prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: Which of the movie which has Rich Lee 3-D previsualizations was directed by Francis Lawrence?

The following are given passages.
Context 1: Passage 1:
Kristof Konrad
Kristof Konrad (born Krzysztof Wojslaw, April 26, 1962) is a Polish-American film, television, theatre, and voice actor, acting coach, voice coach, movement specialist and the Alexander Technique teacher  For over twenty years, he has successfully worked in film and television in both the United States and Europe, working with directors such as Kenneth Branagh, Francis Lawrence, Ron Howard, and Roland Emmerich and working opposite actors such as Jennifer Lawrence, Robin Wright, Kerry Washington, Jennifer Garner, and many more  He currently resides in Los Angeles and works internationally 

Early life
Kristof Konrad (birth name Krzysztof Wojsław) was born on April 26, 1962, in Gizycko, Poland  His father, Mieczyslaw, was a working-class man, and his mother, Jadwiga, a school teacher  He studied to become an electrical engineer, but at the age of 23, he decided to pursue a career in acting  For the next two years (1985-1987), Konrad attended the Alexander Zelwerowicz National Dramatic Academy in Warsaw, Poland  While there, he studied and worked with theatre and film masters Jerzy Grotowski and Andrzej Wajda  Upon graduating, he moved to Rome, Italy, where he studied with Alessandro Fersen at The Fersen Studio until 1992 

Career
Acting
After studying and working in Europe for seven years, Konrad moved to Hollywood in 1992  For over twenty years, he has successfully worked in film and television in the United States and Europe  He began his film career with a role in Independence Day directed by Roland Emmerich, followed by roles in Hotel California, Angels & Demons, Chernobyl Diaries, and many more  Some of his television credits include: Scorpion, Zoo, Agents of S H I E L D , House of Cards, Scandal, Nikita, Alias, and many more Konrad appeared as Dimitri Ustinov, opposite Jennifer Lawrence, in the spy thriller Red Sparrow (2018), directed by Francis Lawrence and based on Jason Matthews' book of the same name  It follows Dominika Egorova (Lawrence), a Russian intelligence rookie who is assigned to seduce a CIA officer; she later falls in love with the officer and considers being a double agent Konrad will play Igor Zavarov in the upcoming Il ragazzo invisibile - Seconda generazione 

Movement specialist and acting coach
Early in his career, Konrad discovered the Alexander Technique while working in the U S  He was fascinated by its "effectiveness in improving the level of acting and helping one cope with the stresses of performing and everyday life " He spent three years training as an Alexander Technique teacher with Jean-Louis Rodrigue and many others at Alexander Training Institute of Los Angeles, where he also received his certification Konrad has taught for the Berlin International Film Festival, Verbier Festival & Academy in Switzerland, and the UBS Verbier Junior Orchestra  He teaches acting in Film and Alexander Technique Intensive Workshops in New York, Los Angeles, Milan, Berlin, Toronto, and Vancouver  He collaborates with Jean-Louis Rodrigue at the Larry Moss Studio, Howard Fine Acting Studio, UCLA Extension Entertainment Studies, Theatricum Botanicum, and Media Access Konrad worked with the cast of King Lear and The Seagull of The Royal Shakespeare Company; helped Sharon Lawrence to create Vivien Leigh in Orson's Shadow at the Pasadena Playhouse; worked with the cast of Electricidad at the Mark Taper Forum, and worked with the artists of Cirque du Soleil’s Ka on improving performance and preventing injuries Konrad coached Lymari Nadal in embodying Eva, the love interest of Denzel Washington in American Gangster 

Filmography (selection)
Film
Television
Lois & Clark: The New Adventures of Superman (one episode, 1995) - Chip Off The Old Clark as Rebel Leader
High Incident (one episode, 1996) - Christmas Blues as Kronsky
JAG (one episode, 1997) -  Cowboys & Cossacks as Russian Communications Officer
Beverly Hills, 90210 (one episode, 1998) - The Fundamental Things Apply as Alex Veselic
Ryan Caulfield: Year One (one episode, 1999) - Sex and St  Michael as Lako
V I P  (one episode, 2001) - A I  Highrise as Vanderwall
Son of the Beach (one episode, 2001) - From Russia, with Johnson as Sergei
The Agency (one episode, 2001) - Deadline as Major
Alias (two episodes, 2002) - The Box: Part 1 and The Box: Part 2 as Endo
The District (one episode, 2004) - On Guard as Gregor Bukantz
E-Ring (one episode, 2006) - War Crimes as Ivan
Gilmore Girls (one episode, 2007) - I'm a Kayak, Hear Me Roar as Stefan
The Unit (one episode, 2007) - Bedfellows as Customer One
Raising the Bar (one episode, 2008) - Bagels and Locks as Andrei Markova
Burn Notice (one episode, 2009) - Friends Like These as Milovan Dragas
Gigantic (one episode, 2010) - Pilot: Part 2 as Gustav
Nikita (one episode, 2010) - 2: 2 0 as Mirko Dadich
Undercovers (one episode, 2010) - Crashed as Borz
Scandal (one episode, 2012) - Sweet Baby as Polish Ambassador
Intelligence (one episode, 2014) - The Grey Hat as Torbin Salvi
House of Cards (one episode, 2015) - Chapter 32 as Boris Litsky
Agents of S H I E L D  (one episode, 2016) - Parting Shot as General Androvich
Zoo (two episodes, 2016) - The Contingency & The Yellow Brick Road as Leonid Ivankov
Scorpion (one episode, 2017) – Episode #4 2 as Manager Anton Eksteritsky
Homecoming (two episodes, 2018) -Episode #1 2 and Episode 1 10 as Mr  Heidl
I Am the Night (one episode, 2019) - "Episode #1 6" as Rachmaninoff
FBI: Most Wanted (one episode, 2022) - A Man Without a Country as Aleksander Pavlishchev
Chicago Med (four episodes, 2023) as Pawel Wapniarski
Passage 2:
Justin Timberlake videography
American entertainer Justin Timberlake has released four video albums and has been featured in thirty-seven music videos, seventeen films, fifteen television shows, and six commercials  He achieved early fame when he appeared in the Disney Channel television series The All-New Mickey Mouse Club, alongside singers Britney Spears and Christina Aguilera and actor Ryan Gosling  Timberlake rose to fame in the late 1990s as the lead singer of the boy band NSYNC  In 2002, he launched his solo career and released his solo debut single "Like I Love You", the music video for which was directed by Bucky Chrome  Francis Lawrence directed the video for "Cry Me a River"  The video features Timberlake's character as he spies on a former lover, who according to the director portrays his former romantic interest Spears  At the 2003 MTV Video Music Awards, the video won the accolades for Best Male Video and Best Pop Video In 2005, Timberlake starred in the thriller Edison alongside Morgan Freeman and Kevin Spacey  The film received negative reviews from film critics and was a box office bomb  He then portrayed Frankie Ballenbacher in the crime drama Alpha Dog (2006); it received mixed responses from critics and attained box office success  The same year, Timberlake released his second studio album FutureSex/LoveSounds—four music videos for singles from the album were shot  Samuel Bayer directed the music video for "What Goes Around    Comes Around" (2007) in which American actress Scarlett Johansson plays Timberlake's love interest  From 2007 until 2009, he appeared in the music videos for his collaborations with other artists including 50 Cent ("Ayo Technology"), Madonna ("4 Minutes") and T I  ("Dead and Gone") 
Timberlake starred in the 2010 drama The Social Network, in which he portrayed Sean Parker, the first president of Facebook  The film received acclaim from critics and was a box office success  In 2011, he starred in the comedies Bad Teacher and Friends with Benefits alongside Cameron Diaz and Mila Kunis respectively  Both films were financial successes  The music videos for his songs "Mirrors" and "Suit & Tie" were released in 2013  They earned him a MTV Video Music Award for Video of the Year and a Grammy Award for Best Music Video, respectively  Timberlake has also hosted Saturday Night Live five times, being both host and musical guest three times  In film, he released Justin Timberlake + The Tennessee Kids and voiced Branch in Trolls (2016) as well as its sequel Trolls World Tour (2020) 

Music videos
As a performer
Guest appearances
Video albums
Filmography
Film
Television
Commercials
Notes
Passage 3:
Rich Lee
Richard "Rich" Lee is an American music video and commercial director  He has directed music videos for Eminem, Lana Del Rey, Maroon 5, The Black Eyed Peas, Norah Jones, Michael Bublé and The All-American Rejects  Rich Lee started his professional career as a sculptor and fabricator for Broadway shows in New York City  He later moved on to computer graphics and created 3-D previsualizations for big budget Hollywood feature films such as the first three Pirates of the Caribbean films, I Am Legend, Minority Report and Constantine  From the encouragement of feature film directors he moved into directing music videos and commercials  He has directed commercials for brands like Fiat, Hyundai, Honda, Beats by Dre etc 

Videography
Television
NotesA  – Directed with Marc Webb 
B  – Skylar Grey does not appear in the music video 
C  – "Imma Be" and "Rock That Body" combined into one video 
D  - Video currently in production 
Passage 4:
What's So Different?
"What's So Different?" is a song by American R&B singer Ginuwine  It was co-written and produced by Timbaland for his second album 100% Ginuwine (1999)  The song is built around a sample of "Valleri" (1968) by American band The Monkees  Due to the inclusion of the sample, Thomas Boyce and Bobby Hart are also credited as songwriters  Released as the album's second single, "What's So Different?" reached the top ten of the UK Singles Chart and entered the top twenty in New Zealand  It the United States, the song peaked at number three on the Rhythmic chart, also reaching number 21 on the US Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs 

Lyrical content and music video
"What's So Different" lyrically describes the narrator questioning his lover who is cheating on her boyfriend to be with him  He claims that if she is cheating on another man to be with him, she may also cheat on him to be with someone else  The music video was directed by Francis Lawrence  "What's So Different" samples the Monkees' 1968 hit "Valleri" 

Track listing
Notes

^a  denotes additional producerSample credits

"What's So Different?" contains an interpolation of "Valleri" (1968) as performed by The Monkees 

Credits and personnel
Credits lifted from the liner notes of 100% Ginuwine 
Thomas Boyce – writer (sample)
Bobby Hart – writer (sample)
Ginuwine – vocals, writer
Timbaland – producer, writer

Charts
Passage 5:
Constantine (film)
Constantine is a 2005 American superhero horror film directed by Francis Lawrence in his directorial debut  Written by Kevin Brodbin and Frank Cappello from a story by Brodbin, it is loosely based on the DC Comics/Vertigo Comics Hellblazer graphic novels  The film stars Keanu Reeves as John Constantine, a cynical exorcist with the ability to perceive and communicate with half-angels and half-demons in their true forms and to travel between Earth and Hell  Rachel Weisz, Shia LaBeouf, Tilda Swinton, Pruitt Taylor Vince, Djimon Hounsou, Gavin Rossdale, and Peter Stormare also feature 
Constantine was released theatrically in the United States on February 18, 2005  It grossed $230 9 million worldwide against a production budget between $70–100 million, but met with a mixed reception from film critics  In the following years, it has been considered as a cult film  In 2022, a sequel was announced and is currently in development 

Plot
In Mexico, a scavenger recovers the tip of the spear that pierced Jesus Christ from a ruined church and, after becoming possessed, takes it to Los Angeles  There, cynical occult expert John Constantine exorcises a demon from a young girl after witnessing its attempt to come through her to Earth, something that should be impossible because of a treaty between Heaven and Hell  Suffering from terminal lung cancer, Constantine meets with the half-breed angel Gabriel to request an extension to his life in exchange for his work deporting Hell's forces  Gabriel responds that performing good deeds for selfish reasons will not secure his way into Heaven 
Elsewhere, detective Angela Dodson is investigating the death of her twin sister Isabel who leaped from a psychiatric hospital roof  Angela refuses to believe her sister, a devout Catholic, would commit suicide and condemn herself to Hell  Watching security footage, Angela hears Isabel say "Constantine", and seeks out his assistance  He refuses to help until he witnesses demons pursuing Angela and fends them off  He uses a ritual to see Isabel in Hell and confirms she killed herself  Constantine tells Angela that he committed suicide as a teenager because he was traumatized by seeing supernatural creatures and, though he was revived, when he dies he is condemned to Hell 
At the morgue, Constantine's friend Father Hennesy discovers a symbol on Isabel's wrist but is killed by the half-breed demon Balthazar  Constantine and Angela discover Hennesy carved the symbol into his hand for them to find  Angela also finds a clue hidden in Isabel's hospital room concerning a chapter of Hell's bible  Before being killed by Balthazar, Constantine's ally Beeman tells the pair the symbol represents the antichrist Mammon, Lucifer's son, and the chapter prophesies him usurping his father and conquering the Earth, using a powerful psychic and divine assistance; the psychic, Isabel, killed herself to stop Mammon  Angela reveals she possessed powers like Isabel's but repressed them to avoid being deemed insane like her sister  Constantine helps Angela reawaken her powers by inducing a near-death experience, and she uses them to find Balthazar 
Constantine interrogates Balthazar and learns that the blood of Christ on the spear tip is Mammon's divine assistance, and Angela has been chosen as his new host  An unseen entity destroys Balthazar and abducts Angela who becomes possessed by Mammon  With the help of witch doctor Papa Midnite, Constantine induces visions to locate Angela at the psychiatric hospital  Alongside his driver and apprentice, Chas Kramer, Constantine arms himself and assaults the building, battling through hordes of demons to Angela  Constantine and Chas seemingly exorcise Mammon from her, but Chas is killed by the unseen force, revealed to be Gabriel  Resentful at God's favoritism for humanity and forgiveness for even the most wicked, Gabriel intends to unleash Hell on Earth so that those who survive will become truly "worthy" of His love  Gabriel tosses Constantine away and prepares to pierce Angela with the spear tip to unleash Mammon 
Desperate, Constantine commits suicide by slitting his wrists, knowing that Lucifer will personally come to collect him  Time pauses and Constantine convinces Lucifer to intervene and stop Mammon  Gabriel ineffectually attempts to smite Lucifer, revealing God has abandoned them, and Lucifer burns away Gabriel's wings before banishing Mammon to Hell  Lucifer offers to restore Constantine to life for his assistance, but he instead asks that Isabel be sent to Heaven  Lucifer releases Isabel, but Constantine begins ascending to Heaven for his selfless sacrifice  Infuriated, Lucifer restores Constantine to life and removes his cancer, believing that, in time, he will prove he belongs in Hell  Constantine punches the now-mortal Gabriel before leaving and entrusts Angela with securing the spear tip  In a post-credits scene, Constantine visits Chas's grave and witnesses Chas in an angelic form 

Cast
Keanu Reeves as John Constantine: A chain-smoking cynic with the ability to perceive the true visage of half-angels and half-demons on the human plane  John believes himself damned to Hell for attempting suicide—a mortal sin—and has terminal lung cancer 
Connor Dylan Wryn as young John Constantine
Quinn Buniel as child John Constantine
Rachel Weisz as Angela Dodson: A troubled LAPD detective investigating the suicide of her twin sister Isabel (also portrayed by Weisz) 
Weisz also portrays Mammon, the son of Lucifer who has no patience for his father's rule of Hell and uses Angela's body as a means of escaping to rule over Earth 
Shia LaBeouf as Chas Kramer: Constantine's driver and apprentice  Chas has a strong interest in the occult and helps Constantine whenever possible in order to gain knowledge and experience from him 
Tilda Swinton as Gabriel: A "half-breed" Archangel with a disdain for humanity who plots to free Mammon as a means to unleash Hell on the Earth 
Pruitt Taylor Vince as Father Hennessy: An insomniac, alcoholic priest with the ability to communicate with the dead  He wears a protective charm in order to "keep the voices out" 
Djimon Hounsou as Papa Midnite: A former witch-doctor who once fought against Hell  After swearing an oath of neutrality—unless one side should tip the balance of power—he opened a nightclub to serve as neutral meeting ground for both sides of the war between Heaven and Hell 
Gavin Rossdale as Balthazar: A "half-breed" demon with a special interest in, and personal history with, Constantine 
Peter Stormare as Lucifer: A fallen Archangel who is in a proxy war with God for the souls of all mankind and ruler of Hell, feared on Earth as Satan or The Devil  Lucifer loathes Constantine with such vigor that Constantine's soul is the only one he would ever come to personally collect 
Max Baker as Beeman: A friend of Constantine's with extensive knowledge of exotic occult materials and insects  He supplies Constantine with both holy objects and information 
Francis Guinan as Father Garret: A priest Angela talks to about getting Isabel a Catholic burial 
José Zúñiga as Det  Weiss: Angela's partner 
Jesse Ramirez as Manuel: A scavenger and treasure hunter who finds the Spear of Destiny in the ruins of a church in Mexico that grants various powers and places him in a trance-like state in which he travels to Los Angeles 
April Grace as Dr  Archer: Constantine's doctor 
Tanoai Reed as the bouncer at Midnite's club Additionally, Michelle Monaghan filmed several scenes as Ellie, a half-breed demon Constantine sleeps with and asks for information, who is based on a succubus of the same name in the Hellblazer comics  In the finished film, however, the role consists of two brief shots and one line of dialogue ("Holy water?") during Constantine's climactic confrontation with the group of half-breeds in the hospital  Director Francis Lawrence said Ellie's relationship with Constantine was cut to make him more of a lonely character 

Production
The character of John Constantine was introduced by comic book writer/creator Alan Moore in The Saga of Swamp Thing #37, released in June 1985  In 1988, the character was given his own comic book title, Hellblazer, published by DC Comics 
Producer Lauren Shuler Donner began developing the film in 1997  Paul Hunter was attached to direct in 1999, and he was replaced by Tarsem Singh in 2001  Warner Bros  hoped to begin filming in 2002 with Nicolas Cage in the lead role, but Singh dropped out, resulting in opposing lawsuits filed by himself and Warner Bros  Keanu Reeves became attached to the film in 2002  Alan Moore, the original creator of John Constantine, was disappointed by the previous adaptations of his comics From Hell and The League of Extraordinary Gentlemen, and refused to be credited or associated with this film, asking that his royalties be distributed among the other creators of the character 
Constantine incorporated some elements of Garth Ennis's "Dangerous Habits" story arc from the comic (issues #41–46), and others, such as the inclusion of Papa Midnite, from the Original Sins trade paperback  The film's title was changed from Hellblazer to Constantine to avoid confusion with Clive Barker's Hellraiser films  In fact, the comic series was originally going to be titled Hellraiser, but was also retitled to avoid confusion with the first Hellraiser film, which was released a year before the debut of Hellblazer The film changed several aspects of the source material  For one, it was set in Los Angeles, rather than England, which director Francis Lawrence justified by claiming that the comic book was not exclusively set in London  Reeves played the role of John Constantine with his real-life American accent and black hair, while the character in the comics was drawn to resemble the blond musician Sting and came from Liverpool  For the film, Constantine was also given the psychic ability to see "half-breeds" as they truly are, and this led him to attempt suicide, causing his damnation, which, in the comics, was punishment for summoning a demon that killed a young girl  Additionally, the resolution of the lung cancer plotline in the film was amended so that Lucifer willingly saves the redeemed Constantine to give him a second chance at falling, rather than being tricked into doing so 
Director Lawrence decided to base the film's conception of Hell "on the geography of what's around us now"  He further explained:

That was actually a combination of me and the visual effects supervisor and the production designer sitting down and sort of coming up with the biological growth that's growing all over the cars and what that looks like and the color palette  And we started to look at the nuclear test films from the 1940s of the nuclear blasts and just decided that it would be great if the landscape was not only violent with these creatures, but also the atmosphere  So we decided that it was kind of an eternal nuclear blast except nothing ever really gets obliterated because it's eternal and it's constantly going 

Music
Soundtrack
Constantine: Original Motion Picture Soundtrack was released on February 15, 2005  It is an orchestral compilation of songs from the film, performed by The Hollywood Studio Symphony & The Hollywood Film Chorale and composed by Brian Tyler, the composer for films such as Eagle Eye and Fast & Furious, and Klaus Badelt  Two songs heard in the film, "Passive" by A Perfect Circle (heard as Constantine walks through Midnite's bar) and "Take Five" by The Dave Brubeck Quartet (heard on a record played by Constantine), were not included on the soundtrack 
The album was panned by Allmusic, who referred to it as "clichéd and religiously formulaic" 

Release
Theatrical
The original release date for the film was September 17, 2004, but was subsequently pushed back to February 2005  Although the film was intended to be rated PG-13, it received an R-rating from the MPAA, which Lawrence attributed to its religious overtones 

Home media
The film was released on VHS and DVD in 2005  Warner Home Video intended to release the film on HD DVD on March 28, 2006, making it one of the earliest titles released on that media format, but, following delays to the launch of HD DVD, it actually debuted on June 6 the same year  It was released on Blu-ray Disc by Warner Home Video on October 14, 2008 

Reception
Box office
Constantine opened in 3,006 theaters in the United States on February 18, 2005, earning $29 8 million in its opening weekend and ranking second behind Hitch's second weekend  It ended its run on June 16, having grossed $76 million in the United States and Canada, and $154 9 million in other territories, for a worldwide total of $230 9 million, against a production budget of $70–100 million 

Critical response
On review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes, the film holds an approval rating of 46% based on the reviews of 230 critics, and an average rating of 5 5/10; the site's consensus states: "Despite solid production values and an intriguing premise, Constantine lacks the focus of another spiritual shoot-em-up, The Matrix"  On Metacritic, which assigns a weighted average, it has a score of 50 out of 100 based on the reviews of 41 critics, indicating "mixed or average reviews"  Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "B" on an A+ to F scale Richard Corliss of Time magazine called the film "a one-of-a-kind hybrid: a theological noir action film"  He cited Keanu Reeves' ability to "retain his charisma in a weird-silly moment" as proof that he is a "movie star", and referred to Tilda Swinton as "immaculately decadent"  Corliss also praised the variety of camera placements employed by Francis Lawrence  He was, however, critical of the climax of the film, referring to it as "irrevocably goofy" 
Ella Taylor of LA Weekly wrote: "Constantine, which opts in the end for what I can only describe as a kind of supernatural humanism, is not without its spiritual satisfactions"  Carina Chocano of the Los Angeles Times said that "Keanu Reeves has no peer when it comes to playing these sort of messianic roles—he infuses them with a Zen blankness and serenity that somehow gets him through even the unlikeliest scenes with a quiet, unassuming dignity" Pete Vonder Haar of Film Threat gave the film three stars out of five, writing that "the film (barely) succeeds, thanks to impressive visuals, the idea of an uncaring God wagering with Satan for souls, and two immensely enjoyable scenes (one with Weisz, one with Stormare) in which Reeves actually plays his character as the cynical asshole he really is" Jack Mathews of the New York Daily News gave the film 2 out of 4 stars: "For all its spiritual angst, Constantine is about as silly as fantasies get"  Michael Sragow of The Baltimore Sun also gave the film 2 stars out of 4: "It all comes off as a case of filmmakers wanting to have their communion wafer and eat it, too"  Desson Thomson, a writer for The Washington Post, had similar sentiments of the film, specifically criticizing its differences from the comic book:

