prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: Gary L. Bennett was a part of the space missions that have a primary destination of what celestial body?

The following are given passages.
Context 1: Passage 1:
Gary L  Bennett
Gary L  Bennett (born January 17, 1940) is an American scientist and engineer, specializing in aerospace and energy   He has worked for NASA and the US Department of Energy (DOE) on advanced space power systems and advanced space propulsion systems   His professional career has included work on the Voyager, Galileo, and Ulysses space missions, and is currently working as a consultant in aerospace power and propulsion systems  He is also a science fiction author (The Star Sailors) 

Biography
Bennett was born in Twin Falls, Idaho  He joined the NASA headquarters in June 1988 as the Manager of Advanced Space Power Systems in the transportation division of the Office of Advanced Concepts and Technology  There, he managed a number of transportation technology programs including hybrid propulsion, electric propulsion, low-thrust chemical propulsion, and other advanced propulsion concepts (e g , fusion, antimatter)  He was also the first program manager of the advanced technology insertion program for the Pluto Fast Flyby (now New Horizons) mission and the TIMED space physics mission 
Prior to coming to NASA, Bennett held key positions in DoE's space radioisotope power program, including serving as Director of Safety and Nuclear Operations for the radioisotope power sources that were used on the Galileo mission to Jupiter and that are being used on the Ulysses mission to explore the polar regions of the Sun   This same radioisotope power source design was then flown on the Cassini mission to Saturn and on the New Horizons mission to Jupiter 
Previous positions included Chief of the Research Support Branch in the US Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC) where Bennett was instrumental in creating and managing NRC's reactor operational safety research program 
Bennett was the flight safety manager for the radioisotope power sources currently in use on the Voyager 1 and Voyager 2 spacecraft (which went to Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune and beyond) and on Lincoln Laboratory's LES 8 and LES 9 communications satellites 
Bennett also worked as a physicist in the NERVA (Nuclear Engine for Rocket Vehicle Applications) program at what was then NASA's Lewis Research Center (now the John H  Glenn Research Center) in Cleveland, Ohio   He did fundamental reactor safety research at what is now the Department of Energy's Idaho National Laboratory (INL) 
From 1980 to 1988, he was a member of or adviser to US delegations to the two subcommittees of the United Nations Committee on the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space and he prepared the official US position papers on the use of nuclear power sources in outer space 
From 1988 to 1990, Bennett chaired the Steering Group of the Interagency Advanced Power Group (IAPG), the national coordinating group for federally sponsored space and terrestrial power research   During his tenure and under his initiative the IAPG saw its greatest increase in membership 
Bennett received his PhD in physics from Washington State University in 1970; a Master of Nuclear Science degree in 1966, and a BSc degree in physics from the University of Idaho in 1962; and an Associate of Arts degree from Boise Junior College (now Boise State University) in 1960 
Since 1995, he has been active in promoting the teaching of science (specifically evolution) and received the Friend of Darwin Award  Bennett has also been a champion of the First Amendment and was elected to the National Advisory Council of Americans United for Separation of Church and State 

Selected works
Bennett has authored or coauthored over 160 technical papers, reports and articles on power, propulsion, and space missions 
Science fiction

G L  Bennett (1980)  The Star Sailors  ISBN 978-0-312-75582-9 Chapters in:

M S  El-Genk (1997)  A Critical Review of Space Nuclear Power and Propulsion, 1984-1993  ISBN 978-1-56396-317-9 
D M  Rowe (1995)  CRC Handbook of Thermoelectrics  ISBN 978-0-8493-0146-9 
R A  Meyers (2001)  Encyclopedia of Physical Science and Technology (3rd ed )  ISBN 978-0-12-227410-7 

Awards
In 2000, he received the Friend of Darwin Award by the National Center for Science Education
In 1996, he received the Schreiber-Spence Space Achievement Award for his leadership of the safety and nuclear operations for the Galileo and Ulysses radioisotope power source programs 
In 1995, he shared in the American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics (AIAA) Aerospace Power Systems Award and Medal for his leadership of the Ulysses radioisotope power source program 
In 1994, he received the Silver & Gold Award from the University of Idaho Alumni Association
In 1990, he received the Distinguished Alumnus Award from Boise State University

Associations
American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics (fellow)
American Physical Society (fellow)
British Interplanetary Society (fellow)
Passage 2:
Planetary protection
Planetary protection is a guiding principle in the design of an interplanetary mission, aiming to prevent biological contamination of both the target celestial body and the Earth in the case of sample-return missions  Planetary protection reflects both the unknown nature of the space environment and the desire of the scientific community to preserve the pristine nature of celestial bodies until they can be studied in detail There are two types of interplanetary contamination  Forward contamination is the transfer of viable organisms from Earth to another celestial body   Back contamination is the transfer of extraterrestrial organisms, if they exist, back to the Earth's biosphere 

History
The potential problem of lunar and planetary contamination was first raised at the International Astronautical Federation VIIth Congress in Rome in 1956 In 1958 the U S  National Academy of Sciences (NAS) passed a resolution stating, “The National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America urges that scientists plan lunar and planetary studies with great care and deep concern so that initial operations do not compromise and make impossible forever after critical scientific experiments ” This led to creation of the ad hoc Committee on Contamination by Extraterrestrial Exploration (CETEX), which met for a year and recommended that interplanetary spacecraft be sterilized, and stated, “The need for sterilization is only temporary  Mars and possibly Venus need to remain uncontaminated only until study by manned ships becomes possible” In 1959, planetary protection was transferred to the newly formed Committee on Space Research (COSPAR)  COSPAR in 1964 issued Resolution 26 affirming that:

the search for extraterrestrial life is an important objective of space research, that the planet of Mars may offer the only feasible opportunity to conduct this search during the foreseeable future, that contamination of this planet would make such a search far more difficult and possibly even prevent for all time an unequivocal result, that all practical steps should be taken to ensure that Mars be not biologically contaminated until such time as this search has been satisfactorily carried out, and that cooperation in proper scheduling of experiments and use of adequate spacecraft sterilization techniques is required on the part of all deep space probe launching authorities to avoid such contamination 
In 1967, the US, USSR, and UK ratified the United Nations Outer Space Treaty   The legal basis for planetary protection lies in Article IX of this treaty:
"Article IX:     States Parties to the Treaty shall pursue studies of outer space, including the Moon and other celestial bodies, and conduct exploration of them so as to avoid their harmful contamination and also adverse changes in the environment of the Earth resulting from the introduction of extraterrestrial matter and, where necessary, shall adopt appropriate measures for this purpose    
This treaty has since been signed and ratified by 104 nation-states  Another 24 have signed but not ratified   All the current space-faring nation-states, along with all current aspiring space-faring nation-states, have both signed and ratified the treaty The Outer Space Treaty has consistent and widespread international support, and as a result of this, together with the fact that it is based on the 1963 declaration which was adopted by consensus in the UN National Assembly, it has taken on the status of customary international law  The provisions of the Outer Space Treaty are therefore binding on all states, even those who have neither signed nor ratified it For forward contamination, the phrase to be interpreted is "harmful contamination"   Two legal reviews came to differing interpretations of this clause (both reviews were unofficial)  However the currently accepted interpretation is that “any contamination which would result in harm to a state’s experiments or programs is to be avoided”  NASA policy states explicitly that “the conduct of scientific investigations of possible extraterrestrial life forms, precursors, and remnants must not be jeopardized” 

COSPAR recommendations and categories
The Committee on Space Research (COSPAR) meets every two years, in a gathering of 2000 to 3000 scientists, and one of its tasks is to develop recommendations for avoiding interplanetary contamination  Its legal basis is Article IX of the Outer Space Treaty  (see history below for details) 
Its recommendations depend on the type of space mission and the celestial body explored   COSPAR categorizes the missions into 5 groups:

Category I: Any mission to locations not of direct interest for chemical evolution or the origin of life, such as the  Sun or Mercury  No planetary protection requirements 
Category II: Any mission to locations of significant interest for chemical evolution and the origin of life, but only a remote chance that spacecraft-borne contamination could compromise investigations  Examples include the Moon, Venus, and comets  Requires simple documentation only, primarily to outline intended or potential impact targets, and an end of mission report of any inadvertent impact site if such occurred 
Category III: Flyby and orbiter missions to locations of significant interest for chemical evolution or the origin of life, and with a significant chance that contamination could compromise investigations e g , Mars, Europa, Enceladus  Requires more involved documentation than Category II  Other requirements, depending on the mission, may include trajectory biasing, clean room assembly, bioburden reduction, and if impact is a possibility, inventory of organics 
Category IV: Lander or probe missions to the same locations as Category III  Measures to be applied depend on the target body and the planned operations  "Sterilization of the entire spacecraft may be required for landers and rovers with life-detection experiments, and for those landing in or moving to a region where terrestrial microorganisms may survive and grow, or where indigenous life may be present  For other landers and rovers, the requirements would be for decontamination and partial sterilization of the landed hardware "Missions to Mars in category IV are subclassified further:Category IVa  Landers that do not search for Martian life - uses the Viking lander pre-sterilization requirements, a maximum of 300,000 spores per spacecraft and 300 spores per square meter 
Category IVb  Landers that search for Martian life   Adds stringent extra requirements to prevent contamination of samples 
Category IVc  Any component that accesses a Martian special region (see below) must be sterilized to at least to the Viking post-sterilization biological burden levels of 30 spores total per spacecraft Category V: This is further divided into unrestricted and restricted sample return Unrestricted Category V: samples from locations judged by scientific opinion to have no indigenous lifeforms  No special requirements 
Restricted Category V: (where scientific opinion is unsure) the requirements include: absolute prohibition of destructive impact upon return, containment of all returned hardware which directly contacted the target body, and containment of any unsterilized sample returned to Earth For Category IV missions, a certain level of biological burden is allowed for the mission  In general this is expressed as a 'probability of contamination', required to be less than one chance in 10,000 of forward contamination per mission, but in the case of Mars Category IV missions (above) the requirement has been translated into a count of Bacillus spores per surface area, as an easy to use assay method More extensive documentation is also required for Category IV  Other procedures required, depending on the mission, may include trajectory biasing, the use of clean rooms during spacecraft assembly and testing, bioload reduction, partial sterilization of the hardware having direct contact with the target body, a bioshield for that hardware, and, in rare cases, complete sterilization of the entire spacecraft For restricted Category V missions, the current recommendation is that no uncontained samples should be returned unless sterilized  Since sterilization of the returned samples would destroy much of their science value, current proposals involve containment and quarantine procedures  For details, see Containment and quarantine below  Category V missions also have to fulfill the requirements of Category IV to protect the target body from forward contamination 

Mars special regions
A special region is a region classified by COSPAR where terrestrial organisms could readily propagate, or thought to have a high potential for existence of Martian life forms  This is understood to apply to any region on Mars where liquid water occurs, or can occasionally occur, based on the current understanding of requirements for life 
If a hard landing risks biological contamination of a special region, then the whole lander system must be sterilized to COSPAR category IVc 

Target categories
Some targets are easily categorized  Others are assigned provisional categories by COSPAR, pending future discoveries and research 
The 2009 COSPAR Workshop on Planetary Protection for Outer Planet Satellites and Small Solar System Bodies covered this in some detail  Most of these assessments are from that report, with some future refinements  This workshop also gave more precise definitions for some of the categories:

Category I
“not of direct interest for understanding the process of chemical evolution or the origin of life ” 
Io, Sun, Mercury, undifferentiated metamorphosed asteroids

Category II
… where there is only a remote chance that contamination carried by a spacecraft could jeopardize future exploration”  In this case we define “remote chance” as “the absence of niches (places where terrestrial microorganisms could proliferate) and/or a very low likelihood of transfer to those places ” 
Callisto, comets, asteroids of category P, D, and C, Venus, Kuiper belt objects (KBO) < 1/2 size of Pluto 

Provisional Category II
Ganymede, Titan, Triton, the Pluto–Charon system, and other large KBOs (> 1/2 size of Pluto), CeresProvisionally, they assigned these objects to Category II  However, they state that more research is needed, because there is a remote possibility that the tidal interactions of Pluto and Charon could maintain some water reservoir below the surface  Similar considerations apply to the other larger KBOs 
Triton is insufficiently well understood at present to say it is definitely devoid of liquid water  The only close up observations to date are those of Voyager 2 
In a detailed discussion of Titan, scientists concluded that there was no danger of contamination of its surface, except short term adding of negligible amounts of organics, but Titan could have a below surface water reservoir that communicates with the surface, and if so, this could be contaminated 
In the case of Ganymede, the question is, given that its surface shows pervasive signs of resurfacing, is there any communication with its subsurface ocean? They found no known mechanism by which this could happen, and the Galileo spacecraft found no evidence of cryovolcanism  Initially, they assigned it as Priority B minus, meaning that precursor missions are needed to assess its category before any surface missions  However, after further discussion they provisionally assigned it to Category II, so no precursor missions are required, depending on future research 
If there is cryovolcanism on Ganymede or Titan, the undersurface reservoir is thought to be 50 – 150 km below the surface  They were unable to find a process that could transfer the surface melted water back down through 50 km of ice to the under surface sea  This is why both Ganymede and Titan were assigned a reasonably firm provisional Category II, but pending results of future research 
Icy bodies that show signs of recent resurfacing need further discussion and might need to be assigned to a new category depending on future research  This approach has been applied, for instance, to missions to Ceres  The planetary protection Category is subject for review during the mission of the Ceres orbiter (Dawn) depending on the results found 

Category III / IV
“…where there is a significant chance that contamination carried by a spacecraft could jeopardize future exploration ” We define “significant chance” as “the presence of niches (places where terrestrial microorganisms could proliferate) and the likelihood of transfer to those places ” 
Mars because of possible subsurface habitats 
Europa because of its subsurface ocean 
Enceladus because of evidence of water plumes 

Category V
Unrestricted Category V: “Earth-return missions from bodies deemed by scientific opinion to have no indigenous life forms ”
Restricted Category V: "Earth-return missions from bodies deemed by scientific opinion to be of significant interest to the process of chemical evolution or the origin of life "
In the category V for sample return the conclusions so far are:
Unrestricted Category V: Venus, the Moon 
Restricted Category V: Mars, Europa, Enceladus 

The Coleman–Sagan equation
The aim of the current regulations is to keep the number of microorganisms low enough so that the probability of contamination of Mars (and other targets) is acceptable  It is not an objective to make the probability of contamination zero 
The aim is to keep the probability of contamination of 1 chance in 10,000 of contamination per mission flown  This figure is obtained typically by multiplying together the number of microorganisms on the spacecraft, the probability of growth on the target body, and a series of bioload reduction factors 
In detail the method used is the Coleman–Sagan equation 
  
    
      
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    P_{c}=N_{0}RP_{S}P_{t}P_{R}P_{g}
   
where 

  
    
      N
      
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    N_{0}
   = the number of microorganisms on the spacecraft initially

  
    R
    R
   = Reduction due to conditions on spacecraft before and after launch

  
    
      P
      
        S
      
    
    P_{S}
   = Probability that microorganisms on the spacecraft reach the surface of the planet

  
    
      P
      
        t
      
    
    P_{t}
   = Probability that spacecraft will hit the planet - this is 1 for a lander

  
    
      P
      
        R
      
    
    P_{R}
   = Probability of microorganism to be released in the environment when on the ground, usually set to 1 for crashlanding 

  
    
      P
      
        g
      
    
    P_{g}
   = Probability of growth  For targets with liquid water this is set to 1 for sake of the calculation Then the requirement is 
  
    
      
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    P_{c}<10^{-4}
  
The 
  
    
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    10^{-4}
   is a number chosen by Sagan et al , somewhat arbitrarily  Sagan and Coleman assumed that about 60 missions to the Mars surface would occur before the exobiology of Mars is thoroughly understood, 54 of those successful, and 30 flybys or orbiters, and the number was chosen to endure a probability to keep the planet free from contamination of at least 99 9% over the duration of the exploration period 

Critiques
The Coleman–Sagan equation has been criticised because the individual parameters are often not known to better than a magnitude or so  For example, the thickness of the surface ice of Europa is unknown, and may be thin in places, which can give rise to a high level of uncertainty in the equation  It has also been criticised because of the inherent assumption made of an end to the protection period and future human exploration  In the case of Europa, this would only protect it with reasonable probability for the duration of the period of exploration Greenberg has suggested an alternative, to use the natural contamination standard — that our missions to Europa should not have a higher chance of contaminating it than the chance of contamination by meteorites from Earth 
As long as the probability of people infecting other planets with terrestrial microbes is substantially smaller than the probability that such contamination happens naturally, exploration activities would, in our view, be doing no harm  We call this concept the natural contamination standard 
Another approach for Europa is the use of binary decision trees which is favoured by the Committee on Planetary Protection Standards for Icy Bodies in the Outer Solar System under the auspices of the Space Studies Board  This goes through a series of seven steps, leading to a final decision on whether to go ahead with the mission or not 
Recommendation: Approaches to achieving planetary protection should not rely on the multiplication of bioload estimates and probabilities to calculate the likelihood of contaminating Solar System bodies with terrestrial organisms unless scientific data unequivocally define the values, statistical variation, and mutual independence of every factor used in the equation Recommendation: Approaches to achieving planetary protection for missions to icy Solar System bodies should employ a series of binary decisions that consider one factor at a time to determine the appropriate level of planetary protection procedures to use 

Containment and quarantine for restricted Category V sample return
In the case of restricted Category V missions, Earth would be protected through quarantine of sample and astronauts in a yet to be built Biosafety level 4 facility  In the case of a Mars sample return, missions would be designed so that no part of the capsule that encounters the Mars surface is exposed to the Earth environment  One way to do that is to enclose the sample container within a larger outer container from Earth, in the vacuum of space  The integrity of any seals is essential and the system must also be monitored to check for the possibility of micro-meteorite damage during return to Earth The recommendation of the ESF report is that
“No uncontained Mars materials, including space craft surfaces that have been exposed to the Mars environment should be returned to Earth unless sterilised"   "For unsterilised samples returned to Earth, a programme of life detection and biohazard testing, or a proven sterilisation process, shall be undertaken as an absolute precondition for the controlled distribution of any portion of the sample ”
No restricted category V returns have been carried out  During the Apollo program, the sample-returns were regulated through the Extra-Terrestrial Exposure Law  This was rescinded in 1991, so new regulations would need to be enacted  The Apollo era quarantine procedures are of interest as the only attempt to date of a return to Earth of a sample that, at the time, was thought to have a remote possibility of including extraterrestrial life 
Samples and astronauts were quarantined in the Lunar Receiving Laboratory  The methods used would be considered inadequate for containment by modern standards  Also the lunar receiving laboratory would be judged a failure by its own design criteria as the sample return didn't contain the lunar material, with two failure points during the Apollo 11 return mission, at the splashdown and at the facility itself 
However the Lunar Receiving Laboratory was built quickly with only two years from start to finish, a time period now considered inadequate  Lessons learned from it can help with design of any Mars sample return receiving facility Design criteria for a proposed Mars Sample Return Facility, and for the return mission, have been developed by the American National Research Council, and the European Space Foundation  They concluded that it could be based on biohazard 4 containment but with more stringent requirements to contain unknown microorganisms possibly as small as or smaller than the smallest Earth microorganisms known, the ultramicrobacteria  The ESF study also recommended that it should be designed to contain the smaller gene transfer agents if possible, as these could potentially transfer DNA from martian microorganisms to terrestrial microorganisms if they have a shared evolutionary ancestry  It also needs to double as a clean room facility to protect the samples from terrestrial contamination that could confuse the sensitive life detection tests that would be used on the samples 
Before a sample return, new quarantine laws would be required  Environmental assessment would also be required, and various other domestic and international laws not present during the Apollo era would need to be negotiated 

Decontamination procedures
For all spacecraft missions requiring decontamination, the starting point is clean room assembly in US federal standard class 100 cleanrooms  These are rooms with fewer than 100 particles of size 0 5 µm or larger per cubic foot  Engineers wear cleanroom suits with only their eyes exposed  Components are sterilized individually before assembly, as far as possible, and they clean surfaces frequently with alcohol wipes during assembly  Spores of Bacillus subtilis was chosen for not only its ability to readily generate spores, but its well-established use as a model species  It is a useful tracker of UV irradiation effects because of its high resilience to a variety of extreme conditions  As such it is an important indicator species for forward contamination in the context of planetary protection 
For Category IVa missions (Mars landers that do not search for Martian life), the aim is to reduce the bioburden to 300,000 bacterial spores on any surface from which the spores could get into the Martian environment  Any heat tolerant components are heat sterilized to 114 °C  Sensitive electronics such as the core box of the rover including the computer, are sealed and vented through high-efficiency filters to keep any microbes inside For more sensitive missions such as Category IVc (to Mars special regions), a far higher level of sterilization is required  These need to be similar to levels implemented on the Viking landers, which were sterilized for a surface which, at the time, was thought to be potentially hospitable to life similar to special regions on Mars today 
In microbiology, it is usually impossible to prove that there are no microorganisms left viable, since many microorganisms are either not yet studied, or not cultivable  Instead, sterilization is done using a series of tenfold reductions of the numbers of microorganisms present  After a sufficient number of tenfold reductions, the chance that there any microorganisms left will be extremely low The two Viking Mars landers were sterilized using dry heat sterilization   After preliminary cleaning to reduce the bioburden to levels similar to present day Category IVa spacecraft, the Viking spacecraft were heat-treated for 30 hours at 112 °C, nominal 125 °C (five hours at 112 °C was considered enough to reduce the population tenfold even for enclosed parts of the spacecraft, so this was enough for a million-fold reduction of the originally low population) Modern materials however are often not designed to handle such temperatures, especially since modern spacecraft often use "commercial off the shelf" components  Problems encountered include nanoscale features only a few atoms thick, plastic packaging, and conductive epoxy attachment methods  Also many instrument sensors cannot be exposed to high temperature, and high temperature can interfere with critical alignments of instruments As a result, new methods are needed to sterilize a modern spacecraft to the higher categories such as Category IVc for Mars, similar to Viking  Methods under evaluation, or already approved, include:

