prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: Which is a shrub, Mimosa or Cryptocoryne?

The following are given passages.
Context 1: Passage 1:
Mimosa
Mimosa is a genus of about 590 species of herbs and shrubs, in the mimosoid clade of the legume family Fabaceae  The generic name is derived from the Greek word μῖμος (mimos), an "actor" or "mime", and the feminine suffix -osa, "resembling", suggesting its 'sensitive leaves' which seem to 'mimic conscious life' Two species in the genus are especially notable  One is Mimosa pudica, commonly known as touch-me-not, which folds its leaves when touched or exposed to heat  It is native to southern Central and South America but is widely cultivated elsewhere for its curiosity value, both as a houseplant in temperate areas, and outdoors in the tropics  Outdoor cultivation has led to weedy invasion in some areas, notably Hawaii  The other is Mimosa tenuiflora, which is best known for its use in shamanic ayahuasca brews due to the psychedelic drug dimethyltryptamine found in its root bark 

Taxonomy
The taxonomy of the genus Mimosa has gone through several periods of splitting and lumping, ultimately accumulating over 3,000 names, many of which have either been synonymized under other species or transferred to other genera  In part due to these changing circumscriptions, the name "Mimosa" has also been applied to several other related species with similar pinnate or bipinnate leaves, but are now classified in other genera  The most common examples of this are Albizia julibrissin (Persian silk tree) and Acacia dealbata (wattle) 

Description
Members of this genus are among the few plants capable of rapid movement; examples outside of Mimosa include the telegraph plant, Aldrovanda, some species of Drosera and the Venus flytrap  The leaves of the Mimosa pudica close quickly when touched  Some mimosas raise their leaves in the day and lower them at night, and experiments done by Jean-Jacques d'Ortous de Mairan on mimosas in 1729 provided the first evidence of biological clocks Mimosa can be distinguished from the large related genera, Acacia and Albizia, since its flowers have ten or fewer stamens  Botanically, what appears to be a single globular flower is actually a cluster of many individual ones  Mimosas contain some level of heptanoic acid 

Species
There are about 590 species including:
Mimosa aculeaticarpa Ortega
Mimosa andina Benth 
Mimosa arenosa (Willd ) Poir 
Mimosa asperata L 
Mimosa borealis Gray
Mimosa caesalpiniaefolia Benth 
Mimosa casta L 
Mimosa cupica Gray
Mimosa ceratonia L 
Mimosa diplotricha C Wright ex Sauvalle
Mimosa disperma Barneby
Mimosa distachya Cav 
Mimosa dysocarpa Benth 
Mimosa emoryana Benth 
Mimosa grahamii Gray
Mimosa hamata Willd 
Mimosa hystricina (Small ex Britt  et Rose) B L Turner
Mimosa invisa Martius ex Colla
Mimosa latidens (Small) B L  Turner
Mimosa laxiflora Benth 
Mimosa loxensis Barneby
Mimosa malacophylla Gray
Mimosa microphylla Dry 
Mimosa nothacacia Barneby
Mimosa nuttallii (DC ) B L  Turner
Mimosa ophthalmocentra Mart  ex Benth  1865
Mimosa pellita Kunth ex Willd 
Mimosa pigra L 
Mimosa polycarpa Kunth
Mimosa pudica L 
Mimosa quadrivalvis L 
Mimosa quadrivalvis var  hystricina (Small) Barneby
Mimosa quadrivalvis var  quadrivalvis L 
Mimosa roemeriana Scheele
Mimosa rubicaulis Lam 
Mimosa rupertiana B L  Turner
Mimosa scabrella Benth 
Mimosa schomburgkii Benth 
Mimosa somnians Humb  & Bonpl  ex Willd 
Mimosa strigillosa Torr  et Gray
Mimosa tenuiflora (Willd ) Poir  (= Mimosa hostilis)
Mimosa texana (Gray) Small
Mimosa townsendii Barneby
Mimosa turneri Barneby
Mimosa verrucosa Benth 
Passage 2:
Mimosa somnians
Mimosa somnians, commonly known as dormideira, is a species of woody shrub in the genus Mimosa and the family Fabaceae  It is native to the Caribbean, Central America and South America  It is a short, low-lying shrub with minuscule thorns lining its stem-like hairs Mimosa somnians is notable for exhibiting rapid plant movement  Its leaves are sensitive to tactile stimulus, folding quickly when touched, similar to Mimosa pudica  It can be differentiated from Mimosa pudica in that its leaves are bipinnate, there are more than four subbranchlets and these originate from more than one point on the branch Mimosa somnians's leaflets are 4–5 mm long  The flowers form pink balls  It propagates by seeds 

Forms, subspecies and varieties
Mimosa somnians f  viscida
Mimosa somnians subsp  longipes 
Mimosa somnians subsp  viscida
Mimosa somnians var  aquatica
Mimosa somnians var  deminuta
Mimosa somnians var  diminuta
Mimosa somnians var  glandulosa
Mimosa somnians var  lasiocarpa
Mimosa somnians var  leptocaulis
Mimosa somnians var  longipes
Mimosa somnians var  lupulina
Mimosa somnians var  possensis
Mimosa somnians var  somnians
Mimosa somnians var  velascoensis
Mimosa somnians var  viscida

Uses
In Guyana, it is used to calm down irritable children via washing 

Chemical constituents
Mimosa somnians contains (whole plant) about 0 029% tryptamine and about 0 029% methyltryptamine 
Passage 3:
Mimosa turneri
Mimosa turneri, the desert mimosa, is a perennial small- to medium-sized shrub native to the Southern United States and particularly abundant in Texas  It grows between 3 5 and 10 feet (1 1 and 3 0 m) tall and produces pink flowers  In many places it is considered a weed because it can grow invasively in moist soils 

Habitat and ecology
This species grows as a small to medium-sized shrub that is localized on limestone soil that can range from 2200 feet to 4000 feet above sea level in the desert  This plant is deciduous and has a very high heat tolerance, allowing it to grow in very hot deserts  This plant species was a contained species that escaped and became invasive in the Florida, Texas and Mexico regions  These plants live in soil with high alkalinity 

Morphology
The leaves of the desert mimosa resemble the fronds of a fern and consists of many leaflets that grow opposite of each other along the stem  The leaves are known as bipinnate  Leaflets can range from 9 mm to 12 mm and be 1 5 mm wide at its widest point  Each leaf has about 12- 25 leaflets  Flowers are globe like clusters of thin petals  They contain stamens that are double the number of petals or equal which are often twice the lengths of the corolla  Anthers are small and the ovary is sessile 

Usage
The desert mimosa is often used as food for cattle and livestock, as fuel, construction material as well as living fences that grow into barriers in the wild and can be used as decorative fences 
Passage 4:
Mimosa aculeaticarpa
Mimosa aculeaticarpa is a species of woody shrub in the family Fabaceae  It is commonly known as the catclaw mimosa or the wait-a-minute bush, and is endemic to upland regions of Mexico and the Southwestern United States, particularly Arizona, New Mexico and Texas 

Description
The catclaw mimosa is a straggling thicket forming shrub, usually growing to about one metre tall but occasionally double that height  The twigs are hairy and armed with backward pointing spines that easily catch in clothing  The alternate leaves are bi-pinnate with a varying number of small oblong leaflets  The flowers are white or pale pink, bunched together in globular heads  The fruits are flat pods up to four centimetres long, flattened between the seeds and splitting open when ripe  There are recurved prickles on the edges of the pods 

Distribution
This species grows in upland areas of central and southern Arizona, southern New Mexico, western and central Texas and northern Mexico 

Ecology
This species occurs as scattered individual plants in oak, oak-pine, and evergreen woodlands, pinyon-juniper woodland and mixed with other shrubs in grassland and shrub-steppe communities  It grows on mesas, rocky slopes and gravel deposits  It is commonly found growing in chaparral and is spreading into desert and semi arid areas  This may be because the seed pods are eaten by cattle and the seeds are deposited in the dung, giving them a rich environment for germination  The plant is fire tolerant and sprouts readily after bushfires  In upland areas of west Texas, the redberry juniper (Juniperus pinchotii) acts as a nurse plant for the seedlings   They benefit from the shade and leaf litter associated with the juniper which seems to provide a favourable microclimate for the establishment of the seedlings 
Passage 5:
Mimosa invisa
Mimosa invisa is a species of leguminous woody shrub or vine native to South America  Mimosa invisa includes two subspecies, each with two varieties:  The species is considered to be noxious and invasive in much of the United States 
Mimosa invisa Martius ex CollaMimosa invisa invisa BarnebyMimosa invisa invisa var  invisa Barneby - native to Brazil and Paraguay
Mimosa invisa invisa var  macrostachya (Bentham) Barneby - native to Brazil and ParaguayMimosa invisa spiciflora (Karsten) BarnebyMimosa invisa spiciflora var  spiciflora Barneby - native to northern South America
Mimosa invisa spiciflora var  tovarensis (Bentham) Barneby - native to Venezuela
Passage 6:
Mimosa rubicaulis
Mimosa rubicaulis is a shrub belonging to the family Fabaceae and subfamily Mimosoideae  It is bipinnately compound, each leaf having 8–12 pairs of pinnae, each with 16–20 pairs of pinnules, unlike Mimosa pudica which has at most two prickly pairs of leaflets  It is found across India 

Description
Mimosa rubicaulis is a large, straggling, very prickly shrub  It flowers from June to September, sporting long clusters of many pink spherical flower heads 1–1 5 cm across  The flowers fade to white, so the clusters sport both pink and white flower-heads most of the time  Leaves are double-compound, 8–15 cm long, with thorny rachis  Leaves have 3–2 pairs of side-stalks, each with 6–15 pairs of tiny oblong leaflets 4–8 mm  Pods are thin, flat, curved, 8–13 cm long, 1 cm wide, breaking into 4–10 rectangular single-seeded units, leaving the remains of the pod attached to the shoot It is considered useful for hedges  The wood is suitable for tent pegs and for making gunpowder charcoal  Roots and leaves are used medicinally  Himalayan Mimosa is found in the Himalayas, from Afghanistan to Bhutan, at altitudes of 300–1900 m  It prefers forest edges and boundaries of fields and gardens 
Passage 7:
Mimosa hamata
Mimosa hamata (Hindi:Alāy shrub (अलाय) is a species of flowering shrub in the family Fabaceae, that is native to the countries of India and Pakistan 

Uses
This plant has been used for animal feed 
Passage 8:
Cryptocoryne
Cryptocoryne is a genus of aquatic plants from the family Araceae  The genus is naturally distributed in tropical regions of India, Southeast Asia and New Guinea The typical habitats of Cryptocoryne are mostly streams and rivers with not too rapidly flowing water, in the lowland forest  They also live in seasonally inundated forest pools or on river banks submerged only at high water  Although the proper scientific name of the genus is Cryptocoryne, they are commonly referred to as crypts  The English name "water trumpet" refers to their inflorescence, a spadix enclosed by a spathe (typical for the whole family), which resembles a trumpet 
The first Cryptocoryne species was described in 1779 as Arum spirale by Retzius  The genus was described by Friedrich Ernst Ludwig von Fischer in 1828  However, the scientific classification of Cryptocoryne species is very complicated and there are different opinions about it  Lagenandra is another genus closely related to the genus Cryptocoryne  The two can be easily told apart since the leaves of Cryptocoryne species exhibit convolute vernation whereas Lagenandra species exhibit involute vernation 

The name Cryptocoryne is derived from the Greek crypto, hidden, and koryne, meaning club  The common name (water trumpet) refers to the shape of its inflorescence, which is typical of the Araceae family 

Cultivation and uses
Some Cryptocoryne are popular commercially cultivated aquarium plants  Submerged plants reproduce vegetatively, emerse plants may flower and reproduce sexually  Many species are cultivated only by dedicated experts and are very hard to grow, or are not present in a culture at all  Some species are endangered because their natural habitats are disappearing  On the other hand, some water trumpets (e g  Cryptocoryne beckettii) are very hardy aquarium plants, easy to grow to the point that they have become an invasive species after being introduced in Florida in North America Cryptocoryne is either found in peat bogs or on limestone; the latter do well in most aquaria, the former must have soft water to survive and need decomposing beech leaf litter to do well  C  striolata, while found primarily in peat bogs, has also been found growing on limestone  Borneo is home to many endemic crypts previously thought to grow only in tea-colored soft acid water emulating peat bogs but exploration of habitats from 2005 to 2010 showed about half grew on limestone as well  These hardwater Cryptocorynes are generally the easier ones to keep (in fact, some species, such as Cryptocoryne wendtii are said to be among the most versatile of aquarium plants); they tolerate low or bright light but grow faster in more intense light  This water plant's range is around 12 to 33 °C, and slightly alkaline to neutral pH 
Plants of the genus Cryptocoryne, which range from India to New Guinea are found in very diverse conditions  Some are true acid loving plants such as C  pallidnerva, found in peat bogs in Borneo, while others such as C  crispatula var  balansae and C  pontiderifolia are found in streams with limestone beds—hard alkaline water  One species, C  ciliata is even found in semi-brackish water in some areas  It is one of the few aquarium plants that tolerates salt concentrations 
Cryptocoryne plants have been in cultivation in the aquarium hobby since the late 18th century, although it was not until the 1960s that more than a handful of species was known and became more common in the hobby  New species still regularly crop up as interest in these plants widens and more collecting expeditions by private parties are carried out 

Crypt melt
A phenomenon often encountered when planting new crypts in an aquarium is commonly called Crypt melt, whereby the plant loses all its leaves  There seem to be two possible causes for this 
Rapid environmental change is thought to trigger this, as these plants do not seem to adapt well to transplantion, and may need 30 days or so to become established and for the leaves to regrow  Experienced growers report that it is better to plant crypts in aquariums that have been established for at least three months In the wild, crypts can grow fully submerged underwater, but in some plant nurseries they are often grown emersed and crypt melt could then be triggered by the change from emerse to submerse conditions 
There is lately a trend for such nurseries to send crypts as just a rootstock (i e  without the leaves) to reduce shipping costs and because the leaves will be lost anyway once planted in an aquarium 
Other reports emphasise the need to change the aquarium water regularly to prevent the buildup of nitrates which are thought to trigger this condition (often referred to as a disease) 

