prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: Name a member of a British-American supergroup who recored a version of Nobody's child in 1990

The following are given passages.
Context 1: Passage 1:
Nobody for Everybody
Nobody for Everybody is the Japanese debut EP by South Korean girl group Wonder Girls  Its title song is "Nobody" ～あなたしか見えない～ (ノーバディ, Nōbadi), first released on their third Korean mini-album, The Wonder Years: Trilogy in 2008  This is the fourth language that "Nobody" has been released in; the song was first released in Korean and was followed by English and Chinese versions 
The EP consists of the Japanese version of "Nobody" as well as 2012 re-recordings of "Nobody" (in both Korean and English), "Saying I Love You", and "You're Out"  These 2012 recordings include vocals of member Hyerim who entered the group in 2010, replacing the group's original member Sunmi 

Background
After announcing the Wonder Girls as spokesmodels for the brand "Marshpuff" in Japan, JYPE requested that their Japanese record label, DefStar Records, listen to the Wonder Girls' released albums and singles before deciding on what song would be their debut in the country  The label had strong mutual interest in "Nobody", so it was chosen as the title song for their first Japanese album In May 2012, the Wonder Girls officially announced their debut into the Japanese market with a Japanese version of "Nobody", "Nobody ～あなたしか見えない～"  JYP JYPE stated: "Wonder Girls have received numerous inquiries from Japan and [are] observing their advertisement and music business flourishing even without their official introduction "
The EP was released on July 25, 2012 in three different physical variants 

Track listing
Charts
Passage 2:
Alina Margolis-Edelman
Alina Margolis-Edelman (18 April 1922 – 23 March 2008) was a Polish physician, Holocaust survivor, and resistance fighter during the Warsaw Ghetto Uprising, who was forced to flee Poland during a revival of anti-Semitism in Poland in 1968  Joining Doctors Without Borders, she later helped found Doctors of the World, participating in medical missions in Africa and the Middle East, Latin America, and Eastern Europe  Simultaneously, she worked as a physician, practicing at Necker-Enfants Malades Hospital and the Maternal-Infant Protection Service in Seine-Saint-Denis  In 1990, she returned to Poland, and began an association, "Nobody's Children", to fight against child abuse in Poland  She was the recipient of numerous awards and honors 

Early life
Alina Margolis was born on 18 April 1922 in Łódź, Poland, to the Jewish 
physician Anna (née Markson) and her husband, Aleksander Margolis, who was also a physician  Anna was the director of the radiology department and chief of the tubercular service division of Anna Maria Hospital  Aleksander, also known by the pseudonym Paweł Gart, was an internist and head of the Municipal General Hospital of Radogoszcz, and a member of the Łódź City Council, until he was executed by the Gestapo in 1939  After his death, the family was relocated to the Warsaw Ghetto, to await transport to Treblinka  Anna managed to enroll Alina in the Jewish School of Nursing founded by Lama Blum-Bielica, and she worked in one of the hospitals in the ghetto  When transport became imminent, Anna left the ghetto with the children, all of them posing as "Aryan"  Anna placed her son in a Christian orphanage, and she went into hiding Margolis hid with a Polish family who were anti-Semitic and who believed that she was the daughter of a Polish officer who was a prisoner of war  She worked as a courier for the Resistance and continued nursing in ghetto, becoming an integral part of the rescue efforts following the Warsaw Ghetto Uprising  The insurgency lasted three weeks, and consisted mostly of Jewish youth, led by a five-person command  One of the commanders, Marek Edelman, was the sole survivor of the leadership  When German troops burned the ghetto, Edelman attempted escape by way of the sewer system  Underground members, disguising themselves as Polish Red Cross workers, carried him out of the ghetto on a stretcher  One of the stretcher-bearers was Margolis  To ensure that no one would investigate too closely, the underground posted a sign on Edelman's body declaring him to have typhus, easily passing armed checkpoints Before the war ended, Margolis and Edelman returned to Łódź, and were joined, when the war ended, by her mother and brother, John  In mid-1945, Margolis and Edelman married, moved to the house which her family had occupied before the war, and she began her medical studies 

Career
Completing her education, Margolis-Edelman became a pediatrician, working in the Łódź Pediatric Clinic  She specialized in diseases of the kidney and juvenile diabetes, establishing a clinic in Rąbka  She conducted research into these diseases and published her findings  In 1951, Margolis-Edelman had her son Alexander and five years later, gave birth to the couples' daughter, Anna  In the midst of preparing for her habilitation, the 1968 Polish political crisis unleashed a new wave of antisemitism and Margolis-Edelman was not allowed to defend her thesis  She and her children fled to France, but her husband remained in Łódź, providing humanitarian services to anyone in need  Unable to convince the French university to accept her Polish degree, she began her studies all over again and worked in a laboratory analyzing the blood of rats to earn a living After five years of study, Margolis-Edelman re-earned her ability to practice medicine and became head of the chemistry department where she worked and practicing pediatrics at the Necker-Enfants Malades Hospital  She also worked in the Maternal-Infant Protection Service in Seine-Saint-Denis, as well as serving the communes of Aubervilliers and La Courneuve  In 1978, she began working with Doctors Without Borders, on hospital ships with Vietnamese boat people, work that was later officially recognized by the Vietnamese government  When Bernard Kouchner left the organization, he and Margolis-Edelman co-founded Doctors of the World  She participated in medical missions to such places as Afghanistan, Chad, El Salvador, Guatemala, Lebanon, and Nicaragua During the 1981-1983 period of martial law in Poland, Margolis-Edelman supported the pro-democracy opposition  She organized internships abroad for Polish doctors, helped those who could not obtain treatment in Poland, and sent drugs and supplies to Polish hospitals, which were unable to obtain them at the time  She helped found the Franco-Polish association "SOS Aide aux Malades Polonais", to assist Poles in obtaining treatment in France  Around the same time, she served as president of the Literary Notebook Association (French: Les Cahiers Littéraires) and established the quarterly magazine Zeszyty Literackie in Paris  In 1990, she returned to Poland and established an organization called Nobody's Children to care for victims of child abuse and lobby for their protection  During the Bosnian War, she co-founded a rape victim support center and a center in Saint Petersburg to care for street children In 1994, Margolis-Edelman wrote a memoir about her pre-war and World War II experiences, Ala z Elementarza (later translated to English in 1998, as Ala from the Primer)  The title was a reference of an earlier work by Marian Falski  As children, Margolis and her brother inspired Falski to write a widely-read early reading primer about two children, Ala and Olek  The title of Margolis-Edelman's memoir, referred to the earlier work's characters  In 1997, Margolis-Edelman published another memoir, entitled Je ne le répéterai pas, je ne veux pas le répéter (I will not repeat it, I do not want to repeat it)  She was awarded the Cross of Valor for her humanitarian work and a knighthood by the Order of the Smile 

Death and legacy
Margolis-Edelman died on 23 March 2008 in Paris, and was buried in the Cimetière parisien de Bagneux  A symbolic gravesite was placed as a memorial to her at the Jewish Cemetery in Warsaw  In 2010, a documentary, The Girl From A Reading Primer, directed by Edyta Wróblewska and produced by Studio Filmowe Kalejdoskop, detailing Margolis-Edelman's life was released  In 2011, an award named in her honor was established to recognize those who work to protect children 
Passage 3:
Sarah Polley
Sarah Ellen Polley  (born January 8, 1979) is a Canadian filmmaker, political activist and retired actress  She first garnered attention as a child actress for her role as Ramona Quimby in the television series Ramona, based on Beverly Cleary's books  This subsequently led to her role as Sara Stanley in the Canadian television series Road to Avonlea (1990–1996)  She has starred in many feature films, including The Adventures of Baron Munchausen (1988), Exotica (1994), The Sweet Hereafter (1997), Guinevere (1999), Go (1999), The Weight of Water (2000), No Such Thing (2001), My Life Without Me (2003), Dawn of the Dead (2004), Splice (2009), and Mr  Nobody (2009) 
Polley made her feature film directorial debut with Away from Her (2006), for which she won the Canadian Screen Award for Best Director and was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Adapted Screenplay  Polley's second film, Take This Waltz (2011), premiered at the 2011 Toronto International Film Festival, followed by her first documentary film, Stories We Tell (2012)  She also wrote the miniseries Alias Grace, based on the 1996 novel of the same name by Margaret Atwood  In 2022, Polley wrote and directed the film Women Talking, based on the 2018 novel of the same name by Miriam Toews, for which she won the Academy Award for Best Adapted Screenplay 

Early life
Polley was born and raised in Toronto, Ontario, Canada, the youngest of five children born to Diane Elizabeth Polley (née MacMillan)  Her siblings are Susy and John Buchan from Diane's first marriage to George Deans-Buchan, and Mark and Joanna Polley from her second marriage to Michael Polley (1933–2018), a British-born actor who became an insurance agent after starting a family with Diane  Her uncle was the Buffalo Sabres play by play caller Ted Darling 
Her mother was an actress (best known for playing Gloria Beechham in 44 episodes of the Canadian TV series Street Legal) and a casting director  She died of cancer the week of Polley's 11th birthday Polley suffered from severe scoliosis as a child and underwent a spinal operation at 15 that required her to spend the next year in bed recovering Polley was raised by Diane and Michael  During her childhood, Polley's siblings teased her because she bore no physical resemblance to Michael  Polley discovered as an adult that her biological father was actually Harry Gulkin, with whom her mother had an affair (as chronicled in Polley's film Stories We Tell)  Gulkin, the son of Russian Jewish immigrants, was a Quebec-born film producer who produced the 1975 Canadian film Lies My Father Told Me, and had met Diane after attending a play in which she acted in Montreal in 1978  When Polley turned 18, she decided to follow up on suggestions from her mother's friends that her biological father might be Geoff Bowes—one of three castmates from her mother's play in Montreal  Meeting with Gulkin as just someone who could provide information about Diane in Montreal, he informed Polley of his affair with Diane  Gulkin's paternity was later confirmed by a DNA test Polley attended Subway Academy II, then Earl Haig Secondary School, but dropped out at age 15  By the age of 15 she was living on her own and credits the Ontario Coalition Against Poverty for housing her and developing her work with activism 

Career
Early career
Her first appearance on screen was at the age of four, as Molly in the film One Magic Christmas  She was in the pilot episode for Friday the 13th – The Series and appeared in a small role in William Fruet's sci-fi horror film Blue Monkey, both in 1987   At age of eight, she was cast as Ramona Quimby in the television series Ramona, based on Beverly Cleary's books 
That same year, she played one of the lead characters in Terry Gilliam's The Adventures of Baron Munchausen  Polley burst into the public eye in 1990 as Sara Stanley on the popular CBC television series Road to Avonlea  The series made her famous and financially independent, and she was hailed as "Canada's Sweetheart" by the popular press  The show was picked up by the Disney Channel for distribution in the United States  At the age of 12 (around 1991), Polley attended an awards ceremony while wearing a peace sign to protest the first Gulf War  Disney executives asked her to remove it, and she refused  This soured her relationship with Disney, but she continued on Road to Avonlea until 1994  The show ran until 1996; Polley did return as Sara Stanley for an episode in 1995 and for the series finale 
In 1994 Polley made her theatre debut at the Stratford Festival playing Alice in Alice Through the Looking Glass, an adaptation of Lewis Carroll's book of the same name  Polley ended her run early, claiming complications from scoliosis  In 2022 she revealed she had in fact been suffering from intense stage fright, something that continued to plague her into adulthood 

Transition into more adult roles
Polley appeared as Lily on the CBC television series Straight Up, which ran from 1996 to 1998, winning the Gemini Award for Best Performance in a Children's or Youth Program or Series for her role  Polley's subsequent role as Nicole Burnell in the 1997 film The Sweet Hereafter brought her considerable attention in the United States; she was a favourite at the Sundance Film Festival  Her character in the film was an aspiring singer, and on the film's soundtrack, she performed covers of The Tragically Hip's "Courage" and Jane Siberry's "One More Colour" and sang the film's title track, which she co-wrote with Mychael Danna In 1998, Polley appeared in the critically acclaimed film Last Night  The following year, she starred as part of the ensemble cast in the film Go  She was cast in the role of Penny Lane in the big-budget 2000 film Almost Famous, but dropped out of the project to return to Canada for the low-budget The Law of Enclosures  Her role in the 2003 film My Life Without Me garnered the Genie Award for Best Performance by an Actress in a Leading Role in 2004  In the same year, she starred in a lead role in the remake of Dawn of the Dead, which was a departure from her other indie roles 
In 2005, she starred in The Secret Life of Words, opposite Tim Robbins and Julie Christie  She was nominated as Best European Actress by the European Film Academy for her role as Hanna In 2006, Polley took a role on the acclaimed series Slings and Arrows during its third and final season  Polley's father, Michael Polley, was a regular on the show during its entire three-season run  She served as a member of the 2007 Cannes Film Festival jury 
In 2008, Polley appeared as Nabby Adams in the HBO miniseries based on the life of John Adams  Polley played Elise in Jaco Van Dormael's Mr  Nobody, which was released in 2010  Critical response has praised the film's artistry and Polley's acting   Later that year, she also appeared in a cameo role in Bruce MacDonald's film Trigger Though Polley never officially announced her retirement from acting, she has not taken an acting role since 2010, transitioning into a writing and directing career 

Directing career
In 1999, Polley made her first short film, The Best Day of My Life, for the On the Fly 4 Film Festival  She also made a second short film that year, Don't Think Twice  Polley attended the Canadian Film Centre's directing program in 2001, and won the Genie Award for Best Live Action Short Drama in 2003 for her short film I Shout Love  She made her feature-length film directing debut with Away from Her, which Polley adapted from the Alice Munro short story The Bear Came Over the Mountain  The movie, starring Julie Christie (with whom she had played in No Such Thing, 2001, and The Secret Life of Words, 2005), debuted at the Toronto International Film Festival on September 11, 2006, as part of the TIFF's Gala showcase 
Away from Her was acquired by Lionsgate for release in the US for the sum of $750,000  It drew rave reviews from Variety, The Hollywood Reporter, and the three Toronto dailies, both for the performances of Christie and her co-star, Canadian actor Gordon Pinsent, and for Polley's direction  It also earned Polley a 2007 Academy Award nomination for Best Adapted Screenplay, and won the Genie Award for Best Achievement in Direction  At the 2008 Genies, she was also awarded the Claude Jutra Award, which recognizes outstanding achievement by a first-time feature film director Polley wrote and directed her second feature, Take This Waltz starring Michelle Williams, Luke Kirby, Seth Rogen, and Sarah Silverman, which premiered at the Toronto International Film Festival in 2011 
Her documentary film Stories We Tell premiered at the 69th Venice International Film Festival in competition in the Venice Days category, and its North American premiere followed at the 2012 Toronto International Film Festival  The critically acclaimed documentary examined family secrets in Polley's own childhood  She was awarded the CAN$100,000 prize for best Canadian film of the year by the Toronto Film Critics Association  In 2017, Polley executive produced the film A Better Man (2017),In late 2012, Polley announced that she would be adapting Margaret Atwood's novel Alias Grace  Polley first wrote to Atwood asking to adapt the novel when she was 17  They held off for 20 years until she was ready to make the show  In August 2014, during a profile of her work as a director, Polley announced that Alias Grace was being adapted into a six-part miniseries  In June 2016, the series was confirmed with Polley writing and producing  The series premiered in 2017 on CBC Television in Canada; it streams on Netflix globally, outside of Canada  It received positive reviews from critics In June 2014, it was announced that she would be writing and directing an adaptation of John Green's Looking for Alaska  In March 2015, Polley was hired to write the script for a new adaptation of Little Women, as well as potentially direct; however, Polley's involvement in the project never went beyond initial discussions, despite reports  In her 2022 essay collection Run Towards the Danger, Polley revealed she had been working on a second draft of the Little Women screenplay when she had a traumatic head injury resulting in post-concussion syndrome that left her with symptoms for four years so she was temporarily unable to work  It was subsequently announced in June that, due to scheduling conflicts, Polley would no longer be directing Looking for Alaska 
In an interview, Polley stated that she takes pride in her work and enjoys both acting and directing, but is not keen on combining the two:I like the feeling of keeping them separate  I find that really gratifying  I can't imagine combining those  For me, I love the feeling of using different parts of my brain separately  In a 2015 retrospective of the movie Go, Mike D'Angelo of The A V  Club commented that Polley's decision to go into directing had "deprived the world of many potentially great performances", calling her a "superb actor"  In December 2020, it was announced Polley would direct Women Talking based upon the novel of the same name by Miriam Toews for Orion Pictures  It premiered at the 49th Telluride Film Festival on September 2, 2022, and went into wide release on December 23, 2022  It was released to widespread acclaim, with 90% of critics giving it a positive review on Rotten Tomatoes  Shirley Li of The Atlantic called it "vibrant cinema," while Anna Bogutskaya of Time Out said that it "imagines female emancipation as an honest, raging, caring experience " Polley won the Academy Award for Best Adapted Screenplay at the 95th Academy Awards, and the film was also nominated for the Academy Award for Best Picture 
In 2023, Polley was revealed to be in talks to direct Disney's live action adaptation of Bambi 

Writing career
Polley has written numerous essays over the years about her experiences as a child star  In 2022, she released her first book of essays, the autobiographical, Run Towards the Danger which contains six essays that examine aspects of Polley's career on stage, screen, and on film, detailing her roles in a Stratford Festival production of Alice Through the Looking Glass, as well as her breakout roles in The Adventures of Baron Munchausen and the TV series Road to Avonlea  The book also revealed for the first time that Polley had been a victim of Jian Ghomeshi who sexually and physically assaulted her when she was 16 and he was 28 

Political and social activism
Following the row with Disney as a twelve-year-old for wearing a peace sign to protest against the Gulf War, Polley dedicated more of her efforts to politics, becoming a prominent member of the Ontario New Democratic Party (ONDP), where Ontario legislator Peter Kormos was her political mentor  In 1996, she gave a nomination speech for Kormos at the ONDP leadership convention which she later referred to as the "proudest moment in [her] life" In 1995, she lost two back teeth after being struck by a riot police officer during a protest against the provincial Progressive Conservative government of Mike Harris in Queen's Park  She was subsequently involved with the Ontario Coalition Against Poverty  She subsequently scaled back her political activism 
She was part of a group in 2001 which opposed the proposed Free Trade Area of the Americas  The 3rd Summit of the Americas was held in Quebec City in April 2001  In 2003, she was part of former Toronto mayor David Miller's transition advisory team 
In 2009, Polley directed a two-minute short film in support of the Heart and Stroke Foundation of Canada  In advance of the film's airing in Canada during the 82nd Academy Awards, and following news reports that characterized the film as a marketing exercise for the margarine company Becel, Polley withdrew her association with the film  "In December 2009, I made a film to be aired during the Academy Awards that I believed was to promote the Heart and Stroke Foundation  When I agreed to make this film ["The Heart"], I was thrilled, as I was proud to be associated with the work of this incredible organization  However, I have since learned that my film is also being used to promote a product  Regretfully, I am forced to remove my name from the film and disassociate myself from it  I have never actively promoted any corporate brand, and cannot do so now " In response, Becel said it was a "founding sponsor" of the Heart Truth campaign and had commissioned the film "to put heart health on the radar of Canadian women" In January 2012, Polley endorsed Toronto MP Peggy Nash in the 2012 New Democratic Party leadership race to succeed Jack Layton On October 15, 2017, Polley wrote an op-ed piece in The New York Times detailing her experience with Harvey Weinstein and with Hollywood's treatment of women generally, and making a connection between Hollywood's gendered power relations and Polley's not having acted in years 

Personal life
Paternity revelations
In 2007, Polley discovered that her father, Michael Polley, who had raised her, was not her biological father  The story of her mother's affair and her biological father Harry Gulkin, producer of the film Lies My Father Told Me (1975), was chronicled in Polley's film Stories We Tell (2012) 

Marriages and children
On September 10, 2003, Polley married Canadian film editor David Wharnsby, her boyfriend of seven years  They divorced five years later, in 2008 On August 23, 2011, Polley married David Sandomierski, who at the time was working on his SJD degree (equivalent to a PhD in law) at the University of Toronto, which he would complete six years later, in 2017  They have three children together 

Sexual assault by Jian Ghomeshi
In 2022, Polley said that she had been sexually assaulted by then Moxy Früvous singer Jian Ghomeshi while on a date when she was 16 and he was 28  She was dissuaded by family and friends from coming forward with her experiences, but ultimately chose to do so in her autobiographical essay collection Run Towards the Danger 