If you are a fan of the Hellblazer comic book series, on which this movie is based, you'll definitely need a distraction  The relation between Constantine and its source material is, at best, superfluous  The disparity starts with the original John Constantine (Reeves's character) being from Liverpool, England  Reeves from the city of John and Paul? As if 
Leonard Maltin's annual publication Movie Guide gave the film a BOMB rating, describing it as "dreary, to put it mildly" 
Film critic Roger Ebert gave it 1 5 out of 4 stars, panning the depiction of Hell ("a post-nuclear Los Angeles created by animators with a hangover"), the premise of the film itself ("you would think that God would be the New England Patriots of this contest, but apparently there is a chance that Satan could win"), plot holes, inconsistencies, and general actions depicted throughout the film  He was not particularly critical of the acting, only mentioning it by stating: "Reeves has a deliberately morose energy level in the movie, as befits one who has seen Hell, walks among half-demons, and is dying  He keeps on smoking"  Ebert added the film to his list of "most hated" films 

Novelization and video game
To tie-in to the film's release, a novelization by John Shirley and a video game adaption were produced  The novelization states that the buildings in Hell are built with the souls of the damned, rather than brick, and lined with blood, rather than mortar 

Sequel
In 2011, director Francis Lawrence stated, regarding a sequel:

It's interesting that over the years, Constantine seems like it's become     like it has this sort of cult following, which has been great  It's been embraced  It would be great to figure out a sequel, and if we did, and we've been trying to figure one out, it would be great to do the really dark, scary version  We got caught in that weird PG-13–R no man's land, and we should do the hard-R scary version, which I would love to do 
In November 2012, Guillermo del Toro signed a deal to write and direct a Justice League Dark film centered around DC Comics' supernatural characters, John Constantine among them Reeves said in 2019 and 2021 that he is open to reprise the role in the future In November 2020, Stormare announced in a post on Instagram that a sequel was "in the works", though neither representatives for Warner Bros  nor Reeves immediately responded to requests for comment In September 2022, Deadline Hollywood reported that Warner Bros  will develop a Constantine sequel, with Keanu Reeves set to return in the lead role  Francis Lawrence will return as the film's director, with Akiva Goldsman writing the screenplay  Goldsman will also produce, alongside J  J  Abrams & Hannah Minghella 
Passage 6:
The Hunger Games: Mockingjay – Part 1
The Hunger Games: Mockingjay – Part 1 is a 2014 American dystopian science fiction war film directed by Francis Lawrence from a screenplay by Peter Craig and Danny Strong, based on the 2010 novel Mockingjay by Suzanne Collins  The sequel to The Hunger Games: Catching Fire (2013), it is the third installment in The Hunger Games film series  It stars Jennifer Lawrence, Josh Hutcherson, Liam Hemsworth, Woody Harrelson, Elizabeth Banks, Julianne Moore, Philip Seymour Hoffman, Jeffrey Wright, Stanley Tucci, and Donald Sutherland  In the film, Katniss Everdeen (Lawrence) joins Alma Coin (Moore), the renegade leader of the underground District 13, in a mass rebellion against the Capitol 
Development on a third Hunger Games film was announced in May 2012, after Lionsgate announced Collins' novel would be split into two parts  Lawrence was confirmed to return to direct the final two installments that November, which would be filmed back-to-back  Most of the main cast was rounded out by September 2013 when principal photography began, lasting until June 2014, with filming locations including Boston, Atlanta, Los Angeles, Paris, and Berlin  The film faced controversy after its content was used in political protests in 2014 and 2015 
The Hunger Games: Mockingjay – Part 1 premiered at the Odeon Leicester Square in London on November 10, 2014, and was released in the United States on November 21, by Lionsgate  The film generally positive reviews from critics, with praise for its acting, music, and political subtext, but criticism for its pacing and the decision to split the novel into two films  It grossed over $755 million worldwide, becoming the fifth-highest-grossing film of 2014; it set the record for the largest opening day and opening weekend of 2014 
Among its accolades, Mockingjay – Part 1 was nominated for Best Science Fiction Film at the 41st Saturn Awards, while Lawrence was nominated Best Actress in an Action Movie at the 20th Critics' Choice Awards  The song "Yellow Flicker Beat" by Lorde, the lead single from its soundtrack, was nominated for Best Original Song at the 72nd Golden Globe Awards and Critics' Choice Awards 
The film was followed by the main series' final film, The Hunger Games: Mockingjay – Part 2, in 2015 

Plot
After being rescued from the destroyed arena in the 75th Hunger Games, tributes Katniss Everdeen, Beetee, and Finnick Odair are taken to District 13, a below-ground district isolated from Panem that has been spearheading the rebellion  Katniss is reunited with her mother and sister Prim and is introduced to President Alma Coin, the rebel leader  Katniss is told that her arrow destroying the forcefield led to riots in over half the districts, joining District 13 in the rebellion, which caused Snow to bomb District 12 in retaliation  Coin asks her to become the "Mockingjay"—a symbol of the rebellion—as part of a "hearts and minds" strategy  Katniss reluctantly agrees after seeing Peeta being manipulated on state television to quell the rebellion  She visits the ruins of District 12, her old house somehow untouched with white roses from President Snow inside 
Katniss meets her film team and is given Effie Trinket as a stylist and close friend, Gale, as a bodyguard  They go to District 8 where Katniss is filmed being saluted by dozens of wounded civilians at a hospital; Snow, seeing the footage, orders an airstrike at the hospital, killing everyone inside  The crew films Katniss and Gale shooting down two Capitol hovercraft and Katniss' rage-filled threat: "If we burn, you burn with us " Afterwards, loggers in District 7 revolt, shouting the same phrase and killing Peacekeepers by detonating land mines 
Katniss and her team travel to District 12 to film her sing "The Hanging Tree"  Hundreds of protesters in District 5, singing the same anthem, launch a suicidal human wave attack against a hydroelectric dam that is the Capitol's primary source of electricity  The attack successfully implodes and breaches the dam, causing a blackout that forces the Capitol to revert to secondary generators  That night, Katniss watches Peeta being interviewed by Caesar Flickerman, the Games' former presenter, when Coin and Beetee hijack the signal to air a clip of Katniss  After seeing it, Peeta suddenly shouts a warning that the Capitol is about to attack District 13  Coin orders a mass evacuation into deep, underground shelters, and the facility survives the attack  Upon emerging, Katniss discovers the area littered with white roses; she concludes that Snow orchestrated this to inform her that whenever she condemns the Capitol, they will torture Peeta in retaliation 
Coin dispatches an elite special-forces team to rescue Peeta and remaining victors Johanna Mason, Enobaria, and Annie Cresta from their prison  Beetee hijacks the Capitol's defense system with a "propo" narrated by Finnick to convince more districts to side with the rebellion in which Finnick reveals that Snow would force "desirable" tributes (including Finnick himself) into prostitution with the threat of killing their families if they refused (which happened to Johanna) and that Snow only became the leader of Panem because he poisoned his opponents  When the propo proves not to be enough, Katniss communicates directly with Snow as a further distraction to buy enough time  Gale's team rescues the victors and escapes the Capitol easily, indicating the Capitol reduced its security on purpose  When Katniss greets Peeta, he unexpectedly attacks and strangles her into unconsciousness before being knocked out by Boggs 
Katniss wakes up and is informed that Peeta has been "hijacked"—brainwashed into trying to kill her, which explains why the Capitol allowed them to escape with him  Peeta is placed in solitary confinement, while a serum is developed to reverse the hijacking effects  Coin announces that the rebels' next objective is the Capitol's principal military stronghold in District 2—now the only district remaining loyal to the Capitol 

Cast
Production
Pre-production
On July 10, 2012, Lionsgate announced that the third and final installment in the series, Mockingjay, would be split into two parts  The Hunger Games: Mockingjay – Part 1 was released on November 21, 2014, and The Hunger Games: Mockingjay – Part 2 was released on November 20, 2015  Many directors, including Rian Johnson, Francis Lawrence and Alfonso Cuarón were considered for the job  On November 1, 2012, Lawrence, director of Catching Fire, announced he would return to direct both final parts in the series On December 6, 2012, Danny Strong announced that he would be writing the third and fourth films  On February 15, 2013, Lionsgate confirmed the script for Part 1 was written by Strong, giving him permission to write Part 2  Later in August, Hemsworth confirmed that shooting of the film would begin in September 2013 The film's production began on September 16, 2013, in Boston, Atlanta, and Los Angeles  Studio Babelsberg co-produced and oversaw production services for the film 

Casting
On August 26, 2013, it was announced that actress Stef Dawson had joined the cast and would portray Annie Cresta  Lionsgate announced on September 13, 2013, that Julianne Moore had joined the cast of both Mockingjay's parts to play President Alma Coin  Over the next month, Patina Miller, Mahershala Ali, Wes Chatham, and Elden Henson joined the cast as Commander Paylor, Boggs, Castor, and Pollux, respectively  There was a casting call for extras on September 23  Robert Knepper was cast as Antonius, a character who does not appear in the books and is an addition to the adaptation  Knepper has stated that during his audition he knew that the lines he received were not what he would end up doing, adding that "they [Lionsgate] are so secretive about this " Wyatt Russell was originally offered a role in both parts of Mockingjay, but his father Kurt confirmed in September 2013 that he turned down the offer to star in 22 Jump Street 

Filming
Shooting began on September 23, 2013 in Atlanta and concluded on June 20, 2014 in Berlin  Part 1 was filmed back-to-back with Part 2  In mid-October, the crews were spotted filming in Rockmart  The crew and cast took a break to promote The Hunger Games: Catching Fire and filming resumed on December 2, 2013  On December 14, 2013, shooting took place at the Marriott Marquis in Atlanta, Georgia  On December 18, shooting began at Caldwell Tanks in Newnan, Georgia Philip Seymour Hoffman died on February 2, 2014  Lionsgate released a statement stating that Hoffman had completed filming most of his scenes prior to his death  A dedication to him appears ahead of the closing credits 
On April 18, 2014, producer Nina Jacobson announced that filming in Atlanta had just wrapped up, followed by director Francis Lawrence announcing the next day about moving production to Europe  It was announced that they would be filming battle scenes in Paris and at Berlin Tempelhof Airport in Berlin  They began filming in the streets of Paris and in the city of Ivry-sur-Seine on May 7, where Lawrence and Hemsworth were spotted during the filming of some scenes among extras On May 9, it was reported that filming was taking place in Noisy le Grand, Paris where Lawrence, Hemsworth, Hutcherson, and Claflin were spotted on the set which re-created the world of Panem  It is the same location where Brazil was filmed in 1984 

Costumes
Christian Cordella, a costume illustrator on the first movie, returned to sketch the outfits for District 13 

Music
The music was created to convey the dark feel of the film  On October 9, 2014, it was revealed that the Trinity School boys' choir recorded tracks for the score, written by James Newton Howard  Jennifer Lawrence performed the film's version of the song "The Hanging Tree", originally featured in the novel, but was not thrilled about having to sing and cried the day of the performance  As of the evening of November 25, 2014, the song was #4 on the Apple's iTunes top 150 list  "The Hanging Tree" also peaked at #1 in Austria and Hungary and peaked at #12 on Billboard Hot 100 in the U S 

Score
Marketing
Tim Palen, the head of marketing for Lionsgate said, "When we started, we decided to look at this as one big movie that's eight hours long  Otherwise, it's going to be kind of overwhelming to do a new campaign for each movie " He also added that he saw the biggest potential in international growth and that they matched Iron Man 3 domestically, but were aiming to improve internationally for the two Mockingjay films  He revealed in an interview with Variety that there would be reveals of the marketing campaign at the Cannes Film Festival in May and San Diego Comic Con in July On May 14, 2014 TheHungerGamesExclusive com was launched  It featured three stills from the movie, featuring Woody Harrelson, Julianne Moore, Philip Seymour Hoffman and Jeffrey Wright with an additional behind-the-scenes still of director Francis Lawrence and Mahershala Ali  The website also featured other content, including a short GIF image of Julianne Moore as President Coin and a video interview with Moore  There was also an in-depth interview with director Francis Lawrence, producer Nina Jacobson and screenwriter Peter Craig  A page from the script of Part 1 was also released in addition to a motion poster, with the tagline, "Fire burns brighter in the darkness "On May 17, 2014, while principal photography was underway in Paris, some of the cast and crew including Lawrence, Hutcherson, Hemsworth, Claflin, Moore, Sutherland, Lawrence, and Jacobson attended the 2014 Cannes Film Festival for a photo shoot and party bash to excite international investors  Co-chairman of Lionsgate Rob Friedman said in response to why they would incur such big expense even though the film isn't actually playing at the festival that it was convenient as the cast were in Europe already and that "it's a big opportunity for our international distributors to actually hear what the worldwide plans are for the film, which opens in November  Cannes is the best publicity opportunity from an international penetration perspective "Kabam announced their partnership with Lionsgate to create a mobile game based on The Hunger Games: Mockingjay Part 1, to tie in with the film's release  Kabam produced an exclusive role playing, card collection mobile game  In the game, players assume the identity of District members sent on a mission in order to build their alliance, liberate their District, and rebuild Panem  "Lionsgate has an unparalleled track record of developing and producing blockbuster movie franchises like The Hunger Games," said Kabam Chief Operating Officer Kent Wakeford  "Partnering with Lionsgate, Kabam will build a mobile game that's as much fun to play as the movie is to watch  The game will be developed in Kabam's China studio, the same place where the hit film-based game The Hobbit: The Battle of the Five Armies was created and went on to generate more than $100 million in revenue during its first year "The film was not listed on the schedule for San Diego Comic-Con International 2014, which raised questions on their absence by fans and the press  Lionsgate announced on July 18, 2014, a week before the event, that the film would have a presence at the convention  Lionsgate partnered up with Samsung to debut the (including the viral videos which were considered 'teasers', third) teaser trailer on Samsung's new Galaxy Tab S at a special event on Friday, July 25, which was being hosted off-site at the Hard Rock Hotel  The partnership allowed Samsung users to view the trailer before the online release, download the first two movies for free as well as be given a free complimentary ticket to the movie  On July 28, the teaser trailer officially debuted online through the movie's official Facebook page and YouTube account   Within minutes, #MockingjayTeaserTrailerToday, #OurLeadertheMockingjay, and #OfficialTeaserTrailer became trending topics worldwide on Twitter  A full worldwide official trailer was released on September 15 

Viral marketing
A viral marketing campaign began on June 21, 2014, with the return of TheCapitol PNOn June 25, TheCapitol PN viral site released a video titled "President Snow's Address - 'Together As One'" featuring a speech by Donald Sutherland, in character as President Snow addressing the citizens of Panem and warning them that if they fight the system, they will be the ones to face the repercussions  The video also briefly features Josh Hutcherson, in character as Peeta Mellark, who at the final events of the previous film was taken hostage by the Capitol  The video went viral on YouTube becoming the most watched trailer during the last week of June in the US while trending as the most "Popular Video on YouTube" in Australia and Canada  The video, billed as a teaser trailer, was attached to screenings of Transformers: Age of Extinction beginning June 28 Two weeks later on July 9, Capitol TV released a second viral video titled 'President Snow's Address — Unity' featuring again another speech by President Snow with Peeta Mellark standing beside him, but this time accompanied by Jena Malone in character as Johanna Mason, who was also captured by the Capitol at the end of the previous film, and a group of peacekeepers  The speech was interrupted by Jeffrey Wright, in character as Beetee Latier, a technician from District 13, to announce that "the Mockingjay lives " Within minutes, #TheMockingjayLives and '#2 - Unity' became the top two trending topics worldwide on Twitter  The video, billed as the second teaser trailer for the film, was played with screenings of Dawn of the Planet of the Apes On July 24, shortly before the trailer's official release, a teaser poster for the movie was posted on The Capitol's Instagram account, but was quickly deleted  Shortly after the removal of the poster, the account issued an apology "[for the] technical issues", presenting the poster's posting as a hack from the District 13 rebellions On August 6, after few clues given on the official Facebook page, www district13 co in was launched  The website introduced new posters for the District 13 characters including Beetee, Coin, Plutarch, Finnick, Haymitch and Effie 

Political ramifications
On November 20, 2014, some showings were reportedly canceled in Thailand because protestors were using the three-finger salute at demonstrations against the country's military government On November 24, 2014, it was reported that in relation to the Ferguson unrest following the shooting of Michael Brown, a protester had scrawled graffiti reading "If we burn, you burn with us" on an arch in St  Louis, Missouri On September 11, 2015, some Catalan pro-independence protesters used the three-finger salute at the Free Way to the Catalan Republic against Spain's government 

Release
The Hunger Games: Mockingjay – Part 1 was released on November 19, 2014, in 9 territories including France, Greece, Scandinavia and Brazil, and then expanded to a further 59 on November 20, 2014, including the UK, Germany, Australia, Italy, Mexico and South Korea  With 17 more released on November 21, 2014, including the United States, the total launch was in 85 markets, making it the biggest release of the year and Lionsgate's widest release ever  This was surpassed by its sequel across 87 markets in 2015  The film was released in China on February 8, 2015, in 2D and 3D, making it the first film in the franchise to be released in 3D in any territory and debuted in more than 4,000 screens   Director Francis Lawrence stated: "we recently saw the 3-D version of Mockingjay – Part 1 before its release in China, and the new level of immersion was really fantastic " The film was dedicated to the memory of Philip Seymour Hoffman 

Home video
The Hunger Games: Mockingjay – Part 1 was released on Digital HD on February 17, 2015, and was followed by a Blu-ray/DVD release on March 6, 2015  It topped the home video sales chart for two consecutive weeks despite facing competition from Night at the Museum: Secret of the Tomb  The film's home video sales earned a $73 1 million with 4 5 million copies sold, making it the fifth best-selling title of 2015  The entire Hunger Games series was released on 4K UHD Blu-Ray on November 8, 2016 

Reception
Box office
The Hunger Games: Mockingjay – Part 1 grossed $337 1 million in the USA & Canada, and $418 2 million in other countries, for a worldwide total of $755 4 million against $125 million budget ($190 million including promotion and advertising costs)  Calculating in all expenses, Deadline Hollywood estimated that the film made a profit of $211 61 million  Worldwide, it is the fifth-highest-grossing film of 2014  Its worldwide opening of $273 8 million is the sixteenth-largest of all time, the second-largest opening of 2014 behind Transformers: Age of Extinction ($302 1 million), and the largest among The Hunger Games franchise 

North America
In the U S  and Canada, the film was released across 3,200 theaters on Thursday night, November 20, 2014, and was widened to 4,151 theaters on Friday, November 21, 2014  The film earned $17 million from Thursday night previews which is the biggest of 2014 but was lower than its two predecessors  It earned $55 million in its opening day which is the largest opening day of 2014 and the sixth-largest in November but nevertheless still lower than its predecessors  It is the fifteenth film to debut on Friday with $50 million or more, and the nineteenth film to earn $50 million or more in a single day  The film topped the box office in its opening weekend with $121 9 million, and became the biggest opening of 2014 surpassing the $100 million record of Transformers: Age of Extinction as well as becoming the fifteenth-largest,  the 28th film to debut atop with over $100 million, and the only franchise to have three films earn over $100 million in a weekend  Its opening weekend is also the sixth-largest of November  Its opening weekend gross was still relatively lower than the openings of The Hunger Games ($152 million) and Catching Fire ($158 million)  In its second weekend the film remained at the summit earning $56 9 million and set a record for the third-highest 5-day Thanksgiving gross with $82 6 million behind The Hunger Games: Catching Fire ($109 9 million) and Frozen ($93 6 million) and the fifth-highest 3-day Thanksgiving gross with $56 9 million  The film topped the box office for three consecutive weekends before being overtaken by Exodus: Gods and Kings in its fourth weekend  The film passed the $300 million mark in its 6th weekend (37 days later) and became the second film of 2014 to earn over $300 million at the box office after Guardians of the Galaxy  On Wednesday, January 21, 2015, sixty-one days after its initial release, the film surpassed Guardians of the Galaxy and became the highest-grossing film of 2014 in North America until it was surpassed by American Sniper in the next two months It earned $337 1 million at the North American box office making it the third-highest-grossing film in The Hunger Games franchise, the second-highest-grossing film of 2014 (behind American Sniper), the fourth-highest-grossing science fiction film based on a book, the fourth-highest-grossing young-adult adaptation  and the 36th-highest-grossing film in North America  It is also the first film to cross the $300 million mark without 3D or IMAX since Indiana Jones and the Kingdom of the Crystal Skull (2008), and also the highest-grossing non-3D, non IMAX film since Pirates of the Caribbean: Dead Man's Chest (2006) 

Outside North America
Outside North America, Mockingjay – Part 1 was also released on the same day in 85 other markets, with the notable exceptions of China, Japan, and India, making it the widest release of any film in 2014  The film earned over $33 million in two days (Wednesday–Thursday) and $67 5 million in three days (Wednesday–Friday) from 17,000 screens  In its opening weekend overseas, the film earned $154 3 million from 17,963 screens in 85 markets which is 4% higher than Catching Fire  The film remained at number one in its second and third weekend overseas earning $67 million and $32 9 million, respectively  In its fourth weekend, the film fell to number two as a result of being overtaken by The Hobbit: The Battle of the Five Armies The film's top openings occurred in the UK, Ireland and Malta ($19 9 million), Germany ($13 7 million), Mexico ($12 1 million), Russia and the CIS ($11 1 million), France ($10 5 million), Australia ($10 1 million), Brazil ($8 8 million) and India ($5 1 million)  The film also grossed $3 9 million in the Philippines  In China, where the film was released over two and a half months later—on February 8, 2015, it had a strong opening day with $9 87 million and went on to earn $31 4 million through its opening week, which is more than what Catching Fire earned through its entire run  The film had an unsuccessful opening in Japan with $500,000 debuting at eighth place at the Japanese box office and ended up making a mere $1 6 million after its run It became the highest-grossing Hunger Games film of all time in 31 countries including Brazil, Italy, Chile, Venezuela, Central America, and Portugal 