Vapour phase hydrogen peroxide - effective, but can affect finishes, lubricants and materials that use aromatic rings and sulfur bonds  This has been established, reviewed, and a NASA/ESA specification for use of VHP has been approved by the Planetary Protection Officer, but it has not yet been formally published 
Ethylene oxide - this is widely used in the medical industry, and can be used for materials not compatible with hydrogen peroxide  It is under consideration for missions such as ExoMars 
Gamma radiation and electron beams have been suggested as a method of sterilization, as they are used extensively in the medical industry  They need to be tested for compatibility with spacecraft materials and hardware geometries, and are not yet ready for review Some other methods are of interest as they can sterilize the spacecraft after arrival on the planet 
Supercritical carbon dioxide snow (Mars) - is most effective against traces of organic compounds rather than whole microorganisms  Has the advantage though that it eliminates the organic traces - while other methods kill the microorganisms, they leave organic traces that can confuse life detection instruments  Is under study by JPL and ESA 
Passive sterilization through UV radiation (Mars)  Highly effective against many microorganisms, but not all, as a Bacillus strain found in spacecraft assembly facilities is particularly resistant to UV radiation  Is also complicated by possible shadowing by dust and spacecraft hardware 
Passive sterilization through particle fluxes (Europa)  Plans for missions to Europa take credit for reductions due to this 

Bioburden detection and assessment
The spore count is used as an indirect measure of the number of microorganisms present  Typically 99% of microorganisms by species will be non-spore forming and able to survive in dormant states, and so the actual number of viable dormant microorganisms remaining on the sterilized spacecraft is expected to be many times the number of spore-forming microorganisms 
One new spore method approved is the "Rapid Spore Assay"  This is based on commercial rapid assay systems, detects spores directly and not just viable microorganisms and gives results in 5 hours instead of 72 hours 

Challenges
It is also long been recognized that spacecraft cleaning rooms harbour polyextremophiles as the only microbes able to survive in them  For example, in a recent study, microbes from swabs of the Curiosity rover were subjected to desiccation, UV exposure, cold and pH extremes  Nearly 11% of the 377 strains survived more than one of these severe conditions  The genomes of resistant spore producing Bacillus sp  have been studied and genome level traits potentially linked to the resistance have been reported This does not mean that these microbes have contaminated Mars  This is just the first stage of the process of bioburden reduction  To contaminate Mars they also have to survive the low temperature, vacuum, UV and ionizing radiation during the months long journey to Mars, and then have to encounter a habitat on Mars and start reproducing there  Whether this has happened or not is a matter of probability  The aim of planetary protection is to make this probability as low as possible  The currently accepted target probability of contamination per mission is to reduce it to less than 0 01%, though in the special case of Mars, scientists also rely on the hostile conditions on Mars to take the place of the final stage of heat treatment decimal reduction used for Viking  But with current technology scientists cannot reduce probabilities to zero 

New methods
Two recent molecular methods have been approved for assessment of microbial contamination on 
spacecraft surfaces 
Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) detection - this is a key element in cellular metabolism  This method is able to detect non cultivable organisms  It can also be triggered by non viable biological material so can give a "false positive" 
Limulus Amebocyte Lysate assay - detects lipopolysaccharides (LPS)  This compound is only present in Gram-negative bacteria  The standard assay analyses spores from microbes that are primarily Gram-positive, making it difficult to relate the two methods 

Impact prevention
This particularly applies to orbital missions, Category III, as they are sterilized to a lower standard than missions to the surface  It is also relevant to landers, as an impact gives more opportunity for forward contamination, and impact could be on an unplanned target, such as a special region on Mars 
The requirement for an orbital mission is that it needs to remain in orbit for at least 20 years after arrival at Mars with probability of at least 99% and for 50 years with probability at least 95%  This requirement can be dropped if the mission is sterilized to Viking sterilization standard In the Viking era (1970s), the requirement was given as a single figure, that any orbital mission should have a probability of less than 0 003% probability of impact during the current exploratory phase of exploration of Mars For both landers and orbiters, the technique of trajectory biasing is used during approach to the target  The spacecraft trajectory is designed so that if communications are lost, it will miss the target 

Issues with impact prevention
Despite these measures there has been one notable failure of impact prevention  The Mars Climate Orbiter which was sterilized only to Category III, crashed on Mars in 1999 due to a mix-up of imperial and metric units  The office of planetary protection stated that it is likely that it burnt up in the atmosphere, but if it survived to the ground, then it could cause forward contamination Mars Observer is another Category III mission with potential planetary contamination  Communications were lost three days before its orbital insertion maneuver in 1993  It seems most likely it did not succeed in entering into orbit around Mars and simply continued past on a heliocentric orbit  If it did succeed in following its automatic programming, and attempted the manoeuvre, however, there is a chance it crashed on Mars Three landers have had hard landings on Mars   These are Schiaparelli EDM lander, the Mars Polar Lander, and Deep Space 2  These were all sterilized for surface missions but not for special regions (Viking pre-sterilization only)  Mars Polar Lander, and Deep Space 2 crashed into the polar regions which are now treated as special regions because of the possibility of forming liquid brines 

Controversies
Meteorite argument
Alberto G  Fairén and Dirk Schulze-Makuch published an article in Nature recommending that planetary protection measures need to be scaled down  They gave as their main reason for this, that exchange of meteorites between Earth and Mars means that any life on Earth that could survive on Mars has already got there and vice versa Robert Zubrin used similar arguments in favour of his view that the back contamination risk has no scientific validity 

Rebuttal by NRC
The meteorite argument was examined by the NRC in the context of back contamination  It is thought that all the Martian meteorites originate in relatively few impacts every few million years on Mars  The impactors would be kilometers in diameter and the craters they form on Mars tens of kilometers in diameter  Models of impacts on Mars are consistent with these findings Earth receives a steady stream of meteorites from Mars, but they come from relatively few original impactors, and transfer was more likely in the early Solar System  Also some life forms viable on both Mars and on Earth might be unable to survive transfer on a meteorite, and there is so far no direct evidence of any transfer of life from Mars to Earth in this way 
The NRC concluded that though transfer is possible, the evidence from meteorite exchange does not eliminate the need for back contamination protection methods Impacts on Earth able to send microorganisms to Mars are also infrequent  Impactors of 10 km across or larger can send debris to Mars through the Earth's atmosphere but these occur rarely, and were more common in the early Solar System 

Proposal to end planetary protection for Mars
In their 2013 paper "The Over Protection of Mars", Alberto Fairén and Dirk Schulze-Makuch suggested that we no longer need to protect Mars, essentially using Zubrin's meteorite transfer argument  This was rebutted in a follow up article "Appropriate Protection of Mars", in Nature by the current and previous planetary protection officers Catharine Conley and John Rummel 

Critique of Category V containment measures
The scientific consensus is that the potential for large-scale effects, either through pathogenesis or ecological disruption, is extremely small  Nevertheless, returned samples from Mars will be treated as potentially biohazardous until scientists can determine that the returned samples are safe  The goal is to reduce the probability of release of a Mars particle to less than one in a million 

Policy proposals
Non-biological contamination
A COSPAR workshop in 2010, looked at issues to do with protecting areas from non biological contamination  They recommended that COSPAR expand its remit to include such issues  Recommendations of the workshop include:

Recommendation 3 COSPAR should add a separate and parallel policy to provide guidance on requirements/best practices for protection of non-living/nonlife-related aspects of Outer Space and celestial bodies
Some ideas proposed include protected special regions, or "Planetary Parks" to keep regions of the Solar System pristine for future scientific investigation, and also for ethical reasons 

Proposed extensions
Astrobiologist Christopher McKay has argued that until we have better understanding of Mars, our explorations should be biologically reversible  For instance if all the microorganisms introduced to Mars so far remain dormant within the spacecraft, they could in principle be removed in the future, leaving Mars completely free of contamination from modern Earth lifeforms 
In the 2010 workshop one of the recommendations for future consideration was to extend the period for contamination prevention to the maximum viable lifetime of dormant microorganisms introduced to the planet 

"'Recommendation 4 ' COSPAR should consider that the appropriate protection of potential indigenous extraterrestrial life shall include avoiding the harmful contamination of any habitable environment —whether extant or foreseeable— within the maximum potential time of viability of any terrestrial organisms (including microbial spores) that may be introduced into that environment by human or robotic activity "
In the case of Europa, a similar idea has been suggested, that it is not enough to keep it free from contamination during our current exploration period  It might be that Europa is of sufficient scientific interest that the human race has a duty to keep it pristine for future generations to study as well  This was the majority view of the 2000 task force examining Europa, though there was a minority view of the same task force that such strong protection measures are not required 

"One consequence of this view is that Europa must be protected from contamination for an open-ended period, until it can be demonstrated that no ocean exists or that no organisms are present  Thus, we need to be concerned that over a time scale on the order of 10 million to 100 million years (an approximate age for the surface of Europa), any contaminating material is likely to be carried into the deep ice crust or into the underlying ocean "
In July 2018, the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine issued a Review and Assessment of Planetary Protection Policy Development Processes  In part, the report urges NASA to create a broad strategic plan that covers both forward and back contamination  The report also expresses concern about private industry missions, for which there is no governmental regulatory authority 

Protecting objects beyond the Solar System
The proposal by the German physicist Claudius Gros, that the technology of the Breakthrough Starshot project may be utilized to establish a biosphere of unicellular organisms on otherwise only transiently habitable exoplanets, has sparked a discussion, to what extent planetary protection should be extended to exoplanets  Gros argues that the extended timescales of
interstellar missions imply that planetary and exoplanetary protection have different ethical groundings 

See also
Astrobiology – Science concerned with life in the universe
ExoMars – Astrobiology programme
List of microorganisms tested in outer space
Mars 2020 – Astrobiology Mars rover mission by NASA
Panspermia – Hypothesis on the interstellar spreading of primordial life
Passage 3:
Transit (astronomy)
In astronomy, a transit (or astronomical transit) is a phenomenon when a celestial body passes directly between a larger body and the observer  As viewed from a particular vantage point, the transiting body appears to move across the face of the larger body, covering a small portion of it The word "transit" refers to cases where the nearer object appears smaller than the more distant object  Cases where the nearer object appears larger and completely hides the more distant object are known as occultations 
However, the probability of seeing a transiting planet is low because it is dependent on the alignment of the three objects in a nearly perfectly straight line  Many parameters of  a planet and its parent star can be determined based on the transit 

In the Solar System
One example of a transit involves the motion of a planet between a terrestrial observer and the Sun  This can happen only with inferior planets, namely Mercury and Venus (see transit of Mercury and transit of Venus)  However, because a transit is dependent on the point of observation, the Earth itself transits the Sun if observed from Mars  In the solar transit by the Moon captured during calibration of the STEREO B spacecraft's ultraviolet imaging, the Moon appears much smaller than it does when seen from Earth, because the spacecraft–Moon separation was several times greater than the Earth–Moon distance 
The term can also be used to describe the motion of a satellite across its parent planet, for instance one of the Galilean satellites (Io, Europa, Ganymede, Callisto) across Jupiter, as seen from Earth 
Although rare, cases where four bodies are lined up do happen  One of these events occurred on 27 June 1586, when Mercury transited the Sun as seen from Venus at the same time as a transit of Mercury from Saturn and a transit of Venus from Saturn 

Notable observations
No missions were planned to coincide with the transit of Earth visible from Mars on 11 May 1984 and the Viking missions had been terminated a year previously  Consequently, the next opportunity to observe such an alignment will be in 2084 
On 21 December 2012, the Cassini–Huygens probe, in orbit around Saturn, observed the planet Venus transiting the Sun On 3 June 2014, the Mars rover Curiosity observed the planet Mercury transiting the Sun, marking the first time a planetary transit has been observed from a celestial body besides Earth 

Mutual planetary transits
In rare cases, one planet can pass in front of another  If the nearer planet appears smaller than the more distant one, the event is called a mutual planetary transit 

Outside the Solar System
Exoplanet Detection

The transit method can be used to discover exoplanets  As a planet eclipses/transits its host star it will block a portion of the light from the star  If the planet transits in-between the star and the observer the change in light can be measured to construct a light curve  Light curves are measured with a charge-coupled device  The light curve of a star can disclose several physical characteristics of the planet and star, such as density  Multiple transit events must be measured to determine the characteristics which tend to occur at regular intervals  Multiple planets orbiting the same host star can cause transit-timing variations (TTV)  TTV is caused by the gravitational forces of all orbiting bodies acting upon each other  The probability of seeing a transit from Earth is low, however  The probability is given by the following equation 

  
    
      
        
          P
          
            transit
          
        
        =
        (
        
          R
          
            star
          
        
        +
        
          R
          
            planet
          
        
        )
        
          /
        
        a
        ,
      
    
    {\displaystyle P_{\text{transit}}=(R_{\text{star}}+R_{\text{planet}})/a,}
  where Rstar and Rplanet are the radius of the star and planet, respectively, and a is the semi-major axis  Because of the low probability of a transit in any specific system, large selections of the sky must be regularly observed in order to see a transit  Hot Jupiters are more likely to be seen because of their larger radius and short semi-major axis  In order to find Earth-sized planets, red dwarf stars are observed because of their small radius  Even though transiting has a low probability it has proven itself to be a good technique for discovering exoplanets 
In recent years, the discovery of extrasolar planets has prompted interest in the possibility of detecting their transits across their own stellar primaries  HD 209458b was the first such transiting planet to be detected 
The transit of celestial objects is one of the few key phenomena used today for the study of exoplanetary systems  Today, transit photometry is the leading form of exoplanet discovery  As an exoplanet moves in front of its host star there is a dimming in the luminosity of the host star that can be measured  Larger planets make the dip in luminosity more noticeable and easier to detect  Followup observations using other methods are often carried out to ensure it is a planet 
There are currently (December 2018) 2345 planets confirmed with Kepler light curves for stellar host 

Contacts
During a transit there are four "contacts", when the circumference of the small circle (small body disk) touches the circumference of the large circle (large body disk) at a single point   Historically, measuring the precise time of each point of contact was one of the most accurate ways to determine the positions of astronomical bodies   The contacts happen in the following order:

First contact: the smaller body is entirely outside the larger body, moving inward ("exterior ingress")
Second contact: the smaller body is entirely inside the larger body, moving further inward ("interior ingress")
Third contact: the smaller body is entirely inside the larger body, moving outward ("interior egress")
Fourth contact: the smaller body is entirely outside the larger body, moving outward ("exterior egress")A fifth named point is that of greatest transit, when the apparent centers of the two bodies are nearest to each other, halfway through the transit 

Missions
Since transit photometry allows for scanning large celestial areas with a simple procedure, it has been the most popular and successful form of finding exoplanets in the past decade and includes many projects, some of which have already been retired, others in use today, and some in progress of being planned and created  The most successful projects include HATNet, KELT, Kepler, and WASP, and some new and developmental stage missions such as TESS, HATPI, and others which can be found among the List of Exoplanet Search Projects 

HATNet
HATNet Project is a set of northern telescopes in Fred Lawrence Whipple Observatory, Arizona and Mauna Kea Observatories, HI, and southern telescopes around the globe, in Africa, Australia, and South America, under the HATSouth branch of the project  These are small aperture telescopes, just like KELT, and look at a wide field which allows them to scan a large area of the sky for possible transiting planets  In addition, their multitude and spread around the world allows for 24/7 observation of the sky so that more short-period transits can be caught A third sub-project, HATPI, is currently under construction and will survey most of the night sky seen from its location in Chile 

KELT
KELT is a terrestrial telescope mission designed to search for transiting systems of planets of magnitude 8<M<10  It began operation in October 2004 in Winer Observatory and has a southern companion telescope added in 2009  KELT North observes "26-degree wide strip of sky that is overhead from North America during the year", while KELT South observes single target areas of the size 26 by 26 degrees  Both telescopes can detect and identify transit events as small as a 1% flux dip, which allows for detection of planetary systems similar to those in our planetary system 

Kepler / K2
The Kepler satellite served the Kepler mission between 7 March 2009 and 11 May 2013, where it observed one part of the sky in search of transiting planets within a 115 square degrees of the sky around the Cygnus, Lyra, and Draco constellations  After that, the satellite continued operating until 15 November 2018, this time changing its field along the ecliptic to a new area roughly every 75 days due to reaction wheel failure 

TESS
TESS was launched on 18 April 2018, and is planned to survey most of the sky by observing it strips defined along the right ascension lines for 27 days each  Each area surveyed is 27 by 90 degrees  Because of the positioning of sections, the area near TESS's rotational axis will be surveyed for up to 1 year, allowing for the identification of planetary systems with longer orbital periods 

See also
Eclipse
Kepler Mission
Occultation
Syzygy (astronomy)
Conjunction (astronomy)
Opposition (planets)
Transit of asteroids
Transit of Deimos from Mars
Transit of Phobos from Mars
Transit of Vulcan
Transit of Mercury from Mars
Transit of Earth from Mars
Passage 4:
Roche limit
In celestial mechanics, the Roche limit, also called Roche radius, is the distance from a celestial body within which a second celestial body, held together only by its own force of gravity, will disintegrate because the first body's tidal forces exceed the second body's self-gravitation  Inside the Roche limit, orbiting material disperses and forms rings, whereas outside the limit, material tends to coalesce  The Roche radius depends on the radius of the first body and on the ratio of the bodies' densities 
The term is named after Édouard Roche (French: [ʁɔʃ], English:  ROSH), the French astronomer who first calculated this theoretical limit in 1848 

Explanation
The Roche limit typically applies to a satellite's disintegrating due to tidal forces induced by its primary, the body around which it orbits  Parts of the satellite that are closer to the primary are attracted more strongly by gravity from the primary than parts that are farther away; this disparity effectively pulls the near and far parts of the satellite apart from each other, and if the disparity (combined with any centrifugal effects due to the object's spin) is larger than the force of gravity holding the satellite together, it can pull the satellite apart  Some real satellites, both natural and artificial, can orbit within their Roche limits because they are held together by forces other than gravitation  Objects resting on the surface of such a satellite would be lifted away by tidal forces  A weaker satellite, such as a comet, could be broken up when it passes within its Roche limit 
Since, within the Roche limit, tidal forces overwhelm the gravitational forces that might otherwise hold the satellite together, no satellite can gravitationally coalesce out of smaller particles within that limit  Indeed, almost all known planetary rings are located within their Roche limit  (Notable exceptions are Saturn's E-Ring and Phoebe ring  These two rings could possibly be remnants from the planet's proto-planetary accretion disc that failed to coalesce into moonlets, or conversely have formed when a moon passed within its Roche limit and broke apart )
The Roche limit is not the only factor that causes comets to break apart  Splitting by thermal stress, internal gas pressure and rotational splitting are other ways for a comet to split under stress 

Determination
The limiting distance to which a satellite can approach without breaking up depends on the rigidity of the satellite  At one extreme, a completely rigid satellite will maintain its shape until tidal forces break it apart  At the other extreme, a highly fluid satellite gradually deforms leading to increased tidal forces, causing the satellite to elongate, further compounding the tidal forces and causing it to break apart more readily 
Most real satellites would lie somewhere between these two extremes, with tensile strength rendering the satellite neither perfectly rigid nor perfectly fluid  For example, a rubble-pile asteroid will behave more like a fluid than a solid rocky one; an icy body will behave quite rigidly at first but become more fluid as tidal heating accumulates and its ices begin to melt 
But note that, as defined above, the Roche limit refers to a body held together solely by the gravitational forces which cause otherwise unconnected particles to coalesce, thus forming the body in question  The Roche limit is also usually calculated for the case of a circular orbit, although it is straightforward to modify the calculation to apply to the case (for example) of a body passing the primary on a parabolic or hyperbolic trajectory 

Rigid satellites
The rigid-body Roche limit is a simplified calculation for a spherical satellite  Irregular shapes such as those of tidal deformation on the body or the primary it orbits are neglected  It is assumed to be in hydrostatic equilibrium  These assumptions, although unrealistic, greatly simplify calculations 
The Roche limit for a rigid spherical satellite is the distance, 
  
    
      
        d
      
    
    {\displaystyle d}
  , from the primary at which the gravitational force on a test mass at the surface of the object is exactly equal to the tidal force pulling the mass away from the object:

  
    
      
        d
        =
        
          R
          
            M
          
        
        
          
            (
            
              2
              
                
                  
                    ρ
                    
                      M
                    
                  
                  
                    ρ
                    
                      m
                    
                  
                
              
            
            )
          
          
            
              1
              3
            
          
        
      
    
    {\displaystyle d=R_{M}\left(2{\frac {\rho _{M}}{\rho _{m}}}\right)^{\frac {1}{3}}}
  where 
  
    
      
        
          R
          
            M
          
        
      
    
    {\displaystyle R_{M}}
   is the radius of the primary, 
  
    
      
        
          ρ
          
            M
          
        
      
    
    {\displaystyle \rho _{M}}
   is the density of the primary, and 
  
    
      
        
          ρ
          
            m
          
        
      
    
    {\displaystyle \rho _{m}}
   is the density of the satellite  This can be equivalently written as

  
    
      
        d
        =
        
          R
          
            m
          
        
        
          
            (
            
              2
              
                
                  
                    M
                    
                      M
                    
                  
                  
                    M
                    
                      m
                    
                  
                
              
            
            )
          
          
            
              1
              3
            
          
        
      
    
    {\displaystyle d=R_{m}\left(2{\frac {M_{M}}{M_{m}}}\right)^{\frac {1}{3}}}
  where 
  
    
      
        
          R
          
            m
          
        
      
    
    {\displaystyle R_{m}}
   is the radius of the secondary, 
  
    
      
