prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: Angelspit toured the United States with an American electronic music duo from Orlando, Florida, that formed in what year?

The following are given passages.
Context 1: Passage 1:
Blood on the Dance Floor (band)
Blood on the Dance Floor was an American electronic music group from Orlando, Florida, formed in 2006  The group's longest standing lineup, from 2009 to 2016, consisted of Jesus David Torres also known as Dahvie Vanity (born 1984) and Jayy Von Monroe (born 1991)  The group released nine studio albums before breaking up in 2016 following Von Monroe's departure  It was reformed by Vanity the following year, initially with Fallon Vendetta  After Vendetta's departure, Vanity became the sole member of the group  Since 2019, Vanity has performed under the name Kawaii Monster and most recently The Most Vivid Nightmares 

History
After falling out as a touring musician with multiple local musical acts in the Orlando, Florida area during 2006, Jesus David Torres, going by the moniker "Dahvie Vanity", formed a musical group with friends Matty "M" Malaret, Christopher Mongillo, and Rebecca Fugate  Initially the group was considered a joke, but developed into Blood on the Dance Floor in the summer of 2007  Malaret left the group in late 2007 before the group's self-released first album, Let's Start a Riot, in April 2008  Citing the inability to tour, Mongillo and Fugate left the band as well shortly thereafter During the recording of their second album, It's Hard to be a Diamond in a Rhinestone World, the band was picked up by producer and writer Rusty Wilmot  During the recording of this album, Garrett Marshal McLaughlin (Garrett Ecstasy) was recruited to do backup vocals and screaming  The CD was self-released in October 2008  Only 300 copies were made Vanity and Ecstasy recorded the singles "Siq With a Q" and "Suicide Club" as a duo in 2008, and released three extended plays over the first half of 2009, I Scream I Scream, OMFG Sneak Peak, and Extended Play  The duo embarked on the OMFG Tour with other local bands Electric Valentine, Weston Buck, The Greenlight District, and The Crush in promotion of their upcoming album then titled OMFG During the OMFG tour on a tour date in the state of Colorado, Vanity was arrested for sexual assault but was ultimately not criminally charged due to a lack of evidence and the tour continued with Ecstasy performing the remainder of the shows without Vanity  Ecstasy then left the band after accusing Vanity of being a sexual predator and was replaced by Jeremy Brian Griffis, known by his stage name "Jayy Von Monroe"  Along with Von Monroe, Vanity and the group's new drummer and rapper, Nick "Nasty" Wenzel, released "Horrifically Delicious" 
Many of the songs originally recorded with Ecstasy intended for the upcoming album OMFG were re-recorded with new vocals by Von Monroe  The previous concept of the OMFG album was scrapped, and rebranded as EPIC, set for release in 2010  The band went on tour over spring and summer 2010 to promote the release of Epic  With Jeffree Star they recorded three songs for that album  The collaborations with Jeffree Star were short lived because like former member Garrett Ecstasy, Star had also accused Vanity of being a pedophile and a predator, claiming to have witnessed questionable behavior  Star later chose to go back on his accusations and sweep what he claimed to have seen under the rug due to feeling like the band was being victimized  He was then featured on their 2014 single "Poison Apple", from the album Bitchcraft  As with the previous conflict with Garrett, the three singles featuring Jeffree's vocals were re-recorded with vocals by Von Monroe, and the original tracks were not featured on the final album 
In October 2010, the album Epic charted No  5 on the dance/electronic Billboard chart  The band headlined the Epic Tour and the Epic Tour Part II in support of the album Even before the release of Epic, recording began for Blood on the Dance Floor's fourth album, All the Rage!!  The duo collaborated with several artists for the album, including Lady Nogrady, JJ Demon, and Nick Nasty  The album was preceded by several singles to promote the release, including "Yo Ho", and "P L U R ", and "Bewitched" which became the band's biggest (and only) most well known song  The band later embarked on Warped Tour 2011 in June 2011, and released the album while on tour 
A music video for their hit single from the album, "Bewitched", featured Nicole "Lady" Nogrady, who later said that she felt disrespected by the band during production of the album as well as on the music video, and found herself having to confront the band directly in order for her name to appear on the credits of her work with them  The song was subsequently performed by other female vocalists in place of Nogrady at live shows, and was re-recorded with vocals by Haley Rose for their 2013 acoustic album Blood Unplugged 
The album peaked at No  13 on the Billboard Top Electronic Albums chart  At the end of 2011, the duo headlined the All the Rage Tour and was planning the 'Tis the Season to be Killing Tour In celebration of BOTDF's fourth anniversary, a digital compilation album entitled The Legend of Blood on the Dance Floor was set to be released on Halloween  The compilation's release date was pushed back, originally planned to be released as a CD, it was released as a SoundCloud playlist instead  The compilation features remastered versions of songs from the band's first four albums 
Blood on the Dance Floor's fifth album, Evolution, was released on June 19, 2012 along with a deluxe edition that featured acoustic versions of two songs  Two music videos and four singles were released from the album 
The album featured tracks in collaboration with Haley Rose, Amelia Arsenic, Shawn Brandon, Joel Madden of the band Good Charlotte, Elena Vladimirova, and Deuce As a thank you to their fans they released the three-song free EP Clubbed to Death! on June 20, 2012, for free through an app on Facebook  Their sixth EP, The Anthem of the Outcast, was released on October 30, 2012 Rumors of a breakup in 2013 were proven to be a hoax  Bad Blood was slated for release in September 2013  On February 18, 2013, the lead single "I Refuse to Sink! (Fuck the Fame)" was released, followed by the second single, "Crucified by Your Lies", and a third, "Something Grimm", on July 2, 2013 Andrew "Drew" Apathy joined in early 2014, and a new album, Bitchcraft, was released in June 2014  Their single "We're Takin over!" featuring Deuce was released February 7 Blood on the Dance Floor released their first single off their EP Cruel Pornography: "The Sexorcist"  In August, they released their new project and started planning the "Reign of Blood" tour  On February 14, 2016, the band released the single "Safe Word" on iTunes Mid-2016 marked the end of producing and co-writing by Rusty Wilmot (2008–2016) In April 2016, Blood on the Dance Floor announced a 24-date tour with Steven Joseph and BrokenCYDE  On August 17, BOTDF released their September 30-scheduled album Scissors on Apple Music On September 14, 2016, Dahvie Vanity said that the group would be disbanding after one final tour as a result of Jayy's departure earlier that month  For a while afterwards, Vanity created and worked on a new project called Sinners Are Winners, releasing an EP titled For Beginners and full-length The Invocation  Jayy Von Monroe also released a statement on his departure from the band after leaving stating that he was not paid for his time for the band and was forced to go on tour without treatment after his HIV diagnosis  Vanity denied these allegations in a video In April 2017, Vanity announced that there would be a new member, and that Blood on the Dance Floor would be returning on May 5 of that year without Jayy Von Monroe  In May 2017, it was revealed that Dahvie's girlfriend, Fallon Vendetta, had temporarily joined Blood on the Dance Floor  With Vendetta, they released the singles "Resurrection Spell", "Love Like Voodoo", "Six Feet Under", "Yo Ho 2 (Pirate's Life)", "Ghosting" and "Destroy"  Their album Kawaii Monster was released on October 31, 2017  Kawaii Monster pre-orders included a second disc, a remastered edition of Let's Start a Riot  The band also released an exclusive EP: You Are the Heart  In 2018, they released Haunted, followed by Cinema Erotica and You Are the Heart  Vendetta departed the group shortly afterward, leaving Vanity as the sole remaining member of the group 
In 2019, shortly after the band's second break up, Vanity started a new project: Kawaii Monster  He released the songs "From Heaven to Hell", "Total Nightmare", "Dear Best Friend", "It's a Sunny Place for Shady People", "I Am With You", "Finding Blessings in Dark Places", "The Violet Flame", "It's All Just a Dream" and "Rage Against the Dying Light" After a five-month break from making music, Vanity rebranded himself again as "The Most Vivid Nightmares" and released "Drowning in the Darkness" on November 13, 2020  He later released a second single: "Love Forever True"  On January 1, 2021, Vanity released a new version of Blood on the Dance Floor's "Bewitched" as "Bewitched Reimagined" featuring singer Sammy Beare  As of 2016, Jayy Von Monroe has continued to work as a drag monster under the name "The Dahli" and Vanity has continued to release music and merchandise by himself under both "The Most Vivid Nightmares" and "Dark Arts Official" 

Musical style and influences
The group's style has been described as having hypersexual lyrics combined with electronica or electronic music, but also heavily incorporates electropop, dance-pop, and crunkcore Vanity stated in an interview that Jeffree Star is a huge influence on Blood on the Dance Floor  Vanity also stated that he was inspired by Marilyn Manson in the past 

Sexual assault allegations against Dahvie Vanity
Since the allegations first surfaced in 2009, at least 21 women have made sexual assault, child molestation, and rape allegations against Vanity  Former bandmates Garrett Ecstasy, who left the band in 2009, and Jayy Von Monroe, who left in 2016, have described Vanity as a sexual predator  In an interview with television journalist Chris Hansen, Jayy Von Monroe accused Vanity of abuse as well, stating that Vanity forced him to tour without his HIV medication which caused him to nearly contract AIDS  Von Monroe also stated that he later made a full recovery after leaving the band in 2016  Jeffree Star and New Years Day members Ash Costello and Nikki Misery have stated that they observed Vanity engage in questionable or illegal sexual behavior during one of the Vans Warped Tours and also during the "All the Rage Tour 2012" in support of their third studio album of the same name around the early 2010s  Many of the accusers were underage during the alleged attacks  In response to the allegations, Combichrist removed Blood on the Dance Floor from their tour in 2014  Merchandising website Big Cartel removed the band's products in 2018 in response to the allegations, while Spotify and Google Play removed the band's music in April 2019 for violating their prohibited content policies against hate speech  Vanity has responded to the accusations on multiple occasions, usually with denial, threats or evasion In early 2020, Hansen announced an investigation on Vanity, including having multiple interviews with those who claim Vanity abused or raped them  The FBI have confirmed that they are also currently investigating the allegations against Vanity 

Members
Final line-up

Dahvie Vanity – lead vocals, guitar, keyboards, programming (2006–2016, 2017–2019)Former members

Touring musicians

Timeline

Discography
Albums as Blood on the Dance Floor
Let's Start a Riot (2008)
It's Hard to Be a Diamond in a Rhinestone World (2008)
Epic (2010)
All the Rage!! (2011)
Evolution (2012)
Bad Blood (2013)
Bitchcraft (2014)
Scissors (2016)
Kawaii Monster (2017)
Haunted (2018)
Cinema Erotica (2018)
You Are the Heart (2018)
Hollywood Death Star (2019)

Albums as Master of Death
Master of Death (2015)

Albums as Sinners Are Winners
For Beginners (2016)
The Invocation (2017)

Albums as Kawaii Monster
Poison Love (2019)
Love from Hell (2019)
The Balance (2020)
Traptendo (2022)

Albums as The Most Vivid Nightmares
Love Like Starlight (2022)
Torture Garden (2023)
Passage 2:
The Hundred in the Hands (album)
The Hundred in the Hands is the eponymous debut studio album by American electronic music duo The Hundred in the Hands, released on September 11, 2010 by Warp  The album received generally favorable reviews, with a Metacritic score of 74 out of 100, based on 13 reviews  In January 2011, the album earned the duo a nomination in the Pop/Rock category at The 10th Annual Independent Music Awards  The song "Pigeons" was used in the third episode of the fifth season of Gossip Girl, titled "The Jewel of Denial" and originally aired October 10, 2011 

Track listing
Notes^a  signifies an additional producer

Personnel
Credits adapted from the liner notes of The Hundred in the Hands 
The Hundred in the HandsThe Hundred in the Hands – production (all tracks); engineering (tracks 2, 3, 5, 8, 11); additional engineering (tracks 6, 10)
Eleanore Everdell – vocals, keyboards, synthesizer
Jason Friedman – bass, guitar, programmingAdditional personnelAlex Aldi – engineering (tracks 4, 9, 10); mixing (tracks 9, 10); programming (track 9)
Eric Broucek – engineering, production (tracks 6, 7); mixing (tracks 2, 3, 6, 7); additional engineering (tracks 2, 3); additional programming (tracks 2, 3, 6)
Heather Culp – photography
Pete Hofmann – mixing (tracks 1, 3, 4, 8, 11)
Jacques Renault – additional production, engineering (track 1); additional programming (tracks 1, 7); additional engineering, production (track 7)
Richard X – additional programming, production (tracks 1, 4, 5, 8); engineering (track 1); additional engineering (tracks 4, 5, 8); additional production (track 11)
Vito Roccoforte – live drums (tracks 1, 2, 4, 5, 8)
Noel Summerville – mastering
Utters – additional engineering, additional production, additional programming (track 7)
Chris Zane – engineering (tracks 4, 9, 10); live drums, mixing, production (tracks 9, 10); programming (track 9)

Release history
Passage 3:
The M Machine
The M Machine is an American electronic music duo from San Francisco, California, United States, formed in 2011 and currently consisting of Ben Swardlick and Eric Luttrell  They have released four EPs, a single and two remix collections on Skrillex's label Owsla  The group has reached the overall #1 slot on Beatport on multiple occasions 

Music career
The group originally went by the moniker Pance Party  They initially had viral success with a teaser video for their planned full-length album Metropolis, which later became split into two EPs  Their double A-side "Promise Me A Rose Garden" / "Glow" was released on Skrillex's label OWSLA in 2011, becoming the #1 Electro House release on Beatport, and #2 overall release for an entire week  "Promise Me A Rose Garden" was named Hottest Record in the World on October 20, 2011, by Zane Lowe on BBC Radio 1 In April 2012, the group released Metropolis Pt  I, the first installment of their two-part concept album  Metropolis Pt  I premiered online in Rolling Stone magazine, followed by a worldwide release the next day, reaching number one on the Beatport overall chart  Metropolis Pt  II was released February 19, 2013 on Owsla to critical acclaim, also reaching the number one overall spot on Beatport 
Inspired by Fritz Lang's influential film Metropolis, together the two EPs tell the story of the dystopian city of Metropolis  A text/illustrated version of the story is also available in the form of digital liner notes on the band's website  The Metropolis saga was completed with the release of Metropolis Remixed, a revamped retrospective of the previous two EPs that featured remixes from Kill The Noise, Digitalism, Robotaki, and more 
Also in January 2014, the group released the single "Superflat" on OWSLA, followed by the Just Like EP in November of that year  Just Like signaled a change in direction as the group moved towards more underground, club-oriented sound  A remix pack, Just Like Remixes was released in April 2015 featuring Manila Killa, CRNKN, and Worthy among others 
On January 28, 2015, Andy announced his departure from the group to pursue his interest in programming and technology, making the former trio a duo On February 23, 2017, they released their debut album Glare on Mad Zoo 
The group has toured in support of acts including Skrillex, Porter Robinson, The Glitch Mob, Madeon, Markus Schulz, and more, in addition to a slew of their own headline runs  They have also played premier music festivals including Ultra Music Festival, Electric Daisy Carnival, Holy Ship!, Hard Summer, Outside Lands, South by Southwest, TomorrowWorld, Mysteryland, Electric Zoo and Shambhala 
The group has contributed official remixes for Bruno Mars, Passion Pit, Empire of the Sun, Dog Blood, Madeon, Mat Zo, Arty, Datsik & Kill The Noise 

Discography
Studio albums
EPs
Singles
Other appearances
Remixes
Passage 4:
Setting Fires (song)
"Setting Fires" is a song by American DJ duo the Chainsmokers, released as the final single from the duo's second extended play, Collage (2016)  It features the vocal collaboration of American electronic music duo Xylø  The song was written by Melanie Fontana, Jon Asher and Andrew Taggart   "Setting Fires" was released on November 4, 2016, through Disruptor Records and Columbia Records 

Composition
The song is written in the key of G♯ minor with a common time tempo of 105 beats per minute  Xylø's vocals span from F♯3 to A♯5 in the song 

Chart performance
"Setting Fires" debuted and peaked at number 71 on the US Billboard Hot 100 issued for November 26, 2016  The Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA) certified the song Gold, which denotes 500,000 units based on sales and track-equivalent on-demand streams  On the Hot Dance/Electronic Songs chart, it entered at number eight and spent 20 weeks in total  "Setting Fires" peaked at number 35 on the Canadian Hot 100 and was certified Gold by Music Canada  The song reached number 50 in Australia and was certified Platinum  It charted within the top 40 of national record charts, at number 26 in Scotland, and number 31 in Czech Republic 

Track listing
Personnel
Credits adapted from the EP liner notes, Collage (2016) 
Jordan "DJ Swivel" Young – producer, mixing engineer, recording engineer
The Chainsmokers – producer, associated performer
Xylø – associated performer
Melanie Fontana – background vocals
Chris Gehringer – mastering engineer

Charts
Weekly charts
Year-end charts
Certifications
Passage 5:
In Return (Odesza album)
In Return is the second album by American electronic music duo Odesza, released on September 9, 2014 through Counter and Ninja Tune  It is the major label debut of the electronic duo after the release of their self-released debut album Summer's Gone two years prior and follows up that album 
The album debuted atop the Top Dance/Electronic Albums chart and was positively received by critics 
The "Say My Name" track (instrumental version) used in Windows 10 Promotional and Retail Demo Video 

Background and composition
During production, Mills and Knight were more open to experimentation, favoring more of a singer-songwriter approach with a greater focus on lyrical content  The result is a more vocally driven album, contrasting with their previous sample-based releases  Coming from a classically trained background, Knight was more concerned of the technicality of the music, while Mills focused on the production side  Knight's interest in pop and dance music influenced Mill's tastes, which contributed to the direction of the album  The track "It's Only" was distinguished by the duo as "the most mature growth [on the album]" due to its more unconventional production The album's name is a reference to the duo's appreciation of returning home after a long period of touring In Return was released a few weeks earlier than intended due to fan anticipation  On September 18, 2015, the deluxe edition of the album was released containing live and instrumental tracks from the standard edition album, in addition to the single "Light" featuring Little Dragon 

Critical reception
In Return received positive reviews from critics  David Jeffries from AllMusic gave the album a rating of 4 out of 5, calling the album a "humble crowd-pleaser" while praising its variety  Renowned for Sound's Angus Fitz-Bugden gave a rating of 4/5, complimenting the album's ambience and production 

