prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: The Red Queen's Race is a science fiction short story that uses the Red Queen's race from a novel by Lewis Carroll that is the sequel to what?

The following are given passages.
Context 1: Passage 1:
The Red Queen's Race
The Red Queen's Race is a science fiction short story by American writer Isaac Asimov; it uses the Red Queen's race from Lewis Carroll's Through the Looking-Glass as a metaphor for the final plot twist   The story also makes reference to Asimov's psychohistory   "The Red Queen's Race" was first published in the January 1949 issue of Astounding Science Fiction and reprinted in the 1972 collection The Early Asimov 
"The Red Queen's Race" was written in July 1948, a month after Asimov received a PhD from Columbia University and became a postdoc studying anti-malarial drugs 

Plot summary
The story is told by an unnamed narrator, an agent of an unnamed U S  intelligence bureau  The agent is tasked with an investigation into an atomic power plant which has been completely drained of power  A Professor of Nuclear Physics, Elmer Tywood, is found dead 
As the investigation progresses, bringing in Tywood's research students and his university colleagues, it is revealed that Tywood had developed a means to send objects back in time via "micro-temporal translation " His plan was to "improve" the world by giving Hellenic Greece advanced knowledge in the form of chemistry 
The investigating agents and their superior, The Boss, gradually realize that the changes introduced into history might, through the butterfly effect, cause the deletion from existence of every human being alive 
The trail eventually leads to the doorstep of Mycroft James Boulder, Assistant Professor of Philosophy, who had been hired by Tywood to translate a textbook of chemistry into Attic Greek  He states that he had figured out Tywood's plan and translated only enough to coincide with historical accounts 
With no clear solution, the investigation is shelved and filed under the heading of "?" 
Passage 2:
Through the Looking-Glass
Through the Looking-Glass, and What Alice Found There (also known as Alice Through the Looking-Glass or simply Through the Looking-Glass) is a novel published on 27 December 1871 (though indicated as 1872) by Lewis Carroll, a mathematics professor at the University of Oxford, and the sequel to Alice's Adventures in Wonderland (1865)  Alice again enters a fantastical world, this time by climbing through a mirror into the world that she can see beyond it  There she finds that, just like a reflection, everything is reversed, including logic (for example, running helps one remain stationary, walking away from something brings one towards it, chessmen are alive, nursery rhyme characters exist, and so on) 
Through the Looking-Glass includes such verses as "Jabberwocky" and "The Walrus and the Carpenter", and the episode involving Tweedledum and Tweedledee  The mirror above the fireplace that is displayed at Hetton Lawn in Charlton Kings, Gloucestershire (a house that was owned by Alice Liddell's grandparents, and was regularly visited by Alice and Lewis Carroll) resembles the one drawn by John Tenniel and is cited as a possible inspiration for Carroll   It prompted a newfound appreciation for its predecessor when it was published 

Plot summary
Chapter One – Looking-Glass House: Alice is playing with a white kitten (whom she calls "Snowdrop") and a black kitten (whom she calls "Kitty") when she ponders what the world is like on the other side of a mirror's reflection  Climbing up onto the fireplace mantel, she pokes at the wall-hung mirror behind the fireplace and discovers, to her surprise, that she is able to step through it to an alternative world  In this reflected version of her own house, she finds a book with looking-glass poetry, "Jabberwocky", whose reversed printing she can read only by holding it up to the mirror  She also observes that the chess pieces have come to life, though they remain small enough for her to pick up 

Chapter Two – The Garden of Live Flowers: Upon leaving the house (where it had been a cold, snowy night), she enters a sunny spring garden where the flowers can speak; they perceive Alice as being a "flower that can move about"  Elsewhere in the garden, Alice meets the Red Queen, who is now human-sized, and who impresses Alice with her ability to run at breathtaking speeds 
Chapter Three – Looking-Glass Insects: The Red Queen reveals to Alice that the entire countryside is laid out in squares, like a gigantic chessboard, and offers to make Alice a queen if she can move all the way to the eighth rank/row in a chess match  Alice is placed in the second rank as one of the White Queen's pawns, and begins her journey across the chessboard by boarding a train that jumps over the third row and directly into the fourth rank, thus acting on the rule that pawns can advance two spaces on their first move  She arrives in a forest where a depressed gnat teaches her about the looking glass insects, strange creatures part bug part object (e g , bread and butterfly, rocking horse fly), before flying away sadly  Alice continues her journey and along the way, crosses the "wood where things have no names"  There she forgets all nouns, including her own name  With the help of a fawn who has also forgotten his identity, she makes it to the other side, where they both remember everything  Realizing that he is a fawn, she is a human, and that fawns are afraid of humans, it runs off (to Alice's frustration) 

Chapter Four – Tweedledum and Tweedledee: She then meets the fat twin brothers Tweedledum and Tweedledee, whom she knows from the nursery rhyme  After reciting the long poem "The Walrus and the Carpenter", they draw Alice's attention to the Red King—loudly snoring away under a nearby tree—and maliciously provoke her with idle philosophical banter that she exists only as an imaginary figure in the Red King's dreams  Finally, the brothers begin suiting up for battle, only to be frightened away by an enormous crow, as the nursery rhyme about them predicts 
Chapter Five – Wool and Water: Alice next meets the White Queen, who is very absent-minded but boasts of (and demonstrates) her ability to remember future events before they have happened  Alice and the White Queen advance into the chessboard's fifth rank by crossing over a brook together, but at the very moment of the crossing, the Queen transforms into a talking Sheep in a small shop  Alice soon finds herself struggling to handle the oars of a small rowboat, where the Sheep annoys her with (seemingly) nonsensical shouting about "crabs" and "feathers" 
Chapter Six – Humpty Dumpty: After crossing yet another brook into the sixth rank, Alice immediately encounters Humpty Dumpty, who, besides celebrating his unbirthday, provides his own translation of the strange terms in "Jabberwocky"  In the process, he introduces Alice to the concept of portmanteau words, before his inevitable fall 

Chapter Seven – The Lion and the Unicorn: "All the king's horses and all the king's men" come to Humpty Dumpty's assistance, and are accompanied by the White King, along with the Lion and the Unicorn, who again proceed to act out a nursery rhyme by fighting with each other  In this chapter, the March Hare and Hatter of the first book make a brief re-appearance in the guise of "Anglo-Saxon messengers" called "Haigha" and "Hatta" 
Chapter Eight – "It's my own Invention": Upon leaving the Lion and Unicorn to their fight, Alice reaches the seventh rank by crossing another brook into the forested territory of the Red Knight, who is intent on capturing the "white pawn"—Alice—until the White Knight comes to her rescue  Escorting her through the forest towards the final brook-crossing, the Knight recites a long poem of his own composition called Haddocks' Eyes, and repeatedly falls off his horse 
Chapter Nine – Queen Alice: Bidding farewell to the White Knight, Alice steps across the last brook, and is automatically crowned a queen, with the crown materialising abruptly on her head (a reference to pawn promotion)  She soon finds herself in the company of both the White and Red Queens, who relentlessly confound Alice by using word play to thwart her attempts at logical discussion  They then invite one another to a party that will be hosted by the newly crowned Alice—of which Alice herself had no prior knowledge 
Chapter Ten – Shaking: Alice arrives and seats herself at her own party, which quickly turns into chaos  Alice finally grabs the Red Queen, believing her to be responsible for all the day's nonsense, and begins shaking her 
Chapter Eleven – Waking: Alice awakes in her armchair to find herself holding the black kitten, who she deduces to have been the Red Queen all along, with the white kitten having been the White Queen 
Chapter Twelve – Which dreamed it?: The story ends with Alice recalling the speculation of the Tweedle brothers, that everything may have been a dream of the Red King, and that Alice might herself be no more than a figment of his imagination  The book ends with the line "Life, what is it but a dream?"

Characters
Main characters
Minor characters
Symbolism
Mirrors
One of the key motifs of Through the Looking-Glass is that of mirrors, including the use of opposites, time running backwards, and so on, not to mention the title of the book itself  In fact, the themes and settings of the book make it somewhat of a mirror image to its predecessor, Alice's Adventures in Wonderland (1865)  The first book begins in the warm outdoors, on 4 May; uses frequent changes in size as a plot device; and draws on the imagery of playing cards  The second book, however, opens indoors on a snowy, wintry night exactly six months later, on 4 November (the day before Guy Fawkes Night); uses frequent changes in time and spatial directions as a plot device; and draws on the imagery of chess 

Chess
While the first Alice novel took playing cards as a theme, Through the Looking-Glass instead used chess; most of the main characters are represented by chess pieces, with Alice being a pawn   The looking-glass world consists of square fields divided by brooks or streams, and the crossing of each brook typically signifies a change in scene, with Alice advancing one square   At the book's beginning, Carroll provided and explained a chess composition with descriptive notation, corresponding to the events of the story   Although the piece movements follow the rules of chess, other basic rules are ignored: one player (White) makes several consecutive moves while the (Red/Black) opponent's moves are skipped, and a late check (12    Qe8+) is left undealt with   Carroll also explained that certain items listed in the composition do not have corresponding piece moves but simply refer to the story, e g  the "castling of the three Queens, which is merely a way of saying that they entered the palace"   Despite these liberties, the final position is an authentic checkmate 
The most extensive treatment of the chess motif in Carroll's novel was made by Glen Downey in his master's thesis, later expanded and incorporated into his dissertation on the use of chess as a device in Victorian fiction   In the former piece, Downey gave the composition's moves in algebraic notation: 1    Qh5 2  d4 3  Qc4 4  Qc5 5  d5 6  Qf8 7  d6 8  Qc8 9  d7 Ne7+ 10  Nxe7 11  Nf5 12  d8=Q Qe8+ 13  Qa6 14  Qxe8#   In the latter piece, Downey treated the 21 items in the composition sequentially, identifying the above 16 coherent chess moves, and another five items as "non-moves" or pure story descriptors, per Carroll's qualification The mating position nearly satisfies the conditions of a pure mate, a special type of checkmate where the mated king is prevented from moving to any of the adjacent squares in its field by exactly one enemy attack, among other conditions   The position is also nearly an ideal mate, a stronger form of pure mate in which every piece on the board of either color contributes to the checkmate   The one feature of the position which prevents it from being either a pure or an ideal mate is that the Red (Black) King is unable to move to e3 for two reasons: the knight's attack, and the (sustained) attack of the newly promoted, mating queen   Although pure and ideal mates are "incidental" in real games, they are objects of aesthetic interest to composers of chess problems 

Language
The White Queen offers to hire Alice as her lady's maid and to pay her "twopence a week, and jam every other day"  Alice says that she does not want any jam today, to which the Queen replies, "you couldn't have it if you did want it  The rule is, jam tomorrow and jam yesterday—but never jam to-day " This is a reference to the rule in Latin that the word iam or jam—which means now, in the sense of already or at that time—cannot be used to describe now in the present, which is nunc in Latin  Therefore, "jam" is never available today  This exchange is also a demonstration of the logical fallacy of equivocation 

Poems and songs
Most poems and songs of the book do not include a title 
"Introduction" (prelude; "Child of the pure unclouded brow…")
"Jabberwocky": 31–34, chap I 
"Tweedledum and Tweedledee": 74, chap IV 
"The Walrus and the Carpenter": 77–82, chap IV 
"Humpty Dumpty": 115, chap VI 
Humpty Dumpty's poem ("In Winter when the fields are white…"): 128–30, chap VI 
"The Lion and the Unicorn": 141, chap VII 
"Haddocks' Eyes" (i e , "A-sitting on a Gate"): 171–3, chap IX 
Red Queen's lullaby ("Hush-a-by lady, in Alice's lap…"): 187, chap X 
"To the Looking-Glass world it was Alice that said…": 192, chap X 
White Queen's riddle ("'First, the fish must be caught'…"): 197, chap X 
"A boat beneath a sunny sky"(postlude; acrostic poem in which putting the beginning letters of each line spell Alice Pleasance Liddell, the girl after whom the book's Alice is named) : 210–11

The Wasp in a Wig
Lewis Carroll decided to suppress a scene involving what was described as "a wasp in a wig" (possibly a play on the commonplace expression "bee in the bonnet")  A biography of Carroll, written by Carroll's nephew, Stuart Dodgson Collingwood, suggests that one of the reasons for this suppression was a suggestion from his illustrator, John Tenniel, who wrote in a letter to Carroll dated 1 June 1870:
I am bound to say that the  'wasp'  chapter doesn't interest me in the least, and I can't see my way to a picture  If you want to shorten the book, I can't help thinking—with all submission—that there is your opportunity 
For many years, no one had any idea what this missing section was or whether it had survived  In 1974, a document purporting to be the galley proofs of the missing section was auctioned at Sotheby's; the catalogue description, in part, read, "the proofs were bought at the sale of the author's…personal effects…Oxford, 1898"  The document would be won by John Fleming, a Manhattan book dealer, for a bid of about US$832 (equivalent to $4,937 in 2022)  The contents were subsequently published in Martin Gardner's More Annotated Alice (1990), and are also available as a hardback book 
The rediscovered section describes Alice's encounter with a wasp wearing a yellow wig, and includes a full previously unpublished poem  If included in the book, it would have followed, or been included at the end of, Chapter 8—the chapter featuring the encounter with the White Knight  The discovery is generally accepted as genuine, but the proofs have yet to receive any physical examination to establish age and authenticity The missing episode was included in the 1998 TV film adaptation Alice through the Looking Glass, with the character being portrayed by Ian Richardson  It was also included in the 2010 graphic novel "The Complete Alice in Wonderland" 

Dramatic adaptations
The book has been adapted several times, both in combination with Alice's Adventures in Wonderland and as a stand-alone feature 

Stand-alone adaptations
Alice Through a Looking Glass (1928), a silent movie directed by Walter Lang, would be one of the earliest stand-alone adaptations of the book 
A dramatised audio-recorded version, directed by Douglas Cleverdon, was released in 1959 by Argo Records  The book is narrated by Margaretta Scott, starring Jane Asher as Alice, along with actors Frank Duncan (Humpty Dumpty, Red King, Frog), Tony Church, Norman Shelley, and Carleton Hobbs 
Alice Through the Looking Glass (1966) was an NBC TV musical special, first airing on 6 November  The special includes music by Moose Charlap, and stars Ricardo Montalban, Agnes Moorehead, Jack Palance, Jimmy Durante, and the Smothers Brothers, along with Judi Rolin in the role of Alice 
Alice Through the Looking Glass (1973) is a BBC TV movie, directed by James MacTaggart and starring Sarah Sutton as Alice 
Alice in the Land in the Other Side of the Mirror (1982) is a 38-minute Soviet cutout-animated TV film produced by Kievnauchfilm studio and directed by Yefrem Pruzhanskiy 
Alice Through the Looking Glass (1987) is an animated TV movie starring Janet Waldo as the voice of Alice and The Red Queen, as well as the voices of Mr  T as the Jabberwock, Jonathan Winters, and Phyllis Diller 
Alice through the Looking Glass (1998) is a Channel 4 TV movie, starring Kate Beckinsale as the role of Alice, which restored the lost "Wasp in a Wig" episode 
A 2-hour multimedia stage production (2007), conceived by Andy Burden, was produced by the Tobacco Factory  The show would be directed by Burden and written by Hattie Naylor, with music and lyrics by Paul Dodgson 
Through the Looking Glass (2008) was a chamber opera composed by Alan John to a libretto by Andrew Upton 
Alice Through the Looking Glass (2016), directed by James Bobin, is a sequel to the Tim-Burton-directed Disney reboot Alice in Wonderland (2010)  It does not follow the plot of the book 
The BBC Radio 4 show Saturday Drama broadcast an adaptation by Stephen Wyatt on 22 December 2011  The broadcast featured Lewis Carroll, voiced by Julian Rhind-Tutt, as both the narrator and an active character in the story  Other actors include Lauren Mote (Alice), Carole Boyd (Red Queen), Sally Phillips (White Queen), Nicholas Parsons (Humpty-Dumpty), Alistair McGowan (Tweedledum & Tweedledee), and John Rowe (White Knight) 

Adaptations with Alice's Adventures in Wonderland
Film and TV
Alice in Wonderland (1933) is a pre-code live-action film directed by Norman Z  McLeod, with Charlotte Henry in the role of Alice, along with Cary Grant, Gary Cooper, and others  Despite the title, the film features most elements from Through the Looking Glass as well, including Humpty Dumpty (played by W  C  Fields) and a Harman-Ising animated version of "The Walrus and the Carpenter" 
The animated Alice in Wonderland (1951) is the 13th animated feature film of Walt Disney and the most famous among all direct adaptions of Carroll's work  The film features several elements from Through the Looking-Glass, including the talking flowers, Tweedledee & Tweedledum, and "The Walrus and the Carpenter" 
Alice's Adventures in Wonderland (1972), a musical film starring Fiona Fullerton as Alice, includes the twins Fred and Frank Cox as Tweedledum & Tweedledee 
Nel Mondo Di Alice ("In the World of Alice") is a 1974 Italian TV series that covers both novels, particularly Through the Looking-Glass in episodes 3 and 4 
Alice in Wonderland (1985) is a two-part TV musical produced by Irwin Allen that covers both books, and stars Natalie Gregory as Alice  In this adaptation, the Jabberwock materialises into reality after Alice reads "Jabberwocky", pursuing her throughout the second half of the musical 
Fushigi no Kuni no Arisu (1985; Japanese: ふしぎの国のアリス) is an anime adaptation of the two novels in which later episodes adhere more closely with Through the Looking Glass 
Alice in Wonderland (1999), a made-for-TV Hallmark/NBC film with Tina Majorino as Alice, uses elements from Through the Looking Glass, such as the talking flowers, Tweedledee & Tweedledum, and "The Walrus and the Carpenter", as well as the chess theme, including the snoring Red King and White Knight 
Alice (2009) is a Syfy TV miniseries that contains elements from both novels 
Alice in Wonderland (2010), directed by Tim Burton, is a live-action Disney reboot that follows Alice at an adult age, containing elements from both books 

Stage productions
Alice in Concert (1980), also known as Alice at the Palace, was a production written and produced by Elizabeth Swados  Performed on a bare stage, the production starred Meryl Streep in the role of Alice, with additional supporting cast by Mark Linn-Baker and Betty Aberlin 
Lookingglass Alice (2007) was an acrobatic interpretation of both novels, produced by the Lookingglass Theater Company, that performed in New York City, Philadelphia, and Chicago, with a version of the show touring the rest of the United States 
A 2-part production by Iris Theatre in London was staged in the summer of 2013, in which the second part consisted of Through the Looking-Glass  Both parts included Laura Wickham in the role of Alice 
Alice (2010), written by Laura Wade, was a modern adaptation of both books that premiered at the Crucible Theatre in Sheffield in 2010 
Wonder land (2015), a live musical by Moira Buffini and Damon Albarn, takes some characters from the second novel, notably Dum and Dee and Humpty Dumpty, while the Queen of Hearts and the Red Queen are merged into one character 
Alice in Wonderland and Through the Looking-Glass (2001) was a stage adaption by Adrian Mitchell for the Royal Shakespeare Company, in which the second act consists of Through the Looking-Glass 
Alice's Adventures Under Ground (2020), a one-act opera written in 2016 by Gerald Barry and first staged at the Royal Opera House, is a conflation of the two novels 
Looking-Glass, a 1982 Off-Broadway play based on Charles Dodgson, the real-life name of author Lewis Carroll

Other
Jabberwocky (1977) is a film that expands the story of the poem "Jabberwocky" 
Thru the Mirror (1936) is a Mickey Mouse short film in which Mickey travels through his mirror and into a bizarre world 
Donald in Mathmagic Land (1959) is a film that includes a segment with Donald Duck dressed as Alice meeting the Red Queen on a chessboard 
American McGee's Alice (2000) is a computer game in which the player takes the role of a teenage Alice fighting to reclaim her sanity  It was followed by a sequel, Alice: Madness Returns, in 2011 
Through the Looking-Glass (2011) was a ballet by American composer John Craton 
Through the Zombie Glass (2013) is a book by Gena Showalter 

See also
Passage 3:
Red Queen (novel)
Red Queen is a young adult fantasy novel written by American writer Victoria Aveyard  Published in February 2015, it was her first novel and first series  Aveyard followed up with three sequels: Glass Sword, King's Cage and War Storm  Red Queen won the 2015 Goodreads Choice Award for Debut Goodreads Author and was nominated for the 2015 Goodreads Choice Award for Young Adult Fantasy & Science Fiction 

Summary
Mare Barrow is a Red 17-year-old living with her parents and a younger sister, Gisa  Her three older brothers, Bree, Tramy, and Shade, serve in the front line of a war fought between the northern Kingdom the Lakelands and the Barrows' homeland, the Kingdom of Norta  Norta is currently ruled by King Tiberias Calore VI, one of many "Silver" citizens, whose silver blood and supernatural powers allow them to rule over the more numerous yet powerless red blooded population  Mare is jealous of Gisa because her skills in sewing earned her a job working for Silvers, and Reds who have jobs don't have to conscript in the war  When Mare learns that Kilorn Warren, her best friend, will be conscripted, she plans an escape and meets with a colleague who directs her to Farley, a captain of the Scarlet Guard, insurgents composed of Reds who want to bring equality between their people and the Silvers  Farley demands an exorbitant sum of money in exchange for Kilorn's escape 
Mare's plan to steal from a Silver with Gisa goes horribly wrong when live news reports that the Scarlet Guard bombed Silver buildings, inciting Silvers around them to grow violent  Gisa's hand is broken in the chaos, forcing her to quit her job and stop supporting Mare's family, whilst diminishing Gisa's dreams of becoming a seamstress  Unable to bear the guilt she feels towards Gisa and her family, Mare goes to a tavern and began stealing from random people to occupy her thoughts  While there, she gets sloppy and is caught while attempting to steal from a boy  Surprisingly, instead of turning her in he gives her money  He informs her that his name is Cal and he works as a servant at the palace  He walks her home and listens as she informs him of her tragic life  He gives her another coin out of pity and leaves  The next day, Mare is taken to the king's local residence and given a job as a servant  She discovers that Cal is Tiberias Calore VI's son, Prince Tiberias Calore VII, who granted her her work in the palace in order to protect her from conscription  During the Queenstrial, where Silver nobility compete for Cal's hand in marriage, Mare accidentally displays electrokinetic powers against Cal's eventual bride, Evangeline Samos  She is captured, but because the king fears of an uprising should a Red be discovered to have supernatural powers, Mare is made a bride of Tiberias' second son, the shy Maven, given the name Mareena Titanos, and a cover story: the daughter of a Silver general who died on the battle field and was adopted by the Reds in the war zone  Mare feels torn as she realizes she is in love with Cal, her betrothed's brother and the future Silver king  However, she soon grows to develop feelings for Maven instead 
Suddenly having to live as a noble within the king's ranks, Mare slowly acquaints herself with Maven and Cal while also befriending Julian Jacos, Cal's uncle and a librarian who teaches her how to control her powers  Mare is permitted to say goodbye to her family by Cal and learns the return of her brothers Bree and Tramy, but not Shade, who was beheaded by Silver officers for reported desertion  Furious that her favorite brother was killed, Mare joins the Scarlet Guard  While meeting with Farley to discuss plans, Mare is infuriated when she learns that Kilorn joined, and surprised when she sees that Maven joined as well  This new revelation brings Mare and Maven closer together and they become lovers  The plan involves disrupting a royal ball and killing several important Silvers  However, an unexpected and mysterious bomb goes off, killing many innocents in the process, and also resulting in the capture of Kilorn, Farley, and other members of the Scarlet Guard  Though the rebels are able to be freed thanks to Julian's help, Mare is alarmed when she learns that Farley was not responsible for the bomb dropped at the palace  The bomb gave Silvers the ability to paint the Scarlet Guard as dangerous murderers to the public 
Due to the attack of the Scarlet Guard, the Reds are punished by the Silvers with the lowering of the age of conscription from 18 to 15  Mare herself is ordered to broadcast the new law  Julian confesses that his research concludes that Mare's blood has a genetic mutation, allowing for a person with red blood to have Silver-like powers, and be stronger than both; furthermore, she is not the only one with the mutation  Shade also had the mutation, which was why he was executed; the only reason Mare was spared was because her powers manifested while she was viewed by many Silver onlookers, thus preventing a cover-up  Julian also mentions that he needs to go into hiding so he leaves Mare a list of names of people like her  After another meeting with Farley in a free zone that the Silvers have been avoiding, Mare, at Maven's suggestion, infiltrates the king's residence in the capital, Archeon  There, through the underground-roaming Undertrains, the rebels stake an invasion  Mare attempts to convince Cal to allow the Scarlet Guard overtake the castle, and admits to helping them  Cal, stung by her betrayal, refuses and arrests both Mare and Maven, leading them to the castle  However, once in the presence of Queen Elara and King Tiberius, Queen Elara reveals that she and Maven have been manipulating Mare the whole time in a plot to grant Maven the title of King and murder Cal  Maven hints that he and his mother caused the explosion to paint the Scarlet Guard in a bad light  Elara then uses her power of mind control to force Cal to kill his father on live television, thus branding him and Mare traitors and allowing Maven to become king  It is also revealed that Elara murdered the King's first wife many years ago in order to become Queen and gain more power 
Mare and Cal are sentenced to death and put in an arena with their powers stifled  Mare and Cal battle their former sparring partners, including Evangeline, and manage to kill a few Silvers before they retreat  They are rescued by the Scarlet Guard and they escape by the Undertrain before Maven can stop them  Inside it, Mare meets with Farley, Kilorn, and, to her shock, Shade, who faked his death and is also a part of the Scarlet Guard  Mare vows to take revenge against Maven, and use the list she acquired from Julian to seek out others like her 