Religious views
Polley is an atheist 

Filmography
Short film

Feature film
Acting roles

Television
Executive producer

Secret Path (2016) (TV movie)
A Better Man (2017) (Documentary)Acting roles

Awards and nominations
On October 16, 2010, it was announced that she would receive a star on Canada's Walk of Fame  In June 2013, she received the National Arts Centre Award recognizing achievement over the past performance year at the Governor General's Performing Arts Awards, where she was the subject of a short vignette by Ann Marie Fleming entitled Stories Sarah Tells  Polley was appointed an Officer of the Order of Canada on December 30, 2013 
Passage 4:
Graham Nash
Graham William Nash  (born 2 February 1942) is an English-American musician, singer and songwriter  He is known for his light tenor voice and for his contributions as a member of the Hollies and Crosby, Stills & Nash 
Nash is a photography collector and a published photographer  He was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame as a member of Crosby, Stills & Nash in 1997 and as a member of the Hollies in 2010  He was appointed an Officer of the Order of the British Empire (OBE) in the 2010 Birthday Honours List for services to music and to charity Nash holds four honorary doctorates, including one from New York Institute of Technology, one in Music from the University of Salford in 2011 and one in Fine Arts from Lesley University in Cambridge, Massachusetts 

Early life
Graham William Nash was born on 2 February 1942 in Blackpool, to where his mother had been evacuated from her hometown of Salford when World War II began  The family subsequently returned to Salford, where Nash grew up 

Career
Songwriting
In the early 1960s, Nash co-founded the Hollies, one of the UK's most successful pop groups, with school friend Allan Clarke, and was credited as the group's leader on their first album  He was featured vocally on "Just One Look" (1964) and sang his first lead vocal on the original Hollies song "To You My Love" on the band's second album In The Hollies Style of the same year  He often sang featured bridge vocals on later Hollies recordings ("So Lonely", "I've Been Wrong", "Pay You Back With Interest") and provided lead vocals on several later singles, notably "On a Carousel" and "Carrie Anne" (both 1967) Nash encouraged the Hollies to write their own songs, initially with Clarke, then with Clarke and guitarist Tony Hicks  From 1964 to mid-1966 they wrote under the alias L  Ransford  Their own names were credited on songs from "Stop Stop Stop" from October 1966 onward  In 1965, Nash, with Allan Clarke and guitarist Tony Hicks, formed Gralto Music Ltd, a publishing company which handled their own songs and later signed the young Reg Dwight (a k a  Elton John) who played piano and organ on Hollies 1969 and 1970 recordings 
Nash was pivotal in the forging of a sound and lyrics, often writing the verses on Clarke, Hicks & Nash songs  However, Nash also composed songs by himself under the 'team banner' (like Lennon & McCartney), including "Fifi the Flea" (1966), "Clown" (1966), "Stop Right There", and "Everything Is Sunshine" (1967)  The Butterfly album included several of his songs that had less group participation and exhibited more of a singer-songwriter approach  He was disappointed when this new style did not register with their audience, especially "King Midas in Reverse" (Nash and producer Ron Richards clashed over this song because Richards believed it was 'too complex' to work as a hit single) 
Nash initially met both David Crosby and Stephen Stills in 1966 during a Hollies US tour  On a subsequent visit to the US in 1968, he was more formally introduced to Crosby by mutual friend Cass Elliott in Laurel Canyon, Los Angeles  Nash left the Hollies to form a new group with Crosby and Stills  A trio at first, Crosby, Stills & Nash later became a quartet in 1969 with Neil Young: Crosby, Stills, Nash & Young (CSNY) 
With both configurations, Nash went on to even greater worldwide success, penning many of CSN's most-commercial hit singles such as "Our House" (about the house in Laurel Canyon shared with his then-lover Joni Mitchell); "Teach Your Children" and "Marrakesh Express" (both of which had been rejected by the Hollies); "Just a Song Before I Go"; and "Wasted on the Way"  Nash, nicknamed "Willy" by his bandmates, has been described as the glue that keeps their often fragile alliances together 
Nash became politically active after moving to California, as reflected in his anti-Vietnam War songs "Military Madness" and "Chicago / We Can Change the World" (about the trial of the Chicago Eight) 
In 1972, during CSNY's first hiatus, Nash teamed with Crosby, forming a successful duo  They worked in this configuration on and off for many years, producing four studio albums and a few live and compilation albums  His song "Immigration Man", Crosby & Nash's biggest hit as a duo, arose from a tiff he had with a US Customs official while trying to enter the country 
In 1979, Nash co-founded Musicians United for Safe Energy which is against the expansion of nuclear power  MUSE put on the educational fundraising No Nukes events  In 2007 the group recorded a music video of a new version of the Buffalo Springfield song "For What It's Worth" Nash briefly rejoined the Hollies in 1983 (to mark their 20th anniversary) to record two albums, What Goes Around    and Reunion  In 1993, Nash again reunited with the Hollies to record a new version of "Peggy Sue Got Married" that featured lead vocal by Buddy Holly (taken from an alternative version of the song given to Nash by Holly's widow Maria Eleana Holly)—this Buddy Holly & the Hollies recording opened the Not Fade Away tribute album to Holly by various artists 

In 2005, Nash collaborated with Norwegian musicians A-ha on the songs "Over the Treetops" (penned by Paul Waaktaar-Savoy) and "Cosy Prisons" (penned by Magne Furuholmen) for the Analogue recording  In 2006, Nash worked with David Gilmour and David Crosby on the title track of David Gilmour's third solo album, On an Island  In March 2006, the album was released and quickly reached No  1 on the UK charts  Nash and Crosby subsequently toured the UK with Gilmour, singing backup on "On an Island", "The Blue", "Shine On You Crazy Diamond", and "Find the Cost of Freedom" 

In addition to his political songs Nash has written many songs on other themes he cares about such as of nature and ecology—beginning with the Hollies' "Signs That Will Never Change" (first recorded by the Everly Brothers in 1966)—later CSNY's "Clear Blue Skies", plus anti-nuclear-waste-dumping ("Barrel of Pain"), anti-war ("Soldiers of Peace") and social issues ("Prison Song") 
Nash appeared on the season 7 finale of American Idol singing "Teach Your Children" with Brooke White 
In 2010, Nash was inducted a second time to the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame, this time as a member of the Hollies  He received an OBE "for services to music and charitable activities", becoming an Officer of the Order of the British Empire in the Diplomatic and Overseas Division of the Queen's Birthday Honours List on 12 June 2010  Nash received the title of George Eastman Honorary Scholar at the George Eastman House on 22 January 2011, in Rochester, New York Nash contributed a cover of "Raining in My Heart" to the 2011 tribute album Rave on Buddy Holly 
On 22 January 2016, Nash announced the forthcoming release on 15 April 2016 of his new studio album entitled This Path Tonight (his first collection of new songs in fourteen years) and shared the title track from it through MOJO magazine's website  On 4 February 2016, Rolling Stone magazine unveiled a new song from the new album, the reflective "Encore," the tender tune that wraps up Nash's new album  Upon the upcoming release of his new studio album in April 2016, Nash planned a solo tour from 25 March 2016 at the Byron Bay Bluesfest in Australia, continuing United States on 22 April 2016 at Saban Theatre, Beverly Hills, California, to visit Europe starting from the UK on 21 May 2016 at the Albert Hall, Manchester and ending 14 June 2016 at the Alte Oper Hall, Frankfurt, Germany 
He was still touring in the fall of 2017, performing in New Jersey and New York in September On 29 June 2018, Rhino Records released the two-disk box set Over The Years, a 30-track collection of Nash's demos made from 1968 to 1980, featuring highlights from the CSN debut album Crosby, Stills & Nash ("Marrakesh Express"), CSNY follow-up Déjà Vu ("Our House", "Teach Your Children"), song selections from subsequent CSN albums, four tracks from Nash's 1971 solo album Songs For Beginners, with "Better Days" and "I Used To Be King" presented as unreleased mixes  The most recent recording on the compilation is "Myself at Last" from Nash's 2016 solo album This Path Tonight  The second disc in this set features 15 demo recordings, 12 of which have never been released 

Photography career
Interested in photography as a child, Nash began to collect photographs in the early 1970s  Having acquired more than a thousand prints by 1976, Nash hired Graham Howe as his photography curator  In 1978 through 1984 a touring exhibition of selections from the Graham Nash Collection toured to more than a dozen museums worldwide  Nash decided to sell his 2,000 print collection through Sotheby's auction house in 1990 where it set an auction record for the highest grossing sale of a single private collection of photography  Nash said that some of the auction profit would be given to the Los Angeles County Museum of Art for the acquisition of contemporary photographs In 2010 21st Editions published a monograph titled "Love, Graham Nash" which includes facsimiles of his lyrics paired with signed photographs by Graham Nash and printed by Nash Editions 

Early digital fine art printing
Experimenting
In the late 1980s Nash began to experiment with digital images of his photography on Macintosh computers with the assistance of R  Mac Holbert who at that time was the tour manager for Crosby, Stills and Nash as well as handling computer/technical matters for the band  Nash ran into the problem common with all personal computers running graphics software during that period: he could create very sophisticated detailed images on the computer, but there was no output device (computer printer) capable of reproducing what he saw on the computer screen  Nash and Holbert initially experimented with early commercial printers that were then becoming available and printed many images on the large format Fujix inkjet printers at UCLA's JetGraphix digital output centre  When Fuji decided to stop supporting the printers, John Bilotta, who was running JetGraphix, recommended that Nash and Holbert look into the Iris printer, a new large format continuous-tone inkjet printer built for prepress proofing by IRIS Graphics, Inc  Through IRIS Graphics national sales rep Steve Boulter, Nash also met programmer David Coons, a colour engineer for Disney, who was already using the IRIS printer there to print images from Disney's new digital animation system 
Coons worked off hours at Disney to produce large images of 16 of Nash's photographic portraits on arches watercolour paper using Disney's in-house model 3024 IRIS printer for a 24 April 1990 show at Simon Lowinsky gallery  Since most of the original negatives and prints had been lost in shipment to a book publisher, Coons had to scan contact sheets and enhance the images so they could be printed in large format  He used software he had written to output the photographic images to the IRIS printer, a machine designed to work with proprietary prepress computer systems In July 1990, Nash purchased an IRIS Graphics 3047 inkjet printer for $126,000 and set it up in a small carriage house in Manhattan Beach, California near Los Angeles  David Coons and Steve Boulter used it to print an even larger November 1990 show of Nash's work for Parco Stores in Tokyo  The show entitled Sunlight on Silver was a series of 35 celebrity portraits by Nash which were 3 feet by 4 feet in an edition of 50 prints per image, a total of 1,750 images  Subsequently, Nash exhibited his photographs at the Museum of Photographic Arts in San Diego and elsewhere 

Nash Editions
In 1991, Nash agreed to fund Mac Holbert to start a fine art digital-based printing company using the IRIS Graphics 3047 printer sitting in Nash's Manhattan Beach, California carriage house  Holbert retired as road manager for Crosby, Stills and Nash so that he could run the company  It opened its doors on 1 July 1991 with the name of Nash Editions Ltd  Early employees included David Coons, John Bilotta and a serigraphic print maker named Jack Duganne  They worked to further adapt the IRIS printer to fine art printing, experimenting with ink sets to try to overcome the fast-fading nature of IRIS prints, and even going as far as sawing off part of the print heads so they could be moved back to clear thicker printing paper stocks (voiding the $126,000 machine's warranty)  Nash and Holbert decided to call their fine art prints "digigraphs" although Jack Duganne coined the name "Giclée" for these type of prints  The company is still in operation and currently uses Epson-based large format printers 
In 2005, Nash donated the original IRIS Graphics 3047 printer and Nash Editions ephemera to the National Museum of American History, a Smithsonian Institution 

Personal life
Nash was married to his first wife, Rose Eccles, from 1964 until 1966  As part of an inside joke, her surname inspired the 1968 song "Jennifer Eccles", and a jocular verse about Jennifer Eccles was also included in the 1968 song "Lily the Pink"  Nash was married to his second wife, actress Susan Sennett, from 1978 until he left her for artist Amy Grantham in 2016  Sennett, the mother of his three now-adult children, divorced Nash in 2016 and died of cancer in September 2020  After moving to New York City, Nash married Grantham in April 2019 Nash released an autobiography in September 2013 called Wild Tales: A Rock & Roll Life, published by Crown Publishing  Photographs that he took during his career are on display as an art collection at the San Francisco Art Exchange  In interviews pertaining to both the memoir and art exhibit, he mentioned the impact of Canadian-American musician Joni Mitchell, with whom he had a relationship between 1968 and 1970 in California  He also had a brief relationship with American musician Rita Coolidge, as had his bandmate Stephen Stills Nash endorsed American politician Bernie Sanders in the 2016 Democratic Party presidential primaries  In October 2020, he revealed that he had recently started practising Transcendental Meditation after American filmmaker David Lynch paid for him and his wife to study it as a gift  He said of the practice, "Quite frankly, I'm 78 years old and I wish I'd been doing it for 50 years "

Discography
See also discographies for Crosby Stills Nash & Young, The Hollies and Crosby & Nash 

With The Hollies
Albums
Singles
EPs
Solo
Studio albums
Live
Compilations
Singles
Other appearances
Studio
Live
Passage 5:
Nobody's Child: Romanian Angel Appeal
Nobody's Child: Romanian Angel Appeal is a charity album released in July 1990 to benefit Romanian orphans, under the auspices of the Romanian Angel Appeal Foundation  It was compiled by English rock musician George Harrison in response to concerns raised by his wife Olivia Harrison, who had visited Romania and witnessed the suffering in the country's abandoned state orphanages following the fall of Communism  The release was preceded by a single, "Nobody's Child", recorded by Harrison's band the Traveling Wilburys  Other artists who donated songs to the album include Stevie Wonder, Paul Simon, Eric Clapton, Duane Eddy, Van Morrison, Guns N' Roses, Ringo Starr, Ric Ocasek and Elton John  Many of the recordings were previously unreleased The Romanian Angel Appeal marked a rare foray into the media spotlight by Olivia Harrison, who created the foundation with support from the other wives of the former Beatles – Barbara Bach, Yoko Ono and Linda McCartney  She and her husband promoted the project in the UK with appearances on the television talk show Wogan and in the one-hour Radio 1 documentary Nobody's Child  The album was released by Harrison's record company, Warner Bros  Records, on 23 July 1990  It was preceded by a launch at London's Hyde Park Hotel on 22 July, attended by the Harrisons, and Bach and Starr  The video for the "Nobody's Child" single included animated scenes and footage of the Romanian orphanages 

Song selection
George Harrison's involvement in the project reprised his role in assisting refugees of the 1971 Bangladesh Liberation War, when he staged an all-star benefit concert and oversaw the release of an associated album and documentary film  Aside from the title track, his presence on Nobody's Child was reflected in the recordings submitted by Simon, Clapton and Eddy Harrison said in compiling Nobody's Child he was conscious of not making it his album by dominating the content  He said that his request for a live track from Bruce Springsteen went unanswered, and his approach to Michael Jackson became confused in the acrimony taking place between Jackson and Paul McCartney over the ownership of the Beatles' Northern Songs catalogue  Selections by Stevie Winwood and Queen arrived too late for inclusion on the album 

Track listing
Vinyl and cassette releases
Side one

"Nobody's Child"
"Wonderful Remark"
"Medicine Man"
"This Week"
"Homeward Bound"
"How Can You Mend a Broken Heart?"
"Lovechild"
"Big Day Little Boat"Side two

"Feeding Off the Love of the Land"
"That Kind of Woman"
"Goodnight Little One"
"The Trembler"
"Ain't That Peculiar"
"Civil War"

Notes
On the included performance of "With a Little Help from My Friends", the All-Starr Band consisted of Ringo Starr, Joe Walsh, Nils Lofgren, Billy Preston, Dr  John, Levon Helm, Rick Danko, Garth Hudson, Jim Keltner, Clarence Clemons and Zak Starkey  The song is only on the CD version of the album 
Aside from his contributions with the Traveling Wilburys and Paul Simon, George Harrison plays guitar on the tracks by Eric Clapton and Duane Eddy 
Passage 6:
Shoppin' from A to Z
"Shoppin' from A to Z" is a song by US singer-songwriter Toni Basil, released in 1983 as the fourth and final single from her debut album Word of Mouth  It was released in the US only  After the poor performance of "Nobody" in the UK, "Shoppin' from A to Z" also failed to match the success of chart topper "Mickey", peaking at No  77  A music video was made for the song  The song features a shopping list consisting of various grocery items, each beginning with a different letter of the alphabet  On the album version, it is shouted out by a chorus  The single version features comical voices saying the name of each item 

Track listing
7" single"Shoppin' from A to Z" — 3:41
"Time After Time" — 4:18Promo 12" "Special Remix" single"Shoppin' from A to Z" (Special Remix) — 6:04
"Shoppin' from A to Z" — 3:41

Music video
The music video starts with Basil and her two friends at a house looking through a shopping list and a newspaper  Then, the scene quickly changes to a supermarket where Basil and everyone in the market (including the employees) start dancing while they shop  Finally, after all that shopping, Basil and her friends arrive home exhausted  The clip ends with two dollar signs coming out of the shopping bags and plastered on a CGI heart on a green background 
Passage 7:
Nobody's Child (song)
Nobody's Child may refer to:

Film and television
Nobody's Child (1919 film), a British silent film directed by George Edwardes Hall
Nobody's Child (1970 film), a Philippine film featuring Vilma Santos
Nobody's Child (1986 film), an American television film directed by Lee Grant
Nobody's Child (2004 film), a Singaporean film directed by Lin Wenhui

Literature
Nobody's Child, a 1996 romantic novel by Pat Warren
Nobody's Child, a 1997 romantic novel by Ann Major
Nobody's Child, a 2003 children's novel by Marsha Skrypuch
Nobody's Child, a 2007 autobiography by Michael Seed
Nobody's Child, a 2014 crime novel by Libby Fischer Hellmann

Music
Nobody's Child: Romanian Angel Appeal, a 1990 charity album
"Nobody's Child" (Hank Snow song), 1949; covered by Tony Sheridan and the Beatles (1964), the Traveling Wilburys (1990), and others
"Nobody's Child" (Penny McLean song), 1976
"Nobody's Child", a song  by Electric Light Orchestra from Eldorado, 1974
"Nobody's Child", a song by Mark Knopfler from Down the Road Wherever, 2018

See also
No One's Child, a 2014 Serbian film
Nobody's Children (disambiguation)
Passage 8:
Traveling Wilburys
The Traveling Wilburys were a British-American supergroup consisting of Bob Dylan, George Harrison, Jeff Lynne, Roy Orbison and Tom Petty  Originating from an idea discussed by Harrison and Lynne during the sessions for Harrison's 1987 album Cloud Nine, the band formed in April 1988 after the five members united to record a bonus track for Harrison's next European single  When this collaboration, "Handle with Care", was deemed too good for such a limited release, the group agreed to record a full album, titled Traveling Wilburys Vol  1  Following Orbison's death in December 1988, the Wilburys continued as a quartet and released a second album, titled Traveling Wilburys Vol  3, in 1990 
The project's work received much anticipation given the diverse nature of the singer-songwriters  The band members adopted tongue-in-cheek pseudonyms as half-brothers from the fictional Wilbury family of travelling musicians  Vol  1 was a critical and commercial success, helping to revitalise Dylan's and Petty's careers  In 1990, the album won the Grammy for Best Rock Performance by a Duo or Group 
Although Harrison envisioned a series of Wilburys albums and a film about the band, produced through his company HandMade, the group became dormant after 1991 and never officially reunited, though the individual members continued to collaborate on each other's solo projects at various times  After being unavailable for several years, the two Wilburys albums were reissued by the Harrison estate in the 2007 box set The Traveling Wilburys Collection  The box set included a DVD containing their music videos and a documentary on the band's formation 

