prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: Where did the punter for the Dallas Cowboys in the 1980s play college football?

The following are given passages.
Context 1: Passage 1:
Jim Miller (punter)
James Gordon Miller (born July 5, 1957) is a former American college and professional football player who was a punter in the National Football League (NFL) for eight seasons during the 1980s   Miller played college football for the University of Mississippi, and received All-American honors   He played professionally for the San Francisco 49ers, Dallas Cowboys, and New York Giants of the NFL 

Early years
Miller was born in Ripley, Mississippi and attended Ripley High School, where he played running back, wide receiver, cornerback and punter 

College career
Miller attended the University of Mississippi (Ole Miss), where he played for the Ole Miss Rebels football team from 1976 to 1979   He started punting barefoot as a freshman (in high school he had to wear a shoe by rule), ranking third in the Southeastern Conference with a 40 5-yard punt average  For a while he doubled as a flanker and punter 
The next year, he led the NCAA with a 45 9-yard punting average, which was also a school and SEC record  As a junior, he finished with a 43 2-yard per punt average  In his last year he averaged 44 6-yards per punt  
At the time he set school records with an 82-yard punt against South Carolina in 1976, punt average in a season (45 9), most punts in a game (12), career punt average (43 4-yard), punts in a career (266), punting yards in
a season (3,283 yards) and total punt yards in a career (11,549)  He was inducted into the Ole Miss Athletics Hall of Fame in 1995  He was named to the Ole Miss Team of the Century (1893-1992) 

Professional career
San Francisco 49ers
Miller was selected in the third round of the 1980 NFL Draft by the San Francisco 49ers, who had gone through three punters in three years  As a rookie, he was named to the All-rookie team after averaging 40 9 yards per punt  He was a part of the Super Bowl XVI championship team  He was waived before the start of the 1983 season, when he was passed on the depth chart by Tom Orosz 

Dallas Cowboys
On November 16, 1983, he was signed as a free agent by the Dallas Cowboys to replace the injured rookie John Warren  He only played in three games  He was released after losing the preseason competition with Warren on September 6, 1984 

New York Giants
In 1987, he punted in one game for the New York Giants, replacing an injured Sean Landeta  He was cut during the season the team won Super Bowl XXI 
He lives in Ripley, MS with his wife  He has a grandson that enjoys playing football with  
Passage 2:
Filip Filipović (American football)
Filip Filipovic (Serbian Cyrillic: Филип Филиповић) (born November 5, 1977) is a Serbian former professional American football punter in the National Football League for the Dallas Cowboys  He played college football at the University of South Dakota 

Early years
Filipovic moved from Yugoslavia to the United States as a foreign exchange student in 1992  He attended Howland High School  As a junior, he broke his foot in the season opener  As a senior, he served as the team's placekicker and punter, making 13 field goals and averaging 35 yards per punt 
He enrolled at Urbana College where although he was named the starter at placekicker, he instead decided to give up football and transfer to Eastern Michigan University  In 1999, he walked on at Division II University of South Dakota As a sophomore, he became the starter at punter, posting 57 punts for a 38 1-yard average and a long of 56 yards  As a junior, he registered 73 punts for a 40 7-yard average (seventh in Division II) and a long of 62 yards As a senior, he served as the team's placekicker and punter, making 7-of-10 field goals for a 62 5 percent (third in the conference), 18-of-19 extra points for a 92 3 percent (fifth in the conference) and 53 punts for a 40 1-yard average (fourth in the conference)  He finished his career with 183 punts for a 39 7-yard average and a long of 66 yards 

Professional career
Filipović was signed as an undrafted free agent by the Dallas Cowboys after the 2002 NFL Draft  He was waived on September 1  On October 23, he was re-signed to replace a struggling Micah Knorr  Against the Detroit Lions, he had 10 punts (tied for second in franchise history) for a 41 4-yard average and downed two kicks inside the 10-yard line  He finished the season with a 40 6-yard average, 14 punts downed inside the 20-yard line, a long of 60 yards and 2 special teams tackles  On August 17, 2003, he was released after being passed on the depth chart by Toby Gowin 
On January 7, 2004, he signed a futures contract with the San Francisco 49ers  He was cut on April 27 On July 23, 2004, he was signed as a free agent by the Minnesota Vikings  He was released on August 3 On February 10, 2005, he was signed by the Philadelphia Eagles with the intention of allocating him to NFL Europe  He was cut on March 7 
On March 28, 2006, he signed with the Houston Texans  He was released on July 29 
On April 9, 2007, he was signed by the Chicago Bears  He was released on August 1 

Personal life
After football he trained several kickers and punters, developing skills to break into professional football leagues  Filipovic also works with agents that sign and negotiate NFL contracts 
Passage 3:
Jerry Tubbs
Gerald J  Tubbs (January 23, 1935 – June 13, 2012) was an American football linebacker who played for ten seasons in the National Football League (NFL) from 1957 to 1966, mainly for the Dallas Cowboys   He was selected by the Dallas Cowboys in the 1960 NFL Expansion Draft   After his retirement he stayed with the Cowboys as an assistant coach for 22 years  He played college football at the University of Oklahoma  In 1996, he was inducted into the College Football Hall of Fame 

High school career
Tubbs was an honor graduate student and played center at Breckenridge High School  The teams were coached by Cooper Robbins (1951) and Joe Kerbel (1952), who would go on to the college ranks  Tubbs lost only three games during his high school career  In 1971, he was inducted into the Texas High School Football Hall of Fame  Since 2008, the Breckenridge Buckaroos open the football season playing the "Jerry Tubbs Kickoff Classic" 

College career
Tubbs played three varsity years at the University of Oklahoma, and the Sooners won all 31 games in that period  In 1954, when fullback Billy Pricer was injured, Tubbs had to replace him playing against University of Texas, the first time he had ever played in the backfield  In the remaining games of that season, he averaged 6 1 yards per carry  Head coach Bud Wilkinson moved him to center in 1955, and this became his signature position  He also played linebacker and in a victory over Texas in 1955, he intercepted three passes  In 1956, he was a unanimous All-American center and was named Lineman of the Year by three agencies 
During his three varsity years, Oklahoma's record was 10-0, 11-0, 10-0  His 31 wins were part of that legendary 47-game winning streak and two national titles from 1954-56  The 1954 team was ranked third nationally in the Associated Press and United Press polls  The 1955 and 1956 teams were national champions  In those years Oklahoma played in only one bowl game, where the 1955 team beat Maryland University 20-6 in the Orange Bowl 
Tubbs finished fourth in the 1956 Heisman Trophy voting (very high for a lineman), behind his third place teammate, Tommy McDonald, and winner Paul Hornung of Notre Dame University  He graduated from Oklahoma with a degree in economics and was also a 1956 Academic All-America 
In 1996, he was inducted into the College Football Hall of Fame and in 1999 he was inducted into the Oklahoma Sports Hall of Fame 

Professional career
Chicago Cardinals
He was drafted by the Chicago Cardinals in the first round of the 1957 NFL Draft — 10th overall  Suddenly, he found himself on a perennial loser, playing out of position as an outside linebacker  He was eventually benched, and then traded to the San Francisco 49ers after the seventh game of the 1958 season 

San Francisco 49ers
The following year (1959), the San Francisco 49ers moved him into the middle linebacker position, where he became a starter  After the 1959 season, Tubbs planned to retire, so the 49ers left him off their list of players who were exempt from the 1960 NFL Expansion Draft 

Dallas Cowboys
Tubbs was acquired by the Dallas Cowboys in 1960 NFL Expansion Draft  As it turned out, he would spend the next 29 years in Dallas — as a player, player-coach and full-time assistant coach   In the 4th game of the 1960 season, Tubbs became the first player in franchise history to start at the middle linebacker position on a regular basis, finishing with 149 tackles (48 solo) 
Tubbs was an impact player on those early Cowboys teams and also rated among the top middle linebackers in the NFL  He had quickness, toughness and an unbeatable motor  In 1962, he was one of the first Cowboys players voted to the Pro Bowl, along with: QB Eddie LeBaron; DT Bob Lilly; RB Don Perkins; and CB Don Bishop 
He became a player-coach in 1965  In 1966 he retired and was working for the Dallas Federal Savings and Loan Association, but was lured back by Tom Landry to play behind Lee Roy Jordan for one more year  He played just the first three games of the season, until he suffered a back injury 
The following year (1967), Landry sensing that the Cowboys had a real chance at a championship, wanted to have Tubbs as insurance in the event Lee Roy Jordan should be injured  He came back again, but didn't play a single down while serving as a player-coach, hence he was on the roster and in uniform for the 1967 Ice Bowl championship game against the Packers 

Personal life
When he finally retired as a player at the end of the 1967 season, he became Cowboys linebackers coach for 21 years  He coached in five Super Bowls, winning two of them  He died on June 13, 2012, at the age of 77 
Passage 4:
Jason Garrett
Jason Calvin Garrett (born March 28, 1966) is a former American football player and coach and current broadcaster  He previously served as the head coach of the Dallas Cowboys for 9 5 seasons, from 2010-2019  Garrett has also been offensive coordinator and assistant head coach for the Cowboys and quarterbacks coach for the Miami Dolphins  
Before becoming a coach, Garrett was a college football quarterback at Princeton University and also played as quarterback in the National Football League (NFL) for the Cowboys (winning three Super Bowls as the backup quarterback for Troy Aikman), New York Giants, Tampa Bay Buccaneers, and Miami Dolphins  
In 2022, Garrett became a sports broadcaster and currently works as a football analyst for NBC Sports - as a commentator for their coverage of the USFL and Notre Dame football and as an analyst for their NFL pregame show Football Night in America 

Early life
Garrett attended kindergarten through second grade at Holy Cross school in Rumson, New Jersey  He went to prep school at University School in Hunting Valley, Ohio, and was a letterman in football, basketball, and baseball  As a senior, Garrett won All-League honors as a quarterback and safety  He graduated from University School in 1984 

College career
Garrett was accepted to Princeton University, where he began as the starting quarterback of the freshman team, registering 64 completions on 116 attempts for 996 yards  Garrett transferred to Columbia University when his father Jim Garrett became the head coach in 1985  Following his father's resignation after Columbia's 0–10 1985 season, Garrett and his brothers (Judd and John) transferred to Princeton, although none played varsity in 1986 for different reasons (Jason was an ineligible transfer) Garrett sat out the 1986 season because of the transfer rules while focusing on running the scout team, which included his brothers  The next year, as a junior, Garrett was named the starting quarterback  Although he piloted Princeton to a win against his former team, Columbia (a loss that gave Columbia the Division I record for straight losses, at 35), Garrett was also involved in a losing effort against them as a senior, snapping Columbia's by then 44-game losing streak  He received the Asa S  Bushnell Cup as the Ivy League Player of the Year  Garrett earned a degree in history in 1989, with a senior thesis on "The Revolt of the Black Athlete as Initiated by Harry Edwards" Garrett finished his college career completing 366 of 550 passes (66 5%) for 4,274 yards and 20 touchdowns  At the time, he was ranked in the categories: lowest pass interception percentage (1 8% – school record), total yards of offense (4,555 – second in school history), total yards of offense in a season (2,485 – third in school history), most passing yards (4,274 – second in school history), most passing yards in a season (2,217 – fourth in school history), most completions (366 – second in school history), most completions in a season (204 – third in school history), most touchdown passes (20 – tied for fourth)  Garrett continues to hold the Ivy League career record for completion percentage with 66 5% (366/550) and his 1988 percentage of 68 2% (204/299) stood as the league record until 2000, when Gavin Hoffman posted a 70 5% mark 

Professional playing career
New Orleans Saints
Garrett was signed as an undrafted free agent by the New Orleans Saints after the 1989 NFL Draft and was eventually signed to the practice squad  On September 3, 1990, he was waived by the Saints and spent most of the year working as a coaching assistant for Princeton 

San Antonio Riders
In 1991, Garrett started at quarterback for the San Antonio Riders of the World League of American Football, but he suffered a separated right wwe 
shoulder in the season opener  Garrett returned to start the sixth and seventh game but was passed on the depth chart by Mike Johnson 

Ottawa Rough Riders
On June 4, 1991, Garrett was signed by the Ottawa Rough Riders of the Canadian Football League, but was released in August 

Dallas Cowboys
In 1992, with the support of his father, at the time a part of the Dallas Cowboys scouting department, Garrett was signed as a free agent  He was released on August 31 and later signed to the team's practice squad  In 1993, his preseason performances allowed him to make the team as the third-string quarterback behind Troy Aikman and Hugh Millen  Garrett eventually passed Millen on the depth chart  In the eighth game of the season, after Aikman injured his left hamstring against the New York Giants in the third quarter  Garrett finished the game, completing five of six passes for 34 yards and leading two touchdown drives  He was named the starter for the next game against the Phoenix Cardinals, where he completed two of six passes for 25 yards and helped the team score on a field goal, before being replaced on the third series in favor of Bernie Kosar, who had been signed four days earlier  Kosar became the backup quarterback for the rest of the season after the game 
The highlight of Garrett's playing career occurred in the 1994 Thanksgiving Day game when he started in place of backup quarterback Rodney Peete, who was out with a sprained thumb he suffered in a win against the Washington Redskins  Garrett led the Cowboys over the Green Bay Packers by completing 15 of 26 passes for 311 yards and two touchdowns in the second half for a comeback win of 42–31, earning him NFC Offensive Player of the Week honors  That game was named the fourth-best moment in the history of Texas Stadium by ESPN in 2008 In 1998, Garrett was promoted to the backup position and in the second game against the Denver Broncos, after Aikman suffered a broken clavicle, Garrett came in to finish the 23–42 loss  He would start the next five games and contribute to a 3–2 mark for a team that would go on to win the NFC East division by one game over the Arizona Cardinals  In 1999, Garrett started two games for a 1–1 record 
Garrett was a part of the 1993 and 1995 Super Bowl winning teams  In eight seasons with the Cowboys, he played in 39 games and completed 165 of 294 passes (56 1%) for 2,042 yards, 11 touchdowns, and five interceptions 

New York Giants
In 2000, Garrett was signed as a free agent by the New York Giants to back up Kerry Collins  On February 27, 2002, Garrett was released for salary cap reasons and re-signed on July 24, although he would be declared inactive in 16 games, after being passed on the depth chart by Jesse Palmer who was named the backup quarterback  In 2003, Garrett was declared inactive in 11 games as the third-string quarterback 

Tampa Bay Buccaneers
On March 15, 2004, Garrett signed with the Tampa Bay Buccaneers and was cut on August 31  On October 13, he was re-signed by the Tampa Bay Buccaneers  After being declared inactive in week 6 and week 7, he was released on November 6  On November 24, Garrett was signed as a free agent by the Miami Dolphins and was declared inactive for the last six games of the season 

Coaching career
Miami Dolphins
After retiring as a player, Garrett became the quarterbacks coach for the Miami Dolphins for the 2005 season under head coach Nick Saban 

Dallas Cowboys
Offensive coordinator
In January 2007, Garrett was hired by the Dallas Cowboys as offensive coordinator  He guided the Cowboys to the second-best offense in the NFL, which made him an attractive head coaching prospect  In January 2008, Garrett interviewed for the head coaching job of the Baltimore Ravens and the Atlanta Falcons, receiving offers from both, but ultimately opted to remain with the Cowboys  His salary for the 2008 season was nearly $3 million; the highest salary for an assistant coach in the NFL at the time  On December 29, 2008, the Detroit Lions received permission to speak to Garrett regarding the team's head coaching vacancy according to ESPN sources  In January 2009, the Denver Broncos also interviewed him as a possible replacement for fired coach Mike Shanahan  Garrett was also a finalist for the St  Louis Rams head coaching position to replace Jim Haslett, the interim head coach, but the job ultimately went to Steve Spagnuolo 

Head coach
On November 8, 2010, Garrett was named as interim head coach of the Cowboys after fourth-year head coach Wade Phillips was fired after the Cowboys began the 2010 season with a 1-7 record  On November 14, Garrett won his first game as a head coach, beating the favored New York Giants by a score of 33–20 at New Meadowlands Stadium  The next week, he led the Cowboys to a 35–19 victory over the Detroit Lions, their first home win all season  Garrett finished with a 5–3 record down the stretch  On January 6, 2011, Garrett was officially named the eighth head coach in Cowboys history  He was the first head coach born after the team was founded in 1960, and the first former Cowboys player to hold the post 
From 2011 to 2013, Garrett had three straight 8–8 seasons, losing in the last game each season to NFC East division rivals New York Giants, Washington Redskins, and Philadelphia Eagles to miss the division championship and the playoffs each time  In 2014, Garrett achieved head-coaching success for the first time  The Cowboys, featuring several key draft picks maturing on the offensive line and the emergence of DeMarco Murray as a dominant running back, won the NFC East with a 12–4 record and were tied for the best record in the conference with the Green Bay Packers and the Seattle Seahawks  The Cowboys were undefeated on the road, including impressive wins over Seattle and the NFC East frontrunners (at the time), the Philadelphia Eagles  Garrett's team lost the three-way tiebreaker to Green Bay and Seattle and therefore hosted the Detroit Lions in a wildcard-round game  This game, won 24–20 by the Cowboys, featured a controversial "flag pick up" after a penalty during a late Detroit drive, thereby allowing Dallas an improved chance to make a comeback and defeat the Lions  In the ensuing divisional-round playoff game against the Green Bay Packers, hyped as a rematch of the famous Ice Bowl NFL championship game from 1967, Dallas held a lead in the second half, but after losing the lead due to a late Aaron Rodgers touchdown pass, had a potentially game-winning catch by Dez Bryant overturned in official replay, therefore sealing a 26–21 defeat to Green Bay On January 13, 2015, Cowboys owner Jerry Jones and Garrett agreed on a contract that kept Garrett in Dallas for five more years and paid him $30 million  The Cowboys entered the 2015 season with great expectations, but starting quarterback Tony Romo played in only four games after suffering two fractures in his left collarbone, and the team finished with a 4–12 mark 
The Cowboys bounced back in 2016 with their best record under Garrett (13–3) with the emergence of rookie quarterback Dak Prescott and running back Ezekiel Elliott, earning the #1 NFC spot in the playoffs and a first-round bye  However, they were upset in their first playoff game by Aaron Rodgers and the Green Bay Packers with a last-second field goal by Mason Crosby, losing the game 34–31  Garrett was named the NFL Coach of the Year for the 2016 season In 2017, the Cowboys finished with a 9–7 record and missed the playoffs  This was partially because star running back Ezekiel Elliott was suspended for 6 games due to violating the personal conduct policy  In 2018, the Cowboys bounced back from a disappointing 3–5 record at the bye week to win seven of their last eight games and clinch the NFC East for the 3rd time since Garrett became head coach  They won their first playoff game against the Seattle Seahawks, but lost in the divisional round to the Los Angeles Rams 
In 2019, the Cowboys finished with an 8–8 record and missed the playoffs  Toward the end of the season, they had led the NFC East until losing to their division rival, the Philadelphia Eagles in Week 16 
On January 5, 2020, Cowboys owner Jerry Jones announced that the Cowboys would not renew Garrett's contract, which expired at the conclusion of the 2019 season  Garrett finished his Cowboys tenure with an 85–67 record  He was 2–3 in the playoffs, never advancing past the divisional round 
Garrett had the second longest tenure of being the Cowboys head coach after Tom Landry 

New York Giants
On January 17, 2020, Garrett was hired by the New York Giants as their offensive coordinator under new head coach Joe Judge  Garrett tested positive for COVID-19 in December 2020 and missed the team's week 15 game in 2020 against the Cleveland Browns  Garrett was fired from the Giants on November 23, 2021 After getting fired by the Giants, Garrett was rumored to be the frontrunner for the Duke University football head coaching job to replace long time head coach David Cutcliffe  However, just a few days later, Duke hired Mike Elko as their head coach 

Head coaching record
* – Interim head coach

Broadcasting career
On April 12, 2022, it was announced that Garrett would be an analyst for NBC Sports broadcasts of the United States Football League   On August 14, it was announced that Garrett has joined Jac Collinsworth as part of Notre Dame Football on NBC   He also joined Tony Dungy on NBC Sunday Night Football beginning in September 

