prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: Finally includes the song that peaked at what on the US Hot 100

The following are given passages.
Context 1: Passage 1:
Finally (CeCe Peniston song)
"Finally" is a song by American singer-songwriter CeCe Peniston, released in September 1991 as her debut single from her first album, Finally (1992)  It received critical acclaim, becoming Peniston's first (and biggest) hit song, peaking at number five on the US Billboard Hot 100 in January 1992  It is also her only US top-ten hit to date  Prior to that, the track was a major success on the Billboard Hot Dance Club Play chart, where it spent two weeks at number one in late 1991  In addition, a dance remix of the song, the "Choice Mix", peaked at number two on the UK Singles Chart in March 1992  The remix appeared on many dance music compilations in the early '90s  Its music video was directed by Claude Borenzweig 

Background and release
Peniston grew up in Phoenix and began writing pop songs during school  The words of "Finally"  were purportedly penned during a chemistry class, while thinking about dating in college  In 1989 and 1990, she won the Miss Black Arizona pageant, and took the Miss Galaxy pageant a short time later 
Her music career began in January 1991, when Felipe "DJ Wax Dawg" Delgado, her friend and a record producer based also in Phoenix, asked Peniston to record back-up vocals for Tonya Davis, a rapper known as Overweight Pooch  Though Overweight Pooch's album flopped on the market, Manny Lehman (a DJ and executive producer) had noticed the powerful voice of the back-up vocalist, Peniston  He offered Delgado a chance to produce a track for Peniston to cultivate her potential as a solo artist  Delgado called hometown friend and music producer, Rodney K  Jackson, to help co-produce Peniston's single, which would become "Finally" 

Peniston was 21 years old when "Finally" was released  When asked about the song in a 2012 interview, Peniston said, "It was actually a poem that I had turned into a song, and it was the very first song that I had written  I was doing backup for someone else, and they asked if I had something else and I was like yeah, something I’ve written, and I didn’t know if they’d like it  You know, you don’t really understand your gifts at that point, so when he said I have a hit, I was just like okay  At the time I didn’t understand what it means to have a number one song, I really had no idea  They said you have a hit on your hands and you’re going to have to go to Europe  All of a sudden I was traveling the world, one show turned into two, that little girl from Arizona was going everywhere! You know, I had been here and there, a couple of trips, but nothing at all like this  It was overwhelming "
New versions of "Finally" were released in 1997 and 2011 

Composition
The remix of this song is based on the piano riff from the house music classic "Someday" by CeCe Rogers from 1987  The song is performed in the key of B minor with a tempo of 120 beats per minute, following a chord progression of G(9) – G/A – Bm, and Peniston's vocals span from B3 to D5  In 2017, Peniston told about recording the song, "It was a great experience making this song  I remember being in the studio with producer Felipe Delgado, and we didn't have the second verse written  I had forgotten some of the lyrics and just ad-libbed some of them–that "yeah-yeah" part  They ended up sampling that, and it became a big part of the song  It's amazing how those raw moments happen "

Chart performance
The song was released in the fall of 1991, where it became an instant dance anthem, peaking in October at the top of the Billboard Hot Dance Music/Club Play chart in the United States for two weeks, while achieving respectable chart success overseas the following year  The song was re-released in the United Kingdom, where it reached a new peak of number two in its second week at the UK Singles Chart, on March 22, 1992  It was held off reaching the top spot by Shakespears Sister's "Stay"  "Finally" also charted at number-one in Zimbabwe and on the RPM Dance/Urban chart in Canada, and number eight in Australia and New Zealand  In Europe, the song reached number three in Belgium and number five in the Netherlands and Ireland  Following the single's success, Peniston completed her first album, Finally, in two months  The album was critically acclaimed, and Peniston celebrated a year-long run of awards success including the Billboard Award for Best New Artist (dance), and three ASCAP awards amongst numerous others  The song "Finally" has sold over 3 million copies to date 

Critical reception
J D  Considine from The Baltimore Sun felt the song "is a delightful surprise, marrying a muscular, insinuating groove to Peniston's soulful, insistent vocals " Larry Flick from Billboard complimented it as "a delicious peak-hour houser that is in a vein similar to Alison Limerick's "Where Love Lives"  Peniston wraps her lovely alto around a hook that seeps into the brain and body and never lets go " He also remarked that Peniston "proves her potential as a future diva on this brain-embedding, spine-stirring house anthem " Amy Linden from Entertainment Weekly commented, "The slammin’ house/pop single of the moment? It's CeCe Peniston's "Finally," and its sheer joy and verve " She explained further, "Grooving in the fabulousness of her newfound Mr  Right, and sorta amazed that it all happened, she wails deliciously, making you believe that true love will conquer all and that someday your prince (or princess) will come " Dave Sholin from the Gavin Report described it as a "bright and infectious" debut release and concluded, "I had a preview of this song back in July and have been in love with it ever since!" Dennis Hunt from Los Angeles Times viewed it as "lively" Pan-European magazine Music & Media stated that "this newcomer gives further evidence that dance is still developing into a more song-oriented direction  The violins give the tune the ambiance of "Backstabbers" by the O'Jays " Andy Beevers from Music Week complimented it as an "extremely classy and catchy garage-styled debut"  A reviewer from People Magazine felt that it's "overflowing with verve and loaded up with joyous girlie glee", noting the "ecstatic, beat-heavy power" of the track  James Hamilton from the RM Dance Update labeled it as "cheerful wailing" and a "ex-Miss America's catchy Crystal Waters-type US pop smash"  Adam Higginbotham from Select declared "Finally" as "a superb slice of feel-good pop music  From its bassline – purloined from Ce Ce (no relation) Rogers' classic garage tune 'Someday' — to the inanely cheery lyrics " Tom Doyle from Smash Hits viewed it as a "rousing house song"  Steve Pick from St  Louis Post-Dispatch wrote that "this is a catchy disco number, building energy through repetition of the simple hookline and a solid bass/drum throb  Get on the dance floor to this one, and you'll move "

Retrospective response
Bill Lamb from About com featured "Finally" in their list of "The Top 100 Best Party Songs", describing it as an "upbeat, celebratory song about love"  Steven E  Flemming, Jr  from Albumism noted that it "skillfully melded the insistent grace of all that’s right about dance production values with grand vocals " AllMusic editor Craig Lytle felt that the song and its follow-up, "We Got a Love Thang", "employ that rapid dancehall groove better known as house music"  Stopera and Galindo from BuzzFeed remarked, "When it comes to ‘90s dance songs you’d be hard-pressed to find another song that so perfectly incorporates other music genres that made the decade so great — i e , R&B, house, and pop — which is what makes “Finally" the quintessential ‘90s dance song  And honestly, it's a feel-good hit! Just try being in a bad mood after listening to it!" A writer from Complex said that "this was the sound of the early 1990s, when everything was turning colorful and bright " Pop Rescue called it "a great track, with that fantastic hand-clap, bassline and piano opening", adding that Peniston's vocals are "sublime" 

Music video
A music video was made for "Finally", directed by Claude Borenzweig  It is very simple, showing Peniston performing the song within a variety of shapes and colors, sometimes with a guy dancing  The video was later published by Vevo on YouTube in 2009, remastered in HD, and had generated more than 40 million views as of January 2023 

Impact and legacy
DJ Magazine ranked "Finally" number 64 in their list of "Top 100 Club Tunes" in 1998 VH1 ranked it number 29 in their list of the "100 Greatest Dance Songs" in 2000  [1]
MTV Dance ranked the song number 28 in their list of "The 100 Biggest '90s Dance Anthems of All Time" in November 2011  Heart TV ranked "Finally" number three in their list of "55 Biggest '90s Club Classics" in March 2017  BuzzFeed ranked the song number one in "The 101 Greatest Dance Songs of the '90s" in 2017, writing, "When it comes to ‘90s dance songs you’d be hard-pressed to find another song that so perfectly incorporates other music genres that made the decade so great — i e , R&B, house, and pop — which is what makes “Finally" the quintessential ‘90s dance song " Slant Magazine ranked it number 37 in their list of "The 100 Best Dance Songs of All Time" in 2020  The Guardian ranked it number 66 in their "The 70 Greatest No 2 Singles – Ranked!" in 2022  Alexis Petridis wrote, "House music as pure pop-soul, "Finally" was a hymn to an idealised boyfriend sung by a former Miss Black Arizona " Same year, Pitchfork ranked it number 87 in their countdown of "The 250 Best Songs of the 1990s" in 2022 

Accolades
Music awards and nominations
Track listings and formats
Credits and personnel
Management

Executive producers – Manny Lehman, Mark Mazzetti
Recording studio – Aztec Studios, Phoenix, Arizona
Publishing – Wax Museum Music, Mainlot Music (BMI), Polygram Music

Charts
Certifications
Release history
Reissues
"Finally '97"
In 1997, "Finally" was remixed by Eric Kupper to enhance the overseas issue of Peniston's album Finally, which was re-released in Europe and Japan along with her greatest collection, The Best Of CeCe Peniston  
The new remixed version of the song titled "Classic Funk Mix" (a k a  "Finally '97") successfully re-entered the British charts, peaking on September 13 at number 26 on the UK Singles Chart, meaning Peniston had three chart entries with one and the same title (in March 92, in September 97) 

Additional credits
Recording studio – Hysteria Recording
Publishing – PolyGram Music
Producer, engineering, programming, keyboards, guitar and bass – Eric Kupper
Remixing – Kupper, George Mitchell and Steven Doherty (as Sharp)
Design – Alex

Track listings and formats
Charts
Finally 2008
In the summer of 2008, the song was remixed by Kam Denny, an Australian DJ and producer, and Paul Zala, an electrohouse DJ based in Melbourne  Subtitled as "Kam Denny & Paul Zala Remix", or rather "Vandalism Remix", the promotional single was released in Australia on Bimbo Rock, a local indie dance/electro label formed by TV Rock  The new adaptation gained underground house music popularity and entered the local Club Tracks Chart, topping for four weeks at number one 

Additional credits
Producers and remixing – Kam Denny and Paul Zala

Charts
Finally 2011
On the twentieth anniversary of "Finally," Peniston made a number of additional remixes of the song for Paul Oakenfold, featuring Joyriders, and supported also by music video  Originally, the song was to be attached to her cancelled studio album CeCe 

Additional credits
Executive producer – Paul Oakenfold
Vocals – Peniston (re-recorded)
Performer – Joyriders
Producers and remixing – Roman Hunter, Digitalchord, Zen Freeman, Remy Le Duc, Mikael Nordgren (as Tiger Stripes), Chuckii Booker (as DJ Cii)
Vocal production – Kevin Lewis

Track listings and formats
Release #1

"Finally" (Roman Hunter Airplay Mix) – 2:58Release #2

"Finally" (Roman Hunter Remix) – 7:03
"Finally" (Digitalchord Remix) – 7:00
"Finally" (Zen Freeman & Remy Le Duc Remix) – 6:03
"Finally" (Tiger Stripes Remix) – 7:22
"Finally" (DJ Cii Remix) – 2:31Deep House Selection, Volume 6 (The Finest Deep House Tunes)

"Finally" (Tiger Stripes Radio Edit) – 3:15

In popular culture
The song features in the 1998 film Bimboland produced by Ariel Zeitoun  The 7-inch Choice Mix was used in the 1994 film The Adventures of Priscilla, Queen of the Desert and featured on its soundtrack album  The song is also featured in the stage musical based on the film For her ninth tour Showgirl: The Homecoming Tour that resumed on November 11, 2006, at Sydney Entertainment Centre (ended on January 23, 2007), Kylie Minogue used elements of Peniston's song when performing her 2000 comeback single "Spinning Around", co-written by Paula Abdul In November 2009, pop musician Lady Gaga used excerpts of "Finally" (Vandalism Remix) for the opening of The Monster Ball Tour in her song "Dance in the Dark" In July 2014, British singer Matt Fishel included a cover version of the song on his virtual EP Cover Boy  The accompanying video won the category for Best Lyric Video at the 2014 LGBT-based RightOutTV Music & Video Award In 2015, the song was also used in an advertisement for Ariel detergent in the Philippines, along with modified lyrics to promote the product  The commercial has since spawned numerous parodies poking fun at the campy nature of the commercial and the song used, with numerous people and fictional characters lip-syncing to the tune The song was used as a lip-sync song during the ninth season of RuPaul's Drag Race  On the seventh episode contestants Nina Bo'nina Brown and Aja had to lip-sync to avoid elimination; Aja was eliminated The song was also briefly featured in Season 2 Episode 9 of Dear White People In 2021, a remixed version used for a commercial for the dating app Bumble  American supermarket chain Kroger, along with its subsidiary supermarket names, uses the song for its animated commercials, promoting grocery delivery at home 

See also
The Best Dance Album in the World    Ever!
List of number-one dance singles of 1991 (U S )
List of top 10 singles in 1992 (UK)
List of Dance Dance Revolution songs
List of songs that made the biggest jump in the top 50 on the ARIA Singles Chart
Passage 2:
Y R N  (Young Rich Niggas)
Y R N  (Young Rich Niggas) is the third mixtape by American hip hop group Migos  It was released on June 13, 2013  The album features notable guest appearances from rappers Gucci Mane, Trinidad James, Riff Raff and Soulja Boy  This mixtape is notable for the single "Versace", the single reached number 99 on the US Billboard Hot 100 chart, number 31 on the US Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs chart, number 23 on the US Hot Rap Songs chart and number 11 on the US Top Heatseekers chart  "Versace" was placed in multiple year-end lists of 2013  Diplo included it in his 2013 round-up set on BBC Radio 1  XXL named it one of the top five hip hop songs of 2013  The official music video, directed by Gabriel Hart, was released on September 30, 2013  It shows Migos and Zaytoven at a luxurious mansion, wearing Versace clothes and accessories  The video also features a snippet of Migos second single off the mixtape "Hannah Montana"  As of April 2021, it has gained over 36 million views on YouTube  Y R N  later reached number 74 on the US Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums chart, their first mixtape to do so on the Billboard charts  The mixtape was premiered on LiveMixtapes com, on 06/13/2013 and has over 7 million views and 500,000 downloads   Offset only appears on some of the tracks, he was incarcerated in 2013 when Y R N  (Young Rich Niggas) came out 

Critical reception
Y R N  received favorable reviews from critics and was ranked as the third best mixtape of 2013 by Rolling Stone 

Track listing
Charts
Passage 3:
Tyga discography
The discography of American rapper Tyga consists of seven studio albums, three compilation albums, twenty mixtapes, sixty-seven singles (including thirty-four as a featured artist) and forty-six music videos  In 2008, Tyga released his first studio album, No Introduction, on the record label Decaydance Records  The album included the single "Coconut Juice" (featuring Travie McCoy), the song peaked at number 94 on the US Billboard Hot 100, becoming Tyga's first song to appear on the chart  In 2010, Tyga and Virginia singer Chris Brown released the collaborative mixtape Fan of a Fan (2010), which included their hit single "Deuces": the song peaked at number 14 on the Billboard Hot 100 and became Tyga's first song to chart on the US Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs chart, peaking at number one The release of Tyga's second studio album (and his first to be released on the record label Young Money Entertainment), Careless World: Rise of the Last King (2012), was preceded by the release of the singles "Far Away", "Still Got It", "Rack City" and "Faded", with all four appearing on the Billboard Hot 100  "Rack City" was the most commercially successful single from the album, become Tyga's first single to reach the top 10 of the Billboard Hot 100, and also charting in Australia, Canada and the United Kingdom  Following several delays to its release date, Careless World: Rise of the Last King debuted at number 4 on the US Billboard 200 and at number one on both the US Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums and Top Rap Albums charts  His third studio album, Hotel California, was released on April 9, 2013 As of February 2017, Tyga has sold 600,000 albums and 12 2 million digital singles as a solo artist  His 2018 song "Taste" later became the best selling single of his career 

Albums
Studio albums
Collaboration albums
Compilation albums
Mixtapes
Singles
As lead artist
As featured artist
Promotional singles
Other charted and certified songs
Guest appearances
Music videos
Notes
Passage 4:
Wobble (song)
"Wobble" is the second single by rapper V I C  from his debut album Beast  The single was produced by Mr  Collipark  Before recording this song, he made a track called "Wobble (Skit)" to introduce the song "Wobble"  Both tracks are on the album  Atlanta's V-103 former radio personality Frank Ski is featured on the song on the intro and bridge, but isn't credited as a featured artist  The song grew in popularity after inspiring a dance  "Wobble" finally made its debut on the US Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs chart at number 89 on June 2, 2011, almost three years after its release, and has since peaked at number 77  It went on to debut at number 94 on the US Billboard Hot 100 on January 7, 2012  In 2020, the song made a resurgence after trending on the video sharing platform TikTok 

Track listing
Promo CD single
"Wobble (Skit)" (Main)
"Wobble" (Song)
"Wobble" (Instrumental)
"Wobble" (Acapella)

Charts
Certifications
Passage 5:
Finally (CeCe Peniston album)
Finally is the debut album by American singer CeCe Peniston, released on January 30, 1992, by A&M Records  Prior to the release of this album, Peniston released her debut single "Finally", which topped the US Billboard Hot Dance Music Club Play chart on October 26, 1991, peaking eventually at number five on the Billboard Hot 100 and at number two in the UK Singles Chart  The album yielded two additional singles which achieved dance number one status in the US; "We Got a Love Thang", co-written by Chantay Savage, and "Keep On Walkin'", written in collaboration with Kym Sims  Both songs entered the UK Singles Chart top 10 and the Billboard Hot 100 top 20 in the US  Despite the success of the singles, the album itself climbed only to number seventy on the US Billboard 200  However, during its thirty-six weeks long presence in the chart it sold over 554,000 copies in the US  The album peaked at number ten on the UK Albums Chart  The total worldwide sales of the album surpassed 3,000,000 units  Two further tracks were released from the album which were more in the R&B field; "Inside That I Cried" charted at number ten in the US R&B chart and at number forty-two in the UK, while "Crazy Love" peaked at number thirty-one in the US and at number forty-four in the UK  The album was part of the resurgence of dance music in the United States during the mid-1990s 

Critical reception
Finally received generally mixed to positive reviews from music critics  Craig Lytle from AllMusic lauded the album in his review as "outstanding", and it being a "solidly produced collection"  Giving the set four out of five stars, he wrote that the album warranted an additional single release  Amy Linden from Entertainment Weekly stated that Peniston has "a good enough voice" (which she stressed as a novelty among dance-music dollies), but apart from its title single, plus the funky ode "Virtue", she ranked the rest of album a B− for being "mainly standard issue and pretty dull"  Elena Oumano from Los Angeles Times wrote, "Like Patti LaBelle, CeCe Peniston scales a broad range of vocal peaks with electrifying ease, but where LaBelle stoops to played-out histrionics, Peniston’s operatic soul vibrates with freewheeling, youthful gusto on this debut album  While this exuberance works best when matched to a hammering house mix, Peniston’s heroic gymnastics ring genuine even in ballads  She just seems to feel more than ordinary folk  But that astonishing voice demands exceptional material; “Lifeline” and other pedestrian vehicles seem all the weaker for Peniston’s formidable gift "