Species
Cryptocoryne affinis N E Br  in J D Hooker - Thailand, Malaysia
Cryptocoryne alba de Wit - Sri Lanka
Cryptocoryne albida R Parker - southern China, eastern India, Bangladesh, Indochina
Cryptocoryne annamica Serebryanyi - Vietnam
Cryptocoryne aponogetifolia Merr  - Philippines
Cryptocoryne aura  - West kalimantan
Cryptocoryne auriculata Engl  - Sarawak, Philippines
Cryptocoryne bangkaensis Bastm  - Sumatra
Cryptocoryne beckettii Thuill  ex Trim  - Sri Lanka; naturalized in Texas
Cryptocoryne bogneri Rataj - Sri Lanka
Cryptocoryne bullosa Becc  - Sarawak
Cryptocoryne ciliata (Roxb ) Schott - India, Bangladesh, Indochina, Malaysia, Indonesia, New Guinea, Philippines
Cryptocoryne cognata Schott - India
Cryptocoryne consobrina Schott - India
Cryptocoryne cordata var  cordata Griff  - Malaysia
Cryptocoryne cordata var  siamensis Griff  - Thai
Cryptocoryne cordata var  diderici Griff  - Sumatra
Cryptocoryne cordata var  grandis Ridl  - Northeast Borneo
Cryptocoryne cordata var  grabowskii Engl  - South Kalimantan
Cryptocoryne cordata var  zonata de Wit  - Sri Aman
Cryptocoryne coronata Bastm  & Wijng  - Philippines
Cryptocoryne crispatula var  crispatula Engl  - Southeast Asia
Cryptocoryne cruddasiana Prain - Myanmar
Cryptocoryne decus-silvae de Wit - Johor
Cryptocoryne dewitii N Jacobsen - Papua New Guinea
Cryptocoryne purpurea nothovar  edithiae de Wit  - South Kalimantan
Cryptocoryne elliptica N E Br  - Malaysia
Cryptocoryne ferruginea Engl  - Sarawak
Cryptocoryne fusca de Wit - Borneo
Cryptocoryne griffithii Schott - Kalimantan, Peninsular Malaysia
Cryptocoryne hudoroi Bogner & N Jacobsen - Kalimantan
Cryptocoryne ideii Budianto - Kalimantan
Cryptocoryne jacobsenii de Wit - Sumatra
Cryptocoryne joshanii Naive & Villanueva - Philippines
Cryptocoryne keei N Jacobsen - Sarawak
Cryptocoryne lingua Becc  ex Engl - Sarawak
Cryptocoryne loeiensis  Bastm , T Idei & N Jacobsen - Laos, Thailand
Cryptocoryne longicaudaBecc  ex Engl  - Borneo, Malaysia, Sumatra
Cryptocoryne mekongensis T Idei, Bastm  & N Jacobsen - Cambodia, Laos, Thailand
Cryptocoryne minima Ridl  - Malaysia, Sumatra
Cryptocoryne moehlmannii de Wit - Sumatra
Cryptocoryne nevillii Trimen - Sri Lanka
Cryptocoryne noritoi Wongso - Kalimantan
Cryptocoryne nurii var  nurii Furtado - Peninsular Malaysia
Cryptocoryne nurii var  raubensis N Jacobsen - Peninsular Malaysia
Cryptocoryne pallidinervia Engl  - Borneo
Cryptocoryne parva de Wit- Sri Lanka
Cryptocoryne pontederiifolia Schott - Sumatra
Cryptocoryne purpurea nothovar  purpurea Ridl  - Peninsular Malaysia
Cryptocoryne purpurea nothovar  sarawakensis Yosuke Kobayashi - sarawak
Cryptocoryne purpurea nothovar  borneoensis  N Jacobsen , Bastm  - Central Kalimantan
Cryptocoryne pygmaea Merr  - Philippines
Cryptocoryne retrospiralis  (Roxb ) Kunth - Bangladesh, India, Myanmar
Cryptocoryne schulzei de Wit - Johor
Cryptocoryne scurrilis de Wit - Sumatra
Cryptocoryne sivadasanii Bogner - southern India
Cryptocoryne spiralis (Retz ) Fisch  ex Wydler - Bangladesh, India
Cryptocoryne striolata Engl  - Borneo
Cryptocoryne thwaitesii Schott - Sri Lanka
Cryptocoryne timahensis Bastm  - Singapore   (C  cordata × C  nurii)
Cryptocoryne uenoi Yuji Sasaki - Sarawak
Cryptocoryne undulata Wendt - Sri Lanka
Cryptocoryne usteriana Engl   - Philippines
Cryptocoryne versteegii Engl  - New Guinea
Cryptocoryne vietnamensis I Hertel & H Mühlberg - Vietnam
Cryptocoryne villosa N Jacobsen - Sumatra
Cryptocoryne walkeri Schott - Sri Lanka
Cryptocoryne wendtii de Wit - Sri Lanka
Cryptocoryne × willisii Reitz - Sri Lanka   (C  parva × C  walkeri)
Cryptocoryne yujii Bastm  - Sarawak
Cryptocoryne zaidiana Ipor & Tawan - Sarawak
Cryptocoryne zukalii Rataj - Peninsular Malaysia
Passage 9:
Mimosa tenuiflora
Mimosa tenuiflora, syn  Mimosa hostilis, also known as jurema preta, calumbi (Brazil), tepezcohuite (México), carbonal, cabrera, jurema, black jurema, and binho de jurema, is a perennial tree or shrub native to the northeastern region of Brazil (Paraíba, Rio Grande do Norte, Ceará, Pernambuco, Bahia) and found as far north as southern Mexico (Oaxaca and coast of Chiapas), and the following countries: El Salvador, Honduras, Panama, Colombia and Venezuela   It is most often found in lower altitudes, but it can be found as high as 1,000 m (3,300 ft) 

Description
The fern-like branches have leaves that are Mimosa like, finely pinnate, growing to 5 cm (2 0 in) long   Each compound leaf contains 15–33 pairs of bright green leaflets 5–6 mm (0 20–0 24 in) long   The tree itself grows up to 8 m (26 ft) tall and it can reach 4–5 m (13–16 ft) tall in less than 5 years   The white, fragrant flowers occur in loosely cylindrical spikes 4–8 cm (1 6–3 1 in) long  In the Northern Hemisphere it blossoms and produces fruit from November to June or July   In the Southern Hemisphere it blooms primarily from September to January   The fruit is brittle and averages 2 5–5 cm (0 98–1 97 in) long   Each pod contains 4–6 seeds that are oval, flat, light brown and 3–4 mm (0 12–0 16 in) in diameter   There are about 145 seeds/1 g (0 035 oz)   In the Southern Hemisphere, the fruit ripens from February to April 

The tree's bark is dark brown to gray   It splits lengthwise and the inside is reddish brown 
The tree's wood is dark reddish brown with a yellow center   It is very dense, durable and strong, having a density of about 1 11 g/cm3 Mimosa tenuiflora does very well after a forest fire, or other major ecological disturbance   It is a prolific pioneer plant   It drops its leaves on the ground, continuously forming a thin layer of mulch and eventually humus   Along with its ability to fix nitrogen, the tree conditions the soil, making it ready for other plant species to come along 

Medicinal uses
A tea made of the leaves and stem has been used to treat tooth pain   For cases of cough and bronchitis, a water extract (decoction) of Mimosa tenuiflora is drunk   A handful of bark in one liter of water is used by itself or in a syrup   The solution is drunk until the symptoms subside One preliminary clinical study found Mimosa tenuiflora to be effective in treating venous leg ulcerations Aqueous extracts of Mimosa are widely used for wound healing and burns in Middle and South America  Consequently, the products of the plant (generally grouped under the term "Tepezcohuite") have become a popular and easily produced cosmetic ingredient in commercial skincare products, used and marketed by celebrities including Kylie Jenner and Salma Hayek 

Other uses
The tree is an acceptable source of forage or fodder for animals, providing vital protein and other nutrients   It does well in the dry season and in drought, while providing life saving food for local livestock and animals   Cows, goats and sheep eat the pods and leaves   There seems to be evidence that Mimosa tenuiflora forage or fodder cause development defects to pregnant ruminants in Brazil The tree is an important source of forage for bees, especially during the dry season and in the beginning of the wet season 
Like most plants in the family Fabaceae, Mimosa tenuiflora fertilizes the soil via nitrogen fixing bacteria   The tree is useful in fighting soil erosion and for reforestation 

Mimosa tenuiflora is a very good source of fuel wood and works very well for making posts, most likely because of its high tannin content (16%), which protects it from rot   Due to its high tannin content, the bark of the tree is widely used as a natural dye and in leather production   It is used to make bridges, buildings, fences, furniture and wheels   It is an excellent source of charcoal and at least one study has been done to see why this is the case The healing properties of the tree make it useful in treating domestic animals   A solution of the leaves or bark can also be used for washing animals in the prevention of parasites   Because the tree keeps most of its leaves during the dry season, it is an important source of shade for animals and plants during that time 

Chemistry
The bark is known to be rich in tannins, saponins, alkaloids, lipids, phytosterols, glucosides, xylose, rhamnose, arabinose, lupeol, methoxychalcones, and kukulkanins   Additionally, Mimosa hostilis contains labdane diterpenoids 

Entheogenic uses
Mimosa tenuiflora is an entheogen used by the Jurema Cult (O Culto da Jurema) in northeastern Brazil  Dried Mexican Mimosa tenuiflora root bark has been recently shown to have a dimethyltryptamine (DMT) content of about 1-1 7%   The stem bark has about 0 03% DMT The parts of the tree are traditionally used in northeastern Brazil in a psychoactive decoction also called Jurema or Yurema  Analogously, the traditional Western Amazonian sacrament Ayahuasca is brewed from indigenous ayahuasca vines 
However, to date no β-carbolines such as harmala alkaloids have been detected in Mimosa tenuiflora decoctions, yet the Jurema is used in combination with several plants This presents challenges to the pharmacological understanding of how DMT from the plant is rendered orally active as an entheogen, because the psychoactivity of ingested DMT requires the presence of a monoamine oxidase inhibitor (MAOI), such as a β-carboline  If an MAOI is neither present in the plant nor added to the mixture, the enzyme monoamine oxidase (MAO) will metabolize DMT in the human gut, preventing the active molecule from entering the blood and brain 
The plant is also used in clandestine manufacture of crystalline DMT  In this form, it is psychoactive by itself when vaporized and inhaled 
The isolation of the chemical compound yuremamine from Mimosa tenuiflora as reported in 2005 represents a new class of phytoindoles, which may explain an apparent oral activity of DMT in Jurema 

Cultivation
For outside planting, USDA Zone 9 or higher is recommended In nature, Mimosa tenuiflora "[   ] fruits and seeds are disseminated by the wind in a radius of 5–8 m (16–26 ft) from the mother plant; rain carries them from slopes to lower plains and human activities contribute to their dissemination "For cultivation, the seed pods are collected once they start to spontaneously open on the tree   The collected pods are laid out in the sun so that the pods open up and release their seeds   The seeds can then be planted in sandy soil with sun exposure 
Scarification of the seed via mechanical means or by using sulfuric acid greatly increases the germination rate of the seeds over non-treatment   The seeds can be sown directly into holes in the ground or planted in prepared areas 
The seeds can germinate in temperatures ranging from 10 to 30 °C, but the highest germination rate occurs at around 25 °C (about 96%), even after four years of storage   Germination takes about 2–4 weeks 
It is also possible to propagate Mimosa tenuiflora via cuttings Trimming adult Mimosa tenuiflorae during the rainy season is not recommended as it can kill them 

Legal status
United Nations
See also
Dimethyltryptamine
Psychedelic plants
Passage 10:
Mimosa texana
Mimosa texana is a shrub in the family Fabaceae  It is commonly known as the Texas mimosa, the Texas catclaw or the Wherry mimosa and is endemic to upland regions of Mexico and Texas  This species used to be classified as Mimosa biuncifera but it was found that phenotypic variations occurred across its range and a new taxonomy was proposed by Rupert C  Barneby in 1986, splitting the species into Mimosa aculeaticarpa var  biuncifera and Mimosa texana 

Distribution
Texas mimosa is found on alkaline soils in Mexico and Zapata and Starr counties in the state of Texas  It is uncommon and grows on caliche and gravelly hillsides 

Description
This species is a straggly, much branched, deciduous shrub of up to two metres tall  It has slender, zigzag, dark coloured twigs clad in backward pointing prickles  The alternate bi-pinnate leaves have medium-sized leaflets  The globular flowers are creamy-white and cover the bush in the spring  They are intensely fragrant and attract numerous insects  The seed pods are brick red and flattened, with prickly edges 
Context 3: Passage 1:
Danity Kane discography
The discography of Danity Kane, an American R&B duo, consists of three studio album, five singles, and four music videos  Danity Kane were formed in 2005 during the third season of the reality television series Making the Band, and consisted of Aubrey O'Day, Wanita "D  Woods" Woodgett, Shannon Bex, Dawn Richard, and Aundrea Fimbres  The group disbanded in January 2009 during the fourth season of Making the Band  The group released their self titled debut album in August 2006  The album reached number one on the United States Billboard 200 and was certified platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA)  Danity Kane's debut single, "Show Stopper", which featured rapper Yung Joc, reached number eight on the US Billboard Hot 100  "Ride for You", their second single, reached number 78 on the Billboard Hot 100  Welcome to the Dollhouse, Danity Kane's second album, was released in March 2008  It reached number one on the Billboard 200 and was certified gold by the RIAA  The album's lead single, "Damaged", reached number ten on the Billboard Hot 100 and was certified platinum by the RIAA  The group's fifth single, "Bad Girl", featured Missy Elliott and reached number 10 on the Bubbling Under Hot 100 chart 

Albums
Studio albums
Extended plays
Singles
Other charted songs
Music videos
Notes
Passage 2:
List of songs recorded by Kesha
American singer Kesha made her international debut in early 2009 featuring on the Flo Rida single "Right Round", which reached number one on the Billboard Hot 100 in the United States and topped the charts in five other countries  Kesha's debut album, Animal, released in January 2010, topped the Canadian and American charts, debuting at number one in its first week on the Billboard 200  The album's lead single, and Kesha's solo debut single, "Tik Tok", was released in August 2009 and reached number one in eleven countries and spent nine consecutive weeks on top of the Billboard Hot 100  Since its release in 2009, the song has sold 15 million copies worldwide, therefore making it the best-selling digital single of all time  The album spawned three more hit singles, "Blah Blah Blah", "Your Love Is My Drug" and "Take It Off"  She topped eight charts on the 2010 Billboard Year-End Chart, including Top New Artists, Hot 100 Songs and Hot 100 Artists The commercial and critical success of her first album led to plans of a deluxe edition of the album titled Cannibal, which was ultimately released as an extended play in November 2010  Its lead single, "We R Who We R", reached the top ten in ten countries, while peaking at number one in the United States, Australia, and United Kingdom  The EP's second and final single, "Blow", was released in February 2011 and also managed to peak inside the top ten of multiple countries 
Kesha released her second studio album, Warrior, in December 2012  The lead single, "Die Young", peaked at number two in the United States, while charting in the top ten of eleven other countries  Two more singles, "C'Mon" and "Crazy Kids", were also released from the album, but failed to match the success of the lead single  In October 2013, she was featured on Pitbull's single, "Timber", which peaked at number one in over fifteen countries, including the United Kingdom, Canada, and United States   In April 2016, she released her first single in three years, a collaboration with Zedd, "True Colors"   It is the first song since her ongoing legal battle with producer Dr Luke  2017 saw the release of Kesha's third studio album, Rainbow, which featured the single "Praying"  The single reached no  22 in the U S  "Woman" was previously a promotional single but later was released as the second single from the album  Her fourth album, High Road, was released in 2020  Four singles were released from the album: "Raising Hell", "My Own Dance", "Resentment", and "Tonight"  Her fifth studio album, Gag Order, was released on May 19, 2023  Two singles were released on the same day ahead of the album's release: "Eat the Acid" and "Fine Line" 

Released songs
Passage 3:
Far East Movement
Far East Movement (abbreviated FM) is an American hip hop and electronic music group based in Los Angeles  The group formed in 2003 and as of August 2018 consists of Kev Nish (Kevin Nishimura), Prohgress (James Roh), DJ Virman (Virman Coquia), JT Rollerson (James Rollerson), and formerly J-Splif (Jae Chong)   Their 2010 single, "Like a G6", featuring pop-rap duo The Cataracs and singer Dev hit number one on both the Billboard Hot 100 chart and on the iTunes chart in late October 2010, making them the first Asian-American group to earn a number one hit on the Billboard Hot 100 chart  Among their other chart successes are: "Rocketeer" featuring Ryan Tedder of OneRepublic, which peaked at number seven on the Billboard Hot 100; "Turn Up the Love", which peaked within the top ten of the charts in the United Kingdom, and their 2012 remix of the song "Get Up (Rattle)" by the Bingo Players, which topped the charts in the United Kingdom 
The group's latest album, Identity, is the first release under their own record label Transparent Music  Identity focuses on bridging Eastern artists with FM's Western dance music roots  The album received a positive review in Billboard magazine; the single "Freal Luv" with Marshmello featuring Tinashe and Chanyeol from the chart topping K-pop group Exo, received 40 million plays on YouTube  Far East Movement has also branched out with a number of collaborations on labels Ministry of Sound, Dim Mak, and Ultra 
In 2016, Far East Movement's company, Transparent Arts (TA), moved into artist management  TA manages seven artists of various genres, including Korean-American K-pop artist Tiffany Young, rappers Dumbfoundead and Year of the Ox, DJ producers Yultron, Autolaser, and singer Satica  The artists have garnered millions of social media plays, sold out national tours, and have released tracks through labels Owsla, Spinnin', Armada, and Universal 
FM also has a joint label, BredNButter, with Trap City, a large YouTube dance music channel with more than ten million subscribers  BredNButter's many releases have amassed millions of plays in total in a little over a year of existence 
They also founded Identity Festival, a festival celebrating Asian American Heritage with the City of Los Angeles on the steps of City Hall that gathered over 10,000 attendees in 2018 with headliners Mike Shinoda of Linkin Park and K-pop star Jay Park 
Far East Movement is in the process of recording their next full-length release 