        
          M
          
            M
          
        
      
    
    {\displaystyle M_{M}}
   is the mass of the primary, and 
  
    
      
        
          M
          
            m
          
        
      
    
    {\displaystyle M_{m}}
   is the mass of the secondary 
This does not depend on the size of the objects, but on the ratio of densities  This is the orbital distance inside of which loose material (e g  regolith) on the surface of the satellite closest to the primary would be pulled away, and likewise material on the side opposite the primary will also go away from, rather than toward, the satellite 

Fluid satellites
A more accurate approach for calculating the Roche limit takes the deformation of the satellite into account  An extreme example would be a tidally locked liquid satellite orbiting a planet, where any force acting upon the satellite would deform it into a prolate spheroid 
The calculation is complex and its result cannot be represented in an exact algebraic formula  Roche himself derived the following approximate solution for the Roche limit:

  
    
      
        d
        ≈
        2 44
        R
        
          
            (
            
              
                
                  ρ
                  
                    M
                  
                
                
                  ρ
                  
                    m
                  
                
              
            
            )
          
          
            1
            
              /
            
            3
          
        
      
    
    {\displaystyle d\approx 2 44R\left({\frac {\rho _{M}}{\rho _{m}}}\right)^{1/3}}
  However, a better approximation that takes into account the primary's oblateness and the satellite's mass is:

  
    
      
        d
        ≈
        2 423
        R
        
          
            (
            
              
                
                  ρ
                  
                    M
                  
                
                
                  ρ
                  
                    m
                  
                
              
            
            )
          
          
            1
            
              /
            
            3
          
        
        
          
            (
            
              
                
                  (
                  1
                  +
                  
                    
                      m
                      
                        3
                        M
                      
                    
                  
                  )
                  +
                  
                    
                      c
                      
                        3
                        R
                      
                    
                  
                  (
                  1
                  +
                  
                    
                      m
                      M
                    
                  
                  )
                
                
                  1
                  −
                  c
                  
                    /
                  
                  R
                
              
            
            )
          
          
            1
            
              /
            
            3
          
        
      
    
    {\displaystyle d\approx 2 423R\left({\frac {\rho _{M}}{\rho _{m}}}\right)^{1/3}\left({\frac {(1+{\frac {m}{3M}})+{\frac {c}{3R}}(1+{\frac {m}{M}})}{1-c/R}}\right)^{1/3}}
  where 
  
    
      
        c
        
          /
        
        R
      
    
    {\displaystyle c/R}
   is the oblateness of the primary  The numerical factor is calculated with the aid of a computer 
The fluid solution is appropriate for bodies that are only loosely held together, such as a comet  For instance, comet Shoemaker–Levy 9's decaying orbit around Jupiter passed within its Roche limit in July 1992, causing it to fragment into a number of smaller pieces  On its next approach in 1994 the fragments crashed into the planet  Shoemaker–Levy 9 was first observed in 1993, but its orbit indicated that it had been captured by Jupiter a few decades prior 

See also
Roche lobe
Chandrasekhar limit
Hill sphere
Spaghettification (the extreme case of tidal distortion)
Black hole
Triton (moon) (Neptune's satellite)
Comet Shoemaker–Levy 9
Passage 5:
Ulysses (spacecraft)
Ulysses ( yoo-LISS-eez, UK also  YOO-liss-eez) was a robotic space probe whose primary mission was to orbit the Sun and study it at all latitudes  It was launched in 1990 and made three "fast latitude scans" of the Sun in 1994/1995, 2000/2001, and 2007/2008  In addition, the probe studied several comets  Ulysses was a joint venture of the European Space Agency (ESA) and the United States' National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), under leadership of ESA with participation from Canada's National Research Council  The last day for mission operations on Ulysses was 30 June 2009 To study the Sun at all latitudes, the probe needed to change its orbital inclination and leave the plane of the Solar System  To change the orbital inclination of a spacecraft to about 80° requires a large change in heliocentric velocity, the energy to achieve which far exceeded the capabilities of any launch vehicle  To reach the desired orbit around the Sun, the mission's planners chose a gravity assist maneuver around Jupiter, but this Jupiter encounter meant that Ulysses could not be powered by solar cells  The probe was powered instead by a radioisotope thermoelectric generator (RTG) 
The spacecraft was originally named Odysseus, because of its lengthy and indirect trajectory to study the solar poles  It was renamed Ulysses, the Latin translation of "Odysseus", at ESA's request in honor not only of Homer's mythological hero but also of Dante's character in the Inferno  Ulysses was originally scheduled for launch in May 1986 aboard the Space Shuttle Challenger on STS-61-F  Due to the 28 January 1986 loss of Challenger, the launch of Ulysses was delayed until 6 October 1990 aboard Discovery (mission STS-41) 

Spacecraft
The spacecraft was designed by ESA and built by Dornier Systems, a German aircraft manufacturer  The body was roughly a box, approximately 3 2 m × 3 3 m × 2 1 m (10 5 ft × 10 8 ft × 6 9 ft) in size  The box mounted the 1 65 m (5 ft 5 in) dish antenna and the GPHS-RTG radioisotope thermoelectric generator (RTG) power source  The box was divided into noisy and quiet sections  The noisy section abutted the RTG; the quiet section housed the instrument electronics  Particularly "loud" components, such as the preamps for the radio dipole, were mounted outside the structure entirely, and the box acted as a Faraday cage 
Ulysses was spin-stabilised about its z-axis which roughly coincides with the axis of the dish antenna  The RTG, whip antennas, and instrument boom were placed to stabilize this axis, with the spin rate nominally at 5 rpm  Inside the body was a hydrazine fuel tank  Hydrazine monopropellant was used for course corrections inbound to Jupiter, and later used exclusively to repoint the spin axis (and thus, the antenna) at Earth  The spacecraft was controlled by eight thrusters in two blocks  Thrusters were pulsed in the time domain to perform rotation or translation  Four sun sensors detected orientation  For fine attitude control, the S-band antenna feed was mounted slightly off-axis  This offset feed combined with the spacecraft spin introduced an apparent oscillation to a radio signal transmitted from Earth when received on board the spacecraft  The amplitude and phase of this oscillation were proportional to the orientation of the spin axis relative to the Earth direction  This method of determining the relative orientation is called conical scanning and was used by early radars for automated tracking of targets and was also very common in early infrared guided missiles 
The spacecraft used S-band for uplinked commands and downlinked telemetry, through dual redundant 5-watt transceivers  The spacecraft used X-band for science return (downlink only), using dual 20 watts TWTAs until the failure of the last remaining TWTA in January 2008  Both bands used the dish antenna with prime-focus feeds, unlike the Cassegrain feeds of most other spacecraft dishes 
Dual tape recorders, each of approximately 45-megabit capacity, stored science data between the nominal eight-hour communications sessions during the prime and extended mission phases 
The spacecraft was designed to withstand both the heat of the inner Solar System and the cold at Jupiter's distance  Extensive blanketing and electric heaters protected the probe against the cold temperatures of the outer Solar System 
Multiple computer systems (CPUs/microprocessors/Data Processing Units) are used in several of the scientific instruments, including several radiation-hardened RCA CDP1802 microprocessors  Documented 1802 usage includes dual-redundant 1802s in the COSPIN, and at least one 1802 each in the GRB, HI-SCALE, SWICS, SWOOPS and URAP instruments, with other possible microprocessors incorporated elsewhere Total mass at launch was 371 kg (818 lb), of which 33 5 kg was hydrazine propellant used for attitude control and orbit correction 

Instruments
The twelve different Instruments came from ESA and NASA  The first design was based on two probes, one by NASA and one by ESA, but the probe of NASA was defunded and in the end the instruments of the cancelled probe were mounted on Ulyssses 
Radio/Plasma antennas: Two beryllium copper antennas were unreeled outwards from the body, perpendicular to the RTG and spin axis  Together this dipole spanned 72 meters (236 2 ft)  A third antenna, of hollow beryllium copper, was deployed from the body, along the spin axis opposite the dish  It was a monopole antenna, 7 5 meters (24 6 ft) long  These measured radio waves generated by plasma releases, or the plasma itself as it passed over the spacecraft  This receiver ensemble was sensitive from DC to 1 MHz 
Experiment Boom: A third type of boom, shorter and much more rigid, extended from the last side of the spacecraft, opposite the RTG  This was a hollow carbon-fiber tube, of 50 mm (2 in ) diameter  It can be seen in the photo as the silver rod stowed alongside the body  It carried four types of instruments: a solid-state X-ray instrument, composed of two silicon detectors, to study X-rays from solar flares and Jupiter's aurorae; the Gamma-Ray Burst experiment, consisting of two CsI scintillator crystals with photomultipliers; two different magnetometers, a helium vector magnetometer and a fluxgate magnetometer; and a two-axis magnetic search coil antenna measured AC magnetic fields 
Body-Mounted Instruments: Detectors for electrons, ions, neutral gas, dust, and cosmic rays were mounted on the spacecraft body around the quiet section 
Lastly, the radio communications link could be used to search for gravitational waves (through Doppler shifts) and to probe the Sun's atmosphere through radio occultation  No gravitational waves were detected 
Total instrument mass was 55 kg 
Magnetometer (MAG): MAG measured the magnetic field in the heliosphere  Measurements of Jupiter's magnetic field were also performed 
Solar Wind Plasma Experiment (SWOOPS): detected the solar wind at all solar distances and latitudes and in three dimensions  It measured positive ions and electrons 
Solar Wind Ion Composition Instrument (SWICS): determined composition, temperature and speed of the atoms and ions that comprise the solar wind 
Unified Radio and Plasma Wave Instrument (URAP): picked up radio waves from the Sun and electromagnetic waves generated in the solar wind close to the spacecraft 
Energetic Particle Instrument (EPAC) and GAS: EPAC investigated the energy, fluxes and distribution of energetic particles in the heliosphere  GAS studied the uncharged gases (helium) of interstellar origin 
Low-Energy Ion and Electron Experiment (HI-SCALE): investigated the energy, fluxes and distribution of energetic particles in the heliosphere 
Cosmic Ray and Solar Particle Instrument (COSPIN): investigated the energy, fluxes and distribution of energetic particles and galactic cosmic rays in the heliosphere 
Solar X-ray and Cosmic Gamma-Ray Burst Instrument (GRB): studied cosmic gamma ray bursts and X-rays from solar flares 
Dust Experiment (DUST): Direct measurements of interplanetary and interstellar dust grains to investigate their properties as functions of the distance from the Sun and solar latitude 

Mission
Planning
Until Ulysses, the Sun had only been observed from low solar latitudes  The Earth's orbit defines the ecliptic plane, which differs from the Sun's equatorial plane by only 7 25°  Even spacecraft directly orbiting the Sun do so in planes close to the ecliptic because a direct launch into a high-inclination solar orbit would require a prohibitively large launch vehicle 
Several spacecraft (Mariner 10, Pioneer 11, and Voyagers 1 and 2) had performed gravity assist maneuvers in the 1970s  Those maneuvers were to reach other planets also orbiting close to the ecliptic, so they were mostly in-plane changes  However, gravity assists are not limited to in-plane maneuvers; a suitable flyby of Jupiter could produce a significant plane change  An Out-Of-The-Ecliptic mission (OOE) was thereby proposed  See article Pioneer H 
Originally, two spacecraft were to be built by NASA and ESA, as the International Solar Polar Mission  One would be sent over Jupiter, then under the Sun  The other would fly under Jupiter, then over the Sun  This would provide simultaneous coverage  Due to cutbacks, the U S  spacecraft was cancelled in 1981  One spacecraft was designed, and the project recast as Ulysses, due to the indirect and untried flight path  NASA would provide the Radioisotope Thermoelectric Generator (RTG) and launch services, ESA would build the spacecraft assigned to Astrium GmbH, Friedrichshafen, Germany (formerly Dornier Systems)  The instruments would be split into teams from universities and research institutes in Europe and the United States  This process provided the 12 instruments on board 
The changes delayed launch from February 1983 to May 1986 when it was to be deployed by the Space Shuttle Challenger (boosted by the proposed Centaur G Prime upper stage  However, the Challenger disaster forced a two-and-a-half year stand down of the shuttle fleet, mandated the cancellation of the Centaur-G upper stage, and pushed the launch date to October 1990 

Launch
Ulysses was deployed into low Earth orbit from the Space Shuttle Discovery  From there, it was propelled on a trajectory to Jupiter by a combination of solid rocket motors  This upper stage consisted of a two-stage Boeing IUS (Inertial Upper Stage), plus a McDonnell Douglas PAM-S (Payload Assist Module-Special)  The IUS was inertially stabilised and actively guided during its burn  The PAM-S was unguided and it and Ulysses were spun up to 80 rpm for stability at the start of its burn  On burnout of the PAM-S, the motor and spacecraft stack was yo-yo de-spun (weights deployed at the end of cables) to below 8 rpm prior to separation of the spacecraft  On leaving Earth, the spacecraft became the fastest ever artificially-accelerated spacecraft, and held that title until the New Horizons probe was launched 
On its way to Jupiter, the spacecraft was in an elliptical non-Hohmann transfer orbit  At this time, Ulysses had a low orbital inclination to the ecliptic 

Jupiter swing-by
It arrived at Jupiter on 8 February 1992 for a swing-by maneuver that increased its inclination to the ecliptic by 80 2°  The giant planet's gravity bent the spacecraft's flight path southward and away from the ecliptic plane  This put it into a final orbit around the Sun that would take it past the Sun's north and south poles  The size and shape of the orbit were adjusted to a much smaller degree so that aphelion remained at approximately 5 AU, Jupiter's distance from the Sun, and perihelion was somewhat greater than 1 AU, the Earth's distance from the Sun  The orbital period is approximately six years 

Polar regions of the Sun
Between 1994 and 1995 it explored both the southern and northern polar regions of the Sun, respectively 

Comet C/1996 B2 (Hyakutake)
On 1 May 1996, the spacecraft unexpectedly crossed the ion tail of Comet Hyakutake (C/1996 B2), revealing the tail to be at least 3 8 AU in length 

Comet C/1999 T1 (McNaught–Hartley)
An encounter with a comet tail happened again in 2004  when Ulysses flew through the ion tailings of C/1999 T1 (McNaught-Hartley)  A coronal mass ejection carried the cometary material to Ulysses 

Second Jupiter encounter
Ulysses approached aphelion in 2003/2004 and made further distant observations of Jupiter 

Comet C/2006 P1 (McNaught)
In 2007, Ulysses passed through the tail of comet C/2006 P1 (McNaught)  The results were surprisingly different from its pass through Hyakutake's tail, with the measured solar wind velocity dropping from approximately 700 kilometers per second (1,566,000 mph) to less than 400 kilometers per second (895,000 mph) 

Extended mission
ESA's Science Program Committee approved the fourth extension of the Ulysses mission to March 2004  thereby allowing it to operate over the Sun's poles for the third time in 2007 and 2008  After it became clear that the power output from the spacecraft's RTG would be insufficient to operate science instruments and keep the attitude control fuel, hydrazine, from freezing, instrument power sharing was initiated  Up until then, the most important instruments had been kept online constantly, whilst others were deactivated  When the probe neared the Sun, its power-hungry heaters were turned off and all instruments were turned on On 22 February 2008, 17 years and 4 months after the launch of the spacecraft, ESA and NASA announced that the mission operations for Ulysses would likely cease within a few months  On 12 April 2008, NASA announced that the end date will be 1 July 2008 The spacecraft operated successfully for over four times its design life  A component within the last remaining working chain of X-band downlink subsystem failed on 15 January 2008  The other chain in the X-band subsystem had previously failed in 2003 Downlink to Earth resumed on S-band, but the beamwidth of the high gain antenna in the S-band was not as narrow as in the X–band, so that the received downlink signal was much weaker, hence reducing the achievable data rate  As the spacecraft traveled on its outbound trajectory to the orbit of Jupiter, the downlink signal would have eventually fallen below the receiving capability of even the largest antennas (70 meters - 229 7 feet - in diameter) of the Deep Space Network 
Even before the downlink signal was lost due to distance, the hydrazine attitude control fuel on board the spacecraft was considered likely to freeze, as the radioisotope thermal generators (RTGs) failed to generate enough power for the heaters to overcome radiative heat loss into space  Once the hydrazine froze, the spacecraft would no longer be able to maneuver to keep its high gain antenna pointing towards Earth, and the downlink signal would then be lost in a matter of days  The failure of the X-band communications subsystem hastened this, because the coldest part of the fuel pipework was routed over the X-band traveling-wave tube amplifiers, because they generated enough heat during operation to keep the propellant plumbing warm 
The previously announced mission end date of 1 July 2008, came and went but mission operations continued albeit in a reduced capacity  The availability of science data gathering was limited to only when Ulysses was in contact with a ground station due to the deteriorating S-band downlink margin no longer being able to support simultaneous real-time data and tape recorder playback  When the spacecraft was out of contact with a ground station, the S-band transmitter was switched off and the power was diverted to the internal heaters to add to the warming of the hydrazine  On 30 June 2009, ground controllers sent commands to switch to the low gain antennas  This stopped communications with the spacecraft, in combination with previous commands to shut down its transmitter entirely 

Results
During cruise phases, Ulysses provided unique data  As the only spacecraft out of the ecliptic with a gamma-ray instrument, Ulysses was an important part of the InterPlanetary Network (IPN)  The IPN detects gamma ray bursts (GRBs); since gamma rays cannot be focused with mirrors, it was very difficult to locate GRBs with enough accuracy to study them further  Instead, several spacecraft can locate the burst through multilateration  Each spacecraft has a gamma-ray detector, with readouts noted in tiny fractions of a second  By comparing the arrival times of gamma showers with the separations of the spacecraft, a location can be determined, for follow-up with other telescopes  Because gamma rays travel at the speed of light, wide separations are needed  Typically, a determination came from comparing: one of several spacecraft orbiting the Earth, an inner-Solar-system probe (to Mars, Venus, or an asteroid), and Ulysses  When Ulysses crossed the ecliptic twice per orbit, many GRB determinations lost accuracy 
Additional discoveries:
Data provided by Ulysses led to the discovery that the Sun's magnetic field interacts with the Solar System in a more complex fashion than previously assumed 
Data provided by Ulysses led to the discovery that dust coming into the Solar System from deep space was 30 times more abundant than previously expected 
In 2007–2008 data provided by Ulysses led to the determination that the magnetic field emanating from the Sun's poles is much weaker than previously observed 
That the solar wind has "grown progressively weaker during the mission and is currently at its weakest since the start of the Space Age" 

Fate
Ulysses will most likely continue in heliocentric orbit around the Sun indefinitely  However, there is a chance that in one of its re-encounters with Jupiter a close fly-by with one of the Jovian moons would be enough to alter its course and so the probe would enter a hyperbolic trajectory around the Sun and leave the Solar System 

See also
Advanced Composition Explorer – NASA satellite of the Explorer program
List of heliophysics missions
List of missions to the outer planets
Parker Solar Probe – NASA robotic space probe of the outer corona of the Sun
Solar and Heliospheric Observatory – European space observatory
STEREO – Solar observation mission (2006–present)
TRACE – NASA satellite of the Explorer program
WIND – NASA probe to study solar wind, at L1 since 1995
Solar Orbiter – European space-based solar observatory
Context 3: Passage 1:
I Hate Everything About You
"I Hate Everything About You" is the debut single by Canadian rock band Three Days Grace, from their debut self-titled album  One of the band's signature songs, it peaked at number 55 on the US Billboard Hot 100, number four on the Mainstream Rock Tracks chart and number two on the Modern Rock Tracks chart  It was the 9th best performing song of the decade on the Modern Rock Tracks chart, and the 153rd best performing song of all time on the Alternative Songs chart  Despite not being one of their number one hits on either of the two charts, it is the band's longest running song on both the Modern Rock chart at 45 weeks, and the Mainstream Rock chart at 46 weeks 

Background
Adam Gontier said of the track:

The song is pretty blunt you know? It's to the point  It's about realizing there's something in your life you're wasting time on  I think everybody, even in this band and a lot of other people have felt that way before at one point or another in their life  Whether it's a person, a relationship whatever it is, you're just wasting time on it  The song is a realization of that 
Written by Gontier and produced by Gavin Brown, the theme of the song deals with love–hate relationships 

Critical reception
Heather Phares of AllMusic called the song "one of the better alt-metal/modern rock singles in recent memory " She remarked, "At first, the song seems almost stupidly simple, both lyrically and musically  However, the controlled fury of the choruses and the ambivalent verses make the song a surprisingly smart and concise anthem for anyone stuck in a baffling relationship " She also stated, "I Hate Everything About You's frustrated explosions and passive-aggressive recriminations eerily simulate the trajectory of an ill-fated couple "

Music video
The music video starts zoomed in towards several things, such as a TV producing static, a picture frame, and an ash tray, and then transitions towards Adam Gontier who starts singing  The video shows three teenagers going through a disastrous moment in their lives  One shows a young boy who finds his girlfriend cheating on him in the alleyway, kissing another guy  He is spying on them in his car  The second teenager is a young girl, who just broke up with her boyfriend, and the last is a boy who is being abused by his alcoholic father  Towards the end they are all seen smashing items into a hill  The young boy spying on his cheating girlfriend whips a portrait of a picture of them, smashing it to pieces  The second teenager is seen smashing her notebook of love notes and miscellaneous love items with her ex-boyfriend into the hill  The last boy, who is suffering child abuse, throws his drunken father's alcohol into the hill 
In the video, the word "hit" in "after every hit we take" is censored, due to "hit" being slang for drug use  The video was photographed by cinematographer Steve Gainer, and directed by Scott Winig 

Accolades
In 2004, the song was nominated for the "Best Rock Video" and "People's Choice: Favourite Canadian Group" at the MuchMusic Video Awards and won "Producer of the Year" at the Juno Awards  In August 2007, the single won a BDS Spin Award based on the 300,000 spins it received 