Characters
Mare Barrow: The 17-year-old Mare is a Red who steals for a living, but the discovery that she holds supernatural powers causes many to try to vie for her allegiance  She holds tremendous electrokinetic powers, which she uses to either absorb or release lightning  Thus explaining her nickname "The Little Lightning Girl" 
Tiberias "Cal" Calore VII: The elder son and heir of King Tiberias Calore VI through his first wife, Coriane Jacos  Though he is engaged to Evangeline, he is in love with Mare, a fact that she uses to further her goals in the Scarlet Guard  He is a Burner, which means his Silver powers allow him to manipulate fire  He doesn't get along with Mare's best friend Kilorn 
Maven Calore: King Tiberias VI' second son through his second wife, Elara Merandus, and thus Cal's half-brother  He is shy, but Mare's sudden engagement with him makes him open up  Like Cal and his father, Maven has the ability to control flames  Maven is deeply jealous of Cal, partly because he thought his brother had won Mare's heart, the way he had won their father's  In contrast, Mare had preferred Maven over Cal 
Diana Farley: A captain of the Scarlet Guard who leads them in the campaigns against the Silvers  She is strongly dedicated to the cause 
Tiberias Calore VI: The current king of Norta who has married twice, producing two sons: Cal and Maven  He holds the ability to manipulate fire, which he passed to both of his sons 
Elara Merandus: The mysterious and sadistic current queen of Norta and the mother of Maven  Mare dislikes her since the very start of their meeting  She is able to read and manipulate people with the ability known as Whispering 
Julian Jacos: A royal librarian and the brother of Cal's deceased mother, Coriane, making him his uncle  He is the last known person to hold the power of a Singer: being able to control people through his voice 
Evangeline Samos: A haughty girl who is made Cal's fiancée after being declared the best of the aspiring princesses  She holds a grudge against Mare, particularly after the latter humiliates her by expending her electrokinesis and repelling her magnetic manipulation, a trait of the House Samos 
Kilorn Warren: Mare's best friend and an apprentice of fishing  Mare seems content to eventually become his wife, until her engagement with Maven makes them drift apart  The attempt to spare him of conscription is the catalyst of much of the novel's plot  He doesn't get along with Cal 
Lucas Samos: Evangeline's cousin who, like her, holds the power of magnetic manipulation  He is one of the few Silvers whom Mare befriends and trusts with certainty 
Rane Arven: The instructor for the Silver Elites who has the ability to negate the powers of other people, known as Silencing 
Ptolemus Samos: Evangeline's older brother  Like her, he is a Magnetron, able to manipulate metal 
Sara Skonos: A friend of Julian who works as a nurse with her ability to heal people, known as Skin Healing  She seems to know the truth behind the death of Cal's mother, Queen Coriane, and Elara thus punished her by mutilating her tongue, making her mute 
Tristan: Farley's loyal right-hand man in the Scarlet Guard  He is killed by Ptolemus Samos when caught in the attack on the Hall 
Ann Walsh: A member of the Scarlet Guard who is about the same age as Mare  She works as a servant in Mare's room in the Hall and tells Mare the time of the midnight meeting with the Scarlet Guard  On the attack of the Hall, she is captured but escapes with Farley and Kilorn  While making sure the way is clear for Mare and the others to come back to the Whitefire Palace, she is captured and commits suicide with a pill before the queen is able to interrogate her  Her last words were "For Tristan" 
Gisa Barrow: Mare's 14-year-old sister who works as an apprentice for a seamstress, until her broken hand terminates her from the job 
Mare's other family members consist of a war-weary father, a homemaker mother, and three older brothers: the hunky but unperceptive Bree, the sycophantic Tramy, and the lean but smart Shade  Out of the three, Mare is the closest to Shade, who is 19 years old 
Coriane Jacos: The late wife of Tiberias Calore VI and sister to Julian Jacos  Coriane was known as the "Singer Queen" because the Jacos house were Singers  Queen Elara did not like Coraine becoming queen so Elara murdered Coriane and took the crown, killing Tiberias at the end of the book 

Reception
Red Queen has been generally well received  The Guardian gave the novel four stars  Vilma Gonzalez of USA Today described the novel positively, revealing that "Aveyard’s compelling debut is richly imagined, addictive, chilling and suspenseful  She breathes new life into her own unique Game of Thrones story enlivened by exciting, character-driven plot twists that have me clamoring for more  This scintillating tale of betrayals and blood-spattered crowns is not to be missed "However, Grand Forks Herald's Cassidy Anderson stated "Ultimately, this book was over-hyped  It's still a fun read as long as you are not looking for anything with a lot of depth or meaning to it " The Christian Science Monitor described the book as a dystopian novel Kirkus Reviews saw "An inventive, character-driven twist breathes new life into tired fantasy trends "Publishers Weekly found "There’s an unmistakable feeling of deja vu to this first installment in the Red Queen trilogy, which shares several plot points and similarities with the Hunger Games series,     Fortunately, Aveyard’s conclusion leaves the story poised to depart from this derivative setup "Common Sense Media wrote "With its courageous protagonist, action-packed plot, and romantic possibilities, Red Queen is a winning series start for fantasy and dystopia lovers "

Adaptations
Gennifer Hutchison, a writer and producer on Better Call Saul and Breaking Bad, was hired in 2015 by Universal Pictures to adapt the novel into a feature film  Pitch Perfect 2 director Elizabeth Banks was in talks with the studio to direct and produce the project In May 2021, it was reported that Peacock is in developing a television series adaptation of novel  Banks is set to direct and also set to star in a supporting role 
Passage 4:
Alice in Wonderland (2010 film)
Alice in Wonderland is a 2010 American period adventure fantasy film directed by Tim Burton from a screenplay written by Linda Woolverton and produced by Walt Disney Pictures  The film stars Mia Wasikowska in the title role, with Johnny Depp, Anne Hathaway, Helena Bonham Carter, Matt Lucas and Crispin Glover, while featuring the voices of Alan Rickman, Stephen Fry, Michael Sheen, and Timothy Spall  A live-action adaptation and re-imagining of Lewis Carroll's works and Walt Disney's 1951 animated film of the same name, the film follows Alice Kingsleigh, a nineteen-year-old who accidentally falls down a rabbit hole, returns to Wonderland and alongside the Mad Hatter, helps restore the White Queen to her throne by fighting against the Red Queen and her Jabberwocky, a dragon that terrorizes Wonderland’s inhabitants 
Alice in Wonderland came under development in December 2007, when Burton was asked to direct two 3D films for Disney, including the remake of Frankenweenie  Production began in September 2008 and concluded within three months, and was shot in the United Kingdom and the United States  It was followed by an extensive post-production and visual effects process where filming included live-action and motion capture sequences  The film premiered in London at the Odeon Leicester Square on February 25, 2010, and was released in the United Kingdom and the United States through the Disney Digital 3D, RealD 3D, and IMAX 3D formats as well as in conventional theaters on March 5, 2010 
Alice in Wonderland received "mixed or average" reviews on Metacritic   Rotten Tomatoes, which classified it as "rotten", summarized the critical consensus as criticizing the film's "narrative coherence" but praising its visuals  The film generated over $1 025 billion in ticket sales and became the fifth highest-grossing film during its theatrical run, and it is also the second-highest-grossing film of 2010  Amongst Disney's live-action remakes, the film is the tied for third-most-expensive, alongside Mulan, and fourth-highest-grossing readaptation to date  It received three nominations at the 68th Golden Globe Awards, including Best Motion Picture – Musical or Comedy  At the 83rd Academy Awards, it won Best Art Direction and Best Costume Design, and was also nominated for Best Visual Effects 
While not the first such film in its genre, Alice in Wonderland is credited with starting a trend of live-action fairy tale and fantasy films being green-lit, particularly from Walt Disney Studios  A sequel, titled Alice Through the Looking Glass, was released on May 27, 2016 

Plot
In 1868, 19-year-old Alice Kingsleigh is troubled by strange recurring dreams, mourning the death of her father, and fighting the stifling expectations of the society in which she lives  She receives an unwanted marriage proposal from Hamish Ascot at his father's garden party, where she spots a familiar white rabbit wearing a waistcoat and carrying a pocket watch  She follows it down a rabbit hole and she eats a cake labeled 'Eat Me' (called Upelkuchen), she grows taller until she is a giantess  She shrinks after drinking from a bottle labeled 'Drink Me' (called Pishsalver), allowing her to enter the forest of a fantastical place called Underland  There she is greeted by the White Rabbit, a Dormouse, a Dodo, Talking Flowers, and identical twins Tweedledum and Tweedledee, who all apparently know her 
Alice asserts that she is dreaming, but learns from Absolem the Caterpillar that she is destined to slay the Jabberwocky and end the tyranny of the Red Queen  The group is ambushed by the ravenous Bandersnatch and the Red Queen's knights, led by the Knave of Hearts  All are captured except Alice, who escapes, and the Dormouse, who takes one of the Bandersnatch's eyes  The Knave informs the Red Queen of Alice's return and he is ordered to find her immediately 
The Cheshire Cat guides Alice to the Mad Hatter, the March Hare, and the Dormouse's tea party  The Hatter explains that the Red Queen took over Underland, usurping her sister the White Queen, and that he joined the resistance after she destroyed his village and killed his family  The red knights seize the party and the Hatter saves Alice from capture by allowing himself to be seized  Alice is found by the Knave's Bloodhound who is allied with the resistance, who takes Alice to the Red Queen's castle, where she grows enormous and outgrows her clothes after eating a cake labeled 'Eat Me' (called Upelkuchen), infiltrating the castle as a courtier named "Um" 
Alice learns that the vorpal sword, the only weapon capable of killing the Jabberwocky, is locked inside the Bandersnatch's den  She rebuffs advances from the Knave, leading the jealous Red Queen to demand her beheading  Alice obtains the sword and returns the Bandersnatch's eye, who gratefully helps her escape the castle and delivers her to the White Queen, who gives Alice a potion that returns her normal size  The Cheshire Cat uses his shapeshifting powers to save the Mad Hatter, who incites rebellion amongst the Queen's subjects before escaping  Absolem finally gets Alice to realize Underland is real, evoking memories of her visit when she was a little girl and called it "Wonderland", and advises her to fight the Jabberwocky just before completing his transformation into a pupa 
The Queens gather their armies on a chessboard-like battlefield and send Alice and the Jabberwocky to decide the battle in single combat  As the two armies battle, Alice beheads the Jabberwocky with the vorpal sword  The red knights turn against their ruler and the White Queen banishes her sister and the Knave into exile together  The White Queen gives Alice a vial of the Jabberwocky's purple blood, which can fulfill one wish, and she decides to return to her world after saying farewell to her friends  
Alice awakes and gets out of the rabbit hole, dirty and scratched from her fall  When she returns to the gazebo at the garden party, she refuses Hamish's proposal and impresses Lord Ascot with her idea of establishing trade routes to Hong Kong, inspiring him to take her as his apprentice  Alice prepares to set off on a trading ship, where a blue butterfly lands on her shoulder, which she recognizes as Absolem 

Cast
Mia Wasikowska as Alice Kingsleigh, a reserved yet headstrong young woman who struggles to conform to society's expectations  As the film progresses, she becomes more strong-willed and confident in her decisions and choosing her path  Wasikowska was announced to have been cast on July 23, 2008  Lindsay Lohan, Amanda Seyfried, and Dakota Blue Richards expressed interest in playing the role, while Jennifer Lawrence, Cara Delevingne, and Jessica Brown Findlay went through an audition, with Brown Findlay being down to the last three  Wasikowska sent an audition tape in February 2008 and ended up coming over to the United Kingdom and doing four more auditions with Burton before she was cast  Wasikowska read Carroll's books as a child and re-read them to prepare for her role  She also watched Jan Švankmajer's Alice  She said, "When we were kids, my mum would pop it in the VCR player  We would be disturbed, and wouldn't really understand it, but we couldn't look away because it was too intriguing  So I had kept that feeling about Alice, a kind of haunting feeling "Mairi Ella Challen as six-year-old Alice 
Johnny Depp as Tarrant Hightopp, the Mad Hatter, a hammy yet bitter resident of Underland who becomes Alice's closest friend  Depp was announced to have been cast on September 24, 2008, while reports of his involvement in the project surfaced two months earlier  Wasikowska said that the characters "both feel like outsiders and feel alone in their separate worlds, and have a special bond and friendship with Alice " Burton explained that Depp "tried to find a grounding to the character … as opposed to just being mad " Burton also said that "[i]n a lot of versions it's a very one-note kind of character and you know [Depp's] goal was to try and bring out a human side to the strangeness of the character " The orange hair is an allusion to the mercury poisoning suffered by hatters who used mercury to cure felt; Depp believes that the character "was poisoned … and it was coming out through his hair, through his fingernails and eyes"  Depp and Burton decided that the Hatter's clothes, skin, hair, personality and accent would change throughout the film to reflect his emotions  In an interview with Depp, the character was paralleled to "a mood ring, [as] his emotions are very close to the surface"  The Hatter is "made up of different people and their extreme sides", with a gentle voice much like the character's creator Lewis Carroll reflecting the lighter personality and with a Scottish Glaswegian accent (which Depp modeled after Gregor Fisher's Rab C  Nesbitt character) reflecting a darker, more dangerous personality Illusionary dancer David "Elsewhere" Bernal doubled for Depp during the "Futterwacken" sequence near the end of the film 
Helena Bonham Carter as Iracebeth of Crims, the Red Queen, Mirana's short-tempered and murderous sister, and the self-proclaimed leader of Underland  She is an amalgamation of two Carroll characters—the Red Queen and the Queen of Hearts  Her first name is a play on the word irascible because she is easily irritated, obstreperous, impatient, and quick to anger  Bonham Carter was announced to have been cast on October 7, 2008  Bonham Carter's head was digitally increased to three times its original size on screen  The character hates animals, and chooses to use them as servants and furniture  It is implied that the Red Queen beheaded her late husband, the King  The actress took inspiration from her young daughter Nell, a toddler, stating, "The Red Queen is just like a toddler, because she's got a big head and she's a tyrant " Her appearance is based on England's Queen Elizabeth I 
Anne Hathaway as Mirana of Marmoreal, the White Queen, Iracebeth's calm and caring sister, and the rightful ruler of Underland  She is one of the few characters that did not require digital manipulation  Hathaway was announced to have been cast on October 7, 2008  In the early stages of the film's development, before Burton was attached to the project, Hathaway was offered the part of Alice, but she turned it down as she was more interested in playing the White Queen  After Burton came on board, another actress was cast in the role, but she left the project due to scheduling conflicts, and Disney suggested Hathaway instead  According to Burton, the character's image was influenced by Nigella Lawson, while Hathaway also cited David Bowie, Debbie Harry, Greta Garbo, and the artwork of Dan Flavin as inspiration for her performance  Hathaway described the White Queen as a "punk-rock vegan pacifist… She comes from the same gene pool as the Red Queen  She really likes the dark side, but she's so scared of going too far into it that she's made everything appear very light and happy  But she's living in that place out of fear that she won't be able to control herself " She also summed up her character with a caption on a magnet of Happy Bunny holding a knife, which a friend gave her, "Cute but psycho, it evens out "
Crispin Glover as Ilosovic Stayne, the Knave of Hearts, Iracebeth's arrogant and vile sidekick, whom she believes to be her lover, but this proves to be false  While he follows the Red Queen's every order, he is the only one capable of calming her dramatic mood swings  Glover was announced to have been cast on October 24, 2008  Glover said, "The Red Queen has a fair amount of short-tempered reactions to things that people do, and so [the Knave] has to be quite diplomatic "
Matt Lucas as Tweedledee and Tweedledum, two identical men and Tarrant's lieutenants at the resistance against the Red Queen who are the Red Queen's "fat boys" during their capture  Burton commented on the mixture of animation and Lucas, saying that "It's a weird mixture of things which gives his characters the disturbing quality that they so richly deserve " The characters are portrayed through a combination of CGI and live-action, with Lucas's face digitally composited to a full animated body  While performing the character, Lucas had to wear a teardrop-shaped motion capture suit and walk on stilts  In order to play both characters, Lucas was doubled by Ethan Cohn 
Frances de la Tour as Imogene, Alice's aunt  She is experiencing severe delusions and is constantly awaiting her fictional fiancé whom she believes to be a prince 
Leo Bill as Hamish Ascot, Alice's rival and ex-fiancé Marton Csokas makes a cameo appearance as Alice's deceased father in the film's opening scene and Alice's mother is played by Lindsay Duncan  Lord and Lady Ascot are played by Tim Pigott-Smith and Geraldine James, respectively  Eleanor Tomlinson and Eleanor Gecks play the Chattaway sisters  Jemma Powell appears briefly as Alice's sister, Margaret, while Margaret's unfaithful husband Lowell is played by John Hopkins 

Voice cast
Michael Sheen as Nivens McTwisp, the White Rabbit, Mirana's grand vizier and Tarrant's chief officer of the resistance  Sheen said the character "is such an iconic character that [he] didn't feel like [he] should break the mold too much " Burton said the quality he wanted most in his clock-watching bunny was a twitchiness, also commenting that "[in] any incarnation of the [White Rabbit] through the years, there's that sort of nervousness of a rabbit "
Alan Rickman as Absolem, the Caterpillar, the head of the resistance  Rickman was originally going to have his face composited onto the animated Caterpillar  He was filmed recording his voice in the studio, but the idea was eventually scrapped  The animators did, however, try to give Absolem's face characteristics similar to Rickman's 
Stephen Fry as Cheshire: Tarrant's bodyguard and the general of the resistance  Burton stated that the character had a creepy quality in addition to tapping into his own hatred of cats  The role was intended to be played by Sheen but he changed his role to the White Rabbit due to scheduling conflicts 
Barbara Windsor as Mallymkun, the Dormouse: Tarrant's assistant and the sergeant of the resistance  Burton said that he sought after Windsor for the role because he was a fan of her character in the TV series EastEnders  Her voice sealed the deal for her role as the character 
Timothy Spall as Bayard Hamar: Stayne's former pet dog and messenger of the resistance  Although Bayard does not appear in the book, a similar character named The Puppy is likely the inspiration for the character 
Paul Whitehouse as Thackery Earwicket, the March Hare: Tarrant's partner and the admiral of the resistance  Burton stated that because Whitehouse is a great comedic actor, a lot of his lines came from improvisation 
Michael Gough as Uilleam, the Dodo: The navigator of the resistance  Burton said that Gough was the first person he thought of for the role of Uilleam because he has "a full life quality to his voice"  The character only speaks three lines, that Gough recorded in a day  This would be Gough's final acting role; he died a year after its release, aged 94  Gough had previously portrayed the March Hare in the 1966 TV play of the book 
Christopher Lee as The Jabberwocky (sic): Iracebeth's pet dragon and assassin  While it only had two lines, Burton said that he felt Lee to be a good match for the iconic character because he is "an iconic guy"  For the character, Lee had originally tried to make his voice "burble" (as described in the poem "Jabberwocky")  However, Burton persuaded him to use his actual voice, as he found it more intimidating and aggressive 
Imelda Staunton as The Talking Flowers: Though there are many flowers that appear around Underland, only one of them speaks and one of them is clearly a caricature of Staunton  Staunton only speaks three lines that are heard very briefly at the beginning of the film 
Jim Carter as The Executioner: The Executioner only speaks one line and appears extremely briefly, though Carter also voiced several other servants to the Red Queen Frank Welker provided additional voices and vocal effects; including roars of the Jabberwocky and Bandersnatch, squawks for the Jubjub bird, and Bayard's barking  Rickman, Windsor, Fry, Gough, Lee, Staunton and Carter each took only a day to record their dialogue 

Production
Development and writing
In 2006, while searching for ideas for a large fantasy movie, Joe Roth, Jennifer and Suzanne Todd approached Linda Woolverton, who proposed a concept of grown-up Alice, from Lewis Carroll's novels Alice's Adventures in Wonderland and Through the Looking-Glass, returning to Wonderland, which she had in her head for a while  Roth pitched the idea to Walt Disney Studios, who greenlit the project, and Woolverton was commissioned to write the script  The first draft, titled Alice, was finished on February 23, 2007, after which it was submitted to Tim Burton, who agreed to helm the project  In April 2007, it was revealed that the film would be a blend of live-action and motion capture, and in November of the same year, Burton was officially confirmed to direct both Alice in Wonderland and a feature-length remake of his 1984 short film Frankenweenie in Disney Digital 3D  Burton developed the story because he never felt an emotional tie to the original book 
He explained "the goal is to try to make it an engaging movie where you get some of the psychology and kind of bring a freshness but also keep the classic nature of Alice " On prior versions, Burton said "It was always a girl wandering around from one crazy character to another, and I never really felt any real emotional connection " His goal with the new film is to give the story "some framework of emotional grounding" and "to try and make Alice feel more like a story as opposed to a series of events " Burton focused on the poem "Jabberwocky" as part of his structure, and refers to the described creature by the name of the poem rather than by the name "Jabberwock" used in the poem  Burton also stated that he does not see his version as either a sequel to any existing Alice film nor as a "re-imagining"  However, the idea of the climax of the story being Alice's battle with the Queen's champion, the Jabberwocky, was first added in the video game American McGee's Alice, and the landscape, tower, weapons and appearance of Alice in those scenes of the film are very reminiscent of the same scenes in the game 

Filming
This film was originally set to be released on March 19, 2010 but was moved up to March 5, 2010  Principal photography was scheduled for May 2008, but did not begin until September and concluded in three months  Scenes set in the Victorian era were shot at Torpoint and Plymouth from September 1 to October 14  Two hundred and fifty local extras were chosen in early August  Locations included Antony House in Torpoint, Charlestown, Cornwall and the Barbican, however, no footage from the Barbican was used  Motion capture filming began in early October at Sony Pictures Studios in Culver City, California, though the footage was later discarded  Filming also took place at Culver Studios  Burton said that he used a combination of live action and animation, without motion capture  He also noted that this was the first time he had filmed on a green screen  Filming of the green screen portions, comprising 90% of the film, was completed after only 40 days  Many of the cast and crew felt nauseated as a result of the long hours surrounded by green, and Burton had lavender lenses fitted into his glasses to counteract the effect  Due to the constant need for digital effects to distort the actors' physical appearances, such as the size of the Red Queen's head or Alice's height, visual effects supervisor Ken Ralston cited the film as being exhausting, saying it was "The biggest show I've ever done, [and] the most creatively involved I've ever been "Sony Pictures Imageworks designed the visual effects sequences  Burton felt 3D was appropriate to the story's environment  Burton and Zanuck chose to film with conventional cameras, and convert the footage into 3D during post-production; Zanuck explained 3D cameras were too expensive and "clumsy" to use, and they felt that there was no difference between converted footage and those shot in the format  James Cameron, who released his 3D film Avatar in December 2009, criticized the choice, stating, "It doesn't make any sense to shoot in 2D and convert to 3D" 

Music
Danny Elfman composed the musical score for Alice in Wonderland, after regularly scoring for Burton's films  Elfman did not want to use period music and instead blended orchestral, classical and pop music, to highlight the internal score, and had used symphony orchestration for the visual style of Burton, incorporating the same methods by Erich Wolfgang Korngold, Max Steiner, Franz Waxman and Bernard Hermann  The score album was released by Walt Disney Records on March 2, 2010, and debuted at number 89 on the Billboard Top 200 albums chart A concept album titled Almost Alice is a collection of various artists' music inspired by the film  It was released by Walt Disney under the Buena Vista Records imprint, the same day as the score album's release  The lead single, "Alice" by Avril Lavigne, premiered on January 27, 2010, on Ryan Seacrest's radio program  Other singles include "Follow Me Down" by 3OH!3, "Her Name Is Alice" by Shinedown, and "Tea Party" by Kerli 

Marketing
Promotions
On June 22, 2009, the first pictures of the film were released, showing Depp as the Mad Hatter, Hathaway as the White Queen, Bonham Carter as the Red Queen and Lucas as Tweedledee and Tweedledum  A new image of Alice was also released  In July, new photos emerged of Alice holding a white rabbit, the Mad Hatter with a hare, the Red Queen holding a pig, and the White Queen with a mouse On July 22, 2009, a teaser trailer from the Mad Hatter's point of view was released on IGN but was shortly taken down because Disney claimed that the trailer was not supposed to be out yet  The teaser was also planned to premiere along with a trailer of Robert Zemeckis' film adaptation of A Christmas Carol on July 24, 2009, for G-Force  The following day, the teaser trailer premiered at Comic-Con but the trailer shown was different from the one that leaked  The Comic-Con version didn't have the Mad Hatter's dialogue  Instead, it featured "Time to Pretend" by MGMT, and the clips shown were in a different order than in the leaked version  The leaked version was originally to be shown to one of the three Facebook groups used to promote the film that had the most members  The groups used to promote the film are "The Loyal Subjects of the Red Queen", "The Loyal Subjects of the White Queen" and "The Disloyal Subjects of the Mad Hatter" Also at Comic-Con, props from the film were displayed in an "Alice in Wonderland" exhibit  Costumes featured in the exhibit included the Red Queen's dress, chair, wig, glasses, and scepter; the White Queen's dress, wig and a small model of her castle; the Mad Hatter's suit, hat, wig, chair and table; Alice's dress and battle armor (to slay the Jabberwocky)  Other props included the "DRINK ME" bottles, the keys, an "EAT ME" pastry and stand-in models of the White Rabbit and March Hare A nighttime party area at the Disney California Adventure theme park was created, called "Mad T Party" 

Video games
On July 23, 2009, Disney Interactive Studios announced that an Alice in Wonderland video game, developed by French game studio Étranges Libellules, would be released in the same week as the film for the Wii, Nintendo DS, and Microsoft Windows  The soundtrack was composed by video games music composer Richard Jacques  The Wii, DS, and PC versions were released on March 2, 2010 
Disney Interactive released in 2013 the game Alice in Wonderland: A New Champion for iOS 

