prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: Havelock Ellis and Arnold Bennett were both what?

The following are given passages.
Context 1: Passage 1:
Arnold Bennett
Enoch Arnold Bennett (27 May 1867 – 27 March 1931) was an English author, best known as a novelist who wrote prolifically  Between the 1890s and the 1930s he completed 34 novels, seven volumes of short stories, 13 plays (some in collaboration with other writers), and a daily journal totalling more than a million words  He wrote articles and stories for more than 100 newspapers and periodicals, worked in and briefly ran the Ministry of Information in the First World War, and wrote for the cinema in the 1920s  Sales of his books were substantial and he was the most financially successful British author of his day 
Born into a modest but upwardly mobile family in Hanley, in the Staffordshire Potteries, Bennett was intended by his father, a solicitor, to follow him into the legal profession  Bennett worked for his father, before moving to another law firm in London as a clerk, aged 21  He became assistant editor and then editor of a women's magazine, before becoming a full-time author in 1900  Always a devotee of French culture in general and French literature in particular, he moved to Paris in 1903; there the relaxed milieu helped him overcome his intense shyness, particularly with women  He spent ten years in France, marrying a Frenchwoman in 1907  In 1912 he moved back to England  He and his wife separated in 1921 and he spent the last years of his life with a new partner, an English actress  He died in 1931 of typhoid fever, having unwisely drunk tap-water in France 
Many of Bennett's novels and short stories are set in a fictionalised version of the Staffordshire Potteries, which he called The Five Towns  He strongly believed that literature should be accessible to ordinary people, and he deplored literary cliques and élites  His books appealed to a wide public and sold in large numbers  For this reason, and for his adherence to realism, writers and supporters of the modernist school, notably Virginia Woolf, belittled him, and his fiction became neglected after his death  During his lifetime his journalistic "self-help" books sold in substantial numbers, and he was also a playwright; he did less well in the theatre than with novels, but achieved two considerable successes with Milestones (1912) and The Great Adventure (1913) 
Studies by Margaret Drabble (1974), John Carey (1992) and others have led to a re-evaluation of Bennett's work  His finest novels, including Anna of the Five Towns (1902), The Old Wives' Tale (1908), Clayhanger (1910) and Riceyman Steps (1923), are now widely recognised as major works 

Life and career
Early years
Arnold Bennett was born on 27 May 1867 in Hanley, Staffordshire, now part of Stoke-on-Trent but then a separate town  He was the eldest child of the three sons and three daughters of Enoch Bennett (1843–1902) and his wife Sarah Ann, née Longson (1840–1914)  Enoch Bennett's early career had been one of mixed fortunes: after an unsuccessful attempt to run a business making and selling pottery, he set up as a draper and pawnbroker in 1866  Four years later Enoch's father died, leaving him some money with which he articled himself to a local law firm; in 1876 he qualified as a solicitor  The Bennetts were staunch Wesleyans, musical, cultured and sociable  Enoch Bennett had an authoritarian side, but it was a happy household, although a mobile one: as Enoch's success as a solicitor increased, the family moved, within the space of five years in the late 1870s and early 1880s, to four different houses in Hanley and the neighbouring Burslem From 1877 to 1882, Bennett's schooling was at the Wedgwood Institute, Burslem, followed by a year at a grammar school in Newcastle-under-Lyme  He was good at Latin and better at French; he had an inspirational headmaster who gave him a love for French literature and the French language that lasted all his life  He did well academically and passed Cambridge University examinations that could have led to an Oxbridge education, but his father had other plans  In 1883, aged 16, Bennett left school and began work – unpaid – in his father's office  He divided his time between uncongenial jobs, such as rent collecting, during the day, and studying for examinations in the evening  He began writing in a modest way, contributing light pieces to the local newspaper  He became adept in Pitman's shorthand, a skill much sought after in commercial offices, and on the strength of that he secured a post as a clerk at a firm of solicitors in Lincoln's Inn Fields, London  In March 1889, aged 21, he left for London and never returned to live in his native county 

First years in London
In the solicitors' office in London, Bennett became friendly with a young colleague, John Eland, who had a passion for books  Eland's friendship helped alleviate Bennett's innate shyness, which was exacerbated by a lifelong stammer  Together they explored the world of literature  Among the writers who impressed and influenced Bennett were George Moore, Émile Zola, Honoré de Balzac, Guy de Maupassant, Gustave Flaubert and Ivan Turgenev  He continued his own writing, and won a prize of twenty guineas from Tit-Bits in 1893 for his story 'The Artist's Model'; another short story, 'A Letter Home', was submitted successfully to The Yellow Book, where it featured in 1895 alongside contributions from Henry James and other well-known writers In 1894 Bennett resigned from the law firm and became assistant editor of the magazine Woman  The salary, £150 a year, was £50 less than he was earning as a clerk, but the post left him much more free time to write his first novel  For the magazine he wrote under a range of female pen-names such as "Barbara" and "Cecile"  As his biographer Margaret Drabble puts it:

The informal office life of the magazine suited Bennett, not least because it brought him into lively female company, and he began to be a little more relaxed with young women  He continued work on his novel and wrote short stories and articles  He was modest about his literary talent: he wrote to a friend, "I have no inward assurance that I could ever do anything more than mediocre viewed strictly as art – very mediocre", but he knew he could "turn out things which would be read with zest, & about which the man in the street would say to friends 'Have you read so & so in the What-is-it?'" He was happy to write for popular journals like Hearth and Home or for the highbrow The Academy His debut novel, A Man from the North, completed in 1896, was published two years later, by John Lane, whose reader, John Buchan, recommended it for publication  It elicited a letter of praise from Joseph Conrad and was well and widely reviewed, but Bennett's profits from the sale of the book were less than the cost of having it typed In 1896 Bennett was promoted to be editor of Woman; by then he had set his sights on a career as a full-time author, but he served as editor for four years  During that time he wrote two popular books, described by the critic John Lucas as "pot-boilers": Journalism for Women (1898) and Polite Farces for the Drawing Room (1899)  He also began work on a second novel, Anna of the Five Towns, the five towns being Bennett's lightly fictionalised version of the Staffordshire Potteries, where he grew up 

Freelance; Paris
In 1900 Bennett resigned his post at Woman, and left London to set up house at Trinity Hall Farm, near the village of Hockliffe in Bedfordshire, where he made a home not only for himself but for his parents and younger sister  He completed Anna of the Five Towns in 1901; it was published the following year, as was its successor, The Grand Babylon Hotel  The latter, an extravagant story of crime in high society, sold 50,000 copies in hardback and was almost immediately translated into four languages  By this stage he was confident enough in his abilities to tell a friend:

In January 1902 Enoch Bennett died, after a decline into dementia  His widow chose to move back to Burslem, and Bennett's sister married shortly afterwards  With no dependants, Bennett − always a devotee of French culture − decided to move to Paris; he took up residence there in March 1903  Biographers have speculated on his precise reasons for doing so   Drabble suggests that perhaps "he was hoping for some kind of liberation  He was thirty-five and unmarried"; Lucas writes that it was almost certainly Bennett's desire to be recognised as a serious artist that prompted his move; according to his friend and colleague Frank Swinnerton, Bennett was following in the footsteps of George Moore by going to live in "the home of modern realism"; in the view of the biographer Reginald Pound it was "to begin his career as a man of the world"  The 9th arrondissement of Paris was Bennett's home for the next five years, first in the rue de Calais, near the Place Pigalle, and then the more upmarket rue d'Aumale Life in Paris evidently helped Bennett overcome much of his remaining shyness with women  His journals for his early months in Paris mention a young woman identified as "C" or "Chichi", who was a chorus girl; the journals – or at least the cautiously selected extracts published since his death – do not record the precise nature of the relationship, but the two spent a considerable amount of time together In a restaurant where he dined frequently a trivial incident in 1903 gave Bennett the germ of an idea for the novel generally regarded as his masterpiece  A grotesque old woman came in and caused a fuss; the beautiful young waitress laughed at her, and Bennett was struck by the thought that the old woman had once been as young and lovely as the waitress  From this grew the story of two contrasting sisters in The Old Wives' Tale  He did not begin work on that novel until 1907, before which he wrote ten others, some "sadly undistinguished", in the view of his biographer Kenneth Young  Throughout his career, Bennett interspersed his best novels with some that his biographers and others have labelled pot-boilers 

Marriage; Fontainebleau and US visit
In 1905 Bennett became engaged to Eleanor Green, a member of an eccentric and capricious American family living in Paris, but at the last moment, after the wedding invitations had been sent out, she broke off the engagement and almost immediately married a fellow American  Drabble comments that Bennett was well rid of her, but it was a painful episode in his life  In early 1907 he met Marguerite Soulié (1874–1960), who soon became first a friend and then a lover  In May he was taken ill with a severe gastric complaint, and Marguerite moved into his flat to look after him  They became still closer, and in July 1907, shortly after his fortieth birthday, they were married at the Mairie of the 9th arrondissement  The marriage was childless  Early in 1908 the couple moved from the rue d'Aumale to the Villa des Néfliers in Fontainebleau-Avon, about 40 miles (64 km) south-east of Paris Lucas comments that the best of the novels written while in France – Whom God Hath Joined (1906), The Old Wives' Tale (1908), and Clayhanger (1910) – "justly established Bennett as a major exponent of realistic fiction"  In addition to these, Bennett published lighter novels such as The Card (1911)  His output of literary journalism included articles for T  P  O'Connor's T  P 's Weekly and the left-wing The New Age; his pieces for the latter, published under a pen-name, were concise literary essays aimed at "the general cultivated reader", a form taken up by a later generation of writers including J  B  Priestley and V  S  Pritchett In 1911 Bennett made a financially rewarding visit to the US, which he later recorded in his 1912 book Those United States  Crossing the Atlantic aboard the Lusitania, he visited not only New York and Boston but also Chicago, Indianapolis, Washington and Philadelphia in a tour that was described by US publisher George Doran as "one of continuous triumph": in the first three days of his stay in New York he was interviewed 26 times by journalists  While rival E P  Dutton had secured rights to such Bennett novels as Hilda Lessways and the Card (retitled Denry the Audacious), Doran, who travelled everywhere with Bennett while in America, was the publisher of Bennett’s wildly successful ‘pocket philosophies’ How to Live on Twenty-Four Hours a Day and Mental Efficiency  Of these books the influential critic Willard Huntington Wright wrote that Bennett had "turned preacher and a jolly good preacher he is"  While in the US Bennett also sold the serial rights of his forthcoming novel, The Price of Love (1913–14), to Harpers for £2,000, eight essays to Metropolitan magazine for a total of  £1,200, and the American rights of a successor to Clayhanger for £3,000 During his ten years in France he had gone from a moderately well-known writer enjoying modest sales to outstanding success  Swinnerton comments that in addition to his large sales, Bennett's critical prestige was at its zenith 

Return to England
In 1912, after an extended stay at the Hotel Californie in Cannes, during which time he wrote The Regent, a light-hearted sequel to The Card, Bennett and his wife moved from France to England  Initially they lived in Putney, but "determined to become an English country landowner", he bought Comarques, an early-18th-century country house at Thorpe-le-Soken, Essex, and moved there in February 1913  Among his early concerns, once back in England, was to succeed as a playwright  He had dabbled previously but his inexperience showed  The Times thought his 1911 comedy The Honeymoon, staged in the West End with a starry cast, had "one of the most amusing first acts we have ever seen", but fell flat in the other two acts  In the same year Bennett met the playwright Edward Knoblauch (later Knoblock) and they collaborated on Milestones, the story of the generations of a family seen in 1860, 1885 and 1912  The combination of Bennett's narrative gift and Knoblauch's practical experience proved a success  The play was strongly cast, received highly favourable notices, ran for more than 600 performances in London and over 200 in New York, and made Bennett a great deal of money  His next play, The Great Adventure (1913), a stage version of his novel Buried Alive (1908), was similarly successful Bennett's attitude to the First World War was that British politicians had been at fault in failing to prevent it, but that once it had become inevitable it was right that Britain should join its allies against the Germans  He concentrated his attention on journalism, aiming to inform and encourage the public in Britain and allied and neutral countries  He served on official and unofficial committees, and in 1915 he was invited to visit France to see conditions at the front and write about them for readers at home  The collected impressions appeared in a book called Over There (1915)  He was still writing novels, however: These Twain, the third in his Clayhanger trilogy, was published in 1916 and in 1917 he completed a sequel, The Roll Call, which ends with its hero, George Cannon, enlisting in the army  Wartime London was the setting for Bennett's The Pretty Lady (1918), about a high-class French cocotte: although well reviewed, because of its subject-matter the novel provoked "a Hades of a row" and some booksellers refused to sell it When Lord Beaverbrook became Minister of Information in February 1918 he appointed Bennett to take charge of propaganda in France  Beaverbrook fell ill in October 1918 and made Bennett director of propaganda, in charge of the whole ministry for the last weeks of the war  At the end of 1918 Bennett was offered, but declined, a knighthood in the new Order of the British Empire instituted by George V  The offer was renewed some time later, and again Bennett refused it  One of his closest associates at the time suspected that he was privately hoping for the more prestigious Order of Merit As the war was ending, Bennett returned to his theatrical interests, although not primarily as a playwright  In November 1918 he became chairman, with Nigel Playfair as managing director, of the Lyric Theatre, Hammersmith  Among their productions were Abraham Lincoln by John Drinkwater, and The Beggar's Opera, which, in Swinnerton's phrase, "caught different moods of the post-war spirit", and ran for 466 and 1,463 performances respectively 

Last years
In 1921 Bennett and his wife legally separated  They had been drifting apart for some years and Marguerite had taken up with Pierre Legros, a young French lecturer  Bennett sold Comarques and lived in London for the rest of his life, first in a flat near Bond Street in the West End, on which he had taken a lease during the war  For much of the 1920s he was widely known to be the highest-paid literary journalist in England, contributing a weekly column to Beaverbrook's Evening Standard under the title 'Books and Persons'; according to Frank Swinnerton these articles were "extraordinarily successful and influential     and made a number of new reputations"  By the end of his career, Bennett had contributed to more than 100 newspapers, magazines and other publications  He continued to write novels and plays as assiduously as before the war Swinnerton writes, "Endless social engagements; inexhaustible patronage of musicians, actors, poets, and painters; the maximum of benevolence to friends and strangers alike, marked the last ten years of his life"  Hugh Walpole, James Agate and Osbert Sitwell were among those who testified to Bennett's generosity  Sitwell recalled a letter Bennett wrote in the 1920s:

In 1922 Bennett met and fell in love with an actress, Dorothy Cheston (1891–1977)  Together they set up home in Cadogan Square, where they stayed until moving in 1930 to Chiltern Court, Baker Street  As Marguerite would not agree to a divorce, Bennett was unable to marry Dorothy, and in September 1928, having become pregnant, she changed her name by deed poll to Dorothy Cheston Bennett  The following April she gave birth to the couple's only child, Virginia Mary (1929–2003)  She continued to appear as an actress, and produced and starred in a revival of Milestones which was well reviewed, but had only a moderate run  Bennett had mixed feelings about her continuing stage career, but did not seek to stop it During a holiday in France with Dorothy in January 1931, Bennett twice drank tap-water – not, at the time, a safe thing to do there  On his return home he was taken ill; influenza was diagnosed at first, but the illness was typhoid fever; after several weeks of unsuccessful treatment he died in his flat at Chiltern Court on 27 March 1931, aged 63 Bennett was cremated at Golders Green Crematorium and his ashes were interred in Burslem Cemetery in his mother's grave  A memorial service was held on 31 March 1931 at St Clement Danes, London, attended by leading figures from journalism, literature, music, politics and theatre, and, in Pound's words, many men and women who at the end of the service "walked out into a London that for them would never be the same again" 

Works
From the outset, Bennett believed in the "democratisation of art which it is surely the duty of the minority to undertake"  He admired some of the modernist writers of his time, but strongly disapproved of their conscious appeal to a small élite and their disdain for the general reader  Bennett believed that literature should be inclusive, accessible by ordinary people From the start of his career, Bennett was aware of the appeal of regional fiction  Anthony Trollope, George Eliot and Thomas Hardy had created and sustained their own locales, and Bennett did the same with his Five Towns, drawing on his experiences as a boy and young man  As a realistic writer he followed the examples of the authors he admired – above all George Moore, but also Balzac, Flaubert and Maupassant among French writers, and Dostoevsky, Turgenev and Tolstoy among Russians  In writing about the Five Towns Bennett aimed to portray the experiences of ordinary people coping with the norms and constraints of the communities in which they lived  J  B  Priestley considered that the next influence on Bennett's fiction was his time in London in the 1890s, "engaged in journalism and ingenious pot-boiling of various kinds" 

