prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: Morgan Paull played Dave Holden in a 1982 film loosely adapted from a novel by what author?

The following are given passages.
Context 1: Passage 1:
The Lives of a Bengal Lancer (film)
The Lives of a Bengal Lancer is a 1935 American adventure film starring Gary Cooper, directed by Henry Hathaway, and written by Grover Jones, William Slavens McNutt, Waldemar Young, John L  Balderston, and Achmed Abdullah  The setting and title come from the 1930 autobiography of the British soldier Francis Yeats-Brown 
The story, which has little in common with Yeats-Brown’s book, tells of a group of British cavalrymen and high-ranking officers desperately trying to defend their stronghold and headquarters at Bengal against the rebellious natives during the days of the British Raj  Cooper plays Lieutenant Alan McGregor, Franchot Tone, Lieutenant John Forsythe, Richard Cromwell, Lieutenant Donald Stone, Guy Standing, Colonel Tom Stone, and Douglass Dumbrille plays the rebel leader Mohammed Khan, who reads the now often-misquoted line "We have ways to make men talk "The film was produced by released by Paramount Pictures  Planning began in 1931, and Paramount had expected the film to be released that same year  However, most of the location footage deteriorated due to the high temperatures, and the project was delayed  It was eventually released in the US in 1935 
It met with positive reviews and good box office results, and was nominated for seven Academy Awards, winning Assistant Director, with other nominations including Best Original Screenplay and Best Picture  The film grossed $1 5 million in worldwide theatrical rentals 

Plot
On the northwest frontier of India during the British Raj, Scottish Canadian  Lieutenant Alan McGregor  (Gary Cooper), in charge of newcomers, welcomes two replacements to the 41st Bengal Lancers: Lieutenant John Forsythe  (Franchot Tone) and  Lieutenant Donald Stone  (Richard Cromwell), the son of the unit's commander, Colonel Tom Stone  (Guy Standing)  Lieutenant Stone, a "cub" (meaning a newly commissioned officer), eagerly anticipated serving on the Indian frontier, particularly because he specifically was requested and assumed that his father sent for him; Lieutenant Forsythe, an experienced cavalrymen and something of a teasing character, was sent out as a replacement for an officer who was killed in action  
After his arrival Lieutenant Stone discovers that his father keeps him at arms length, wanting to treat him the same as he treats all of the other men  He also reveals that he did not request his son serve in his regiment, a discovery that breaks his heart and leads to him going on a drunken bender  Attempting to show impartiality, the colonel treats his son indifferently  The Colonel's commitment to strictly military behavior and adherence to protocol is interpreted by young Stone as rejection  He had not seen his father since he was a boy and had looked forward to spending time with him 
Lieutenant Barrett (Colin Tapley), disguised as a native rebel in order to spy on Mohammed Khan (Douglass Dumbrille), reports that Khan is preparing an uprising against the British  He plans to intercept and hijack a military convoy transporting two million rounds of ammunition  When Khan discovers that Colonel Stone knows of his plan, he orders Tania Volkanskaya, a beautiful Russian agent, to seduce and kidnap Lieutenant Stone in an attempt to extract classified information about the ammunition caravan from him, or use him as leverage to attract his father  When the colonel refuses to attempt his son's rescue, McGregor and Forsythe, appalled by the seeming lack of concern the colonel has for his own son, leave the camp at night without orders  Disguised as native merchants trying to sell blankets, they successfully get inside Khan's fortress  However, they are recognized by Tania, who had met the two men at a social event  McGregor and Forsythe are taken prisoner 
During interrogation, Khan wants to know when and where the munitions will be transported so that he can attack and steal the arms  He has the prisoners tortured for the information  Bamboo shoots are shoved under their fingernails and set on fire  McGregor and Forsythe refuse to talk, but the demoralized Stone, feeling rejected by his father, cracks and reveals what he knows  As a result, the ammunition convoy is captured 
After receiving news of the stolen ammunition, Colonel Stone takes the 41st to battle Khan  From their cell, the captives see the overmatched Bengal Lancers deploy to assault Khan's fortress  They manage to escape and blow up the ammunition tower, McGregor manning a machine gun and dying in the assault  Young Stone redeems himself by killing Khan with a dagger  With their ammunition gone, their leader dead, and their fortress in ruins, the remaining rebels surrender 
In recognition of their bravery and valor in battle, Lieutenants Forsythe and Stone are awarded the Distinguished Service Order  McGregor posthumously receives the Victoria Cross, Great Britain's highest award for military valor, with Colonel Stone pinning the medal to the saddle cloth of McGregor's horse in the custom in the 41st Lancers 

Cast
Gary Cooper as  Lieutenant Alan McGregor, a highly experienced officer in his mid-thirties, who has spent a long time with the regiment  McGregor, a Canadian, is portrayed as a charming, open character who befriends most officers, but because of disregard for his superiors and habit of speaking his mind is regarded askance by his superiors, who nevertheless respect his military abilities 
Franchot Tone as  Lieutenant John Forsythe, an upper-class cavalryman in his mid-twenties from the Royal Military Academy Sandhurst  Transferred from the Blues, one of the two regiments at the time the movie was made tasked with guarding the Sovereign, Forsythe is presented as the  funny guy  of the main characters, and is noteworthy for his Sandhurst style in military exercise, something that earns him countless compliments from his superiors Richard Cromwell as  Lieutenant Donald Stone, a recent graduate of Sandhurst and a very young officer  As the son of a colonel with a famous name, he is treated respectfully but becomes frustrated and morose because of personal issues with his father 
Guy Standing  as  Colonel Tom Stone, a long-serving colonel who left his home in Britain to serve on the Frontier, and explains to his son in the film that the "service always comes first     something your mother never understood " He is considered to be a dyed-in-the-wool, by-the-book colonel who suppresses his feelings and never does anything without orders 
C  Aubrey Smith as  Major Hamilton, an old, very experienced major who serves as Colonel Stone's adjutant and Lieutenant Stone's second father and friend  He, along with his chief, planned and coordinated the big assault on Mohammad Khan's fortress 
Kathleen Burke as  Tania Volkanskaya, a beautiful and seductive young Russian woman who is Khan's ally  She is used as Khan's secret ace, who seduces young men when needed to forward Khan's plans  It was she who, with considerable ease, outwitted first Stone and then McGregor and Forsythe 
Douglass Dumbrille as  Mohammed Khan, a well-known, wealthy prince of the region, educated at Oxford and ostensibly a friend of the British  He is also the secret rebel leader who fights for Bengal's independence from the British Crown  He is portrayed as the film's villain and is responsible for the death and torture of many people 
Colin Tapley as  Lieutenant Barrett, a close friend of Lieutenant McGregor who has been ordered to infiltrate Khan's group of bandits and delivers vital information about the rebels' location and movement 
Lumsden Hare as  Major General Woodley, the man in  command of the British intelligence service in India  He is disliked by most of the regiment's officers, especially McGregor, because his orders usually involve training exercises in locations where the pig-sticking is good  He thought of and approved the attack on Khan's stronghold 
J  Carrol Naish as Grand Vizier
James Dime

Production
Stock crisis
Paramount originally planned to produce the film in 1931 and sent cinematographers Ernest B  Schoedsack and Rex Wimpy to India to film location shots such as a tiger hunt  However, much of the film stock deteriorated in the hot sun while on location, so when the film was eventually made, much of the production took place in the hills surrounding Los Angeles, where Northern Paiute people were used as extras According to Hathaway, Schoedack struggled with the studio so was replaced by Steven Roberts, who began spending more money than Paramount were willing to, so he was fired  Gary Cooper had director approval and he suggested Henry Hathaway, whose Westerns the actor admired - it was Hathaway's entry into big budget films  The director had been to India for nine months and remembered everything being white so insisted on that in the film 

Filming
Among the filming locations were Lone Pine, Calif , Buffalo Flats in Malibu, Calif , the Paramount Ranch in Agoura, Calif , and the Iverson Movie Ranch in Chatsworth, Calif  For the climactic half-hour battle sequence at the end of the film, an elaborate set was built in the Iverson Gorge, part of the Iverson Movie Ranch, to depict Mogala, the mountain stronghold of Mohammed Khan 

Release
Box office
The film was released in American cinemas in January 1935  It was a big success at the box office and kicked off a cycle of Imperial adventure tales, including The Charge of the Light Brigade (1936), Another Dawn (1937), Gunga Din (1939), The Four Feathers (1939), and The Real Glory (1939)  The film had theatrical rentals of about $1 million in the U S  and Canada, and $1 5 million worldwide  It was the second most popular film at the British box office in 1935–36  The film was successful enough that it led to Gary Cooper being booked to star in a number of films of similar plots that were also set in "exotic" locales, including Beau Geste, The Real Glory, North West Mounted Police and Distant Drums 

Critical reception and influence
Laura Elston from the magazine Canada wrote that The Lives of a Bengal Lancer did "more glory to the British traditions than the British would dare to do for themselves " In response to the film success, Frederick Herron of the Motion Picture Association of America wrote "Hollywood is doing a very good work in selling the British Empire to the world "Writer John Howard Reid noted in his book Award-Winning Films of the 1930s that the film is considered "one of the greatest adventure films of all time" and highly praised Hathaway's work by saying "the film really made his reputation " It also received a praised review in Boys' Life magazine, starting off the review with the words "You will be immensely pleased with The Lives of a Bengal lancer" and went on to compare the style and class of the three main characters to that of The Three Musketeers  The film holds an overall approval rating of 100% on the review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes, based on 9 reviews, with a rating average of 8 out of 10 Critic Otis Ferguson said he was "taken by the show, imperialism and all " Andre Sennwald of The New York Times said the film "glorified the British Empire better than any film produced in Britain for that purpose "  Sennwald added that Paramount's "Kiplingesque" movie "ought to prove a blessing to Downing Street " The film proved so popular in the United States that it spurred a series of imperial films that continued throughout the decade and into the next decade  Frank S  Nugent, also of The New York Times, wrote that "England need have no fears for its empire so long as Hollywood insists upon being the Kipling of the Pacific " Nugent commented that movies such as The Lives of a Bengal Lancer and The Charge of the Light Brigade were far more pro-British than actual British filmmakers would ever dare to be: "In its veneration of British colonial policy, in its respect for the omniscience and high moral purpose of His, or Her, Majesty's diplomatic representatives and in its adulation of the courage, the virtue and the manly beauty of English soldiery abroad, Hollywood yields to no one—not even to the British filmmakers themselves "In Fascist Italy, Mussolini's motion picture bureau had the movie banned, as well as several other British-themed American movies, including Lloyd's of London and The Charge of the Light Brigade, on the grounds that they were "propaganda" 
According to Ivone Kirkpatrick, who met Adolf Hitler at Berchtesgaden in 1937, one of Hitler's favorite films was The Lives of a Bengal Lancer, which he had watched three times  He liked the film because "it depicted a handful of Britons holding a continent in thrall  That was how a superior race must behave and the film was a compulsory viewing for the S S "
Also, his valet recalled that Hitler enjoyed the film 
It was one of the eleven US movies that, from 1933 to 1937, were considered "artistically valuable" by the Nazi authorities 

Plot discrepancies
The film shares nothing with the source book, except the setting  Reid noted in Award-Winning Films of the 1930s that "none of the characters in the book appear in the screenplay, not even Yeats-Brown himself  The plot of the film is also entirely different "

Home media
The Paramount picture was distributed to home media on VHS on March 1, 1992 and on DVD on May 31, 2005  It has since been released in multiple languages and is included in several multi-film collections 

Awards
The film was nominated for the following Academy Awards, winning in one category:

See also
The Witching Hour
The Shepherd of the Hills
Now and Forever
Passage 2:
The White Haired Witch of Lunar Kingdom
The White Haired Witch of Lunar Kingdom is a 2014 Chinese wuxia-fantasy film based on the best-selected novel Romance of the White-Haired Maiden written by Liang Yusheng  Directed by Jacob Cheung and co-produced by Bona Film Group and Huang Jianxin with the creative consultant led by Tsui Hark, the film stars Fan Bingbing, Huang Xiaoming, Vincent Zhao and others among the supporting cast  Originally scheduled for release on 25 April 2014, the film was moved to 1 August 2014, then moved a day earlier to 31 July 2014 

Cast
Fan Bingbing as Lian Nishang
Huang Xiaoming as Zhuo Yihang
Vincent Zhao as Jin Duyi
Wang Xuebing as Murong Chong
Ni Dahong as Wei Zhongxian
Tong Yao as Ke Pingting
Li Xinru as Tie Shanhu
Cecilia Yip as Ling Yunfeng
Yan Yikuan as Huangtaiji

Production
The White Haired Witch of Lunar Kingdom was produced at a budget of 100 million yuan  Shooting started in November 2012 and ended in March 2013  During filming, Huang Xiaoming had a three-metre fall after a wire accident on the set and he fractured two toes on his left foot  He had to sit in a wheelchair for weeks, but resumed filming even though he had yet to fully recover  On 2 April 2013, Huang and Fan Bingbing attended a press conference in Beijing to talk about their experiences in filming White Haired Witch 

Reception
Box office
The film grossed US$61,900,000 in mainland China and a total of US$64 2 million internationally 

Critical response
The film received negative reviews from audiences  The review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes reports a 0 approval rating from critics, with an average score of 4 3/10, based on 6 reviews  The Hollywood Reporter said, "it's a shame that Cheung's first film in seven years is eventually weighed down by this rushed, uneven sprawl of a story credited to five screenwriters, each of whom possibly bringing their own references (ranging from political-parable historical dramas like last year's Life of Ming, to the contemporary dramas like Infernal Affairs) and their perspective in how to make The White Haired Witch connect with a new generation of viewers  Their attempt in reinventing this tale sits uncomfortably with the one central element that couldn't be moved — that is, the troubled (and sloppily presented) romance involving the title character "On Chinese movie review site Douban, the film has a rating of 3 8/10, based on 51590 viewers  On Mtime com, it has a score of 5 5 out of 10, based on 13137 viewers 
Passage 3:
Morgan Paull
Morgan Paull (December 15, 1944 – July 17, 2012) was an American actor most notable for playing Dave Holden in the Ridley Scott film Blade Runner 

Early life
Morgan Paull was born to a wealthy family in Wheeling, West Virginia and appeared in many high school plays  When he told his father that he wanted to attend Boston University to continue acting, his father disagreed with his plans and Morgan ran off  He went to the Barter Theatre in Abingdon, Virginia and then later appeared on Broadway in New Faces of 1965 and the off-Broadway show That Thing at the Cherry Lane 

Career
After moving to LA, he appeared in Muzeeka at the Mark Taper Forum and caught the attention of director Franklin Schaffner and producer Frank McCarthy  He made his acting debut in the 1970 film Patton playing Captain Richard N  Jenson  He was in the 1971 film Fools' Parade with Jimmy Stewart and the 1976 film The Last Hard Men with Charlton Heston  He is also known for playing the scheming Philip Wendell in the 1978 American television miniseries Centennial and a greedy businessman in the 1984 comedy Surf II 

Personal life
Until his death he resided in Lake Arrowhead in the mountains northeast of Los Angeles in the San Bernardino National Forest about 90 miles (140 km) from Hollywood  Paull was married four times, first to Gaye Huston in 1965 until they divorced in 1976  He was then married to Carmen Paull from 1976 to 1996, which ended in divorce  He was then married to April Paull in 1990 until that marriage ended in divorce  He later married Jenny Elam in 2004 until his death in 2012  Paull had two daughters Paull died on July 17, 2012 from stomach cancer in his home in Ashland, Oregon  He is buried in the Paull family plot, located in section 10 of Greenwood Cemetery, Wheeling, Ohio County, West Virginia 

Filmography
Film
Television
Passage 4:
Dirty O'Neil
Dirty O'Neil is a 1974 American film directed by Leon Capetanos and Lewis Teague 

Plot
Jimmy O'Neil (Morgan Paull), a cop in a small California town with a fondness for women, is forced into action when a trio of homicidal thugs invade the town 

Cast
Morgan Paull - Jimmy O'Neill
Art Metrano - Lassiter
Pat Anderson - Lizzie
Jeane Manson - Ruby
Katie Saylor - Vera
Raymond O'Keefe - Lou
Tommy J  Huff  - Bennie
Bob Potter - Al
Sam Laws - Clyde
Liv Lindeland - Mrs  Crawford
Kitty Carl - Bobby
Tara Strohmeier - Mary
Susan McIver - Helen

See also
List of American films of 1974
Passage 5:
The Man in the Iron Mask (1977 film)
The Man in the Iron Mask is a 1977 television film loosely adapted from the 1847–1850 novel The Vicomte de Bragelonne by Alexandre Dumas and presenting several plot similarities with the 1939 film version  It was produced by Norman Rosemont for ITC Entertainment, and starred Richard Chamberlain as King Louis XIV and his twin Philippe, Patrick McGoohan as Nicolas Fouquet, Ralph Richardson as Jean-Baptiste Colbert, Louis Jourdan as D'Artagnan, and Ian Holm as the Chevalier Duval   Jenny Agutter plays Louis XIV's mistress, Louise de la Vallière  Vivien Merchant appears as Queen Marie-Therese   It was directed by Mike Newell 

Plot
In this version, the twins' ages are swapped  Philippe is the firstborn and rightful king, who had been spirited away at birth and raised with no knowledge of his true identity in a plot by Cardinal Mazarin to manipulate Louis before his own death  Colbert and D'Artagnan plot to replace Louis (who is an ineffective king more interested in dancing and pleasure than the welfare of France) with Philippe, and in the process bring down the corrupt finance minister Fouquet, who has embezzled from the national treasury  Louis is repulsed by his own wife and makes repeated advances on Louise, who is in turn repulsed by him yet falls in love with Philippe 

Cast
Richard Chamberlain as King Louis XIV/Philippe
Jenny Agutter as Louise de La Vallière, Louis XIV's mistress
Patrick McGoohan as Nicolas Fouquet
Ralph Richardson as Jean-Baptiste Colbert
Louis Jourdan as D'Artagnan
Ian Holm as the Chevalier Duval
Hugh Fraser as Montfleury
Brenda Bruce as Queen Anne of Austria
Vivien Merchant as Queen Marie-Therese

Production
Filming
Although a made-for-TV movie, actual locations in France were used for filming, including the Château de Fontainebleau and Fouquet's actual chateau of Vaux-le-Vicomte for the final ball scene 

External links
The Man in the Iron Mask at IMDb
The Man in the Iron Mask at AllMovie
Passage 6:
Harrison Bergeron (film)
Harrison Bergeron is a 1995 cable science fiction television movie film loosely adapted from Kurt Vonnegut's 1961 dystopian  short story of the same name  It was produced for Showtime and first screened on August 13, 1995  It was released to VHS in 1998 

Plot
Harrison Bergeron lives in the fictional suburban town of Madison, Rhode Island in the year 2053  The audience is told that after the second American Revolution, which started during an ongoing economic depression that was a result of a combination of technological advancement and a widening disparity between the very rich and the very poor, it was mandated that all people be equal in all things  To this end, the social norm of this society has become dystopian egalitarianism  Citizens are pushed to strive to be of equal wealth, intelligence, athletic prowess and social status to all around them  Through a process of selective breeding, mankind is perfecting the perfectly average human being  What is not accomplished through arranged marriages is made up for through technological means, the most prominent of which are showing only mind numbing TV shows, and a headband device worn by all citizens which modulates intelligence, dialing a person's IQ up or down in order to arrive at a 'perfect' 100 
There are limits to the success of the devices, however, and Harrison Bergeron is one such case  He is a total failure in school, consistently receiving A's (C is the desired grade)  Even though he has been held back four years and his headband is consistently modified to dampen his intelligence, he still continues to excel to the embarrassment of him and his family 
Harrison goes to see a doctor about his intelligence problem, and after several tests it is determined that the headband is unsuccessful because Harrison's synaptic connections reroute themselves after each adjustment in order to overcome the inhibitions the headband is designed to place on the thought process  He is told that he will have to have an operation akin to a lobotomy in order to permanently lower his intelligence 
In his last day with a fully functioning brain, he goes to a "head house", where, in a parody of a bordello, men make plans to make high-end educational conversation with exceptionally smart women  Illegal device-free women are paid to play chess and conduct intelligent conversations with the clients  His first intelligent conversation ever with "mind whore" Phillipa is interrupted by a police bust  While the raid on the police station is underway Phillipa addresses a hidden camera saying not to take him away, and that she likes him  While being held captive in the police station, he is approached by a special agent who offers him an alternative to the lobotomy - to join what turns out to be the secret elite that runs the government 
Harrison falls in love with Phillipa there, but he illegally impregnates her and she is lobotomized for trying to escape   He feels he can no longer continue to betray his values and decides to take action  He breaks into a TV studio and reveals the truth about the secret society to the viewers  Eventually, the guards break through, and later on he is forced to make an appearance on TV and pretend the broadcast was not real  Instead, he uses his chance to commit suicide by shooting himself in front of the viewers  The story is framed by an additional perspective from Bergeron's parents, who are watching the incident on TV, but who, because of his father's handicapping due to his superior intelligence and his mother's less than average intelligence, cannot concentrate enough to appreciate what occurs nor remember it 
In a final scene, a young boy and his friend get together in his bedroom to watch the first four hours of Bergeron's broadcast, without their bands  Downstairs, one boy's mother looks up the stairs with a look of recognition on her face; she is seen to be Phillipa 

Cast
Sean Astin as Harrison Bergeron
Miranda de Pencier as Phillipa
Eugene Levy as President McCloskey
Mairlyn Smith as Janet Mckloskey
Howie Mandel as Charlie (of 'Chat with Charlie')
Andrea Martin as  Diana Moon Glampers
Christopher Plummer as John Klaxon
Nigel Bennett as Dr  Eisenstock
Peter Boretski as Newman
David Calderisi as Commissioner Benson
Emmanuelle Chriqui as Jeannie
Hayden Christensen as Eric
Cindy Cook as Weatherperson
Roger Dunn as George Bergeron
Jayne Eastwood as Ms  Newbound
Hal Eisen as TV Announcer - San Quentin
Matthew Ferguson as Garth Bergeron
Michael Fletcher - Technician
John Friesen as Frank the Plumber
Linda Goranson as Hazel Bergeron
Richard Monette as Eric Shockley
Quyen Hua as Wang

Production and release
Harrison Bergeron was filmed in Toronto, Ontario, Canada and the University of Toronto Scarborough campus 

Awards
Harrison Bergeron was nominated in four categories at the 1996 Gemini Awards for Best Direction, Best Performance by an Actor in a Supporting Role, Best Production Design or Art Direction and Best Sound 
Passage 7:
Blade Runner
Blade Runner is a 1982 science fiction film directed by Ridley Scott, and written by Hampton Fancher and David Peoples  Starring Harrison Ford, Rutger Hauer, Sean Young, and Edward James Olmos, it is an adaptation of Philip K  Dick's 1968 novel Do Androids Dream of Electric Sheep? The film is set in a dystopian future Los Angeles of 2019, in which synthetic humans known as replicants are bio-engineered by the powerful Tyrell Corporation to work on space colonies  When a fugitive group of advanced replicants led by Roy Batty (Hauer) escapes back to Earth, burnt-out cop Rick Deckard (Ford) reluctantly agrees to hunt them down 
Blade Runner initially underperformed in North American theaters and polarized critics; some praised its thematic complexity and visuals, while others critiqued its slow pacing and lack of action  It later became a cult film, and has since come to be regarded as one of the greatest science fiction films of all time  Hailed for its production design depicting a high-tech but decaying future, Blade Runner is often regarded as both a leading example of neo-noir cinema as well as a foundational work of the cyberpunk genre  The film's soundtrack, composed by Vangelis, was nominated in 1982 for a BAFTA and a Golden Globe as best original score 
The film has influenced many science fiction films, video games, anime, and television series  It brought the work of Philip K  Dick to the attention of Hollywood, and several of his works later became films such as Total Recall (1990), Minority Report (2002), and A Scanner Darkly (2006)  In 1993, it was selected for preservation in the U S  National Film Registry by the Library of Congress as being "culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant" 
Seven different versions of Blade Runner exist as a result of controversial changes requested by studio executives  A director's cut was released in 1992 after a strong response to test screenings of a workprint  This, in conjunction with the film's popularity as a video rental, made it one of the earliest movies to be released on DVD  In 2007, Warner Bros  released The Final Cut, a 25th-anniversary digitally remastered version  This is the only version over which Scott retained artistic control 
The film is the first of the franchise of the same name  A sequel, directed by Denis Villeneuve and titled Blade Runner 2049, was released in October 2017 alongside a trilogy of short films covering the thirty-year span between the two films' settings  The anime series Blade Runner: Black Lotus was released in 2021 