Release
Theatrical
Alice in Wonderland was theatrically released in United Kingdom and United States, in both Disney Digital 3D and IMAX 3D, as well as regular theaters on March 5, 2010  Prior to the release, the film was premiered at the Odeon Leicester Square in London on February 25, 2010, for the fundraiser The Prince's Foundation for Children and The Arts where the Prince of Wales and the Duchess of Cornwall attended On February 12, 2010, major UK theater chains, Odeon, Vue, and Cineworld, had planned to boycott the film because of a reduction of the interval between cinema and DVD release from the usual seventeen-week period to twelve  Disney's pretext for cutting short Alice's theatrical run, is possibly to avoid the release of the DVD clashing with the 2010 FIFA World Cup  However, exhibitors protested that Alice would be less threatened by the World Cup than other titles  A week after the announcement, Cineworld, who has a 24% share of UK box office, chose to play the film on more than 150 screens  Cineworld's chief executive Steve Wiener stated, "As leaders in 3D, we did not want the public to miss out on such a visual spectacle  As the success of Avatar has shown, there is currently a huge appetite for the 3D experience"  Shortly after, the Vue cinema chain also reached an agreement with Disney, but Odeon had still chosen to boycott in Britain, Ireland, and Italy  On February 25, 2010, Odeon had reached an agreement and decided to show the film on March 5  It also did not affect their plans to show the film in Spain, Germany, Portugal, and Austria 

Home media
Walt Disney Studios Home Entertainment released a three-disc Blu-ray combo pack (which includes the Blu-ray, DVD and a digital copy), single-disc Blu-ray and single-disc DVD on June 1, 2010, in North America and July 1, 2010, in Australia  The DVD release includes three short features about the making of the film, focusing on Burton's vision for Wonderland and the characters of Alice and the Mad Hatter  The Blu-ray version has nine additional featurettes centered on additional characters, special effects and other aspects of the film's production  In some confusion, a small number of copies were put on shelves a week before schedule in smaller stores, but were quickly removed, although a handful of copies were confirmed purchased ahead of schedule 
In its first week of release (June 1–6, 2010), it sold 2,095,878 DVD units (equivalent to $35,441,297) and topped the DVD sales chart for two continuous weeks  By May 22, 2011, it had sold 4,313,680 units ($76,413,043)  It failed to crack the 2010 top ten DVDs list in terms of units sold, but reached 10th place on that chart in terms of sales revenue 

Reception
Box office
Alice in Wonderland has grossed $334,191,110 in North America and $691,276,000 in other territories for a worldwide total of $1,025,467,110 against a budget of $200 million  Worldwide, it is the second-highest-grossing film of 2010  It is the third-highest-grossing film starring Johnny Depp, the highest-grossing film directed by Tim Burton, and the second-highest-grossing film of Anne Hathaway  Additionally, it is the second-highest-grossing children's book adaptation (worldwide, as well as in North America and outside North America separately) On its first weekend, the film made $220 1 million worldwide, marking the second-largest opening ever for a movie not released during the summer or the holiday period (behind The Hunger Games), the fourth-largest for a Disney-distributed film and the fourth-largest among 2010 films  It dominated for three consecutive weekends at the worldwide box office  On May 26, 2010, its 85th day of release, it became the sixth film ever to surpass the $1 billion mark and the second film that had been released by Walt Disney Studios that did so In North America, Alice in Wonderland is the forty-fourth-highest-grossing film but out of the top 100 when adjusted for inflation  It is also the second-highest-grossing film of 2010, behind Toy Story 3, the second-highest-grossing film starring Johnny Depp and the highest-grossing film directed by Tim Burton  The film opened on March 5, 2010, on approximately 7,400 screens at 3,728 theaters with $40,804,962 during its first day, $3 9 million of which came from midnight showings, ranking number one and setting a new March opening-day record  Alice earned $116 1 million on its opening weekend, breaking the record for the largest opening weekend in March (previously held by 300), the record for the largest opening weekend during springtime (previously held by Fast & Furious), the largest opening weekend for a non-sequel (previously held by Spider-Man) and the highest one for the non-holiday, non-summer period  However, all of these records were broken by The Hunger Games ($152 5 million) in March 2012  Alice made the seventeenth-highest-grossing opening weekend ever and the fifth-largest among 3D films  Opening-weekend grosses originating from 3D showings were $81 3 million (70% of total weekend gross)  This broke the record for the largest opening-weekend 3D grosses but it was later topped by The Avengers ($108 million)  It had the largest weekend per-theater average of 2010 ($31,143 per theater) and the largest for a PG-rated film  It broke the IMAX opening-weekend record by earning $12 2 million on 188 IMAX screens, with an average of $64,197 per site  The record was first overtaken by Deathly Hallows – Part 2 ($15 2 million)  Additionally, it had the biggest opening weekend for a film starring Tim Burton, smashing the previous record held by Planet of the Apes  Alice remained in first place for three consecutive weekends at the North American box office  Alice closed in theaters on July 8, 2010, with $334 2 million 
Outside North America, Alice is the thirteenth-highest-grossing film, the highest-grossing 2010 film, the fourth-highest-grossing Disney film, the second-highest-grossing film starring Johnny Depp and the highest-grossing film directed by Tim Burton  It began with an estimated $94 million, on top of the weekend box office, and remained at the summit for four consecutive weekends and five in total  Japan was the film's highest-grossing country after North America, with $133 7 million, followed by the UK, Ireland and Malta ($64 4 million), and France and the Maghreb region ($45 9 million) 

Critical response
On the review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes, 51% of 278 critics have given the film a positive review, with an average rating of 5 8/10  The website's consensus is: "Tim Burton's Alice sacrifices the book's minimal narrative coherence—and much of its heart—but it's an undeniable visual treat"  According to Metacritic, which calculated a weighted average score of 53 out of 100 based on 38 reviews, the film received "mixed or average reviews"  Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average rating of "A−" on an A+ to F scale Todd McCarthy of Variety praised it for its "moments of delight, humor and bedazzlement", but went on to say, "But it also becomes more ordinary as it goes along, building to a generic battle climax similar to any number of others in CGI-heavy movies of the past few years"  Michael Rechtshaffen of The Hollywood Reporter said "Burton has delivered a subversively witty, brilliantly cast, whimsically appointed dazzler that also manages to hit all the emotionally satisfying marks", while as well praising its computer-generated imagery (CGI), saying "Ultimately, it's the visual landscape that makes Alice's newest adventure so wondrous, as technology has finally been able to catch up with Burton's endlessly fertile imagination " Owen Gleiberman of Entertainment Weekly said, "But Burton's Disneyfied 3-D Alice in Wonderland, written by the girl-power specialist Linda Woolverton, is a strange brew indeed: murky, diffuse, and meandering, set not in a Wonderland that pops with demented life but in a world called Underland that's like a joyless, bombed-out version of Wonderland  It looks like a CGI head trip gone post apocalyptic  In the film's rather humdrum 3-D, the place doesn't dazzle—it droops " Roger Ebert of the Chicago Sun-Times awarded the film three out of four stars and wrote in his review that, "Alice plays better as an adult hallucination, which is how Burton rather brilliantly interprets it until a pointless third act flies off the rails "Several reviews criticized the decision to turn Alice into a "colonialist entrepreneur" at the end of the film setting sail for China  Given Britain's role in the First and Second Opium Wars during the Victorian era and the foreign domination of China through "unequal treaties", China expert Kevin Slaten writes, "Not only is it troubling imagery, for a female role model in a Disney movie, but it's also a celebration of the exploitation that China suffered for a century "Game developer American McGee, best known for creating Alice and Alice: Madness Returns, was asked in a 2011 interview about Tim Burton's interpretation of the title character since both versions share a similar dark and twisted tone of Wonderland  McGee praised the film's visuals and audio but criticized the lack of screen time Alice had compared to the other characters  He felt Alice did not have any purpose in the story and that she was merely used as a "tool" 

Accolades
At the 83rd Academy Awards, the film received three nominations: Best Art Direction, Best Costume Design and Best Visual Effects and won the former two  At the 64th British Academy Film Awards, the film received five nominations and won two awards for Best Costume Design and Best Makeup and Hair  The film received three nominations at the 68th Golden Globe Awards, including Best Motion Picture – Musical or Comedy and Best Actor – Motion Picture Musical or Comedy for Johnny Depp, but did not win any  It further received nominations for five Satellite Awards and Saturn Awards each (winning two of them), four Critics' Choice Movie Awards (winning two), and a Grammy Award nomination 

Legacy
Following its release, the film drove about $1 6 billion in retail sales for Disney, including home video and merchandise sales After the release and success of the movie, Walt Disney Pictures has announced the development of several live-action adaptations of their Animated Classics series  With the exception of Dumbo, Lady and the Tramp, Mulan,Pinocchio, and Peter Pan & Wendy; The Lion King, Maleficent, Aladdin, Cinderella, The Jungle Book, Beauty and the Beast, and Christopher Robin have all followed to similar box-office results with the latter four also earning critical praise  Disney has also announced the development of live-action adaptations of Fantasia, The Sword in the Stone, The Black Cauldron, Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs, Lilo & Stitch, The Hunchback of Notre Dame, Bambi, Robin Hood, Hercules, The Aristocats, and Moana  The company also released Cruella, a live-action spin-off of One Hundred and One Dalmatians, and has plans for live-action spin-offs of Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs and Peter Pan along with a live-action prequel to Aladdin Walt Disney Theatrical was in early talks with Burton and screenwriter Linda Woolverton, who had previously written stage adaptions of The Lion King, Beauty and the Beast, Aida, and Lestat, to develop the property as a Broadway musical set to premiere in London  Rob Ashford was attached to direct and choreograph  As of 2013, no further developments had been made 

Sequel
On December 7, 2012, Variety announced the development of a sequel to Alice in Wonderland  Linda Woolverton returned to write a screenplay  On May 31, 2013, James Bobin began talks to direct the sequel under the working title Alice in Wonderland: Into the Looking Glass  Johnny Depp returned as The Hatter, Mia Wasikowska reprised the role of Alice, and Helena Bonham Carter returned as the Red Queen  Several other cast members from the 2010 film also reprised their roles in the sequel  On November 22, 2013, it was announced that the sequel will be released on May 27, 2016, and that Bobin would direct the film  Rhys Ifans and Sacha Baron Cohen are featured in the film  On January 21, 2014, the film was again retitled to Alice in Wonderland: Through the Looking Glass  The title was later reworked once again to Alice Through the Looking Glass 

See also
2010 in film
List of American films of 2010
Films and television programmes based on Alice in Wonderland
List of Walt Disney Pictures films
List of Walt Disney Studios films (2010–2019)
List of films featuring miniature people



ground_truth: Alice's Adventures in Wonderland

prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: Which utility holding company did Alfred A. Marcus work as a consultant?

The following are given passages.
Context 2: Passage 1:
North American Light and Power Company
The North American Light and Power Company was a utility holding company formed in South Bend, Indiana and run since 1916 by its president, Clement Studebaker, Jr , of the family famous for the Studebaker automobiles  The utility company remained a major subsidiary of the North American Company, until that conglomerate's 1940s breakup by the U S  Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) 

History
Clement Studebaker, Jr  (1871–1932) was born the son of Clement Studebaker (1831–1901), the carriage and automobile manufacturer of South Bend, Indiana In 1911, the company founded by the Studebaker brothers joined forces with Everitt-Metzker-Flanders Company of Detroit to form the Studebaker Corporation  In one of his several executive positions, Clement Studebaker, Jr  served as Vice President of the E-M-F Company By 1916 Clement Studebaker, Jr  had formed the publicly traded North American Light and Power Company, and issued stock, with certificates  printed by the American Banknote Company Clement Studebaker, Jr  also served as President and Chairman of the Board of the Illinois Power and Light Company (and of its subsidiary, the Illinois Traction Company), the South Bend Watch Company, and as Treasurer of the Chicago South Shore and South Bend Railroad 

North American Company
North American Company had once been one of the original stocks in the Dow Jones Industrial Average North American Light and Power remained under the ownership of North American Company for the next decade after Clement's death, as a major subsidiary holding company of other lines  
By 1940, North American Company had become a US$2 3 billion holding company heading up a pyramid of by then 80 companies  It controlled ten major direct subsidiaries in eight of which it owned at least 79%  North American Light and Power Company was by then one of the three major holding companies among the ten direct subsidiaries North American Company was broken up by the SEC, following the United States Supreme Court decision of April 1, 1946 
Passage 2:
Southern Company
Southern Company is an American gas and electric utility holding company based in the southern United States  It is headquartered in Atlanta, Georgia, with executive offices also located in Birmingham, Alabama  The company is the second largest utility company in the U S  in terms of customer base, as of 2021  Through its subsidiaries it serves 9 million gas and electric utility customers in 6 states  Southern Company's regulated regional electric utilities serve a 120,000-square-mile (310,000 km2) territory with 27,000 miles (43,000 km) of distribution lines 

Overview
Southern Company is one of the largest energy providers in the United States and is ranked 126th on the Fortune 500 listing of the largest U S  corporations  The company has approximately 31,300 employees  It has more than 500,000 shareholders (NYSE: SO) and has been traded since September 30, 1949 
Southern Company subsidiaries are operating or developing renewable: solar, wind, and biomass facilities across the U S , as well as the first new nuclear units in the U S  in 30 years at Plant Vogtle near Augusta, Georgia 
Southern Company's three retail operating companies—Alabama Power, Georgia Power, and Mississippi Power—serve 120,000 square miles (310,000 km2) in three states  Southern Power serves wholesale electricity customers across the U S  Southern Company Gas serves utility customers in seven states 
Southern Company owns the following companies:

Alabama Power - operating company, based in Birmingham, Alabama  Serves the southern two-thirds of Alabama 
Georgia Power - operating company, based in Atlanta  Serves all of Georgia, except for mostly rural counties 
Mississippi Power - operating company, based in Gulfport, Mississippi  Serves the Mississippi Gulf Coast 
Southern Company Services (originally named Southern Services, Inc ) - Birmingham, Alabama - Common Services
Southern Linc - cellular telephone provider - Atlanta, Georgia
Southern Nuclear - engineering and operations for nuclear power plants - Birmingham, Alabama  (Southern Company is the majority owner and operator of the Farley, Hatch, and Vogtle nuclear power plants )
Southern Company Generation - fossil fuels and hydro operations - Birmingham, Alabama 
Southern Power - wholesale power generation - Birmingham, Alabama 
Southern Telecom - wholesale fiber optic communications and data services - Atlanta, Georgia 
Southern Company Gas - serves gas utility customers and operates natural gas pipelines - Atlanta, Georgia 
PowerSecure - distributed infrastructure technologies - Wake Forest, North Carolina 
Atlanta Gas Light - provides natural gas delivery service to more than 1 6 million customers in Georgia 
Chattanooga Gas - provides retail natural gas sales and transportation services to approximately 66,000 customers in Hamilton and Bradley counties in southeast Tennessee 
Nicor Gas - Provider of natural gas throughout northern Illinois 
Virginia Natural Gas - Provider of Natural Gas in southeastern Virginia 
Sequent Energy Management - optimizes natural gas assets and effectively utilize transportation and storage services 
Southern Wholesale Energy - markets the retail operating companies' surplus generating capacity to the wholesale market 
Southern Company Transmission - conducts transmission business in accordance with the Southern Companies Open Access Transmission Tariff approved by FERC Prior to 2019, Southern Company also owned Gulf Power, an electric utility based in Pensacola, Florida that serves most of the Florida Panhandle  An agreement was reached in May 2018 to sell Gulf Power to rival utility company NextEra Energy  The sale was completed on January 1, 2019  Gulf Power would become the Northwest Florida division of Florida Power & Light (FPL) in 2021, with the Gulf Power name retired in favor of FPL in 2022 

History
Southern Company can be traced back to 1924, when Southeastern Power & Light was formed as a holding company for Alabama Traction, Light and Power (formed 1906), the immediate forerunner of Alabama Power  Later that year, it formed Mississippi Power as a subsidiary, with Gulf Power following in 1925  In 1926, it merged with Georgia Power (formed 1902)  In 1930, Southeastern Power & Light merged into the Commonwealth & Southern Corporation  The new system included five Northern companies and six Southern companies  However, in the late 1940s Commonwealth & Southern was dissolved to meet the Public Utility Holding Company Act of 1935  Four of Commonwealth & Southern's Deep South operating companies—Alabama Power, Georgia Power, Gulf Power, and Mississippi Power—were deemed to be an integrated system and thus were allowed to remain under common ownership  A new holding company, Southern Company, was incorporated in Delaware on November 9, 1945  It commenced operation in 1949, and moved to Georgia in 1950  In 1954–55, the company was involved in the Dixon-Yates contract with the Atomic Energy Commission, and the associated political controversy In 1981, Southern Company became the first electric utility holding company in 46 years to diversify its operations by forming an unregulated subsidiary  In January 1982, Southern Energy, Inc , began official operations as a global energy company, growing to serve 10 countries on four continents  On April 2, 2001, Southern Company completed the spinoff of Southern Energy as Mirant Corporation 
Another Southern Company subsidiary—Southern Nuclear—began providing services in 1991 to the system's nuclear power plants 
In 1996, Southern Communications Services began providing digital wireless communications services to Southern Company's subsidiaries and also began marketing these services to the public within the Southeast as Southern Linc  Southern Telecom, a telecommunications subsidiary of Southern Company, was founded in 1997  Southern Telecom provides colocation and dark fiber optic lines to network businesses On January 9, 2001, Southern Company received final approval from the Securities and Exchange Commission to form Southern Power, a subsidiary to own, manage and finance wholesale generating assets in the Southeast  The new subsidiary targets wholesale customers 
On July 19, 2002, Southern Company Gas received certification from the Georgia Public Service Commission to enter the retail gas market  After nearly four years of operations, the company was sold and customers transferred to Cobb EMC's newly formed affiliate, Gas South 
In 2011, Southern Company and Turner Renewable Energy purchased a 30 MW solar project from First Solar  Located in Cimarron, New Mexico, it began generating electricity in 2011 In June 2012, the Nacogdoches Generating Facility began its commercial operation  The facility is a 115 MW biomass-fueled electric generating plant, located near Sacul in Nacogdoches County, Texas 
In 2016, Southern Company acquired PowerSecure, a distributed energy infrastructure technologies company, and AGL Resources (which was renamed Southern Company Gas)  As a result of the AGL Resources merger, Southern Company doubled its customer base, expanded its footprint and broadened the scope of its business by increasing its natural gas presence 

Plant Vogtle
Southern Company subsidiaries operate hydroelectric, gas, coal, and nuclear generation sources to generate approximately 200 terawatt-hours of electricity  In 2009, coal represented 57 percent of the company's output, followed by nuclear (23%) and natural gas (16%)  Renewable hydroelectric power represented 4 percent of Southern's generation  Coal-based generation dropped significantly in 2009 from an average of 70% between 2005 and 2008  As of 2017 Coal-based generation had dropped to 30% In June 2010, the United States Department of Energy awarded an $8 3 billion loan guarantee to facilitate the construction of two new nuclear reactors at Plant Vogtle, near Augusta, Georgia  A Southern Company subsidiary, Georgia Power, owns 45 7% of the current 2,430 MW facility, with co-owners Oglethorpe Power (30%) Municipal Electric Authority of Georgia (22 7%) and the City of Dalton (1 6%)  The plant is operated by Georgia Power  The $14 billion construction project is scheduled to be completed by 2022 and would double the plant's capacity The construction of two 1,154 MW reactors has been hailed by Energy Secretary Steven Chu as "the first new nuclear power plant to break ground in decades"  It is expected to create up to 3,500 jobs during the construction phase, and 800 once operational  However, in March 2017 Westinghouse Electric Company, who were building the plant, filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy because of $9 billion of losses from its two U S  nuclear construction projects  The U S  government had given $8 3 billion of loan guarantees on the financing of the four nuclear reactors being built in the U S , and it is expected a way forward to completing the plant can be agreed 

Plant Ratcliffe
In September 2013 the EPA introduced new provisions regarding output of carbon emissions in new power facilities  The proposed emission limit for new energy sources will be 1,100lbs of carbon dioxide per megawatt hour of electricity  Preemptively recognizing the need for these changes, Southern Company broke ground on its 21st-century clean coal facility in June 2010  Southern's subsidiary, Mississippi Power will operate the plant  The Kemper County Energy Facility, or Kemper Project, takes advantage of the abundant lignite, or poor quality coal, available in Mississippi  Additionally, it employs Transport Gasifier (TRIG) technology  TRIG technology is built on the idea of dry-feed, non-slag gasifiers, which operate at lower temperatures than other coal gasifiers  This dry-feed is crushed, heated, and circulated in the gasifier, producing a flammable synthetic gas, syngas  Syngas can generate electricity with fewer emissions  Of course, other byproducts are produced, like ammonia and sulphuric acid  These particular products are sold for commercial use The EPA considers the Kemper Coal Project and other planned facilities like it, to be a lifeline for the coal industry in the wake of the new climate change plan  Between 2010 and 2014, approximately 150 coal plants were shut down As of April 2014, the US Department of Energy had invested $270m in this project  Southern Company, and its subsidiary, Mississippi Power anticipate that the Kemper Coal Plant will generate enough energy to serve more than 187,000 customers  Upon opening, the Kemper Coal Project is expected to be capable of stripping out at least 65% of the carbon dioxide, significantly exceeding the EPA's proposed requirement of 40% 

Partnerships
Southern Company works with the US Department of Energy on a variety of projects including transmission and distribution of infrastructure and smart grid initiatives, environmental research programs, and nuclear generation  One of the more significant joint efforts, the DOE's National Carbon Capture Center, is managed by Southern Company and represents national efforts to reduce greenhouse gas emissions from coal-based power generation  At this location, Southern Company has been working with scientists and technology developers from government, industry, and universities who are creating the next generation of carbon capture technologies Along with the DOE, Southern Company has been working with KBR, another technology partner, to perfect its TRIG advanced coal gasification technology  This process of breaking down "dirty coal", or lignite, into its chemical components is not only cleaner, but it is also less expensive and more reliable  This technology is currently being implemented at Southern Company's Kemper County power plant, one of the few new coal facilities working to keep the US coal industry alive  This new facility will be built on a lignite seam, is expected to strip out two-thirds of carbon dioxide emissions, leaving emissions at about the same level as natural gas  The Kemper Coal Plant is expected to fall well under new regulations implemented by the EPA, which limits coal plants to 1,100lbs of carbon dioxide emissions per megawatt hour of electricity In an effort to make this technology more attainable, Southern Company has partnered with China's Shenhua Group to collaborate on further research, development, and deployment of clean coal technologies in the US, China, and around the world  This partnership with Shenhua, who is currently expected to add more than 400,000 megawatts of coal-fired capacity by 2035, could lead to wide deployment of TRIG-equipped power plants across Asia  TRIG technology has the potential to not only assist China with their growing carbon issue, but also enable the country to tap into their own low quality coal In 2009, the U S  Department of Energy granted Southern Company a $165 million Smart Grid Investment Grant to implement a smart grid and to make the grid more reliable  Through matching funds and other investments, the company spent $363 million on the initiative, which it completed in 2014  The upgraded smart grid allows Southern Company the ability to monitor and control its electric infrastructure in real time and respond to problems 

Financial data
Carbon footprint
Southern Company reported Total CO2e emissions (Direct + Indirect) for the twelve months ending 31 December 2020 at 75,300 Kt (-13,100 /-14 8% y-o-y) and aims to reach net zero emissions by 2050 

Political donations
In May 2018, it was reported that Southern Company had donated $1 million to America First Policies, a pro-Donald Trump advocacy group 

Controversies
Environmental impact
Southern Company is the third-largest producer of greenhouse gas emissions in the United States, emitting 86,244,286 metric tons of carbon dioxide equivalent in 2019 In 2005, the company announced it would open a Mercury Research Center at Plant Crist Pensacola, Florida, hoping to find new ways to reduce mercury emissions On April 25, 2006, Alabama Power, a subsidiary of Southern Company, agreed to pay $200M to settle allegations that its coal-fired James H  Miller, Jr  Plant near West Jefferson, Alabama emitted harmful amounts of SO2 and NOx In response to growing public and financial community interest, the company has enacted assorted environmental measures  Southern Company participates in Renew Our Rivers, a volunteer program to remove debris from rivers and other waterways throughout the Southeast, which claims over 11 million pounds of trash removed or recycled in Renew Our Rivers events  The company also manages and operates the National Carbon Capture Center, a focal point of the US Department of Energy's efforts to develop carbon capture and greenhouse gas reduction technologies, under which various projects to test geologic sequestration are in progress at Plant Gorgas in Alabama, Plant Daniel in Mississippi and other company sites  However, critics have argued that CCS seldom works and prolongs the life of fossil fuels 

Climate change denial
Southern Company has a long history of funding climate change denial and has been a "driving force behind climate disinformation," sponsoring campaigns in opposition to climate science, against limiting greenhouse gas emissions, and slowing the transition to renewable energy sources Between 1993 and 2004 Southern Company paid over $62 million to organizations that spread disinformation about climate change  The utility paid for advertising claiming that climate change was not real and made payments to public relations companies, industry groups, law firms and thinktanks to dispute the scientific consensus for climate change and attack legislative solutions  The utility paid $20 million to the trade group Edison Electric Institute, which creates media campaigns to attack proponents of global warming  In the 1990s, Southern Company and the Center for Energy and Economic Development hosted energy workshops broadcast to schoolteachers through the company's satellite network to promote pro-coal messages about climate change and the environment 

