prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: Prior to playing for Michigan State, Keith Nichol played football for a school located in what city?

The following are given passages.
Context 1: Passage 1:
John Macklin
John Farrell "Big John" Macklin (October 17, 1883 – October 10, 1949) was an American football player, coach of football, basketball, baseball and track and field, and a college athletics administrator  He served as the head football coach at Michigan Agricultural College, now Michigan State University from 1911 to 1915  With a five-year record of 29–5, he has the highest winning percentage of any football coach in Michigan State history  Macklin coached the Michigan State Spartans football team to its first ever victories over Ohio State, Michigan, Wisconsin, and Penn State  He was also the athletic director at Michigan Agricultural and coached the school's basketball, baseball, and track and field teams  Macklin tallied marks of 48–38 as head basketball coach (1910–1916) and 52–27 as head baseball coach (1911–1915) 

Biography
Early years
Macklin was born in Worcester, Massachusetts and attended Worcester High School  He played high school football for four years and was also the captain of Worcester's crew  After graduating from Worcester High School, Macklin attended Exeter Academy in Exeter, New Hampshire and then St  Paul's School in Concord, New Hampshire, playing football at each school 

Penn
After completing his preparatory education, Macklin enrolled at the University of Pennsylvania  Macklin grew to be a giant of a man for his time  He was 6 feet, 7 inches tall and weighed 275 pounds  When Macklin arrived at Penn, one account indicates there were no uniforms large enough to fit him: "When the big husky appeared on the gridiron the first thing the coaches did was to send for the athletic outfitter, for there was not a suit on the campus that would encompass his frame " Macklin played two years at the tackle position for Penn's football team  The Chicago Daily Tribune later wrote: "For a big man he was remarkably agile and his tackling on the wings and his quickness in getting through to break up plays was the delight of the coaches "

Coaching career
In 1910, Macklin coached football at a boys' school at Pawling, New York  Macklin's success at Pawling brought him to the attention of Michigan Agricultural College (now Michigan State University), which was in need of a new athletic director and coach  He was hired in January 1911 upon the recommendation of the renowned Penn athletic trainer Mike Murphy  Macklin was the head coach at Michigan State 1911 to 1915 and compiled a record of 29–5  His winning percentage of  853 is the highest in the history of the Michigan State Spartans football program  Macklin's 1913 Michigan State team finished with an undefeated, untied record of 7–0 and outscored opponents by a combined score of 180 to 28  Macklin was the first Michigan State coach to lead the Spartans to football victories over Ohio State (35–20 in 1912), Michigan (12–7 in 1913), Wisconsin (12–7 in 1913), and Penn State (6–3 in 1914)  Macklin's 1913 team was also the first racially integrated team in the school's history, as Gideon Smith became the first African-American player for the Spartans Macklin was also the athletic director and coach of the baseball, men's basketball, and track and field teams  He coached the basketball team from 1910 to 1916 and compiled a 48–38 ( 558) record, including a 12–3 record for 1911–12 season  He coached the baseball team from 1911 to 1915, compiling a record of 52–27 ( 658) Macklin retired from coaching in March 1916 to enter the coal mining business in Pennsylvania 

Later years and honors
The Associated Press in 1949 called Macklin "the founding father of the big time at Michigan State College " When he was hired in 1911, the school was putting on games for $200  When he left, the school received guarantees of $10,000 for games  As athletic director, he also led the effort to build new athletic buildings and a modern gymnasium  In 1935, Michigan State renamed its football stadium Macklin Field in his honor  At the time, Macklin was a coal mine operator living in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania  The name was changed to Macklin Stadium in 1948, and in 1957, Macklin's name was dropped and replaced by the current name, Spartan Stadium Macklin died at his home in the suburbs of Philadelphia at age 65 

Head coaching record
Football
Passage 2:
Don Coleman (offensive tackle)
Don Edwin Coleman (May 4, 1928 – January 30, 2017) was an American football player   Coleman played high school football at Flint Central High School and college football at Michigan State University   He was a unanimous All-American in 1951, the first African-American All-American football player at Michigan State   He was also the first Michigan State player to have his jersey number retired by the school   In 1968, he also became the first African-American to serve on the coaching staff at Michigan State   Coleman was elected to the College Football Hall of Fame in 1975 

Early years
Coleman was born in Ponca City, Oklahoma in 1928 and moved with his family to Flint, Michigan before his freshman year in high school   His father shined shoes at Flint's Durant Hotel, worked as a hotel porter, and worked in the automobile factories Coleman did not play football until his senior year  at Flint Central High School   Two of Coleman's older brothers had died in their youth, one from drowning and the other from pneumonia   Coleman's mother did not want her youngest son to be injured playing football   Accordingly, Coleman played No 1 trumpet in the high school band and competed in swimming for three years   When Flint Central had a swim meet with Royal Oak High School, the Royal Oak coach "made it known Coleman would not be allowed to swim because a black swimmer had never been in their pool "  Flint Central swim coach, Bob Richardson, stood behind Coleman and told the Royal Oak coach that, "if Don Coleman couldn't swim, then the rest of the Flint Central team would not swim "   Coleman became the first black swimmer to enter Royal Oak's pool As a senior in 1947, Coleman's mother finally agreed to allow her son to play football   In his first year of football, he was selected as an all-state guard and led Flint Central to the state championship 

Michigan State football player
After graduating from Flint Central, Coleman enrolled at Michigan State University, then known as Michigan State College   He played principally at the tackle position for Biggie Munn's Michigan State Spartans from 1949 to 1951   At 178 pounds, he was the lightest player on the 1949 Michigan State football team   Coleman made up for what he lacked in size with quickness and intensity   Long-time Michigan State sports information director Fred Stabley in 1972 named Coleman as one of the two best players he saw at Michigan State and recalled that, despite his size, Coleman was "so quick and played with such intensity   He loved to play against big men   The 250 pounders were his meat "  In 1952, the Chicago Daily Tribune wrote that Coleman "probably is packed with more football per pound than any man in the United States "
Coleman was also Michigan States's first unanimous All-American football player and its first African-American All-American   Michigan State under Biggie Munn and Duffy Daugherty earned a reputation as one of the leaders in racial integration of football, and Coleman was the first of many great African-American stars to play for the Spartans   In 1953, a feature story on racial integration of football cited the example of Coleman:"In 1951, for instance, as for two years previously, their watch-charm  tackle, Don Coleman, was one of the world's best football players   Weighing only 180 pounds, Coleman employed quickness, agility, brains and courage to win unanimous selection as an All-American in 1951   At Michigan State, he is perpetually nominated as one of the greatest football players of all time "
Interviewed in 1996 about Michigan State's role in integrating the sport, Coleman noted, "We changed the rules, changed the game and changed some attitudes   What we did at Michigan State helped everyone take a step closer to better understanding those who before that had no prior contact with one another "As a junior in 1950, Coleman played at every position on the left side of the line for Michigan State and was selected as the Midwest lineman of the week following a season-opening win over the Michigan Wolverines   Michigan coach Bennie Oosterbaan said that Coleman's only rival among Big Ten lineman was Bronko Nagurski   Oosterbaan added, "Pound for pound, the Big Ten has never seen a better tackler than Don Coleman, who was smart, quick as a cat, and a deadly, fearless tackler "
As a senior year in 1951, Coleman was selected as the Most Valuable Player on the undefeated 1951 Michigan State Spartans football team and received the Governor of Michigan Award   In presenting Coleman with the award, Michigan Governor Mennen Williams said, "A couple of those tackles I saw you make in the Notre Dame game were enough to convince me "  Coleman was credited with being the key to the Michigan State offense in 1951   Line coach Duffy Daugherty pointed to a Coleman blocks in the Marquette game as "one of the greatest plays by an offensive lineman that I've ever seen "  According to Daugherty, Coleman was knocked to the ground, but got up, caught and passed the Michigan State ball carrier (Leroy Bolden) and "still made the key block that let him go for 33 yards "  Daugherty later credited Coleman with "changing the concept of offensive football at Michigan State" and added, "He gave me a lesson which made football a winning proposition at the school for ten of the next twelve years "  Daugherty went even further in 1954 with the following words of praise for Coleman:"If you want to pick a player on the basis of how close to perfection he is in whatever position he plays, I'll say Coleman was the greatest "
Coleman was also a talented special teams player   Against Michigan in 1951, he tackled the Michigan kick returner on the nine yard line on the opening kickoff   Against Ohio State that same year, he tackled the return man at the seven yard line on the opening kickoff At the end of the 1951 season, Coleman was selected as a first-team All-American on 13 All-American teams, including teams selected by the Associated Press and United Press   In choosing him for its All-American team, the Associated Press referred to Coleman as "the catlike tackle "Coleman was also the runner-up to Oklahoma's Jim Weatherall for the Outland Trophy  At the Outland Trophy award ceremony, Coleman met Kentucky football coach Paul "Bear" Bryant   Bryant, whose Kentucky Wildcats team was segregated at the time, told Coleman, "You can play on my team anytime "Coleman was also selected to play in three post-season honor games, including the East-West Shrine Game, the Hula Bowl and the College All-Star Game   In an interview with the Chicago Daily Tribune prior to the College All-Star Game in August 1952, Coleman emphasized his pride in being an All-American both athletically and scholastically   He noted, "I think it's wonderful that football gave me a college education "In February 1953, an investigation by the Big Ten Conference revealed that a Michigan State booster organization known as the "Spartan Foundation" had either given or loaned a total of $3,183 to ten players on the 1951 football team, including Coleman   As a result of the finding, the Conference placed Michigan State on probation for one year In 1956, the Associated Press reported that the No  7 position on the short side of the Michigan State line was still being called "The Coleman Tackle "  Starting with Coleman, Michigan State played only one lineman on the short side between the center and end positions   With Coleman on the short side, "with his speed and ability to knock down a couple of men on any given play," Michigan State placed an emphasis on plays developing from the short side   One of the Michigan State coaches said, "Coleman taught us things about playing tackle we never thought could be done "

Professional football and military service
Coleman was drafted by the Chicago Cardinals in the eighth round (88th overall pick) of the 1952 NFL Draft   Coleman initially "turned down all offers" from the Cardinals, saying that he felt he was too small at 185 pounds to make much of a showing in professional football   In August 1952, Coleman noted that any thought he may have had of playing for the Cardinals vanished when he was drafted into the U S  Army   He was required to report to Fort Lee, Virginia, after appearing in the College All-Star Game in August 1952   Coleman served for two years in the U S  Army, including one year in Korea After being discharged from the Army, Coleman signed with the Cardinals and reported to training camp in August 1954   He appeared in the Cardinals' starting lineup for an exhibition game against the Green Bay Packers at Minneapolis   On September 1, 1954, the Cardinals traded Coleman to the Green Bay Packers for defensive halfback Marvin Johnson   Coleman chose not to play for the Packers and instead returned to Flint, Michigan as a school teacher   Interviewed in 2007, Coleman expressed no regrets at passing on the opportunity: "I haven't regretted anything I've done, including saying no to the Green Bay Packers   Giving up football gave me a chance to get started working with communities  I hope I've been a Jackie Robinson on a smaller scale  I always wanted to set an example and do the right thing  And nothing feels better than when someone says, 'I always wanted to be a Don Coleman '"

Teacher
Following his retirement from football, Coleman became a teacher at Flint Central High School   He was the first African-American teacher at Flint Central, and eventually became the position of dean of students at the school 

Michigan State coach and administrator
In April 1968, Coleman left his position as a school principal in Flint to join Duffy Daugherty's coaching staff as an assistant coach   He was the first African-American on Michigan State's coaching staff   That same month, a group of African-American athletes at Michigan State had announced plans to boycott all sports at the university in protest against the lack of African-Americans in coaching, counseling and administration positions   According to a report in the Washington Afro-American, Michigan State was forced to leave its "lily-white hiring" by the "quiet but firm demands of a militant, forward looking student organization   Coleman resigned his coaching position at Michigan State in January 1969 and accepted a new position in the school's residence hall program   At the time of his resignation, Coleman said, "Frankly, I found football coaching was not for me     During the years I had been out of football, the game had changed so drastically that I feel lost "  After his resignation from the coaching staff, Coleman held ten different assignments at Michigan State, including assistant dean of the graduate school, counselor and director of minority comprehensive support programs at the Michigan State College of Osteopathic Medicine, and professor emeritus 

Health and family
In November 1992, Coleman underwent quadruple bypass surgery  While recovering from the surgery, Coleman suffered a heart attack on Christmas Day 1992   After the heart attack, Coleman worked to maintain his cardiovascular health   Eighteen years after suffering the heart attack, Coleman, at age 81, told an interviewer, "Since then, my cardiovascular experience has gone well "Coleman had been married to his wife, Geraldine, for more than 50 years   They had a daughter, Stephanie  Coleman died on January 30, 2017, at age 88 

Honors and awards
Coleman was the first Michigan State football player to have his number retired   On December 14, 1951, Biggie Munn announced that Coleman's No  78 would never again be used on a Spartan uniform   An executive from General Motors presented Coleman with a check for $500 on behalf of the people of Flint, Michigan Coleman has also received numerous other honors and awards, including the following:

Coleman was one of the charter members of the Flint Hall of Fame 
In January 1970, Coleman was named to the All-Time Michigan State football team based on ballots collected by the Michigan State Alumni Magazine and Michigan State News   He was also named as the best all-time interior lineman in Michigan State history 
In January 1971, Coleman was named to the all-time Hula Bowl team and was named as the outstanding college lineman in the 25-year history of the Hula Bowl 
In February 1975, Coleman was inducted into the College Football Hall of Fame   At the time of his induction, Coleman was working as a counselor and director of minority comprehensive support programs in the MSU College of Osteopathic Medicine   On learning of the honor, Coleman said, "This is the greatest honor I've ever received "
In 1992, Coleman was a charter inductee into the Michigan State Hall of Fame 
In December 1996, Coleman was selected by the Michigan Hall of Fame as the recipient of its second annual Legends Award 
Passage 3:
2006 Michigan State Spartans football team
The 2006 Michigan State Spartans football team represented Michigan State University in the 2006 NCAA Division I FBS football season  Michigan State competed as a member of the Big Ten Conference, and played their home games at Spartan Stadium in East Lansing, Michigan  The Spartans were led by fourth-year head coach John L  Smith  Smith had compiled a combined 18–18 record in his previous seasons at Michigan State, and he was fired after the 2006 season in which the team finished 4–8  The Spartans did, however, set the record for the greatest comeback from a deficit in college football history 

Season recap
Michigan State teams during Smith's tenure were "known for their late season collapses"  The Spartans started the 2006 season with a 3–0 record with victories over Idaho, Eastern Michigan, and Pittsburgh  The following week, Michigan State led Notre Dame, 37–21, in the third quarter, but surrendered 19 points to lose the game  The Spartans then lost all but one game on the remainder of their schedule On October 21, Michigan State traveled to Evanston, Illinois to face Northwestern  By the third quarter, Northwestern had extended its lead to a commanding 38–3  Michigan State gained momentum in the fourth quarter when Devin Thomas blocked a Northwestern punt, which was then returned for a touchdown by Ashton Henderson  Northwestern was forced to punt twice more and Michigan State capitalized on each possession with a touchdown, which tied the game, 38–38  Placekicker Brett Swenson made good the game-winning field goal with 0:13 remaining to play, and Michigan State won the greatest comeback in college football history After the record-setting victory, it appeared that Smith's job was temporarily secured, but the administration fired him shortly after a loss to Indiana the following week  The Spartans ended the season with four consecutive losses to finish with a 4–8 overall record and 1–7 against Big Ten opponents  In November, Mark Dantonio was hired as the replacement head coach 

Schedule
Game summaries
Northwestern
Coaching staff
John L  Smith – Head Coach
Blaine Bennett – Assistant head coach/wide receivers coach
Dave Baldwin – Offensive coordinator/Tight end coach
Dan Enos – Quarterbacks coach
Ben Sirmans – Running backs coach/special teams coordinator
Jeff Stoutland – Offensive line coach
Chris Smeland – Defensive coordinator/safeties
Derrick Jackson – Defensive line coach
Mike Cox – Linebackers coach/recruiting coordinator
Chuck Driesbach – Defensive backs coach

2007 NFL Draft
The following players were selected in the 2007 NFL Draft 
Passage 4:
Oklahoma Sooners
The Oklahoma Sooners are the athletic teams that represent the University of Oklahoma, located in Norman  The 19 men's and women's varsity teams are called the "Sooners", a reference to a nickname given to the early participants in the Land Run of 1889, which initially opened the Unassigned Lands in the future state of Oklahoma to non-native settlement  The university's athletic teams compete in the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA)'s Division I in the Big 12 Conference  The university's current athletic director is Joe Castiglione 
The Sooners have won 43 team national championships   In 2002, the University of Oklahoma was ranked as the third best college sports program in America by Sports Illustrated 

Sports sponsored
The University of Oklahoma was a charter member of the Southwest Athletic Conference (SWC) during its formation in 1914  Five years later, in 1919, OU left the SWC and joined the Missouri Valley Intercollegiate Athletic Association  In 1928, this conference split, and OU remained aligned with the teams that formed the Big Six Conference  Over the next 31 years, more schools were added and the conference underwent several name changes, incrementing the number each time up to the Big Eight Conference where it remained until 1996  Four Texas schools joined with the members of Big Eight to form the current Big 12 Conference 
When combined with Blake Griffin's John Wooden Award and Sam Bradford's Heisman Trophy, Oklahoma became the second school to have a top winner in both basketball and football in the same year (in 1968, Gary Beban won the Heisman Trophy and Kareem Abdul-Jabbar won the USBWA "Player of the Year" award for UCLA) 

Football
The Sooners have been participating in college football since 1895  Calling Gaylord Family Oklahoma Memorial Stadium at Owen Field home, the team has won numerous bowl games, 50 conference championships (including every Big Seven championship awarded), and seven Associated Press National Championships, making the Sooners football program the most decorated in the Big 12  Oklahoma has scored the most points in Division I-A football history despite the fact they have played over 60 fewer games than the second place school on that list  OU also has the highest winning percentage of any team since the start of the AP poll in 1936 The Sooners possess 7 national championships in football, with 1950, 1955, 1956, 1974, 1975, 1985, and 2000 seasons featuring the top team in the Associated Press final poll, and the 2000 Bowl Championship Series National Championship as well  This number is 3rd only to the Alabama Crimson Tide (12) and the Notre Dame Fighting Irish (8) for the most AP titles of any Division I college football team after the end of World War II (which is commonly used as the division between eras in college football) In addition to these seven acknowledged national championships there are also ten additional years in which the NCAA's official record book lists other selections (mostly by math rating systems) of the Sooners as national champions, with the first four years in retrospect: 1915, 1949, 1953, 1957, 1967, 1973, 1978, 1980, 1986, 2003  In general, math formula rankings are not recognized as national championships  The University of Oklahoma does not acknowledge these additional "championships", as they were not awarded by the Associated Press, United Press International (UPI), USA Today Coaches Poll, or the Bowl Championship Series (BCS) 

Individual success is also a major part of Oklahoma football; seven Heisman Trophy winners (Billy Vessels, Steve Owens, Billy Sims, Jason White, Sam Bradford Baker Mayfield, and Kyler Murray) are surrounded by many other award winners, including NFL MVP Award winner Adrian Peterson, Joe Washington, Brian Bosworth, Tony Casillas, Greg Pruitt, Josh Heupel, Jerry Tubbs, Rocky Calmus, Granville Liggins, Teddy Lehman, Lee Roy Selmon, Roy Williams, Tommy McDonald, Mark Clayton, Tommie Harris, J  C  Watts, Keith Jackson, and Jammal Brown  More than a dozen Sooner players have been inducted into the College Football Hall of Fame  Oklahoma has more Butkus award winners than any other school 

Coaches Bennie Owen, Bud Wilkinson, Barry Switzer and Bob Stoops have passed through the game-day tunnel for the Sooners, each on his way to the College Football Hall of Fame  Owen was the first highly successful coach at OU and was a major advocate of the forward pass, which at the turn of the century was not popular  The playing surface at Oklahoma's Gaylord Family Oklahoma Memorial Stadium is popularly known as Owen Field in honor of his long tenure and devotion to the university  Wilkinson left many imprints on the game, such as the 5–2 defense with five linemen and two linebackers; the perfection of the Split-T, an early option offense; three national championships; and his teams set the NCAA Division 1 record for consecutive wins at 47 (started October 10, 1953, vs  Texas and ended in 1957 with a loss to Notre Dame 7–0)  Switzer won three national championships (the National Championship of 1975 is highly controversial; Arizona State went 12–0 that season while Oklahoma was 11–1) and forged arguably the fiercest rushing offense ever, the Oklahoma wishbone formation, throughout the 1970s and 1980s  Though the end of Switzer's tenure at Oklahoma was marked by controversy and poor player behavior, he is generally well regarded by both his past players and Sooner fans  During his 16 years as the Sooners' head coach, Switzer led his team to 12 conference championships and never lost more than two games in a row  His winning percentage of  837 stands as the fourth-highest in the history of 1-A football  Other Hall of Fame coaches whose tenure included stints at the University of Oklahoma are Lawrence "Biff" Jones and Jim Tatum 

Baseball
The Oklahoma Baseball tradition is long, proud and storied, with two National Championships in 1951 and 1994, along with numerous All-Americans  Their home field is L  Dale Mitchell Baseball Park, named after famed player Dale Mitchell  The current coach is Skip Johnson  The baseball program was a source of recent controversy when the head coach, Larry Cochell, resigned after making racially insensitive remarks about one of the players on the team 
During the 2005–2006 season, the Sooners were given a home regional at L  Dale Mitchell Park and were named the No  1 seed  They beat the University of Houston, Texas Christian University, and Wichita State University to win the regional and advanced to a Super Regional where they were defeated by Rice University in a best-of-three series  Oregon State University went on to win the College World Series that year 
Prior to 2006, the Sooners hosted regionals at minor league parks in Oklahoma City, first All Sports Stadium and then AT&T Bricktown Ballpark  Scheduling conflicts with the Oklahoma Redhawks, the Class AAA affiliate of the Houston Astros, led OU to bid for future regionals at its on-campus stadium 

Men's basketball
The men's basketball team is highly successful and rose to national prominence since the early 80s with head coach Billy Tubbs and three time All-American power forward Wayman Tisdale  It currently plays in the Lloyd Noble Center, which came to be known as the house Alvan Adams built and Tisdale filled  While the team has never won a national championship, it ranks second in most tournament wins without a championship behind Illinois  The team played in the 1988 national championship game but lost to Kansas, despite having beaten the Jayhawks twice earlier in the season  The program has won a combined twenty regular-season and tournament conference championships 
The Sooners headed into the 2005–06 season ranked No  5 in the AP preseason poll, led by Taj Gray, Kevin Bookout, Terrell Everett, and David Godbold, but had a disappointing early season  After the emergence of Michael Neal as a potential star, the Sooners salvaged a No  3 seed in the Big 12 Conference Tournament but lost in the first round of the NCAA Tournament 
On March 29, 2006, Kelvin Sampson left the University of Oklahoma to become the head basketball coach at Indiana University  13 days later, on April 11, 2006, Oklahoma Athletic Director Joe Castiglione named Jeff Capel III the new head coach  Capel encountered trouble in his first few months as several players who had been recruited by Sampson backed out of their commitments  Also, under Sampson's watch, Oklahoma was placed under a three-year investigation by the NCAA for recruiting violations  At the end of their investigation, the NCAA issued a report citing more than 550 illegal calls made by Sampson and his staff to 17 different recruits  The NCAA barred Sampson from recruiting off campus and making phone calls for one year, ending May 24, 2007  The Sooners looked to continue a streak of 12 consecutive postseason tournament appearances in 2006–2007, but were disappointed when they did not receive a bid for either the NCAA Tournament or the NIT 
In the 2009 NBA draft, the Sooners produced the No  1 overall draft selection Blake Griffin 

Women's basketball
OU women's basketball began during the 1974–75 academic year  It wasn't until 1996 when OU hired local high school basketball coach, Sherri Coale, that the team became something Sooners would be proud of  At one time the team drew an average of 65 people per game, now the Sooners are one of the nation's leaders in attendance  In 2002, Oklahoma advanced to the National Title game before losing to the Connecticut Huskies 

Men's golf
The men's golf team has won 14 conference championships:

Big Eight Conference (12): 1935, 1938, 1941, 1946–48, 1951–52, 1955–57, 1992 (co-champions in 1947 and 1955)
Big 12 Conference (2): 2006, 2018The Sooners won the NCAA Championship in 1989 and 2017  OU has also crowned two individual national champions: Walter Emery in 1933 and Jim Vickers in 1952 
Several Sooners have had successful amateur and professional careers after college: Charles Coe (1949 and 1958 U S  Amateur winner), Glen Day (one PGA Tour win), Todd Hamilton (two PGA Tour wins including 2004 Open Championship), Anthony Kim (three PGA Tour wins), Andrew Magee (four PGA Tour wins), Craig Perks (one PGA Tour win), Greg Turner (four European Tour wins), Grant Waite (one PGA Tour win) and Abraham Ancer (winner of 2018 Emirates Australian Open) 

Men's gymnastics
The men's gymnastics program at OU is headed by coach Mark Williams  It has won twelve NCAA Men's Gymnastics Championships, including five in a span of seven years in 2002, 2003, 2005, 2006 and 2008 (they finished second behind Penn State in 2004 and 2007)  They won the 2006 title with very little experience on the team as 50% of the members were freshmen and just 21% were upperclassmen (seven freshmen, four sophomores, one junior, and two seniors)  Teams from OU also won national championships in 1977, 1978, 1991, and back to back to back championships in 2015, 2016 and 2017  In 2015, the Sooners broke the NCAA scoring record in a duel meet against Michigan scoring 456 4 points and then broke their own record two weeks later against Illinois scoring 457 3 points 
Gymnastics began at the school in 1902  The program folded in 1917 when the original coach left  The program was revived in 1965 with the new coach, Russ Porterfield having to beg students to join the squad  Within 6 years, OU had its first winning season  OU's next coach, Paul Ziert, turned the program into one of national prominence  He led OU to two national championships in 1977 and 1978  One of Ziert's athletes, Greg Buwick, would replace him as head coach in 1980 and would lead the team to its third national title in 1991  Buwick's assistant of 12 years, Mark Williams, took over the head coaching position in 2000 and has led the Sooners to six national championships, thirteen conference titles, several individual champions, and even more All-Americans  OU has produced more Nissen Award winners than any other university and is the only school to have back-to-back Nissen Award winners 

Women's gymnastics
The women's gymnastics program is headed by K  J  Kindler  The Sooners have won 14 Big 12 conference titles, 8 regional championships, and five national championship titles (2014, a co-championship with Florida and in 2016, 2017, 2019 and 2022)  The Sooners have also won seven individual titles in their history, with Kelly Garrison (all-around in 1987; all-around, bars and beam in 1988), Taylor Spears (beam in 2014), Nicole Lehrmann (bars in 2017), and Maggie Nichols (bars in 2017) claiming honors 