Plot
In 2019 Los Angeles, former police officer Rick Deckard is detained by Officer Gaff, who likes to make origami figures, and is brought to his former supervisor, Bryant  Deckard, whose job as a "blade runner" was to track down bioengineered humanoids known as replicants and terminally "retire" them, is informed that four replicants are on Earth illegally  Deckard begins to leave, but Bryant ambiguously threatens him and Deckard stays  The two watch a video of a blade runner named Holden administering the Voight-Kampff test, which is designed to distinguish replicants from humans based on their emotional responses to questions  The test subject, Leon, shoots Holden on the second question  Bryant wants Deckard to retire Leon and three other Nexus-6 replicants: Roy Batty, Zhora, and Pris 
Bryant has Deckard meet with the CEO of the company that creates the replicants, Eldon Tyrell, so he can administer the test on a Nexus-6 to see if it works  Tyrell expresses his interest in seeing the test fail first and asks him to administer it on his assistant Rachael  After a much longer than standard test, Deckard concludes privately to Tyrell that Rachael is a replicant who believes she is human  Tyrell explains that she is an experiment who has been given false memories to provide an "emotional cushion", and that she has no knowledge of her true nature 
In searching Leon's hotel room, Deckard finds photos and a scale from the skin of an animal, which is later identified as a synthetic snake scale  Roy and Leon investigate a replicant eye-manufacturing laboratory and learn of J  F  Sebastian, a gifted genetic designer who works closely with Tyrell  Deckard returns to his apartment where Rachael is waiting  She tries to prove her humanity by showing him a family photo, but Deckard reveals that her memories are implants from Tyrell's niece, and she leaves in tears  Meanwhile, Pris locates Sebastian and manipulates him to gain his trust 
A photograph from Leon's apartment and the snake scale lead Deckard to a strip club, where Zhora works  After a confrontation and chase, Deckard kills Zhora  Bryant also orders him to retire Rachael, who has disappeared from the Tyrell Corporation  Deckard spots Rachael in a crowd, but he is ambushed by Leon, who knocks the gun out of Deckard's hand and beats him  As Leon is about to kill Deckard, Rachael saves him by using Deckard's gun to kill Leon  They return to Deckard's apartment and, during a discussion, he promises not to track her down  As Rachael abruptly tries to leave, Deckard restrains her and forces her to kiss him, and she ultimately relents 
Deckard leaves Rachael at his apartment and departs to search for the remaining replicants  Roy arrives at Sebastian's apartment and tells Pris that the other replicants are dead  Sebastian reveals that because of a genetic premature aging disorder, his life will be cut short, like the replicants that were built with a four-year lifespan  Roy uses Sebastian to gain entrance to Tyrell's penthouse  He demands more life from his maker, which Tyrell says is impossible  Roy confesses that he has done "questionable things" but Tyrell dismisses this, praising Roy's advanced design and accomplishments in his short life  Roy kisses Tyrell and then kills him by crushing his skull  Sebastian tries to flee and is later reported dead At Sebastian's apartment, Deckard is ambushed by Pris, but he kills her as Roy returns  Roy's body begins to fail as the end of his lifespan nears  He chases Deckard through the building and onto the roof  Deckard tries to jump onto another roof but is left hanging on the edge  Roy makes the jump with ease and, as Deckard's grip loosens, Roy hoists him onto the roof to save him  Before Roy dies, he laments that his memories "will be lost in time, like tears in rain"  Gaff arrives to congratulate Deckard, also reminding him that Rachael will not live, but "then again, who does?" Deckard returns to his apartment to retrieve Rachael  While escorting her to the elevator, he notices a small origami unicorn on the floor  He recalls Gaff's words and departs with Rachael 

Cast
Production
Development
Interest in adapting Philip K  Dick's novel Do Androids Dream of Electric Sheep? developed shortly after its 1968 publication  Director Martin Scorsese was interested in filming the novel, but never optioned it  Producer Herb Jaffe optioned it in the early 1970s, but Dick was unimpressed with the screenplay written by Herb's son Robert, saying, "Jaffe's screenplay was so terribly done     Robert flew down to Santa Ana to speak with me about the project  And the first thing I said to him when he got off the plane was, 'Shall I beat you up here at the airport, or shall I beat you up back at my apartment?'"The screenplay by Hampton Fancher was optioned in 1977  Producer Michael Deeley became interested in Fancher's draft and convinced director Ridley Scott to film it  Scott had previously declined the project, but after leaving the slow production of Dune, wanted a faster-paced project to take his mind off his older brother's recent death  He joined the project on February 21, 1980, and managed to push up the promised Filmways financing from US$13 million to $15 million  Fancher's script focused more on environmental issues and less on issues of humanity and religion, which are prominent in the novel, and Scott wanted changes  Fancher found a cinema treatment by William S  Burroughs for Alan E  Nourse's novel The Bladerunner (1974), titled Blade Runner (a movie)  Scott liked the name, so Deeley obtained the rights to the titles  Eventually, he hired David Peoples to rewrite the script and Fancher left the job over the issue on December 21, 1980, although he later returned to contribute additional rewrites Having invested over $2 5 million in pre-production, as the date of commencement of principal photography neared, Filmways withdrew financial backing  In ten days Deeley had secured $21 5 million in financing through a three-way deal between the Ladd Company (through Warner Bros ), the Hong Kong-based producer Sir Run Run Shaw and Tandem Productions Dick became concerned that no one had informed him about the film's production, which added to his distrust of Hollywood  After Dick criticized an early version of Fancher's script in an article written for the Los Angeles Select TV Guide, the studio sent Dick the Peoples rewrite  Although Dick died shortly before the film's release, he was pleased with the rewritten script and with a 20-minute special effects test reel that was screened for him when he was invited to the studio  Despite his well-known skepticism of Hollywood in principle, Dick enthused to Scott that the world created for the film looked exactly as he had imagined it  He said, "I saw a segment of Douglas Trumbull's special effects for Blade Runner on the KNBC news  I recognized it immediately  It was my own interior world  They caught it perfectly " He also approved of the film's script, saying, "After I finished reading the screenplay, I got the novel out and looked through it  The two reinforce each other so that someone who started with the novel would enjoy the movie and someone who started with the movie would enjoy the novel " The motion picture was dedicated to Dick  Principal photography of Blade Runner began on March 9, 1981, and ended four months later In 1992, Ford revealed, "Blade Runner is not one of my favorite films  I tangled with Ridley " Apart from friction with the director, Ford also disliked the voiceovers: "When we started shooting it had been tacitly agreed that the version of the film that we had agreed upon was the version without voiceover narration  It was a f**king [sic] nightmare  I thought that the film had worked without the narration  But now I was stuck re-creating that narration  And I was obliged to do the voiceovers for people that did not represent the director's interests " "I went kicking and screaming to the studio to record it " The narration monologs were written by an uncredited Roland Kibbee In 2006, Scott was asked "Who's the biggest pain in the arse you've ever worked with?" He replied: "It's got to be Harrison     he'll forgive me because now I get on with him  Now he's become charming  But he knows a lot, that's the problem  When we worked together it was my first film up and I was the new kid on the block  But we made a good movie " Ford said of Scott in 2000: "I admire his work  We had a bad patch there, and I'm over it " In 2006 Ford reflected on the production of the film saying: "What I remember more than anything else when I see Blade Runner is not the 50 nights of shooting in the rain, but the voiceover     I was still obliged to work for these clowns that came in writing one bad voiceover after another " Ridley Scott confirmed in the summer 2007 issue of Total Film that Harrison Ford contributed to the Blade Runner Special Edition DVD, and had already recorded his interviews  "Harrison's fully on board", said Scott 
The Bradbury Building in downtown Los Angeles served as a filming location, and a Warner Bros  backlot housed the 2019 Los Angeles street sets  Other locations included the Ennis-Brown House and the 2nd Street Tunnel  Test screenings resulted in several changes, including adding a voice-over, a happy ending, and the removal of a Holden hospital scene  The relationship between the filmmakers and the investors was difficult, which culminated in Deeley and Scott being fired but still working on the film  Crew members created T-shirts during filming saying, "Yes Guv'nor, My Ass" that mocked Scott's unfavorable comparison of U S  and British crews; Scott responded with a T-shirt of his own, "Xenophobia Sucks", making the incident known as the T-shirt war 

Casting
Casting the film proved troublesome, particularly for the lead role of Deckard  Screenwriter Hampton Fancher envisioned Robert Mitchum as Deckard and wrote the character's dialogue with Mitchum in mind  Director Ridley Scott and the film's producers spent months meeting and discussing the role with Dustin Hoffman, who eventually departed over differences in vision  Harrison Ford was ultimately chosen for several reasons, including his performance in the Star Wars films, Ford's interest in the Blade Runner story, and discussions with Steven Spielberg who was finishing Raiders of the Lost Ark at the time and strongly praised Ford's work in the film  Following his success in those two films, Ford was looking for a role with dramatic depth  According to production documents, several actors were considered for the role, including Gene Hackman, Sean Connery, Jack Nicholson, Paul Newman, Clint Eastwood, Tommy Lee Jones, Arnold Schwarzenegger, Peter Falk, Nick Nolte, Al Pacino and Burt Reynolds One role that was not difficult to cast was Rutger Hauer as Roy Batty, the violent yet thoughtful leader of the replicants  Scott cast Hauer without having met him, based solely on Hauer's performances in Paul Verhoeven's movies Scott had seen (Katie Tippel, Soldier of Orange, and Turkish Delight)  Hauer's portrayal of Batty was regarded by Philip K  Dick as "the perfect Batty – cold, Aryan, flawless"  Of the many films Hauer made, Blade Runner was his favorite  As he explained in a live chat in 2001, "Blade Runner needs no explanation  It just [is]  All of the best  There is nothing like it  To be part of a real masterpiece which changed the world's thinking  It's awesome " Hauer rewrote his character's "tears in rain" speech himself and presented the words to Scott on set prior to filming 
Blade Runner used a number of then-lesser-known actors: Sean Young portrays Rachael, an experimental replicant implanted with the memories of Tyrell's niece, causing her to believe she is human; Nina Axelrod auditioned for the role  Daryl Hannah portrays Pris, a "basic pleasure model" replicant; Stacey Nelkin auditioned for the role, but was given another part in the film, which was ultimately cut before filming  Debbie Harry turned down the role of Pris  Casting Pris and Rachael was challenging, requiring several screen tests with Morgan Paull playing the role of Deckard  Paull was cast as Deckard's fellow bounty hunter Holden based on his performances in the tests  Brion James portrays Leon Kowalski, a combat and laborer replicant, and Joanna Cassidy portrays Zhora, an assassin replicant 
Edward James Olmos portrays Gaff  Olmos drew on diverse ethnic sources to help create the fictional "Cityspeak" language his character uses in the film  His initial address to Deckard at the noodle bar is partly in Hungarian and means, "Horse dick [bullshit]! No way  You are the Blade     Blade Runner " M  Emmet Walsh portrays Captain Bryant, a rumpled, hard-drinking and underhanded police veteran typical of the film noir genre  Joe Turkel portrays Dr  Eldon Tyrell, a corporate mogul who built an empire on genetically manipulated humanoid slaves  William Sanderson was cast as J  F  Sebastian, a quiet and lonely genius who provides a compassionate yet compliant portrait of humanity  J  F  sympathizes with the replicants, whom he sees as companions, and he shares their shorter lifespan due to his rapid aging disease  Joe Pantoliano had earlier been considered for the role  James Hong portrays Hannibal Chew, an elderly geneticist specializing in synthetic eyes, and Hy Pyke portrayed the sleazy bar owner Taffey Lewis – in a single take, something almost unheard-of with Scott, whose drive for perfection resulted at times in double-digit takes 

Design
Scott credits Edward Hopper's painting Nighthawks and the French science fiction comics magazine Métal Hurlant, to which the artist Jean "Moebius" Giraud contributed, as stylistic mood sources  He also drew on the landscape of "Hong Kong on a very bad day" and the industrial landscape of his one-time home in northeast England  The visual style of the movie is influenced by the work of futurist Italian architect Antonio Sant'Elia  Scott hired Syd Mead as his concept artist; like Scott, he was influenced by Métal Hurlant  Moebius was offered the opportunity to assist in the pre-production of Blade Runner, but he declined so that he could work on René Laloux's animated film Les Maîtres du temps – a decision that he later regretted  Production designer Lawrence G  Paull and art director David Snyder realized Scott's and Mead's sketches  Douglas Trumbull and Richard Yuricich supervised the special effects for the film, and Mark Stetson served as chief model maker Blade Runner has numerous similarities to Fritz Lang's Metropolis, including a built-up urban environment, in which the wealthy literally live above the workers, dominated by a huge building – the Stadtkrone Tower in Metropolis and the Tyrell Building in Blade Runner  Special effects supervisor David Dryer used stills from Metropolis when lining up Blade Runner's miniature building shots The extended end scene in the original theatrical release shows Rachael and Deckard traveling into daylight with pastoral aerial shots filmed by director Stanley Kubrick  Ridley Scott contacted Kubrick about using some of his surplus helicopter aerial photography from The Shining 

Spinner
"Spinner" is the generic term for the fictional flying cars used in the film  A spinner can be driven as a ground-based vehicle, and take off vertically, hover, and cruise much like vertical take-off and landing (VTOL) aircraft  They are used extensively by the police as patrol cars, and wealthy people can also acquire spinner licenses  The vehicle was conceived and designed by Syd Mead who described the spinner as an aerodyne – a vehicle which directs air downward to create lift, though press kits for the film stated that the spinner was propelled by three engines: "conventional internal combustion, jet, and anti-gravity"  A spinner is on permanent exhibit at the Science Fiction and Fantasy Hall of Fame in Seattle, Washington  Mead's conceptual drawings were transformed into 25 vehicles by automobile customizer Gene Winfield; at least two were working ground vehicles, while others were light-weight mockups for crane shots and set decoration for street shots  Two of them ended up at Disney World in Orlando, Florida, but were later destroyed, and a few others remain in private collections 

Voight-Kampff machine
The Voight-Kampff machine is a fictional interrogation tool, originating from the novel (where it is spelled "Voigt-Kampff")  The Voight-Kampff is a polygraph-like machine used by blade runners to determine whether an individual is a replicant  It measures bodily functions such as respiration, blush response, heart rate and eye movement in response to questions dealing with empathy 

Music
The Blade Runner soundtrack by Vangelis is a dark melodic combination of classic composition and futuristic synthesizers which mirrors the film noir retro-future envisioned by Scott  Vangelis, fresh from his Academy Award-winning score for Chariots of Fire, composed and performed the music on his synthesizers  He also made use of various chimes and the vocals of collaborator Demis Roussos  Another memorable sound is the tenor sax solo "Love Theme" by British saxophonist Dick Morrissey, who performed on many of Vangelis's albums  Ridley Scott also used "Memories of Green" from the Vangelis album See You Later, an orchestral version of which Scott would later use in his film Someone to Watch Over Me Along with Vangelis's compositions and ambient textures, the film's soundscape also features a track by the Japanese ensemble Nipponia – "Ogi no Mato" or "The Folding Fan as a Target" from the Nonesuch Records release Traditional Vocal and Instrumental Music – and a track by harpist Gail Laughton from "Harps of the Ancient Temples" on Laurel Records Despite being well received by fans and critically acclaimed and nominated in 1982 for a BAFTA and Golden Globe as best original score, and the promise of a soundtrack album from Polydor Records in the end titles of the film, the release of the official soundtrack recording was delayed for over a decade  There are two official releases of the music from Blade Runner  In light of the lack of a release of an album, the New American Orchestra recorded an orchestral adaptation in 1982 which bore little resemblance to the original  Some of the film tracks would, in 1989, surface on the compilation Vangelis: Themes, but not until the 1992 release of the Director's Cut version would a substantial amount of the film's score see commercial release These delays and poor reproductions led to the production of many bootleg recordings over the years  A bootleg tape surfaced in 1982 at science fiction conventions and became popular given the delay of an official release of the original recordings, and in 1993 "Off World Music, Ltd" created a bootleg CD that would prove more comprehensive than Vangelis' official CD in 1994  A set with three CDs of Blade Runner-related Vangelis music was released in 2007  Titled Blade Runner Trilogy, the first disc contains the same tracks as the 1994 official soundtrack release, the second features previously unreleased music from the movie, and the third disc is all newly composed music from Vangelis, inspired by, and in the spirit of the movie 

Special effects
The film's special effects are generally recognized to be among the best of all time, using the available (non-digital) technology to the fullest  Special effects engineers who worked on the film are often praised for the innovative technology they used to produce and design certain aspects of those visuals  In addition to matte paintings and models, the techniques employed included multipass exposures  In some scenes, the set was lit, shot, the film rewound, and then rerecorded over with different lighting  In some cases this was done 16 times in all  The cameras were frequently motion controlled using computers  Many effects used techniques which had been developed during the production of Close Encounters of the Third Kind 

Release
Theatrical run
Blade Runner was released in 1,290 theaters on June 25, 1982  That date was chosen by producer Alan Ladd Jr  because his previous highest-grossing films (Star Wars and Alien) had a similar opening date (May 25) in 1977 and 1979, making the 25th of the month his "lucky day"  Blade Runner grossed reasonably good ticket sales in its opening weekend; earning $6 1 million during its first weekend in theaters  The film was released close to other major science-fiction and fantasy releases such as The Thing, Star Trek II: The Wrath of Khan, Conan the Barbarian and E T  the Extra-Terrestrial, which affected its commercial success 

Versions
Several versions of Blade Runner have been shown  The original workprint version (1982, 113 minutes) was shown for audience test previews in Denver and Dallas in March 1982  Negative responses to the previews led to the modifications resulting in the U S  theatrical version  The workprint was shown as a director's cut without Scott's approval at the Los Angeles Fairfax Theater in May 1990, at an AMPAS showing in April 1991, and in September and October 1991 at the Los Angeles NuArt Theater and the San Francisco Castro Theatre  Positive responses pushed the studio to approve work on an official director's cut  A San Diego Sneak Preview was shown only once, in May 1982, and was almost identical to the U S  theatrical version but contained three extra scenes not shown in any other version, including the 2007 Final Cut Two versions were shown in the film's 1982 theatrical release: the U S  theatrical version (117 minutes), known as the original version or Domestic Cut (released on Betamax, CED Videodisc and VHS in 1983, and on LaserDisc in 1987), and the International Cut (117 minutes), also known as the "Criterion Edition" or "uncut version", which included more violent action scenes than the U S  version  Although initially unavailable in the U S  and distributed in Europe and Asia via theatrical and local Warner Home Video releases, the International Cut was later released on VHS and The Criterion Collection Laserdisc in North America, and re-released in 1992 as a "10th Anniversary Edition" Ridley Scott's Director's Cut (1992, 116 minutes) had significant changes from the theatrical version including the removal of Deckard's voice-over, the re-insertion of the unicorn sequence, and the removal of the studio-imposed happy ending  Scott provided extensive notes and consultation to Warner Bros  through film preservationist Michael Arick, who was put in charge of creating the Director's Cut Scott's definitive The Final Cut (2007, 117 minutes) was released by Warner Bros  theatrically on October 5, 2007, and subsequently released on DVD, HD DVD, and Blu-ray Disc in December 2007  This is the only version over which Scott had complete artistic and editorial control 

Reception
Critical response
On Rotten Tomatoes, the film holds an 89% approval rating based on 126 reviews, with an average rating of 8 50/10  The website's critics consensus reads, "Misunderstood when it first hit theaters, the influence of Ridley Scott's mysterious, neo-noir Blade Runner has deepened with time  A visually remarkable, achingly human sci-fi masterpiece " Metacritic, which uses a weighted average, assigned the film a score of 84 out of 100 based on 15 critics, indicating "universal acclaim" Initial reactions among film critics were mixed  Some wrote that the plot took a back seat to the film's special effects and did not fit the studio's marketing as an action and adventure film  Others acclaimed its complexity and predicted it would stand the test of time  Negative criticism in the United States cited its slow pace  Sheila Benson from the Los Angeles Times called it "Blade Crawler", and Pat Berman in The State and Columbia Record described it as "science fiction pornography"  Pauline Kael praised Blade Runner as worthy of a place in film history for its distinctive sci-fi vision, yet criticized the film's lack of development in "human terms"  Ares magazine said, "Misunderstood by audiences and critics alike, it is by far the best science fiction film of the year "

Cultural analysis
Academics began analyzing the film almost as soon as it was released  One of the first books on the film was Paul M  Sammon's Future Noir: The Making of Blade Runner (1996), which dissects all the details concerning the film making  He was followed by Scott Bukatman's Blade Runner and other books and academic articles  In Postmodern Metanarratives: Blade Runner and Literature in the Age of Image, Décio Torres Cruz analyzes the philosophical and psychological issues and the literary influences in Blade Runner  He examines the film's cyberpunk and dystopic elements by establishing a link between the Biblical, classical and modern traditions and the postmodern aspects in the film's collage of several literary texts The boom in home video formats helped establish a growing cult around the film, which scholars have dissected for its dystopic aspects, questions regarding "authentic" humanity, ecofeminist aspects and use of conventions from multiple genres  Popular culture began to reassess its impact as a classic several years after it was released  Roger Ebert praised the visuals of both the original and the Director's Cut and recommended it for that reason; however, he found the human story clichéd and a little thin  He later added The Final Cut to his "Great Movies" list  Critic Chris Rodley and Janet Maslin theorized that Blade Runner changed cinematic and cultural discourse through its image repertoire and subsequent influence on films  In 2012, Time film critic Richard Corliss surgically analyzed the durability, complexity, screenplay, sets and production dynamics from a personal, three-decade perspective  Denis Villeneuve, who directed the sequel, Blade Runner 2049, cites the film as a huge influence for him and many others It has also been noted for its postmodernist approach and that it contributes to the historical development of modern dystopia in film  Furthermore, the futuristic version of Los Angeles has been widely discussed by academics with some comparing it to Milton's descriptions of hell in Paradise Lost  A 2019 retrospective in the BBC argued that elements of the film's socio-political themes remained prescient in the real year of the film's setting, such as its depiction of climate change  From a more philosophical perspective, Alison Landsberg described Scott's direction of the film as a "prosthetic memory"—an action that has never happened and appears to be divorced from lived experience, yet it defines personhood and identity within the wider Blade Runner universe 

Awards and nominations
Blade Runner won or received nominations for the following awards:

Themes
The film operates on multiple dramatic and narrative levels  It employs some of the conventions of film noir, among them the character of a femme fatale; narration by the protagonist (in the original release); chiaroscuro cinematography; and giving the hero a questionable moral outlook – extended to include reflections upon the nature of his own humanity  It is a literate science fiction film, thematically enfolding the philosophy of religion and moral implications of human mastery of genetic engineering in the context of classical Greek drama and hubris  It also draws on Biblical images, such as Noah's flood, and literary sources, such as Frankenstein and William Blake  Although Scott said any similarity was merely coincidental, fans claimed that the chess game between Sebastian and Tyrell was based on the famous Immortal Game of 1851 Blade Runner delves into the effects of technology on the environment and society by reaching to the past, using literature, religious symbolism, classical dramatic themes, and film noir techniques  This tension between past, present, and future is represented in the "retrofitted" future depicted in the film, one which is high-tech and gleaming in places but decayed and outdated elsewhere  In an interview with The Observer in 2002, director Ridley Scott described the film as "extremely dark, both literally and metaphorically, with an oddly masochistic feel"  He also said that he "liked the idea of exploring pain" in the wake of his brother's death: "When he was ill, I used to go and visit him in London, and that was really traumatic for me "A sense of foreboding and paranoia pervades the world of the film: corporate power looms large; the police seem omnipresent; vehicle and warning lights probe into buildings; and the consequences of huge biomedical power over the individual are explored –
especially regarding replicants' implanted memories  The film depicts a world post ecocide, where warfare and capitalism have led to destruction of 'normal' ecological systems  Control over the environment is exercised on a vast scale, and goes hand in hand with the absence of any natural life; for example, artificial animals stand in for their extinct predecessors  This oppressive backdrop explains the frequently referenced migration of humans to "off-world" (extraterrestrial) colonies  Eyes are a recurring motif, as are manipulated images, calling into question the nature of reality and our ability to accurately perceive and remember it These thematic elements provide an atmosphere of uncertainty for Blade Runner's central theme of examining humanity  In order to discover replicants, an empathy test is used, with a number of its questions focused on the treatment of animals – seemingly an essential indicator of one's "humanity"  Replicants will not respond the same way humans would, showing a lack of concern  The film goes so far as to question if Deckard might be a replicant, in the process asking the audience to re-evaluate what it means to be human The question of whether Deckard is intended to be a human or a replicant has been an ongoing controversy since the film's release  Both Michael Deeley and Harrison Ford wanted Deckard to be human, while Hampton Fancher preferred ambiguity  Ridley Scott has stated that in his vision, Deckard is a replicant  Deckard's unicorn-dream sequence, inserted into Scott's Director's Cut and concomitant with Gaff's parting gift of an origami unicorn, is seen by many as showing that Deckard is a replicant – because Gaff could have retrieved Deckard's implanted memories  The interpretation that Deckard is a replicant is challenged by others who believe the unicorn imagery shows that the characters, whether human or replicant, share the same dreams and recognize their affinity, or that the absence of a decisive answer is crucial to the film's main theme  The film's inherent ambiguity and uncertainty, as well as its textual richness, have permitted multiple interpretations 

Legacy
Cultural impact
While not initially a success with North American audiences, Blade Runner was popular internationally and garnered a cult following  The film's dark style and futuristic designs have served as a benchmark and its influence can be seen in many subsequent science fiction films, video games, anime, and television programs  For example, Ronald D  Moore and David Eick, the producers of the re-imagining of Battlestar Galactica, have both cited Blade Runner as one of the major influences for the show The film was selected for preservation in the United States National Film Registry in 1993 and is frequently taught in university courses  In 2007, it was named the second-most visually influential film of all time by the Visual Effects Society  The film has also been the subject of parody, such as the comics Blade Bummer by Crazy comics, Bad Rubber by Steve Gallacci, and the Red Dwarf 2009 three-part miniseries "Back to Earth"  The anime series Psycho-Pass by Production I G was also highly influenced by the movie Blade Runner continues to reflect modern trends and concerns, and an increasing number of critics consider it one of the greatest science fiction films of all time  It was voted the best science fiction film ever made in a 2004 poll of 60 eminent world scientists  Blade Runner is also cited as an important influence to both the style and story of the Ghost in the Shell franchise, which itself has been highly influential to the future-noir genre  Blade Runner has been very influential to the cyberpunk movement  It also influenced the cyberpunk derivative biopunk, which revolves around biotechnology and genetic engineering The dialogue and music in Blade Runner has been sampled in music more than any other film of the 20th century  The 2009 album I, Human by Singaporean band Deus Ex Machina makes numerous references to the genetic engineering and cloning themes from the film, and even features a track titled "Replicant" Blade Runner is cited as a major influence on Warren Spector, designer of the video game Deus Ex, which displays evidence of the film's influence in both its visual rendering and plot  Indeed, the film's look – and in particular its overall darkness, preponderance of neon lights and opaque visuals – are easier to render than complicated backdrops, making it a popular reference point for video game designers  It has influenced adventure games such as the 2012 graphical text adventure Cypher, Rise of the Dragon, Snatcher, the Tex Murphy series, Beneath a Steel Sky, Flashback: The Quest for Identity, Bubblegum Crisis video games (and their original anime), the role-playing game Shadowrun, the first-person shooter Perfect Dark, the shooter game Skyhammer, and the Syndicate series of video games The logos of Atari, Bell, Coca-Cola, Cuisinart, Pan Am, and RCA, all market leaders at the time, were prominently displayed as product placement in the film, and all experienced setbacks after the film's release, leading to suggestions of a Blade Runner curse  Coca-Cola and Cuisinart recovered, and Tsingtao beer was also featured in the film and was more successful after the film than before The design of Tesla's Cybertruck was inspired by the film  Prior to its release Elon Musk promised that it would "look like something out of Blade Runner"  Besides referring to the truck as the "Blade Runner Truck", Musk chose to debut the truck in order to coincide with the film's setting of November 2019  The film's art designer Syd Mead praised the truck and said he was "flattered" by the homage to Blade Runner 

