prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: Are Tantrix and Personal Preference both types of games?

The following are given passages.
Context 1: Passage 1:
Fishing rod tapers
Fishing rod tapers describe how much a fishing rod bends or flexes under pressure   Different tapers are used for different fishing scenarios as well as for personal preference 

Action
The action of a taper is described by the flex of the tip of a rod when pressure is applied perpendicular to the rod   Only a section of the rod starting at the tip of the rod should bend while the remainder of the rod should stay rigid 
Variations can be described in three main categories, fast, medium, or slow with variations in between each   A rod with a fast taper will only flex the top 20 percent  Medium fast and medium tapers will flex approximately 30 to 60 percent of the rod respectively  If the rod has a slow taper, almost the entire rod or blank will bend or flex under pressure 

Usage
Rod taper is important for several reasons  The feel for the lure being used and the fish being caught dictate the appropriate taper use 
A fast action tip will be used when fishing jig type lures   The angler can feel and therefore control what the lure is doing quite easily   Since only the very tip of the rod bends, when a fish strikes the angler has ample rod shaft and backbone to set the hook correctly 
In contrast to fast tapers, the slow flex rods offer the angler advantages when fighting large fish with light fishing line   This additional flex allows the rod to absorb the force of the fish as opposed to the line   This is often the angler who likes to fish split shot rigs or Lindy rigs for walleye 


== Notes ==
Passage 2:
Personal Preference
Personal Preference is a 1987 board game created by Donal Carlston that involves guessing the order in which a player prefers foods, activities, people, and other items compared to one another  The game was published by Broderbund in the United States, Playtoy Industries in Canada, and Parker Brothers International in Britain 
An updated version by the original creator was launched on Kickstarter on May 1, 2023  The new version contains updated cultural references and new categories 

Original 1987 Version
The game contains cards in four categories: Food & Drink, Activities, People, and Potpourri (miscellaneous)  Each card has a photo or drawing on each side and text indicating what that side represents (e g , chocolate éclairs, climbing a mountain, Harrison Ford, spy novels)  Each round, one player draws four cards from one category, or one from each category, depending on the player's position on the board  Each card is placed in a colored quadrant of the board  The player then ranks these four items according to his or her preference using color-coded cards that are placed in an envelope  Next, other players (or teams) use numbered tiles to guess that player's order, and move forward one space for each correct guess when the order is revealed  If players choose to double a guess by placing a tile towards the center of the board, they move forward two spaces if correct and back one space if incorrect  Players take turns drawing and ranking cards until someone reaches the end of the board 

Reviews
Games #89
Best Games of 1988 in Games #94
Passage 3:
Pie floater
The pie floater is an Australian dish particularly common in Adelaide  It consists of a meat pie in a thick pea soup, typically with the addition of tomato sauce  Believed to have been first created in the 1890s, the pie floater gained popularity as a meal sold by South Australian pie carts  In 2003, it was recognised as a South Australian Heritage Icon 

Development
Pea soup with meat has long been part of English culinary history, with mentions in the 19th century, including the "pea and pie supper" (in Yorkshire), "pea soup with eel", and suet dumplings or saveloys   (Dumplings in soup were known as "floaters" )  It may have developed from those dishes, which are useful for feeding groups of people on a budget, such as at a sports match or at harvest time  
A pie floater commonly consists of a traditional Australian-style meat pie, usually sitting, but sometimes submerged (traditionally upside down) in a bowl of thick pea soup made from blue boiler peas  It is often self-garnished with tomato sauce, and the consumer may also add a combination of mint sauce, salt, pepper, or malt vinegar according to personal preference 
Early records in South Australia state that the pie floater was reputedly born in Port Pirie conceived by one Ern "Shorty" Bradley in 1890s, but it remains unknown if he did and how it came about 

Pie carts
Pie floaters were typically purchased in the street from pie-carts as a late evening meal  Pie-carts are typically a form of caravan/trailer/cart, originally horse-drawn, with an elongated "window" along one or both sides where customers could sit or (more usually) stand to eat their purchases  The pie-cart was typically moved into position at lunchtime and in the evening  As traffic became busier and on-street car-parking in demand, the carts evolved to have one window on the "footpath side", and were moved into position after afternoon peak-hour traffic had ebbed  They did business until late evening or early morning, after which they were returned to their daytime storage locations South Australia has had pie carts in the Adelaide metropolitan area since the 1870s  In the evenings, the Norwood pie-cart was located on The Parade adjacent to the Norwood Town Hall  It was also the only place where members of the public could buy draft Hall's "Stonie" ginger beer directly from the keg  In the Adelaide city centre in the 1880s, there were 13 pie-carts operating in King William Street and North Terrace  By 1915 there were nine pie-carts in operation  By 1958 this had reduced to two: Balfour's pie-cart on North Terrace outside the Adelaide railway station, and Cowley's in Victoria Square outside the Adelaide General Post Office  In 2007, the Glenelg tram line was extended from Victoria Square along King William Street and North Terrace past Adelaide railway station, and the Balfour's pie-cart was forced to close In 2003, the South Australian National Trust traced the history of the pie floater back over 130 years  The pie floater was recognised as a South Australian Heritage Icon by the National Trust of South Australia, although it is now available at very few locations; among them are the Café de Vilis, Enjoy Bakery on Norwood Parade, The Kings Head Pub on King William Street  and the Upper Sturt General Store 

See also
List of legume dishes
Passage 4:
Personal Taste
Personal Taste (Korean: 개인의 취향; Hanja: 個人의 趣向; RR: Kaeinui Chwihyang; MR: Kaein-ŭi Ch‘wihyang; lit  "Kae-in's Taste" or "Kae-in's Preference"; also known as Personal Preference) is a 2010 South Korean television series, starring  Son Ye-jin and Lee Min-ho  It is adapted from Lee Se-in's 2007 novel of the same name about a furniture designer, Park Kae-in, who lives together with architect Jeon Jin-ho under the mistaken assumption that he's gay  It aired on MBC from March 31 to May 20, 2010, on Wednesdays and Thursdays at 21:55 (KST) time slot for 16 episodes 

Synopsis
Furniture designer Park Kae-in (Son Ye-jin) is kind, impulsive, clumsy, and is a complete slob in her personal habits  She lives in Sanggojae (meaning "a place for mutual love"), a modernized hanok (traditional Korean house) designed by her father, a famous and reclusive architecture professor (Kang Shin-il)  As an independent furniture designer, she struggles to produce successful products and is constantly trying to impress her father with her works  Her long-time boyfriend, Han Chang-ryul (Kim Ji-seok), breaks up with her, the reason being Kae-in is an easygoing woman and a pushover  Despite being upset, Kae-in attends the wedding of her friend and roommate, Kim In-hee (Wang Ji-hye), only to discover that she is marrying Chang-ryul; and that the two had been seeing each other behind her back for a while  After she finally comes face-to-face with them, the wedding ceremony turns chaotic and is cancelled  Kae-in is heartbroken and determined to never take a chance on love again 
Meanwhile, to keep his small firm afloat, architect Jeon Jin-ho (Lee Min-ho) is desperately trying to win a project bid for the Dam Art Center against Future Construction, the company owned and operated by Chang-ryul's father (Ahn Suk-hwan)  Chang-ryul's father was originally an employee under Jin-ho's father, who stole the latter's company  In order to win the project of Dam Arts Center, Jin-ho has to find a way to dig up more information about the tentative theme of project: Sanggojae, which has never been opened to the public 
Jin-ho decides to rent a part of Sanggojae to get access into the house while Kae-in rents the place to him believing that he is homosexual due to misunderstandings from their previous encounters  After knowing the reason behind his approval, Jin-ho decides to leave Sanggojae to avoid being misunderstood further but is stopped by his assistant, Noh Sang-jun, who convinces him otherwise by reminding him that their chance at revival of their sinking firm lies on their success in Dam Arts Center Project 
After starting to live together, Jin-ho tells Kae-in that she's miserable only because of herself and the lack of concreteness in her personality  He then encourages and helps her transform from an inveterate slob into a better version of herself, who is confident and strong-willed  Amidst the transformation and hidden truths, Kae-in and Jin-ho start developing feelings for each other which they constantly deny 
The DAC director, Choi Do-bin (Ryu Seung-ryong), impressed by Jin-ho's presentation, offers his support to him in the upcoming project  He also finds Kae-in's ideas creative and hires her to design a recreation centre for children  Do-bin, who is homosexual, later finds himself attracted to Jin-ho, which leaves Jin-ho in a tight spot 
What will happen when the man who's pretending to be gay and the woman who thinks he's gay develop feelings for each other?

Cast
Main
Son Ye-jin as Park Kae-inA clumsy, slobbish girl  She is an aspiring furniture designer, and daughter of the famous architect Park Chul-han  After being dumped by her ex-boyfriend, she decides to not open up to love once again easily Lee Min-ho as Jeon Jin-hoAn architect who is earnestly trying to keep his small firm afloat in a fair manner  He moves into Sanggojae to study it for his next project  Neat and organized, he is unable to stand Kae-in's living habits, and tries to change her into a better version of herself after she agrees to it Kim Ji-seok as Han Chang-ryulJeon Jin-ho's rival, and Kae-in's ex-boyfriend  Although he initially left Kae-in for her friend In-hee, he later grows feelings for Kae-in Wang Ji-hye as Kim In-heeA greedy woman who has multiple boyfriends and treats them as dispensable  Despite being Kae-in's best friend and having lived together for ten years, she betrays her and dates Chang-ryul  Later, In-hee falls for Jin-ho and tries to steal him from Kae-in Ryu Seung-ryong as Choi Do-binDirector of the DAAM project  He is homosexual and develops feelings for Jin-ho thinking he, too, is gay 

Supporting
Jo Eun-ji as Lee Young-sun, Kae-in's best friend
Jung Sung-hwa as Noh Sang-jun, Jin-ho's assistant
Lim Seul-ong as Kim Tae-hoon, Jin-ho's employee  He has a crush on Hye-mi 
Choi Eun-seo as Na Hye-mi, Jin-ho's childhood friend  She had a crush on Jin-ho since they were young 
Park Hae-mi as Jeon Jang-mi, Jin-ho's mother
Ahn Suk-hwan as Han Yoon-sub, Chang-ryul's father  He worked at Jin-ho's father's company in the past, but later betrayed him 
Jang Won-young as Secretary Kim
Kang Shin-il as Park Chul-han, Kae-in's father  A famous architect who designed Sanggojae for his wife and daughter 

Special appearances
Bong Tae-gyu as Lee Won-ho (ep  1-2)
Jung Chan as Groom (ep  1)
Song Seon-mi as Bride (ep  1)
Julien Kang as Joe (ep  7)
Yoon Eun-hye as Yoon Eun-soo (ep  8)
Kim Nam-gil as man sitting in the café (ep  11)

Architecture
One of the production's main sponsors was Design and Arts Arcadia of Myungseung, and the storyline contains many references to DAAM as the project that all the architectural firms are competing to design for The hanok used in the drama series (called Sanggojae in the script) is actually Rakgojae, a traditional guest house in Bukchon Hanok Village, Gye-dong, Jongno District  Meaning "a place to enjoy tradition", Rakgojae was renovated by master carpenter Chung Young-jin  It offers a glimpse of the lifestyle of Joseon-era scholars by incorporating fine art, music, dance and poetry through colorful cultural programs such as a tea ceremony, ink-and-wash painting lessons, Korean musical instrument lessons and kimchi-making classes One of the locations frequented by the main characters is Kring art gallery, in Gangnam District, southern Seoul  The creative cultural space showcases a variety of arts ranging from architecture and fashion to installations and digital art  The unique facade of the building is itself a large-scale urban sculpture  Circles are a theme throughout the building, but the front wall is reminiscent of stereo speakers, hinting at the name of the building  "Kring" means "circle" in Dutch 

Original soundtrack
Ratings
In the table below, the blue numbers} represent the lowest ratings and the red numbers represent the highest ratings 

Awards and nominations
International broadcast
The series was a mid-level hit in South Korea  Overseas rights were sold to the Philippines, Japan, China, Taiwan, Singapore, Hong Kong, Indonesian, and Thailand 
Passage 5:
Song Ji-hyo's Beauty View
Song Ji-hyo's Beauty View (Korean: 송지효의 뷰티뷰), is a South Korean television program on JTBC2 hosted by Song Ji-hyo, Gong Myung and beauty editor Kim Mi Gu  The show provides a perfect beauty guide to match the personal preference  It was used to air on every Thursday at 9 20pm KST on JTBC2 

Format
Ordinary people are invited as the makeup models on the show  The professional makeup artist uses her brushes and works wonders to show viewers about the fascinating beauty world 

List of Episodes
Passage 6:
Crab trap
Crab traps are used to bait, lure, and catch crabs for commercial or recreational use  Crabbing or crab fishing is the recreational hobby and commercial occupation of fishing for crabs  Different types of traps are used depending on the type of crab being fished for, geographic location, and personal preference 

History in the United States
Crab has been a viable food source since Native Americans lived and fished on the Delmarva Peninsula  The Chesapeake Bay, which is known for their Chesapeake Bay blue crabs (Callinectes sapidus) derives its name from "Chesepiook", a Susquehannock tribe word that means "Great Water"  These Susquehannock natives led European settlers to some of the best places to catch crabs  Even early treaties between European settlers and Native Americans included provisions for the rights of "Hunting, Crabbing, Fowling, and Fishing " Since then, generations of watermen made their living harvesting crabs and other resources along the Chesapeake Bay developing the most efficient method to catch crabs resulting in modern crab traps Since early European settlers in America, crabbing was an important food source to watermen of the Chesapeake and continues to be the source of income for many families  The Alaskan king crab fishing industry took off in the mid-1800s, and was one of the reasons Alaskans pushed so hard for statehood in 1959  Alaskans wanted to gain control of the area's natural resources, such as king crabs Benjamin F  Lewis invented the crab pot in the 1920s, patented it in 1928, and perfected it ten years later  The crab pot changed the way crabs are harvested on the Chesapeake Bay  The crab pot is the most common method used to catch and harvest crabs worldwide Commercial crabbing is a very tough and dangerous job, so it is very important that commercial crab traps catch as many crabs as possible to be able to turn a profit  Commercial crabbing is heavily regulated by local state laws to ensure that the crabs are not over fished and that they are given enough time to breed and repopulate Unlike normal traps, commercial crab traps are large in size; some can easily be over 60" in diameter, allowing the trap to hold a larger amount of crabs than recreational crab traps  Commercial crab traps also contain a small stainless steel plate like a dog tag, which identifies who the trap belongs to in case it is missed or swept by the current from its original location After World War II, Japanese crab vessels were competition for Alaskan king crab fishermen in the Bering Sea  Japanese crab vessels would crowd around cod boats, where king crabs devoured the fish waste  Ed Shields, a king crab fisherman was aboard a schooner at this time and recalls the Japanese encroaching on the Bristol Bay fishing area  Ed Shields says that his father sent a telegram to Seattle, ordering one dozen high-powered rifles for each vessel and one case of ammunition each Ed Shields states, "The coast guard didn’t care for this at all, the State Department didn’t care for it, but the news media did  It made good news  There’s no television at this time, but they did get in the national magazines like Time and Life  The adverse publicity to Japanese manufactured goods was so severe at that time from this campaign, the Japanese decided to pull out of Bristol Bay area and he sent a telegram saying, 'Bristol Bay is all clear now, Japanese gone home '"The Derelict Crab Trap Removal Program was created by the Louisiana Wildlife and Fisheries Commission in 2004  This was created to remove derelict crab traps from state-owned lakes and river-beds and to reduce the potential impact from these traps  There are also similar programs in other states  They are similar to the program in Louisiana where the traps are removed during a 30-day period  There are programs all over the Gulf Coast, including areas like Texas and Florida  These programs have also been successful with the help of volunteers working together, and over 30,000 derelict traps have been removed in Texas alone 

