prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: what is the group called that Dianne Morgan and Joe Wilkinson a part of in the BBC comedy "Two Episodes of Mash"

The following are given passages.
Context 1: Passage 1:
Live at the Electric
Live at the Electric is a British comedy series that aired on BBC Three from 31 May 2012 and 28 February 2014 and is hosted by Russell Kane who performed stand-up in between comedy sketches from a variety of performers such as Joe Wilkinson and Diane Morgan's double act Two Episodes of Mash  It also featured comedy duo Totally Tom serving as backstage crew for the show 

External links
Live at the Electric at BBC Online 
Live at the Electric at British Comedy Guide
Passage 2:
Start-rite
Start-rite is a brand of children's shoes  The shoemaker, purportedly Britain's oldest and one of the first manufacturers in Norfolk, was established in 1792 in Norwich, England, by James Smith  His grandson, James Southall, gave the firm its current name; it rose in prominence during the 20th century thanks in part to an iconic poster, reading Children's shoes have far to go, which was displayed on the London Underground for 20 years from 1947  Controversy exists around the origins of the image in this poster  It has been attributed to artists  Andy Wood, William Grimmond, Joe Wilkinson of Stanley Studios, Susan Pearce, Nancy Gardner and to the company's own advertising agent In 1955 Start-rite was granted a royal warrant by Queen Elizabeth II to supply footwear for the young Prince Charles, Princess Anne, Prince Andrew and Prince Edward   The company was granted a second royal warrant in 1989 by the Prince of Wales to supply children's footwear for Prince William and Prince Harry  This royal warrant was withdrawn in 2003 on production being moved from the UK  In 2016 Prince George was pictured wearing Start-rite shoes in an official portrait taken to commemorate the 90th birthday of the Queen In 2003 the company ceased production in the UK, outsourcing its operations to India and Portugal  The cost cutting move came amid a £600,000 annual loss, which the company reversed the following year to turn a £1 5 million profit  Sales further increased by 20% to 2007 The company focuses on correctly fitting shoes to children's feet, and was the first to introduce variable width fittings for children's shoes  It once maintained concession stores in the now-defunct children's clothing retailer Adams 
Passage 3:
Nora Lewin
Nora Lewin is a fictional character on the TV show Law & Order, played by two-time Academy Award winning actress Dianne Wiest from 2000 to 2002  She appeared in 51 episodes (48 episodes of Law & Order, one episode of Law & Order: Criminal Intent and two episodes of Law & Order: Special Victims Unit)  Her character was particularly notable for the fact that she was the first woman in the program's history to hold the position of New York County District Attorney (no woman has held the position in real life)  Pursuant to New York law, an interim District Attorney is appointed by the Governor 

Role within Law & Order
Prior to her appointment as interim DA, Lewin was a law professor, which often provoked her critics to dismiss her as a detached academic with no practical experience  Lewin's term as DA is defined by a liberally directed program of legal application to many notable criminal cases, which often brings her into political and legal dilemmas  While she is an idealist, however, she is not prepared to subvert the correct application of the law due to her personal beliefs  In a 2001 episode, she is confronted with the decision to pursue the death penalty in a conviction of an 18-year-old murderer  While she personally opposes the death penalty, she realizes that her office would be seen as soft on crime, and reluctantly succumbs to political pressure  The young man is found guilty and sent to death row Lewin works closely with Jack McCoy (Sam Waterston) and Abbie Carmichael (Angie Harmon)  Her political beliefs often put her into conflict with both of them, especially the latter, a staunch political conservative  After Carmichael leaves the DA's office, Lewin replaces her with Serena Southerlyn (Elisabeth Röhm), whose liberal idealism more closely resembles her own political philosophy She has a niece, indicating that she has at least one sibling 

Departure
In September 2002, after two years of her term as District Attorney, Lewin departs the office  The manner in which she departed the show is never specified on screen  However, in his tie-in book Law & Order: Crime Scenes, Dick Wolf wrote that his intention for the character was that Lewin found herself disenchanted with the position of D A , and opted not to run for election following her interim term  Fred Dalton Thompson subsequently joined the cast as Republican Arthur Branch  Wiest later stated, in the book Actors at Work, written by Rosemarie Tichler and Barry Jay Kaplan, that she was tired of the role and wished to move on to other projects 
In her first scene, Lewin is introduced to McCoy by Mayor Rudy Giuliani (playing himself in a cameo appearance), who praises Lewin's record and assures her that she will do a fine job as District Attorney 

Appearances on other TV series
Law & Order: Criminal Intent
Season One
Episode 1: "One"
Law & Order: Special Victims Unit
Season Three
Episode 10: "Ridicule"
Season Four
Episode 1: "Chameleon"
Passage 4:
Lucy Davis
Lucy Clare Davis (born 17 February 1973) is an English actress best known for playing Dawn Tinsley in the BBC comedy The Office (2001–2003)  
She is also known for her roles as Hilda Spellman in the Netflix series The Chilling Adventures of Sabrina (2018–2020), Dianne in the horror-comedy Shaun of the Dead (2004), and Etta Candy in Wonder Woman (2017)  She is also currently playing the role of Eva in Disney Channel's action comedy series The Villains of Valley View, which premiered on 3 June 2022 

Career
Davis appeared briefly in an episode of The Detectives, a show created for and starring her father (Jasper Carrott)  She played Maria Lucas in the BBC's 1995 production of Pride and Prejudice, and also had a role in the 1996 Christmas special of One Foot in the Grave  After her breakthrough role as Dawn Tinsley in The Office, Davis appeared in the films Sex Lives of the Potato Men and Shaun of the Dead in 2004, whilst continuing to play Hayley Jordan in The Archers on BBC Radio 4  She gave up this last role when her other acting responsibilities made it impossible to continue, and the part was recast in September 2005 
Davis appeared in the third-season episode "Elephants and Hens" of UK TV programme Black Books  In 2006, Davis appeared as the "Fashion TV" host on ABC's Ugly Betty, and later that year played writer Lucy Kenwright in NBC's Studio 60 on the Sunset Strip  In 2008, she appeared in several episodes of the US series Reaper  In 2010, Davis starred in ITV's six-episode comedy drama, Married Single Other, and also appeared in a guest role in The Mentalist alongside her then-husband Owain Yeoman  Davis also appears in the John Landis-produced thriller Some Guy Who Kills People  In 2012, Davis had a guest voice part in Family Guy for the episode "Be Careful What You Fish For"  Davis appeared in series two, episode eight of the BBC series Death in Paradise (2013)  She became a Patron for the performing arts group Theatretrain in 2012 Davis plays the role of Etta Candy in the 2017 film Wonder Woman  Her performance marked the first live action cinematic portrayal of that comic book character  Davis has said of the character: "She's a woman in a man's world and so being heard and seen aren't the easiest things, but it kind of doesn't deter her  Etta is unapologetically herself and I think that that's the thing that has drawn me to her the most    it took quite a while in my life to be unapologetically myself "Davis appeared in the Netflix series The Chilling Adventures of Sabrina as Hilda Spellman, which aired from 2018 to 2020  She is starring as Eva, known as the supervillain Surge, on the Disney Channel sitcom The Villains of Valley View which premiered on 3 June 2022 

Personal life
Davis is the daughter of Hazel Jackson and comedian Robert Davis, better known as Jasper Carrott  In December 1997, Davis underwent a kidney transplant after being diagnosed with kidney failure during a medical examination  Her mother donated the kidney  Around Christmas 2005 she was hospitalised once again because of kidney failure, but later recovered  Davis also has type 1 diabetes On 9 December 2006, Davis married Welsh actor Owain Yeoman at St Paul's Cathedral, London  The wedding was attended by fellow The Office cast members and writers  Davis was entitled to marry there as her father is an Officer of the Order of the British Empire (OBE) and St Paul's contains the chapel of the order  The couple separated in January 2011 and divorced in October 2011 In 2007, Davis posed nude in the People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals's campaign against the Guards Division's continued use of traditional bearskin caps 

Filmography
Film
Television
Radio
Passage 5:
Diane Morgan
Diane Morgan (born 5 October 1975) is an English actress, comedian, television presenter, and writer  She is best known for playing Philomena Cunk on Charlie Brooker's Weekly Wipe and in other mockumentaries, as Liz in the BBC Two sitcom Motherland, and Kath in the Netflix dark comedy series After Life  She also wrote and starred in the BBC Two comedy series Mandy 

Early life
Morgan was born in Bolton, Greater Manchester on 5 October 1975, daughter of a physiotherapist and a stay-at-home mother; she has one brother  She grew up in nearby Farnworth and Kearsley, and attended George Tomlinson School in Kearsley  When she was 20, she studied at the East 15 Acting School in Loughton  She said in a 2020 interview, "There were a few actors on [my father]'s side of the family: Julie Goodyear, Frank Finlay and Jack Wild  What a dynasty  We're like the Redgraves  Julie's got a touch of the Mandys, actually  Maybe I could cast her as Mandy's mum "

Career
Morgan had a small part as Dawn in Peter Kay's Phoenix Nights before a spell working various jobs, including as a dental assistant, a telemarketer, a potato peeler at a chip shop, selling Avon, and boxing up worming tablets in a factory  She subsequently made her first attempt at stand-up comedy  She was placed second in the Hackney Empire New Act of the Year award in 2006, and as runner-up in the 2006 Funny Women Awards Morgan and Joe Wilkinson later formed a sketch comedy duo called Two Episodes of Mash  From 2008, they performed at the Edinburgh Festival Fringe for three consecutive years, and in 2010, they appeared on Robert Webb's satirical news show Robert's Web  In 2012, the act completed its second BBC radio series (co-starring David O'Doherty), and appeared in BBC Three's Live at the Electric  In the same year, she appeared in Him & Her, which featured Wilkinson, and in 2013, she played Nicola in the TV series Pat & Cabbage  In 2014, she made an appearance in the TV series Utopia, as Tess, and in 2015, she appeared in two episodes of Drunk History 

Philomena Cunk
Morgan is perhaps best known for her portrayal of Philomena Cunk, an extremely dim-witted and ill-informed interviewer and commentator on current affairs  The character first appeared in a regular segment on Charlie Brooker's Weekly Wipe (2013–2015)  Cunk has since appeared in other mockumentary contexts  In December 2016, she presented BBC Two's Cunk on Christmas  In April 2018, the five-part historical mockumentary Cunk on Britain began broadcasting on BBC Two  Also in 2018, Morgan wrote Cunk on Everything: The Encyclopedia Philomena, published by Two Roads on 1 November  In December 2019, Morgan appeared as Cunk for short episodes of Cunk and Other Humans, once again on BBC Two  She returned in a one-off episode of Charlie Brooker's Weekly Wipe titled "Antiviral Wipe", about the COVID-19 pandemic, in May 2020  Another series, Cunk on Earth, began broadcasting in September 2022  For her performance in the latter, Morgan was nominated for the British Academy Television Award for Best Female Comedy Performance 

Other roles
Morgan played David Brent's public relations guru in the film David Brent: Life on the Road (2016)  She has appeared in several short films, including The Boot Sale, which was shortlisted in the Virgin Media Shorts film competition 2010 In 2016, Morgan played Mandy in Sky One's comedy Rovers, appearing in all six episodes of the first series  She also appeared in the pilot for the BBC2 comedy We the Jury as Olivia  She also plays receptionist Talia in Sky's comedy drama Mount Pleasant and Liz in the BBC2 sitcom Motherland 
Morgan plays Kath in the Netflix black-comedy series After Life, written by Ricky Gervais  She starred in the Gold sitcom The Cockfields, again alongside Wilkinson, and in comedy-drama Frayed in 2019  In 2019, she wrote, directed, and starred in the BBC2 comedy short Mandy, described as "a comedy by Diane Morgan about Mandy, a woman who really, really wants a sofa, and will stop at absolutely nothing to get it"  Carol Decker appeared as herself in the short  The character returned in August 2020 for the full series Mandy, with Shaun Ryder, Maxine Peake, and Natalie Cassidy in guest roles  A Christmas special, We Wish You a Mandy Christmas, loosely based on A Christmas Carol, was broadcast in December 2021 Also in 2020, Morgan played Gemma Nerrick in the British mockumentary Death to 2020, created by Charlie Brooker and Annabel Jones  She reprised the role in Death to 2021  She voiced the character 105E in the 2021 animated Cartoon Network series Elliott from Earth 
In April 2022, Morgan starred as Donna in the first episode of the seventh series of Inside No  9  In December 2022, Morgan reprised her role as Liz on Motherland for the Christmas special 

Personal life
Morgan lives in the Bloomsbury district of London with her boyfriend, BBC comedy producer Ben Caudell Interviewed by Stuart Jeffries for The Guardian' in 2016, she said, "I've always wanted to make people laugh  It's been my only ambition, ever since my dad introduced me to the genius of the great comedians: Tony Hancock, Woody Allen, people like that  While other kids were into New Kids on the Block, I was into Harold Lloyd and Stan Laurel  I'm still like that  I don't have any hobbies "

Filmography
Passage 6:
My Family (series 10)
The tenth series of the BBC family sitcom My Family originally aired between 9 July 2010, and 27 August 2010, with a Christmas special that went to air on 24 December 2010  The series was commissioned following consistent ratings from the previous series  The opening episode, "Wheelie Ben", re-introduces the six main characters, with the addition of regular appearances from Kenzo Harper, played by Tayler Marshall  However, the character of Roger Bailey only made an appearance in the series finale  All episodes from the tenth series are thirty minutes in length, with the exception of the Christmas Special  The series was once again produced by Rude Boy Productions, a company that produces comedies created by Fred Barron  Unlike previous series of the show, which were filmed on a yearly basis, both Series 10 and 11 were filmed back-to-back  For the first time in the show's history, two episodes of the series remained unaired for some time  At the time of release, the DVD of the series contained two episodes that had yet to be broadcast on television  On 17 June 2011, one of these two episodes were aired, and the remaining one aired on 22 July 2011  The series averaged 4 55 million per episode; however, they managed to get over 6 00 million viewers for the Christmas Special 

Episode Information
Notes
Passage 7:
David Earl (actor)
David Geoffrey Earl (born 20th March 1974) is a British actor and comedian, best known for his comedy character Brian Gittins  He has featured in several projects associated with Ricky Gervais, most notably as Kevin "Kev" Twine in the comedy-drama Derek, and in smaller roles in Extras, After Life and the film Cemetery Junction  Earl also works frequently with comic Joe Wilkinson  Together they co-wrote and starred in the sitcom Rovers, and the comedy series The Cockfields  They also host three podcasts called Gossipmongers, Chatabix and My New Football Club  He also co-wrote and starred in the feature film Brian and Charles where he plays an isolated inventor who builds a robot 

Early life
Earl was born in Crawley in 1974  Before undertaking any acting roles, Earl worked as a gardener and as a van driver, delivering building tools 

Comedy career
One of Earl's earliest online videos featured him playing a character called Graham, which he sent to a friend who showed it to Ricky Gervais and Stephen Merchant  They liked the video and Gervais asked Earl to play an obsessive fan, based on the character from the video, who talks to Andy Millman in a pub in an episode of Extras  Around this time Earl played Tony Queen in the film The Penalty King Earl went on to create a number of online videos in character as Brian Gittins and played this role in the film Cemetery Junction  In 2012 a sitcom pilot entitled Gittins was broadcast on Channel 4  In the pilot Gittins works as a taxi driver: previously the character had been a cafe owner and this discrepancy is highlighted in an episode of the podcast Flatshare Slamdown, in which Earl appears as Brian  He releases regular Brian Gittins and Friends podcasts Another of Earl's characters is Steve "Cumbo" Cumberland, who features in a number of online videos, including a Channel 4 Comedy Blaps series, co-written with Brett Goldstein In 2011, Earl was revealed to be the person behind the popular Twitter account of Dr Peter Thraft, a supposed sex therapist 

Personal life
Earl has three children and lives in Devon 

Filmography
Podcasts
The Brian Gittins Show
A live radio show hosted on Spreaker from 2012-2017, where Brian played the role of 'the worst radio presenter in the world'  Callers would Skype in from around the world, and these included David Edwards and Charles Petrescu 

Brian Gittins and Friends
Brian, David Edwards and Charles Petrescu have a chat with various comedians  It started in 2016, with guests including John Kearns, Lolly Adefope, and Scroobius Pip 

Gossipmongers
In 2019, David Earl, Joe Wilkinson and Poppy Hillstead began a podcast called Gossipmongers, a weekly podcast where listeners send in unsubstantiated rumours  At the end of each episode they choose their favourite piece of gossip from that episode  In 2020 Poppy was booted from the podcast by Joe and David 

Chatabix
In 2021, David Earl and Joe Wilkinson began a podcast called Chatabix, a daily weekday podcast recorded very early in the morning 

My New Football Club
In 2021, David Earl and Jon Beer began a podcast called My New Football Club  A weekly podcast about David becoming a new fan of Exeter City 
Passage 8:
7 Day Sunday
7 Day Sunday (7 Day Saturday in 2013) is a British comedy radio talk show hosted by Al Murray on BBC Radio 5 Live  Broadcast weekly on Sunday mornings, the show takes an irreverent look at the topical news stories of the past seven days  
Originally presented by Chris Addison: he was joined by regular guests Sarah Millican and Andy Zaltzman, and a fourth special guest each episode  It premièred in January 2010 to mixed reviews  It returned for a second series in September 2010  Al Murray served as host for the last five episodes of the second series, joined by regular guests Rebecca Front and Joe Wilkinson  The show returned for a third series in January 2012 with Murray hosting alongside Andy Zaltzman and Rebecca Front as the regular guests  A fourth series followed from September 2012 

History
7 Day Sunday was announced as a new show on 11 December 2009, to be hosted by Addison and broadcast for an hour in the 11 am to 12 noon slot  The guests for the opening episode were to be Zaltzman, Millican, and a special guest  It was to replace another comedy show The Christian O'Connell Solution, hosted by Christian O'Connell with Bob Mills  The new show was to begin on 10 January 2010, as part of the wider re-organisation of 5 Live's schedule which had already begun to be announced in October 2009, the largest since controller Adrian Van Klaveren joined the station in April 2008 The show is produced for 5 Live by Avalon Television  It was initially commissioned for a 20-week run  This first series duly ran from 10 January 2010 until 6 June 2010  After three months it resumed for a second series on 5 September 2010 until 3 April 2011  The third series began 8 January 2012 In press interviews during March 2010 while promoting his upcoming stand-up tour, Addison explained that doing a radio show was a childhood ambition, and that as a "current affairs junkie", hosting 7 Day Sunday was ideal, more relaxed than television and good fun, with the weekly deadline being a good motivation 

Format
When the show was announced, it was cast as a topical news series aiming to "pull apart the week's big news stories and see what makes them tick", with Addison describing it as "four relatively ill-informed idiots fail to take the news seriously for an hour" 

Hosts and regulars
The following people have hosted the show during its run:

As well as the host there are usually two other regulars plus a guest   For series 1 and 2 regulars were Andy Zaltzman and Sarah Millican   For series 3 Rebecca Front replaced Sarah Millican 

