prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: 1920 Politics was a Republican political strategy to reassert the authority of the white race in which US state?

The following are given passages.
Context 1: Passage 1:
Fifty-state strategy
In the context of American politics, a fifty-state strategy is a political strategy which aims for progress in all states of the United States of America, rather than conceding certain states as "unwinnable"  In a presidential campaign, it is usually implemented as an appeal to a broad base of the American public in an attempt to win, even if marginally, every state, since even a marginal victory is effectively a total victory for electoral purposes  It can also refer to an overall long-term strategy for a political movement such as a political party 
This strategy is very ambitious and, when used for a specific election, is typically abandoned as the election day draws nearer  In the vast majority of cases, winning a state's popular vote for president or senator — even by a small margin — means the state's entire representation in the election goes to the victor without being divided  A fifty-state strategy requires a campaign to spend valuable resources in a rival's strongest states, when those resources could instead be concentrated in swing states that will become a total win or a total loss based on only a small difference in popular votes 

Attempts
Successful
A president has won every state three times  In 1788 and 1792, George Washington won all the electoral votes running effectively unopposed, and in 1820, James Monroe, running unopposed, carried all twenty-three states in the union at that time (although one electoral vote was cast for John Quincy Adams and two electors died prior to casting votes) 
A complete fifty-state victory has not been accomplished since the fiftieth state was admitted into the union, though there have been several landslide victories:

In 1936, Franklin D  Roosevelt carried 46 of 48 states, losing only Maine and Vermont 
In 1972, with Richard Nixon losing only Massachusetts 
In 1984, with Ronald Reagan losing only his rival's home state of Minnesota, yet only doing so by about 3,000 votes Both Nixon and Reagan also lost the District of Columbia, which has had presidential electors since the Twenty-Third Amendment in 1961 

Unsuccessful
In 1960, the first presidential election after the admission of Alaska and Hawaii, Richard Nixon pledged to visit all 50 states following his nomination at the Republican National Convention  Nixon was defeated in the general election by Democrat John F  Kennedy, in one of the closest presidential campaigns in American history  Many observers and commentators in succeeding years, such as Larry Sabato, have criticized Nixon's fifty-state pledge as a factor in his loss, suggesting that it forced him to place less emphasis on close states  Eight years later, in 1968, Nixon ran for president again and won a three-way race against Democrat Hubert Humphrey and independent candidate George Wallace  His achievement of visiting every state in his previous campaign made Nixon the first president ever to accomplish this task, though not during a winning campaign 

Mixed results
Howard Dean pursued an explicit "fifty-state strategy" as chairman of the Democratic National Committee, putting resources into building a Democratic Party presence even where Democrats had been thought unlikely to win federal positions, in hopes that getting Democrats elected to local and state positions, and increasing awareness of Democrats in previously conceded areas, would result in growing successes in future elections  Democrats who supported the strategy have said that abandoning "red states" as lost causes only allowed the Republican Party to grow even stronger in areas where it was unchallenged, resulting in lopsided losses for Democrats in even more races During the 2008 United States presidential election, Barack Obama attempted a form of the fifty-state strategy to reach into deep red states to try to flip them  This was largely based on Obama's appeal during the primaries in very Republican states, like those in the Deep South and the Great Plains  In September, Obama scaled back his fifty-state strategy, abandoning Alaska and North Dakota and reducing staff in Georgia and Montana  John McCain's choice of Sarah Palin as his running mate made winning Alaska very unlikely for Obama, and she also had strong support in North Dakota  Obama was ultimately able to win Virginia and Indiana, two states that had not voted Democratic since 1964, and North Carolina, last won by a Democrat in 1976  Virginia has since become a reliably Democratic state  Additionally, the margins of victory in North Dakota, Georgia, and Montana were considerably closer than they had been in 2004 

See also
Electoral College (United States)
Red states and blue states
Passage 2:
Territory of Hawaii
The Territory of Hawaii or Hawaii Territory (Hawaiian: Panalāʻau o Hawaiʻi) was an organized incorporated territory of the United States that existed from April 30, 1900, until August 21, 1959, when most of its territory, excluding Palmyra Island, was admitted to the United States as the 50th U S  state, the State of Hawaii  The Hawaii Admission Act specified that the State of Hawaii would not include Palmyra Island, the Midway Islands, Kingman Reef, and Johnston Atoll, which includes Johnston (or Kalama) Island and Sand Island On July 4, 1898, the United States Congress passed the Newlands Resolution authorizing the U S  annexation of the Republic of Hawaii, and five weeks later, on August 12, Hawaii became a U S  territory  In April 1900 Congress approved the Hawaiian Organic Act which organized the territory  United States Public Law 103-150 adopted in 1993, (informally known as the Apology Resolution), acknowledged that "the overthrow of the Kingdom of Hawaii occurred with the active participation of agents and citizens of the United States" and also "that the Native Hawaiian people never directly relinquished to the United States their claims to their inherent sovereignty as a people over their national lands, either through the Kingdom of Hawaii or through a plebiscite or referendum" Hawaii's territorial history includes a period from 1941 to 1944, during World War II, when the islands were placed under martial law  Civilian government was dissolved and a military governor was appointed 

Background
Upon the overthrow of Queen Liliʻuokalani in January 1893, the Committee of Safety established the Provisional Government of Hawaii and set out to effect Hawaii's speedy annexation by the United States  A commission, led by Lorrin A  Thurston, was sent to Washington D C  to negotiate an annexation treaty with President Benjamin Harrison  A delegation led by Princess Victoria Kaʻiulani also went to Washington to protest the overthrow and to lobby against annexation 
Harrison and the commission signed a treaty of annexation, which was sent to the U S  Senate for approval  In March 1893, before the Senate could ratify it, Grover Cleveland took office  The new president was an anti-imperialist and strongly opposed to annexation  He withdrew the treaty from consideration, ordered a congressional investigation into the events surrounding the overthrow of the Hawaiian monarchy, and, after receiving the committee's first report, recommended the restoration of Liliʻuokalani as queen  This did not go over well from even his own party   Eventually a bi-partisan vote called for a "hands off" policy in regards to internal events in Hawaii  Further investigation by Congress led to the Morgan Report, which established that the actions of U S  troops stationed in Hawaii during the coup had been completely neutral, and exonerated the U S  military from any accusations of complicity with the overthrow 

The provisional government convened a constitutional convention  to establish the Republic of Hawaii  Thurston was urged to become the nation's first president but he was worried his brazen personality would damage the cause of annexation  The more conservative Sanford B  Dole, former Supreme Court Justice and friend of Queen Liliʻuokalani, was elected as the first and only president of the new regime Hawaii's strategic location to support the Spanish–American War in the Philippines made it especially important to American interests, as argued by naval strategist Alfred Thayer Mahan  This and fears that the Empire of Japan would seize control of the islands provided momentum for the proponents of annexation  On July 4, 1898, the U S  Congress passed a joint resolution to provide for annexing of Hawaii to the United States  The resolution, commonly known as the Newlands Resolution (named after  Congressman Francis Newlands), was signed into law three days later by President McKinley and came into effect on August 12, 1898  The Newlands Resolution states,

Whereas, the Government of the Republic of Hawaii having, in due form, signified its consent, in the manner provided by its constitution, to cede absolutely and without reserve to the United States of America, all rights of sovereignty of whatsoever kind in and over the Hawaiian Islands and their dependencies, and also to cede and transfer to the United States, the absolute fee and ownership of all public, Government, or Crown lands, public buildings or edifices, ports, harbors, military equipment, and all other public property of every kind and description belonging to the Government of the Hawaiian Islands, together with every right and appurtenance thereunto appertaining: Therefore,Resolved by the Senate and House of Representatives of the United States of America in Congress assembled, That said cession is accepted, ratified, and confirmed, and that the said Hawaiian Islands and their dependencies be, and they are hereby, annexed as a part of the territory of the United States and are subject to the sovereign dominion thereof, and that all and singular the property and rights hereinbefore mentioned are vested in the United States of America 
A formal ceremony marking the transfer of Hawaiian state sovereignty to the United States was held on August 12 on the steps of the ʻIolani Palace in Honolulu where the Hawaiian flag was lowered and the American flag was raised in its place 

The Resolution also provided for the establishment of a five-member commission to study what new laws were needed regarding the management and disposition of public lands in Hawaii, and to develop a frame of government for the islands  It was composed of: Sanford B  Dole (who, under the terms of the Resolution, retained the powers he previously exercised as President of Hawaii), Walter F  Frear (who likewise remained Judge of the Supreme Court of Hawaii), along with U S  senators Shelby M  Cullom (R-Illinois) and John T  Morgan (D-Alabama), and representative Robert R  Hitt (R-Illinois)  The commission's final report was submitted to Congress for a debate which lasted over a year  Many Southern congressmen and senators raised objections to establishing an elected territorial government in Hawaii, as doing so would open a pathway for the admission of a state with a "non-white" majority population at a time when strict "Jim Crow laws" mandating racial segregation in all public facilities were in force throughout the American South 

Organic Act
In early 1900 Congress passed an Act To provide a government for the Territory of Hawaii, which was signed into law by President William McKinley on April 30, 1900  This organic act established the office of governor of Hawaii  Territorial governors were appointed by the president of the United States with the advice and consent of the U S  Senate  They served for four years, unless removed sooner by the president 

Territorial governors
The organic act also created a bicameral Hawaii Territorial Legislature, consisting of a lower chamber House of Representatives and the upper chamber, the Senate, with its members elected by popular vote 
A Territorial Supreme Court of several justices/judges led by a Chief Justice, and additional appellate courts, also appointed by the President with the constitutional "advice and consent" of the Senate 
The Act also provided as with the other several Federal territories for a non-voting Delegate to the United States Congress, seated and with offices and the otherwise usual rights and privileges of a U S  Representative in the United States House of Representatives

Congressional delegates
Representation in the U S  House of Representatives was limited to a single, non-voting delegate:

Tourism
Hawaii's tourism industry began in 1882 when Matson Navigation Company, founded by William Matson, began sailing vessels between San Francisco and Hawaii carrying goods  His transports encouraged him to purchase passenger steamships that would carry tourists hoping to vacation in Hawaii from the United States mainland Matson's fleet included the SS Wilhelmina, rivaling the best passenger ships serving traditional Atlantic routes  With the boom in interest of Hawaiian vacations by America's wealthiest families in the late 1920s, Matson added the SS Mariposa, SS Monterey and SS Lurline (one of many Lurlines) to the fleet 
Matson Navigation Company operated two resort hotels in Honolulu near royal grounds  The first (and for a time the only) hotel on Waikīkī was the Moana Hotel which opened in 1901  As the first hotel in Waikīkī, the Moana Hotel was nicknamed the "First Lady of Waikīkī "  The hotel gained international attention in 1920 when Edward, Prince of Wales and future King Edward VIII of the United Kingdom, stayed as a guest 
In 1927, the luxurious Royal Hawaiian Hotel, informally called the "Pink Palace of the Pacific," opened for business  It was the preferred Hawaii residence of President Franklin D  Roosevelt when he visited Hawaii during World War II 

Military bases
With annexation, the United States saw Hawaii as its most strategic military asset  McKinley and his successor U S  President Theodore Roosevelt expanded the military presence in Hawaii and established several key bases, some still in use today  By 1906, the entire island of Oahu was being fortified at the coastlines with the construction of a "Ring of Steel," a series of gun batteries mounted on steel coastal walls  One of the few surviving batteries completed in 1911, Battery Randolph, is today the site of the U S  Army Museum of Hawaii List of Territorial Installations:

Industrial boom and the "Big Five"
As a territory of the United States, sugarcane plantations gained a new infusion of investment  By getting rid of tariffs imposed on sugarcane sent to the continental United States, planters had more money to spend on equipment, land and labor  Increased capital resulted in increased production  Five kingdom-era corporations benefited from annexation, becoming multimillion-dollar conglomerations: Castle & Cooke, Alexander & Baldwin, C  Brewer & Co , American Factors (later Amfac), Theo H  Davies & Co  Together, the five companies dominated the Hawaiian economy as the "Big Five "

Pineapples and Hawaii
James Dole, also known as the Pineapple King, arrived in Hawaii in 1899  He purchased land in Wahiawa and established the first pineapple plantation in Hawaii  Confident that canned pineapples could become a popular food export, Dole built a cannery near his first plantation in 1901  Hawaiian Pineapple Company, later renamed Dole Food Company, was born   With his profits soaring, Dole expanded and built a larger cannery in Iwilei near Honolulu Harbor in 1907  The Iwilei location made his main operations more accessible to labor  The cannery at Iwilei was in operation until 1991   Dole found himself in the midst of an economic boom industry  In response to growing pineapple demand in 1922, Dole purchased the entire island of Lanai and transformed the Hawaiian tropical low shrublands into the largest pineapple plantation in the world  For a long stretch of time, Lanai would produce 75% of the world's pineapple and become immortalized as the "Pineapple Island "By the 1930s, Hawaii became the pineapple capital of the world and pineapple production became its second largest industry  After World War II, there were a total of eight pineapple companies in Hawaii  Today pineapples are imported from Thailand and elsewhere; few are commercially grown in Hawaii 

Race relations
One of the most prominent challenges territorial Hawaii had to face was race relations  Intermarriage was tolerated and even sought after  Many native women married immigrant men and joined their community  By 1898, most of Hawaii's population was made up of plantation workers from China, Japan, the Philippines and Portugal  Their plantation experiences molded Hawaii to become a plantation culture  The Hawaiian Pidgin language was developed on the plantations so they all could understand each other  Buddhism and Shintoism grew to become large religions  Catholicism became Hawaii's largest Christian denomination 

Massie Trial
Race relations in Hawaii took to the national spotlight on September 12, 1931 when Thalia Massie, a United States Navy officer's wife, got drunk and alleged that she was beaten and raped  That same night, the Honolulu Police Department stopped a car and detained five men, all plantation workers  Officers took the men to Massie's hospital bedroom where she identified them  Although evidence could not prove that the men were directly involved, national newspapers quickly ran stories about the brute locals on the prowl for white women in Hawaii  The jury in the initial trial failed to reach a verdict  One of the accused was afterwards severely beaten, while another, Joseph Kahahawai, was murdered  Police caught the Kahahawai killers: Massie's husband Thomas, mother Grace Fortescue, and two sailors  Famed criminal lawyer Clarence Darrow defended them  A jury of locals found them guilty and sentenced to hard labor for ten years  Outraged by the court's punishment, the territory's white leaders as well as 103 members of Congress signed a letter threatening to impose martial law over the territory  This pressured Governor Lawrence M  Judd to commute the sentences to an hour each in his executive chambers  Hawaii residents were shocked and all of America reconsidered what they thought of Hawaii's racial diversity  The term "local" (Hawaii's non-Caucasian population) was galvanized through the Massie trial

Martial law
From 1941 to 1944, following the attack on Pearl Harbor and America's entry into World War II, Territorial Governors Joseph B  Poindexter and Ingram M  Stainback stripped themselves of their administrative powers by declaring martial law  With the territorial constitution suspended, the legislature and supreme court were also dissolved indefinitely  Military law was enforced on all residents of Hawaii  The formation of the military government was mostly done by Maj  Gen  Thomas H  Green of the U S Army Judge Advocate General's Corps, who became Military Attorney General  General Walter Short appointed himself military governor December 7, 1941  He assumed control of Hawaii and governed from ʻIolani Palace, which was quickly barricaded and fitted with trenches  He was relieved December 17 and charged with dereliction of duty, accused of making poor preparations in case of attack before the attack on Pearl Harbor 
Under martial law, every facet of Hawaiian life was under the control of the military governor  His government fingerprinted all residents over the age of six, imposed blackouts and curfews, rationed food and gasoline, censored the news and media, censored all mail, prohibited alcohol, assigned business hours, and administered traffic and special garbage collection  The military governor's laws were called General Orders  Violations meant punishment without appeal by military tribunals 
Anthony, the shadow Attorney General of the period, provides different information  The "aged and weak" Poindexter (sic), an appointed Democrat, was variously misled into surrendering his powers  Anthony does not mention fingerprinting; corroborates gasoline rationing but not food (the latter unlike the mainland); and disproves a liquor ban by showing how the military gained handsome profits by liquor permits and fees 
The military government instituted employment stasis by General Order No  91 (no leaving an employer without a letter of good standing); and the banning of courts that required witnesses and juries  Traffic violations were said to have netted prison terms and the military courts evidenced bias against civilians  There ensued a turf battle between the federal Departments of War, Justice and Interior, in which the middle one played a mediating or flip-flopping role  Indeed, it appeared War if not the Pacific Command was operating autonomously The Glockner and Seifert cases, actually two detained, naturalized Germans, tested the military's suspension of habeas corpus  In the second year of martial law, August 1943, U S  District Judge Metzger subpoenaed General Richardson as to why these two were held without charges  The General, according to General Order No  31, could have had the server arrested for bringing charges against a military person, but instead had the Marshal manhandled so as to evade summons  The prisoners were released outside of Hawaii, avoiding the implicated fall of military power 
List of Military Governors:

Walter C  Short (1941)
Delos C  Emmons (1941–1943)
Robert C  Richardson Jr  (1943–1944)

Democratic Revolution of 1954
The Democratic Revolution of 1954 was a nonviolent revolution consisting of general strikes, protests, and other acts of civil disobedience  The Revolution culminated in the territorial elections of 1954 where the reign of the Hawaii Republican Party in the legislature came to an abrupt end, as they were voted out of office to be replaced by members of the Democratic Party of Hawaii 

Hawaii 7
During the years leading up to the ousting of the Republican Party, Cold War fears brewed and the U S  was in the middle of the Second Red Scare  The FBI employed the Smith Act toward the ILWU and Communist Party of Hawaii, arresting those who would become known as the Hawaii 7 on August 28, 1951, in synchronized raids at 6:30 that morning  They were convicted in a two-year-long trial  The Hawaii 7 were eventually released in 1958 
Jack Hall
John Reinecke
Koji Ariyoshi
Jack Kimoto
Jim Freeman
Charles Fujimoto
Eileen Fujimoto

Statehood
The first Congressional bill for Hawaii statehood was proposed in 1919 by Kuhio Kalanianaole, and was based upon the argument that World War I had proved Hawaii's loyalty  It was ignored, and proposals for Hawaii statehood were forgotten during the 1920s because the archipelago's rulers believed that sugar planters' interests would be better served if Hawaii remained a territory  Following the Jones-Costigan Act, another statehood bill was introduced to the House in May 1935 by Samuel Wilder King but it did not come to be voted on, largely because FDR himself strongly opposed Hawaii statehood, while "Solid South" Democrats who could not accept non-white Congressmen controlled all the committees Hawaii resurrected the campaign in 1940 by placing the statehood question on the ballot  Two-thirds of the electorate in the territory voted in favor of joining the Union  After World War II, the call for statehood was repeated with even larger support, even from some mainland states  The reasons for the support of statehood were clear:

Hawaii wanted the ability to elect its own governor
Hawaii wanted the ability to elect the president
Hawaii wanted an end to taxation without voting representation in Congress
Hawaii suffered the first blow of the war
Hawaii's non-white ethnic populations, especially the Japanese, proved their loyalty by having served on the European frontlines
Hawaii consisted of 90% United States citizens, most born within the U S A former officer of the Honolulu Police Department, John A  Burns, was elected Hawaii's delegate to Congress in 1956  A Democrat, Burns won without the white vote but rather with the overwhelming support of Japanese and Filipinos in Hawaii  His election proved pivotal to the statehood movement  Upon arriving in Washington, D C , Burns began making key political maneuvers by winning over allies among Congressional leaders and state governors  Burns' most important accomplishment was convincing Senate Majority Leader Lyndon B  Johnson (D-Texas) that Hawaii was ready to become a state, despite the continuing opposition of such Deep Southerners as James Eastland and John Sparkman 
In March 1959, both houses of Congress passed the Hawaii Admission Act and U S  President Dwight D  Eisenhower signed it into law  On June 27, 1959, a plebiscite was held asking Hawaii residents to vote on accepting the statehood bill  The plebiscite passed overwhelmingly, with 94 3% voting in favor  On August 21, church bells throughout Honolulu were rung upon the proclamation that Hawaii was finally a US state 