Types
Maryland
The Maryland crab pot is an enclosed framework of wire with four openings  These openings are constructed so that when the crabs enter to eat the bait, they cannot escape, and instead become immediately trapped  Once the crab becomes trapped and cannot leave the same way they entered, they float upward and go through the openings of the inner wire portion, which permanently traps the crab The Maryland crab pot is a cube, generally two cubic feet and when baited and weighted, might weigh fifteen pounds or more  Sometimes it is left on the bottom for twelve to twenty-four hours or more  The end of the nylon rope is attached to a marked floating buoy so the location can be found and the pot retrieved  The Maryland crab pot is baited from the bottom with several oily fish  This is done by turning the pot on its side, stuffing the bait into the wire container, and closing the opening by securing the flap under the rubber tubing  The pot is then dropped into the water and when the crab fisher returns, pulls the pot up and into their boat 

West Coast
West Coast crab pots, which are primarily used for catching Dungeness crabs, vary slightly from the Maryland style crab pot  When the crabs enter either of the two funnel-type openings in search of bait, they are unable to exit through these funnel openings and become entrapped in the pot 

Ring crab traps
Ring crab traps are very popular along the Oregon and Washington Coast  They are primarily used in river mouths and protected bays, but it is possible to use crab rings off the open shoreline  A crab ring is a simple piece of equipment that contains two wire rings that form the top and bottom of a collapsible basket  The lower ring is smaller than the upper ring and connected with a strong netting that forms the sides  Heavy chicken wire, cotton webbing or other suitable materials are used for the bottom After the bait is tied securely to the bottom of the basket, the lower basket sinks to the bay bottom where the sides collapse and the top and bottom rings lie together, leaving only a flat platform of tempting bait that the crab can easily reach  After the ring has been left on the bottom, the crabber raises the ring rapidly by pulling up with a rope, which prevents the crabs from escaping while the basket is pulled to the boat  While ring traps may allow crabs to escape more easily, their advantage is that they remain on the bottom for much shorter periods, typically a maximum of 20 minutes or so, versus the 30-45 minutes required for a crab pot to work effectively 

Pyramids
Pyramid crab traps are flat when lying on the bottom of the seafloor, but when raised to the surface, they form the shape of a pyramid  This trap is similar to the ring crab trap because there are no walls or cage that prevents the crabs from escaping before pulling it to the surface  The benefits of the pyramid crab trap over the ring crab trap is that the pyramid crab trap is slightly sturdier and can be used in waters with stronger currents 

Boxes
Box crab traps are made from a strong non-collapsible wire  The main advantages of this crab trap are that once the crab enters searching for the bait it cannot escape, guaranteeing a catch when the crab enters  Along with this comes the added bonus of not having to regularly check the trap  A downside of this trap is storing and transporting it since it does not collapse 

Trot lines
Trot line crab fishing was used exclusively by commercial crabbers from 1870 to 1929, but this method has since been almost entirely replaced by the use of crab pots and crab traps  A trotline is a baited, hook-less, long line that is usually anchored on the bottom and attached to anchored buoys  This trotline is baited and after some time, the fisherman pulls the trotline up with crabs hopefully biting on the bait 

Environmental effects
A crab trap which becomes lost or abandoned (usually by accidental detachment of the float) becomes an ongoing environmental hazard  Crabs will continue to enter this ghost trap to eat the bait, become trapped, and starve to death, attracting more crabs and other bottom-dwelling sea life; a single trap may kill dozens of crabs in this manner  For this reason, crab traps in many jurisdictions are required to have a "rot-out panel", a wooden panel the size of the largest entrance into the trap  This panel will disintegrate with a few weeks' exposure to seawater, opening the trap and allowing any crabs inside to escape  Other pots use biodegradable twine, that disintegrates within less than a week Whales become entangled in crabbing gear  They get entangled in the vertical lines between crab traps on the ocean floor and the surface buoys  For example, as of 2014 there was an increasing number of entanglements off the coasts of the United States  Management measures have been implemented by NOAA National Marine Fisheries Service 

See also
Fish trap
Lobster trapEnvironment:

The Derelict Crab Trap Program
Passage 7:
Jianbing
Jianbing (simplified Chinese: 煎饼; traditional Chinese: 煎餅; pinyin: jiānbǐng; lit  'pan-fried bing') is a traditional Chinese street food similar to crêpes  It is a type of bing generally eaten for breakfast and hailed as "one of China's most popular street breakfasts"  The main ingredients of jianbing are a batter of wheat and grain flour, eggs and sauces, cooked quickly by spreading the batter on a large frying pan or a specialized flat hotplate  It can be topped with different fillings and sauces such as baocui (薄脆, thin and crispy fried cracker), ham, chopped or diced mustard pickles, scallions and coriander, chili sauce or hoisin sauce depending on personal preference  It is often folded several times before serving 
Jianbing has seen international popularization in recent years and can be found in Western cities such as London, Dubai, New York City, Portland, Oregon, Seattle, Chicago, San Francisco, Toronto, Hamilton and Sydney, sometimes with modifications to cater to local tastes 

History
Jianbing originated in northern China, where wheat- and broomcorn-based flatbreads, pancakes and pies (collectively called bing) are common as staple foods  Its history can be traced back 2,000 years to Shandong province during the Three Kingdoms period (AD 220–280)  According to legend, Chancellor Zhuge Liang encountered the problem of feeding his soldiers after they lost their woks  He ordered the cooks to mix water with wheat flour to make batter, then spread it on shields, or flat copper griddles over a flame  The dish raised the soldiers’ morale and helped them win the battle  After that, jianbing was passed down through generations in Shandong province and gradually spread to different parts of China 
The raw materials used in ancient pancakes should be millet, and millet cereal pancakes are one of the common foods of the ancient northerners  In ancient times, pancakes were made using griddles (Chinese: 鏊; pinyin: ào)  Archaeological finds have been discovered in ancient times, except for the prehistoric pottery figurines dating back more than 5,000 years, as well as the iron shovel and bronze gongs belonging to Liao, Song, Jin, Western Xia and Yuan dynasty  Yangshao people have created pottery figurines and the like  The cooking utensils, which were later unearthed in various eras, also found a number of murals of pancakes from different eras, revealing the true existence of pancakes in history 

Reasons for popularity
One of the most popular street breakfasts in China, jianbing can be easily found in many cities  The characteristics of jianbing account for its popularity in China and the West 
First, jianbing is never "pre-cooked"  In order to preserve its crispness, customers have to wait for their turn, which often results in a queue, although the preparation time is short  Part of the attraction is that customers can watch the raw ingredients come together to form the dish Jianbing can satisfy different people's tastes as it can be made with many different ingredients and mixed with different sauces, jams and flavors in different proportions  According to the vendors outside East China Normal University, though some customers like spicy flavors and some do not like cilantro, they can create their own jianbing The low cost of jianbing is also one of the reasons for its popularity, as the basic ingredients are themselves inexpensive Besides, jianbing is a type of bing that has rich nutrient values  It contains abundant nutrients as it can be made of soybeans, mung beans, black beans, lettuce, peanuts and eggs 
Jianbing can be made from various grains such as wheat, beans, sorghum, corn, etc  They contain various nutrients of the grain itself  They are convenient to eat, and are the basic food for the body to replenish energy  They are then engulfed with various vegetables, eggs, meat and other ingredients 

Regional variations
The traditional jianbing originated in Shandong and flourished in Tianjin  Jianbing is basically made of flour and eggs with different fillings and sauces  As there are many variations depending on tastes and preferences in different regions, many cities have their own versions of jianbing  Shandong-style jianbing and Tianjin-style jianbing are the two most common versions of jianbing in China 

Shandong-style jianbing
Jianbing from Shandong province tastes crispy and harder as its batter is formed from the flour mixture that mainly contains coarse grains such as corn, sorghum and millet  In the old days, people had Shandong-style jianbing mainly by rolling it with scallions or serving it with meat soup  Nowadays, the variety of fillings are richer and differ according to one's preference, for example, sweet potatoes, lettuce and pork are also used as fillings 

Jianbing guozi
Jianbing from Tianjin is a transformation of the jianbing originated in Shandong  It is also called jianbing guozi and guozi refers to its youtiao stuffing  Tianjin-style jianbing tastes softer as its crepe is made of mung bean flour, which contains less gluten  Also, Tianjin-style jianbing is topped with youtiao (fried dough stick), while the Shandong-style one sold by street vendors is usually topped with baocui (薄脆, crispy fried crackers) 

Internationalized jianbing
Jianbing is also served in the U K , U S  and Australia by Western vendors and young Chinese entrepreneurs  In the U S , it has become one of the newest food trends and gains high popularity among Americans and East Asian customers, particularly Chinese overseas students  Western vendors were inspired to start jianbing business back home after first trying it in China Apart from the traditional Chinese jianbing, some vendors in the U S  offer various versions of it to cater to American customers’ taste, such as vegetarian jianbing and gluten-free jianbing  Culture-crossing fillings like barbecue pulled pork, bacon, cheese, hot dogs, and Spam are additionally provided to let customers create their own customized jianbing Besides, fillings of jianbing are diverse with new innovations  Tai Chi Jianbing from San Francisco carries fish floss jianbing, which is made with dried tuna  A food truck in New York called “The Flying Pig jianbing” provides different filling options such as dried pork floss, pork belly and bamboo shoots  In another shop called Mr  Bing, the crepe batter is made of millet flour, buckwheat flour and purple rice  Many characterized jianbing are also shown  For example, the cha chaan bing with peanut butter and condensed milk, and the Peking duck bing with the duck sauce, cucumber chunks and duck slices are introduced 
In the UK, street food stall Mei Mei's Street Cart brought jianbing into the London and UK street food scene back in 2012 - taking their jianbing to London, Manchester, Leeds, Sheffield and Brighton and winning two awards  They sell the traditional jianbing alongside their 'London' jianbing with fillings such as fried chicken and char siu pork, to build on the traditional jianbing and make it a more substantial dish 

See also
Crêpe, a French pancake cooked and served in similar fashion 
Dosa_(food), an popular South Indian rice crepe cooked and served in a similar fashion 
Senbei (煎餅), a Japanese rice cracker whose name is cognate to jianbing and is written with the same Chinese characters in Kanji, but is actually a different food 
Passage 8:
Tantrix
Tantrix is a hexagonal tile-based abstract game invented by Mike McManaway from New Zealand   Each of the 56 different tiles in the set contains three lines, going from one edge of the tile to another   No two lines on a tile have the same colour   There are four colours in the set: red, yellow, blue, and green   No two tiles are identical, and each is individually numbered from 1 through 56 

Gameplay
In the multiplayer version of the game, each player chooses a colour, so there are between two and four players   Each draws one tile from the bag, and the person who draws the highest number goes first 

Each player then takes five more tiles from the bag, and places all six tiles face up in front of them  The first person plays one tile, usually with their colour on it  Play then rotates clockwise  After playing a tile, each player takes a replacement tile from the bag, so that they always have six in front of them  Tiles played must match the colour of the edges adjoining it 
When three tiles surround an empty space so that it is effectively half covered this is called a forced space  If the person whose turn it is has a tile that fills that space they must play it  The player repeats this process until there are no more forced spaces that they can fill, at which stage they make a free move, where they can play any tile as long as they don't breach the three restriction rules given below   Once they have had a free move, they must then fill any more forced spaces that they can  Thus one player's turn can consist of several moves  
The three restriction rules are:

Once there are no tiles left in the bag, the three restriction rules do not apply 
The aim of the game is to get the longest line or loop in your colour   Each tile in a line counts as one point, and in a loop is two points   Only the highest-scoring line or loop counts 

Online play
Although quiet and underpopulated compared to the standards of Yahoo! Games and the like, playing Tantrix online has gained a dedicated following with players from all over the world competing against each other or against computer robots  Players are rated out of 1000 points according to their wins and losses and taking into account of their opponents rank  The aim of top players is to get to 1000 points (which only three players have managed so far)  The goal of a regular player is to reach the score of 950 which is difficult to reach  Once this score has been attained the player can gain Tournament Rankings (ELO) and eventually earn the title "Master"  Masters can then play "master games" which have a different scoring system  Only a few players achieve master status, with a limit of 120 total imposed 
Serious players of Tantrix take part in a number of structured tournaments each year  Although the winners only play for bragging rights, and in the major tournaments a small trophy to keep for a year, these events are taken seriously, and are the ultimate challenge for tantricists 
The WORLD TANTRIX CHAMPIONSHIP begins every August, and takes nearly four months to complete  Only 47 competitors took place in the second WTC in 1998, but that number had grown to 200 by 2006  The tournament starts in a qualifying round, where the lower-ranked players compete for selection into the main draw (128-player knockout tournament) 
There are three other "world-wide" tournaments held online each year:

The World Team Tantrix Championship (WTTC)  involving teams of five from one country or region, first in held in 2002
The World Junior Tantrix Championship (WJTC)  a world championship for players under 16, first held in 2002
The World Doubles Tantrix Championship (WDTC)  first played in 2005There are also three continental tournaments each year:

The European Championship (Euro)  the major dedicated continental tournament, first run in 1999
The Pan-American Tantrix Championship (Pan-Am)  first held in 1999
The Afro-Asian Championship (AsAf) the African Championship was first held in 1999 once, then re-established in 2004, incorporating Asian competitors at the same timeAnd many national online tournaments:

The New Zealand Tantrix Championship  first held in 2000
The Australian Tantrix Championship   first held in 2001
The Hungarian Tantrix Championship  first held in 2002
The Hungarian Masters Tournament  first held in 2002
The Swedish Tantrix Championship   first held in 2003
The French Tantrix Championship   first held in 2007
The Dutch Tantrix Championship  first held in 2008
The German Tantrix Championship  first held in 2008
The Spanish Tantrix Championship  first held in 2008
The Polish Tantrix Championship  first held in 2008
The Norwegian Tantrix Championship  first held in 2009
The Czech Tantrix Championship first held in 2010

Face-to-face play
In addition to these online tournaments, offline tournaments (referred to as 'Table Opens') are growing in popularity  The first Table tournament was the 2002 British Open and was mostly a local affair with 13 of the 14 entrants from Britain  As the player base widened, players started traveling more  Table Opens in Europe soon became the most popular because of the larger playing population   By 2009 there was enough demand to hold a World Tantrix Open 
World Opens

2014 World Tantrix Table Open (Bischoffen, Germany)[1]
2013 World Tantrix Table Open (Trosa, Sweden)[2]
2011 World Tantrix Table Open (Almere, Netherlands)[3]
2010 World Tantrix Table Open (Budapest, Hungary)[4]
2009 World Tantrix Table Open (Edinburgh, United Kingdom)[5]National Opens

The British Table Open, first held in 2002
The New Zealand Table Open, first held in 2004
The Swedish Table Open, first held in 2004
The German Table Open, first held in 2005
The French Table Open, first held in 2005
The Spanish Table Open, first held in 2005
The Hungarian Table Open, first held in 2005
The Dutch Table Open, first held in 2006
The Polish Table Open, first held in 2007
The Australian Table Open, first held in 2007
The Israeli Table Open, first held in 2007

History
The first version of Tantrix was created by Mike McManaway in 1988 and was called Mind Game[6]  It used 56 cardboard pieces with only two coloured lines, red and black [7] Owning a games shop, McManaway sold the game directly and following customer feedback continued to change the rules and design  In 1991, the tiles were changed to plastic and two more colours were added, allowing for four-player games 

The tiles were (and still are) hand-painted, featuring different colours to those now used, even pink  The early form of the game featured eight "triple intersections", but these were found to slow the game play as they only fitted into three different forced spaces (compared to six for all other tiles)  So in 1993, the triple intersections were removed from the game Along with the multiplayer version of the game, McManaway created smaller solitaire puzzles using 10 or 12 tiles that required the player to put the tiles together to create loops of certain colours 
McManaway has also created many solitaire puzzles, including 3-D versions, match only versions (requiring players to colour match tiles within a confined space) and loop and line versions (requiring players to use all the nominated tiles to complete a loop or line in a specific colour)  However many of the editions are no longer available 
The main versions sold in most countries are:

Tantrix Discovery: A solo version, consisting of 10 tiles, where players attempt puzzles that take between 30 seconds and 45 minutes 
Tantrix Solitaire: A set of 14 tiles designed to play Tantrix Solitaire combined with expanded Tantrix Discovery puzzles 
Tantrix Match: Tantrix meets sudoku  A number of pre-placed clues controls the difficulty of each puzzle 
Tantrix Game Pack: A bag with all 56 Tantrix tiles, with which players can play all editions of Tantrix Tantrix got its first big contract in 1994 when Air France bought the game to give to children on its flights   In 2003 Tantrix was named Toy of the Year in Hungary and won the British National Association of Toy and Leisure Libraries gold award in the games category 