Women's rowing
On May 10, 2007, the University announced the addition of women's rowing to the intercollegiate athletics program started by well-respected rower Candie Garrett  The University hired head coach Leeanne Crain in the spring of 2008  Assistant Coaches Kris Muhl and Andrew Derrick followed Crain from the University of Central Florida to jumpstart OU's program  Muhl took a head coaching position at Jacksonville University during summer 2009  Former UVA rower and Alabama Novice coach Marina Traub was hired as the varsity assistant coach in Fall 2009 The University of Oklahoma women's rowing team practices in the Oklahoma City River (formerly the Canadian River), located in the Bricktown area of Oklahoma City  The river was designated as a U S  Olympic Training Center for the sports of kayaking, canoeing, and rowing on July 28, 2009  The University's boathouse was completed in 2011 

Women's soccer
The women's soccer team plays in the Big 12 Conference  Their home ground is John Crain Field in the OU Soccer Complex 
As of 2021 the head coach is Mark Carr, a graduate of Bournemouth University, who was formerly head coach of the United States women's national under-20 soccer team 

Softball
The OU softball program qualified four times for the AIAW WCWS (1975, 1980, 1981, 1982) and 16 times for the Women's College World Series (Division I) (2000, 2001, 2002, 2003, 2004, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014, 2016, 2017, 2018, 2019, 2021,2022,and 2023) In October 1994, OU hired Patty Gasso as the fifth head coach in program history  In 29 years, she has built OU into one of the premier collegiate softball programs in the nation  Within her first five seasons in Norman, Gasso led the Sooners to the final Big Eight championship (1995) and 15  Big 12 titles (1996,1999,2000,2009,2012,2013,2014,2015,2016,2017,2018,2019,2021,2022,and 2023) 
In 2000, Oklahoma won its first Women's College World Series title by defeating perennial power UCLA  It marked the first national championship by a women's athletics program in school history  OU rolled through the 2013 season en route to its second WCWS title  The 2016 Sooners won the program's third national title while starting four sophomores and four freshmen  Despite entering the 2017 postseason tournament as a No  10 national seed, OU won its second consecutive WCWS title and fourth overall  Game One of the WCWS champion series featured a 17-inning thriller in which the Sooners defeated Florida 7-5  The 2021 WCWS saw OU drop its opener to James Madison before rebounding to earn a spot in the championship series against Florida State  The Sooners defeated the Seminoles in three games to win the program's fifth national title 

Men's and women's track and field
The men's and women's outdoor track and field teams host meets at the John Jacobs Track and Field Complex  The men's and women's indoor track and field teams host meets at the Mosier Indoor Track Facility 

Wrestling
The Sooner wrestling program was established in 1920 and is the fourth most decorated in college wrestling, having won seven NCAA national championships in 1936, 1951, 1952, 1957, 1960, 1963 and 1974  The Sooners are considered a power in their own right and Bedlam matches draw big home crowds, with the Howard McCasland Field House being the home for Sooner Wrestling  There are numerous All-Americans and National Champions that have wrestled for the Oklahoma Sooners  Mark Cody was head coach of the program for five years before his resignation in 2016  During his time, Cody coached the Sooners to 10th in 2014  Under Cody, the Sooners had ten All-Americans and two national champions (Kendric Maple and Cody Brewer)  His replacement was Lou Rosselli, a former assistant at Ohio State  Roger Kish took over as head coach in 2023 
Notable Oklahoma Sooner wrestlers include:

Melvin Douglas – 2-time NCAA Champion, World Champion, and 8 time U S  National Champion in freestyle wrestling
Tommy Evans – 2-time NCAA Champion and 2-time NCAA Outstanding Wrestler
Jared Frayer – 2-time NCAA All-American and National Finalist, competed at 2012 Summer Olympics
Dan Hodge – 3-time NCAA Champion, 2-time Outstanding Wrestler, and namesake of Dan Hodge Trophy award which is awarded to America's best college wrestler
Mickey Martin – 3-time NCAA Champion and NCAA Outstanding Wrestler
Dave Schultz – NCAA, World and Olympic Champion
Mark Schultz – 3-time NCAA Champion, NCAA Outstanding Wrestler, 2-time World Champion and Olympic Champion
Wayne Wells – NCAA, World and Olympic ChampionOklahoma Sooner Wrestling team accomplishments: 

23 Conference Titles
263 All-Americans
65 individual NCAA Champions
7 NCAA Championships: 1936, 1951, 1952, 1957, 1960, 1963 and 1974

Notable non-varsity sports
Rugby
Oklahoma plays college rugby in the Allied Rugby Conference of Division 1A  Oklahoma has participated several times in the Collegiate Rugby Championship (CRC), often matching up against rival Texas  The CRC, held every year at PPL Park in Philadelphia, is the highest profile college rugby competition in the US, and is broadcast live on NBC each year 
The Oklahoma University Rugby Football Club was established in 1974  OU Rugby has experienced success since its founding, including an undefeated record in the 1983–1984 season, and reached the national quarter-finals five times from 1980 to 1990  The early 2000s saw Oklahoma return to its winning ways, winning the Big 12 Rugby Tournament four times  The captain of that squad, All American Tyson Meek, played for the US national rugby team, and went on to become OU's first professional rugby player  Oklahoma finished the 2005 season with a 19–1 record 

Rivalries
Nebraska Cornhuskers
A traditional college football rivalry with the Nebraska Cornhuskers was much less intense during the Big 12 years than it was in the Big 8 era  This was mainly due to the split-division nature of the Big 12 that only allowed the teams to play each other twice every four years  Prior to this, these teams were involved in several historic match-ups, including the Game of the Century and the so-called Game of the New Century where the teams have come into the game ranked one and two in the Associated Press poll, making the games of great importance in deciding the national championship  Historically, the rivalry's most distinguishing quality has been the grudging respect and appreciation between the two tradition-rich programs  Also of note is the game's former status as the premier Thanksgiving Day game for the middle of the country  The Sooners and Cornhuskers went head-to-head in the 2006 Big 12 Championship Game, with Oklahoma winning the conference title by the score of 21–7  The two teams also met in the 2010 Big 12 Championship Game, with Oklahoma again the victor in a close game by a score of 23–20  This turned out to be the final conference meeting between the two teams, as Nebraska departed for the Big Ten Conference the following season 

Oklahoma State Cowboys
Oklahoma's shares an intrastate rivalry with the Oklahoma State Cowboys and is often referred to as the "Bedlam Series " It is normally played as a home-and-home series with games alternating between Norman and Stillwater, with the exception of the baseball teams, who often play at Chickasaw Bricktown Ballpark in Oklahoma City or ONEOK Field in Tulsa  Oklahoma currently leads the series 86–18–7 in football, and 124–88 in basketball In baseball the series is tied at 147–147, and in wrestling Oklahoma trails the series 27–128–9 

Texas Longhorns
The Texas Longhorns are one rival of the Sooners  Regardless of the trademark implications, inverted versions of the Longhorn mascot can be seen on automobiles all over the Norman campus, and many T-shirts referring to the rivalry present the word "Texas" in mirror image, upside-down, or possibly surrounded by obscenities  A reminder of the rivalry shared by these two schools was painted on the South Oval of the OU campus for many years, and was recently replicated near the Library clock tower due to construction at its original site 
The annual game between the schools at the Cotton Bowl in Dallas, Texas, known as the Red River Showdown, is a game that draws attention from all around the college football world 

Traditions
The "fight song" of the University of Oklahoma is "Boomer Sooner", a version of "Boola Boola", the fight song of Yale University, combined with a version of "I'm a Tar Heel Born", the fight song of the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill  "Boomer Sooner" was written by Arthur M  Alden in 1905  Other songs played at athletic events by The Pride of Oklahoma Marching Band are a version of Rodgers and Hammerstein's "Oklahoma!", "OK Oklahoma", played after extra points, and the "OU Chant " At home games, The Pride of Oklahoma Marching Band plays that visiting team's "fight song" while facing their fans 
The Mascot present at all football games is the Sooner Schooner, a Conestoga wagon, pulled by two crème white ponies, Boomer and Sooner  The caretakers of the wagon are the spirit group called the RUF/NEKS, who shoot off modified shotguns in celebration of scores by the home team  The group was launched in 1915 when an elderly female spectator at an OU-Oklahoma A&M basketball game chided the group for raising hell ("Sit down and be quiet, you roughnecks!")Recently, in time for the 2005 football season, two new mascots, based on the ponies who pull the Schooner, were created, named appropriately, Boomer and Sooner  They are costumes of two identical (except for eye color) crème white ponies  Before, the Boomer and Sooner costume mascots, OU was also represented by Top Dawg  Top Dawg did some appearances at football games, but was primarily used at wrestling and basketball events 
The official school colors are Crimson and Cream, with red and white sometimes used as substitutes for simplicity  The school logo is an interlocking OU design 

Championships
National Team Championships
SoonerSports TV
SoonerSports tv is a streaming network and programming block founded in 2012 to carry University of Oklahoma sports programming  The network is operated by Bally Sports and the University of Oklahoma  SoonerSports tv focuses solely on University of Oklahoma athletics  The network carries live sporting events, game replays, coaches shows, vignettes and historical pieces  The live sports that currently air on the network include one football game through pay per view, one men's basketball game, and select games from baseball, softball, volleyball, wrestling, soccer, and men’s and women’s gymnastics Select men's and women's basketball games, select softball, and select baseball games, are also distributed to the regional Bally Sports networks and their affiliates as part of the programming block The network was created in 2012 as part of an agreement with the Fox Sports Networks  In 2021, following the re branding of the Fox Sports Networks to Bally Sports, Bally Sports took over operation  On May 5, 2022 it was announced that SoonerSports TV will be ending and will be rebrand as Soonervision on ESPN + under a multi-year deal with ESPN   
Passage 5:
Keith Nichol
Keith Nichol (born December 24, 1988) is a former wide receiver and quarterback  He played college football for the University of Oklahoma and Michigan State University 

High school career
Nichol attended Lowell High School in Lowell, Michigan  After a good freshman season, Nichol was promoted to the varsity team for the playoffs and saw some playing time as a cornerback in a blowout  Nichol had a breakout season as a sophomore  He threw for 2,125 yards and 26 touchdowns in Lowell's veer offense and led the team to a state championship  His success led to him being heavily recruited by several teams in the Big Ten Conference as well as the University of Notre Dame  In July 2005, Nichol committed to play for the  Michigan State University Spartans  Nichol also participated in the ESPN RISE Elite 11 quarterback camp  After his commitment, the Spartans went 9-14 and head coach John L  Smith was fired  As a result, Nichol backed out of his commitment with the Spartans and committed to the University of Oklahoma, a school that expressed strong interest in him after his de-commitment  In his senior year, Nichol passed for 2,225 yards and 31 touchdowns  As a three-year starter, Nichol won 33 games with three losses  He passed for 6,550 yards and 76 touchdowns and ran for 3,100 yards and 58 touchdowns in his high school career  He was an all-state selection three times  Nichol was ranked as the sixth best dual-threat quarterback in the country out of high school by Rivals com  Scout com ranked him the 22nd best high school quarterback overall 

College career
Freshman season
At Oklahoma, Nichol competed against redshirt freshman Sam Bradford and junior Joey Halzle for the starting quarterback position during spring practices in 2007  After a scrimmage game, Bradford was named the starter  During the year, Nichol was the third-string quarterback, playing in three games and completing two of seven passes for 15 yards  After the season, Nichol transferred to Michigan State, the school he had originally committed to while back in high school  By NCAA rule, Nichol had to sit out the 2008 season 

Sophomore season
Before the 2009 season, Nichol competed against sophomore Kirk Cousins for the starting quarterback position  Cousins started the first game with Nichol receiving playing time in which he threw two touchdown passes in a victory over the Montana State Bobcats  On October 10, 2009, Nichol made his first career start against the Illinois Fighting Illini  He completed 13 of 25 passes for 179 yards and one interception in a victory   In preparation for the 2010 Alamo Bowl, Nichol changed over to the wide-receiver position, catching two passes for 11 yards and also scored his first career rushing touchdown against the Red Raiders, with a 7-yard run out of the wildcat formation in the third quarter 

Junior season
He was an Academic All-Big Ten selection and appeared in all 13 games in 2010, including eight starts   Ranked fifth on the team with 22 receptions for 262 yards (11 9 avg ), caught at least one pass in 11 games, and also completed 4-of-7 passes for 62 yards and two scores   With Kirk Cousins and Andrew Maxwell sidelined with injuries vs  No  15 Alabama in the 2011 Capital One Bowl, he took snaps at quarterback in the fourth quarter and hit 2-of-5 throws for 56 yards, including a 49-yard TD strike to Bennie Fowler, Keith also had three catches for 22 yards against the Crimson Tide   His 3-yard TD toss to Charlie Gantt with 8:31 left in the fourth quarter at Penn State gave MSU a 28-10 lead and proved to be the game winner as the Spartans held on for a 28-22 victory to clinch a share of the 2010 Big Ten Championship, caught three passes for 19 yards vs  Purdue, and set career highs in receptions (4) and receiving yards (51) at Northwestern, including two catches for 34 yards on MSU's game-winning touchdown drive in the fourth quarter   His career-long 42-yard grab from Cousins at No  18 Michigan set up Larry Caper's 8-yard TD run late in the third quarter, hauled in three passes for 30 yards vs  No  11 Wisconsin, caught two passes for 32 yards in the season opener vs  Western Michigan, including his first career touchdown reception, a 20-yard grab from Cousins early in the second quarter 

Senior season
Nichol played an important role as receiver for the Spartans during the 2011 season  He caught a hail mary touchdown pass on the final play against No  6 Wisconsin, securing the Spartans victory and went on to win the Big Ten Legends Division and will have a rematch against No  15 Wisconsin in the 2011 Big Ten Championship Game  He help lead the Spartans to a comeback win against No  16 Georgia in the 2012 Outback Bowl 

College statistics
Professional career
On May 3, 2012, Nichol joined with the Washington Redskins as an undrafted free agent on a try-out basis  The next day, it was reported that he was attending the Redskins' rookie mini-camp, which reunited him with Michigan State teammate, Kirk Cousins  Nichol was not offered a contract at the end of the mini-camp  He later attended rookie mini-camp with the Chicago Bears and worked out for the Detroit Lions, but wasn't offered a contract by either team 
Passage 6:
Michigan State University College of Law
The Michigan State University College of Law (Michigan State Law or MSU Law) is the law school of Michigan State University, a public research university in East Lansing, Michigan  Established in 1891 as the Detroit College of Law, it was the first law school in the Detroit, Michigan area and the second in the state of Michigan  In October 2018, the college began a process to fully integrate into Michigan State University, changing from a private to a public law school  The integration with Michigan State University was finalized on August 17, 2020 
The college is nationally ranked within U S  News & World Report's 201 Best Law Schools, landing in the 91st spot in the 2023 rankings  The Michigan State Law Review, a legal journal published by MSU Law students, was ranked 48th in the 2022 Washington & Lee University School of Law ranking For the class entering in 2021, the school had a 48 05% acceptance rate, 33 14% of those accepted enrolled, and entering students had a median LSAT score of 156 and a median undergraduate GPA of 3 59 For the 2020 graduating class, 72 5% of graduates obtained full-time, long term bar passage required employment (i e  employment as attorneys), while 7 9% were not employed part or full-time in any capacity, within ten months after graduation Notable alumni include current Governor of Michigan Gretchen Whitmer, current Michigan Supreme Court Chief Justice Elizabeth T  Clement, former Michigan Supreme Court Justice and mayor of Detroit Dennis Archer, former Michigan Supreme Court Justice and United States federal judge George Clifton Edwards Jr , former Michigan gubernatorial candidate Geoffrey Fieger, former Michigan Senate majority leader and former U S  Representative Mike Bishop, and former mayor of East Lansing Mark Meadows 

History
Detroit College of Law
Detroit College of Law opened in 1891 with 69 students and was incorporated in 1893  Among the first class of students to graduate were a future circuit judge and an ambassador  It was the oldest continuously operating independent law school in the United States until it was assimilated by MSU in 1995   The college was affiliated with the Detroit Young Men's Christian Association In 1937, the school broke ground and relocated to a new building at 130 East Elizabeth Street in Detroit, where it stayed until 1997  The Building was designed by architect George DeWitt Mason   It had been located at the former Detroit College of Medicine building on St  Antoine Street from 1892 to 1913; and the Detroit "YMCA" building from 1913 to 1924; the ground on which the building stood was under a 99-year lease from the YMCA  The last location of the Detroit College of Law in Downtown Detroit is commemorated by a plaque at Comerica Park, the home stadium of the Detroit Tigers baseball team, which now occupies the site 

Affiliation with Michigan State University
The college became affiliated with Michigan State University in 1995 to enhance the college's curriculum and reputation  It relocated to East Lansing in 1997, when its 99-year lease with the Detroit YMCA expired, and the original building was demolished to make way for Comerica Park  The newly located college was called "Detroit College of Law at Michigan State University"  The affiliation was celebrated at a function where former President and Michigan native Gerald Ford joined more than 2,500 guests at the Wharton Center for Performing Arts Great Hall  Ford characterized the affiliation between Michigan State University and the Detroit College of Law "a bold new venture" that presents "a singular opportunity to help shape the changing face of American legal education well into the next century " In April 2004, the school changed its name to the MSU College of Law, becoming more closely aligned academically with MSU  MSU Law is currently fully integrated as a constituent college of the university: academically, financially, and structurally 

Joan Howarth began her deanship at Michigan State University College of Law on July 1, 2008 and was the first female dean in MSU Law's 117-year history  Beforehand, she was a professor at the William S  Boyd School of Law at the University of Nevada, Las Vegas, since 2001   She retired at the end of the 2015-16 school year  Lawrence Ponoroff became the Dean in the fall of 2016, and he served in that role until the end of December 2019  
On October 26, 2018, MSU's board of directors voted to fully integrate the College of Law into the University, thereby completing its transition from a private, independent institution to a public law school  At the time, Dean Lawrence Ponoroff said, "Since the original affiliation in 1995, the relationship between the university and the law college has grown increasingly closer and, at each stage, resounded in benefits to both institutions " The full integration was undertaken in order to facilitate collaboration between the law school and other divisions of MSU, opening up development in core areas of curricular strength such as social justice; innovation and entrepreneurship; and business and regulatory law  
Melanie B  Jacobs, professor of law, was then appointed as the law college’s interim dean, beginning in January 2020 and under her tenure, the integration of the College of Law into the University was completed on August 17, 2020  On June 1, 2021, Linda Sheryl Greene became Dean and MSU Foundation Professor of Law, and is the Inaugural Dean of the College of Law  Dean Greene (a noted scholar in constitutional law, civil rights law and sports law) was previously the Evjue-Bascom Professor of Law at the University of Wisconsin-Madison 

Academic programs
MSU Law also houses the Center for Law, Technology & Innovation (CLTI), formerly named the ReInvent Law Program, and LegalRnD; the Indigenous Law & Policy Center (ILPC); and the Geoffrey N  Fieger Trial Practice Institute (TPI) 

Academic journals and publications
Law journals at the law school are nationally ranked and include: 

Michigan State Law Review, the school's flagship journal, ranked 48th among flagship printed journals ranked by Washington and Lee in 2022 
Michigan State International Law Review
Animal and Natural Resource Law ReviewAdditionally, the school also publishes Spartan Lawyer, the law college's bi-annual magazine  Formerly, the school published the Journal of Business & Securities Law 

Notable faculty
Current
Rosemarie Aquilina, circuit court judge in Michigan who sentenced Larry Nassar in the USA Gymnastics sex abuse scandal involving Michigan State 
Brian C  Kalt, legal scholar and writer who is known for his research on constitutional law, the presidency, and juries 
Jim Chen, one of four Asian-Americans who has been a dean at an American law school (University of Louisville School of Law) 
Lawrence Ponoroff, professor at MSU Law and former Dean of James E  Rogers College of Law, Tulane Law School, and MSU Law 
Robert P  Young Jr , former Justice of the Michigan Supreme Court 

Former
Elizabeth Price Foley, legal theorist and current Professor of Law at Florida International University College of Law 
Allen L  Lanstra, litigation partner at Skadden, Arps, Slate, Meagher & Flom LLP 
Donald Laverdure, former director of the American Indian Law Program at MSU Law and oversaw the Bureau of Indian Affairs and Bureau of Indian Education under the presidency of Barack Obama 
David McKeague, Senior United States Circuit Judge of the United States Court of Appeals for the Sixth Circuit 
Richard D  McLellan,  Chairman of the Michigan Law Revision Commission and private practice attorney 
Stacy Erwin Oakes, member of the Michigan House of Representatives and Minority Whip representing Michigan's 95th District 
Bradford Stone, commercial law maven and theorist, Stetson University College of Law Charles A  Dana Professor of Law Emeritus, author of several editions of Uniform Commercial Code in a Nutshell and  coauthor of Commercial Transactions Under the Uniform Commercial Code 
Melissa L  Tatum, research professor and former director of the Indigenous Peoples Law and Policy Program at James E  Rogers College of Law 

Notable alumni
Judges
Dennis Archer, former Justice of the Michigan Supreme Court and former mayor of Detroit, Michigan
Elizabeth T  Clement, Justice of the Michigan Supreme Court since 2017, and current chief justice
George Crockett III, Judge of the Recorder's Court (Detroit) (renamed the Wayne County Circuit Court) from 1977 to 2003
George Clifton Edwards Jr , Judge of the United States Court of Appeals for the Sixth Circuit
Bernard A  Friedman, Judge of the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Michigan
Diane Marie Hathaway, former Justice of the Michigan Supreme Court
Ira W  Jayne, chief judge, Wayne County Circuit Court for 27 years
Richard Fred Suhrheinrich, Judge of the United States Court of Appeals for the Sixth Circuit

Politicians
Mike Bishop, Michigan Senate majority leader from 2002–10 and U S  Representative for Michigan's 8th congressional district from 2015-2018
Christopher D  Dingell, state senator and judge
Geoffrey Fieger, attorney and former Michigan gubernatorial candidate
Orville L  Hubbard, former mayor of Dearborn, Michigan
Kwame Kilpatrick, former mayor of Detroit, Michigan
Mark Meadows, former mayor of East Lansing a former member of the Michigan House of Representatives
Steve Pestka, former member of the Michigan House of Representatives, judge, and a Kent County, Michigan commissioner
Brian Sims, Democratic representative for the Pennsylvania House of Representatives, 182nd District
Gretchen Whitmer, 49th Governor of Michigan

Public figures
Ivan Boesky, former American stock trader infamous for his prominent role in an insider trading scandal that occurred in the United States during the mid-1980s resulting in his conviction including a record $100 million fine 
Ella Bully-Cummings, chief of police of Detroit, Michigan, from 2003 to 2008
John Z  DeLorean, automobile engineer and executive; attended, but dropped out
Lowell W  Perry, former government official, businessman, broadcaster, and the first African-American assistant coach in the National Football League
W  Clement Stone, businessman, philanthropist and New Thought self-help book author; dropped out after a year
Passage 7:
Lyle Rockenbach
Lyle James "Rocky" Rockenbach (March 1, 1915 – November 8, 2005) was an American football player   He played college football for Michigan State College (later known as Michigan State University) from 1937 to 1939  He blocked three punts in a single game against Temple in 1937   He was a co-captain of the 1939 Michigan State team, and was also honored as the team's most valuable player   After graduating from Michigan State, he became a high school coach in Howell, Michigan   In the summer of 1943, he attempted a comeback as a professional football player for the Detroit Lions  He appeared in nine games for the Lions during the 1943 NFL season 
Passage 8:
Rudy Rosatti
Rudoph F  "Rudy" or "Rosy" Rosatti (September 12, 1895 – July 9, 1975) was an American football player  
Rosatti was born in 1895 at Norway in Michigan's Upper Peninsula  He attended Norway High School Rosatti played football at North Dakota State University and Western Michigan University before enrolling at the University of Michigan  He played tackle for the 1922 Michigan Wolverines football team He later played professional football for the Cleveland Indians (1923), Green Bay Packers (1924-1927), and New York Giants (1928)  He appeared in a total of 45 NFL games, 40 of them as a starter Rosatti worked for the Michigan State Highway Department for 32 years from 1933 to 1965 and retired as the chief of highway maintenance for the western half of the Upper Peninsula  In December 1933, Rosatti fatally shot James Contratta with a rifle at a road building camp 40 mi (64 km) west of Sault Ste  Marie, Michigan  Rosatti was released after the coroner determined the shooting to have been accidental Rosatti died in 1975 at age 79 at his home in his hometown of Norway, Michigan 

See also
1922 Michigan Wolverines football team
Passage 9:
1966 Notre Dame vs  Michigan State football game
The 1966 Notre Dame vs  Michigan State football game is considered one of the greatest and most controversial games in college football history played between Michigan State and Notre Dame  The game was played in Michigan State's Spartan Stadium on November 19, 1966  Notre Dame was coached by Ara Parseghian and Michigan State was coached by Duffy Daugherty, both school legends  Michigan State entered the contest 9–0 and ranked No  2, while Notre Dame entered 8–0 and ranked No  1 
Notre Dame elected not to try for a score on the final series; thus, the game ended in a 10–10 tie 
The late-season clash between the top-ranked teams was billed as the year's national championship game  After the tie, and following their final game vs  USC, Notre Dame was selected as national champions by the AP Poll and UPI Coaches Poll and was awarded the Grantland Rice Trophy by the Football Writers Association of America  The National Football Foundation split their national championship, awarding the MacArthur Bowl jointly to Michigan State and Notre Dame 

Introduction
Notre Dame entered the contest ranked No  1 both the AP and Coaches' polls  Defending National Champion Michigan State, who had finished the 1965 season No  1 in the UPI Coaches' poll, but was upset by UCLA in the Rose Bowl the previous year, entered the game ranked No  2 in the polls  The Fighting Irish, whose bid for a national championship two years earlier was snuffed out by Southern Cal, were hungry, while the Spartans had history and home-field advantage on their side  This was the first time in 20 years that a college football matchup was given the "Game of the Century" tag by the national media, and ABC had the nation's viewers in its grip, with equal parts Notre Dame fans and Michigan State fans  It was the tenth time in the 30-year history of the AP poll that the No  1 team played the No  2 team  The Spartans had defeated Notre Dame the prior year 12–3 holding Notre Dame to minus-12 yards rushing A fortuitous quirk in scheduling brought these two teams together late in the season  They were not even supposed to meet when the 1966 schedules were first drawn up  Michigan State had only nine games scheduled (even though they were allowed to have ten; the Big Ten did not allow teams to schedule ten regular season games until 1964) while Notre Dame was originally scheduled to play Iowa that week, as had been the custom since 1945  However, in 1960, the Hawkeyes suddenly dropped the Irish from their schedule, from 1964 onward (the 1963 Notre Dame-Iowa game was cancelled following the assassination of John F  Kennedy)  Michigan State was available and agreed to return to Notre Dame's schedule in 1965–66 The game was not shown live on national TV  Each team was allotted one national television appearance and two regional television appearances each season  Notre Dame had used their national TV slot in the season opening game against Purdue and Michigan State had used their regional TV slot against Purdue  ABC executives did not even want to show the game anywhere but the regional area, but pressure from the West Coast and the South (to the tune of 50,000 letters) made ABC air the game on tape delay  ABC relented and blacked out the Michigan State-Notre Dame game in two states (reportedly North Dakota and South Dakota), so it could technically be called a regional broadcast  It would also be the first time a college football game was broadcast live to Hawaii and to U S  troops in Vietnam on the Lani Bird satellite; at halftime, the link was reversed and ABC broadcast a 90-second film of sunbathers at the Hawaiian Village Hotel to the nation  The official attendance was announced at 80,011 (111% capacity) and was the most attended game in Michigan State football history at the time (the current record is 80,401 on Sept  22, 1990 vs  Notre Dame) The ABC broadcast was watched by 33 million viewers and had a 22 5 rating, but it was not televised again for 37 years until ESPN Classic re-aired it on November 27, 2003  Discovered in an ABC library vault two years earlier in 2001, the telecast footage is mostly intact with the exception of the missing first quarter 