Accolades
In Return was nominated for Top Dance/Electronic Album at the 2016 Billboard Music Awards  The RAC remix of "Say My Name" was also nominated for Best Remixed Recording, Non-Classical at the 58th Annual Grammy Awards 

Commercial performance
In Return debuted at number 1 on the Top Dance/Electronic Albums chart, selling 6,000 album-equivalent units in the first week  The album also debuted and peaked at number 42 on the Billboard 200 

Track listing
Charts
Decade-end charts
Passage 6:
Angelspit
Angelspit is an electronic music band originally from Sydney, Australia, and currently based in Chicago, United States  The band was formed in 2004 by vocalists/synthesists Destroyx (Amelia Tan) and ZooG (Karl Learmont)  The band's music combines stylistic elements of horror, punk, pop and electronic music  Their work contains imagery revolving around medical experiments and grotesque societies  Angelspit has toured with Angel Theory, Ayria, Ikon, KMFDM, Tankt and The Crüxshadows, and have also shared the stage with bands such as The Sisters of Mercy, Nitzer Ebb, Skinny Puppy and Front Line Assembly  They performed with Lords of Acid during a 22-date U S  tour in March 2011 and toured the United States with Blood on the Dance Floor in October 2011 

History
Karl Learmont (ZooG) and Amelia Tan (Destroyx) met on an online zine forum  They shared an interest in zines and started the distro Vox Populis in 2002  They then started making zines for themselves which became the lyrical inspiration for releases to follow  Angelspit was formed in 2003, and the duo then self-released their debut EP, Nurse Grenade on 3 October 2004 
The band self-released their debut studio album, Krankhaus on 6 June 2006, and re-released it on 30 January 2007 with a bonus remix album, entitled Surgically Atoned, and in the US on Dancing Ferret Discs  The album featured remixes by Combichrist and Ego Likeness  A video for "Vena Cava" was released on 22 August 2007  The band toured Australia, the US and Europe where they lived in Berlin to record their second studio album, Blood Death Ivory 
The band released their second studio album, Blood Death Ivory on 11 June 2008  The album was written and recorded between 2006 and 2008  Again, the band continued to tour the new material around Europe and the USA  They released their debut remix album Black Kingdom Red Kingdom on 15 May 2009  Around this time the band began to produce "Blipverts", short video blogs and tutorials on various topics, including the production of the band's third studio album 
The band released their third studio album, Hideous and Perfect on 9 September 2009  A video for "Fuck the Revolution" was released on 28 September 2009  They released their second remix album Larva Pupa Tank Coffin on 10 October 2010  Larva Pupa Tank Coffin includes 4 brand new Angelspit tracks and remixes by the band themselves as well as other artists  A video for the remix of "Sleep Now" was released on 2 October 2010  They released their third remix album, Carbon Beauty on 8 March 2011  This new remix album contains 3 new tracks as well as 10 remixes of tracks from the Hideous and Perfect album  A video for "Toxic Girl" was released on 13 April 2011, and a video for "Like It? Lick It!" was released on 27 July 2011 
On 15 April 2011, Angelspit announced the addition of three new members: guitarist Valerie Gentile (Black Tape for a Blue Girl, The Crüxshadows), drummer Chris Kling (Hanzel und Gretyl, Mortiis) and videojammer The Liar  The new line-up of Angelspit released their fourth studio album, Hello My Name Is on 11 October 2011  Matt James replaced Chris Kling in early 2012, and former Crüxshadows guitarist George Bikos filled in for Valerie Gentile on the band's 2012 tour  On 23 March 2014, Angelspit announced DestroyX was taking time off to focus on her other projects and would be re-joining Angelspit on future recordings  She has now started a solo career under the name Amelia Arsenic 
Angelspit, now a four-piece led by ZooG (now known as Zoog Von Rock), has released two further albums - Cult of Fake in 2016 and Black Dog Bite in 2017 - while continuing to run their label Black Pill Red Pill  Zoog has also started a Patreon where he offers tips to aspiring musicians 

Band members
Current members
Zoog Von Rock (formerly ZooG) – vocals, programming (2003–present)
The Liar – video manipulation (2010–Present)
Matt Slegel – guitars, bass guitar (2017–present; live contributor: 2016)
Kitsu Noir – drums (2017–present)

Former members
Amelia Arsenic (formerly Destroyx) – vocals (2003–13)
Chris Kling – drums (2011–12; session musician: 2014)
Valerie Gentile – guitars, bass guitar (2011–2012)
George Bikos – guitars, bass guitar (2012–16; session musician: 2008, 2009, 2017)
Nick Delavega – programming, keyboards (2016; live contributor: 2015)
AJ Gapsevic – guitars, bass guitar (2016)
Lorelei – vocals (2016)

Live contributors
Peter Crane – keyboards (2007)
Roberto Massaglia – keyboards (2007)
John Von Ahlen – engineer (2007)
Matt James – drums (2012)
Miss Ballistic – vocals (2013; session musician: 2014)
Dita von Cheats – synthesizer (2013)

Session musicians
Graeme Charles Kent – guitars, bass guitar (2004–11, 2017)
Bradley R  Bills – drums (2014)
Alex Weaver – vocals (2014)

Timeline
Discography
Studio albums
Live albums
Compilation albums
Remix albums
Extended plays
Singles
Video albums
Music videos
Passage 7:
Ammunition (Krewella EP)
Ammunition is the third extended play by American electronic dance music band Krewella  It was released on May 20, 2016 by Columbia Records on streaming and digital download music services  Ammunition was preceded by the release of the single "Beggars", on April 28, 2016, shortly followed by the promotional single "Broken Record", which was released on May 10, 2016  It is a six-track extended play, and the duo's first major release since the departure of former member Kris Trindl  It is also their first major release since their debut album Get Wet 

Background
Just over a year after the release of their debut album "Get Wet" in 2013, Kris Trindl publicly announced a lawsuit, suing them $5 million for against Yasmine and Jahan Yousaf claiming they kicked him out of Krewella to gain high profits after he sobered up out of his alcohol addiction  The sisters then followed up with a counter lawsuit which stated "While on stage, Kris would generally stand to the side of Jahan and Yasmine and pump his arms, while pretending to DJ; he was onstage primarily for the sake of image " "Because Kris did not know how to DJ, he only had two effect buttons " In August 2015 a settlement was reached, but the verdicts were not released to the public  The situation eventually led to Deadmau5 siding with Kris, causing Krewella to receive a large amount of internet hatred The band announced in 2015 that they had been working on a new extended play, intended to be completed in time for a 2016 tour  From that time out prior to the release there were many snippets of upcoming music including the songs "Broken Record", "Helter Skelter", "Beggars" (with Diskord), "Louder Than Bombs", "Friends", "Superstar" (which  featured Pegboard Nerds and NGHTMRE) and "Marchin On"  Only three of them made the final track listing, with "Superstar" later being released as a non-album single 
Before the liberation of the EP, two songs were released: "Say Goodbye" on November 24, 2014 and "Somewhere to Run" on March 25, 2015 respectively 

Singles
"Beggars" was released as the lead single from the EP on April 28, 2016, which featured electronic duo Diskord  The music video was released on the same day 

Promotional singles
"Broken Record" was teased before the release of the extended play on May 10, 2016  A music video was later released on June 8, 2016 as a part of their celebrations for the day in which the duo (at the time a trio) abandoned other studies to become full-time musicians 

Promotion
On April 29, 2016 Krewella released a 30-second video of Yasmine rapping to the tune of Kanye West's song "I Love Kanye" stating "F**k tomorrow, we'll show you the new Krewella" prior to the release of the single "Beggars" with Diskord  The music video for the song was released at the same time On the last few days before the release, teasers for "Surrender the Throne", "Marching On", "Beggars", "Broken Record", "Ammunition", and "Can't Forget You" were released, with the latter being released one day before Ammunition's release Krewella are going on a headline tour later in 2016, set to span across 16 dates in North America and Canada and will feature new music and their entire live band 

Commercial performance
On the week ending June 11, 2016 Ammunition reached no  2 on the Billboard Top Dance/Electronic Albums chart and sold 3,000 copies in its debut week  Its lead single, Beggars reached No 24 on the top Dance/Electronic Digital Songs chart and No 33 on the Hot Dance/Electronic Song chart 

Track listing
Charts
Passage 8:
Streets of Gold
Streets of Gold is the third studio album by American electronic music duo 3OH!3  It was released on June 29, 2010 in the United States and July 19, 2010 in the United Kingdom  The album debuted at number seven on the US Billboard 200, selling 41,000 copies in its first week  Upon its release, Streets of Gold received generally mixed reviews from most music critics 

Background
3OH!3 released a video for the song "House Party" on April 8 as a teaser for Streets of Gold  The group hired Andrew W K  to do a rock remix of "House Party", which was released virally on Friday April 16, 2010  3OH!3 had met Andrew W K  at a house party in Memphis, Tennessee  First single, "My First Kiss" was released on their website at 3:03 PM EST May 3  and digitally at midnight on May 4  On May 18, 2010, the song "Touchin' on My" was released exclusively on iTunes Store  3OH!3 planned to release a new song every other Tuesday up to the release of the album  "Déjà Vu" was released on June 1, and "Double Vision" was released on June 15  On June 8, the song "I Can Do Anything" was released to members only on the 3OH!3 website 
The song "I Know How To Say" was used in a trailer for the animated Disney film Mars Needs Moms  An excerpt from the instrumental version of the song can be heard on the official Mars Needs Moms website 

Critical reception
The album received mixed reviews from most music critics  At Metacritic, which assigns a normalized rating out of 100 to reviews from mainstream critics, the album has received an average score of 48, based on 11 reviews, which indicates "generally mixed or average reviews"  AllMusic writer David Jeffries noted "over-the-top performances" and stated "3OH!3 are nothing if not loud and shameless, so if you expect end-to-end excellence from their albums, you’ve got a lot to learn about cheap thrills"  Entertainment Weekly's Leah Greenblatt gave the album a C+ rating and wrote that "Streets of Gold's beats still sound garage-sale-Casio cheap, but the album yields several doofy, affable sing-alongs"  Jon Caramanica of The New York Times complimented its incorporation of hip hop, rock, and electro-pop styles and described it as "an oppressive and convincing wall of sounds"  Alternative Press gave the album 4 out of 5 stars and wrote that it "sweeps across a broad range of stylistic tones, maintaining levity while dabbling in comparably serious musical pursuits"  The Washington Post's Sean Fennessey called 3OH!3 "cheeky stylists with quips that frequently devolve into misogyny" and noted "little depth", but concluded "Still, this is a group that excels when no one is listening to what they're saying, only to how they sound, which is always committed and fearlessly grand" In contrast, BBC Online's Fraser McAlpine panned the album's lyrics and called it "dumb for sure, but no fun whatsoever"  Ben Weisz of MusicOMH gave it 2 out of 5 stars and stated "the lyrics are generally unimaginative, sacrificing any shred of credibility to chase the cheap rhyme"  Stacey Anderson of Spin criticized the songs' "witticisms" and noted "brutish synths and hammy bleats"  Giving it 1 out of 5 stars, Jody Rosen of Rolling Stone called it "grim stuff – a soundtrack for beer-pong tournaments" and panned its formula of "dopey electro rock bolstering 'raps' about drinking    and getting girls to 'touch on' their privates"  NME's Mark Beaumont gave the album a 0/10 rating and called 3OH!3 "electro-hip-pop white bread American scum", stating "If Streets Of Gold's lyrics are unlikely to bother the Nobel committee, musically 3OH!3 are a boyband pendulum: the threat of the latter tamed and glossed by the cash-hungry urge to be the former" 

Commercial performance
Streets of Gold debuted at number seven on the Billboard 200 with 41,000 copies sold in its first week  The album has sold more than 100,000 copies in US 

Track listing
Personnel
Credits for Streets of Gold adapted from AllMusic 

Musicians
Production
Charts
Passage 9:
Harnessed the Storm
Harnessed the Storm is the second studio album by American electronic music duo Drexciya  It was released on Tresor in 2002  Designed as the first of seven conceptually linked albums that the duo produced over the course of a single year, it is the only one credited to Drexciya  Different aliases were used for the others 

Critical reception
Philip Downey of Exclaim! described Harnessed the Storm as "forward-looking, vocal-less, sci-fi stuff"  Andy Battaglia of The A V  Club felt that Drexciya "still creates some of the most visionary electro around", but concluded that the album's "Detroit-style formalism" sounds "too old-fashioned to sneak the future into the past" In 2010, Resident Advisor placed Harnessed the Storm at number 97 on its list of the "Top 100 Albums of the 2000s"  In 2017, Pitchfork placed it at number 11 on its list of "The 50 Best IDM Albums of All Time" 

Track listing
Passage 10:
White Noise (Disclosure song)
"White Noise" is a song by British electronic music duo Disclosure, featuring vocals from electronic music duo AlunaGeorge  It was released as a digital download in the United Kingdom on 1 February 2013  The song peaked at number two on the UK Singles Chart  The track is the second single from the duo's debut studio album, Settle (2013)  The song was written by Howard Lawrence, Guy Lawrence, Aluna Francis, George Reid and James Napier 

Reception
Critical reception
The track was met with very positive reviews upon its release  Pitchfork labeled it "Best New Music"  Robert Copsey of Digital Spy gave the song a positive review stating:

For their latest track 'White Noise' they've hooked up with trendy newbies AlunaGeorge – a savvy collaboration that's been carefully timed following their shared domination of last month's ones-to-watch lists  That's not to say it sounds forced; Disclosure's humming bassline, swirling synths and addictive clubby beeps are perfectly tailored to Aluna's pitched vocal  The result strikes a rarely-heard balance between hipster-friendly and potential chart-dominator   

Freddie Holmes of The Underclassed gave the track a mixed review, stating that "It's a great track nonetheless, especially to someone that hasn't heard any of either group's previous material, but my superfan standpoint has rendered me to be overly critical" Billboard named it the eighth greatest song of 2013  The website wrote about the song, "In a year in which Disclosure and AlunaGeorge watched their audiences and cultural cache grow exponentially, the two duos' wiry, icy-cool collaboration represented a high point for each" 

Commercial performance
The song entered at number 28 on the UK Singles Chart  The following week, it climbed 26 places to number two on the chart, beaten to the top by "Thrift Shop" by Macklemore & Ryan Lewis, featuring Wanz 

Live performances
At the 2014 BRIT Awards, Disclosure and Lorde performed an electro version of Lorde's song "Royals", which transitioned into "White Noise", for which AlunaGeorge appeared on stage  The "Royals/White Noise" performance was released at iTunes Stores by the BRIT Awards on 19 February 2014; proceeds from its sales went to the charity War Child 

Music video
The song's music video has a security guard and he starts in an abandoned warehouse 

Track listings
Digital download"White Noise" (featuring AlunaGeorge) – 5:40BRITs performance digital download"Royals / White Noise" – 4:59

Charts and certifications
Release history
Context 2: Passage 1:
Robinsons Place Butuan
Robinsons Butuan (formerly Robinsons Place Butuan) is a shopping mall located in Jose C  Aquino Avenue (Butuan–Cagayan de Oro–Iligan Road), Brgy  Bayanihan, Butuan  It is Robinsons Land's 33rd commercial center in the Philippines and the 4th Robinsons Mall in Mindanao after Robinsons Cagayan de Oro, Robinsons Cybergate Davao and Robinsons Place Gensan  It covers an area of over 58,300 square metres (628,000 sq ft) making it the largest Robinsons Mall in Mindanao  It was opened to the public on November 25, 2013  The mall also features 102-room hotel component that occupies 4th and 5th levels in the east wing of the building  One of the mall's main tenants is the DFA CO Butuan, the first passport office of the Department of Foreign Affairs in the Caraga region which opened in June 2015 at the mall's third level  An expansion wing, located beside the mall, was opened on August 2, 2017, and will feature more shops and restaurants plus the new integrated land transport terminal (bound for travel to and from Cagayan de Oro, Malaybalay and Davao City except for Surigao City, which is based in the old Langihan Bus Terminal) 

See also
Robinsons Malls
SM City Butuan
List of shopping malls in the Philippines
Passage 2:
Robinsons Novaliches
Robinsons Novaliches (formerly known as Robinsons Place Novaliches and Robinsons Nova Market) is a shopping mall in Fairview owned and operated by Robinsons Malls, the second largest mall operator in the Philippines  This mall was opened on November 9, 2001  It is the second mall by Robinsons Malls in Quezon City after Robinsons Galleria  It has a total floor area of 62,893 m2 (676,970 sq ft) 

Redevelopment and expansion
In 2008, Robinsons Place Novaliches was renamed to Robinsons Nova Market  Robinsons Department Store was closed then Bargain Exchange was replaced and several stores pulled out and it opened an opportunity for micro-retails  In 2010, Robinsons Movieworld Novaliches closed Cinemas 5 to 8 being rented by some Christian Churches inside the mall  Examples of some Christian churches that rented Cinemas 5-8 are Word of Hope Christian Church which occupies Cinemas 5 and 6 and Victory Christian Church which occupies Cinema 7  In 2012, Cinemas 1 to 4 has permanently closed and it is open for rentals for some Christian Churches and for others 
The mall had undergone major renovation and expansion against Ayala Malls' Fairview Terraces and SM Prime Holdings' SM City Fairview  The said expansion houses over 200 micro-retail shops and bargain stores selling apparel, shoes and bags, novelty and gift items and gadgets; food court, Trade Hall, and al fresco dining restaurants  It was opened on May 29, 2015  It added another 10,000 m2 (110,000 sq ft) to the 45,893 m2 (493,990 sq ft) square meters so it will have a total floor area of 55,893 m2 (601,630 sq ft) square meters  And eventually after the expansion, it was renamed as Robinsons Novaliches  
Moreover, Robinsons Digiworld was opened at the Level 2 of the Main Mall which occupies the old location of some bargain things and a passport office of the Department of Foreign Affairs called DFA CO NCR-North was also opened at the Level 3 near the former Robinsons Movieworld Novaliches in November 2016 