Track listings
Charts
Certifications
Release history
Use in video games
NASCAR Thunder 2004 by EA Sports 
Karaoke Revolution Volume 2 singalong game 
It is playable with either a real guitar or bass guitar in Rocksmith as DLC 
The song was made available to download on March 13, 2012, for play in Rock Band 3 Basic and PRO mode utilizing a real guitar / bass guitar, and MIDI compatible electronic drum kits / keyboards plus vocal harmonies 
Passage 2:
Working Day and Night
"Working Day and Night" is a song by American recording artist Michael Jackson  It is the third track from his fifth studio album, Off the Wall (1979)  The song was written and produced by Jackson  Despite not being released as a single, Jackson performed the song live for his first two solo tours  It is also featured on the video game Michael Jackson: The Experience  The song has been sampled by several artists  It was remixed and released on the remix/soundtrack album, Immortal, in 2011  In 2014, producer Timbaland sampled percussion and breaths from the song in the duet version of "Love Never Felt So Good" (with Justin Timberlake); the duet was released as a single from Xscape 

Background
"Working Day and Night" was written by Michael Jackson and recorded for his studio album Off the Wall issued in August 1979  The song was not released as a single, but as the B-side for "Rock with You" in the US, and B-side for "Off the Wall" in the UK  The song has a tempo of 128 beats per minute, making it one of Jackson's fastest songs 

Live performances
"Working Day and Night" was performed by both of The Jacksons' tours, and two of Michael Jackson's first two world concert series tours as a solo artist 
The song was performed by The Jacksons' Triumph Tour in 1981 and Victory Tour in 1984  In Michael Jackson's solo tours, the song was performed live on the Bad World Tour from 1987-1989, and the first two legs of Dangerous World Tour in 1992  The song was rehearsed for third leg of Dangerous World Tour in 1993, but it was ultimately removed from the setlist 
A live version, recorded at one of The Jacksons' 1981 Madison Square Garden concerts, was included on live album, The Jacksons Live!, later edited and released as the album's second single in November 1981   Record World said that "An energetic bass riff transports the exciting vocal interaction, while horn spice gives added radio appeal " In 2001, the original demo recording of the song was released as a bonus track on the expanded, special edition of Off the Wall  The live performance video at Jackson's Dangerous World Tour in Bucharest, Romania on October 1, 1992, was featured on the DVD in his box set The Ultimate Collection in 2004, and a live concert DVD, Live in Bucharest: The Dangerous Tour, in 2005  In 2012, a live audio and video version of the song performed during the Bad World Tour was released on the deluxe edition of Bad 25 and the concert DVD Live at Wembley July 16, 1988  The song was remixed and released on the soundtrack to Cirque du Soleil's Michael Jackson: The Immortal World Tour, Immortal, in 2011  This song has also been used for the Michael Jackson: One production 

Personnel
Official versions
"Album Version" - 5:12
"Original Demo from 1978" - 4:10
"Immortal Version" - 3:36
"Live at Triumph Tour" by The Jacksons - 6:53
"Live at Wembley July 16, 1988" from the Bad World Tour, available in the deluxe edition of Bad 25 - 5:55

Covers and samples
In 1983, George Duke sampled this song for the "Overture" of the album Guardian of the Light 
In 1999, Will Smith sampled this song on his track "Can You Feel Me" for his album Willennium 
In 1989, Richie Rich sampled this song for his single "Salsa House", from the album I Can Make You Dance 
In 2009, Michael's sister Janet Jackson sampled this song for her single "Make Me" from her greatest hits album Number Ones 
In 2014, Timbaland sampled percussion and breaths from the song for the duet version of Jackson's posthumous song "Love Never Felt So Good", which features American recording artist Justin Timberlake for the record Xscape 
Passage 3:
1000 Song Challenge
1000 Song Challenge (Korean: 도전 1000곡; RR: Dojeon Cheongok), also known as Challenge 1000 Songs, is a South Korean karaoke singing competition television series, which aired on SBS from 2000 to 2014  During the show, guests compete by singing popular songs accurately from memory  The songs are chosen randomly from a pool of 1000 songs  Unlike normal karaoke, the lyrics are not shown, so it is easier to make mistakes  The contestants with the highest scores proceed to the next round  In one segment of the show, "Run Karaoke", contestants race to the microphone and whoever gets there first gets to sing a song and gain points  In another segment, the contestants hear the beginning of a song, and the first one to correctly name the song gains points  The winner of the final round receives household items as prizes, such a humidifier or espresso machine  Many popular celebrities were invited to the show, including BoA, Shinhwa and Girls' Generation The show began airing on October 22, 2000, and was extremely popular in its early years  It aired on Sunday mornings and had mainly older viewers  SBS cancelled the show in 2014 because advertisement revenue was low, and they wanted to target young people  The last episode aired on June 22, 2014 

Hosts
Various television personalities co-hosted the show throughout its nearly 14-year run  Comedian Lee Hwi-jae began hosting the show (with Jeong Hyeong-don) in April 2008, and continued until the show's cancellation in 2014  Trot singer Jang Yun-jeong first hosted the show for a year and a half, beginning in April 2006, and returned in August 2009  Lee and Jang were praised for their "smooth and entertaining" hosting style, and they won the "Best Couple Award" at the 2013 SBS Entertainment Awards  Jang left the show in April 2014 due to her pregnancy, and was replaced by Hyolyn 
Passage 4:
List of number-one dance singles of 2011 (U S )
The Billboard Dance Club Songs chart is a chart that ranks the best-performing singles in that category in the United States  The first number-one song of the year was by Swedish House Mafia and English rapper Tinie Tempah, with their collaboration "Miami 2 Ibiza"  American singer-songwriter Katy Perry achieved three number-one songs on the chart, which included "Firework", "E T  and "Last Friday Night (T G I F )"  "E T " ranked at number one on the 2011 Hot Dance Club Songs year end chart  Australian singer-songwriter Kylie Minogue also topped the chart three times, with the songs "Better than Today", "Higher", a collaboration with Taio Cruz and Travie McCoy, and "Put Your Hands Up (If You Feel Love)"  American singer Britney Spears topped the chart three times with "Hold It Against Me", "Till the World Ends" and "I Wanna Go", from her seventh album Femme Fatale  Beyoncé and Jennifer Lopez also achieved three number one songs on the chart each, the former with "Run the World (Girls)", "Best Thing I Never Had", and "Countdown", and the latter with "On the Floor", "I'm Into You", and "Papi"  off of her seventh studio album "Love?" marking a comeback for the singer  The American band Selena Gomez & the Scene also achieved three number one songs on the chart each with "A Year Without Rain", "Who Says" and "Love You like a Love Song" 

Barbadian recording artist Rihanna topped the chart with four songs from three different albums; the first was French DJ David Guetta's song Who's That Chick?, from his album One More Love where Rihanna appeared as a guest vocalist, "S&M" and "California King Bed" from Rihanna's fifth album Loud, and "We Found Love"' from her sixth album Talk That Talk  "We Found Love", a collaboration with Scottish DJ Calvin Harris, was the only song to spend more than one week at number one, and topped the chart for two consecutive weeks  American singer-songwriter Lady Gaga also achieved four number one songs on the chart with "Born This Way", "Judas", "The Edge of Glory", and "You and I"  British singer-songwriter Leona Lewis achieved her first number one on the chart with "Collide", a collaboration with Avicii 
These are the Billboard Hot Dance Club Play and Singles Sales number-one hits of 2011 

See also
List of number-one dance airplay hits of 2011 (U S )
2011 in music
List of artists who reached number one on the U S  Dance Club Songs chart
Passage 5:
Daasebre Gyamenah
Daasebre Gyamenah (Akan: Daasebrε Gyamena), was a Ghanaian highlife musician who became very popular for his hit album Kokooko (1999) which featured Lord Kenya  Kokooko was the first major fusion of hiplife and highlife in Ghana  Many successful albums followed thus earning him one of his many nicknames "Hitman" "Wo da enda","Ahoofe", and "Still I love you" are a few of his popular songs 
Among youths and old, he is popular and beloved  Daasebre's songs are mostly mid tempo and include many hip hop elements  He featured many hip life artists like none of his genre colleagues  A major element of his songs is the Akan way of storytelling by use of proverbs  His proverbs stood out from others due to his upbringing through his grandmother  These proverbs mostly summed up the message of his songs  In an interview he claimed to have experienced some of the stories in his songs with the exception of the love songs 
In 2006, Daasebre took a flight from Ghana to London to work on his music  At Heathrow airport he was arrested by police  His luggage contained cocaine of which he claimed to have no clue of  Eleven months in prison had a big impact on him  He was never convicted of the crime due to facts suggesting he did not know of the existence of the drugs  His following lead single for his next album "Saa Na Etee" was mainly about his arrest  He talked about it in songs like "Twaso" and "Gye Me" 
His death in 2016 came at a time many Ghanaians musicians had died but his death was the most felt among all  As one part of his family were Muslim he should have received a Muslim burial but his other family refused  Their main reason was the fact he was of royal blood and should be buried as such  A long feud led to him been buried in December of that year, almost six months after his death  Many tributes to him followed after his death  "Kokooko" by Sarkodie and "Daasebre Gyamenah" by Daddy Lumba are two which have gained popularity 

Life and career
Daasebre was born a Muslim and from a royal home  His full name at birth was Daasebre Gyamenah Abubakar Siddiq  His late mother was a Muslim who died when Daasebre was only three months old  He was nicknamed Ahoofe, a name his fans gave him after the release of his hit song, "Ahoofe", which literally means beautiful or the handsome one  He released an Album in the late 80s with no success  After spending time in various African states he returned to Ghana in 1992 only to make music 7 years later



ground_truth: Sun

prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: The arena where the Lewiston Maineiacs played their home games can seat how many people?

The following are given passages.
Context 2: Passage 1:
Lewiston Maineiacs
The Lewiston Maineiacs were a junior ice hockey team of the Quebec Major Junior Hockey League based in Lewiston, Maine, United States  The team played its home games at the Androscoggin Bank Colisée   They were the second QMJHL team in the United States, and the only one to play a full season  They won the President's Cup in 2007, becoming the only American based franchise to accomplish the feat 
On May 31, 2011, the QMJHL decided to fold the team following eight years of financial losses 

History
Their franchise was granted for the 1969–70 season  They played in Trois-Rivières, Quebec, from 1969 to 1992  They were known as the Ducs from 1969 to 1973, and as the Draveurs from 1973 to 1992  They moved to Sherbrooke, Quebec, in 1992 to become the Faucons (1992–1998) and the Castors (1998–2003)  The Castors moved to Lewiston, Maine, in 2003 
The MAINEiacs clinched the Jean Rougeau Trophy for first overall in the regular season for 2006–07  During the same season, Lewiston increased its annual attendance totals to 94,903 tickets sold  In the playoffs that year, Lewiston went 16–1 to cruise to their first President's Cup 

2007 Memorial Cup
After winning the 2007 President's Cup, the MAINEiacs won eligibility to play in the 2007 Memorial Cup in Vancouver, British Columbia  Following an opening win over the Medicine Hat Tigers, the MAINEiacs suffered a huge loss with the injury of their captain, Marc-André Cliche, and never really found their scoring touch  They crashed out of the tournament in fourth place after losing consecutive games to the Vancouver Giants, Plymouth Whalers, and the Whalers again in the tie-breaker, scoring only three goals in three games in the process 

ScoresSaturday, May 19: Lewiston 3, Medicine Hat Tigers 1
Sunday, May 20: Vancouver Giants 2, Lewiston 1
Tuesday, May 22: Plymouth Whalers 2, Lewiston 1 (OT)
Thursday, May 24: Plymouth Whalers 5, Lewiston 1

Sale and aborted relocation
On January 25, 2009, it was announced that the MAINEiacs were negotiating with the city of Boisbriand, Quebec (a suburb of Montreal), in hopes of relocating the franchise for the 2009–10 season  Under the plan, Mark Just would remain majority owner with 51% of the shares, with former NHL defenseman Joel Bouchard owning the rest  On January 31, the team announced that they had filed their intent to relocate, and had submitted papers to do so to the QMJHL 
In a January 31 media release announcing the move of the MAINEiacs franchise, owner Mark Just said that community support for the team was a major consideration  During the six seasons since the team moved from Sherbrooke, Quebec, to Lewiston, the MAINEiacs never managed to break even  However, on February 2, Farrel Miller, owner of the QMJHL's Montreal Junior Hockey Club, issued a statement that his team would fight the MAINEiacs move to Boisbriand on territorial grounds 

The Montreal Junior Hockey Club has communicated to the QMJHL that it will retain, without modification, its exclusive geographic territory that it acquired in connection with its 2008 Franchise Agreement with the QMJHL  On January 21, 2009, the Montreal Junior Hockey Club communicated to the Governors of the QMJHL that (i) it has chosen to retain its exclusive territory without modification and (ii) that it is not seeking any financial compensation in connection with this issue After several weeks of negotiations with a number of Canadian cities (most notably Fredericton, New Brunswick), MAINEiacs Head Coach Don Macadam announced on March 24, 2009, that the MAINEiacs would be remaining in Lewiston  In June 2010, Lewiston businessman Paul Spellman became minority owner of the team, and in early August 2010, former Moncton Wildcats General Manager Bill Schurman was named as the team's Sports Management Consultant   However, relocation rumors continued to follow the team, with Summerside, Prince Edward Island (where Schurman, a native of that town, had recently been the municipality's Director of Community Services), and St  John's, Newfoundland and Labrador, named as a potential destinations in January 2011 
Schurman's denials of the team looking into a Summerside relocation proved unconvincing, and the rumours had a negative effect on attendance  However, Schurman's dream of moving the MAINEiacs to his home city ultimately failed, as a preliminary exploration to gauge support for a move to Summerside found little traction  The team then began to look at other possibilities, but found that few other relocation options existed 
The Lewiston franchise was disbanded by the QMJHL in the summer of 2011  To replace the defunct MAINEiacs club, the Sherbrooke Phoenix were scheduled to begin play for the 2012–13 season, the 3rd franchise to call Sherbrooke home in 25 years 

Takeover by league and disbanding
On May 31, 2011, the Quebec Major Junior Hockey League held a conference call to prepare an offer to purchase the team from Mark Just for 3 5 million dollars  Under the league's plan, the MAINEiacs would then be disbanded, with players being selected by other clubs in a dispersal draft  Late on May 31, the league issued a press release confirming the sale of the MAINEiacs to the league, and the subsequent disbanding / dispersal draft occurred the following week  Colisee stated they would search for a replacement team from outside of the QMJHL to take the MAINEiacs place The City of Lewiston and the Androscoggin Bank Colisee would end up getting the American Hockey League's Portland Pirates to move to the Colisee for the 2013-14 season after disputing their lease with the Cumberland County Civic Center in Portland  Starting in 2019, the NAHL Maine Nordiques and their partner organization, the NA3HL Lewiston-Auburn Nordiques, began play at the Colisee 

Coaches
Mario Durocher: 2003–04
Clément Jodoin: 2004–2007
Ed Harding: 2007 – January 12, 2009
Don MacAdam: January 13, 2009 – December 10, 2009 [1]
Jeff Guay: interim: December 10, 2009 – December 27, 2009 (then moved to assistant coach) 
Jean-François Houle: December 27, 2009 – May 31, 2011

Players
QMJHL award winners
Mike Bossy Trophy — best pro prospect: Alexandre Picard, 2004
Paul Dumont Trophy — personality of the year: Clement Jodoin, 2006
Ron Lapointe Trophy — Coach of the Year: Clement Jodoin, 2007
Guy Carbonneau Trophy — Best Defensive forward: Marc-André Cliche, 2007 
Guy Lafleur Trophy — QMJHL playoff's Most Valuable Player: Jonathan Bernier, 2007

All-stars
Jonathan Paiement: 1st team (defense) 2003–04
Alexandre Picard: 1st team (right wing) 2003–04,
Alex Bourret: 2nd team (right wing) 2004–05
Jonathan Bernier: 2nd team (goaltender) 2006–07
Peter Delmas: all-rookie team (goaltender) 2006–07
Stefano Giliati: 2nd team (left wing) 2007–08
Kevin Marshall: 2nd team (defense) 2007–08

Captains
2003–04: Francis Trudel
2004–05: No captain
2005 – January 2006: Brandon Roach
January 2006 – May 2007: Marc-André Cliche
September 2007 – March 2008: Marc-André Daneau
September 2008 – June 2009: Danick Paquette
September 2009 – May 2010: Billy Lacasse
September 2010 – 2011: Cameron Critchlow

NHL alumni
Nine MAINEiacs to date have played in the NHL:

Jonathan Bernier
Antoine Bibeau
Michael Chaput
Marc-André Cliche
Éric Gélinas
Jaroslav Halák
Kevin Marshall
David Perron
Alexandre Picard

NHL draftees
In addition, the MAINEiacs have had several players drafted by National Hockey League teams  They are:

2004 NHL Draft
Alexandre Picard (2004 1st round, #8 overall by Columbus Blue Jackets)
Jonathan Paiement (2004 8th round, #247 overall by New York Rangers)2005 NHL Draft
Alex Bourret (2005 1st round, #16 overall by Atlanta Thrashers)
Chad Denny (2005 2nd round, #49 overall by Atlanta Thrashers)
Marc-André Cliche (2005 2nd round, #56 overall by New York Rangers)
Olivier Legault (2005 4th round, #93 overall by Florida Panthers)
Mathieu Aubin (2005 5th round, #130 overall by Montreal Canadiens)2006 NHL Draft
Jonathan Bernier (2006 1st round, #11 overall by Los Angeles Kings)
Stefan Chaput (2006 5th round, #153 overall, by Carolina Hurricanes)2007 NHL Draft
David Perron (2007 1st round, #26 overall by St  Louis Blues)
Kevin Marshall (2007 2nd round #41 overall by Philadelphia Flyers)
Michael Ward (2007 7th round #197 overall by Tampa Bay Lightning)2008 NHL Draft
Peter Delmas (2008 2nd round, #61 overall by Colorado Avalanche)
Danick Paquette (2008 3rd round #64 overall by Atlanta Thrashers)2009 NHL Draft
Éric Gélinas (2009 2nd round, #54 overall by New Jersey Devils)2010 NHL Draft
Michael Chaput (2010 3rd round, #89 overall by Philadelphia Flyers)
Samuel Carrier (2010 6th round, #176 overall by Washington Capitals)

Yearly results
Regular season
Legend: OTL = Overtime loss, SL = Shootout loss

Playoffs
2003–04 – Lost to Rouyn-Noranda Huskies 4–3 in first round 
2004–05 – Defeated Shawinigan Cataractes 4–0 in first round  – Lost to Rimouski Océanic 4–0 in quarterfinals 
2005–06 – Lost to Halifax Mooseheads 4–2 in conference quarterfinals 
2006–07 – Defeated Shawinigan Cataractes 4–0 in conference first roundfinals   – Defeated Halifax Mooseheads 4–1 in conference quarterfinals  – Defeated Rouyn-Noranda Huskies 4–0 in league semifinals  – Defeated Val-d'Or Foreurs 4–0 in QMJHL finals  QMJHL CHAMPIONS – Finished Memorial Cup round-robin tied for third   – Lost to Plymouth Whalers 5–1 in the tiebreaker game 
2007–08 – Lost to Cape Breton Screaming Eagles 4–2 in conference quarterfinals 
2008–09 – Lost to Drummondville Voltigeurs 4–0 in conference quarterfinals 
2009–10 – Lost to Drummondville Voltigeurs 4–0 in conference quarterfinals 
2010–11 – Defeated Moncton Wildcats 4–1 in the round of 16   – Defeated Montreal Junior 4–2 in league quarterfinals   – Lost to Saint John Sea Dogs 4–0 in league semifinals 
Passage 2:
Billings Bulls
The Billings Bulls were a junior ice hockey organization based in Billings, Montana  They most recently played home games at the 550-seat Centennial Ice Arena and due to the arena's small size, the Bulls frequently sold out games  They previously played their home games in the Metrapark which had a max capacity of 9,000 for hockey games  However, a negotiating dispute with arena officials and local county commissioners resulted in the team losing its lease 

History
The Bulls joined the American Frontier Hockey League in 1993 which became the America West Hockey League (AWHL) in 1998  The Bulls joined the Tier II Jr  A North American Hockey League in 2003 when the AWHL merged with the NAHL (keeping the NAHL name)  The team played in the NAHL from 2003 to 2006 until the team and their rivals, the Bozeman Icedogs and Helena Bighorns, left to join the Northern Pacific Hockey League (NorPac), a regional league in the Pacific Northwest of the United States  When they joined the NorPac, the league was Tier III Junior B but promoted to Tier III Junior A by USA Hockey in 2007  In 2011, the Montana teams in the NorPac left the league to form the new regional American West Hockey League, made up of teams in Montana and Wyoming, including the Bulls  In March 2014, the new AWHL joined the North American 3 Hockey League (NA3HL) as the Frontier Division On the opening weekend of the 2017–18 NA3HL season, the Bulls announced they would be going dormant due to lack of players  At the time, the Bulls were the second-oldest organization in the NA3HL, behind only the St  Louis Jr  Blues 

Previous leagues
1993–1998 American Frontier Hockey League
1998–2003 America West Hockey League
2003–2006 North American Hockey League
2006–2011 Northern Pacific Hockey League
2011–2014 American West Hockey League
2014–2017 North American 3 Hockey League

Season-by-season records
NHL alumni
The franchise developed a number of collegiate and professional players, but only two have played in the NHL
Chris Holt, G (University of Nebraska-Omaha, last with Braehead Clan of the EIHL), formerly of the New York Rangers and St  Louis Blues 
Brian Lee, D retired, formerly of the Tampa Bay Lightning and Ottawa Senators 

