prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: Roger Stuart Woolhouse is a biographer of a philosopher commonly known as what ?

The following are given passages.
Context 1: Passage 1:
Philip Carlo
Philip Carlo (April 18, 1949 – November 8, 2010) was an American journalist and best selling biographer of Thomas Pitera, Richard Kuklinski, Anthony Casso, and Richard Ramirez  Carlo had amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), commonly known as "Lou Gehrig's Disease" 
He was diagnosed in 2005 and reliant on a wheelchair with respirator, but retained his ability to speak and continued to write until his death  He died of the disease on November 8, 2010, at age 61 

Early life
Philip Carlo was born in Bensonhurst, Brooklyn, New York  From an early age, he was involved in gang activity  Raised on the streets of Brooklyn, New York  In 1964 when Carlo was 15 years old, he witnessed a close friend shot to death in broad daylight by hit men from the Colombo crime family  Moving toward induction into an organized crime mob family, Carlo found himself in trouble with the law  At the age of 17, he was involved in a gang fight and shot in the forehead by a  22 caliber gun 

Career
Carlo's passion for books ultimately steered him from the criminal path  The works of John Steinbeck, Ernest Hemingway, and Charles Dickens, among others, helped Carlo out of Brooklyn  At 19, he moved to Manhattan and secured a job as a real estate agent on the Upper West Side, Manhattan  Although successful, Carlo walked away from the business after nine years with the goal of ultimately becoming a professional writer  Despite his illness, in early November 2009, Carlo was able to appear on Shovio's Talk Back TV, to take questions about his research Carlo's first book was about a killer in a hospital ward  He got the idea while hospitalized at Bellevue and a woman was murdered there  The book received 125 rejection letters and was never published  His second book was about an American child kidnapped and forced into the sex trade  He got the idea while visiting Amsterdam  Carlo was shocked to see children performing sex shows in shop windows  Dutton published it as Stolen Flower in 1986  Universal Pictures optioned the book for Robert De Niro His last three books were written with the help of Kelsey Osgood, a Columbia University graduate from Brooklyn, who took notes for him due to his ALS  His last book, The Killer Within: In the Company of Monsters (which deals with his battle against ALS), was released posthumously in January 2011 

Personal life
Philip Carlo married Laura Garofalo in December 2009  The two met in August 2006 after Carlo mentioned that one of his childhood friends, Manny Garofalo, had a brother, Eddie, who had been killed on orders of the Gambino underboss Salvatore Gravano, known as Sammy the Bull  Carlo and Manny reunited, along with Manny's niece, Eddie's daughter, Laura Garofalo 

Works
Non-fiction

The Night Stalker: The Life and Crimes of Richard Ramirez (The True Story of America's Most Feared Serial Killer), Kensington (1996) ISBN 1-57566-030-X
The Ice Man: Confessions of a Mafia Contract Killer, St  Martin's Press (2006) ISBN 0-312-34928-9
Gaspipe: Confessions of a Mafia Boss, William Morrow Press (2008) ISBN 978-0-06-142984-2
The Butcher: Anatomy of a Mafia Psychopath, William Morrow Press (2009) ISBN 978-0-06-174465-5
The Killer Within: In the Company of Monsters, Overlook Press (2011) ISBN 978-1-59020-431-3Novels

Stolen Flower  (1988) ISBN 0-525-24484-0
Predators and Prayers  (2005) ISBN 0-8439-5576-7
Smiling Wolf  (2006) ISBN 0-8439-5678-X
Passage 2:
John Locke
John Locke  (; 29 August 1632 – 28 October 1704) was an English philosopher and physician, widely regarded as one of the most influential of Enlightenment thinkers and commonly known as the "father of liberalism"  Considered one of the first of the British empiricists, following the tradition of Francis Bacon, Locke is equally important to social contract theory  His work greatly affected the development of epistemology and political philosophy  His writings influenced Voltaire and Jean-Jacques Rousseau, and many Scottish Enlightenment thinkers, as well as the American Revolutionaries  His contributions to classical republicanism and liberal theory are reflected in the United States Declaration of Independence  Internationally, Locke's political-legal principles continue to have a profound influence on the theory and practice of limited representative government and the protection of basic rights and freedoms under the rule of law Locke's theory of mind is often cited as the origin of modern conceptions of identity and the self, figuring prominently in the work of later philosophers such as Jean-Jacques Rousseau, David Hume, and Immanuel Kant 
He postulated that, at birth, the mind was a blank slate, or tabula rasa  Contrary to Cartesian philosophy based on pre-existing concepts, he maintained that we are born without innate ideas, and that knowledge is instead determined only by experience derived from sense perception, a concept now known as empiricism 

Early life
Locke was born on 29 August 1632, in a small thatched cottage by the church in Wrington, Somerset, about 12 miles from Bristol  He was baptised the same day, as both of his parents were Puritans  Locke's father, also called John, was an attorney who served as clerk to the Justices of the Peace in Chew Magna and as a captain of cavalry for the Parliamentarian forces during the early part of the English Civil War  His mother was Agnes Keene  Soon after Locke's birth, the family moved to the market town of Pensford, about seven miles south of Bristol, where Locke grew up in a rural Tudor house in Belluton 
In 1647, Locke was sent to the prestigious Westminster School in London under the sponsorship of Alexander Popham, a member of Parliament and John Sr 's former commander  At the age of 16 he was at school just half a mile away from the execution of Charles I; however, the boys were not allowed to go and watch  After completing studies at Westminster, he was admitted to Christ Church, Oxford, in the autumn of 1652 at the age of 20  The dean of the college at the time was John Owen, vice-chancellor of the university  Although a capable student, Locke was irritated by the undergraduate curriculum of the time  He found the works of modern philosophers, such as René Descartes, more interesting than the classical material taught at the university  Through his friend Richard Lower, whom he knew from the Westminster School, Locke was introduced to medicine and the experimental philosophy being pursued at other universities and in the Royal Society, of which he eventually became a member Locke was awarded a bachelor's degree in February 1656 and a master's degree in June 1658  He obtained a bachelor of medicine in February 1675, having studied the subject extensively during his time at Oxford and, in addition to Lower, worked with such noted scientists and thinkers as Robert Boyle, Thomas Willis and Robert Hooke  In 1666, he met Anthony Ashley Cooper, Lord Ashley, who had come to Oxford seeking treatment for a liver infection  Ashley was impressed with Locke and persuaded him to become part of his retinue 

Career
Work
Locke had been looking for a career and in 1667 moved into Ashley's home at Exeter House in London, to serve as his personal physician  In London, Locke resumed his medical studies under the tutelage of Thomas Sydenham  Sydenham had a major effect on Locke's natural philosophical thinking—an effect that would become evident in An Essay Concerning Human Understanding 
Locke's medical knowledge was put to the test when Ashley's liver infection became life-threatening  Locke coordinated the advice of several physicians and was probably instrumental in persuading Ashley to undergo surgery (then life-threatening in itself) to remove the cyst  Ashley survived and prospered, crediting Locke with saving his life 
During this time, Locke served as Secretary of the Board of Trade and Plantations and Secretary to the Lords Proprietors of Carolina, which helped to shape his ideas on international trade and economics Ashley, as a founder of the Whig movement, exerted great influence on Locke's political ideas  Locke became involved in politics when Ashley became Lord Chancellor in 1672 (Ashley being created 1st Earl of Shaftesbury in 1673)  Following Shaftesbury's fall from favour in 1675, Locke spent some time travelling across France as a tutor and medical attendant to Caleb Banks  He returned to England in 1679 when Shaftesbury's political fortunes took a brief positive turn  Around this time, most likely at Shaftesbury's prompting, Locke composed the bulk of the Two Treatises of Government  While it was once thought that Locke wrote the Treatises to defend the Glorious Revolution of 1688, recent scholarship has shown that the work was composed well before this date  The work is now viewed as a more general argument against absolute monarchy (particularly as espoused by Robert Filmer and Thomas Hobbes) and for individual consent as the basis of political legitimacy  Although Locke was associated with the influential Whigs, his ideas about natural rights and government are today considered quite revolutionary for that period in English history 

The Netherlands
Locke fled to the Netherlands in 1683, under strong suspicion of involvement in the Rye House Plot, although there is little evidence to suggest that he was directly involved in the scheme  The philosopher and novelist Rebecca Newberger Goldstein argues that during his five years in Holland, Locke chose his friends "from among the same freethinking members of dissenting Protestant groups as Spinoza's small group of loyal confidants  [Baruch Spinoza had died in 1677 ] Locke almost certainly met men in Amsterdam who spoke of the ideas of that renegade Jew who    insisted on identifying himself through his religion of reason alone " While she says that "Locke's strong empiricist tendencies" would have "disinclined him to read a grandly metaphysical work such as Spinoza's Ethics, in other ways he was deeply receptive to Spinoza's ideas, most particularly to the rationalist's well thought out argument for political and religious tolerance and the necessity of the separation of church and state " In the Netherlands, Locke had time to return to his writing, spending a great deal of time working on the Essay Concerning Human Understanding and composing the Letter on Toleration 

Return to England
Locke did not return home until after the Glorious Revolution  Locke accompanied Mary II back to England in 1689  The bulk of Locke's publishing took place upon his return from exile—his aforementioned Essay Concerning Human Understanding, the Two Treatises of Government and A Letter Concerning Toleration all appearing in quick succession 
Locke's close friend Lady Masham invited him to join her at Otes, the Mashams' country house in Essex  Although his time there was marked by variable health from asthma attacks, he nevertheless became an intellectual hero of the Whigs  During this period he discussed matters with such figures as John Dryden and Isaac Newton 

Death
He died on 28 October 1704, and is buried in the churchyard of the village of High Laver, east of Harlow in Essex, where he had lived in the household of Sir Francis Masham since 1691  Locke never married nor had children 
Events that happened during Locke's lifetime include the English Restoration, the Great Plague of London, the Great Fire of London, and the Glorious Revolution  He did not quite see the Act of Union of 1707, though the thrones of England and Scotland were held in personal union throughout his lifetime  Constitutional monarchy and parliamentary democracy were in their infancy during Locke's time 

Philosophy
In the late 17th and early 18th centuries, Locke's Two Treatises were rarely cited  Historian Julian Hoppit said of the book, "except among some Whigs, even as a contribution to the intense debate of the 1690s it made little impression and was generally ignored until 1703 (though in Oxford in 1695 it was reported to have made 'a great noise') " John Kenyon, in his study of British political debate from 1689 to 1720, has remarked that Locke's theories were "mentioned so rarely in the early stages of the [Glorious] Revolution, up to 1692, and even less thereafter, unless it was to heap abuse on them" and that "no one, including most Whigs, [was] ready for the idea of a notional or abstract contract of the kind adumbrated by Locke" : 200  In contrast, Kenyon adds that Algernon Sidney's Discourses Concerning Government were "certainly much more influential than Locke's Two Treatises ": 51 In the 50 years after Queen Anne's death in 1714, the Two Treatises were reprinted only once (except in the collected works of Locke)  However, with the rise of American resistance to British taxation, the Second Treatise of Government gained a new readership; it was frequently cited in the debates in both America and Britain  The first American printing occurred in 1773 in Boston 
Locke exercised a profound influence on political philosophy, in particular on modern liberalism  Michael Zuckert has argued that Locke launched liberalism by tempering Hobbesian absolutism and clearly separating the realms of Church and State  He had a strong influence on Voltaire, who called him "le sage Locke"  His arguments concerning liberty and the social contract later influenced the written works of Alexander Hamilton, James Madison, Thomas Jefferson, and other Founding Fathers of the United States  In fact, one passage from the Second Treatise is reproduced verbatim in the Declaration of Independence, the reference to a "long train of abuses"  Such was Locke's influence that Thomas Jefferson wrote:Bacon, Locke and Newton… I consider them as the three greatest men that have ever lived, without any exception, and as having laid the foundation of those superstructures which have been raised in the Physical and Moral sciences However, Locke's influence may have been even more profound in the realm of epistemology  Locke redefined subjectivity, or self, leading intellectual historians such as Charles Taylor and Jerrold Seigel to argue that Locke's An Essay Concerning Human Understanding (1689/90) marks the beginning of the modern Western conception of the self Locke's theory of association heavily influenced the subject matter of modern psychology  At the time, Locke's recognition of two types of ideas, simple and complex—and, more importantly, their interaction through association—inspired other philosophers, such as David Hume and George Berkeley, to revise and expand this theory and apply it to explain how humans gain knowledge in the physical world Locke thought the state's borders and the functioning and enforcement of the existence of the state and its constitution were metaphysically tied to "the natural rights of the individual", and this inspired future liberal politicians and philosophers 

Religious tolerance
Writing his Letters Concerning Toleration (1689–1692) in the aftermath of the European wars of religion, Locke formulated a classic reasoning for religious tolerance, in which three arguments are central:
earthly judges, the state in particular, and human beings generally, cannot dependably evaluate the truth-claims of competing religious standpoints;
even if they could, enforcing a single 'true religion' would not have the desired effect, because belief cannot be compelled by violence;
coercing religious uniformity would lead to more social disorder than allowing diversity With regard to his position on religious tolerance, Locke was influenced by Baptist theologians like John Smyth and Thomas Helwys, who had published tracts demanding freedom of conscience in the early 17th century  Baptist theologian Roger Williams founded the colony of Rhode Island in 1636, where he combined a democratic constitution with unlimited religious freedom  His tract, The Bloudy Tenent of Persecution for Cause of Conscience (1644), which was widely read in the mother country, was a passionate plea for absolute religious freedom and the total separation of church and state  Freedom of conscience had had high priority on the theological, philosophical, and political agenda, as Martin Luther refused to recant his beliefs before the Diet of the Holy Roman Empire at Worms in 1521, unless he would be proved false by the Bible 

Slavery and child labour
Locke's views on slavery were multifaceted and complex  Although he wrote against slavery in general, Locke was an investor and beneficiary of the slave trading Royal Africa Company  In addition, while secretary to the Earl of Shaftesbury, Locke participated in drafting the Fundamental Constitutions of Carolina, which established a quasi-feudal aristocracy and gave Carolinian planters absolute power over their enslaved chattel property; the constitutions pledged that "every freeman of Carolina shall have absolute power and authority over his negro slaves"  Philosopher Martin Cohen notes that Locke, as secretary to the Council of Trade and Plantations and a member of the Board of Trade, was "one of just half a dozen men who created and supervised both the colonies and their iniquitous systems of servitude" 
According to American historian James Farr, Locke never expressed any thoughts concerning his contradictory opinions regarding slavery, which Farr ascribes to his personal involvement in the slave trade  Locke's positions on slavery have been described as hypocritical, and laying the foundation for the Founding Fathers to hold similarly contradictory thoughts regarding freedom and slavery Historian Holly Brewer has argued, however, that Locke's role in the Constitution of Carolina has been exaggerated and that he was merely paid to revise and make copies of a document that had already been partially written before he became involved; she compares Locke's role to a lawyer writing a will  She further says that Locke was paid in Royal African Company stock in lieu of money for his work as a secretary for a governmental sub-committee and that he sold the stock after a few years  Brewer likewise argues that Locke actively worked to undermine slavery in Virginia while heading a Board of Trade created by William of Orange following the Glorious Revolution  He specifically attacked colonial policy granting land to slave owners and encouraged the baptism and Christian education of the children of enslaved Africans to undercut a major justification of slavery—that they were heathens that possessed no rights  In his Two Treatises of Government, Locke provided a justification for slavery that could never actually be met, thus rendering all forms of slavery as it actually existed invalid  Moreover, as one may not submit to slavery, in Locke's view there is a moral injunction to attempt to throw off and escape it whenever it looms 
Locke also supported child labour, which was an intrinsic part of all pre-industrial societies  In his "Essay on the Poor Law", he turns to the education of the poor; he laments that "the children of labouring people are an ordinary burden to the parish, and are usually maintained in idleness, so that their labour also is generally lost to the public till they are 12 or 14 years old" : 190  He suggests, therefore, that "working schools" be set up in each parish in England for poor children so that they will be "from infancy [three years old] inured to work" : 190  He goes on to outline the economics of these schools, arguing not only that they will be profitable for the parish, but also that they will instill a good work ethic in the children : 191