Tileset
See also
Black Path Game
List of world championships in mind sports
Palago, a hexagonal tile game co-invented by Mike McManaway
Serpentiles
Trax, a connection game played with similar tiles but different gameplay

Notes
External links
Official Tantrix website, including the history of Tantrix and Tournaments and online play 
Tantrix an online Tantrix puzzle
Tantrix   at BoardGameGeek
Tantrix puzzles and their solutions
Passage 9:
Sexual racism
Concepts of race and sexuality have interacted in various ways in different historical contexts  While partially based on physical similarities within groups, race is understood by scientists to be a social construct rather than a biological reality  Human sexuality involves biological, erotic, physical, emotional, social, or spiritual feelings and behaviors The ways in which people perceive the relationship between these two concepts implicitly informs attitudes toward interracial sexual relationships and sexual preferences for particular races expressed by individuals  Racial bias may involve a sexual dimension, which often takes the form of racial fetishism 

Attitudes towards interracial relationships
In the United States before the Civil Rights Era
After the abolition of slavery in 1865, white Americans showed an increasing fear of racial mixing  The remnants of the racial divide became stronger post-slavery as the concept of whiteness developed  There was a widely held belief that uncontrollable lust threatens the purity of the nation   This increased white anxiety about interracial sex, and has been described through Montesquieu's climatic theory in his book The Spirit of the Laws, which explains how people from different climates have different temperaments, "The inhabitants of warm countries are, like old men, timorous; the people in cold countries are, like young men, brave " At the time, black women held the "Jezebel" stereotype, which claimed black women often initiated sex outside of marriage and were generally sexually promiscuous  This idea stemmed from the first encounters between European men and African women  As the men were not used to the extremely hot climate, they misinterpreted the women's lack of clothing for vulgarity  Similarly, black men were stereotyped as having a specific lust for white women  This stereotype triggered tensions, implying that white men were having sex with black women because black women were more lustful than white women were, and in turn, black men would lust after white women in the same way that white men would lust after black women 
There are a few potential reasons as to why such strong ideas on interracial sex developed  The Reconstruction Era which followed the Civil War started to disassemble traditional aspects of Southern society  Now, the Southerners who were used to being dominant were no longer legally allowed to run their farms by practicing slavery  Many whites struggled with this reformation and they attempted to get around it by searching for legal loopholes which would have allowed them to continue their practice of exploiting black laborers  Additionally, the white Democrats were not pleased with the outcome of this reformation and white men felt inadequate as a result  This radical reconstruction of the South was deeply unpopular and it slowly unraveled, leading to the introduction of Jim Crow laws  There was an increase in the sense of white dominance and sexual racism among the Southern people 
Generally, tensions heightened after the end of the civil war in 1865, and as a result, the sexual anxiety which existed in the white population intensified  The Ku Klux Klan was formed in 1867, an event which triggered violence and terrorism which targeted the black population  There was an increase in the number of acts of lynch-mob violence in which many black men were falsely accused of committing rape  These acts of violence were not just senseless, they were attempts to preserve 'whiteness' and prevent the blurring of racial distinctions; some racist whites wanted to maintain a system of racial separation and prevent the occurrence of interracial sexual activity  For example, mixed race couples that chose to live together were sought out and lynched by the KKK  The famous case of Emmett Till, who was lynched by two men when he was fourteen years old, , shows the extent of the acts of violence which were committed against black people who flirted with white people  Till was lynched because the two men who lynched him believed that he had whistled at a white woman, but in actuality, he had whistled for his own reasons  When Jim Crow laws were eventually overturned, it took years for the court to resolve the numerous acts of discrimination 

Challenges to attitudes
Sexual racism is presumed to exist in all sexual communities across the globe  The prevalence of interracial couples may demonstrate how attitudes have changed in the last 50 years  A case that received heightened publicity is that of Mildred and Richard Loving  The couple lived in Virginia yet had to marry outside the state due to the anti-miscegenation laws present in nearly half of the US states in 1958  Once married, the pair returned to Virginia, and were both arrested in their home for the infringement of the Racial Integrity Act, and each sentenced to a year in prison, a sentence which was ultimately overturned by the United States Supreme Court 

Around a similar time, the controversy involving Seretse and Ruth Khama broke out  Seretse was the chief of an eminent Botswanan tribe, and Ruth a British student  The pair married in 1948 but experienced frequent hardships from the onset of the relationship, including Seretse's removal from his tribal responsibilities as chief in Bechuanaland  For nearly 10 years, Seretse and Ruth lived as exiles in Britain, as the government refused to allow Seretse to return to Bechuanaland  Once the couple were allowed to return to Bechuanaland in 1956, they became prominent campaigners for social equality, contributing to Seretse's election as president of the independent Botswana in 1966  Later, they continued campaigning for the legalization of interracial marriage around the globe More recent examples portray the increasingly accepting attitudes of the majority to interracial relationships and marriage  In 1999, Jeb Bush was elected as Governor of Florida, accompanied by his wife, Columba, a Mexican woman he met in León who did not speak English when they met  They were one of the first interracial couples to stand in power side by side  Other prominent interracial couples in American politics are Senate minority leader Mitch McConnell and former Secretary of Transportation Elaine Chao, as well as New York City mayor Bill de Blasio and his wife Chirlane McCray  The political success of these couples is seen by some to demonstrate that attitudes toward interracial marriage (at least in the United States) are much more positive and optimistic than in previous decades  Across much of the world, it is ever increasingly the situation that interracial couples can live, marry and have children without prosecution that was previously rife, due to major changes in law along with reductions in discriminatory attitudes 

Sexual preferences
While discrimination among partners based on perceived racial identity has been asserted by some to be a form of racism, it is generally considered a matter of personal preference  A study by Callander, Newman, and Holts quoted author Laurence Watts from the Huffington Post, who argued that sexual attraction and racism are not the same:
Just because someone isn't sexually attracted to someone of Asian origin does not mean they wouldn't want to work, live next to, or socialize with him or her, or that they believe they are somehow naturally superior to them  This suggests that people find it possible to view larger systemic racial preference as problematic, while viewing racial preferences in romantic or sexual personal relationships as not problematic  Researchers noted that racial preferences in one's own dating life were generally tolerated and that calling them "racist" is not a commonly accepted view 

Heterosexual community
Online dating
In the last 15 years, online dating has overtaken previously preferred methods of meeting with potential partners, surpassing both the occupational setting and area of residence as chosen locations  This spike is consistent with an increase in access to the internet in homes across the globe, in addition to the number of dating sites available to individuals differing in age, gender, race, sexual orientation and ethnic background  Partner race is the most highly selected preference chosen by users when creating their online profiles, ahead of both educational and religious characteristics  Research has indicated a progressive acceptance of interracial relationships by white individuals  The majority of white Americans are not against interracial relationships and marriage, though these beliefs do not imply that the person in question will pursue an interracial marriage themselves  Currently, fewer than 5% of white Americans wed outside their own race; indeed, less than 46% of white Americans are willing to date an individual of any other race  Overall, African Americans appear to be the most open to interracial relationships, yet are the least preferred partner by other racial groups  However, regardless of stated preferences, racial discrimination still occurs in online dating Each group significantly prefers to date intra-racially  Beyond this, in the online dating world, preferences appear to follow a racial hierarchy  White Americans are the least open to interracial dating, and select preferences in the order of Hispanic Americans, Asian Americans and then African American individuals last at 60 5%, 58 5% and 49 4% respectively  African American preferences follow a similar pattern, with the most preferred partner belonging to the Hispanic group (61%), followed by white individuals (59 6%) and then Asian Americans (43 5%)  Both Hispanic and Asian Americans prefer to date a white individual (80 3% and 87 3%, respectively), and both are least willing to date African Americans (56 5% and 69 5%)  In all significant cases, Hispanic Americans are preferred to Asian Americans, and Asian Americans are significantly preferred over African Americans  Hispanic Americans are less likely to be excluded in online dating partner preferences by whites seeking a partner, as Latinos are often viewed as an ethnic group that is increasingly assimilating more into white American culture Another aspect of racial preferences is that women of any race are significantly less likely to date inter-racially than a male of any race  Specifically, Asian men and black men and women face more obstacles to acceptance online  White women are the most likely to only date their own race, with Asian and black men being the most rejected groups by them  The rejection of Asian men was asserted by one author to be due to a hypothetical effeminate portrayal in media  The preference for men of other races remains present even when considering high-earning Asian men with an advanced educational background  Increased education does however influence choices in the other direction, such that a higher level of schooling is associated with more optimistic feelings towards interracial relationships  White men are most likely to exclude black women, as opposed to women of another race  High levels of previous exposure to a variety of racial groups is correlated with decreased racial preferences  Racial preferences in dating are also influenced by the area of residence  Those residing in the south-eastern regions in American states are less likely to have been in an interracial relationship and are less likely to interracially date in the future  People who engaged in regular religious customs at age 12 are also less likely to interracially date  Moreover, those from a Jewish background are significantly more likely to enter an interracial relationship than those from a Protestant background A 2015 study of interracial online dating within multiple European countries, analyzing the dating preferences of Europeans, as well as Arabs, Africans, Asians and Hispanics in Diaspora, found that in aggregate all races ranked Europeans as most preferred, followed by Hispanics and Asians as intermediately preferable, then by Arabs and finally Africans as the least preferred  Country-specific results were more variable, with countries with more non-Europeans showing more openness for Europeans to engage in interracial dating, while exceptions resulted in those with tensions between racial groups (such as in cases where tensions existed between Europeans and Arabs due to Arab Anti-Western sentiment and Western Anti-Arab populism) showed a marked decrease in preference for interracial dating between the two  The researchers noted that Arabs tended to have higher same-race preferences in regions with higher Arabic populations, possibly due to more traditional cultural norms on marriage  The researchers did note a portion of the study was influenced by selection bias, as the data gathered may have disproportionately drawn from people already inclined to engage in interracial dating Currently, there are websites specifically targeted to different demographic preferences, such that singles can sign up online and focus on one particular partner quality, such as race, religious beliefs or ethnicity  In addition to this, there are online dating services that target race-specific partner choices, and a selection of pages dedicated to interracial dating that allow users to select partners based on age, gender and particularly race  Online dating services experience controversy in this context as debate is cast over whether statements such as "no Asians" or "not attracted to Asians" in user profiles are racist or merely signify individual preferences Non-white ethnic minorities, mostly Indians and Asians, who feel they lack dating prospects as a result of their race, sometimes refer to themselves as ricecels, currycels, or more broadly ethnicels, a term related to the incel, who is generally considered to be white  Racial preferences can sometimes considered as a subset of lookism 

LGBT community
Hoang Tan Nguyen, an Assistant Professor of English and Film Studies at Bryn Mawr College, wrote that Asian men are often feminized and desexualized by both mainstream and LGBT media   The gay Asian-Canadian author Richard Fung has opined that he believes that while black and Arab men are portrayed as hypersexualized, gay Asian men are portrayed as being desexualized  Again according to Fung, gay Asian men supposedly tend to ignore or display displeasure with races such as Arabs, Blacks, and other Asians but seemingly give sexual acceptance and approval to gay white men  However, gay white men supposedly are more likely than other racial groups to state "No Asians" when seeking partners Asian American women also report similar discrimination in lesbian, gay, bisexual (LGB) communities  According to a study by Sung, Szymanski, and Henrichs-Beck (2015), Asian American participants who identified as lesbian or bisexual often reported invisibility, stereotyping, and fetishism in LGB circles and the larger U S  culture Multiple studies in European gay communities have shown, that while many immigrants from the Mediterranean, such as Amazighs, Turks, Greeks, Arabs, Albanians and Romanians tend to be discriminatory towards and avoidant of homosexuals, with many being openly homophobic, they are actively sought after and fetishized as hypermasculine  "Südländer" or "Mediterraneans", as they are called in German subculture, are often explicitly requested, with frequent statements of "Nur Südländer", "Only Mediterraneans" being not too uncommon, though the demand is rarely met Racial preferences are also prevalent in gay online dating  Phua and Kaufman (2003) noted that men seeking men online were more likely than men seeking women to look at racial traits In a qualitative study conducted by Paul, Ayala, and Choi (2010) with Asian and Pacific Islanders (API), Latino, and African American men seeking men, participants interviewed endorsed racial preference as a common criterion in online dating partner selection 

Racial bias
A 2015 study on sexual racism among gay and bisexual men found a strong correlation between test subjects' racist attitudes and their stated racial preferences Philosopher Amia Srinivasan argued for racialized origins of Western beauty standards in her 2018 essay "Does anyone have the right to sex?", and stated that racial bias can shape sexual desire 

Racial fetishism
Racial fetishism is sexually fetishizing a person or culture belonging to a specific race or ethnic group 

Theories
Homi K  Bhabha explains racial fetishism as a version of racist stereotyping, which is woven into colonial discourse and based on multiple/contradictory and splitting beliefs, similar to the disavowal which Sigmund Freud discusses  Bhabha defines colonial discourse as that which activates the simultaneous "recognition and disavowal of racial/cultural/historical differences" and whose goal is to define the colonized as 'other', but also as fixed and knowable stereotypes  Racial fetishism involves contradictory belief systems where the 'other' is both demonized and idolized The effects of racial fetishism as a form of sexual racism are discussed in research conducted by Plummer  Plummer used qualitative interviews within given focus groups, and found that specific social locations came up as areas in which sexual racism commonly manifests  These mentioned social locations included pornographic media, gay clubs and bars, casual sex encounters as well as romantic relationships  This high prevalence was recorded within Plummer's research to be consequently related to the recorded lower self-esteem, internalized sexual racism, and increased psychological distress in participants of color Fetishism can take multiple forms and has branched off to incorporate different races  The theories of naturalist Darwin can offer some observations in regards to why some people might find other races more attractive than their own  Attraction can be viewed as a mechanism for choosing a healthy mate  People's minds have evolved to recognize aspects of other peoples' biology that makes them an appropriate or good mate  This area of theory is called optimal outbreeding hypothesis 

Examples
White women
Rey Chow argues that the fetishism of white women in Chinese media does not have to do with sex  Chow describes it as a type of commodity fetishism  White women, according to Chow, are seen as a representation of what China does not have: an image of a woman as something more than the heterosexual opposite to man Perry Johansson argues that following the globalization of China, the perception of Westerners changed drastically  With the Opening of China to the outside world, representations of Westerners shifted from enemies of China to individuals of great power, money, and pleasure  In a study of Chinese advertisements from 1990 to 1995, marketed solely to the Chinese people, Johansson concluded that, in China, the racial fetish of Western women does have to do with sex  Chinese advertisements depict Western women as symbols of strength and sexuality  The body language of Chinese models in ads expresses shyness and subordination with canting of heads and bodies, lying down and covering of faces, while the body language of Western women demonstrates power and uninhibited unashamedness  Western women more often hold their heads high, stare straight into the camera, and do not cover their mouths while laughing   The study suggested Western women represent a shift in the power dynamics between women and men and are even presented with qualities otherwise considered to be "masculine" in Chinese culture 