Personal life
Garrett’s brothers John and Judd also played in the World League of American Football, and Judd made second-team All-World League in 1991 after leading the league in catches  John was the head coach of the Lafayette College football team until 2021 when he was fired, and his younger brother Judd works in the Dallas Cowboys front office after being let go as tight ends coach for the St  Louis Rams  Since he played for the London Monarchs, Judd is the only one of the Garretts who played in the WLAF to have a World Bowl ring  Another brother, Jim Garrett III, is a teacher and former football coach In December 2022, Garrett interviewed for the head coaching job at Stanford and was named a finalist  However, he ultimately decided to stay with NBC as a studio analyst 
Garrett's father, Jim Garrett, was an assistant coach for the New York Giants, New Orleans Saints, and Cleveland Browns and head coach of the Houston Texans of the World Football League and at Columbia University  From 1987 to 2004, Jim served as a scout for the Dallas Cowboys Garrett resides in Dallas with his wife, Brill 
Passage 5:
Fake field goal
A fake field goal is a trick play in American football  Simply, it involves a running or passing play done out of a kick formation  Usually the holder (often the punter or backup quarterback) will throw or run  Less frequently, the placekicker, who virtually never handles the ball in an American football game, will serve as the passer or rusher on a fake field goal  
During a fake field goal, most teams will choose one of two different alignment options  The first one is out of the normal field goal formation  The holder receives the snap and can either pitch it to the kicker, throw it during a designed pass play, or run the ball themselves  The second option is to shift into a special formation  Out of these special formations, multiple plays can be brought to the field  
There are a few of advantages to running a fake field goal or extra point  First, if it is a field goal, you have the chance to either score a touchdown or extend a drive for your team  If it is an extra point conversion, you have the chance of scoring two points instead of one  
Danny White was both quarterback and punter for the Dallas Cowboys in the 1980s and often executed this play   Examples include then-New England kicker Adam Vinatieri receiving a direct snap and throwing a touchdown pass during an NFL game in 2004, and LSU kicker Colt David rushing for a 15-yard touchdown in 2007 after receiving the ball on a blind lateral from holder (and starting quarterback) Matt Flynn Not every fake field goal play call results in an attempted trick play  In the Week 8 2014 game between the Indianapolis Colts and Pittsburgh Steelers, the Colts staff had scouted through film study, that the Steelers’ usual kick block formation when the ball was close to the end zone and on the left hash mark, would not be able to prevent the holder from running the ball in for a touchdown  Such a situation developed with one second left on the clock in the second quarter   However, instead of lining up a normally, Troy Polamalu, an eight-time Pro-Bowl and 6 time All-Pro safety, shifted from his usual position to the other side, filling the gap where holder Pat McAfee intended to run the ball  McAfee noticed this, and aborted the trick play, calling for Adam Vinatieri to kick a normal kick, which he made to score three points 
Passage 6:
Cornell Green (defensive back)
Cornell M  Green (born February 10, 1940), is an American former professional football player who was  a defensive back for 13 seasons with the Dallas Cowboys on the National Football League (NFL)  He did not play college football at Utah State University, but was a two-time All-American as a basketball player for the Aggies, selected in the 1962 NBA draft, but not in the NFL draft 

Early years
Born in Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, Green was raised in northern California in Richmond and attended El Cerrito High School He played college basketball at Utah State University in Logan, where he earned All-American honors (1961, 1962) as well as All-Skyline conference honors in each of his three years (1960–62)  As a 6 ft 3 in (1 91 m) forward, Green set the Aggie career rebounding record with 1,067 which still stands today  He is also the fifth leading scorer in Utah State history with 1,890 points Green produced some of the best individual seasons in school history as his 745 points in 1962 are still in second place, while his 403 rebounds in 1960 remain a school record for a season  He was the Skyline conference MVP as a sophomore 
In his three seasons with the Aggies, Utah State went to the National Invitation Tournament in 1960 and to the NCAA Tournament in 1962  The 1960 team finished eighth in the Associated Press Poll and seventh in the Coaches' Poll, which remains the highest year-end basketball ranking in school history 
In 1993, Green was inducted into the inaugural class of the Utah State University Intercollegiate Athletics Hall Of Fame  In 2001, he was inducted into the State of Utah Basketball Hall of Fame 

Professional career
Green was a college basketball player who never played a down of college football, that the Dallas Cowboys converted into a defensive back 
On a tip from Utah State basketball coach LaDell Anderson, the Cowboys discovered and signed the multi-talented younger brother of then Red Sox infielder Pumpsie Green for $1,000 dollars  This was one of the innovative personnel decisions the Cowboys were renowned for 
At that time, he was leaning towards playing in the NBA, after being selected by the Chicago Zephyrs in the fifth round of the 1962 NBA draft  Even when he reported to the Cowboys' training camp in Marquette, Michigan, in 1962, he just thought of it as a $1,000 bonus  "I figured I’d go there for a week     and they’d cut me," Green has said His teammates nicknamed him "Sweet Lips" and eventually made the 1962 team as an undrafted free agent, learning fast enough to start 3 games and be selected to the NFL All-Rookie team  The next season, he became a full-time starter at left cornerback setting a career best with 7 interceptions 
Green became a big-time contributor to Tom Landry’s intricate defensive schemes and a feared defender during his career  All he was missing were the interception stats  Said Gil Brandt: "I mean, if Cornell had any kind of hands, he would’ve had three times as many interceptions as he got     and the guy played basketball in college "
He played cornerback during his first eight seasons, while leading the team in interceptions 4 times, being named to 5 Pro Bowls and 4 All-Pro teams  Cowboys coach Tom Landry said of Green, "He had the athletic skills from basketball to become a fine defensive back   His only transition was playing a sport where you could tackle someone with the ball, and Cornell never had a problem dealing with that" 
Safety Mike Gaechter suffered a career-ending Achilles tendon injury in the last Playoff Bowl in January 1970, and with the cornerback position needing an upgrade, Tom Landry moved Mel Renfro to play cornerback  Given that Renfro was an All-Pro in 1969 at safety, the move may have seemed to be an odd one, but Renfro was matched with Herb Adderley, and the duo was better than Green and Phil Clark  Green in turn, moved from cornerback to the strong safety position, while the free safety position was handled between third-round pick Charlie Waters and undrafted free agent Cliff Harris 
After the switch, the Cowboys went to two consecutive Super Bowls  In 1971 and 1972 he went back to the Pro Bowl at safety 
Green never missed a game in 13 seasons, he played 168 games, including 145 consecutive starts for the Cowboys (1962–1974)  He made five Pro Bowls at two different positions — cornerback and strong safety  He is sixth in career interceptions (34) in Cowboys history  He retired as a player in September 1975, and went from part-time to full-time scout for the Cowboys In 1985, he was named to the Dallas Cowboys 25th Anniversary Team In 2017, the Professional Football Researchers Association named Green to the PFRA Hall of Very Good Class of 2017

After football
Green began scouting for the Dallas Cowboys in 1970 while still an active player and continued scouting through 1979, at which time he entered private business until joining the Denver Broncos in 1987  He spent 35 years scouting in the NFL, and 28 seasons doing it with the Broncos  In 2010, he received the AFC Scout of the Year Award from the Fritz Pollard Alliance 

Personal
He is the brother of Pumpsie Green, the first African American player to play for the Boston Red Sox, the last Major League Baseball team to integrate 
Passage 7:
Rico Gathers
Ricardo Darnell Gathers (born January 7, 1994) is an American rapper and former American football tight end  He was drafted by the Dallas Cowboys in the sixth round (217th overall) in the 2016 NFL Draft  He played college basketball at Baylor University and did not play college football 

Early years
Gathers attended Riverside Academy  He was named Louisiana Mr  Basketball while at Riverside Academy in Reserve, Louisiana  As a sophomore, he contributed to his team winning the state title, while averaging 19 8 points, 11 5 rebounds, 4 5 blocks and earning Most Outstanding Player honors at the state tournament 
As a junior, he averaged 20 7 points, 16 2 rebounds and 3 9 blocks per game  As a senior, he helped his team reach the Class 2A state championship game, while averaging 22 points, 17 rebounds, 4 1 blocks, 2 1 assists and 1 1 steals per game 

College career
Gathers accepted a basketball scholarship from Baylor University  He became a starter at power forward as a junior, averaging 11 6 points (second on the team), 11 6 rebounds (led the team), 1 2 steals and one block and in 29 9 minutes per game  At the end of the season, he received All-Big 12, honorable-mention All-American and Big 12 All-Defensive Team honors  He led the conference in double-doubles with 17 and recorded a school record 28 rebounds in a win over Huston-Tillotson As a senior, he averaged 11 4 points and 9 1 rebounds per game  He finished as Baylor's All-Time leading rebounder  He also was the first player ever to reach over 1,000+ points and 1,000+ rebounds in school history 

Professional career
Although he had not played a down of football since middle school as a 13-year-old, Gathers informed Baylor head coach Art Briles that he would be joining the Bears football team for the 2016 season  However, he later decided to forgo playing for Baylor and entered the 2016 NFL draft after the Baylor men's basketball team lost in the first round of the 2016 NCAA Men's Division I Basketball Tournament to Yale 

Dallas Cowboys
Gathers was selected by the Dallas Cowboys in the sixth round (217th overall) of the 2016 NFL Draft, based on the potential he showed during his pre-draft workout  In rookie minicamp the team considered playing him at defensive end, but decided to keep him at tight end instead  On September 3, he was released and was signed to the practice squad the next day  He signed a reserve/future contract on January 17, 2017 After a strong training camp and preseason, Gathers made the Cowboys' initial 53-man roster in 2017  However, he suffered a concussion in the preseason, and was placed on the  injured reserve on September 4, which made him eligible to return in week 8 at the earliest  Despite practicing with the squad since week 9, after week 13, he was shut down for the season  It was later revealed that he also suffered jaw and neck injuries as well In 2018, the Cowboys made the unconventional move of keeping him as the fourth tight end to avoid losing him to waivers, even though he was arrested on the eve of cuts for marijuana possession  He was the fourth-string tight end behind Geoff Swaim, Blake Jarwin and rookie Dalton Schultz  In Week 5, he recorded his first professional catch against the Houston Texans  He finished with 3 receptions for 45 yards 
On June 14, 2019, it was announced that Gathers was suspended for the first game of the season, after violating the NFL's policy and program on substances of abuse  On August 5, Gathers was waived by the Cowboys 

Cleveland Browns
On August 11, 2019, he was signed as a free agent by the Cleveland Browns  He was placed on the reserve/suspended list on August 31, 2019  He was waived by the Browns on September 10, after being reinstated from the suspension 

Personal life
Gathers' father is the cousin of the late Hank Gathers, an All-American and former Loyola Marymount star  Gathers is married and has a child  During his time away from football, he self-taught himself to create, arrange and produce hip-hop music under the pseudonym Rickadon On August 31, 2018, he was arrested for possession of marijuana in Frisco, Texas 
Passage 8:
John Jett
John Jett (born November 11, 1968) is a former American football punter in the National Football League (NFL) for the Dallas Cowboys and the Detroit Lions  He played college football for East Carolina University  Jett won two Super Bowl rings with the Cowboys in Super Bowl XXVIII and Super Bowl XXX 

Early years
Jett attended Northumberland High School where he played football and baseball, receiving All-State honors as a pitcher and outfielder 
Although Jett came to East Carolina University as an unrecruited walk-on athlete, he became a 4-year starter at Punter  He graduated after recording two of the three best single season averages in school history, setting the records for career punting average (40 0) and yards-per-punt average in a season (42 2) In 2007, he was inducted into the East Carolina Athletics Hall of Fame 

Professional career
Minnesota Vikings
Jett was signed as an undrafted free agent by the Minnesota Vikings in 1992 and was released before the start of the season 

Dallas Cowboys
On March 10, 1993, he was signed by the Dallas Cowboys and replaced Mike Saxon on the defending Super Bowl champion  He  finished the year with a 41 8 yards gross average, third in the NFC in net punting average (37 7) and led the league in percentage of punts downed inside the 20-yard line (39 3%) 
In 1994, he had a gross average of 41 9 yards (sixth in the NFC), led the league in percentage of punts downed inside the 20-yard line (37 1%) and his 26 punts that landed inside the 20-yard line were the third highest ever in franchise history  In the divisional playoff win against the Green Bay Packers, he registered the third best punting performance in Cowboys playoff history, with a 45 8 yard gross average 
In 1995, he had a gross average of 40 9 yards and a net average of 34 5  After a block, in the NFC Championship Game win against the Green Bay Packers, he went on to average 45 8 yards and tie the mark for the third highest punting average in the franchise postseason history, receiving NFC Special Teams Player of the Week honors  The next year, he was fourth in the NFC in net average (36 8 yards) 
During his time with the team, he led the NFL in punts inside the 20 yard-line for four straight seasons 

Detroit Lions
Jett was signed as a free agent by the Detroit Lions in 1997, after the salary cap-strapped Cowboys could not afford to re-sign him 
In 2000, he was named as an alternate to the Pro Bowl 
He missed three games with a calf injury in 2001  The next year, he was second in the NFC in net average (38 yards), sixth in gross average (42 2 yards) and third in punts inside the 20-yard line (29) 
On October 30, 2003, he was placed on the injured reserve list, with what turned out to be a career-ending calf injury 
Passage 9:
Danny White
Wilford Daniel White (born February 9, 1952) is an American former professional football player and coach  He played as a quarterback and punter for the Dallas Cowboys in the National Football League (NFL)  He later coached in the Arena Football League (AFL)  He has been the color commentator for Cowboys games on Compass Media Networks' America's Team Radio Network since the 2011 season  He played college football at Arizona State University 

Early years
A graduate of Westwood High School in Mesa, Arizona, White did not receive a lot of notice while being the starter at quarterback, due to his perception as a better baseball prospect 
Frank Kush, then the football head coach at Arizona State University, helped convince Bobby Winkles, the school's baseball coach, to sign White to a scholarship with the provision that he would also play punter for the football team  During those early years Kush gave him a chance to improve his skills as a quarterback, which eventually would lead him to become the starter midway through his sophomore season, ending up throwing for six touchdowns in a game against the University of New Mexico 
White went on to have a stellar career as a quarterback and punter, compiling a 32–4 record, winning three Fiesta Bowls, setting seven NCAA passing records and being named an All-American in 1973, when he led the nation's second rated total offense  He finished with 6,717 passing yards, 64 touchdowns, 42 interceptions and averaged 41 7 yards per punt Besides having his jersey retired, he was inducted into the College Football Hall of Fame, the State of Arizona Sports Hall of Fame, and the Arizona State University Athletics Hall of Fame  In 2000, he was named Arizona Athlete of the Century by the Arizona Republic  He also was an inaugural member of Dunham and Miller Hall of Fame 
On October 29, 2010, White was honored, along with other Sun Devil Quarterbacks, at a Legends Luncheon hosted by the Arizona State University Alumni Association and Sun Devil Club   Other honorees included John F  Goodman, Andrew Walter, and Jake Plummer 

Professional career
Memphis Southmen (WFL)
The Dallas Cowboys selected him in the third round (53rd overall) of the 1974 NFL Draft, but were mainly interested in him as a punter, so he chose to sign with the World Football League's Memphis Southmen for a better offer 
White shared the quarterback position with John Huarte, helping his team reach the semifinals as a rookie and a second-place finish in 1975  During these two years, he passed for 2,635 yards and 21 touchdowns in 30 games, and also led the league in punting his last year 

Dallas Cowboys
In 1976, he signed with the Dallas Cowboys after the World Football League folded  Through 1979, White was the Cowboys' punter and the backup to the team's star quarterback Roger Staubach  After Staubach's retirement following the end of that season, White became the Cowboys' starting quarterback  Until 1984, he continued to serve as the team's punter, making him one of the last starting quarterbacks in NFL history to also start at a different position   He punted for the last time in his career once in 1985 
In a memorable 1980 playoff game against the Atlanta Falcons, led the Cowboys to a come-from-behind 30–27 victory  He also played in one of the Cowboys' most painful playoff losses against the San Francisco 49ers in the 1981 NFC Championship Game, famous for the Joe Montana-to-Dwight Clark game-winning play, which would simply come to be known as "The Catch"  He received Pro Bowl and second-team All-Pro honors in 1982 
White led the Cowboys to three consecutive NFC Championship Games (1980–1982), but was criticized after the Cowboys lost each of the three games despite having been favored in all of them  He also received criticism for publicly siding with the owners during the 1982 NFL Players Strike  Fans and teammates alike began to show support for him to be replaced as the Cowboys quarterback by Gary Hogeboom, who was coming off an impressive performance in the 1982 NFC Championship Game (which they lost to the archrival Washington Redskins) after White was knocked out of the game with a concussion  Even his statistically career-best 1983 season failed to silence the critics, after ending it with consecutive blowout losses to the Redskins (at home) and the 49ers after a 12–2 start  To add insult to injury, the Cowboys lost the NFC Wildcard Playoff game to the Los Angeles Rams  That apparently was enough for him to lose his starting job to Hogeboom at the start of the 1984 season  Under Hogeboom, the Cowboys looked impressive with a 4–1 start, but then a loss to division rival St  Louis and ineffective plays by Hogeboom convinced coach Tom Landry to reinstate White as his starter  The Cowboys finished 9–7, but missed the playoffs in 1984 for the first time in a decade; but with White as quarterback, the Cowboys made it back in 1985 with a 10–6 record  However, they lost again to the Los Angeles Rams in the playoffs 
In 1986, the Cowboys started 6–2, had the #1 offense in the NFL, were tied for the lead in the NFC Eastern Division and White was also the number one rated passer in the NFC at that point in the season  During an away game against Bill Parcells's New York Giants, however, a blind-side sack by Giants linebacker Carl Banks broke White's throwing wrist and tore ligaments, knocking him out of the game and ending his season  Dallas lost the game, 17–14, and without him the team faded badly, finishing the year 7–9 and the Cowboys first losing season since 1965 
White returned as the starter at the beginning of 1987, but after inconsistent play, he was benched in favor of Steve Pelluer for 4 of the final 6 games  In 1988, Pelluer won the starting job in training camp, relegating White as a backup  White appeared briefly in only two games, and in his second game he suffered a season-ending knee injury  An option on his contract was not picked up in April 1989 and he retired, paving the way for Troy Aikman to take the reins of the struggling franchise 
White had 1,761 completions on 2,950 attempts for 21,959 yards, 155 touchdowns, and 132 interceptions in his career   He also gained  482 yards and scored 8 touchdowns rushing  Unusual for a quarterback, he had two pass receptions for touchdowns, both from a halfback option pass  On special teams he punted 610 times for 24,509 yards, an average of 40 4 yards per punt, with 144 punts inside the 20 and 77 touchbacks  His record as the Cowboys' starting quarterback was 62–32 ( 659 winning percentage) during the regular season, and 5–5 in the playoffs 
Being Roger Staubach's successor and never reaching a Super Bowl as a starting quarterback contributed to White's being an unappreciated player, even considering all of the successes he achieved for the Cowboys and the NFL during the decade of the eighties  "I don't think anybody could have followed Roger and done as well as Danny", Coach Tom Landry remarked, "Danny was a solid winner "

NFL career statistics
Regular season
Coaching career
White's career as a coach began shortly after his playing days ended  This is appropriate considering that, while an active player, he was widely regarded—like Staubach before him—as knowledgeable of the game and as something of a coach on the field  He also began working as a broadcast commentator during his coaching career, which was possible because he coached Arena football, which is played during the outdoor game's off-season 
White served as the head coach of the Arizona Rattlers from 1992 to 2004, winning the ArenaBowl championship in 1994 and 1997  White's contract was not renewed by the new Rattlers ownership after the 2004 season following three consecutive ArenaBowl losses  He was named the head coach of the Arena Football League expansion Utah Blaze, which began play in 2006  He led his teams to the playoffs in 10 of 11 seasons, including two championships (1994 and 1997), finishing with a 162–95 record as a head coach 
In 2002, he was inducted into the Arena Football League Hall of Fame in recognition for his coaching success 

Head coaching record
Personal life
White's father, Wilford "Whizzer" White (no relation to college football legend and U S  Supreme Court justice Byron White, who also was nicknamed "Whizzer" and played American football), was the first Arizona State University All-American football player and still ranks third in school history with 1502 rushing yards in a season (1950), he also played halfback for the Chicago Bears from 1951–52 In 1983, White briefly recorded as a country music artist for the Grand Prix label  His only single, "You're a Part of Me", a duet with Linda Nail, reached #85 on the Hot Country Songs charts White and his wife, JoLynn, have four children, Ryan (d  2015), Geoff, Heather and Reed, and sixteen grandchildren  He now makes corporate appearances and motivational speeches  JoLynn died on August 15, 2016  White is currently married to Linda L  Bang  In recent years he has been seen on TV doing ADT security infomercials White is a member of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints 

See also
List of NCAA major college football yearly passing leaders
Passage 10:
Todd Lowber
Todd Lowber (born January 26, 1982) is a former gridiron football wide receiver  He most recently played for the Toronto Argonauts of the Canadian Football League (CFL)  He was signed by the Minnesota Vikings as an undrafted free agent in 2007  He has also been a member of the New York Giants, Dallas Cowboys, and Miami Dolphins  He earned a Super Bowl ring as a member of the Giants' practice squad in Super Bowl XLII  He did not play college football but is a former college basketball player and high jump champion 
Lowber grew up in Delran Township, New Jersey and attended Delran High School 

College career
Lowber played basketball for two seasons at Ramapo College in Mahwah, New Jersey as a guard and won the 2006 NCAA Division III men's high jump  Prior to transferring to Ramapo, Lowber played two seasons for Richard Stockton College of New Jersey 

Professional football career
Minnesota Vikings
On April 18, 2007, Lowber signed a three-year contract with the Minnesota Vikings  They signed Lowber after their scout attended a combine that was set up by New Jersey sports attorney Jim Ulrich  Prior to signing with the Vikings, Lowber had no previous football experience  Lowber was waived on August 27, 2007 

New York Giants
He was signed to the New York Giants practice squad in September 2007  He was released by the team on June 23, 2008 

First stint with the Toronto Argonauts
Lowber was signed to the practice roster of the CFL's Toronto Argonauts on July 22, 2008 

Dallas Cowboys
Shortly after signing with the Argonauts, Lowber was signed by the Dallas Cowboys on July 28, 2008  His attempt to make the Cowboys was chronicled on the HBO series Hard Knocks: Training Camp with the Dallas Cowboys  On August 30, Lowber was waived from the Cowboys during final cuts 

Miami Dolphins
Lowber was signed to the practice squad of the Miami Dolphins on November 10, 2008  After finishing the season on the practice squad, he was re-signed by the Dolphins on January 5, 2009  He was waived on June 1, 2009 

Second stint with the Toronto Argonauts
Lowber re-signed with the Toronto Argonauts on June 7, 2009  On June 14, 2009, Lowber suffered a concussion after being hit by Chris Jennings and Doug Goldsby of the Montreal Alouettes while returning a kick in the team's first pre-season game  Lowber lay on the field for 15 minutes before getting carted away  He was released on June 23, 2009 