Accoladees
Finally was nominated for Best R&B/Soul Album – Female at the 1993 Soul Train Music Awards, but lost to What's the 411? by Mary J  Blige 

Chart performance
Initially, Finally entered the albums charts overseas  On February 2, 1992, the album debuted in the UK Albums Chart at number ten, its peak, spending nineteen weeks in total on the chart  On February 15, the album appeared for the first time in the Canadian Albums Chart at number sixty, as well as on the US Billboard 200 at number ninety-nine  In both countries, the album reached its peak position in its fourth week on the chart; number twenty in Canada, where it spent twenty-two weeks in the chart, and number seventy in the US, where it spent thirty-six weeks on the chart, of which eighteen were within the Top 100  In the Dutch MegaCharts, the album began its twelve-week run on February 22 at number ninety, reaching number thirty-one  In Billboard's component chart, the album debuted on the R&B/Hip-Hop chart on March 7 at number eighty-eight, and climbed to number thirteen on August 8, spending fifty-two weeks in the chart  In addition, the album charted for two weeks in Austria, peaking there at number thirty-eight, its debut, on March 8 

Track listing
Notes

^[a]  signifies an additional producer

Personnel
Technical

Producers: Daniel Abraham, Felipe Delgado, R K  Jackson, Steve Lindsey, Brian Malouf, David Morales, DeVante Swing
Engineers: Craig Marcus, Tony Maserati, Rob Paustian, John Poppo, Larry Stur
Assistant engineers: Lolly Grodner
Mixing: Daniel Abraham, Terry Burrus, David Morales, DeVante Swing, Elliot Peters
Re-mixing: Brian MaloufPerformers and musicians

Arrangers: Steve Lindsey, DeVante Swing
Vocal arrangements: Danny Madden
Drums: Ed Greene
Percussion: Lenny Castro, Bashiri Johnson, David Morales, Steve Lindsey
Drum programming: Felipe Delgado, R K  Jackson, Peter "Ski" Schwartz
Keyboards, synthesizers: John Barnes, Robbie Buchanan, Terry Burrus, Claude Gaudette, Khris Kellow, Eric Kupper, Steve Lindsey, Peter "Ski" Schwartz
Guitars: Charles Fearing, Grant Geissman, Dean Parks
Saxophone: Brandon Fields

Charts
Promo EP
Along with the release of Peniston's single "Keep On Walkin'", a four-track promo EP titled The Heart and Soul of CeCe Peniston (Four Selections from Finally) was issued in the United States in support of Finally 
Apart from her third US Dance number-one hit "Keep On Walkin'", the EP also featured "Crazy Love", which was also promoted with a single, as well as two other songs from Finally—"I See Love", and "You Win, I Win, We Lose" (with background vocals by Malaika) 
The artwork of the EP included altered pictures on its front and back cover 

Track listing
Personnel
CeCe Peniston – lead vocals
Steve Hurley – production
Daniel Abraham – production
DeVanté Swing – production, arrangement
Darryl Pearson – co-production, arrangement
Felipe Delgado – production
Rodney K  Jackson – production
Rusty D'Agnolo – additional production, engineering
Brian Malouf – additional production, remixing
Larry Sturm – engineering
Tony Maserati – engineering
Lolly Grodner – engineering assistanceRecording details

Songs recorded and mixed at Tangle Wood Studios, Chicago; Right Track Studios, NYC; Chung King Studios, NYC
Songs published by Last Song Inc, George You've Got It Music/O'Hara Music/Music Corp (BMI)/IDG (ASCAP), Big Arm Music (ASCAP), and Urban Tracks Music/Mainlot Music (Broadcast Music Incorporated)
Administration by Third Coast Music (ASCAP)
Passage 6:
Light Poles and Pine Trees
Light Poles and Pine Trees is the third album from the southern hip hop duo Field Mob, and their first, and only, under the Disturbing tha Peace imprint  It was released in stores on June 20, 2006  Originally, the premiere single from the album was to be the track Friday Night but did not make the final album cut, although it was still released in early 2006 as a radio promo and appeared on international editions as an extra bonus track  Instead the first official single from the album was the Jazze Pha produced song "So What" featuring R&B singer Ciara  This has become the duo's most successful hit to date, climbing to #10 on the US Billboard Hot 100, and #3 and #4 on the US Hot Rap Tracks and US Hot R&B/Hip Hop Songs charts, respectively The album itself achieved #1 on the US Billboard Top Rap Albums and #7 on the US Billboard 200  It has sold over 200,000 copies The track "Georgia" is a reprise, originally appearing on the compilation Disturbing tha Peace 
The track "Baby Bend Over" is believed to be the original source of the infamous Chop snare, a widely used electronic snare drum sample 

Track listing
"1, 2, 3" – 4:18
"My Wheels" – 4:11
"So What" (featuring Ciara) – 3:36
"Baby Bend Over" (featuring Polow da Don) – 3:48
"Smilin'" (featuring Ludacris) – 4:18
"Area Code 229" – 4:35
"Blacker the Berry (Skit)" - 1:09
"Blacker the Berry" – 4:25
"I Hate You" – 3:43
"At the Park" – 3:40
"Eat 'Em Up, Beat 'Em Up" – 4:59
"Pistol Grip" – 4:14
"Sorry Baby" (featuring Bobby V) – 3:26
"It's Over" – 3:32
"Georgia" (featuring Jamie Foxx & Ludacris) – 4:23
"Friday Night" (International Editions Only) - 3:45

Charts
Passage 7:
Sam Hunt discography
American singer Sam Hunt has released two studio albums, one mixtape, three extended plays, ten singles, and ten music videos  Hunt signed a record deal with MCA Nashville and launched his musical career with the release of the single "Raised on It" in 2013; it received moderate chart success, peaking at number 49 on Hot Country Songs  Then came the launch of his debut studio album Montevallo in October 2014  It topped the Top Country Albums chart and peaked at number three on the Billboard 200  It was certified 2× Platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA) and reached a million sales in the country by February 2016  The album also peaked at number two on the Canadian Albums Chart and received a Gold certification from Music Canada  Montevallo spawned five singles, including the international hit "Take Your Time", which peaked at number 20 on the Billboard Hot 100 and topped Hot Country Songs; it was later certified 4× Platinum by the RIAA 

Albums
Studio albums
Mixtapes
Extended plays
Singles
As lead artist
As featured artist
Promotional singles
Other charted songs
Music videos
Writing credits
Notes
Passage 8:
Finger Eleven
Finger Eleven is a Canadian rock band from Burlington, Ontario, formed in 1990  They have released seven studio albums (six as Finger Eleven and one as Rainbow Butt Monkeys), with their album The Greyest of Blue Skies bringing them into the mainstream  Their 2003 self-titled album achieved Gold status in the United States and Platinum in Canada, largely from the success of the single "One Thing", which marked the band's first placing on the US Hot 100 Chart at number 16  Their 2007 album, Them vs  You vs  Me launched the single "Paralyzer", which went on to top the Canadian Hot 100 and both US rock charts, as well as reaching No  6 on the US Hot 100 and No  12 on the Australian Singles Chart  They won the Juno Award for Rock Album of the Year in 2008  The same album was later certified gold in the US and multi-platinum in Canada  They released their sixth studio album, Life Turns Electric, on October 5, 2010; it was nominated as Best Rock Album of the Year at the Juno Awards of 2011  Five Crooked Lines, their 7th studio album, was released in 2015  Between 1995 and 2016, Finger Eleven was among the top 75 best-selling Canadian artists in Canada and among the top 25 best-selling Canadian bands in Canada 

History
Letters from Chutney (1990–1996)
Finger Eleven first formed at Lester B  Pearson High School in Burlington, Ontario as Stone Soul Picnic, then changed their name to Rainbow Butt Monkeys  One of their first shows was at a school Christmas concert in 1990, and they won the 97 7 CHTZ (Hits) HTZ FM's Rock Search competition  At the time, the band's lineup consisted of Scott Anderson (vocals), James Black (guitar, vocals), Rick Jackett (guitar), Sean Anderson (bass), and Rob Gommerman (drums) 
They were signed by Mercury Records and, after releasing four EPs, they issued the album Letters from Chutney (1995), which received generally favourable reviews  In 1996, they were taken on by the management company Coalition Entertainment 

Tip (1997–1999)
In 1997, the band changed its name to Finger Eleven, which came from a demo of their song "Thin Spirits"  Their first album under the new name was Tip, produced by Arnold Lanni (Our Lady Peace)  Mercury dropped the band after the album's release; they were then signed to Wind-up Records, which re-released the record in 1998  During this period, the band toured heavily, as part of Edgefest, the Vans Warped Tour and, several times, opening for Creed and Fuel  In 1999, the track "Quicksand" was used in the TV series Roswell (uncredited) Following the release of Tip, drummer Rob Gommerman left the band  He was replaced by Rich Beddoe, whom James Black had met at an Alice in Chains concert in Toronto several years earlier 

The Greyest of Blue Skies (2000–2002)
In 2000, Finger Eleven released The Greyest of Blue Skies, again produced by Arnold Lanni  The album was commercially successful in Canada and was certified Gold  This was another period of heavy touring, with the band playing X-Fest, Edgefest, K-Rockathon, and the four-city Canadian festival Summersault 2000  Finger Eleven also began appearing on its own, and headlining concerts with other bands A song from this album, "Suffocate", was used in the 2000 film Scream 3  In 2001, the song "Drag You Down" was used in the animated sitcom Daria  In 2002, Finger Eleven covered and remixed the entrance theme for wrestler Kane, a song they called "Slow Chemical", which was recorded and mixed at Metalworks Studios in Mississauga, Ontario  Kane used the song from 2002 to 2008  It was also used in WrestleMania 20 (2004), WrestleMania 22 (2006), WWE Backlash (2006), WrestleMania 23 (2007), and in the video game WWE SmackDown vs  Raw 2008, as well as on the soundtrack for 2004's film The Punisher 

Finger Eleven (2003–2006)
The band's 2003 self-titled album, Finger Eleven, was produced by Johnny K  This album, characterized by screamed vocals over repetitive rock guitar rhythms, included the hit single "One Thing", which earned them their first US Gold and Canadian Platinum albums  "One Thing" reached No 16 on Billboard's U S charts, and appeared in the TV shows Scrubs, Smallville, and Third Watch (uncredited)  It was also used on World Wrestling Entertainment's 2007 edition of Raw, during a tribute video for Chris Benoit, who had killed himself and his family on June 25  In 2004, Finger Eleven won the MuchMusic Video Award for Best Video for "One Thing" and performed the song on Live with Regis and Kelly and The Tonight Show with Jay Leno In 2003, the Finger Eleven song "Good Times" was used in the soundtrack for the snowboard racing game SSX 3  "Good Times" and "Conversations" were used in the Nintendo video game 1080° Avalanche  In 2004, the song "Stay in Shadow" was used in the video game Burnout 3: Takedown  In 2005, "Thousand Mile Wish" was used in the soundtrack of the superhero film Elektra The band followed this success with a tour of North America, Europe, and Australia, from 2003 to 2005  They played numerous festivals and opened for Evanescence, Nickelback, and The Tragically Hip 

Them vs  You vs  Me (2007–2009)
Finger Eleven's fifth studio album, Them vs  You vs  Me, was released on March 6, 2007, with Johnny K returning as producer  The style on this album was more mellow than previous work  The lead single, "Paralyzer", became the band's biggest hit; it spent fifty weeks on the charts and reached No  6 on the U S  Hot 100 in November 2007, as well as attaining the No  1 spot in Canada and on U S  rock charts  The album also featured the singles "Falling On", "I'll Keep Your Memory Vague", and "Talking to the Walls" 
"Paralyzer" was included in the soundtrack of the 2007 Victoria's Secret Fashion Show, in a 2008 episode of the TV series Gossip Girl and, in 2009, in the soundtrack of the video game Band Hero 
In December 2007, the DVD Us-vs-Then-vs-Now was released, with footage spanning the band's career up to that point Them vs  You vs  Me was certified Gold in the U S  in March 2008, peaking at No  14 on the Hot 100  The album also won Rock Album of the Year at the Juno Awards of 2008  At the ceremony, the band performed live on national television with the Calgary Youth Orchestra During this period, Finger Eleven continued to tour heavily, playing various festivals and numerous concerts with Seether, 3 Doors Down, and Kid Rock  They also performed at the 2007 NHL Awards Show in Toronto and, in 2009, played a show for Canadian and US troops in Kandahar, Afghanistan

Life Turns Electric (2010–2012)
Finger Eleven's sixth album, Life Turns Electric, was released in October 2010  The first single from the record, "Living in a Dream", was released on iTunes in July of that year; it added elements of funk rock and dance rock  A music video for the second single, "Whatever Doesn't Kill Me", was released in January 2011  The video was directed by Alon Isocianu  The remaining singles, "Stone Soul" and "Pieces Fit", were released without music videos  The album received mixed reviews  It peaked at No 88 on the Billboard Charts Finger Eleven toured in support of the record throughout 2011 and 2012, again playing numerous festivals and concerts with Seether, Papa Roach, and Three Days Grace 

Five Crooked Lines (2013–2016)
At the end of 2013, drummer Rich Beddoe left the band; he was replaced by Steve Molella the following year  In the interim, Finger Eleven recorded their next album with session drummer Chris Powell  Also in 2013, Wind-Up Records' catalogue was sold to the Bicycle Music Company which, in 2015, merged with Concord Music Group, so that Finger Eleven's new label became Concord Bicycle Music 
The band toured during the summer of 2015 with Three Days Grace 
(In 2015, former Three Days Grace frontman Adam Gontier would team up with Beddoe, Staind guitarist Mike Mushok, and bassist Corey Lowery to form the supergroup Saint Asonia) Finger Eleven issued their seventh album, Five Crooked Lines, on July 31, 2015, and released the lead single "Wolves and Doors" to Canadian radio  The album received favourable reviews, charted for one week, and reached No 44 on the charts  They set out on their cross-Canada Fall of the Hammer Tour in support of the release  In some markets, the band participated with media partners in an opening-act contest 

Twentieth anniversary of Tip and Rainbow Butt Monkeys reunion (2017–present)
Finger Eleven scheduled three shows in southern Ontario to celebrate the twentieth anniversary of the Canadian release of Tip, on March 23 in Burlington, March 24 in St  Catharines, and March 31 in Toronto  All three of these shows had a similar format: there was an exclusively acoustic set, with Q&A before the show  For the main event, the band played Tip in its entirety; this was followed by an encore of Best of the Rest, a selection of band favourites from their other albums On June 9, 2018, the rockers performed as Rainbow Butt Monkeys for the first time since 1997, playing at Burlington's Sound of Music Festival and showcasing songs from their debut album, Letters from Chutney  They have since played festivals and concerts throughout North America On May 10, 2023, the band released a music video for their song "Together Right", their first new material in over seven years, from their upcoming compilation album 

Band members
Current
Scott Anderson – lead vocals (1990–present)
James Black – lead guitar, backing vocals (1990–present)
Rick Jackett – rhythm guitar (1990–present)
Sean Anderson – bass (1990–present)
Steve Molella – drums (2014–present)Past

Rob Gommerman – drums (1990–1998)
Rich Beddoe – drums (1998–2013)Session musicians

Chris Powell – drums (2014)

Timeline
Discography
Studio albums

Letters from Chutney (1995) (as Rainbow Butt Monkeys)
Tip (1997)
The Greyest of Blue Skies (2000)
Finger Eleven (2003)
Them vs  You vs  Me (2007)
Life Turns Electric (2010)
Five Crooked Lines (2015)

Awards and nominations
See also
Canadian rock
Music of Canada
Passage 9:
Nu Nu
"Nu Nu" is the second single of Chicago house-musc artist Lidell Townsell,which featured duo M T F  The song was released from his 1992 Mercury/PolyGram Records album release Harmony 

Chart performance
"Nu Nu" reached #1 on the US Hot Dance Music/Maxi Singles chart and #2 on the US Hot Dance Music/Club Play chart  It was #26 on the Billboard Hot 100 and #44 on the US Hot Hip-Hop & R&B Singles 

FannyPack version
New York's hip hop/electronica group FannyPack covered the song, renaming it "Nu Nu (Yeah Yeah)," in 2005  The Double J & Haze Extended Mix of this version appeared on the soundtrack of the 2006 film "Stick It" and on the soundtrack of the 2009 film "Fired Up!"This version was used in promos by American television network NBC on its weeknight talk show Late Night with Jimmy Fallon during 2010 

Austin Mahone/Pitbull Mmm Yeah sampled version
The 2014 song “Mmm Yeah,” sung by Austin Mahone and featuring Pitbull, heavily samples the lyrics and verses from “Nu Nu” and most notably samples the chorus 
Passage 10:
Birdman discography
The discography of American rapper Birdman consists of 5 studio albums (4 as a solo artist, and 1 collaborative album with rapper Lil Wayne), 2 mixtapes, 23 music videos, 48 singles, including 23 as a featured artist, and 7 promotional singles  In 2002, Birdman released his debut studio album Birdman (also known under the title Baby aka the #1 Stunna) under the recording name Baby  It peaked at number 24 on the US Billboard 200, spending 23 weeks on the chart  Three singles were released from the album; the first, "Do That   ", reached number 33 on the US Billboard Hot 100, and the second, "What Happened to That Boy", reached number 45 on the same chart  The third single, "Baby You Can Do It", only charted on the US Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Singles Sales chart  In 2003, Birdman collaborated with singer Ginuwine on the single "Hell Yeah" and rapper Bow Wow on the single "Let's Get Down", which reached numbers 17 and 14 respectively on the Hot 100 In 2005, Birdman released his second album Fast Money  It peaked at number 9 on the Billboard 200, and the album's two singles, "Get Your Shine On" and "Neck of the Woods", both charted in the top 75 of the US Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs chart  In 2006, Birdman released Like Father, Like Son, a collaboration album with fellow rapper Lil Wayne  It peaked at number three on the Billboard 200 and topped the Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums and Top Rap Albums charts  Like Father, Like Son produced four singles, including "Stuntin' Like My Daddy", which peaked at number 21 on the Hot 100  Birdman's third studio album 5 * Stunna was released in 2007, and included the singles "Pop Bottles" – which peaked at number 38 on the Hot 100 – "100 Million" and "I Run This" 
Birdman's fourth studio album Priceless was released in 2009  It peaked at number 33 on the Billboard 200, number 5 on the Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums chart and number 3 on the Top Rap Albums chart  Priceless included four singles; "Always Strapped", which peaked at number 54 on the Hot 100, "Written on Her", "Money to Blow", which peaked at number 26 on the Hot 100 and was certified platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA), and "4 My Town (Play Ball)", which peaked at number 92 on the Hot 100  In 2010, Birdman, Lil Wayne and singer Jay Sean appeared on the Kevin Rudolf single "I Made It (Cash Money Heroes)", which reached number 21 on the Hot 100 and charted in Australia, New Zealand and the United Kingdom  Since 2010, Birdman has also released the singles "Loyalty", "Fire Flame", "I Get Money", "Y U  Mad" and "Born Stunna", all of which have reached the top 65 of the Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs chart 