Government
Locke's political theory was founded upon that of social contract  Unlike Thomas Hobbes, Locke believed that human nature is characterised by reason and tolerance  Like Hobbes, however, Locke believed that human nature allows people to be selfish  This is apparent with the introduction of currency  In a natural state, all people were equal and independent, and everyone had a natural right to defend his "life, health, liberty, or possessions" : 198  Most scholars trace the phrase "Life, Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness" in the American Declaration of Independence to Locke's theory of rights, although other origins have been suggested Like Hobbes, Locke assumed that the sole right to defend in the state of nature was not enough, so people established a civil society to resolve conflicts in a civil way with help from government in a state of society  However, Locke never refers to Hobbes by name and may instead have been responding to other writers of the day  Locke also advocated governmental separation of powers and believed that revolution is not only a right but an obligation in some circumstances  These ideas would come to have profound influence on the Declaration of Independence and the Constitution of the United States 

Accumulation of wealth
According to Locke, unused property is wasteful and an offence against nature, but, with the introduction of "durable" goods, men could exchange their excessive perishable goods for those which would last longer and thus not offend the natural law  In his view, the introduction of money marked the culmination of this process, making possible the unlimited accumulation of property without causing waste through spoilage  He also includes gold or silver as money because they may be "hoarded up without injury to anyone", as they do not spoil or decay in the hands of the possessor  In his view, the introduction of money eliminates limits to accumulation  Locke stresses that inequality has come about by tacit agreement on the use of money, not by the social contract establishing civil society or the law of land regulating property  Locke is aware of a problem posed by unlimited accumulation, but does not consider it his task  He just implies that government would function to moderate the conflict between the unlimited accumulation of property and a more nearly equal distribution of wealth; he does not identify which principles that government should apply to solve this problem  However, not all elements of his thought form a consistent whole  For example, the labour theory of value in the Two Treatises of Government stands side by side with the demand-and-supply theory of value developed in a letter he wrote titled Some Considerations on the Consequences of the Lowering of Interest and the Raising of the Value of Money  Moreover, Locke anchors property in labour but, in the end, upholds unlimited accumulation of wealth 

Ideas
Economics
On price theory
Locke's general theory of value and price is a supply-and-demand theory, set out in a letter to a member of parliament in 1691, titled Some Considerations on the Consequences of the Lowering of Interest and the Raising of the Value of Money  In it, he refers to supply as quantity and demand as rent: "The price of any commodity rises or falls by the proportion of the number of buyers and sellers" and "that which regulates the price…[of goods] is nothing else but their quantity in proportion to their rent "
The quantity theory of money forms a special case of this general theory  His idea is based on "money answers all things" (Ecclesiastes) or "rent of money is always sufficient, or more than enough" and "varies very little"  Locke concludes that, as far as money is concerned, the demand for it is exclusively regulated by its quantity, regardless of whether the demand is unlimited or constant  He also investigates the determinants of demand and supply  For supply, he explains the value of goods as based on their scarcity and ability to be exchanged and consumed  He explains demand for goods as based on their ability to yield a flow of income  Locke develops an early theory of capitalisation, such as of land, which has value because "by its constant production of saleable commodities it brings in a certain yearly income"  He considers the demand for money as almost the same as demand for goods or land: it depends on whether money is wanted as medium of exchange  As a medium of exchange, he states, "money is capable by exchange to procure us the necessaries or conveniences of life" and, for loanable funds, "it comes to be of the same nature with land by yielding a certain yearly income…or interest" 

Monetary thoughts
Locke distinguishes two functions of money: as a counter to measure value, and as a pledge to lay claim to goods  He believes that silver and gold, as opposed to paper money, are the appropriate currency for international transactions  Silver and gold, he says, are treated to have equal value by all of humanity and can thus be treated as a pledge by anyone, while the value of paper money is only valid under the government which issues it 
Locke argues that a country should seek a favourable balance of trade, lest it fall behind other countries and suffer a loss in its trade  Since the world money stock grows constantly, a country must constantly seek to enlarge its own stock  Locke develops his theory of foreign exchanges, in addition to commodity movements, there are also movements in country stock of money, and movements of capital determine exchange rates  He considers the latter less significant and less volatile than commodity movements  As for a country's money stock, if it is large relative to that of other countries, he says it will cause the country's exchange to rise above par, as an export balance would do 
He also prepares estimates of the cash requirements for different economic groups (landholders, labourers, and brokers)  In each group he posits that the cash requirements are closely related to the length of the pay period  He argues the brokers—the middlemen—whose activities enlarge the monetary circuit and whose profits eat into the earnings of labourers and landholders, have a negative influence on both personal and the public economy to which they supposedly contribute 

Theory of value and property
Locke uses the concept of property in both broad and narrow terms: broadly, it covers a wide range of human interests and aspirations; more particularly, it refers to material goods  He argues that property is a natural right that is derived from labour  In Chapter V of his Second Treatise, Locke argues that the individual ownership of goods and property is justified by the labour exerted to produce such goods—"at least where there is enough [land], and as good, left in common for others" (para  27)—or to use property to produce goods beneficial to human society Locke states in his Second Treatise that nature on its own provides little of value to society, implying that the labour expended in the creation of goods gives them their value  From this premise, understood as a labour theory of value, Locke developed a labour theory of property, whereby ownership of property is created by the application of labour  In addition, he believed that property precedes government and government cannot "dispose of the estates of the subjects arbitrarily"  Karl Marx later critiqued Locke's theory of property in his own social theory 

The human mind
The self
Locke defines the self as "that conscious thinking thing, (whatever substance, made up of whether spiritual, or material, simple, or compounded, it matters not) which is sensible, or conscious of pleasure and pain, capable of happiness or misery, and so is concerned for itself, as far as that consciousness extends"  He does not, however, wholly ignore "substance", writing that "the body too goes to the making the man" In his Essay, Locke explains the gradual unfolding of this conscious mind  Arguing against both the Augustinian view of man as originally sinful and the Cartesian position, which holds that man innately knows basic logical propositions, Locke posits an 'empty mind', a tabula rasa, which is shaped by experience; sensations and reflections being the two sources of all of our ideas  He states in An Essay Concerning Human Understanding:

This source of ideas every man has wholly within himself; and though it be not sense, as having nothing to do with external objects, yet it is very like it, and might properly enough be called 'internal sense '
Locke's Some Thoughts Concerning Education is an outline on how to educate this mind  Drawing on thoughts expressed in letters written to Mary Clarke and her husband about their son, he expresses the belief that education makes the man—or, more fundamentally, that the mind is an "empty cabinet":I think I may say that of all the men we meet with, nine parts of ten are what they are, good or evil, useful or not, by their education Locke also wrote that "the little and almost insensible impressions on our tender infancies have very important and lasting consequences"  He argues that the "associations of ideas" that one makes when young are more important than those made later because they are the foundation of the self; they are, put differently, what first mark the tabula rasa  In his Essay, in which both these concepts are introduced, Locke warns, for example, against letting "a foolish maid" convince a child that "goblins and sprites" are associated with the night, for "darkness shall ever afterwards bring with it those frightful ideas, and they shall be so joined, that he can no more bear the one than the other" This theory came to be called associationism, going on to strongly influence 18th-century thought, particularly educational theory, as nearly every educational writer warned parents not to allow their children to develop negative associations  It also led to the development of psychology and other new disciplines with David Hartley's attempt to discover a biological mechanism for associationism in his Observations on Man (1749) 

Dream argument
Locke was critical of Descartes's version of the dream argument, with Locke making the counter-argument that people cannot have physical pain in dreams as they do in waking life 

Religion
Religious beliefs
Some scholars have seen Locke's political convictions as being based from his religious beliefs  Locke's religious trajectory began in Calvinist trinitarianism, but by the time of the Reflections (1695) Locke was advocating not just Socinian views on tolerance but also Socinian Christology  However Wainwright (1987) notes that in the posthumously published Paraphrase (1707) Locke's interpretation of one verse, Ephesians 1:10, is markedly different from that of Socinians like Biddle, and may indicate that near the end of his life Locke returned nearer to an Arian position, thereby accepting Christ's pre-existence 
Locke was at times not sure about the subject of original sin, so he was accused of Socinianism, Arianism, or Deism  Locke argued that the idea that "all Adam's Posterity [are] doomed to Eternal Infinite Punishment, for the Transgression of Adam" was "little consistent with the Justice or Goodness of the Great and Infinite God", leading Eric Nelson to associate him with Pelagian ideas  However, he did not deny the reality of evil  Man was capable of waging unjust wars and committing crimes  Criminals had to be punished, even with the death penalty With regard to the Bible, Locke was very conservative  He retained the doctrine of the verbal inspiration of the Scriptures  The miracles were proof of the divine nature of the biblical message  Locke was convinced that the entire content of the Bible was in agreement with human reason (The Reasonableness of Christianity, 1695)  Although Locke was an advocate of tolerance, he urged the authorities not to tolerate atheism, because he thought the denial of God's existence would undermine the social order and lead to chaos  That excluded all atheistic varieties of philosophy and all attempts to deduce ethics and natural law from purely secular premises  In Locke's opinion the cosmological argument was valid and proved God's existence  His political thought was based on Protestant Christian views  Additionally, Locke advocated a sense of piety out of gratitude to God for giving reason to men 

Philosophy from religion
Locke's concept of man started with the belief in creation  Like philosophers Hugo Grotius and Samuel Pufendorf, Locke equated natural law with the biblical revelation  Locke derived the fundamental concepts of his political theory from biblical texts, in particular from Genesis 1 and 2 (creation), the Decalogue, the Golden Rule, the teachings of Jesus, and the letters of Paul the Apostle  The Decalogue puts a person's life, reputation and property under God's protection 
Locke's philosophy on freedom is also derived from the Bible  Locke derived from the Bible basic human equality (including equality of the sexes), the starting point of the theological doctrine of Imago Dei  To Locke, one of the consequences of the principle of equality was that all humans were created equally free and therefore governments needed the consent of the governed  Locke compared the English monarchy's rule over the British people to Adam's rule over Eve in Genesis, which was appointed by God Following Locke's philosophy, the American Declaration of Independence founded human rights partially on the biblical belief in creation  Locke's doctrine that governments need the consent of the governed is also central to the Declaration of Independence 

Library
Manuscripts, books and treatises
Locke was an assiduous book collector and notetaker throughout his life  By his death in 1704, Locke had amassed a library of more than 3,000 books, a significant number in the seventeenth century  Unlike some of his contemporaries, Locke took care to catalogue and preserve his library, and his will made specific provisions for how his library was to be distributed after his death  Locke's will offered Lady Masham the choice of "any four folios, eight quartos and twenty books of less volume, which she shall choose out of the books in my Library " Locke also gave six titles to his "good friend" Anthony Collins, but Locke bequeathed the majority of his collection to his cousin Peter King (later Lord King) and to Lady Masham's son, Francis Cudworth Masham Francis Masham was promised one "moiety" (half) of Locke's library when he reached "the age of one and twenty years " The other "moiety" of Locke's books, along with his manuscripts, passed to his cousin King  Over the next two centuries, the Masham portion of Locke's library was dispersed  The manuscripts and books left to King, however, remained with King's descendants (later the Earls of Lovelace), until most of the collection was bought by the Bodleian Library, Oxford in 1947  Another portion of the books Locke left to King was discovered by the collector and philanthropist Paul Mellon in 1951  Mellon supplemented this discovery with books from Locke's library which he bought privately, and in 1978, he transferred his collection to the Bodleian  The holdings in the Locke Room at the Bodleian have been a valuable resource for scholars interested in Locke, his philosophy, practices for information management, and the history of the book 
Many of the books still contain Locke's signature, which he often made on the pastedowns of his books  Many also include Locke's marginalia 

The printed books in Locke's library reflected his various intellectual interests as well as his movements at different stages of his life  Locke travelled extensively in France and the Netherlands during the 1670s and 1680s, and during this time he acquired many books from the continent  Only half of the books in Locke's library were printed in England, while close to 40% came from France and the Netherlands  These books cover a wide range of subjects  According to John Harrison and Peter Laslett, the largest genres in Locke's library were theology (23 8% of books), medicine (11 1%), politics and law (10 7%), and classical literature (10 1%)  The Bodleian library currently holds more than 800 of the books from Locke's library  These include Locke's copies of works by several of the most influential figures of the seventeenth century, including

The Quaker William Penn: An address to Protestants of all perswasions (Bodleian Locke 7 69a)
The explorer Francis Drake: The world encompassed by Sir Francis Drake (Bodleian Locke 8 37c)
The scientist Robert Boyle: A discourse of things above reason (Bodleian Locke 7 272)
The bishop and historian Thomas Sprat: The history of the Royal-Society of London (Bodleian Locke 9 10a)In addition to books owned by Locke, the Bodleian also possesses more than 100 manuscripts related to Locke or written in his hand  Like the books in Locke's library, these manuscripts display a range of interests and provide different windows into Locke's activity and relationships  Several of the manuscripts include letters to and from acquaintances like Peter King (MS Locke b  6) and Nicolas Toinard (MS Locke c  45)  MS Locke f  1–10 contain Locke's journals for most years between 1675 and 1704  Some of the most significant manuscripts include early drafts of Locke's writings, such as his Essay Concerning Human Understanding (MS Locke f  26)  The Bodleian also holds a copy of Robert Boyle's General History of the Air with corrections and notes Locke made while preparing Boyle's work for posthumous publication (MS Locke c  37 )  Other manuscripts contain unpublished works  Among others, MS  Locke e  18 includes some of Locke's thoughts on the Glorious Revolution, which Locke sent to his friend Edward Clarke but never published One of the largest categories of manuscript at the Bodleian comprises Locke's notebooks and commonplace books  The scholar Richard Yeo calls Locke a "Master Note-taker" and explains that "Locke's methodical note-taking pervaded most areas of his life " In an unpublished essay "Of Study," Locke argued that a notebook should work like a "chest-of-drawers" for organizing information, which would be a "great help to the memory and means to avoid confusion in our thoughts " Locke kept several notebooks and commonplace books, which he organized according to topic  MS Locke c  43 includes Locke's notes on theology, while MS Locke f  18–24 contain medical notes  Other notebooks, such as MS c  43, incorporate several topics in the same notebook, but separated into sections 
These commonplace books were highly personal and were designed to be used by Locke himself rather than accessible to a wide audience  Locke's notes are often abbreviated and are full of codes which he used to reference material across notebooks  Another way Locke personalized his notebooks was by devising his own method of creating indexes using a grid system and Latin keywords  Instead of recording entire words, his indexes shortened words to their first letter and vowel  Thus, the word "Epistle" would be classified as "Ei"  Locke published his method in French in 1686, and it was republished posthumously in English in 1706 
Some of the books in Locke's library at the Bodleian are a combination of manuscript and print  Locke had some of his books interleaved, meaning that they were bound with blank sheets in-between the printed pages to enable annotations  Locke interleaved and annotated his five volumes of the New Testament in French, Greek, and Latin (Bodleian Locke 9 103-107)  Locke did the same with his copy of Thomas Hyde's Bodleian Library catalogue (Bodleian Locke 16 17), which Locke used to create a catalogue of his own library 

Writing
List of major works
1689  A Letter Concerning Toleration 
1690  A Second Letter Concerning Toleration
1692  A Third Letter for Toleration
1689/90  Two Treatises of Government (published throughout the 18th century by London bookseller Andrew Millar by commission for Thomas Hollis)
1689/90  An Essay Concerning Human Understanding
1691  Some Considerations on the consequences of the Lowering of Interest and the Raising of the Value of Money
1693  Some Thoughts Concerning Education
1695  The Reasonableness of Christianity, as Delivered in the Scriptures
1695  A Vindication of the Reasonableness of Christianity