See also
History of Hawaii
Historic regions of the United States
Territorial evolution of the United States
Passage 3:
Angela McGlowan
Angela McGlowan (born March 2, 1970) is an American Republican political commentator, best-selling author, and CEO of Political Strategies & Insights (PSI), a government affairs, political strategy, public relations, and advocacy consulting firm based in Oxford, Mississippi, and Washington, D C  She is a contributor on Fox News, covering politics, special interest groups, and lobbies McGlowan was 1994 Miss District of Columbia USA  She is the author of the 2007 book Bamboozled: How Americans Are Being Exploited by the Lies of the Liberal Agenda  In 2010, she placed third in the Republican primary for a Congressional seat in Mississippi 

Early life and education
McGlowan was born and raised in Oxford, Mississippi  Her mother, Alberta, born in Hernando, Mississippi, failed sixth grade because she had to pick cotton, and had to work four jobs to support five children  Her father, James Thomas McGlowan, was a professor, a United Methodist minister, a civil rights worker, and a community activist who was also the first principal from 1958 to 1960 of Hernando Central (now called Oak Grove Central Elementary School), a building for African-American students from grades 1-12 during segregation; he died of cancer in 1982 when she was 12 years old She attended Lafayette High School in Oxford  McGlowan then attended the University of Mississippi, where she earned a B A  in public administration with an emphasis on criminal justice and political science in 1993  While attending the university, she was a member of the school's dance team, the Rebelettes  She was Miss Magnolia in 1993  McGlowan was 1994 Miss District of Columbia USA  McGlowan has a mixed ethnic background which includes African American, Native American, Scottish, and Irish ancestry 

Career
Early years
McGlowan began her government affairs expertise by serving as government and public affairs manager for Steve Wynn's, Mirage Resorts  During her tenure, she participated in lobbying initiatives with the American Gaming Association (AGA) that laid the foundation for Mirage Resorts latest gaming properties, Bellagio in Las Vegas, Nevada, and the Beau Rivage in Biloxi, Mississippi  She also developed Mirage Resorts advocacy and community outreach programs for both Las Vegas and Biloxi McGlowan served as Director of Outreach for the Better America Foundation, an organization founded by Senator Bob Dole that was focused on promoting community empowerment  She served as legislative/press aide to both Representative Roscoe Bartlett (R-6th Dist  Maryland), and Representative John Ensign (R-1st Dist  Nevada), working on issues of diversity, welfare reform, tax policy, and healthcare  She also served as publicist to Ensign's successful re-election campaign in 1996 From 1999 to 2005, McGlowan served as director of Government Affairs and Diversity Development for Chairman Rupert Murdoch's News Corporation  She was responsible for the development and implementation of diversity initiatives within the Fox Entertainment Group and its owned and operated interests  She was also a lobbyist and advocate within News Corporation to Congress for federal, legislative, and regulatory policies supportive of corporate objectives 

2005-present
In 2005, McGlowan founded her own political consultancy, Political Strategies & Insights  It is a government affairs, political strategy, public relations, and advocacy consulting firm based in Oxford, Mississippi, and Washington, D C That year, McGlowan also became the host of Good Day Street Talk, a New York City public affairs program  She also began appearing as a right-wing speaker on PBS's news analysis program To the Contrary, BET's Tonight, and ABC's political talk show Politically Incorrect  She received the 2005 Harlem Chamber of Commerce New York City Journalist of the Year Award McGlowan's book, Bamboozled: How Americans Are Being Exploited by the Lies of the Liberal Agenda, placed eighth on the Washington Area Bestseller List of the Washington Post for the week of Sunday, April 22, 2007 In February 2010, McGlowan announced her candidacy for Congress in Mississippi's 1st congressional district to challenge incumbent Democrat Travis Childers  She was one of 32 Black Republicans campaigning for Congress, the largest number since the Reconstruction era  Had she been elected, she would have become only the third African American elected as a Republican to the House of Representatives in 75 years  Her political positions included her view that the country needed immigration enforcement of existing laws rather than new immigration laws, a focus on better funding education, and a move towards bipartisanship  She also wanted to balance the national budget, implement tax cuts for small businesses, and create jobs in north Mississippi  She subsequently lost the Republican primary after coming in third place, garnering 15% of the vote  She was the first black candidate as well as the first woman to run in Mississippi's 1st congressional district, and left the race stating: "We lost the battle but won the war  A milestone was achieved for others to follow "She subsequently returned to Fox News in June 2010  McGlowan currently serves as a political and business analyst and contributor for both Fox News and Fox Business Network, covering politics, special interest groups, and lobbies 

Personal life
McGlowan is married to four-star General Jack Keane, recipient of the Presidential Medal of Freedom 
Passage 4:
1920 Politics (Hawaii)
1920 Politics also referred to as "Jim Crow" circa 1930, was a Democratic  political strategy to reassert the authority of the white race and promote American Anglo-Saxon values, in what was then the US Territory of Hawaii 

Strike of 1920
Before 1920 Hawaii was divided into various nationalist groups of Whites, Hawaiians, Chinese, Portuguese, Japanese, Okinawans, Filipinos, and Koreans 
At the time white nationalism by Republicans had been an acceptable position  Since annexation, Hawaii's white-dominated oligarchy comprised three branches: the HSPA and Big Five sugar plantations dominated economics, the Republican Party dominated politics, and the white minority dominated society  These organs supported each other: one important example was that the plantations were a crucial source of Republican votes  On Election Day, the crude election booths allowed plantation management to survey which worker voted Republican or not; those who did not were disciplined or fired  While several workers had the right to vote, they valued their livelihood more than their right to choose their candidate : 76 Racism was not only a social issue but more importantly an economic one  Hawaii’s plantation economy relied on the ready availability of cheap labor to work the fields, and any increase in wages was costly as pay was distributed over the large work force  For the white planters, the two largest groups — the Japanese and Filipinos — rivaled each other, dividing the labor force so that when one group went on strike the other would become strike breakers  But in 1920 the Japanese and Filipinos reconciled their differences and joined in the dual strike of 1920 

Farrington
After the 1920 strike, greater attention was given to the Asian majority  At the time, half of public school students were of Japanese ancestry  The white minority petitioned Governor Charles J  McCarthy for racial segregation to prevent their children for being exposed to what they believed to be the "corrupting influences" of the colored students  McCarthy had little sympathy for the immigrant Asian population and agreed to create English Standard Schools for whites and some Hawaiians, who were given privileges over students attending the more prevalent public schools  Republican Governor Wallace Rider Farrington came to power, stating that the “Racial elements are out of balance and seriously in need of adjusting” : 93  Republicans feared that a united labor force would take over the economy and eventually the political system, overturning the plantation economy, race hierarchy, and social values of Hawaii  The previous strategy known as Divide-and-Control had failed  Republicans created a new strategy to prevent majority rule  Divide-and-Control was unstable since it relied on different ethnicities confronting each other  Instead of Divide-and-Control, where Japanese identity was the center of the Japanese community and the Filipino identity was the center of the Filipino community, the 1920 Politics strategy was to Americanize the Japanese and Filipino communities to disconnect them from their own identity, to adopt a Western identity and to further the power of the white population 
The Filipinos were considered a mongrel race, the result of Asian and Hispanic mixing that produced a primitive people of low intelligence  People of Japanese origin were regarded as a pure race and better organized, despite being described as "paganistic barbarians"  Armed with this logic, Republicans decided to assimilate the Japanese first and then the Filipinos  The logic of the campaign was that, after the Japanese had been assimilated, the Filipinos, with their limited mental capacity, would be too weak to oppose the movement  If they concentrated on trying to assimilate the Filipinos first, it was likely that they would turn to the Japanese to arrange resistance to the campaign  Even if the Filipinos were broken, the Republicans would still have to challenge the Japanese who had organized the Filipinos 

Japanese
Farrington’s strategy was to target the schools and the next generations while the plantations dealt with the adults by promoting Christianity, thereby converting the ethnically Japanese population to the predominant American religion 
Immigrants to Hawaii usually encountered Christian groups proselytizing to newcomers, but with plantation owners allowing high tolerance for the immigrants’ culture, these immigrants continued to follow their own religions  During the strike of 1920, Buddhist and Shinto churches took the risk of supporting the striking workers  Christian churches on the other hand wanted to maintain good relations with the plantation owners and opposed the strike 
A solution was proposed by Umetaro Okumura as a means to assimilate the Japanese population: with his father Reverend Takie Okumura, he proposed evangelicalizing the Japanese community  Once converted to Christianity, the planters could manipulate the Japanese through the churches and discourage their workers from criticizing poor conditions, leaving the labor force, requesting pay raises, and creating unions  An additional advantage to Okumura was if he was effective in converting the Japanese community into a Christian fundamentalist society, it gave him the opportunity to become the theocratic leader over the Japanese 
The white oligarchy believed that Japanese would always believe another ethnic Japanese, this being a primitive but effective defense amongst a people of limited intelligence  Believing Takie Okumura could gain acceptance as a Japanese and infiltrate the Japanese community to carry out his agenda, the oligarchy gave its support to Okumura  He received support from planters brothers William and George Castle, former Republican governors George Carter, Walter Frear, and the governor at that time, Farrington  In exchange for higher productivity the Evangelical churches would be financially secured by the plantations and Republican would give government support in the spread and influence of Christianity 
Okumura was an avid opponent of the unions, and he refused to shelter or aid strikers following the evictions  His philosophy was that to use labor unions to challenge the white-dominated power structure might produce immediate gains but at a long-term loss, as a hostile relationship with the power holders would cause difficulties in the future  Instead, he believed in enduring the immediate hardships and accepting white-dominated authorities, becoming Americanized and Christianized, so that they could say ‘your country is my country; your God is my God’  Okumura believed deeply in the rule of law, and under the Republican administration he made a crusade of ridding Honolulu of prostitution and gambling  Since 1919, labor unions had been categorized as organized crime  To Okumura, they were the rural counterpart to Honolulu’s syndicates and the unionists and pagan priests that supported them were no better than the pimps and gangsters of Honolulu 
In 1921, Farrington applied new requirements for school emphasizing the teaching of English Language, American History, and democracy : 309  In 1923, the Government passed Act 30, Act 171, and in 1925 Act 152  The Acts limited the range of subjects taught and put financial pressure on Foreign language schools  Okumura was appointed to a committee to regulate the Language school text books 
In January 1921, Okumura began an “Education Campaign” to coax Japanese into Christianity by attempting to persuade them of its similarities to Japanese culture and to promote a strong work ethic  Okumura initially convinced Buddhists clergy and Japanese businessmen to support the program, believing Okumura was taking an initiative to reconcile tensions between the two faiths and join together to alleviate hostilities between Whites and Japanese 
The campaign was flawed from the start, since it was known that Okumura opposed the 1920 strike and sided with planters  It was also known that the plantations were providing Okumura and his colleagues with facilities and paying their expenses, Okumura’s close relations with the planters raising distrust amongst the Japanese  The Japanese unionists began to reject Okumura as a “traitor” and “betrayer”  Many did not go the programs and those who did found it taught them to become subservient workers  Amongst Okumura’s teachings was to reject materialism and value their role in society  However, this approach met with an adverse reaction from an audience with few possessions and low social status, and Okumura was accused of being a propagandist for the wealthy social elite  Buddhist priests were irate to discover the Christian agenda to convert Buddhists and that Umetaro Okumura was discussing with the planters the ways to restrict Buddhist practices and close Buddhist churches on plantation land  Okumura was also known for his offensive remarks toward Buddhists, in which he described them as “alien” and “pagan”  Instead of attracting the Japanese to Christianity to correct their supposed spiritual flaws, the criticisms deepened their devotion to Buddhism or Shinto and their rejection of Christianity The integration program was based largely on the Haole-Hawaiian Alliance : 311  Since the missionaries of the 1820s, the Hawaiian religion, which was regarded as "primitive", was easily overcome by Christianity  Hawaiians had disowned their heritage, traded Hawaiian values for American values, and adopted English, driving the Hawaiian language to near extinction  Hawaiians were regarded as the proper colored Americans and model second class citizens, and for this they were given opportunities and rewards for their subservience  But in the eyes of the Evangelicals, the Japanese were frustratingly irrational, voluntarily subjecting themselves to unnecessary hardship and discrimination by their refusal to forgo their heritage and religious beliefs  The Evangelicals believed that what they regarded as the Japanese community's mutinous and hostile attitudes were what kept them third-class citizens and barred them for the advantages enjoy by other Hawaiians 
The foreign languages controversy was decided by the U S  Supreme Court in 1927 in Farrington v  Tokushige  A judgement was made on Farrington's and the Republicans' interpretation of American values, that certain people who deserved freedoms should receive them, while those whom they believed to have abused their rights should not  The languages schools were believed to be an abuse of the American freedom to perpetuate un-American views  The case was regarded as exposing hypocritical attitudes and for being an embarrassment, and the Supreme Court disagreed with the Hawaiian government and found Farrington violating the same values he was imposing  For Farrington and the Republicans, Okumura proved himself a liability more than an asset, and they disassociated themselves from him 
With little progress and after the publicizing of the result of the Supreme Court case, the Planters reanalyzed the Education Campaign and began to doubt Okumura's effectiveness, and complained he had made the Japanese more skeptical of American culture, and more belligerent, than before  The Planters even accused Okumura of being a double agent, because rather than making the Japanese submissive workers and solving the "Japanese Problem", he appeared to have exacerbated the conflict and put Whites and Japanese further at odds  The planters discontinued funding Okumura’s campaign in 1927 and Okumura ended it in 1929 

Judd
Shortly before Lawrence M  Judd became governor, in July 1929, a series of events revived 1920 Politics  In 1928 a ten-year-old white boy named George Gill Jamieson was kidnapped and murdered by a 19-year-old Japanese man, Myles Fukunaga, who was executed after Judd became governor  In 1931, a white woman named Thalia Massie, claimed to have been raped by five or six Hawaiians  In a separate incident on the same night of the rape, five non-white men were put on trial, which ended in a hung jury  After the trial, one suspect, Horace Ida, was beaten, and another was shot and killed  The killers of the latter, Joseph Kahahawai, involved Massie’s mother and husband and two other navy men  After pressure from Congress and the white community, Judd communed their sentences of 10 years to one hour in his office  The Japanese compared the petition for clemency of Fukunaga, a colored man, who killed a white person, to Massie’s parents and cohorts: whites, who had killed a colored person  Not even the white community was satisfied with the uneven handling of the two cases  Judd was criticized for giving a commutation, not a pardon, and although the difference in the two rulings was negligible, it was widely believed that Judd was not committed to the belief that Massie’s avengers should be punished for their crime 
Following these events, Judd and the Republican government had to reassure the white minority in Hawaii, and whites nationally, of their safety  Under Farrington, the Hawaiians were exempted from the 1920 Politics by the Haole-Hawaiian Alliance  But after the Massie Affair, doubts arose over entrusting the power of authority to the Hawaiians  Under Alliance, Hawaiians were able to receive government jobs which had included police officers and prison guards  But, after examining these positions, U S  Attorney General Seth Richardson found an incompetent police force and sympathetic prison guards  The Hawaiians had betrayed the trust of the white leadership to carry out their demands, were regarded as a liability and phased out by whites : 57  Further pressure to Americanize Hawaii came from a renewed attempt at statehood 

Japanese
Under Judd, a new 1920 Politics strategy was implemented against the Japanese population, which was to ignore them  This change had several causes  Judd had learned from Farrington’s social attack, which had been intended to subordinate the Japanese community (which largely consisted of manual laborers and domestic servants), instead made them feel anti-American  Similarly, Buddhists and Shintos became anti-Christian  At the same time, whites became increasingly anti-Japanese and Christians anti-Buddhist  The attempted resolution to the problem concluded in a lawsuit that the Territory lost, thereby failing in its plan to assimilate the Japanese community through a policy of subordination 
In addition to avoiding conflict with the Japanese majority was the prospect of future statehood, and the incitement of civil unrest would not represent Hawaii positively to Congress  Furthermore, the statehood committee made a conscious effort to avoid discussion of the unassimilated Japanese 
One of the fears of the failure of the assimilation policy was soon realized: Japanese laborers left the plantations at the earliest opportunity and established their own shops and small businesses, and felt no need to assimilate as they already formed the majority of the population  Another fear arose: that if the Japanese became more politically active, their higher population size meant they would dominate the vote  Senator Hiram Bingham III, grandson of Hiram Bingham I, preferred the islands of his birth to remain in Caucasian hands rather than let democracy shift power into the hands of the Japanese  In 1932, he proposed a possible solution to Congress, in a bill to make Hawaii a military territory under the U S  Navy  It would have discontinued elections until Hawaii could be settled by Caucasians For many Japanese in the 1930s, minimal privacy at the voting stations, voter intimidation by Republicans that risked one’s job and livelihood, and a choice between anti-immigrant Democrats or white supremacist Republicans, resulted in more than 90% of Japanese-Americans deciding not to vote 
Under the new policy, the Japanese community was allowed to practice its traditions, culture, and religion relatively unharassed by the government, planters, and Americanizing Christian organizations, on the condition that they did not interfere with the white community  The Christian movement was met with a strong counter-movement as the Japanese rejected Christianity as a ploy by the Planters to subordinate them  This created a resurgence of Buddhism in the 1930s, which Christians dubbed “re-paganization”  Japanese businessmen helped finance Buddhists and Shinto ministries to move off the plantations to become more autonomous and form a strong Buddhist establishment  At its height, Buddhists accounted for one-third of the territory's population  Students continued to be subjected to right-wing speakers in schools, and Japanese were rewarded for showing progress in assimilating  Although the situation was judged to be far from satisfactory, the Japanese generally preferred Judd’s neglect over persecution under Farrington  Conversely, Judd received criticism by the largely white evangelical community, that Buddhists and Shintos were allowed to practice their religion freely, even in public, without being challenged or in fear of governmental interference 
By the end of the 1930s, a problem with the Haoles arose: the strategy of ignoring the Japanese meant that whites who were unaware of 1920s Politics did not consider Japanese to be a menace to American society  Some whites became interested in eastern traditions, took a curiosity in Buddhist beliefs, and considered intermarriage with Japanese people  However, concerns were expressed about what was perceived to be the erosion of traditional values by “Japanese Minded” Whites 

Filipinos
Since the Great Depression, the treatment of Filipinos was particularly harsh, as they were considered the most inferior of the Asian race  As a result, acts of defiance such as striking, unionizing, or protesting were resolved with deportation back to the Philippines  Furthermore, around 6,000 Filipinos were unemployed in Hawaii, further reducing their collective bargaining power  Unlike the Japanese, most Filipinos still worked in the plantations, and without Pablo Manlapit, the labor movement collapsed 
A product of the Great Depression was the Wagner Act that was signed into law in 1935, despite strong efforts by the Big Five and Hawaii Republicans to lobby against it  In response, Hawaii’s Republican-controlled government flatly refused to acknowledge the Act, claiming that, as Hawaii was a territory, and not a state, the law did not apply  However, in 1937, Hawaii was forced to implement the Wagner Act by the federal government 
Despite the Depression a successful wild cat strike occurred in Puunene, Maui, resulting in others strikes on Molokai, Hamakua, Kahuku, and Kekaha 

World War II
Politicians continued to wait for an answer on statehood; the 1930s turned into the 1940s with no decisive answer forthcoming, and any serious discussion of racial inequality in Hawaii remained in reserve of an affirmative decision on statehood 