Media recognition
American Film Institute recognition
AFI's 100 Years   100 Thrills – No  74
AFI's 100 Years   100 Movies (10th Anniversary Edition) – No  97
AFI's 10 Top 10 – No  6 Science Fiction Film

In other media
Before filming began, Cinefantastique magazine commissioned Paul M  Sammon to write a special issue about Blade Runner's production which became the book Future Noir: The Making of Blade Runner  The book chronicles Blade Runner's evolution, focusing on film-set politics, especially the British director's experiences with his first American film crew; of which producer Alan Ladd, Jr  has said, "Harrison wouldn't speak to Ridley and Ridley wouldn't speak to Harrison  By the end of the shoot Ford was 'ready to kill Ridley', said one colleague  He really would have taken him on if he hadn't been talked out of it " Future Noir has short cast biographies and quotations about their experiences as well as photographs of the film's production and preliminary sketches  A second edition of Future Noir was published in 2007, and additional materials not in either print edition have been published online Philip K  Dick refused a $400,000 offer to write a Blade Runner novelization, saying: "⁠[I was] told the cheapo novelization would have to appeal to the twelve-year-old audience" and it "would have probably been disastrous to me artistically"  He added, "That insistence on my part of bringing out the original novel and not doing the novelization – they were just furious  They finally recognized that there was a legitimate reason for reissuing the novel, even though it cost them money  It was a victory not just of contractual obligations but of theoretical principles " Do Androids Dream of Electric Sheep? was eventually reprinted as a tie-in, with the film poster as a cover and the original title in parentheses below the Blade Runner title  Additionally, a novelization of the movie entitled Blade Runner: A Story of the Future by Les Martin was released in 1982  Archie Goodwin scripted the comic book adaptation, A Marvel Comics Super Special: Blade Runner, published in September 1982, which was illustrated by Al Williamson, Carlos Garzon, Dan Green, and Ralph Reese, and lettered by Ed King Blue Dolphin Enterprises published the film's screenplay combined with selected production storyboards as The Illustrated Blade Runner (June 1982); a book of original production artwork by Syd Mead, Mentor Huebner, Charles Knode, Michael Kaplan, and Ridley Scott as Blade Runner Sketchbook (1982); and The Blade Runner Portfolio (1982), a collection of twelve photographic prints, similar to the artist portfolios released by their Schanes & Schanes imprint There are two video games based on the film, both titled Blade Runner: one from 1985, a side-scrolling video game for Commodore 64, ZX Spectrum, and Amstrad CPC by CRL Group PLC, which is marked as "a video game interpretation of the film score by Vangelis" rather than of the film itself (due to licensing issues); and another from 1997, a point-and-click adventure for PC by Westwood Studios  The 1997 game has a non-linear plot based in the Blade Runner world, non-player characters that each ran in their own independent AI, and an unusual pseudo-3D engine (which eschewed polygonal solids in favor of voxel elements) that did not require the use of a 3D accelerator card to play the game  Eldon Tyrell, Gaff, Leon, Rachael, Chew, J  F  Sebastian and Howie Lee appear, and their voice files are recorded by the original actors, with the exception of Gaff, who is replaced by Javier Grajeda (as Victor Gardell) and Howie Lee, who is replaced by Toru Nagai  The player assumes the role of McCoy, another replicant-hunter working at the same time as Deckard The television film (and later series) Total Recall 2070 was initially planned as a spin-off of the film Total Recall (based on Philip K  Dick's short story "We Can Remember It for You Wholesale"), but was produced as a hybrid of Total Recall and Blade Runner  Many similarities between Total Recall 2070 and Blade Runner were noted, as well as apparent influences on the show from Isaac Asimov's The Caves of Steel and the TV series Holmes & Yoyo 

Documentaries
The film has been the subject of several documentaries 

Blade Runner: Convention Reel (1982, 13 minutes)
Co-directed by Muffet Kaufman and Jeffrey B  Walker, shot and screened in 16 mm, featured no narrator, was filmed in 1981 while Blade Runner was still in production and featured short "behind-the-scenes" segments showing sets being built and sequences being shot, as well as interviews with Ridley Scott, Syd Mead and Douglas Trumbull  Appears on the Blade Runner Ultimate Collector's Edition On the Edge of Blade Runner (2000, 55 minutes)
Directed by Andrew Abbott and hosted/written by Mark Kermode  Interviews with production staff, including Scott, give details of the creative process and the turmoil during preproduction  Insights into Philip K  Dick and the origins of Do Androids Dream of Electric Sheep? are provided by Paul M  Sammon and Hampton Fancher 
Future Shocks (2003, 27 minutes)
Directed by TVOntario  It includes interviews with executive producer Bud Yorkin, Syd Mead, and the cast, and commentary by science fiction author Robert J  Sawyer and from film critics 
Dangerous Days: Making Blade Runner (2007, 213 minutes)
Directed and produced by Charles de Lauzirika for The Final Cut version of the film  Its source material comprises more than 80 interviews, including extensive conversations with Ford, Young, and Scott  The documentary is presented in eight chapters, with each of the first seven covering a portion of the filmmaking process  The final chapter examines Blade Runner's controversial legacy 
All Our Variant Futures: From Workprint to Final Cut (2007, 29 minutes)
Produced by Paul Prischman, appears on the Blade Runner Ultimate Collector's Edition and provides an overview of the film's multiple versions and their origins, as well as detailing the seven-year-long restoration, enhancement and remastering process behind The Final Cut 
 Blade Runner Phenomenon (2021, 53 minutes)
Directed by Boris Hars-Tschachotin and made by the France and Germany European public service channel ARTE, this documentary informs viewers using behind-the-scenes material from various sets, photos, original locations in Los Angeles, and interviews with those involved in the production 

Sequel and related media
A sequel was released in 2017, titled Blade Runner 2049, with Ryan Gosling alongside Ford in the starring roles  It entered production in mid-2016 and is set decades after the first film  Harrison Ford reprised his role as Rick Deckard  The film won two Academy Awards, for cinematography and visual effects The world of Blade Runner has also come to be explored in animation  Blade Runner 2049 was preceded by the release of three short films that served as prequels, where the chronological first, Blade Runner Black Out 2022, was anime (the other two, 2036: Nexus Dawn and 2048: Nowhere to Run, were live action, not animated) In November 2021, a Japanese-American anime television series called Blade Runner: Black Lotus was released  The series tells the story of a female replicant protagonist, rather than that of a male Blade Runner one Dick's friend K  W  Jeter wrote three authorized Blade Runner novels that continue Rick Deckard's story, attempting to resolve the differences between the film and Do Androids Dream of Electric Sheep? These are Blade Runner 2: The Edge of Human (1995), Blade Runner 3: Replicant Night (1996), and Blade Runner 4: Eye and Talon (2000)
Blade Runner cowriter David Peoples wrote the 1998 action film Soldier, which he referred to as a "sidequel" or spiritual successor to the original film; the two are set in a shared universe  A bonus feature on the Blu-ray for Prometheus, the 2012 film by Scott set in the Alien universe, states that Eldon Tyrell, CEO of the Blade Runner Tyrell Corporation, was the mentor of Guy Pearce's character Peter Weyland In late 2022, Amazon announced a Blade Runner 2049 sequel series would be produced  On October 12, 2022, an apparent official approval to actually make a Blade Runner 2099 TV series was reported 

See also
Blade Runner (franchise)
Arcology
Biorobotics
List of dystopian films
List of fictional robots and androids
Synthetic biology
Tech noir

Notes
Context 2: Passage 1:
Joy S  Burns
Joy S  Burns was the president and CEO of the D C  Burns Realty and Trust Company and the owner of the Burnsley Hotel  She was involved in the Denver, Colorado, community and served on a number of boards, including the Denver Metro Convention and Visitor's Bureau; Sportswomen of Colorado, Inc ; the Denver Center for the Performing Arts; and the Metropolitan Football Stadium District  Burns was also a founder of the Colorado Women's Foundation and of the Colorado Business Bank  She was inducted into the Colorado Business Hall of Fame in 1998, the Colorado Tourism and Travel Hall of Fame in 1999, and the Colorado Women's Hall of Fame in 2000 
Burns' work with the University of Denver started in 1972 when she began volunteering with the Women's Library Association  In 1981, she joined the board of trustees  Nine years later she became chairman of the board, becoming the first woman to hold the post  She has been a trustee for 30 years and supported the Joy Burns Arena at the Ritchie Center and the Joy Burns Plaza in the Newman Center for the Performing Arts  In addition, she supports the Franklin L  Burns School of Real Estate and Construction Management, named after her late husband  Burns was inducted into the University of Denver Athletic Hall of Fame in 1997  She was also the recipient of the 2005 DU Josef Korbel Humanitarian Award and the 2008 award for Distinguished Service to the university 
Burns died in 2020 at age 92 
Passage 2:
Denver Broncos
The Denver Broncos are a professional American football franchise based in Denver, Colorado  The Broncos compete in the National Football League (NFL) as a member club of the league's American Football Conference (AFC) West division  The team is headquartered in Dove Valley, Colorado 
The team began play in 1960 as a charter member of the American Football League (AFL) and joined the NFL as part of the merger in 1970  The Broncos are currently owned by the Walton-Penner group, and play their home games at Empower Field at Mile High; Denver previously played its home games at Mile High Stadium from its inception in 1960 through the 2000 season 
The Broncos were barely competitive during their 10-year run in the AFL and their first seven years in the NFL  They did not have a winning season until 1973 and qualified for their first playoffs in 1977, eventually advancing to Super Bowl XII that season  Since 1975, the Broncos have become one of the NFL's most successful teams, having suffered only eleven losing seasons  They have won eight AFC Championships (1977, 1986, 1987, 1989, 1997, 1998, 2013, 2015), and three Super Bowl championships (1997 (XXXII), 1998 (XXXIII), 2015 (50), and share the NFL record for most Super Bowl losses (5 — tied with the New England Patriots)  The Broncos have eight primary members enshrined in the Pro Football Hall of Fame: John Elway, Floyd Little, Shannon Sharpe, Gary Zimmerman, Terrell Davis, Champ Bailey, and Steve Atwater, along with late club owner Pat Bowlen 

Franchise history
Bob Howsman/Gerald Phipps era (1960–1980)
The Denver Broncos were founded on August 14, 1959, when minor league baseball owner Bob Howsam was awarded an American Football League (AFL) charter franchise  The Broncos won the first-ever AFL game over the Boston Patriots 13–10, on September 9, 1960  Seven years later on August 5, 1967, they became the first-ever AFL team to defeat an NFL team, with a 13–7 win over the Detroit Lions in a preseason game  However, the Broncos were not successful in the 1960s, winning more than five games only once (7–7, 1962), compiling a 39–97–4 ( 293) record during the ten seasons of the AFL Denver came close to losing its franchise in 1965, until a local ownership group took control, and rebuilt the team  The team's first superstar, "Franchise" Floyd Little, was instrumental in keeping the team in Denver, due to his signing in 1967 as well as his Pro Bowl efforts on and off the field  The Broncos were the only original AFL team that never played in the title game, as well as the only original AFL team never to have a winning season while a member of the AFL during the upstart league's 10-year history In 1972, the Broncos hired former Stanford University coach John Ralston as their head coach  In 1973, he was the UPI's AFC Coach of the Year, after Denver achieved its first winning season at 7–5–2  In five seasons with the Broncos, Ralston guided the team to three winning seasons  Though Ralston finished the 1976 season with a 9–5 record, the team, as was the case in Ralston's previous winning seasons, still missed the playoffs  Following the season, several prominent players publicly voiced their discontent with Ralston, which soon led to his resignation 

Red Miller, a long-time assistant coach, was hired and along with the Orange Crush Defense (a nickname originated in 1977, also the brand of the popular orange-flavored soft drink) and aging quarterback Craig Morton, took the Broncos to what was then a record-setting 12–2 regular-season record and their first playoff appearance in 1977, and ultimately made their first Super Bowl appearance in Super Bowl XII, in which they were defeated by the Dallas Cowboys (Morton's former team), 27–10 

Edgar Kaiser/Pat Bowlen era (1981–2018)
In 1981, Broncos' owner Gerald Phipps, who had purchased the team in May 1961 from the original owner Bob Howsam, sold the team to Canadian financier Edgar Kaiser Jr , grandson of shipbuilding industrialist Henry J  Kaiser  In 1984, the team was purchased by another Canadian, Pat Bowlen, who placed team ownership into a family trust sometime before 2004 and remained in day-to-day control until his battle with Alzheimer's disease forced him to cede the team to Joe Ellis in 2014 

Dan Reeves years (1981–1992)
Dan Reeves became the youngest head coach in the NFL when he joined the Broncos in 1981 as vice president and head coach  Quarterback John Elway, who played college football at Stanford, arrived in 1983 via a trade  Originally drafted by the Baltimore Colts as the first pick of the draft, Elway proclaimed that he would shun football in favor of baseball (he was drafted by the New York Yankees to play center field and was also a pitching prospect), unless he was traded to a selected list of other teams, which included the Broncos  Prior to Elway, the Broncos had over 24 different starting quarterbacks in its 23 seasons to that point 

Reeves and Elway guided the Broncos to six post-season appearances, five AFC West divisional titles, three AFC championships and three Super Bowl appearances (Super Bowl XXI, XXII and XXIV) during their 12-year span together  The Broncos lost Super Bowl XXI to the New York Giants, 39–20; Super Bowl XXII to the Washington Redskins, 42–10; and Super Bowl XXIV to the San Francisco 49ers, 55–10; the latter score remains the most lopsided scoring differential in Super Bowl history  The last year of the Reeves-Elway era were marked by feuding, due to Reeves taking on play-calling duties after ousting Elway's favorite offensive coordinator Mike Shanahan after the 1991 season, as well as Reeves drafting quarterback Tommy Maddox out of UCLA instead of going with a wide receiver to help Elway  Reeves was fired after the 1992 season and replaced by his protégé and friend Wade Phillips, who had been serving as the Broncos' defensive coordinator  Phillips was fired after a mediocre 1994 season, in which management felt he lost control of the team 

Mike Shanahan years (1995–2008)
In 1995, Mike Shanahan, who had formerly served under Reeves as the Broncos' offensive coordinator, returned as head coach  Shanahan drafted rookie running back Terrell Davis  In 1996, the Broncos were the top seed in the AFC with a 13–3 record, dominating most of the teams that year  The fifth-seeded Jacksonville Jaguars, however, upset the Broncos 30–27 in the divisional round of the playoffs, ending the Broncos' 1996 run 

Super Bowl XXXII champions (1997)
During the 1997 season, Elway and Davis helped guide the Broncos to their first Super Bowl victory, a 31–24 win over the defending champion Green Bay Packers in Super Bowl XXXII  Though Elway completed only 13 of 22 passes, throwing one interception and no touchdowns (he did, however, have a rushing touchdown), Davis rushed for 157 yards and a Super Bowl-record three touchdowns to earn the Super Bowl Most Valuable Player Award—this while overcoming a severe migraine headache that caused him blurred vision 

Super Bowl XXXIII champions (1998)
The Broncos repeated as Super Bowl champions the following season, defeating the Atlanta Falcons (led by Elway's longtime head coach Dan Reeves) in Super Bowl XXXIII, 34–19  Elway was named Super Bowl MVP, completing 18 of 29 passes for 336 yards, with an 80-yard touchdown to wide receiver Rod Smith and one interception 
John Elway retired following the 1998 season, and Brian Griese started at quarterback for the next four seasons  After a 6–10 record in 1999, mostly due to a season-ending injury to Terrell Davis, the Broncos recovered in 2000, earning a Wild Card playoff berth, but losing to the eventual Super Bowl champion Baltimore Ravens  After missing the playoffs the following two seasons, former Arizona Cardinals' quarterback Jake Plummer replaced Griese in 2003, and led the Broncos to two straight 10–6 seasons, earning Wild Card playoff berths both years  However, the Broncos went on the road to face the Indianapolis Colts in back-to-back seasons and were blown out by more than 20 points in each game, allowing a combined 90 points In the years following the back-to-back championships, a league investigation revealed that the team had cheated the salary cap in both seasons and the 1996 season by deferring additional money to Elway and Davis outside of the salary cap  In addition, they purposefully avoided waiving certain players before a certain date  Denver claimed the moves did not give them additional competitive avantage  Between two separate punishments, they were stripped of their third-round picks in both the 2002 and 2005 drafts and fined nearly $2 million combined Plummer led the Broncos to a 13–3 record in 2005 and their first AFC West division title since 1998  After a first-round bye, the Broncos defeated the defending Super Bowl champion New England Patriots, 27–13, denying New England from becoming the first NFL team ever to win three consecutive Super Bowl championships  They were the first team to beat the Patriots in the playoffs during the Tom Brady era  The Broncos' playoff run came to an end the next week, after losing at home to the Pittsburgh Steelers in the AFC Championship game, 34–17  The Steelers went on to win Super Bowl XL 
The Broncos' defense began the first five games of the 2006 season allowing only one touchdown - an NFL record that still stands  ESPN commentator and Super Bowl-winning QB Joe Theismann gave the 2006 defense the name “Bad Blue” on Monday Night Football as they played the Ravens  However, the team struggled down the season stretch  Plummer led the team to a 7–2 record, but struggled individually with inconsistent performance and more interceptions than touchdown passes  As a result, he would be replaced by rookie quarterback Jay Cutler  Cutler went 2–3 as a starter, and the Broncos finished with a 9–7 record, losing the tiebreaker to the Kansas City Chiefs for the final playoff spot  Cutler's first full season as a starter in 2007 became the Broncos' first losing season since 1999, with a 7–9 record 
The 2008 season ended in a 52–21 loss at the San Diego Chargers, giving the Broncos an 8–8 record and their third straight season out of the playoffs  Mike Shanahan, the longest-tenured and most successful head coach in Broncos' franchise history, was fired after 14 seasons 

Josh McDaniels years (2009–2010)
On January 11, 2009, two weeks after Shanahan was fired, the Broncos hired former New England Patriots' offensive coordinator Josh McDaniels as the team's new head coach  Three months later, the team acquired quarterback Kyle Orton as part of a trade that sent Jay Cutler to the Chicago Bears 
Under McDaniels and Orton, the Broncos jumped out to a surprising 6–0 start in 2009  However, the team lost eight of their next ten games, finishing 8–8 for a second consecutive season and missing the playoffs  The next season (2010), the Broncos set a new franchise record for losses in a single season, with a 4–12 record  McDaniels was fired before the end of the 2010 season following a combination of the team's poor record and the fallout from a highly publicized videotaping scandal  Running backs coach Eric Studesville was named interim coach for the final four games of the 2010 season  He chose to start rookie first-round draft choice Tim Tebow at quarterback for the final three games 

John Fox years (2011–2014)
Following the 2010 season, Joe Ellis was promoted from Chief Operating Officer to team president, while John Elway returned to the organization as the team's Executive Vice President of Football Operations  In addition, the Broncos hired John Fox as the team's 14th head coach  Fox previously served as the Carolina Panthers' head coach from 2002 to 2010 Following a 1–4 start to the 2011 season, Tim Tebow replaced Kyle Orton as the Broncos' starting quarterback, and “Tebow Time” was born  Tebow led the Broncos with toughness, determination and miraculous come-from-behind victories which gave the Broncos hope and were the catalyst for better things to come  Tebow led the Broncos to an 8–8 record and garnered the team's first playoff berth and division title since 2005  The Broncos defeated the Pittsburgh Steelers in the Wild Card round on a memorable 80-yard touchdown pass from Tebow to wide receiver Demaryius Thomas on the first play of overtime, setting a record for the fastest overtime in NFL history  However, the Broncos lost to the New England Patriots in the Divisional round In March 2012, the Broncos reached an agreement on a five-year, $96 million contract with former longtime Indianapolis Colts' quarterback Peyton Manning, who had recently missed the entire 2011 season following multiple neck surgeries  This resulted in the Broncos subsequently trading incumbent quarterback Tim Tebow to the New York Jets  The Broncos finished with a 13–3 record and the AFC's No  1 seed in the 2012 playoffs, but were defeated by the Baltimore Ravens in the Divisional round Like in 2012, the 2013 Broncos finished with a 13–3 record and the AFC's No  1 seed  The Broncos broke all offensive records and QB Peyton Manning shattered many QB records that season as well  In the 2013 playoffs, they defeated the San Diego Chargers in the Divisional round and the New England Patriots in the AFC Championship  However, the Broncos lost to the Seattle Seahawks in Super Bowl XLVIII by a score of 43–8, the Broncos' first Super Bowl berth since winning back-to-back Super Bowls in 1997 and 1998 
Prior to the start of the 2014 season, the Broncos announced that Pat Bowlen, the team's owner since 1984, relinquished control of the team due to his battle with Alzheimer's disease, resulting in team president Joe Ellis and general manager John Elway assuming control of the team  The Broncos finished the 2014 season with a 12–4 record and the AFC's No  2 seed  However, the Broncos were defeated by the Indianapolis Colts in the Divisional round of the 2014 playoffs, marking the third time in four seasons that the Broncos lost in the Divisional round of the playoffs  Quarterback Peyton Manning had been playing with strained quadriceps for the final month of the 2014 season 

Gary Kubiak years (2015–2016)
On January 12, 2015, one day after the divisional playoff loss to the Colts, the Broncos and head coach John Fox mutually agreed to part ways  Fox left the Broncos with a  719 winning percentage in his four seasons as the Broncos' head coach—the highest in franchise history  One week later, the Broncos hired Gary Kubiak as the team's 15th head coach  Kubiak served as a backup quarterback to executive vice president/general manager John Elway from 1983 to 1991, as well as the Broncos' offensive coordinator from 1995 to 2005 

Super Bowl 50 champions (2015)
Shortly after Kubiak became head coach, the Broncos underwent numerous changes to their coaching staff and players, including the hiring of defensive coordinator, defensive mastermind Wade Phillips, under whom the Broncos' defense went from middle of the road to being ranked No  1 in the NFL  By the 2015 season, it would go on to be considered one of the greatest NFL defenses of all time - along with the 1985 Bears, 2000 Ravens and 2002 Buccaneers  The Broncos finished with a 12–4 record and the AFC's No  1 seed, despite Peyton Manning having his worst statistical season since his rookie year with the Indianapolis Colts in 1998  Backup quarterback Brock Osweiler started the last six games of the regular season due to Manning suffering from a foot injury  Manning led the Broncos throughout the playoffs  The Broncos defeated the Pittsburgh Steelers 23–16 in the Divisional Round and the New England Patriots 20–18 in the AFC Championship  They were victorious against the Carolina Panthers 24–10 in Super Bowl 50 for their third Super Bowl title On March 7, 2016, quarterback Peyton Manning retired after 18 NFL seasons during a press conference at the team's Dove Valley headquarters Following Manning's retirement, the Broncos scrambled to find the team's next starting quarterback after backup quarterback Brock Osweiler departed on a four-year contract to the Houston Texans  The Broncos acquired Mark Sanchez from the Philadelphia Eagles and selected Paxton Lynch during the 2016 draft  Sanchez, Lynch and second-year quarterback Trevor Siemian competed for the starting quarterback spot during the off-season and preseason  Prior to the regular season, Sanchez was released and Siemian was named the starter  The Broncos finished the season 9–7 and missed the playoffs for the first time since 2010 
On January 2, 2017, coach Gary Kubiak announced his retirement, citing health as the main reason for retiring  The Broncos hired Miami Dolphins defensive coordinator Vance Joseph as head coach on January 11, 2017  The Broncos finished 5–11 in 2017 as a result of an unimpressive offense led by a quarterback committee of Trevor Siemian, Brock Osweiler, and Paxton Lynch 
In an effort to address poor production from the offense, the Broncos signed quarterback Case Keenum on March 14, 2018, and traded away Trevor Siemian to the Minnesota Vikings on March 19, 2018 
On May 1, 2018, the Broncos signed local undrafted free agent running back Phillip Lindsay, who became a fan favorite due to his underdog mentality, explosive play style and local roots  Lindsay became the first undrafted player in NFL history with 100+ scrimmage yards in each of their first two games and on December 18, 2018, Lindsay was voted to the 2019 Pro Bowl, making him the first undrafted offensive rookie in NFL history to be voted to a Pro Bowl After getting off to a strong start, their 2018 season was up and down, eventually finishing with a 6–10 record and placing third in the AFC West  Coupled with the 5–11 season in 2017, the Broncos had back-to-back losing seasons for the first time since 1971–1972  Shortly after the conclusion of the regular season, head coach Vance Joseph was fired after recording a poor 11–21 record in two seasons 