Novels and short stories
Bennett is remembered chiefly for his novels and short stories  The best known are set in, or feature people from, the six towns of the Potteries of his youth  He presented the region as "the Five Towns", which correspond closely with their originals: the real-life Burslem, Hanley, Longton, Stoke and Tunstall become Bennett's Bursley, Hanbridge, Longshaw, Knype and Turnhill  These "Five Towns" make their first appearance in Bennett's fiction in Anna of the Five Towns (1902) and are the setting for further novels including Leonora (1903), Whom God Hath Joined (1906), The Old Wives' Tale (1908) and the Clayhanger trilogy – Clayhanger (1910), Hilda Lessways (1911) and These Twain (1916) – as well as for dozens of short stories  Bennett's fiction portrays the Five Towns with what The Oxford Companion to English Literature calls "an ironic but affectionate detachment, describing provincial life and culture in documentary detail, and creating many memorable characters"  In later life Bennett said that the writer George Moore was "the father of all my Five Towns books" as it was reading Moore's 1885 novel A Mummer's Wife, set in the Potteries, that "opened my eyes to the romantic nature of the district I had blindly inhabited for over twenty years" It was not only locations on which Bennett drew for his fiction  Many of his characters are discernibly based on real people in his life  His Lincoln's Inn friend John Eland was a source for Mr Aked in Bennett's first novel, A Man from the North (1898); A Great Man (1903) contains a character with echoes of his Parisienne friend Chichi; Darius Clayhanger's early life is based on that of a family friend and Bennett himself is seen in Edwin in Clayhanger  He has been criticised for making literary use in that novel of the distressing details of his father's decline into senility, but in Pound's view, in committing the details to paper Bennett was unburdening himself of painful memories These Twain is Bennett's "last extended study of Five Towns life"  The novels he wrote in the 1920s are largely set in London and thereabouts: Riceyman Steps (1923), for instance, generally regarded as the best of Bennett's post-war novels, was set in Clerkenwell: it was awarded the James Tait Black novel prize for 1923, "the first prize for a book I ever had," Bennett noted in his journal on 18 October 1924  His Lord Raingo (1926), described by Dudley Barker as "one of the finest of political novels in the language", benefited from Bennett's own experience in the Ministry of Information and his subsequent friendship with Beaverbrook: John Lucas states that "As a study of what goes on in the corridors of power [Lord Raingo] has few equals"  And Bennett's final – and longest – novel, Imperial Palace (1930), is set in a grand London hotel reminiscent of the Savoy, whose directors assisted him in his preliminary research Bennett usually gave his novels subtitles; the most frequent was "A fantasia on modern themes", individual books were called "A frolic" or "A melodrama", but he was sparing with the label "A novel" which he used for only a few of his books – for instance Anna of the Five Towns, Leonora, Sacred and Profane Love, The Old Wives' Tale, The Pretty Lady (1918) and Riceyman Steps  Literary critics have followed Bennett in dividing his novels into groups  The literary scholar Kurt Koenigsberger proposes three categories  In the first are the long narratives – "freestanding, monumental artefacts" – Anna of the Five Towns, The Old Wives' Tale, Clayhanger and Riceyman Steps, which "have been held in high critical regard since their publication"  Koenigsberger writes that the "Fantasias" such as The Grand Babylon Hotel (1902), Teresa of Watling Street (1904) and The City of Pleasure (1907), have "mostly passed from public attention along with the 'modern' conditions they exploit"  His third group includes "Idyllic Diversions" or "Stories of Adventure", including Helen with the High Hand (1910), The Card (1911), and The Regent (1913), which "have sustained some enduring critical and popular interest, not least for their amusing treatment of cosmopolitanism and provinciality" Bennett published 96 short stories in seven volumes between 1905 and 1931  His ambivalence about his native town is vividly seen in "The Death of Simon Fuge" in the collection The Grim Smile of the Five Towns (1907), judged by Lucas the finest of all the stories  His chosen locations ranged widely, including Paris and Venice as well as London and the Five Towns  As with his novels, he would sometimes give a story a label, calling "The Matador of the Five Towns" (1912) "a tragedy" and "Jock-at-a-Venture" from the same collection "a frolic"  The short stories, particularly those in Tales of the Five Towns (1905), The Grim Smile of the Five Towns (1907), and The Matador of the Five Towns contain some of the most striking examples of Bennett's concern for realism, with an unflinching narrative focus on what Lucas calls "the drab, the squalid, and the mundane"  In 2010 and 2011 two further volumes of Bennett's hitherto uncollected short stories were published: they range from his earliest work written in the 1890s, some under the pseudonym Sarah Volatile, to US magazine commissions from the late 1920s 

Stage and screen
In 1931 the critic Graham Sutton, looking back at Bennett's career in the theatre, contrasted his achievements as a playwright with those as a novelist, suggesting that Bennett was a complete novelist but a not-entirely-complete dramatist  His plays were clearly those of a novelist: "He tends to lengthy speeches  Sometimes he overwrites a part, as though distrusting the actor  He is more interested in what his people are than in what they visibly do  He 'thinks nowt' of mere slickness of plot "
Bennett's lack of a theatrical grounding showed in the uneven construction of some of his plays, such as his 1911 comedy The Honeymoon, which played for 125 performances from October 1911  The highly successful Milestones was seen as impeccably constructed, but the credit for that was given to his craftsmanlike collaborator, Edward Knoblauch (Bennett being credited with the inventive flair of the piece)  By far his most successful solo effort in the theatre was The Great Adventure, based on his 1908 novel Buried Alive, which ran in the West End for 674 performances, from March 1913 to November 1914  Sutton praised its "new strain of impish and sardonic fantasy" and rated it a much finer play than Milestones After the First World War Bennett wrote two plays on metaphysical questions, Sacred and Profane Love (1919, adapted from his novel) and Body and Soul (1922), which made little impression  The Saturday Review praised the "shrewd wit" of the former, but thought it "false in its essentials     superficial in its accidentals"  Of the latter, the critic Horace Shipp wondered "how the author of Clayhanger and The Old Wives' Tale could write such third-rate stuff"  Bennett had more success in a final collaboration with Edward Knoblock (as Knoblauch had become during the war) with Mr Prohack (1927), a comedy based on his 1922 novel; one critic wrote "I could have enjoyed the play had it run to double its length", but even so he judged the middle act weaker than the outer two  Sutton concludes that Bennett's forte was character, but that the competence of his technique was variable  The plays are seldom revived, although some have been adapted for television Bennett wrote two opera libretti for the composer Eugene Goossens: Judith (one act, 1929) and Don Juan (four acts, produced in 1937 after the writer's death)  There were comments that Goossens's music lacked tunes and Bennett's libretti were too wordy and literary  The critic Ernest Newman defended both works, finding Bennett's libretto for Judith "a drama told simply and straightforwardly" and Don Juan "the best thing that English opera has so far produced … the most dramatic and stageworthy", but though politely received, both operas vanished from the repertory after a few performances Bennett took a keen interest in the cinema, and in 1920 wrote The Wedding Dress, a scenario for a silent movie, at the request of Jesse Lasky of the Famous Players film company  It was never made, though Bennett wrote a full-length treatment, assumed to be lost until his daughter Virginia found it in a drawer in her Paris home in 1983; subsequently the script was sold to the Potteries Museum and Art Gallery and was finally published in 2013  In 1928 Bennett wrote the  scenario for the silent film Piccadilly, directed by E  A  Dupont and starring Anna May Wong, described by the British Film Institute as "one of  the true greats of British silent films"  In 1929, the year the film came out, Bennett was in discussion with a young Alfred Hitchcock to script a silent film, Punch and Judy, which foundered on artistic disagreements and  Bennett's refusal to see the film as a "talkie" rather than silent  His original scenario, acquired by Pennsylvania State University, was published in the UK in 2012 

Journalism and self-help books
Bennett published more than two dozen non-fiction books, among which eight could be classified as "self-help": the most enduring is How to Live on 24 Hours a Day (1908), which is still in print and has been translated into several languages  Other "self-help" volumes include How to Become an Author (1903), The Reasonable Life (1907), Literary Taste: How to Form It (1909), The Human Machine (1908), Mental Efficiency (1911), The Plain Man and his Wife (1913), Self and Self-Management (1918) and How to Make the Best of Life (1923)  They were, says Swinnerton, "written for small fees and with a real desire to assist the ignorant"  According to the Harvard academic Beth Blum, these books "advance less scientific versions of the argument for mental discipline espoused by William James"  In his biography of Bennett Patrick Donovan argues that in the US "the huge appeal to the ordinary readers" of his self-help books "made his name stand out vividly from other English writers across the massive, fragmented American market " As Bennett put it to his London-based agent J  B  Pinker, these "pocket philosophies are just the sort of book for the American public"  However, How to Live on 24 Hours was aimed initially at "the legions of clerks and typists and other meanly paid workers caught up in the explosion of British office jobs around the turn of the century … they offered a strong message of hope from somebody who so well understood their lives" Bennett never lost his journalistic instincts, and throughout his life sought and responded to newspaper and magazine commissions with varying degrees of enthusiasm: "from the start of the 1890s right up to the week of his death there would never be a period when he was not churning out copy for newspapers and magazines"  In a journal entry at the end of 1908, for instance, he noted that he had written "over sixty newspaper articles" that year; in 1910 the figure was "probably about 80 other articles"  While living in Paris he was a regular contributor to T  P 's Weekly; later he reviewed for The New Age under the pseudonym Jacob Tonson and was associated with the New Statesman as not only a writer but also a director 

Journals
Inspired by the Journal des Goncourt, Bennett kept a journal throughout his adult life  Swinnerton says that it runs to a million words; it has not been published in full  Edited extracts were issued in three volumes, in 1932 and 1933  According to Hugh Walpole, the editor, Newman Flower, "was so appalled by much of what he found in the journals that he published only brief extracts, and those the safest"  Whatever Flower censored, the extracts he selected were not always "the safest": he let some defamatory remarks through, and in 1935 he, the publishers and printers had to pay an undisclosed sum to the plaintiff in one libel suit and £2,500 in another 

Critical reputation
Novels and short stories
The literary modernists of his day deplored Bennett's books, and those of his well-known contemporaries H  G  Wells and John Galsworthy  Of the three, Bennett drew the most opprobrium from modernists such as Virginia Woolf, Ezra Pound and Wyndham Lewis who regarded him as representative of an outmoded and rival literary culture  There was a strong element of class-consciousness and snobbery in the modernists' attitude: Woolf accused Bennett of having "a shopkeeper's view of literature" and in her essay "Mr Bennett and Mrs Brown" accused Bennett, Galsworthy and Wells of ushering in an "age when character disappeared or was mysteriously engulfed" In a 1963 study of Bennett, James Hepburn summed up and dissented from the prevailing views of the novels, listing three related evaluative positions taken individually or together by almost all Bennett's critics: that his Five Towns novels are generally superior to his other work, that he and his art declined after The Old Wives' Tale or Clayhanger, and that there is a sharp and clear distinction between the good and bad novels  Hepburn countered that one of the novels most frequently praised by literary critics is Riceyman Steps (1923) set in Clerkenwell, London, and dealing with material imagined rather than observed by the author  On the third point he commented that although received wisdom was that The Old Wives' Tale and Clayhanger are good and Sacred and Profane Love and Lillian are bad, there was little consensus about which other Bennett novels were good, bad or indifferent  He instanced The Pretty Lady (1918), on which critical opinion ranged from "cheap and sensational"     "sentimental melodrama" to "a great novel"  Lucas (2004) considers it "a much underrated study of England during the war years, especially in its sensitive feeling for the destructive frenzy that underlay much apparently good-hearted patriotism" In 1974 Margaret Drabble published Arnold Bennett, a literary biography  In the foreword she demurred at the critical dismissal of Bennett:

Writing in the 1990s the literary critic John Carey called for a reappraisal of Bennett in his book The Intellectuals and the Masses (1992):

In 2006 Koenigsberger commented that one reason why Bennett's novels had been sidelined, apart from "the exponents of modernism who recoiled from his democratising aesthetic programme", was his attitude to gender  His books include the pronouncements "the average man has more intellectual power than the average woman" and "women as a sex love to be dominated"; Koenigsberger nevertheless praises Bennett's "sensitive and oft-praised portrayals of female figures in his fiction" Lucas concludes his study with the comment that Bennett's realism may be limited by his cautious assumption that things are as they are and will not change  Nevertheless, in Lucas's view, successive generations of reader have admired Bennett's best work, and future generations are certain to do so 

Crime fiction
Bennett dabbled in crime fiction, in The Grand Babylon Hotel and The Loot of Cities (1905)  In Queen's Quorum (1951), a survey of crime fiction, Ellery Queen listed the latter among the 100 most important works in the genre  This collection of stories recounts the adventures of a millionaire who commits crimes to achieve his idealistic ends  Although it was "one of his least known works," it was nevertheless "of unusual interest, both as an example of Arnold Bennett's early work and as an early example of dilettante detectivism" 

Legacy
Arnold Bennett Society
The Society was founded in 1954 "to promote the study and appreciation of the life, works and times not only of Arnold Bennett himself but also of other provincial writers, with particular relationship to North Staffordshire"  In 2021 its president was Denis Eldin, Bennett's grandson; among the vice-presidents was Margaret Drabble In 2017 the society instituted an annual Arnold Bennett Prize as part of author's 150th anniversary celebrations, to be awarded to an author who was born, lives or works in North Staffordshire and has published a book in the relevant year, or to the author of a book which features the region  In 2017 John Lancaster won the award for his poetry collection Potters: A Division of Labour  Subsequent winners have been Jan Edwards for her novel Winter Downs (2018), Charlotte Higgins for Red Thread: On Mazes and Labyrinths (2019) and Lisa Blower for her story collection It's Gone Dark Over Bill's Mother's (2020)  The prize was not awarded in 2021 because of the Covid-19 situation, but in 2022 it was won by John Pye, a former detective inspector turned crime writer, for his novel Where the Silent Screams Are Loudest  The prize in 2023 went to Philip Nanney Williams for his book Adams: Britain's Oldest Potting Dynasty 

Plaques and statuary
Bennett has been commemorated by several plaques  Hugh Walpole unveiled one at Comarques in 1931, and in the same year another was placed at Bennett's birthplace in Hanley  A plaque to and bust of Bennett were unveiled in Burslem in 1962, and there are blue plaques commemorating him at the house in Cadogan Square where he lived from 1923 to 1930 and on the house in Cobridge where he lived in his youth  The southern Baker Street entrance of Chiltern Court has a plaque to Bennett on the left and another to H  G  Wells on the right  A blue plaque has been placed on the wall of Bennett's home in Fontainebleau There is a two-metre-high bronze statue of Bennett outside The Potteries Museum & Art Gallery in Hanley, Stoke-on-Trent, unveiled on 27 May 2017 during the events marking the 150th anniversary of his birth 

Archives
There are substantial archives of Bennett's papers and artworks, including drafts, diaries, letters, photographs and watercolours, at The Potteries Museum & Art Gallery in Stoke-on-Trent and at Keele University  Other Bennett papers are held by University College London, the British Library, and, in the US, Texas and Yale universities and the Berg Collection in the New York Public Library 

Omelettes
Bennett shares with the composer Gioachino Rossini, the singer Nellie Melba and some other celebrities the distinction of having a well-known dish named in his honour  An omelette Arnold Bennett is one that incorporates smoked haddock, hard cheese (typically Cheddar), and cream  It was created at the Savoy Grill in London for Bennett, who was an habitué, by the chef Jean Baptiste Virlogeux  It remains a British classic; cooks from Marcus Wareing to Delia Smith and Gordon Ramsay have published their recipes for it, and a variant remains on the menu at the Savoy Grill 

Notes, references and sources
Notes
Passage 2:
Mermaid Series
The Mermaid Series was a major collection of reprints of texts from English Elizabethan, Jacobean and Restoration drama  It was launched in 1887 by the British publisher Henry Vizetelly and under the general editorship of Havelock Ellis  Around 1894 the series was taken over by the London firm of T  Fisher Unwin  Many well-known literary figures edited or introduced the texts  Some of the plays published had not been reprinted in recent editions, and most had dropped out of the stage repertoire 
The name alludes to the Mermaid Tavern in London  There has been a later New Mermaids Series 

The Best Plays of Beaumont and Fletcher
Notes by John Strachey, two volumes
(volume I) The Maid's Tragedy - Philaster - The Wild Goose Chase - Thierry and Theodoret - The Knight of the Burning Pestle
(volume II) A King and No King - Bonduca - The Spanish Curate - The Faithful Shepherdess - Valentinian

The Best Plays of George Chapman
Edited by William Lyon Phelps
All Fools - Bussy D'Ambois - The Revenge of Bussy D'Ambois - The Conspiracy of Charles, Duke of Byron - The Tragedy of Charles, Duke of Byron

The Complete Plays of William Congreve
Edited by Alexander Charles Ewald
The Old Bachelor - The Double-Dealer - Love for Love - The Way of the World - The Mourning Bride

The Best Plays of Thomas Dekker
Notes by Ernest Rhys
The Shoemaker's Holiday - The Honest Whore - Old Fortunatus - The Witch of Edmonton

The Best Plays of John Dryden
Edited by George Saintsbury, two volumes
(Volume I) Almanzor and Almahide, or The Conquest of Grenada, parts 1 & 2 - Marriage A La Mode - Aureng-Zebe
(Volume II) All for Love - The Spanish Friar - Albion and Albanius - Don Sebastian

The Best Plays of George Farquhar
Edited by William Archer
The Constant Couple - The Twin Rivals - The Recruiting Officer - The Beaux' Stratagem

The Best Plays of John Ford
Edited by Havelock Ellis
The Lover's Melancholy - 'Tis Pity She's a Whore - The Broken Heart - Love's Sacrifice - Perkin Warbeck

The Complete Plays of Robert Greene
Edited by Thomas H  Dickinson
Alphonsus, King of Arragon - A Looking Glass for London and England - Orlando Furioso - Friar Bacon and Friar Bungay - James the Fourth - George-A-Green, the Pinner of Wakefield

The Best Plays of Thomas Heywood
Edited by A  Wilson Verity, introduction by John Addington Symonds
A Woman Killed with Kindness - The Fair Maid of the West - The English Traveller - The Wise Woman of Hogsdon - The Rape of Lucrece

The Best Plays of Ben Jonson
Notes by Brinsley Nicholson and C  H  Herford, three volumes
(Volume I) Every Man in His Humour - Every Man out of His Humour - The Poetaster
(Volume II) Bartholomew Fair - Cynthia's Revels; or, The Fountain of Self-Love - Sejanus His Fall
(Volume III) Volpone; or, The Fox - Epicœne; or, The Silent Woman - The Alchemist