Quinn
Under William F  Quinn, who became governor in 1957, senior politicians in Hawaii became open about bringing an end to 1920 Politics  Quinn was not only been a member of the Republican Club, a faction of the Party opposed to 1920 Politics, but had been the second leader of the Club  After the sweeping losses of the election of 1954, Republicans had to change their political strategy in order to survive 
Passage 5:
Uneven and combined development
Uneven and combined development (or unequal and combined development or uneven development) is a concept in Marxian political economy intended to describe dynamics of human history involving the interaction of capitalist laws of motion and starting world market conditions whose national units are highly heterogeneous  The concept is used by Marxist scholars concerned with economic development  David Harvey is an advocate of the usefulness of this theory to reconstruct historical materialism on Modern terms  It is an accepted key concept in academic economic geography 
The idea was applied systematically by Leon Trotsky around the turn of the 20th century to the case of Russia, when he was analyzing the developmental possibilities for industrialization in the Russian empire, and the likely future of the Tsarist regime in Russia  The notion was then generalized and became the basis of Trotskyist politics of permanent revolution, which implied a rejection of the Stalinist idea that a human society inevitably developed through a uni-linear sequence of necessary "stages"  Before Trotsky, Nikolay Chernyshevsky, Vasily Vorontsov, and others proposed similar ideas 

Background
Trotsky's concept was originally inspired by a series of articles by Alexander Helphand (better known as "Parvus") on "War and Revolution" in the Russian journal Iskra in 1904  At first, Trotsky intended this concept only to describe a characteristic evolutionary pattern in the worldwide expansion of the capitalist mode of production from the 16th century onwards, through the growth of a world economy which connected more and more peoples and territories together through trade, migration and investment  His focus was also initially mainly on the history of the Russian empire, where the most advanced technological and scientific developments co-existed with extremely primitive and superstitious cultures 
In the 1920s and 1930s, Trotsky increasingly generalised the concept of uneven and combined development to the whole of human history, and even to processes of evolutionary biology, as well as the formation of the human personality - as a general dialectical category 
The concept played a certain role in the fierce theoretical debates during the political conflict between the supporters of Joseph Stalin and Trotsky's Left Opposition, a debate which ranged from the historical interpretation of the Russian revolution and economic strategies for the transition to socialism, to the correct understanding of principles of Marxism 

Trotsky's theory
Different countries, Trotsky observed, developed and advanced to a large extent independently from each other, in ways which were quantitatively unequal (e g  the local rate and scope of economic growth and population growth) and qualitatively different (e g  nationally specific cultures and geographical features)   In other words, countries had their own specific national history with national peculiarities 
At the same time, all the different countries did not exist in complete isolation from each other; they were also interdependent parts of a world society, a larger totality, in which they all co-existed together, in which they shared many characteristics, and in which they influenced each other through processes of cultural diffusion, trade, political relations and various “spill-over effects” from one country to another Sociologically speaking, this had five main effects:

a more backward, older or more primitive country would adopt parts of the culture of a more advanced, or more modern society, and a more advanced culture could also adopt or merge with parts of a more primitive culture – with good or bad effects 
Cultural practices, institutions, traditions and ways of life belonging to both very old and very new epochs and phases of human history were all combined, juxtaposed and linked together in a rather unusual way, within one country 
In turn, this meant that one could not really say that different societies all developed simply through the same sort of linear sequence of necessary developmental stages, but rather that they could adopt/utilize the results of developments reached elsewhere, without going through all the previous evolutionary stages which led up to those results   Some countries could thus "skip", "telescope" or "compress" developmental stages which other countries took hundreds of years to go through, or, very rapidly carry through a modernization process that took other countries centuries to achieve 
Different countries could both aid or advance the socio-economic progress of other countries through trade, subsidies and contributing resources, or  block and brake other countries as competitors from making progress by preventing the use of capital, technology, trading routes, labour, land or other kinds of resources  In Trotsky's theory of imperialism, the domination of one country by another does not mean that the dominated country is prevented from development altogether, but rather that it develops mainly according to the requirements of the dominating country  For example, an export industry will develop around mining and farm products in the dominated country, but the rest of the economy is not developed, so that the country's economy becomes more unevenly developed than it was before, rather than achieving balanced development  Or, a school system is set up with foreign assistance, but the schools teach only the messages that the dominating country wants to hear 
The main tendencies and trends occurring at the level of world society as a whole, could be also found in each separate country, where they combined with unique local trends – but this was a locally specific “mix”, so that some world trends asserted themselves more strongly or faster, others weaker and slower in each specific country  Thus, a country could be very advanced in some areas of activity, but at the same time comparatively retarded in other areas  One effect was that the response to the same events of world significance could be quite different in different countries, because the local people attached different "weightings" to experiences and therefore drew different conclusions According to Trotsky, the unequal and combined development of different countries had an effect on the class structure of society 
For example, the Russian empire in 1917 was largely a peasant society composed of many different nationalities and governed by an absolutist state headed by the Czar; popular democracy did not exist 
A process of industrialization had begun in the main cities since Peter the Great (for example, the Putilov steel works established in Petrograd - where the February 1917 revolution began, with a strike - was the largest in the world at the time)  But this urban industrialization process relied mainly on the investment of foreign capital from France, Britain and other countries, and was limited to some urban areas and regions 
The Russian bourgeoisie which developed under the tutelage of the Czarist state lacked much power, and was politically weak  The bourgeoisie was unable to establish political democracy  At the same time, a militant industrial working class developed in the main cities, concentrated in large factories and plants 
In this way, the archaic culture of primitive peasant production and a semi-feudal state combined with the culture of modern industrial society Trotsky believed that this would shape the unique character of the Russian revolution  Namely, the Russian bourgeoisie was politically too weak and too dependent on the Czarist state to challenge its autocratic rule, and therefore the revolution against Czarist rule would be spearheaded by the revolt of urban workers 
Thus, the political and modernizing tasks normally associated in Europe with the leadership of the rising bourgeoisie, such as fighting for popular democracy and civil rights against absolutism, land ownership reform, industrializing the country, and national self-determination for oppressed nationalities, would have to be carried out in the Russian empire under the leadership of working-class parties, in particular the Russian Social-Democratic Labor Party which had been outlawed (although there were several other socialist, nationalist and liberal parties) 
In the chaos towards the end of the First World War, in which Russian soldiers fought against the imperial German army, this political assessment proved largely correct  The provisional government established by the February revolution in 1917 collapsed and the October revolution, in which the Russian Marxists played a dominant role, destroyed Czarist state power completely  Thereafter, the Russian bourgeoisie was largely expropriated; most businesses then fell under state ownership 
A new stage in Trotsky's understanding of uneven and combined development in world history was reached in his analyses of fascism and populism in Germany, France, Spain and Italy  Trotsky makes it clear, the human progress is not a linear, continuously advancing process of bourgeois modernization - progress can also be reversed or undone, and ancient cults, superstitions or barbarous traditions can be revived, even although nobody previously thought that was possible 

Rudolf Hilferding's theory
Around the time that Trotsky settled in Vienna as a journalist in exile, after escaping from Siberia a second time, the Austro-Marxist Rudolf Hilferding wrote his famous book Finance Capital (first published in 1910) in which Hilferding mentions an idea very similar to Trotsky's  The passage occurs in chapter 22 on "the export of capital and the struggle for economic territory"  It has never been proved whether Hilferding was influenced in any way by what Trotsky had written, although it is known they corresponded with each other, but Hilferding's own analysis of "the latest phase of capitalist development" certainly influenced a whole generation of socialist leaders  In any case similar notions were widespread among socialists throughout Central, Eastern, and Southeastern Europe at this time  Among other things, Hilferding states:The export of capital, especially since it has assumed the form of industrial and finance capital, has enormously accelerated the overthrow of all the old social relations, and the involvement of the whole world in capitalism  Capitalist development did not take place independently in each individual country, but instead capitalist relations of production and exploitation were imported along with capital from abroad, and indeed imported at the level already attained in the most advanced country  Just as a newly established industry today does not develop from handicraft beginnings and techniques into a modern giant concern, but is established from the outset as an advanced capitalist enterprise, so capitalism is now imported into a new country in its most advanced form and exerts its revolutionary effects far more strongly and in a much shorter time than was the case, for instance, in the capitalist development of Holland and England Hilferding's insight was rarely noticed by English-speaking Marxists  His book Finance Capital, which went out of print several times, was never translated into English until 1981 (i e  70 years later)  After the publication of Lenin's classic interpretation of imperialism as the highest (and final) stage of capitalism in 1917, most Marxist writers based their analyses of imperialism on Lenin's book  Even though, on several occasions throughout the book, Lenin cites Hilferding approvingly, by the time that Hilferding became Finance Minister in Germany in 1923, the Leninists regarded him as a reformist renegade, and his analyses were no longer trusted or taken seriously 

Contemporary applications
The idea of uneven and combined development, as formulated by Trotsky, as well as Lenin's "law" of uneven economic and political development under capitalism are still being used today, especially in academic studies of international relations, archaeology, anthropology and development economics, as well as in discussions of the Trotskyist movement  Such International relations schools as the world-systems theory and dependency theory have been both influenced by Imperialism, the Highest Stage of Capitalism and Trotsky's writings on the subject 

Economic geography
Geography has produced influential scholarship on the idea of uneven development  Geography started to lean left politically before the 1970s resulting in a particular interest in questions of inequality and uneven development (UD)  UD has since become somewhat of a homegrown theory in Geography as geographers have worked to explain what causes inequality within different scales of space, locally, nationally and internationally  Key scholars in this field include Doreen Massey, Neil Smith and David Harvey 
Uneven development results from the "spatially and temporally uneven processes and outcomes that are characteristic, and functional to capitalism" 
Much of neoclassical economic theory holds that features of unevenness, such as income inequality, equalizes as a result of capital diffusion throughout the open market 
Proponents argue that investment liberalization allows foreign capital to invest in capital-poor countries, yielding the highest rates of return, and that global integration promotes competitive advantage 
Neoclassical theory contends that newly globalized, liberalized and capitalized developing countries have the added advantage over developed countries in that they are able to draw on existing markets, capital flow regimes and technologies This has the effect of placing all countries on an even playing field  The result is a global economy in equilibrium, or in other words, convergence  As such, in the neoclassical view, uneven development is merely an interim stage of economic development that can be erased by the free market Marxist geographers, on the other hand, assert that uneven development is persistently produced and reproduced by capital diffusion, and therefore, is an inherent and permanent feature of capitalism  Unlike the neoliberal contention of the erasure of disparities towards convergence, Marxists maintain that capital accumulation depends on differential economic climates for its regeneration  Harvey states that accumulation "is the engine which powers growth under the capitalist mode of production  The capitalist system is therefore highly dynamic and inevitably expansionary"  The dynamism of capitalism is due to its persistent search for competitive advantage and consequently, its movement away from oversaturated economies towards new spaces from which it can extract greater profit  For instance, developed economies are characterized by high land rents and wages, and unionized labour, translating into high costs of production and lower gains  By contrast, developing economies have abundant pliable labour, and low rents and wages  As such, it is favourable for capital investments to move into the latter economy from the former in the interest of gaining greater rates of return  Kiely argues that capital diffusion throughout the global market remains a highly uneven process marked by reversals of comparative advantage and by cycles of investment and disinvestment, having the effect of elevating some spaces while simultaneously marginalizing others Differential economic environments have material effects on the ground  Processes of capital accumulation through space and time create new geographic landscapes shaped by crisis, deindustrialization and capital flight on the one hand, and influxes of capital and industrialization on the other  Capitalism not only reshuffles core-periphery relations, but rather, as Smith claims, it also penetrates all geographic scales  At the urban scale, differential rent gaps trigger investment and disinvestment in particular neighborhoods driving gentrification  On the global scale, integrated economies provoke time-space compression enabling enhanced communication and capital mobility  Smith argues that the subsequent erosion of the nation scale as the primary agent created a pivotal link between the global and urban scales  Since the 1990s, the increasingly integrated global economy has given greater importance to the role of the city  Indeed, world city building has become the geographical force of capitalism  New spaces of accumulation in Asia, Latin America and Africa are gaining competitive advantage as new centres of command and control and of surplus capital Other elements of neoliberal thought such as reducing the "left arm" of the state including welfare and support for the poor create even bigger inequalities between residents of the same areas, also resulting in uneven development 

Tom Nairn and the revival of nationalism
Marxist historian Tom Nairn has argued that uneven development can also lead to peripheral nationalism, for example in Scotland   Peripheral regions tend to promote nationalist movements when regional inequalities overlap with ethnic differences, or when membership of a larger state no longer presents advantages  In underdeveloped regions, nationalist movements mobilise the population against the persistence of ethnic economic inequality 

Helena Norberg-Hodge and uneven development in Northern India
Helena Norberg-Hodge is an economist who spent more than 30 years in Ladakh  She argues that uneven development and crises often affect people now because of past economic activities  To solve the problem, the fundamental economic approach needs change from "globalizing" to "localizing"  Localization can contribute to reduce CO2 emission, solve the economic problems, and restore biodiversity as well as cultural diversity  Localizing is one of the ways to create secure jobs in the global population 
Norberg-Hodge based her argument on her experience of witnessing changes in Ladakh, before and after the region was subsidized to enhance economic activities and promote development  The subsidies meant that products from thousands of miles away could be sold cheaper than locally made products, which destroyed the local market  It quickly lead to unemployment and religious strife  Norberg-Hodge raised critical questions about the effects of  spending on infrastructure (such as roads) intended to stimulate the economy and reduce costs, in order to achieve greater social wellbeing  The point is, that the globalized economy enables people to control other places from a far distance, without knowing the situation in the region  Large investments subsidizing the transportation system make products from thousands of miles away cheaper than locally made products  Rather than improving the local community, the local market collapses and local people lose their jobs, while investors far away make a lot of profit from business ventures that create more unequal development than there was before 

See also
Alexander Gerschenkron
Backwardness
Development theory
Late industrialisation
Non-simultaneity
Strategy of unbalanced growth

Notes
Passage 6:
Cloward–Piven strategy
The Cloward–Piven strategy is a political strategy outlined in 1966 by American sociologists and political activists Richard Cloward and Frances Fox Piven 

History
Cloward and Piven were both professors at the Columbia University School of Social Work  The strategy was outlined in a May 1966 article in the liberal magazine The Nation titled  "The Weight of the Poor: A Strategy to End Poverty" The two stated that many Americans who were eligible for welfare were not receiving benefits, and that a welfare enrollment drive would strain local budgets, precipitating a crisis at the state and local levels that would be a wake-up call for the federal government, particularly the Democratic Party  There would also be side consequences of this strategy, according to Cloward and Piven  These would include: easing the plight of the poor in the short-term (through their participation in the welfare system); shoring up support for the national Democratic Party-then splintered by pluralistic interests (through its cultivation of poor and minority constituencies by implementing a national "solution" to poverty); and relieving local governments of the financially and politically onerous burdens of public welfare (through a national "solution" to poverty) 

Strategy
Cloward and Piven's article is focused on forcing the Democratic Party, which in 1966 controlled the presidency and both houses of the United States Congress, to take federal action to help the poor  They stated that full enrollment of those eligible for welfare "would produce bureaucratic disruption in welfare agencies and fiscal disruption in local and state governments" that would: "   deepen existing divisions among elements in the big-city Democratic coalition: the remaining white middle class, the working-class ethnic groups and the growing minority poor  To avoid a further weakening of that historic coalition, a national Democratic administration would be constrained to advance a federal solution to poverty that would override local welfare failures, local class and racial conflicts and local revenue dilemmas "They further wrote:

The ultimate objective of this strategy—to wipe out poverty by establishing a guaranteed annual income—will be questioned by some  Because the ideal of individual social and economic mobility has deep roots, even activists seem reluctant to call for national programs to eliminate poverty by the outright redistribution of income 
Michael Reisch and Janice Andrews wrote that Cloward and Piven "proposed to create a crisis in the current welfare system – by exploiting the gap between welfare law and practice – that would ultimately bring about its collapse and replace it with a system of guaranteed annual income  They hoped to accomplish this end by informing the poor of their rights to welfare assistance, encouraging them to apply for benefits and, in effect, overloading an already overburdened bureaucracy "

Focus on Democrats
The authors pinned their hopes on creating disruption within the Democratic Party: "Conservative Republicans are always ready to declaim the evils of public welfare, and they would probably be the first to raise a hue and cry  But deeper and politically more telling conflicts would take place within the Democratic coalition   Whites – both working class ethnic groups and many in the middle class – would be aroused against the ghetto poor, while liberal groups, which until recently have been comforted by the notion that the poor are few    would probably support the movement  Group conflict, spelling political crisis for the local party apparatus, would thus become acute as welfare rolls mounted and the strains on local budgets became more severe ”

Reception and criticism
Michael Tomasky, writing about the strategy in the 1990s and again in 2011, called it "wrongheaded and self-defeating", writing: "It apparently didn't occur to [Cloward and Piven] that the system would just regard rabble-rousing black people as a phenomenon to be ignored or quashed "

Impact of the strategy
In papers published in 1971 and 1977, Cloward and Piven argued that mass unrest in the United States, especially between 1964 and 1969, did lead to a massive expansion of welfare rolls, though not to the guaranteed-income program that they had hoped for  Political scientist Robert Albritton disagreed, writing in 1979 that the data did not support this thesis; he offered an alternative explanation for the rise in welfare caseloads 
In his 2006 book Winning the Race, political commentator John McWhorter attributed the rise in the welfare state after the 1960s to the Cloward–Piven strategy, but wrote about it negatively, stating that the strategy "created generations of black people for whom working for a living is an abstraction" According to historian Robert E  Weir in 2007: "Although the strategy helped to boost recipient numbers between 1966 and 1975, the revolution its proponents envisioned never transpired "

See also
Guaranteed minimum income
Context 2: Passage 1:
The Red Queen's Race
The Red Queen's Race is a science fiction short story by American writer Isaac Asimov; it uses the Red Queen's race from Lewis Carroll's Through the Looking-Glass as a metaphor for the final plot twist   The story also makes reference to Asimov's psychohistory   "The Red Queen's Race" was first published in the January 1949 issue of Astounding Science Fiction and reprinted in the 1972 collection The Early Asimov 
"The Red Queen's Race" was written in July 1948, a month after Asimov received a PhD from Columbia University and became a postdoc studying anti-malarial drugs 

Plot summary
The story is told by an unnamed narrator, an agent of an unnamed U S  intelligence bureau  The agent is tasked with an investigation into an atomic power plant which has been completely drained of power  A Professor of Nuclear Physics, Elmer Tywood, is found dead 
As the investigation progresses, bringing in Tywood's research students and his university colleagues, it is revealed that Tywood had developed a means to send objects back in time via "micro-temporal translation " His plan was to "improve" the world by giving Hellenic Greece advanced knowledge in the form of chemistry 
The investigating agents and their superior, The Boss, gradually realize that the changes introduced into history might, through the butterfly effect, cause the deletion from existence of every human being alive 
The trail eventually leads to the doorstep of Mycroft James Boulder, Assistant Professor of Philosophy, who had been hired by Tywood to translate a textbook of chemistry into Attic Greek  He states that he had figured out Tywood's plan and translated only enough to coincide with historical accounts 
With no clear solution, the investigation is shelved and filed under the heading of "?" 
Passage 2:
Through the Looking-Glass
Through the Looking-Glass, and What Alice Found There (also known as Alice Through the Looking-Glass or simply Through the Looking-Glass) is a novel published on 27 December 1871 (though indicated as 1872) by Lewis Carroll, a mathematics professor at the University of Oxford, and the sequel to Alice's Adventures in Wonderland (1865)  Alice again enters a fantastical world, this time by climbing through a mirror into the world that she can see beyond it  There she finds that, just like a reflection, everything is reversed, including logic (for example, running helps one remain stationary, walking away from something brings one towards it, chessmen are alive, nursery rhyme characters exist, and so on) 
Through the Looking-Glass includes such verses as "Jabberwocky" and "The Walrus and the Carpenter", and the episode involving Tweedledum and Tweedledee  The mirror above the fireplace that is displayed at Hetton Lawn in Charlton Kings, Gloucestershire (a house that was owned by Alice Liddell's grandparents, and was regularly visited by Alice and Lewis Carroll) resembles the one drawn by John Tenniel and is cited as a possible inspiration for Carroll   It prompted a newfound appreciation for its predecessor when it was published 