Other notable alumni with professional or major college/junior experience
Jon Booras, F (Lake Superior State University, last with MAC Budapest of the MOL Liga)
Jacob Doty, F (currently with Braehead Clan of the EIHL)
Brad Gorham, D (University of Alaska Anchorage, last with the Alaska Aces of the ECHL)
Trevor Hammer, D (University of North Dakota, last played for Florida Seals)
Jeff Hazelwood, F (last played for Las Vegas Wranglers)
Jordan Hines, F (University of Findlay, last played for Fort Worth Fire)
Dan Knapp, D (University of Nebraska-Omaha, last played for Ontario Reign)
Mathias Lange, G (last played for the Iserlohn Roosters of the Deutsche Eishockey Liga)
Tom Reimann, D (University of Maine, last played for Colorado Eagles)
Cam Strong, F (currently with Dartmouth, NCAA Division 1)
Zach Tarkir, D (Northern Michigan University, last played for IF Troja/Ljungby of the HockeyAllsvenskan)
Kevin Ulanski, C (University of Denver, last played for the Bentley Generals)Stormy Knight, LW last played for Seattle Totems of the NPHL (current commisioner of The Mad House fantasy football league)
Passage 3:
Case Gym
Case Gym is a 1,800-seat multi-purpose arena at Boston University in Boston, Massachusetts  It opened in 1972 as part of the Harold Case Physical Education Center, which is named after the university's fifth president, Harold C  Case 
The gym is referred to as "The Roof" because it is located on the top level of the building, above Walter Brown Arena  It is home to the Boston University Terriers men's and women's basketball teams, as well as the men's wrestling team    Basketball games are also played in Agganis Arena, and on occasion Walter Brown Arena  When Boston University left the America East Conference for the Patriot League in July 2013, they announced that all home men's basketball conference games would be played at Agganis Arena, with the non-conference games to be played at Case Case Gym hosted the championship games of the 1997 and 2002 America East Conference men's basketball tournament as well as the championship game of the 2011 America East Conference women's basketball tournament  It has also hosted Ring Of Honor Wrestling Shows through wrestling promoter and Boston University alumnus Mike "Mongoose" Coughlin The center, whose recreational use has declined since the opening of the Fitness and Recreation Center adjacent to Agganis Arena, is approximately located where the left field "pavilion" seats at Braves Field were before the Boston Braves, a Major League Baseball club, were relocated to Milwaukee in 1953 

See also
List of NCAA Division I basketball arenas
Passage 4:
Robins Center
The Robins Center is a 7,201-seat multi-purpose arena in Richmond, Virginia  Opened in 1972, the arena is home to the University of Richmond Spiders basketball  It hosted the ECAC South (now known as the Colonial Athletic Association) men's basketball tournament in 1983   It is named for E  Claiborne Robins Sr, class of 1931, who, along with his family, have been leading benefactors for the school   The opening of the Robins Center returning Spider basketball to an on-campus facility for the first time since the mid-1940s when it outgrew Millhiser Gymnasium   In the intervening decades, the Spiders played home games in numerous locations around the Richmond area, including the Richmond Coliseum (1971–1972), the Richmond Arena (1954–1971), the Benedictine High School gymnasium (1951–1954), Grays' Armory (1950–1951) and Blues' Armory (1947–1950)  The Robins Center arena serves as the location of the University of Richmond's commencement exercises and hosted a 1992 Presidential debate involving Bill Clinton, George H  W  Bush, and Ross Perot 
The Robins Center saw a number of upgrades in the 2000s, including a new maple floor in 2003 and renovated locker rooms and offices in 2004  A new scoreboard and sound system was installed for the 2006–2007 season   A $17 million renovation started in March 2013, which added four corner video boards, a repainted ceiling and new floor, and the seat capacity decreased from 9,071 to around 7,201 once renovations were completed in January 2014  
In 2015, the playing surface was renamed "Dick Tarrant Court" in honor of Dick Tarrant, the school's all-time winningest coach In addition to the basketball arena, the Robins Center also serves as the home of many of the other athletic programs at the University of Richmond  The Robins Center Natatorium serves as the home of the women's swimming and diving team, while most of the other programs have their coaches' offices in the building  An addition to the Robins Center, known as the Weinstein Center for Fitness and Recreation, opened in January 2007 and provides expanded facilities for recreational use 

See also
List of NCAA Division I basketball arenas
Passage 5:
2007 Memorial Cup
The 2007 MasterCard Memorial Cup was played in May 2007 in Vancouver, British Columbia, at the Pacific Coliseum  It was the 89th annual Memorial Cup competition and determined the major junior ice hockey champion of the Canadian Hockey League (CHL)   The tournament was competed between the WHL champion, the Medicine Hat Tigers; the OHL champion, the Plymouth Whalers; the QMJHL champion, the Lewiston Maineiacs; and the host team and tournament champion, Vancouver Giants, who were competing in their second consecutive national junior championship  The Memorial Cup tournament was a four team tournament with a round-robin format  The Giants won their first Memorial Cup, defeating Medicine Hat 3–1 in the second all-WHL final in tournament history (the first was in 1989)   The tournament set a new Memorial Cup attendance record with 121,561 fans attending the nine games   The previous record of 84,686 was set at the 2003 tournament in Quebec City 
The tournament was the first to feature two league champions based in the United States, from Lewiston, Maine and Plymouth, Michigan, respectively  The only previous Memorial Cup to feature two American teams was the 1998 Memorial Cup, featuring the WHL champion, the Portland Winter Hawks and the host, the Spokane Chiefs  The 2007 MasterCard Memorial Cup was also the first to feature the two-referee system 
The Memorial Cup trophy's ties to Canadian military were evident when Canadian Forces units delivered it to the championship by sea, aboard HMCS Vancouver; by air, hoisted aboard a CH-149 Cormorant helicopter; and by land, via the armoured 39th Canadian Brigade Group Convoy 

Round-robin standings
Rosters
Schedule
Round robin
Playoff round
Tie breaker
Semi-final
Championship game
Leading scorers
Leading goaltenders
Goalies Have To Play A Minimum Of 60 Minutes To Be Listed 

Award winners
Stafford Smythe Memorial Trophy (MVP): Milan Lucic, Vancouver
George Parsons Trophy (Sportsmanship): Brennan Bosch, Medicine Hat
Hap Emms Memorial Trophy (Goaltender): Matt Keetley, Medicine Hat
Ed Chynoweth Trophy (Leading Scorer): Michal Repik, VancouverAll-star team

Goal: Matt Keetley, Medicine Hat
Defence: Brendan Mikkelson, Vancouver; Cody Franson, Vancouver
Forwards: Darren Helm, Medicine Hat; Michal Repik, Vancouver; Milan Lucic, Vancouver

Road to the cup
OHL playoffs
QMJHL playoffs
†Shawinigan seeded 8th in Eastern division 

WHL playoffs
Passage 6:
Dwyer Arena
The Robert and Concetta Dwyer Arena houses two ice surfaces, both 200 x 85 ft , and pro shop on Niagara University's campus in Lewiston, New York, United States  The main rink can seat up to 1,400 people and is the home to the Niagara Purple Eagles men's ice hockey team, which plays in Atlantic Hockey  The arena was formerly home to the women's ice hockey team, which played in College Hockey America  
The building was built in 1996  Prior to the 1999–2000 season, major renovation took place as a result of a gift by Bob and Connie Dwyer, both 1965 graduates, who contributed $3 million for facilities upgrades  Locker and training rooms, players' lounge, and lobby were upgraded, while separate entrances for the main and auxiliary rinks, new pro shop, and new ticket office were arranged  In the summer of 2007 a premium seating section was added in the area formerly occupied by the Party Deck, and as a result, capacity was increased from 1,600 to 2,100  The current seating capacity is 1,400 
It hosted the College Hockey America 2002, 2008, and 2010 men's conference tournaments and the 2004 and 2008 women's conference tournaments   Dwyer was home of the Buffalo Sabres Summer Development Camp in 2008, 2009, 2010 and 2011 which featured young prospects and draft picks in the Sabres organization   The arena co-hosted the 2011 World Junior Ice Hockey Championships 

External links
Official website
Passage 7:
2006–07 QMJHL season
The 2006–07 QMJHL season was the 38th season in the history of the Quebec Major Junior Hockey League  The regular season ran from September 14, 2006 to March 18, 2007  Eighteen teams played 70 games each in the schedule  The Lewiston Maineiacs finished first overall in the regular season winning their first Jean Rougeau Trophy  Lewiston won 16 playoff games, losing only one, en route to their first President's Cup, defeating the Val-d'Or Foreurs in the finals 

Final standings
Note: GP = Games played; W = Wins; L = Losses; OTL = Overtime loss; SL = Shootout loss; PTS = Points; GF = Goals for; GA = Goals against

complete list of standings 

Scoring leaders
Note: GP = Games played; G = Goals; A = Assists; Pts = Points; PIM = Penalty minutes

complete scoring statistics

Goaltending leaders
Note: GP = Games played; Mins = Minutes Played; W = Wins; L = Losses: OTL = Overtime losses; SL = Shootout losses; GA = Goals allowed; SO = Shutouts; GAA = Goals against average

Canada-Russia Challenge
The 2006 ADT Canada-Russia Challenge was hosted by the Rouyn-Noranda Huskies and the Val-d'Or Foreurs  On November 20, 2006, the QMJHL All-stars defeated the Russian Selects 6–2 at the Aréna Dave Keon  On November 21, 2006, the QMJHL All-stars defeated the Russian Selects 4–3 at the Centre Air Creebec  Since the tournament began in 2003, the QMJHL All-stars have won five games, the Russian Selects have three wins 

Playoffs
The top nine teams from the Telus division, and top seven teams from the Eastern division qualified for the playoffs  The ninth place team in the Telus division qualified in the Eastern division, and ranked by regular season points  All series were best-of-seven  Divisions crossed over in the semifinals 
Brad Marchand was the leading scorer of the playoffs with 40 points (16 goals, 24 assists) 

†Shawinigan seeded 8th in Eastern division 

All-star teams
First teamGoaltender - Ondrej Pavelec, Cape Breton Screaming Eagles
Left defence - Andrew MacDonald, Moncton Wildcats
Right defence - Kris Letang, Val-d'Or Foreurs
Left winger - Vyacheslav Trukhno, Gatineau Olympiques
Centreman - Mathieu Perreault, Acadie-Bathurst Titan
Right winger - Thomas Beauregard, Acadie-Bathurst TitanSecond teamGoaltender - Jonathan Bernier, Lewiston Maineiacs
Left defence - Oskars Bartulis, Cape Breton Screaming Eagles
Right defence - Jean-Claude Sawyer, Cape Breton Screaming Eagles
Left winger - Benoît Doucet, Victoriaville Tigres
Centreman - James Sheppard, Cape Breton Screaming Eagles
Right winger - François Bouchard, Baie-Comeau DrakkarRookie teamGoaltender - Peter Delmas, Lewiston Maineiacs
Left defence - Mark Barberio, Cape Breton Screaming Eagles / Moncton Wildcats
Right defence - Simon Lacroix, Shawinigan Cataractes
Left winger - Michael Frolik, Rimouski Océanic
Centreman - Christopher DiDomenico, Saint John Sea Dogs
Right winger - Jakub Voracek, Halifax Mooseheads
List of First/Second/Rookie team all-stars 

Trophies and awards
TeamPresident's Cup - Playoff Champions, Lewiston Maineiacs
Jean Rougeau Trophy - Regular Season Champions, Lewiston Maineiacs
Luc Robitaille Trophy - Team that scored the most goals, Cape Breton Screaming Eagles
Robert Lebel Trophy - Team with best GAA, Lewiston MaineiacsPlayerMichel Brière Memorial Trophy - Most Valuable Player, Mathieu Perreault, Acadie-Bathurst Titan
Jean Béliveau Trophy - Top Scorer, François Bouchard, Baie-Comeau Drakkar
Guy Lafleur Trophy - Playoff MVP, Jonathan Bernier, Lewiston Maineiacs
Telus Cup – Offensive - Offensive Player of the Year
Telus Cup – Defensive - Defensive Player of the Year
Jacques Plante Memorial Trophy - Best GAA, Ondrej Pavelec, Cape Breton Screaming Eagles
Guy Carbonneau Trophy - Best Defensive Forward, Marc-André Cliche - Lewiston Maineiacs
Emile Bouchard Trophy - Defenceman of the Year, Kris Letang, Val-d'Or Foreurs
Kevin Lowe Trophy - Best Defensive Defenceman, Kris Letang, Val-d'Or Foreurs
Mike Bossy Trophy - Best Pro Prospect, Angelo Esposito, Quebec Remparts
RDS Cup - Rookie of the Year, Jakub Voracek, Halifax Mooseheads
Michel Bergeron Trophy - Offensive Rookie of the Year, Jakub Voracek, Halifax Mooseheads
Raymond Lagacé Trophy - Defensive Rookie of the Year, T  J  Brennan, St  John's Fog Devils
Frank J  Selke Memorial Trophy - Most sportsmanlike player, David Desharnais, Chicoutimi Saguenéens
QMJHL Humanitarian of the Year - Humanitarian of the Year, Roger Kennedy, Halifax Mooseheads
Marcel Robert Trophy - Best Scholastic Player, Alexandre Picard-Hooper, Baie-Comeau Drakkar
Paul Dumont Trophy - Personality of the Year, Kris Letang, Val-d'Or ForeursExecutiveRon Lapointe Trophy - Coach of the Year, Clément Jodoin, Lewiston Maineiacs
Maurice Filion Trophy - General Manager of the Year, Pascal Vincent, Cape Breton Screaming Eagles
John Horman Trophy - Executive of the Year, Pierre Dufour, Val D'Or Foreurs
Jean Sawyer Trophy - Marketing Director of the Year, Nadia Lacasse & Mélanie Allard, Rouyn-Noranda Huskies

See also
2007 Memorial Cup
2007 NHL Entry Draft
2006–07 OHL season
2006–07 WHL season
Passage 8:
Androscoggin Bank Colisée
The Colisée (formerly Androscoggin Bank Colisée, Central Maine Youth Center, Central Maine Civic Center and Lewiston Colisee) is a 4,000 capacity (3,677 seated) multi-purpose arena, in Lewiston, Maine, that opened in 1958  The Colisée was built to replace St  Dominics Regional High School Arena, and initially constructed and operated by the Catholic parish of SS  Peter and Paul  Currently, it is the home of the Maine Nordiques of the North American Hockey League  The Colisee is also used for concerts, conventions and trade shows  There is 17,000 square feet (1600 m2) of exhibit space  For conventions, the Colisee can accommodate up to 4,800 patrons 

History
The Maine Nordiques of the former professional North American Hockey League were the primary tenant at the Civic Center from 1973 to 1977  The Boston Celtics of the National Basketball Association played exhibition games at the Civic Center 
In 2003, the Lewiston Maineiacs came to the Central Maine Civic Center  The Central Maine Civic Center was renamed to the Lewiston Colisée (from the French word for colosseum, similar to the Colisée de Québec) to distinguish it from the Cumberland County Civic Center, the Augusta Civic Center, and the Bangor Civic Center  In 2007, the Maineiacs won the Presidents Cup, the QMJHL league championship  They remain the only U S -based QMJHL team to win the Presidents Cup  The Maineiacs folded at the end of the 2010–11 QMJHL season and the Sherbrooke Phoenix was created in its place The Federal Hockey League held five home games at the arena in 2011 and 2012  Due to renovations to the Cumberland County Civic Center, the Portland Pirates played at the Colisee during the 2012–13 AHL season for all but one of their home games On December 16, 2014, it was announced the New Hampshire Fighting Spirit from the North American 3 Eastern Hockey League, a Tier III junior league, would relocate to Lewiston and play home games at the Colisee as the L/A Fighting Spirit (with the L/A standing for Lewiston-Auburn) beginning with the 2015–16 season  In 2016, the Fighting Spirit joined the North American 3 Hockey League 
Firland Management, which had acquired the Colisee from the City of Lewiston in 2008, bought the Fighting Spirit in 2017 and rebranded the team as the Lewiston/Auburn Nordiques after the former professional team  In 2019, Cain, Darryl Antonacci, and Nolan Howe were granted an expansion team in the Tier II junior North American Hockey League and named the team the Maine Nordiques  In March 2020, Antonacci agreed to purchase the Colisée and the Tier III Nordiques from Cain  Antonacci folded the Tier III junior team and replaced it with Tier I youth teams The naming rights to the venue were sold to Androscoggin Bank in 2006  In 2020, the rights expired, and the bank's name was removed from the venue the following year 

Other uses
Ali vs  Liston fight
On May 25, 1965, the Youth Center was the venue for the WBC heavyweight boxing championship rematch between 34-year old former champ Sonny Liston and 23-year-old reigning champion Muhammad Ali  It was at this fight that Sports Illustrated photographer Neil Leifer took what Time magazine has called the "perhaps the greatest sports photo of the century "

Concerts
On March 19, 1977, Bruce Springsteen and the E Street Band played at the venue  Bob Dylan performed at the venue on November 13, 2000, May 17, 2008 and on April 10, 2013 

Mixed martial arts
Bellator MMA held their first event in Maine on March 21, 2013, Bellator 93 

Ring of Honor/New Japan Pro-Wrestling
On November 7, 2018, Ring of Honor made its Maine debut at the Coliseé  As a co-promoted Global Wars show with New Japan Pro-Wrestling, it also marked the Japanese promotion's first event in New England 
Passage 9:
2011–12 QMJHL season
The 2011–12 QMJHL season was the 43rd season of the Quebec Major Junior Hockey League (QMJHL)  The regular season, which consisted of 17 teams playing 68 games each, began in September 2011 and ended in March 2012  This season was Blainville-Boisbriand Armada's first season in the league, as the team relocated to Boisbriand from Verdun where they played as the Montreal Junior Hockey Club from 2008 to 2011  The league lost one of his charter teams when the Lewiston Maineiacs folded during after the previous season, the QMJHL later announce an expansion team to  Sherbrooke for the 2012–13 season  In the playoffs, the Saint John Sea Dogs became the seventh team in league history to capture consecutive President's Cup championships 

Regular season
Division standings
Note: GP = Games played; W = Wins; L = Losses; OTL = Overtime losses ; SL - Shootout losses ; GF = Goals for ; GA = Goals against; Pts = Points

x - team has clinched playoff spot
y - team is division leader
z - team has clinched division
e - team is eliminated from playoff contention

Scoring leaders
Note: GP = Games played; G = Goals; A = Assists; Pts = Points; PIM = Penalty minutes

Leading goaltenders
Note: GP = Games played; TOI = Total ice time; W = Wins; L = Losses ; GA = Goals against; SO = Total shutouts; SV% = Save percentage; GAA = Goals against average

2012 President's Cup playoffs
First round
(1) Saint John Sea Dogs vs  (16) Cape Breton Screaming Eagles
(2) Shawinigan Cataractes vs  (15) Rouyn-Noranda Huskies
(3) Blainville-Boisbriand Armada vs  (14) Gatineau Olympiques
(4) Victoriaville Tigres vs  (13) Baie-Comeau Drakkar
(5) Quebec Remparts vs  (12) Drummondville Voltigeurs
(6) Halifax Mooseheads vs  (11) Moncton Wildcats
(7) Rimouski Océanic vs  (10) Val-d'Or Foreurs
(8) Chicoutimi Saguenéens vs  (9) Acadie–Bathurst Titan
Quarter-finals
(1) Saint John Sea Dogs vs  (13) Baie-Comeau Drakkar
(2) Shawinigan Cataractes vs  (8) Chicoutimi Saguenéens
(3) Blainville-Boisbriand Armada vs  (7) Rimouski Océanic
(5) Quebec Remparts vs  (6) Halifax Mooseheads
Semi-finals
(1) Saint John Sea Dogs vs  (8) Chicoutimi Saguenéens
(6) Halifax Mooseheads vs  (7) Rimouski Océanic
QMJHL Championship
(1) Saint John Sea Dogs vs  (7) Rimouski Océanic
Playoff scoring leaders
Note: GP = Games played; G = Goals; A = Assists; Pts = Points; PIM = Penalty minutes

Playoff leading goaltenders
Note: GP = Games played; Mins = Minutes played; W = Wins; L = Losses; GA = Goals Allowed; SO = Shutouts; SV& = Save percentage; GAA = Goals against average

Memorial Cup
Trophies and awards
TeamPresident's Cup: Saint John Sea Dogs
Jean Rougeau Trophy - Regular Season Champions: Saint John Sea Dogs
Luc Robitaille Trophy - Team that scored the most goals: Victoriaville Tigres
Robert Lebel Trophy - Team with best GAA: Shawinigan CataractesPlayerMichel Brière Memorial Trophy - Most Valuable Player: Yanni Gourde, Victoriaville Tigres
Jean Béliveau Trophy - Top Scorer: Yanni Gourde, Victoriaville Tigres
Guy Lafleur Trophy - Playoff MVP: Charlie Coyle, Saint John Sea Dogs
Jacques Plante Memorial Trophy - Top Goaltender: Mathieu Corbeil-Thériault, Saint John Sea Dogs
Guy Carbonneau Trophy - Best Defensive Forward: Frederick Roy, Quebec Remparts
Emile Bouchard Trophy - Defenceman of the Year: Jérôme Gauthier-Leduc, Rimouski Océanic
Kevin Lowe Trophy - Best Defensive Defenceman: Morgan Ellis, Shawinigan Cataractes
Mike Bossy Trophy - Top Prospect: Mikhail Grigorenko, Quebec Remparts
RDS Cup - Rookie of the Year: Mikhail Grigorenko, Quebec Remparts
Michel Bergeron Trophy - Offensive Rookie of the Year: Mikhail Grigorenko, Quebec Remparts
Raymond Lagacé Trophy - Defensive Rookie of the Year: Zachary Fucale, Halifax Mooseheads
Frank J  Selke Memorial Trophy - Most sportsmanlike player: Zach O'Brien, Acadie–Bathurst Titan
QMJHL Humanitarian of the Year - Humanitarian of the Year:
Marcel Robert Trophy - Best Scholastic Player: Jonathan Brunelle, Cape Breton Screaming Eagles
Paul Dumont Trophy - Personality of the Year: Jonathan Huberdeau, Saint John Sea DogsExecutiveRon Lapointe Trophy - Coach of the Year: Jean-François Houle, Blainville-Boisbriand Armada
Maurice Filion Trophy - General Manager of the Year: Joël Bouchard, Blainville-Boisbriand Armada
John Horman Trophy - Executive of the Year:
Jean Sawyer Trophy - Marketing Director of the Year:All-Star TeamsFirst All-Star Team:

Roman Will, Goaltender, Moncton Wildcats
Jérôme Gauthier-Leduc, Defenceman, Rimouski Océanic
Xavier Ouellet, Defenceman, Blainville-Boisbriand Armada
Mikhail Grigorenko, Centre, Quebec Remparts
Yanni Gourde, Left Wing, Victoriaville Tigres
Frederick Roy, Right Wing, Quebec RempartsSecond All-Star Team:

Mathieu Corbeil-Thériault, Goaltender, Saint John Sea Dogs
Morgan Ellis, Defenceman, Cape Breton Screaming Eagles/Shawinigan Cataractes
Nathan Beaulieu, Defenceman, Saint John Sea Dogs
Zach O'Brien, Centre, Acadie–Bathurst Titan
Jonathan Huberdeau, Left Wing, Saint John Sea Dogs
Sébastien Trudeau, Right Wing, Acadie–Bathurst TitanAll-Rookie Team:

Zachary Fucale, Goaltender, Halifax Mooseheads
Nikolas Brouillard, Defenceman, Drummondville Voltigeurs
Samuel Morin, Defenceman, Rimouski Océanic
Mikhail Grigorenko, Centre, Quebec Remparts
Anthony Duclair, Left Wing, Quebec Remparts
Sven Andrighetto, Right Wing, Rouyn-Noranda Huskies

See also
2012 Memorial Cup
List of QMJHL seasons
2011–12 OHL season
2011–12 WHL season
2011 in ice hockey
2012 in ice hockey
Passage 10:
Loan modification in the United States
Loan modification is the systematic alteration of mortgage loan agreements that help those having problems making the payments by reducing interest rates, monthly payments or principal balances  Lending institutions could make one or more of these changes to relieve financial pressure on borrowers to prevent the condition of foreclosure  Loan modifications have been practiced in the United States since the 1930s  During the Great Depression, loan modification programs took place at the state level in an effort to reduce levels of loan foreclosures 
During the Subprime mortgage crisis, loan modification became a matter of national policy, with various actions taken to alter mortgage loan terms to prevent further economic destabilization 

United States 1930s
During the Great Depression in the United States a number of mortgage modification programs were enacted by the states to limit foreclosure sales and subsequent homelessness and its economic impact   Because of the shrinkage of the economy, many borrowers lost their jobs and income and were unable to maintain their mortgage payments  In 1933, the Minnesota Mortgage Moratorium Act was challenged by a bank which argued before the United States Supreme Court that it was a violation of the contract clause of the Constitution  In Home Building & Loan Association v  Blaisdell, the court upheld the law imposing a mandatory mortgage modification 

United States 2000s
According to the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC) chairman, Sheila C  Bair, looking back as far as the 1980s, "the FDIC applied workout procedures for troubled loans out of bank failures, modifying loans to make them affordable and to turn nonperforming into performing loans by offering refinances, loan assumptions, and family loan transfers "The U S  housing boom of the first few years of the 21st century ended abruptly in 2006  Housing starts, which peaked at more than 2 million units in 2005, plummeted to just over half that level  Home prices, which were increasing at double-digit rates nationally in 2004 and 2005, have fallen dramatically since (see Chart 1)  As home prices decline, the number of problem mortgages, particularly in sub-prime and Alt-A portfolios, is rising  As of third quarter 2007, the percentage of sub-prime adjustable-rate mortgages (ARMs) that were seriously delinquent or in foreclosure reached 15 6 percent, more than double the level of a year ago (see Chart 2)  The deterioration in credit performance began in the industrial Midwest, where economic conditions have been the weakest, but has now (2006–2007) spread to the former boom markets of Florida, California, and other coastal states 
Chart 1

Chart 2

During 2007, investors and ratings agencies have repeatedly downgraded assumptions about sub-prime credit performance  A Merrill Lynch study published in July estimated that if U S  home prices fell only 5 percent, subprime credit losses to investors would total just under $150 billion, and Alt-A credit losses would total $25 billion  On the heels of this report came news that the S&P/Case-Shiller Composite Home Price Index for 10 large U S  cities had fallen in August to a level that was already 5 percent lower than a year ago, with the likelihood of a similar decline over the coming year 
The complexity of many mortgage-backed securitization structures has heightened the overall risk aversion of investors, resulting in what has become a broader illiquidity in global credit markets  These disruptions have led to a precipitous decline in sub-prime lending, a significant reduction in the availability of Alt-A loans, and higher interest rates on jumbo loans (see Chart 3)  The tightening in mortgage credit has placed further downward pressure on home sales and home prices, a situation that now could derail the U S  economic expansion Chart 3

Residential mortgage credit quality continues to weaken, with both delinquencies and charge-offs on the rise at FDIC-insured institutions This trend, in tandem with upward pricing of hybrid adjustable-rate mortgage (ARM) loans, falling home prices, and fewer refinancing options, underscores the urgency of finding a workable solution to current problems in the sub-prime mortgage market  Legislators, regulators, bankers, mortgage servicers, and consumer groups have been debating the merits of strategies that may help preserve home ownership, minimize foreclosures, and restore some stability to local housing markets On December 6, 2007, an industry-led plan was announced to help avert foreclosure for certain sub-prime homeowners who face unaffordable payments when their interest rates reset  This plan provides for a streamlined process to extend the starter rates on sub-prime ARMs for at least five years in cases where borrowers remain current on their loans but cannot refinance or afford the higher payments after reset  An important component of the industry-led plan is detailed reporting of loan modification activity  Working with the United States Treasury Department and other bank regulators, the FDIC will monitor loan modification levels and seek adjustments to the protocols if warranted 

Loss Mitigation Mediation (LMM) Program
Mediation is usually a great way for a plaintiff and defendant to sit down with a neutral arbiter to hash out their differences and come to a resolution that is usually better than continued litigation  Mediation is successful in all types of disputes including personal injury cases, contract disputes and even divorces  However, in these cases, circuit court judges will readily punish a party who fails to attend mediation or who attends but fails to comply with the mediation order 
In 2009, the Florida Supreme Court forced every Florida Circuit Court (the courts in which Foreclosure Lawsuits are heard), to implement a mediation program for homeowners facing Foreclosure  This program was called the “Residential Mortgage Foreclosure Mediation” (RMFM) Program  The idea was for lenders to provide an in-person or telephonic meeting with the Homeowner/Defendant in the presence of an impartial mediator to discuss the Foreclosure Lawsuit and possible alternatives (including Loan Modification, Deed in Lieu of Foreclosure, and Short Sale) The RMFM Program was cancelled in 2011 following widespread criticism of the program  The RMFM failed because it had no teeth, because judges were reluctant to punish the mortgage companies for failing to mediate in good faith, and because borrowers were not receiving the cooperation they needed from the banks  In short, the RMFM was a complete waste of time, not because mediation is a bad idea but because of the limited loss mitigation options and because most state court judges could not or would not enforce the program In 2012, the Bankruptcy Court in the Middle District of Florida implemented its own version of the failed RMFM, but unlike the state court version, it has seen a much higher success rate  One Orlando bankruptcy attorney reported a 90% success rate, with 18% of his modifications involving principal reduction  Similar programs have also been instituted by Bankruptcy courts in New York and Rhode Island Following the lead of the Middle District, the Southern District of Florida Bankruptcy Court has initiated its own loss mitigation mediation (“LMM”) program  The LMM Program kicked off on April 1, 2013 and unlike the Middle District, the Southern District's program has more requirements for all parties and includes debtors in all chapters, not just Chapter 13  Chapter 7 debtors may use LMM to request a surrender of the property (a real surrender that provides for a transfer of title)  LMM may be used by Chapter 13 debtors to request and apply for modification through mediation or surrender of any property they no longer want to own 
The Southern District's program also includes the utilization of a document processing program called the DMM Portal  Participants in the LMM program will use this secure online portal for the exchange of documents and communication  This program will help ensure that documents sent between the lender and the borrower and not lost or misplaced  Instant uploads and verification of transmissions are a hallmark of the portal 
Election to participate in the LMM program will suspend any pending motions for relief from stay (“MFR”)  However, while an LMM is pending, debtors will be required to pay 31% of their gross monthly income through the Chapter 13 plan as an “adequate protection” payment  The fees a debtor will have to pay to participate in the program will typically include an $1,800 fee to their bankruptcy attorney for handling the modification through their Chapter 13 plan and an approximately $300 fee to the mediator While the bankruptcy mediation program does not guarantee a residential loan modification, it does make it much harder for a mortgage servicer to reject a modification because of the stringent requirement to act in good faith  For instance, if a servicer rejects a HAMP application, it will have to explain why  Often, a rejection is based upon a miscalculation, a misinterpretation, or an oversight  In this program, the debtor's attorney can demand that the servicer's representative explain his calculations  Often, the mistakes are found and corrected, resulting in the modification being accepted 
While mortgage modification and bankruptcy may not be the solution to all distressed mortgage problems, it will certainly provide an additional venue for homeowners in need  Applying for a modification through bankruptcy may provide relief from the dischargeable debts that are keeping the debtor from being able to make the mortgage payments and provide the lenders a guarantee that the borrower is no longer obligated by those burdens 

Streamlined modification process
The adoption of this streamlined modification framework is an additional tool that servicers will now have to help avoid preventable foreclosures  This framework will not only help homeowners who receive a streamlined modification, but will also further address servicer capacity concerns by freeing up resources, helping ensure that borrowers do not fall through the cracks because servicers aren't able to get to them This is the first time the industry has agreed on an industry standard  The benchmark ratio for calculating the affordable payment is 38 percent of monthly gross household income  Once the affordable payment is determined, there are several steps the servicer can take to create that payment – extending the term, reducing the interest rate, and forbearing interest  In the event that the affordable payment is still beyond the borrower's means, the borrower's situation will be reviewed on a case-by-case basis using a cash flow budget  This program resulted from a unified effort among the Enterprises, Hope Now and its 27 servicer partners, Treasury, the Federal Housing Administration (FHA) and Federal Housing Finance Agency (FHFA)  In addition, we’ve drawn on the FDIC's experience and assistance from developing the IndyMac streamlined approach and have greatly benefited from the FDIC's input and example  To accommodate the need for more flexibility among a larger number of servicers, the Streamlined Modification Program does differ from the IndyMac model in a few areas  However, it uses the same fundamental tools to achieve the same affordability target The Streamlined Modification Program (SMP) was developed in collaboration with the FHFA, the Department of Treasury, Freddie Mac, and members of the HOPE NOW Alliance 

SMP eligibility criteria
The SMP eligibility criteria include:

Conforming conventional or jumbo conforming mortgage loans originated on or before January 1, 2008;
At least three payments past due;
The loan is secured by a one-unit property that is the borrower's primary residence;
Current mark-to-market loan to value (LTV) of 90 percent or more; and
Property is not abandoned, vacant, condemned, or in a serious state of disrepair 
SMP is designed to reduce distressed borrowers' monthly mortgage payments to an amount equal to 38 percent of their monthly gross income  To do so, servicers may, in the following order:
Capitalize accrued interest, escrow advances and costs, if allowed by state law;
Extend the term of the mortgage loan by up to 480 months;
Reduce the mortgage loan interest rate in increments of  125% to a fixed rate that is not less than 3% (if this exercise results in a below market rate, it will, after 5 years, step up in annual increments to a market rate);
As a last resort, provide for principal forbearance, which will result in a balloon payment fully due and payable upon borrower's sale of the property or payoff or maturity of the loan Borrowers meeting the SMP eligibility requirements enter into a trial period in which they must make monthly loan payments equal to the proposed modified payment  Timely payments must be made for three consecutive months before a borrower's loan can be modified under the SMP The "Streamlined Modification Plan," or SMP, which is an expansion of what many lenders are already doing, was implemented starting December 15, 2008 

IndyMAC plan
With the George W  Bush administration refusing to enact FDIC Chairwoman Sheila Bair's controversial loan modification plan, lawmakers are taking matters into their own hands 
Offer proactive workout solutions designed to address borrowers who have the willingness but limited capacity to pay Return the loan to a current status 
Capitalize delinquent interest and escrow 
Modify the loan terms based on waterfalls, starting at a front-end 38 percent HTI ratio down to a 31 percent HTI ratio subject to a formal net present value (NPV) floor 
Reduce interest rate to as low as 3 percent 
Extend, if necessary, the amortization and/or term of the loan to 40 years 
Forbear principal if necessary Provide borrowers the opportunity to stay in their home while making an affordable payment for the life of the loan Require the borrower to make one payment at the time of the modification 
Cap the interest rate at the Freddie Mac Weekly Survey rate effective as required to meet the target HTI ratio, fixing the adjusted rate and monthly payment amount for 5 years 
Step up the initial interest rate gradually starting in year 6 by increasing it one percentage point each year until reaching the Freddie Mac Weekly Survey rate cap Use a financial model with supportable assumptions to ensure investor interests are protected Input borrower specific income information into the NPV Tool, which provides a real-time workout solution 
Perform automated loan level underwriting across large segments of the portfolio to support pre-approved bulk mailings 
Verify income information the borrower provided via check stubs, tax returns, and/or bank statements 
Compare the cost of foreclosure to mitigate losses 
Mandate that the cost of the modification must be less than the estimated foreclosure loss Borrower eligibilityThe loan is at least 60 days delinquent where the loan is considered one day delinquent on the day following the next payment due date  Many servicing contracts often contain a standard clause allowing the servicer to modify seriously delinquent or defaulted mortgages, or mortgages where default is “reasonably foreseeable” 
Foreclosure sale is not imminent and the borrower is currently not in bankruptcy, or has not been discharged from Chapter 7 bankruptcy since the loan was originated 
The loan was not originated as a second home or an investment property "We (IndyMac Bank) commend FDIC Chairman Sheila Bair for her leadership in developing a systematic loan modification protocol  FHFA, the GSEs and HOPE NOW relied heavily on the IndyMac model in developing this new protocol"   
As history unfolds on the U S  Housing and Finance crisis that caused the persistent recession, the (IndyMac Bank) bankruptcy and ensuing scandal are important to understand   A dynamic interplay between social good, capital ownership and the rule of law is ongoing in the U S  experiment with the democratic process   Much of the business models of IndyMac and also the government backed FrannieMae and FreddieMac quasi-banks were based on concentrated debt   This model became very high risk as it was based on the faulty assumption that housing values would increase   In fact, the prevalence of their mortgages greatly fed the housing bubble with significant crossfunding and possible corruption to the government regulatory function through dramatic campaign funding contributions from these organizations   In the less regulated business climate of the late 1800s, speculative bubbles were corrected by painful financial panics   True understanding is yet to be documented for the speculative housing bubble of 2008, but federal government management has seemingly replaced the severity of a financial panic with a persistent yet less severe correction   This correction is becoming known at the Great Recession 

Fannie Mae/Freddie Mac Plan
In the task at hand to make headway against foreclosures and the depressed housing market  Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac entered a new phase on December 9, 2008 for a fast-track program meant to make "hundreds of thousands of mortgages affordable to people who can't currently meet their monthly payments "Through the SMP, servicers may change the terms of a loan to reduce a borrower's first lien monthly mortgage payment, including taxes, insurance and homeowners association payments, to an amount equal to 38 percent of gross monthly income  The changes in terms may include one or more of the following:
Adding the accrued interest, escrow advances and costs to the principal balance of the loan, if allowed by state law;
Extending the length of the mortgage loan as appropriate;
Reducing the mortgage loan interest rate in increments of 0 125 percent to an interest rate that is not less than 3 percent  If the new rate is set below the market interest rate, after five years it  will step up in annual increments to either the original loan interest rate or the market interest rate at the time of the modification, whichever is lower;
Forbearing on a portion of the principal, which will require the borrower to make a balloon payment when the loan matures, is paid off, or is refinanced 

Eligibility requirements
Conforming conventional and jumbo conforming mortgage loans originated on or before January 1, 2009;
Borrowers who are at least three or more payments past due and are not currently in bankruptcy;
Only one-unit, owner-occupied, primary residences; and
Current mark-to-market loan-to-value ratio of 90 percent or more 

New servicer guidance
Fannie Mae's foreclosure prevention efforts have generally been made available to a borrower only after a delinquency occurs  Under Fannie Mae's new guidance, loan servicers can use foreclosure prevention tools to assist distressed borrowers when a borrower demonstrates the need  As noted above, these guidelines apply to borrowers who are still current in their payments, but whose default is reasonably foreseeable  This new guideline is effective immediately, and borrowers may obtain information on eligibility at MakingHomeAffordable gov 

Hope for Homeowners Plan (HUD)/FHA
The HOPE for Homeowners Act (H4H) Program is effective for endorsements on or after October 1, 2008, through September 30, 2011 
Affordability versus value:  lenders will take a loss on the difference between the existing obligations and the new loan, which is set at 96 5 percent of current appraised value   The lender may choose to provide homeowners with an affordable monthly mortgage payment through a loan modification rather than accepting the losses associated with declining property values 
Borrower eligibility:  Lenders that determine the H4H program is a feasible and effective option for mitigating losses will assess the homeowner's eligibility for the program:The existing mortgage was originated on or before January 1, 2008;
Existing mortgage payment(s) as of March 1, 2008 exceeds 31 percent of the borrowers gross monthly income for fixed-rate mortgages; For ARMs, the existing mortgage payment(s) exceeds 31 percent of the borrowers gross monthly income as of March 1, 2008 OR the date of the new loan application 
The homeowner did not intentionally default, does not have an ownership interest in other residential real estate and has not been convicted of fraud in the last 10 years under Federal and state law; and
The homeowner did not provide materially false information (e g , lied about income) to obtain the mortgage that is being refinanced into the H4H mortgage 

Original cost
3 percent upfront mortgage insurance premium and a 1 5 percent annual premium,
Equity and appreciation sharing with the Federal government, and
Prohibition against new junior liens against the property unless they are directly related to property maintenance The HUDS fact sheet gives full details 

Updated Hope for Homeowners improvements
Eliminates 3% upfront premium
Reduces 1 5% annual premium to a range between  55% and  75%, based on risk-based pricing (also makes technical fix to permit discontinuation of fees when loan balance drops below certain levels, consistent with normal FHA policy)
Raises maximum loan to value (LTV) from 90% to 93% for borrowers above a 31% mortgage debt to income (DTI) ratio or above a 43% ratio
Eliminates government profit sharing of appreciation over market value of home at time of refi  Retains government declining share (from 100% to 50% after five years) of equity created by the refi, to be paid at time of sale or refi as an exit fee
Authorizes payments to servicers participating in successful refis
Administrative simplification:
eliminates borrower certifications regarding not intentionally defaulting on any debt,
eliminates special requirement to collect two years of tax returns,
eliminates originator liability for first payment default,
eliminates March 1, 2008 31% debt-to-income ratio (DTI) test,
eliminates prohibition against taking out future second loans,
requires Board to make documents, forms, and procedures conform to those under normal FHA loans to the maximum extent possible consistent with statutory requirements 

Troubled Assets Relief Program
The Troubled Assets Relief Program is a systematic foreclosure prevention and mortgage modification program established by the Secretary, in consultation with the Chairperson of the Board of Directors of the FDIC and the Secretary of Housing and Urban Development, that—

Provides lenders and loan servicers with certain compensation to cover administrative costs for each loan modified according to the required standards; and
Provides loss sharing or guarantees for certain losses incurred if a modified loan should subsequently re-default 

Commitment of resources
The comprehensive plan established pursuant to subsection (a) shall require the commitment of funds made available to the Secretary under title I of the Emergency Economic Stabilization Act of 2008 in an amount up to $100,000,000,000 but in no case less than $40,000,000,000 In a press conference Tuesday, Federal Housing Finance Agency director James Lockhart said the program would target high-risk borrowers — those 90 or more days delinquent on their mortgages — and employ various modification strategies to get borrowers down to an “affordable” mortgage payment, defined as 38 percent of a household's monthly gross income on a first mortgage payment 

Analysis of the results of the government-sponsored programs
The Office of the Comptroller of the Currency and the Office of Thrift Supervision reported on 2009-04-03

"Nearly one in four loan modifications in the fourth quarter actually resulted in increased monthly payments"   This can occur when late fees or past-due interest are added to the monthly payment 
The redefault rate was about 50 percent where the monthly payment was unchanged or increased, and 26 percent where the payment was decreased 

Home Affordable Modification Program
Program Formed
Purpose
The Home Affordable Modification Program (HAMP) was established on February 18, 2009 to help up from 7 to 8 million struggling homeowners at risk of foreclosure by working with their lenders to lower monthly mortgage payments  The Program is part of the Making Home Affordable Program which was created by the Financial Stability Act of 2009  The program was built as collaboration with banks, services, credit unions, the FHA, the VA, the USDA and the Federal Housing Finance Agency, to create standard loan modification guidelines for lenders to take into consideration when evaluating a borrower for a potential loan modification   Over 110 major lenders have already signed onto the program   The Program is now looked upon as the industry standard practice for lenders to analyze potential modification applicants Early 2012 the Treasury redesigned the HAMP as Tier 1 for the original first-lien modification process and on June 1, 2012 Tier 2 became available  Tier 2 is for either owner-occupied properties or rental properties  For mortgages secured by rental properties, only those that are two or more payments delinquent are eligible 

