trinity was a box office hit, grossing $150 million worldwide  After finishing it in 2004, she headed to Australia to shoot the action-thriller Stealth  Biel also appeared in the 2004 film Cellular; played a supporting role, Ellen, in the romantic comedy Elizabethtown (2005); and starred in the indie film London  In 2005, Esquire named her the "Sexiest Woman Alive" in a six-part series with each month revealing a different body part and clue to the woman's identity In 2006, Biel played a turn-of-the-century duchess in the period piece The Illusionist, co-starring Edward Norton and Paul Giamatti  While her casting was met with a mixed response, her performance was ultimately praised  James Berardinelli of Reelviews called her the "film's real acting revelation", while Todd McCarthy of Variety wrote, "Handily employing a refined English accent where the others lay on a light Austrian veneer, Biel is entirely stunning enough to fight to the death over " Biel played an Iraq War veteran in the 2006 film Home of the Brave, a drama about soldiers struggling to readjust to society after facing the hardships of war  In Next Biel starred alongside Nicolas Cage and Julianne Moore  She appeared in the summer comedy I Now Pronounce You Chuck & Larry, co-starring Adam Sandler and Kevin James  In late 2007, Biel signed on to play a stripper in Powder Blue, alongside Forest Whitaker (who also produced the film), Ray Liotta and Patrick Swayze  In 2007, Stuff magazine's named her No  1 on their "100 Sexiest Women" At the start of 2008, Biel shot Easy Virtue, an adaptation of the play by Noël Coward  Like the play, the film is set in the 1920s and Biel plays young widow Larita, who impulsively marries John Whittaker in France and must face her disapproving in-laws on returning to England  The film premiered in September 2008 at the Toronto International Film Festival  Critics praised Biel for her performance, with Todd McCarthy of Variety saying Biel "more than kept up" with veterans Kristin Scott Thomas and Colin Firth and praising her "sparkling" performance  The Hollywood Reporter described her performance as "an irresistible force of nature — a kind, witty, supremely intelligent and beautiful woman who     is capable of rejoinders that thoroughly undercut her opponent's withering criticism " Biel also performed two songs on the film's soundtrack, "Mad About the Boy" and "When the Going Gets Tough" In 2009, Biel lent her voice to the animated science fiction film Planet 51  Biel performed the role of Sarah Brown with the Los Angeles Philharmonic in a fully staged concert production of Guys and Dolls during the 2009 season at the Hollywood Bowl  On the last night, she received a rousing standing ovation from 17,000 people  She subsequently landed a part in Lincoln Center Theater's two-week-long workshop of the musical version of the Pedro Almodóvar film Women on the Verge of a Nervous Breakdown, along with Salma Hayek In 2010, Biel starred in the large ensemble cast film Valentine's Day and in the A-Team, based on the television series as Capt  Charissa Sosa  In 2011, she appeared in New Year's Eve, directed by Valentine's Day's Garry Marshall  In 2012, Biel starred in the remake of the 1990 science fiction movie Total Recall alongside Colin Farrell and Kate Beckinsale  She portrayed actress Vera Miles in the biographical film Hitchcock, based on Stephen Rebello's book Alfred Hitchcock and the Making of Psycho  She also appeared in Playing for Keeps with Gerard Butler 

Independent film route and move into producing (2013–present)
Biel starred in the thriller film Emanuel and the Truth About Fishes, which premiered at the Sundance Film Festival on January 18, 2013  In April 2008, Biel began working on the political satire Nailed, with Jake Gyllenhaal  The film centers around a woman who accidentally gets a nail lodged in her head and travels to Washington, D C  to fight for better health care  In May 2009, Biel spoke about the film's production turmoil, saying: "That was definitely an experience, something I could not say no to  I am a huge David O  Russell fan  It's just heartbreaking that so many people put so much work into this particular project only to have it sit there, unfinished " The film was released on video on demand on February 10, 2015, and received largely negative reviews from critics In 2015, Biel starred in the independent drama Bleeding Heart, in which she plays a yoga instructor named May who meets her biological sister Shiva (Zosia Mamet), a sex worker, for the first time  The film premiered on April 17, 2015, at the Tribeca Film Festival, receiving mixed reviews, though Biel earned praise for her performance  Richard Lawson of Vanity Fair commented: "Though she's not given too much to work with in terms of character, Biel plays May with appealing nuance, creating a low-key, bliss-based Angeleno, all light and airy and gentle and poised, who discovers within herself an untapped hardness and anger and strength    when Biel has to conjure up more profound emotions, she proves adept, and surprisingly subtle " Clayton Davis of AwardsCircuit com also praised her performance, writing, "With an internalized and very subtle performance, Biel excels in her ability to find the very motivation of May "In 2016, Biel co-starred with Patrick Wilson (with whom she had worked on The A-Team) in the thriller A Kind of Murder, based on the novel The Blunderer by Patricia Highsmith  She voiced the character Vix in the animated film Spark, with Susan Sarandon and Hilary Swank, which was released in 2016  Biel also appeared in the drama The Book of Love, based on the book The Devil and the Deep Blue Sea, about an introverted architect (Jason Sudeikis) who loses his wife (Biel) and sets out to help a teenager named Millie (Maisie Williams)  Biel also produced the project from its conception some years prior, and was directed by Bill Purple, who directed her in the short film Hole in the Paper Sky  The film was released in January 2017 On August 2, 2017, Biel's eight-episode limited series murder mystery, The Sinner, debuted on USA Network  Biel is both executive producer and played the series' lead character Cora Tannetti  She stated that she moved into production so that she could develop projects with challenging and interesting roles rather than waiting for them to happen In October 2021, it was announced Biel would star and executive produce the true-crime drama miniseries Candy for Hulu 

Personal life
In January 2007, Biel began dating singer-songwriter Justin Timberlake  They became engaged in December 2011 and married on October 19, 2012, at the Borgo Egnazia resort in Fasano, Italy  Biel and Timberlake have two sons together: one born in April 2015, and another born in July 2020 Alongside anti-vaccination conspiracy theorist Robert F  Kennedy Jr , Biel publicly lobbied in June 2019 against California's vaccination bill that would limit medical exemptions from vaccinations without approval from a state public health officer 

Charitable causes
On July 18, 2006, Biel participated in a charity auction to raise medical funds for teen Molly Bloom, who was injured in a limousine accident  "I promise I'm a cheap date", Biel quipped in a pre-recorded video  John Schiffner of Fergus Falls, Minnesota, successfully bid $30,000 to have lunch with Biel  Biel and Schiffner lunched at The Palm restaurant in Denver, Colorado, on August 18, 2006  In early 2007, Biel co-founded the Make the Difference Network with her father and another business partner, Kent McBride  In 2010, Biel climbed to the summit of Mount Kilimanjaro with members of the United Nations Foundation to raise awareness of the global water crisis  That same year Biel earned a nomination for a Do Something Award  Biel teamed with nonprofit health care organization WomanCare Global to develop content that will provide girls with sex education 

Filmography
Film
Television
Music videos
Awards and nominations
Passage 3:
Charisma (horse)
Charisma (30 October 1972 – 7 January 2003), nicknamed "Podge" and "Stroppy", was a horse ridden by New Zealander Mark Todd  Charisma won many competitions in the sport of eventing  He is considered by many to be one of the greatest event horses ever to have competed  He stood 15 3 hands (63 inches, 160 cm) 

Breeding and early life
Charisma's dam, Planet, stood  15 hands (60 inches, 152 cm) and was sired by the Thoroughbred/Percheron-cross Kiritea  Planet's dam was a Thoroughbred named Starbourne  Planet was a successful Grade A show jumper in New Zealand and under rider Sheryl Douglas, became the first mare in New Zealand to jump her own height  After an injury ended her career, she was bred to the Thoroughbred stallion Tira Mink,  and Charisma was foaled on 30 October 1972 
Charisma's first home was on the Williams' 3,000-acre (12 km2) farm in Wairarapa, New Zealand  Even at a young age, Charisma was laid-back and easy to train  He was soon bought by David Murdoch, who placed the yearling in a small pasture with a four-foot fence, which Charisma jumped  The colt was gelded as a four-year-old, although he managed to cover four mares before that time 

Competitive career
The Beginning: 1977–1982
The young horse was slowly broken in, and later bought by Sharon Dearden in 1977  She competed him in Grade B show jumping competitions, and trained him up to intermediate level in eventing  Although the pair was long-listed for the Los Angeles Olympics, Dearden decided to sell the horse  Mrs  Fran Clark bought him and later lent him to Jennifer Stobart  Stobart brought him to Prix St Georges level in dressage "just for fun" 

Under Mark Todd: 1983–1986
Mark Todd was offered Charisma to ride by Virginia Caro, as his experienced horse was sick  In May 1983, he tried the gelding out, and brought him back to his place to get the horse fit  Charisma was a bit fat at that time, and had to be bedded on newspaper strips, as he would try to eat other bedding  Keeping the weight off the horse was always quite a struggle 
Charisma won his first two one-day events with Mark Todd, and then won the National One-Day Event Championship and National Three-day Event at Taupo (both of which he led after dressage and finished on his dressage score)  The pair was then selected for the Los Angeles Olympics Charisma was moved to England in February 1984  During the trip he became sick, and the illness never really left him for the rest of his career  The gelding was taken to the Badminton Horse Trials later that year, where he finished in 2nd place on his dressage score  Another satisfying finish came a few months later, at the Los Angeles Olympic Games  Mark and Charisma finished well after dressage, and then put in a clear cross-country and stadium round  A rail down by Karen Stives, who was leading by a few points, allowed the pair to cinch the individual gold After the Olympics, Charisma's owner, Fran Clark, decided to sell her horse  However, for some reason she did not seem to want Mark Todd to continue with Charisma as a mount  In 1985, she offered Charisma to the British rider Lizzie Purbrick  Knowing that Todd wanted the horse badly, Purbrick managed a deal with him to buy Charisma behind Fran Clark's back  Mark Todd's sponsor, Woolrest, transferred 50,000 pounds to Lizzie's account, to which she paid Fran Clark, and Mark Todd now was the official rider of Charisma under Woolrest's sponsorship  Needless, to say, Fran Clark was not pleased 
Mark Todd continued to compete Charisma in England, where he placed second at the 1985 Badminton Horse Trials, and won every one-day event of the season in which they competed, except Dauntsey after a fall on cross-country  In 1986, the pair went to the World Championships in Australia  Unfortunately, they had a fall at the water, and two rails down in stadium, and they finished in 10th place  They redeemed themselves a few weeks later in Luhmuhlen, where they won both individually and as part of a composite team 

The end of his career: 1987–1988
However, Charisma never got his chance to win Badminton, as it was cancelled in 1987  He won the three-star in Saumur, and the pair almost won Burghley that year, but two rails down in show jumping dropped them to second  They later won the British Open Championships before shipping to Seoul At the 1988 Olympics, Charisma put in a stellar dressage test, and jumped clear rounds in both the cross-country and stadium  He won the individual gold yet again, and beat the second-place horse, Sir Wattie, by the incredible margin of 10 20 penalties  The New Zealand team also won the bronze that year  The back-to-back Olympic win in eventing had only been accomplished once before 

Retirement
Charisma was retired after his second Olympic victory and he went home to New Zealand  He then went on a six-month tour before taking a well-earned rest  He was later shipped to Britain in 1995 to continue retirement 
On 7 January 2003, Charisma was euthanized at Mark Todd's Rivermonte Farm in Cambridge, after breaking a shoulder in the field  He was 30 years old 

Achievements
Second Place at the Badminton Horse Trials in 1984 and 1985
Individual Gold at the 1984 Olympics in Los Angeles
Won the Luhmuhlen, Germany Three-Day Event in 1986
Second Place at the Burghley Horse Trials, England in 1987
Won the British Open Championships in 1987
Individual Gold and Team Bronze at the 1988 Olympics in Seoul
Voted best NZ Sport Horse in the world in 1983 and 1985
Smallest Thoroughbred foal in Invercargill, NZ in 1972
Horse with the most fan mail in New Zealand
Carried Mark Todd into the stadium carrying the torch at the opening ceremony of the 1990 Commonwealth Games in Auckland, New Zealand
Passage 4:
John Ranelagh
John Ranelagh (John O'Beirne Ranelagh) is a television executive and producer, and an author of history and of current politics  He was created a Knight First Class by King Harald V of Norway in 2013 in the Royal Norwegian Order of Merit, for outstanding service in the interest of Norway 

Education
He read Modern History at Christ Church, Oxford, and went on to take a Ph D  at Eliot College, University of Kent 

Career
He was Campaign Director for "Outset", a charity for the single homeless person, where he pioneered the concept of charity auctions  From 1974 to 1979 he was at the Conservative Research Department where he first had responsibility for Education policy, and then for Foreign policy  He started his career in television with the British Broadcasting Corporation, first for BBC News and Current Affairs on Midweek  As Associate Producer he was a key member of the  BBC/RTE Ireland: A Television History 13-part documentary series (1981)  Later a member of the team that started Channel 4, he conceived the Equinox program, developed the "commissioning system", and served as Board Secretary  He was the first television professional appointed to the Independent Television Commission (ITC), a government agency which licensed and regulated commercial television in Britain from 1991 to 2003 Eventually Ranelagh relocated to Scandinavia where he continued in television broadcasting  There he has been with various companies: as Executive Chairman for NordicWorld; as Director for Kanal 2 Estonia; and, as Deputy Chief Executive and Director of Programmes for TV2 Denmark  Later Ranelagh worked at TV2 Norway as Director of Acquisition, and at Vizrt as deputy Chairman and then Chairman  Ranelagh stood as the Conservative Party candidate in Caerphilly in the 1979 general election 

Books
Ranelagh has also written several books:
"The I R B  from the Treaty to 1924," in Irish Historical Studies, Vol  20, No  77 (March 1976) 
"Science and Education," CRD, 1977 
"Human Rights and Foreign Policy," with Richard Luce, CPC, 1978 
Ireland  An illustrated history (Oxford University 1981);
A Short History of Ireland (Cambridge University 1983, 2d ed  1995, 3d ed  2012);
The Agency  The rise and decline of the CIA (New York: Simon and Schuster 1986, pb  ed  1987);
"Secrets, Supervision and Information," in Freedom of Information; Freedom of the Individual, ed  Julia Neuberger, 1987 
"The Irish Republican Brotherhood in the revolutionary period, 1879–1923," in The Revolution in Ireland, 1879–1923, ed  D G  Boyce, 1988 
Den Anden Kanal, Tiderne Skifter, 1989 
Thatcher's People  An insider's account of the politics, the power and the personalities (HarperCollins 1991);
CIA: A History (London: BBC Books, illustrated edition 1992) 
Encyclopædia Britannica, "Ireland," 1993–
"Through the Looking Glass: A comparison of United States and United Kingdom Intelligence cultures," in In the Name of Intelligence, eds  Hayden B  Peake and Samuel Halpern, 1998 
"Channel 4: A view from within," in The making of Channel 4, ed  Peter Catterall, 1998 

Family
John Ranelagh's Irish father was James O'Beirne Ranelagh (died 1979 Cambridge) who had been in the IRA in 1916 and later, fighting on the Republican side in the 1922–24 Civil War  His mother was Elaine (née Lambert Lewis)  She had been a young American folklorist with her own WNYC radio program, and thereafter became the noted author, E  L  Ranelagh (born 1914 New York, died 1996 London)  A native New Yorker, she had moved to rural Ireland following her 1946 marriage to James  Their son John Ranelagh, who has three younger sisters, Bawn, Elizabeth and Fionn, was born in 1947  His wife is Elizabeth Grenville Hawthorne, author of Managing Grass for Horses (2005)  Hawthorne is the daughter of the late Sir William Hawthorne 

See also
Channel 4
Equinox
TV2 Norway

Notes
External links
Exclusive Interview with John O'Beirne Ranelagh
Video Snack with John Ranelagh, TV2 Norway
Passage 5:
Cartoon Network
Cartoon Network (often abbreviated as CN) is an American cable television channel owned by Warner Bros  Discovery  It is a part of The Cartoon Network, Inc , a division that also has the broadcasting and production activities of Boomerang, Cartoonito, Adult Swim, and Toonami under its purview  The channel is headquartered at 1050 Techwood Drive NW in Atlanta, Georgia 
Founded by Ted Turner (who appointed Betty Cohen as the first president of the network), the channel was launched on October 1, 1992, and primarily broadcasts animated television series, mostly children's programming, ranging from action to animated comedy  It currently runs from 6 a m  to 7 p m  ET/PT on Mondays through Saturdays, and from 6 a m  to 9 p m  on Sundays (the sign-off time varies with holidays and special programming)  Cartoon Network primarily targets children aged 6 to 12, while its early morning block Cartoonito is aimed at preschool-aged children, and nighttime block Adult Swim targets older teenagers and young adults aged 18 to 34 Cartoon Network offers an alternate Spanish-language audio feed, either via a separate channel with the English audio track removed as part of a package of Spanish-language television networks sold by subscription providers, or a separate audio track accessible through the SAP option, depending on the provider 
As of March 2021, Cartoon Network is available to approximately 94 million paid television households in the United States 

History
On August 9, 1986, Turner Broadcasting System acquired Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer/United Artists  On October 18, Turner forcibly sold back MGM  However, Turner kept much of the film and television library made before May 1986 (including some of the UA library) and formed Turner Entertainment Co  On October 8, 1988, its cable channel Turner Network Television was launched and gained an audience with its extensive film library  In 1991, Turner also purchased the library of animation studio Hanna-Barbera  Ted Turner selected Betty Cohen (then-Senior Vice President of TNT) to devise a network to house these programs  On February 18, 1992, Turner Broadcasting announced its plans to launch Cartoon Network as an outlet for an animation library  On October 1, 1992, the network officially launched as the first 24-hour single-genre cable channel with animation as its main theme 
In 1994, Hanna-Barbera's new division Cartoon Network Studios was founded and started production on What a Cartoon!  This show debuted in 1995, offering original animated shorts  In 1996, Cartoon Network aired two preschool programs: Big Bag, a live-action/puppet television program with animated short series produced by Children's Television Workshop, and Small World, which featured animated series aimed at preschoolers imported from foreign countries  Turner Broadcasting System merged with Time Warner, which consolidated/reverted ownership of all the Warner Bros  cartoons  The network could then continue more original productions 