Broadcasts
Last updated January 2018The show aired on Sundays from 11 am to noon  It once aired at 9 pm on 31 January 2010  The series occasionally missed a week for sporting events (Formula 1 Grand Prix, London Marathon, etc ) 
Series One featured 20 episodes which were broadcast between 10 January 2010 and 6 June 2010   There were no episodes broadcast on 7 February 2010, 25 April 2010 Series Two consisted of 26 episodes, broadcast between 5 September 2010 and 3 April 2011  There were no episode broadcast on 19 September 2010, 3 October 2010, 26 December 2010, 2 January 2010 and 30 January 2010 Series Three had 15 episodes which were broadcast between 8 January 2012 and 6 May 2012  No episode was broadcast on 25 March 2012 Series Four also had 15 episodes, began on 9 September 2012, and ended on 16 December 
In 2013, the show returned for a new, slightly different series: it was moved to Saturdays, renamed 7 Day Saturday, had 11 episodes between 8 June and 24 August, kept Al Murray as host, and featured Andy Zaltzman and two guests each programme  There was also a Christmas special, 7 Days of Christmas, broadcast on 24 December 2013 
Series Five only had 5 episodes, broadcast between 11 May and 8 June 2014 
The last edition of 7 Day Sunday was broadcast on 9 August 2015  This edition was hosted by Jenny Eclair, with the final guests included Andy Zaltzman, Holly Walsh and Stephen Grant 
The show was made available on the BBC's iPlayer service and as a podcast, which features additional material 

Reception
After the first show, Jane Thynne of The Independent questioned the lack of variety, covering as it did mainly the heavy snowfall with little political content, which given Addison had made his name in a political satire, she found odd  She ultimately reserved judgement on the show, calling Addison witty but recommending he slow down the pace and stop his "nervous giggling" Chris Campling of The Times criticised the first episode as being a duplicate of the "dismal, desperate" The Christian O'Connell Solution it replaced, with a turgid format  Persevering, he described the second episode as just as dreary with no chemistry and "none of the News Quiz-esque scoring of laughter points, where clever people fall over each other in their desperation to be funnier than the last "After the third episode, Elisabeth Mahoney of The Guardian said the show was "really quite funny" but the listener needed to stay focussed on the content as the four way dialogue was quite involved as it covered a comprehensive sweep of topics  For listeners who might want to multi-task on a Sunday morning, she recommended Dave Gorman's show on Absolute Radio 
Passage 9:
John Jackson (writer)
John Jackson is an English television screenwriter 

Life and career
After leaving Cambridge University, John Jackson developed and script edited the ITV soap Night and Day  Altogether he wrote 35 episodes for the TV Series  In 2009 he wrote the episode The King Is Dead, Long Live the King…  for the BBC One series Robin Hood  From 2010 to 2012 he wrote two episodes of the serial drama Lip Service  From 2011 until 2013 he wrote three episodes for the supernatural drama Being Human  This brought him a Writers' Guild of Great Britain award for Best TV Drama Series  He also wrote two episodes for the Being Human spin off Becoming Human In 2014 Jackson wrote an episode for another BBC Three series, In the Flesh  He would become a regular writer on ITV's Grantchester, and in 2020, was lead writer on season 3 of Sky's Riviera 

Filmography
Awards and nominations
Awards
Writers' Guild of Great Britain Award:

2012: Best TV Drama Series (Being Human)
Passage 10:
Egypt (TV series)
Egypt is a BBC television docudrama serial portraying events in the history of Egyptology from the 18th through early 20th centuries  It originally aired on Sunday nights at 9 pm on BBC1 in 2005  The first two episodes explored the work of Howard Carter and his archaeological quest in Egypt in the early part of the twentieth century  The next two episodes focused on the eccentric explorer "The Great Belzoni" played here by Matthew Kelly  The final two episodes dramatise the discovery and deciphering of the Rosetta Stone by Jean-François Champollion (Elliot Cowan) 
The music was recorded by the Warsaw Radio Orchestra and is featured on the CD Timeless Histories by Chappell music, produced by Clare Isaacs 

Production
The series was a major new docudrama series produced by the BBC for the Autumn 2005 schedule 
"The whole idea behind the series was to be able to discover Ancient Egypt through the eyes of Howard Carter – famous for uncovering the tomb of Tutankhamun; The Great Belzoni – an amazing adventurer and explorer; and the scholar Jean-François Champollion, who was the first to decipher the Rosetta Stone and open up the meaning of hieroglyphics "
In order to create a sense of "seeing the treasures of Ancient Egypt for the first time", Dolling and Bradshaw felt it essential to film at the actual archaeological sites referenced in the series 

"We had fantastic help from the Government and a local production crew, they managed to fix it for us to film in areas that, as far as we know, have never been used by other television or film productions "
"Being the first UK TV company to attempt such a project in the most amazing historical sights was very exhilarating, and to be able to return them - with additional sets and some computer imagery - to how they were during the time of the Pharaohs was incredible "
Filming at such invaluable and popular sites created new challenges for the film makers 

"Keeping people out of shot was one — sometimes this was nearing impossible — but we tended to shoot early in the day so disruptions were kept to a minimum  The other was obviously making sure we didn't damage anything, which thankfully we managed!"
"It was difficult keeping such a unique project running so far from home, and it is a tribute to the cast and crew that we managed to succeed  The series really is great and looks fantastic, well worth all the hard work "
The co-production between BBC and The Learning Channel was initially budgeted at around £6 5m but problems filming on location in Egypt, including the weather and illness, meant the producers required another £2million  Post production costs involved in recreating Ancient Egypt meant that the final costs could have resulted in a £5million overspend but the BBC denied this 

"To suggest the overspend is anything in the [range of] £5m is utterly ridiculous — it is simply not true  This was a huge project shot on location in Egypt and, as with any project of such scale, we had contingency funds available to us — so the unavoidable overspend was accommodated for and fully authorised "
"I think it's useful to point out that the cost per hour of Egypt will still be lower than other comparable programmes such as Pompeii, Genghis Khan and Pyramid  In fact, due to the international co-financing, this is actually incredibly good value for money providing full period drama for the budget normally associated with a documentary "
Several multi-media productions were commissioned to tie-in with the series including interactive drama BBC Egypt Interactive, award-winning online-game Death in Sakkara: An Egyptian Adventure, and an interactive exhibition at BBC Birmingham A companion series Egyptian Journeys with Dan Cruickshank, in which architectural historian Cruickshank travels the country to explore some of the intriguing stories that have emerged from ancient Egypt, was broadcast concurrently on BBC Two 

Reception
Reviews
Sam Wollaston writing about episode one in The Guardian said that he "was expecting to hate this show," fearing it would be "narration interspersed with lame reconstruction," but he was pleased to discover it was, in fact, "a proper drama, with a very decent script and real actors " "And it's a great story, too," he states, although he did not enjoy the re-enactments of the life of Tutankhamun, which he described as "olive-skinned actors with non-speaking parts and an awful lot of eye-liner, wandering around in a semi-darkness lit by flickering candles," and claims were not necessary, "but maybe that will help to sell it to America " He concludes that he is "looking forward to part two "David Liddiment writing in The Guardian complimented the cleverly twinning of this docudrama with the more cerebral Egyptian Journeys with Dan Cruickshank on BBC Two but he points out that this was done during the final stages of the BBC's charter renewal review and insists that the corporation should keep up standards after this process is completed 

Ratings
Episode one (2005-10-30): 7 million viewers (29% audience share) 
Episode two (2005-11-06): 6 million viewers (24% audience share) 
Episode three (2005-11-13): 5 7 million viewers (23% audience share) 
Episode four (2005-11-20): 4 8 million viewers 
Episode five (2005-11-27): 4 5 million viewers (18% audience share) 

Episodes
Part one: Howard Carter
The story of the discovery of the tomb of Tutankhamun by Howard Carter and the popular belief in the Curse of the Pharaohs, a supposed result of Carter's disturbing Tutankhamen's resting place  The episodes include short dramatizations of the life of Tutankhamun 

Episode one: The Search for Tutankhamun
Tutankhamun vanished from history in 1324 BC following his hurried burial and the erasure of his name from all monuments  In the winter of 1898 Carter is at the temples of Deir el Bahri recording wall reliefs threatened by a freak storm when he is thrown from his horse and makes a discovery in the sand  Retired Boston lawyer Theodore M  Davis funds Carter's excavation of Queen Hatshepsut's tomb but it is found to be empty and Carter deprived of further funding is reduced to selling his paintings to tourists on the street 
In 1905 Lord Carnarvon arrives in Luxor to convalesce after a road accident and is shown an artifact bearing the cartouche of the mysterious Tutankhamun discovered by Davis on his new dig  Tutankhamun succeeded his heretical father as pharaoh at the age of 8 and was named in honour of Amun to symbolise his mission to restore the old gods and save the empire from turmoil  An inspired Carnarvon employs Carter but they are denied access to the Valley of the Kings for which only Davis has a permit  Amidst the flurry of construction that marked the beginning of Tutankhamun's reign the most important to the boy Pharaoh would have been that of his tomb  An ailing Davis announces his discovery of this, the final Pharaoh's tomb, prior to his retirement  Carter doubts the find and convinces Carnarvon to take up the concession  The methodical and meticulous excavation commences in 1914 but is quickly interrupted by World War I 
The Carnarvons return to Egypt at the end of the war and Carter recommences his excavation but with a continued lack of results leading to doubts that any undiscovered tombs are left in the valley the funding is finally cut in 1922  Tutankhamun's tomb was well concealed to ensure his undisturbed afterlife  Carter convinces Carnarvon to fund one last season during which the tomb is finally unearthed  When the tomb is opened in the presence of Carnarvon and his daughter it is revealed to be the only unplundered pharaoh's tomb in the valley 

Episode two: The Curse of Tutankhamun
In 1922 Carter goes to the Egyptian Antiquities Service in Cairo to announce his discovery but disagrees with Director Pierre Lacau over the clearance and cataloguing of the contents  The discovery revealed a dark time in the history of Egypt and the death of its boy king  Carter assembles an international team of experts to commence the work under the unwelcome scrutiny of Lacau's inspector and the western press  Carnarvon's cavalier attitude to the finds he considers his property starts to infuriate both Carter and Lacau 
As the finds are slowly catalogued and removed Carter becomes close to Carnarvon's daughter Evelyn but his strictness begins to alienate his team  Tutankhamun was married to his own sister but the union failed to produce an heir to secure the future of the kingdom  Stories of the curse begin to circulate as Carter breaks through into the burial chamber to reveal an intact tomb  As Lacau threatens to take over the excavation and several of the experts quit, Carnarvon questions Carter over his leadership and his relationship with Evelyn  When he came of age Tutankhamun took over control of the kingdom from his military advisor Ay only to die from unknown causes shortly thereafter  Carter rushes to Carnarvon's death-bed where the two make-up  Upon Tutankhamun's death Ay seized the throne and married the widowed queen  Carter, disappointed by Evelyn's engagement to another man, returns to continue his work  Tutankhamun's death came before the royal tomb could be completed so he was hastily buried in the tomb Ay had prepared for himself  Lacau takes over the running of the tomb in 1924 when Carter and his team stop work to protest continued Egyptian interference 
The following year Carter is called back by Lacau to reopen the tomb with funding from Lady Carnarvon  The team start to extract the nested coffins revealing one of them to be made of pure gold that confirms the presence of a Pharaoh  The team begin to notice evidence that the burial was done in a hurry as the body itself is finally uncovered  When Ay died without heir a new dynasty took to the throne that erased all references to the Boy King  In 1932 with his work complete Carter leaves the tomb for the last time and hands the key to Lacau 

Cast
Stuart Graham as Howard Carter
Julian Wadham as Lord Carnarvon
Caroline Langrishe as Lady Carnarvon
Alex Weaver as Evelyn Carnarvon
Valentine Pelka as Pierre Lacau
William Hope as Theodore M  Davis
Laurence Fox as Leonard

Part two: The Great Belzoni
The story of Italian engineer and circus strongman Giovanni Belzoni who became the most unlikely Egyptologist the world has ever seen, intercut with Flashbacks to the life of Ramses the Great, in whose footsteps Belzoni would continually stray 

Episode three: The Pharaoh and the Showman
A dissatisfied Belzoni leaves England with his wife, Sarah, and servant, James Curtin, to see the world  Finding themselves destitute in the streets of Cairo after work on an irrigation project falls through, they are rescued by the eccentric John Lewis Bukhardt who introduces them to British Consul Henry Salt  Belzoni is hired to recover the massive Head of Memnon, later revealed to a statue of the Pharaoh Ramesses the Great, as a gift for the British Museum  Arriving in Luxor in 1816 amidst a gold rush of black market antiquities dealers Belzoni finds himself unwelcome 
At the Ramesseum Belzoni examines the head and devises a plan for its removal  The local Caimakan, under advice from Belzoni's French rival Bernardino Drovetti, denies Belzoni's permit and initially refuses to supply labour until threats bring him around  Ramesses marriage to his true love Nefertari was fruitful and secured the family line and the country too was fertile thanks to the annual flooding of the Nile  The approaching flood season however threatens to strand the head in the heart of the flood plain bringing an abrupt halt to Belzoni's mission  When the local labourers finally arrive Belzoni immediately sets to work moving the head using the same techniques its builders had used 3,000 years previous  Belzoni sends the ailing Jim back to Cairo to request a bigger boat so that they can collect even more antiquities and with time running out is forced to take greater risks to get the head to the bank of the Nile 
With the head secured the Belzonis heads south along the Nile to Abu Simbal in uncharted Nubia to expand the collection of antiquities  Ramesses built two temples at Abu Simbal; one dedicated his beloved wife and the other to his military prowess in the first victorious campaign  Belzoni locates the entrance to the Great Temple but finds it blocked, and so forced to head back to Cairo he vows to return to excavate the site the following season 

Episode four: The Temple of the Sands
Belzoni, arriving back in Cairo, is informed by Salt that only the head is to be sent to the British Museum while the rest of the antiquities he has collected are to be kept at the consulate  Salt refuses to fund an excavation at Abu Simbal and Belzoni is sent south again with Salt's secretary William Beechey and a local dealer called Yanni  Belzoni, whilst becalmed at Minya  spots Yenni talking to his French rival Drovetti and hastily rides to Luxor determined to get there first  Arriving to late Belzoni discovers that the entire area licensed to Drovetti and he must dig elsewhere 
Belzoni, guided by the image of Ramesses, digs in an unlicensed area and discovers a perfectly preserved bust  An infuriated Drovetti has the local ruler issue an edict against Belzoni  With no other option Belzoni heads south to the Island of Philae to collect the antiquities he has stored there only to discover upon arrival that the French have ransacked them  Funds arrive from Salt to begin excavation at Abu Simbal and Belzoni heads to the site with two British Royal Navy officers  Work progresses slowly in the shifting desert until Belzoni devises a plan to build a palisade to hold back the sand  With the entrance uncovered the group cautiously enter to view the magnificent interior  Belzoni records every detail of the temple decorations, which celebrate the capture of Kadesh that made Ramesses a great warrior king  Back in Luxor Belzoni, reunited with Sarah and Jim, is threatened by Drevetti but undeterred he heads deep into the western hills where he enters the Valley of the Kings  Belzoni learns from Yanni and Beechey that Salt is selling off the antiquities he collects rather than donating them to the British Museum 
Persuaded to go on with his explorations Belzoni constructs a battering ram to break through the thick walls of the valley side and open up an undiscovered tomb  Defying booby-traps Belzoni pushes on into the lavish interior of the tomb where he enters the burial chamber of the Pharaoh Seti I  It was here upon the death of his father that Ramesses started his reign, which would bring peace and prosperity to Egypt  The discovery of Belzoni's Tomb secures the Egyptologist's reputation and makes him a celebrity in his adopted home of London where the British Museum would later honour him 

Cast
Matthew Kelly as Belzoni
Lynsey Baxter as Sarah Belzoni
Nevan Finnigan as James Curtin
Robert Portal as Henry Salt
Richard Dempsey as William Beechey
Thomas Lockyer as John Lewis Bukhardt
Joseph Long as Bernardino Drovetti

Part three: Champollion
Jean-François Champollion uses the Rosetta Stone to unlock the mysteries of the lost civilisation of Ancient Egypt which had been closed off to Europeans for centuries prior to the invasion of Napoleon Bonaparte in 1798  The stone, discovered by the French in 1799, had been created as a work of propaganda by the Greek-speaking Pharaoh Ptolemy V to establish his place in Egyptian cosmology and flashbacks are included to explain this belief system 

Episode five: The Mystery of the Rosetta Stone
The young Champollion, encouraged to develop his gift for languages by his elder brother, becomes obsessed with deciphering hieroglyphs as a means to telling the age of the world and revenging France against the British who had confiscated the stone in 1801  When Alexander the Great had conquered Egypt, he had fuelled local resentment by bringing in a Greek speaking elite to rule  Their descendant King Tutankhamun had commissioned a series of stones written in Greek, common Egyptian and hieroglyphs for temples across the land to extol his virtues and underline his claim to the throne 
Champollion studies under Silvestre de Sacy in Paris but finds the professor who had himself failed decipher hieroglyphs dismissive of further attempts believing them to be symbolic rather than a true language  English scientist Thomas Young uses mathematics to decipher the inscription like a code whilst Champollion believing hieroglyphs to be representative of a spoken language attempts to relate them to the Coptic language of Egypt's ancient Christian communities  Young makes a number of breakthroughs including the spelling of Ptolemy in hieroglyphs while Champollion finds work as assistant professor at the University of Grenoble  France is thrown into political turmoil in 1815 following defeat at the Battle of Waterloo and the republican Champollion is arrested for sedition and exiled to Figeac until 1821  Eccentric Egyptologist Giovanni Belzoni discovers an obelisk inscribed with the name of Cleopatra in Greek and hieroglyphs at Philae and sends it back to Young in England 
Young makes a mistake in translating the obelisk setting back his work whilst Champollion using a copy of the obelisk creates a hieroglyphic alphabet that he uses along with Coptic to translate the name of Ramesses the Great from sketches of Abu Simbal  Champollion's discovery arouses the suspicions of the Catholic Church who fear hieroglyphs might disprove the historical accuracy of the Bible  Young wishes Champllion good luck in proving his theories but Sacy and the Church are determined to stop him 

Episode six: The Secrets of the Hieroglyphs
Champollion is determined to travel to Egypt to prove his theory but poor and jobless he is reduced to buying up whatever scraps of papyrus he can find and this obsession alienates his wife  The Dendera zodiac purchased by the French King Charles X threatens to challenge the biblical chronologies of church scholars, as it is believed by some to date to before the Great Flood of 2349 BC  Champollion is called in to confirm Sacy's dating of the antiquity to around 2000 BC; he disputes Sacy's dating but not Church authorities by dating it to some 2,000 years later than that during the Roman period 
Champollion is sent to Turin by the King to value a collection put up for sale by the French Consul to Egypt Bernardino Drovetti  Prior to his departure Champollion's wife announces that she is pregnant and she is not pleased by his new job  Champollion builds a strong reputation for himself in Italy even being invited for an audience with Pope Leo XII  Returning to Paris with a large collection of antiquities for the King he is put in charge of the Egyptian collection at the Louvre  The King finally agrees to fund Champollion's expedition to Egypt on the proviso that he does not publish any finds that contradict the teachings of the Church  Champollion, arriving in 1828, starts by studying the Great Pyramid at Giza discovering it to be a tomb built for the Pharaoh Khufu around 2560 BC  At Saqqara he finds the site largely stripped by dealers but in a forgotten tomb he discovers ancient hieroglyphs he translates to prove his theories  Eager to understand the Ancient Egyptians he pushes on to the ancient capital of Thebes where at the sprawling Temple of Karnak he reads the story of Ramesses the Great and the battle against the Hittites at Kadesh 
At Belzoni's Tomb in the Valley of the Kings the ailing Champollion reads the story of Pharaoh Seti I and learns of the burial rites of Pharaohs  He is thus able to comprehend the belief system of the Ancient Egyptians for the first time  Champollion dies back in France 18 months later but his legacy allows Egyptologist to comprehend the meaning behind monuments such as the Great Pyramid of Giza and to decipher papyri that lead to such discoveries as the Tomb of Tutankhamun by Howard Carter 

