prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: Santa Bring My Baby Back was released on which fourth Elvis studio album in 1957?

The following are given passages.
Context 1: Passage 1:
Elvis' Christmas Album
Elvis' Christmas Album (also reissued as It's Christmas Time) is the third studio album and first Christmas album by  American singer and musician Elvis Presley on RCA Victor, LOC -1035, a deluxe limited edition, released October 15, 1957, and recorded at Radio Recorders in Hollywood  It has been reissued in numerous different formats since its first release  It spent four weeks at No  1 on the Billboard Top Pop Albums chart, and was the first of two Christmas-themed albums Presley would record, the other being Elvis Sings the Wonderful World of Christmas, released in 1971  The publication Music Vendor listed Elvis' Christmas Album on their singles charts for two weeks in December 1957 – January 1958, with a peak position of No  49 
According to the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA), Elvis' Christmas Album along with its reissues has shipped at least 17 million copies in the United States  It is the first Presley title to attain Diamond certification by the RIAA, and is also the best-selling Christmas album of all time in the United States  With total sales of more 20 million copies worldwide, it remains the world's best-selling Christmas album and one of the best-selling albums of all time 

Content
The original 1957 LP consisted of six popular Christmas songs, two traditional Christmas carols and four gospel songs which had been previously released on the EP Peace in the Valley, catalogue EPA 4054, issued March 1957, peaking at No  3 on the Pop albums chart and at No  39 on the singles chart  The two album sides are divided into a program of secular Christmas songs on side one, with two traditional Christmas carols and the gospel numbers on side two  These included two spirituals by innovator Thomas A  Dorsey, "Peace in the Valley" and "Take My Hand, Precious Lord"  Coincidentally, A Jolly Christmas from Frank Sinatra, released the previous month, was also divided into secular and traditional sides 
While most of the songs selected were traditional Christmas fare, such as "White Christmas" and "Silent Night", two new songs by regular suppliers of material for Presley were commissioned  One was "Santa Bring My Baby Back (to Me)" and the other (selected by Presley to open the album), was a blues-based rock and roll number, "Santa Claus Is Back in Town", written by Jerry Leiber and Mike Stoller  This writer/producer team was responsible for some of 1950s rhythm and blues and rock and roll's most finely-honed satire in their work with the Coasters, as well as penning "Hound Dog" for Willie Mae Thornton and providing Presley with some of his biggest hits, including "Jailhouse Rock" and "Don't" 
Presley asked the pair to come up with another Christmas song during sessions for the album; within a few minutes, they had the song written and ready for recording  Originally titled "Christmas Blues", this slyly risqué number is given a full-throated treatment by Presley who, aided by the gritty ensemble playing from his band, was determined to ensure that this Christmas album would not be easily ignored  Much of the remaining program was performed in a more traditional manner appropriate to the solemnity of Christmas, although Presley's innate sense of occasion shone through on his left-of-center reading of Ernest Tubb's 1949 hit, "Blue Christmas" 
"Silent Night" and "O Little Town of Bethlehem" were arranged by Presley himself 
The Bing Crosby holiday perennial "White Christmas", which appeared every year on the Billboard charts from 1942 to 1962, became the center of controversy upon the album's release, with calls by the song's composer Irving Berlin to have the song, and the entire album, banned from radio airplay  After hearing Presley's version of his song, which Berlin saw as a "profane parody of his cherished yuletide standard", he ordered his staff in New York to telephone radio stations across the United States, demanding the song be discontinued from radio play  While most US radio stations ignored Berlin's request, at least one disc jockey was fired for playing a song from the album, and most Canadian stations refused to play the album The controversy was, ironically, fueled by Presley's performance of the song in a style mirroring the version by Clyde McPhatter's group, The Drifters, which had been a Top 10 hit on the R&B singles chart in 1954 and 1955  Unlike Presley's recording, however, their version attracted virtually no adverse reaction, and certainly no reported opposition from Berlin  Part of the reason that The Drifters' version of "White Christmas" was less controversial was that this version was played only on black radio stations  Presley's version brought greater attention to The Drifters' version which gained prominence with its inclusion in the 1990 movie Home Alone 

Packaging
Original 1957 copies of Elvis' Christmas Album (LOC-1035) were issued with a red booklet-like album cover (as shown above) featuring promotional photos from Presley's third movie Jailhouse Rock  Even rarer than the cover and record itself is a gold foil price tag-shaped "gift giving" sticker attached to the shrink wrap, reading "TO __________, FROM _____________, ELVIS SINGS", followed by a list of the tracks  Original copies with the gold sticker intact on the shrink wrap have proven to be among the most valuable of Presley's albums  Adding to its already high value are limited red vinyl albums and album covers with gold print down the spine 
Record labels for all original 1957 pressings are black with all-silver print, the famous RCA Victor "His Master's Voice" dog logo at the top of the label, and "LONG 331⁄3 PLAY" at the bottom 

45 RPM releases
The other new composition on the album, "Santa, Bring My Baby Back to Me" was paired with "Santa Claus Is Back in Town", and issued as the UK single concurrently with the album's release  The single reached number seven on the UK Singles Chart in November 1957 No singles were issued in the US until 1964, when "Blue Christmas" was paired with "Wooden Heart", and reached No  1 on the Billboard Christmas Singles chart; however, a pairing of "Blue Christmas" b/w "White Christmas" became a Top 20 UK hit in late 1964  "Santa Claus Is Back In Town"/"Blue Christmas" was a 1965 single release for the US market, and reached No  4 on the Billboard Christmas Singles chart  "Blue Christmas" would re-enter the Christmas or Holiday Singles chart several times in the years that follow Two different EPs, Elvis Sings Christmas Songs, EPA 4108 in December 1957, and Christmas with Elvis, EPA 4340 in December 1958, divided the eight Christmas numbers between them  The former topped the newly established Billboard EP Chart, while the latter failed to chart 

Reissues
First reissue on RCA Victor
Elvis' Christmas Album was reissued two years after its first release in October 1959 while Presley was on duty in Germany  The deluxe fold-out cover was replaced with a regular cover with a close-up of Elvis as he posed against an outdoor, snowy backdrop  The album continued to reach the album charts each year until 1962, eventually selling more than three million copies in the U S 

Second reissue on RCA Camden
In 1971, Elvis recorded a new Christmas album, Elvis Sings the Wonderful World of Christmas; The original Elvis' Christmas Album went out of print, but continued interest in the album prompted RCA to reissue a revised and truncated version on its budget label RCA Camden in November 1970  This reissue replaced the four gospel tracks from the Peace in the Valley EP with the 1966 holiday single "If Every Day Was Like Christmas", along with the 1970 non-seasonal B-side "Mama Liked the Roses", issued as the flip to Elvis's top ten single "The Wonder of You" and originating from Presley's acclaimed 1969 Memphis sessions; neither track had been available on LP format previously  With ten tracks and a shorter running time, it fit the standard for RCA's budget Camden label issues at the time  The religious and secular Christmas songs were also mixed  The initial cover of this revised version echoed that of the 1958 reissue, except a more recent photograph with Elvis wearing a blue racing jacket with two white stripes on the left was used from the set of the 1967 movie Speedway  The album was also released in the UK with an album cover that featured Elvis's face from the 1970 Camden release in a circle in the middle surrounded in white with the title and the song selections in red  The four Peace in the Valley tracks were reissued the next year on the RCA Camden compilation You'll Never Walk Alone 

Third reissue on Pickwick
During the mid-1970s, RCA leased the rights to some of its Camden recordings to the budget reissue label Pickwick Records  Pickwick reissued the 10-track Camden Christmas album in 1975 with yet another cover design, Elvis's photo from the RCA Camden version surrounded by red ribbons with holly underneath and a dark blue background  Following Presley's unexpected death in August 1977, the Pickwick LP was advertised and sold on television by mail order to enormous sales, later certified by the RIAA as selling in excess of ten million copies  Demand for Presley's recordings skyrocketed after his death and RCA eventually reclaimed the reissue rights to its Camden titles from Pickwick  The Christmas Album was reissued in the 1980s on LP and compact disc as an RCA Special Products release on the RCA Camden label and on CD in Canada in the RCA Camden Classics series  This reissue, with its Pickwick cover art but carrying RCA logos, remained in print throughout the 1990s; the track listing was unchanged from the original 1970 RCA Camden LP release 

Other reissues
In 1976, the album was reissued on cassette with the title Blue Christmas; this reissue also had an alternate track listing  In 1985, the album was reissued again but with a new title, It's Christmas Time; shortly after, RCA reissued the original 1957 version of the album with a recreation of its original cover art and gatefold sleeve on LP an CD  In 1995, RCA/BMG Special Products again reissued the Camden/Pickwick compilation retitled Elvis Christmas with new cover art  By the second decade of the 21st Century, It's Christmas Time had become the second biggest selling album in the series, earning a 4× Platinum certification on March 8, 2018, prompting the original 1957 version to be available once again in the 2016 60 CD boxed set containing all of Presley's original RCA albums, Elvis Presley – The RCA Album Collection 
In the January 5, 2019 issue of Billboard, It's Christmas Time appeared for the first time inside the top 40 albums of the Billboard 200 charts, placing at number 25 
All of the above tracks are also available on several other RCA compilations of Presley's Christmas recordings, including Christmas Peace from 2003 and Elvis Christmas (a different, expanded version of the 1995 issue) from 2006  All of the tracks are also available on the 1992 RCA boxed set The King of Rock 'n' Roll: The Complete 50's Masters  In late 2007, Speaker's Corner Records from Germany reissued the album on a high-quality heavy vinyl pressing; this reissue also featured a reproduction of the original album cover and RCA Victor label from 1957  In addition, in 2010, a DVD was released in a series from Sony Music called The Yule Log DVD, in which the music from Elvis' Christmas Album (but without "I'll Be Home for Christmas") is featured with three different holiday visuals (one of them the yule log of the series' title)  The original LP cover is featured on the DVD menu 

Track listing
Camden / Pickwick edition
Notes

^a  signifies arranged by

Personnel
The Blue Moon BoysElvis Presley – lead vocals, acoustic rhythm guitar
Scotty Moore – electric lead guitar
Bill Black – bass
D  J  Fontana – drumsThe JordanairesNeal Matthews - backing vocals
Hugh Jarrett - backing vocals
Gordon Stoker – backing vocals, piano (tracks B3-B5)
Hoyt Hawkins – backing vocals, organ (track B6)Additional Personnel
Dudley Brooks – piano (tracks A1-B2, B6)
Millie Kirkham - backing vocals (tracks A1-B2)

Charts
Certifications
See also
List of best-selling albums
List of Billboard number-one albums of 1957
List of Billboard 200 number-one albums of 1958

Notes
Passage 2:
Today (Elvis Presley album)
Today is the twenty-second studio album by American singer Elvis Presley, released on May 7, 1975 by RCA Records  The album featured the country and pop music sound typical of Elvis during the 1970s, as well as a new rock and roll song, "T-R-O-U-B-L-E", which was released as its first single and went Top 40 in the US  "Bringing It Back" was its second single in the US  The album also features covers of songs by Perry Como, Tom Jones, The Pointer Sisters, Billy Swan, Faye Adams, The Statler Brothers and Charlie Rich 

Content
The Today sessions were held in RCA's Studio C, Hollywood, Los Angeles, California, March 10–12, 1975, and marked the last time Presley would record in a studio  He last recorded at Studio C, Hollywood in 1972 where he recorded the gold records "Burning Love" and "Separate Ways"  At this time, Elvis was 40 years old  He was accompanied by his then-current girlfriend, Sheila Ryan  In the 2005 Follow That Dream reissue of the album, Presley can be heard saying "step up here Sheila, let me sing to ya baby" on Take 1 of Don McLean's "And I Love You So"  He continued to make "And I Love You So" and "Fairytale" a part of his live concerts until his death  On stage, he often referred to "Fairytale" as the story of his life 
"Green, Green Grass of Home" was released as a single in the UK, where it went Top 30, and also received US airplay  Presley was a big fan of Tom Jones' version of the song; while travelling, he would repeatedly have his friends call the local radio stations to request it 

Reissues
In 2005 Today was reissued on the Follow That Dream label in a special edition that contained the original album tracks along with a selection of alternate takes 

Track listing
Original release
Follow That Dream re-issue
2015 reissue
Disc 1
Same as Follow That Dream 2005 issue

Disc 2
All tracks previously unissued

Personnel
Passage 3:
A Date with Elvis (The Cramps album)
A Date with Elvis is the third full-length studio album by the American rock band the Cramps, released in the UK on Big Beat Records in 1986  The title was appropriated from A Date with Elvis (1959), the eighth album by Elvis Presley  The album was recorded in fall 1985 and engineered by Steve McMillan and Mark Ettel at Ocean Way Studios in Hollywood, California  The album was first released in the US in 1990 by Enigma Records, with the bonus tracks "Blue Moon Baby," "Georgia Lee Brown," "Give Me a Woman," and "Get Off the Road " The Cramps reissued the album (with bonus tracks) on their own Vengeance Records in 2001  The original album was reissued in the UK by Big Beat in 2013 on orange vinyl, and subsequently reissued again by Vengeance Records in the US, UK and Canada in 2014  It was The Cramps’ most commercially successful album release, reaching the US Billboard Top 100 and UK Top 40 
The album was dedicated to Ricky Nelson, whose version of the song "Lonesome Town" (covered by the Cramps on their first EP Gravest Hits and later included on compilation album    Off the Bone) was a US hit single in 1958  It is also significant in that it is the only Cramps album to feature vocals by guitarist Poison Ivy, on "Kizmiaz" (as well as on the B-side "Get Off the Road" included on the 1990 reissue) 

Critical reception
Robert Palmer, in The New York Times, praised the album and called it the band's best   He wrote: "After a decade together, the Cramps have learned to focus and intensify their inventive revisions of rock-and-roll tradition and their playfully anarchic spirit " The A to X of Alternative Music called it the band's "most effective distillation of psychedelia, punk and rock'n'roll "

Track listing
Charts
Personnel
The Cramps
Lux Interior – vocals
Poison Ivy Rorschach – guitars, bass, vocals on "Kizmiaz" and "Get Off the Road"
Nick Knox – drums, bongoswith:

McMartin Preschool Choir (includes Fur Dixon) – vocals on "People Ain't No Good"

Technical
Mark Ettel, Steve Macmillan – engineer
Joe Schiff, Tony Chiappa – assistant engineers
Eddy Schreyer – mastering
The Cramps – cover layout, photography
Phil Smee – cover illustration (lettering)
Passage 4:
Like a Baby
"Like a Baby" is a song written by Jesse Stone  It was recorded by Vikki Nelson for a Vik Records single in 1957  Priscilla Bowman recorded it for Abner Records in 1959  It was also recorded by Elvis Presley for his 1960 album Elvis Is Back!  James Brown and the Famous Flames recorded the song and released it as a single in 1963, which charted No  24 R&B  The single's B-side, an instrumental version of "Every Beat of My Heart", also charted, reaching No  99 on the  Billboard Hot 100  Brown and the Flames performed "Like a Baby" on their 1964 live album Pure Dynamite! Live at the Royal 
Wanda Jackson recorded "Like a Baby" for her 2011 album The Party Ain't Over 
Glenn Danzig recorded the song for his 2020 album Danzig Sings Elvis 
This is not the song "Like a Baby" recorded by Len Barry (1965) and written by John Madara, David White and Len Barry 

Personnel (Elvis Presley version)
Sourced from Keith Flynn 
Elvis Presley – lead vocals, acoustic rhythm/lead guitars
Scotty Moore — electric guitar
D  J  Fontana — drums
Hank Garland – six-string bass guitar
Bob Moore – double bass
Floyd Cramer – piano
Boots Randolph – saxophone
Buddy Harman – drums
The Jordanaires – backing vocals
Passage 5:
Santa Bring My Baby Back (To Me)
"Santa Bring My Baby Back (To Me)" is a 1957 Christmas song by Aaron Schroeder and Claude Demetrius, recorded by Elvis Presley  The song was released on the RCA Victor Elvis' Christmas Album in 1957 

Background
The song, written by Aaron Schroeder and Claude Demetrius, has been a popular Christmas song during the Holiday season on radio stations for decades  The song appeared originally as part of an RCA Victor 45 EP, EPA-4108, with "Santa Claus is Back in Town", "Blue Christmas", and "I'll Be Home for Christmas" in 1957  The EP reached #1 on the Billboard EP chart  The song was recorded on September 7, 1957, and features the vocal backing of the Jordanaires 
"Santa Bring My Baby Back (To Me)" was paired with "Santa Claus Is Back In Town" and was issued as a UK single concurrently with the album's release in 1957  The single reached #7 on the UK Singles Chart in November 1957 

Album appearances
The song appeared on the original RCA Victor LP, Elvis' Christmas Album, the 1958 reissue, the 1970 RCA Camden reissue, the UK release of the Camden version, CDS 1155, the 1975 Pickwick reissue, and the 1985 RCA Special Products rerelease 