Eligibility requirements
The program abides by the following eligibility and verification criteria: 

Loans originated on or before January 1, 2009
First-lien loans on owner-occupied properties with unpaid principal balance up to $729,750
Higher limits allowed for owner-occupied properties with 2-4 units
All borrowers must fully document income, including signed IRS 4506-T, proof of income (i e  paystubs or tax returns), and must sign an affidavit of financial hardship
Property owner occupancy status will be verified through borrower credit report and other documentation; no investor-owned, vacant, or condemned properties
Incentives to lenders and servicers to modify at risk borrowers who have not yet missed payments when the servicer determines that the borrower is at imminent risk of default
Modifications can start from now until December 31, 2016; loans can be modified only once under the program

Loan modification terms and procedures
Participating servicers are required to service all eligible loans under the rules of the program unless explicitly prohibited by contract; servicers are required to use reasonable efforts to obtain waivers of limits on participation 
Participating loan servicers will be required to use a net present value (NPV) test on each loan that is at risk of imminent default or at least 60 days delinquent  The NPV test will compare the net present value of cash flows with modification and without modification  If the test is positive: meaning that the net present value of expected cash flow is greater in the modification scenario: the servicer must modify absent fraud or a contract prohibition 
Parameters of the NPV test are spelled out in the guidelines, including acceptable discount rates, property valuation methodologies, home price appreciation assumptions, foreclosure costs and timelines, and borrower cure and redefault rate assumptions 
Servicers will follow a specified sequence of steps in order to reduce the monthly payment to no more than 31% of gross monthly income (DTI) 
The modification sequence requires first reducing the interest rate for trial period of 3–9 months(subject to a rate floor of 2%), then if necessary extending the term or amortization of the loan up to a maximum of 40 years, and then if necessary forbearing principal  Principal forgiveness or a Hope for Homeowners refinancing are acceptable alternatives 
It is noteworthy that this interest rate is not fixed, and will generally increase 1%/year until it reaches what ever the current rate is 5 years after the modification  Often it includes a balloon payment at the end of the first 5 years   This practice has been found controversial by many in the financial world as it is expected to bring about a slurry of new foreclosures in 5 years when homeowners will once again not be able to pay their mortgage due to the interest rate hike, or the balloon payment 
The monthly payment includes principal, interest, taxes, insurance, flood insurance, homeowner's association and/or condominium fees  Monthly income includes wages, salary, overtime, fees, commissions, tips, social security, pensions, and all other income 
Servicers must enter into the program agreements with Treasury's financial agent on or before December 31, 2009 

Payments to servicers, lenders, and responsible borrowers
The Program will share with the lender/investor the cost of reductions in monthly payments from 38% DTI to 31% DTI 
Servicers that modify loans according to the guidelines will receive an up-front fee of $1,000 for each modification, plus “pay for success” fees on still-performing loans of $1,000 per year 
Homeowners who make their payments on time are eligible for up to $1,000 of principal reduction payments each year for up to five years 
The program will provide one-time bonus incentive payments of $1,500 to lender/investors and $500 to servicers for modifications made while a borrower is still current on mortgage payments 
The program will include incentives for extinguishing second liens on loans modified under this program 
No payments will be made under the program to the lender/investor, servicer, or borrower unless and until the servicer has first entered into the program agreements with Treasury's financial agent 
Similar incentives will be paid for Hope for Homeowner refinances 

Transparency and accountability
Measures to prevent and detect fraud, such as documentation and audit requirements, will be central to the program 
Servicers will be required to collect, maintain and transmit records for verification and compliance review, including borrower eligibility, underwriting, incentive payments, property verification, and other documentation 
Freddie Mac is appointed the compliance officer of the program 

Warnings to people looking to apply for program
Foreclosure rescue and mortgage modification scams are a growing problem  Homeowners must protect themselves so they do not lose money or their home   Scammers make promises that they cannot keep, such as guarantees to “save” your home or lower your mortgage, often for a fee  Scammers may pretend that they have direct contact with your mortgage servicer when they do not Even amongst reputable refinance organizations, the fundamental education of the house owner is not stressed   Some may even request struggling homeowners to pledge their time to become politically active   The controversy exists between personal integrity and the concept of a 'right to homeownership'   Many euphemisms are used to implicitly stress the concept that homeownership is not the result of a lifetime of effort but a government-given right   These euphemisms like "HOPE, relief and Save-the-Dream" as used above in naming or implementing the loan modification programs   The origins of the word 'mortgage' is a death pledge—a concept that perhaps even exceeds the common view of personal integrity   At the foundation of homeownership should be a personal long-term commitment to pay the terms of the mortgage   On the bankers side of the contract, their business model is regulated by the 'social good' which are implemented by government by chartering banks   If the banks implement policies that lead to financial bubbles and panics, a democratic government is equipped with the tools to uncharter and redistribute a banks assets Bank crisis in the united states

Free resources for potential applicants
There are free resources available for potential applicants   

Homeowners can call the Homeowner's HOPE Hotline at 1-888-995-HOPE (4673) for information about the Making Home Affordable Program and to speak with a HUD approved housing counselor  Assistance is available in English and Spanish, and other languages by appointment 
HUD org helps applicants find a local counselor  HUD gov
MakingHomeAffordable gov computes estimated payments and has other resources  Making Home Affordable
Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac allow applicants see if their loan is owned by one of them and thus potentially eligible for the program Fannie Mae Loan Look Up Freddie Mac Loan Look Up

Lender participants
A list of lenders signed on is on the Making Home Affordable website  List of HAMP Lenders

See also
Escrow
Neighborhood Assistance Corporation of America (NACA)
Mortgage assumption
Predatory lending
Context 3:  His first hit, Kokooko, made him and Lord Kenya, who was featured on a song, gain huge success in Ghana and also among Ghanaians abroad In January 2016, Gyamenah released what turned out to be his final album, Yenfii Ta, and in May released a song from the album and his final single, "Ntamago" 

Death
He died in the early hours of 29 July 2016 at the 37 Military Hospital in Accra 

Honours and awards
He won two and four awards during the 2000 and 2002 editions of the Ghana Music Awards respectively 

Discography
Kokooko
Ahoofe
You Can't Touch Me
Calling
How Far?
I Beg
A Friend In Need
Yeegye Apem
Odo Yede
Yenfii Ta
Passage 6:
Selena singles discography
American singer Selena released twenty-four official singles, seven promotional singles  Her career began as the lead vocalist of Los Dinos in 1980  Her albums with Los Dinos on indie labels failed to achieve any chart success  In 1987, her remake of Ritchie Valens' "La Bamba" peaked at number 19 on the United States Billboard Hot Latin Songs chart, her first entry  She signed with EMI Latin nine years later as a solo artist though her band continued to tour with her  Selena appeared on "Buenos Amigos" with Salvadoran singer Álvaro Torres  The track peaked at number one on the U S  Hot Latin Songs chart in 1991, the singer's first number one song  Subsequent singles, "Baila Esta Cumbia" and "Como la Flor", became popular songs on Mexican radio, with "Como la Flor" launching the singer's career in that country  "Como la Flor" peaked at number six on the Hot Latin Songs chart, despite popular culture claims that it was the singer's first number one single  The track has charted on the U S  Regional Mexican Digital Songs list since its inception in 2010 and remains the singer's signature number and most popular recording Selena's first live album, Live (1993), contained three studio tracks and produced two top-five U S  singles, "No Debes Jugar" and "La Llamada"  After her collaboration with the Barrio Boyzz on the single "Donde Quiera Que Estés" peaked at number one on the Hot Latin Songs chart, Selena released her fourth studio album, Amor Prohibido (1994)  The album continued the singer's streak of US number one singles with "Amor Prohibido", "Bidi Bidi Bom Bom", "No Me Queda Más", and The Pretenders' cover "Fotos y Recuerdos"  The latter peaked at number one posthumously following the shooting death of Selena on March 31, 1995  "Amor Prohibido" and "No Me Queda Más" became the most successful U S  Latin singles of 1994 and 1995, respectively  At the time of her death, Selena was in the process of crossing over into the American pop market  Recording labels EMI Latin and EMI Records jointly released Dreaming of You several months after her death  Fearful that the song might cannibalize sales of the album in the U S , EMI Records released "I Could Fall in Love" as a promotional single  It became the highest charting English-language song on the Hot Latin Songs chart for two years and became her first number one single in Canada  The title track, "Dreaming of You" became the highest charting Billboard Hot 100 song of the singer's career, peaking at number 22  Her cover of Pedro Infante's "Tú Sólo Tú" peaked at number one on the Hot Latin Songs for ten consecutive weeks; the longest number-one single of her career  "I'm Getting Used to You" peaked at number one on the U S  Dance/Electronic Singles Sales; her first number one on that chart Selena's last recorded song, "A Boy Like That" (a song from the 1967 musical West Side Story) was part of the National Academy of Recording Arts and Sciences honoring the musical  The song was also a benefit recording for AIDS Project Los Angeles  It peaked at number four on the U S  Dance Club Songs chart after its release in 1996  In 2002, Selena's brother and music producer A B  Quintanilla mashed "Como la Flor", "Amor Prohibido", and "Si Una Vez" into a medley entitled "Con Tanto Amor Medley" to promote the album Ones  Since Billboard magazine began monitoring music downloads in 2010, Selena's songs re-entered the U S  charts including first time entries "La Carcacha" (1990), "Ya Ves" (1990), "Enamorada de Ti" (1990), "Baila Esta Cumbia" (1992), and "El Chico del Apartamento 512" (1994) 

Singles
Solo career
Selena y Los Dinos singles
Promotional singles and other charted songs
Other appearances
See also
Billboard Top Latin Songs Year-End Chart
List of songs recorded by Selena
Selena albums discography
Selena videography

Notes
Passage 7:
Ten Walls
Marijus Adomaitis (born 19 January 1983), better known by his stage names Ten Walls or Mario Basanov, is a Lithuanian producer who is best known for his 2014 single "Walking with Elephants", which peaked at number 2 on the UK Singles Chart 
In June 2015, Ten Walls was dropped from several festivals and by his booking agency after making controversial comments comparing gay people to pedophiles in a Facebook post, and referring to the LGBT community as a "different breed" 

Career
2009–12: Mario Basanov
In 2012 under the name Mario Basanov Adomaitis won Best Electronic Act at Lithuanian M A M A  music awards 

2013–15: Breakthrough
On 10 May 2013 Ten Walls released his debut EP Gotham  On 9 December 2013 he released his debut single "Requiem"  On 7 September 2014 he released the single "Walking with Elephants"  On 10 September 2014 the song was at number 3 on The Official Chart Update in the UK  On 14 September 2014 the song entered the UK Singles Chart at number 6  The song also peaked at number 3 on the UK Dance Chart and number 8 on the Scottish Singles Chart 

Homophobia controversy
In June 2015, Ten Walls posted a rant on his Facebook pages condemning homosexuality and comparing it to pedophilia  According to the Gay Star News, the post stated: "I remember producing music for one Lithuanian musician, who tried to wash my brain that I don't need to be so conservative and intolerant about [gay people]  When I asked him 'what would you do if you realized that your 16-year-old son's browny (anus) is ripped by his boyfriend?' Well he was silent  In the good 90s     these people of different breed were fixed  One of my first gigs in Ireland, on my way to my hotel I saw a church with a fence decorated with hundreds of baby shoes   Unfortunately a priest's lie for many years was uncovered when children were massively raped  Unfortunately the people of other breed continue to do it and everyone knows it but does nothing " As a result of his comments, he was dropped from several festival line-ups  His booking agency, Coda Music Agency, announced that they no longer represented him  Fort Romeau pulled his support for him at London club venue Koko 
Ten Walls' posts were later deleted after a backlash, and he put out an apology claiming that he cancelled the festival dates himself  Organizers of Dutch festival Pitch, Belgian festival Pukkelpop, the German festival Dockville, British festival Creamfields, and Spanish festival Sónar publicly confirmed that they cancelled Ten Walls performances due to his homophobic statements  Ten Walls also received criticism from Lithuanian LGBT activists Three months after his post, in September 2015, Ten Walls issued a formal apology for the incident, calling it "completely out of character" 

Discography
Studio albums
Extended plays
Singles
Awards
On 30 January 2015 at M A M A  awards Ten Walls won awards for best electronic act and best music video ("Walking with Elephants") 
Passage 8:
Walking with Elephants
"Walking with Elephants" is a song by Lithuanian producer Ten Walls  It was released as a digital download on 13 April 2014 by German record label BOSO and on 28 April 2014 in the United Kingdom  The song peaked to number 6 on the UK Singles Chart and also charted in Belgium  It was one of the most popular songs in Ibiza in 2014 

Music video
A music video to accompany the release of "Walking with Elephants" was first released onto YouTube on 3 September 2014 at a total length of three minutes and two seconds 

Track listing
Chart performance
Release history
Passage 9:
Do You Realize??
"Do You Realize??" is a song by the Flaming Lips, released as the first single from their 2002 album Yoshimi Battles the Pink Robots  It is widely considered to be one of the group's most accessible and popular songs  It reached No  32 in the UK Singles Chart and was adopted as the Official Rock Song of Oklahoma from 2009 to April 2013  The song was ranked No  31 on Rolling Stone's 100 Best Songs of the 2000s  It is also the band's most popular live song, and has rarely been excluded from setlists since its inception into their live shows in 2002  Wayne Coyne also considers it to be the best song they've ever written 

Structure and recording
In an interview with Mojo, Coyne revealed that during the recording of Yoshimi   , band member Steven Drozd was trying to kick a heroin addiction  When they took breaks from playing, Drozd would have a really tough time with his withdrawal   Listening to him cry, and with the death of his father in mind, Coyne wrote: "Do You Realize??" 
Wayne Coyne, commenting on "Do You Realize??" said, "Whenever I analyze the scientific realities of what it means to be living here on Earth – in this galaxy – spinning around the sun – flying through space – a terror shock seizes me!!! I'm reminded once again of how precarious our whole existence is   "

UK track listing
7""Do You Realize??"
"Up Above the Daily Hum"CD1"Do You Realize??"
"If I Go Mad/Funeral in My Head"
"Syrtis Major"CD2"Do You Realize??"
"Up Above the Daily Hum"
"Xanthe Terra"DVD single"Do You Realize??" (video)
"Do You Realize??" (audio)
"The Southern Oklahoma Trigger Contest"
"Noodling Theme (Epic Sunset Mix #5)""Syrtis Major" and "Xanthe Terra" are instrumental pieces intended to be taken from the forthcoming Christmas on Mars soundtrack 

Video
The music video was recorded on Fremont Street in Las Vegas and features Wayne Coyne, people dressed as bunnies and pigs, four female dancers in negligee and a live elephant   No other members of the band are seen 

Oklahoma state song
In March 2009, "Do You Realize??" was announced as the official state rock song of Oklahoma, after winning an online vote among ten finalists as authorized by the Oklahoma state legislature: out of 21,000 votes cast, nearly 51% were for "Do You Realize??" The Oklahoma Senate approved this choice unanimously   However, on 23 April 2009, a vote in the Oklahoma House of Representatives fell three votes short of the 51 votes necessary to ratify the resolution: one Republican state legislator attacked the band for its use of offensive language, while another said he opposed the song because band member Michael Ivins had worn a red T-shirt with a yellow sickle and hammer during a previous appearance by the band  Democratic Governor Brad Henry subsequently announced that he would issue an executive order in lieu of the resolution rejected by the Oklahoma House  However, it was revealed in 2013 that Republican Governor Mary Fallin removed the song's designation as the Official Rock Song of Oklahoma by not renewing Brad Henry's executive order upon taking office in 2011 

Commercial appearances
Hewlett-Packard featured the band alongside Penn and Teller in its 2002 commercial for its HP Media Center PC, which included a clip of the music video  In a review of the ad, music journalist Jim DeRogatis said, "It was a commercial for the Flaming Lips," as much as it was for HP's computer In 2003, VH1 featured the song in a spot that promoted its network  In 2004, Mitsubishi used the song in a television ad for one of its cars, as did Land Rover in 2007 with voice-over by Charles Shaughnessy 
A cover version was used in the teaser trailer of Transformers: The Last Knight in late 2016 
The song was used in the trailer for Guardians of the Galaxy Vol  3 shown at San Diego Comic-Con in July 2022 and would later be included in the film as a part of Awesome Mix Vol  3 

Covers
The song was covered by The Reign of Kindo on their eponymous debut album  It was also covered in 2012 by Ball Park Music for Australian radio station Triple J's Like a Version 
Father John Misty, American folk singer-songwriter and former member of indie rock bands Saxon Shore and Fleet Foxes, performed a version of the song in July 2012 for The A V  Club's A V  Undercover series  Father John Misty's version is featured in the 2022 film Press Play American Jewish rock band Blue Fringe covered the song on their 2007 album The Whole World Lit Up 
In 2015, the song was covered by British singer/composer Ursine Vulpine (aka Frederick Lloyd)  This version was used for the first theatrical trailer of Transformers: The Last Knight as well as the trailer for the third season of the television series Penny Dreadful)  In 2016, Sharon Van Etten covered the song for Amazon's Gortimer Gibbon's Life on Normal Street soundtrack 

Chart positions
Certifications



ground_truth: 3,677 seated

prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: What Lithuanian producer is best known for a song that was one of the most popular songs in Ibiza in 2014?

The following are given passages.
Context 4: 
A very important center of Austrian literature during the ca  20 years before the end of World War I was Prague  It was the center of many German-speaking, mostly Jewish, authors who contributed significantly to Austrian and partly even to world literature  Their influence endured until the 1930s  Authors to mention are Oskar Baum, Max Brod, Franz Kafka, the journalist Egon Erwin Kisch, Gustav Meyrink, Robert Musil, Rainer Maria Rilke, Franz Werfel, and Oskar Wiener 
Expressionism was presented primarily by the poet Georg Trakl and the dramatist and narrator Hugo von Hofmannsthal, both originating from Salzburg 
The end of World War I reduced Austria to a very small and mainly German-speaking country  Some Austrian (and German writing) authors relocated to new emerging countries, such as Kafka and Werfel to Czechoslovakia  Others, such as Robert Musil, Rainer Maria Rilke, and Elias Canetti, migrated to Vienna  The political rupture and the fact that this small German-speaking Austria had lost most of its territory, industry, and agriculture, led to the fatal conviction of many Austrians that only a union with Germany would be able to save the country from a total downfall, a conviction which paved the way to its later annexation by Hitler in 1938  The texts of some writers give an insight to this conviction  Robert Musil and Hugo von Hofmannsthal expressed their "German centric" point of view, while others, such as Stefan Zweig, Franz Werfel and Alexander Lernet-Holenia, strictly spoke up for Austria and Austrian tradition and culture 
The time between the two world wars gave way to rich literature in Austria  Robert Musil wrote the well-known novel The Man without Qualities, Stefan Zweig published a multitude of essays, stories and novels, Karl Kraus edited the magazine Die Fackel (The Torch), for which he wrote almost all articles by himself, Franz Werfel wrote some of his best novels, e g  The Forty Days of Musa Dagh which narrates the Armenian tragedy of 1915, and after Franz Kafka's death, his life-time friend Max Brod began to publish Kafka's unfinished novels  Later Nobel Prize winner Elias Canetti studied and lived in Vienna and wrote his only novel Auto-da-Fe, before the Anschluss he fled to England  In analogy to Musil's Kakania (from the anagram for the k  u  k , i e  imperial and royal monarchy till 1918), Fritz von Herzmanovsky-Orlando created Tarockania for the weird figures of his humorous novels and stories 

Austrofascism and Nazi dictatorship
Catholic and conservative Austrofascism came into power after the Austrian Civil War and revitalized censorship  A more important influence on Austrian literature resulted however from Nazi empowerment in Germany in 1933  It has to be understood that not only the majority of German speaking readers live in Germany, but almost all large and important publishers for literature in German are situated in Germany as well  In 1933 it came to a breakup at the P E N  conference in Dubrovnik  The members discussed an official protest against the prosecution of writers and the burning of books by the Nazis  In consequence the German delegation left the conference and referred to the organization's principle not to interfere with politics  Some members of the Austrian delegation solidarized with the Germans, while others supported the resolution  This breakup continued afterwards in Vienna and led to a separation of liberal and "German nationalistic" authors; the latter left the Austrian PEN Club and later worshipped Hitler and his annexation of Austria  Nazi Germany observed the events carefully, boycotted immediately the liberal authors, who couldn't go on publishing in Germany and lost most of their readers and income  After the annexation, these authors were prosecuted as well as their German counterparts since years, and many of them, especially the Jewish, were murdered or forced to emigration 
Stefan Zweig flew to Brazil, Franz Werfel escaped to the US together with the German writer Heinrich Mann, Elias Canetti to England  Others, like Jura Soyfer, were killed by the Nazis  In 2007, the Theodor Kramer Society published an anthology of Austrian poetry written in exile, under the title In welcher Sprache träumen Sie? (Which Language Do You Dream In?)  The editors present 278 authors whose names in many cases have been wiped out  The better known among them are Ilse Aichinger, Franz Theodor Csokor, Albert Drach, Albert Paris Gütersloh, Hermann Hakel, Theodor Kramer, Josef Luitpold Stern, Felix Pollak, Paula von Preradović, Joseph Roth, Hilde Spiel, Wilhelm Szabo, Hans Weigel, Stefan Zweig 
During the Nazi dictatorship, which had factually wiped out the Austrian state, the Austrian PEN Club was in exile in London and continued its work in Austria from 1946 on  Until 1973, PEN was the only Austrian writers' organization of importance 