History
Background
George Harrison first mentioned the Traveling Wilburys publicly during a radio interview with Bob Coburn on the show Rockline in February 1988  When asked how he planned to follow up the success of his Cloud Nine album, Harrison replied: "What I'd really like to do next is     to do an album with me and some of my mates     It's this new group I got [in mind]: it's called the Traveling Wilburys, I'd like to do an album with them and then later we can all do our own albums again " According to Jeff Lynne, who co-produced Cloud Nine, Harrison introduced the idea of the two of them starting a band together around two months into the sessions for his album, which began in early January 1987  When discussing who the other members might be, Harrison chose Bob Dylan and Lynne opted for Roy Orbison  The term "Wilbury" also originated during the Cloud Nine sessions  Referring to recording errors created by faulty equipment, Harrison jokingly remarked to Lynne, "We'll bury 'em in the mix " Thereafter, they used the term for any small error in performance  Harrison first suggested "the Trembling Wilburys" as the group's name; at Lynne's suggestion, they amended it to "Traveling Wilburys" 
During his Rockline interview, Harrison voiced his support for Dylan, at a time when the Dylan was experiencing an artistic and commercial low point in his career  Harrison and Lynne became friends with Tom Petty in October 1987, when Petty and his band, the Heartbreakers, toured Europe as Dylan's backing group  The friendship continued in Los Angeles later that year  There, Harrison struck up a musical rapport with Petty based on their shared love of 1950s rock 'n' roll, and Lynne began collaborating with Petty on what became Petty's debut solo album, Full Moon Fever, and writing songs with Orbison, Lynne's longtime musical hero, for Orbison's comeback album, Mystery Girl  According to Petty, Harrison's dream for the Wilburys was to handpick the participants and create "the perfect little band", but the criteria for inclusion were governed most by "who you could hang out with"  The five musicians also bonded over a shared appreciation of the English comedy troupe Monty Python  Harrison, who had worked with the members of Monty Python on various productions by his company HandMade Films since the late 1970s, particularly appreciated Orbison's gift for impersonation and his ability to recite entire sketches by the troupe 

1988–1991
"Handle with Care" and band formation
The band came together in April 1988, when Harrison was in Los Angeles to oversee the filming of his HandMade production Checking Out  At that time, Warner Bros  Records asked Harrison for a new song to serve as the B-side for the European release of his third single from Cloud Nine, "This Is Love"  During a meal with Lynne and Orbison, Harrison asked Lynne to help him record the track and invited Orbison to attend the session, which he then arranged to take place at Dylan's garage studio in Malibu since no professional studios were available at such short notice  Petty's involvement came about when Harrison went to retrieve his guitar from Petty's house and invited him to attend also Working on a song that Harrison had recently started writing, the ensemble completed the track, which they titled "Handle with Care" after a label on a box in Dylan's garage  When Harrison presented the recording to Mo Ostin and Lenny Waronker of Warner Bros , the executives insisted that the song was too good to be used as a B-side  In Petty's recollection, Harrison and Lynne then decided to realise their idea of forming a Wilburys band, and first invited him to join before phoning Dylan, who also agreed to join  That night, Harrison, Lynne and Petty drove to Anaheim to see Orbison perform at the Celebrity Theatre and recruited him for the group shortly before he went on stage  In Petty's description, Orbison performed an "unbelievable show", during which "we'd punch each other and go, 'He's in our band, too '     We were all so excited "

Debut album
The band members decided to create a full album together, Traveling Wilburys Vol  1  Video footage of the creative process was later edited by Harrison into a promotional film for Warner Bros  staff, titled Whatever Wilbury Wilbury  The album was recorded primarily over a ten-day period in May 1988, to allow for Dylan's limited availability as he prepared for the start of what became known as his Never Ending Tour and for Orbison's tour schedule  These sessions were held in the house of Eurythmics member Dave Stewart, in Los Angeles The five band members sat in a circle playing acoustic guitars in Stewart's kitchen; once each song's basic track had been written and recorded there (with accompaniment from a drum machine), the group recorded their vocals in another room, usually after dinner each night  Petty recalled that, as a friend but also an avowed fan of Dylan's, Harrison felt the need to clear the air on the first day by saying to him: "We know that you're Bob Dylan and everything, but we're going to just treat you and talk to you like we would anybody else " Dylan replied: "Well, great  Believe it or not, I'm in awe of you guys, and it's the same for me " While most of the songs had a primary composer, all of the band members were creative equals  Petty later described Harrison as the Wilburys' "leader and manager", and credited him with being a bandleader and producer that had a natural instinct for bringing out the best in people and keeping a recording session productive  As the group's producers, Harrison and Lynne directed the sessions, with Harrison often auditioning each member to decide who should sing a particular lead vocal part  The two producers then flew back to England; Lynne recalls that, throughout the flight, he and Harrison enthused about how to turn the sparse, acoustic-based tracks into completed recordings  Overdubs and further recording took place at Harrison's studio, FPSHOT, with "Sideburys" Jim Keltner (drums), Jim Horn (saxophones) and Ray Cooper (percussion)  Harrison described the band's sound as "skiffle for the 1990s" The album was released on 18 October 1988  Distributed by Warner Bros , it appeared on the new Wilbury record label rather than on Harrison's Dark Horse label, in the interests of maintaining the group identity  Over the months following the end of recording in the summer, contractual issues had been successfully negotiated between Warner and the record companies representing Dylan, Petty, Lynne and Orbison  As was the case in 1971 when EMI prepared Harrison's multi-artist live album from the Concert for Bangladesh for release, Dylan's label, Columbia, presented the main stumbling block  In the album credits, the "Wilburys" joke was extended further, with the band members listed under various pseudonyms and pretending to be half-brothers – sons of a fictional Charles Truscott Wilbury, Sr  During promotion for the album, Orbison played along with the mock history, saying: "Some people say Daddy was a cad and a bounder, but I remember him as a Baptist minister "Vol  1 was a critical and commercial success, and revitalised the careers of Dylan, Orbison and Petty  As Harrison had intended, the album defied contemporary musical trends such as hip hop, acid house and synthesised pop; author Alan Clayson likens its release to "a Viking longship docking in a hovercraft terminal"  The album produced two successful singles and went on to achieve triple-platinum certification for sales in the United States  It was nominated for several awards and won the 1990 Grammy Award for Best Rock Performance by a Duo or Group  Liner notes on the album cover were written by Monty Python's Michael Palin under a pseudonym  Palin's essay was based on an idea by Derek Taylor, who wrote an extensive fictional history of the Wilburys family that otherwise went unused  Harrison planned a feature film about the band, to be produced by HandMade and directed by David Leland, but contractual problems ended the project 

Orbison's death, "Nobody's Child" and Vol  3
Roy Orbison died of a heart attack on 6 December 1988  In tribute to him, the music video for the band's second single, "End of the Line", shows a black and white framed photo of Orbison and his guitar is shown, rocking in a chair, whenever his vocals are heard  Lynne recalled that Orbison's death in the wake of Vol  1's success was "the most sickening thing to me"  He added: "I was devastated for ages     Me and Roy had had plans to do much more together, and his voice was in really good shape  It was just so sad for that to happen " Although there was speculation in the press that Del Shannon or Roger McGuinn might join the Wilburys, the remaining members never considered replacing Orbison  Lynne later said: "We'd become this unit, we were all good pals … We always knew we were going to do another one, and now it's just the four of us "Harrison was the most active in promoting the Wilburys, carrying out interviews well into 1989  He said he was "wait[ing] for all the other Wilburys to finish being solo artists" so that they could renew the collaboration  By contrast, according to author Clinton Heylin, Dylan appeared to give the band little attention as he focused on re-establishing himself as a live performer before recording his 1989 album Oh Mercy In March 1990, Harrison, Lynne, Petty and Dylan reunited to work on a second Wilburys album, which they intentionally misnumbered Traveling Wilburys Vol  3  It was preceded by a non-album single, a cover of "Nobody's Child", which the band recorded for Olivia Harrison's Romanian Angel Appeal charity project  The duration of the main album sessions was again dictated by Dylan's touring schedule and limited availability  Having asked Dylan to record a lead vocal for all the songs before his departure, Harrison was then loath to replace many of the parts, resulting in a greater prominence for Dylan as a lead singer  Although he ceded his own role as a lead vocalist to Dylan and to Petty, Harrison took over more of the production and contributed more prominently as a lead guitarist than before  Petty described the album as "a little more rough and ready, a bit more raucous" than Vol  1, while Dylan said the new songs were more developed as compositions relative to the "scraped up from jam tapes" approach to the band's debut Vol  3 was released on 29 October 1990  It was dedicated to Orbison, as "Lefty Wilbury", the pseudonym that Orbison had used in 1988 in honour of his hero Lefty Frizzell  The album met with less success than the previous one  According to Mo Ostin, the choice of album title came about through "George being George"; apparently Harrison was making a wry reference to the appearance of a bootleg that served as a sort of Volume 2  The album's liner notes were written by Eric Idle, another Python member, who again adopted a pseudonym  For the band's final single, "Wilbury Twist", they filmed a video in which Idle, John Candy and other comedic actors attempt to master the song's eponymous dance style  The clip was filmed in Los Angeles and completed on 28 February 1991 

After the Wilburys
According to Jim Keltner, the decision on the group's future after Vol  3 lay with Harrison  Keltner said that from his conversations with Lynne, Petty and Dylan, they were all keen to reunite, whereas Harrison wavered in his enthusiasm  While Harrison was against the idea of touring, Petty recalled: "I kept getting down on my knees in front of George, saying, 'Please, it's so much money!'"After his 1991 tour of Japan – his first series of concerts since 1974 – Harrison spoke of a possible Traveling Wilburys tour:

That would be something I'd like to experience  I've always played around in my own mind what a Wilburys tour could be  Would each person do a solo set and then do Wilburys at the end, or would we all go right on from beginning to end and make everything Wilburys? It's an intriguing thought  We could have a great band up there and the four of us could play acoustic if we wanted to  We could all sing "Blowin' in the Wind" and Bob could sing "Something"  Or we could just sing our individual songs and make them Wilbury tunes, as if we'd recorded them that way  Whatever it was, we could do it 
The Wilburys tour never came about  Petty said about the Wilburys touring:

I think it would work, if we wanted to do it  I don't think we ever considered it, really  There were a lot of nights when the conversation would roll around to that  But I don't think anybody ever took it seriously  I think it would ruin it in a way  Then you're obligated to be responsible and it's not in the character of that group  It would make it very formal and that would be the wrong spirit 

Legacy and influence
In the Rolling Stone Press book The New Rolling Stone Encyclopedia of Rock & Roll, the Traveling Wilburys are described as "the ultimate supergroup", with a line-up that represented four eras of rock music history and included "three indisputable gods" in Dylan, Harrison and Orbison  The editors also recognise the band as "the antithesis of a supergroup", due to the musicians' adoption of fraternal alter egos and the humour inherent in the project  AllMusic managing editor Stephen Thomas Erlewine has similarly written: "It's impossible to picture a supergroup with a stronger pedigree than that (all that's missing is a Rolling Stone), but in another sense it's hard to call the Wilburys a true supergroup, since they arrived nearly two decades after the all-star craze of the '70s peaked, and they never had the self-important air of nearly all the other supergroups  That, of course, was the key to their charm …" Speaking to music journalist Paul Zollo in 2004, Petty agreed that humour and self-effacement had been key factors in the Wilburys' success, adding: "We wanted to make something good in a world that seemed to get uglier and uglier and meaner and meaner … And I'm really proud that I was part of it  Because I do think that it brought a little sunshine into the world "Harrison said the project was an opportunity to "put a finger up to the rules" by challenging the norms associated with the music industry  Discussing the Wilburys in Peter Bogdanovich's 2007 documentary Runnin' Down a Dream, Petty said that one of the strengths behind the concept was that it was free of any intervention from record company, management or marketing concerns, and instead developed naturally from a spirit of co-operation and mutual admiration among five established artists  Author Simon Leng recognises the venture as primarily a channel through which Harrison and Dylan could escape the restrictions of their serious media images, but also, in its guise as a "phantom band", a development by Harrison of the Rutles' satirical approach to the Beatles' legacy, in this case by "de-mythologizing" rock history Inspired by the Traveling Wilburys' success and particularly its benefit to Petty and Orbison as artists, Lenny Waronker encouraged American guitarist Ry Cooder to form the band Little Village and record for Warner Bros  The group – comprising Cooder, Keltner, John Hiatt and Nick Lowe – released a self-titled album in 1992  Greg Kot of the Chicago Tribune described the Notting Hillbillies' Missing     Presumed Having a Good Time as a Traveling Wilburys-type side project for Mark Knopfler of Dire Straits  Writing in New York magazine in late 1990, Elizabeth Wurtzel cited the Notting Hillbillies' album and the self-titled debut by Hindu Love Gods – a band consisting of Warren Zevon and members of R E M  – as examples of a trend whereby, following the Wilburys' Vol  1, "more and more albums seem to be the rock-and-roll equivalents of bowling night "Writing in The Encyclopedia of Popular Music, Colin Larkin cites the Wilburys' contemporary skiffle as evidence of Lonnie Donegan's continued influence on popular music long after the early 1960s  In his book Lonnie Donegan and the Birth of British Rock & Roll, Patrick Humphries describes the Wilburys as "a makeshift quintet whose roots were firmly and joyously planted in low-key, low-tech skiffle music"  He credits the band with inspiring a brief revival of Donegan's "DIY skiffle", which included Knopfler's Notting Hillbillies  Each member of the Traveling Wilburys has been inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame, although the band itself has not been inducted  Orbison and Dylan were inducted as solo artists, Harrison was inducted as a member of the Beatles and, posthumously, as a solo artist, Petty as the leader of Tom Petty and the Heartbreakers, and Lynne as a member of the Electric Light Orchestra 

Catalogue reissue and Genesis Publications book
In the late 1990s and early 2000s, the two Traveling Wilburys albums had limited availability and were out of print in most areas  Harrison, as primary holder of the rights, did not reissue them before his death  In June 2007, the two albums were reissued as The Traveling Wilburys Collection, a box set including both albums on CD (with bonus tracks) and a DVD featuring a 25-minute documentary entitled The True History of the Traveling Wilburys and a collection of music videos  The box set was released in three editions; the standard edition, with both CDs and DVD in a double Digipak package and a 16-page booklet; a "deluxe" boxed edition with the CDs and DVD and an extensive 40-page booklet, artist postcards, and photographs; or a "deluxe" boxed edition on vinyl  This version omits the DVD, but adds a 12-inch vinyl disc with rare versions of the songs 
The release debuted at number 1 in the UK and topped the albums chart in Australia, Ireland and other countries  On the US Billboard 200 it reached number 9  The collection sold 500,000 copies worldwide during the first three weeks and remained in the UK top 5 for seven weeks after its release 
In November 2009, Genesis Publications, a company with which Harrison had been associated since the late 1970s, announced the release of a limited edition fine-bound book titled The Traveling Wilburys  Compiled by Olivia Harrison, the book includes rare photographs, recording notes, handwritten lyrics, sketches, and first-hand commentary on the band's history, together with a foreword by Lynne  Petty, Lynne, Olivia Harrison, Barbara Orbison, Keltner and Idle were among those who attended the US launch at a Beverly Hills bookshop in March 2010  In an interview to publicise the book, Lynne expressed his sadness at the deaths of Harrison and Orbison, and reflected: "The Wilburys was such a wonderful band, such a marvellous thing to be part of  They were the best people I could ever wish to work with  Every day was like, 'Wow!'     it was fun from day one "

Line-ups
Musicians
Volume 1"Nelson Wilbury" – George Harrison
"Otis Wilbury" – Jeff Lynne
"Lefty Wilbury" – Roy Orbison
"Charlie T  Wilbury, Jr " – Tom Petty
"Lucky Wilbury" – Bob DylanVolume 3"Spike Wilbury" – George Harrison
"Clayton Wilbury" – Jeff Lynne
"Muddy Wilbury" – Tom Petty
"Boo Wilbury" – Bob DylanJim Keltner, the session drummer and percussionist, was not officially listed as a Wilbury on either album, but was given the nickname "Buster Sidebury"  Overdubs on the 2007 bonus tracks "Maxine" and "Like a Ship" were credited to "Ayrton Wilbury", a pseudonym for Dhani Harrison  The name Ayrton was used in honour of F1 driver Ayrton Senna  Jim Horn and Ray Cooper played saxophones and percussion, respectively, on both albums  The lead guitar part on the Vol  3 track "She's My Baby" was played by rock guitarist Gary Moore, who received the credit "Ken Wilbury" 

Further Wilbury appellation
Harrison appeared as Nelson Wilbury on Warner Bros  Records' Christmas 1988 promotional album Winter Warnerland (which also included Paul Reubens as "Pee Wee Wilbury")  In 1992, in his capacity as producer, Harrison credited himself as "Spike and Nelson Wilbury" on his live album Live in Japan  During that Japanese tour, in December 1991, Harrison credited himself as Nakihama Wilbury  The Tom Petty and the Heartbreakers 1992 single "Christmas All Over Again" contained a greeting that read "Merry Christmas from Nelson and Pee Wee Wilbury"  Additionally, at Tom Petty Celebration in 2019, Roy Orbison Jr  was dubbed "Lefty Wilbury Jr " and Alex Orbison as "Ginger Wilbury"  The Harrison-made film promoting the Traveling Wilburys, Whatever Wilbury Wilbury, lists the following credits: "Cecil Bidet Wilbury" (directed by), "Lenny W  Wilbury" (sound), "Chopper Wilbury" (editor), "Edison Wilbury" (lighting), "Evelyn Wilbury" (wardrobe), "Clyde B  Wilbury" (special effects), "Big Mac Wilbury" (catering), "Zsa Zsa Wilbury" (make-up) and "Tell M  Wilbury" (production manager)  A squirrel is named "Eddie Wilbury" in that film as well 

Discography
Studio albums
Box sets
Singles
Other charted songs
Other collaborations between members
Notes
Context 2: Passage 1:
Ardiente secreto
Ardiente secreto is a Mexican telenovela produced by Irene Sabido for Televisa in 1978  It is based on the Charlotte Brontë's 1847 novel Jane Eyre 

Plot
The orphan Mariana Cisneros was shut in (in a college) by an aunt who hates her, she suffers from some terrible pains, but she take advantage of the education and culture  When she turns 18 she finds a job as a governess of a silent and lonely child, Adela, who is the daughter of Eduardo  Mariana wins Adela's love and she is attracted by Eduardo  Mariana and Eduardo fall in love, but a terrible secret will take them apart  She discovers it on the day of their marriage  Mariana is desperate and she escapes, but for love she will return again 

Cast
Daniela Romo as Mariana
Joaquín Cordero as Eduardo
Lorena Velázquez
Virginia Manzano
Dolores Tinoco
Patricia Tanus as Adela
Ada Carrasco
Eduardo Liñán
Erika Carrasco as Mariana (child)
Passage 2:
El Ardiente Secreto
Ardiente secreto is a Mexican telenovela produced by Irene Sabido for Televisa in 1978  It is based on the Charlotte Brontë's 1847 novel Jane Eyre 

Plot
The orphan Mariana Cisneros was shut in (in a college) by an aunt who hates her, she suffers from some terrible pains, but she take advantage of the education and culture  When she turns 18 she finds a job as a governess of a silent and lonely child, Adela, who is the daughter of Eduardo  Mariana wins Adela's love and she is attracted by Eduardo  Mariana and Eduardo fall in love, but a terrible secret will take them apart  She discovers it on the day of their marriage  Mariana is desperate and she escapes, but for love she will return again 

Cast
Daniela Romo as Mariana
Joaquín Cordero as Eduardo
Lorena Velázquez
Virginia Manzano
Dolores Tinoco
Patricia Tanus as Adela
Ada Carrasco
Eduardo Liñán
Erika Carrasco as Mariana (child)
Passage 3:
Jeff Sampson
Jeff Sampson is a young adult and children's author  He was born on a U S  military base in Nuremberg, Germany on July 15, 1982  He started writing professionally at age eighteen  His first books were packaged series fiction  When Sampson was twenty-two, he had his first novel published as part of the Dragonlance series of fantasy novels  He since went on to write many original young adult and children's series, including Monster Slayers under the pen name Lukas Ritter for Wizards of the Coast; Deviants for Balzer + Bray, an imprint of HarperCollins Children’s Books; and The Last Dogs under the pen name Christopher Holt for Little, Brown Books for Young Readers  Jeff Sampson currently lives in Seattle, Washington in the United States 

Bibliography
The Last Dogs:
(as Christopher Holt)

The Vanishing (September 2012)
Dark Waters (June 2013)
The Long Road (November 2013)
Journey's End (June 2014)

Deviants
Vesper (January 2011)
Havoc (January 2012)
Ravage (January 2013)