Cover versions
"Baby Come Back," a song with the same melody and similar lyrics but without any references to Santa Claus or Christmas, was one of the earliest releases of Johnny Rivers in 1958 
In the 1965 Rolling Stones documentary film Charlie Is My Darling, the song is sung impromptu by Mick Jagger and Keith Richards in a hotel lounge 
Mae West recorded the song for her 1967 Christmas album Wild Christmas  The Reverend Horton Heat recorded the song for his 2005 Christmas album We Three Kings   Eleanor Friedberger released a cover version on the 2013 compilation album Holidays Rule 
The song has also been recorded or performed by The Smithereens, The Refreshments, Jeff Healey, 45 R P M , Arena Venus, Kim Stockwood, Terry Buchwald, Chris Isaak, Jimmy "Orion" Ellis, Janice Hagan, Rick Saucedo, and Tony Witt  John Candy performed the song in character as drag queen/actor Divine in a Christmas-themed episode of SCTV 
Train recorded the song for their 2015 album Christmas in Tahoe 
Passage 6:
List of songs recorded by Britney Spears
American pop singer Britney Spears made her chart debut in November 1998 with "   Baby One More Time", which attained global success  It was followed by the release of her debut studio album    Baby One More Time (1999), which opened at number one on the Canadian Albums Chart and the US Billboard 200, and was later certified fourteen-times platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA)  Spears's second studio album, Oops!    I Did It Again, was released on May 16, 2000, and became the fastest-selling album by a female act in the US, selling 1,319,193 units in its opening week  It spawned the singles "Oops!    I Did It Again", "Lucky", "Stronger", and "Don't Let Me Be the Last to Know"  In November 2001, Spears's released "I'm a Slave 4 U", the lead single from her self-titled third studio album (2001)  In November 2003, Spears's fourth studio album, In the Zone, was released  The album includes "Me Against the Music", a collaboration with Madonna that reached number one on the European Hot 100 Singles, and "Toxic", which earned Spears her first Grammy Award in the category Best Dance Recording  Her first compilation album, Greatest Hits: My Prerogative, was released the following year 
Following her personal struggles through 2007, Spears's fifth studio album, Blackout, was released in October of the same year  The album sold over three million units worldwide, spawning the hit singles "Gimme More" and "Piece of Me"  With the release of her sixth studio album Circus (2008), Spears became the only act in the Nielsen SoundScan era (1991–present) to have four albums debut with US sales of 500,000 or more copies  Including the singles "Womanizer" and "Circus", it sold four million copies worldwide Spears's third compilation album, The Singles Collection (2009), includes her third US number-one single "3"  In 2011, Spears released the single "Hold It Against Me", making her the second artist in the Billboard Hot 100 chart's 52-year history to debut at number one with two or more songs, after Mariah Carey  The track was included on her seventh studio album Femme Fatale (2011), which debuted at number one on the US Billboard 200  Spears's eighth studio album, Britney Jean, was released in 2013; it made little commercial impact and received mixed reviews from critics but spawned the hit single "Work Bitch", which was certified platinum in the United States  Glory, the ninth studio album from Spears, was released in August 2016 to critical praise and chart success but failed to reach the success of her other albums 
Spears has sold over 100 million records worldwide and more than 28 6 million digital singles in the US alone, making her one of the best-selling music artists of all time  Billboard ranked her as the eighth-overall Artist of the Decade; it also recognized her as the best-selling female album artist of the first decade of the 21st century and the fifth overall  The RIAA also recognized Spears as the eighth top-selling female artist in the US, with 34 5 million certified albums  Spears is among the few artists in history to have had a number-one single and a number-one album in each of the three decades of their career (1990s, 2000s, and 2010s) 

Songs
Passage 7:
Heaven Only Knows (album)
Heaven Only Knows is the seventh album by R&B crooner Teddy Pendergrass  It was his final studio album for Philadelphia International, released just after he left the label to record for Asylum Records  It produced one single, "I Want My Baby Back," which reached #61 on the Billboard charts in 1984 

Critical reception
The Philadelphia Inquirer noted that, "except for the gentle, eloquent 'Crazy About Your Love', these Gamble- and Huff-produced tunes are mawkish and overblown "

Track listing
"Crazy About Your Love" (Bobby Womack, Kenny Gamble, Leon Huff)
"Judge for Yourself" (Dexter Wansel, Cynthia Biggs)
"I Want My Baby Back" (Womack, Gamble)
"Life Is for Living" (Frank Prescott, Michael Burton, Phil Terry)
"You and Me for Right Now" (Victor Carstarphen, Gene McFadden, John Whitehead)
"Just Because You're Mine" (Gene McFadden, John Whitehead)
"Heaven Only Knows" (LeRoy Bell, Casey James)
"Don't Ever Stop (Giving Your Love to Me)" (Gamble, Huff)
Passage 8:
Mark Chesnutt (album)
Mark Chesnutt is the tenth studio album by American country music artist Mark Chesnutt  His only album for the Columbia Records Nashville label, it features the singles "She Was", "I Want My Baby Back" and "I'm in Love with a Married Woman", which peaked at #11, #47, and #48, respectively, on the Billboard Hot Country Songs charts  "I'm in Love with a Married Woman" was later recorded by Blaine Larsen on his 2006 album Rockin' You Tonight 

Track listing
Personnel
Chart performance
Passage 9:
Oh Santa!
"Oh Santa!" is a song by American singer and songwriter Mariah Carey from her second Christmas album and thirteenth studio album, Merry Christmas II You (2010)  Carey wrote and produced the song in collaboration with Jermaine Dupri and Bryan-Michael Cox  It was released as the lead single from the album on October 1, 2010 by Island Def Jam Records  It is an up-tempo R&B song about Carey making a plea for Santa Claus to bring back her partner in time for the Christmas holidays  It received a positive response from music critics, with many praising its composition and style 
The track set a record on the United States Billboard Adult Contemporary songs chart, debuting at number twelve and peaking at number one the following week for four weeks  It became the first song to reach the summit in two weeks  It further became Carey's seventh number-one song on the chart  Carey filmed a 1960s-style music video to accompany the song's release as a single, and performed it on various programs in the lead up to Christmas, including her own TV special called Mariah Carey: Merry Christmas to You 
It was later adapted to be the finale of A Christmas Melody, a 2015 Hallmark Channel Christmas movie, with its lyrics tweaked to be relevant for Broadway child performer Fina Strazza's character singing about her single mother finding love  On December 4, 2020, a new version was released featuring singers Ariana Grande and Jennifer Hudson, as a single from the soundtrack to Mariah Carey's Magical Christmas Special for Apple TV+ 

Background and composition
"Oh Santa!" was written and produced by Mariah Carey, Jermaine Dupri and Bryan-Michael Cox for Carey's second Christmas/thirteenth studio album, Merry Christmas II You (2010); Rye Songs administered by Songs of Universal (BMI)/Shaniah Cymone Music|EMI April Music Inc  (ASCAP)/WBM Music Corp Inc /Pamela & Lorrence's Publishing LLC (SESAC)  Her vocals were recorded by Brian Garten, Marcus Johnson and Thomas Kanarek, Martin Cooke, Nicholas Essif and Peter Mack, and the music by John Horesco at Guardian Angel Studios, Westlake Recording Studios, Henson Studios and Capitol Recording Studios  It was mixed by Phil Tan and Damien Lewis at The Ninja Beat Club  Dupri played the drums and Randy Jackson performed bass  Cox plated the keyboard and percussion  The background vocals were sung by Angie Fisher, Melonie Daniels, Maryann Tatum, Sharlotte Gibson and Toni Scruggs "Oh Santa!" was one of four original compositions by Carey to be included on the album  It premiered on October 1, 2010, in the United States  An EP consisting of six remixes by Jump Smokers and Low Sunday were released on December 7, while a mix of "Oh Santa! and one of Carey's previous Christmas songs "All I Want for Christmas Is You", titled "Oh Santa! All I Want for Christmas Is You (Holiday Mashup)", was released on December 17  "Oh Santa!" is an up-tempo and festive R&B song, which lasts for a duration of three minutes, thirty-one seconds  It has a 1960s girl-group swing feel  The song, in the key of C♯ major, has a tempo of 80 beats per minute  Carey's voice spans more than three octaves, from  B♭2 to the high note of F♯6  Instrumentation consists of sleigh bells, jingle bells, hand claps and a piano melody, backed by a "school-yard chant beat"  Lyrically, Carey makes a plea to Santa Claus asking him to bring back her "baby" in time for Christmas, singing "Santa's gon' come and make him mine this Christmas "

Critical reception
Mike Diver of the BBC wrote that "Oh Santa!" is a "boisterous" song which "makes perfect sense" as a lead single  He continued to write that although it fell substandard to "All I Want for Christmas Is You", it would still "warrant revisiting 12 months down the line"  Rolling Stone writer Caryn Ganz commented on the composition, writing "Mariah bops to a schoolyard-chant beat"  Joey Guerra of the Houston Chronicle described the song as "irresistible" and predicted that it would "dominate ringtones" in the run up to Christmas  A reviewer for Idolator described the track as a "boppy" Christmas version of Avril Lavigne's "Girlfriend"  Rich Juzwiak of The Village Voice was critical of the song, writing "Of the four Mariah-penned new tracks, the Jermaine Dupri/Bryan-Michael Cox collaboration 'Oh Santa!' tries the hardest, an antique kitchen-sink replica that manages to invoke a cheerleading squad, the Pointer Sisters, Mariah's own 'Loverboy', and Hey Ya!'  Full of mumbling and cattiness, it's difficult to sing along to, so its prospects of becoming a perennial favorite are dim "

Chart performance
In the United States, "Oh Santa!" became a record-breaking entry on the Billboard Adult Contemporary songs chart  It debuted at number twelve for the issue dated December 11, 2010  The track soared to number one the following week, marking the quickest ascent to the peak position since Nielsen BDS began tracking airplay in 1993, in just two weeks  Previously, eight songs had reached number one within three weeks, four of which were Christmas entries due to adult contemporary radio stations playing an increased amount in the holiday season  "Oh Santa!" became Carey's seventh number-one hit on the chart, and her first in fifteen years since "One Sweet Day" (1995–96), a duet with Boyz II Men  The singer also topped the chart with her debut single "Vision of Love" (her first) and "Love Takes Time" in 1990, "I Don't Wanna Cry" in 1991, and "Can't Let Go" and "I'll Be There" in 1992  "Oh Santa!" remained atop the chart for four consecutive weeks altogether  It finished at number 42 on the 2011 Adult Contemporary year-end chart  For the week ending October 30, 2010, Carey occupied the top two positions on the Holiday Digital Songs chart: "Oh Santa!" debuted at number one while "All I Want For Christmas Is You" charted at number two  On January 1, 2011, the track debuted at number one-hundred on the Billboard Hot 100 chart, and number forty on the Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Digital Songs chart Elsewhere, the track debuted at number thirty-six on the South Korean Gaon International Digital Singles Chart for the week ending November 20, 2010  It later peaked at number thirty-two for the week ending December 25, 2010  On the International Download Singles Chart, the track peaked at number thirty  "On Santa!" peaked at number sixty-eight on the Japan Hot 100  The song peaked at number seventy-three on January 1, 2011, for two consecutive weeks on the Canadian Hot 100 chart 

Music video
The music video for "Oh Santa!" was directed by Ethan Lader and was shot in Los Angeles on October 6, 2010  Reports surfaced online that Carey's then-husband Nick Cannon would be directing the video, however Cannon dispelled the rumors on Twitter, saying "I am NOT directing " The video for "Oh Santa!" premiered on entertainment news program Access Hollywood on November 2, 2010  Prior to its release, various media outlets speculated that the video was going incorporate the same on-set style as seen in Outkast's music video for their 2003 single "Hey Ya!", with the singer as the main feature in front of  a large audience  Carey's fan site MariahDaily posted a message on their website asking people within the Los Angeles area to appear for a casting call for a chance to be featured in the video 

Synopsis
The video draws influence from the 1950s and 1960s variety shows and features Carey wearing a short, red "sexy Santa" ensemble, whilst on stage with a band, which featured gospel backup singers as well as a group of dancers, consisting of cheerleaders  The plotline is centered on Carey hosting a "Mariah Carey Christmas" television show  The announcer introduces Carey saying "here she is, the greatest singer of all time, Ms  Mariah Carey!"  The video then shows Carey's backup singers belting out the chorus while the singer is seen performing in front of a cheering audience  Her collection of fragrances is also advertised in the opening  In the second half of the video, Santa Claus makes an appearance, waving to friends and sharing a hug with Carey  The video ends with the singer laughing while the audience cheers and claps for her performance 

Reception
Becky Bain of Idolator commented on the simple structure and themes of the video, writing "There’s not much to this simple vid, but it does feature Carey doing her usual hand-waving theatrics while hitting some absolutely killer high notes " Bain also observed that the vast majority of the shots of Carey are either long shots, showing the singer from a distance, or close-up shots, showing Carey from the shoulders and above so that the viewer was not able to easily recognize that she was pregnant  Nicole James of MTV Buzzworthy also praised the content of the video, writing "Of course, it wouldn't be a Mariah Carey video without some glitz and glam so the stage and backdrop are covered in (what else?) glitter  Mariah puts on a great show and sings her heart out with that famous eight-octave range     scrooges need not apply, 'Oh Santa!' is fun and festive and has you longing for a sip of eggnog "

Remixes
When the song was first released as a single in 2010, six dance remixes were commissioned and were later released as a digital EP  A mashup of the song with 1994's "All I Want for Christmas Is You" produced by Jump Smokers titled "Oh Santa! All I Want for Christmas Is You (Holiday Mashup)" was also released on December 13, 2010 

Track listings and formats
Charts
Tenth anniversary version featuring Ariana Grande & Jennifer Hudson
For the tenth anniversary of the song, Carey re-recorded and re-released the song commercially as a new remix  Carey recorded the new version of the song with Ariana Grande and Jennifer Hudson  The new version served as the lead single from Carey's second soundtrack album, Mariah Carey's Magical Christmas Special  The song was released across all streaming platforms on December 4, 2020, accompanied by its official music video, premiered the same day on Carey's YouTube account 

Background
Talking to Billboard, Carey stated in regards to the song that "originally, I was blending with myself [   ] but it was cool to be able to work with the different vocal textures and play around with it and reimagine it " She went on to describe the song as a "girl group moment" 

Reception
The remix received positive reviews on release  Billboard writer Rania Aniftos wrote that the three singers "trading verses and harmonies" amounts for a "truly angelic result"  Chris Murphy, writer for Vulture went on to say that "the trio, the remix, and the accompanying music video absolutely makes the nice list in every possible way "In its first week of release, the song sold 10,000 downloads in the United States and 9,250 equivalent units in the United Kingdom 

Charts
Release history
See also
List of Billboard Adult Contemporary number ones of 2010
List of Billboard Adult Contemporary number ones of 2011
List of artists who reached number one on the U S  Adult Contemporary chart
Passage 10:
Black Elvis/Lost in Space
Black Elvis/Lost in Space is the fourth solo studio album by American rapper and producer Kool Keith, and his first release under the alias of 'Black Elvis'  It was intended to be released the same day as First Come, First Served, but was pushed back by Columbia Records and ended up being released four months later on August 10, 1999 through Relativity Entertainment Distribution rather than Sony Music Distribution, denoted by the WK prefix instead of the customary CK prefix and the legal copy on the release   Black Elvis 2 followed in 2023 

Background
Kool Keith uses very complex rhymes on various subject matters from Black Elvis' viewpoint on half of the album and on the other half elaborates on space travel and being lost in space  This is the first album for which Keith handled all of the production, although drum programming was done by Kutmasta Kurt and Marc Live  Sadat X, Black Silver, Roger Troutman, Motion Man, Kid Capri and Pimpin' Rex made guest appearances on the record 
A promotional video was made for the track "Livin' Astro" which aired on a few episodes of the MTV show Amp in early 2000  The video features Kool Keith acting as several different personas amidst a sci-fi backdrop that resembles the Black Elvis/Lost in Space album cover  The personas include the Original Black Elvis, Orange Man, the Kid in the Commercial, Lonnie Hendrex, and Light-Blue Cop 
Kool Keith was displeased with the lack of promotion for the Black Elvis project, and vented his frustrations about his label on the songs "Release Date" and "Test Press " He also published the e-mail addresses of several Ruffhouse executives, asking his fans to demand better promotion 

Reception
The album peaked at number 180 on the US Billboard 200, #74 on the Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums, #10 on the Heatseekers Albums 

Track listing
Sample credits
Track 5 contains elements from "Come Go With Me" by Teddy Pendergrass (1979)
Track 8 contains elements from "Our House" by Madness (1982)
Track 11 contains elements from "Snake" by Charles Earland (1973)
Track 16 contains elements from "You Used to Love Me" by Faith Evans (1995)

Personnel
Charts
Context 3: Passage 1:
KCND
KCND (90 5 FM) is a public radio station licensed to Bismarck  It signed on the air in 1981 as Prairie Public Radio, which later became part of the statewide North Dakota Public Radio network, the entirety of which was later renamed Prairie Public Radio  It currently broadcasts with an effective radiated power of 50 kW on 90 5 MHz 

External links
Prairie Public radio website
KCND in the FCC FM station database
KCND on Radio-Locator
KCND in Nielsen Audio's FM station database
Passage 2:
Eric Plakun
Eric M  Plakun is an American psychiatrist, psychoanalyst, researcher and forensic psychiatrist  He is the current medical director/CEO at the Austen Riggs Center in Stockbridge, Massachusetts  Plakun's primary interests include the mental health advocacy, full implementation of the mental health parity law, access-to-care issues, and reducing health disparities; the value of and evidence base for psychosocial treatments and the diagnosis, treatment, longitudinal course and outcome of patients with borderline personality disorder and treatment resistant disorders  Plakun has been widely published and quoted in the media on psychotherapy and psychiatry, including in The New York Times and The Globe and Mail  He has appeared in the media to discuss his psychiatric work on WAMC, the Albany, New York, affiliate of NPR  and on CBS 60 Minutes  His psychiatric research has been widely cited 

Career
Plakun attended Hofstra University and received an M D  from the Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons in 1972  After an internship in medicine at Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, Plakun worked as a rural primary care practitioner in Vermont before completing a psychiatric residency also at Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center and a Fellowship and Advanced Fellowship in Psychoanalytic Studies at the Austen Riggs Center 
He is a Distinguished Life Fellow of the American Psychiatric Association, and serves on the APA Board of Trustees representing New England and Eastern Canada  He is a former member of the APA Assembly, where he served as chair of the Assembly Committee of Representatives of Subspecialties and Sections and on the Assembly Executive Committee  In the APA he has also been past chair of the Committee on Psychotherapy by Psychiatrists, and the founding leader of the APA Psychotherapy Caucus  Plakun is a Fellow of the American College of Psychiatrists and a Fellow of the American College of Psychoanalysts  He is a Psychoanalytic Fellow and former Trustee of the American Academy of Psychoanalysis and Dynamic Psychiatry  He is an associate editor of the journal Psychodynamic Psychiatry  Plakun also served for more than a decade with the American Board of Psychiatry and Neurology as a member of the written test committee and as an oral examiner  In 2003, Plakun was selected by the 1700 member Massachusetts Psychiatric Society as the "Outstanding Psychiatrist in Clinical Psychiatry " In addition, Plakun is a member of the Group for the Advancement of Psychiatry (GAP) Committee on Psychotherapy  and the American College of Psychoanalysts Board of Regents 