Cast
Elliot Cowan as Jean-François Champollion
Stuart Bunce as Jacques-Joseph Champollion

Media information
DVD release
Released on Region 2 DVD by BBC Video on 2006-02-06 Also released on Region 1 DVD (2 discs, but does not include the bonus 'Pyramid') by BBC Worldwide 2006-05-23

Companion book
The 2005 companion book to the series was written by author and archaeologist Joyce Tyldesley expands on the series to tell the full story of the discoveries and the colourful characters who made them 

Selected editions
Tyldesley, Joyce (6 October 2005)  Egypt, How A Lost Civilization Was Rediscovered  BBC Books (hardcover)  ISBN 978-0-563-52257-7 
Tyldesley, Joyce (1 June 2003)  Egypt, How A Lost Civilization Was Rediscovered  BBC Books (paperback)  ISBN 978-0-563-49381-5 
Tyldesley, Joyce (18 September 2005)  Egypt, How A Lost Civilization Was Rediscovered  UC Press (hardcover)  ISBN 978-0-520-25020-8 

See also
Building the Great Pyramid
Context 2: Passage 1:
Charles Haughey
Charles James Haughey (; 16 September 1925 – 13 June 2006) was an Irish Fianna Fáil politician who served as Taoiseach on three occasions – 1979 to 1981, March to December 1982 and 1987 to 1992  Haughey led four governments while serving as Taoiseach; December 1979 to June 1981, March to December 1982, March 1987 to June 1989, and June 1989 to February 1992  He was also Minister for the Gaeltacht from 1987 to 1992, Leader of the Opposition from 1981 to 1982 and 1982 to 1987, Leader of Fianna Fáil from 1979 to 1992, Minister for Social Welfare and for Health from 1977 to 1979, Minister for Finance from 1966 to 1970, Minister for Agriculture from 1964 to 1966, Minister for Justice from 1961 to 1964 and Parliamentary Secretary to the Minister for Justice from 1959 to 1961  He served as a Teachta Dála (TD) from 1957 to 1992 Haughey was first elected to Dáil Éireann as a Fianna Fáil TD in 1957 and was re-elected at every election until 1992, representing successively the Dublin North-East, Dublin Artane and Dublin North-Central constituencies 
Haughey was the dominant Irish politician of his generation, as well as the most controversial  Upon entering government in the early 1960s, Haughey became the symbol of a new vanguard of Irish Ministers  As Taoiseach, he is credited by some economists with starting the positive transformation of the economy in the late 1980s  However, his career was also marked by several major scandals  Haughey was implicated in the Arms Crisis of 1970, which nearly destroyed his career  His political reputation revived, his tenure as Taoiseach was then damaged by the sensational GUBU Affair in 1982; his party leadership was challenged four times, each time unsuccessfully, earning Haughey the nickname "The Great Houdini"  Revelations about his role in a phone tapping scandal forced him to resign as Taoiseach and retire from politics in 1992 
After Haughey's retirement from politics, further revelations of corruption, embezzlement, tax evasion and a 27-year extra-marital affair tarnished his already chequered reputation  He died of prostate cancer in 2006, aged 80 

Early life
He was born in Castlebar, County Mayo in 1925, the third of seven children, of Seán Haughey and Sarah McWilliams, both natives of Swatragh, County Londonderry   Haughey's father was in the Irish Republican Army during the Irish War of Independence, then in the National Army of the Irish Free State  Seán Haughey left the army in 1928 and the family moved to County Meath; he subsequently developed multiple sclerosis and the family moved again to Donnycarney, a northern suburb of Dublin, where Charles Haughey spent his youth Haughey was educated by the Irish Christian Brothers at St Joseph's secondary school in Fairview, where one of his classmates was George Colley, subsequently his cabinet colleague and rival in Fianna Fáil  In his youth he was an active amateur sportsman, playing Gaelic football with the Parnells GAA Club in Donnycarney; he won a Dublin Senior Football Championship medal in 1945  Haughey studied commerce at University College Dublin (UCD), where he took a first class Honours degree in 1946  It was at UCD that Haughey became increasingly interested in politics and was elected Auditor of the Commerce & Economics Society  He also met there one of his future political rivals, Garret FitzGerald He joined the Local Defence Force during "The Emergency" in 1941 and considered a permanent career in the Army  He continued to serve in the reserve FCÁ force, until entering Dáil Éireann in 1957 On VE-day Haughey and other UCD students burnt the British Union Jack on College Green, outside Trinity College Dublin, in response to a perceived disrespect afforded the Irish tricolour among the flags hung by the college in celebration of the Allied victory which ended World War II 
Haughey qualified as a chartered accountant and also attended King's Inns  He was subsequently called to the Irish Bar  Shortly afterwards, he set up the accountancy firm of Haughey, Boland & Company with Harry Boland, son of Fianna Fáil Minister Gerald Boland 
On 18 September 1951, he married Maureen Lemass, the daughter of the Fianna Fáil Minister and future Taoiseach Seán Lemass, having been close to her since their days at UCD, where they first met  They had four children together: Eimear, Conor, Ciarán and Seán After selling his house in Raheny in 1969, Haughey bought Abbeville and its estate of approximately 250 acres (100 ha), located at Kinsealy, north County Dublin   This historic house, once owned by Anglo-Irish politician John Beresford, had been extensively re-designed by the architect James Gandon in the late 18th century and it became the Haughey family home, where he lived for the rest of his life  This marked the beginning of a long period when Haughey's spending was well beyond his apparent income level  For the rest of his life Haughey would refuse to say where the extra money came from 

Early political career
He started his political career as a local councillor, being a member of Dublin Corporation from 1953 to 1955  Haughey's first attempt at election to Dáil Éireann came in June 1951, when he unsuccessfully contested the general election  While living in Raheny, Haughey was first elected to the Dáil as a Fianna Fáil TD at the 1957 general election for the Dublin North-East constituency; it was his fourth attempt 
Haughey was re-elected in every election until 1992, representing Dublin North-East from 1957 to 1977, Dublin Artane from 1977 to 1981, and Dublin North-Central from 1981 until his retirement in 1992 (moving constituencies in line with boundary changes) 
In 1959, Haughey obtained his first government position, that of Parliamentary Secretary to the Minister for Justice, serving under his constituency colleague Oscar Traynor, appointed by the first government of his father-in-law Seán Lemass  It is unclear whether the choice was made by Lemass directly as Taoiseach, or by the cabinet against his wishes  Lemass had advised Haughey;

As Taoiseach it is my duty to offer you the post of parliamentary secretary, and as your father-in-law I am advising you not to take it 
Haughey ignored Lemass's advice and accepted the offer  Although officially junior to Traynor, Haughey was the de facto minister, as Traynor, a minister in governments since the 1930s, was elderly and in poor health, and only nominally running the department  Haughey and Traynor clashed openly Haughey came to epitomise the new style of politician – the "men in the mohair suits"  He regularly socialised with other younger cabinet colleagues, such as Donogh O'Malley and Brian Lenihan 
By day he impressed the Dáil  By night he basked in the admiration of a fashionable audience in the Russell Hotel  There, or in Dublin's more expensive restaurants, the company included artists, musicians and entertainers, professionals, builders and business people 
His companions, Lenihan and O'Malley, took mischievous delight in entertaining the Russell with tales of the Old Guard  O'Malley in turn entertained the company in Limerick's Brazen Head or Cruise's Hotel with accounts of the crowd in the Russell  On the wings of such tales Haughey's reputation spread 
Haughey's status by 1961 was such that Leader of the Opposition James Dillon complimented him lavishly on the floor of the Dáil, remarking on his opponent's "skill with which he has had recourse to his brief," as well as his "extraordinary erudition" and "his exceptional and outstanding ability "

Ministerial office
Minister for Justice
When Traynor retired in 1961, Haughey succeeded him as Minister for Justice  As such, he initiated an extensive scale of legislative reforms  He introduced new legislation including the Adoption Act; the Succession Act, which protected the inheritance rights of wives and children; the Criminal Justice Act, which severely restricted the application of capital punishment; and the Extradition Act, which virtually prevented extradition for IRA offences  Haughey also introduced the Special Military Courts which helped to defeat the Irish Republican Army's Border Campaign 

Minister for Agriculture: 1966 Farmers' Strike
In 1964, Lemass appointed Haughey as Minister for Agriculture  Criticism was voiced from the National Farmers Association (NFA) of the appointment of a non-rural person to the position, and there was increased antagonism from farmers towards the government  Haughey became embroiled in a series of controversies with the NFA and with another organisation, the Irish Creamery Milk Suppliers Association (ICMSA)  Twenty-seven ICMSA picketers outside Leinster House, were arrested on 27 April 1966 under the Offences Against the State Act, an act originally intended for use against the IRA  78 were arrested the following day, and 80 a day later as the dispute escalated  The general public was supportive of the farmers, who were not in a position to hold a strike to air their grievances, and who were clearly only posing a problem to the Minister, rather than the state  The farmers then began a national solidarity campaign, and even farmers who supported Fianna Fáil turned against the government  Haughey, who did not rely on rural voters, was under intense pressure from fearful members of his own party to negotiate a deal and reduce the tension  It was Haughey's first alienation of a significant voting block, and probably damaged him electorally in later years as many farmers remembered the events, known in folk memory as the "Farmers' Strike" 

Minister for Finance and 1966 presidential election
Haughey was appointed by Fianna Fáil to run President Éamon de Valera's re-election campaign for the 1966 presidential election  His interventions proved highly controversial  Fine Gael chose a comparatively young TD and barrister, Tom O'Higgins (nephew of Kevin O'Higgins), to run against de Valera  Aware that de Valera's age (84) and almost total blindness might compare unfavourably to O'Higgins, whose campaign drew comparisons with the equally youthful US President John F  Kennedy, Haughey launched what was seen as a political stroke  He insisted that it was beneath the presidency to actively campaign, meaning that de Valera would have a low profile  Therefore, in the interests of fairness the media was asked to give O'Higgins an equally low profile, ignoring his speeches and publicity campaign  The print media, both nationally and locally, ignored Haughey's suggestion  But the state-run Raidió Teilifís Éireann, facing criticism from Lemass' government for being too radical in other areas, agreed and largely ignored the O'Higgins campaign 
De Valera got a high media profile from a different source, the fiftieth anniversary commemoration of the Easter Rising, of which he was the most senior survivor  While O'Higgins's campaign was ignored by RTÉ, de Valera appeared in RTÉ coverage of the Rising events regularly  To add further to de Valera's campaign, Haughey as Agriculture Minister arranged for milk price increases to be given to farmers on the eve of polling, as a way of reducing farmer disquiet after they had effectively become an opposition movement to the government 
These tactics should have ensured an easy de Valera victory  Instead O'Higgins came within less than one percent of winning the vote, with de Valera re-elected by a narrow margin of ten thousand votes out of a total of nearly one million  De Valera came to distrust Haughey; Frank Aiken, Minister for Foreign Affairs under de Valera and his lifelong political confidant, dismissed Haughey's political motives as being entirely selfish, and believed he was motivated to hold power for its own sake and not duty 
In 1966, the Taoiseach Seán Lemass retired  Haughey declared his candidature to succeed Lemass in the consequent leadership election, and George Colley and Neil Blaney did likewise  As this meant that there were three strong candidates who held strong and divisive views on the future of the party, the party elders sought to find a compromise candidate  Lemass himself encouraged his Minister for Finance Jack Lynch, to contest the party leadership, and encouraged Colley, Haughey and Blaney to withdraw in favour of Lynch, arguing that they would not win a contest against him  However, Colley refused the Taoiseach's request and insisted on remaining in the race, but he was defeated by Lynch  Upon Lynch's election as Taoiseach, Haughey was appointed Minister for Finance by Lynch, in a cabinet reshuffle, which indicated that Haughey's withdrawal was a gain at the expense of Colley  The inexpensive and socially inclusive initiatives that Haughey made caught the public imagination; these included popular decisions to introduce free travel on public transport for pensioners, subsidise electricity for pensioners, the granting of special tax concessions for the disabled and tax exemptions for artists  They increased Haughey's populist appeal and his support from certain elements in the media and artistic community 
As Minister for Finance, Haughey on two occasions arranged foreign currency loans for the government which he then arranged to be left on deposit in foreign countries (Germany and the United States), in the local currencies, instead of immediately changing the loans to Irish pounds and depositing them in the exchequer  These actions were unconstitutional, because it effectively meant that the Minister for Finance was making a currency speculation against his own currency  When this was challenged by the Comptroller and Auditor General Eugene Francis Suttle, Haughey introduced a law to retrospectively legalise his actions  The debate was very short and the record shows no understanding of the issue by the Opposition Spokesperson for Finance, O'Higgins for Fine Gael and Tully for Labour  The legislation was passed on 26 November 1969 

Arms crisis
The late 1960s saw the old tensions boil over into an eruption of violence in Northern Ireland  Haughey was generally seen as coming from the pragmatist wing of the party, and was not believed to have strong opinions on the matter, despite having family links with Derry  Indeed, many presumed that he had a strong antipathy to physical force Irish republicanism; during his period as Minister for Justice he had followed a tough anti-IRA line, including using internment without trial against the IRA  The hawks in the cabinet were seen as Kevin Boland and Neil Blaney, both sons of founding fathers in the party with strong Old IRA pasts  Blaney was also a TD for Donegal; a staunchly Republican area which bordered Derry  They were opposed by those described as the "doves" of the cabinet; Tánaiste Erskine Childers, George Colley and Patrick Hillery  A fund of £100,000 was set up to give to the Nationalist people in the form of aid  Haughey, as Finance Minister would have a central role in the management of this fund 
There was general surprise when, in an incident known as the Arms Crisis, Haughey, along with Blaney, was sacked from Lynch's cabinet amid allegations of the use of the funds to import arms for use by the IRA  The Garda Special Branch informed the Minister for Justice Mícheál Ó Móráin and Taoiseach Jack Lynch that a plot to import arms existed and included government members, however Lynch took no action until the Special Branch made Leader of the Opposition Liam Cosgrave aware of the plot  Cosgrave told Lynch he knew of the plot and would announce it in the Dáil the next day if he didn't act  Lynch subsequently requested Haughey and Blaney to resign from cabinet  Both men refused, saying they did nothing illegal  Lynch then asked President de Valera to terminate their appointments as members of the government, a request that de Valera was required to grant by convention  Boland resigned in sympathy, while Mícheál Ó Móráin was dismissed one day earlier in a preemptive strike to ensure a subservient Minister for Justice was in place when the crisis broke  Lynch chose government chief whip Desmond O'Malley for the role  Haughey and Blaney were subsequently tried in court along with an army Officer, Captain James Kelly, and Albert Luykx, a former Flemish National Socialist and businessman, who allegedly used his contacts to buy the arms  After trial all the accused were acquitted but many refused to recognise the verdict of the courts  Although cleared of wrongdoing, it looked as if Haughey's political career was finished  Blaney and Boland eventually resigned from Fianna Fáil but Haughey remained  He spent his years on the backbenches – the wilderness years – building support within the grassroots of the party; during this time, he remained loyal to the party and served the leader, but after the debacle of the "arms crises" neither man trusted the other 

Leadership years
Opposition to Jack Lynch
In 1975, Fianna Fáil was in opposition and Haughey had achieved enough grassroots support to warrant a recall to Jack Lynch's opposition front bench  Haughey was appointed Spokesman on Health and Social Welfare, a fairly minor portfolio at the time, but Haughey used the same imagination and skill he displayed in other positions to formulate innovative and far reaching policies  Two years later in 1977, Fianna Fáil returned to power with a massive parliamentary majority in Dáil Éireann, having had a very populist campaign (spearhead by Colley and O'Malley) to abolish rates, vehicle tax and other extraordinary concessions, which were short-lived  Haughey returned to the cabinet, after an absence of seven years, as Minister for Health and Social Welfare 
In this position he continued the progressive policies he had shown earlier by, among others, beginning the first government anti-smoking campaigns and legalising contraception, previously banned  Following the finding by the Supreme Court of Ireland, in McGee v The Attorney General, that there was a constitutional right to use contraceptives, he introduced The Family Planning Bill which proved to be highly controversial  The bill allowed a pharmacist to sell contraceptives on presentation of a medical prescription  Haughey called this bill "an Irish solution to an Irish problem"  It is often stated that the recipient of the prescription had to be married, but the legislation did not include this requirement 
The fallout from the giveaway concessions that had re-elected the government under Lynch, led to a succession race to succeed Lynch  As well as this a group of backbenchers began to lobby in support of Haughey  This group, known as the "gang of five," consisted of Jackie Fahey, Tom McEllistrim, Seán Doherty, Mark Killilea Jnr and Albert Reynolds  Haughey was also helped by the TD Síle de Valera  The granddaughter of Éamon de Valera, she was highly critical of Jack Lynch's policy regards to Northern Ireland  In a speech at the Liam Lynch commemoration at Fermoy on 9 September, de Valera made a series of thinly veiled attacks on Lynch  Although Lynch quickly tried to impose party discipline, attempting to discipline her for opposing party policy at a parliamentary party meeting held at the 28th, de Valera correctly pointed out that she had not opposed the party policy regarding Northern Ireland which called for the declaration of the British intent to withdraw from Northern Ireland  Lynch left for a trip to the United States on 7 November  On the same day the government lost two by-elections to Fine Gael in Cork and in Cork North-East  During the trip Lynch claimed in an interview with The Washington Post that a five-kilometer air corridor between the border was agreed upon during the meeting with British Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher, to enhance security co-operation  This was something highly unsavoury to many in Fianna Fáil  When Lynch returned he was questioned on this by a Clare backbencher Bill Loughnane, along with Tom McEllistrim at a parliamentary party meeting  Lynch stated that the British did not have permission to overfly the border  Afterwards Loughnane went public with the details of the meeting and accused Lynch of deliberately misleading the party  An attempt to remove the whip from Loughnane failed  At this stage Lynch's position had become untenable, with supporters of Haughey and George Colley caucusing opinion within the party 
In December 1979, Lynch announced his resignation as Taoiseach and leader of Fianna Fáil  The leadership contest that resulted was a two-horse race between Haughey and the Tánaiste, George Colley  Colley had the support of the entire cabinet, with the exception of Michael O'Kennedy, and felt that this popularity would be reflected within the parliamentary party as a whole 
Haughey on the other hand was distrusted by a number of his cabinet colleagues, but was much more respected by new backbenchers who were worried about the safety of their Dáil seats  When the vote was taken Haughey emerged as the victor by a margin of 44 votes to 38, a very clear division within the party  In a conciliatory gesture, Colley was re-appointed as Tánaiste and had a veto over whom Haughey would appoint as Ministers for Justice and for Defence  This was due to his distrust of Haughey on security issues (because of the Arms Crisis)  However, he was removed from the important position of Minister for Finance 
Nonetheless, on 11 December 1979, Charles Haughey was elected Taoiseach and leader of Fianna Fáil, almost a decade after the Arms Crisis set back his political career  In 2010, a founder of the Saatchi & Saatchi advertising firm, said that Haughey had asked for "a new image" similar to the one provided for Margaret Thatcher for the 1979 general election 