See also
Fairview Terraces
SM City Fairview
Robinsons Magnolia
List of shopping malls in Metro Manila
Passage 3:
Robinsons Place Las Piñas
Robinsons Las Piñas (formerly Robinsons Place Las Piñas) is a shopping mall and mixed-use development in Las Piñas, Philippines  It is located on the north side of Alabang–Zapote Road between CAA Road and Admiral Road in Talon Tres  The mall is owned and managed by Robinsons Land Corporation, the second largest mall operator in the Philippines  The mall opened on October 25, 2014  It is the 39th mall opened by Robinsons in the Philippines and the first and only Robinsons mall in Las Piñas and the whole South Manila area 

Description
Robinsons Las Piñas sits on a 6 8-hectare (17-acre) lot on the busy Alabang-Zapote Road in close proximity to several heavily populated and middle-class subdivisions in the south Manila area of Las Piñas and Parañaque such as BF Homes, CAA-BF International, Casimiro Village and BF Resort Village  It has a gross floor area of 59,877 square metres (644,510 sq ft) with a gross leasable area of 25,734 square metres (277,000 sq ft)  The two-storey shopping center is anchored by Robinsons staples like Robinsons Department Store, Robinsons Supermarket, Robinsons Appliances and Robinsons MovieWorld  The mall is also part of a mixed-use development that will also consist of a mid-rise residential complex of Robinsons Communities 
Passage 4:
Robinsons Galleria Cebu
Robinsons Galleria Cebu, also known and branded as Galleria Cebu, is a shopping mall and mixed-use development located in North Reclamation Area, Cebu City  It is the 2nd Robinsons Mall to bear the Galleria branding after Robinsons Galleria  The mall opened on December 10, 2015  The mall is just a few meters from the Port of Cebu and approximately 1 kilometre (0 62 mi) away from SM City Cebu  The mall is owned and operated by Robinsons Malls  It is the firm's third largest mall (after Robinsons Place Manila and its namesake, Robinsons Galleria, in Ortigas, Metro Manila) 

History
In 2008, Robinsons Land, Inc  announced that they have bought a 4-hectare (9 9-acre) prime property near the Port of Cebu  The company bared that they planned to build a mall, a three-storey BPO tower, a 153-room Go Hotel (which would have been the first in Cebu), 9,000 m2 (97,000 sq ft) of office space and a couple of high-rise condominiums  The development was initially called Robinsons Maxilom, named after General Maxilom Avenue, the road it directly borders to  The project was then renamed to its current name a couple of years later  The project broke ground in July 2012 and construction followed soon  The mall opened on December 10, 2015, exactly two weeks after another mall, SM Seaside City Cebu by rival group SM Supermalls opened 

Mall features
The main mall is four storeys tall, while a BPO building with a total floor space of 9,000 m2 (97,000 sq ft) is three storeys tall  There will be six cinemas in the mall  The mall also has an al fresco dining area and the mall's interiors feature lush gardens  When the whole development is finished, it will have a 153-room hotel named Summit Galleria Hotel, BPO towers, and three high-rise condominiums (which will be located at the back of the mall) 

Incidents
December 10, 2022 4:20 PM 
The nearby abandoned White Gold Shopping Mall, collapsed due to weathering, and traffic congestion  Some of the nearby roads had to be temporarily closed  Including B  Benedicto St, in which neighbors the mall on the northwest, near the Summit Hotel  However, the mall has not been damage, nor injured anyone on B  Benedicto St, near the mall, or in the abandoned building 
Passage 5:
Robinsons Place Manila
Robinsons Manila (formerly Robinsons Place Manila), also known as Robinsons Ermita and Robinsons Place Ermita, is a large shopping mall located in Ermita, Manila, Philippines  It is the largest Robinsons Mall ever built  Robinsons Manila is located beside the University of the Philippines Manila and the Philippine General Hospital, and is built at the site of the former Ateneo de Manila Campus before it moved to Loyola Heights, Quezon City  The first major expansion of the mall happened when it opened its Padre Faura Wing in June 2000  The mall was further expanded in 2006 when the nearby Midtown Hotel was demolished to make way for the construction of its Midtown Wing and the Adriatico Place Residences
Robinsons Manila is connected to two high-rise residential condominiums: the 37-storey twin tower Robinsons Place Residences, and the triple tower Adriatico Place Residences 

History
Robinsons Manila was built in the 1980, on the site of the former Ateneo de Manila University Campus and Assumption Convent located beside the University of the Philippines Manila and the Philippine General Hospital  Ateneo transferred to Loyola Heights, Quezon City while the Convent relocated to San Lorenzo Village, Makati 
In June 2000, the mall was expanded with the opening of the Padre Faura Wing which contains additional shopping and dining facilities  It is also anchored by the construction of the 37-storey, twin tower residential condominium Robinsons Place Residences  Further demand in the market expanded the mall with the acquisition of the Manila Midtown Hotel Until 2003 and demolishing it to make way for its Midtown Wing, which is also anchored by another residential condominium project the Adriatico Place Residences  Midtown wing opened in 2008  This expansion made the mall larger than Robinsons Galleria and therefore the largest Robinsons Mall 
It was reported by BusinessWorld in November 2018 that Robinsons Land Corporation plans to renovate Robinsons Manila in 2019  The mall is undergoing major redevelopment since February 2023 

Layout
Padre Faura Wing
The 2-level Padre Faura Wing faces Padre Faura Street and is connected to Robinsons Place Residences  The arrangement of its entry point as well as the tower makes the mall the focal point when traversing Ma  Y  Orosa Avenue southwards  It is near the Philippine General Hospital, the Office of the University Registrar of UP Manila, as well as the Department of Justice, Court of Appeals, and the Supreme Court of the Philippines  The Jesuit Bell which was once located on the site of the former Manila Observatory was on display at the entrance 
The wing is also home to Lingkod Pinoy Center, which hosts branches of government offices such as Professional Regulation Commission, Land Transportation Office, and clearance office of the National Bureau of Investigation  The mall's multilevel carpark entry ramp connects to the 3rd Level Carpark of the mall 

Midtown Wing
The Midtown Wing is the expansion of the original mall facing Adriatico Street  It was constructed on the adjacent lot located at the former Manila Midtown Hotel which was demolished to make way for this expansion  A lot of high-end shops and boutiques serves as its tenants  The Robinsons Department Store and its Business Center are located here  It is connected to Adriatico Place Residences, a triple tower residential condominium managed by RLC Residences 
Alongside shops and restaurants, it also features three additional cinemas, an expanded atrium, arcades such as Tom's World and Timezone, and an al fresco veranda  It has a basement parking shared with the Pedro Gil Wing, however it is not connected to the P  Faura Wing Basement Carpark 

Pedro Gil Wing
The original structure of the mall, the Pedro Gil Wing faces Pedro Gil Street and features most of the mall's fashion brands including H&M, tech shops, sit-down restaurants, and the main wing of Robinsons Movieworld  The wing has a bowling center named Paeng's Midtown Bowl at the second level which closed in 2019 for renovations and reopened on January 2023  Timezone occupies a part of the bowling alley's space 
A family entertainment center named GBox used to occupy a large space at the mall's foodcourt area alongside Fitness First, which the former has been closed since 2012 and only a small area is currently operational, occupied by electronics repair shops 

Gallery
Passage 6:
Robinsons Metro East
Robinsons Metro East (formerly known as Robinsons Place Metro East) is a shopping mall owned by Robinsons Malls  Robinsons Metro East is situated along Marcos Highway, located at Barangay Dela Paz in Pasig, Philippines  The mall opened on August 31, 2001, is currently the 3rd largest mall in the Philippines owned by Robinsons Malls 

History
The location was first occupied by a Uniwide Warehouse owned by Jimmy Gow's Uniwide Sales, Inc  and was subsequently sold to Gokongwei, who demolished the warehouse  Construction of the mall began in mid-1998, and Robinsons Metro East opened its doors to the public in 2001  
The name "Metro East" refers to the fact that the mall is located in the eastern district of the Greater Manila Area, which is in the boundaries of the cities of Pasig and Marikina in Metro Manila and the municipality of Cainta in Rizal 
On September 26, 2009, the basement level of the mall was flooded as a result of Typhoon Ketsana  This, in turn, led to the closure of the entire mall  Renovation of the mall began in August 2011 and was completed in 2012 The mall is connected to the Marikina-Pasig station of the LRT Line 2  An extension of the mall that links to the station's concourse opened in 2022 

Mall features
The main building of Metro East is one of the largest structures along Marcos Highway  The mall is a 5-level building with 4 upper levels and a basement level, features a 2-level department store, a supermarket, appliance center, Toys R Us, Timezone, and movie theaters  The mall also provides a 5-level elevated indoor carpark located on the left side of the mall 

See also
Robinsons Galleria
Sta  Lucia Mall
SM City Marikina
Passage 7:
SM City Cebu
SM City Cebu, also known as SM Cebu, and sometimes both known locally as SM Mabolo and SM City, is a large shopping mall located in Mabolo, Cebu City, Philippines  It is the 4th shopping mall owned and developed by SM Prime Holdings, the country's largest shopping mall owner and developer  It is the company's first shopping mall in the Philippines outside of Metro Manila and the fifth largest shopping mall in the Philippines  It has a land area of 11 8 hectares (29 acres) and a gross floor area of 268,611 m2 (2,891,300 sq ft)On an average day, more than 100,000 people visit SM City Cebu, with the figure increasing to 140,000 to 150,000 on weekends  Due to Cebu City's position as a transshipment point for the Visayas and Mindanao, and SM City Cebu's location close to the city's port area, the mall attracts a significant number of transient shoppers 

History
Development
The mall, the first SM Supermall outside of Metro Manila, opened on November 27, 1993, with a gross floor area of 161,562 square metres (1,739,040 sq ft)  It was seen as catering to the broad low- and middle-class shoppers, in contrast to its upscale competitor, the Ayala Corporation-owned Ayala Center Cebu which opened a few months later 
Located in Cebu City's North Reclamation Area, then a quiet and relatively remote part of the city, the mall had Manila-based movie and television stars and entertainers perform free concerts at the mall to attract shoppers  Free jeepney rides to the mall were also offered to fulfill the lack of available public transportation within the area 

Northwing
Construction on SM City Cebu's expansion building, dubbed the Northwing, began in March 2006  The expansion, which was developed at a cost of ₱1 3 billion (US$30 5 million), was built on the parking lot to the north of the existing building, temporarily decreasing the number of parking spaces by more than 30%   Construction of the Northwing started in April 2006, and opened on November 30, 2007  It increased the total gross floor area of SM City Cebu by 107,049 m2 (1,152,270 sq ft), for a total of 268,611 m2 (2,891,300 sq ft)  The first 2 floors are for the mall's expansion, while the 3rd, 4th and 5th floors are for the indoor carpark including the roof deck 

Northwing Expansion
An expansion is planned for the Northwing, which will also include two 20-storey office buildings intended to cater to business process outsourcing companies, as well as a 9-storey building which will house a campus of National University
Context 3: Passage 1:
Tasmania First Party
The Tasmania First Party is a minor Australian political party which operates exclusively in the state of Tasmania  The party was begun by members of the Tasmanian Firearms Owners Association in response to the Howard government's 1996 National Firearms Agreement, which the party called a "unilateral imposition of unnecessarily restrictive firearm legislation, following the unique tragedy of Martin Bryant's Port Arthur protest[sic] "Tasmania First contested its first election in August 1998, the Tasmanian state election  The party received 5 1% of the primary vote for the House of Assembly but failed to win any seats  Tasmania First subsequently contested the Australian federal elections in 1998 and 2001, as well as Tasmanian state elections in 2002 and 2006, but its primary vote in these elections was very modest compared to the party's initial effort in 1998  The Australian Electoral Commission (AEC) deregistered Tasmania First as a registered political party  on 28 April 2006, because the party had not contested a federal election in over four years(an AEC requirement, which must be met if parties are to retain their registration at the national level) 
In August 1998, The Examiner of Launceston referred to Tasmania First as "a sort of local mirror image of One Nation"  Tasmania First called this "defamatory" and demanded a retraction, threatening legal proceedings against the newspaper In 2001 the party declared itself "a natural partner to Brian Harradine in the Senate, where we have many policies in common, being a State based party with the interests of Tasmania our first priority "Tasmania First fielded four candidates in the 2006 Tasmanian state election; one in Bass, one in Lyons, and two in Denison Note: The party should not be confused with the First Party of Tasmania, a minor political organisation whose policies include the secession of Tasmania from Australia 

See also
List of political parties in Australia
Jacqui Lambie Network
Passage 2:
Martin Bryant
Martin John Bryant (born 7 May 1967) is a convicted Australian mass shooter who murdered 35 people and injured 23 others in the Port Arthur massacre, one of the world's deadliest shooting sprees, in Port Arthur, Tasmania, between 28 and 29 April 1996  He is serving 35 life sentences plus 1,652 years at Risdon Prison in Hobart  His papers are marked Never to be released 

Early life
Martin Bryant was born on 7 May 1967 at the Queen Alexandra Hospital in Hobart, Tasmania  He was the first child of Maurice and Carleen Bryant  Although the family home was in Lenah Valley, Bryant spent some of his childhood at their beach home in Carnarvon Bay  In a 2011 interview, his mother recalled that while Bryant was very young, she would often find his toys broken and that he was an "annoying" and "different" child  A psychologist's view was that Bryant would never be capable of holding down a job as he would aggravate people to such an extent that he would always be in trouble Locals recall abnormal behaviour by Bryant, such as pulling the snorkel from another boy while diving and cutting down trees on a neighbour's property  He was described by teachers as being distant from reality and unemotional  At school, Bryant was a disruptive and sometimes violent child who suffered severe bullying by other children  After he was suspended from New Town Primary School in 1977, psychological assessments noted that he tortured animals  Bryant returned to school the following year with improved behaviour; however, he persisted in teasing younger children  He was transferred to a special education unit at New Town High School in 1980, where he deteriorated both academically and behaviourally throughout his remaining school years 

Psychological and psychiatric assessments
Descriptions of Bryant's behaviour as an adolescent show that he continued to be disturbed and outlined the possibility of an intellectual disability  When leaving school in 1983, he was assessed for a disability pension by a psychiatrist who wrote: "Cannot read or write  Does a bit of gardening and watches TV     Only his parents' efforts prevent further deterioration  Could be schizophrenic and parents face a bleak future with him " Bryant received a disability pension, though he also worked as a handyman and gardener  In an examination after the massacre, forensic psychiatrist Ian Joblin found Bryant to be borderline mentally disabled with an I Q  of 66, equivalent to an 11-year-old While awaiting trial, Bryant was examined by court-appointed psychiatrist Ian Sale, who was of the opinion that Bryant "could be regarded as having shown a mixture of conduct disorder, attention deficit hyperactivity and a condition known as Asperger syndrome"  Psychiatrist Paul Mullen, hired at the request of Bryant's legal counsel, found that Bryant was socially and intellectually impaired  Furthermore, finding that he did not display signs of schizophrenia or a mood disorder, Mullen concluded, "Though Mr  Bryant was clearly a distressed and disturbed young man, he was not mentally ill "

Adulthood
In early 1987, when Bryant was 19, he met 54-year-old Helen Mary Elizabeth Harvey, heiress to a share in the Tattersall's lottery fortune, while looking for new customers for his lawnmowing service  Harvey, who lived with her mother Hilza, befriended Bryant, who became a regular visitor to her neglected mansion in New Town and assisted with tasks such as feeding the fourteen dogs living inside the house and the forty cats living inside her garage  In June 1990, an anonymous person reported Harvey to the health authorities and medics found both Harvey and her mother in need of urgent hospital treatment  With Helen suffering from infected ulcers and Hilza with an untreated broken hip, Hilza Harvey was moved into a nursing home and died several weeks later at the age of 79 A cleanup order was placed on the decaying mansion and Bryant's father took long-service leave to assist in cleaning the interior  The local RSPCA unit had to confiscate many animals living in the house  Following the mandatory cleanup, Harvey now invited Bryant to live with her in the mansion and they began spending extravagant amounts of money, which included the purchase of more than thirty new cars in less than three years  The odd pair of friends began to spend most days shopping, usually after having lunch in a local restaurant  Around this time, Bryant was reassessed for his pension and a note was attached to the paperwork: "Father protects him from any occasion which might upset him as he continually threatens violence     Martin tells me he would like to go around shooting people  It would be unsafe to allow Martin out of his parents' control" In 1991, as a result of no longer being allowed to have animals at the house, Harvey and Bryant moved together onto a 29-hectare (72-acre) farm called Taurusville that she had purchased in Copping, a small township  Neighbours recalled that Bryant always carried an air gun and often fired it at tourists as they stopped to buy apples at a stall on the highway and that late at night, he would roam through the surrounding properties firing the gun at dogs when they barked at him  They avoided him "at all costs" despite his attempts to befriend them On 20 October 1992, Harvey was killed when her car veered onto the wrong side of the road and hit an oncoming car directly  Bryant was inside the vehicle at the time of the accident and was hospitalised for seven months with severe neck and back injuries  He was briefly investigated by police for the role he played in the accident, as Bryant had a known habit of lunging for the steering wheel and Harvey had already had three accidents as a result  She often told people that this was the reason she never drove faster than 60 kilometres an hour (37 mph)  Bryant was named the sole beneficiary of Harvey's will and came into possession of assets totaling more than AU$550,000  As Bryant had only the "vaguest notions" of financial matters, his mother subsequently applied for and was granted a guardianship order, placing Bryant's assets under the management of Public Trustees  The order was based on evidence of Bryant's diminished intellectual capacity After Harvey's death, Bryant's father Maurice looked after the Copping farm  Bryant returned to the family home to convalesce after leaving hospital  Maurice had been prescribed antidepressants and had discreetly transferred his joint bank account and utilities into his wife's name  Two months later, on 14 August 1993, a visitor looking for Maurice at the Copping property found a note saying "call the police" pinned to the door and found several thousand dollars in his car  The rates officer at the time found no reason to suspect criminal intent and sent council members and police to quell the stresses put forward by letters sent to the local council chambers  Police searched the property for Maurice without success  Divers were called in to search the four dams on the property, and on 16 August, his body was found in the dam closest to the farmhouse, with a diving weight belt around his neck  Police described the death as "unnatural" and it was ruled a suicide  Bryant inherited the proceeds of his father's superannuation fund, valued at AU$250,000 Bryant later sold the Copping farm for AU$143,000 and kept the New Town mansion  While living at Copping, the white overalls he habitually wore were replaced with clothing more in line with Harvey's financial status  Now that he was alone, Bryant's dress became more bizarre; he often wore a grey linen suit, cravat, lizard-skin shoes, and a Panama hat while carrying a briefcase during the day, telling anyone who would listen that he had a well-paying career  He often wore an electric-blue suit with flared trousers and a ruffled shirt to the restaurant he frequented  The restaurant owner recalled: "It was horrible  Everyone was laughing at him, even the customers  I really felt suddenly quite sorry for him  I realised this guy didn't really have any friends "With both his father and Harvey dead, Bryant became increasingly lonely  From 1993 to late 1995, he visited various overseas countries fourteen times and a summary of his domestic airline travel filled three pages  Bryant had felt as lonely traveling as he did back home in Tasmania  He enjoyed the flights, as he could speak to the people sitting adjacent to him who had no choice but to be polite  He later took great joy in describing some of the conversations he had with fellow passengers In late 1995, Bryant became suicidal after deciding he had "had enough"  He stated, "I just felt more people were against me  When I tried to be friendly toward them, they just walked away " Although he had previously been little more than a social drinker, Bryant's alcohol consumption increased and, although he had not consumed any alcohol on the day of the Port Arthur massacre, had especially escalated in the six months prior to that day  His average daily consumption was estimated at half a bottle of Sambuca and a bottle of Baileys Irish Cream, supplemented with port wine and other sweet alcoholic drinks  According to Bryant, he thought the plan for Port Arthur might have first occurred to him four to twelve weeks before the event 