Vic Fangio years (2019–2021)
On January 10, 2019, the Broncos hired Chicago Bears defensive coordinator Vic Fangio to become the 17th head coach in franchise history  Fangio was chosen over Mike Munchak, the Broncos' offensive line coach  Fangio received a four-year contract with a team option for an additional season On February 13, 2019, Joe Flacco was announced as the new starting quarterback  On October 6, 2019, the Broncos defeated the Los Angeles Chargers for their 500th win, bringing their win–loss record to 500–432 On December 1, 2019, the Broncos started Mizzou rookie quarterback Drew Lock for the first time  He led the Broncos to a 4–1 record to end the 2019 season  The Broncos finished 2nd place in the AFC West Division at 7–9, missing the playoffs for a fourth consecutive year  In five games, Lock finished with 1,020 passing yards, seven touchdowns, and three interceptions 
Due to the COVID-19 pandemic, the 2020 NFL season did not have a preseason or full training camps, which likely contributed to an abnormally large amount of injuries that plagued the Broncos and other NFL teams  Star linebacker Von Miller suffered a season-ending ankle tendon injury before the regular season started, and starting wide receiver Courtland Sutton suffered a season-ending torn ACL during a week two game 
On November 29, 2020, after all three of the Broncos' quarterbacks were placed in COVID-19 protocol, the Broncos were forced to turn to undrafted wide receiver and former college quarterback Kendall Hinton as the emergency quarterback  Hinton completed only one pass for 13 yards in 9 attempts—the fewest pass completions in a single game in franchise history—and was intercepted twice  The Broncos' only scoring play was a 58-yard field goal by placekicker Brandon McManus in a 31–3 loss to the New Orleans Saints  In July 2021, the Pro Football Hall of Fame announced that Hinton's quarterback wristband would be added to the Hall of Fame as part of a display The Broncos finished the 2020 season with a record of 5–11, last in the AFC West, and missed the playoffs for the fifth consecutive year 
Following another season of uninspiring quarterback performances, the Broncos were the subject of multiple quarterback trade rumors during the 2021 offseason  Aaron Rodgers and Deshaun Watson were two names rumored to be of interest for the Broncos, but ultimately the Broncos traded for quarterback Teddy Bridgewater on April 28, 2021  Bridgewater won the subsequent quarterback competition between himself and Drew Lock during the preseason, and he was named the Broncos' starting quarterback on August 25, 2021 
The Broncos also made notable improvements in the defensive secondary, signing former All-Pro cornerback Kyle Fuller and cornerback Ronald Darby, as well as drafting Alabama cornerback Patrick Surtain II with the ninth overall pick in the 2021 NFL Draft  Running back Phillip Lindsay was replaced by UNC rookie running back Javonte Williams, who was drafted in the second round of the 2021 NFL Draft by the Broncos 
On October 31, 2021, Peyton Manning (who won two AFC Championships, Super Bowl 50, and an NFL MVP during his four seasons as a Bronco) was inducted to the Broncos' Ring of Fame during a game against Washington On November 1, 2021, the Broncos traded franchise legend Von Miller to the Los Angeles Rams in exchange for a 2nd and 3rd round pick in the 2022 NFL Draft  At the time of the trade, Miller was the longest-tenured Bronco on the team, and the only remaining non-special teams player from Denver's Super Bowl 50 roster 
After another mediocre performance in the 2021 season with the Broncos going 7–10, head coach Vic Fangio was dismissed on January 8, 2022, after losing to the Kansas City Chiefs  The Broncos announced the hiring of Green Bay Packers offensive coordinator Nathaniel Hackett as head coach on January 27, 2022 The Broncos then announced on February 1, 2022, that they were now up for sale and that they would be parting ways with the Bowlen family, the former owners of the franchise Hackett's first hire as head coach was Justin Outten as offensive coordinator  He was hired on February 2, 2022 
On March 16, 2022, the Broncos traded Drew Lock, Noah Fant, Shelby Harris, Denver's 2022 first-round pick (No  9), its 2022 second-round pick (No  40), its 2023 first- and second-round picks, and its 2022 fifth-round round pick for Russell Wilson and the Seattle Seahawks' 2022 fourth-round pick 

Walton-Penner Era (2022–present)
On June 7, 2022, the Broncos announced that the Walton-Penner family, led by Rob Walton, had entered in an agreement to acquire the Denver Broncos for $4 65 billion (a North American record) subject to approval by the NFL Finance Committee and 3/4 of the league's team owners  The Broncos announced that Condoleezza Rice would join the ownership group on July 11, 2022 On August 10, 2022, the Broncos formally introduced the new ownership group to the media and Denver community  The full group comprises Rob Walton, Carrie Walton Penner, Greg Penner, Mellody Hobson, Condoleezza Rice and Lewis Hamilton On December 26, with the Broncos sitting at 4–11 following a 51–14 Christmas Day loss to the Los Angeles Rams, Hackett was fired and replaced by interim head coach Jerry Rosburg  He became the fifth head coach to not finish his first season after Lou Holtz in 1976, Pete McCulley in 1978, Bobby Petrino in 2007, and Urban Meyer in 2021  Jerry Rosburg was released from the staff on January 25 

Rivalries
Divisional
The Denver Broncos have three AFC West rivals—the Kansas City Chiefs, Las Vegas Raiders and Los Angeles Chargers  All teams, along with the Broncos, were charter members of the American Football League (AFL), with each team placed in the AFL Western Division  The Broncos were barely competitive during the AFL years (1960–69), going a combined 10–49–1 against the Chiefs, Chargers and Raiders 

Kansas City Chiefs
The Broncos have had several memorable matchups with the Chiefs, particularly during the years in which John Elway was the Broncos' starting quarterback (1983–98)  The Broncos defeated the Chiefs at Arrowhead Stadium in the divisional round of the 1997 NFL playoffs, en route to their first Super Bowl victory  The Chiefs currently hold a 69–55 series lead over the Broncos, including the aforementioned 1997 divisional playoff game 

Las Vegas Raiders
The rivalry with the Raiders was ignited in 1977, when the Broncos advanced to their first Super Bowl by defeating the defending champion Raiders in the 1977 AFC Championship  The rivalry intensified in the mid-1990s, when Mike Shanahan was hired as the Broncos' head coach in 1995  Shanahan coached the Raiders in 1988 before being fired four games into the 1989 season  The Raiders currently hold a 70–54–2 series lead over the Broncos, including 1–1 in the playoffs 

Los Angeles Chargers
Unlike their records against the Chiefs and Raiders, the Broncos currently have a winning record against the Chargers, with a 70–54–1 series lead, including 1–0 in the playoffs  The Broncos pulled off one of the largest comebacks in Monday Night Football history, when Peyton Manning led the Broncos from a 24–0 halftime deficit to a 35–24 win at San Diego's Qualcomm Stadium during the 2012 season  The two teams met in the playoffs for the first time on January 12, 2014, at Denver's Sports Authority Field at Mile High, with the Broncos winning 24–17 

Historical
Aside from the aforementioned AFC West teams, the Broncos have had intra-conference rivalries over the years with the Cleveland Browns, Pittsburgh Steelers and New England Patriots   The Broncos and Seattle Seahawks were also former AFC West rivals from 1977 to 2001, after which Seattle was realigned to the NFC West 

Cleveland Browns
The Broncos had a brief rivalry with the Browns that arose from three AFC championship matches in 1986, 1987 and 1989  In the 1986 AFC Championship, quarterback John Elway led The Drive to secure a tie in the waning moments at Cleveland Municipal Stadium; the Broncos went on to win in 23–20 in overtime  One year later, the two teams met again in the 1987 AFC Championship at Mile High Stadium  Denver took a 21–3 lead, but Browns' quarterback Bernie Kosar threw four touchdown passes to tie the game at 31–31 halfway through the 4th quarter  After a long drive, John Elway threw a 20-yard touchdown pass to running back Sammy Winder to give Denver a 38–31 lead  Cleveland advanced to Denver's 8-yard line with 1:12 left, but Broncos' safety Jeremiah Castille stripped Browns' running back Earnest Byner of the football at the 2-yard line—a play that has been called The Fumble by Browns' fans  The Broncos recovered it, gave Cleveland an intentional safety, and went on to win 38–33  The two teams met yet again in the 1989 AFC Championship at Mile High Stadium, which the Broncos easily won by a score of 37–21  The Broncos did not win the Super Bowl after any of the championship games where they defeated the Browns, losing by an aggregate of 136–40 

Pittsburgh Steelers
As of the end of the 2015 season, the Broncos and Steelers have met in postseason play eight times, tied with five other pairings for the second–most frequent playoff matchups in NFL playoff history  The Broncos currently own a 5–3 playoff record vs  the Steelers  Perhaps the most memorable postseason matchup occurred in the 1997 AFC Championship, in which the Broncos defeated the Steelers 24–21 at Three Rivers Stadium, en route to their first Super Bowl victory  Eight years later, the Steelers returned the favor at INVESCO Field at Mile High, defeating the Broncos 34–17 in the 2005 AFC Championship, and subsequently won Super Bowl XL  In the Wild Card round of the 2011 playoffs, in a game dubbed The 3:16 game, the Broncos stunned the Steelers 29–23 on the first play of overtime, when quarterback Tim Tebow connected with wide receiver Demaryius Thomas on an 80-yard game-winning touchdown pass  The teams met again in the Divisional round of the 2015 playoffs at Denver, where the Broncos defeated the Steelers 23–16 on their way to a victory in Super Bowl 50 

New England Patriots
The Broncos and Patriots met twice annually during the American Football League (AFL) years from 1960 to 1969, and played in the first-ever AFL game on September 9, 1960  Since 1995, the two teams have met frequently during the regular season, including nine consecutive seasons from 1995 to 2003  As of the end of the 2015 season, the two teams have met in the playoffs five times, with the Broncos owning a 4–1 record  The teams' first playoff match on January 4, 1987, was John Elway's first career playoff win, while the teams' second playoff match on January 14, 2006, game was the Broncos' first playoff win since Elway's retirement after the 1998 season  The game was also notable for Champ Bailey's 100-yard interception that resulted in a touchdown-saving tackle by Benjamin Watson at the 1-yard line  On October 11, 2009, the two teams met with former Patriots' offensive coordinator, Josh McDaniels as the Broncos' head coach  Both teams wore their AFL 50th anniversary jerseys  The game featured a 98-yard drive in the fourth quarter, with a game-tying touchdown pass from Kyle Orton to Brandon Marshall, followed by an overtime drive led by Orton that resulted in a 41-yard game-winning field goal by Matt Prater  The two teams met in the Divisional round of the 2011 playoffs, with the Patriots blowing out Tim Tebow and the Broncos by a score of 45–10  The Broncos' rivalry with the Patriots later intensified when longtime Indianapolis Colts' quarterback Peyton Manning became the Broncos' starting quarterback from 2012 to 2015  Manning and Patriots' quarterback Tom Brady maintained a legendary rivalry from 2001 until Manning's retirement after the 2015 season  Though Brady dominated Manning in regular season play, winning nine of twelve meetings, Manning won three of five playoff meetings, including the Broncos' 26–16 win in the 2013 AFC Championship and the Broncos' 20–18 win in the 2015 AFC Championship 

Seattle Seahawks
The Broncos had an old rivalry with the Seattle Seahawks, who were members of the AFC West from 1977 to 2001, prior to the Seahawks' move to the NFC West as part of the NFL's 2002 re-alignment  During the 25 years in which the Seahawks resided in the AFC West, the Broncos went 32–18 against the Seahawks, including a loss at Seattle in the 1983 NFL playoffs  Since 2002, the Broncos have won three of five interconference meetings, and the two teams met in Super Bowl XLVIII on February 2, 2014, with the Seahawks winning by a score of 43–8 

Facilities
For most of their history, the Denver Broncos played in Mile High Stadium  The AFL Broncos played at the University of Denver's Hilltop Stadium from time to time, including the first victory of an AFL team over an NFL team: The Broncos beat the Detroit Lions on August 5, 1967, in a preseason game  The team has sold out every home game (including post-season games) since the AFL–NFL merger in 1970, with the exception of two replacement games during the 1987 strike (but both were sold out before the strike) 
During home games, the attendance is announced to the crowd, along with the number of no-shows (the fans subsequently boo the no-shows)  The fans are also known to chant "IN-COM-PLETE!" every time the visiting team throws an incomplete pass  The stadium's legendary home-field advantage is regarded as one of the best in the NFL, especially during the playoffs  The Broncos had the best home record in pro football over a 32-year span from 1974 to 2006 (191–65–1)  Mile High Stadium was one of the NFL's loudest stadiums, with steel flooring instead of concrete, which may have given the Broncos an advantage over opponents, plus the advantage of altitude conditioning for the Broncos  In 2001, the team moved into then-named Invesco Field at Mile High, built next to the former site of the since-demolished Mile High Stadium  Sportswriter Woody Paige, along with many of Denver's fans, however, often refused to call the stadium by its full name, preferring to use "Mile High Stadium" because of its storied history and sentimental import  Additionally, The Denver Post had an official policy of referring to the stadium as simply "Mile High Stadium" in protest, but dropped this policy in 2004 

Prior to the 2011 season, Englewood-based sporting goods retailer Sports Authority claimed the naming rights of Invesco Field, which became known as Sports Authority Field at Mile High  However, in the summer of 2016, Sports Authority went bankrupt, the stadium was renamed Broncos Stadium at Mile High, and the Broncos sought out a naming rights sponsor until September 2019 when they agreed to rename the stadium Empower Field at Mile High The altitude has also been attributed as part of the team's home success  The stadium displays multiple references to the stadium's location of 5,280 feet (1 000 mi) above sea level, including a prominent mural just outside the visiting team's locker room  The team training facility, the UCHealth Training Center (formerly known as the Paul D  Bowlen Memorial Broncos Centre), is a state-of-the-art facility located in Dove Valley  With 13 5 acres (5 5 ha) of property, the facility hosts three full-size fields, a complete weight and training facility, and a cafeteria In their more than half-century of existence, the Broncos have never been shut out at home, a streak of over 400 games as of the 2016 season In late 2012, the Broncos announced that the stadium would receive $30 million upgrades including a new video board in the south end zone three times larger than the previous display  The renovations were finished before kickoff of the 2013 season 

Logos and uniforms
1968–1996
When the Broncos debuted in 1960, their original uniforms drew as much attention as their play on the field  They featured white and mustard yellow jerseys, with contrasting brown helmets, brown pants and vertically striped socks  Two years later, the team unveiled a new logo featuring a bucking horse, and changed their team colors to orange, royal blue and white  The 1962 uniform consisted of white pants, orange helmets, and either orange or white jerseys In 1968, the Broncos debuted a design that became known as the "Orange Crush"  Their logo was redesigned so that the horse was coming out of a "D " Additionally, the helmets were changed to royal blue, with thin stripes placed onto the sleeves, and other minor modifications were added
Context 3: Passage 1:
London Eye Pier
The London Eye Pier is directly in front of the London Eye Ferris wheel on the South Bank of the River Thames in Central London, England  It was opened as the Waterloo Millennium Pier in 2000 
It is served by various river transport and cruise operators 
It should not be confused with the former Waterloo Police Pier, on the opposite side of the river on Victoria Embankment next to Waterloo Bridge, which has since been renamed the Tower Lifeboat Station and has been the base for the RNLI's Thames lifeboat service since 2006 

Construction
The pier was designed by Beckett Rankine and Marks Barfield Architects and built by Tilbury Douglas, principally to act as a collision protection system for the London Eye 
It was one of five new piers opened in 2000 on the Thames funded by the Millennium Commission as part of the Thames 2000 project (the others being Blackfriars Millennium Pier, Millbank Millennium Pier, Tower Millennium Pier, and Westminster Millennium Pier), as part of an integrated transport and regeneration strategy for the Thames led by London's Cross River Partnership 

Services
The pier is served by various services including:

Commuter boat services between Embankment and Woolwich (Thames Clippers)
Summer leisure cruises between Westminster and Greenwich (City Cruises)
Speedboat tour cruises to Canary Wharf and Thames Barrier (Thames Rockets)Waterloo is a turnaround point for the commuter boat; upriver services call at Embankment, then Waterloo, where they begin the downriver service back towards Bankside 

Connections
Waterloo Underground station and London Waterloo station  
London Buses route RV1

Local attractions
London Eye
London Aquarium
Dali Universe
Florence Nightingale Museum
Big Ben
South Bank arts precinct

Lines
Passage 2:
Garden Bridge
The Garden Bridge project was an unsuccessful private proposal for a pedestrian bridge over the River Thames in London, England  Originally an idea of Joanna Lumley, and strongly supported by then-Mayor of London Boris Johnson, the designer Thomas Heatherwick worked with Arup Group on a proposal by Transport for London (TfL) for a new bridge across the Thames between Waterloo Bridge and Blackfriars Bridge  The proposed concrete, steel, cupronickel clad structure was intended to carry pedestrians, with no cycles or other vehicles  It was to have been located some 200 metres (660 ft) from Waterloo Bridge and 300 m (980 ft) from Blackfriars Bridge, and have included some areas of planting  The project was to include a commercial building, built on former green space at the southern end of the bridge  The bridge was intended to be funded by raising over £140 million of private money (including taxpayer funding through charitable gift aid) and £60 million of promised public money, of which £30m was from Transport for London (£20m of this to be repaid over 55 years) and £30m from the Department for Transport, adding up to projected funding of over £200m  In January 2017, the trustees of the prospective owner of the bridge, the Garden Bridge Trust, stated that costs would "substantially exceed" an earlier revised total of £185m and, in April 2017, a report by Margaret Hodge MP concluded, on the basis of the Garden Bridge Trust's own evidence, that the cost would be over £200m If built, it was proposed that the bridge would have been open from 6am to midnight, with closures for the preparation for and holding of up to 12 private commercial events per year to raise funds for its maintenance  A planning condition required annual maintenance costs to be guaranteed by a third party and it was expected that this would be the Greater London Authority  The annual maintenance costs were variously estimated at between £2m and £3 5m, before allowing for the repayment of loan capital and interest In July 2016, preparatory work for the bridge was halted and the Garden Bridge Trust put contractors on standby to allow for a financial review and because they had not cleared outstanding issues such as securing legal rights to the land on either side of the river, despite signing a contract for construction of the bridge in January 2016  In September 2016, Sadiq Khan, Mayor of London, announced a formal review by Margaret Hodge of the procurement processes in relation to the bridge project and its value for money  In October 2016, the National Audit Office reported on procurement issues and perceived value for money for that part of the cost of the project which was being met by funds (£30m) from the Department for Transport  In January 2017, the trustees of the Garden Bridge Trust (the limited company behind the project) said they were unable to conclude that the trust was a going concern  In February 2017, the Charity Commission for England and Wales found the financial management of the trust to be satisfactory, albeit with criticisms as to the trustees' approach  The subsequent report by Margaret Hodge MP was highly critical of the plan, its procurement, its cost, the risk to public funds, and lack of value for money The Garden Bridge Trust formally announced on 14 August 2017 that it would be ending the project and that the Garden Bridge Trust itself would be wound up in accordance with the Companies Acts  The failed project cost £53m, including £43m of public money 

Ownership
The Garden Bridge Trust, a registered charity (charity registration number 1155246) and a company limited by guarantee registered in England and Wales, and with an exemption from use of the term "Limited",  was to own the bridge, as private space in the public realm  The company was incorporated on 30 October 2013 under reference 08755461  Lord Davies of Abersoch is chairman of the trust and a director of the limited company 

Design
The bridge would have been 366 metres (1,201 ft) long and 30 metres (98 ft) across at its widest point  It would have run from the roof of Temple tube station at the foot of Arundel Street on the north bank to Queen's Walk on the South Bank, next to ITV's London Studios, where a public green open space would have been sacrificed and built upon to provide a commercial building associated with the bridge, with removal of some 28 mature trees  The new building would have housed a combination of public toilets, maintenance facilities, and operational areas, together with an events space which was intended to be occupied by Coin Street Community Builders who have a long lease of the area on which the building would have been constructed  The bridge would have featured trees and shrubs, hedging plants and climbers, perennials, ferns and grasses, and bulbs  Its construction would have required the felling of mature trees on both sides of the river, including 28 plane trees in the avenue on Queen's Walk which were planted in the 1960s as a living memorial to London's war dead  The bridge was to have been planted with some 270 immature trees  In order to limit the wind loading on the bridge structure the trees would have been maintained by pruning so that they never exceeded a height of 15 m (49 ft) at the bridge piers and 2 m (6 ft 7 in) near the bridge landings  Dan Pearson was appointed as landscape designer Before granting planning permission, Westminster City Council raised concerns that the bridge would cause "significant harm" to a number of protected views from Waterloo Bridge, Blackfriars Bridge, and the South Bank, but concluded that new views from the garden bridge would outweigh the damage caused  The bridge's proposed private owners claimed however that English Heritage stated in an assessment that "the Bridge would be as a picturesque incident in the riverscape… its low slung and restrained architecture and engineering will change the character of views but not cause harm to the setting of, and views to and from historic assets "

Operation
In November 2014, it was claimed that the bridge would be off limits to groups of eight or more people and to cyclists  The Garden Bridge Trust later said that groups of eight or more would not be banned and cyclists would be allowed to use the bridge, if they were to dismount and push their cycles The bridge would have been open to the public for 18 hours each day, closing between midnight and 6am  The draft business plan allowed the Garden Bridge Trust to close the bridge for up to 12 days a year for commercial events  Further, the charity proposed to rent the rooftop of the bridge's South Bank landing podium for commercial purposes on every weekend between May and October Nine bridges already span the two miles (3 2 km) between Westminster Bridge and London Bridge, seven of which can be crossed on foot  Projections of visitor numbers suggested that the bridge would have added another 3 5 million visitors a year, an 18% increase on 2014 numbers  In 2014, critics of the project began campaigning to have it brought under judicial review or another appeal process through the secretary of state In November 2015, planning documents for the bridge revealed that public access to the bridge was to be controlled, including the use of the tracking of visitors' mobile phone signals to guard against overcrowding, a video surveillance system and security staff known as "visitor hosts" who would have limited policing powers under a Community Safety Accreditation Scheme, including the right to issue fines  The rules of the bridge were to prohibit "any exercise other than jogging, playing a musical instrument, taking part in a 'gathering of any kind', giving a speech or address, scattering ashes, releasing a balloon and flying a kite " The bridge's private owners claimed that conditions would be "similar" to those of the Royal Parks At a meeting at City Hall on 17 December 2015, Boris Johnson, then Mayor of London said, in defence of the project, "It's important that we don't rest on our laurels, but continue to adorn the city with things that will attract visitors … and to get it done within a four-year mayoralty is a very challenging thing " During the 2016–2017 review conducted by Dame Margaret Hodge for the Mayor of London, the only parties to express support for the bridge were Boris Johnson, the Garden Bridge Trust (the prospective owner of the bridge) itself and the Evening Standard while, on the other hand, "hostility" to the bridge was "substantial" 

Funding
By August 2016, the proposed cost of the bridge had risen to £185 million, from the original estimate of £60m  When first promoted, it was claimed that the project would be financed entirely from private sources, but a total of £60m towards the capital cost was then committed from public funds, with £30m pledged from Transport for London (TfL) funds by Mayor of London Boris Johnson and £30m pledged by HM Treasury  It was then agreed in November 2015 that £20m of TfL funds would be repaid over a period of 50 years as a loan Further, the City of Westminster granted planning permission conditionally upon provision of a guarantee of maintenance costs  The Greater London Authority initially indicated willingness to underwrite those maintenance costs, estimated at a minimum of £2m a year, in perpetuity  In June 2013, the Commissioner of Transport for London, Sir Peter Hendy had stated that the public would meet no more than the "enabling costs" of the project of £4m  Nevertheless, the financial chief for Transport for London considered the proposed bridge extremely expensive when compared with other crossings on the Thames  For example, the Millennium Bridge had cost only £22m Writing in The Guardian in February 2016, Ian Jack contrasted the £60m taxpayer support for the project with the closure of five Lancashire museums – two of which are nationally important – and 40 libraries   Jack described the bridge as unwanted and unnecessary and the closures as "cultural disembowelment"  He asked whether a meeting between Joanna Lumley, a friend of designer Thomas Heatherwick and Boris Johnson had played a part  Jane Duncan, president of the Royal Institute of British Architects requested the project be put on hold pending an investigation of the tendering process for the appointments of Heatherwick Studio and Arup  Ian Jack followed up in May with another article calling the bridge an oddity born of the "chumocracy", and correspondents from outside London were equally scathing On 16 February 2016, Walter Menteth of Project Compass CIC, a procurement intelligence service, published a detailed report on the irregularities in the procurement leading to the appointment of Arup Group and Thomas Heatherwick by Transport for London; the report concluded that an independent investigation would be appropriate before the public made any further financial commitment to the project On 8 March 2016, the Evening Standard editor Sarah Sands wrote in defence of the bridge:
a whopping £85 million had been privately donated; the Treasury and Transport for London had come up with £60 million and fundraising continues for the final £30 million  Construction will soon begin  Yet there is a small but determined opposition to the project, mostly from Labour, which continues to undermine it 
In the 17 months to 31 March 2016, the Garden Bridge Trust spent over £26 million, 80% of which was funded by Transport for London  In the same period, the group raised £13 million in new private donations However, the project's financing status deteriorated  During the same period in which the project's cost estimate was revised upward from £60 million to over £200 million (as of April 2017), the Garden Bridge Trust lost two major donors, causing a reduction in private funding pledges to £69 million  No new pledges had been obtained since August 2016 Sadiq Khan, who had been elected Mayor of London in May 2016, undertook an investigation of Johnson's decisions in relation to the procurement process for the bridge  In May 2016, he published a draft version of the Garden Bridge Trust business case for the bridge which showed that donations to the Trust from unnamed private companies, organisations and individuals totalled £83 1 million, representing the privately pledged money; this included £43 75m from donors who chose to remain anonymous  London Assembly Member Tom Copley called for transparency on private donations to the project, asking if donations had been received from companies which may benefit or have benefited from Transport for London contracts  The Charity Commission case report published on 28 February 2017 subsequently found that the processes for awarding of contracts were robust, and that benefactors were not party to contracts made by the charity In July 2016, Dan Anderson of Fourth Street published a review of the Garden Bridge's Draft Operations and Maintenance Business Plan  Anderson's report concluded that "After detailed analysis of the Operations and Maintenance Business Plan it is this author's considered opinion that the basic business model is flawed and the Business Plan targets are optimistic at best, but more likely unachievable" On 11 July 2016, the BBC reported that preparatory work for the bridge had been halted to allow City Hall to review the finances  Sadiq Khan said that no more public money would be spent on the bridge   The halted work would have cost £3m for infrastructure preparation in the Tube station at Temple on the north bank of the Thames so that the bridge structure could be built on its roof  A Garden Bridge Trust spokesman said that the Garden Bridge Trust had signed a costs agreement with TfL which included a repayment schedule 
On 26 July 2016, the BBC reported that the project had run into financial trouble and that the Garden Bridge Trust was seeking an extension of a £15m underwriting of the project: "tough questions are being asked in Whitehall about the footbridge and its public value"  The additional assurance of the underwriting extension was needed in order for the Garden Bridge Trust to complete and file its statutory accounts, due on 31 July 2016  However, on Friday 29 July 2016, the last day on which it could validly do so, the Garden Bridge Trust changed its accounting reference date so as to extend its accounting period from 31 October 2015 to 31 March 2016, a further five months, postponing its obligation to file any accounts On 8 August 2016, the National Audit Office formally announced that during Autumn 2016 it was to investigate the Department for Transport's handling of its £30 million grant to the Garden Bridge project  The audit would not seek to determine the value for money of the project as a whole   The Director of the audit team was to be Rebecca Sheeran  The National Audit Office invited submission of evidence for its investigation  The National Audit Office duly reported in October 2016 
In an interview with Evan Davis on BBC Newsnight on 17 August 2016, Lord Davies of Abersoch said that the Garden Bridge Trust had raised some £69 5 million ("call it £70 million") of private funds in addition to £60 million of public funds  Some who had offered funding had never entered into legally binding commitments to pay and "one or two" had withdrawn from the project  Further, delays in the project now meant that the costs had risen to £185 million and that the bridge would not be completed before 2019   The figures of increased cost and the reduction in funds raised, together with the longer timescale, were then confirmed by the Garden Bridge Trust In September 2016, the Mayor of London announced a formal review into project's finances and value for money   Dame Margaret Hodge conducted an inquiry into the planned structure  The mayor's office said she would investigate whether value for money had been achieved from the taxpayers' contribution and investigate the work of bodies such as Transport for London and the Greater London Authority  The Hodge Report was published in April 2017 In January 2017, the trustees of the Garden Bridge Trust stated that they expected the bridge's costs to "substantially exceed" the existing estimate of £185 million, and the Hodge Report in April 2017 stated that costs were estimated to be over £200 million 