Kemper Project controversies
In February 2015, the Mississippi Supreme Court ordered Southern Company's subsidiary Mississippi Power to restore $377 million to South Mississippi ratepayers for rate increases related to the Kemper Project, a "clean" coal plant  These fees were derived from Mississippi's Baseload Act, allowing Mississippi Power to charge ratepayers for powerplants under construction 
In May 2016, Southern Company and its subsidiary Mississippi Power announced they were being investigated by the Securities and Exchange Commission related to overruns at the Kemper Project  The project had been repeatedly delayed and costs increased from $2 88 billion to $6 58 billion  In recorded conversations, at least six engineers from the Kemper Project claimed that delays, cost overruns, safety violations, and shoddy work, were in part due to mismanagement or fraud 
In June 2016, Mississippi Power was sued by Treetop Midstream Services over the cancellation of a contract to receive carbon dioxide from the Kemper Project as part of the carbon capture and storage design  Treetop had contracted to buy carbon dioxide from the Kemper plant and had built a pipeline in preparation to receive the gas  Treetop alleged Mississippi Power had fraudulently and "intentionally misrepresenting and concealing the start date" for the Kemper Project, though Mississippi Power stated the suit was without merit 
The company was also found to have unlawfully fired a whistle-blower who had criticized alleged false statements by company management 

Vogtle nuclear power plant
In June 2021, Georgia Power, a subsidiary of Southern Company, was scrutinized by the Georgia Public Service Commission over the lengthy delays and ballooning costs of its new Vogtle nuclear plant in Burke County, Georgia 

Willie Soon
In February 2015, it was revealed that climate change denier Willie Soon had been paid by Southern Company and several other fossil fuel interest groups  Over the course of 14 years, Soon received a total of $1 25m from Southern Company, Exxon Mobil, the American Petroleum Institute (API) and a foundation run by the Koch brothers, the documents obtained by Greenpeace show  At $410,000, Southern Company was the largest donor  The scientist described his studies to fossil fuel executives as "deliverables", and permitted anonymous pre-publication reviews  Soon advanced the widely discredited theory that changes in solar activity are to blame for climate change, and called into question the severity and extent of climate change in all his studies, never revealing his backers 

See also
Jacob Horton
List of United States electric companies
Electric utility

Notes
External links
Business data for Southern Company: 
DOE guarantee press info
PR Newswire release
Southern Company Media Room
Official website
Forbes Global 2000 Biggest Companies Utility Industry
Passage 3:
TECO Energy
TECO Energy Inc  is an energy-related holding company based in Tampa, Florida, and a subsidiary of Emera Incorporated  TECO Energy has several subsidiaries: Tampa Electric, which provides electricity to the Tampa Bay Area and parts of Central Florida; Peoples Gas Company, which provides natural gas throughout Florida; and TECO Services, which provides IT, HR, legal, facilities, and other services to current and former TECO subsidiaries  Previously the company was in the S&P 500 before it became private due its acquisition by Emera 
TECO Energy businesses include New Mexico Gas Company  TECO's three utilities serve a total of 1 6 million customers in Florida and New Mexico  In 2012, TECO exited its business in Guatemala 

History
Tampa Electric began in 1899 to manage electric trolley systems in the city of Tampa  On September 4, 2015, Emera, a utility holding company based in Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada, announced the pending acquisition of TECO Energy  That purchase closed on July 1, 2016, and TECO Energy, Inc  became a wholly owned subsidiary of Emera, Inc 

Environmental record
Researchers at the University of Massachusetts Amherst in 2006 identified TECO Energy as the 37th-largest corporate producer of air pollution in the United States in 2002, with roughly 11 million pounds of toxic chemicals released annually into the air  Major pollutants indicated by the study included hydrochloric acid, sulfuric acid, chromium compounds, arsenic compounds, and nickel compounds In 2000, TECO Energy was fined $3 5 million for making changes to emissions producing facilities without installing new updated pollution controls  This led to the switch from coal to natural gas in one of its plants by 2004 and optimization of pollution controls in another  These changes were enacted to drastically cut emissions, notably sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxide emissions On July 6, 2019 People’s Gas a Division of Tampa Electric Company, caused an explosion of a shopping center in Plantation, Florida known as the Market on University because People’s Gas failed to close and lock a gas line after a customer request dating back to December 2018  The failure to close and lock the gas line is a violation of Federal law and Florida law  Peoples/TECO claims that a computer program cancelled the shutoff order unbeknownst to the utility  TECO/Peoples hid the claimed computer error from state investigators  The computer error caused hundreds of gas line shutoff orders to be cancelled system wide  TECO/Peoples also blame the owner of the shopping center for not capping the gas line when the tenant removed a gas pizza oven  Over 60 lawsuits were filed in response to the explosion many of which remain pending 
In 2017, TECO had an explosion at its Big Bend power plant near Tampa, Florida killing 5 workers who were performing a dangerous procedure water jetting molten slag in a coal fired furnace  The workers were killed because an explosion occurred  TECO experienced the same type of accident 10 years prior and developed a policy to prevent future accidents but failed to train workers on the safety policy  In May 2022, TECO pleaded guilty to violating an OSHA safety regulation requiring a meeting to ensure workers are properly trained that would have prevented the deaths of the 5 workers  In August 2022 TECO was sentenced to a $500,000 fine and 3 years of probation  TECO admitted that it willfully violated an OSHA safety regulation as part of its guilty plea  
On September 28, 2017, TECO announced it was adding 600 MW of solar to its electricity-producing portfolio 

See also
List of power stations in Florida
TECO Line Streetcar (No longer operated by TECO)
Tampa Electric Co  v  Nashville Coal Co 
Passage 4:
Xcel Energy
Xcel Energy Inc  is a U S  regulated electric utility and natural gas delivery company based in Minneapolis, Minnesota, serving more than 3 7 million electric customers and 2 1 million natural gas customers across parts of eight states (Colorado, Minnesota, Wisconsin, Michigan, North Dakota, South Dakota, Texas and New Mexico)  It consists of four operating subsidiaries: Northern States Power-Minnesota, Northern States Power-Wisconsin, Public Service Company of Colorado, and Southwestern Public Service Co In December 2018, Xcel Energy announced it would deliver 100 percent clean, carbon-free electricity by 2050, with an 80 percent carbon reduction by 2035 (from 2005 levels)  This makes Xcel the first major US utility to set such a goal 

History
Xcel Energy was built on three companies: Minneapolis-based Northern States Power Company (NSP), Denver-based Public Service Company of Colorado (PSCo), and Amarillo-based Southwestern Public Service (SPS)  Southwestern Public Service Co  (SPS) dates its origins to 1904 and the Pecos Valley in New Mexico when Maynard Gunsell received an electricity franchise for the city of Roswell, New Mexico and its 2,000 residents  The financial strain of creating this new enterprise soon overwhelmed him and he sold the franchise to W H  Gillenwater, who named his utility the Roswell Electric Light Co  He later sold the company to an investment firm in Cleveland, Ohio, which already owned the Roswell Gas Co Northern States Power Company's timeline begins with the organization of the Washington County Light & Power Co  in 1909  When H  M  Byllesby began building his utility holding company across the Northwestern region of the US, he renamed it the Consumers Power Co  in 1910 and which was renamed the Northern States Power Co  in 1916  While the bulk of NSP's territory grew across central and southern Minnesota (starting from the Twin Cities), it acquired territory in North Dakota (centering on Fargo, Grand Forks, and Minot) and extended southwest into South Dakota (centering on Sioux Falls)  NSP's system also extended east into Wisconsin, but because of utility ownership laws in that state, it was operated as an entity separate from the rest of the company 
Public Service Company of Colorado (PSCo) was formed in 1923 to provide an electric generating station for the Denver area   By 1924, it had acquired most of the electric companies in northern and central Colorado  Originally a subsidiary of Cities Service Company, it became an independent autonomous operation in November 1943   By this time, it served 80 percent of Colorado's gas and electricity needs  As demand for energy continued to grow, so did PSCo   Eventually, the company merged with SPS to form New Century Energies (NCE) in 1995 Northern States Power and Wisconsin Energy Corporation had planned to merge into a new outfit that was to be called Primergy - but in 1997, the merger fell through because of the time it was taking to gain the required approvals from state and federal agencies  After the failed Primergy merger, NSP (both the Minnesota and Wisconsin companies) merged with New Century Energies to form Xcel Energy   In 2005, Xcel sold Cheyenne Light, Fuel and Power to Black Hills Corporation   Cheyenne Light, Fuel and Power had been a subsidiary of PSCo since the 1920s, and had become an operating company of NCE after the merger with SPS 
In December 2018, Xcel Energy became the first major US utility to pledge to go carbon-free, aiming for 80% carbon reduction by 2030, and 100% reduction by 2050 Utility industry magazine Utility Dive awarded Xcel Energy its 2018 "Utility of the Year" award for its plans for add 12 wind farms, its project with Google to develop new ways for customers to personalize energy management, and its plan to retire 50 percent of its coal-powered capacity by 2026 (and replacing it with a combination of renewable energy, efficiency, and natural gas) On May 20, 2019, Xcel Energy announced its intent to close all of its remaining coal-fired plants in Minnesota by 2030 while compensating by increasing solar production capacity by 1,400%  It also declared its plans to continue operating its Monticello nuclear plant near Monticello, Minnesota until at least 2040 On March 16, 2023, Xcel Energy announced that a significant unplanned release of radioactive water from its Monticello nuclear power plant took place on November 21, 2022, which was reported only to state and federal authorities but was concealed from the public until now  Xcel estimated the leak to be 400 thousand gallons of contaminated water containing radioactive tritium  The leak occurred in a water pipe that runs between two buildings 

Generation portfolio
Across Xcel Energy's eight-state service area, 49% of the power provided in 2021 came from carbon-free sources: biomass, hydroelectric and nuclear plants, solar panels and wind turbines Xcel Energy currently has 13 coal plants with a capacity of 7,697 MW  Seven of those plants are operated in Colorado  Xcel Energy owns and operates three wind farms  In October 2011, Xcel Energy set a world record for electricity from wind power, with an hourly penetration of 55 6% of production from wind Xcel Energy generates over 500 megawatts of hydroelectric power from 27 plants in Wisconsin, Minnesota, and Colorado  This accounts for only four percent of their electricity generation  They also purchase large amounts of hydro-generated electricity from Manitoba Hydro 

Biomass electricity comes from organic fuel sources  Xcel Energy has contracts for about 110 megawatts of electricity from biomass generators  Two in northern Minnesota are fueled by forest harvest residue, such as treetops and limbs  A third facility, brought on line in 2007 in western Minnesota, generates power using turkey litter Xcel Energy's Bay Front plant in Ashland, Wisconsin, is a three-unit generating station that has become a model for the creative use of fuels: coal, waste wood, railroad ties, discarded tires, natural gas, and petroleum coke   Two of the three Bay Front operating units already use biomass as their primary fuel   Xcel Energy recently proposed a plan to install biomass gasification technology at Bay Front  The waste-to-energy facilities use waste that would otherwise end up in landfills  The Wisconsin waste-to-energy plant burns wood waste in combination with refuse-derived fuel (RDF) Xcel Energy owns and operates two nuclear power plants: 

Monticello Nuclear Generating Plant near Monticello, Minnesota
Prairie Island Nuclear Generating Plant near Red Wing, Minnesotaand stores the spent fuel from these nuclear plants on site in independent spent fuel storage installations  (ISFSIs) 

System information and transmission
Xcel Energy operates the fourth largest transmission system in the United States, spanning 10 states  In 2011, Xcel Energy's transmission system was worth $3 3 billion The transmission system is operated on a non-discriminatory basis under the open access requirements of the Federal Government  This means that all wholesale buyers and sellers of electricity can use the transmission system under the same terms and conditions used to serve Xcel Energy's own retail customers   The transmission lines are utilized to carry 115,000 volts, 230,000 volts, and 345,000 volts   There is also a 500,000 volt transmission line that runs from the Dorsey Substation outside of Winnipeg, Manitoba in Canada to the Chisago Substation located in Chisago County just north of St  Paul, Minnesota 

Grid security
In 2017, Xcel Energy partnered with the Financial Services Information Sharing and Analysis Center to create a new "threat information sharing community" intended to share cyber and physical security intelligence with the energy sector  The new community is called the Energy Analytic Security Exchange (EASE)  It is run by the FS-ISAC Sector Services team; FS-ISAC is an organization that gathers cyber and physical risk intelligence for the financial services industry  Additionally, the North American Electric Reliability Council (NERC) manages the Electricity Information Sharing and Analysis Center, which is another resource that the energy sector uses to gather threat intelligence 

Advanced Grid in Colorado
In 2016, Xcel Energy announced the Advanced Grid Intelligence and Security (AGIS) initiative, a long-term effort related to power reliability, distributed generation, and information sharing with customers  Through the initiative, Xcel would build an "intelligent grid" in Colorado in order to improve grid security  The company filed a request for permission with the Colorado Public Utilities Commission for the program, which would cost $500 million 

Programs
Since 1998, Xcel Energy's Windsource program has allowed customers to designate that part or all of their electricity comes from a renewable energy source  In 2015, about 96,000 people were enrolled in Windsource  In 2011, more than 2 3 million electric and 261,800 natural gas customers took part in Xcel Energy's energy efficiency programs for homes and businesses Xcel Energy also offers customers incentives to install solar panels  At the end of 2011, more than 10,600 photovoltaic systems had been installed, with a capacity of about 121 megawatts (DC)  In early 2011, Xcel Energy suspended the solar rebate program before reaching a settlement a month later with representatives of solar power companies to restore the solar incentive program until it is fully reviewed by the Public Utilities Commission 

Controversies
On August 1, 2002, Xcel Energy Inc  was sued because of engaging in "round-trip" energy trades that provided no economic benefit for the company, and because the company lacked the necessary internal controls to adequately monitor the trading of its power  Xcel paid $80,000,000 in a settlement The Cabin Creek Fire occurred on October 2, 2007, at Xcel Energy's Hydropower Generation plant in Georgetown, Colorado  On June 1, 2011, Federal prosecutors opened their charges that Xcel Energy was criminally liable for the deaths of the five RPI workers  On June 28, the jury found Xcel Energy not guilty  On December 19, 2011, RPI Coating pleaded guilty to workplace safety violations and paid $1 55 million in a cash settlement  The company took responsibility for the deaths of five workers and the injuries to three  The U S  Chemical Safety and Hazard Investigation Board conducted an investigation of the incident  Its report can be found on the CSB website  It is considered one of the worst unmitigated incidents to occur in a permit-required confined space The parent company to Xcel Energy, and later Xcel Energy itself have operated the Prairie Island Nuclear Power Plant since 1973  Over that time, nuclear waste produced by the power plant has been stored adjacent to the Prairie Island Indian Community  The homes of some members of the community are within 600 yards of the nuclear waste containment site and, sitting within the banks of the Mississippi River, the island is very vulnerable to seasonal flooding  While in 1991, the Minnesota Public Utilities Commission capped the storage of nuclear waste on the island to 17 casks, the legislature has since permitted this number to increase  Environmentalists and members of the Prairie Island Indian Community have been working since 1994 to have this nuclear waste transported away from their reservation due to the combined risk of the temporary design of the storage facility, unpredictable flooding and single evacuation road in the event nuclear waste is released from containment 

See also
Plant X, Lamb County, Texas
Passage 5:
Electric Bond and Share Company
The Electric Bond and Share Company (Ebasco) was a United States electric utility holding company organized by General Electric  It was forced to divest its holding companies and reorganize due to the passage of the Public Utility Holding Company Act of 1935  Following the passage of the Act, the U S  Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) selected the largest of the U S  holding companies, Ebasco to be the test case of the law before the U S  Supreme Court  The court case known as Securities and Exchange Commission v  Electric Bond and Share company was settled in favor of the SEC on March 28, 1938  It took twenty-five years of legal action by  the SEC to break up Ebasco and the other major U S  electric holding companies until they conformed with the 1935 act  It was allowed to retain control of its foreign electric power holding company known as the American & Foreign Power Company (A&FP)  After its reorganization, it became an investment company, but soon turned into a major designer and engineer of both fossil fuel and nuclear power electric generation facilities  Its involvement in the 1983 financial collapse of the Washington Public Power Supply System's five nuclear reactors led to Ebasco's demise because of the suspension of nuclear power orders and lawsuits that included numerous asbestos claims  The U S  nuclear industry stopped all construction of new facilities following the 1979 nuclear meltdown at Three Mile Island, going into decline because of radiation safety concerns and major construction cost overruns 

History
The Electric Bond and Share Group was organized in 1905 as a holding company for electric utility company securities by General Electric using its employees' retirement investment fund  Morgan used his control of General Electric and his position as the country's most powerful financier to set in motion a plan to monopolize the entire country's electric industry via the Electric Bond and Share Group  Until his death in 1913, Morgan was opposed to any form of government regulation  His firing of Samuel Insull resulted with Insull moving to Chicago, where he organized the second-largest holding company in the country, the Middle West Utilities Company or what is known today as Exelon  Insull would actively promote the idea of a regulated monopoly because of the high cost of electrical infrastructure  About the same time as Teddy Roosevelt's trust busting campaign against Morgan, Rockefeller and other elites was gaining national attention, the National Civic Federation (NCF) was formed   It carried out extensive investigations and debates among prominent business men and organized labor over the issue of public vs  private ownership of electric power  Insull's public support for regulation helped popularize NCF's model legislation that quickly spread nationwide after the state of New York adopted its own variation  Morgan's son J  P  Morgan Jr  carried on with the House of Morgan, including his father's goal of a national electric monopoly but was up against the reformist progressive era 
By 1925, General Electric's Electric Bond & Share Group was the largest owner of U S  and foreign electric companies holding over 10% of the country's companies as subsidiaries organized into five major holding companies   General Electric made a purely symbolic gesture to reduce growing public anger by divesting control of the company leaving Morgan still in financial control  The Commonwealth & Southern Corporation, which owned several utility operating companies in the Midwest and the South, some of which became part of the Southern Company, and the reorganized Electric Bond And Share Company (EBASCo) were both part of J  P Morgan's syndicate via his J P  Morgan & Co  In 1926, its headquarters in New York City had over 1,000 employees, and controlled companies in 33 states worth $1 25 billion As public concern continued to mount by ratepayers of private electric power companies, the Federal Trade Commission carried out extensive investigations between 1928 and 1935  The commission's 48,000-page report included entire volumes for each of the country's major utility companies  The FTC valued EBASCo and its five holding companies at $3 5 billion, along with major investments in dozens of other major U S  companies  Within the five main holding companies were 121 U S  subsidiaries, along with a foreign holding company that operated in 16 countries and had 70 subsidies 
Because he was a strong proponent of public power, Franklin D  Roosevelt used the collapse of Samuel Insull's Middle West Utilities electric empire in June 1932 as one of his most important election campaign issues  The failed assassination attempt on his life in February 1933 later became part of U S  Marine Corps General Smedley Butler's claim of a Business Plot against Roosevelt by J  P  Morgan  On Roosevelt's first day in office, following his inauguration, he ordered the closure of the nation's banks, known as the bank holiday of 1933  In a joint session of the House and Senate, he pushed through the Emergency Banking Act along with Executive Order 6102 that blocked the hoarding of gold and stopped the major New York banks from taking gold supplies out of the country   Roosevelt then selected Ferdinand Pecora to investigate Morgan and the country's other major banks  Both Pecora and the Federal Trade Commission investigations  exposed the fact that the electric industry was the most capital intensive industry  The May 24th, 1933 Pecora hearings rocked the country, focusing on J P  Morgan and his financial empire, whose top lieutenants paid no taxes  In his 1939 book Wall Street Under Oath: The Story of Our Modern Money Changers, Ferdinand Pecora stated that "Undoubtedly, this small group of highly placed financiers, controlling the very springs of economic activity, holds more real power than any similar group in the United States "The 1933 Pecora Commission hearings identified the National City Company, known today as Citibank, as the location where Morgan conducted EBASCo's investment operations, which played a prominent role in the passage of the Glass–Steagall legislation  The Pecaro investigation along with the findings from the seven-year Federal Trade Commission investigation into electric holding companies nationwide led to the passage of the Public Utility Holding Company Act of 1935  which some historians say was "the fiercest congressional battle in history "  Following the act's passage, Ebasco sued the United States government claiming it was unconstitutional, but lost the case before the Supreme Court in 1938  Wendell Willkie, who was the president of one of J P  Morgan and Ebasco's biggest investments, known as the Southern Company, ran against Franklin D  Roosevelt in the 1940 presidential race, but lost 

EBASCo, known on Wall Street as (EBS) was included in the Dow Jones Utility Average from  1938 to 1947 

Securities and Exchange Commission breakup of EBASCo
Following the passage of the Public Utility Holding Company Act of 1935, the U S  Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) oversaw the closure, re-organization or divestment of EBASCo's holding companies except for its American & Foreign Power Co , making annual reports on its monumental legal breakup case between 1936 and 1961  The act was used to break up the country's electric industry into regions confined by state boundaries so that state agencies could properly regulate each company  Each year, the SEC reported on the compliance status of the industry   As of 1949, 210 holding companies affecting 918 of the country's electric companies had come under the SEC's legal jurisdiction and procedures, with 46 holding companies still active   In its 1949 annual report, the SEC documented the history of their order for EBASCo to break up its five major holding companies' combined assets worth $3 5 billion 
In 1940, congressional investigations of brokerage firms, insurance companies and their relationship to the electric industry exposed that Middle South Utilities, the Southern Group and Ebasco were all financed by Morgan Stanley, with Wall Street having financial influence over nearly 80% of the country's electric industry 
Following the passage of the 1935 Act, Ebasco went into the U S  court system in an attempt overturn the act but failed (see external links for major court cases)  Ebasco was then required to register its holding companies and comply with SEC orders  On August 23, 1941, its holding company known as the National Power & Light Co  was ordered to break up its 27 subsidiaries  On March 22, 1949, the SEC signed off on the final breakup of National that included major holdings in Pennsylvania PPL Corporation, the Carolinas and Alabama (see subsidiary list) 
On August 22, 1942, the SEC ordered the breakup of Ebasco's holding companies known as American Power & Light Corp  that included 35 subsidiaries and the Electric Power & Light Corporation with its 24 subsidiaries  American appealed the ruling but lost before the U S  Supreme Court on November 25, 1946  As of 1949, all but one of American's subsidiaries were in compliance  Electric Power and its sub-holding company United Gas Corporation finally agreed to its breakup on March 2, 1949  Electric Power was then re-organized as Middle South Utilities Inc  and is known today as Entergy 
In 1939, proceedings before the SEC were initiated to break up EBASCo's American Gas & Electric Company  On December 28, 1945, the agency agreed to allow it to retain control of its central region of subsidiaries in Indiana, Kentucky, Michigan, Ohio, Tennessee, Virginia, and West Virginia, if it let go of its companies in Pennsylvania and New Jersey  In 1946, it attempted to acquire the Continental Gas & Electric Corp  but was denied   American Gas & Electric Company was finally spun off in 1958 to become American Electric Power (AEP) 
As part of a national campaign to deregulate the electric industry, the Bush administration and Congress passed the Energy Policy Act of 2005 that repealed the 1935 Public Utility Holding Company Act 

EBASCo holding companies prior to 1935
The following EBASCo holding companies, which includes some of its subsidiaries came under enforcement by the Securities and Exchange Commission with the passage of the Public Utilities Holding Company Act of 1935 

American Gas & Electric Company
Incorporated in 1906, and controlled by EBASCo , American Gas & Electric Company was finally spun off in 1958 and became American Electric Power  AEP currently serves over 5 million electricity customers in eleven states  It is currently the 6th largest gas & electric company in the United States  Check the reference here for a recent list of AEP's  subsidiaries 
Appalachian Electric Power Co  - Known today as Appalachian Power
Ohio Power Co  - Known today as AEP Ohio
Indiana & Michigan Electric Co  - known today as Indiana Michigan Power
The Scranton Electric Co  was sold to PPL Corporation in 1956
Atlantic City Elec  Co  - Is currently a subsidiary of Exelon
Ky  & W  Va  Power Co  - known today as Kentucky Power
Wheeling Electric Co  - is currently a subsidiary of AEP
Indiana General Service Co 
Kingsport Utilities, Inc  - known today as Kingsport Power Company

American Power & Light Company
American Power & Light had over 35 subsidiaries prior to 1935   In 1942, the Securities and Exchange Commission ordered the holding company to be broken up, which was completed by 1951  Many of these companies are still in existence today  

Citizens Power & Light Co , Council Bluffs, Iowa 
Central Arizona Light & Power Co , Phoenix, Arizona, merged with Arizona Edison in 1952 to form Arizona Public Service
Florida Power & Light Co , Miami, Florida  It is a subsidiary of NextEra Energy Resources
Fort Worth Power & Light Co , Fort Worth, Texas  Became part of TU Electric in 1984 
Helena Gas & Electric Co , Helena, Montana 
Kansas Gas & Electric Co , general office, Wichita, Kansas, merged with Kansas Power and Light of Topeka in 1992 to form Westar Energy
Minnesota Power & Light Co , general office, Duluth, Minnesota 
Missoula Public Service Co , Missoula, Montana, acquired by Montana Power Company in 1929
Montana Power Company, Butte, Montana  is still operating today 
Nebraska Power Co , Omaha, Nebraska 
Northern Power Co , Superior, Wisconsin 
Northwestern Electric Co , Portland, Oregon 
Pacific Power & Light Co , Portland, Oregon  is known today as PacifiCorp and owned by Berkshire Hathaway Energy 
Portland Gas & Coke Co , Portland, Oregon 
St  Augustine Co , St  Augustine, Florida 
Superior Water, Light & Power Co , Superior, Wisconsin 
Texas Electric Service Co , Dallas, Texas  Became part of TU Electric in 1984 
Texas Power & Light Co , Dallas, Texas  Became part of TU Electric in 1984 
Texas Public Utilities Corp , Dallas, Texas  Became part of TU Electric 
Washington Water Power Co  (The), group, Spokane, Washington is known today as Avista 