Third stint with the Toronto Argonauts
On April 21, 2011, Lowber re-signed with the Toronto Argonauts  He was later released on June 20, 2011 
Context 3: Passage 1:
Blood on the Dance Floor (band)
Blood on the Dance Floor was an American electronic music group from Orlando, Florida, formed in 2006  The group's longest standing lineup, from 2009 to 2016, consisted of Jesus David Torres also known as Dahvie Vanity (born 1984) and Jayy Von Monroe (born 1991)  The group released nine studio albums before breaking up in 2016 following Von Monroe's departure  It was reformed by Vanity the following year, initially with Fallon Vendetta  After Vendetta's departure, Vanity became the sole member of the group  Since 2019, Vanity has performed under the name Kawaii Monster and most recently The Most Vivid Nightmares 

History
After falling out as a touring musician with multiple local musical acts in the Orlando, Florida area during 2006, Jesus David Torres, going by the moniker "Dahvie Vanity", formed a musical group with friends Matty "M" Malaret, Christopher Mongillo, and Rebecca Fugate  Initially the group was considered a joke, but developed into Blood on the Dance Floor in the summer of 2007  Malaret left the group in late 2007 before the group's self-released first album, Let's Start a Riot, in April 2008  Citing the inability to tour, Mongillo and Fugate left the band as well shortly thereafter During the recording of their second album, It's Hard to be a Diamond in a Rhinestone World, the band was picked up by producer and writer Rusty Wilmot  During the recording of this album, Garrett Marshal McLaughlin (Garrett Ecstasy) was recruited to do backup vocals and screaming  The CD was self-released in October 2008  Only 300 copies were made Vanity and Ecstasy recorded the singles "Siq With a Q" and "Suicide Club" as a duo in 2008, and released three extended plays over the first half of 2009, I Scream I Scream, OMFG Sneak Peak, and Extended Play  The duo embarked on the OMFG Tour with other local bands Electric Valentine, Weston Buck, The Greenlight District, and The Crush in promotion of their upcoming album then titled OMFG During the OMFG tour on a tour date in the state of Colorado, Vanity was arrested for sexual assault but was ultimately not criminally charged due to a lack of evidence and the tour continued with Ecstasy performing the remainder of the shows without Vanity  Ecstasy then left the band after accusing Vanity of being a sexual predator and was replaced by Jeremy Brian Griffis, known by his stage name "Jayy Von Monroe"  Along with Von Monroe, Vanity and the group's new drummer and rapper, Nick "Nasty" Wenzel, released "Horrifically Delicious" 
Many of the songs originally recorded with Ecstasy intended for the upcoming album OMFG were re-recorded with new vocals by Von Monroe  The previous concept of the OMFG album was scrapped, and rebranded as EPIC, set for release in 2010  The band went on tour over spring and summer 2010 to promote the release of Epic  With Jeffree Star they recorded three songs for that album  The collaborations with Jeffree Star were short lived because like former member Garrett Ecstasy, Star had also accused Vanity of being a pedophile and a predator, claiming to have witnessed questionable behavior  Star later chose to go back on his accusations and sweep what he claimed to have seen under the rug due to feeling like the band was being victimized  He was then featured on their 2014 single "Poison Apple", from the album Bitchcraft  As with the previous conflict with Garrett, the three singles featuring Jeffree's vocals were re-recorded with vocals by Von Monroe, and the original tracks were not featured on the final album 
In October 2010, the album Epic charted No  5 on the dance/electronic Billboard chart  The band headlined the Epic Tour and the Epic Tour Part II in support of the album Even before the release of Epic, recording began for Blood on the Dance Floor's fourth album, All the Rage!!  The duo collaborated with several artists for the album, including Lady Nogrady, JJ Demon, and Nick Nasty  The album was preceded by several singles to promote the release, including "Yo Ho", and "P L U R ", and "Bewitched" which became the band's biggest (and only) most well known song  The band later embarked on Warped Tour 2011 in June 2011, and released the album while on tour 
A music video for their hit single from the album, "Bewitched", featured Nicole "Lady" Nogrady, who later said that she felt disrespected by the band during production of the album as well as on the music video, and found herself having to confront the band directly in order for her name to appear on the credits of her work with them  The song was subsequently performed by other female vocalists in place of Nogrady at live shows, and was re-recorded with vocals by Haley Rose for their 2013 acoustic album Blood Unplugged 
The album peaked at No  13 on the Billboard Top Electronic Albums chart  At the end of 2011, the duo headlined the All the Rage Tour and was planning the 'Tis the Season to be Killing Tour In celebration of BOTDF's fourth anniversary, a digital compilation album entitled The Legend of Blood on the Dance Floor was set to be released on Halloween  The compilation's release date was pushed back, originally planned to be released as a CD, it was released as a SoundCloud playlist instead  The compilation features remastered versions of songs from the band's first four albums 
Blood on the Dance Floor's fifth album, Evolution, was released on June 19, 2012 along with a deluxe edition that featured acoustic versions of two songs  Two music videos and four singles were released from the album 
The album featured tracks in collaboration with Haley Rose, Amelia Arsenic, Shawn Brandon, Joel Madden of the band Good Charlotte, Elena Vladimirova, and Deuce As a thank you to their fans they released the three-song free EP Clubbed to Death! on June 20, 2012, for free through an app on Facebook  Their sixth EP, The Anthem of the Outcast, was released on October 30, 2012 Rumors of a breakup in 2013 were proven to be a hoax  Bad Blood was slated for release in September 2013  On February 18, 2013, the lead single "I Refuse to Sink! (Fuck the Fame)" was released, followed by the second single, "Crucified by Your Lies", and a third, "Something Grimm", on July 2, 2013 Andrew "Drew" Apathy joined in early 2014, and a new album, Bitchcraft, was released in June 2014  Their single "We're Takin over!" featuring Deuce was released February 7 Blood on the Dance Floor released their first single off their EP Cruel Pornography: "The Sexorcist"  In August, they released their new project and started planning the "Reign of Blood" tour  On February 14, 2016, the band released the single "Safe Word" on iTunes Mid-2016 marked the end of producing and co-writing by Rusty Wilmot (2008–2016) In April 2016, Blood on the Dance Floor announced a 24-date tour with Steven Joseph and BrokenCYDE  On August 17, BOTDF released their September 30-scheduled album Scissors on Apple Music On September 14, 2016, Dahvie Vanity said that the group would be disbanding after one final tour as a result of Jayy's departure earlier that month  For a while afterwards, Vanity created and worked on a new project called Sinners Are Winners, releasing an EP titled For Beginners and full-length The Invocation  Jayy Von Monroe also released a statement on his departure from the band after leaving stating that he was not paid for his time for the band and was forced to go on tour without treatment after his HIV diagnosis  Vanity denied these allegations in a video In April 2017, Vanity announced that there would be a new member, and that Blood on the Dance Floor would be returning on May 5 of that year without Jayy Von Monroe  In May 2017, it was revealed that Dahvie's girlfriend, Fallon Vendetta, had temporarily joined Blood on the Dance Floor  With Vendetta, they released the singles "Resurrection Spell", "Love Like Voodoo", "Six Feet Under", "Yo Ho 2 (Pirate's Life)", "Ghosting" and "Destroy"  Their album Kawaii Monster was released on October 31, 2017  Kawaii Monster pre-orders included a second disc, a remastered edition of Let's Start a Riot  The band also released an exclusive EP: You Are the Heart  In 2018, they released Haunted, followed by Cinema Erotica and You Are the Heart  Vendetta departed the group shortly afterward, leaving Vanity as the sole remaining member of the group 
In 2019, shortly after the band's second break up, Vanity started a new project: Kawaii Monster  He released the songs "From Heaven to Hell", "Total Nightmare", "Dear Best Friend", "It's a Sunny Place for Shady People", "I Am With You", "Finding Blessings in Dark Places", "The Violet Flame", "It's All Just a Dream" and "Rage Against the Dying Light" After a five-month break from making music, Vanity rebranded himself again as "The Most Vivid Nightmares" and released "Drowning in the Darkness" on November 13, 2020  He later released a second single: "Love Forever True"  On January 1, 2021, Vanity released a new version of Blood on the Dance Floor's "Bewitched" as "Bewitched Reimagined" featuring singer Sammy Beare  As of 2016, Jayy Von Monroe has continued to work as a drag monster under the name "The Dahli" and Vanity has continued to release music and merchandise by himself under both "The Most Vivid Nightmares" and "Dark Arts Official" 

Musical style and influences
The group's style has been described as having hypersexual lyrics combined with electronica or electronic music, but also heavily incorporates electropop, dance-pop, and crunkcore Vanity stated in an interview that Jeffree Star is a huge influence on Blood on the Dance Floor  Vanity also stated that he was inspired by Marilyn Manson in the past 

Sexual assault allegations against Dahvie Vanity
Since the allegations first surfaced in 2009, at least 21 women have made sexual assault, child molestation, and rape allegations against Vanity  Former bandmates Garrett Ecstasy, who left the band in 2009, and Jayy Von Monroe, who left in 2016, have described Vanity as a sexual predator  In an interview with television journalist Chris Hansen, Jayy Von Monroe accused Vanity of abuse as well, stating that Vanity forced him to tour without his HIV medication which caused him to nearly contract AIDS  Von Monroe also stated that he later made a full recovery after leaving the band in 2016  Jeffree Star and New Years Day members Ash Costello and Nikki Misery have stated that they observed Vanity engage in questionable or illegal sexual behavior during one of the Vans Warped Tours and also during the "All the Rage Tour 2012" in support of their third studio album of the same name around the early 2010s  Many of the accusers were underage during the alleged attacks  In response to the allegations, Combichrist removed Blood on the Dance Floor from their tour in 2014  Merchandising website Big Cartel removed the band's products in 2018 in response to the allegations, while Spotify and Google Play removed the band's music in April 2019 for violating their prohibited content policies against hate speech  Vanity has responded to the accusations on multiple occasions, usually with denial, threats or evasion In early 2020, Hansen announced an investigation on Vanity, including having multiple interviews with those who claim Vanity abused or raped them  The FBI have confirmed that they are also currently investigating the allegations against Vanity 

Members
Final line-up

Dahvie Vanity – lead vocals, guitar, keyboards, programming (2006–2016, 2017–2019)Former members

Touring musicians

Timeline

Discography
Albums as Blood on the Dance Floor
Let's Start a Riot (2008)
It's Hard to Be a Diamond in a Rhinestone World (2008)
Epic (2010)
All the Rage!! (2011)
Evolution (2012)
Bad Blood (2013)
Bitchcraft (2014)
Scissors (2016)
Kawaii Monster (2017)
Haunted (2018)
Cinema Erotica (2018)
You Are the Heart (2018)
Hollywood Death Star (2019)

Albums as Master of Death
Master of Death (2015)

Albums as Sinners Are Winners
For Beginners (2016)
The Invocation (2017)

Albums as Kawaii Monster
Poison Love (2019)
Love from Hell (2019)
The Balance (2020)
Traptendo (2022)

Albums as The Most Vivid Nightmares
Love Like Starlight (2022)
Torture Garden (2023)
Passage 2:
The Hundred in the Hands (album)
The Hundred in the Hands is the eponymous debut studio album by American electronic music duo The Hundred in the Hands, released on September 11, 2010 by Warp  The album received generally favorable reviews, with a Metacritic score of 74 out of 100, based on 13 reviews  In January 2011, the album earned the duo a nomination in the Pop/Rock category at The 10th Annual Independent Music Awards  The song "Pigeons" was used in the third episode of the fifth season of Gossip Girl, titled "The Jewel of Denial" and originally aired October 10, 2011 

Track listing
Notes^a  signifies an additional producer

Personnel
Credits adapted from the liner notes of The Hundred in the Hands 
The Hundred in the HandsThe Hundred in the Hands – production (all tracks); engineering (tracks 2, 3, 5, 8, 11); additional engineering (tracks 6, 10)
Eleanore Everdell – vocals, keyboards, synthesizer
Jason Friedman – bass, guitar, programmingAdditional personnelAlex Aldi – engineering (tracks 4, 9, 10); mixing (tracks 9, 10); programming (track 9)
Eric Broucek – engineering, production (tracks 6, 7); mixing (tracks 2, 3, 6, 7); additional engineering (tracks 2, 3); additional programming (tracks 2, 3, 6)
Heather Culp – photography
Pete Hofmann – mixing (tracks 1, 3, 4, 8, 11)
Jacques Renault – additional production, engineering (track 1); additional programming (tracks 1, 7); additional engineering, production (track 7)
Richard X – additional programming, production (tracks 1, 4, 5, 8); engineering (track 1); additional engineering (tracks 4, 5, 8); additional production (track 11)
Vito Roccoforte – live drums (tracks 1, 2, 4, 5, 8)
Noel Summerville – mastering
Utters – additional engineering, additional production, additional programming (track 7)
Chris Zane – engineering (tracks 4, 9, 10); live drums, mixing, production (tracks 9, 10); programming (track 9)

Release history
Passage 3:
The M Machine
The M Machine is an American electronic music duo from San Francisco, California, United States, formed in 2011 and currently consisting of Ben Swardlick and Eric Luttrell  They have released four EPs, a single and two remix collections on Skrillex's label Owsla  The group has reached the overall #1 slot on Beatport on multiple occasions 

Music career
The group originally went by the moniker Pance Party  They initially had viral success with a teaser video for their planned full-length album Metropolis, which later became split into two EPs  Their double A-side "Promise Me A Rose Garden" / "Glow" was released on Skrillex's label OWSLA in 2011, becoming the #1 Electro House release on Beatport, and #2 overall release for an entire week  "Promise Me A Rose Garden" was named Hottest Record in the World on October 20, 2011, by Zane Lowe on BBC Radio 1 In April 2012, the group released Metropolis Pt  I, the first installment of their two-part concept album  Metropolis Pt  I premiered online in Rolling Stone magazine, followed by a worldwide release the next day, reaching number one on the Beatport overall chart  Metropolis Pt  II was released February 19, 2013 on Owsla to critical acclaim, also reaching the number one overall spot on Beatport 
Inspired by Fritz Lang's influential film Metropolis, together the two EPs tell the story of the dystopian city of Metropolis  A text/illustrated version of the story is also available in the form of digital liner notes on the band's website  The Metropolis saga was completed with the release of Metropolis Remixed, a revamped retrospective of the previous two EPs that featured remixes from Kill The Noise, Digitalism, Robotaki, and more 
Also in January 2014, the group released the single "Superflat" on OWSLA, followed by the Just Like EP in November of that year  Just Like signaled a change in direction as the group moved towards more underground, club-oriented sound  A remix pack, Just Like Remixes was released in April 2015 featuring Manila Killa, CRNKN, and Worthy among others 
On January 28, 2015, Andy announced his departure from the group to pursue his interest in programming and technology, making the former trio a duo On February 23, 2017, they released their debut album Glare on Mad Zoo 
The group has toured in support of acts including Skrillex, Porter Robinson, The Glitch Mob, Madeon, Markus Schulz, and more, in addition to a slew of their own headline runs  They have also played premier music festivals including Ultra Music Festival, Electric Daisy Carnival, Holy Ship!, Hard Summer, Outside Lands, South by Southwest, TomorrowWorld, Mysteryland, Electric Zoo and Shambhala 
The group has contributed official remixes for Bruno Mars, Passion Pit, Empire of the Sun, Dog Blood, Madeon, Mat Zo, Arty, Datsik & Kill The Noise 

Discography
Studio albums
EPs
Singles
Other appearances
Remixes
Passage 4:
Setting Fires (song)
"Setting Fires" is a song by American DJ duo the Chainsmokers, released as the final single from the duo's second extended play, Collage (2016)  It features the vocal collaboration of American electronic music duo Xylø  The song was written by Melanie Fontana, Jon Asher and Andrew Taggart   "Setting Fires" was released on November 4, 2016, through Disruptor Records and Columbia Records 

Composition
The song is written in the key of G♯ minor with a common time tempo of 105 beats per minute  Xylø's vocals span from F♯3 to A♯5 in the song 

Chart performance
"Setting Fires" debuted and peaked at number 71 on the US Billboard Hot 100 issued for November 26, 2016  The Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA) certified the song Gold, which denotes 500,000 units based on sales and track-equivalent on-demand streams  On the Hot Dance/Electronic Songs chart, it entered at number eight and spent 20 weeks in total  "Setting Fires" peaked at number 35 on the Canadian Hot 100 and was certified Gold by Music Canada  The song reached number 50 in Australia and was certified Platinum  It charted within the top 40 of national record charts, at number 26 in Scotland, and number 31 in Czech Republic 

Track listing
Personnel
Credits adapted from the EP liner notes, Collage (2016) 
Jordan "DJ Swivel" Young – producer, mixing engineer, recording engineer
The Chainsmokers – producer, associated performer
Xylø – associated performer
Melanie Fontana – background vocals
Chris Gehringer – mastering engineer

Charts
Weekly charts
Year-end charts
Certifications
Passage 5:
In Return (Odesza album)
In Return is the second album by American electronic music duo Odesza, released on September 9, 2014 through Counter and Ninja Tune  It is the major label debut of the electronic duo after the release of their self-released debut album Summer's Gone two years prior and follows up that album 
The album debuted atop the Top Dance/Electronic Albums chart and was positively received by critics 
The "Say My Name" track (instrumental version) used in Windows 10 Promotional and Retail Demo Video 

Background and composition
During production, Mills and Knight were more open to experimentation, favoring more of a singer-songwriter approach with a greater focus on lyrical content  The result is a more vocally driven album, contrasting with their previous sample-based releases  Coming from a classically trained background, Knight was more concerned of the technicality of the music, while Mills focused on the production side  Knight's interest in pop and dance music influenced Mill's tastes, which contributed to the direction of the album  The track "It's Only" was distinguished by the duo as "the most mature growth [on the album]" due to its more unconventional production The album's name is a reference to the duo's appreciation of returning home after a long period of touring In Return was released a few weeks earlier than intended due to fan anticipation  On September 18, 2015, the deluxe edition of the album was released containing live and instrumental tracks from the standard edition album, in addition to the single "Light" featuring Little Dragon 

Critical reception
In Return received positive reviews from critics  David Jeffries from AllMusic gave the album a rating of 4 out of 5, calling the album a "humble crowd-pleaser" while praising its variety  Renowned for Sound's Angus Fitz-Bugden gave a rating of 4/5, complimenting the album's ambience and production 

Accolades
In Return was nominated for Top Dance/Electronic Album at the 2016 Billboard Music Awards  The RAC remix of "Say My Name" was also nominated for Best Remixed Recording, Non-Classical at the 58th Annual Grammy Awards 

Commercial performance
In Return debuted at number 1 on the Top Dance/Electronic Albums chart, selling 6,000 album-equivalent units in the first week  The album also debuted and peaked at number 42 on the Billboard 200 

Track listing
Charts
Decade-end charts
Passage 6:
Angelspit
Angelspit is an electronic music band originally from Sydney, Australia, and currently based in Chicago, United States  The band was formed in 2004 by vocalists/synthesists Destroyx (Amelia Tan) and ZooG (Karl Learmont)  The band's music combines stylistic elements of horror, punk, pop and electronic music  Their work contains imagery revolving around medical experiments and grotesque societies  Angelspit has toured with Angel Theory, Ayria, Ikon, KMFDM, Tankt and The Crüxshadows, and have also shared the stage with bands such as The Sisters of Mercy, Nitzer Ebb, Skinny Puppy and Front Line Assembly  They performed with Lords of Acid during a 22-date U S  tour in March 2011 and toured the United States with Blood on the Dance Floor in October 2011 

History
Karl Learmont (ZooG) and Amelia Tan (Destroyx) met on an online zine forum  They shared an interest in zines and started the distro Vox Populis in 2002  They then started making zines for themselves which became the lyrical inspiration for releases to follow  Angelspit was formed in 2003, and the duo then self-released their debut EP, Nurse Grenade on 3 October 2004 
The band self-released their debut studio album, Krankhaus on 6 June 2006, and re-released it on 30 January 2007 with a bonus remix album, entitled Surgically Atoned, and in the US on Dancing Ferret Discs  The album featured remixes by Combichrist and Ego Likeness  A video for "Vena Cava" was released on 22 August 2007  The band toured Australia, the US and Europe where they lived in Berlin to record their second studio album, Blood Death Ivory 
The band released their second studio album, Blood Death Ivory on 11 June 2008  The album was written and recorded between 2006 and 2008  Again, the band continued to tour the new material around Europe and the USA  They released their debut remix album Black Kingdom Red Kingdom on 15 May 2009  Around this time the band began to produce "Blipverts", short video blogs and tutorials on various topics, including the production of the band's third studio album 
The band released their third studio album, Hideous and Perfect on 9 September 2009  A video for "Fuck the Revolution" was released on 28 September 2009  They released their second remix album Larva Pupa Tank Coffin on 10 October 2010  Larva Pupa Tank Coffin includes 4 brand new Angelspit tracks and remixes by the band themselves as well as other artists  A video for the remix of "Sleep Now" was released on 2 October 2010  They released their third remix album, Carbon Beauty on 8 March 2011  This new remix album contains 3 new tracks as well as 10 remixes of tracks from the Hideous and Perfect album  A video for "Toxic Girl" was released on 13 April 2011, and a video for "Like It? Lick It!" was released on 27 July 2011 
On 15 April 2011, Angelspit announced the addition of three new members: guitarist Valerie Gentile (Black Tape for a Blue Girl, The Crüxshadows), drummer Chris Kling (Hanzel und Gretyl, Mortiis) and videojammer The Liar  The new line-up of Angelspit released their fourth studio album, Hello My Name Is on 11 October 2011  Matt James replaced Chris Kling in early 2012, and former Crüxshadows guitarist George Bikos filled in for Valerie Gentile on the band's 2012 tour  On 23 March 2014, Angelspit announced DestroyX was taking time off to focus on her other projects and would be re-joining Angelspit on future recordings  She has now started a solo career under the name Amelia Arsenic 
Angelspit, now a four-piece led by ZooG (now known as Zoog Von Rock), has released two further albums - Cult of Fake in 2016 and Black Dog Bite in 2017 - while continuing to run their label Black Pill Red Pill  Zoog has also started a Patreon where he offers tips to aspiring musicians 