Port Arthur massacre
Bryant has provided conflicting and confused accounts of what led him to kill 35 people at the Port Arthur site on 28 April 1996  It could have been his desire for attention, as he allegedly told a next-door neighbour, "I'll do something that will make everyone remember me " Bryant's defence psychiatrist Paul Mullen, former chief of forensic psychiatry at Monash University, said, "He followed Dunblane  His planning started with Dunblane  Before that he was thinking about suicide, but Dunblane and the early portrayal of the killer, Thomas Hamilton, changed everything "Bryant's first victims, David and Noelene (Sally) Martin, owned the bed and breakfast guest house called 'Seascape'  The Martins had bought the bed and breakfast that Bryant's father had wanted to buy, and his father had complained to him on numerous occasions of the damage done to Bryant's family because of that purchase  Bryant apparently believed the Martins had bought the property to hurt his family out of spite and blamed the Martins for the depression that led to his father's suicide  He fatally shot the Martins in the guest house and stole their weapons before travelling to the Port Arthur site 
At Port Arthur, Bryant entered the Broad Arrow Café on the grounds of the historic site, carrying a large blue duffel bag  Once he finished eating, Bryant moved toward the back of the café and set a video camera on a vacant table  He took out a Colt AR-15 SP1 Carbine (semi-automatic rifle) and, firing from the hip, began shooting patrons and staff  Within fifteen seconds, he had fired seventeen shots, killing twelve people and wounding ten  Bryant then walked to the other side of the shop and fired twelve more times, killing another eight people while wounding two  He then changed magazines before fleeing, shooting at people in the car park and from his yellow Volvo 244 car as he drove away; four were killed and an additional six were injured 
Bryant drove 300 metres down the road, to where a woman and her two children were walking  He stopped and fired two shots, killing the woman and the child she was carrying  The older child fled, but Bryant followed her and killed her with a single shot  He then stole a gold BMW by killing all four of its occupants  A short distance down the road, he stopped beside a couple in a white Toyota and, drawing his weapon, ordered the male occupant into the boot of the BMW  After shutting the boot, he fired two shots into the windscreen of the Toyota, killing the female driver 
Bryant returned to the guest house, set the stolen car alight and took his hostage inside where he had left the Martins' corpses  The police soon arrived and tried to negotiate with Bryant for many hours before the battery in the phone he was using ran out, ending communication  Bryant's only demand was to be transported in an army helicopter to an airport  During the negotiations, Bryant killed his hostage  The next morning, eighteen hours later, he set fire to the guest house and attempted to escape in the confusion  Suffering burns to his back and buttocks, Bryant was captured and taken to Royal Hobart Hospital, where he was treated and kept under heavy guard 

Imprisonment
Bryant was judged competent to stand trial, which was scheduled to begin on 7 November 1996  He initially pleaded not guilty but was persuaded by his court-appointed lawyer, John Avery, to plead guilty to all charges  Two weeks later, Hobart Supreme Court Judge William Cox gave Bryant 35 life sentences, plus 1,652 years in prison, without the possibility of parole, all of which is to be served concurrently; this life sentence being applied is "for the term of [his] natural life "For the first eight months of his imprisonment, Bryant was held in a purpose-built special suicide-prevention cell in almost complete solitary confinement  He remained in protective custody for his own safety until 13 November 2006, when he was moved into Hobart's Wilfred Lopes Centre, a secure mental health unit run by the Tasmanian Department of Health and Human Services  The 35 bed unit for inmates with serious mental illness is staffed with doctors, nurses, and other support workers  Inmates are not locked down and can come and go from their cells  Exterior security at the facility is provided by a three-wall perimeter patrolled by private contract guards  On 25 March 2007, Bryant attempted to end his life by slashing his wrist with a razor blade  On 27 March, he cut his throat with another razor blade and was hospitalised briefly As of January 2022, Bryant is housed in the maximum-security Risdon Prison near Hobart 

Media coverage
Newspaper coverage immediately after the Port Arthur massacre raised serious questions about journalistic practices, and criticism was directed toward Australian media  Photographs of Bryant published in The Australian had his eyes digitally manipulated with the effect of making him appear deranged and "glaring"  Despite criticism, the manipulated photographs continued to be used in media reporting a decade later  There were also questions as to how the photos had been obtained 
The Tasmanian director of public prosecutions warned the media that the coverage compromised Bryant's right to a fair trial and writs were issued against The Australian, the Hobart Mercury (which used Bryant's picture under the headline "This is the man"), The Age, and the ABC  The chairman of the Australian Press Council at the time, David Flint, argued that because Australian newspapers regularly ignored contempt-of-court provisions, this showed that the law, not the newspapers, needed change  Flint suggested that such a change in the law would not necessarily lead to trial by media  Australian newspapers also came under critical scrutiny of their accounts of Bryant and how the kind of identity responsible for his and other similar kinds of killing might be understood 

Political aftermath
As a response to the spree killing, Australian state and territory governments placed extensive restrictions on all firearms, including semi-automatic centre-fire rifles, repeating shotguns (holding more than five shots) and high-capacity rifle magazines  In addition to this, limitations were also put into place on low-capacity repeating shotguns and rim-fire semi-automatic rifles  Though this resulted in stirring controversy, opposition to the new laws was overcome by media reporting of the massacre and mounting public opinion in the wake of the shootings (see Gun laws in Australia for more information on the 1996 legislation) 

In popular culture
In March 2012, Sydney artist Rodney Pople controversially won the AU$35,000 Glover Prize for his landscape painting depicting Port Arthur with Bryant in the foreground holding a firearm In 2019, Bryant's massacre was referenced in the lyrics of Pond's song, "The Boys Are Killing Me", featured on their album Tasmania The 2021 film Nitram, directed by Justin Kurzel, is based on Bryant's life, with Caleb Landry Jones in the role of Bryant  Jones won the Cannes Film Festival Award for Best Actor for his portrayal 

See also
List of rampage killers
The Alannah and Madeline Foundation
Passage 3:
Port Arthur massacre (Australia)
The Port Arthur massacre was a mass shooting that occurred on 28 April 1996 at Port Arthur, a tourist town in the Australian state of Tasmania  The perpetrator, Martin Bryant, killed 35 people and wounded 23 others, the worst massacre in modern Australian history  The attack led to fundamental changes in Australia's gun laws 
Two of Bryant's victims were known to him personally and were killed at Seascape, a bed and breakfast property  The majority of his victims were killed in a shooting spree at the Port Arthur Historic Site, a popular tourist destination  Using two semi-automatic rifles, he began his attack at a small café before moving into a nearby gift shop, killing twenty people indiscriminately in a short amount of time  Many others were killed at the site's car park, including several children  After killing its four occupants, Bryant stole a vehicle at the site's tollbooth and drove to a nearby service station, where he killed a woman and abducted her partner  He continued to fire at passing vehicles before finally returning to Seascape with his hostage, who was then killed  He set fire to the property but was captured the following morning 
Bryant pleaded guilty to the killings and received 35 life sentences without parole; his motives have been subject to debate  The massacre led to a reassessment of Australia's gun laws by the newly elected Howard government  The National Firearms Agreement between state and federal governments was announced within two weeks of the massacre, establishing heavy restrictions on the use of automatic and semi-automatic weapons and creating a gun buyback program, a national gun registry and a waiting period for firearm sales 

Background
Location
The main location of the incident was the historic Port Arthur former prison colony, a popular tourist site in south-eastern Tasmania, Australia 

Perpetrator
In 1992, Martin Bryant—then 25—was bequeathed about $570,000 in property and assets by a friend, Helen Harvey, who left her estate to him following her death in a car crash  He used part of this money to go on many trips around the world from 1993 onwards Bryant's father had tried to purchase a bed and breakfast property called Seascape, but Noelene (also known as Sally) and David Martin bought this property before his father could ready his finances, much to the disappointment of Bryant's father, who often complained to his son of the "double dealing" the Martins had done to secure the purchase  Bryant's father offered to buy another property from the Martins at Palmers Lookout Road, but they declined the offer  Bryant apparently believed the Martins had deliberately bought the property to hurt his family and believed this event to be responsible for the depression that led to his father's 1993 suicide  Bryant later described the Martins as "very mean people" and as "the worse [sic] people in my life "In late 1995, Bryant became suicidal after deciding he had "had enough"  He stated, "I just felt more people were against me  When I tried to be friendly toward them, they just walked away"  Although he had previously been little more than a social drinker, his alcohol consumption increased and, although he had not consumed any alcohol on the day of the massacre, had especially escalated in the six months prior According to Bryant, he thought the plan for Port Arthur might have first occurred to him four to twelve weeks before the event 

Motivation
Bryant's suspected motivations for the massacre were the refusal of the sale of Seascape by owners David and Noelene Martin and to become notorious, as revealed by his lawyer, on the Channel 7 program Sunday Night, air date Sunday, 6 March 2016  From the moment he was captured, he continually wanted to know how many people he had killed and seemed impressed by the number  Bryant is allowed to listen only to music on a radio outside his cell and is denied access to any news reports of his massacre  Photographers who took pictures of him in his prison cell were forced to destroy the film in his presence when the Governor found out 

Gun laws in Australia before the Port Arthur massacre
After storming out of a national gun summit in 1987, eight years before the massacre and following two mass shootings in Melbourne earlier in the year, Premier of New South Wales Barrie Unsworth said: "it will take a massacre in Tasmania before we get gun reform in Australia", referencing Tasmania's resistance to gun law changes  A redesign of the laws for all states and territories of Australia had been prepared by officers and presented at a meeting of police ministers in Launceston in 1995  It had been rejected by Tasmania 

Attacks
The events of this day were pieced together after investigation by police, then presented in court on 19 November 1996 : 50 David and Noelene Martin were the first victims, murdered at the Seascape property (43 11905°S 147 85328°E﻿ / -43 11905; 147 85328) at some point within a 12 hour timeframe prior to the Port Arthur attack 
A couple stopped at Seascape, and Bryant met them outside  When they asked if they could have a look at the accommodation, Bryant told them that they could not because his parents were away and his girlfriend was inside  His demeanour was described as quite rude and the couple felt uncomfortable  They left at about 12:35 p m : 67 Bryant drove to Port Arthur in his yellow Volvo 244, taking the keys to the Seascape properties after locking the doors  Bryant stopped at a car which had pulled over due to overheating and talked with two people there : 68  He suggested that they come to the Port Arthur café for some coffee later : 69 He travelled past the Port Arthur historic site towards a Palmer's Lookout Road property owned by the Martins, where he came across Roger Larner  Larner had met him on some occasions more than 15 years previously  Bryant told Larner he had been surfing and had bought a property called Fogg Lodge and was now looking to buy some cattle from Larner  Bryant also made several comments about buying the Martins' place next door  He asked if Marian Larner was home and asked if he could continue down the driveway of the farm to see her  Larner said OK but told Bryant he would come also  "Bryant then responded that he might go to Nubeena first" and he was going to return in the afternoon : 71

Port Arthur Historic Site
At around 1:10 p m , Bryant paid the entry fee for the site and proceeded to park near the Broad Arrow Café (43 14652°S 147 85139°E﻿ / -43 14652; 147 85139), near the water's edge  The site security manager told him to park with the other cars because that area was reserved for camper-vans and the car park was busy that day  Bryant moved his car to another area and sat in his car for a few minutes  He then moved his car back near the water, outside the café  The security manager saw him go up to the café carrying a "sports-type bag" and a video camera, but ignored him : 72  Bryant went into the café and purchased a meal, which he ate on the deck outside  He attempted to start conversations with people about the lack of wasps in the area and there not being as many Japanese tourists as usual  He appeared nervous and "quite regularly" looked back to the car-park and into the café : 75

Broad Arrow Café murders
The café was very small, and was particularly busy that day as many people waited for the next ferry  Bryant pointed his rifle to the table beside him, fatally shooting Moh Yee (William) Ng and Sou Leng Chung, who were visiting from Malaysia  Bryant then fired a shot at Mick Sargent, grazing his scalp and knocking him to the floor  He then fatally shot Sargent's girlfriend, 21-year-old Kate Elizabeth Scott, hitting her in the back of the head A 28-year-old New Zealand winemaker, Jason Winter, had been helping the busy café staff  As Bryant turned towards Winter's wife Joanne and their 15-month-old son Mitchell, Winter threw a serving tray at Bryant in an attempt to distract him  Joanne Winter's father pushed his daughter and grandson to the floor and under the table 
Forty-four-year-old Anthony Nightingale stood up after the sound of the first shots  Nightingale yelled "No, not here!" as Bryant pointed the weapon at him  As Nightingale leaned forward, he was fatally shot through the neck and spine Bryant fired one shot that killed Kevin Vincent Sharp, 68  He then fired another shot at Walter Bennett, 66, which passed through his body and struck Raymond John Sharp, 67, Kevin Sharp's brother, killing both  The three had their backs towards Bryant, and were unaware what was happening   The shots were all at close range  Gerald Broome, Gaye Fidler and her husband John Fidley were all struck by bullet fragments, but survived Bryant then turned towards Tony and Sarah Kistan and Andrew Mills 
Thelma Walker and Pamela Law were injured by fragments before being dragged to the ground by their friend, Peter Crosswell, as the three sheltered underneath the table  Also injured by fragments from these shots was Patricia Barker Bryant moved just a few metres and began shooting at the table where Graham Colyer, Carolyn Loughton and her daughter Sarah were seated  Colyer was shot in the jaw  Sarah Loughton ran towards her mother, who had been moving between tables  Carolyn Loughton threw herself on top of her daughter  Bryant shot Carolyn Loughton in the back; her eardrum was ruptured by the muzzle blast from the gun going off beside her ear  Despite Carolyn's efforts, Sarah had been fatally shot in the head Bryant pivoted around and fatally shot Mervyn Howard  The bullet passed through him, through a window of the café, and hit a table on the outside balcony  Bryant then fatally shot Mervyn Howard's wife, Mary Howard in the head and neck Bryant was near the exit, preventing others from attempting to run past him and escape  Bryant moved across the café towards the gift shop area  As Bryant moved, Robert Elliott stood up  He was shot in the arm and head, though survived his injuries From the first shot, all of these events took approximately fifteen seconds, during which Bryant fired seventeen shots, killed twelve people, and wounded ten more 

Gift shop murders
As Bryant moved towards the gift shop area, many used the time to hide under tables and behind shop displays  He fatally shot the two local women who worked in the gift shop: 17-year-old Nicole Burgess, in the head, and 26-year-old Elizabeth Howard, in the arm and chest Coralee Lever and Vera Jary hid behind a hessian (burlap) screen with others  Lever's husband Dennis was fatally shot in the head  Pauline Masters, Vera Jary's husband Ron, and Peter and Carolyn Nash had attempted to escape through a locked door but could not open it  Peter Nash lay down on top of his wife to hide her from the gunman  Gwen Neander, trying to make it to the door, was shot in the head and killed Bryant saw movement in the café and moved near the front door  He shot at a table and hit Peter Crosswell, who was hiding under it, in the buttock  Jason Winter, hiding in the gift shop, thought Bryant had left the building and made a comment about it to people near him before moving out into the open  Bryant saw him, with Winter exclaiming, "No, no" just prior to being shot, the bullet hitting his hand, neck and chest  Winter was then fatally shot in the head  Fragments from those shots struck American tourist Dennis Olson, who had been hiding with his wife Mary and Winter  Dennis Olson suffered fragment injuries to his hand, scalp, eye and chest, but survived It is not immediately clear what happened next, although at some point, Bryant reloaded his weapon  Bryant walked back to the café and then returned to the gift shop, where he fatally shot Ronald Jary, Peter Nash and Pauline Masters  He did not see Carolyn Nash, who was lying under her husband  Bryant aimed his gun at an unidentified Asian man, but the rifle's magazine was empty  Bryant then moved to the gift shop counter, where he reloaded his rifle, leaving an empty magazine on the service counter, and left the building In the café and gift shop combined, he fired twenty-nine shots, killed twenty people, and wounded twelve more 