Asian women
An Asian fetish focusing on East Asian, Southeast Asian and to some extent South Asian women has been documented in Australasia, North America, and Scandinavia According to a 2008 article from the Washington and Lee Journal of Civil Rights and Social Justice by Sunny Woan, the "Asian fetish" syndrome is born out of the male desire for dominance and the stereotype of Asian women as individuals open to domination  For example, following the 1970s and a peak in the American feminist movement, many white men turned to mail-order bride companies in search of a loyal, understanding, and subservient partner  They saw women of their own race as too career-oriented and strong-willed  Asian women were the antithesis to their perception of white women  While white women resisted powerlessness and subjugation to the white man, Asian women were seen as open to the subjugation, even depicted as enjoying it The song "Yellow Fever" by The Bloodhound Gang includes lyrics such as, "She's an oriental rug cause I lay her where I please", and "Then I blindfold her with dental floss and get down on her knees " Both of these instances exemplify the stereotype of Asians as submissive  Margaret Cho has labeled Gwen Stefani's Harajuku Girls as a "minstrel show" because they represent fetishized East Asian stereotypes  The girls follow Stefani around on tour and are contractually obligated not to speak English in public  The performer had "renamed" them corresponding to her album title and clothing brand, L A M B : Love, Angel, Music, and Baby Furthermore, there have been many cases of Asian fetishism leading to criminal activity  In one case in 2000, two men, David Dailey and Edmund Ball, and a woman, Lana Vickery, abducted and blindfolded two Japanese women in Washington, one who was eighteen and the other who was nineteen  Vickery said Ball specifically targeted these Japanese students because he thought that they were submissive and were less likely to report sexual abuse  In another case, in 2005, Michael Lohman, a doctoral student at Princeton University, was charged by the state of New Jersey for reckless endangerment, theft, harassment as well as tampering with a food product  Michael had cut locks of hair off at least nine Asian women  He also poured his semen and urine into the drinks of Asian Princeton students more than fifty times  In his apartment, Michael also had mittens filled with hairs of Asian women 

Arab and Middle Eastern women
According to multiple articles, the West's fetishization of fully covered Arab women has led to the stereotype that Arab women and women from the Muslim world are oppressed and therefore submissive  When French armies invaded Algeria, they had anticipated Algerian women to be sexually available and hookah smokers  To their surprise, Algerian women actually appeared to have been more modestly dressed and covered from their head to toes  Many French photographers paid Algerian women to remove part of their religious attire and pose for photos to make French postcards  In his book Desiring Arabs, Joseph Massad talks about how the West's interpretation of Arab culture has painted the stereotype of Arab women being exotic and desirable  Massad's book was largely influenced by Edward Said's book Orientalism 

Mixed race women/Latin woman
In her book Sex Tourism in Bahia Ambiguous Entanglements, Erica Lorraine Williams published the first full-length ethnography of sex tourism in Brazil, including interviews with tourists who come solely to participate in sexual tourism, which may be considered a form of racialized fetishism  One of the tourists interviewed described his experience, "I've had a thing for Latin, brown-skinned women since my early twenties  I'm from [a place] where there are a lot of blonde, white girls  Whatever you have, you like the opposite – they're exotic, intriguing "

Black women
The fetishization of black women expanded during the Colonial Era, as some white male slave owners raped and sexually abused their black, female slaves  They justified their actions by labeling the women as hyper-sexual property  These labels solidified into what is commonly referred to as the "Jezebel" stereotype  The opposite of this "Jezebel" identity or persona is the "Mammy" figure who loses all of her sexual agency and autonomy, and becomes an asexual figure   L  H  Stallings notes that the creation and identities for the Jezebel or Mammy figures are "dependent upon patriarchy and heterosexuality " An example of racial fetishism within the colonial era is that of Sarah Baartman  Baartman's body was utilized as a means to develop an anatomically accurate representation of a black woman's body juxtaposed to that of a  white European woman's body during the age of biological racism  The scientist studying her anatomy went as far as making a mold of Baartman's genitalia postmortem because she refused him access to examine her vaginal region while she was alive  The data collected on Baartman is the origin of the black female body stereotype, i e  large buttocks and labia Charmaine Nelson suggests that every nude painting feeds into the voyeuristic male gaze, but the way black women are painted has even more undertones  "The black female body defies the white male subject's desire for a single subject of 'pure' origin in two ways: firstly, through a sexual 'otherness' as woman, and secondly through a racial and color 'otherness' as black  It is the combined power of these two markers of social location which has enabled western artists to represent black women at the margins of societal boundaries of propriety " Nelson asserts that any black woman is considered a fetish in these paintings and that she is only viewed in a sexual lens One of the more recent popular discourses around the fetishization of black women surrounds the release of Nicki Minaj's popular song, "Anaconda" in 2014  The entire song and music video revolves around the largeness of black women's bottoms  While some praise Minaj's work for its embrace of female sexuality, some criticized that this song continues to reduce black women to be the focus of the male gaze  The 2020 song "WAP" ("Wet-Ass Pussy") by Cardi B and Megan Thee Stallion received a similar mixed reception, with some outlets praising its embrace of black female sexuality and others claiming it was degrading or objectifying women of color 

Black men
"Big black cock", usually shortened to "BBC", is a sexual slang and genre of ethnic pornography, that focuses on Black men with large penises  The stereotype of larger penis size in black men has been subjected to scientific scrutiny, with inconclusive results  The theme is found in both straight and gay pornography 

In BDSM
There is also a practice in BDSM which involves fetishizing race called "raceplay"  Susanne Schotanus defined raceplay as "a sexual practice where the either imagined or real racial background of one or more of the participants is used to create this power-imbalance in a BDSM-scene, through the use of slurs, narratives and objects laden with racial history " Feminist author Audre Lorde cautions that this kind of BDSM "operates in tandem with social, cultural, economic, and political patterns of domination and submission" creating the perpetuation of negative stereotypes for black women in particular However, race play can also be used within BDSM as a curative practice for black individuals to take back their autonomy from a history of subjugation  One BDSM Dominatrix explains that raceplay provides her with an "emotional sense of reparations"  "Violence for black female performers in BDSM becomes not just a vehicle of intense pleasure but also a mode of accessing and critiquing power "

See also
Afrophobia
Anti-miscegenation laws
Discrimination based on skin color
Discrimination in the United States
Ethnic pornography
Gendered racism
Interracial marriage
Race and crime
Racism against African Americans
Racism in the United States
Sexual capital#Race
Sexual objectification
Stereotypes of African Americans
Stereotypes of groups within the United States
Context 2: Passage 1:
List of word board games
This is a list of board games  See the article on game classification for other alternatives, or see Category:Board games for a list of board game articles 

Single-player board games
Some board games have solo variants, such as Arkham Horror and Agricola  Others are specifically designed for one player 

Two-player abstract strategy games
In abstract strategy games, players know the entire game state at all times, and random generators such as dice are not used 

Two-player board games
Multi-player elimination board games
Participants are typically eliminated before game end 

European race games
Multiplayer games without elimination
Everyone can play along to the end  These games are especially suited for mixed play with adults and children 

Economics strategy games
Games involving scarce resources and strategy 

Games of physical skill
Coordination, finesse, or other physical skills are necessary  Also known as dexterity games 

Children's games
The rules are easy to learn and the outcome is mostly or entirely due to chance 

Cooperative games
Cooperative games in which all players need to work together to win 

Word games
These games are based on construction of words to score points 

Gaming systems
These are sets that can be used to play multiple games 

See also
Spiel des Jahres (Game of the Year)
Games 100
List of board wargames
List of Japanese board games
List of mancala games
List of board game publishers
List of game manufacturers
List of cross and circle games

External links
Board Game Geek
Boardgames org
A Zen Guide to Board Games
Gamerate Game database
Board Games Land
Board Game Theories
Passage 2:
Clans (board game)
Clans is a German-style board game designed by Leo Colovini  The game centers on the creation of villages 

Gameplay
At the start of the game, each player is secretly dealt a card that has one of five colors on it - red, yellow, blue, green, or black  Although each player knows his own color, but not color of any of the other players  The game begins with one hut on each space, the colors being randomly distributed across the huts  On his turn, a player moves all of the huts from one space to another space  When a group of huts is completely isolated (all the surrounding spaces are empty) that space is scored  Scoring is different based on the terrain that those huts are on  The person with the most huts on that space, and anyone tied for the most, gets points  The game ends when the moves have been exhausted 

Awards
Nominee for the Spiel des Jahres, 2003
3rd in the Deutscher Spiele Preis, 2002
Games magazine Best Abstract Strategy Game of 2003
Winner, game of the year "stoner award 2018 Leeuwarden" 

External links
Clans   at BoardGameGeek
Passage 3:
Drunter und Drüber
Drunter und Drüber (German: [ˈdʁʊntɐ ʊn ˈdʁyːbɐ], lit  "under and over", fig  "haywire") is a multiplayer board game invented by Klaus Teuber, first published in 1991 in Germany by Hans im Glück  A second edition was released in 1994 by Hans im Glück and featured art by Franz Vohwinkel   The game was repackaged and rethemed as the western game Wacky Wacky West in 2010 

Gameplay
Players take on the role of the people of Schilda and work to build a new town after they burned down their old one  Buildings are already completed and each player is secretly assigned one of six types of buildings, that each appear five times on the board  Buildings closer to the center of the board have a higher point value  Each player is given an identical set of vote cards that are worth varying degrees of yes or no  Every turn, players lay down tiles of streets, rivers, and town walls which add on to existing pieces  Buildings can be covered by tiles, but when someone attempts to build over an outhouse everyone votes on whether to allow it or not  If there are more negative votes, the tile does not get played  Each player tries to keep his or her buildings uncovered  The game ends when all the pieces have been placed or all players pass consecutively; then everyone tallies their score from their remaining buildings on the map and the player with the highest score wins 

Awards
Spiel des Jahres Game of the Year 1991
Deutscher Spiele Preis 1991 3rd place

Reviews
Review by Doug Adams
Review by Debbie Pickett
Review from Sumo, Issue 5, June 1991
Passage 4:
Alex Randolph
Alexander Randolph (4 May 1922 – 27 April 2004) was a Bohemian-American designer of board games and writer  Randolph's game creations include TwixT, Breakthru, Hol's der Geier, Inkognito (with Leo Colovini), Raj, Ricochet Robot, and Enchanted Forest (with Michael Matschoss) 

Biography
Randolph was a son of self-described "rich parents" who attended private school in Switzerland 
He spent his early years in various occupations, including military intelligence and as an advertising copy editor in Boston In 1961, Randolph moved to Japan and became a professional game developer, performing initial work on TwixT  During this time, he became a dan player in shogi 
In 1962, Randolph (along with Sid Sackson) was commissioned to start a new game division for Minnesota Mining and Manufacturing (also known as 3M)  Through 3M, Randolph created and published such games as Breakthru, Evade, Oh-Wah-Ree, and TwixT Randolph moved to Venice, Italy in 1968, continuing his career as a game developer with the company Venice Connection established with Dario De Toffoli and Leo Colovini Randolph died aged 82 in Venice on 27 April 2004 

Recognition
In 2016, as a testimony to his career, Fabulous Games published ADDX – the first ever digital game from Alex Randolph Following Randolph's death, the Nuremberg Museum set up a special permanent collection of Randolph's games titled the Alexander Randolph Viewing Collection 

Awards
Spiel des Jahres
Game of the Year

1982 for Enchanted ForestChildren's Game of the Year

1989 for Gute Freunde
1997 for Leinen Los!Special Awards

1996 Most Beautiful Game for Venice Connection
1988 Most Beautiful game for Inkognito

Origins Awards Hall of Fame
Hall of Fame

2011 induction as a designer
2011 induction of TwixT
Passage 5:
Familienbande
Familienbande (German for Family Ties) is a card game designed by Leo Colovini   
Familienbande is a game of family inheritance, not of money, but of genetic traits   The card deck in Familienbande features an equal number of men and women   Each person on a card has three characteristics, chosen from a set of five, namely big ears, orange hair, thick lips, a big nose and glasses (to represent nearsightedness)   A card's characteristics need not be different, so, for example, a man could have two symbols for big ears and one for orange hair, or three "glasses" symbols 

Gameplay
Each player represents a "family" in which one of the genetic traits is dominant, and therefore wishes to pass along this trait to as many children as possible (and as many times as possible in each child)   On each player's turn he or she can do one of three things: 

(1) Draw a card 
(2) Play a card that forms a marriage, i e  is paired with a card of the opposite sex, after which the player then draws a card 
(3) Play a card as a child of a marriage that is already on the board   Most importantly, the three genetic characteristics of a child must be included in the six characteristics of its parents (e g  so a child's one "ear" and two "lips" traits must be appear in its parents' six genetic traits)   Every trait symbol on the child's card scores one point for that genetic trait times the generation number of that child   After scoring, the player may then discard a card from his or her hand, and then draw a replacement The game ends when the seventh child is played in the fifth "generation" 

Bluffing
The genetic trait of the each player's "family" is chosen randomly at the start of the game, being kept hidden from all other players and only revealed at the end of the game   The scores of all five genetic characteristics are tracked throughout the course of the game (even if there are only two players), allowing players to bluff and misdirect their opponents   
At the end of the game, players reveal their own genetic trait and are penalized for cards left in hand, the winner being
the one with the highest score 

External links
Familienbande   at BoardGameGeek
Independent review of Familienbande at juegos games
Independent review of Familienbande
Passage 6:
Inkognito
Inkognito is a board game for 3 to 5  players designed by Alex Randolph and Leo Colovini first published in 1988 by Milton Bradley Company  It has since been republished several times including by the company Venice Connection established by the designers and Dario De Toffoli The game was inspired by the Italian card game Briscola Chiamata 

Play Overview
Inkognito is a spy game set in Venice  It is unique in that the players play in pairs, but no player knows who their partner is   Each player has half of a secret message detailing their party's mission; their partner is the player with the other half  In order to win, a player must:

figure out who their partner really is
get the other half of the secret message from their partner
discover their party's mission
complete the missionWith 5 players, one player plays as the ambassador, who wins if he can perfectly identify all the other players 

Awards
In 1988 this game won the Spiel des Jahres special award for most beautiful game 

Reviews
Jeux & Stratégie #57 (as "Intrigues à Venise")
Passage 7:
Leo Colovini
Leo Colovini is an Italian designer of German-style board games born in Venice 1964  His most popular game is Cartagena  He is one of the few top board game designers who has owned a game store 
His life in games was strongly influenced by meeting Alex Randolph at the age of 12 with whom he worked on several of his games  He has also been part of studiogiochi, an Italian games company, and has also collaborated with Dario De Toffoli and has written books on games 

List of Games
Complete list of games that Colovini has created:

His games are known for their simplicity and drama as this quote from Board Game Geek illustrates:  "Carcasonne: The Discovery is also the simplest and most vanilla of the Carcassonnes  (Of course, if you know anything about Leo Colovini, you'd expect that ) But, it also the most tense Carcassonne  (And if you know Mr  Colovini, you also knew THAT!)"
Passage 8:
Francis Tresham (game designer)
Francis Tresham (1936 – 23 October 2019) was a British board game designer who produced board games since the early 1970s  Tresham founded and ran games company Hartland Trefoil (founded 1971), a company well-known for its Civilization board game, until its sale to MicroProse in 1997  His 1829 game was the first of the 18xx board game series and some of his board games inspired Sid Meier computer games such as Railroad Tycoon 
Francis Tresham was the first to introduce a technology tree into his boardgames  This idea had a large influence on later board and computer games 
He was managing director of Tresham Games, which produced 18xx-style board games  In 2013, he was one of the first inductees in the UK Games Expo Hall of Fame  He died on 23 October 2019 

Published board games
1825
1829
1829 Mainline
1830
1853
Civilization
Revolution: The Dutch Revolt 1568–1648
Shocks & Scares
Spanish Main
The Game of Ancient Kingdoms
Passage 9:
David Parlett
David Parlett (born 18 May 1939 in London) is a games scholar, historian, and translator from South London, who has studied both card games and board games  He is the president of the British Skat Association 

Life
David Sidney Parlett was born in London on 18 May 1939 to Sidney Thomas Parlett and Eleanor May Parlett, née Nunan  He is one of three brothers  During the Second World War, Parlett lived in Barry, Glamorgan  Parlett was educated at Battersea Grammar School and the University College of Wales in Aberystwyth  He has a BA in Modern Languages  Parlett was a technical writer with PR companies and later a freelance write for Games & Puzzles magazine  He is married to Barbara and they have a son and a daughter 

Works
His published works include many popular books on games such as Penguin Book of Card Games, as well as the more academic volumes The Oxford Guide to Card Games and The Oxford History of Board Games, both now out of print  Parlett has also invented many card games and board games   The most successful of these is Hare and Tortoise (1974)  Its German edition was awarded Spiel des Jahres (Game of the Year) in 1979 
Parlett is a Quaker 