Game summary
Before and during the game, Notre Dame was mired in injury problems: Irish quarterback Terry Hanratty was knocked out after getting sacked in the first quarter by Spartan defensive lineman Bubba Smith  Starting Notre Dame running back Nick Eddy was out entirely after hurting his shoulder by slipping on ice while getting off the train in East Lansing  Center George Goeddeke wrenched his ankle on a punt play 
Michigan State jumped out to a 7–0 lead behind a five-yard touchdown run by Regis Cavender early in the second quarter  Later in the half, MSU added a field goal (by barefooted Hawaiian Dick Kenney)  But the Irish came back, quickly scoring a touchdown on a 34-yard pass thrown by backup quarterback Coley O'Brien over the outstretched hand of MSU safety Jess Phillips to halfback Bob Gladieux  MSU took a 10–7 lead into the locker room at the half 
Notre Dame started the second half in prime position to score after recovering a fumble on the Michigan State 32-yard line on the Spartans' first play from scrimmage  However, the Irish gave the ball right back to MSU on an interception 
Perhaps the best second-half scoring opportunity for MSU occurred during a pass thrown from Jimmy Raye to Gene Washington  The speedy wide receiver had outrun Raye's deep pass and Notre Dame's defensive backfield  Washington was forced to double back, and in so doing was caught by the defense 
Notre Dame tied the game on the first play of the fourth quarter on Joe Azzaro's 28-yard field goal  Tom Schoen's second interception on consecutive plays from scrimmage by Michigan State put Notre Dame in a position to take the lead, but Azzaro's 41-yard field goal attempt with 4:38 left on the clock missed by inches to the right 
After a Michigan State punt Notre Dame had the ball on its own 30-yard line with 1:24 left  They needed about 40 yards for a game-winning field goal  But coach Ara Parseghian, not wanting to risk a turnover that could hand the game to the Spartans, chose to run the ball four times—including on fourth down, which Notre Dame converted from its own 39-yard line  Michigan State called three time outs in an unsuccessful attempt to perhaps get the ball back and start a potential game-winning drive of their own 
After making a first down with ten seconds left, O'Brien dropped back to pass, but was sacked by Bubba Smith  On the last play of the game, O'Brien gained five yards on a quarterback sneak  The game ended in a 10–10 tie 

Notre Dame play-calling controversy
Ara Parseghian's decision to run the ball on five of six plays in the last one-and-a-half minutes drew criticism from some fans and sportswriters, who argued he should have played more aggressively to either win the game or risk losing it, and left some fans feeling disappointed at the game not having a more definitive resolution  Echoing one of the great idioms of Notre Dame lore, college football expert Dan Jenkins led off his article on the game for Sports Illustrated by sarcastically saying that Parseghian chose to "Tie one for the Gipper"  Jenkins concluded that Parseghian "felt arrogantly sure that Notre Dame could win the polls with a tie, not just over Michigan State but also over an undefeated and untied Alabama" Until his death in 2017, however, Parseghian defended his end-of-the-game strategy  According to the same article, Parseghian cited his team's field position and the dynamics of the game as reasons why he hadn't played more aggressively: "We'd fought hard to come back and tie it up  After all that, I didn't want to risk giving it to them cheap  They get reckless and it could cost them the game  I wasn't going to do a jackass thing like that at this point  [   ] My starting quarterback, starting center, starting left tackle and all my top guys were over on the bench with me  We hadn't completed a pass in the last seven or eight attempts "

Aftermath
The most famous president of each school, Notre Dame’s Father Theodore Hesburgh and MSU’s John Hannah, together went into each locker room to console and congratulate the players  The two visionary leaders served for several years on the Civil Rights Commission beginning in the late 1950s and sat together during the MSU-Notre Dame battles The tie resulted in 9–0–1 seasons for both Michigan State and Notre Dame  The final AP and Coaches' polls put the Irish and Spartans at No  1 and No  2, ranking both teams above the undefeated, and two time defending national champion 11–0–0 Alabama  Both schools shared the MacArthur Bowl 
Notre Dame beat USC 51–0 the next week, completing an undefeated (but tied) regular season and solidifying its No  1 claim  The Irish did not accept bowl bids between 1926 and 1969 (see below), and Michigan State was the victim of two Big Ten rules that would be rescinded a few years later: The same school could not represent the league in the Rose Bowl in back-to-back seasons (rescinded in December 1971, effective for the 1972 season), and no Big Ten school could play in a bowl game other than the Rose Bowl (rescinded for the 1975 season)  So despite being Big Ten Champions and undefeated in the regular season, the Spartans could not play in the Rose Bowl, or indeed any bowl game 
Players for both schools earned tremendous accolades for the season including All American honors  In the 1967 NFL draft, Michigan State had four players drafted within the first eight picks of the first roundAfter (but not necessarily as a result of) Eddy's injury while debarking from the train in East Lansing, Notre Dame football never traveled to away games by train again  Both teams now make the 160-mile trip by bus 

Legacy
40th anniversary
On September 23, 2006, Michigan State and Notre Dame commemorated the 40th anniversary of the game  Michigan State wore "throwback" jerseys and helmets from the 1960s era  Notre Dame declined to wear throwback jerseys or helmets  45 members from the original '66 squad returned  In addition, 1965 and 1966 All American Bubba Smith had his No  95 jersey retired at halftime, becoming only the third person in Michigan State history with such an honor  Notre Dame won the game 40–37, after coming back from a 16-point deficit and scoring 19 straight points to win 

50th anniversary
On September 16, 2016, Notre Dame commemorated the 50th anniversary of the game  Members of the 1966 Notre Dame team appeared on the field prior to the game 
Passage 10:
David Hollister
David Hollister (born April 3, 1942) served as the mayor of Lansing, Michigan from 1993 to 2003, until he resigned to be the director of the Michigan Department of Labor and Economic Growth under Michigan Governor Jennifer Granholm's administration 

Mayor
During his tenure as mayor, he was instrumental in convincing General Motors Corporation to build the Grand River Assembly Plant downtown, and to build a new plant in the region to replace the Lansing Car Assembly Plant which dated back to 1903  Also under his tenure came the completion of Cooley Law School Stadium, the stadium for the Lansing Lugnuts, a Class A minor league baseball team  Hollister made central city (including downtown and Old Town) revitalization a top priority of his administration 

Biography
Early life
Hollister was born in Kalamazoo and raised in Battle Creek, Michigan, where he graduated from Battle Creek Central High School  He earned bachelor's and master's degrees from Michigan State University 

Career
From 1967 to 1970 he was a social studies teacher at Lansing Eastern High School  Prior to becoming mayor, he served in the Michigan House of Representatives from 1973-1993 representing the City of Lansing  In 2005 he was recruited to run Prima Civitas, an economic development organization funded by Michigan State University and the city governments of Lansing and East Lansing, Michigan 
Context 2: Passage 1:
Eugene Porter
Eugene Porter (full name in the television series:  Eugene Hermann Porter) is a fictional character from the comic book series The Walking Dead and is portrayed by Josh McDermitt beginning in the fourth season of the American television series of the same name  In both media he claims to be a scientist who knows the cure to the zombie plague and is being escorted to Washington, D C  by Sgt  Abraham Ford and Rosita Espinosa, and encounter Rick Grimes and his group and recruit them to assist their mission 
Eugene possesses virtually no survival skills of his own and is extremely dependent on the group, but is highly intelligent and resourceful in using technology to ensure the group's survival  Eventually, it is revealed that Eugene is not a scientist, but a high school science teacher, and that he does not know how to cure the virus but lied to manipulate the other survivors into taking him to Washington, D C  believing it to be the best chance for survival  This proves true as the group eventually finds the Alexandria Safe-Zone where Eugene becomes its primary engineer  Though his lie puts a strain on their friendship, Abraham eventually forgives him and they resume being friends 

Appearances
Comic book series
Eugene first appears at Hershel's farm, which is now occupied by the remaining prison survivors  Eugene claims to know what has caused the plague, but will not disclose any information with the remaining survivors, including Abraham and Rosita  He says he will only share information with officials in Washington, D C  His lie, along with a belief that Washington is the only safezone, prompts the rest of the survivors to head there in hopes of long-term survival During the journey, Eugene studies various zombies in order to gain knowledge about them, but is careful to shadow the convoy to protect himself Eugene's deception is discovered after the Hunter ordeal  Everyone learns of his true career as a science teacher, and that he is using the radio as an excuse to get to Washington, D C  He is hated by the group after this but remains a member, travelling with them to the Alexandria Safe-Zone, where he lives alone  After Rosita and Abraham break up, she moves in with Eugene, where he tries to create a relationship between them  Eugene eventually realizes he can begin to manufacture bullets in a repair shop nearby, where Abraham is killed when they scout it out only moments after they make amends  During the war with Negan, the shop is overrun by walkers and Eugene with his crew are captured by Negan  They are tortured for information but eventually escape with the help of Dwight, taking a van with a mix of Alexandrians and defecting Saviours back After the two-year time jump, Eugene and Rosita have a strained relationship  He works on many projects in the zone and is now a respected member of the community  It turns out Rosita is pregnant by another man but Eugene vows to raise the child like his own 

Television series
Season 4
Eugene, Abraham and Rosita are introduced to Tara and Glenn in the episode "Inmates"  Eugene claims to be a scientist with vital information to end the pandemic and needs to get to Washington D C , having secured Abraham and Rosita's escort ("Claimed")  Tara and Glenn join them, and soon their group is reunited with Maggie, Sasha, and Bob ("Us")  Eugene convinces Abraham that they should join with this group as they make their way to Terminus for supplies and more recruits  However, the group becomes captives of the residents of Terminus when they arrive ("A") 

Season 5
Rick Grimes helps to save Eugene and the other captured group from Terminus ("No Sanctuary") and continue to make their way north, taking shelter in the former church run by Father Gabriel ("Strangers")  After a day, Abraham believes they must continue on, but Rick wants to wait for Daryl and Carol who had gone looking for Beth  Abraham's group is joined by Tara, Glenn, and Maggie as they take one of the church buses to drive north  ("Four Walls and a Roof")  During a stop, Eugene purposely sabotages the bus, admitting he fears being abandoned if he does not succeed in abolishing the epidemic  Abraham finds a fire truck that allows them to continue, until they run into a section of road that is overwhelmed by hundreds of walkers  blocking their path  As the others try to figure out if they can go around, Eugene admits that he lied about being a scientist, having only used it to coerce Abraham into protecting him  Enraged, Abraham punches him, knocking Eugene out ("Self Help")  Once he recovers, the group decides to return to rejoin Rick's group, who had failed to save Beth after she had been kidnapped to Atlanta ("Crossed") 
Some time later, the group is invited to join the Alexandria Safe Zone community, a suburban development protected by strong walls  Eugene helps with maintenance of the community, and goes with Glenn, Noah, Tara, Aiden, and Nicholas to get electronics supplies from a nearby warehouse  The inexperienced Alexandrians Aiden and Nicholas create more problems, leading Tara to be injured  While Glenn and Noah attempt to cover for them, Eugene helps to rescue Tara to their van, and fights off Nicholas who wants to try to ditch the others and flee back to Alexandria with the van  Glenn arrives to stop Nicholas in time ("Spend")  Back in Alexandria, while watching over Tara as she heals, Eugene and Abraham apologize to each other, and Eugene thanks Abraham for getting them to Alexandria ("Conquer") 

Season 6
In the season premiere, "First Time Again", Eugene is in the food pantry gathering food for himself when he overhears one Alexandrian, Carter, trying to convince Deanna's son Spencer, Tobin, Francine, and Olivia to help kill Rick and take back Alexandria from Rick as he believes they are becoming dangerous and power-hungry  Eugene drops a glass jar which alerts Carter of his presence  Carter approaches Eugene and says that he heard the plan before aiming his gun at Eugene  Eugene states that he didn't hear anything  He is almost killed by Carter, but is saved as Rick, Michonne, and newcomer Morgan Jones walk in on them and disarm Carter  In "JSS", Eugene meets Dr  Denise Cloyd, who is the new doctor after Pete's death  In "Heads Up", Eugene is seen attending Rosita's lesson on how to use a machete, but seems very distracted by the noise of the walkers outside  He admits that he's scared of dying; Rosita tells him that dying is easy and that watching friends die is much harder to bear  In the mid-season finale, "Start to Finish", Eugene is rescued by Tara and Rosita from the herd of walkers, seconds after hearing Daryl on the radio and letting out a cry of help  The three seek refuge and get trapped in a nearby garage  Later, Eugene uses his lock-picking skills to escape the room  They stumble into the same room where Owen is holding Denise captive, with Carol and Morgan unconscious on the floor  He forces them to surrender their weapons and Eugene watches as the Wolf leaves the house, taking Denise with him  In the mid-season premiere "No Way Out", Eugene helps kill the remaining herd, showing his growing acts of bravery 
In the episode "Twice as Far", Eugene now goes on patrols with Abraham  He calls himself a survivor now  Eugene is furious after Abraham does not allow him to kill a walker and tells Abraham he no longer needs his protection and has outlived his usefulness to him  Abraham leaves and tells Eugene to find his own way home  After Denise is killed by Dwight, it is revealed that he and his men have captured Eugene  Dwight demands that he, Daryl and Rosita take them back to Alexandria and if they do not oblige, he will kill them  Eugene spots Abraham hiding behind oil barrels nearby and insists that they should kill him first  Dwight orders one of his men to investigate, and while he is distracted Eugene turns and bites his crotch  Abraham uses the distraction to shoot two Saviors, and Daryl and Rosita are able to retrieve their guns  Dwight manages to break free from Eugene, who is hit during the shootout  As Dwight and the remaining Saviors flee, Abraham, Rosita and Daryl carry Eugene back to Alexandria  Abraham reconciles with Eugene at home  In the season finale "Last Day on Earth", Eugene accompanies a small group to bring an ill Maggie to the Hilltop  The Saviors trap the group and Negan kills one of them after a twisted variation of the game, Eeny, meeny, miny, moe 

Season 7
Eugene and the others are forced to witness Negan kill Abraham and later Glenn before they are let go, but told to expect the Saviors to arrive at Alexandria for a portion of their supplies ("The Day Will Come When You Won't Be")  After Rosita berates Eugene for being a coward, Eugene discovers a nearby metalworking shop and constructs a single bullet, which he gives to her ("Sing Me a Song")  Negan and the Saviors arrive and start taking supplies, including ammunition  An altercation between Negan and Spencer leads to Negan killing him; in anger, Rosita fires Eugene's bullet at Negan, but only striking his bat  Negan prepares to have the Saviors kill Rosita, but Eugene steps forward and claims responsibility for making the bullet  Seeing the potential for his skills, Negan takes Eugene with the Saviors when they depart ("Hearts Still Beating")  At the Saviors' Sanctuary, Eugene claims he is a scientist and provides advice about dealing with walkers to Negan  Negan takes a liking to Eugene for this, as well as Eugene's willingness to submit to him, and makes him one of his lieutenants, giving him additional comforts and benefits ("Hostiles and Calamities")  Sasha and Rosita secretly arrive to try to kill Negan and rescue Eugene, but Eugene refuses to leave, and as a result, Sasha is captured ("Something They Need")  Eugene visits Sasha in captivity to try to convince her to join Negan, but Sasha flatly refuses, and insists instead Eugene bring her a weapon to use against Negan  He comes back later and secretly slips her a poison capsule ("Something They Need")  Knowing that Negan plans to bring Sasha to Alexandria in a coffin in order to kill her in front of Rick's group as payback for the death of one of his men, Eugene finds a music player to give to Sasha during transit  At Alexandria, when Negan goes to open the cabinet, a reanimated Sasha attacks him; Eugene realizes that Sasha had used the poison pill to commit suicide so she could attack Negan  The surprise causes chaos that eventually allows the Alexandrians with the other communities to ward off the Saviors' attack, and Negan, Eugene, and the other Saviors retreat  Back at Sanctuary, Eugene claims to have no idea how Sasha died in transit ("The First Day of the Rest of Your Lives") 

Season 8
Eugene appears as one of Negan's lieutenants in "Mercy," but is essentially ignored by Rick beyond a brief acknowledgment when Rick tries to negotiate with the lieutenants  Along with the rest of the Saviors, he is trapped in the Sanctuary by the herd the Militia lures there 
In "The Big Scary U," Eugene acts as part of the council trying to decide how to deal with the siege  Eugene disagrees with Simon's amoral plans for escape, backed up by Dwight  As a result, Eugene thanks Dwight for his help privately  Eugene later realizes that Dwight is the traitor in the Sanctuary helping Rick's group  After Gabriel is brought in as a prisoner, Eugene attempts to bring him food and discovers that Gabriel is deathly ill  Gabriel asks for Eugene's help in rescuing Doctor Harlan Carson from the Sanctuary so that Doctor Carson can aid Maggie in her pregnancy  In "Time for After," Eugene confronts Dwight about his betrayal  Though Dwight admits to it, he insists that all Eugene needs to do is let things play out as Rick only wishes Negan dead and is trying to force everyone else to surrender  Eugene is shown to have conflicted loyalties, drinking heavily and contemplating the seriously ill Gabriel's request to help rescue Doctor Carson  Eugene eventually comes up with a plan to lure the walkers away using the music player he gave Sasha, but is foiled by Dwight  Shortly afterwards, Daryl and Tara crash a garbage truck into the Sanctuary flooding it with walkers  Eugene refuses to help Gabriel, stating that he is now out only for himself  Eugene presents a plan to defeat the herd to Negan, but stops short of exposing Dwight's treachery 
In the mid-season finale "How It's Gotta Be," it is revealed that Eugene has found a way to clear the Sanctuary of walkers, allowing the Saviors to retaliate against Alexandria, the Hilltop and the Kingdom  Eugene continues to struggle with his conscience, drinking heavily to numb the guilt  Finally, Eugene decides to help Gabriel and Dr  Carson escape despite the likelihood that it will result in Gabriel's death due to his condition  Eugene discreetly disables one of the gate guards and leaves a vehicle for Gabriel and Carson to use that he "accidentally" drops the keys to before leaving the two  Though Gabriel requests that Eugene return with them, Eugene refuses 
In the mid-season premiere "Honor" in Carl's envisioned future, Eugene is tending the gardens in Alexandria and offers Judith a green apple  In "Dead or Alive Or", Eugene is questioned by Negan, who is unaware that Eugene helped two of his captives escape  A nervous Eugene inquires about the events that occurred at Alexandria, Negan questions his loyalty and sending him to his own outpost in a bullet factory to create ammunition for war 

Season 9
Season 10
Following the crash of a satellite, Eugene builds a long-range radio and begins communicating with a woman calling herself Stephanie, eventually falling in love with her and setting up a rendezvous  Following the destruction of the Hilltop, Eugene leads Ezekiel, Yumiko and Princess to meet with Stephanie  However, upon arriving at the meeting location after some mishaps, the group is captured and interrogated by the Commonwealth Army 

Season 11
After being allowed into the Commonwealth, Eugene begins a romantic relationship with the woman introducing herself as Stephanie, but finds himself caught up the machinations of the Commonwealth's Governor, Pamela Milton, and her right-hand man, Lance Hornsby  Eugene is eventually forced to lead the Commonwealth Army to Alexandria after an altercation with Milton's son Sebastian, arriving just in time to deliver vital food and rebuilding supplies for the community  After Alexandria joins up with the Commonwealth, Eugene permanently moves to the Commonwealth, becomes a schoolteacher, and writes a manuscript about Stephanie 
One day, Stephanie suddenly vanishes and Eugene begins an investigation, eventually discovering a rogue element within the Commonwealth led by Hornsby, who seeks power for himself  "Stephanie" turns out to be one of Hornsby's spies, Shira, who was assigned to seduce Eugene in order to find his community so as to further Hornsby's plans  Hornsby manipulates and shames Eugene into keeping quiet about his discoveries and Eugene burns his manuscript  However, shortly thereafter, Eugene finally meets the real Stephanie who turns out to be Milton's assistant Max Mercer  Max explains that her communications with Eugene had gotten intercepted, although her brother, General Michael Mercer, had kept Max from being discovered, resulting in her being unable to meet Eugene as promised  After some initial hesitation on both sides, Eugene and Max start a romantic relationship and become embroiled in the plan to sow dissent against Pamela 
As the communities prepare to go their separate ways, Eugene agrees to help Max expose the Miltons by conspiring to publicly play a recording that Max had made of Sebastian mocking the people of the Commonwealth  However, this stunt coincides with an attack by several reanimated Commonwealth janitors, murdered by Hornsby's forces, attacks a public festival  An enraged Sebastian tries to feed Max to a walker, but Eugene throws the walker off of her  However, the walker lands on Sebastian and kills him before Judith puts it down  As a result, Eugene becomes a wanted fugitive, hunted for the murder of Sebastian  Eugene eventually turns himself in and confesses, but lies that he had acted alone so as to protect Max 
Eugene is put on trial for Sebastian's murder, although Milton rigs the trial against him, while arresting his friends disappear and blackmailing Yumiko into prosecuting him  Although resigned to his fate, Eugene urges Yumiko not to lose faith in their friends or herself, and she decides to act as Eugene's defense attorney  Eugene and Yumiko use the trial to further expose Milton's corruption and reach out to the lower classes  At the end of the trial, Eugene makes a speech admitting to his faults, and urging the people to stand up to Milton  Although Eugene is sentenced to die, he is broken out by General Mercer and some of his troops, who are rebelling against Milton 
As a horde overruns the Commonwealth, Eugene reunites with his friends and helps Rosita to rescue her daughter  However, he is devastated to find that she has been bitten  Eugene helps to overthrow Milton and to destroy the horde  In the aftermath, Eugene confesses his love for Rosita and is at her bedside as she dies 
A year later, Eugene continues to reside in the Commonwealth which is now led by Ezekiel  During this time, Eugene has married Max and they have had a daughter named Rosie together 

Casting
The Eugene character was announced in a casting call for Episode 10 in July 2013, under code-name "Wayne Kasey"  The character's real name and the actor who would play the role (McDermitt) were confirmed during the show's panel at New York Comic Con 2013  The Hollywood Reporter and other media publicized the confirmation afterwards 

Critical reception
Writing for IGN, Dan Phillips praised Eugene's introduction in Issue #53 Noel Murray of Rolling Stone ranked Eugene Porter 12th in a list of 30 best Walking Dead characters, saying, "Since admitting that he can't cure zombie-ism, the former high school science teacher has become determined to earn others' loyalty for real, and his tentative steps toward confidence and courage have been inspiring to watch  Plus any actor who can rock a mullet like Josh McDermitt is a-ok in our book "
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Survive This
Survive This is a Canadian reality television show in which eight teenagers with limited survival skills training are taken into a forest and confronted with a number of survival challenges to test their skills and perseverance  The series aired on YTV in Canada and Cartoon Network in the United States  The show is hosted by Les Stroud, who narrates each episode, provides the teens with survival challenges, and assesses their performance  The show premiered on April 7, 2009, in Canada and on June 17, 2009, in the United States  Cartoon Network ceased to air Survive This after August 19, 2009, and screened the final three episodes only on the network's website 
The series' second season debuted on April 19, 2010 and ended on July 12, 2010 

Overview
The series began in 2009 with a single season of 13 episodes  A second season of 13 episodes began airing in April 2010  Each season begins with a fictional accident of some sort (a school bus crash in season one; a floatplane crash in season two) as a narrative hook and to introduce the participants to their first survival challenges 
Les Stroud, star and host of the television program Survivorman, introduces each episode and provides narrative commentary for the events depicted during the episode  Stroud also appears on camera at the beginning of each episode to meet with the participants, discuss their health and emotional status, and present them with the day's survival challenge  Stroud then departs  Stroud sometimes appears at halfway points in each episode to check on their status  Each challenge concludes with Stroud visiting the participants again, re-assessing their physical and emotional state, and asking whether anyone wishes to leave the show and go home The second season differed from the first as in the final episode, Les Stroud named one of the final participants, Colin as the "Ultimate Survivor"  The question Stroud asked to the participants if they wanted to leave was also changed from "Who wants out?" to "Who can survive?" 