Programming
Cartoon Network's current original programming includes such shows as
The Amazing World of Gumball, Craig of the Creek, Teen Titans Go!, and We Baby Bears  The network's original programming is produced at Cartoon Network Studios, while other shows have either been co-produced with or acquired from other studios, including the affiliated Warner Bros  Animation  In the past, Cartoon Network has also produced and aired live-action and animated hybrid programming 
Over the years, Cartoon Network has aired various Looney Tunes, Merrie Melodies, Tom and Jerry and Droopy shorts in constant rotation, dating back to the network's launch in 1992 until 2017  In its early days, Cartoon Network benefited from having access to a large collection of animated programming, including the libraries of Warner Bros  (Looney Tunes and Merrie Melodies), Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer (Tom and Jerry), Hanna-Barbera (The Flintstones, Scooby-Doo, Snorks), and DC Comics (Superman, Batman, Wonder Woman, Justice League and Teen Titans)  Turner's ownership of Hanna-Barbera gave the network access to an established animation studio, something its rivals didn't have  Most of these series were removed by 1999 and moved to Boomerang in 2000 

Original series
Much of Cartoon Network's original programming originates from the network's in-house studio, Cartoon Network Studios  Beginning as a division of Hanna-Barbera, this studio would produce some of the network's earliest original series, including Dexter's Laboratory, Cow and Chicken, I Am Weasel, Johnny Bravo, and The Powerpuff Girls  Cartoon Cartoons was once the branding for Cartoon Network's original animated television series, but it was seldom used by the network by 2003  The name was eventually discontinued in 2008  Additionally several of the Cartoon Network's original series have been produced by studios other than the network's own in-house studio  Notable examples of this being Ed, Edd n Eddy, Courage the Cowardly Dog, and Codename: Kids Next Door  The name was resurrected by the network in 2021, for a new animated shorts program 

Programming blocks
From 1999 to 2003, Cartoon Cartoon Fridays served as the channel's flagship block, featuring premieres of Cartoon Network original series that fell under the Cartoon Cartoons branding; from 2003 to 2007, the block was renamed to "Fridays" after Cartoon Network began to phase out the Cartoon Cartoons branding  The Toonami block, which originally ran from 1997 to 2008, primarily carried action-oriented series aimed towards an older youth and teen audience, including imported anime series; it was later re-launched under the auspices of Adult Swim in 2012  2008 saw the introduction of CN Real, a block that featured live-action reality television series aimed towards a youth audience  In 2011, the channel introduced DC Nation, a block that would be focused on series adapted from DC Comics properties In September 2021, Cartoon Network introduced two new blocks oriented towards preschool and family viewing respectively, including the preschool block Cartoonito, and the new Sunday-evening block ACME Night–which primarily carries family films and library content, as well as other original series, specials, and television films from Warner Bros  Animation, as well as some programming from Adult Swim  They were introduced as part of an effort by new head Tom Ascheim to broaden Cartoon Network's demographic reach 

Editing of theatrical cartoon shorts
Cartoon Network has, during its history, broadcast most of the Warner Bros  animated shorts originally created between the 1920s and the 1960s, but the network edited out scenes depicting discharge of gunfire, alcohol ingestion, cowboys and Indians gags, tobacco, and politically incorrect humor  The unedited versions were kept from both broadcasting and wide release on the video market  Coal Black and de Sebben Dwarfs (1943), a politically incorrect but critically well-regarded short, was notably omitted entirely, while The Scarlet Pumpernickel (1950) and Feed the Kitty (1952), both well-regarded, had their finales heavily edited due to violence There was media attention in June 2001 over a network decision concerning further omissions from broadcasting  Cartoon Network formerly scheduled a 49-hour-long marathon annually known as June Bugs, promising to broadcast every Bugs Bunny animated short in chronological order  The network originally intended to include 12 shorts for its 2001 airing of the marathon (one of them part of the Censored Eleven list of Merrie Melodies and Looney Tunes cartoons effectively shelved from distribution) that had become controversial for using ethnic and national stereotypes, albeit broadcasting them past midnight to ensure few children were watching, with introductions concerning their historic value as representatives of another time  The network's corporate parent considered it likely that there would be complaints concerning racial insensitivity  This led to all 12 being omitted in their entirety  Laurie Goldberg, vice-president of public relations, defended the decision, stating, "We're the leader in animation, but we're also one of the top-rated general entertainment networks  There are certain responsibilities that come with that "

Related brands and units
Cartoonito
Cartoonito is a preschool programming brand owned by Warner Bros ; the brand was first launched in 2006 for use in international markets  In February 2021, it was announced that Cartoonito would make its U S  debut as a block on Cartoon Network and as a content brand on HBO Max; the Cartoon Network block launched on September 13, 2021 

Adult Swim
Adult Swim (often stylized as [adult swim] or [as]) is the adult-oriented programming brand of Cartoon Network  The programs featured on Adult Swim are geared toward a mature audience, in contrast to the all-ages, preteen daytime programming of Cartoon Network  As a result, Adult Swim is treated by Nielsen as a separate channel in its ratings reports (similar to Nickelodeon's Nick at Nite block) and marketed as such because of its differing target demographics  The block broadcasts both animated and live-action shows (including original programming, reruns of animated sitcoms, and other action and anime series) generally with minimal or no editing for content 
As of May 2023, Adult Swim broadcasts from 7:00 p m  to 6:00 a m  ET/PT on Monday through Saturdays, and from 9:00 p m  to 6 a m  on Sundays  Initially airing in the late-night hours, it has since expanded into prime time, moving its start time to 10 p m  in 2009, and 8 p m  in March 2014 (although the hour was given back to Cartoon Network for programming events and premieres, such as Steven Universe Future, in the fall-to-early-winter period) Due to increasing viewership of Cartoon Network in the evening hours by viewers over 18, Adult Swim's sign-on was moved to 7 p m  ET/PT on weekdays and Saturdays on May 1, 2023  It will expand further to 6 p m  on  August 28; this hour will initially feature the sub-block "Checkered Past" on weekdays, airing reruns of classic Cartoon Network original series 

Toonami
Toonami (a portmanteau of "cartoon" and "tsunami", suggesting a "tidal wave" of animated cartoons) is a brand used for action-oriented programming blocks and television channels worldwide  The original program block launched on Cartoon Network in the United States on March 17, 1997, and primarily aired both American cartoons and Japanese anime  The block would end its original run on September 20, 2008, before it was later revived on May 26, 2012, as a relaunch of Adult Swim's Saturday night anime block  Toonami's current incarnation is similar to that of the "Midnight Run", a special version of the block that originally ran on Saturday nights and was the forerunner for Adult Swim  The block is best known for its branding and aesthetic, including its animated host, a robot named TOM, that was later voiced by Steven Blum 
The Toonami brand was also used internationally for dedicated networks in the United Kingdom (replacing CNX), Asia (in December 2012), India (in February 2015), and France (in February 2016) 

Boomerang
Boomerang is a brand dedicated to classic and theatrical cartoons aimed towards children 7–13  It was originally a weekend programming block that aired on Cartoon Network from December 8, 1992, until October 3, 2004  On April 1, 2000, Boomerang received a new look and was spun off into its own cable channel  In 2017, an online Boomerang video-on-demand service was launched, which includes classic series along with new episodes of original series like Scooby-Doo and Guess Who?, New Looney Tunes, and The Tom and Jerry Show 

Other services
Production studios
Cartoon Network Studios
Cartoon Network Studios is a production studio located in the network's West Coast headquarters of Burbank, California, which serves as the network's first animation studio division to provide original programs for the network, succeeding Hanna-Barbera  While the studio makes original programs for the network, original Cartoon Network and Cartoonito shows like Big Bag, Ed, Edd n Eddy, Mike, Lu & Og, Courage the Cowardly Dog, Sheep in the Big City, Codename: Kids Next Door, The Secret Saturdays, and Sunday Pants were all produced without Cartoon Network Studios’ involvement  Starting from 2014, it starts producing shows for Adult Swim alongside its sister company Williams Street, following botched attempts to launch pilots on the block  It also produces live-action shows under the pseudonyms Alive and Kicking, Inc , Rent Now Productions and Factual Productions, formerly for Cartoon Network and currently for Adult Swim 

Williams Street
Williams Street Productions is the adult production studio division that provides original program to the network's late-night programming block Adult Swim that is located in Atlanta, Georgia, along with the main headquarters of the network  Prior to Adult Swim, the company produced Space Ghost: Coast to Coast for Cartoon Network 

Hanna-Barbera Studios Europe
Hanna-Barbera Studios Europe (formerly known as Cartoon Network Development Studio Europe until 2017 and Cartoon Network Studios Europe until 2021) is the network's European production studio division that is located in London, England, which provides other original programs but from the United Kingdom 

Cartoon Network Productions
Cartoon Network Productions is the global distribution arm for shows, pilots, and movies through various international Cartoon Network channels since December 5, 1993 

CN LA Original Productions
Cartoon Network Latin America Original Productions (abbreviated as CN LA) is a production studio division of the network's Latin American station, formed on May 26, 2019 

Media
Cartoon Network Games
Cartoon Network Games (formerly Cartoon Network Interactive) is the video game developer and publisher of video games based on Cartoon Network shows since 2000 

Cartoon Network Enterprises
Cartoon Network Enterprises is the network's global licensing and merchandising arm established in 2001  It distributes merchandises of various Cartoon Network brands 

Mobile app
Cartoon Network has a mobile app that provides the latest full episodes, a live stream from the East and West coast, games, and the network's schedule 

Book licensing
Cartoon Network Books is the book publisher established in 2015  It licenses books based on various Cartoon Network franchises 

Video games
In 2011, Cartoon Network characters were featured in a four-player mascot brawler fighting game similar to Nintendo's Super Smash Bros  video game series called Cartoon Network: Punch Time Explosion for the Nintendo 3DS  The game was later released for the Xbox 360, PlayStation 3 and the Wii as Cartoon Network Punch Time Explosion XL  Several video games based on the cartoon series Ben 10 were released by Cartoon Network as well  The Cartoon Network website also features various browser games incorporating characters from various Cartoon Network franchises  One such game was FusionFall, a massive multiplayer game released on January 14, 2009, and shut down on August 29, 2013 

Movies
Cartoon Network has produced various films, most of them being television films; the only films from Cartoon Network that had a theatrical release are The Powerpuff Girls Movie, Aqua Teen Hunger Force Colon Movie Film for Theaters, Regular Show: The Movie and Teen Titans Go! To The Movies 

Online
Cartoon Network registered its official website, CartoonNetwork com, on January 9, 1996  It officially launched on July 27, 1998  Sam Register served as the site's Senior Vice President and Creative Director from 1997 to 2001  In its early years, small studios partnered with the network to produce exclusive "Web Premiere Toons", short cartoons made specifically for CartoonNetwork com  More about animation was included in the "Department of Cartoons", which featured storyboards, episode guides, backgrounds, sound and video files, model sheets, production notes, and other information about shows on the network  In January 1999, the Department of Cartoons showcased the "MGM Golden Age Collection", most of which had not been published or even seen in more than 50 years  Cartoon Network launched Cartoon Orbit, an online gaming network characterized by digital trading cards called "cToons", in October 2000  The game officially ended on October 16, 2006 
In October 2000, CartoonNetwork com outdid its rival Nickelodeon's website in terms of unique users, scoring 2 12 million compared to Nick com's 1 95 million  In July 2007, Nielsen ratings data showed visitors spent an average of 77 minutes on the site, surpassing the previous record of 71 minutes set in 2004, and the site ranked 26th in terms of time spent for all US domains 

Marketing
Cartoon Network shows with established fan followings, such as Dexter's Laboratory, allowed the network to pursue licensing agreements with companies interested in selling series-related merchandise  For example, agreements with Kraft Foods led to widespread in-store advertising for Cartoon Network-related products  The network also worked on cross-promotion campaigns with both Kraft and Tower Records  In product development and marketing, the network has benefited from its relation to corporate parent Warner Bros  Discovery, allowing for mutually beneficial relationships with various subsidiary companies Time Warner Cable, the former cable television subsidiary of the corporate parent (which was spun off from Time Warner in 2009), distributes Cartoon Network as part of its packages  Turner Broadcasting System, the subsidiary overseeing various Warner Bros  Discovery-owned networks, helped cross-promote Cartoon Network shows and at times arranged for swapping certain shows between the networks  For example, Foster's Home for Imaginary Friends, one of CN's original shows, was at times seen at Kids' WB (which was discontinued on May 24, 2008), while Xiaolin Showdown and ¡Mucha Lucha!, two of Kids' WB's original shows, were seen at Cartoon Network  In each case, the swap intended to cultivate a shared audience for the two networks  Time Inc , the former subsidiary overseeing the magazines of the corporate parent, ensured favorable coverage of Cartoon Network and advertising space across its publications  Printed advertisements for CN shows could appear in magazines such as Time, Entertainment Weekly and Sports Illustrated Kids until Time Inc  was spun off from WarnerMedia on June 9, 2014  AOL, a now-former sibling company to WarnerMedia covering Internet services, helped promote Cartoon Network shows online by offering exclusive content for certain animated series, online sweepstakes and display advertising for CN Warner Bros  Home Entertainment, the home video subsidiary, distributes VHS tapes, DVDs and Blu-ray discs featuring Cartoon Network shows  Select Warner Bros  Family Entertainment VHS releases came with bonus cartoons from Cartoon Network  Rhino Entertainment, the former record label subsidiary of the corporate parent (which was spun off from Warner Bros  Discovery in 2004), distributed cassette tapes and CDs with Cartoon Network-related music  These products were also available through the Warner Bros  Studio Store  DC Comics, the comic book subsidiary, published a series featuring the Powerpuff Girls, indicating it could handle other CN-related characters  Warner Bros , the film studio subsidiary, released The Powerpuff Girls Movie in 2002  Kevin Sandler considered it likely that this film would find its way to HBO or Cinemax, two television network subsidiaries which regularly broadcast feature films  Sandler also viewed book tie-ins through Warner Books as likely, since it was the only area of marketing not covered yet by 2001 Cartoon Network also licensed its original series out for food promotions  Nestlé was granted a licensing agreement that resulted in a Wonder Ball chocolate candy tie-in with Cartoon Network characters and logos beginning in 2003  A new Wonder Ball promotion began in 2004 with characters from Ed, Edd n Eddy and exclusive Wonderball prizes and cToons on the Cartoon Orbit website 

International channels
Since its inception, Cartoon Network and its sister channels have set up various national and regional feeds  Since the early 1990s and 2000s, the network has expanded to countries including Canada, Mexico, Latin America, the United Kingdom, Ireland, Africa, and several Asia-Pacific regions 

See also
Adult Swim
Boomerang
Cartoonito
Passage 6:
The Greatest Event in Television History
The Greatest Event in Television History is a mockumentary TV special series created by Adam Scott and Naomi Scott  The series premiered on Cartoon Network's late night programming block Adult Swim on October 12, 2012 and ended on January 23, 2014 with a total of four episodes  Each episode originally aired independently as a "special presentation", several months apart 

Format
The format of each special is a brief mockumentary about the shot-for-shot remake of a 1980s TV series opening credits sequence, followed by the remake itself  Series co-creator Adam Scott says the specials are at least in part motivated by his own memories of watching 1980s TV as a kid  Each episode is hosted by Jeff Probst with actors portraying fictional versions of themselves or others  After each episode, the original opening credit scene is shown 

Production
Four episodes were produced during the show's run; the series finale aired on January 23, 2014  In an interview with Splitsider, Scott explained the conclusion of the series: "It's a lot of work for such a short, stupid thing    they're really fun and they're fun to make, but we're ready to move on "

Cast
Amanda Anka as voiceover (voice)
Jeff Probst as himself
Jon Hamm as Rick Simon
Adam Scott as A J  Simon / Jonathan Hart / Monroe Ficus / Henry Desmond
Paul Rudd as Director / Kip Wilson
Gus Van Sant as himself
Joe Schroeder as Tallest Doctor
Kathryn Hahn as Gretta Strauss / Sara Rush
Paul Scheer as Protester
Megan Mullally as Cecilia Simon
Bailey as Marlowe
Amy Poehler as Jennifer Hart
Paul Rust as Director
Horatio Sanz as Max
Maya Ferrara as Basecamp PA
David Wain as Bell Taint
Nick Kroll as Jeremy Bay
Catherine O'Hara as Muriel Rush
Jon Glaser as Henry Rush
Chelsea Peretti as Jackie Rush
Jason Mantzoukas as Director
Seth Morris as Channon Flowers
Damian Lang as Emergency Medic
Gillian Jacobs as Sonny Lumet
Mo Collins as Ruth Dunbar
Aisha Muharrar as Isabelle Hammond
Helen Slayton-Hughes as Lilly Sinclair
Aidy Bryant as Amy Cassidy

Episodes
Passage 7:
Allan Wicks
Edward Allan Wicks   (6 June 1923, Harden, West Yorkshire − 4 February 2010) was an English cathedral organist, who served in Canterbury Cathedral for nearly 30 years  He was an early champion of the music of Olivier Messiaen, Peter Maxwell Davies and Kenneth Leighton  He also directed the specially-commissioned music for the 1951 revival of the York Mystery Plays, regarded as the greatest event in the Festival of Britain celebrations 

Career
The son of a parson, Wicks began his musical studies as a pianist at an early age, but did not think that he would be good enough to become professional  He was educated at St John's School, Leatherhead and at the age of 14 he was advised to convert to the organ  He took his degree at Christ Church, Oxford, where he was also organ scholar at the cathedral, assistant to Thomas Armstrong  Completing his studies after serving in the 14th Punjab Regiment, gaining an MA and an FRCO, he then took up post at York Minster in 1947, as sub-organist to Francis Jackson  He described his time at York as being much easier than modern cathedral organists: "In those days it was easier to manage on one's own, because we never used to conduct, except a cappella pieces, we never conducted like cathedral organists now who hardly ever play the organ, they're down there wagging a finger, waving their arms about " Whilst based in York, he was on the music staff at St Peter's School and Chorus Master of Leeds Philharmonic Society  For the 1951 revival of the York Mystery Plays he was director of the music, composed by his friend James Brown  The plays captured the hearts of the British public, and have been performed regularly ever since In 1954, Wicks left York to take the job of organist and choirmaster of Manchester Cathedral  There he inspired Maxwell Davies by his directing the choir in performances of John IV of Portugal and John Dunstaple  Wicks also championed Maxwell Davies's Fantasia on O Magnum Mysterium, as well as Malcolm Williamson's six-movement Symphony  He also organised a Cantata Choir and a small orchestra for Tuesday evening concerts of larger-scale works, including Igor Stravinsky's Canticum Sacrum and Messiaen's Messe de la Pentecôte In 1961 he was appointed organist and master of the choristers of Canterbury Cathedral, where he served for 27 years, under three Archbishops, retiring after being appointed C B E  in 1988  Whilst at Canterbury, he also was honoured with the Lambeth MusDoc in 1974 and an honorary DMus from the University of Kent in 1985 
Wicks died in 2010, and was survived by his wife, Elizabeth, and their two daughters 