Monster Slayers
(as Lukas Ritter)

Monster Slayers (May 2010)
Monster Slayers: Unleashed (May 2011)
Monster Slayers: Training Day (Short story, Wizards of the Coast website, April 2010)

Dragonlance: The New Adventures
Dragon Quartet, Vol  8: Dragon Spell (July 2005)
Trinistyr Trilogy, Vol  2: Wizard's Betrayal (January 2006)
Suncatcher Trilogy, Vol  1: The Wayward Wizard (September 2006)
Suncatcher Trilogy, Vol  2: The Ebony Eye (March 2007)
Suncatcher Trilogy, Vol  3: The Stolen Sun (September 2007)
Passage 4:
Story of O
Story of O (French: Histoire d'O, IPA: [istwaʁ do]) is an erotic novel published in 1954 by French author Anne Desclos under the pen name Pauline Réage, and published in French by Jean-Jacques Pauvert 
Desclos did not reveal herself as the author for 40 years after the initial publication  Desclos stated she wrote the novel as a series of love letters to her lover Jean Paulhan, who had admired the work of the Marquis de Sade  The novel shares with the latter themes such as love, dominance, and submission 

Plot
Story of O is a tale of female submission involving a beautiful Parisian fashion photographer named O, who is taught to be constantly available for oral, vaginal, and anal intercourse, offering herself to any male who belongs to the same secret society as her lover  She is regularly stripped, blindfolded, chained, and whipped; her anus is widened by increasingly large plugs; her labium is pierced and her buttocks are branded 
The story begins when O's lover, René, brings her to the château in Roissy, where she is trained to serve the members of an elite club  After this initial training, as a demonstration of their bond and his generosity, René hands O to his elder stepbrother Sir Stephen, a more severe master  René wants O to learn to serve someone whom she does not love, and someone who does not love her  Over the course of this training, O falls in love with Sir Stephen and believes him to be in love with her as well  During the summer, Sir Stephen sends O to an old mansion in Samois solely inhabited by women for advanced training and body modifications related to submission  There she agrees to receive permanent marks of Sir Stephen's ownership, in the form of a brand and a steel tag hanging from a labia piercing 
Meanwhile René has encouraged O to seduce Jacqueline, a vain fashion model, and lure her to Roissy  Jacqueline is repulsed when she first sees O's chains and scars, although O herself is proud of her condition as a willing slave  But Jacqueline's younger half-sister becomes enamored of O, and begs to be taken to Roissy 
At the climax, O is presented as a sexual slave, nude but for an owl-like mask and a leash attached to her piercing, before a large party of guests who treat her solely as an object  Afterward, she is shared by Sir Stephen and an associate of his who is referred to only as "The Commander" 
Some early editions included several different variations of an epilogue which note that Sir Stephen later abandoned O, though there is debate as to whether Desclos intended it to be included in the finished work; in one such version, O is so distraught by the threat of this abandonment that she insists she would rather die and asks for permission to commit suicide, which is granted 

Publishing history
In February 1955, Story of O won the French literature prize Prix des Deux Magots, but the French authorities still brought obscenity charges against the publisher  The charges were rejected by the courts, but a publicity ban was imposed for a number of years 
Olympia Press published the first English edition in 1965  Eliot Fremont-Smith (of The New York Times) called its publication "a significant event" 

Criticism
A critical view of the novel is that it is about, and derives its erotic power from, the ultimate objectification of a woman  The heroine has the shortest possible name  Though this is in fact a shortening of "Odile", it could also stand for "object" or "orifice", an O being a symbolic representation of any "hole"  The novel was strongly criticized by many feminists, who felt it glorified the abuse of women  An article by Susan Griffin that appears in  Against Sadomasochism: A Radical Feminist Analysis (reprinted from Griffin’s book Pornography and Silence with an introduction) criticizes the novel; Griffin argues that Story of O shows "how a pornographic society turns a woman's heart against herself "When the film Story of O was released, L'Express magazine ran a feature on the novel and film  This resulted in L'Express being picketed by feminists from the group Mouvement de libération des femmes, who found the novel and film objectionable  Journalist François Chalais also criticized Story of O, claiming the novel glorified violence; he described the novel as "bringing the Gestapo into the boudoir" 

Hidden identities
The author used a pen name, then later used another pen name, before finally, just before her death, revealing her true identity  Her lover, Jean Paulhan, wrote the preface as if the author were unknown to him According to Geraldine Bedell, "Pauline Réage, the author, was a pseudonym, and many people thought that the book could only have been written by a man  The writer's true identity was not revealed until ten years ago, when, in an interview with John de St  Jorre, a British journalist and sometime foreign correspondent of The Observer, an impeccably dressed 86-year-old intellectual called Dominique Aury acknowledged that the fantasies of castles, masks and debauchery were hers " According to several other sources, however, Dominique Aury was itself a pseudonym of Anne Desclos, born 23 September 1907 in Rochefort-sur-Mer, France, and deceased 26 April 1998 (at age 90) in Paris 
The Grove Press edition (U S , 1965) was translated by editor Richard Seaver (who had lived in France for many years) under the pseudonym Sabine d'Estrée 

Jean Paulhan
Jean Paulhan, the author's lover and the person to whom she wrote Story of O in the form of love letters, wrote the preface, "Happiness in Slavery"  Paulhan admired the Marquis de Sade's work and told Desclos that a woman could not write like Sade  Desclos took this as a challenge and wrote the book  Paulhan was so impressed that he sent it to a publisher  In the preface, he goes out of his way to appear as if he does not know who wrote it  In one part he says, "But from the beginning to end, the story of O is managed rather like some brilliant feat  It reminds you more of a speech than of a mere effusion; of a letter rather than a secret diary  But to whom is the letter addressed? Whom is the speech trying to convince? Whom can we ask? I don't even know who you are  That you are a woman I have little doubt " Paulhan also explains his own belief that the themes in the book depict the true nature of women  At times, the preface (when read with the knowledge of the relationship between Paulhan and the author), seems to be a continuation of the conversation between them 
In an interview Paulhan explained that O, in a religious-like obsession, was seeking the loss of responsibility for her body and mind much like many religious women seek to surrender themselves to the mercy of God  In both cases it is the joy of destruction  Paulhan was also quoted: "To be killed by someone you love strikes me as the epitome of ecstasy"  Discussing the ending, Paulhan states, "I too was surprised by the end  And nothing you can say will convince me that it is the real end  That in reality (so to speak) your heroine convinces Sir Stephen to consent to her death "One critic has seen Paulhan's essay as consistent with other themes in his work, including his interest in erotica, his "mystification" of love and sexual relationships, and a view of women that is arguably sexist 

Legacy
Emmanuelle Arsan claimed the Story of O inspired her to write her own erotic novel Emmanuelle (1967) A sequel to Story of O, Retour à Roissy (Return to Roissy, but often translated as Return to the Chateau, Continuing the Story of O), was published in 1969 in French, again with Jean-Jacques Pauvert, éditeur  It was published again in English by Grove Press, Inc , in 1971  It is not known whether this work is by the same author as the original 
The town Samois-sur-Seine is mentioned in Story of O as  the location of the fictional mansion managed by Anne-Marie, a lesbian dominatrix  In 1978, the name Samois was adopted by a lesbian-feminist BDSM organization based in San Francisco that existed from 1978 to 1983  It was the first lesbian BDSM group in the United States In 2007, the National Leather Association International inaugurated awards for excellence in SM/fetish/leather writing  The categories include the Pauline Reage (a pen name of Anne Desclos, author of Story of O) award for fiction novel In 2020, Anne Desclos (author of Story of O) was inducted into the Leather Hall of Fame 

Adaptations
Film
American experimental director Kenneth Anger made a 20 minute short film version, l'Histoire d'O, in 1961 
French director Henri-Georges Clouzot wanted to adapt the novel to film for many years, which was eventually done by director Just Jaeckin in 1975 as Histoire d'O (Story of O) produced by Eric Rochat and Gérard Lorin, starring Corinne Cléry and Udo Kier  The film met with far less acclaim than the book  It was banned in the United Kingdom by the British Board of Film Censors until February 2000 
In 1975, American director Gerard Damiano, well known for Deep Throat (1972) and The Devil in Miss Jones (1973), created the movie The Story of Joanna, highly influenced by the Story of O, by combining motifs from one of the book's chapters and from Jean-Paul Sartre's No Exit 
In 1979, Danish director Lars von Trier made the short movie entitled Menthe – la bienheureuse, as an homage to Story of O  His 2005 film Manderlay was also inspired by the book, particularly Paulhan's introduction Five years later, in 1984, actress Sandra Wey starred as "O" in Story of O - Chapter 2, written, directed and produced by Eric Rochat 
In 1992, a Brazilian miniseries in 10 episodes entitled A História de O starring Claudia Cepeda was written, directed and produced by Eric Rochat, who was the producer of the original 1975 movie 
In 2002, another version of O was released, called The Story of O: Untold Pleasures, with Danielle Ciardi playing the title character 

Comics
In 1975, it was adapted for comics by the Italian artist Guido Crepax  Both the original and Crepax's adaptation were parodied for comics in 2007 by Charles Alverson and John Linton Roberson 

Documentaries
Writer of O, a 2004 documentary film by Pola Rapaport, mixed interviews with re-enactments of certain scenes from the book  In the documentary, the real author of Story of O, Dominique Aury (actually a pen name of Anne Desclos), talks about the book A Girl in Love  This book was written about how Story of O was written 
A documentary was also made for BBC Radio 4 entitled The Story of O: The Vice Francaise, presented by Rowan Pelling, former editor of the Erotic Review, which looked at the history of the book and its author Anne Desclos 
Erotica: A Journey Into Female Sexuality, a documentary by filmmaker Maya Gallus, featured the final interview with 90-year-old Dominique Aury (a pen name of Story of O author Anne Desclos) before she died  In the film, she recounts the extraordinary love story behind Story of O and marvels that she has reached such a grand age 

Songs
The 2018 single "O" by the artist Shygirl is based on the book 

See also
1975 in film
Dominance and submission
Sadism and masochism in fiction
Story of O - Chapter 2
Venus in Furs
The Claiming of Sleeping Beauty
Fruits of Passion
Passage 5:
The Dice Man
The Dice Man is a 1971 novel by American novelist George Cockcroft, writing under the pen name "Luke Rhinehart"  The book tells the story of a psychiatrist who makes daily decisions based on the casting of a diсe  Cockcroft describes the origin of the title idea variously in interviews, once recalling a college "quirk" he and friends used to decide "what they were going to do that night" based on a die-roll, or sometimes to decide between mildly mischievous pranks  The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy user site describes the novel as a book that was viewed as subversive, as having "anti-psychiatry sentiment", and as "reflecting the mood of the early 1970s in permissiveness"  It has content that includes the protagonist's decisions to engage in rape and murder, and is described as having been "banned in several countries" At the time of its publication, "[i]t was not clear whether the book was fiction or autobiography", all the more because the protagonist and the alleged author were eponymous; both were described as having the same profession (psychiatry), and elements of the described lives of both (e g , places of residence, date of birth) were also in common; hence, curiosity over its authorship have persisted since its publication  Years later, in 1999, Emmanuel Carrère, writing for The Guardian, presented a long-form expose on Cockroft and the relationship between author and legend, disclosing him as a life-long English professor living "in an old farmhouse with a yard that slopes down to a duck pond", a husband of fifty-years, father of three, and a caregiver to a special-needs child On its initial publication, the cover bore the confident subheader, "Few novels can change your life  This one will"; in the United States this was altered to read, "This book will change your life"  The book quickly became, and remains thought of as, a cult classic  Writing in 2017 for The Guardian, Tanya Gold noted that "over the course of 45 years" it was still in print, had become famous, had devoted fans, and had "sold more than 2m copies in multiple languages"  As well, it has been republished a number of times  It initially sold poorly in the United States, but well in Europe, particularly England, Sweden, Denmark, and Spain  Cockroft continued themes of the book in two other novels, Adventures of Wim (1986) and The Search for the Dice Man (1993), and in a companion title, The Book of the Die (2000), none of which achieved the commercial success of The Dice Man 

Plot summary
As stated at the Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy user site:The book tells the story    of a psychologist named Luke [Rhinehart] who, feeling bored and unfulfilled in life, starts making decisions    based on a roll of a die  Along the way, there is sex, rape, murder, 'dice parties', breakouts by psychiatric patients, and various corporate and governmental machines being put into a spin  There is also a description of the cult that starts to develop around the man, and the psychological research he initiates, such as the 'F**k without Fear for Fun and Profit' programme 

Publishing history
ISBN 0-900735-00-7 - September 9, 1971
ISBN 0-246-11058-9 - July, 1978
ISBN 0-586-03765-9 - April 13, 1989
ISBN 0-87951-864-2 - July, 1998
ISBN 0-00-651390-5 - December 15, 1999
ISBN 0-00-716121-2 - April 7, 2003

In Pop Culture
British band The Fall based the song "Dice Man" (1979) on this novel 
British New Wave band Talk Talk wrote the song "Such A Shame" (1984) inspired by this novel 
British musician Richard D  James used the pseudonym The Dice Man for the track "Polygon Window" (1992) 

See also
"Flip Decision"
Yes Man (book)
Passage 6:
Colin Falconer (writer)
Colin Falconer (born 1953) is a pen name of Colin Bowles, who also uses the pen name Mark D'Abranville, an English-born Australian writer   Works published under the pen name include contemporary and historical thrillers, and children's books   Under his original name he has also published books of satirical fiction; non-fiction books about language; television and radio scripts; and many magazine articles and columns 

Biography
Born in North London, Bowles moved to Australia in his twenties and worked as a taxi driver and guitarist before joining an advertising agency  In 1984 he moved to Sydney to pursue a career as a writer 
He worked as a freelance journalist for various major magazines and wrote scripts for radio and television before becoming a full-time novelist in 1990  His books have been translated into 17 languages  He lived for many years near Dunsborough, Western Australia, where he and his late wife, Helen, raised two daughters  While writing, he also worked for many years in the volunteer ambulance service  He lives in Australia with his wife 

Awards
Novels by Colin Falconer
Falconer novels have an international audience  Harem (also published as The Sultan's Harem), the story of Suleiman the Magnificent, sold over 150,000 copies in Germany alone 

Harem (1993)
Aztec (1999)
Feathered Serpent (2002)
The Sultan's Harem (2004)
Silk Road (2011)
Anastasia (2012)
Isabella: Braveheart of France (2013)
East India (2014)
Nights in the Sun
Venom
Deathwatch (1991)
Fury
Opium
Triad
Dangerous
Disappeared
Rough Justice
The Certainty of Doing Evil
When We Were Gods
My Beautiful Spy
Pearls
Stairway to the Moon (sequel to Pearls)
Surfing Mr  Petrovic
Colossus
Stigmata
The Unkillable Kitty O'Kane (2017)
Lord of the Atlas (2022)

Works by Colin Bowles
These include:

Wit's Dictionary
G'day, Teach Yourself Australian
The Year We Seized the Day (2007, with Elizabeth Best)
"Flying Blind"
"Flying Hazzard"
Passage 7:
The Cuckoo Clock
The Cuckoo Clock is a British children's fantasy novel by Mary Louisa Molesworth, published in 1877 by Macmillan  It was originally published under the pen name Ennis Graham and reissued in 1882 as by Mrs  Molesworth, the name by which she is widely known  Both of those editions and many later ones were illustrated by Walter Crane; an 1893 uniform edition is available online at the University of Pennsylvania  An edition illustrated by Maria L  Kirk was published in 1914; it is available online at HathiTrust Digital Library 

Plot summary
A small child and a cuckoo from a cuckoo clock become unlikely friends  At night the clock transports her to magical places 

Genre and style
Her writing style is known to be very plain in context, and it has been criticized for this  But the plain text was most likely used so that the work was more accessible to children  Nothing she writes is too complicated for the readers, and there is an air of conversation in the text 

Themes
Love and friendship
Throughout the novel Griselda struggles with her new place of residence  She quickly finds that what she needs most is friendship  She finds these friends first in the Cuckoo, then her maids, and finally she finds a real friend in Master Phil  It is also realized at the end that throughout the novel her aunts have been showing her examples of real love all along 

Magic in fiction
This particular use of magic is through an enchanted object  The plot is furthered easily with the assumption that the object has no bounds of possibility  Children readers are also led to use their imagination to see all of the images the writer has concocted 

Sacrifices bring reward
Throughout the story Griselda struggles to finish her lessons during the day  The Cuckoo helps her to learn that with hard work there is eventually a reward  He rewards her greatly when she has improved in her lessons 

19th century children's literature
The second half of the 19th century is called the Golden age of children’s literature, because of the publication of so many notable stories that also appear in modern times  The fantasy novel for children was becoming very popular at this time  The Moral Didactic tale also continued with the popularity of the fantasy story  Often overlapping 

The didactic tale
The character of Griselda, has many interesting qualities  She is seen as a real child, who throws fits and is unhappy when she does not get her way  The Cuckoo, through these stories, teaches young Griselda how to control her feelings and urges  Learning the proper way to act is a major theme in many British children's books  Many books written in that age were meant for the betterment of the children reading them 

Critical reception
In the back of a copy of Mrs  Molesworth's The Tapestry Room there is a short review for The Cuckoo Clock:
"A beautiful little story    It will be read with delight by every child into whose hands it is placed    Ennis Graham deserves all that praise that has been, is, and will be, bestowed on The Cuckoo Clock  Children's stories are plentiful, but one like this not to be met with every day " –Pall Mall Gazette

Adaptation into animated film
Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer cartoon studio was adapted into animated short films titled The Cuckoo Clock that released in 1950 by Tex Avery  The story began, when the black cat scared the sound of the cuckoo clock 
Passage 8:
Jane Eyre
Jane Eyre ( AIR; originally published as Jane Eyre: An Autobiography) is a novel by the English writer Charlotte Brontë  It was published under her pen name "Currer Bell" on 19 October 1847 by Smith, Elder & Co  of London  The first American edition was published the following year by Harper & Brothers of New York  Jane Eyre is a Bildungsroman which follows the experiences of its eponymous heroine, including her growth to adulthood and her love for Mr Rochester, the brooding master of Thornfield Hall The novel revolutionised prose fiction by being the first to focus on its protagonist's moral and spiritual development through an intimate first-person narrative, where actions and events are coloured by a psychological intensity  Charlotte Brontë has been called the "first historian of the private consciousness", and the literary ancestor of writers like Marcel Proust and James Joyce The book contains elements of social criticism with a strong sense of Christian morality at its core, and it is considered by many to be ahead of its time because of Jane's individualistic character and how the novel approaches the topics of class, sexuality, religion, and feminism  It, along with Jane Austen's Pride and Prejudice, is one of the most famous romance novels 

Plot
Jane Eyre is divided into 38 chapters  It was originally published in three volumes in the 19th century, comprising chapters 1 to 15, 16 to 27, and 28 to 38 
The second edition was dedicated to William Makepeace Thackeray 
The novel is a first-person narrative from the perspective of the title character  Its setting is somewhere in the north of England, late in the reign of George III (1760–1820)  It has five distinct stages: Jane's childhood at Gateshead Hall, where she is emotionally and physically abused by her aunt and cousins; her education at Lowood School, where she gains friends and role models but suffers privations and oppression; her time as governess at Thornfield Hall, where she falls in love with her mysterious employer, Edward Fairfax Rochester; her time in the Moor House, during which her earnest but cold clergyman cousin, St John Rivers, proposes to her; and ultimately her reunion with, and marriage to, her beloved Rochester  Throughout these sections, it provides perspectives on a number of important social issues and ideas, many of which are critical of the status quo 
The five stages of Jane's life:

Gateshead Hall
Jane Eyre, aged 10, lives at Gateshead Hall with her maternal uncle's family, the Reeds, as a result of her uncle's dying wish  Jane was orphaned several years earlier when her parents died of typhus  Jane's uncle, Mr Reed, was the only one in the Reed family who was kind to Jane  Jane's aunt, Sarah Reed, dislikes her and treats her as a burden  Mrs Reed also discourages her three children from associating with Jane  As a result, Jane becomes defensive against her cruel judgement  The nursemaid, Bessie, proves to be Jane's only ally in the household, even though Bessie occasionally scolds Jane harshly  Excluded from the family activities, Jane lives an unhappy childhood 
One day, as punishment for defending herself against the bullying of her 14-year-old cousin John, the Reeds' only son, Jane is locked in the red room in which her late uncle had died; there, she faints from panic after she thinks she has seen his ghost  The red room is significant because it lays the grounds for the "ambiguous relationship between parents and children" which plays out in all of Jane's future relationships with male figures throughout the novel  She is subsequently attended to by the kindly apothecary Mr Lloyd to whom Jane reveals how unhappy she is living at Gateshead Hall  He recommends to Mrs Reed that Jane should be sent to school, an idea Mrs Reed happily supports  
Mrs Reed then enlists the aid of the harsh Mr Brocklehurst, who is the director of Lowood Institution, a charity school for girls, to enroll Jane  Mrs Reed cautions Mr Brocklehurst that Jane has a "tendency to deceit", which he interprets as Jane being a liar  Before Jane leaves, however, she confronts Mrs Reed and declares that she'll never call her "aunt" again  Jane also tells Mrs Reed and her daughters, Georgiana and Eliza, that they are the ones who are deceitful, and that she will tell everyone at Lowood how cruelly the Reeds treated her  Mrs Reed is hurt badly by these words, but does not have the courage or tenacity to show this 

Lowood Institution
At Lowood Institution, a school for poor and orphaned girls, Jane soon finds that life is harsh  She attempts to fit in and befriends an older girl, Helen Burns  During a class session, her new friend is criticised for her poor stance and dirty nails, and receives a lashing as a result  Later, Jane tells Helen that she could not have borne such public humiliation, but Helen philosophically tells her that it would be her duty to do so  Jane then tells Helen how badly she has been treated by Mrs Reed, but Helen tells her that she would be far happier if she did not bear grudges  
In due course, Mr Brocklehurst visits the school  While Jane is trying to make herself look inconspicuous, she accidentally drops her slate, thereby drawing attention to herself  She is then forced to stand on a stool, and is branded a sinner and a liar  Later, Miss Temple, the caring superintendent, facilitates Jane's self-defence and publicly clears her of any wrongdoing  Helen and Miss Temple are Jane's two main role models who positively guide her development, despite the harsh treatment she has received from many others 
The 80 pupils at Lowood are subjected to cold rooms, poor meals, and thin clothing  Many students fall ill when a typhus epidemic strikes; Helen dies of consumption in Jane's arms  When Mr Brocklehurst's maltreatment of the students is discovered, several benefactors erect a new building and install a sympathetic management committee to moderate Mr Brocklehurst's harsh rule  Conditions at the school then improve dramatically 

Thornfield Hall
After six years as a student and two as a teacher at Lowood, Jane decides to leave in pursuit of a new life, growing bored with her life at Lowood  Her friend and confidante, Miss Temple, also leaves after getting married  Jane advertises her services as a governess in a newspaper  The housekeeper at Thornfield Hall, Alice Fairfax, replies to Jane's advertisement  Jane takes the position, teaching Adèle Varens, a young French girl 
One night, while Jane is carrying a letter to the post from Thornfield, a horseman and dog pass her  The horse slips on ice and throws the rider  Despite the rider's surliness, Jane helps him get back onto his horse  Later, back at Thornfield, she learns that this man is Edward Rochester, master of the house  Adèle was left in his care when her mother, a famous dancer, abandoned her  It is not immediately apparent whether Adèle is Rochester's daughter or not 
At Jane's first meeting with Mr Rochester, he teases her, accusing her of bewitching his horse to make him fall  Jane stands up to his initially arrogant manner  Despite his strange behaviour, Mr Rochester and Jane soon come to enjoy each other's company, and they spend many evenings together 
Odd things start to happen at the house, such as a strange laugh being heard, a mysterious fire in Mr Rochester's room (from which Jane saves Rochester by rousing him and throwing water on him), and an attack on a house-guest named Mr Mason 
After Jane saves Mr Rochester from the fire, he thanks her tenderly and emotionally, and that night Jane feels strange emotions of her own towards him  The next day however he leaves unexpectedly for a distant party gathering, and several days later returns with the whole party, including the beautiful and talented Blanche Ingram  Just as she realises that she is in love with Mr Rochester, Jane sees that he and Blanche favour each other and starts to feel jealous, particularly because she also sees that Blanche is snobbish and heartless 
Jane then receives word that Mrs Reed has suffered a stroke and is calling for her  Jane returns to Gateshead Hall and remains there for a month to tend to her dying aunt  Mrs Reed confesses to Jane that she wronged her, bringing forth a letter from Jane's paternal uncle, Mr John Eyre, in which he asks for her to live with him and be his heir  Mrs Reed admits to telling Mr Eyre that Jane had died of fever at Lowood  Soon afterward, Mrs Reed dies, and Jane helps her cousins after the funeral before returning to Thornfield 
Back at Thornfield, Jane broods over Mr Rochester's rumoured impending marriage to Blanche Ingram  However, one midsummer evening, Rochester baits Jane by saying how much he will miss her after getting married and how she will soon forget him  The normally self-controlled Jane reveals her feelings for him  To her surprise, Rochester reciprocates, having courted Blanche only to make Jane jealous, and proposes marriage  Jane is at first skeptical of his sincerity, before accepting his proposal  She then writes to her Uncle John, telling him of her happy news 
As she prepares for her wedding, Jane's forebodings arise when a strange woman sneaks into her room one night and rips Jane's wedding veil in two  As with the previous mysterious events, Mr Rochester attributes the incident to Grace Poole, one of his servants  During the wedding ceremony, however, Mr Mason and a lawyer declare that Mr Rochester cannot marry because he is already married to Mr Mason's sister, Bertha  Mr Rochester admits this is true but explains that his father tricked him into the marriage for her money  Once they were united, he discovered that she was rapidly descending into congenital madness, and so he eventually locked her away in Thornfield, hiring Grace Poole as a nurse to look after her  When Grace gets drunk, Rochester's wife escapes and causes the strange happenings at Thornfield 
It turns out that Jane's uncle, Mr John Eyre, is a friend of Mr Mason's and was visited by him soon after Mr Eyre received Jane's letter about her impending marriage  After the marriage ceremony is broken off, Mr Rochester asks Jane to go with him to the south of France and live with him as husband and wife, even though they cannot be married  Jane is tempted but realises that she will lose herself and her integrity if she allows her passion for a married man to consume her, and she must stay true to her Christian values and beliefs  Refusing to go against her principles, and despite her love for Rochester, Jane leaves Thornfield Hall at dawn before anyone else is up 

Moor House
Jane travels as far from Thornfield Hall as she can using the little money she had previously saved  She accidentally leaves her bundle of possessions on the coach and is forced to sleep on the moor  She unsuccessfully attempts to trade her handkerchief and gloves for food  Exhausted and starving, she eventually makes her way to the home of Diana and Mary Rivers but is turned away by the housekeeper  She collapses on the doorstep, preparing for her death  Clergyman St John Rivers, Diana and Mary's brother, rescues her  After Jane regains her health, St John finds her a teaching position at a nearby village school  Jane becomes good friends with the sisters, but St John remains aloof 
The sisters leave for governess jobs, and St John becomes slightly closer to Jane  St John learns Jane's true identity and astounds her by telling her that her uncle, John Eyre, has died and left her his entire fortune of 20,000 pounds (equivalent to US $2 24 million in 2022)  When Jane questions him further, St John reveals that John Eyre is also his and his sisters' uncle  They had once hoped for a share of the inheritance but were left virtually nothing  Jane, overjoyed by finding that she has living and friendly family members, insists on sharing the money equally with her cousins, and Diana and Mary come back to live at Moor House



ground_truth: Bob Dylan

prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: The telenova "El Ardiente Secreto" was based ona novel published under what pen name?

The following are given passages.
Context 2: 

Proposals
Thinking that the pious and conscientious Jane will make a suitable missionary's wife, St John asks her to marry him and to go with him to India, not out of love, but out of duty  Jane initially accepts going to India but rejects the marriage proposal, suggesting they travel as brother and sister  As Jane's resolve against marriage to St John begins to weaken, she seems to hear Mr Rochester's voice calling her name  Jane then returns to Thornfield Hall to see if Rochester is all right, only to find blackened ruins  She learns that Rochester sent Mrs Fairfax into retirement and Adèle to school a few months following her departure  Shortly afterwards, his wife set the house on fire and died after jumping from the roof  While saving the servants and attempting to rescue his wife, Rochester lost a hand and his eyesight  
Jane reunites with Rochester, and he is overjoyed at her return, but fears that she will be repulsed by his condition  "Am I hideous, Jane?", he asks  "Very, sir; you always were, you know", she replies  Now a humbled man, Rochester vows to live a purer life, and reveals that he has intensely pined for Jane ever since she left  He had even called out her name in despair one night, the very call that she heard from Moor House, and heard her reply from miles away, signifying the connection between them  Jane asserts herself as a financially independent woman and assures him of her love, declaring that she will never leave him  Rochester proposes again, and they are married  They live blissfully together in an old house in the woods called Ferndean Manor  The couple stay in touch with Adèle as she grows up, as well as Diana and Mary, who each gain loving husbands of their own  St John moves to India to accomplish his missionary goals, but is implied to have fallen gravely ill there  Rochester regains sight in one eye two years after his and Jane's marriage, enabling him to see their newborn son 

Major characters
In order of first line of dialogue:

Chapter 1
Jane Eyre: The novel's narrator and protagonist, she eventually becomes the second wife of Edward Rochester  Orphaned as a baby, Jane struggles through her nearly loveless childhood and becomes a governess at Thornfield Hall  Small and facially plain, Jane is passionate and strongly principled and values freedom and independence  She also has a strong conscience and is a determined Christian  She is ten at the beginning of the novel, and nineteen or twenty at the end of the main narrative  As the final chapter of the novel states that she has been married to Edward Rochester for ten years, she is approximately thirty at its completion 
Mrs Sarah Reed (née Gibson): Jane's maternal aunt by marriage, who reluctantly adopted Jane in accordance with her late husband's wishes  According to Mrs Reed, he pitied Jane and often cared for her more than for his own children  Mrs Reed's resentment leads her to abuse and neglect the girl  She lies to Mr Brocklehurst about Jane's tendency to lie, preparing him to be severe with Jane when she arrives at Brocklehurst's Lowood School 
John Reed: Jane's fourteen-year-old first cousin who bullies her incessantly and violently, sometimes in his mother's presence  Addicted to food and sweets, causing him ill health and bad complexion  John eventually ruins himself as an adult by drinking and gambling and is rumoured to have committed suicide 
Eliza Reed: Jane's thirteen-year-old first cousin  Envious of her more attractive younger sister and a slave to a rigid routine, she self-righteously devotes herself to religion  She leaves for a nunnery near Lisle (France) after her mother's death, determined to estrange herself from her sister 
Georgiana Reed: Jane's eleven-year-old first cousin  Although beautiful and indulged, she is insolent and spiteful  Her elder sister Eliza foils Georgiana's marriage to the wealthy Lord Edwin Vere when the couple is about to elope  Georgiana eventually marries a "wealthy worn-out man of fashion "
Bessie Lee: The nursemaid at Gateshead Hall  She often treats Jane kindly, telling her stories and singing her songs, but she has a quick temper  Later, she marries Robert Leaven with whom she has three children 
Miss Martha Abbot: Mrs Reed's maid at Gateshead Hall  She is unkind to Jane and tells Jane she has less right to be at Gateshead than a servant does 

Chapter 3
Mr Lloyd: A compassionate apothecary who recommends that Jane be sent to school  Later, he writes a letter to Miss Temple confirming Jane's account of her childhood and thereby clears Jane of Mrs Reed's charge of lying 

Chapter 4
Mr Brocklehurst: The clergyman, director, and treasurer of Lowood School, whose maltreatment of the pupils is eventually exposed  A religious traditionalist, he advocates for his charges the most harsh, plain, and disciplined possible lifestyle, but, hypocritically, not for himself and his own family  His second daughter, Augusta, exclaimed, "Oh, dear papa, how quiet and plain all the girls at Lowood look… they looked at my dress and mama's, as if they had never seen a silk gown before "

Chapter 5
Miss Maria Temple: The kind superintendent of Lowood School, who treats the pupils with respect and compassion  She helps clear Jane of Mr Brocklehurst's false accusation of deceit and cares for Helen in her last days  Eventually, she marries Reverend Naysmith 
Miss Scatcherd: A sour and strict teacher at Lowood  She constantly punishes Helen Burns for her untidiness but fails to see Helen's substantial good points 
Helen Burns: Jane's best friend at Lowood School  She refuses to hate those who abuse her, trusts in God, and prays for peace one day in heaven  She teaches Jane to trust Christianity and dies of consumption in Jane's arms  Elizabeth Gaskell, in her biography of the Brontë sisters, wrote that Helen Burns was 'an exact transcript' of Maria Brontë, who died of consumption at age 11 

Chapter 11
Mrs Alice Fairfax: The elderly, kind widow and the housekeeper of Thornfield Hall; distantly related to the Rochesters 
Adèle Varens: An excitable French child to whom Jane is a governess at Thornfield Hall  Adèle's mother was a dancer named Céline  She was Mr Rochester's mistress and claimed that Adèle was Mr Rochester's daughter, though he refuses to believe it due to Céline's unfaithfulness and Adèle's apparent lack of resemblance to him  Adèle seems to believe that her mother is dead (she tells Jane in chapter 11, "I lived long ago with mamma, but she is gone to the Holy Virgin")  Mr Rochester later tells Jane that Céline actually abandoned Adèle and "ran away to Italy with a musician or singer" (ch  15)  Adèle and Jane develop a strong liking for one another, and although Mr Rochester places Adèle in a strict school after Jane flees Thornfield Hall, Jane visits Adèle after her return and finds a better, less severe school for her  When Adèle is old enough to leave school, Jane describes her as "a pleasing and obliging companion—docile, good-tempered and well-principled", and considers her kindness to Adèle well repaid 
Grace Poole: "…a woman of between thirty and forty; a set, square-made figure, red-haired, and with a hard, plain face…" Mr Rochester pays her a very high salary to keep his mad wife, Bertha, hidden and quiet  Grace is often used as an explanation for odd happenings at the house such as strange laughter that was heard not long after Jane arrived  She has a weakness for drinking that occasionally allows Bertha to escape 

Chapter 12
Edward Fairfax Rochester: The master of Thornfield Hall  A Byronic hero, he has a face "dark, strong, and stern " He married Bertha Mason years before the novel begins 
Leah: The housemaid at Thornfield Hall 

Chapter 17
Blanche Ingram: Young socialite whom Mr Rochester plans to marry  Though possessing great beauty and talent, she treats social inferiors, Jane in particular, with undisguised contempt  Mr Rochester exposes her and her mother's mercenary motivations when he puts out a rumour that he is far less wealthy than they imagine 

Chapter 18
Richard Mason: An Englishman whose arrival at Thornfield Hall from the West Indies unsettles Mr Rochester  He is the brother of Rochester's first wife, the woman in the attic, and still cares for his sister's well-being  During the wedding ceremony of Jane and Mr Rochester, he exposes the bigamous nature of the marriage 

Chapter 21
Robert Leaven: The coachman at Gateshead Hall, who brings Jane the news of the death of the dissolute John Reed, an event which has brought on Mrs Reed's stroke  He informs her of Mrs Reed's wish to see Jane before she dies 

Chapter 26
Bertha Antoinetta Mason: The first wife of Edward Rochester  After their wedding, her mental health began to deteriorate, and she is now violent and in a state of intense derangement, apparently unable to speak or go into society  Mr Rochester, who insists that he was tricked into the marriage by a family who knew Bertha was likely to develop this condition, has kept Bertha locked in the attic at Thornfield Hall for years  She is supervised and cared for by Grace Poole, whose drinking sometimes allows Bertha to escape  After Richard Mason stops Jane and Mr Rochester's wedding, Rochester finally introduces Jane to Bertha: "In the deep shade, at the farther end of the room, a figure ran backwards and forwards  What it was, whether beast or human being, one could not, at first sight, tell… it snatched and growled like some strange wild animal: but it was covered with clothing, and a quantity of dark, grizzled hair, wild as a mane, hid its head and face " Eventually, Bertha sets fire to Thornfield Hall and throws herself to her death from the roof  Bertha is viewed as Jane's "double": Jane is pious and just, while Bertha is savage and animalistic  Though her race is never mentioned, it is sometimes conjectured that she was of mixed race  Rochester suggests that Bertha's parents wanted her to marry him, because he was of "good race", implying that she was not pure white, while he was  There are also references to her "dark" hair and "discoloured" and "black" face  A number of writers during the Victorian period suggested that madness could result from a racially "impure" lineage, compounded by growing up in a tropical West Indian climate 

Chapter 28
Diana and Mary Rivers: Sisters in a remote moors house who take Jane in when she is hungry and friendless, having left Thornfield Hall without making any arrangements for herself  Financially poor but intellectually curious, the sisters are deeply engrossed in reading the evening Jane appears at their door  Eventually, they are revealed to be Jane's cousins  They want Jane to marry their stern clergyman brother so that he will stay in England rather than journey to India as a missionary  Diana marries naval Captain Fitzjames, and Mary marries clergyman Mr Wharton  The sisters remain close to Jane and visit her and Rochester every year 
Hannah: The kindly housekeeper at the Rivers home; "…comparable with the Brontës' well-loved servant, Tabitha Aykroyd "
St John Eyre Rivers: A handsome, though severe and serious, clergyman who befriends Jane and turns out to be her cousin  St John is thoroughly practical and suppresses all of his human passions and emotions, particularly his love for the beautiful and cheerful heiress Rosamond Oliver, in favour of good works  He wants Jane to marry him and serve as his assistant on his missionary journey to India  After Jane rejects his proposal, St John goes to India unmarried 

Chapter 32
Rosamond Oliver: A beautiful, kindly, wealthy, but rather simple young woman, and the patron of the village school where Jane teaches  Rosamond is in love with St John, but he refuses to declare his love for her because she wouldn't be suitable as a missionary's wife  She eventually becomes engaged to the respected and wealthy Mr Granby 
Mr Oliver: Rosamond Oliver's wealthy father, who owns a foundry and needle factory in the district  "…a tall, massive-featured, middle-aged, and grey-headed man, at whose side his lovely daughter looked like a bright flower near a hoary turret " He is a kind and charitable man, and he is fond of St John 

Context
The early sequences, in which Jane is sent to Lowood, a harsh boarding school, are derived from the author's own experiences  Helen Burns's death from tuberculosis (referred to as consumption) recalls the deaths of Charlotte Brontë's sisters, Elizabeth and Maria, who died of the disease in childhood as a result of the conditions at their school, the Clergy Daughters School at Cowan Bridge, near Tunstall, Lancashire  Mr Brocklehurst is based on Rev  William Carus Wilson (1791–1859), the Evangelical minister who ran the school  Additionally, John Reed's decline into alcoholism and dissolution recalls the life of Charlotte's brother Branwell, who became an opium and alcohol addict in the years preceding his death  Finally, like Jane, Charlotte became a governess  These facts were revealed to the public in The Life of Charlotte Brontë (1857) by Charlotte's friend and fellow novelist Elizabeth Gaskell The Gothic manor of Thornfield Hall was probably inspired by North Lees Hall, near Hathersage in the Peak District in Derbyshire  This was visited by Charlotte Brontë and her friend Ellen Nussey in the summer of 1845, and is described by the latter in a letter dated 22 July 1845  It was the residence of the Eyre family, and its first owner, Agnes Ashurst, was reputedly confined as a lunatic in a padded second floor room  It has been suggested that the Wycoller Hall in Lancashire, close to Haworth, provided the setting for Ferndean Manor to which Mr Rochester retreats after the fire at Thornfield: there are similarities between the owner of Ferndean—Mr Rochester's father—and Henry Cunliffe, who inherited Wycoller in the 1770s and lived there until his death in 1818; one of Cunliffe's relatives was named Elizabeth Eyre (née Cunliffe)  The sequence in which Mr Rochester's wife sets fire to the bed curtains was prepared in an August 1830 homemade publication of Brontë's The Young Men's Magazine, Number 2  Charlotte Brontë began composing Jane Eyre in Manchester, and she likely envisioned Manchester Cathedral churchyard as the burial place for Jane's parents and Manchester as the birthplace of Jane herself 

Adaptations and influence
The novel has been adapted into a number of other forms, including theatre, film, television, and at least two full-length operas  The novel has also been the subject of a number of significant rewritings and related interpretations, notably Jean Rhys's seminal 1966 novel Wide Sargasso Sea 