APA Psychotherapy Caucus
Plakun led the effort that culminated in the founding of the American Psychiatric Association Psychotherapy Caucus, established in 2014  The purpose of the caucus is to connect APA members who share an interest in psychotherapy and psychosocial treatments as well as to "raise the profile of psychotherapy and psychosocial treatment in psychiatry, and to secure skills in these areas as part of the training and identity of future psychiatrists so the field and its practitioners are practicing within a genuinely biopsychosocial model " The caucus is engaged in a number of advocacy and educational activities and currently has close to 300 members 

Research and writing
Plakun is the editor of New Perspectives on Narcissism (American Psychiatric Press, 1990) and Treatment Resistance and Patient Authority: The Austen Riggs Reader (W W  Norton & Company, 2011) and author of nearly 100 articles and book chapters on the diagnosis, treatment, longitudinal course and outcome of patients with borderline personality disorder, treatment resistant disorders, and on shared elements of various schools of psychotherapy  An advocate for the value of psychotherapy and psychosocial treatment, Plakun has argued for the full implementation of the Mental Health Parity and Addictions Equity Act, served as Plaintiffs’ expert on adult mental disorders in Wit v  United Behavioral Health federal class-action, and has presented and written about the case  He has also researched and written on what he calls "Psychiatry’s False Assumptions":  [1] genes = disease; [2] patients present with single disorders that respond to specific evidence-based treatments; and [3] the best treatments are pills  Separately, he has written about psychodynamic residential treatment for patients who have encountered an impasse in their treatment and has called for an evidence-based, inclusive reconceptualization of how psychotherapy competencies are presented and taught to residents 

Selected publications
Plakun, Eric M ; Burkhardt, Paul E ; Muller, John P  (September 1985)  "14-year follow-up of borderline and schizotypal personality disorders"  Comprehensive Psychiatry  26 (5): 448–455  doi:10 1016/0010-440X(85)90081-1  PMID 4028695 
Plakun, Eric M  (September 1989)  "Narcissistic Personality Disorder: A Validity Study and Comparison to Borderline Personality Disorder"  Psychiatric Clinics of North America  12 (3): 603–620  doi:10 1016/S0193-953X(18)30417-9 
Plakun, E  M  (February 1996)  "Treatment of personality disorders in an era of limited resources"  Psychiatric Services  47 (2): 128–130  doi:10 1176/ps 47 2 128  PMID 8825245 
Plakun, Eric M (2001)  "Making the alliance and taking the transference in work with suicidal patients"  The Journal of Psychotherapy Practice and Research  10 (4): 269–276  PMC 3330670  PMID 11696654 
Plakun, EM (1994)  "Principles in the psychotherapy of self-destructive borderline patients"  The Journal of Psychotherapy Practice and Research  3 (2): 138–48  PMC 3330365  PMID 22700187 
Plakun, Eric M  (January 2006)  "Finding Psychodynamic Psychiatry's Lost Generation"  The Journal of the American Academy of Psychoanalysis and Dynamic Psychiatry  34 (1): 135–150  doi:10 1521/jaap 2006 34 1 135  PMID 16548752  ProQuest 198147134  Cited in 29 publications 
Plakun, Eric M  (June 1991)  "Prediction of Outcome in Borderline Personality Disorder"  Journal of Personality Disorders  5 (2): 93–101  doi:10 1521/pedi 1991 5 2 93  ProQuest 848889730  Cited in 41 publications 
Plakun, Eric M ; Sudak, Donna M ; Goldberg, David (January 2009)  "The Y Model: An Integrated, Evidence-Based Approach to Teaching Psychotherapy Competencies"  Journal of Psychiatric Practice  15 (1): 5–11  doi:10 1097/01 pra 0000344914 54082 eb  PMID 19182560  S2CID 2520530 
Sledge, William; Plakun, Eric M; Bauer, Stephen; Brodsky, Beth; Caligor, Eve; Clemens, Norman A; Deen, Serina; Kay, Jerald; Lazar, Susan; Mellman, Lisa A; Myers, Michael; Oldham, John; Yeomans, Frank (2014)  "Psychotherapy for suicidal patients with borderline personality disorder: an expert consensus review of common factors across five therapies"  Borderline Personality Disorder and Emotion Dysregulation  1 (1): 16  doi:10 1186/2051-6673-1-16  PMC 4579509  PMID 26401300 
Eric M , Plakun (May 27, 2015)  "Correcting Psychiatry's False Assumptions and Implementing Parity"  Psychiatric Times  32 (5) 
Passage 3:
Steve Robinson (executive)
Steve Robinson (born September 7, 1946) is an American radio manager, producer and executive producer  He has held senior management positions with numerous American radio stations, including WFMT and the WFMT Radio Network/Chicago, WBUR/Boston, WGBH/Boston, WCRB/Boston, KPFA/Berkeley, WBGO/Newark, Vermont Public Radio and Nebraska Public Radio Network ork  Robinson served as general manager of the statewide Nebraska Public Radio Network (1990-2000) and WFMT and the WFMT Radio Network from 2000 until October 2016 A 50-year radio veteran, he has produced programs ranging from classical music documentaries to public affairs programs and has directed over 100 on-air pledge drives 

Personal life and career
He was born in Boston in 1946  He completed graduation from Boston University in 1969 with a degree in music education  Robinson started his professional career in 1967 at WBUR/Boston while will an undergraduate at Boston University  At WBUR, he produced and hosted six two-hour classical music programs per week  He also created and co-hosted a Saturday morning live call-in program about high fidelity called Shop Talk which ran from 1968 to 1978 After WBUR, Robinson held positions at WGBH and WCRB/Boston and KPFA/Berkeley  In 1976 he was appointed the first development director of Vermont Public Radio (VPR)  At VPR, he won a national award from the Corporation for Public Broadcasting (CPB) for “The Sky Report with Professor Delo Mook”, a five-minute daily program about astrophysics that was syndicated throughout the U S  CPB cited the program for “innovative idea and superb execution ” In 1980, he became the first development director for the newly created Jazz station, WBGO/Jazz88 in Newark  At WBGO, Robinson helped establish the station as one of the most important Jazz stations in the U S In 1971, Robinson met multi-reed instrumentalist, Rahsaan Roland Kirk, and worked with him on several projects, including Radio Free Rahsaan, an eight-part series of one-hour radio programs  After Mr  Kirk’s untimely passing in 1977, he produced Memories of Rahsaan, a series of 30-minute programs that became part of Radio Free Rahsaan In 1984, he co-founded AIR, the Association of Independents in Radio, a service organization to assist independent radio producers in the United States  Robinson wrote AIR’s first two successful grants from the New York State Council on the Arts and the National Endowment for the Arts In 1990, Robinson became the general manager of the newly formed Nebraska Public Radio Network (NPRN), a nine-station system of transmitters throughout the state that reached over one million listeners Throughout his career, Robinson has produced dozens of radio programs that have been heard throughout the world, including live broadcasts from Salzburg, Austria (on the occasion of Mozart’s 250th birthday); Durbin, South Africa (for the world premiere for the opera, “Princess Magogo); Quebec City, Canada (for a live broadcast of Mahler’s Symphony of a Thousand with 1000 performers); Jerusalem, Israel (for a broadcast from the Jerusalem International Chamber Music Festival); and has produced numerous live broadcasts from Chicago and throughout the U S He has worked with William Schuman, Elliott Carter, Charles Dodge, Roger Reynolds, Alan Hovhaness and other composers on programs about their music  In 2003, he created the daily classical music appreciation radio program, Exploring Music with Bill McGlaughlin  The series is carried by state networks throughout the world including Australia and China  At the WFMT Radio Network he created the first classical music radio exchange between the United States and China 

WFMT and the WFMT Radio Network
In 2000, Robinson became the general manager of WFMT and the WFMT Radio Network  Founded in 1951, WFMT is considered as one of the most admired classical music stations in the U S  and under his leadership many new programs were added to the local schedule, including Introductions, Impromptu and others  Robinson worked on diversifying the programs of WFMT by expanding the amount of live broadcasting from the station One of his most important initiatives at the WFMT Radio Network was the creation of Exploring Music with Bill McGlaughlin, in 2003  This daily, one-hour music appreciation program is heard on over 60 U S  stations and has a weekly audience of over 400,000 unique listeners  The program is also heard in Australia, Guam, the Philippines and in Beijing  Initial funding for Exploring Music was provided by the National Endowment for the Arts with additional funding from individuals and foundations The station under his leadership focused on live music by broadcasting a wide array of local Chicago groups and ensembles  In 2007, the Chicago Tribune named him “Chicagoan of the Year” in the arts In 2015, he executed a cross-cultural broadcast relationship between America and China by exporting to China for the first time broadcasting concerts by the NY Philharmonic, LA Philharmonic, San Francisco Symphony, Dallas Symphony, Chamber Music Society of Lincoln Center and Carnegie Hall  He also arranged for concerts from the Shanghai Spring International Music Festival and the Shanghai Symphony Orchestra to be exported to the West with broadcasts in the U S , Canada and Europe In 2022, Robinson launched a YouTube channel for his series, The Architects of Music with Lawrence Rapchak 

Other work
In 2004 and again in 2010, Robinson created and produced two, live, 17-hour fundraising campaigns involving all Chicago radio and TV stations to aid victims of the tsunami in southeast and the earthquake in Haiti  Each campaign raised over $3 million  Robinson received two Wesbury Award from the American Red Cross of Greater Chicago for the fundraising campaigns In 2008, Robinson and Bill McGlaughlin received the Dushkin Award for Exploring Music with Bill McGlaughlin from the Music Institute of Chicago  He has received local and national awards for his work in Chicago, including the Champion Award from the Merit School of Music, the ASCAP/Deems Taylor Award for creative programming and others 
Passage 4:
New Jersey Network
The New Jersey Network (NJN) was a network of public television and radio stations serving the U S  state of New Jersey   NJN was a member of the Public Broadcasting Service (PBS) for television and the National Public Radio (NPR) for radio, broadcasting their programming as well as producing and broadcasting their own programming, mostly relating to issues in New Jersey   With studios in both Trenton and Newark, NJN's television network covered all of New Jersey, plus parts of Pennsylvania, New York, Connecticut and Delaware   The radio network primarily served several areas of New Jersey that were not covered by Philadelphia and New York City public radio stations 
New Jersey Network ended operations on June 30, 2011   The television network was succeeded by NJTV (now branded as "NJ PBS"), and the radio stations were split through two separate sales to NPR-member stations in Philadelphia and New York 

Early history
The system was founded in 1968 by an act of the New Jersey Legislature establishing the New Jersey Public Broadcasting Authority (NJPBA)   New Jersey already had a public television station licensed within the state, WNET (channel 13), licensed to Newark  However, while WNET had offices and studios in Newark, for all practical purposes it was a New York City station, effectively leaving New Jersey without a public station of its own 
With state funding and four UHF licenses assigned years earlier by the Federal Communications Commission, the NJPBA went to work building the state's public television stations  The first station, WNJT (channel 52) in Trenton, went on the air on April 5, 1971, with the other three stations signing on over the next two years  The system was known on-air as New Jersey Public Television (NJPTV) until 1981, when it adopted the New Jersey Network identity 
Due to New Jersey being split between the New York City and Philadelphia television markets, NJN's television network reached one of the largest potential audiences in the country  At the time of its closure, it potentially reached over 25 million people in parts of five states  However, it also forced NJN to compete directly against three of the highest-rated PBS stations in the nation–WNET, secondary New York City member station WLIW, and Wilmington, Delaware-licensed WHYY-TV, in the Philadelphia market  Two other PBS member stations based in Pennsylvania, WLVT-TV in Allentown and WVIA-TV in Scranton, were also viewable in portions of NJN's coverage area 
NJN spent most of its existence trying to carve out a niche of its own  One of its solutions had been to air some of the more popular PBS shows on a delayed basis, after the nearby stations had carried the national PBS feed  Programs that might be seen on WNET and WHYY-TV would air on NJN a week or two later   Another solution was to focus on its news operation  The latter worked very well, as NJN and its reporters won many awards for their journalistic efforts  In the 1980s, NJN was the first media outlet to break the "Taggart affair" political patronage scandal  NJN's news and public affairs programming was initially co-produced by WNET until 1981, and continued simulcasting on WNET for several years afterward  This was part of a longstanding agreement between the FCC, New Jersey officials, and WNET that allowed WNET to fulfill its local programming obligations (since it was still licensed to Newark) 
NJN's radio network began operation on May 20, 1991, when WNJT-FM in Trenton started operations  Eight other stations were established over the following seventeen years  They served mainly to bring NPR programming to the few areas of New Jersey without a clear signal from New York's WNYC AM-FM and Philadelphia's WHYY-FM 
In the immediate aftermath of the September 11 attacks of 2001, the station temporarily broadcast WABC-TV 

Transition
In 2008, in the face of a proposed 35 percent cut in funding, NJN officials asked the state legislature for permission to become an independent nonprofit entity  Under this proposal, the state network would have likely been transferred to its nonprofit fundraising arm, the NJN Foundation  Two consultants looking into fundraising options speculated that breaking off from the state would have triggered an avalanche of private funding After assuming the office of New Jersey Governor in 2010, Chris Christie voiced his support for transforming NJN into a not-for-profit organization in his March 2010 budget speech  Christie believed the state taxpayers should not have to support a TV and radio network which many never watched or listened to, a stand in keeping with the growing Republican interest at the time in populism 
On October 15, 2010, a bipartisan legislative task force called for a "dramatic reconfiguration" of the state network, but not full privatization  Christie nonetheless moved forward with plans to remove state funding  On November 17, NJN handed termination notices to 130 employees, leading to speculation that the state network would shut down on January 1, 2011, when funding from the state would end  On December 17, 2010, Governor Christie signed legislation to transfer the state network to independent funding  The legislation also suspended the layoffs 

Endgame
On June 6, 2011, the split of NJN's radio and television operations was announced by Gov  Christie   They were as follows:
Television: WNET assumed control of NJN's television stations for what was, initially, a five-year term under a new nonprofit entity called Public Media NJ  The television network was renamed NJTV, and promised to feature increased coverage of news and issues pertinent to New Jersey, as well as programming from the WNET and PBS libraries  Caucus Educational Corporation, which produces Caucus: New Jersey, serves as a producing partner with NJTV for New Jersey-focused public affairs programming  The agreement did not include transfer of the station licenses, which were retained by the New Jersey Public Broadcasting Authority; the contracts are instead tantamount to local management agreements in commercial broadcasting which nominally do not require approval from the FCC  Ironically, NJN was created in part due to concerns that WNET and WHYY-TV were not adequately serving the New Jersey portions of their service area 
Radio: NJN's radio network was divided in a pair of multi-station sales, with New York Public Radio (owners of WNYC-AM-FM in New York City and Newark-licensed WQXR-FM) acquiring four stations and WHYY-FM in Philadelphia obtaining the other five  New York Public Radio used its stations to start a new New Jersey-oriented network, New Jersey Public Radio, while WHYY turned its new acquisitions into repeaters of WHYY-FM  These sales were approved by the FCC on August 29, 2011 On June 23, 2011, the New Jersey State Assembly voted, 45 to 30, in favor of rejecting the WNET/Caucus proposal for transfer of control of the NJN television stations  The state Senate, however, passed the resolution on June 27 by a 20 to 19 margin, allowing the deal to go into effect as scheduled on July 1  All 130 NJN employees, who had been New Jersey state civil servants, either retired, were reassigned to other state agencies, or were terminated as a result of the system's closure The last scheduled program aired on NJN television was Theatre Talk, which was followed by a previously-aired news report and a pre-taped farewell message by Janice Selinger, NJN's acting executive director  NJN's website, www njn net, was archived and remained active for about a year after the shutdown; it redirected to the NJTV webpage, www njtvonline org for some time afterward  However, as of September 2014, it no longer redirected to that website, as the domain name was sold  Some of NJN's in-house public affairs programs, such as Due Process, On the Record and Reporters Roundtable, were picked up by, and continue to air on, its successor, NJTV 

Television
The NJN television stations were:

Camden: WNJS (channel 23/RF 22)
Montclair: WNJN (channel 50/RF 51)1
New Brunswick: WNJB (channel 58/RF 8)
Trenton: WNJT (channel 52/RF 43)
Notes
1 WNJN used the callsign WNJM (the M standing for Montclair) from 1973 sign-on to 1994 Signal ReachWNJS: all of southern New Jersey (including, Camden, Haddon Township, Atlantic City), as well as Philadelphia and Wilmington, Delaware
WNJN: all of northern New Jersey (including Newark, Jersey City and Paterson), as well as southern New York state (New York City and western Long Island) and a small portion of southwestern Connecticut
WNJT: most of central New Jersey (including the city of Trenton, Monmouth, Mercer and Ocean counties)
WNJB: most of north-central New Jersey (including, New Brunswick, Hunterdon, Somerset and Middlesex counties)

Digital television
The state network's digital signals were multiplexed:

After NJN ceased operations and WNET took over the operations of NJN, NJN Kids was removed and sub-channel  3 remained with no programming  In October 2017, the third sub-channel was removed and the  2 sub-channel began broadcasting NHK World 

Analog-to-digital conversion
The four NJN stations shut down their analog signals on June 12, 2009, as part of the DTV transition in the United States  Each of the four NJN stations remained on their pre-transition digital assignments using PSIP to display virtual channels for each NJN station corresponding to their former analog channel numbers 

Television Programming
Original materials from New Jersey Public Broadcasting Authority have been contributed to the American Archive of Public Broadcasting 

NJN-produced
Another View
Caucus: New Jersey
Classroom Close-up, NJ
Congress Watch
Due Process
Homeless Tails
Images/Imagenes
Inside Trenton
New Jersey Works
NJN Classics
NJN News
On the Record
Reporters Roundtable
Shepherd's Pie (monologue program hosted by Jean Shepherd)
State of the Arts
Tomorrow's Medicine Today (produced by Medical Missions for Children)
The Uncle Floyd Show (aired in the 1980s)

Lottery Drawings
NJN aired live drawings from the New Jersey Lottery until the network's closure in 2011, at which point the Lottery began live-streaming its drawings (via Ustream, and later Livestream) 
NJN's successor, NJTV, aired Lottery drawings from September 2011 through the end of 2012; on January 1, 2013, the drawings moved to two CBS-owned stations, WLNY-TV in the New York area and WPSG in Philadelphia  As of 2016, these drawings are now aired on WPIX in New York and WPHL-TV in Philadelphia 