Car park murders
Bryant then moved towards the coach parking lot, situated in front of the café building  One of the coach drivers, Royce Thompson, was shot in the back as he was moving along the passengers' side of a coach  He fell to the ground and was able to crawl under the bus, but later died of his wounds  Brigid Cook was trying to guide people down between the buses and along the jetty area to cover  Bryant moved to the front of this bus and walked across to the next coach  People had quickly moved from this coach towards the back end, in an attempt to seek cover  As Bryant walked around it, he saw people trying to hide and shot at them  Cook was shot in the right thigh, causing the bone to fragment, the bullet lodging there Bryant then quickly moved around another coach and fired at another group of people  Winifred Aplin, running to get to cover behind another coach, was fatally shot in the side  Another bullet grazed Yvonne Lockley's cheek, but she was able to enter one of the coaches to hide, and survived Some people then started moving away from the car park towards the jetty  However, someone shouted that Bryant was heading that way, so they doubled back around the coaches to where Brigid Cook had been shot  Bryant then moved to where Janet and Neville Quin, who owned a wildlife park on the east coast of Tasmania, were beginning to move away from the buses  Bryant shot Janet Quin in the back, where she fell, unable to move, near Royce Thompson Bryant then continued along the car park as people tried to escape along the shore  Doug Hutchinson was attempting to get into a coach when he was shot in the arm Bryant then went to his vehicle, which was just past the coaches, and exchanged his weapon for a self-loading rifle Bryant moved back to the buses where Janet Quin lay injured from the earlier shot  He then fatally shot her in the back  Bryant then went onto one of the coaches and fatally shot Elva Gaylard in the arm and chest  At an adjacent coach, Gordon Francis saw what happened and moved down the aisle to try to shut the door of the coach he was on  He was seen by Bryant and shot from the opposite coach  He survived, but needed four major operations Neville Quin, husband of Janet, had escaped to the jetty area, but returned to look for his wife  He had been forced to leave her earlier after Bryant shot her  Bryant exited the coach and, spotting Quin, chased him around the coaches  Bryant fired at him at least twice before Quin ran onto a coach  Bryant entered the coach and pointed the gun at Neville Quin's face, saying, "No one gets away from me"  Quin ducked when he realised Bryant was about to pull the trigger  The bullet missed his head but hit his neck, momentarily paralysing him 

Toll booth murders and carjacking
Bryant went to his car and drove towards the exit from the historical site  Ahead of him were Nanette Mikac and her children, Madeline, 3, and Alannah, 6  Nanette was carrying Madeline, and Alannah was running slightly ahead  By this point, they had run approximately 600 metres (660 yards) from the car park  Bryant opened his door and slowed down  Mikac moved towards the car, apparently thinking he was offering help  Bryant stepped out of the car, and told Nanette Mikac to get on her knees  She did so, and Bryant fatally shot her in the temple  He then fatally shot Madeline and Alannah Bryant drove up to the toll booth at the exit of the historical site, where there were several vehicles, and blocked a 1980 gold BMW 7 Series owned by Mary Rose Nixon  Inside were Nixon, driver Russell James Pollard and passengers Helene and Robert Graham Salzmann  An argument with Robert Salzmann ensued, and Bryant took out his rifle and fatally shot him  Pollard emerged from the BMW and moved towards Bryant before being fatally shot in the chest  Bryant then moved to the BMW and fatally shot Nixon and Helene Salzmann before removing them from the car  Bryant transferred ammunition, handcuffs, the AR-15 rifle and a fuel container to the BMW Another car then came towards the toll booth and Bryant shot at it 

Service station murder and abduction
Bryant drove up to the service station in front of the Port Arthur General Store (43 13983°S 147 85079°E﻿ / -43 13983; 147 85079) and cut off a white Toyota Corolla that was attempting to exit onto the highway  Glenn Pears was driving, with girlfriend Zoe Hall in the passenger seat  Bryant quickly exited the car with his rifle in hand and tried to pull Hall from the car  Pears got out of the car and approached Bryant  Bryant pointed the gun at Pears and pushed him backwards, eventually directing him into the now open boot of the BMW, locking Pears inside Bryant then moved back to the passenger side of the Corolla as Hall attempted to climb over to the driver's seat  Bryant raised his rifle and fired three shots, killing her 

Seascape roadway
As Bryant drove down to Seascape, he shot at a red Ford Falcon coming the other way, smashing its front windscreen  Upon arriving at Seascape, he got out of his car



ground_truth: 2006

prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: What city in the Philippines is home to the Robinsons Galleria and the 4th largest shopping mall in the world?

The following are given passages.
Context 2:  It is set to be completed by 2025  At the same time, a major renovation of its interior is ongoing, starting with the area near Ace Hardware and SM Appliance Center 

Design
SM City Cebu is a seven-level complex namely lower ground floor, upper ground floor, second floor, third floor, fourth floor, fifth floor, and roof deck featuring a total of eight cinemas with seven regular cinemas and one IMAX theater with a total seating capacity of 5,812, a food court, a fully computerized bowling center, 8,000-square meter amusement center, and a 2,000-square meter trade hall  Prior to the addition of the Northwing, it had a car park capacity of 1,629 The Northwing expansion, opened in 2007, features two floors of retail stores, restaurants, and cafes  It houses more than 200 tenants and caters to a more upscale clientele  The expansion also added three levels of covered parking, and a one level of roof deck parking 

Transport
The Cebu North Bus Terminal is situated inside the mall compound opposite the mall's parking area with the lot granted by SM Prime for free for a period of two years, after its lease in its former location in Subangdaku, Mandaue expired in early 2020  It was officially opened on October 12, 2020, with full operations starting on October 15, 2020 

See also
SM City Consolacion
SM Seaside City
Passage 8:
Robinsons Galleria
Robinsons Galleria, also known as Robinsons Galleria Ortigas, is a mixed-use complex and shopping mall located at EDSA corner Ortigas Avenue, Quezon City, just near SM Megamall  The mall is owned by Robinsons Malls, and it is their flagship mall  It is the 1st Robinsons Mall to bear the Galleria branding   It was built on January 12, 1990, with a total gross floor area of approximately 216,000 m2 (2,330,000 sq ft) 

The mall
Robinsons Galleria is a 5-level shopping mall and a landmark along EDSA and Ortigas Avenue with more than 400 shops, dining outlets, entertainment facilities, and service centers  It is located within a mixed-use complex composed of two high-rise office towers, the Galleria Corporate Center and Robinsons Equitable Tower  Three hotels are also located among the said towers, the Holiday Inn Manila Galleria and Crowne Plaza Manila Galleria, and the Galleria Regency 
A major tenant of the mall is the central passport office of the Department of Foreign Affairs in Metro Manila called DFA Consular Office NCR-Central, which is located on the first floor of the Lingkod Pinoy Center, and which was inaugurated in September 2012 

History
The mall's location was once an open land owned by the SSS in the Ortigas Central Business District  In February 1986, the portion of the land facing EDSA was where participants in the People Power Revolution also protested; tanks going north to Camp Aguinaldo and Camp Crame were stopped at this spot  In 1987, John Gokongwei bought the large portion of the land from the SSS, while the Archdiocese of Manila had partly purchased the portion of the land near the intersection  This plot today is the site of EDSA Shrine, which belongs to the Archdiocese up to date 
Construction began in mid-1988 and finished in late 1989  The mall opened in 1990, being the first mall of Robinsons Malls  Since its opening, several renovations had made within the mall, expanding its area to 216,000 square meters 

Incidents
March 2012 robbery
On March 29, 2012, one guard was killed and six others wounded after two armed robbers lobbed a couple of grenades while fleeing with their loot  The Philippine National Police spokesman Chief Superintendent Agrimero Cruz Jr  said that by 10:15 AM, two unidentified suspects in disguise as guards attacked two bank guards who were escorting bank tellers and were supposed to deliver an undetermined amount of money in a money changer shop at the mall's ground floor 

October 2013 fire
On October 29, 2013, a fire broke out inside the department store's toy section  The fire started at around 11:00 PM when the employees who were decorating Christmas lights inside the mall rushed out the mall to flee the premises  Guests from the Holiday Inn evacuated and moved to the adjacent Crowne Plaza Hotel  The fire raged for about six hours  The fire was under control the next morning, and the mall was closed for two days  The mall soon reopened by noon on November 1, 2013 

Redevelopment
The mall had gone for several renovations since it opened in 1990  In 2012, the mall took its major facelift with additional GLA of around 100,000 square meters that can cater at least 50 tenants  The said developments expanded the mall's GLA to what is now 216,000 square meters The latest redevelopment had started in 2016  It will be done in 2 phases with its first phase of renovation from May to October 2016 while the second phase was to start in May 2017  Aside from the major renovations within the mall, the mall veranda will host more service stores related to health and beauty  There will be an upper veranda at the 3rd floor, formerly occupying the sports loop, which will accommodate more dining choices  The mall's renovation is almost complete 
The mall's renovation will add wooden elements into the mall, a design similar to Robinsons Galleria Cebu 

In popular culture
An urban legend relating to the mall flourished in the 1990s, which claimed of a half-snake, half-human creature that resided in the basement of the mall and purported to be a lucky charm installed by the Gokongwei family, feeding it with unsuspecting victims from a supposed shaft from a dressing room  Among its supposed victims were actresses Alice Dixson and Rita Avila  Although the rumor is now considered absurd and dead, it was revived in 2010 after a supposed YouTube video depicting it surfaced  Businesswoman Robina Gokongwei-Pe asserted in 2008 that the tale emerged from the "market competition"  Dixson herself dismissed the entire narrative as fake, and in 2020 she finally put the entire tale to rest through a YouTube video   She had appeared in a videographic advertisement by Robinsons Galleria two years earlier, poking fun of and lampooning the extinct urban legend 
Passage 9:
Robinsons Town Mall Malabon
Robinsons Malabon (formerly Robinsons Town Mall Malabon) is a shopping mall located in Malabon, Metro Manila, Philippines  It is the first full service mall in Malabon owned and managed by Robinsons Land Corporation, the second largest mall operator in the Philippines  The mall was opened on December 4, 2013  It is the 37th mall opened by Robinsons in the Philippines and the first and only Robinsons mall in Malabon and the whole Camanava (North Metro Manila) area 

Description
Robinsons Town Mall sits on a 23,000-square-metre (250,000 sq ft) lot on the intersection of Governor Pascual Avenue and Crispin Street in Tinajeros village  It has a gross leasable area of 17,104 83 square metres (184,114 9 sq ft) and can house over 250 tenants  The two-level shopping center is anchored  It also features a Lingkod Pinoy government services center  It is one of the two main shopping centers in Malabon along with Malabon Citisquare 

See also
SM Center Sangandaan
Passage 10:
SM Megamall
SM Megamall, simply known as Megamall, is the third largest shopping mall in the Philippines and the thirteenth largest in the world that is developed and operated by SM Prime Holdings  It is located in EDSA corner Doña Julia Vargas Avenue, Ortigas Center, Mandaluyong, Metro Manila, Philippines  The mall occupies a land area of approximately 10 hectares (25 acres) and has a total floor area of 474,000 square meters (5,100,000 sq ft)  The mall has a maximum capacity of 4 million people 

History
Henry Sy Sr  through First Asia Realty loaned ₱1 billion from the Philippine National Bank and Citibank, an unprecedented amount at the time, in April 1989 to fund the development of SM Megamall  The mall began construction in 1989 and opened its doors on June 28, 1991  It is the third SM Supermall ever built by Sy after the SM City Sta  Mesa and SM North EDSA  The SM Megamall was the largest mall in the country for a 17-year period, but when the SM Mall of Asia was built in 2006, it was ranked third largest in the country by floor area at that time, measuring 331,679 m2 (3,570,160 sq ft) of total retail floor area and after SM City North EDSA (which ranks first in the country and second in the world)  It also boasted the first ice skating rink, which was temporarily removed in 2009 but was replaced by the new skating rink at a new location in 2014, as well as one of the first trade halls, the Mega Trade Hall, in the country  The new skating rink was the venue for the speed skating and figure skating at the 2019 Southeast Asian Games Since its inception in 1991, SM Megamall expanded with the addition of the Mega Atrium in 2008, Building C in 2011 and the Mega Fashion Hall in 2014, bringing the total retail floor area to 474,000 m2 (5,100,000 sq ft)  In 2018, SM partnered with Cal-Comp Technology (Philippines) Inc  for the provision of its New Era AI (Artificial Intelligence) Robotic service robots stationed at SM Megamall by the first quarter of 2019 

Location
The mall is located in the Ortigas Center, one of Metro Manila's premier central business districts and shopping hubs, at the portion encompassed by Mandaluyong City  It stands along the main EDSA thoroughfare and Doña Julia Vargas Avenue  The mall is almost adjacent to the Ortigas MRT Station and EDSA Carousel's Ortigas station, as well as the Shaw Boulevard MRT station  The mall is also located to nearby malls such as the Robinsons Galleria, St  Francis Square, The Podium, the Shangri-La Plaza, and Starmall EDSA Shaw and landmarks such as the Asian Development Bank Headquarters, Saint Pedro Poveda College, University of Asia and the Pacific, BDO Corporate Center, The Podium West Tower and the San Miguel Corporation Headquarters 

Buildings
The mall currently has 968 shops and is separated into five buildings, namely Building A, Building B, Building C; Building D, which is also known as the Mega Fashion Hall; and the Mega Atrium 

Main Mall
The mall has two main buildings  Building A features the 12 digital cinemas on the third floor; a food court, events hall and the Toy Kingdom on the lower ground floor, art stores on the fifth floor, and other anchor tenants  It also features Forever 21 located on the second level of Building A  Building B features SM Store, the Ace Hardware store on the lower ground floor, the Cyberzone on the fourth floor, the Mega Trade Hall on the fifth floor, and other anchor tenants  It has been expanded and has direct connections with the Mega Fashion Hall which opened in January 2014  The SM Supermarket is featured on both buildings  The bridgeway connecting the two main buildings of the mall contains several eateries 

Mega Atrium
The 16,000 m2 (170,000 sq ft) Mega Atrium is an addition to the existing two buildings  The Atrium, completed in 2008, bridges the gap between Buildings A and B  It features Chapel of the Eucharistic Lord, a 1,585 m2 (17,060 sq ft) Roman Catholic chapel located on the fifth floor, as well as various shops and restaurants  The atrium also features the Garden at Mega Atrium, an indoor garden located within the second floor, and also includes the Respira Café, a coffee and pastry shop offering European confectionaries 

Building C
Building C is a recent addition to SM Megamall that houses office space on the upper levels of the carpark and a transport terminal, which includes an integrated bus terminal serving the north of Metro Manila including CAMANAVA, Quezon City and further to Bulacan and Calabarzon  Formerly Building A's open-parking facility, it is located near EDSA to the west of Building A and was opened on October 11, 2011  The building also contains the 1,300-square-meter (14,000 sq ft) DFA CO NCR-East, the first passport office of the Department of Foreign Affairs in Metro Manila which opened in August 2012 

Mega Fashion Hall (Building D)
The Mega Fashion Hall is the latest expansion of SM Megamall  Featuring a two-level basement parking and a five-level mall with 86,000 m2 (930,000 sq ft) of retail, it houses several global clothing retailers, an events hall, and additional restaurants and shops, including the three-level H&M store and the three-level Uniqlo which extends to the two uppermost levels of Building B  Aside from clothing stores, the expansion includes dining establishments, houseware stores, service shops, and a Bingo area on the fifth level  The Mega Fashion Hall also houses an IMAX Digital theater (which is also the eighth IMAX cinema in the country), a 56-seat Director's Club Cinema with butler service, an Olympic-sized ice skating rink (replacing the one removed in 2009 from the lower-ground level of Building A), an upscale food court (Mega Food Hall), and a 14-lane bowling center, the SM Bowling Center (also replacing the one removed in 2009 from the lower-ground level of Building A, now Toy Kingdom)   The fashion hall also features the BTS Pop-Up Store, located at the mall's third floor, and showcases over 400 BTS-branded products 

Time Sculpture
The Time Sculpture is a sculpture located fronting the Mega Fashion Hall  The sculpture was unveiled on August 2, 2021, and is designed by Filipino-American public artist Jefre Manuel Figueras, also known as JEFRË, and was made of stainless steel  The sculpture is part of the Baks "Box" Series, where he gives representation to people living in cities around the world, and resembles a man looking at his watch, which serves as reminder how time is important in our lives and to make use of time in traffic productively  JEFRË also converted the statue's head to a block, which connects the figures to surrounding urban architecture, and strengthens the image that people are a city's major component as the building blocks and the bloodline of the city 

Expansion
After the soft opening of the newly constructed Building C Carpark, the mall surpassed SM Mall of Asia by 2,000 m2 (22,000 sq ft) and became the second largest shopping mall in the country 
With the opening of the Mega Fashion Hall (Building D), the current gross leasable area is 500,000 m2 (5,400,000 sq ft), allowing the mall to reclaim the title of the largest mall in the Philippines The addition of the Mega Fashion Hall building added 125 new retail stores, 90% of which are global brands and 10% of which are local retailers 

Mega Tower
A 50-storey 249 7 m (819 ft) office tower, named The Mega Tower, is built next to the Mega Fashion Hall formerly occupied by an open carpark  The S-shaped tower is directly connected to the Mega Fashion Hall and will feature three levels of basement parking and multilevel parking  It will have a leasable area of 124,200 m2 (1,337,000 sq ft)  Groundbreaking began in March 2016, while the tower's construction phase began six months later on the same year, in September 2016  The tower was topped off in March 2020, and was opened in 2021 Arquitectonica is the firm responsible for the architectural design, while Aurecon serves as the tower's structural engineer consultant and New Golden City Builders serve as the general contractor for the project 

Gallery
In popular culture
In the idol anime, titled Love Live! Nijigasaki High School Idol Club, in its second season in Episode 13, the characters were seen in a giant LED screen in a mall which looked like SM Megamall's Fashion Hall, under the name "Largemall "

Incidents and accidents
2000 bombing
On May 21, 2000, a bomb exploded inside a restroom at Cinema 6 of the mall's movie theater located on the third floor  One person was killed and dozens were injured  Two of the victims sustained very serious injuries  The bombing occurred four days after the Glorietta 2 bombing which wounded 13 people  Seven years later, the 2007 blast in Glorietta injured 129 people, while leaving 12 people dead 

2013 incidents
January 26, 2013: A holdup and shootout occurred when the Martilyo Gang, a local criminal group specializing in robbing stores by smashing and stealing valuables using hammers, robbed a jewelry store in the department store on the first floor 
May 5, 2013: An explosion briefly caused panic at the foodcourt at Building A, with at least one reported hurt in a stampede before shoppers were able to calm down after learning the sounds were not gunshots  A siomai steamer was short-circuited and caused people to file out at around 7:25 PM