Reception
Contemporary reviews
Jane Eyre's initial reception contrasts starkly to its reputation today  In 1848, Elizabeth Rigby (later Elizabeth Eastlake), reviewing Jane Eyre in The Quarterly Review, found it "pre-eminently an anti-Christian composition," declaring: "We do not hesitate to say that the tone of mind and thought which has overthrown authority and violated every code human and divine abroad, and fostered Chartism and rebellion at home, is the same which has also written Jane Eyre "An anonymous review in The Mirror of Literature, Amusement, and Instruction writes of "the extraordinary daring of the writer of Jane Eyre"; however, the review is mostly critical, summarising: "There is not a single natural character throughout the work  Everybody moves on stilts—the opinions are bad—the notions absurd  Religion is stabbed in the dark—our social distinctions attempted to be levelled, and all absurdly moral notions done away with "There were some who felt more positive about the novel contemporaneously  George Henry Lewes said, "It reads like a page out of one’s own life; and so do many other pages in the book " Another critic from the Atlas wrote, "It is full of youthful vigour, of freshness and originality, of nervous diction and concentrated interest    It is a book to make the pulses gallop and the heart beat, and to fill the eyes with tears "A review in The Era praised the novel, calling it "an extraordinary book", observing that "there is much to ponder over, rejoice over, and weep over, in its ably-written pages  Much of the heart laid bare, and the mind explored; much of greatness in affliction, and littleness in the ascendant; much of trial and temptation, of fortitude and resignation, of sound sense and Christianity—but no tameness "The People's Journal compliments the novel's vigour, stating that "the reader never tires, never sleeps: the swell and tide of an affluent existence, an irresistible energy, bears him onward, from first to last  It is impossible to deny that the author possesses native power in an uncommon degree—showing itself now in rapid headlong recital, now in stern, fierce, daring dashes in portraiture—anon in subtle, startling mental anatomy—here in a grand illusion, there in an original metaphor—again in a wild gush of genuine poetry "American publication The Nineteenth Century defended the novel against accusations of immorality, describing it as "a work which has produced a decided sensation in this country and in England    Jane Eyre has made its mark upon the age, and even palsied the talons of mercenary criticism  Yes, critics hired to abuse or panegyrize, at so much per line, have felt a throb of human feeling pervade their veins, at the perusal of Jane Eyre  This is extraordinary—almost preternatural—smacking strongly of the miraculous—and yet it is true    We have seen Jane Eyre put down, as a work of gross immorality, and its author described as the very incarnation of sensualism  To any one, who has read the work, this may look ridiculous, and yet it is true "The Indicator, concerning speculation regarding the gender of the author, wrote, "We doubt not it will soon cease to be a secret; but on one assertion we are willing to risk our critical reputation—and that is, that no woman wrote it  This was our decided conviction at the first perusal, and a somewhat careful study of the work has strengthened it  No woman in all the annals of feminine celebrity ever wrote such a style, terse yet eloquent, and filled with energy bordering sometimes almost on rudeness: no woman ever conceived such masculine characters as those portrayed here "

Twentieth century
Literary critic Jerome Beaty believed the close first-person perspective leaves the reader "too uncritically accepting of her worldview", and often leads reading and conversation about the novel towards supporting Jane, regardless of how irregular her ideas or perspectives are In 2003, the novel was ranked number 10 in the BBC's survey The Big Read 

Romance genre
Before the Victorian era, Jane Austen wrote literary fiction that influenced later popular fiction, as did the work of the Brontë sisters produced in the 1840s  Brontë's love romance incorporates elements of both the gothic novel and Elizabethan drama, and "demonstrate[s] the flexibility of the romance novel form "

Themes
Race
Throughout the novel there are frequent themes relating to ideas of ethnicity (specifically that of Bertha), which are a reflection of the society that the novel is set within  Mr Rochester claims to have been forced to take on a "mad" Creole wife, a woman who grew up in the West Indies, and who is thought to be of mixed-race descent  In the analysis of several scholars, Bertha plays the role of the racialised "other" through the shared belief that she chose to follow in the footsteps of her parents  Her alcoholism and apparent mental instability cast her as someone who is incapable of restraining herself, almost forced to submit to the different vices she is a victim of  Many writers of the period believed that one could develop mental instability or mental illnesses simply based on their race This means that those who were born of ethnicities associated with a darker complexion, or those who were not fully of European descent, were believed to be more mentally unstable than their white European counterparts were  According to American scholar Susan Meyer, in writing Jane Eyre Brontë was responding to the "seemingly inevitable" analogy in 19th-century European texts which "[compared] white women with blacks in order to degrade both groups and assert the need for white male control"  Bertha serves as an example of both the multiracial population and of a ‘clean’ European, as she is seemingly able to pass as a white woman for the most part, but also is hinted towards being of an ‘impure’ race since she does not come from a purely white or European lineage  The title that she is given by others of being a Creole woman leaves her a stranger where she is not black but is also not considered to be white enough to fit into higher society Unlike Bertha, Jane Eyre is thought of as being sound of mind before the reader is able to fully understand the character, simply because she is described as having a complexion that is pale and she has grown up in a European society rather than in an "animalistic" setting like Bertha  Jane is favoured heavily from the start of her interactions with Rochester, simply because like Rochester himself, she is deemed to be of a superior ethnic group than that of his first wife  While she still experiences some forms of repression throughout her life (the events of the Lowood Institution) none of them are as heavily taxing on her as that which is experienced by Bertha  Both women go through acts of suppression on behalf of the men in their lives, yet Jane is looked at with favour because of her supposed "beauty" that can be found in the colour of her skin  While both are characterised as falling outside of the normal feminine standards of this time, Jane is thought of as superior to Bertha because she demands respect and is able to use her talents as a governess, whereas Bertha is seen as a creature to be confined in the attic away from "polite" society 

Wide Sargasso Sea
Jean Rhys intended her critically acclaimed novel Wide Sargasso Sea as an account of the woman whom Rochester married and kept in his attic  The book won the notable WH Smith Literary Award in 1967  Rhys explores themes of dominance and dependence, especially in marriage, depicting the mutually painful relationship between a privileged English man and a Creole woman from Dominica made powerless on being duped and coerced by him and others  Both the man and the woman enter marriage under mistaken assumptions about the other partner  Her female lead marries Mr Rochester and deteriorates in England as "The Madwoman in the Attic"  Rhys portrays this woman from a quite different perspective from the one in Jane Eyre 

Feminism
The idea of the equality of men and women emerged more strongly in the Victorian period in Britain, after works by earlier writers, such as Mary Wollstonecraft  R  B  Martin described Jane Eyre as the first major feminist novel, "although there is not a hint in the book of any desire for political, legal, educational, or even intellectual equality between the sexes " This is illustrated in chapter 23, when Jane responds to Rochester's callous and indirect proposal:

Do you think I am an automaton? a machine without feelings?   Do you think, because I am poor, obscure, plain, and little, I am soulless and heartless? You think wrong—I have as much soul as you,—and full as much heart   I am not talking to you now through the medium of custom, conventionalities, nor even of mortal flesh;—it is my spirit that addresses your spirit; just as if both had passed through the grave, and we stood at God's feet, equal,—as we are The novel "acted as a catalyst" to feminist criticism with the publication by S  Gilbert and S  Gubar's The Madwoman in the Attic (1979), the title of which alludes to Rochester's wife  The Brontës' fictions were cited by feminist critic Ellen Moers as prime examples of Female Gothic, exploring woman's entrapment within domestic space and subjection to patriarchal authority, and the transgressive and dangerous attempts to subvert and escape such restriction  Both Wuthering Heights and Jane Eyre explore this theme 

Notes
Passage 9:
Aunt Jane's Nieces
Aunt Jane's Nieces is the title of a juvenile novel published by Reilly & Britton in 1906, and written by L  Frank Baum under the pen name "Edith Van Dyne " Since the book was the first in a series of novels designed for adolescent girls, its title was applied to the entire series of ten books, published between 1906 and 1918 

Inception
The book and the series were designed to appeal to the same audience as Louisa May Alcott's Little Women and Little Men  This was expressly stipulated in Baum's contract with Reilly & Britton, which stated:

Baum shall deliver to the Reilly and Britton Co  on or before March 1, 1906, the manuscript of a book for young girls on the style of the Louisa M  Alcott stories, but not so good, the authorship to be ascribed to "Ida May McFarland," or to "Ethel Lynne" or some other mythological female 

Plot
Jane Merrick is a wealthy, elderly, difficult invalid woman who is preparing for her approaching death  In her youth, she inherited her money and estate from her fiancé, Thomas Bradley, who died before their wedding took place  With no children of her own, she calls for her three teenage nieces to visit her, so she can decide who will inherit her estate  They are Louise Merrick, Elizabeth De Graf, and Patsy Doyle, children of Jane's younger brother and sisters 
Louise, seventeen years old, was small when her father died after struggling and failing to succeed in business  Aunt Jane refused his request for financial assistance  He left only his life insurance money, and Louise and her mother lived cheaply on the proceeds for years  However, they developed a plan to improve their lot  They decided to spend the entire principle of their funds on a three-year spree of fancy living to gain Louise an entrance into society, with a goal of finding a suitable husband to support them 
Beth, fifteen, has two parents who can barely make ends meet, living under a tightly stretched budget  Aunt Jane refused a request for money from Beth's father just the previous year, and Beth cannot even trust him with her own money  Beth is a brooding small-town beauty, given to sullenness 
Sixteen-year-old Patsy manages and dotes on her Irish father after the death of her mother  Aunt Jane refused the only plea this sister ever made, for a loan to pay for medical care that might have saved her life  Patsy is a temperamental redhead who resents Aunt Jane's past neglect and determines to have nothing to do with the old woman's money 
The nieces visit Aunt Jane  (Patsy resists at first, but the willful Aunt Jane sends her lawyer to fetch the girl ) The three cousins display their contrasting traits: Louise, sweet but manipulative; Beth, her bluntness tinged with bitterness; and Patsy, forthright and gifted with a natural integrity  Patsy quickly takes herself out of the running for Aunt Jane's fortune, refusing to have any part of it  Yet the old woman takes a liking to the girl, precisely for her vigor, candor, and stubbornness 
Beth finds Aunt Jane distasteful, but makes friends with the servants  Louise insists on "nursing" Aunt Jane, and showers her with gushing affection that Jane finds insincere but hard to resist  Patsy, having declared she does not want the money, visits Aunt Jane's room when she wishes, with an independence which pleases the invalid considerably 
Living on the estate is Jane's dead fiancé's nephew, Kenneth Forbes, who was born long after Thomas Bradley died  As charged in the will, Jane has provided for him since his mother died eight years previously, but despises him, putting him in a room in a distant wing of the house, and never dining with him  The humiliated and neglected boy has become sullen, shy and awkward  Despite his lessons, he seems ignorant, but has nowhere else to go, as Jane will not pay for better education for him  Kenneth's only supporter is Jane's lawyer, Silas Watson, who sees glimmers of Kenneth's possibilities and tries to convince Jane to do him justice  Kenneth is beginning to show some abilities at drawing, but does not think anything of his skill 
Aunt Jane has several servants, but the most unusual is James, the gardener, who loves the flowers as much as she does  He was with Thomas Bradley when he died, which traumatized him so badly that he rarely speaks 
Aunt Jane is also visited in her final days by her long-lost older brother, the girls' Uncle John  He dresses shabbily, and is presumed to be down and out; his sister gives him a place to stay  Uncle John exhibits the honesty, kindness and good sense that are lacking in most of the family  He befriends everyone, including poor Kenneth, in whom he takes a genuine interest 
The nieces gradually learn to accommodate themselves to their contrasting personalities  An incident electrifies the family: Beth and Louise have routinely been teasing Kenneth, causing him to flee the house via a plank stretched from the rooftop to a tree  When Patsy comes to see him about a horse, he runs for his escape, but falls off the edge  In full view of her aunt, she heroically pulls him up and saves him, but loses her balance and falls to the ground, breaking a leg 
This accident brings the young people together, breaking down the barriers between them  Kenneth learns to socialize with the girls and overcome his shyness, and the nieces begin to enjoy each other's company  Kenneth receives a mysterious gift of drawing materials, and begins to show his work to the girls  However, Jane's health continues to deteriorate, and she decides to make a will leaving the bulk of the estate to Patsy  Patsy refuses, and insists Jane should leave the estate to Kenneth  After fighting over this for many days, Jane pretends to give in to Patsy, but secretly invalidates the new will 
A short while later Jane passes away in the garden, and poor gardener James is the unlucky one who finds her  He runs shrieking away, to hide in his room for days 
The inheritance drama comes to a head over not one last will and testament, but three  After the funeral, Silas Watson opens the envelope containing the last will, and discovers that Jane has torn off the signatures and voided it  Her previous will, leaving the estate to Patsy with token amounts to the others, comes into effect  Patsy pledges to give the estate to Kenneth when she comes of age, and to increase her cousin's cash portions 
The group is suddenly called to James' room, where he lies dying after being kicked by a horse  This has shocked him into his right mind for the first time since Thomas Bradley's death years ago  He tells them about the accident, and how he drew the grievously injured man from the wreck  He explains that "Master Tom" demanded paper to make out a new will  The conductor and James both signed it to make it legal  However, the dying James does not recognize the people around him, who look so old to his now-young brain, and refuses to give them the will  He dies, and Watson and Uncle John search the room and find it  In the hasty will, Thomas bequeathed to Jane the use of his estate during her lifetime, after which it should revert to his sister and her descendants  In other words, Jane had no ability to will anything to anyone, and Kenneth is the sole rightful heir 
When this is announced, the group is shocked  There are no cash bequests to anyone – the fortune is all Kenneth's  The girls decide to go home; since Uncle John seems homeless, Patsy invites him to move in with her and her father 
Back in New York, Uncle John is quietly bemused by their poor apartment and his bed on the sofa  When they leave for work, he slips into an uptown banker's office where he meets with important people who treat him deferentially  After a week, Patsy receives her first surprise from an unknown benefactor – keys to a lovely furnished apartment provided free for at least three years  When they nervously visit it, they discover it has been fitted out completely, and a maid rings the bell reporting for duty, all her wages prepaid 
While Patsy and her father retrieve their things from the old apartment, Uncle John makes a quick visit to Louise and her mother, who treat him coldly  He leaves, embarrassed, but in the distance Louise's banker neighbor points him out: "he's worth from eighty to ninety millions, at least, and controls most of the canning and tin-plate industries of America "Patsy is concerned about the apartment, but Uncle John says, "There is nothing too good for a brave, honest girl who's [sic] heart is in the right place " Subsequently, Patsy reports for work and is told she's been fired  When she returns home, she finds a lady waiting to tutor her, to prepare her for women's college  That afternoon, to her delight, a piano teacher arrives  In the meantime, her father is informed that his firm's bankers would like to employ him, in a job that requires very few hours and pays a generous sum  Days later, he encounters Uncle John at the bank conducting his business, and learns the truth  At home, John points out that they all assumed he was poor, and he simply did not correct them  He promises to give the use of substantial money to both of the other girls' families, which can then be left to the nieces, so that they will not be in need 
Uncle John asks if he can continue to stay with Patsy and her father  She says, "I never meant to part with you, when I thought you poor, and I'll not desert you now that I know you're rich "

Criticism
The novel "is genuinely original and interesting  It focuses on three adolescent girls, two of whom combine basic good character with ugly traits not usually found in fiction for young girls  Baum starts with a trite situation that could occasion prosy moralizing   and gives it several original twists "

The series
The rest of the novels in the series feature travel, adventures, accidents, a kidnapping and rescue, romances, and a marriage for Louise  The final novel, Aunt Jane's Nieces in the Red Cross, was originally published in 1915, when the United States was still neutral in World War I; the nieces treat the wounded of both sides, and express the hope that the War will soon be over  The publisher issued a revised edition in 1918, with a darker treatment of the subject 
Aunt Jane's Nieces, 1906 (2005)
Aunt Jane's Nieces Abroad, 1907 (2007)
Aunt Jane's Nieces at Millville, 1908 (2005)
Aunt Jane's Nieces at Work, 1909 (2005)
Aunt Jane's Nieces in Society, 1910 (2005)
Aunt Jane's Nieces and Uncle John, 1911 (2005)
Aunt Jane's Nieces on Vacation, 1912 (2005)
Aunt Jane's Nieces on the Ranch, 1913
Aunt Jane's Nieces Out West, 1914 (2005)
Aunt Jane's Nieces in the Red Cross, 1915/1918 (2006)In the original editions, each book had a cover illustration and a frontispiece  The first eight volumes in the series were illustrated by Emile A  Nelson, and the ninth by James McCracken  The tenth was illustrated by Norman P  Hall, who had contributed one picture to Baum's 1901 collection American Fairy Tales 
(The Edith Van Dyne pseudonym was also used for other Baum works, the two Flying Girl books of 1911–12, and his Mary Louise stories of 1916–20 )

Popular success
In their era, the Aunt Jane's Nieces books were as successful with their target audience as the Oz books were with younger children  In 1911 the six titles then in print sold 22,569 copies  Indeed, toward the end of Baum's life they outsold the Oz books  (The books were popular as grammar-school graduation gifts for girls ) After the 1920s the books were largely forgotten for the rest of the century, except for Baum enthusiasts and a small but growing coterie of Baum scholars  By the turn of the 21st century, however, the trend of re-evaluation and re-publication of Baum's works reached the series: nine of the ten books were reprinted between 2005 and 2007 
Context 3: Passage 1:
Middletown, Kentucky
Middletown is an independent, home rule-class city in Jefferson County, Kentucky, United States, and a former neighborhood of Louisville  The population was 7,218 at the 2010 census 
The city is also home to the main campus of the largest church in the state (and one of the country's largest Protestant churches), the Southeast Christian Church 

History
The City of Middletown was originally incorporated in 1797 by the Jefferson County Court on 500 acres of land lying on a branch of the forks of Beargrass Creek that originally belonged to Jacob Meyers and Culberth Harrison  Though there is no recorded explanation why the city was named Middletown, it is commonly believed that that name was chosen because the town was in the "middle" of the two older cities of Louisville which was founded June 24, 1778, and Shelbyville, which was founded December 20, 1792  In 1871 the Kentucky General Assembly amended the original charter to increase Middletown's boundaries 
After failing to hold elections and collect taxes after 1919, Circuit Judge McCauley Smith dissolved the city's charter on July 26, 1960, and Middletown lost its 163-year-old city status  The city's charter was restored as a sixth-class city on August 7, 1976 with a commission form of government  On July 15, 1982, this was upgraded to the status of a fourth-class city 

Geography
Middletown is located at 38°14′36″N 85°31′51″W (38 243342, -85 530842)  in northeast Jefferson County, Kentucky near Louisville, Kentucky 
According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 5 10 square miles (13 2 km2), of which 5 04 square miles (13 1 km2) is land and 0 061 square miles (0 16 km2) (1 20%) is water 

Demographics
2010
As of the census of 2010, there were 7,218 people, 3,292 households, and 1,966 families living in the city  The population density was 1,414 9 inhabitants per square mile (546 3/km2)  There were 3,547 housing units at an average density of 695 3 per square mile (268 5/km2)  The racial makeup of the city was 87 1% White (85 1% non-Hispanic), 7 1% African American, 0 11% Native American or Alaska Native, 2 8% Asian, 0 07% Pacific Islander, 0 87% from other races, and 1 9% from two or more races  Hispanics or Latinos of any race were 3 2% of the population 
There were 3,292 households, out of which 26 7% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 45 4% were married couples living together, 11 5% had a female householder with no husband present, 2 9% had a male householder with no wife present, and 40 3% were non-families  35 4% of all households were made up of individuals, and 16 6% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older  The average household size was 2 19 and the average family size was 2 86 

The age distribution was 21 4% under 18, 5 7% from 18 to 24, 24 3% from 25 to 44, 30 2% from 45 to 64, and 18 4% who were 65 or older  The median age was 43 8 years  For every 100 females, there were 85 6 males  For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 80 0 males 