Plot summary
Chapter One – Looking-Glass House: Alice is playing with a white kitten (whom she calls "Snowdrop") and a black kitten (whom she calls "Kitty") when she ponders what the world is like on the other side of a mirror's reflection  Climbing up onto the fireplace mantel, she pokes at the wall-hung mirror behind the fireplace and discovers, to her surprise, that she is able to step through it to an alternative world  In this reflected version of her own house, she finds a book with looking-glass poetry, "Jabberwocky", whose reversed printing she can read only by holding it up to the mirror  She also observes that the chess pieces have come to life, though they remain small enough for her to pick up 

Chapter Two – The Garden of Live Flowers: Upon leaving the house (where it had been a cold, snowy night), she enters a sunny spring garden where the flowers can speak; they perceive Alice as being a "flower that can move about"  Elsewhere in the garden, Alice meets the Red Queen, who is now human-sized, and who impresses Alice with her ability to run at breathtaking speeds 
Chapter Three – Looking-Glass Insects: The Red Queen reveals to Alice that the entire countryside is laid out in squares, like a gigantic chessboard, and offers to make Alice a queen if she can move all the way to the eighth rank/row in a chess match  Alice is placed in the second rank as one of the White Queen's pawns, and begins her journey across the chessboard by boarding a train that jumps over the third row and directly into the fourth rank, thus acting on the rule that pawns can advance two spaces on their first move  She arrives in a forest where a depressed gnat teaches her about the looking glass insects, strange creatures part bug part object (e g , bread and butterfly, rocking horse fly), before flying away sadly  Alice continues her journey and along the way, crosses the "wood where things have no names"  There she forgets all nouns, including her own name  With the help of a fawn who has also forgotten his identity, she makes it to the other side, where they both remember everything  Realizing that he is a fawn, she is a human, and that fawns are afraid of humans, it runs off (to Alice's frustration) 

Chapter Four – Tweedledum and Tweedledee: She then meets the fat twin brothers Tweedledum and Tweedledee, whom she knows from the nursery rhyme  After reciting the long poem "The Walrus and the Carpenter", they draw Alice's attention to the Red King—loudly snoring away under a nearby tree—and maliciously provoke her with idle philosophical banter that she exists only as an imaginary figure in the Red King's dreams  Finally, the brothers begin suiting up for battle, only to be frightened away by an enormous crow, as the nursery rhyme about them predicts 
Chapter Five – Wool and Water: Alice next meets the White Queen, who is very absent-minded but boasts of (and demonstrates) her ability to remember future events before they have happened  Alice and the White Queen advance into the chessboard's fifth rank by crossing over a brook together, but at the very moment of the crossing, the Queen transforms into a talking Sheep in a small shop  Alice soon finds herself struggling to handle the oars of a small rowboat, where the Sheep annoys her with (seemingly) nonsensical shouting about "crabs" and "feathers" 
Chapter Six – Humpty Dumpty: After crossing yet another brook into the sixth rank, Alice immediately encounters Humpty Dumpty, who, besides celebrating his unbirthday, provides his own translation of the strange terms in "Jabberwocky"  In the process, he introduces Alice to the concept of portmanteau words, before his inevitable fall 

Chapter Seven – The Lion and the Unicorn: "All the king's horses and all the king's men" come to Humpty Dumpty's assistance, and are accompanied by the White King, along with the Lion and the Unicorn, who again proceed to act out a nursery rhyme by fighting with each other  In this chapter, the March Hare and Hatter of the first book make a brief re-appearance in the guise of "Anglo-Saxon messengers" called "Haigha" and "Hatta" 
Chapter Eight – "It's my own Invention": Upon leaving the Lion and Unicorn to their fight, Alice reaches the seventh rank by crossing another brook into the forested territory of the Red Knight, who is intent on capturing the "white pawn"—Alice—until the White Knight comes to her rescue  Escorting her through the forest towards the final brook-crossing, the Knight recites a long poem of his own composition called Haddocks' Eyes, and repeatedly falls off his horse 
Chapter Nine – Queen Alice: Bidding farewell to the White Knight, Alice steps across the last brook, and is automatically crowned a queen, with the crown materialising abruptly on her head (a reference to pawn promotion)  She soon finds herself in the company of both the White and Red Queens, who relentlessly confound Alice by using word play to thwart her attempts at logical discussion  They then invite one another to a party that will be hosted by the newly crowned Alice—of which Alice herself had no prior knowledge 
Chapter Ten – Shaking: Alice arrives and seats herself at her own party, which quickly turns into chaos  Alice finally grabs the Red Queen, believing her to be responsible for all the day's nonsense, and begins shaking her 
Chapter Eleven – Waking: Alice awakes in her armchair to find herself holding the black kitten, who she deduces to have been the Red Queen all along, with the white kitten having been the White Queen 
Chapter Twelve – Which dreamed it?: The story ends with Alice recalling the speculation of the Tweedle brothers, that everything may have been a dream of the Red King, and that Alice might herself be no more than a figment of his imagination  The book ends with the line "Life, what is it but a dream?"

Characters
Main characters
Minor characters
Symbolism
Mirrors
One of the key motifs of Through the Looking-Glass is that of mirrors, including the use of opposites, time running backwards, and so on, not to mention the title of the book itself  In fact, the themes and settings of the book make it somewhat of a mirror image to its predecessor, Alice's Adventures in Wonderland (1865)  The first book begins in the warm outdoors, on 4 May; uses frequent changes in size as a plot device; and draws on the imagery of playing cards  The second book, however, opens indoors on a snowy, wintry night exactly six months later, on 4 November (the day before Guy Fawkes Night); uses frequent changes in time and spatial directions as a plot device; and draws on the imagery of chess 

Chess
While the first Alice novel took playing cards as a theme, Through the Looking-Glass instead used chess; most of the main characters are represented by chess pieces, with Alice being a pawn   The looking-glass world consists of square fields divided by brooks or streams, and the crossing of each brook typically signifies a change in scene, with Alice advancing one square   At the book's beginning, Carroll provided and explained a chess composition with descriptive notation, corresponding to the events of the story   Although the piece movements follow the rules of chess, other basic rules are ignored: one player (White) makes several consecutive moves while the (Red/Black) opponent's moves are skipped, and a late check (12    Qe8+) is left undealt with   Carroll also explained that certain items listed in the composition do not have corresponding piece moves but simply refer to the story, e g  the "castling of the three Queens, which is merely a way of saying that they entered the palace"   Despite these liberties, the final position is an authentic checkmate 
The most extensive treatment of the chess motif in Carroll's novel was made by Glen Downey in his master's thesis, later expanded and incorporated into his dissertation on the use of chess as a device in Victorian fiction   In the former piece, Downey gave the composition's moves in algebraic notation: 1    Qh5 2  d4 3  Qc4 4  Qc5 5  d5 6  Qf8 7  d6 8  Qc8 9  d7 Ne7+ 10  Nxe7 11  Nf5 12  d8=Q Qe8+ 13  Qa6 14  Qxe8#   In the latter piece, Downey treated the 21 items in the composition sequentially, identifying the above 16 coherent chess moves, and another five items as "non-moves" or pure story descriptors, per Carroll's qualification The mating position nearly satisfies the conditions of a pure mate, a special type of checkmate where the mated king is prevented from moving to any of the adjacent squares in its field by exactly one enemy attack, among other conditions   The position is also nearly an ideal mate, a stronger form of pure mate in which every piece on the board of either color contributes to the checkmate   The one feature of the position which prevents it from being either a pure or an ideal mate is that the Red (Black) King is unable to move to e3 for two reasons: the knight's attack, and the (sustained) attack of the newly promoted, mating queen   Although pure and ideal mates are "incidental" in real games, they are objects of aesthetic interest to composers of chess problems 

Language
The White Queen offers to hire Alice as her lady's maid and to pay her "twopence a week, and jam every other day"  Alice says that she does not want any jam today, to which the Queen replies, "you couldn't have it if you did want it  The rule is, jam tomorrow and jam yesterday—but never jam to-day " This is a reference to the rule in Latin that the word iam or jam—which means now, in the sense of already or at that time—cannot be used to describe now in the present, which is nunc in Latin  Therefore, "jam" is never available today  This exchange is also a demonstration of the logical fallacy of equivocation 

Poems and songs
Most poems and songs of the book do not include a title 
"Introduction" (prelude; "Child of the pure unclouded brow…")
"Jabberwocky": 31–34, chap I 
"Tweedledum and Tweedledee": 74, chap IV 
"The Walrus and the Carpenter": 77–82, chap IV 
"Humpty Dumpty": 115, chap VI 
Humpty Dumpty's poem ("In Winter when the fields are white…"): 128–30, chap VI 
"The Lion and the Unicorn": 141, chap VII 
"Haddocks' Eyes" (i e , "A-sitting on a Gate"): 171–3, chap IX 
Red Queen's lullaby ("Hush-a-by lady, in Alice's lap…"): 187, chap X 
"To the Looking-Glass world it was Alice that said…": 192, chap X 
White Queen's riddle ("'First, the fish must be caught'…"): 197, chap X 
"A boat beneath a sunny sky"(postlude; acrostic poem in which putting the beginning letters of each line spell Alice Pleasance Liddell, the girl after whom the book's Alice is named) : 210–11

The Wasp in a Wig
Lewis Carroll decided to suppress a scene involving what was described as "a wasp in a wig" (possibly a play on the commonplace expression "bee in the bonnet")  A biography of Carroll, written by Carroll's nephew, Stuart Dodgson Collingwood, suggests that one of the reasons for this suppression was a suggestion from his illustrator, John Tenniel, who wrote in a letter to Carroll dated 1 June 1870:
I am bound to say that the  'wasp'  chapter doesn't interest me in the least, and I can't see my way to a picture  If you want to shorten the book, I can't help thinking—with all submission—that there is your opportunity 
For many years, no one had any idea what this missing section was or whether it had survived  In 1974, a document purporting to be the galley proofs of the missing section was auctioned at Sotheby's; the catalogue description, in part, read, "the proofs were bought at the sale of the author's…personal effects…Oxford, 1898"  The document would be won by John Fleming, a Manhattan book dealer, for a bid of about US$832 (equivalent to $4,937 in 2022)  The contents were subsequently published in Martin Gardner's More Annotated Alice (1990), and are also available as a hardback book 
The rediscovered section describes Alice's encounter with a wasp wearing a yellow wig, and includes a full previously unpublished poem  If included in the book, it would have followed, or been included at the end of, Chapter 8—the chapter featuring the encounter with the White Knight  The discovery is generally accepted as genuine, but the proofs have yet to receive any physical examination to establish age and authenticity The missing episode was included in the 1998 TV film adaptation Alice through the Looking Glass, with the character being portrayed by Ian Richardson  It was also included in the 2010 graphic novel "The Complete Alice in Wonderland" 

Dramatic adaptations
The book has been adapted several times, both in combination with Alice's Adventures in Wonderland and as a stand-alone feature 

Stand-alone adaptations
Alice Through a Looking Glass (1928), a silent movie directed by Walter Lang, would be one of the earliest stand-alone adaptations of the book 
A dramatised audio-recorded version, directed by Douglas Cleverdon, was released in 1959 by Argo Records  The book is narrated by Margaretta Scott, starring Jane Asher as Alice, along with actors Frank Duncan (Humpty Dumpty, Red King, Frog), Tony Church, Norman Shelley, and Carleton Hobbs 
Alice Through the Looking Glass (1966) was an NBC TV musical special, first airing on 6 November  The special includes music by Moose Charlap, and stars Ricardo Montalban, Agnes Moorehead, Jack Palance, Jimmy Durante, and the Smothers Brothers, along with Judi Rolin in the role of Alice 
Alice Through the Looking Glass (1973) is a BBC TV movie, directed by James MacTaggart and starring Sarah Sutton as Alice 
Alice in the Land in the Other Side of the Mirror (1982) is a 38-minute Soviet cutout-animated TV film produced by Kievnauchfilm studio and directed by Yefrem Pruzhanskiy 
Alice Through the Looking Glass (1987) is an animated TV movie starring Janet Waldo as the voice of Alice and The Red Queen, as well as the voices of Mr  T as the Jabberwock, Jonathan Winters, and Phyllis Diller 
Alice through the Looking Glass (1998) is a Channel 4 TV movie, starring Kate Beckinsale as the role of Alice, which restored the lost "Wasp in a Wig" episode 
A 2-hour multimedia stage production (2007), conceived by Andy Burden, was produced by the Tobacco Factory  The show would be directed by Burden and written by Hattie Naylor, with music and lyrics by Paul Dodgson 
Through the Looking Glass (2008) was a chamber opera composed by Alan John to a libretto by Andrew Upton 
Alice Through the Looking Glass (2016), directed by James Bobin, is a sequel to the Tim-Burton-directed Disney reboot Alice in Wonderland (2010)  It does not follow the plot of the book 
The BBC Radio 4 show Saturday Drama broadcast an adaptation by Stephen Wyatt on 22 December 2011  The broadcast featured Lewis Carroll, voiced by Julian Rhind-Tutt, as both the narrator and an active character in the story  Other actors include Lauren Mote (Alice), Carole Boyd (Red Queen), Sally Phillips (White Queen), Nicholas Parsons (Humpty-Dumpty), Alistair McGowan (Tweedledum & Tweedledee), and John Rowe (White Knight) 

Adaptations with Alice's Adventures in Wonderland
Film and TV
Alice in Wonderland (1933) is a pre-code live-action film directed by Norman Z  McLeod, with Charlotte Henry in the role of Alice, along with Cary Grant, Gary Cooper, and others  Despite the title, the film features most elements from Through the Looking Glass as well, including Humpty Dumpty (played by W  C  Fields) and a Harman-Ising animated version of "The Walrus and the Carpenter" 
The animated Alice in Wonderland (1951) is the 13th animated feature film of Walt Disney and the most famous among all direct adaptions of Carroll's work  The film features several elements from Through the Looking-Glass, including the talking flowers, Tweedledee & Tweedledum, and "The Walrus and the Carpenter" 
Alice's Adventures in Wonderland (1972), a musical film starring Fiona Fullerton as Alice, includes the twins Fred and Frank Cox as Tweedledum & Tweedledee 
Nel Mondo Di Alice ("In the World of Alice") is a 1974 Italian TV series that covers both novels, particularly Through the Looking-Glass in episodes 3 and 4 
Alice in Wonderland (1985) is a two-part TV musical produced by Irwin Allen that covers both books, and stars Natalie Gregory as Alice  In this adaptation, the Jabberwock materialises into reality after Alice reads "Jabberwocky", pursuing her throughout the second half of the musical 
Fushigi no Kuni no Arisu (1985; Japanese: ふしぎの国のアリス) is an anime adaptation of the two novels in which later episodes adhere more closely with Through the Looking Glass 
Alice in Wonderland (1999), a made-for-TV Hallmark/NBC film with Tina Majorino as Alice, uses elements from Through the Looking Glass, such as the talking flowers, Tweedledee & Tweedledum, and "The Walrus and the Carpenter", as well as the chess theme, including the snoring Red King and White Knight 
Alice (2009) is a Syfy TV miniseries that contains elements from both novels 
Alice in Wonderland (2010), directed by Tim Burton, is a live-action Disney reboot that follows Alice at an adult age, containing elements from both books 

Stage productions
Alice in Concert (1980), also known as Alice at the Palace, was a production written and produced by Elizabeth Swados  Performed on a bare stage, the production starred Meryl Streep in the role of Alice, with additional supporting cast by Mark Linn-Baker and Betty Aberlin 
Lookingglass Alice (2007) was an acrobatic interpretation of both novels, produced by the Lookingglass Theater Company, that performed in New York City, Philadelphia, and Chicago, with a version of the show touring the rest of the United States 
A 2-part production by Iris Theatre in London was staged in the summer of 2013, in which the second part consisted of Through the Looking-Glass  Both parts included Laura Wickham in the role of Alice 
Alice (2010), written by Laura Wade, was a modern adaptation of both books that premiered at the Crucible Theatre in Sheffield in 2010 
Wonder land (2015), a live musical by Moira Buffini and Damon Albarn, takes some characters from the second novel, notably Dum and Dee and Humpty Dumpty, while the Queen of Hearts and the Red Queen are merged into one character 
Alice in Wonderland and Through the Looking-Glass (2001) was a stage adaption by Adrian Mitchell for the Royal Shakespeare Company, in which the second act consists of Through the Looking-Glass 
Alice's Adventures Under Ground (2020), a one-act opera written in 2016 by Gerald Barry and first staged at the Royal Opera House, is a conflation of the two novels 
Looking-Glass, a 1982 Off-Broadway play based on Charles Dodgson, the real-life name of author Lewis Carroll

Other
Jabberwocky (1977) is a film that expands the story of the poem "Jabberwocky" 
Thru the Mirror (1936) is a Mickey Mouse short film in which Mickey travels through his mirror and into a bizarre world 
Donald in Mathmagic Land (1959) is a film that includes a segment with Donald Duck dressed as Alice meeting the Red Queen on a chessboard 
American McGee's Alice (2000) is a computer game in which the player takes the role of a teenage Alice fighting to reclaim her sanity  It was followed by a sequel, Alice: Madness Returns, in 2011 
Through the Looking-Glass (2011) was a ballet by American composer John Craton 
Through the Zombie Glass (2013) is a book by Gena Showalter 

See also
Passage 3:
Red Queen (novel)
Red Queen is a young adult fantasy novel written by American writer Victoria Aveyard  Published in February 2015, it was her first novel and first series  Aveyard followed up with three sequels: Glass Sword, King's Cage and War Storm  Red Queen won the 2015 Goodreads Choice Award for Debut Goodreads Author and was nominated for the 2015 Goodreads Choice Award for Young Adult Fantasy & Science Fiction 