Books
Games and gaming
All the Best Card Games
Anarquía y Otros Juegos Sociales de Cartas
Botticelli and Beyond
Card Games for Everyone
Family Card Games
Know the Game: Patience
Original Card Games
Solitaire: Aces Up and 399 other Card Games
Teach Yourself Card Games
Teach Yourself Card Games for Four
Teach Yourself Card Games for One
Teach Yourself Card Games for Three
Teach Yourself Card Games for Two
Teach Yourself Poker and Brag
The Guinness Book of Word Games
The Oxford Dictionary of Card Games
The Oxford Guide to Card Games / A History of Card Games
The Oxford History of Board Games reprinted as History of Board Games
The Penguin Book of Card Games
The Penguin Book of Patience
The Penguin Book of Word Games
The Penguin Encyclopedia of Card Games
The Popular Dictionary of Card Games

Other subjects
A Short Dictionary of Languages
Dalcroze Today (translation of Marie-Laure Bachmann's work)
Learning a Language Alone
Selections from the Carmina Burana (translations)

Games invented
Board games
Since 1974, David Parlett has published numerous games, including the following:
Around the World in 80 Days (2016)
Asterix: Das Kartenspiel (1990)
Chicken Out! (2017)
Die Wilden Kerle (The Wild Kids) (2017)
Hare and Tortoise (1973)
Katarenga (Colorado) (2017)
LifeCards
Metal Mickey's All Around the House Game (1982)
Ninety-Nine (1974) / Four Seasons (2016)
Pot Black: Snooker Dice (1980)
Rainbow Junior Scrabble (1989)
Roman Poker (2015)
Shoulder to Shoulder (1975)
Star Wars: Duell der Mächte (2015)
Sushi Spiel (Chinese Take-Away)
The Gnümies Party Game (2001)
The Puzzle of Oz (2012)
Zoo Party / 7Safari (2000) / Alles für die Katz

Card games
Parlett has invented more than 70 original card games that can be played with a standard deck of playing cards 

Solitaire games
Archway
Black Hole
Gay Gordons
Penguin
Passage 10:
Glossary of board games
This glossary of board games explains commonly used terms in board games, in alphabetical order  For a list of board games, see List of board games; for terms specific to chess, see Glossary of chess; for terms specific to chess problems, see Glossary of chess problems 

A
active  
See in play 

B
bear off  
To remove game piece(s) from the board and out of play  Past tense: borne off 

bit  
See piece 

Black  
Used often to refer to one of the players in two-player games  Black's pieces are typically a dark color but not necessarily black (e g  in English draughts official play they are red)  Cf  White  See also White and Black in chess 

board  
Short for gameboard 

C
capture  
A method that removes another player's piece(s) from the board  For example: in checkers, if a player jumps an opponent's piece, that piece is captured  Captured pieces are typically removed from the game  In some games, captured pieces remain in hand and can be reentered into active play (e g  shogi, Bughouse chess)  See also Game mechanics § Capture/eliminate 

card  
A piece of cardboard often bearing instructions, and usually chosen randomly from a deck by shuffling 

cell  
See hex and space 

checker  
See piece 

checkerboard 
A square gameboard with alternating dark and light-colored squares 

chessboard 
The square gameboard used in chess, having 64 squares of alternating dark and light-colors 

column  
See file 

component  
A physical item included in the game  E g  the box itself, the board, the cards, the tokens, zipper-lock bags, inserts, rule books, etc  See also equipment 

counter  
See piece 

currency  
A scoring mechanic used by some games to determine the winner, e g  money (Monopoly) or counters (Zohn Ahl) 

custodian capture 
A capture method whereby an enemy piece is captured by being blocked on adjacent sides by opponent pieces  (Typically laterally on two sides as in Tablut and Hasami shogi, or laterally on four sides as in Go  Capture by blocking on two sides diagonally is done in Stone Warriors, and surrounding on three sides is required in Bizingo ) Also called escort capture and interception capture 

custodian method 
See custodian capture 

D
deck  
A stack of cards
Context 3: Passage 1:
Jonathan Miles (filmmaker)
Jonathan Miles is a British independent filmmaker   He studied at Surrey Institute of Art & Design   Early in his career he directed music videos, for instance The Ride with Alec Empire  His short film The Queue from 2007 has been shown at a number of film festivals, in particular The End Of The Pier International Film Festival, where it won the award for Best Comedy Short 2008   In addition to directing he has worked as a documentary editor on BBC films   He now lives in Berlin 
Passage 2:
The Meerkats
The Meerkats, also known as Meerkats: The Movie, is a feature-length 2008 British wildlife fiction film which anthropomorphises the daily struggles of a clan of meerkats in the Kalahari Desert  It was produced by BBC Films, and filmed by the award-winning BBC Natural History Unit  It is the debut directorial feature of James Honeyborne, previously a producer of natural history programmes for television  The worldwide premiere was held at the Dinard Film Festival, France in October 2008, expanding to a wide release the following week  The film was released in 2009, on 7 August in the UK  This was dedicated to actor Paul Newman, the narrator of the film, who died in 2008, shortly before this movie was released making it his final film role 

Plot
The documentary follows the coming-of-age of a meerkat named Kolo who is forced to leave his home by a group of meerkats who want more territory  Lost in the African savannah, he tries to reunite with his family, but encounters large, fierce, and deadly creatures 

Production
The Meerkats was announced in November 2006 as BBC Films and The Weinstein Company agreed a co-financing deal for the film, with The Weinstein Company also handling international distribution  The year-long principal photography began on location in the Kalahari Desert, South Africa in the same month  It became the Natural History Unit's first feature-length wildlife fiction based on original material, and followed the successes of Earth (2007) and Deep Blue (2003) which were both companion pieces to BBC television series  The script was written by Alexander McCall Smith, author of many books set in Botswana  Paul Newman provides the narration, which was recorded at a studio near his home shortly before his death  The Meerkats was the final film credit of Newman's long career Meerkat Manor: The Story Begins, a second feature-length wildlife film on meerkats, was also released in 2008  It was produced by Animal Planet, Discovery Films and Oxford Scientific Films, the makers of Meerkat Manor, but was not screened in theatres  BBC Films' Joe Oppenheimer, a producer of The Meerkats, has stated that the two films are very different in character (the BBC and Discovery originally planned to collaborate, but couldn't agree on a common ground)  James Honeyborne has described The Meerkats as "a stand-alone, blue-chip wildlife film from the ground up  It will be immersive  There will be a huge sense of place on a massive scale  You will really see real wild animals "

Awards
Winner, Grand Prix Earth, Special Award, Tokyo International Film Festival
Best of Festival, Wild Talk Africa Film Festival
Winner, Best Editing, Wild Talk Africa Film Festival
Winner, Best Sound Design, Wild Talk Africa Film Festival
Nomination, Best Music, Wild Talk Africa Film Festival
Nomination, Best Script, Wild Talk Africa Film Festival
Winner, Best Editing, Jackson Hole Wildlife Film Festival
Nomination, Best Writing, Jackson Hole Wildlife Film Festival
Winner, Silver Teton, Jackson Hole Wildlife Film Festival

Reception
Writing in The Guardian, reviewer Philip French noted that the "nature movie made in the Kalahari desert has some good footage but is more Disney-anthropomorphic than Attenborough" 
Passage 3:
The Gardener (2012 film)
The Gardener (Persian: باغبان,  Bāghbān) is a documentary film by Mohsen Makhmalbaf  It had its Asian premiere at Busan International Film Festival, its European premiere at Rotterdam International Film Festival, and North American premiere at the Vancouver International Film Festival  It is the first film in decades to be made by an Iranian filmmaker in Israel  The film has been shown in more than 20 film festivals and won the Best Documentary award from Beirut International Film Festival and the special Maverick Award at the Motovun Film Festival in Croatia  The film was selected as "Critic's Pick of the Week" by New York Film Critics Circle, "Best of the Fest" at Busan Film Festival by The Hollywood Reporter, and "Top Ten Films" at Mumbai Film Festival by Times of India, and its script was added to the Library of Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences 

Synopsis
The film is about an Iranian filmmaker and his son who travel to Israel to learn about the role of religion in the world  While the son goes out to the Wailing Wall, the Dome of the Rock and Christian sites, the father stays at the Baháʼí gardens to learn about a faith that came out of his own country—Iran  The film is similar to Gabbeh and The Silence in style 
The Gardener is set in the newly recognized UNESCO World Heritage Site, the Bahá'í World Centre buildings in Haifa and Western Galilee; and in various religious sites in Jerusalem 

Cast and crew
Producers:

Screenplay and director: Mohsen Makhmalbaf
Cinematography and editing: Maysam Makhmalbaf
Music: Paul Collier, Salar Samadi
Sound: Asad RezaiCast:
Ririva Eona Mabi from Papua New Guinea
Paula Asadi from Canada
Guillaume Nyagatare from Rwanda
Tjireya Tjitendero Juzgado from Angola
Ian Huang from Taiwan and USA
Bal Kumari Gurung from Nepal

Filming locations
Baha'i Gardens in Haifa
Dome of the Rock in Jerusalem
Wailing Wall in Jerusalem
Chapel of the Ascension in Jerusalem
Baháʼí holy places in Akko
Various cities in Papua New Guinea

Reviews
The Gardener has received mostly positive reviews by all critics and holds an 83% Fresh rating on Rotten Tomatoes and 64 MetaScore on MetaCritics New York Times: "An intimate, discursive inquiry into religious belief that opens to include questions about cinema…Mr  Makhmalbaf doesn’t make that etymological connection explicit in the movie, although as he rambles throughout the Baha’i gardens, his camera inching antlike close to the ground and then soaring birdlike over the grounds, he lyrically joins the spiritual with the terrestrial "The Hollywood Reporter: "The Gardener marks the first time in decades—perhaps since the Iranian Revolution in 1979—that an Iranian filmmaker has shot a movie in Israel, and what it has to say about religion and world peace is as radical a statement as unconventional filmmaker Mohsen Makhmalbaf (The Bicyclist, Kandahar) has ever made   The deep spirituality it discusses so intelligently will appeal to open-minded viewers and should reach beyond festivals via culture channels   " - Deborah Young, The Hollywood ReporterVariety: "With their civilized discussion and amusing asides about the making and marketing of docus, the Makhmalbafs succeed in entertaining and engaging auds who are interested in the question of why people seek religion, and are willing to listen to all sides of a story " - Richard Kuipers, Variety (magazine)Rotterdam Festival Review: "An Iranian master filmmaker and his son roamed around the gardens in Haifa and made their most striking film   Mohsen Makhmalbaf makes unusual films, and this may be his most unusual of all: an Iranian who makes a film in Israel - even those who don't follow the news will realise how usual that is   This is indirectly a story about the history of Iran, where an innocent ‘gardener's faith’ could not remain, and where Makhmalbaf, once a proponent of the Islamic Revolution, is also no longer able to make his films "Times of India: "Exiled from his homeland, Iranian New Wave director Mohsen Makhmalbaf's film The Gardener explores how different generations view religion and peace  The film adopts an experimental approach of both father and son conversing while filming each other " -The Times of IndiaIranian Icons: "This film shows two completely different views on the religion  The director camera tries to portrait the example of two different generation of Iran through this story " - Iranian IconVoice of Russia "This film speculates the meaning of life and faith " - Swetlana Hochrjakowa, film critic (translated from Russian)The International Federation of Film Critics "   the most radiant imagery in a Makhmalbaf film since the bright carpets of the nomadic Ghashghai people in the 1996 Gabbeh  It's God in Heaven meets 1950s MGM Technicolor: beauty, beauty, beauty  What Adam and Eve saw before Eve bit into the apple " - Gerald PearyThe Hindu: "The grammar and discourse of this unusual film — driven by a search for peace and understanding — is simultaneously rational, intelligent, poetic, and above all intensely civilised "

Impact
There are several controversies surrounding the film  BBC notes that this is Makhmalbaf's most controversial film to date 

Iranian media response
Both official and non-official Iranian media has been following and reporting on the story since Makhmalbaf first announced the film  Local newspapers accused him of selling out to the Baha'is and/or the western powers, and claimed that Baha'is had bought him a house in France 

Travel to Israel
Iranians are not allowed to travel to Israel and thus Makhmalbaf and his team will be automatically sentenced to five years in prison should they ever return to Iran  The filmmaker also talks about a religion that is a taboo subject in Iran and has its own consequences, such as that received by Shirin Ebadi for taking up the case of this group In addition, Mohsen's decision to present the film at the Jerusalem Film Festival in contravention of the BDS campaign caused some controversy  An open letter published on Jadaliyya urging him not to attend was signed by many prominent Iranians, including Arash Bineshpajouh, Tina Gharavi, Ziba Mir-Hosseini, Laleh Khalili, Hamid Dabashi, Fatemeh Keshavarz, Ervand Abrahamian, and Asef Bayat  The letter was also critical of Iran's state-sponsored oppression of the Baha’i community A group of 250 social and cultural activists signed a letter to support him  Many Israelis appreciated that he came and presented his film  Adrina Hoffman of The Nation wrote that what shocked everyone was that he kept saying "I love you " The film sold out for its initial screenings and other screenings were scheduled after the festival  Makhmalbaf responded on BBC, saying that boycotts do not change people's hearts, and dialog is a better way of understanding each other 

Removal from Iranian Cinema Museum
The president of the Iranian film department sent a letter to the head of the Iranian film museum to remove all of Makhmalbaf's films from the museum's archives because he has travelled to Israel and made a film about a taboo religion Due to the treatment Makhmalbaf has received because of traveling to Israel to make the film, Oscar-winner Asghar Farhadi and many other filmmakers are wary of giving their awards to the Iranian Cinema Museum in fear of meeting the same fate 

Screenings and awards
Awards
Asia Pacific Awards, Competition Finalist
Academy Awards, Considered 
Top Ten Films of 2012 Mumbai International Film Festival - by Times of India
"Pick of the Week" by New York Film Critics Circle
Beirut International Film Festival, Lebanon, October 2012 - Won Gold Aleph for Best Documentary
Motovan International Film Festival, Croatia, 2013 - Won Maverick Award

Premieres & special presentations
Busan International Film Festival, Korea, October 2012 - World premiere
Rotterdam International Film Festival, Netherlands, 2013 - European premiere
Kosmorama International Film Festival, Norway, April 2013 - Lifetime Honoree Award
Moscow International Film Festival, Russia, 2013 - Makhmalbaf as President of the Jury, Special PresentationOfficial Selections

Vancouver International Film Festival, October 2013
Noor Iranian Film Festival, Best Documentary nominee, Los Angeles 2013
Art Center Festival, Colombia, 2013
Jerusalem International Film Festival, Israel, 2013 
Motovun International Film Festival, Croatia, 2013
Festival Cinema Africano, Italy, May 2013
Vilnius International Film Festival, Lithuania, April 2013
Hong Kong International Film Festival, March, 2013
Tbilisi International Film Festival, Georgia, December 2012
Trivandrum International Film Festival, India, December 2012
Chennai International Film Festival, India, December 2012
Kochi International Film Festival, India, December 2012
Tokyo filmex International Film Festival, Japan, November 2012
Mumbai International Film Festival, India, October 2012
Passage 4:
BBC Films
BBC Film (formerly BBC Films) is the feature film-making arm of the BBC  It was founded on 18 June 1990, and has produced or co-produced some of the most successful British films of recent years, including Truly, Madly, Deeply, Alan Partridge: Alpha Papa, Quartet, Salmon Fishing in the Yemen, Saving Mr  Banks, My Week with Marilyn, Eastern Promises, Match Point, Jane Eyre, In the Loop, An Education, StreetDance 3D, Fish Tank, The History Boys, Nativity!, Iris, Notes on a Scandal,  Philomena, Stan & Ollie, Man Up, Billy Elliot and Brooklyn 
BBC Film co-produces around eight films a year, working in partnership with major international and UK distributors  Rose Garnett is Head of BBC Film, responsible for the development and production slate, strategy and business operations The company was founded in 1990 by David M  Thompson as a wholly owned but independent film-making company, based in offices in Mortimer Street, London  A restructuring in 2007 integrated it into the main BBC Fiction department of BBC Vision  As a result, it moved out of its independent offices into BBC Television Centre, and Thompson left to start his own film production company  BBC Film has been based at Broadcasting House in London since 2013  The company changed its name to BBC Film in 2020, and it has been announced that the Storyville documentary strand has come under its remit 