National Audit Office report
On 11 October 2016, the National Audit Office reported the results of its inquiries into the £30 million funding provided for the Garden Bridge by the Department for Transport   The report recorded that in the Department's assessment of the original business case for the Bridge there was seen to be a significant risk that the project could represent poor value for money but the Department agreed to make the £30 million contribution anyway  The manner in which the funding was provided, by block grant to Transport for London left the Department with limited oversight of its own support to the Garden Bridge Trust  This arrangement simplified the Trust's access to public funding through a single source but it also made TfL responsible for assuring and overseeing all of the £60 million public funding and for ensuring value for money for taxpayers' investment  There was initially a cap on the amount of the Department's funding that could be used by the Garden Bridge Trust for pre-construction activity, but this cap was relaxed on three separate occasions, on two of those occasions against the advice of civil servants and on one of them by way of formal Ministerial Direction from the Secretary of State   The report summarised that:

If the project continues, it is possible that the government will be approached for extra funding should the Trust face a funding shortfall  The project has faced cost increases and delays to the schedule  The pattern of behaviour outlined in this report is one in which the Trust has repeatedly approached the government to release more of its funding for pre-construction activities when it encounters challenges  The Department, in turn, has agreed to the Trust's requests 

Charity Commission report
On 28 February 2017, the Charity Commission published a Case Report which commented on the financial management of the Trust  The Charity Commission concluded that trustees had been meeting their duties and were acting in compliance with charity law; there was no concern about the management of conflicts of interest; the charity's financial management met required standards; trustees provided strategic leadership and direction to the charity and its staff to help it deliver its purpose; trustees understood their roles and duties and responsibilities as trustees; the Commission saw evidence of robust and informed decision-making 
Arrangements to award contracts since the charity had been formed appear to have been robust  There was evidence of significant trustee engagement and some benchmarking of hourly rates and materials  However, trustees did not fully explore the opportunities to compare the critical paths of other comparable infrastructure projects and thus better enable themselves to assess project risk 
The Commission went on to comment that the charity's accounts had been  filed and had identified ongoing uncertainty over whether the charity was a going concern  The Commission considered that, given the public interest, the trustees could have provided more detail in their annual report about the progress made, given the expenditure incurred and the challenges addressed  The charity held no reserves but expected to meet any obligations from the use of its restricted funds  Given the reliance on using restricted funds the Commission would have expected a fuller description of how these funds, including the guarantee, could be used with greater detail on how the charity would meet its liabilities in the event of closure 

Planning process
Initial planning approval
The full planning applications for the project were submitted to Westminster and Lambeth Councils on 30 May 2014, and it was originally intended, subject to receiving planning permission and raising the necessary funds, that construction of the bridge would start in 2015 and be completed by 2018  The planning application was approved by Lambeth Council (local authority on the south side of the bridge), subject to conditions, in November 2014  Westminster City Council passed a plan for the bridge on 2 December 2014 by a vote of three to one  In December 2014, Boris Johnson approved the scheme to build the bridge, with construction then expected to start in 2015 

Judicial review
In January 2015, a legal challenge of Lambeth's planning permission was brought by Michael Ball, former director of the Waterloo Community Development Group, with the support of local opposition group Thames Central Open Spaces  On 21 April 2015, permission was granted by The Hon  Mr Justice Ouseley for a full judicial review of Lambeth's decision to grant planning permission on the grounds that the impact of views on heritage assets (particularly Somerset House) had not been properly considered, and Lambeth had not adequately ensured the ongoing maintenance of the bridge  However, it was agreed the case should be dismissed after Lambeth and the trust agreed to enter into a planning obligation requiring the trust to submit a plan for the maintenance of the bridge for approval by the Council, and to provide a surety or guarantor for the trust's ongoing maintenance obligations  The Greater London Authority has guaranteed the maintenance costs 
A second judicial review, of Lambeth's decision to allow a variation of the lease on the South Bank, was dismissed in September 2016 

Lease and permission
On 25 September 2015, Lambeth Council suspended negotiations with the Garden Bridge Trust over the terms of the lease, which would be required at the South Bank end of the bridge  Lambeth's position was that funds for the bridge should not be provided by Transport for London, that the £30m of funding from Transport for London was not justified, and that Lambeth would permit the bridge only if it was assured that the project's funds would not be taken from Transport for London  Negotiations were resolved in November 2015 However, in March 2016 it was reported that Lambeth Council had put the necessary lease modifications in place  Permission from the Coin Street Community Builders, a housing trust which holds a long-term lease over part of the land needed to construct the southern approaches, was also required for the bridge's construction  In March 2016, in "a last ditch" attempt to stop the bridge, local politicians wrote to the housing trust urging it to refuse permission, although the housing trust indicated that it was not in a position to oppose the decisions of elected governments The planning permission for the bridge had been due to expire in December 2017 

Project collapse
Hodge report
Margaret Hodge's report for the Mayor of London was published in April 2017  It found that: there had been multiple failings from the start; the business case for construction of the bridge was weak; the purpose of the bridge was confused and unclear; the Garden Bridge Trust had raised only £69m in private pledges of funding; the final cost if built would now exceed £200m of capital expenditure, excluding the amount of any possible endowment for maintenance; the project was controversial and unpopular and the Garden Bridge Trust was unlikely to be able to raise the money, and that taxpayers should accept the loss of public money already spent that would result from cancelling the project and avoid further waste of public funds  She also concluded that the appointments in 2013 of Heatherwick Studio (for design and consulting services) and Arup (for engineering and project management services) "were not open, fair or competitive procurements … and [her review had] revealed systematic failures and ineffective control systems at many levels"  Architecture critic Rowan Moore described the project as "a landmark of the post-truth era" and a vanity project by Boris Johnson 

Refusal of mayoral guarantee
In response to the Hodge report, Mayor of London Sadiq Khan, Johnson's successor, announced on 28 April 2017 that he would not provide a guarantee for the future running costs of the bridge, due to concerns about the project's financial viability  Since the guarantee was a condition of planning permission, the mayor's refusal had the effect of ending the project 

Formal abandonment
On 14 August 2017 after months of uncertainty the Garden Bridge Trust entirely abandoned the project  The BBC London transport correspondent Tom Edwards described the situation as a shambles which was "an embarrassing mess for the capital     already descend[ing] into finger pointing and a blame game over who is culpable for wasting £46 4m of public money"  In February 2019 it was revealed that the total public cost had been £43m 
Passage 3:
York Road, Lambeth
York Road is a road in Lambeth, London, running between Westminster Bridge Road (south) and Waterloo Road (north)  To the west is the old County Hall, Shell Centre, Jubilee Gardens and, beyond, the London Eye and the River Thames  Waterloo station is located on the road's eastern edge, as well as the former Waterloo International Eurostar terminal and General Lying-In Hospital  The London IMAX cinema is located within the Bullring roundabout at the northern end of the road, on a site previously occupied by Cardboard City for the homeless 
The road forms part of the A3200 
Passage 4:
Waterloo Bridge (1940 film)
Waterloo Bridge is a 1940 American drama film and the remake of the 1931 film also called Waterloo Bridge, adapted from the 1930 play Waterloo Bridge  In an extended flashback narration, it recounts the story of a dancer and an army captain who meet by chance on Waterloo Bridge  The film was made by Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer, directed by Mervyn LeRoy and produced by Sidney Franklin and Mervyn LeRoy  The screenplay is by S  N  Behrman, Hans Rameau and George Froeschel, based on the Broadway drama by Robert E  Sherwood  The music is by Herbert Stothart and cinematography by Joseph Ruttenberg 
The film stars Robert Taylor and Vivien Leigh  It was a success at the box office and nominated for two Academy Awards: Best Music for Herbert Stothart and Best Cinematography  It was also considered a personal favorite by both Leigh and Taylor 
In 1956, it was remade again as Gaby, which starred Leslie Caron and John Kerr 

Plot
After Britain's declaration of war in World War II, army colonel Roy Cronin is driven to London's Waterloo station on his way to France, and briefly alights on Waterloo Bridge to reminisce about events that occurred during World War I when he met Myra Lester, whom he had planned to marry  While Roy gazes at a good-luck charm, a billiken that she had given him, the story unfolds 
Roy, a captain in the Rendleshire Fusiliers on his way to the front, and Myra, a ballerina, serendipitously meet crossing Waterloo Bridge during an air raid, striking up an immediate rapport while taking shelter  Myra invites Roy to attend that evening's ballet performance and an enamored Roy ignores an obligatory dinner with his colonel  Roy sends a note to Myra to join him after the performance, but the note is intercepted by the mistress of the ballet troupe, the tyrannical Madame Olga, who forbids Myra from having any relationship with Roy  Despite the admonition, they meet at a romantic night spot  Roy has to travel to the front immediately and proposes marriage, but wartime circumstances prevent them from marrying immediately  Roy assures Myra that his family will look after her while he is away  Madame Olga learns of Myra's disobedience and dismisses her from the troupe along with fellow dancer Kitty when she scolds Olga for spoiling Myra's happiness 
The young women share a small flat  Unable to find work, they soon become penniless  Roy's mother Lady Margaret Cronin and Myra arrange to meet for an introduction  Awaiting Lady Margaret's belated arrival at a tearoom, Myra scans a newspaper and faints after finding Roy listed among the war dead  Shocked and bewildered, Myra is offered a tall brandy by the receptionist to help bring her around  Sitting alone, Myra swallows a large amount of brandy just as Lady Margaret appears  Unable to disclose the dreadful news, Myra's banal and incoherent conversation is unsettling to her prospective mother-in-law, who withdraws without seeking further explanation  Myra faints again and falls ill with grief  The two young ladies’ economic situation becomes dire  To cover their expenses, her flatmate Kitty becomes a streetwalker  Myra believed that Kitty was working as a stage performer but then learns what her friend has done  Feeling that she has alienated Lady Margaret and having no desire to live, the heartbroken Myra joins her friend Kitty and resorts to prostitution as well  A year passes 
While offering herself to soldiers on leave arriving at Waterloo Station, Myra sees Roy, who is alive and well  He had been wounded and held as a prisoner of war  A reconciliation occurs that is joyous for Roy but bittersweet for Myra  The couple travel to the family estate in Scotland to visit Lady Margaret, who deduces the misunderstanding that occurred at the tearoom  Myra is also accepted by Roy's uncle, the Duke, but he inadvertently feeds her guilt by saying that she could never do anything to bring shame or dishonour to the family  Confronted with the possibility of a scandal and the seeming impossibility of a happy marriage, Myra decides that breaking off the engagement is her only choice  Myra discloses the truth to a compassionate Lady Margaret but is unable to believe herself worthy of marrying Roy  Myra leaves behind a goodbye note and returns to London  Roy follows, with the aid of Kitty, hoping to find her despite discovering the truth in the process  Myra is depressed and returns to Waterloo Bridge, where she commits suicide by walking into the path of an oncoming truck 
In the present day, the older Roy reminisces about Myra's sincere final profession of love that was only for him and no other  He tucks her charm into his coat pocket and gets driven away in his car 

Cast
Vivien Leigh as Myra Lester
Robert Taylor as Roy Cronin
Virginia Field as Kitty
Maria Ouspenskaya as Madame Olga Kirowa
C  Aubrey Smith as The Duke
Lucile Watson as Lady Margaret Cronin
Janet Shaw as Maureen
Janet Waldo as Elsa
Steffi Duna as Lydia
Virginia Carroll as Sylvia
Leda Nicova as Marie
Florence Baker as Beatrice
Margery Manning as Mary
Frances MacInerney as Violet
Eleanor Stewart as Grace
Gilbert Emery as Colonel (uncredited)
Halliwell Hobbes as Vicar (uncredited)
Harry Stubbs as Proprietor (uncredited)

Production
MGM bought the 1931 version of Waterloo Bridge from Universal Studios in order to produce the remake  From its initial release, the 1931 film had been censored in major American cities because of objections to the portrayal of prostitution  The censorship was imposed first by local authorities, such as a Chicago police censorship board, before enforcement by the Hays Office in 1934 made it impossible to exhibit the film anywhere in the United States 

Prostitution is a subject that neither our Ordinance nor Commissioner Alcock permits us to leave in pictures whether for an adult or a general permit  It is a clear violation of all our standards and also, we had understood, a violation of the underlying purpose of the [Motion Picture Production] Code 
Because of the Motion Picture Production Code, which had not been in effect when the 1931 film version was made, plot details of the 1940 version were significantly changed and somewhat sanitized  In the original play and film, based on Sherwood's personal experiences, both characters are Americans; Myra is an unemployed chorus girl who has turned to prostitution and Roy is a callow 19-year-old expatriate who does not realize how she makes money  However, in the 1940 version, both are British, Myra a promising ballerina in a prestigious dance company who becomes a prostitute only after believing that her sweetheart has been killed and Roy a mature officer of Scottish nobility  In the original film, Myra is accidentally killed after her situation with Roy has apparently been happily resolved; in the 1940 version, she commits suicide when her inner conflict becomes insurmountable  The flashback format of the 1940 version was a device added in acknowledgment of the recent onset of war when the script was written in 1939 
Waterloo Bridge capitalized on Leigh's success the previous year in Gone with the Wind  Taylor was eager to show audiences that he was more than the suave and youthful lover whom he had played in such films as Camille and Three Comrades  Leigh wanted Laurence Olivier for the role of Roy Cronin and was unhappy that Taylor had been cast in the part, although she had enjoyed him on the set of A Yank at Oxford  She wrote to her husband Leigh Holman: "Robert Taylor is the man in the picture, and as it was written for Larry, it's a typical piece of miscasting  I am afraid it will be a dreary job     " Taylor later said of his performance: "It was the first time I really gave a performance that met the often unattainable standards I was always setting for myself " Of Leigh, Taylor said, "Miss Leigh was simply great in her role, and she made me look better " Of all her films, Leigh stated Waterloo Bridge was her favorite  Taylor also named the film as his personal favorite 
Ethel Griffies and Rita Carlisle (then Carlyle), cast respectively in the 1931 film as Myra's landlady and a woman on the bridge when they meet, appear in the 1940 version in similar roles 

Reception
Waterloo Bridge opened in New York and shortly after in London to positive reviews In a contemporary review for The New York Times, critic Bosley Crowther was effusive in his praise for Vivien Leigh: "Let there be no doubt about it  Vivien Leigh is as fine an actress as we have on the screen today  Maybe even the finest, and that's a lot to say  Plenty of skeptics are still mumbling that her Scarlett O'Hara was a freak, that any one could have played it with such a wide-open field  We know all about them—and we know, too, about the unreconstructed dissidents  So this is an urgent hint that they     see this remarkable Miss Leigh in her first picture since 'Gone With the Wind ' If they are not then convinced, we will cover ourself with a sack "When the film was released in China in November 1940, it was enormously popular  As a result, the story became a standard of Shanghai opera and the song "Auld Lang Syne" became widely known in China The film was nominated by the American Film Institute for inclusion in its 2002 list AFI's 100 Years   100 Passions 

Box office
According to MGM records, the film earned $1,250,000 in the U S  and Canada and $1,217,000 elsewhere, resulting in a profit of $491,000 

Radio adaptations
Waterloo Bridge was dramatized as a half-hour radio play on two broadcasts of The Screen Guild Theater, the first on January 12, 1941 with Brian Aherne and Joan Fontaine and the second on September 9, 1946 with Barbara Stanwyck and Robert Taylor  It was also presented as a half-hour broadcast of Screen Directors Playhouse on September 28, 1951 with Norma Shearer 
Passage 5:
Waterloo Bridge
Waterloo Bridge () is a road and foot traffic bridge crossing the River Thames in London, between Blackfriars Bridge and Hungerford Bridge and Golden Jubilee Bridges  Its name commemorates the victory of the British, Dutch and Prussians at the Battle of Waterloo in 1815  Thanks to its location at a strategic bend in the river, the bridge offers good views of Westminster, the South Bank and the London Eye to the west, and of the City of London and Canary Wharf to the east 

History
First bridge
The first bridge on the site was designed in 1807–10 by John Rennie for the Strand Bridge of Life and opened in 1817 as a toll bridge  The granite bridge had nine arches, each of 120 feet (36 6 m) span, separated by double Doric stone columns, and was 2,456 feet (748 6 m) long, including approaches–1,240 feet (378 0 m) between abutments–and 42 feet (12 8 m) wide between the parapets  Before its opening it was known as the Strand Bridge 
During the 1840s the bridge gained a reputation as a popular place for suicide attempts  In 1841, the American daredevil Samuel Gilbert Scott was killed while performing an act in which he hung by a rope from a scaffold on the bridge  In 1844 Thomas Hood wrote the poem "The Bridge of Sighs", which concerns the suicide of a prostitute there The bridge was depicted by the French Impressionist Claude Monet in his series of 41 works from 1900 to 1904, and by the English Romantic John Constable, whose painting depicting its opening is displayed at Anglesey Abbey in Cambridgeshire The bridge was nationalised in 1878 and placed under the control of the Metropolitan Board of Works, which removed the toll from it 
Michael Faraday tried in 1832 to measure the potential difference between each side of the bridge caused by the ebbing salt water flowing through the Earth's magnetic field using magnetohydrodynamics 
Serious problems were found in Rennie's bridge piers from 1884 onward, after scour from the river flow (which had increased following the demolition of Old London Bridge) damaged their foundations  By the 1920s the problems had increased, and settlement at pier five necessitated the closure of the whole bridge while some heavy superstructure was removed and temporary reinforcements were put in place In 1925, a temporary steel framework was built on top of the existing bridge and then placed next to it for the use of southbound vehicles (the postcard image shows this, and the settlement especially to the left of the fifth pier) 

Second bridge
In the 1930s London County Council decided to demolish the bridge and replace it with a new structure designed by Sir Giles Gilbert Scott  The engineers were Ernest Buckton and John Cuerel of Rendel Palmer & Tritton  The project was placed on hold due to the Second World War 
Scott, by his own admission, was no engineer, and his design, with reinforced concrete beams (illustrated) under the footways, leaving the road to be supported by transverse slabs, was difficult to implement  The pairs of spans on each side of the river were supported by beams continuous over their piers, and these were cantilevered out at their ends to support the centre span and the short approach slabs at the banks  The beams were shaped "to look as much like arches as     beams can"  They are clad in Portland stone, which is cleaned by rain  To guard against the possibility of further subsidence from scour, each pier was given a number of jacks that can be used to level the structure Construction of the new bridge began in 1937 and it was partially opened on Tuesday 11 March 1942 and "officially opened" in September 1942  However, it was not fully completed until 1945  It is the only Thames bridge to have been damaged by German bombers during the Second World War 
The building contractor was Peter Lind & Company  At the outbreak of war, despite an immediate order being issued by the Ministry of Transport, that the bridge construction was of national importance, the supply of male labour to execute the heavy works became acute  From the start of the war through to the bridge completion, women became the preponderant members of the construction workforce  This resulted in the project being referred to for many years as "The Ladies' Bridge"  Lind used elm wood from the old bridge for the dining room floor of Hamstone House, his house that he commissioned and built in 1938 at St George's Hill in Surrey Georgi Markov, a Bulgarian dissident, was assassinated on Waterloo Bridge on 7 September 1978 by agents of the Bulgarian secret police, the Committee for State Security, possibly assisted by the Soviet security agency, the KGB  He was killed with a poisoned pellet possibly fired from an umbrella 

Reuse of original parts
Granite stones from the original bridge were subsequently "presented to various parts of the British world to further historic links in the British Commonwealth of Nations"  Two of these stones are in Canberra, the capital city of Australia, sited between the parallel spans of the Commonwealth Avenue Bridge, one of two major crossings of Lake Burley Griffin in the heart of the city  Stones from the bridge were also used to build a monument in Wellington, New Zealand, to Paddy the Wanderer, a dog that roamed the wharves from 1928 to 1939 and was befriended by seamen, watersiders, Harbour Board workers and taxi drivers  The monument, built in 1945, is on Queens Wharf, opposite the Wellington Museum  It includes a bronze likeness of Paddy, a drinking fountain, and drinking bowls below for dogs Another piece of the stone is situated under the sundial in the Wellington Boat Harbour Park, next to Clyde Quay Marina, an area of historical significance in Wellington Harbour  Several stone balusters from the demolished bridge were sent in the late 1930s by the author Dornford Yates to be used in his French home 'Cockade', but the Fall of France in 1940 interrupted this project  They were shipped after the war to his new house in Umtali, Rhodesia (now Mutare, Zimbabwe) 
Recovered timbers from the bridge were used for shelves and wall panels in the library at Anglesey Abbey 

Geography
The south end of the bridge is in the area known as the South Bank, which includes the Royal Festival Hall, London Waterloo, Queen Elizabeth Hall and the Royal National Theatre, as well as the BFI Southbank, which is directly beneath the bridge 
The north end of the bridge passes above the Victoria Embankment where the road joins the Strand and Aldwych alongside Somerset House  This end housed the southern portal of the Kingsway Tramway Subway until the late 1950s 
The entire bridge was given Grade II* listed structure protection in 1981 The nearest London Underground station is Temple, the nearest National Rail station is London Waterloo 

In popular culture
Robert E  Sherwood's play Waterloo Bridge (1930), the story of a soldier who falls in love and marries a woman he meets on the bridge in an air raid during the First World War, was made into films released in 1931, 1940 and 1956  The second of these film versions starred Vivien Leigh and Robert Taylor 
"After the Lunch", a poem by Wendy Cope about two lovers parting on Waterloo Bridge, now forms the lyric of the song "Waterloo Bridge" by Jools Holland and Louise Marshall 
The bridge features in the film A Window in London (1940)  The hero, played by Michael Redgrave, is a crane driver who is working on the construction of the bridge  Images can be seen of the incomplete rebuilding work in progress 
The bridge features in scenes at the beginning and end of the film Alfie (1966), starring Michael Caine  In the final scene of the film the title character is seen crossing the bridge followed by a stray dog 
The song "Waterloo Sunset" by the British band The Kinks tells of living in London and watching life from Waterloo Bridge 
A scene in "The Great Game", an episode of the BBC television series Sherlock, takes place beneath the bridge's northern side, where members of Sherlock's network of homeless informants congregate 
The bridge features in the closing scene of the 1996 film Trainspotting 
The bridge, when still a toll-bridge, and its toll-keeper feature in Dickens’s essay ‘Down with the Tide (1853) 
It is featured in the Mario Kart games Mario Kart Tour and Mario Kart 8 Deluxe as part of the London Loop racecourse 

See also
List of crossings of the River Thames
List of bridges in London
Passage 6:
London Eye
The London Eye, or the Millennium Wheel, is a cantilevered observation wheel on the South Bank of the River Thames in London  It is Europe's tallest cantilevered observation wheel, and the most popular paid tourist attraction in the United Kingdom with over three million visitors annually  It has made many appearances in popular culture 
The structure is 135 metres (443 ft) tall and the wheel has a diameter of 120 metres (394 ft)  When it opened to the public in 2000 it was the world's tallest Ferris wheel  Its height was surpassed by the 140 metres (459 ft) Sun of Moscow in 2022, the 160 metres (525 ft) Star of Nanchang in 2006, the 165 metres (541 ft) Singapore Flyer in 2008, the 167 metres (548 ft) High Roller (Las Vegas) in 2014, and the 250 metres (820 ft) Ain Dubai in 2021  Supported by an A-frame on one side only, unlike these taller examples, the Eye is described by its operators as "the world's tallest cantilevered observation wheel"  The Eye offered the highest public viewing point in London until it was superseded by the 245-metre-high (804 ft) observation deck on the 72nd floor of The Shard in early 2013 The London Eye adjoins the western end of Jubilee Gardens (previously the site of the former Dome of Discovery), on the South Bank of the River Thames between Westminster Bridge and Hungerford Bridge beside County Hall, in the London Borough of Lambeth  The nearest tube station is Waterloo 

History
Design and construction
The London Eye was designed by the husband-and-wife team of Julia Barfield and David Marks of Marks Barfield Architects Mace was responsible for construction management, with Hollandia as the main steelwork contractor and Tilbury Douglas as the civil contractor  Consulting engineers Tony Gee & Partners designed the foundation works while Beckett Rankine designed the marine works Nathaniel Lichfield and Partners assisted The Tussauds Group in obtaining planning and listed building consent to alter the wall on the South Bank of the Thames  They also examined and reported on the implications of a Section 106 agreement attached to the original contract, and also prepared planning and listed building consent applications for the permanent retention of the attraction, which involved the co-ordination of an Environmental Statement and the production of a planning supporting statement detailing the reasons for its retention 
The rim of the Eye is supported by tensioned steel cables and resembles a huge spoked bicycle wheel  The lighting was re-done with LED lighting from Color Kinetics in December 2006 to allow digital control of the lights as opposed to the manual replacement of gels over fluorescent tubes The wheel was constructed in sections which were floated up the Thames on barges and assembled lying flat on piled platforms in the river  Once the wheel was complete it was lifted into an upright position by a strand jack system made by Enerpac  It was first raised at 2 degrees per hour until it reached 65 degrees, then left in that position for a week while engineers prepared for the second phase of the lift  The project was European with major components coming from six countries: the steel was supplied from the UK and fabricated in The Netherlands by the Dutch company Hollandia, the cables came from Italy, the bearings came from Germany (FAG/Schaeffler Group), the spindle and hub were cast in the Czech Republic, the capsules were made by Poma in France (and the glass for these came from Italy), and the electrical components from the UK 

Opening
The London Eye was formally opened by the Prime Minister Tony Blair on 31 December 1999, but did not open to the paying public until 9 March 2000 because of a capsule clutch problem The London Eye was originally intended as a temporary attraction, with a five-year lease  In December 2001, operators submitted an application to Lambeth Council to give the London Eye permanent status, and the application was granted in July 2002 On 5 June 2008 it was announced that 30 million people had ridden the London Eye since it opened 