Summary
Mare Barrow is a Red 17-year-old living with her parents and a younger sister, Gisa  Her three older brothers, Bree, Tramy, and Shade, serve in the front line of a war fought between the northern Kingdom the Lakelands and the Barrows' homeland, the Kingdom of Norta  Norta is currently ruled by King Tiberias Calore VI, one of many "Silver" citizens, whose silver blood and supernatural powers allow them to rule over the more numerous yet powerless red blooded population  Mare is jealous of Gisa because her skills in sewing earned her a job working for Silvers, and Reds who have jobs don't have to conscript in the war  When Mare learns that Kilorn Warren, her best friend, will be conscripted, she plans an escape and meets with a colleague who directs her to Farley, a captain of the Scarlet Guard, insurgents composed of Reds who want to bring equality between their people and the Silvers  Farley demands an exorbitant sum of money in exchange for Kilorn's escape 
Mare's plan to steal from a Silver with Gisa goes horribly wrong when live news reports that the Scarlet Guard bombed Silver buildings, inciting Silvers around them to grow violent  Gisa's hand is broken in the chaos, forcing her to quit her job and stop supporting Mare's family, whilst diminishing Gisa's dreams of becoming a seamstress  Unable to bear the guilt she feels towards Gisa and her family, Mare goes to a tavern and began stealing from random people to occupy her thoughts  While there, she gets sloppy and is caught while attempting to steal from a boy  Surprisingly, instead of turning her in he gives her money  He informs her that his name is Cal and he works as a servant at the palace  He walks her home and listens as she informs him of her tragic life  He gives her another coin out of pity and leaves  The next day, Mare is taken to the king's local residence and given a job as a servant  She discovers that Cal is Tiberias Calore VI's son, Prince Tiberias Calore VII, who granted her her work in the palace in order to protect her from conscription  During the Queenstrial, where Silver nobility compete for Cal's hand in marriage, Mare accidentally displays electrokinetic powers against Cal's eventual bride, Evangeline Samos  She is captured, but because the king fears of an uprising should a Red be discovered to have supernatural powers, Mare is made a bride of Tiberias' second son, the shy Maven, given the name Mareena Titanos, and a cover story: the daughter of a Silver general who died on the battle field and was adopted by the Reds in the war zone  Mare feels torn as she realizes she is in love with Cal, her betrothed's brother and the future Silver king  However, she soon grows to develop feelings for Maven instead 
Suddenly having to live as a noble within the king's ranks, Mare slowly acquaints herself with Maven and Cal while also befriending Julian Jacos, Cal's uncle and a librarian who teaches her how to control her powers  Mare is permitted to say goodbye to her family by Cal and learns the return of her brothers Bree and Tramy, but not Shade, who was beheaded by Silver officers for reported desertion  Furious that her favorite brother was killed, Mare joins the Scarlet Guard  While meeting with Farley to discuss plans, Mare is infuriated when she learns that Kilorn joined, and surprised when she sees that Maven joined as well  This new revelation brings Mare and Maven closer together and they become lovers  The plan involves disrupting a royal ball and killing several important Silvers  However, an unexpected and mysterious bomb goes off, killing many innocents in the process, and also resulting in the capture of Kilorn, Farley, and other members of the Scarlet Guard  Though the rebels are able to be freed thanks to Julian's help, Mare is alarmed when she learns that Farley was not responsible for the bomb dropped at the palace  The bomb gave Silvers the ability to paint the Scarlet Guard as dangerous murderers to the public 
Due to the attack of the Scarlet Guard, the Reds are punished by the Silvers with the lowering of the age of conscription from 18 to 15  Mare herself is ordered to broadcast the new law  Julian confesses that his research concludes that Mare's blood has a genetic mutation, allowing for a person with red blood to have Silver-like powers, and be stronger than both; furthermore, she is not the only one with the mutation  Shade also had the mutation, which was why he was executed; the only reason Mare was spared was because her powers manifested while she was viewed by many Silver onlookers, thus preventing a cover-up  Julian also mentions that he needs to go into hiding so he leaves Mare a list of names of people like her  After another meeting with Farley in a free zone that the Silvers have been avoiding, Mare, at Maven's suggestion, infiltrates the king's residence in the capital, Archeon  There, through the underground-roaming Undertrains, the rebels stake an invasion  Mare attempts to convince Cal to allow the Scarlet Guard overtake the castle, and admits to helping them  Cal, stung by her betrayal, refuses and arrests both Mare and Maven, leading them to the castle  However, once in the presence of Queen Elara and King Tiberius, Queen Elara reveals that she and Maven have been manipulating Mare the whole time in a plot to grant Maven the title of King and murder Cal  Maven hints that he and his mother caused the explosion to paint the Scarlet Guard in a bad light  Elara then uses her power of mind control to force Cal to kill his father on live television, thus branding him and Mare traitors and allowing Maven to become king  It is also revealed that Elara murdered the King's first wife many years ago in order to become Queen and gain more power 
Mare and Cal are sentenced to death and put in an arena with their powers stifled  Mare and Cal battle their former sparring partners, including Evangeline, and manage to kill a few Silvers before they retreat  They are rescued by the Scarlet Guard and they escape by the Undertrain before Maven can stop them  Inside it, Mare meets with Farley, Kilorn, and, to her shock, Shade, who faked his death and is also a part of the Scarlet Guard  Mare vows to take revenge against Maven, and use the list she acquired from Julian to seek out others like her 

Characters
Mare Barrow: The 17-year-old Mare is a Red who steals for a living, but the discovery that she holds supernatural powers causes many to try to vie for her allegiance  She holds tremendous electrokinetic powers, which she uses to either absorb or release lightning  Thus explaining her nickname "The Little Lightning Girl" 
Tiberias "Cal" Calore VII: The elder son and heir of King Tiberias Calore VI through his first wife, Coriane Jacos  Though he is engaged to Evangeline, he is in love with Mare, a fact that she uses to further her goals in the Scarlet Guard  He is a Burner, which means his Silver powers allow him to manipulate fire  He doesn't get along with Mare's best friend Kilorn 
Maven Calore: King Tiberias VI' second son through his second wife, Elara Merandus, and thus Cal's half-brother  He is shy, but Mare's sudden engagement with him makes him open up  Like Cal and his father, Maven has the ability to control flames  Maven is deeply jealous of Cal, partly because he thought his brother had won Mare's heart, the way he had won their father's  In contrast, Mare had preferred Maven over Cal 
Diana Farley: A captain of the Scarlet Guard who leads them in the campaigns against the Silvers  She is strongly dedicated to the cause 
Tiberias Calore VI: The current king of Norta who has married twice, producing two sons: Cal and Maven  He holds the ability to manipulate fire, which he passed to both of his sons 
Elara Merandus: The mysterious and sadistic current queen of Norta and the mother of Maven  Mare dislikes her since the very start of their meeting  She is able to read and manipulate people with the ability known as Whispering 
Julian Jacos: A royal librarian and the brother of Cal's deceased mother, Coriane, making him his uncle  He is the last known person to hold the power of a Singer: being able to control people through his voice 
Evangeline Samos: A haughty girl who is made Cal's fiancée after being declared the best of the aspiring princesses  She holds a grudge against Mare, particularly after the latter humiliates her by expending her electrokinesis and repelling her magnetic manipulation, a trait of the House Samos 
Kilorn Warren: Mare's best friend and an apprentice of fishing  Mare seems content to eventually become his wife, until her engagement with Maven makes them drift apart  The attempt to spare him of conscription is the catalyst of much of the novel's plot  He doesn't get along with Cal 
Lucas Samos: Evangeline's cousin who, like her, holds the power of magnetic manipulation  He is one of the few Silvers whom Mare befriends and trusts with certainty 
Rane Arven: The instructor for the Silver Elites who has the ability to negate the powers of other people, known as Silencing 
Ptolemus Samos: Evangeline's older brother  Like her, he is a Magnetron, able to manipulate metal 
Sara Skonos: A friend of Julian who works as a nurse with her ability to heal people, known as Skin Healing  She seems to know the truth behind the death of Cal's mother, Queen Coriane, and Elara thus punished her by mutilating her tongue, making her mute 
Tristan: Farley's loyal right-hand man in the Scarlet Guard  He is killed by Ptolemus Samos when caught in the attack on the Hall 
Ann Walsh: A member of the Scarlet Guard who is about the same age as Mare  She works as a servant in Mare's room in the Hall and tells Mare the time of the midnight meeting with the Scarlet Guard  On the attack of the Hall, she is captured but escapes with Farley and Kilorn  While making sure the way is clear for Mare and the others to come back to the Whitefire Palace, she is captured and commits suicide with a pill before the queen is able to interrogate her  Her last words were "For Tristan" 
Gisa Barrow: Mare's 14-year-old sister who works as an apprentice for a seamstress, until her broken hand terminates her from the job 
Mare's other family members consist of a war-weary father, a homemaker mother, and three older brothers: the hunky but unperceptive Bree, the sycophantic Tramy, and the lean but smart Shade  Out of the three, Mare is the closest to Shade, who is 19 years old 
Coriane Jacos: The late wife of Tiberias Calore VI and sister to Julian Jacos  Coriane was known as the "Singer Queen" because the Jacos house were Singers  Queen Elara did not like Coraine becoming queen so Elara murdered Coriane and took the crown, killing Tiberias at the end of the book 

Reception
Red Queen has been generally well received  The Guardian gave the novel four stars  Vilma Gonzalez of USA Today described the novel positively, revealing that "Aveyard’s compelling debut is richly imagined, addictive, chilling and suspenseful  She breathes new life into her own unique Game of Thrones story enlivened by exciting, character-driven plot twists that have me clamoring for more  This scintillating tale of betrayals and blood-spattered crowns is not to be missed "However, Grand Forks Herald's Cassidy Anderson stated "Ultimately, this book was over-hyped  It's still a fun read as long as you are not looking for anything with a lot of depth or meaning to it " The Christian Science Monitor described the book as a dystopian novel Kirkus Reviews saw "An inventive, character-driven twist breathes new life into tired fantasy trends "Publishers Weekly found "There’s an unmistakable feeling of deja vu to this first installment in the Red Queen trilogy, which shares several plot points and similarities with the Hunger Games series,     Fortunately, Aveyard’s conclusion leaves the story poised to depart from this derivative setup "Common Sense Media wrote "With its courageous protagonist, action-packed plot, and romantic possibilities, Red Queen is a winning series start for fantasy and dystopia lovers "

Adaptations
Gennifer Hutchison, a writer and producer on Better Call Saul and Breaking Bad, was hired in 2015 by Universal Pictures to adapt the novel into a feature film  Pitch Perfect 2 director Elizabeth Banks was in talks with the studio to direct and produce the project In May 2021, it was reported that Peacock is in developing a television series adaptation of novel  Banks is set to direct and also set to star in a supporting role 
Passage 4:
Alice in Wonderland (2010 film)
Alice in Wonderland is a 2010 American period adventure fantasy film directed by Tim Burton from a screenplay written by Linda Woolverton and produced by Walt Disney Pictures  The film stars Mia Wasikowska in the title role, with Johnny Depp, Anne Hathaway, Helena Bonham Carter, Matt Lucas and Crispin Glover, while featuring the voices of Alan Rickman, Stephen Fry, Michael Sheen, and Timothy Spall  A live-action adaptation and re-imagining of Lewis Carroll's works and Walt Disney's 1951 animated film of the same name, the film follows Alice Kingsleigh, a nineteen-year-old who accidentally falls down a rabbit hole, returns to Wonderland and alongside the Mad Hatter, helps restore the White Queen to her throne by fighting against the Red Queen and her Jabberwocky, a dragon that terrorizes Wonderland’s inhabitants 
Alice in Wonderland came under development in December 2007, when Burton was asked to direct two 3D films for Disney, including the remake of Frankenweenie  Production began in September 2008 and concluded within three months, and was shot in the United Kingdom and the United States  It was followed by an extensive post-production and visual effects process where filming included live-action and motion capture sequences  The film premiered in London at the Odeon Leicester Square on February 25, 2010, and was released in the United Kingdom and the United States through the Disney Digital 3D, RealD 3D, and IMAX 3D formats as well as in conventional theaters on March 5, 2010 
Alice in Wonderland received "mixed or average" reviews on Metacritic   Rotten Tomatoes, which classified it as "rotten", summarized the critical consensus as criticizing the film's "narrative coherence" but praising its visuals  The film generated over $1 025 billion in ticket sales and became the fifth highest-grossing film during its theatrical run, and it is also the second-highest-grossing film of 2010  Amongst Disney's live-action remakes, the film is the tied for third-most-expensive, alongside Mulan, and fourth-highest-grossing readaptation to date  It received three nominations at the 68th Golden Globe Awards, including Best Motion Picture – Musical or Comedy  At the 83rd Academy Awards, it won Best Art Direction and Best Costume Design, and was also nominated for Best Visual Effects 
While not the first such film in its genre, Alice in Wonderland is credited with starting a trend of live-action fairy tale and fantasy films being green-lit, particularly from Walt Disney Studios  A sequel, titled Alice Through the Looking Glass, was released on May 27, 2016 

Plot
In 1868, 19-year-old Alice Kingsleigh is troubled by strange recurring dreams, mourning the death of her father, and fighting the stifling expectations of the society in which she lives  She receives an unwanted marriage proposal from Hamish Ascot at his father's garden party, where she spots a familiar white rabbit wearing a waistcoat and carrying a pocket watch  She follows it down a rabbit hole and she eats a cake labeled 'Eat Me' (called Upelkuchen), she grows taller until she is a giantess  She shrinks after drinking from a bottle labeled 'Drink Me' (called Pishsalver), allowing her to enter the forest of a fantastical place called Underland  There she is greeted by the White Rabbit, a Dormouse, a Dodo, Talking Flowers, and identical twins Tweedledum and Tweedledee, who all apparently know her 
Alice asserts that she is dreaming, but learns from Absolem the Caterpillar that she is destined to slay the Jabberwocky and end the tyranny of the Red Queen  The group is ambushed by the ravenous Bandersnatch and the Red Queen's knights, led by the Knave of Hearts  All are captured except Alice, who escapes, and the Dormouse, who takes one of the Bandersnatch's eyes  The Knave informs the Red Queen of Alice's return and he is ordered to find her immediately 
The Cheshire Cat guides Alice to the Mad Hatter, the March Hare, and the Dormouse's tea party  The Hatter explains that the Red Queen took over Underland, usurping her sister the White Queen, and that he joined the resistance after she destroyed his village and killed his family  The red knights seize the party and the Hatter saves Alice from capture by allowing himself to be seized  Alice is found by the Knave's Bloodhound who is allied with the resistance, who takes Alice to the Red Queen's castle, where she grows enormous and outgrows her clothes after eating a cake labeled 'Eat Me' (called Upelkuchen), infiltrating the castle as a courtier named "Um" 
Alice learns that the vorpal sword, the only weapon capable of killing the Jabberwocky, is locked inside the Bandersnatch's den  She rebuffs advances from the Knave, leading the jealous Red Queen to demand her beheading  Alice obtains the sword and returns the Bandersnatch's eye, who gratefully helps her escape the castle and delivers her to the White Queen, who gives Alice a potion that returns her normal size  The Cheshire Cat uses his shapeshifting powers to save the Mad Hatter, who incites rebellion amongst the Queen's subjects before escaping  Absolem finally gets Alice to realize Underland is real, evoking memories of her visit when she was a little girl and called it "Wonderland", and advises her to fight the Jabberwocky just before completing his transformation into a pupa 
The Queens gather their armies on a chessboard-like battlefield and send Alice and the Jabberwocky to decide the battle in single combat  As the two armies battle, Alice beheads the Jabberwocky with the vorpal sword  The red knights turn against their ruler and the White Queen banishes her sister and the Knave into exile together  The White Queen gives Alice a vial of the Jabberwocky's purple blood, which can fulfill one wish, and she decides to return to her world after saying farewell to her friends  
Alice awakes and gets out of the rabbit hole, dirty and scratched from her fall  When she returns to the gazebo at the garden party, she refuses Hamish's proposal and impresses Lord Ascot with her idea of establishing trade routes to Hong Kong, inspiring him to take her as his apprentice  Alice prepares to set off on a trading ship, where a blue butterfly lands on her shoulder, which she recognizes as Absolem 

Cast
Mia Wasikowska as Alice Kingsleigh, a reserved yet headstrong young woman who struggles to conform to society's expectations  As the film progresses, she becomes more strong-willed and confident in her decisions and choosing her path  Wasikowska was announced to have been cast on July 23, 2008  Lindsay Lohan, Amanda Seyfried, and Dakota Blue Richards expressed interest in playing the role, while Jennifer Lawrence, Cara Delevingne, and Jessica Brown Findlay went through an audition, with Brown Findlay being down to the last three  Wasikowska sent an audition tape in February 2008 and ended up coming over to the United Kingdom and doing four more auditions with Burton before she was cast  Wasikowska read Carroll's books as a child and re-read them to prepare for her role  She also watched Jan Švankmajer's Alice  She said, "When we were kids, my mum would pop it in the VCR player  We would be disturbed, and wouldn't really understand it, but we couldn't look away because it was too intriguing  So I had kept that feeling about Alice, a kind of haunting feeling "Mairi Ella Challen as six-year-old Alice 
Johnny Depp as Tarrant Hightopp, the Mad Hatter, a hammy yet bitter resident of Underland who becomes Alice's closest friend  Depp was announced to have been cast on September 24, 2008, while reports of his involvement in the project surfaced two months earlier  Wasikowska said that the characters "both feel like outsiders and feel alone in their separate worlds, and have a special bond and friendship with Alice " Burton explained that Depp "tried to find a grounding to the character … as opposed to just being mad " Burton also said that "[i]n a lot of versions it's a very one-note kind of character and you know [Depp's] goal was to try and bring out a human side to the strangeness of the character " The orange hair is an allusion to the mercury poisoning suffered by hatters who used mercury to cure felt; Depp believes that the character "was poisoned … and it was coming out through his hair, through his fingernails and eyes"  Depp and Burton decided that the Hatter's clothes, skin, hair, personality and accent would change throughout the film to reflect his emotions  In an interview with Depp, the character was paralleled to "a mood ring, [as] his emotions are very close to the surface"  The Hatter is "made up of different people and their extreme sides", with a gentle voice much like the character's creator Lewis Carroll reflecting the lighter personality and with a Scottish Glaswegian accent (which Depp modeled after Gregor Fisher's Rab C  Nesbitt character) reflecting a darker, more dangerous personality Illusionary dancer David "Elsewhere" Bernal doubled for Depp during the "Futterwacken" sequence near the end of the film 
Helena Bonham Carter as Iracebeth of Crims, the Red Queen, Mirana's short-tempered and murderous sister, and the self-proclaimed leader of Underland  She is an amalgamation of two Carroll characters—the Red Queen and the Queen of Hearts  Her first name is a play on the word irascible because she is easily irritated, obstreperous, impatient, and quick to anger  Bonham Carter was announced to have been cast on October 7, 2008  Bonham Carter's head was digitally increased to three times its original size on screen  The character hates animals, and chooses to use them as servants and furniture  It is implied that the Red Queen beheaded her late husband, the King  The actress took inspiration from her young daughter Nell, a toddler, stating, "The Red Queen is just like a toddler, because she's got a big head and she's a tyrant " Her appearance is based on England's Queen Elizabeth I 
Anne Hathaway as Mirana of Marmoreal, the White Queen, Iracebeth's calm and caring sister, and the rightful ruler of Underland  She is one of the few characters that did not require digital manipulation  Hathaway was announced to have been cast on October 7, 2008  In the early stages of the film's development, before Burton was attached to the project, Hathaway was offered the part of Alice, but she turned it down as she was more interested in playing the White Queen  After Burton came on board, another actress was cast in the role, but she left the project due to scheduling conflicts, and Disney suggested Hathaway instead  According to Burton, the character's image was influenced by Nigella Lawson, while Hathaway also cited David Bowie, Debbie Harry, Greta Garbo, and the artwork of Dan Flavin as inspiration for her performance  Hathaway described the White Queen as a "punk-rock vegan pacifist… She comes from the same gene pool as the Red Queen  She really likes the dark side, but she's so scared of going too far into it that she's made everything appear very light and happy  But she's living in that place out of fear that she won't be able to control herself " She also summed up her character with a caption on a magnet of Happy Bunny holding a knife, which a friend gave her, "Cute but psycho, it evens out "
Crispin Glover as Ilosovic Stayne, the Knave of Hearts, Iracebeth's arrogant and vile sidekick, whom she believes to be her lover, but this proves to be false  While he follows the Red Queen's every order, he is the only one capable of calming her dramatic mood swings  Glover was announced to have been cast on October 24, 2008  Glover said, "The Red Queen has a fair amount of short-tempered reactions to things that people do, and so [the Knave] has to be quite diplomatic "
Matt Lucas as Tweedledee and Tweedledum, two identical men and Tarrant's lieutenants at the resistance against the Red Queen who are the Red Queen's "fat boys" during their capture  Burton commented on the mixture of animation and Lucas, saying that "It's a weird mixture of things which gives his characters the disturbing quality that they so richly deserve " The characters are portrayed through a combination of CGI and live-action, with Lucas's face digitally composited to a full animated body  While performing the character, Lucas had to wear a teardrop-shaped motion capture suit and walk on stilts  In order to play both characters, Lucas was doubled by Ethan Cohn 
Frances de la Tour as Imogene, Alice's aunt  She is experiencing severe delusions and is constantly awaiting her fictional fiancé whom she believes to be a prince 
Leo Bill as Hamish Ascot, Alice's rival and ex-fiancé Marton Csokas makes a cameo appearance as Alice's deceased father in the film's opening scene and Alice's mother is played by Lindsay Duncan  Lord and Lady Ascot are played by Tim Pigott-Smith and Geraldine James, respectively  Eleanor Tomlinson and Eleanor Gecks play the Chattaway sisters  Jemma Powell appears briefly as Alice's sister, Margaret, while Margaret's unfaithful husband Lowell is played by John Hopkins 