Productions
1990s
1990 – Truly, Madly, Deeply
1990 – Antonia and Jane (with Miramax Films)
1991 – Enchanted April
1991 – Edward II
1991 – The Reflecting Skin
1992 – Sarafina!
1993 – The Hawk
1993 – The Snapper
1994 – Captives (with Miramax Films & Distant Horizon)
1994 – The Hour of the Pig
1995 – I D 
1995 – Angus
1996 – Jude
1996 – Small Faces
1996 – Twelfth Night: Or What You Will
1996 – Shine
1997 – Twenty Four Seven
1997 – I Went Down
1997 – My Son the Fanatic
1997 – Love and Death on Long Island
1997 – Mrs Dalloway
1997 – Mrs Brown
1997 – The Relic
1998 – Gods and Monsters
1998 – Hard Rain
1998 – A Simple Plan
1998 – Black Dog
1998 – The Governess
1998 – Love Is the Devil: Study for a Portrait of Francis Bacon
1999 – RKO 281
1999 – A Room for Romeo Brass
1999 – Mansfield Park
1999 – Man on the Moon

2000
Wonder Boys
Wild About Harry
Saltwater
Maybe Baby
Billy Elliot (with Working Title Films)
Shadow of the Vampire (with Saturn Films)
Isn't She Great
Last Resort

2001
Iris (with Miramax Films and Intermedia Films)
Born Romantic
About Adam
The Claim
Lara Croft: Tomb Raider

2002
The Gathering Storm
Anita and Me
Dirty Pretty Things
In This World
The Heart of Me
Morvern Callar

2003
The Statement
Kiss of Life
The Mother
Skagerrak
Masked and Anonymous
Code 46
I Capture The Castle
Deep Blue
Lara Croft: Tomb Raider – The Cradle of Life

2004
Undone (short)
The Accidental Perfectionist
Bullet Boy
Millions
Red Dust
My Summer of Love
The Life and Death of Peter Sellers (with Company Pictures)
Stage Beauty (with Qwerty Films and Tribeca Film)
Trauma

2005
The Undertaker (short)
Opal Dream
Imagine Me & You
Mrs Henderson Presents
A Cock and Bull Story
Match Point
Shooting Dogs  (co-production with UK Film Council)
Love + Hate
The Mighty Celt

2006
Notes on a Scandal
Starter for Ten
Scoop
Shiny Shiny Bright New Hole in My Heart
Fast Food Nation
The History Boys
Confetti
Shoot the Messenger
Miss Potter
As You Like It (in association with HBO Films)
Glastonbury
Snow Cake
Life and Lyrics

2007
Joe's Palace
The Restraint of Beasts
Four Last Songs
Capturing Mary
Eastern Promises (distributed and co-presented by Focus Features)
Becoming Jane
Earth (co-production with Disneynature)
Grow Your Own

2008
Churchill at War
Revolutionary Road (co-production with DreamWorks Pictures)
Death Defying Acts
The Duchess
Brideshead Revisited
The Boy in the Striped Pyjamas
The Other Boleyn Girl
The Edge of Love
The Meerkats
Is Anybody There?
Man On Wire (as BBC Storyville)
Shifty
Easy Virtue

2009
Nativity!
The Men Who Stare at Goats
Tormented
Frequently Asked Questions About Time Travel
The Damned United (co-production with Columbia Pictures)
In the Loop
Bright Star (co-production with Warner Bros  Pictures, Pathé, Film Finance Corporation Australia, Pathé, UK Film Council, and Screen Australia)
The Boys Are Back (co-production with Miramax Films, Film Finance Corporation Australia, Tiger Aspect Pictures, and Screen Australia)
An Education
Fish Tank
Creation
Glorious 39

2010
The First Grader (co-production with National Geographic Entertainment, Videovision Entertainment, & UK Film Council)
Made in Dagenham
Tamara Drewe
Edge of Darkness (co-production with Warner Bros  Pictures and Icon Productions)
StreetDance 3D (co-production with Phase 4 Films, Vertigo Films, & British Film Institute)
Freestyle (co-production with Phase 4 Films, Revolver Entertainment, Film London Microwave, B19 Media, and UK Film Council)
Africa United

2011
The Awakening
Brighton Rock
West Is West
Jane Eyre
Coriolanus
My Week with Marilyn
Project Nim
The Iron Lady
Salmon Fishing in the Yemen
We Need to Talk about Kevin
One Life (as BBC Earth Films)
The British Guide to Showing Off
Ill Manors

2012
Quartet
Shadow Dancer
Spike Island
Blood
Good Vibrations
Great Expectations
In the Dark Half
A Running Jump
StreetDance 2
Strawberry Fields (co-production with Soda Pictures, Film London Microwave, Kent County Council Film Office, Screen South, Met Film Post, and UK Film Council)
Perfect Sense

2013
Philomena
Saving Mr  Banks (co-production with Walt Disney Pictures)
Dom Hemingway
Alan Partridge: Alpha Papa
Walking with Dinosaurs: The Movie (as BBC Earth Films)
Broken
Exhibition
Flying Blind (co-production with Soda Pictures, iFeatures, Matador Pictures, Southwest Screen, Cinema Six, Regent Capital, The City of Bristol and Ignition Films)
Borrowed Time (co-production with Film London Microwave, UK Film Council and Parkville Pictures)
The Challenger Disaster
Big Men
Ginger & Rosa
Now Is Good
London: The Modern Babylon (co-production with Cinedigm, British Film Institute and Nitrate Film)
The Summit
The Sea
Kiss the Water (co-production with Virgil Films, Easy There Tiger, Slate Films, and Creative Scotland)

2014
Mrs  Brown's Boys D'Movie
A Little Chaos
A Long Way Down
The Invisible Woman
What We Did on Our Holiday
Enchanted Kingdom (as BBC Earth Films, co-production with Reliance Entertainment, IM Global, & Evergreen Studios)
Pride
My Old Lady
Lilting

2015
Far from the Madding Crowd
The Falling
Woman in Gold
Suite Française
Testament of Youth
Mr  Holmes
X+Y
Bill
Brooklyn
The Lady in the Van
Man Up
London Road
Being AP (co-production with Entertainment One, Irish Film Board, Northern Ireland Screen, and Moneyglass Films)
The Face of an Angel

2016
David Brent: Life on the Road
Absolutely Fabulous: The Movie
Florence Foster Jenkins
Swallows and Amazons
Denial
My Scientology Movie
A United Kingdom
The Lovers and the Despot (as BBC Storyville)
The Levelling
Notes on Blindness
I, Daniel Blake
The Library Suicides (co-production with Soda Pictures, Edicis Films, S4C, Ffilm Cymru Wales and British Film Institute)
The Lighthouse
The Goob (co-production with Soda Pictures, iFeatures, Creative England, British Film Institute, and EMU Films)

2017
Viceroy's House
City of Tiny Lights
The Sense of an Ending
Their Finest
Lady Macbeth
Victoria & Abdul
Mindhorn
Breathe
Earth: One Amazing Day (as BBC Earth Films, co-production with Goldcrest Films International & SMG Pictures)
Apostasy
Spaceship (co-production with Breaking Glass Pictures, iFeatures, Creative England, British Film Institute, Belly Productions, Parkville Pictures, and Trinity)

2018
On Chesil Beach
Yardie
The Children Act
The Happy Prince
Out of Blue
In Fabric
Happy New Year, Colin Burstead
Grace Jones: Bloodlight and Bami

2019
Blue Story
Dirty God
Little Joe
Stan & Ollie
Sorry We Missed You
Horrible Histories: The Movie – Rotten Romans
The Aftermath
The Boy Who Harnessed the Wind
The Souvenir
The White Crow
Monsoon
Judy
Be Still My Beating Heart (co-production with Creative Scotland, Scottish Film Talent Network, & barry crerar)

2020
Never Rarely Sometimes Always
The Nest
Surge
His House
Mogul Mowgli
Misbehaviour
The Roads Not Taken
Ammonite
Supernova
Lynn + Lucy
Aisha and Abhaya (co-production with Royal Opera House, Rambert Dance Company, Arts Council England, & Robin Saunders)

2021
After Love
The Mauritanian
Can't Get You Out of My Head (TV series)
People Just Do Nothing: Big in Japan
Ear for Eye
The Power of the Dog
Pirates
The Souvenir Part II
The Phantom of the Open
Cow
Body of Water (co-production with Verve Pictures, Film London Microwave, British Film Institute, Lions Den Films, Bright Shadow Films, and Boudica Films)
Here Before

2022
Aisha
Ali & Ava
Benediction
God's Creatures
Aftersun
Triangle of Sadness
The Lost King
Allelujah
The Eternal Daughter
Russia 1985–1999: TraumaZone (TV series)

2023
Girl
Blue Jean
Luther: The Fallen Sun
Medusa Deluxe
Rye Lane
Scrapper
Club Zero
Femme
The Old Oak

Forthcoming
Hoard
The End We Start From
The Iron Claw
The Salt Path
Tuesday

See also
BBC
Passage 5:
Rupert's Land (film)
Rupert's Land is a Canadian comedy film, directed by Jonathan Tammuz and released in 1998  The film stars Samuel West and Ian Tracey as Rupert and Dale McKay, estranged half-brothers on a road trip from Vancouver to Prince Rupert for their father's funeral  Rupert, who was raised primarily in England after his mother left their father to return home, has become a wealthy lawyer, while Dale, who remained in Canada, is a hard-nosed fisherman and small-time drug dealer, forcing the duo to overcome significant differences as they reconcile The cast also includes Susan Hogan as Dale's mother Trudy, Gabrielle Miller as his girlfriend Shelley, and George Wendt as Bloat, a former friend of Dale and Rupert's father who owns and operates a rural marijuana farm commune The film premiered at the 1998 Toronto International Film Festival 

Critical response
The film received mixed reviews from critics  It was reviewed favourably by Glen Schaefer of The Province, who wrote that it was "a funny ride that will ring familiar with anyone who's ever had to be in Pouce Coupe or New Denver by dawn, with not quite enough time or money to get there " Marc Horton of the Edmonton Journal was more critical, writing that "Somehow, though, I never much believed in either their fights or their ultimate acceptance of one another  Perhaps it is because they are not all that easy to care about: Rupert loses a bit of twittiness and Dale softens, but it's too little too late  Still, there are the occasional moments of charm, and an ending that's marginally surprising, although painfully neat and tidy  In the end it's a sitcom, without the com Geoff Pevere of the Toronto Star was more mixed, calling it bumpy but fitfully engaging  He praised West, Tracey and Wendt for their performances, but concluded that "the shame is, the good parts tend to pass by like the moments of interest in an otherwise dull road trip: arresting at the time, but too few and fleeting to make the whole thing worthwhile "

Awards and nominations
The film received five Genie Award nominations at the 19th Genie Awards in 1999, for Best Motion Picture, Best Director (Tammuz), Best Actor (West), Best Supporting Actor (Wendt) and Best Sound Editing (Jacqueline Cristianini, James Fonnyadt, Adam Gejdos, James Genn, Kirby Jinnah and Cam Wagner) The film won six Leo Awards in 1999, for Best Feature Length Drama, Best Direction in a Feature Length Drama (Tammuz), Best Performance by a Male in a Feature Length Drama (Tracey), Best Cinematography in a Feature Length Drama (Gregory Middleton), Best Editing in a Feature Length Drama (Roger Matiussi) and Best Production Design in a Feature Length Drama (Brian Davie)  It was also nominated, but did not win, for Best Lead Performance by a Female in a Feature Length Drama (2; Miller, Hogan), Best Screenwriting in a Feature Length Drama (Graeme Manson), and Best Overall Sound in a Feature Length Drama 
Passage 6:
A Little Chaos
A Little Chaos is a 2014 British period drama film directed by Alan Rickman, based on a story conceived by Alison Deegan, who co-wrote the screenplay alongside Rickman and Jeremy Brock  The film stars Kate Winslet, Matthias Schoenaerts, Rickman, Stanley Tucci, Helen McCrory, Steven Waddington, Jennifer Ehle and Rupert Penry-Jones  The film was financed by Lionsgate UK and produced by BBC Films  The second film directed by Rickman, after his 1997 debut The Winter Guest, as well as the last before his death in 2016, it was additionally the second collaboration of Rickman and Winslet after their 1995 film Sense and Sensibility  Production took place in London in mid-2013  The film had its world premiere at the 2014 Toronto International Film Festival as the closing night film on 13 September 2014 

Plot
King Louis XIV of France assigns the design and construction of the Gardens of Versailles to his head landscape architect André Le Nôtre  Already overwhelmed, managing numerous large-scale projects, Le Nôtre interviews several other landscape designers to whom he might be able to delegate some of the work  One of the candidates is Sabine de Barra, who is that rare thing in the 17th century: an independent professional woman  
When Sabine arrives on the palace grounds for her interview, she pauses to move a potted plant in the courtyard  André observes this from a window, and asks her, during the interview, if she prizes order in design  Sabine affirms her respect for landscape order, but when pressed suggests that she would rather create something uniquely French than follow classical and Renaissance styles  André reminds her that everything he has built and designed follows order  Sabine apologizes and sincerely expresses admiration for him and his work  André abruptly shows her the door; she leaves disheartened 

 André mulls over the candidates, under pressure to please the King



ground_truth: yes

prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: Were the board games, Clans and Drunter und Drüber, both created by Leo Colovini?

The following are given passages.
Context 2: 

die  
sing  of dice 

dice  
Modern cubic dice are used to generate random numbers in many games – e g  a single die in Trivial Pursuit, or two dice per player in backgammon  Role-playing games typically use one or more polyhedral dice  Games such as Pachisi and chaupur traditionally use cowrie shells  The games Zohn Ahl and Hyena chase use dice sticks  The game yut uses yut sticks 

direction of play  
The order of turns in a multiplayer game, e g  clockwise around the board means the player to the left has the next turn  
  
disc  
See piece    
 
displacement capture  
A capture method whereby a capturing piece replaces the captured piece on its square, cell, or point on the gameboard 

doublet  
1   The same number displayed by two dice 
2   The number displayed by one or more die is doubled 
3   The union of two game pieces to move as one 

E
empty board  
Many games start with all pieces out of play; for example, Nine men's morris, Conspirateurs, Entropy, and Go (if a handicap is not employed)  Some gameboards feature staging areas for the pieces before any are put into play; for example, Ludo and Malefiz 

enemy  
An enemy piece is a piece in the same army or set of pieces controlled by the opponent; or, in a multiplayer game, a piece controlled by the partner of an opponent 

Engine-building  
A board game genre and gameplay mechanic that involves adding and modifying combinations of abilities or resources to assemble a virtuous circle of increasingly powerful and productive outcomes  A successfully built engine can create a snowball or domino effect 

equipment  
Refers to physical components required to play a game, e g  pieces, gameboard, dice 

escort capture  
See custodian capture 

exchange  
For games featuring captures, the capture of a piece followed immediately by the opponent's recapture 

F
file 
A straight line of spaces running from top to bottom of a gameboard at right angle to a rank  Also called column 

friendly  
A piece in the same army or set of pieces controlled by a player; or, in a multiplayer game, a piece controlled by a player's partner 

G
gameboard  
Or game board  The (usually quadrilateral) marked surface on which one plays a board game  The namesake of the board game, gameboards would seem to be a necessary and sufficient condition of the genre, though card games that do not use a standard deck of cards (as well as games that use neither cards nor a gameboard) are often colloquially included  Most games use a standardized and unchanging board (chess, Go, and backgammon each have such a board), but some games use a modular board whose component tiles or cards can assume varying layouts from one session to another, or even during gameplay 

game component  
See component 

game equipment  
See equipment 

game piece  
See piece 

gameplay  
The execution of a game; or specifically its strategy, tactics, conventions, or mechanics 

gamer  
A person who plays board game(s)  See also player 
 
gamespace  
A gameboard for a three-dimensional game (e g , the 5×5×5 cubic board for Raumschach) 

grace  
An extra turn 

H
handicap  
An advantage given to a weaker side at the start of a game to level the winning chances against a stronger opponent  Go has formal handicap systems (see Go handicaps); chess has traditional handicap methods not used in rated competitions (see Chess handicap) 

hex  
In hexagon-based board games, this is the common term for a standard space on the board  This is most often used in wargaming, though many abstract strategy games such as Abalone, Agon, hexagonal chess, GIPF project games, and connection games use hexagonal layouts 

huff  
The forfeiture of a piece as a penalty for infringing a rule 

I
in hand  
A piece in hand is one currently not in play on the gameboard, but may be entered into play on a turn  Examples are captured pieces in shogi or Bughouse chess, able to be dropped into play as a move; or pieces that begin the game in a staging area off the main board, as in Ludo or Chessence 

in play  
A piece active on the main board, not in hand or in a staging area  Antonym: out of play 

interception capture  
See custodian capture 

intervention capture  
A capture method the reverse of the custodian method: a player captures two opponent pieces by moving to occupy the empty space between them 