Major posthumous manuscripts
1660  First Tract of Government (or the English Tract)
c 1662  Second Tract of Government (or the Latin Tract)
1664  Questions Concerning the Law of Nature 
1667  Essay Concerning Toleration
1706  Of the Conduct of the Understanding
1707  A paraphrase and notes on the Epistles of St  Paul to the Galatians, 1 and 2 Corinthians, Romans, Ephesians

See also
List of liberal theorists
Passage 3:
Stuart's Stranglers
Stuart's Stranglers was a well-known vigilante group in Montana that was founded in 1884 and led by Granville Stuart in response to widespread livestock theft at that time  They were also less commonly known as the "Montana Stranglers "

History
Background
Cattle thieves posed a significant threat to the profits of ranchers in Montana Territory  The rustlers operated well-organized networks that stole stock in one region and sold it in another, often across the Canadian border  By the late 1870s, ranchers began to form stockgrowers' associations to lobby the territorial legislature for legislation to curb the theft  At the 1883 legislative session, the cattlemen successfully lobbied for a bill that placed a bounty on predators such as coyotes and wolves  But the bill they desired most failed  House Bill 49 would have created a board of five livestock commissioners and hired six inspectors  Further, it would have invested the inspectors with the power to arrest suspected livestock thieves without a warrant  Governor John Schuyler Crosby vetoed the bill on the grounds that it unfairly taxed all property and that it gave too much freedom to inspectors  Faced with a rustling industry unchecked by legal means, many ranchers felt they had no alternative but to take the law into their own hands 
Granville Stuart originally organized a group of ranchers and cowboys in response to the theft of his stallion and 35 steers   The 14 men who gathered at his ranch in the Musselshell region called themselves a "Vigilante Committee," akin to the vigilance committees that formed in the mining camps of western Montana   They became known as "Stuart's Stranglers "

Activities
Their missions were directly led by William "Floppin Bill" Cantrell  Throughout their short existence their membership during chases would fluctuate between 17 and 40 men, depending on the location of the thieves and the day of the week Stuart's Stranglers tracked down livestock thieves in Montana  The men they caught were either shot in a gun fight or lynched  Many of the bodies they hung were found with placards on their person that usually read "Horse Thief" or "Cattle Thief " They were known for being extremely deadly and efficient  Not only did the group kill rustlers and thieves during their search, but also (allegedly) illegal range squatters scattered throughout the frontier which would become a Montana range war 

Battle of Bates Point
On July 8, Stuart and his group were hunting down Stringer Jack and his gang of rustlers in Musselshell River  Jack's gang managed to get across the river with some stolen horses, and the Stranglers were hotly and stealthily in pursuit  As the gang rested in a log cabin owned by Old Man James, the Stranglers surrounded the place, released the horses so the men inside couldn't escape, and promptly demanded their surrender  The gang however, remained defiant, and a bloody gunfight soon erupted  During the heat of the battle, the Stranglers set fire to the cabin, resulting in nine rustlers dead in the ensuing shootout  Stuart described the battle:

Two of the vigilantes crawled up and set fire to the hay stack and the cabin  The men inside stationed themselves at port holes and kept up the fight until they were all killed or burned up  The cabin burned to the ground  The tent was near the river bank and almost surrounded by thick brush and it was easier to escape from it than to get out of the cabin  Stringer Jack crawled under the tent and reached a dense clump of willows from which he made his last stand 
Dixie Burr, his arm smashed by a rifle bullet, hid in an old dry well until dark and then made his escape  Rose, Nickerson, Edwards and Swift Bill also slipped out of the tent and got away in the dark  Every one of the outlaws in the gun battle at Bates Point was either killed or wounded with the exception of Edwards and Nickerson, who—for the time being—got away unscathed "

Final activities
After they staged their final attack at  Bates Point where 160 head of cattle was being held, there were 69 remaining after Stuart and his men retrieved their own cattle  Stuart brought them all to his ranch and advertised for all the remaining animals to be picked up by their owners  Shortly afterwards they dissolved the group  In just a few months they had returned over 300 horses to their owners  In 1884, Stuart's group  killed up to 20 rustlers  Regional newspapers rumored and speculated they may have killed up to 75-100 rustlers and squatters, but there's no historical evidence to support that speculation  In 1885, Granville Stuart was elected President of the stockgrowers association 
Stuart's Stranglers gained so much notoriety during their time that Theodore Roosevelt had requested to join them  Granville Stuart turned him down though, he was afraid that the group would receive much unwanted public attention 

Controversies
Stuart's Stranglers, like other vigilante groups, have been criticized by some historians for the extrajudicial justice they meted out without due process of law  There is also debate about whether  they actually were effective at reducing the overall rate of horse and cattle theft 
Passage 4:
Ninian Crichton Stuart
Lieutenant-Colonel Lord Ninian Edward Crichton-Stuart (15 May 1883 – 2 October 1915) was a Scottish senior officer in the British Army and Member of Parliament  He was killed in action in the First World War  The second son of the Honourable Gwendolen Mary Anne Fitzalan-Howard and John Crichton-Stuart, 3rd Marquess of Bute, he entered the army in 1903 and served in the Queen's Own Cameron Highlanders and the Scots Guards as a lieutenant  After marrying he began a career in politics, serving first as a councillor on Fife County Council, Scotland  His family having close connections to the city of Cardiff in Wales, he fought and lost the January 1910 election there as a Liberal Unionist candidate  The resulting hung parliament led to a second election in December 1910, in which Crichton-Stuart won the seat 
In 1912, he took command of the 6th (Glamorgan) Battalion, The Welch Regiment  Upon the outbreak of the First World War, he volunteered his unit for service and joined the British Expeditionary Force on the Western Front  After eleven months on the front line, he was shot in the head and killed when leading his men in an attempt to repel a German counter-attack on 2 October 1915 during the Battle of Loos  He was one of 22 MPs that were killed during the conflict and the only serving MP from Wales to be killed 
The home ground of Cardiff City F C  was named Ninian Park after Crichton-Stuart offered to be a guarantor for the football club's rental of the site  After his death, a statue of Crichton-Stuart was erected in Cathays Park in Cardiff 

Early life
Crichton-Stuart was born at Dumfries House in Ayrshire, Scotland  He was the second son of John Crichton-Stuart, 3rd Marquess of Bute, and his wife, the Honourable Gwendolen Mary Anne Fitzalan Howard, daughter of Edward Fitzalan-Howard, 1st Baron Howard of Glossop  Through his father, he was an illegitimate descendant of the House of Stuart He was educated at Harrow School, showing promise in mathematics and foreign languages, and was expected to enter the diplomatic service  To further his studies, he travelled to Kiev in the Russian Empire and became a proficient Russian speaker  However, he was forced to return home after contracting a severe fever and instead attended Christ Church, Oxford once he had recovered  His family's estate included numerous properties and considerable land in Cardiff, including Cardiff Castle, and Crichton-Stuart frequently visited the city, including accompanying his father on visits to Bute docks  He also learnt to speak Welsh  Crichton-Stuart later chose to enter the army and was commissioned in 1903 into the 3rd Battalion of the Queen's Own Cameron Highlanders and then served for two years in the 1st Battalion, the Scots Guards as a 2nd lieutenant 

Marriage, philanthropy and political career
In 1905, Crichton-Stuart met the Honourable Ismay Preston, the only daughter of Jenico Preston, 14th Viscount Gormanston and Georgina Jane Connelan, at the wedding of his brother John Crichton-Stuart and Augusta Bellingham where he was best man and Preston was a bridesmaid  The couple announced their engagement in January 1906 and married six months later, on 16 June, at her family estate at Gormanston Castle  Following their marriage, Crichton-Stuart transferred into the Army Reserve and decided to enter politics in order to be closer to his wife and manage his family's estate in Falkland, Fife Crichton-Stuart first served on Fife County Council in his native Scotland and took a keen interest in local agriculture, becoming president of Fife Agricultural Society  He was later named as a member of a committee appointed by the president of the Board of Agriculture and Fisheries to study the rights of tenant farmers when their land was sold or their landlords died  Crichton-Stuart also held the office of Justice of the Peace (JP) for Fife Crichton-Stuart's family had a history of serving in parliament for the Cardiff area, his great uncle Lord Patrick Crichton-Stuart having held the post on two occasions  In August 1907, at a meeting of the Cardiff Conservative Association, Crichton-Stuart was invited by Herbert Cory and his supporting panel to be the Unionist candidate for the United Boroughs of Cardiff, Cowbridge and Llantrisant  Soon after his selection, he and his wife had their first child, named Ninian Patrick Crichton-Stuart, on 31 October 1907 Lord Ninian's campaign for election was based on reform of the poor law and extending the age range of the old age pension  He also stated of his desire of preserving and strengthening the military forces of Britain  He lost the election to Liberal candidate David Alfred Thomas in January 1910 but did manage to reduce the majority by half from the previous election in 1906  Despite his defeat, his popularity among voters was increasing and at the end of the election campaign a crowd of thousands of people came to see Crichton-Stuart and his wife travel to the train station  The crowd gathered outside the Angel Hotel where the couple were staying and, when they left, their carriage was pulled by around 60 volunteers  The procession stopped briefly outside Cardiff Conservative Club where Crichton-Stuart shook hands with numerous people and gave a short speech before continuing to the station  The Evening Express remarked on the procession, stating "never before has a parliamentary candidate, victorious or defeated, been so honoured by the people of Cardiff"  On the polling day, Lord Ninian's son caught a chill being driven around Cardiff and later died  He was buried near Falkland Palace in Fife  Crichton-Stuart and his family did not permanently reside in Cardiff until he and his wife moved there in April 1910, moving into Penylan Court which had previously been the residence of William Tatem, 1st Baron Glanely  A second election was held in December 1910 following a hung parliament, in which Crichton-Stuart was successful, taking the seat from the Liberal candidate Clarendon Hyde, with a majority of 299 votes, a turnaround of 1,800 votes in the space of ten months  With a history in the military, the majority of the issues he raised before parliament concerned the armed forces, including the high costs officers were faced with during manoeuvres and a petition to improve the weaponry provided to the British cavalry units Crichton-Stuart became a well-known figure in Cardiff and was instrumental in promoting sport in the area  A keen sportsman himself, being proficient in shooting, fishing and motoring, he stabled horses in Cardiff and entered them into steeplechase competitions and races at Ely Racecourse  In 1910, Cardiff City Football Club had secured the lease of a plot of land in order to build a new stadium  During development, one of the guarantors for the club pulled out and Crichton-Stuart instead offered his support of the project and acted as a guarantor for the £90 annual rent that the club had agreed to  In recognition of his role in the building of the ground, the club dropped the original planned name of the ground, Sloper Park, and instead named it Ninian Park  The ground was officially opened on 1 September 1910 and Crichton-Stuart performed the kick-off for a friendly match between Cardiff and Football League First Division side Aston Villa  He was also a patron of the Lord Ninian Stuart Cup, a competition for local football teams 

First World War
On 9 March 1911, Crichton-Stuart was promoted as lieutenant-colonel of the 6th (Glamorgan) Battalion, The Welch Regiment and took command of the battalion the following year  It was an experienced unit, being the oldest Swansea volunteer corps, that were often used as a guard of honour during royal visits and Crichton-Stuart's wife Ismay chose the battalion colours of scarlet, silver and green  Following the outbreak of the First World War, he volunteered his battalion for service and they were shipped to France as part of the British Expeditionary Force, with 812 troops, 30 officers and 500 horses, becoming one of the first territorial battalions to join the war  At the battalion drill hall in Swansea prior to their departure, Crichton-Stuart addressed the unit, stating "The greatest honour a man can receive is that he has been provided with a chance to give, if need be, the greatest that he has, which is his life, for his country  I do not doubt every man on this parade will give it and give it as willingly as I mean to give it myself "On their arrival on the Western Front, the 6th were initially used to support lines of communication for guard and fatigue duties, first in Boulogne-sur-Mer before moving to Saint-Omer  The posting greatly frustrated Crichton-Stuart who was eager to join the fighting  In July 1915, they were transferred to the front and took part in operations at Heuvelland where they were labelled "the lucky 6th" by other units due to their relatively low number of wounded and Crichton-Stuart gained a reputation as a leader who was "always concerned with the welfare of his men" 

Death
On the night of 1 October 1915, during the Battle of Loos, the 6th Battalion was part of a force that successfully charged and captured a set of enemy trenches at the Hohenzollern Redoubt, near La Bassée, despite suffering heavy losses  Prior to the battle, the 6th had not slept for two days and had marched for 16 hours to reach the location  The following morning, the German troops launched a counter-attack to retake the trenches and the two Welsh battalions that were holding them were split from each other  Crichton-Stuart ordered the digging of a sap trench in order to reach the other units but prolonged attacks from three sides left the unit short of ammunition and other supplies and the order was given to abandon the trench and retreat  During the start of the evacuation of the trench, he was shot in the head by a German sniper after firing his revolver over the trench parapet and died at the age of 32, the only serving Welsh MP to be killed during the conflict His body was returned to battalion headquarters and placed in a zinc-lined coffin in a church in the town of Sailly-Labourse  The coffin was held in the church vault until spring 1918 with the intention of returning it to Britain at the end of the war but a German artillery bombardment damaged the vaults and his body was buried in the grounds of the Béthune Town Cemetery in a Catholic ceremony  Several reports state that he may have been attempting to rally his troops in order to mount a search party to locate his close friend Major Reginald C  Browning, who was last seen in a trench that had been overrun by German troops  An officer in his regiment reported that Crichton-Stuart "was to be found wherever danger threatened" and that his death had "cast a gloom" over the battalion  Crichton-Stuart had served for eleven months on the front line before his death  Of the 842 members of the 6th Battalion that had begun the war, only 30 survived  There was an outpouring of grief when his death was announced and his wife Ismay received numerous letters of condolence, including one from Margaret Lloyd George, the wife of David Lloyd George On 30 April 1917 Crichton-Stuart's widow, Ismay, married Captain Archibald Henry Maule Ramsay (4 May 1894 – 11 March 1955), later a Scottish Unionist MP for Peebles and South Midlothian 1931–1945  Together they had four sons  Ismay died on 16 February 1975 aged 92, and was survived by six of her eight children 

Legacy
Crichton-Stuart is commemorated on Panel 8 of the Parliamentary War Memorial in Westminster Hall, one of 22 MPs and officers of the House of Commons who died during the First World War to be named on that memorial  Crichton-Stuart is one of 19 MPs who fell in the war who are commemorated by heraldic shields in the Commons Chamber  A further act of commemoration came with the unveiling in 1932 of a manuscript-style illuminated book of remembrance for the House of Commons, which includes a short biographical account of his life and death A statute of Crichton-Stuart was commissioned soon after his death  Sculpted by Sir William Goscombe John, the statue was placed in Gorsedd Gardens in Cathays Park and depicts Crichton-Stuart in military uniform with binoculars in his right hand and papers in his left in a design intended to show him surveying the battlefield  Ninian Road in Roath Park, one of the Bute estate developments from the early twentieth century, continues to bear his name  Ninian Park maintained its name until it was closed and demolished in 2009 following the construction of the Cardiff City's new ground, the Cardiff City Stadium, although one side of the new ground was named the Ninian Stand  A housing estate was built on the site of the former ground and retained the name Ninian Park  The nearby Ninian Park railway station and Ninian Park primary school also bear his name  A chapel commissioned to be built on the family estate in Falkland as a memorial to Crichton-Stuart's son who died at the age of two still stands partially built after work was abandoned following Crichton-Stuart's death 

Family
Crichton-Stuart and his wife Ismay had four children:

Ninian Patrick Crichton-Stuart (31 October 1907 – 4 February 1910)
Ismay Catherine Crichton-Stuart (23 December 1909 - 1989); her first marriage, on 1 October 1930, was to John Anthony Hardinge Giffard, 3rd Earl of Halsbury; together they had one son Adam (1934–2010)  They divorced in 1936  Her second marriage was to Donald Walter Munro Ross on 30 August 1937 
Claudia Miriam Joanna Crichton-Stuart (24 June 1913 – 19 June 1985)
Major Michael Duncan David Crichton-Stuart MC (14 March 1915 – 1981); he married Barbara Symes, daughter of Sir George Stewart Symes, on 1 March 1941  His son – Ninian Stuart – is the Hereditary Keeper of Falkland Palace, has one son and one daughter by his late wife 
Passage 5:
Roger Thatcher
Arthur Roger Thatcher  (22 October 1926 – 13 February 2010), commonly known as Roger Thatcher or sometimes as A  Roger Thatcher, was a British statistician  Thatcher was born in Birmingham and spent his formative early years in Wilmslow, Cheshire  He attended The Leys School in Cambridge and went on to university at St John's College, Cambridge, where he concentrated his studies in statistics, economics, and mathematics  After brief training in meteorology as part of his national service, he instructed Royal Navy pilots in weather patterns  He married his wife Mary in 1950; they had two children 
He served in the North Western Gas Board before moving into the area of government statistics in 1952  He worked for the Admiralty and then Central Statistics Office, where under Lionel Robbins he worked on the Robbins Report  By 1971 he was deputy director of statistics for the Ministry of Labour, and wrote British Labour Statistics: Historical Abstract 1886–1968  He became director of the Department of Employment and Productivity, serving under leaders including William Whitelaw, 1st Viscount Whitelaw, Barbara Castle, Baroness Castle of Blackburn, and Michael Foot 
He became registrar general for England and Wales and the director of the Office of Population Censuses and Surveys in 1978  He worked on the 1981 census in the United Kingdom and reported directly to Prime Minister of the United Kingdom Margaret Thatcher, who had him remove three questions from the census to trim it down  He became interested in research into centenarians in this role, and found in 1981 that their numbers in the United Kingdom had increased significantly from prior 1971 data  He served as director at the Office of Population Censuses and Surveys until 1986 
Thatcher compiled research into population data and centenarians and contributed a significant body of scholarly work in addition to his government statistics duties  He predicted a good number of those born during the post–World War II baby boom would live beyond the age of 116  His work on the Kannisto-Thatcher Database on Old Age Mortality is held by the Max Planck Institute for Demographic Research and regarded as one of its most vital collections  The Journal of the Royal Statistical Society called him one of the "stalwarts" within the field of statistics  He died in 2010 at the age of 83, and remained active within his field of academia corresponding with other scholars until shortly before his death 

Early life and family
He was born as Arthur Roger Thatcher on 22 October 1926 in Birmingham to Arthur Thatcher and Edith (née Dobson)  Thatcher spent his formative years in Wilmslow, Cheshire  He attended The Leys School in Cambridge for his secondary education  He went on to attend St John's College, Cambridge, and while there focused his academic concentration on the three areas of statistics, economics, and mathematics  By his third-year of studies at the college in 1946, he had attained high honours  He was mobilised as part of national service, instructed briefly in meteorology, and went to assist pilots in the Royal Navy with weather analysis  In 1950 he married his wife Mary; they subsequently had two children: Susan and Jill 

Statistics career
Government service
Subsequent to his departure from national service, Thatcher was hired by the North Western Gas Board  He transferred from this agency to government statistics in 1952, and was first employed by the Admiralty and then afterwards by the Central Statistics Office two years later  He worked on the Robbins Report under Lionel Robbins while in this office, compiling information about higher education Thatcher served as deputy director of statistics for the Ministry of Labour, where in 1971 he put together the original version of the publication, British Labour Statistics: Historical Abstract 1886–1968  Under the newly formed version of the same agency in 1968, subsequently titled the Department of Employment and Productivity, Thatcher served as director  In this role he worked under agency leaders including William Whitelaw, 1st Viscount Whitelaw, Barbara Castle, Baroness Castle of Blackburn, and Michael Foot In 1978, Thatcher became registrar general for England and Wales and the director of the Office of Population Censuses and Surveys  His work on the 1981 census in the United Kingdom in this role proved to be a difficult task, primarily due to the sheer size of total effort required for the operation  Thatcher was required to delete three queries from the census after personally meeting to discuss the matter with then-Prime Minister of the United Kingdom Margaret Thatcher  In 1981, Thatcher found that over the prior thirty-year-period, the number of individuals alive to reach the age of 100 had increased by a figure of sixfold  At a 1981 meeting in Sussex held by the Medical Journalists Association, Thatcher presented the findings from his research and called the results "spectacular"  He reported that in 1971 there were less than 300 people in the United Kingdom over 100 years of age, and that this number had risen to 1800 total people of the same age range by 1981  Thatcher served as director of the Office of Population Censuses and Surveys until 1986 

Population research
He subsequently was drawn into researching discrepancies between the 1981 census and a prior version completed in 1971, specifically on data involving centenarians  During the course of this research, he found that there was a lack of study regarding the well-being of centenarians in the United Kingdom  Thatcher posited that the increase in longevity amongst those individuals that actually get to one-hundred was likely attributable to lack of stress in these older years  Thatcher found that contributing factors towards this progress in longevity also included better overall healthcare and an ever-increasing total population size in general  According to his research, Thatcher predicted that in the decade of the 2080s, each year the United Kingdom would see one individual reach the age of 116  He asserted that a fair number of individuals born between the 1950s–1960s attributed to the post–World War II baby boom would see a life expectancy age range between 116–123 total years In addition to his roles within government Thatcher contributed to the field of statistics through writings collaborated upon with other academics  His 1983 article "How Many People Have Ever Lived On Earth?", a publication of the International Statistical Institute, disproved the notion that the number of people living in the 20th century was in actuality much less than the total number of individuals previously in existence  His work on the Kannisto-Thatcher Database on Old Age Mortality is held by the Max Planck Institute for Demographic Research and regarded as one of its most vital collections  The database contains information from over 30 sovereign states on mortality and population size for males and females older than the age of 80  Their research was entered into computer format by the medical school at Odense University in the early part of the 1990s  Academic scholars James Vaupel and Väinö Kannisto helped him co-author the book The Force of Mortality at Ages 80 to 120, which was first published in 1998  Writing in the Journal of the Royal Statistical Society in 2000, Douglas Liddell placed Thatcher amongst "stalwarts" within the field of statistics, and compared him to others influential within the field including fellow statistician Michael Healy 

Death
Thatcher remained active within the field of statistics throughout his old age, communicating with academics in Asia, the United States, and Europe  Until the day he died, he was enthusiastically involved in research within the field of demographics  He died at the age of 83 on 13 February 2010  He was outlived by his wife and two children 

See also
Founders of statistics
List of actuaries
List of mathematical probabilists
List of mathematicians
List of statisticians
Passage 6:
Roger Guerreiro
Roger Guerreiro (Brazilian Portuguese: [ˈʁoʒeʁ ɡeˈʁejɾu], Polish pronunciation: [ˈrɔʐɛr ɡɛˈrɛjrɔ]; born on 25 May 1982), commonly known as Roger,  is a Polish former footballer who last played for Rio Verde as an attacking midfielder  Brazilian-born Roger was granted Polish citizenship 

Club career
AEK Athens
On 27 August 2009, Guerreiro signed a four-year contract with AEK Athens  He made his debut for AEK against Iraklis on 13 September 2009 
Guerreiro was a regular for AEK until he fell out of favor with coach Dušan Bajević and was not included in any squads  In the transfer period, Guerreiro was for sale and was offered to many European clubs  After the transfer period ended, Guerreiro apologized to Bajevic and was given another chance  Guerreiro's first match of the 2010–11 season was an away game against Aris, the match ended 0–4 to AEK Athens 
Guerreiro scored his first goal for AEK against Atromitos scoring the only goal of the match giving AEK the 1–0 win  His contract ended in 2013 and did not get renewed 

International career
He was granted Polish citizenship on 17 April 2008 
Roger received the citizenship in a speedy procedure, and was guaranteed a place in the Poland's football team for the 2008 European Championships (coached by Leo Beenhakker)  He made his debut in a Poland shirt in the game versus Albania on 27 May 2008 

Euro 2008
On 12 June, he scored his first goal for the Poland national team with a 30th-minute shot against Austria in both teams' second Group B match of Euro 2008  For this game, UEFA awarded him man of the match  It was Poland's first-ever goal in the European Championship 

Statistics
Career total
Honours
Legia Warsaw
Ekstraklasa: 2005–06
Polish SuperCup: 2008
Polish Cup: 2008

AEK Athens
Greek Cup: 2010–11
Passage 7:
Roger Woolhouse
Roger Stuart Woolhouse (1940–2011) was an English philosopher, an expert on empiricism and rationalism and a biographer of John Locke 
He was born in Wath-upon-Dearne and educated at Saltburn Primary School, Sir William Turner's Grammar School, London University (Philosophy) and then Selwyn College, Cambridge for his Doctorate From 1969 until his retirement in 2001, Woolhouse worked in the Department of Philosophy at the University of York Cambridge University Press requested Woolhouse write a biography of Locke, the last major biography being Maurice Cranston's 1957 work  Woolhouse's biography appeared in 2007 
After his death, York's Department of Philosophy founded the Roger Woolhouse Prize, an annual £500 prize awarded to MA Philosophy students 

Works
Locke (Prentice Hall / Harvester Wheatsheaf, 1984) 
The Empiricists (Oxford University Press, 1988) 
Descartes, Spinoza, Leibniz: The Concept of Substance in Seventeenth Century Metaphysics (Routledge, 1993) 
Locke: A Biography (Cambridge University Press, 2007) 
Starting with Leibniz (Continuum, 2010) 


== Notes ==
Context 3: Passage 1:
North American Light and Power Company
The North American Light and Power Company was a utility holding company formed in South Bend, Indiana and run since 1916 by its president, Clement Studebaker, Jr , of the family famous for the Studebaker automobiles  The utility company remained a major subsidiary of the North American Company, until that conglomerate's 1940s breakup by the U S  Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) 

History
Clement Studebaker, Jr  (1871–1932) was born the son of Clement Studebaker (1831–1901), the carriage and automobile manufacturer of South Bend, Indiana In 1911, the company founded by the Studebaker brothers joined forces with Everitt-Metzker-Flanders Company of Detroit to form the Studebaker Corporation  In one of his several executive positions, Clement Studebaker, Jr  served as Vice President of the E-M-F Company By 1916 Clement Studebaker, Jr  had formed the publicly traded North American Light and Power Company, and issued stock, with certificates  printed by the American Banknote Company Clement Studebaker, Jr  also served as President and Chairman of the Board of the Illinois Power and Light Company (and of its subsidiary, the Illinois Traction Company), the South Bend Watch Company, and as Treasurer of the Chicago South Shore and South Bend Railroad 

North American Company
North American Company had once been one of the original stocks in the Dow Jones Industrial Average North American Light and Power remained under the ownership of North American Company for the next decade after Clement's death, as a major subsidiary holding company of other lines  
By 1940, North American Company had become a US$2 3 billion holding company heading up a pyramid of by then 80 companies  It controlled ten major direct subsidiaries in eight of which it owned at least 79%  North American Light and Power Company was by then one of the three major holding companies among the ten direct subsidiaries North American Company was broken up by the SEC, following the United States Supreme Court decision of April 1, 1946 
Passage 2:
Southern Company
Southern Company is an American gas and electric utility holding company based in the southern United States  It is headquartered in Atlanta, Georgia, with executive offices also located in Birmingham, Alabama  The company is the second largest utility company in the U S  in terms of customer base, as of 2021  Through its subsidiaries it serves 9 million gas and electric utility customers in 6 states  Southern Company's regulated regional electric utilities serve a 120,000-square-mile (310,000 km2) territory with 27,000 miles (43,000 km) of distribution lines 

Overview
Southern Company is one of the largest energy providers in the United States and is ranked 126th on the Fortune 500 listing of the largest U S  corporations  The company has approximately 31,300 employees  It has more than 500,000 shareholders (NYSE: SO) and has been traded since September 30, 1949 
Southern Company subsidiaries are operating or developing renewable: solar, wind, and biomass facilities across the U S , as well as the first new nuclear units in the U S  in 30 years at Plant Vogtle near Augusta, Georgia 
Southern Company's three retail operating companies—Alabama Power, Georgia Power, and Mississippi Power—serve 120,000 square miles (310,000 km2) in three states  Southern Power serves wholesale electricity customers across the U S  Southern Company Gas serves utility customers in seven states 
Southern Company owns the following companies:

Alabama Power - operating company, based in Birmingham, Alabama  Serves the southern two-thirds of Alabama 
Georgia Power - operating company, based in Atlanta  Serves all of Georgia, except for mostly rural counties 
Mississippi Power - operating company, based in Gulfport, Mississippi  Serves the Mississippi Gulf Coast 
Southern Company Services (originally named Southern Services, Inc ) - Birmingham, Alabama - Common Services
Southern Linc - cellular telephone provider - Atlanta, Georgia
Southern Nuclear - engineering and operations for nuclear power plants - Birmingham, Alabama  (Southern Company is the majority owner and operator of the Farley, Hatch, and Vogtle nuclear power plants )
Southern Company Generation - fossil fuels and hydro operations - Birmingham, Alabama 
Southern Power - wholesale power generation - Birmingham, Alabama 
Southern Telecom - wholesale fiber optic communications and data services - Atlanta, Georgia 
Southern Company Gas - serves gas utility customers and operates natural gas pipelines - Atlanta, Georgia 
PowerSecure - distributed infrastructure technologies - Wake Forest, North Carolina 
Atlanta Gas Light - provides natural gas delivery service to more than 1 6 million customers in Georgia 
Chattanooga Gas - provides retail natural gas sales and transportation services to approximately 66,000 customers in Hamilton and Bradley counties in southeast Tennessee 
Nicor Gas - Provider of natural gas throughout northern Illinois 
Virginia Natural Gas - Provider of Natural Gas in southeastern Virginia 
Sequent Energy Management - optimizes natural gas assets and effectively utilize transportation and storage services 
Southern Wholesale Energy - markets the retail operating companies' surplus generating capacity to the wholesale market 
Southern Company Transmission - conducts transmission business in accordance with the Southern Companies Open Access Transmission Tariff approved by FERC Prior to 2019, Southern Company also owned Gulf Power, an electric utility based in Pensacola, Florida that serves most of the Florida Panhandle  An agreement was reached in May 2018 to sell Gulf Power to rival utility company NextEra Energy  The sale was completed on January 1, 2019  Gulf Power would become the Northwest Florida division of Florida Power & Light (FPL) in 2021, with the Gulf Power name retired in favor of FPL in 2022 

History
Southern Company can be traced back to 1924, when Southeastern Power & Light was formed as a holding company for Alabama Traction, Light and Power (formed 1906), the immediate forerunner of Alabama Power  Later that year, it formed Mississippi Power as a subsidiary, with Gulf Power following in 1925  In 1926, it merged with Georgia Power (formed 1902)  In 1930, Southeastern Power & Light merged into the Commonwealth & Southern Corporation  The new system included five Northern companies and six Southern companies  However, in the late 1940s Commonwealth & Southern was dissolved to meet the Public Utility Holding Company Act of 1935  Four of Commonwealth & Southern's Deep South operating companies—Alabama Power, Georgia Power, Gulf Power, and Mississippi Power—were deemed to be an integrated system and thus were allowed to remain under common ownership  A new holding company, Southern Company, was incorporated in Delaware on November 9, 1945  It commenced operation in 1949, and moved to Georgia in 1950  In 1954–55, the company was involved in the Dixon-Yates contract with the Atomic Energy Commission, and the associated political controversy In 1981, Southern Company became the first electric utility holding company in 46 years to diversify its operations by forming an unregulated subsidiary  In January 1982, Southern Energy, Inc , began official operations as a global energy company, growing to serve 10 countries on four continents  On April 2, 2001, Southern Company completed the spinoff of Southern Energy as Mirant Corporation 
Another Southern Company subsidiary—Southern Nuclear—began providing services in 1991 to the system's nuclear power plants 
In 1996, Southern Communications Services began providing digital wireless communications services to Southern Company's subsidiaries and also began marketing these services to the public within the Southeast as Southern Linc  Southern Telecom, a telecommunications subsidiary of Southern Company, was founded in 1997  Southern Telecom provides colocation and dark fiber optic lines to network businesses On January 9, 2001, Southern Company received final approval from the Securities and Exchange Commission to form Southern Power, a subsidiary to own, manage and finance wholesale generating assets in the Southeast  The new subsidiary targets wholesale customers 
On July 19, 2002, Southern Company Gas received certification from the Georgia Public Service Commission to enter the retail gas market  After nearly four years of operations, the company was sold and customers transferred to Cobb EMC's newly formed affiliate, Gas South 
In 2011, Southern Company and Turner Renewable Energy purchased a 30 MW solar project from First Solar  Located in Cimarron, New Mexico, it began generating electricity in 2011 In June 2012, the Nacogdoches Generating Facility began its commercial operation  The facility is a 115 MW biomass-fueled electric generating plant, located near Sacul in Nacogdoches County, Texas 
In 2016, Southern Company acquired PowerSecure, a distributed energy infrastructure technologies company, and AGL Resources (which was renamed Southern Company Gas)  As a result of the AGL Resources merger, Southern Company doubled its customer base, expanded its footprint and broadened the scope of its business by increasing its natural gas presence 