Musical career
2003–2007: Folk Music
The three original members of Far East Movement, Kevin Nishimura (Kev Nish), James Roh (Prohgress), and Jae Choung (J-Splif), grew up in the Downtown Los Angeles area  They were close companions in high school and shared a passion for music together  The trio promoted their music online and began performing at local clubs and events in Los Angeles; soon, they began their musical career with the name "Emcees Anonymous" by 2001  However, they later changed it to Far East Movement or FM, originating from a song that they produced with the same name  In 2003, they organised an event called "Movementality" in Koreatown, Los Angeles, featuring ten different performances with all the proceeds sent to a local youth drug rehabilitation center 
In 2005, Far East Movement released a mixtape called Audio-Bio, which was one of their first CDs and contained many of their earliest songs and many songs not available anywhere else  Their first album, titled Folk Music, was released in early 2006  The single "Round Round" was featured in the film, The Fast and the Furious: Tokyo Drift, appearing both on the self-titled soundtrack and video game  This critical breakout was the catalyst that cemented their decision to pursue music as a full-time career  Their songs "Get Offa Me" and "Make Ya Self" were featured in The Fast and the Furious video game  They proceeded to perform on two world tours (including USA, South America, Canada, and Asia), and they signed distribution deals in Japan and Korea with Avex Network and JF Productions for their album 
In 2007, they were featured in the Sundance Film Festival film called Finishing the Game, making the song "Satisfaction" for the film  They also released the single "You've Got A Friend" featuring Lil Rob and Baby Bash, which became their first song on major national radio 

2008–2009: DJ Virman and Animal
LA's radio station Power 106 DJ, DJ Virman, came to the group as their official DJ  They released another single titled "Lowridin" that received heavy airplay in 2008  Soon after, they planned on showcasing a second album, releasing Animal later on in the same year  Animal featured three hit singles that frequently won national radio play: "You’ve Got A Friend", "Lowridin", and the successful "Girls On The Dance Floor"  "Girls on the Dance Floor" reached 27 on the Billboard chart for the Latin Rhythm Airplay, which marked their debut on the Billboard's charts There were several collaborations on the Animal album, including The Stereotypes, Lil Rob, Baby Bash, Bruno Mars, Wiz Khalifa, Bionik, 24/8, IZ, DB Tonik, and Jah Free  Their songs from the Animal album were featured in major film and television on multiple occasions  FM's single "Girls on the Dance Floor" has been played on MTV's America's Best Dance Crew on the Season 4 Finale during a performance with Artistry In Motion, Vogue Evolution and We Are Heroes  It was also featured on Get Him to the Greek, FOX's So You Think You Can Dance and on the 7th episode of CSI: Miami Season 8  In addition, "Dance Like Michael Jackson" was aired on ABC Family's Lincoln Heights on November 10, 2009 and on the Gossip Girl episode, "Dan de Fleurette"  "I Party" was highlighted on FOX's TV series Lie To Me and "Fetish" was on Spike TV's Guy's Choice Awards 2009  "Girls on the Dance Floor" has attained over 5 million hits on Myspace while attracting over 8 million views on YouTube 
Streetwear company Orisue teamed up with Far East Movement and helped shoot a music video for "Lowridin"  In May 2009, Far East Movement joined the Korean hip hop group Epik High on their "Map the Soul" tour throughout the U S  Then they held their first headlining concert at the Roxy Theater in Hollywood by July 2009, which resulted in a sold-out show  Together with Wong Fu Productions, FM has established another three sold-out "International Secret Agents" concerts titled as "ISA", hosted in San Francisco, Los Angeles, and New York in order to promote Asian American artists in the media with performances by Quest Crew, Poreotics, Jay Park, and others 
FM's mixtape Party Animal was released on the first date of LMFAO's Party Rock Tour  Their two singles, "Girls on the Dance Floor" and "2 is Better w/ Ya Boy", garnered successful radio airplay  They later announced that they were working on a new album with Grammy nominated producers, The Stereotypes, who had produced their hit track, "Girls on the Dance Floor" 

2010–2011: Cherrytree/Interscope Records and Free Wired
In February 2010, Far East Movement signed a major record deal with Cherrytree Records, a subsidiary of Interscope Records  They were managed at the time by Ted Chung and Russell Redeaux of Stampede Management 
Later in the same year, the group supported Robyn and Kelis on their double headlining tour along with Dan Black, in addition to being announced as the opening act of Lady Gaga's tour on the Japanese leg of The Monster Ball Tour  Furthermore, their previous hit track, "Girls on the Dancefloor" & "Fetish", was featured in Piranha 3D, yet it was not slotted into the film's soundtrack 
Their 2010 "ISA" shows in New York and LA were held on August 28 and September 5 respectively  They performed their songs alongside acts by AJ Rafael, Jay Park, Wong Fu Productions, Poreotics and Quest Crew (both winners from America's Best Dance Crew), David Choi, Jennifer Chung, David Garibaldi, Lydia Paek, and more 
From September 13 until mid-October, the group was one of the opening acts for the Up In The Air Tour with Mike Posner, across various cities in North America Free Wired, their debut album from Cherrytree/Interscope Records, was released on October 12, 2010  The album includes collaborations with Keri Hilson, Lil Jon, Snoop Dogg (their song co-written by Bruno Mars), Mohombi, Colette Carr, Natalia Kills, Koda Kumi, and Ryan Tedder from OneRepublic In the October 30, 2010 edition of Billboard Magazine, their single featuring The Cataracs and Dev titled "Like a G6" peaked at number one on the Billboard Hot 100 as well as iTunes  While gathering success for both their album and single, they were featured in a series of tour dates with their Cherrytree/Interscope Record label mate, La Roux, in November 2010 On November 20, it was confirmed that the group had reached the double Platinum status for "Like a G6", collecting two million in sales  Their second single which was released for airplay as a follow up to "Like A G6" was "Rocketeer", which featured Ryan Tedder The group was awarded Best International Artist in the 2010 M net Asian Music Awards The group toured with Rihanna and Calvin Harris from late February to early March, as part of Rihanna's Last Girl on Earth Tour 
 Right after the tour ended, the group began headlining their own tour, The Free Wired World Tour  The group visited Manila, Jakarta, Taipei, Hong Kong, Singapore, Seoul, Hamburg and Bangkok  The group were due to tour selected venues in the United Kingdom in early July but cancelled these dates due to recording commitments  However, they performed at the Barclaycard Wireless Festival on July 1 in London 
Far East Movement toured with Lil Wayne on the I Am Still Music tour  On tour, the group took out a second tour bus to work on their second album under the Cherrytree Records label 

2012–2015: Dirty Bass and KTown Riot
Their second major label album, Dirty Bass, was released on May 18, 2012  The lead single from the album was "Live My Life", featuring Justin Bieber  It was more successful than the original first single "Jello"  The single was released on February 28, 2012, with the release of the music video on March 23, 2012  The video was shot on the streets of Amsterdam, and directed by Mickey Finnegan Far East Movement also worked with producers such as David Guetta, Cherry Cherry Boom Boom (aka Cherrytree founder/president Martin Kierszenbaum), will i am and RedOne  In September 2012, the group performed in Charlotte with Perez Hilton as part of the 2012 Democratic National Convention  On October 22, 2012, they released a new single, "For All" which they then performed at then President Barack Obama's re-election inauguration 
Far East Movement also performed the official theme song for the first season of the American-Japanese animated series Monsuno, which airs in the United States on Nicktoons 
In January 2013, "Get Up (Rattle)," a song by the Bingo Players on which they were featured, topped the charts in the United Kingdom  It remained at the top of the UK Singles Chart for two weeks before being dethroned by "Thrift Shop" by Macklemore & Ryan Lewis  "Turn Up the Love", a track from "Dirty Bass", reached the top 5 on the overall singles charts in over a dozen countries 
On April 29, 2013, Far East Movement released the song "Lovetron", featuring Travis Garland  On June 2, 2013, they released the song "The Illest", featuring Riff Raff  On January 9, 2014, they released the song "Bang It To The Curb", featuring Sidney Samson  Their EP KTown Riot was released on October 28, 2014 

2016: Identity and J-Splif's Departure
On September 21, 2016, S M Entertainment, one of the largest entertainment companies in South Korea, announced that Chanyeol, from popular K-pop band EXO, would be collaborating with Far East Movement in their track "Freal Luv", which also features Tinashe and Marshmello On October 10, 2016, Starship Entertainment announced that Hyolyn, from K-pop girl-group Sistar, would be featured in a new song titled "Umbrella" 
Both songs were included in the band's fifth studio album, Identity, released on October 21  It features various Korean artists, such as Tiffany from Girls' Generation, rappers Yoon Mi-rae, Jay Park, Loco and R&B group Urban Zakapa, along with American singer-songwriter Macy Gray, rapper Soulja Boy and credits from British singer-producer MNEK  Identity debuted at #1 on the global iTunes dance charts  The music video for "Freal Luv" was viewed over  30 million times on YouTube 
On October 14, 2016, Far East Movement released "We Out Here" featuring Blackbear and Thurz 
On November 23, 2016, Far East Movement announced that J-Splif had left the group due to family reasons 

2017–present: International collaborations
On October 26, 2018, Far East Movement released a song titled "Bamboo" which features vocals from Jason Zhang and Kina Grannis 
On February 8, 2019, Far East Movement released a single titled "Blossoms" which features Troop Brand and Chinese rapper Vava 
On March 14, 2019, Far East Movement released a single titled "Lovebird" which features Lay 
On April 19, 2019, Far East Movement released a single titled "Paint the Clouds" which features vocals from Tia Ray 
On June 21, 2019, Far East Movement released a single titled "Maps", featuring Diamond, Starchild Yeezo, and Rell the Soundbender 
On July 26, 2019, Far East Movement released a single titled "Glue", featuring Heize and Shawn Wasabi 

Discography
Folk Music (2006)
Animal (2009)
Free Wired (2010)
Dirty Bass (2012)
Identity (2016)

Filmography
Members
DJ Virman joined the group in 2007  Before joining Far East Movement, he was working as a DJ for the Power 106 radio station in Los Angeles 
On  November 23 2016, the group announced that J-Splif had left the group due to family issues 

Current Members
Kev Nish (Kevin Nishimura, born January 12, 1984) (2003–present)
Prohgress (James Roh, born January 14, 1980) (2003–present)
DJ Virman (Virman Coquia, born January 24, 1982) (2007–present)

Former Members
J-Splif (Jae Choung, born February 11, 1984) (2003-2014)

See also
List of artists who reached number one in the United States
Passage 4:
B*Witched discography
The discography of B*Witched, an Irish pop girl group, consists of two studio albums, two extended plays, two compilation albums, two video albums and 13 singles (including one as part of a collective)  The group released their debut single "C'est la Vie" on 25 May 1998  Despite mixed reviews, it reached Number 1 on the UK charts, making them the youngest female group ever to do so, and also made Number 9 in the US  Subsequent singles "Rollercoaster", "To You I Belong" and "Blame It on the Weatherman" also topped the UK charts  The group's debut album, B*Witched, was released in October 1998, reaching Number 3 in the UK charts and was certified Double Platinum in the UK and Platinum in the US  B*Witched's second album, Awake and Breathe, released almost exactly a year after their debut, peaked at number 5 on the charts and was certified Platinum  Singles from the album were less successful than earlier releases ("Jesse Hold On" reached number 4, "I Shall Be There" number 13 and "Jump Down" number 16 in the UK)  The latter two appeared on their new American EP, Across America 2000, along with live tracks and the earlier cover of "Does Your Mother Know"  However, in September 2002, the group officially split when O'Carroll decided to leave the band On 18 October 2012, it was announced that B*Witched would reunite for the ITV2 reality documentary series The Big Reunion  In May 2013 B*Witched unveiled a new song called "Love and Money"  During a radio interview in October 2013, Edele Lynch confirmed that the group would release new material in September 2014  In December, they announced via PledgeMusic that they had recorded their first ever EP, entitled Champagne or Guinness  It was released on 28 September 2014 alongside the single "The Stars Are Ours" 

Albums
Studio albums
Compilations
Video albums
Extended plays
Singles
As main artist
As featured artist
Other appearances
Music videos
Passage 5:
Ain't Love a Bitch
"Ain't Love a Bitch" is a song written by Gary Grainger and Rod Stewart  Stewart released it on his 1978 album Blondes Have More Fun, and it was one of four songs on the album co-written by Stewart and Grainger  The song was released as a single in 1979, reaching #11 on the UK charts, and #22 on the Billboard Hot 100 chart in the United States  It spent 8 weeks on the UK charts and 6 weeks on the US charts  The song also reached the Top Ten in several countries, including Ireland  Billboard magazine placed Stewart #7 on its list of the Top Single Artists of 1979 on the strength of "Ain't Love a Bitch" and its predecessor, "Da Ya Think I'm Sexy?" Stewart performed the song on Dave Allen's Dave Allen at Large  A video of the song was included on the DVD included in the deluxe editions of the compilation album Some Guys Have All the Luck / The Definitive Rod Stewart 

Background
Rolling Stone critic Janet Maslin excoriated the song as being "unexpectedly sensitive, with a soft, strum-along melody and a bunch of namby-pamby characters doo-doo-doing a background chorus while Stewart croons about old girlfriends "   She further criticizes the song for taking material that could have been tough and making it sound "like the 1400th cover version of 'I Left My Heart in San Francisco '" CD Review commented on the references within "Ain't Love a Bitch" to Stewart's earlier song "Maggie May", describing the music as "bouncy"  High Fidelity objected to the lyrics blaming women for love's problems  The Albany Herald also noted that the song is autobiographical, and incorporates elements from Stewart's "musical and personal past " Stereo Review described the song as a "repellent frat-house love song"  Stephen Thomas Erlewine of Allmusic described the song as being in the same mold as "Da Ya Think I'm Sexy?"  Author Barry Alan Farber described the line "Ain't we all a little juvenile" as encapsulating the way people retain pieces of their adolescence into adulthood   Cash Box called it a "return to the   balladeering  of 'Tonight's The Night'" after the disco success of "Do Ya Think I'm Sexy" and said the song has "gentle, soothing acoustic guitar work, strings, and light drumming "  Record World said that "The rhythm is light and [Stewart's] vocals have a music hall quality "

Chart performance
Passage 6:
Pinball Wizard
"Pinball Wizard" is a song written by Pete Townshend and performed by the English rock band the Who, featured on their 1969 rock opera album Tommy  The original recording was released as a single in 1969 and reached No  4 in the UK charts and No  19 on the U S  Billboard Hot 100 
The B-side of the "Pinball Wizard" single is an instrumental credited to Keith Moon, titled "Dogs Part Two"   Despite the title, it has no musical connection to the Who's 1968 UK single "Dogs" 

Story
The lyrics are written from the perspective of a pinball champion, called "Local Lad" in the Tommy libretto book, astounded by the skills of the opera's eponymous main character, Tommy Walker: "He ain't got no distractions / Can't hear those buzzers and bells / Don't see lights a flashin' / Plays by sense of smell / Always gets a replay / Never seen him fall / That deaf dumb and blind kid / Sure plays a mean pinball ", and "I thought I was the Bally table king, but I just handed my pinball crown to him" 
Townshend once called it "the most clumsy piece of writing [he'd] ever done"  Nevertheless, the song was a commercial success and remains one of the most recognised tunes from the opera  It was a perpetual concert favourite for Who fans due to its pop sound and familiarity 

Position on the album
In late 1968 or early 1969, when the Who played a rough assembly of their new album to critic Nik Cohn, Cohn gave a lukewarm reaction to it  Following this, Townshend, as Tommy's principal composer, discussed the album with Cohn and concluded that, to lighten the load of the rock opera's heavy spiritual overtones (Townshend had recently become deeply interested in the teachings of Meher Baba), the title character, a "deaf, dumb, and blind" boy, should also be particularly good at a certain game  Knowing Cohn was an avid pinball fan, Townshend suggested that Tommy would play pinball, and Cohn immediately declared Tommy to be a masterpiece  The song "Pinball Wizard" was written and recorded almost immediately  The single version was slightly sped up and runs to 2:57, whilst the natural length album version runs to 3:04 

Reception
Cash Box said "Pinball Wizard" was "sensational", saying "Retaining the joyful exaltation of early pop rock, the Who add a proficiency and modernization that clicks with the accuracy of a Beatles-gone-heavy



ground_truth: Mimosa

prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: Which is farther north, Steel Venom or Wicked Twister?