Production
Series production
Series creator Les Stroud says that he initially pitched Survive This, as a children's series similar to Survivorman and that several networks turned him down  The success of Survivorman enabled Stroud to pitch his original idea again, and this time the series was greenlighted in 2007 by 9 Story Entertainment, a Canadian entertainment company  Survive This is produced by 9 Story Entertainment, and two 9 Story executives (Vince Commisso and Steven Jarosz) serve as executive producers for the series  Les Stroud and his Survivorman production partner, David Brady, are also executive producers  Craig Baines is the producer The series was originally titled Survivorman: Kids Edition  The original concept was to create two teams of teens (age 13 to 17) and pit them against one another, testing their survivalist skills  This concept soon changed, however  In April 2008, 9 Story announced that the show (now called Survivorman Kids) would feature a single team of six 14- to 16-year-olds surviving in the wilderness for three weeks  The number of participants expanded to eight by the time filming began in summer 2008  In its final form, unlike other reality television shows, Survive This intentionally did not have a cash prize or other reward at the end of the season  Instead, the producers decided that contestants would leave the series with the knowledge that they survived a number of physically and mentally daunting challenges  Stroud refused to allow participants to vote their peers off the show or to win "immunity", arguing that this would change the focus of the series toward "backstabbing social networking" and away from survival skills and the wilderness experience Cast members were recruited in a variety of ways: Online, via forms at summer camps, and by several other means  After each person's application was screened by the producers, participants had to pass a telephone interview and a video interview before they were chosen for the show  Stroud was not involved in the actual selection process, but did provide some guidelines for the production company before the process began 
All I suggested within that process was get a good, wide selection of kids  Let’s get a wide selection of personalities and temperaments and certainly skill level  Don’t give me a whole bunch of boy scouts who are going to knock it dead out there and don’t give me a whole bunch of absolute beginners who are set up for failure  Give me a wide variety, let’s have regular, normal kids and don’t profile beyond that Once selected for the show, a camera crew filmed each teenager at home to get footage of them acting naturally in their home surroundings  The eight teenagers were taught for a week how to survive in a wilderness with limited supplies  They were also constantly filmed during this time, to acclimate them to the ever-present cameras and filmmakers 

Season One production
Eight teenagers, all between the ages of 14 and 17, were taken into a forest in Ontario, Canada, and initially asked to "survive" a school bus crash and spend two nights in the woods with limited food and other supplies The series was filmed on location in the forest north of Huntsville, Ontario, Canada  Filming occurred in the summer of 2008  Three days were spent on a small island northwest of Sandy Island on Georgian Bay in Lake Huron  Jeff Beitz, owner of the Georgian Bay Marina, acted as a location scout for the show, transported the participants to and from the island, and appeared on screen in Episode 11, "Island Castaways " Many of the challenges presented to the participants were based on situations Stroud himself faced on Survivorman A camera crew remained behind to film the participants as they carried out their survival challenges, some of which lasted several days  However, the camera crew was instructed not to interact with the participants  Several participants were also given hand-held video cameras and permitted to film their actions  A paramedic also was always on-site to provide emergency health care  Participants were forbidden to have any electronic devices with them, and could only speak to the producer or Stroud (who were both on-site)   Stroud says that the participants constantly played to the camera, positioned themselves at the right camera angle to achieve the best pose, and—even though they were forbidden to do so—talked to the cinematographers to try to put themselves in a good light  Several of the participants were upset at the way their videotaped comments appeared on television  Some also expressed shock and surprise at the things others said about them in privately videotaped moments which later aired during the series  For his part, Stroud purposefully adopted a serious demeanor that involved never smiling in front of the participants  He later told TV Guide Canada that not providing suggestions, encouragement, or other assistance was difficult for him The participants were given little in the way of supplies   They had no camp stoves or sleeping bags, and at times water was so scarce that they squeezed liquid from moss A one-hour Season One finale featured a search and rescue (SAR) operation to locate and extract the remaining participants  The Ontario Provincial Police (OPP) and the Georgian Bay Volunteer Search and Rescue (GBVSAR) participated in the filming of the final episode, which involved a GBVSAR search team and the OPP's K9, marine, and air units  Filming of the finale took a single day The final scenes were shot at the end of the summer of 2008  Some footage and a trailer for the show were shown at MIPCOM, a market and trade event in the entertainment industry held in Cannes, France  The first two completed episodes screened to buyers and markets at the MIPTV Media Market in March 2009  Corus Entertainment's YTV picked up the show for broadcast in Canada in April 2008  Time Warner's Cartoon Network agreed to air the show in the U S  in March 2009  The first season ended with a one-hour finale  9 Story Entertainment sold distribution rights to Cartoon Network's Boomerang Channel Latin America, YLE in Finland, and Teleview International in the Middle East in April 2009 Producer 9 Story Entertainment began to license the show in May 2009, seeking to put the Survive This logo and images from the show on board games, books, video games, role-playing games, and clothing 

Season Two production
Second season casting opened on June 5, 2009, and closed on July 10, 2009  Applicants were invited to a television production studio in Toronto, Ontario, Canada, where they met with the producers and had a screen test to determine how they came across on television  Participants were selected for the show, in part, based on their strong personalities  The final eight participants were told in early September 2009 that they were selected for the show  The eight teens who appear in the second season were required to sign a confidentiality agreement prior to the commencement of filming  All the participants were required to take a three-day survival program with David Arama, a wilderness survival expert and close friend of Les Stroud's  Training including how to build a shelter, fire-starting, edible plants, and using a compass Principal cinematography for the second season occurred in September 2009 (which meant some of the contestants missed the opening of school in order to finish the show)  Most of the second season was filmed around the Georgian Bay area of Lake Huron and Algonquin Provincial Park  None of the teens knew the location of the series, but were aware that they were not close to any cities or towns  The teens were always watched by an adult and were provided warm clothes at night  Initially, many of the contestants did not take the show or host Les Stroud seriously  According to contestant Patricia Robins, "We were calling him Les Stroodle     at first we all thought he was kind of a jerk, just because of his attitude  [But] toward the end we kind of adopted him as a father figure  He's really protective  We found that out later on "As in the first series, the teenaged contestants are introduced into the wilderness via an accident—in the second season, it is a floatplane crash  Two contestants were separated from the rest of the group and forced to spend a night alone  As in the previous season, the search for food is a major element of the show  In the first season, teenager Adam Deganis killed a pheasant (in the episode "Food") and a porcupine (in the episode "Deep Woods, Part I")   In the third episode of the second season, the participants decapitate and kill a snake for food  The show's format remains much the same, with a different challenge in each episode and Stroud asking the teens if they can survive at the end of each installment  An article about one of the contestants states that only one of the teens "survives" until the final episode, however this is incorrect  The actual number is determined by who drops out, and is mentioned on the official website's 'Synopsis page' 
The second season of Survive This consists of 13 episodes, with a one-hour finale  The second season debuted on the YTV cable TV channel on Monday, April 19, 2010 

Participants
Season One
In the first season, eight teenagers were given a week's survival training before being taken into the wilderness  The Season One cast included:

Adam—Adam Deganis is a 15-year-old native of Mississauga, Ontario, who attends Loyola Catholic Secondary School  Labeled as "the sportsman" on the series, his survival experiences consisted of hunting, fishing, and spending summers at his family vacation home  A fan of Survivorman, he applied to be on the series because he wanted to meet Les Stroud  Deganis is an arachnophobe 
Becca—Becca Mehaffey is a 16-year-old from Markham, Ontario, who has almost no outdoors experience  Her friends and family laughed at her when she applied to be on the show  She was called "the princess" on the show, and practices dance in her spare time 
Becky—Becky Tran is a 17-year-old  from Newmarket, Ontario, who was labeled "the environmentalist" on the series, but whom the other participants called "BT " Tran, who is admittedly "addicted" to her hair iron, was frightened of dirt, germs, and insects 
Catarina—Catarina is a 17-year-old who was described as "the tough girl" on the series 
Holden—Holden Adams is a 16-year-old who was called "the city boy" on the show  After the show ended, he admitted that lack of sleep, hunger, and physical exhaustion often led him to rest while others did the work of finding food and building shelter  Adams died in February 2015 
Jen—Jennifer Daub is a 16-year-old resident of Blind River, Ontario  She attends W  C  Eaket Secondary School  She was labeled "the hunter" on the series because she had spent time tracking and hunting deer with her father, and was an expert rifleman, all-terrain vehicle driver, and camper  One of her older brothers learned about the show and encouraged her to apply  She applied online by sending in a photo of herself with a deer she had shot and killed  She was often frustrated on the show by having to help other participants who had little outdoors experience 
Kareem—Kareem Ali is a 17-year-old native of Toronto, Ontario, Canada  Given the label of "the motivator" by the producers, he was seen as more competitive than the others  He attends Bloor Collegiate Institute 
Zac—Zac Siegel is a 14-year-old resident of Thornhill, Ontario, who attends Westmount Collegiate Institute  He applied to be on the show through a survival camp he was already enrolled at  He had extensive wilderness survival skills before he joined the show, has a photographic memory, and a high-level intelligence  He was extremely frustrated on the show because the other participants had so little wilderness survival skill  "In many cases I had to teach people to start a fire or build a proper shelter, collect berries, basically I spent a lot of time with those who didn't have a clue what Les was talking about," he told the press  Labeled as "the camp counselor" by the producers, the other participants saw him as an overachiever 

Season Two
In the first season, eight teenagers were given a week's survival training before being taken into the wilderness  The Season Two cast included:

Colin—Colin is a 15-year-old from Hamilton, Ontario  He believes that a balance between a social life and school is important  He was labelled "The Whiz Kid" 
Ian—Ian McBain is a 14-year-old from Ajax, Ontario  Interested in animals and the outdoors and seeking a career as a biologist, McBain was inspired to audition for the second season after seeing the first-season episode Swamp: "The episode from the first season that really motivated me to try to get on the show was the swamp episode  "Most people would think 'Oh gross  a swamp, there's leeches and stuff ' That was the turning point for me, I was like 'I have to get on this show, that looks so fun, so many different experiences ' He was dubbed "The Book Worm" McBain, who admits to being an unadventurous "wimp", says that he learned to trust other people and believe in himself during the show  For him, the toughest part of the series was getting through the nights and worrying about wild animal attacks 
Jade—Jade is a 13-year-old girl from Ancaster, Ontario  She was raised on a farm and was labelled "The Country Girl" 
Justin—Justin Cutajar is a 16-year-old from Mississauga, Ontario labelled "the Rock Star"  He had auditioned for the first season but did not make the cut  He auditioned for the second season because he still wanted to see how far he could push himself  He says being on the show was "a life-altering experience " The hardest part, for him, was the lack of food; he lost 12 pounds (5 4 kg) while filming the series  Back at home after the show, he says he never leaves food on his plate and reminds himself every day of how he has a bed to sleep in and home to live in  he cites patience, emotional strength, the will to live, and physical strength as the things which allowed him to get through the show 
Manaal—Manaal Ismacil is a 16-year-old from St  Catharines, Ontario labeled "The Diplomat"  Her mother is a Somalian who is a refugee from Somalia  Manaal was born in Kenya, but her family emigrated to the United States when she was seven years old and to Canada four years later  She attends Sir Winston Churchill Secondary School, loves to read and study, and has never been camping  She had not seen the first season, but applied after being urged to do so by her younger sister (who had)  She is interested in International relations, and wants a career as a human rights lawyer  She is a volunteer in many groups, including her school, the St  Catharines mayor's council, and Save the Children Canada 
Michael—Michael Lattouf is a 17-year-old from Brampton, Ontario, who attends Notre Dame Catholic Secondary School and wants to be an actor, earning him the label "The Entertainer"  He had no survival skills prior to appearing on the show  He says that he felt overwhelmed at first  The producers and Les Stroud "just threw us right in, and it was non-stop," and he felt the lack of food was the most challenging aspect of the show  He also felt that having eight teenagers on the show made for a lot of emotion  Lattouf says the show was very challenging, and he learned a great deal from it  "People live like this every day—homeless people, or people in poor countries—and it made me understand their struggles more
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Tommie Smith
Tommie C  Smith (born June 6, 1944) is an American former track and field athlete and former wide receiver in the American Football League  At the 1968 Summer Olympics, Smith, aged 24, won the 200-meter sprint finals and gold medal in 19 83 seconds – the first time the 20-second barrier was broken officially  His Black Power salute with John Carlos atop the medal podium to protest racism and injustice against African Americans in the United States caused controversy, as it was seen as politicizing the Olympic Games  It remains a symbolic moment in the history of the Black Power movement 

Early life and career
Tommie Smith was born on June 6, 1944, in Clarksville, Texas, the seventh of twelve children born to Richard and Dora Smith  He suffered from pneumonia as a child, but still grew to be an athletic youth  While attending Lemoore High School in Lemoore, California, Smith showed great potential, setting most of the school's track records, many of which remain  He won the 440-yard dash in the 1963 CIF California State Meet  He was voted Lemoore's "Most Valuable Athlete" in basketball, football, and track and field, and was also voted vice president of his senior class  His achievements earned him a scholarship to San José State University On May 7, 1966, while he was at San Jose State, Smith set a world best of 19 5 seconds in the 200m straight, which he ran on a cinder track  That record for 200m was finally beaten by Tyson Gay on May 16, 2010, just over 44 years later, though Smith still holds the record for the slightly longer 220-yard event  Since the IAAF has abandoned ratifying records for the event, Smith still retains the official record for the straightaway 200m/220 yards in perpetuity A few weeks later, on June 11, 1966, Smith set the record for 200 meters and 220 yards around a turn at 20 0, the first man to do that in 20 seconds  Six days later he won the NCAA Men's Outdoor Track and Field Championship  Smith also won the national collegiate 220-yard (201 17 m) title in 1967 before adding the AAU furlong (201 17m) crown as well  He traveled to Japan for the 1967 Summer Universiade and won the 200m gold medal  He repeated as U S  200m champion in 1968 and made the Olympic team 

1968 Summer Olympics
Leading up to the Olympics, at the U S  Olympic Trials at Echo Summit, California, San Jose State teammate John Carlos beat Smith and his world record, running 19 92A  John Carlos' record was disallowed because of the brush spike shoes he was wearing, as was a similar record by Vince Matthews in the 400 meters As a member of the Olympic Project for Human Rights (OPHR) Smith originally advocated a boycott of the 1968 Mexico City Olympic Games unless four conditions were met: South Africa and Rhodesia uninvited from the Olympics, the restoration of Muhammad Ali's world heavyweight boxing title, Avery Brundage to step down as president of the International Olympic Committee (IOC), and the hiring of more African-American assistant coaches  As the boycott failed to achieve support after the IOC withdrew invitations for South Africa and Rhodesia, he decided, together with Carlos, to not only wear their gloves but also go barefoot to protest poverty, wear beads to protest lynchings, and wear buttons that said OPHR At the 1968 Summer Olympics in Mexico, Smith nursed an injured groin into the 200m final  In the race, teammate Carlos powered out to the lead through the turn, while Smith got a slow start  Coming off the turn, Smith charged past Carlos and sped to victory   Knowing he had passed his training partner and closest opponent, his victory was so clear, he raised his arms to celebrate 10m before the finish line  Still, he improved upon his own world record that would last for 11 years until Pietro Mennea would surpass it on the same track  Smith's time of 19 83 was among the first automatically timed world records for the event as recorded by the IAAF 

Carlos and Smith made headlines around the world by raising their black-gloved fists at the medal award ceremony  Both athletes wore black socks and no shoes on the podium to represent African-American poverty in the United States  In support, Peter Norman, the silver medalist who was a white athlete from Australia, participated in the protest by wearing an OPHR badge IOC president Avery Brundage deemed it to be a domestic political statement unfit for the apolitical, international forum the Olympic Games were intended to be  In response to their actions, he ordered Smith and Carlos suspended from the US team and banned from the Olympic Village  When the US Olympic Committee refused, Brundage threatened to ban the entire US track team  This threat led to the expulsion of the two athletes from the Games A spokesman for the IOC said Smith and Carlos's actions were "a deliberate and violent breach of the fundamental principles of the Olympic spirit " Brundage, who was president of the United States Olympic Committee in 1936, had made no objections against Nazi salutes during the Berlin Olympics  He argued that the Nazi salute, being a national salute at the time, was acceptable in a competition of nations, while the athletes' salute was not of a nation and therefore unacceptable Smith and Carlos faced consequences for challenging white authority in the U S  Ralph Boston, a black U S  long jumper at the 1968 games, stated: "The rest of the world didn't seem to find it such a derogatory thing  They thought it was very positive  Only America thought it was bad " The men's gesture had lingering effects for all three athletes, the most serious of which were death threats against Smith, Carlos and their families  Following their suspension by the IOC, they faced economic hardship Smith stated in later years that "We were concerned about the lack of black assistant coaches  About how Muhammad Ali got stripped of his title  About the lack of access to good housing and our kids not being able to attend the top colleges "

Athletics and later career
During his career, Smith set seven individual world records and also was a member of several world-record relay teams at San Jose State, where he was coached by Lloyd (Bud) Winter  With personal records of 10 1 for 100 meters, 19 83 for 200 and 44 5 for the 400, Smith still ranks high on the world all-time lists 
Smith, who had been drafted by the National Football League's Los Angeles Rams in the ninth round of the 1967 NFL Draft, signed to play for the American Football League's Cincinnati Bengals and was part of the team's taxi squad for most of three seasons as a wide receiver  During the 1969 season, he played in two games, catching one pass for 41 yards A year after his Olympic win, Smith finished his BA in Social Science at San Jose State University and went on to earn a master's in Social Change from Goddard College, whose program enabled Smith to integrate his teaching and writing practices into his coursework After his track and football careers, he became a member of the United States National Track and Field Hall of Fame in 1978  In 1996, Smith was inducted into the California Black Sports Hall of Fame, and in 1999 he received that organization's Sportsman of the Millennium Award  In 2000 and 2001 the County of Los Angeles and the State of Texas presented Smith with commendation, recognition and proclamation awards He later became a track coach at Oberlin College in Ohio, where he also taught sociology and until 2005 was a faculty member teaching physical education at Santa Monica College in Santa Monica, California In August 2008, he gave 2008 Olympic triple gold winner Usain Bolt of Jamaica one of his shoes from the 1968 Olympics as a birthday gift In 2010, Smith put his gold medal and spikes up for auction  Bids started at $250,000, and the sale was scheduled to close November 4, 2010  In 2013 Goddard College honored Smith as an alumnus by awarding him the Presidential Award for Activism in 2013 

Books
Smith's autobiography (co-written with David Steele), Silent Gesture was published in 2007 by Temple University Press  It was named a 2008 Adult Nonfiction Honor Book by the Black Caucus of the American Library Association and nominated for a 2008 NAACP Image Award 
Smith's second book Victory  Stand! Raising My Fist for Justice was published in 2022 by Norton Young Readers  The graphic memoir was co-written with Derrick Barnes and illustrated by Dawud Anyabwile  The book received literary acclaim  It won the 2023 YALSA Award for Excellence in Nonfiction and was recognized as a 2023 Corretta Scott King Award Author and Illustrator Honor Book as well as a finalist for the 2022 National Book Award for Young People's Literature 

Personal life
Smith first married Jimi Denise Paschal from 1967 to 1973, with whom he had one child  He then married Denise M  "Akiba" Kyle in 1977, with whom he had four children  The two divorced in 2000, and Smith married Delois Jordan in the same year 

Recognition
Tommie Smith is featured in the 1999 HBO documentary Fists of Freedom: The Story of the '68 Summer Games  The documentary looks at events leading up to, during and after the 1968 Olympics  It features interviews with Smith, Carlos and sociologist Harry Edwards  There is archival footage of the Games and the fallout after the raised fist salutes by Carlos and Smith  Smith says in the programme:
We were not Antichrists   We were just human beings who saw a need to bring attention to the inequality in our country   I don't like the idea of people looking at it as negative   There was nothing but a raised fist in the air and a bowed head, acknowledging the American flag – not symbolizing a hatred for it 
For his lifelong commitment to athletics, education, and human rights, Smith received the Courage of Conscience Award from The Peace Abbey in Sherborn, Massachusetts  In 2004, a sports hall bearing his name was inaugurated in his presence at Saint-Ouen, France In 2005, a statue showing Smith and Carlos on the medal stand was constructed by political artist Rigo 23 and dedicated on the campus of San Jose State University  Norman's silver medal position was left vacant at his request, so visitors could pose for photos in solidarity with Smith and Carlos, as Norman had stood A mural of the photo taken with Smith on the podium at the 1968 Olympics with Carlos and Norman was painted on the brick wall of a residence in Newtown, New South Wales, Australia, titled "Three Proud People Mexico 68"  The house's owner, Silvio Offria, allowed an artist known only as "Donald" to paint the mural, and said that Norman came to Newtown to see the mural and have his photo taken with it before he died in 2006  The mural faces the train tracks linking Sydney city to the Western and Southern Suburbs  In 2012, the Sydney City Council heritage listed the mural to safeguard it, after it had faced possible demolition in 2010 to make way for a railway tunnel  Smith and Carlos were pallbearers at Norman's funeral in Melbourne in 2006 On July 16, 2008, Smith and Carlos accepted the Arthur Ashe Award for Courage for the salute at the 2008 ESPY Awards  In 2018, Smith received the Dresden Peace Prize The Tommie Smith Youth Track Meet is held annually in his honor  It has been both an AAU and USATF-sponsored event, held at the University of California, Berkeley at Edwards Stadium  
San Jose State University has secured funding to rebuild the  track and field complex  The centerpiece is Speed City Legacy Center, which pays tribute to SJSU alumni track stars and civil rights advocates 

See also
Timeline of the civil rights movement
Bay Area Sports Hall of Fame
Other American Football League players
Men's 200 metres world record progression

Further reading
Bates, Karen Grigsby (October 16, 2018)  "50 Years Later, Raised Fists During National Anthem Still Resonate"  Morning Edition  NPR 
Brown, DeNeen (October 16, 2018)  "'A cry for freedom': The Black Power salute that rocked the world 50 years ago"  Washington Post 
Barra, Allan  "Fists Raised, but Not in Anger" The New York Times, August 22, 2008
Thomas, Katie  "For Australian Athletes, a Voice From the Grave" The New York Times May 23, 2008
"In-flight film will urge Olympians to protest", The Daily Telegraph, May 24, 2008
"Norman loses his spot in history", Sporting Life, October 17, 2005
"Norman dies after heart attack", Fox Sports, October 3, 2006
"Peter Norman, man on podium for Black Power salute, dies", USA Today, October 3, 2006
Reed, Ron  "Norman to receive a final salute", The Herald Sun, October 6, 2006
Hoy, Greg  "Fellow athletes pay tribute to Peter Norman", Australian Broadcasting Corporation, October 10, 2006
Blackistone, Kevin B , The Dallas Morning News, August 23, 2008 (Archived original "'68 protest more than a memory" at the Wayback Machine (archived July 1, 2001))
"Peter Norman dies after heart attack", The Age, October 3, 2006
"Bitter price of Olympics' iconic image", Sydney Morning Herald, October 17, 2003
Wise, Mike  "Clenched Fists, Helping Hand", The Washington Post, October 5, 2006
"Norman Remembered as an Unflinching Champion", The Australian, October 9, 2006
"Carlos, Smith act as pallbearers at funeral of podium mate from 1968 Olympics" at the Wayback Machine (archived March 11, 2007), MSNBC, October 9, 2006 (Archived original)
Rees, Margaret "Australian athlete supported American civil rights struggle", World Socialist Web Site, October 23, 2006
Passage 2:
Black Power: The Politics of Liberation
Black Power: The Politics of Liberation is a 1967 book co-authored by Kwame Ture (then known as Stokely Carmichael) and political scientist Charles V  Hamilton  The work defines Black Power, presents insights into the roots of racism in the United States and suggests a means of reforming the traditional political process for the future   Published originally as Black Power: The Politics of Liberation in America, the book has become a staple work produced during the Civil Rights Movement and Black Power movement One of the main focuses of the book is describing the struggles that black communities faced in trying to get involved in politics   Black people had faced severe and violent discrimination since the Civil War, as well as segregation since the late nineteenth century  Consequently, the community faced problems with political participation as the community faced material consequences of systemic racism when attempting to vote or engaging with the political world   Carmichael and Hamilton cite white supremacy, colonialism, and the systemic continuation of these dynamics as drivers of disenfranchisement and racism These issues led to the creation of certain groups and organizations   For instance, the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC) attempted to build organizational capacity within the Southern black community, offering a progressive alternative to the Democratic Party in Mississippi that would adopt the national party's platform (see Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party)   By creating regional campaigns and running black candidates, SNCC saw success within their own community   However, with the limited power that this and other organizations held, their efforts to engage in the political arena for the black community were often not fully realized  This led the authors to reconceptualize Black Power as a tool for confronting the totality of oppression, not exclusively that of political representation 
Carmichael and Hamilton continue to write about the ways that black communities' attempts to be active in politics have been thwarted by self-serving groups who offer shallow allyship   Criticizing labor movements, liberals, and the middle class for being complacent in systemic racism, Black Power challenges coalitions to genuinely serve the anti-racism and the needs of the black community  Carmichael and Hamilton state, "We do not believe it is possible to form meaningful coalitions unless both or all parties are not only willing but believe it absolutely necessary to challenge [white supremacy] and other prevailing norms and institutions" Carmichael and Hamilton write that Black Power meant more than simply changing the physical, material conditions of inequality faced by black Americans; it also meant changing perspectives of race relations in a historical context, both inside and outside the community  The authors believe Black Power not only rests in dismantling white supremacy, but also in establishing camaraderie within the black community  In this way, Black Power disavows the legitimacy of liberal, conformist politics, and instead seeks a degree of sovereignty for black community 
Ohio prison library included Black Power in its list of books in 1975 

See also
Where Do We Go From Here: Chaos or Community
Passage 3:
African-American bookstores
African-American bookstores, also known as black bookstores, are bookstores owned and operated by African Americans   These stores often, although not always, specialize in works by and about African Americans and their target customers are often African Americans   Although they are a variety of African-American business, African-American bookstores have often been closely tied to radical political movements including Marxism, Black Power, and pan-Africanism  The first documented African-American bookstore was established by the abolitionist David Ruggles in 1834  The first African-American bookstore to open in Harlem was Young's Book Exchange  One of the earliest African-American bookstores to achieve national prominence was Lewis Michaux's African National Memorial Bookstore, which operated in Harlem from the early 1930s to the middle of the 1970s   Michaux's store doubled as a meeting place for black activists, including most famously Malcolm X   The Black Power movement embraced black-owned bookstores in the 1960s and 70s as vehicles for promoting their ideology and creating radical political spaces in black communities across the United States   By the 1990s, African-American bookstores earned significant attention from more politically moderate and business oriented media outlets such as the magazine Black Enterprise   In the 2000s and 2010s, however, as independent bookstores of all kinds declined and bookstores chains and Amazon increasingly sold black-authored books, the number of African-American bookstores declined rapidly, dropping from more than 250 to just over 70 Prominent black-owned booksellers currently in business include Marcus Books in Oakland, the oldest black bookseller in the country, Everyone's Place in Baltimore, Hakim's Bookstore in Philadelphia, Eso Won Books in Los Angeles (noted as "a Leimert Park institution of black literature and culture"), and Sankofa in Washington, D C Prominent online black booksellers include AALBC com (founded in 1998), Mahogany Books and Hue-Man Bookstore, which formerly had brick-and-mortar storefronts in Denver, Colorado, and in Harlem 

See also
Bookselling in the US
Antiquarian book trade in the United States
Books in the United States
Lewis H  Micheaux
Young's Book Exchange
Martin Sostre
David Ruggles
Passage 4:
Black Power movement
The Black Power movement or Black Liberation movement was a branch or counterculture within the civil rights movement of the United States, reacting against its more moderate, mainstream, or incremental tendencies and motivated by a desire for safety and self-sufficiency that was not available inside redlined African American neighborhoods  Black Power activists founded black-owned bookstores, food cooperatives, farms, media, printing presses, schools, clinics and ambulance services  The international impact of the movement includes the Black Power Revolution in Trinidad and Tobago By the late 1960s, Black Power came to represent the demand for more immediate violent action to counter American white supremacy  Most of these ideas were influenced by Malcolm X's criticism of Martin Luther King Jr 's peaceful protest methods  The 1965 assassination of Malcolm X, coupled with the urban riots of 1964 and 1965, ignited the movement  New organizations that supported Black Power philosophies ranging from the adoption of socialism by certain sects of the movement to black nationalism, including the Black Panther Party (BPP), grew to prominence While black American thinkers such as Robert F  Williams and Malcolm X influenced the early Black Power movement, the Black Panther Party and its views are widely seen as the cornerstone  It was influenced by philosophies such as pan-Africanism, black nationalism and socialism, as well as contemporary events including the Cuban Revolution and the decolonization of Africa 

History
Origins
The first popular use of the term "Black Power" as a social and racial slogan was by Stokely Carmichael (later known as Kwame Ture) and Willie Ricks (later known as Mukasa Dada), both organizers and spokespeople for the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee  On June 16, 1966, in a speech in Greenwood, Mississippi, during the March Against Fear, Carmichael led the marchers in a chant for Black power that was televised nationally The organization Nation of Islam began as a Black nationalist movement in the 1930s, inspiring later groups  Malcolm X is largely credited with the group's dramatic increase in membership between the early 1950s and early 1960s (from 500 to 25,000 by one estimate; from 1,200 to 50,000 or 75,000 by another)  In March 1964, Malcolm X left the Nation due to disagreements with Elijah Muhammad; among other things, he cited his interest in working with civil rights leaders, saying that Muhammad had prevented him from doing so  Later, Malcolm X also said Muhammad had engaged in extramarital affairs with young Nation secretaries‍—‌a serious violation of the group's teachings  On February 21, 1965, Malcolm X was shot and killed while speaking at the Audubon Ballroom in Washington Heights, New York City  Three Nation members were convicted of assassinating him  Despite this, there has long been speculation and suspicion of government involvement  The forty police officers at the scene were instructed to "stand down" by their commanding officers while the shooting took place After the Watts riots in Los Angeles in 1965, the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee decided to cut ties with the mainstream civil rights movement  They argued that blacks needed to build power of their own, rather than seek accommodations from the power structure in place  SNCC migrated from a philosophy of nonviolence to one of greater militancy after the mid-1960s  The organization established ties with radical groups such as the Students for a Democratic Society 
In late October 1966, Huey P  Newton and Bobby Seale founded the Black Panther Party  In formulating a new politics, they drew on their experiences working with a variety of Black Power organizations 