Plant Vogtle
Southern Company subsidiaries operate hydroelectric, gas, coal, and nuclear generation sources to generate approximately 200 terawatt-hours of electricity  In 2009, coal represented 57 percent of the company's output, followed by nuclear (23%) and natural gas (16%)  Renewable hydroelectric power represented 4 percent of Southern's generation  Coal-based generation dropped significantly in 2009 from an average of 70% between 2005 and 2008  As of 2017 Coal-based generation had dropped to 30% In June 2010, the United States Department of Energy awarded an $8 3 billion loan guarantee to facilitate the construction of two new nuclear reactors at Plant Vogtle, near Augusta, Georgia  A Southern Company subsidiary, Georgia Power, owns 45 7% of the current 2,430 MW facility, with co-owners Oglethorpe Power (30%) Municipal Electric Authority of Georgia (22 7%) and the City of Dalton (1 6%)  The plant is operated by Georgia Power  The $14 billion construction project is scheduled to be completed by 2022 and would double the plant's capacity The construction of two 1,154 MW reactors has been hailed by Energy Secretary Steven Chu as "the first new nuclear power plant to break ground in decades"  It is expected to create up to 3,500 jobs during the construction phase, and 800 once operational  However, in March 2017 Westinghouse Electric Company, who were building the plant, filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy because of $9 billion of losses from its two U S  nuclear construction projects  The U S  government had given $8 3 billion of loan guarantees on the financing of the four nuclear reactors being built in the U S , and it is expected a way forward to completing the plant can be agreed 

Plant Ratcliffe
In September 2013 the EPA introduced new provisions regarding output of carbon emissions in new power facilities  The proposed emission limit for new energy sources will be 1,100lbs of carbon dioxide per megawatt hour of electricity  Preemptively recognizing the need for these changes, Southern Company broke ground on its 21st-century clean coal facility in June 2010  Southern's subsidiary, Mississippi Power will operate the plant  The Kemper County Energy Facility, or Kemper Project, takes advantage of the abundant lignite, or poor quality coal, available in Mississippi  Additionally, it employs Transport Gasifier (TRIG) technology  TRIG technology is built on the idea of dry-feed, non-slag gasifiers, which operate at lower temperatures than other coal gasifiers  This dry-feed is crushed, heated, and circulated in the gasifier, producing a flammable synthetic gas, syngas  Syngas can generate electricity with fewer emissions  Of course, other byproducts are produced, like ammonia and sulphuric acid  These particular products are sold for commercial use The EPA considers the Kemper Coal Project and other planned facilities like it, to be a lifeline for the coal industry in the wake of the new climate change plan  Between 2010 and 2014, approximately 150 coal plants were shut down As of April 2014, the US Department of Energy had invested $270m in this project  Southern Company, and its subsidiary, Mississippi Power anticipate that the Kemper Coal Plant will generate enough energy to serve more than 187,000 customers  Upon opening, the Kemper Coal Project is expected to be capable of stripping out at least 65% of the carbon dioxide, significantly exceeding the EPA's proposed requirement of 40% 

Partnerships
Southern Company works with the US Department of Energy on a variety of projects including transmission and distribution of infrastructure and smart grid initiatives, environmental research programs, and nuclear generation  One of the more significant joint efforts, the DOE's National Carbon Capture Center, is managed by Southern Company and represents national efforts to reduce greenhouse gas emissions from coal-based power generation  At this location, Southern Company has been working with scientists and technology developers from government, industry, and universities who are creating the next generation of carbon capture technologies Along with the DOE, Southern Company has been working with KBR, another technology partner, to perfect its TRIG advanced coal gasification technology  This process of breaking down "dirty coal", or lignite, into its chemical components is not only cleaner, but it is also less expensive and more reliable  This technology is currently being implemented at Southern Company's Kemper County power plant, one of the few new coal facilities working to keep the US coal industry alive  This new facility will be built on a lignite seam, is expected to strip out two-thirds of carbon dioxide emissions, leaving emissions at about the same level as natural gas  The Kemper Coal Plant is expected to fall well under new regulations implemented by the EPA, which limits coal plants to 1,100lbs of carbon dioxide emissions per megawatt hour of electricity In an effort to make this technology more attainable, Southern Company has partnered with China's Shenhua Group to collaborate on further research, development, and deployment of clean coal technologies in the US, China, and around the world  This partnership with Shenhua, who is currently expected to add more than 400,000 megawatts of coal-fired capacity by 2035, could lead to wide deployment of TRIG-equipped power plants across Asia  TRIG technology has the potential to not only assist China with their growing carbon issue, but also enable the country to tap into their own low quality coal In 2009, the U S  Department of Energy granted Southern Company a $165 million Smart Grid Investment Grant to implement a smart grid and to make the grid more reliable  Through matching funds and other investments, the company spent $363 million on the initiative, which it completed in 2014  The upgraded smart grid allows Southern Company the ability to monitor and control its electric infrastructure in real time and respond to problems 

Financial data
Carbon footprint
Southern Company reported Total CO2e emissions (Direct + Indirect) for the twelve months ending 31 December 2020 at 75,300 Kt (-13,100 /-14 8% y-o-y) and aims to reach net zero emissions by 2050 

Political donations
In May 2018, it was reported that Southern Company had donated $1 million to America First Policies, a pro-Donald Trump advocacy group 

Controversies
Environmental impact
Southern Company is the third-largest producer of greenhouse gas emissions in the United States, emitting 86,244,286 metric tons of carbon dioxide equivalent in 2019 In 2005, the company announced it would open a Mercury Research Center at Plant Crist Pensacola, Florida, hoping to find new ways to reduce mercury emissions On April 25, 2006, Alabama Power, a subsidiary of Southern Company, agreed to pay $200M to settle allegations that its coal-fired James H  Miller, Jr  Plant near West Jefferson, Alabama emitted harmful amounts of SO2 and NOx In response to growing public and financial community interest, the company has enacted assorted environmental measures  Southern Company participates in Renew Our Rivers, a volunteer program to remove debris from rivers and other waterways throughout the Southeast, which claims over 11 million pounds of trash removed or recycled in Renew Our Rivers events  The company also manages and operates the National Carbon Capture Center, a focal point of the US Department of Energy's efforts to develop carbon capture and greenhouse gas reduction technologies, under which various projects to test geologic sequestration are in progress at Plant Gorgas in Alabama, Plant Daniel in Mississippi and other company sites  However, critics have argued that CCS seldom works and prolongs the life of fossil fuels 

Climate change denial
Southern Company has a long history of funding climate change denial and has been a "driving force behind climate disinformation," sponsoring campaigns in opposition to climate science, against limiting greenhouse gas emissions, and slowing the transition to renewable energy sources Between 1993 and 2004 Southern Company paid over $62 million to organizations that spread disinformation about climate change  The utility paid for advertising claiming that climate change was not real and made payments to public relations companies, industry groups, law firms and thinktanks to dispute the scientific consensus for climate change and attack legislative solutions  The utility paid $20 million to the trade group Edison Electric Institute, which creates media campaigns to attack proponents of global warming  In the 1990s, Southern Company and the Center for Energy and Economic Development hosted energy workshops broadcast to schoolteachers through the company's satellite network to promote pro-coal messages about climate change and the environment 

Kemper Project controversies
In February 2015, the Mississippi Supreme Court ordered Southern Company's subsidiary Mississippi Power to restore $377 million to South Mississippi ratepayers for rate increases related to the Kemper Project, a "clean" coal plant  These fees were derived from Mississippi's Baseload Act, allowing Mississippi Power to charge ratepayers for powerplants under construction 
In May 2016, Southern Company and its subsidiary Mississippi Power announced they were being investigated by the Securities and Exchange Commission related to overruns at the Kemper Project  The project had been repeatedly delayed and costs increased from $2 88 billion to $6 58 billion  In recorded conversations, at least six engineers from the Kemper Project claimed that delays, cost overruns, safety violations, and shoddy work, were in part due to mismanagement or fraud 
In June 2016, Mississippi Power was sued by Treetop Midstream Services over the cancellation of a contract to receive carbon dioxide from the Kemper Project as part of the carbon capture and storage design  Treetop had contracted to buy carbon dioxide from the Kemper plant and had built a pipeline in preparation to receive the gas  Treetop alleged Mississippi Power had fraudulently and "intentionally misrepresenting and concealing the start date" for the Kemper Project, though Mississippi Power stated the suit was without merit 
The company was also found to have unlawfully fired a whistle-blower who had criticized alleged false statements by company management 

Vogtle nuclear power plant
In June 2021, Georgia Power, a subsidiary of Southern Company, was scrutinized by the Georgia Public Service Commission over the lengthy delays and ballooning costs of its new Vogtle nuclear plant in Burke County, Georgia 

Willie Soon
In February 2015, it was revealed that climate change denier Willie Soon had been paid by Southern Company and several other fossil fuel interest groups  Over the course of 14 years, Soon received a total of $1 25m from Southern Company, Exxon Mobil, the American Petroleum Institute (API) and a foundation run by the Koch brothers, the documents obtained by Greenpeace show  At $410,000, Southern Company was the largest donor  The scientist described his studies to fossil fuel executives as "deliverables", and permitted anonymous pre-publication reviews  Soon advanced the widely discredited theory that changes in solar activity are to blame for climate change, and called into question the severity and extent of climate change in all his studies, never revealing his backers 

See also
Jacob Horton
List of United States electric companies
Electric utility

Notes
External links
Business data for Southern Company: 
DOE guarantee press info
PR Newswire release
Southern Company Media Room
Official website
Forbes Global 2000 Biggest Companies Utility Industry
Passage 3:
TECO Energy
TECO Energy Inc  is an energy-related holding company based in Tampa, Florida, and a subsidiary of Emera Incorporated  TECO Energy has several subsidiaries: Tampa Electric, which provides electricity to the Tampa Bay Area and parts of Central Florida; Peoples Gas Company, which provides natural gas throughout Florida; and TECO Services, which provides IT, HR, legal, facilities, and other services to current and former TECO subsidiaries  Previously the company was in the S&P 500 before it became private due its acquisition by Emera 
TECO Energy businesses include New Mexico Gas Company  TECO's three utilities serve a total of 1 6 million customers in Florida and New Mexico  In 2012, TECO exited its business in Guatemala 

History
Tampa Electric began in 1899 to manage electric trolley systems in the city of Tampa  On September 4, 2015, Emera, a utility holding company based in Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada, announced the pending acquisition of TECO Energy  That purchase closed on July 1, 2016, and TECO Energy, Inc  became a wholly owned subsidiary of Emera, Inc 

Environmental record
Researchers at the University of Massachusetts Amherst in 2006 identified TECO Energy as the 37th-largest corporate producer of air pollution in the United States in 2002, with roughly 11 million pounds of toxic chemicals released annually into the air  Major pollutants indicated by the study included hydrochloric acid, sulfuric acid, chromium compounds, arsenic compounds, and nickel compounds In 2000, TECO Energy was fined $3 5 million for making changes to emissions producing facilities without installing new updated pollution controls  This led to the switch from coal to natural gas in one of its plants by 2004 and optimization of pollution controls in another  These changes were enacted to drastically cut emissions, notably sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxide emissions On July 6, 2019 People’s Gas a Division of Tampa Electric Company, caused an explosion of a shopping center in Plantation, Florida known as the Market on University because People’s Gas failed to close and lock a gas line after a customer request dating back to December 2018  The failure to close and lock the gas line is a violation of Federal law and Florida law  Peoples/TECO claims that a computer program cancelled the shutoff order unbeknownst to the utility  TECO/Peoples hid the claimed computer error from state investigators  The computer error caused hundreds of gas line shutoff orders to be cancelled system wide  TECO/Peoples also blame the owner of the shopping center for not capping the gas line when the tenant removed a gas pizza oven  Over 60 lawsuits were filed in response to the explosion many of which remain pending 
In 2017, TECO had an explosion at its Big Bend power plant near Tampa, Florida killing 5 workers who were performing a dangerous procedure water jetting molten slag in a coal fired furnace  The workers were killed because an explosion occurred  TECO experienced the same type of accident 10 years prior and developed a policy to prevent future accidents but failed to train workers on the safety policy  In May 2022, TECO pleaded guilty to violating an OSHA safety regulation requiring a meeting to ensure workers are properly trained that would have prevented the deaths of the 5 workers  In August 2022 TECO was sentenced to a $500,000 fine and 3 years of probation  TECO admitted that it willfully violated an OSHA safety regulation as part of its guilty plea  
On September 28, 2017, TECO announced it was adding 600 MW of solar to its electricity-producing portfolio 

See also
List of power stations in Florida
TECO Line Streetcar (No longer operated by TECO)
Tampa Electric Co  v  Nashville Coal Co 
Passage 4:
Xcel Energy
Xcel Energy Inc  is a U S  regulated electric utility and natural gas delivery company based in Minneapolis, Minnesota, serving more than 3 7 million electric customers and 2 1 million natural gas customers across parts of eight states (Colorado, Minnesota, Wisconsin, Michigan, North Dakota, South Dakota, Texas and New Mexico)  It consists of four operating subsidiaries: Northern States Power-Minnesota, Northern States Power-Wisconsin, Public Service Company of Colorado, and Southwestern Public Service Co In December 2018, Xcel Energy announced it would deliver 100 percent clean, carbon-free electricity by 2050, with an 80 percent carbon reduction by 2035 (from 2005 levels)  This makes Xcel the first major US utility to set such a goal 

History
Xcel Energy was built on three companies: Minneapolis-based Northern States Power Company (NSP), Denver-based Public Service Company of Colorado (PSCo), and Amarillo-based Southwestern Public Service (SPS)  Southwestern Public Service Co  (SPS) dates its origins to 1904 and the Pecos Valley in New Mexico when Maynard Gunsell received an electricity franchise for the city of Roswell, New Mexico and its 2,000 residents  The financial strain of creating this new enterprise soon overwhelmed him and he sold the franchise to W H  Gillenwater, who named his utility the Roswell Electric Light Co  He later sold the company to an investment firm in Cleveland, Ohio, which already owned the Roswell Gas Co Northern States Power Company's timeline begins with the organization of the Washington County Light & Power Co  in 1909  When H  M  Byllesby began building his utility holding company across the Northwestern region of the US, he renamed it the Consumers Power Co  in 1910 and which was renamed the Northern States Power Co  in 1916  While the bulk of NSP's territory grew across central and southern Minnesota (starting from the Twin Cities), it acquired territory in North Dakota (centering on Fargo, Grand Forks, and Minot) and extended southwest into South Dakota (centering on Sioux Falls)  NSP's system also extended east into Wisconsin, but because of utility ownership laws in that state, it was operated as an entity separate from the rest of the company 
Public Service Company of Colorado (PSCo) was formed in 1923 to provide an electric generating station for the Denver area   By 1924, it had acquired most of the electric companies in northern and central Colorado  Originally a subsidiary of Cities Service Company, it became an independent autonomous operation in November 1943   By this time, it served 80 percent of Colorado's gas and electricity needs  As demand for energy continued to grow, so did PSCo   Eventually, the company merged with SPS to form New Century Energies (NCE) in 1995 Northern States Power and Wisconsin Energy Corporation had planned to merge into a new outfit that was to be called Primergy - but in 1997, the merger fell through because of the time it was taking to gain the required approvals from state and federal agencies  After the failed Primergy merger, NSP (both the Minnesota and Wisconsin companies) merged with New Century Energies to form Xcel Energy   In 2005, Xcel sold Cheyenne Light, Fuel and Power to Black Hills Corporation   Cheyenne Light, Fuel and Power had been a subsidiary of PSCo since the 1920s, and had become an operating company of NCE after the merger with SPS 
In December 2018, Xcel Energy became the first major US utility to pledge to go carbon-free, aiming for 80% carbon reduction by 2030, and 100% reduction by 2050



ground_truth: Father of Liberalism

prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: Did Qionghai or Suining  have a population of 658,798 in 2002? 