The following are given passages.
Context 2: Passage 1:
Cass Corridor
The Cass Corridor is the name of the neighborhoods on the west end of Midtown Detroit  It includes the Cass Park Historic District, the Cass-Davenport Historic District and Old Chinatown  The corridor's main street, Cass Avenue, runs parallel with M-1 (Woodward Avenue), a main Detroit artery running north toward New Center  Though Cass runs from Congress Street, ending a few miles farther north at West Grand Boulevard, the Cass Corridor generally is defined as between Interstate 75 (I-75) at its southern end and Interstate 94 (I-94) to the north, and stretches from Woodward to the east and to the west: John C  Lodge (M-10 service drive) north of Temple, and Grand River Avenue south of Temple 

History
Significant landmarks of the area include the Detroit Masonic Temple (the world's largest building of its kind), Cass Technical High School, and the Metropolitan Center for High Technology are all located along Cass  Little Caesars Arena, open since September 5, 2017, as the new home of the NHL's Detroit Red Wings and the NBA's Detroit Pistons, is on the west side of Woodward Avenue near I-75 
In the 1960s and '70s, the Cass Corridor became an area of cultural significance  Artists began renting cheap studio space in the Cass Corridor, which was near Detroit's Cultural Center Historic District  Artists associated with or influenced by the Cass Corridor artist movement include Brenda Goodman, Gary Grimshaw, Tyree Guyton, Charles McGee, Ann Mikolowski, Jim Pallas, Ellen Phelan, Gilda Snowden, Robert Wilbert, and Theo Wujcik In the 1970s, the Cass Corridor was a poor neighborhood known for drugs, prostitution and sex crimes against children  The area was of significance in the Oakland County Child Killer case Creem, which billed itself as "America's Only Rock 'n' Roll Magazine," had its headquarters in the area  The student population contributes to the bohemian atmosphere in Cass Corridor  The artistic community has produced a number of significant artists, including Sixto Rodriguez, Negative Approach and The White Stripes, who played their first show at the Gold Dollar 
Cass Corridor is also the location of the annual Dally in the Alley arts festival Since the 2000s, Joel Landy, president of the Cass Avenue Development construction company, has renovated and remodelled several buildings in the Cass Corridor  Landy was also featured in the television series American Pickers (season 3 episode "Motor City", September 19, 2011)  Since 1997, Avalon International Breads has been located in the Cass Corridor  In 2015, Jack White of the White Stripes, opened a retail store for his Record Label, Third Man Records at the Corner of Canfield and Cass From 2009, Dr  Alesia Montgomery of Michigan State University conducted a 5-year study visualizing a reinvented Detroit as a green city, with a particular emphasis on the Cass Corridor 

See also
Chinatown Detroit
List of places named for Lewis Cass
Passage 2:
Possessed (roller coaster)
Possessed is an Inverted Impulse launched roller coaster located at Dorney Park & Wildwater Kingdom in Allentown, Pennsylvania  Manufactured by Intamin and designed by Werner Stengel, the roller coaster originally debuted at Six Flags Ohio amusement park as Superman: Ultimate Escape on May 5, 2000  After Cedar Fair purchased the park and renamed it back to Geauga Lake in early 2004, the coaster was immediately renamed Steel Venom  The ride closed in 2006 and was moved to Dorney Park  It reopened in 2008 briefly under the name Voodoo, and was renamed Possessed for the 2009 season  The model is identical to five other impulse coaster installations at other amusement parks  A larger version called Wicked Twister was located at Cedar Point until its closure in September 2021 

History
Geauga Lake era (2000–2006)
The ride opened on May 5, 2000 at Six Flags Ohio as Superman: Ultimate Escape  It was based on the DC Comics character Superman  Following Cedar Fair's acquisition of the park in 2004, in which the original Geauga Lake name was reinstituted to the park, all Looney Tunes and DC Comics branding owned by Six Flags was removed  In the process, the coaster was renamed Steel Venom, while receiving a new logo with a black background featuring a silver and purple snake  Even though Cedar Fair removed any mentions of Superman from the ride, the original blue, red, and yellow color scheme remained intact The coaster was dismantled after the 2006 season and put into storage  At the end of the 2007 season, Cedar Fair announced the amusement park section of the park would close and the park would operate exclusively as Wildwater Kingdom  Many rides at the park were relocated to other parks in the Cedar Fair chain 

Dorney Park era (2007–present)
Steel Venom was relocated to Dorney Park, where it reopened as Voodoo several weeks into the 2008 season on May 17, 2008  Prior to opening at Dorney Park, it was repainted to its current color scheme, as shown in the picture above, the supports were repainted teal and the track was repainted yellow  In 2009, the name was changed to Possessed after Six Flags expressed concerns over the name Voodoo, which it had recently trademarked for another ride  Instead of challenging, Cedar Fair opted to appease Six Flags and rename the coaster  Cedar Fair turned the incident into a marketing opportunity, which focused on a story that the ride was overtaken by evil spirits, fitting in line with the ride's original theme Possessed was closed for the entire 2020 season due to the COVID-19 pandemic  It reopened in 2021 

Design
The coaster's layout consists of two vertical spikes, one twisted and the other straight vertical with a holding brake, connected by a launch and station tract to form a basic "U" layout  The original ride began with riders being launched forward by the use of linear induction motors  After the initial launch, the train heads up the twisted vertical spike that twists the train 180 degrees  The train then falls and is launched backwards up the vertical spike  It shuttles back and forth three times  During the ride's initial years, the holding brake at the top of the vertical rear spike would engage on the final launch, locking the train in place for a very brief moment  This holding brake is no longer operational  Valleyfair's Steel Venom is currently the only Intamin impulse coaster in the United States still operating with its holding brake 
The maximum G-force of the ride is 3 7 Gs, expectantly low for a twisted impulse coaster 

Gallery
Passage 3:
Georgia Depression
The Georgia Depression is a depression in the Pacific Northwest region of western North America  The depression includes the lowland regions of southwestern British Columbia and northwestern Washington along the shores of the Salish Sea 

Formation
The Georgia Depression was formed out of the collision of continental plates about 150 million years ago  During this period, the depression manifested as a broad valley with various rivers flowing down into it to reach the Pacific Ocean where the mouth of the Strait of Juan de Fuca lies Much of the current topography was formed through the erosion of the depression by the Cordilleran Ice Sheet during the Vashon Glaciation, which lasted from about 19,000 – 16,000 BP  The retreat of the ice sheet revealed a scarred landscape that filled in with sea water once it had retreated beyond what is now the Strait of Juan de Fuca, forming the Salish Sea 

Geography
The Georgia Depression is encompassed by the Pacific Ranges to the north, Vancouver Island Ranges and Olympic Mountains to the west, and North Cascades to the east  The depression includes the Fraser Lowland, Nanaimo and Nahwitti lowlands of Vancouver Island, Puget Sound basin, and all the islands and adjoining waterways of the Salish Sea The majority of the population of British Columbia and Washington reside within this depression 

Geology
The landscape features glacially striated tablelands and rolling hills underlain by sedimentary rocks  The majority of soils in the depression are formed from glacial till, glacial outwash, and Lacustrine deposits 

Ecology
Much of the Georgia Depression is dry, flat, and at low elevation relative to the surrounding highlands  As such, a wide diversity of flora and fauna thrive within the depression Human activity has greatly altered much of the natural environment here through industrialization, agriculture, forestry, urbanization, and suburban sprawl 

See also
List of physiogeographic regions of British Columbia
Royal eponyms in Canada
Passage 4:
Steel Venom (Valleyfair)
Steel Venom is an inverted launched roller coaster located at Valleyfair amusement park in Shakopee, Minnesota, United States  The Impulse Coaster model from Intamin, which opened in 2003, reaches a height of 185 feet (56 m) and a maximum speed of 68 mph (109 km/h) 

History
Valleyfair unveiled Steel Venom in September 2002, a new roller coaster for the 2003 season manufactured by Intamin  It is an Impulse Coaster model, compact by design, and is also both Valleyfair’s and Minnesota’s first and only launch coaster  Steel Venom opened to the public on May 17, 2003 

Ride description
The coaster's single seven-car (28-passenger) train runs along a 200 m (656 ft) U-shaped track, incorporating two 185-foot (56 m) vertical spikes   The forward spike incorporates a twisted spiral, and the rearward spike provides a straight freefall   The 20 m (65 ft) train, propelled by linear induction motors (LIMs,) is accelerated in less than four seconds to 68 mph (109 km/h) toward the forward tower before dropping back down through the station house and up the rearward tower   A holding brake is incorporated on the rear straight tower and is able to suspend the train momentarily (usually on the final ascent during each ride) before dropping it back down to the station house 
Passage 5:
Alouette Lake
Alouette Lake, originally Lillooet Lake and not to be confused with the lake of that name farther north, is a lake and reservoir in Maple Ridge, British Columbia, Canada  It is located at the southeast foot of the mountain group known as the Golden Ears and is about 16 km in length on a northeast–southwest axis   It and the Alouette River, formerly the Lillooet River, were renamed in 1914 to avoid confusion with the larger river and lake farther north, with "Alouette", the French word for "lark", being chosen as being melodious and reminiscent of the original name in tone 
Most of the basin of Alouette Lake has never been logged and its north flank is protected as part of Golden Ears Provincial Park (formerly part of Garibaldi Provincial Park until that park's division)  A small portion of the lake and its largely inaccessible northwestern shore, near its narrows, are actually part of the District of Mission due to the rectangular shape of that district's boundary   North of the portion of the lake that is in Mission, the rest of its northern end is not in either municipality 

Alouette Dam
Originally only 2 km in length, the lake was considerably expanded by the 1928 construction of the Alouette Dam at 49°17′10″N 122°29′12″W, which is 11 5 km (7 mi) along the upper reaches of the South Alouette River  A 1,067 m (3,501 ft) long tunnel connects Alouette Lake and Stave Lake  At the end of the tunnel is a penstock which feeds the small Alouette Powerhouse, an 8 MW power station operated by BC Hydro, which lies midway along the west shore of Stave Lake 49°22′16″N 122°18′47″W There is no powerhouse at the dam, however, as the point of the reservoir is to feed the tunnel through the flank of the ridge between Mounts Crickmer and Robie Reid  A former railway grade leading to the dam along the river was also used as a logging railway 

Facilities
A large public beach, picnic site and campground that are part of the provincial park are located on the lake's western shore 
Passage 6:
Excalibur (Valleyfair)
Excalibur  is a steel roller coaster with a wooden structure located at Valleyfair in Shakopee, Minnesota  It was built in 1989 by Arrow Dynamics, for the cost of $3,000,000  The ride is 105 feet (32 m) tall with a top speed of 54 5 mph (87 7 km/h) and has a minimum height requirement of 48 inches  It follows a customized figure-eight track layout and is rather short for a major roller coaster, with a total ride duration of two minutes and thirteen seconds A few years after the ride was built, trim brakes were added at the top of the first hill  The bottom and first half of the turn were re-profiled in an attempt to reduce roughness  The photo spot and the "Excalibur Photos" booth were also removed  The photo booth was replaced with a Refreshment stand, which has also been removed 

Potential closure
Valleyfair has applied for a permit with the US Army Corps of Engineers that includes the removal of Excalibur to be replaced by a road and parking lot 
"APPLICATION FOR PERMIT TO discharge dredged and fill material into 4 52 acres of wetland for the purpose of constructing a new road around the park for employee access and for the construction of a new parking lot  The Valleyfair expansion project includes a proposed road relocation that will be used by park guests and primarily park employees to access nonpublic areas of the park and two parking areas, one for guests and one for staff "
Passage 7:
Bobo people
The Bobo are a Mande ethnic group living primarily in Burkina Faso, with some living north in Mali  Bobo is also a shortened name of the second-largest city in Burkina Faso, Bobo-Dioulasso 

Background
In much of the literature on African art, the group that lives in the area of Bobo-Dioulasso is called Bobo-Fing, literally "black Bobo"  These people call themselves Bobo and speak the Bobo language, a Mande language  The Bambara people also call another ethnic group "Bobo", the Bobo-Oule/Wule, more precisely called the Bwa  While the Bwa (Bobo-Oule) are a Gur people, speaking Gur languages (the Bwa languages), the true Bobo (Bobo Madare, Bobo Fing) are a Mande people 

Demographics
The Bobo number about 110,000 people, with the great majority in Burkina Faso  The major Bobo community in the south is Bobo-Dioulasso, the second-largest city of Burkina Faso and the old French colonial capital  Further north are large towns, including Fô and Kouka, with Boura in the extreme north in Mali 
The Bobo are far from homogeneous  They are an ancient aggregation of several peoples who have assembled around a number of core clans that do not preserve any oral traditions of immigration into the area  Their language and culture are more closely related to those of their Mandé neighbours to the north and west, the Bamana (as well as the Minianka, also known as Mamara Senoufo, and a Gur people) than to their Voltaic neighbours the Gurunsi and Mossi, but they should be thought of as a southern extension of the Mandé people who live in what is now Burkina Faso, rather than an intrusive Mandé group that has recently penetrated the region  Although over 41% of Bobo lineages claim a foreign origin, they also say that they are autochthonous 

Economy
Farming among the Bobo is of primary importance  Agricultural activity is not merely a way of providing for subsistence among the Bobo, it is the essential component of their day-to-day existence  The major food crops are red sorghum, pearl millet, yams, and maize  They also cultivate cotton, which is sold to textile mills in Koudougou  The imposition of colonial rule and the construction of these mills led to the disintegration of the local co-operative labor systems, which had served to bond the members of Bobo society together 

Political system
The Bobo lineage is the fundamental social building-block  The Bobo are an inherently decentralized group of people  The concept of placing political power in the hands of an individual is foreign to the Bobo  Each village is organized according to the relationship among individual patriline  The lineage unites all descendants of a common ancestor, called the wakoma, a word whose stem, wa-, is a contraction of the Bobo word for house wasa  The Bobo lineage comprises the people who live in a common house  The head of a lineage is called the wakoma or father of the lineage  He may also be called the sapro, which is the term for ancestors  As among other peoples in Burkina, each clan has a totem, so that when a Bobo introduces himself he gives his given name, then his clan name, followed by the totem that he respects 

Religion
The creator god is called Wuro  He cannot be described and is not represented by sculptures  Bobo cosmogony describes the creation of the world by Wuro and the ordering of his creations  He is responsible for the ordering of all things in the world into opposing pairs: man/spirits, male/female, village/bush, culture/nature and so on 
The balances between forces as they were created by Wuro are precarious, and it is easy for men to throw the forces out of balance  Farming, for instance, can unbalance the precarious equilibrium between culture/nature and village/bush when the crops are gathered in the bush and brought into the village 
For the Bobo people there are two important epochs  The time of Wuro, when the universe was created and the historical time, when Wuro gave man his son Dwo 

Sources
Christopher Roy: Art of the Upper Volta Rivers  Traduction et adaptation en francais F Chaffin  Alain et Françoise Chaffin, Meudon, 1987
Guy Le Moal : Les Bobo  Nature et fonction des masques  Musée royale de l'Afrique centrale, Tervuren, 1999 

External links

The Art of Burkina Faso by Christopher D  Roy
Passage 8:
Eureka, Nunavut
Eureka is a small research base on Fosheim Peninsula, Ellesmere Island, Qikiqtaaluk Region, in the Canadian territory of Nunavut  It is located on the north side of Slidre Fiord, which enters Eureka Sound farther west  It is the third-northernmost permanent research community in the world   The only two farther north are Alert, which is also on Ellesmere Island, and Nord, in Greenland   Eureka has the lowest average annual temperature and the lowest amount of precipitation of any weather station in Canada 
Eureka's postal code is X0A 0G0 and the area code is 867 