Escalation in the late 1960s
The Black Panther Party initially utilized open-carry gun laws to protect party members and local black communities from law enforcement  Party members also recorded incidents of police brutality by distantly following police cars around neighborhoods  Numbers grew slightly starting in February 1967, when the party provided an armed escort at the San Francisco airport for Betty Shabazz, Malcolm X's widow and keynote speaker at a conference held in his honor  By 1967, the SNCC began to fall apart due to policy disputes in its leadership, and many members left for the Black Panthers  Throughout 1967, the Panthers staged rallies and disrupted the California State Assembly with armed marchers  In 1956 the FBI developed COINTELPRO to investigate black nationalist groups and others  By 1969, the Black Panthers and their allies had become primary COINTELPRO targets, singled out in 233 of the 295 authorized "black nationalist" COINTELPRO actions  In 1968, the Republic of New Afrika was founded, a separatist group seeking a black country in the southern United States, only to dissolve by the early 1970s 
By 1968, many Black Panther leaders had been arrested, including founder Huey Newton for the murder of a police officer (Newton's prosecution was eventually dismissed), yet membership surged  Black Panthers later engaged the police in a firefight in a Los Angeles gas station  In the same year, Martin Luther King Jr  was assassinated, creating nationwide riots, the widest wave of social unrest since the American Civil War  In Cleveland, Ohio, the "Republic of New Libya" engaged the police in the Glenville shootout, which was followed by rioting  The year also marked the start of the White Panther Party, a group of whites dedicated to the cause of the Black Panthers  Founders Pun Plamondon and John Sinclair were arrested, but eventually freed, in connection to the bombing of a Central Intelligence Agency office in Ann Arbor, Michigan that September By 1969, the Black Panthers began purging members due to fear of law enforcement infiltration, engaged in multiple gunfights with police and one with a black nationalist organization  The Panthers continued their "Free Huey" campaign internationally  In the spirit of rising militancy, the League of Revolutionary Black Workers was formed in Detroit, which supported labor rights and Black liberation  \

Peak in the early 1970s
In 1970 the Honorary Prime Minister of the Black Panther Party, Stokely Carmichael, traveled to various countries to discuss methods to resist "American imperialism"  In Trinidad, the Black Power Movement had escalated into the Black Power Revolution in which many Afro-Trinidadians forced the government of Trinidad to give into reforms  Later many Panthers visited Algeria to discuss Pan-Africanism and anti-imperialism  In the same year former Black Panthers formed the Black Liberation Army to continue a violent revolution rather than the party's new reform movements  On October 22, 1970, the Black Liberation Army is believed to have planted a bomb in St  Brendan's Church in San Francisco while it was full of mourners attending the funeral of San Francisco police officer Harold Hamilton, who had been killed in the line of duty while responding to a bank robbery  The bomb was detonated, but no one in the church suffered serious injuries In 1971, several Panther officials fled the U S  due to police concerns  This was the only active year of the Black Revolutionary Assault Team, a group that bombed the New York South African consular office in protest of apartheid  On September 20 it placed bombs at the UN Missions of Republic of the Congo (Kinshasa) and the Republic of Malawi  In February 1971, ideological splits within the Black Panther Party between leaders Newton and Eldridge Cleaver led to two factions within the party; the conflict turned violent and four people were killed in a series of assassinations  On May 21, 1971, five Black Liberation Army members participated in the shootings of two New York City police officers, Joseph Piagentini and Waverly Jones  Those brought to trial for the shootings include Anthony Bottom (also known as Jalil Muntaqim), Albert Washington, Francisco Torres, Gabriel Torres, and Herman Bell During the jail sentence of White Panther John Sinclair a "Free John" concert took place, including John Lennon and Stevie Wonder  Sinclair was released two days later  On August 29, three BLA members murdered San Francisco police sergeant John Victor Young at his police station  Two days later, the San Francisco Chronicle received a letter signed by the BLA claiming responsibility for the attack  Late in the year Huey Newton visited China for meetings on Maoist theory and anti-imperialism  Black Power icon George Jackson attempted to escape from prison in August, killing seven hostages only to be killed himself  Jackson's death triggered the Attica Prison uprising which was later ended in a bloody siege  On November 3, Officer James R  Greene of the Atlanta Police Department was shot and killed in his patrol van at a gas station by Black Liberation Army members 1972 was the year Newton shut down many Black Panther chapters and held a party meeting in Oakland, California  On January 27, the Black Liberation Army assassinated police officers Gregory Foster and Rocco Laurie in New York City  After the killings, a note sent to authorities portrayed the murders as a retaliation for the prisoner deaths during 1971 Attica prison riot  To date no arrests have been made    On July 31, five armed BLA members hijacked Delta Air Lines Flight 841, eventually collecting a ransom of $1 million and diverting the plane, after passengers were released, to Algeria  The authorities there seized the ransom but allowed the group to flee  Four were eventually caught by French authorities in Paris, where they were convicted of various crimes, but one – George Wright – remained a fugitive until September 26, 2011, when he was captured in Portugal  After being accused of murdering a prostitute in 1974, Huey Newton fled to Cuba  Elaine Brown became party leader and embarked on an election campaign 

De-escalation in the late 1970s
In the late 1970s a rebel group named after the killed prisoner formed the George Jackson Brigade  From March 1975 to December 1977, the Brigade robbed at least seven banks and detonated about 20 pipe bombs – mainly targeting government buildings, electric power facilities, Safeway stores, and companies accused of racism  In 1977, Newton returned from exile in Cuba  Shortly afterward, Elaine Brown resigned from the party and fled to Los Angeles  The Party fell apart, leaving only a few members MOVE developed in Philadelphia in 1972 as the "Christian Movement for Life", a communal living group based on Black Liberation principles  When police raided their house in 1978, a firefight broke out; during the shootout, one officer was killed, seven other police officers, five firefighters, three MOVE members, and three bystanders were also injured In another high-profile incident of the Black Liberation Army, Assata Shakur, Zayd Shakur and Sundiata Acoli were said to have opened fire on state troopers in New Jersey after being pulled over for a broken taillight  Zayd Shakur and state trooper Werner Foerster were both killed during the exchange  Following her capture, Assata Shakur was tried in six different criminal trials  According to Shakur, she was beaten and tortured during her incarceration in a number of different federal and state prisons  The charges ranged from kidnapping to assault and battery to bank robbery  Assata Shakur was found guilty of the murder of both Foerster and her companion Zayd Shakur, but escaped prison in 1979 and eventually fled to Cuba and received political asylum  Acoli was convicted of killing Foerster and sentenced to life in prison 
In 1978 a group of Black Liberation Army and Weather Underground members formed the May 19th Communist Organization, or M19CO  It also included members of the Black Panthers and the Republic of New Africa  In 1979 three M19CO members walked into the visitor's center at the Clinton Correctional Facility for Women near Clinton, New Jersey  They took two guards hostage and freed Shakur  Several months later M19CO arranged for the escape of William Morales, a member of Puerto Rican separatist group Fuerzas Armadas de Liberación Nacional Puertorriqueña from Bellevue Hospital in New York City, where he was recovering after a bomb he was building exploded in his hands 

Decline in the 1980s
Over the 1980s the Black Power movement continued despite a decline in its popularity and organization memberships  The Black Liberation Army was active in the US until at least 1981 when a Brinks truck robbery, conducted with support from former Weather Underground members Kathy Boudin and David Gilbert, left a guard and two police officers dead  Boudin and Gilbert, along with several BLA members, were subsequently arrested  M19CO engaged in a bombing campaign in the 1980s  They targeted a series of government and commercial buildings, including the U S  Senate  On November 3, 1984, two members of the M19CO, Susan Rosenberg and Timothy Blunk, were arrested at a mini-warehouse they had rented in Cherry Hill, New Jersey  Police recovered more than 100 blasting caps, nearly 200 sticks of dynamite, more than 100 cartridges of gel explosive, and 24 bags of blasting agent from the warehouse  The M19CO alliance's last bombing was on February 23, 1985, at the Policemen's Benevolent Association in New York City 
MOVE had relocated to West Philadelphia after the earlier shootout  On May 13, 1985, the police, along with city manager Leo Brooks, arrived with arrest warrants and attempted to clear the MOVE building and arrest the indicted MOVE members  This led to an armed standoff with police, who lobbed tear gas canisters at the building  MOVE members shot at the police, who returned fire with automatic weapons  The police then bombed the house, killing several adults and children, and causing a large fire that destroyed the better part of a city block In 1989, well into the waning years of the movement, the New Black Panther Party formed  In the same year on August 22, Huey P  Newton was fatally shot outside by 24-year-old Black Guerilla Family member Tyrone Robinson 

Characteristics
Education
The fifth point of the Black Panther Party's Ten-Point Program called for "education for our people that exposes the true nature of this decadent American society  We want education that teaches us our true history and our role in the present day society " This sentiment was echoed in many of the other Black Power organizations; the inadequacy of black education had earlier been remarked on by W  E  B  Du Bois, Marcus Garvey, and Carter G  Woodson 
With this backdrop, Stokely Carmichael brought political education into his work with SNCC in the rural South  This included get-out-the-vote campaigns and political literacy  Bobby Seale and Huey Newton used education to address the lack of identity in the black community  Seale had worked with youth in an after-school program before starting the Panthers  Through this new education and identity building, they believed they could empower black Americans to claim their freedom 

Media
Just as Black Power activists focused on community control of schools and politics, the movement took a major interest in creating and controlling its own media institutions  Most famously, the Black Panther Party produced the Black Panther newspaper, which proved to be one of the BPP's most influential tools for disseminating its message and recruiting new members 
WAFR was launched in September 1971 as the first public, community-based black radio station  The Durham, North Carolina, station broadcast until 1976, but influenced later activist radio stations including WPFW in Washington, D C  and WRFG in Atlanta 

Australian Black Power
The American Black Power movement influenced Aboriginal Australian activists from the late 1960s onwards, especially in Sydney, Brisbane and Melbourne  The term became widely known after the Victorian Aborigines Advancement League (AAL), led by Bruce McGuinness and Bob Maza, invited Caribbean activist Roosevelt Brown to give a talk on Black Power in Melbourne in 1968, causing a media frenzy  The AAL was influenced by the ideas of Malcolm X and Stokely Carmichael  The Australian "Black Power movement" had emerged in Redfern in Sydney, Fitzroy, Melbourne, and South Brisbane, following the "Freedom Ride" led by  Charles Perkins in 1965  There was a small group of people at the centre of the movement known as the Black Caucus Bobbi Sykes defined Australian Black Power as "The power generated by people who seek to identify their own problems and those of the community as a whole, and who strive to take action in all possible forms to solve those problems", while Paul Coe saw it as the need for Aboriginal people to "take control both of the economical, the political and cultural resources of the people and of the land…so that they themselves have got the power to determine their own future"  Activist and later academic Gary Foley later wrote that in Australia, Black Power "was essentially about the necessity for Black people to define the world in their own terms, and to seek self-determination and independence on their own terms, without white interference"  The Aboriginal Legal Service in Redfern grew out of this activism 

Legacy
After the 1970s the Black Power movement saw a decline, but not an end  In 1998, the Black Radical Congress was founded, with debatable effects  The Black Riders Liberation Party was created by Bloods and Crips gang members as an attempt to recreate the Black Panther Party in 1996  The group has spread, creating chapters in cities across the United States, and frequently staging paramilitary marches  During the 2008 presidential election New Black Panther Party members were accused of voter intimidation at a polling station in a predominantly black, Democratic voting district of Philadelphia  After the killing of Trayvon Martin black power paramilitaries formed, including the Huey P  Newton Gun Club, African American Defense League, and the New Black Liberation Militia, all staging armed marches and military training Some have compared the modern movement Black Lives Matter to the Black Power movement, noting its similarities  The Movement for Black Lives openly promotes Black Power 

See also
Black mecca
Black nationalism
Black Panther Party
Black supremacy
Black separatism
Chicano Movement
History of the socialist movement in the United States
New Left
Black Arts Movement
Protests of 1968
Red Power movement
Los Siete de la Raza
Passage 5:
Hakim Jamal
Hakim Abdullah Jamal (born Allen Donaldson; March 28, 1931 – May 1, 1973) was an American activist and writer  He was an associate of Michael X and wrote From the Dead Level, a memoir of his life and memories of Malcolm X  During his life, Jamal was romantically involved with several high-profile women, notably Jean Seberg, Diana Athill, and Gale Benson 

Early life
Donaldson was born in Roxbury, Boston, in 1931  His father was an alcoholic, and his mother abandoned him when he was 6  Donaldson started regularly drinking alcohol when he was aged 10 and became a heroin user at 14  In his early 20s he spent four years in prison Donaldson's violent temper led to his committal to a mental asylum, after two attempted murders  He later underwent a conversion to the teachings of the Nation of Islam and renamed himself Hakim Jamal  He became a spokesman for the movement and contributed articles to various newspapers promoting Black Power  After Malcolm X left the Nation of Islam, Jamal supported his decision and was outspoken in his criticism of Elijah Muhammad



ground_truth: Norman

prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: Where is the host of the American survival skills reality show, The Island, originally from?

The following are given passages.
Context 2: "
Nicole—Nicole Ponce is a 14-year-old girl who is heavily involved in school athletics, giving her the label "the Athlete"  She resides in Etobicoke, Ontario and is a freshman at Michael Power/St  Joseph High School  At a young age, she was often bullied before organized sports made its way into her life  She plays competitively and with a positive attitude in a number of sports including soccer, basketball and volleyball  She hopes to someday become a pediatrician and aspires to help children in need  With her charming personality and newly found confidence, she is ready to take on every challenge the wilderness and life has to offer 
Patricia—Patricia (Trish) Robins is a 16-year-old from Niagara Falls, Ontario  She attends Stamford Collegiate Secondary School  She applied to be on the show without having seen the first season  She believed that only actors were admitted to the show, and felt that this would be a boost to her acting career  After seeing the first season, she resolved to turn down the show if offered a chance to compete and then later changes her mind  Labeled as "The Rebel" on the show, she says she is more of a diva 

Critical reception
Season One critical reception
At least one psychologist warned that Survive This risked being exploitative and might damage the mental health of the participants  "You're putting kids into real emotional situations for other people's enjoyment," said Jennifer Kolari, a child and family therapist and author  "It's okay to have some competition, it's okay to try out for things," she says  "Those are okay lessons for kids  But doing it on national television, to be watched and judged, that's where I feel it's a little bit exploitive, and I think we need to consider the mental health of the kids that are on that show " But other mental health experts declared the show safe, concluding that the participants merely displayed strong competitiveness and that social ostracization was largely avoided Several reviewers have strongly criticized Survive This  For example, the New Bedford Standard-Times was dismissive of the show's lack of originality, noting: "   a gruff, gritty, macho mountain man takes a group of high-school kids and dumps them in the deep woods where they must learn to put aside their 'drama' and adapt  Gee, where haven't we seen that before?"  Variety was equally critical of the show's lack of originality, observing that the show "play[ed] like junior editions of somebody else's reality franchise  The publication was also critical of the way the show pigeonholed and labeled each of the teenagers, eliminating the diversity of the racially and ethnically diverse cast  The Los Angeles Times also concluded that the show was vapid, but that it had slightly more "depth" than other Cartoon Network live-action programs Some critics have also blasted Cartoon Network for showing live-action programs rather than cartoons However, the Sudbury Star called the show "compelling" 

Season One ratings
Television ratings information on the show is difficult to come by   However, at least one newspaper said the show was not "catching on with viewers" on Cartoon Network, and that the show had never been among that network's top 10 series 

Season Two critical reception
In March 2010, Toronto resident Richard Code, a fan of Stroud's show Survivorman, was found dead from hypothermia near his campsite at the north end of Horn Lake (near McMurrich/Monteith, Ontario)  Code was on a winter camping trip with few supplies, similar to summer trips he'd taken before in admiration of the adventures he had seen on Survivorman  Learning of Code's death, Stroud said, "It's a terrible tragedy and I feel absolutely terrible for the families involved"—but did not know Code or the situation he was in, and refused to comment further on his death At least one reviewer has criticized Survive This for not mentioning Code's death or warning kids not to imitate what they see on the show  The Globe and Mail reviewer Catherine Dawson March wrote, "You'd think, just seven weeks after Code's headline-making death, that Survive This would make a passing nod to the tragedy      Some kind of 'don't try this on your own' advice  But no " Dawson praised the show as "captivating" with "lots of emotional drama", but concluded:  "It's great stuff, but YTV should acknowledge Code's death with a warning of their own " YTV replied, "As Survive This does not follow the same premise as Survivorman, there will not be a disclaimer before each episode "

See also
Survive This (Season One)
Survive This (Season Two)
Passage 3:
Cody Lundin
Cody Lundin  (born March 15, 1967) is a survival instructor at the Aboriginal Living Skills School in Prescott, Arizona, which he founded in 1991  There he teaches modern wilderness survival skills, primitive living skills, urban preparedness, and homesteading  Lundin was also a former co-host of Discovery Channel's reality television series, Dual Survival Lundin is an only child whose father was in the military  He spent his early childhood moving around until finally settling in Laramie, Wyoming, where he attended junior high and high school  After graduating from high school he lived on the streets, in a commune, in the backyards of friends, and then in a brush shelter while he attended college in Prescott, Arizona  Lundin holds a B A  in Depth Psychology and Holistic Health from Prescott College Lundin is the author of two books on survival and preparedness: 98 6 Degrees: The Art of Keeping Your Ass Alive and When All Hell Breaks Loose: Stuff You Need to Survive When Disaster Strikes  Lundin has also provided a foreword for Steve Hart's Citizen Survivor's Handbook, a parody of British wartime propaganda focusing on the importance of psychological endurance in times of crisis 
In 2004, Lundin hosted the Discovery Channel show, Lost in the Wild Lundin was a co-host of the television series Dual Survival from 2010 until 2014  On the show, Lundin demonstrated various survival skills while wearing shorts in all weather and going barefoot  On February 17, 2014 Lundin announced on his Facebook page and on his website that he had been fired from the series due to differences of opinion on matters of safety  Lundin says that he lives off-the-grid in a self-designed, passive solar earth home in the high-desert wilderness of northern Arizona, collecting rainwater, composting waste, and paying nothing for utilities 

Bibliography
Lundin, Cody (2003)  98 6 Degrees: The Art of Keeping Your Ass Alive  Gibbs Smith  ISBN 1586852345 
Lundin, Cody (2007)  When All Hell Breaks Loose: Stuff You Need To Survive When Disaster Strikes  Gibbs Smith  ISBN 978-1423601050 

See also
Dave Canterbury
Passage 4:
Les Stroud
Les Stroud (born October 20, 1961) is a Canadian survival expert, filmmaker and musician best known as the creator, writer, producer, director, cameraman and host of the television series Survivorman   Stroud was named Chief Scout by Scouts Canada on November 22, 2021   After a short career behind the scenes in the music industry, Stroud became a full-time wilderness guide, survival instructor and musician based in Huntsville, Ontario  Stroud has produced survival-themed programming for The Outdoor Life Network, The Discovery Channel, The Science Channel, and YTV   The survival skills imparted from watching Stroud's television programs have been cited by several people as the reason they lived through harrowing wilderness ordeals 

Biography
Stroud was born in the Mimico neighbourhood of Toronto and graduated from Mimico High School  He went on to complete the Music Industry Arts program at Fanshawe College in London, Ontario  Stroud worked for several years at the Toronto-based music video channel MuchMusic, and as a songwriter for the band New Regime before a Temagami canoe trip sparked a career change  During this time he also worked as garbage collector for the City of Toronto In 1990 Stroud became a guide for Black Feather Wilderness Adventures leading canoe excursions into the Northern Ontario wilds  It was also during this time while on a survival course he met his future wife, photographer Sue Jamison  They married in 1994 and together left for a year-long honeymoon in the remote Wabakimi area of Ontario which was to become the basis of the documentary Snowshoes and Solitude  Afterwards, the couple moved to Yellowknife in the Northwest Territories where Stroud was employed as an outdoor instructor to special needs individuals of aboriginal descent  Stroud and Jamison then settled in Huntsville, Ontario where they had two children and started both the outdoor instructional outfit Wilderness Voice and the media company Wilderness Spirit Productions Inspired by the popularity of the television show Survivor, Stroud pitched a more authentic version of the show to The Discovery Channel Canada  Stroud produced two programs titled One Week in the Wilderness  and Winter in the Wilderness for @discovery ca in 2001  The success of these specials led to the development of Survivorman, a show that followed a similar format of leaving Stroud on his own, with minimal equipment, in the wilderness to videotape his survival experience 

Film and television
After his marriage to  Jamison in 1994, the two of them spent one year in the Canadian wilderness to attempt a paleolithic existence  They travelled to Goldsborough Lake (50°41′55″N 89°20′46″W) deep in the Wabakimi, first building a tipi then an attached A-frame while using no metal, plastic, or otherwise manufactured tools  For the first half of the year, they took a store of traditional foods such as wild rice, squash, beaver and moose meat, bear fat, and maple sugar  In late September, Stroud's friends Doug Getgood and Fred Rowe brought in food for the next six months and chopped firewood for the couple  Stroud and Jamison built and equipped a winter cabin using an axe, a modern bow saw, and a trapper's tin wood stove left by Getgood and Rowe, along with a metal pot they found 
Family and medical emergencies brought them out of the bush on three occasions  Once when Stroud's father was dying from cancer, another when they both went to be treated for giardiasis, and again when Jamison had a miscarriage  Stroud filmed their primitive living experience and released the 50 minute documentary, Snowshoes and Solitude, which was named Best Documentary at the Muskoka Film Festival and Best Film at the Waterwalker Film Festival In 2001 Stroud produced two one-hour specials for the science news show @discovery ca  These segments follow the same format as Survivorman with Stroud filming his own survival in the wilderness  They were originally broadcast as daily segments over the course of one week but were repackaged as two one-hour specials titled Stranded  The popularity of these pilots spawned the show Survivorman  Stroud produced 23 episodes of the show which began airing in 2004  Stroud also composed and performed the opening theme music of Survivorman In 2006, Stroud produced a 90-minute special documenting his family's journey to building an off-the-grid home  The show, Off the Grid with Les Stroud, chronicled the process of buying property and refitting an old farm house with solar and wind power, a raincatcher and well, as well as the adjustments the Stroud family had to make to adapt to this style of living  Stroud has made multiple television appearances including on  The Late Late Show with Craig Ferguson, The View, The Ellen DeGeneres Show, and Larry King Live Stroud has also hosted an episode of the Discovery channel show I Shouldn't Be Alive titled Lost In The Snow, which aired during its first season and the TV program Surviving Urban Disasters, which aired on the Science Channel and the 20th annual Shark Week on the Discovery Channel In 2010, Stroud hosted and produced the Gemini nominated hit kids TV series Survive This and Survive This 2 (YTV, Cartoon Network) that takes teens into the wilderness to teach them how to survive by giving them some instruction and challenging them with survival scenarios  Stroud's follow-up show to Survivorman was titled Beyond Survival with Les Stroud and debuted in 2010 On April 27, 2018, National Geographic aired Stroud's Alaska's Grizzly Gauntlet on their NGW channel  In 4 episodes, Stroud explores the survival methods and social structure of the Kodiak brown bear 

Music
In addition to film making and wilderness survival, Stroud has also worked in the music industry as a professional musician  After graduation, Stroud worked both as an associate producer for the nascent music channel MuchMusic as well as production manager on music videos for artists such as Rush and Corey Hart  During this time Stroud also played in the David Bowie cover band Diamond Dogs and played lead guitar and composed music for his band New Regime which signed with RCA Records shortly after Stroud left the band As frequently illustrated in his show Survivorman, Stroud is considered an exceptional blues harmonica player 
This instrument is featured prominently in his self-titled debut CD which has been described as "a collection of diverse roots/blues and traditional folk, acoustic music that reflects the uniquely northern spirit of freedom and adventure " Several songs off of this album can be downloaded from his official site  Stroud has performed in and around the Muskoka area and at the Orillia Blues Festival and Toronto Beaches International Jazz Festival 
Stroud and The Northern Pikes have struck up a musical collaboration under the name Les Stroud and the Pikes  Throughout 2005 and 2006 they performed together live several times, and an EP born from this collaboration entitled Long Walk Home was released in the spring of 2007 

Awards
Stroud has received several accolades as a musician   He has won "Best Acoustic/Folk Act", "Best Blues Act" and "Best Overall" awards at the Spirit of the North music festival in New Liskeard, Ontario Stroud's documentary Snowshoes and Solitude was named Best Documentary at the Muskoka Film Festival and Best Film at the Waterwalker Film Festival Stroud was nominated for six Gemini Awards for his work on Survivorman  In 2010, Stroud and his production team was nominated for Best Children's or Youth Non-Fiction Program or Series for Survive This 

Personal life
Stroud has extensive experience with survival and primitive living skills, initially training with expert David Arama  He went on to study with many others including John "Prairie Wolf" McPherson Stroud has been an active participant in adventure racing and has competed at the Canadian championships In late 2008, Stroud and his wife, Sue Jamison, separated 
Passage 5:
The Island (U S  TV series)
The Island is an American survival skills reality television series, hosted by adventurer and survivalist Bear Grylls on NBC, which began airing on May 25, 2015 

Synopsis
Bear Grylls seeks to find out whether a modern American man can survive on a deserted island for one month without the luxuries or the basics of contemporary everyday life  Unlike traditional reality television shows, The Island does not include any prizes, eliminations, or winners 

Production
It is based on the British series The Island with Bear Grylls  The first season has six episodes  In the UK all episodes are available on All 4  In the series' premiere, fourteen men from various occupations and backgrounds are taken to a remote, uninhabited island by Bear Grylls, where they were left completely alone  Filming themselves, the men hunt for food, source water, erect shelter, build community and try to survive using only their strength, determination and know-how  They are equipped with limited tools, a basic medical kit, and a satellite phone for medical emergencies  On August 16, 2016, NBC cancelled The Island after one season 

Cast
Rob Brothers, Stay-at-home Father
Davion Carrillo, Firefighter
Taylor Cole, Radio Producer
Matthew Getz, Embedded Cameraman
Benji Lanpher, Embedded Cameraman
Earnest Marshall, Iraq War Veteran
Dakota Mortensen, Bird Farmer
Jim Murray, Retired Police Chief
Jud Nichols, Criminal Defense Attorney
Dr  Buck Parker M D , Trauma Surgeon
Michael Rossini, Engineer
Graham Sheldon, Embedded Cameraman
Rick Smith, Embedded Cameraman
Trey Williams, Digital Marketing ManagerEvacuated off the islandTaylor Cole (medical, episode 1)
Michael Rossini (medical, episode 2)
Davion Carrillo (medical, episode 3)
Earnest Marshall (personal issues episode 4)
Trey Williams (medical, episode 5)