Critical response
The Hunger Games: Mockingjay – Part 1 received generally positive reviews from critics, with praise aimed at its political subtext and acting performances (particularly that of Lawrence), but criticism for its lack of action and the makers' splitting the source material for two separate adaptations  Review aggregation website Rotten Tomatoes reported a 69% approval rating, based on 304 reviews, with an average score of 6 3/10  The site's consensus reads: "The Hunger Games: Mockingjay – Part 1 sets up the franchise finale with a penultimate chapter loaded with solid performances and smart political subtext, though it comes up short on the action front " The film holds a Metacritic score of 64 out of 100, based on 46 critics, indicating "generally favorable reviews"  Audiences surveyed by CinemaScore gave the film an "A−" grade, indicating positive reactions from paying viewers Cath Clarke of Time Out gave the film four out of five stars  She praised the politics as "tensely gripping" and felt it had a lot to say about the "ethical ambiguities of war " She praised Lawrence's performance as "strong, smart, stubborn, angry and full of heart" and noted it had grown "deeper and darker " Kevin Harley, who reviewed the film for Total Film, also awarded the film four out of five stars  He felt the film held up due to Lawrence's performance and solid supporting cast  He also offered praise to the action scenes and diverse story telling  He concluded that the movie was "gutsy" and managed to successfully divide the novel into a film "less on scraps than strategy" and "less on action than debates" though he noted this threatened to "distance viewers "Robbie Collin awarded the film three out of five stars  In his review for The Telegraph, he praised the film for being "intense, stylish, topical, well-acted" and declared that it "remains one of the most fascinating, vividly realised fantasy landscapes in recent cinema " Despite praising Lawrence and Hoffman's performance, he felt that it was overcrowded with "two hours of preamble with no discernible payoff " He concluded that the film "fell short" and "could not be called satisfying " Henry Barnes of The Guardian also gave the film three out of five stars  He felt it offered "thrills" despite "lacking a solid structure" and featured "limp special effects " He was also critical of the "creaky script" and felt it lacked some of the "terror" of the previous installments, but praised Lawrence for her performance Todd McCarthy, who reviewed the film for The Hollywood Reporter, felt the installment was "disappointingly bland and unnecessarily protracted " He was critical of the film's leisurely pace and noted it felt "like a manufactured product through and through, ironic and sad given its revolutionary theme " Richard Corliss of Time felt the film was a placeholder for the second installment and noted "Lawrence isn't given much opportunity to do anything spectacularly right here "

Accolades
Sequel
On July 10, 2012, Lionsgate announced that the second part of the Mockingjay adaptation was set for a release on November 20, 2015   Francis Lawrence announced that he would return to direct the final part as well 
Passage 7:
The Hunger Games (film series)
The Hunger Games film series is composed of science fiction dystopian adventure films, based on The Hunger Games trilogy of novels by American author Suzanne Collins  The films are distributed by Lionsgate and produced by Nina Jacobson and Jon Kilik  The series feature an ensemble cast including Jennifer Lawrence as Katniss Everdeen, Josh Hutcherson as Peeta Mellark, Liam Hemsworth as Gale Hawthorne, Woody Harrelson as Haymitch Abernathy, Elizabeth Banks as Effie Trinket, Stanley Tucci as Caesar Flickerman, and Donald Sutherland as President Snow 
The first three films set various box office records  The Hunger Games (2012) set records for the opening day and the biggest opening weekend for an original IP  Catching Fire (2013) set the record for biggest opening weekend of November  Mockingjay – Part 1 (2014) had the largest opening day and weekend of 2014  The films, including Mockingjay – Part 2 (2015), were praised for their themes and Lawrence's performance 
The Hunger Games is the 21st-highest-grossing film franchise of all time, having grossed over US$2 97 billion worldwide 
A prequel film, titled The Hunger Games: The Ballad of Songbirds & Snakes, based on the eponymous novel, is set to be released on November 17, 2023 

Background
Following the release of Suzanne Collins's novel The Hunger Games, on September 14, 2008, Hollywood film studios began looking to adapt the book into film  In March 2009, Color Force, an independent studio founded by producer Nina Jacobson, bought the film rights to the book : 12  She then sought out production company Lionsgate to help her produce the film  Collins was also attached to adapt the novel; she began the first draft after completing the third novel in the series, Mockingjay (2010)  The search for a director began in 2010 with three directors in the running; David Slade, Sam Mendes, and Gary Ross  Ross was ultimately chosen to direct  By the time Collins had finished the script, Ross decided to go through the script with Collins and screenwriter Billy Ray 
In October 2010, scripts were sent to the actors, and casting occurred between March and May 2011  The first role cast was of the protagonist, Katniss Everdeen  As many as thirty actresses were in talks to play the part, with Jennifer Lawrence, Hailee Steinfeld, Abigail Breslin, and Chloë Grace Moretz being mentioned most  The role was given to Lawrence The roles of Peeta Mellark, Katniss' fellow tribute, and Gale Hawthorne, her best friend, began casting later that month  Top contenders for Peeta included Josh Hutcherson, Alexander Ludwig (later cast as Cato), Hunter Parrish, Evan Peters, and Lucas Till  Contenders for Gale included Robbie Amell, Liam Hemsworth, David Henrie, and Drew Roy  On April 4, it was reported that Hemsworth had been cast as Gale, and Hutcherson had been cast as Peeta 

Films
The Hunger Games (2012)
Every year, in the ruins of what was once North America, the Capitol of the nation of Panem forces each of the 12 districts to send a boy and girl tribute between the ages of 12 and 18 to compete in the Hunger Games: a nationally televised event in which the 'tributes' fight each other to the death until one survivor remains  When Primrose Everdeen is "reaped," her older sister Katniss volunteers in her place as tribute to enter the games and is forced to rely upon her sharp instincts and knowledge when she's pitted against highly trained and fierce "tributes" from all of the other districts and has to think quickly on her feet to survive 

The Hunger Games: Catching Fire (2013)
Along with fellow District 12 victor Peeta Mellark, Katniss Everdeen returns home safely after winning the 74th Annual Hunger Games  Winning means that they must leave their loved ones behind and embark on a Victory Tour throughout the districts for a couple of days  Along the way Katniss senses a rebellion simmering upon the Capitol - one that she and Peeta may have sparked  - but the Capitol is still under control as President Snow prepares for the 75th Hunger Games - the Third Quarter Quell in which past victors will be reaped - that could change Panem forever 

The Hunger Games: Mockingjay (2014–2015)
Part 1 (2014)
Following her rescue from the devastating Quarter Quell, Katniss Everdeen awakes in the complex beneath the supposedly destroyed District 13  Her home, District 12, has been reduced to rubble by the Capitol  Peeta Mellark was kidnapped by the Capitol and is now brainwashed and being held captive by President Snow  Snow wants Peeta to forget everything he had loved about Katniss  At the same time, Katniss also learns about a secret rebellion spreading throughout Panem - a rebellion that places her at the center of attention, and compels her to turn the tables on President Snow 

Part 2 (2015)
Realizing the stakes are no longer just for survival, Katniss Everdeen teams up with her closest friends, Peeta Mellark, Gale Hawthorne, and Finnick Odair, on the ultimate mission for peace  Together, they leave District 13, to liberate citizens from a war that tears Panem apart more than ever  President Snow becomes obsessed with destroying Katniss Everdeen and everyone and everything she loves  Ahead lie mortal traps, dangerous enemies, and moral choices that will determine the future of millions 

The Hunger Games: The Ballad of Songbirds & Snakes (2023)
In August 2017, Lionsgate CEO Jon Feltheimer expressed interest in spin-offs of The Hunger Games, with intentions to create a writers room to explore the concept  In June 2019, Chairman of the Lionsgate Motion Picture Group Joe Drake, announced that the company is communicating and working closely with Suzanne Collins in options to adapt the prequel to the original trilogy, The Ballad of Songbirds and Snakes, which was released on May 19, 2020 By April 2020, a film adaptation was announced to be officially in development  Francis Lawrence will return as director, with a script written by Michael Arndt, from a story adaptation by Suzanne Collins  Nina Jacobson will return as producer, alongside Brad Simpson  The project will be developed by Color Force, and distributed by Lionsgate  In August 2021, Drake stated that the film was expected to start production during the first half of 2022 for a projected late 2023 or early 2024 release date, and was reportedly in pre-production  In April 2022, it was revealed that the film would be released on November 17, 2023  In June 2022, filming for the film began in Berlin with Tom Blyth and Rachel Zegler shooting their roles 

Cast and crew
Additional crew
Production
Development
Filming for the franchise began on May 23, 2011, and finished on June 20, 2014 : 138 Suzanne Collins and Louise Rosner acted as executive producers on the first two films  Other executive producers of the first film include Robin Bissell and Shantal Feghali  Co-producers are Diana Alvarez, Martin Cohen, Louis Phillips, Bryan Unkeless, and Aldric La'auli Porter  Color Force and Lionsgate collaborated on all four films  It was announced on November 1, 2012, that the studio had decided to split the final book, Mockingjay (2010), into two films: The Hunger Games: Mockingjay – Part 1 (2014) and The Hunger Games: Mockingjay – Part 2 (2015), much like Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows – Part 1 (2010) and 2 (2011), and The Twilight Saga: Breaking Dawn – Part 1 (2011) and 2 (2012) 

Directors
Gary Ross directed the first film (The Hunger Games), and despite initially stating otherwise on April 10, 2012, Lionsgate announced that Ross would not return to direct the sequel  On April 19, 2012, it was confirmed that Francis Lawrence would direct the sequel instead, and on November 1, 2012, it was confirmed that Lawrence would return and direct the final two films in the series, based on the novel Mockingjay 

Scripts
Suzanne Collins began adapting the first book to film after she finished writing Mockingjay  Collins had experience in writing screenplays after writing Clifford's Puppy Days and other children's television shows  When Gary Ross was announced as director for the film in 2010, he began to work with Collins and veteran writer Billy Ray to bring the novel to life  After Francis Lawrence took over as director, he brought in Simon Beaufoy and Michael Arndt to write the script for Catching Fire  The final two films of the series were written by Danny Strong and Peter Craig 

Casting
Once the three leads were cast, casting shifted to the other tributes  Jack Quaid was cast as Marvel, Leven Rambin as Glimmer, Amandla Stenberg as Rue, and Dayo Okeniyi as Thresh  Alexander Ludwig (who auditioned for Peeta) was cast as Cato, Isabelle Fuhrman (who auditioned for Katniss) as Clove, and Jacqueline Emerson as Foxface  Following the casting of tributes, the adult cast began to come together  Elizabeth Banks was cast as Effie Trinket, the District 12 escort  Woody Harrelson was cast as Haymitch Abernathy, District 12's mentor  Lenny Kravitz was cast as Cinna, Katniss' stylist  Wes Bentley was cast as game maker Seneca Crane  Stanley Tucci was cast as Caesar Flickerman, Panem's celebrity host  Donald Sutherland was cast as Coriolanus Snow, Panem's president  Willow Shields was cast as Primrose Everdeen, Katniss' younger sister In July 2012, the cast for the second film was announced  Jena Malone would play Johanna Mason  Philip Seymour Hoffman would play Plutarch Heavensbee, Sam Claflin would play Finnick Odair  It was later announced that Jeffrey Wright was cast as Beetee, Alan Ritchson as Gloss, Lynn Cohen as Mags, and Amanda Plummer as Wiress 
In August and September 2013, it was revealed that Stef Dawson would play Annie Cresta, Natalie Dormer would play Cressida, Evan Ross would play Messalla, and Julianne Moore would play President Alma Coin in the final two films 
In May 2022, it was announced that Tom Blyth was cast as the younger version of Coriolanus Snow in the prequel film  Later the same month, Rachel Zegler was cast in the role of Lucy Gray Baird  The following month, Josh Andrés Rivera, Hunter Schafer and Jason Schwartzman were cast in the roles of Sejanus Plinth, Tigris Snow and Lucretius "Lucky" Flickerman  respectively 

Filming
Principal photography for The Hunger Games began on May 24, 2011, and concluded on September 15, 2011  Charlotte, NC was used for the Capitol scenes  An abandoned village in Hickory, NC was the filming location for District 12  The arena scenes were filmed on the outskirts of Wilmington, NC Principal photography for The Hunger Games: Catching Fire began on September 10, 2012, in Atlanta, Georgia and concluded in April 2013  In November 2012, production moved to Hawaii to film the arena scenes  Filming took a Christmas break before filming resumed for two weeks in mid-January  In March 2013, the film went back to Hawaii for re-shoots  Atlanta was used for all Capitol scenes  Hawaii for the arena scenes, and Oakland, New Jersey, for District 12 scenes 
Principal photography for The Hunger Games: Mockingjay began on September 23, 2013 and concluded on June 20, 2014  Majority of filming for the Mockingjay films was filmed in soundstages in a studio in Atlanta, until April 18, 2014  Production then moved to Paris, with filming beginning there on May 5, 2014 
Philip Seymour Hoffman, who portrays Plutarch Heavensbee, died on February 2, 2014  At the time of his death, he had completed filming his scenes for The Hunger Games: Mockingjay – Part 1 and had a week left of shooting for Part 2  Lionsgate released a statement stating that, since the majority of Hoffman's scenes were completed, the release date for Part 2 would not be affected 

Reception
Box office performance
All the Hunger Games films finished first at the North American box office during both their opening and second weekend  In North America, The Hunger Games film series is the second highest-grossing film series based on young adult books, after the Harry Potter series, earning over $1 4 billion  Worldwide, it is the third highest-grossing film series based on young-adult books after the film series of Harry Potter and The Twilight Saga, respectively, having grossed over $2 9 billion  In North America, it is the eighth highest-grossing film franchise of all time  Worldwide, it is currently (11 April 2022) the 21st highest-grossing film franchise of all time 

Critical and public response
Each  installment of the Hunger Games series received positive reviews from critics  The first two installments (notably the second) were critically acclaimed, while the last two films were met with generally positive  responses from critics  All The Hunger Games films received a "Fresh Rating" (>60%) on the review aggregation website Rotten Tomatoes, with the first two films receiving a "Certified Fresh" rating (>75%) 

Accolades
Music
Soundtracks
Singles
"Safe & Sound"
"Eyes Open"
"Atlas"
"We Remain"
"Elastic Heart"
"Who We Are"
"Everybody Wants to Rule the World"
"Meltdown"
"All My Love"
"Yellow Flicker Beat"
"The Hanging Tree"

See also
Battle Royale (film)
Battle royale genre
Context 2: Passage 1:
Rabi cycle
In physics, the Rabi cycle (or Rabi flop) is the cyclic behaviour of a two-level quantum system in the presence of an oscillatory driving field  A great variety of physical processes belonging to the areas of quantum computing, condensed matter, atomic and molecular physics, and nuclear and particle physics can be conveniently studied in terms of two-level quantum mechanical systems, and exhibit Rabi flopping when coupled to an optical driving field  The effect is important in quantum optics, magnetic resonance and quantum computing, and is named after Isidor Isaac Rabi 
A two-level system is one that has two possible energy levels  These two levels are a ground state with lower energy and an excited state with higher energy  If the energy levels are not degenerate (i e  not having equal energies), the system can absorb a quantum of energy and transition from the ground state to the "excited" state  When an atom (or some other two-level system) is illuminated by a coherent beam of photons, it will cyclically absorb photons and re-emit them by stimulated emission  One such cycle is called a Rabi cycle, and the inverse of its duration is the Rabi frequency of the photon beam  The effect can be modeled using the Jaynes–Cummings model and the Bloch vector formalism 

Mathematical description
A detailed mathematical description of the effect can be found on the page for the Rabi problem  For example, for a two-state atom (an atom in which an electron can either be in the excited or ground state) in an electromagnetic field with frequency tuned to the excitation energy, the probability of finding the atom in the excited state is found from the Bloch equations to be

  
    
      
        
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  where 
  
    
      
        ω
      
    
    {\displaystyle \omega }
   is the Rabi frequency 
More generally, one can consider a system where the two levels under consideration are not energy eigenstates  Therefore, if the system is initialized in one of these levels, time evolution will make the population of each of the levels oscillate with some characteristic frequency, whose angular frequency is also known as the Rabi frequency  The state of a two-state quantum system can be represented as vectors of a two-dimensional complex Hilbert space, which means that every state vector 
  
    
      
        
          |
        
        ψ
        ⟩
      
    
    {\displaystyle |\psi \rangle }
   is represented by complex coordinates:

  
    
      
        
          |
        
        ψ
        ⟩
        =
        
          
            (
            
              
                
                  
                    c
                    
                      1
                    
                  
                
              
              
                
                  
                    c
                    
                      2
                    
                  
                
              
            
            )
          
        
        =
        
          c
          
            1
          
        
        
          
            (
            
              
                
                  1
                
              
              
                
                  0
                
              
            
            )
          
        
        +
        
          c
          
            2
          
        
        
          
            (
            
              
                
                  0
                
              
              
                
                  1
                
              
            
            )
          
        
        ,
      
    
    {\displaystyle |\psi \rangle ={\begin{pmatrix}c_{1}\\c_{2}\end{pmatrix}}=c_{1}{\begin{pmatrix}1\\0\end{pmatrix}}+c_{2}{\begin{pmatrix}0\\1\end{pmatrix}},}
  where 
  
    
      
        
          c
          
            1
          
        
      
    
    {\displaystyle c_{1}}
   and 
  
    
      
        
          c
          
            2
          
        
      
    
    {\displaystyle c_{2}}
   are the coordinates If the vectors are normalized, 
  
    
      
        
          c
          
            1
          
        
      
    
    {\displaystyle c_{1}}
   and 
  
    
      
        
          c
          
            2
          
        
      
    
    {\displaystyle c_{2}}
   are related by 
  
    
      
        
          |
        
        
          c
          
            1
          
        
        
          
            |
          
          
            2
          
        
        +
        
          |
        
        
          c
          
            2
          
        
        
          
            |
          
          
            2
          
        
        =
        1
      
    
    {\displaystyle |c_{1}|^{2}+|c_{2}|^{2}=1}
    The basis vectors will be represented as 
  
    
      
        
          |
        
        0
        ⟩
        =
        
          
            (
            
              
                
                  1
                
              
              
                
                  0
                
              
            
            )
          
        
      
    
    {\displaystyle |0\rangle ={\begin{pmatrix}1\\0\end{pmatrix}}}
   and 
  
    
      
        
          |
        
        1
        ⟩
        =
        
          
            (
            
              
                
                  0
                
              
              
                
                  1
                
              
            
            )
          
        
      
    
    {\displaystyle |1\rangle ={\begin{pmatrix}0\\1\end{pmatrix}}}
   
All observable physical quantities associated with this systems are 2 × 2 Hermitian matrices, which means that the Hamiltonian of the system is also a similar matrix 

Procedure
One can construct an oscillation experiment through the following steps:
Prepare the system in a fixed state; for example, 
  
    
      
        
          |
        
        1
        ⟩
      
    
    {\displaystyle |1\rangle }
  
Let the state evolve freely, under a Hamiltonian H for time t
Find the probability 
  
    
      
        P
        (
        t
        )
      
    
    {\displaystyle P(t)}
  , that the state is in 
  
    
      
        
          |
        
        1
        ⟩
      
    
    {\displaystyle |1\rangle }
  If 
  
    
      
        
          |
        
        1
        ⟩
      
    
    {\displaystyle |1\rangle }
   is an eigenstate of H, 
  
    
      
        P
        (
        t
        )
        =
        1
      
    
    {\displaystyle P(t)=1}
   and there will be no oscillations  Also if the two states 
  
    
      
        
          |
        
        0
        ⟩
      
    
    {\displaystyle |0\rangle }
   and 
  
    
      
        
          |
        
        1
        ⟩
      
    
    {\displaystyle |1\rangle }
   are degenerate, every state including 
  
    
      
        
          |
        
        1
        ⟩
      
    
    {\displaystyle |1\rangle }
   is an eigenstate of H  As a result, there will be no oscillations 
On the other hand, if H has no degenerate eigenstates, and the initial state is not an eigenstate, then there will be oscillations  The most general form of the Hamiltonian of a two-state system is given

  
    
      
        
          H
        
        =
        
          
            (
            
              
                
                  
                    a
                    
                      0
                    
                  
                  +
                  
                    a
                    
                      3
                    
                  
                
                
                  
                    a
                    
                      1
                    
                  
                  −
                  i
                  
                    a
                    
                      2
                    
                  
                
              
              
                
                  
                    a
                    
                      1
                    
                  
                  +
                  i
                  
                    a
                    
                      2
                    
                  
                
                
                  
                    a
                    
                      0
                    
                  
                  −
                  
                    a
                    
                      3
                    
                  
                
              
            
            )
          
        
      
    
    {\displaystyle \mathbf {H} ={\begin{pmatrix}a_{0}+a_{3}&a_{1}-ia_{2}\\a_{1}+ia_{2}&a_{0}-a_{3}\end{pmatrix}}}
  here, 
  
    
      
        
          a
          
            0
          
        
        ,
        
          a
          
            1
          
        
        ,
        
          a
          
            2
          
        
      
    
    {\displaystyle a_{0},a_{1},a_{2}}
   and 
  
    
      
        
          a
          
            3
          
        
      
    
    {\displaystyle a_{3}}
   are real numbers  This matrix can be decomposed as,

  
    
      
        
          H
        
        =
        
          a
          
            0
          
        
        ⋅
        
          σ
          
            0
          
        
        +
        
          a
          
            1
          
        
        ⋅
        
          σ
          
            1
          
        
        +
        
          a
          
            2
          
        
        ⋅
        
          σ
          
            2
          
        
        +
        
          a
          
            3
          
        
        ⋅
        
          σ
          
            3
          
        
        ;
      
    
    {\displaystyle \mathbf {H} =a_{0}\cdot \sigma _{0}+a_{1}\cdot \sigma _{1}+a_{2}\cdot \sigma _{2}+a_{3}\cdot \sigma _{3};}
  The matrix 
  
    
      
        
          σ
          
            0
          
        
      
    
    {\displaystyle \sigma _{0}}
   is the 2 
  
    
      
        ×
      
    
    {\displaystyle \times }
   2 identity matrix and the matrices 
  
    
      
        
          σ
          
            k
          
        
        
        (
        k
        =
        1
        ,
        2
        ,
        3
        )
      
    
    {\displaystyle \sigma _{k}\;(k=1,2,3)}
   are the Pauli matrices  This decomposition simplifies the analysis of the system especially in the time-independent case where the values of 
  
    
      
        
          a
          
            0
          
        
        ,
        
          a
          
            1
          
        
        ,
        
          a
          
            2
          
        
      
    
    {\displaystyle a_{0},a_{1},a_{2}}
   and 
  
    
      
        
          a
          
            3
          
        
      
    
    {\displaystyle a_{3}}
  are constants  Consider the case of a spin-1/2 particle in a magnetic field 
  
    
      
        
          B
        
        =
        B
        
          
            
              z
              ^
            
          
        
      
    
    {\displaystyle \mathbf {B} =B\mathbf {\hat {z}} }
    The interaction Hamiltonian for this system is

  
    
      
        
          H
        
        =
        −
        
          μ
        
        ⋅
        
          B
        
        =
        −
        γ
        
          S
        
        ⋅
        
          B
        
        =
        −
        γ
         
        B
         
        
          S
          
            z
          
        
      
    
    {\displaystyle \mathbf {H} =-{\boldsymbol {\mu }}\cdot \mathbf {B} =-\gamma \mathbf {S} \cdot \mathbf {B} =-\gamma \ B\ S_{z}}
  , 
  
    
      
        
          S
          
            z
          
        
        =
        
          
            ℏ
            2
          
        
        