Organist posts
1941–1946: Organ Scholar, Christ Church Cathedral, Oxford (interrupted by wartime service in the 14th Punjab Regiment)
1947–1954: Sub Organist, York Minster
1954–1961: Organist at Manchester Cathedral 
1961–1988: Organist at Canterbury Cathedral 
Passage 8:
2005 World Series of Poker
The 2005 World Series of Poker opened play on June 2, continuing through the Main Event No Limit World Championship starting on July 7  The conclusion of the Main Event on July 15 marked the close of play, and the largest prize in sports and/or television history at the time ($7,500,000) was awarded to the winner  ESPN's broadcast began July 19th with coverage of WSOP Circuit Tournaments, and coverage of the Main Event began October 11th and ended November 15th 
All events were held at the Rio All Suite Hotel and Casino with the exception of the final 2 days of the Main Event which were held at Binion's Horseshoe  This marked the last time the Main Event final table was held at Binion's Horseshoe 

Events
Main Event
There were 5,619 entrants to the main event  Each paid $10,000 to enter what was the largest poker tournament ever played in a brick and mortar casino at the time   Many entrants won their seat in online poker tournaments  2004 Main Event champion Greg Raymer finished in 25th place in his title defense 

Final table
*Career statistics prior to the beginning of the 2005 Main Event 

Final table results
Other High Finishes
NB: This list is restricted to top 30 finishers with an existing Wikipedia entry 

Fall of World Champions
Day 1: Jim Bechtel, Doyle Brunson, Johnny Chan, Chris Ferguson, Phil Hellmuth, Tom McEvoy, Carlos Mortensen, Scotty Nguyen, Robert Varkonyi
Day 2: Dan Harrington, Chris Moneymaker, Huck Seed
Day 3: (none)
Day 4: Russ Hamilton
Day 5: (none)
Day 6: Greg Raymer

See also
World Series of Poker Circuit events
World Series of Poker Tournament of Champions
2005 World Series of Poker Results
Passage 9:
ER (TV series)
ER is an American medical drama television series created by novelist and physician Michael Crichton that aired on NBC from September 19, 1994, to April 2, 2009, with a total of 331 episodes spanning 15 seasons  It was produced by Constant C Productions and Amblin Television, in association with Warner Bros  Television  ER follows the inner life of the emergency room (ER) of Cook County General Hospital (a fictionalized version of the real Cook County Hospital) in Chicago, and various critical issues faced by the department's physicians and staff 
The show is the second longest-running primetime medical drama in American television history behind Grey's Anatomy, and the seventh longest medical drama across the globe (behind the United Kingdom's Casualty and Holby City, [United States’s] Grey's Anatomy, Germany's In aller Freundschaft,  Poland's Na dobre i na złe, and New Zealand's Shortland Street)  It won 23 Primetime Emmy Awards, including the 1996 Outstanding Drama Series award, and received 124 Emmy nominations  ER won 116 awards in total, including the Peabody Award, while the cast earned four Screen Actors Guild Awards for Outstanding Ensemble Performance in a Drama Series  As of 2014, ER has grossed over $3 billion in television revenue 

Production
Development
In 1974, author Michael Crichton wrote a screenplay based on his own experiences as a medical student in a busy hospital emergency room  The screenplay went nowhere and Crichton turned to other topics  In 1990, he published the novel Jurassic Park, and in 1993 began a collaboration with director Steven Spielberg on the film adaptation of the book  Crichton and Spielberg then turned to ER, but decided to film the story as a two-hour pilot for a television series rather than as a feature film  Spielberg's Amblin Entertainment provided John Wells as the show's executive producer 
The script used to shoot the pilot was virtually unchanged from what Crichton had written in 1974  The only substantive changes made by the producers in 1994 were that the Susan Lewis character became a woman and the Peter Benton character became African-American, and the running time was shortened by about 20 minutes in order for the pilot to air in a two-hour block on network TV  Because of a lack of time and money necessary to build a set, the pilot episode of ER was filmed in the former Linda Vista Hospital in Los Angeles, an old facility that had ceased operating in 1990  A set modeled after Los Angeles County General Hospital's emergency room was built soon afterward at the Warner Bros  studios in Burbank, California, although the show makes extensive use of location shoots in Chicago, most notably the city's famous "L" train platforms Warren Littlefield, running NBC Entertainment at the time, was impressed by the series: "We were intrigued, but we were admittedly a bit spooked in attempting to go back into that territory a few years after St  Elsewhere " With Spielberg attached behind the scenes, NBC ordered six episodes  "ER premiered opposite a Monday Night Football game on ABC and did surprisingly well  Then we moved it to Thursday and it just took off", commented Littlefield  ER's success surprised the networks and critics alike, as David E  Kelley's new medical drama Chicago Hope was expected to crush the new series Crichton remained executive producer until his death in November 2008, although he was still credited as one throughout that entire final season  Wells, the series' other initial executive producer, served as showrunner for the first three seasons  He was one of the show's most prolific writers and became a regular director in later years  Lydia Woodward was a part of the first season production team and became an executive producer for the third season  She took over as showrunner for the fourth season while Wells focused on the development of other series, including Trinity, Third Watch, and The West Wing  She left her executive producer position at the end of the sixth season but continued to write episodes throughout the series' run 
Joe Sachs, who was a writer and producer of the series, believed keeping a commitment to medical accuracy was extremely important: "We'd bend the rules but never break them  A medication that would take 10 minutes to work might take 30 seconds instead  We compressed time  A 12- to 24-hour shift gets pushed into 48 minutes  But we learned that being accurate was important for more reasons than just making real and responsible drama "Woodward was replaced as showrunner by Jack Orman  Orman was recruited as a writer-producer for the series in its fourth season after a successful stint working on CBS's JAG  He was quickly promoted and became an executive producer and showrunner for the series' seventh season  He held these roles for three seasons before leaving the series at the end of the ninth season  Orman was also a frequent writer and directed three episodes of the show 
David Zabel served as the series' head writer and executive producer in its later seasons  He initially joined the crew for the eighth season and became an executive producer and showrunner for the twelfth season onward  Zabel was the series' most frequent writer, contributing to 41 episodes  He also made his directing debut on the series  Christopher Chulack was the series' most frequent director and worked as a producer on all 15 seasons  He became an executive producer in the fourth season but occasionally scaled back his involvement in later years to focus on other projects 
Other executive producers include writers Carol Flint, Neal Baer, R  Scott Gemmill, Dee Johnson, Joe Sachs, Lisa Zwerling, and Janine Sherman Barrois  Several of these writers and producers had background in healthcare: Joe Sachs was an emergency physician, while Lisa Zwerling and Neal Baer were both pediatricians  The series' crew was recognized with awards for writing, directing, producing, film editing, sound editing, casting, and music 

Broadcasting
Following the broadcast of its two-hour pilot movie on September 19, 1994, ER premiered Thursday, September 22 at 10pm  It remained in the same Thursday time slot for its entire run, capping the Must See TV primetime block  ER is NBC's third longest-running drama, after Law & Order and Law & Order: Special Victims Unit, and the second longest-running American primetime medical drama of all time, behind Grey's Anatomy  Starting with season seven, ER was broadcast in the 1080i HD format, appearing in letterbox format when presented in standard definition  On April 2, 2008, NBC announced that the series would return for its fifteenth season  The fifteenth season was originally scheduled to run for 19 episodes before retiring with a two-hour series finale to be broadcast on March 12, 2009, but NBC announced in January 2009 that it would extend the show by an additional three episodes to a full 22-episode order as part of a deal to launch a new series by John Wells titled Police, later retitled Southland  ER's final episode aired on April 2, 2009; the two-hour episode was preceded by a one-hour retrospective special  The series finale charged $425,000 per 30-second ad spot, more than three times the season's rate of $135,000  From season 4 to season 6 ER cost a record-breaking $13 million per episode  TNT also paid a record price of $1 million an episode for four years of repeats of the series during that time  The cost of the first three seasons was $2 million per episode and seasons 7 to 9 cost $8 million per episode In September 1998, TNT aired syndicated reruns of the series 

Cast and characters
The original starring cast consisted of Anthony Edwards as Dr  Mark Greene, George Clooney as Dr  Doug Ross, Sherry Stringfield as Dr  Susan Lewis, Noah Wyle as medical student John Carter, and Eriq La Salle as Dr  Peter Benton  As the series continued, some key changes were made: Nurse Carol Hathaway, played by Julianna Margulies, who attempts suicide in the original pilot script, was made into a regular cast member  Ming-Na Wen debuted in the middle of the first season as medical student Jing-Mei "Deb" Chen, but did not return for the second season; she returns in season 6 episode 10  Gloria Reuben and Laura Innes would join the series as Physician Assistant Jeanie Boulet and Dr  Kerry Weaver, respectively, by the second season In the third season, a series of cast additions and departures began that would see the entire original cast leave over time  Stringfield was the first to exit the series, reportedly upsetting producers who believed she wanted to negotiate for more money, but the actress did not particularly care for "fame "
 She would return to the series from 2001 until 2005  Clooney departed the series in 1999 to pursue a film career, and Margulies exited the following year  Season eight saw the departure of La Salle and Edwards when Benton left County General and Greene died from a brain tumor  Wyle left the series after season 11 in order to spend more time with his family, but would return for two multiple-episode appearances in the show's final seasons  Goran Visnjic as Dr  Luka Kovač, Maura Tierney as Dr  Abby Lockhart, Alex Kingston as Dr  Elizabeth Corday, Paul McCrane as Dr  Robert Romano, and Mekhi Phifer as Dr  Greg Pratt all joined the cast as the seasons went on  In the much later seasons, the show would see the additions of Scott Grimes as Dr  Archie Morris, Parminder Nagra as Dr  Neela Rasgotra, Shane West as Dr  Ray Barnett, Linda Cardellini as nurse Samantha Taggart, John Stamos as intern Tony Gates, David Lyons as Dr  Simon Brenner and Angela Bassett as Dr  Catherine Banfield In addition to the main cast, ER featured a large number of frequently seen recurring cast members who played key roles such as paramedics, hospital support staff, nurses, and doctors  ER also featured a sizable roster of well-known guest stars, some making rare television appearances, who typically played patients in single episode appearances or multi-episode arcs 

Episodes
A typical episode centered on the ER, with most scenes set in the hospital or surrounding streets  In addition, most seasons included at least one storyline located completely outside of the ER, often outside of Chicago  Over the span of the series, stories took place in the Democratic Republic of The Congo, France, Iraq and Sudan  One early storyline involved a road trip taken by Dr  Ross and Dr  Greene to California and a season eight episode included a storyline in Hawaii featuring Dr  Greene and Dr  Corday  Beginning in season nine, storylines started to include the Democratic Republic of the Congo, featuring Dr  Kovac, Dr  Carter, and Dr  Pratt  "We turned some attention on the Congo and on Darfur when nobody else was  We had a bigger audience than a nightly newscast will ever see, making 25 to 30 million people aware of what was going on in Africa," ER producer John Wells said  "The show is not about telling people to eat their vegetables, but if we can do that in an entertaining context, then there's nothing better " The series also focused on sociopolitical issues such as HIV and AIDS, organ transplants, mental illness, racism, human trafficking, euthanasia, poverty and gay rights Some episodes used creative formats, such as the 1997 "Ambush", which was broadcast live twice, once for the east coast and again three hours later for the west coast, and 2002's "Hindsight", which ran in reverse time as it followed one character, Dr  Kovac, through the events of a Christmas Eve shift and the Christmas party that preceded it 

Crossover with Third Watch
The episode "Brothers and Sisters" (first broadcast on April 25, 2002) begins a crossover that concludes on the Third Watch episode "Unleashed" in which Dr  Lewis enlists the help of Officers Maurice Boscorelli and Faith Yokas to find her sister and niece 

Ratings
U S  seasonal rankings based on average total viewers per episode of ER on NBC are tabulated below   Each U S  network television season starts in late September and ends in late May, which coincides with the completion of May sweeps  All times mentioned in this section were in the Eastern and Pacific time zones  Ratings for seasons 1–2 are listed in households (the percentage of households watching the program), while ratings for seasons 3–15 are listed in viewers 

In its first year, ER attracted an average of 19 million viewers per episode, becoming the year's second most watched television show, just behind Seinfeld  In the following two seasons (1995–1997), ER was the most watched show in North America  For almost five years, ER battled for the top spot against Seinfeld, but in 1998, Seinfeld ended and then ER became number one again  The series finale attracted 16 4 million viewers  The show's highest rating came during the season 2 episode "Hell and High Water," with 48 million viewers and a 45% market share  It was the highest for a regularly scheduled drama since a May 1985 installment of Dallas received a 46  The share represents the percentage of TVs in use tuned in to that show 

Critical reception
Throughout the series ER received positive reviews from critics and fans alike  It scored 80 on Metacritic, meaning "generally favorable reviews", based on 21 critics  Marvin Kitman from Newsday said: "It's like M*A*S*H with just the helicopters showing up and no laughs  E R  is all trauma; you never get to know enough about the patients or get involved with them  It's just treat, release and move on"  Richard Zoglin from Time stated that it's "probably the most realistic fictional treatment of the medical profession TV has ever presented" 
Critical reactions for ER's first season were very favorable  Alan Rich, writing for Variety, praised the direction and editing of the pilot while Eric Mink, writing for the New York Daily News, said that the pilot of ER "was urban, emergency room chaos and young, committed doctors " However some reviewers felt the episodes following the pilot did not live up to it with Mink commenting that "the great promise of the "E R " pilot dissolves into the kind of routine, predictable, sloppily detailed medical drama we've seen many times before "NBC launched the show at the same time that CBS launched its own medical drama Chicago Hope; many critics drew comparisons between the two  Eric Mink concluded that ER may rate more highly in the Nielsens but Chicago Hope told better stories, while Rich felt both shows were "riveting, superior TV fare " The Daily Telegraph wrote in 1996: "Not being able to follow what on earth is going on remains one of the peculiar charms of the breakneck American hospital drama, ER" In 2002, TV Guide ranked ER No  22 on their list of "TV's Top 50 Shows", making it the second highest ranked medical drama on the list (after St  Elsewhere at No  20)  Also, the season 1 episode "Love's Labor Lost" was ranked No  6 on TV Guide's 100 Greatest Episodes of All-Time list having earlier been ranked No  3  The show placed No  19 on Entertainment Weekly's "New TV Classics" list  British magazine Empire ranked it No  29 in their list of the "50 Greatest TV Shows of All Time" and said the best episode was "Hell And High Water" (Season 2, Episode 7) where "Doug Ross (George Clooney) saves a young boy from drowning during a flood " In 2012, ER was voted Best TV Drama on ABC's 20/20 special episode "Best in TV: The Greatest TV Shows of Our Time"  In 2013, TV Guide ranked it No  9 in its list of The 60 Greatest Dramas of All Time and No  29 in its list of the 60 Best Series  In the same year, the Writers Guild of America ranked ER No  28 in its list of the 101 Best Written TV Series of All Time 

Awards and nominations
The series has been nominated for 375 industry awards and has won 116  ER won the George Foster Peabody Award in 1995, and won 22 of the 124 Emmy Awards for which it was nominated  It also won the People's Choice Award for "Favorite Television Dramatic Series" every year from 1995 to 2002  Over the years, it has won numerous other awards, including Screen Actors Guild Awards, Image Awards, GLAAD Media Awards, and Golden Globe Awards, among others 

Distribution
Home media
Warner Home Video has released all 15 seasons in R1, R2, and R4 
In the UK (Region 2), The Complete Series boxset was released on October 26, 2009  On September 12, 2016 the series was re-released in three box sets, Seasons 1–5, Seasons 6–10 and Seasons 11–15 
The DVD box sets of ER are unusual in the fact that they are all in anamorphic widescreen even though the first six seasons of the show were broadcast in a standard 4:3 format  ER was shot protecting for widescreen presentation, allowing the show to be presented in 16:9 open matte (leaving only the title sequence in the 4:3 format)  However, as the production of the show was generally conceived with 4:3 presentation in mind, some episodes feature vignetting or unintended objects towards the sides of the frame that would not be visible when presented in the 4:3 format  These episodes also appear in the widescreen format when rerun on TNT HD, Pop and streaming services 
In 2018 Hulu struck a deal with Warner Bros Domestic Television Distribution to stream all 15 seasons of the show  The show arrived on HBO Max in January 2022 

Soundtrack
In 1996, Atlantic Records released an album of music from the first two seasons, featuring James Newton Howard's theme from the series in its on-air and full versions, selections from the weekly scores composed by Martin Davich (Howard scored the two-hour pilot, Davich scored all the subsequent episodes and wrote a new theme used from 2006–2009 until the final episode, when Howard's original theme returned) and songs used on the series 
Theme From ER – James Newton Howard (3:02)
Dr  Lewis And Renee (from "The Birthday Party") (1:57)
Canine Blues (from "Make of Two Hearts") (2:27)
Goodbye Baby Susie (from "Fever of Unknown Origin") (3:11)
Doug & Carol (from "The Gift") – composed by James Newton Howard and Martin Davich (1:59)
Healing Hands – Marc Cohn (4:25)
The Hero (from "Hell And High Water") composed by James Newton Howard and Martin Davich (1:55)
Carter, See You Next Fall (from "Everything Old Is New Again") (1:28)
Reasons For Living – Duncan Sheik (4:33)
Dr  Green and a Mother's Death (from "Love's Labor Lost") (2:48)
Raul Dies (from "The Healers") (2:20)
Hell And High Water (from "Hell And High Water") – composed by James Newton Howard and Martin Davich (2:38)
Hold On (from "Hell And High Water") (2:47)
Shep Arrives (from "The Healers") (3:37)
Shattered Glass (from "Hell And High Water") (2:11)
Theme From ER – James Newton Howard  (1:00)
It Came Upon A Midnight Clear – Mike Finnegan (2:30)

Other media
An ER video game developed by Legacy Interactive for Windows 2000 and XP was released in 2005 
In the Mad episode "Pokémon Park / WWER", the show was parodied in the style of WWE 
A recurring sketch called "Toy ER" in the Nickelodeon comedy series All That parodies the show, featuring Dr  Malady (Chelsea Brummet), Dr  Botch (Giovonnie Samuels), and Dr  Sax (Shane Lyons) "treating" damaged toys 
A book about emergency medicine based on the TV series, The Medicine of ER: An Insider's Guide to the Medical Science Behind America's #1 TV Drama was published in 1996  Authors Alan Duncan Ross and Harlan Gibbs M D  have hospital administration and ER experience, respectively, and are called fans of the TV show in the book's credits 

Foreign adaptations
In March 2012, Warner Bros  International Television announced that they would sell the format rights to ER to overseas territories  This allowed foreign countries to produce their own version of the series In June 2013, Warner Bros  International Television and Emotion Production from Belgrade, Serbia, announced a Serbian version of ER  Urgentni Centar premiered on October 6, 2014, on TV Prva  As of 2014 a Colombian version was planned 

See also
Casualty – Similar concept but based on a British fictional hospital's accident & emergency department 



ground_truth: Northern Ireland

prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: The Greatest Event in Television History aired on the channel that was founded by whom?