Taoiseach (1979–1981)
When Haughey came to power, the country was sinking into a deep economic crisis, following the 1979 energy crisis  Haughey effectively acted as his own Minister for Finance, ignoring the views of his Minister  One of his first functions as Taoiseach was a televised address to the nation – only the third such address in the Republic's history – in which he outlined the bleak economic picture:
I wish to talk to you this evening about the state of the nation's affairs and the picture I have to paint is not, unfortunately, a very cheerful one  The figures which are just now becoming available to us show one thing very clearly  As a community we are living away beyond our means  I don't mean that everyone in the community is living too well, clearly many are not and have barely enough to get by, but taking us all together we have been living at a rate which is simply not justified by the amount of goods and services we are producing  To make up the difference we have been borrowing enormous amounts of money, borrowing at a rate which just cannot continue  A few simple figures will make this very clear     we will just have to reorganise government spending so that we can only undertake those things we can afford…
While Haughey had identified the problem with the economy, his actions made the problem worse  He increased public spending, which soon became out of control, and led to increases in borrowing and taxation at an unacceptable level  By 1981, Haughey was still reasonably popular and decided to call a general election  However, the timing of the election was thwarted twice by external events, in particular the hunger strikes of IRA volunteers for political status  The Anti H-Block Committee announced that they would field abstentionist candidates which many predicted correctly would take Republican votes away from Fianna Fáil  This coincided with the Stardust Disaster, where a fire destroyed a night club in Haughey's constituency and claimed the lives of 48 young people; these caused Haughey to delay the Ard Fheis and the election  The poll was eventually held in June, much later than Haughey wanted  In the hope of winning an overall Dáil majority Haughey's campaign took a populist line with regard to taxation, spending and Northern Ireland  The campaign was enhanced and hyped up by a live debate on RTÉ between Haughey and the Leader of the Opposition Garret FitzGerald, of Fine Gael, over the major issues  On the day of the vote Fianna Fáil won 45 5%, failing to secure a majority in the 166-seat Dáil  A Fine Gael–Labour Party coalition came to power, under FitzGerald and Haughey went into opposition 
Within days of his becoming Taoiseach, Allied Irish Banks forgave Haughey £400,000 of a £1,000,000 debt  No reason was given for this  The Economist obituary on Haughey (24 June 2006) asserted that he had warned the bank "I can be a very troublesome adversary" 

Opposition (1981–1982)
FitzGerald's government lasted until January 1982, when it collapsed due to a controversial budget which proposed the application of Value Added Tax to children's shoes, previously exempt  FitzGerald, no longer having a majority in the Dáil, went to Áras an Uachtaráin, to advise President Hillery to dissolve the Dáil and call a general election  However, the night the government collapsed the Fianna Fáil Front Bench issued a statement encouraging the President not to grant the dissolution and to allow Fianna Fáil to form a government  Phone calls were also made to the President by Brian Lenihan  Haughey, on attempting to contact his former colleague, the President, and on failing to be put through to him, was reported to have threatened the president's aide de camp by telling him that he would be Taoiseach one day and when that happened, "I intend to roast your fucking arse if you don't put me through immediately"  Hillery considered such pressure to be gross misconduct, and granted the dissolution 
A biography of Hillery blames Haughey for the sex scandal rumours which almost destroyed the presidency of Hillery in 1979 

Second term as Taoiseach (1982)
After the February 1982 election, when Haughey failed to win an overall majority again, questions were raised about his leadership  Some of Haughey's critics in the party suggested that an alternative candidate should stand as the party's nominee for Taoiseach  Desmond O'Malley emerged as the likely alternative candidate and was ready to challenge Haughey for the leadership  However, on the day of the vote O'Malley withdrew and Haughey went forward as the nominee  He engineered confidence and supply agreements with the Independent Socialist TD, Tony Gregory (in return for £100 million of investment in the Dublin North Inner City; a deal dubbed the Gregory Deal), the Independent Fianna Fáil TD Neil Blaney and three Workers' Party TDs, which saw him return as Taoiseach for a second time 
Haughey's second term was dominated by even more economic mismanagement, based on Haughey's policy of using government policy and money, in an effort to induce a sufficiently large share of the electorate to vote him his elusive 'overall majority' in the Dáil  With Haughey and his supporters taking a dangerously populist line in every area of policy, and refusing to address serious shortcomings in the performance of the state, a growing minority in his own party were becoming increasingly concerned  The issue of his leadership cropped up again when in October the backbench TD, Charlie McCreevy, put down a motion of no-confidence in Haughey  Desmond O'Malley disagreed with the timing but supported the hasty motion of no confidence all the same  O'Malley resigned from the cabinet prior to the vote as he was going to vote against Haughey  A campaign now started that was extremely vicious on the side of Haughey's supporters, with threats made to the careers of those who dissented from the leadership  After a marathon 15-hour party meeting, Haughey, who insisted on a roll-call as opposed to a secret ballot, and won the open ballot by 58 votes to 22  Not long after this, Haughey's government collapsed when the Workers' Party TD's and Tony Gregory withdrew their support for the government over a Fianna Fáil policy document called "The Way Forward," which would lead to massive spending cuts  Fianna Fáil lost the November 1982 election and FitzGerald once again returned as Taoiseach at the head of a Fine Gael-Labour coalition with a comfortable Dáil majority  Haughey found himself back in opposition 
In August 1982, the Attorney General Patrick Connolly was the subject of controversy when a man in his house was arrested for murder  At a press conference on the affair, Haughey was paraphrased as having described the affair as "grotesque, unbelievable, bizarre and unprecedented", from which journalist and former politician Conor Cruise O'Brien coined the term GUBU 

Return to opposition (1982–1987)
Haughey's leadership came under scrutiny for a third time when a report linked Haughey with the phone tapping of political journalists  In spite of huge pressure Haughey refused to resign and survived yet another vote of no-confidence in early 1983, albeit with a smaller majority  Haughey's success was partly due to the death of the Fianna Fáil TD Clement Coughlan, a supporter of O'Malley  Haughey's supporters managed to have the meeting moved to the following week after the funeral, which gave him more time to manoeuver  Having failed three times to oust Haughey, most of his critics gave up and returned to normal politics 
In May 1984, the New Ireland Forum Report was published  Haughey was involved in the drafting of this at the time he was in office and had agreed to potential scenarios for improving the political situation of Northern Ireland  However, on publication, Haughey rejected it and said the only possible solution was a United Ireland  This statement was criticised by the other leaders who forged the New-Ireland Forum, John Hume, Garret FitzGerald and Dick Spring  Desmond O'Malley supported the Forum report and criticised Haughey's ambiguous position, accusing him of stifling debate  At a Fianna Fáil Parliamentary Party meeting to discuss the report, the whip was removed from O'Malley, which meant he was no longer a Fianna Fáil TD  Ironically, when Haughey returned to power he embraced the Anglo-Irish Agreement that had developed from the New Ireland Forum Report 
In early 1985, a bill was introduced by the Fine Gael–Labour government to liberalise the sale of contraceptives in the country  Fianna Fáil in opposition opposed the bill  O'Malley supported it as a matter of principle rather than a political point to oppose for opposition's sake  On the day of the vote O'Malley spoke in the Dáil chamber stated:

But I do not believe that the interests of this State or our Constitution and of this Republic would be served by putting politics before conscience in regard to this     I stand by the Republic and accordingly, I will not oppose this Bill 
He abstained rather than vote with the government  Despite this Haughey moved against O'Malley and in February 1985, O'Malley was charged with "conduct un-becoming"  At a party meeting, even though O'Malley did not have the party whip, he was expelled from the Fianna Fáil organisation by 73 votes to 9 in roll-call vote  With George Colley dead, O'Malley expelled and other critics silenced, Haughey was finally in full control of Fianna Fáil 
O'Malley decided to form a new political party and 21 December 1985, Desmond O'Malley announced the formation of the Progressive Democrats  Several Fianna Fáil TDs joined including Mary Harney and Bobby Molloy 
In November 1985, the Anglo-Irish Agreement was signed between Garret FitzGerald and British Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher  The agreement gave Ireland a formal say in Northern Ireland and its affairs  As was the case with the New Ireland Forum Report, the Anglo-Irish Agreement was harshly criticised by Haughey, who said that he would re-negotiate it, if re-elected  FitzGerald called a general election for February 1987  The campaign was dominated by attacks on the government over severe cuts in the budget and the general mismanagement of the economy  When the results were counted Haughey had failed once again to win an overall majority for Fianna Fáil  When it came to electing a Taoiseach in the Dáil Haughey's position looked particularly volatile  When it came to a vote the Independent TD Tony Gregory voted against Fitzgerald but abstained on Haughey, seeing Haughey as the "lesser of two evils" (the reason for this was Gregory's opposition to the Anglo-Irish agreement as well as his personal dislike of Garret FitzGerald and Fine Gael)  Haughey was elected Taoiseach on the casting vote of the Ceann Comhairle 

Final term as Taoiseach (1987–1992)
Haughey now headed a minority Fianna Fáil government  Fine Gael under leader Alan Dukes, made the unprecedented move, with its Tallaght strategy, of supporting the government and voting for it when it came to introducing tough economic policies  The national debt had doubled under previous administrations, so the government introduced severe budget cuts in all departments  The taxation system was transformed to encourage enterprise and employment  One of the major schemes put forward, and one which would have enormous economic benefits for the country, was the establishment of the International Financial Services Centre (IFSC) in Dublin 
In late April 1989, Haughey returned from a trip to Japan, to the news that the government was about to be defeated in a Dáil vote, on a private members' motion regarding provision of funds for HIV/AIDS sufferers  The government lost the vote, which was seen as merely embarrassing, but Haughey, buoyed by opinion polls which indicated the possibility of winning an overall majority, called a general election for 15 June  Fianna Fáil however ended up losing four seats and the possibility of forming another minority government looked slim  For the first time in history a nominee for Taoiseach failed to achieve a majority when a vote was taken in the Dáil, on 29 June 1989  Constitutionally Haughey was obliged to resign, however he refused to, for a short period  He eventually tendered his resignation to President Hillery and remained on as Taoiseach, albeit in an acting capacity  A full 27 days after the election had taken place a coalition government was formed between Fianna Fáil and the Progressive Democrats  It was the first time that Fianna Fáil had entered into a coalition, abandoning one of its "core values" in the overwhelming need to form a government 
Haughey in 1990 had more difficulties than successes  The first half of the year saw Haughey in a leading role as European statesman, when Ireland held the presidency of the European Community, which rotated semi-annually between the member states of the European Union  Haughey supported German Reunification and during the extraordinary Dublin Summit, which he called for in April, he pressed this viewpoint forward  He believed both Ireland and Germany were similar in that both countries were divided  During a Dáil debate on German Reunification, Haughey stated "I have expressed a personal view that coming as we do from a country which is also divided many of us would have sympathy with any wish of the people of the two German States for unification" The presidential election was disappointing for Haughey with Brian Lenihan, the Tánaiste, who was nominated as the party's candidate, being defeated by Mary Robinson  During the campaign the controversy over the phone calls made to the Áras an Uachtaráin in 1982, urging the then President not to dissolve the Dáil resurfaced  Lenihan was accused of calling and attempting to influence the President, who as Head of State is above politics  The Progressive Democrats threatened to pull out of the coalition and support a Fine Gael no-confidence motion unless Haughey forced Lenihan out  Haughey tried to force Lenihan to resign, and sacked him when he refused to do so  Lenihan's dismissal damaged Haughey's standing in the Fianna Fáil organisation 
Haughey's grip on political power began to slip in the autumn of 1991  There was a series of resignations by chairmen of semi-state companies, followed by an open declaration by Minister for Finance Albert Reynolds, that he had every intention of standing for the party leadership if Haughey resigned  Following a heated parliamentary party meeting, Seán Power, one of Reynolds's supporters, put down a motion of no-confidence in Haughey  Reynolds and his supporters were sacked from the government by Haughey, who went on to win the no-confidence motion by 55 votes to 22 

Haughey's victory was short-lived, as a series of political errors would lead to his demise as Taoiseach



ground_truth: the deadpan sketch group

prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: Charles Haughey held what position when he dissolved the list of members who were elected to the lower house of the Oireachtas of Ireland on 25 May 1989?

The following are given passages.
Context 2:  Controversy erupted over the attempted appointment of Jim McDaid as Minister for Defence, which saw him withdraw his nomination under pressure from O'Malley  Worse was to follow when Seán Doherty, who as Minister for Justice had taken the blame for the phone-tapping scandal of the early 1980s, went on RTÉ television, and after ten years of insisting that Haughey knew nothing of the tapping, claimed that Haughey had known and authorised it  Haughey denied this, but the Progressive Democrats members of the government stated that they could no longer continue in government with Haughey as Taoiseach  Haughey told Desmond O'Malley, the Progressive Democrats leader, that he intended to stand down shortly, but wanted to choose his own time of departure  O'Malley agreed to this and the government continued 
On 30 January 1992, Haughey resigned as leader of Fianna Fáil at a parliamentary party meeting  He remained as Taoiseach until 11 February 1992, when he was succeeded by the former Finance Minister, Albert Reynolds  During his final address to the Dáil he quoted Othello, saying "I have done the state some service, they know it, no more of that"  Haughey then returned to the backbenches before retiring from politics at the 1992 general election  His son, Seán Haughey, was elected at the election that followed, in his father's old constituency  Seán Haughey was appointed as a Minister of State at the Department of Education and Science in December 2006 

Retirement, tribunals and scandal
Financial scandals
Haughey's personal wealth and extravagant lifestyle (he owned racehorses, a large motor sailing yacht Celtic Mist, an Inishvickillane island and a Gandon-designed mansion) had long been a point of speculation  He refused throughout his career to answer any questions about how he financed this lifestyle on a government salary  Despite his professed desire to fade from public attention, these questions followed him into retirement, eventually exploding into a series of political, financial and personal scandals that tarnished his image and reputation 
In 1997, a government-appointed tribunal, led by Judge Brian McCracken, first revealed that Haughey had received substantial monetary gifts from businessmen and that he had held secret offshore bank accounts in the Ansbacher Bank in the Cayman Islands  Haughey faced criminal charges for obstructing the work of the McCracken tribunal  His trial on these charges was postponed indefinitely after the judge in the case found that he would not be able to get a fair trial following prejudicial comments by the then PD leader and Tánaiste Mary Harney Also in 1997, the public were shocked by allegations that Haughey had embezzled money destined for the Fianna Fáil party, taxpayers' money taken from government funds earmarked for the operation of a political party, and that he had spent large portions of these funds on Charvet shirts and expensive dinners in a top Dublin restaurant, while preaching belt-tightening and implementing budget cuts as a national policy The subsequent Moriarty Tribunal delved further into Haughey's financial dealings  In his main report on Charles Haughey released on 19 December 2006, Mr Justice Moriarty made the following findings:

Haughey was paid more than IR£8 million between 1979 and 1986 from various benefactors and businessmen, including £1 3 million from the Dunnes Stores supermarket tycoon Ben Dunne  The tribunal described these payments as "unethical" 
In May 1989 one of Haughey's lifelong friends, former government minister Brian Lenihan, underwent a liver transplant which was partly paid for through fundraising by Haughey  The Moriarty tribunal found that of the £270,000 collected in donations for Brian Lenihan, no more than £70,000 ended up being spent on Lenihan's medical care  The tribunal identified one specific donation of £20,000 for Lenihan that was surreptitiously appropriated by Haughey, who took steps to conceal this transaction 
The tribunal found evidence of favours performed in return for money (bribes): Saudi businessman Mahmoud Fustok paid Haughey £50,000 to support applications for Irish citizenship 
In other evidence of favours performed, the tribunal reported that Haughey arranged meetings between Ben Dunne and civil servant Seamus Pairceir of the Revenue Commissioners  These discussions resulted in an outstanding capital gains tax bill for Dunne being reduced by £22 8 million  Moriarty found that this was "not coincidental", and that it was a substantial benefit conferred on Dunne by Haughey's actions 
Allied Irish Banks settled a million-pound overdraft with Haughey soon after he became Taoiseach in 1979; the tribunal found that the lenience shown by the bank in this case amounted to an indirect payment by the bank to Haughey The tribunal rejected Haughey's claims of ignorance of his own financial affairs and Haughey was accused by the tribunal of "devaluing democracy" Haughey eventually agreed a settlement with the revenue and paid a total of €6 5 million in back taxes and penalties to the Revenue Commissioners in relation to these donations  In August 2003 Haughey was forced to sell his large estate, Abbeville, in Kinsealy in north County Dublin for €45 million to settle legal fees he had incurred during the tribunals  He continued to live at Abbeville and own the island of Inishvickillane off the coast of County Kerry until his death 

Terry Keane affair
In May 1999, Terry Keane, gossip columnist and once wife of former Chief Justice of Ireland Ronan Keane, revealed on The Late Late Show that she and Haughey had conducted a 27-year extramarital affair  In a move that she subsequently said she deeply regretted, Keane confirmed that the man she had been referring to for years in her newspaper column as "sweetie" was indeed Haughey  The revelation on the television programme shocked at least some of the audience, including Haughey's son Seán who was watching the show  Haughey's wife Maureen was also said to have been deeply hurt by the circumstances of the revelation 

Death and funeral
Haughey's attendance before the tribunals had repeatedly been disrupted by illness  He died from prostate cancer, from which he had suffered for a decade, on 13 June 2006, at his home in Kinsealy, County Dublin, aged 80 Haughey received a state funeral on 16 June 2006  He was buried in St  Fintan's Cemetery, Sutton in County Dublin, following mass at Donnycarney  The then Taoiseach Bertie Ahern delivered the graveside oration The funeral rites were screened live on RTÉ One and watched by a quarter of a million people  It was attended by President Mary McAleese, the Taoiseach, Bertie Ahern, members of the Oireachtas, many from the world of politics, industry and business  The chief celebrant was Haughey's brother, Father Eoghan Haughey 

Legacy
Former Taoiseach Garret FitzGerald said that Haughey had the potential to be one of the best Taoisigh that the country ever had, had his preoccupation with wealth and power not clouded his judgement: Charles Haughey spent much energy fending off leadership challenges, chasing an elusive Dáil majority and dealing with GUBU-like events "
He comes with a flawed pedigree      His motives can ultimately only be judged by God, but we cannot ignore the fact that he differs from his predecessors in that these motives have been widely impugned, most notably by those in his own party who have observed him over many years 
Taoiseach Bertie Ahern said,
He had an immense ability to get things done and he inspired great loyalty amongst many of his followers both inside and outside Fianna Fáil 
In recent times, these achievements have become clouded by the revelations that are the subject of inquiry by the Moriarty Tribunal 