The Best Plays of Christopher Marlowe
Notes by Havelock Ellis, series introduction by John Addington Symonds
Tamburlaine the Great Part the First - Tamburlaine the Great Part the Second
- Doctor Faustus - The Jew of Malta - Edward the Second
Also includes a biography of Christopher Marlowe and appendices 

The Best Plays of Philip Massinger
Notes by Arthur Symons, two volumes
(Volume I) The Duke of Milan - A New Way to Pay Old Debts - The Great Duke of Florence - The Maid of Honour - The City Madam
(Volume II) The Roman Actor - The Fatal Dowry - The Guardian - The Virgin Martyr - Believe as You List

The Best Plays of Thomas Middleton
Introduction by Algernon Charles Swinburne, with Havelock Ellis, two volumes
(Volume I) A Trick to Catch the Old One - The Changeling - A Chaste Maid in Cheapside - Women Beware Women - The Spanish Gypsy
(Volume II) The Roaring Girl - The Witch - A Fair Quarrel - The Mayor of Queensborough - The Widow

Nero and Other Plays (1888)
Edited by H  P  Horne, A  W  Verity, Arthur Symons and Havelock Ellis
Nero (anonymous) - The Two Angry Women of Abington (Henry Porter) - The Parliament of Bees (John Day) - Humour Out of Breath (John Day) - A Woman is a Weathercock (Nathan Field)- Amends for Ladies (Nathan Field)

The Best Plays of Thomas Otway
Notes by Roden Noel
Don Carlos, Prince of Spain - The Orphan - The Soldier's Fortune - Venice Preserved

The Best Plays of Thomas Shadwell
Edited by George Saintsbury
The Sullen Lovers - A True Widow - The Squire of Alsatia - Bury Fair

The Best Plays of James Shirley
Introduction by Edmund Gosse
The Witty Fair One - The Traitor - Hyde Park - The Lady of Pleasure - The Cardinal - The Triumph of Peace

The Complete Plays of Richard Steele
Edited by G  A  Aitken
The Funeral - The Lying Lover - The Tender Husband - The Conscious Lovers - The School of Action - The Gentleman

The Select Plays of Sir John Vanbrugh
Edited by A  E  H  Swain
The Relapse - The Provok'd Wife - The Confederacy - A Journey to London

The Best Plays of Webster and Tourneur
Notes by John Addington Symonds
The White Devil (Webster) - The Duchess of Malfi (Webster) - The Atheist's Tragedy (Tourneur) - The Revenger's Tragedy (Tourneur, but now usually attributed to Thomas Middleton)

The Complete Plays of William Wycherley
Edited by W  C  Ward
Love in a Wood - The Gentleman Dancing Master - The Country Wife - The Plain Dealer

Online editions
Beaumont and Fletcher I • 
Beaumont and Fletcher II • 
George Chapman • 
William Congreve • 
Thomas Dekker • 
John Dryden I • 
John Dryden II • 
George Farquhar • 
John Ford • 
Robert Greene • 
Thomas Heywood • 
Ben Jonson I • 
Ben Jonson II • 
Ben Jonson III • 
Christopher Marlowe • 
Philip Massinger I • 
Philip Massinger II • 
Thomas Middleton I • 
Thomas Middleton II • 
Nero and Other Plays • 
Thomas Otway • 
Thomas Shadwell • 
James Shirley • 
Richard Steele • 
Sir John Vanbrugh • 
Webster and Tourneur • 
William Wycherley
Passage 3:
John Dicks (publisher)
John Thomas Dicks (1818–1881) was a publisher in London in the 19th century  He issued popular, affordably priced fiction and drama, such as "shilling Shakespeares and wonderfully cheap reprints of Scott and other standard authors " Earlier in his career he worked with Peter Perring Thoms and George W  M  Reynolds  Employees included illustrator Frederick Gilbert  Readers included Thomas Burt and Havelock Ellis  Dicks retired in the 1870s, when his sons took over the firm which continued into the 1960s 

Works issued by John Dicks
Musical Treasures (sheet music series); numbered list

Drama
The British drama: illustrated, vol  1–4, John Dicks, 1864–66
Dicks' British Drama, 1866–, 1866 (series)

Dicks' Standard Plays
Dicks' Standard Plays, 1874–1907 (series)
List of Dicks' Standard Plays and Free Acting Drama, 1883, OL 7225611M – arranged by number, title, author (Ainsworth, Dickens, Lytton, Scott, etc ), and theme (nautical, dumb hero, ghost, Irish, Scotch, military, temperance, fairy, equestrian, etc )

Fiction
George W  M  Reynolds  Mysteries of the Court of London 
Dicks' English Novels (series); numbered list
Dicks' English Library of Standard Works (series) Dicks' English Library of Standard Works, v 33 (via British Library on Flickr)
WorldCat  Dicks' English Library of Standard Works (series)
Dicks' Celebrated Works (series); numbered list

Periodicals
Bow Bells: A Weekly Magazine of General Literature and Art, 1862, pp  83 v – authors included George Manville Fenn, George Augustus SalaFashion plate, 1865
Fashion plates, 1870s
Reynolds' Miscellany
Halfpenny Gazette, 1861–1865
Every Week, 1869–1896
Penny Illustrated Weekly News
Fiction, edited by Eliza Winstanley – weekly

Catalogues
Shakespeare, William (c  1860s), List of Books Published by John Dicks
John Dicks' Catalogue, 1874, OCLC 500243028
Passage 4:
Havelock Ellis
Henry Havelock Ellis (2 February 1859 – 8 July 1939) was an English physician, eugenicist, writer, progressive intellectual and social reformer who studied human sexuality  He co-wrote the first medical textbook in English on homosexuality in 1897, and also published works on a variety of sexual practices and inclinations, as well as on transgender psychology  He developed the notions of narcissism and autoeroticism, later adopted by psychoanalysis 
Ellis was among the pioneering investigators of psychedelic drugs and the author of one of the first written reports to the public about an experience with mescaline, which he conducted on himself in 1896  He supported eugenics and served as one of 16 vice-presidents of the Eugenics Society from 1909 to 1912 

Early life and career
Ellis, son of Edward Peppen Ellis and Susannah Mary Wheatley, was born in Croydon, Surrey (now part of Greater London)  He had four sisters, none of whom married  His father was a sea captain and an Anglican, while his mother was the daughter of a sea captain who had many other relatives that lived on or near the sea  When he was seven his father took him on one of his voyages, during which they called at Sydney, Australia; Callao, Peru; and Antwerp, Belgium  After his return, Ellis attended the French and German College near Wimbledon, and afterward attended a school in Mitcham 
In April 1875, Ellis sailed on his father's ship for Australia; soon after his arrival in Sydney, he obtained a position as a master at a private school  After the discovery of his lack of training, he was fired and became a tutor for a family living a few miles from Carcoar, New South Wales  He spent a year there and then obtained a position as a master at a grammar school in Grafton, New South Wales  The headmaster had died and Ellis carried on at the school for that year, but was unsuccessful 
At the end of the year, he returned to Sydney and, after three months' training, was given charge of two government part-time elementary schools, one at Sparkes Creek, near Scone, New South Wales, and the other at Junction Creek  He lived at the school house on Sparkes Creek for a year  He wrote in his autobiography, "In Australia, I gained health of body, I attained peace of soul, my life task was revealed to me, I was able to decide on a professional vocation, I became an artist in literature; these five points covered the whole activity of my life in the world  Some of them I should doubtless have reached without the aid of the Australian environment, scarcely all, and most of them I could never have achieved so completely if chance had not cast me into the solitude of the Liverpool Range "

Medicine and psychology
Ellis returned to England in April 1879  He had decided to take up the study of sex and felt his first step must be to qualify as a physician  He studied at St Thomas's Hospital Medical School, now part of King's College London, but never had a regular medical practice  His training was aided by a small legacy and also income earned from editing works in the Mermaid Series of lesser known Elizabethan and Jacobean drama  He joined The Fellowship of the New Life in 1883, meeting other social reformers Eleanor Marx, Edward Carpenter and George Bernard Shaw 
The 1897 English translation of Ellis's book Sexual Inversion, co-authored with John Addington Symonds and originally published in German in 1896, was the first English medical textbook on homosexuality  It describes male homosexual relations as well as adolescent rape  Ellis wrote the first objective study of homosexuality, as he did not characterise it as a disease, immoral, or a crime  The work assumes that same-sex love transcended age taboos as well as gender taboo  The work also uses the term bisexual throughout The first edition of the book was bought-out by the executor of Symond's estate, who forbade any mention of Symonds in the second edition In 1897 a bookseller was prosecuted for stocking Ellis's book  Although the term homosexual is attributed to Ellis, he wrote in 1897, "'Homosexual' is a barbarously hybrid word, and I claim no responsibility for it " In fact, the word homosexual was coined in 1868 by the Hungarian author Karl-Maria Kertbeny Ellis may have developed psychological concepts of autoeroticism and narcissism, both of which were later developed further by Sigmund Freud  Ellis's influence may have reached Radclyffe Hall, who would have been about 17 years old at the time Sexual Inversion was published  She later referred to herself as a sexual invert and wrote of female "sexual inverts" in Miss Ogilvy Finds Herself and The Well of Loneliness  When Ellis bowed out as the star witness in the trial of The Well of Loneliness on 14 May 1928, Norman Haire was set to replace him but no witnesses were called 

Eonism
Ellis studied what today are called transgender phenomena  Together with Magnus Hirschfeld, Havelock Ellis is considered a major figure in the history of sexology to establish a new category that was separate and distinct from homosexuality  Aware of Hirschfeld's studies of transvestism, but disagreeing with his terminology, in 1913 Ellis proposed the term sexo-aesthetic inversion to describe the phenomenon  In 1920 he coined the term eonism, which he derived from the name of a historical figure, the Chevalier d'Éon  Ellis explained:
On the psychic side, as I view it, the Eonist is embodying, in an extreme degree, the aesthetic attitude of imitation of, and identification with, the admired object  It is normal for a man to identify himself with the woman he loves  The Eonist carries that identification too far, stimulated by a sensitive and feminine element in himself which is associated with a rather defective virile sexuality on what may be a neurotic basis 
Ellis found eonism to be "a remarkably common anomaly", and "next in frequency to homosexuality among sexual deviations", and categorized it as "among the transitional or intermediate forms of sexuality"  As in the Freudian tradition, Ellis postulated that a "too close attachment to the mother" may encourage eonism, but also considered that it "probably invokes some defective endocrine balance" 

Marriage
In November 1891, at the age of 32, and reportedly still a virgin, Ellis married the English writer and proponent of women's rights Edith Lees  From the beginning, their marriage was unconventional, as Edith Lees was openly bisexual  At the end of the honeymoon, Ellis went back to his bachelor rooms in Paddington  She lived at Fellowship House  Their "open marriage" was the central subject in Ellis's autobiography, My Life  Ellis reportedly had an affair with Margaret Sanger According to Ellis in My Life, his friends were much amused at his being considered an expert on sex  Some knew that he reportedly suffered from impotence until the age of 60  He then discovered that he could become aroused by the sight of a woman urinating  Ellis named this "undinism"  After his wife died, Ellis formed a relationship with a French woman, Françoise Lafitte 

Eugenics
Ellis was a supporter of eugenics  He served as vice-president to the Eugenics Education Society and wrote on the subject, among others, in The Task of Social Hygiene:

Eventually, it seems evident, a general system, whether private or public, whereby all personal facts, biological and mental, normal and morbid, are duly and systematically registered, must become inevitable if we are to have a real guide as to those persons who are most fit, or most unfit to carry on the race 
The superficially sympathetic man flings a coin to the beggar; the more deeply sympathetic man builds an almshouse for him so he need no longer beg; but perhaps the most radically sympathetic of all is the man who arranges that the beggar shall not be born 
In his early writings, it was clear that Ellis concurred with the notion that there was a system of racial hierarchies, and that non-western cultures were considered to be "lower races"  Before explicitly talking about eugenic topics, he used the prevalence of homosexuality in these 'lower races' to indicate the universality of the behavior  In his work, Sexual Inversions, where Ellis presented numerous cases of homosexuality in Britain, he was always careful to mention the race of the subject and the health of the person's 'stock', which included their neuropathic conditions and the health of their parents  However, Ellis was clear to assert that he did not feel that homosexuality was an issue that eugenics needed to actively deal with, as he felt that once the practice was accepted in society, those with homosexual tendencies would comfortably choose not to marry, and thus would cease to pass the 'homosexual heredity' along In a debate in the Sociological Society, Ellis corresponded with the eugenicist Francis Galton, who was presenting a paper in support of marriage restrictions  While Galton analogized eugenics to breeding domesticated animals, Ellis felt that a greater sense of caution was needed before applying the eugenic regulations to populations, as "we have scarcely yet realized how subtle and far-reaching hereditary influences are " Instead, because unlike domesticated animals, humans were in charge of who they mated with, Ellis argued that a greater emphasis was needed on public education about how vital this issue was  Ellis thus held much more moderate views than many contemporary eugenicists  In fact, Ellis also fundamentally disagreed with Galton's leading ideas that procreation restrictions were the same as marriage restrictions  Ellis believed that those who should not procreate should still be able to gain all the other benefits of marriage, and to not allow that was an intolerable burden  This, in his mind, was what led to eugenics being "misunderstood, ridiculed, and regarded as a fad" Throughout his life, Ellis was both a member and later a council member of the Eugenics Society  Moreover, he played a role on the General Committee of the First International Eugenics Congress 

Sexual impulse in youth
Ellis' 1933 book, Psychology of Sex, is one of the many manifestations of his interest in human sexuality  In this book, he goes into vivid detail of how children can experience sexuality differently in terms of time and intensity  He mentions that it was previously believed that, in childhood, humans had no sex impulse at all  "If it is possible to maintain that the sex impulse has no normal existence in early life, then every manifestation of it at that period must be 'perverse,'" he adds 
He continues by stating that, even in the early development and lower functional levels of the genitalia, there is a wide range of variation in terms of sexual stimulation  He claims that the ability of some infants producing genital reactions, seen as "reflex signs of irritation" are typically not vividly remembered  Since the details of these manifestations are not remembered, there is no possible way to determine them as pleasurable  However, Ellis claims that many people of both sexes can recall having agreeable sensations with the genitalia as a child  "They are not (as is sometimes imagined) repressed " They are, however, not usually mentioned to adults  Ellis argues that they typically stand out and are remembered for the sole contrast of the intense encounter to any other ordinary experience Ellis claims that sexual self-excitement is known to happen at an early age  He references authors like Marc, Fonssagrives, and Perez in France, who published their findings in the nineteenth century  These "early ages" are not strictly limited to ages close to puberty, as can be seen in their findings  These authors provide cases for children of both sexes who have masturbated from the age of three or four  Ellis references Robie's findings that boys' first sex feelings appear between the ages of five and fourteen  For girls, this age ranges from eight to nineteen 
For both sexes, these first sexual experiences arise more frequently during the later years as opposed to the earlier years  Ellis then references G V  Hamilton's studies that found twenty percent of males and fourteen percent of females have pleasurable experiences with their sex organs before the age of six  This is only supplemented by Ellis' reference to Katharine Davis' studies, which found that twenty to twenty-nine percent of boys and forty-nine to fifty-one percent of girls were masturbating by the age of eleven  However, in the next three years after, boys' percentages exceeded those of girls 
Ellis also contributed to the idea of varying levels of sexual excitation  He asserts it is a mistake to assume all children are able to experience genital arousal or pleasurable erotic sensations  He proposes cases where an innocent child is led to believe that stimulation of the genitalia will result in a pleasurable erection  Some of these children may fail and not be able to experience this, either pleasure or an erection, until puberty  Ellis concludes, then, that children are capable of a "wide range of genital and sexual aptitude"  Ellis even considers ancestry as a contributions to different sexual excitation levels, stating that children of "more unsound heredity" and/or hypersexual parents are "more precociously excitable" 

Auto-eroticism
Ellis' views of auto-eroticism were very comprehensive, including much more than masturbation  Auto-eroticism, according to Ellis, includes a wide range of phenomena  Ellis states in his 1897 book Studies in the Psychology of Sex, that auto-eroticism ranges from erotic day-dreams, marked by a passivity shown by the subject, to "unshamed efforts at sexual self-manipulation witnessed among the insane" Ellis also argues that auto-erotic impulses can be heightened by bodily processes like menstrual flow  During this time, he says, women, who would otherwise not feel a strong propensity for auto-eroticism, increase their masturbation patterns  This trend is absent, however, in women without a conscious acceptance of their sexual feelings and in a small percentage of women suffering from a sexual or general ailment which result in a significant amount of "sexual anesthesia" Ellis also raises social concern over how auto-erotic tendencies affect marriages  He goes on to tying auto-eroticism to declining marriage rates  As these rates decline, he concludes that auto-eroticism will only increase in both amount and intensity for both men and women  Therefore, he states, this is an important issue to both the moralist and physician to investigate psychological underpinnings of these experiences and determine an attitude toward them 