The following are given passages.
Context 3: Passage 1:
Call for the Dead
Call for the Dead is John le Carré's first novel, published in 1961  It introduces George Smiley, the most famous of le Carré's recurring characters, in a story about East German spies inside Great Britain   It also introduces a fictional version of British Intelligence, called "the Circus" because of its location in Cambridge Circus, that is apparently based on MI6 and that recurs throughout le Carré's spy novels  Call for the Dead was adapted for film as The Deadly Affair (1966) 

Plot summary
Following a wartime excursion undercover in Germany, George Smiley returns to England and marries Lady Ann Sercombe  Although Smiley is a devout husband, Ann is serially unfaithful, and begins an affair with a Cuban racing driver before absconding the country with him  Smiley, infinitely self-controlled and self-deprecating, does nothing, and instead lets Ann continue to utilise their finances whilst he continues to live at their home in Bywater Street in the London borough of Chelsea, distracting himself with a love of German poetry and his work as a member of the Circus, the headquarters of the SIS named after its location on Cambridge Circus 
Smiley is abruptly summoned in the early hours of the morning by the Circus' advisor, Maston  Unsure about the meeting’s purpose, he travels in via taxi to learn that Foreign Office civil servant Samuel Fennan has killed himself following a routine security check  Smiley, the interviewer, had cleared Fennan, despite only a few days earlier receiving an anonymous letter regarding Fennan's past membership of the Communist Party of Great Britain  Because Fennan did not have a private office, Smiley had suggested the interview take place in an informal manner on a lunchtime walk through London  Maston informs him that an inquiry will be convened, and begins to set Smiley up for the blame for the suicide 
Smiley travels to Fennan's home, where he meets Fennan's wife Elsa  Elsa, like her husband, was a Jewish immigrant from Europe following the end of the Second World War, and had been interned in a concentration camp by the Nazis during the course of the war  While at the Fennans' home, Smiley answers a telephone call, believing it to be for him from the Circus  Instead, he finds it is a requested 8:30 am call from the telephone exchange, which Smiley feels is suspicious 
Smiley meets Inspector Mendel during the course of the interview and investigation  Mendel is on the verge of retirement, and is set to retire once the Fennan case is closed  He obtains information from telephone exchange staff that confirm it was Fennan who had requested the call the night before, furthering Smiley's suspicion around Elsa  Despite this, Maston orders Smiley to refrain from investigating the death any further  Working late at his office the same day, Smiley receives a letter from Fennan from the previous night requesting they meet urgently the next day  Smiley, now believing that Fennan was murdered to prevent a meeting from occurring, writes an abrupt letter of resignation and attaches it to Fennan's letter, leaving it in his out-tray to be forwarded to Maston 
After running some errands, such as going to the dry cleaners, Smiley returns home, but notices movement in the drawing room of his house  He rings his own doorbell, and is met by a tall, fair, handsome stranger  Pretending to be part of a laundrette delivery service, he avoids entering his house, and notes the number plates of the seven cars parked in the road  Now staying with Mendel, who agrees to help him work the case independently, the pair track one car to a dealer called Adam Scarr  Scarr, a semi-professional criminal, tells Mendel that he rents the car out on anonymous agreement to a stranger known as "Blondie", who matches the description of Smiley's intruder  However, whilst Mendel and Scarr are conversing, Smiley is attacked whilst tracking "Blondie's" car and hospitalised, whilst Scarr is murdered after Mendel's departure 
Now hospitalised, Smiley directs the case direction from bed rest  Mendel discovers that Elsa attended a local theatre twice a month, in which she liaises with someone the theatre staff believe is her husband  Upon further investigation, this turns out to be "Blondie", and Mendel learns that the two always carry music cases to each performance, which they trade  With assistance from fellow Circus agent and Smiley's protégé Peter Guillam, the men learn that "Blondie" is actually called Hans-Dieter Mundt, and is an East German agent working undercover as a diplomatic member of the East German Steel Mission for one Dieter Frey  Smiley becomes concerned at this revelation, as Frey was one his operatives during the war  Fanatically opposed to the Nazis, Frey was repeatedly antagonistic about them at great risk to himself  Not only was he a dissident, but he was physically disabled in one leg and needed a cane for most of his life, at a time where the Nazis executed many physically and mentally disabled people  Smiley recommended Frey to the Circus  Frey was later captured by the Nazis and sentenced to a stretch in a political prison camp doing hard labour  Later during the war, Smiley worked directly with Frey as an agent for the Circus  After the war, however, Frey rose through the ranks of East German government service and became one of its most important agents  Smiley also concludes that Frey is likely using a courier service to access only one highly placed domestic agent  Shortly after this revelation, Guillam reports that Mundt has fled to East Germany  He was subsequently identified by cabin crew 
After abruptly discharging himself from hospital, Smiley returns to confront Elsa Fennan  When pushed, she breaks, and confesses that her husband was actually a spy for East Germany, and that she was unwillingly involved in passing secret documents to the East Germans in the music case she took to the theatre  She reveals that Fennan was killed by Mundt after Frey saw him talking to Smiley during their walk through the park, believing that Fennan had cracked under the pressure of passing information to them  When she returned home, she had found Mundt and her husband's corpse, and had typed a suicide note out of fear for her own life 
Guillam, however, adds another turn to the investigation shortly after this  In an attempt to verify Elsa's claims, he examines the files that Fennan had been taking home from the Foreign Office  On closer inspection, in the period before his death he had been taking home only declassified files of little significance to British security  Smiley then realises that Elsa, not Samuel, is the East German spy, and that the accusation about Fennan had been self-composed in order to allow him to meet someone with whom he could discuss his concerns about his wife  Using his knowledge of Frey's tradecraft, Smiley, Guillam, and Mendel stage a trap to inspire a theatre rendezvous between Frey and Elsa, where Frey stealthily kills her  After being trailed by Mendel, Smiley pursues Frey  In the ensuing struggle, Frey falls into the river Thames where he drowns 
Back on bed rest in Mendel's house, Smiley turns down Maston's offer to reinstate him to the Circus with a promotion, and flies to Zürich in the hope that he can repair his relationship with Ann 

Characters in Call for the Dead
George Smiley – an officer of the Circus
Samuel Fennan – a British civil servant, who committed an apparent suicide
Elsa Fennan – his wife, formerly a refugee from Nazi Germany
Inspector Mendel – Smiley's contact with the Metropolitan Police
Peter Guillam – an officer of the Circus subordinate to Smiley
Maston ("The Ministers' Adviser on Intelligence") – head of service for the Circus
Adam Scarr – a semi-criminal "businessman"
Hans-Dieter Mundt, aka "Blondie" – an agent of East German intelligence
Dieter Frey – an agent of East German intelligence, and a former wartime agent of Smiley's

Film, television, radio and theatrical adaptations
Call for the Dead was filmed as The Deadly Affair (1966)  It was directed by Sidney Lumet from a script by Paul Dehn, and starred James Mason as Charles Dobbs, (not George Smiley, as le Carré had sold the rights to use the name "George Smiley" to The Spy Who Came in from the Cold), Harry Andrews as Mendel, Simone Signoret as Elsa Fennan and Maximilian Schell as Dieter Frey  The major change in the script from the book is the addition of an affair between George's wife Ann and Dieter Frey, which presages the events of Tinker Tailor Soldier Spy 
Call for the Dead was first adapted as a BBC Radio 4 drama in 1978  Subsequently, it was the first story to be broadcast in BBC Radio 4's major series to feature all the Smiley novels ("The Complete Smiley"), with Simon Russell Beale in the main role  Other characters and actors are as follows; Inspector Mendel—Kenneth Cranham, Elsa Fennan—Eleanor Bron, Ann Smiley—Anna Chancellor, Peter Guillam—Richard Dillane, Maston—James Laurenson, Dieter Frey—Henry Goodman, Adam Scarr/Mundt—Sam Dale, Ludo Oriel—Janice Acquah, Nursing Sister—Caroline Guthrie with Benjamin Askew and Jonathan Tafler  The novel was adapted as a 90-minute drama by Robert Forrest, produced by Patrick Raynor, and was transmitted, also on BBC Radio 4, on 23 May 2009 
Passage 2:
Spy film
The spy film, also known as the spy thriller, is a genre of film that deals with the subject of fictional espionage, either in a realistic way (such as the adaptations of John le Carré) or as a basis for fantasy (such as many James Bond films)  Many novels in the spy fiction genre have been adapted as films, including works by John Buchan, le Carré, Ian Fleming (Bond) and Len Deighton  It is a significant aspect of British cinema, with leading British directors such as Alfred Hitchcock and Carol Reed making notable contributions and many films set in the British Secret Service Spy films show the espionage activities of government agents and their risk of being discovered by their enemies  From the Nazi espionage thrillers of the 1940s to the James Bond films of the 1960s and to the high-tech blockbusters of today, the spy film has always been popular with audiences worldwide  Offering a combination of exciting escapism, technological thrills, and exotic locales, many spy films combine the action and science fiction genres, presenting clearly delineated heroes for audiences to root for and villains for them to hate  They may also involve elements of political thrillers  However, there are many that are comedic (mostly action comedy films if they fall under that genre) 
James Bond is the most famous of film spies, but there were also more serious, probing works like le Carré's The Spy Who Came in from the Cold that also emerged from the Cold War  As the Cold War ended, the newest villain became terrorism and more often involved the Middle East 

History
The spy film genre began in the silent era, with the paranoia of invasion literature and the onset of the Great War  These fears produced the British 1914 The German Spy Peril, centered on a plot to blow up the Houses of Parliament, and 1913's O H M S , standing for "Our Helpless Millions Saved" as well as On His Majesty's Service (and introducing for the first time a strong female character who helps the hero) 
In 1928, Fritz Lang made the film Spies which contained many tropes that became popular in later spy dramas, including secret headquarters, an agent known by a number, and the beautiful foreign agent who comes to love the hero  Lang's Dr  Mabuse films from the period also contain elements of spy thrillers, though the central character is a criminal mastermind only interested in espionage for profit  Additionally, several of Lang's American films, such as Hangmen Also Die, deal with spies during World War II 
Alfred Hitchcock did much to popularise the spy film in the 1930s with his influential thrillers The Man Who Knew Too Much (1934), The 39 Steps (1935), Sabotage (1937) and The Lady Vanishes (1938)  These often involved innocent civilians being caught up in international conspiracies or webs of saboteurs on the home front, as in Saboteur (1942)  Some, however, dealt with professional spies as in Hitchcock's Secret Agent (1936), based on W  Somerset Maugham's Ashenden stories, or the Mr  Moto series, based on the books of John P  Marquand 
In the 1940s and early 1950s there were several films made about the exploits of Allied agents in occupied Europe, which could probably be considered as a subgenre  13 Rue Madeleine and O S S  were fictional stories about American agents in German-occupied France, and there were a number of films based on the stories of real-life British S O E  agents, including Odette and Carve Her Name With Pride  A more recent fictional example is Charlotte Gray, based on the novel by Sebastian Faulks 
Also during the period, there were many detective films (The Thin Man Goes Home and Charlie Chan in the Secret Service for example) in which the mystery involved who stole the secret blue-prints, or who kidnapped the famous scientist 
The peak of popularity of the spy film is often considered to be the 1960s when Cold War fears meshed with a desire by audiences to see exciting and suspenseful films  The espionage film developed in two directions at this time  On the one hand, the realistic spy novels of Len Deighton and John le Carré were adapted into relatively serious Cold War thrillers which dealt with some of the realities of the espionage world  Some of these films included The Spy Who Came in from the Cold (1965), The Deadly Affair (1966), Torn Curtain (1966), and the Harry Palmer series, based on the novels of Len Deighton 
In another direction, the James Bond novels by Ian Fleming were adapted into an increasingly fantastical series of tongue-in-cheek adventure films by producers Harry Saltzman and Albert R  Broccoli, with Sean Connery as the star  They featured secretive and flamboyant super-villains, an archetype which would later become a staple of the explosion of spy movies in the mid-to-late 1960s 
The phenomenal success of the Bond series lead to a deluge of imitators, such as the eurospy genre and several from America  Notable examples include the two Derek Flint films starring James Coburn, The Quiller Memorandum (1966) with George Segal, and the Matt Helm series with Dean Martin  Television also got into the act with series like The Man from U N C L E and I Spy in the U S , and Danger Man and The Avengers in Britain  Spies have remained popular on TV to the present day with series such as Callan, Alias and Spooks 
Spy films also enjoyed something of a revival in the late 1990s, although these were often action films with espionage elements, or comedies like Austin Powers  Some critics identify a trend away from fantasy in favor of realism, as observed in Syriana, the Bourne film series and the James Bond films starring Daniel Craig since Casino Royale (2006) 

Films
Some of the most popular films include:
Movie series (franchises)

One-shots, sequels and remakes

Television series
Some of the most popular television series include:

See also
Eurospy film
List of films based on spy books
List of films featuring surveillance
List of James Bond parodies and spin-offs
List of spy films
Passage 3:
The Incongruous Spy
The Incongruous Spy: Two Novels of Suspense (1964), by John le Carré, is an omnibus edition of le Carré's first two novels Call for the Dead (1961) and A Murder of Quality (1962)  The omnibus, about George Smiley, was released after his third novel, The Spy Who Came in from the Cold (1963) 

See also
Smiley Versus Karla
Passage 4:
Connie Sachs
Connie Sachs is a fictional character created by John le Carré  Sachs plays a key supporting role in the Karla Trilogy, Tinker Tailor Soldier Spy, The Honourable Schoolboy, and Smiley's People 

Biography
Sachs is an eccentric alcoholic with an incredible memory and intellect who works in the research department of the Circus  "A don's daughter", her brothers were also dons, and she herself "some sort of academic"  Her family lived at Millponds, a "beautiful Palladian house" with "lovely grounds, near Newbury", later owned by one of her brothers  According to legend, Control met her while she was at university and was so impressed that he invented a job so as to hire her  Her personal and professional life is devoted to the study of Soviet intelligence and most notably the Soviet spymaster known as Karla 
She is close to spymaster George Smiley and forced into early retirement at the same time he is  From her vast memory, she provides him with important clues in Tinker Tailor; when he must rebuild the Circus after its betrayal, Sachs returns happily to her work despite her failing health  She is crucial to the unravelling of the paper trail at the centre of The Honourable Schoolboy and retires after their success against Karla, this time permanently  When Smiley visits her for the last time in Smiley's People, she is dying from old age and alcoholism  She is taken care of by her female lover, a former Circus agent named Hilary; despite her objections, Connie agrees to speak with Smiley, and provides a key that leads to the eventual victory over Karla 

Background
Sachs was widely reputed (in outline at least) to be based on the legendary real-life MI5 Soviet watcher Milicent Bagot  Although she worked in domestic intelligence (unlike the fictional Connie), she was reportedly the first to alert British authorities that double agent Kim Philby had past associations as a Communist  Bagot died, aged 99, in 2006 

Portrayals
In the BBC's 1979 television adaptation of Tinker Tailor and the 1982 adaptation of Smiley's People which followed it, Sachs was played by Beryl Reid  In BBC Radio 4's 2009-10 adaptation of the Karla trilogy, Sachs was played by Maggie Steed  In the 2011 film adaptation Tinker Tailor Soldier Spy, Sachs was played by Kathy Burke 
Passage 5:
John le Carré: The Biography
John le Carré: The Biography is a 2015 biography of John le Carré written by Adam Sisman It was published by Bloomsbury (UK), Harper (US) and Knopf (Canada) 
Passage 6:
John le Carré
David John Moore Cornwell (19 October 1931 – 12 December 2020), better known by his pen name John le Carré ( lə-KARR-ay), was a British and Irish author, best known for his espionage novels, many of which were successfully adapted for film or television  "A sophisticated, morally ambiguous writer", he is considered one of the greatest novelists of the postwar era  During the 1950s and 1960s he worked for both the Security Service (MI5) and the Secret Intelligence Service (MI6) Le Carré's third novel, The Spy Who Came in from the Cold (1963), became an international best-seller, was adapted as an award-winning film and remains one of his best-known works  This success allowed him to leave MI6 to become a full-time author  His novels which have been adapted for film or television include The Looking Glass War (1965), Tinker Tailor Soldier Spy (1974), Smiley's People (1979), The Little Drummer Girl (1983), The Night Manager (1993), The Tailor of Panama (1996), The Constant Gardener (2001), A Most Wanted Man (2008), and Our Kind of Traitor (2010)  Philip Roth said that A Perfect Spy (1986) was "the best English novel since the war" 