Albums
Studio albums
Collaboration albums
Mixtapes
Collaborative mixtapes
Singles
As lead artist
As featured artist
Promotional singles
Other charted and certified songs
Guest appearances
Music videos
As lead artist
See also
Big Tymers discography
Cash Money Millionaires discography

Notes
Context 2: Passage 1:
John Macklin
John Farrell "Big John" Macklin (October 17, 1883 – October 10, 1949) was an American football player, coach of football, basketball, baseball and track and field, and a college athletics administrator  He served as the head football coach at Michigan Agricultural College, now Michigan State University from 1911 to 1915  With a five-year record of 29–5, he has the highest winning percentage of any football coach in Michigan State history  Macklin coached the Michigan State Spartans football team to its first ever victories over Ohio State, Michigan, Wisconsin, and Penn State  He was also the athletic director at Michigan Agricultural and coached the school's basketball, baseball, and track and field teams  Macklin tallied marks of 48–38 as head basketball coach (1910–1916) and 52–27 as head baseball coach (1911–1915) 

Biography
Early years
Macklin was born in Worcester, Massachusetts and attended Worcester High School  He played high school football for four years and was also the captain of Worcester's crew  After graduating from Worcester High School, Macklin attended Exeter Academy in Exeter, New Hampshire and then St  Paul's School in Concord, New Hampshire, playing football at each school 

Penn
After completing his preparatory education, Macklin enrolled at the University of Pennsylvania  Macklin grew to be a giant of a man for his time  He was 6 feet, 7 inches tall and weighed 275 pounds  When Macklin arrived at Penn, one account indicates there were no uniforms large enough to fit him: "When the big husky appeared on the gridiron the first thing the coaches did was to send for the athletic outfitter, for there was not a suit on the campus that would encompass his frame " Macklin played two years at the tackle position for Penn's football team  The Chicago Daily Tribune later wrote: "For a big man he was remarkably agile and his tackling on the wings and his quickness in getting through to break up plays was the delight of the coaches "

Coaching career
In 1910, Macklin coached football at a boys' school at Pawling, New York  Macklin's success at Pawling brought him to the attention of Michigan Agricultural College (now Michigan State University), which was in need of a new athletic director and coach  He was hired in January 1911 upon the recommendation of the renowned Penn athletic trainer Mike Murphy  Macklin was the head coach at Michigan State 1911 to 1915 and compiled a record of 29–5  His winning percentage of  853 is the highest in the history of the Michigan State Spartans football program  Macklin's 1913 Michigan State team finished with an undefeated, untied record of 7–0 and outscored opponents by a combined score of 180 to 28  Macklin was the first Michigan State coach to lead the Spartans to football victories over Ohio State (35–20 in 1912), Michigan (12–7 in 1913), Wisconsin (12–7 in 1913), and Penn State (6–3 in 1914)  Macklin's 1913 team was also the first racially integrated team in the school's history, as Gideon Smith became the first African-American player for the Spartans Macklin was also the athletic director and coach of the baseball, men's basketball, and track and field teams  He coached the basketball team from 1910 to 1916 and compiled a 48–38 ( 558) record, including a 12–3 record for 1911–12 season  He coached the baseball team from 1911 to 1915, compiling a record of 52–27 ( 658) Macklin retired from coaching in March 1916 to enter the coal mining business in Pennsylvania 

Later years and honors
The Associated Press in 1949 called Macklin "the founding father of the big time at Michigan State College " When he was hired in 1911, the school was putting on games for $200  When he left, the school received guarantees of $10,000 for games  As athletic director, he also led the effort to build new athletic buildings and a modern gymnasium  In 1935, Michigan State renamed its football stadium Macklin Field in his honor  At the time, Macklin was a coal mine operator living in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania  The name was changed to Macklin Stadium in 1948, and in 1957, Macklin's name was dropped and replaced by the current name, Spartan Stadium Macklin died at his home in the suburbs of Philadelphia at age 65 

Head coaching record
Football
Passage 2:
Don Coleman (offensive tackle)
Don Edwin Coleman (May 4, 1928 – January 30, 2017) was an American football player   Coleman played high school football at Flint Central High School and college football at Michigan State University   He was a unanimous All-American in 1951, the first African-American All-American football player at Michigan State   He was also the first Michigan State player to have his jersey number retired by the school   In 1968, he also became the first African-American to serve on the coaching staff at Michigan State   Coleman was elected to the College Football Hall of Fame in 1975 

Early years
Coleman was born in Ponca City, Oklahoma in 1928 and moved with his family to Flint, Michigan before his freshman year in high school   His father shined shoes at Flint's Durant Hotel, worked as a hotel porter, and worked in the automobile factories Coleman did not play football until his senior year  at Flint Central High School   Two of Coleman's older brothers had died in their youth, one from drowning and the other from pneumonia   Coleman's mother did not want her youngest son to be injured playing football   Accordingly, Coleman played No 1 trumpet in the high school band and competed in swimming for three years   When Flint Central had a swim meet with Royal Oak High School, the Royal Oak coach "made it known Coleman would not be allowed to swim because a black swimmer had never been in their pool "  Flint Central swim coach, Bob Richardson, stood behind Coleman and told the Royal Oak coach that, "if Don Coleman couldn't swim, then the rest of the Flint Central team would not swim "   Coleman became the first black swimmer to enter Royal Oak's pool As a senior in 1947, Coleman's mother finally agreed to allow her son to play football   In his first year of football, he was selected as an all-state guard and led Flint Central to the state championship 

Michigan State football player
After graduating from Flint Central, Coleman enrolled at Michigan State University, then known as Michigan State College   He played principally at the tackle position for Biggie Munn's Michigan State Spartans from 1949 to 1951   At 178 pounds, he was the lightest player on the 1949 Michigan State football team   Coleman made up for what he lacked in size with quickness and intensity   Long-time Michigan State sports information director Fred Stabley in 1972 named Coleman as one of the two best players he saw at Michigan State and recalled that, despite his size, Coleman was "so quick and played with such intensity   He loved to play against big men   The 250 pounders were his meat "  In 1952, the Chicago Daily Tribune wrote that Coleman "probably is packed with more football per pound than any man in the United States "
Coleman was also Michigan States's first unanimous All-American football player and its first African-American All-American   Michigan State under Biggie Munn and Duffy Daugherty earned a reputation as one of the leaders in racial integration of football, and Coleman was the first of many great African-American stars to play for the Spartans   In 1953, a feature story on racial integration of football cited the example of Coleman:"In 1951, for instance, as for two years previously, their watch-charm  tackle, Don Coleman, was one of the world's best football players   Weighing only 180 pounds, Coleman employed quickness, agility, brains and courage to win unanimous selection as an All-American in 1951   At Michigan State, he is perpetually nominated as one of the greatest football players of all time "
Interviewed in 1996 about Michigan State's role in integrating the sport, Coleman noted, "We changed the rules, changed the game and changed some attitudes   What we did at Michigan State helped everyone take a step closer to better understanding those who before that had no prior contact with one another "As a junior in 1950, Coleman played at every position on the left side of the line for Michigan State and was selected as the Midwest lineman of the week following a season-opening win over the Michigan Wolverines   Michigan coach Bennie Oosterbaan said that Coleman's only rival among Big Ten lineman was Bronko Nagurski   Oosterbaan added, "Pound for pound, the Big Ten has never seen a better tackler than Don Coleman, who was smart, quick as a cat, and a deadly, fearless tackler "
As a senior year in 1951, Coleman was selected as the Most Valuable Player on the undefeated 1951 Michigan State Spartans football team and received the Governor of Michigan Award   In presenting Coleman with the award, Michigan Governor Mennen Williams said, "A couple of those tackles I saw you make in the Notre Dame game were enough to convince me "  Coleman was credited with being the key to the Michigan State offense in 1951   Line coach Duffy Daugherty pointed to a Coleman blocks in the Marquette game as "one of the greatest plays by an offensive lineman that I've ever seen "  According to Daugherty, Coleman was knocked to the ground, but got up, caught and passed the Michigan State ball carrier (Leroy Bolden) and "still made the key block that let him go for 33 yards "  Daugherty later credited Coleman with "changing the concept of offensive football at Michigan State" and added, "He gave me a lesson which made football a winning proposition at the school for ten of the next twelve years "  Daugherty went even further in 1954 with the following words of praise for Coleman:"If you want to pick a player on the basis of how close to perfection he is in whatever position he plays, I'll say Coleman was the greatest "
Coleman was also a talented special teams player   Against Michigan in 1951, he tackled the Michigan kick returner on the nine yard line on the opening kickoff   Against Ohio State that same year, he tackled the return man at the seven yard line on the opening kickoff At the end of the 1951 season, Coleman was selected as a first-team All-American on 13 All-American teams, including teams selected by the Associated Press and United Press   In choosing him for its All-American team, the Associated Press referred to Coleman as "the catlike tackle "Coleman was also the runner-up to Oklahoma's Jim Weatherall for the Outland Trophy  At the Outland Trophy award ceremony, Coleman met Kentucky football coach Paul "Bear" Bryant   Bryant, whose Kentucky Wildcats team was segregated at the time, told Coleman, "You can play on my team anytime "Coleman was also selected to play in three post-season honor games, including the East-West Shrine Game, the Hula Bowl and the College All-Star Game   In an interview with the Chicago Daily Tribune prior to the College All-Star Game in August 1952, Coleman emphasized his pride in being an All-American both athletically and scholastically   He noted, "I think it's wonderful that football gave me a college education "In February 1953, an investigation by the Big Ten Conference revealed that a Michigan State booster organization known as the "Spartan Foundation" had either given or loaned a total of $3,183 to ten players on the 1951 football team, including Coleman   As a result of the finding, the Conference placed Michigan State on probation for one year In 1956, the Associated Press reported that the No  7 position on the short side of the Michigan State line was still being called "The Coleman Tackle "  Starting with Coleman, Michigan State played only one lineman on the short side between the center and end positions   With Coleman on the short side, "with his speed and ability to knock down a couple of men on any given play," Michigan State placed an emphasis on plays developing from the short side   One of the Michigan State coaches said, "Coleman taught us things about playing tackle we never thought could be done "

Professional football and military service
Coleman was drafted by the Chicago Cardinals in the eighth round (88th overall pick) of the 1952 NFL Draft   Coleman initially "turned down all offers" from the Cardinals, saying that he felt he was too small at 185 pounds to make much of a showing in professional football   In August 1952, Coleman noted that any thought he may have had of playing for the Cardinals vanished when he was drafted into the U S  Army   He was required to report to Fort Lee, Virginia, after appearing in the College All-Star Game in August 1952   Coleman served for two years in the U S  Army, including one year in Korea After being discharged from the Army, Coleman signed with the Cardinals and reported to training camp in August 1954   He appeared in the Cardinals' starting lineup for an exhibition game against the Green Bay Packers at Minneapolis   On September 1, 1954, the Cardinals traded Coleman to the Green Bay Packers for defensive halfback Marvin Johnson   Coleman chose not to play for the Packers and instead returned to Flint, Michigan as a school teacher   Interviewed in 2007, Coleman expressed no regrets at passing on the opportunity: "I haven't regretted anything I've done, including saying no to the Green Bay Packers   Giving up football gave me a chance to get started working with communities  I hope I've been a Jackie Robinson on a smaller scale  I always wanted to set an example and do the right thing  And nothing feels better than when someone says, 'I always wanted to be a Don Coleman '"

Teacher
Following his retirement from football, Coleman became a teacher at Flint Central High School   He was the first African-American teacher at Flint Central, and eventually became the position of dean of students at the school 

Michigan State coach and administrator
In April 1968, Coleman left his position as a school principal in Flint to join Duffy Daugherty's coaching staff as an assistant coach   He was the first African-American on Michigan State's coaching staff   That same month, a group of African-American athletes at Michigan State had announced plans to boycott all sports at the university in protest against the lack of African-Americans in coaching, counseling and administration positions   According to a report in the Washington Afro-American, Michigan State was forced to leave its "lily-white hiring" by the "quiet but firm demands of a militant, forward looking student organization   Coleman resigned his coaching position at Michigan State in January 1969 and accepted a new position in the school's residence hall program   At the time of his resignation, Coleman said, "Frankly, I found football coaching was not for me     During the years I had been out of football, the game had changed so drastically that I feel lost "  After his resignation from the coaching staff, Coleman held ten different assignments at Michigan State, including assistant dean of the graduate school, counselor and director of minority comprehensive support programs at the Michigan State College of Osteopathic Medicine, and professor emeritus 

Health and family
In November 1992, Coleman underwent quadruple bypass surgery  While recovering from the surgery, Coleman suffered a heart attack on Christmas Day 1992   After the heart attack, Coleman worked to maintain his cardiovascular health   Eighteen years after suffering the heart attack, Coleman, at age 81, told an interviewer, "Since then, my cardiovascular experience has gone well "Coleman had been married to his wife, Geraldine, for more than 50 years   They had a daughter, Stephanie  Coleman died on January 30, 2017, at age 88 

Honors and awards
Coleman was the first Michigan State football player to have his number retired   On December 14, 1951, Biggie Munn announced that Coleman's No  78 would never again be used on a Spartan uniform   An executive from General Motors presented Coleman with a check for $500 on behalf of the people of Flint, Michigan Coleman has also received numerous other honors and awards, including the following:

Coleman was one of the charter members of the Flint Hall of Fame 
In January 1970, Coleman was named to the All-Time Michigan State football team based on ballots collected by the Michigan State Alumni Magazine and Michigan State News   He was also named as the best all-time interior lineman in Michigan State history 
In January 1971, Coleman was named to the all-time Hula Bowl team and was named as the outstanding college lineman in the 25-year history of the Hula Bowl 
In February 1975, Coleman was inducted into the College Football Hall of Fame   At the time of his induction, Coleman was working as a counselor and director of minority comprehensive support programs in the MSU College of Osteopathic Medicine   On learning of the honor, Coleman said, "This is the greatest honor I've ever received "
In 1992, Coleman was a charter inductee into the Michigan State Hall of Fame 
In December 1996, Coleman was selected by the Michigan Hall of Fame as the recipient of its second annual Legends Award 
Passage 3:
2006 Michigan State Spartans football team
The 2006 Michigan State Spartans football team represented Michigan State University in the 2006 NCAA Division I FBS football season  Michigan State competed as a member of the Big Ten Conference, and played their home games at Spartan Stadium in East Lansing, Michigan  The Spartans were led by fourth-year head coach John L  Smith  Smith had compiled a combined 18–18 record in his previous seasons at Michigan State, and he was fired after the 2006 season in which the team finished 4–8  The Spartans did, however, set the record for the greatest comeback from a deficit in college football history 

Season recap
Michigan State teams during Smith's tenure were "known for their late season collapses"  The Spartans started the 2006 season with a 3–0 record with victories over Idaho, Eastern Michigan, and Pittsburgh  The following week, Michigan State led Notre Dame, 37–21, in the third quarter, but surrendered 19 points to lose the game  The Spartans then lost all but one game on the remainder of their schedule On October 21, Michigan State traveled to Evanston, Illinois to face Northwestern  By the third quarter, Northwestern had extended its lead to a commanding 38–3  Michigan State gained momentum in the fourth quarter when Devin Thomas blocked a Northwestern punt, which was then returned for a touchdown by Ashton Henderson  Northwestern was forced to punt twice more and Michigan State capitalized on each possession with a touchdown, which tied the game, 38–38  Placekicker Brett Swenson made good the game-winning field goal with 0:13 remaining to play, and Michigan State won the greatest comeback in college football history After the record-setting victory, it appeared that Smith's job was temporarily secured, but the administration fired him shortly after a loss to Indiana the following week  The Spartans ended the season with four consecutive losses to finish with a 4–8 overall record and 1–7 against Big Ten opponents  In November, Mark Dantonio was hired as the replacement head coach 

Schedule
Game summaries
Northwestern
Coaching staff
John L  Smith – Head Coach
Blaine Bennett – Assistant head coach/wide receivers coach
Dave Baldwin – Offensive coordinator/Tight end coach
Dan Enos – Quarterbacks coach
Ben Sirmans – Running backs coach/special teams coordinator
Jeff Stoutland – Offensive line coach
Chris Smeland – Defensive coordinator/safeties
Derrick Jackson – Defensive line coach
Mike Cox – Linebackers coach/recruiting coordinator
Chuck Driesbach – Defensive backs coach

2007 NFL Draft
The following players were selected in the 2007 NFL Draft 
Passage 4:
Oklahoma Sooners
The Oklahoma Sooners are the athletic teams that represent the University of Oklahoma, located in Norman  The 19 men's and women's varsity teams are called the "Sooners", a reference to a nickname given to the early participants in the Land Run of 1889, which initially opened the Unassigned Lands in the future state of Oklahoma to non-native settlement  The university's athletic teams compete in the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA)'s Division I in the Big 12 Conference  The university's current athletic director is Joe Castiglione 
The Sooners have won 43 team national championships   In 2002, the University of Oklahoma was ranked as the third best college sports program in America by Sports Illustrated 

Sports sponsored
The University of Oklahoma was a charter member of the Southwest Athletic Conference (SWC) during its formation in 1914  Five years later, in 1919, OU left the SWC and joined the Missouri Valley Intercollegiate Athletic Association  In 1928, this conference split, and OU remained aligned with the teams that formed the Big Six Conference  Over the next 31 years, more schools were added and the conference underwent several name changes, incrementing the number each time up to the Big Eight Conference where it remained until 1996  Four Texas schools joined with the members of Big Eight to form the current Big 12 Conference 
When combined with Blake Griffin's John Wooden Award and Sam Bradford's Heisman Trophy, Oklahoma became the second school to have a top winner in both basketball and football in the same year (in 1968, Gary Beban won the Heisman Trophy and Kareem Abdul-Jabbar won the USBWA "Player of the Year" award for UCLA) 

Football
The Sooners have been participating in college football since 1895  Calling Gaylord Family Oklahoma Memorial Stadium at Owen Field home, the team has won numerous bowl games, 50 conference championships (including every Big Seven championship awarded), and seven Associated Press National Championships, making the Sooners football program the most decorated in the Big 12  Oklahoma has scored the most points in Division I-A football history despite the fact they have played over 60 fewer games than the second place school on that list  OU also has the highest winning percentage of any team since the start of the AP poll in 1936 The Sooners possess 7 national championships in football, with 1950, 1955, 1956, 1974, 1975, 1985, and 2000 seasons featuring the top team in the Associated Press final poll, and the 2000 Bowl Championship Series National Championship as well  This number is 3rd only to the Alabama Crimson Tide (12) and the Notre Dame Fighting Irish (8) for the most AP titles of any Division I college football team after the end of World War II (which is commonly used as the division between eras in college football) In addition to these seven acknowledged national championships there are also ten additional years in which the NCAA's official record book lists other selections (mostly by math rating systems) of the Sooners as national champions, with the first four years in retrospect: 1915, 1949, 1953, 1957, 1967, 1973, 1978, 1980, 1986, 2003  In general, math formula rankings are not recognized as national championships  The University of Oklahoma does not acknowledge these additional "championships", as they were not awarded by the Associated Press, United Press International (UPI), USA Today Coaches Poll, or the Bowl Championship Series (BCS) 