Divisions
The base consists of three areas:

the Eureka Aerodrome which includes "Fort Eureka" (the quarters for military personnel maintaining the island's communications equipment)
the Environment and Climate Change Canada Weather Station
the Polar Environment Atmospheric Research Laboratory (PEARL), formerly the Arctic Stratospheric Ozone Observatory (AStrO)PEARL is operated by a consortium of Canadian university researchers and government agencies known as the Canadian Network for Detection of Atmospheric Change  PEARL announced it would cease full-time year-round operation as of April 30, 2012, due to lack of funding, but this decision was reversed in May 2013 with the announcement of new funds 

History
Eureka was founded on April 7, 1947, as part of an initiative to set up a network of Arctic weather stations  On this date, 100 t (98 long tons; 110 short tons) of supplies were airlifted to a promising spot on Ellesmere Island, and five prefabricated Jamesway huts were constructed  Regular weather observations began on January 1, 1948  The station has expanded over the years  At its peak, in the 1970s, at least fifteen staff were on site; in 2005, it reported a permanent population of zero with at least 8 staff on a continuous rotational basis Several generations of buildings have been developed  The latest operations centre, with work areas and staff quarters in one large structure, was completed in 2005 

Location and accessibility
The complex is powered by diesel generators  The station is supplied once every six weeks with fresh food and mail by air, and annually in the late summer, a supply ship from Montreal brings heavy supplies  On July 3, 2009, a Danish Challenger 604 MMA jet landed at Eureka's aerodrome 
The jet is a military observation aircraft based on the Challenger executive jet  This jet visited Eureka on a familiarization trip, in order to prepare for the possibility of Danish aircraft assisting in search and rescue missions over Canadian territory  The Canadian American Strategic Review noted critically that the first jet to fly a mission to Eureka was not Canadian At Eureka's latitude, a geosynchronous communications satellite, if due south, would require an antenna to be pointed nearly horizontally; satellites farther east or west along that orbit would be below the horizon  Telephone access and television broadcasts arrived in 1982 when Operation Hurricane resulted in the establishment of a satellite receiving station at nearby Skull Point, which has an open view to the south  The low-power Channel 9 TV transmitter at Skull Point was the world's most northern TV station at the time  In the 1980s, TV audio was often connected to the telephone to feed CBC-TV news to CHAR-FM in isolated CFS Alert  More recently, CANDAC has installed what is likely the world's most northerly geosynchronous satellite ground-station to provide Internet-based communications to PEARL Other inhabited places on Ellesmere Island include Alert and Grise Fiord 

Flora and fauna
Eureka has been described as "The Garden Spot of the Arctic" due to the flora and fauna abundant around the Eureka area, more so than anywhere else in the High Arctic  Fauna include muskox, Arctic wolves, Arctic foxes, Arctic hares, and lemmings  In addition, summer nesting geese, ducks, owls, loons, ravens, gulls and many other smaller birds nest, raise their young, and return south in August 

Climate
Eureka experiences a polar climate (ET)  The settlement sees the midnight sun between April 10 and August 29, with no sunlight at all between mid-October and late February  Eureka has the lowest average annual temperature and least precipitation of any weather station in Canada with an annual mean temperature of −18 8 °C (−1 8 °F)  Average winter temperatures are almost comparable to those found in northeastern Siberia  However, summers are slightly warmer than other places in the Canadian Arctic because Eureka is somewhat landlocked, being near the centre of Ellesmere Island  Even so, since record keeping began, the temperature has never exceeded 20 9 °C (69 6 °F), first reached on July 14, 2009  Although a polar desert, evaporation is also very low, which allows the limited moisture to be made available for plants and wildlife  Its frost-free  season averages 56 days, much longer than many other places nearby 

See also
List of research stations in the Arctic
Passage 9:
Battle of White Plains
The Battle of White Plains was a battle in the New York and New Jersey campaign of the American Revolutionary War, fought on October 28, 1776, near White Plains, New York   Following the retreat of George Washington's Continental Army northward from New York City, British General William Howe landed troops in Westchester County, intending to cut off Washington's escape route   Alerted to this move, Washington retreated farther, establishing a position in the village of White Plains but failed to establish firm control over local high ground   Howe's troops drove Washington's troops from a hill near the village; following this loss, Washington ordered the Americans to retreat farther north 
Later British movements chased Washington across New Jersey and into Pennsylvania   Washington then crossed the Delaware and surprised a brigade of Hessian troops in the December 26 Battle of Trenton 

Background
British General William Howe, after evacuating Boston in March 1776, regrouped in Halifax, Nova Scotia, and embarked in June on a campaign to gain control of New York City   The campaign began with an unopposed landing on Staten Island in early July  British troops made another unopposed landing on Long Island on August 22, south of the areas where General George Washington's Continental Army had organized significant defenses around Brooklyn Heights After losing the Battle of Long Island on August 27, General Washington and his army of 9,000 troops escaped on the night of August 29–30 to York Island (as Manhattan was then called)   General Howe followed up with a landing on Manhattan on September 15, but his advance was checked the next day at Harlem Heights   After an abortive landing at Throg's Neck, he landed troops with some resistance at Pell's Point on October 18 to begin an encircling maneuver that was intended to trap Washington's army between that force, his troops in Manhattan, and the Hudson River, which was dominated by warships of the Royal Navy   Howe established a camp at New Rochelle, but advance elements of his army were near Mamaroneck, only 7 miles (11 km) from White Plains, where there was a lightly defended Continental Army supply depot 

Prelude
On October 20, General Washington sent Colonel Rufus Putnam out on a reconnaissance mission from his camp at Harlem Heights   Putnam discovered the general placement of the British troop locations and recognized the danger to the army and its supplies   When he reported this to Washington that evening, Washington immediately dispatched Putnam with orders to Lord Stirling, whose troops were furthest north, to immediately march to White Plains   They arrived at White Plains at 9 am on October 21, and were followed by other units of the army as the day progressed   Washington decided to withdraw most of the army to White Plains, leaving a garrison of 1,200 men under Nathanael Greene to defend Fort Washington on Manhattan   General Howe's army advanced slowly, with troops from his center and right moving along the road from New Rochelle to White Plains, while a unit of Loyalists occupied Mamaroneck   The latter was attacked that night by a detachment of Lord Stirling's troops under John Haslet, who took more than thirty prisoners as well as supplies, but suffered several killed and 15 wounded   As a result, Howe moved elements of his right wing to occupy Mamaroneck   On October 22, Howe was reinforced by the landing at New Rochelle of an additional 8,000 troops under the command of Wilhelm von Knyphausen 
Washington established his headquarters at the Elijah Miller House in North White Plains on October 23, and chose a defensive position that he fortified with two lines of entrenchments  The trenches were situated on raised terrain, protected on the right by the swampy ground near the Bronx River, with steeper hills further back as a place of retreat  The American defenses were 3 miles (4 8 km) long  Beyond that, on the right, was Chatterton's Hill, which commanded the plain over which the British would have to advance  The hill was initially occupied by militia companies numbering several hundred, probably including John Brooks' Massachusetts militia company On October 24 and 25, Howe's army moved from New Rochelle to Scarsdale, where they established a camp covering the eastern bank of the Bronx River   This move was apparently made in the hopes of catching Charles Lee's column, which had to alter its route toward White Plains and execute a forced march at night to avoid them   Howe remained at Scarsdale until the morning of October 28, when his forces marched toward White Plains, with British troops on the right under General Henry Clinton, and primarily Hessian troops on the left under General von Heister 

Composition of forces
British & Hessians
British
British troops involved included:
16th Regiment of (Light) Dragoons
17th Regiment of (Light) Dragoons
1st Battalion, Guards Brigade
2nd Battalion, Guards Brigade
5th Regiment of Foot (Northumberland Fusiliers)
23rd Regiment of Foot (Royal Welsh Fusiliers)
27th Regiment of Foot
28th Regiment of Foot
35th Regiment of Foot
42nd (Royal Highland, The Black Watch) Regiment of Foot
49th Regiment of Foot
52nd Regiment of Foot
No 1 Company, 4th Battalion, Royal Artillery
No 2 Company, 4th Battalion, Royal Artillery
No 4 Company, 4th Battalion, Royal Artillery (Specially thanked in General Orders)
No 5 Company, 4th Battalion, Royal Artillery (Thanked in General Orders)
No 8 Company, 4th Battalion, Royal Artillery (Thanked in General Orders)Hessians

Grenadier Regiment von Rahl
Fusilier Regiment von Knyphausen

Americans
American (continental) forces in the battle included:
Spencer's Division
Parson's Brigade under Brigadier General Samuel Holden Parsons
10th Continental Regiment (6th Connecticut)
20th Continental Regiment (20th Connecticut)
21st Continental Regiment (Ward's Militia)
Wadsworth's Brigade under Brigadier General James Wadsworth
Gay's Battalion
Douglas' Battalion
Delaware Regiment
1st New York Regiment
3rd New York Regiment
Maryland Regiment
Connecticut Regiment
Brook's New York Militia
Graham's Massachusetts Militia

Battle
While Washington was inspecting the terrain to determine where it was best to station his troops, messengers alerted him that the British were advancing  Returning to his headquarters, he ordered the 2nd Connecticut Regiment under Joseph Spencer out to slow the British advance, and sent Haslet and the 1st Delaware Regiment, along with Alexander McDougall's brigade (Rudolphus Ritzema's 3rd New York Regiment, Charles Webb's 19th Continental Regiment, William Smallwood's 1st Maryland Regiment, and the 1st New York Regiment and 2nd New York Regiments) to reinforce Chatterton Hill Spencer's force advanced to a position on the old York road at Hart's corners (Hartsdale, New York) and there exchanged fire with the Hessians led by Colonel Johann Rall that were at the head of the British left column   When Clinton's column threatened their flank, these companies were forced into a retreat across the Bronx River that was initially orderly with pauses to fire from behind stone walls while fire from the troops on Chatterton Hill covered their move, but turned into a rout with the appearance of dragoons   Rall's troops attempted to gain the hill, but were repelled by fire from Haslet's troops and the militia, and retreated to a nearby hilltop on the same side of the river   This concerted defense brought the entire British Army, which was maneuvering as if to attack the entire American line, to a stop While Howe and his command conferred, the Hessian artillery on the left opened fire on the hilltop position, where they succeeded in driving the militia into a panicked retreat   The arrival of McDougall and his brigade helped to rally them, and a defensive line was established, with the militia on the right and the Continentals arrayed along the top of the hill   Howe finally issued orders, and while most of his army waited, a detachment of British and Hessian troops was sent to take the hill The British attack was organized with Hessian regiments leading the assault   Rall was to charge the American right, while a Hessian battalion under Colonel Carl von Donop (consisting of the Linsing, Mingerode, Lengereck, and Kochler grenadiers, and Donop's own chasseur regiment) was to attack the center  A British column under General Alexander Leslie (consisting of the 5th, 28th, 35th, and 49th Foot) was to attack the right   Donop's force either had difficulty crossing the river, or was reluctant to do so, and elements of the British force were the first to cross the river   Rall's charge scattered the militia on the American right, leaving the flank of the Maryland and New York regiments exposed as they poured musket fire onto the British attackers, which temporarily halted the British advance   The exposure of their flank caused them to begin a fighting retreat, which progressively forced the remainder of the American line, which had engaged with the other segments of the British force, to give way and retreat   Haslet's Delaware regiment, which anchored the American left, provided covering fire while the remaining troops retreated to the north, and were the last to leave the hill   The fighting was intense, and both sides suffered significant casualties before the Continentals made a disciplined retreat 

Casualties
John Fortescue's History of the British Army says that Howe's casualties numbered 214 British and 99 Hessians  However, Rodney Atwood points out that Fortescue's figure for the Hessians includes the entire Hessian casualties from 19–28 October and that in fact only 53 of these casualties were incurred at the Battle of White Plains  This revised figure would give a total of 267 British and Hessians killed, wounded or missing at White Plains  Henry Dawson, on the other hand, gives Howe's loss as 47 killed, 182 wounded and 4 missing 
The American loss is uncertain  Theodore Savas and J  David Dameron give a range of 150–500 killed, wounded and captured  Samuel Roads numbers the casualties of 47 killed and 70 wounded  Henry Dawson estimates 50 killed, 150 wounded and 17 missing for McDougall's and Spencer's commands but has no information on the losses in Haslet's regiment 

Aftermath
The two generals remained where they were for two days, while Howe reinforced the position on Chatterton Hill, and Washington organized his army for retreat into the hills   With the arrival of additional Hessian and Waldeck troops under Lord Percy on October 30, Howe planned to act against the Americans the following day   However, a heavy rain fell the whole next day, and when Howe was finally prepared to act, he awoke to find that Washington had again eluded his grasp Washington withdrew his army into the hills to the north on the night of October 31, establishing a camp near North Castle   Howe chose not to follow, instead attempting without success to draw Washington out   On November 5, he turned his army south to finish evicting Continental Army troops from Manhattan, a task he accomplished with the November 16 Battle of Fort Washington Washington eventually crossed the Hudson River at Peekskill with most of his army, leaving New England regiments behind to guard supply stores and important river crossings   Later, British movements chased him across New Jersey and into Pennsylvania, and the British established a chain of outposts across New Jersey  Washington, seeing an opportunity for a victory to boost the nation's morale,  crossed the Delaware and surprised Rall's troops in the December 26 Battle of Trenton 

Legacy
Each year on or near the anniversary date, the White Plains Historical Society hosts a commemoration of the event at the Jacob Purdy House in White Plains, New York   Two ships in the United States Navy were named for the Battle of White Plains  CVE-66 was an escort carrier in World War II  AFS-4 was a combat stores ship that was decommissioned in 1995 According to some historians, the Headless Horseman depicted in Washington Irving's short story "The Legend of Sleepy Hollow" was inspired by a real-life Hessian soldier who lost his head by cannon fire during this battle 

See also
List of American Revolutionary War battles
American Revolutionary War §British New York counter-offensive  The 'Battle of White Plains' placed in overall sequence and strategic context 

Notes
Bibliography
Major Francis Duncan, History of the Royal Regiment of Artillery, Volume II, 1873 London John Murray 
Fischer, David Hackett (2004)  Washington's Crossing  New York: Oxford University Press  ISBN 978-0-19-517034-4  OCLC 186017328 
Digby Smith, Kevin E  Kiley, and Jeremy Black, An Illustrated Encyclopedia of Uniforms of the American War of Independence, 2017 Lorenz Books, London, United Kingdom  ISBN 978-0-7548-1761-1 

External links

The Battle of White Plains
White Plains Historical Society
Passage 10:
Wicked Twister
Wicked Twister was an inverted roller coaster located at Cedar Point amusement park in Sandusky, Ohio, United States  Designed by Werner Stengel, it was a second-generation, double-twisting Impulse model manufactured by Intamin  Wicked Twister opened as the tallest and fastest inverted coaster in the world on May 5, 2002  It was retired by the park on September 6, 2021, closed on September 7, and gave over 16 million rides during its lifetime 

History
Construction on Wicked Twister began on October 15, 2001, shortly after Stadium Games, formerly known as the Aquarium, was razed  The new coaster was officially announced the following month, and its media day was held on May 2, 2002 Billed as the tallest and fastest double-twisting impulse coaster ever built, Wicked Twister actually opened as the tallest and fastest inverted coaster in the world on May 5, 2002  It held both records until the opening of Legendary Twin Dragon at Chongqing Sunac Land in China in 2021  Additional supports were added to the ride's structure for the 2003 season  Two yellow supports were added to each spike to connect the track to the top of the main support structure 

In May 2021, park official Tony Clark implied in a series of tweets that Wicked Twister was going to be retired  This was confirmed on August 6, 2021, when Cedar Point officially announced the closure of Wicked Twister, scheduled for September 6, 2021  The ride then closed September 7, and on its last day of operation, park employees handed out "last launch" buttons to riders, sold limited-edition commemorative t-shirts, and gave away 16 "golden tickets" granting winners a spot on the last public train  Wicked Twister had accumulated over 16 million rides in 20 seasons of operation On November 3, 2021, Cedar Point announced that Wicked Twister would be demolished  Demolition and removal was completed on February 8, 2022 