Smell
Ellis believed that the sense of smell, although ineffective at long ranges, still contributes to sexual attraction, and therefore, to mate selection  In his 1905 book, Sexual selection in man, Ellis makes a claim for the sense of smell in the role of sexual selection  He asserts that while we have evolved out of a great necessity for the sense of smell, we still rely on our sense of smell with sexual selection  The contributions that smell makes in sexual attraction can even be heightened with certain climates  Ellis states that with warmer climates come a heightened sensitivity to sexual and other positive feelings of smell among normal populations  Because of this, he believes people are often delighted by odors in the East, particularly in India, in "Hebrew and Mohammedan lands"  Ellis then continues by describing the distinct odours in various races, noting that the Japanese race has the least intense of bodily odours  Ellis concludes his argument by stating, "On the whole, it may be said that in the usual life of man odours play a not inconsiderable part and raise problems which are not without interest, but that their demonstrable part in actual sexual selection is comparatively small "

Views on women and birth control
Ellis favoured feminism from a eugenic perspective, feeling that the enhanced social, economic, and sexual choices that feminism provided for women would result in women choosing partners who were more eugenically sound  In his view, intelligent women would not choose, nor be forced to marry and procreate with feeble-minded men 
Ellis viewed birth control as merely the continuation of an evolutionary progression, noting that natural progress has always consisted of increasing impediments to reproduction, which lead to a lower quantity of offspring, but a much higher quality of them  From a eugenic perspective, birth control was an invaluable instrument for the elevation of the race  However, Ellis noted that birth control could not be used randomly in a way that could have a detrimental impact by reducing conception, but rather needed to be used in a targeted manner to improve the qualities of certain 'stocks'  He observed that it was the 'superior stocks' who had knowledge of and used birth control while the 'inferior stocks' propagated without checks  Ellis's solution to this was a focus on contraceptives in education, as this would disseminate the knowledge in the populations that he felt needed them the most  Ellis argued that birth control was the only available way of making eugenic selection practicable, as the only other option was wide-scale abstention from intercourse for those who were 'unfit' 

Views on sterilization
Ellis was strongly opposed to the idea of castration of either sex for eugenic purposes  In 1909, regulations were introduced at the Cantonal Asylum in Bern which allowed those deemed 'unfit' or with strong sexual inclinations to be subject to mandatory sterilization  In a particular instance, several men and women, including epileptics and pedophiles, were castrated, some of whom voluntarily requested it  While the results were positive, in that none of the subjects were found guilty of any more sexual offences, Ellis remained staunchly opposed to the practice  His view on the origin of these inclinations was that sexual impulses do not reside in the sexual organs, but rather they persist in the brain  Moreover, he posited that the sexual glands provided an important source of internal secretions vital for the functioning of the organism, and thus the glands' removal could greatly injure the patient However, already in his time, Ellis was witness to the rise of vasectomies and ligatures of the Fallopian tubes, which performed the same sterilization without removing the whole organ  In these cases, Ellis was much more favorable, yet still maintaining that "sterilization of the unfit, if it is to be a practical and humane measure commanding general approval, must be voluntary on the part of the person undergoing it, and never compulsory " His opposition to such a system was not only rooted in morality  Rather, Ellis also considered the practicality of the situation, hypothesizing that if an already mentally unfit man is forced to undergo sterilization, he would only become more ill-balanced, and would end up committing more anti-social acts 
Though Ellis was never at ease with the idea of forced sterilizations, he was willing to find ways to circumvent that restriction  His focus was on the social ends of eugenics, and as a means to it, Ellis was in no way against 'persuading' 'volunteers' to undergo sterilization by withdrawing Poor Relief from them  While he preferred to convince those he deemed unfit using education, Ellis supported coercion as a tool  Furthermore, he supported adding ideas about eugenics and birth control to the education system in order to restructure society, and to promote social hygiene  For Ellis, sterilization seemed to be the only eugenic instrument that could be used on the mentally unfit  In fact, in his publication The Sterilization of the Unfit, Ellis argued that even institutionalization could not guarantee the complete prevention of procreation between the unfit, and thus, "the burdens of society, to say nothing of the race, are being multiplied  It is not possible to view sterilization with enthusiasm when applied to any class of people…but what, I ask myself, is the practical alternative?"

Psychedelics
Ellis was among the pioneering investigators of psychedelic drugs and the author of one of the first written reports to the public about an experience with mescaline, which he conducted on himself in 1896  He consumed a brew made of three Lophophora williamsii buds in the afternoon of Good Friday alone in his set of rooms in Temple, London  During the experience, lasting for about 24 hours, he noted a plethora of extremely vivid, complex, colourful, pleasantly smelling hallucinations, consisting both of abstract geometrical patterns and objects such as butterflies and other insects  He published the account of the experience in The Contemporary Review in 1898 (Mescal: A New Artificial Paradise)  The title of the article alludes to an earlier work on the effects of mind-altering substances, an 1860 book Les Paradis artificiels by French poet Charles Baudelaire (containing descriptions of experiments with opium and hashish) 
Ellis was so impressed with the aesthetic quality of the experience that he gave some specimens of peyote to the Irish poet W B  Yeats, a member of the Hermetic Order of the Golden Dawn, an organisation of which another mescaline researcher, Aleister Crowley, was also a member 

Later life and death
Ellis resigned from his position as a Fellow of the Eugenics Society over its stance on sterilization in January 1931 Ellis spent the last year of his life at Hintlesham, Suffolk, where he died in July 1939  His ashes were scattered at Golders Green Crematorium, North London, following his cremation 

Works
The Criminal (1890)
The New Spirit (1890)
The Nationalisation of Health (1892)
Man and Woman: A Study of Secondary and Tertiary Sexual Characteristics (1894) (revised 1929)
Das konträre Geschlechtsgefühl (in German)  Leipzig: Wigand  1896  p  1  with J A  Symonds
Studies in the Psychology of Sex (1897–1928) six volumes (listed below)
Studies in the Psychology of Sex  Vol  1 The Evolution of Modesty, The Phenomena of Sexual Periodicity, Auto–Erotism  1897 
Affirmations (1898)
"Mescal: A New Artificial Paradise"  The Contemporary Review  LXXIII  1898 
The Nineteenth Century (1900)
Studies in the Psychology of Sex  Vol  2 Sexual Inversion  1900 
Studies in the Psychology of Sex  Vol  3 Analysis of the Sexual Impulse, Love and Pain, The Sexual Impulse in Women  1903 
A Study of British Genius (1904)
Studies in the Psychology of Sex  Vol  4 Sexual Selection in Man  1905 
Studies in the Psychology of Sex  Vol  5 Erotic Symbolism, The Mechanism of Detumescence, The Psychic State in Pregnancy  1906 
The Soul of Spain (1908)
"The sterilisation of the unfit"  The Eugenics Review  1 (3): 203–06  1909  PMC 2986668  PMID 21259474 
Studies in the Psychology of Sex  Vol  6 Sex in Relation to Society  1910 
The Problem of Race-Regeneration (1911)
The World of Dreams (1911) (new edition 1926)
The task of social hygiene  New York  1912  p  10 
"Birth control and eugenics"  The Eugenics Review  9 (1): 32–41  1917  PMC 2942166  PMID 21259632 
The Task of Social Hygiene (1912)
Essays in War-Time  February 2006 
The Philosophy of Conflict (1919)
On Life and Sex: Essays of Love and Virtue (1921)
Kanga Creek: an Australian Idyll  The Golden Cockerel press  1922 
Little Essays of Love and Virtue (1922)
The Dance of Life  1923 
Impressions and Comments  Vol  3  1924 
Sonnets, with Folk Songs from the Spanish (1925)
Eonism and Other Supplementary Studies (1928)
Studies in the Psychology of Sex Vol  7 (1928)
The Art of Life (1929) (selected and arranged by Mrs  S  Herbert)
More Essays of Love and Virtue (1931)
ed : James Hinton: Life in Nature (1931)
Views and Reviews  1932 
Psychology of Sex  1933 
ed : Imaginary Conversations and Poems: A Selection, by Walter Savage Landor (1933)
Chapman (1934)
My Confessional (1934)
Questions of Our Day (1934)
From Rousseau to Proust (1935)
Selected Essays (1936)
Poems (1937) (selected by John Gawsworth; pseudonym of T  Fytton Armstrong)
Love and Marriage (1938) (with others)
My life  Houghton Mufflin  1939 
Sex Compatibility in Marriage (1939)
From Marlowe to Shaw (1950) (ed  by J  Gawsworth)
The Genius of Europe (1950)
Sex and Marriage (1951) (ed  by J  Gawsworth)
The Unpublished Letters of Havelock Ellis to Joseph Ishill (1954)

Translations
Germinal (by Zola) (1895) (reissued 1933)
The Psychology of the Emotions by Théodule-Armand Ribot (1897)
Context 3: Passage 1:
Bennington Triangle
"Bennington Triangle" is a phrase coined by American author Joseph A  Citro to denote an area of southwestern Vermont within which a number of people went missing between 1945 and 1950  This was further popularized in two books, including Shadow Child, in which Citro devoted chapters to discussion of these disappearances and various items of folklore surrounding the area  According to Citro, the area shares characteristics with the Bridgewater Triangle in Southeastern Massachusetts 
Precisely what area is encompassed in this hypothetical "mystery triangle" is not clear, but it is purportedly centered on Glastenbury Mountain and would include some or most of the area of the towns immediately surrounding it, especially Bennington, Woodford, Shaftsbury, and Somerset  Glastenbury and its neighboring township Somerset were both once moderately thriving logging and industrial towns, but began declining toward the late 19th century and are now essentially ghost towns, unincorporated by an act of the Vermont General Assembly in 1937 
According to Citro's books, stories of strange happenings had been told about Glastonbury and the surrounding area for many years, the best-known of which is probably that of the disappearance of Paula Jean Welden 

Reported disappearances
Middie Rivers (1945)
Between 1945 and 1950, five people disappeared in the area surrounding Bennington, Vermont  The first disappearance occurred on November 12, 1945, when 74-year-old Middie Rivers disappeared while out hunting, in the vicinity of Long Trail Road and Vermont Route 9  Rivers was on a weekend hunting trip with four other hunters up the mountains  The morning of November 12, 1945, Rivers and his son-in-law, Joe Lauzon, were walking together before reaching a fork  Rivers and Lauzon would separate here with Rivers telling Lauzon he'd "only be going a short distance" before he would join them at camp for lunch  As 3pm had come and gone, the rest of the hunting party would begin searching before getting authorities  An extensive search was conducted, but the only evidence discovered was a single rifle cartridge that was found in a stream  The speculation was that Rivers had leaned over and the cartridge had dropped out of his pocket into the water  Rivers was an experienced outdoorsman who was familiar with the local area 

Paula Welden (1946)
Paula Jean Welden, aged 18, disappeared on December 1, 1946  Welden, a sophomore at Bennington College, had set out for a hike on the Long Trail  Many saw her depart, including Ernest Whitman, a Bennington Banner employee who gave her directions  She was not wearing a jacket during her journey; it was 50 °F outside, later dropping to 9 °F  Welden was alleged to have been seen on the trail itself by an elderly couple who were about 100 yards (91 m) behind her  According to them, she turned a corner in the trail, and when they reached the same corner she had disappeared  An extensive search was conducted, which included the posting of a $5,000 reward and help from the FBI, but no evidence of her was ever found  Welden's disappearance was the inspiration for the 1951 novel Hangsaman by Shirley Jackson 

James Tedford (1949)
James E  Tedford, a veteran, allegedly went missing on December 1, 1949, three years to the day after Welden was last seen  Tedford, a resident of the Bennington Soldiers' Home, had been in St  Albans visiting relatives and was accompanied to a local bus station, which was the last location where he was seen  According to witnesses, Tedford got on the bus and was still aboard at the last stop before arriving in Bennington  Somewhere between the last stop and Bennington, he vanished  His belongings were still in the luggage rack and an open bus timetable was on his vacant seat  Tony Jinks discusses this claim, saying that "The popular conception is that he vanished into thin air while on the bus, but like many missing person stories there's a gap between when he was last seen and when he was reported missing a week or so later  Regarding Tedford's disappearance, there's enough evidence to suggest he didn’t "dematerialize,” even though no trace of him was ever found "

Paul Jepson (1950)
On October 12, 1950, Paul Jepson, aged 8, had accompanied his mother in a truck  She left her son unattended for about an hour while she fed some pigs  When she returned, her son was nowhere in sight  Search parties were formed to look for the child  Nothing was ever found, though Jepson was wearing a bright red jacket that should have made him more visible  According to one story, bloodhounds tracked the boy to a local highway where, according to local legend, Welden had disappeared four years earlier 

Frieda Langer (1950)
On October 28, 1950, sixteen days after Jepson had vanished, Frieda Langer, aged 53, and her cousin, Herbert Elsner, left their family campsite near the Somerset Reservoir to go on a hike  During the journey, Langer slipped and fell into a stream  She told Elsner if he would wait, she would go back to the campsite, change clothes and catch up to him  When she did not return, Elsner made his way back to the campsite and discovered that Frieda Langer had not returned, and that nobody had seen her since they had left  Over the next two weeks, five searches were conducted, involving aircraft, helicopters, and up to 300 searchers  No trace of Langer was found during the search 
On May 12, 1951, Frieda Langer's body was found three and a half miles from the campsite in the eastern branch of the Deerfield River, an area that had been only lightly searched seven months previously  No cause of death could be determined because of the condition of her remains  No direct connections have been identified that tie these cases together, other than the general geographic area and time period 

In popular culture
The Bennington Triangle was discussed in Season 3, Episode 8 of the television program William Shatner's Weird or What? The episode, entitled "Mysterious Vanishings," first aired on July 23, 2012 The events of 1945 to 1950 are told in episode 67 of Lore, titled "The Red Coats" The Bennington Triangle was featured as one of the haunted locations in the paranormal TV series Most Terrifying Places in America which aired on the Travel Channel in 2018  The episode, title "Unnatural World" told the stories about the reportedly missing persons in a five-year span, and local lore of the "Bennington Monster", a Bigfoot-like creature that supposedly roams these wooded areas The Bennington Triangle is discussed in Episode 374 of the podcast My Favorite Murder  The Episode aired on April 13, 2023   Robert Singley, a 27 year old Bennington College student got lost in Bennington Triangle but found safe by Vermont State Police in 2008 
Passage 2:
Van Arkel–Ketelaar triangle
Bond triangles or Van Arkel–Ketelaar triangles (named after Anton Eduard van Arkel and J  A  A  Ketelaar) are triangles used for showing different compounds in varying degrees of ionic, metallic and covalent bonding 

History
In 1941 Van Arkel recognised three extreme materials and associated bonding types  Using 36 main group elements, such as metals, metalloids and non-metals, he placed ionic, metallic and covalent bonds on the corners of an equilateral triangle, as well as suggested intermediate species  The bond triangle shows that chemical bonds are not just particular bonds of a specific type  Rather, bond types are interconnected and different compounds have varying degrees of different bonding character (for example, covalent bonds with significant ionic character are called polar covalent bonds) 
Six years later, in 1947, Ketelaar developed van Arkel's idea by adding more compounds and placing bonds on different sides of the triangle 
Many people developed the triangle idea  Some (e g  Allen's quantitative triangle) used electron configuration energy as an atom parameter, others (Jensen's quantitative triangle, Norman's quantitative triangle) used electronegativity of compounds  Nowadays, electronegativity triangles are mostly used to rate the chemical bond type 

Usage
Different compounds that obey the octet rule (sp-elements) and hydrogen can be placed on the triangle  Unfortunately, d-elements cannot be analysed using van Arkel-Ketelaar triangle, as their electronegativity is so high that it is taken as a constant  Using electronegativity - two compound average electronegativity on x-axis and electronegativity difference on y-axis, we can rate the dominant bond between the compounds  Example is here
On the right side (from ionic to covalent) should be compounds with varying difference in electronegativity  The compounds with equal electronegativity, such as Cl2 (chlorine) are placed in the covalent corner, while the ionic corner has compounds with large electronegativity difference, such as NaCl (table salt)  The bottom side (from metallic to covalent) contains compounds with varying degree of directionality in the bond 
At one extreme is metallic bonds with delocalized bonding and the other are covalent bonds in which the orbitals overlap in a particular direction  The left side (from ionic to metallic) is meant for delocalized bonds with varying electronegativity difference 

See also
Covalent bonding
Ionic bonding
Metallic bonding
Atomic orbitals
Hund's rules
Ternary plot

External links
Van Arkel–Ketelaar Triangles of Bonding
Passage 3:
Urban agriculture
Urban agriculture refers to various practices of cultivating, processing, and distributing food in urban areas  The term also applies to the area activities of animal husbandry, aquaculture, beekeeping, and horticulture in an urban context  Urban agriculture is distinguished from peri-urban agriculture, which takes place in rural areas at the edge of suburbs Urban agriculture can appear at varying levels of economic and social development  It can involve a movement of organic growers, "foodies" and "locavores," who seek to form social networks founded on a shared ethos of nature and community holism  These networks can develop by way of formal institutional support, becoming integrated into local town planning as a "transition town" movement for sustainable urban development  For others, food security, nutrition, and income generation are key motivations for the practice  In either case, the more direct access to fresh vegetable, fruit, and meat products that may be realised through urban agriculture can improve food security and food safety 