Band members
Current members
Zoog Von Rock (formerly ZooG) – vocals, programming (2003–present)
The Liar – video manipulation (2010–Present)
Matt Slegel – guitars, bass guitar (2017–present; live contributor: 2016)
Kitsu Noir – drums (2017–present)

Former members
Amelia Arsenic (formerly Destroyx) – vocals (2003–13)
Chris Kling – drums (2011–12; session musician: 2014)
Valerie Gentile – guitars, bass guitar (2011–2012)
George Bikos – guitars, bass guitar (2012–16; session musician: 2008, 2009, 2017)
Nick Delavega – programming, keyboards (2016; live contributor: 2015)
AJ Gapsevic – guitars, bass guitar (2016)
Lorelei – vocals (2016)

Live contributors
Peter Crane – keyboards (2007)
Roberto Massaglia – keyboards (2007)
John Von Ahlen – engineer (2007)
Matt James – drums (2012)
Miss Ballistic – vocals (2013; session musician: 2014)
Dita von Cheats – synthesizer (2013)

Session musicians
Graeme Charles Kent – guitars, bass guitar (2004–11, 2017)
Bradley R  Bills – drums (2014)
Alex Weaver – vocals (2014)

Timeline
Discography
Studio albums
Live albums
Compilation albums
Remix albums
Extended plays
Singles
Video albums
Music videos
Passage 7:
Ammunition (Krewella EP)
Ammunition is the third extended play by American electronic dance music band Krewella  It was released on May 20, 2016 by Columbia Records on streaming and digital download music services  Ammunition was preceded by the release of the single "Beggars", on April 28, 2016, shortly followed by the promotional single "Broken Record", which was released on May 10, 2016  It is a six-track extended play, and the duo's first major release since the departure of former member Kris Trindl  It is also their first major release since their debut album Get Wet 

Background
Just over a year after the release of their debut album "Get Wet" in 2013, Kris Trindl publicly announced a lawsuit, suing them $5 million for against Yasmine and Jahan Yousaf claiming they kicked him out of Krewella to gain high profits after he sobered up out of his alcohol addiction  The sisters then followed up with a counter lawsuit which stated "While on stage, Kris would generally stand to the side of Jahan and Yasmine and pump his arms, while pretending to DJ; he was onstage primarily for the sake of image " "Because Kris did not know how to DJ, he only had two effect buttons " In August 2015 a settlement was reached, but the verdicts were not released to the public  The situation eventually led to Deadmau5 siding with Kris, causing Krewella to receive a large amount of internet hatred The band announced in 2015 that they had been working on a new extended play, intended to be completed in time for a 2016 tour  From that time out prior to the release there were many snippets of upcoming music including the songs "Broken Record", "Helter Skelter", "Beggars" (with Diskord), "Louder Than Bombs", "Friends", "Superstar" (which  featured Pegboard Nerds and NGHTMRE) and "Marchin On"  Only three of them made the final track listing, with "Superstar" later being released as a non-album single 
Before the liberation of the EP, two songs were released: "Say Goodbye" on November 24, 2014 and "Somewhere to Run" on March 25, 2015 respectively 

Singles
"Beggars" was released as the lead single from the EP on April 28, 2016, which featured electronic duo Diskord  The music video was released on the same day 

Promotional singles
"Broken Record" was teased before the release of the extended play on May 10, 2016  A music video was later released on June 8, 2016 as a part of their celebrations for the day in which the duo (at the time a trio) abandoned other studies to become full-time musicians 

Promotion
On April 29, 2016 Krewella released a 30-second video of Yasmine rapping to the tune of Kanye West's song "I Love Kanye" stating "F**k tomorrow, we'll show you the new Krewella" prior to the release of the single "Beggars" with Diskord  The music video for the song was released at the same time On the last few days before the release, teasers for "Surrender the Throne", "Marching On", "Beggars", "Broken Record", "Ammunition", and "Can't Forget You" were released, with the latter being released one day before Ammunition's release Krewella are going on a headline tour later in 2016, set to span across 16 dates in North America and Canada and will feature new music and their entire live band 

Commercial performance
On the week ending June 11, 2016 Ammunition reached no  2 on the Billboard Top Dance/Electronic Albums chart and sold 3,000 copies in its debut week  Its lead single, Beggars reached No 24 on the top Dance/Electronic Digital Songs chart and No 33 on the Hot Dance/Electronic Song chart 

Track listing
Charts
Passage 8:
Streets of Gold
Streets of Gold is the third studio album by American electronic music duo 3OH!3  It was released on June 29, 2010 in the United States and July 19, 2010 in the United Kingdom  The album debuted at number seven on the US Billboard 200, selling 41,000 copies in its first week  Upon its release, Streets of Gold received generally mixed reviews from most music critics 

Background
3OH!3 released a video for the song "House Party" on April 8 as a teaser for Streets of Gold  The group hired Andrew W K  to do a rock remix of "House Party", which was released virally on Friday April 16, 2010  3OH!3 had met Andrew W K  at a house party in Memphis, Tennessee  First single, "My First Kiss" was released on their website at 3:03 PM EST May 3  and digitally at midnight on May 4  On May 18, 2010, the song "Touchin' on My" was released exclusively on iTunes Store  3OH!3 planned to release a new song every other Tuesday up to the release of the album  "Déjà Vu" was released on June 1, and "Double Vision" was released on June 15  On June 8, the song "I Can Do Anything" was released to members only on the 3OH!3 website 
The song "I Know How To Say" was used in a trailer for the animated Disney film Mars Needs Moms  An excerpt from the instrumental version of the song can be heard on the official Mars Needs Moms website 

Critical reception
The album received mixed reviews from most music critics  At Metacritic, which assigns a normalized rating out of 100 to reviews from mainstream critics, the album has received an average score of 48, based on 11 reviews, which indicates "generally mixed or average reviews"  AllMusic writer David Jeffries noted "over-the-top performances" and stated "3OH!3 are nothing if not loud and shameless, so if you expect end-to-end excellence from their albums, you’ve got a lot to learn about cheap thrills"  Entertainment Weekly's Leah Greenblatt gave the album a C+ rating and wrote that "Streets of Gold's beats still sound garage-sale-Casio cheap, but the album yields several doofy, affable sing-alongs"  Jon Caramanica of The New York Times complimented its incorporation of hip hop, rock, and electro-pop styles and described it as "an oppressive and convincing wall of sounds"  Alternative Press gave the album 4 out of 5 stars and wrote that it "sweeps across a broad range of stylistic tones, maintaining levity while dabbling in comparably serious musical pursuits"  The Washington Post's Sean Fennessey called 3OH!3 "cheeky stylists with quips that frequently devolve into misogyny" and noted "little depth", but concluded "Still, this is a group that excels when no one is listening to what they're saying, only to how they sound, which is always committed and fearlessly grand" In contrast, BBC Online's Fraser McAlpine panned the album's lyrics and called it "dumb for sure, but no fun whatsoever"  Ben Weisz of MusicOMH gave it 2 out of 5 stars and stated "the lyrics are generally unimaginative, sacrificing any shred of credibility to chase the cheap rhyme"  Stacey Anderson of Spin criticized the songs' "witticisms" and noted "brutish synths and hammy bleats"  Giving it 1 out of 5 stars, Jody Rosen of Rolling Stone called it "grim stuff – a soundtrack for beer-pong tournaments" and panned its formula of "dopey electro rock bolstering 'raps' about drinking    and getting girls to 'touch on' their privates"  NME's Mark Beaumont gave the album a 0/10 rating and called 3OH!3 "electro-hip-pop white bread American scum", stating "If Streets Of Gold's lyrics are unlikely to bother the Nobel committee, musically 3OH!3 are a boyband pendulum: the threat of the latter tamed and glossed by the cash-hungry urge to be the former" 

Commercial performance
Streets of Gold debuted at number seven on the Billboard 200 with 41,000 copies sold in its first week  The album has sold more than 100,000 copies in US 

Track listing
Personnel
Credits for Streets of Gold adapted from AllMusic 

Musicians
Production
Charts
Passage 9:
Harnessed the Storm
Harnessed the Storm is the second studio album by American electronic music duo Drexciya  It was released on Tresor in 2002  Designed as the first of seven conceptually linked albums that the duo produced over the course of a single year, it is the only one credited to Drexciya  Different aliases were used for the others 

Critical reception
Philip Downey of Exclaim! described Harnessed the Storm as "forward-looking, vocal-less, sci-fi stuff"  Andy Battaglia of The A V  Club felt that Drexciya "still creates some of the most visionary electro around", but concluded that the album's "Detroit-style formalism" sounds "too old-fashioned to sneak the future into the past" In 2010, Resident Advisor placed Harnessed the Storm at number 97 on its list of the "Top 100 Albums of the 2000s"  In 2017, Pitchfork placed it at number 11 on its list of "The 50 Best IDM Albums of All Time" 

Track listing
Passage 10:
White Noise (Disclosure song)
"White Noise" is a song by British electronic music duo Disclosure, featuring vocals from electronic music duo AlunaGeorge  It was released as a digital download in the United Kingdom on 1 February 2013  The song peaked at number two on the UK Singles Chart  The track is the second single from the duo's debut studio album, Settle (2013)  The song was written by Howard Lawrence, Guy Lawrence, Aluna Francis, George Reid and James Napier 

Reception
Critical reception
The track was met with very positive reviews upon its release  Pitchfork labeled it "Best New Music"  Robert Copsey of Digital Spy gave the song a positive review stating:

For their latest track 'White Noise' they've hooked up with trendy newbies AlunaGeorge – a savvy collaboration that's been carefully timed following their shared domination of last month's ones-to-watch lists  That's not to say it sounds forced; Disclosure's humming bassline, swirling synths and addictive clubby beeps are perfectly tailored to Aluna's pitched vocal  The result strikes a rarely-heard balance between hipster-friendly and potential chart-dominator   

Freddie Holmes of The Underclassed gave the track a mixed review, stating that "It's a great track nonetheless, especially to someone that hasn't heard any of either group's previous material, but my superfan standpoint has rendered me to be overly critical" Billboard named it the eighth greatest song of 2013  The website wrote about the song, "In a year in which Disclosure and AlunaGeorge watched their audiences and cultural cache grow exponentially, the two duos' wiry, icy-cool collaboration represented a high point for each" 

Commercial performance
The song entered at number 28 on the UK Singles Chart  The following week, it climbed 26 places to number two on the chart, beaten to the top by "Thrift Shop" by Macklemore & Ryan Lewis, featuring Wanz 

Live performances
At the 2014 BRIT Awards, Disclosure and Lorde performed an electro version of Lorde's song "Royals", which transitioned into "White Noise", for which AlunaGeorge appeared on stage  The "Royals/White Noise" performance was released at iTunes Stores by the BRIT Awards on 19 February 2014; proceeds from its sales went to the charity War Child 

Music video
The song's music video has a security guard and he starts in an abandoned warehouse 

Track listings
Digital download"White Noise" (featuring AlunaGeorge) – 5:40BRITs performance digital download"Royals / White Noise" – 4:59

Charts and certifications
Release history



ground_truth: Arizona State University

prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: An American who is a German literature translator and did a thesis on an Austrian prodigy born in 1874 taught at which university?

The following are given passages.
Context 2: Passage 1:
Vincent Kling (translator)
Vincent Kling is an American scholar and translator of German literature  He studied at La Salle College, the University of Pennsylvania and Temple University  His PhD thesis was based on the works of Hugo von Hofmannsthal  He also spent some time at Georg-August-Universität in Göttingen, Germany, and later taught at the University of Vienna under a Fulbright scholarship 
Kling's scholarly interests are wide-ranging, and he has published on subjects as diverse as Johann Breitwieser, Rainer Werner Fassbinder, Anthony Hecht, Aglaja Veteranyi and W G  Sebald  As a prominent scholar of Austrian literature, he has written on the works of Austrian writers such as Heimito von Doderer, Heimrad Bäcker, Lilian Faschinger, Andreas Pittler, Ödön von Horváth, Gert Jonke and Gerhard Fritsch 
Kling won the Schlegel-Tieck Prize for his translation of Aglaja Veteranyi's novel Why the Child Is Cooking in the Polenta  He has also translated Gert Jonke's The System of Vienna: From Heaven Street to Earth Mound Square  He is currently translating Heimito von Doderer for the NYRB Classics series 
Passage 2:
Sally-Ann Spencer
Sally-Ann Spencer is a British translator, specialising in German literature  She studied languages at Cambridge University before going to work in the publishing industry  In 2005, she moved to New Zealand, at the same time choosing literary translation as her full-time profession  She completed a PhD on German literature at the Victoria University of Wellington As a translator, Spencer has won the Schlegel-Tieck Prize for her translation of Frank Schätzing's sci-fi novel The Swarm  She now lives in Wellington 

Selected translations
Juli Zeh: The Method (Corpus Delicti)  Harvill Secker, 2012
Peter Schössow: My First Car was Red (Mein erstes Auto war rot)  Gecko Press, 2011
Markus Heitz: The War of the Dwarves (Der Krieg der Zwerge)  Orbit, 2010
Markus Heitz: The Dwarves (Die Zwerge)  Orbit, 2009
Sebastian Fitzek: Therapy (Die Therapie)  Pan Books, 2008
Frank Schätzing: The Swarm (Der Schwarm)  Hodder and Stoughton, 2006
Passage 3:
Hugo von Hofmannsthal
Hugo Laurenz August Hofmann von Hofmannsthal (German: [ˈhuːɡo fɔn ˈhoːfmanstaːl]; 1 February 1874 – 15 July 1929) was an Austrian novelist, librettist, poet, dramatist, narrator, and essayist 

Early life
Hofmannsthal was born in Landstraße, Vienna, the son of an upper-class Christian Austrian mother, Anna Maria Josefa Fohleutner (1852–1904), and a Christian Austrian–Italian bank manager, Hugo August Peter Hofmann, Edler von Hofmannsthal (1841–1915) His grandfather was Augustin Emil Hofmann von Hofmannsthal and his great-grandfather was Isaak Löw Hofmann, Edler von Hofmannsthal, from whom his family inherited the noble title "Edler von Hofmannsthal", was a Jewish tobacco farmer ennobled by the Austrian emperor He was schooled in Vienna at Akademisches Gymnasium, where he studied the works of Ovid, later a major influence on his work  He began to write poems and plays from an early age  Some of his early works were written under pseudonyms, such as Loris Melikow and Theophil Morren, because he was not allowed to publish as a student  He met the German poet Stefan George at the age of seventeen and had several poems published in George's journal, Blätter für die Kunst  He studied law and later philology at the University of Vienna but decided to devote himself to writing upon graduating in 1901  Along with Peter Altenberg and Arthur Schnitzler, he was a member of the avant garde group Young Vienna (Jung–Wien) 

Career
In 1900 Hofmannsthal met the composer Richard Strauss for the first time  He later wrote libretti for several of his operas, including Elektra (1909), Der Rosenkavalier (1911), the plot of which he developed together with Harry Graf Kessler, Ariadne auf Naxos (1912, rev  1916), Die Frau ohne Schatten (1919), Die ägyptische Helena (1928), and Arabella (1929, but first performed in 1933) Between 1891 and 1899 Hofmannsthal wrote a number of short verse plays, influenced by the static dramas of the Belgian writer Maurice Maeterlinck, the dramatic monologues of the English Romantic poet Robert Browning, and the proverbes dramatiques of the French poet Alfred de Musset In 1911 he adapted the 15th century English morality play Everyman as Jedermann, and Einar Nilson wrote the music for it  The play later became a staple at the Salzburg Festival During World War I Hofmannsthal held a government post  He wrote speeches and articles supporting the war effort, and emphasizing the cultural tradition of Austria-Hungary  The end of the war spelled the end of the Habsburg monarchy in Austria; this was a blow from which the patriotic and conservative-minded Hofmannsthal never fully recovered Nevertheless, the years after the war were very productive ones for Hofmannsthal; he continued with his earlier literary projects, almost without a break  He wrote several new libretti for Richard Strauss operas  In 1920, Hofmannsthal, along with Max Reinhardt, founded the Salzburg Festival  His later plays revealed a growing interest in religious, particularly Roman Catholic, themes  Among his writings was a screenplay for a film version of Der Rosenkavalier (1925) directed by Robert Wiene 

Thought
On 18 October 1902 Hofmannsthal published a fictive letter in the Berlin Daily, Der Tag (The Day) titled simply "Ein Brief" ("A Letter")  It was purportedly written in 1603 by Philip, Lord Chandos, to Francis Bacon  In this letter Chandos says that he has stopped writing because he has "lost completely the ability to think or to speak of anything coherently"; he has given up on the possibility of language to describe the world  This letter reflects the growing distrust of and dissatisfaction with language that so characterizes the Modern era, and Chandos's dissolving personality is not only individual but societal Growing up the son of a wealthy merchant who was well connected with the major artists of the time, Hofmannsthal was raised in what Carl Schorske refers to as "the temple of art"  This perfect setting for aesthetic isolation allowed Hofmannsthal the unique perspective of the privileged artist, but also allowed him to see that art had become a flattened documenting of humanity, which took our instincts and desires and framed them for viewing without acquiring any of the living, passionate elements  Because of this realization, Hofmannsthal’s idea of the role of the artist began to take shape as someone who created works that would inspire or inflame the instinct, rather than merely preserving it in a creative form  He also began to think that the artist should not be someone isolated and left to his art, but rather a man of the world, immersed in both politics and art Hofmannsthal saw in English culture the ideal setting for the artist  This was because the English simultaneously admired Admiral Nelson and John Milton, both war heroes and poets, while still maintaining a solid national identity  "In [Hofmannsthal’s] view, the division between artist (writer) and man of action (politician, explorer, soldier) does not exist in England  Britain provides her subjects with a common base of energy which functions as equilibrium, a force lacking in fragmented Germany" (Weiss)  This singular and yet pragmatic identity must have appealed to Hofmannsthal to a certain degree due to the large scale fragmentation of Austria at the time, which was witnessing the birth of radical nationalism and anti-Semitism, a nation in which the progressive artist and the progressive politician were growing more different and hostile to each other by the day 

Influence
The Austrian author Stefan Zweig wrote in his memoirs The World of Yesterday (1942) on Hofmannsthal's early accomplishments and their influence on Zweig's generation:

The appearance of the young Hofmannsthal is and remains notable as one of the greatest miracles of accomplishment early in life; in world literature, except for Keats and Rimbaud, I know no other youthful example of a similar impeccability in the mastering of language, no such breadth of spiritual buoyancy, nothing more permeated with poetic substance even in the most casual lines, than in this magnificent genius, who already in his sixteenth and seventeenth year had inscribed himself in the eternal annals of the German language with unextinguishable verses and prose which today has still not been surpassed  His sudden beginning and simultaneous completion was a phenomenon that hardly occurs more than once in a generation 

Personal life
In 1901 he married Gertrud "Gerty" Schlesinger, the daughter of a Viennese Jewish banker  Gerty converted to Christianity before their marriage, and they settled in Rodaun (now part of Liesing), not far from Vienna, and had three children:

Christiane von Hofmannsthal (1902–1987), who married German indologist Heinrich Zimmer in early 1929  Zimmer taught at University of Greifswald, Heidelberg University, and Balliol College, Oxford  After they moved to New Rochelle, he became a visiting lecturer at Columbia University 
Franz von Hofmannsthal (1903–1929), who committed suicide on 13 July 1929 
Raimund von Hofmannsthal (1906–1974), who married Ava Alice Muriel Astor, daughter of John Jacob Astor IV and Ava Lowle Willing in 1933  After divorcing Ava in 1939, Raimund later married Lady Elizabeth Paget, daughter of the 6th Marquess of Anglesey Two days after his elder son Franz committed suicide, Hugo himself died of a stroke while dressing for his funeral at Rodaun  He was buried wearing the habit of a Franciscan tertiary, as he had requested  His widow, who acquired Schloss Prielau in 1932, died in London in 1959 

Selected works
Plays
Libretti
Narrations and fictitious conversations
Novel (fragment)
Essays, speeches, prose
Poetry
Passage 4:
George Guțu
George Guțu (born March 16, 1944) is a Romanian philologist, teacher in the Department of German Language and Literature of the Faculty of Foreign Languages and Literatures, University of Bucharest  He is also director of the Paul Celan Center for Research and Excellence and the Master programme "Intercultural Literary and Linguistic Communication Strategies" (Strategii comunicaționale interculturale – literare și lingvistice), initiated by the Department of Germanic Languages and Literatures together with other departments of the Faculty of Foreign Languages and Literatures  His academic activity is based on the history of German literature (Age of Enlightenment, Sturm und Drang, Classicism, Romanticism); German and Austrian contemporary literature; German literature from Romania, cultural inter-referentiality in Central and Southeast Europe, particularly in Bukovina, poetics, literary theory, translation, the history of German studies and guidance for PhD students  His research domains are the history of German literature; comparative literature; German literature from Romania; cultural inter-referentiality; imagology; the history and aesthetics of reception; theory and practice of translation 