Ride details
Wicked Twister consisted of two 215 feet (66 m) tall spikes  Both ends of the track were designed with 450-degree vertical twists, referred to as the front and rear towers, which differentiated Wicked Twister from other Impulse Coaster models from Intamin  The loading platform and linear induction motor (LIM) propulsion system sat between the two towers along a horizontal track section  The ride was built directly on Cedar Point Beach, and its entrance plaza was located in the former Aquarium location  The track was painted yellow with teal supports The ride featured one train that consisted of eight cars  Riders were arranged two across in two rows for a total of 32 riders  Wicked Twister's theme song was "The Winner" by the Crystal Method 

Layout
Linear induction motors propelled the train forward out of the station at 50 mph (80 km/h) during the first launch, which carried the train approximately halfway up the front tower  After coming to a stop, the train then fell and returned through the station, re-entering the LIM section and accelerating for a second launch to 63 mph (101 km/h) in the opposite direction  After climbing to its peak approximately halfway up the rear tower, the process would repeat a third time accelerating to 69 mph (111 km/h) and climbing to its highest point on the front tower 
A fourth and final LIM launch on the train's return through the station accelerated the train to its maximum speed of 72 mph (116 km/h), reaching a maximum height of 206 ft (63 m) up the rear tower  The train then made one more final pass through the station without any interaction from the LIM launch section and up the front spike  Subsequent passes through the station were met with the brakes being applied to slow the train slightly more each time until finally coming to rest 

See also
The Flash: Vertical Velocity – similar coaster located at Six Flags Great America
Possessed – similar coaster located at Dorney Park & Wildwater Kingdom
Steel Venom – similar coaster located at Valleyfair
Context 3: " Billboard described the single as "a solid beat rocker " Record World described it as an "exciting side "

Live performances
This song is one of the band's most famous live songs, being played at almost every Who concert since its debut live performance on 2 May 1969  The live performances rarely deviated from the album arrangement, save for an occasional jam at the end sometimes leading to another song  Bootleg recordings show that this song has been known to last as long as 8 minutes (at a concert at the Rainbow Theatre in London on 3 February 1981), although live versions lasting as long as that are extremely rare  Pinball Wizard was also played during the Super Bowl XLIV Halftime Show on 7 February 2010 

Personnel
Roger Daltrey – lead vocals
Pete Townshend – backing vocals, co-lead vocals, acoustic guitar, electric guitar
John Entwistle – bass guitar
Keith Moon – drums

Charts and certifications
Elton John version
The song was performed by English musician Elton John in Ken Russell's 1975 film adaptation of Tommy  This version was released in 1975 as a promotional single only in the US, and in 1976 in the UK, where it reached number 7  Because it was not released as a commercial single in the US, it was ineligible to be listed on the Billboard Hot 100 chart  It did however make the US Radio & Records airplay chart, where it reached number 9 
John's version uses a piano as the song's centerpiece in place of the acoustic guitar in the original  In the film, John's character is shown playing his pinball machine via a small piano keyboard  His adaptation also features additional lyrics specially written by Townshend for the movie version, as well as a subtle inclusion of musical phrases from the Who's 1960s hit "I Can't Explain" during the outro  Similarly, the Who's later cover of Elton John's "Saturday Night's Alright for Fighting" included parts of "Take Me to the Pilot"  Unlike most of the soundtrack's music, which featured various combinations of the Who and some of the era's best session players, Elton John used his own band and producer Gus Dudgeon for the track  John has performed the song as part of his Las Vegas Red Piano Show, as well as on various tours  To date, it is the only cover of a Who song to reach the top 10 The song has subsequently been performed by Taron Egerton who portrayed Elton John in the film Rocketman (2019) 

Personnel
Elton John – lead vocals, piano
Davey Johnstone – acoustic and electric guitars, backing vocals
Dee Murray – bass, backing vocals
Nigel Olsson – drums, backing vocals
Ray Cooper – tambourine, congas

Chart performance
In Toronto, "Pinball Wizard" spent two weeks at number one on the CHUM survey  In Chicago, "Pinball Wizard" remained on the WLS Musicradio Survey as an "extra" for five and a half months, from mid-April to late September as an album track in heavy rotation 

Other cover versions
The song was featured in a medley with another song from Tommy ("See Me, Feel Me") in a recording by the British pop group the New Seekers in 1973  This version reached No  16 on the UK charts and in Australia, and No  28 in Canada, and No  29 on the U S  Hot 100 
In 1977, Barry Williams performed the song during a "Songs from Movies" medley on an episode of The Brady Bunch Variety Hour 
McFly released their cover of the song in 2005 as the B-side to their UK number one single "I'll Be OK"  They subsequently performed a cover of "My Generation" with Roger Daltrey that was exclusively released on HMV's new HMV Digital download store in September of that year 
Tenacious D also regularly perform the song as a part of a medley of songs from Tommy
In 2012, during the third season of Glee, Alex Newell performed the song during national competition 

In popular culture
The track is featured on the video games Rock Band 2, Rock Band Unplugged and Karaoke Revolution: American Idol Encore 2, as well as on The Who's Tommy Pinball Wizard 
Bruce Springsteen makes a reference to the song in his song "4th of July, Asbury Park (Sandy)", in the album The Wild, the Innocent, & the E Street Shuffle, with the lyric "And the wizards play down on Pinball Way" 
Within the pinball community, using the phrase Pinball Wizard to describe a high quality player is common, though sometimes controversial  
In 2011, the American animated comedy television series SpongeBob SquarePants parodied "Pinball Wizard" with the song "Neat Clarinet" in the eighth season episode "Sweet and Sour Squid "
Passage 7:
Martina McBride discography
The discography of American country music artist Martina McBride consists of 14 studio albums, one live album, eight compilation albums, two video albums, three additional albums, 45 music videos, 51 singles, 16 other charting songs, and 45 album appearances  In 1991, she signed a recording contract with RCA Nashville, launching her debut studio album The Time Has Come in 1992  In September 1993, her second studio album The Way That I Am was issued  Its lead single "My Baby Loves Me" reached number 2 on the Billboard Hot Country Songs chart, becoming her breakthrough hit  The third single "Independence Day" peaked in the Top 20 and became McBride's signature song  The song's success elevated sales of The Way That I Am to platinum status from the Recording Industry Association of America  Wild Angels was released in September 1995 and reached number seventeen on the Billboard Top Country Albums chart  The album's title track became McBride's first song to top the Hot Country Songs chart  McBride's fourth studio album Evolution was released in August 1997 and is her best-selling album to date, certifying three times platinum in the United States  The album spawned six singles which all became major hits including, "A Broken Wing", "Wrong Again", and "Whatever You Say"  After releasing a holiday album, McBride's fifth studio album Emotion was issued in September 1999  The lead single "I Love You" topped the Hot Country Songs chart, while also reaching minor positions on the Adult Contemporary and Billboard Hot 100 charts In 2001, McBride released her first Greatest Hits project, becoming her first album to top the Top Country Albums chart  All four of the album's new tracks were single releases including the number one single "Blessed"  Martina (2003) certified double platinum in the United States and featured the top 5 singles "This One's for the Girls" and "In My Daughter's Eyes"  McBride's seventh studio album entitled Timeless (2005) contained a series of classic country songs, debuting atop the country albums chart and the top ten of the Billboard 200  In 2007, McBride returned with her eighth studio record entitled Waking Up Laughing, which debuted in the top five of the Billboard country albums chart and Billboard 200  The album featured original songwriting material by McBride herself, including "Anyway", the album's lead single  After recording a live album in 2008, McBride's next studio album entitled Shine (2009) was issued  The album spawned three singles that reached the Top 20 on the country songs chart  Switching to Republic Nashville, Eleven was released in October 2011  Debuting at number 4 on the country albums chart, the album's second single "I'm Gonna Love You Through It" became a major hit in 2012  Under the production of Don Was, McBride released her twelfth studio record Everlasting (2014) that featured covers of R&B songs  Since her debut, Martina McBride has sold over 14 million albums, according to the Recording Industry Association of America 

Albums
Studio albums
Live albums
Compilation albums
Other albums
Singles
As lead artist
As guest artist
Other charted songs
Videography
Video albums
Music videos
As lead artist
As guest artist
Other appearances
Notes
Passage 8:
Tommy (album)
Tommy may refer to:

People
Tommy (given name)
Tommy Atkins, or just Tommy, a slang term for a common soldier in the British Army

Arts and entertainment
Film and television
Tommy (1931 film), a Soviet drama film
Tommy (1975 film), a British operetta film based on the Who's album Tommy
Tommy (2015 film), a Telugu drama film
Tommy (TV series), a 2020 American drama series

Literature
Tommy (King poem), by Stephen King, 2010
Tommy (Kipling poem), by Rudyard Kipling, 1892

Music
Tommy (The Who album), 1969
Tommy (London Symphony Orchestra album), 1972
Tommy (soundtrack), a soundtrack to the 1975 film
The Who's Tommy, a stage production, premiered 1992
Tommy (The Wedding Present album), 1988
Tommy (Dosh album), 2010
Tommy (EP), a 2017 EP by Klein
Tommy, a 2022 EP by Kiesza
Tommy, a 1965 album by Tommy Adderley
Tommy, a 1970 EP by The Who
"Tommy", a 1991 song by Status Quo from the album Rock 'til You Drop

Other uses in arts and entertainment
Tommy, a 1927 play, the basis of the 1930 film She's My Weakness
Tommy (statue), a statue of a Great War soldier in Seaham, England

Other uses
Tommy (pigeon), who received the Dickin Medal in 1946
British Rail Class 76, an electric locomotive, the prototype of which was named "Tommy"
Thomson's gazelle, an animal known as a "tommy"
Quarry Tommy a slate quarry near Cilgerran, Wales

See also
All pages with titles beginning with Tommy
Tommie, a masculine given name
Thompson submachine gun, also known as the "tommy gun"
Apache TomEE, the Java Enterprise Edition of Apache Tomcat
Tommy's (charity), associated with St Thomas' Hospital, London
Tomm (disambiguation)
Passage 9:
Jeremih
Jeremy Phillip Felton (born July 17, 1987), known professionally as Jeremih ( JERR-əm-eye), is an American R&B singer  In 2009, he signed a record deal with Def Jam Recordings  Jeremih's commercial debut single, "Birthday Sex", peaked at number four on the US Billboard Hot 100 chart—leading his self-titled debut album released in June that year, reaching number six on the US Billboard 200 chart  Jeremih's success continued with the release of his second album, All About You, led by the single "Down on Me" (featuring 50 Cent), which also reached the top five of the Billboard Hot 100  In 2014, his single "Don't Tell 'Em" (featuring YG) became his third top-ten hit on the Billboard Hot 100  The song became the lead single for his third studio album, Late Nights released in December 2015  A collaborative album between Jeremih and California singer Ty Dolla Sign, titled MihTy, was released in 2018 

Early life
Born in Chicago, Illinois, Jeremih began playing drums at the age of three and is able to play the saxophone, several percussion instruments, and piano/keyboards  He attended Morgan Park High School, where he was part of the marching band as well as a Latin jazz band  He also learned to play percussion instruments like congas and timbales  Felton was a good student and earned academic honors at Morgan Park High School  His strong academic performance enabled him to graduate from high school a year early  He enrolled at the University of Illinois and Parkland College in Urbana-Champaign  After spending a semester at the university studying engineering, he wanted to change his education to something related to music  He transferred to Columbia College Chicago in 2007 to pursue a degree in music business  After performing a tribute to Ray Charles at one of the campus's talent shows, he received positive feedback and realized his vocal ability, saying that the "music was just taking over" 

Career
2009–2011: Jeremih and All About You
While attending Columbia College Chicago, Jeremih collaborated with record producer Mick Schultz  Together, they recorded a song, titled "My Ride"  Jeremih received guidance from his cousin, Day26 group member, Willie Taylor  In February 2009, Jeremih met with Def Jam's CEO Russell Simmons, and executive vice president of A&R Karen Kwak  After performing for the two, Jeremih signed a recording contract with Def Jam that same day  In 2009, Jeremih released his debut single, "Birthday Sex"  The song later peaked at number 4 on the US Billboard Hot 100  In June 2009, Jeremih released his eponymous self-titled debut studio album, Jeremih  The album debuted at number 6 on the US Billboard 200, selling 59,000 copies in its first week  In promotion of the album, Jeremih took part in America's Most Wanted Tour, alongside Lil Wayne, Young Jeezy, and Soulja Boy Tell 'Em  The second single, "Imma Star (Everywhere We Are)", peaked at number 51 on the Billboard Hot 100 In August 2009, Jeremih was selected by Ron Huberman and Mayor Richard M  Daley of the Chicago Public Schools (CPS) to campaign children to return to school  Community activists protested and demanded CPS to undo their decision, claiming that Jeremih's music was "not appropriate for students" and "promotes teen sex"  Huberman argued that "school officials would be naive to pretend students don't listen to Felton's music already"  Daley also argued that recording artists have the freedom of speech, noting that Jeremih was "a young man, [with a] back-to-school message, a young man who has had great success recording, producer, going to school, went to public school"  In September 2009, Jeremih performed on ABC Daytime's soap opera One Life to Live, alongside recording artist Lionel Richie  The two performed "Just Go", a song from Richie's album with the same title On June 1, 2010, Jeremih released the first single for his second studio album All About You, titled "I Like" featuring Ludacris  "Down on Me" featuring rapper 50 Cent was confirmed to be the second single from the album  "Down on Me" charted on the number-one position for eight weeks total on Rhythmic Billboard chart  All About You was released on September 28, 2010  The following year, Jeremih and Rick Ross were featured on the song, which was performed by Wale, titled "That Way" from the compilation album Self Made Vol  1 

2012–2015: Late Nights
In December 2011, Jeremih confirmed he had been working on his third studio album which was originally titled Thumpy Johnson  He announced plans from a summer 2012 release under Def Jam  However, the album was not released  Instead, Jeremih released his first mixtape titled Late Nights with Jeremih on August 7, 2012 On November 5, 2014, Jeremih and members of his crew were involved in an incident at a Fuddruckers restaurant in Billings, MT in which Jeremih's associates allegedly "hassled"[2] a young female restaurant employee and a manager for discriminating against them  Members of Jeremih's crew responded to the alleged racism by taking over the restaurant's microphone, throwing beer onto employees, and allegedly throwing a glass beer bottle into the kitchen, getting broken glass into the fryer and forcing the restaurant to close temporarily [3] The Billings Police Department sought but never issued arrest warrants in response to the incident [4] Surveillance footage of the altercation was published by TMZ, and the concert promoter for Jeremih's Billings performance offered refunds to audience members and renounced the actions taken by Jeremih and his crew  [5]
"All the Time" is a song which originally appeared on his mixtape Late Nights with Jeremih but was re-released with an additional verse by rapper Lil Wayne as a single  The song was released on April 16, 2013, as a digital download  On July 17, 2014, Jeremih formally released his collaborative EP "No More" with Shlohmo through his Twitter account The first single off Jeremih's third studio album (retitled Late Nights: The Album), "Don't Tell 'Em" featuring YG, was released on June 6, 2014  The second single, "Planez" featuring J  Cole was released on January 22, 2015  The first promotional single "Tonight Belongs to U!" featuring Flo Rida was released on April 21, 2015  The third single, "Oui" was released on October 30, 2015  The second promotional single, "Royalty" featuring Big Sean and Future, was released October 29, 2015  The third promotional single "Peace Sign" featuring Fabolous and Red Cafe was released November 18, 2015  The fourth single, "Pass Dat" was released December 1, 2015  On December 4, Jeremih finally released the album to critical acclaim  To promote the album, Jeremih embarked on his Late Nights Uncut Tour 