History will have to weigh up both the credit and the debit side more dispassionately than may be possible today, but I have no doubt its ultimate judgement on Mr Haughey will be a positive one 
Historian Diarmaid Ferriter said, He was a very promising minister in the '60s, but once he became leader all he was concerned with was staying leader  It was always about the cult of leadership  His sense of himself was much more important than any vision he had for the country  People say he discovered fiscal rectitude in '87, and people talk about his contribution to Anglo-Irish affairs, but really if you try and look for any consistency in his affairs after the late '70s you can't find it because it's just about him 
Historian John A  Murphy said, His vision was one of personal vanity  I don't think history's assessment will be the one Bertie uttered over his grave 
Haughey was characterised in a 2012 novel Ratlines, by Stuart Neville  A three-part television drama Charlie, covering Haughey between 1979 and 1992, débuted on RTÉ in January 2015, with Aidan Gillen in the title role  

Governments
The following governments were led by Haughey:

16th Government of Ireland (December 1979 – June 1981)
18th Government of Ireland (March 1982 – December 1982)
20th Government of Ireland (March 1987 – July 1989)
21st Government of Ireland (July 1989 – February 1992)

See also
Families in the Oireachtas
Haughey
Haughey (TV series)
Passage 2:
Members of the 25th Dáil
The 25th Dáil was elected at the 1987 general election on 17 February 1987 and met on 10 March 1987  The members of Dáil Éireann, the house of representatives of the Oireachtas (legislature), of Ireland are known as TDs  The 25th Dáil was dissolved by President Patrick Hillery on 25 May 1989, at the request of the Taoiseach Charles Haughey  The 25th Dáil lasted 808 days  There were no by-elections during the 25th Dáil 

Composition of the 25th Dáil
Fianna Fáil, denoted with bullet (●), formed the 20th Government of Ireland 

Graphical representation
This is a graphical comparison of party strengths in the 25th Dáil from March 1987  This was not the official seating plan 

Ceann Comhairle
On 10 March 1987, Seán Treacy (Ind) was proposed by Charles Haughey and seconded by Brian Lenihan for the position of Ceann Comhairle  He was approved without a vote 

TDs by constituency
The list of the 166 TDs elected is given in alphabetical order by Dáil constituency 

Changes
See also
Members of the 18th Seanad
Passage 3:
Members of the 21st Dáil
The 21st Dáil was elected at the 1977 general election on 16 June 1977 and met on 5 July 1977  The members of Dáil Éireann, the house of representatives of the Oireachtas (legislature) of Ireland, are known as TDs  The 21st Dáil saw a change of Taoiseach from Jack Lynch to Charles Haughey  On 21 May 1981, President Patrick Hillery dissolved the Dáil on the request of Taoiseach Charles Haughey  The 21st Dáil lasted 1,417 days 

Composition of the 21st Dáil
In July 1977, Fianna Fáil, denoted with a bullet (●), formed the 15th Government of Ireland, a majority government, led by Jack Lynch as Taoiseach  In December 1979, Charles Haughey succeeded as Fianna Fáil leader and Taoiseach, forming the 16th Government of Ireland 

Graphical representation
This is a graphical comparison of party strengths in the 21st Dáil from July 1977  This was not the official seating plan 

Ceann Comhairle
On the meeting of the Dáil, Joseph Brennan (FF) was proposed by Jack Lynch (FF) and seconded by George Colley (FF) for the position of Ceann Comhairle  Seán Treacy (Lab) was proposed by Garret FitzGerald (FG) and seconded by Joseph Bermingham (Lab) for the position  Brennan was elected by a vote of 84 to 60 Brennan died on 13 July 1980  On 15 October 1980, Pádraig Faulkner (FF) was appointed Ceann Comhairle on a temporary basis  On 16 October 1980, Faulkner was proposed by Jack Lynch for the position on a permanent basis, and was elected without a vote 

TDs by constituency
The list of the 148 TDs elected is given in alphabetical order by Dáil constituency 

Changes
On 11 February 1981, a motion to move the writ for the vacancy in Tipperary North was rejected on a vote of 40 to 66 

See also
Members of the 14th Seanad
Passage 4:
Members of the 23rd Dáil
The 23rd Dáil was elected at the February 1982 general election on 18 February 1982 and met on 9 March 1982  The members of Dáil Éireann, the house of representatives of the Oireachtas (legislature), of Ireland are known as TDs  On 4 November 1982, President Patrick Hillery dissolved the Dáil at the request of the Taoiseach Charles Haughey after the loss of a vote of confidence  The 23rd Dáil is the third shortest Dáil in history, lasting 241 days 

Composition of the 23rd Dáil
Fianna Fáil, which formed the 18th Government of Ireland, is marked with a bullet (●) 

Graphical representation
This is a graphical comparison of party strengths in the 23rd Dáil from March 1982  This was not the official seating plan 

Ceann Comhairle
On the meeting of the Dáil, John O'Connell (Ind), who had served as Ceann Comhairle in the previous Dáil, was proposed by Neil Blaney (IFF) and seconded by Garret FitzGerald (FG) for the position  He was elected without a vote 

TDs by constituency
The list of the 166 TDs elected is given in alphabetical order by Dáil constituency 

Changes
See also
Members of the 16th Seanad
Passage 5:
P  J  Mara
Patrick James Mara (1 February 1942 – 15 January 2016) was an Irish public affairs consultant and politician who served as Senator from July 1981 to October 1981 and May 1982 to December 1982  He was most renowned for being the political adviser to former Taoiseach Charles Haughey  He also served as Press Secretary to Fianna Fáil from 1983 to 1987 and Government Press Secretary from 1987 to 1992 He was appointed the Fianna Fáil Director of Elections for the 1997, 2002, and 2007 general elections  He was a member of the board of Digicel, the company founded by Denis O'Brien to build mobile networks in the Caribbean 
He was regularly lampooned on the satirical Raidió Teilifís Éireann (RTÉ) radio sketch show Scrap Saturday, which ran from 1989 to 1991 

Early life
Mara was born in Galway, but was raised in Millmount Avenue in Drumcondra, Dublin  He was educated at O'Connell's Richmond Street, and at Coláiste Mhuire, an Irish-language Christian Brothers secondary school (Gaelscoil) on Parnell Square  Mara's father, a Garda, died when Mara was still in school  He was raised by his mother and sister  After school, Mara worked at Boland's Mill for a short time  After a few more jobs, he started working in the textiles industry 

Earlier career
Mara started becoming actively involved in politics in his late 20s, having come from a family background of support for Fianna Fáil  He unsuccessfully ran for public office multiple times 
Mara began to show interest in the career of Charles Haughey in 1970, during the Arms Trial, and began a professional relationship with him, eventually becoming his right hand man and confidante  Haughey and Mara at the time would travel around Ireland visiting local branches of Fianna Fáil  Mara assisted Haughey with strategy during election campaigns  His attempts at a non-political entrepreneurial career were sidelined by his political aspirations, including his carpet sales business, which failed 
When Haughey came back from the political wilderness in the late 1970s, Mara helped to secure support for him in the 1979 leadership election of the party  In his first government, Haughey appointed Mara as a senator 
In 1982, despite having no previous experience in public relations, Mara was appointed press secretary for Fianna Fáil by Haughey  He made innovations in how to operate public relations for the party, including holding opposition press briefings  He also tried to increase the electability of Haughey, particularly among young people  
Mara adopted techniques of electioneering from US politics for the campaign for the 1987 Irish general election  He devised a strategy for the election by consulting with a broad range of people, to aid re-election  When the party went back into government in 1987 with Haughey as Taoiseach, Mara served as the press secretary for the new government, and until the resignation of Haughey  He did not work with Albert Reynolds in government 

Flood Tribunal
Mara was one of the components of the so-called Century Radio module at the Flood Tribunal  Mara told the Tribunal that during the course of his employment as a Press Secretary, his financial remuneration was not sufficient to meet his immediate financial requirements, and he experienced financial difficulties  He said he received assistance from his friends, Oliver Barry and financier Dermot Desmond, in the form of loans  However, there was no interest charge, nor was there any fixed schedule for repayment  Those making the loans did not intend that the sums advanced would be treated as gifts by Mara, but were content to receive their money back, once Mara was in a position so to do  Desmond told the Tribunal that he had lent £46,000 to Mara between 1986 and 1989  Barry said he remembered lending Mara a sum of £2,000 on one occasion between 1982 and 1984 In the Second Interim Report of the Flood Tribunal, Judge Feargus Flood found that Mara failed to co-operate with the Tribunal by: "Failing to provide the Tribunal with details of an account in the name of Pullman Limited, operated by him at Royal Bank of Scotland in the Isle of Man, when swearing his Affidavit of Discovery made pursuant to an Order of the Tribunal requiring him to discover, inter alia, any such account "

Later career
Mara was the director of elections for Fianna Fáil when Bertie Ahern was leader, which included managing the campaigns for the party in the general elections in 1997, 2002, and 2007 
Starting in the 1990s, Mara began working as a public relations consultant for many prominent Irish businessmen  He worked closely with Denis O'Brien in the later stages of his life 

Personal life
Mara married Breda Brogan from Kinvara, County Galway, who was a model and later an entrepreneur, setting up a clothing wholesales company which was later bought out by Penney's  They had one son, John  Breda died in 2003  With his partner Sheila, Mara had a daughter, Elena, born in 2013  Mara pursued unsuccessful business ventures, which included selling carpets   While Mara was wealthy in his earlier career before politics, and during it, at one point after he could not even get the credit to buy a used car 

Death
Mara died at the Beacon Hospital after a long illness on 15 January 2016 at the age of 73  He died without a will, leaving an estate of €1,593,213  He was buried in Kinvara, County Galway 
Passage 6:
Members of the 28th Dáil
The 28th Dáil was elected at the 1997 general election on 6 June 1997 and met on 26 June 1997  The members of Dáil Éireann, the house of representatives of the Oireachtas (legislature) of Ireland, are known as TDs  The 28th Dáil lasted 1,765 days, the 2nd longest after the 10th Dáil  The 28th Dáil was dissolved by President Mary McAleese on 25 April 2002, at the request of the Taoiseach, Bertie Ahern 

Composition of the 28th Dáil
Fianna Fáil and the Progressive Democrats, denoted with bullets (●), formed the 25th Government of Ireland 

Graphical representation
This is a graphical comparison of party strengths in the 28th Dáil from June 1997  This was not the official seating plan 

Ceann Comhairle
On 26 June 1997, Séamus Pattison (Lab) was proposed by Dick Spring and seconded by Mary O'Rourke for the position of Ceann Comhairle  Pattison was approved without a vote 

List of TDs
This is a list of TDs elected to Dáil Éireann in the 1997 general election, arranged by party  This table is a record of the 1997 general election results  The Changes table below records all changes in membership and party affiliation 

Changes
See also
Members of the 21st Seanad
Passage 7:
Arms Crisis
The Arms Crisis was a political scandal in the Republic of Ireland in 1970 in which Charles Haughey and Neil Blaney were dismissed as cabinet ministers for alleged involvement in a conspiracy to smuggle arms to the Irish Republican Army in Northern Ireland  At the ensuing Arms Trial, charges against Blaney were dropped, and Haughey, along with co-defendants Captain James Kelly, John Kelly and Belgian businessman Albert Luykx, were found not guilty of conspiracy  Blaney claimed that the then government knew about the plan, while Haughey denied this 

Background
The events occurred during the Fianna Fáil government of Jack Lynch  Amid the 1969 Northern Ireland riots, which would lead to the Troubles, nationalist families were being forced from their homes, and refugees "streamed over the border" into the Republic  The Dublin government established a cabinet subcommittee to organise emergency assistance and relief   Haughey, then Minister for Finance and the hardline Blaney, Minister for Agriculture and Fisheries who was from the Donegal North-East constituency bordering Northern Ireland were members of the subcommittee, along with Pádraig Faulkner and Joseph Brennan  Jack Lynch took little interest in the work of the subcommittee, and after an initial meeting, Faulkner and Brennan seem to have left their senior colleagues Haughey and Blaney to their own devices  A government fund of £100,000 was set up to provide relief to civilians forced out of their homes by the Troubles, and Haughey was given sole authority over this money Haughey and Blaney disapproved of the cautious policies of Taoiseach Lynch on Northern Ireland and favoured a more robust approach  In August 1969, after Blaney had proposed military intervention in Northern Ireland, Lynch had asked Irish Army Intelligence to draft proposals for limited military intervention in Northern Ireland to protect nationalist areas from Ulster loyalist mobs, known as Exercise Armageddon, but it was seen to be unworkable and was not adopted by the cabinet  The nationalist areas were given a form of protection later in August by British forces in Operation Banner, and Lynch saw this as an effective short-term measure  On 30 October 1968, Lynch had met with Harold Wilson, the Prime Minister of the United Kingdom, in London and had called on Britain to take steps to end the partition of Ireland 
Blaney, the then Minister of Agriculture, was an outspoken critic of government policy on Northern Ireland  In a speech in 1969 he said "the Fianna Fail party has never taken a decision to rule out the use of force if the situation in the Six Counties so demand"  Haughey had not publicly opposed Lynch's policy, but was concerned about being outflanked by his Fianna Fail leadership rival 
In October 1969, a meeting of the Northern Citizen Defence Committees, which had been set up to defend nationalist areas from unionist attack, and which included IRA officers, was held in Bailieborough, County Cavan, with Irish Army intelligence officer Captain James Kelly in attendance  Captain Kelly promised the Northern Citizen Defence Committees  £50,000, that would be made available to buy weapons for defense of nationalist areas against loyalist attack 
After the Bailiebourough meeting, Kelly reported directly to Blaney, who in turn brought him to Haugheys's house to give account of the meeting  Kelly suggested that the government should support the IRA, acknowledging "this would mean accepting the possibility of armed action of some sort as the ultimate solution" Blaney allegedly made plans with Captain Kelly to import weapons from continental Europe  Haughey provided the money for the purchase from his civilian relief fund, and also made a failed attempt to arrange customs clearance for the shipment Haughey met with the IRA Chief of Staff Cathal Goulding  Garda Special Branch informed the Minister for Justice Mícheál Ó Móráin of this meeting and he reported it to the Cabinet, but Haughey dismissed it as a chance encounter  In November 1969, a Belfast republican leader named John Kelly, and Haughey's brother Jock, traveled to London to purchase arms, but Kelly became suspicious that their plot had been discovered and they returned to Ireland 

Revelation and trial
By late April 1970, the Garda Síochána Special Branch were aware of the plot and had informed Lynch  However, Lynch took no action until the leader of the opposition, Liam Cosgrave was also informed by the Special Branch of the smuggling scheme and pressed the Taoiseach to take action  Haughey and Blaney were sacked by Lynch on 6 May when they refused to resign   Kevin Boland, the Minister for Social Welfare resigned from the government in protest at the sackings as he was adamant (as were the accused) that Jack Lynch and most of the Cabinet—in particular Jim Gibbons, then Minister for Defence—knew about the plan to import arms  The Minister for Justice, Mícheál Ó Móráin who was in hospital at the time was asked to resign on 4 May  He later claimed that he had in fact informed Lynch of the individuals involved 
On 28 May 1970, Haughey and Blaney went on trial in Dublin, together with an Irish Army intelligence officer, Captain James Kelly, John Kelly and Belgian businessman Albert Luykx, who had allegedly agreed to use his contacts to acquire the weapons  All charges against Blaney were dropped in the District Court on 2 July 1970 and as a result he was not tried, before the main trial got underway under Justice Aindrias Ó Caoimh  The trial collapsed a week later as Ó Caoimh withdrew after allegations of bias  Following a second trial, presided over by Justice Seamus Henchy, the other four defendants were cleared on 23 October At the trial there was a direct contradiction of evidence regarding the sanctioning of the imports between Haughey and the chief prosecutorial witness, Jim Gibbons, Minister for Defence at the time of the attempted imports  Haughey admitted arranging customs clearance for the shipment, but claimed in his defence that he did not know it consisted of weapons  This directly contradicted the evidence of Gibbons and Peter Berry that Haughey was fully aware of all the details of the conspiracy  It also contradicted the testimony of his co-defendants, who admitted that they had tried to import weapons, but maintained that the shipment had been legally authorised by the government  During the trial the judge remarked that either Haughey or Gibbons had to be committing perjury 

Impact
The resignations and sackings left four vacancies in cabinet   As a result, there was a major cabinet reshuffle and some senior politicians of the future, such as Desmond O'Malley and Gerry Collins, got their first step on the ministerial ladder 
The scandal led to bitter divisions in Fianna Fáil between supporters of the sacked ministers Haughey and Blaney and supporters of Lynch   The same divisions affected government policy on Northern Ireland   Although the events led to Haughey being demoted to the back-benches, he remained a member of Fianna Fáil, while Boland was expelled in 1970 and Blaney in 1971   Blaney went on to found his own party, Independent Fianna Fáil, which re-joined Fianna Fáil in 2006, eleven years after Blaney's death   Haughey later returned to ministerial office and succeeded Lynch as party leader in 1979  There was no rapprochement in the relationship between Gibbons and Haughey and when Haughey became Taoiseach, Gibbons was dropped from his ministerial office   During a later leadership contest, Gibbons was assaulted in Dáil Éireann by Haughey supporters in retaliation for his testimony at the Arms Trial The events came to be one of the defining periods of Lynch's term as leader, during which there were several crises   Lynch supporters saw him as exhibiting strength in facing down the rebel ministers and his detractors saw it as an illustration of his weakness on the national question and procrastination in the face of difficult decisions 
As state papers relating to the period were released after 1995, further light was shed on the events, questioning the outcome   Much remains unknown about the truthfulness of the various personalities involved, and what exactly each knew, and when they came to know it  The diaries of Peter Berry, Secretary of the Department of Justice, published in Magill magazine, claimed that Lynch had not been forthright publicly  Documents released through the Freedom of Information Act 30 years later showed that the state had altered statements by Colonel Hefferon to suppress the fact that he and Captain Kelly had kept Gibbons informed  This caused the then Taoiseach, Bertie Ahern, to publicly state that Captain Kelly had done nothing wrong 

See also
Exercise Armageddon
Passage 8:
Members of the 27th Dáil
The 27th Dáil was elected at the 1992 general election on 25 November 1992 and met on 14 December 1992  The members of Dáil Éireann, the house of representatives of the Oireachtas (legislature) of Ireland, are known as TDs  The 27th Dáil lasted 1,614 days  The 27th Dáil saw a change of Taoiseach from Albert Reynolds to John Bruton in December 1994, the only time there was a new Taoiseach with a change in the party composition of the government during a Dáil term  The 27th Dáil was dissolved by President Mary Robinson on 15 May 1997, at the request of the Taoiseach, John Bruton 

Composition of the 27th Dáil
23rd Government of Ireland (1993–1994) coalition parties denoted with bullets (●)
24th Government of Ireland (1994–1997) coalition parties denoted with daggers (†)

Graphical representation
This is a graphical comparison of party strengths in the 27th Dáil from January 1993  This was not the official seating plan 