Voice cast
Michael Sheen as Nivens McTwisp, the White Rabbit, Mirana's grand vizier and Tarrant's chief officer of the resistance  Sheen said the character "is such an iconic character that [he] didn't feel like [he] should break the mold too much " Burton said the quality he wanted most in his clock-watching bunny was a twitchiness, also commenting that "[in] any incarnation of the [White Rabbit] through the years, there's that sort of nervousness of a rabbit "
Alan Rickman as Absolem, the Caterpillar, the head of the resistance  Rickman was originally going to have his face composited onto the animated Caterpillar  He was filmed recording his voice in the studio, but the idea was eventually scrapped  The animators did, however, try to give Absolem's face characteristics similar to Rickman's 
Stephen Fry as Cheshire: Tarrant's bodyguard and the general of the resistance  Burton stated that the character had a creepy quality in addition to tapping into his own hatred of cats  The role was intended to be played by Sheen but he changed his role to the White Rabbit due to scheduling conflicts 
Barbara Windsor as Mallymkun, the Dormouse: Tarrant's assistant and the sergeant of the resistance  Burton said that he sought after Windsor for the role because he was a fan of her character in the TV series EastEnders  Her voice sealed the deal for her role as the character 
Timothy Spall as Bayard Hamar: Stayne's former pet dog and messenger of the resistance  Although Bayard does not appear in the book, a similar character named The Puppy is likely the inspiration for the character 
Paul Whitehouse as Thackery Earwicket, the March Hare: Tarrant's partner and the admiral of the resistance  Burton stated that because Whitehouse is a great comedic actor, a lot of his lines came from improvisation 
Michael Gough as Uilleam, the Dodo: The navigator of the resistance  Burton said that Gough was the first person he thought of for the role of Uilleam because he has "a full life quality to his voice"  The character only speaks three lines, that Gough recorded in a day  This would be Gough's final acting role; he died a year after its release, aged 94  Gough had previously portrayed the March Hare in the 1966 TV play of the book 
Christopher Lee as The Jabberwocky (sic): Iracebeth's pet dragon and assassin  While it only had two lines, Burton said that he felt Lee to be a good match for the iconic character because he is "an iconic guy"  For the character, Lee had originally tried to make his voice "burble" (as described in the poem "Jabberwocky")  However, Burton persuaded him to use his actual voice, as he found it more intimidating and aggressive 
Imelda Staunton as The Talking Flowers: Though there are many flowers that appear around Underland, only one of them speaks and one of them is clearly a caricature of Staunton  Staunton only speaks three lines that are heard very briefly at the beginning of the film 
Jim Carter as The Executioner: The Executioner only speaks one line and appears extremely briefly, though Carter also voiced several other servants to the Red Queen Frank Welker provided additional voices and vocal effects; including roars of the Jabberwocky and Bandersnatch, squawks for the Jubjub bird, and Bayard's barking  Rickman, Windsor, Fry, Gough, Lee, Staunton and Carter each took only a day to record their dialogue 

Production
Development and writing
In 2006, while searching for ideas for a large fantasy movie, Joe Roth, Jennifer and Suzanne Todd approached Linda Woolverton, who proposed a concept of grown-up Alice, from Lewis Carroll's novels Alice's Adventures in Wonderland and Through the Looking-Glass, returning to Wonderland, which she had in her head for a while  Roth pitched the idea to Walt Disney Studios, who greenlit the project, and Woolverton was commissioned to write the script  The first draft, titled Alice, was finished on February 23, 2007, after which it was submitted to Tim Burton, who agreed to helm the project  In April 2007, it was revealed that the film would be a blend of live-action and motion capture, and in November of the same year, Burton was officially confirmed to direct both Alice in Wonderland and a feature-length remake of his 1984 short film Frankenweenie in Disney Digital 3D  Burton developed the story because he never felt an emotional tie to the original book 
He explained "the goal is to try to make it an engaging movie where you get some of the psychology and kind of bring a freshness but also keep the classic nature of Alice " On prior versions, Burton said "It was always a girl wandering around from one crazy character to another, and I never really felt any real emotional connection " His goal with the new film is to give the story "some framework of emotional grounding" and "to try and make Alice feel more like a story as opposed to a series of events " Burton focused on the poem "Jabberwocky" as part of his structure, and refers to the described creature by the name of the poem rather than by the name "Jabberwock" used in the poem  Burton also stated that he does not see his version as either a sequel to any existing Alice film nor as a "re-imagining"  However, the idea of the climax of the story being Alice's battle with the Queen's champion, the Jabberwocky, was first added in the video game American McGee's Alice, and the landscape, tower, weapons and appearance of Alice in those scenes of the film are very reminiscent of the same scenes in the game 

Filming
This film was originally set to be released on March 19, 2010 but was moved up to March 5, 2010  Principal photography was scheduled for May 2008, but did not begin until September and concluded in three months  Scenes set in the Victorian era were shot at Torpoint and Plymouth from September 1 to October 14  Two hundred and fifty local extras were chosen in early August  Locations included Antony House in Torpoint, Charlestown, Cornwall and the Barbican, however, no footage from the Barbican was used  Motion capture filming began in early October at Sony Pictures Studios in Culver City, California, though the footage was later discarded  Filming also took place at Culver Studios  Burton said that he used a combination of live action and animation, without motion capture  He also noted that this was the first time he had filmed on a green screen  Filming of the green screen portions, comprising 90% of the film, was completed after only 40 days  Many of the cast and crew felt nauseated as a result of the long hours surrounded by green, and Burton had lavender lenses fitted into his glasses to counteract the effect  Due to the constant need for digital effects to distort the actors' physical appearances, such as the size of the Red Queen's head or Alice's height, visual effects supervisor Ken Ralston cited the film as being exhausting, saying it was "The biggest show I've ever done, [and] the most creatively involved I've ever been "Sony Pictures Imageworks designed the visual effects sequences  Burton felt 3D was appropriate to the story's environment  Burton and Zanuck chose to film with conventional cameras, and convert the footage into 3D during post-production; Zanuck explained 3D cameras were too expensive and "clumsy" to use, and they felt that there was no difference between converted footage and those shot in the format  James Cameron, who released his 3D film Avatar in December 2009, criticized the choice, stating, "It doesn't make any sense to shoot in 2D and convert to 3D" 

Music
Danny Elfman composed the musical score for Alice in Wonderland, after regularly scoring for Burton's films  Elfman did not want to use period music and instead blended orchestral, classical and pop music, to highlight the internal score, and had used symphony orchestration for the visual style of Burton, incorporating the same methods by Erich Wolfgang Korngold, Max Steiner, Franz Waxman and Bernard Hermann  The score album was released by Walt Disney Records on March 2, 2010, and debuted at number 89 on the Billboard Top 200 albums chart A concept album titled Almost Alice is a collection of various artists' music inspired by the film  It was released by Walt Disney under the Buena Vista Records imprint, the same day as the score album's release  The lead single, "Alice" by Avril Lavigne, premiered on January 27, 2010, on Ryan Seacrest's radio program  Other singles include "Follow Me Down" by 3OH!3, "Her Name Is Alice" by Shinedown, and "Tea Party" by Kerli 

Marketing
Promotions
On June 22, 2009, the first pictures of the film were released, showing Depp as the Mad Hatter, Hathaway as the White Queen, Bonham Carter as the Red Queen and Lucas as Tweedledee and Tweedledum  A new image of Alice was also released  In July, new photos emerged of Alice holding a white rabbit, the Mad Hatter with a hare, the Red Queen holding a pig, and the White Queen with a mouse On July 22, 2009, a teaser trailer from the Mad Hatter's point of view was released on IGN but was shortly taken down because Disney claimed that the trailer was not supposed to be out yet  The teaser was also planned to premiere along with a trailer of Robert Zemeckis' film adaptation of A Christmas Carol on July 24, 2009, for G-Force  The following day, the teaser trailer premiered at Comic-Con but the trailer shown was different from the one that leaked  The Comic-Con version didn't have the Mad Hatter's dialogue  Instead, it featured "Time to Pretend" by MGMT, and the clips shown were in a different order than in the leaked version  The leaked version was originally to be shown to one of the three Facebook groups used to promote the film that had the most members  The groups used to promote the film are "The Loyal Subjects of the Red Queen", "The Loyal Subjects of the White Queen" and "The Disloyal Subjects of the Mad Hatter" Also at Comic-Con, props from the film were displayed in an "Alice in Wonderland" exhibit  Costumes featured in the exhibit included the Red Queen's dress, chair, wig, glasses, and scepter; the White Queen's dress, wig and a small model of her castle; the Mad Hatter's suit, hat, wig, chair and table; Alice's dress and battle armor (to slay the Jabberwocky)  Other props included the "DRINK ME" bottles, the keys, an "EAT ME" pastry and stand-in models of the White Rabbit and March Hare A nighttime party area at the Disney California Adventure theme park was created, called "Mad T Party" 

Video games
On July 23, 2009, Disney Interactive Studios announced that an Alice in Wonderland video game, developed by French game studio Étranges Libellules, would be released in the same week as the film for the Wii, Nintendo DS, and Microsoft Windows  The soundtrack was composed by video games music composer Richard Jacques  The Wii, DS, and PC versions were released on March 2, 2010 
Disney Interactive released in 2013 the game Alice in Wonderland: A New Champion for iOS 

Release
Theatrical
Alice in Wonderland was theatrically released in United Kingdom and United States, in both Disney Digital 3D and IMAX 3D, as well as regular theaters on March 5, 2010  Prior to the release, the film was premiered at the Odeon Leicester Square in London on February 25, 2010, for the fundraiser The Prince's Foundation for Children and The Arts where the Prince of Wales and the Duchess of Cornwall attended On February 12, 2010, major UK theater chains, Odeon, Vue, and Cineworld, had planned to boycott the film because of a reduction of the interval between cinema and DVD release from the usual seventeen-week period to twelve  Disney's pretext for cutting short Alice's theatrical run, is possibly to avoid the release of the DVD clashing with the 2010 FIFA World Cup  However, exhibitors protested that Alice would be less threatened by the World Cup than other titles  A week after the announcement, Cineworld, who has a 24% share of UK box office, chose to play the film on more than 150 screens  Cineworld's chief executive Steve Wiener stated, "As leaders in 3D, we did not want the public to miss out on such a visual spectacle  As the success of Avatar has shown, there is currently a huge appetite for the 3D experience"  Shortly after, the Vue cinema chain also reached an agreement with Disney, but Odeon had still chosen to boycott in Britain, Ireland, and Italy  On February 25, 2010, Odeon had reached an agreement and decided to show the film on March 5  It also did not affect their plans to show the film in Spain, Germany, Portugal, and Austria 

Home media
Walt Disney Studios Home Entertainment released a three-disc Blu-ray combo pack (which includes the Blu-ray, DVD and a digital copy), single-disc Blu-ray and single-disc DVD on June 1, 2010, in North America and July 1, 2010, in Australia  The DVD release includes three short features about the making of the film, focusing on Burton's vision for Wonderland and the characters of Alice and the Mad Hatter  The Blu-ray version has nine additional featurettes centered on additional characters, special effects and other aspects of the film's production  In some confusion, a small number of copies were put on shelves a week before schedule in smaller stores, but were quickly removed, although a handful of copies were confirmed purchased ahead of schedule 
In its first week of release (June 1–6, 2010), it sold 2,095,878 DVD units (equivalent to $35,441,297) and topped the DVD sales chart for two continuous weeks  By May 22, 2011, it had sold 4,313,680 units ($76,413,043)  It failed to crack the 2010 top ten DVDs list in terms of units sold, but reached 10th place on that chart in terms of sales revenue 

Reception
Box office
Alice in Wonderland has grossed $334,191,110 in North America and $691,276,000 in other territories for a worldwide total of $1,025,467,110 against a budget of $200 million  Worldwide, it is the second-highest-grossing film of 2010  It is the third-highest-grossing film starring Johnny Depp, the highest-grossing film directed by Tim Burton, and the second-highest-grossing film of Anne Hathaway  Additionally, it is the second-highest-grossing children's book adaptation (worldwide, as well as in North America and outside North America separately) On its first weekend, the film made $220 1 million worldwide, marking the second-largest opening ever for a movie not released during the summer or the holiday period (behind The Hunger Games), the fourth-largest for a Disney-distributed film and the fourth-largest among 2010 films  It dominated for three consecutive weekends at the worldwide box office  On May 26, 2010, its 85th day of release, it became the sixth film ever to surpass the $1 billion mark and the second film that had been released by Walt Disney Studios that did so In North America, Alice in Wonderland is the forty-fourth-highest-grossing film but out of the top 100 when adjusted for inflation  It is also the second-highest-grossing film of 2010, behind Toy Story 3, the second-highest-grossing film starring Johnny Depp and the highest-grossing film directed by Tim Burton  The film opened on March 5, 2010, on approximately 7,400 screens at 3,728 theaters with $40,804,962 during its first day, $3 9 million of which came from midnight showings, ranking number one and setting a new March opening-day record  Alice earned $116 1 million on its opening weekend, breaking the record for the largest opening weekend in March (previously held by 300), the record for the largest opening weekend during springtime (previously held by Fast & Furious), the largest opening weekend for a non-sequel (previously held by Spider-Man) and the highest one for the non-holiday, non-summer period  However, all of these records were broken by The Hunger Games ($152 5 million) in March 2012  Alice made the seventeenth-highest-grossing opening weekend ever and the fifth-largest among 3D films  Opening-weekend grosses originating from 3D showings were $81 3 million (70% of total weekend gross)  This broke the record for the largest opening-weekend 3D grosses but it was later topped by The Avengers ($108 million)  It had the largest weekend per-theater average of 2010 ($31,143 per theater) and the largest for a PG-rated film  It broke the IMAX opening-weekend record by earning $12 2 million on 188 IMAX screens, with an average of $64,197 per site  The record was first overtaken by Deathly Hallows – Part 2 ($15 2 million)  Additionally, it had the biggest opening weekend for a film starring Tim Burton, smashing the previous record held by Planet of the Apes  Alice remained in first place for three consecutive weekends at the North American box office  Alice closed in theaters on July 8, 2010, with $334 2 million 
Outside North America, Alice is the thirteenth-highest-grossing film, the highest-grossing 2010 film, the fourth-highest-grossing Disney film, the second-highest-grossing film starring Johnny Depp and the highest-grossing film directed by Tim Burton  It began with an estimated $94 million, on top of the weekend box office, and remained at the summit for four consecutive weekends and five in total  Japan was the film's highest-grossing country after North America, with $133 7 million, followed by the UK, Ireland and Malta ($64 4 million), and France and the Maghreb region ($45 9 million) 

Critical response
On the review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes, 51% of 278 critics have given the film a positive review, with an average rating of 5 8/10  The website's consensus is: "Tim Burton's Alice sacrifices the book's minimal narrative coherence—and much of its heart—but it's an undeniable visual treat"  According to Metacritic, which calculated a weighted average score of 53 out of 100 based on 38 reviews, the film received "mixed or average reviews"  Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average rating of "A−" on an A+ to F scale Todd McCarthy of Variety praised it for its "moments of delight, humor and bedazzlement", but went on to say, "But it also becomes more ordinary as it goes along, building to a generic battle climax similar to any number of others in CGI-heavy movies of the past few years"  Michael Rechtshaffen of The Hollywood Reporter said "Burton has delivered a subversively witty, brilliantly cast, whimsically appointed dazzler that also manages to hit all the emotionally satisfying marks", while as well praising its computer-generated imagery (CGI), saying "Ultimately, it's the visual landscape that makes Alice's newest adventure so wondrous, as technology has finally been able to catch up with Burton's endlessly fertile imagination " Owen Gleiberman of Entertainment Weekly said, "But Burton's Disneyfied 3-D Alice in Wonderland, written by the girl-power specialist Linda Woolverton, is a strange brew indeed: murky, diffuse, and meandering, set not in a Wonderland that pops with demented life but in a world called Underland that's like a joyless, bombed-out version of Wonderland  It looks like a CGI head trip gone post apocalyptic  In the film's rather humdrum 3-D, the place doesn't dazzle—it droops " Roger Ebert of the Chicago Sun-Times awarded the film three out of four stars and wrote in his review that, "Alice plays better as an adult hallucination, which is how Burton rather brilliantly interprets it until a pointless third act flies off the rails "Several reviews criticized the decision to turn Alice into a "colonialist entrepreneur" at the end of the film setting sail for China  Given Britain's role in the First and Second Opium Wars during the Victorian era and the foreign domination of China through "unequal treaties", China expert Kevin Slaten writes, "Not only is it troubling imagery, for a female role model in a Disney movie, but it's also a celebration of the exploitation that China suffered for a century "Game developer American McGee, best known for creating Alice and Alice: Madness Returns, was asked in a 2011 interview about Tim Burton's interpretation of the title character since both versions share a similar dark and twisted tone of Wonderland  McGee praised the film's visuals and audio but criticized the lack of screen time Alice had compared to the other characters  He felt Alice did not have any purpose in the story and that she was merely used as a "tool" 

Accolades
At the 83rd Academy Awards, the film received three nominations: Best Art Direction, Best Costume Design and Best Visual Effects and won the former two  At the 64th British Academy Film Awards, the film received five nominations and won two awards for Best Costume Design and Best Makeup and Hair  The film received three nominations at the 68th Golden Globe Awards, including Best Motion Picture – Musical or Comedy and Best Actor – Motion Picture Musical or Comedy for Johnny Depp, but did not win any  It further received nominations for five Satellite Awards and Saturn Awards each (winning two of them), four Critics' Choice Movie Awards (winning two), and a Grammy Award nomination 

Legacy
Following its release, the film drove about $1 6 billion in retail sales for Disney, including home video and merchandise sales After the release and success of the movie, Walt Disney Pictures has announced the development of several live-action adaptations of their Animated Classics series  With the exception of Dumbo, Lady and the Tramp, Mulan,Pinocchio, and Peter Pan & Wendy; The Lion King, Maleficent, Aladdin, Cinderella, The Jungle Book, Beauty and the Beast, and Christopher Robin have all followed to similar box-office results with the latter four also earning critical praise  Disney has also announced the development of live-action adaptations of Fantasia, The Sword in the Stone, The Black Cauldron, Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs, Lilo & Stitch, The Hunchback of Notre Dame, Bambi, Robin Hood, Hercules, The Aristocats, and Moana  The company also released Cruella, a live-action spin-off of One Hundred and One Dalmatians, and has plans for live-action spin-offs of Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs and Peter Pan along with a live-action prequel to Aladdin Walt Disney Theatrical was in early talks with Burton and screenwriter Linda Woolverton, who had previously written stage adaptions of The Lion King, Beauty and the Beast, Aida, and Lestat, to develop the property as a Broadway musical set to premiere in London  Rob Ashford was attached to direct and choreograph  As of 2013, no further developments had been made 

Sequel
On December 7, 2012, Variety announced the development of a sequel to Alice in Wonderland  Linda Woolverton returned to write a screenplay  On May 31, 2013, James Bobin began talks to direct the sequel under the working title Alice in Wonderland: Into the Looking Glass  Johnny Depp returned as The Hatter, Mia Wasikowska reprised the role of Alice, and Helena Bonham Carter returned as the Red Queen  Several other cast members from the 2010 film also reprised their roles in the sequel  On November 22, 2013, it was announced that the sequel will be released on May 27, 2016, and that Bobin would direct the film  Rhys Ifans and Sacha Baron Cohen are featured in the film  On January 21, 2014, the film was again retitled to Alice in Wonderland: Through the Looking Glass  The title was later reworked once again to Alice Through the Looking Glass 