2000 census
As of the census of 2000, there were 5,744 people, 2,391 households, and 1,654 families living in the city  The population density was 1,181 4 inhabitants per square mile (456 1/km2)  There were 2,543 housing units at an average density of 523 0 per square mile (201 9/km2)  The racial makeup of the city was 90 39% White, 5 54% African American, 0 30% Native American or Alaska Native, 1 44% Asian, 0 09% Pacific Islander, 0 66% from other races, and 1 58% from two or more races  Hispanics or Latinos of any race were 1 50% of the population 
There were 2,391 households, out of which 33 0% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 55 7% were married couples living together, 11 2% had a female householder with no husband present, and 30 8% were non-families  26 9% of all households were made up of individuals, and 9 5% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older  The average household size was 2 40 and the average family size was 2 92 
The age distribution was 24 8% under the age of 18, 6 4% from 18 to 24, 31 1% from 25 to 44, 25 6% from 45 to 64, and 12 1% who were 65 years of age or older  The median age was 38 years  For every 100 females, there were 90 1 males  For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 84 5 males 
The median income for a household in the city was $53,608, and the median income for a family was $61,667  Males had a median income of $45,417 versus $33,135 for females  The per capita income for the city was $26,660  About 2 3% of families and 4 1% of the population were below the poverty line, including 3 6% of those under age 18 and 8 0% of those age 65 or over 

Education
Public education in Middletown is administered by Jefferson County Public Schools, which operates Eastern High School, Hite Elementary, Middletown Elementary, and Crosby Middle School in the Middletown area  Middletown also has multiple privately funded schools  There is also a branch of the Louisville Free Public Library 

Government Services
Anchorage-Middletown-Eastwood-Worthington fire and EMS operates out of 11 stations to provide fire protection to 90 square miles of the eastern Louisville Metro area  Middletown is also home to a small 24 hour paid police department based out of city hall  Middletown is also home to LMPD’s 8th division  EMS is serviced by the fire department and Louisville 
metro EMS 
Passage 2:
Grayson, Kentucky
Grayson is a home rule-class city in and the county seat of Carter County, Kentucky, United States, on US Route 60 and Interstate 64 in the state's northeastern region   It is approximately 21 miles west of Ashland   Within the city limits, the population was 4,217 at the 2010 census  Along with Carter County, the city is closely associated with the nearby Huntington-Ashland, WV-KY-OH Metropolitan Statistical Area and is often erroneously included  in the MSA being just 9 miles west of the M S A's western boundary 
The city has grown in size substantially since the opening of Interstate 64 in 1975 through Carter County  Immediately afterwards, Grayson experienced several years of commercial sector growth, mainly to serve the Interstate 64 traffic  Since 1990, the city has also seen significant growth in the residential sector with the Interstate making for a faster trip to and from Ashland  Beginning in 1995, AA Highway terminates in Grayson making the city a gateway to the Huntington-Ashland urban area 

History
After the Revolutionary War, George Washington's aide-de-camp Col  William Grayson received a 70,000-acre (280 km2) tract of land for his service during the war from the state of Virginia  By 1838, a small portion of this tract was set aside for the development of a town named for him  Although Grayson had only five streets and eighty lots, it was established by the General Assembly on February 6, 1844, and it was incorporated on February 22, 1860 
Grayson, Kentucky was a stop on the Eastern Kentucky Railway 

Geography
Grayson is located in east-central Carter County at 38°20′5″N 82°56′33″W (38 334738, -82 942368), along the Little Sandy River, a tributary of the Ohio River 
Route 60 passes through the city as Main Street and is intersected in downtown by Kentucky Routes 1 and 7 (Carol Malone Boulevard)  Interstate 64 runs through the northern end of the city, with access to KY 7 at Exit 172  Kentucky Route 9, the AA Highway, begins from KY 1-and-7 just north of the city limits and runs 111 miles (179 km) to the Cincinnati area  Huntington, West Virginia, is 29 miles (47 km) east of Grayson via I-64, and Lexington is 96 miles (154 km) to the west 
According to the United States Census Bureau, Grayson has a total area of 2 9 square miles (7 5 km2), of which 2 8 square miles (7 3 km2) is land and 0 039 square miles (0 1 km2), or 1 95%, is water 

Climate
The climate in this area is characterized by hot, humid summers and generally mild to cool winters   According to the Köppen Climate Classification system, Grayson has a humid subtropical climate, abbreviated "Cfa" on climate maps  Since 2002, nine different severe storms have struck Grayson, with each storm causing enough damage to warrant federal assistance for disaster recovery 

Education
Grayson is served by the Carter County School District  Schools located within the city includes:

Heritage Elementary School
Prichard Elementary School
East Carter Middle School
East Carter High SchoolThe campus of Kentucky Christian University (formerly Kentucky Christian College) is located in Grayson 
Grayson has a lending library, a branch of the Carter County Public Library 

Demographics
As of the census of 2000, there were 3,877 people, 1,415 households, and 938 families residing in the city  The population density was 1,549 1 inhabitants per square mile (598 1/km2)  There were 1,538 housing units at an average density of 614 5 per square mile (237 3/km2)  The racial makeup of the city was 98 32% White, 0 52% African American, 0 39% Native American, 0 28% Asian, 0 03% Pacific Islander, 0 18% from other races, and 0 28% from two or more races  Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0 77% of the population 
There were 1,415 households, out of which 31 0% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 46 9% were married couples living together, 16 0% had a female householder with no husband present, and 33 7% were non-families  31 0% of all households were made up of individuals, and 13 1% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older  The average household size was 2 31 and the average family size was 2 86 
In the city the population was spread out, with 21 9% under the age of 18, 19 0% from 18 to 24, 24 3% from 25 to 44, 18 5% from 45 to 64, and 16 3% who were 65 years of age or older  The median age was 32 years  For every 100 females, there were 83 0 males  For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 78 0 males 
The median income for a household in the city was $19,683, and the median income for a family was $26,280  Males had a median income of $32,022 versus $18,875 for females  The per capita income for the city was $11,879  About 27 7% of families and 31 4% of the population were below the poverty line, including 44 8% of those under age 18 and 22 3% of those age 65 or over 

Notable residents
Charlie Borders, former Kentucky State Senator
Jason Smith, chef, TV personality
Robin L  Webb, Kentucky State Senator and former Kentucky State Representative
Carol Malone Operatic soprano at the Deutsche Oper Berlin, San Francisco and Metropolitan Operas 
Jill York, former member of the Kentucky House of Representatives
Montana Fouts, All American softball pitcher for University of Alabama

See also
East Carter High School shooting, a school shooting that occurred in Grayson in 1993
Passage 3:
Poplar Hills, Kentucky
Poplar Hills is a home rule-class city in Jefferson County, Kentucky, United States  It is a part of the Louisville Metro government, but operates as a city under the Mayor to Commissioner form of government  Per the 2020 census, the population was 380, but the city administration has made several annexation ordinances that have passed and awaits updated information  The current city population is estimated to be 2380  It currently has the highest population density for any city in Kentucky 

Geography
Poplar Hills is located in central Jefferson County at 38°10′35″N 85°41′37″W (38 176490, -85 693492)  It is bordered to the northeast by Watterson Park and on all other sides by consolidated Louisville/Jefferson County  Kentucky Route 864 (Poplar Level Road) runs along the northeast border of the community  Downtown Louisville is 7 miles (11 km) to the northwest 
According to the United States Census Bureau, Poplar Hills has a total area of 0 03 square miles (0 07 km2), all land 

Demographics
2020 census
2000 Census
As of the census of 2000, there were 396 people, 234 households, and 77 families residing in the city  The population density was 17,036 0 inhabitants per square mile (6,577 6/km2)  There were 240 housing units at an average density of 10,324 8 per square mile (3,986 4/km2)  The racial makeup of the city was 40 15% White, 55 30% African American, 0 76% Asian, 1 52% from other races, and 2 27% from two or more races  Hispanic or Latino of any race were 2 27% of the population 
There were 234 households, out of which 15 0% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 15 4% were married couples living together, 12 8% had a female householder with no husband present, and 66 7% were non-families  50 9% of all households were made up of individuals, and 3 0% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older  The average household size was 1 69 and the average family size was 2 36 
In the city, the population was spread out, with 14 4% under the age of 18, 20 7% from 18 to 24, 44 7% from 25 to 44, 17 4% from 45 to 64, and 2 8% who were 65 years of age or older  The median age was 28 years  For every 100 females, there were 85 9 males  For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 85 2 males 
The median income for a household in the city was $26,964, and the median income for a family was $22,000  Males had a median income of $31,000 versus $22,083 for females  The per capita income for the city was $19,879  About 19 1% of families and 19 7% of the population were below the poverty line, including 31 9% of those under age 18 and 46 2% of those age 65 or over 
Passage 4:
Jeffersontown, Kentucky
Jeffersontown is a home rule-class city in Jefferson County, Kentucky, United States  The population was 26,595 at the 2010 U S  census 
It is a major suburb of Louisville  When the Louisville Metro government was established in 2003, Jeffersontown chose to retain its status as an independent city  It is the metro area's largest municipality outside Louisville   Locally, the city is often referred to by the abbreviated name J-town 

History
Before European exploration, this was occupied by succeeding cultures of Native Americans  They hunted the area for its rich game, including bison herds  The bison created paths through the forests and meadows for their seasonal migrations that were later used by Native Americans and, in turn, by Europeans and Americans alike 
Located in southeastern Jefferson County, along the north central border of Kentucky, Jeffersontown was initially developed in the late 1700s as a stopover and trading station for early European-American pioneers on their way to the Falls of the Ohio at Louisville  Farmers began to cultivate the rich land, which was surveyed by Thomas Bullitt in 1773 and John Floyd the next year  The Hites, Tylers, and Oldhams all settled the area under land grants given to veterans for military service following the American Revolutionary War, as the new government was cash poor In 1794, Abraham Bruner purchased 122 acres (49 ha) of land  In May 1797, he successfully petitioned the Jefferson County Fiscal Court to incorporate a 40-acre (16 ha) section of his land as the city of Jefferson – named either after the county or after Thomas Jefferson, then the vice president of the United States  The city was long known as Bruner's Town or Brunerstown by its inhabitants, but the usage Jefferson Town eventually became adopted as its present name A large, 600-acre area from the pioneer days has been preserved since the late 20th century and recognized as the Tyler Settlement Rural Historic District  It is used largely for agricultural purposes  This district is east of Jeffersontown; it contains several of the Tylers' original log cabins and barns  A large portion of the Tyler settlement is known as the Blackacre Nature Preserve  This 170-acre tract is used by Jefferson County public schools as part of their environmental education 

Geography
Jeffersontown is located at 38°12′22″N 85°34′25″W (38 206102, -85 573619)  According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 10 0 square miles (26 km2), of which 9 9 square miles (26 km2) is land and 0 10% is water 

Demographics
As of the census of 2010, there were 26,595 people, 10,653 households, and 7,275 families residing in the city  The population density was 2,675 9 inhabitants per square mile (1,033 2/km2)  There were 11,220 housing units at an average density of 1,127 3 per square mile (435 3/km2)  The racial makeup of the city was 82 2% White, 11 1% African American, 0 2% Native American, 1 8% Asian, 0 1% Pacific Islander, 2 1% from other races, and 2 5% from two or more races  Hispanic or Latino of any race were 5 04% of the population 

There were 10,653 households, out of which 32 9% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 54 3% were married couples living together, 10 7% had a female householder with no husband present, and 31 7% were non-families  26 4% of all households were made up of individuals, and 6 4% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older  The average household size was 2 46 and the average family size was 2 99 

In the city, the population was spread out, with 24 8% under the age of 18, 7 7% from 18 to 24, 33 4% from 25 to 44, 23 3% from 45 to 64, and 10 8% who were 65 years of age or older  The median age was 36 years  For every 100 females, there were 92 8 males  For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 89 1 males 
The median income for a household in the city was $51,999, and the median income for a family was $60,951  Males had a median income of $41,345 versus $29,537 for females  The per capita income for the city was $23,977  About 3 7% of families and 4 3% of the population were below the poverty line, including 5 4% of those under age 18 and 5 4% of those age 65 or over 

Economy
The Bluegrass Commerce Park (formerly known as The Bluegrass Research & Industrial Park) opened in 1966 and encompasses 600 acres (2 4 km2)  It was the first such development in the United States  Today, Bluegrass Commerce Park has expanded to more than 1,800 acres (7 3 km2) and is home to approximately 850 businesses  The park is the largest in the state of Kentucky  The 38,000 employees who work there make the park and Jeffersontown the third-largest city of employment in the state 
The park's seven units include:

Bluegrass Commerce Park
Commonwealth Park
Watterson Trail Industrial Park
Plainview Office Park
Jeffersontown Industrial Park
Holloway Industrial Park
Blankenbaker CrossingsPapa John's Pizza has its headquarters in Jeffersontown 
In November 2020, the company announced its new global headquarters would be moved to the Three Ballpark Center at The Battery Atlanta 

Government
The city of Jeffersontown is governed by a mayor and eight city council members  The mayor serves a four-year term of office while the council members serve two-year terms  The city council members are elected at-large, made up of the top eight candidates receiving the most votes in the general election 

Education
Jeffersontown has a lending library, a branch of the Louisville Free Public Library 

Notable people
Jon Ackerson, politician who served in both houses of the Kentucky State Legislature; former Jeffersontown city council member

See also
2018 Jeffersontown shooting
Beechland (Jeffersontown, Kentucky)
Confederate Martyrs Monument in Jeffersontown
Passage 5:
Central City, Kentucky
Central City is a home rule-class city in Muhlenberg County, Kentucky, in the United States  The population was 5,819 at the 2020 census  It is the largest city in the county and the principal community in the Central City Micropolitan Statistical Area, which includes all of Muhlenberg County 

History
The site of present-day Central City was originally known as "Morehead's Horse Mill" after local resident Charles S  Morehead's steam-powered gristmill  A larger community began to develop after the 1870 advent of the Elizabethtown and Paducah Railroad  A post office was constructed the next year in 1871 and called "Owensboro Junction" after the projected 1872 completion of the Owensboro and Russellville Railroad  By 1873, the settlement was large enough to be incorporated by the state legislature as "Stroud City", after local landowner John Stroud The same year, however, the du Ponts' Central Coal and Iron Company began operation in the area and became so vital to the local economy that the city was reïncorporated in 1882 as "Central City"  Recessions replaced the E&P and the O&R with a procession of different companies, including the Owensboro and Nashville Railway, but the two rights of way always remained in separate hands, keeping Central City an important regional hub for the Illinois Central and the L&N, with train yards, roundhouses, and even an elevated rail station  Coal was mined from nearby fields, prompting explosions such as one in 1912 that killed five workers The expansion of automotive traffic in the early 20th century reduced some of Central City's importance, but it continues to service mainline freight traffic on the Paducah and Louisville Railway and trunk-line service for CSX from Madisonville to the Paradise Combined Cycle Plant, minutes south of the city 
Central City is the only city in Muhlenberg County that allows liquor to be sold by package stores and by the drink in restaurants seating at least 100 persons  Muhlenberg County is dry 

Geography
Central City is located in northeastern Muhlenberg County at 37°17′42″N 87°07′43″W (37 294989, -87 128622)  The Western Kentucky Parkway runs along the southern edge of the city, with access from Exit 58 (U S  Route 431)  The parkway leads northeast 80 miles (130 km) to Elizabethtown and west 57 miles (92 km) to Eddyville  U S  Route 62 passes through Central City south of the city center; it leads northeast 17 miles (27 km) to Beaver Dam and southwest 7 miles (11 km) to Greenville, the Muhlenberg county seat  US 431 passes through Central City's downtown, leading north 35 miles (56 km) to Owensboro and south 36 miles (58 km) to Russellville 
According to the United States Census Bureau, the Central City has a total area of 5 25 square miles (13 6 km2), of which 0 01 square miles (0 03 km2), or 0 21%, are water  Terrain in Central City is rolling hills to steep bluffs along the northern boundaries of the city along the Green River  The city, along its northwestern border, is known for its swamps and lowland area that remain at or near the water table year-round 
Most of Central City has a sandstone bedrock with #9 bituminous coal underlying the bedrock  Central City has a number of old underground coal mine shafts that still crisscross the city   Most of these old shafts date back to the early 1900s  The majority of terrain around the city limits is reclaimed land where surface mining has taken place 

Demographics
As of the census of 2000, there were 5,893 people, 2,065 households, and 1,410 families residing in the city  The population density was 1,126 2 inhabitants per square mile (434 8/km2)  There were 2,313 housing units at an average density of 442 0 per square mile (170 7/km2)  The racial makeup of the city was 88 07% White, 10 67% African American, 0 05% Native American, 0 24% Asian, 0 02% Pacific Islander, 0 41% from other races, and 0 54% from two or more races  Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0 80% of the population 
There were 2,065 households, out of which 28 7% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 51 5% were married couples living together, 13 4% had a female householder with no husband present, and 31 7% were non-families  29 5% of all households were made up of individuals, and 15 5% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older  The average household size was 2 39 and the average family size was 2 95 
In the city, the population was spread out, with 20 1% under the age of 18, 10



ground_truth: "Currer Bell"

prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: What rule-class city of 26,595 contains the neighborhood Plainview?

The following are given passages.
Context 3: 6% from 18 to 24, 30 8% from 25 to 44, 22 2% from 45 to 64, and 16 3% who were 65 years of age or older  The median age was 38 years  For every 100 females, there were 116 7 males  For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 120 3 males 
The median income for a household in the city was $27,371, and the median income for a family was $32,959  Males had a median income of $29,284 versus $18,265 for females  The per capita income for the city was $12,637  About 18 4% of families and 20 5% of the population were below the poverty line, including 25 3% of those under age 18 and 21 4% of those age 65 or over 

Education
Central City is home to Central City Elementary School  Central City Elementary School is a feeder school for Muhlenberg North Middle School which, in turn, feeds Muhlenberg County High School 
Central City is also home to the Muhlenberg Campus of Madisonville Community College, completed in 2001 
Central City has a lending library, a branch of the Muhlenberg County Public Library 

Media
WMTA AM 1380, founded 1955
WNES AM, founded in 1955, owned by the Andy Anderson Corporation which founded the station 
WEKV FM 101 9, 100,000 watt station, owned and operated by Andy Anderson Corporation, licensed to Central City where the main studio is, tower and transmitter located in Pleasant Ridge, (Daviess County), Kentucky 
A number of regional radio stations have Radio repeater's located in Central City   Two are currently active while a third is under consideration 
Leader-News, weekly newspaper founded in Greenville Leader, moved to Central City in the 1960s and became the "Greenville Leader-Central City News", owned and published by the Andy Anderson Corporation 
Times Argus, formerly the Messenger Times Argus, founded in 1909, published weekly 

Economy
Major employers in Central City include: 

Brewco
Brewer, Inc 
Green River Correctional Complex
Kentucky Utilities Green River Generating Station
Armstrong Coal Company Parkway Mine
KenAmerican Paradise Underground Mine
Wal-Mart Supercenter
Central City Elementary School

Arts and culture
Everly Brothers Homecoming/Labor Day Cruise-In
On Labor Day Weekend 1988, Central City began hosting The Everly Brothers Homecoming event to raise money for a scholarship fund for Muhlenberg County students  The Homecoming became a popular annual event for fourteen years, before ending in 2002 Not to be discouraged, the citizens reformed the event as a weekend long cruise-in and car show that is still held annually on Labor Day Weekend 

Kentucky Women's Hall of Fame, Inc 
Sponsored by the Central City Business & Professional Women's Club, the Hall of Fame is located inside the Central City Public Library, 108 E  Broad Street and features a portrait and memorabilia gallery which includes former Governor Martha Layne Collins, Country & Western music giant Loretta Lynn, and local author, editorialist, historian, war correspondent for the Service Star and noted cultivator of roses Agnes S  Harralson  Central City Library hours are Monday 9 am - 7 pm; Tuesday - Friday 9 am - 5 pm; Saturday 9 am - 1 pm  www mcplib org for more info; Central City BPW meets the second Tuesday of each month in the library meeting room at 6:00 pm - visitors are welcome 

Muhlenberg County Rail Trail
The Muhlenberg County Rail Trail is a paved trail following an old Paducah and Louisville railway route between Central City and Greenville that is open to pedestrian and non-motorized vehicle traffic  Kentucky's most extensive rail trail conversion to date, the Muhlenberg Rail Trail opened October 20, 2000 and was named "Trail of the Month" by the Rails to Trails Conservancy in May 2004  A viewing platform and birding guide are available where the trail passes through a local wetland  The Muhlenberg County Rails to Trails Committee has obtained an additional 3 miles of abandoned rail, possibly for a later extension into McLean County 