History
Some of the first evidence of urban agriculture comes from Mesopotamia  Farmers would set aside small plots of land for farming within the city's walls  (3500BC) In Persia's semi-desert towns, oases were fed through aqueducts carrying mountain water to support intensive food production, nurtured by wastes from the communities  In Machu Picchu, water was conserved and reused as part of the stepped architecture of the city, and vegetable beds were designed to gather sun in order to prolong the growing season 
 The idea of supplemental food production beyond rural farming operations and distant imports is not new  It was used during war and depression times when food shortage issues arose, as well as during times of relative abundance  Allotment gardens emerged in Germany in the early 19th century as a response to poverty and food insecurity In 1893, citizens of a depression-struck Detroit were asked to use vacant lots to grow vegetables  They were nicknamed Pingree's Potato Patches after the mayor, Hazen S  Pingree, who came up with the idea  He intended for these gardens to produce income, food supply, and boost independence during times of hardship  Victory gardens sprouted during WWI and WWII and were fruit, vegetable, and herb gardens in the US, Canada, and UK  This effort was undertaken by citizens to reduce pressure on food production that was to support the war effort 
During World War I, President Woodrow Wilson called upon all American citizens to utilize any available open food growth, seeing this as a way to pull them out of a potentially damaging situation  Since most of Europe was consumed with war, they were unable to produce sufficient food supplies to be shipped to the US and a new plan was implemented with the goal of feeding the US and even supply a surplus to other countries in need  By 1919, over 5 million plots were growing food and over 500 million pounds of produce was harvested 

A very similar practice came into use during the Great Depression that provided a purpose, job and food to those who would otherwise be without anything during such harsh times  These efforts helped raise spirits and boost economic growth  Over 2 8 million dollars worth of food was produced from the subsistence gardens during the Depression  By World War II, the War/Food Administration set up a National Victory Garden Program that set out to systematically establish functioning agriculture within cities  With this new plan in action, as many as 5 5 million Americans took part in the victory garden movement and over nine million pounds of fruit and vegetables were grown a year, accounting for 44% of US-grown produce throughout that time 

Main types
There is no overarching term for agricultural plots in urban areas   Gardens and farms, while not easy to define, are the two main types  According to the USDA, a farm is "any place from which $1,000 or more of agricultural products were produced and sold " In Europe, the term "city farm" is used to include gardens and farms Any plot with produce being grown in it can be considered an urban farm   Size does not matter, it is more about growing produce on your own in your personal plot or garden 

Gardens
Many communities make community gardening accessible to the public, providing space for citizens to cultivate plants for food, recreation and education  In many cities, small plots of land and also rooftops are used for community members to garden  Community gardens give citizens the opportunity to learn about horticulture through trial and error and get a better understanding of the process of producing food and other plants  All while still being able to feed those people in need from the community   It holds as both a learning experience as well as a means of help for those people in need   A community gardening program that is well-established is Seattle's P-Patch  The grassroots permaculture movement has been hugely influential in the renaissance of urban agriculture throughout the world  During the 1960s a number of community gardens were established in the United Kingdom, influenced by the community garden movement in the United States  Bristol's Severn Project was established in 2010 for £2500 and provides 34 tons of produce per year, employing people from disadvantaged backgrounds 

Farms
The first urban agriculture method of growing occurs when family farms maintain their land as thr city grows around it  City farms/Urban farms are agricultural plots in urban areas, that have people working with animals and plants to produce food  They are usually community-run gardens seeking to improve community relationships and offer an awareness of agriculture and farming to people who live in urbanized areas  Although the name says urban, urban farming does not have to be in the urban area, it can be in the backyard of a house, or the rooftop of an apartment building   They are important sources of food security for many communities around the globe  City farms vary in size from small plots in private yards to larger farms that occupy a number of acres  In 1996, a United Nations report estimated there are over 800 million people worldwide who grow food and raise livestock in cities   Although some city farms have paid employees, most rely heavily on volunteer labour, and some are run by volunteers alone  Other city farms operate as partnerships with local authorities 
An early city farm was set up in 1972 in Kentish Town, London  It combines farm animals with gardening space, an addition inspired by children's farms in the Netherlands  Other city farms followed across London and the United Kingdom  In Australia, several city farms exist in various capital cities  In Melbourne, the Collingwood Children's Farm was established in 1979 on the Abbotsford Precinct Heritage Farmlands (the APHF), the oldest continually farmed land in Victoria, farmed since 1838 
In 2010, New York City saw the building and opening of the world's largest privately owned and operated rooftop farm, followed by an even larger location in 2012  Both were a result of municipal programs such as The Green Roof Tax Abatement Program and Green Infrastructure Grant Program In Singapore, hydroponic rooftop farms (which also rely on vertical farming) are appearing  The goal behind these is to rejuvenate areas and workforces that have thus far been marginalized  Simultaneously top level pesticide-free produce will be grown and harvested 

Perspectives
Resource and economic
The Urban Agriculture Network has defined urban agriculture as:

An industry that produces, processes, and markets food, fuel, and other outputs, largely 
in response to the daily demand of consumers within a town, city, or metropolis, many types of privately and publicly held land and water bodies were found throughout intra-urban and 
peri-urban areas  Typically urban agriculture applies intensive production methods, frequently using and reusing natural resources and urban wastes, to yield a diverse array of land-, water-, and air-based fauna and flora contributing to food security, health, livelihood, and environment of the individual, household, and community 

With rising urbanization, food resources in urban areas are less accessible than in rural areas  This disproportionately affects the poorest communities, and the lack of food access and increased risk of malnutrition has been linked to socioeconomic inequities  Economic barriers to food access are linked to capitalist market structures and lead to "socioeconomic inequities in food choices", "less    healthful foods", and phenomena such as food deserts  Additionally, racialized systems of governance of urban poor communities facilitates the increasing prominence of issues such as unemployment, poverty, access to health, educational and social resources, including a community's access to healthy food 
Today, some cities have much vacant land due to urban sprawl and home foreclosures  This land could be used to address food insecurity  One study of Cleveland shows that the city could actually meet up to 100% of its fresh produce need  This would prevent up to $115 million in annual economic leakage  Using the rooftop space of New York City would also be able to provide roughly twice the amount of space necessary to supply New York City with its green vegetable yields  Space could be even better optimized through the usage of hydroponic or indoor factory production of food  Growing gardens within cities would also cut down on the amount of food waste  In order to fund these projects, it would require financial capital in the form of private enterprises or government funding 

Environmental
The Council for Agricultural Science and Technology (CAST) defines urban agriculture to include aspects of environmental health, remediation, and recreation:

Urban agriculture is a complex system encompassing a spectrum of interests, from a traditional core of activities associated with the production, processing, marketing, distribution, and consumption, to a multiplicity of other benefits and services that are less widely acknowledged and documented  These include recreation and leisure; economic vitality and business entrepreneurship, individual health and well-being; community health and well being; landscape beautification; and environmental restoration and remediation 

Modern planning and design initiatives are often more responsive to this model of urban agriculture because it fits within the current scope of sustainable design  The definition allows for a multitude of interpretations across cultures and time  Frequently it is tied to policy decisions to build sustainable cities Urban farms also provide unique opportunities for individuals, especially those living in cities, to get actively involved with ecological citizenship  By reconnecting with food production and nature, urban community gardening teaches individuals the skills necessary to participate in a democratic society  Decisions must be made on a group-level basis in order to run the farm  Most effective results are achieved when residents of a community are asked to take on more active roles in the farm Urban farming is not as regulated as commercial farming   So chemicals can be applied and not regulated like a commercial grower would   There is nothing in place that will tell anyone what was applied   It is not regulated as strict so a lot can happen without being known, as far as what is applied 

Food security
Access to nutritious food, both economically and geographically, is another perspective in the effort to locate food and livestock production in cities  The tremendous influx of the world population to urban areas has increased the need for fresh and safe food  The Community Food Security Coalition (CFSC) defines food security as:

All persons in a community having access to culturally acceptable, nutritionally adequate food through local, non-emergency sources at all times 

Areas faced with food security issues have limited choices, often relying on highly processed fast food or convenience store foods that are high in calories and low in nutrients, which may lead to elevated rates of diet-related illnesses such as diabetes  These problems have brought about the concept of food justice which Alkon and Norgaard (2009; 289) explain that, "places access to healthy, affordable, culturally appropriate food in the contexts of institutional racism, racial formation, and racialized geographies  



ground_truth: writer

prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: What city, located in Lincoln County, Montana, United States, is Vegepet based in?

The following are given passages.
Context 2: Passage 1:
Troy, Montana
Troy is a city in Lincoln County, Montana, United States  The population was 797 at the 2020 census  It lies at the lowest elevation of any settlement in Montana  The town is on U S  Route 2, near Montana Highway 56, in the Kootenai River gorge by the Kootenai National Forest 
Originally inhabited by the Kutenai, Salish, and Piegan Blackfeet tribes, the area was settled by miners in the 1880s  Troy was registered as a town in 1892 and grew quickly after the Great Northern Railway built a freight station there, leading to a boom in workers, miners, their families, and associates  The area narrowly missed wildfire damage in 1910 and expanded its services throughout the following years, though its population would drop due to a series of misfortunes in the late 1920s before rebounding in the following decades  Troy suffered from the area's contamination from nearby vermiculite mines contaminated with particularly fragile asbestos, leading to the town's inclusion in the United States Environmental Protection Agency's (EPA) National Priorities List status in 2002 and Public Health Emergency event in 2009  According to the EPA, most risk was reduced by 2015 Troy is on U S  Route 2, between Yaak and Libby  Montana Highway 56 is three miles southeast and the Troy Airport is two miles northwest  The town's economy has historically been supported by mining and logging, while in recent times, mining has remained, with the addition of education, retail, and tourism  Local natural features such as the Kootenai Falls have attracted tourism to the area and have been featured in movies such as The River Wild (1994) and The Revenant (2015)  There is a public school district (which created ceramic ornaments used to decorate the National Christmas Tree in 2017) and a public library, and the town is in-district for Flathead Valley Community College 

History
Before the westward expansion of the United States, various indigenous peoples lived in the area, with the Kutenai and Salish as the most recent and the Piegan Blackfeet earlier  They lived in base camps and seasonal camps based on the availability of plants and fish: "lower elevations in the winter and     uplands in the summer and fall," with spring camps near camas prairies, which had edible bulbs  Due to the area's geography and settler fears of the Kutenai, the area remained unsettled until gold was discovered in the 1860s and galena and vermiculite in the 1880s  In 1886, the first miners arrived, prospecting on the Kootenai River at a tent camp first known as "Lake Camp, Lake Creek Camp, and Lake City", and making land claims on Grouse Mountain  In 1892, a William O'Brien surveyed the Lake City claim, renaming it Troy 

Post American settlement
Throughout 1892, Troy was filed as a town in then-Missoula County and grew rapidly as the Great Northern Railway chose a nearby site as a "division yard", or freight terminal, which was first renamed "West Troy" before just becoming Troy itself as the Lake City area was abandoned  The town's first hotel, then called the Windsor Hotel, was built  One transplant described the town as such: "Fifteen saloons gaily lit filled to the doors with “wild men and wild women” yelling, singing, dancing, and cursing, with glasses held high, such was Troy  Two large dance halls were in evidence, one grocery store run by John Bowen, several 'beaneries' (called restaurants by some), one drug store owned by 'Doc' Sailey and many shacks and tents where the 'wild women' congregated  Fights and ribaldry were the order of the days and nights " Another grocery store followed in 1893, the first one-room schoolhouse was built in 1894, and more mining companies, land claims, and support services such as ferries sprung up as gold was discovered on the Yaak River in 1895 The 1910s brought change  After the Windsor Hotel had been destroyed by fire in 1906 and rebuilt in 1907, wildfires during the summer of 1910 narrowly missed Troy by a few miles but raged throughout the area, causing lasting damage to the newly-protected Kootenai National Forest  In 1912, Troy's first bridge across the Kootenai River was built, along with bridges in Libby and Rexford, after a county vote  Previously, crossings were made on horseback – dangerous – or via ferries, which had started operating in 1892  Phone service reached the area in 1913  U S  Route 2 was proposed and a volunteer fire department was created  The 1918 flu closed the local mill and schools temporarily  By 1920, there was a Chinese restaurant, a church, and an electric plant in town, and World War I increased the town's mining activity; the rapid expansion and labor conditions sometimes led to strikes and labor conflicts 
The town's population reached 1000 residents in 1924, and the same year, the town's Lincoln Theatre opened  The population peaked around 1926, but in March of that year, the Great Northern Railway moved its freight terminal elsewhere, leaving "only three supervisors and [a] small force of Japanese [workers] " Fires destroyed a concentrator in 1927 and a sawmill in 1928, with neither rebuilt, and the region's mines decreased in activity The population dropped to as low as 428 during 1930 in the Great Depression  Still, the Lincoln Theatre began playing talking movies and the Windsor Hotel was renamed to the Great Northern Hotel, which stood until it burned down (for the second time) in 1941  A coffee house and cable shop operate on its former location  The Lincoln Theatre was remodeled in 1994 In 2006, the Troy Jail and the Theodore Roosevelt Memorial Bridge were added to the National Register of Historic Places 

Vermiculite cleanup
After citizens, media, and local government raised concerns, the United States Environmental Protection Agency began in 1999 to investigate the contamination of the area surrounding Libby and Troy from vermiculite mines in Libby, which were themselves contaminated with a toxic and easily crumbled form of tremolite-actinolite series asbestos, sometimes named Libby Amphibole asbestos (LA)  Removal actions began in 2000, and in 2002 the site was moved to the EPA's Superfund National Priorities List  In 2009, the EPA declared a Public Health Emergency (the first in the EPA's history) "to provide federal health care assistance for victims of asbestos-related disease "In 2015, an EPA review of toxicity and risks found that the cleanups had managed asbestos exposure risk effectively  By the end of 2018, the EPA had removed "more than one million cubic yards of contaminated soil," and area cleanup was completed that year, except for the location of the former mine, which is the disposal site of the contaminated soil  Contaminated construction materials were disposed of "in a specially designed landfill cell " The remaining contamination is limited to the forests and property in or near the former mine, with cleanup plans pending and with controls for higher exposures during wildfire fighting The EPA transferred control of the site to the Montana Department of Environmental Quality in 2020 

Geography
Troy lies in a valley along the Kootenai River between the Purcell Mountains to the northeast and the Cabinet Mountains to the southwest According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 0 78 square miles (2 02 km2), of which 0 76 square miles (1 97 km2) is land and 0 02 square miles (0 05 km2) is water  Troy has an elevation of approximately 1,800 feet (550 m) above sea level and is the lowest town in elevation in Montana  Troy is 12 miles (19 km) from the border of Montana and Idaho  Troy's next closest city is Libby, which is 18 miles (29 km) away The Troy Mine, which produced silver and copper, was scheduled for closure in February 2015 An early worker described the original flora of the city site as "a carpet of velvety green grass, thickly studded with wild flowers of most every hue and color " There are groves of ancient western red cedars nearby, some up to 12 feet (3 7 m) in diameter, which are a home for species of wildlife including pikas and flying squirrels Troy is located in the Kootenai River Gorge, which is geologically composed of "sandstone and thin layers of shale, with folds from compression that dates back 50 to 100 million years ago  The rock was deposited 1 5 million years ago, when much of Montana was covered by water  Ancient ripple marks and large stromatolites (the remains of algae mats) are visible in the canyon "

Climate
This climatic region is typified by large seasonal temperature differences, with warm to hot (and often humid) summers and cold (sometimes severely cold) winters  According to the Köppen Climate Classification system, Troy has a humid continental climate, abbreviated "Dsb" on climate maps  Troy's annual mean temperature is 46 4 °F (8 0 °C) and its annual mean precipitation is 24 6 inches (620 mm)  Flooding is an issue for the area 

Demographics
2010 census
As of the census of 2010, there were 938 people, 454 households, and 240 families residing in the city  The population density was 1,234 2 inhabitants per square mile (476 5/km2)  There were 490 housing units at an average density of 644 7 per square mile (248 9/km2)  The racial makeup of the city was 94 3% White, 0 2% African American, 1 7% Native American, 0 5% Asian, 0 1% from other races, and 3 1% from two or more races  Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1 9% of the population There were 454 households, of which 25 1% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 37 2% were married couples living together, 9 5% had a female householder with no husband present, 6 2% had a male householder with no wife present, and 47 1% were non-families  37 4% of all households were made up of individuals, and 13 8% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older  The average household size was 2 07 and the average family size was 2 71 The median age in the city was 46 8 years  20% of residents were under the age of 18; 5 5% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 21 9% were from 25 to 44; 35 7% were from 45 to 64; and 16 8% were 65 years of age or older  The gender makeup of the city was 49 3% male and 50 7% female 

Economy and recreation
The area is covered by the Lincoln County Port Authority  Troy's modern economy is largely based on "mining, education, retail, and tourism," while its historical economy was based on mining and logging  A train freight yard, a sawmill, and an ore processing facility were the main employers until they were lost to relocation and fires in the late 1920s, just before the Great Depression  Gold, galena, and vermiculite were mined beginning in the late 1800s  During World War I, the town's mines produced lead, zinc, and silver, with much zinc exported to Belgium  In 2020, the Montana Community Solar Project assessed Troy public schools for their solar power potential and found the high school building had good potential  Since 2008, the school and city have been partially fueled by wood pellet waste from nearby lumber mills, replacing fuel oil use Notable nearby attractions include the Kootenai Falls and the Kootenai Falls Swinging Bridge, which was rebuilt in 2019 due to its increasing popularity  The Theodore Roosevelt Memorial Bridge in Troy is listed on the National Register of Historic Places Local activities include hiking, snowmobiling, camping, boating, rafting, bird watching, fishing, and geocaching  The Rocky Mountain Elk Foundation was founded by four Troy hunters to help conserve elk and other wildlife species  There is a disc golf course at the Troy Museum and Visitors' Center, which also hosts art events with the local glass art guild  Nearby parks host various cultural and music festivals 