Ceann Comhairle
On 14 December 1992, Seán Treacy (Ind) was proposed by Albert Reynolds and seconded by John Bruton for the position of Ceann Comhairle  Treacy was approved without a vote  On 23 April 1997, Treacy announced to the Dáil that would not be availing of his constitutional right to automatic re-election to the 28th Dáil 

TDs by constituency
The list of the 166 TDs elected is given in alphabetical order by Dáil constituency 

Changes
On 24 February 1994, Proinsias De Rossa (DL) sought to direct that the writ be moved for the by-elections in Dublin South-Central, and Enda Kenny (FG) sought to direct that the writ be moved for the by-elections in Mayo West  This was opposed by the government  The government moved the writs on 18 May 1994  The by-elections were held at the same date as the European Parliament election and the local elections 

See also
Members of the 20th Seanad
Passage 9:
Members of the 20th Dáil
The 20th Dáil was elected at the 1973 general election on 28 February 1973 and met on 14 March 1973  The members of Dáil Éireann, the house of representatives of the Oireachtas (legislature) of Ireland, are known as TDs  On 25 May 1977, President Patrick Hillery dissolved the Dáil on the request of Taoiseach Liam Cosgrave  The 20th Dáil lasted 1,534 days 

Composition of the 20th Dáil
Fine Gael and the Labour Party, denoted with bullets (●), formed the 14th Government of Ireland, known as the National Coalition, with Liam Cosgrave as Taoiseach and Brendan Corish as Tánaiste 

Graphical representation
This is a graphical comparison of party strengths in the 20th Dáil from March 1973  This was not the official seating plan 

Ceann Comhairle
On the meeting of the Dáil, Seán Treacy (Lab) was proposed by Liam Cosgrave (FG) and seconded by Brendan Corish (Lab) for the position  His election was approved without a vote 

TDs by constituency
The list of the 144 TDs elected is given in alphabetical order by Dáil constituency 

Changes
See also
Members of the 13th Seanad
Passage 10:
Members of the 26th Dáil
The 26th Dáil was elected at the 1989 general election on 15 June 1989 and met on 29 June 1989  The members of Dáil Éireann, the house of representatives of the Oireachtas (legislature) of Ireland, are known as TDs  The 26th Dáil lasted 1,226 days, and saw a change of Taoiseach from Charles Haughey to Albert Reynolds  The 26th Dáil was dissolved by President Mary Robinson on 5 November 1992, at the request of the Taoiseach Albert Reynolds  There were no by-elections during the 26th Dáil 

Composition of the 26th Dáil
On 12 July 1989, Fianna Fáil and the Progressive Democrats, denoted with bullets (●), formed the 21st Government of Ireland, led by Charles Haughey  On 11 February 1992, they formed the 22nd Government of Ireland led by Albert Reynolds  The Progressive Democrats left the government on 4 November 1992 

Graphical representation
This is a graphical comparison of party strengths in the 26th Dáil from June 1989  This was not the official seating plan 

Ceann Comhairle
On 29 June 1989, Seán Treacy (Ind) was proposed by Charles Haughey for the position of Ceann Comhairle  Alan Dukes proposed Paddy Harte for the position  Treacy was approved by a vote of 87 to 78 

TDs by constituency
The list of the 166 TDs elected is given in alphabetical order by Dáil constituency 

Changes
See also
Members of the 19th Seanad
Context 3: Passage 1:
2016 Honda Indy Grand Prix of Alabama
The 2016 Honda Indy Grand Prix of Alabama was the 4th round of the 2016 IndyCar Series  The race was contested over 90 laps at Barber Motorsports Park in Birmingham, Alabama  It was the 7th time that the IndyCar Series had raced on the circuit  In qualifying, Simon Pagenaud took pole position with a time of 1:06 7762, beating out his teammate Will Power  Sébastien Bourdais set a new track record during the second round of qualifications with a time of 1:06 6001, but was unable to match that pace in the third round of qualifying, relegating him to a fifth place start  Championship contender Juan Pablo Montoya struggled heavily in qualifying, placing 21st and last The race opened with an incident before it even started  As the field came off the final turn to prepare to take the green flag, Carlos Muñoz tipped Mikhail Aleshin into a spin, sending Aleshin and Jack Hawksworth off into the outside grass  All involved escaped major damage, while the rest of the field ran an extra lap under yellow before the start  It would be the only caution flag of the day  Simon Pagenaud held the lead when the race started, with Power slotting in behind him  Further back in the field, Sébastien Bourdais and Scott Dixon made contact in turn five, sending Dixon into a spin and causing front wing damage to Bourdais' car  Both would continue, but their races were both greatly hampered due to the incident Pagenaud dominated the majority of the race  However, in the closing laps, Pagenaud was held up in lap traffic, allowing Graham Rahal to catch up and set a thrilling duel for the lead  On lap 82, Rahal and Pagenaud made contact entering turn seven, sending Pagenaud off course and handing Rahal the lead  The lead would be short lived, as four laps later, Pagenaud caught back up and attempted to make a pass at the exit of turn six  In the middle of the move, Rahal made contact with back-marker Jack Hawksworth, damaging Rahal's front wing and ending any chance of holding off Pagenaud  Pagenaud would extend his lead and take victory by 13 7 seconds  It was Pagenaud second consecutive victory of the season  Despite his damaged wing, Rahal managed to hang on and finish second  Josef Newgarden finished third  Despite his terrible starting position, Juan Pablo Montoya was able to charge through the field and finish in a respectable fifth place  The highest finishing rookie was Alexander Rossi, who came across the line in 15th, the last car on the lead lap 
For the second year in a row, there were no DNFs 

Report
Qualifying
Source for individual rounds:

Race Results
Notes
1 Points include 1 point for leading at least 1 lap during a race, an additional 2 points for leading the most race laps, and 1 point for Pole Position 
Source for time gaps:

Championship standings after the race
Note: Only the top five positions are included 
Passage 2:
2016 IndyCar Series
The 2016 Verizon IndyCar Series was the 21st season of the IndyCar Series and the 105th season of American open wheel racing  It included the 100th running of the Indianapolis 500  Scott Dixon entered as the reigning Drivers' Champion, while Chevrolet entered the season as the reigning Manufacturer's Champion   Upon season's end, Simon Pagenaud was crowned Drivers' Champion, while Chevrolet retained the Manufacturer's Championship  
Pagenaud was the first European driver to win IndyCar Series driver's title since British driver Dario Franchitti in 2011 season 

Entries
Notes
Bryan Clauson ran the Indianapolis 500 for the 3rd and final time for Jonathan Byrd's Racing  Clauson would attempt to race in more than 200 races in 2016 among IndyCar, sprint cars and midgets but would tragically fall short of that because on August 6, 2016, Clauson was involved in a midget car crash at Belleville High Banks Speedway in Belleville, Kansas, and died the following night 
Ryan Hunter-Reay, Carlos Muñoz and Marco Andretti signed with Andretti Autosport for the 2016 and 2017 seasons  The team confirmed Townsend Bell for the Indianapolis 500 
Carpenter Fisher Hartman Racing became Ed Carpenter Racing for the 2016 season  Both Josef Newgarden and Ed Carpenter remained with the team, with only Newgarden running the full schedule  The team confirmed J  R  Hildebrand for the GP of Indy and the Indianapolis 500  ECR would add Indy Lights champion Spencer Pigot to drive the No  20 for the road/street courses beginning at Detroit 
Rahal Letterman Lanigan Racing ran only one car full-time in 2016 with Graham Rahal, but ran Indy Lights champion Spencer Pigot in three races (St  Petersburg, GP of Indy, and Indianapolis 500) 
Team Penske returned with the same four drivers as the 2015 season 
Chip Ganassi Racing retained Scott Dixon, Tony Kanaan and Charlie Kimball, but neither Sage Karam nor Sebastián Saavedra returned to the team  The team later confirmed former Manor Marussia driver Max Chilton, who drove a partial Indy Lights schedule in 2015, as their fourth driver 
Schmidt Peterson Motorsports confirmed the return of James Hinchcliffe to the team  Mikhail Aleshin returned to the team for the full season, replacing James Jakes  Oriol Servià drove the team's third entry in the Indianapolis 500 with support from Marotti Racing 
PIRTEK Team Murray confirmed that the team would race the Grand Prix of Indianapolis and Indianapolis 500 with driver Matthew Brabham  The team had support from KVSH Racing 
KVSH Racing confirmed the return of Sébastien Bourdais with the team  Stefano Coletti did not return for the team  Stefan Wilson drove the No  25 for the Indianapolis 500 
Dale Coyne Racing confirmed that Conor Daly and Luca Filippi would run the full season  Pippa Mann returned to the team for the Indianapolis 500  The team confirmed Gabby Chaves for the Grand Prix of Indianapolis and Indianapolis 500 
A  J  Foyt Enterprises confirmed the return of Takuma Sato and Jack Hawksworth to the team  The team confirmed Alex Tagliani for the Grand Prix of Indy and the Indianapolis 500 
Dreyer & Reinbold Racing reunited with Sage Karam for the Indianapolis 500 
Lazier Partners Racing confirmed the return of Buddy Lazier to the Indianapolis 500 
On February 18, Bryan Herta Autosport confirmed their alliance with fellow Honda team Andretti Autosport  The team was run out of Andretti's shop in Indianapolis  Separately, due to a sponsor default, the team was unable to retain 2014 Indy Lights Champion Gabby Chaves  The team would confirm former Caterham and Manor Racing driver Alexander Rossi to drive the No  98 for the season 
IndyCar announced on February 24, 2016, the hiring of three race stewards; former drivers Arie Luyendyk and Max Papis and longtime motorsports executive Dan Davis 
On May 15, 2016, information was revealed that Charlie Kimball would be using car number 42 instead of his usual 83 for the Indianapolis 500  This came as a promotion by Novo Nordisk and Chip Ganassi Racing that also involved Kyle Larson and Ganassi's NASCAR team  The official announcement came May 16, 2016
On June 12, 2016, Josef Newgarden suffered a fractured clavicle and wrist in an accident during the Firestone 600  Ed Carpenter Racing announced the following day that J  R  Hildebrand would fill in for Newgarden until he recovered from his injuries  However, Newgarden recovered enough from his injuries that he was able to compete in the following race at Road America 
On July 21, 2016, Dale Coyne Racing announced that R  C  Enerson would make his IndyCar debut driving for the team at Mid-Ohio  The team later signed Enerson to drive the final two races of the season 

Schedule
The 2016 Verizon IndyCar Series schedule was announced on October 27, 2015  All rounds were held in the United States, except the Toronto round 

 O  Oval/Speedway
 R  Road course/Street circuit

Schedule changes and notes
The Grand Prix of Boston was announced in late May 2015  The race was scheduled to be run on Labor Day Weekend on September 4, 2016  The proposed street circuit was based in the Boston Seaport District  On April 29, 2016, Boston newspapers reported that the race had been canceled 
Grand Prix of St  Petersburg was run on March 11–13 
Autódromo Hermanos Rodríguez was also rumored to start the 2016 season with a race in February, but did not materialize 
IndyCar did not return to NOLA Motorsports Park, Auto Club Speedway, and the Milwaukee Mile in 2016 following financial difficulties exposed shortly after the 2015 running of the former event 
Toronto returned to its original July date as a single race weekend 
Road America's return to an open-wheel calendar was announced on August 8, 2015  The race was run on June 26, 2016 
IndyCar returned to Phoenix International Raceway for the first time since 2005 
IndyCar officials explored the possibility of returning to Gateway Motorsports Park; a deal was eventually reached for the track to return for the 2017 season 
Texas Motor Speedway confirmed that the Verizon IndyCar Series would run on June 11, 2016  However, the race was postponed to the following afternoon due to persistent rain  It was further halted after 71 laps due to more rain and the rest of the race was postponed until August 27  The 248 lap race resumed starting at lap 72  This would lead to updates for the track regarding drainage and repaving in time for 2017's events 
IndyCar returned to Pocono Raceway on August 21 
In an interview with Mark Miles, Iowa Speedway was said to be set for July 10 
In a November 2 press release, IndyCar announced a two-day promoter test at Phoenix International Raceway, scheduled for February 26–27, in preparation for the series’ return to the 1-mile oval  The Phoenix promoter test in February was the only one not in conjunction with a typical race weekend schedule  The other promoter test days were: March 11 at St  Petersburg, April 22 at Barber Motorsports Park, May 12 at the Indianapolis Motor Speedway road course, June 24 at Road America, July 29 at Mid-Ohio Sports Car Course, and September 16 at Sonoma Raceway 
IndyCar CEO Mark Miles said in an interview that IndyCar was working on replacing the Boston race on Labor Day and specifically stated that Gateway Motorsports Park and Watkins Glen International were being considered as replacement venues  On May 13, 2016, IndyCar announced that Watkins Glen would replace Boston 

Results
Points standings
Ties are broken by number of wins, followed by number of 2nds, 3rds, etc , then by number of pole positions, followed by number of times qualified 2nd, etc 

Driver standings
One championship point is awarded to each driver who leads at least one race lap  Two additional championship points are awarded to the driver who leads most laps during a race 
At all races except the Indy 500, the number 1 qualifier earns one point 
Entrant-initiated engine change-outs before the engines reach their required distance run will result in the loss of ten points 

Entrant standings
Based on the entrant, used for oval qualifications order, and starting grids when qualifying is cancelled 
Only full-time entrants, and at-large part-time entrants shown 
Passage 3:
Simon Pagenaud
Simon Pierre Michel Pagenaud (born 18 May 1984) is a French professional racing driver  He is contracted to drive the No  60 Honda for Meyer Shank Racing in the IndyCar Series  After a successful career in sports car racing that saw him taking the top class championship title in the 2010 American Le Mans Series, he moved to the Indycar Series where he became the 2016 IndyCar champion and the 2019 Indianapolis 500 winner, becoming the first French driver to win the Indianapolis 500 since Gaston Chevrolet in 1920 and the first polesitter to have won the race since Helio Castroneves in 2009 Simon Pagenaud won both the 2022 24 Hours of Daytona and 2023 24 Hours of Daytona with Meyer Shank Racing 

Early years
Born in Montmorillon, Pagenaud first worked at age 14 in the family's supermarket, eventually managing the video game department  After he attended business school, he returned to the supermarket  His family established a driving school that provided the funds for Pagenaud to begin his racing career 

Career
Pagenaud competed in 2002 and 2003 in French Formula Renault and in 2002 and 2004 competed in Formula Renault Eurocup  He then moved up to the Formula Renault 3 5 Series in 2005 where he finished 16th  In 2006 he went to the United States and won the Champ Car Atlantic with Team Australia in his rookie season by just a few points over Graham Rahal 
With his Atlantic championship, Pagenaud won US$2 million to apply towards a ride in Champ Car in 2007  On 13 February 2007 Pagenaud and Team Australia confirmed that he would be staying with the team, moving up to the Champ Car program  Pagenaud finished 8th in the points standings in what was a very consistent debut season, with three consecutive 4th-place finishes in the Canadian rounds of the championship 
After the demise of the Champ Car World Series, Pagenaud in 2008 moved to the American Le Mans Series co-driving the De Ferran Motorsports Acura ARX-01b LMP2 with former CART champion Gil de Ferran  He finished 14th in the driver's standings 

2009
In 2009, Pagenaud and de Ferran Motorsports took huge steps forward, with the duo taking second place overall in the American Le Mans Series LMP1 class, only 17 points behind drivers David Brabham and Scott Sharp of champions Highcroft Racing  The duo of Pagenaud and de Ferran drove the ARX-01 to three wins over a total of ten races and three pole positions, turning the fastest lap of the ALMS weekend 6 times 
Also during 2009, Pagenaud drove in the prestigious 24 Hours of Le Mans in LMP1 for the privateer Pescarolo Sport team in the Peugeot FAP 908  The team did not finish the race, completing 210 laps  The race was won by David Brabham, driving in the factory Peugeot Sport Total No  9 FAP 908 along with former Formula One drivers Alexander Wurz and Marc Gené 

2010
For the 2010 ALMS season, Pagenaud moved over to the Patrón Highcroft racing team, replacing Scott Sharp to co-drive with Brabham in the ARX-01c in LMP1 after Sharp vacated the seat to jump to the ALMS GT2 class with his own Ferrari team  Through four rounds in the 2010 ALMS series, the team of Pagenaud and Brabham lead the LMP1 class with three wins and 91 points 
Pagenaud also earned a seat driving for the Peugeot factory team in 2010 in the prestigious 24 Hours of Le Mans on the renown Circuit de la Sarthe in the Peugeot FAP 908 No  3 with Pedro Lamy and Sébastien Bourdais 
While the No  3 Peugeot started from pole, it retired early before nightfall after a mere 38 laps when a suspension mount sheared from the car's tub  The same fate eventually befell the no 1 Peugeot car of Anthony Davidson/Gene/Wurz while in second place with mere hours left to go in the race, as Audi reclaimed the 24 Hours of Le Mans title it had retained for five years before Peugeot's 2009 win 
During the race, Pagenaud found himself competing against his Highcroft Racing team which traveled to Le Mans for the first time in its history  With Brabham driving the Acura in LMP2 alongside Marino Franchitti and Marco Werner, Highcroft maintained second through most of the race until a cooling issue sidelined the car for much of the race's final four hours 

2014
He won the inaugural Grand Prix of Indianapolis on 10 May  This was the first time his father watched him race at the venue 

2015
Pagenaud moved from Schmidt Peterson Motorsports to Team Penske in 2015  Pagenaud nearly won the 2015 Indianapolis 500, leading with less than 30 laps to go and engaging most of the race in a 3-way battle between Scott Dixon and Tony Kanaan  Pagenaud ended up being overtaken by the field and went on to finish 10th, while teammate Juan Pablo Montoya won the race  Pagenaud didn't win a race in 2015 but renewed his deal with TEAM Penske in 2016 

2016
Pagenaud got off to the best start of his IndyCar career with five consecutive podiums, including three wins in a row  As the season progressed, Pagenaud and his teammate Will Power became the primary contenders for the championship  With a strong run at the end of the season, Pagenaud took his first IndyCar Series championship victory, giving Team Penske another championship victory in its 50th year of racing  He finished the season with five race victories and a total of eight podiums 

2017–2019
Pagenaud would go winless throughout 2018 
Pagenaud won the Grand Prix of Indianapolis and he would also win the 2019 Indianapolis 500 from pole position  Pagenaud took the championship lead from Team Penske teammate Josef Newgarden, however Newgarden would retake the championship lead one race later in Detroit  Pagenaud would take pole and the win at the 2019 Honda Indy Toronto and took pole at the 2019 Iowa 300, though the win would go to Newgarden  
Pagenaud is currently 3rd in the points standings, one point behind Andretti Autosport driver, Alexander Rossi and 34 points behind points leader Newgarden 

2020
During the 2020 iRacing virtual Indy 500 event, Pagenaud was accused of deliberately crashing into leading driver Lando Norris, which led to his being accused of bad sportsmanship Pagenaud finished 2nd in the first race of the 2020 season at Texas Motor Speedway  Pagenaud finished 3rd at the IndyGP after starting in 20th 
Due to a fuel pump issue, Pagenaud's Iowa IndyCar 250 at Iowa Speedway race 1 entry failed to make qualifying and started the race at the back of the grid in 23rd  By lap 178, Pagenaud took the lead and held on to win the 250 lap race 