Fire incidents
June 29, 2018: A fire hit the under-construction SM Mega Tower near SM Mega Fashion Hall at around 7:30 PM  It was declared "fire out" at around 6 hours later, at 1:30 AM on the next day  The Metropolitan Manila Development Authority (MMDA) had announced in a tweet at 8:16 PM on Thursday that the blaze had already reached the third alarm  This meant that up to nine fire trucks should be deployed 
May 16, 2021: A fire broke out in Building C of the mall at 3:36 AM  The fire was put out 19 minutes later 
September 2, 2021: A fire hit the 27th floor of the under-construction SM Mega Tower around 10:26 AM, causing people in the building to be reportedly trapped 

See also
List of shopping malls in Metro Manila
Context 3:  A Holden Frontera 4WD vehicle then approached Seascape along the road  Those in the vehicle saw Bryant with his gun, but believed him to be rabbit hunting and slowed down as they passed him  Bryant fired into the car; the first bullet hit the bonnet and broke the throttle cable  He fired at least twice more into the car as it passed, breaking the windows  One bullet hit the driver, Linda White, in the arm Another vehicle then drove down the road, carrying four people  It was not until they were almost adjacent to Bryant that they realised he was carrying a gun  Bryant shot at the car, smashing the windscreen  Douglas Horner was wounded by pieces of the windscreen  The car proceeded ahead where White and Wanders tried to get in, but Horner did not realise the situation and drove on  When they saw that White had been shot, they came back and picked them up  Both parties then continued down to a local establishment called the Fox and Hounds Inn, where they called police Yet another car drove past and Bryant shot at it, hitting the passenger, Susan Williams, in the hand  The driver, Simon Williams, was struck by fragments Sometime after he stopped, Bryant removed Pears from the boot and handcuffed him to a stair rail within the Seascape Guesthouse  At some point, he also set the BMW on fire 

Capture on 29 April
Bryant was captured the following morning, when a fire started in the guest house, presumably set by Bryant It was discovered that Glenn Pears had been shot during or before the standoff and had died before the fire  The remains of the Martins were also found 

Victims
Fatalities
The following is a list of those killed in the Port Arthur massacre 

Aftermath
The Port Arthur tourist site reopened a few weeks later, and since then a new restaurant has been built  The former Broad Arrow Café structure is now a "place for quiet reflection", with a monument and memorial garden dedicated at the site in April 2000  The Australian Journal of Emergency Management published several research articles on the response and the ongoing processes of recovery, including an article about caring for the social workers working with residents 

Government reaction
Following the spree, the Prime Minister of Australia, John Howard, led the development of strict gun control laws within Australia and formulated the National Firearms Agreement, restricting the private ownership of semi-automatic rifles, semi-automatic shotguns and pump-action shotguns as well as introducing uniform firearms licensing  It was implemented with bipartisan support by the Commonwealth, states and territories  The massacre happened just six weeks after the Dunblane massacre, in Scotland, which claimed 18 lives, with UK Prime Minister John Major reaching out to his counterpart over the shared tragedies; the United Kingdom passed its own changes to gun laws the next year after a change of government Under federal government co-ordination, all states and territories of Australia restricted the legal ownership and use of self-loading rifles, self-loading shotguns, and tightened controls on their legal use by recreational shooters  The government initiated a mandatory "buy-back" scheme with the owners paid according to a table of valuations  Some 643,000 firearms were handed in at a cost of $350 million which was funded by a temporary increase in the Medicare levy which raised $500 million Some state governments, notably Tasmania itself and Queensland, were generally opposed to new gun laws  Concern was raised within the Coalition Government that fringe groups such as the "Ausi Freedom Scouts", the Australian League of Rights and the Citizen Initiated Referendum Party, were exploiting voter anger to gain support  After discovering that the Christian Coalition and National Rifle Association of America were supporting the gun lobby, the government and media cited their support, along with the moral outrage of the community to discredit the gun lobby as extremists 

Community reaction
A substantial community fund was given for the victims of the Port Arthur massacre  The murder of Nanette Mikac and her daughters Alannah and Madeline inspired Dr Phil West of Melbourne, who had two girls similar in age to the murdered children, to set up a foundation in their memory  The Alannah and Madeline Foundation was launched in 1997 to combat bullying and to support child victims of violence The massacre at Port Arthur forged a kinship between that town and the Scottish town of Dunblane, which had suffered a similar event, the Dunblane school massacre, only weeks previously In 1996, Australian composer Peter Sculthorpe wrote Port Arthur, In memoriam: for chamber orchestra, "   for the victims of the massacre at Port Arthur, 28 April 1996, for those who died, and for those who live with the memory of it " The work was first performed 24 June 1996, at Government House, Hobart, Tasmania, by the Tasmanian Symphony Orchestra conducted by David Porcelijn 

Mental illness and copycat effects
Much discussion has occurred as to Bryant's mental health  At the time of the offences he was in receipt of a Disability Support Pension on the basis of being mentally handicapped  Media reports also detailed his odd behaviour as a child  He was able to drive a car and obtain a gun, though he possessed a licence for neither Paul Mullen, a forensic psychiatrist with extensive involvement following the string of massacres in Australia and New Zealand, attributes both the Port Arthur massacre and some of the earlier massacres to the copycat effect  In this theory the saturation media coverage provides both instruction and perverse incentives for dysfunctional individuals to imitate previous crimes  In Tasmania, a coroner found that a report on the current affairs program A Current Affair, a few months earlier had guided one suicide, and might have helped create the expectation of a massacre  The coverage of the Dunblane massacre, in particular the attention on the perpetrator, is thought to have provided the trigger for Bryant to act 

Investigation
Martin Bryant pleaded guilty to having carried out the shootings and was given 35 life sentences without parole  Since 2015, he has been imprisoned in the Risdon Prison Complex 

Prosecution
Bryant was held in Royal Hobart Hospital under heavy police guard while awaiting trial  According to a guard, there were at least two security guard job applications made by individuals seeking to exact retribution on Bryant On 22 November 1996, Bryant was sentenced to 35 sentences of life imprisonment for each count of murder and sentenced to 25 years for the remaining 36 charges on 5 other offences (20 attempted murders, 3 counts infliction of grievous bodily harm, the infliction of wounds upon a further 8 persons, 4 counts of aggravated assault and 1 count of unlawfully setting fire to property)  All sentences are to be served concurrently 

Legacy
Tasmanian Police records from the incident are in the care of the Tasmanian Archive and Heritage Office  A memorial service on the 20th anniversary of the massacre had over 500 people in attendance In 2007, Tasmanian playwright Tom Holloway dealt with the massacre in his play Beyond the Neck  Tasmanian composer Matthew Dewey also deals with these issues in his first symphony  The case was also covered by Casefile True Crime Podcast on 11 February 2017 
The 2021 feature film Nitram is based on the event and won the 2021 CinefestOZ Film Prize 

See also
List of mass shootings in Australia
List of massacres in Australia
Timeline of major crimes in Australia
List of disasters in Australia by death toll
Passage 4:
Memorial High School (Port Arthur, Texas)
Memorial High School is a public, co-educational secondary school located in Port Arthur, Texas, United States  It was established in August 2002 after a merger of three previous high schools: Thomas Jefferson, Abraham Lincoln, and Stephen F  Austin  Since then, Port Arthur Memorial High School has been the only high school in the Port Arthur Independent School District  It serves most of Port Arthur and a portion of Groves  Initially, the school used the former Lincoln and Jefferson campuses; its new facility opened for the 2009–10 school year on the northern side of Port Arthur  It also has a 9th Grade Center in the Port Acres area of Port Arthur, on the former Austin Middle School campus 
When Thomas Jefferson, Abraham Lincoln and Stephen F  Austin high schools were consolidated, students voted on the name for the new high school and the top two vote-getters were "Memorial High School" and "Thurgood Marshall High School"  In September 2007, school board member Terry Doyle suggested renaming Memorial High School after the late Staff Sgt  Lucian Adams, a Port Arthur native who received the Medal of Honor for his bravery in World War II   Employees of the school district established a museum of artifacts from the three former high schools plus the Catholic Bishop Byrne High School 

Athletics
Memorial High School currently participates in District 22-5A  Memorial participates in the following UIL sports where it has had success in many district championships and playoff wins: 

Football
Volleyball
Cheerleading
Cross Country
Basketball
Soccer
Track and Field
Swimming and Diving
Baseball
Softball
Tennis
Powerlifting
Golf

Organizations
Memorial has many organizations including an award winning:

Marching Band known as "The Marching Heat"
Dance/Drill Team known as the "Flames" usually made up of 30-60 girls
The Titan Press Newspaper and Yearbook
NJROTC
Theatre
MHS Choir on FireAmong over 30 clubs 

Notable alumni
Eric Alexander, former NFL linebacker, attended Stephen F  Austin
Bun B, rapper and former member of UGK, attended Thomas Jefferson
Aaron Brown, former NFL defensive end, attended Lincoln
Jonathan Babineaux, former NFL defensive tackle, attended Lincoln
Jordan Babineaux, former NFL cornerback, attended Lincoln
G  W  Bailey (Thomas Jefferson Class of 1961) — stage, television and film actor
J'Covan Brown (born 1990), basketball player in the Israel Basketball Premier League
Pimp C, rapper and former member of UGK, attended Lincoln
Jamaal Charles, former NFL running back
Todd Dodge (Thomas Jefferson alumni) — a former Texas high school football coach
Kevin Everett, former NFL tight end, attended Thomas Jefferson
Goose Gonsoulin, former NFL safety, attended Thomas Jefferson
Danny Gorrer, former NFL cornerback
Mike Green, former NFL linebacker, attended Lincoln
Gary Hammond, former NFL wide receiver and running back, attended Thomas Jefferson
Duriel Harris, former NFL wide receiver, attended Stephen F  Austin
Xavier Hernandez, former MLB pitcher, attended Thomas Jefferson
Stephen Jackson, former NBA guard, attended Lincoln
James Johnson, former NFL running back, attended Thomas Jefferson
Jimmy Johnson (Thomas Jefferson Class of 1961) — Pro Football Hall of Fame coach, also a college coach
Paul Jones, professional wrestler
Janis Joplin (Thomas Jefferson Class of 1960) — A rock, soul, and blues singer and songwriter, member of the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame
Carl Larpenter, former NFL offensive lineman, attended Thomas Jefferson
Bobby Leopold, former NFL linebacker, attended Lincoln
Tim McKyer, former NFL cornerback, attended Lincoln
Inika McPherson, national champion high jumper
Marcus Price, former NFL offensive lineman, attended Lincoln
Elandon Roberts, NFL linebacker
Dan Rogas, former NFL offensive lineman, attended Thomas Jefferson
Cotton Speyrer, former NFL wide receiver, attended Thomas Jefferson
Raymond Strother, political consultant, attended Thomas Jefferson
Kary Vincent Jr , NFL player
Joe Washington, former NFL running back, attended Lincoln
Passage 5:
National Firearms Agreement
The National Firearms Agreement (NFA), also sometimes called the National Agreement on Firearms, the National Firearms Agreement and Buyback Program, or the Nationwide Agreement on Firearms, was an agreement concerning firearm control made by Australasian Police Ministers' Council (APMC) in 1996, in response to the Port Arthur massacre that killed 35 people  Four days after the killings, Australian Prime Minister John Howard told Parliament “We need to achieve a total prohibition on the ownership, possession, sale and importation of all automatic and semi-automatic weapons  That will be the essence of the proposal that will be put by the Commonwealth government at the meeting on Friday   "  The laws to give effect to the Agreement were passed by Australian State governments only 12 days after the Port Arthur massacre The NFA placed tight control on semi-automatic and fully automatic weapons but permitted their use by a small number of licensed individuals who required them for a purpose other than "personal protection"  The act included a gun buy-back provision 
Negotiation and implementation of the Agreement was originally coordinated in 1996 by Prime Minister Howard  Since then the Agreement has continued to have support from both Labor and Coalition Federal Governments  The Australian Police Ministers Council (APMC), comprising state and federal police ministers, meets at least every six months at which issues including the NFA are discussed  Changes to the NFA require the unanimous agreement of all governments  At a meeting on 21 October 2016, it was agreed to hold a firearm amnesty by mid-2017 A study found that there were no mass shooting deaths of five or more in Australia from 1997 through 2006; the authors said that it is impossible to prove the agreement was the cause 

Provisions
The Agreement includes a number of provisions  It was agreed to establish a temporary firearm buyback program for firearms that were once legal now made illegal, that according to the Council on Foreign Relations bought over 650,000 firearms  This program, which cost $230 million, was paid for by an increase in the country's taxes The law created a national firearm registry, a 28-day waiting period for firearm sales, and tightened firearm licensing rules  The law requires anyone wishing to possess or use a firearm with some exceptions, be over the age of 12  Owners must be at least 18 years of age, have secure storage for their firearms and provide a "genuine reason" for doing so 

Effectiveness
In 1998, the Prime Minister appointed the Australian Institute of Criminology to monitor the effects of the gun buyback  The institute has published a number of papers reporting trends and statistics around gun ownership and gun crime, which it has found to be mostly related to illegally held firearms  A 2013 report by the Australian Crime Commission said a conservative estimate was that there were 250,000 longarms and 10,000 handguns in the nation's illicit firearms market  The number of guns imported to Australia legally has also risen  A 2014 report stated that approximately "260,000 guns are on the Australian 'grey' or black markets" Research by Philip Alpers of the University of Sydney found that Australia experienced 69 gun homicides in 1996 (not counting the Port Arthur massacre), compared to 30 in 2012  The drop in firearm homicides was not attributed to the national firearms agreement  A 2006 study led by Simon Chapman, also of the University of Sydney, found that after the NFA was passed, the country experienced more than a decade without mass shootings and accelerated falls in gun deaths, especially suicides  Samara McPhedran and Jeanine Baker, researchers for gun lobby group Women in Shooting and Hunting (WiSH), considered whether the NFA had any effect in eliminating mass shootings by using New Zealand (a country with many similarities to Australia) as a comparison and found; “there is little support for the proposition that prohibiting certain types of firearms explains the absence of mass shootings in Australia since 1996” 
Another study by Baker and McPhedran in 2007 did not find a significant effect of the NFA on Australia's homicide rate  While research does show a steady decline in gun-related suicides, the reduction occurred at the same time as an overall reduction in the Australian suicide rate  What's more, firearm-related suicides had been declining in Australia for nearly ten years before the 1996 restrictions on gun ownership  A 2009 study also found that firearm suicide rates were decreasing in Australia before the NFA was passed, and concluded that "The implemented restrictions may not be responsible for the observed reductions in firearms suicide " Baker and McPhedran's 2007 study has been criticized by David Hemenway, who has written that the authors, who chose 1979 as the starting point for their trend analysis, failed to explain why they assumed the gun violence rate would continue to decline  Hemenway also criticized their study for using a counterfactual that assumed that this decline would continue forever Suicide reduction from firearm regulation is disputed by Richard Harding in his 1981 book "Firearms and Violence in Australian Life" where, after reviewing Australian statistics, he said that "whatever arguments might be made for the limitation or regulation of the private ownership of firearms, suicide patterns do not constitute one of them" Harding quoted international analysis by Newton and Zimring of twenty developed countries which concluded at page 36 of their report; “cultural factors appear to affect suicide rates far more than the availability and use of firearms  Thus, suicide rates would not seem to be readily affected by making firearms less available "
University of Melbourne researchers Wang-Sheng Lee and Sandy Suardi concluded their 2008 report, "There is little evidence to suggest that the Australian mandatory gun-buyback program had any significant effects on firearm homicides "More recently, a 2010 study by Andrew Leigh and Christine Neill found that, in the decade after the NFA, non-gun homicide rates fell by 59% and gun homicides fell by the same 59% with gun suicide rates falling by 65%   Howard cited this as showing Australia had been right to adopt the NFA but he omitted to mention the same fall in the non-gun homicide rate  Others have argued that alternative methods of suicide have been substituted  De Leo, Dwyer, Firman & Neulinger, studied suicide methods in men from 1979 to 1998 and found a rise in hanging suicides that started slightly before the fall in gun suicides  As hanging suicides rose at about the same rate as gun suicides fell, it is possible that there was some substitution of suicide methods  It has been noted that drawing strong conclusions about possible impacts of gun laws on suicides is challenging, because a number of suicide prevention programs were implemented from the mid-1990s onwards, and non-firearm suicides also began falling A 2015 study found that in the two years following the NFA's enactment, rates of armed robbery and attempted murder decreased significantly relative to rates of sexual assault, but that the evidence was less clear with regard to changes in the rate of unarmed robbery following the law In 2016, Samara McPhedran, a Griffith University academic and chair of the International Coalition for Women in Shooting and Hunting, reviewed the literature on the NFA and homicide and reported that of the five studies she found on the topic, "No study found statistical evidence of any significant impact of the legislative changes on firearm homicide rates "Simon Chapman and colleagues reported in 2016 that there were no mass shootings in Australia between when the NFA became law and May 2016  The same study also found that "there was a more rapid decline in firearm deaths between 1997 and 2013 compared with before 1997 but also a decline in total nonfirearm suicide and homicide deaths of a greater magnitude " For this reason, the authors concluded that it was impossible to say definitively whether the reduction in firearm-related deaths can be attributed to the NFA A 2017 study commissioned by Gun Control Australia found that Australian states had significantly weakened gun laws since the NFA was first introduced, with no jurisdiction fully compliant with the NFA  For example, many states now allow children to use guns and the mandatory 28-day cooling-off period required for gun purchases has been relaxed in many jurisdictions, with no waiting period for purchasers who already own at least one gun  New South Wales also allows the limited use of silencers, even though they are supposed to be a prohibited weapon  No state or territory has outlined a timeframe for achieving full compliance with the NFA Australia's gun laws remain extremely popular with the public, with little to no will for turning them back  According to an Essential Research poll conducted in 2018, "62% believe Australia’s gun laws are about right and 25% think they are too weak  Only 7% think they are too strict "