Individual success is also a major part of Oklahoma football; seven Heisman Trophy winners (Billy Vessels, Steve Owens, Billy Sims, Jason White, Sam Bradford Baker Mayfield, and Kyler Murray) are surrounded by many other award winners, including NFL MVP Award winner Adrian Peterson, Joe Washington, Brian Bosworth, Tony Casillas, Greg Pruitt, Josh Heupel, Jerry Tubbs, Rocky Calmus, Granville Liggins, Teddy Lehman, Lee Roy Selmon, Roy Williams, Tommy McDonald, Mark Clayton, Tommie Harris, J  C  Watts, Keith Jackson, and Jammal Brown  More than a dozen Sooner players have been inducted into the College Football Hall of Fame  Oklahoma has more Butkus award winners than any other school 

Coaches Bennie Owen, Bud Wilkinson, Barry Switzer and Bob Stoops have passed through the game-day tunnel for the Sooners, each on his way to the College Football Hall of Fame  Owen was the first highly successful coach at OU and was a major advocate of the forward pass, which at the turn of the century was not popular  The playing surface at Oklahoma's Gaylord Family Oklahoma Memorial Stadium is popularly known as Owen Field in honor of his long tenure and devotion to the university  Wilkinson left many imprints on the game, such as the 5–2 defense with five linemen and two linebackers; the perfection of the Split-T, an early option offense; three national championships; and his teams set the NCAA Division 1 record for consecutive wins at 47 (started October 10, 1953, vs  Texas and ended in 1957 with a loss to Notre Dame 7–0)  Switzer won three national championships (the National Championship of 1975 is highly controversial; Arizona State went 12–0 that season while Oklahoma was 11–1) and forged arguably the fiercest rushing offense ever, the Oklahoma wishbone formation, throughout the 1970s and 1980s  Though the end of Switzer's tenure at Oklahoma was marked by controversy and poor player behavior, he is generally well regarded by both his past players and Sooner fans  During his 16 years as the Sooners' head coach, Switzer led his team to 12 conference championships and never lost more than two games in a row  His winning percentage of  837 stands as the fourth-highest in the history of 1-A football  Other Hall of Fame coaches whose tenure included stints at the University of Oklahoma are Lawrence "Biff" Jones and Jim Tatum 

Baseball
The Oklahoma Baseball tradition is long, proud and storied, with two National Championships in 1951 and 1994, along with numerous All-Americans  Their home field is L  Dale Mitchell Baseball Park, named after famed player Dale Mitchell  The current coach is Skip Johnson  The baseball program was a source of recent controversy when the head coach, Larry Cochell, resigned after making racially insensitive remarks about one of the players on the team 
During the 2005–2006 season, the Sooners were given a home regional at L  Dale Mitchell Park and were named the No  1 seed  They beat the University of Houston, Texas Christian University, and Wichita State University to win the regional and advanced to a Super Regional where they were defeated by Rice University in a best-of-three series  Oregon State University went on to win the College World Series that year 
Prior to 2006, the Sooners hosted regionals at minor league parks in Oklahoma City, first All Sports Stadium and then AT&T Bricktown Ballpark  Scheduling conflicts with the Oklahoma Redhawks, the Class AAA affiliate of the Houston Astros, led OU to bid for future regionals at its on-campus stadium 

Men's basketball
The men's basketball team is highly successful and rose to national prominence since the early 80s with head coach Billy Tubbs and three time All-American power forward Wayman Tisdale  It currently plays in the Lloyd Noble Center, which came to be known as the house Alvan Adams built and Tisdale filled  While the team has never won a national championship, it ranks second in most tournament wins without a championship behind Illinois  The team played in the 1988 national championship game but lost to Kansas, despite having beaten the Jayhawks twice earlier in the season  The program has won a combined twenty regular-season and tournament conference championships 
The Sooners headed into the 2005–06 season ranked No  5 in the AP preseason poll, led by Taj Gray, Kevin Bookout, Terrell Everett, and David Godbold, but had a disappointing early season  After the emergence of Michael Neal as a potential star, the Sooners salvaged a No  3 seed in the Big 12 Conference Tournament but lost in the first round of the NCAA Tournament 
On March 29, 2006, Kelvin Sampson left the University of Oklahoma to become the head basketball coach at Indiana University  13 days later, on April 11, 2006, Oklahoma Athletic Director Joe Castiglione named Jeff Capel III the new head coach  Capel encountered trouble in his first few months as several players who had been recruited by Sampson backed out of their commitments  Also, under Sampson's watch, Oklahoma was placed under a three-year investigation by the NCAA for recruiting violations  At the end of their investigation, the NCAA issued a report citing more than 550 illegal calls made by Sampson and his staff to 17 different recruits  The NCAA barred Sampson from recruiting off campus and making phone calls for one year, ending May 24, 2007  The Sooners looked to continue a streak of 12 consecutive postseason tournament appearances in 2006–2007, but were disappointed when they did not receive a bid for either the NCAA Tournament or the NIT 
In the 2009 NBA draft, the Sooners produced the No  1 overall draft selection Blake Griffin 

Women's basketball
OU women's basketball began during the 1974–75 academic year  It wasn't until 1996 when OU hired local high school basketball coach, Sherri Coale, that the team became something Sooners would be proud of  At one time the team drew an average of 65 people per game, now the Sooners are one of the nation's leaders in attendance  In 2002, Oklahoma advanced to the National Title game before losing to the Connecticut Huskies 

Men's golf
The men's golf team has won 14 conference championships:

Big Eight Conference (12): 1935, 1938, 1941, 1946–48, 1951–52, 1955–57, 1992 (co-champions in 1947 and 1955)
Big 12 Conference (2): 2006, 2018The Sooners won the NCAA Championship in 1989 and 2017  OU has also crowned two individual national champions: Walter Emery in 1933 and Jim Vickers in 1952 
Several Sooners have had successful amateur and professional careers after college: Charles Coe (1949 and 1958 U S  Amateur winner), Glen Day (one PGA Tour win), Todd Hamilton (two PGA Tour wins including 2004 Open Championship), Anthony Kim (three PGA Tour wins), Andrew Magee (four PGA Tour wins), Craig Perks (one PGA Tour win), Greg Turner (four European Tour wins), Grant Waite (one PGA Tour win) and Abraham Ancer (winner of 2018 Emirates Australian Open) 

Men's gymnastics
The men's gymnastics program at OU is headed by coach Mark Williams  It has won twelve NCAA Men's Gymnastics Championships, including five in a span of seven years in 2002, 2003, 2005, 2006 and 2008 (they finished second behind Penn State in 2004 and 2007)  They won the 2006 title with very little experience on the team as 50% of the members were freshmen and just 21% were upperclassmen (seven freshmen, four sophomores, one junior, and two seniors)  Teams from OU also won national championships in 1977, 1978, 1991, and back to back to back championships in 2015, 2016 and 2017  In 2015, the Sooners broke the NCAA scoring record in a duel meet against Michigan scoring 456 4 points and then broke their own record two weeks later against Illinois scoring 457 3 points 
Gymnastics began at the school in 1902  The program folded in 1917 when the original coach left  The program was revived in 1965 with the new coach, Russ Porterfield having to beg students to join the squad  Within 6 years, OU had its first winning season  OU's next coach, Paul Ziert, turned the program into one of national prominence  He led OU to two national championships in 1977 and 1978  One of Ziert's athletes, Greg Buwick, would replace him as head coach in 1980 and would lead the team to its third national title in 1991  Buwick's assistant of 12 years, Mark Williams, took over the head coaching position in 2000 and has led the Sooners to six national championships, thirteen conference titles, several individual champions, and even more All-Americans  OU has produced more Nissen Award winners than any other university and is the only school to have back-to-back Nissen Award winners 

Women's gymnastics
The women's gymnastics program is headed by K  J  Kindler  The Sooners have won 14 Big 12 conference titles, 8 regional championships, and five national championship titles (2014, a co-championship with Florida and in 2016, 2017, 2019 and 2022)  The Sooners have also won seven individual titles in their history, with Kelly Garrison (all-around in 1987; all-around, bars and beam in 1988), Taylor Spears (beam in 2014), Nicole Lehrmann (bars in 2017), and Maggie Nichols (bars in 2017) claiming honors 

Women's rowing
On May 10, 2007, the University announced the addition of women's rowing to the intercollegiate athletics program started by well-respected rower Candie Garrett  The University hired head coach Leeanne Crain in the spring of 2008  Assistant Coaches Kris Muhl and Andrew Derrick followed Crain from the University of Central Florida to jumpstart OU's program  Muhl took a head coaching position at Jacksonville University during summer 2009  Former UVA rower and Alabama Novice coach Marina Traub was hired as the varsity assistant coach in Fall 2009 The University of Oklahoma women's rowing team practices in the Oklahoma City River (formerly the Canadian River), located in the Bricktown area of Oklahoma City  The river was designated as a U S  Olympic Training Center for the sports of kayaking, canoeing, and rowing on July 28, 2009  The University's boathouse was completed in 2011 

Women's soccer
The women's soccer team plays in the Big 12 Conference  Their home ground is John Crain Field in the OU Soccer Complex 
As of 2021 the head coach is Mark Carr, a graduate of Bournemouth University, who was formerly head coach of the United States women's national under-20 soccer team 

Softball
The OU softball program qualified four times for the AIAW WCWS (1975, 1980, 1981, 1982) and 16 times for the Women's College World Series (Division I) (2000, 2001, 2002, 2003, 2004, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014, 2016, 2017, 2018, 2019, 2021,2022,and 2023) In October 1994, OU hired Patty Gasso as the fifth head coach in program history  In 29 years, she has built OU into one of the premier collegiate softball programs in the nation  Within her first five seasons in Norman, Gasso led the Sooners to the final Big Eight championship (1995) and 15  Big 12 titles (1996,1999,2000,2009,2012,2013,2014,2015,2016,2017,2018,2019,2021,2022,and 2023) 
In 2000, Oklahoma won its first Women's College World Series title by defeating perennial power UCLA  It marked the first national championship by a women's athletics program in school history  OU rolled through the 2013 season en route to its second WCWS title  The 2016 Sooners won the program's third national title while starting four sophomores and four freshmen  Despite entering the 2017 postseason tournament as a No  10 national seed, OU won its second consecutive WCWS title and fourth overall  Game One of the WCWS champion series featured a 17-inning thriller in which the Sooners defeated Florida 7-5  The 2021 WCWS saw OU drop its opener to James Madison before rebounding to earn a spot in the championship series against Florida State  The Sooners defeated the Seminoles in three games to win the program's fifth national title 

Men's and women's track and field
The men's and women's outdoor track and field teams host meets at the John Jacobs Track and Field Complex  The men's and women's indoor track and field teams host meets at the Mosier Indoor Track Facility 

Wrestling
The Sooner wrestling program was established in 1920 and is the fourth most decorated in college wrestling, having won seven NCAA national championships in 1936, 1951, 1952, 1957, 1960, 1963 and 1974  The Sooners are considered a power in their own right and Bedlam matches draw big home crowds, with the Howard McCasland Field House being the home for Sooner Wrestling  There are numerous All-Americans and National Champions that have wrestled for the Oklahoma Sooners  Mark Cody was head coach of the program for five years before his resignation in 2016  During his time, Cody coached the Sooners to 10th in 2014  Under Cody, the Sooners had ten All-Americans and two national champions (Kendric Maple and Cody Brewer)  His replacement was Lou Rosselli, a former assistant at Ohio State  Roger Kish took over as head coach in 2023 
Notable Oklahoma Sooner wrestlers include:

Melvin Douglas – 2-time NCAA Champion, World Champion, and 8 time U S  National Champion in freestyle wrestling
Tommy Evans – 2-time NCAA Champion and 2-time NCAA Outstanding Wrestler
Jared Frayer – 2-time NCAA All-American and National Finalist, competed at 2012 Summer Olympics
Dan Hodge – 3-time NCAA Champion, 2-time Outstanding Wrestler, and namesake of Dan Hodge Trophy award which is awarded to America's best college wrestler
Mickey Martin – 3-time NCAA Champion and NCAA Outstanding Wrestler
Dave Schultz – NCAA, World and Olympic Champion
Mark Schultz – 3-time NCAA Champion, NCAA Outstanding Wrestler, 2-time World Champion and Olympic Champion
Wayne Wells – NCAA, World and Olympic ChampionOklahoma Sooner Wrestling team accomplishments: 

23 Conference Titles
263 All-Americans
65 individual NCAA Champions
7 NCAA Championships: 1936, 1951, 1952, 1957, 1960, 1963 and 1974

Notable non-varsity sports
Rugby
Oklahoma plays college rugby in the Allied Rugby Conference of Division 1A  Oklahoma has participated several times in the Collegiate Rugby Championship (CRC), often matching up against rival Texas  The CRC, held every year at PPL Park in Philadelphia, is the highest profile college rugby competition in the US, and is broadcast live on NBC each year 
The Oklahoma University Rugby Football Club was established in 1974  OU Rugby has experienced success since its founding, including an undefeated record in the 1983–1984 season, and reached the national quarter-finals five times from 1980 to 1990  The early 2000s saw Oklahoma return to its winning ways, winning the Big 12 Rugby Tournament four times  The captain of that squad, All American Tyson Meek, played for the US national rugby team, and went on to become OU's first professional rugby player  Oklahoma finished the 2005 season with a 19–1 record 

Rivalries
Nebraska Cornhuskers
A traditional college football rivalry with the Nebraska Cornhuskers was much less intense during the Big 12 years than it was in the Big 8 era  This was mainly due to the split-division nature of the Big 12 that only allowed the teams to play each other twice every four years  Prior to this, these teams were involved in several historic match-ups, including the Game of the Century and the so-called Game of the New Century where the teams have come into the game ranked one and two in the Associated Press poll, making the games of great importance in deciding the national championship  Historically, the rivalry's most distinguishing quality has been the grudging respect and appreciation between the two tradition-rich programs  Also of note is the game's former status as the premier Thanksgiving Day game for the middle of the country  The Sooners and Cornhuskers went head-to-head in the 2006 Big 12 Championship Game, with Oklahoma winning the conference title by the score of 21–7  The two teams also met in the 2010 Big 12 Championship Game, with Oklahoma again the victor in a close game by a score of 23–20  This turned out to be the final conference meeting between the two teams, as Nebraska departed for the Big Ten Conference the following season 

Oklahoma State Cowboys
Oklahoma's shares an intrastate rivalry with the Oklahoma State Cowboys and is often referred to as the "Bedlam Series " It is normally played as a home-and-home series with games alternating between Norman and Stillwater, with the exception of the baseball teams, who often play at Chickasaw Bricktown Ballpark in Oklahoma City or ONEOK Field in Tulsa  Oklahoma currently leads the series 86–18–7 in football, and 124–88 in basketball In baseball the series is tied at 147–147, and in wrestling Oklahoma trails the series 27–128–9 

Texas Longhorns
The Texas Longhorns are one rival of the Sooners  Regardless of the trademark implications, inverted versions of the Longhorn mascot can be seen on automobiles all over the Norman campus, and many T-shirts referring to the rivalry present the word "Texas" in mirror image, upside-down, or possibly surrounded by obscenities  A reminder of the rivalry shared by these two schools was painted on the South Oval of the OU campus for many years, and was recently replicated near the Library clock tower due to construction at its original site 
The annual game between the schools at the Cotton Bowl in Dallas, Texas, known as the Red River Showdown, is a game that draws attention from all around the college football world 

Traditions
The "fight song" of the University of Oklahoma is "Boomer Sooner", a version of "Boola Boola", the fight song of Yale University, combined with a version of "I'm a Tar Heel Born", the fight song of the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill  "Boomer Sooner" was written by Arthur M  Alden in 1905  Other songs played at athletic events by The Pride of Oklahoma Marching Band are a version of Rodgers and Hammerstein's "Oklahoma!", "OK Oklahoma", played after extra points, and the "OU Chant " At home games, The Pride of Oklahoma Marching Band plays that visiting team's "fight song" while facing their fans 
The Mascot present at all football games is the Sooner Schooner, a Conestoga wagon, pulled by two crème white ponies, Boomer and Sooner  The caretakers of the wagon are the spirit group called the RUF/NEKS, who shoot off modified shotguns in celebration of scores by the home team  The group was launched in 1915 when an elderly female spectator at an OU-Oklahoma A&M basketball game chided the group for raising hell ("Sit down and be quiet, you roughnecks!")Recently, in time for the 2005 football season, two new mascots, based on the ponies who pull the Schooner, were created, named appropriately, Boomer and Sooner  They are costumes of two identical (except for eye color) crème white ponies  Before, the Boomer and Sooner costume mascots, OU was also represented by Top Dawg  Top Dawg did some appearances at football games, but was primarily used at wrestling and basketball events 
The official school colors are Crimson and Cream, with red and white sometimes used as substitutes for simplicity  The school logo is an interlocking OU design 

Championships
National Team Championships
SoonerSports TV
SoonerSports tv is a streaming network and programming block founded in 2012 to carry University of Oklahoma sports programming  The network is operated by Bally Sports and the University of Oklahoma  SoonerSports tv focuses solely on University of Oklahoma athletics  The network carries live sporting events, game replays, coaches shows, vignettes and historical pieces  The live sports that currently air on the network include one football game through pay per view, one men's basketball game, and select games from baseball, softball, volleyball, wrestling, soccer, and men’s and women’s gymnastics Select men's and women's basketball games, select softball, and select baseball games, are also distributed to the regional Bally Sports networks and their affiliates as part of the programming block The network was created in 2012 as part of an agreement with the Fox Sports Networks  In 2021, following the re branding of the Fox Sports Networks to Bally Sports, Bally Sports took over operation  On May 5, 2022 it was announced that SoonerSports TV will be ending and will be rebrand as Soonervision on ESPN + under a multi-year deal with ESPN   
Passage 5:
Keith Nichol
Keith Nichol (born December 24, 1988) is a former wide receiver and quarterback  He played college football for the University of Oklahoma and Michigan State University 

High school career
Nichol attended Lowell High School in Lowell, Michigan  After a good freshman season, Nichol was promoted to the varsity team for the playoffs and saw some playing time as a cornerback in a blowout  Nichol had a breakout season as a sophomore  He threw for 2,125 yards and 26 touchdowns in Lowell's veer offense and led the team to a state championship  His success led to him being heavily recruited by several teams in the Big Ten Conference as well as the University of Notre Dame  In July 2005, Nichol committed to play for the  Michigan State University Spartans  Nichol also participated in the ESPN RISE Elite 11 quarterback camp  After his commitment, the Spartans went 9-14 and head coach John L  Smith was fired  As a result, Nichol backed out of his commitment with the Spartans and committed to the University of Oklahoma, a school that expressed strong interest in him after his de-commitment  In his senior year, Nichol passed for 2,225 yards and 31 touchdowns  As a three-year starter, Nichol won 33 games with three losses  He passed for 6,550 yards and 76 touchdowns and ran for 3,100 yards and 58 touchdowns in his high school career  He was an all-state selection three times  Nichol was ranked as the sixth best dual-threat quarterback in the country out of high school by Rivals com  Scout com ranked him the 22nd best high school quarterback overall 