Education
Troy has a public library, a branch of the Lincoln County Public Libraries  The town's branch opened in 1922 after the Lincoln County's Free County Library expanded Troy's first school, a one-room schoolhouse, was built in 1894  In 1937, the Bull Lake School in Bull Lake Valley and Fall Creek School by Schoolhouse Lake were consolidated into the Troy public school district  The public school district includes:
W F  Morrison Elementary School (Kindergarten–Sixth grade)
Troy Junior-Senior High School (Seventh grade–Twelfth grade)The high school provides adult education classes in the fall and spring  The school has a "school-to-work" program in which students can participate in summer projects based in the local economy and in which an AmeriCorps volunteer serves as a mentor for student college applications/visits and community involvement in student activities  After the Troy Art Club's ceramic ornaments were some of the ones chosen for the US National Christmas Tree in 2017, the club created a business, Wild In Montana, "assisting [the] economically depressed community and offering a class with real-world skills "Other nearby schools with Troy addresses include:
McCormick Elementary School (K-8)
Yaak Elementary School (K-8)The area qualifies for in-district tuition at Flathead Valley Community College (FVCC) in Kalispell, Montana, as well as FVCC's Lincoln County Campus in Libby, which has the "Glacier Bank Adult Basic Education Learning Center where students can take free classes in preparation for their GED exams "

Transportation
Troy is on U S  Route 2, between Yaak to the north and Libby to the southeast  Montana Highway 56 is three miles to the southeast of Troy The Troy Airport is one mile northwest of the majority of the town of Troy The closest Amtrak stop is Libby station, 18 miles (29 km) away  The Empire Builder served Troy until February 15, 1973 

Notable people
Les Balsiger, religious activist with a Troy office
Rachel Dolezal, civil rights activist
B  C  Edwards, football coach (died in Troy)
Genevieve Pezet, American-French artist
Jay Ward, Major League Baseball player who retired in Troy

Popular culture
Troy is featured in Max Brooks' post-apocalyptic zombie novel World War Z as a safe zone for humanity 2011 novella Train Dreams mentions the town The nearby Kootenai Falls and the Swinging Bridge were featured in the 1994 movie The River Wild  The original bridge was constructed by the Civilian Conservation Corps during the Great Depression, and the falls are a sacred site to the Kutenai tribes who originally lived in the area The Kootenai Falls were featured in the 2015 movie The Revenant 
Passage 2:
Lincolnton–Lincoln County Regional Airport
Lincolnton–Lincoln County Regional Airport (ICAO: KIPJ, FAA LID: IPJ) is a public use airport located five nautical miles (9 km) east of the central business district of Lincolnton, a city in Lincoln County, North Carolina, United States  It is owned by the City of Lincolnton & Lincoln County  According to the FAA's National Plan of Integrated Airport Systems for 2009–2013, it is a general aviation airport (it had previously been a reliever airport) 
Although many U S  airports use the same three-letter location identifier for the FAA and IATA, this airport is assigned IPJ by the FAA but has no designation from the IATA 

Facilities and aircraft
Lincolnton–Lincoln County Regional Airport covers an area of 453 acres (183 ha) at an elevation of 877 feet (267 m) above mean sea level  It has one runway designated 5/23 with an asphalt surface measuring 5,500 by 100 feet (1,676 x 30 m) For the 12-month period ending June 6, 2008, the airport had 34,100 aircraft operations, an average of 93 per day: 97% general aviation and 3% military  At that time there were 71 aircraft based at this airport: 87% single-engine, 10% multi-engine and 3% helicopter 
Passage 3:
Lincoln County, Arkansas
Lincoln County is located between the Arkansas Timberlands and Arkansas Delta in the U S  state of Arkansas  It is also within the Pine Bluff metro area, and on the outer edge of the Central Arkansas region  The county is named for President Abraham Lincoln  Created as Arkansas's 65th county on March 28, 1871, Lincoln County has three incorporated cities, including Star City, the county seat and most populous city  The county contains 46 unincorporated communities and ghost towns, Cane Creek State Park at the confluence of Cane Creek and Bayou Bartholomew, and nine listings on the National Register of Historic Places to preserve the history and culture of the county 
Lincoln County occupies 572 17 square miles (148,190 ha) and contained a population of 12,941 as of the 2020 Census  The rural economy is largely based on agriculture  The state has built two prisons here that also provide some local jobs  Poverty and unemployment rates are above national averages, but steady  Household incomes are below state and national averages  Politically, the white-majority Lincoln County has transitioned from reliably Democratic in presidential elections to steadily Republican since the election of Barack Obama 
Lincoln County is served by two school districts, Star City School District and Dumas Public Schools  Higher education and healthcare are available in Pine Bluff to the north or Monticello to the south  Although no Interstate highways serve Lincoln County, the county has access to two United States highways (U S  Route 65 [US 65], US 425) and eight Arkansas state highways  Lincoln County is also served by one public owned/public use general aviation airport, Star City Municipal Airport, and six community water systems provide potable water to customers in the county 

History
The county was established in 1871 during the Reconstruction era by the Arkansas General Assembly from parts of Arkansas, Bradley, Desha, Drew, and Jefferson counties  It was named for President Abraham Lincoln  The Republican Party was chosen by most freedmen after they got the franchise, as it was the one that secured their emancipation after the Civil War  Some white Union sympathizers, including veterans who decided to stay in the South, also voted for Republican candidates, and some were elected to state offices in former Confederate states County government was first permanently established in Star City  The county had a second county seat at Varner from 1885 to 1912 

Geography
Lincoln County's geography is defined by two physiographic regions of Arkansas: the Arkansas Timberlands and the Arkansas Delta (in Arkansas, usually referred to as "the Delta")  These two regions are separated by Bayou Bartholomew, the world's longest bayou, which approximately splits the county into eastern and western halves with significant differences in geography  In the east, the Arkansas Delta is a subregion of the Mississippi Alluvial Plain, which is a flat area consisting of rich, fertile sediment deposits from the Mississippi River between Louisiana and Illinois  The western half is part of the Arkansas Timberlands, a portion of the Gulf Coastal Plain characterized by flat pine and cypress forests and silviculture rather than row agriculture  The county is the eighth-smallest in Arkansas, with a total area of 572 17 square miles (1,481 9 km2), of which 561 20 square miles (1,453 5 km2) is land and 10 97 square miles (28 4 km2) (1 9%) is water The county is located approximately 68 miles (109 km) southeast of Little Rock, 170 miles (270 km) southwest of Memphis, Tennessee, and 200 miles (320 km) northwest of Jackson, Mississippi  Lincoln County is surrounded by two Delta counties to the east, Arkansas County and Desha County, and a Timberlands county to the west, Cleveland County  Jefferson County to the north and Drew County are border counties similar to Lincoln County, with Bayou Bartholomew delineating a similarly split geography 

Protected areas
Lincoln County contains two protected areas  Cane Creek State Park is a 2,053-acre (831-hectare) state park located on the border between the West Gulf Coastal Plain and Arkansas Delta, with a 1,675 acres (678 hectares) lake at the center  Fishing, canoeing, and kayaking are available on the lake in addition to pavilions, trails, and a visitor center with gift shop on land  The park offers 29 RV/tent camping sites with water and electric hookups, and is owned and operated by the Arkansas Department of Parks and Tourism Huff's Island Public Use Area is located on the Arkansas River in northeastern Lincoln County  Managed by the United States Army Corps of Engineers, the park does not have a boat ramp or camping, but offers day use, river bank access from March–September, and four picnic sites 

Demographics
2020 census
As of the 2020 United States census, there were 12,941 people, 3,773 households, and 2,711 families residing in the county 

2000 census
As of the 2000 census, there were 14,492 people, 4,265 households, and 3,130 families residing in the county  The population density was 26 inhabitants per square mile (10/km2)  There were 4,955 housing units at an average density of 9 per square mile (3 5/km2)  The racial makeup of the county was 64 88% White, 32 92% Black or African American, 0 40% Native American, 0 06% Asian, 0 01% Pacific Islander, 0 99% from other races, and 0 75% from two or more races  1 81% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race 
There were 4,265 households, out of which 34 80% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 54 30% were married couples living together, 14 80% had a female householder with no husband present, and 26 60% were non-families  23 50% of all households were made up of individuals, and 10 60% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older  The average household size was 2 63 and the average family size was 3 11 
In the county, the population was spread out, with 22 20% under the age of 18, 12 40% from 18 to 24, 33 20% from 25 to 44, 20 40% from 45 to 64, and 11 90% who were 65 years of age or older  The median age was 35 years  For every 100 females, there were 142 30 males  For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 154 70 males 
The median income for a household in the county was $29,607, and the median income for a family was $35,408  Males had a median income of $28,890 versus $19,990 for females  The per capita income for the county was $12,479  About 15 50% of families and 19 50% of the population were below the poverty line, including 26 60% of those under age 18 and 17 90% of those age 65 or over 

Economy
The Arkansas Department of Correction, which operates the Cummins Unit and the Varner Unit in Lincoln County, is one of the county's major employers 

Human resources
Education
Educational attainment in Lincoln County is typical for a rural Arkansas county, with a 2012 study finding 78 4% of Lincoln County residents over age 25 held a high school degree or higher and 8 9% holding a bachelor's degree or higher  The Lincoln County rates are below Arkansas averages of 84 8% and 21 1%, and significantly below national averages of 86 7% and 29 8%, respectively 

Primary and secondary education
One public school district is based in Lincoln County; the Star City School District, which serves the western two-thirds of the county  The remainder of the county is served by the Dumas Public School District, based in Dumas  Successful completion of the curriculum of these schools leads to graduation from Star City High School or Dumas New Tech High School, respectively  Both high schools offer Advanced Placement (AP) courses and are accredited by the Arkansas Department of Education (ADE)  Dumas Public Schools is also accredited by AdvancED 

The school districts at Gould and Grady were merged into Dumas and Star City for the 2004–05 school year pursuant to the Public Education Reorganization Act passed by the Arkansas Legislature 

Higher education
Lincoln County does not contain any institutions of higher education  The three nearest institutions in the region are University of Arkansas at Monticello to the south and Southeast Arkansas College (SEARK) and University of Arkansas at Pine Bluff in Pine Bluff to the north, all public four-year colleges 

Library system
The Star City Branch Library in downtown Star City is a member library of the Southeast Arkansas Regional Library system  The location offers books, e-books, media, reference, youth, business and genealogy services 

Public health
Lincoln County's above-average poverty rate suggests a high Medicaid eligibility rate  As of 2012, 25 6% of Lincoln County was eligible for Medicaid, with 62 8% of children under 19 eligible for ARKids First, a program by the Arkansas Department of Human Services that combines children's Medicaid (ARKids A) and other programs for families with higher incomes (ARKids B)  These values are more in line with statewide averages than typical values for rural Arkansas counties The county's population is significantly above healthy weight, with 69 8% of adults and 43 5% of children/adolescents ranking as overweight or obese, above the state averages of 67 1% and 39 3%, themselves significantly above national averages of 62 9% and 30 3%, respectively The Jefferson Regional Medical Center in Pine Bluff is a community hospital offering acute inpatient care, emergency care, cardiology, home health, inpatient hospice, neurology, surgery, and the UAMS South Central Family Residency Program  The facility is rated as a Level 4 Trauma Center by the Arkansas Department of Health  Baptist Health Medical Center and CHI St  Vincent Infirmary are referral hospitals in Little Rock  The nearest Level 1 Trauma Centers are Arkansas Children's Hospital (ACH, or "Children's") and University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences (UAMS), both in Little Rock 

Public safety
The Lincoln County Sheriff's Office is the primary law enforcement agency in the county  The agency is led by the Lincoln County Sheriff, an official elected by countywide vote every four years 
The county is under the jurisdiction of the Lincoln County District Court, a state district court  State district courts in Arkansas are courts of original jurisdiction for criminal, civil (up to $25,000), small claims, and traffic matters  State district courts are presided over by a full-time District Judge elected to a four-year term by a districtwide election  The district is subdivided into the Star City (city), Star City (county), Gould, and Grady departments  All departments of Lincoln County District Court are located at 300 South Drew, and are presided over by one District Judge, who is elected in a countywide election  Superseding district court jurisdiction is the 11th West Judicial Circuit Court, which covers Jefferson and Lincoln counties  The 11th West Circuit contains six circuit judges, elected to six-year terms circuitwide 

State prisons
The Arkansas Department of Correction operates two prisons in unincorporated areas in the county  The Varner Unit is located in Varner, and the Cummins Unit is near Varner 

Government
The county government is a constitutional body granted specific powers by the Constitution of Arkansas and the Arkansas Code  The quorum court is the legislative branch of the county government and controls all spending and revenue collection  Representatives are called justices of the peace and are elected from county districts every even-numbered year  The number of districts in a county vary from nine to fifteen, and district boundaries are drawn by the county election commission  The Lincoln County Quorum Court has nine members  Presiding over quorum court meetings is the county judge, who serves as the chief operating officer of the county  The county judge is elected at-large and does not vote in quorum court business, although capable of vetoing quorum court decisions 

Politics
Lincoln County historically followed the Solid South voting trend of strong support for Democrats  However, following the election of Arkansas Governor Bill Clinton, the county has turned increasingly Republican, including in state and local races 

In Congress, Arkansas has been represented by two Republican senators (John Boozman and Tom Cotton) since January 3, 2015, ending a long history of Democratic hegemony  In the House of Representatives, Lincoln County is within the Arkansas 1st district with many other agricultural Delta counties on the eastern side of the state  The Arkansas 1st has been represented by Rick Crawford since 2010 
In the Arkansas State Senate, Lincoln County is split essentially in half between north and south  The northern half is within District 25, which also includes most of Jefferson and Phillips counties and a small portion of Desha County  The district has been represented by Stephanie Flowers, a Democratic lawyer from Pine Bluff, since January 2013  The southern half of Lincoln County is within District 26, which reaches to the southeastern corner of the state  District 26 has been represented by Eddie Cheatham, a Democratic retired educator from Crossett, since January 2013 
In the Arkansas House of Representatives, Lincoln County is split among three districts  The western third of Lincoln County is within District 10, which includes parts of four nearby counties  District 10 has been represented by Mike Holcomb since January 2013  Holcomb was initially elected as a Democrat, but switched to the Republican party in August 2015  The eastern third of the county is within District 12, which extends across Arkansas and Desha counties to include all of Phillips County  District 12 has been represented by Chris Richey, a Democratic pastor from Helena-West Helena, since January 2013  A small portion in northern Lincoln County, including Grady and Varner, is within District 16  The district contains the eastern half of Jefferson County, including the southeastern half of Pine Bluff, and has been represented by Ken Ferguson, a Democrat, since January 2015  District 13 has been represented by David Hillman since 2013 

Taxation
Property tax is assessed by the Lincoln County Assessor annually based upon the fair market value of the property and determining which tax rate, commonly called a millage in Arkansas, will apply  The rate depends upon the property's location with respect to city limits, school district, and special tax increment financing (TIF) districts  This tax is collected by the Lincoln County Collector between the first business day of March of each year through October 15th without penalty  The Lincoln County Treasurer disburses tax revenues to various government agencies, such as cities, county road departments, fire departments, libraries, and police departments in accordance with the budget set by the quorum court 

Communities
Cities
Gould
Grady
Star City (county seat)Lincoln County has 46 unincorporated communities and ghost towns within its borders  This is due to early settlers in Arkansas tending to settle in small clusters rather than incorporated towns  For example, communities like Varner had a post office and dozens of buildings at some point in their history  Other communities are simply a few dwellings at a crossroads that have adopted a common place name over time  Some are officially listed as populated places by the United States Geological Survey, and others are listed as historic settlements 

Unincorporated communities
Historical communities
Townships
Townships in Arkansas are the divisions of a county   Each township includes unincorporated areas; some may have incorporated cities or towns within part of their boundaries   Arkansas townships have limited purposes in modern times   However, the United States census does list Arkansas population based on townships (sometimes referred to as "county subdivisions" or "minor civil divisions")   Townships are also of value for historical purposes in terms of genealogical research   Each town or city is within one or more townships in an Arkansas county based on census maps and publications   The townships of Lincoln County are listed below; listed in parentheses are the cities, towns, and/or census-designated places that are fully or partially inside the township 

Source:

Infrastructure
Aviation
Lincoln County contains one public owned/public use general aviation airport, Star City Municipal Airport  For the twelve-month period ending February 28, 2014, the facility saw 5,400 general aviation operations  The nearest commercial service airport is Clinton National Airport in Little Rock 

Major highways
The most heavily traveled highway in Lincoln County is U S  Highway 65, with 7,700 vehicles per day estimated in Gould in 2016  The route connects travelers to Pine Bluff (and Little Rock via Interstate 530 [I-530]) to the north, and Mississippi and Louisiana to the south  U S  Highway 425 crosses the county from south to north, passing through Star City  Highway 530 was opened to traffic in 2013 as two lanes of a future four-lane controlled access facility between Pine Bluff and the future Interstate 69 in Monticello  Currently, the route serves as direct access to Pine Bluff and points north for Star City travelers, in less distance than US 65 
Eleven state highways serve the traveling public in the county, varying from short connector routes to long highways traversing the entire county  Highway 11 is an important highway in the county, running from US 63 just over the Cleveland County line northeast through Star City and Grady to Huff's Island park on the Arkansas River  Highway 54 crosses the county from east to west on a winding, indirect route between Dumas and Pine Bluff  Highway 114 and Highway 212 serves as east–west routes across the county  Highway 83, Highway 199, and Highway 293 are rural routes in the south, north and southeast parts of Lincoln County, respectively  Highway 388 runs from US 65 toward Cummins and Varner units  Highway 980 connects Star City Municipal Airport to Highway 114  Two unsigned state highways Highway 600 and Highway 831, serve as institutional roads for Cane Creek State Park and the state prisons, respectively 