After World War II: Group of Vienna
The literature after World War II combined many different movements  While some authors were in search for reorientation, such as Ilse Aichinger, Ingeborg Bachmann, Heimito von Doderer, Alexander Lernet-Holenia, Gerhard Fritsch and Hans Lebert, others came back from concentration camps, such as Jean Améry, from former (in times of monarchy) Austrian territories, such as Rose Ausländer and Paul Celan, or from exile, such as Hans Weigel and Friedrich Torberg, while others again did not come back from exile, such as Hermann Broch or Franz Werfel  On the other hand, some former "Nazi" writers kept their positions, such as Max Mell, Franz Nabl and Karl Heinrich Waggerl  The latter and other, catholic, writers began to form a very conservative block within the Austrian literature  Through the Austrian PEN Club, they even seemed to control statal subsidies for literature as well as literary awards till the 1970s 
Some authors had good relations to the Group 47 based in Germany or were members  Among them Ilse Aichinger who published the novel Die größere Hoffnung (Greater Hope) and the narrator and poet Ingeborg Bachmann  Both were awarded the Group 47 Prize for Literature  Other Austrian members of the Group 47 were Paul Celan and Erich Fried  While Celan, after some time in Vienna, went to live in Paris, Fried moved to Berlin  In 1954, the Wiener Gruppe (Group of Vienna) was formed by H  C  Artmann and others  Friedrich Achleitner, Konrad Bayer, Gerhard Rühm and Oswald Wiener belonged to the group, as well as Ernst Jandl and Friederike Mayröcker 
Hans Lebert wrote the novel Wolfshaut (Wolf's Skin), in which he described a fictional village named Schweigen (Silence), an allegory for the silence of many Austrians after the Nazi dictatorship, who pretended to know nothing about what had happened in their country 
Several volumes of Diaries contain the war memories of Heimito von Doderer  However, this author was best known for his novels, which he designed meticulously, such as The Strudlhofstiege, The Demons, The Waterfalls of Slunj, and The Merowingians  Doderer influenced many other authors with his novelistic art, e g , Robert Schindel 

1970–2000
In 1973, a new writers' association was founded in Graz (Styria), mostly as a protest against the conservatism of P E N  and their controlling position, e g  concerning literature prizes  The new association was called Grazer Autorenversammlung (GAV)  Among its founders and first members include Barbara Frischmuth, Peter Handke, Ernst Jandl, Alfred Kolleritsch, Friederike Mayröcker, and Michael Scharang  Eventually, the GAV became the largest writers' association in Austria with more than 500 members 
The end of the 1960s and eventually the 1970s were characterized by experimental theater plays  Peter Handke tried out new ways of theater communication with his play Offending the Audience in 1966 Ernst Jandl and Friederike Mayröcker wrote a new sort of experimental poetry, Konkrete Poesie, working with the sounds of speech than with semantics 
One of the most important writers after World War II was Thomas Bernhard (1931–1989)  He wrote nine novels, several books of stories and short prose, some autobiographical works, and numerous plays  His works triggered public controversies as Bernhard constantly attacked a typical Austrian manner of ignoring the Nazi past  One of the dramas is called Heldenplatz, an open allusion to Vienna's central imperial place, from which Adolf Hitler had held his first speech after the country's annexation by Nazi German troops in front of hundreds of thousands of cheering Austrians 
Marianne Fritz (1948–2007) was known as a novelist  Her third novel, Dessen Sprache du nicht verstehst (Whose speech you don't understand), was published in 1985  On more than three thousand pages, Fritz describes a linguistic and fictional universe that deals with the decline of the Austrian empire  She used an artificial language that broke many linguistic norms, to achieve a more rhythmic speech  Marianne Fritz intensified this individual esthetics with her fourth and fifth novel 
During the 1980s, especially after the political scandal around former UN secretary and eventually Austrian federal president Kurt Waldheim, a new and more distinctive Jewish literature formed  Robert Schindel published the novel Gebirtig, which deals with a contemporary Jewish society within Austria and the difficult memories of the Shoah  Robert Menasse is known for his novels and especially for his essays on Austria  Another author who works with Jewish topics is Doron Rabinovici 

Christoph Ransmayr mixes historical facts with fiction  The acclaimed novel Morbus Kithara creates a scenario, in which Austria did not get aid from the Marshall Plan after World War II and was condemned to become an exclusively agrarian country  On this background, the author writes about the time after the war, about ex-soldiers, ex-Nazis and concentration camp survivors, and thus depicts the complexity of post-war Austria 
Josef Haslinger wrote the novel Opernball, in which he described a fictitious attack at the Vienna Opera Ball, in which all attendants, incl  the entire Austrian government, is killed by combat gas  This attack brings a new fascist party to power, which a handful of idealistic journalists try to tell the world  Haslinger is also the author of an essay about the Waldheim affair  Also Milo Dor, a born Serb who wrote all of his books in German and became a very important figure in Austria's literary scene, chose the danger of ultra-right wing parties as topic for one of his narrative texts, Wien, Juli 1999  Other books describe the destiny of immigrants after the world war 
Essays have also a tradition in Austrian literature  While the roots may be found with Franz Grillparzer, Hermann Bahr and especially Karl Kraus, one of the most important essayists after World War II is Jean Améry whose oeuvre primarily consists of essays, articles and critiques  The historian and scholar Friedrich Heer is the author of about fifty thousand pages, most of them essays on Austrian and European topics, on history and philosophy as well as on religion and literature  A younger representative of Austrian essayism is Karl-Markus Gauß who writes for several newspapers and magazines in Austria, Switzerland and Germany  His books speak about Central and Eastern European peoples, cultures, and literatures  He is also the editor in chief of the magazine Literatur und Kritik 
Authors in Slovene, originating in Carinthia, are Florjan Lipuš, Cvetka Lipuš and Janko Messner  Usually they write either exclusively in Slovene, or in Slovene and German  Another famous Carinthian writer, Peter Handke, has translated several works from Slovene to German 

Nobel Prizes for Literature
In 1981, Elias Canetti (1905–1994) received the Nobel Prize in Literature  Born in Bulgaria, he spent much of his early adult life in Vienna, and wrote all his books in German  In 1938, following Austria's Anschluss with Germany, Canetti moved to London, becoming a British subject  During his later years, he also lived in Zurich, Switzerland  Among his most acclaimed works are the novel, Auto-da-Fe, and his work of nonfiction, Crowds and Power  His three volumes of well-acclaimed memoirs are also seen to give a personal insight into Austrian society during the decades preceding World War II 
In 2004, Elfriede Jelinek (*1946) received the Nobel Prize in Literature for her "musical flow of voices and counter-voices in novels and plays that, with extraordinary linguistic zeal, reveal the absurdity of society's clichés and their subjugating power"  Her works comprise novels such as The Piano Teacher, Lust and Die Kinder der Toten (Children of the Dead), as well as theater plays such as Clara S , Burgtheater and Bambiland  In the 1960s she began to write poetry and stories 

21st century
While some of the well-known authors, such as Franzobel, Peter Handke, Peter Henisch, Elfriede Jelinek, Gerhard Roth, and Robert Schneider, still publish regularly, there are rich literary movements, mostly driven by a younger generation  In some cases, literary magazines play an important role in gathering writers and fostering their works 

Literary magazines and publishers
Literatur und Kritik and Erostepost are published in Salzburg, Manuskripte, Sterz, Schreibkraft and Lichtungen in Graz, Wespennest and Kolik in Vienna, Cognac & Biskotten in Innsbruck, DUM in Lower Austria  They count among the most traditional and important literary magazines in contemporary Austria  In addition, the literary magazine Buchkultur has been around since 1989 
Notable publishing houses include Residenz, Droschl, Haymon, Zsolnay, and Deuticke  Residenz played an important role during the 1970s and 1980s, when numerous important Austrian writers were published there  Especially smaller publishers, such as Arovell, Drava, FZA-Verlag, Mitter, Otto Müller, Pichler, Ritter, Skarabaeus, Sonderzahl, Wieser, etc  bring emerging and younger authors to the public  On the other hand, many Austrian writers publish their books in Germany, which offers much larger and powerful publishing houses  Of course, the economic regrouping of publishing houses and their mergers have also an influence on Austrian publishers  Thus, Zsolny and Deuticke already belong to the German publishing group Hanser 

Literature awards and subsidies
In addition to subsidies and awards financed and organized by the Austrian and federal governments, several smaller literary prizes award Austrian and other German writing authors  Alfred-Gesswein-Literaturpreis, Erostepost-Literaturpreis, Franz-Kafka-Preis, Feldkircher Lyrikpreis, Wiener Werkstattpreis, Anton-Wildgans-Preis, and Manuskripte-Preis belong to this aspect of Austrian literature 
The scholar Klaus Zeyringer states that public subsidies represent the backbone of today's literary production and especially publishing in Austria, and this would be one reason why the frame conditions obviously differ from those in Germany  Public subsidies add to the funding of publishing houses, literary magazines, public events, book publications, and to writer's income  Zeyringer points out that on one hand this custom also enables the publication of non-mainstream and complicated literary works but on the other hand reduces the awareness of the necessity of adequate marketing activities of many cultural organizations, including publishers 

Contemporary authors
Book publications, magazines, public readings and literary prizes chronicle a multitude of writers, including novelists, playwrights, prosaists, essayists and poets  These include Marie Anders, Reinhold Aumaier, Zdenka Becker, Adelheid Dahimène, Dimitré Dinev, Martin Dragosits, Klaus Ebner, Günter Eichberger, Olga Flor, Karin Geyer, Thomas Glavinic, Constantin Göttfert, Marianne Gruber, Egyd Gstättner, Wolf Haas, Klaus Händl, Ludwig Laher, Gabriel Loidolt, Wolfgang Kauer, Daniel Kehlmann, Michael Köhlmeier, Melamar, Hanno Millesi, Gabriele Petricek, Judith Nika Pfeifer, Wolfgang Pollanz, Doron Rabinovici, Julya Rabinowich, Kathrin Röggla, Gudrun Seidenauer, Linda Stift, Erwin Uhrmann, Vladimir Vertlib, Philipp Weiss, Christine Werner, Peter Paul Wiplinger  Usually these authors publish not only in Austria, but also in Germany and Switzerland 

Cultural melting pot
In its history, the country and Austrian literature have been a cultural melting pot that put together different ethnicities, ideas, and cultures  Today, this element has shrunk enormously but is still not wiped out  Examples of this are novelist Zdenka Becker who emigrated from Slovakia, Dimitré Dinev from Bulgaria, and Vladimir Vertlib who was born in Russia  Very often their topics have to do with immigration and interculturality 
There is some literature written by members of the autochthonous minorities in Austria  To mention the daughter of Florjan Lipuš, the poet Cvetka Lipuš, who has lived in the US for several years  Her poetry has been published in Slovene and in German 
Some authors have chosen to live in countries other than Austria, while still writing literature in German  Their experiences living in another country have some impact on their writing  For example, Marlene Streeruwitz and Ann Cotten live in Berlin, Raoul Schrott lived several years in Ireland and also Christoph Ransmayr has moved there 

See also
List of Austrian writers
List of Austrian women writers

Notes
Sources (books)
Heer, Friedrich: Der Kampf um die österreichische Identität  Böhlau Verlag, Wien 1981/1996/2001, ISBN 3-205-99333-0
Herz-Kestranek, Miguel, Konstantin Kaiser and Daniela Strigl (Ed ): In welcher Sprache träumen Sie? Österreichische Exillyrik  Verlag der Theodor Kramer Gesellschaft, Wien 2007, ISBN 978-3-901602-25-2
Zeman, Herbert and Fritz P  Knapp (Ed ): Geschichte der Literatur in Österreich  7 volumes, Akademische Druck- und Verlagsanstalt, Vienna 1994ff , Vol  1: ISBN 978-3-201-01611-7, Vol  2: ISBN 978-3-201-01721-3 and ISBN 978-3-201-01812-8, Vol  7: ISBN 978-3-201-01687-2
Zeyringer, Klaus: Österreichische Literatur seit 1945  Haymon Verlag, Innsbruck 2001, ISBN 978-3-85218-379-4
Žmegač, Viktor (Ed ): Kleine Geschichte der deutschen Literatur  Von den Anfängen bis zur Gegenwart  Marix, Wiesbaden 2004  ISBN 3-937715-24-X

External links
Austrian Studies Association, ASA
eLibrary Austria Project (eLib Austria text in German)
WikiReader Austrian Literature (German)
IG Autoren (interest group of all Austrian writers and professional associations of writers)
Österreichischer Schriftstellerverband (writers' association)
P E N -Club (writers' association)
Grazer Autorenversammlung (writers' association)
Österreichische Gesellschaft für Literatur (Austrian Society for Literature)
Passage 6:
Inta Ezergailis
Inta Miške Ezergailis (11 September 1932 in Riga, Latvia – 1 January 2005, in Ithaca, New York), was a Latvian American professor emerita of German literature at Cornell University from 1969 to 1999, specializing in Thomas Mann and contemporary women writers  In 1965, she began graduate study at Cornell University and after earning the doctorate in 1969, she was appointed to the Cornell faculty as an assistant professor of German literature 
In addition to books, she published numerous articles, in English and Latvian, in scholarly and intellectual periodicals 
During the last decade of her life, she turned from academic prose to poetry  Posthumously, her poems have been published by Ulysses House in four volumes: Inta's poems I, II, and III, Alzheimer's Poems, the Vanishing of a Mother  The last volume is devoted to her mother, who died of dementia 
She was married to Andrew Ezergailis 

Books
Male and Female: An Approach to Thomas Mann's Dialectic (1975)
Woman Writers - The Divided Self (1982)  (Study of Christa Wolf, Ingeborg Bachmann, Doris Lessing, Erica Jong, Karin Struck, Francine du Plessix Gray and others )
Thomas Mann, Critical Essays on Thomas Mann (1988)
Nostalgia and Beyond: Eleven Latvian Women Writers (1998) 
Passage 7:
İhsan Oktay Anar
İhsan Oktay Anar (born 1960 in Yozgat, Turkey), is a Turkish writer, illustrator, literature translator and an academic 
He studied philosophy in Ege University on undergraduate (1984), graduate (1989) and doctoral levels  Anar now teaches at the same university, lecturing in antique philosophy and Greek  In 2009, he won the Erdal Öz Literature Award "for his valuable novels and original style" Anar published his first novel, The Atlas of Misty Continents (Puslu Kıtalar Atlası) in 1995  The book was translated to a number of languages, including French, German and Hungarian, and a comic book version by caricaturist İlban Ertem was released in Spring of 2015  His novels are fantasy pieces supported by historical facts and rumors especially related to the Ottoman Empire and a narration resembling fairy tales  He is known for well developed, various and original characters and providing a philosophical basis for his fantasy plots  Supernatural elements and references to folk literature and culture are commonly seen in his works  He uses a mixture of Ottoman and folk terminology within his Turkish writings, giving references to myths and historical scriptures  A trivial fact is that each of his books have a character named "Uzun İhsan" (meaning "Ihsan the Tall"), which is in fact a reference to himself  Anar is a tall and imposing figure, with a height over six feet four 

Works
Novels
Tiamat (Tiamat) (2022)
The Nasty Hero (Galiz Kahraman) (2014)
Seventh Day (Yedinci Gün) (2012)
Taciturns (Suskunlar) (2007)
Amat (Amat) (2005)
Tales of Afrasiab (Efrasiyab`ın Hikayeleri)  (1998) - later adapted for stage
The Book of Devices (Kitab-ül Hiyel) (1996)
The Atlas of Misty Continents (Puslu Kıtalar Atlası) (1995)Illustrations for Kitab-ül Hiyel
has published articles in the former newspaper Yeni Binyıl
has published a story in the book 1002 Gece MasallarıAcademic articles published in Turkish
Anar, İ O , Er Efsanesinin Muhtemel Kökenleri, Seminar, 1993, P 30-44 
Anar, İ O , Sokrates Sorunu, Seminar  1990  pp  1–9 
Passage 8:
Michael Werner (publisher)
Michael Werner (born 1965 in Frankenthal, Germany) is a publisher of Pennsylvania German publications and writer of Pennsylvania German articles, prose and poetry  He is the founder and publisher of the only existing Pennsylvania German newspaper, Hiwwe wie Driwwe 

Life
Werner was raised in the Palatinate (Germany)  Members of his family had emigrated from this area to the U S  in the 19th century  He studied at the University of Mannheim and holds a Master's degree in General Linguistics, Germans Studies and Sociology  His Ph D  Thesis is dealing with Pennsylvania German literature  Werner is working as publishing director of a B2B publishing house in Mainz (Germany)  He lives in Ober-Olm 

Activities
In 1993, he became a student of C  Richard Beam (1925-2018), director of the Center for Pennsylvania German Studies at Millersville University (PA)  In the same year, Werner started a private "Archive for Pennsylvania German Literature" in the Palatinate, Germany  In 1996, the newspaper Hiwwe wie Driwwe was founded by him in Ebertsheim, Palatinate (Germany)  Actually, it is being published bi-annually  Since 1998, he has been a member of the jury of the oldest Palatine Dialect Writers Contest in Bockenheim an der Weinstraße, Palatinate (Germany)  In 2003, Michael Werner was one of the co-founders of the German-Pennsylvanian Association and the first president of the association (until 2010)  Since 2008, Werner invites speakers of Pennsylvania German to give presentations about the language and culture in Germany  In 2013, "Hiwwe wie Driwwe" started a cooperation with the Pennsylvania German Cultural Heritage Center at Kutztown University (PA)  The editorial office was moved to Pennsylvania in 2015  In 2017, Werner donated his private archive of Pennsylvania German literature and folk life to the Mennonite Research Center at Weierhof (Palatinate, Germany), where it will be presented to the public as "Deutsch-Pennsylvanisches Archiv" (German-Pennsylvanian Archive)  In 2020, he was one of the founders of Groundhog Lodge No  19 in Bockenheim (Palatinate, Germany)  In 2021, Werner published a German trip advisor to the Pennsylvania Dutch Country 

Trivia
His journalistic work over a period of three decades inspired two German cinema documentaries: "Hiwwe wie Driwwe 1" (2019) and "Hiwwe wie Driwwe 2" (coming up 2024) 

Works
Werner, Michael (Ed ): Hiwwe wie Driwwe  The Pennsylvania German Review (Newspaper)  Ebertsheim/Ober-Olm/Kutztown 1997- 
Werner, Michael: "Ebbes aus em alte Land"  Newspaper Column  In: The Pennsylvania German Review (Kutztown, PA), 2001-2003 
Werner, Michael: "Ebbes in die Mudderschprooch"  Newspaper Column  In: The Diary (Gordonville, PA), 2003-2005 
Werner, Michael: "S Katz Deitsch Schtick"  Internet Blog  In: hiwwe-wie-driwwe de  Ober-Olm 2002- 
Werner, Michael et al  (Ed ): Mit Pennsylvanisch-Deitsch darich's Yaahr  A Pennsylvania German Reader for Grandparents and Grandchildren  Neckarsteinach 2006 
Werner, Michael (Transl ): Es globbt beim Sammy in der Nacht (Children's Book)  Neckarsteinach 2012 
Werner, Michael: "Der Uncle Saem findt uns gedrei" - A Multimedia Performance (Texts, Music, Pictures & Videos), presented by the "New Paltz Band"  Ober-Olm/Frankenthal/Schifferstadt 2013- 
Werner, Michael (Transl ): Kumm, mer gehne Baere yaage (engl  Original: We're Going on a Bear Hunt, by Michael Rosen)  Neckarsteinach/Morgantown (PA) 2014 
Werner, Michael: Pennsylvanisch-Deitsch im Yahr 2015  A Hiwwe wie Driwwe Documentary  Published on youtube com (30 minutes) 
Werner, Michael (Ed ): DEITSCH  News und Geschichten aus dem Pennsylvania Dutch Country  A Hiwwe wie Driwwe Publication (E-Paper)  Ober-Olm 2015-2017 
Werner, Michael / Louden, Mark / Sauer, Walter (Eds ): Die Erschte Dausend Wadde in Pennsilfaanisch Deitsch  Neckarsteinach 2018 
Werner, Michael: En neier Sound im neie Land - 32 New Songs in Pennsylvania Dutch  Ober-Olm 2019 
Werner, Michael: Hiwwe wie Driwwe - Der Pennsylvania ReiseVERführer  Neustadt an der Weinstraße 2021 
Werner, Michael / Donmoyer, Patrick (Eds ): 25 Yaahre Hiwwe wie Driwwe - Celebrating a Quarter Century of Transatlantic Friendship  Morgantown (PA) 2022 

Films
Hiwwe wie Driwwe - Pfälzisch in Amerika (2018)  Calimedia/Cinewa (Landau)  - Expert advice and participation 
Die Rezeptsucherin: Pennsylvania (2018)  SWR (Mainz)  - Expert advice 
Hiwwe wie Driwwe - The Roots of the Pennsylvania Dutch (2019)  Calimedia/Cinewa (Landau) 
Driwwe im neie Land - Pfälzisch in Amerika (2020)  SWR (Mainz) 
Rumspringa (2022)  Constantin Film (Munich)  - Expert advice and language training of the actors (Pennsylvania Dutch) 

Publishing
Awards and acknowledgements
1998: Member of the jury of the Palatine Dialect Writers Contest in Bockenheim (Palatinate, Germany)
2007: "10th J  William Frey Lecturer", Franklin & Marshall College (Lancaster, PA)
2012: "Medienpreis Pfalz", Bezirksverband Pfalz (short list) - for "Hiwwe wie Driwwe"
2015: "Emichsburg-Preis", Förderkreis Mundart Bockenheim e V  - together with Frank Kessler and Dr  Walter Sauer in place of the "German-Pennsylvanian Association" (Deutsch-Pennsylvanischer Arbeitskreis e V )
2020: "Hermann Sinsheimer Plakette", City of Freinsheim (Palatinate, Germany) - for his services to the Palatine and Pennsylvania German literature



ground_truth: Ten Walls