Studies
George Guțu studied at Mihail Kogălniceanu High School in Galați, where he learned Russian and German as foreign languages  In 1963, he took the baccalaureate exam, followed by the entrance exam at the Faculty of Romanian Language and Literature, University of Bucharest  Starting in 1963, he studied two semesters at the University of Bucharest, but in 1964 he applied for a scholarship of the Ministry of Education of Romania in socialist countries  He attended two semesters in order to prepare for the baccalaureate exam for higher education in German at the Herder Institute in Leipzig  From 1965 to 1969 he studied German Studies and Cultural Sciences at the University of Leipzig  He wrote his first intermediate paper entitled "Zur Lyrik von Ingeborg Bachmann"("Ingeborg Bachmann's Poetry") and a graduation thesis "Das Problem der 'Biographie' bei Max Frisch  (Unter gelegentlicher Bezugnahme auf Ingeborg Bachmanns Erzählungen)" ["The Problem of 'Biography' of Max Frisch (with occasional references to Ingeborg Bachmann's work)"]  In 1969, Guțu obtained his diploma in German Studies with "excellent" results, together with Sergio Bertocchi from Italy, he was ranked the best student of the class  In recognition of this, both were offered the opportunity to continue PhD studies at the University of Leipzig  He decided in 1973 to attend extramural PhD studies at the University of Leipzig with professor Walter Dietze and later with professor Walfried Hartinger  On October 14, 1977, he presented his PhD dissertation "Die rumänische Koordinate der Lyrik Paul Celans" ("The Romanian Coordinate of Paul Celan's poetry") 

Professional career
In 1978, he began his career on the faculty of the University of Bucharest  He was awarded a Romanian degree as a Doctor of Philology became a lecturer in the Department of German Language and Literature at the University of Bucharest  In 1990, he became an assistant professor of German Language and Literature  Later, he was elected as a member of the Goethe Society in Weimar and received a scholarship from that institution  In January 2004, he was re-elected as head of the Department of German Language and Literature, University of Bucharest  From October 1, 2004, to July 31, 2005, he served as professor and titular of the Department "Elias Canetti" for Southeast European Intercultural Studies of Viadrina European University in Frankfurt (Oder), Germany  He was an academic teacher at the Institute of German Studies and Institute of Romance Studies of the Sapienza University of Rome from October to December 2006  In 2007 he initiated and founded the Paul Celan Centre for Research and Excellence  of the Department of German Language and Literature, University of Bucharest  Over the years 2010 and 2011, he debuted as the initiator and director of the Master programme "Intercultural Literary and Linguistic Communication Strategies", promoted by the Department of German Language and Literature in collaboration with the Departments of Romance, Classical, Slavic and Canadian Studies of the Faculty of Foreign Languages and Literatures  In 2012 he was invited for a special seminar, "Interculturalism beyond the Borders of Bukovina", at the Faculty of Cultural Sciences, Viadrina European University  Guțu is a scholar of the Ministry of Education in Romania, the Goethe Institute, DAAD in Bonn, of Österreich-Kooperation, Vienna, the Austrian Society for Literature, the Erasmus, Socrates and Leonardo da Vinci programmes 

Memberships
Member of the Writers Union of Romania;
Founding member of the Institute for Germans' Culture and History in Southeast Europe University "Ludwig Maximilian" in Munich;
President of the Society of Romanian Germanists (S R G );
President of "Goethe" Society from Romania;
Since 2007: Member of the scientific board of the magazine "Annals of the University of Bucharest – Foreign Languages and Literatures Series" ISSN 1220-0263;
Since 2008: Member of the scientific board of the periodical "Futark  Revista de Investigacion y Cultura" from Seville (Spain) ISSN 1886-9300; Scientific reviewer of the magazine "Annals of the "Spiru Haret" University – Philology Series";
Since 2009: Member of the board of scientific reviewers (peer review) of the publication "Germanistische Beiträge" in Sibiu ISSN 1454-5144;
Since 2010: Member of the scientific board of the publication "Kronstädter germanistischen Beiträge zur Forschung " in Brasov;
2009–2010: Member of the International Scientific Council for organizing and conducting the Biennial and Festival of Translation Europa Spazio di Traduzione, organized by the Naples Eastern University, with the participation of the Centre for Research and Excellence "Paul Celan", University of Bucharest; Organizer and moderator of the Round Table "Vita e vitalità delle 'lingue minori'";
Since 2011: Member of the Board "Institut zur Erforschung und Förderung regionaler und transnationaler Kulturprozesse" (INST, Vienna); Honorary Member of the Society "Simion C  Mândrescu" in Romania;

Prizes and awards
October 2006: Diploma of Honor "Virtue et Sapientia " of the University of Bucharest "for excellent performance om researching during the year 2005";
July 2011: Awarded with the Order of Cultural Merit – Knight of the Romanian Presidency;
March 2012: Awarded with the Austrian Cross of Honour for Science and Art 

Selection from Released Books
George Guțu has written numerous scientific publications such as books, studies, reviews or reports  

1986 "Abriß der Geschichte der rumäniendeutschen Literatur  Teil I: Von den Anfängen bis 1918 – Spezialvorlesung" Printing House of the University of Bucharest;
1990 "Die Lyrik Paul Celans und der geistige Raum Rumäniens";
1992 The initiative of establishing a specialized magazine of the S G R , "Zeitschrift der Germanisten Rumäniens";
1994 Translation "Dans în lanțuri", Hans Bergel;
1994 "Die Lyrik Paul Celans und die rumänische Dichtung der Zwischenkriegszeit";
1995 Translation "Lupul de stepă", Hermann Hesse, printing 1995 / 2005 / 2006;
1996 Translation "Siddhartha  O poemă indiană", Hermann Hesse, printing 1996 / 2005 / 2006;
1997 Book series "GGR-Beiträge zur Germanistik", the first volume "Beiträge zur Geschichte der Germanistik in Rumänien";
1997 "Germanistik an Hochschulen in Rumänien  Verzeichnis der Hochschullehrerinnen und Hochschullehrer";
1998 Translation "Când vin vulturii", Hans Bergel;
1998 Translation "Liniștea de după lovitura de secure", Matthias Buth;
2001 "Geschichte der deutschen Literatur  Textanthologie  Bd  I:  Ältere deutsche Literatur";
2002–2010 "transcarpathica germanistisches jahrbuch rumänien";
2002 Translation "Vis cu ochii deschiși  Poeme ", Rose Ausländer;
2002 Translation "Ecouri răzlețe", Hans Dama;
2005 Translation "Episcop în România într-o epocă a conflictelor naționale și religioase", Raymund Netzhammer;
2005 Translation  "Antichitățile creștine din Dobrogea", Raymund Netzhammer;
2009 "Geschichte der deutschen Literatur  Textanthologie  Bd  II: Humanismus  Reformation  Barock (1400–1700)";
2009 Translation "Scrisori către Wolfgang Kraus 1971–1990", Emil Cioran;
2010 Translation "Din România  Incursiuni prin această țară și istoria ei", Raymund Netzhammer 

Released Books in Cooperation
2002 "Stundenwechsel  Neue Perspektiven zu Alfred Margul-Sperber, Rose Ausländer, Paul Celan, Immanuel Weissglas (GGR-Beiträge zur Germanistik)", in cooperation with Martin Hainz, Andrei Corbea-Hoisie;
2003 "Kindheit: Fragment einer Autobiographie (Bukowiner Literaturlandschaft)", in cooperation with Doris Rosenkranz;
2005 "Interkulturelle Grenzgänge  Akten der Wissenschaftlichen Tagung des Bukarester Instituts für Germanistik zum 100  Geburtstag", in cooperation with Doina Sandu;
2007 "Fremde Arme – arme Fremde  "Zigeuner" in Literaturen Mittel- und Osteuropas", in cooperation with Herbert Uerlings, Iulia-Karin Patrut;
2008 "Minderheitenliteraturen – Grentzerfahrung und Reterritorialisierung  Festschrift für Stefan Sienerth", in cooperation with Ioana Crăciun-Fischer, Iulia-Karin Patrut;
2009 ""   dass ich in der Welt zu Hause bin " Hans Bergels Werk in sekundärliterarischem Querschnitt", in cooperation with Mariana Lăzărescu, Raluca Rădulescu;
2009 "Sprachheimat: Zum Werk von Dieter Schlesak in Zeiten von Diktatur und Exil", in cooperation with Jürgen Egyptien;
2011 "Die Buche: Eine Anthologie deutschsprachiger Judendichtung aus der Bukowina", in cooperation with Alfred Margul-Sperber, Peter Motzan, Stefan Sienerth;
2012 "Ost-West-Identitäten und -Perspektiven : Deutschsprachige Literatur in und aus Rumänien im interkulturellen Dialog (Veröffentlichungen des Instituts     der Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München)", in cooperation with Ioana Crăciun-Fischer, Sissel Laegreid, Peter Motzan;
2015 "Kindheit – Hörbuch, 6 Audio-CDs: Fragment einer Autobiographie (Bukowiner Literaturlandschaft", in cooperation with Moses Rosenkranz;
2015 "Briefe an Alfred Margul-Sperber: (1930–1963) mit autobiographischen sowie literaturkritischen Dokumenten (Bukowiner Literaturlandschaft)", in cooperation with Moses Rosenkranz, Jürgen Kostka;
2016 "Jugend – Hörbuch, MP3-CD: Fragment einer Autobiographie (Bukowiner Literaturlandschaft)", in cooperation with Moses Rosenkranz, Matthias Huff, Jürgen Kostka, Nikolaus Paryla 

Other Cultural Activities
1990:The initiative of establishing the "Society of Romanian Germanists" ("S G R ; Gesellschaft der Germanisten Rumäniens") as a continuation of the tradition from the interwar period;
1997:The initiative of establishing and creation of S G R  web page (among the first in Europe in the field) and its constantly update;
1998: The initiative of establishing the "Goethe" Society in România ("Goethe-Gesellschaft in Rumänien"), election as its president;
1999: The initiative of organizing the International Symposium dedicated to the celebration of 250 years since the birth of Johann Wolfgang Goethe by the "Goethe" Society in Romania, in cooperation with the Romanian Academy, S G R , Ministry of Culture of Romania and "Goethe]]" Society in Weimar;
2002: The initiative of organizing the International Symposium "Rose Ausländer" at Bucharest;
December 2006: Co-organizer of the jubilee celebrations dedicated to the 15th anniversary of establishing Libraries "Austria" from Romania and Bulgaria in Vienna, in collaboration with the Romanian Embassy in Vienna and the Austrian Ministry of Foreign Affairs;
2008–2010: Co-initiator and coordinator from the Centre for Research and Excellence "Paul Celan" of the international project European Partnership of Intercultural Communications "Leonardo da Vinci", approved and funded by the European Union, with the participation of universities in Bucharest, Munich, Debrecen and Veliko Tarnovo 

Political career
1969 (autumn) – 1970 (summer): Reviewer at the Ministry of Foreign Affairs on his own initiative;
1994: The organization of the III International Congress of Romanian Germanists (May 16–19, 1994, Neptun) after a break of 62 years of tradition started in the interwar period of these congresses;
1997: The organization of the IV International Congress of Romanian Germanists (May 2–5, 1997, Sinaia);
2000: The organization of the V International Congress of Romanian Germanists (May 22–25, 2000, Iași);
2003: The organization of the VI International Congress of Romanian Germanists (May 26–29, 2003, Sibiu);
2006: The organization of the VII International Congress of Romanian Germanists (May 22–25, 2006, Timișoara);
2009: The organization of the VIII International Congress of Romanian Germanists (May 25–28, 2009, Cluj-Napoca);
2012: The organization of the VIII International Congress of Romanian Germanists (Juni 4-7, 2012, Bucharest)


== Notes ==
Passage 5:
Austrian literature
Austrian literature (German: Österreichische Literatur) is mostly written in German, and is closely connected with German literature 

Origin and background
From the 19th century onward, Austria was the home of novelists and short-story writers, including Adalbert Stifter, Arthur Schnitzler, Franz Werfel, Stefan Zweig, Franz Kafka, Thomas Bernhard, Joseph Roth, and Robert Musil, and of poets Georg Trakl, Rose Ausländer, Franz Grillparzer, Rainer Maria Rilke, and Paul Celan  Famous contemporary playwrights and novelists include Elfriede Jelinek and Peter Handke, and well-known essayists such as Robert Menasse and Karl-Markus Gauß  Despite Austria's contributions to architecture and revered musical traditions, no Austrian literature made it to the classical canon until the 19th century  In the early 18th century, Lady Mary Wortley Montagu, whilst visiting Vienna, was stunned to meet no writers at all Several reasons can be given  First, the arts were the preserve of the imperial court, who saw culture as a political tool, as propaganda  Fine baroque palaces, imperial portraits, and commissions of music could all work very well to this aim, but literature was deemed less suitable and thus not encouraged  Second, the late emergence of German literature; while much was published in German, hardly had the caliber to become "classic" until the late 18th century, when Goethe and Schiller began writing  In Austria, the imperial state also censored all books mercilessly; The Sorrows of Young Werther, Goethe's novel depicting a young man's ecstatic love and suicide, spawned a string of copycat suicides across Germany, and many states banned the work, but Austrian authorities also banned Goethe's entire opus  It came mostly from Empress Maria Theresa's 'Chastity Commission', intended to uphold public morals, but it had the effect not only of creating a facade of decency but a stunted intellectual front  Perhaps the primary reason for Austria's late literary fruition was its cultural mindset  According to the cultural historian Carl Emil Schorske, 'profoundly Catholic, it was a deeply sensuous, plastic culture'  The outlook of a leisured aristocracy, it was copied by the lower classes  This mentality was not necessarily bad; the emphasis on beauty and fantasy was integral to establishing the imperial capital of Vienna, and it made Vienna the greatest center of music in Europe  But it was not the best ground for the literary experiment  Nevertheless, the liberalization of Austria in the late 19th century created a more dynamic climate for writing, which soon produced a flowering 

The search for a definition
The main problem of defining a dynamic development may be that any definition will fall short of the various currents which lead to a certain type of literature  Through the centuries, there have been different approaches, but most of them have been criticized to be biased - cultural, ideological, or political  Austrian literature developed out of a symbiosis of different regional traditions and languages 
In the Middle Ages, there was a homogeneous zone along the Danube River, spanning from Bavaria down to the eastern territories  Travelers and bards moved along this route, bringing with them new influences  At the same time Alps had their forbidding little valleys, which were virtually untouched - they developed their own regional culture 
This is important because it remains characteristic through the centuries  On the other hand, there were writers strictly in the tradition of a region (like towns, countries etc ) language or culture, on the other hand there was a continuous influence on each other's writing and thinking 
The multi-ethnic Habsburg monarchy, Austrian Empire and eventually Austro-Hungarian Empire should therefore not be reduced to the German parts of the empire  There were large ethnic or religious minorities in nearly all regional capitals, like Prague, Budapest or Vienna—microcosmi with their own traditions and characteristics 
Franz Kafka may be a good example: while in some of his writings he declared himself to be "German" this was meant more in relation to the ethnic minority living in Prague than as a declaration for another part of the empire  So perhaps he was a "German-speaking-secular-Jewish-Prague-born-Austro-Hungarian-Austro-Czech writer" - a term which best shows the difficulties that are to be faced 
Besides the national differences between the provinces, there were also different regions which influenced the writing style  There were Alps with their distinctive traditions, the deep woods, the coastal regions around Trieste (now Italy and Slovenia) and the Croatian islands, which served as the Austro-Hungarian equivalent to the French Côte d'Azur, a center for writers, painters and other artists at value - and that often-meant religious texts - were written down  In addition, most texts were also translated into Latin before they were put down (e g  Germanic tribal laws) 
Different sources however suggest that there also existed aristocratic historical records (like Heldenlieder), lyric folklore (dance, love songs, spells)  Only by accident individual texts were preserved in monasteries  Examples for this are the "Merseburger Zaubersprüche", two Germanic spells being the only written proofs for pagan religion in the German-speaking lands  The "Hildebrandslied" is important as a voucher of Germanic hero literature 
The first German texts were written to translate Latin religious books around 750 in the early Middle Ages  The Benedictine communities in Melk and Salzburg were carrying on notable literary and religious activities  Ava (1060–1127), who was the first known German female writer, wrote in this religiously inspired tradition and lived in the territories which were then and now within the borders of Austria 

High and Late Middle Ages (1170–1500)
With the Crusades around 1160, knights became more important and prosperous  The oral minnesang was a new form, dealing with their love  The topics of the ballads were also more worldly with themes ranging from love and war to political criticism  There was a lot of travelling along the Danube River, with travelling bards (Minnesänger) bringing news and new songs  The towns were getting rich and independent  The first representatives of this movement and first known male writers in German were Der von Kürenberg and Dietmar von Aist (12th century)  At the end of the 12th century, one of the most important literary works of the times, Nibelungenlied, emerged  It was created by an unknown minnesang poet most probably in the territories of Austria  As the tradition of minnesang grew, the older poets started teaching younger ones  For example, probably the most known German bard Walther von der Vogelweide (13th century) learnt his craft from Reinmar von Hagenau at the court in Vienna  Among other known minnesang poets are Neidhart, Jans der Enikel, Ulrich von Liechtenstein, and Oswald von Wolkenstein 
In the 12th century, satire was also developing  Seifried Helbling was an example of a writer who wrote texts of this type 
Later on the minnesang, which was cultivated by knights, became a craft practiced by burghers – meistersingers  Its center was more to the west, in Nuremberg  Michael Beheim was a meistersinger poet strongly connected with the court in Vienna  Yet another form that developed at that time was drama  Especially, presentations of Passion were regularly played  Das Wiener Passionsspiel is worth mentioning here 
An Austrian representative of Holy Grail literature is Heinrich von dem Tuerlîn (also written Türlin)  He wrote the poem Diu Crône, which has about 30,000 lines  The edition of the original text in Middle High German has completed recently by the Viennese Germanists Fritz Peter Knapp, Manuela Niesner (Part I, Altdeutsche Textbibliothek, Tübingen 2000), Alfred Ebenbauer and Florian Kragl (Part II, Altdeutsche Textbibliothek, Tübingen 2005), who are preparing a translation to Modern German 

Renaissance
Around 1600, humanism, with its rediscovery of ancient cultures and ideals, spread from Italy throughout Europe  Emperor Maximilian I was a big supporter of this movement  He managed to gather around his court in Vienna humanists such as Conrad Celtes – the founder of Collegium Poetarum or in the later time poet laureat Vadian (Joachim von Watt) who wrote in Latin  Eleonore of Austria translated to German a widely read French adventure novel Pontus et la belle Sidonie  Big figures of the Catholic Church of that time Nicholas of Cusa and Petrus Canisius were connected with the Austrian court and a few of their works were written in German 

Baroque
The Thirty Years War had multiple effects on European literary trends; some writers based their work on the sufferings of the time, or withdrew into writings of a religious nature  Others responded with escapism, providing beautiful and peaceful worlds readers could flee to  The humorous stories (Schelmenromane) brought relief to the suffering people  This trend is apparent with Abraham a Sancta Clara's religious and comical works, and Catharina Regina von Greiffenberg's religious poetry 
As a reaction to the Protestant movements of the Reformation, which rocked the Catholic-led Habsburg territories, many Catholic schools emerged on the territories of Austria  These colleges led by the Jesuit order developed plays and operas that were Italian in style and impressed most by their luxurious equipment  Sermons were an important genre of baroque literature, rooted as it was in the Counter-Reformation  The aforementioned Benedictine monk Abraham a Sancta Clara was a notable preacher of the times  A Jesuit, Georg Scherer, is another example of a monk whose sermons were published and had a wider audience 
Another literary form were improvised plays called "Hanswurstspiele"  This direction was represented by Josef Anton Stranitzky, Gottfried Prehauser, Joachim Perinet and Josef Felix von Kurz-Bernardon 
Examples of baroque epic are the chivalric fiction and "Schelmenromane" of Johann Beer, which represent a realistic description of the reality at that time 

Enlightenment
With the start of Enlightenment around 1720, philosophy and the need of literature to educate the reader (Lehrdichtung, Bildungsroman) were two new and strong motivations for literature 
Aristotle and his school of thinking was revived  These ideas developed on the territories of Austria during the rule of Maria Theresa and her son Joseph II  Around 1790 the ideas of Enlightenment were firmly rooted and the ancient classic cultures (Greek and Roman) were the inspiration for poets, artists, architects and writers  Harmony and Beauty were some of the ideals of that time 
Austrian literature was also under the strong influence of Freemasonry and strongly connected with the criticism towards clergy  All of these circumstances caused the literature to become more educative and instructional  Satire started to be one of the most frequently used literary genres 
The literary life of Enlightenment concentrated around an almanac Wienerischer Musen-Almanach  It was started in 1777 (from 1786 under a changed title Wiener Musen-Almanach) by Joseph Franz von Ratschky and Gottlieb von Leon  Aloys Blumauer was also its editor since 1781 (he even edited a few editions alone)  
A notable poet in the Austrian literature of this period has Johann Baptist von Alxinger who wrote chivalric epics Doolin von Maynz (1787) and Bliomberis (1791) which were inspired by the tradition of Freemasonry  Alxinger also wrote poetry based on anticlerical ideas  
The writings of a might-have-been monk Johann Pezzl also had a profile of this kind  He wrote journalistic and epic texts  
Classical vision of poetry promoted by Joseph Schreyvogel strongly influenced later authors (for instance Franz Grillparzer)  Schreyvogel improved considerably the quality of the Austrian theatre  He was a dramatic adviser at the Wiener Burgtheater from 1814 to 1832 
Another important dramatist was Johann Nepomuk von Kalchberg, but historical themes of his dramas give his work the flavour of Romanticism 