J
jump  
To move a piece over one or more pieces or spaces on the gameboard  Depending on the context, jumping may include  capturing an opponent's piece  See also Game mechanics § Capture/eliminate 

L
leap  
See jump 

M
man  
In chess, a piece or a pawn  In draughts, an uncrowned (i e  not a king) piece 

meeple  
A game piece that represents a person in concept, shaped like an approximation of a person 

mill  
Three or more pieces in a line of adjacent spaces 

move  
See turn 

O
odds  
See handicap 

open board  
A gameboard with no pieces, or one piece, in play  Typically for demonstration or instruction 

order of play  
See direction of play 

orthogonal  
A horizontal (straight left or right) or vertical (straight forward or backward) direction a piece moves on a gameboard 

out of play  
A piece not active on the main board, it might be in hand or in a staging area  Antonym: in play 

over the board 
A game played face to face with the opponent, as opposed to playing remotely (online or other means, for e g  correspondence chess) 

P
pass  
The voluntary or involuntary forfeiture of a turn by a player 

pie rule  
Used in some two-player games to eliminate any advantage of moving first  After the first player's opening move, the second player may optionally swap sides 

piece  
Or bit, checker, chip, counter, disc, draughtsman, game piece, man, meeple, mover, pawn, player piece, playing piece, singleton, stone, token, unit  A player's representative on the gameboard made of a piece of material made to look like a known object (such as a scale model of a person, animal, or inanimate object) or otherwise general symbol  Each player may control one or more pieces  Some games involve commanding multiple pieces, such as chess pieces or Monopoly houses and hotels, that have unique designations and capabilities within the parameters of the game; in other games, such as Go, all pieces controlled by a player have the same capabilities  In some modern board games, such as Clue, there are other pieces that are not a player's representative (i e  weapons)  In some games, such as mancala games, pieces may not represent or belong to any particular player  Mancala pieces are undifferentiated and  typically seeds but sometimes beans, coins, cowry shells, ivory balls, or pebbles  Note that in chess usage the term piece in some contexts only refers to some of the pieces, which are also known as chessmen  See also Counter (board wargames) 
playboard  
See gameboard 

player  
The participant(s) in the game  See also gamer 

playing area 
The spaces on a gameboard for use by pieces in play 

playspace 
See playing area 

point  
See space 

polyhedral dice  
Dice that are not cubes, usually some kind of Platonic solid  Polyhedral dice are generally referred to through the construction "d + number of sides" (ex  d4, d8, d12, d20)  See also dice 

R
rank 
A straight line of spaces running from one side to the other across a gameboard at right angle to a file  Also called row 

replacement capture  
See displacement capture 

row  
See rank 

rule  
A condition or stipulation by which a game is played 

ruleset  
The comprehensive set of rules which define and govern a game 

S
singleton  
A game piece that is isolated and often prone to attack 

space  
A physical unit of progress on a gameboard delimited by a distinct border, and not further divisible according to the game's rules  Alternatively, a unique position on the board on which a piece in play may be located  For example, in Go, the pieces are placed on grid line intersections called points, and not in the areas bounded by the borders, as in chess  The bounded area geometries can be square (e g  chess), rectangular (e g  shogi), hexagonal (e g  Chinese Checkers), triangular (e g  Bizingo), quadrilateral (e g  three-player chess), cubic (e g  Raumschach), or other shapes (e g  Circular chess)  Cf  gamespace  See also Game mechanics § Movement 

square  
See space 

staging area  
A space set aside from the main gameboard to contain pieces in hand  In Ludo, the staging areas are called yards  In shogi, pieces in hand are placed on komadai 

starting area  
See staging area   
  
stone  
See piece 

swap  
See exchange 

T
take  
See capture 

token  
See piece 

trade  
See exchange 

triplet  
The same number displayed by three dice 

turn  
A player's opportunity to move a piece or make a decision that influences gameplay  Turns to move usually alternate equally between competing players or teams  See also Turn-based game 

W
White  
Used often to refer to one of the players in two-player games  White's pieces are typically a light color but not necessarily white (e g  backgammon sets use various colors for White; shogi sets have no color distinction between sides)  White often moves first but not always (e g  Black moves first in English draughts, shogi, and Go)  Cf  Black  See also White and Black in chess 

Worker Placement 
A genre of board games in which players take turns selecting an action while optimizing their resources and making meaningful decisions 

Notes
Context 3:  His assistant judiciously re-presents Madame de Barra's designs to him, prompting André to reconsider them  
André surprises Sabine at her home that evening, and after admiring her seemingly untamed but magical garden, assigns to her the outdoor bosquet ballroom project at Versailles, which combines fountains and landscaping  His original plans require a costly fresh water supply; Sabine suggests continuously recycling water through the fountains using a reservoir  As work begins on her design, the original workmen make little progress; however, Sabine is offered another, better crew by one of her former competitors, and construction begins in earnest 
A striking commoner, artlessly beautiful and fearlessly honest, Sabine attracts attention at court  She is befriended by the King's brother Duc Philippe d'Orléans and his wife Elizabeth Charlotte, Princess Palatine  
Sabine and André start a quiet, loving friendship, mutually attracted but not acting on their feelings due to André's marriage and Sabine and André's professional relationship  André is deeply moved by Sabine's passion and honesty; Sabine describes André to someone else as "the most complete person I know " André has been enduring his wife Françoise's infidelities; Françoise insists that the key to his success is her relationships and influence at court  When she senses his interest in Sabine and warns him against an affair, he quotes to her her own words about their right to seek comfort elsewhere, becoming determined to pursue a relationship with Sabine 
Queen Maria Theresa dies suddenly  Stunned at the loss of his wife, the King takes refuge in the gardens at the Château de Marly, among the pear trees  Sabine finds him there, initially mistaking him for the gardener with whom she had hoped to trade some plants  The King enjoys her warmth and forthrightness, and once she recognizes him, they continue their conversation as equals  He invites her to travel with him to the Palace of Fontainebleau 
Back at the Versailles garden site, Françoise confronts Sabine, and states that André's interest in her is transient and won't last  Later that night, Françoise's lover, at her request, opens the reservoir's sluice gates during a powerful storm, flooding the worksite and destroying much of the earthworks  Sabine nearly drowns trying to close it, but André arrives in time to rescue her  The next morning, she works vigorously to mend the damage  That same day, the King visits the worksite, assesses the damaged project skeptically, but allows it to proceed  Afterwards, André finds Françoise's glove there  Realizing she is behind the sabotage, he confronts her with the glove and effectively ends their relationship 
Sabine is introduced around court by the Duc de Lauzun and the King's mistress, the Marquise de Montespan  Once the Marquise and her female courtiers discover that Sabine is widowed and has also lost her 6-year-old daughter, they share their own losses and welcome her into their company  
The Marquise formally presents Sabine to the King when he arrives  Sabine offers him a Four Seasons rose — the same found in the garden where they had met  Conversing about the nature of roses and their life cycle, beauty, hardships, and death, Sabine metaphorically defends Madame de Montespan, who has begun to lose the King's favor  Louis is again moved by Sabine's observations  "A wise rose," he calls her, and takes her arm so that they may walk and talk further 
André waits for Sabine outside her home that night, and they finally make love  In the morning, André finds himself alone in bed; Sabine is upstairs, traumatized by a recurring flashback of the day her daughter and husband died: prior to taking their daughter with him on a day trip, her husband revealed to Sabine that he had a mistress  Sabine saw that the carriage had a faulty wheel, learned from the footman that they were actually going to his mistress's, not on a business trip, and racing after them, tried to stop the carriage  It veered off track, toppling down a steep hill and killing both father and daughter  
André finds Sabine mid-flashback, and convinces her to stop blaming herself for their deaths, calming her down  She asks him what will happen with his wife, and he says their marriage is over   "And what of us?" Sabine asks  "We will shape each other," replies André 
At the inauguration of Sabine's completed bosquet garden, the King and his court arrive and dance to the music of a hidden orchestra, as the fountains send water coursing down the tiers around the outdoor ballroom floor  It is clear that the garden design is a success, and the king is well pleased  After Sabine dances with the King, she and André join hands and leave to walk into the forest together  The camera pulls slowly back and above the entire grounds of Versailles, revealing the enormous sweep of its grandeur 

Cast
Kate Winslet as Sabine de Barra
Matthias Schoenaerts as André Le Nôtre
Alan Rickman as King Louis XIV
Stanley Tucci as Philippe, Duc d'Orléans
Helen McCrory as Madame Le Nôtre
Steven Waddington as Thierry Duras
Jennifer Ehle as Madame de Montespan
Rupert Penry-Jones as Antoine Lauzun
Paula Paul as Princess Palatine
Danny Webb as Claude Moulin
Phyllida Law as Suzanne

Production
The story was conceived by Allison Deegan, who co-wrote the screenplay alongside Alan Rickman and Jeremy Brock  The film was financed by Lionsgate UK and produced by BBC Films Production began in March 2013  Producer Zygi Kamasa of Lionsgate said that "we are delighted to be working with the best of British actors and directors like Kate Winslet and Alan Rickman as we move forward in doubling our investment in British films in 2014 " Rickman said: "The film is not just frills at the wrists and collars  It's about people getting their hands dirty and building something in order to entertain the other world they serve  It's about how one world maintains the other, often at the cost of women "

Casting
On 17 January 2013, it was announced that Winslet and Matthias Schoenaerts had been cast in the lead roles  Rickman had Winslet in mind for the lead role of Sabine de Barra and continued with her when two weeks into shooting, Winslet announced that she was pregnant  In addition to director, Rickman took the role of King Louis XIV  He explained that "the only way I could do it was because in a way, he's like a director, Louis, so you kind of keep the same expression on your face  As a director, you see everything somehow  It's like a huge all-encompassing eye that sees everything, and it's able to cherry pick; ‘Move that,’ ‘Don't do that,’ ‘Do it this way,’ ‘Change this colour ’ And I don't know where that comes from, but it does, once you're given the job, and I have a feeling Louis probably would've been a great film director "

Filming
Despite being set in France, the entirety of filming took place in England  Principal photography commenced on 27 March 2013 and continued over eight weeks in Black Park, Cliveden House, Pinewood Studios, Blenheim Palace, Waddesdon Manor, Hampton Court Palace, Ham House, Ashridge, and Chenies Manor  Filming ended on 8 June 2013 in Richmond, London According to Rickman, filming "wasn't easy, though; throwing Kate into freezing water at 1 a m , the carriage crash, scenes with 80 extras, tight schedules in venues like Blenheim Palace  It's a constant tap dance between control and freedom and of course the budget guides everything "

Historical accuracy
Some of the characters are fictional, including Kate Winslet's Sabine  The film is set in 1682, but André Le Nôtre began work at Versailles in 1661  Le Nôtre was nearly seventy in 1682, twice the age he appears to be as portrayed by Schoenaerts  A garden much like that in the film exists at Versailles, the Salle de Bal or Bosquet de la Salle-de-Bal (the Forest Ballroom) 

Music
The soundtrack was composed by Peter Gregson  It was the first feature film for Gregson, who previously composed music for a 2014 short film Every Quiet Moment  Veigar Margeirsson's 2008 composition "Rise above" was used in the trailer of the film but was not part of soundtrack album, which was released by Milan Records on 16 April 2015 

Distribution
Promotion
BBC Films revealed footage as part of their Sizzle Showreel 2013 on 25 November 2013  First stills of Kate Winslet were released on 22 July 2014 with the announcement of film's premiere at 2014 Toronto International Film Festival  Three images from the film featuring Winslet, Alan Rickman, and Jennifer Ehle were released on 27 August 2014  A scene from the film featuring Winslet and Rickman was revealed on 9 September 2014  The full-length official trailer was revealed on 19 December 2014  The first poster and another trailer were released on 20 January 2015  On 11 June 2015, another scene from the film featuring Stanley Tucci was released 

Release
The film had its world premiere at the 2014 Toronto International Film Festival as the closing night film on 13 September 2014  It was then shown in gala screenings as Love Gala at the 2014 BFI London Film Festival on 17 October 2014  Rickman presented the film at Camerimage film festival in November 2014  The United States premiere was held at the Sonoma International Film Festival on 25 March 2015  It had a theatrical release in Australia on 26 March 2015 and in UK on 17 April 2015 It was initially set for a theatrical release on 27 March 2015 in the United States but was later pulled out  Focus Features finally gave the film a simultaneous theatrical and VOD release in United States on 26 June 2015 

Reception
Box office
As of July 2015, the film has been opened in fourteen territories including Australia and UK and had grossed $10,084,623 worldwide 

Critical response
The film generated mixed reviews from critics, with the cast being highly praised  As of June 2020, the film holds a 48% approval rating on review aggregator, Rotten Tomatoes, based on 92 reviews with an average score of 5 41/10  The site's consensus states that "Stylish and well-acted without ever living up to its dramatic potential, A Little Chaos is shouldered by the impressive efforts of a talented cast " At Metacritic, which assigns a weighted mean rating out of 100 to reviews from mainstream critics, the film holds an average score of 51, based on 21 reviews, which indicates "mixed or average reviews" Catherine Shoard of The Guardian gave the film two out of five stars and wrote that "Winslet manages emotional honesty within anachronistic confines, and Schoenaerts escapes with dignity " Mark Adams in his review for Screen International said, "the film is a gracefully made delight, replete with lush costumes, fruity performances, love amongst the flowerbeds and even a little mild peril  Yes it lacks real dramatic edge and may be seen as a typical British period costume film, but it is also a classily made pleasure that will delight its target audience " David Rooney of The Hollywood Reporter felt that "This decently acted film is agreeable entertainment, even if it works better on a scene by scene basis than in terms of overall flow "  Tim Robey in writing for  The Telegraph said in his review: "If you see only one film about 17th-century French landscape gardening this year, it probably ought to be A Little Chaos, a heaving bouquet of a picture "David Sexton of the London Evening Standard gave the film a negative review, saying that "Kate Winslet charms as a gardener at the Court of Louis XIV, but it's not enough to keep this inauthentic piece from wilting " Dennis Harvey of Variety criticised the film, calling it "all too tidy as it imposes a predictable, pat modern sensibility on a most unconvincing depiction of late 17th-century French aristocratic life " Kaleem Aftab of The Independent gave the film two out of five stars, noting that while the performances were exceptional, the talents of the players were wasted  He wrote that "it all starts off so promisingly" and praised the camera work and language, but found it quickly fails as "a melancholic look at grief" where "at least four different genres [clash] against each other, occasionally in the same scene" and "the romance seems to take place off-screen " She concluded: "There was a 17-year gap between Rickman's first and second film and on this evidence it's easy to see why  While he can get performances out of the actors, he lacks command of pacing and plot "
Passage 7:
Salmon Fishing in the Yemen
Salmon Fishing in the Yemen is a 2011 British romantic comedy-drama film directed by Lasse Hallström and starring Ewan McGregor, Emily Blunt, Kristin Scott Thomas and Amr Waked  Based on the 2007 novel of the same name by Paul Torday, and a screenplay by Simon Beaufoy, the film is about a fisheries expert who is recruited by a consultant to help realise a sheikh's vision of bringing the sport of fly fishing to the Yemen desert, initiating an upstream journey of faith to make the impossible possible  The film was shot on location in the United Kingdom in London and Newtonmore in Inverness-shire and in Morocco from August to October 2010  The film premiered at the 2011 Toronto International Film Festival  The film received generally positive reviews upon its release, and earned over $34 million in revenue worldwide 