        
          σ
          
            3
          
        
        =
        
          
            ℏ
            2
          
        
        
          
            (
            
              
                
                  1
                
                
                  0
                
              
              
                
                  0
                
                
                  −
                  1
                
              
            
            )
          
        
        ,
      
    
    {\displaystyle S_{z}={\frac {\hbar }{2}}\,\sigma _{3}={\frac {\hbar }{2}}{\begin{pmatrix}1&0\\0&-1\end{pmatrix}},}
  where 
  
    
      
        μ
      
    
    {\displaystyle \mu }
   is the magnitude of the particle's magnetic moment, 
  
    
      
        γ
      
    
    {\displaystyle \gamma }
   is the Gyromagnetic ratio and 
  
    
      
        
          σ
        
      
    
    {\displaystyle {\boldsymbol {\sigma }}}
   is the vector of Pauli matrices  Here the eigenstates of Hamiltonian are eigenstates of 
  
    
      
        
          σ
          
            3
          
        
      
    
    {\displaystyle \sigma _{3}}
  , that is 
  
    
      
        
          |
        
        0
        ⟩
      
    
    {\displaystyle |0\rangle }
   and 
  
    
      
        
          |
        
        1
        ⟩
      
    
    {\displaystyle |1\rangle }
  , with corresponding eigenvalues of 
  
    
      
        
          E
          
            +
          
        
        =
        
          
            ℏ
            2
          
        
        γ
        B
         
        ,
         
        
          E
          
            −
          
        
        =
        −
        
          
            ℏ
            2
          
        
        γ
        B
      
    
    {\displaystyle E_{+}={\frac {\hbar }{2}}\gamma B\ ,\ E_{-}=-{\frac {\hbar }{2}}\gamma B}
    The probability that a system in the state 
  
    
      
        
          |
        
        ψ
        ⟩
      
    
    {\displaystyle |\psi \rangle }
   can be found in the arbitrary state 
  
    
      
        
          |
        
        ϕ
        ⟩
      
    
    {\displaystyle |\phi \rangle }
   is given by 
  
    
      
        
          
            
              |
            
            ⟨
            ϕ
            
              |
            
            ψ
            ⟩
            
              |
            
          
          
            2
          
        
      
    
    {\displaystyle {|\langle \phi |\psi \rangle |}^{2}}
   
Let the system be prepared in state 
  
    
      
        
          |
          
            +
            X
          
          ⟩
        
      
    
    {\displaystyle \left|+X\right\rangle }
   at time 
  
    
      
        t
        =
        0
      
    
    {\displaystyle t=0}
    Note that 
  
    
      
        
          |
          
            +
            X
          
          ⟩
        
      
    
    {\displaystyle \left|+X\right\rangle }
   is an eigenstate of 
  
    
      
        
          σ
          
            1
          
        
      
    
    {\displaystyle \sigma _{1}}
  :

  
    
      
        
          |
        
        ψ
        (
        0
        )
        ⟩
        =
        
          
            1
            
              2
            
          
        
        
          
            (
            
              
                
                  1
                
              
              
                
                  1
                
              
            
            )
          
        
        =
        
          
            1
            
              2
            
          
        
        
          
            (
            
              
                
                  1
                
              
              
                
                  0
                
              
            
            )
          
        
        +
        
          
            1
            
              2
            
          
        
        
          
            (
            
              
                
                  0
                
              
              
                
                  1
                
              
            
            )
          
        
         
      
    
    {\displaystyle |\psi (0)\rangle ={\frac {1}{\sqrt {2}}}{\begin{pmatrix}1\\1\end{pmatrix}}={\frac {1}{\sqrt {2}}}{\begin{pmatrix}1\\0\end{pmatrix}}+{\frac {1}{\sqrt {2}}}{\begin{pmatrix}0\\1\end{pmatrix}} }
  Here the Hamiltonian is time independent  Thus by solving the stationary Schrödinger equation, the state after time t is given by  with total energy of the system 
  
    
      
        E
      
    
    {\displaystyle E}
    So the state after time t is given by:

  
    
      
        
          |
        
        ψ
        (
        t
        )
        ⟩
        =
        
          e
          
            
              
                −
                i
                
                  E
                  
                    +
                  
                
                t
              
              ℏ
            
          
        
        
          
            1
            
              2
            
          
        
        
          |
        
        0
        ⟩
        +
        
          e
          
            
              
                −
                i
                
                  E
                  
                    −
                  
                
                t
              
              ℏ
            
          
        
        
          
            1
            
              2
            
          
        
        
          |
        
        1
        ⟩
      
    
    {\displaystyle |\psi (t)\rangle =e^{\frac {-iE_{+}t}{\hbar }}{\frac {1}{\sqrt {2}}}|0\rangle +e^{\frac {-iE_{-}t}{\hbar }}{\frac {1}{\sqrt {2}}}|1\rangle }
   Now suppose the spin is measured in x-direction at time t  The probability of finding spin-up is given by:where 
  
    
      
        ω
      
    
    {\displaystyle \omega }
   is a characteristic angular frequency given by 
  
    
      
        ω
        =
        
          
            
              
                E
                
                  +
                
              
              −
              
                E
                
                  −
                
              
            
            ℏ
          
        
        =
        γ
        B
      
    
    {\displaystyle \omega ={\frac {E_{+}-E_{-}}{\hbar }}=\gamma B}
  , where it has been assumed that 
  
    
      
        
          E
          
            −
          
        
        ≤
        
          E
          
            +
          
        
      
    
    {\displaystyle E_{-}\leq E_{+}}
    So in this case the probability of finding spin-up in x-direction is oscillatory in time 
  
    
      
        t
      
    
    {\displaystyle t}
   when the system's spin is initially in the 
  
    
      
        
          |
          
            +
            X
          
          ⟩
        
      
    
    {\displaystyle \left|+X\right\rangle }
   direction  Similarly, if we measure the spin in the 
  
    
      
        
          |
          
            +
            Z
          
          ⟩
        
      
    
    {\displaystyle \left|+Z\right\rangle }
  -direction, the probability of measuring spin as 
  
    
      
        
          
            
              ℏ
              2
            
          
        
      
    
    {\displaystyle {\tfrac {\hbar }{2}}}
   of the system is 
  
    
      
        
          
            
              1
              2
            
          
        
      
    
    {\displaystyle {\tfrac {1}{2}}}
    In the degenerate case where 
  
    
      
        
          E
          
            +
          
        
        =
        
          E
          
            −
          
        
      
    
    {\displaystyle E_{+}=E_{-}}
  , the characteristic frequency is 0 and there is no oscillation 
Notice that if a system is in an eigenstate of a given Hamiltonian, the system remains in that state 
This is true even for time dependent Hamiltonians  Taking for example 
  
    
      
        
          
            
              H
              ^
            
          
        
        =
        −
        γ
         
        
          S
          
            z
          
        
        B
        sin
        ⁡
        (
        ω
        t
        )
      
    
    {\textstyle {\hat {H}}=-\gamma \ S_{z}B\sin(\omega t)}
  ; if the system's initial spin state is 
  
    
      
        
          |
          
            +
            Y
          
          ⟩
        
      
    
    {\displaystyle \left|+Y\right\rangle }
  , then the probability that a measurement of the spin in the y-direction results in 
  
    
      
        +
        
          
            
              ℏ
              2
            
          
        
      
    
    {\displaystyle +{\tfrac {\hbar }{2}}}
   at time 
  
    
      
        t
      
    
    {\displaystyle t}
   is 
  
    
      
        
          
            
              |
              
                ⟨
                
                  
                  +
                  Y
                  
                    |
                  
                  ψ
                  (
                  t
                  )
                
                ⟩
              
              |
            
          
          
            2
          
        
        
        =
        
          cos
          
            2
          
        
        ⁡
        
          (
          
            
              
                
                  γ
                  B
                
                
                  2
                  ω
                
              
            
            cos
            ⁡
            
              (
              
                ω
                t
              
              )
            
          
          )
        
      
    
    {\textstyle {\left|\left\langle \,+Y|\psi (t)\right\rangle \right|}^{2}\,=\cos ^{2}\left({\frac {\gamma B}{2\omega }}\cos \left({\omega t}\right)\right)}
   

Derivation using nonperturbative procedure by means of the Pauli matrices
Consider a Hamiltonian of the formThe eigenvalues of this matrix are given bywhere 
  
    
      
        
          W
        
        =
        
          W
          
            1
          
        
        +
        i
        
          W
          
            2
          
        
      
    
    {\displaystyle \mathbf {W} =W_{1}+iW_{2}}
   and 
  
    
      
        
          
            
              |
              W
              |
            
          
          
            2
          
        
        =
        
          
            
              W
              
                1
              
            
          
          
            2
          
        
        +
        
          
            
              W
              
                2
              
            
          
          
            2
          
        
        =
        W
        
          W
          
            ∗
          
        
      
    
    {\displaystyle {\left\vert W\right\vert }^{2}={W_{1}}^{2}+{W_{2}}^{2}=WW^{*}}
  , so we can take 
  
    
      
        
          W
        
        =
        
          
            |
            W
            |
          
        
        
          e
          
            i
            ϕ
          
        
      
    
    {\displaystyle \mathbf {W} ={\left\vert W\right\vert }e^{i\phi }}
   
Now, eigenvectors for 
  
    
      
        
          E
          
            +
          
        
      
    
    {\displaystyle E_{+}}
   can be found from equationSoApplying the normalization condition on the eigenvectors, 
  
    
      
        
          
            
              |
              a
              |
            
          
          
            2
          
        
        +
        
          
            
              |
              b
              |
            
          
          
            2
          
        
        =
        1
      
    
    {\displaystyle {\left\vert a\right\vert }^{2}+{\left\vert b\right\vert }^{2}=1}
    SoLet 
  
    
      
        sin
        ⁡
        θ
        =
        
          
            
              |
              W
              |
            
            
              
                
                  Δ
                
                
                  2
                
              
              +
              
                
                  
                    |
                    W
                    |
                  
                
                
                  2
                
              
            
          
        
      
    
    {\displaystyle \sin \theta ={\frac {\left\vert W\right\vert }{\sqrt {{\Delta }^{2}+{\left\vert W\right\vert }^{2}}}}}
   and 
  
    
      
        cos
        ⁡
        θ
        =
        
          
            Δ
            
              
                
                  Δ
                
                
                  2
                
              
              +
              
                
                  
                    |
                    W
                    |
                  
                
                
                  2
                
              
            
          
        
      
    
    {\displaystyle \cos \theta ={\frac {\Delta }{\sqrt {{\Delta }^{2}+{\left\vert W\right\vert }^{2}}}}}
    So 
  
    
      
        tan
        ⁡
        θ
        =
        
          
            
              |
              W
              |
            
            Δ
          
        
      
    
    {\displaystyle \tan \theta ={\frac {\left\vert W\right\vert }{\Delta }}}
   
So we get 
  
    
      
        
          
            
              |
              a
              |
            
          
          
            2
          
        
        +
        
          
            
              |
              a
              |
            
          
          
            2
          
        
        
          
            
              (
              
                1
                −
                cos
                ⁡
                θ
              
              
                )
                
                  2
                
              
            
            
              
                sin
                
                  2
                
              
              ⁡
              θ
            
          
        
        =
        1
      
    
    {\textstyle {\left\vert a\right\vert }^{2}+{\left\vert a\right\vert }^{2}{\frac {({1-\cos \theta })^{2}}{\sin ^{2}\theta }}=1}
    That is 
  
    
      
        
          
            
              |
              a
              |
            
          
          
            2
          
        
        =
        
          cos
          
            2
          
        
        ⁡
        
          (
          
            
              
                θ
                2
              
            
          
          )
        
      
    
    {\displaystyle {\left\vert a\right\vert }^{2}=\cos ^{2}\left({\tfrac {\theta }{2}}\right)}
  , using the identity 
  
    
      
        tan
        ⁡
        (
        
          
            
              θ
              2
            
          
        
        )
        =
        
          
            
              
                1
                −
                cos
                ⁡
                (
                θ
                )
              
              
                sin
                ⁡
                (
                θ
                )
              
            
          
        
      
    
    {\textstyle \tan({\tfrac {\theta }{2}})={\tfrac {1-\cos(\theta )}{\sin(\theta )}}}
   
The phase of 
  
    
      
        a
      
    
    {\textstyle a}
   relative to 
  
    
      
        b
      
    
    {\textstyle b}
   should be 
  
    
      
        −
        ϕ
      
    
    {\textstyle -\phi }
   
Choosing 
  
    
      
        a
      
    
    {\textstyle a}
   to be real, the eigenvector for the eigenvalue 
  
    
      
        
          E
          
            +
          
        
      
    
    {\displaystyle E_{+}}
   is given bySimilarly, the eigenvector for eigenenergy 
  
    
      
        
          E
          
            −
          
        
      
    
    {\textstyle E_{-}}
   isFrom these two equations, we can writeSuppose the system starts in state 
  
    
      
        
          |
        
        0
        ⟩
      
    
    {\displaystyle |0\rangle }
   at time 
  
    
      
        t
        =
        0
      
    
    {\textstyle t=0}
  ; that is,For a time-independent Hamiltonian, after time t, the state evolves asIf the system is in one of the eigenstates 
  
    
      
        
          |
        
        
          E
          
            +
          
        
        ⟩
      
    
    {\displaystyle |E_{+}\rangle }
   or 
  
    
      
        
          |
        
        
          E
          
            −
          
        
        ⟩
      
    
    {\displaystyle |E_{-}\rangle }
  , it will remain the same state  However, for a time-dependent Hamiltonian and a general initial state as shown above, the time evolution is non trivial   The resulting formula for the Rabi oscillation is valid because the state of the spin may be viewed in a reference frame that rotates along with the field The probability amplitude of finding the system at time t in the state 
  
    
      
        
          |
        
        1
        ⟩
      
    
    {\displaystyle |1\rangle }
   is given by 
  
    
      
        
          ⟨
          
             
            1
            
              |
            
            ψ
            (
            t
            )
          
          ⟩
        
        =
        
          e
          
            i
            ϕ
          
        
        sin
        ⁡
        
          (
          
            
              
                θ
                2
              
            
          
          )
        
        cos
        ⁡
        
          (
          
            
              
                θ
                2
              
            
          
          )
        
        
          (
          
            
              e
              
                
                  
                    −
                    i
                    
                      E
                      
                        +
                      
                    
                    t
                  
                  ℏ
                
              
            
            −
            
              e
              
                
                  
                    −
                    i
                    
                      E
                      
                        −
                      
                    
                    t
                  
                  ℏ
                
              
            
          
          )
        
      
    
    {\textstyle \left\langle \ 1|\psi (t)\right\rangle =e^{i\phi }\sin \left({\tfrac {\theta }{2}}\right)\cos \left({\tfrac {\theta }{2}}\right)\left(e^{\frac {-iE_{+}t}{\hbar }}-e^{\frac {-iE_{-}t}{\hbar }}\right)}
   
Now the probability that a system in the state 
  
    
      
        
          |
        
        ψ
        (
        t
        )
        ⟩
      
    
    {\displaystyle |\psi (t)\rangle }
   will be found to be in the state 
  
    
      
        
          |
        
        1
        ⟩
      
    
    {\textstyle |1\rangle }
   is given byThis can be simplified to 

This shows that there is a finite probability of finding the system in state 
  
    
      
        
          |
        
        1
        ⟩
      
    
    {\displaystyle |1\rangle }
   when the system is originally in the state 
  
    
      
        
          |
        
        0
        ⟩
      
    
    {\displaystyle |0\rangle }
    The probability is oscillatory with angular frequency 
  
    
      
        ω
        =
        
          
            
              
                E
                
                  +
                
              
              −
              
                E
                
                  −
                
              
            
            
              2
              ℏ
            
          
        
        =
        
          
            
              
                
                  Δ
                
                
                  2
                
              
              +
              
                
                  
                    |
                    W
                    |
                  
                
                
                  2
                
              
            
            ℏ
          
        
      
    
    {\displaystyle \omega ={\frac {E_{+}-E_{-}}{2\hbar }}={\frac {\sqrt {{\Delta }^{2}+{\left\vert W\right\vert }^{2}}}{\hbar }}}
  , which is simply unique Bohr frequency of the system and also called Rabi frequency  The formula (1) is known as Rabi formula  Now after time t the probability that the system in state 
  
    
      
        
          |
        
        0
        ⟩
      
    
    {\displaystyle |0\rangle }
   is given by 
  
    
      
        
          
            
              |
            
            ⟨
             
            0
            
              |
            
            ψ
            (
            t
            )
            ⟩
            
              |
            
          
          
            2
          
        
        =
        1
        −
        
          sin
          
            2
          
        
        ⁡
        (
        θ
        )
        
          sin
          
            2
          
        
        ⁡
        
          (
          
            
              
                (
                
                  E
                  
                    +
                  
                
                −
                
                  E
                  
                    −
                  
                
                )
                t
              
              
                2
                ℏ
              
            
          
          )
        
      
    
    {\displaystyle {|\langle \ 0|\psi (t)\rangle |}^{2}=1-\sin ^{2}(\theta )\sin ^{2}\left({\frac {(E_{+}-E_{-})t}{2\hbar }}\right)}
  , which is also oscillatory 
These types of oscillations of two-level systems are called Rabi oscillations, which arise in many problems such as Neutrino oscillation, the ionized Hydrogen molecule, Quantum computing, Ammonia maser, etc 

In quantum computing
Any two-state quantum system can be used to model a qubit   Consider a spin-
  
    
      
        
          
            
              1
              2
            
          
        
      
    
    {\displaystyle {\tfrac {1}{2}}}
   system with magnetic moment 
  
    
      
        
          μ
        
      
    
    {\displaystyle {\boldsymbol {\mu }}}
   placed in a classical magnetic field 
  
    
      
        
          B
        
        =
        
          B
          
            0
          
        
         
        
          
            
              z
              ^
            
          
        
        +
        
          B
          
            1
          
        
        
          (
          
            cos
            ⁡
            
              (
              ω
              t
              )
            
             
            
              
                
                  x
                  ^
                
              
            
            −
            sin
            ⁡
            
              (
              ω
              t
              )
            
             
            
              
                
                  y
                  ^
                
              
            
          
          )
        
      
    
    {\displaystyle {\boldsymbol {B}}=B_{0}\ {\hat {z}}+B_{1}\left(\cos {(\omega t)}\ {\hat {x}}-\sin {(\omega t)}\ {\hat {y}}\right)}
     Let 
  
    
      
        γ
      
    
    {\displaystyle \gamma }
   be the gyromagnetic ratio for the system  The magnetic moment is thus 
  
    
      
        
          μ
        
        =
        
          
            ℏ
            2
          
        
        γ
        
          σ
        
      
    
    {\displaystyle {\boldsymbol {\mu }}={\frac {\hbar }{2}}\gamma {\boldsymbol {\sigma }}}
     The Hamiltonian of this system is then given by 
  
    
      
        
          H
        
        =
        −
        
          μ
        
        ⋅
        
          B
        
        =
        −
        
          
            ℏ
            2
          
        
        
          ω
          
            0
          
        
        
          σ
          
            z
          
        
        −
        
          
            ℏ
            2
          
        
        
          ω
          
            1
          
        
        (
        
          σ
          
            x
          
        
        cos
        ⁡
        ω
        t
        −
        
          σ
          
            y
          
        
        sin
        ⁡
        ω
        t
        )
      
    
    {\displaystyle \mathbf {H} =-{\boldsymbol {\mu }}\cdot \mathbf {B} =-{\frac {\hbar }{2}}\omega _{0}\sigma _{z}-{\frac {\hbar }{2}}\omega _{1}(\sigma _{x}\cos \omega t-\sigma _{y}\sin \omega t)}
   where 
  
    
      
        
          ω
          
            0
          
        
        =
        γ
        
          B
          
            0
          
        
      
    
    {\displaystyle \omega _{0}=\gamma B_{0}}
   and 
  
    
      
        
          ω
          
            1
          
        
        =
        γ
        
          B
          
            1
          
        
      
    
    {\displaystyle \omega _{1}=\gamma B_{1}}
     One can find the eigenvalues and eigenvectors of this Hamiltonian by the above-mentioned procedure   Now, let the qubit be in state 
  
    
      
        
          |
        
        0
        ⟩
      
    
    {\displaystyle |0\rangle }
   at time 
  
    
      
        t
        =
        0
      
    
    {\displaystyle t=0}
     Then, at time 
  
    
      
        t
      
    
    {\displaystyle t}
  , the probability of it being found in state 
  
    
      
        
          |
        
        1
        ⟩
      
    
    {\displaystyle |1\rangle }
   is given by  
  
    
      
        
          P
          
            0
            →
            1
          
        
        (
        t
        )
        =
        
          
            (
            
              
                
                  ω
                  
                    1
                  
                
                Ω
              
            
            )
          
          
            2
          
        
        
          sin
          
            2
          
        
        ⁡
        
          (
          
            
              
                Ω
                t
              
              2
            
          
          )
        
      
    
    {\displaystyle P_{0\to 1}(t)=\left({\frac {\omega _{1}}{\Omega }}\right)^{2}\sin ^{2}\left({\frac {\Omega t}{2}}\right)}
   where 
  
    
      
        Ω
        =
        
          
            (
            ω
            −
            
              ω
              
                0
              
            
            
              )
              
                2
              
            
            +
            
              ω
              
                1
              
              
                2
              
            
          
        
      
    
    {\displaystyle \Omega ={\sqrt {(\omega -\omega _{0})^{2}+\omega _{1}^{2}}}}
     This phenomenon is called Rabi oscillation   Thus, the qubit oscillates between the 
  
    
      
        
          |
        
        0
        ⟩
      
    
    {\displaystyle |0\rangle }
   and 
  
    
      
        
          |
        
        1
        ⟩
      
    
    {\displaystyle |1\rangle }
   states  The maximum amplitude for oscillation is achieved at 
  
    
      
        ω
        =
        
          ω
          
            0
          
        
      
    
    {\displaystyle \omega =\omega _{0}}
  , which is the condition for resonance  At resonance, the transition probability is given by 
  
    
      
        
          P
          
            0
            →
            1
          
        
        (
        t
        )
        =
        
          sin
          
            2
          
        
        ⁡
        
          (
          
            
              
                
                  ω
                  
                    1
                  
                
                t
              
              2
            
          
          )
        
      
    
    {\displaystyle P_{0\to 1}(t)=\sin ^{2}\left({\frac {\omega _{1}t}{2}}\right)}
    To go from state 
  
    
      
        
          |
        
        0
        ⟩
      
    
    {\displaystyle |0\rangle }
   to state 
  
    
      
        
          |
        
        1
        ⟩
      
    
    {\displaystyle |1\rangle }
   it is sufficient to adjust the time 
  
    
      
        t
      
    
    {\displaystyle t}
   during which the rotating field acts such that 
  
    
      
        
          
            
              
                ω
                
                  1
                
              
              t
            
            2
          
        
        =
        
          
            π
            2
          
        
      