Early life
Childhood
David John Moore Cornwell was born on 19 October 1931 in Poole, Dorset, England  His father was Ronald Thomas Archibald (Ronnie) Cornwell (1905–75), and his mother was Olive Moore Cornwell (née Glassey, b  1906–1989)  His older brother, Tony (1929–2017), was an advertising executive and county cricketer (for Dorset), who later lived in the United States  His younger half-sister was the actress Charlotte Cornwell (1949–2021), and his younger half-brother, Rupert Cornwell (1946-2017), was a former Washington bureau chief for The Independent  Cornwell had little early memory of his mother, who had left their family home when he was five years old  His maternal uncle was Liberal MP Alec Glassey  When Cornwell was 21 years old, Glassey gave him the address in Ipswich where his mother was living  Some sixteen years later, mother and son reacquainted at Ipswich railway station, at her written invitation, following Cornwell's initial letter of reconciliation Cornwell's father had been jailed for insurance fraud and was a known associate of the Kray twins  The family was continually in debt  The father–son relationship has been described as "difficult"  The Guardian reported that Le Carré recalled that he had been "beaten up by his father and grew up mostly starved of affection after his mother abandoned him at the age of five"  Rick Pym, a scheming con man and the father of A Perfect Spy protagonist Magnus Pym, was based on Ronnie  When his father died in 1975, Cornwell paid for a memorial funeral service but did not attend, a plot point repeated in A Perfect Spy 

Education
Cornwell's schooling began at St Andrew's Preparatory School, near Pangbourne, Berkshire, and continued at Sherborne School  He grew unhappy with the typically harsh English public school regime of the time and disliked his disciplinarian housemaster  He left Sherborne early to study foreign languages at the University of Bern from 1948 to 1949  In 1950, he was called up for National Service and served in the Intelligence Corps of the British Army garrisoned in Allied-occupied Austria, working as a German language interrogator of people who had crossed the Iron Curtain to the West  In 1952, he returned to England to study at Lincoln College, Oxford, where he worked covertly for the British Security Service, MI5, spying on far-left groups for information about possible Soviet agents  During his studies, he was a member of a college dining society known as The Goblin Club When his father was declared bankrupt in 1954, Cornwell left Oxford to teach at Millfield Preparatory School; however, a year later he returned to Oxford, and graduated in 1956 with a first class degree in modern languages  He then taught French and German at Eton College for two years, becoming an MI5 officer in 1958 

Work in security services
He ran agents, conducted interrogations, tapped telephone lines, and effected break-ins  Encouraged by Lord Clanmorris (who wrote crime novels as "John Bingham"), and while being an active MI5 officer, Cornwell began writing his first novel, Call for the Dead (1961)  Cornwell identified Lord Clanmorris as one of two models for George Smiley, the spymaster of the Circus, the other being Vivian H  H  Green  As a schoolboy, Cornwell first met the latter when Green was the Chaplain and Assistant Master at Sherborne School (1942–51)  The friendship continued after Green's move to Lincoln College, where he tutored Cornwell In 1960, Cornwell transferred to MI6, the foreign-intelligence service, and worked under the cover of Second Secretary at the British Embassy in Bonn  He was later transferred to Hamburg as a political consul  There, he wrote the detective story A Murder of Quality (1962) and The Spy Who Came in from the Cold (1963), as "John le Carré" (le Carré is French for "the square")—a pseudonym required because Foreign Office staff were forbidden to publish in their own names In 1964, le Carré's career as an intelligence officer came to an end as the result of the betrayal of British agents' covers to the KGB by Kim Philby, the infamous British double agent, one of the Cambridge Five  Le Carré depicted and analysed Philby as the upper-class traitor, codenamed "Gerald" by the KGB, the mole hunted by George Smiley in Tinker Tailor Soldier Spy (1974) 

Writing
Le Carré's first two novels, Call for the Dead (1961) and A Murder of Quality (1962), are mystery fiction  Each features a retired spy, George Smiley, investigating a death; in the first book, the apparent suicide of a suspected communist, and in the second volume, a murder at a boys' public school  Although Call for the Dead evolves into an espionage story, Smiley's motives are more personal than political  Le Carré's third novel, The Spy Who Came in from the Cold (1963), became an international best-seller and remains one of his best-known works; following its publication, he left MI6 to become a full-time writer  Although le Carré had intended The Spy Who Came in from the Cold as an indictment of espionage as morally compromised, audiences widely viewed its protagonist, Alec Leamas, as a tragic hero  In response, le Carré's next book, The Looking Glass War, was a satire about an increasingly deadly espionage mission which ultimately proves pointless Tinker Tailor Soldier Spy, The Honourable Schoolboy, and Smiley's People (the Karla trilogy) brought Smiley back as the central figure in a sprawling espionage saga depicting his efforts first to root out a mole in the Circus and then to entrap his Soviet rival and counterpart, code-named 'Karla'  The trilogy was originally meant to be a long-running series that would find Smiley dispatching agents after Karla all around the world  Smiley's People marked the last time Smiley featured as the central character in a le Carré story, although he brought the character back in The Secret Pilgrim and A Legacy of Spies A Perfect Spy (1986), which chronicles the boyhood moral education of Magnus Pym and how it leads to his becoming a spy, is the author's most autobiographical espionage novel, reflecting the boy's very close relationship with his con man father  Biographer LynnDianne Beene describes the novelist's own father, Ronnie Cornwell, as "an epic con man of little education, immense charm, extravagant tastes, but no social values"  Le Carré reflected that "writing A Perfect Spy is probably what a very wise shrink would have advised"  He also wrote a semi-autobiographical work, The Naïve and Sentimental Lover (1971), as the story of a man's midlife existential crisis 
With the fall of the Iron Curtain in 1989, le Carré's writing shifted to portrayal of the new multilateral world  His first completely post-Cold War novel, The Night Manager (1993), deals with drug and arms smuggling in the murky world of Latin American drug lords, shady Caribbean banking entities, and western officials who look the other way His final novel, Silverview, was published posthumously in 2021 

Themes
Most of le Carré's books are spy stories set during the Cold War (1945–91) and portray British Intelligence agents as unheroic political functionaries, aware of the moral ambiguity of their work and engaged more in psychological than physical drama  While "[espionage] was the genre that earned him fame   he used it as a platform to explore larger ethical problems and the human condition"  The insight he demonstrated led "many fellow authors and critics [to regard] him as one of the finest English-language novelists of the twentieth century " His writing explores "human frailty—moral ambiguity, intrigue, nuance, doubt, and cowardice" The fallibility of Western democracy - and of its secret services - is a recurring theme, as are suggestions of a possible east–west moral equivalence  Characters experience little of the violence typically encountered in action thrillers and have very little recourse to gadgets  Much of the conflict is internal, rather than external and visible  The recurring character George Smiley, who plays a central role in five novels and appears as a supporting character in four more, was written as an "antidote" to James Bond, a character le Carré called "an international gangster" rather than a spy and who he felt should be excluded from the canon of espionage literature  In contrast, he intended Smiley, who is an overweight, bespectacled bureaucrat who uses cunning and manipulation to achieve his ends, as an accurate depiction of a spy Le Carré's "writing entered intelligence services themselves  He popularized the term 'mole'   and other language that has become intelligence vernacular on both sides of the Atlantic — 'honeytrap', 'scalphunter', 'lamplighter' to name a few " However, in his first tweet as MI6's chief, Richard Moore revealed the agency's "complicated relationship with the author: He urged would-be Smileys not to apply to the service "

Other writing, film cameo
Le Carré records a number of incidents from his period as a diplomat in his autobiographical work, The Pigeon Tunnel: Stories from My Life (2016), which include escorting six visiting German parliamentarians to a London brothel and translating at a meeting between a senior German politician and Harold Macmillan As a journalist, le Carré wrote The Unbearable Peace (1991), a nonfiction account of Brigadier Jean-Louis Jeanmaire (1911–1992), the Swiss Army officer who spied for the Soviet Union from 1962 until 1975 Credited under his pen name, le Carré appears as an extra in the 2011 film version of Tinker Tailor Soldier Spy, among the guests at the Christmas party in several flashback scenes 

Politics
Threats to democracy
In 2017, le Carré expressed concerns over the future of liberal democracy, saying "I think of all things that were happening across Europe in the 1930s, in Spain, in Japan, obviously in Germany  To me, these are absolutely comparable signs of the rise of fascism and it's contagious, it's infectious  Fascism is up and running in Poland and Hungary  There's an encouragement about"  He later wrote that the end of the Cold War had left the West without a coherent ideology, in contrast to the "notion of individual freedom, of inclusiveness, of tolerance – all of that we called anti-communism" prevailing during that time Le Carré opposed both U S  President Donald Trump and Russian President Vladimir Putin, arguing that their desire to seek or maintain their countries' superpower status caused an impulse "for oligarchy, the dismissal of the truth, the contempt, actually, for the electorate and for the democratic system"  Le Carré compared Trump's tendency to dismiss the media as "fake news" to the Nazi book burnings, and wrote that the United States is "heading straight down the road to institutional racism and neo-fascism" In Le Carré's 2019 novel Agent Running in the Field, one of the novel's characters refers to Trump as "Putin's shithouse cleaner" who "does everything for little Vladi that little Vladi can't do for himself"  The novel's narrator describes Boris Johnson as "a pig-ignorant foreign secretary"  He says Russia is moving "backwards into her dark, delusional past", with Britain following a short way behind  Le Carré later said that he believed the novel's plotline, involving the U S  and British intelligence services colluding to subvert the European Union, to be "horribly possible" 

Brexit
Le Carré was an outspoken advocate of European integration and sharply criticised Brexit  Le Carré criticised Brexit advocates such as Boris Johnson (whom he referred to as a "mob orator"), Dominic Cummings, and Nigel Farage in interviews, claiming that their "task is to fire up the people with nostalgia [and] with anger"  He further opined in interviews that "What really scares me about nostalgia is that it's become a political weapon  Politicians are creating a nostalgia for an England that never existed, and selling it, really, as something we could return to", adding that with "the demise of the working class we saw also the demise of an established social order, based on the stability of ancient class structures"  On the other hand, he said that in the Labour Party "they have this Leninist element and they have this huge appetite to level society "On Brexit, le Carré did not mince his words, comparing it to the 1956 Suez crisis which confirmed post-imperial Britain's loss of global power  "This is without doubt the greatest catastrophe and the greatest idiocy that Britain has perpetrated since the invasion of Suez", le Carré said of Brexit  "Nobody is to blame but the Brits themselves – not the Irish, not the Europeans " "The idea, to me, that at the moment we should imagine we can substitute access to the biggest trade union in the world with access to the American market is terrifying", he said Speaking to The Guardian in 2019, he commented "I've always believed, though ironically it's not the way I've voted, that it's compassionate conservatism that in the end could, for example, integrate the private schooling system  If you do it from the left you will seem to be acting out of resentment; do it from the right and it looks like good social organisation " Le Carré also said that "I think my own ties to England were hugely loosened over the last few years  And it's a kind of liberation, if a sad kind "

US invasion of Iraq
In January 2003, two months prior to the invasion, The Times published le Carré's essay "The United States Has Gone Mad" criticising the buildup to the Iraq War and President George W  Bush's response to the 11 September 2001 terrorist attacks, calling it "worse than McCarthyism, worse than the Bay of Pigs and in the long term potentially more disastrous than the Vietnam War" and "beyond anything Osama bin Laden could have hoped for in his nastiest dreams"  Le Carré participated in the London protests against the Iraq War  He said the war resulted from the "politicisation of intelligence to fit the political intentions" of governments and "How Bush and his junta succeeded in deflecting America's anger from bin Laden to Saddam Hussein is one of the great public relations conjuring tricks of history" He was critical of Tony Blair's role in taking Britain into the Iraq War, saying "I can't understand that Blair has an afterlife at all  It seems to me that any politician who takes his country to war under false pretences has committed the ultimate sin  I think that a war in which we refuse to accept the body count of those that we kill is also a war of which we should be ashamed" 

Iran
Le Carré was critical of Western governments' policies towards Iran  He said that Iran's actions are a response to being "encircled by nuclear powers" and by the way in which "we ousted Mosaddeq through the CIA and the Secret Service here across the way and installed the Shah and trained his ghastly secret police force in all the black arts, the SAVAK" Le Carré feuded with Salman Rushdie over The Satanic Verses, stating that "nobody has a God-given right to insult a great religion and be published with impunity" 

Israel
In a 1998 interview with Douglas Davis, Le Carré described Israel as "the most extraordinary carnival of human variety that I have ever set eyes on, a nation in the process of re-assembling itself from the shards of its past, now Oriental, now Western, now secular, now religious, but always anxiously moralizing about itself, criticizing itself with Maoist ferocity, a nation crackling with debate, rediscovering its past while it fought for its future " He declared: "No nation on earth was more deserving of peace—or more condemned to fight for it "

Personal life
In 1954, Cornwell married Alison Ann Veronica Sharp  They had three sons: Simon, Stephen, and Timothy—and divorced in 1971  In 1972, Cornwell married Valérie Jane Eustace, a book editor with Hodder & Stoughton who collaborated with him behind the scenes  They had a son, Nicholas, who writes as Nick Harkaway  Le Carré lived in St Buryan, Cornwall, for more than 40 years; he owned a mile of cliff near Land's End  Le Carré also owned a house in Gainsborough Gardens in Hampstead in north London Le Carré was so disillusioned by the 2016 Brexit vote to leave the European Union that he secured Irish citizenship  In a BBC documentary broadcast in 2021, le Carré's son Nicholas revealed that his father's disillusionment with modern Britain, and Brexit in particular, had driven him to embrace his Irish heritage and become an Irish citizen  At the time of his death, le Carré's friend, the novelist John Banville, confirmed that the writer had researched his family roots in Inchinattin, near Rosscarbery, County Cork, and that he had applied for an Irish passport, to which he was entitled having completed the process of becoming an Irish citizen and having Irish ancestry through his maternal grandmother, Olive Wolfe  His neighbour and friend Philippe Sands recalled: 

He became an Irishman through his maternal grandmother  And it was very, very moving, I have to say, to arrive at the place of the memorial to find an Irish flag and only an Irish flag  He had really in the last years, grown very disillusioned with what had happened to Britain and the United Kingdom 
Le Carré died at Royal Cornwall Hospital, Truro, on 12 December 2020, aged 89  An inquest completed in June 2021 concluded that le Carré died after sustaining a fall at his home  His wife Valérie died on 27 February 2021, two months after her husband, at age 82 Le Carré's son Timothy died on 31 May 2022 at the age of 59, shortly after he finished editing A Private Spy, a collection of his father's letters 

Selected bibliography
Novels
Call for the Dead (1961), OCLC 751303381
A Murder of Quality (1962), OCLC 777015390
The Spy Who Came in from the Cold (1963), OCLC 561198531
The Looking Glass War (1965), OCLC 752987890
A Small Town in Germany (1968), ISBN 0-143-12260-6
The Naïve and Sentimental Lover (1971), ISBN 0-143-11975-3
Smiley Versus Karla trilogy
Tinker Tailor Soldier Spy (1974), ISBN 0-143-12093-X
The Honourable Schoolboy (1977), ISBN 0-143-11973-7
Smiley's People (1979), ISBN 0-340-99439-8
The Little Drummer Girl (1983), ISBN 0-143-11974-5
A Perfect Spy (1986), ISBN 0-143-11976-1
The Russia House (1989), ISBN 0-743-46466-4
The Secret Pilgrim (1990), ISBN 0-345-50442-9
The Night Manager (1993), ISBN 0-345-38576-4
Our Game (1995), ISBN 0-345-40000-3
The Tailor of Panama (1996), ISBN 0-345-42043-8
Single & Single (1999), ISBN 0-743-45806-0
The Constant Gardener (2001), ISBN 0-743-28720-7
Absolute Friends (2003), ISBN 0-670-04489-X
The Mission Song (2006), ISBN 0-340-92199-4
A Most Wanted Man (2008), ISBN 1-416-59609-7
Our Kind of Traitor (2010), ISBN 0-143-11972-9
A Delicate Truth (2013), ISBN 0-143-12531-1
A Legacy of Spies (2017), ISBN 978-0-735-22511-4
Agent Running in the Field (2019), ISBN 1984878875
Silverview (2021), ISBN 9780241550069
Tim Cornwell, ed  (2022)  A Private Spy: The Letters of John le Carré 1945–2020  Penguin  ISBN 9780241994566 

Archive
In 2010, le Carré donated his literary archive to the Bodleian Library, Oxford  The initial 85 boxes of material deposited included handwritten drafts of Tinker Tailor Soldier Spy and The Constant Gardener  The library hosted a public display of these and other items to mark World Book Day in March 2011 

Awards and honours
1963, British Crime Writers' Association Gold Dagger for The Spy Who Came in from the Cold
1964, Somerset Maugham Award for The Spy Who Came in from the Cold
1965, Mystery Writers of America Edgar Award for The Spy Who Came in from the Cold
1977, British Crime Writers' Association Gold Dagger for The Honourable Schoolboy
1977, James Tait Black Memorial Prize Fiction Award for The Honourable Schoolboy
1983, Japan Adventure Fiction Association Prize for The Little Drummer Girl
1984, Honorary Fellow Lincoln College, Oxford
1984, Mystery Writers of America Edgar Grand Master
1988, Crime Writers' Association Diamond Dagger Lifetime Achievement Award
1988, The Malaparte Prize, Italy
1990, Honorary degree, University of Exeter
1990, Helmerich Award of the Tulsa Library Trust 
1996, Honorary degree, University of St  Andrews
1997, Honorary degree, University of Southampton
1998, Honorary degree, University of Bath
2005, Crime Writers' Association Dagger of Daggers for The Spy Who Came in from the Cold
2005, Commander of the Order of Arts and Letters, France
2008, honorary doctorate, University of Bern
2011, Goethe Medal, awarded by the Goethe Institute
2012, Honorary degree of Doctor of Letters, University of Oxford
2020, Olof Palme Prize – le Carré donated the US$100,000 prize money to Médecins Sans Frontières In addition in 2008, The Times ranked le Carré 22nd on its list of the "50 greatest British writers since 1945" 

Citations
Sources
Beene, Lynn Dianne (1992)  John le Carré  New York: Twayne Publishers  ISBN 9780805770131 
Cobbs, John L  (1998)  Understanding John Le Carré  University of South Carolina Press  ISBN 978-1-57003-168-7 
Manning, Toby (25 January 2018)  John le Carré and the Cold War  Bloomsbury Publishing  ISBN 978-1-350-03640-6 

Further reading
Aronoff, Myron J  (1998)  The Spy Novels of John le Carré: Balancing Ethics and Politics  Palgrave Macmillan  doi:10 1057/9780312299453  ISBN 9780312214821 
Bruccoli, Matthew J ; Baughman, Judith S , eds  (2004)  Conversations with John le Carré  University Press of Mississippi  ISBN 978-1-57806-669-8 
Dawson, Suleika (2022)  The Secret Heart – John Le Carré: An Intimate Memoir  HarperCollins  ISBN 9780008533038 
Sisman, Adam (2015)  John le Carré: The Biography  Bloomsbury Publishing  ISBN 9781408827932 