See also
2010 in film
List of American films of 2010
Films and television programmes based on Alice in Wonderland
List of Walt Disney Pictures films
List of Walt Disney Studios films (2010–2019)
List of films featuring miniature people
Context 3: Passage 1:
YIVO
YIVO (Yiddish: ייִוואָ, [jiˈvɔ]) is an organization that preserves, studies, and teaches the cultural history of Jewish life throughout Eastern Europe, Germany, and Russia as well as orthography, lexicography, and other studies related to Yiddish  (The word yidisher means both "Yiddish" and "Jewish ")  Established in 1925 in Wilno in the Second Polish Republic (now Vilnius, Lithuania) as the Yidisher Visnshaftlekher Institut (Yiddish: ייִדישער װיסנשאַפֿטלעכער אינסטיטוט, pronounced [ˈjidiʃɛr ˈvisn ʃaftlɛχɛr instiˈtut], Yiddish Scientific Institute, its English name became Institute for Jewish Research after its relocation to New York City, but it is still known mainly by its Yiddish acronym  YIVO is now a partner of the Center for Jewish History  Formerly, they had linguists whose main occupation was deciding on grammar rules and new words, and during this time they were seen in the secular world to serve as the recognized language regulator of the Yiddish language  However, YIVO no longer serves this purpose  Nevertheless, the YIVO system is still commonly taught in universities and known as klal shprakh (spelled in Yiddish:כּלל־שפּראַך, meaning 'standard language') and sometimes "YIVO Yiddish" (spelled in Yiddish:ייִוואָ־ייִדיש) 

Activities
YIVO preserves manuscripts, rare books, and diaries, and other Yiddish sources   The YIVO Library in New York contains over 385,000 volumes dating from as early as the 16th century  Approximately 40,000 volumes are in Yiddish, making the YIVO Library the largest collection of Yiddish-language works in the world  The YIVO archives hold over 23,000,000 documents, photographs, recordings, posters, films, and other artifacts  Together, they comprise the world's largest collection of materials related to the history and culture of Central and East European Jewry and the American Jewish immigrant experience   The archives and library collections include works in twelve major languages, including English, French,  German, Hebrew, Russian, Polish, and Judaeo-Spanish YIVO also functions as a publisher of Yiddish-language books and of periodicals including YIVO Bleter (founded 1931), Yedies Fun YIVO (founded 1929), and Yidishe Shprakh (founded 1941)  It is also responsible for English-language publications such as the YIVO Annual of Jewish Social Studies (founded 1946) 

History
YIVO was initially proposed by Yiddish linguist and writer Nochum Shtif (1879–1933)  He characterized his advocacy of Yiddish as "realistic" Zionism, contrasted to the "visionary" Hebraists and the "self-hating" assimilationists who adopted Russian or Polish  Other key founders included philologist Max Weinreich (1894–1969) and historian Elias Tcherikower (1881–1943) YIVO was founded at a Berlin conference in 1925, but headquartered in Vilna, a city with a large Jewish population in the Second Polish Republic  The early YIVO also had branches in Berlin, Warsaw and New York City  Over the next decade, smaller groups arose in many of the other countries with Ashkenazi populations 
In YIVO's first decades, Tcherikover headed the historical research section, which also included Simon Dubnow, Saul M  Ginsburg, Abraham Menes, and Jacob Shatzky  Leibush Lehrer (1887–1964) headed a section including psychologists and educators Abraham Golomb, H  S  Kasdan, and Abraham Aaron Roback  Jacob Lestschinsky (1876–1966) headed a section of economists and demographers Ben-Adir, Liebmann Hersch, and Moshe Shalit  Weinreich's language and literature section included Judah Leib Cahan, Alexander Harkavy, Judah A  Joffe, Zelig Kalmanovich, Shmuel Niger, Noach Pryłucki, and Zalman Reisen  YIVO also collected and preserved ethnographic materials under the direction of its Ethnographic Committee   In 1925, YIVO's honorary board of trustees or "Curatorium" consisted of Simon Dubnow, Albert Einstein, Sigmund Freud, Moses Gaster, Edward Sapir and Chaim Zhitlowsky 
From 1934 to 1940, YIVO operated a graduate training program known as the Aspirantur  Named after Zemach Shabad, YIVO's chairman, the program held classes and guided students in conducting original research in the field of Jewish studies  Many of the students' projects were sociological in nature (reflecting the involvement of Max Weinreich) and gathered information on contemporary Jewish life in the Vilna region The Nazi advance into Eastern Europe caused YIVO to move its operations to New York City  A second important center, known as the Fundacion IWO, was established in Buenos Aires, Argentina  All four directors of YIVO's research sections were already in the Americas when the war broke out or were able to make their way there  The organization's new headquarters were established in New York City  A portion of the Vilna archives was ransacked by the Nazis and sent to Frankfurt to become the basis of an anti-Semitic department of the Nazis' planned university  In 1946, the U S  Army recovered these documents and sent them to YIVO in New York The YIVO Library was looted by the Germans and the ERR, but an organization that called itself "The Paper Brigade" were able to smuggle out many books and preserve them from destruction  These materials were then saved from the Soviets by a Lithuanian librarian, Antanas Ulpis  These materials are now held in the Lithuanian Central State Archives and Martynas Mažvydas National Library of Lithuania  In 2014, with the cooperation of the government of the Republic of Lithuania, Brent established the landmark Edward Blank YIVO Vilna Online Collections project at The YIVO Institute to preserve and digitize over 1 5 million documents and approximately 12,200 books representing 500 years of Jewish history in Eastern Europe and Russia In addition to New York City and Buenos Aires, the Chicago YIVO Society is a third center active today 

Publications
YIVO has undertaken many major scholarly publication projects, the most recent being The YIVO Encyclopedia of Jews in Eastern Europe, published in March 2008 in cooperation with Yale University Press  Under the leadership of editor-in-chief Gershon David Hundert, professor of history and of Jewish Studies at McGill University in Montreal, this unprecedented reference work systematically represents the history and culture of Eastern European Jews from their first settlement in the region to the present day  More than 1,800 alphabetical entries encompass a vast range of topics including religion, folklore, politics, art, music, theater, language and literature, places, organizations, intellectual movements, and important figures  The two-volume set also features more than 1,000 illustrations and 55 maps  With original contributions from an international team of 450 distinguished scholars, the encyclopedia covers the region between Germany and the Ural Mountains, from which more than 2 5 million Jews emigrated to the United States between 1870 and 1920 

See also
Academy of the Hebrew Language, for Hebrew
Autoridad Nasionala del Ladino, for Ladino
Dina Abramowicz (long-time YIVO librarian)
Yiddish Book Center
League for Yiddish
Passage 2:
Israel Bartal
Israel Bartal (Hebrew: ישראל ברטל), is Avraham Harman Professor of Jewish History, member of Israel Academy of Sciences (2016), and the former Dean of the Faculty of Humanities at Hebrew University (2006–2010)  Since 2006 he is the chair of the Historical Society of Israel  He served as director of the Center for Research on the History and Culture of Polish Jewry, and the academic chairman of the Project of Jewish Studies in Russian at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem  Professor Bartal was the co-director of the Center for Jewish Studies and Civilization at Moscow State University  Bartal received his PhD from Hebrew University in 1981  He focuses his research on the history of the Jews in Palestine, the Jews of Eastern Europe, the Haskalah Movement, Jewish Orthodoxy  and modern Jewish historiography Professor Bartal taught at Harvard University, McGill University, University of Pennsylvania Rutgers University and Johns Hopkins, as well as at Moscow State University (MGU), the Central European University in Budapest (CEU), and Paideia in Stockholm   He was for many years a faculty member of the Open University of Israel and has contributed to the development of its teaching programs  Since November 1, 2010 he is a visiting scholar at the Simon-Dubnow-Institut, at Leipzig University  Bartal is one of the founders of Cathedra, the leading scholarly journal on the history of the Land of Israel, and had served as its co-editor for over twenty years  Since 1998 he is the editor of vestnik, a scholarly journal of Jewish studies in Russian  From 1995 to 2003 he chaired the Israeli history high-school curriculum committee 
Bartal has published many books and numerous articles on the history and culture of East European Jewry, Palestine in the pre-Zionist era, and Jewish nationalism 
Among his recent publications:

Poles and Jews: a Failed Brotherhood (with Magdalena Opalski, Hanover, University Press of New England, 1992);
Exile in the Land (published in Hebrew, Jerusalem, ha-Sifriya ha-Tsiyonit, 1994);
From Corporation to Nation: The Jews of Eastern Europe, 1772-1881 (Tel Aviv, Misrad ha-Bitahon Publishing House, 2002);
A Century  of Israeli Culture (editor, Jerusalem, The Hebrew University Magnes Press, 2002);
Kehal Yisrael vol  3 (editor, Jerusalem, Merkaz Shazar, 2004);
The Jews of Eastern Europe  1772-1881 (University of Pennsylvania Press, 2005, 2006, published also in Russian and German);
The Varieties of Haskalah (editor, with Shmuel Feiner, Jerusalem, the Hebrew University Magnes Press, 2005);
Cossack and Bedouin: Land and People in Jewish Nationalism, (Tel Aviv, Am Oved Publishers, 2007)
Tangled Roots, The Emergence of Israeli Culture, Brown Judaic Studies, (Providence RI, 2020);He is co-editor (with Antony Polonsky) of Polin, vol  12 (1999), which focuses on the Jews in Galicia, 1772–1914 

Edited books (in Hebrew)
(1975) יעקב צור, דיוקנה של התפוצה, הוצאת כתר, ירושלים
(1977) עם יהושע קניאל וזאב צחור), העלייה השנייה, א-ג, הוצאת יד יצחק בן צבי, ירושלים תשנ"ח)
(1987) משה בדורו, על משה מונטיפיורי ופעליו, אסופת מאמרים, משגב ירושלים - המכון לחקר מורשת יהדות ספרד והמזרח, תשמ"ז
(1993) עם חוה טורניאנסקי ועזרא מנדלסון), כמנהג אשכנז ופולין: ספר יובל לחנא שמרוק, קובץ מחקרים בתרבות יהודית, מרכז זלמן שזר, תשנ"ג)
(1994) עם רחל אליאור וחנא שמרוק) צדיקים ואנשי מעשה מחקרים בחסידות פולין, מוסד ביאליק, תשנ"ד)
(1994) עם יונתן פרנקל), בין פולין לרוסיה, מחקרים בתולדות יהודי מזרח אירופה, ספר זיכרון לשמואל אטינגר, מרכז שזר, ירושלים תשנ"ה)
(1998) עם ישעיהו גפני), ארוס, אירוסין ואיסורים, מיניות ומשפחה בהיסטוריה, הוצאת מרכז שזר, תשנ"ח)
(1999) עם יוסי בן ארצי ואלחנן ריינר, נוף מולדתו: מחקרים בגאוגרפיה של ארץ ישראל ובתולדותיה מוגשים ליהושע בן אריה, הוצאת ספרים ע"ש י"ל מאגנס, תש"ס
(1999) הקריאה לנביא, מחקרי היסטוריה וספרות, מאת חנא שמרוק, ירושלים: מרכז זלמן שזר, תש"ס
(2001) עם ישראל גוטמן), קיום ושבר, יהודי פולין לדורותיהם, מרכז זלמן שזר, תשנ"ז 1997-תשס"א)
(2002) עם דוד אסף), מווילנה לירושלים: מחקרים בתולדותיהם ובתרבותם של יהודי מזרח אירופה מוגשים לפרופסור שמואל ורסס, הוצאת ספרים ע"ש י"ל מאגנס, תשס"ב)
(2002) העגלה המלאה: מאה ועשרים שנות תרבות בישראל, הוצאת ספרים על שם י"ל מאגנס, תשס"ב
(2005) עם שמואל פיינר), ההשכלה לגווניה: עיונים חדשים בתולדות ההשכלה ובספרותה, הוצאת ספרים ע"ש י"ל מאגנס, בית הספרים הלאומי והאוניברסיטאי, ירושלים תשס"ה)
(2007) עם שמואל פיינר), היסטוריוגרפיה במבחן: עיון מחודש במשנתו של יעקב כ"ץ, מרכז שזר, תשס"ח)
(2010) עם חיים גורן), ספר ירושלים בשלהי התקופה העות'מאנית (1917-1800), הוצאת יד יצחק בן צבי, תש"ע)
(2010) עם אברהם גרינבוים ודן חרוב), ספרא וסייפא: שמעון דובנוב - היסטוריון ואיש ציבור, מרכז זלמן שזר, תשע"א)
יומן מסע ואגרות ארץ ישראל בשנות השלושים למאה הי"ט, יד יצחק בן-צבי, תשל"ד
עם שמואל אטינגר ומיכאל גרץ), ישן מול חדש: פעולותיהם של ארגונים יהודיים עולמיים בארץ-ישראל, במאה הי"ט ובימי המנדט, מרכז שזר, תש"ן)
Passage 3:
Gershon Galil
Gershon Galil is Professor of Biblical Studies and Ancient History and former chair of the Department of Jewish History at  the University of Haifa, Mount Carmel, Haifa, Israel 
Gershon Galil earned his doctorate from the Hebrew University in Jerusalem  His work, The Chronology of the Kings of Israel and Judah, suggests a new chronology for the kings of ancient Israel and ancient Judah   His thesis was published by Brill Academic Publishers in 1996 and his chronology contrasts with those presented by the more traditional William F  Albright or Edwin R  Thiele 
Galil's studies of  ancient Near Eastern culture and history include Israel and Assyria (Hebrew; Zmora-Bitan, 2001);  The Lower Stratum Families in the Neo-Assyrian Period (BRILL, 2007) and more  He also co-edited two volumes of the Supplement to Vetus Testamentum:
Studies in Historical Geography and Biblical Historiography presented to Zecharia Kallai (with M  Weinfeld, Brill, 2000); and Homeland and Exile: Biblical and Ancient Near Eastern Studies in Honour of Bustenay Oded (with M  Geller and A  Millard, Brill, 2009) 

See also
Khirbet Qeiyafa
Passage 4:
Hikmet Tanyu
Hikmet Tanyu (1918 – 1992) was a Turkish scientist and college professor specializing in philosophy and the history of religions, with a particular focus on Jewish religious history  In the 1970s, he pursued studies in Israel  Tanyu authored a book titled Jews and Turks throughout History, which examines the history of Jews and the relations between Jewish and Turkish societies over time  This book is widely regarded as the first comprehensive study of Jewish history in Turkey 
During the 1940s, Tanyu was a dedicated nationalist in the Republic of Turkey  He faced trial in the Racism-Turanism trials  Following six months of imprisonment, he was acquitted and released  Due to the torture he endured during his time in prison, he filed a lawsuit against the Turkish authorities at the Council of State 
Passage 5:
Center for Jewish History
The Center for Jewish History is a partnership of five Jewish history, scholarship, and art organizations in New York City: American Jewish Historical Society, American Sephardi Federation, Leo Baeck Institute New York, Yeshiva University Museum, and YIVO Institute for Jewish Research  Together, housed in one location, the partners have separate governing bodies and finances, but collocate resources  The partners' collections make up the biggest repository of Jewish history in the United States  The Center for Jewish History also serves as a centralized place of scholarly research, events, exhibitions, and performances  Located within the center are the Lillian Goldman Reading Room, Ackman & Ziff Family Genealogy Institute and a Collection Management & Conservation Wing  The Center for Jewish History is also an affiliate of the Smithsonian Institution 

History
In 2000, the center was opened after six years of construction and planning with a goal of creating synergy among the five member organizations, each offering a different approach to Jewish history, scholarship and art  This was one of the first attempts at uniting differing views on Jewish culture and resulted in the largest repository documenting the Jewish experience outside of Israel leading some to refer to it as the Jewish Library of Congress In the late 1980s, Bruce Slovin, who was the chairman of YIVO, originated the concept of a unified center where the partners could share resources  The idea was triggered when he realized that the then home of YIVO, a mansion located at 86th and Fifth Avenue, was not able to meet the needs of its collections or visitors, resulting in an environment that was hazardous to the collection (it was not temperature-controlled) as well as made archival study difficult  The location on Museum Mile was not seen as an advantageous adjacency  Slovin saw YIVO and the partner organizations as being more academic-focused The Leo Baeck Institute was previously located at 129 East 73rd Street, and the American Jewish Historical Society, which had previously been a New York City-based institution prior to the early 1960s, was then located near Brandeis University in Waltham, Massachusetts  The Yeshiva University Museum was located in the Washington Heights neighborhood uptown When it opened its doors to the public in October 2000, the center struggled with financial problems  In 2007, there were preliminary talks about a partnership with NYU's Skirball Department for Hebrew and Judaic Studies to the benefit of both organizations  In the end, the center and Skirball decided not to move forward  In 2010, the Center for Jewish History was able to raise $30 million to retire its construction debt  The amount was raised and donated by the chairman and founder of the center, Bruce Slovin; co-chairmen William Ackman and Joseph Steinberg; the Fairholme Foundation; and 19 other donors  These efforts meant that the center was debt-free  In 2012, the center received a top rating of four stars from the Charity Navigator non-profit evaluation service In 2013, the Lillian Goldman Charitable Trust awarded the center a $1 5 million grant to establish a reference services division 

Facilities
The center is located in Manhattan's Union Square neighborhood, and is a four-building 125,000 square feet (11,600 m2) campus built around a courtyard that has a central entrance on 16th Street  The center is made up of four previously existing buildings and two new buildings  The buildings are the former location of the American Foundation for the Blind/Helen Keller Institute  The cost of the complex was $4 4 million 

Collections
The partners' collections include more than 100 million documents, 500,000 books, thousands of art objects, textiles, ritual objects, music, films, and photographs  most of which had been poorly housed in the member institutions and were at risk of damage or destruction  The center is heavily involved with the preservation of records that define moments in Jewish immigration to New York City  A $670,000 grant awarded in 2007 helped with the cataloging of these materials 

Partner collection highlights
Original handwritten copy of Emma Lazarus' 1883 "The New Colossus" poem that was later inscribed on the base of the Statue of Liberty
Sandy Koufax's Brooklyn Dodgers jersey
Letter from Thomas Jefferson to New York's oldest Jewish congregation
First Hebrew prayer books printed in AmericaThe collections range from the early modern era in Europe and pre-colonial times in the Americas to present-day materials from across the globe  The center provides access to a comprehensive collection of historic archival materials, including Franz Kafka, Theodor Herzl, Moses Mendelssohn, Sigmund Freud and Albert Einstein  In addition to historical documents like the 1478 record of the trial of Simon of Trent, the center also includes holdings of artwork by Max Lieberman as well as Jewish ephemera like philosopher Moses Mendelssohn's eyeglasses 

Digital initiatives
In 2011, the Center for Jewish History began a 2-year project called, "Illuminating Hidden Collections at the Center for Jewish History," with a $229,600 grant from the Council on Library and Information Resources
In 2013, the Center for Jewish History donated 600 images to the Google Art Project, which is part of the Google Cultural Institute, an initiative that puts cultural material online  The center was one of four New York City-based institutions to donate at that time, joining eight others  The images are very high resolution and include rich metadata 
Passage 6:
Jeffrey S  Gurock
Jeffrey S  Gurock is Libby M  Klaperman Professor of Jewish History at Yeshiva University in New York City 

Biography
Gurock earned a bachelor's degree from the City College of New York and a master's degree from Columbia University  He served as associate editor to American Jewish History from 1982 to 2002 

Published works
He has written over a dozen books in the field of American Jewish history  His work focuses on the American Orthodox community and the variations in Orthodox practice and ritual over the course of American Jewish history  His books include Orthodox Jews in America (Indiana University Press, 2009), a comprehensive social and cultural history of this group and its relations to other Jews and mainstream American society, and Jews in Gotham (New York University Press, 2012), which chronicles New York Jewry from 1920 to 2010 

Awards and distinctions
For its 135th annual gala in 2015, the City College of New York honored Gurock as one of its distinguished alumni

Books
A Modern Heretic and a Traditional Community: Mordecai M  Kaplan, Orthodoxy, and American Judaism   Coauthor with Jacob J  Schacter, Columbia University Press (1997)

Further reading
Ruttman, Larry (2013)  "Jeffrey Gurock: Professor of Jewish History at Yeshiva University, Orthodox Jew, and Sportsman"  American Jews and America's Game: Voices of a Growing Legacy in Baseball  Lincoln, Nebraska and London, England: University of Nebraska Press  pp  429–437  ISBN 978-0-8032-6475-5



ground_truth: Hawaii

prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: The Red Queen's Race is a science fiction short story that uses the Red Queen's race from a novel by Lewis Carroll that is the sequel to what?