College career
Freshman season
At Oklahoma, Nichol competed against redshirt freshman Sam Bradford and junior Joey Halzle for the starting quarterback position during spring practices in 2007  After a scrimmage game, Bradford was named the starter  During the year, Nichol was the third-string quarterback, playing in three games and completing two of seven passes for 15 yards  After the season, Nichol transferred to Michigan State, the school he had originally committed to while back in high school  By NCAA rule, Nichol had to sit out the 2008 season 

Sophomore season
Before the 2009 season, Nichol competed against sophomore Kirk Cousins for the starting quarterback position  Cousins started the first game with Nichol receiving playing time in which he threw two touchdown passes in a victory over the Montana State Bobcats  On October 10, 2009, Nichol made his first career start against the Illinois Fighting Illini  He completed 13 of 25 passes for 179 yards and one interception in a victory   In preparation for the 2010 Alamo Bowl, Nichol changed over to the wide-receiver position, catching two passes for 11 yards and also scored his first career rushing touchdown against the Red Raiders, with a 7-yard run out of the wildcat formation in the third quarter 

Junior season
He was an Academic All-Big Ten selection and appeared in all 13 games in 2010, including eight starts   Ranked fifth on the team with 22 receptions for 262 yards (11 9 avg ), caught at least one pass in 11 games, and also completed 4-of-7 passes for 62 yards and two scores   With Kirk Cousins and Andrew Maxwell sidelined with injuries vs  No  15 Alabama in the 2011 Capital One Bowl, he took snaps at quarterback in the fourth quarter and hit 2-of-5 throws for 56 yards, including a 49-yard TD strike to Bennie Fowler, Keith also had three catches for 22 yards against the Crimson Tide   His 3-yard TD toss to Charlie Gantt with 8:31 left in the fourth quarter at Penn State gave MSU a 28-10 lead and proved to be the game winner as the Spartans held on for a 28-22 victory to clinch a share of the 2010 Big Ten Championship, caught three passes for 19 yards vs  Purdue, and set career highs in receptions (4) and receiving yards (51) at Northwestern, including two catches for 34 yards on MSU's game-winning touchdown drive in the fourth quarter   His career-long 42-yard grab from Cousins at No  18 Michigan set up Larry Caper's 8-yard TD run late in the third quarter, hauled in three passes for 30 yards vs  No  11 Wisconsin, caught two passes for 32 yards in the season opener vs  Western Michigan, including his first career touchdown reception, a 20-yard grab from Cousins early in the second quarter 

Senior season
Nichol played an important role as receiver for the Spartans during the 2011 season  He caught a hail mary touchdown pass on the final play against No  6 Wisconsin, securing the Spartans victory and went on to win the Big Ten Legends Division and will have a rematch against No  15 Wisconsin in the 2011 Big Ten Championship Game  He help lead the Spartans to a comeback win against No  16 Georgia in the 2012 Outback Bowl 

College statistics
Professional career
On May 3, 2012, Nichol joined with the Washington Redskins as an undrafted free agent on a try-out basis  The next day, it was reported that he was attending the Redskins' rookie mini-camp, which reunited him with Michigan State teammate, Kirk Cousins  Nichol was not offered a contract at the end of the mini-camp  He later attended rookie mini-camp with the Chicago Bears and worked out for the Detroit Lions, but wasn't offered a contract by either team 
Passage 6:
Michigan State University College of Law
The Michigan State University College of Law (Michigan State Law or MSU Law) is the law school of Michigan State University, a public research university in East Lansing, Michigan  Established in 1891 as the Detroit College of Law, it was the first law school in the Detroit, Michigan area and the second in the state of Michigan  In October 2018, the college began a process to fully integrate into Michigan State University, changing from a private to a public law school  The integration with Michigan State University was finalized on August 17, 2020 
The college is nationally ranked within U S  News & World Report's 201 Best Law Schools, landing in the 91st spot in the 2023 rankings  The Michigan State Law Review, a legal journal published by MSU Law students, was ranked 48th in the 2022 Washington & Lee University School of Law ranking For the class entering in 2021, the school had a 48 05% acceptance rate, 33 14% of those accepted enrolled, and entering students had a median LSAT score of 156 and a median undergraduate GPA of 3 59 For the 2020 graduating class, 72 5% of graduates obtained full-time, long term bar passage required employment (i e  employment as attorneys), while 7 9% were not employed part or full-time in any capacity, within ten months after graduation Notable alumni include current Governor of Michigan Gretchen Whitmer, current Michigan Supreme Court Chief Justice Elizabeth T  Clement, former Michigan Supreme Court Justice and mayor of Detroit Dennis Archer, former Michigan Supreme Court Justice and United States federal judge George Clifton Edwards Jr , former Michigan gubernatorial candidate Geoffrey Fieger, former Michigan Senate majority leader and former U S  Representative Mike Bishop, and former mayor of East Lansing Mark Meadows 

History
Detroit College of Law
Detroit College of Law opened in 1891 with 69 students and was incorporated in 1893  Among the first class of students to graduate were a future circuit judge and an ambassador  It was the oldest continuously operating independent law school in the United States until it was assimilated by MSU in 1995   The college was affiliated with the Detroit Young Men's Christian Association In 1937, the school broke ground and relocated to a new building at 130 East Elizabeth Street in Detroit, where it stayed until 1997  The Building was designed by architect George DeWitt Mason   It had been located at the former Detroit College of Medicine building on St  Antoine Street from 1892 to 1913; and the Detroit "YMCA" building from 1913 to 1924; the ground on which the building stood was under a 99-year lease from the YMCA  The last location of the Detroit College of Law in Downtown Detroit is commemorated by a plaque at Comerica Park, the home stadium of the Detroit Tigers baseball team, which now occupies the site 

Affiliation with Michigan State University
The college became affiliated with Michigan State University in 1995 to enhance the college's curriculum and reputation  It relocated to East Lansing in 1997, when its 99-year lease with the Detroit YMCA expired, and the original building was demolished to make way for Comerica Park  The newly located college was called "Detroit College of Law at Michigan State University"  The affiliation was celebrated at a function where former President and Michigan native Gerald Ford joined more than 2,500 guests at the Wharton Center for Performing Arts Great Hall  Ford characterized the affiliation between Michigan State University and the Detroit College of Law "a bold new venture" that presents "a singular opportunity to help shape the changing face of American legal education well into the next century " In April 2004, the school changed its name to the MSU College of Law, becoming more closely aligned academically with MSU  MSU Law is currently fully integrated as a constituent college of the university: academically, financially, and structurally 

Joan Howarth began her deanship at Michigan State University College of Law on July 1, 2008 and was the first female dean in MSU Law's 117-year history  Beforehand, she was a professor at the William S  Boyd School of Law at the University of Nevada, Las Vegas, since 2001   She retired at the end of the 2015-16 school year  Lawrence Ponoroff became the Dean in the fall of 2016, and he served in that role until the end of December 2019  
On October 26, 2018, MSU's board of directors voted to fully integrate the College of Law into the University, thereby completing its transition from a private, independent institution to a public law school  At the time, Dean Lawrence Ponoroff said, "Since the original affiliation in 1995, the relationship between the university and the law college has grown increasingly closer and, at each stage, resounded in benefits to both institutions " The full integration was undertaken in order to facilitate collaboration between the law school and other divisions of MSU, opening up development in core areas of curricular strength such as social justice; innovation and entrepreneurship; and business and regulatory law  
Melanie B  Jacobs, professor of law, was then appointed as the law college’s interim dean, beginning in January 2020 and under her tenure, the integration of the College of Law into the University was completed on August 17, 2020  On June 1, 2021, Linda Sheryl Greene became Dean and MSU Foundation Professor of Law, and is the Inaugural Dean of the College of Law  Dean Greene (a noted scholar in constitutional law, civil rights law and sports law) was previously the Evjue-Bascom Professor of Law at the University of Wisconsin-Madison 

Academic programs
MSU Law also houses the Center for Law, Technology & Innovation (CLTI), formerly named the ReInvent Law Program, and LegalRnD; the Indigenous Law & Policy Center (ILPC); and the Geoffrey N  Fieger Trial Practice Institute (TPI) 

Academic journals and publications
Law journals at the law school are nationally ranked and include: 

Michigan State Law Review, the school's flagship journal, ranked 48th among flagship printed journals ranked by Washington and Lee in 2022 
Michigan State International Law Review
Animal and Natural Resource Law ReviewAdditionally, the school also publishes Spartan Lawyer, the law college's bi-annual magazine  Formerly, the school published the Journal of Business & Securities Law 

Notable faculty
Current
Rosemarie Aquilina, circuit court judge in Michigan who sentenced Larry Nassar in the USA Gymnastics sex abuse scandal involving Michigan State 
Brian C  Kalt, legal scholar and writer who is known for his research on constitutional law, the presidency, and juries 
Jim Chen, one of four Asian-Americans who has been a dean at an American law school (University of Louisville School of Law) 
Lawrence Ponoroff, professor at MSU Law and former Dean of James E  Rogers College of Law, Tulane Law School, and MSU Law 
Robert P  Young Jr , former Justice of the Michigan Supreme Court 

Former
Elizabeth Price Foley, legal theorist and current Professor of Law at Florida International University College of Law 
Allen L  Lanstra, litigation partner at Skadden, Arps, Slate, Meagher & Flom LLP 
Donald Laverdure, former director of the American Indian Law Program at MSU Law and oversaw the Bureau of Indian Affairs and Bureau of Indian Education under the presidency of Barack Obama 
David McKeague, Senior United States Circuit Judge of the United States Court of Appeals for the Sixth Circuit 
Richard D  McLellan,  Chairman of the Michigan Law Revision Commission and private practice attorney 
Stacy Erwin Oakes, member of the Michigan House of Representatives and Minority Whip representing Michigan's 95th District 
Bradford Stone, commercial law maven and theorist, Stetson University College of Law Charles A  Dana Professor of Law Emeritus, author of several editions of Uniform Commercial Code in a Nutshell and  coauthor of Commercial Transactions Under the Uniform Commercial Code 
Melissa L  Tatum, research professor and former director of the Indigenous Peoples Law and Policy Program at James E  Rogers College of Law 

Notable alumni
Judges
Dennis Archer, former Justice of the Michigan Supreme Court and former mayor of Detroit, Michigan
Elizabeth T  Clement, Justice of the Michigan Supreme Court since 2017, and current chief justice
George Crockett III, Judge of the Recorder's Court (Detroit) (renamed the Wayne County Circuit Court) from 1977 to 2003
George Clifton Edwards Jr , Judge of the United States Court of Appeals for the Sixth Circuit
Bernard A  Friedman, Judge of the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Michigan
Diane Marie Hathaway, former Justice of the Michigan Supreme Court
Ira W  Jayne, chief judge, Wayne County Circuit Court for 27 years
Richard Fred Suhrheinrich, Judge of the United States Court of Appeals for the Sixth Circuit

Politicians
Mike Bishop, Michigan Senate majority leader from 2002–10 and U S  Representative for Michigan's 8th congressional district from 2015-2018
Christopher D  Dingell, state senator and judge
Geoffrey Fieger, attorney and former Michigan gubernatorial candidate
Orville L  Hubbard, former mayor of Dearborn, Michigan
Kwame Kilpatrick, former mayor of Detroit, Michigan
Mark Meadows, former mayor of East Lansing a former member of the Michigan House of Representatives
Steve Pestka, former member of the Michigan House of Representatives, judge, and a Kent County, Michigan commissioner
Brian Sims, Democratic representative for the Pennsylvania House of Representatives, 182nd District
Gretchen Whitmer, 49th Governor of Michigan

Public figures
Ivan Boesky, former American stock trader infamous for his prominent role in an insider trading scandal that occurred in the United States during the mid-1980s resulting in his conviction including a record $100 million fine 
Ella Bully-Cummings, chief of police of Detroit, Michigan, from 2003 to 2008
John Z  DeLorean, automobile engineer and executive; attended, but dropped out
Lowell W  Perry, former government official, businessman, broadcaster, and the first African-American assistant coach in the National Football League
W  Clement Stone, businessman, philanthropist and New Thought self-help book author; dropped out after a year
Passage 7:
Lyle Rockenbach
Lyle James "Rocky" Rockenbach (March 1, 1915 – November 8, 2005) was an American football player   He played college football for Michigan State College (later known as Michigan State University) from 1937 to 1939  He blocked three punts in a single game against Temple in 1937   He was a co-captain of the 1939 Michigan State team, and was also honored as the team's most valuable player   After graduating from Michigan State, he became a high school coach in Howell, Michigan   In the summer of 1943, he attempted a comeback as a professional football player for the Detroit Lions  He appeared in nine games for the Lions during the 1943 NFL season 
Passage 8:
Rudy Rosatti
Rudoph F  "Rudy" or "Rosy" Rosatti (September 12, 1895 – July 9, 1975) was an American football player  
Rosatti was born in 1895 at Norway in Michigan's Upper Peninsula  He attended Norway High School Rosatti played football at North Dakota State University and Western Michigan University before enrolling at the University of Michigan  He played tackle for the 1922 Michigan Wolverines football team He later played professional football for the Cleveland Indians (1923), Green Bay Packers (1924-1927), and New York Giants (1928)  He appeared in a total of 45 NFL games, 40 of them as a starter Rosatti worked for the Michigan State Highway Department for 32 years from 1933 to 1965 and retired as the chief of highway maintenance for the western half of the Upper Peninsula  In December 1933, Rosatti fatally shot James Contratta with a rifle at a road building camp 40 mi (64 km) west of Sault Ste  Marie, Michigan  Rosatti was released after the coroner determined the shooting to have been accidental Rosatti died in 1975 at age 79 at his home in his hometown of Norway, Michigan 

See also
1922 Michigan Wolverines football team
Passage 9:
1966 Notre Dame vs  Michigan State football game
The 1966 Notre Dame vs  Michigan State football game is considered one of the greatest and most controversial games in college football history played between Michigan State and Notre Dame  The game was played in Michigan State's Spartan Stadium on November 19, 1966  Notre Dame was coached by Ara Parseghian and Michigan State was coached by Duffy Daugherty, both school legends  Michigan State entered the contest 9–0 and ranked No  2, while Notre Dame entered 8–0 and ranked No  1 
Notre Dame elected not to try for a score on the final series; thus, the game ended in a 10–10 tie 
The late-season clash between the top-ranked teams was billed as the year's national championship game  After the tie, and following their final game vs  USC, Notre Dame was selected as national champions by the AP Poll and UPI Coaches Poll and was awarded the Grantland Rice Trophy by the Football Writers Association of America  The National Football Foundation split their national championship, awarding the MacArthur Bowl jointly to Michigan State and Notre Dame 

Introduction
Notre Dame entered the contest ranked No  1 both the AP and Coaches' polls  Defending National Champion Michigan State, who had finished the 1965 season No  1 in the UPI Coaches' poll, but was upset by UCLA in the Rose Bowl the previous year, entered the game ranked No  2 in the polls  The Fighting Irish, whose bid for a national championship two years earlier was snuffed out by Southern Cal, were hungry, while the Spartans had history and home-field advantage on their side  This was the first time in 20 years that a college football matchup was given the "Game of the Century" tag by the national media, and ABC had the nation's viewers in its grip, with equal parts Notre Dame fans and Michigan State fans  It was the tenth time in the 30-year history of the AP poll that the No  1 team played the No  2 team  The Spartans had defeated Notre Dame the prior year 12–3 holding Notre Dame to minus-12 yards rushing A fortuitous quirk in scheduling brought these two teams together late in the season  They were not even supposed to meet when the 1966 schedules were first drawn up  Michigan State had only nine games scheduled (even though they were allowed to have ten; the Big Ten did not allow teams to schedule ten regular season games until 1964) while Notre Dame was originally scheduled to play Iowa that week, as had been the custom since 1945  However, in 1960, the Hawkeyes suddenly dropped the Irish from their schedule, from 1964 onward (the 1963 Notre Dame-Iowa game was cancelled following the assassination of John F  Kennedy)  Michigan State was available and agreed to return to Notre Dame's schedule in 1965–66 The game was not shown live on national TV  Each team was allotted one national television appearance and two regional television appearances each season  Notre Dame had used their national TV slot in the season opening game against Purdue and Michigan State had used their regional TV slot against Purdue  ABC executives did not even want to show the game anywhere but the regional area, but pressure from the West Coast and the South (to the tune of 50,000 letters) made ABC air the game on tape delay  ABC relented and blacked out the Michigan State-Notre Dame game in two states (reportedly North Dakota and South Dakota), so it could technically be called a regional broadcast  It would also be the first time a college football game was broadcast live to Hawaii and to U S  troops in Vietnam on the Lani Bird satellite; at halftime, the link was reversed and ABC broadcast a 90-second film of sunbathers at the Hawaiian Village Hotel to the nation  The official attendance was announced at 80,011 (111% capacity) and was the most attended game in Michigan State football history at the time (the current record is 80,401 on Sept  22, 1990 vs  Notre Dame) The ABC broadcast was watched by 33 million viewers and had a 22 5 rating, but it was not televised again for 37 years until ESPN Classic re-aired it on November 27, 2003  Discovered in an ABC library vault two years earlier in 2001, the telecast footage is mostly intact with the exception of the missing first quarter 

Game summary
Before and during the game, Notre Dame was mired in injury problems: Irish quarterback Terry Hanratty was knocked out after getting sacked in the first quarter by Spartan defensive lineman Bubba Smith  Starting Notre Dame running back Nick Eddy was out entirely after hurting his shoulder by slipping on ice while getting off the train in East Lansing  Center George Goeddeke wrenched his ankle on a punt play 
Michigan State jumped out to a 7–0 lead behind a five-yard touchdown run by Regis Cavender early in the second quarter  Later in the half, MSU added a field goal (by barefooted Hawaiian Dick Kenney)  But the Irish came back, quickly scoring a touchdown on a 34-yard pass thrown by backup quarterback Coley O'Brien over the outstretched hand of MSU safety Jess Phillips to halfback Bob Gladieux  MSU took a 10–7 lead into the locker room at the half 
Notre Dame started the second half in prime position to score after recovering a fumble on the Michigan State 32-yard line on the Spartans' first play from scrimmage  However, the Irish gave the ball right back to MSU on an interception 
Perhaps the best second-half scoring opportunity for MSU occurred during a pass thrown from Jimmy Raye to Gene Washington  The speedy wide receiver had outrun Raye's deep pass and Notre Dame's defensive backfield  Washington was forced to double back, and in so doing was caught by the defense 
Notre Dame tied the game on the first play of the fourth quarter on Joe Azzaro's 28-yard field goal  Tom Schoen's second interception on consecutive plays from scrimmage by Michigan State put Notre Dame in a position to take the lead, but Azzaro's 41-yard field goal attempt with 4:38 left on the clock missed by inches to the right 
After a Michigan State punt Notre Dame had the ball on its own 30-yard line with 1:24 left  They needed about 40 yards for a game-winning field goal  But coach Ara Parseghian, not wanting to risk a turnover that could hand the game to the Spartans, chose to run the ball four times—including on fourth down, which Notre Dame converted from its own 39-yard line  Michigan State called three time outs in an unsuccessful attempt to perhaps get the ball back and start a potential game-winning drive of their own 
After making a first down with ten seconds left, O'Brien dropped back to pass, but was sacked by Bubba Smith  On the last play of the game, O'Brien gained five yards on a quarterback sneak  The game ended in a 10–10 tie 