Passenger capsules
The wheel's 32 sealed and air-conditioned ovoidal passenger capsules, designed and supplied by Poma, are attached to the external circumference of the wheel and rotated by electric motors  The capsules are numbered from 1 to 33, excluding number 13 for superstitious reasons  Each of the 10-tonne (11-short-ton) capsules represents one of the London Boroughs, and holds up to 25 people, who are free to walk around inside the capsule, though seating is provided  The wheel rotates at 26 cm (10 in) per second (about 0 9 km/h or 0 6 mph) so that one revolution takes about 30 minutes, giving a theoretical capacity of 1,600 passengers per hour  It does not usually stop to take on passengers; the rotation rate is slow enough to allow passengers to walk on and off the moving capsules at ground level  It is stopped to allow disabled or elderly passengers time to embark and disembark safely In 2009 the first stage of a £12 5 million capsule upgrade began  Each capsule was taken down and floated down the river to Tilbury Docks in Essex On 2 June 2013 a passenger capsule was named the Coronation Capsule to mark the 60th anniversary of the coronation of Queen Elizabeth II In March 2020, the London Eye celebrated its 20th birthday by turning several of its pods into experiences themed around London  The experiences included a pub in a capsule, a west end theatre pod and a garden party with flower arrangements to represent the eight London Royal parks 

Ownership and branding
Marks Barfield (the lead architects), The Tussauds Group, and British Airways were the original owners of the London Eye  Tussauds bought out British Airways' stake in 2005 and then Marks Barfield's stake in 2006 to become sole owner 
In May 2007, the Blackstone Group purchased The Tussauds Group which was then the owner of the Eye; Tussauds was merged with Blackstone's Merlin Entertainments and disappeared as an entity  British Airways continued its brand association, but from the beginning of 2008 the name British Airways was dropped from the logo On 12 August 2009, the London Eye saw another rebrand, this time being called "The Merlin Entertainments London Eye"  A refurbished ticket hall and 4D cinema experience were designed by architect Kay Elliott working with project designer Craig Sciba, and Simex-Iwerks as the 4D theatre hardware specialists  The film was written and directed by Julian Napier and produced by Phil Streather In January 2011, a lighting-up ceremony marked the start of a three-year deal between EDF Energy and Merlin Entertainments Coca-Cola began to sponsor the London Eye from January 2015  On the day the sponsorship was announced the London Eye was lit in red In February 2020, lastminute com replaced Coca-Cola as the sponsor  Grammy Award-winning singer Meghan Trainor performed at the launch party on a boat overlooking the London Eye In March 2020, the wheel was illuminated blue every Thursday at 8pm in support of the National Health Service as part of the ‘Clap for our Carers’ campaign created during the COVID-19 pandemic 

Financial difficulties
On 20 May 2005, there were reports of a leaked letter showing that the South Bank Centre (SBC)—owners of part of the land on which the struts of the Eye are located—had served a notice to quit on the attraction along with a demand for an increase in rent from £64,000 per year to £2 5 million, which the operators rejected as unaffordable On 25 May 2005, London mayor Ken Livingstone vowed that the landmark would remain in London  He also pledged that if the dispute was not resolved he would use his powers to ask the London Development Agency to issue a compulsory purchase order  The land in question is a small part of the Jubilee Gardens, which was given to the SBC for £1 when the Greater London Council was broken up 
The South Bank Centre and the British Airways London Eye agreed on a 25-year lease on 8 February 2006 after a judicial review over the rent dispute  The lease agreement meant that the South Bank Centre, a publicly funded charity, would receive at least £500,000 a year from the attraction, the status of which is secured for the foreseeable future  Tussauds also announced the acquisition of the entire one-third interests of British Airways and Marks Barfield in the Eye as well as the outstanding debt to BA  These agreements gave Tussauds 100% ownership and resolved the debt from the Eye's construction loan from British Airways, which stood at more than £150 million by mid-2005 and had been charging an interest rate of 25% per annum 

Critical reception
Sir Richard Rogers, winner of the 2007 Pritzker Architecture Prize, wrote of the London Eye in a book about the project:The Eye has done for London what the Eiffel Tower did for Paris, which is to give it a symbol and to let people climb above the city and look back down on it  Not just specialists or rich people, but everybody  That's the beauty of it: it is public and accessible, and it is in a great position at the heart of London Big City Review wrote that: If you're an amateur or professional photographer, the London Eye delivers the chance to get breathtaking photos of the city of London  The ride moves so slow which enables one to have ample opportunity to shoot photos and video from all angles  When your [sic] done shooting your photos, the ride's slow speed lets you just sit back and take in the incredible views of London  From the time your carriage reaches the highest point your breath will have been take away  That is why the London Eye is worth visiting 

Transport links
The nearest London Underground station is Waterloo, although Charing Cross, Embankment, and Westminster are also within easy walking distance Connection with National Rail services is made at London Waterloo station and London Waterloo East station 
London River Services operated by Thames Clippers and City Cruises stop at the London Eye Pier 
Passage 7:
Waterloo Bridge (play)
Waterloo Bridge: A play in two acts is a 1930 play by Robert E  Sherwood   It premiered on Broadway January 6, 1930 and ran until March 1930  It was the basis for three separate films: Waterloo Bridge (1931), Waterloo Bridge (1940), and Gaby (1956)  It is based on the author's experiences during World War I 

Plot
American chorus girl Myra Deauville is stuck in 1917 London at the height of World War I, unable to find work and book passage home  She resorts to prostitution to support herself  She meets her clients on Waterloo Bridge, the primary entry point into the city for soldiers on leave  There she meets fellow American Roy Cronin, a young soldier in the Canadian Army on convalescent leave after being wounded in France, and impressed by his innocence, invites him to her apartment for tea instead of soliciting his business  Afterwards she sends him away  The next day Myra's friend and neighbor Kitty finds Roy waiting for Myra in her room  Unaware that Kitty is also a prostitute and that their landlady, Mrs  Hobley, has been forced to run her house as a brothel because her husband is a prisoner-of-war, Roy is persuaded that Myra needs his protection 
Kitty hints that Roy should ask Myra to marry him and tries to convince Myra to accept a proposal, justifying the idea as an expedient of survival  Rationalizing that Myra will make a soldier happy for a few days, Kitty tells her that she owes it to herself as an honest resolution to a predicament she did not create  Mrs  Hobley learns that Roy is flush with back pay and encourages Myra so Roy will pay her delinquent rent  The gullible Roy is worried that he will be sent to Camp Bramshott at any moment to prepare for return to the front and proposes  Myra accepts, but then sneaks away when she feels guilty  Restored to duty, Roy assigns part of his pay to her and names her as the beneficiary of his life insurance  Mrs  Hobley, in need of self-justification, tells Roy that her "Christian duty" compels her to warn him that Myra is a "harlot"  Roy accepts the truth as a reality of the times and rejects her warning  Crossing the bridge on his way to the railway station, he meets Myra again and makes her promise to accept the allotment and sign for the life insurance benefit  After he leaves for Bramshott, Myra remains on the bridge, lighting a cigarette, just as a German air raid begins, and she is killed 

Production
Sherwood based his play on his own wartime experience of a chance meeting with an American chorus girl in London in November 1918  Recovering from wounds in battle, Sherwood had gone to Trafalgar Square to join the celebration of the armistice ending the war and found himself next to "a very short and very pretty girl" wearing a small silk American flag pinned to her blouse  The girl described her circumstances as similar to those later attributed to Myra and invited Sherwood to her flat, but he forgot her address and never met her again  Sherwood, through Roy, expressed his realization that Myra and others like her were civilian victims of war The Broadway production was a two-act two-set play (the bridge and Myra's flat) that opened on January 6, 1930 at the Fulton Theatre, where it ran for only 64 performances  Despite the fact it was neither a critical nor commercial success, film producer Carl Laemmle, Jr  considered it a prestige project and purchased the film rights for Universal Pictures 
Passage 8:
Savoy Place
Savoy Place is a large red brick building on the north bank of the River Thames in the City of Westminster  It is on a street called Savoy Place; Savoy Hill and Savoy Street run along the sides of the building up to the Strand  In front is the Victoria Embankment, part of the Thames Embankment  Close by are Savoy Hill House (best known for accommodating the BBC Savoy Hill recording studios), the Savoy Hotel and Waterloo Bridge  There are commanding views over to the South Bank and the London Eye 

History
The Savoy Place is located at a site originally called Savoy Manor, taking its name from Peter II, Count of Savoy  He was given the land by Henry III on 12 February 1246 and built a palace on the site  After his death in 1268, the property was left to a French hospice  The Savoy Palace was extended by successive Earls of Lancaster and John of Gaunt, but was burnt down during the Peasants' Revolt of 1381  The palace was modified to become a prison in the 15th century In 1509, Henry VII left money in his will for a hospital  This was completed on the site in 1517 but it fell into decline and eventually became a military barracks and prison 
Various religious institutions were based on the site, including a Jesuit school  The area was also a retreat for Huguenots families  In 1723, a German Lutheran church was built on part of the site, but demolished in 1877 for the construction of the Thames Embankment 

Current building
The current building, completed in 1889, was built to serve as an examination hall for the Royal College of Physicians and the Royal College of Surgeons  The foundation stone at the front of the building was laid by Queen Victoria on 24 March 1886 
On 1 June 1909, the Institution of Electrical Engineers bought the lease and various alterations were carried out by H  Percy Adams and Charles Holden  The building is currently the headquarters for the Institution of Engineering and Technology (IET), formed from the Institution of Electrical Engineers (IEE) and the Institution of Incorporated Engineers (IIE) in 2006 Outside the building, there is a statue of the leading Victorian scientist Michael Faraday by the Irish sculptor John Henry Foley (1818–1874) 

Savoy Hill House
Behind Savoy Place is a building originally known as Lancaster House and later as Savoy Mansions  It was built in 1880 by the Savoy Building Company  Occupants included beer merchants, architects, solicitors, and even Turkish baths in the basement In 1923, the newly created British Broadcasting Company (BBC) leased spare space for its Savoy Hill broadcasting studios with the transmissions taking place from Marconi House in the Strand  The original two studios were increased to nine until in 1932 the BBC left the premises when it moved to the larger purpose-built Broadcasting House  Savoy Hill was bought by the IEE in 1984 and is now known as Savoy Hill House 

See also
List of eponymous roads in London
Savoy Chapel
Savoy Theatre
Passage 9:
Waterloo Helmet
The Waterloo Helmet (also known as the Waterloo Bridge Helmet) is a pre-Roman Celtic bronze ceremonial horned helmet with repoussé decoration in the La Tène style, dating to circa 150–50 BC, that was found in 1868 in the River Thames by Waterloo Bridge in London, England  It is now on display at the British Museum in London 

Discovery
The helmet was dredged from the bed of the River Thames close to Waterloo Bridge in 1868, and in March of the same year it was given on loan to the British Museum by Thames Conservancy  In 1988 its successor body, the Port of London Authority, donated the helmet to the British Museum 

Description
The main part of the helmet is constructed from two sheets of bronze, one forming the front and one the back of the helmet, that are riveted together at the sides and top  A separate crescent-shaped bronze piece is riveted to the bottom of the front sheet, and two conical bronze horns with terminal knobs are riveted to the top of the helmet   A decorative strip with a row of rivets overlays the join between the front and back sheets, and goes around the base of the horns  At the end of the strip, on both sides of the helmet, is a ring fitting for a chin-strap or cheekpiece  There are a number of small holes around the bottom edge, which may have been used to attach a lining The helmet was decorated with six bronze studs, one of which is now missing, three on the front and three on the back  These have cross scores on them that suggest they were designed to hold red glass enamel studs, but these are no longer present There is also a repoussé decoration in the La Tène style on the front and back of the helmet  The design is similar to that on the Snettisham Great Torc 

Purpose
Being made from thin bronze sheets, the helmet would have been too fragile for use in battle, and so it was probably intended to be used for ceremonial or parade purposes  In this respect it is similar to Iron Age bronze shields that have been found, which would not have been effective against contemporary weapons and could only have been used for display purposes   Alternatively, it has been suggested that the helmet is in any case too small for most adult males, and may have been worn by a wooden statue of a Celtic deity It is thought that the reason why the Waterloo Helmet and ceremonial bronze shields such as the Battersea Shield and Witham Shield were all found in rivers is that they were thrown into the river as votive offerings to the gods 

Importance
The Waterloo Helmet is one of only three Iron Age helmets found in England and also the only horned helmet dating to the Iron Age to have been found anywhere in Europe  However, there are several Iron Age depictions of people wearing horned helmets from elsewhere in Europe  There are some carvings of Gauls wearing horned helmets on the triumphal arch at Orange, France, dating to c 55 BC, but these are very different from the Waterloo Helmet  Whereas the Waterloo Helmet has straight, conical horns with a broad base that are stylised representations of animal horns, the helmets depicted on the carvings at Orange show realistic, curved bull's horns between which is placed an upright wheel  Similar to the depictions on the triumphal arch of Orange is the image of a leaping figure wearing a horned helmet and holding a wheel on the Gundestrup cauldron from Denmark, dating to the 1st century BC  This helmet is of a different shape from the Waterloo Helmet, and the horns are curved like those at Orange, but like the Waterloo Helmet the horns of the helmet are not sharply pointed, but are fitted with terminal knobs  An Iron Age bas-relief at Brague, near Antibes in France, also shows representations of people wearing horned helmets Despite the depictions of horned helmets on the triumphal arch of Orange and elsewhere, the Waterloo Helmet remains the only known example of an actual horned helmet from this period, and other Iron Age helmets that have been found, such as the Canterbury helmet and the Meyrick Helmet from northern Britain, are hornless  Nevertheless, influenced by the iconic features of the Waterloo Helmet, modern artistic interpretations of Iron Age people tend to show them wearing horned helmets, which has led Miranda Aldhouse-Green, professor of archaeology at Cardiff University, to comment that it is "unfortunate that it has found such a firm place in many popular reconstructions of British warriors" 

Gallery of reconstructions
See also
Canterbury helmet
Battersea shield
Wandsworth Shield
Witham Shield
Passage 10:
Waterloo Road, London
Waterloo Road is the main road in the Waterloo district of London, England straddling the boroughs of Lambeth and Southwark  It runs between Westminster Bridge Road close to St George's Circus at the south-east end and Waterloo Bridge across the River Thames towards London's West End district at the north-west end 
At the northern end near the river are the Queen Elizabeth Hall and the Hayward Gallery to the west, the National Film Theatre below the road, and the Royal National Theatre to the east  In earlier times, this was the location of Cuper's Gardens 

Just to the south in the middle of a large roundabout with underground walkways is the British Film Institute (BFI) London IMAX Cinema  Nearby to the east is the James Clerk Maxwell Building of King's College London, named in honour of the physicist James Clerk Maxwell (1831–1879), who was a professor at the college from 1860 
A little further to the south is St John's Waterloo church, designed by Francis Octavius Bedford and built in 1824 to celebrate the victory of the Napoleonic Wars  The church was firebombed in 1940 and much of the interior was destroyed  It was restored and reopened in 1951, serving as the parish church for the Festival of Britain on the South Bank nearby 

Continuing south, to the west is Waterloo station  To the east is the Union Jack Club in Sandell Street and, further on, the well-known and historic Old Vic Theatre to the south of the corner with The Cut  Also located even further south in Waterloo Road on the west side is the headquarters of the London Ambulance Service   On the opposite side is 157 Partnership House, former headquarters of USPG, CMS and other church mission/community-based organisations  Now boarded up and ready for redevelopment 
The road is designated as the A301, which continues across Waterloo Bridge 

Adjoining roads
Baylis Road
The Cut
Stamford Street
Westminster Bridge Road
York Road
St George's Circus



ground_truth: Philip K. Dick

prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: Why did the CEO of the football team based in Denver, Colorado step down in 2014?

The following are given passages.
Context 2:  From 1969 to 1971, and again from 1978 to 1979, the team wore orange pants with their white jerseys  The facemasks became white (from grey) in 1975 
The Broncos wore their white jerseys at home throughout the 1971 season, as well as for 1980 home games vs  the San Diego Chargers and Dallas Cowboys, the latter in hopes to bring out the "blue jersey jinx" which has followed the Cowboys for decades (it worked, the Broncos won 41–20)  The Broncos wore their white jerseys for 1983 home games vs  the Philadelphia Eagles, Los Angeles Raiders and Cincinnati Bengals, but did not wear white at home again for two decades — see next section In 1994, in honor of the 75th anniversary season of the NFL, the Broncos wore their 1965 throwback uniforms for two games—a Week 3 home game against the Raiders, as well a road game at the Buffalo Bills the following week 

1997–2011
The Broncos radically changed their logo and uniforms in 1997, a design that the team continues to use to this day  The new logos and uniforms were unveiled on February 4, 1997  Navy blue replaced royal blue on the team's color scheme  The current logo is a profile of a horse's head, with an orange mane and navy blue outlines  The Broncos' popular live animal mascot Thunder was the inspiration to incorporate a horse-head profile as part of the logo on the team's helmets  During a February 4, 1997, press conference introducing the new logo, the team president and the art director for Nike, who were the creators of the new design, described it as "a powerful horse with a fiery eye and mane "The Broncos began wearing navy blue jerseys, replacing their longtime orange jerseys that had been the team's predominant home jersey color since 1962  This new uniform design features a new word mark, numbering font and a streak that runs up and down the sides of both the jerseys and the pants  On the navy blue jerseys, the streak is orange, with an orange collar and white numerals trimmed in orange, while on the road white jerseys, the streak is navy blue, with a thin orange accent strip on both sides, a navy collar and navy numerals trimmed in orange; the helmet facemasks became navy blue  When they debuted, these uniforms were vilified by the press and fans, until the Broncos won their first-ever Super Bowl in the new design that same season  The navy blue jerseys served as the team's primary home jersey until the end of the 2011 season — see next section In 2002, the Broncos introduced an alternate orange jersey that is a mirror image of the aforementioned navy blue jerseys, but with orange and navy trading places  Like the road white jerseys, the white pants with the navy blue streaks running down the sides are worn with this uniform  This jersey was used only once in the 2002 and 2004 seasons, and were used twice per season from 2008 to 2011  Mike Shanahan, the team's head coach from 1995 to 2008, was not a big fan of the alternate orange jerseys  The Broncos previously wore orange jerseys as a throwback uniform in a Thanksgiving Day game at the Dallas Cowboys in 2001 The team also introduced navy blue pants in 2003, with orange side streaks to match with the navy blue jerseys  Though they were part of the uniform change in 1997 (in fact, they were worn for a couple of 1997 preseason games) and most players wanted to wear them, the only player who vetoed wearing them was John Elway, thereby delaying their eventual introduction  From 2003 to 2011, these pants were primarily used for select prime-time and late-season home games (excluding the 2008 season), and since 2012, are used exclusively with the now-alternate navy blue jerseys — see next section 
On November 16, 2003, the Broncos wore their white jerseys at home for the first time since 1983, in a game vs  the San Diego Chargers  This was compensation for a uniform mix-up, after the teams' first meeting at San Diego's Qualcomm Stadium in Week 2 earlier that season, when the Chargers were the team that was supposed to declare their uniform color  The Chargers were planning to wear their white jerseys, but the visiting Broncos came to the stadium in white, and were fined $25,000 by the NFL as a result  When the two teams met at INVESCO Field at Mile High later that season (Week 11), the NFL allowed the visiting Chargers to choose their uniform color in advance, and they chose navy blue, forcing the Broncos to wear their white jerseys at home In 2009, in honor of their 50th anniversary season as one of the eight original American Football League teams, the Broncos wore their 1960 throwback uniforms (brown helmets, mustard yellow and brown jerseys) for games against two fellow AFL rivals—a Week 5 home game vs  the New England Patriots, as well as the following week at the San Diego Chargers 

2012–present
Beginning in 2012, the orange jerseys that served as the alternate colored jerseys from 2002 to 2011 became the primary home jersey, while the navy blue jerseys that served as the primary home jersey from 1997 to 2011 switched to alternate designation  The change was made due to overwhelming popularity with the fans, who pressured the Broncos to return to orange as the team's primary home jersey color  Since the 2012 uniform change, the team has worn the alternate navy blue jerseys for at least one home game per season, with the exception of 2013, in which the Broncos wore their alternate navy blue uniforms for an October 6, 2013, road game at the Dallas Cowboys, which the Broncos won in a shootout, 51–48  The team will either wear the navy blue or the white pants — with the orange side stripes — to match with the alternate navy blue jerseys  The team initially did not wear the white pants with the orange side stripes, until a November 1, 2015, game vs  the Green Bay Packers, in which the Broncos wore said design in order to match the uniform ensemble that was used during the team's Super Bowl XXXII win over the Packers  On October 30, 2022, the Broncos debuted a new combination of white jerseys and alternate navy blue pants in an NFL London Game at the Jacksonville Jaguars, with mismatched side stripes of navy blue (white jersey) and orange (navy blue pants) As the designated home team in Super Bowl 50, the Broncos — who have a 0–4 Super Bowl record when using their standard orange jerseys — chose to wear their white jerseys as the designated "home" team In 2016, the Broncos' unveiled a new Color Rush uniform, which the team wore for a Thursday Night game at the San Diego Chargers on October 13, 2016  The uniform kit contained the following features: orange pants, which the team wore for the first time since 1979, orange socks and shoes, along with block-style numerals trimmed in navy blue that mirrored the team's 1968–1996 uniform style  Due to the NFL's one-helmet rule implemented in 2013, the helmets remained the same, with the team temporarily replacing the modern primary logo with the throwback "D-horse" logo  The same uniform was used for a Thursday night game against the Indianapolis Colts during the 2017 season and again during a 2018 game against the Pittsburgh Steelers 

Statistics and records
Season-by-season records
Players of note
Current roster
50th Anniversary Team (2009)
The Denver Broncos announced the club's 50th anniversary team on September 15, 2009  The anniversary team was voted on by users at DenverBroncos com from June 6 – September 4, 2009 

Retired numbers
† Note: No  18 was re-issued for Peyton Manning after Tripucka gave his approval; it was used by Manning from the 2012 season until his retirement after the 2015 season  Manning's name was added to the retired number's banner as an honorable mention 

Pro Football Hall of Famers
Ring of Fame
The Broncos have a Ring of Fame on the Level 5 facade of Empower Field at Mile High, which honors the following:

Super Bowl MVPs
Colorado Sports Hall of Fame
Staff and head coaches
Head coaches
The most recent head coach of the Broncos was Nathaniel Hackett  On December 26, 2022, ownership announced that Hackett had been fired after he led the team to a disappointing 4–11 record despite entering the season with high expectations 

Current staff
In the media and popular culture
Tim McKernan, a k a  Barrel Man, began wearing a barrel in 1977 after making a $10 (equivalent to $50 in 2022) bet with his brother, Scott, that by wearing one he could get on television  McKernan won the bet, and the barrel he had painted to look like an Orange Crush soda can became his signature costume, and resulted in him becoming one of the Broncos' most recognized fans and a popular mascot  McKernan died on December 5, 2009 
The animated television show South Park, set in Park County, often mentions the Denver Broncos; show creators Trey Parker and Matt Stone both grew up in Colorado as devout Broncos fans 
In The Simpsons season 5 episode Cape Feare, when the family are to be given new identities, Homer imagines himself as John Elway, scoring a (consolation) touchdown against San Francisco  Conversely, in the 1996 episode "You Only Move Twice", Hank Scorpio gives Homer Simpson the Denver Broncos as a thank-you gift for helping him  However, Homer complains that he wanted to own the Dallas Cowboys, as the Broncos team that just arrived are playing very sloppy football on his front lawn (a reference to the team losing four Super Bowl appearances, three by significant margins including Super Bowl XII against Dallas)  Incidentally, the Broncos were 13–3 in the 1996 season, and won the Super Bowl the next two seasons  Only two seasons later in the Super Bowl-centric episode "Sunday, Cruddy Sunday", Homer chooses Denver as his Super Bowl XXXIII pick over Moe's choice of the Atlanta Falcons  In the episode, "The Bonfire of the Manatees", Homer picks the Broncos to win the Super Bowl over the Seattle Seahawks  The two teams later did play against each other in Super Bowl XLVIII which aired on Fox, the U S  home of The Simpsons; but the result was a Seahawks victory instead 
In the 1979 Mork & Mindy episode "Hold That Mork", Mork's character, played by Robin Williams, became the first male cheerleader in Broncos' history  As a member of the "Pony Express", he trotted out on the field at Mile High Stadium during an actual Broncos' game vs  the New England Patriots on November 11, 1979  The episode aired exactly two weeks later 
Many former Broncos are now in broadcasting, including Shannon Sharpe, Mark Schlereth, Alfred Williams, Tom Jackson, Ed McCaffrey, Brian Griese, David Diaz-Infante, Terrell Davis and Brandon Stokley  Some former Broncos work in radio, KKFN and KDFD in Denver, Colorado 
Former tight end and wide receiver Nate Jackson has written and published two nonfiction books, Slow Getting Up and Fantasy Man  His writing about the NFL has appeared in Slate, Deadspin, The Daily Beast, The New York Times, The Wall Street Journal, and BuzzFeed, among others  Jackson also co-hosts the Caveman Poet Society 