Radio
Unlike its television counterpart, NJN Radio covered mainly southern New Jersey, with only two transmitters in the northern part of the state  Due to the crowded state of the noncommercial end of the FM dial in the northeastern United States, the nine stations all operated at relatively low power  Much of the programming came from NPR and other public radio suppliers, with a simulcast of the audio of the television network's NJN News weekday evenings following All Things Considered 

Stations acquired by WHYY, Inc , simulcasting WHYY-FM:Stations acquired by New York Public Radio:
Passage 5:
WPPR
WPPR (88 3) is a public radio station in Demorest, Georgia   Originally, WPPR had the call letters WDEM (Radio Demorest), but changed to WPPR on August 19, 1996  It is part of the Georgia Public Broadcasting radio network, which in turn is a member of National Public Radio, Public Radio International, and American Public Media  Unlike many stations of the GPB network, WPPR does not only broadcast simulcasts from GPB  WPPR also produces its own programming about the local area including Habersham County  One of the community features, Community Life in Northeast Georgia, is an educational and informative program about an area that is not well known  WPPR's studios are located on the Piedmont College campus in Demorest  This allows for Piedmont Mass Communications students to work directly with WPPR as interns 

See also
List of radio stations in Georgia (U S  state)
Piedmont College
Passage 6:
Minnesota Public Radio
Minnesota Public Radio (MPR), is a public radio network for the state of Minnesota  With its three services, News & Information, YourClassical MPR and The Current, MPR operates a 46-station regional radio network in the upper Midwest 
MPR has won more than 875 journalism awards, including the Peabody Award, both the RTNDA Edward R  Murrow Award and the Corporation for Public Broadcasting award of the same name, and the Alfred I  duPont-Columbia University Gold Baton Award  As of September 2011, MPR was equal with WNYC for most listener support for a public radio network, and had the highest level of recurring monthly donors of any public radio network in the United States MPR also produces and distributes national public radio programming via its subsidiary American Public Media, which is the second-largest producer of public radio programming in the United States, and largest producer and distributor of classical music programming 

History
Minnesota Public Radio began on January 22, 1967, when KSJR-FM first signed on from the campus of Saint John's University in Collegeville, just outside St  Cloud  Colman Barry, then president of Saint John's, saw promise in the then-relatively-new technology of FM radio, and believed radio was an appropriate extension of Saint John's cultural and artistic functions to the broader community  He hired a 23-year-old graduate of St  John's, William H  Kling, as director of broadcasting It soon became apparent that St  Cloud and surrounding Stearns County did not have enough listeners for the station to be viable, so Kling more than tripled KSJR's power in hopes of reaching the Twin Cities  However, it only provided grade B coverage to Minneapolis and the western portion of the metro, and completely missed St  Paul and the east  Realizing that the station needed to cover the Twin Cities to have a realistic chance of survival, St  John's started KSJN, a low-powered repeater station for the Twin Cities, in 1968  The operation was awash in debt, and by 1969, St  John's realized it did not have the adequate financial or personnel resources to operate a full-fledged noncommercial radio station  With Barry's support, Saint John's transferred KSJR/KSJN's assets to a community corporation, St  John's University Broadcasting  This corporation later changed its name to Minnesota Educational Radio, and finally Minnesota Public Radio  Kling led MPR as president and CEO for 44 years, before retiring in 2011 MPR was a charter member of National Public Radio in 1971, and had helped lay the groundwork for forming that organization during 1969 and 1970  In 1971, the network moved its operations from Collegeville to St  Paul, funded in part with a news programming "demonstration" grant from the Corporation for Public Broadcasting  New studios were built and KSJN became the flagship station  During the 1970s, additional stations were added and the network expanded across Minnesota  It was during this period KSJN's news department won numerous regional and national awards and became one of the region's most highly-regarded news operations 
In 1974, MPR began live broadcasting of Garrison Keillor's A Prairie Home Companion, one of the best-known programs on public radio, from the Park Square Theatre in Saint Paul  In the early days of the program, members of the production staff were said to have to work hard to fill the theatre seats, sometimes bringing in radio station staff and urging passersby to come into the theatre from the street outside  In 1980, MPR originated the Peabody Award-winning show, Saint Paul Sunday, which went national via syndication in 1981 
MPR assisted in 1983 with the formation of American Public Radio - now known as Public Radio International, which merged with Public Radio Exchange in 2019 
Originally, MPR played a mix of classical music and NPR news/talk programming  However, as NPR expanded its offerings, Kling made plans to split MPR into separate classical and news/talk networks  MPR sought to buy a second FM frequency in the Twin Cities from the late 1970s onward  As a fallback, in 1980 it bought WLOL (AM 1330), one of the oldest stations in Minnesota, and changed its calls to KSJN (AM), a simulcast of KSJN-FM  In 1989, AM 1330 changed its calls to KNOW and began airing an expanded lineup of NPR programming  In 1991, MPR bought WLOL-FM, AM 1330's former FM sister, allowing it to finally split its services into two networks  The KNOW call letters and intellectual unit, including the NPR news and talk format, moved to KSJN's old frequency of 91 1  The KSJN calls moved to WLOL-FM's former frequency of 99 5, which began playing classical music full-time 
MPR acquired Marketplace Productions, which produces Marketplace, "Marketplace Morning Report" and "Marketplace Money" from studios in Los Angeles, in association with the University of Southern California, in 2000  That same year, MPR founded Southern California Public Radio, which entered into a public service operating agreement with Pasadena City College to run KPCC in Pasadena, California  In 2004, MPR began distributing its own shows through American Public Media, leaving PRI; APM was the third radio network in the U S  to have received founding support from MPR, probably an unmatched record for an American radio station or network In 2004, MPR announced it would buy WCAL (89 3 FM), the classical music station operated by St  Olaf College in Northfield, Minnesota  WCAL (and a repeater station, KMSE in Rochester), were sold in a deal valued at $10 5 million, which was approved by the Federal Communications Commission in 2004  The next year, following the acquisition by MPR, WCAL changed its call letters to KCMP and was transformed into MPR's third service, "The Current" 
In 2008, a WCAL advocacy group took St  Olaf College to court for breach of trust in selling the radio station  (A June 2008 judge's opinion described the station as a charitable trust and therefore, not the college's property to freely dispose of  [1] MPR's General Counsel and three attorneys took part in the proceedings [2] However, a 2009 court found in favor of MPR due to its ruling that the statute of limitations on the matter had expired, nullifying the advocacy group's standing )
Today, MPR serves a regional audience of one million listeners through 43 stations presenting three broadcast network services 
Original materials from Minnesota Public Radio have been contributed to the American Archive of Public Broadcasting 

Services
With the addition of later stations, MPR originally offered a mix of classical music and NPR news/talk programming on a single service  Beginning in 1991, MPR's programming split in two, forming separate news and classical music services (although one station in the Upper Peninsula of Michigan still carries a combination of those two services)  The 2005 acquisition of WCAL in Northfield, Minnesota, which covers the Minneapolis-St  Paul and Rochester areas, provided the opportunity to launch another music service, "The Current " This third service has gradually expanded to most of southern eastern Minnesota 

MPR News
MPR's news and information service includes a mix of locally produced programs and national/international shows  The flagship station is KNOW-FM (91 1 FM) in the Twin Cities 
The MPR newsroom has garnered international acclaim, most recently earning the inaugural Knight News Innovation EPpy Award in 2008  MPR's newsroom is known for its Public Insight Network, a database of citizen sources who contribute their expertise on a wide array of topics  The Public Insight Network grew to 140,000 sources in 2011 and partners with other news media, journalism schools, foundations and community groups 
As of 2022, 24 full power stations carry MPR's News and Information service and various translator signals around the state offer additional coverage 
MPRNews org is a non-profit news website maintained by MPR  This online news source covers issues that affect the state including politics, business, education, health, environment and the economy  MPR News offers headline news, video, blogs, audio and multiple ways for readers to become involved in the news-making process 

YourClassical MPR
MPR's classical music network is carried on 18 full power stations and various translators offer additional coverage  The flagship station is KSJN (99 5 FM) in the Twin Cities  In April 2021, the station rebranded as YourClassical MPR, aligning it with the umbrella branding used for American Public Media's digital classical music platforms and nationally-distributed programming  Most of the network's schedule is a simulcast of APM's Classical 24 network, although a statewide morning show airs Monday-Friday, an afternoon drive request show airs Friday and the network airs various specials and live broadcasts  The HD 2 signal of KSJN-FM offers a 24 hour feed of the Classical 24 network 
On September 10, 2020, Garrett McQueen, the host of Classical 24's Music Through the Night, and MPR's only African-American classical music host, was terminated by American Public Media for "not following programming guidelines " According to McQueen, he was "given two warnings — one of which was about his need to improve communication and the other warning was for switching out scheduled music to play pieces he felt were more appropriate to the moment and more diverse "

The Current
MPR's third service, The Current, debuted on January 24, 2005, and airs an Adult album alternative format 
Several people on The Current's initial staff are well known in the area for previous work at stations that highlight music from Minnesota and the Upper Midwest  Many of the staffers and on-air personalities came from other similar stations, such as the University of Minnesota's KUOM, community-oriented KFAI, and commercial alternative rock outlets REV 105 and Cincinnati, Ohio's WOXY com 
Programming on The Current is mostly locally produced  The flagship station is KCMP (89 3 FM), licensed to Northfield on the southeastern periphery of the Twin Cities, though the signal covers most of the metro area  A lower-power station, KMSE (88 7 FM), serves Rochester and southeastern Minnesota, KZIO (104 3 FM) serves the Duluth area, and translators offer additional coverage in other parts of the state  The service is also carried as an HD service on several of MPR's full power stations  KPCC, the NPR affiliate in Los Angeles operated by MPR's parent company, APM, carries The Current on its HD 2 signal  The Current also streams online in a variety of formats 

Additional services
Minnesota Public Radio also programs several other music services, all available online, with a few offered on HD Radio in the Twin Cities area 
Carbon Sound is the newest MPR service, focused on R&B music and Black artists  In addition to streaming online, it is available on the HD 2 subchannel of KCMP in the Twin Cities 
Local Current is a service programmed by the staff of The Current, and features music from Minnesota artists  The service streams online 
Purple Current is an R&B and Hip-Hop service inspired by Prince 
Rock The Cradle is also programmed by personnel at The Current, and airs a variation of their AAA format, with music geared toward children and parents  It is available via a separate webstream 
Radio Heartland features an eclectic mix of acoustic, Americana and roots music  The service can be found on the HD2 subchannel of KNOW-FM and also via a separate webcast  KNOW-FM also features an HD3 subchannel consisting of programming from NPR and the BBC World Service  The signal carries additional hours of Morning Edition and All Things Considered not available on KNOW's main signal  Several other NPR and APM shows air on the service 
Subsidiary Communications Authority (SCA's) are used to transmit a Minnesota version of the Radio Talking Book Network to disabled listeners around the state, in cooperation with Minnesota State Services for the Blind  MPR also serves as the radio backbone for the radio portion of the state's Emergency Alert System, and as the backbone for the state's AMBER Alert System 
MPR owns WGGL, the NPR affiliate serving Houghton, Michigan  The station airs a combination of NPR News, BBC World Service and Classical 24 programming  While MPR supplies weather updates, local MPR programming and news updates are not aired on the station  KWRV in Sun Valley, Idaho, is also owned by MPR and airs a 24 hour classical music format, supplied by APM's Classical 24  5 minute NPR news updates are inserted during the morning and afternoon drives  Like the station in Michigan, MPR airs local weather to KWRV, but the station strictly airs national programming 

Programs
Funding
Minnesota Public Radio is a nonprofit, 501(c)(3) organization and relies on contributions from listeners, foundations, educational partners and corporations for its general operations  It also receives support through underwriting on the air and on the Web 
Listener contributions, corporations, foundations and educational partners account for approximately 60 percent of MPR's total budget  Additional funding is provided by the Corporation for Public Broadcasting  The State of Minnesota provides modest capital grants to upgrade infrastructure and equipment in greater Minnesota, but does not provide operating funding to the organization  MPR also receives operating funding through the sale of on-air and online underwriting 
The for-profit Rivertown Trading Company, once a subsidiary of MPR's parent company, was sold in 1998 for $124 million  Profits went toward creating MPR's endowment, a percentage of which contributes to MPR's overall annual budget 

Broadcast coverage
Minnesota Public Radio broadcasts on several dozen stations that serve Minnesota and its neighboring communities and various translators providing additional local coverage  Stations are located in Minnesota, South Dakota (Brookings and Sioux Falls), Michigan (Houghton), Iowa (Decorah), and Idaho (Sun Valley)  MPR also operates KPCC in Pasadena, California 
Most areas are served by both a classical music station and a news and information station  Duluth and Rochester are served by a classical music station, a news and information station, and The Current 
MPR's newest service, The Current, is available in Austin, Hinckley, Mankato, the Twin Cities, New Ulm, Rochester, St  Cloud (Collegeville) and St  Peter 
Minnesota Public Radio also broadcasts all three of its services – News, Classical and The Current – on HD Radio in several communities throughout the state of Minnesota  In the Twin Cities, MPR multicasts Classical 24, an additional news service and Purple Current 

See also
American Public Media
Saint Paul Sunday
Public Insight Journalism (a newsgathering and networking initiative founded by MPR)
Independent Public Radio (another public radio network in Minnesota, also known as AMPERS)
Passage 7:
WAMC
WAMC-FM (90 3 FM) is a non-commercial educational radio station licensed to Albany, New York, United States, featuring a public radio format  Owned by "WAMC Northeast Public Radio" with a legal name of "WAMC", WAMC-FM's primary signal encompasses the Capital District, along with parts of eastern New York, southern Vermont, Western Massachusetts and the Litchfield Hills region as the regional affiliate for National Public Radio (NPR), American Public Media, Public Radio Exchange and the BBC World Service  The station's reach is extended into west-central Connecticut, northeastern Pennsylvania and the Monadnock Region, Champlain Valley, Skylands Region and North Country areas, along with portions of Quebec, via a network of twelve full-power repeaters and sixteen low-power translators  One of these satellite stations operates on the AM band, WAMC (1400 AM) in Albany Unlike many NPR stations around the U S  which use mostly outside programming, much of WAMC's schedule is produced in-house  WAMC is a charitable, educational, non-commercial broadcaster meeting the requirements of Section 501(c)(3) of the Internal Revenue Code (26 U S C  §501(c)(3)) It had total annual revenues for the fiscal year 2010 of $6 36 million  The station operates The Linda, WAMC's Performing Arts Studio, near its Central Avenue studios in Albany  WAMC-FM's corporate officers include Dottie Reyonolds, chair of the board of trustees, and Alan S  Chartock, past president and chief executive officer 

History
Albany Medical Center
WAMC signed on the air in October 1958  Albert P  Fredette served as the first general manager  WAMC was put on the air by the local hospital and medical school, Albany Medical Center and Albany Medical College  Albany Medical Center is a large tertiary-care hospital serving the upper Hudson Valley, and the medical school is one of the country's ACGME-accredited medical schools  The affiliation with Albany Medical College was the source of the call sign WAMC  In 1981, the station became an independent institution, no longer associated with the medical school 
In its early days, WAMC had a mostly classical music radio format  The earliest years also included broadcasts of health information and lectures from visiting medical professors  Early on, part of WAMC's regular programming was the broadcast of live concerts by the Boston Symphony Orchestra from Tanglewood and Boston  When the NPR network was founded in 1970, WAMC signed on as one of NPR's original 90 "charter" members 

Separating from the medical school
Around 1980, financial pressures caused the hospital and medical school to begin divesting the station  In 1981, the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) license on 90 3 FM was transferred to a 501c3 tax-exempt entity, WAMC, Inc , which had been set up by a group of five corporators, including the current CEO and president, Alan S  Chartock  WAMC was initially affiliated with the State University of New York and New York State government 
In the years since the transfer, the station has eliminated classical music, except for live BSO concerts  It has become a producer of information-based, non-music programming, providing a variety of interview-format programs to radio stations across the country via the station's in-house subsidiary, National Productions  (WMHT-FM in nearby Schenectady and its network of repeater stations continues to program classical music in the region )

Expanding the network
Listener contributions (often obtained during periodic pledge drives) and corporate contributions have helped the original single station grow over the years into a network of 22 facilities with large primary service contours covering the Capital District, the Adirondacks section of New York State, Western Massachusetts, Southern Vermont, and parts of New Hampshire, Connecticut, Pennsylvania and New Jersey 
It has been a custom on WAMC to play two songs to mark the end of every fund drive: Kate Smith's "God Bless America" and Ray Charles' rendition of "America the Beautiful"  The station's February 2017 fund drive raised over $1,000,000 in less than one day The main 90 3 mHz signal has an effective radiated power (ERP) of 10,000 watts, which on paper is somewhat modest for a full NPR member on the FM band  However, its height above average terrain (HAAT) of 600 meters (2,000 ft) gives it one of the largest coverage areas of any NPR station in the Northeast  It provides at least grade B coverage to most of east-central New York (including the Capital District), southwestern Vermont, western Massachusetts, southwestern New Hampshire, and northwestern Connecticut 

Mount Greylock
While WAMC-FM is based in Albany, its transmitter is actually in Massachusetts  WAMC-FM's antenna tower is atop Mount Greylock in Adams, in the Mount Greylock State Reservation  It is the tallest mountain in Massachusetts  The transmitter had formerly been a tenant on the tower, which was built and maintained by the Albany ABC-TV affiliate WTEN (channel 10) for its satellite station for the Berkshire region and Pittsfield, WCDC  WCDC had broadcast on channel 19 but that signal was shut down in 2017  The tower also features a radio facility for the Massachusetts State Police and a translator station for the Albany NBC affiliate, WNYT (channel 13) 
On December 22, 2017, WAMC entered into an agreement to purchase the Mount Greylock WCDC transmitter and tower from the owner of WTEN/WCDC, Nexstar Media Group, for just above $1 million  WCDC-TV had gone permanently silent on November 19, 2017, two weeks ahead of a planned December 1 shutdown amid declining over-the-air viewership, following damage to the station's transmission line in a storm  The TV station license was surrendered for cancellation on February 12, 2018, as a result of the FCC's 2016 spectrum auction for $34 5 million in compensation  Due to the tower sitting on Massachusetts Department of Conservation and Recreation land, as well as WTEN's lease on the land having expired two years prior, WAMC-FM could have been taken off the air if it had not purchased the facility  WAMC now owns the tower itself, but not the land beneath, which is under lease with the MDCR until 2025 