External links

John le Carré at IMDb 
Two interviews at NPR's Fresh Air
John le Carré discography at Discogs 
Two letters at Leeds University Library
Portraits of John le Carré at the National Portrait Gallery, London
Passage 7:
Control (fictional character)
Control is a fictional character created by John le Carré   Control is an intelligence officer who acts as the head of the British overseas intelligence agency  (nicknamed  "The Circus" after its location in Cambridge Circus, London)  He is a character in the novels The Spy Who Came in from the Cold, The Looking Glass War and Tinker Tailor Soldier Spy, and is referred to in several others, usually by association with le Carré's recurring protagonist George Smiley, who has served as Control's right-hand man 
"Control" is a nom de guerre; the character's real name is never given, and it is suggested that he successfully kept his true identity secret even from his inner circle of advisors  His wife believes him to be a minor civil servant in the Ministry of Agriculture and Fisheries  In the original screenplay for the film adaptation of Tinker Tailor Soldier Spy, Smiley muses that Control had once told him that Howard Staunton was the greatest chess master Britain had ever produced  "Staunton" later turns out to be the name that Control used for the rental of a flat he uses 
The real chief of the Secret Intelligence Service (the equivalent of Le Carre's Circus) is known by a similar name: "C"  This originates from the initial used by Captain Sir Mansfield Smith-Cumming, RN, an early chief of the service, who signed his letters "C" in green ink  This custom has been upheld throughout the history of the service 

In the novels
Control does not appear in the first two George Smiley novels  In The Spy Who Came in from the Cold, le Carré's third novel, Control is already chief of the Circus, a position which was occupied by a civil servant named Maston, with whom Smiley clashed, in the first novel  Although he makes only comparatively fleeting appearances in The Spy Who Came in from the Cold and The Looking Glass War, in both novels Control is depicted as a master strategist who orchestrates a successful intelligence operation for the Circus  The Spy Who Came in from the Cold also shows him as quite ruthless, concealing from his own agent Alec Leamas the true aim of the operation on which Leamas was sent to East Germany, and having – against Leamas' express wish – got Leamas' beloved, Liz Gold, deeply involved in his plot, eventually leading to her death 
In Tinker Tailor Soldier Spy, Control has died of natural causes as the story begins; several characters reminisce on the inglorious end of his career, which was due to the infiltration of the Circus by a high-level mole run by the Soviet spymaster Karla  Control spent his final few months in office, already ill, losing power to his underling Percy Alleline and desperately trying to identify this mole, before falling into a trap set up by Karla to accelerate his departure 
However, in that same book, another character, Roddy Martindale, claims Control is still alive; that he faked his death after being "driven out" by Alleline and has been seen in South Africa  Martindale has heard this second-hand, and tells Smiley, who rejects it as "the most idiotic story [he] has ever heard "  Though he does not share this, George recalls personally attending Control's cremation 
In A Legacy of Spies, during Peter Guillam's initial interview, it is revealed that there have been at least four "Controls" over the years 

In other media
Film
Cyril Cusack portrayed Control in the 1965 film adaptation of The Spy Who Came In from the Cold 
In the 2011 adaptation of Tinker Tailor Soldier Spy, Control was played by John Hurt  He is shown signing himself as "C", and a photograph is briefly shown of a younger Control in uniform as a brigadier during the Second World War 

Television
Alexander Knox portrayed Control in the 1979 television drama adaptation of Tinker Tailor Soldier Spy 
Passage 8:
The Deadly Affair
The Deadly Affair is a 1967 British spy film based on John le Carré's first novel, Call for the Dead (1961)  The film stars James Mason and was directed by Sidney Lumet from a script by Paul Dehn 
As it is a Columbia Pictures production and Paramount owned the film rights to the name George Smiley, the central character is renamed Charles Dobbs  Paramount acquired the film rights to the character name when filming The Spy Who Came In from the Cold (1965) The soundtrack was composed by Quincy Jones, and the bossa nova theme song, "Who Needs Forever", was performed by Astrud Gilberto 

Plot
In 1960s London, Charles Dobbs (James Mason) is a staid MI5 operative investigating Foreign Office official Samuel Fennan (Robert Flemyng), a former Communist who apparently commits suicide  Dobbs becomes suspicious about the cause of Fennan's death while visiting Fennan's widow the morning after his death  When a wake-up call is received at Fennan's home, his widow Elsa (Simone Signoret) says the call was for her  Dobbs discovers this to be a lie, and as a result Dobbs suspects that Elsa, a survivor of a Nazi extermination camp, might have some clues regarding Fennan's death 
Other government officials want Dobbs to drop the case  However, Dobbs privately links up with retired police inspector Mendel (Harry Andrews) to continue enquiries and they uncover a network of Communist agents  Dobbs also discovers that his wife Ann (Harriet Andersson) is leaving him to go to Switzerland to join a former World War II colleague, Dieter Frey (Maximilian Schell) 
Dobbs ultimately decides to set a trap to prove that Elsa is a spy and to uncover her control by arranging a rendezvous which takes place in the Aldwych theatre during a performance of "Edward II"  Dobbs, his colleague Bill Appleby (Kenneth Haigh) and Mendel observe Elsa and wait to see who will sit in the empty seat next to her  Dobbs is shocked to see that it is Dieter who sits down next to Elsa and is her control  When Dieter and Elsa realise they have been set up, Dieter secretly kills Elsa and slips out of the theatre  Mendel follows Dieter to his hideout and summons Dobbs  In the final confrontation, Dieter shoots Mendel but is himself killed bare-handed by the enraged Dobbs 
Dobbs flies to Zurich where he is met at the airport by Ann 

Cast
James Mason as Charles Dobbs
Simone Signoret as Elsa Fennan
Maximilian Schell as Dieter Frey
Harriet Andersson as Ann Dobbs
Harry Andrews as Mendel
Kenneth Haigh as Bill Appleby
Roy Kinnear as Adam Scarr
Max Adrian as Advisor
Lynn Redgrave as Virgin
Robert Flemyng as Samuel Fennan
Leslie Sands as Inspector
Corin Redgrave as David
Sheraton Blount as Eunice Scarr (uncredited)
Denis Shaw as Wilf the Barman (uncredited)
David Warner as the actor playing Edward II in the Aldwych Theatre

Production
Location shooting for The Deadly Affair took place in London, in St  James's Park, at The Balloon Tavern and Chelsea Embankment in Chelsea, in Battersea and Barnes, in Twickenham, and at the Serpentine Restaurant in Hyde Park (demolished in 1990)  The exterior of Dobbs's house is in St  George's Square, Pimlico  For the theatre scene a performance of the Royal Shakespeare Company's Edward II  was recreated at its real location of the Aldwych Theatre, London Director of photography Freddie Young's technique of pre-exposing the colour film negative to a small, controlled amount of light (known as "flashing" or "pre-fogging") in order to create a muted colour palette was first used in this film  Lumet called the result "colourless colour"  and it proved influential, being used by other cinematographers such as Vilmos Zsigmond on McCabe & Mrs  Miller 

Awards and honours
The Deadly Affair received five BAFTA Awards nominations: Best British Film for Sidney Lumet, Best British Screenplay for Paul Dehn, Best British Cinematography (Colour) for Freddie Young, Best Foreign Actress for Simone Signoret, and Best British Actor for James Mason  However, it did not win any of the awards 

Musical score and soundtrack
The film score was composed, arranged and conducted by Quincy Jones, and the soundtrack album was released on the Verve label in 1967 Allmusic's Stephen Cook noted, "Deadly Affair's dreamy mix of bossa nova moods and unobtrusive symphonics still makes for some pleasant, if not always provocative, listening  Plus, one gets to hear Astrud Gilberto in fine fettle on the opening cut"  The Vinyl Factory said "This soundtrack to the Sidney Lumet thriller starts off with Astrud Gilberto drizzling her best desultory vocal over ‘Who Needs Forever’, which creates a moody atmosphere that is sustained throughout the entire album  With its languid orchestrations, breezy strings, and airy samba rhythms, this is a perfect Sunday morning record" 

Track listing
All compositions by Quincy Jones

"Who Needs Forever" (lyrics by Howard Greenfield) − 3:00
"Dieter's First Mistake" − 4:50
"Instrumental Main Theme (1)" − 2:05
"Postcard Signed "S" / Mendel Tails Elsa / Tickets to "S"" − 5:31
"Instrumental Main Theme (2)" − 3:00
"Don't Fly If It's Foggy" − 1:11
"Blondie-Tails" − 1:13
"Instrumental Main Theme (3)" − 2:05
"Ridiculous Scene" − 1:48
"Body on Elevator" − 0:55
"Bobb's at Gunpoint" − 0:45
"End Title" − 1:42

Personnel
Unidentified orchestra arranged and conducted by Quincy Jones featuring:
Hank Jones − piano
Astrud Gilberto − vocals (track 1)
Passage 9:
Juan Rulfo
Juan Nepomuceno Carlos Pérez Rulfo Vizcaíno, best known as Juan Rulfo (Spanish: [ˈxwan ˈrulfo] audio ; 16 May 1917 – 7 January 1986), was a Mexican writer, screenwriter, and photographer  He is best known for two literary works, the 1955 novel Pedro Páramo, and the collection of short stories El Llano en llamas (1953)  This collection includes the popular tale "¡Diles que no me maten!" ("Tell Them Not to Kill Me!") 

Early life
Rulfo was born in 1917 in Apulco, Jalisco (although he was registered at Sayula), in the home of his paternal grandfather  Rulfo's birth year was often listed as 1918, because he had provided an inaccurate date to get into the military academy that his uncle, David Pérez Rulfo — a colonel working for the government — directed After his father was killed in 1923 and his mother died in 1927, Rulfo's grandmother raised him in Guadalajara, Jalisco   Their extended family consisted of landowners whose fortunes were ruined by the Mexican Revolution and the Cristero War of 1926–1928, a Roman Catholic revolt against the persecutions of Christians by the Mexican government, following the Mexican Revolution Rulfo was sent to study in the Luis Silva School, where he lived from 1928 to 1932  He completed six years of elementary school and a special seventh year from which he graduated as a bookkeeper, though he never practiced that profession  Rulfo attended a seminary (analogous to a secondary school) from 1932 to 1934, but did not attend a university afterwards, as the University of Guadalajara was closed due to a strike and because Rulfo had not taken preparatory school courses Rulfo moved to Mexico City, where he entered the National Military Academy, which he left after three months  He then hoped to study law at the Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México  In 1936, Rulfo was able to audit courses in literature at the University, because he obtained a job as an immigration file clerk through his uncle 

Career
It was at the University that Rulfo first began writing under the tutelage of a coworker, Efrén Hernández  In 1944, Rulfo had co-founded the literary journal Pan  Later, he was able to advance in his career and travel throughout Mexico as an immigration agent  In 1946, he started as a foreman for Goodrich-Euzkadi, but his mild temperament led him to prefer working as a wholesale traveling sales agent  This obligated him to travel throughout all of southern Mexico, until he was fired in 1952 for asking for a radio for his company car Rulfo obtained a fellowship at the Centro Mexicano de Escritores, supported by the Rockefeller Foundation  There, between 1952 and 1954, he was able to write two books The first book was a collection of harshly realistic short stories, El Llano en llamas (1953)  The stories centered on life in rural Mexico around the time of the Mexican Revolution and the Cristero War  Among the best-known stories are "¡Diles que no me maten!" ("Tell Them Not To Kill Me!"), a story about an old man, set to be executed, who is captured by order of a colonel, who happens to be the son of a man whom the condemned man had killed about forty years ago, the story contains echoes of the biblical Cain and Abel theme as well as themes critical to the Mexican Revolution such as land rights and land use; and "No oyes ladrar los perros" ("Don't You Hear the Dogs Barking(?)"), about a man carrying his estranged, adult, wounded son on his back to find a doctor 
The second book was Pedro Páramo (1955), a short novel about a man named Juan Preciado who travels to his recently deceased mother's hometown, Comala, to find his father, only to come across a literal ghost town ─ populated, that is, by spectral figures  Initially, the novel met with cool critical reception and sold only two thousand copies during the first four years; later, however, the book became highly acclaimed  Páramo was a key influence for Latin American writers such as Gabriel García Márquez  Pedro Páramo has been translated into more than 30 languages, and the English version has sold more than a million copies in the United States The book went through several changes in name  In two letters written in 1947 to his fiancée Clara Aparicio, he refers to the novel he was writing as Una estrella junto a la luna (A Star Next to the Moon), saying that it was causing him some trouble  During the last stages of writing, he wrote in journals that the title would be Los murmullos (The Murmurs)  With the assistance of a grant from the Centro Mexicano de Escritores, Rulfo was able to finish the book between 1953 and 1954; it was published in 1955 
In passages of the novel Pedro Páramo, the influence of American novelist William Faulkner is notorious, according to Rulfo's former friend, philologist Antonio Alatorre, in an interview with the latter made by journalists of Mexican newspaper El Universal in November 1998, which was published on 31 October 2010 Between 1956 and 1958, Rulfo worked on a novella entitled El gallo de oro (The Golden Cockerel), which was not published until 1980  A revised and corrected edition was issued posthumously in 2010  The Fundación Rulfo possesses fragments of two unfinished novels, La cordillera and Ozumacín  Rulfo told interviewer Luis Harss that he had written and destroyed an earlier novel set in Mexico City From 1954 to 1957, Rulfo collaborated with "La comisión del rio Papaloapan", a government institution working on socioeconomic development of the settlements along the Papaloapan River  From 1962 until his death in 1986, he worked as editor for the National Institute for Indigenous People 

Personal life
Rulfo married Clara Angelina Aparicio Reyes (Mexico City, 12 August 1928) in Guadalajara, Jalisco, on 24 April 1948; they had four children, Claudia Berenice (Mexico City, 29 January 1949), Juan Francisco (Guadalajara, Jalisco, 13 December 1950), Juan Pablo (México City, 18 April 1955) and Juan Carlos Rulfo (México City, 24 January 1964) 

Legacy
Gabriel García Márquez has said that he felt blocked as a novelist after writing his first four books and that it was only his life-changing discovery of Pedro Páramo in 1961 that opened the way to the composition of his masterpiece, One Hundred Years of Solitude  He noted that all of Rulfo's published writing, put together, "add up to no more than 300 pages; but that is almost as many and I believe they are as durable, as the pages that have come down to us from Sophocles" Jorge Luis Borges considered Pedro Páramo to be one of the greatest texts written in any language The Juan Rulfo Foundation, which was established by Rulfo's family after his death, holds more than 6,000 negatives of his photographs  A selection of Rulfo's photographs, accompanied by essays by Carlos Fuentes and others, has been published under the title of Juan Rulfo's Mexico 

Books
El llano en llamas (1953)  Translated by George D  Schade as The Burning Plain (University of Texas, 1967); Ilan Stavans and Harold Augenbraum as The Plain in Flames (University of Texas, 2012); Stephen Beechinor as El Llano in Flames (Structo, 2019) 
Pedro Páramo (1955)  Translated by Lysander Kemp (Grove Press, 1959) and Margaret Sayers Peden (Grove Press, 1994) 
El gallo de oro (1980; revised 2010)  Translated by Douglas J  Weatherford as The Golden Cockerel & Other Writings (Deep Vellum, 2017) 

Further reading
Spanish
Lecturas rulfianas / Milagros Ezquerro, 2006
Tríptico para Juan Rulfo: poesía, fotografía, crítica / Víctor Jiménez, 2006
La recepción inicial de Pedro Páramo / Jorge Zepeda (Editorial RM-Fundación Juan Rulfo, México, 2005  ISBN 84-933036-7-4)
Entre la cruz y la sospecha: los cristeros de Revueltas, Yáñez y Rulfo / Angel Arias Urrutia, 2005
Estructura y discurso de género en Pedro Páramo de Juan Rulfo / Alba Sovietina Estrada Cárdenas, 2005
Voces de la tierra: la lección de Rulfo / Felipe Garrido, 2004
Mito y poesía en la obra de Juan Rulfo / María Luisa Ortega, 2004
La ficción de la memoria: Juan Rulfo ante la crítica / Federico Campbell, 2003
Juan Rulfo / Nuria Amat, 2003
Análisis de Pedro Páramo, Juan Rulfo / César Pérez P, 2003
Homenaje a Juan Rulfo / Dante Medina, 2002
Perfil de Juan Rulfo / Sergio López Mena, 2001
Revisión crítica de la obra de Juan Rulfo / Sergio López Mena, 1998
Juan Rulfo / Alberto Vital Díaz, 1998
La sociedad en la obra de Juan Rulfo / Magdalena González Casillas, 1998
Rulfo en su lumbre: y otros temas latinoamericanos / Jaime Mejía Duque, 1998
Juan Rulfo, el eterno: caminos para una interpretación / Anita Arenas Saavedra, 1997
Juan Rulfo: la naturaleza hostil / Antonio Aliberti, 1996
Recopilación de textos sobre Juan Rulfo / La Habana, Cuba: Centro de Investigaciones Literarias, 1995
Los caminos de la creación en Juan Rulfo / Sergio López Mena, 1994
Juan Rulfo: la lengua, el tiempo y el espacio / Gustavo C Fares, 1994
Juan Rulfo, del Páramo a la esperanza: una lectura crítica de su obra / Yvette Jiménez de Báez, 1994
Juan Rulfo y el sur de Jalisco: aspectos de su vida y obra / Wolfgang Vogt, 1994
El laberinto y la pena: ensayo sobre la cuentística rulfiana / Rafael José Alfonzo, 1992
Imaginar Comala: el espacio en la obra de Juan Rulfo / Gustavo C Fares, 1991
Rulfo y el dios de la memoria / Abel Ibarra, 1991
Rulfo, dinámica de la violencia / Marta Portal, 1990

Photography
Mexico: Juan Rulfo Fotógrafo, 2001: The Spanish language edition of his photographs with essays by the same authors as the volume above, but written in Spanish 
Inframundo: El México de Juan Rulfo / 1st ed  1980, 2nd ed  1983 / Versions in Spanish and English with essays  Published in 1980/83 by Ediciones del Norte in Hanover, New Hampshire
Juan Rulfo: Letras e imágenes, RM, 2002  The book is outlined in: https://web archive org/web/20110613163940/http://www clubcultura com/clubliteratura/clubescritores/juanrulfo/letrasimagenes01 htm
http://www guiarte com/noticias/juan-rulfo-fotografo html
http://www elpais com/articulo/cultura/ojos/Pedro/Paramo/elpepuint/20070903elpepicul_2/Tes
https://web archive org/web/20110519065034/http://elangelcaido org/2005/11/200511jrulfo/200511jrulfoe html