The following are given passages.
Context 3: 

Notes
External links
Jeffrey S  Gurock
Passage 7:
David N  Myers
David N  Myers (born November 2, 1960) is a professor of history at the University of California, Los Angeles, where he holds the Sady and Ludwig Kahn Chair in Jewish History  Myers was the president and CEO of the Center for Jewish History from July 2017 to August 2018   He serves as the President of the New Israel Fund Board 

Early life
A native of Scranton, Pennsylvania, Myers received his A B  cum laude from Yale University in 1982  He commenced graduate studies in Jewish history at Tel Aviv University (1982–84), where he studied with Anita Shapira, Yaakov Shavit, Matitiyahu Mintz, and Moshe Mishkinsky, before moving on to study medieval Jewish thought with Isadore Twersky at Harvard University (1984–85)  He then moved to Columbia University, where he worked under the supervision of Yosef Hayim Yerushalmi, whose work and thought left a profound impression on him and remain a source of ongoing scholarly interest  Myers received his Ph D  with distinction in 1991 

Academic career
Myers joined the faculty of the UCLA History Department in 1991 as a lecturer and 1992 as an assistant professor  He published his first book, Re-Inventing the Jewish Past: European Jewish Intellectuals and the Zionist Return to History, in 1995  Myers served for ten years as the director of the UCLA Center for Jewish Studies and, from 2010–15, as the Robert N  Burr Department Chair of the UCLA History Department  He also has served since 2003 as the co-editor, along with Elliott Horowitz and Natalie Dohrmann, of the Jewish Quarterly Review    He is an elected fellow of the American Academy for Jewish Research  He received the inaugural Sady and Ludwig Kahn Chair in Jewish History at UCLA in 2015 
In 2022, he completed a book with Nomi M  Stolzenberg on the Satmar Hasidic community of Kiryas Joel, New York  This book, American Shtetl, was awarded the National Jewish Book Award for American Jewish Studies in 2022 
Myers' early work focused on the intersection of the history of Jewish historiography and the history of Zionism in his dissertation and first book on the founding generation of the Institute for Jewish Studies of the Hebrew University in Jerusalem  His next book, Resisting History, continued his interest in intellectual history and modes of historical thought, but shifted focus to German Jewish thinkers in the late Wilhelmine and Weimar eras  Myers' next book, Between Jew and Arab, engaged the enigmatic Jewish thinker Simon Rawidowicz—and an intriguing essay on Palestinian refugees that he wrote for inclusion in his monumental book Bavel vi-Yerushalayim, but ultimately decided not to include  Myers then wrote a short synthesis on Jewish history as part of the Oxford University Press VSI series  His next book, The Stakes of History, was a reflection on the historian and historiographical practice that was initially delivered as the Franz Rosenzweig Lectures at Yale in 2014  Already in the early 2000s, Myers began to develop a scholarly interest in the history and politics of Haredi communities, especially Kiryas Joel, New York  For almost two decades, he worked together with his wife on a book on Kiryas Joel that was published in 2022 as American Shtetl  At present, Myers is working on a research project devoted to mid-twentieth-century population displacements through the lens of political and affective history 

Center For Jewish History
In 2017, Myers was appointed CEO of Center for Jewish History 
Following Myers' appointment, some in the Jewish community objected to his activism in organizations supportive of Israeli-Palestinian peace and co-existence, while simultaneously hundreds of Jewish historians responded by expressing their support for Myers  Those who demanded his resignation included Israeli Knesset Member Bezalel Smotrich, as well as the Zionist Organization of America and others  The right-wing Middle East Forum opined "Myers may present a moderate façade, but his academic & political affiliations expose his radical core "
 According to the Forward, "the campaign against Myers appears to have shaken the CJH," though Myers has stated that the protests were only a nuisance early in his tenure and were not the reason for his decision to leave the Center  “After the first two unpleasant months, I had a great time here,” Myers said 
Despite the attacks by groups associated with the Israeli right, Jewish studies scholars in the United States largely rallied behind Myers  In an op-ed defending Myers, Brandeis professors Jonathan Sarna and Rabbi David Ellenson wrote, "The writings of David Myers indisputably fall well within the scholarly mainstream of Jewish life and they are unquestionably supportive of Israel’s basic right to exist "Myers stepped down from this position in August 2018, returning to UCLA full time  “This is the result of months of deliberation spent on planes going back and forth and really asking myself, Where do I want to be in life?” he said 

New Israel Fund
He became President of the New Israel Fund board in October 2018 after serving as a board member  He also has served as an instructor for the Wexner Heritage Foundation, and writes frequently on matters of contemporary Jewish concern 

Published books
Authored
Re-Inventing the Jewish Past: European Jewish Intellectuals and the Zionist Return to History  New York: Oxford University Press, 1995 ISBN 978-0195098426
Resisting History: Historicism and its Discontents in German-Jewish Thought  Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2003 ISBN 978-0691146607
Between Jew and Arab: The Lost Voice of Simon Rawidowicz  Hanover and London: Brandeis University Press, 2008 ISBN 978-1584657361
Jewish History: A Very Short Introduction   New York: Oxford University Press, 2016 ISBN 9780199730988
The Stakes of History: On the Use and Abuse of Jewish History for Life   New Haven: Yale University Press, 2018   ISBN 9780300228939
American Shtetl: The Making of Kiryas Joel, a Hasidic Village in Upstate New York   Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2022   ISBN 9780691199771

Edited
David N  Myers and William V  Rowe, eds  From Ghetto to Emancipation: Historical and Contemporary Reconsiderations of the Jewish Community, introduction by D  N  Myers  Scranton, PA: University of Scranton Press, 1997 ISBN 9780940866720
David N  Myers and David B  Ruderman, eds  The Jewish Past Revisited: Reflections on Modern Jewish Historians, introduction by D  N  Myers  New Haven: Yale University Press, 1998 ISBN 9780300191530
Elisheva Carlebach, John M  Efron, and David N  Myers, eds  Jewish History and Jewish Memory: Essays in Honor of Yosef Hayim Yerushalmi  Hanover, NH: University Press of New England, 1998 ISBN 978-0874518719
Richard Hovannisian and David N  Myers, eds  Enlightenment and Diaspora: The Armenian and Jewish Cases  Atlanta: Scholars Press, 1999 ISBN 978-0788506048
Michael Brenner and David N  Myers, eds  Jüdische Geschichtsschreibung heute: Themen, Positionen, Kontroversen  Munich: Beck Verlag, 2002 ISBN 978-3406488788
David N  Myers et al  eds  Acculturation and its Discontents: The Italian Jewish Experience between Integration and Exclusion  Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2008 ISBN 9780802098511
David N  Myers and Alexander Kaye, eds  The Faith of Fallen Jews: Yosef Hayim Yerushalmi and the Writing of Jewish History  Hanover, NH: University Press of New England, 2013 ISBN 978-1611684872
Michael A  Meyer and David N  Myers, eds  Between Jewish Tradition and Modernity: Essays in Honor of David Ellenson   Detroit: Wayne State University Press, 2014 ISBN 9780814338599
David N  Myers, eds  The Eternal Dissident: Rabbi Leonard I  Beerman and the Radical Imperative to Think and Act  Oakland, CA, 2018   ISBN 978-0520297456
David N  Myers and Benjamin C I  Ravid, eds  Simon Rawidowicz: Between Babylon and Jerusalem: Select Writings  Goettingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht GmbH & Co KG, 2022   ISBN 9783525311257
Passage 8:
Moses Rischin
Moses Rischin (1925-2020) was an American historian, author, lecturer, editor, and emeritus professor of history at San Francisco State University  He coined the phrase new Mormon history in a 1969 article of the same name Rischin is considered an authority on American ethnic and immigration history and a pioneer in the field of American Jewish history  Historian Selma Berrol, however, has challenged the minimal treatment Rischin has given to the tensions between earlier German Jews and later Russian Jews in America 

Biography
Rischin was born and raised in Brooklyn, New York City  His undergraduate studies were at Brooklyn College  Harvard University awarded him a Ph D  in 1957 Ruschin became a professor at San Francisco State University in 1964  In addition to his professorship, he sat on the board for the Journal of American Ethnic History and on the council of the American Jewish History Society  During the Monica Lewinsky scandal, Rischin was a signatory of "Historians in Defense of the Constitution" wherein 400 historians criticized efforts to impeach President Bill Clinton He was the longtime director of the Western Jewish History Center, at the Judah L  Magnes Museum, from its founding in 1967; from 2005 until approximately 2010, an annual lecture was given there in his name A collection of historical essays was published in Rischin's honor in 1996 A character in the 1967 novel Meyer Meyer by Helen Hudson may have been partly modeled after him 

Books
The Promised City: New York's Jews, 1870-1914 (Harvard University Press) ISBN 978-0674715011
Jews of the American West, with John Livingston (Wayne State University Press) ISBN 0-8143-2171-2

Articles and essays
"The New Mormon History", The American West 6, March 1969, 49 
"The Jewish Experience in America: A View from the West"
Foreword to California Jews (2003) Brandeis University Press

Awards
1963: National Jewish Book Award in The Promised City: New York's Jews, 1870-1914

See also
"I'll take Manhattan: reflections on Jewish studies" by Deborah Dash Moore
Passage 9:
Carole B  Balin
Carole Beth Balin (born 1964) is a Reform rabbi and professor of Jewish history at Hebrew Union College-Jewish Institute of Religion in New York City  Her research interests include Eastern European and American Jewish history, the history of Reform Judaism, and gender studies  She received laudatory reviews for her 2003 book To Reveal Our Hearts: Jewish Women Writers in Tsarist Russia, and has co-edited two other books  She is a co-curator of "Bat Mitzvah Comes of Age", a traveling exhibition sponsored by the Smithsonian-affiliated National Museum of American Jewish History and the Moving Traditions Jewish non-profit 

Early life and education
Carole Beth Balin grew up in Andover, Massachusetts, the daughter of Theodore G  Balin, a defense engineer, and Marcia Balin, a telemarketing sales trainer  She became bat mitzvah in 1977; her mother celebrated her own bat mitzvah in 1979 She earned her bachelor's degree in history at Wellesley College in 1986  Her senior honors thesis was "Unraveling an American-Jewish Synthesis: Rosa Sonneschein's The American Jewess, 1895–1899"  In 1989 she earned a master's degree in Hebrew letters at Hebrew Union College-Jewish Institute of Religion, followed by rabbinic ordination in 1991 at the same institute  In 1994 she earned a Master of Philosophy degree at Columbia University, and in 1998 completed her PhD in history at Columbia  Her doctoral advisors were Yosef Hayim Yerushalmi and Michael Stanislawski 

Academic career
Balin was a visiting instructor at the Institute for Advanced Jewish Studies in Moscow in 1995  She joined the faculty of her alma mater, the Hebrew Union College, in 1997 as assistant professor of Jewish history, advancing to associate professor in 2004 and full professor in 2006  She was also a faculty member of the Wexner Heritage Foundation from 1999 to 2003 

Works
Balin's 2003 book To Reveal Our Hearts: Jewish Women Writers in Tsarist Russia was noted for its "pioneering" research by several reviewers, as she rediscovered the existence of 67 Jewish women writers (44 Russian-language, 17 Hebrew-language, and six Yiddish-language) in the Russian Empire in the late 19th and early 20th centuries through archival material in Russia, Israel, and North America  The book explores in-depth the lives of five of these writers Balin has written numerous book chapters and articles, including several biographies for the Jewish Women's Archive  She wrote the pieces "Betty Friedan’s 'Spiritual Daughters,' the ERA, and the CCAR" and "From Periphery to Center: A History of the Women's Rabbinic Network", which appear in the book The Sacred Calling: Four Decades of Women in the Rabbinate, published in 2016  She also blogs for The Huffington Post 

Other activities
In 1991 Balin became the spiritual leader of the Jewish Congregation of Kinnelon, New Jersey, which conducts joint worship services at St  David's, an Episcopal church  Her duties for the 300-member Reform congregation included officiating at religious services, planning seminars on religion, preparing youth for their bar mitzvah or bat mitzvah, and visiting hospitalized and homebound Jewish patients In 2008 she was one of the interviewees on the PBS documentary The Jewish People: A Story of Survival Balin is the co-curator, with Josh Perelman and Lori Perlow, of the traveling exhibition "Bat Mitzvah Comes of Age", which opened in April 2012 at the Jewish Community Center of Manhattan  The exhibition, a collaboration between the Smithsonian-affiliated National Museum of American Jewish History and the Moving Traditions Jewish non-profit, traces the history of bat mitzvahs in the United States through the stories of 150 American women, depicted in images and oral histories  It has since visited eight other locales She is a member of the board of Moving Traditions 

Personal life
Balin married Michael Eric Gertzman, a Harvard law student, in August 1988  From 1992 to 1996 Gertzman served as Assistant United States Attorney for the Southern District of New York  He is currently a partner at Paul, Weiss, Rifkind, Wharton & Garrison in New York City  They have three children 

Bibliography
Books
'To Tread on New Ground': Selected Hebrew Writings of Hava Shapiro  Wayne State University Press



ground_truth: Alice's Adventures in Wonderland

prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: Arnold Richards was the former chair of what organization that is a member of the Center for Jewish History?

The following are given passages.
Context 3:  2014  ISBN 978-0814338704  (co-edited with Wendy I  Zierler)
Sisterhood: A Centennial History of Women of Reform Judaism  Hebrew Union College Press  2013  ISBN 978-0878202546  (co-edited with Dana Herman and Jonathan D  Sarna)
To Reveal Our Hearts: Jewish Women Writers in Tsarist Russia  Hebrew Union College Press  2003  ISBN 978-0878204564 

Selected chapters
Balin, Carole B  (2012)  "Preface"   In Cosgrove, Elliot J ; Wolpe, David J  (eds )  Jewish Theology in Our Time: A New Generation Explores the Foundations and Future of Jewish Belief  Jewish Lights Publishing  ISBN 978-1580236300 
Balin, Carole B  (2011)  "Making Every Forkful Count: Reform Jews, Kashrut, and Mindful Eating, 1840–2010"   In Zamore, Mary L  (ed )  The Sacred Table: Creating a Jewish Food Ethic  CCAR Press  pp  50–59  ISBN 978-0881231861 
Balin, Carole B  (2008)  "Moving Through the Movements: American denominations and their Haggadot"   In Arnow, David (ed )  My People's Passover Haggadah: Traditional texts, modern commentaries  Vol  1  Jewish Lights Publishing  pp  79–84  ISBN 978-1580233545 
Balin, Carole B  (2008)  "'Good to the Last Drop': The proliferation of the Maxwell House Haggadah"   In Arnow, David (ed )  My People's Passover Haggadah: Traditional texts, modern commentaries  Vol  1  Jewish Lights Publishing  pp  85–90  ISBN 978-1580233545 

Selected articles
"Leaning In to the Presidency: Hillary, Sheryl and Me"  The Huffington Post  11 June 2014 
"The Uniongram and the Cookie"  Women of Reform Judaism  10 September 2013  Archived from the original on 1 May 2016  Retrieved 25 April 2016 
"Bat Mitzvah Comes of Age: 90 Years of Transforming Jewish Girls to Women"  The Huffington Post  12 March 2012 
Passage 10:
Arnold Richards
Arnold Richards (born August 1934) is a psychoanalyst and former editor of The American Psychoanalyst and Journal of the American Psychoanalytic Association (JAPA)  Richards also is the Training and Supervising Analyst at the New York Psychoanalytic Institute  He is the founder and Editor-in-Chief of the International Psychoanalysis net magazine  Richards is a board member and former chair of YIVO 

Career
Richards became an editor for The American Psychoanalyst in 1989  He redesigned the format and content of the newsletter during his term as editor  From 1994 to 2003, Richards was an editor for the Journal of the American Psychoanalytic Association (JAPA)  He is a faculty member of the American Institute of Psychoanalysis and the Metropolitan Institute of Psychoanalysis and Psychotherapy  Richards presented the 50th annual Leo Baeck Memorial lecture in 2006  In 2014, he participated in the Senior Sino-American Continual Training Project of Psychoanalysis 

Writing and research
He presented "A A  Brill: The Politics of Exclusion and the Politics of Pluralism" in November 1995  He presented "The Organizational Structure of the American Psychoanalytic Association: The Politics of Exclusion" at the 37th annual conference of the International Psychohistorical Association in June 2014 

Awards and recognition
Richards received the Mary S  Sigourney Award in 2000  He is a member of the American Psychoanalytic Association and received its Distinguished Contributor Award in 2004  In 2013, Richards received the Hans W  Loewald award 

Personal life
Richards' parents were Jewish immigrants from Eastern Europe; his father was from Podolia and his mother was from Galicia  Richards grew up in Brooklyn, New York in a Yiddish and English speaking household Richards is married to Arlene Kramer Richards, a practicing psychoanalyst, and lives in an apartment in Manhattan and a condo in Palm Beach, Florida 

Bibliography
Psychoanalysis: The Science of Mental Conflict - Essays in Honor of Charles Brenner (1986) ISBN 9780881630541
Fantasy, Myth, and Reality: Essays in Honor of Jacob A  Arlow (1988) ISBN 9780823618873
The Spectrum of Psychoanalysis: Essays in Honor of Martin S  Bergmann (1994) ISBN 9780823645053
The Perverse Transference and Other Matters: Essays in Honor of R  Horacio Etchegoyen (1997) ISBN 9780765700711
Psychology of Women: Psychoanalytic Perspectives (2000) ISBN 9780823655885
The Jewish World of Sigmund Freud: Essays on Cultural Roots and the Problem of Religious Identity (2010) ISBN 9780786444243

Selected publications
2013 Letter to the Editor re Paper by James Anderson, Clio’s Psyche 19(4) 486-388  http://internationalpsychoanalysis net/2013/10/15/letter-to-the-editor-response-to-jim-anderson-by-arnold-richards/
2014 APM Paper in The Bulletin of the Association for Psychoanalytic Medicine   http://internationalpsychoanalysis net/2013/05/10/apm-paper-by-arnold-richards/
2013 Book Essay on The Second Century of Psychoanalysis: Evolving Perspectives on Therapeutic Action Arnold D  Richards Journal of the American Psychoanalytic  Association Volume 61(1): pp  157–165 
2013   Freud's Free Clinics: A Tale of Two Continents  The Psychoanalytic Review Vol  100, No  6, pp  819–838 
2014 A Dangerous Legacy: Judaism and the Psychoanalytic Movement by Hans Reijzer Reviewed Arnold D  Richards in (2014)  The Psychoanalytic Review Vol  101, No  6, pp  925–938 
2015 What is Jewish about Psychoanalysis? A review of Hans Reijzer’s A Dangerous Legacy: Judaism and the Psychoanalytic Movement  Clio’s Psyche  In Press
2014 Freud’s Jewish identity and Psychoanalysis as a Science  Journal of the American Psychoanalytic Association 62:987-1003 
2014) A Dangerous Legacy: Judaism and the Psychoanalytic Movement  By Hans Reijzer  London: Karnac Books, 2011, 236 pp  £9 99 (paperback)   Psychoanal  Rev , 101(6):931-938 
2015  Psychoanalysis in Crisis: The Danger of Ideology  Psychoanalytic Review 102(3):389-405 
2018  A Cultural Citizen of the World: Sigmund Freud's Knowledge and use of British and American Writings: By S  S  Prawer  Abingdon, UK / New York: Modern Humanities Research Association / Routledge, 2009  156 pp   Psychoanalytic Quarterly 87(2):383-387 
2018  Dreams and the Wish for Immortality  Canadian Journal Psychoanalysis 26(1):142-158 
2018  Some Thoughts on Self-Disclosure  Psychoanalytic Review 105(2):137-156 
2020 The Organizational Life of Psychoanalysis, by Kenneth Eisold  Routledge, New York, 2018, 262 pp   Psychodynamic Psychology, 48(2):201-211 
2020  The Organizational Structure of the American Psychoanalytic Association: The Politics of Exclusion  Psychoanalytic Review 107(3):211-227 



ground_truth: YIVO