Accusations of bias
NPR's official news policy says its affiliate stations should be "fair, unbiased, accurate, honest, and respectful of the people that are covered"  A Washington-based NPR news producer, who requested anonymity, stated that Chartock, the station's president and a frequently heard voice on the station, presents politically-biased commentary Chartock responded that WAMC's editorial neutrality is maintained by "including as many conservative commentators on the air as liberal ones" 

First Amendment Fund
In 2005, WAMC's board of trustees established a "First Amendment Fund" to promote and preserve the First Amendment and the right of free speech by providing a source of funding "to support WAMC if special situations or needs should arise"  The contributions in this "unrestricted, board designated" fund reported on WAMC's 2006 IRS tax forms was $482,577 

Other stations
WAMC-FM extends its signal throughout much of New York and portions of Pennsylvania, Connecticut, New Jersey, Vermont and Massachusetts, along with portions of Quebec, via the following network of full-power satellite stations and low-power analog translators:

Repeaters
Translators
Programs
WAMC syndicates many of its shows to other public radio stations  These programs include    

Legislative Gazette
Women's news show 51% with Jesse King
Environmental news show Earth Wise
Person Place Thing with Randy Cohen
The Academic Minute with Lynn Pasquerella
Ideas show The Best Of Our Knowledge with Bob Barrett
Author interview program The Book Show with Joe Donahue
The Capitol Connection with Alan S  Chartock
Media criticism show The Media Project 

See also
David Guistina
Passage 8:
AMPERS
AMPERS (Association of Minnesota Public Educational Radio Stations) is an association of 18 independent community radio stations in Minnesota  Each station is locally managed and programmed by and for the local community it serves  AMPERS is the largest statewide association of community radio stations in the United States  The stations primarily serve underserved populations including greater Minnesota, diverse communities, and students for a combined audience of about 300,000 listeners  AMPERS has no affiliation with Minnesota Public Radio (MPR) and receives no financial support from MPR 

AMPERS Member Stations
External links
AMPERS
Passage 9:
KMXT (FM)
KMXT (100 1 FM) is an NPR–member non-commercial  radio station in Kodiak, Alaska, United States  In addition to its NPR membership, KMXT is also affiliated with the Alaska Public Radio Network and the BBC World Service  It also airs many hours of locally originated news, talk and music programming, and relies heavily on non-paid citizen volunteers to host numerous shows 

HD programming
Currently KMXT broadcasts one analog and three digital signals:

KMXT-HD1 rebroadcasts the programming from the analog signal 
KMXT-HD2 classical and jazz 
KMXT-HD3 KMX3 is a mono news and talk channel An HD Radio receiver is required to pick up the digital channels  KMXT also streams its analog signal over the web 

Translators
In addition to five low-powered, separate-frequency translators, one low-powered booster also extends coverage  Boosters are licensed on the same frequency as the parent station but at a different location  They are given the same callsign as the parent station with a number added to differentiate the transmitter site 
Passage 10:
WGPB
WGPB FM 97 7  is a public radio station in Rome, Georgia   It is part of the Georgia Public Broadcasting radio network, a state network which in turn is a member of National Public Radio, Public Radio Exchange, and American Public Media   Unlike most stations on the GPB network, WGPB does not completely simulcast with the network   WGPB also produces its own programs   The studios are located at Georgia Highlands College's Heritage Hall campus in downtown Rome, from which locally produced programming originates  The station began broadcasting as WGPB at 5 AM on June 30, 2006 

History
The station began broadcasting May 22, 1965 as WROM-FM, sister station to WROM AM 710  It had that callsign until November 1979 when it became WKCX, known as "K98", most recently with a hot adult contemporary format   A satellite-delivered format was used during most of the broadcast day, except for mornings and afternoons   The station was previously owned by Mills Fitzner, who owned WKCX for 20 years under the name Briar Creek Broadcasting Corp 

Format and callsign change
In 2006, WKCX was sold to Georgia Public Broadcasting, with the format changed from hot adult contemporary, to public broadcasting  The deal was announced in March 2006, and was finalized after a 45-day waiting period on June 29, one day before GPB began broadcasting on the frequency   Most of WKCX's staff left the station on May 31 in preparation for the changeover  The station began broadcasting as WGPB at 5 AM on June 30, 2006 

Coverage
WGPB is the first GPB or NPR radio station in northwest Georgia, and covers all of Floyd and about half of each neighboring county reliably   The only other NPR/PRI stations available are WABE FM 90 1 from Atlanta, and WUTC FM 88 1 and WSMC-FM 90 5 from Chattanooga, both of which have marginal to poor reception in the Rome area   GPB Radio is also usually available on the second audio program of GPB TV station WNGH-TV 18, from near Chatsworth, except for when WNGH is using the SAP channel for other uses 
The station broadcasts with a power of 4,200 watts at 241 meters (791 ft) HAAT, and is class C3   Despite what seems like a low effective radiated power, its height makes it approximately equivalent to the class C3 maximum of 25,000 watts at 100 meters, which gives a reference distance of nearly 40 km or 25 miles from the radio antenna site   This is the first GPB station, and one of the few non-commercial educational stations in the country, that use a channel outside of the 88-92 MHz reserved band   WQMT FM 98 9 in Chatsworth was purchased under similar circumstances for $3 2 million and switched to GPB programming on January 2, 2008 as WNGH-FM   Both stations have a single station ID done together each hour and heard on both stations, indicating they use the same feed 
In early February 2013, GPB applied to the FCC to move the station eastward, which would reduce coverage in northeast Alabama and increase it in northwestern metro Atlanta, bringing Cartersville and Acworth within its protected signal contour   This would increase power from 4 2 to 17 5 kW, but decrease HAAT from 241 to 120 meters (394 ft), leaving the station with approximately the same or slightly greater coverage area, and with greater population within its broadcast range   This radio tower, just west-northwest of Kingston (34°15′3″N 84°59′5″W), has been used by WTSH-FM 107 1, which is moving south-southwest to a higher tower located west-northwest of Euharlee according to that station's construction permit   WGPB's application references two other stations in Alabama which would also be moving as the result of its signal being pulled away from that state 

Broadcast translator
The station was also assigned broadcast translator W221CG FM 92 1 MHz, licensed to, but not reaching any part of, Kennesaw with 55 watts at 19 meters HAAT   It was located along Cobb Parkway (U S  Route 41) on the north-northeast corner of Awtrey Church Road (34°3′57″N 84°43′24″W), west of Acworth and just north of SR 92, and reached as far north as the southern parts of Emerson according to FCC maps 
It was owned by Radio Assist Ministry, not GPB/GPTC, and may not have actually been airing WGPB   It has since been reassigned to relay commercial station WWWQ FM 99 7 MHz, and was sold by RAM to Cumulus Licensing, owner of WWWQ   The station was moved west-southwest in 2009 to the far exurbs between Dallas and Hiram, and had a construction permit to move between Powder Springs and Austell to serve Lithia Springs on 92 5 MHz, where it became W223BP in early 2012 

See also



ground_truth: Elvis' Christmas Album

prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: The owner of radio station KWPW has the same name as an American character actor. What is it?

The following are given passages.
Context 2: Passage 1:
WSYY-FM
WSYY-FM (94 9 FM) is a radio station broadcasting a full-service adult hits format  Licensed to Millinocket, Maine, United States, the station's broadcast signal serves Central Penobscot County, Eastern Piscataquis County, and Southern Aroostook County, from its tower site in Millinocket  The station is owned by Katahdin Communications, Inc WSYY-FM plays a mix of oldies/classic hits, adult contemporary, rock music, and some country crossovers  The station also features programming from CBS News Radio (and has been an affiliate of that network for many decades)  WSYY-FM also airs When Radio Was 

History
In 1978, WSYY-FM was founded on 97 7 FM as WKTR, upgrading to its current facilities in 1984 on 94 9  Prior to their The Mountain 94 9 branding, WSYY-FM used to be referred to as North Country 95, airing country music full-time  The current format, branding, and slogan was probably adopted around March 1, 2004, when Katahdin Communications, Inc  assumed control of WSYY-FM & AM from Katahdin Timberlands, LLC as a result of the radio station facing increasing land disputes, initially as a short term lease agreement, but the transfer of ownership became permanent  Those land disputes would lead to a loss of WSYY-FM's 23,500-watt transmitter location (featuring an antenna HAAT of 211 meters)  WSYY-FM may have been operating under a Special Temporary Authority License (a 12,000-watt facility with an antenna HAAT of 68 meters via Hammond Ridge on Lake Road), ever since as long ago as late 2007, pending a planned permanent move to a 22,000-watt facility with an antenna HAAT of 198 4 meters (from just off Nicatou Road in Medway, well east of WSYY-FM's old or current transmitter tower location)  On November 23, 2016, the construction permit for this proposed move was modified to a 45,000-watt facility with an antenna HAAT of 146 7 meters, the first time this proposed move has ever received official approval from the FCC 

Former sports offerings
The Mountain 94 9 carried local high school sports in season until fall 2017  The Mountain 94 9 also carried the schedule of Red Sox Baseball from 1997 through 2015, when Millinocket's affiliation with the Boston Red Sox Radio Network transferred to co-owned WSYY, concluding the interruptions to the music during Major League Baseball  The transfer was completed on April 2, 2021, when 1240 WSYY returned to the air with translator 102 5 W273DJ debuting with the opening game of the Boston Red Sox 

Syndicated programming
WSYY-FM is one of two Maine affiliates (the other being WLOB in Portland) of When Radio Was, is one of the two Maine affiliates (the other being WWMJ) of The Acoustic Storm, is Maine's only affiliate of the Crook & Chase syndicated country music countdown programming, and is an affiliate of the Blues Deluxe radio show 
Passage 2:
KAND
KAND (1340  AM) is a radio station that serves the Corsicana/Ennis/Waxahachie area, and is owned by New Century Broadcasting  This station runs a country music  format, and is also the home of Corsicana High School Tigers and Navarro College Bulldogs football games, and the latest news from the Texas State Network News, and CBS News  As of July 11, 2008, it airs sports programming from Fox Sports Radio during overnights and weekends  For many years, the KAND call sign was assigned to the station now called KWPW 

History
KAND began in 1937 as a Variety/Entertainment station on 1310 kHz but 10 years later moved to AM 1340 and has maintained its variety format until the 1980s when they made a slow transition to Country music  The original station owner was J C  West, who also owned the Wolf Brand (canned) Chili plant in Corsicana  West had applied for callsign WOLF, but the Federal Communications Commission wouldn't permit it because the WOLF call letters are currently in use on Syracuse, New York's AM station 
In March 2008 Yates Communications announced FCC approval to buy KAND 
On July 9, 2010, Yates decided to sell this station to New Century BroadcastingIn 2014, KAND shifted to country full-time and switched news sources from ABC News to CBS 
Passage 3:
WSTU
WSTU (1450 kHz) is a commercial AM radio station licensed to Stuart, Florida, and serving the Treasure Coast   It broadcasts a talk radio format   The station is currently owned by Treasure Coast Broadcasters, Inc 
WSTU broadcasts at 1,000 watts   It uses a non-directional antenna 

Programming
WSTU has a local weekday morning show, "Get Up and Go with Evan and Bonnie "   The rest of the weekday schedule includes some brokered programming hours, with conservative talk from Fox News Radio, including Brian Kilmeade, Jimmy Failla and Guy Benson 

History
WSTU signed on the air in December 1954   Les Combs was the original owner   In 1969 the station was sold to Harvey L Glascock, whose family owned the station until 1997 when it was sold to American Radio Systems   After a brief ownership by a Broward County businessman, it was sold to Barry Grant Marsh and David Pomerance   Marsh had been Operations Manager of WSTU for many years under the Glasscock family 
The station was purchased by Treasure Coast Broadcasters in 2001   When WSTU went on the air, Stuart went from the biggest city on Florida's east coast without its own radio station to the smallest city on Florida's east coast with its own radio station   WSTU had a strong local news commitment from the start, and continues that to this day under News Director Tom Teter, who has been with the station since 1980   Teter has won many awards for news excellence from UPI and AP including Best Newscast in Florida and Best Spot News Reporting  From the earliest days the Martin County community viewed the station as more of a public utility than a privately owned radio station WSTU was also one of the first radio stations in Florida to broadcast high school sports on a regular basis and continues to broadcast high school football, basketball and baseball  Hamp Elliot did the play-by-play for many years followed by Teter who handled the play-by-play for more than 20 years   Rick McGuire now does much of the play-by-play  This summary written by Tom Teter For a period of time,  WSTU (1450) AM radio station program schedule included a Saturday Night Dancing 'Bongo' Party from 7 p m  to 11:30 p m , hosted by Walter Oden  On weekday afternoons in the 1960s, the station played the 'pop' tunes and encouraged teens to call in and request a song to be dedicated to a friend or 'sweetheart,' which was then announced and played on-air  This radio show  is credited with easing the path to school integration in the late 1960s 
Passage 4:
Radioshow
Radioshow is а cult Lithuanian black comedy radio and TV show hosted by Algis Ramanauskas-Greitai and Rimas Šapauskas  It is also the name of their humorous rock band  Radioshow has started at radio station Radiocentras in 1992  Later it has moved to the radio station Ultra Vires  In 1995 Radioshow debuted as a comedy puppet show on TV at LNK station  From 1997 till 1999 Radioshow was running at BTV TV station  In 2004 it briefly ran on Vilnius radio station Užupio radijas before being shut down, because of swearing on the air  However the show was immediately picked up by the regional radio station Vox Maris 

Controversy
Because of the constant taboo breaking, swearing and making fun of the symbols of national pride, Radioshow was often criticized by the conservative media and the older generation  Music critic Viktoras Gerulaitis has stated, that "These guys are sowing the seed of Satan, and it seems there is no-one that could stop them"  This quote was later sampled into the song by Algis Ramanauskas' band Svastikos Sukitės Greitai  It is ironic, that today Algis Ramanauskas is a member of the conservative Homeland Union party 
Another controversy was caused in 1995 by the obscene album Unplugged attributed to Radioshow  However Algis Ramanauskas denied his authorship and claimed, that it was a bootleg made by the imitators 

Characters
Main characters
Bronius
Bronius is approaching retirement age and is full of sentiments to the Soviet era  He often refers to programming of the Russian TV and Belarusian radio and television  He is annoyed by modern Lithuania - he has some command of English but uses it mostly to communicate disgust with all things Western  Bronius has a dirty mind and a dirty mouth and enjoys sexual innuendo and filthy fantasies, particularly those involving TV celebrities, which he describes with considerable inspiration and lewd detail  Bronius is a character voiced by Algis Greitai 

Česlovas
Česlovas is a former teacher  Česlovas' looks resemble former speaker of the Lithuanian Parliament social democrat Česlovas Juršėnas  This character is married and has two daughters (Sigutė and Akvilė), but despite that he often displays random acts of latent homosexuality, as the most of Radioshow characters do  Česlovas is voiced by Rimas Šapauskas 

Albinas
Albinas, also referred to as Senis (English: Old man), is a 100-year-old man of far-right nationalistic beliefs  His claim that he was born in the mountains of Scotland is a reference to the TV series The Highlander  Albinas makes frequent references to his pre-war memories 

Zbygniewas
Zbygniewas is a character of Polish ethnicity, speaking Lithuanian with a heavily inflicted Russian accent  Zbygniewas claims to hail from Nemenčinė, a town near capital Vilnius with large predominance of Polish, Belarusian and Russian population  In his younger days he was a hippie and used to read Kafka  His career included a stint at as a communal heating boiler attendant, a choice occupation for rebellious intellectuals in the former Soviet Union, and also at a mortuary, which involved a sexual encounter with a dead female body, which Zbygniewas discusses with great reluctance  He is voiced by Algis Ramanauskas-Greitai 

Igorj
Russian speaking character voiced by Rimas Šapauskas 

Mindaugas, later - Budulis
Coarse-voiced, aggressive young Lithuanian gangster guided by values and rules of Russian prison life ("paniatkes") and making frequent references to his encounters with the law enforcement authorities  This character underwent some changes and is currently known as Budulis  He is discernible from a blackened mouth and a track suit worn on a permanent basis  In later episodes of the show, Budulis makes references to his work as a labourer in Ireland  (voiced by Rimas Šapauskas)

Filadelfijus
Filadelfijus is a young incompetent journalist  His name originates from a motion picture title Philadelphia  In the beginning he was speaking in a high-pitched voice, hinting that he might be homosexual  However, in the later shows unprofessional babbling and not the allusions to his homosexuality became his distinctive mark  Filadelfijus is voiced by Rimas Šapauskas 

Minor characters
Mindė - nationalist character (animated pig's head); Vanga - Bulgarian  prophetess (animated portrait of Lithuanian writer Žemaitė, taken from one Litas banknote); Dujokaukė Kiulamae - Estonian character always speaking derogaratively about the Lithuanians (his name translates into English from Lithuanian as "Gas Mask" and the surname is of the former BC Žalgiris Estonian basketball player Gert Kullamäe; Slavik from Maladzechna; Almantas, a gay type 

Discography
1996 Plugged
2001 Underground
2001 Raštai
2005 Kronikos #1
2005 Kronikos #2

See also
South Park Republican
Baltish
Passage 5:
Bill McCutcheon
James William McCutcheon (May 23, 1924 – January 9, 2002) was an American character actor known for his roles in film, television, and theatre, several of which won him Emmy and Tony awards 

Early life
McCutcheon was born in Russell, Kentucky, the son of  Robert Kenna McCutcheon, who was a railroad conductor and Florence Louise (née Elam)  McCutcheon's first major role was Leo the Leprechaun on The Howdy Doody Show  He followed this appearance with a recurring role (from 1984 to 1992) as Uncle Wally on the children's television series by PBS, Sesame Street, for which he won an Emmy He also had a prominent role in the movie of 1989, Steel Magnolias, in which he played Owen Jenkins, beau of Ouiser Boudreaux (Shirley MacLaine) 