Notre Dame play-calling controversy
Ara Parseghian's decision to run the ball on five of six plays in the last one-and-a-half minutes drew criticism from some fans and sportswriters, who argued he should have played more aggressively to either win the game or risk losing it, and left some fans feeling disappointed at the game not having a more definitive resolution  Echoing one of the great idioms of Notre Dame lore, college football expert Dan Jenkins led off his article on the game for Sports Illustrated by sarcastically saying that Parseghian chose to "Tie one for the Gipper"  Jenkins concluded that Parseghian "felt arrogantly sure that Notre Dame could win the polls with a tie, not just over Michigan State but also over an undefeated and untied Alabama" Until his death in 2017, however, Parseghian defended his end-of-the-game strategy  According to the same article, Parseghian cited his team's field position and the dynamics of the game as reasons why he hadn't played more aggressively: "We'd fought hard to come back and tie it up  After all that, I didn't want to risk giving it to them cheap  They get reckless and it could cost them the game  I wasn't going to do a jackass thing like that at this point  [   ] My starting quarterback, starting center, starting left tackle and all my top guys were over on the bench with me  We hadn't completed a pass in the last seven or eight attempts "

Aftermath
The most famous president of each school, Notre Dame’s Father Theodore Hesburgh and MSU’s John Hannah, together went into each locker room to console and congratulate the players  The two visionary leaders served for several years on the Civil Rights Commission beginning in the late 1950s and sat together during the MSU-Notre Dame battles The tie resulted in 9–0–1 seasons for both Michigan State and Notre Dame  The final AP and Coaches' polls put the Irish and Spartans at No  1 and No  2, ranking both teams above the undefeated, and two time defending national champion 11–0–0 Alabama  Both schools shared the MacArthur Bowl 
Notre Dame beat USC 51–0 the next week, completing an undefeated (but tied) regular season and solidifying its No  1 claim  The Irish did not accept bowl bids between 1926 and 1969 (see below), and Michigan State was the victim of two Big Ten rules that would be rescinded a few years later: The same school could not represent the league in the Rose Bowl in back-to-back seasons (rescinded in December 1971, effective for the 1972 season), and no Big Ten school could play in a bowl game other than the Rose Bowl (rescinded for the 1975 season)  So despite being Big Ten Champions and undefeated in the regular season, the Spartans could not play in the Rose Bowl, or indeed any bowl game 
Players for both schools earned tremendous accolades for the season including All American honors  In the 1967 NFL draft, Michigan State had four players drafted within the first eight picks of the first roundAfter (but not necessarily as a result of) Eddy's injury while debarking from the train in East Lansing, Notre Dame football never traveled to away games by train again  Both teams now make the 160-mile trip by bus 

Legacy
40th anniversary
On September 23, 2006, Michigan State and Notre Dame commemorated the 40th anniversary of the game  Michigan State wore "throwback" jerseys and helmets from the 1960s era  Notre Dame declined to wear throwback jerseys or helmets  45 members from the original '66 squad returned  In addition, 1965 and 1966 All American Bubba Smith had his No  95 jersey retired at halftime, becoming only the third person in Michigan State history with such an honor  Notre Dame won the game 40–37, after coming back from a 16-point deficit and scoring 19 straight points to win 

50th anniversary
On September 16, 2016, Notre Dame commemorated the 50th anniversary of the game  Members of the 1966 Notre Dame team appeared on the field prior to the game 
Passage 10:
David Hollister
David Hollister (born April 3, 1942) served as the mayor of Lansing, Michigan from 1993 to 2003, until he resigned to be the director of the Michigan Department of Labor and Economic Growth under Michigan Governor Jennifer Granholm's administration 

Mayor
During his tenure as mayor, he was instrumental in convincing General Motors Corporation to build the Grand River Assembly Plant downtown, and to build a new plant in the region to replace the Lansing Car Assembly Plant which dated back to 1903  Also under his tenure came the completion of Cooley Law School Stadium, the stadium for the Lansing Lugnuts, a Class A minor league baseball team  Hollister made central city (including downtown and Old Town) revitalization a top priority of his administration 

Biography
Early life
Hollister was born in Kalamazoo and raised in Battle Creek, Michigan, where he graduated from Battle Creek Central High School  He earned bachelor's and master's degrees from Michigan State University 

Career
From 1967 to 1970 he was a social studies teacher at Lansing Eastern High School  Prior to becoming mayor, he served in the Michigan House of Representatives from 1973-1993 representing the City of Lansing  In 2005 he was recruited to run Prima Civitas, an economic development organization funded by Michigan State University and the city governments of Lansing and East Lansing, Michigan 



ground_truth: number five

prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: Prior to playing for Michigan State, Keith Nichol played football for a school located in what city?

The following are given passages.
Context 3: Passage 1:
Too Many Cooks (TV series)
Too Many Cooks is a British cookery competition that aired on ITV from 1 November 2004 to 4 September 2005 and hosted by Kate Garraway for the first series and Jeni Barnett for the second series  The judges for the first series were Brian Turner and James Martin while the second series judges were Gino D'Acampo, Richard Phillips and Alex MacKay 

Format
Four teams of two people competitively cook for three judges  Each team is told what to cook and are given ten minutes to cook a starter, twenty minutes to cook a main course, and ten minutes to cook a pudding  A couple is eliminated after each course, leaving two teams to compete at the pudding stage 

Transmissions
External links
Too Many Cooks at UKGameshows com
Passage 2:
La cuisine en dix minutes
La cuisine en dix minutes, ou l'Adaptation au rhythme moderne (English title: French Cooking in Ten Minutes, or, Adapting to the Rhythm of Modern Life, also Cooking in Ten Minutes, or, Adapting to the Rhythm of Modern Life) by Édouard de Pomiane, published in 1930, was an early and influential title on the subject of convenience cooking  It attempted to render many of the basic techniques of classic French cooking into a quick form for people who did not have time to cook 
Compared to modern convenience cookbooks, almost everything is from scratch, though a good number of recipes call for canned vegetables (a modern cook might use frozen vegetables instead) as well as commercially available charcuterie products such as sausages and pâté  De Pomiane also adopts a rather tongue-in-cheek approach to writing and admonishes the reader to limit complexity and plan carefully 
The book has been translated into several languages  The first German translation appeared in 1935, the first English translation in 1948  The book is still popular, particularly in the English speaking part of the world  The latest English edition appeared in 2008, in 2010 the British Newspaper The Observer put it on rank 41 on its list of the 50 best cookbooks of all time 
Passage 3:
West Coast Express (ice hockey)
The West Coast Express was an ice hockey line that played for the National Hockey League's (NHL) Vancouver Canucks from 2002 to 2006  Named after Vancouver's commuter rail service, the line consisted of captain Markus Näslund at left-wing, Brendan Morrison at centre, and Todd Bertuzzi playing right-wing  The West Coast Express was a high scoring line that was considered to be one of the best lines in hockey during its tenure 
Each player was acquired by the Canucks through various trades  Once each member arrived in Vancouver it took two years before the line played together regularly  Once they did, they helped to set a Canucks franchise record for points in 2002–03 season (later surpassed), a season in which the West Coast Express accounted for 45% of the team's goal production  All three players recorded their most individually recognized and best statistical seasons while playing on the line  Despite regular season success, the Canucks were never able to advance past the second round of the playoffs during the West Coast Express years  The line was disbanded when Bertuzzi was traded to the Florida Panthers after the 2005–06 season  Both Morrison and Naslund played through the 2007–08 season with the Canucks before leaving the organization via free agency 

History
Player acquisitions
The Vancouver Canucks made the Stanley Cup Finals in 1994, but proceeded to regress as a franchise progressively finishing worse each season  As such they began attempting to add skill players to the line-up through trades  The Canucks made various deals to "move the program forward and in a different direction"  With the franchise moving in a new direction the first member of the West Coast Express line arrived in Vancouver on March 20, 1996, when left wing Markus Naslund was traded to the Canucks by the Pittsburgh Penguins for Alek Stojanov  Naslund struggled to start his Canucks career and during the 1997–98 season he requested to be traded  It was not until the 1998–99 season that Naslund emerged as an offensive leader with the Canucks, leading them in goals (36) and points (66) Todd Bertuzzi was the second member of the line to join the Canucks' franchise, when he was acquired by Vancouver via a trade during the 1997–98 season  The New York Islanders received former Canuck captain Trevor Linden in exchange for right winger Bertuzzi, defenceman Bryan McCabe and a third-round selection in the 1998 NHL Entry Draft (Jarkko Ruutu)  Bertuzzi began the 1998–99 season playing on a line with Mark Messier at centre and Alexander Mogilny on right wing  Bertuzzi played with the two until he suffered a fractured tibia, an injury that resulted in Naslund gaining increased ice time 
The final piece came to the Canucks on March 14, 2000, with the acquisition of Brendan Morrison  In an attempt to improve their team to make a Stanley Cup run, the New Jersey Devils traded Morrison and centre Denis Pederson for Mogilny at the National Hockey League's (NHL) trade deadline  Upon his arrival Morrison did not begin playing with Naslund and Bertuzzi nor did he begin his Canucks' career at centre, instead he began on the wing 

Express years
Although the three did not begin playing together immediately,  Bertuzzi and Naslund regularly played together on the top line with centres Mark Messier and Andrew Cassels  Starting with their arrival in 2000, head coach Marc Crawford often moved Bertuzzi to the second line to play with twin brothers Henrik and Daniel Sedin to complement their cycling game  Morrison spent time on the third line with agitator Matt Cooke  Morrison joined Naslund on the top line due to an injury to Cassels in early November of the 2001–02 season, the two were joined by Trent Klatt on right wing, with Bertuzzi playing on a line with the twins   During the game Bertuzzi joined Naslund and Morrison on a power play marking one of the first times the line was together  The Canucks won the game but the line did not remain together as Cassels returned from injury, Klatt was injured and Bertuzzi was returned to the second line  The first game the trio played together as a regular line was on January 9, 2002  In the game they registered two first period goals in a 5–4 loss to the Detroit Red Wings  Crawford liked the idea of having his two top scorers together, how Morrison worked with them on the power play, and felt Morrison could handle the demands of playing with two players who wanted the puck  In their second game together the line continued to its strong play as each member recorded two points in a 7–1 win over the Carolina Hurricanes  After being put together they were given the name West Coast Express, a reference to a commuter train of the same name that provides service along a 65 kilometres (40 mi)  route between Mission, British Columbia and Vancouver, British Columbia  By the end of the season each player set new career highs in points to that time in their careers  Naslund raised his point total by fifteen finishing the year as the league's second leading scorer up thirty-one spots from the previous season  Bertuzzi enjoyed the biggest point increase on the line adding thirty points and moving from eighty-first in league scoring to third  Vancouver finished the season as the eighth seed in the Western Conference  The West Coast Express totaled three goals and nine points in the playoffs before being eliminated in six games by the top seeded Detroit Red Wings  In the off-season, Naslund received NHL first team All-Star honours 
The 2002–03 season was the West Coast Express' best season, as each member of the line again increased their point total to career highs  Naslund finished the year with 48 goals and 104 points again ranking him second in the league in points and goals  The fourth highest point total in franchise history to that point in time  Bertuzzi recorded 46 goals and 97 points, his goal total ranked him third in the league in goal scoring  Morrison's 71 points remains a career high which he has not gotten within 11 points of since  During the year Naslund scored a career-high four goals in a 6–3 win over the Edmonton Oilers, tying a Canucks record for most goals in a single game  In the game Bertuzzi added a goal and two assist while Morrison notched two assists of his own giving the line nine points in the game  Later in the season the West Coast Express helped the Canucks go on a 14-game unbeaten streak highlighted by back to back blowout wins to close out the streak  In the 13 game of the streak, a 7–2 win over the Columbus Blue Jackets, the line registered 5 goals and 12 points  The following game the trio increased their output to 5 goals and 14 points  In the contest both Bertuzzi and Morrison registered two goals and two assists  Naslund scored a goal and added five assists for a career-high six point night  The Canucks finished the season with 104 points, a franchise record at the time  The West Coast Express accounted for 45% of the Canucks' 264 goals during the season   Finishing fourth in the Western Conference, the Canucks faced the St  Louis Blues in the playoffs  They fell behind St  Louis 3–1 in the series, but rallied back to force a game seven  In the deciding game, Naslund scored for the fourth consecutive game in the series and Morrison added the eventual game winner as the Canucks advanced to the second round  Facing off against the Minnesota Wild in game one of round two, the Canucks trailed late in the game  With just 8 7 seconds remaining, Bertuzzi won a critical face-off before Naslund took a shot that resulted in Cooke scoring on the rebound to force overtime, where the Canucks eventually ran out 4–3 winners  Vancouver took a 3–1 series lead before the Wild rallied to tie the series and force a game seven  The Canucks took a 2–0 lead in the game after Bertuzzi scored twice in the second period  Following his second goal, Bertuzzi skated by the Wild bench and said "Get your golf clubs out, boys, its over " The Canucks preceded to surrender four consecutive goals, losing the game 4–2 and eliminating them from the playoffs  It was the last playoff game the trio would play together  In the off season Bertuzzi and Naslund were named to the NHL first All-Star team  Additionally Naslund was awarded the Lester B  Pearson Award (since renamed the Ted Lindsay Award), given to the league's best player as voted by the NHL Players' Association 

End of the Express
The following season each member of the West Coast Express suffered a decline in performance  The trio were unable to complete the season as a unit due to injuries and suspension  On February 16, 2004, in a game against the Colorado Avalanche, Naslund received a "questionable hit" from the Avalanche's Steve Moore  Suffering a minor concussion from the hit and a hyper-extended elbow when he fell to the ice, he missed three games due to his injuries  While Moore was unpenalized for the hit, some Canucks players felt that it was a "cheap shot"  In the second rematch of the two teams after Moore's hit on Naslund, Vancouver allegedly put a "bounty" on Moore and were out to make him "pay a price"  Early in the game, Moore clashed with Cooke, but later refused to fight Bertuzzi, despite being taunted and followed around the ice   After being refused the fight, Bertuzzi punched Moore in the head from behind and slammed him into the ice  Bertuzzi was subsequently suspended indefinitely by the NHL, and the resulting injuries ended Moore's career and left him suffering from concussion symptoms over the following seven years  Despite the loss of Bertuzzi, the Canucks won the Northwest Division  In the opening round Vancouver faced their division rival Calgary Flames  In the series Vancouver fell behind three games to two  They took a 4–0 lead in game six before the Flames came back to tie the game and send it to overtime  The game remained tied into the third overtime when Morrison scored at the 2:28 mark to force game seven  In game seven the Canucks were again trailing late into the third period in the closing seconds Naslund went around Flames defenceman Jordan Leopold drove the net and put a shot on goal  Flames goaltender Miikka Kiprusoff, made the save but Cooke scored on the rebound with just 5 7 seconds remain to force overtime  The Canucks failed to capitalize on the change in momentum as the Flames' Martin Gelinas scored 1:25 into overtime eliminating Vancouver  Naslund recorded nine points in the seven-game series while Morrison chipped in five  During the off-season Naslund received the last of his individual NHL honors being named a First Team NHL All-Star once again Following the cancellation of the 2004–05 season due to a labor dispute, Bertuzzi was reinstated for the 2005–06 season  With the return of all three line mate and new rules designed to increase offensive chances the Canucks entered the year with high hopes  Despite this, Naslund and Morrison's point production again decreased from their last NHL season  Bertuzzi point total increased, however, he played in 13 more games than his previous season  The Canucks missed the playoffs for the first time in four years and the only time during the West Coast Express' tenure  During the off season, the line was officially dismantled when Bertuzzi was traded to the Florida Panthers, along with goaltender Alex Auld and defenceman Bryan Allen, in exchange for goaltender Roberto Luongo, defenceman Lukáš Krajíček and a sixth-round selection in the 2006 NHL Entry Draft (Sergei Shirokov)  Both Naslund and Morrison played two more years with the Canucks, often together (but not always), before signing as free agents with the New York Rangers and the  Anaheim Ducks respectively in the summer of 2008 

Legacy
During its time, the West Coast Express was widely considered one of the most dominant line combinations in the league  The mid-nineties witnessed the increased popularity of defensive schemes like the neutral zone trap which slowed the game, limiting scoring and offensive chances  The emphasis on defensive has been blamed for diminishing fan interest  When Naslund was traded to Vancouver in 1996 the Canucks often played in a half empty arena and there were rumors about the franchise moving  The line's offense first style helped to popularize the franchise  They began to sell out home games on a regular basis and started to have a following on the road  In the 2002–03 season the Canucks 264 goals was the highest total for the franchise in nine years  It remained unsurpassed by another Canucks team until the 2009–10 team, which featured the NHL's leading scorer, Henrik Sedin  The franchise record for points they set that same season stood for only two seasons until it was surpassed in 2006–07 season  During which Roberto Luongo set a franchise record for goaltender wins with 47, a single season win total that is also tied for second most all-time in NHL history 

Career statistics
Regular season
Playoffs
Passage 4:
Steve Moore (ice hockey)
Steven Francis Moore (born September 22, 1978) is a Canadian former professional ice hockey centre who played in parts of three National Hockey League (NHL) seasons with the Colorado Avalanche 
Moore is widely known for suffering a career-ending injury as a result of an on-ice attack by then-Vancouver Canucks forward Todd Bertuzzi on March 8, 2004, as revenge for another incident involving Moore in a prior game between the teams that season  The fall-out from the event has contributed to a growing effort to curb gratuitous violence in hockey, and professional sports in general  To this day, Moore is still experiencing symptoms of the attack, including headaches 

Playing career
Steve Moore was drafted by the Colorado Avalanche in the 1998 NHL Entry Draft in the second round, the 53rd pick overall  Moore played in 69 games for the Avalanche from 2001 to 2004, scoring five goals and seven assists, all of which were scored in the later season, before being seriously injured by Todd Bertuzzi who at the time played for the Vancouver Canucks (see below)  At the time of the incident, the Avalanche were first overall in the NHL standings, and Moore was playing on the Avalanche's top line, on right wing, with linemates Joe Sakic (center), and Paul Kariya (left wing) 