2016–present: MihTy
On February 7, 2016, Jeremih revealed his fourth studio album will be called, Later That Night in an interview with Billboard  In the same interview, he mentioned he had been recently writing songs for Kanye West and Nicki Minaj  In the summer of 2016, Jeremih headlined his first European concert tour  In July 2016, Jeremih released his second mixtape called Late Nights: Europe, which he recorded while on tour overseas  He stated that he was 90% done with his upcoming album Later That Night that would complete his "Late Night" series In June 2016, Jeremih announced a joint album with PartyNextDoor titled Late Night Party, which he said would be released before Later That Night  Following this announcement, the two artists headlined a joint tour called Summer's Over Tour scheduled for November and December 2016  In the last week of the tour, it was announced that Jeremih would removed from the tour  The decision came after Jeremih left the stage mid-performance in Chicago, sent a body-double to perform in Houston, and criticized PartyNextDoor on stage in Dallas  A few months later, Jeremih stated that there were arguments between the two artists' teams, but he had no ill will towards PartyNextDoor On Cinco de Mayo 2017, Jeremih released an EP, Cinco De MihYo, which he had written and recorded in 24 hours  In March 2018, Jeremih released an EP titled The Chocolate Box  Pitchfork stated, "When his projects are well-considered, or made with hyper-focused collaborators, he can be the most enchanting man in the room," but called one of the four tracks awkward and bored On June 8, 2018, Jeremih and Ty Dolla Sign released "The Light" as the lead single from their collaboration album MihTy  The 11-track album was released on October 26, 2018, and features guest appearances from Chris Brown, French Montana, and Wiz Khalifa In July 2018, Jeremih announced a joint tour with singer Teyana Taylor called Later That Night  The tour dates were from August 3 through September 8 in the United States  On August 15, Teyana tweeted that she would be leaving the tour due to mistreatment from Jeremih In 2019, Jeremih was featured in Chantel Jeffries' song and music video "Chase the Summer"  In March 2020, Jeremih was featured on the remix for "Baby Girl" by Bryce Vine  On May 3, 2021, DJ Khaled released a music video for his song "Thankful" from his album Khaled Khaled featuring Jeremih and Lil Wayne After a long hiatus from recording, Jeremih released his comeback single, "Changes", on October 21, 2022 In April 2023, he introduced his first protégé, Illinois singer Murf Dilly, to the music scene with his debut single "2 C's"  The song featured Jeremih as a guest vocalist and was released on his newly established Late Nightz Records 

Musical style
Jeremih cited Michael Jackson, Stevie Wonder, and R  Kelly as his biggest influences  He described their music as "timeless", calling them "true musician-artists"  With the release of his debut album, Andy Kellman of Allmusic compared Jeremih's vocals to Slim of 112 and Raphael Saadiq, noting that his "charmingly sly voice   is hard to not like"  In contrast, Ken Capobianco of The Boston Globe felt that Jeremih's voice was "thin", showing "little range"  Jody Rosen expressed that Jeremih "has a way with tunes and hooks"  He received comparisons to The-Dream, R  Kelly, and Stevie Wonder 

Health
In November 2020, Jeremih was hospitalized in Chicago after testing positive for COVID-19  By November 14, he was reported to be on a ventilator in the intensive care unit  He was taken off the ventilator on November 19 but remained in critical condition  His spokesman said Jeremih has no underlying conditions  Jeremih was transferred out of intensive care on November 21, into a general hospital to make a full recovery  He was released from the hospital on December 4 

Discography
Studio albumsJeremih (2009)
All About You (2010)
Late Nights (2015)

Awards and nominations
MOBO AwardsThe Music of Black Origin Awards (MOBO Awards) is an awards ceremony established in 1995 by Kanya King 

American Music AwardsThe American Music Awards is an annual awards ceremony created by Dick Clark in 1973 

Grammy AwardsNAACP AwardsAn NAACP Image Award is an accolade presented by the American National Association for the Advancement of Colored People to honor outstanding people of color in film, television, music, and literature 

Chicago Music AwardsThe Chicago Music Awards is an annual awards ceremony for music artist professionals to get recognized for their talents and hard work   Ephraim Martin, CMA President, is the founder 

Billboard Music AwardsThe Billboard Music Award is an honor given by Billboard magazine, the preeminent publication covering the music business  The Billboard Music Awards show had been held annually in December until it went dormant in 2007, but it returned in May 2011  By Billboard Music Award 

iHeartRadio Music AwardsThe iheartRadio award honors the biggest Artists and Songs of the year 
Passage 10:
Train discography
American rock band Train has released 11 studio albums, two live albums, one compilation album, one video album, four extended plays, 34 singles, six promotional singles, and 29 music videos  The band independently released their eponymous debut studio album in 1996, two years after their formation  In February 1998, the band signed to Aware Records and Columbia Records and re-released the album under the two labels  Three singles were released from Train; the album's first single, "Meet Virginia", peaked at number 20 on the US Billboard Hot 100  The album peaked at number 76 on the US Billboard 200 and was certified platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA)  In the period following the release of Train, producer Brendan O'Brien started working with the band in a partnership that would last for three albums  The band released their second studio album Drops of Jupiter in March 2001; it was preceded by the release of its lead single, "Drops of Jupiter (Tell Me)"  The single became a commercial success, peaking at number five on the US Billboard Hot 100 and also becoming a top 10 hit in Australia, the Netherlands and the United Kingdom  "Drops of Jupiter (Tell Me)" also won an award for Best Rock Song at the 44th Grammy Awards  The album peaked at number six on the Billboard 200, earning a double platinum certification from the RIAA  "She's on Fire", the third single from Drops of Jupiter, achieved moderate success in Australia and the UK  Train's third studio album, My Private Nation, was released in June 2003  It peaked at number six on the Billboard 200 and was certified platinum by the RIAA  The album's first two singles, "Calling All Angels" and "When I Look to the Sky", peaked at numbers 19 and 74 respectively on the Billboard Hot 100  The band released their fourth studio album For Me, It's You in January 2006  The album peaked at number 10 on the Billboard 200 and spawned three singles Following a three-year hiatus, Train released the single "Hey, Soul Sister" in 2009  It became an international hit, peaking at number three on the Billboard Hot 100, topping the charts in Australia and the Netherlands and becoming a top 10 hit in multiple other countries  Save Me, San Francisco, the band's fifth studio album, was released in October 2009  For the album, the band worked with several producers, including Martin Terefe and Gregg Wattenberg  It peaked at number 17 on the Billboard 200, earning a gold certification from the RIAA  The album's second and third singles, "If It's Love" and "Marry Me", became top 40 hits on the Billboard Hot 100  In April 2012, Train released their sixth studio album California 37; it peaked at number four on the Billboard 200  The album's lead single "Drive By" peaked at number 10 on the Billboard Hot 100 and also became a top 10 hit in multiple other countries  Bulletproof Picasso followed in September 2014, peaking at number five on the Billboard 200, and was succeeded by the releases of the Christmas album Christmas in Tahoe in November 2015 and the Led Zeppelin tribute Train Does Led Zeppelin II in June 2016  A Girl, a Bottle, a Boat, the band's 10th studio album, was released in January 2017, peaking at number eight on the Billboard 200 

Albums
Studio albums
Live albums
Compilation albums
Video albums
Extended plays
Singles
Promotional singles
Other charted songs
Other appearances
Music videos
Notes



ground_truth: Wicked Twister

prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: What song from the fourth studio album made by The Who reached No.4 on the UK charts and No. 19 o nthe U.S. "Billboard" Hot 100?

The following are given passages.
Context 4:   It aired in the US as part of the PBS's Masterpiece Theatre program in 1982 Writer Trevor Griffiths said in 1981, "I chose to do this work because, under all the incipient mysticism of the perception, under the incipient derogation of women, under the increasingly ugly politics, there is, in this Lawrence, and vibrantly so, a powerful and radical celebration of dignity in resistance within working-class culture in industrial class-societies; as well as a dark, tortured cry against the waste of human resources such societies require as part of their logic   It is no bad thing to be saying when unemployment has reached over three million ”
Passage 6:
Jessica Swale
Jessica Swale (born 27 February 1982) is a British playwright, theatre director and screenwriter  Her first play, Blue Stockings, premiered at Shakespeare's Globe in 2013  It is widely performed by UK amateur companies and is also studied on the Drama GCSE syllabus  In 2016, her play Nell Gwynn won the Olivier Award for Best New Comedy, after it transferred from the Globe to the West End, starring Gemma Arterton as the eponymous heroine  She also wrote and directed the feature film Summerland (2020) 

Early life and education
Born in Reading, Berkshire, Swale completed her secondary education at Kendrick School, Reading, before studying drama at the University of Exeter  She completed her training at the Royal Central School of Speech and Drama (MA Advanced Theatre Practice), where she trained as a director 

Career
After drama school, she worked as Max Stafford-Clark's associate director at Out of Joint Theatre Company, on productions including The Overwhelming (2006) at the National Theatre and Andersen's English (2010) at Hampstead  In 2006, she set up Red Handed Theatre Company with Katie Bonna, to perform new works and revive lost classics  She was nominated for an Evening Standard Award for Best Director for her production of The Belle's Stratagem and received the Peter Brook Empty Space Award for Best Ensemble for Red Handed in 2012 Swale is also an associate artist with NGO Youth Bridge Global, using theatre as a development tool in war-torn countries, and the author of a series of drama games books, published by Nick Hern 

Stage directing
In 2010, Swale directed the first play by a woman ever to be staged at Shakespeare's Globe, Nell Leyshon's Bedlam  For Red Handed Theatre Company, she directed The Busy Body (2012), The Rivals (2010), Someone Who'll Watch Over Me (2012) at Southwark Playhouse, The School for Scandal (2013) at the Park Theatre and Palace of the End (2010) at Arcola Theatre  Other credits include Fallen Angels (Salisbury Playhouse), Winter (Theatre Newfoundland, Canada), Sleuth, Sense and Sensibility and Far from the Madding Crowd (Watermill Theatre) 

Playwriting
As a playwright, Swale's first play Blue Stockings premiered at Shakespeare's Globe in 2013 and won her an Evening Standard Most Promising Playwright nomination  Nell Gwynn premiered at Shakespeare's Globe in 2015, starring Gugu Mbatha-Raw, and transferred to the West End with Gemma Arterton in the title role  The production received four Olivier nominations, winning Best New Comedy, and is currently being developed as a feature film with Working Title Other plays includes All's Will that Ends Will (Bremen Shakespeare Company), Thomas Tallis (Sam Wanamaker Playhouse), The Playhouse Apprentice (Sam Wanamaker Playhouse) and The Mission about illegal adoptions in the 1920s  Her adaptations include Sense and Sensibility, Far from the Madding Crowd (Watermill), The Secret Garden and Stig of the Dump (Grosvenor Park, Chester) 

Film and television
Her first short film, the Time's Up movement-inspired comedy Leading Lady Parts, starring Catherine Tate, Gemma Arterton, Felicity Jones, Florence Pugh, Lena Headey, Emilia Clarke, Tom Hiddleston and Gemma Chan, premiered on BBC Four in 2018 and is available for free on YouTube  She then co-wrote the screenplay for Horrible Histories: The Movie – Rotten Romans (2019) In 2012, she won the BAFTA JJ Screenwriting Bursary for which she developed an original screenplay, Summerland  She also directed the film herself, and in 2020 it was released by IFC Films and Lionsgate  In 2022, she shot two episodes of Ten Percent for Amazon Prime Video, featuring guest stars Dominic West, Emma Corin, and Himesh Patel She is currently writing an original feature with Blueprint and StudioCanal and other projects for Fox Searchlight and Monumental Pictures 

Personal life
Swale lives in South London with a photographer, Michael Wharley 

Writing credits
Plays
The Playhouse Apprentice (2016)
Nell Gwynn (2015) premiered at Shakespeare's Globe and transferred to the Apollo Theatre, West End, in 2016
Thomas Tallis (2014): premiered at The Sam Wanamaker Playhouse
All's Will that ends Will (2014): premiered at Bremer Shakespeare Company
Blue Stockings (2013): premiered at Shakespeare's Globe

Adaptations
Stig of the Dump (2016): adapted from the novel by Clive King and premiered at Grosvenor Park Open Air Theatre
Far from the Madding Crowd (2015): adapted from the novel by Thomas Hardy and premiered at the Watermill Theatre
The Secret Garden (2014): adapted from the novel by Frances Eliza Hodgson Burnett, premiered at Grosvenor Park Open Air Theatre
Sense and Sensibility (2014): adapted from the novel by Jane Austen and premiered at the Watermill Theatre

Books
Drama Games: For Rehearsals (2016)
Drama Games: For Devising (2012)
Drama Games: For Classrooms and Workshops (2009)

Directing credits
Film and television
Plays
Fallen Angels (2015) at Salisbury Playhouse
Far from the Madding Crowd (2015): adapted from the novel by Thomas Hardy, premiered at The Watermill Theatre
Sense and Sensibility (2014): adapted from the novel by Jane Austen, premiered at The Watermill Theatre
Winter (2011) at Newfoundland Theatre, Canada
Bedlam (2010) at Shakespeare's Globe
For Red Handed Theatre Company: The Busy Body (2012), The Rivals (2010), Someone Who'll Watch Over Me (2012) at Southwark Playhouse, The School for Scandal (2013) at the Park Theatre and Palace of the End (2010) at Arcola Theatre
Passage 7:
Alex Jennings
Alex Michael Jennings (born 10 May 1957) is an English actor of the stage and screen, who worked extensively with the Royal Shakespeare Company and National Theatre  For his work on the London stage, Jennings received three Olivier Awards, winning for Too Clever by Half (1988), Peer Gynt (1996), and My Fair Lady (2003)  He is the only performer to have won Olivier awards in the drama, musical, and comedy categories He is known for his film work, in particular for his performance as Prince Charles in Stephen Frears' film The Queen (2006) opposite Helen Mirren  His other film appearances include The Wings of the Dove (1997), Bridget Jones: The Edge of Reason (2004), Babel (2006), Belle (2013), and The Lady in the Van (2015) starring Maggie Smith 
Jennings won acclaim for his performances in television including for his portrayal of Edward VIII, the Duke of Windsor, in the Netflix series The Crown acting opposite Claire Foy  He also starred in the ITV series Victoria (2016–2019) opposite Jenna Coleman, as well as Stephen Frears' A Very English Scandal (2018) alongside Hugh Grant and Ben Whishaw, and most recently Steve McQueen's Small Axe: Mangrove (2020) starring Letitia Wright 

Early life
Jennings was born in Romford, Essex, the son of Peggy Patricia (née Mahoney) and Michael Thomas Jennings  He attended Abbs Cross Technical High School in Hornchurch and studied English and Theatre studies at the University of Warwick, graduating in 1978  He said he saw his first theatre while in high school and went to the Old Vic Theatre, which inspired him to be an actor He trained as an actor for two years at the Bristol Old Vic Theatre School 

Career
1980s
In the early 1980s, Jennings began his career in regional repertory theatre  In 1985, playing a range of roles including Maximilien Robespierre in The Scarlet Pimpernel  Jennings met director Nicholas Hytner during this production and has worked with him many times since  For his performance as Gloumov in Too Clever by Half at the Old Vic, he won the Olivier Award for Best Comedy Performance in 1988  He was nominated in the same category the following year for portraying Dorante in The Liar  He has performed for the Royal National Theatre in a number of plays, including Leontes in The Winter's Tale and the title role in Albert Speer 
Jennings' work in television includes appearances in The State Within, Smiley's People, The Franchise Affair, Inspector Morse, Lewis, Alfonso Bonzo, the title role in Ashenden, Dead Poets Society, Inspector Alleyn, Hard Times, Bad Blood, and Peter Ackroyd's London  His many radio credits include Casino Royale, The Way of the World, Strange Meeting, Vorbis in Small Gods, and The Old Curiosity Shop 

1990s
His Royal Shakespeare Company roles include the title role in Peer Gynt (for which he won an Olivier Award 1995-06 for Best Actor), the title role in Richard II (opposite Anton Lesser as Henry Bolingbroke), Theseus/Oberon in A Midsummer Night's Dream (UK, American tour and Broadway), Angelo in Measure for Measure, and the title role in Hamlet He also appeared in War Requiem, the RSC's film version of A Midsummer Night's Dream, and Joseph and the Amazing Technicolor Dreamcoat (1999)  Jennings also appeared as Lord Mark in the romantic drama film The Wings of the Dove starring Helena Bonham Carter, Elizabeth McGovern, Charlotte Rampling, and Sir Michael Gambon  The film received great acclaim and many awards nominations including four Academy Award nominations and five British Academy Film Award nominations 