Electric Power & Light Corporation
Incorporated in 1925 as a holding company for various Electric Bond & Shares Co  subsidiaries  The SEC ordered it sold off, a process that was completed in 1949, when it was renamed as Mid South Utilities, Inc  Today, it is known as Entergy 

Arkansas Power & Light Co , Little Rock, Arkansas 
Dallas Power & Light Cd  Dallas, Texas 
Idaho Power Co , Boise, Idaho 
Louisiana Gas & Fuel Co , Shreveport, Louisiana 
Louisiana Power & Light Co , New Orleans, Louisiana 
Mississippi Central Power Co , Jackson, Mississippi 
Mississippi Power & Light Co , Jackson, Mississippi 
Nevada Power Co , Boise, Idaho 
New Orleans Public Service Inc , New Orleans, Louisiana 
Salmon River Power & Light Co , Boise, Idaho 
Utah Light & Traction Co , Salt Lake City, Utah 
Utah Power & Light Co , Salt Lake City, Utah 
Western Colorado Power Co , Durango, Colorado 

National Power & Light Company
Incorporated 1925 as new holding company for various Electric Bond & Shares Co  subsidiaries  As part of the SEC's order, National Power was combined with Lehigh Power Securities with most of its other companies broken up   Today, National Power is known today as PPL Corporation

Birmingham Electric Co , Birmingham, Alabama 
Carolina Power & Light Co , Raleigh, North Carolina
Holston River Electric Corporation, Rogersville, Tennessee 
Houston Lighting & Power Co , Houston, Texas 
Knoxville Power & Light Co , Knoxville, Tennessee 
Memphis Power & Light Co , Memphis, Tennessee 
South Texas Utilities Co , Houston, Texas 
Tennessee Public Service Co , Newport, Tennessee 
West Tennessee Power & Light Co , Jackson, Tennessee 

Lehigh Power Securities Corporation
The Lehigh Power Securities Company was merged with EBASCo's National Power & Light Company 

Pennsylvania Power & Light Co , Allentown, Pennsylvania  - PPL Corporation today 
Lancaster Group, Edison Electric Co , Lancaster,  Pennsylvania 
Transit Group, Lehigh Valley Transit Co , Allentown, Pennsylvania 

American & Foreign Power Company
Following the failed merger negotiations with Canada's Royal Securities Corporation, American & Foreign Power Co  was created as a wholly owned EBASCo holding company in 1923 that had the goal of owning electric companies worldwide  With its agenda of enforcing patents, General Electric (GE) had been buying up electric stocks worldwide, but also started taking control of companies via its equipment sales and other services formerly performed by its holding company, the Electric Bond and Share Group   In 1917, Electric Bond and Share Group's first major foreign electric acquisition, at the request of the U S  government, to take control of electric production for two cities near the Panama Canal as a counter strategy against nearby German interests    In 1920, Electric Bond obtained control of Guatemalan electric facilities that the U S  government had seized from Germany during the war    This was followed in 1922 by a dramatic burst of purchasing across central and South America that was followed the next year by the formation of the American & Foreign Power Company 
In 1925, GE would dispose of its Ebasco stocks because of negative public opinion, however GE's chairman continued to sit on American & Foreign Power's board of directors while its founding president Sydney Z  Mitchell also stayed as president   In 1929 American & Foreign Power claimed to have worldwide assets of $750 million  By 1931 the holding company was supplying power to just under 1,000 communities around the world  Following the passage of the Public Utility Holding Company Act of 1935, Ebasco was allowed to retain control of American & Foreign Power Company as the law only applied to U S  based electric utility companies 
Electric development in Cuba is of unique historic concern   Following the Spanish–American War in 1898 the country was forced into an exclusive relationship with the United States   The U  S  allowed Cuba to be independent, but required it to operate under the Platt Amendment of 1901, turning it into an exclusive U S  plantation colony with its sugar exports only allowed to be marketed in the U S    Business interests deployed a combination of Scientific racism and Scientific management practices that left the country exclusively in the hands of American companies 
It started in 1922 with GE's representative, Henry Catlin purchasing General Gerardo Machado's electric company and then donating $500,000 to the general's successful bid to become Cuba's president in 1924  GE would spend $100 million to purchase control of Cuba's entire electric infrastructure    This led to 40 years of societal stresses, years of military dictatorships, the infamous U S  Mafia operations in Havana and the Cuban Revolution which allowed Cuba to  nationalize American & Foreign Power's control of the country's electric utilities 
American & Foreign Power Company also had operations in the following countries:

Argentina - 100 different electric companies
Brazil
Canada - British Columbia Power Corporation
Chile - all major electric utilities 
China - 1929 Shanghai Power Company purchased for $32 million
Colombia
Costa Rica
Cuba - Cuba Electric Co  taken public by Cuba in 1960
Ecuador
Guatemala
India
Italy - Italian Superpower Corporation
Japan -  Two Companies
Mexico
Panama - 1917 purchased two companies at the request of the U S  around the Panama Canal
Venezuela

Dixon-Yates Affair
With the election of President Eisenhower in 1952 as the first republican to hold office in 20 years, a major policy shift called "no new starts" began   All federal water and power projects that had been closely tied to local, state or federal ownership were ended   The scale of this policy shift was exposed with the Dixon-Yates affair, identifying the plan's source as the Pacific Gas & Electric Company   PG&E was known for getting conservative politicians to kill all funding to the massive Central Valley Project's grid, forcing the U S  Bureau of Reclamation to rely on the company to deliver the electricity  As a result, cooperatives in communities across northern California that were set up to get the low cost surplus power collapsed 
In 1954, President Eisenhower ordered the Atomic Energy Commission to buy 600,000 kilowatts of electricity for its Oak Ridge National Laboratory from two private electric companies rather than purchase power from the Tennessee Valley Authority in what is known as the Dixon-Yates contract   The attempt to bypass TVA's public power system next door to Oak Ridge stirred a national scandal following the testimony of James D Stietenroth, who was the secretary-treasurer of Mississippi Power Company who said that Middle South Utilities was still dominated by Ebasco Services  Stietenroth was fired the next day   Following the release of a secret report by industry insiders meant only for the president's eyes, Eisenhower was forced to cancel the contract on July 11, 1955 
In 1961, after 26 years of legal cases, Electric Bond and Share had complied with the SEC's orders and was no longer listed as an electric power holding company  In 1967, Electric Bond and Share merged with its former holding company, the American & Foreign Power Co  and was renamed Ebasco Industries the following year   Ebasco Industries held onto Ebasco Services Inc  as a subsidiary 

Ebasco Services
On November 27, 1935, the Electric Bond & Share Company setup Ebasco Services to manage its holding company empire, the day after the SEC filed a lawsuit ordering the company to register as a holding company as required by the passage of the Public Utility Company Holding Company Act  According to the asbestos legal case of FENICLE v  BOISE CASCADE COMPANY, Boise Cascade purchased control of Ebasco Industries and its subsidiary Ebasco Services in 1969  The Plaintiff's suit was countered by a legal maneuver called Piercing the corporate veil  In 1973 Halliburton purchased Ebasco Services from Boise Cascade, but the Justice Department reversed the sale over concerns that it gave Halliburton control over too much of the industry's engineering expertise By the mid-1970s, Ebasco had stepped beyond its 1961 filing with the SEC, claiming its intention of becoming an investment company  It was now actively involved with the construction of nuclear and fossil fuel power facilities  In 1976, according to Encyclopedia com a Texas oil company named  Ensearch acquired Ebasco  Ensearch was originally known as Texas Power & Light Co  and had been one of Ebasco's original subsidiaries prior to 1935, that is now TXU Energy  By 1980, EBASCO had three divisions: A/E Ebasco Services, Ebasco Environmental, which provided environmental services, and Ebasco Engineering and Construction  On November 16, 1982, according to a filing made with the Texas Secretary of state, Ebasco Engineering and Construction filed as a foreign for-profit company  Ebasco Environmental was sold to Foster Wheeler, Inc , becoming Foster Wheeler Environmental 
Ebasco had become one of the major US architect-engineers, coordinating the design of many nuclear power plants both in the US and abroad  On May 22, 1956, Ebasco's subsidiary, American & Foreign Power Co  announced plans to build two nuclear power facilities in Latin America, very likely in Cuba since they held 100% of the country's electric production  Other major nuclear construction plans included the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant (units 1, 2 and 6)  It also had the original contract to design and build the Bataan Nuclear station in the Philippines, but was replaced by Westinghouse  Ebasco's involvement with the financial collapse of the Washington Public Power Supply System's (WPPSS) massive five nuclear reactors  led to a lawsuit against the company in 1992 over asbestos contamination Raytheon acquired Ebasco in 1994 and was known as Raytheon Ebasco Overseas Ltd  At this time, Ebasco was known to have subsidiaries in 11 foreign countries  The Raytheon subsidiary, Raytheon Engineers & Constructors that owned Ebasco Services was later sold to Morrison Knudsen Corporation where the combined company was named the Washington Group International, Inc , a firm with more than $5 billion in annual revenues and a backlog of some $6 6 billion, marking it one of the largest in the engineering and construction industry at that time with more than 38,000 employees at work in more than 40 countries  Washington Group International, which filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy in 2001  At the time of the filing, there were four known Ebasco entities involved in the bankruptcy that included the Delaware-based Ebasco International Corporation   The Washington Group's headquarters were at the World Trade Center in 2001  Ebasco had been at the WTC since 1980 and at one point was its largest tenant with over 2,000 employees, leasing over 600,000 sq  ft  There were less than 20 employees of the 180 still at the World Trade Center on 911  In 2007 Washington Group was purchased by URS Corporation, which was purchased by AECOM in 2014 that is now one of the largest engineering firms in the world 
Following the 2007 takeover of TXU Corp , which included plans to construct two new next generation nuclear power stations at Commanche Peak, the company eventually ran into further financial difficulties and filed for bankruptcy in 2014   On February 27, 2018, Energy Futures Holdings (EFH), formerly known as TXU Corp , which was one of Ebasco's pre-1935 subsidiaries came out of bankruptcy reorganization as TXU Energy  EFH had a subsidiary known as EEC Holdings which owned Ebasco Canada Ltd  that was incorporated in Delaware  Ebasco Canada was shut down on April 29, 2014, as part of the EFH bankruptcy process According to a 2015 Sun Sentinel news story, Ebasco's American and Foreign Power Company is owned by another company - Office Depot  The article says that when Boise Cascade sold off Ebasco Services to Raytheon, it held onto American & Foreign Power Co 's foreign investments   Boise Cascade purchased OfficeMax and took its name in 2003   According to the article, OfficeMax was then purchased by Office Depot in 2013, and was proposing to merge with Staples in 2015  One of the subsidiaries of American & Foreign Power Co   was the former Cuban Power Co  that has filed a $267 5 million claim against Cuba with the Foreign Claims Settlement Commission that still has thousands of investors holding stock in the nationalized company  The Office Depot and Staples merger was abandoned in 2016 after a judge blocked the plan In 2016, The Indian subsidiary Raytheon Ebasco Overseas Ltd  appeared in an Indian court over Tax problems Meanwhile, the Dutch registered CT Corporation is listing itself as the agent for Ebasco in 43 states and the District of Columbia 
See Boise Cascade v  United States for more background on the activities of Ebasco Industries In addition, The law firm of Reid and Priest used to be part of the army of lawyers that failed to stop Ebasco from being dismantled   It became part of Reid, Priest and Thelen LLP which also just dissolved 
Today there is a company Named Ebasco Trading Co  listed in Dubai  Its unknown what its relationship is to the original company 
See Ebasco Services for its whistle-blowing problems  See External links for a list of major legal cases Ebasco has been involved in   Note that this list is no where exhaustive since the company was constantly caught up in legal cases against its own employees, insurance companies and regulatory oversight agencies nationwide 
The Public Utilities Holding Company Act of 1935 was repealed by the Energy Policy Act of 2005
Passage 6:
Spire Inc
Spire Inc  (NYSE: SR) is a regional public utility holding company based in St  Louis, Missouri, providing natural gas service through its regulated core utility operations while engaging in non-regulated activities that provide business opportunities  Its primary subsidiary Laclede Gas Company is the largest natural gas distribution utility in Missouri, serving approximately 631,000 residential, commercial and industrial customers in the City of St  Louis and ten counties in eastern Missouri   Its corporate headquarters is located in the 700 Market building in downtown St  Louis 
On April 29, 2016, the company began trading on the New York Stock Exchange under the symbol SR   It had previously been known as the Laclede Group, trading under the symbol LG 

History
Laclede Gas Company was one of the original 12 industrial companies that made up the Dow Jones Industrial Average but was removed in 1899  On December 7, 2009, executives from The Laclede Group visited the New York Stock Exchange (NYSE) to ring the closing bell and commemorate the company’s 120th anniversary of trading on the exchange  The Company first listed its stock on November 14, 1889, making it the 8th-oldest listed stock on the NYSE 
On February 1, 2012, Laclede hired its first female CEO, Suzanne Sitherwood  Sitherwood earned a bachelor of science degree in industrial engineering technology from the Southern College of Technology and an MBA from Brenau University In 2013, The Laclede Group acquired Missouri Gas Energy from Southern Union Company, expanding their Missouri holdings to include Kansas City 
In 2014 Laclede acquired Alabama Gas Corporation (Alagasco), which serves the Greater Birmingham, East Lauderdale County, Gadsden, Jasper, Anniston-Oxford, Greater Tuscaloosa, Greater Montgomery, Opelika-Auburn, Tuskegee, Selma, and many Black Belt communities as Spire Alabama Inc 
On April 28, 2016, The Laclede Group shareholders approved renaming the company to Spire   Later in 2016, Spire acquired Energy South, Inc from Sempra U S  Gas & Power, the parent company of Mobile Gas and Willmut Gas   Mobile Gas operates in Mobile, Alabama as Spire Gulf Coast Inc  while Willmut gas operates in Hattiesburg, Mississippi as Spire Mississippi Inc  

See also
Laclede Gas Company - Subsidiary of the Laclede Group
Laclede Gas Building
Passage 7:
North American Company
The North American Company was a holding company incorporated in New Jersey on June 14, 1890, and controlled by Henry Villard, to succeed to the assets and property of the Oregon and Transcontinental Company  It owned public utilities and public transport companies and was broken up in 1946, largely to comply with the Public Utility Holding Company Act of 1935 
Its headquarters were at 60 Broadway in Manhattan 

Holdings
In 1889 New Jersey passed legislation to facilitate the control of other companies by another corporation with a goal of encouraging trusts to convert into holding companies and relocate to that state  To take advantage of these expanded corporate powers, in 1890 Oregon and Transcontinental, which was an Oregon corporation, re-incorporated as a holding company in New Jersey and became the North American Company By 1940, North American was a US$2 3 billion holding company directly and indirectly heading up  80 companies  It controlled ten major direct subsidiaries in eight of which it owned at least 79%  Three of the ten were major holding companies:
Union Electric Company of St  Louis, Missouri
Washington Railway and Electric Company
North American Light and Power CompanyFour of the ten direct subsidiaries were operating companies:

Cleveland Electric Illuminating Company
Pacific Gas and Electric
Detroit Edison Company
Wisconsin Electric Power CompanyThe remaining three of the ten direct subsidiaries were:

North American Utility Securities Corporation
West Kentucky Coal Company
60 Broadway Building CorporationAt various times during its existence, North American also owned substantial interests in these other companies as well:

The Milwaukee Electric Railway and Light Company: Formed in 1896 as a subsidiary of the North American Company  By 1929, it operated within North American Company along with Wisconsin Electric Power Company, which became the consolidated name of the two operating companies in 1938  It now belongs to Wisconsin Energy Corporation (NYSE: WEC)
Capital Transit: Formed on December 1, 1933, in Washington, D C  from merger of Washington Railway, Capital Traction, and Washington Rapid Transit  North American owned it through its holding company subsidiary, Washington Railway and Electric Company, which in turn was the holding company for the merged lines, owning 50% of Capital Transit 
Potomac Electric Power Company
Cincinnati Gas & Electric Company
Union Light, Heat and Power of Covington, Kentucky
Northern Natural Gas Company
Butte Electric and Power Company
Laclede Gas Company
Edison Securities Corporation
Wired Radio, Inc  (Muzak)
North American Edison Company
St  Louis United Railways Company

History
The Public Utility Holding Company Act of 1935 passed with the intent of breaking up interstate electric holding companies by limiting company operations to a single state, thus subjecting them to effective state regulation  The North American Company fought the legislation in court, and the company was not broken up by the Securities and Exchange Commission until their loss before the Supreme court in North American Co  v  SEC on April 1, 1946 

Dow Jones Industrial Average
North American's stock was one of the twelve component stocks of the May 1896 original Dow Jones Industrial Average, but it was replaced later that same year  In 1928, when the number of stocks comprising the DJIA was increased to 30, North American was re-added to the list but was replaced again in 1930  The two periods when it was a component were:

May 26, 1896 – August 26, 1896, replaced by U  S  Cordage
October 1, 1928 – January 29, 1930, replaced by Johns-Manville

See also
John I  Beggs (former director)
Clement Studebaker Jr  (chairman of North American Light and Power Co)
Passage 8:
Alfred A  Marcus
Alfred Allen Marcus (born 1950) is an American author and the Edson Spencer Professor of Strategy and Technology Leadership at the Carlson School of Management, University of Minnesota and the Technological Leadership Institute  He has worked as a consultant with companies such as 3M, Corning Inc , Xcel Energy, Medtronic, General Mills, and IBM and has also taught as a visiting professor at Technion, INCAE, BI Norwegian Business School, Fordham University, and MIT 

Environmental and energy policy career
Marcus was born in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania and grew up in the Squirrel Hill neighborhood  He attended the University of Chicago for his bachelor's and master's degrees, before finishing his PhD in political science at Harvard University under James Q  Wilson  Outside academy, he has worked on environmental and energy policy analysis during the Carter and Reagan years at the Battelle Human Affairs Research Centers in Seattle, Washington  There he conducted and participated in studies on the commercialization of alternative energy technologies and new energy saving technologies 
Following the Three Mile Island nuclear power incident, he also became involved in the work carried out by the Nuclear Regulatory Commission on the organization and management of nuclear power plants  Marcus has written many academic articles relating to organizational safety in publications like the Academy of Management Journal, the Strategic Management Journal, and Organization Science 

Published works
His work focuses primarily on  the relationship between public policy, the environment, and American business and his books include: 

Promise and Performance: Choosing and Implementing an Environmental Policy (1980) - Praeger  ISBN 0-313-207070
The Adversary Economy (1984) - Praeger  ISBN 0-899-300553
Managing Environmental Issues: A Casebook (1992) - Prentice Hall  ISBN 0-135-638917
Controversial Issues in Energy Policy (1992) - SAGE Publications  ISBN 0-803-939701
Reinventing Environmental Regulation: Lessons from Project XL (2002) -Routledge  ISBN 1-891-853090
Strategic Foresight - A New Look at Scenarios (2010)  - Palgrave Macmillan  ISBN 0-230-611729
Innovations in Sustainability (2015) - Cambridge University Press  ISBN 1-107-42111X

Selected bibliography
See also
Paul Shrivastava
Passage 9:
North American Co  v  SEC
North American Co  v  Securities and Exchange Commission, 327 U S  686 (1946), is a United States Supreme Court case holding that a Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) order under the Public Utility Holding Company Act (PUHCA) directing a public utility holding company to divest its securities of all companies except for one electric company did not violate the Commerce Clause or the Fifth Amendment to the United States Constitution 

Background
PUHCA was one of a number of trust-busting and securities regulation initiatives that were enacted in response to the Wall Street Crash of 1929 and ensuing Great Depression, including the collapse of Samuel Insull's public utility holding companies  By 1932, the eight largest utility holding companies controlled 73 percent of the investor-owned electric industry  Their complex, highly leveraged, corporate structures were very difficult for individual states to regulate  PUHCA required electric company holding companies to register with the SEC, and authorized the SEC to limit a holding company to a single integrated electric system through the divestiture of its other public utility and unrelated companies 
The North American Company, formed in 1890, was a holding company in a system that by 1940 contained 80 companies operating in seventeen states and the District of Columbia  These included the Union Electric Company, which operated an electric system around St  Louis, Missouri, and subsidiaries in Illinois and Iowa, the Washington Railway and Electric Company, and the North American Light and Power Company with systems in Kansas, Missouri, Illinois, and Iowa and its subsidiaries Cleveland Electric Illuminating Company, Pacific Gas and Electric, and Detroit Edison Company  In addition, North American also owned an investment trust company and West Kentucky Coal Company  Together the various electric systems served more than 3,000,000 customers in a service territory of 165,000 square miles 
North American initially challenged the constitutionality of PUHCA and requested an injunction against its enforcement, but the Supreme Court in Landis v  North American Co , held that the case was premature and that North American should register and then litigate the constitutionality of PUHCA after the SEC conducted its proceeding  North American then registered in 1937 as a holding company with the SEC, reserving its right to challenge the validity of the remaining portions of PUHCA  After initiating an administrative proceeding, the SEC issued an order requiring divestiture of North American's securities in companies other than the Union Electric Company  North American appealed, but in 1943 the Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit upheld the order  Arguing that ownership of securities was not interstate commerce within the meaning of the Commerce Clause and that the divestiture ordered by the SEC was a taking in violation of the Fifth Amendment, North American appealed to the Supreme Court, which granted certiorari 

Opinion
The opinion by Justice Murphy first concluded that North American was engaged in interstate commerce and through its substantial stock ownership dominated its subsidiaries  The opinion then noted that North American's argument that PUHCA's divestiture provision was invalid because ownership of securities was not commerce had been previously rejected by the Court in the anti-trust case of Northern Securities Co  v  United States  Under its authority under the Commerce Clause, Congress could regulate to protect the freedom of interstate commerce using any means that were lawful and not prohibited by the Constitution  Under Northern Securities, Congress could deal with and affect the ownership of securities to protect the freedom of commerce, which it did in fashioning the divestiture remedy in PUHCA 
Lastly, the Court dismissed the takings argument, noting that Congress had weighed the benefit to shareholders of efficient, common management of diversified companies against the actual and potential harm to the public, investors, and consumers from the use of pooled investments, and determined that the economic advantages of a holding company atop an unintegrated, sprawling electric system were not commensurate with the resulting economic disadvantages  In addition, it was not clear that there would be a loss necessary for a takings claim under the Fifth Amendment  PUHCA does not require the dumping or forced liquidation of the securities on the market for cash, so the stock of the companies ordered divested could be distributed to the shareholders or sold under a plan that protects shareholder rights  The Court determined that it could not conclude that North American shareholders were disadvantaged by the operation of the divestiture provision of PUHCA 
Justices Reed, Douglas and Jackson did not participate in the consideration of the case  Although Chief Justice Stone had initially recused himself for a disclosed reason, but when he discovered that his disqualification plus those of the other justices would result in the lack of a quorum, he reversed his position 

Subsequent events
PUHCA was repealed by the Energy Policy Act of 2005 effective February 8, 2006 

See also
List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 327
Context 3: Passage 1:
Whatever Happened, Happened
"Whatever Happened, Happened" is the 11th television episode of the fifth season of ABC's Lost  The 97th episode of the show overall, "Whatever Happened, Happened" aired April 1, 2009, on ABC in the United States  The episode was written by executive producers/show runners Damon Lindelof & Carlton Cuse and directed by "The Man Behind the Curtain" director Bobby Roth In 1977, Kate Austen (Evangeline Lilly) goes to extreme measures to save young Benjamin Linus (Sterling Beaumon) when Jack Shephard (Matthew Fox) refuses to help  In flashbacks, Kate takes care of Sawyer's (Josh Holloway) favor and begins to tell the truth to protect Aaron (William Blanchette) 

Plot
Flashbacks
Shortly after the Oceanic six's rescue, Kate Austen and a baby Aaron visit Cassidy, who is an ex-girlfriend of James "Sawyer" Ford  Kate gives Cassidy and Sawyer's daughter Clementine (Olivia Vickery) money from the severance pay from Oceanic  Cassidy deduces that Aaron is not Kate's baby, prompting her to tell her the truth about everything that happened on the island  Cassidy eventually leads Kate to realize that the reason she took Aaron as her own, is because Kate needed him in order to get over her emotional attachment to Sawyer  After the survivors's confrontation with Ben, Kate momentarily loses Aaron in a supermarket  She recovers it from a woman who bears a strong resemblance of Claire Littleton (Emilie de Ravin), Aaron's mother  After this, she decides to return to the island with the others who left  She leaves Aaron in the care of Carole Littleton (Susan Duerden), Aaron's biological grandmother  Kate also tells Carole that she is returning to the island to find Carole's daughter, Claire, and bring her home 