The Bertuzzi incident
On February 16, 2004, during a Vancouver-Colorado game, Moore injured Canucks team captain Markus Näslund with a high hit while Näslund was reaching for a puck through centre ice  Moore contacted Näslund's head in the play  No penalty was called in connection with the hit, but Näslund suffered a concussion and a bone chip in his elbow as a result, and missed three games  After reviewing tapes of the hit, the NHL ruled that the hit was legal and did not fine or suspend Moore  Canucks head coach Marc Crawford and general manager Brian Burke publicly criticized the non-call by the referees on the incident 
During the next game between the Canucks and Avalanche held in Denver on March 3, 2004, NHL commissioner Gary Bettman and NHL executive vice-president Colin Campbell attended the game, which ended in a tie and saw no major incidents break out 
However, on March 8, 2004, during another rematch between the Avalanche and Canucks, things went differently  In the first period, Moore fought Vancouver player Matt Cooke in a fairly even brawl, and served the 5-minute penalty for fighting  The Avalanche would go on to build up a large lead of 8–2 in a fight-filled game  Shortly before the midway mark of the third period, Todd Bertuzzi was sent onto the ice  After failing to instigate Moore to fight, Bertuzzi skated after Moore, pulled him back by the jersey and punched him in the back of the head  As Moore fell unconscious to the ice, Bertuzzi's weight and momentum drove Moore's head into the ice   Moore's teammate Andrei Nikolishin and Bertuzzi's teammate Sean Pronger then piled on to Moore and Bertuzzi   Moore was knocked out and lay motionless for ten minutes before being carried off on a stretcher  The combination of the hit, fall, and piling-on had resulted in three fractured neck vertebrae, facial cuts and a concussion Bertuzzi was assessed a match penalty for his actions, which carries an automatic indefinite suspension under NHL rules   On March 11, 2004, the NHL announced Bertuzzi would remain suspended for at least the remainder of the Canucks' season, including any playoff games   The IIHF subsequently honoured the NHL suspension, preventing Bertuzzi from playing in any international tournaments or leagues during the 2004–05 NHL lockout, effectively leaving Bertuzzi professionally inactive for the entirety of the lockout season 
On August 22, 2004, Moore was released from a Denver-area hospital  He wore a neck brace for one year and then started physical therapy for his neck injury and concussion 
On February 17, 2005, Moore filed a civil lawsuit against Bertuzzi  Also named were Brad May (who was quoted as saying that there would  "definitely be a bounty on Moore's head" after the game), Brian Burke and the Canucks organization  The lawsuit was thrown out in October 2005, with the judge suggesting that the lawsuit be re-filed in Canada, where the incident took place  The lawsuit was re-filed in Canada, in February 2006 
On August 8, 2005, NHL Commissioner Gary Bettman announced that Bertuzzi would be allowed to play again at the start of the 2005–06 NHL season  In the league's decision, they cited many reasons for ending the suspension, such as: 

Bertuzzi serving a suspension of 20 games, which at the time tied for 4th longest in NHL history (13 regular season games, 7 playoff games)
Bertuzzi's forfeited salary ($501,926 39 USD)
Significant uncertainty, anxiety, stress and emotional pain caused to Bertuzzi's family
The commissioner's belief that Bertuzzi was genuinely remorseful and apologetic for his actionsOn August 12, 2005, Brian Burke, formerly Vancouver's general manager who was now serving in the same capacity with the Mighty Ducks of Anaheim, had made an offer to Moore  It was a two-way contract that would have paid Moore $475,000 US in the NHL and $75,000 if the player suited up for Portland, the Ducks' American Hockey League affiliate  Moore's lawyer Tim Danson described the offer as a self-serving attempt by Burke (who was a defendant in the lawsuit) to mitigate potential legal damages, by attempting to suggest Moore was a minor league player  Further, Danson said that Moore would return to the Avalanche except that Moore was not medically cleared to play hockey, which Brian Burke was well aware of, and described it as adding insult to injury 
On August 15, 2005, Bertuzzi broke his 17-month-long silence by expressing a desire to move on with his life  "I'm sure just like Steve Moore and his family, it's been difficult for both parties  I know I wish that day never happened  It's been some tough times, but I've got good family and good friends and good peers in the league that have helped me get over the hump and move forward and come through it "On November 8, 2005, Moore's Toronto-based lawyer, Tim Danson, said that Moore was skating and doing regular workouts, but continued to suffer concussion-related symptoms   He continued working out for some years afterward, but had to abandon his comeback attempt when it became apparent he would never be medically cleared to return to the ice again 
In July 2012, former Avalanche enforcer Scott Parker, who had been a teammate of Moore's very briefly the season prior to the Bertuzzi incident in 2004, made some controversial comments  In an interview with milehighhockey com, Parker was quoted as saying "he (Moore) went to Harvard, you know what, blow me  College grad  I never went to college, but I can kick your ass  I'll bring you right down to my IQ level if you want  I'll hit you about four times in the skull, that'll bring you right down "

Civil lawsuit
On February 16, 2006, Moore filed a civil suit in the province of Ontario against Bertuzzi, the Canucks, and the parent company of the Canucks, Orca Bay Sports and Entertainment for the loss of his NHL career, in his Rookie Year  The lawsuit was seeking $15 million in pecuniary damages for loss of income, $1 million for aggravated damages, and $2 million for punitive damages  Moore's lawyer filed the suit one day before its two-year limitation expired, saying it was because Steve Moore did not want to file the suit and waited until the last minute while he tried to attain medical clearance to resume his career Bettman attempted to get Bertuzzi and Moore to agree on an out-of-court settlement in the Can$19,500,000 lawsuit filed by Moore   Bertuzzi offered $350,000 to settle the case, an amount which was called "an insult" by Moore's lawyer On March 28, 2008, Bertuzzi filed a lawsuit against Crawford, alleging that he was contractually obliged to obey Crawford and that therefore Crawford shares responsibility for the injury to Moore   In response, Crawford later stated that Bertuzzi acted in "direct disobedience" to orders from the bench to get off the ice before attacking Moore   On January 14, 2013, The Toronto Star reported that both Moore v  Bertuzzi, et al  and Bertuzzi v  Crawford would begin, after having been postponed several times, in April 2013  Both cases will be held in the Ontario Superior Court before a six-person jury On January 4, 2012, Bertuzzi dropped his third-party lawsuit against Crawford  In the month of October 2013, it was announced that the court date for Moore v  Bertuzzi, et al  will begin on September 8, 2014  On July 2, 2014, Moore's lawsuit was amended, seeking $68 million in damages, up from $38 million  On August 19, 2014, it was announced that an out-of-court settlement had been reached in Steve Moore's lawsuit  Terms of the settlement are confidential 

Personal
Steve Moore's older brother Mark, and younger brother, Dominic, all played four years at Harvard University  Because of their relative closeness in age, all three were able to play in the same year for Harvard during the 1999–2000 season  Dominic also went on to play in the NHL 

Career statistics
Awards and honors
See also
Notable families in the NHL
Violence in ice hockey
Passage 5:
Ten Minutes (The Get Up Kids song)
"Ten Minutes" is a song by the Get Up Kids  The single was released as part of the Sub Pop Records Singles Club  1300 pressings were black, with only 100 pressings of the single on clear vinyl  A re-recorded version of it appears on their album Something to Write Home About  On July 2, 2005 The Get Up Kids performed for the last time before their hiatus at the Uptown Theater in Kansas City, MO  "Ten Minutes" was the last song they played 

Track listing
Additional releases
"Ten Minutes" was released on the band's rarities and B-sides compilation Eudora and their live album Live! @ The Granada Theater 
"Anne Arbour" was released on the band's second EP, Red Letter Day and their rarities and B-sides compilation Eudora 
"Ten Minutes" was re-recorded for the band's second full-length studio album Something to Write Home About 

Personnel
Matt Pryor – vocals, guitar
Jim Suptic – vocals, guitar
Rob Pope – bass
Ryan Pope – drums
James Dewees – vocals, keyboard
Passage 6:
Todd Bertuzzi–Steve Moore incident
The Todd Bertuzzi–Steve Moore incident (also called the Steve Moore incident, the Todd Bertuzzi incident, and the Bertuzzi–Moore incident) happened during a National Hockey League (NHL) game between the Vancouver Canucks and the Colorado Avalanche at Vancouver's General Motors Place on March 8, 2004 
In the first period, Steve Moore of the Avalanche fought Matt Cooke of the Canucks and served a 5-minute major penalty for fighting  The Avalanche would go on to build up a large lead in a fight-filled game  Late in the third period, Todd Bertuzzi was sent onto the ice for Vancouver  After failing to instigate Moore to fight, Bertuzzi skated after Moore, grabbed his jersey and punched him in the back of the head, knocking him unconscious   Bertuzzi landed on top of him, driving Moore face first into the ice, and Moore's teammate Andrei Nikolishin and Bertuzzi's teammate Sean Pronger piled onto them  Moore was knocked out and lay motionless for ten minutes before being carried off on a stretcher  The combination of the hit, fall, and piling-on had resulted in three fractured neck vertebrae, facial cuts and a concussion  The incident ended Moore's professional hockey career, and resulted in criminal assault charges against Bertuzzi, and a civil lawsuit against Bertuzzi and the Canucks 
On August 19, 2014, it was reported the lawsuit ended with all parties agreeing to a confidential settlement 

Background and prelude
On February 16, 2004, during a game between Vancouver and Colorado, Avalanche center Steve Moore injured Canucks team captain Markus Näslund by hitting him hard in the head while Näslund was reaching for the puck ahead of him  Näslund, the league's leading scorer at the time, suffered a minor concussion and a bone chip in his elbow, knocking him out of the lineup for three games  Referee Dan Marouelli did not call a penalty, ruling the hit legal, a judgment shared by the league upon further review after the game Canucks head coach Marc Crawford publicly criticized the no-infraction call, claiming that Marouelli and his partner, Rob Martell, needed to show "respect" for the league's leading scorer  Vancouver president and general manager Brian Burke, the league's former chief disciplinarian, described the play as "a marginal player going after a superstar with a headhunting hit"   Several Canucks players were also vocal against Moore in the media  In particular, forward Brad May issued a "bounty" on Moore, while Bertuzzi called him a "piece of s**t " Näslund missed three games as a result of the hit and returned in time for the next game between the Canucks and Avalanche on March 3  With NHL commissioner Gary Bettman in attendance, the contest was played to a 5–5 tie without incident 

The incident
In a rematch five days later, the Canucks were more active in physically pursuing Moore  In one of four fights in the first period, Canucks forward Matt Cooke fought Moore six minutes into the game  At the first intermission, with the score already 5–0 for Colorado, NHL executive vice-president Colin Campbell and director of officiating Andy Van Hellemond placed a phone call to the two referees overseeing the game to discuss the potential for an escalation in physicality  With Colorado leading 8–2 midway through the third period, Bertuzzi began following Moore around the ice, attempting to provoke him into another fight  With Moore ignoring him, Bertuzzi grabbed Moore's jersey from behind and punched him in the back of the jaw, rendering Moore immediately unconscious  Moore's head hit the ice with Bertuzzi falling on top of his body  Several other players from both teams jumped atop Moore after he fell to the ice  A line brawl erupted, involving all remaining skaters except for the goaltenders on the ice  Canucks fans initially cheered at Bertuzzi's actions believing that Moore had it coming for what happened two games before, but as the fighting died down and it became apparent that Moore was seriously injured, the arena became silent After lying on the ice for approximately 10 minutes, Moore was removed from the playing surface on a stretcher  With eight minutes remaining in the third period and the outcome effectively decided, Avalanche general manager Pierre Lacroix reportedly asked referees to end the game  The contest was nonetheless played out with the Avalanche winning 9–2



ground_truth: Norman

prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: The player who laid motionless for ten minutes in the Todd Bertuzzi–Steve Moore incident was born in which year ?

The following are given passages.
Context 3:  Moore was taken to Vancouver General Hospital and later transferred to a Denver hospital, where he was treated for three fractured vertebrae in his neck, a grade-three concussion, vertebral ligament damage, stretching of the brachial plexus nerves, and facial lacerations  He was also suffering from amnesia Two days after the incident, Bertuzzi scheduled a press conference in which he wept and apologized to Moore and his family, as well as to Burke, Canucks owner John McCaw, Jr , the Canucks organization, his teammates, and the fans  He added, "For the kids that watch this game, I'm truly sorry  I don't play the game that way  And I'm not a mean-spirited person "

Reactions and disciplinary actions
NHL
Bertuzzi was assessed a match penalty and ejected from the game   Per league rules, he was also suspended indefinitely pending a ruling from Bettman  On the morning of his apology, he attended a disciplinary hearing with NHL officials in Toronto, along with his agent, Pat Morris, and Brian Burke  The following day, on March 11, 2004, the league ruled he would remain suspended for at least the remainder of the Canucks' season, which ultimately cost him the final 13 games of the regular season plus seven playoff games  The Canucks were additionally fined $250,000  While the following NHL season was suspended due to the 2004–05 lockout, many players went overseas to play in Europe  Upon learning that Bertuzzi was intending to do the same, the International Ice Hockey Federation (IIHF) extended his NHL suspension to cover their jurisdiction  He did, however, participate with other NHL players in a December 2004 charity game, held in Vancouver  The game was organized by Brad May in partnership with the Vancouver Giants, a junior club in the Western Hockey League (WHL), and raised funds for Canuck Place, a Vancouver children's hospice sponsored by the Canucks  Bertuzzi received a standing ovation from the sellout crowd Though the NHL lockout had not yet been resolved between the league and the players, Bettman scheduled a reinstatement hearing for Bertuzzi on April 26, 2005  The hearing was attended separately by Bertuzzi and Moore  After the lockout officially ended and the NHL was set to resume play for the 2005–06 season, Bettman announced Bertuzzi's reinstatement on August 8, citing that "Mr  Bertuzzi ha[d] paid a very significant price for his conduct," adding that he felt Bertuzzi was "genuinely remorseful and apologetic " Bertuzzi's 17-month suspension caused him to miss a total of 20 games—the fourth-longest suspension in NHL history at the time  The suspension accounted for $501,926 39 in forfeited salary, as well as an approximate $350,000 in lost endorsements  Bettman also cited "uncertainty, anxiety, stress and emotional pain for the Bertuzzi family" resulting from the suspension as a reason for his reinstatement 

IIHF
Releasing a statement on December 17, 2004, the IIHF described Bertuzzi's actions as "an extremely serious violation of the rules" which put "the sport into disrepute " The decision was based on an IIHF statute which allows it to ban any player from playing internationally if he has been deemed "detrimental to the best interest" of hockey  Suspended by both the NHL and IIHF, Bertuzzi remained professionally inactive during the 2004–05 season   The IIHF's sanction also kept him from representing Canada in the 2004 and 2005 World Championships, as well as the 2004 World Cup On the day of his reinstatement, Team Canada's executive director, Wayne Gretzky, offered Bertuzzi a spot on the national team's summer orientation camp in preparation for the 2006 Winter Olympics  A week later, Bertuzzi broke his 17-month-long public silence by again admitting to his mistake and expressing a desire to move on with his life  He stated, "I'm sure just like Steve Moore and his family, it's been difficult for both parties  I know I wish that day never happened  It's been some tough times, but I've got good family and good friends and good peers in the league that have helped me get over the hump and move forward and come through it "

Legal action and lawsuits
Original 2005 - 2008 lawsuit
Beyond his NHL and IIHF suspensions, legal action was taken against Bertuzzi in the provincial courts of British Columbia and Ontario, as well as in  Colorado state court  After a four-month investigation, the criminal justice branch of the Attorney General of British Columbia announced on June 24, 2004, he was being formally charged with assault causing bodily harm  With the charge, Bertuzzi faced up to one-and-a-half years in prison  Several months later, on December 22, Bertuzzi pleaded guilty to the assault charge after arranging a plea bargain with prosecutors  He was given a conditional discharge requiring 80 hours of community service and one year's probation that additionally prohibited him from playing in any hockey game Moore was competing in  Under Canadian law, Bertuzzi's successful completion of his probationary period precluded him from having a criminal record  Moore expressed disappointment regarding Bertuzzi's discharge and was upset that he was unable to attend the court date, having to issue a written victim statement instead  Moore's lawyer, Tim Danson, was given one day's notice of the court date following Bertuzzi's plea bargain, which he said was insufficient time for Moore to travel to Vancouver On February 17, 2005, Moore filed a lawsuit in a Colorado court against Bertuzzi  Also named in the lawsuit were numerous individuals within the Canucks organization, including Brad May (Bertuzzi's teammate at the time who was quoted as saying that there would "definitely be a price on Moore's head" after Moore's hit on Näslund), Brian Burke, Marc Crawford, as well as the Canucks organization as a whole and the Orca Bay Sports and Entertainment company that owned the team  The lawsuit was thrown out in October 2005, as the Colorado judge ruled the case was better suited for Canadian courts, as Moore and all the defendants were Canadian citizens  Planning to appeal the decision, Danson stated publicly the following month that Moore had begun skating and doing regular workouts, but continued to suffer concussion-related symptoms 
On February 16, 2006, the day of Bertuzzi's first Olympic game with Team Canada, Moore filed another lawsuit in the Ontario Superior Court against Bertuzzi, the Canucks, and Orca Bay, seeking CAD$15 million in pecuniary damages for loss of income, CAD$1 million for aggravated damages, and CAD$2 million for punitive damages  Moore's parents, who were watching their son on television when the attack happened, also sued, seeking CAD$1 5 million for "negligent infliction of nervous shock and mental distress"   Moore's lawyer filed the suit one day before its two-year limitation expired, denying there was any connection between the timing and Bertuzzi's participation in the 2006 Winter Olympics In December 2006, NHL commissioner Gary Bettman and top lieutenant Bill Daly facilitated a meeting between Moore's representatives and the defendants in hopes of agreeing on an out-of-court settlement  As court proceedings continued into the next year, Danson misfiled a confidential letter to Bertuzzi's lawyer, Geoffrey Adair, as a public document  The letter revealed that in July 2006, Adair asked Danson in a meeting whether Moore would accept a CAD$1 million settlement; Danson indicated that the figure was insufficient  The letter also revealed that Bertuzzi and Orca Bay subsequently offered a joint settlement of CAD$350,000 in the December 2006 meeting with Bettman several months later, an amount Danson described as insulting 
During the lawsuit's discovery process, Danson asked the Ontario judge to void the formal transfer of Bertuzzi's CAD$1 2 million home in Kitchener, Ontario, to his wife, which occurred five weeks after his actions against Moore  It was argued that the transfer was intended to "make Bertuzzi creditor-proof to the greatest extent possible " Meanwhile, Adair expressed his concern regarding the leaked letter between him and Danson impairing the possibility of a fair trial  In December 2007, Moore further amended the lawsuit, seeking an increased CAD$35 million for loss of income and CAD$3 5 million for the suffering of his parents That same month, the Ontario Superior Court released statements pertaining to the lawsuit in which Bertuzzi testified that Crawford was to blame for his actions against Moore, an allegation corroborated by new Canucks general manager Dave Nonis, who was then director of hockey operations for the club  Bertuzzi claimed that Crawford told players during the second intermission of the March 8 game that Moore needed to "pay the price" for his earlier hit against Näslund  Statements filed from Danson further claimed that Crawford had pointed to Moore's name and number on a board in the Canucks' dressing room during the intermission, calling for the players to take action  The Canucks formally denied both parties' claims, saying "At no time did the Vancouver Canucks organization or any of its management and employees, including former coach Mr  Crawford, encourage or promote the incident that occurred between Todd Bertuzzi and Steve Moore "In lieu of the allegations against Crawford, Bertuzzi filed a third-party complaint against his former coach on March 3, 2008  He alleged that he was contractually obliged to obey Crawford and that the coach should be held personally liable for any legal damages Moore might be awarded in court  In response, Crawford formally stated that Bertuzzi acted in "direct disobedience" to orders from the bench to get off the ice before attacking Moore  The suit was settled between the two in July 2011, though details regarding the agreement were kept undisclosed to Danson and Moore  The following year, a court decision required the settlement details to be revealed as part of the Moore-Bertuzzi trial 