First half of 19th century
Around 1790 these ideas were firmly rooted and the ancient classic cultures (Greek and Roman) were the inspiration for poets, artists, architects and writers  Harmony and Beauty were some of the ideals of that time  There was a lot of philosophical and aesthetic writing which accumulated in the Romantic era around 1820 (mostly writers from the nobility)  With the Napoleonic Wars going on, a lot of people wanted literature which took them away in a fantasy world  A lot of religious writing was also providing people with new hope  Klemens Maria Hofbauer, Eduard von Bauernfeld and Franz Grillparzer are but three of the writers influenced by these events  The German writer Karl Wilhelm Friedrich von Schlegel also lived and worked in Vienna around 1809 
Between the years 1815, the end of the Napoleonic Wars, and 1848, the year of the European revolutions the Biedermeier contrasted with the Romantic era which preceded it partly  Biedermeier can be identified with two trends in early 19th-century history 
The first trend is growing urbanization and industrialization leading to a new urban middle class  The early Lieder of Schubert, which were performable at the piano without substantial musical training, serve as examples  Further, Biedermeier writers were mainly middle-class, as opposed to the German Romantics, who were mainly drawn from the nobility  The second trend is the growing political oppression following the end of the Napoleonic Wars prompting people to concentrate on the domestic and the non-political 

Biedermeier
Biedermeier refers to work in the fields of literature, music, the visual arts and interior design in the period between the years 1815 (Vienna Congress), the end of the Napoleonic Wars, and 1848, the year of the European revolutions and contrasts with the Romantic era which preceded it 
Biedermeier can be identified with two trends in early 19th-century German history 
The first trend is growing urbanization and industrialization leading to a new urban middle class  The early Lieder of Schubert, which were performable at the piano without substantial musical training, serve as examples  Further, Biedermeier writers were mainly middle-class, as opposed to the Romantics, who were mainly drawn from the nobility 
The second trend is the growing political oppression following the end of the Napoleonic Wars prompting people to concentrate on the domestic and (at least in public) the non-political  The strict publication rules and the censorship had the consequence, that the main topics written about were unpolitical, e g  Historical Fiction or Books about the quiet life in the countryside  This does not mean that there was not a lot of political discussion going on, but it happened at home and in the presence of close friends  This explosive situation finally led to the revolutions in Europe in the year 1848 
Poets of that time in Austria were Nikolaus Lenau (1802–1850) and Franz Grillparzer  The latter is often mentioned as a representative of Austrian Classicism in literature 
Playwrights at that time were Franz Grillparzer (1791–1872), Friedrich Halm (1806–1871) - also an accomplished writer of "Novellen" (novellas and short stories) -, Johann Nepomuk Nestroy (1801–1862) and Ferdinand Raimund (1790–1836)  Grillparzer wrote tragedies in the tradition of the "Weimarer Klassik", Nestroy and Raimund were representatives for the "Wiener Volksstück" mainly played at the Viennese theater "Volkstheater Wien" 
Charles Sealsfield - a pseudonym of Karl Postl - lived a long time in the US and wrote novels set in the Wild West  On the other hand, he managed to write about Austria and to criticize the Austrian absolutism during Biedermeier without being recognized by Austrian authorities 
The end of Biedermeier is marked by the writings of Adalbert Stifter (1805–1868)  His first work Nachsommer was published in 1857 but was still believed to be one of the finest works of biedermeier  Stifter not only influenced Peter Rosegger but also German writers like Ganghofer, Heyse, Freytag, Wildenbruch and later authors (the time of "Bürgerlichen Realismus") like Storm, Fontane and through them Thomas Mann and Hesse 

Realism
Austrian writers of Realism are primarily the writer of short novels Ferdinand von Saar, Marie von Ebner-Eschenbach and the aforementioned Adalbert Stifter  Marie von Ebner-Eschenbach is known for her psychological novels and novellas as well as for her social engagement  Ferdinand Kürnberger was a novelist much like Leopold von Sacher-Masoch, who became famous with Venus in Furs - the erotic behavior he described, would later be called masochism according to his name 
Another writer to mention is Bertha von Suttner  She wrote social novels whose literary quality usually is not appreciated highly by literary critiques and Germanists, but Suttner received the Nobel Prize for Peace for her novel Die Waffen nieder (Lay down your arms) in 1905 
While in Germany Realism paved the way for Naturalism, a similar literary movement has never developed in Austria  Instead, the successors were Jugendstil and Expressionism 

20th century
First half of the 20th century
The Jugendstil movement was primarily a cultural movement of architecture and decorative arts  However, Viennese Jugendstil was marked by the presence of artists of every genre, including compositors and writers  Viennese writers, such as Arthur Schnitzler and Stefan Zweig, are often included in this movement  Arthur Schnitzler was a very typical writer of that time  He wrote his major works between 1890 and the end of World War I, namely novels, short stories and theater plays 
A very important center of Austrian literature during the ca  20 years before the end of World War I was Prague  It was the center of many German-speaking, mostly Jewish, authors who contributed significantly to Austrian and partly even to world literature  Their influence endured until the 1930s  Authors to mention are Oskar Baum, Max Brod, Franz Kafka, the journalist Egon Erwin Kisch, Gustav Meyrink, Robert Musil, Rainer Maria Rilke, Franz Werfel, and Oskar Wiener 
Expressionism was presented primarily by the poet Georg Trakl and the dramatist and narrator Hugo von Hofmannsthal, both originating from Salzburg 
The end of World War I reduced Austria to a very small and mainly German-speaking country  Some Austrian (and German writing) authors relocated to new emerging countries, such as Kafka and Werfel to Czechoslovakia  Others, such as Robert Musil, Rainer Maria Rilke, and Elias Canetti, migrated to Vienna  The political rupture and the fact that this small German-speaking Austria had lost most of its territory, industry, and agriculture, led to the fatal conviction of many Austrians that only a union with Germany would be able to save the country from a total downfall, a conviction which paved the way to its later annexation by Hitler in 1938  The texts of some writers give an insight to this conviction  Robert Musil and Hugo von Hofmannsthal expressed their "German centric" point of view, while others, such as Stefan Zweig, Franz Werfel and Alexander Lernet-Holenia, strictly spoke up for Austria and Austrian tradition and culture 
The time between the two world wars gave way to rich literature in Austria  Robert Musil wrote the well-known novel The Man without Qualities, Stefan Zweig published a multitude of essays, stories and novels, Karl Kraus edited the magazine Die Fackel (The Torch), for which he wrote almost all articles by himself, Franz Werfel wrote some of his best novels, e g  The Forty Days of Musa Dagh which narrates the Armenian tragedy of 1915, and after Franz Kafka's death, his life-time friend Max Brod began to publish Kafka's unfinished novels  Later Nobel Prize winner Elias Canetti studied and lived in Vienna and wrote his only novel Auto-da-Fe, before the Anschluss he fled to England  In analogy to Musil's Kakania (from the anagram for the k  u  k , i e  imperial and royal monarchy till 1918), Fritz von Herzmanovsky-Orlando created Tarockania for the weird figures of his humorous novels and stories 

Austrofascism and Nazi dictatorship
Catholic and conservative Austrofascism came into power after the Austrian Civil War and revitalized censorship  A more important influence on Austrian literature resulted however from Nazi empowerment in Germany in 1933  It has to be understood that not only the majority of German speaking readers live in Germany, but almost all large and important publishers for literature in German are situated in Germany as well  In 1933 it came to a breakup at the P E N  conference in Dubrovnik  The members discussed an official protest against the prosecution of writers and the burning of books by the Nazis  In consequence the German delegation left the conference and referred to the organization's principle not to interfere with politics  Some members of the Austrian delegation solidarized with the Germans, while others supported the resolution  This breakup continued afterwards in Vienna and led to a separation of liberal and "German nationalistic" authors; the latter left the Austrian PEN Club and later worshipped Hitler and his annexation of Austria  Nazi Germany observed the events carefully, boycotted immediately the liberal authors, who couldn't go on publishing in Germany and lost most of their readers and income  After the annexation, these authors were prosecuted as well as their German counterparts since years, and many of them, especially the Jewish, were murdered or forced to emigration 
Stefan Zweig flew to Brazil, Franz Werfel escaped to the US together with the German writer Heinrich Mann, Elias Canetti to England  Others, like Jura Soyfer, were killed by the Nazis  In 2007, the Theodor Kramer Society published an anthology of Austrian poetry written in exile, under the title In welcher Sprache träumen Sie? (Which Language Do You Dream In?)  The editors present 278 authors whose names in many cases have been wiped out  The better known among them are Ilse Aichinger, Franz Theodor Csokor, Albert Drach, Albert Paris Gütersloh, Hermann Hakel, Theodor Kramer, Josef Luitpold Stern, Felix Pollak, Paula von Preradović, Joseph Roth, Hilde Spiel, Wilhelm Szabo, Hans Weigel, Stefan Zweig 
During the Nazi dictatorship, which had factually wiped out the Austrian state, the Austrian PEN Club was in exile in London and continued its work in Austria from 1946 on  Until 1973, PEN was the only Austrian writers' organization of importance 

After World War II: Group of Vienna
The literature after World War II combined many different movements  While some authors were in search for reorientation, such as Ilse Aichinger, Ingeborg Bachmann, Heimito von Doderer, Alexander Lernet-Holenia, Gerhard Fritsch and Hans Lebert, others came back from concentration camps, such as Jean Améry, from former (in times of monarchy) Austrian territories, such as Rose Ausländer and Paul Celan, or from exile, such as Hans Weigel and Friedrich Torberg, while others again did not come back from exile, such as Hermann Broch or Franz Werfel  On the other hand, some former "Nazi" writers kept their positions, such as Max Mell, Franz Nabl and Karl Heinrich Waggerl  The latter and other, catholic, writers began to form a very conservative block within the Austrian literature  Through the Austrian PEN Club, they even seemed to control statal subsidies for literature as well as literary awards till the 1970s 
Some authors had good relations to the Group 47 based in Germany or were members  Among them Ilse Aichinger who published the novel Die größere Hoffnung (Greater Hope) and the narrator and poet Ingeborg Bachmann  Both were awarded the Group 47 Prize for Literature  Other Austrian members of the Group 47 were Paul Celan and Erich Fried  While Celan, after some time in Vienna, went to live in Paris, Fried moved to Berlin  In 1954, the Wiener Gruppe (Group of Vienna) was formed by H  C  Artmann and others  Friedrich Achleitner, Konrad Bayer, Gerhard Rühm and Oswald Wiener belonged to the group, as well as Ernst Jandl and Friederike Mayröcker 
Hans Lebert wrote the novel Wolfshaut (Wolf's Skin), in which he described a fictional village named Schweigen (Silence), an allegory for the silence of many Austrians after the Nazi dictatorship, who pretended to know nothing about what had happened in their country 
Several volumes of Diaries contain the war memories of Heimito von Doderer  However, this author was best known for his novels, which he designed meticulously, such as The Strudlhofstiege, The Demons, The Waterfalls of Slunj, and The Merowingians  Doderer influenced many other authors with his novelistic art, e g , Robert Schindel 

1970–2000
In 1973, a new writers' association was founded in Graz (Styria), mostly as a protest against the conservatism of P E N  and their controlling position, e g  concerning literature prizes  The new association was called Grazer Autorenversammlung (GAV)  Among its founders and first members include Barbara Frischmuth, Peter Handke, Ernst Jandl, Alfred Kolleritsch, Friederike Mayröcker, and Michael Scharang  Eventually, the GAV became the largest writers' association in Austria with more than 500 members 
The end of the 1960s and eventually the 1970s were characterized by experimental theater plays  Peter Handke tried out new ways of theater communication with his play Offending the Audience in 1966 Ernst Jandl and Friederike Mayröcker wrote a new sort of experimental poetry, Konkrete Poesie, working with the sounds of speech than with semantics 
One of the most important writers after World War II was Thomas Bernhard (1931–1989)  He wrote nine novels, several books of stories and short prose, some autobiographical works, and numerous plays  His works triggered public controversies as Bernhard constantly attacked a typical Austrian manner of ignoring the Nazi past  One of the dramas is called Heldenplatz, an open allusion to Vienna's central imperial place, from which Adolf Hitler had held his first speech after the country's annexation by Nazi German troops in front of hundreds of thousands of cheering Austrians 
Marianne Fritz (1948–2007) was known as a novelist  Her third novel, Dessen Sprache du nicht verstehst (Whose speech you don't understand), was published in 1985  On more than three thousand pages, Fritz describes a linguistic and fictional universe that deals with the decline of the Austrian empire  She used an artificial language that broke many linguistic norms, to achieve a more rhythmic speech  Marianne Fritz intensified this individual esthetics with her fourth and fifth novel 
During the 1980s, especially after the political scandal around former UN secretary and eventually Austrian federal president Kurt Waldheim, a new and more distinctive Jewish literature formed  Robert Schindel published the novel Gebirtig, which deals with a contemporary Jewish society within Austria and the difficult memories of the Shoah  Robert Menasse is known for his novels and especially for his essays on Austria  Another author who works with Jewish topics is Doron Rabinovici 

Christoph Ransmayr mixes historical facts with fiction  The acclaimed novel Morbus Kithara creates a scenario, in which Austria did not get aid from the Marshall Plan after World War II and was condemned to become an exclusively agrarian country  On this background, the author writes about the time after the war, about ex-soldiers, ex-Nazis and concentration camp survivors, and thus depicts the complexity of post-war Austria 
Josef Haslinger wrote the novel Opernball, in which he described a fictitious attack at the Vienna Opera Ball, in which all attendants, incl  the entire Austrian government, is killed by combat gas  This attack brings a new fascist party to power, which a handful of idealistic journalists try to tell the world  Haslinger is also the author of an essay about the Waldheim affair  Also Milo Dor, a born Serb who wrote all of his books in German and became a very important figure in Austria's literary scene, chose the danger of ultra-right wing parties as topic for one of his narrative texts, Wien, Juli 1999  Other books describe the destiny of immigrants after the world war 
Essays have also a tradition in Austrian literature  While the roots may be found with Franz Grillparzer, Hermann Bahr and especially Karl Kraus, one of the most important essayists after World War II is Jean Améry whose oeuvre primarily consists of essays, articles and critiques  The historian and scholar Friedrich Heer is the author of about fifty thousand pages, most of them essays on Austrian and European topics, on history and philosophy as well as on religion and literature  A younger representative of Austrian essayism is Karl-Markus Gauß who writes for several newspapers and magazines in Austria, Switzerland and Germany  His books speak about Central and Eastern European peoples, cultures, and literatures  He is also the editor in chief of the magazine Literatur und Kritik 
Authors in Slovene, originating in Carinthia, are Florjan Lipuš, Cvetka Lipuš and Janko Messner  Usually they write either exclusively in Slovene, or in Slovene and German  Another famous Carinthian writer, Peter Handke, has translated several works from Slovene to German 

Nobel Prizes for Literature
In 1981, Elias Canetti (1905–1994) received the Nobel Prize in Literature  Born in Bulgaria, he spent much of his early adult life in Vienna, and wrote all his books in German  In 1938, following Austria's Anschluss with Germany, Canetti moved to London, becoming a British subject  During his later years, he also lived in Zurich, Switzerland  Among his most acclaimed works are the novel, Auto-da-Fe, and his work of nonfiction, Crowds and Power  His three volumes of well-acclaimed memoirs are also seen to give a personal insight into Austrian society during the decades preceding World War II 
In 2004, Elfriede Jelinek (*1946) received the Nobel Prize in Literature for her "musical flow of voices and counter-voices in novels and plays that, with extraordinary linguistic zeal, reveal the absurdity of society's clichés and their subjugating power"  Her works comprise novels such as The Piano Teacher, Lust and Die Kinder der Toten (Children of the Dead), as well as theater plays such as Clara S , Burgtheater and Bambiland  In the 1960s she began to write poetry and stories 

21st century
While some of the well-known authors, such as Franzobel, Peter Handke, Peter Henisch, Elfriede Jelinek, Gerhard Roth, and Robert Schneider, still publish regularly, there are rich literary movements, mostly driven by a younger generation  In some cases, literary magazines play an important role in gathering writers and fostering their works 

Literary magazines and publishers
Literatur und Kritik and Erostepost are published in Salzburg, Manuskripte, Sterz, Schreibkraft and Lichtungen in Graz, Wespennest and Kolik in Vienna, Cognac & Biskotten in Innsbruck, DUM in Lower Austria  They count among the most traditional and important literary magazines in contemporary Austria  In addition, the literary magazine Buchkultur has been around since 1989 
Notable publishing houses include Residenz, Droschl, Haymon, Zsolnay, and Deuticke  Residenz played an important role during the 1970s and 1980s, when numerous important Austrian writers were published there  Especially smaller publishers, such as Arovell, Drava, FZA-Verlag, Mitter, Otto Müller, Pichler, Ritter, Skarabaeus, Sonderzahl, Wieser, etc  bring emerging and younger authors to the public  On the other hand, many Austrian writers publish their books in Germany, which offers much larger and powerful publishing houses  Of course, the economic regrouping of publishing houses and their mergers have also an influence on Austrian publishers  Thus, Zsolny and Deuticke already belong to the German publishing group Hanser 

Literature awards and subsidies
In addition to subsidies and awards financed and organized by the Austrian and federal governments, several smaller literary prizes award Austrian and other German writing authors  Alfred-Gesswein-Literaturpreis, Erostepost-Literaturpreis, Franz-Kafka-Preis, Feldkircher Lyrikpreis, Wiener Werkstattpreis, Anton-Wildgans-Preis, and Manuskripte-Preis belong to this aspect of Austrian literature 
The scholar Klaus Zeyringer states that public subsidies represent the backbone of today's literary production and especially publishing in Austria, and this would be one reason why the frame conditions obviously differ from those in Germany  Public subsidies add to the funding of publishing houses, literary magazines, public events, book publications, and to writer's income  Zeyringer points out that on one hand this custom also enables the publication of non-mainstream and complicated literary works but on the other hand reduces the awareness of the necessity of adequate marketing activities of many cultural organizations, including publishers 

Contemporary authors
Book publications, magazines, public readings and literary prizes chronicle a multitude of writers, including novelists, playwrights, prosaists, essayists and poets  These include Marie Anders, Reinhold Aumaier, Zdenka Becker, Adelheid Dahimène, Dimitré Dinev, Martin Dragosits, Klaus Ebner, Günter Eichberger, Olga Flor, Karin Geyer, Thomas Glavinic, Constantin Göttfert, Marianne Gruber, Egyd Gstättner, Wolf Haas, Klaus Händl, Ludwig Laher, Gabriel Loidolt, Wolfgang Kauer, Daniel Kehlmann, Michael Köhlmeier, Melamar, Hanno Millesi, Gabriele Petricek, Judith Nika Pfeifer, Wolfgang Pollanz, Doron Rabinovici, Julya Rabinowich, Kathrin Röggla, Gudrun Seidenauer, Linda Stift, Erwin Uhrmann, Vladimir Vertlib, Philipp Weiss, Christine Werner, Peter Paul Wiplinger  Usually these authors publish not only in Austria, but also in Germany and Switzerland 

Cultural melting pot
In its history, the country and Austrian literature have been a cultural melting pot that put together different ethnicities, ideas, and cultures  Today, this element has shrunk enormously but is still not wiped out  Examples of this are novelist Zdenka Becker who emigrated from Slovakia, Dimitré Dinev from Bulgaria, and Vladimir Vertlib who was born in Russia  Very often their topics have to do with immigration and interculturality 
There is some literature written by members of the autochthonous minorities in Austria  To mention the daughter of Florjan Lipuš, the poet Cvetka Lipuš, who has lived in the US for several years  Her poetry has been published in Slovene and in German 
Some authors have chosen to live in countries other than Austria, while still writing literature in German  Their experiences living in another country have some impact on their writing  For example, Marlene Streeruwitz and Ann Cotten live in Berlin, Raoul Schrott lived several years in Ireland and also Christoph Ransmayr has moved there 

See also
List of Austrian writers
List of Austrian women writers

Notes
Sources (books)
Heer, Friedrich: Der Kampf um die österreichische Identität  Böhlau Verlag, Wien 1981/1996/2001, ISBN 3-205-99333-0
Herz-Kestranek, Miguel, Konstantin Kaiser and Daniela Strigl (Ed ): In welcher Sprache träumen Sie? Österreichische Exillyrik  Verlag der Theodor Kramer Gesellschaft, Wien 2007, ISBN 978-3-901602-25-2
Zeman, Herbert and Fritz P  Knapp (Ed ): Geschichte der Literatur in Österreich  7 volumes, Akademische Druck- und Verlagsanstalt, Vienna 1994ff , Vol  1: ISBN 978-3-201-01611-7, Vol  2: ISBN 978-3-201-01721-3 and ISBN 978-3-201-01812-8, Vol  7: ISBN 978-3-201-01687-2
Zeyringer, Klaus: Österreichische Literatur seit 1945  Haymon Verlag, Innsbruck 2001, ISBN 978-3-85218-379-4
Žmegač, Viktor (Ed ): Kleine Geschichte der deutschen Literatur  Von den Anfängen bis zur Gegenwart  Marix, Wiesbaden 2004  ISBN 3-937715-24-X