    
    {\displaystyle {\frac {\omega _{1}t}{2}}={\frac {\pi }{2}}}
   or 
  
    
      
        t
        =
        
          
            π
            
              ω
              
                1
              
            
          
        
      
    
    {\displaystyle t={\frac {\pi }{\omega _{1}}}}
    This is called a 
  
    
      
        π
      
    
    {\displaystyle \pi }
   pulse  If a time intermediate between 0 and 
  
    
      
        
          
            π
            
              ω
              
                1
              
            
          
        
      
    
    {\displaystyle {\frac {\pi }{\omega _{1}}}}
   is chosen, we obtain a superposition of 
  
    
      
        
          |
        
        0
        ⟩
      
    
    {\displaystyle |0\rangle }
   and 
  
    
      
        
          |
        
        1
        ⟩
      
    
    {\displaystyle |1\rangle }
    In particular for 
  
    
      
        t
        =
        
          
            π
            
              2
              
                ω
                
                  1
                
              
            
          
        
      
    
    {\displaystyle t={\frac {\pi }{2\omega _{1}}}}
  , we have a 
  
    
      
        
          
            π
            2
          
        
      
    
    {\displaystyle {\frac {\pi }{2}}}
   pulse, which acts as: 
  
    
      
        
          |
        
        0
        ⟩
        →
        
          
            
              
                |
              
              0
              ⟩
              +
              i
              
                |
              
              1
              ⟩
            
            
              2
            
          
        
      
    
    {\displaystyle |0\rangle \to {\frac {|0\rangle +i|1\rangle }{\sqrt {2}}}}
    This operation has crucial importance in quantum computing  The equations are essentially identical in the case of a two level atom in the field of a laser when the generally well satisfied rotating wave approximation is made  Then 
  
    
      
        ℏ
        
          ω
          
            0
          
        
      
    
    {\displaystyle \hbar \omega _{0}}
   is the energy difference between the two atomic levels, 
  
    
      
        ω
      
    
    {\displaystyle \omega }
   is the frequency of laser wave and Rabi frequency 
  
    
      
        
          ω
          
            1
          
        
      
    
    {\displaystyle \omega _{1}}
   is proportional to the product of the transition electric dipole moment of atom 
  
    
      
        
          
            
              d
              →
            
          
        
      
    
    {\displaystyle {\vec {d}}}
   and electric field 
  
    
      
        
          
            
              E
              →
            
          
        
      
    
    {\displaystyle {\vec {E}}}
   of the laser wave that is 
  
    
      
        
          ω
          
            1
          
        
        ∝
        ℏ
         
        
          
            
              d
              →
            
          
        
        ⋅
        
          
            
              E
              →
            
          
        
      
    
    {\displaystyle \omega _{1}\propto \hbar \ {\vec {d}}\cdot {\vec {E}}}
    In summary, Rabi oscillations are the basic process used to manipulate qubits  These oscillations are obtained by exposing qubits to periodic electric or magnetic fields during suitably adjusted time intervals 

See also
Atomic coherence
Bloch sphere
Laser pumping
Optical pumping
Rabi problem
Vacuum Rabi oscillation
Neutral particle oscillation
Passage 2:
Steven Kahn
Steven Michael Kahn (born 1954) is an American physicist currently the Cassius Lamb Kirk Professor at Stanford University and formerly the I  I  Rabi Professor of Physics at Columbia University and is an Elected Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences and American Physical Society Kahn graduated summa cum laude from Columbia College in 1975, and received a PhD in physics from University of California, Berkeley in 1980  He was a post-doctoral fellow at the Center for Astrophysics | Harvard & Smithsonian from 1980 to 1982 

Honors
Asteroid 179413 Stevekahn, discovered by astronomers with the Sloan Digital Sky Survey in 2001, was named in his honor  The official naming citation was published by IAU's WGSBN on 7 February 2022 
Passage 3:
Rabbi Jonathan
Rabbi Jonathan (Hebrew: רבי יונתן, Rabi Yonatan) was a tanna of the 2nd century and schoolfellow of R  Josiah, apart from whom he is rarely quoted 
Jonathan is generally so cited within further designation; but there is ample reason for identifying him with the less frequently occurring Jonathan (or Nathan) b  Joseph (or "Jose") 

Biography
In consequence of the Hadrianic religious persecutions he determined to emigrate from Israel, and with several other scholars started on a journey to foreign parts  But his patriotism and innate love for the Holy Land would not permit him to remain abroad Jonathan and Josiah were educated together at the academy of Ishmael ben Elisha, whose dialectic system, as opposed to that of Rabbi Akiva, they acquired  It is even reported that Jonathan all but converted Ben Azzai, a "fellow student" of Akiva, to Ishmael's system, and made him deeply regret his failure to study it more closely  Ben 'Azzai then exclaimed, "Woe is me that I have not waited on Ishmael"  Nevertheless, in later years, probably after Ishmael's death, both Jonathan and Josiah adopted some of Akiva's principles  Of Jonathan it is expressly stated that "he followed the system of his teacher Akiva" 

Teachings
Together, Jonathan and Josiah devoted their analytical minds to midrash halachah, interpreting laws as they understood them from the corresponding Scriptural texts, but not suggesting them  Only one halakhah unconnected with a Scriptural text bears their names  Their argumentations are mostly embodied in the Mekhilta (about thirty) and in the Sifre to Numbers (over forty)  Neither Jonathan nor Josiah appears in Rebbi's compilation of the Mishnah, with the exception of a single teaching, in the name of Jonathan Of other ancient compilations, the Tosefta cites these scholars once, while the Sifra mentions them twice by their names; once "Jonathan ben Joseph" occurs; and some of R  Josiah's midrashim are cited, but anonymously Contrary to the astrological views of his times, Jonathan taught the Scriptural idea of natural phenomena; quoting Jeremiah 10:2, he added: "Eclipses may frighten Gentiles, but they have no significance for Jews"  To the question as to the permissibility of profaning the Sabbath to save human life he answered, "The Law says 'The children of Israel shall keep the Sabbath, to observe the Sabbath throughout their generations'; but one may profane one Sabbath in order to preserve a man that he may observe many Sabbaths"  According to him, an am ha'aretz is one who has children and does not train them in the knowledge of the Law  Jonathan contradicted the general opinion of earlier and contemporaneous rabbis that a ben sorer umoreh ("rebellious son"; Deuteronomy 21:18-21) never was and never will be executed, and that the ir nidachat never did and never will occur; he declared that he himself had sat on the grave of an executed rebellious son and had seen a ruined ir nidachat 

Quotes
Jonathan was the author of many aphorisms, among them:

He that observes the Torah in poverty shall in the end observe it in wealth; and he that neglects the Torah in wealth shall in the end neglect it in poverty The angry man is controlled by many and variegated manifestations of hell Consoling the mourner, visiting the sick, and practical beneficence bring heavenly grace into the world 
Passage 4:
Albert Potter Wills
Albert Potter Wills (1873–1937) was an American physicist who researched magnetic materials and was the PhD advisor of the Nobel Prize winner Isidor Isaac Rabi 
During his career he investigated magnetic susceptibilities, magnetic shielding, magnetostriction, conduction of electricity through mercury vapor, and hydrodynamics  He also wrote a textbook on vector analysis 
Wills received his PhD from Clark University in 1897 under Arthur Gordon Webster with a thesis entitled: On the susceptibility of diamagnetic and weakly magnetic substances 
During 1898–1899 Wills worked at the University of Göttingen and the University of Berlin  During 1899–1902 he was at Bryn Mawr College and 1902–1903 at the Cooper Hewitt Laboratory  His final appointment, 1903–1937, was at Columbia University 
In 1909 at Columbia University, Max Planck gave eight lectures in German  Wills translated the lectures into English, and in 1915 Columbia University Press published his translation 
Passage 5:
Isidor Isaac Rabi
Isidor Isaac Rabi (; born Israel Isaac Rabi, July 29, 1898 – January 11, 1988) was an American physicist who won the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1944 for his discovery of nuclear magnetic resonance, which is used in magnetic resonance imaging  He was also one of the first scientists in the United States to work on the cavity magnetron, which is used in microwave radar and microwave ovens 
Born into a traditional Polish-Jewish family in Rymanów, Galicia, Rabi came to the United States as an infant and was raised in New York's Lower East Side  He entered Cornell University as an electrical engineering student in 1916, but soon switched to chemistry  Later, he became interested in physics  He continued his studies at Columbia University, where he was awarded his doctorate for a thesis on the magnetic susceptibility of certain crystals  In 1927, he headed for Europe, where he met and worked with many of the finest physicists of the time 
In 1929, Rabi returned to the United States, where Columbia offered him a faculty position  In collaboration with Gregory Breit, he developed the Breit–Rabi equation and predicted that the Stern–Gerlach experiment could be modified to confirm the properties of the atomic nucleus  His techniques for using nuclear magnetic resonance to discern the magnetic moment and nuclear spin of atoms earned him the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1944  Nuclear magnetic resonance became an important tool for nuclear physics and chemistry, and the subsequent development of magnetic resonance imaging from it has also made it important to the field of medicine 
During World War II he worked on radar at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) Radiation Laboratory (RadLab) and on the Manhattan Project  After the war, he served on the General Advisory Committee (GAC) of the Atomic Energy Commission, and was chairman from 1952 to 1956  He also served on the Science Advisory Committees (SACs) of the Office of Defense Mobilization and the Army's Ballistic Research Laboratory, and was Science Advisor to President Dwight D  Eisenhower  He was involved with the establishment of the Brookhaven National Laboratory in 1946, and later, as United States delegate to UNESCO, with the creation  of CERN in 1952  When Columbia created the rank of University Professor in 1964, Rabi was the first to receive that position  A special chair was named after him in 1985  He retired from teaching in 1967, but remained active in the department and held the title of University Professor Emeritus and Special Lecturer until his death 

Early years
Israel Isaac Rabi was born on July 29, 1898, into a Polish-Jewish Orthodox family in Rymanów, Galicia, in what was then part of Austria-Hungary but is now Poland  Soon after he was born, his father, David Rabi, emigrated to the United States  The younger Rabi and his mother, Sheindel, joined David there a few months later, and the family moved into a two-room apartment on the Lower East Side of Manhattan  At home the family spoke Yiddish  When Rabi was enrolled in school, Sheindel said his name was Izzy, and a school official, thinking it was short for Isidor, put that down as his name  Henceforth, that became his official name  Later, in response to anti-Semitism, he started writing his name as Isidor Isaac Rabi, and was known professionally as I I  Rabi  To most of his friends and family, including his sister Gertrude, who was born in 1903, he was known simply as "Rabi", which was pronounced "Robby"  In 1907, the family moved to Brownsville, Brooklyn, where they ran a grocery store As a boy, Rabi was interested in science  He read science books borrowed from the public library and built his own radio set  His first scientific paper, on the design of a radio condenser, was published in Modern Electrics when he was in elementary school  After reading about Copernican heliocentrism, he became an atheist  "It's all very simple", he told his parents, adding, "Who needs God?" As a compromise with his parents, for his Bar Mitzvah, which was held at home, he gave a speech in Yiddish about how an electric light works  He attended the Manual Training High School in Brooklyn, from which he graduated in 1916  Later that year, he entered Cornell University as an electrical engineering student, but soon switched to chemistry  After the American entry into World War I in 1917, he joined the Student Army Training Corps at Cornell  For his senior thesis, he investigated the oxidation states of manganese  He was awarded his Bachelor of Science degree in June 1919, but since at the time Jews were largely excluded from employment in the chemical industry and academia, he did not receive any job offers  He worked briefly at the Lederle Laboratories, and then as a bookkeeper 

Education
In 1922 Rabi returned to Cornell as a graduate chemistry student, and began studying physics  In 1923 he met, and began courting, Helen Newmark, a summer-semester student at Hunter College  To be near her when she returned home, he continued his studies at Columbia University, where his supervisor was Albert Wills  In June 1924 Rabi landed a job as a part-time tutor at the City College of New York  Wills, whose specialty was magnetism, suggested that Rabi write his doctoral thesis on the magnetic susceptibility of sodium vapor  The topic did not appeal to Rabi, but after William Lawrence Bragg gave a seminar at Columbia about the electric susceptibility of certain crystals called Tutton's salts, Rabi decided to research their magnetic susceptibility, and Wills agreed to be his supervisor Measuring the magnetic resonance of crystals first involved growing the crystals, a simple procedure often done by elementary school students  The crystals then had to be prepared by skillfully cutting them into sections with facets that had an orientation different from the internal structure of the crystal, and the response to a magnetic field had to be painstakingly measured  While his crystals were growing, Rabi read James Clerk Maxwell's 1873 A Treatise on Electricity and Magnetism, which inspired an easier method  He lowered a crystal on a glass fiber attached to a torsion balance into a solution whose magnetic susceptibility could be varied between two magnetic poles  When it matched that of the crystal, the magnet could be turned on and off without disturbing the crystal  The new method not only required much less work, it also produced a more accurate result  Rabi sent his thesis, entitled On the Principal Magnetic Susceptibilities of Crystals, to Physical Review on July 16, 1926  He married Helen the next day  The paper attracted little fanfare in academic circles, although it was read by Kariamanickam Srinivasa Krishnan, who used the method in his own investigations of crystals  Rabi concluded that he needed to promote his work as well as publish it Like many other young physicists, Rabi was closely following momentous events in Europe  He was astounded by the Stern–Gerlach experiment, which convinced him of the validity of quantum mechanics  With Ralph Kronig, Francis Bitter, Mark Zemansky and others, he set out to extend the Schrödinger equation to symmetric top molecules and find the energy states of such a mechanical system  The problem was that none of them could solve the resulting equation, a second-order partial differential equation  Rabi found the answer in a book by the 19th-century mathematician Carl Gustav Jacob Jacobi  The equation had the form of a hypergeometric equation to which Jacobi had found a solution  Kronig and Rabi wrote up their result and sent it to Physical Review, which published it in 1927 

Europe
In May 1927, Rabi was appointed a Barnard Fellow  This came with a stipend of $1,500 ($25,270 in 2022 dollars) for the period from September 1927 to June 1928  He immediately applied for a year's leave of absence from the City College of New York so he could study in Europe  When this was refused, he resigned  On reaching Zürich, where he hoped to work for Erwin Schrödinger, he met two fellow Americans, Julius Adams Stratton and Linus Pauling  They found that Schrödinger was leaving, as he had been appointed head of the Theoretical Institute at Friedrich Wilhelm University in Berlin  Rabi therefore decided to seek a position with Arnold Sommerfeld at the University of Munich instead  In Munich, he found two more Americans, Howard Percy Robertson and Edward Condon  Sommerfeld accepted Rabi as a postdoctoral student  German physicists Rudolf Peierls and Hans Bethe were also working with Sommerfeld at the time, but the three Americans became especially close On Wills' advice, Rabi traveled to Leeds for the 97th annual meeting of the British Association for the Advancement of Science, where he heard Werner Heisenberg present a paper on quantum mechanics  Afterwards, Rabi moved to Copenhagen, where he volunteered to work for Niels Bohr  Bohr was on vacation, but Rabi went straight to work on calculating the magnetic susceptibility of molecular hydrogen  After Bohr returned in October, he arranged for Rabi and Yoshio Nishina to continue their work with Wolfgang Pauli at the University of Hamburg Although he came to Hamburg to work with Pauli, Rabi found Otto Stern working there with two English-speaking postdoctoral fellows, Ronald Fraser and John Bradshaw Taylor  Rabi soon made friends with them, and became interested in their molecular beam experiments, for which Stern would receive the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1943  Their research involved non-uniform magnetic fields, which were difficult to manipulate and hard to measure accurately  Rabi devised a method of using a uniform field instead, with the molecular beam at a glancing angle, so the atoms would be deflected like light through a prism  This would be easier to use, and produce more accurate results  Encouraged by Stern, and greatly assisted by Taylor, Rabi managed to get his idea to work  On Stern's advice, Rabi wrote a letter about his results to Nature, which published it in February 1929, followed by a paper entitled Zur Methode der Ablenkung von Molekularstrahlen ("On the method of deflection of molecular beams") to Zeitschrift für Physik, where it was published in April By this time the Barnard Fellowship had expired, and Rabi and Helen were living on a $182 per month stipend from the Rockefeller Foundation  They left Hamburg for Leipzig, where he hoped to work with Heisenberg  In Leipzig, he found Robert Oppenheimer, a fellow New Yorker  It would be the start of a long friendship  Heisenberg departed for a tour of the United States in March 1929, so Rabi and Oppenheimer decided to go to the ETH Zurich, where Pauli was now the professor of physics  Rabi's education in physics was enriched by the leaders in the field he met there, which included Paul Dirac, Walter Heitler, Fritz London, Francis Wheeler Loomis, John von Neumann, John Slater, Leó Szilárd and Eugene Wigner 

Molecular Beam Laboratory
On March 26, 1929, Rabi received an offer of a lectureship from Columbia, with an annual salary of $3,000  The dean of Columbia's physics department, George B  Pegram, was looking for a theoretical physicist to teach statistical mechanics and an advanced course in the new subject of quantum mechanics, and Heisenberg had recommended Rabi  Helen was now pregnant, so Rabi needed a regular job, and this job was in New York  He accepted, and returned to the United States in August on the SS President Roosevelt  Rabi became the only Jewish faculty member at Columbia at the time 

As a teacher, Rabi was underwhelming  Leon Lederman recalled that after a lecture, students would head to the library to try to work out what Rabi had been talking about  Irving Kaplan rated Rabi and Harold Urey as "the worst teachers I ever had"  Norman Ramsey considered Rabi's lectures "pretty dreadful", while William Nierenberg felt that he was "simply an awful lecturer"  Despite his shortcomings as a lecturer, his influence was great  He inspired many of his students to pursue careers in physics, and some became famous Rabi's first daughter, Helen Elizabeth, was born in September 1929  A second girl, Margaret Joella, followed in 1934  Between his teaching duties and his family, he had little time for research, and published no papers in his first year at Columbia, but was nonetheless promoted to assistant professor at its conclusion  He became a professor in 1937 In 1931 Rabi returned to particle beam experiments  In collaboration with Gregory Breit, he developed the Breit-Rabi equation, and predicted that the Stern–Gerlach experiment could be modified to confirm the properties of the atomic nucleus  The next step was to do so  With the help of Victor W  Cohen, Rabi built a molecular beam apparatus at Columbia  Their idea was to employ a weak magnetic field instead of a strong one, with which they hoped to detect the nuclear spin of sodium  When the experiment was conducted, four beamlets were found, from which they deduced a nuclear spin of 3⁄2 Rabi's Molecular Beam Laboratory began to attract others, including Sidney Millman, a graduate student who studied lithium for his doctorate  Another was Jerrold Zacharias who, believing that the sodium nucleus would be too difficult to understand, proposed studying the simplest of the elements, hydrogen  Its deuterium isotope had only recently been discovered at Columbia in 1931 by Urey, who received the 1934 Nobel Prize in Chemistry for this work  Urey was able to supply them with both heavy water and gaseous deuterium for their experiments  Despite its simplicity, Stern's group in Hamburg had observed that hydrogen did not behave as predicted  Urey also helped in another way; he gave Rabi half his prize money to fund the Molecular Beam Laboratory  Other scientists whose careers began at the Molecular Beam Laboratory included Norman Ramsey, Julian Schwinger, Jerome Kellogg and Polykarp Kusch  All were men; Rabi did not believe that women could be physicists  He never had a woman as a doctoral or postdoctoral student, and generally opposed women as candidates for faculty positions At the suggestion of C  J  Gorter, the team attempted to use an oscillating field  This became the basis for the nuclear magnetic resonance method  In 1937, Rabi, Kusch, Millman and Zacharias used it to measure the magnetic moment of several lithium compounds with molecular beams, including lithium chloride, lithium fluoride and dilithium  Applying the method to hydrogen, they found that the moment of a proton was 2 785±0 02 nuclear magnetons, and not 1 as predicted by the then-current theory, while that of a deuteron was 0 855±0 006 nuclear magnetons  This provided more accurate measurements of what Stern's team had found, and Rabi's team had confirmed, in 1934  Since a deuteron is composed of a proton and a neutron with aligned spins, the neutron's magnetic moment could be inferred by subtracting the proton's magnetic moment from the deuteron's  The resulting value was not zero, and had a sign opposite to that of the proton  Based on curious artifacts of these more accurate measurements, Rabi suggested that the deuteron had an electric quadrupole moment  This discovery meant that the physical shape of the deuteron was not symmetric, which provided valuable insight into the nature of the nuclear force binding nucleons  For the creation of the molecular-beam magnetic-resonance detection method, Rabi was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1944 

World War II
In September 1940, Rabi became a member of the Scientific Advisory Committee of the U S  Army's Ballistic Research Laboratory  That month, the British Tizard Mission brought a number of new technologies to the United States, including a cavity magnetron, a high-powered device that generates microwaves using the interaction of a stream of electrons with a magnetic field  This device, which promised to revolutionize radar, demolished any thoughts the Americans had entertained about their technological leadership  Alfred Lee Loomis of the National Defense Research Committee decided to establish a new laboratory at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) to develop this radar technology  The name Radiation Laboratory was chosen as both unremarkable and a tribute to the Berkeley Radiation Laboratory  Loomis recruited Lee DuBridge to run it Loomis and DuBridge recruited physicists for the new laboratory at an Applied Nuclear Physics conference at MIT in October 1940  Among those who volunteered was Rabi  His assignment was to study the magnetron, which was so secret that it had to be kept in a safe  The Radiation Laboratory scientists set their sights on producing a microwave radar set by January 6, 1941, and having a prototype installed in a Douglas A-20 Havoc by March  This was done; the technological obstacles were gradually overcome, and a working US microwave radar set was produced  The magnetron was further developed on both sides of the Atlantic to permit a reduction in wavelength from 150 cm to 10 cm, and then to 3 cm  The laboratory went on to develop air-to-surface radar to detect submarines, the SCR-584 radar for fire control, and LORAN, a long-range radio navigation system  At Rabi's instigation, a branch of the Radiation Laboratory was located at Columbia, with Rabi in charge In 1942 Oppenheimer attempted to recruit Rabi and Robert Bacher to work at the Los Alamos Laboratory on a new secret project  They convinced Oppenheimer that his plan for a military laboratory would not work, since a scientific effort would need to be a civilian affair  The plan was modified, and the new laboratory would be a civilian one, run by the University of California under contract from the War Department  In the end, Rabi still did not go west, but did agree to serve as a consultant to the Manhattan Project  Rabi attended the Trinity test in July 1945  The scientists working on Trinity set up a betting pool on the yield of the test, with predictions ranging from total dud to 45 kilotons of TNT equivalent (kt)  Rabi arrived late and found the only entry left was for 18 kilotons, which he purchased  Wearing welding goggles, he waited for the result with Ramsey and Enrico Fermi  The blast was rated at 18 6 kilotons, and Rabi won the pool 