Notes
Passage 10:
Joseph Hone
Joseph Marlow Hone (25 February 1937 – 15 August 2016) was a British writer of the spy novel  His most famous novels featured a British spy called Peter Marlow  The first of the series was The Private Sector (1971), set in the Six-Day War  Marlow's story continues in The Sixth Directorate (1975), The Flowers of the Forest (a k a  The Oxford Gambit) (1980), and The Valley of the Fox (1982)  During his heyday, in the 1970s, Hone was favourably compared with writers such as Len Deighton, Eric Ambler and John le Carré 

Early life and education
Hone was born in London in 1937, son of Nathaniel Marlow Hone (1917-1959), of South Hill, Killiney, County Dublin, Ireland, and Morley House, Chippenham, Wiltshire, and Bridget, daughter of Michael Anthony, of Diltown, County Kilkenny  The Hone family were Irish landed gentry; his grandfather, Joseph Hone, was biographer to George Moore and W  B  Yeats  Hone recounts having been "given away" by his parents and taken to Dublin in his autobiography Wicked Little Joe (2009)  He was educated at Kilkenny College and St  Columba's College, Dublin 

Career
Hone had a varied career, including working as an assistant in a second-hand bookshop in London, as a teacher at Drogheda Grammar School in Ireland, and with the Egyptian Ministry of Education in Cairo, Heliopolis and Suez  He also worked for a publishing firm, and in radio and television  In 1960 he became co-founder of Envoy Productions, Dublin, and co-produced a number of plays and musicals at the Theatre Royal, Stratford, East London  He was appointed Radio and Television Officer with the United Nations Secretariat in New York in 1968 and for the next two years he travelled to Ethiopia, Kenya, Uganda, Tanzania, Malawi, India, Pakistan and the Far East, producing documentary programmes based on these travels  The Dancing Waiters (1975) was also based on these experiences  He produced a number of radio programmes for U N  radio, later broadcast by the BBC 
Hone held various positions in radio and television, including radio and then television critic for The Listener (1971–1980), and an overseas posting with the British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC)  He died on 15 August 2016 

Novels
In his first novel, The Private Sector (1971), Marlow, a teacher in Cairo, finds himself becoming a spy for the British  This was based in part on Hone's experiences in 1957–58 as a teacher in Europe  He stated that he had not been associated with Intelligence work but that he had 'worked with and met such people, especially while I was a teacher in Egypt and in New York with the UN ' Hone's second book, The Sixth Directorate (1975), continues Marlow's story after his release from Durham jail, where he has been sent on a frame-up by his own Department; it deals with his impersonation of an Englishman, a captured KGB agent living in London, his subsequent adventures as a fall-guy agent in the UN in New York, and his eventual encounter with the KGB in Cheltenham  Hone's last novel was Goodbye Again  Hone's books, including his last novel, have been translated into various languages, including French 
Hone reviewed books for the New York Times Book Review, The Spectator, The New Statesman, and the Daily Telegraph Since 2000, Hone had been teaching creative writing and a course which looked at the history and culture of various countries, including India and China  He taught at Wroxton College in Oxfordshire, part of Fairleigh Dickinson University based in New Jersey, USA 

Personal life
In 1964, Hone married Jacqueline, daughter of J  M  Yeend, of Cheltenham, Gloucestershire  The Hones had two children  Hone's brother, Camillus, was adopted by the writer Pamela Travers, the creator of Mary Poppins 

Bibliography
Novels
The Private Sector [1971]
The Sixth Directorate [1975]
The Paris Trap [1977]
The Flowers of the Forest [1980], ISBN 978-0436200878, published in the U S  as The Oxford Gambit
The Valley of the Fox [1982]
Summer Hill [1990]
Return to Summer Hill [1990]
Firesong [1997]
Goodbye Again [2011]

Non-fiction
The Dancing Waiters [1975]
Gone Tomorrow [1981]
Children of the Country: Coast to Coast Across Africa [1986]
Duck Soup in the Black Sea [1988]
Wicked Little Joe [2009] ISBN 978-1843511472



ground_truth: Betty Cohen

prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: Who was born first, Juan Rulfo or John le Carré?

The following are given passages.
Context 4:  These special 35 mm prints are called Cinestage, the same name of Mike Todd's showcase theatre in Chicago 
Best available prints of the 30 frame/s/70 mm version have recently been exhibited in revival movie houses worldwide  As of the present time, WB remains the film's rights holder 

Soundtrack and home media
The DVDs for Around the World in 80 Days include four hours of supplemental material, in addition to the restored three-hour wide-screen presentation  Included on one of the disks is a documentary film, about 50 minutes long, about Michael Todd 
The soundtrack was commercially released on vinyl and audio tape  Two CD versions were released as well, including a digital remastering of the original Decca Records album on MCA in the 1980s and an expanded version with extra tracks on the Hit Parade Records label in Canada in 2007  There was also a model kit of the balloon, a board game, and a Dell Comics adaptation  A Cantinflas puppet was released separately, dressed in an outfit similar to the Passepartout costume 

Theme parks
During the 1970-80s, the Alton Towers theme park in England had a car ride based on the film 

See also
List of American films of 1956
Passage 3:
Around the World (1956 song)
"Around the World" is the theme tune from the 1956 movie Around the World in 80 Days  In the film, only an instrumental version of the song appeared, although the vocal version has become the better known one  The song was written by Harold Adamson and Victor Young; Young died in 1956, several weeks after the film's release, and he received the Academy Award for Best Music, Scoring of a Dramatic or Comedy Picture posthumously  Young's orchestral version was a #13 hit on the Billboard charts in 1957  The recording by Bing Crosby was the B-side of the Victor Young version in 1957, on Festival SP45-1274 in Australia, and was a joint charting success 

Recorded versions
The song has been recorded, among others, by:

Popular culture
The Buddy Greco recording was the first piece of music heard in the first episode of the 2012 television series Pan Am 
The song is used multiple times in various forms throughout the 2015 Japanese animated film The Anthem of the Heart 
The song is featured prominently in season 2, episode 6 of  The Marvelous Mrs  Maisel 
Passage 4:
A Boy Scout Around the World
A Boy Scout Around the World (Danish: Jorden Rundt i 44 dage, literally: Around the World in 44 Days) is a travel description published in October 1928 and written by Danish Boy Scout and later actor Palle Huld at the age of 15, following his travel around the world in spring 1928 His trip was sponsored by a Danish newspaper and made on the occasion of the 100th birthday of Jules Verne, a French author of adventure and science fiction  Palle Huld was chosen after having answered a newspaper advertisement; applicants had to be boys, 15 years old, able to manage in English and German and of good health  Like the characters in Jules Verne’s 1873 novel Around the World in 80 days he was only allowed to travel by land and sea, not by air  The travel (on first class) went from Denmark to Great Britain, across the Atlantic Ocean to Canada  From the American west coast he continued to Japan, China, Soviet Union, Poland, Germany and back to Denmark  He had to travel alone but was helped along the way by reporters of the newspaper, members of Danish embassies and local Boy Scouts  The travel was followed by not only Danish newspapers but newspapers around the world and on his return to Copenhagen he was met by a crowd of 20,000 people He travelled towards the west, which was the fastest but also the opposite direction of the one taken in Around the World in 80 Days  Unlike the novel, he had little problems in reaching departures  In western Canada he met First Nations, who promised not to take his scalp, though red scalps were at a premium  He was impressed by the luxury of the Pacific Ocean liner; its restaurant was the size of the hall of a castle in his opinion and onboard he could play tennis and water polo  Around the world he was met by the press and he got increasingly better at handling them as the travel progressed  One question that gave him problems was about his taste in women; he told the journalist that he was too young to think of it  He was met with generosity, many accessories for his travel such as shoes and a camera were given to him for free  He declined one offer  On board the Pacific liner he would not let a young American woman darn his socks  Later, when he visited the famous Japanese Admiral Togo, he had to take his shoes off and thereby reveal the holes in his socks, which made him regret not taking the offer  Nevertheless, Japan was his favorite country since he found everything pretty After his journey he was invited to, among others, Great Britain where he met with Robert Baden-Powell founder of the boy Scout Movement and France where he laid flowers on the grave of Jules Verne 

Legacy
The book was translated into 11 languages and is said to have inspired Belgian cartoonist Hergé to create the Tintin comics  The theory that Palle Huld should be the inspiration for Tintin goes back to 1988 where it was proposed by Tintin collector Stéphane Steeman in an article titled Les Amis d’Hergé  He found striking resemblances between the pictures of Palle Huld's memoires and Hergé's early drawings of Tintin He was backed by Philippe Goddin, who found it likely that especially Tintin's staged reception at Brussels' north station in the guise of a 15-year-old Belgian Boy Scout, following the 1930 publication of Tintin in the Land of the Soviets, was inspired by Palle Huld's reception in Copenhagen  It has not been possible to verify these claims by the papers left by Hergé, and Palle Huld himself had not heard of them when interviewed in 2009 on Tintin's 80 birthday Palle Huld died in 2010 at the age of 98 years  On what would have been his 100th birthday in 2012 the Danish version was reprinted in his honor 

Language editions
Czech: Kolem světa za 44 dni    Praha, 1929  172 pages
Danish (original): Jorden rundt i 44 Dage af Palle, Hasselbalch, 1928, 178 pages, preface by Jean Jules-Verne, cover: Axel Mathiesen  Reprint: 2  August 2012, Peoples Press Jr , added preface by Troels Kløvedal, 161 pages 
Dutch: Een reis om de wereld in 44 dagen  Translated by Mary Schlüter-Harrix  Amsterdam, ca  1928  170 pages
English (USA): A Boy Scout Round the World  Translated by Eleanor Hard  Coward-McCann Inc , New York 1929  Preface by Hawthorne Daniel  197 pages  Cover: Axel Mathiesen  (Also published in Great Britain) 
Finnish: Pallen Matka maailman ympäri 44 päivässä  Poorvoo (WSOY) /Borgå, 1929  212 pages
French: Le tour du monde en 44 jours  Translation: Elna Cornet  Hachette, Paris, 1928  165 pages, preface by Jean Jules-Verne 
German: Mit fünfzehn Jahren um die Welt in 44 Tagen, Seemann, Leipzig, 1928 
Spanish: La vuelta al mundo en 44 días  B  Bauza, Barcelona 1930
Swedish: Jorden runt på 44 dagar av Palle Åhlen & Åkerlunds Förlag, Stockholm, 1928  Translation: Signe von Vegesack  196 pages Also translated to: Hungarian, Italian and Japanese 

See also
Similar events inspired by Around the World in 80 Days
North, a 1994 film with a poster of a boy walking on a globe with a suitcase 

Notes
Passage 5:
James Poe
For the state legislator in North Carolina see James W  Poe

James Wilber Poe  (October 4, 1921 – January 24, 1980) was an American film and television screenwriter  He is best known for his work on such films as Around the World in 80 Days (for which he jointly won an Academy Award for Best Adapted Screenplay), Cat on a Hot Tin Roof, Summer and Smoke, Lilies of the Field, The Bedford Incident, and They Shoot Horses, Don't They? 
He also worked as a writer on the radio shows Escape and Suspense, writing the scripts for some of their best episodes, most notably "Three Skeleton Key", "Blood Bath" and "The Present Tense", all of which starred Vincent Price 
Poe was married to actress Barbara Steele from 1969 to 1978 

Career
Poe began his career at March of Time  He moved to Hollywood in 1941  He wrote radio plays and documentaries before moving into feature films He had to sue for credit on Around the World in 80 Days In 1965 Poe signed a contract to direct films at Columbia but never directed 

Select credits
Close-Up (1948)
Without Honor (1949)
Scandal Sheet (1952)
Paula (1952)
A Slight Case of Larceny (1953)
The Big Knife (1955)
Around the World in 80 Days (1956)
Attack! (1956)
Hot Spell (1958)
Cat on a Hot Tin Roof (1958)
Goodyear Theatre – "Curtain Call" (1958)
Last Train from Gun Hill (1959)
Sanctuary (1961)
Summer and Smoke (1961)
The Dick Powell Theatre – "Crazy Sunday" (1962)
Lilies of the Field (1963)
Toys in the Attic (1963)
Vacation Playhouse – "Come a Runnin'" (1963)
Munroe (1963) (TV pilot)
The Bedford Incident (1965)
Riot (1969)
They Shoot Horses, Don't They? (1969)
Bracken's World – episode "Together Again, for the Last Time" (1970)
The Gathering (1977)
Enola Gay: The Men, the Mission, the Atomic Bomb (1980)
The Nightman (1992)
Passage 6:
Jules Verne Trophy
The Jules Verne Trophy is a prize for the fastest circumnavigation of the world by any type of yacht with no restrictions on the size of the crew provided the vessel has registered with the organization and paid an entry fee  A vessel holding the Jules Verne trophy will not necessarily hold the absolute round the world record  The trophy was first awarded to the first yacht which sailed around the world in less than 80 days  The name of the award is a reference to the Jules Verne novel Around the World in Eighty Days in which Phileas Fogg traverses the planet (albeit by railroad and steamboat) in 80 days  The current holder is IDEC Sport skippered by Francis Joyon in 40 days 23 hours 30 minutes 30 seconds 

Route
The Jules Verne Trophy's starting point is defined by an imaginary line between the  Créac'h lighthouse on Ouessant (Ushant) Island, France, and the Lizard Lighthouse, UK  The boats have to circumnavigate the world leaving the capes of Good Hope, Leeuwin, and Horn to port and cross the starting line in the opposite direction 
The starting line is open as of the official ratification of the trophy's rules by the World Sailing Speed Record Council 

Rules
The Jules Verne Trophy is awarded to the challenger who breaks the previous Jules Verne record of the round the world voyage under sail  The winner holds the trophy until such time as his/her record has been bettered  The boats must solely be propelled by natural forces of the wind and of the crew, but the trophy is open to any type of boat with no restrictions  Crew size is not restricted either 
The circumnavigation must be completed non-stop and with no physical outside assistance, although on-shore weather routing is allowed  The challengers must respect certain safety rules 

History
The original idea for this competition has been attributed to Yves Le Cornec in 1985  The rules were defined in 1990  A committee was put in place to guarantee respect of the rules and fairplay  This committee included Peter Blake, Florence Arthaud, Jean-François Coste, Yvon Fauconnier, Gabrie Guilly, Robin Knox-Johnston, Titouan Lamazou, Yves Le Cornec, Bruno Peyron, Olivier de Kersauson, and Didier Ragot 
While the current holder of the trophy, Francis Joyon, also holds the around the world sailing record, this has not always been the case  In 2004 Steve Fossett broke the world record with the catamaran Cheyenne but was not awarded the trophy  According to reports, the trophy organizers requested a higher entrance fee from Fossett than from the other competitors, the difference which he refused to pay  The winner of the trophy that year was Olivier de Kersauson on Geronimo, with a time which was five days slower than Fossett's world record 

Summary of intermediate records
The best passage times are shared between 4 boats:

 Banque Populaire V , designed in 2006, launched in 2008 and renamed "Maxi Spindrift 2" in 2013
 Groupama 3 , designed in 2004, launched in 2006 and renamed  IDEC sport  in 2015
 Macif , designed in 2013, launched in 2015 and since then mainly singlehanded by François Gabart
 fr:Maxi Edmond de Rothschild  designed in 2014, launched in 2017Adding the record times of the various intermediate routes, gives a total record round the world in 36 days 22 hours and 36 minutes, or 4 days better than the record established in 2017 by Francis Joyon on  IDEC sport  

2016 record
Francis Joyon took possession of the former Groupama 3 on October 2, 2015, after three weeks of work at Multiplast, in Vannes  He chose an intermediate configuration between the initial power and a reduced rigging for solo races  Closer to the lightness and ergonomics sought alone, less versatile in particular in light winds, Joyon's choices paid off during his two passages in the southern seas at the end of 2015 and again at the end of 2016, earning him numerous records  With a crew reduced to six people,  IDEC Sport  was ready to attempt the Jules-Verne Trophy, held since 2011 by Loïck Peyron with a time of 45 days, 13 hours, 42 minutes and 53 seconds 
After an attempt in November 2016 met with unfavorable weather in the doldrums and the South Atlantic, and a shock that slightly damaged her fin, Joyon set out again on December 16, 2016 to conquer the trophy  He arrived on  January 26, 2017 with a new around the world sailing record of 40 days 23 h 30 min 30 s 
During their 2016 attempt for the Jules-Verne Trophy, Francis Joyon and his crew  broke numerous intermediate records: four have been formalized and are the subject of records duly certified by the WSSRC They made quick crossings of the southern seas starting with the Indian Ocean, covering 8091,73 miles in 10 days (an average of 809 miles per day)  This episode began ahead of the front of a depression which moved at a speed corresponding to the boat's potential from South America to the Pacific Ocean  During 12 days, the wind remained port tack, blowing constantly at over 30 knots, an ideal configuration for speed records  Top speeds varied between 38 and 44 knots  Due to bad seas, their speed dropped temporarily (29 knots or 700 mi (1,100 km) per day) but soon climbed back above 800 mi (1,300 km) daily 
After passing New Zealand and the Antimeridian, sailing port tack 205 degrees longitude (25 degrees West to Antimeridian) in the southern seas, the crew jibed in the transition between two depressions, and managed to catch up with the weather system in front of them over the Pacific Ocean, setting off again at more than 30 knots daily average towards Cape Horn 
Joyon rounded Cape Horn, 16 days after hitting the first left South America, after a course of nearly 12,000 mi (19,000 km) above 30 knots average (730, 16 miles per day over 16 days)  He then signs a performance increase of 30 to 40% compared to Loïck Peyron's record 5 years earlier  Leaving the southern seas with a lead of 4 days 6 hours 35 min over Peyron's previous record, Joyon and his crew regained 2,800 mi (4,500 km) on the record during this stretch 
The weather conditions allowed them to optimize their course, covering 26,412 mi (42,506 km) on the ground, at an average of 26 85 knots, for a theoretical course of 22,461 mi (36,147 km)  Banque Populaire V, the previous recordholder, had to cover almost 2600 more miles (29,002 miles) 