Career
He was also active in film and on the stage  His first film appearance was in 1964's Santa Claus Conquers the Martians; later on, he was seen in movies including Family Business and Steel Magnolias  McCutcheon was a familiar face to young audience in the 1960s, when he appeared on several Tootsie Roll television commercials  His theatre credits include a role as Moonface Martin in Anything Goes, which won him a Tony Award for Best Featured Actor in a Musical 
Other stage appearances include You Can't Take It with You and The Man Who Came to Dinner 

Death
A resident of Mahwah, New Jersey, McCutcheon died on January 9, 2002, of natural causes, aged 77  He had three children, Carol, Jay, and Kenna 

Filmography
Passage 6:
KYTC (FM)
KYTC (102 7 FM, "Super Hits 102 7") is a radio station that broadcasts a classic hits music format  Licensed to Northwood, Iowa, U S , it serves northern Iowa and southern Minnesota  The station is currently owned by Alpha Media, through licensee Digity 3E License, LLC  The station was originally operated by Northwood businessman, Marlin Hanson as an oldies radio station with an effective radiated power of 3,000 watts, then 6,000 watts  Hanson built the station because he bought the tower from the local cable company after they abandoned it and decided a radio station would be a good use for the empty tower  It was sold to Dave Nolander who also owned KATE radio in Albert Lea, MN  It was operated as an oldies station featuring music of the 1950s and 1960s from a studio located in Northwood and satellite programming during the evening hours  The station was sold to Three Eagles Communications and the power increased to 25,000 watts  Between 2002 and 2012  the station changed from Oldies to Country to active rock and finally back to a hits of the 1960s through the 1980s  The station transmitter is located 3 miles north of Northwood and the studio is located in Mason City  Current owner Digity, LLC purchased the station on September 12, 2014 

History
On February 4, 2012, KYTC changed format from active rock (branded as "The Blaze") to classic hits, branded as "Super Hits 102 7" 

External links

KYTC in the FCC FM station database
KYTC on Radio-Locator
KYTC in Nielsen Audio's FM station database
Passage 7:
Voix du Sahel
La Voix du Sahel (English: "Voice of the Sahel") is the national radio station of Niger, owned by the Nigerien government, operating on 91 3MHZ  Based in Niamey, the radio station was established in 1958 as Radio Niger but adopted its current name in 1974  It is the only national radio station in the country and is the only radio station to offer programs in eight different languages including French 

See also
Media of Niger
Passage 8:
Al Lewis (actor)
Al Lewis (born Abraham Meister; April 30, 1923 – February 3, 2006) was an American actor and activist, best known for his role as Count Dracula-lookalike Grandpa on the television series The Munsters from 1964 to 1966 and its film versions  He previously also co-starred with The Munsters's Fred Gwynne in the television show Car 54, Where Are You?  from 1961–1963  Later in life, he was a restaurant owner, political candidate, and radio broadcaster 

Early life
Lewis was born Abraham Meister on April 30, 1923 in Manhattan  His parents Alexander and Ida (née Neidel), a house painter from Minsk and a garment worker respectively, were immigrants from the Russian Empire; his family was Jewish  Two brothers were Phillip and Henry  He had originally given his birth year as 1910  His reputed early radio work in the mid-1930s would indicate the earlier birth date, as did an off-the-cuff remark on the TVLegends interview, 2002, where he says "not a bad memory for 92"  Ted Lewis, his son, firmly said his father was born in 1923 in Brownsville, Brooklyn, New York  Other sources placed his birth in Wolcott, New York, but no official record of his birth has been published to date (2006), and officials in Wolcott say they have no record of any Meister  The Times wrote: "Lewis was born Albert Meister, probably in 1923, but he insisted that he was born in 1910  This, and Lewis's many other questionable stories, means that much of the actor's life is a broth of conjecture that his fans will no doubt squabble over for years to come " On his application for a Social Security number, completed sometime between 1936 and 1950, Lewis gave his date of birth as April 30, 1923  The 1940 census lists an Albert Meister "age 16" living on Douglass (today's Strauss) Street in Brooklyn, New York 
In a 1998 interview with Walt Shepperd, Lewis said:My mother was a worker, worked in the garment trades  My mother was an indomitable spirit  My grandfather had no sons  He had six daughters  They lived in Poland or Russia, every five years it would change  My mother being the oldest daughter, they saved their money, and when she was about sixteen they sent her to the United States, not knowing a word of English  She went to work in the garment center, worked her back and rear-end off and brought over to the United States her five sisters and two parents  I remember going on picket lines with my mother  My mother wouldn't back down to anyone 

Education
According to a report in The Jewish Week, Al Lewis attended Yeshiva Chaim Berlin in Brooklyn, New York, in his youth and "asked annoying questions to the teachers " Lewis then attended Thomas Jefferson High School, which he left in his junior year  He claimed to have attended Oswego State Teachers College (now SUNY Oswego), notwithstanding his lack of a high school diploma, and to have earned a Ph D  in child psychology from Columbia University in 1941, of which Columbia has no record  Lewis did send at least one of his children to Yeshiva in the San Fernando Valley 

Career
Acting
His acting career begins the well-documented portion of his life  He worked in burlesque and vaudeville theaters, then on Broadway in the dramas The Night Circus (1958) and One More River (1960) and as the character Moe Shtarker in the musical comedy Do Re Mi (1962) His earliest television work includes appearances on the crime drama Decoy and The Phil Silvers Show  From 1959 to 1963, he appeared in four episodes of Naked City  Lewis's first well-known television role was as Officer Leo Schnauser on the sitcom Car 54, Where Are You? from 1961 to 1963, also starring Fred Gwynne (Lewis reprised the role in the 1994 movie of the same name)  In the series, Lewis first played Al Spencer the Auto Body Man in two early first-season episodes, then landed the more familiar role of Officer Schnauser  He is best remembered as Grandpa on The Munsters, which ran on CBS from 1964 to 1966 In 1967, Lewis played the part of Zalto the magician in the Lost in Space episode "Rocket to Earth"  His first role in a movie was as Machine Gun Manny in Pretty Boy Floyd (1960)  He had small roles in The World of Henry Orient (1964), They Shoot Horses, Don't They? (1969), and They Might Be Giants (1971)  He appeared as Hanging Judge Harrison in Used Cars (1980), played a security guard on an episode of Taxi, and had a minor role in Married to the Mob (1988)  His last film role was in Night Terror (2002) 
Lewis was a recurring guest on The Howard Stern Show  In 1987, during a "Howard Stern Freedom Rally" against the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) that was broadcast live, Lewis repeatedly shouted "fuck the FCC!" until Stern was able to take the microphone away from him  Stern and the station were not punished for Lewis's comments 
Unlike some actors, Lewis did not mind being typecast  He enjoyed acting out his Grandpa character—in the original costume—and got a surprising amount of mileage from such a short-lived role  "Why not?" he said  "It pays the bills "In 1991, he appeared as Grandpa in an episode of Hi Honey, I'm Home on ABC  In 1991, he appeared in a low-budget movie titled Grampire (My Grandpa Is a Vampire in the U S  version), wearing much the same costume as he did in The Munsters  From 1987 to 1989, Lewis hosted Super Scary Saturday on TBS in his Grandpa outfit  This was parodied in Gremlins 2: The New Batch with the character of Grandpa Fred (Robert Prosky) 

Other pursuits
Lewis was a proponent of free speech and frequently spoke out in the late 1980s and early 1990s against government entities such as the FCC (Federal Communications Commission) and non-government entities such as the PMRC (Parents Music Resource Center)   Lewis famously uttered the phrase "(expletive) the FCC", during a speech at a Manhattan rally organized by radio personality Howard Stern  Stern later used Lewis' speech as the opening track of Stern's Crucified by the FCC comedy album in early 1991 
Lewis appeared in an episode of The American Experience where he recalled his experiences at Coney Island, which he frequently visited and worked at as a game barker  He was featured in the Atari 7800 videogame Midnight Mutants, an action-adventure title with a Halloween theme  His appearance in the game mirrored his Grandpa persona in The Munsters In 1987, he opened an Italian restaurant named Grampa's Bella Gente at 252 Bleecker Street in Manhattan  In September 1989, he licensed a comedy club named Grampa's to an entrepreneurial mafia family named Cataldo in New Dorp Plaza in Staten Island 

Politics
As a left-wing activist, he hosted a politically oriented radio program on WBAI (whose theme song was King Curtis' "Foot Pattin'") and ran as Green Party candidate for governor of New York in 1998  In that race, he sought to be listed on the ballot as Grandpa Al Lewis, arguing that he was most widely known by that name  His request was rejected by the Board of Elections, a decision upheld in court against his challenge Despite this setback, he achieved one of his campaign objectives  His total of 52,533 votes exceeded the threshold of votes set by New York law (50,000) and hence guaranteed the Green Party of New York an automatic ballot line for the next four years (see election results, New York governor)  He said that, with no political machine and no money backing him, the likelihood of winning the governorship would be "like climbing Mount Everest barefooted"  In 2000, he sought the Green Party nomination for US Senate; he ultimately placed second in the primary, with about 32 percent of the vote, losing to Mark Dunau 

Personal life and final years
Lewis married Marge Domowitz in 1956, with whom he had three sons, Dave, Ted, and Paul  The marriage ended in divorce in 1977  In 1984, he married actress Karen Ingenthron, to whom he remained married for the rest of his life In his final years, he resided on Roosevelt Island in New York City  In 2003, he was hospitalized for an angioplasty, and complications from the surgery led to an emergency bypass and the amputation of his right leg below the knee as well as all of the toes on his left foot  He died on February 3, 2006, of natural causes in Goldwater Memorial Hospital on Roosevelt Island in New York, NY  Following his body's cremation, his ashes were reportedly "placed in his favorite cigar box "

Filmography
Film
Television
Theater
Electoral history
Passage 9:
Q101 Chicago
WKQX (101 1 FM) is a commercial radio station licensed to Chicago, Illinois, featuring an alternative rock format known as "Q101"  Owned by Cumulus Media, the station serves the Chicago metropolitan area  WKQX's studios are located in the NBC Tower, while the station transmitter is located atop the John Hancock Center  In addition to a standard analog transmission, WKQX broadcasts over two HD Radio channels, and is available online 
WKQX is best known for carrying an alternative rock format that, from 1992 until 2011 and since 2022, has used the "Q101" brand  A sale of the station to Merlin Media in August 2011 saw outgoing owner Emmis Communications sell the "Q101 Chicago" name, intellectual property and all underlying trademarks for a unrelated internet radio station bearing the same name, while WKQX itself flipped to all-news radio under Merlin Media as WWWN, then to adult contemporary as WIQI  Reverting to alternative under a long-term local marketing agreement by Cumulus Media in 2014, the station branded instead under the restored WKQX call sign until Cumulus reacquired the Q101 trademarks on May 3, 2022  A former NBC Radio owned-and-operated station, WKQX's studios were located in the Merchandise Mart from the station's 1948 launch to 2016; the station relocated to the NBC Tower, the current home of onetime sister station WMAQ-TV, on August 4, 2016 WKQX-HD2 airs a classic rock format branded as "The Loop" that was previously heard on the former WLUP (97 9 FM), now WCKL 

History
The NBC years
NBC, which had an owned-and-operated station in Chicago since 1931 with WMAQ (670 AM), signed on WMAQ-FM on October 13, 1948, from studios in the Merchandise Mart  Its transmitter was located atop the Civic Opera Building, where it broadcast with an ERP of 24,000 watts  In its early years, WMAQ-FM generally operated as an outright simulcast of WMAQ The station began airing a classical music format afternoons and evenings in 1966, though it continued to simulcast WMAQ during mornings and early afternoons  By the early 1970s, it had adopted an easy listening format  In 1970, the station's transmitter was moved to the John Hancock Center In late 1972, WMAQ-FM adopted an automated adult hits format, with programming from TM Productions  In 1974, the station's call letters were changed to WJOI  In January 1975, WMAQ 670 adopted a country music format  WJOI followed suit, and aired an automated country music format aimed at a somewhat younger audience than WMAQ, with programming from TM Productions In June 1975, the station's call letters were changed to WNIS-FM, and it adopted an all news format carrying NBC Radio Network's News and Information Service (NIS) In January 1977, the station's call sign was changed to WKQX, and it adopted an album-oriented rock format  The program director was Bob Pittman, who later created MTV and is now CEO of iHeartMedia  Bob Heymann served as assistant program director and morning drive host, and Bob King was the music director  Mitch Michaels did afternoon drive and Lorna Ozmon did nights In the spring of 1977, Chicago gained another AOR station, WLUP, resulting in four FM rock stations (WKQX, WXRT, WDAI, and WLUP) competing against each other  By January 1979, WDAI switched to an all-disco format and WKQX became an adult contemporary station; Joel Sebastian hosted mornings 

Q101
In the early 1980s, WKQX began to be branded "Q-101"  By the mid-1980s, the station had evolved into a Hot AC format  During this period, the station carried Sexually Speaking with Dr  Ruth Westheimer From 1983 to 1993, Robert Murphy was the morning drive host on Q101  Tommy Edwards joined the station as program director in 1986  Starting in 1987, NBC began a two-year-long divestiture of their radio properties  In 1988, Emmis Communications purchased WKQX, along with four other NBC radio stations, for $121 5 million 
In the mid to late 1980s, WKQX aired an adult top 40 format, with the slogan "Today's Music"  Q101 continued to evolve, and on July 14, 1992, WKQX adopted an alternative rock format as "Chicago's New Rock Alternative"  Bill Gamble was the station's Program Director  
In July 1993, former MTV VJ Mark Goodman was hired as morning host, replacing Robert Murphy, but he remained in this position less than a year  In July 1998, Q101 became the new home of Mancow Muller's morning show after he left WRCX the previous month Specialty shows on the station, like Local 101, showcased promising local acts, many of whom went on to achieve greater prominence On April 1, 2005, WKQX went "on shuffle", with its playlist expanded from 200 to approximately 1,000 songs  Instead of focusing solely on new music, they expanded their playlist to include classic alternative rock from the 1980s and 1990s, and some 1970s artists  Mancow was dropped by the station on July 14, 2006, with Emmis Communications replacing his show with one that they felt would better appeal to their target demographic On September 18, 2006, Q101 launched The Morning Fix, a morning show led by former WXDX-FM Pittsburgh personality Alan Cox, and presented in a manner similar to The Daily Show, featuring a blend of current events and pop culture  However, on November 9, 2007, The Morning Fix underwent major changes when it was decided that morning airtime would be more wisely used playing music; the changes resulted in only 2 of the shows' original 6 members remaining, Alan Cox and Jim "Jesus" Lynam  On August 1, 2008, Cox and Lynam were let go, with management moving Brian Sherman and Steve Tingle from afternoons to the morning slot During its tenure as an alternative rock station, WKQX served as host to several music festivals and events, mainly Jamboree at Tweeter Center in Tinley Park every June, and Twisted (formerly Twisted Christmas) at various venues every December 

Purchase by Merlin Media
On June 21, 2011, Emmis announced that it would sell WKQX, sister station WLUP-FM, and WRXP-FM in New York City to Merlin Media, whose CEO was former Tribune Company and Clear Channel Communications executive Randy Michaels  Emmis, who retained a minority stake in Merlin Media, granted Merlin a local marketing agreement to operate WKQX and WLUP-FM from July 15 until the sale officially closed on September 1  A format flip for WKQX, from alternative rock to all-news, was rumored after the sale was announced  Michaels was on record as saying, "My favorite format has always been spoken radio    it's time for spoken word to move to FM "The entire airstaff at Q101 was dismissed upon Merlin Media's formal takeover that July 14  That same day, Emmis sold off the "Q101" name, related intellectual properties, and the Q101 com web domain, to Broadcast Barter Radio Networks Q101's final on-air staffed show, "Local 101", concluded at approximately 1:01 a m  on July 15; the program ended with "Tonight, Tonight" by Chicago-based The Smashing Pumpkins, The Cure's "Friday I'm in Love" (the first song played at Q101's 1992 inception as an alternative station), and formal goodbyes by Chris Payne, Pogo, and other Q101 staffers  Q101 would continue solely as an online stream programmed, in part, by Emmis' KROX-FM, before BBRN eventually relaunched it as an internet-only station  WKQX itself continued without on-air staffing until Midnight on July 19; after playing "Closing Time" by Semisonic, WKQX began stunting with adult contemporary music along with news reports as "FM New"  Robert Murphy returned to the station after 19 years to host mornings along with Lise Dominique for a few weeks until the full format switch took place 

FM News 101 1
On July 21, 2011, WKQX changed its call letters to WWWN, a call sign moved from a silent signal in Watseka, Illinois licensed to Randy Michaels' Radioactive LLC  Eight days after the call letter change, on July 29, at 4 p m , WWWN launched an all-news format branded as "FM News 101 1 "At the outset, "FM News 101 1" sought to differentiate itself from WBBM by highlighting its round-the-clock newswheel (as opposed to Chicago Bears flagship WBBM), aiming for a looser, less formal news presentation with a conversational tone, and deviating from hard news in favor of lifestyle, health and entertainment features  The initial on-air and newsroom staff at "FM News 101 1" included several with Chicago radio ties, including Debra Dale and Jennifer O'Neill (both WBBM alumna), Brant Miller and Monica DeSantis (WLS alums), and Ed Curran and Rob Hart (WGN alums)  The station's call letters were changed again in December 2011 to WIQI "FM News 101 1" was criticized in its early weeks for what was seen as an amateurish, unpolished, and unprepared presentation  Moreover, Merlin's top management (including Michaels) admitted that the format for both stations were still a work in progress, and "FM News" underwent a continual series of format adjustments  These included: the addition of sports and business updates; the "informal" testing of a news partnership with WMAQ-TV; and the addition of daily commentary segments from Clark Howard and Lionel  Later staff changes and reassignments at the station would lead to an increased reliance on "shared anchor arrangements" with its New York counterpart WEMP, as well as a non-linear, voicetracking-style of arranging reports, sometimes without any anchor transitions  WIQI also began an advertising campaign that included a controversial series of billboards using the face of imprisoned former Illinois Governor Rod Blagojevich and the "He Never Listens    to FM News 101 1" tagline By June 2012, WIQI began phasing in blocks of "Expanded News Coverage" where the station entered a programming approach similar to talk radio  Personalities such as Mancow Muller, Neil Steinberg, Kevin Matthews, Mike North and Dan Jiggets and former WGN morning host Greg Jarrett all hosted informal auditions under the "Expanded News Coverage" banner  Jarrett himself was promoted to host morning drive on WIQI during the formats' final three weeks of existence In spite of constant format tweaks and alterations, the all-news format failed to achieve better than a 0 4 Arbitron ratings share  "FM News" was outperformed by the final ratings book for "Q101" and WKQX-LP, the aural signal of a low-power analog television station operated by Merlin under a local marketing agreement with an alternative rock format dubbed "Q87 7" 

i101
At 9 a m  (CT) on July 17, 2012, with both WIQI and WEMP languishing on the eve of their one-year anniversaries, "FM News" was abruptly dropped on both stations  WIQI flipped to a 1990s-centric adult hits format targeted at females between the ages of 18 and 49, and was branded as "i101"  The first song on "i101" was Bye Bye Bye by NSYNC  With a few exceptions, most of the WIQI and WEMP news staffs were immediately dismissed, with subsequent layoffs occurring in the following weeks and months After one month on the air, "i101" would move towards a hot adult contemporary approach  "i101" included some limited use of on-air staff, including morning host and former WLUP-FM staffer Jane Monzures, who shared morning duties with fellow "Loop" alum Pete McMurray between August and October 2012  In late 2013, the station shifted to a rhythmic adult contemporary format 