1977
After Sayid shoots a young Ben, Jin-Soo Kwon (Daniel Dae Kim) wakes up and notices the situation  He brings Ben to the barracks so that his injuries can be treated by Juliet Burke (Elizabeth Mitchell)  Juliet is unable to perform the necessary surgery on Ben and sends James "Sawyer" Ford (Josh Holloway) to retrieve Jack Shephard (Matthew Fox), a spinal surgeon  Meanwhile, Hugo "Hurley" Reyes (Jorge Garcia) and Miles Straume (Ken Leung) debate the nature of time travel  Hurley is convinced that they have changed the past, as in Back to the Future, but Miles tells him that these events always happened in the past  Hurley, however, points that an older Ben didn't recognize Sayid when he was tortured in 2004, as the man who shot him as a kid  Jack, knowing what Ben does in the future, refuses to help, saying that "he already saved him once"  This drives Kate Austen (Evangeline Lilly) to do everything she can to help Ben 
Kate goes to the sick bay where Ben is being treated and donates her blood because she is a universal donor  She strikes up a conversation with Ben's father, Roger (Jon Gries), who is upset that Ben stole his keys and freed Sayid from the jail  Once it becomes clear that Ben will succumb to his injuries without further intervention, Kate decides to take Ben to the Others, the island's native population  Sawyer comes to Kate's aid and they bring Ben to Richard Alpert (Nestor Carbonell), who warns them that if he treats Ben, he will not remember what has happened and will never be the same again  They agree anyway  Another Other urges Richard to inform "Ellie" of his intentions and implies that "Charles" will not be pleased if he finds out, but Richard says he doesn't answer to either of them  Richard then carries Ben into the temple 

2007
After being knocked out unconscious by Sun, Ben (Michael Emerson) wakes up in the infirmary, and is greeted by John Locke (Terry O'Quinn), who welcomes him back to "the land of the living" 

Notes
Passage 2:
SNICK
SNICK (short for Saturday Night Nickelodeon) was a two-hour programming block on the American cable television network Nickelodeon, geared toward older (preteen to teen) audiences, that ran from August 15, 1992 until January 29, 2005  It was aired on Saturdays starting at 8 p m and ending at 10 p m  ET  In 2005, SNICK was revamped as the Saturday night edition of TEENick  Nickelodeon continues to run a Saturday night programming block today, though since the TEENick name was removed from the lineup in February 2009, the block no longer goes by any name 
The block debuted on Saturday, August 15, 1992, with a pair of Sunday favorites (the teen sitcom Clarissa Explains It All and The Ren & Stimpy Show) and the network premieres of Roundhouse (a musical comedy variety series) and Are You Afraid of the Dark? (a horror fantasy-drama anthology series) 

Background
At the time of SNICK's creation, traditional networks such as ABC, NBC and CBS didn't like to program for younger viewers on Saturday nights  The consensus at the time was that viewers who were 50 years of age and older, were the only ones available, since younger viewers traditionally went out on Saturday nights  This would explain why shows such as NBC's The Golden Girls and Empty Nest were the most predominant shows on Saturday nights at the time  Previously on Saturdays, Nickelodeon themselves ceded the 8 p m  timeslot to the vintage sitcoms of the channel's late night programming block, Nick at Nite Then-Nickelodeon president Geraldine Laybourne wanted to expose the myth that there is no audience for kids and teen programming on Saturday nights  Laybourne on that end, was a purveyor of market niche-talk, which was a strategy of programming highly focused programs targeted to specific groups defined by age, gender, race, education, religion or any of a number of other factors  In theory, the audience who would most likely watch SNICK would be too young to be out on the town and subsequently too old to be in bed by eight Laybourne believed that the original shows on the SNICK block would double Nickelodeon's audience on Saturday night by as many as 650,000 to one million viewers  According to Nickelodeon, about one-third of The Ren & Stimpy Show's audience, more than a million viewers, were between the ages of 18 and 35  By early 1993, Nickelodeon according to A C  Nielsen ratings, was the number one network among viewers ages 6–11 on Saturday nights  With a 6 4 age-group rating, Nickelodeon beat Fox's 5 5, NBC's 5 2, CBS' 4 8, and ABC's 3 2

History
1999–2001: SNICK House
On October 16, 1999, SNICK was revamped and was renamed to the SNICK House  With this came a number of changes  The block was now hosted by Nick Cannon, and each week, a celebrity or music group made an appearance  The format was very similar to the former TEENick block, but was more of a party  Each week, kids could go online and vote for their favorite SNICK House Video Picks  The winning music video would then be played during the block  The SNICK House was cancelled on October 1, 2000, making the way for the return of the regular SNICK block 

2001–2002: Elevator Music Era
After SNICK was cancelled on June 30, 2001, with the last program aired being All That, Nick replaced SNICK's normal slot with "Nick Flicks", 90 minute Nicktoon specials followed by The Brothers García  This went on from July 7, 2001 to January 12, 2002 and from June 29, 2002 to September 7, 2002  On January 19, 2002, the brand new SNICK began with a whole new lineup, including a brand new season and subsequently a new cast of All That, which had been on hiatus for a year and a half  Bumpers now featured still pictures of various SNICK stars with a SNICK "talk bubble" above them, with elevator music playing in the background 

2002–2004: SNICK On-Air Dare
Starting in September 2002, SNICK featured a series of On-Air Dare segments featuring members of the All That cast  All but three members of the cast would pull a lever to determine the night's "dare", which one of the three would have to do  The three cast members from All That in each segment would be placed in a glass cylinder and one would be randomly chosen to participate in a dare  If chosen, two security guards enter and grab the cast member (as if he or she was arrested) so they don't escape  This appears to have been based on Fear Factor Some of these dares included singing the National Anthem in a diaper, apple bobbing in a toilet, taking a bath in a tub of raw eggs, eating a couple gallons of blue cheese, being painted with peanut butter and licked by dogs, hanging upside down and being dipped in dog food, having buckets of worms dumped on the cast member's head, drinking a gallon of sweat, sitting in a giant bowl of chili, eating 1,000 toe nails, the cast member putting an entire scorpion in their mouth, the cast member being pecked by hungry chickens, or shaving their school principal's legs 
During this era of SNICK, the SNICK line-ups went through some major transitions that included the phasing out of The Nick Cannon Show and Cousin Skeeter and the addition of a new show, Romeo! 
In 2003, design company Beehive created brand new bumpers for SNICK, featuring an orange splat morphing into a show's character  Instead of saying "SNICK", the announcer said "Saturday Night Nickelodeon" 

2004–2005: Saturday Night on Nickelodeon era and the end of SNICK
On September 4, 2004, SNICK was quietly rebranded as Saturday Night on Nickelodeon  However, the SNICK name was still used during live on-air segments  TEENick Saturday Night replaced SNICK for the 2004–2005 television season and onward  The TEENick block name was dropped in February 2009 in preparation for the launch of a separate channel named after the block, TeenNick  TeenNick launched in September 2009 and much of its programming was sourced from the original TEENick block 

2011: SNICK on The '90s Are All That
In 2011, TeenNick would begin airing 1990s era Nickelodeon shows starting at 12:00 AM Eastern Time under the banner The '90s Are All That  All That and Kenan & Kel are the most prominent and consistent SNICK shows to get reruns  It was announced that the week of December 26, 2011 up until New Year's Eve that TeenNick would air classic SNICK lineups from each year of the 1990s, with a special marathon airing New Year's Eve, all with classic SNICK and Nickelodeon bumpers from the 1990s 
On August 17, 2013, SNICK returned to The '90s Are All That, for its "SNICK-iversary", celebrating its 21st anniversary, reaching drinking age if it were a person  The original lineup was aired (Clarissa Explains It All, The Ren & Stimpy Show and Are You Afraid of the Dark?) with the exception of Roundhouse being replaced by All That 

2017: SNICK on NickSplat
Since the block's 2011 resurgence, SNICK has returned to TeenNick three times  The first two under the block timeslot of The '90s Are All That, which was renamed to The Splat on October 5, 2015, and was renamed once again as NickSplat on May 1, 2017  SNICK's third appearance on TeenNick was to celebrate SNICK's 25th anniversary by airing episodes Saturday nights during the month of August 2017 
August 5, 2017:

12AM The Adventures of Pete and Pete
12:30AM Clarissa Explains It All
1AM Are You Afraid of the Dark?
1:30AM The Ren & Stimpy ShowAugust 12, 2017:

12AM All That
12:30AM All That
1AM Kenan & Kel
1:30AM Kenan & KelAugust 15, 2017:

10PM Clarissa Explains It All
10:30PM Roundhouse
11PM The Ren & Stimpy Show
11:30PM Are You Afraid of the Dark?August 19, 2017:

12AM KaBlam!
12:30AM Rugrats
1AM CatDog
1:30AM The Angry BeaversAugust 26, 2017:

12AM The Amanda Show
12:30AM The Amanda Show
1AM All That
1:30AM All That

Ads and bumpers
Ads and bumpers for SNICK featured the programming block's "mascot," dubbed "The Big Orange Couch," in several locales, including in front of the Midnight Society's campfire, Ren and Stimpy's house, the Roundhouse, as well as various real life and fictional locations  It was retired in June 1999 (however the couch was briefly returned from 2000–2001, in which it was redesigned), when the iconic couch, stuffed with $25,000 and 6,000 cookies, was given away in a contest celebrating Nickelodeon's 20 years on television  In 2006, one of Nickelodeon's celebrities would take over Nickelodeon from Monday to Friday, sitting on the Big Orange Couch 

SNICK line-ups
The following are the shows aired during SNICK for the year listed  Although these are the standard shows aired, some days would see variation in the SNICK line-up 

Home video releases
In August 1993, Nickelodeon released two VHS video tapes meant to recreate the SNICK-watching experience by including episodes from all four of the original SNICK shows: Clarissa Explains It All, Roundhouse, The Ren & Stimpy Show, and Are You Afraid of the Dark?  The tapes also included episodes of the original The Adventures of Pete & Pete shorts in between each SNICK show  as well as SNICK bumpers featuring the Big Orange Couch  The videos were released through Sony Wonder and came in orange-colored cassette tapes 

Volume 1: Nick SNICKS Friendship
Clarissa Explains It All: Season 3 episode "Sam's Swan Song"
The Ren & Stimpy Show: Season 1 episode "The Littlest Giant"
Are You Afraid of the Dark: Season 1 episode "The Tale of the Lonely Ghost"
Roundhouse: Season 1 episode "New Kid In Town"
The Adventures of Pete & Pete shorts "Artie, the Strongest Man in the World," "X-Ray Man," and "Route 34"

Volume 2: Nick SNICKS The Family
Clarissa Explains It All: Season 1 episode "Cool Dad"
The Ren & Stimpy Show: Season 2 episode "Fake Dad"
Are You Afraid of the Dark: Season 1 episode "The Tale of the Hungry Hounds"
Roundhouse: Season 1 episode "You Can't Fire Your Family"
The Adventures of Pete & Pete shorts "The Burping Room," "Mom's Plate," and "The Punishment"

Notes
Passage 3:
CBS Block Party
CBS Block Party (referred to on-air as the CBS Friday Night Block Party) was a programming block that aired on the CBS television network during the 1997–1998 television season  The block was similar to, and was intended as direct competition to, ABC's TGIF lineup and aired on Friday nights from 8:00 p m  to 10:00 p m  ET, and included two former stalwarts of the TGIF lineup  Although the block was canceled after one year, the resulting audience fracture caused what turned out to be irreparable harm to the previously dominant TGIF, eventually clearing the way for CBS to dominate the Friday night lineup beginning in the next decade 

Background
When ABC (a network that was in the midst of an overhaul as The Walt Disney Company took over) canceled the long-running shows Family Matters and Step by Step, CBS picked them up, paying a $40 million sum to earn the rights to the shows, and made them the cornerstones of the new "Block Party " Two new family comedies were added  The first was a new production from Miller-Boyett Productions (the production company behind Family Matters and Step By Step among other TGIF series), Meego  Meego, in addition to being produced by TGIF alumni, also starred a TGIF alumnus: Bronson Pinchot, who previously starred as Balki Bartokomous in Perfect Strangers and as Jean-Luc Rieupeyroux in the sixth season of Step by Step (Pinchot even used a similar accent to the one he used for the Balki character); Meego also featured well-known contemporary child stars Michelle Trachtenberg and Jonathan Lipnicki  The second new series was The Gregory Hines Show, an eponymous sitcom featuring entertainer Gregory Hines; CBS head Leslie Moonves described the Hines show as being more mature and edgy than the other shows in the block, but still family-friendly enough that children could watch comfortably Jaleel White, who played Family Matters star character Steve Urkel, stated that the producers jumped at the opportunity to jump to CBS because ABC was already shifting the TGIF block toward a much more child- and teen-oriented image, moving away from the whole-family approach it had taken at the beginning of its run (White believed being paired with the likes of The Gregory Hines Show was a far better fit than shows such as Muppets Tonight and Aliens in the Family that had been appearing on TGIF at the time), and that they did not believe Disney would give Miller-Boyett as prominent of a role as they had held with ABC before Disney had bought it  CBS, still experiencing aftereffects from the loss of NFL rights and multiple key affiliates to Fox in 1994, saw the purchase as a golden opportunity to draw a younger demographic than it was drawing at the time The CBS Block Party was CBS's second and final attempt to compete with TGIF; in 1992, the network attempted a similar block, albeit targeting an older demographic than either TGIF or the Block Party, that featured The Golden Palace (the continuation of the long-running NBC sitcom The Golden Girls), Designing Women, Major Dad, and Bob  Like the Block Party, this block also failed after one season, and by the end of 1993, all four series had been canceled 

Lineup
8:00pm Family Matters
8:30pm Meego
Replaced midseason with Kids Say the Darndest Things
9:00pm The Gregory Hines Show
9:30pm Step by Step(all times U S  Eastern Time)

Aftermath
None of the shows in the initial lineup lasted beyond that season  Meego lasted a mere six weeks, and The Gregory Hines Show was gone after fourteen  Though the two ABC series were picked up for full seasons, they suffered badly from the network jump, with both series hitting all-time lows in the Nielsen ratings (Family Matters was nevertheless modestly successful enough to beat the show that replaced it in the TGIF lineup, You Wish; the success was short-lived when You Wish was canceled)  Family Matters also suffered due to extensive retooling: Steve Urkel was revamped to tone down his nerdiness, several characters were written out or reduced to guest appearances, and Jo Marie Payton left the show midseason after getting into an altercation with White that nearly turned into fisticuffs (her role as Harriette Winslow was recast with Judyann Elder playing her the rest of the season) 
When the series were canceled, none were afforded a series finale  Kids Say the Darndest Things, however, would continue for two additional seasons, usually paired on Friday nights with a revival of Candid Camera  Kids Say    and Candid Camera would have more sustained success against TGIF, which eventually declined over the next two years until it ended in 2000 CBS has mostly focused on dramatic programming in the time slot since the Block Party was canceled, a programming strategy that has been a relative success in the so-called "Friday night death slot "
Passage 4:
Bob Ferris (Likely Lads)
Robert Andrew Scarborough Ferris is a fictional character in British sitcoms The Likely Lads and Whatever Happened to the Likely Lads? and in The Likely Lads film, played by Bingley-born actor Rodney Bewes  He is single in The Likely Lads, marries Thelma Chambers in Whatever Happened to the Likely Lads? and is still married to her in the film  He works as an electrician and later as a civil engineer  Bob is a long-term friend of Terry Collier 

Early life
Bob was conceived in Scarborough (hence his middle name) by unmarried parents, the day before his father was posted to Catterick by the British Army  Sharing his birthdate with entertainer Bruce Forsyth - as we learn in 'Birthday Boy' - Bob was born on 22 February 1944 into a working-class family  Once he started school, he proved to be an impressionable child, on his own being conscientious, but being easily coaxed into trouble by friends, particularly Terry  At an early age Bob and Terry got into mild trouble, stealing Dinky toys from Woolworths and a hosepipe from a care home  Bob left school to become an electrical apprentice with Ellison's Electrical  While serving his apprenticeship, he also attended night school, eventually becoming a qualified electrician  In the last episode of The Likely Lads, he signs up for the British Army but is discharged for having flat feet  Terry, who only signed up in order to be alongside his friend, is accepted, and goes on to serve in Munchen Gladbach, West Germany 

Personality
Bob is keener than Terry to mask his working-class roots  After marrying Thelma, Bob aspires to be accepted into the middle class, much to Terry's disgust  Bob enjoys playing squash with Thelma, but equally enjoys drinking with Terry  He often blames his drinking, smoking and poor diet on Terry  Although that is in part true, Bob needs little persuasion to stay out drinking with Terry rather than going home to his wife 
Bob is hard-working, conscientious, fairly conventional, and (unlike Terry) ambitious, although he is usually in need of guidance in order to achieve his ambitions  However, he is not particularly assertive, which makes him easily led by his headstrong wife Thelma and equally headstrong friend Terry 
Despite Bob's ambition and enjoyment of his new-found status, he has often defended Terry's "down-to-earth" and "unpretentious" ways, on one occasion even offending one of his own and Thelma's friends in order to defend Terry 
Passage 5:
Whatever Happened to    Robot Jones?
Whatever Happened to    Robot Jones? (simply known as Robot Jones or WHTRJ?) is an American animated television series created by Greg Miller for Cartoon Network  It follows Robot Jones, a teenage robot who attends the fictional suburban Polyneux Middle School in a retrofuturistic 1980s world  Episodes follow Robot Jones researching aspects of human life, including music, facial hair, and gym class  Jones is guided by his three friends, Socks, Mitch, and Cubey  Robot Jones is often smitten with his crush, Shannon Westerburg, a tall, young girl with orthodontic headgear and a prosthesis  In school, Robot Jones interacts with his teachers, Mr  McMcMc, Mr  Workout, and Mrs  Raincoat; the principal, Mr  Madman; and janitor Clancy Q  Sleepyjeans  His arch-rivals, Lenny and Denny Yogman, try to sabotage Jones's research by making school more difficult for him 
Miller's first pilot aired on Cartoon Network on June 16, 2000, as part of "Voice Your Choice Weekend", a contest in which previously unaired pilots were broadcast for viewers to decide which should be given a full series  Even though the Robot Jones pilot ranked second below Grim & Evil in the event, Robot Jones was greenlit for its own series, which premiered on July 19, 2002  The first season voice of Robot Jones was created with a Microsoft Word 97 text-to-speech function  Beginning with the second season, Robot Jones's voice was dubbed over by child actor Bobby Block, and reruns of the first season were re-dubbed with Block's voice overs  The series ended on November 14, 2003, after 13 episodes and a pilot 

Premise
Robot Jones (voiced by a text-to-speech program in the pilot and season 1; Bobby Block in season 2 and season 1 reruns) is a teenage robot living in a fictional early 1980s version of Delaware where robots are commonplace  Robot attempts to learn human nature by attending Polyneux Middle School with his new friends Timothy "Socks" Morton (Kyle Sullivan), a tall boy who loves rock music, Mitch Davis (Gary LeRoi Gray), a headphones-wearing boy whose eyes are hidden by his long hair, and Charles "Cubey" Cubinacle (Myles Jeffrey), a shorter boy who loves video games  He holds a crush on Shannon Westerburg (Grey DeLisle), a girl with a large retainer and prosthetic metal leg 
In each episode, Robot Jones explores a concept faced by average teenagers, such as gym class or competitions  Robot immerses himself in each subject to fully understand it while trying to fit in with his human peers, but this is challenging due to his social ineptitude and others' lack of understanding  As Robot settles in at school, he explores humanoid concepts of his own will  Though the situations he finds himself in are usually at his parents' insistence, others are a result of Robot trying to get closer to Shannon  An example is in "Summer Camp" when Socks convinces Robot to go camping and Robot discovers the ability to feel jealous  Due to his polite nature and short stature, students at his school tend to ignore Robot or are oblivious to his existence  His good grades, poor social skills, and status as a robot are at odds with Principal Madman (Jeff Bennett), a technophobic principal, Mr  McMcMc (Rip Taylor), a jealous and insecure math teacher, and Lenny (Josh Peck) and Denny (Austin Stout) Yogman, two genius twin brothers  At the end of an episode, Robot reads a "data log entry" about what he learned that day and what conclusions he has arrived at on humanity 
The opening sequence, in which Robot Jones is factory-assembled and inserted into a school bus, is an homage to that of 1980s children's show You Can't Do That on Television  When the title of the show is spoken, a group of young children voice the "Whatever Happened to   " part in unison while the "Robot Jones?" part is done by a Macintosh Macintalk voice known as Trinoids  The first season has children speaking out episode titles while season 2 episode titles are spoken by voices of the characters 

Production
Greg Miller's original series pilot aired on Cartoon Network on June 8, 2000, in a contest featuring 11 animated shorts to be chosen for a spot on the network's 2000 schedule  During the weekend of August 25–27, 2000, all 11 pilots aired as part of a 52-hour marathon called "Voice Your Choice Weekend", in which viewers would vote for their favorite pilots  While Grim & Evil won the contest with 57% of the vote, Robot Jones came in second place with 23% and was given its own series run beginning July 19, 2002 Robot Jones's animation style can be seen as a throwback to 1970s and 1980s cartoons such as Schoolhouse Rock!, with an intentionally messy and rough look; it also strongly resembles classic newspaper comic strips such as Calvin and Hobbes  The series' animation technique is different from most American cartoons from the early 2000s  It was animated with traditional cel animation, at a time when many American cartoons had switched to digital ink and paint  The show was animated at Rough Draft Studios in Seoul, South Korea 
Greg Miller stated in an interview on Facebook that he used a Microsoft Word 97 text-to-speech software on his old Macintosh computer for Robot's voice during production for season one, but after the first season was completed, the executives of Cartoon Network didn't like how it sounded  Bobby Block was chosen to take the role of Robot in season two  Robot Jones's text-to-speech voice was also recorded for production of the second season, but because the voice change happened during the production of those episodes, this voice was never dubbed into the final prints  In that interview, he also said that he would want to do a revival of Robot Jones, but it would be up to Cartoon Network 
The aforementioned interview also revealed that the show was originally planned to be about Robot Jones growing up in the style of The Wonder Years only to take over the world in the style of The Terminator, and when asked how the show would have ended, Greg Miller explained it would end in the show's version of the 1990s with Robot Jones rallying a robot army to attack the human race 

Episodes
Series overview
Pilot (2000)
Season 1 (2002)
Season 2 (2003)
Broadcast
After production ceased on Robot Jones, it aired in syndication before being removed from Cartoon Network's schedule, but episodes were available online on Cartoon Network Video for a short period 
From 2005 to 2006, Robot Jones reran sporadically on The Cartoon Cartoon Show, along with segments of other Cartoon Cartoons from that time period 
Reruns began airing on Cartoon Network's Latin-American sister network Tooncast in 2015  It has also been added to the local version of HBO Max in 2022 
Robot Jones made a cameo appearance on the OK K O ! Let's Be Heroes episode "Crossover Nexus" that aired October 8, 2018, along with other Cartoon Network characters from current and ended shows  This marks the first appearance of Robot Jones's character since the show's cancellation and the first time since the first season where the character's voice was provided by the Microsoft Word 97 text-to-speech programmed voice 

See also
List of fictional robots and androids
List of science fiction universes
Passage 6:
Whatever Happened to    ?
Whatever Happened to   ? is a series of eleven plays broadcast in two series on BBC Radio 4 in 1994 and 1995  They covered the fate of various fictional characters, such as Popeye and Susan Foreman, the granddaughter of the Doctor in Doctor Who  The writer was Adrian Mourby, who in 1997 published a book called Whatever Happened to    ?: The Ultimate Sequels Book, in a similar vein with the further adventures of Frankenstein's Monster, The Artful Dodger, Snow White, Romeo, Big Bad Wolf, Pinocchio, Man Friday, Jane Eyre, Dorothy Gale from The Wonderful Wizard of Oz, and Jim Hawkins 

Episodes
Series one
Series two
Commercial releases
Whatever Happened to Susan Foreman? has been released as an extra on the Doctor Who DVD The Dalek Invasion of Earth 
The Radio 4 series starred Sir Michael Hordern, Jane Asher (as Susan), Lesley Philips (as the Big Bad Wolf), Roshan Seth (as Mowgli) Warren Mitchell and James Grout  The first series won Adrian Mourby the Sony Silver Award for Creative Writing on Radio 

External links
Whatever Happened to    ? at BBC Online
Episode listing on epguides com
Review of the Susan Foreman episode at pagefillers com
Passage 7:
Whatever Happened to Old-Fashioned Love
"Whatever Happened to Old-Fashioned Love" is a song recorded by American country music artist B  J  Thomas  It was released in May 1983 as the first single from the album New Looks  The song was written by Lewis Anderson 
The song was his biggest hit in over five years  "Whatever Happened to Old-Fashioned Love" was the second of three number ones on the country chart  It was his first number one since "(Hey Won't You Play) Another Somebody Done Somebody Wrong Song" eight years before  The single stayed at number one for one week and spent a total of fourteen weeks on the country chart  The song was Thomas' final entry on the pop chart, reaching number 93 
The song was a Top 20 pop hit in the UK for Daniel O'Donnell in the 1990s 

Charts
Weekly charts
Year-end charts
Passage 8:
Richard J  Maybury
Richard J  Maybury (born October 10, 1946) is the publisher of U S  & World Early Warning Report for Investors   He has written several entry level books on United States economics, law, and history from a libertarian perspective  He has written these things in epistolatory form, usually as an uncle writing to his nephew, answering questions  Maybury was a high school economics teacher  After failing to find a book which would give a clear explanation on his view of economics he wrote one himself  Some of his books include Uncle Eric Talks About Personal, Career & Financial Security; a book that is basically the foundation for his other books about the model perspective and Higher Law, Whatever Happened to Penny Candy?; a book that explains the history of the [United States] economic model and how it was based on free-market Austrian economics, Whatever Happened to Justice?; a book about his juris naturalist philosophical viewpoints regarding the foundations of America's legal system, British Common Law, the law of the Franks, and early Christian Ireland 

Early life and family
Richard J  Maybury was born on October 10, 1946 in Hamilton, Ohio, to parents Anthony J , and executive of a West Coast coffee company and co-author of Common Sense Business for Kids, and Ruth M  (née Wellinghoff) Maybury  He married Marilyn N  Williams on August 7, 1967   He has 4 siblings: David, Linda, Jane, and Debra 