See also
Gun laws in Australia
Passage 6:
Museum of the Gulf Coast
The Museum of the Gulf Coast, located in Port Arthur, Texas, specializes in Texas and Louisiana Gulf Coast history  A 39,000 sq  ft  facility with its most notable exhibits are a gallery of Robert Rauschenberg's artworks and a Music Hall of Fame honoring performers from the region; featured in the latter are artifacts of Janis Joplin's youth  The Music, Sports, and Notable Halls of Fame house more than 200 people from the Gulf Coast Region who have made national and or Internacional achievements in their respective fields  The museum is sponsored and administered by the Port Arthur Historical Society, and is the descendant of the original Port Arthur Museum chartered by the state in 1964   The administration of the museum is done in partnership with the City of Port Arthur 
Passage 7:
Glover Prize
The Glover Prize is an Australian annual art prize awarded for paintings of the landscape of Tasmania The prize was inaugurated in 2004 by the John Glover Society, based in Evandale, Tasmania, in honour of the work of British-born landscape painter John Glover, who lived and painted in the area from 1832 until his death in 1849  The current prize amount of A$ 50,000 is the highest for landscape painting in Australia  The 2012 award was controversial: the winning picture included a depiction of convicted Port Arthur massacre spree killer Martin Bryant in the landscape of Port Arthur 

History
John Glover lived the last 17 years of his life in northern Tasmania   In 2001, "Mount Wellington and Hobart Town with Natives Dancing and Bathing", one of his many landscape works that were sent back to England, was sold for more than $1 5 million 
The Glover Prize has been described as "a little heart beat, a funny little committee that had a little bit of money and had an idea"  By 2019, the prize had attracted 480 entrants 

Conditions for the prize
The John Glover Society has specified that the prize is limited to works depicting Tasmanian landscapes 

Winners
2004
The winner of the inaugural Prize was Longford based artist Michael McWilliams, for the painting  Bandicoot on a Log Bandicoots are small to medium-sized terrestrial marsupials endemic to Australia 
The painting now hangs in the departure lounge of Launceston Airport 
His acrylics on linen work Bush Blankets was awarded the $3 000 "People's Choice" 2012 award 

2005
In the second year of the contest, there were more than 130 entries  The winner was Stephen Charles Lees for the painting Wishbone Ridge  Lees, who was born in Sydney, had lived in Tasmanian since 1992 

2006
Hobart artist David Keeling was awarded the third Glover Prize for 45 Minute Walk - Narawntapu   The winning work was of orthodox oils on canvas medium  The landscape depicted is part of the Narawntapu National Park

2007
The winner of the Prize in 2007 was Raymond Arnold, a Queenstown-based printmaker 
The painting in acrylics, entitled Western Mountain Ecology, depicts stacks of freshly-sawn Huon pine  The prize amount was then $30 000 

2008
Hobart Art teacher Neil Haddon was awarded the 2008 Glover Prize for his work Purblind (opiate) The work is enamels on aluminium, and references the cultivation of opium poppies in Tasmanian opium poppy farming industry 

2009
Hobart-based artist Matthew Armstrong was awarded the 2009 Prize for the work Transformed at Night ahead of more than 250 other entrants  Armstrong's work depicted Mellifont Street, Hobart 

2010
Queensland-based artist Ian Waldron was selected from among 272 entries to become the first Indigenous Australian to win the Prize with his work Walach Dhaarr (Cockle Creek), a piece created on Tasmanian oak  "Walach Dhaarr" in the language of the Aboriginal Tasmanians of that region means "Cockle Creek", a location in Tasmania that Waldron described as significant, both archaeologically and as a "site of positive exchange" between indigenous people and French mariners during the late 18th century 

2011
The 2011 prize was awarded to Launceston artist Josh Foley for Gee’s Lookout  The oil painting included pumice in its media  The painting depicts a disused building on the hill overlooking Cataract Gorge in Launceston 

2012
The 2012 winner was awarded to Launceston born Sydney resident artist Rodney Pople for the work Port Arthur 

2013
The 2013 competition attracted 303 entrants; the prize was awarded to Sydney artist Janet Laurence for a work titled Plants Eye View, and depicted a close-up view of flora from the Tarkine region of North-West Tasmania 

2014
The 2014 prize had 42 finalists  The winning work was Looking south from the Labyrinth (to Mt Olympus & Lake St Clair) by New Norfolk born artist Mark Rodda 

2015
The winner of the 2015 prize was Nigel Hewitt for his work Woven, created using wood ash from the 2013 Dunalley bushfires  The work, chosen from 282 entries and 42 finalists, features a forest at Mt Barrow in northern Tasmania  Hewitt divides his time between Perth, Western Australia and Hobart, Tasmania 

2016
In 2016 the prize attracted more than 280 entries and was won by David Keeling, making him the first artist to win the prize twice; he also won the prize in 2006  Keeling's painting titled, Low tide, soft breeze, depicted a coastal track in the Narawntapu National Park, an area that he often uses as a source of inspiration 

2017
2017 saw the Glover Prize awarded to Raymond Arnold, making him a two-time winner of the award, having achieved this also in 2007  Arnold's work was titled La Barque de Dante/Macquarie Harbour Party Barge 

2018
The 2018 Glover Prize was awarded to Halinka Orszulok for the work Ponies, a painting of playground equipment at Cataract Gorge, Launceston at night  Orszulok's work Wreck was one of the 35 finalists in the 2014 Sir John Sulman Prize 

2019
After a record-breaking year with over 480 paintings entered, the 2019 Glover Prize was awarded to Piers Greville for the work Pedder Prime Cuts, an oil and acrylic painting of Lake Pedder, a Tasmanian glacial lake 

2020
The 2020 Glover Prize was awarded to Tasmanian artist Robert O'Connor, for his piece titled: 'Somewhere in the midlands'  O'Connor's painting depicted a large hunk of meat sitting on a bed of mashed potatoes with peas and gravy, shown in front of a Tasmanian landscape  O'Connor had been a finalist in the Glover Prize four times prior to 2020 

2021
The 2021 Glover Prize was won by Hobart artist Sebastian Galloway for a work titled View of Mt  Lyell through an Acid Raindrop  The work is oil paint on copper; the artist stated that the copper medium reflected the mining history of Queenstown 

2022
The 2022 Glover Prize was won by Victorian artist Jennifer Riddle with her work titled Wanderings of the Past and Now  The work is a synthetic polymer on canvas, and depicts Port Davey, in Tasmania 

2012 award controversy
The 2012 award-winning painting depicted Port Arthur and included a representation of Martin Bryant holding a gun  The award received criticism  A former police officer who attended the scene of the Port Arthur Massacre described the work as insensitive and outrageous  The CEO of the Port Arthur Historic Site Management Authority was reported as stating that depictions of the massacre were unhelpful to those it affected  Pople addressed the criticism, arguing that the depiction of Byant was a reminder of the brutality of the Port Arthur Prison Colony within a green "surreal beauty" landscape 
Passage 8:
Port Arthur massacre (China)
The Port Arthur massacre (Chinese: 旅順大屠殺) took place during the First Sino-Japanese War from 21 November 1894 for three days, when advance elements of the First Division of the Japanese Second Army under the command of General Yamaji Motoharu (1841–1897) killed somewhere between 2,600 civilians and 20,000 including Chinese soldiers in the Chinese coastal city of Port Arthur (now Lüshunkou District of Dalian, Liaoning) Reports of a massacre were first published by Canadian journalist James Creelman of the New York World, whose account was widely circulated within the United States   In 1894, the State Department ordered its ambassador to Japan, Edwin Dun, to conduct an independent investigation of Creelman's reports 

Background
As part of its wartime strategy during the First Sino-Japanese War, Japan had advanced through Korea, engaging Chinese troops at Asan near Seoul and then Pyongyang in September 1894, winning decisive victories on both occasions  Following the victory at Pyongyang the Japanese Second Army under Marshal Ōyama Iwao (1842–1916) moved northward towards Manchuria, the plan being to seize Port Arthur, headquarters to China's Beiyang Fleet and a highly fortified city that dominated the sea passage from Korea to northeast China  In September the Japanese Navy heavily damaged the Beiyang Fleet at the Battle of the Yalu River, though the Chinese troopships were successful in landing their troops not far from the Sino-Korean border  With the Beiyang Fleet defeated, the Japanese Navy began a siege of Port Arthur while the Japanese Second Army advanced on the city through Manchuria and the Japanese First Army crossed the Yalu River to form another advance by land  After a series of battles on the Liaodong Peninsula the First Division of the Second Army, led by General Yamaji, drew up around Port Arthur in late November  On 18 November 1894, the Japanese movement down the peninsula was temporarily frustrated and returned to find that their abandoned wounded troops had been severely mutilated, with hands and feet cut off  Others had been burned alive  The city was evacuated with residents fleeing westward by land or sea into China   The Qing government placed bounties on prisoners of war, or their heads or other body parts; during the Sino-Japanese War the bounty was 50 taels   Some Chinese soldiers had mutilated several Japanese soldiers' dead bodies and displayed them at the entrance of the city, infuriating the Japanese  Several vowed revenge, including Lieutenant Kijirō Nanbu   After only token resistance, the city fell to Japanese troops late on the morning of 21 November  What followed was a massacre of the remaining inhabitants of Port Arthur by the Japanese troops 

Massacre
Japanese troops entered Port Arthur at about 2:00 p m   Upon seeing the mutilated remains of their fallen comrades, they took to killing those who remained in the town   Several accounts of the events were recorded by members of the Japanese forces, such as the following by a member of the 1st Division:
As we entered the town of Port Arthur, we saw the head of a Japanese soldier displayed on a wooden stake   This filled us with rage and a desire to crush any Chinese soldier   Anyone we saw in the town, we killed  The streets were filled with corpses, so many they blocked our way   We killed people in their homes; by and large, there wasn't a single house without from three to six dead   Blood was flowing and the smell was awful   We sent out search parties  We shot some, hacked at others   The Chinese troops just dropped their arms and fled   Firing and slashing, it was unbounded joy   At this time, our artillery troops were at the rear, giving three cheers [banzai] for the emperor 
The massacre lasted the next few days, and was witnessed by several Western observers, including James Creelman and Frederic Villiers   Thomas Cowan, correspondent for The Times, described what he saw:
Thursday, Friday, Saturday, and Sunday were spent by the soldiery in murder and pillage from dawn to dark, in mutilation, in every conceivable kind of nameless atrocity, until the town became a ghastly Inferno to be remembered with a fearsome shudder until one's dying day   I saw corpses of women and children, three or four in the streets, more in the water     Bodies of men strewed the streets in hundreds, perhaps thousands, for we could not count – some with not a limb unsevered, some with heads hacked, cross-cut, and split lengthwise, some ripped open, not by chance but with careful precision, down and across, disembowelled and dismembered, with occasionally a dagger or bayonet thrust in the private parts   I saw groups of prisoners tied together in a bunch with their hands behind their backs, riddled with bullets for five minutes and then hewn to pieces   I saw a junk stranded on the beach, filled with fugitives of either sex and of all ages, struck by volley after volley until – I can say no more 

Death toll
The scale and nature of the killing continues to be debated  Japanese participants reported mountains of corpses, yet the number of dead was difficult to calculate; Cowan said it was difficult to tell if the corpses numbered in the hundreds or thousands  According to a scouting report sent to Viceroy Li Hongzhang by the local official Liu Hanfang (劉含芳) soon after the massacre, 2,600~2,700 civilians were slaughtered within the city  However, much more were slaughtered in the hills surrounding the city but they had no reliable count  In 1948, the Chinese Communist Party built a cemetery "万忠墓" and marked the total deaths to be 20,000, which include soldiers killed in action and fleeing soldiers disguised as civilians  The 20,000 figure became the orthodox figure in Chinese communist sources Creelman asserted up to 60,000 were killed, with only 36 spared, and even some late-20th century Japanese sources repeat the figure of 60,000  Stewart Lone discredited Creelman's claim, citing "the entire city population was not massacred, however, is suggested by the speed with which Port Arthur's streets again filled after the Japanese occupation: had the civilian population been literally decimated or destroyed, it is unlikely that others would have ventured to trade and work under Japanese occupation "

Aftermath
The string of Japanese victories at Pyongyang and then at the Battle of the Yalu River had increased what had until then been only lukewarm Western interest in the war  By the time of the assault on Port Arthur, a number of Western reporters were attached to the Japanese Second Army  Western reporting on the massacre was controversial   Most correspondents such as James Creelman, writing for the New York World, and Frederic Villiers, a writer and illustrator for the London Black and White, described a wide scale and cold-blooded massacre, while Amédée Baillot de Guerville alleged in the pages of the New York Herald that no such massacre had occurred  Writing a decade later, de Guerville amended this view, claiming that though some 120 civilians were killed it still had not been a massacre 
Foreign reporters had to wait until they had left the area before they could file their stories, which the Japanese censors would otherwise have suppressed   At first, the incident garnered little attention: a one-sentence report in The Times on 26 November stated: "Great slaughter is reported to have taken place "
The American [sic] James Creelman was the first to report on the massacre in a front-page article that declared:
The Japanese troops entered Port Arthur on Nov  21 and massacred practically the entire population in cold blood      The defenseless and unarmed inhabitants were butchered in their houses and their bodies were unspeakably mutilated  There was an unrestrained reign of murder which continued for three days  The whole town was plundered with appalling atrocities      It was the first stain upon Japanese civilization  The Japanese in this instance relapsed into barbarism 
Other newspapers soon followed with detailed reports   The reports hurt Japan's international image and threatened the progress of negotiations with the United States to bring an end to the unequal treaties Japan had been made to sign in the 1850s   Japanese Foreign Minister Mutsu Munemitsu announced an investigation, publishing these intentions in the New York World, and promised not to interfere with foreign correspondents   On 16 December, the Foreign Ministry released a statement to the press, asserting the atrocities were exaggerations:
The Japanese Government desires no concealment of the events at Port Arthur   On the contrary, it is investigating rigidly for the purpose of fixing the exact responsibility and is taking measures essential to the reputation of the empire      Japanese troops transported with rage at the mutilation of their comrades by the enemy, broke through all restraints     [and] exasperated by the wholesale attempts [by Chinese soldiers] at escape disguised at citizens, they inflicted vengeance without discrimination      the victims, almost without exception, were soldiers wearing the stolen clothes of citizens 
The Japanese press generally avoided reporting on the massacre, or dismissed it, as when the Jiyū Shinbun called allegations "an invidious desire to detract from the glory of the Japanese Army"    The Shin Chōya accused Westerners of exaggerating the extent of the atrocities, and of hypocrisy in light of the atrocities they had committed throughout the East, stating that "the history of savage nations that have come in contact with Christian Occidentals is all but written in blood"   Some questioned Creelman's reliability, and a rumour spread that he left for Shanghai after the fall of Port Arthur to work for the Chinese government    The Japan Weekly Mail, on the other hand, castigated the Japanese army in several articles   Attempts to launch an inquiry met resistance from those who wanted it covered up   The inquiry resulted in no punishments given out Domestic instability kept the Chinese government under pressure to conceal the defeat, rather than castigate the Japanese for the atrocities   The China Gazette reported on the attempted cover-up: "Telegraphic notices have been sent     all over the empire by the officials saying that a wicked report has been set on foot by the enemy that they have captured Port Arthur, but it was utterly untrue, the place being garrisoned by 30,000 brave Chinese soldiers who would never give it up to the Japanese "  As late as a month later, the China Gazette reported the defeat remained unknown even to many government officials   The pro-Japanese North-China Herald attempted to defend the perpetrators of the massacre by proposing "The circumstances were such as might have taxed the control of any invading force "The incident strained the delicate foreign relations Japan had been dealing with   The war itself hurt Japan's relations with Britain, and threatened to hurt Japan's renegotiation of treaties with the US   The incident coloured Western perceptions of Japan as barbarians under a thin veil of civilization   These perceptions contributed to anti-Japanese sentiments in North America in the early 20th century, which would continue through World War II 

See also
List of massacres in China

Notes
Works cited
Further sources
Allan, James  Under the Dragon Flag  London: William Heinemann, 1898  (This purports to be a true account of the massacre by a young Englishman who had been trapped in the city at the time of its fall )
Creelman, James  On the Great Highway, the Wanderings and Adventures of a Special Correspondent  Boston:Lothrop Publishing, 1901 
De Guerville, A  B  Au Japon  Paris: Alphonse Lemerre, 1904 
De Guerville, A  B  "In Defense of Japan  The Alleged Atrocities at Port Arthur Denied", Leslie’s Weekly (3 January 1895) 
Dorwart, Jeffrey M  "James Creelman, the New York World and the Port Arthur Massacre", Journalism Quarterly, 50 (4) (1973):697–701 
Hardin, Thomas L  “American Press and Public Opinion in the First Sino-Japanese War", Journalism Quarterly, 50 (1) (1973):53–59 
Kane, Daniel C  "Each of Us in His Own Way: Factors Behind Conflicting Accounts of the Massacre at Port Arthur," Journalism History, vol  31 (1) (Spring 2005):23–33 
Villiers, Frederic, The Truth about Port Arthur The North American Review, vol  160, no  460 (March 1895):325–331 



ground_truth: Metro Manila

prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: National Firearms Agreement was in response to the Port Arthur massacre that killed how many people?