Later life
In 1945, Rabi delivered the Richtmyer Memorial Lecture, held by the American Association of Physics Teachers in honor of Floyd K  Richtmyer, wherein he proposed that the magnetic resonance of atoms might be used as the basis of a clock  William L  Laurence wrote it up for The New York Times, under the headline "'Cosmic pendulum' for clock planned"  Before long Zacharias and Ramsey had built such atomic clocks  Rabi actively pursued his research into magnetic resonance until about 1960, but he continued to make appearances at conferences and seminars until his death 

Rabi chaired Columbia's physics department from 1945 to 1949, during which time it was home to two Nobel laureates (Rabi and Enrico Fermi) and eleven future laureates, including seven faculty (Polykarp Kusch, Willis Lamb, Maria Goeppert-Mayer, James Rainwater, Norman Ramsey, Charles Townes and Hideki Yukawa), a research scientist (Aage Bohr), a visiting professor (Hans Bethe), a doctoral student (Leon Lederman) and an undergraduate (Leon Cooper)  Martin L  Perl, a doctoral student of Rabi's, won the Nobel Prize in 1995  Rabi was the Eugene Higgins professor of physics at Columbia but when Columbia created the rank of University Professor in 1964, Rabi was the first to receive such a chair  This meant that he was free to research or teach whatever he chose  He retired from teaching in 1967 but remained active in the department and held the title of University Professor Emeritus until his death  A special chair was named after him in 1985 A legacy of the Manhattan Project was the network of national laboratories, but none was located on the East Coast  Rabi and Ramsey assembled a group of universities in the New York area to lobby for their own national laboratory  When Zacharias, who was now at MIT, heard about it, he set up a rival group at MIT and Harvard  Rabi had discussions with Major General Leslie R  Groves, Jr , the director of the Manhattan Project, who was willing to go along with a new national laboratory, but only one  Moreover, while the Manhattan Project still had funds, the wartime organization was expected to be phased out when a new authority came into existence  After some bargaining and lobbying by Rabi and others, the two groups came together in January 1946  Eventually nine universities (Columbia, Cornell, Harvard, Johns Hopkins, MIT, Princeton, Pennsylvania, Rochester and Yale) came together, and on January 31, 1947, a contract was signed with the Atomic Energy Commission (AEC), which had replaced the Manhattan Project, that established the Brookhaven National Laboratory 

Rabi suggested to Edoardo Amaldi that Brookhaven might be a model that Europeans could emulate  Rabi saw science as a way of inspiring and uniting a Europe that was still recovering from the war  An opportunity came in 1950 when he was named the United States Delegate to the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO)  At a UNESCO meeting at the Palazzo Vecchio in Florence in June 1950, he called for the establishment of regional laboratories  These efforts bore fruit; in 1952, representatives of eleven countries came together to create the Conseil Européen pour la Recherche Nucléaire (CERN)  Rabi received a letter from Bohr, Heisenberg, Amaldi and others congratulating him on the success of his efforts  He had the letter framed and hung it on the wall of his home office 

Military matters
The Atomic Energy Act of 1946 that created the Atomic Energy Commission provided for a nine-man General Advisory Committee (GAC) to advise the Commission on scientific and technical matters  Rabi was one of those appointed in December 1946  The GAC was enormously influential throughout the late 1940s, but in 1950 the GAC unanimously opposed the development of the hydrogen bomb  Rabi went further than most of the other members, and joined Fermi in opposing the hydrogen bomb on moral as well as technical grounds  However, President Harry S  Truman overrode the GAC's advice, and ordered development to proceed  Rabi later said:

I never forgave Truman for buckling under the pressure  He simply did not understand what it was about  As a matter of fact, after he stopped being President he still didn't believe that the Russians had a bomb in 1949  He said so  So for him to have alerted the world that we were going to make a hydrogen bomb at a time when we didn't even know how to make one was one of the worst things he could have done  It shows the dangers of this sort of thing 
Oppenheimer was not reappointed to the GAC when his term expired in 1952, and Rabi succeeded him as chairman, serving until 1956  Rabi later testified on Oppenheimer's behalf at the Atomic Energy Commission's controversial security hearing in 1954 that led to Oppenheimer being stripped of his security clearance  Many witnesses supported Oppenheimer, but none more forcefully than Rabi:

So it didn't seem to me the sort of thing that called for this kind of proceeding    against a man who has accomplished what Dr  Oppenheimer has accomplished  There is a real positive record    We have an A-bomb and a whole series of it, and we have a whole series of super bombs, and what more do you want, mermaids?
Rabi was appointed a member of the Science Advisory Committee (SAC) of the Office of Defense Mobilization in 1952, serving as its chairman from 1956 to 1957  This coincided with the Sputnik crisis  President Dwight Eisenhower met with the SAC on October 15, 1957, to seek advice on possible US responses to the Soviet satellite success  Rabi, who knew Eisenhower from the latter's time as president of Columbia, was the first to speak, and put forward a series of proposals, one of which was to strengthen the committee so it could provide the President with timely advice  This was done, and the SAC became the President's Science Advisory Committee a few weeks later  He also became Eisenhower's Science Advisor  In 1956 Rabi attended the Project Nobska anti-submarine warfare conference, where discussion ranged from oceanography to nuclear weapons  He served as the US Representative to the NATO Science Committee at the time that the term "software engineering" was coined  While serving in that capacity, he bemoaned the fact that many large software projects were delayed  This prompted discussions that led to the formation of a study group that organized the first conference on software engineering 

Honors
In the course of his life, Rabi received many honors in addition to the Nobel Prize  These included the Elliott Cresson Medal from the Franklin Institute in 1942, the Medal for Merit and the King's Medal for Service in the Cause of Freedom from Great Britain in 1948, the officer in the French Legion of Honour in 1956, Columbia University's Barnard Medal for Meritorious Service to Science in 1960, the Niels Bohr International Gold Medal and the Atoms for Peace Award in 1967, the Oersted Medal from the American Association of Physics Teachers in 1982, the Four Freedoms Award from the Franklin and Eleanor Roosevelt Institute and the Public Welfare Medal from the National Academy of Sciences in 1985, the Golden Plate Award of the American Academy of Achievement and the Vannevar Bush Award from the National Science Foundation in 1986  He was a Fellow (elected 1931) of the American Physical Society, serving as its president in 1950, and a member of the National Academy of Sciences, the American Philosophical Society, and the American Academy of Arts and Sciences  He was internationally recognized with membership in the Japan Academy and the Brazilian Academy of Sciences, and in 1959 was appointed a member of the Board of Governors of the Weizmann Institute of Science in Israel  The most valuable of Columbia University's undergraduate research scholarships, designed to motivate and support promising young scientists, is named after him, so is the street, Route Rabi at CERN, on the Prévessin site in France 

Death
Rabi died at his home on Riverside Drive in Manhattan from cancer on January 11, 1988  His wife, Helen, survived him and died at the age of 102 on June 18, 2005  In his last days, he was reminded of his greatest achievement when his physicians examined him using magnetic resonance imaging, a technology that had been developed from his ground-breaking research on magnetic resonance  The machine happened to have a reflective inner surface, and he remarked: "I saw myself in that machine    I never thought my work would come to this "

Books
Rabi, Isidor Isaac (1960)  My Life and Times as a Physicist  Claremont, California: Claremont College  OCLC 1071412 
Rabi, Isidor Isaac (1970)  Science: The Center of Culture  New York: World Publishing Co  OCLC 74630 
Rabi, Isidor Isaac; Serber, Robert; Weisskopf, Victor F ; Pais, Abraham; Seaborg, Glenn T  (1969)  Oppenheimer: The Story of One of the Most Remarkable Personalities of the 20th Century  Scribner's  OCLC 223176672 

Notes
See also
List of Jewish Nobel laureates
Context 3: Passage 1:
CNN World News
CNN World News, a program that airs on CNN International and CNN International Asia Pacific  It is supplemented by CNN World News Asia and CNN World News Europe The show's traditional time run is 24-hours if it is followed by CNN World News Middle East The show's regular presenters include Errol Barnett  Its main role is to update viewers of the latest news in the world  It contains a weather update from the CNN World Weather Forecast News  CNN World News can usually air up to three times on weekends, and is known to be bringing the latest on a story 

Regular presenters
Errol Barnett

Schedule
Daily:
24-hours (all times EST) – Errol Barnett (North America)
24-hours (all times HKT) – Errol Barnett (Asia Pacific)
24-hours (all times UTC) – Paula Hancocks (Europe)

International broadcasts outside United States
In Singapore, it is broadcast live on MediaCorp TV Channel 5 daily at 6:00–6:30 am 
In Hong Kong, it is broadcast live on ATV World and TVB Pearl daily at 7:30–8:00 am 
In Indonesia, it is broadcast live on RCTI (relayed on RCTI; recorded on SCTV (simulcast on RCTI)) and SCTV (relayed on RCTI; recorded on RCTI (simulcast on SCTV)); carrying simulcast relayed and recorded network on RCTI daily at 05:30–06:00 am 

Simulcast in the International
International simulcast relay network Radio and Television on CNN International News Asia Pacific such : 

Television Indonesia : RCTI (recorded on SCTV in 1997 and now recorded on JakTV and MNC International)/SCTV (recorded on RCTI in 1997)/JakTV (recorded on RCTI and MNC International)/CNN Indonesia
 Malaysia : TV1/TV Kuala Lumpur/TV Selangor
 Singapore : MediaCorp TV Channel 5/MediaCorp HD5
 Brunei : RTB TV2
 Philippines : DZKB-TV
 China : Shanghai International Television
 Hong Kong : ViuTVsix
 Thailand : TrueVisions
 United States : CNNRadio:

 Indonesia : Radio Elshinta News and Talk
 Malaysia : Klasik Nasional FM/Kuala Lumpur FM/Selangor FM/Suara Malaysia/Radio24
 Singapore : CNA938
 Brunei : Radio News in English
 China : China English International News Radio
 Hong Kong : Radio Hong Kong National News in English/Radio Hong Kong International News in English
 United States : IRN/USA Radio Network
Passage 2:
Foil bearing
A foil bearing, also known as a foil-air bearing, is a type of air bearing  A shaft is supported by a compliant, spring-loaded foil journal lining  Once the shaft is spinning fast enough, the working fluid (usually air) pushes the foil away from the shaft so that no contact occurs  The shaft and foil are separated by the air's high pressure, which is generated by the rotation that pulls gas into the bearing via viscosity effects  The high speed of the shaft with respect to the foil is required to initiate the air gap, and once this has been achieved, no wear occurs  Unlike aerostatic or hydrostatic bearings, foil bearings require no external pressurisation system for the working fluid, so the hydrodynamic bearing is self-starting 

Development
Foil bearings were first developed in the late 1950s by AiResearch Mfg  Co  of the Garrett Corporation using independent R&D funds to serve military and space applications  They were first tested for commercial use in United Airlines Boeing 727 and Boeing 737 cooling turbines in the early and mid-1960s  Garrett AiResearch air cycle machine foil bearings were first installed as original equipment in 1969 in the DC-10's environmental control systems  Garrett AiResearch foil bearings were installed on all US military aircraft to replace existing oil-lubricated rolling-contact bearings   The ability to operate at cryogenic gas temperatures and at very high temperatures gave foil bearings many other potential applications Current-generation foil bearings with advanced coatings have greatly exceeded the limitations of earlier designs  Antiwear coatings exist that allow over 100,000 start/stop cycles for typical applications 

Applications
Turbomachinery is the most common application because foil bearings operate at high speed  
Commercial applications in production include microturbines, fuel cell blowers, and air cycle machines   The main advantage of foil bearings is the elimination of the oil systems required by traditional bearing designs  Other advantages are:

Higher efficiency, due to a lower heat loss to friction; instead of fluid friction, the main source of heat is parasitic drag
Increased reliability
Higher speed capability
Quieter operation
Wider operating temperature range (40–2,500 K)
High vibration and shock load capacity
No scheduled maintenance
No external support system
Truly oil free where contamination is an issue
Capable of operating above critical speedAreas of current research are:

Higher load capacity
Improved damping
Improved coatingsThe main disadvantages are:

Lower capacity than roller or oil bearings
Wear during start-up and stopping
High speed required for operation

See also
Fluid bearing – Type of bearings which use pressurized liquid or gas between the bearing surfaces
Tribology – Science and engineering of interacting surfaces in relative motion
Passage 3:
Gordon Burns (footballer)
Gordon Burns (born 2 December 1978) is a Scottish former professional footballer who played in the Scottish First Division for Ayr United 

Playing career
Burns began his footballing career with local boys club Troon Thistle, and also spent time playing with Prestwick Boys Club & Coylton Boys Club, before joining Ayr United Boys Club  He was scouted by several senior teams and trained with Motherwell, Dundee United, Hearts and Celtic before deciding to sign 'S' forms with Ayr United under Manager George Burley  He left Marr College at 16 to sign a 2-year YTS contract at Somerset Park with Manager Simon Stainrod, before signing his first professional contract at Ayr United at the age of 18 

Ayr United
"Burnsie" began his professional career with his local senior club Ayr United in July 1995 and made an early impact when he made his first team debut at the age of 17 against Berwick Rangers at Shielfield Park  He didn't have to wait long for his first start either, which came at Somerset Park against Raith Rovers when he was just 18 
In 1997, along with fellow starlets Keith Hogg, Neil Scally, Gareth "Bo" Armstrong and Joe Carruth, he enjoyed a spell on loan at Glenafton Athletic under Alan Rough which prepared him for the rough and tumble of Scottish football 
Next season, in February 1998, he was thrown in at the deep end by manager Gordon Dalziel as a versatile youngster in an Ayrshire derby match against Kilmarnock at Somerset Park, with the home side recording a famous 2-0 victory courtesy of an 83rd minute headed goal from Jim Dick & a beautiful lob from Ian Ferguson over the head of Killie keeper Gordon Marshall 
A period of vast investment in the playing squad at Ayr from millionaire Chairman Bill Barr saw the arrivals of high-calibre players such as Neil Duffy, Pat McGinlay, Eddie Annand, John Hughes, James Grady, Andy Walker, Glynn Hurst and Gary Teale  This left youngsters like Burns sidelined, and in 1999 he was signed by legendary Manager John Lambie (footballer, born 1941) for Partick Thistle on loan with a view to a permanent move  He made 6 appearances in an impressive spell, but chances of a permanent move were scuppered when Ayr demanded a transfer fee and he was recalled to Somerset Park 
Burns enjoyed a brief spell at his hometown club Troon F C  under Manager John Redmond during his rehabilitation from injury in 2000 
After making 28 league appearances for the club, he was released in December 2001 seeking regular first-team football 

Queen of the South
Burns was signed for Queen of the South by Manager John Connolly (Scottish footballer) in December 2001 to supplement a title-chasing squad 
The club won the 2001–02 Scottish Second Division, finishing 8 points clear of Alloa Athletic in 2nd place, but it was a frustrating period for Burns who only made a solitary appearance 

Peterhead
After completing a pre-season campaign with Forfar Athletic in the summer of 2002, Manager Neil Cooper decided against signing Burns permanently, but recommended him to Peterhead Manager Ian Wilson who was delighted to sign him up for the 2002-03 season  This was a hugely enjoyable season for Burns, as he was an integral part of the team who were chasing the Balmoor side's first ever promotion, with the season ending in spectacular fashion as an incredible four sides went into the final day chasing the title  A 1–0 defeat away to Greenock Morton at a packed Cappielow saw Morton crowned champions and East Fife narrowly pip Peterhead to promotion 
Despite enjoying being a first team regular, the travelling from Burns' home in Troon to Peterhead was taking its toll and Burns rejected the offer of a new contract with the club in search for something closer to home 

Kilwinning Rangers
Burns joined the all-conquering Buffs side in July 2003, becoming a key member of the side that went on to win the West of Scotland Super League Premier Division in season 2003-04  The departure of the Management team led by Mark Shanks sparked a remarkable change of fortunes which saw the Abbey Park side relegated the following season to the West of Scotland Super League First Division under new manager Paul Wright 
Burns rejected the offer of a new contract in order to concentrate on a new career, and left Abbey park in the summer of 2005 

Troon
After 2 years out of the game due to work demands, Burns signed for his home-town team Troon in June 2007  Signed by Manager Michael O'Neill, it wasn't long before Burnsie was named Club Captain as he enjoyed some of the best years of his career at Portland Park 
Niggling injuries and work commitments forced an early retirement from playing at the age of 31, although returning Manager John Redmond was keen to utilise Burns's knowledge in a coaching capacity 

Coaching career
After serving on the coaching staff under John Redmond following his retirement from playing, Burns formed part of the new management team with Jimmy Kirkwood when Redmond stepped down in March 2011 and the two oversaw a dramatic overhaul of the club and the playing staff with an emphasis on youth development & attractive football  Results were erratic to begin with, but the improvement was remarkable and a title push was well underway in season 2011-12 with the team narrowly missing out on the second promotion spot by one point  The club went one better in 2012-13, securing second place with weeks to spare after a season long title battle with Kilwinning Rangers and promotion back to the Super League was assured 
Season 2013-14 saw unprecedented success, as the club were crowned the Super League First Division Champions, Ayrshire Cup winners and were also West of Scotland Cup finalists 
Burns became manager of Troon in the summer of 2015, after Jimmy Kirkwood stepped aside due to work pressures, and he led them to their highest ever league finish in his first season in charge as well as an appearance in the Final of the Ardagh Cup  Following the club's relegation from the West of Scotland Super League Premier Division, Burns stood down in May 2017 after 10 years at the club to spend more time with his family 
Passage 4:
The Krypton Factor
The Krypton Factor is a British game show produced by Granada Television for broadcast on ITV  The show originally ran from 7 September 1977 to 20 November 1995, and was hosted by Gordon Burns and usually broadcast on the ITV network on Mondays at 7 00pm 
Contestants from across the United Kingdom and Ireland competed in a series of rounds that tested their physical stamina and mental attributes  The title of the show is a reference to Superman's home planet Krypton, the title perceiving that the contestants had strong superhuman "powers" for taking part in the challenges they were set  The contestants, from 1986 onwards, all had their own corresponding colour, either red, green, yellow or blue  The points contestants earned through the game were not referred to as their score, but as their "Krypton Factor", e g  "The winner, with a Krypton Factor of 46, is the technical specialist from Birmingham, Caroline White"  The 1987 series won the prestigious Premios Ondas – Spanish Television Award for Entertainment 
The show was revived for two series which aired in 2009 and 2010, presented by Ben Shephard 

History
Original series
The first series of the show was shown on Wednesdays, presented by Gordon Burns and ran for eleven weeks, consisting of eight heats, two semi-finals and the final  It was then on Fridays for two years before arriving on Mondays in 1980  Up to and including the 1979 series, Gordon Burns would be seen standing next to the master scoreboard before being given a desk at which to sit from 1980 onwards (he would be seen sitting next to the master scoreboard for the 1980 and 1981 series before taking his traditional place in front of the audience and facing the contestants for the series which followed)  In the first few series, there were no groups and eight heats, the winner of each advancing to a semi-final  The top two of each semi-final qualified for the Grand Final 
From 1981 to 1985, each series had twelve heats, from which each winner along with the top four runners-up progressed to the four semi-finals, the winners of which competed in the Grand Final  In 1986 and in 1987, the series was divided into four groups (A, B, C, and D)  Each group consisted of three heats, with the winner of each heat and the highest scoring runner up of the heats within a group making it to the group final  The winner of each group final would qualify for the grand final  From 1988 to 1995, the series had 13 episodes, and only had three groups (A, B, and C)  The highest scoring runner-up from the group finals would then go through to the Grand Final 
In 2009 and 2010, each series has seven heats and the winners of which in addition to the highest runner-up of the heats would qualify for the two semi-finals, the winners of which in addition to the top two overall runners-up advancing to the Grand Final  The overall winner of the Grand Final would receive a bronze trophy and would traditionally be titled as Superperson of the Year  Unusually and possibly uniquely for the time, until 1993, the series had no advert break in the middle even though it was on ITV in a primetime 7 00pm slot  This explains why some of the elements (most notably, the time for the quiz) were shortened in later series 
In the 1991 series, for two weeks in a row, contestants Tony Hetherington and Paul Evans won all of the first five rounds in their heats, scoring 50 points; in addition, Hetherington set an all-time record of 62 points  They both later met in the same Group Final, in which Evans won and Hetherington qualified as the Highest Scoring Runner-up, and went on to win the Grand Final 
In 1995, the show was heavily revamped, including the introduction of co-host Penny Smith  In that series, the intelligence round was dropped, first round being physical ability with the rules in each round changed dramatically, with the exception of General Knowledge  The second half of the show was a "super round" which included a 3D maze, code cracking and a race up Mount Krypton, with points accumulated being exchanged for equipment to assist the contestants with the challenge  While some viewers liked the changes, others felt that scrapping the Intelligence round was a sign of dumbing down and that changing the format so dramatically was a mistake 

Revival
Since its cancellation in 1995, there had been persistent rumours of a revival on the BBC  In April 2005, it was widely reported that the BBC would be going ahead with a revival  However, the source of this story turned out to be a misinterpretation of comments by Wayne Garvie, head of BBC's Entertainment Group (and previously the last producer on The Krypton Factor) naming it as the next "TV gem" that "should" (rather than would) be revived On 24 September 2008, Broadcast reported that ITV was expected to commission a new series within weeks  As part of their wider Business Brains campaign, The Sage Group funded the return of the show, and in November it was confirmed that it would be hosted by Ben Shephard  The first episode was shown on Thursday 1 January 2009 at 7 30pm and ran for 10 consecutive weeks  The new series is based on the original five-round format of the show with every round being "brought bang up-to-date" and features "state-of-the-art" technology, although The Guardian described the rounds as having "irritating bleeping noises and confusing graphics"  The series was recorded at Granada Studios in Manchester from 7–10 December 2008  It was filmed in London for the 2010 series, which used a four-round format, as the Intelligence round was dropped again 
Critical reception to the revival were poor, with UKGameshows stating "it's hard to think of anything they've done differently this time where the change is an improvement" and The Guardian ultimately describing it as "like getting back together with an ex (drunkenly, on New Year's Eve)  And then sobering up quickly and realising why you split up in the first place " The launch episode of the revival was watched by only half as many viewers as a repeat of Wallace and Gromit: A Matter of Loaf and Death 

Rounds
During the original series, the rounds were usually in the same order as below, with exception of the 1995 series  However, in the earlier series, there were only five rounds, as Response had yet to be introduced; this round was also dropped for the 2009 revival 
In all rounds except the final round, 10 points were awarded to the winner, then 6 (8 in early series), 4 and 2 to the remaining contestants  In the event of a tie, all tied players would receive the score for the higher place – in an extreme case, if three contestants tied with the highest score, they would all receive 10 points, with just 2 points for the unlucky fourth contestant  In the Mental Agility and Observation rounds, the contestant who answered faster would sometimes be awarded the higher place; in other cases, a tiebreaker question was used  On rare occasions, an Observation round would have the players answer a five-part question, such as "Name the five continuity errors in the film clip," and players would receive 2 points for each correct answer 
From 1986 to 1991, each round was introduced by the distinctive K logo, which would morph into a symbol for the round  A similar version of this was used in the 2009 revival 