Distance records broken during the 2016 campaign
While the best day of Loïck Peyron's previous record was the only day above 800 miles from his record (811 miles over 24 hours, or 33 79 knots average), Francis Joyon maintains a speed above 800 daily miles for 10 consecutive days 
It thus improves a large number of progress records by a sailboat over a given period:

Other records broken during the 2016 campaign
Boat record and the second longest distance covered by a sailboat in 24 hours with 894 miles 
6 consecutive days at an average of 850 7 miles / 24 h (35 45 knots)
Ushant-Cape Leeuwin 17 d 06 h 59 min 45 (time of Loïck Peyron during the 2011 record: 17 d 23 h 57 min)
Ushant-Tasmania 18 d 18 h 31 min (time of Loïck Peyron during the 2011 record: 20 d 07 h 11 min)
Ushant-Antiméridien 20 d 07 h 01 (time of Loïck Peyron during the 2011 record: 22 d 11 h 34 min)
Ushant-Cape Horn: 26 d 15 h 45 min (time of Loïck Peyron during the 2011 record: 30 d 22 h 19 min)
Ecuador - Cape Leeuwin: 11 d 12 h (time of Loïck Peyron during the 2011 record: 12 d 9 h 2 min)
Cape Agulhas-cape Leeuwin in 4 days 9 h 37 min 46 at an average speed of 35 08 knots over ground (3,705 miles) or 842 miles in 24 hours (6 days 8 min or 36% more for Loïck Peyron's previous record)
Cape Leeuwin - Cape Horn in 9 d 08 h 46 min (12 d 22 h 22 min or 38% more for Loïck Peyron's previous record)
Cape of Good Hope - Cape Horn in 13 d 20 h 13 min (19 d 00 h 31 min or 37% more for Loïck Peyron's previous record)
Cape of Good Hope - Cape Leeuwin: 4 d 11 h 31 min (6 d 02 h 09 min or 36% more for Loïck Peyron's previous record in 2011)
Cap Leeuwin - Cape Horn in 9 d 08 h 46 min (12 d 22 h 22 min or 38% more for Loïck Peyron's previous record)
Indian Ocean: 5 d 21 h 7 min 45 s (WSSRC reference) (8 d 07 h 23 min or 41% more for Loïck Peyron during the 2011 record)
Pacific Ocean: 7 d 21 h 13 min 31 s (WSSRC reference) (10 d 15 h 07 min or 39% more for Loïck Peyron during the 2011 record)
Ecuador-Ecuador record: 29 d 9 h 10 min 55 s (WSSRC reference) (32 d 11 h 52 min or 11% more for Loïck Peyron during the 2011 record)
North Atlantic return record: 5 d 19 h 21 min (7 d 10 h 58 min or 25% more for Loïck Peyron during the 2011 record)

Jules Verne Trophy records
Notable performances
During her Jules-Verne trophy record in 2011–2012, the Banque Populaire V skippered by Loïck Peyron covered 811 70 nautical miles in 24 hours on 3 December 2011 at 11:45 UT, posting 28 days over 600 miles, including 9 days over 700 miles and 1 day over 800 miles During her Jules-Verne trophy record in 2009–2010, the trimaran Groupama 3 skippered by Franck Cammas covered 798 nautical miles in 24 hours on 13 February 2010 at 5 p m  UT, showing 17 days over 600 miles, including 10 days over 700 miles 
During her Jules-Verne trophy record in 2016–2017, the trimaran Idec sport skippered by Francis Joyon covered 894 nautical miles in 24 hours, and 10 consecutive days at 809 miles / 24 h  Francis Joyon rounds Cape Horn, 16 days after riding off of South America, and after a course of nearly 12,000 miles above an average of 30 knots (730 16 miles / 24 h over 16 days)  He then signs a performance increase of between 30 and 40% compared to the record to be broken by Loïck Peyron 5 years earlier  Leaving the southern seas with a lead of 4 j 06 h 35 min over Loïck Peyron's previous record, Francis Joyon and his crew regained the equivalent of 2,800 miles on the record during this episode 
During the aborted attempt of 2019, Yann Guichard sets a new record crossing the equator in 4 days 19 h 57 min and, thanks to favorable weather conditions, lines up 4,812 1 miles from the 11th to 16th day, or 802 miles / day for 6 consecutive days 
During his record around the world Singlehanded in 2017, 24 hour distance record for François Gabart on Macif: 850,68 miles in 24h During his attempt for the Jules Verne Trophy on December 5, 2020, Thomas Coville on fr:Sodebo Ultim 3 covered 889 9 miles in 24 hours (37 1 knots average, top speed 48 9 knots) 

Passage records
Intermediate records
Failed record attempts
The trophy
The "Trophy Jules Verne" was the subject of a public order of the visual arts delegation with the American artist Tom Shannon and is patroned by the French Ministry of Culture The work is a floating hull on a magnetic field, much as an anchorage for a ship  All dimensions have rigorous symbolic meaning  The midship beam of the hull corresponds to the diameter of the Earth, the ray of each end is proportional to that of the moon and the radius of the curvature of the frames is that of the sun  The competitors of the Trophy Jules Verne race around the Earth against time, with only the sun and the moon as companions and time keepers 
The sculpture is placed on a cast aluminium base, on which the names of the sailors having won the Trophy are engraved  The Musée national de la Marine in Paris hosts and maintains the Trophy  Each winner receives a miniature of the Trophy, magnetized like the original one 
When a record is broken, an official ceremony is held for the previous record holders to hand over the trophy to the new record holders, who are given the hull and must place it in its magnetic field mooring 

See also
Circumnavigation
List of circumnavigations
List of youth solo sailing circumnavigations
Around the world in 80 daysCompetitions and prizes
Global Challenge
Jules Verne Trophy
The race
Oryx Quest
Vendée GlobeOther speed sailing records
Speed sailing record
World Sailing Speed Record Council
Transatlantic sailing record
Around the world sailing record
Passage 7:
Michael Palin: Around the World in 80 Days
Around the World in 80 Days with Michael Palin is a 7-part BBC television travel series first broadcast on BBC1 in 1989  It was presented by comedian and actor Michael Palin  The show was inspired by Jules Verne's classic 1873 novel Around the World in Eighty Days, in which a character named Phileas Fogg accepts a wager to circumnavigate the globe in eighty days or less 
Palin was given the same deadline, and not allowed to use aircraft, which did not exist in Jules Verne's time and would make completing the journey far too easy  He followed Phileas Fogg's route as closely as possible  Along the way he commented on the sights and cultures he encountered  Palin encountered several setbacks during his voyage, partly because he travelled with a five-person film crew, who are collectively named after Passepartout, Phileas Fogg's manservant 
The programme was a critical and commercial success, gaining strong ratings in the UK and selling well abroad  It was also released on video tape and later on DVD  Following the trip Michael Palin wrote a book about the experience  The book contains much more detail, along with photographs, than could be presented in the TV programme, and Palin's personal views are also more evident 
Around the World in 80 Days was the first of a trilogy of globe-crossing series featuring Michael Palin as he visited many countries  The second series was Pole to Pole with Michael Palin (travelling from the North Pole to the South Pole), an 8-part series first broadcast on BBC One in 1992, and the third was Full Circle with Michael Palin (the circumnavigation of the Pacific Rim), a 10-part series first broadcast on BBC One in 1997  The series were followed by several similar conceptual travel series featuring Palin as he concentrated on smaller areas of the world  Hemingway Adventure (following in the footsteps of Ernest Hemingway) first broadcast in 1999, Sahara (travelling around and through the Sahara Desert) first broadcast in 2002, Himalaya (travelling around the Himalayas) first broadcast in 2004, New Europe (travelling around Eastern Europe) first broadcast in 2007, Brazil first broadcast in 2012, and Michael Palin in North Korea broadcast in 2018 

The Journey
The series was presented in seven episodes 

The Challenge
Palin accepts the offer from the BBC to attempt travelling around the world in 80 days  After setting off from the Reform Club in London, he boards the Orient Express at Victoria Station in London, while reminiscing on his rigorous preparations for his upcoming circumnavigation, which included a daily exercise programme, a chat with seasoned TV traveller Alan Whicker, who was the BBC's (but not the production team's, who deliberately talked him out of it) first choice for the series and would go on to criticise the show, calling it "a seven-hour ego trip", and the purchase of an inflatable globe  He also has dinner with his 'referees', who include Robert Hewison and fellow Pythons Terry Jones and Terry Gilliam  After taking a ferry across the English Channel, Palin crosses the Alps on board the Venice-Simplon Orient Express before being stopped in Innsbruck due to an Italian railway strike  Arriving in Venice by coach, he helps the local sanitation department clean up the city  After that, he travels through the Corinth Canal to Athens, where he sees the world-renowned Evzones, and meets a die-hard Python fan  After a brief stopover in Crete, Alexandria beckons 
Sections:

Outward Bound
Preparations
The Ultimate Traveller
Orient Express
Bad News
Venice
Travelling by Ferry
An Evening Meal

Arabian Frights
Palin arrives in Alexandria, Egypt, and has difficulty getting a train to Cairo  On arrival, he attends a local football match and appears in a cameo role in an Egyptian film  After seeing the Pyramids in Giza and riding a camel named Michael, Palin runs into difficulties when the ship he was supposed to board has engine problems and cannot sail  Even though he is able to take a ferry from the city of Suez to Jeddah, Saudi Arabia, he misses a key connection that would have taken him to Muscat  As a last-ditch effort to save the journey, Palin and the director Clem Vallance (and somebody from the British Embassy and a driver for some of the way) are permitted by the Saudi authorities to drive across Saudi Arabia to Dubai, with the rest of the crew (and their problematic camera equipment) making the journey by air   The Saudi Arabia leg of the trip is represented in the TV series only with a few still pictures taken along the way 
Sections:

Arabian Frights
The Road to Cairo
A Closer Look
An Appointment to Keep
Problems
At Sea
Jeddah
A Plan

Ancient Mariners
Palin recounts his trip from Jeddah to Dubai via Riyadh, and notes that he drove the distance from London to the Black Sea in one weekend 
In Dubai, the team finds a dhow named the Al-Shama to take them to Bombay  Along the way, Palin bonds with the dhow's crew who were an extended family from the Indian state of Gujarat, letting the oldest one listen to a Bruce Springsteen song on his Walkman, and developing a bad case of diarrhoea, resulting in many trips to the ship's unique open-air latrine  The journey took seven days on what became the most famous part of the whole trip featured in the series 
The trip on the dhow yielded so much material that the producers gained special permission to craft this extra seventh episode for what was originally planned as a six-episode series   In the interview included with the DVD release, Palin said that he would like to meet the dhow's crew and thank them again for their gracious hospitality, though he remarks that he may never see them again  In September 2008, Palin announced on his official website that he would be travelling to Gujarat in an attempt to locate the crew and reunite with them   Palin succeeded in finding them and this journey was chronicled in the BBC television documentary, Around the World in 20 Years 
Sections:

Ancient Mariners
Provisions
Mohammed
Life at Sea
Chips
Raising the Mast
Bombay Bum
A First Glimpse of India

A Close Shave
In Bombay, Palin finds himself a week behind Phileas Fogg  After getting a quick shave from a blind barber under a tree and seeing a snake charmer's cobra, he is able to get a train ticket to Madras in south-eastern India  Before leaving Bombay, he visits astrologer Jagjit Uppal who, after giving him a chart for a baby to be born to one of his referees, Robert Hewison, tells him he will complete the journey on time, possibly even ahead of schedule and that time lost will be made up throughout the voyage  He also suggests that this will be just the first of many epic journeys Palin will make over the coming years 
Palin then embarks on the Indian Railways express line called the "Southern Express" for Madras in Tamil Nadu state  On the way, it stops in Pune, where Palin talks about his father winning two rowing cups there in 1923  In Madras, he has difficulty finding a connecting boat to Singapore  Eventually, an "   Anglo-German-Indo-Yugoslav agreement the UN would have been proud of" was reached and Palin sets off on a Yugoslavian freighter, eleven days behind  The agreement allowed only Palin and the cameraman Nigel Meakin to travel aboard the ship, and on condition that they worked as deckhands  That meant that Palin had to take a "crash course in sound recording" so they could film aboard the ship  Arriving in Singapore, Palin worries whether or not his connecting boat from Singapore has sailed  If it had, it would have been impossible to complete the journey in eighty days 
Palin later reunited with the captain of the Croatian ship in Rijeka, Croatia, during filming of his New Europe series  This meeting was not shown in the original broadcast of the series but it is on the deleted scenes on the DVD 
Sections:

A Close Shave
A Day in Bombay
Off to Madras
Making Friends
Arrival
A Boat to Singapore
11 Days Behind Schedule
Waiting to Dock

Oriental Express
Palin finds that the ship had indeed sailed from Singapore  However, quite fortunately, it was only four miles from shore and Palin was able to make it on board using a fast motorboat  While in Hong Kong, he has a big win betting on a horse race, is attacked by a cockatoo and meets up with his friend, photographer Basil Pao  He attends a party thrown in his honour at the halfway point (in terms of days) in the journey  Then it is on to Guangzhou for a dinner of shredded cobra and then a train journey to Shanghai  On the train, he is asked by a Chinese businesswoman if he carries an umbrella all the time  Palin replied, "I just get wet " He also collects the roofing tile requested by Terry Gilliam from a very old railway station 
Sections:

Oriental Express
Welcome to Hong Kong
Local Life
The Hong Kong Riviera
"China, here we come"
A Snake Supper
The Train to Shanghai
A Four Seasons Climate

Far East and Farther East
In Shanghai, Palin gets some herbal remedies to help him on the rest of his trip  He and Basil Pao take in a Chinese jazz band  After parting with Pao the next day, Palin takes a Chinese ferry to Yokohama, where he rides the world-famous shinkansen train to Tokyo  Here he meets David Powers, a British journalist, and is taken to a sushi bar and then a karaoke bar, where he sings a duet of "You Are My Sunshine"  After spending the night in a capsule hotel, he boards a container ship to cross the Pacific Ocean  The journey takes eleven days and is very dull, enlivened only by a game of pass the parcel with the Singaporean crew, and the crossing of the International Date Line   Palin partakes in an unusual ceremony to commemorate crossing the line, involving getting doused in tomato paste and flour, and drinking a strange cocktail containing many ingredients, among others, "eggs, curry powder, cocoa   "  Palin suggests that some people involved in the ceremony had watched Full Metal Jacket to prepare for it 
Sections:

Far East and Farther East
Time to Move On
Japan
Karaoke
The Neptune Garnet
Worsening Weather
Ship-Lag
Halfway Round the World

Dateline to Deadline
Arriving in Long Beach, California only two days behind Fogg, Palin spends his first night in America aboard the permanently berthed Queen Mary  After a few days, he boards Amtrak's Desert Wind in Los Angeles and travels to Glenwood Springs, Colorado in the Rocky Mountains  He takes a hot-air balloon ride and a dog sled trip in Aspen, Colorado  After a nerve-wracking delay he realises he probably should have stayed on the Chicago-bound train  Eventually arriving in New York City (Palin was actually supposed to depart North America from Nova Scotia, Canada, as he mentions earlier in the film, but the reason for the substitution for New York is not mentioned in either the film or the book, although the delay due to the stopover in Colorado is a probable cause)  However, in the first episode it is mentioned that departure from either New York City or Nova Scotia would be where the final leg of the journey would take place  He boards the final ship of his journey dead even with Phileas Fogg on day 71  This container ship takes eight days to cross the Atlantic Ocean, and after a quick lunch in Le Havre, Palin arrives in Felixstowe, touching Great Britain for the first time in two and a half months  A few train connections later he arrives at his starting point, the Reform Club in London, but is not allowed in to film, but Palin does get a warm welcome at the BBC with his referees  The journey ends 79 days and 7 hours after it began  The closing credits show Palin chatting with his referees at the BBC offices as he presents the souvenirs requested by them at the beginning to ceremonially prove his accomplishment 

Sections:

Dateline to Deadline
America by Train
Glenwood Springs
Behind Schedule Again
New York Bound
Nine Days Left
Felixstowe
The End in Sight

Production
The journey around the world lasted from 25 September to 12 December 1988  Palin travelled through the following countries by foot, train, ship, balloon, and husky dog, amongst other methods of transport (except for aircraft): United Kingdom, France, Switzerland, Liechtenstein, Austria, Italy, Greece, Egypt, Saudi Arabia, Qatar, United Arab Emirates, India, Singapore, Hong Kong, China, Japan, and the United States 
Only four members of Palin's film crew completed the circumnavigation: Clem Vallance, Roger Mills (the directors), Angela Elbourne, and Ann Holland (the production assistants)  The three others who started with him left when they got to Hong Kong, and were replaced by others  Strictly speaking, it was only Palin who obeyed the rules of the journey, as the production team was not allowed on the road trip across Saudi Arabia and Qatar (Palin and Clem Vallance did this stretch) or on the Croatian ship (Palin and Nigel Meakin did this stretch)  The remainder of the team flew on these stretches  During the Jeddah to Dubai episode, Palin managed to snap a few pictures which are seen in the documentary 
While preparing for the journey, Palin had a chat with renowned documentarist Alan Whicker  In the book and an interview on the DVD, Palin mentions that Whicker had been the BBC's first choice of presenter, but he and two others (Miles Kington and Noel Edmonds) had declined; Palin was fourth on the BBC's list 

Around the World in 20 Years
On 30 December 2008, the BBC aired a special one-hour documentary entitled Around the World in 20 Years  In it, Palin goes in search of the crew of the Al Shama, the dhow which carried him from Dubai to Bombay (now Mumbai) some 20 years ago  After an extensive search involving the shipping company that owned Al Shama, Palin tracks them to the city of Mandvi in Gujarat  There, Palin finds the captain of Al Shama himself, along with five other members of the crew  Two of the original crew members had died in the intervening years, one of them being the older man whom Palin had let listen to Bruce Springsteen on his Walkman  Palin also discovers that the Al Shama had sunk in the Indian Ocean while being towed for repairs years before  The production crew are the same people as on 80 Days 

See also
Television portal
 World portal
Passage 8:
Summer Magic
Summer Magic may refer to:

Summer Magic (film), a 1963 Walt Disney Productions family musical film
Summer Magic (EP), an EP by Red Velvet
Summer Magic (song), a song by Ai
Summer Magic, a 1994 set of Magic: The Gathering cards



ground_truth: Juan Rulfo