2021
Pagenaud would enter 2021 as a contract year  2021 was a difficult year for Pagenaud and Team Penske in general, as the team only recorded three wins of the season with Pagenaud scoring none of them  Pagenaud's best results of the season were two third-place finishes, one at St  Petersburg and the other at the 2021 Indianapolis 500  Outside of those finishes, he would frequently be beset by poor luck and on-track confrontations with his teammates  By the end of the season the racing press reported Pagenaud did not intend to re-sign with Team Penske 

2022
After a difficult 2021 campaign, Pagenaud left the Penske team & joined Meyer Shank Racing alongside former Penske teammate, Helio Castroneves 

2023
In 2023, Pagenaud returned to the 24 Hours of Le Mans, taking part in the LMP2 class for Cool Racing  It would be the first time Pagenaud competed in the race since 2011, where he finished second overall driving for the Peugeot Sport factory team 

Motorsports career results
Career summary
* Season still in progress 

Formula Renault 3 5 Series results
(key)

American open-wheel racing results
(key) (Races in bold indicate pole position, races in italics indicate fastest race lap)

Champ Car Atlantic
Champ Car
IndyCar Series
1 The Las Vegas Indy 300 was abandoned after Dan Wheldon died from injuries sustained in a 15-car crash on lap 11 

Indianapolis 500
Sports car racing
Le Mans 24 Hours results
American Le Mans Series results
1 Driver competed for the Intercontinental Le Mans Cup, no points awarded for the American Le Mans Series 

IMSA SportsCar Championship results
(key) (Races in bold indicate pole position)

* Season still in progress 

Le Mans Series results
1 Driver competed for the Intercontinental Le Mans Cup, no points awarded for the Le Mans Series 

Intercontinental Le Mans Cup results
1 Driver did not run for the Intercontinental Le Mans Cup 

Touring car racing
Complete V8 Supercar results
+ Not Eligible for points
Passage 4:
2017 Honda Indy Toronto
The 2017 Honda Indy Toronto was an IndyCar Series event held on July 16, 2017 in Toronto, Ontario, Canada  The race served as the 12th round of the 2017 IndyCar Series season  Frenchman Simon Pagenaud qualified on pole position, while American Josef Newgarden took victory in the race 

Pre-Race
Prior to the race, Schmidt Peterson Motorsports elected to replace Mikhail Aleshin in the No  7 car, instead opting for veteran driver Sebastián Saavedra  The reasons for the change were undisclosed by the team 

Qualifying
Qualifying was held on Saturday, July 15  Simon Pagenaud secured pole position, setting a new track record time of 58 9124 at an average speed of 109 14 mph (175 64 km/h)  Alongside him on the front row was Graham Rahal  The remained of the top six was rounded out by Hélio Castroneves, Will Power, Scott Dixon, and James Hinchcliffe 
Qualifying saw two incidents during the course of its several sessions  During the second group of round 1 qualifying, Esteban Gutiérrez suffered a heavy crash in turn 11 that placed doubt on his participation in the race, both due to damage to the car and due to Gutiérrez displaying concussion-like symptoms  However, the car was repaired, and Guitérrez was cleared by IndyCar's doctors, allowing him to participate in the race  A second, more minor incident occurred in round 2 qualifying, when J  R  Hildebrand made contact with the wall in turn 8 

Race
The race was held on Sunday, July 16  At the start, Hélio Castroneves managed to pass both Simon Pagenaud and Graham Rahal going into turn 1, giving him the lead of the race  Behind them, Scott Dixon managed to get to the inside of Will Power to move to third  However, as cars approached turn 3, Dixon moved wide to avoid hitting the back of Rahal, in the process making contact with Power and forcing him into the outside wall  Power's car suffered terminal suspension damage, relegating him to a last place finish  Dixon limped around the track with a flat tire, which, after repairs, dropped him to the tail-end of the field  He would then be assessed a drive-through penalty for entering a closed pit-lane  The incident brought out the race's first caution period 
Racing resumed on lap 6, with Castroneves leading Pagenaud, Rahal, Josef Newgarden, and James Hinchcliffe  The top five remained unchanged until lap 20, when Spencer Pigot, who had charged through the field, managed to move around Hinchcliffe  Shortly thereafter, drivers began making their first pit stops, including Hinchcliffe, Alexander Rossi, and Josef Newgarden  Just as Newgarden entered the pits, Tony Kanaan nosed into the wall in turn 1, bringing out the race's second caution, forcing the leaders and anyone else who had not pitted to make their first stop under caution and secede track position  Newgarden proved the biggest beneficiary of the caution, moving into the lead once the leaders came into pit lane  Behind him were Ed Jones, who had not yet pitted, Charlie Kimball, Rossi, and Hinchcliffe 
Racing resumed on lap 27 with the top five remaining intact  Further back, Takuma Sato suffered front wing damage and a punctured tire, forcing him to pit again  On lap 29, Jones began to fall back in the field due to his worn tires, losing position first to Kimball, then to Rossi, Hinchcliffe, and Marco Andretti before finally coming in to pit on lap 33  Several drivers began to make their second pit stops shortly thereafter, including Carlos Muñoz, Scott Dixon, and second-place running Kimball  This promoted Rossi to second, but Newgarden continued to extend his lead 
The running order remained the same until the leaders made their pit-stops at lap 54, when Newgarden led the entire top five into the pits  Max Chilton briefly inherited the lead before handing the lead over to Pagenaud with his stop on lap later  Pagenaud led until lap 57 when he pitted, allowing Newgarden to return to the lead of the race  The order now ran Newgarden, Rossi, Hinchcliffe, Dixon, Andretti, though Dixon would pit for the final time on lap 61, promoting Ryan Hunter-Reay into the top 5, though with heavy pressure from Pagenaud behind  The top five remained the same until lap 81, when Hunter-Reay ran wide at turn 7, allowing Pagenaud to move ahead for position  Up front, despite dealing with traffic from a dueling Takuma Sato and Conor Daly, Josef Newgarden held on to take his second victory of the 2017 season by a comfortable margin of 1 87 seconds over Alexander Rossi, while James Hinchcliffe came across the line third  Marco Andretti secured his first top 5 finish in IndyCar since the 2015 MAVTV 500 with his fourth-place finish 
In the point standings, Scott Dixon remained in the lead of the championship, but his lead dropped to only three points over Hélio Castroneves  Simon Pagenaud remained in third place, while Newgarden moved past his teammate Will Power thanks to his victory 

Results
Qualifying
Source for individual rounds:

Race results
Notes
1 Points include 1 point for leading at least 1 lap during a race, an additional 2 points for leading the most race laps, and 1 point for Pole Position 
Source for time gaps:

Championship standings
Note: Only the top five positions are included 
Passage 5:
2011 Indy Grand Prix of Sonoma
The 2011 Indy Grand Prix of Sonoma was the seventh running of the Indy Grand Prix of Sonoma and the fourteenth round of the 2011 IndyCar Series season  It took place on Sunday, August 28, 2011  The race contested over 75 laps at the 2 303-mile (3 706 km) Infineon Raceway in Sonoma, California  Will Power led 71 of 75 laps, as Team Penske swept 1st–2nd–3rd on the podium  It was the first 1–2–3 finish in an Indycar race for Penske since Nazareth in 1994  Power closed to within 26 points of championship leader Dario Franchitti  Power also closed within 7 points of Franchitti for the Mario Andretti Road Course Trophy  Simon Pagenaud substituted for Simona de Silvestro after she had complications renewing her visa, and U S  Customs would not allow her into the country 

Classification
Race
1 Penalty for blocking, moved to end of lead lap

Championship standings after the race
Drivers' Championship standingsNote: Only the top five positions are included 
Passage 6:
2009 Monterey Sports Car Championships
The 2009 Monterey Sports Car Championships presented by Patrón was the tenth and final round of the 2009 American Le Mans Series season   It took place at Mazda Raceway Laguna Seca, Monterey, California on October 11, 2009   The race was won by the Acura of de Ferran Motorsports, driven by Simon Pagenaud and retiring driver Gil de Ferran, which wore a tribute livery based on Jim Hall's Chaparrals   Adrian Fernández and Luis Díaz won the LMP2 category in the Fernández Racing Acura while only six tenths of a second behind the overall winning de Ferran car   The GT2 class was won by the #45 Flying Lizard Motorsports Porsche after contact with the #3 Corvette Racing while approaching the finish line on the final lap   Guy Cosmo and John Baker of Orbit Racing won their first race in the ALMS Challenge category after the Velox Motorsport entry was disqualified 

Qualifying result
Pole position winners in each class are marked in bold 

Race result
Class winners are marked in bold  Cars failing to complete 70% of winner's distance are marked as Not classified (NC) 
Passage 7:
Simona de Silvestro
Simona de Silvestro (born 1 September 1988) is a Swiss-Italian racing driver, who is currently employed by Porsche as a factory driver  She has previously driven for Amlin Andretti in the 2015/16 season of the FIA Formula E Championship as well as several years competing in the IndyCar Series  Her nicknames are the "Iron Maiden" and "Swiss Miss" 

Racing career
Junior formulae
She raced for Newman Wachs Racing's Nuclear Clean Air Energy-Entergy team in the Atlantic Championship in 2008 and for Team Stargate Worlds in 2009   She won the Atlantic race at the 2008 Grand Prix of Long Beach, making her the second woman to win in that series – after Katherine Legge – and providing NWR with its first win  She won four times during the 2009 season and led in points for most of the season, but ultimately finished third in the standings after retiring on the first lap during the season finale at Mazda Raceway Laguna Seca 
De Silvestro participated in an IndyCar Series test over 8–9 December 2009 at Sebring International Raceway, a joint effort between HVM Racing and Team Stargate Worlds 

IndyCar
De Silvestro competed full-time in the IndyCar Series for HVM Racing for the 2010 season  On 22 May 2010, she qualified in the 22nd position for the 2010 Indianapolis 500  She finished the race in 14th position, and earned Indianapolis 500 Rookie of the Year honors  She suffered a burned right hand after a fiery crash at the Firestone 550 at Texas Motor Speedway on 5 June 2010  Her team strongly criticized IndyCar Series safety officials for their response to that accident  For the season, de Silvestro started 17 races, finished ten, and recorded two top-10 finishes, with a best finish of eighth at Mid-Ohio   She finished 19th overall in the series standings and was runner-up to Alex Lloyd for rookie of the year honors 
The 2011 season began with fourth- and ninth-place finishes at St  Petersburg and Barber; however the next race, at Long Beach, was not as successful: she started 18th and finished 20th  At the next race, the São Paulo Indy 300, an accident between her and Hélio Castroneves put her nine laps down, after the race was postponed to the next morning due to severe rain conditions  She started 13th and finished 20th, nine laps down, but recorded the fastest lap of the race 
She received second degree burns on her right hand and superficial burns on her left hand in a crash during practice for the 2011 Indianapolis 500 on 19 May  The crash, which sent her car sailing into the catch fence before flipping and landing on its left tires, was caused by a mechanical failure in the left rear of her No  78 Dallara-Honda  On 21 May, using her backup car, she qualified 24th for the race with a four-lap average of 224 392 mph 
After a crash at the Milwaukee Mile during qualifying, de Silvestro was cleared to drive in the race, but withdrew after experiencing dizziness and impaired vision  At the next race, in Iowa, she was not cleared to compete, due to continuing dizziness De Silvestro missed round 13 of the season at Sonoma, after being refused entry to the United States  De Silvestro said she did not know why she was turned away  She finished 20th overall in the 2011 series standings 
De Silvestro returned to HVM Racing for the 2012 IndyCar Series season, piloting the No  78 Nuclear Clean Air Energy sponsored Dallara-Lotus   The entry was one of five cars to start the season powered by the new Lotus engine   The Lotus proved to be significantly underpowered compared to the Chevrolet and Honda engines used by the rest of the field   By the end of May, all entrants other than de Silvestro's No  78 had abandoned the Lotus powerplant and switched to either Chevy or Honda   De Silvestro was saddled for the entire season with the inferior Lotus   The underpowered engine made it impossible for de Silvestro to be competitive, resulting in consistently poor qualifying and race results   On several occasions the car was black flagged for failing to maintain the minimum safe speed, including the 2012 Indianapolis 500   For the season, de Silvestro qualified for all 15 races on the schedule, started 14, and finished 6   Her best finish was 14th at Detroit and Iowa   She finished 24th overall in the series standings 
On 30 October 2012, de Silvestro signed on with KV Racing Technology for the 2013 IndyCar Series season, driving the No  78 Dallara-Chevrolet with sponsorship from Nuclear Clean Air Energy  De Silvestro joined veteran driver Tony Kanaan to make KV Racing Technology a two-car team for the 2013 season  On 5 October 2013 at the Grand Prix of Houston, de Silvestro finished second in the first race for her first podium finish, joining Danica Patrick and Sarah Fisher as the only women in IndyCar history to record a podium finish On 2 April 2015, de Silvestro announced she would drive the Andretti Autosport No  29 Honda in the 2015 IndyCar Series season in an attempt to make the Indianapolis 500   De Silvestro finished fourth in the second race of the season, the Indy Grand Prix of Louisiana 
On 19 January 2021, Paretta Autosport announced they would make their Indycar debut at the 2021 Indianapolis 500 with de Silvestro as the driver in the no  16 Rocket Pro Chevrolet 

Formula One
In February 2014, Formula One team Sauber announced that de Silvestro would join the team as an "affiliated driver" and would undergo a year-long training programme with the team, with the ultimate objective of racing in 2015  De Silvestro began testing with the team at the end of April 2014 at Fiorano Circuit  She had her first drive in the 2012 Sauber on 26 April, and completed 112 laps during the test  However, in October 2014, Sauber team principal Monisha Kaltenborn stated that the team had suspended de Silvestro's driving chances due to contractual troubles 

Formula E
On 15 June 2015, it was announced de Silvestro would drive for Andretti's Formula E team at the championship's double-header finale in London  She was confirmed with the team full-time for the 2015-16 season opposite Formula Renault 3 5 champion Robin Frijns 
In 2016, de Silvestro became the first female driver to score points in Formula E with a 9th place in the 2016 Long Beach ePrix  She finished the championship in 18th place with 4 points 

V8 Supercars
It was announced on 19 August 2015 that she would partner Renee Gracie at Prodrive Racing Australia in the Bathurst 1000 for V8 Supercars  Following an impact with the wall at Forrest's Elbow on lap 15 for Gracie, the car underwent extensive repairs before being sent back out to finish 21st and 40 laps down – one more lap lost and the car would not have been classified 
On 5 September 2016 it was announced that she had signed a three-year contract as a full-time driver for Nissan Motorsport in the Australian Supercars Championship, beginning from the 2017 Series  This followed another appearance at Bathurst alongside Gracie, this time with the Nissan squad, where the pair managed to stay out of trouble amid the chaotic final laps and finish in 14th place and two laps down 

GT3
In 2020, De Silvestro returned to Europe as a factory Porsche GT driver; contesting the 2020 ADAC GT Masters for Timo Bernhard's Team75 with Klaus Bachler  She finished 23rd in the championship with 41 points  The duo switched to Herberth Motorsport for the 2021 ADAC GT Masters 

Racing record
Career summary
† As de Silvestro was a guest driver, she was ineligible to score points 

American open-wheel racing results
(key) (Races in bold indicate pole position; races in italics indicate fastest lap)

Atlantic Championship/Champ Car Atlantic
* Podium (non-win) indicates second and third place finishes
** Top 10s (non-podium) indicates 4th through 10th place finishes

IndyCar Series
1 The Las Vegas Indy 300 was abandoned after Dan Wheldon died from injuries sustained in a 15-car crash on lap 11 

Indianapolis 500
Complete Formula E results
(key) (Races in bold indicate pole position; races in italics indicate fastest lap)

Complete Supercars Championship results
Complete Bathurst 1000 results
Complete WeatherTech SportsCar Championship results
(key) (Races in bold indicate pole position; races in italics indicate fastest lap)

Notes
Passage 8:
2003 Formula Renault 2000 Masters
The 2003 Formula Renault 2000 Masters season was the thirteenth Eurocup Formula Renault 2 0 season  The season began at Brno on 24 May and finished at the Donington Park on 26 October, after eight races  Cram Competition's Esteban Guerrieri who is also Argentine Formula Renault champion won three races on his way to the championship by a 36 point margin over Danish driver Robert Schlünssen, who won abandoned race at Assen  ASM's Simon Pagenaud was two points behind Schlünssen  Pagenaud also won second races on TT Circuit Assen  Other wins were scored by Paul Meijer, Ryan Sharp and Reinhard Kofler 

Driver Lineup
Calendar
Championship standings
Drivers
Points are awarded to the drivers as follows:

‡ Points were not awarded in the first race at Assen as race was abandoned after three laps due to massive crash 

Teams
Passage 9:
2006 Atlantic Championship
The 2006 Champ Car Atlantic season was the 33rd season of the Champ Car Atlantic Championship  It began April 9 at Long Beach and concluded September 24 at Road America  The Yokohama Presents the Champ Car Atlantic Championship Powered by Mazda Drivers' Champion was Simon Pagenaud driving for Team Australia 

Teams and drivers
Schedule
(O) Oval/Speedway

Season Summary
Race results
Final driver standings
See also
2006 Champ Car season
2006 Indianapolis 500
2006 IndyCar Series season
2006 Indy Pro Series season

External links
ChampCarStats com
Passage 10:
2014 Grand Prix of Houston
The 2014 Shell and Pennzoil Grand Prix of Houston was the second doubleheader of the 2014 season, hosting Rounds 9 and 10 of the 2014 IndyCar Series season  Carlos Huertas won Race 1, and Simon Pagenaud won the second race 

Classification



ground_truth: Taoiseach of Ireland

prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: What championship did the person who substituted for Simon Pagenaud secure a contract to drive in 2017?