Notable residents
Tom Christerson, second recipient of an artificial heart
T  Coleman du Pont, manager for the Central Coal & Iron Company, later president of Dupont and a Republican senator for Delaware
Don Everly of The Everly Brothers, musician
Bernard Hickman, former head coach of the Louisville Cardinals men's basketball team
Halley G  Maddox, US Army major general
Ziggy Sears, Major League Baseball umpire
Jim Walker, musician
Corky Withrow, baseball player
Passage 6:
Plainview, Louisville
Plainview is a neighborhood in the city of Jeffersontown, Kentucky and is located on the former site of the Plainview Dairy Farm  It is a Planned Unit Development which includes housing, workplaces, and shopping within a single development 
Plainview is located between I-64 and Shelbyville Road east of Hurstbourne Parkway 
The Plainview community has many amenities; such as the Swim & Tennis Center, where there is a swim team, with competitions throughout the year  There is also a yearly yard sale 

See also
R  C  Tway, owner of farmland that evolved into this neighborhood
Passage 7:
Hickman, Kentucky
Hickman is a city in and the county seat of Fulton County, Kentucky, United States  Located on the Mississippi River, the city had a population of 2,365 at the 2020 U S  census and is classified as a home rule-class city  Hickman is part of the Union City micropolitan area 

History
This area was long occupied by various cultures of indigenous peoples  European-American settlement of this area did not begin until decades after the American Revolutionary War  James Mills built the first cabin on the site in 1819  The community of Mills Point was large enough to receive a post office in 1830  Around 1834, G  Marr purchased much of the surrounding area and laid out more streets The community was renamed Hickman in 1837 after the maiden name of Marr's wife  The city was formally incorporated by the state assembly on February 18, 1841  In 1845, it became the county seat David Walker, his wife, and their four children were lynched in Hickman in 1908 after Mr  Walker was accused of using inappropriate language with a white woman  Two floods devastated Hickman, the first in 1912 and the second in 1913   The flood of 1912 began when a levee located near Hickman broke  Within a few hours the water had risen to the roofs of houses  The flood of 1913 began when a levee near West Hickman broke on April 4  Baseball pitcher Rube Waddell was among the many who helped save the city during both floods  Waddell came down with pneumonia after each flood; he died of tuberculosis 

Registered historic sites
Thomas Chapel C M E  Church is an historic African-American church on Moscow Avenue in Hickman, part of the Colored Methodist Episcopal Church formed by freedmen after the American Civil War  Freedmen set up their own denomination in order to be independent of white supervision in the Methodist Church, South, which had split away from northern congregations at the outbreak of war  (In 1954 the CME changed its name to Christian Methodist Episcopal Church ) The church in Hickman was built in 1895  It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1979 

Geography
According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 3 6 square miles (9 3 km2), of which 3 6 square miles (9 3 km2) is land and 0 28% is water 

Climate
The climate in this area is characterized by hot, humid summers and generally mild to cool winters   According to the Köppen Climate Classification system, Hickman has a humid subtropical climate, abbreviated "Cfa" on climate maps 

Demographics
2020 census
As of the 2020 United States Census, there were 2,365 people, 752 households, and 385 families residing in the city 

2000 census
As of the census of 2000, there were 2,560 people, 1,015 households, and 665 families residing in the city  The population density was 718 1 inhabitants per square mile (277 3/km2)  There were 1,177 housing units at an average density of 330 2 per square mile (127 5/km2)  The racial makeup of the city was 64 06% White, 34 96% African American, 0 08% Native American, 0 04% from other races, and 0 86% from two or more races  Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0 51% of the population 
There were 1,015 households, out of which 28 2% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 39 8% were married couples living together, 22 4% had a female householder with no husband present, and 34 4% were non-families  32 1% of all households were made up of individuals, and 14 8% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older  The average household size was 2 33 and the average family size was 2 94 
In the city, the population was spread out, with 24 9% under the age of 18, 10 9% from 18 to 24, 26 8% from 25 to 44, 23 0% from 45 to 64, and 14 4% who were 65 years of age or older  The median age was 36 years  For every 100 females, there were 94 2 males  For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 90 2 males 
The median income for a household in the city was $21,655, and the median income for a family was $27,384  Males had a median income of $25,625 versus $18,264 for females  The per capita income for the city was $11,573  About 24 8% of families and 27 1% of the population were below the poverty line, including 35 0% of those under age 18 and 18 7% of those age 65 or over 

Notable people
Amy L  Bondurant, former U S  Ambassador to the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD)
Robert Glen Coe, convicted murderer
S G  Goodman, singer-songwriter
Elvis Jacob Stahr Jr , President of Indiana University

Education
Hickman has a public library, a branch of the Fulton County Public Library 
Passage 8:
Moorland, Kentucky
Moorland is a home rule-class city in Jefferson County, Kentucky, United States  The population was 431 as of the 2010 census 

Geography
Moorland is located in northeastern Jefferson County at 38°16′23″N 85°34′45″W (38 273020, -85 579048)  It is bordered to the south, east, and west by Lyndon, and to the north by consolidated Louisville/Jefferson County  It is 11 miles (18 km) east of downtown Louisville 
According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 0 09 square miles (0 24 km2), all land 

Demographics
At the 2000 census there were 464 people in 206 households, including 127 families, in the city  The population density was 4,830 4 inhabitants per square mile (1,865 0/km2)  There were 213 housing units at an average density of 2,217 4 per square mile (856 1/km2)   The racial makeup of the city was 91 81% White, 4 74% African American, 0 43% Asian, 0 22% from other races, and 2 80% from two or more races  Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0 65% Of the 206 households 29 1% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 44 2% were married couples living together, 13 1% had a female householder with no husband present, and 38 3% were non-families  32 5% of households were one person and 4 4% were one person aged 65 or older  The average household size was 2 25 and the average family size was 2 85 
The age distribution was 24 1% under the age of 18, 5 8% from 18 to 24, 38 4% from 25 to 44, 24 4% from 45 to 64, and 7 3% 65 or older  The median age was 36 years  For every 100 females, there were 100 9 males  For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 90 3 males 
The median household income was $40,469 and the median family income  was $45,096  Males had a median income of $35,625 versus $25,625 for females  The per capita income for the city was $18,092  About 1 4% of families and 1 6% of the population were below the poverty line, including 1 6% of those under age 18 and none of those age 65 or over 
Passage 9:
Meadowbrook Farm, Kentucky
Meadowbrook Farm is a neighborhood of Louisville, Kentucky, United States  It is separately incorporated as a home rule-class city  The population was 136 as of the 2010 census 

Geography
Meadowbrook Farm is located in northeastern Jefferson County at 38°16′40″N 85°34′32″W (38 277772, -85 575669)  It is bordered to the southwest by Lyndon, to the northeast by Meadow Vale, and on all other sides by consolidated Louisville/Jefferson County  Downtown Louisville is 12 miles (19 km) to the southwest 
According to the United States Census Bureau, Meadowbrook Farm has a total area of 0 03 square miles (0 07 km2), all land 

Demographics
As of the census of 2000, there were 146 people, 53 households, and 41 families residing in the city  The population density was 4,828 7 inhabitants per square mile (1,864 4/km2)  There were 53 housing units at an average density of 1,752 9 per square mile (676 8/km2)  The racial makeup of the city was 91 78% White, 7 53% African American, and 0 68% from two or more races 
There were 53 households, out of which 35 8% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 67 9% were married couples living together, 5 7% had a female householder with no husband present, and 20 8% were non-families  17 0% of all households were made up of individuals, and 5 7% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older  The average household size was 2 75 and the average family size was 3 12 
In the city, the population was spread out, with 24 7% under the age of 18, 4 8% from 18 to 24, 36 3% from 25 to 44, 26 7% from 45 to 64, and 7 5% who were 65 years of age or older  The median age was 37 years  For every 100 females, there were 102 8 males  For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 100 0 males 
The median income for a household in the city was $63,542, and the median income for a family was $63,958  Males had a median income of $51,250 versus $38,125 for females  The per capita income for the city was $26,980  There were 4 4% of families and 5 2% of the population living below the poverty line, including 2 9% of under eighteens and none of those over 64 
Passage 10:
Corbin, Kentucky
Corbin is a home rule-class city in Whitley, Knox and Laurel counties in the southeastern portion of the U S  state of Kentucky  As of the 2020 census, the city population was 7,856  
Corbin is on Interstate 75 and US Route 25W, about halfway between Knoxville, Tennessee, and Lexington 

History
The first settlement in the Corbin area was known as Lynn Camp Station  The first post office was called Cummins, for community founder Nelson Cummins  It was discovered in 1885 that both Cummins and Lynn Camp were already in use as names for Kentucky post offices, and postmaster James Eaton was asked to select another name  He chose Corbin for the Rev  James Corbin Floyd, a local minister  The town was incorporated under that name in 1905 
Corbin has a troubled racial past, including a race riot in late October 1919 in which a white mob forced nearly all the town's 200 black residents onto a freight train out of town and a sundown town policy until the late 20th century  The event is the subject of a 1991 documentary, Trouble Behind  In October 2019, city leaders marked the riot's centennial with a proclamation acknowledging the riot and former sundown town policy For most of its history, the urbanized areas of Corbin in Laurel County were not incorporated into the city limits due to a state law prohibiting cities from being in more than two counties  However, a 2021 change to state law allowed cities to voluntarily annex property in a third county if the city already provides public infrastructure to that property  In March 2022, the Corbin City Commission approved an annexation request for a property in Laurel County 

Geography
According to the United States Census Bureau, Corbin has a total area of 7 9 sq mi (20 km2), with only a tiny fraction of 0 044 sq mi (0 11 km2), or 0 56%, consisting of water 
Corbin lies in the Cumberland Plateau region of Appalachia in southeastern Kentucky, along Interstate 75 and U S  Route 25W  I-75 provides access to the city from exit 25, leading north 89 miles (143 km) to Lexington and south 86 miles (138 km) to Knoxville, Tennessee  U S  25W runs through the center of town, leading north 14 miles (23 km) to London (via U S  Route 25) and south 21 miles (34 km) to Williamsburg 
The Pine Mountain Overthrust Fault, a geologic fault system several miles to the east, produces occasional tremors, the most recent in 2008 

Climate
Corbin exhibits a humid subtropical climate, typical of southeastern Kentucky  The region experiences four distinct seasons  Winters are cool to cold, with mild periods  Summers are generally hot and humid, with variable spring and fall seasons  Precipitation is common year-round but more prevalent in the summer months—the surrounding mountains somewhat moderate Corbin's climate 

Demographics
Corbin is in the London, Kentucky micropolitan area, whose current boundaries were established in 2013 by the U S  Office of Management and Budget in coordination with the United States Census Bureau  Previously, the London micropolitan area had consisted solely of Laurel County, while the Whitley County portion of Corbin was the principal city of its own micropolitan area that consisted solely of that county  Both entities were in turn the components of a statistical entity officially known as the "Corbin–London, KY Combined Statistical Area"  The CSA had a combined population of 94,486 at the 2010 census  The Knox County portion of Corbin was outside the former Corbin–London statistical area but is now included in the redefined London micropolitan area 
As of the 2010 census there were 7,304 people, 3,093 households, and 1,903 families residing in the city  The population density was 920 1 inhabitants per square mile (355 3/km2)  There were 3,507 housing units at an average density of 441 8 per square mile (170 6/km2)  The racial makeup of the city was 97 41% White (96 69% non-Hispanic), 0 26% African American, 0 31% Native American or Alaska Native, 0 64% Asian, 0 26% from other races, and 1 11% from two or more races  No Pacific Islanders lived in the city in 2010  Hispanics or Latinos of any race were 1 19% of the population 
There were 3,093 households, out of which 29 8% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 41 3% were married couples living together, 16 0% had a female householder with no husband present, 4 2% had a male householder with no wife present, and 38 5% were non-families  34 8% of all households were made up of individuals, and 16 3% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older  The average household size was 2 27, and the average family size was 2 91 
The age distribution was 22 5% under 18, 8 5% from 18 to 24, 22 9% from 25 to 44, 25 3% from 45 to 64, and 20 8% who were 65 or older  The median age was 41 6 years  For every 100 females, there were 80 2 males  For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 75 8 males 
Income data from the 2010 Census for Kentucky locations have not yet been released  As of the 2000 Census, the median income for a household in the city was $22,203  The median income for a family was $32,784  Males had a median income of $27,323 versus $17,568 for females  The per capita income for the city was $14,200  About 15 5% of families and 21 0% of the population were below the poverty line, including 24 0% of those under age 18 and 16 4% of those age 65 or over 

Economy
Initially provided by L&N Railroad, rail transport was the backbone of the local economy in the first half of the 20th century  While the railroad (presently CSX) continues to play an important role, the decline of the rail industry in the latter half of the 20th century, as well as the loss of some manufacturing jobs, has prompted the community to begin diversifying its economy 

Culture
Each year in early August, Corbin hosts a festival called NIBROC (Corbin spelled backward) featuring open-air concerts, carnival attractions, a beauty pageant, parade, and other events  The festival is featured, if anachronistically, in the play Last Train to Nibroc by Arlene Hutton  (Though the play is set in the 1940s, the festival itself only dates to 1952 ) NIBROC often features free performances by popular musical acts such as 38 Special, Foghat, Joan Jett and the Blackhearts, Kansas, The Marshall Tucker Band, Percy Sledge, Rick Springfield, Starship, Styx and The Turtles  In episode 10 of the American reality-documentary television series On the Road with Austin & Santino on Lifetime entitled "We Love a Parade", the fashion designers visit Corbin to custom-design a dress for a local woman participating in the NIBROC parade 
Despite being in dry counties (Knox and Whitley), the city of Corbin allows full retail alcohol sales, following a successful local option election on February 14, 2012  The city had previously voted in 2004 to allow sales of alcohol by the drink in larger restaurants Corbin has an association with Kentucky Fried Chicken, having been the location of the chain's first restaurant, opened in 1930  Corbin appears in the animated cartoon South Park's episode "Medicinal Fried Chicken", wherein Eric Cartman visits the town to meet with Harland Sanders  Corbin is depicted as located in a lush rain forest in a parody of the 1983 film Scarface, wherein Tony Montana and Omar Suarez visit Bolivia to meet with a drug kingpin 

Government
Corbin is governed by a mayor and city commission and a city manager who runs the departments' day-to-day operations  Currently, Marlon Sams is the city manager  Since it does not have a mayor/alderman form of government, Corbin is considered home rule-class under Kentucky's city classification system that took effect in 2015  Susie Razmus is the current mayor  Trent Knuckles, David Grigsby Hart, Ed Tye, and Andrew Pennington are its four current commissioners Corbin is one of the few cities in Kentucky that lie in two counties—Whitley and Knox  Many built-up areas in neighboring Laurel County have a Corbin postal address but lie outside the city limits  This arrangement has created some problems with taxes and census records  The city receives a portion of the occupational tax collected in Whitley County  However, Knox County has refused to give Corbin any tax collected there  On March 10, 2008, the City Commission voted to file a lawsuit against Knox County to receive a portion of the tax collected within city limits  On May 23, 2014, the Kentucky Court of Appeals ruled that the "Stivers amendment", passed as part of KY HB 499 "Tax Amnesty" legislation in 2012, did not violate the state's constitution  The measure essentially canceled the effect of court rulings that would have enabled Corbin to keep all the revenue from the tax generated inside the city limits  Corbin's mayor, Willard McBurney, vowed to carry the fight to the state Supreme Court Corbin is in Kentucky's 5th congressional district 

Education
Corbin, like many communities of its size in southeastern Kentucky, has an independent school system (in Kentucky, a public school system not affiliated with a county; most such districts are associated with individual cities)  The district was officially established in 1916, and the 100th class graduated in 2017  The Corbin Independent School District includes:

Corbin Preschool Center
Corbin Primary (grades K-3)
Corbin Elementary (grades 4–5) (Currently housed by the newest building in the district after a complete remodeling of the former Middle School 
Corbin Middle (grades 6–8)
Corbin High (grades 9–12) (Currently housed by the oldest building in the district)
Corbin School Of InnovationThe community and school system place considerable emphasis on the success of academics and high school athletic teams  Corbin "Redhound" sports are important social events within the community 
In 2004, Eastern Kentucky University opened an extension campus in Corbin 
The annual Battle for the Brass Lantern, a college football rivalry game between the University of the Cumberlands and Union College, was played at Corbin High School's stadium in 2006 and 2007, as a neutral field roughly equidistant from the two campuses  The rivalry dates to 1905 Corbin was formerly home to Saint Camillus Academy, a private pre-K-8 Catholic school affiliated with the Diocese of Lexington  Established in 1908 by the Sisters of Divine Providence, the school has been successful as both a boarding school for national and international students and as a Montessori school  Its original schoolhouse, built in 1913, was demolished in summer 2008  The new school building is still situated atop a prominent hill overlooking the town, providing a striking backdrop to the streets of downtown Corbin  The school closed in 2012 after 99 years of service  The property and grounds of the school were sold to the Corbin School System to house a new Corbin Middle School due to the rapidly increasing student population and age of the current building 
Corbin has a lending library, the Corbin Public Library 

Transportation
Corbin straddles Interstate 75 and U S  Highway 25 (which splits into US 25E and US 25W in North Corbin)  The town is served by the CSX rail line 

Sites of interest
Cumberland Falls State Resort Park, the site of a waterfall, one of the few in the Western Hemisphere that regularly produces a moonbow, is 19 miles (31 km) to the southwest 
Harland Sanders Café and Museum, the birthplace of Kentucky Fried Chicken (though not sold as the KFC/Kentucky Fried Chicken brand at the time), is located in North Corbin  The restaurant and accompanying museum are popular with tour groups traveling along Interstate 75 
The Arena at the Southeastern Kentucky Ag and Expo Complex, a multi-purpose venue on top of a hill across from the Baptist Regional Medical Center, sits above the Corbin Center  This multi-purpose education center also houses the Corbin Tourism office 
Nearby Laurel River Lake, created by the U S  Army Corps of Engineers in 1974, is a popular recreational site for boating, fishing, water skiing, and scuba diving 
Cumberland Gap and Cumberland Gap National Historical Park are about 50 miles (80 km) south of Corbin on U S  Highway 25E at the Tennessee border 

Media
Newspapers
The Times-Tribune, a Tuesday And Thursday newspaper
News Journal, weekly newspaper covering both Corbin (headquarters) and the Whitley County, Kentucky, area including Williamsburg

Radio
WCTT AM 680 (Great 68; Oldies)
WKDP AM 1330
WEKF FM 88 5 (Eastern Ky Univ  affiliate)
WVCT FM 91 5 (Gospel Eagle; Southern Gospel)
WKDP FM 99 5 (Country)
WCTT FM 107 3 (T-107; Adult Contemporary)
WRHR-LPFM 95 3 (also known as Corbin's Own Red 95 3; broadcast by Corbin High School)

TV
WVTN (Channel 22 Time Warner Cable) - religious; broadcast from Corbin with local and regional churches and religious syndicated programs part of the radio station WVCT 91 5
RBS (Channel 18 Time Warner Cable) - Corbin school district information broadcasting the WRHR radio station Red 95 3
YHC (Channel 21 on Time Warner Cable) - broadcasts local and regional business infomercials and runs on-screen ads playing Contemporary Christian Music

Notable people
Rodger Bird, football player
Ensley A  Carpenter, doctor, once lived in Corbin, for whom the town of Carpenter, Kentucky was named
Ted Cremer, football player
Debbie Dean, pop singer, first white solo artist signed to Motown Records
Richie Farmer, politician and former basketball player
Roy Kidd, retired football coach, member of the College Football Hall of Fame, former head coach of Eastern Kentucky University football; was born, raised, and currently resides here
Arthur Lake, actor who played Dagwood Bumstead in the Blondie movies
Ronni Lundy, food and music writer, cookbook author, and Southern Foodways Alliance Lifetime Achievement Award winner
George McAfee, WW2 Veteran, football player, NFL Hall of Fame inductee 
Dan Neal, football player
Colonel Harland Sanders, entrepreneur and founder of Kentucky Fried Chicken restaurant chain
Frank Selvy, basketball player
B  F  Shelton, old-timey banjo player
Jarrett Stidham, quarterback for Baylor University, Auburn University and the New England Patriots 
Trent Taylor, NFL wide receiver for the San Francisco 49ers and Cincinnati Bengals, in college for Louisiana Tech, lived in Corbin as a child, from age 2 through the end of second grade
Mabel Martin Wyrick, writer



ground_truth: Jeffersontown, Kentucky