Utilities
Water
The Arkansas Department of Health (ADH) is responsible for the regulation and oversight of public water systems throughout the state  Six community water systems are based in Lincoln County: Yorktown Water Association, Arkansas Department of Corrections - Cummins Unit, Star City Water, Gould Municipal Water/Sewer, Grady Waterworks, and the Garrett Bridge Water Association  All of these utilities use the Sparta Sand Aquifer for source water  Small, rural parts of the county are served by the Highway 63 Water Association and the Ladd Water Association Yorktown Water Association has the largest retail population, with 8,169 total retail population, mostly within Lincoln County  ADC Cummins Unit has a retail population of 3,800, followed by Star City with 2,842, Gould with 1,041, and all others under 1,000 retail population served 

Wastewater
The Arkansas Department of Environmental Quality (ADEQ) regulates and oversees wastewater treatment and discharge permits in the state  Lincoln County contains three municipal wastewater systems, and one active domestic NPDES permit for Cummins Unit 

See also
List of lakes in Lincoln County, Arkansas
National Register of Historic Places listings in Lincoln County, Arkansas

Notes
Passage 4:
Siletz Reservation
The Siletz Reservation is a 5 852 sq mi (15 157 km²) Indian reservation in Lincoln County, Oregon, United States, owned by the Confederated Tribes of Siletz  The reservation is made up of numerous non-contiguous parcels of land in east-central Lincoln County, mostly east of the city of Siletz, between it and the Polk County line 

History
Establishment
In November 1855 President of the United States Franklin Pierce issued an executive order creating a reservation for the relocation of the indigenous peoples of the coastal region of the Oregon Territory  A 120-mile-long strip of land was designated for the Coast Indian Reservation  This reservation extended from Cape Lookout in Tillamook County on the north coast, extending to the Siltcoos River, near Florence in the South As Oregon's population grew, the federal government opened up some reservation lands for settlement by white newcomers, who displaced the indigenous peoples  The reservation Area was reduced and fragmented by the executive order December 21st 1865 of President Andrew Johnson and by the Act of Congress March 3rd 1875  Tribal groups reestablished a presence in isolated portions of their traditional homelands Under the Dawes Act of 1887, the government divided communal tribal lands for allocation of individual plots of 160 acres each to heads of households of tribal members; any remaining acreage was classified as "surplus" and sold to non-natives  This break-up of communal lands accelerated the process of atomization of the state's indigenous peoples Since the late 20th century, the federally recognized Confederated Tribes of Siletz Indians has established casino gambling on its lands and generated monies for its people's welfare, as well as contributing to county needs 

Culture and lifestyle
Tribal housing
The Siletz tribe has built several different areas for tribal members to live  The tribe has created a rent-to-buy style program so that tribal members are able to own their own houses  The tribe has also created elders housing units for the elderly tribal members, and they boast several different areas where members are able to rent tribal apartments, these apartments are spread all over the city on tribal properties 

Tribal events
The Siletz reservation is home to many tribal programs  The most prominent is the annual celebration held in Siletz on top of Government Hill, the Nesika Illahee Pow-wow  [1] This event happens during the second weekend of August  The pow-wow opens up every year with a parade and leads into the celebration that lasts all weekend  Siletz is also home to many other cultural events such as a culture camp, youth activities, and activities for elders  The reservation also houses the Siletz dance house where solstice celebrations take place along with many other events like weddings and coming-of-age ceremonies 

Education
There is one K-12th grade school in Siletz, the Siletz Valley Charter School also known as the Siletz Valley Early College Academy  The school had been closed for many years but reopened in 2006 due to funding provided by Chinook Winds Casino  It is a public school within the Lincoln County School District 

See also
Tolowa language

Footnotes
Further reading
David R M  Beck, "'Standing Out Here in the Surf': The Termination and Restoration of the Coos, Lower Umpqua and Siuslaw Indians of Western Oregon in Historical Perspective," Oregon Historical Quarterly, vol  110, no  1 (Spring 2009), pp  6–37  In JSTOR 
C F  Coan, "The Adoption of the Reservation Policy in Pacific Northwest, 1853–1855," Quarterly of the Oregon Historical Society, vol  23, no  1 (March 1922), pp  1–38  In JSTOR 
Wilkinson, Charles F  The People Are Dancing Again: The History of the Siletz Tribe of Western Oregon  Seattle: University of Washington Press, 2010 

External links
Confederated Tribes of Siletz homepage
Passage 5:
Marv Skie–Lincoln County Airport
Marv Skie–Lincoln County Airport (FAA LID: Y14) is a public use airport in Lincoln County, South Dakota, United States  It is owned by Lincoln County and located two nautical miles (4 km) northeast of the central business district of Tea, South Dakota  This airport is included in the National Plan of Integrated Airport Systems for 2011–2015, which categorized it as a general aviation facility 

Background
The airport was named for Marvin A  Skie (1914–1997) of Lennox, Lincoln County 

Facilities and aircraft
Marv Skie–Lincoln County Airport covers an area of 134 acres (54 ha) at an elevation of 1,515 feet (462 m) above mean sea level  It has one runway designated 16/34 with a concrete surface measuring 3,650 by 60 feet (1,113 x 18 m) For the 12-month period ending September 28, 2011, the airport had 40,860 aircraft operations, an average of 111 per day: 99% general aviation and 1% air taxi  At that time there were 89 aircraft based at this airport: 98% single-engine and 2% multi-engine 

See also
List of airports in South Dakota
Passage 6:
Kemmerer, Wyoming
Kemmerer is the largest city in and the county seat of Lincoln County, Wyoming, United States  Its population was 2,415 at the 2020 census 

History
Explorer John C  Frémont discovered coal in the area during his second expedition in 1843  The Union Pacific Coal Company opened the first underground mine in 1881 after construction of the Oregon Short Line Railroad from Granger to Oregon Patrick J  Quealy (1857–1930) founded Kemmerer as an "independent town" in 1897 when he was vice-president of the Kemmerer Coal Company, located 6 miles (9 7 km) south of the original townsite   He named the company and town after his financial backer, Pennsylvania coal magnate Mahlon S  Kemmerer (1843–1925)  In 1950, the operation converted to strip mining and became the world's largest open pit coal mine  In 1980 the Kemmerer Coal Co  was sold to the Pittsburg & Midway Coal Company, now a subsidiary of the Westmorland Coal Company  The pit remains in operation with an annual output of about 5 million tons 
Quealy sold lots in the townsite rather than lease them, which permitted the establishment of independent businesses  The company's subsidiary, Frontier Supply Company, provided electricity by utilizing a used $1,150 generator acquired in Utah  Quealy immigrated from Ireland  In Wyoming, he and his wife became active in Democratic Party politics and in St  Patrick's Church, for which the company donated land 
Quealy was the founding president of the First National Bank, established in 1900  Kemmerer Savings Bank was founded in 1909   Its president Asbury D  Hoskins was manager of the Blyth-Fargo-Hoskins Company, and was elected Wyoming state treasurer in 1919 
The J  C  Penney company store was founded in Kemmerer in 1902 

Geography
According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 7 81 square miles (20 23 km2), of which 7 80 square miles (20 20 km2) is land and 0 01 square miles (0 03 km2) is water The Fossil Butte National Monument is located 15 miles west of Kemmerer, on U S  Highway 30 

Climate
According to the Köppen Climate Classification system, Kemmerer has a warm-summer humid continental climate, abbreviated "Dfb" on climate maps  The hottest temperature recorded in Kemmerer was 99 °F (37 °C) on July 12, 1990, while the coldest temperature recorded was −39 °F (−39 °C) on December 22, 1990 

Demographics
2020 census
As of the census of 2020, there were 2,415 people, 1,251 households, and 538 families living in the city  The population density was 309 2 inhabitants per square mile (119 4/km2)  There were 1,454 housing units at an average density of 186 2 per square mile (71 9/km2)  The racial makeup of the city was 91 4% White, > 1% African American,  8% Native American, > 7% Asian, 1 6% from other races, and 5 4% from two or more races  Hispanic or Latino of any race were 5 5% of the population 
There were 1,251 households, of which 23 4% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 39 8% were married couples living together, 4 9% had a female householder with no husband present, 2 3% had a male householder with no wife present, and 52 8% were non-families  48 3% of all households were made up of individuals, and 2 3% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older  The average household size was 1 88 and the average family size was 3 12 
The median age in the city was 39 1 years  25 6% of residents were under the age of 18; 5 1% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 26 1% were from 25 to 44; 12 3% were from 45 to 64; and 21 1% were 65 years of age or older  The gender makeup of the city was 53 7% male and 46 3% female 

2010 census
As of the census of 2010, there were 2,656 people, 1,078 households, and 704 families living in the city  The population density was 340 5 inhabitants per square mile (131 5/km2)  There were 1,265 housing units at an average density of 162 2 per square mile (62 6/km2)  The racial makeup of the city was 93 2% White, 0 2% African American, 1 2% Native American, 0 4% Asian, 3 9% from other races, and 1 0% from two or more races  Hispanic or Latino of any race were 7 8% of the population 
There were 1,078 households, of which 30 7% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 57 7% were married couples living together, 4 2% had a female householder with no husband present, 3 4% had a male householder with no wife present, and 34 7% were non-families  29 0% of all households were made up of individuals, and 8 8% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older  The average household size was 2 42 and the average family size was 3 03 
The median age in the city was 38 2 years  24 5% of residents were under the age of 18; 7 6% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 26% were from 25 to 44; 30 4% were from 45 to 64; and 11 4% were 65 years of age or older  The gender makeup of the city was 52 2% male and 47 8% female 

2000 census
As of the census of 2000, there were 2,651 people, 1,034 households, and 695 families living in the city  The population density was 359 7 people per square mile (138 9/km2)  There were 1,208 housing units at an average density of 163 9 per square mile (63 3/km2)  The racial makeup of the city was 96 72% White, 0 11% African American, 0 49% Native American, 0 60% Asian, 0 04% Pacific Islander, 1 17% from other races, and 0 87% from two or more races  Hispanic or Latino of any race were 3 36% of the population 
There were 1,034 households, out of which 34 1% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 58 3% were married couples living together, 4 9% had a female householder with no husband present, and 32 7% were non-families  28 6% of all households were made up of individuals, and 10 3% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older  The average household size was 2 53 and the average family size was 3 13 
In the city, the population was spread out, with 28 4% under the age of 18, 7 1% from 18 to 24, 28 0% from 25 to 44, 25 7% from 45 to 64, and 10 8% who were 65 years of age or older  The median age was 38 years  For every 100 females, there were 103 9 males  For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 102 0 males 
The median income for a household in the city was $47,353, and the median income for a family was $55,529  Males had a median income of $45,921 versus $23,382 for females  The per capita income for the city was $21,478  About 5 1% of families and 6 6% of the population were below the poverty line, including 7 1% of those under the age of 18 and 5 7% of those 65 and older 

Economy
Naughton Power Plant is a coal-fired power station located on the southwest edge of Kemmerer   The plant employs 230 people, and is scheduled to close in 2025  In 2021, TerraPower announced it would open a sodium-cooled nuclear power plant in Kemmerer in 2028, at an estimated cost of $4 billion  The company plans to employ workers from Naughton Power Plant 

Education
Kemmerer is located within Lincoln County School District #1, which includes Canyon Elementary School, New Frontier High School and Kemmerer High School  Teresa Chaulk is the Superintendent of Schools Kemmerer has a public library, a branch of the Lincoln County Library System 

Notable people
John Buck (born 1980), former MLB catcher
Jerry Buss (1933–2013), owner of the Los Angeles Lakers, lived in Kemmerer as a teenager
William L  Carlisle (1890–1964), one of America's last train robbers, lived in Kemmerer after his release from prison in 1936
Edgar Herschler (1918–1990), governor of Wyoming from 1975 to 1986
James Cash Penney (1875–1971), founder of the J C  Penney chain of stores
Mollie Hemingway (c  1974), journalist, was raised in Kemmerer

See also
Fossil Butte National Monument
Kemmerer Municipal Airport
Passage 7:
Star Valley High School
Star Valley High School is a high school located in rural Afton, Lincoln County, Wyoming, United States  It is one of three high schools in Lincoln County School District Number 2, along with Cokeville High School, and Swift Creek High School   It is one of four high schools, along with Cokeville High School, Swift Creek High school, and Kemmerer High School, in Lincoln County 
Principal Shannon Harris was named 2009 Wyoming High School Principal of the Year At the beginning of the 2012–2013 school year, Star Valley High School was a recipient of the National Blue Ribbon School of Excellence award from the National Department of Education 
The school was expected to average 188 students per grade through the 2010–2011 school year  The student population is 46 8% female and 53 2% male, with 97 14% Caucasian students and 1 5% Hispanic   20 4% of the students receive free or reduced lunch   Despite the relative poverty of its students, it is ranked high in academics (9 out of 10) Star Valley competes in classes 3A and 4A in Wyoming high school athletics 

Alumni
Rulon Gardner, Olympic wrestler

See also
List of high schools in Wyoming
Education in Lincoln County
Passage 8:
Vegepet
Vegepet is a line of dietary supplement products for dogs and cats being fed a vegan diet, sold by Compassion Circle 

Nutritional study
In 2004, a study published in the Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association evaluated two commercial vegetarian pet foods for nutritional adequacy, which included Vegecat KibbleMix supplement   The study concluded that both Vegecat KibbleMix and the other vegetarian pet food had multiple nutritional inadequacies, particularly taurine, when compared against the AAFCO minimal nutrient profile for cat diets  Vitamin A level leaned high but was still within the AAFCO maximum safe
intake  In an apologetic reply, the manufacturer of Vegecat attributed the test results to a manufacturing error during the mixing process and an inaccurate nutrient profile of a food yeast, and said they were taking steps to correct the problems 

See also
Vegetarian and vegan dog diet
Dog food § Vegetarian and vegan dog diet
Cat food § Vegetarian and vegan diet
Passage 9:
Merrill, Wisconsin
Merrill is a city in and the county seat of Lincoln County, Wisconsin, United States  It is located to the south of and adjacent to the Town of Merrill  The population was 9,347, according to the 2020 census  Merrill is part of the United States Census Bureau's Merrill MSA, which includes all of Lincoln County  Together with the Wausau MSA, which includes all of Marathon County, it forms the Wausau-Merrill CSA 

History
Merrill was first inhabited by the Chippewa Native Americans  The first European settlement there was a logging town named Jenny Bull Falls  By 1843, a trading post was constructed near the town; John Faely was the first settler  Within four years a dam, started by Andrew Warren, was constructed over the Wisconsin River  Warren then established the first mill powered by the dam, and other saw mills in the area  In 1870, T  B  Scott succeeded Warren, and the mill soon became increasingly successful  In 1899 the mill burned down  During that time the name of the community was changed to Merrill, in honor of Sherburn S  Merrill (1818–1885), the general manager of the Chicago, Milwaukee, St  Paul, and Pacific Railroad In 1881, the Wisconsin Telephone Company began operation, with 20 phones in service  In 1883, the first City Council met and T  B  Scott was named the first mayor  By 1885, the population had risen to 7,000, approximately 3,000 less than Merrill's population today  The railroad and passenger depot was a hub of social activity through the lumber industry's boom years and after  It later became a community youth center, but has since been razed  By 1900, the timber industry was in decline and the community was compelled to diversify its economy 
In July 1912, the Wisconsin River and several of its tributaries flooded from Rothschild to Merrill, destroying several dams (active and abandoned), as well as causing hundreds of thousands of dollars in damage in Merrill 

Geography
Merrill is located at 45°10′57″N 89°41′44″W (45 182569, -89 69559), along the Wisconsin River at its confluence with the Prairie River 
According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 8 08 square miles (20 93 km2), of which, 7 5 square miles (19 42 km2) is land and 0 58 square miles (1 50 km2) is water Merrill is located west of US Route 51 on State Highway 64 (Main Street) 
Council Grounds State Park is due west of the city 

Demographics
2020 census
As of the census of 2020, the population was 9,347  The population density was 1,245 6 inhabitants per square mile (480 9/km2)  There were 4,503 housing units at an average density of 600 1 per square mile (231 7/km2)  The racial makeup of the city was 93 1% White, 0 7% Native American, 0 7% Black or African American, 0 4% Asian, 1 0% from other races, and 4 1% from two or more races  Ethnically, the population was 2 6% Hispanic or Latino of any race 

2010 census
As of the census of 2010, there were 9,661 people, 4,175 households, and 2,516 families residing in the city  The population density was 1,334 4 inhabitants per square mile (515 2/km2)  There were 4,619 housing units at an average density of 638 0 per square mile (246 3/km2)  The racial makeup of the city was 96 3% White, 0 5% African American, 0 4% Native American, 0 6% Asian, 0 8% from other races, and 1 2% from two or more races  Hispanic or Latino of any race were 2 0% of the population 
There were 4,175 households, of which 29 4% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 43 0% were married couples living together, 12 4% had a female householder with no husband present, 4 9% had a male householder with no wife present, and 39 7% were non-families  35 0% of all households were made up of individuals, and 17 4% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older  The average household size was 2 25 and the average family size was 2 88 
The median age in the city was 40 4 years  23 9% of residents were under the age of 18; 7 2% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 24 9% were from 25 to 44; 24 5% were from 45 to 64; and 19 4% were 65 years of age or older  The gender makeup of the city was 47 6% male and 52 4% female 