101 WKQX
On January 3, 2014, Merlin Media announced a local marketing agreement (LMA) with Cumulus Media that would see Cumulus take over operations of WIQI, WLUP and WKQX-LP  The deal, which includes an option for Cumulus to purchase WIQI and WLUP, resulted in Merlin relinquishing operations of its last remaining radio stations, and also saw an expansion of Cumulus' Chicago cluster, which includes WLS and WLS-FM  Cumulus executives indicated that they, at the time of rebranding, had no intentions of acquiring back the online rendition of "Q101" and related intellectual properties from the stations' 1992-2011 era In announcing the LMA, Cumulus indicated that it would move the alternative rock format from WKQX-LP onto the 101 1 facility  The move took place on January 10, 2014, when the stations began a transitional simulcast  "Closing Time" by Semisonic was the last song played on "i101", while the first song played on the 101 1/87 7 simulcast was "Times Like These" by Foo Fighters  The simulcast ended February 17, 2014, when Merlin Media's LMA for 87 7 ended and Tribune Broadcasting began a local marketing agreement for the station (which is now WRME-LD)  The WKQX call sign was restored on the 101 1 facility on January 17 101 WKQX's airstaff initially included Brian Phillips, Lou Lombardo, Lauren O'Neil, PJ Kling, and "wALT" (Walter Flakus of Stabbing Westward)  In September 2015, Portland radio personality Marconi joined WKQX to host weeknights (replacing PJ Kling)  Marconi left WKQX in January 2018  Brian Sherman, former on-air personality at Q101 from 2001 to 2011, and one half of the duo Sherman and Tingle, was hired as an on-air personality for weekends  Sherman retained his weekday on air role at suburban classic rocker WFXF  Russell Tanzillo from North Central College's WONC joined as a weekend host in September 2015  In April 2016, the station hired James VanOsdol, another former Q101 personality, to host a new local music showcase titled "Demo 312" (in reference to Chicago's well-known main area code) 

In November 2015, WKQX and WLUP announced their move from the Merchandise Mart, where the 101 1 frequency has been broadcast from since first taking the airwaves in 1948, in favor of a new studio at the NBC Tower  Until the new facility was completed, WKQX broadcast from a temporary facility at 190 N  State  On August 4, 2016, the move of WKQX and WLUP to the NBC Tower was finalized In January 2018, as part of Cumulus Media's bankruptcy proceedings, the company requested that a U S  Bankruptcy Court release the company from several "extremely unprofitable" contracts, including its LMAs with WLUP and WKQX  Cumulus stated that under the agreement, which carries a monthly fee of $600,000, the company had lost $8 4 million on the two Merlin stations  WLUP was sold by Merlin to the Educational Media Foundation  On April 3, 2018, it was announced that Cumulus would acquire WKQX and the intellectual property of WLUP for $18 million  The sale to Cumulus was consummated on June 15, 2018 

Returning to Q101
On April 18, 2022, Cumulus Media announced their purchase of Q101 Chicago from Broadcast Barter Radio Networks, as well as the Q101 com domain name, all underlying trademarks and related intellectual property that Emmis had divested in 2011  Cumulus Chicago Vice President/Market Manager Marv Nyren revealed to Daily Herald journalist Robert Feder that discussions had been ongoing for over four years to reacquire rights to the "Q101" brand  The internet station ceased operations, while WKQX reverted to "Q101" during the station's "10th anniversary" concert on May 3, 2022 (celebrating the launch of the current iteration of the format over the former WKQX-LP) 
Passage 10:
KWPW
KWPW (107 9 FM, "Power 108") is a radio station broadcasting a contemporary hit radio format  Licensed to Robinson, Texas, United States, the station serves the Waco area   The station is currently owned by Bill McCutcheon   Its studios are located in Waco, and its transmitter is located in Waco near the VA Hospital 

History
The station began in 1972 as KCIR in Corsicana Texas  The call letters stood for "The Golden 'CIR'cle"  It was assigned the call letters KXCL-FM on April 12, 1983   On February 1, 1985, the station changed its call sign to KAND-FM, matching the AM sister station on 1340  After its purchase by Marcos A  Rodriguez in 1994, the call sign was changed on January 19 to KICI-FM, then again on February 20, 1998 to KDXX-FM  In 2001, KDXX applied for and was granted a move from Corsicana to better serve Waco, Texas  It was relicensed to Robinson, Texas as it is currently  On January 11, 2002 the calls changed to KDOS, on April 30, 2005 to KHCK, and on August 27, 2010 to the current KWPW 

KWPW-HD2
On August 7, 2017, KWPW launched a Spanish CHR format on its HD2 subchannel, branded as "Latino 93 5" (simulcast on FM translator K228FK 93 5 FM Waco) 



ground_truth: Bill McCutcheon

prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: What public radio network in New York has allowed Eric Plakun to dis his psychiatric work?

The following are given passages.
Context 4:  He also guided them to three more FA Cup Finals, two more FA Cup Semi-finals, one more Inter-Cities Fairs Cup Final and one Inter-Cities Fairs Cup Semi-final, one European Cup Winners' Cup Final and one European Cup Semi-final  The team also finished second in the Football League First Division five times, third once and fourth twice  In a survey of leading football writers, historians and academics by Total Sport magazine, Revie's Leeds United were voted as one of the 50 greatest football teams of all time 

1974–1988: Post-Revie and relegation
Following the 1973–74 season, Revie left Leeds and Elland Road to manage the England national team  Brian Clough was appointed as Revie's successor  This was a surprise appointment, as Clough had been an outspoken critic of Revie and the team's tactics  Clough's tenure as manager started badly, with defeat in the Charity Shield against Liverpool in which Billy Bremner and Kevin Keegan were sent off for fighting  Under Clough, the team performed poorly, and after only 44 days he was dismissed Clough was replaced by former England captain Jimmy Armfield  Armfield took Revie's ageing team to the final of the 1974–75 European Cup, in which they were defeated by Bayern Munich under controversial circumstances  Assisted by coach Don Howe, Armfield rebuilt Revie's team, and though it no longer dominated English football, it remained in the top ten for subsequent seasons  However, the board became impatient for success and dismissed Armfield in 1978, replacing him with Jock Stein, who also lasted just 44 days before leaving to manage Scotland  The board appointed Jimmy Adamson, but he was unable to stop the decline, and in 1980 Adamson resigned and was replaced by former player Allan Clarke  Despite spending freely on players, he was unable to stem the tide, and the club was relegated at the end of 1981–82  Clarke was replaced by former teammate Eddie Gray With no money to spend on team building, Gray concentrated on youth development, but was unable to guide them to promotion from the Second Division  The board again became impatient and dismissed Gray in 1985, replacing him with another Revie teammate, Billy Bremner  Bremner found it just as difficult to achieve promotion, although Leeds reached the 1987 play-off final, but were defeated by Charlton Athletic  Leeds also endured a near miss in the FA Cup, losing out to Coventry City in the semi-finals 

1988–1996: Howard Wilkinson era
In October 1988, with the team 21st in the Second Division, Bremner was fired to make way for Howard Wilkinson  Leeds avoided relegation that season, and in March 1989 signed Gordon Strachan from Manchester United for £300,000  The Scottish midfielder was named captain, and helped Leeds win the Second Division in 1989–90 and gain promotion back to the First Division  Leeds finished fourth in 1990–91, and in the 1991–92 season they became champions of England for the third time  During the close season Leeds were founder members of the new Premier League, which became the top division of English football  However, the 1992–93 season saw Leeds exiting the Champions League in the early stages, and eventually finishing 17th in the league (having won no away matches in the league), narrowly avoiding relegation  Wilkinson's Leeds were unable to provide any consistent challenge for honours, and his position was not helped by a poor display in the 1996 League Cup final which Leeds lost to Aston Villa  Leeds could only finish 13th in 1995–96, and after a 4–0 home defeat by Manchester United early in 1996–97, Wilkinson had his contract terminated  One of the legacies of Wilkinson and youth coach Paul Hart was the development of Leeds United's youth academy, which has produced numerous talented footballers over the years 

1997–2001: Graham and O'Leary
Leeds appointed George Graham as Wilkinson's successor  This appointment was controversial as Graham had previously received a one-year ban from The Football Association for receiving illegal payments from a football agent  Graham made some astute purchases and also helped blood youngsters from Leeds' youth cup winning side  By the end of the 1997–98 season, Leeds had qualified for the following season's UEFA Cup  In October 1998, Graham left to become manager of Tottenham Hotspur, and Leeds opted to replace him with assistant manager David O'Leary Under O'Leary and assistant Eddie Gray, Leeds never finished outside the top five in the Premier League, and secured qualification for both the UEFA Cup and the UEFA Champions League, enjoying cup runs to the semi-finals of both competitions  However, during the same period, the team's image was tarnished when players Jonathan Woodgate and Lee Bowyer were involved in an incident that left an Asian student in hospital with severe injuries  The resulting court case took nearly two years to resolve; Bowyer was cleared, but Woodgate convicted of affray and sentenced to community service  Additionally, in the UEFA Cup semi-final against Galatasaray in Istanbul, two Leeds fans were stabbed to death before the game 

2001–2007: Financial crisis and fall to League One
Under chairman Peter Ridsdale, Leeds had taken out large loans against the prospect of the share of the TV rights and sponsorship revenues from Champions League qualification and subsequent progress in the competition  However, Leeds narrowly failed to qualify for the Champions League in two successive seasons, and as a consequence did not receive enough income to repay the loans  The first indication that the club was in financial trouble was the sale of Rio Ferdinand to Manchester United for approximately £30 million  Ridsdale and O'Leary publicly fell out over the sale, and O'Leary was dismissed and replaced by former England manager Terry Venables  Leeds performed woefully under Venables, and other players were sold to repay the loans, including Jonathan Woodgate, whom Ridsdale had promised Venables would not be sold  Tensions mounted between Ridsdale and Venables and, with the team underachieving, Venables was dismissed and replaced by Peter Reid  Ridsdale resigned from the Leeds board and was replaced by existing non-executive director Professor John McKenzie  At this time Leeds were in danger of relegation, but managed to avoid the drop in the penultimate game of the season, beating Arsenal 3–2 away with a late strike by Mark Viduka Reid was given a permanent contract at Leeds the following summer and brought in several players on loan  An unsuccessful start to the 2003–04 season saw Reid dismissed, and Eddie Gray take over as caretaker manager until the end of the season  An insolvency specialist, Gerald Krasner, led a consortium of local businessmen which took over Leeds and oversaw the sale of the club's assets, including senior and emerging youth players of any value  Leeds were relegated during the 2003–04 season Following relegation to the Championship, assistant manager Kevin Blackwell was appointed manager  Most of the remaining players were sold or released on free transfers to further reduce the high wage bill; Blackwell was forced to rebuild almost the entire squad through free transfers, and Leeds were forced to sell both their training ground and stadium in the autumn of 2004 In 2005, the club was bought by Ken Bates, who paid £10 million for a 50% stake  Under Blackwell, Leeds reached the Championship play-off final, which they lost to Watford  With the team performing poorly, Blackwell's contract was terminated, and Leeds hired John Carver as caretaker manager, but his spell was not a success and he was relieved of his duties, with Dennis Wise eventually installed as his replacement  Wise was unable to lift the team out of the relegation zone for much of the season, despite bringing in a number of experienced loan players and free transfers on short-term deals  With relegation virtually assured, Leeds entered administration on 4 May 2007, thus incurring a league-imposed 10-point deduction that officially relegated the club to the third tier of English football; the club had previously never played any lower than the second tier  The players whom Wise had brought in were released; he was forced to build a squad almost from scratch, and because of administration Leeds were unable to sign any players until a few days before the opening game of the season 

2007–2010: League One
On 3 July 2007, HM Revenue and Customs (HMRC) lodged a legal challenge to Leeds' Creditors' Voluntary Agreement (CVA)  Under league rules, if the club were still in administration at the start of the following season, Leeds would have been prevented from starting their season by the Football League  Following the challenge by HMRC, the club was put up for sale by KPMG, and again Ken Bates' bid was accepted  The League eventually sanctioned this under the "exceptional circumstances rule" but imposed a 15-point deduction due to the club failing to exit administration with a CVA, as the Football League rules required  On 31 August 2007, HMRC decided not to pursue its legal challenge any further Despite the 15-point deduction, Wise and his assistant Gus Poyet guided Leeds to a play-off position, only for Poyet to leave for Tottenham, and Wise quitting to take up a position at Newcastle United  Wise was replaced by former club captain Gary McAllister  Leeds went on to secure a place in the play-off final, but were beaten by Doncaster Rovers  The following season saw a poor run of results, and McAllister was dismissed after a run of five defeats in a row  He was replaced by Simon Grayson, who resigned from his post as manager of Blackpool to take the position  Under Grayson, Leeds made the play-offs once again, but were beaten over the two legs of the semi-finals by Millwall In the 2009–10 season, the team secured the best start ever to a season by a Leeds side, and caused a major upset in the third round of the FA Cup by beating Manchester United at Old Trafford  After the impressive run in the FA Cup, Leeds' league form suffered, with the team taking just seven points from a possible 24  However, the team rallied and Leeds won their final game of the season to confirm promotion to the Championship as runners-up to Norwich City 

2010–2014: Return to the Championship
Leeds spent much of the 2010–11 season in the play-off places, but eventually finished in seventh place, just missing out on the play-offs In May 2011, it was announced that Leeds chairman Ken Bates had bought the club and become the owner of Leeds  Before the match against Middlesbrough, about 300 Leeds fans protested about what they saw as a lack of investment in the playing side, to which Bates responded by calling the protesters "morons" Despite securing promotion to the Championship, Grayson was dismissed after failing to mount a consistent challenge for promotion to the Premier League  Neil Warnock was appointed as the club's new manager on 18 February, with his initial contract lasting until the end of the 2012–13 season On 21 November 2012, Middle East-based private equity group GFH Capital finalised a deal for a protracted takeover of Leeds, gaining a 100% shareholding in the club  It was also announced Ken Bates would remain as chairman until the end of the 2012–13 season and then become club president  The takeover was officially completed on 21 December 2012 Despite runs to the quarter-finals of the League Cup and the fifth round of the FA Cup (albeit with both runs ending in five-goal thrashings, by Chelsea and Manchester City respectively), Leeds' league form in the 2012–13 season was generally mediocre, with the club never making any real challenge for the play-off places  Warnock resigned with six games remaining, and Leeds just five points above the relegation zone  Brian McDermott replaced Warnock, and the club won three of their final five games of the season, enough to avoid relegation  That summer, Bates stepped down as chairman, and ultimately left the club altogether a few weeks later following a dispute over expenses On 7 January 2014, Leeds United's managing director David Haigh was involved in Sport Capital, a consortium involving the managing director of Leeds United's main sponsors, Enterprise Insurance, Andrew Flowers  Sports Capital came close to completing a transaction with GFH Capital that would have given them a 75% stake in the business On 30 January, Sport Capital's takeover collapsed due to a lack of "financial backing"  Haigh released a statement conceding that it was unable to complete a deal despite two months ago agreeing to purchase a 75% stake in the club from the owners Gulf Finance House  Haigh said he and Sport Capital had "injected substantial sums into the club to ensure its viability" but earlier in the week fellow consortium member Andrew Flowers, the managing director of Leeds' shirt sponsor Enterprise Insurance, stated that GFH had "breached their covenant with us" after inviting a rival bid from Massimo Cellino, the president of the Serie A club Cagliari Calcio  Haigh's statement read:

As fans know, we signed a share acquisition agreement with GFH Capital at the end of last year  This meant, I believed, that we were in a position to move things forward and complete the transaction in time for the January transfer window      Unfortunately, however, some of the consortium's backers ultimately didn't feel able to deliver the financial backing we had hoped was agreed to take the club forward 
On 31 January 2014, under controversial circumstances, it was reported that manager Brian McDermott had been removed from his position as the club's manager following a string of poor results, while the controversy surrounding the club was resolved  New club captain Ross McCormack expressed his support for the former manager  By 3 February the BBC was reporting that McDermott had been called by a lawyer representing Massimo Cellino "and told he had been relieved of his duties"  However, Cellino still did not own the club, as the Football League had not yet approved his purchase, so neither he nor his lawyer could dismiss the manager  McDermott, therefore, remained in his post After weeks of speculation regarding the purchase of Leeds United, on 7 February 2014, Leeds United had announced that they had exchanged contracts for the sale of Leeds to Cellino's family consortium Eleonora Sport Ltd  The deal saw the Cellino family acquire a 75% ownership of the club, subject to Football League Approval At its meeting on 23 March 2014, the board of the Football League decided unanimously that Cellino's conviction by an Italian court meant that he did not meet its owners and directors test, so could not take over Leeds United In the backdrop of Cellino's takeover, Leeds suffered an appalling second half of the season, dropping from the play-off places to the fringes of the relegation battle  In the end, the weak performances of the teams below Leeds meant that they were never in any real danger of going down, and a late run of wins put survival beyond doubt well before the end of the season  However, McDermott still resigned his position a few weeks after the season ended 