External links
Austrian Studies Association, ASA
eLibrary Austria Project (eLib Austria text in German)
WikiReader Austrian Literature (German)
IG Autoren (interest group of all Austrian writers and professional associations of writers)
Österreichischer Schriftstellerverband (writers' association)
P E N -Club (writers' association)
Grazer Autorenversammlung (writers' association)
Österreichische Gesellschaft für Literatur (Austrian Society for Literature)
Passage 6:
Inta Ezergailis
Inta Miške Ezergailis (11 September 1932 in Riga, Latvia – 1 January 2005, in Ithaca, New York), was a Latvian American professor emerita of German literature at Cornell University from 1969 to 1999, specializing in Thomas Mann and contemporary women writers  In 1965, she began graduate study at Cornell University and after earning the doctorate in 1969, she was appointed to the Cornell faculty as an assistant professor of German literature 
In addition to books, she published numerous articles, in English and Latvian, in scholarly and intellectual periodicals 
During the last decade of her life, she turned from academic prose to poetry  Posthumously, her poems have been published by Ulysses House in four volumes: Inta's poems I, II, and III, Alzheimer's Poems, the Vanishing of a Mother  The last volume is devoted to her mother, who died of dementia 
She was married to Andrew Ezergailis 

Books
Male and Female: An Approach to Thomas Mann's Dialectic (1975)
Woman Writers - The Divided Self (1982)  (Study of Christa Wolf, Ingeborg Bachmann, Doris Lessing, Erica Jong, Karin Struck, Francine du Plessix Gray and others )
Thomas Mann, Critical Essays on Thomas Mann (1988)
Nostalgia and Beyond: Eleven Latvian Women Writers (1998) 
Passage 7:
İhsan Oktay Anar
İhsan Oktay Anar (born 1960 in Yozgat, Turkey), is a Turkish writer, illustrator, literature translator and an academic 
He studied philosophy in Ege University on undergraduate (1984), graduate (1989) and doctoral levels  Anar now teaches at the same university, lecturing in antique philosophy and Greek  In 2009, he won the Erdal Öz Literature Award "for his valuable novels and original style" Anar published his first novel, The Atlas of Misty Continents (Puslu Kıtalar Atlası) in 1995  The book was translated to a number of languages, including French, German and Hungarian, and a comic book version by caricaturist İlban Ertem was released in Spring of 2015  His novels are fantasy pieces supported by historical facts and rumors especially related to the Ottoman Empire and a narration resembling fairy tales  He is known for well developed, various and original characters and providing a philosophical basis for his fantasy plots  Supernatural elements and references to folk literature and culture are commonly seen in his works  He uses a mixture of Ottoman and folk terminology within his Turkish writings, giving references to myths and historical scriptures  A trivial fact is that each of his books have a character named "Uzun İhsan" (meaning "Ihsan the Tall"), which is in fact a reference to himself  Anar is a tall and imposing figure, with a height over six feet four 

Works
Novels
Tiamat (Tiamat) (2022)
The Nasty Hero (Galiz Kahraman) (2014)
Seventh Day (Yedinci Gün) (2012)
Taciturns (Suskunlar) (2007)
Amat (Amat) (2005)
Tales of Afrasiab (Efrasiyab`ın Hikayeleri)  (1998) - later adapted for stage
The Book of Devices (Kitab-ül Hiyel) (1996)
The Atlas of Misty Continents (Puslu Kıtalar Atlası) (1995)Illustrations for Kitab-ül Hiyel
has published articles in the former newspaper Yeni Binyıl
has published a story in the book 1002 Gece MasallarıAcademic articles published in Turkish
Anar, İ O , Er Efsanesinin Muhtemel Kökenleri, Seminar, 1993, P 30-44 
Anar, İ O , Sokrates Sorunu, Seminar  1990  pp  1–9 
Passage 8:
Michael Werner (publisher)
Michael Werner (born 1965 in Frankenthal, Germany) is a publisher of Pennsylvania German publications and writer of Pennsylvania German articles, prose and poetry  He is the founder and publisher of the only existing Pennsylvania German newspaper, Hiwwe wie Driwwe 

Life
Werner was raised in the Palatinate (Germany)  Members of his family had emigrated from this area to the U S  in the 19th century  He studied at the University of Mannheim and holds a Master's degree in General Linguistics, Germans Studies and Sociology  His Ph D  Thesis is dealing with Pennsylvania German literature  Werner is working as publishing director of a B2B publishing house in Mainz (Germany)  He lives in Ober-Olm 

Activities
In 1993, he became a student of C  Richard Beam (1925-2018), director of the Center for Pennsylvania German Studies at Millersville University (PA)  In the same year, Werner started a private "Archive for Pennsylvania German Literature" in the Palatinate, Germany  In 1996, the newspaper Hiwwe wie Driwwe was founded by him in Ebertsheim, Palatinate (Germany)  Actually, it is being published bi-annually  Since 1998, he has been a member of the jury of the oldest Palatine Dialect Writers Contest in Bockenheim an der Weinstraße, Palatinate (Germany)  In 2003, Michael Werner was one of the co-founders of the German-Pennsylvanian Association and the first president of the association (until 2010)  Since 2008, Werner invites speakers of Pennsylvania German to give presentations about the language and culture in Germany  In 2013, "Hiwwe wie Driwwe" started a cooperation with the Pennsylvania German Cultural Heritage Center at Kutztown University (PA)  The editorial office was moved to Pennsylvania in 2015  In 2017, Werner donated his private archive of Pennsylvania German literature and folk life to the Mennonite Research Center at Weierhof (Palatinate, Germany), where it will be presented to the public as "Deutsch-Pennsylvanisches Archiv" (German-Pennsylvanian Archive)  In 2020, he was one of the founders of Groundhog Lodge No  19 in Bockenheim (Palatinate, Germany)  In 2021, Werner published a German trip advisor to the Pennsylvania Dutch Country 

Trivia
His journalistic work over a period of three decades inspired two German cinema documentaries: "Hiwwe wie Driwwe 1" (2019) and "Hiwwe wie Driwwe 2" (coming up 2024) 

Works
Werner, Michael (Ed ): Hiwwe wie Driwwe  The Pennsylvania German Review (Newspaper)  Ebertsheim/Ober-Olm/Kutztown 1997- 
Werner, Michael: "Ebbes aus em alte Land"  Newspaper Column  In: The Pennsylvania German Review (Kutztown, PA), 2001-2003 
Werner, Michael: "Ebbes in die Mudderschprooch"  Newspaper Column  In: The Diary (Gordonville, PA), 2003-2005 
Werner, Michael: "S Katz Deitsch Schtick"  Internet Blog  In: hiwwe-wie-driwwe de  Ober-Olm 2002- 
Werner, Michael et al  (Ed ): Mit Pennsylvanisch-Deitsch darich's Yaahr  A Pennsylvania German Reader for Grandparents and Grandchildren  Neckarsteinach 2006 
Werner, Michael (Transl ): Es globbt beim Sammy in der Nacht (Children's Book)  Neckarsteinach 2012 
Werner, Michael: "Der Uncle Saem findt uns gedrei" - A Multimedia Performance (Texts, Music, Pictures & Videos), presented by the "New Paltz Band"  Ober-Olm/Frankenthal/Schifferstadt 2013- 
Werner, Michael (Transl ): Kumm, mer gehne Baere yaage (engl  Original: We're Going on a Bear Hunt, by Michael Rosen)  Neckarsteinach/Morgantown (PA) 2014 
Werner, Michael: Pennsylvanisch-Deitsch im Yahr 2015  A Hiwwe wie Driwwe Documentary  Published on youtube com (30 minutes) 
Werner, Michael (Ed ): DEITSCH  News und Geschichten aus dem Pennsylvania Dutch Country  A Hiwwe wie Driwwe Publication (E-Paper)  Ober-Olm 2015-2017 
Werner, Michael / Louden, Mark / Sauer, Walter (Eds ): Die Erschte Dausend Wadde in Pennsilfaanisch Deitsch  Neckarsteinach 2018 
Werner, Michael: En neier Sound im neie Land - 32 New Songs in Pennsylvania Dutch  Ober-Olm 2019 
Werner, Michael: Hiwwe wie Driwwe - Der Pennsylvania ReiseVERführer  Neustadt an der Weinstraße 2021 
Werner, Michael / Donmoyer, Patrick (Eds ): 25 Yaahre Hiwwe wie Driwwe - Celebrating a Quarter Century of Transatlantic Friendship  Morgantown (PA) 2022 

Films
Hiwwe wie Driwwe - Pfälzisch in Amerika (2018)  Calimedia/Cinewa (Landau)  - Expert advice and participation 
Die Rezeptsucherin: Pennsylvania (2018)  SWR (Mainz)  - Expert advice 
Hiwwe wie Driwwe - The Roots of the Pennsylvania Dutch (2019)  Calimedia/Cinewa (Landau) 
Driwwe im neie Land - Pfälzisch in Amerika (2020)  SWR (Mainz) 
Rumspringa (2022)  Constantin Film (Munich)  - Expert advice and language training of the actors (Pennsylvania Dutch) 

Publishing
Awards and acknowledgements
1998: Member of the jury of the Palatine Dialect Writers Contest in Bockenheim (Palatinate, Germany)
2007: "10th J  William Frey Lecturer", Franklin & Marshall College (Lancaster, PA)
2012: "Medienpreis Pfalz", Bezirksverband Pfalz (short list) - for "Hiwwe wie Driwwe"
2015: "Emichsburg-Preis", Förderkreis Mundart Bockenheim e V  - together with Frank Kessler and Dr  Walter Sauer in place of the "German-Pennsylvanian Association" (Deutsch-Pennsylvanischer Arbeitskreis e V )
2020: "Hermann Sinsheimer Plakette", City of Freinsheim (Palatinate, Germany) - for his services to the Palatine and Pennsylvania German literature



ground_truth: University of Vienna

prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: Angelspit toured the United States with an American electronic music duo from Orlando, Florida, that formed in what year?

The following are given passages.
Context 4: "
Nicole—Nicole Ponce is a 14-year-old girl who is heavily involved in school athletics, giving her the label "the Athlete"  She resides in Etobicoke, Ontario and is a freshman at Michael Power/St  Joseph High School  At a young age, she was often bullied before organized sports made its way into her life  She plays competitively and with a positive attitude in a number of sports including soccer, basketball and volleyball  She hopes to someday become a pediatrician and aspires to help children in need  With her charming personality and newly found confidence, she is ready to take on every challenge the wilderness and life has to offer 
Patricia—Patricia (Trish) Robins is a 16-year-old from Niagara Falls, Ontario  She attends Stamford Collegiate Secondary School  She applied to be on the show without having seen the first season  She believed that only actors were admitted to the show, and felt that this would be a boost to her acting career  After seeing the first season, she resolved to turn down the show if offered a chance to compete and then later changes her mind  Labeled as "The Rebel" on the show, she says she is more of a diva 

Critical reception
Season One critical reception
At least one psychologist warned that Survive This risked being exploitative and might damage the mental health of the participants  "You're putting kids into real emotional situations for other people's enjoyment," said Jennifer Kolari, a child and family therapist and author  "It's okay to have some competition, it's okay to try out for things," she says  "Those are okay lessons for kids  But doing it on national television, to be watched and judged, that's where I feel it's a little bit exploitive, and I think we need to consider the mental health of the kids that are on that show " But other mental health experts declared the show safe, concluding that the participants merely displayed strong competitiveness and that social ostracization was largely avoided Several reviewers have strongly criticized Survive This  For example, the New Bedford Standard-Times was dismissive of the show's lack of originality, noting: "   a gruff, gritty, macho mountain man takes a group of high-school kids and dumps them in the deep woods where they must learn to put aside their 'drama' and adapt  Gee, where haven't we seen that before?"  Variety was equally critical of the show's lack of originality, observing that the show "play[ed] like junior editions of somebody else's reality franchise  The publication was also critical of the way the show pigeonholed and labeled each of the teenagers, eliminating the diversity of the racially and ethnically diverse cast  The Los Angeles Times also concluded that the show was vapid, but that it had slightly more "depth" than other Cartoon Network live-action programs Some critics have also blasted Cartoon Network for showing live-action programs rather than cartoons However, the Sudbury Star called the show "compelling" 

Season One ratings
Television ratings information on the show is difficult to come by   However, at least one newspaper said the show was not "catching on with viewers" on Cartoon Network, and that the show had never been among that network's top 10 series 

Season Two critical reception
In March 2010, Toronto resident Richard Code, a fan of Stroud's show Survivorman, was found dead from hypothermia near his campsite at the north end of Horn Lake (near McMurrich/Monteith, Ontario)  Code was on a winter camping trip with few supplies, similar to summer trips he'd taken before in admiration of the adventures he had seen on Survivorman  Learning of Code's death, Stroud said, "It's a terrible tragedy and I feel absolutely terrible for the families involved"—but did not know Code or the situation he was in, and refused to comment further on his death At least one reviewer has criticized Survive This for not mentioning Code's death or warning kids not to imitate what they see on the show  The Globe and Mail reviewer Catherine Dawson March wrote, "You'd think, just seven weeks after Code's headline-making death, that Survive This would make a passing nod to the tragedy      Some kind of 'don't try this on your own' advice  But no " Dawson praised the show as "captivating" with "lots of emotional drama", but concluded:  "It's great stuff, but YTV should acknowledge Code's death with a warning of their own " YTV replied, "As Survive This does not follow the same premise as Survivorman, there will not be a disclaimer before each episode "

See also
Survive This (Season One)
Survive This (Season Two)
Passage 3:
Cody Lundin
Cody Lundin  (born March 15, 1967) is a survival instructor at the Aboriginal Living Skills School in Prescott, Arizona, which he founded in 1991  There he teaches modern wilderness survival skills, primitive living skills, urban preparedness, and homesteading  Lundin was also a former co-host of Discovery Channel's reality television series, Dual Survival Lundin is an only child whose father was in the military  He spent his early childhood moving around until finally settling in Laramie, Wyoming, where he attended junior high and high school  After graduating from high school he lived on the streets, in a commune, in the backyards of friends, and then in a brush shelter while he attended college in Prescott, Arizona  Lundin holds a B A  in Depth Psychology and Holistic Health from Prescott College Lundin is the author of two books on survival and preparedness: 98 6 Degrees: The Art of Keeping Your Ass Alive and When All Hell Breaks Loose: Stuff You Need to Survive When Disaster Strikes  Lundin has also provided a foreword for Steve Hart's Citizen Survivor's Handbook, a parody of British wartime propaganda focusing on the importance of psychological endurance in times of crisis 
In 2004, Lundin hosted the Discovery Channel show, Lost in the Wild Lundin was a co-host of the television series Dual Survival from 2010 until 2014  On the show, Lundin demonstrated various survival skills while wearing shorts in all weather and going barefoot  On February 17, 2014 Lundin announced on his Facebook page and on his website that he had been fired from the series due to differences of opinion on matters of safety  Lundin says that he lives off-the-grid in a self-designed, passive solar earth home in the high-desert wilderness of northern Arizona, collecting rainwater, composting waste, and paying nothing for utilities 

Bibliography
Lundin, Cody (2003)  98 6 Degrees: The Art of Keeping Your Ass Alive  Gibbs Smith  ISBN 1586852345 
Lundin, Cody (2007)  When All Hell Breaks Loose: Stuff You Need To Survive When Disaster Strikes  Gibbs Smith  ISBN 978-1423601050 

See also
Dave Canterbury
Passage 4:
Les Stroud
Les Stroud (born October 20, 1961) is a Canadian survival expert, filmmaker and musician best known as the creator, writer, producer, director, cameraman and host of the television series Survivorman   Stroud was named Chief Scout by Scouts Canada on November 22, 2021   After a short career behind the scenes in the music industry, Stroud became a full-time wilderness guide, survival instructor and musician based in Huntsville, Ontario  Stroud has produced survival-themed programming for The Outdoor Life Network, The Discovery Channel, The Science Channel, and YTV   The survival skills imparted from watching Stroud's television programs have been cited by several people as the reason they lived through harrowing wilderness ordeals 

Biography
Stroud was born in the Mimico neighbourhood of Toronto and graduated from Mimico High School  He went on to complete the Music Industry Arts program at Fanshawe College in London, Ontario  Stroud worked for several years at the Toronto-based music video channel MuchMusic, and as a songwriter for the band New Regime before a Temagami canoe trip sparked a career change  During this time he also worked as garbage collector for the City of Toronto In 1990 Stroud became a guide for Black Feather Wilderness Adventures leading canoe excursions into the Northern Ontario wilds  It was also during this time while on a survival course he met his future wife, photographer Sue Jamison  They married in 1994 and together left for a year-long honeymoon in the remote Wabakimi area of Ontario which was to become the basis of the documentary Snowshoes and Solitude  Afterwards, the couple moved to Yellowknife in the Northwest Territories where Stroud was employed as an outdoor instructor to special needs individuals of aboriginal descent  Stroud and Jamison then settled in Huntsville, Ontario where they had two children and started both the outdoor instructional outfit Wilderness Voice and the media company Wilderness Spirit Productions Inspired by the popularity of the television show Survivor, Stroud pitched a more authentic version of the show to The Discovery Channel Canada  Stroud produced two programs titled One Week in the Wilderness  and Winter in the Wilderness for @discovery ca in 2001  The success of these specials led to the development of Survivorman, a show that followed a similar format of leaving Stroud on his own, with minimal equipment, in the wilderness to videotape his survival experience 

Film and television
After his marriage to  Jamison in 1994, the two of them spent one year in the Canadian wilderness to attempt a paleolithic existence  They travelled to Goldsborough Lake (50°41′55″N 89°20′46″W) deep in the Wabakimi, first building a tipi then an attached A-frame while using no metal, plastic, or otherwise manufactured tools  For the first half of the year, they took a store of traditional foods such as wild rice, squash, beaver and moose meat, bear fat, and maple sugar  In late September, Stroud's friends Doug Getgood and Fred Rowe brought in food for the next six months and chopped firewood for the couple  Stroud and Jamison built and equipped a winter cabin using an axe, a modern bow saw, and a trapper's tin wood stove left by Getgood and Rowe, along with a metal pot they found 
Family and medical emergencies brought them out of the bush on three occasions  Once when Stroud's father was dying from cancer, another when they both went to be treated for giardiasis, and again when Jamison had a miscarriage  Stroud filmed their primitive living experience and released the 50 minute documentary, Snowshoes and Solitude, which was named Best Documentary at the Muskoka Film Festival and Best Film at the Waterwalker Film Festival In 2001 Stroud produced two one-hour specials for the science news show @discovery ca  These segments follow the same format as Survivorman with Stroud filming his own survival in the wilderness  They were originally broadcast as daily segments over the course of one week but were repackaged as two one-hour specials titled Stranded  The popularity of these pilots spawned the show Survivorman  Stroud produced 23 episodes of the show which began airing in 2004  Stroud also composed and performed the opening theme music of Survivorman In 2006, Stroud produced a 90-minute special documenting his family's journey to building an off-the-grid home  The show, Off the Grid with Les Stroud, chronicled the process of buying property and refitting an old farm house with solar and wind power, a raincatcher and well, as well as the adjustments the Stroud family had to make to adapt to this style of living  Stroud has made multiple television appearances including on  The Late Late Show with Craig Ferguson, The View, The Ellen DeGeneres Show, and Larry King Live Stroud has also hosted an episode of the Discovery channel show I Shouldn't Be Alive titled Lost In The Snow, which aired during its first season and the TV program Surviving Urban Disasters, which aired on the Science Channel and the 20th annual Shark Week on the Discovery Channel In 2010, Stroud hosted and produced the Gemini nominated hit kids TV series Survive This and Survive This 2 (YTV, Cartoon Network) that takes teens into the wilderness to teach them how to survive by giving them some instruction and challenging them with survival scenarios  Stroud's follow-up show to Survivorman was titled Beyond Survival with Les Stroud and debuted in 2010 On April 27, 2018, National Geographic aired Stroud's Alaska's Grizzly Gauntlet on their NGW channel  In 4 episodes, Stroud explores the survival methods and social structure of the Kodiak brown bear 

Music
In addition to film making and wilderness survival, Stroud has also worked in the music industry as a professional musician  After graduation, Stroud worked both as an associate producer for the nascent music channel MuchMusic as well as production manager on music videos for artists such as Rush and Corey Hart  During this time Stroud also played in the David Bowie cover band Diamond Dogs and played lead guitar and composed music for his band New Regime which signed with RCA Records shortly after Stroud left the band As frequently illustrated in his show Survivorman, Stroud is considered an exceptional blues harmonica player 
This instrument is featured prominently in his self-titled debut CD which has been described as "a collection of diverse roots/blues and traditional folk, acoustic music that reflects the uniquely northern spirit of freedom and adventure " Several songs off of this album can be downloaded from his official site  Stroud has performed in and around the Muskoka area and at the Orillia Blues Festival and Toronto Beaches International Jazz Festival 
Stroud and The Northern Pikes have struck up a musical collaboration under the name Les Stroud and the Pikes  Throughout 2005 and 2006 they performed together live several times, and an EP born from this collaboration entitled Long Walk Home was released in the spring of 2007 

Awards
Stroud has received several accolades as a musician   He has won "Best Acoustic/Folk Act", "Best Blues Act" and "Best Overall" awards at the Spirit of the North music festival in New Liskeard, Ontario Stroud's documentary Snowshoes and Solitude was named Best Documentary at the Muskoka Film Festival and Best Film at the Waterwalker Film Festival Stroud was nominated for six Gemini Awards for his work on Survivorman  In 2010, Stroud and his production team was nominated for Best Children's or Youth Non-Fiction Program or Series for Survive This 

Personal life
Stroud has extensive experience with survival and primitive living skills, initially training with expert David Arama  He went on to study with many others including John "Prairie Wolf" McPherson Stroud has been an active participant in adventure racing and has competed at the Canadian championships In late 2008, Stroud and his wife, Sue Jamison, separated 
Passage 5:
The Island (U S  TV series)
The Island is an American survival skills reality television series, hosted by adventurer and survivalist Bear Grylls on NBC, which began airing on May 25, 2015 