The following are given passages.
Context 4: 
Best Newcomer: Tom Senior with One Nice Family Photo
Best Student Film: Reza Dolatabadi with Khoda

FLIP Festival 2007
2007's FLIP Festival took place on 1–3 November 
The award winners for 2007's Festival were:

Best Film: Lizzy Hobbs with The Old, Old, Very Old Man 
Best Student Film: Paul O’Flanagan with Beauty Now 
Special Mention (Student Film): Julian Kok with Mimos and the Egg 

Best of FLIP
FLIP Festival also does several small screenings throughout the year of either just the award winners or all the selected submissions  The "Best of FLIP" is usually shown at various venues throughout the West Midlands  For the 2010 season, FLIP had "best of" screenings at both the Stoke Film Theatre and the Wem Town Hall and there was also a special screening at Artsfest '10 in Birmingham, UK 

Notes
External links
FLIP Festival’s website
Light House Media Centre's website
Passage 7:
Mount Von Braun
Mount Von Braun (71°59′S 169°34′E) is a mountain (3,275 m) located 4 nautical miles (7 km) south of Mount Sabine in the Admiralty Mountains  Mapped by United States Geological Survey (USGS) from surveys and U S  Navy air photos, 1960–63  Named by Advisory Committee on Antarctic Names (US-ACAN) for Wernher von Braun of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration, a visitor at McMurdo Station, 1966–67 
 This article incorporates public domain material from "Mount Von Braun"  Geographic Names Information System  United States Geological Survey 
Passage 8:
Operation Lighthouse (1937)
Operation Lighthouse was the name given to the failed experimental launch of four Aggregate 3 liquid-fuel rockets by Wernher von Braun and Walter Dornberger on the German island of Greifswalder Oie in December 1937 

Background and preparation
In the summer of 1937 the German Aggregate 3 series of rockets was nearing the testing stage  Several were tested on a special stand at Kummersdorf in an attempt to evaluate guidance systems  These consisted of vanes designed to deflect the rocket exhaust and control the missile's course  On September 1, Dornberger ordered that von Braun's team prepare for a series of test launches in the first part of November from the small island of Greifswalder Oie in an operation he designated "Lighthouse"  Von Braun assigned the head of his measurement unit, Gerhard Reisig, to prepare the expedition to the island In November, rain and snow storms kept the project behind schedule, delaying ferries and nearly collapsing the tent erected as a preparation site  Rodents gnawed on tar paper and telephone cables  Amidst the setbacks, Dornberger and von Braun hunted rabbits and pheasants  The rockets and launch site were not ready until December 

Launches
The first launch was ordered for December 2, but again weather and technical problems delayed the operation  On December 4 the first rocket blasted off just after 10 AM  Set on a test ring without a guide rail, the rocket rose vertically for three seconds, but then the parachute deployed and dragged, burning, behind the vehicle  After less than seven seconds the engine cut out and soon the rocket fell back to the ground, landing 1,000 feet (300 meters) from the launch site  It exploded and burned upon impact, leaving little wreckage to examine Another missile was launched on the afternoon of December 6 and followed a similar pattern, crashing and exploding in the sea less than twenty feet from the island's cliffs  The wreckage did not yield an explanation for the failure, but the parachute system was suspected For the third launch, the parachute was replaced with a flare  The rocket was set off in the afternoon of December 8  The missile turned from the vertical into the wind and after four seconds the flare deployed  At 1,000 feet (300 meters) the engine quit, and without the drag of a burning parachute (like the previous two rockets) it achieved a greater distance before crashing over a mile offshore and exploding in the sea Despite the disappointing results of the first three launches, Dornberger and von Braun decided to launch their last A3  After further weather delays, the last rocket was set off on the morning of December 11 but demonstrated a performance much like the third 

Aftermath
The failure the project launch came as a shock to von Braun, who set to trying to find the causes  He suspected both the guidance control system and the jet vanes  Additionally, he developed a theory that an electrostatic charge caused the parachute to deploy early in the first two launches  Tests conducted at Kummersdorf on an electrically insulated rocket seemed to discount this explanation  Instead, von Braun figured that the rocket had rolled upon launch enough to deploy the parachute, which was set to act when the missile rolled more than six degrees per second  Because the missiles tested had not been painted in patterns, it was only upon reviewing photographs that the roll was detected Ultimately, the failure of the A3 launches showed the relative lack of experience of von Braun's team and Kreiselgeräte, the company that designed the guidance system  The A3 was essentially abandoned and thoroughly redesigned as the A5  By January 1938 von Braun and Dornberger decided to keep the propulsion, pressurization, and tank systems, but discarded the body and fin design in favor of something that could be better controlled  Additionally, unlike the A3, the A5 would not be designed to carry any scientific instrumentation, but only guidance and control systems 
Furthermore, the failure of the A3 launches held back the development of the A4 (later known as V-2) rocket for at least a year  Von Braun had hoped to launch the world's first ballistic missile by 1940, but the Oie expedition forced this aspiration further into the future 
Passage 9:
Magnus von Braun
Magnus "Mac" Freiherr von Braun (10 May 1919 – 21 June 2003) was a German chemical engineer, Luftwaffe aviator, rocket scientist and business executive  In his 20s he worked as a rocket scientist at Peenemünde and the Mittelwerk 
At age 26, he emigrated to the United States via Operation Paperclip, where he worked for some years at Fort Bliss  In 1955 he began a career as a senior executive with Chrysler's missile and later automotive divisions, retiring in 1975  He lived for 58 years partially in the United States and partially in the United Kingdom until his death  He was the brother of Sigismund and Wernher von Braun 

Biography
Von Braun was born in Greifswald, Pomerania, to Magnus Freiherr von Braun and Emmy von Quistorp  After completing boarding school at Hermann Lietz-Schule in Spiekeroog, he began his studies in 1937 at Technische Universität München  There he remained after receiving his master's degree in organic chemistry, and became an assistant to Nobel laureate Hans Fischer Von Braun arrived at Peenemünde in July 1943 at the request of Wernher von Braun   In March 1944 he was arrested with fellow rocket specialists Wernher von Braun, Klaus Riedel, Helmut Gröttrup, and Hannes Lüersen, but was later released   In late summer 1944 he transferred to the Mittelwerk where he engineered V-2 rocket gyroscopes, servomotors, and turbopumps 
The Mittelwerk was an underground munitions factory dug into Germany's Harz Mountains in order to avoid aerial bombardment by British and American planes  It consisted of two tunnels bored through the mountain range near the town of Nordhausen, each a mile long and connected by dozens of cross tunnels  Railways laid through the main tunnels brought raw materials in and finished rockets out  The entire cavity provided some 35 million cubic feet of space  After massive Allied bombing disrupted the original V-2 development center in the Baltic town of Peenemünde in mid-1943, the majority of German rocket production was moved to the Mittelwerk  Prisoners from the nearby Mittelbau-Dora concentration camps provided slave labor for this huge endeavor  Inmates were marched into the tunnels daily and compelled to work by the notorious Nazi SS, who handled all security issues  The usual horrific methods were employed and over 20,000 slaves perished during this subterranean rocket factory's existence 
Magnus von Braun's involvement with the Mittelwerk began in the fall of 1944, soon after full production began  The first V-2s produced earlier that year had a high failure rate and sabotage was suspected  Concern about these problems prompted Wernher, who was still based at Peenemünde, to send his younger brother to the Mittelwerk in September  While some minor sabotage did occur in the tunnels, it was relatively rare  The real reason for the poor quality of early Mittelwerk missiles was the effort to take cutting-edge research technology and put it into mass production under slave labor conditions 
Tossed into this brutal environment, Magnus reported directly to the factory's chief of rocket production, Arthur Rudolph, who had an office in one of the main tunnels  This work connection with Rudolph would span decades and continents  After Germany surrendered in 1945, Rudolph was part of a group of Nazi scientists who emigrated with the von Braun brothers to the United States as part of Operation Paperclip  The U S  Army put them to work in New Mexico developing intercontinental ballistic missiles  Moving on to NASA in the 1960s, Rudolph continued to collaborate with Magnus, who by then was employed by the main contractor for the Saturn V lunar rocket, Chrysler Corporation   As Nasa's project director for the Saturn V, Rudolph was publicly acclaimed after the Moon landing, but towards the end of his life, his wartime complicity in using slave labor at the Mittelwerk became more widely known  These revelations then forced Rudolph to make a 1983 deal with the U S  Justice Department in which he voluntarily relinquished his U S  citizenship to avoid prosecution and possible loss of his government pension and Social Security benefits  Rudolph then returned to Germany, where he died in 1996 
In November 1944, Rudolph put Magnus in charge of rocket fin servomotors, which were the most troublesome V-2 component at that time  During this period, concerns over sabotage were at their height  In a notorious incident that winter, several Russian prisoners suspected of sabotage were executed by being hanged from cranes used to lift rocket parts and left dangling for a full work day, as an example to other inmates  In this tense atmosphere, servomotors were at the heart of two abuse accusations leveled against Wernher von Braun by Mittelwerk prisoners after the war, one that may have actually involved Magnus  Michael Neufeld, a Smithsonian historian and author of a 2007 biography of Wernher, has tried to unravel claims by Dora prisoners that they personally witnessed brutality administered by the more famous von Braun brother  In a 2002 article about Wernher's potential culpability in Nazi slave labor at Mittelwerk and several other locations, Neufeld dismissed most claims that von Braun carried out direct sadistic behavior as spurious, easily disproved by tracking his known locations during the war  However, Neufeld felt that there were two accusations in particular that merited further study, the second of which might have involved Magnus  "[R]eports that [Wernher] von Braun attended hangings, ordered hangings, attended hangings in SS uniform, etc , have scarcely been discussed in the literature because such testimonies lack credibility," Neufeld wrote  "But in recent years I have received two reports from French Dora survivors that deserve more consideration " In the first incident, survivor Georges Jouanin, whose job was to climb into upright tail sections of V-2s to install cables to the servomotor, placed a wood shoe on one of the units  He later recorded that "someone has noticed my wooden-heeled clog atop such a fragile organ, and I feel a hand pulling insistently on the end of my striped pants, thus forcing me out of the tail unit  'You, out of here, man, you're committing sabotage  You shouldn't step with your foot on this ' I get slapped in the face twice and my head bounces against the metal panels of the tail unit  Cap in hand, I find myself in front of a man in his 30s, rather well dressed, angry, to who I am not allowed to give an explanation  The seven or eight engineers or technicians in the group of which he came out seem disconcerted, astonished    I went back to my work space and the incident seemed over, without consequences  My civilian foreman, Manger is his name, returns from break and tells me     'Our big boss boxed your ears! That was V  Braun '"
In the second case, an inmate named Guy Morand testified that while testing rocket servomotors, he tried to cover for another prisoner who had mislaid a chronometer, which brought the wrath of an enraged foreman down upon him  "Like the good Nazi he was," Morand remembered, "he immediately started shouting it was sabotage, when just at that point von Braun arrived accompanied by his usual group of people  Without even listening to my explanations, he ordered the Meister to have me given 25 strokes in his presence by an SS [man] who was there  Then, judging that the strokes weren't sufficiently hard, he ordered that I be flogged more vigorously, and this order was then diligently carried out " Morand went on to say that "following the floggings, von Braun made me translate that I deserved much more, that in fact I deserved to be hanged, which certainly would be the fate of the 'Mensch' (good-for-nothing) I was " Morand adds that the man was "one of the inventors of the V-2" and frequently made "rapid inspections" of his work area 
This description of "von Braun" is closer to Magnus in his role at the rocket factory than that of Wernher, who visited only occasionally  Neufeld raises the possibility of an identity error in Morand's recollections: "In September 1944, Wernher assigned his younger brother Magnus, a chemical engineer and Luftwaffe pilot, as his special liaison to the Mittelwerk, particularly for servomotor production, which was afflicted with serious technical problems  Magnus von Braun stayed in the Nordhausen area full-time until the evacuation of April, 1945  In contrast, his older brother visited the Mittelwerk, by his estimates, twelve or fifteen times in total  Morand gives the time of the incident as the 'second half of 1944,' which corresponds to Magnus von Braun's assignment to the factory, and the testimonial never actually gives 'von Braun' a last name "
In a footnote to this same 2002 article, Neufeld refers to another incident on the record  A Dora survivor named Robert Cazabonne reported "that a fellow prisoner witnessing a hanging in the tunnel pointed out one of the German onlookers and said, 'That's VON BRAUN!'" Neufeld concludes, "We know with near certainty that Wernher von Braun was not there; however, it might have been his brother Magnus, as civilian employees were expected to attend "
Neufeld continues, "Morand's story necessarily brings Jouanin's identification into question, as both deal with servomotors  Although Jouanin's first instinct on timing was early May 1944, when I wrote him about it, he was less than certain  The description of a man in his thirties he saw only once fits Wernher von Braun better than Magnus, however  In the end, it is impossible to say with certainty that Georges Jouanin's identification of Wernher von Braun can be accepted as meeting a reasonable standard of certainty, as believable as I find it personally  Nor can we conclude with assurance that Magnus von Braun was responsible    "
These prisoner recollections of a sadistic scientist named von Braun stalking the Mittelwerk tunnels, especially on occasions when it can be shown that Wernher could not have been there, is not final proof of Magnus's guilt  However, the possibility of the younger brother's involvement in such abuse requires consideration of an unpleasant facet of his personality that was documented in postwar U S  Army files kept on all former Nazi scientists who worked in the United States 
Magnus was born nearly a decade after his two older brothers, who had come of age before the Nazis took power in Germany  Unlike them, Magnus had a National Socialist adolescence  While the older brothers can be seen as having joined the Nazi party for reasons of professional advancement, Magnus signed on to fascism at a point in life before such concerns became important  His was an ideological commitment  He was thirteen when Hitler became chancellor and thus participated in the Hitler Youth organization and experienced a secondary school environment and curriculum adapted to fascism  His politicized early years naturally influenced his character  Even after the war, Magnus stood apart from Wernher by his displays of arrogance and aristocratic pretension, duly noted by the Army officers who kept files on both men after their 1945 immigration to the United States  Sigismund, the eldest brother, became a diplomatic attaché for the German government in 1936 and passed his war years in Vatican City on consular duty  Though a Nazi party member like his brothers, he avoided direct complicity with regime atrocities such as slave labor and was able to join the new West German foreign service after the war  He rose to become a notable diplomat for West Germany during the 1960s and 1970s 

Surrender at Reutte
After evacuating from Nordhausen, Magnus von Braun was at the Behelfsheim in Weilheim when Wernher von Braun arrived there from Oberammergau on 14 April 1945   The next day, Magnus had arrived at the Haus Ingeborg in Oberjoch by the end of the day  When Huzel became von Braun's assistant, Dr  Kurt Debus became Engineer in Charge of Test Stand VII—Huzel had served since May 1944 after replacing his old friend Hartmut Kuechen  The Mittelwerk was designated for production after the 17 August 1943 Operation Hydra bombing of Peenemünde, and production started well afterward, so Magnus von Braun's claim that he was selected to transfer in October 1943 is inaccurate   After hearing the radio report of Hitler's death, Wernher von Braun announced to his group early in the morning of 3 May 1945 that "Magnus, who speaks English, has just left by bicycle to establish contact with the American forces at Reutte   We cannot wait here forever "  "It was quite courageous for Magnus to come down on his bicycle and find the American troops," said Dr  Ernst Stuhlinger,  member of the V-2 team  "He had a white handkerchief tied to the handlebars of the bicycle and that was all he had to protect him "
On May 10, 1919, I was born in Greifswald, the son of a government administrator, Magnus Freiherr von Braun, and his wife, Emmy, née von Quistorp  I spent my youth in Berlin, where I attended the Prep School and the French School until Easter 1934   Finally, I went to the Hermann Lietz School in Spiekeroog, North Sea, a boarding school from which I graduated Easter 1937   After having spent six months in the Arbeitsdienst, I began studies at the Technical Institute of Munich in the fall of 1937, majoring in organic chemistry   Then when I received my master's degree, I became the assistant in organic chemistry to Professor Hans Fischer (Nobel Prize winner in chemistry) for ¼ year, at which time I was drafted into the Air Force (October 1940)   After the completion of flight training and a short stay as a flight instructor, I came to the Heimat Artillery Park II, Kalshagen, in July 1943   In Karlshagen, I worked with Mr  Gerhard Heller, the director of fuel chemistry, who put me in charge of hypergolic fuels for the newly developing Wasserfall Project   In this capacity, I worked in conjunction with the I  G  Farben Industry   In October 1943, my brother, Professor Wernher von Braun, requested me to work as his personal assistant 
About two in the afternoon, Magnus returned, "I think it went well, I have safe conduct passes and they want us for further interrogation " The Mission Accomplished: The Battle History of the 44th Infantry Division claim that there was a "hectic night of interrogation, plans and counter-proposals" after Magnus von Braun rode his bike downhill in the morning and met members of the "Anti-tank Company, 324th Infantry" "before he went out and in a short time returned with his brother" is inaccurate: Huzel, McGovern, & Ordway, in their researched works, distinctly state Magnus returned about 2 in the afternoon the same day Dieter Huzel described the surrender of the group: "Thus, in the dull, rainy, late afternoon of Wednesday, May 2, 1945, seven men [Magnus & Wernher, Walter Dornberger, Axster, Huzel, Lindenberg, & Tessman]     began their lonely descent from Adolf Hitler Pass toward     Schattwald      Suddenly, around a curve, an American soldier     waved us to a stop   Magnus got out and showed a piece of paper to the guard     After about a half an hour,     we were flanked by two    "jeeps,"    We reached Reutte after dark       The next morning     we emerged from the mess hall     several Army photographers were on hand and spent some time taking pictures " During a photo shoot the next day, Magnus von Braun commented "We're celebrating now, but I'll bet they will throw telephone books at us if we ever reach New York   By noon, Magnus von Braun (along with Axster, Huzel, Lindenberg, & Tessman) arrived in Peiting where forty other Peenemünde personnel already had arrived, and the Germans departed for Garmisch-Partenkirchen on 8 May 

Operation Paperclip and work at Fort Bliss
Von Braun arrived in New York on 16 November 1945 aboard the SS Argentina and was soon at work at Fort Bliss, Texas and later at Redstone Arsenal in Huntsville, Alabama   Von Braun was interrogated as a witness for the Andrae war crimes trial in which Mittelwerk general manager Georg Rickhey was acquitted   Fort Bliss Army CIC agents believed he was a "dangerous German Nazi", with one agent remarking, "his type is a worse threat to security than a half a dozen discredited SS Generals " Soon after his arrival, he was caught trying to sell a brick of platinum he'd stolen from the base to a jeweler in El Paso  The incident was quickly hushed up, though he was informally punished by means of a terrible beating given by his brother Wernher the politician 

Career with Chrysler
In 1955, von Braun began a career with Chrysler—first in the missile division and then in the automotive division  He also resided in Huntsville, Alabama, for a while before moving to Michigan   After living in Michigan, he relocated to the UK, working in London and Coventry as Chrysler UK export director   Von Braun retired from Chrysler in 1975 and returned to the States, where he settled in Arizona and resided until his death 
Passage 10:
Von Braun Ferry Rocket
Von Braun Ferry Rocket was a concept design for a shuttle spacecraft that was developed by Wernher von Braun in a seminal series of early-1950s Collier's magazine articles, "Man Will Conquer Space Soon!" by Wernher von Braun et al  The Ferry Rocket concept has evolved over time 

Re-creations
The Ferry Rocket is modeled in the following flight and spaceflight simulators:

Orbiter, a freeware simulator by Martin Schweiger
X-Plane

See also
"Man Will Conquer Space Soon"
Reusable launch system



ground_truth: 35 people