Radio and television
The Broncos' flagship radio station is currently KOA, 850AM, a 50,000-watt station owned by iHeartMedia  Dave Logan is the play-by-play announcer, with former Broncos' wide receiver Ed McCaffrey serving as the color commentator beginning in 2012, replacing Brian Griese  Ed McCaffrey was replaced by Rick Lewis  Until 2010, preseason games not selected for airing on national television were shown on KCNC, channel 4, which is a CBS owned-and-operated station, as well as other CBS affiliates around the Rocky Mountain region  On May 26, 2011, the Broncos announced that KUSA channel 9, an NBC affiliate also known as 9NEWS in the Rocky Mountain region, will be the team's new television partner for preseason games In 2011, the Broncos began a partnership with KJMN, 92 1 FM, a leading Spanish language radio station owned by Entravision Communications (EVC)  The partnership also includes broadcasting rights for a half-hour weekly TV show on KCEC, the local Univision affiliate operated by Entravision Communications 
Passage 3:
List of Denver Broncos first-round draft picks
The Denver Broncos are a professional American football team based in Denver, Colorado  They are members of the American Football Conference West Division in the National Football League (NFL)  The franchise was formed on August 14, 1959, to compete in the American Football League (AFL)  The first AFL Draft was held three months later  The last AFL draft the Broncos participated in was the 1966 draft, due to them joining the NFL as part of the AFL–NFL merger on June 8, 1966 The Broncos first participated in the NFL Annual Player Selection Meeting, more commonly known as the NFL Draft, in 1967  In the NFL Draft, each NFL franchise annually seeks to add new players to its roster  Teams are ranked in reverse order based on the previous season's record; the worst record picks first, the second-worst picking second and so on  The two exceptions to this order are made for teams that appeared in the previous Super Bowl; the Super Bowl champion always picks 32nd, and the Super Bowl loser always picks 31st   Teams have the option of trading away their picks to other teams for different picks, players, cash, or a combination thereof   Thus, it is not uncommon for a team's actual draft pick to differ from their assigned draft pick, or for a team to have extra or no draft picks in any round due to these trades The Broncos selected Roger LeClerc, a placekicker from Trinity College, in the 1960 AFL Draft  In their first NFL Draft, the Broncos selected Floyd Little, a running back from Syracuse University  The Broncos have selected players from the University of Nebraska, University of Florida, and University of Tennessee three times each, the most from any university in the first-round  The team's most recent selections were Tim Tebow, a quarterback from Florida University and Demaryius Thomas, wide receiver from Georgia Tech  Three selections, Floyd Little, Merlin Olsen and Bob Brown, were enshrined in the Pro Football Hall of Fame in 1982 and 2004, respectively  In 1991, Mike Croel became the first Bronco to win the Defensive Rookie of the Year award, receiving 68 out of 82 votes The Broncos' latest first-round pick is University of Alabama cornerback Patrick Surtain II, who they picked 9th overall in the 2021 NFL Draft 

Key
Player selections
Footnotes
a  The Broncos traded their 1965 first-round pick along with defensive tackle Bud McFadin to the Houston Oilers for quarterback Jacky Lee 
b 1 2  On August 15, 1967, the Broncos traded their No  4 overall pick in the 1968 Draft and No  9 overall pick in the 1969 Draft to the San Diego Chargers for quarterback Steve Tensi 
c  On January 28, 1971, the Broncos traded their No  9 overall pick in the 1971 Draft and defensive end Alden Roche to the Green Bay Packers for the No  12 overall pick in the 1971 Draft and quarterback Don Horn 
d  On February 1, 1980, the Broncos traded their No  20 overall pick and a second-round pick in the 1980 Draft along with quarterback Craig Penrose to the New York Jets for quarterback Matt Robinson 
e  The Broncos traded their No  19 overall pick in the 1982 Draft to the Buffalo Bills for the No  21 overall pick and a fourth-round pick in the 1982 Draft 
f  On May 2, 1983, the Broncos traded their No  19 overall pick in the 1984 Draft along with quarterback Mark Herrmann and guard Chris Hinton to the Baltimore Colts for quarterback John Elway 
g  On October 9, 1984, the Broncos traded their No  21 overall pick and third-round pick in 1986 Draft and fifth-round pick in 1987 Draft to the Cincinnati Bengals for the draft rights of Ricky Hunley 
h  On April 23, 1989, the Broncos traded their No  13 overall pick in the 1989 Draft to the Cleveland Browns for the No  20 overall, second, fifth, and ninth-round picks in the 1989 Draft 
i  On July 7, 1989, the Broncos selected Bobby Humphrey in the 1989 Supplemental Draft; as a result, they forfeited their rights to a first-round pick in 1990 Draft 
j  The Broncos traded their No  14 overall pick and a third-round pick in the 1993 Draft to the Cleveland Browns for the No  11 overall pick 
k  On August 23, 1993, the Broncos traded their No  18 overall pick and sixth-round pick in the 1994 draft and a second-round pick in the 1995 draft to the Minnesota Vikings for offensive tackle Gary Zimmerman 
l  On April 24, 1994, the Broncos traded a third-round selection in the 1994 Draft and a first-round pick in the 1995 Draft to the Atlanta Falcons for wide receiver Mike Pritchard and a seventh-round pick in the 1995 Draft 
m  On April 12, 2000, the Broncos traded their No  10 overall pick in the 2000 Draft to the Baltimore Ravens for the No  15 overall pick and a second-round pick in the 2000 Draft 
n  On April 9, 2004, the Broncos traded No  24 overall pick in the 2004 Draft along with cornerback Deltha O'Neal and a fourth-round pick to the Cincinnati Bengals for the No  17 overall pick 
o  On April 19, 2005, the Broncos traded their No  25 overall pick in the 2005 Draft to the Washington Redskins for a third-round pick in the 2005 Draft, No  22 overall and fourth-round picks in the 2006 Draft 
p  On March 21, 2006, the Broncos traded their No  29 overall pick along with a third-round pick in the 2006 Draft and fourth-round pick in the 2007 Draft to the Atlanta Falcons for the No  15 overall pick On April 19, 2006, the Broncos traded their No  22 overall pick to the San Francisco 49ers for second and third-round picks On April 29, 2006, the Broncos traded their No  15 overall pick to the St  Louis Rams for the No  11 overall pick and a third-round pick in the 2006 Draft 
q  On April 28, 2007, the Broncos traded their No  21 overall pick along with a third and sixth-round picks to the Jacksonville Jaguars for the No  17 overall pick 
r  On April 2, 2009, the Broncos traded quarterback Jay Cutler and a fifth-round pick in the 2009 Draft to the Chicago Bears for the No  18 overall pick in the 2009 Draft along with a third-round pick in the 2009 Draft and a first-round pick in the 2010 Draft 
s  On April 22, 2010, the Patriots traded this selection to the Broncos for a first-round selection (24th overall; traded to Dallas, who selected Dez Bryant) and a fourth-round selection it acquired from San Francisco (113th overall; New England selected Aaron Hernandez) 
t  On April 22, 2010, the Ravens traded this selection to the Broncos for a second-round selection it acquired from Miami (43rd overall; Baltimore selected Sergio Kindle), a third-round selection it acquired from Philadelphia (70th overall; Baltimore selected Ed Dickson), and a fourth-round selection (114th overall; Baltimore selected Dennis Pitta) 
Passage 4:
Campbell Field (Colorado)
Campbell Field, officially Marv Kay Stadium at Harry D  Campbell Field, is an American college football stadium located in Golden, Colorado  The stadium serves as the home field of the Colorado Mines Orediggers football team representing the Colorado School of Mines  Campbell Field is one of the oldest football fields in existence, the oldest west of the Mississippi River and the oldest in NCAA Division II   Originally it was a dirt surface all-purpose athletic field in exactly its current configuration, built within a clay pit, a fitting mined-out home for the Orediggers   Its first athletic contest, held on May 20, 1893, was the first annual Colorado Inter-Collegiate Athletic Association Field Day, featuring many athletic contests between the University of Colorado, Colorado A&M, Colorado School of Mines, and the University of Denver, in which Mines claimed the most medals   Its first football game took place on October 7, 1893, a 6-0 Mines victory over the University of Denver   It has been home to the football Orediggers through all but the first five seasons of their existence (their previous home were the now-destroyed grounds at the southeast corner of 19th and Illinois streets in Golden), and has been renovated several times throughout its existence   The field was originally called Athletic Park, renamed Brooks Field after Mines trustee and benefactor Ralph D  Brooks in 1922, and renamed Campbell Field after 1939 undefeated team member and benefactor Harry D  Campbell in 2010   Campbell Field is the oldest football field in the west, the oldest in NCAA Division II football and the 5th oldest college football field in the nation 

Renovations
Historic photographs show Brooks Field as a dirt surface, without grandstands and surrounded by a board fence   Despite such conditions it is known to have hosted crowds of spectators, who could have used nearby slopes to view games from   Later early wooden grandstands were added to the park   In 1922 and 1924 the current grandstands were built by noted local builder William "Cement Bill" Williams   This featured wooden bench seats upon a steel superstructure, with home and visiting locker rooms, public restrooms and refreshment stand beneath   In 1922 the dirt surface was converted to natural grass, part of which was scraped back to dirt surface for a baseball diamond during season each year   Originally home also to the CSM baseball team, it became a primarily football facility in 1937 after baseball was moved to Darden Field just to the west   During the 1930s a Federal Emergency Relief Administration project scooped out the slopes at the west side of Brooks Field to make room to construct a track around the surface, and it has hosted track and field events since   Around the 1980s the grandstands were renovated to cover most wooden benches with metal surfaces and create a central concourse, along with steps down to the field level   In 2010, the field was converted to its third surface, synthetic turf   Plans are underway to replace the 90-year-old grandstands and update the historic field to a state-of-the-art Division II athletic facility, expanding its capacity to 5,000, to be rechristened Marv Kay Stadium at Campbell Field 

Notable Events
Campbell Field has hosted many notable athletes and teams over its many years of play   Although missing out on the legendary 103-0 victory of the Orediggers over the University of Colorado in 1890 as well as their first Colorado Football Association championship in 1891, it has hosted 14 championship football teams and more:

Campbell Field hosted the latter part of the Orediggers' 18-game football winning streak against collegiate teams that spanned from 1888–1894 
The 3rd perfect and 4th unbeaten season of the football Orediggers took place here in its inaugural season in 1893 (5-0-0, CFA Champions) 
Campbell Field hosted the latter half of the football Orediggers' streak of 6 winning seasons from 1888–1894 
CSM's earliest known football loss at Campbell Field took place in 1894 to the University of Colorado (a 20-0 shutout) 
The first live televised football game in the Rocky Mountain region took place here on November 1, 1952, a game between the Orediggers and Idaho State University 
The first live nationally televised football game in the Rocky Mountain region took place here on November 15, 1952, a game between the Orediggers and Colorado College 
The first football playoff game at Campbell Field took place on November 13, 2004 as the Orediggers beat Midwestern State University 

Notable people
Baltimore Colts (held training camp here in 1970)
Leroy Taylor Brown, Olympic silver medalist, men's high jump, Paris 1924 (trained here as Mines graduate student prior to Olympics)
Dutch Clark, Pro football hall of fame (football coach at Mines in 1933)
Dallas Cowboys (held training camp here in the 1970s)
Denver Broncos (held training camp here from 1960–1963)
Chad Friehauf, 2004 Harlon Hill Trophy winner (Mines quarterback)
Roy Hartzell, Major League Baseball utility player, St  Louis Browns, New York Highlanders/Yankees (played semipro ball for Golden Reds here)
Albert E  Jones, Major League Baseball pitcher, Cleveland Spiders, St  Louis Perfectos/Cardinals (played semipro ball for Golden Reds here)
Jack Liddle, Olympic runner, Berlin 1936 (trained here as Mines student prior to Olympics)
Lloyd Madden, National Football League player, Chicago Cardinals (played here as Mines student)
Mark Melancon, Major League Baseball pitcher, New York Yankees, Houston Astros, Boston Red Sox (played here as Golden High School football player)
Elwood Romney, Brigham Young University hall of fame basketball player and All-American, cousin of Mitt Romney (coached freshman football 1936–1939)

Championship Football Teams
The Orediggers have fielded 16 football champion teams within over a century of play:
1891 – Colorado Football Association Champions^1892 – Colorado Football Association Champions^1893 – Colorado Football Association Champions1897 – State Inter-Collegiate League Champions1898 – Colorado Football Association Champions1904 – Colorado Football Association Champions1906 – Colorado Football Association Champions1907 – Colorado Football Association Champions1912 – Rocky Mountain Athletic Conference Champions1914 – Rocky Mountain Athletic Conference Champions1918 – Rocky Mountain Athletic Conference Champions1939 – Rocky Mountain Athletic Conference Champions1942 – Rocky Mountain Athletic Conference Champions1951 – Rocky Mountain Athletic Conference Champions1958 – Rocky Mountain Athletic Conference Co-Champions2004 – Rocky Mountain Athletic Conference Champions2010 – Rocky Mountain Athletic Conference Co-Champions
^Orediggers played at original grounds south of the Mines campus in these seasons
Passage 5:
Rocky Mountain Thunder
The Indoor Professional Football League (IPFL) was the new incarnation of the Professional Indoor Football League (PIFL), which started in 1998   Two of its teams (the Madison Mad Dogs and the Green Bay Bombers) left the league and their owner, Kerry Ecklund, founded the Indoor Football League in 1999   The IPFL led a troubled three-year existence, and died after its 2001 season, with its most successful teams joining up with the National Indoor Football League 
The IPFL was unique among indoor football leagues in that it sanctioned the use of a white football, manufactured by Rawlings, which was easier to see in the artificial lighting conditions  The league's slogan was "Great Football, No Gimmicks" 
In 1999, IPFL was headed by a new commissioner, Mike Storen, and the league offices were moved to Atlanta 

IPFL 1999 teams
Before the Pro Indoor Football League folded, the league was looking into replacing the two folded franchises of Minnesota and Texas and expanding the league back to 8 teams, or even beyond, to 10 or 12, for what was supposed to be its second season   However, the league took a major hit when Madison and Green Bay left the league to form a new league called the Indoor Football League  This left the league with only four teams: Honolulu, Utah, Colorado and Louisiana  The Utah Catzz soon folded as well, leading to the demise of the Pro Indoor Football League  The Pro Indoor Football League was re-formed as the Indoor Professional Football League and the three remaining clubs from the old league; the Hawaii Hammerheads (formerly Honolulu Hurricanes), the Rocky Mountain (Colorado Springs) Thunder (formerly Colorado (Denver) Wildcats) and the Louisiana Bayou Beast were joined by three new franchises in Boise, Idaho; Biloxi, Mississippi; and Austin, Texas  The league was going to have 8 clubs, but the Arizona (Tucson) Mirage and the Syracuse Blitz folded 
Texas Terminators, 12-4
Hawaii Hammerheads, 10-6
Mississippi Fire Dogs, 9-7
Idaho Stallions, 6-10
Louisiana Bayou Beast, 6-10
Rocky Mountain Thunder, 5-11

IPFL 2000 teams
During the off season, the Indoor Professional Football League saw major changes with the loss of three of its charter franchises: Rocky Mountain, Hawaii and Texas  However, the league saw the addition of four new franchises with the fourth new addition expanding the league beyond six franchises  The new clubs were Shreveport-Bossier City, Portland (OR), Omaha and Mobile  The Indoor Professional Football League approved the relocation of the Baton Rouge-based Louisiana Bayou Beast to Alexandria, Louisiana and announced the team would be known as the Louisiana Rangers  The Bayou Beast's relocation to Alexandria left the league with no club still remaining in its city that it started operations in  Mississippi defeated Portland in the championship 
Portland Prowlers, 11-5
Mississippi Fire Dogs, 11-5
Omaha Beef, 8-8
Mobile Seagulls, 8-8
Louisiana Rangers, 9-7
Idaho Stallions, 5-11
Shreveport-Bossier Bombers, 5-11The Fort Wayne Safari was announced as an expansion team for the 2002 season, which never occurred 

IPFL 2001 teams
Championships
By year
By team
Passage 6:
Pat Bowlen
Patrick Dennis Bowlen (February 18, 1944 – June 13, 2019) was a Canadian–American lawyer, executive and the majority owner of the Denver Broncos of the National Football League (NFL), winning three Super Bowls  He was inducted in the Pro Football Hall of Fame for the class of 2019  Bowlen owned other professional sports franchises in the Denver Colorado Area  Bowlen served as the Broncos CEO from 1984 until July 2014, when he stepped down as Broncos' CEO due to the onset and progression of Alzheimer's disease 

Early life
Bowlen was born in Prairie du Chien, Wisconsin to American mother Arvella (née Woods) and Canadian father Paul Dennis Bowlen, who became a millionaire in the Canadian oil business, founding Regent Drilling as a wildcatter  The oil company is now owned by his brother John  Bowlen was Catholic and spent his childhood in Alberta  He then attended Campion High School, a Catholic Jesuit boarding school in his native Wisconsin  Bowlen later earned degrees in business (1965) and law (1968) from the University of Oklahoma  During his time at Oklahoma he played for the Oklahoma Sooners freshman football team as a wide receiver, as well as for the Edmonton Huskies junior football team, where he was part of three Canadian Junior Football League Championship teams from 1962 to 1964 The younger Bowlen became wealthier by becoming a successful lawyer in Edmonton, Alberta  Bowlen also worked as an executive for his father's company and as a real estate developer and had major investments in the mining industry  During his business career in Edmonton his construction company, Batoni-Bowlen Enterprises, built the Northlands Coliseum, which would become home to the WHA/NHL's Edmonton Oilers for 42 years 
Bowlen was an initiated member of the Pi Kappa Alpha International Fraternity  Bowlen was initiated by the University of Oklahoma, Beta Omicron chapter in 1963  Bowlen received bar admission in 1969 and was a member of the Law Society of Alberta and the Canadian Bar Association 

Denver Broncos ownership
Bowlen bought a majority interest in the Denver Broncos of the National Football League in March of 1984 from Vancouver industrialist Edgar Kaiser Jr  The purchase price was said to be $70 million, making the Broncos the highest-priced franchise in the league at the time From 1999 to 2008, Bowlen and the Broncos were involved in several legal battles against former owner Edgar Kaiser Jr  In 1998, Bowlen agreed to sell retired football legend John Elway a share in the team  When Bowlen let the existence of the offer slip out to Kaiser while both were at the 1999 Bohemian Grove, Kaiser sued, claiming a breach of contract  Kaiser asserted that he had the right of first refusal if any deal was made involving franchise ownership  In 2004, a jury ruled in favor of Kaiser and a federal judge decreed that Kaiser was entitled to purchase back 10% of the Broncos using the identical purchase terms offered to Elway  Bowlen appealed the original verdict that ruled in favor of Kaiser and won in 2008, as the appellate court ruled that the structure of the Bowlen-Elway deal did not violate the original right of first refusal agreement On December 30, 2008, Broncos head coach and Vice President of Football Operations Mike Shanahan was fired by Bowlen after a 14-year tenure as the head coach  Bowlen stated he wanted his team to go in a different direction  Bowlen searched for a new head coach over a two-week period and eventually chose Josh McDaniels, who at the time was the offensive coordinator of the New England Patriots  Subsequently, after a losing streak in the 2010 season, McDaniels was fired as head coach of the Broncos  On February 12, 2009, Bowlen appointed Brian Xanders as the team's sole general manager and fired Jim and Jeff Goodman 
Within two weeks of the end of the 2010-11 regular season, Bowlen and the Broncos had hired former Carolina Panthers' coach John Fox to be their new head coach  Although Bowlen had discussions with Fox before the hiring, new front-office executive John Elway was mostly responsible for the hiring  By late 2009, rumors had begun to emerge that Bowlen had stepped out of the spotlight because of short-term memory loss  He told The Denver Post columnist Woody Paige that his memory wasn't what it used to be and that he couldn't recall details of the Broncos back-to-back Super Bowl titles in the late 1990s  Starting in 2010, Bowlen no longer played a major role in the Broncos' decision making, and Executive VP John Elway and President Joe Ellis assumed control  On July 23, 2014, due to complications with Alzheimer's disease, he officially relinquished control of the team to Joe Ellis On November 1, 2015, Bowlen was inducted into the Broncos' Ring of Fame, earning him a bronze plaque that stands on the south side of Empower Field at Mile High After Bowlen acquired the team in 1984, the Broncos briefly held the highest winning percentage of any franchise in the National Football League (334 wins, 212 losses, and 1 tie, for a  612 winning percentage), passing the San Francisco 49ers after the 2015 season  At the time of Bowlen's death, the New England Patriots had surpassed that figure 

Colorado Crush ownership
Besides being owner and CEO of the Broncos, Bowlen was also part-owner of the Arena Football League's Colorado Crush  He shared ownership with Denver-based sports mogul Stan Kroenke and legendary Broncos quarterback John Elway  The Crush entered the AFL as an expansion franchise in 2003  After going through a 2–14 season in 2003, the team became a perennial playoff contender and one of the league's top franchises  The Crush won the Arena Football League Championship in 2005 

Denver Outlaws ownership
In 2006, Major League Lacrosse decided to expand adding the Denver Outlaws to its league of teams  The Denver Outlaws have been the most winning franchise that Bowlen has ever owned, boasting a regular-season win percentage of 69 0% since their creation  The Outlaws have been to the playoffs every year of their existence except one (2015) and advanced to the championship game eight times (2006, 2008, 2009, 2012, 2014, 2016, 2017, and 2018), winning the championship in 2014, 2016, and 2018 

Philanthropy
Bowlen was a member of the University of Denver Board of Trustees and contributed to the funding of the Pat Bowlen Athletic Training Center located on the school's campus  He also contributed significantly to the local Denver Boys & Girls Club chapters 

Awards and honors
Inducted to the Pro Football Hall of Fame (class of 2019)
Three-time Super Bowl champion (as owner of the Denver Broncos)
ArenaBowl XIX champion (as part owner of the Colorado Crush)
Three-time Steinfeld Cup champion (as owner of the Denver Outlaws)
Broncos Ring of Fame (class of 2015)
Colorado Business Hall of Fame (class of 2015)

Death
On June 13, 2019, Bowlen died of a pulmonary embolism  Under terms set prior to Bowlen's death, Joe Ellis led a three-person trust representing his estate  Bowlen's intent was for his seven children to inherit the franchise, though he did not specify which of them would have first right 



ground_truth: due to the onset and progression of Alzheimer's disease

prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: What river does Waterloo Bridge and London Eye have in common?

The following are given passages.
Context 4:    we do not have direct contact with the offender "Several hostages made contact with media outlets and relayed Monis's demands to them  At the request of the New South Wales Police Force, they were not published during the siege  The social media profiles of the hostages were also used to relay demands At 1:43 am Tori Johnson texted his family "He's [Monis] increasingly agitated, walks around when he hears a noise outside with a hostage in front of him  Wants to release one person in good faith, tell police " This was conveyed to the police 10 minutes later During the early stages of the siege, the Australian government and NSW authorities did not label the event as a terrorist attack; however, as the siege continued, NSW police authorised the engagement of the state's counter-terrorism task force, treating the incident as an act of terrorism 

Escape of first five hostages
At around 3:37 pm, two hostages, John O'Brien and barrister Stefan Balafoutis, escaped from the front entrance of the building, followed by a third hostage, café employee Paolo Vassallo, who ran out from a fire exit at the side of the building  At around 4:58 pm, two female hostages, both employees, Jieun Bae and Elly Chen, escaped by running from another entrance of the building and were met by Tactical Operations Unit officers Monis was unaware that Jieun Bae and Elly Chen had escaped  Jarrod Morton-Hoffman made noise to cover their exit and persuaded Monis that media reports of five hostages escaping were wrong  After the escape, Monis threatened to kill hostages Police planted a covert listening device in the café during the night  At one point, the device picked up Monis saying that he wanted to kill any escaping hostages 

Raid and end of the siege
At 2:03 am on 16 December, a "very loud bang" was heard as Monis shot towards six hostages fleeing from the building  At 2:11 am Monis fired a shot towards the kitchen, and was heard on the police listening device reloading his shotgun  The hostage Fiona Ma then escaped through the front door, and two police Tactical Operations Unit teams were ordered to move very slowly towards the two entrances At 2:14 am, four minutes after the Tactical operations teams were ordered in, Monis shot Tori Johnson in the back of the head, killing him  The shooting was witnessed by a police sniper, who reported a hostage down  Police armed with M4A1 carbines threw eleven stun grenades as they stormed the café 
Monis was shot in the head  An officer reported that "I watched the (gun's) laser     from the centre of his chest go to his head and his head exploded and he fell"  One officer then fired a total of 17 rounds, and another officer fired 5 additional rounds  Some fragments of those rounds killed hostage Katrina Dawson Police declared the siege over soon after, later confirming that Monis was killed in the raid  Two hostages had died, and another three were injured by police bullets  One police officer, whose face was grazed by a police bullet, was discharged from hospital later in the day At the inquest, Counsel assisting the coroner, Jeremy Gormley SC, said, "No shot fired by Mr Monis, other than the one that struck and killed Mr Johnson, struck anyone " Mitchell McAlister, who was a tactical assaulter with 2nd Commando Tactical Assault Group questioned the police use of M4A1 carbines with 5 56mm NATO rounds that could have "dangerous effects in a dense and enclosed environment " It was also unclear why 22 shots were fired by police, of which 13 hit Monis 

Flag raids
At around 2:00 pm on 15 December, police contacted Rebecca Kay, a member of the Muslim community, and asked her to help source an ISIS flag for Monis  Kay contacted many people in the Muslim community but ultimately the police sourced their own flag  However, the flag was never given to Monis The following day, NSW and federal police raided three homes of people who had been contacted in the attempt to source the flag  Kay assumes that her conversations had been monitored  Kay said she would help police in another crisis, but "with this incident they have not built trust at all  You don't understand   the fear that [the AFP and ASIO] create, and how they stalk   members of our community   " Lawyer Zali Burrows questioned the purpose of the police contacting Kay in the first place, stating, "Why didn't they just print [a flag]?"