2000s
In 2002, he appeared in the Cameron Mackintosh/Trevor Nunn revival of My Fair Lady at the Theatre Royal, Drury Lane and won an Olivier Award as Best Actor in a Musical  He was an Associate Artist at the Royal Shakespeare Company  That year he also appeared in The Four Feathers (2002) as Colonel Hamilton alongside Heath Ledger, Kate Hudson, and Michael Sheen 
In 2006, Jennings' made his breakthrough film role as Charles, Prince of Wales opposite Helen Mirren as Queen Elizabeth II in The Queen  The film was directed by Stephen Frears, and written by Peter Morgan  The film depicts the death of Diana, Princess of Wales on 31 August 1997 and the reaction from the British public and the British royal family  The film was an immense critical and box office success after it premiered at the Venice Film Festival  The film received six Academy Award nominations including a win for Mirren's performance 
In 2007, he played the role of Garry Essendine in Noël Coward's Present Laughter at the NT  Also in 2007, he portrayed the Rev  Hutton in the BBC miniseries Cranford starring Judi Dench  He also played John Le Mesurier in the one-off BBC drama Hancock and Joan  In 2009, he appeared in The Habit of Art as Benjamin Britten 
In June 2008, he made his debut in the Operetta at the ENO in Robert Carsen's production of Bernstein's Candide, in which he played Voltaire and Doctor Pangloss 
He has recorded the audio versions of the books: Sins of the Father by Jeffrey Archer, The Kraken Wakes by John Wyndham, The Horse and His Boy, Out of the Silent Planet, and Perelandra by C S  Lewis, 20,000 Leagues Under the Sea by Jules Verne, and Attention All Shipping by Charlie Connelly, which was selected in June 2008 as one of the top 40 audiobooks of all time  In 2006, he recorded an abridgement of A Spot of Bother by Mark Haddon  He is also a regular narrator on BBC Radio 4's Book at Bedtime  He was also a member of the BBC's Radio Drama Company 

2010s
In 2010, he played Captain Shipshape in the CBeebies second series of Grandpa in my Pocket and starred in the film Belle  After that, he played Henry Tizard in Castles in the Sky 
In 2011, he played Mikhail Bulgakov in the National Theatre's production of Collaborators  In 2014, he played the role of Willy Wonka in Charlie and the Chocolate Factory the Musical, which was directed by Sam Mendes and was performed on London's West End theatre district  He took over the role from Douglas Hodge in 2014 From 2011 to 2014, Jennings played Alan Cowdrey QC in the BBC One legal drama Silk  He has also appeared in the PBS/Masterpiece Theatre television series Inspector Lewis (2012), and Foyle's War (2015) 
Jennings portrayed playwright Alan Bennett in the 2015 film The Lady in the Van opposite Academy Award winner Dame Maggie Smith in the title role  The film is directed by Nicolas Hytner, who is a long-time collaborator from the theatre  The film also featured performances from Jim Broadbent, Claire Foy, Frances de la Tour, and James Corden  The film premiered at the 2015 Toronto International Film Festival to great acclaim, specifically for Smith's performance  To promote the film Maggie Smith, and Jennings, appeared on The Graham Norton Show, this is Smith's first chat show appearance in over 40 years 
In 2016, he reprised his role as Professor Henry Higgins in the Australian 60th anniversary production of My Fair Lady, directed by Julie Andrews On television, from 2016 to 2017, he appeared in the Netflix series The Crown alongside Claire Foy and Jared Harris, as Prince Edward, Duke of Windsor, uncle to Queen Elizabeth and great-uncle to Prince Charles (whom Jennings played in The Queen)  The series has received widespread acclaim from audiences and critics alike  Jennings also portrayed King Leopold I of Belgium in the ITV/PBS series Victoria (2016–2019) alongside Jenna Coleman 
In 2018 he played Liberal MP Peter Bessell in the BBC One series, A Very English Scandal alongside Hugh Grant, and Ben Whishaw, a miniseries about the Jeremy Thorpe affair directed by Stephen Frears  The film received widespread critical acclaim with a 97% on Rotten Tomatoes with the critics consensus reading, "Hugh Grant and Ben Whishaw impress in A Very English Scandal, an equally absorbing and appalling look at British politics and society"  The series also received four Primetime Emmy Award nominations including a win for Whishaw for his performance 
In 2019, he played Andrew Aldridge, a Conservative MP, in the TV miniseries Four Weddings and a Funeral

2020s
In 2020, Jennings appeared in the Small Axe miniseries directed by Steve McQueen, specifically the television movie, Mangrove as Judge Edward Clarke alongside Letitia Wright as physician and British Black Panther Altheia Jones-LeCointe  In Mangrove, the story revolves around the true story based on the Mangrove Nine who were British black activists tried for inciting a riot at a protest, in 1970, against the police targeting of the Mangrove restaurant, Notting Hill, in West London  The film received widespread critical acclaim, with the critics consensus on Rotten Tomatoes reading, "Anchored by strong performances and an even stronger sense of conviction, Mangrove is a powerful indictment of institutional racism "

Work
Film
Television
Theatre
Filmed Theatrical Events

1999: Joseph and the Amazing Technicolor Dreamcoat as Butler
2010: National Theatre Live: The Habit of Art as Henry / Benjamin Britten
2011: National Theatre Live: Collaborators as Mikhail Bulgakov
2013: National Theatre Live: 50 Years on Stage as Henry Higgins
2019: National Theatre Live: Hansard as Robin Hesketh

Awards and nominations
Passage 8:
Sarah Solemani
Sarah Solemani (born 4 September 1982) is an English actress, writer and activist  She is best known for starring in the BAFTA winning sitcom Him & Her and playing Renee Zellweger's best friend Miranda in Bridget Jones's Baby, for which she was nominated for an Evening Standard Best Actress Award  She also had roles in the British comedy TV series Bad Education and The Wrong Mans 

Early life
Solemani was born in the London Borough of Camden and grew up in Crouch End  Her father is a Persian Jewish mathematics lecturer (now retired)  After passing her A levels at the Henrietta Barnett School, she took a gap year before reading Social and Political Sciences (now the Human, Social and Political Sciences Tripos) at New Hall, Cambridge and graduating with an MA (Hons)  At Cambridge, she joined the Footlights performance troupe, becoming social secretary during her first year and later vice president 

Career
Theatre
Solemani was a member of the National Youth Theatre during her gap year, during which time she appeared as Elaine in the West End theatre production of The Graduate and as Ayesha in the critically acclaimed National Theatre production of Sanctuary  
She was a member of the Young Writer's Group attached to the Royal Court Theatre, and a writer at the Young Vic Theatre  Two plays she wrote were produced at Soho Theatre  Another of her works, The Cost of Things (2010), was presented at the Public Theater New York under the aegis of the Old Vic Theatre as part of the TS Eliot Project  In 2011, she wrote The Baron which received the Old Vic New Voices 'Ignite' award In 2009, Solemani appeared in Simon Stephens' play Pornography at the Tricycle Theatre in London and, in 2012, as Maryam in The House of Bernarda Alba at the Almeida Theatre  She wrote Up the Royal Borough, part of an evening of plays in response to Owen Jones' Chavs at the Lyric Hammersmith  It gained good reviews 

Television and film
Solemani's first film role was as a tableaux girl in Mrs Henderson Presents, which she performed during her third year of college  Her first major TV role was as Becky in BBC Three sitcom Him & Her, which was first broadcast in September 2010, and ran for four series, before ending in 2013 From 2012 until 2014, Solemani starred in the BBC Three comedy, Bad Education, including its spin off movie The Bad Education Movie and a one-off special in 2022  In 2013, she featured in the BBC and Hulu's The Wrong Mans alongside James Corden  She reprised the role for the show's second series  She wrote and starred in an episode of the Sky TV series Love Matters, titled "Aphrodite Fry", that aired in 2013  In 2014, she wrote the television film The Secrets  It aired on BBC One to critical acclaim 
In Hollywood, Solemani was chosen by Bill Hader and Alec Berg to be part of their writing team on Hader's new HBO show Barry  While working in the United States, she has found the American television industry has a more positive attitude towards commissioning work by women and featuring female characters in their series In 2019 it was announced she would adapt Jo Bloom's novel Ridley Road into a television drama  Published in 2014, Bloom's book was the result of research into the anti-Nazi London 62 Group and events involving it in the summer of 1962, with the group's activities serving as a backdrop, the title coming from the street in the East End where fascists held meetings and around which battles took place  It was broadcast by BBC One in October 2021  In 2022 she co-wrote and co-starred with Steve Coogan in Chivalry, a six episode comedy-drama  about "sexual politics in the wake of the #MeToo movement" for Channel 4 

Print
Solemani has contributed to the New Statesman, The Guardian, The Independent and Harper's Bazaar  She writes regularly for the publications Red and Glamour 

Awards and acclaim
Solemani was awarded third place in the Barry Amiel and Norman Melburn Trust/New Statesman Prize for New Political Writing on the subject: "Do women's rights remain the privilege of the developed world?" in 2005 In 2011, Solemani won the Royal Television Society award for best Comedy Performance for her role in Him & Her along with her co-star Russell Tovey  In 2012, Solemani was named one of the year's Broadcast Hot Shots 

Activism
Solemani is against the criminalisation of sex work, and has been a champion for sex worker rights since 2002  She was nominated by the English Collective of Prostitutes (ECP) to represent them in Parliament in order to halt further efforts to criminalise clients  She was an active supporter of former shadow Home Secretary Yvette Cooper in the 2015 Labour leadership contest  She has introduced Cooper at various Labour Party events and has contributed to her speeches 

Personal life
Solemani married Daniel E  Ingram, a sustainable investment expert specialising in climate change, in Petah Tikva, Israel, on 3 June 2012  Their daughter was born in December 2013 and their son was born in May 2018  Raised by an Orthodox Jewish father and a Plymouth Brethren evangelical mother, Solemani has formally converted to Judaism along with her husband 

Filmography
Film and television
Stage
Passage 9:
Frances de la Tour
Frances J  de Lautour (born 30 July 1944), better known as Frances de la Tour, is an English actress  She is known for her role as Miss Ruth Jones in the television sitcom Rising Damp from 1974 until 1978  She is a Tony Award winner and three-time Olivier Award winner 
She performed as Mrs  Lintott in the play The History Boys in London and on Broadway, winning the 2006 Tony Award for Best Featured Actress in a Play  She reprised the role in the 2006 film  Her other film roles include Madame Olympe Maxime in Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire (2005)  Television roles include Emma Porlock in the Dennis Potter serial Cold Lazarus (1996), headmistress Margaret Baron in BBC sitcom Big School and Violet Crosby in the sitcom Vicious 

Early life and family
De la Tour was born on 30 July 1944 in Bovingdon, Hertfordshire, to Moyra (née Fessas) and Charles de la Tour (1909–1982)  The name was also spelled De Lautour, and it was in this form that her birth was registered in Hemel Hempstead, Hertfordshire, in the third quarter of 1944  She has French, Greek, and Irish ancestry  She was educated at London's Lycée Français and the Drama Centre London She is the sister of actor and screenwriter Andy de la Tour, and was briefly married to playwright Tom Kempinski  She has a son and a daughter An episode of the BBC series Who Do You Think You Are?, first broadcast on 22 October 2015, revealed de la Tour to be a descendant of the aristocratic Delaval family 

Career
Theatre
After leaving drama school, she joined the Royal Shakespeare Company (RSC) in 1965  Over the next six years, she played many small roles with the RSC in a variety of plays, gradually building up to larger parts such as Hoyden in The Relapse and culminating in Peter Brook's acclaimed production of A Midsummer Night's Dream, in which she played Helena as a comic "tour de force" In the 1970s, she worked steadily both on the stage and on television  Some of her notable appearances were Rosalind in As You Like It at the Playhouse, Oxford in 1975 and Isabella in The White Devil at the Old Vic in 1976  She enjoyed a collaboration with Stepney's Half Moon Theatre, appearing in the London première of Dario Fo's We Can't Pay? We Won't Pay (1978), Eleanor Marx's Landscape of Exile (1979), and in the title role of Hamlet (1980) In 1980, she played Stephanie, the violinist with MS in Duet for One, a play written for her by Kempinski, for which she won the Olivier for Best Actress  She played Sonya in Uncle Vanya opposite Donald Sinden at the Theatre Royal, Haymarket in 1982  Her performance as Josie in Eugene O'Neill's A Moon for the Misbegotten won her another Olivier for Best Actress in 1983  She joined the Royal National Theatre for the title role in Saint Joan in 1984 and appeared there in Brighton Beach Memoirs in 1986  She again won the Olivier, this time for Best Supporting Actress for Martin Sherman's play about Isadora Duncan, When She Danced, with Vanessa Redgrave at the Globe Theatre in 1991 and played Leo in Les Parents terribles at the Royal National Theatre in 1994, earning another Olivier nomination 
In 1994, de la Tour co-starred with Maggie Smith in Edward Albee's Three Tall Women at the Wyndham's and with Alan Howard in Albee's The Play About the Baby at the Almeida in 1998  In 1999, she returned to the RSC to play Cleopatra opposite Alan Bates in Antony and Cleopatra, in which she did a nude walk across the stage  In 2004, she played Mrs  Lintott in Alan Bennett's The History Boys at the National and later on Broadway, winning both a Drama Desk Award and a Tony Award for Best Featured Actress in a Play  She would also later appear in the film version  In December 2005, she appeared in the London production of the highly acclaimed anti-Iraq War one-woman play Peace Mom by Dario Fo, based on the writings of Cindy Sheehan  In 2007, she appeared in a West End revival of the farce Boeing-Boeing  In 2009, she appeared in Alan Bennett's new play The Habit of Art at the National  In 2012, she returned to the National in her third Bennett premiere, People 

Film and television
Her many television appearances during the 1980s and 1990s include the 1980 miniseries Flickers opposite Bob Hoskins, the TV version of Duet for One, for which she received a BAFTA nomination, the series A Kind of Living (1988–89), Dennis Potter's Cold Lazarus (1996), and Tom Jones (1997)  Of all her TV roles, however, she is best known for playing spinster Ruth Jones in the successful Yorkshire Television comedy Rising Damp, from 1974 to 1978  De la Tour told Richard Webber, who wrote a 2001 book about the series, that Ruth Jones "was an interesting character to play  We laughed a lot on set, but comedy is a serious business, and Leonard took it particularly seriously, and rightly so  Comedy, which is so much down to timing, is exhausting work  But it was a happy time " Upon reprising her Rising Damp role in the 1980 film version, she won Best Actress at the Evening Standard British Film Awards 
In the mid-1980s, de la Tour was considered, along with Joanna Lumley and Dawn French, as a replacement for Colin Baker on Doctor Who  The idea was scrapped and the job was given to Sylvester McCoy 
In 2003, de la Tour played a terminally ill gay woman in the film Love Actually with the actress Anne Reid, although her scenes were cut from the film's theatrical release and appear only on the DVD In 2005, she portrayed Olympe Maxime, headmistress of Beauxbatons Academy, in Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire  In 2010, she reprised Maxime as a cameo in Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows Part 1  Notable television roles during this time include Agatha Christie's Poirot: Death on the Nile (2004), Waking the Dead (2004), the black comedy Sensitive Skin (2005), with Joanna Lumley and Denis Lawson, Agatha Christie's Marple: The Moving Finger (2006) and New Tricks as a rather morbid Egyptologist, also in 2006 
She was nominated for the 2006 BAFTA Award for Actress in a Supporting Role for her work on the film version of The History Boys 
She later appeared in several well-received films, including Tim Burton's 2010 Alice in Wonderland as Aunt Imogene, a delusional aunt of Alice's, opposite Johnny Depp, Anne Hathaway, Helena Bonham Carter, and Mia Wasikowska and a supporting role in the film The Book of Eli, directed by the Hughes brothers  In 2012, she appeared in the film Hugo 
Until 2012, she was also a patron for the performing arts group Theatretrain 
From 2013 to 2016, de la Tour played the role of Violet Crosby in ITV sitcom Vicious with Ian McKellen and Derek Jacobi 
From 2013 to 2014, she portrayed headmistress Ms Baron in the BBC One sitcom Big School 
In April 2016, she joined the second series of Outlander as Mother Hildegarde 
In 2021, de la Tour appeared in an ITV production, initially released on BritBox - Professor T  - in which she played the mother of the titular character 

Personal life
Politically, de la Tour is a socialist and was a member of the Workers' Revolutionary Party in the 1970s 

Filmography
Awards and nominations
Stage



ground_truth: Tommy