Episodes
Passage 6:
Bear Grylls
Edward Michael "Bear" Grylls  (; born 7 June 1974) is a British adventurer, writer, television presenter and businessman  He first drew attention after embarking on a number of adventures, and then became widely known for his television series Man vs  Wild (2006–2011)  He is also involved in a number of wilderness survival television series in the UK and US, such as Running Wild with Bear Grylls and The Island with Bear Grylls  In July 2009, Grylls was appointed as The Scout Association’s youngest-ever Chief Scout of the United Kingdom and Overseas Territories at age 35, a post he has held for a second term since 2015 

Personal life
Grylls was born in Donaghadee, Northern Ireland on 7 June 1974  His family has a strong cricketing background, his grandfather Neville Ford and great-great-grandfather William Augustus Ford having both been first-class cricketers  He grew up in Donaghadee, Northern Ireland, until the age of four, when his family moved to Bembridge on the Isle of Wight He is the son of Conservative politician Sir Michael Grylls and his wife Sarah "Sally" (née Ford)  Grylls has one sibling, an elder sister, Lara Fawcett, who gave him the nickname 'Bear' when he was a week old From an early age, he learned to climb and sail with his father, who was a member of the prestigious Royal Yacht Squadron  As a teenager, he learned to skydive and earned a second dan black belt in Shotokan karate  He speaks English, Spanish, and French  He is an Anglican, and has described his Christian faith as the "backbone" in his life: "You can't keep God out  He's all around us, if we're just still enough to listen "Grylls married Shara Cannings Knight in 2000  They have three sons, born in 2003, 2006 and 2009 In August 2015, Grylls left his 11-year-old son on Saint Tudwal's Island along the North Wales coast, as the tide approached, leaving him to be rescued by the Royal National Lifeboat Institution (RNLI) as part of their weekly practice missions  The child was unharmed, though the RNLI later criticised Grylls for the stunt, saying its crew "had not appreciated" that a child would be involved Grylls used to be a vegan but now consumes a diet predominant in animal-based foods, fruits and honey 

Education
Grylls was educated at Eaton House, Ludgrove School and Eton College, where he helped start its first mountaineering club  He studied Spanish and German at the University of the West of England, Bristol and at Birkbeck College, where he graduated with a 2:2 bachelor's degree, obtained part-time, in Hispanic studies in 2002 

Military service
After leaving school, Grylls briefly hiked in the Himalayan mountains of Sikkim and West Bengal  From 1994–1997, he served in the Territorial Army with 21 SAS as a trooper  His time in the SAS ended as the result of a free fall parachuting accident in Kenya in 1996; his parachute failed to open, causing him to break three vertebrae In 2004, Grylls was awarded the honorary rank of lieutenant commander in the Royal Naval Reserve  Then in 2013 he was awarded the honorary rank of lieutenant colonel in the Royal Marines Reserve, and promoted to Honorary Colonel in June 2021 

Expeditions
Everest
On 16 May 1998, Grylls achieved his childhood dream of climbing to the summit of Mount Everest in Nepal, 18 months after breaking three vertebrae in a parachuting accident  At 23, he was at the time among the youngest people to have achieved this feat  There is some dispute over whether he was the youngest Briton to have done so, as he was preceded by James Allen, a climber holding dual Australian and British citizenship, who reached the summit in 1995 at age 22  The record has since been surpassed by Jake Meyer and then Rob Gauntlett who summitted at age 19  To prepare for climbing at such high altitudes in the Himalayas, in 1997, Grylls became the youngest Briton to climb Ama Dablam, a peak once described by Sir Edmund Hillary as "unclimbable", although now the third most popular in the Himalayas for permitted expeditions 

Circumnavigation of the UK
In 2000, Grylls led the team to circumnavigate the British Isles on jet skis, taking about 30 days, to raise money for the Royal National Lifeboat Institution (RNLI)  He also rowed naked in a homemade bathtub along the Thames to raise funds for a friend who lost his legs in a climbing accident 

Crossing the North Atlantic
In 2003, he led a team of five, including his childhood friend, SAS colleague, and Mount Everest climbing partner Mick Crosthwaite, on an unassisted crossing of the north Atlantic Ocean, in an open rigid inflatable boat  Grylls and his team traveled in an eleven-metre-long boat and encountered force 8 gale winds with waves breaking over the boat while passing through icebergs in their journey from Halifax, Nova Scotia to John o' Groats, Scotland 

Dinner party at altitude
In 2005, alongside the balloonist and mountaineer David Hempleman-Adams and Lieutenant Commander Alan Veal, leader of the Royal Navy Freefall Parachute Display Team, Grylls created a world record for the highest open-air formal dinner party, which they did under a hot-air balloon at 7,600 metres (25,000 ft), dressed in full mess dress and oxygen masks  To train for the event, he made over 200 parachute jumps  This event was in aid of The Duke of Edinburgh's Award and The Prince's Trust 

Paramotoring over the Himalayas
In 2007, Grylls embarked on a record-setting Parajet paramotor in Himalayas near Mount Everest  He took off from 4,400 metres (14,500 ft), 8 miles (13 km) south of the mountain  Grylls reported looking down on the summit during his ascent and coping with temperatures of −60 °C (−76 °F)  He endured dangerously low oxygen levels and eventually reached 9,000 metres (29,500 ft), almost 3,000 metres (10,000 ft) higher than the previous record of 6,102 metres (20,019 ft)  The feat was filmed for Discovery Channel worldwide as well as Channel 4 in the UK  While Grylls initially planned to cross over Everest itself, the permit was only to fly to the south of Everest, and he did not traverse Everest out of risk of violating Chinese airspace 

Journey Antarctica 2008
In 2008, Grylls led a team of four to climb one of the most remote unclimbed peaks in the world in Antarctica, to raise funds for children's charity Global Angels and promote the use of alternative energies  During this mission the team also aimed to explore the coast of Antarctica by inflatable boat and jetski, part powered by bioethanol, and then to travel across some of the vast ice desert by wind-powered kite-ski and electric powered paramotor  However, the expedition was cut short after Grylls suffered a broken shoulder while kite skiing across a stretch of ice  Travelling at speeds up to 50 km/h (30 mph), a ski caught on the ice, launching him in the air and breaking his shoulder when he came down  He had to be medically evacuated 

Longest indoor freefall
Grylls, along with the double amputee Al Hodgson and the Scotsman Freddy MacDonald, set a Guinness world record in 2008 for the longest continuous indoor freefall  The previous record was 1 hour 36 minutes by a US team  Grylls, Hodgson, and MacDonald, using a vertical wind tunnel in Milton Keynes, broke the record by a few seconds  The attempt was in support of the charity Global Angels 

Northwest Passage expedition
In September 2010, Grylls led a team of five to take an ice-breaking rigid-inflatable boat (RIB) through 5,700 nautical miles (10,600 km) of the ice-strewn Northwest Passage  The expedition intended to raise awareness of the effects of global warming and to raise money for children's charity Global Angels 

Career
Books
Grylls' first book, Facing Up (UK)/The Kid Who Climbed Everest (US), described his expedition and achievements climbing to the summit of Mount Everest  His second was Facing the Frozen Ocean  His third book Born Survivor: Bear Grylls was written to accompany the TV series of the same name  He also wrote an extreme guide to outdoor pursuits, titled Bear Grylls Outdoor Adventures In 2011, Grylls released his autobiography, Mud, Sweat and Tears: The Autobiography, followed by A Survival Guide for Life in late 2012 and True Grit in 2013 Grylls also wrote the Mission Survival series of children's adventure survival books titled: Mission Survival: Gold of the Gods, Mission Survival: Way of the Wolf, Mission Survival: Sands of the Scorpion, Mission Survival: Tracks of the Tiger and Mission Survival: Claws of the Crocodile  He has written two thriller novels based around his character Will Jaeger; Ghost Flight released in 2015 and Burning Angels in 2016 In 2019, Grylls published a Christian devotional titled Soul Fuel In October 2021, Grylls released his second autobiography, Never Give Up; covering some of his most memorable events and adventures In 2022, Grylls published Mind Fuel: Simple Ways to Build Mental Resilience Every Day   Grylls told The Christian Post that it "offers honest and practical ways to practice better mental health    a crucial part of living a healthy, God-glorying life "In April 2023, Grylls released You Vs the World: The Bear Grylls Guide to Never Giving Up; a motivational book aimed at children 

Television
Grylls was used by the UK Ministry of Defence to head the Army's anti-drugs TV campaign, and featured in the first ever major advertising campaign for Harrods  Grylls has been a guest on numerous talk shows including Friday Night with Jonathan Ross, The Oprah Winfrey Show, Late Night with Conan O'Brien, The Tonight Show with Jay Leno, Attack of the Show!, Late Show with David Letterman, Jimmy Kimmel Live! and Harry Hill's TV Burp  Grylls recorded two advertisements for Post's Trail Mix Crunch Cereal, which aired in the US from January 2009  He also appeared as a "distinguished instructor" in Dos Equis' Most Interesting Academy in a webisode named "Survival in the Modern Era"  He appeared in a five-part web series that demonstrates urban survival techniques and features Grylls going from bush to bash  He also has marketed the Alpha Course, a course on the basics of the Christian faith  In 2013, Grylls appeared in an airline safety video for Air New Zealand entitled Bear Essentials of Safety, filmed against the backdrop of the Routeburn Track on the southern tip of New Zealand's South Island  In 2014, Grylls appeared on Piers Morgan's Life Stories 

Escape to the Legion
Grylls filmed a four-part TV show in 2005, called Escape to the Legion, which followed Grylls and eleven other "recruits" as they took part in a shortened re-creation of the French Foreign Legion's basic desert training in the Sahara  The show was first broadcast in the UK on Channel 4, and in the US on the Military Channel 

Born Survivor/Man vs  Wild
Grylls hosts a series titled Born Survivor: Bear Grylls for the British Channel 4 and broadcast as Man vs  Wild in Australia, New Zealand, Canada, India, and the United States, and as Ultimate Survival on the Discovery Channel in Europe, Asia, and Africa  The series features Grylls dropped into inhospitable places, showing viewers how to survive  Man vs  Wild debuted in 2006, and its success led it to lasting seven seasons over five years 
The show has featured stunts including Grylls climbing cliffs, parachuting from helicopters, balloons, and planes, paragliding, ice climbing, running through a forest fire, wading rapids, eating snakes, wrapping his urine-soaked T-shirt around his head to help stave off the desert heat, drinking urine saved in a rattlesnake skin, drinking fecal liquid from elephant dung, eating deer droppings, wrestling alligators, field dressing a camel carcass and drinking water from it, eating various "creepy crawlies" [insects], using the corpse of a sheep as a sleeping bag and flotation device, free climbing waterfalls and using a bird guano/water enema for hydration The show caused controversy after a programme consultant revealed that Grylls actually stayed in a hotel on some nights — including an episode in Hawaii in which Grylls was ostensibly stranded on a deserted island — and that certain scenes were staged for him  Grylls subsequently apologized to viewers who might have felt misled In March 2012, the Discovery Channel dropped Grylls from its lineup because of a contractual dispute, although he has subsequently worked with them again 
In August 2019, Bear Grylls appeared with Indian Prime Minister, Narendra Modi in a special episode shot in the India's Jim Corbett National Park, Uttarakhand  The episode was showcased in more than 180 countries across the world on the Discovery, Inc  network 

Worst-Case Scenario
In 2010, Grylls came out with a new project titled Worst-Case Scenario which aired on Discovery in the US  It is based on the popular books of the same name  Twelve episodes were produced before the show was cancelled 

Bear's Wild Weekend
In 2011, he made two specials under the title Bear's Wild Weekend for Channel 4 in the UK which was broadcast over the Christmas holiday that year  Each special featured Grylls taking either Jonathan Ross or Miranda Hart on short two-day adventures; Ross to rainforest in the Canary Islands, Hart to the Swiss Alps  These screened in the US under the title Bear Grylls' Wild Adventure  A third episode with Stephen Fry, this time in the Dolomite mountains of South Tyrol, screened in late 2013 In 2014, two further episodes were aired in the UK under the title Wild Weekends  The first of these was the 2011 special of Man vs  Wild featuring Jake Gyllenhaal, and the second was the Running Wild episode featuring Ben Stiller 

Get Out Alive
Grylls hosted Get Out Alive with Bear Grylls, a reality competition series filmed in New Zealand, which premiered on NBC on 8 July 2013 

Escape from Hell
In Bear Grylls: Escape from Hell, he reveals the true life stories of ordinary people trapped in extraordinary situations of survival  The six-episode series premiered on the Discovery Channel in the UK on 4 October 2013, and in the US on 11 November 2013 

The Island
He presented The Island with Bear Grylls, first shown on Channel 4 on 5 May 2014  An American version of the show was also made and it premiered on 25 May 2015 on NBC 

Running Wild with Bear Grylls
In this adventure TV series from NBC, which premiered on 28 July 2014, Grylls takes celebrities on a two-day trip in the wilderness  The celebrities who took part in Season 1 are Zac Efron, Ben Stiller, Tamron Hall, Deion Sanders, Channing Tatum, and Tom Arnold  Celebrities who took part in Season 2 were Kate Winslet, Kate Hudson, Drew Brees, Jesse Tyler Ferguson, Ed Helms, Michelle Rodriguez, Ajay Devgan, Akshay Kumar, Rajanikanth, India's prime minister Narendra Modi, James Marsden, Michael B  Jordan, and President Barack Obama 

Mission Survive
In 2015, he began presenting the six-part ITV series Bear Grylls: Mission Survive which features eight celebrities on a twelve-day survival mission  The series began airing on 20 February 2015  Mission Survive returned for a second series in 2016 

Bear Grylls Survival School
In 2016, he presented a CITV series called Bear Grylls Survival School  Filming started in August 2015  The series began airing on 10 January 2016  A second series was scheduled to begin on 7 January 2017 

Survivor Games
In summer 2015, China's Dragon TV ordered a Grylls-fronted adventure series titled Survivor Games (Chinese: 跟着贝尔去冒险)  The series featured Grylls and eight Chinese celebrities and premiered on Dragon TV on 16 October 2015 

Bear's Mission
In 2018, ITV began airing a new series similar to the USA series "Running Wild with Bear Grylls" called "Bear's Mission with   "  This show focuses on one British celebrity taking an overnight adventure with Bear each episode  The series premiered on ITV on early 2018 

You vs  Wild
Later, Grylls went on to release an interactive series on streaming service Netflix 

World's Toughest Race: Eco-Challenge Fiji
Grylls presented the revival of the Eco-Challenge series, which is titled World's Toughest Race: Eco-Challenge Fiji  It involved teams from around the world competing in an adventure race, which took place in Fiji  The series premiered on Amazon Prime Video on 14 August 2020 

Bear Grylls Wild Adventure
Spring 2021, two-part ITV series featuring Jonny Wilkinson and Nicola Adams, respectively 

Running Wild With Bear Grylls: The Challenge
Premiered in July 2022, it is a spin-off of Grylls' long running Running Wild With Bear Grylls series 

Bear Grylls Meets President Zelenskyy
In this documentary that aired on Channel 4 on 28 March 2023, Grylls travels to Ukraine to meet President Zelenskyy and to meet civilians caught up in the war with Russia 

I Survived Bear Grylls
Upcoming eight-part competition series; co-hosted with comedian Jordan Conley 

Motivational speaking
Outside of TV, Grylls works as a motivational speaker, giving speeches worldwide to corporations, churches, schools, and other organisations 

Be Military Fit
Bear Grylls Ventures and NM Capital purchased British Military Fitness in September 2018 and re-branded as "Be Military Fit with Bear Grylls", to retain the existing abbreviation BMF  The company runs outdoor group fitness classes in 140 public parks and outdoor spaces across the United Kingdom  The classes are led by former or serving members of the British Armed Forces with recognised fitness training qualifications  It is Europe's largest outdoor fitness company 

Charity and politics
Grylls is an ambassador for The Prince's Trust, an organisation which provides training, financial, and practical support to young people in the United Kingdom Global Angels, a UK charity which seeks to aid children around the world, were the beneficiaries of his 2007 accomplishment of taking a powered para-glider higher than Mount Everest  Grylls' held the highest ever dinner party at 7,600 metres (25,000 ft) in aid of The Duke of Edinburgh's Award Scheme, and launched the 50th anniversary of the Awards  His successful circumnavigation of Britain on jet skis raised money for the Royal National Lifeboat Institution 
Grylls' Everest climb was in aid of SSAFA Forces Help, a British-based charitable organisation set up to help former and serving members of the British Armed Forces and their families and dependents  His 2003 Arctic expedition detailed in the book Facing the Frozen Ocean was in aid of The Prince's Trust  His 2005 attempt to para-motor over the Angel Falls was in aid of the charity Hope and Homes for Children In August 2010, Grylls continued his fund-raising work for Global Angels by undertaking an expedition through the Northwest Passage in a rigid inflatable boat  Many of his expeditions also support environmental causes such as his Antarctica expedition and his circumnavigation of Britain which tested a pioneering new fuel made from rubbish  In 2011, Grylls was in New Zealand during the February 2011 Christchurch earthquake  Following the incident, he appeared on New Zealand advertisements encouraging people to donate money to help rebuild the city Grylls is also an ambassador for Care for Children, an organisation that partners with governments in Asia to help create a positive alternative to institutional care through local family-based care for disadvantaged children  In 2014, Grylls designed a Scouts-themed Paddington Bear statue, one of fifty located around London prior to the release of the film Paddington, which was auctioned to raise funds for the National Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Children (NSPCC) Grylls said he spoke "from the heart" in backing "Remain" in the 2016 referendum  "At such a time for the UK to retreat, run and cut ourselves loose from Europe, when there are so many challenges on our doorstep, to me just doesn't feel either courageous or kind," he said  "Europe has many flaws, but I also believe the way to help resolve many of those tough issues is from within    I have never been a good quitter and I am so proud of the UK and our values: tolerance, kindness, respect, courage and resilience  This is why I want us to stay together and Remain in Europe " In January 2020, he announced that he had asserted his right to Irish citizenship and had obtained an Irish passport Grylls was appointed Officer of the Order of the British Empire (OBE) in the 2019 Birthday Honours for services to young people, the media and charity 

Positions in Scouting
Designation of Chief Ambassador of World Scouting
On 16 November 2018, The World Organization of the Scout Movement announced the appointment of Bear Grylls as its first Chief Ambassador  Upon his appointment, he said "I'm very proud and humbled to take on this new role as Chief Ambassador of World Scouting and continue to promote the great work Scouting is doing across the globe  Scouting is a worldwide force for good that unites young people with positive values and an adventurous spirit  We aim to make a difference in our communities, help young people learn new skills, and be kind to all people "Bear has long been a supporter of Scouting around the world often visiting Scout groups on his filming missions and appeared at the 24th World Scout Jamboree in his role as Chief Ambassador

Term as Chief Scout of the Scout Association
On 17 May 2009, The Scout Association announced Grylls would be appointed Chief Scout following the end of Peter Duncan's five-year term in July 2009  He was officially made Chief Scout at Gilwell 24 on 11 July 2009 in a handover event featuring Peter Duncan in front of a crowd of over 3,000 Explorer Scouts  He is the tenth person to hold the position and the youngest Chief Scout since the role was created for Robert Baden-Powell in 1920 On 9 April 2015, The Scout Association announced that Grylls would continue as Chief Scout until 2018  Grylls wrote, "I am so proud that the largest youth movement on the planet has asked me to continue in my role as UK Chief Scout "On 5 June 2015, Grylls, in an interview with The Telegraph, praised the challenge of being Britain's youngest Chief Scout, saying "Scouting humbles me every day"  He remains Chief Scout in 2022 

Ambasador in United24
On 29 March 2023, Bear Grylls has become an ambassador for the UNITED24 platform  His education company BecomingX, together with Amazon and Accenture, is developing the BecomingX Ukraine learning platform for Ukrainians 

See also
Scouting portal
Context 3: 

Founding US Organization
After Malcolm X's death, Jamal joined with Maulana Karenga and others to found "US", an organization to promote African-American cultural unity  He had already circulated a self-produced magazine entitled "US", a pun on the phrase "us and them" and the accepted abbreviation of "United States"  This promoted the idea of black cultural unity as a distinct national identity  Jamal and Karenga published a magazine Message to the Grassroot in 1966, in which Karenga was listed as chairman and Jamal as founder of the new group  Jamal argued that the ideas of Malcolm X should be the main ideological model for the group However, Jamal's views increasingly differed from Karenga's  Jamal continued to emphasise his cousin's radical politics, while Karenga wished to root black Americans in African culture  Jamal saw no point in projects such as teaching Swahili and promoting traditional African rituals  He left "US" to establish the Malcolm X Foundation, based in Compton, California 

Relationships
Though married to fellow-activist Dorothy Jamal, Jamal had several significant affairs  He had a brief relationship with actress Jean Seberg  His wife phoned Seberg's father to try to bring an end to the affair Jamal moved to London during the late 1960s where he met Gale Benson, daughter of the British MP Leonard Plugge 
The writer V  S  Naipaul described Benson as Jamal's "white-woman slave " Jamal and Benson traveled in America seeking funds for a project to create a Montessori school for black children  Following an unsuccessful attempt to establish a commune in Guyana with the young German radical Herbert Girardet, the couple later joined West Indian Black Power leader Michael X at his commune in Trinidad, where Jamal wrote articles in support of Michael's activities 

Gale Benson murder
Benson traveled once again to America to raise funds for the school, but was unsuccessful  Shortly after her return to Trinidad in 1972, she was murdered by Michael X and his associates  Jamal was not a suspect, but it was alleged that Michael X had ordered her death because she was causing "mental strain" to Jamal In 1971, Jamal wrote his autobiography, From the Dead Level: Malcolm X and Me  It was published in the UK by André Deutsch and at this time Jamal became involved in a relationship with his London editor, Diana Athill  She later wrote about their romance in her memoir Make Believe, recording his increasing mental instability and alleged that he made repeated assertions that he was God Jamal eventually returned to his wife and moved back to Boston, where he revived his role as director of the Malcolm X Foundation 

Death
On May 1, 1973, Jamal was killed when four men burst into his apartment in Boston and shot him repeatedly  Police attributed the crime to a factional dispute, linked to Jamal's attacks on Elijah Muhammad  It was blamed on a group known as De Mau Mau  Five members of the group were convicted of involvement in the murder 

In popular culture
Jamal is a character in the 2008 film The Bank Job, in which he is played by Colin Salmon 
In the Jean Seberg biopic Seberg from 2019, he is played by Anthony Mackie 

Notes
Further reading
Athill, Diana (2004) [1993]  Make Believe: A True Story  London: Granta  ISBN 978-1-86207-708-9 
Jamal, Hakim A  (1972)  From The Dead Level: Malcolm X and Me  New York: Random House  ISBN 978-0-394-46234-9 

External links
"Hakim Jamal (centre), Portobello Road", 1971 photograph by Charlie Phillips  V&A collection 
FBI Docs Hakim Jamal FBI file as well as inventory of other FBI files on Jamal held by the National Archives II
Passage 6:
Etheridge Knight
Etheridge Knight (April 19, 1931 – March 10, 1991) was an African-American poet who made his name in 1968 with his debut volume, Poems from Prison   The book recalls in verse his eight-year-long sentence after his arrest for robbery in 1960   By the time he left prison, Knight had prepared a second volume featuring his own writings and works of his fellow inmates  This second book, first published in Italy under the title Voce negre dal carcere, appeared in English in 1970 as Black Voices from Prison  These works established Knight as one of the major poets of the Black Arts Movement, which flourished from the early 1960s through the mid-1970s  With roots in the Civil Rights Movement, Malcolm X and the Nation of Islam, and the Black Power Movement, Etheridge Knight and other American artists within the movement sought to create politically engaged work that explored the African-American cultural and historical experience Knight is also considered an important poet in the mainstream American tradition  In his 2012 book Understanding Etheridge Knight, Michael S  Collins calls Knight "a mighty American poet    He and Wallace Stevens stand as 'two poles of American poetry,' according to his better-known fellow writer Robert Bly  Or, rather, Knight was, as he often said, a poet of the belly: a poet of the earth and of the body, a poet of the feelings from which cries and blood oaths and arias come, while Stevens was a poet, arguably, of the ache left in the intellect after it tears itself from God  'Ideas are not the source of poetry,' Knight told one interviewer  'For me it's passion, heart and soul    '"

Biography
Knight was born on April 19, 1931, as one of eight children to Belzora Cozart  Knight and Etheridge "Bushie" Knight in rural Corinth, Mississippi, but moved with his family to Paducah, Kentucky, where his father, a failed farmer, worked as a laborer on the Kentucky Dam  During this time, Knight frequently ran away from home, and so, was sent back to Corinth during the summer to stay with an uncle  Although he was an extremely bright student, Knight decided to drop out of school at the age of 16  His first job was as a shoe shiner in a small Kentucky town, where he first became more attuned to nuances of language as he absorbed the world and activity around him  In addition to his work, Knight spent much of his time at juke joints, pool halls, and underground poker games, which furthered his interest in language  It was during this time that Knight became exposed to "toasts," which are narrative-style oral poetry which relates a story  In 1947, Knight enlisted in the army and served as a medical technician in the Korean War until November 1950, during which time he sustained serious wound as well as psychological trauma, which led him to begin using morphine  By the time Knight was discharged from the army and returned to Indianapolis, Indiana, where his family had moved, he had become addicted to opiates  He spent much of the next several years dealing drugs and stealing to support his drug addiction In 1960, after a few previous run-ins with the police, Knight and two of his associates were arrested for armed robbery  Knight was initially so furious about his sentence that he was later unable to recall much of what happened during his first few months of his sentence  But after realizing that such anger was counterproductive, he turned his attention to reading as much as he could and dedicated himself to poetry During the following years, Knight became increasingly well known for his poetry writings  After working as a journalist for prison publications, he began submitting poetry to the Negro Digest in 1965   He also started establishing contacts with significant figures in the African-American literary community, including well-known poets like Gwendolyn Brooks, Dudley Randall, Sonia Sanchez and Haki Madhubuti, many of whom came to visit him in prison  The poems he had written during his time in prison were so effective that Dudley Randall, a poet and owner of Broadside Press, published Knight’s first volume of verse, Poems from Prison, and hailed Knight as one of the major poets of the Black Arts Movement  The book’s publication coincided with his release from prison 
Upon his release from prison in 1968, Knight married poet Sonia Sanchez  Over the next few years, he held the position of writer-in-residence at several universities, including two years, 1968 and 1969, spent at the University of Pittsburgh  While living in Pittsburgh with his wife and their family, Knight spent time as poetry editor for Motive magazine  Because of his ongoing drug addiction, his marriage to Sanchez did not last long, and they were divorced in 1970 while still in Pittsburgh  He continued writing his third book, Belly Song and Other Poems, which was published in 1973  His third work incorporates new life experiences and attitudes about love and race, and Knight was praised for the work’s sincerity  Belly Song was nominated for the National Book Award and the Pulitzer Prize  Knight’s time in Pennsylvania was very important to his career: his work during this period won him both a National Endowment for the Arts grant in 1972 and a Guggenheim Fellowship in 1974 
He married Mary McAnally in 1972, and she adopted two children  They settled in Minneapolis, Minnesota, until they separated in 1977  He then resided in Memphis, Tennessee, where he received Methadone treatments  Knight rose from a life of poverty, crime, and drug addiction to become exactly what he expressed in his notebook in 1965: a voice that was heard and helped his people 
Knight continued to write throughout his post-prison life  Belly Song and Other Poems (1973) dealt with themes of racism and love  Knight believed the poet was a "meddler" or intermediary between the poem and the reader  He elaborated on this concept in his 1980 work Born of a Woman  The Essential Etheridge Knight (1986), which is a compilation of his work 
In 1990, he earned a bachelor's degree in American poetry and criminal justice from Martin Center University in Indianapolis  Knight taught at the University of Pittsburgh, the University of Hartford, and Lincoln University, before he was forced to stop working due to illness  He also continued to be known as a charismatic poetry reader  Knight died in Indianapolis, Indiana, of lung cancer on March 10, 1991 