Plot
Fisheries expert Alfred Jones (Ewan McGregor) receives an email from financial adviser Harriet Chetwode-Talbot (Emily Blunt), seeking advice on a project to bring salmon fishing to the Yemen—a project being bankrolled by a wealthy Yemeni sheikh and supported by the Foreign and Commonwealth Office (the FCO)  Alfred dismisses the project as "fundamentally unfeasible" because the Yemen cannot provide the necessary environment for salmon  Meanwhile, the British Prime Minister's press secretary, Patricia Maxwell (Kristin Scott Thomas), suggests the salmon fishing story to the Prime Minister's office as a positive story to help improve relations between Britain and the Islamic world 
Alfred meets Harriet to discuss the project, but despite Harriet correcting his misconceptions of the Yemen environment, Alfred is convinced that the project is foolhardy  Alfred's boss, under pressure from Patricia, forces Alfred to accept a position on the project  Alfred considers resigning rather than ruin his reputation in the scientific community, but is convinced by his wife that they need his income and pension 
Harriet arranges for Alfred to meet the Sheikh (Amr Waked) at his estate in the Scottish Highlands  The Sheikh is excited to meet Alfred as he is the inventor of the "Woolly Jones" fishing fly  While the Sheikh acknowledges that the project might sound crazy, he still believes that fishing is a noble pursuit that promotes harmony and requires immense faith 
After his wife accepts a position in Geneva, Alfred devotes himself to the salmon project  Although painfully shy, he enjoys working with Harriet and they begin to make progress  Their enthusiasm is interrupted, however, when Harriet learns that her new boyfriend, British special forces Captain Robert Meyers (Tom Mison), is missing in action  Devastated, Harriet withdraws to her apartment  When Alfred visits her, she gets upset, thinking he just wants her to return to work, but then she realises he has come to comfort her, and the two embrace 
Meanwhile, the Sheikh continues his work, despite radicals who accuse him of introducing Western ways to their region  Patricia informs the Sheikh that because of opposition to removing salmon from British rivers they will need to use farmed salmon  The Sheikh does not believe that salmon bred in captivity will survive and rejects Patricia's offer, ending the British Government's involvement in the project  Alfred resigns his government job to continue with the project 
After a confrontation with his wife in which he realises that their marriage is over and that he is in love with Harriet, Alfred convinces the Sheikh to give the farmed salmon a try  As the two are fishing, a Yemeni radical attempts to assassinate the Sheikh, who is saved by Alfred casting his fishing line towards the assassin  Soon after, they return to the Yemen, where Harriet and Alfred continue to grow closer  After a moonlight swim, he asks her if there was a "theoretical possibility" of the two of them ending up together  She accepts with a kiss on his cheek, but says she will need some time 
At a press conference in the Yemen, with the Foreign Secretary, Patricia reunites Harriet with her boyfriend Robert who has survived the counter-terrorism operation  The PR stunt leaves Alfred heartbroken  That night, Harriet realises her feelings for Robert have changed, and when Alfred gets a text message from his wife asking him to return, he declines 
The following day the fish are released from their holding tanks



ground_truth: Drunter und Drüber is a multiplayer board game invented by Klaus Teuber

prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: In what year did the Tornoto International Film Fesitval premiere a movie produced by BBC Films?

The following are given passages.
Context 3:  The fish swim upstream, and everyone celebrates the success of the project  While Robert and the Foreign Secretary fly-fish for the photographers, terrorists break into the dam upstream and open the flood gates  Although most people survive the resulting flash flood, the valley is left in ruins  The Sheikh blames himself for the tragedy, and vows to rebuild—this time with the support of the local community 
The next day, as Harriet prepares to leave with Robert, the latter says while she was the one thing on his mind that kept him alive during his mission, she doesn't owe him anything  She approaches Alfred to say goodbye, where he tearfully wishes her luck as he ponders what to do next  Just then, they see a salmon jumping from the water, indicating that some fish survived  Alfred tells Harriet he will indeed stay and help them rebuild  Harriet asks if he will need a partner—and Alfred realises that she is talking about herself  They embrace, and then hold hands whilst looking out over the river 

Cast
Production
Screenplay
The screenplay for Salmon Fishing in the Yemen was written by Simon Beaufoy, based on the novel by Paul Torday  The epistolary novel won the 2007 Bollinger Everyman Wodehouse Prize, and the 2008 Waverton Good Read Award  Through a series of letters and documents, Torday creates a political satire that focused more on the "art of political spin" than on the force of the human spirit  Beaufoy enjoyed the challenge of transforming a fairly complex novel written in an unusual format—a series of emails, text messages, interviews, and testimony extracts—into a film  Beaufoy acknowledged, "I just love adapting material that allows room for creativity and allows room for me to be very present in the process, I suppose  Sometimes when you’re adapting something classic and famous you have to adopt a different attitude, to something like Salmon Fishing where it had such an unusual narrative and such an unusual structure, that you got quite a free reign [sic] to do interesting things with it " Beaufoy integrated the emails, text messages, and chat texts into the film's narrative 
Beaufoy's screenplay is decidedly different from the novel in several respects  The most obvious difference is that his press secretary is a woman, played by Kristin Scott Thomas, whereas in the novel, the character is a man, Peter Maxwell  Where the novel focuses on political satire, the film is more about a man who decides to change direction in his life  In the novel, Jones is noticeably older than the film character, and the romantic subplot with Harriet is kept in the background because of the political satire  By making Jones younger, Beaufoy added a "quirky flair" to the character that gives the audience a "completely different experience in watching a man overcome himself to achieve happiness " Beaufoy noted, "That's the difference when reading the book  You can perceive specific conflicts, but when it's onscreen you have to create something different, something the audience can see and feel and root for "

Casting
For director Lasse Hallström, Ewan McGregor and Emily Blunt were his "first choices" to play the leading roles  "They brought the lightness and the humour to the material," Hallström later observed  He also felt fortunate to get Kristin Scott Thomas to play the role of the bossy press secretary, Patricia Maxwell, recalling, "I knew she could be funny, as most actors can, but she brought that seriousness combined with a bit of heart " For Hallström, it was that combination of humour and seriousness that allowed the actress to capture the balance between the film's sentiment and political satire  Egyptian actor Amr Waked was cast in the role of the sheikh  Waked has enjoyed major success and fame in his own country and throughout the Arabic-speaking world  English-speaking audiences may recognise him as the fundamentalist Muslim cleric in the 2005 film Syriana and the HBO series House Of Saddam 

Filming locations
Salmon Fishing in the Yemen was shot on location in London, Scotland, and Morocco  Scenes set in Yemen were filmed in Ouarzazate in the Moroccan Atlas Mountains  The restaurant scene in London was filmed at the Oxo Tower  The Sheikh's house in Scotland was filmed at Ardverikie House  Reshooting and water tank work was filmed at Black Hangar Studios in the UK  Principal photography started on 6 August 2010 

Music
Music for the film was composed and orchestrated by Dario Marianelli  The score features Leo Abrahams (guitar), Dirk Campbell (woodwind), Giles Lewin (oud), and the BBC Concert Orchestra, conducted by Benjamin Wallfisch  The original soundtrack album was released on 20 March 2012 by Lakeshore Records  The Scottish folksong "Mairi's Wedding" by The Clancy Brothers, which is played over one scene, and "Where You Go" by The Young Romans, the song played over the end credits, are not included on the album 

Reception
Critical response
The film received generally favourable reviews from critics  In his review in the Los Angeles Times, Kenneth Turan called the film a "pleasant fantasy" and a "charming film whose few attempts at seriousness are best forgotten or ignored " Turan praised the performances of Emily Blunt and Ewan McGregor, concluding

Blunt and McGregor are two of the most gifted and attractive actors working today, able to play off each other with great style, and when they invest themselves in these amusing characters they bring to life the film's very contrived plot 
In her review for The Washington Post, Ann Hornaday gave the film two and a half out of four stars, calling the film an "absurdist but gently winning romantic comedy" that "works a strange kind of wonder"  Hornaday praised the director's "assured hand and feather-light touch", as well as the acting performances by Ewan McGregor and Emily Blunt, who finds "an easygoing rhythm with her leading man"  Hornaday continued:

It's the serendipity of creative juxtaposition that Hallström is clearly after in Salmon Fishing in the Yemen, from Scott Thomas spiking the honey with dollops of venom to the fabulous kilts and kaffiyehs worn by the sheik's bodyguards at his rustic Scottish redoubt  Salmon Fishing in the Yemen is less a classic fish-out-of-water tale than a fish-in-strange-waters tale, a study in diametric opposites that finds unexpected synchronies and moments of almost mystical harmony  Viewers who take the sheikh's advice and suspend their disbelief, even for a moment, may well find themselves hooked 
Hornaday found Salmon Fishing in the Yemen a "surprisingly lush, endearing little film, in which a swelling sense of romanticism thoroughly banishes even the most far-fetched improbabilities "
In his review for The Telegraph, Robbie Collins gave the film three out of five stars, calling it "cinema at its most easily digestible" with a cast that is as "unthreateningly attractive as its sense of humour is cosily inclusive " Collins concluded that Salmon Fishing in the Yemen is a "disarmingly nice hour and three-quarters of gentle romance and even gentler comedy "The film received some negative reviews  Peter Bradshaw from The Guardian, who gave the film two out of five stars, wrote that it "feels as if you've seen it many times before"  According to Bradshaw, the weakest scenes of the film involve the ferocious government PR chief (Kristin Scott Thomas), with "much lip-pursing and eye-rolling, but nothing funny or believable in the script for her to say "On the review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes, the film holds a 67% positive rating among critics, based on 153 reviews  The critic consensus states: "Quirky and a little reserved, Salmon Fishing in the Yemen is nonetheless a charming little romantic drama sold by some strong central performances " The film holds a score of 58 on Metacritic, based on 35 reviews 

Box office
As of June 2012, the film has grossed $34 6 million The film opened in 18 cinemas so in the United States on 9 March 2012, taking in $225,000 for the three-day weekend  The film expanded to 483 cinemas by the end of March, when it had grossed over $3 million 

Awards and nominations
In 2012, the film was nominated for the European Film Awards People's Choice Award 
The film was also nominated for three Golden Globe Awards: Best Motion Picture – Musical or Comedy, Best Actor – Motion Picture Musical or Comedy for McGregor, and Best Actress – Motion Picture Musical or Comedy for Blunt 

See also
Water supply and sanitation in Yemen
Passage 8:
Company Pictures
Company Pictures is an independent British television production company which has produced drama programming for many broadcasters  It was set up in 1998 by Charles Pattinson and George Faber, colleagues at BBC Films  Their first film was Morvern Callar, which was credited as a co-production with BBC Films as they had begun developing it while still employed there  In 2003 Company Pictures became part of All3Media  The founders, Pattinson and Faber, left in 2012 to set up another independent production company, and  John Yorke became managing director until 2015  He was succeeded by Michele Buck, former joint managing director of Mammoth Screen For both artistic and fiscal reasons, when producing the TV series The White Queen, Company Pictures entered into collaboration with a Flemish production house  This enabled them to film in the medieval cities of Ghent and Bruges, while receiving tax-breaks as a European co-production and for investment in Flanders 
Passage 9:
L (film)
L (Learning) is a 2011 Greek comedy-drama film directed by Babis Makridis in his debut, and written by Makridis and Efthymis Filippou, based on an original idea by Yorgos Giokas  It stars Aris Servetalis as a 40 year old man whose life rapidly changes over the course of a single day 
Makridis had previously produced a short film, The Last Fakir (2005), which received the Newcomer's Prize at the 2005 International Short Film Festival in Drama  L, his first feature film, was the first Greek selection to compete at the 2012 Sundance Film Festival (19–29 January 2012) where its international premiere took place  It was also nominated to compete in the official Tiger Awards competition in the International Film Festival Rotterdam (25 January – 5 February 2012)  The film was nominated for Best Script award at the Hellenic Film Academy Awards  A six-minute extract was first released at the Work Progress Section of the Karlovy Vary International Film Festival, at the Czech Republic in July 2011 

Plot
A Man lives in his car  He is 40 years old and although he does not have a lot of free time, when he does, he chooses to spend it with his family  He meets his wife and two children at a specified day and time in car parking lots  His job is to locate and bring the finest honey to a 50-year-old man  A New Driver shows up and the Man gets fired  The Man's life changes and he finds it absurd that no one trusts him anymore 

Cast
Aris Servetalis as the Man
Makis Papadimitriou as the Black Rider
Yannis Bostantzoglou as the Boss
Eleftherios Matthaios as The Bear
Nota Tserniafski as the Wife
Stavros Raptis as the Friend
Thanassis Dimou as the New Driver
Christoforos Skamnakis as the Yachtsman
Pavlos Makridis as the Son
Natalia Tserniafski as the Daughter
Alexis Kanakis as Motorbiker
Antonis Iliakis as Meteor

Production
Filming
Filming took place during March and April 2011 in outdoor locations in Attica, Greece and additional filming took place at the end of July 2011  Filming was concluded within 27 days 

Technical information
The movie was filmed in 35mm with an Arriflex BL camera, is 87 minutes long, in colour, sound Dolby SRD, language Greek with English subtitles, 1:85:1 format, edited in Avid 

Production credentials
Directed, by Babis Makridis
Script, Efthymis Filippou Babis Makridis, based on an original idea by Yorgos Giokas about a man who lives in his car
Location Manager, Dimitris Chalkiadakis
Line Producer, Yorgos Papadimitriou
Sets, Dafni Kalogianni
Costumes, Dimitris Papathomas
Sound, Stefanos Efthimiou
Mixing/Sound Design, Costas Fylaktidis
Music, Coti K
Editor, Yannis Chalkiadakis
Director of Photography, Thimios Bakatakis
Executive Producer, Peter Carlton, Christos V  Konstantakopoulos
Production, Beben Films (Amanda Livanou, Babis Makridis)
Co Production, NOVA, Feelgood Entertainment, Faliro House Productions, Top Cut, Modiano S A , Dennis Iliadis, Efthymis Filippou, Yannis Chalkiadakis, Thimios Bakatakis, Yorgos Papadimitriou, Dimitris Papathomas, in association with Warp Films and the support of the Greek Film Center 

Release and distribution
The movie was released in Greek movie theaters in February 2012 by Feelgood Entertainment movie distribution company 

Festivals
Sundance Film Festival 2012   Official selection world drama competition 
Rotterdam Film Festival 2012   IFFR's Tiger Awards Competition 
Copenhagen Film Festival 2012  Official competition for New talent grand pix
Indielisboa 2012  Official Competition 
Seattle International Film Festival 2012  New Directors Competition 
Melbourne International Film Festival 2012  Competition Telescope Section 
Mumbai Film Festival 2012  International Competition 
42 Molodist  Kyiv Film Festival 2012  International Competition  WINNER THE GRAND PRIX OF MOLODIST
Arizona Underground Film Festival 2012  International Competition 
Festival International du Film Indépendant de Bordeaux 2012  International Competition 
36o São Paulo International Film Festival  New Directors Competition 
Shadowline Salerno 2012  Official Competition 
Sydney Film Festival 2012  Section Push Me to the Edge
D' A Festival Internacional de cinema d'author de Barcelona 2012 
Istanbul Film festival 2012  At a special section called " What's happening in Greece?"
Karlovy Vary 2012  Section Another View 
Stockholm Film Festival 2012  Section Twilight Zone  
19th Greek Film Festival 2012 (Melbourne) 
Eurasia Film Festival 2012  Section Cinema bridge: East
23 Ljubljana Film Festival 2012  Section Panorama
Sevilla Festival de Cine Europeo  2012  Section: Focus Europa : Greece 
27º Festival international de cine de mar del plata FESTIVAL INTERNACIONAL DE CINE DE MAR DEL PLATA
18ο Vilnius International Film Festival Lithuania Programm Discoveries

Words about L
FILM DE CULTE
FLIX
FLIX GR
CUEDOTCOMFESSIONS
THE LIMERICK REVIEW
QUIET EARTH
ALTERNATIVE CHRONICLE
SUNDANCE FILM FESTIVAL
SBS COM AUSTRALIA
HOLLYWOOD REPORTER

External links
The official movie blog
L at IMDb
L official facebook page
L official site



ground_truth: 2011