Synopsis
Bear Grylls seeks to find out whether a modern American man can survive on a deserted island for one month without the luxuries or the basics of contemporary everyday life  Unlike traditional reality television shows, The Island does not include any prizes, eliminations, or winners 

Production
It is based on the British series The Island with Bear Grylls  The first season has six episodes  In the UK all episodes are available on All 4  In the series' premiere, fourteen men from various occupations and backgrounds are taken to a remote, uninhabited island by Bear Grylls, where they were left completely alone  Filming themselves, the men hunt for food, source water, erect shelter, build community and try to survive using only their strength, determination and know-how  They are equipped with limited tools, a basic medical kit, and a satellite phone for medical emergencies  On August 16, 2016, NBC cancelled The Island after one season 

Cast
Rob Brothers, Stay-at-home Father
Davion Carrillo, Firefighter
Taylor Cole, Radio Producer
Matthew Getz, Embedded Cameraman
Benji Lanpher, Embedded Cameraman
Earnest Marshall, Iraq War Veteran
Dakota Mortensen, Bird Farmer
Jim Murray, Retired Police Chief
Jud Nichols, Criminal Defense Attorney
Dr  Buck Parker M D , Trauma Surgeon
Michael Rossini, Engineer
Graham Sheldon, Embedded Cameraman
Rick Smith, Embedded Cameraman
Trey Williams, Digital Marketing ManagerEvacuated off the islandTaylor Cole (medical, episode 1)
Michael Rossini (medical, episode 2)
Davion Carrillo (medical, episode 3)
Earnest Marshall (personal issues episode 4)
Trey Williams (medical, episode 5)

Episodes
Passage 6:
Bear Grylls
Edward Michael "Bear" Grylls  (; born 7 June 1974) is a British adventurer, writer, television presenter and businessman  He first drew attention after embarking on a number of adventures, and then became widely known for his television series Man vs  Wild (2006–2011)  He is also involved in a number of wilderness survival television series in the UK and US, such as Running Wild with Bear Grylls and The Island with Bear Grylls  In July 2009, Grylls was appointed as The Scout Association’s youngest-ever Chief Scout of the United Kingdom and Overseas Territories at age 35, a post he has held for a second term since 2015 

Personal life
Grylls was born in Donaghadee, Northern Ireland on 7 June 1974  His family has a strong cricketing background, his grandfather Neville Ford and great-great-grandfather William Augustus Ford having both been first-class cricketers  He grew up in Donaghadee, Northern Ireland, until the age of four, when his family moved to Bembridge on the Isle of Wight He is the son of Conservative politician Sir Michael Grylls and his wife Sarah "Sally" (née Ford)  Grylls has one sibling, an elder sister, Lara Fawcett, who gave him the nickname 'Bear' when he was a week old From an early age, he learned to climb and sail with his father, who was a member of the prestigious Royal Yacht Squadron  As a teenager, he learned to skydive and earned a second dan black belt in Shotokan karate  He speaks English, Spanish, and French  He is an Anglican, and has described his Christian faith as the "backbone" in his life: "You can't keep God out  He's all around us, if we're just still enough to listen "Grylls married Shara Cannings Knight in 2000  They have three sons, born in 2003, 2006 and 2009 In August 2015, Grylls left his 11-year-old son on Saint Tudwal's Island along the North Wales coast, as the tide approached, leaving him to be rescued by the Royal National Lifeboat Institution (RNLI) as part of their weekly practice missions  The child was unharmed, though the RNLI later criticised Grylls for the stunt, saying its crew "had not appreciated" that a child would be involved Grylls used to be a vegan but now consumes a diet predominant in animal-based foods, fruits and honey 

Education
Grylls was educated at Eaton House, Ludgrove School and Eton College, where he helped start its first mountaineering club  He studied Spanish and German at the University of the West of England, Bristol and at Birkbeck College, where he graduated with a 2:2 bachelor's degree, obtained part-time, in Hispanic studies in 2002 

Military service
After leaving school, Grylls briefly hiked in the Himalayan mountains of Sikkim and West Bengal  From 1994–1997, he served in the Territorial Army with 21 SAS as a trooper  His time in the SAS ended as the result of a free fall parachuting accident in Kenya in 1996; his parachute failed to open, causing him to break three vertebrae In 2004, Grylls was awarded the honorary rank of lieutenant commander in the Royal Naval Reserve  Then in 2013 he was awarded the honorary rank of lieutenant colonel in the Royal Marines Reserve, and promoted to Honorary Colonel in June 2021 

Expeditions
Everest
On 16 May 1998, Grylls achieved his childhood dream of climbing to the summit of Mount Everest in Nepal, 18 months after breaking three vertebrae in a parachuting accident  At 23, he was at the time among the youngest people to have achieved this feat  There is some dispute over whether he was the youngest Briton to have done so, as he was preceded by James Allen, a climber holding dual Australian and British citizenship, who reached the summit in 1995 at age 22  The record has since been surpassed by Jake Meyer and then Rob Gauntlett who summitted at age 19  To prepare for climbing at such high altitudes in the Himalayas, in 1997, Grylls became the youngest Briton to climb Ama Dablam, a peak once described by Sir Edmund Hillary as "unclimbable", although now the third most popular in the Himalayas for permitted expeditions 

Circumnavigation of the UK
In 2000, Grylls led the team to circumnavigate the British Isles on jet skis, taking about 30 days, to raise money for the Royal National Lifeboat Institution (RNLI)  He also rowed naked in a homemade bathtub along the Thames to raise funds for a friend who lost his legs in a climbing accident 

Crossing the North Atlantic
In 2003, he led a team of five, including his childhood friend, SAS colleague, and Mount Everest climbing partner Mick Crosthwaite, on an unassisted crossing of the north Atlantic Ocean, in an open rigid inflatable boat  Grylls and his team traveled in an eleven-metre-long boat and encountered force 8 gale winds with waves breaking over the boat while passing through icebergs in their journey from Halifax, Nova Scotia to John o' Groats, Scotland 

Dinner party at altitude
In 2005, alongside the balloonist and mountaineer David Hempleman-Adams and Lieutenant Commander Alan Veal, leader of the Royal Navy Freefall Parachute Display Team, Grylls created a world record for the highest open-air formal dinner party, which they did under a hot-air balloon at 7,600 metres (25,000 ft), dressed in full mess dress and oxygen masks  To train for the event, he made over 200 parachute jumps  This event was in aid of The Duke of Edinburgh's Award and The Prince's Trust 

Paramotoring over the Himalayas
In 2007, Grylls embarked on a record-setting Parajet paramotor in Himalayas near Mount Everest  He took off from 4,400 metres (14,500 ft), 8 miles (13 km) south of the mountain  Grylls reported looking down on the summit during his ascent and coping with temperatures of −60 °C (−76 °F)  He endured dangerously low oxygen levels and eventually reached 9,000 metres (29,500 ft), almost 3,000 metres (10,000 ft) higher than the previous record of 6,102 metres (20,019 ft)  The feat was filmed for Discovery Channel worldwide as well as Channel 4 in the UK  While Grylls initially planned to cross over Everest itself, the permit was only to fly to the south of Everest, and he did not traverse Everest out of risk of violating Chinese airspace 

Journey Antarctica 2008
In 2008, Grylls led a team of four to climb one of the most remote unclimbed peaks in the world in Antarctica, to raise funds for children's charity Global Angels and promote the use of alternative energies  During this mission the team also aimed to explore the coast of Antarctica by inflatable boat and jetski, part powered by bioethanol, and then to travel across some of the vast ice desert by wind-powered kite-ski and electric powered paramotor  However, the expedition was cut short after Grylls suffered a broken shoulder while kite skiing across a stretch of ice  Travelling at speeds up to 50 km/h (30 mph), a ski caught on the ice, launching him in the air and breaking his shoulder when he came down  He had to be medically evacuated 

Longest indoor freefall
Grylls, along with the double amputee Al Hodgson and the Scotsman Freddy MacDonald, set a Guinness world record in 2008 for the longest continuous indoor freefall  The previous record was 1 hour 36 minutes by a US team  Grylls, Hodgson, and MacDonald, using a vertical wind tunnel in Milton Keynes, broke the record by a few seconds  The attempt was in support of the charity Global Angels 

Northwest Passage expedition
In September 2010, Grylls led a team of five to take an ice-breaking rigid-inflatable boat (RIB) through 5,700 nautical miles (10,600 km) of the ice-strewn Northwest Passage  The expedition intended to raise awareness of the effects of global warming and to raise money for children's charity Global Angels 

Career
Books
Grylls' first book, Facing Up (UK)/The Kid Who Climbed Everest (US), described his expedition and achievements climbing to the summit of Mount Everest  His second was Facing the Frozen Ocean  His third book Born Survivor: Bear Grylls was written to accompany the TV series of the same name  He also wrote an extreme guide to outdoor pursuits, titled Bear Grylls Outdoor Adventures In 2011, Grylls released his autobiography, Mud, Sweat and Tears: The Autobiography, followed by A Survival Guide for Life in late 2012 and True Grit in 2013 Grylls also wrote the Mission Survival series of children's adventure survival books titled: Mission Survival: Gold of the Gods, Mission Survival: Way of the Wolf, Mission Survival: Sands of the Scorpion, Mission Survival: Tracks of the Tiger and Mission Survival: Claws of the Crocodile  He has written two thriller novels based around his character Will Jaeger; Ghost Flight released in 2015 and Burning Angels in 2016 In 2019, Grylls published a Christian devotional titled Soul Fuel In October 2021, Grylls released his second autobiography, Never Give Up; covering some of his most memorable events and adventures In 2022, Grylls published Mind Fuel: Simple Ways to Build Mental Resilience Every Day   Grylls told The Christian Post that it "offers honest and practical ways to practice better mental health    a crucial part of living a healthy, God-glorying life "In April 2023, Grylls released You Vs the World: The Bear Grylls Guide to Never Giving Up; a motivational book aimed at children 

Television
Grylls was used by the UK Ministry of Defence to head the Army's anti-drugs TV campaign, and featured in the first ever major advertising campaign for Harrods  Grylls has been a guest on numerous talk shows including Friday Night with Jonathan Ross, The Oprah Winfrey Show, Late Night with Conan O'Brien, The Tonight Show with Jay Leno, Attack of the Show!, Late Show with David Letterman, Jimmy Kimmel Live! and Harry Hill's TV Burp  Grylls recorded two advertisements for Post's Trail Mix Crunch Cereal, which aired in the US from January 2009  He also appeared as a "distinguished instructor" in Dos Equis' Most Interesting Academy in a webisode named "Survival in the Modern Era"  He appeared in a five-part web series that demonstrates urban survival techniques and features Grylls going from bush to bash  He also has marketed the Alpha Course, a course on the basics of the Christian faith  In 2013, Grylls appeared in an airline safety video for Air New Zealand entitled Bear Essentials of Safety, filmed against the backdrop of the Routeburn Track on the southern tip of New Zealand's South Island  In 2014, Grylls appeared on Piers Morgan's Life Stories 

Escape to the Legion
Grylls filmed a four-part TV show in 2005, called Escape to the Legion, which followed Grylls and eleven other "recruits" as they took part in a shortened re-creation of the French Foreign Legion's basic desert training in the Sahara  The show was first broadcast in the UK on Channel 4, and in the US on the Military Channel 

Born Survivor/Man vs  Wild
Grylls hosts a series titled Born Survivor: Bear Grylls for the British Channel 4 and broadcast as Man vs  Wild in Australia, New Zealand, Canada, India, and the United States, and as Ultimate Survival on the Discovery Channel in Europe, Asia, and Africa  The series features Grylls dropped into inhospitable places, showing viewers how to survive  Man vs  Wild debuted in 2006, and its success led it to lasting seven seasons over five years 
The show has featured stunts including Grylls climbing cliffs, parachuting from helicopters, balloons, and planes, paragliding, ice climbing, running through a forest fire, wading rapids, eating snakes, wrapping his urine-soaked T-shirt around his head to help stave off the desert heat, drinking urine saved in a rattlesnake skin, drinking fecal liquid from elephant dung, eating deer droppings, wrestling alligators, field dressing a camel carcass and drinking water from it, eating various "creepy crawlies" [insects], using the corpse of a sheep as a sleeping bag and flotation device, free climbing waterfalls and using a bird guano/water enema for hydration The show caused controversy after a programme consultant revealed that Grylls actually stayed in a hotel on some nights — including an episode in Hawaii in which Grylls was ostensibly stranded on a deserted island — and that certain scenes were staged for him  Grylls subsequently apologized to viewers who might have felt misled In March 2012, the Discovery Channel dropped Grylls from its lineup because of a contractual dispute, although he has subsequently worked with them again 
In August 2019, Bear Grylls appeared with Indian Prime Minister, Narendra Modi in a special episode shot in the India's Jim Corbett National Park, Uttarakhand  The episode was showcased in more than 180 countries across the world on the Discovery, Inc  network 

Worst-Case Scenario
In 2010, Grylls came out with a new project titled Worst-Case Scenario which aired on Discovery in the US  It is based on the popular books of the same name  Twelve episodes were produced before the show was cancelled 

Bear's Wild Weekend
In 2011, he made two specials under the title Bear's Wild Weekend for Channel 4 in the UK which was broadcast over the Christmas holiday that year  Each special featured Grylls taking either Jonathan Ross or Miranda Hart on short two-day adventures; Ross to rainforest in the Canary Islands, Hart to the Swiss Alps  These screened in the US under the title Bear Grylls' Wild Adventure  A third episode with Stephen Fry, this time in the Dolomite mountains of South Tyrol, screened in late 2013 In 2014, two further episodes were aired in the UK under the title Wild Weekends  The first of these was the 2011 special of Man vs  Wild featuring Jake Gyllenhaal, and the second was the Running Wild episode featuring Ben Stiller 

Get Out Alive
Grylls hosted Get Out Alive with Bear Grylls, a reality competition series filmed in New Zealand, which premiered on NBC on 8 July 2013 

Escape from Hell
In Bear Grylls: Escape from Hell, he reveals the true life stories of ordinary people trapped in extraordinary situations of survival  The six-episode series premiered on the Discovery Channel in the UK on 4 October 2013, and in the US on 11 November 2013 

The Island
He presented The Island with Bear Grylls, first shown on Channel 4 on 5 May 2014  An American version of the show was also made and it premiered on 25 May 2015 on NBC 

Running Wild with Bear Grylls
In this adventure TV series from NBC, which premiered on 28 July 2014, Grylls takes celebrities on a two-day trip in the wilderness  The celebrities who took part in Season 1 are Zac Efron, Ben Stiller, Tamron Hall, Deion Sanders, Channing Tatum, and Tom Arnold  Celebrities who took part in Season 2 were Kate Winslet, Kate Hudson, Drew Brees, Jesse Tyler Ferguson, Ed Helms, Michelle Rodriguez, Ajay Devgan, Akshay Kumar, Rajanikanth, India's prime minister Narendra Modi, James Marsden, Michael B  Jordan, and President Barack Obama 

Mission Survive
In 2015, he began presenting the six-part ITV series Bear Grylls: Mission Survive which features eight celebrities on a twelve-day survival mission  The series began airing on 20 February 2015  Mission Survive returned for a second series in 2016 

Bear Grylls Survival School
In 2016, he presented a CITV series called Bear Grylls Survival School  Filming started in August 2015  The series began airing on 10 January 2016  A second series was scheduled to begin on 7 January 2017 

Survivor Games
In summer 2015, China's Dragon TV ordered a Grylls-fronted adventure series titled Survivor Games (Chinese: 跟着贝尔去冒险)  The series featured Grylls and eight Chinese celebrities and premiered on Dragon TV on 16 October 2015 

Bear's Mission
In 2018, ITV began airing a new series similar to the USA series "Running Wild with Bear Grylls" called "Bear's Mission with   "  This show focuses on one British celebrity taking an overnight adventure with Bear each episode  The series premiered on ITV on early 2018 

You vs  Wild
Later, Grylls went on to release an interactive series on streaming service Netflix 

World's Toughest Race: Eco-Challenge Fiji
Grylls presented the revival of the Eco-Challenge series, which is titled World's Toughest Race: Eco-Challenge Fiji  It involved teams from around the world competing in an adventure race, which took place in Fiji  The series premiered on Amazon Prime Video on 14 August 2020 

Bear Grylls Wild Adventure
Spring 2021, two-part ITV series featuring Jonny Wilkinson and Nicola Adams, respectively 

Running Wild With Bear Grylls: The Challenge
Premiered in July 2022, it is a spin-off of Grylls' long running Running Wild With Bear Grylls series 

Bear Grylls Meets President Zelenskyy
In this documentary that aired on Channel 4 on 28 March 2023, Grylls travels to Ukraine to meet President Zelenskyy and to meet civilians caught up in the war with Russia 

I Survived Bear Grylls
Upcoming eight-part competition series; co-hosted with comedian Jordan Conley 

Motivational speaking
Outside of TV, Grylls works as a motivational speaker, giving speeches worldwide to corporations, churches, schools, and other organisations 

Be Military Fit
Bear Grylls Ventures and NM Capital purchased British Military Fitness in September 2018 and re-branded as "Be Military Fit with Bear Grylls", to retain the existing abbreviation BMF  The company runs outdoor group fitness classes in 140 public parks and outdoor spaces across the United Kingdom  The classes are led by former or serving members of the British Armed Forces with recognised fitness training qualifications  It is Europe's largest outdoor fitness company 

Charity and politics
Grylls is an ambassador for The Prince's Trust, an organisation which provides training, financial, and practical support to young people in the United Kingdom Global Angels, a UK charity which seeks to aid children around the world, were the beneficiaries of his 2007 accomplishment of taking a powered para-glider higher than Mount Everest  Grylls' held the highest ever dinner party at 7,600 metres (25,000 ft) in aid of The Duke of Edinburgh's Award Scheme, and launched the 50th anniversary of the Awards  His successful circumnavigation of Britain on jet skis raised money for the Royal National Lifeboat Institution 
Grylls' Everest climb was in aid of SSAFA Forces Help, a British-based charitable organisation set up to help former and serving members of the British Armed Forces and their families and dependents  His 2003 Arctic expedition detailed in the book Facing the Frozen Ocean was in aid of The Prince's Trust  His 2005 attempt to para-motor over the Angel Falls was in aid of the charity Hope and Homes for Children In August 2010, Grylls continued his fund-raising work for Global Angels by undertaking an expedition through the Northwest Passage in a rigid inflatable boat  Many of his expeditions also support environmental causes such as his Antarctica expedition and his circumnavigation of Britain which tested a pioneering new fuel made from rubbish  In 2011, Grylls was in New Zealand during the February 2011 Christchurch earthquake  Following the incident, he appeared on New Zealand advertisements encouraging people to donate money to help rebuild the city Grylls is also an ambassador for Care for Children, an organisation that partners with governments in Asia to help create a positive alternative to institutional care through local family-based care for disadvantaged children  In 2014, Grylls designed a Scouts-themed Paddington Bear statue, one of fifty located around London prior to the release of the film Paddington, which was auctioned to raise funds for the National Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Children (NSPCC) Grylls said he spoke "from the heart" in backing "Remain" in the 2016 referendum  "At such a time for the UK to retreat, run and cut ourselves loose from Europe, when there are so many challenges on our doorstep, to me just doesn't feel either courageous or kind," he said  "Europe has many flaws, but I also believe the way to help resolve many of those tough issues is from within    I have never been a good quitter and I am so proud of the UK and our values: tolerance, kindness, respect, courage and resilience  This is why I want us to stay together and Remain in Europe " In January 2020, he announced that he had asserted his right to Irish citizenship and had obtained an Irish passport Grylls was appointed Officer of the Order of the British Empire (OBE) in the 2019 Birthday Honours for services to young people, the media and charity 

Positions in Scouting
Designation of Chief Ambassador of World Scouting
On 16 November 2018, The World Organization of the Scout Movement announced the appointment of Bear Grylls as its first Chief Ambassador  Upon his appointment, he said "I'm very proud and humbled to take on this new role as Chief Ambassador of World Scouting and continue to promote the great work Scouting is doing across the globe  Scouting is a worldwide force for good that unites young people with positive values and an adventurous spirit  We aim to make a difference in our communities, help young people learn new skills, and be kind to all people "Bear has long been a supporter of Scouting around the world often visiting Scout groups on his filming missions and appeared at the 24th World Scout Jamboree in his role as Chief Ambassador

Term as Chief Scout of the Scout Association
On 17 May 2009, The Scout Association announced Grylls would be appointed Chief Scout following the end of Peter Duncan's five-year term in July 2009  He was officially made Chief Scout at Gilwell 24 on 11 July 2009 in a handover event featuring Peter Duncan in front of a crowd of over 3,000 Explorer Scouts  He is the tenth person to hold the position and the youngest Chief Scout since the role was created for Robert Baden-Powell in 1920 On 9 April 2015, The Scout Association announced that Grylls would continue as Chief Scout until 2018  Grylls wrote, "I am so proud that the largest youth movement on the planet has asked me to continue in my role as UK Chief Scout "On 5 June 2015, Grylls, in an interview with The Telegraph, praised the challenge of being Britain's youngest Chief Scout, saying "Scouting humbles me every day"  He remains Chief Scout in 2022 

Ambasador in United24
On 29 March 2023, Bear Grylls has become an ambassador for the UNITED24 platform  His education company BecomingX, together with Amazon and Accenture, is developing the BecomingX Ukraine learning platform for Ukrainians 

See also
Scouting portal



ground_truth: 2006