Police strategy
The police followed a "contain and negotiate" strategy which was to avoid any direct action unless a hostage was killed or injured  They decided that this strategy could deliver a "peaceful negotiated outcome" because Monis had not harmed any hostages, despite having threatened to do so  Monis had also not reacted violently to the escape of five hostages on two separate occasions, or due to none of his demands being met  Further, Monis claimed to have a bomb, and "if the bomb was triggered, all of those inside the cafe and those attempting a rescue were not likely to survive"  At 8:20 pm and again at 11:35 pm, the head of the tactical operations unit attempted to persuade the other commanders to take a "deliberate action" plan and storm the cafe but this was overruled by other commanders and Assistant Commissioner Mark Jenkins due to the danger to the hostages and police 
Police snipers could not be used due to "the narrow windows, the moving around of Monis, the risk to hostages if there was a missed shot, (and) the position of the snipers behind glass" At 11 am, Operational Commander Mick Fuller approved negotiations for the release of half of the 18 hostages in return for Monis being allowed to talk on ABC radio  However, the negotiation commander decided not to do so because it conflicted with a standing policy to not negotiate with terrorists The first negotiator was not told that the Grand Mufti of Australia and a barrister who represented Monis had offered to help negotiate with Monis  He only found out about Monis's demand for the ABC to broadcast that Australia was under attack after a Facebook post from one of the hostages was read out on radio 2GB  Monis had also demanded that the Christmas lights be turned off  The first negotiator thought that doing this would have provided an opportunity to bargain with Monis, but did not hear back from commanders as to whether it was possible so "discarded" the option He was then relieved by a second negotiator, but did not tell him about the demand that the Christmas lights be turned off  Hostage Selina Win Pe told the second negotiator Monis wanted to know why it hadn't happened  It was later revealed an Ausgrid team had assembled to switch off the lights, but was sent home A third negotiator later said that he did not have the Christmas lights turned off because he had some reason to know that Monis would not carry through his threat to kill Win Pe  He said there was some "step-by-step" process to have the hostages released (after nineteen hours)  Jenkins says he would have liked the Christmas lights turned off quickly, and was unaware that this had been found to be possible  Jenkins was also not told about the Johnson text near the end of the siege that Monis wanted to release a hostage The negotiation team leader did not think Monis would hurt anyone because Monis had told people inside the cafe that everyone would go home once Prime Minister Tony Abbott called  The team leader later conceded that Abbott was never going to call  Forensic advice given to the police by an unnamed consultant psychiatrist was that Monis was probably undertaking a grandiose act to be recognised as a figure of great infamy rather than wishing to hurt anyone  He doubted that Monis actually represented ISIS because he did not have the correct flag, nor that his actions were politically motivated  The psychiatrist warned that "a wounded narcissist is a dangerous specimen" as none of Monis's demands were met 

Timeline of events
Hostages
Authorities did not release an estimate of the number of hostages inside the café during the siege  After the siege, a total of 18 hostages was confirmed—eight staff and ten customers of the café including lawyers and Westpac employees with offices close by  Initial estimates varied, with some significantly overestimating the number Tori Johnson, the 34-year-old manager of the café, died after being shot in the head by Monis 
Katrina Dawson, a 38-year-old barrister, was killed when she was hit by seven police bullet fragments while lying behind a chair, which was hit by 10 bullets Three hostages and a police officer were wounded by police gunfire during the raid  The three hostages were Marcia Mikhael, who was shot in the leg; Robyn Hope, a 75-year-old woman who was shot in the shoulder; and Louisa Hope, her 52-year-old daughter, who was shot in the foot 
All three were in a stable condition after treatment  Paolo Vassallo, one of the five hostages who initially escaped the scene, was hospitalised for a pre-existing condition 
The other hostages were identified as John O'Brien, Stefan Balafoutis, Elly Chen, Jieun Bae, Harriette Denny, Viswakanth Ankireddy, Joel Herat, Fiona Ma, Jarrod Hoffman, Puspendu Ghosh, Selina Win Pe, and Julie Taylor Memorial services for Johnson and Dawson were held on 23 December: Johnson's in the morning at St Stephen's Uniting Church, Sydney, and Dawson's in the afternoon in the Great Hall of the University of Sydney  Interviews with some of the hostages were later recorded for television and broadcast, amid some controversy 

Evacuations and closures
After the siege began, a staged exclusion zone was established with thousands of people evacuated from nearby buildings, including from the floors above the café  The Sydney Opera House was evacuated after a suspicious package was found; however, reports were unconfirmed by police  The US Consulate General in Sydney, located in Martin Place, was also evacuated  Some Sydney schools were put in "white level lockout" due to the hostage situation, which meant that no school group was permitted to leave the school grounds Police advised people in the area bounded by Hunter, George, Elizabeth, and Macquarie streets, bordering Martin Place, to remain indoors and away from windows  Commonwealth Bank, Westpac, and ANZ closed their CBD branches for the day  The State Library was also closed  Numerous other buildings, including David Jones stores, executive offices for the New South Wales Parliament, criminal courts for the Supreme Court, the Downing Centre, and "several city legal chambers" were evacuated, as were the facilities of the Seven Network, situated directly across from the café, forcing The Morning Show to suspend transmission  Police established an emergency centre in nearby Hyde Park in response to the unfolding situation with emergency services sent to the area to respond to any immediate threats and evacuees were relocated to the park as a safety precaution Trains did not stop at Martin Place railway station during the incident  Transport for NSW advised people to stay away from the CBD  Road closures prevented southbound access to the Cahill Expressway, York Street, and Harbour Street, and northbound access to the Cahill Expressway, and all traffic was diverted to the Sydney Harbour Tunnel  On the morning of 16 December, road diversions remained in place and Martin Place train station remained closed  In the evening of 16 December, Elizabeth Street, Macquarie Street and Hunter Street were opened to traffic Uber fares for travel in Sydney surged during the event under the company's dynamic pricing system, which led to criticism  Uber subsequently refunded excessive fares and provided free rides out of the CBD 

Gunman
Iranian-born Monis was identified as the hostage-taker and named early on the morning of 16 December In September 2009, Monis was convicted for criminal use of the postal service to "menace, harass or cause offence", for a campaign protesting the presence of Australian troops in Afghanistan, by writing letters to the families of soldiers killed there, in which he called the soldiers murderers  On 12 December, three days before the siege, Monis lost his appeal against his conviction and was sentenced to 300 hours of community service  Monis had been charged with accessory to murder relating to the death of his former wife who was found stabbed eighteen times, and set alight, on 21 April 2013 at a unit block in Werrington  However, on 12 December 2013, Magistrate William Pierce said "It is a weak case" and granted Monis bail  In November 2016, Amirah Droudis was found guilty, in a judge-only trial, of the murder of Monis's ex-wife and sentenced to 44 years' jail Monis also had numerous charges of sexual assault, aggravated indecent assault, and common assault  On 14 April 2014, Monis was charged with three sexual assault offences against a woman and remanded in custody  He was granted bail on 26 May, six days after the Bail Act in New South Wales was rewritten based on recommendations by the New South Wales Law Reform Commission  On 10 October, he was charged with another 40 sexual assault offences against six more women, and his bail was continued Jeremy Gormly SC, counsel assisting the inquest, summarised Monis as "a complex, disturbed individual desperate for recognition and status but completely lacking the skills or achievements to bring that dream to life"  Gormly summarised that "Monis could be plausible, courteous and controlled, but he was also almost entirely consumed in his own self-importance      By 2014, he owned no property, was in debt, and had developed no employment skills  His attempts to develop a personal, religious following     had failed      He was facing future serious criminal charges    he had made no public impact of note on the Australian political scene"  Monis may have felt that he had "little left to live for" No weapons were found when police raided his home in 2013  From 1997 to 2000, Monis held a security guard licence, which would have let him carry a pistol between March and June 1997  The weapon that Monis used, a sawn-off French-made Manufrance La Salle pump-action shotgun, was more than 50 years old  Police believe the weapon was imported in the 1950s, when no registration was required  Monis had 23 shotgun cartridges of different brands on him, between 15 and 20 years old 

Reactions
Leaders
The Prime Minister convened the National Security Committee of Cabinet to give briefings on the situation and said "Australians should be reassured that our law enforcement and security agencies are well trained and equipped and are responding in a thorough and professional manner " He later said, "The whole point of politically motivated violence is to scare people out of being themselves  Australia is a peaceful, open, and generous society  Nothing should ever change that and that's why I would urge all Australians today to go about their business as usual", and "Australians should be reassured by the way our law enforcement and security agencies responded to this brush with terrorism "The Premier of New South Wales, Mike Baird, addressed the media during the stand-off, and stated "we are being tested today    in Sydney  The police are being tested, the public is being tested, but whatever the test we will face it head on and we will remain a strong democratic, civil society  I have full confidence in the Police Commissioner and the incredible work of the NSW police force The Lord Mayor of Sydney, Clover Moore, on the morning of 16 December, urged Australians to see this as a "one-off event", stating, "We're an inclusive multicultural community and we need to deal with this together"  Governor-General of Australia, Sir Peter Cosgrove, released a statement sympathising with the families, commending the work of the police involved, and urging Australians to "unite in our resolve to protect what we value most—our way of life, our care and respect for each other" 

Community
Thousands of people visited the site in the first few days after the incident to pay tribute to the victims  Among them were members of the families of Dawson and Johnson  Johnson's father was accompanied by rabbis Levi Wolff and Zalmen Kastel, Hindu priest Pandit Ramachandra, the Reverend Bill Crews and Sheikh Wesam Charkawi  Dawson's young daughter left her own note 
Flags on all NSW government buildings, including the Sydney Harbour Bridge, flew at half-mast to honour the hostages who lost their lives at the café A magistrate who had granted Monis bail and the lawyers who had represented him in his court appearances received death threats in the days after the attack  This reaction was described by the Bar Association as "understandable but wrong-headed", as magistrates have to deal with cases as they come before them on the basis of the law at the time 

#illridewithyou campaign
During and immediately following the incident, some in the community expressed concern about an increased potential for violence or intimidation directed at Muslims in Australia  For example, the head of the Australian Muslim Women's Association told the media there was an increase in anti-Muslim messages being posted on social media  Due to this concern among some local social media users, many started using the hashtag #illridewithyou [I'll ride with you]  This sought to offer solidarity and emotional support to Muslims travelling alone on public transport by people tweeting their bus/train route and suggesting that they would be willing to "ride with" anyone who might feel threatened  More than 150,000 people indicated their support of the concept by using the hashtag  The campaign was initially inspired by a Facebook status update about offering to walk with a woman who had removed her head covering  The campaign received international attention, including from United States President Barack Obama, although federal National Party member of Parliament George Christensen criticised the campaign for creating "false victims" out of Muslims and thereby taking attention away from the hostages 

"Field of flowers"
On the morning of 16 December, after police declared the crisis to be over, a makeshift memorial began to take shape in Martin Place  From the first bunch of lilies, tributes developed into a field of flowers that "you can smell before you can see" and which was extensively reported and photographed  The Prime Minister and NSW Premier were among many in the community to lay flowers at the memorial in a demarcated space  Flowers were also taken to suburban Lindt shops 
Volunteers from the Rural Fire Service, the State Emergency Service and the Red Cross began clearing the flowers on 22 December after consultation with the families, because rain was expected  It was announced that the condolence books would be bound in several volumes and one complete copy provided to each family  The messages on the many cards were to be digitised  During the week after the siege, it was estimated that 110,000 bouquets were laid at Martin Place 

Religious organisations
During the siege, Sanier Dandan, president of the Lebanese Muslim Association, informed ABC News that Australian Muslim leaders were meeting online for discussions as to how the Muslim community could help with the situation  He added, "Regardless, we have a hostage situation  Whether he is someone who belongs to the Australian Muslim community or not, we are still waiting for information to be provided by police and based on that if there's something the Muslim community can do or assist, we are there "
Ibrahim Abu Mohamed, the Grand Mufti of Australia, condemned the incident in a statement released on 15 December  The same afternoon, around fifty Muslim groups issued a joint statement in which they condemned the incident  The Australian Ahmadiyya Muslim Association condemned the incident, the national president saying that "such actions are criminal and totally contrary to the teachings of Islam " Egypt's Grand Mufti Shawqi Allam also condemned the attack 
In Martin Place, the 2014 traditional Hanukkah menorah presented a message of support: "May the lights of the festival of Hanukkah bring comfort and warmth to our nation" The Catholic Archbishop of Sydney, Anthony Fisher, invoked the special prayers in the Roman Missal from the "Mass in times of civil disturbance" and a memorial service was held at St Mary's Cathedral, on the morning of 19 December St James' Church, which had been within the exclusion zone, held a "Service of Remembrance and Reflection" on the afternoon of 19 December  The service was attended by about 400 people, most of them members of the legal profession 

International
During the siege, a spokesman for the Canadian Minister of Foreign Affairs, John Baird, said, "We urge all Canadians in Sydney to use extra precaution and limit their movements as authorities handle this situation "Iran Foreign Ministry spokeswoman, Marzieh Afkham, strongly condemned the taking of hostages as "inhuman" and also stated that the Australian authorities had been repeatedly warned about Monis United States President Barack Obama called the Prime Minister to express his condolences on behalf of the United States  According to the White House, Obama praised the "Australian public's embrace of #illridewithyou and the Muslim leaders who have disavowed the actions of the hostage taker", and "Australia's rejection of any violence taken in the name of religion and the fear this violence seeks to stoke " The President also conveyed the United States' willingness to provide assistance in the aftermath of the situation  United States Secretary of State, John Kerry, said the United States stood ready to provide Australia with any assistance required in "determining the facts of the case, assisting the victims and holding accountable anyone and everyone responsible for this act of terror"  Citing this event, the United States issued a global travel alert to its citizens, to be alert for possible terrorist attacks within public venues New Zealand Prime Minister John Key, Canadian Prime Minister Stephen Harper, Indian Prime Minister Narendra Modi, UK Prime Minister David Cameron, and Malaysian Prime Minister Najib Razak also expressed their concern about the incident  In addition, the Israeli embassy in Australia stated that it stood with Australia in the face of terror 

Charitable foundations
Following the two deaths during the hostage situation, the Katrina Dawson Foundation was established, with the aim of supporting educational opportunities for women  The then Governor-General Quentin Bryce was a founding member  At his parents' request, a memorial fund for Johnson was used to raise money for mental health organisation Beyond Blue  The first donation, of $51,000, came from Lindt Australia 

Terrorist organizations
Two weeks after the siege, Dabiq, a magazine published by the ISIL editorialised on Monis's actions and attempted to claim him as one of their own, in a response that an expert described as "absolutely predictable"  The magazine lauded Monis's actions and their effect on the city  The al Qaeda-produced magazine Inspire also praised Monis's actions 

Investigations
A number of organisations announced formal investigations 
Police investigations include a "critical incident" investigation undertaken by NSW police; headed by Detective Inspector Angelo Memmolo and an enquiry conducted by the Australian Federal Police Federal and state governments announced a joint review to be led by Michael Thawley from the Department of the Prime Minister and Cabinet and Blair Comley of the New South Wales Department of Premier and Cabinet Following the siege, officers from the New South Wales Police Force and the Australian Federal Police went to the Belmore home of Monis's partner Amirah Droudis, and removed property  Her bail was revoked after a hearing on 22 December 2014  Investigations by Australian security agencies and monitoring of suspects following the siege revealed increased "terror chatter" 

Federal–State joint review
The findings of the Federal–State joint review were released on 22 February 2015  The report covered Monis's earlier interactions with the government, his access to firearms, and the government response to Monis including problems correlating his various aliases  The report's terms of reference did not cover the controversial police actions during the siege itself, such as the nature of the negotiations or the final assault The review found that the judgements made by government agencies were reasonable  It suggested only modest changes to laws and procedures, taking the view that "introducing substantial further controls involves a larger choice about the sort of society we wish to live in and is properly the province of the public and our elected representatives"  The review found that the Australian Security Intelligence Organisation (ASIO) had conducted a thorough review of Monis in 2008/9 and found that he was not involved in politically motivated violence, nor had significant contact with groups of security concern  After receiving 18 calls from the public, ASIO reviewed Monis's Facebook page, which was considered not to indicate a threat  None of the calls related to any pending attack  The review found that there was no credible information that would indicate an attack  Monis had been granted bail while charged with several violent offences  However, bail laws had since been tightened in this regard  Monis obtained his firearm illegally and was never granted a license The review suggested, in addition to the reforms to the bail laws and "new programmes to counter violent extremism", that a review of immigration policies and visa applications should be undertaken  The review suggested that the gun that Monis used had lawfully entered the country, possibly as early as the 1950s, and had fallen into the "grey market" after not being included in the gun buyback schemes of 1996 and 2002 

Inquest
An inquest, mandatory whenever people die in a police operation, began as scheduled on 29 January 2015, presided over by the State Coroner, Michael Barnes  The stated aim was "to determine how the [three] deaths occurred, the factors that contributed to them and whether they could have been prevented" The hearings were divided into blocks of a couple of weeks  The first, which started on 25 May 2015, queried people who knew Monis to get background information  The second started on 17 August 2015 to consider Monis's bail application  Further blocks that investigate how the police dealt with the siege itself will be withheld from the public "in the interests of the families" The findings of the inquest were released on 24 May 2017 

Aftermath
Designation of the event as terrorism
Insurance declaration
Treasurer Joe Hockey declared the siege to be a "terrorist incident" under the Terrorism Insurance Act 2003  The Act means that insurance exclusions for terrorist incidents do not apply if such a declaration is made 

Debate on status as a terrorist event
Scholars and social commentators have debated whether Monis was a terrorist and whether his actions could be classified as an act of terrorism  There is doubt as to whether or not Monis fit the definition of a lone wolf terrorist 
Queensland University of Technology criminologist Mark Lauchs said it was important to not describe the siege as a "terrorist attack"  Lauchs said Monis was simply a deranged person running a hostage situation  "This incident was not about religion and neither was it a terrorist attack, but given that perception by the paraphernalia Monis used " The Australian prime minister said, "[Man Haron Monis] had a long history of violent crime, infatuation with extremism and mental instability   As the siege unfolded yesterday, he sought to cloak his actions with the symbolism of the ISIL death cult "Prof Greg Barton (from Deakin University) and Dr Clarke Jones (ANU) told the inquest that Monis was a loner and had mental health problems, and was desperate to attach himself to something  Clarke suggested that if the Rebels had accepted his membership then the siege might not have happened  Roger Shanahan from the Lowy Institute said that if Monis had followed ISIS direction he would have just killed everyone The chief of ASIO Duncan Lewis confirmed that he believed Monis to be a terrorist  However, former counter-terrorism adviser to the White House, Richard A  Clarke, said, "I don't think this was a lone wolf terrorist, I don't think this was a terrorist at all, I think this was someone who was committing suicide by police as a lot of people with mental problems do, and now, if they say they're a terrorist, if they say they're somehow associated with ISIS or Al Qaeda, it becomes a major event that shuts down the city and gets international attention  This was a person with a mental problem who tried to gain attention and succeeded, tried to shut down the city and succeeded, merely by putting up a flag that was something like the flag of ISIS "The difference between terrorism and terrorising acts was noted in one analysis as "enormously important"—it added that in Monis's case, terrorism "was clearly an element, but he was coming to the end of his rope with a variety of legal processes; there was clearly some mental instability " One view was that his lack of ties to any movement did not preclude his being a terrorist as it is "an inclusive club"  Another commentator said, "There can be also no doubt that his attack was a terrorist act, as defined under Australia's Criminal Code Act 1995" and that, "he was a terrorist, clearly influenced by IS" One terrorism expert, Professor Greg Barton, described Monis's actions as those of a "lone wolf terrorist     driven by a desire for attention and to be in the spotlight", and his use of the flag was described as "the only way" to instil fear on a global scale  Professor Michael Wesley, Director of the School of International, Political and Strategic Studies at the Australian National University said the attack "was very different from first-generation or second-generation terrorist attacks—but it was terrorism, and terrorism of a brutal and more unpredictable sort " Another view was that describing the gunman as a terrorist was misplaced and would only serve the interests of ISIL  The supervisor of terrorism and security analysis for Stratfor said that this hostage-incident exhibits many of the elements associated with grassroots terrorism  A criminologist said that the event "was not about religion and neither was it a terrorist attack but given that perception by the paraphernalia Monis used "Conversely, Yassir Morsi, a researcher at the Centre for Muslim and non-Muslim Understanding in Australia, suggested that "before he flew the black flag, Monis was just a desperate man with a violent past" and that "he was just another gunman      the symbol (flag) rewrote Monis's violent past and gave grammar to his attack "Monis had entered the cafe without an ISIS flag  ASIO's previous investigations had found no links between Monis and any terrorist group  When a News reporter met him before the crisis she thought Monis was "lost and confused" and "harmless"  Habib said Monis was "sick and disturbed" and desperately seeking attention over his grievances with government officials that had nothing to do with terrorism In 2016, Monis was cited as one of a number of recent violent attackers who were mentally disturbed and operated under the justification of Islamist ideas or slogans  Other examples include the as-of-yet unidentified perpetrator of the Munich knife attack and Michael Zehaf-Bibeau, the perpetrator of the 2014 shootings at Parliament Hill, Ottawa  According to psychologists and psychiatrists who study radicalisation, jihad propaganda and calls to kill infidels can push mentally-ill individuals to act, even in the absence of direct or personal contact with radical Islamists In February 2017, United States President Donald Trump cited the Sydney siege as an example of what he claimed was deliberate underreporting of terrorist attacks by the media, notwithstanding that the event received "blanket coverage" in local and international news 

The coroner's finding
Following the Sydney siege inquest, in May 2017, the NSW Coroner Michael Barnes determined that "The siege was a terrorist incident "

Police weapons and tactics
During the siege, an Australian Army Tactical Assault Group East team at Holsworthy Barracks evaluated the floorplan of the cafe and gave advice to police  Mitchell McAlister, a former member of TAG East, questioned the police use of M4A1 carbines with 5 56 mm rounds over Heckler & Koch MP5 submachine guns Katrina Dawson died from a fragment of a police bullet, and other hostages appear to have been hit by bullets that ricocheted off the concrete building  It was unclear why 22 shots were fired by police, of which 13 hit Monis  Police have been criticised for both the high powered weapons used and the number of shots fired 

Negotiation
During the siege, no significant effort was made to negotiate with Monis, as would normally be expected in a hostage situation in order to build a relationship with a gunman and persuade them to surrender  Instead, Monis received no encouragement or assistance from trained police negotiators Help was offered by the Muslim community including the Grand Mufti and Mamdouh Habib who had known Monis personally  Habib offered to help negotiate or provide background information to the police  These offers were not taken up It has been suggested that the police treatment of the siege as a terrorist attack may have led to errors such as making no attempt to negotiate with the gunman as would have been normal practice in other hostage situations  One commentator, Guy Rundle, questioned whether the police may have used a "crude rule" that "we don't negotiate with terrorists" that affected their procedures  It might also explain the choice of weapon in a small enclosure against a lone gunman  These factors may have directly led to the deaths of Johnson and Dawson 

ISIL flag
During the siege, police asked Muslims in Sydney to source an ISIL flag for Monis, before obtaining their own  The police later raided several houses of people contacted by Ms Kay who was attempting to find an ISIL flag  Ms Kay assumed that the phone calls had been monitored, and that the request had been solely to find out who she would contact, lowering trust among Muslims in the NSW police force 

Lack of detection
The security forces have been criticised for not recognising that Monis was a threat, and for taking him off their watch list in 2008  This may have been because they overlooked key evidence, or it may have been because there was simply no evidence to collect  The federal/state joint review found that the relevant agencies' analysis had been reasonable 

Law and politics
After the siege, the revelation that the new Bail Act had allowed Monis to be granted bail sparked calls to further tighten the law; however, a review had already been conducted in the wake of earlier controversial bail releases, with the new law set "to take effect next year" (that is, on 28 January 2015)  Former director of public prosecutions in New South Wales, Nicholas Cowdery, said he was not sure that the amended law would have changed anything in Monis's case, saying that "There will always be, unfortunately, some exceptional events which laws and controls put in place before the event could not have prevented"  Homicide detectives sent a letter to the Director of Public Prosecutions (DPP) urging them to challenge the bail decision for Monis, but a commissioned officer did not pass it on to the DPP  Michael Esposito, writing for the Law Society of South Australia, noted that the shocking nature of the Sydney siege had the power to prompt reviews of bail laws across Australia Some commentators expressed concerns about immigration and citizenship processes  Monis's "confused agenda" meant that Amnesty International did not realise that he and Boroujerdim, who had sought help in 1997, were the same man until they went back through their records  In the absence of hard evidence, suggestions that Monis represented a growing trend of systemic failure, rather than being an aberration, were noted as dangerous to public confidence; to the separation of powers; to the idea of innocence till proven guilty and also to social cohesion by inviting suspicion of people from the Middle East In the week after the siege, it was revealed that John Robertson, NSW Opposition leader, had sent a letter which passed on a request made by Monis, a constituent in his Blacktown electorate, to the Department of Family and Community Services in 2011  The letter was, according to Robertson, routine procedure on behalf of a constituent and written in support of Monis's request for a supervised visit with his children on Father's Day despite an apprehended violence order against him  The Department declined Monis's request  As pressure mounted on Robertson to resign as Leader of the Labor Party, and three months away from the 2015 state election, he stood aside on 23 December 2014 

Violence
Commentators considered Monis's history of domestic violence, with a family violence expert arguing that it should have been considered when bail was given  A columnist noted that while his behaviour highlighted an "epidemic" of violence towards women, the media focus remained on terrorism Historians of religion and politics also critically reviewed the role of violence committed in the name of religion 

Media
Debate followed about the difficulty of managing a police operation in the presence of continuous global media coverage as well as the likely damage caused by the spread of rumour  Particular criticism was levelled at Rupert Murdoch and News Corp for spreading false information as well as for insensitivity and "gross ethical violations"  Commissioner Scipione and chair of the Australian Press Council, Professor Julian Disney released statements about the media coverage after the event  Beyond misinformation, concerns were raised regarding the presentation of crises as entertainment Australian Broadcasting Corporation's Four Corners aired a two-part broadcast, interviewing former hostages, and the families of deceased Katrina Dawson and Tori Johnson 

Memorials and legacy
A month after the siege, police, ambulance workers, firefighters and others were officially thanked at NSW Government House  Memorial plaques were placed inside the reopened Lindt café  A permanent memorial to the victims of the siege will incorporate the flowers from Martin Place, which are to be mulched and incorporated into its garden element  The memorial was opened in December, 2017 The premiere of Jonathon Welch's choral piece Street Requiem in February 2015 was dedicated to the siege victims and to those who died in the Charlie Hebdo shooting in Paris Composer Lyle Chan, who resides less than a kilometre from the Lindt cafe, wrote two works influenced by the events  Sea of Flowers was premiered by conductor Alondra de la Parra and the Queensland Symphony Orchestra in May 2015  Chan's Love Is Always Born (December), with original words by Michael Leunig and 'Silent Night' in Arabic, was commissioned and premiered by the Song Company at concerts around the first anniversary of the events Dawson's family created the Katrina Dawson Foundation and scholarships to The Women's College, University of Sydney to provide financial assistance to young women for their university education  The first recipients started university in 2016 Senator Dean Smith, a homosexual Liberal Party member, changed his views on same-sex marriage in Australia due to Tori Johnson and his partner of 14 years  Smith later introduced a bill aimed at legalising same-sex marriage to the Senate, which became law A ceremony unveiling the memorial was held on 16 December 2017 The Lindt Cafe closed in October 2021 due to lack of patronage caused by the COVID-19 pandemic and ongoing construction work for the Sydney Metro 

See also
List of mass shootings in Australia
Sydney siege inquest
2015 Parramatta shooting
Crime in Australia
Islam in Australia



ground_truth: Thames