2014–2017: Cellino era
On 5 April, Cellino was successful in his appeal with independent QC Tim Kerr to take over the club  The takeover was completed on 10 April, with Cellino's company, Eleonora Sport Limited, buying 75% of the club's shares  Two months later, the inexperienced Dave Hockaday was surprisingly appointed head coach, with Junior Lewis hired as his assistant  After only 70 days, the pair were fired by Cellino  Darko Milanič was given the head coach position in September 2014 becoming the club's first manager from outside the British isles and the first Slovene manager in English football, but left the club the following month  On 1 November 2014, Neil Redfearn was confirmed as the new head coach On 1 December 2014, Cellino was disqualified by the Football League after it obtained documents from an Italian court, where he was found guilty of tax evasion  He was disqualified from running the club until 10 April 2015, and on 24 February 2015, Cellino announced he would not be returning to the club after his ban ended  Redfearn was replaced by former Manchester City Player Uwe Rösler as head coach in the summer of 2015, but Rosler was himself replaced by Steve Evans after only a few months in the role On 30 October 2015, Cellino agreed a deal in principle with Leeds Fans Utd to sell a majority stake in the club  When asked to legally commit to an exclusivity period to allow due diligence to commence, he reneged On 2 June 2016, Garry Monk was appointed as the new head coach, replacing Steve Evans  On 4 January 2017, Italian businessman Andrea Radrizzani purchased a 50% stake in the club from Massimo Cellino  At the close of the 2016/17 season, Leeds narrowly missed out on the play-offs  Leeds had been in the play-off positions for the majority of the season before a poor run of form in the final games saw them drop into seventh place  This was compounded by being knocked out in the fourth round of the FA Cup by non-league side Sutton United 1–0, who, at the time, were 84 places and three divisions below Leeds 

2017–present: Radrizzani takeover and Premier League return
On 23 May 2017, Radrizzani announced a 100% buyout of Leeds United, buying the remaining 50% shares from previous co-owner Massimo Cellino, with Radrizzani taking full ownership of the club  Garry Monk resigned as head coach two days after the takeover, after one season at the club in which he guided them to seventh place  In June 2017, former Spain international Thomas Christiansen was announced as the new head coach  This was followed by Radrizzani introducing Leeds United Ladies back to Leeds United ownership  Also in June, Radrizzani completed the purchase of Elland Road from Jacob Adler's company, Teak Commercial Limited for £20 million, using his own company Greenfield Investment Pte Ltd On 4 February 2018, Christiansen was dismissed after a bad run of games, leaving the team 10th in the Championship table  On 6 February, Paul Heckingbottom was confirmed as Christiansen's replacement  On 24 May 2018, Leeds announced that 49ers Enterprises had bought shares in the club to become a minority investor  The 49ers Enterprises is the business arm of the NFL side San Francisco 49ers, owned by Denise DeBartolo York, Jed York, and John York Heckingbottom was dismissed by Leeds on 1 June 2018 after being at the club for just four months  Argentine manager Marcelo Bielsa was named the club's new manager on 15 June, signing a two-year contract with an option of a third year  In doing so he became the highest-paid manager in Leeds United's history Bielsa's first season in charge saw Leeds make an impressive start and Leeds remained in the top 2 with Norwich City for the majority of the season, on course for automatic promotion to the Premier League  However, a poor end to the season saw the team lose out on automatic promotion to Sheffield United  They entered the play-offs against Derby County; despite winning the first leg 1–0, they ultimately lost 4–3 on aggregate which consigned them to another season in the championship On 17 July 2020, after 16 years out of the Premier League, Leeds were promoted back to the top flight following West Bromwich Albion's loss to Huddersfield Town  Stoke City's defeat of Brentford the following day confirmed they would go up as winners of the Championship  Leeds had been in the top 2 for most of the season and had never dropped lower than 5th in the table, eventually going on to finish 10 points clear of West Brom in 2nd The club’s first season back in the Premier League produced a top half finish, their points tally was the most by a newly promoted side since Ipswich Town two decades earlier  However, the following season was not as successful and following a series of poor results, Bielsa was dismissed by the club in February 2022  Jesse Marsch was appointed as Bielsa's replacement, and he successfully led the club to avoid relegation on the final day of the season  Marsch was dismissed by the club in February 2023, and was replaced by Javi Gracia  Gracia was dismissed in May, having won just three of his twelve games in charge, he was replaced by Sam Allardyce as the club aimed to avoid relegation for the second successive season, but he was unable to prevent relegation as Leeds dropped back into the Championship on the final day of the season 

Colours
In Leeds' first 15 years, the club kit was modelled on Huddersfield Town's blue and white striped shirts, white shorts and dark blue socks with blue and white rings on the turnovers, because Huddersfield's chairman Hilton Crowther was attempting to merge the two clubs  He eventually left Huddersfield to take over at Leeds In 1934, Leeds switched to blue and yellow halved shirts incorporating the city crest, white shorts and blue socks with yellow tops  The kit was worn for the first time on 22 September 1934  In 1950, Leeds switched to yellow shirts with blue sleeves and collars, white shorts and black, blue and gold hooped socks  In 1955, Leeds changed again to royal blue shirts with gold collars, white shorts, and blue and yellow hooped socks, thus echoing the original Leeds City strip  In 1961, Don Revie introduced a plain white strip throughout 

Badge
Leeds United's first badge appeared in 1934  Like Leeds City before them, the club adopted the coat of arms of Leeds, which remained on the kit in various guises until 1961  For a number of seasons after 1961–62, when the all-white strip replaced the blue and gold, the shirts sported no badge at all A perching owl badge was added to the strip in 1964  The design was a surprise given Revie's superstition about the symbolism of birds  The owl derived from the three owls that feature on the city's coat of arms, which in turn were taken from the coat of arms of Sir John Savile, the first alderman of Leeds  The owl was usually navy blue, but was coloured gold for the 1968 Football League Cup Final Between 1971 and 1973, Leeds used the "LUFC" script that runs down the centre of the current badge, albeit in a diagonal fashion rather than the present vertical  The script made a reappearance on the 'retro-look' Asics kit used during the 1995–96 season  In 1973 came the embodiment of 1970s imagery with the iconic "smiley" badge, made up of the letters L and U in bubble writing  Revie's predilection for gimmicks was years ahead of its time, and done with the explicit intention of gaining acceptance from a public outside West Yorkshire  In 1977, the smiley badge was rotated through 45° and the yellow and blue colours were reversed  The yellow smiley returned the following year, but was now enclosed in a circle surrounded by the words "LEEDS UNITED AFC" In the 1978–79 season, a new badge appeared that was similar to that of the previous season, except now the words "LEEDS UNITED AFC" enclosed a stylised peacock (a reference to the club's nickname, "The Peacocks") rather than the yellow smiley In 1984, another badge was introduced which lasted until 1998  The distinctive rose and ball badge used the traditional blue, gold and white colours, and incorporated the White Rose of York, the club's name, and a football (a truncated icosahedron similar to the Adidas Telstar, but in Leeds colours) in the core section In the 1998–99 season, the club logo was replaced with a more "European" shield design  The shield retained the white rose, as well as the blue, gold and white colours, with "LUFC" reading vertically down the centre  In 1999, the badge was slightly amended in that the football from the 1984 badge was added to the centre of the white rose On 20 February 2019, Leeds United revealed a predominantly gold coloured badge that would be worn on the players' kit during the club's centenary season  The badge retained the existing shield design, but replaced the "LUFC" script with the words "LEEDS UNITED" above and "100 YEARS" below the shield  The crest also carried the date "1919", the year that the club was founded, as well as the centenary year "2019" 

Stadium
Leeds United have only ever used one stadium as their home ground, Elland Road, where they have played at since their foundation in 1919  An all-seater stadium situated in Beeston, Leeds, West Yorkshire, England, it is the 14th largest football stadium in England  Elland Road was previously occupied by their predecessors, Leeds City before their disbanding  After their formation, the council allowed them to rent the stadium until they could afford to buy it  With the exception of periods from the 1960s until 1983, and from 1997 to 2004, the local council owned the stadium  However, it was sold by the club in October 2004, with a 25-year sale-leaseback deal being agreed, and a commercial buy-back clause also included for when the club's finances improve sufficiently Initially, the ground was the home of the Holbeck Rugby Club, which played in the Northern Rugby Union, the forerunner of the Rugby Football League  One of Leeds' first nicknames, 'The Peacocks', comes from the original name of Elland Road – 'The Old Peacock ground'  It was named by the original owners of the ground, Bentley's Brewery, after its pub The Old Peacock, which still faces the site  The newly formed Leeds City agreed to rent and later own Elland Road  After their disbandment, it was sold to Leeds United  The most recent stand at Elland Road is the East, or Family, Stand, a cantilever structure completed during the 1992–93 season that can hold 17,000 seated spectators  It is a two-tiered stand that continues around the corners and is the largest part of the stadium  The Don Revie Stand was opened at the start of the 1994–95 season, and can hold just under 7,000 seated spectators  The roof of the West Stand holds a television commentary gantry and walkway for TV personnel  Elland Road was named in December 2009 as one of the contenders for the England 2018 World Cup bid  As a result of the bid, Leeds drew up plans to redevelop parts of Elland Road and increase the stadium's capacity  Ken Bates also revealed plans to take out the executive boxes out of the South Stand to increase the starting capacity by a further 2,000–3,000  More executive boxes would be built in the east stand Alex Ferguson has said that Elland Road has one of the most intimidating atmospheres in European football A statue of legendary captain Billy Bremner was unveiled outside the stadium in 1999 in the area known as 'Bremner Square'  Then a bronze statue for Leeds' most successful manager Don Revie was also unveiled in 2012, celebrating the 40th anniversary of the club winning the FA Cup  As part of the renovation of the Bremner statue in summer 2018, a 'Bremner Square XI' was announced  The XI featured ten further 'legendary Leeds players' who have engraved stones featuring their key stats and achievements during their careers with Leeds United On 28 June 2017, new Leeds owner Andrea Radrizzani completed the re-purchase of Elland Road, via his investment company, Greenfield Investment Pte Ltd, the company used to buy Leeds  Leeds will have a period of paying no rent and be able to invest in other areas of the club  In July 2018, Elland Road was voted 'Best Ground in the Championship' by football supporters 

Supporters
In 2003, Peter Reid commented on the support at Elland Road after being relieved of his managerial duties, saying that "In 30 years I've never seen support like I did at the Leeds/Arsenal game a couple of weeks ago  The fans at Leeds are fantastic " Two other former Leeds managers have also spoken highly of the club's supporters; Kevin Blackwell said "fans will follow them everywhere" and David O'Leary commented "There is an immense fan base and they are still with the club" Leeds supporters are renowned for singing the signature song "Marching on Together" before and during matches  Other notable songs Leeds fans sing during games include "We Are The Champions, Champions of Europe" (more commonly known as WACCOE) in reference to the 1975 European Cup Final which Leeds lost due to dubious refereeing decisions  Riots by the Leeds fans during the match led to UEFA banning the club from European competition for four years, although this was reduced to two years on appeal Famous Leeds supporters include: actors Ralph Ineson, Russell Crowe, Matthew Lewis, Nikolaj Coster-Waldau; comedian Jon Richardson, and boxer Josh Warrington Leeds United supporters also have their own salute  Leeds are 10th in the all-time average attendance figures for the Football League and Premier League  They have the third most rivalries in the English League  Alex Ferguson once said that Elland Road has one of the most intimidating atmospheres in European football An LGBT fans' group, Marching Out Together, was formed in 2017 and sits on the club's Supporters' Advisory Group  There is also a group for Sikh supporters, called Punjabi Whites  The Leeds United Disabled Organisation (LUDO) was founded in 1992  There is a well-known hooligan firm amongst the fans known as the Leeds United Service Crew 

Rivalries
Leeds' main rivals are widely considered to be Manchester United  As the largest cities within the historic counties of Yorkshire and Lancashire, animosity between the regions date back to the Wars of the Roses, although more recent tensions between the football clubs date back to the 1960s and the iconic managers of Don Revie and Matt Busby 
The rivalry has been described as one of the fiercest in world football, and the most intense and inexplicable in England  Alex Ferguson described Elland Road as 'hostile' and 'frightening', and stated that the ferocity of games between the two surpassed the ones with Liverpool On the pitch, the clubs have competed for league titles and cups in the 1960s, 1970s, 1990s, and early 2000s; while players such as Johnny Giles, Gordon Strachan, and Eric Cantona have been highly successful after moving between the clubs  Leeds' relegation to the Football League in 2004 caused a long interval in games between the two, although promotion in 2020 restored their top flight status Leeds' secondary rivals are generally regarded to be Chelsea, which largely stems from the 1970 FA Cup Final  The clubs competed at the top end of the Premier League in the late 1990s and early 2000s and games were often bad-tempered  While the rivalry has subsided with Leeds' relegation, controversial figures such as Ken Bates and Dennis Wise – both of whom had long associations with Chelsea – presided over the club's relegation to the third division in 2007 and subsequent administration, prolonging the enmity Leeds also hold extreme bitterness towards the Turkish club Galatasaray following the deaths of the two supporters the night before a UEFA Cup semi-final in Istanbul in April 2000  During the game, supporters of Galatasaray mocked the deaths, while their team refused to wear black armbands  The then Leeds chairman Peter Ridsdale accused the club of 'lacking common decency' 

Music
The single 'Leeds United' was released in April 1972 to coincide with the team reaching the 1972 FA Cup Final, composed by Les Reed and Barry Mason with the team providing the vocals  The record stayed in the UK Singles Chart for almost three months, peaking at number 10  The B-side 'Leeds! Leeds! Leeds!' (commonly known as Marching on Together) has since become the club's anthem and is regularly sung by supporters 

Records
Striker Peter Lorimer is currently the club's all-time record goal scorer, scoring 238 in his 19 years at the club across two spells; he is also the youngest player to ever play for the club  The most goals managed in a single season for the club is 43 by John Charles, in the 1953–54 season  The fastest goal in the club's history was scored by Jermaine Wright, when he scored after just ten seconds against Burnley in November 2004 The record transfer fee paid by Leeds for a player was around £30 million for Hoffenheim forward Georginio Rutter  The highest transfer fee received for a Leeds player was approximately £60 million from Barcelona for Raphinha; it surpassed their previous highest transfer fee received, when they sold Rio Ferdinand to Manchester United for a then transfer record for a defender twenty years earlier The club's record attendance is 57,892 against Sunderland at Elland Road, in a fifth round FA Cup replay in 1967  The highest league record at Elland Road was 52,368 for a competitive match against Manchester United on 17 April 1965 Leeds' highest ever league finish is first in the First Division in the 1968–69, 1973–74 and 1991–92 seasons  Their lowest ever league finish was fifth in League One in 2007–08, finishing the season by losing to Doncaster Rovers in the play-off final  This was their first ever season in the third tier of English football Leeds' longest ever unbeaten run in the league was between 19 October 1968 and 30 August 1969, to which they remained unbeaten for thirty-four games on their way to the First Division title   Their longest run of consecutive victories in the league is nine, which they achieved between 26 September 1931 and 21 November 1931 (in the Second Division) 

Players
First-team squad
As of 9 July 2023Note: Flags indicate national team as defined under FIFA eligibility rules  Players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality 

Out on loan
Note: Flags indicate national team as defined under FIFA eligibility rules  Players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality 

Reserves and Academy
Management
First-team staff
Updated to match played 05 July 2023Source: Leeds United Official Site

Medical and analysis team
Updated to match played 05 July 2023Source: Leeds United and Yorkshire Evening Post

Scouting team
Updated to match played 05 July 2023Source: Yorkshire Evening Post

Owners and directors
Source:

Updated to match played 1 May 2018Source: Leeds United Official Website

Managers
The club's most recent manager Sam Allardyce was the fortieth permanent holder of the position since Leeds were founded  Leeds have also had ten caretaker managers, three of whom had previously occupied the role on a full-time basis, and one of whom occupied the role three times  The most successful manager of Leeds United is Don Revie, who won two First Division titles, two Inter-Cities Fairs Cups, one Second Division title, one FA Cup, one League Cup, and one Charity Shield in his 13-year reign as manager  He is also the club's longest-serving manager, presiding over 740 games from 1961 to 1974 

Honours
Domestic
First Division/Premier League

Winners: 1968–69, 1973–74, 1991–92
Runners-up: 1964–65, 1965–66, 1969–70, 1970–71, 1971–72Second Division/Championship

Winners: 1923–24, 1963–64, 1989–90, 2019–20
Runners-up: 1927–28, 1931–32, 1955–56
Play-off runners-up: 1987, 2006League One

Runners-up: 2009–10
Play-off runners-up: 2008FA Cup

Winners: 1971–72
Runners-up: 1964–65, 1969–70, 1972–73League Cup

Winners: 1967–68
Runners-up: 1995–96FA Charity Shield

Winners: 1969, 1992
Runners-up: 1974

European
European Cup

Runners-up: 1974–75European Cup Winners' Cup

Runners-up: 1972–73Inter-Cities Fairs Cup

Winners: 1967–68, 1970–71
Runners-up: 1966–67Inter-Cities Fairs Cup Trophy Play-Off

Runners-up: 1971
Passage 6:
Darrius Johnson
Darrius Dashone Johnson (September 17, 1973 – February 25, 2021) was an American professional football player who was a cornerback for the Denver Broncos and Kansas City Chiefs of the National Football League (NFL) 
The Broncos selected Johnson out of Oklahoma in the fourth round of the 1996 NFL Draft   Johnson played in 61 games for the Broncos from 1996 to 1999, during which he had two interceptions, both in 1998   One of his biggest games was a 1999 playoff game against the Miami Dolphins, where Johnson had a 44-yard interception return and caused a fumble which was returned for a touchdown   Johnson was a member of the Broncos' Super Bowl XXXII and XXXIII championship squads   Johnson played briefly for the Kansas City Chiefs in 2003   
Franciose Johnson wife of Darrius Johnson reported he died of sudden heart failure on February 25, 2021, and after extensive examination of the brain it was determined that Darrius Johnson died with Stage 3 CTE 



ground_truth: WAMC