The following are given passages.
Context 2: Passage 1:
Qionghai
Qionghai, or in local Hainanese dialect as Kheng Hai, is one of the seven county-level cities of Hainan province, China  Although called a "city", Qionghai refers to a large land area in Hainan - an area which was once a county  Within this area is the main city, Qionghai City  It is located in the east of the island at the mouth of the Wanquan River, 86 kilometres (53 mi) from the provincial capital of Haikou  It has an area of 1,692 square kilometres (653 sq mi) and in 2010, it had a population of 483,217 people 
The seat of government is at Jiaji (simplified Chinese: 嘉积镇; traditional Chinese: 嘉積鎮; pinyin: Jiājī Zhèn), locally referred to as Kachek city  Bo'ao, seat of the Boao Forum for Asia, belongs to Qionghai 
The former counties of Qiongdong (postal: Kiungtung) and Lehui (樂㑹, postal: Lokwei) are now part of Qionghai City 

Climate
Qionghai has a tropical monsoon climate (Köppen Am)  Monsoonal influences are strong, with a relatively lengthy wet season and a pronounced dry season (January to March)  Rainfall is heaviest and most frequent from August to October, when typhoons may strike, and is otherwise still common throughout the year, averaging an annual total of 2,100 mm (83 in); there are 9 3 days with 50 mm (1 97 in) or more of rain  Humidity is consistently very high, with an average relative humidity of 85 8%  With monthly percent possible sunshine ranging from 31% in February to 62% in July, the city receives 1913 hours of bright sunshine annually; the city receives about only a third of possible sunshine from December thru February, while May thru July is the sunniest time of year 

Administrative divisions
Qionghai is divided into 12 towns:

Other
The most famous dish of Qionghai is called Kazek Duck 
Qionghai is served by Qionghai Bo'ao Airport 

Notable people
Lee Chiaw Meng, served in Prime minister Lee Kuan Yew's cabinet as Minister of Education, Minister of Science and Technology and Member of Parliament 
Patrick Lee, Billionaire Business entrepreneur magnate and the founder of Lee & Man Paper 
Pang Chin Hin (冯振轩), entrepreneur, chairman and founder of the well-known food manufacturing company Mamee Double-Decker (M) Sdn Bhd 
Pang Lim (庞琳), entrepreneur and community figure who founded and currently chairs the Koufu Group Ltd, an F&B establishment operators 
Wee Meng Chee, rapper, singer-songwriter and filmmaker 

See also
List of administrative divisions of Hainan
Passage 2:
Daying County
Daying County (simplified Chinese: 大英县; traditional Chinese: 大英縣; pinyin: Dàyīng Xiàn) is a county of Sichuan province, China, under the administration of Suining City and in the central part of the Sichuan Basin  In 2002, it had a population of 520,000 residing in an area of 703 km2 (271 sq mi) 

Tourist attractions
Daying is the home of the "Chinese Dead Sea", a tourist attraction that is based on a salt lake with nine times the salinity of the ocean and which constitutes the largest indoor water park in China 
A stationary replica of the Titanic is under construction in Daying County as well 

Transportation
The G42 Shanghai–Chengdu Expressway and Dazhou–Chengdu Railway (达成铁路) traverses east–west through the entire length of the county 
The county is served by the Daying East Station (大英东站) on the Suining–Chengdu Railway 
Passage 3:
Suining
Suining (simplified Chinese: 遂宁; traditional Chinese: 遂寧; Sichuanese Pinyin: Xu4nin2; Sichuanese pronunciation: [ɕy˨˦nin˨˩]; pinyin: Sùiníng; Wade–Giles: Sui-ning) is a prefecture-level city of eastern Sichuan province in Southwest China  In 2002, Suining had a population of 658,798 

Geography and climate
Suining is located in the center of the Sichuan Basin and on the central reaches of the Fu River, bordering Chongqing, Guang'an and Nanchong to the east, Neijiang and Ziyang to the south, the provincial capital of Chengdu to the west, and Deyang and Mianyang to the north  Its prefecture, or administrative, area ranges in latitude from 30° 10' 50" to 31° 10' 50" N, or 108 9 kilometres (67 7 mi) and in longitude from 105° 03' 26" to 106° 59' 49" E, or 90 3 kilometres (56 1 mi)  While much of the prefecture is mountainous, the urban area itself, which occupies 40 square kilometres (15 sq mi), is located on flat land 
Suining has a monsoon-influenced humid subtropical climate (Köppen Cwa) and is largely mild and humid, with four distinct seasons  Winter is short, mild, and foggy, though actual precipitation is low  January averages 6 6 °C (43 9 °F), and while frost may occur, snow is rare  Summers are long, hot and humid, with the daily average in July and August around 27 °C (81 °F), with August being slightly warmer  Rainfall is light in winter and can be heavy in summer, and 75% of the annual total occurs from May to September 

Places of interest
According to local legend, Suining is the Hometown of Guanyin and her sisters  A folk song declares that one resides at Lingquan Temple, another at Guangde Temple, while only the third sister is afar, in the Putuo Mountains of Southern China There exists Lingquan Temple, Guangde Temple, and the Dead Sea, which are regarded as the 4A scenic zone  And there is also a Celadon Museum of Sichuan, which is referred to as a 3A scenic zone 
The percentage of land-covered forests of Suining is approximately 34%, it's the first Provincial Environmental Protection City in Sichuan  The 30,000-capacity Suining Sports Centre Stadium is located in the city  The stadium opened in 2014 and it is used mostly for football matches 

Administrative divisions
Transport
Highway
China National Highway 318

Rail
Suining is the junction for the Dazhou–Chengdu and Suining–Chongqing Railways, which collective form the westernmost section of the Shanghai–Wuhan–Chengdu High-Speed Railway 

Well-known inhabitants
Chen Zi'ang, Tang dynasty poet (661-702), was a native of the Suining area 
Chen Wei, a pro-democracy activist born in 1969 who has been arrested in February 2011 and sentenced for 9-years in prison on December 23, 2011 for "inciting subversion of state power" by the Suining intermediate people's court 
Liu Xianbin, a pro-democracy activist born in 1968 who has been arrested in June 2010 and sentenced for 10-years in prison for inciting subversion of state power 
Li Bifeng, a pro-democracy activist and friend of Liao Yiwu who is facing 5-years prison for "economic crimes" 
Ju Jingyi, a well-known Chinese singer and actress  She rose to fame as a member of Chinese idol girl group SNH48 and was part of Team NII until her graduation in December 2017 
Context 3: Utility industry magazine Utility Dive awarded Xcel Energy its 2018 "Utility of the Year" award for its plans for add 12 wind farms, its project with Google to develop new ways for customers to personalize energy management, and its plan to retire 50 percent of its coal-powered capacity by 2026 (and replacing it with a combination of renewable energy, efficiency, and natural gas) On May 20, 2019, Xcel Energy announced its intent to close all of its remaining coal-fired plants in Minnesota by 2030 while compensating by increasing solar production capacity by 1,400%  It also declared its plans to continue operating its Monticello nuclear plant near Monticello, Minnesota until at least 2040 On March 16, 2023, Xcel Energy announced that a significant unplanned release of radioactive water from its Monticello nuclear power plant took place on November 21, 2022, which was reported only to state and federal authorities but was concealed from the public until now  Xcel estimated the leak to be 400 thousand gallons of contaminated water containing radioactive tritium  The leak occurred in a water pipe that runs between two buildings 

Generation portfolio
Across Xcel Energy's eight-state service area, 49% of the power provided in 2021 came from carbon-free sources: biomass, hydroelectric and nuclear plants, solar panels and wind turbines Xcel Energy currently has 13 coal plants with a capacity of 7,697 MW  Seven of those plants are operated in Colorado  Xcel Energy owns and operates three wind farms  In October 2011, Xcel Energy set a world record for electricity from wind power, with an hourly penetration of 55 6% of production from wind Xcel Energy generates over 500 megawatts of hydroelectric power from 27 plants in Wisconsin, Minnesota, and Colorado  This accounts for only four percent of their electricity generation  They also purchase large amounts of hydro-generated electricity from Manitoba Hydro 

Biomass electricity comes from organic fuel sources  Xcel Energy has contracts for about 110 megawatts of electricity from biomass generators  Two in northern Minnesota are fueled by forest harvest residue, such as treetops and limbs  A third facility, brought on line in 2007 in western Minnesota, generates power using turkey litter Xcel Energy's Bay Front plant in Ashland, Wisconsin, is a three-unit generating station that has become a model for the creative use of fuels: coal, waste wood, railroad ties, discarded tires, natural gas, and petroleum coke   Two of the three Bay Front operating units already use biomass as their primary fuel   Xcel Energy recently proposed a plan to install biomass gasification technology at Bay Front  The waste-to-energy facilities use waste that would otherwise end up in landfills  The Wisconsin waste-to-energy plant burns wood waste in combination with refuse-derived fuel (RDF) Xcel Energy owns and operates two nuclear power plants: 

Monticello Nuclear Generating Plant near Monticello, Minnesota
Prairie Island Nuclear Generating Plant near Red Wing, Minnesotaand stores the spent fuel from these nuclear plants on site in independent spent fuel storage installations  (ISFSIs) 

System information and transmission
Xcel Energy operates the fourth largest transmission system in the United States, spanning 10 states  In 2011, Xcel Energy's transmission system was worth $3 3 billion The transmission system is operated on a non-discriminatory basis under the open access requirements of the Federal Government  This means that all wholesale buyers and sellers of electricity can use the transmission system under the same terms and conditions used to serve Xcel Energy's own retail customers   The transmission lines are utilized to carry 115,000 volts, 230,000 volts, and 345,000 volts   There is also a 500,000 volt transmission line that runs from the Dorsey Substation outside of Winnipeg, Manitoba in Canada to the Chisago Substation located in Chisago County just north of St  Paul, Minnesota 

Grid security
In 2017, Xcel Energy partnered with the Financial Services Information Sharing and Analysis Center to create a new "threat information sharing community" intended to share cyber and physical security intelligence with the energy sector  The new community is called the Energy Analytic Security Exchange (EASE)  It is run by the FS-ISAC Sector Services team; FS-ISAC is an organization that gathers cyber and physical risk intelligence for the financial services industry  Additionally, the North American Electric Reliability Council (NERC) manages the Electricity Information Sharing and Analysis Center, which is another resource that the energy sector uses to gather threat intelligence 

Advanced Grid in Colorado
In 2016, Xcel Energy announced the Advanced Grid Intelligence and Security (AGIS) initiative, a long-term effort related to power reliability, distributed generation, and information sharing with customers  Through the initiative, Xcel would build an "intelligent grid" in Colorado in order to improve grid security  The company filed a request for permission with the Colorado Public Utilities Commission for the program, which would cost $500 million 

Programs
Since 1998, Xcel Energy's Windsource program has allowed customers to designate that part or all of their electricity comes from a renewable energy source  In 2015, about 96,000 people were enrolled in Windsource  In 2011, more than 2 3 million electric and 261,800 natural gas customers took part in Xcel Energy's energy efficiency programs for homes and businesses Xcel Energy also offers customers incentives to install solar panels  At the end of 2011, more than 10,600 photovoltaic systems had been installed, with a capacity of about 121 megawatts (DC)  In early 2011, Xcel Energy suspended the solar rebate program before reaching a settlement a month later with representatives of solar power companies to restore the solar incentive program until it is fully reviewed by the Public Utilities Commission 

Controversies
On August 1, 2002, Xcel Energy Inc  was sued because of engaging in "round-trip" energy trades that provided no economic benefit for the company, and because the company lacked the necessary internal controls to adequately monitor the trading of its power  Xcel paid $80,000,000 in a settlement The Cabin Creek Fire occurred on October 2, 2007, at Xcel Energy's Hydropower Generation plant in Georgetown, Colorado  On June 1, 2011, Federal prosecutors opened their charges that Xcel Energy was criminally liable for the deaths of the five RPI workers  On June 28, the jury found Xcel Energy not guilty  On December 19, 2011, RPI Coating pleaded guilty to workplace safety violations and paid $1 55 million in a cash settlement  The company took responsibility for the deaths of five workers and the injuries to three  The U S  Chemical Safety and Hazard Investigation Board conducted an investigation of the incident  Its report can be found on the CSB website  It is considered one of the worst unmitigated incidents to occur in a permit-required confined space The parent company to Xcel Energy, and later Xcel Energy itself have operated the Prairie Island Nuclear Power Plant since 1973  Over that time, nuclear waste produced by the power plant has been stored adjacent to the Prairie Island Indian Community  The homes of some members of the community are within 600 yards of the nuclear waste containment site and, sitting within the banks of the Mississippi River, the island is very vulnerable to seasonal flooding  While in 1991, the Minnesota Public Utilities Commission capped the storage of nuclear waste on the island to 17 casks, the legislature has since permitted this number to increase  Environmentalists and members of the Prairie Island Indian Community have been working since 1994 to have this nuclear waste transported away from their reservation due to the combined risk of the temporary design of the storage facility, unpredictable flooding and single evacuation road in the event nuclear waste is released from containment 

See also
Plant X, Lamb County, Texas
Passage 5:
Electric Bond and Share Company
The Electric Bond and Share Company (Ebasco) was a United States electric utility holding company organized by General Electric  It was forced to divest its holding companies and reorganize due to the passage of the Public Utility Holding Company Act of 1935  Following the passage of the Act, the U S  Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) selected the largest of the U S  holding companies, Ebasco to be the test case of the law before the U S  Supreme Court  The court case known as Securities and Exchange Commission v  Electric Bond and Share company was settled in favor of the SEC on March 28, 1938  It took twenty-five years of legal action by  the SEC to break up Ebasco and the other major U S  electric holding companies until they conformed with the 1935 act  It was allowed to retain control of its foreign electric power holding company known as the American & Foreign Power Company (A&FP)  After its reorganization, it became an investment company, but soon turned into a major designer and engineer of both fossil fuel and nuclear power electric generation facilities  Its involvement in the 1983 financial collapse of the Washington Public Power Supply System's five nuclear reactors led to Ebasco's demise because of the suspension of nuclear power orders and lawsuits that included numerous asbestos claims  The U S  nuclear industry stopped all construction of new facilities following the 1979 nuclear meltdown at Three Mile Island, going into decline because of radiation safety concerns and major construction cost overruns 