Personality (1977)
This round only took place in the first series, where it was third  In it, the contestants were sequestered where they had to write a 30-second script on a subject given to them like a destination brochure, a letter of complaint, etc , which they had one chance to perform  The performances were filmed and a focus group taken in twenty cities and towns across Great Britain voted on the best effort 

Mental agility (1978–1995, 2009–2010)
First played in the second series, this often took the form of a memory test (though other versions would require mental computation of time and date differences, or to add up a sequence of numbers and return the number which, when added to that sum, gave a pre-determined answer)  The contestants frequently had to memorise a sequence and then answer a series of progressively more complicated questions  For instance, if the sequence to be memorised was a series of coloured blocks, the questions might start as "What is the colour of the third block from the left?" and progress to "What is the colour of the block two to the left of the block to the right of the green block?"  Other forms of memory test might require contestants to remember a phrase or proverb and answer a series of questions about it (e g  "What was the fifth letter of the fourth word?" or "Spell the last word backwards") 
Originally the round consisted of a "knock-out" format, where contestants were asked increasingly difficult questions in turn and eliminated for wrong answers  If two or more players were eliminated on the same turn, ties were broken based on who had answered the most parts of their question correctly  Later, the contestants were shown 9 images along with a statement read to them by Charles Foster and the contestants had to pick which 4 images were correct and they scored 2 points for each correctly identified image, with a maximum ten points for all four  In the semi-finals and final, this would change to showing two sequences in turn and asking each player a 3-point question about each sequence  A third sequence was then shown to all players at once and one toss-up question, worth four points, was open to all players on the buzzer  If a player jumped in with the incorrect answer, that player was not penalized and any other player could jump in  Then, until 1987, the Mental Agility round alternated between the knock-out format (without tiebreaks) and a 45 or 50-second "speed test" where each player had to come up with as many correct answers as possible before time expired, and could pass on any of them  Only if they answered incorrectly would they be informed of it, possibly as to discourage guesswork 
From 1988 onwards, the Mental Agility round consisted entirely of 40-second speed tests, and from 1991 to 1993, ties were broken by the amount of time it took each player to achieve their score  In the 1995 series, a set of four images (such as numbers, letters, or dates) were shown to the players, who were all read a statement pertaining to one or two of the images, and the contestants had to touch the correct image(s) on their screen  The monitors were placed on a rotating turntable, in order to increase the difficulty of being the first to answer  This round lasted for two minutes, with the set of images changing every eight questions  Only the first player to provide a correct answer would score for that answer, with answering time used to break ties 
This round was originally conducted with all contestants wearing headphones to prevent the other participants from hearing their competitors' answers  However, from the 1991 series, each contestant came on individually to perform their test in front of the audience before sitting down in their respective places behind them, no headphones were worn  By the end of the round, all 4 contestants would be seated  In the 2009 revival, the Mental Agility round followed the 1988 format, only using the tiebreaker rules when there is a tie for first place  Contestants individually complete this round in an isolation booth referred to as "The Kube", and their heart rates were also measured while they took the test  The time each contestant had was increased from 40 to 45 seconds for the 2010 version, and the tiebreak rule from 1991 returned 

Response (1986–1995)
The Response round was introduced by new producer Geoff Moore for the 1986 and 1987 series  In 1987, the Response round in the initial heats was a combination of a race between the contestants using double-odometer bicycles, and a video wall which would display random numbers of coloured blocks; the contestants were required to press one of four coloured buttons corresponding to the highest number of blocks of any one colour being displayed  This alternated with a test in which the contestants had to walk a balance beam to the first challenge - placing coloured wooden blocks into frames either side of them, swinging from side to side in doing so (this was known as the Fleischmann Flexibility Tests)  They then had to run across a balance beam linked to the Minnesota Manual Dexterity Test, where they had to take a shape and place it into a corresponding space  After a final balance beam, they jump onto their respective mat to finish the race  The 1986 series consisted of the contestants competing in twos to perform first the Minnesota Manual Dexterity test (moving differently coloured cylinders from one side to the other), then running over to perform the Fleischmann Flexibility Test and then the final test, which involved hitting the relevant button whenever a colour flashed up on the screen (only one colour at a time in this case) 
In the Group and Grand Finals in the 1986 and 1987 series, this consisted of each player taking turns on a flight simulator and being marked by an actual flight instructor  From 1988 onward the Response round consisted entirely of flight simulator tests   In 1988, the contestants had to land a BAe 146 in the heats, a Harrier jump jet in the Group Finals and a Sea King on an aircraft carrier in the Grand Final (recorded at Culdrose Navy base in Helston, Cornwall)  In 1989, the heats used three different simulators  The first heat in each group required the contestants to land Concorde, the second heat required the contestants to land a Red Arrow, and the third heat required them to land a Boeing 737  The group finals required the contestants to land the Sea King on an aircraft carrier  The Grand Final of the 1989 series saw the contestants use a Space Shuttle simulator in California 
In 1990, the contestants landed Concorde in the heats, the Sea King on an aircraft carrier in the group final and in the Grand Final, the contestants were in the Sea King again, but this time they used the simulator in a rescue mission  They started from an oil rig (carrying an injured passenger), and had to take off from the oil rig and land on the aircraft carrier  From 1991 to 1993, the heats and group finals were the same; Boeing 737 in the heats and the Sea King in the group finals  The 1991 Grand Final involved the contestants using a Nimrod simulator in a refuelling mission involving a Hercules aircraft  The 1992 and 1993 grand finals required the contestants to land a real plane  In 1995, all tests involved the Red Arrows flight simulator and the simulator scored each player automatically, with losses based on their overall flight time prior to either crashing or losing contact with the lead plane for too long  The 2009 revival of the show did not include this round 

Observation (1977–1995, 2009–2010)
This round often involved watching a specially made clip that was being broadcast at the time, with an edited together clip from a feature film or a television programme which was out in that particular year



ground_truth: Constantine

prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: The physicist who is responsible for identifying the Rabi cycle won what award?

The following are given passages.
Context 3:  In the earliest series, contestants were each asked three two-point questions (the first was an either or question, the second was visual and the third pertained to dialogue) on the clip in turn, followed by an identity parade where they were shown nine similar-looking actors, one of whom appeared in the clip  Each player who identified the correct actor earned four points  This was later changed so that each contestant was asked two two-point questions in turn, followed by a series of four one-point toss-up questions open to all players with no penalty for a wrong answer, and the identity parade was worth two points 
From 1986 to 1988, contestants were shown a clip twice and asked to spot five differences between two similar clips (six differences in 1988) and in 1986 and 1987, each player earned two points for each correctly identified difference  Many of the sequences recorded for the 1988 series were written by, and featured, Andrew O'Connor  From the 1989 and 1990 series, contestants were invited to spot six deliberate continuity errors (five in the 1990 series) contained in one single clip  Steve Coogan, in some of his earliest television appearances, starred in many of the sequences featured in the 1989 series  From 1991 to 1993, contestants answered six multiple-choice questions (five in the 1993 series) relating to the clip (e g  "What did he say when he entered the room?" or "What was on the table?"), and the time used to provide the correct answers was used to break ties 
Sometimes, original serials specially produced for the show were used; such as 1990's Sam Smith: Private Detective (starring Gwyneth Strong), which saw the female detective investigating rather silly cases (which often featured her young chubby nephew, Wallace)  Some guests in then Sam Smith stories included Derek Griffiths, Matthew Kelly and Keith Chegwin, who all appeared in the final instalment of the series  The 1991 series featured the saga Where is Don Day? starring Tony Robinson and Michelle Collins, about a bank manager whose dull life is suddenly changed when he accidentally becomes involved in a robbery from his own bank  1992 saw Dead Ringer starring Tony Slattery; a thriller about a man suffering from amnesia trying to discover who he really is, whilst being hunted down by a hitman named Preston, played by Roger Lloyd-Pack  In 1993, the round featured Roy Barraclough and Annabel Giles in a collection of investigative police stories, with Barraclough playing a retired police detective 
In 1995, short computer-animated segments commissioned from Bournemouth University's Department of Media Production were used for the test, and only five questions were asked  As with Mental Agility round, answers were provided via touch screen monitors, placed on a rotating turntable with Penny walking around the turntable asking the questions 
In the 2009 revival, each contestant was asked one individual question, then four further questions were asked on the buzzer  If a player answers incorrectly, one more player can buzz in, but there are no penalties for a wrong answer  Contestants are ranked on how many correct answers, and if two or more players are tied they each receive the same number of points  The exception to this is when there is a tie for the most correct answers  In this case, an extra question is asked to break the tie  In the 2010 version, each player is asked two questions in turn, and the contestants are awarded two points for a correct answer; however, like General Knowledge, one point is deducted away for a wrong answer, and the next player to jump in has a chance to steal  The point totals for this round are then used to rank each player 

Physical ability (1977–1995, 2009–2010)
In the original series, this pre-recorded segment involved the contestants racing to complete an army assault course located at Holcombe Moor in Bury  This round typically included 20 obstacles including vertical and flat cargo nets, rope swings, water jumps, Burma rope bridges, and a rope slide into water  Gordon Burns stated in some of the episodes that the contestants trained for the assault course in the physical ability round for up to five weeks in advance  In the first series, the assault course was done as an athletics track type with all of the contestants starting at the same time from different starting points, handicapped by age and sex  The second series onwards featured the more recognised assault course, but didn't feature the aerial slide until the early 1980s; instead the contestants would jump from a high platform onto a mat below to end their run of the course 
In this round, female contestants were allowed a head start over their male competitors, and in early series, contestants were given staggered starts to the assault course; following practice sessions with army personnel, the contestant of the weakest physical ability would set off first  The physical ability criteria were established from a simple formula derived from age of the contestant and the gender  Typically, in 1980, this meant two seconds per year of age difference and a 40-second advantage for female competitors  In the 1980 semi-final, the youngest competitor, Ted Stockton, (a taxi driver, aged 25) started 56 seconds after the only female semi-finalist who was 33  The age-based calculation was abolished in 1988  In 1995, the Physical Ability round was moved to the start of the show as the first round and all contestants started at the same time, and were ranked according to how far ahead each had come of an individual "par time" based on age and sex 
The 1990 series saw many of the metal obstacles on the course replaced by wooden substitutes, including a wooden S-bend frame contestants had to descend   In the first episode of the 1978 series, one female contestant (Diane Lindsay) injured her arm while practising for the long drop at the end of the course, but later ran and completed the course, and was found to have broken her arm in the practice run   Another female contestant (Judith Stafford) in 1989 broke her ankle after landing badly on one of the obstacles (near the end of the course), but managed to complete the rest of the course and finish in third place   Another female contestant (this time in 1987), Sue Dandy completed the course despite having torn ligaments in her leg while coming out of a narrow, upward-sloping tunnel   (In 1982, a male contestant cut his forehead on this obstacle)   A male contestant (Paul Evans) in 1991 who fell from the top of the A-frame net managed to not only complete the course but actually win the round despite suffering from shock as a result of his fall   Another male contestant (Jackie Harte), this time in 1992, broke the safety rules when he went down the aerial slide not placing his feet in the water   Another male contestant (Jon Johnson), this time in 1993, fell off the Burma rope bridge towards the end of the course, but luckily, he landed in the net below and was able to finish in second place   For at least some series (around 1986–88), the fastest man and fastest woman on the assault course both received a special trophy   Winners include: Barbara Murray and Stuart Worthington (1986), Marian Chanter and Ted Daszkiewicz (1987), Elizabeth Hayward and Alan Robbie (1988) 
The 2009 revival used a new assault course which only has room for two contestants at a time  The time it took each contestant to complete the course was recorded, and revealed when the main part of the show was recorded  Female contestants had 45 seconds deducted from their time  The assault course was once again changed for the 2010 version, with all four contestants competing at the same time 

Intelligence (1977–1993, 2009)
A two or three-dimensional puzzle where shapes had to be put together to fill a rectangular grid or make a bigger shape was the basis for this round  Most of these were devised by Dr  Gerry Wickham of the University of Manchester's School of Mathematics  As the contestants performed the task, presenter Gordon Burns provided a commentary to viewers at home on the contestant's progress and advice on how to solve the puzzle  The contestants do not see beforehand what the completed puzzle should look like  In the first series this round was first, and tests varied, often taking the form of what would later be Mental Agility tests 
In the event a contestant is injured and unable to physically participate in this round (as happened to Diane Lindsay in the first episode of the 1978 series), an assistant may be brought in to complete the task under the contestant's instructions, but the assistant may not speak back or otherwise interfere with the task 
It is reputed that some of the intelligence tests featured took contestants hours to solve, with edited highlights of their performance in the round shown on the programme  At least one contestant was moved to tears by the difficulty of the puzzles  In 1990, Gordon Burns told contestants that over the years, some of the tests had taken 15 or 20 minutes to complete, but that in one programme in the 1980 series, when the competitors' tables had been placed too close together for this round, two competitors accidentally picked up pieces from each other's table, making it impossible to complete the puzzle, and nearly an hour went by as they vainly attempted to finish, before the problem was realised  This round was eliminated from the 1995 series 
In the early series, as well as the 2009 revival, a time limit was placed for completion and after the time runs out, the contestants who have not finished are ranked according to the progress they have made on the puzzle  This round was removed (again) in the 2010 series 

General knowledge (1977–1995, 2009–2010)
A quick-fire question round with a varied time limit (which depended on the year) and only one player could answer each question  For most of the run this final round was conducted in darkness using a side shot of the four contestants lit in profile – when a contestant buzzed in, the remaining three players' spotlights would go out  A feature of this round was that, as each question was answered, the next question contained either the answer to the last question, a word from the last answer, or a word that sounded like it  Originally players were asked as many toss-up questions as time allowed, with two points added for a correct answer and two points deducted for an incorrect response or none at all (+/- 1 in the first series) 
Later the round was in two stages: the first stage had the contestants answering three general knowledge questions each from the same set of categories with 2 points for each correct answer, then it was on to stage 2 which was the quick-fire stage, which lasted 90 seconds, with each question worth +/- 1  Starting in 1986, the round consisted solely of a quick-fire round  Until 1987, the round lasted 100 seconds and each question worth +/- 1  In 1988 the values changed to +/- 2 points, and the time was reduced to 90 seconds (100 in 1989, and 75 in 1993 and 1995)  In 2009, the round lasted 70 seconds, and a correct answer was worth two points while an incorrect answer cost one point  In the 2010 series, time was increased from 70 seconds to 90 seconds  The player with the highest Krypton Factor won the game, and in the event of a tie, the tied players were asked further questions until the tie was broken 

Super Round (1995)
In 1995, the game was decided by a "Super Round," a race that encompassed all abilities from the previous rounds  At the start of the round, players were shown five coloured circles, each with a letter or number, and the players had to memorize the sequence before making a parachute jump down 50 feet to the floor  They then entered the Kryptic Rings, a three-dimensional maze of interlocking rings with numbered and lettered junctions where following and correctly interpreting the sequence (by following the circles clockwise, starting with the circle of their colour) would lead each player to their correct exit  Each exit was marked with a letter, which they would memorize on their way to the next part of the race, the Laser Matrix, preceded by a computer where each player had to log in by hitting the letter key matching their exit  Each player then had to type in four words with a common thread, however each key corresponded to a different letter according to a code (such as each key giving the preceding letter) 
After cracking the code and typing in the four words, each player had to cross a corridor of shifting laser beams, where breaking each beam resulted in a seven-second penalty  Once out, the players entered the Response Revolve, a rotating cylinder where each player had to collect six batons of their colour from their holds, however, each baton could only be removed when a light by the baton flashed, and all lights flashed according to a sequence  Once all six batons were out and placed in the player's pedestal, each player had to run to the Krypton Mountain, where they first had to build a four-piece ladder, which they ascended before making a vertical climb up the Krypton Mountain, completing the race by grabbing a letter K of their colour at the top of the Krypton Mountain 
The players started at the same time and place, and used their points from the first five rounds to buy advantages, such as directional arrows in the Rings, completed words at the computer (in Heat 2 of Group C, an easier path through the Laser Matrix), batons already removed from the Response Revolve, or ladder pieces already built  The value of each advantage varied with the heats, group finals and final  The player who won the Super Round won the game, and completion time was used to determine who held the wild card spot 
The Super Round was also notable for a few incidents regarding cheating; in Group B, two contestants (both wearing yellow) were disqualified for unknowingly breaking the rules of the Super Round  Heat 1 contestant Simon Evans was disqualified as he had not completely finished all four words at the Laser Matrix computer (having produced a "j" instead of an "h" in the third word) yet continuing through the rest of the round regardless (Penny told him about his disqualification at the top of the Krypton Mountain) and in Heat 2 the following week, contestant Alison Riley was disqualified as she had forcibly pulled out batons from the Response Revolve when their adjacent lights weren't flashing and unlike Evans, she was edited out of the remainder of the round after she had begun her ascent on the ladder and a replay was shown of her illegal move  As a result of their actions, Simon Evans and Alison Riley were the only two contestants in Krypton Factor history to be disqualified 

Young Krypton
A spin-off series was produced for children, Young Krypton, and was presented by Ross King  The series was based on a similar structure to the adult version, but with simpler intelligence tasks and a shorter obstacle course (located at The American Adventure Theme Park near Nottingham, owned by the Granada Group at the time) in place of the Physical Ability round 
The 1988 series, which had only five rounds (Mental Agility, Response, Observation, Physical Ability and General Knowledge, with Intelligence in place of Response in the Group and Grand Finals) followed the tournament format of the regular series, while the 1989 series, which only ran 8 episodes, consisted of five heats, two semi-finals, and the Grand Final  The five heat winners plus the three highest runners-up advanced to the semis, the winners of which along with the top two runners-up from both matches qualifying for the Grand Final 
At the end of both series, Gordon Burns appeared to present the trophy to the winner  Also in the 1988 Grand Final, Ross King presented a special trophy to Phillip Westwick, who completed the adventure course in the fastest time 

Special episodes
The Krypton Factor had several Champion of Champions episodes; the first edition aired on 22 December 1980, featuring the winners of the first four series which was won by Philip Bradley (1980) and the trophy was presented by Ian Botham  This was followed by another Champion of Champions edition of the show on 22 July 1985, featuring the winners from the previous four years: John McAllister (1981), John Webley (1982), Chris Topham (1983) and Paul Smith (1984), with McAllister winning the game and trophy  The next Champion of Champions episode aired on 27 March 1989, featuring four star contestants: Marian Chanter and Alison Heath (1987), David Lee (1988) and Andrew Gillam (1985)  This match was won by Alison Heath On 28 March 1988, an International special was broadcast in the United Kingdom, Australia and New Zealand as part of Australia's bi-centennial celebrations  Made in the UK and presented by Gordon Burns, the episode featured Marian Chanter and Alison Heath, winner and runner-up respectively of the UK Krypton Factor Grand Final 1987 and John Cargill and Christopher Connolly, winner and runner-up respectively of the Australia & New Zealand Krypton Factor 1987 final  The International title was won by Alison Heath, and the trophy was presented by Fatima Whitbread 

Theme tune
During the original series of The Krypton Factor, four different theme tunes for the programme were used  The first two theme tunes (the first from 1977 to 1982, and the second from 1983 to 1985) were written by Mike Moran  The theme tune used between 1986 and 1993 was performed by Art of Noise, and is perhaps the programme's best-known theme  It was written by band members Anne Dudley and J  J  Jeczalik  The exact version of this theme tune varied in some episodes/series-for example, the drum beats in the music in some episodes/series were more emphasised, as was the synthesizer melody, but generally it remained the same  Mistakenly referred to as "Beat Box", the track which appeared on their debut album Who's Afraid of the Art of Noise?, it is in fact an original composition, and was reworked as "Crusoe" in 1987  A version of the Art of Noise theme, first heard in 1986, was released on the compilation album Influence in 2010  For the 1995 series, the theme tune was a reworked version of the 1986–93 theme tune, but was performed by Dudley alone with the incidental music composed by Mike Woolmans The music used during the scoring at the end of the Response round in 1988 was "Forgotten Town" by The Christians  In the 1989 series, "Left to My Own Devices" by the Pet Shop Boys was used 
Generally, during the opening title sequence, the contestants were introduced by former Granada Television continuity announcer Charles Foster The music to the 2009 revival was created by Paul Farrer  In their review, UKGameshows asked "can anyone actually remember the new theme "tune"?" 