Theories
Juris Naturalism
Maybury's viewpoint is "juris naturalism"  Maybury created the term juris naturalism, and called himself a juris naturalist, because he believed no other label was able to fully describe the concept, which he believed is modeled on the viewpoints of many of America's Founders 

Thousand Year War
Maybury has had disagreements with those who say that Muslims are terrorists  In his book, The Thousand Year War, he says that Muslims have been persecuted as much as the Jews by Western civilization through events such as the Crusades, and that they are retaliating after being wronged by the Europeans and the western culture, including the United States government  Maybury states that Muslim nations and people still treat events that occurred centuries ago as modern-day events, and that the recent attacks are retaliatory strikes against what they perceive to be their long-time enemies  He praises the mediaeval Muslim civilizations for their advances in many fields  He also states that Muslims are responsible for preserving the philosophies of ancient people, such as Aristotle 

Maybury's Two Laws
Maybury bases his work on common law, namely

Do all you have agreed to do
Do not encroach on other persons or their property The first law is related to contract law   A contract is an agreement between two or more parties, in which they promise to perform certain actions for and recognize certain rights of the other parties   The second law is related to some criminal law and tort law   Violators of these types of laws have committed acts like theft or violence against other people  (When referencing these two laws, Maybury has at times requested they be known as "Maybury's Laws," and stated exactly as above ) He has also mentioned that there may be another (or others) undiscovered law related to the subjects of law that the two he shows don't cover 

Chaostan
Maybury has declared that nearly a third of the Earth's surface is Chaostan, the land of great chaos  Chaostan is in his view prone to war, financial ill, and tyranny because they never received the Two Laws  The area extends from the Arctic Ocean to the Indian Ocean and Poland to the Pacific, plus North Africa 

The New Axis
Maybury thinks it is possible that some or all of the areas in Chaostan are secretly co-operating, either through political alliance or along ancient ethnic lines  This term was first used in May 1996 

Military Experience
Maybury was a sergeant in the United States Air Force from 1967 to 1971  He served with the 605th Air Commando Squadron in Central America, and with the 75th Military Airlift Squadron in Vietnam  He was also a General Military Training instructor at Travis Air Force Base; and participated in covert operations in South and Central America 

Books
Themes
Maybury's books are marked with emphasis on paradigms, or "models" as he calls them  One of his books, Are You Liberal, Conservative, or Confused is dedicated entirely to this topic  He commonly addresses his letters to an imaginary student named Chris 

Style
All of his books are written in the epistolatory style, as letters from the fictitious Uncle Eric to his nephew  The personal tone of the "letters" convey a certain sense of urgency, yet are remarkably understated compared to other revisionist and contrarian viewpoints 
The books have many illustrations, maps and pull-quotations of historical persons   Though, oddly to some, he rarely if ever quotes recent (20th century) writers   Perhaps it is because he distills the essence of free-market economic thought (what we often call "Libertarian") into fundamental terms that stand on their own   In other words, rather than quoting for instance Henry Hazlitt to support a thesis, he describes an idea in foundational terms that arrive at a conclusion that readers of Hazlitt may find familiar 

Titles
Maybury's in-print books to date are:

Ancient Rome: How It Affects You Today
Are You Liberal? Conservative? or Confused?
Evaluating Books: What Would Thomas Jefferson Think About This?
The Clipper Ship Strategy: For Success in Your Career, Business, and Investments
The Money Mystery: The Hidden Force Affecting Your Career, Business, and Investments
The Thousand Year War in the Mideast
Uncle Eric Talks About Personal, Career, and Financial Security
Whatever Happened to Justice?
Whatever Happened to Penny Candy? 5th Edition
World War I: The Rest of the Story and How It Affects You Today
World War II: The Rest of the Story & How It Affects You TodayAll of his books are published by Bluestocking Press

Journals & Newspapers
EWR
The US & World Investors Early Warning Report (EWR) is Maybury's monthly financial newsletter  EWR seeks to apply the Uncle Eric model to the real world and provide forecasts and warnings of financial changes before they happen  It is very cautious in outlook, and has low toleration of risk 

Freelance Work
Following his military experience, but prior to EWR, Maybury was a freelance writer whose works were featured in the Wall Street Journal, Washington Times, USA Today and other notable publications 

Moneyworld
Maybury was previously global affairs editor for Moneyworld
Passage 9:
The New CBS Tuesday Night Movies
The New CBS Tuesday Night Movies (known as The New CBS Friday Night Movies in its first season) was a weekly 90-minute motion picture made expressly for television   The series aired on CBS from 1971 to 1974  During its first two seasons, the program was similar to ABC's Movie of the Week, which presented a brand-new full-length feature film in a regular weekly time slot with no connecting theme or arc among the films   In the fall of 1972, the series moved from Friday nights to Tuesdays, with its Friday night slot given back to traditional previously released theatrical films under The CBS Friday Night Movies banner (The New CBS Friday Night Movies replaced The CBS Friday Night Movies during its first season) 
During the 1973-1974 television season, CBS revised the series into The New CBS Tuesday Night Movies   In the revision CBS adopted both the ABC and NBC approaches   They developed two rotating series, similar to The NBC Mystery Movie (both produced by MGM Television), and continued to premiere brand new feature-length films as television movies seen on alternating weeks 
The two series-like projects were:

Shaft, a series television version of the 1970s blaxploitation film franchise (itself based on Ernest Tidyman's 1970 novel of the same name), starring Richard Roundtree reprising the role of John Shaft 
Hawkins, starred James Stewart as Billy Jim Hawkins, a rural lawyer who investigated the cases he was involved in, not unlike Stewart's role in the 1959 film Anatomy of a Murder 
Every third week was a television movie The New CBS Tuesday Night Movies was cancelled after the 1973-1974 television season  Television films seen on CBS would be incorporated into its Thursday and Friday night movie programs, beginning with the 1974-1975 season 
Passage 10:
Cartoon Cartoons
Cartoon Cartoons is a collective name used by Cartoon Network for their original animated television series originally aired between 1995 and 2003 and produced in majority by Hanna-Barbera and/or Cartoon Network Studios  Beginning with its inception into cable broadcasting on October 1, 1992, Cartoon Network had focused its programming on reruns of older animated series which it had acquired through its parent company's film library  The Cartoon Cartoons label originated with Fred Seibert's animation anthology series What a Cartoon!, an animation showcase series featuring pilots of original cartoon ideas submitted by independent animators  Dexter's Laboratory was the first such pilot to be greenlit by the network for a full series in 1996  After other pilots were successfully produced into their own series, including Cow and Chicken, Johnny Bravo, and The Powerpuff Girls, the collective Cartoon Cartoons were featured on the network's Friday night programming block, Cartoon Cartoon Fridays from 1999 to 2003  Not all CN original series created around this time were officially recognized as Cartoon Cartoons; Samurai Jack, for example, did not bear the moniker 
The moniker was retired by the network in 2004, and its last surviving series, Ed, Edd n Eddy, ended in 2009 after a ten-year run  Since their heyday, reruns of the Cartoon Cartoons continued to air on The Cartoon Cartoon Show (2005–2008) and Cartoon Planet (2012–2014)  In 2021, the name was resurrected by the network for a new shorts program 

History
Cartoon Cartoons first appeared as shorts on animation showcase series What a Cartoon! in 1995, under the name of World Premiere Toons  The series was produced by Hanna-Barbera and Cartoon Network Studios under the direction of Fred Seibert  Seibert had been a guiding force for Nickelodeon (having overseen the creation of Nicktoons shortly prior to his departure) prior to joining Hanna-Barbera and would establish Frederator Studios years later Through What a Cartoon!, Cartoon Network was able to assess the potential of certain shorts to serve as pilots for spin-off series and signed contracts with their creators to create ongoing series  Dexter's Laboratory was the most popular short series according to a vote held in 1995, and became a full series in 1996  Dexter was retroactively labeled the first Cartoon Cartoon in 1997; however, the network's previous original shows, The Moxy Show and Space Ghost Coast to Coast, were not retroactively given the label 
The Cartoon Cartoon brand was first introduced in July 1997 for the network's Cartoon Cartoon Weekend block  Three more series based on shorts debuted in 1997: Johnny Bravo, Cow and Chicken, and I Am Weasel (the latter two as segments of the same show; I Am Weasel was later spun off into a separate show)  These were followed by The Powerpuff Girls in 1998 and Ed, Edd n Eddy in 1999, and Mike, Lu & Og and Courage the Cowardly Dog in 1999, creating a lineup of critically acclaimed shows  From 1999 to 2003, the Cartoon Cartoon Fridays block was the network's marquee night for premieres of new episodes and series 
In 2001, the network received Time Squad and Grim & Evil  Also in 2001, the show Samurai Jack premiered, but was not officially branded as a Cartoon Cartoon despite airing during the various programming blocks  In 2002, Codename: Kids Next Door became a full series after being chosen in the previous year's Big Pick Weekend  In 2003, Grim & Evil was split into The Grim Adventures of Billy & Mandy and Evil Con Carne; they were the last original series to officially carry the Cartoon Cartoon branding before it was discontinued 
The Cartoon Cartoons were intended to appeal to a wider audience than the average Saturday-morning cartoon  Linda Simensky, vice president of original animation, reminded adults and teenage girls that the cartoons could appeal to them as well  Kevin Sandler's article on them claimed that these cartoons were both less "bawdy" than their counterparts at Comedy Central and less "socially responsible" than their counterparts at Nickelodeon  Sandler pointed to the whimsical rebelliousness, high rate of exaggeration and self-consciousness of the overall output which each individual series managed In October 2003, the live-action Fridays premiered on the network as a replacement for Cartoon Cartoon Fridays  The Cartoon Cartoons bumpers (that appeared before and after episodes of its original series) were dropped after the network's CN City rebrand in June 2004  In August 2004, the block Cartoon Cartoons: The Top 5 was renamed to simply The Top 5  CN still kept the Cartoon Cartoons name around in various forms applying to their older series (such as for The Cartoon Cartoon Show from 2005 to 2008), but since newer shows such as Foster's Home for Imaginary Friends, Camp Lazlo, and Ben 10 were stylistically different from previous shows, the moniker was not applied to them 
However, internationally in places like Asia and Latin America, the moniker continued on until 2007 with shows like Foster's Home, Hi Hi Puffy AmiYumi, Camp Lazlo, and My Gym Partner's a Monkey 

Revival
On April 15, 2021, Cartoon Network announced a new iteration of the Cartoon Cartoons shorts program  On November 24, 2021, the first new Cartoon Cartoons shorts completed production  The first nine shorts include Accordions Geoffery & Mary Melodica by Louie Zong (of The Ghost and Molly McGee and We Bare Bears), Dang! It's Dracula by Levon Jihanian (of Tig n' Seek), Hungy Ghost by Jesse Moynihan (of Adventure Time), Fruit Stand at the End of the World by Rachel Liu, Off the Menu by Shavonne Cherry (of Ren & Stimpy and The Looney Tunes Show), Harmony in Despair by Andrew Dickman (of Looney Tunes Cartoons), Unravel by Alexis Sugden, Mouthwash Madness by Lisa Vandenberg (of Animaniacs), and Scaredy Cat by JJ Villard (of King Star King)  On June 7, 2022, More Cartoon Cartoons completed production  The next seven shorts include The All-Nimal by Nick Edwards (of Apple and Onion and The Fungies), Buttons' Gamezone by Fernando Puig (of The Cuphead Show and Tig n' Seek), Tib Tub, We Need You by Sean Godsey and Mike Rosenthal, I Love You Jocelyn by Tracey Laguerre (Art and Animation Director for brands like Google, Dreamworks, Buzzfeed and more) , Pig in a Wig by Sam Marin (of Regular Show), The Good Boy Report (based on the webcomic of the same name) by Kasey Williams (of Niko and the Sword of Light and Harley Quinn) and Maude Macher and Dom Duck by Kali Fontecchio (of The Looney Tunes Show and Jellystone!) 

Programming blocks
More shows premiered bearing the Cartoon Cartoons brand, airing throughout the network's schedule and prominently on Cartoon Cartoon Fridays, which became the marquee night for premieres of new episodes and shows beginning June 11, 1999  On June 9, 2000, the Cartoon Cartoon Fridays block began to be hosted each week by a different character from a Cartoon Cartoon series, with the first host being Eustace from Courage the Cowardly Dog  The June 9 broadcast also began the first week of The Big Pick, a showcase of cartoon pilots that could become full series based on the results of an online viewer poll  A similar event, The Big Pick II, aired the following year  On October 3, 2003, following a months-long switch to Summer Fridays and Fridays, the block was rebooted under a hybrid live-action format as Fridays, hosted by Tommy Snider and Nzinga Blake, the latter of whom was later replaced by Tara Sands  It aired shows outside the Cartoon Cartoon moniker, such as Foster's Home for Imaginary Friends, Hi Hi Puffy AmiYumi, The Life and Times of Juniper Lee, Camp Lazlo, My Gym Partner's a Monkey, Squirrel Boy, and Class of 3000  The last airing of Fridays was on February 23, 2007 
Cartoon Cartoons: The Top 5 (simply retitled The Top 5 in 2004), an hour-long program featuring a countdown of the week's five "best" Cartoon Cartoon episodes from the network's lineup, ran from 2002 to 2008  From 2005 to 2008, the Cartoon Cartoons label was primarily used for The Cartoon Cartoon Show, a half-hour program featuring episodes of older Cartoon Cartoons that were no longer shown regularly on the network 
The block Cartoon Planet was revived on Cartoon Network from 2012 to 2014, airing in a format similar to The Cartoon Cartoon Show  It featured Cartoon Cartoons such as Dexter's Laboratory, Johnny Bravo, Cow and Chicken, I Am Weasel, The Powerpuff Girls, Courage the Cowardly Dog, Ed, Edd n Eddy, Codename: Kids Next Door, The Grim Adventures of Billy & Mandy, and other original Cartoon Network Studios series such as Foster's Home for Imaginary Friends, Camp Lazlo, and Chowder 

List of series
Precursor
Full series
(+) Indicates that the show originally aired as part of Grim & Evil, and that the 2003-2004 episodes were not produced for the standalone show 

In other media
DC Comics ran an anthology comic based on the Cartoon Cartoons; the series ran from March 2001 to October 2004 for a total of 33 issues 
In the OK K O ! Let's Be Heroes episode "Crossover Nexus", the Cartoon Cartoon logo is shown in the bottom of a wall inside the Cartoon Network headquarters; the Cartoon Cartoon jingle theme song is played when Ben Tennyson (Ben 10) shape-shifts into different Cartoon Network characters 

See also
List of programs broadcast by Cartoon Network
Nicktoons

Notes



ground_truth: Xcel Energy Inc.

prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: What Friday night programming block included what collective series that includes "Whatever Happened to... Robot Jones?"?

The following are given passages.
Context 4: E L D  weapons  During an attack to Hydra's Death's Head camp, it was revealed Nick Fury was trying to destroy Hydra from the inside, while the S H I E L D  traitor was actually Hydra leader Commander Crimson who used an Infinity Gem to battle her enemies, until a burst of energy made her disappear along with the artifact In the aftermath of the battle, Nick told Monica Chang he was planning to create his own team, the Howling Commandos, to battle Hydra the way the Ultimates couldn't, along ex-Hydra agent Abigail Brand  Before leaving, Chang told Fury he would be under her supervision 

Secret Wars
As the final Incursion of Earth-1610 and Earth-616 begins, the Maker (the Mister Fantastic of Earth-1610) urges Fury to defend his world by attacking Earth-616  Despite not trusting the Maker, Fury sends every weapon and hero in his arsenal against the Marvel Universe's heroes  His invasion fails against the might of the defending forces, but it buys time for the Maker to launch his doomsday weapon 

Abilities and technologies
Like his Earth-616 counterpart, Nick Fury is an active physical man despite being over 80 years of age  Initially, he was not shown to use the Infinity Formula or other physical enhancements that his mainstream Marvel Universe counterpart possessed  However, Fury was later revealed to have served during World War II and was a test subject of the Super Soldier program (albeit as an unwilling participant)  In this reality, the Super Soldier serum not only gave Fury low level super-human strength and agility but has also reduced his aging, allowing Fury to continue to be active despite his advanced chronological age Fury has had his right arm replaced with a cybernetic arm that gives him even greater strength than his enhanced biological original  The exact level of his cybernetic arm has not been specifically revealed  Unlike his mainstream counterpart who retains his injured eye despite being legally blind in it with a 95% vision loss, Fury has actually lost his left eye  The skin around the left eye-socket is shown to be badly scarred, extending beyond the eye patch 
Fury is an exceptional combatant and strategist and a gifted field leader  In his earliest appearances, he operated with technology years ahead of traditional forces, including the latest experimental weaponry, and some form of projected invisibility and the ability to walk through solid matter  These powers have very limited windows due to massive expense for any moment of "uptime"; costs for these run to the millions for less than a minute of use  He once used a chewing gum that was programmed to explode after 200 chews  The number of instances in which Fury uses these technologies has decreased since The Ultimates #1, and Fury is shown to primarily use conventional firearms 
While General Fury was Director of S H I E L D  he was constantly monitored and shadowed by dozens of S H I E L D  agents and all known observation technologies   After leaving S H I E L D , Fury has shown that he knows how to elude all such monitoring devices to the point that he was able to enter the S H I E L D helicarrier and attack the current Director Carol Danvers 

In other media
Most appearances of Nick Fury in other media since the 2000s have been modeled on the Ultimate Marvel version of the character, most notably in the Marvel Cinematic Universe where he is portrayed by Samuel L  Jackson 
Passage 3:
List of Spider-Man enemies
Spider-Man is a superhero created by Marvel Comics who debuted in the anthology comic book series issue Amazing Fantasy #15 (August 1962) during the Silver Age of Comics  After his debut, he got his own comic book entitled The Amazing Spider-Man  This comic introduced many of what would become his major supervillain adversaries  Spider-Man then became popular enough for more Spider-Man comic spinoffs (The Spectacular Spider-Man, Marvel Team-Up, Web of Spider-Man, Peter Parker: Spider-Man etc ) which introduced more recurring enemies of the web-slinger, across their various incarnations 
As with Spider-Man, most of his villains' powers originate from scientific accidents or the misuse of scientific technology  They can be classified into multiple categories, such as animal-themed villains (Doctor Octopus, Vulture, Black Cat, Lizard, Rhino, Scorpion, Jackal, Beetle, Kangaroo, Tarantula, and Puma), those with powers over the elements (Sandman, Electro, Molten Man, and Hydro-Man), horror-themed villains (the Green Goblin, the Hobgoblin, Morbius, Morlun, and the Symbiotes), crime lords (the Kingpin, Tombstone, Hammerhead, Silvermane, and Mister Negative), inventors (the Shocker, the Tinkerer, Spencer Smythe, and Alistair Smythe), and masters of trickery and illusion (the Chameleon and Mysterio)  There are, however, numerous villains that don't fit into any specific category, such as Kraven the Hunter and Mephisto, the latter of whom originated as a Silver Surfer villain  The villains oftentimes form teams such as the Sinister Six to oppose the web-slinger 
Spider-Man is notable for having numerous villains that redeemed themselves and became antiheroes, such as Black Cat, the Prowler, Morbius, Kraven,  Sandman and Silver Sable  Also, unlike most superheroes, Spider-Man doesn't have one particular archenemy, but rather three: the Norman Osborn version of the Green Goblin, the Otto Octavius version of Doctor Octopus, and the Eddie Brock version of Venom, the latter two of whom have been similarly redeemed and depicted as antiheroes; since the late 2000s, the demon Mephisto has additionally been depicted as an overarching archenemy/prominent adversary of all incarnations of Spider-Man, responsible for Harry and Norman Osborn's transformations into the Green Goblin, creating Kindred, and manipulating various incarnations of Spider-Man into making deals with him: erasing Peter Parker's and Mary Jane Watson's marriage (and future daughter) from history, reverting Octavius from the Superior Spider-Man to a return to villainy, and tricking Miles Morales into sacrificing an innocent soul 
The rogues gallery of Spider-Man has garnered positive critical acclaim and has been considered one of the greatest rogues galleries of all time 

Debuting in Spider-Man titles
The majority of supervillains depicted in Spider-Man comics first appeared in The Amazing Spider-Man, while some first appeared in spinoff comics such as The Spectacular Spider-Man and Marvel Team-Up and other titles 

The Amazing Spider-Man debuts
Most of the supervillains of Spider-Man would be introduced in The Amazing Spider-Man comic book starting with the Chameleon  The early villains would be introduced in the 1960s during the Silver Age of Comic Books, and created by Stan Lee and Steve Ditko  John Romita Sr  replaced Ditko starting with the Rhino  Gerry Conway later replaced Stan Lee and helped create new adversaries for the web-slinger and also helped pave the way for the Bronze Age of Comic Books with the death of Spider-Man's long time romantic interest, Gwen Stacy  Many collaborators would soon take over The Amazing Spider-Man title  One of the more popular examples included Todd McFarlane's Venom in the Modern Age of Comic Books Note: Alter ego characters who are the most high profile in the supervillain alias but have shared that alias with others are in bold  Alter egos listed having N/A use their real name as the supervillain name  All the villains are listed in the chronological order of their debut in comics  Characters of the central rogues gallery are in bold 

Central rogues gallery
Foes of lesser renown that originated in The Amazing Spider-Man
The Spectacular Spider-Man debuts
Note: In chronological order

Marvel Team-Up debuts
Note: In chronological order

Debuting in other Spider-Man titles
Note: In chronological order

Debuting outside Spider-Man titles
Other villains
Coldheart
Coldheart debuted in Spider-Man #49  Not much is known about the history of Kateri Deseronto  She is an expert martial artist and swordsman who wields Cryonic Swords that can freeze anyone in their place 

Delilah
Delilah first appeared in The Amazing Spider-Man #414 by Tom DeFalco and Mark Bagley  A highly skilled and ruthless assassin who came under the employ of the Rose during one of the many crime-boss gang wars and became his confidante as well as his chief enforcer  She is first shown wiping out an entire room of mobsters so the Rose could maintain control of part of the New York Organize Crime  Delilah came into conflict with Spider-Man for the first time when she attempted to assassinate the ex-husband of one of Rose's employers  When the Black Tarantula first involved himself in the gang war, Delilah attempted to kill his super-strong henchman El Uno but she was overwhelmed by his power  The rematch, though, was a firm win for Delilah, with El Uno's head being mailed back to the Black Tarantula She also had a role during the Rose's efforts to gain extra muscle and to remove Spider-Man from interfering in their operations, in the rebirth of two of Spider-Man's old foes  She was the one who threw the switch of the electric chair which gave Electro his powers back, hoping he would eliminate Spider-Man  Electro failed, and so they devised a new plan  This time, they stole the corpse of Doctor Octopus so the Hand could succeed in restoring him to life  Delilah later found herself ambushed by the Black Tarantula himself, who easily subdued her and broke her neck, inflicting fatal injuries, but before she could die, however, the Black Tarantula instantly healed her with a message of warning for the Rose 
Attempting to find help to bring down the Black Tarantula, Delilah enlisted the aid of the new costumed adventurer Ricochet (actually Spider-Man in disguise)  Together they tackled two of the Black Tarantula's operatives, Roughhouse and Bloodscream  Bloodscream grabbed hold of Delilah and caused her to bleed until she passed out  She was taken by the authorities to the hospital 
Years later she appears in Loners as an assassin smuggling MGH  When Johnny Gallo (the second Ricochet) broke into a laboratory, she thought he was the one she had teamed up with, and attacked him  Despite her skills, Johnny managed to knock her out with a cunningly thrown disc 

Spidercide
Spidercide was a major antagonist in the "Maximum Clonage" story arc  He first appeared in The Spectacular Spider-Man #222 by Tom DeFalco and Sal Buscema  He is depicted as an evil foil of Spider-Man, Ben Reilly, and Kaine  Introduced as a red herring to suggest the possibility of a third individual that was the original Peter Parker, he is one of the Spider-Man clones created by Jackal, to be Jackal's enforcer and protector  However, Spidercide is actually a clone to Ben Reilly, who is a direct genetic duplicate of Spider-Man The Jackal later modified Spidercide's powers, granting him the unique ability to control his physical make-up on a molecular level; he can alter his mass, density, shape and state at will similar to the symbiotes  Despite being created to escort and protect the Jackal, Spidercide betrayed him and aligned with the Scrier  He was believed to have died after being thrown off the roof of the Daily Bugle  only to survive and return to menace Reilly shortly afterwards

Antiheroes and reformed, semi-reformed, or occasionally reformed supervillains
The following is a list of Spider-Man adversaries who, at one point or another, have been reformed or semi-reformed, either temporarily or currently, or who are no longer primarily antagonists of Spider-Man  Many of these characters are now anti-heroes and have often acted as allies of the web-slinger, while others occasionally return to villain status depending on the story arc 