2011 lawsuit
Five years after filing the Ontario suit, Danson told reporters in March 2011 that in order to fully gauge the extent of Moore's injury, the case had not yet proceeded  At the time, he was not yet employed and still experiencing headaches  After several delays, in October 2013 it was announced that the court date for the trial between Steve Moore and the Canucks/Bertuzzi will be September 8, 2014  On July 2, 2014, during Steve Moore's first appearance at his civil trial, he further amended the lawsuit, seeking CAD$68 million in damages, up from CAD$38 million  On August 19, 2014, it was announced that an out-of-court settlement had been reached in Steve Moore's lawsuit  Terms of the settlement are confidential 

Aftermath
On August 8, 2005, NHL Commissioner Gary Bettman announced that Bertuzzi would be allowed to play again at the start of the 2005–06 NHL season  In the league's decision, he cited many reasons for ending the suspension, such as:

Bertuzzi's serving a suspension of 20 games, which at the time tied for 4th longest in NHL history (13 regular season games, 7 playoff games)
Bertuzzi's repeated attempts to apologize to Moore personally
Bertuzzi's forfeited salary ($501,926 39 USD)
Lost endorsements (approximately $350,000 00, both figures in United States dollars)
Significant uncertainty, anxiety, stress and emotional pain caused to Bertuzzi's family
The commissioner's belief that Bertuzzi was genuinely remorseful and apologetic for his actionsOn August 12, 2005, Brian Burke, formerly Vancouver's general manager who was now serving in the same capacity with the Anaheim Ducks, had made an offer to Moore  It was a two-way contract that would have paid Moore $475,000 US in the NHL and $75,000 if the player suited up for Portland, the Ducks' American Hockey League affiliate  Moore's lawyer Tim Danson objected that Moore was considered a minor league player by Burke  Danson also described the offer as a self-serving attempt to mitigate potential legal damages, saying that Moore was not medically cleared to play hockey and describing it as adding insult to injury 
Bertuzzi was inactive in 2004–05 due to the players lockout and his ongoing suspension, which had been extended internationally  Bertuzzi returned to the Canucks in 2005–06, as the league ended his playing ban  He recorded 25 goals and 71 points, including two hat tricks (November 13, 2005, against the Detroit Red Wings and January 14, 2006, against the New York Islanders)  Though he ranked third in team scoring, Crawford has recalled that by the end of the season, Näslund and Bertuzzi had been eclipsed by Daniel and Henrik Sedin as the team's offensive leaders  Moore continued working out for several years afterward, but ultimately abandoned his comeback efforts when it became apparent he would never be medically cleared to play again 
There was speculation that the effects of the Steve Moore incident were negatively affecting Bertuzzi's play  While on the road, he was consistently heckled and booed by fans throughout the NHL  Näslund, a close friend of Bertuzzi's, later expressed sympathy for him, saying in a 2008 interview, "It still bothers me what Todd has had to go through     There's no question he was standing up for me     it all went too far "Beyond the negative impact on Bertuzzi's individual play, the media speculated that the fallout from the Moore incident had become a distraction to the organization as a whole  Compounding the situation in Vancouver, the Canucks had missed the playoffs for the first time in four years  As such, general manager Dave Nonis spent the off-season making significant changes to the Canucks lineup  On June 23, 2006, he traded Bertuzzi to the Florida Panthers, along with goaltender Alex Auld and defenceman Bryan Allen, in exchange for goaltender Roberto Luongo, defenceman Lukáš Krajíček and a sixth-round selection in the 2006 NHL Entry Draft (Sergei Shirokov)  After seven-and-a-half seasons with the Canucks, Bertuzzi left the club ranked seventh all-time among franchise scoring leaders with 449 points 

See also
Richard Riot
Donald Brashear - Marty McSorley incident
Violence in ice hockey
Passage 7:
Alpha and Omega (film)
Alpha and Omega is a 2010 American computer-animated film directed by Anthony Bell and Ben Gluck  Starring the voices of Justin Long, Hayden Panettiere, Dennis Hopper, Danny Glover and Christina Ricci, the film was written by Christopher Denk and Steve Moore, based on a story by Moore and Gluck  This film sets around two young Rocky Mountain wolves named Kate and Humphrey who fall in love with each other, but are on the opposite ends of their pack  However, when Kate and Humphrey learn that they got relocated to Idaho for repopulation, they must work together to get back to Jasper National Park before a war slowly begins to emerge between both packs 
The film premiered at the Toronto International Film Festival on September 8, 2010, and was released nationwide in 2-D and 3-D on September 17, 2010, by Lionsgate Films  The film was dedicated to the memory of Dennis Hopper, as he died from prostate cancer four months before it was released, and this was his final performance prior to his death 
Although it received negative reviews, the film eventually turned into a franchise of direct-to-video sequels including Alpha and Omega 2: A Howl-iday Adventure, which was released on October 8, 2013  Another sequel, The Great Wolf Games, was released on March 25, 2014  The Legend of the Saw Tooth Cave was released on September 23, 2014  Family Vacation was released to DVD on August 4, 2015  Dino Digs was released on DVD and Digital HD on May 10, 2016  It was followed by The Big Fur-eeze, which was released on November 8, 2016  The eighth and final installment, Journey To Bear Kingdom was released on DVD and Digital HD on May 9, 2017 

Plot
In Alberta, Canada’s Jasper National Park, Omega wolf Humphrey and his Omega friends attempt to log board down a hill  However, the plan goes entirely wrong as they try to maneuver the log down the mountain  Meanwhile, Alpha wolf Kate practices her hunting skills on her younger Omega sister, Lilly, much to her annoyance  Humphrey and Kate join each other mid air, excited to see each other again  However, Humphrey begins to feel nauseated by their spinning, and the two fall onto the ground  As Humphrey tries to join Kate, Winston, leader of the Western pack and Kate’s father, stops Humphrey in pursuing her  He reminds Humphrey that Alphas and Omegas cannot mate according to pack law, and that Kate is going off to Alpha school until Spring  Humphrey looks on, saddened by her departure  
Spring time comes around, and both Kate and Humphrey mature  Humphrey and his friends seem to master the ways of log boarding, but their fun stops short when they crash into a rock  They then see Kate on her first ever hunt, pursuing a herd of caribou  As Kate and her team close in on the caribou, they are interrupted by a group of two enemy Eastern pack wolves, which causes a stampede  As Kate saves the two Eastern wolves from getting trampled, the Western pack wolves start a fight  Humphrey and his friends then break up the conflict  Later that night, Winston meets up with Eastern pack leader Tony, as they discuss the pack’s food shortage  The two then agree that merging the packs together would end their conflict, and decide that Kate should marry Tony’s Alpha son, Garth  Kate, overhearing their conversation, agrees for the good of the pack 
During the Moonlight Howl (the howling between wolves), Kate and Garth finally meet  Garth tries to show off his howl, but Kate is unimpressed and excuses herself  She then runs into Humphrey, but the two get tranquilized by park rangers and are taken to Sawtooth National Recreation Area in Idaho  The two meet golfing goose Marcel and his duck caddie Paddy  Kate and Humphrey learn that they were relocated to repopulate the species, and agree that they must return home to Jasper Park before the two packs start a war  As the packs discover that Kate has gone missing, Tony warns Winston that if Kate doesn’t return, war will be inevitable  Lilly decides to show Garth around the Western pack’s territory until Kate returns, and the two fall in love 
As Kate and Humphrey catch a ride on an RV, Humphrey has to urinate and gets out while the vehicle pulls over at a nearby gas station  He then finds a cupcake and eats it, as the frosting covers his mouth  Two men mistake him for a wolf with rabies, and they attempt to shoot Humphrey with a gun  Kate then leaps out to save him, and the two flee  Kate, disappointed that they missed their ride home, leaves Humphrey out in the rain  Now traveling alone in the storm, Kate comes across a dangerous ravine, which has begun to flood  As Kate tries to cross it, she slips, and Humphrey comes to her rescue  Flattered by his bravery, Kate begins to admire Humphrey  The following day, Marcel and Paddy find the wolves and direct them to a train heading to Jasper Park  Climbing over the snowy mountain, Humphrey finds a grizzly bear cub, and the two play as Kate goes to scout a head  As Humphrey throws snow at the cub, the cub begins to cry, which attracts an angry trio of grizzly bears  As the wolves slide off the side of the mountain, Humphrey and Kate ride on a log and manage to board the train 
As the two joke about their encounter with the bears, Kate and Humphrey begin to bond even closer  Back at home, Lilly compassionately teaches Garth how to howl  At the same time, Humphrey gazes at the full moon and begins to howl, urging Kate to howl with him  Although it is against pack law for an Alpha to howl with an Omega, both couples begin to howl, falling in love  As Lilly and Garth finish their howling, Tony catches them, and ultimately declares war on the Western pack  As the train passes by Jasper, Kate and Humphrey’s exchange of feelings is cut short by the sight of the two packs at war  As they return, Kate announces that she will still marry Garth to unite the packs  The day of the wedding, a distraught Humphrey bids farewell to Kate, and decides to leave as a lone wolf, much to Kate’s disappointment 
During the ceremony, Kate backs out and declares her love for Humphrey, as Garth subsequently declares his love for Lilly  Tony, enraged, declares war on the Western pack, and a large fight ensues  Their brawl is cut short by an oncoming stampede of caribou alerted by the battle, and Winston and Tony get stuck between it  Humphrey, who had chosen to stay behind, and Kate cross paths, and work together by log boarding down the mountain to save them  They succeed, but Kate gets struck by the caribou in the process  As the stampede subsides, Humphrey tries to wake up Kate to no avail  Devastated, Humphrey begins to howl, causing everyone to howl with him  Kate then awakens to everyone’s joy, and she and Humphrey confess their love for each other, as Garth and Lilly confess theirs  Winston and Tony abolish the law against mating between Alphas and Omegas, and accept a union of the two packs via marriages between Garth and Lilly, and Kate and Humphrey 
At the Moonlight Howl, the wolves celebrate the Union of The Two Packs  The movie ends with the newly wedded Humphrey and Kate howling a duet 

Voice cast
Production
Pre-production and post-production took place in Los Angeles, with key animation produced by Crest Animation Productions in India and the script was written in Toronto, Ontario, Canada  Steve Moore originally intended for the story to be more mature, but Lionsgate wanted the film to be aimed towards children, so the original draft of the script was rewritten 

Reception
Alpha and Omega took in $2,288,773 on its opening day, and $9,106,906 on its opening weekend domestically, reaching fifth place at the box office  The film ended its run on December 2, 2010 after grossing $25 million domestically and $25 million in other territories  It held the title for the highest-grossing animated film released by Lionsgate until 2017, when it was dethroned by My Little Pony: The Movie 

Alpha and Omega holds an approval rating of 19% on Rotten Tomatoes based on 57 reviews; the site's consensus is: "With bland visuals and a dull, predictable plot, Alpha and Omega is a runt in 2010's animated litter " At Metacritic, the film has a score of 36 out of 100 based on reviews from 15 critics, indicating "generally unfavorable" reviews  
Andrew Barker of Variety gave the film a mixed review, writing: "Not without charm, Lionsgate's 3D animated pic is agreeably unambitious "
Sheri Linden of The Hollywood Reporter wrote: "Abounding in dumb jokes that kids are bound to like but sometimes too scary for very young viewers, the movie -- also going out in 2D -- takes too long to find its footing and at best is proficient, not exhilarating "
Bernie Van De Yacht was nominated for an Artios Award for Outstanding Achievement in Casting 

Marketing
Books
Three books on Alpha and Omega have been published by Finbar and Mindy:

Kate and Humphrey's Big Adventure/All about Wolves by Rebecca McCarthy
Alpha and Omega: Marcel and Paddy Save the Day by Tori Kosara
Alpha and Omega: The Junior Novel by Aaron S  Rosenberg

Video game
Published by Storm City Games, a video game adaptation called Alpha and Omega, based on the first film in the franchise of the same name, was exclusively released for the Nintendo DS on September 14, 2010 and was available in North America and Europe, although certain copies have been imported in other countries  It was panned for its poor graphics, bad controls, repetitive mini-games and lack of story 

Toys
McDonald's released a line of eight toys for the film's release in the United Kingdom 

Release
Home media
Alpha and Omega was released on DVD and Blu-ray Disc on January 11, 2011, which included a coupon for Great Wolf Resorts 

Sequels
A number of direct-to-video sequels to Alpha and Omega have been produced with none of the original cast reprising their roles  Justin Long is replaced by Benjamin Diskin for Humphrey and Hayden Panettiere and Christina Ricci are replaced by Kate Higgins for both Kate and Lilly 
The first sequel, Alpha and Omega 2: A Howl-iday Adventure, was released on October 8, 2013  The film revolves around the disappearance of Runt, one of Kate and Humphrey's pups in the sequel  DVD Talk stated that Alpha and Omega 2 was "so thin and uninteresting, and so lacking in holiday spirit, that you're not going to be pulling this one out each year when the holidays roll around" and that the film's price combined with its film length made other film choices "even more attractive " Common Sense Media gave the film a 1 out of 5 stars and wrote that the "Faux holiday-themed sequel is weak and forgettable "Alpha and Omega 3: The Great Wolf Games, based on the Winter Olympics and directed by Richard Rich, was released on iTunes on March 4, 2014, and it was later released on March 25, 2014 as a Walmart Exclusive  Common Sense Media gave Alpha and Omega 3 a mixed review, with three out of five stars, writing that the "mildly amusing sports-themed sequel is fun for young kids " The film was released shortly after the 2014 Winter Olympics in Sochi, Russia, on which it is based 
Alpha and Omega: The Legend of the Saw Tooth Cave was produced by Crest Animation Productions and distributed by Lionsgate Films  Written by Tom Kane and directed by Richard Rich, it is the fourth film in the franchise  The film was released to iTunes on September 23, 2014 and was released to DVD on October 7, 2014  The plot involves Runt exploring the Saw Tooth Cave and finding a wolf who has been driven from her pack for being different  He must help her and he learns about the joys of lending a paw to a friend in need  The trailer for Alpha and Omega: The Legend of the Saw Tooth Cave was released on July 21, 2014  The film was officially announced in the DVD features of Alpha and Omega 2: A Howl-iday Adventure, along with The Great Wolf Games, with director Richard Rich showing two short clips from the storyboards of both films  Common Sense Media gave the film 3 out of 5, stating "Entertaining wolf sequel has peril and some scares" The fifth film in the franchise, Alpha and Omega: Family Vacation, aired on TV in Mexico on March 28 and was released to DVD on August 4, 2015  It is written by Tom Kane and directed by Richard Rich  It aired in Mexico on March 28, 2015 before having its DVD premiere on August 4  The plot involves Kate, Humphrey, and the pups attempting to have a vacation together, but must flee from human wolf trappers in the process, and recaps the events as flashback scenes from past movies even the first film except for one alteration scene of the first film  Common Sense Media gave the film a rating of 3 out of 5 stars, stating "Adorable wolves take on trappers; some peril, suspense "On April 8, 2015, three more sequels were announced for Lionsgate to distribute, the first of which was released in early 2016, and followed the "misadventures of Alpha Kate and Omega Humphrey and their three wolf pups, Stinky, Claudette and Runt, as they learn life lessons in the great outdoors" On October 6, 2015, on Splash Entertainment's website, they have revealed the next sequel titled Alpha and Omega: The Big Fureeze along with sneak preview clips of the film, which was released in 2016  The other two sequel titles have also been revealed as, in order, Alpha and Omega: Dino Digs and Alpha and Omega: Journey to Bear Kingdom Alpha and Omega: Dino Digs was released on DVD and Digital HD on May 10, 2016  Alpha and Omega: The Big Fureeze was released on DVD and Digital HD on November 8, 2016  Alpha and Omega: Journey to Bear Kingdom was released on May 9, 2017 
Passage 8:
Ten Minutes Older
Ten Minutes Older is a 2002 film project consisting of two compilation feature films titled The Trumpet and The Cello  The project was conceived by the producer Nicolas McClintock as a reflection on the theme of time at the turn of the Millennium  Fifteen celebrated filmmakers were invited to create their own vision of what time means in ten minutes of film  The music for the compilations was composed by Paul Englishby, and performed by Hugh Masekela (trumpet) and Claudio Bohorques (cello) 
The Trumpet was first screened in the Un Certain Regard section at the 2002 Cannes Film Festival  The Cello was premiered in the official Venice Film Festival 2002  Both films released internationally The two films are dedicated to Herz Frank and Juris Podnieks (Camera) who made the 1978 short film, Ten Minutes Older  The original film and the feature film have been shown together on numerous occasions, including the Yamagata Film Festival in 2004, and the Spanish documentary film festival Punto de Vista in 2006 

Ten Minutes Older: The Trumpet
Directed by:

Aki Kaurismäki (segment "Dogs Have No Hell")
Víctor Erice (segment "Lifeline")
Werner Herzog (segment "Ten Thousand Years Older")
Jim Jarmusch (segment "Int  Trailer  Night ")
Wim Wenders (segment "Twelve Miles to Trona")
Spike Lee (segment "We Wuz Robbed")
Chen Kaige (segment "100 Flowers Hidden Deep")

Ten Minutes Older: The Cello
Directed by:

Bernardo Bertolucci (segment "Histoire d'eaux")
Mike Figgis (segment "About Time 2")
Jirí Menzel (segment "One Moment")
István Szabó (segment "Ten Minutes After")
Claire Denis (segment "Vers Nancy")
Volker Schlöndorff (segment "The Enlightenment")
Michael Radford (segment "Addicted to the Stars", made by Daniel Craig)
Jean-Luc Godard (segment "Dans le noir du temps")
Passage 9:
ATM 2000E
The ATM 2000 (Pz Mi 88) and ATM 2000E are Austrian plastic cased anti-vehicle mines using Misznay Schardin effect warhead  The mine uses an electronic microprocessor controlled fuze with magnetic, seismic and pressure sensors allowing it to discriminate between targets  The mine can be laid by hand or by a mechanical mine laying system, and arms ten minutes after being laid  The mine is fitted with an anti-handling device, and can be command detonated 
When triggered, the mine detonates a small clearing charge, which clears away any earth laid on top of the mine  It then fires the main warhead, which uses a metal liner to form a penetrating fragment which is projected into the belly of the vehicle passing over the mine  The self-forging fragment is capable of penetrating steel up to 200 millimeters thick 
The mine is currently being produced by Dynamit Nobel Wien and is in service with the Austrian Army 



ground_truth: 1978