History
The Electric Bond and Share Group was organized in 1905 as a holding company for electric utility company securities by General Electric using its employees' retirement investment fund  Morgan used his control of General Electric and his position as the country's most powerful financier to set in motion a plan to monopolize the entire country's electric industry via the Electric Bond and Share Group  Until his death in 1913, Morgan was opposed to any form of government regulation  His firing of Samuel Insull resulted with Insull moving to Chicago, where he organized the second-largest holding company in the country, the Middle West Utilities Company or what is known today as Exelon  Insull would actively promote the idea of a regulated monopoly because of the high cost of electrical infrastructure  About the same time as Teddy Roosevelt's trust busting campaign against Morgan, Rockefeller and other elites was gaining national attention, the National Civic Federation (NCF) was formed   It carried out extensive investigations and debates among prominent business men and organized labor over the issue of public vs  private ownership of electric power  Insull's public support for regulation helped popularize NCF's model legislation that quickly spread nationwide after the state of New York adopted its own variation  Morgan's son J  P  Morgan Jr  carried on with the House of Morgan, including his father's goal of a national electric monopoly but was up against the reformist progressive era 
By 1925, General Electric's Electric Bond & Share Group was the largest owner of U S  and foreign electric companies holding over 10% of the country's companies as subsidiaries organized into five major holding companies   General Electric made a purely symbolic gesture to reduce growing public anger by divesting control of the company leaving Morgan still in financial control  The Commonwealth & Southern Corporation, which owned several utility operating companies in the Midwest and the South, some of which became part of the Southern Company, and the reorganized Electric Bond And Share Company (EBASCo) were both part of J  P Morgan's syndicate via his J P  Morgan & Co  In 1926, its headquarters in New York City had over 1,000 employees, and controlled companies in 33 states worth $1 25 billion As public concern continued to mount by ratepayers of private electric power companies, the Federal Trade Commission carried out extensive investigations between 1928 and 1935  The commission's 48,000-page report included entire volumes for each of the country's major utility companies  The FTC valued EBASCo and its five holding companies at $3 5 billion, along with major investments in dozens of other major U S  companies  Within the five main holding companies were 121 U S  subsidiaries, along with a foreign holding company that operated in 16 countries and had 70 subsidies 
Because he was a strong proponent of public power, Franklin D  Roosevelt used the collapse of Samuel Insull's Middle West Utilities electric empire in June 1932 as one of his most important election campaign issues  The failed assassination attempt on his life in February 1933 later became part of U S  Marine Corps General Smedley Butler's claim of a Business Plot against Roosevelt by J  P  Morgan  On Roosevelt's first day in office, following his inauguration, he ordered the closure of the nation's banks, known as the bank holiday of 1933  In a joint session of the House and Senate, he pushed through the Emergency Banking Act along with Executive Order 6102 that blocked the hoarding of gold and stopped the major New York banks from taking gold supplies out of the country   Roosevelt then selected Ferdinand Pecora to investigate Morgan and the country's other major banks  Both Pecora and the Federal Trade Commission investigations  exposed the fact that the electric industry was the most capital intensive industry  The May 24th, 1933 Pecora hearings rocked the country, focusing on J P  Morgan and his financial empire, whose top lieutenants paid no taxes  In his 1939 book Wall Street Under Oath: The Story of Our Modern Money Changers, Ferdinand Pecora stated that "Undoubtedly, this small group of highly placed financiers, controlling the very springs of economic activity, holds more real power than any similar group in the United States "The 1933 Pecora Commission hearings identified the National City Company, known today as Citibank, as the location where Morgan conducted EBASCo's investment operations, which played a prominent role in the passage of the Glass–Steagall legislation  The Pecaro investigation along with the findings from the seven-year Federal Trade Commission investigation into electric holding companies nationwide led to the passage of the Public Utility Holding Company Act of 1935  which some historians say was "the fiercest congressional battle in history "  Following the act's passage, Ebasco sued the United States government claiming it was unconstitutional, but lost the case before the Supreme Court in 1938  Wendell Willkie, who was the president of one of J P  Morgan and Ebasco's biggest investments, known as the Southern Company, ran against Franklin D  Roosevelt in the 1940 presidential race, but lost 

EBASCo, known on Wall Street as (EBS) was included in the Dow Jones Utility Average from  1938 to 1947 

Securities and Exchange Commission breakup of EBASCo
Following the passage of the Public Utility Holding Company Act of 1935, the U S  Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) oversaw the closure, re-organization or divestment of EBASCo's holding companies except for its American & Foreign Power Co , making annual reports on its monumental legal breakup case between 1936 and 1961  The act was used to break up the country's electric industry into regions confined by state boundaries so that state agencies could properly regulate each company  Each year, the SEC reported on the compliance status of the industry   As of 1949, 210 holding companies affecting 918 of the country's electric companies had come under the SEC's legal jurisdiction and procedures, with 46 holding companies still active   In its 1949 annual report, the SEC documented the history of their order for EBASCo to break up its five major holding companies' combined assets worth $3 5 billion 
In 1940, congressional investigations of brokerage firms, insurance companies and their relationship to the electric industry exposed that Middle South Utilities, the Southern Group and Ebasco were all financed by Morgan Stanley, with Wall Street having financial influence over nearly 80% of the country's electric industry 
Following the passage of the 1935 Act, Ebasco went into the U S  court system in an attempt overturn the act but failed (see external links for major court cases)  Ebasco was then required to register its holding companies and comply with SEC orders  On August 23, 1941, its holding company known as the National Power & Light Co  was ordered to break up its 27 subsidiaries  On March 22, 1949, the SEC signed off on the final breakup of National that included major holdings in Pennsylvania PPL Corporation, the Carolinas and Alabama (see subsidiary list) 
On August 22, 1942, the SEC ordered the breakup of Ebasco's holding companies known as American Power & Light Corp  that included 35 subsidiaries and the Electric Power & Light Corporation with its 24 subsidiaries  American appealed the ruling but lost before the U S  Supreme Court on November 25, 1946  As of 1949, all but one of American's subsidiaries were in compliance  Electric Power and its sub-holding company United Gas Corporation finally agreed to its breakup on March 2, 1949  Electric Power was then re-organized as Middle South Utilities Inc  and is known today as Entergy 
In 1939, proceedings before the SEC were initiated to break up EBASCo's American Gas & Electric Company  On December 28, 1945, the agency agreed to allow it to retain control of its central region of subsidiaries in Indiana, Kentucky, Michigan, Ohio, Tennessee, Virginia, and West Virginia, if it let go of its companies in Pennsylvania and New Jersey  In 1946, it attempted to acquire the Continental Gas & Electric Corp  but was denied   American Gas & Electric Company was finally spun off in 1958 to become American Electric Power (AEP) 
As part of a national campaign to deregulate the electric industry, the Bush administration and Congress passed the Energy Policy Act of 2005 that repealed the 1935 Public Utility Holding Company Act 

EBASCo holding companies prior to 1935
The following EBASCo holding companies, which includes some of its subsidiaries came under enforcement by the Securities and Exchange Commission with the passage of the Public Utilities Holding Company Act of 1935 

American Gas & Electric Company
Incorporated in 1906, and controlled by EBASCo , American Gas & Electric Company was finally spun off in 1958 and became American Electric Power  AEP currently serves over 5 million electricity customers in eleven states  It is currently the 6th largest gas & electric company in the United States  Check the reference here for a recent list of AEP's  subsidiaries 
Appalachian Electric Power Co  - Known today as Appalachian Power
Ohio Power Co  - Known today as AEP Ohio
Indiana & Michigan Electric Co  - known today as Indiana Michigan Power
The Scranton Electric Co  was sold to PPL Corporation in 1956
Atlantic City Elec  Co  - Is currently a subsidiary of Exelon
Ky  & W  Va  Power Co  - known today as Kentucky Power
Wheeling Electric Co  - is currently a subsidiary of AEP
Indiana General Service Co 
Kingsport Utilities, Inc  - known today as Kingsport Power Company

American Power & Light Company
American Power & Light had over 35 subsidiaries prior to 1935   In 1942, the Securities and Exchange Commission ordered the holding company to be broken up, which was completed by 1951  Many of these companies are still in existence today  

Citizens Power & Light Co , Council Bluffs, Iowa 
Central Arizona Light & Power Co , Phoenix, Arizona, merged with Arizona Edison in 1952 to form Arizona Public Service
Florida Power & Light Co , Miami, Florida  It is a subsidiary of NextEra Energy Resources
Fort Worth Power & Light Co , Fort Worth, Texas  Became part of TU Electric in 1984 
Helena Gas & Electric Co , Helena, Montana 
Kansas Gas & Electric Co , general office, Wichita, Kansas, merged with Kansas Power and Light of Topeka in 1992 to form Westar Energy
Minnesota Power & Light Co , general office, Duluth, Minnesota 
Missoula Public Service Co , Missoula, Montana, acquired by Montana Power Company in 1929
Montana Power Company, Butte, Montana  is still operating today 
Nebraska Power Co , Omaha, Nebraska 
Northern Power Co , Superior, Wisconsin 
Northwestern Electric Co , Portland, Oregon 
Pacific Power & Light Co , Portland, Oregon  is known today as PacifiCorp and owned by Berkshire Hathaway Energy 
Portland Gas & Coke Co , Portland, Oregon 
St  Augustine Co , St  Augustine, Florida 
Superior Water, Light & Power Co , Superior, Wisconsin 
Texas Electric Service Co , Dallas, Texas  Became part of TU Electric in 1984 
Texas Power & Light Co , Dallas, Texas  Became part of TU Electric in 1984 
Texas Public Utilities Corp , Dallas, Texas  Became part of TU Electric 
Washington Water Power Co  (The), group, Spokane, Washington is known today as Avista 

Electric Power & Light Corporation
Incorporated in 1925 as a holding company for various Electric Bond & Shares Co  subsidiaries  The SEC ordered it sold off, a process that was completed in 1949, when it was renamed as Mid South Utilities, Inc  Today, it is known as Entergy 

Arkansas Power & Light Co , Little Rock, Arkansas 
Dallas Power & Light Cd  Dallas, Texas 
Idaho Power Co , Boise, Idaho 
Louisiana Gas & Fuel Co , Shreveport, Louisiana 
Louisiana Power & Light Co , New Orleans, Louisiana 
Mississippi Central Power Co , Jackson, Mississippi 
Mississippi Power & Light Co



ground_truth: In 2002, Suining had a population of 658,798.

prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: Which utility holding company did Alfred A. Marcus work as a consultant?

The following are given passages.
Context 3: , Jackson, Mississippi 
Nevada Power Co , Boise, Idaho 
New Orleans Public Service Inc , New Orleans, Louisiana 
Salmon River Power & Light Co , Boise, Idaho 
Utah Light & Traction Co , Salt Lake City, Utah 
Utah Power & Light Co , Salt Lake City, Utah 
Western Colorado Power Co , Durango, Colorado 

National Power & Light Company
Incorporated 1925 as new holding company for various Electric Bond & Shares Co  subsidiaries  As part of the SEC's order, National Power was combined with Lehigh Power Securities with most of its other companies broken up   Today, National Power is known today as PPL Corporation

Birmingham Electric Co , Birmingham, Alabama 
Carolina Power & Light Co , Raleigh, North Carolina
Holston River Electric Corporation, Rogersville, Tennessee 
Houston Lighting & Power Co , Houston, Texas 
Knoxville Power & Light Co , Knoxville, Tennessee 
Memphis Power & Light Co , Memphis, Tennessee 
South Texas Utilities Co , Houston, Texas 
Tennessee Public Service Co , Newport, Tennessee 
West Tennessee Power & Light Co , Jackson, Tennessee 

Lehigh Power Securities Corporation
The Lehigh Power Securities Company was merged with EBASCo's National Power & Light Company 

Pennsylvania Power & Light Co , Allentown, Pennsylvania  - PPL Corporation today 
Lancaster Group, Edison Electric Co , Lancaster,  Pennsylvania 
Transit Group, Lehigh Valley Transit Co , Allentown, Pennsylvania 

American & Foreign Power Company
Following the failed merger negotiations with Canada's Royal Securities Corporation, American & Foreign Power Co  was created as a wholly owned EBASCo holding company in 1923 that had the goal of owning electric companies worldwide  With its agenda of enforcing patents, General Electric (GE) had been buying up electric stocks worldwide, but also started taking control of companies via its equipment sales and other services formerly performed by its holding company, the Electric Bond and Share Group   In 1917, Electric Bond and Share Group's first major foreign electric acquisition, at the request of the U S  government, to take control of electric production for two cities near the Panama Canal as a counter strategy against nearby German interests    In 1920, Electric Bond obtained control of Guatemalan electric facilities that the U S  government had seized from Germany during the war    This was followed in 1922 by a dramatic burst of purchasing across central and South America that was followed the next year by the formation of the American & Foreign Power Company 
In 1925, GE would dispose of its Ebasco stocks because of negative public opinion, however GE's chairman continued to sit on American & Foreign Power's board of directors while its founding president Sydney Z  Mitchell also stayed as president   In 1929 American & Foreign Power claimed to have worldwide assets of $750 million  By 1931 the holding company was supplying power to just under 1,000 communities around the world  Following the passage of the Public Utility Holding Company Act of 1935, Ebasco was allowed to retain control of American & Foreign Power Company as the law only applied to U S  based electric utility companies 
Electric development in Cuba is of unique historic concern   Following the Spanish–American War in 1898 the country was forced into an exclusive relationship with the United States   The U  S  allowed Cuba to be independent, but required it to operate under the Platt Amendment of 1901, turning it into an exclusive U S  plantation colony with its sugar exports only allowed to be marketed in the U S    Business interests deployed a combination of Scientific racism and Scientific management practices that left the country exclusively in the hands of American companies 
It started in 1922 with GE's representative, Henry Catlin purchasing General Gerardo Machado's electric company and then donating $500,000 to the general's successful bid to become Cuba's president in 1924  GE would spend $100 million to purchase control of Cuba's entire electric infrastructure    This led to 40 years of societal stresses, years of military dictatorships, the infamous U S  Mafia operations in Havana and the Cuban Revolution which allowed Cuba to  nationalize American & Foreign Power's control of the country's electric utilities 
American & Foreign Power Company also had operations in the following countries:

Argentina - 100 different electric companies
Brazil
Canada - British Columbia Power Corporation
Chile - all major electric utilities 
China - 1929 Shanghai Power Company purchased for $32 million
Colombia
Costa Rica
Cuba - Cuba Electric Co  taken public by Cuba in 1960
Ecuador
Guatemala
India
Italy - Italian Superpower Corporation
Japan -  Two Companies
Mexico
Panama - 1917 purchased two companies at the request of the U S  around the Panama Canal
Venezuela

Dixon-Yates Affair
With the election of President Eisenhower in 1952 as the first republican to hold office in 20 years, a major policy shift called "no new starts" began   All federal water and power projects that had been closely tied to local, state or federal ownership were ended   The scale of this policy shift was exposed with the Dixon-Yates affair, identifying the plan's source as the Pacific Gas & Electric Company   PG&E was known for getting conservative politicians to kill all funding to the massive Central Valley Project's grid, forcing the U S  Bureau of Reclamation to rely on the company to deliver the electricity  As a result, cooperatives in communities across northern California that were set up to get the low cost surplus power collapsed 
In 1954, President Eisenhower ordered the Atomic Energy Commission to buy 600,000 kilowatts of electricity for its Oak Ridge National Laboratory from two private electric companies rather than purchase power from the Tennessee Valley Authority in what is known as the Dixon-Yates contract   The attempt to bypass TVA's public power system next door to Oak Ridge stirred a national scandal following the testimony of James D Stietenroth, who was the secretary-treasurer of Mississippi Power Company who said that Middle South Utilities was still dominated by Ebasco Services  Stietenroth was fired the next day   Following the release of a secret report by industry insiders meant only for the president's eyes, Eisenhower was forced to cancel the contract on July 11, 1955 
In 1961, after 26 years of legal cases, Electric Bond and Share had complied with the SEC's orders and was no longer listed as an electric power holding company  In 1967, Electric Bond and Share merged with its former holding company, the American & Foreign Power Co  and was renamed Ebasco Industries the following year   Ebasco Industries held onto Ebasco Services Inc  as a subsidiary 