Non-supervillain enemies
Group villains
Kravinoff family
Archenemies
Unlike most superheroes, who have a particular villain or villainous group among their adversaries with whom they have come into conflict the most (e g , the Joker to Batman, and Lex Luthor to Superman in DC Comics, or the Red Skull to Captain America, Doctor Doom to the Fantastic Four, and the Brotherhood of Mutants to the X-Men in Marvel Comics etc ), Spider-Man is often regarded as having three archenemies, and it can be debated as to which one is the worst:
^ Doctor Octopus has been described as Spider-Man's greatest enemy, and the man Peter Parker might have become if he hadn't been raised with a sense of responsibility  He is infamous for defeating him the first time in battle and for almost marrying Peter's Aunt May  He is also the core leader of the Sinister Six, and at one point adopted the "Master Planner" alias  ("If This Be My Destiny   !") Later depictions revealed him in Peter Parker's body where he was the titular character for a while, ultimately becoming an antihero; on several occasions, he and Spider-Man have even put their differences aside to become allies 
^ The Norman Osborn version of the Green Goblin is most commonly regarded as Spider-Man's archenemy  Unlike Doctor Octopus, who only aims to kill Spider-Man, the Goblin also targeted his loved ones and showed no remorse in killing them as long as it caused pain to Spider-Man, therefore making him not only Spider-Man's worst enemy, but also Peter Parker's  His most infamous feat is killing Spider-Man's girlfriend in what became one of the most famous Spider-Man stories of all time and helped end the Silver Age of Comic Books and begin the Bronze Age of Comic Books  While the Goblin was killed in the same story, he returned in the 1990s to plague Spider-Man once again, committing more heinous acts (such as being involved of the murder of Aunt May)  He also came into conflict with other heroes, such as the Avengers  Norman is sometimes depicted as an enemy of Spider-Man even when not being the Green Goblin 
^ The Eddie Brock incarnation of Venom is often regarded as Spider-Man's deadliest foe, and has been described as an evil mirror version of Spider-Man in many ways  He is also among Spider-Man's most popular villains  Venom's main goal is usually to ruin Peter Parker's life and mess with his head in any way he can  Despite this, Venom is not a traditional criminal, as he is only interested in hurting Spider-Man and does not engage in criminal acts, lacking the typical supervillain desires for wealth and power  The character also has a sense of honor and justice, and later starred in his own comic book stories, where he is depicted as an antihero and has a desire to protect innocent people from harm  On several occasions, he and Spider-Man have even put their differences aside to become allies 

In other media
Reception
Reaction to Spider-Man's rogues gallery has been overwhelmingly positive with many journalists citing it as one of the greatest comic book rogues galleries of all time, with Batman's rogues gallery being its most rivaled contender  However, editors such as The Hollywood Reporter's Graeme McMillan felt that only Flash's rogues gallery can compete with Spider-Man's rogues  Kyle Schmidlin of What Culture! described the superhero's rogues gallery as "one of the most colorful in comics" explaining that Batman could only be debated as having a great number of enemies as good as Spider-Man  IGN staff editors, Joshua Yehl and Jesse Schedeen, described the Spider-Man villains as "one of the most iconic and well-balanced in comics"  They opined that the scope of their schemes, how cool their powers are, and how dramatically they have affected Spider-Man's life is what makes the Spider-Man villains so great  Newsarama ranked Spider-Man's rogues gallery as number one out of ten as the greatest rogues gallery of all time 

Themes
George Marston of Newsarama said that the reason he felt that Spider-Man's rogues gallery was the best was the thematic elements that the villains manifested  He explained that just like the superhero they have the same concept of science gone wrong  They are "like him, great men with great minds, great power, and great determination " But instead they fail to use their powers responsibly, symbolizing the thin line between being a hero and being a villain  Alex Wyse of Comic Book Resources felt that a good villain is supposed to challenge the ideals of the hero  For Spider-Man that idea was the famous quote "With great power comes great responsibility", where the superhero is pitted against an antithesis of the hero's motto like the concept of using superpowers for their personal gain 

Me and the Boys
A viral internet meme called "Me and the Boys", centering on images of Spider-Man foes from the 1960s Spider-Man animated series that showcases the four supervillains – the Green Goblin, Electro, Vulture and a photoshopped addition of Rhino – along with other Spider-Man foes in some variations, emerged in 2019  The meme image parodied and represented a group of friends bonding, hanging out, or engaging in various shenanigans  It originated from Reddit and, later, Twitter  It was placed as the 35th-best meme of 2019 by Thrillist 

See also
Savage Six: Antagonists of Spider-Girl and Agent Venom, similar to the Sinister Six 
The Superior Foes of Spider-Man: A comic book series starring Spider-Man villains 

Notes
^ The Chameleon is the first member of Spider-Man's rogues gallery in publication date  (Excluding the Burglar ) He is also well known to be related to Kraven the Hunter and Kraven to him  That revealed relationship helped evolve him as a major villain compared to his original depiction of being just a solo villain in the original issue of The Amazing Spider-Man 
^ Besides being most notable as a Spider-Man supervillain, he has also been depicted as a Fantastic Four antagonist in Stan Lee and Jack Kirby comics books (mostly due to being introduced as the original Frightful Four)  He was also a heroic figure (as an Avengers member) until being introduced as a tragic supervillain in the Spider-Man comics once again 
^ The character is also known as the member of the Frightful Four battling the Fantastic Four  He is also the first major Marvel villain to be written in publication history as battling Daredevil  Even being the founder and leader of the supervillain team that oppose him, the Emissaries of Evil 
^ Just like Electro, he has also been a major villain of Daredevil  In the storyline "Guardian Devil" he crossed into Daredevil's territory almost pushing Daredevil to the edge (just like he if often trying to do with Spider-Man) when Mysterio believes Spider-Man is a clone at one point 
^ While a recurring villain to Spider-Man since his introduction, Kraven the Hunter did not stand out as a memorable supervillain until the critically acclaimed storyline, "Kraven's Last Hunt" 
^ Not counting any other character in the mainstream Marvel Universe with that name  Only outside of the mainstream Spider-Man comics or in other media is there other Spider-Man villains (that isn't named Mac Gargan) that are antagonists of Spider-Man  Gargan is the third character to assume the Scorpion alias in comics, but he became the most notable one, and is only one to be a recurring adversary of Spider-Man 
^ While initially written to be a recurring villain of Spider-Man, Rhino has also come into conflict with other superheroes (especially Hulk)  He is a major character in the storyline titled "Flowers for Rhino" (Spider-Man's Tangled Web), whose name is an homage to Flowers for Algernon 
^ Despite first appearing in Spider-Man comic books, the Kingpin is more notable of being Daredevil's archenemy  Despite this he is a major antagonist of both superheroes in the Marvel comic books just as recurringly  He also is a major recurring villain in the rest of the Marvel Universe crossing over as major antagonists to superheroes/antiheroes (such as the Punisher) in certain comic books of the many based universes of Marvel (PunisherMAX, etc )
^ Morbius debuted in the storyline "The Six Arms Saga" 
^ Miles Warren's first appearance was in The Amazing Spider-Man #31 (December 1965), but he didn't become the Jackal until much later 
^ Although she is listed as a supervillain, the Black Cat is more often portrayed as an antiheroine and the major femme fatale romantic interest for Spider-Man  She is struggling to decide between good and bad, and the only thing preventing her from becoming a villain is her complicated relationship with Spider-Man  Nonetheless  she has been a staple supporting Spider-Man character during her debut 
^ The Amazing Spider-Man #299 is the first appearance of Eddie Brock as Venom  The alien costume debuted from The Amazing Spider-Man #252 and the symbiote bonded to Spider-Man in Secret Wars #8  Venom's creators are determined by pre-alien costume by not counting the creators/designers of the alien costume, David Michelinie or Mike Zeck, or the Marvel Comics fan who originally thought of the concept for the creators 
^ Cletus Kasady first appeared in The Amazing Spider-Man 344  Carnage is a major character in the popular storyline "Maximum Carnage" 
^ Despite becoming an antihero with his own comic book storylines, the Punisher was first introduced as an adversary of Spider-Man 
^ Harry didn't become the Green Goblin until The Amazing Spider-Man #136 (September 1974) 
Passage 4:
Batman: Son of the Demon
Batman: Son of the Demon is a 1987 graphic novel by writer Mike W  Barr and artist Jerry Bingham, published by American company DC Comics  It was released in both hardcover and softcover formats  
Although it was deemed to be non-canon, Grant Morrison used elements of this story in the 4-issue story "Batman and Son" in 2006  DC Comics published a new printing of Batman: Son of the Demon in 2006 featuring new cover art by Andy Kubert for the first time in standard comic book size with a cover price of $5 99 US, tying in with the "Batman and Son" arc 

Plot
The story centers on the eco-terrorist and head of the League of Assassins, Ra's al Ghul aiding Batman in his quest to solve the murder of Harris Blaine, one of Gotham City's most prominent scientists  Ra's al Ghul and Batman turn out to be searching for the same man, the terrorist known as Qayin  Qayin is a rogue assassin who had murdered Ra's al Ghul's wife Melisande, mother to his favorite daughter and heir-apparent, Talia, by throwing her into an early version of a Lazarus Pit  Batman has shared a stormy, on-again, off-again romance with Talia for many years, despite his ideological conflict with Ra's  During the course of the storyline, Batman has time to properly romance Talia  When Batman asks if there should have been a marriage ceremony of some sort, Talia replies that there already has been: her father had previously, in a bid to stop Batman from interfering with his plans, performed such a ceremony in the tradition of his own country, where only the consent of the bride was needed to constitute a marriage  Talia soon becomes pregnant, and the prospect of a family has a profound effect on Batman's demeanor, making him more risk-averse and softening his typically grim outlook  Batman is nearly killed protecting the recently pregnant (and still very dangerous in her own right) Talia from an attack by the assassin's agents  Observing Batman's dangerous and overly protective behavior, Talia resolves that she cannot allow him to continue to act in such a manner, as he will almost certainly be killed  To that end, Talia claims to have miscarried  Crushed by the news, Batman returns to his typically grim disposition, and he and Talia agree to have the marriage dissolved  Batman returns to Gotham, never knowing Talia is still carrying his child 
The child, a boy, is born and left with an orphanage, and soon adopted by a Western couple  The only hint of his impressive heritage is a jewel-encrusted necklace, a gift Bruce gave to Talia just before Qayin attacked Ra's' HQ 

Critical reaction
IGN ranked Batman: Son of the Demon #6 on a list of the 25 greatest Batman graphic novels, calling it "the perfect Ra's al Ghul tale" and "a brilliant, perfectly paced story" 
Passage 5:
Jerry Bingham
Gerald Joseph Bingham Jr  (born June 25, 1953, in Chicago, Illinois) is an American artist who has worked in the fields of comic books, commercial illustration, and design  He is known for his artwork on Marvel Team-Up and the DC Comics graphic novel Batman: Son of the Demon 

Biography
Given his first break by veteran comics artist Dan Adkins, Bingham's first published comics work was a Green Arrow backup story in World's Finest Comics #251 (June–July 1978)  From there, Bingham drew comics for Marvel Comics, First Comics, TSR, Malibu Comics, Dark Horse Comics, Heavy Metal, and others   He drew the Batman: Son of the Demon graphic novel in 1987, which introduced a character later revealed to be Damian Wayne  This graphic novel reputedly "restored DC Comics to first place in sales after fifteen years "Leaving comics in the late 1990s, Bingham moved to the West Coast, where he did production art for the movies, designing props, special effects and monster make-up  He contributed design work for Walt Disney Parks and Resorts, shopping centers, Universal Studios, and the Hollywood Christmas Parade  In addition, Bingham has illustrated paperback, game, and magazine covers 

Education
Bingham attended the American Academy of Art, the Scottsdale Artists School, the California Art Institute, and UCLA 

Awards
Jack Kirby Award, 1984 – Best Graphic Album: Beowulf
Golden Apple Award, 1987 – Best Graphic Novel: Batman: Son of the Demon
Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Animated Program, 1999 – Background Designer (animation): Todd McFarlane's Spawn

Bibliography
DC Comics
First Comics
Beowulf graphic novel (1984)
Warp! #10–15, 17–18 (1984)

HM Communications, Inc 
Heavy Metal #v7#3, #v7#7 (1983)

Marvel Comics
Passage 6:
Marvel Team-Up
Marvel Team-Up is an American comic book series published by Marvel Comics  The series featured two or more Marvel characters in one story  The series was originally published from March 1972 through February 1985, and featured Spider-Man as the lead "team-up" character in all but ten of its 150 issues, and in six of its seven Annuals  It was the first major ongoing spin-off series for Spider-Man, being preceded only by the short-lived The Spectacular Spider-Man magazine  Of the issues that did not star Spider-Man, the Human Torch headlines six issues (#18, 23, 26, 29, 32, 35); the Hulk, four (#97, 104, 105, and Annual #3); and Aunt May, one (#137)  Publication of most of the issues starring the Human Torch coincided with that of Giant-Size Spider-Man, an alternate Spider-Man "team-up"-themed series by the regular Marvel Team-Up creative team   When cancelled with #150 in 1985, the title was replaced by Web of Spider-Man 
The second series was published for 11 issues from September 1997 through July 1998 and originally featured Spider-Man; Namor the Sub-Mariner was the featured character starting with #8  From 1995 to 1997, a quarterly series titled Spider-Man Team-Up fulfilled much the same purpose as the original title  The third Marvel Team-Up series, written by Robert Kirkman, began publication in January 2005 and frequently featured Spider-Man  This volume often reintroduced lesser-known Marvel characters that had fallen into obscurity 
The spirit of Marvel Team-Up was carried on by Avenging Spider-Man and later by Superior Spider-Man Team-Up 

Publication history
Comics journalist Jonathan Miller summarized Marvel Team-Up in a retrospective article: The series was admittedly formulaic; either Spider-Man or that issue's guest-star would encounter a menace and then by sheer chance cross paths with another hero who would lend a hand  The title's guest-stars were an equal mix of A-list characters whose presence was likely to increase sales and fledgling heroes being given exposure in the hopes of launching them into stardom but who for the most part continued to languish in obscurity 
The series debuted with a March 1972 cover-dated issue featuring Spider-Man and the Human Torch in a story by writer Roy Thomas and artist Ross Andru  Spider-Man and the Human Torch were originally the permanent headliners on the series, but the creators found this format limiting, and after just three issues the Human Torch was dropped in favor of a rotating co-star slot  The main artists on the series for the first several years were Andru, Gil Kane, Sal Buscema, and Jim Mooney In 1974, Marvel started publishing Giant-Size Spider-Man, which was a quarterly 68-page comic that lasted for six issues which complemented Marvel Team-Up  The series featured team-ups, with each issue featuring a new story with a back-up reprint, except the last issue, which only featured a reprint 
Due to the limitations of the typically single-issue team-up stories, the supporting cast of Spider-Man's other titles rarely appeared in Marvel Team-Up  The series often featured non-superhero characters in the co-star slot  A multi-issue time travel story arc began in issue #41 with Spider-Man and the Scarlet Witch traveling to the Salem witch trials in 1692, and pushed the barriers of continuity by having Spider-Man team up with two characters who had no established connection to the mainstream Marvel Universe, Killraven and Deathlok  Though the series did often team Spider-Man with other highly popular characters, it regularly gave the co-star slot to obscure characters that the average reader was unlikely to even recognize, particularly during writer J  M  DeMatteis's run  DeMatteis recounted, "I was always attracted to the more obscure characters, mainly because they were ripe for exploration  You could crack them open and really develop them      I just looked at these fringe characters as more inviting than the mainstream, more established characters - who all had their set-in-stone continuity  I wanted room to play and those characters gave me all the room I wanted  And let's face it, our lead character was as mainstream as you can get, so the obscure ones made for a nice contrast "With issue #47, the series had a crossover with Marvel Two-in-One #17, which featured the Thing  Jean DeWolff was introduced as a supporting character in the Spider-Man/Iron Man story in issue #48 John Byrne, who would later become the artist on The Uncanny X-Men, first drew the characters in Marvel Team-Up #53  Byrne and his Uncanny X-Men collaborator, writer Chris Claremont worked together on several issues of Marvel Team-Up  Captain Britain, a character created for Marvel UK, made his first appearance in an American comic book in Marvel Team-Up #65 (January 1978) Karma, a character that later joined the New Mutants, was created by Claremont and artist Frank Miller in #100's lead story  A photo cover by Eliot R  Brown was used for the Spider-Man/Captain America team-up in issue #128 Though published for well over a decade, the series format never truly caught on with readers  Upon taking a serious look at sales figures for Marvel Team-Up, Marvel's editorial staff found that sales dramatically rose or fell with each issue depending solely on the popularity of that issue's co-star  Taking this into consideration, Marvel editor-in-chief Jim Shooter concluded that it would make more sense to have another Spider-Man solo series with guest stars appearing when the storyline and/or promotional needs called for it, rather than a team-up series which unnaturally forced guest-stars upon the story  The series ended with issue #150 (February 1985), to be replaced by Web of Spider-Man A Hulk and the Human Torch story written by Jack C  Harris and drawn by Steve Ditko in the 1980s that was intended for Marvel Team-Up was published by Marvel as Incredible Hulk and the Human Torch: From the Marvel Vault #1 in August 2011 Spider-Man Team-Up was a brief attempt to revive the concept of the series and was soon followed by Marvel Team-Up vol  2 which was published from September 1997 to July 1998  The third Marvel Team-Up series launched in January 2005 and ran for 25 issues which starred a variety of characters  The fourth series began with a June 2019 cover date and contains legacy numbering 

Marvel Team-Up (1972-1985)
Annuals (1976-1984)
Spider-Man Team-Up (1995-1997)
Marvel Team-Up vol  2 (1997-1998)
Marvel Team-Up vol  3 (2005-2006)
Marvel Team-Up vol  4 (2019)
Collected editions
Volume 1
Marvel Masterworks: Marvel Team-Up
Vol  1 collects issue #1-11, 248 pages, December 2010, ISBN 978-0785142102
Vol  2 collects issue #12-22, 256 pages, June 2012, ISBN 978-0785159339
Vol  3 collects issue #23-30, Giant-Size Spider-Man #1-3, 272 pages, May 2018, ISBN 978-1302909703
Vol  4 collects issue #31-40, Giant-Size Spider-Man #4-5, Marvel Comics Calendar 1975, 296 pages, January 2019, ISBN 978-1302915209
Vol  5 collects issue #41-52, 304 pages, August 2020, ISBN 978-1-302-92218-4
Vol  6 collects issue #53-64, Annual #1, 320 pages, August 2021, ISBN 978-1-302-92931-2
Vol  7 collects issue #65-73 and #75-77, 264 pages, December 2023
Essential Marvel Team-Up
Vol  1 collects issue #1-24, 496 pages, April 2002, ISBN 978-0785108283
Vol  2 collects #25-51, 528 pages, August 2006, ISBN 978-0785121633
Vol  3 collects #52-73, #75, and Annual #1, 480 pages, September 2009, ISBN 978-0785130680
Vol  4 collects #76-78, 80–98, and Annual #2-3, 480 pages, February 2013, ISBN 978-0785167341
Spider-Man: Marvel Team-Up by Claremont & Byrne includes Marvel Team-Up #59-70, 75, 240 pages, December 2011, ISBN 978-0785158660
Fantastic Four/Spider-Man Classic includes Marvel Team-Up #100 and #132-133, 152 pages, April 2005, ISBN 978-0785118039
Essential Defenders
Vol  5 includes Marvel Team-Up #101, 111 and 116, 448 pages, August 2010, ISBN 978-0785145370
Vol  6 includes Marvel Team-Up #119, 528 pages, October 2011, ISBN 978-0785157540
Spider-Man: The Complete Alien Costume Saga
Volume 1 includes Marvel Team-Up #141-145, Annual #7, 488 pages, January 2012, ISBN 978-0785156130
Volume 2 includes Marvel Team-Up #146-150, 504 pages, May 2015, ISBN 978-0785190035

Spider-Man Team-Up
Spider-Man: The Complete Clone Saga Epic Vol  5 includes Spider-Man Team-Up #1, 424 pages, April 2010, ISBN 978-0785144625
Spider-Man: The Complete Ben Reilly Epic
Volume 3 includes Spider-Man Team-Up #2, 432 pages, January 2012, ISBN 978-0785156130
Volume 4 includes Spider-Man Team-Up #3, 464 pages, April 2012, ISBN 978-0785161318
Volume 5 includes Spider-Man Team-Up #4, 464 pages, July 2012, ISBN 978-0785163831
Volume 6 includes Spider-Man Team-Up #5, 448 pages, November 2012, ISBN 978-0785165521
Thunderbolts Classic Vol  1 includes Spider-Man Team-Up #7, 296 pages, April 2011, ISBN 978-0785153092

Volume 3
Marvel Team-Up
Vol  1: The Golden Child collects Marvel Team-Up vol  3 #1-6, 144 pages, June 2005, ISBN 978-0785115953
Vol  2: Master of the Ring collects Marvel Team-Up vol  3 #7-13, 176 pages, December 2005, ISBN 978-0785115960
Vol  3: League of Losers collects Marvel Team-Up vol  3 #14-18, 120 pages, June 2006, ISBN 978-0785119463
Vol  4: Freedom Ring collects Marvel Team-Up vol  3 #19-25, 168 pages, February 2007, ISBN 978-0785119906

Volume 4
Ms  Marvel Team-Up collects Marvel Team-Up vol  4 #1-6, November 2019, ISBN 978-1-302-91831-6

See also
The Brave and the Bold - The first DC Comics equivalent 
DC Comics Presents - The second DC Comics equivalent 
Ultimate Marvel Team-Up - The Ultimate Marvel Universe's team-up series 
Passage 7:
Superior Spider-Man Team-Up
Superior Spider-Man Team-Up was an ongoing comic book series published by Marvel Comics that debuted in July 2013  The series is written by Christopher Yost with artwork by a rotating team of artists including David Lopez, Paolo Rivera, and Marco Checchetto  It is meant to serve as a direct successor to Avenging Spider-Man and a spiritual successor to Marvel Team-Up, whose name it plays on  It is also meant to act as an expansion of the Superior Spider-Man brand by Marvel 

Format
Like Marvel Team-Up and Avenging Spider-Man before it, Superior Spider-Man Team-Up features a team-up format where Spider-Man is partnered with a different character each issue  It will continue plot threads started in Avenging Spider-Man and run in tandem with Dan Slott's main Superior Spider-Man title 

Publication history
Superior Spider-Man Team-Up was announced in April 2013 as a part of Marvel's Superior brand expansion  Christopher Yost, writer of Superior Spider-Man Team-Up, said, "Well, in my heart when I say "Team-Up" for "Superior Spider-Man," I probably mean "Versus " In the latest "Avenging" issues, we've seen that he has a fairly contentious relationship with most of the heroes he's encountered  And with "Superior Spider-Man Team Up," that just gets bigger  I think in issue #1, he teams up with pretty much the entire Marvel Universe"  
Axel Alonso, Marvel's Editor-In-Chief, added "All I can say is, they had me at the title  I grew up loving "Marvel Team-Up " Bought every issue I could get my hands on  Every month Spider-Man would team up with someone new  There was even an issue where Iceman teamed up with the Human Torch  I was like, "What the—!?"   So it didn't take much for me to sign off on the series" 

Issues
Collected editions
Passage 8:
Ultimate Marvel Team-Up
Ultimate Marvel Team-Up is a comic book series, published by Marvel Comics which ran for 16 issues, including a concluding Ultimate Spider-Man Super Special  It is set in one of Marvel's shared universes, the Ultimate Universe and is based on the original universe Marvel Team-Up  The whole series starred Spider-Man teaming up with another superhero each issue  The series was written by Brian Michael Bendis, with each arc drawn by a different artist 

Issues, artists and characters
Issue 1
Starring: Spider-Man & Wolverine vs  Sabretooth
Penciled and Inked by: Matt Wagner
Trivia: Sabretooth's first appearance in Ultimate Marvel 

Issues #2-3
Starring: Spider-Man & Hulk
Penciled by: Phil Hester and inked by Ande Parks
Trivia: Hulk's first appearance in Ultimate Marvel 

Issues #4-5
Starring: Spider-Man & Iron Man vs  Latverian mercenaries
Penciled and Inked by: Mike Allred
Trivia: Iron Man's first appearance in Ultimate Marvel 

Issues #6-8
Starring: Spider-Man, the Punisher (in issues #6-8) and Daredevil (issues #7-8)
Penciled and Inked by: Bill Sienkiewicz
Trivia: Daredevil & Punisher's first appearance in Ultimate Marvel 

Issue #9
Starring: Spider-Man & Fantastic Four vs  the Skrulls
Penciled and Inked by: Jim Mahfood
Trivia: The events in this issue are not in Ultimate Marvel canon

Issue #10
Starring: Spider-Man & Man-Thing vs Lizard
Penciled and Inked by: John Totleben, with "art assistance" by Ron Randall
Trivia: The Lizard and Man-Thing's first appearance in Ultimate-Marvel

Issue #11
Starring: Spider-Man & the X-Men
Penciled and Inked by: Chynna Clugston-Major

Issues #12-13
Starring: Spider-Man and Doctor Strange vs  Xandu
Penciled and Inked by: Ted McKeever
Trivia: Doctor Strange's First Appearance in Ultimate Marvel

Issue #14
Starring: Spider-Man & the Black Widow
Penciled by: Terry Moore and inked by Walden Wong
Trivia: Black Widow's First Appearance in Ultimate Marvel

Issues #15-16
Starring: Spider-Man & Shang-Chi
Penciled by: Rick Mays and inked by Jason Martin
Trivia: Shang-Chi's First Appearance in Ultimate Marvel

Ultimate Spider-Man Special
Starring Spider-Man, and many of the other headlined characters above, as well as a small appearance by Blade and Elektra 
Art by Alex Maleev, Dan Brereton, John Romita, Sr , Al Milgrom, Frank Cho, Jim Mahfood, Scott Morse, Craig Thompson, Michael Avon Oeming, Jason Pearson, Sean Phillips, Mark Bagley, Rodney Ramos, Bill Sienkiewicz, P  Craig Russell, Jacen Burrows, Walden Wong, Leonard Kirk, Terry Pallort, Dave Gibbons, Mike Gaydos, James Kochalka, David Mack, Brett Weldele, Ashley Wood, and Art ThibertBlade and Elektra's first appearance in Ultimate Marvel


== Collected editions ==



ground_truth: Cartoon Cartoon Fridays