Merchandise and commercial representations
The Krypton Factor had a number of clothing merchandises, including a pair of black trainers bearing the Krypton K on the sides and the tongue  A Krypton Factor sports bag, mug and teatowel was also produced  Although, not mentioned on the air, all the contestants were given a Sports bag and some clothing with the Krypton Factor logo on them as gifts for appearing on the programme 
A computer game version of The Krypton Factor was published by TV Games and released in 1987 for the home computers of the era  A Krypton Factor Quizbook was published in 1989 
ITV released The Krypton Factor interactive DVD board game via their website in 2010, and then again in 2011  The DVD game is hosted by Ben Shephard Adrenalin in North Yorkshire markets itself as the home of the obstacle course from the TV series, which offers paying public a chance to take on the Assault course Demon Wheelers have developed a team-building event based around the rounds from The Krypton Factor TV series and incorporating an inflatable assault course 
There have also been several Krypton Factor tie-in books published 

Other versions
The Krypton Factor was later exported to the United States  Two short-lived United States versions of The Krypton Factor aired  In 1981, Dick Clark hosted a 5-week summer series on ABC  In 1990, Willie Aames hosted a syndicated version for children  In 2000, a version hosted by Pat O'Brien in production by Fox TV was never shown to the public  In 2015, another version in production for Syfy was also never shown to the public The New Zealand version of The Krypton Factor ran from 1987 to 1991 on TVNZ on TV2 and was hosted by veteran presenter Dougal Stevenson  There was no Response round in the New Zealand version, and the video clips used for the Observation test were taken from the United Kingdom version  The Physical Ability test was done at Burnham Military Camp, just south of Christchurch  The first season in 1987 consisted of a challenge between Australian and New Zealand contestants, with all of the series hosted in New Zealand and aired on ABC in Australia during that time  The winners of the 1987 series competed against the winners of the 1987 series in the United Kingdom  Reruns of The Krypton Factor were screened on TVNZ 6 
A German version of the show called Krypton Faktor presented by Jörg Draeger aired in 1991, with 13 episodes shown on Sat 1 before the show was cancelled 

In popular culture
The series was parodied, in darkly comic form on BBC1's The Armstrong and Miller Show as "The Critical Factor"  Here, the contestant coming last in each event is brutally killed in the background by two figures dressed in black  Plus, the three male contestants are all 'consultant civil engineers', a reference to the number of contestants in the actual show that came from 'white collar' middle-class backgrounds, with the winner, Susan Small, referred to as a 'housewife' A 1990 sketch in series 2 of A Bit of Fry and Laurie depicts a scene in which a representative of an unnamed organisation (Stephen Fry) holds a clandestine meeting in an underground car park with a gruff, vaguely criminal type with an extensive record of adventures (Hugh Laurie)  The "impossible" task that the organisation wants this man to attempt: to watch a full episode of The Krypton Factor, a feat which, according to the organisation's representative, has never been done before 
Even after the axing of the 2009 revival (due to lack of funding), there were plenty of references to The Krypton Factor, especially as one of the prizes on The All-New Blockbusters (hosted by Simon Mayo)  Ironically, in the same year, the "1" and the "2" in the logo for the London 2012 Olympics had accidentally made a reference to the show, as fans pointed out its similarities to the very first Krypton Factor "K" from the early 1980s 
A deleted scene from the ITV variety series It'll Be Alright on the Night made it to many compilations; it showed Ben Shephard biting his tongue, after he accidentally said "two points for second", instead of fourth  It was subsequently referenced on the game show Tipping Point (which Shephard also presented) as a question 
The series was also referenced in the ITV documentary Come On Down: The Game Show Story, with current Krypton Factor presenter Ben Shephard and former presenter Gordon Burns both hinting that it was a mistake on ITV's part to end the programme 

Transmissions
United Kingdom Superperson of the Year
This is a complete list of all winners (include one female and 19 male contestants) from 20 series of the show:
Passage 5:
A Word in Your Ear
A Word in Your Ear is a game show that originally aired BBC1 from 19 April 1993 to 14 October 1994 then on The Family Channel from 1995  
The programme originated on ITV Tyne Tees in 1990 and ran for two series locally, on Fridays at 6:30pm, also hosted by Burns as seen in this TV guide from the time  https://transdiffusion org/2014/10/18/tonights-tv-in-1991/
It was hosted by Gordon Burns, best known for hosting ITV's The Krypton Factor (1977-1995)  The host presided over male and female pairs of celebrities as they participate in a few rounds of communication games  Celebrities appearing included Lynsey De Paul, Nick Owen, Philippa Kennedy and Bob Holness 

Transmissions
Passage 6:
Krypto the Superdog
Krypto the Superdog is an American animated television series produced by Warner Bros  Animation, based on Superman's canine companion Krypto, which premiered on Cartoon Network on March 25, 2005 (exactly 50 years after his comic debut), and aired on The CW's Saturday morning block Kids' WB from September 23, 2006 until September 15, 2007  39 episodes were produced A comic book series (based on the TV show) was published by DC Comics under the Johnny DC imprint, which lasted 6 issues, from 2006 to 2007 
The show was developed by producers Alan Burnett and Paul Dini, who had produced the successful Batman: The Animated Series and Superman: The Animated Series  Instead of continuing in that style, Krypto was produced in a manner reminiscent of the Hanna-Barbera shows of the 1960s to the 1980s, from the sound effects down to the animation style (veteran Hanna-Barbera designer Iwao Takamoto served as a creative consultant) 

Plot
As the planet Krypton is about to be destroyed, Superman's father Jor-El makes a ship and puts a white puppy named Krypto into it for a test flight to see if it is safe enough for interstellar travel  While aboard the ship, Krypto was playing with his ball when he accidentally destroyed several wires and causes the ship to release a sleeping gas to put him into a deep sleep while it heads on to Earth



ground_truth: Nobel Prize

prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: What time did the show, in which Gordon Burns was the host, usually air on Monday?

The following are given passages.
Context 3:  When he arrived in Earth's solar system he woke up and found himself fully grown  The rocket's computer system gave him a collar and an ID with an intergalactic communicator 
Upon landing on Earth, Krypto is a full-grown dog, possessed of superpowers similar to those of Superman's (since all Kryptonian life-forms gain superpowers from exposure to a yellow sun, such as Earth's sun)  Later, he is adopted by Kevin Whitney, a 9-year-old boy, with whom Superman arranges for him to stay (as Superman himself is often too busy saving the world to take care of him)  Krypto poses as an ordinary dog while living with Kevin's family, but adopts the secret identity of Krypto the Superdog for his superheroic deeds; Kevin is aware of Krypto's dual identity, but the rest of Kevin's family is not (excluding Kevin's spoiled cousin Bailey, who found out accidentally)  Kevin lives next door to Andrea, a girl who takes care of Krypto's best friend, Streaky 
In the series, the various animals, including Krypto, all are capable of speaking to each other, but not to humans, except for Kevin and later Andrea (they are able to communicate with Krypto and the other animals thanks to a universal translator that they wear, known as an intergalactic communicator)  The viewers can understand them, though, especially when Krypto and Streaky talk to the camera 
With his allies Streaky the Supercat, Ace the Bat-Hound, and Stretch-O-Mutt, Krypto fights the plots of Lex Luthor's pet iguana Ignatius, Joker's pet hyenas Bud and Lou, Penguin's trained birds called the Bad News Birds, and Catwoman's cat Isis  When working either alone or with a group of alien dog superheroes known as the Dog Star Patrol, Krypto faces off against the evil Mechanikat and his agents Snooky Wookums and Delilah 

Episodes
Characters
Main
Krypto the Superdog (voiced by Samuel Vincent) is the main protagonist of the show, formerly Superman's pet on Krypton before it was destroyed  Krypto came to Earth in a rocket when it malfunctioned  He is a white Labrador Retriever and has all of the powers of Superman, though some are heightened due to being a dog, such as his super hearing and sense of smell  Krypto also shares Superman's moral values and feelings 
Streaky the Supercat (voiced by Brian Drummond), Krypto's best friend and sidekick, is an orange Somali cat with a yellow streak along his back who lives next door to Krypto and Kevin's family  He gained Kryptonian-like powers and weaknesses after an accident involving a duplicating ray that was aimed at Krypto, but deflected off him and hit Streaky instead  Unlike Krypto, Streaky is less serious about his superhero activities, and sometimes needs prodding to perform heroic deeds, but usually is dependable  He also has a nephew named Squeaky who is the leader of the Supercat Fan Club  Streaky often refers to Krypto as "K-Dog" 
Ace the Bat-Hound (voiced by Scott McNeil) is Batman's pet Great Dane (though Ace says that he is Batman's partner) who is the mentor of Krypto, Streaky and the Dog Star Patrol  Ace fights crime utilizing various detective skills and gadgetry built into his collar (an analogue of Batman's utility belt); he also uses a rocket sled for traveling long distances  Ace wears a dark-colored cape and collar similar to Batman's, and (like Batman) possesses a stoic personality  However, Ace does occasionally work alongside Krypto and considers him an ally  Ace's nemeses are Catwoman's pet cat, Isis, the Joker's two pet hyenas Bud and Lou, and the Penguin's three trained pet birds Artie, Griff, and Waddles 
Kevin Whitney (voiced by Alberto Ghisi) is the 9-year-old young boy who Krypto lives with in the series, with Superman's permission  Kevin enjoys Krypto's company greatly, and is able to communicate with him and the other animals in the series thanks to a universal translator device  Kevin has a bratty cousin named Bailey who finds out Krypto's secret, but fortunately, he is such a notorious liar that no adult believes him 
Andrea Sussman (voiced by Tabitha St  Germain) is Kevin's next-door neighbor and the owner of Streaky  Andrea enjoys making Streaky play dress-up, but was unaware of his (or Krypto's) superheroic identity until later in the series, when she accidentally stumbles upon Krypto's spaceship  In "Iguanikkah", it is revealed that Andrea is Jewish and celebrates Hanukkah  She loves to play and dress up Streaky, and she treats him like a baby The Dog Star Patrol are a superpowered group of canines who each possess a unique superpower, and fight crime across the galaxy  Krypto joined the Dog Star Patrol by helping the group out on a mission  Ace the Bat-Hound and Streaky the Supercat also helped them out on different occasions  The group is based on DC Comics' Space Canine Patrol Agents with elements of the Legion of Super-Heroes  Members of the Dog Star Patrol include:

Brainy Barker (voiced by Ellen Kennedy) - A purple Saluki and leader of the Dog Star Patrol  Brainy Barker possesses telepathic/telekinetic powers, allowing her to read minds, project force fields, and levitate objects 
Mammoth Mutt (voiced by Kelly Sheridan) - A pink Chihuahua with the ability to inflate her body to an enormous ball-shaped size, allowing her to use her size to attack foes  She can also expand other parts of her body 
Bull Dog (voiced by Michael Dobson) - A lavender Bulldog with a stereotypical British accent and two retractable, bull-like horns that can be used for attacking foes and breaking objects 
Paw Pooch (voiced by Dale Wilson) - A yellow and brown Basset Hound with eight legs that enable him to dig and run quickly  They can also grow in size, as seen in "Puss In Space Boots" 
Tail Terrier (voiced by Peter Kelamis) - A green Scottish Terrier with the ability to stretch his tail and use it like a lasso  He also has a stereotypical Texas accent 
Tusky Husky (voiced by Terry Klassen) - A sky blue Alaskan Malamute with a stereotypical French-Canadian accent and a giant front tooth which is incredibly durable and can be used as a drill 
Hot Dog (voiced by Trevor Devall) - A red Dachshund with the ability to generate tremendous heat from his body and breathe fire  He also has a short temper, but started to control his anger in "Bones Of Contention" 
Drooly (voiced by Ty Olsson): An Old English Sheepdog who can use his drool as a weapon in various ways, such as grabbing objects, creating bubbles, and using it as projectiles  Appeared only in "The New Recruit" and was made a reserve member after defeating Mechanikat's forces 

Supporting
Superman (voiced by Michael Daingerfield) - The main superhero of Metropolis and Krypto's original owner  He was only seen in "Krypto's Scrypto", allowing Kevin to watch over Krypto because of how busy he is 
Stretch-O-Mutt (voiced by Lee Tockar): Buddy, a Bloodhound at S T A R  Labs, accidentally fell into a vat of chemicals and developed shape-changing powers similar to Plastic Man and Elongated Man  Sometimes he can be too silly for his own good 
Thundermutt (voiced by Phil Hayes) - An egotistical, world-famous canine actor who was somewhat jealous of Krypto when he "stole" the limelight at one of his movie premieres (Thundermutt II: Scratch And Sniff)  Though he is cowardly, he is also mostly good at heart  The films he has appeared in, that are mentioned in the show, are Thundermutt II: Scratch And Sniff, Invasion of the Alien Cats, K-9 Krusader and Harry Rottweiler and the Doghouse of Doom (a parody of Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom) 
Jimmy the Rat (voiced by Phil Hayes) - A rat and informant for Krypto and Ace 
Robbie the Bird Wonder (voiced by David Paul Grove) - An American robin whose life was saved after he witnessed an encounter between Ace and the Joker's hyenas  After that, he decides to be Ace's sidekick, much to Ace's dismay  Robbie was based on Robin  Like Ace, he has gadgets like a glider, birdarangs, and egg bombs and he also came back to Gotham to be partners with Ace 
The Supercat Fan Club - A group of kittens who are fans of Streaky, and occasionally assist him in crime-fighting despite not having powers  They consist of Streaky's nephew Squeaky (voiced by Lee Tockar), Nikki (voiced by Kathleen Barr), Puff (voiced by Samuel Vincent), and Ramone (voiced by Brian Drummond) 
Melanie Whitney (voiced by Tabitha St  Germain) - Kevin's 2-year-old baby sister  She knows that Krypto ("Kippo" as she puts it) is Superdog, but being a baby, her parents do not take her seriously 
Smokey (voiced by Phil Hayes) - A Dalmatian who appears in "Old Dog, New Tricks"  He believes that the firemen are going to replace him with a new puppy  So Streaky paints spots on Krypto to prove that Smokey is still up to the job, though at the end of the episode, he is still in the Fire Service working with Blaze 
Blaze - The Dalmatian puppy in "Old Dog, New Tricks"  Streaky thought Blaze was intended to be Smokey's replacement, but Smokey explained that Blaze is his new trainee  The firemen believe that Smokey can teach Blaze the ropes until the time he helps in fire emergencies 
Dooley (voiced by Brad Swaile) - A dolphin who befriends Krypto and Streaky when they were turned into fish in "Furry Fish" 
Dogbot (voiced by Scott McNeil) - A robot dog built by Jor-El to keep Krypto company while he was in space, he appears in the episode of the same name and Dogbot to the rescue 

Antagonists
Mechanikat (voiced by Mark Oliver) is the main antagonist of the series, he is based on Metallo  Mechanikat is a cyborg feline, who constantly plots to conquer Earth  He usually keeps a bit of green Kryptonite on hand to use against Krypto, or to power up his machines with so they can affect Krypto  He is also a member of the Intergalactic Villains Club (a spoof of the Legion of Doom) who gather in a base similar to the Hall of Doom  Due to Mechanicat's repeated failure to defeat Krypto, he has been unable to get elected as leader with the recent election having the members voting for Glorg to be the leader of the Intergalactic Villains Club Snooky Wookums (voiced by Nicole Bouma) is Mechanikat's sidekick and secret agent  Snooky is a blue kitten mastermind who uses his cuteness and intelligence to cause trouble  He later became part of the Supercat Fan Club 
Delilah (voiced by Kathleen Barr) is another feline agent of Mechanikat  She helped make the Katbots, and is skilled in kung fu 
The Katbots are the foot soldiers of Mechanikat 
Ignatius (voiced by Scott McNeil) is the pet green iguana of Superman's archenemy, Lex Luthor  Like Luthor, Ignatius is very intelligent, vain and is morally ambivalent; however, he is effete, selfish and tends to behave in a much less dignified manner than Luthor  He is also more prone to engaging in frivolous (and dangerous) personal whims, such as employing a growth ray to enlarge a caterpillar for food or using a wind tunnel to harvest one of Krypto's hairs as part of a scheme to grow a lovely fur coat  Notable is that on occasion, he shows basic morals and honor 

Other antagonists
Lex Luthor (voiced by Brian Dobson) - An evil genius and the owner of Ignatius, who is very intelligent and uses technology to take over the city  He is Superman's archnemesis that is always causing chaos and is the CEO of LexCorp where he makes his own top secret gadgets 
Bud and Lou (voiced by Peter Kelamis and Lee Tockar) - A pair of spotted hyenas who serve the Joker, previously having been created for Batman: The Animated Series  Their names are references to comedians Abbott and Costello  Additionally, they are depicted with red fur and are practically identical in appearance, only being distinguished by their collar colors - Bud purple and Lou green 
Isis (voiced by Kathleen Barr) - Catwoman's cat, originally created for Batman: The Animated Series, who like her is seductive, and a master thief  In Batman: The Animated Series she was a black or dark gray cat - possibly a Russian Blue; here, she is a Siamese 
The Bad News Birds - Three trained birds who work with the Penguin and are usually up to some elaborate caper  They consist of the puffin Artie (voiced by Dale Wilson), vulture Griff (voiced by Matt Hill), and penguin Waddles (voiced by Terry Klassen),
Dogwood (voiced by Louis Chirillo) - A half-dog, half-plant hybrid who can bring plants to life  He bears a striking resemblance to another cartoon canine, Muttley 
Mertin the Magnificent (voiced by Scott McNeil) - A magician's rabbit who wields a magic wand that he stole from his master  His only real intentions are stealing carrots, but he can hold his own against Krypto and Ace if confronted by them  His name is a reference to the famous wizard, Merlin 
Superflea (voiced by Scott McNeil) - A Kryptonian flea who stowed away on Krypto's ship  Like all Kryptonian creatures, it gained a multitude of powers under Earth's yellow sun  It was ultimately driven off by a spray can, and stowed away on a plane 
The Junkyard Dogs - A group of never-do-well stray dogs  At best small-time hoods, they do periodically menace the heroes, and once took advantage of Krypto when he lost his memory due to Red Kryptonite  They consist of Mutsy (voiced by Lee Tockar), Beazel (voiced by Brian Drummond), and Beane (voiced by Samuel Vincent)  Additionally, Rosie (voiced by Janyse Jaud) was formerly part of the group and Mutsy's girlfriend, but later left and was adopted by flower saleswoman Mrs  Fritch 
Krypto's Tail (voiced by Samuel Vincent) - Once, when Krypto was exposed to Red Kryptonite, his tail became sentient, separated from him and caused havoc in Metropolis  After Krypto and the Dog Star Patrol defeated it, they learned that it only wanted freedom, and brought it to an island to roam until the Kryptonite's effects wore off 
Bailey Whitney (voiced by Reece Thompson in Season 1 and Noel Callahan in Season 2) - Kevin and Melanie's bratty cousin, who bullies Kevin and Krypto  Bailey too discovered Krypto's secret and has unsuccessfully tried to reveal it 
Blackbeak (voiced by Brian Drummond): A thorn on Stretch-O-Mutt's side  Blackbeak is a parrot who leads a pirate crew called the Pi-Rats, who steal cheese and crackers  He additionally wears a Kryptonite necklace and hates cats 
Barrump Barrump (voiced by Phil Hayes) - A sinister space monkey who pulls pranks all around the galaxy  In his self-titled episode, he steals a device that freezes time so that he can pull pranks on everyone on Earth  He is known as the "Primate Prankster" and is one of the galaxy's most dangerous criminals 

Voice cast
Samuel Vincent as Krypto the Superdog
Brian Drummond as Streaky the Supercat and Edward 'Eddy' Whitney (Kevin's father)
Scott McNeil as Ace the Bat-Hound, Ignatius, Mertin the Magnificent and Super-Flea
Ellen Kennedy as Brainy Barker
Kelly Sheridan as Mammoth Mutt
Michael Dobson as Bull Dog
Dale Wilson as Paw Pooch and Artie
Peter Kelamis as Tail Terrier
Terry Klassen as Tusky Husky and Waddles
Trevor Devall as Hot Dog
Lee Tockar as Stretch-O-Mutt
David Paul Grove as Robbie the Robin
Mark Oliver as Mechanikat
Nicole Bouma as Snooky Wookums
Alberto Ghisi as Kevin Whitney
Tabitha St  Germain as Andrea Sussman and Melanie Whitney
Nicole Oliver as Mary Whitney (Kevin's mother)
Michael Daingerfield as Kal-El / Clark Kent / Superman
Brian Dobson as Lex Luthor
Kathleen Barr as Isis and Delilah
Matt Hill as Griff
Ty Olsson as Drooly

Additional voices
Ending and broadcast reruns
On December 15, 2006, the series ended  Reruns were shown on Kids' WB as part of the then-new CW network's E/I requirement, but stopped airing due to Kids' WB opting to use Cookie Jar Entertainment's shows Will & Dewitt and Magi-Nation  Krypto was aired on Boomerang from February 5, 2007 for a duration of 7 years until January 3, 2014  The two-part holiday special, "Iguanukkah", aired on Cartoon Network, December 21, 2008 (as well as Christmas Eve and Christmas Day), as part of the all-day holiday specials marathon  It was shown on Boomerang 
Overseas, the show currently airs on Boomerang in Australia and on France 3 (as part of Ludo) in France  The show began airing on Boomerang Latin America in 2014  In the UK & Ireland, the series, upon starting, aired on the CBBC Channel before later moving to Cartoonito  However, as of November 2017, it appears to be no longer broadcast on that channel  Since September 2018, It started airing reruns on Tooncast in Latin America 

Home media
Warner Home Video released two DVD volumes in 2006 - each featured a few episodes from the first season; no further releases took place until it was announced that the complete series would be released on DVD on September 27, 2022  The series was recently added alongside other DC animated shows onto HBO Max, but currently only in Latin America 
Passage 7:
Gordon Burns
Gordon Henry Burns (born 10 June 1942) is a Northern Irish journalist and broadcaster  He was the host of The Krypton Factor for its original 18-year run (1977–1995) and was the chief anchorman for the BBC regional news programme North West Tonight from January 1997 to October 2011  In November 2011, Burns moved back to Belfast where he was born 
Due to his work commitments with Granada Television on programmes such as World in Action and Granada Reports and later BBC Manchester for North West Tonight, he resided in Manchester for over thirty years  Burns most recently hosted a Sunday morning radio show for BBC Radio Manchester and BBC Radio Lancashire  He is known for a bona fide style of presenting which has made him popular with his audience 

Early life
Burns was born in Wellington Park, in Belfast  When he was a child his family moved to Kent where he attended the local primary school and then went to Dulwich College in London  The family then returned to live at Belfast's Belmont Road, where Gordon attended Campbell College 

Career
He began his journalism career working on the Belfast Telegraph and worked on BBC radio's long-running Sports Report before joining Ulster Television as a sports editor and programme producer in 1967  Two years later, Burns began presenting the nightly news programme UTV Reports, first as a stand-in for regular frontman David Mahlowe and later as a chief anchor, during the early stages of The Troubles  In 1973, Burns joined Granada Television to anchor their nightly news programme Granada Reports and to work on the station's current affairs output, including World in Action 
In September 1976 he presented a edition of the North West Friday night Football preview programme Kick Off covering for the regular presenter  Gerald Sinstadt who that weekend was covering for Dickie Davies on World of Sport and was also covering the presenter and commentator roles for the Sunday Afternoon match highlights based version The Kick Off Match where he presented the programme and commentated on Sunderland v Manchester City at Roker Park which was being covered by Tyne Tees cameras for Granada viewers which was the main match that weekend at the time he was the producer of both Kick Off and The Kick Off Match but this stint as presenter and commentator was a one-off
Burns' national profile began with his association of ITV's game show The Krypton Factor which he presented for eighteen years from 1977 to 1995  He was the presenter of Password for Ulster, one of their few programmes shown throughout the ITV network, and also hosted a segment in several series of LWT's Surprise Surprise  During the 1980s, Burns also continued reporting from the political party conferences for the ITV network and presenting the Channel 4 current affairs series Irish Angle  In the early 90s, he also presented two parlour game shows for the BBC – A Word in Your Ear and Relatively Speaking  He has also appeared as a guest on Noel's House Party, and on Shooting Stars as a member of Ulrika Jonsson's team 
From 1997 to 2011, Burns presented North West Tonight, alongside its shorter lunchtime version, North West Today  In 2007, Ranvir Singh joined as co-anchor of the previously single-headed main evening programme  Burns announced in April 2011 that he would be retiring from the role but would move on to present a Sunday morning show on BBC Radio Manchester and BBC Radio Lancashire in September 2011 with his last TV bulletin broadcast on 30 September 
He was the voice of "The Chain" feature and other features on the Radcliffe & Maconie show on BBC Radio 6 Music  He appears as a guest on the show when The Chain reaches a significant milestone, for example, for the 5,000th (musically based) item on 3 March 2015 which was the single "Dancing Queen" by ABBA 
In 2013, Burns retired properly after stepping down from his radio show 

Personal life
Burns is the second cousin of British singer/songwriter Ed Sheeran  Burns is married and has two adult children 



ground_truth: 7pm