Ebasco Services
On November 27, 1935, the Electric Bond & Share Company setup Ebasco Services to manage its holding company empire, the day after the SEC filed a lawsuit ordering the company to register as a holding company as required by the passage of the Public Utility Company Holding Company Act  According to the asbestos legal case of FENICLE v  BOISE CASCADE COMPANY, Boise Cascade purchased control of Ebasco Industries and its subsidiary Ebasco Services in 1969  The Plaintiff's suit was countered by a legal maneuver called Piercing the corporate veil  In 1973 Halliburton purchased Ebasco Services from Boise Cascade, but the Justice Department reversed the sale over concerns that it gave Halliburton control over too much of the industry's engineering expertise By the mid-1970s, Ebasco had stepped beyond its 1961 filing with the SEC, claiming its intention of becoming an investment company  It was now actively involved with the construction of nuclear and fossil fuel power facilities  In 1976, according to Encyclopedia com a Texas oil company named  Ensearch acquired Ebasco  Ensearch was originally known as Texas Power & Light Co  and had been one of Ebasco's original subsidiaries prior to 1935, that is now TXU Energy  By 1980, EBASCO had three divisions: A/E Ebasco Services, Ebasco Environmental, which provided environmental services, and Ebasco Engineering and Construction  On November 16, 1982, according to a filing made with the Texas Secretary of state, Ebasco Engineering and Construction filed as a foreign for-profit company  Ebasco Environmental was sold to Foster Wheeler, Inc , becoming Foster Wheeler Environmental 
Ebasco had become one of the major US architect-engineers, coordinating the design of many nuclear power plants both in the US and abroad  On May 22, 1956, Ebasco's subsidiary, American & Foreign Power Co  announced plans to build two nuclear power facilities in Latin America, very likely in Cuba since they held 100% of the country's electric production  Other major nuclear construction plans included the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant (units 1, 2 and 6)  It also had the original contract to design and build the Bataan Nuclear station in the Philippines, but was replaced by Westinghouse  Ebasco's involvement with the financial collapse of the Washington Public Power Supply System's (WPPSS) massive five nuclear reactors  led to a lawsuit against the company in 1992 over asbestos contamination Raytheon acquired Ebasco in 1994 and was known as Raytheon Ebasco Overseas Ltd  At this time, Ebasco was known to have subsidiaries in 11 foreign countries  The Raytheon subsidiary, Raytheon Engineers & Constructors that owned Ebasco Services was later sold to Morrison Knudsen Corporation where the combined company was named the Washington Group International, Inc , a firm with more than $5 billion in annual revenues and a backlog of some $6 6 billion, marking it one of the largest in the engineering and construction industry at that time with more than 38,000 employees at work in more than 40 countries  Washington Group International, which filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy in 2001  At the time of the filing, there were four known Ebasco entities involved in the bankruptcy that included the Delaware-based Ebasco International Corporation   The Washington Group's headquarters were at the World Trade Center in 2001  Ebasco had been at the WTC since 1980 and at one point was its largest tenant with over 2,000 employees, leasing over 600,000 sq  ft  There were less than 20 employees of the 180 still at the World Trade Center on 911  In 2007 Washington Group was purchased by URS Corporation, which was purchased by AECOM in 2014 that is now one of the largest engineering firms in the world 
Following the 2007 takeover of TXU Corp , which included plans to construct two new next generation nuclear power stations at Commanche Peak, the company eventually ran into further financial difficulties and filed for bankruptcy in 2014   On February 27, 2018, Energy Futures Holdings (EFH), formerly known as TXU Corp , which was one of Ebasco's pre-1935 subsidiaries came out of bankruptcy reorganization as TXU Energy  EFH had a subsidiary known as EEC Holdings which owned Ebasco Canada Ltd  that was incorporated in Delaware  Ebasco Canada was shut down on April 29, 2014, as part of the EFH bankruptcy process According to a 2015 Sun Sentinel news story, Ebasco's American and Foreign Power Company is owned by another company - Office Depot  The article says that when Boise Cascade sold off Ebasco Services to Raytheon, it held onto American & Foreign Power Co 's foreign investments   Boise Cascade purchased OfficeMax and took its name in 2003   According to the article, OfficeMax was then purchased by Office Depot in 2013, and was proposing to merge with Staples in 2015  One of the subsidiaries of American & Foreign Power Co   was the former Cuban Power Co  that has filed a $267 5 million claim against Cuba with the Foreign Claims Settlement Commission that still has thousands of investors holding stock in the nationalized company  The Office Depot and Staples merger was abandoned in 2016 after a judge blocked the plan In 2016, The Indian subsidiary Raytheon Ebasco Overseas Ltd  appeared in an Indian court over Tax problems Meanwhile, the Dutch registered CT Corporation is listing itself as the agent for Ebasco in 43 states and the District of Columbia 
See Boise Cascade v  United States for more background on the activities of Ebasco Industries In addition, The law firm of Reid and Priest used to be part of the army of lawyers that failed to stop Ebasco from being dismantled   It became part of Reid, Priest and Thelen LLP which also just dissolved 
Today there is a company Named Ebasco Trading Co  listed in Dubai  Its unknown what its relationship is to the original company 
See Ebasco Services for its whistle-blowing problems  See External links for a list of major legal cases Ebasco has been involved in   Note that this list is no where exhaustive since the company was constantly caught up in legal cases against its own employees, insurance companies and regulatory oversight agencies nationwide 
The Public Utilities Holding Company Act of 1935 was repealed by the Energy Policy Act of 2005
Passage 6:
Spire Inc
Spire Inc  (NYSE: SR) is a regional public utility holding company based in St  Louis, Missouri, providing natural gas service through its regulated core utility operations while engaging in non-regulated activities that provide business opportunities  Its primary subsidiary Laclede Gas Company is the largest natural gas distribution utility in Missouri, serving approximately 631,000 residential, commercial and industrial customers in the City of St  Louis and ten counties in eastern Missouri   Its corporate headquarters is located in the 700 Market building in downtown St  Louis 
On April 29, 2016, the company began trading on the New York Stock Exchange under the symbol SR   It had previously been known as the Laclede Group, trading under the symbol LG 

History
Laclede Gas Company was one of the original 12 industrial companies that made up the Dow Jones Industrial Average but was removed in 1899  On December 7, 2009, executives from The Laclede Group visited the New York Stock Exchange (NYSE) to ring the closing bell and commemorate the company’s 120th anniversary of trading on the exchange  The Company first listed its stock on November 14, 1889, making it the 8th-oldest listed stock on the NYSE 
On February 1, 2012, Laclede hired its first female CEO, Suzanne Sitherwood  Sitherwood earned a bachelor of science degree in industrial engineering technology from the Southern College of Technology and an MBA from Brenau University In 2013, The Laclede Group acquired Missouri Gas Energy from Southern Union Company, expanding their Missouri holdings to include Kansas City 
In 2014 Laclede acquired Alabama Gas Corporation (Alagasco), which serves the Greater Birmingham, East Lauderdale County, Gadsden, Jasper, Anniston-Oxford, Greater Tuscaloosa, Greater Montgomery, Opelika-Auburn, Tuskegee, Selma, and many Black Belt communities as Spire Alabama Inc 
On April 28, 2016, The Laclede Group shareholders approved renaming the company to Spire   Later in 2016, Spire acquired Energy South, Inc from Sempra U S  Gas & Power, the parent company of Mobile Gas and Willmut Gas   Mobile Gas operates in Mobile, Alabama as Spire Gulf Coast Inc  while Willmut gas operates in Hattiesburg, Mississippi as Spire Mississippi Inc  

See also
Laclede Gas Company - Subsidiary of the Laclede Group
Laclede Gas Building
Passage 7:
North American Company
The North American Company was a holding company incorporated in New Jersey on June 14, 1890, and controlled by Henry Villard, to succeed to the assets and property of the Oregon and Transcontinental Company  It owned public utilities and public transport companies and was broken up in 1946, largely to comply with the Public Utility Holding Company Act of 1935 
Its headquarters were at 60 Broadway in Manhattan 

Holdings
In 1889 New Jersey passed legislation to facilitate the control of other companies by another corporation with a goal of encouraging trusts to convert into holding companies and relocate to that state  To take advantage of these expanded corporate powers, in 1890 Oregon and Transcontinental, which was an Oregon corporation, re-incorporated as a holding company in New Jersey and became the North American Company By 1940, North American was a US$2 3 billion holding company directly and indirectly heading up  80 companies  It controlled ten major direct subsidiaries in eight of which it owned at least 79%  Three of the ten were major holding companies:
Union Electric Company of St  Louis, Missouri
Washington Railway and Electric Company
North American Light and Power CompanyFour of the ten direct subsidiaries were operating companies:

Cleveland Electric Illuminating Company
Pacific Gas and Electric
Detroit Edison Company
Wisconsin Electric Power CompanyThe remaining three of the ten direct subsidiaries were:

North American Utility Securities Corporation
West Kentucky Coal Company
60 Broadway Building CorporationAt various times during its existence, North American also owned substantial interests in these other companies as well:

The Milwaukee Electric Railway and Light Company: Formed in 1896 as a subsidiary of the North American Company  By 1929, it operated within North American Company along with Wisconsin Electric Power Company, which became the consolidated name of the two operating companies in 1938  It now belongs to Wisconsin Energy Corporation (NYSE: WEC)
Capital Transit: Formed on December 1, 1933, in Washington, D C  from merger of Washington Railway, Capital Traction, and Washington Rapid Transit  North American owned it through its holding company subsidiary, Washington Railway and Electric Company, which in turn was the holding company for the merged lines, owning 50% of Capital Transit 
Potomac Electric Power Company
Cincinnati Gas & Electric Company
Union Light, Heat and Power of Covington, Kentucky
Northern Natural Gas Company
Butte Electric and Power Company
Laclede Gas Company
Edison Securities Corporation
Wired Radio, Inc  (Muzak)
North American Edison Company
St  Louis United Railways Company

History
The Public Utility Holding Company Act of 1935 passed with the intent of breaking up interstate electric holding companies by limiting company operations to a single state, thus subjecting them to effective state regulation  The North American Company fought the legislation in court, and the company was not broken up by the Securities and Exchange Commission until their loss before the Supreme court in North American Co  v  SEC on April 1, 1946 

Dow Jones Industrial Average
North American's stock was one of the twelve component stocks of the May 1896 original Dow Jones Industrial Average, but it was replaced later that same year  In 1928, when the number of stocks comprising the DJIA was increased to 30, North American was re-added to the list but was replaced again in 1930  The two periods when it was a component were:

May 26, 1896 – August 26, 1896, replaced by U  S  Cordage
October 1, 1928 – January 29, 1930, replaced by Johns-Manville

See also
John I  Beggs (former director)
Clement Studebaker Jr  (chairman of North American Light and Power Co)
Passage 8:
Alfred A  Marcus
Alfred Allen Marcus (born 1950) is an American author and the Edson Spencer Professor of Strategy and Technology Leadership at the Carlson School of Management, University of Minnesota and the Technological Leadership Institute  He has worked as a consultant with companies such as 3M, Corning Inc , Xcel Energy, Medtronic, General Mills, and IBM and has also taught as a visiting professor at Technion, INCAE, BI Norwegian Business School, Fordham University, and MIT 

Environmental and energy policy career
Marcus was born in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania and grew up in the Squirrel Hill neighborhood  He attended the University of Chicago for his bachelor's and master's degrees, before finishing his PhD in political science at Harvard University under James Q  Wilson  Outside academy, he has worked on environmental and energy policy analysis during the Carter and Reagan years at the Battelle Human Affairs Research Centers in Seattle, Washington  There he conducted and participated in studies on the commercialization of alternative energy technologies and new energy saving technologies 
Following the Three Mile Island nuclear power incident, he also became involved in the work carried out by the Nuclear Regulatory Commission on the organization and management of nuclear power plants  Marcus has written many academic articles relating to organizational safety in publications like the Academy of Management Journal, the Strategic Management Journal, and Organization Science 

Published works
His work focuses primarily on  the relationship between public policy, the environment, and American business and his books include: 

Promise and Performance: Choosing and Implementing an Environmental Policy (1980) - Praeger  ISBN 0-313-207070
The Adversary Economy (1984) - Praeger  ISBN 0-899-300553
Managing Environmental Issues: A Casebook (1992) - Prentice Hall  ISBN 0-135-638917
Controversial Issues in Energy Policy (1992) - SAGE Publications  ISBN 0-803-939701
Reinventing Environmental Regulation: Lessons from Project XL (2002) -Routledge  ISBN 1-891-853090
Strategic Foresight - A New Look at Scenarios (2010)  - Palgrave Macmillan  ISBN 0-230-611729
Innovations in Sustainability (2015) - Cambridge University Press  ISBN 1-107-42111X

Selected bibliography
See also
Paul Shrivastava
Passage 9:
North American Co  v  SEC
North American Co  v  Securities and Exchange Commission, 327 U S  686 (1946), is a United States Supreme Court case holding that a Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) order under the Public Utility Holding Company Act (PUHCA) directing a public utility holding company to divest its securities of all companies except for one electric company did not violate the Commerce Clause or the Fifth Amendment to the United States Constitution 

Background
PUHCA was one of a number of trust-busting and securities regulation initiatives that were enacted in response to the Wall Street Crash of 1929 and ensuing Great Depression, including the collapse of Samuel Insull's public utility holding companies  By 1932, the eight largest utility holding companies controlled 73 percent of the investor-owned electric industry  Their complex, highly leveraged, corporate structures were very difficult for individual states to regulate  PUHCA required electric company holding companies to register with the SEC, and authorized the SEC to limit a holding company to a single integrated electric system through the divestiture of its other public utility and unrelated companies 
The North American Company, formed in 1890, was a holding company in a system that by 1940 contained 80 companies operating in seventeen states and the District of Columbia  These included the Union Electric Company, which operated an electric system around St  Louis, Missouri, and subsidiaries in Illinois and Iowa, the Washington Railway and Electric Company, and the North American Light and Power Company with systems in Kansas, Missouri, Illinois, and Iowa and its subsidiaries Cleveland Electric Illuminating Company, Pacific Gas and Electric, and Detroit Edison Company  In addition, North American also owned an investment trust company and West Kentucky Coal Company  Together the various electric systems served more than 3,000,000 customers in a service territory of 165,000 square miles 
North American initially challenged the constitutionality of PUHCA and requested an injunction against its enforcement, but the Supreme Court in Landis v  North American Co , held that the case was premature and that North American should register and then litigate the constitutionality of PUHCA after the SEC conducted its proceeding  North American then registered in 1937 as a holding company with the SEC, reserving its right to challenge the validity of the remaining portions of PUHCA  After initiating an administrative proceeding, the SEC issued an order requiring divestiture of North American's securities in companies other than the Union Electric Company  North American appealed, but in 1943 the Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit upheld the order  Arguing that ownership of securities was not interstate commerce within the meaning of the Commerce Clause and that the divestiture ordered by the SEC was a taking in violation of the Fifth Amendment, North American appealed to the Supreme Court, which granted certiorari 

Opinion
The opinion by Justice Murphy first concluded that North American was engaged in interstate commerce and through its substantial stock ownership dominated its subsidiaries  The opinion then noted that North American's argument that PUHCA's divestiture provision was invalid because ownership of securities was not commerce had been previously rejected by the Court in the anti-trust case of Northern Securities Co  v  United States  Under its authority under the Commerce Clause, Congress could regulate to protect the freedom of interstate commerce using any means that were lawful and not prohibited by the Constitution  Under Northern Securities, Congress could deal with and affect the ownership of securities to protect the freedom of commerce, which it did in fashioning the divestiture remedy in PUHCA 
Lastly, the Court dismissed the takings argument, noting that Congress had weighed the benefit to shareholders of efficient, common management of diversified companies against the actual and potential harm to the public, investors, and consumers from the use of pooled investments, and determined that the economic advantages of a holding company atop an unintegrated, sprawling electric system were not commensurate with the resulting economic disadvantages  In addition, it was not clear that there would be a loss necessary for a takings claim under the Fifth Amendment  PUHCA does not require the dumping or forced liquidation of the securities on the market for cash, so the stock of the companies ordered divested could be distributed to the shareholders or sold under a plan that protects shareholder rights  The Court determined that it could not conclude that North American shareholders were disadvantaged by the operation of the divestiture provision of PUHCA 
Justices Reed, Douglas and Jackson did not participate in the consideration of the case  Although Chief Justice Stone had initially recused himself for a disclosed reason, but when he discovered that his disqualification plus those of the other justices would result in the lack of a quorum, he reversed his position 

Subsequent events
PUHCA was repealed by the Energy Policy Act of 2005 effective February 8, 2006 

See also
List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 327



ground_truth: Xcel Energy Inc.