Style and themes
Knight’s poetry uses Black vernacular and includes a number of haiku among its forms, including this poem titled ″Vigo County″: ″Beyond the brown hill / Above the silent cedars, / Blackbirds flee the April rains ″  This message aligns with the Black Arts Movement in that the artists were no longer going to be imprisoned by silence; they would use their voices and art to escape 
Joyce Ann Joyce places Knight "in the context of an African philosophical/aesthetic tradition " His "tribute to the ancestors," she writes, "emerges as a ritualistic drama in which the values of the poet's ancestors are reborn, redefined, reaffirmed and reinterpreted, at once giving them added viability and sacralizing their new form " This ethnophilosophical perspective, she finds, "differs significantly from the Eurocentric concept of intertextuality that confines itself to reading texts only within the context of other texts ” Joyce calls him “a truly African oral performer," whose subjects "grew out of his and his people's lives" so that "viewed in the context of an African philosophical/aesthetic tradition, his poetry places him among those at the vanguard of any discussion of the history of African-American poetic letters " In his poem, ″Cell Song″ Knight articulates his desire to create good from his time in prison  He speaks to himself:
Night Music Slanted
Light strike the cave of sleep  I alone
tread the red circle
and twist the space with speech
Come now, etheridge, don't
be a savior; take your words and scrape
the sky, shake rain
on the desert, sprinkle
salt on the tail
of a girl,
can there anything
good come out of
prisonKnight places the reader within the cell; he capitalizes the first three words to show emphasis – this is not actual music, but the quiet and intermittent noises expected to be heard at night in prison  In the dark and light of the "red circle," he paces and ruminates over the words and ideas in his head  He attempts to project to that life beyond the prison walls, to use his talents for good, to use his words to make an impact  The reader can imagine Knight walking in small circles within his cell, as the words of the poem wind tighter and tighter  He concludes rather than questions that ″good″ can ″come out of prison ″
His exploration of themes of freedom and imprisonment, including his tributes to Martin Luther King Jr  and Malcolm X, are noted in a biographical study by Cassie Premo, who writes that his life and work dwell on "the theme of prisons imposed from without (slavery, racism, poverty, incarceration) and prisons from within (addiction, repetition of painful patterns) [which] are countered with the theme of freedom  His poems of suffering and survival, trial and tribute, loss and love testify to the fact that we are never completely imprisoned  Knight's poetry expresses our freedom of consciousness and attests to our capacity for connection to others ”In his prison-era poem, "The Warden Said to Me the Other Day," Knight "limns his feelings of emotional, imaginative, and perceptual confinement "The warden said to me the other day
(innocently, I think), "Say etheridge,
why come the black boys don't run off
like the white boys do?"
I lowered my jaw and scratched my head
And said (innocently, I think), "Well, suh,
I ain't for sure, but I reckon it's cause
We ain't got no wheres to run to "Written in a vernacular style reminiscent of a tale by Uncle Remus, Knight expresses the doubtfulness of black autonomy and white motives, for "Knight[sees] American as a prison where, no matter how benevolent a warden wishes to be, his gestures remain part of what locks his charges in " Knight's true prison, then, is the ways in which the Law, controlled by white America, imprisons black bodies and black voices, regardless of their presumed physical freedom 
Knight's poem, ″A WASP Woman Visits a Black Junkie in Prison″ shows how humans must only find a common interest to make a connection, in this case, both the black man and white woman have children  According to Premo, the "encounter leaves the man touched and softened by the woman, as are many of Knight's male speakers  In ″Belly Song,″ the speaker "sings of love: all the emotion, pain, memory, and passion of living ″  In ″The Stretching of the Belly," Knight contrasts the stretchmarks of his third wife, Charlene Blackburn with his own scars  His wife's representing ″growth and life″ while his are from ″war, violence, and slavery ″

Works
Poems from Prison  Detroit: Broadside Press, 1968 
2 Poems for Black Relocation Centers, 1968 
The Idea of Ancestry, 1968 
Black Voices from Prison (with others)  New York: Pathfinder Press, 1970 
A Poem for Brother Man, 1972 
For Black Poets Who Think of Suicide, 1972 
Belly Song and Other Poems  Detroit: Broadside Press, 1973 
Born of a Woman: New and Selected Poems  Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1980 
The Essential Etheridge Knight  Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press, 1986 
The Lost Etheridge  Athens: Kinchafoonee Creek Press, 2022 
Passage 7:
Rainbow Coalition (Fred Hampton)
The Rainbow Coalition was an antiracist, anticlass multicultural movement founded April 4, 1969 in Chicago, Illinois by Fred Hampton of the Black Panther Party, along with William "Preacherman" Fesperman of the Young Patriots Organization and José Cha Cha Jiménez, founder of the Young Lords  It was the first of several 20th century black-led organizations to use the "rainbow coalition" concept Some members of the Young Patriots included Jack (Junebug) Boykin, Bobby Joe Mcginnis and Hy Thurman who worked with Field Marshall Bobby Lee of the Black Panthers  Hampton first met Jimenez in Chicago's Lincoln Park neighborhood the day after the Young Lords were in the news, having occupied the police community workshop meeting of the 18th District Police Station  Hampton was arrested twice in February 1969 with Jimenez at the Wicker Park Welfare Office  Both were charged with Mob Action during peaceful pickets of the welfare office protesting mistreatment of the patrons 
The Rainbow Coalition soon included various radical socialist community groups like the Lincoln Park Poor People's Coalition, later, the coalition was joined nationwide by the Students for a Democratic Society ("SDS"), the Brown Berets, the American Indian Movement and the Red Guard Party  In April 1969, Hampton called several press conferences to announce that this "Rainbow Coalition" had formed  Some of the things the coalition engaged in joint action against were poverty, corruption, racism, police brutality, and substandard housing  The participating groups supported each other at protests, strikes, and demonstrations where they had a common cause The coalition later included many other local groups like Rising Up Angry, and Mothers and Others  The Coalition also brokered treaties to end crime and gang violence  Hampton, Jimenez and their colleagues believed that the Richard J  Daley Democratic Party machine in Chicago used gang wars to consolidate their own political positions by gaining funding for law enforcement and dramatizing crime rather than underlying social issues The coalition eventually collapsed under duress from constant harassment by local and federal law enforcement, including the murder of Hampton 

History
Black nationalism changed around 1964-65 with Dr  Martin Luther King, Jr , began to radicalize his movement as he came to understand the importance of the ballot box, or electoral politics for social change  Malcolm X suggested that a mass convention could potentially help them decide between what he called a Black party and a Black army  While this specific convention never came to fruition, Malcolm X focused his energy on creating an intelligence for a Black political power  He came to understand it would be more difficult than he initially thought Malcolm X spent the last year of his life strategizing how to increase voter participation and provide widespread political education  At the same time, Dr  King was getting more militant  He believed they should have addressed political power previously, that Black people needed to be in power to address Black issues  He thought organizations needed to stop fighting and unite because they have a responsibility to the movement  It was important to not just increase Black votes but also to put their voices in powerful places 

Formation
Chicago was very segregated, separated by whites, Puerto Ricans, and blacks  Following the release of West Side Story, Puerto Ricans started dying their clothes purple, and that became their “colors " It was very difficult to get a job in Chicago, some would donate blood because that was the only way they could bring in a profit  Students for a Democratic Society came in and formed a JOIN Jobs or Income Now, and introduced the civil rights movement, which started the progress for change  When the west and south side of Chicago combined it was the largest contiguous area of 90 or more percent black population in the world outside of Africa  Mayor Daley used virtually every instrument of government he could to keep Chicago segregated  He served as mayor from 1955 to 1976  At his peak, he was the “most powerful and most influential urban figure in America ” Martin Luther King Jr  believed that southwest Chicago was a closed society in terms of race  The “white flight” went to the suburbs to flee the minorities coming into the communities, and Mayor Daley wanted to bring them back into the city  “Urban renewal was a racist plan, and was supported by the federal government with funds ”  Some of the activists in the Puerto Rican community came across a Community Conservation Council meeting in their community, and inside there were models of the city with the Puerto Rican areas of the city being vacant, and the meeting was run by about 12 white men  So the activists said they had to hold these meetings with some representatives from different minorities if they wanted to continue to hold meetings in that venue  When the representatives refused, the Puerto Ricans picked up chairs and started throwing them around, and ended up shutting down the Department of Urban Renewal for about three months 
Police brutality really started to take off during this point  The police had a bench with the handcuffs on the side so they could cuff you, and beat you with whatever they wanted to hit you with as long as they didn’t leave any marks  Many minorities would get beat up before they ever even got into jail, and there was nothing they could do about it  Following Martin Luther King Jr ’s assassination, Daley showed his power through the force of his police during the Democratic Convention in 1968  Daley stated on broadcast, “Shoot to kill any arsonists, or anyone with a molotov cocktail in their hand in Chicago”  This caused the Young Lords to transform from a gang into a human rights movement  “The mission was self-determination for Puerto Rico  That meant that we were powerful as a people, and as a nation, to promote a sense of pride for being Puerto Rican ” The mission also included being patriotic to the community, not to the system  The demands of the people included, freedom, the power to determine individual destiny, true education, decent housing, fair trials with a jury of their peers, and an end to police brutality 
Fred Hampton was someone everyone in the community respected  The Black Panthers attended a community meeting with the JOIN organization in Uptown and asked where they could help in the community  At this point however, there were still many suspicions about the Panthers and their gun-carrying terrorist reputation  However, by showing they were dedicated to the community, the Panthers gained the trust of the JOIN organization, and the coalition started to take shape  In March, 1969, the community went to the 18th District police station and performed a non-violent takeover of a police workshop meeting  The next day, the Panthers met Fred Hampton  Shortly after, the first official Rainbow Coalition meeting was held  “The Rainbow Coalition was about uniting communities so we could make revolutionary change ” The Coalition also started a free health clinic, which ran from 1969 to 1975 (Pien)  The police department’s Gang Intelligence Unit formed a Panther squad, which would perform raids on the party, and often end up with Panther members and associates being incarcerated  Reverend Bruce Johnson was the pastor of Armitage Avenue United Methodist Church, which became the headquarters of the Young Lords  Following this partnership, the city of Chicago began to attack Reverend Johnson, and fined him $200 for every day the Young Lords were in the church  In Oakland, California, in July 1969, a three day conference was held called the Conference for a United Front Against Fascism  Shortly after this conference, Reverend Johnson and his wife were brutally murdered  Because of this, the Black Panther party started to defend themselves from the police raids, and there were shootings that followed The original rainbow coalition was the idea of Fred Hampton and other Black Panther Party leaders  They saw the Young Lords and Young Patriots as established groups in their designated communities  The people that lived in Lawndale, Lincoln Park, and Uptown were treated and governed as crippling to the city as a whole  It was also difficult for these people to find jobs in the post World War II era as they were looked at as an unwanted part of the population by employers  As these groups came together in the rainbow coalition it gave them more of a voice to fight with  Each of these groups wanted to help their people and work to get rid of the discrimination against them  Coming together helped these groups have more of an effect on local government and policies  It also gave their people the feeling of having a larger community that knew what each other were fighting 

Legacy
The phrase "rainbow coalition" was co-opted over the years by Reverend Jesse Jackson, who eventually appropriated the name in forming his own, more moderate coalition, Rainbow/PUSH  Some scholars, including Peniel Joseph, assert that the original rainbow coalition concept was a prerequisite for the multicultural coalition that Barack Obama built his political career upon Jeffrey Haas, a lawyer who represented the BPP after Hampton's assassination, praised some of Hampton's politics, stating that his work in unifying movements are things one can learn from him  However, Haas was critical towards the way Hampton ran the BPP hierarchical organization  Haas praised the horizontal structure of Black Lives Matter stating: "They may also have picked up on the vulnerability of a hierarchal movement where you have one leader, which makes the movement very vulnerable if that leader is imprisoned, killed, or otherwise compromised  I think the fact that Black Lives Matter says, 'We're leader-full, not leaderless,' perhaps makes them less vulnerable to this kind of government assault "

See also
Political history of Chicago
Passage 8:
Maulana Karenga
Maulana Ndabezitha Karenga (born Ronald McKinley Everett, July 14, 1941), previously known as Ron Karenga, is an American activist, author, convicted felon and professor of Africana studies, best known as the creator of the pan-African and African-American holiday of Kwanzaa 
Born in Parsonsburg, Maryland, to an African-American family, Karenga studied at Los Angeles City College and the University of California, Los Angeles  He was active in the Black Power movement of the 1960s, joining the Congress of Racial Equality and Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee  In 1965, Karenga and Hakim Jamal co-founded the black nationalist group US Organization, which became involved in violent clashes with the Black Panther Party by 1969  In 1971, he was convicted of felony assault, torture, and false imprisonment of women  He denied involvement and claimed the prosecution was political in nature  Karenga was imprisoned in California Men's Colony until he received parole in 1975 In 1966, Karenga notably created Kwanzaa, modeling the holiday after the African "first fruit" traditions  The rituals of the holiday promote African traditions, including the "seven principles of African heritage"  During the early years of Kwanzaa, Karenga said it was meant to be a black alternative to Christmas  Karenga, a secular humanist, challenged the sanity of Jesus and declared Christianity a "White religion" that black people should shun  However, Karenga later changed his opinion, stating that Kwanzaa was not meant to provide people with an alternative to "their own religion or religious holiday "Karenga has been awarded two doctorates, one in Political Science in 1976 and one in Social Ethics in 1994  He currently chairs the Africana Studies Department at California State University, Long Beach and has authored several books 

Early life
Karenga was born in Parsonsburg, Maryland, the 14th child and seventh son in the family  His father was a tenant farmer and Baptist minister who employed the family to work fields under an effective sharecropping arrangement  Karenga moved to Los Angeles in 1959, joining his older brother who was a teacher there, and attended Los Angeles City College  He became active with civil rights organizations Congress of Racial Equality and Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee, took an interest in African studies, and was elected as LACC's first African-American student president After earning his associate degree, he matriculated from the University of California, Los Angeles and earned BA and MA degrees in political science  He studied Swahili, Arabic, and other African-related subjects  Among his influences at UCLA were Jamaican anthropologist and Negritudist Councill Taylor, who contested the Eurocentric view of alien cultures as primitive  During this period, he took the name Karenga (Swahili for "keeper of tradition") and the title Maulana (Swahili-Arabic for "master teacher") 

1960s activism
US Organization
The Watts riots broke out when Karenga was a year into his doctoral studies  The Black Congress ("BC") was formed as a community-rebuilding organization in the aftermath  Within the BC, a discussion group centered on black nationalist ideas, called the Circle of Seven, was formed, which included Hakim Jamal (a cousin of Malcolm X) and Karenga  The group published US Magazine (meaning "Us black people") and in 1966 formed an organization called US  The organization joined in several community revival programs and was featured in press reports  Karenga cited Malcolm X's Afro-American Unity program as an influence on US Organization's work:

Malcolm was the major African American thinker that influenced me in terms of nationalism and Pan-Africanism  As you know, towards the end, when Malcolm is expanding his concept of Islam, and of nationalism, he stresses Pan-Africanism in a particular way  And he argues that, and this is where we have the whole idea that cultural revolution and the need for revolution, he argues that we need a cultural revolution, he argues that we must return to Africa culturally and spiritually, even if we can't go physically  And so that's a tremendous impact on US 
Karenga soon diverged from Malcolm X's ideas on Black nationalism and took US in a direction more focused on promoting African culture  Jamal and other adherents to Malcolm X's ideas left the group As racial disturbances spread across the country, Karenga appeared at a series of Black power conferences, joining other groups in urging the establishment of a separate political structure for African Americans  US developed a youth component with paramilitary aspects called the Simba Wachanga, which advocated and practiced community self-defense and service to the masses In 1966, Karenga founded the newspaper Harambee, which started as a newsletter for US and eventually became the newspaper for the Los Angeles Black Congress, an umbrella organization for several groups During the late 1960s, US Organization became bitter rivals with the Black Panther Party over their differing views on Black nationalism  The Federal Bureau of Investigation intensified this antipathy as part of its COINTELPRO operations, sending forged letters to each group which purported to be from the other group, so that each would believe that the other was publicly humiliating them  The rivalry came to a climax during 1969, with a series of armed confrontations and retaliatory shootings that left four Panthers dead, and more injured on both sides  A memorandum of the Los Angeles field office of the FBI dated May 26, 1970, confirmed that the surge of conflict suited their objectives and more would be encouraged:

"It is intended that US, Inc  will be discreetly and appropriately advised of the time and locations of BPP activities in order that the two organizations might be brought together and thus grant nature the opportunity to take her due course "
According to Louis Tackwood, a former informant with the Los Angeles Police Department's Criminal Conspiracies Section and author of The Glass House Tapes, Ronald Karenga was knowingly provided financial, arms, and other support by LAPD, with Tackwood as liaison, for US operations against the Black Panthers  Karenga enjoyed a level of trust among figures in government, including LAPD Chief Thomas Reddin and California Governor Ronald Reagan 

Kwanzaa
Karenga created Kwanzaa in 1966 to be the first pan-African holiday  Karenga said his goal was to "give Blacks an alternative to the existing holiday and give Blacks an opportunity to celebrate themselves and their history, rather than simply imitate the practice of the dominant society "Kwanzaa is inspired by African "first fruit" traditions, and the name chosen is from Swahili, "matunda ya kwanza " The rituals of the holiday promote African traditions and Nguzo Saba, the "seven principles of African Heritage" that Karenga described as "a communitarian African philosophy":

Umoja (unity)—To strive for and maintain unity in the family, community, nation, and race 
Kujichagulia (self-determination)—To define ourselves, name ourselves, create for ourselves, and speak for ourselves 
Ujima (collective work and responsibility)—To build and maintain our community together and make our brother's and sister's problems our problems and to solve them together 
Ujamaa (cooperative economics)—To build and maintain our own stores, shops, and other businesses and to profit from them together 
Nia (purpose)—To make our collective vocation the building and development of our community in order to restore our people to their traditional greatness 
Kuumba (creativity)—To do always as much as we can, in the way we can, in order to leave our community more beautiful and beneficial than we inherited it 
Imani (faith)—To believe with all our heart in our people, our parents, our teachers, our leaders, and the righteousness and victory of our struggle 

Criminal conviction and imprisonment
In 1971, Karenga was sentenced to one to ten years in prison on counts of felony assault and false imprisonment  One of the victims gave testimony of how Karenga and other men tortured her and another woman  The woman described having been stripped naked and beaten with an electrical cord  Karenga's estranged wife, Brenda Lorraine Karenga, testified that she sat on the other woman's stomach while another man forced water into her mouth through a hose 
A May 14, 1971, article in the Los Angeles Times described the testimony of one of the women:

Deborah Jones, who once was given the Swahili title of an African queen, said she and Gail Davis were whipped with an electrical cord and beaten with a karate baton after being ordered to remove their clothes  She testified that a hot soldering iron was placed in Miss Davis' mouth and placed against Miss Davis' face and that one of her own big toes was tightened in a vise  Karenga, head of US, also put detergent and running hoses in their mouths, she said  They also were hit on the heads with toasters 
Jones and Brenda Karenga testified that Karenga believed the women were conspiring to poison him, which Davis has attributed to a combination of ongoing police pressure and his own drug abuse Karenga denied any involvement in the torture, and argued that the prosecution was political in nature  He was imprisoned at the California Men's Colony, where he studied and wrote on feminism, Pan-Africanism, and other subjects  The US Organization fell into disarray during his absence and was disbanded in 1974  After he petitioned several black state officials to support his parole on fair sentencing grounds, it was granted in 1975 Karenga has declined to discuss the convictions with reporters and does not mention them in biographical materials  During a 2007 appearance at Wabash College, he again denied the charges and described himself as a former political prisoner 

Later career
After his parole, Karenga re-established the US Organization under a new structure He was awarded his first Ph D  in 1976 from United States International University (now known as Alliant International University) for a 170-page dissertation titled "Afro-American Nationalism: Social Strategy and Struggle for Community"  In 1977, he formulated a set of principles called Kawaida, a Swahili term for normal  Karenga called on African-Americans to adopt his secular humanism and reject other practices as mythical He was also the director of the Kawaida Institute for Pan African Studies and the author of several books, including his Introduction to Black Studies, a comprehensive Black/African Studies textbook now in its fourth edition (2010), originally published in 1982  He is also known for having co-hosted, in 1984, a conference that gave rise to the Association for the Study of Classical African Civilizations  
In 1994, he was awarded a second Ph D  in social ethics from the University of Southern California for an 803-page dissertation titled "Maat, the moral ideal in ancient Egypt: A study in classical African ethics " In 1995, he sat on the organizing committee and authored the mission statement of the Million Man March Karenga delivered a eulogy at the 2001 funeral service of New Black Panther Party leader Khalid Abdul Muhammad, praising him for his organizing activities and commitment to black empowerment  In 2002, scholar Molefi Kete Asante listed Maulana Karenga on his list of 100 Greatest African Americans As of 2021, Karenga chairs the Africana Studies Department at California State University, Long Beach 

Films
Owen Alik Shahadah's documentary 500 Years Later (2005) and its sequel Motherland (2010)
M K  Asante's documentary The Black Candle (2012)

Published works
Introduction to Black Studies  2010, 4th edition, University of Sankore Press  ISBN 0943412307 (Editions: 1982,1993,2002,2010)
Kwanzaa: A Celebration of Family, Community and Culture  1998  ISBN 0943412218
Maat, The Moral Ideal in Ancient Egypt  ISBN 0415947537
Odu Ifa: The Ethical Teachings  ISBN 0943412226
Kawaida and Questions of Life and Struggle  ISBN 0943412293
Selections from the Husia  ISBN 0943412064
Book of Coming Forth By Day  ISBN 0943412145
Handbook of Black Studies, co-edited with Molefi Kete Asante  ISBN 0761928405
The Million Man March/Day of Absence: A Commemorative Anthology, co-edited with Haki Madhubuti  ISBN 0883781883
Maulana Karenga: An Intellectual Portrait, Polity  ISBN 0745648282



ground_truth: Northern Ireland

prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: Which name adopted by African-American activist Allen Donaldson co-found Black Power movement of the 1960s and 1970s

The following are given passages.
Context 4:  Dispersals from Maine over the years have resulted in healthy, growing populations each in Vermont and New Hampshire, notably near bodies of water and as high up as 910 m (3,000 ft) above sea level in the mountains  In Massachusetts, moose had gone extinct by 1870, but re-colonized the state in the 1960s, with the population expanding from Vermont and New Hampshire; by 2010, the population was estimated at 850–950  Moose reestablished populations in eastern New York and Connecticut and appeared headed south towards the Catskill Mountains, a former habitat In the Midwest U S , moose are primarily limited to the upper Great Lakes region, but strays, primarily immature males, have been found as far south as eastern Iowa  For unknown reasons, the moose population is declining rapidly in the Midwest Moose were successfully introduced on Newfoundland in 1878 and 1904, where they are now the dominant ungulate, and somewhat less successfully on Anticosti Island in the Gulf of Saint Lawrence 

Decline in population
Since the 1990s, moose populations have declined dramatically in much of temperate North America, although they remain stable in Arctic and subarctic regions  The exact causes of specific die-offs are not determined, but most documented mortality events were due to wolf predation, bacterial infection due to injuries sustained from predators, and parasites from white-tailed deer to which moose have not developed a natural defense, such as liver flukes, brain worms and winter tick infestations  Predation of moose calves by brown bear is also significant  Landscape change from salvage logging of forest damage caused by the mountain pine beetle has resulted in greater foraging in logged areas by female moose, and this is the lead hypothesis as to why the moose population is declining in eastern North American forests, as this likely leads to increased predation  An alternate hypotheses among biologists for generalized, nonhunting declines in moose populations at the southern extent of their range is increasing heat stress brought on by the rapid seasonal temperature upswings as a result of human-induced climate change  Biologists studying moose populations typically use warm-season, heat-stress thresholds of between 14 and 24 °C (57 and 75 °F)  However, the minor average temperature increase of 0 83–1 11 °C (1 5–2 °F), over the last 100 years, has resulted in milder winters that induce favorable conditions for ticks, parasites and other invasive species to flourish within the southern range of moose habitat in North America  The moose population in New Hampshire fell from 7,500 in the early 2000s to a 2014 estimate of 4,000 and in Vermont the numbers were down to 2,200 from a high of 5,000 animals in 2005  Much of the decline has been attributed to the winter tick, which, between 2017 and 2019, accounted for 74% of all winter mortality and 91% of winter calf deaths in Vermont  Moose with heavy tick infections will rub their fur down to the skin raw trying to get the ticks off, making them look white when their outer coat rubs off  Locals call them ghost moose  Loss of the insulating winter coat through attempts to rid the moose of winter tick increases the risk of hypothermia in winter 