The following are given passages.
Context 4:  Seriously ill, Ran suspended his strike on 23 April, National Sovereignty and Children's Day  His doctor's request to treat him in hospital for three months was refused by officials  As his imprisonment status had not changed, he resumed his hunger strike on the morning of 2 May Nâzım's hunger strike caused a stir throughout the country  Petitions were signed and a magazine named after him was published  His mother, Celile, began a hunger strike on 9 May, followed by the renowned Turkish poets Orhan Veli, Melih Cevdet and Oktay Rıfat the next day  In light of the new political situation after the 1950 Turkish general election, held on 14 May, the strike ended five days later, on 19 May, Turkey's Commemoration of Atatürk, Youth and Sports Day, when he was finally released by a general amnesty law enacted by the new government On 22 November 1950, the World Council of Peace announced that Nâzım was among the recipients of the International Peace Prize, along with Pablo Picasso, Paul Robeson, Wanda Jakubowska and Pablo Neruda Later on, Nâzım escaped from Turkey to Romania on a ship via the Black Sea and from there moved to the Soviet Union  Because the Soviet bloc recognized the Turkish minority only in communist Bulgaria, the poet's books were immediately brought out in this country, both in Turkish originals and in Bulgarian translations  The communist authorities in Bulgaria celebrated him in Turkish and Bulgarian publications as 'a poet of liberty and peace ' The goal was to discredit Turkey presented as a "lackey of the imperialist" United States in the eyes of Bulgaria's Turkish minority, many of whom desired to leave for or were expelled to Turkey in 1950–1953 When the EOKA struggle broke out in Cyprus, Ran believed that its population could live together peacefully, and he called on the Cypriot Turks to support the Greek Cypriots' demand for an end to British rule and union with Greece (enosis)  Hikmet drew negative reaction from Turkish Cypriots for his opinions Persecuted for decades by the Turkey during the Cold War for his communist views, Nâzım died of a heart attack in Moscow on 3 June 1963 at 6 30 a m  while he was picking up a morning newspaper at the door of his summer house in Peredelkino, far away from his beloved homeland  He is buried in Moscow's Novodevichy Cemetery, where his tomb is still a place of pilgrimage for Turks and others from around the world  His final wish, which was never carried out, was to be buried under a plane tree (platanus) in any village cemetery in Anatolia His poems depicting the people of the countryside, villages, towns and cities of his homeland (Memleketimden İnsan Manzaraları, "Human Landscapes from my Country"), as well as the Turkish War of Independence (Kurtuluş Savaşı Destanı, i e  The Epic of the War of Independence"), and the Turkish revolutionaries (Kuvâyi Milliye, "Force of the Nation) are considered among the greatest literary works of Turkey After his death, the Kremlin ordered the publication of the poet's first-ever Turkish-language collected works in communist Bulgaria, where a large and recognized Turkish national minority still existed  The eight volumes of these collected works, Bütün eserleri, appeared at Sofia between 1967 and 1972, in the very last years of the existence of the Turkish minority educational and publishing system in Bulgaria 
Nâzım had Polish and Turkish citizenship  The latter was revoked in 1959 and restored in 2009  His family has been asked if it wanted his remains repatriated from Russia 

Patronage
During the 1940s, as he was serving his sentence at Bursa Prison, painted  There, he met a young inmate, İbrahim Balaban  Ran discovered Balaban's talent in drawing, gave all his paint and brushes to him, and encouraged him to continue with painting  Ran influenced the peasant and educated him, who had finished only a three-grade village school, in forming his own ideas in the fields of philosophy, sociology, economics, and politics  Ran greatly admired Balaban and referred to him in a letter to the novelist Kemal Tahir as "his peasant painter" (Turkish: Köylü ressam)  Their contact remained after they were released from the prison 

Selected works
"I Come and Stand at Every Door"
Nâzım's poem "Kız Çocuğu" ("The Girl Child") conveys a plea for peace from a seven-year-old girl, ten years after she perished in the atomic bomb attack at Hiroshima  It has achieved popularity as an anti-war message and has been performed as a song by a number of singers and musicians both in Turkey and elsewhere  It is also known in English by various other titles, including "I Come and Stand at Every Door", "I Unseen" and "Hiroshima Girl" 

Turkish
Zülfü Livaneli has performed a version of the original Turkish poem on his album Nazım Türküsü, which was later sung in Turkish by Joan Baez 
Fazıl Say included the poem in his Nazım oratorio in Turkish 

Bengali
Subhash Mukhopadhyay (poet) translated Hikmet's poems into Bengali  The poems are collected in two anthologies, Nirbachita Nazim Hikmet (1952)(Selected Poems of Nazem Hikmet) ISBN 81-7079-501-X and Nazem Hikmet er Aro Kobita (1974) (More Poems of Nazem Himet)  Some of the translations are available in open source 

Greek
Thanos Mikroutsikos, in the album Politika tragoudia (Political Songs, 1975) composed a series of Hikmet's poems, adapted in Greek by the poet Yiannis Ritsos 
Manos Loizos composed settings of some of Ran's poems, adapted in Greek by Yiannis Ritsos  They are included in the 1983 disc Grammata stin agapimeni (Letters to the Beloved One) 

English
The usual tune is a nontraditional melody composed by Jim Waters in 1954 to fit the lyrics of Child 113 ballad "The Great Silkie of Sule Skerry", which was recorded by American folksinger Joan Baez as "Silkie" on her second album Joan Baez, Vol  2 in 1961 
According to American activist folk musician Pete Seeger, Jeanette Turner did a loose English "singable translation" of the poem under a different title, "I Come And Stand At Every Door", and sent a note to Seeger asking "Do you think you could make a tune for it?" in the late 1950s  After a week of trial and failure, the English translation was used by Seeger in 1962 with an adaptation of "an extraordinary melody put together by a Massachusetts Institute of Technology student, James Waters, who had put a new tune to a mystical ballad 'The Great Silkie' which he could not get out of his head, without permission " Seeger wrote in Where Have All the Flowers Gone: "It was wrong of me  I should have gotten his permission  But it worked  The Byrds made a good recording of it, electric guitars and all " Seeger also used the track in his 1999 compilation album Headlines & Footnotes: A Collection Of Topical Songs  Seeger sang the song on 9 August 2013, the 68th anniversary of the Nagasaki atomic bombing, on a Democracy Now! interview 
British folk singer Harvey Andrews recorded a version under the title "Child of Hiroshima" (sometimes re-released as "Children of Hiroshima"), released on his eponymous debut EP in 1965 
The Byrds; the American rock band used the translation on their third album Fifth Dimension in 1966 
Roger McGuinn of the Byrds later recorded the song with its original lyrics as part of his Folk Den project 
The Misunderstood used the translation, changing the title to "I Unseen", on a 1969 UK Fontana single, later included in the 1997 anthology album Before The Dream Faded with their own tune 
Paul Robeson recorded the song as "The Little Dead Girl" with another translation The song was later covered by

Ivo Watts-Russell's supergroup, This Mortal Coil on their 1991 album Blood with vocals of Louise Rutkowski, Deirdre Rutkowski with Tim Freeman and 1983–1991 
The Fall on their 1997 album Levitate, albeit omitting the last verse and wrongly attributing writing credits to anon/J Nagle  "I Come and Stand at Your Door" listed as "Anon/Nagle", which is an interpretation of the song "I Come and Stand at Every Door"  "Jap Kid" is an instrumental version of this track 
Silent Stream Of Godless Elegy, a Moravian folk metal band, on their album Behind the Shadows in 1998 
Faith & Disease on their 1998 album Insularia 
Anne Hills on 1998 album Where Have All The Flowers Gone: The Songs of Peter Seeger 
Ibon Errazkin has an instrumental song with the same title on Esculea de arte 
Styrofoam aka Arne Van Petegem's EP and first US release, RR20, included an instrumental version of the traditional tune of "Great Silkie" with the same title 

Japanese
In 2005, famous Amami Ōshima singer Chitose Hajime collaborated with Ryuichi Sakamoto by translating "Kız Çocuğu" into Japanese, retitling it  Shinda Onna no Ko [死んだ女の子] "A dead girl")  It was performed live at the Atomic Bomb Dome in Hiroshima on the eve of the 60th Anniversary (5 August 2005) of Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki  The song later appeared as a bonus track on Chitose's album Hanadairo in 2006 

Nepali
Some of Nâzım's poems are translated into Nepali by Suman Pokhrel and are published in print and online literary journals 

On the soldier worth 23 cents
How do you propose to get it? Do you want to get it through the cooperation of Turkey where the men in the ranks get 23 cents a month the first year and 32 cents the second year, or do you want to get an American division and equip it and send it over to Turkey which would cost you 10 times as much?
He also opposed the Korean War, in which Turkey participated  After the Senate address of John Foster Dulles, who served as U S  Secretary of State under President Dwight D  Eisenhower, where he valued Turkish soldiers at 23 cents a month compared with the lowest echelon U S  soldiers at $70, Nazım Hikmet Ran wrote a protest poem criticising the policies of the United States  This poem is titled "23 Sentlik Askere Dair" (On the soldier worth 23 cents) 

In popular culture
Nâzım's poem "We'll Give the Globe to the Children" was set to music in 1979 by Russian composer David Tukhmanov 
Tale of Tales is a Russian animated film (1979) partially inspired by Hikmet's poem of the same name 
Finnish band Ultra Bra recorded a song "Lähettäkää minulle kirjoja" ("Send me books")) based on a translated excerpt of Hikmet's poem "Rubai" 
The Ignorant Fairies is a 2001 Italian film, in which a book by Hikmet plays a central plot role 
Mavi Gözlü Dev (Blue Eyed Giant) is a 2007 Turkish biographical film about Nazım Hikmet  The title is a reference to the poem Minnacık Kadın ve Hanımelleri  The film chronicles Nazim Hikmet's imprisonment at Bursa Prison and his relationships with his wife Piraye and his translator and lover Münevver Andaç  He is played by Yetkin Dikinciler 
Hikmet's poem was quoted in the 2012 Korean drama Cheongdam-dong Alice 
The video game Suzerain opens with a quote from Hikmet, and the character Bernard Circas is based on him  The game has elements inspired by modern Turkish history 

Bibliography
Plays
Kafatası (1932, The Skull)
Unutulan Adam (1935, The Forgotten Man)
Ferhad ile Şirin 1965 (Ferhad and Şirin)
Lüküs Hayat (Luxurious Living) (as ghostwriter)

Ballet libretto
Legend of Love (by Arif Malikov) 1961

Novels
Yaşamak Güzel Şey Be Kardeşim (1967, Life's Good, Brother)
Kan Konuşmaz (1965, Blood Doesn't Tell)

Poems
"Taranta-Babu'ya Mektuplar" (1935, "Letters to Taranta-Babu")
"Simavne Kadısı Oğlu Şeyh Bedreddin Destanı" (1936, "The Epic of Sheikh Bedreddin")
"Memleketimden İnsan Manzaraları" (1966–67, "Human Landscapes from My Country")
"Kurtuluş Savaşı Destanı" (1965, "The Epic of the War of Independence")

Poetry
İlk şiirler / Nâzım Hikmet, İstanbul : Yapı Kredi, 2002  ISBN 975-08-0380-9
835 satır / Nâzım Hikmet, İstanbul : YKY, 2002  ISBN 975-08-0373-6
Benerci kendini niçin öldürdü? / Nâzım Hikmet, İstanbul : YKY, 2002  ISBN 975-08-0374-4
Kuvâyi Milliye / Nâzım Hikmet, İstanbul : YKY, 2002  ISBN 975-08-0375-2
Yatar Bursa Kalesinde / Nâzım Hikmet, İstanbul : YKY, 2002  ISBN 975-08-0376-0
Memleketimden insan manzaraları : (insan manzaraları) / Nâzım Hikmet, İstanbul : YKY, 2002  ISBN 975-08-0377-9
Yeni şiirler : (1951–1959) / Nâzım Hikmet, İstanbul : Yapı Kredi Yayınları, 2002  ISBN 975-08-0378-7
on şiirleri : (1959–1963) / Nâzım Hikmet, İstanbul : Yapı Kredi Yayınları, 2002  ISBN 975-08-0379-5

Partial list of translated works in English
Selected Poems / Nâzim Hikmet; done into English by Taner Baybars  London, Cape Editions, 1967 
The Moscow Symphony and Other Poems / translated into English by Taner Baybars  Chicago: Swallow Press, 1971 
The day before tomorrow : poems / translated into English by Taner Baybars  South Hinksey, England : Carcanet Press, 1972  ISBN 0-902145-43-6
That Wall / Nâzım Hikmet; illustrations [by] Maureen Scott, London: League of Socialist Artists, 1973  ISBN 0-9502976-2-3
Things I didn't know I loved: selected poems / Nâzim Hikmet; translated by Randy Blasing & Mutlu Konuk  New York : Persea Books, 1975  ISBN 0-89255-000-7
Human Landscapes / by Nazim Hikmet; translated by Randy Blasing and Mutlu Konuk ; foreword by Denise Levertov, New York : Persea Books, c1982  ISBN 0-89255-068-6
Selected poetry / Nazim Hikmet; translated by Randy Blasing and Mutlu Konuk, New York : Persea Books, c1986  ISBN 0-89255-101-1
Poems of Nazim Hikmet, trans  Randy Blasing & Mutlu Konuk  New York: Persea Books, 1994 (revised 2nd ed , 2002) 
Beyond the walls: selected poems / Nâzim Hikmet; translated by Ruth Christie, Richard McKane, Talât Sait Halman; introduction by Talât Sait Halman, London: Anvil Press Poetry, 2002  ISBN 0-85646-329-9
Life's Good, Brother / Nâzım Hikmet; translated by Mutlu Konuk Blasing, New York: W  W  Norton & Company, 2013  ISBN 978-0892554188

Partial list of translated works in other languages
Poesie / Nâzım Hikmet, Joyce Lussu (Trans ), Newton Compton, 2010  ISBN 978-88-541-2027-3
La conga con Fidel / Nâzım Hikmet, Joyce Lussu (Trans ), Fahrenheit 451, 2005  ISBN 978-88-86095-89-1
Il nuvolo innamorato e altre fiabe / Nâzım Hikmet, Giampiero Bellingeri (Trans ),  F  Negrin (Illustrator), Mondadori, 2003  ISBN 978-8804524892
De mooiste van Hikmet / Nâzım Hikmet, Koen Stassijns & Ivo van Strijtem (ed ), Perihan Eydemir & Joris Iven (Trans ), Lannoo | Atlas, 2003  ISBN 90-209-5266-8
Poesie d'amore / Nâzım Hikmet, Joyce Lussu (Trans ), Mondadori, 2002  ISBN 978-88-04-50091-9
Il neige dans la nuit et autres poèmes / Nâzım Hikmet, Münevver Andaç (Trans ), Güzin Dino (Trans ), Gallimard, 1999  ISBN 978-20-70329-63-2
Preso na Fortaleza de Bursa/Yatar Bursa Kalesinde, Leonardo da Fonseca (Trans ), In  (n t ) Revista Literária em Tradução nº 1 (set/2010), Fpolis/Brasil, ISSN 2177-5141
Vita del poeta / Nâzım Hikmet, Joyce Lussu (Trans ), Cattedrale, 2008  ISBN 978-88-95449-15-9
Paesaggi umani / Nâzım Hikmet, Joyce Lussu (Trans ), Fahrenheit 451, 1992  ISBN 978-88-86095-00-6
Gran bella cosa è vivere, miei cari / Nâzım Hikmet, F  Beltrami (Trans ), Mondadori, 2010  ISBN 978-88-04603-22-1
Poesie d'amore e di lotta / Nâzım Hikmet, G  Bellingeri (Editor), F  Beltrami (Trans ), F  Boraldo (Trans ), Mondadori, 2013  ISBN 978-88-04-62713-5
Les Romantiques (La vie est belle, mon vieux) / Nâzım Hikmet, Münevver Andaç (Trans ), Temps Actuels, 1982  ISBN 978-22-01015-75-5
La Joconde et Si-Ya-Ou / Nâzım Hikmet, Abidine Dino (Trans ), Parangon, 2004  ISBN 978-28-41901-14-2
Pourquoi Benerdji s'est-il suicidé? / Nâzım Hikmet, Münevver Andaç (Trans ), Aden Editions, 2005  ISBN 978-29-30402-12-3
Le nuage amoureux / Nâzım Hikmet, Münevver Andaç (Trans ), Gallimard Jeunesse Giboulées, 2013  ISBN 978-20-70648-89-4
Últimos poemas I (1959–1960–1961) / Nâzım Hikmet, Fernando García Burillo (Trans ), Ediciones Del Oriente Y Del Mediterráneo S L , 2000  ISBN 978-84-87198-60-1
Últimos poemas II (1962–1963): Poemas finales / Nâzım Hikmet, Fernando García Burillo (Trans ), Ediciones Del Oriente Y Del Mediterráneo S L , 2005  ISBN 978-84-87198-75-5
Poezje wybrane / Nâzım Hikmet, Małgorzata Łabęcka-Koecherowa (Trans ), Ludowa Spółdzielnia Wydawnicza, 1981  ISBN 978-83-20533-75-0
Romantyczność / Nâzım Hikmet, Aleksander Olecki (Trans ), Książka i Wiedza, 1965 
Allem-kallem: baśnie tureckie / Nâzım Hikmet, Małgorzata Łabęcka-Koecherowa (Trans ), Elżbieta Gaudasińska (Trans ), Nasza Księgarnia, 1985  ISBN 831008515X
Zakochany obłok: baśń turecka / Nâzım Hikmet, Małgorzata Łabęcka-Koecherowa (Trans ), Krajowa Agencja Wydawnicza, 1987  ISBN 978-83-03016-35-5
 나쥠 히크메트 시선집 [Selected Poems of Nâzım Hikmet / Nâzım Hikmet] (in Korean (North Korea))  Translated by Paik, Sok; Chon, Chang-shik; Kim, Byong-wook  Pyongyang: National Press  Pyongyang  1956 
Legenda o miłości  Opowieść o Turcji / Nâzım Hikmet, Ewa Fiszer (Trans ), Państwowy Instytut Wydawniczy, 1954
Many of Hikmet's poems are translated into Nepali by Suman Pokhrel, and some are collected in an anthology tilled Manpareka Kehi Kavita 

See also
Abidin Dino
Orhan Kemal
Zülfü Livaneli
Fazıl Say
Behçet Necatigil
Passage 7:
Mehmed Ali Pasha (marshal)
Mehmed Ali Pasha (November 18, 1827 – September 7, 1878) was a Prussian-born Ottoman career officer and marshal  He was the grandfather of the Turkish statesman Ali Fuat Cebesoy, and the great-grandfather of famous poets Nâzım Hikmet and Oktay Rıfat Horozcu and the socialist activist, lawyer, and athlete Mehmet Ali Aybar 

Biography
Mehmed Ali was born as Ludwig Karl Friedrich Detroit (also known as Carl Detroy) in Magdeburg, Prussia  His parents were Carl Friedrich Detroit and Henriette Jeanette Severin  The French family name points to Huguenot ancestry, as a descendant of Protestant refugees from France in the 16th or 17th century  During his teenage years in 1843 he ran away to sea, and traveled to the Ottoman Empire, where he converted to Islam and was circumcised  There, in 1846, Âli Pasha, later Grand Vizier, sent him to a military school  He received a commission in the Ottoman Army in 1853 and fought against Russia in the Crimean War  He was made a brigadier general and Pasha in 1865 

In the 1877–1878 war against Russia, Mehmed Ali led the Turkish army in Bulgaria  He was successful in his operations on the Lom river (August–September 1877), but was afterward forced back by his opponents  He failed to effect a junction with Süleyman Hüsnü Pasha, and was superseded by the latter  Later in 1878 he was a participant at the Congress of Berlin 

Death
In August 1878, the Ottoman government selected him to overview the process of the cession of the Plav-Gucia region to Montenegro in compliance to the decisions of the Congress of Berlin  Mehmed Ali Pasha's first task was the pacification of the Albanian League of Prizren, which opposed the border change as part of the areas (Plav-Gucia/Plav-Gusinje) were inhabited by ethnic Albanians  He arrived in Kosovo in late August, attempting to make local Albanians comply with the Berlin Treaty but was blocked from any further movement towards the Ottoman-Montenegrin border by the local committees of the Albanian League  Stationed in Abdullah Pasha Dreni's estate in Gjakova with several Ottoman battalions he was killed on September 6 after a seven-day battle with several thousand Albanians opposing cession of Albanian inhabited lands to European powers 

Sources


== Family tree ==



ground_truth: Australian Supercars Championship