Europe and Asia
In Europe, moose are currently found in large numbers throughout Norway, Sweden, Finland, Latvia, Estonia, Poland, with more modest numbers in the southern Czech Republic, Belarus, and northern Ukraine  They are also widespread through Russia on up through the borders with Finland south towards the border with Estonia, Belarus and Ukraine and stretching far away eastwards to the Yenisei River in Siberia  The European moose was native to most temperate areas with suitable habitat on the continent and even Scotland from the end of the last Ice Age, as Europe had a mix of temperate boreal and deciduous forest  Up through Classical times, the species was certainly thriving in both Gaul and Magna Germania, as it appears in military and hunting accounts of the age  However, as the Roman era faded into medieval times, the beast slowly disappeared: soon after the reign of Charlemagne, the moose disappeared from France, where its range extended from Normandy in the north to the Pyrenees in the south  Farther east, it survived in Alsace and the Netherlands until the 9th century as the marshlands in the latter were drained and the forests were cleared away for feudal lands in the former  It was gone from Switzerland by the year 1000, from the western Czech Republic by 1300, from Mecklenburg in Germany by c  1600, and from Hungary and the Caucasus since the 18th and 19th century, respectively 
By the early 20th century, the last strongholds of the European moose appeared to be in Fennoscandian areas and patchy tracts of Russia, with a few migrants found in what is now Estonia and Lithuania  The USSR and Poland managed to restore portions of the range within its borders (such as the 1951 reintroduction into Kampinos National Park and the later 1958 reintroduction in Belarus), but political complications limited the ability to reintroduce it to other portions of its range  Attempts in 1930 and again in 1967 in marshland north of Berlin were unsuccessful  At present in Poland, populations are recorded in the Biebrza river valley, Kampinos, and in Białowieża Forest  It has migrated into other parts of Eastern Europe and has been spotted in eastern and southern Germany  Unsuccessful thus far in recolonizing these areas via natural dispersal from source populations in Poland, Belarus, Ukraine, Czech Republic, and Slovakia, it appears to be having more success migrating south into the Caucasus  It is listed under Appendix III of the Bern Convention In 2008, two moose were reintroduced into the Scottish Highlands in Alladale Wilderness Reserve  The moose disappeared as a breeding species from Denmark about 4,500 years ago (in the last century, a very small number have lived for periods in Zealand without establishing a population after swimming across the Øresund from Sweden), but in 2016-17 ten were introduced to Lille Vildmose from Sweden  In 2020, this population had increased to about 25 animals The East Asian moose populations confine themselves mostly to the territory of Russia, with much smaller populations in Mongolia and Northeastern China  Moose populations are relatively stable in Siberia and increasing on the Kamchatka Peninsula  In Mongolia and China, where poaching took a great toll on moose, forcing them to near extinction, they are protected, but enforcement of the policy is weak and demand for traditional medicines derived from deer parts is high  In 1978, the Regional Hunting Department transported 45 young moose to the center of Kamchatka  These moose were brought from Chukotka, home to the largest moose on the planet  Kamchatka now regularly is responsible for the largest trophy moose shot around the world each season  As it is a fertile environment for moose, with a milder climate, less snow, and an abundance of food, moose quickly bred and settled along the valley of the Kamchatka River and many surrounding regions  The population in the past 20 years has risen to over 2,900 animals 
The size of the moose varies  Following Bergmann's rule, population in the south (A  a  cameloides) usually grow smaller, while moose in the north and northeast (A  a  buturlini) can match the imposing sizes of the Alaskan moose (A  a  gigas) and are prized by trophy hunters 

New Zealand
In 1900, an attempt to introduce moose into the Hokitika area failed; then in 1910 ten moose (four bulls and six cows) were introduced into Fiordland  This area is considered a less than suitable habitat, and subsequent low numbers of sightings and kills have led to some presumption of this population's failure  The last proven sighting of a moose in New Zealand was in 1952  However, a moose antler was found in 1972, and DNA tests showed that hair collected in 2002 was from a moose  There has been extensive searching, and while automated cameras failed to capture photographs, evidence was seen of bedding spots, browsing, and antler marks 

Evolutionary history
Moose are members of the subfamily Capreolinae  Members of the moose lineage extend back into the Pliocene-Early Pleistocene  Some scientists, group the moose and all its extinct relatives into one genus, Alces, while others, such as Augusto Azzaroli, restrict Alces to the living species, placing the fossil species into the genera Cervalces (stag moose) and Libralces The earliest known species in the moose lineage is Libralces gallicus, which lived in the Pliocene-Early Pleistocene  Libralces gallicus came from the warm savannas of Pliocene Europe, with the best-preserved skeletons being found in southern France  L  gallicus was 1 25 times larger than the Alaskan moose in linear dimensions, making it nearly twice as massive  L  gallicus had many striking differences from its modern descendants  It had a longer, narrower snout and a less-developed nasal cavity, more resembling that of a modern deer, lacking any sign of the modern moose-snout  Its face resembled that of the modern wapiti  However, the rest of its skull structure, skeletal structure and teeth bore strong resemblance to those features that are unmistakable in modern moose, indicating a similar diet  Its antlers consisted of a horizontal bar 2 5 m (8 ft 2 in) long, with no tines, ending in small palmations  Its skull and neck structure suggest an animal that fought using high-speed impacts, much like the Dall sheep, rather than locking and twisting antlers the way modern moose combat  Their long legs and bone structure suggest an animal that was adapted to running at high speeds over rough terrain Libralces gallicus was followed by Cervalces carnutorum during the first half of the Early Pleistocene  Cervalces carnutorum was soon followed by a much larger species called Cervalces latifrons (broad-fronted stag-moose), which first appeared during the late Early Pleistocene  Many fossils of Cervalces latifrons have been found across Eurasia  Like its descendants, it inhabited mostly northern latitudes, and was probably well-adapted to the cold  C  latifrons was the largest deer known to have ever existed, standing more than 2 1 m (6 ft 11 in) tall at the shoulders  This is bigger than even the Irish elk, which was 1 8 m (5 ft 11 in) tall at the shoulders  Its antlers were smaller than the Irish elk's, but comparable in size to those of L  gallicus  However, the antlers had a shorter horizontal bar and larger palmations, more resembling those of a modern moose  Probably sometime in the Middle Pleistocene, Cervalces latifrons migrated into North America, giving rise to the stag moose (Cervalces scotti)  The modern moose is thought to have evolved from Cervalces latifrons at around the end of the Middle Pleistocene to the beginning of the Late Pleistocene, probably somewhere in East Asia, with the earliest fossils of the species in Europe dating to the early Late Pleistocene  The modern moose only arrived in North America around 15,000 years ago, at the end of the Late Pleistocene 

Populations
North America:

In Canada: There are an estimated 500,000 to 1,000,000 moose, with 150,000 in Newfoundland in 2007 descended from just four that were introduced in the 1900s 
In United States: There are estimated to be around 300,000:
Alaska: The state's Department of Fish and Game estimated 200,000 in 2011 
Northeast: A wildlife ecologist estimated 50,000 in New York and New England in 2007, with expansion expected 
Rocky Mountain states: Wyoming is said to have the largest share in its six-state region, and its Fish and Game Commission estimated 7,692 in 2009 
Upper Midwest: Michigan 2000 on Isle Royale (2019) and an estimated 433 (in its Upper Peninsula) in 2011, Wisconsin, 20–40 (close to its border with Michigan) in 2003, Minnesota 5600 in its northeast in 2010, and under 100 in its northwest in 2009; North Dakota closed, due to low moose population, one of its moose-hunting geographic units in 2011, and issued 162 single-kill licenses to hunters, each restricted to one of the remaining nine units Europe and Asia:

Finland: In 2009, there was a summer population of 115,000 
Norway: In 2009, there were a winter population of around 120,000  In 2015 31,131 moose were shot  In 1999, a record number of 39,422 moose were shot 
Latvia: in 2015, there were 21,000 
Estonia: 13,260
Lithuania: around 14,000 in 2016
Poland: 28,000
Czech Republic: maximum of 50
Russia: In 2007, there were approximately 600,000 
Sweden: Summer population is estimated to be 300,000–400,000  Around 100,000 are shot each fall  About 10,000 are killed in traffic accidents yearly 

Subspecies
Relationship with humans
History
European rock drawings and cave paintings reveal that moose have been hunted since the Stone Age  Excavations in Alby, Sweden, adjacent to the Stora Alvaret have yielded moose antlers in wooden hut remains from 6000 BCE, indicating some of the earliest moose hunting in northern Europe  In northern Scandinavia one can still find remains of trapping pits used for hunting moose  These pits, which can be up to 4 m × 7 m (13 ft 1 in × 23 ft 0 in) in area and 2 m (6 ft 7 in) deep, would have been camouflaged with branches and leaves  They would have had steep sides lined with planks, making it impossible for the moose to escape once it fell in  The pits are normally found in large groups, crossing the moose's regular paths and stretching over several km  Remains of wooden fences designed to guide the animals toward the pits have been found in bogs and peat  In Norway, an early example of these trapping devices has been dated to around 3700 BC  Trapping elk in pits is an extremely effective hunting method  As early as the 16th century the Norwegian government tried to restrict their use; nevertheless, the method was in use until the 19th century 
The earliest recorded description of the moose is in Julius Caesar's Commentarii de Bello Gallico, where it is described thus:

There are also [animals], which are called alces (moose)  The shape of these, and the varied color of their skins, is much like roes, but in size they surpass them a little and are destitute of horns, and have legs without joints and ligatures; nor do they lie down for the purpose of rest, nor, if they have been thrown down by any accident, can they raise or lift themselves up  Trees serve as beds to them; they lean themselves against them, and thus reclining only slightly, they take their rest; when the huntsmen have discovered from the footsteps of these animals whither they are accustomed to betake themselves, they either undermine all the trees at the roots, or cut into them so far that the upper part of the trees may appear to be left standing  When they have leant upon them, according to their habit, they knock down by their weight the unsupported trees, and fall down themselves along with them 
In book 8, chapter 16 of Pliny the Elder's Natural History from 77 CE, the elk and an animal called achlis, which is presumably the same animal, are described thus:

     there is, also, the moose, which strongly resembles our steers, except that it is distinguished by the length of the ears and of the neck  There is also the achlis, which is produced in the land of Scandinavia; it has never been seen in this city, although we have had descriptions of it from many persons; it is not unlike the moose, but has no joints in the hind leg  Hence, it never lies down, but reclines against a tree while it sleeps; it can only be taken by previously cutting into the tree, and thus laying a trap for it, as otherwise, it would escape through its swiftness  Its upper lip is so extremely large, for which reason it is obliged to go backwards when grazing; otherwise, by moving onwards, the lip would get doubled up 

As food
Moose are hunted as a game species in many of the countries where they are found  Moose meat tastes, wrote Henry David Thoreau in "The Maine Woods", "like tender beef, with perhaps more flavour; sometimes like veal"  While the flesh has protein levels similar to those of other comparable red meats (e g  beef, deer and wapiti), it has a low fat content, and the fat that is present consists of a higher proportion of polyunsaturated fats than saturated fats Dr  Valerius Geist, who emigrated to Canada from the Soviet Union, wrote in his 1999 book Moose: Behaviour, Ecology, Conservation:

In Sweden, no fall menu is without a mouthwatering moose dish  The Swedes fence their highways to reduce moose fatalities and design moose-proof cars  Sweden is less than half as large as the Canadian province of British Columbia, but the annual take of moose in Sweden—upward of 150,000—is twice that of the total moose harvest in North America 
Boosting moose populations in Alaska for hunting purposes is one of the reasons given for allowing aerial or airborne methods to remove wolves in designated areas, e g , Craig Medred: "A kill of 124 wolves would thus translate to [the survival of] 1488 moose or 2976 caribou or some combination thereof"  Some scientists believe that this artificial inflation of game populations is actually detrimental to both caribou and moose populations as well as the ecosystem as a whole  This is because studies have shown that when these game populations are artificially boosted, it leads to both habitat destruction and a crash in these populations 

Consumption of offal
Cadmium levels are high in Finnish moose liver and kidneys, with the result that consumption of these organs from moose more than one year old is prohibited in Finland  As a result of a study reported in 1988, the Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources recommended against the consumption of moose and deer kidneys and livers  Levels of cadmium were found to be considerably higher than in Scandinavia  The New Brunswick Department of Natural Resources advises hunters not to consume cervid offal Cadmium intake has been found to be elevated amongst all consumers of moose meat, though the meat was found to contribute only slightly to the daily cadmium intake  However the consumption of moose liver or kidneys significantly increased cadmium intake, with the study revealing that heavy consumers of moose organs have a relatively narrow safety margin below the levels which would probably cause adverse health effects 

Vehicle collisions
The center of mass of a moose is above the hood of most passenger cars  In a collision, the impact crushes the front roof beams and individuals in the front seats  Collisions of this type are frequently fatal; seat belts and airbags offer little protection  In collisions with higher vehicles (such as trucks), most of the deformation is to the front of the vehicle and the passenger compartment is largely spared  Moose collisions have prompted the development of a vehicle test referred to as the "moose test" (Swedish: Älgtest, German: Elchtest)  A Massachusetts study found that moose–vehicular collisions had a very high human fatality rate and that such collisions caused the death of 3% of the Massachusetts moose population annually Moose warning signs are used on roads in regions where there is a danger of collision with the animal  The triangular warning signs common in Sweden, Norway, and Finland have become coveted souvenirs among tourists traveling in these countries, causing road authorities so much expense that the moose signs have been replaced with imageless generic warning signs in some regions In Ontario, Canada, an estimated 265 moose die each year as a result of collision with trains  Moose–train collisions were more frequent in winters with above-average snowfall  In January 2008, the Norwegian newspaper Aftenposten estimated that some 13,000 moose had died in collisions with Norwegian trains since 2000  The state agency in charge of railroad infrastructure (Jernbaneverket) plans to spend 80 million Norwegian kroner to reduce collision rate in the future by fencing the railways, clearing vegetation from near the tracks, and providing alternative snow-free feeding places for the animals elsewhere In the Canadian province of New Brunswick, collisions between automobiles and moose are frequent enough that all new highways have fences to prevent moose from accessing the road, as has long been done in Finland, Norway, and Sweden  A demonstration project, Highway 7 between Fredericton and Saint John, which has one of the highest frequencies of moose collisions in the province, did not have these fences until 2008, although it was and continues to be extremely well signed  Newfoundland and Labrador recommended that motorists use caution between dusk and dawn because that is when moose are most active and most difficult to see, increasing the risk of collisions  Local moose sightings are often reported on radio stations so that motorists can take care while driving in particular areas  An electronic "moose detection system" was installed on two sections of the Trans-Canada Highway in Newfoundland in 2011, but the system proved unreliable and was removed in 2015 In Sweden, a road will not be fenced unless it experiences at least one moose accident per km per year In eastern Germany, where the scarce population is slowly increasing, there were two road accidents involving moose since 2000 

Domestication
Domestication of moose was investigated in the Soviet Union before World War II  Early experiments were inconclusive, but with the creation of a moose farm at Pechora-Ilych Nature Reserve in 1949, a small-scale moose domestication program was started, involving attempts at selective breeding of animals on the basis of their behavioural characteristics  Since 1963, the program has continued at Kostroma Moose Farm, which had a herd of 33 tame moose as of 2003  Although at this stage the farm is not expected to be a profit-making enterprise, it obtains some income from the sale of moose milk and from visiting tourist groups  Its main value, however, is seen in the opportunities it offers for the research in the physiology and behavior of the moose, as well as in the insights it provides into the general principles of animal domestication 
In Sweden, there was a debate in the late 18th century about the national value of using the moose as a domestic animal  Among other things, the moose was proposed to be used in postal distribution, and there was a suggestion to develop a moose-mounted cavalry  Such proposals remained unimplemented, mainly because the extensive hunting for moose that was deregulated in the 1790s nearly drove it to extinction  While there have been documented cases of individual moose being used for riding and/or pulling carts and sleds, Björklöf concludes no wide-scale usage has occurred outside fairy tales 

Heraldry
As one of the Canadian national symbols, the moose occurs on several Canadian coats of arms, including Newfoundland and Labrador, and Ontario  Moose is also a common coat of arms in Europe as well; for example, in Finland, it appears on the coats of arms of Hirvensalmi and Mäntsälä municipalities  The Seal of Michigan features a moose 

See also
Älgen Stolta, a rare example of a domesticated moose
Passage 3:
White-bellied musk deer
The white-bellied musk deer or Himalayan musk deer (Moschus leucogaster) is a musk deer species occurring in the Himalayas of Nepal, Bhutan, India, Pakistan and China  It is listed as endangered on the IUCN Red List because of overexploitation resulting in a probable serious population decline It was previously considered a subspecies of the Alpine musk deer, but was separated on the basis of different skull proportions 

Characteristics
White-bellied musk deer are very well adapted for high altitudes; they demonstrate such adaptations as well-developed dew claws, broad toes that provide increased stability on steep slopes, and a dense coat of coarse hairs with air-filled cells to insulate against the extreme temperature   While they lack antlers, a trait notable among all musk deer, they do possess a pair of enlarged and easily broken canines that grow continuously  The maximum length of these tusks is about 10 cm (4 in)  These deer have a stocky body type; their hind legs are also significantly longer and more muscular than their shorter, thinner forelimbs  In place of running or leaping, this species tends to "bound " Finally, fawns of this species have white spots to help with camouflage, but as they mature these spots disappear 
The white-bellied musk deer has a waxy substance called musk that the male secretes from a gland in the abdomen  The deer use this to mark territories and attract females, but the musk is also used in the manufacture of perfumes and medicines 

Distribution and habitat
Himalayan musk deer occurs in parts of northern Afghanistan, Pakistan, Tibet, Nepal, Bhutan, and in northern India such as in Jammu and Kashmir, Himachal Pradesh, Uttarakhand, Sikkim and Arunachal Pradesh  It inhabits high alpine environments above altitudes of 2,500 m (8,200 ft) 

Ecology and behaviour
During the day, white-bellied musk deer hide in dense cover and are shy and secretive  At night, they emerge to feed in more open habitats, and preferably select leaves of trees and shrubs with high protein and low fibre contents  During the winter, they subsist on poorer quality lichens, and even climb small trees to feed upon leaves that would otherwise be out of reach They are fairly sedentary occupying a small home range of up to 22 hectares  Males are fiercely territorial, only allowing females to enter their range  Territories are marked by carefully placed defecation sites and strong-smelling secretions, which are placed onto the surrounding plants 
Males fight each other over females during the mating season, and use their long canines to fight and defend their territories  The females hide from all the commotion  For the males to attract the females and bring them out from hiding, they use their strong smelling musk A female has one or two young at a time  The young musk deer live off their mother's milk until they are about six months old and able to eat regular foods available in the wild  At 16 to 24 months old, they become sexually mature Himalayan musk deer can live for up to 10 to 14 years Their predators include leopard, snow leopard, Eurasian lynx, red fox, gray wolf  Juveniles were also killed by yellow-throated marten and large raptors 

Threats
As the musk the deer produces is in demand for the manufacture of perfumes and medicines, it is highly valuable  Since the species is endangered and hard to find, its value on the wildlife trade market is increased still further  The hunting and trade of the white-bellied musk deer is the main threat to the species  Deer musk may sell for as much as $45,000/kg, making it one of the most valuable animal-derived products in the world  Hunters catch and kill the deer using snares  Only males produce the musk, so this creates a problem because females and young are caught in the traps and killed 

Conservation
The white-bellied musk deer is protected by law in Bhutan, Nepal, and India  In China, hunting may be permitted in some areas, although a license is required  It is listed as an endangered species in Pakistan and is also found in a number of protected areas throughout; however, the uneven enforcement of legislation across its range has meant little impact on preventing the rampant trade in the species  Improving the enforcement of antipoaching laws is a key priority for the conservation of this species 

Efforts being made
Captive farming for musk has been developed in China, and so far has shown that it is possible to extract musk from a deer without having to kill it  However, the captive deer succumb to disease and fighting and produce poorer quality musk  The killing of wild deer is thought to be the most cost-effective method of extracting musk  Open farming is a possible new way to extract the musk, whereby free-ranging or wild musk deer are caught and the musk then extracted, allowing the species to be conserved and survive 

See also
Kedarnath Wild Life Sanctuary
Askot Musk Deer Sanctuary
Passage 4:
Sri Lankan sambar deer
The Sri Lankan sambar or Indian sambar (Rusa unicolor unicolor), also known as ගෝනා (gōṇā) in Sinhala, is a subspecies of the sambar that lives in India and Sri Lanka  British explorers and planters referred to it, erroneously, as an elk, leading to place names such as Elk Plain 

Description
This subspecies is the largest sambar subspecies and representative of the Rusa genus, with the largest antlers both in size and in body proportions  Large males weight up to 270–280 kg 

Distribution and habitat
Sambar live in both lowland dry forests and mountain forests  Large herds of sambar roam the Horton Plains National Park, where it is the most common large mammal 
Passage 5:
Forests of Mara and Mondrem
The Forests of Mara and Mondrem were adjacent medieval forests in Cheshire, England, which in the 11th century extended to over 60 square miles (160 km2), stretching from the Mersey in the north almost to Nantwich in the south, and from the Gowy in the west to the Weaver in the east  Mara and Mondrem were a hunting forest of the Norman Earls of Chester, established soon after 1071 by the first earl, Hugh d'Avranches  They might earlier have been an Anglo-Saxon hunting forest  Game included wild boar, and red, fallow and roe deer 
After the earldom lapsed in 1237, the forest rights passed to the Crown, with the monarch's heir being given the title of Earl of Chester  Edward I and James I both hunted in the forests  Clearance for agricultural use began to be permitted after 1215, and by the mid-14th century, large areas of the Forest of Mondrem had been cleared  Deer hunting still continued within the remaining forest in the 17th century, and the forest was not formally disafforested, or removed from forest law, until 1812  The modern Delamere Forest is the remnant of the medieval forests, but little ancient woodland survives 

Extent
In the 11th century, the Forests of Mara and Mondrem stretched from the Mersey in the north to a few miles north of Nantwich in the south, and from the Gowy in the west to the Weaver in the east  The total extent was over 60 square miles (160 km2)  An undated document quoted by Ormerod lists 62 townships and villages within the two forests (although several of these places were exempt from forest law); as the document mentions Vale Royal Abbey, this must refer to some time between the abbey's foundation in 1277 and its dissolution in 1536 The precise boundary between the two adjacent forests is uncertain, but the Forest of Mara probably extended from the Mersey to the south of the area now known as Delamere Forest, while the Forest of Mondrem occupied the area between Delamere and Nantwich  The boundary might have coincided with a road known as "Peytevinisti" or "Peytefynsty", which also defined the limit of the grazing rights of Vale Royal Abbey; this is believed to have run from Weaverham in the north through Cuddington to Tarporley in the south 

History
Earls' hunting forest
The Forests of Mara and Mondrem together formed one of the three hunting forests of the Earls of Chester, the others being the Forests of Macclesfield and Wirral  It was created by Hugh d'Avranches, a keen huntsman, soon after he became Earl of Chester in 1071, although the area might have been an Anglo-Saxon hunting forest before the Norman Conquest  "Forest", in this context, means an area outside the common law and subject to forest law; it does not imply that the area was entirely wooded, and the land remained largely in private ownership  The forest boundary was marked with "irremovable marks, meres and boundaries", and the entire area also appears to have been enclosed  Game was hunted with dogs and included wild boar, and red, fallow and roe deer The original woodland was mixed, predominantly oak, but also including elm, lime, yew, chestnut, fir, larch, beech, ash, silver birch, hazel, willow and alder  The forest area also encompassed heath and wetland, as well as pasture, arable land and even small settlements  Agriculture was, however, allowed within the forest boundaries only under severe restrictions; assarting, or enclosing and clearing new land for agriculture, was completely prohibited until 1215–16 During the early Norman period, the penalties for killing game were blinding, mutilation or execution  These savage punishments were gradually replaced by huge fines, and in 1215, the Magna Carta reduced the maximum penalty for breaking forest law nationally to fines or imprisonment  Ranulf de Blondeville, the 6th Earl, issued a charter in 1215–16 which granted a more humane legal code for the Cheshire hunting forests This charter also, for the first time, conceded to the barons and their knights and freeholders the "right to assart their lands within the arable area of the forest and to grow crops on land formerly cultivated and free from wood without payment " Within the Forests of Mara and Mondrem, custom did not, however, follow the charter, a fine of 5 shillings per acre in Mondrem or 6 shillings 8 pence per acre in Mara being paid at the time of enclosure  Later, a licence was also required to assart forest land, which required the payment of a further fee and was very unpopular  Enclosure and assarting in Mara and Mondrem during this period is poorly documented, but is known to have occurred at Frodsham, Weaverham and Darnhall 

After the Earls
After the lapse of the Chester earldom in 1237, the forest rights passed to the Crown and the monarch's heir was given the title of Earl of Chester  Although Edward I hunted in the forest, the sport became less important, and the forests were used for timber production and as a source of revenue from taxes, fees and fines  In 1300, Edward I confirmed Ranulf de Blondeville's charter of 1215–16, but in the mid-14th century, Edward of Woodstock, the Black Prince, introduced various restrictive measures, which led to a large number of complaints recorded in the Black Prince's Register of 1351  Agricultural exploitation of the eastern edge of the forest was hampered by outbreaks of Black Death at Over, Little Budworth and Vale Royal Abbey in 1349, 1361 and 1369  The Old Pale and Eddisbury Hill were enclosed in the 14th century, to retain deer 

The northerly Forest of Mara remained wooded in the 14th century, and still retained a population of wild boar, lynx and wolves  By that date, however, large areas of the southerly Forest of Mondrem had been cleared  The remaining Mondrem woodland in the mid-14th century appears to have been concentrated in the north around Castle Northwich, Hartford and Winnington, and to a lesser extent in the south east around Aston juxta Mondrum, Calveley, Cholmondeston, Church Minshull, Poole and Wettenhall  Extensive assarting by Vale Royal Abbey made a major contribution to the loss of Mondrem woodland before the abbey's dissolution  The proximity to the medieval salt wiches of Nantwich and Middlewich, with their wood-fuelled salt pans, might also have been a factor 
Deer continued to be hunted in the 17th century; a large area at New Pale was enclosed at this time for the retention of deer  James I, on a royal visit to Cheshire in August 1617, hunted in the forest, describing it as "this delectable place"  From the early 18th century, however, the focus of hunting moved away from deer; Tarporley Hunt Club was founded in 1762, and the local gentry hunted hares and later foxes 

Disafforestation
The late 18th and early 19th centuries saw much of the surviving forest enclosed  A total of 7,755 acres (3,138 ha) in the south of the Forest of Mara, by then known as Delamere Forest, remained nominally a hunting forest until the early 19th century  In 1812, an Enclosure Act was passed disafforesting the remaining forest (that is, returning its legal status to ordinary land) and transferring ownership of the remnant half to the Crown and half to surrounding major landowners  Very little ancient woodland now survives, mainly concentrated on the banks of the Weaver and within steep cloughs running into that river, although there are also pockets of old, semi-natural woodland elsewhere, such as Cocked Hat Covert, near Little Budworth, and Dorfold Park, near Acton 

Administration
Each of the Cheshire hunting forests was administered by a master-forester on behalf of the Earl  For the Forests of Mara and Mondrem, this hereditary position was given by Ranulf le Meschin, the 3rd Earl, to Ranulf or Ralph de Kingsley in 1123, and it passed by marriage to the Launcelyn family and later to the Done family of Utkinton and Tarporley  Sixteen Dones held the position over nearly four centuries  In 1662, the master-forestership passed to the Crewe family and then to the Ardernes, who held it until the disafforestation in 1812  The position was symbolised by a black horn, which was given to the Kingsleys in the 12th century; now known as the "Delamere Horn", it is in the collection of the Grosvenor Museum  The master-foresters answered to the Chester justiciar, who was responsible for the administration of forest law across all three Cheshire forests The privileges claimed by the Mara and Mondrem master-forester were set out in detail by Richard Done in the 14th century  They included the right shoulder of all deer killed in hunting; windfallen and felled timber within the demesne wood; swarms of bees, sparrowhawks, merlins and hobbies found throughout the forest; and the right of pannage, or feeding pigs in the forest  He also claimed halfpence per head of cattle and goats found straying within the forest between Michaelmas and Martinmas, the payments made for the agistment of hogs between Martinmas and Christmas, as well as the pick of the property forfeited by poachers  The master-forester had a lodge, known as the "Chamber of the Forest", in which he occasionally stayed; it was built in Peckforton in 1351 and later moved to Eddisbury Hill A large staff supported the Mara and Mondrem master-forester, which is known in the mid-14th century to have included eight underforesters and two garçons who administered particular districts of the forest, assuming much of the role of the county sergeants within the forest bounds  Additionally, agisters collected monies charged for grazing, verderers attended the forest courts, and inspectors termed "regarders", huntsmen and kennelmen were also employed 

See also
History of Cheshire



ground_truth: Hakim Abdullah Jamal