2000 census
As of the census of 2000, there were 10,146 people, 4,183 households, and 2,631 families residing in the city  The population density was 1,441 7 people per square mile (556 4/km2)  There were 4,397 housing units at an average density of 624 8 per square mile (241 1/km2)  The racial makeup of the city was 97 77% White, 0 20% Black or African American, 0 54% Native American, 0 42% Asian, 0 04% Pacific Islander, 0 36% from other races, and 0 66% from two or more races  1 03% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race 
There were 4,183 households, out of which 31 0% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 47 2% were married couples living together, 11 9% had a female householder with no husband present, and 37 1% were non-families  32 3% of all households were made up of individuals, and 17 6% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older  The average household size was 2 34 and the average family size was 2 96 
In the city, the population was spread out, with 25 3% under the age of 18, 8 5% from 18 to 24, 27 5% from 25 to 44, 19 1% from 45 to 64, and 19 7% who were 65 years of age or older  The median age was 37 years  For every 100 females, there were 89 8 males  For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 84 4 males 
The median income for a household in the city was $33,098, and the median income for a family was $45,860  Males had a median income of $30,789 versus $21,372 for females  The per capita income for the city was $17,429  About 5 7% of families and 9 5% of the population were below the poverty line, including 10 7% of those under age 18 and 15 0% of those age 65 or over 

Government
The Lincoln County Courthouse, begun in 1903, was completed at a cost of $119,882  Its central rotunda is 32 feet in diameter; second floor offices lead off its balcony  A 48-inch bell and one-ton clock were mounted on the roof tower  It was added to the National Register of Historic Places on April 19, 1978 

Education
Merrill is served by the Merrill Area Public School District  Northcentral Technical College's Public Safety Training center was built in Merrill in 2005 

Public schools
Kate Goodrich Elementary School
Washington Elementary School
Prairie River Middle School
Merrill High School

Private schools
Trinity Lutheran School
St  John Lutheran School
St  Francis Xavier Catholic School
New Testament Church Christian Academy

Transportation
Highways
From 1889 to 1921 a streetcar line was operated by the Merrill Railway & Lighting Co , which also operated one of the earliest trolleybus lines in the United States in 1913 

Local transit
The City of Merrill operates an on-demand bus system within the city limits, known as the Merrill Transit System (formerly Merrill-Go-Round)  As of 2019, the fee is $2 00 general and $1 00 for the elderly and disabled The community supports a private Blue Jay Taxi service  The service is in part supported by the Merrill/Tomahawk Tavern League through its SafeRide Home program providing over 1,200 free ride vouchers annually, and is locally funded by the annual Lobsterfest event  The program unique to Wisconsin and is considered an effective means by other states to eliminate drunk driving 

Airport
Merrill is served by the Merrill Municipal Airport (KRRL)  Located one mile northwest of the city's center, the airport handles approximately 18,600 operations per year, with roughly 96% general aviation and 4% air taxi  The airport has a 5,100-foot asphalt runway with approved GPS approaches (Runway 7-25) and a 2,997-foot asphalt crosswind runway (Runway 16-34) 

Parks and recreation
Parks
Recreation
Historic places
Notable people
Images
Context 3:  Food justice serves as a theoretical and political bridge between scholarship and activism on sustainable agriculture, food insecurity, and environmental justice "Some systematic reviews have already explored urban agriculture contribution to food security and other determinants of health outcomes (see )
Urban agriculture is part of a larger discussion of the need for alternative agricultural paradigms to address food insecurity, inaccessibility of fresh foods, and unjust practices on multiple levels of the food system; and this discussion has been led by different actors, including food-insecure individuals, farm workers, educators and academics, policymakers, social movements, organizations, and marginalized people globally The issue of food security is accompanied by the related movements of food justice and food sovereignty  These movements incorporate urban agriculture in how they address food-resources of a community  Food sovereignty, in addition to promoting food access, also seeks to address the power dynamics and political economy of food; it accounts for the embedded power structures of the food system, ownership of production, and decision-making on multiple levels (i e  growing, processing, and distribution): Under this framework, representative decision-making and responsiveness to the community are core features 

Agroecological
Agroecology is a scientific framework, movement, and applied practice of agricultural management systems that seeks to achieve food sovereignty within food systems and prioritizes sustainability, farmer and consumer well-being, traditional knowledge revival, and democratized learning systems  Transdisciplinarity and diversity of knowledge is a central theme to agroecology, so many urban agroecology initiatives address topics of social justice, gender empowerment, ecological sustainability, indigenous sovereignty, and participation in addition to promoting food access Under an agroecological framework, urban agriculture has the potential to play a role as a "public space, as an economic development strategy, and as a community-organizing tool" while alleviating food insecurity 

Impact
In general, Urban and peri urban agriculture (UPA) contributes to food availability, particularly of fresh produce, provides employment and income and can contribute to the food security and nutrition of urban dwellers 

Economic
Urban and Peri-urban agriculture (UPA) expands the economic base of the city through production, processing, packaging, and marketing of consumable products  This results in an increase in entrepreneurial activities and the creation of jobs, as well as reducing food costs and improving quality  UPA provides employment, income, and access to food for urban populations, which helps to relieve chronic and emergency food insecurity  Chronic food insecurity refers to less affordable food and growing urban poverty, while emergency food insecurity relates to breakdowns in the chain of food distribution  UPA plays an important role in making food more affordable and in providing emergency supplies of food  Research into market values for produce grown in urban gardens has been attributed to a community garden plot a median yield value of between approximately $200 and $500 (US, adjusted for inflation) 

Social
Urban agriculture can have a large impact on the social and emotional well-being of individuals  UA can have an overall positive impact on community health, which directly impacts individuals social and emotional well-being  Urban gardens are often places that facilitate positive social interaction, which also contributes to overall social and emotional well-being  Many gardens facilitate the improvement of social networks within the communities that they are located  For many neighborhoods, gardens provide a "symbolic focus", which leads to increased neighborhood pride  Urban agriculture increases community participation through diagnostic workshops or different commissions in the area of vegetable gardens  Activities which involve hundreds of people When individuals come together around UA, physical activity levels are often increased   This can also raise serotonin levels akin to working out at a gym  There is the added element of walking/biking to the gardens, further increasing physical activity and the benefits of being outdoors UPA can be seen as a means of improving the livelihood of people living in and around cities  Taking part in such practices is seen mostly as an informal activity, but in many cities where inadequate, unreliable, and irregular access to food is a recurring problem, urban agriculture has been a positive response to tackling food concerns  Due to the food security that comes with UA, feelings of independence and empowerment often arise  The ability to produce and grow food for oneself has also been reported to improve levels of self-esteem or of self-efficacy  Households and small communities take advantage of vacant land and contribute not only to their household food needs but also the needs of their resident city  The CFSC states that:

Community and residential gardening, as well as small-scale farming, save household food dollars  They promote nutrition and free cash for non-garden foods and other items  As an example, you can raise your own chickens on an urban farm and have fresh eggs for only $0 44 per dozen 

This allows families to generate larger incomes selling to local grocers or to local outdoor markets while supplying their household with the proper nutrition of fresh and nutritional products  With the popularity of farmers markets recently, this has allowed an even larger income 

Some community urban farms can be quite efficient and help women find work, who in some cases are marginalized from finding employment in the formal economy  Studies have shown that participation from women have a higher production rate, therefore producing the adequate amount for household consumption while supplying more for market sale As most UA activities are conducted on vacant municipal land, there have been raising concerns about the allocation of land and property rights  The IDRC and the FAO have published the Guidelines for Municipal Policymaking on Urban Agriculture, and are working with municipal governments to create successful policy measures that can be incorporated in urban planning Over a third of US households, roughly 42 million, participate in food gardening   There has also been an increase of 63% participation in farming by millennials from 2008-2013  US households participating in community gardening has also tripled from 1 to 3 million in that time frame  Urban agriculture provides unique opportunities to bridge diverse communities together  In addition, it provides opportunities for health care providers to interact with their patients  Thus, making each community garden a hub that is reflective of the community 

Energy efficiency
The current industrial agriculture system is accountable for high energy costs for the transportation of foodstuffs  According to a study by Rich Pirog, associate director of the Leopold Center for Sustainable Agriculture at Iowa State University, the average conventional produce item travels 1,500 miles (2,400 km), using, if shipped by tractor-trailer, 1 US gallon (3 8 L; 0 83 imp gal) of fossil fuel per 100 pounds (45 kg)  The energy used to transport food is decreased when urban agriculture can provide cities with locally grown food  Pirog found that traditional, non-local, food distribution system used 4 to 17 times more fuel and emitted 5 to 17 times more CO2 than the local and regional transport Similarly, in a study by Marc Xuereb and Region of Waterloo Public Health, it was estimated that switching to locally-grown food could save transport-related emissions equivalent to nearly 50,000 metric tons of CO2, or the equivalent of taking 16,191 cars off the road In theory one would save money, but everything is being ran on the house's power grid most of the time   So prices can vary according to when you water, or how you water, etc 

Carbon footprint
As mentioned above, the energy-efficient nature of urban agriculture can reduce each city's carbon footprint by reducing the amount of transport that occurs to deliver goods to the consumer  Such areas can act as carbon sinks offsetting some of the carbon accumulation that is innate to urban areas, where pavement and buildings outnumber plants  Plants absorb atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) and release breathable oxygen (O2) through photosynthesis  The process of Carbon Sequestration can be further improved by combining other agriculture techniques to increase removal from the atmosphere and prevent the release of CO2 during harvest time  However, this process relies heavily on the types of plants selected and the methodology of farming  Specifically, choosing plants that do not lose their leaves and remain green all year can increase the farm's ability to sequester carbon 

Reduction in ozone and particulate matter
The reduction in ozone and other particulate matter can benefit human health   Reducing these particulates and ozone gases could reduce mortality rates in urban areas along with increase the health of those living in cities  
A 2011 article found that a rooftop containing 2000 m2 of uncut grass has the potential to remove up to 4000 kg of particulate matter and that one square meter of green roof is sufficient to offset the annual particulate matter emissions of a car 

Soil decontamination
Vacant urban lots are often victims to illegal dumping of hazardous chemicals and other wastes  They are also liable to accumulate standing water and "grey water", which can be dangerous to public health, especially left stagnant for long periods  The implementation of urban agriculture in these vacant lots can be a cost-effective method for removing these chemicals  In the process known as Phytoremediation, plants and the associated microorganisms are selected for their chemical ability to degrade, absorb, convert to an inert form, and remove toxins from the soil   Several chemicals can be targeted for removal, including heavy metals (e g  Mercury and lead), inorganic compounds (e g  Arsenic and Uranium), and organic compounds (e g  petroleum and chlorinated compounds like PBCs) Phytoremeditation is both an environmentally-friendly, cost-effective and energy-efficient measure to reduce pollution  Phytoremediation only costs about $5–$40 per ton of soil being decontaminated  Implementation of this process also reduces the amount of soil that must be disposed of in a hazardous waste landfill Urban agriculture as a method to mediate chemical pollution can be effective in preventing the spread of these chemicals into the surrounding environment  Other methods of remediation often disturb the soil and force the chemicals contained within it into the air or water  Plants can be used as a method to remove chemicals and also to hold the soil and prevent erosion of contaminated soil decreasing the spread of pollutants and the hazard presented by these lots One way of identifying soil contamination is through using already well-established plants as bioindicators of soil health  Using well-studied plants is important because there has already been substantial bodies of work to test them in various conditions, so responses can be verified with certainty  Such plants are also valuable because they are genetically identical as crops as opposed to natural variants of the same species  Typically urban soil has had the topsoil stripped away and has led to soil with low aeration, porosity, and drainage  Typical measures of soil health are microbial biomass and activity, enzymes, soil organic matter (SOM), total nitrogen, available nutrients, porosity, aggregate stability, and compaction  A new measurement is active carbon (AC), which is the most usable portion of the total organic carbon (TOC) in the soil  This contributes greatly to the functionality of the soil food web  Using common crops, which are generally well-studied, as bioindicators can be used to effectively test the quality of an urban farming plot before beginning planting 

Noise pollution
Large amounts of noise pollution not only lead to lower property values and high frustration, they can be damaging to human hearing and health  The study "Noise exposure and public health" found that exposure to continual noise is a public health problem  Examples of the detriment of continual noise on humans to include: "hearing impairment, hypertension and ischemic heart disease, annoyance, sleep disturbance, and decreased school performance " Since most roofs or vacant lots consist of hard flat surfaces that reflect sound waves instead of absorbing them, adding plants that can absorb these waves has the potential to lead to a vast reduction in noise pollution 

Nutrition and quality of food
Daily intake of a variety of fruits and vegetables is linked to a decreased risk of chronic diseases including diabetes, heart disease, and cancer  Urban agriculture is associated with increased consumption of fruits and vegetables which decreases risk for disease and can be a cost-effective way to provide citizens with quality, fresh produce in urban settings Produce from urban gardens can be perceived to be more flavorful and desirable than store bought produce which may also lead to a wider acceptance and higher intake  A Flint, Michigan study found that those participating in community gardens consumed fruits and vegetables 1 4 times more per day and were 3 5 times more likely to consume fruits or vegetables at least 5 times daily (p  1)   Garden-based education can also yield nutritional benefits in children  An Idaho study reported a positive association between school gardens and increased intake of fruit, vegetables, vitamin A, vitamin C and fiber among sixth graders  Harvesting fruits and vegetables initiates the enzymatic process of nutrient degradation which is especially detrimental to water soluble vitamins such as ascorbic acid and thiamin  The process of blanching produce in order to freeze or can reduce nutrient content slightly, but not nearly as much as the amount of time spent in storage  Harvesting produce from one's own community garden cuts back on storage times significantly 
Urban agriculture also provides quality nutrition for low-income households  Studies show that every $1 invested in a community garden yields $6 worth of vegetables if labor is not considered a factor in investment  Many urban gardens reduce the strain on food banks and other emergency food providers by donating shares of their harvest and providing fresh produce in areas that otherwise might be food deserts  The supplemental nutrition program Women, Infants and Children (WIC) as well as the Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP) have partnered with several urban gardens nationwide to improve the accessibility to produce in exchange for a few hours of volunteer gardening work Urban farming has been shown to increase health outcomes  Gardeners consume twice as much fruit and vegetables than non-gardeners  Levels of physical activity are also positively associated with urban farming  These results are seen indirectly and can be supported by the social involvement in an individual's community as a member of the community farm  This social involvement helped raise the aesthetic appeal of the neighborhood, boosting the motivation or efficacy of the community as a whole  This increased efficacy was shown to increase neighborhood attachment  Therefore, the positive health outcomes of urban farming can be explained in part by interpersonal and social factors that boost health  Focusing on improving the aesthetics and community relationships and not only on the plant yield, is the best way to maximize the positive effect of urban farms on a neighborhood 

Economy of scale
Using high-density urban farming  with vertical farms or stacked greenhouses, many environmental benefits can be achieved on a citywide scale that would be impossible otherwise  These systems do not only provide food, but also produce potable water from waste water, and can recycle organic waste back to energy and nutrients  At the same time, they can reduce food-related transportation to a minimum while providing fresh food for large communities in almost any climate 

Health inequalities and food justice
A 2009 report by the USDA determined that "evidence is both abundant and robust enough for us to conclude that Americans living in low-income and minority areas tend to have poor access to healthy food", and that the "structural inequalities" in these neighborhoods "contribute to inequalities in diet and diet-related outcomes"   These diet-related outcomes, including obesity and diabetes, have become epidemic in low-income urban environments in the United States  Although the definition and methods for determining "food deserts" have varied, studies indicate that, at least in the United States,  there are racial disparities in the food environment  Thus using the definition of environment as the place where people live, work, play and pray, food disparities become an issue of environmental justice  This is especially true in American inner-cities where a history of racist practices have contributed to the development of food deserts in the low-income, minority areas of the urban core  The issue of inequality is so integral to the issues of food access and health that the Growing Food & Justice for All Initiative was founded with the mission of "dismantling racism" as an integral part of creating food security Not only can urban agriculture provide healthy, fresh food options, but also can contribute to a sense of community, aesthetic improvement, crime reduction, minority empowerment and autonomy, and even preserve culture through the use of farming methods and heirloom seeds preserved from areas of origin 

Environmental justice
Urban agriculture may advance environmental justice and food justice for communities living in food deserts   First, urban agriculture may reduce racial and class disparities in access to healthy food  When urban agriculture leads to locally grown fresh produce sold at affordable prices in food deserts, access to healthy food is not just available for those who live in wealthy areas, thereby leading to greater equity in rich and poor neighborhoods Improved access to food through urban agriculture can also help alleviate psychosocial stresses in poor communities  Community members engaged in urban agriculture improve local knowledge about healthy ways to fulfill dietary needs  Urban agriculture can also better the mental health of community members  Buying and selling quality products to local producers and consumers allows community members to support one another, which may reduce stress  Thus, urban agriculture can help improve conditions in poor communities, where residents experience higher levels of stress due to a perceived lack of control over the quality of their lives Urban agriculture may improve the livability and built environment in communities that lack supermarkets and other infrastructure due to the presence of high unemployment caused by deindustrialization  Urban farmers who follow sustainable agricultural methods can not only help to build local food system infrastructure, but can also contribute to improving local air, and water and soil quality  Urban farming serves as one type of green space in urban areas, it has a positive impact on the air quality in the surrounding area  A case study conducted on a rooftop farm shows the PM2 5 concentration in the urban farming area is 7-33% lower than the surrounding parts without green spaces in a city  When agricultural products are produced locally within the community, they do not need to be transported, which reduces CO2 emission rates and other pollutants that contribute to high rates of asthma in lower socioeconomic areas  Sustainable urban agriculture can also promote worker protection and consumer rights  For example, communities in New York City, Illinois, and Richmond, Virginia, have demonstrated improvements to their local environments through urban agricultural practices However, urban agriculture can also present urban growers with health risks if the soil used for urban farming is contaminated  Lead contamination is particularly common, with hazardous levels of lead found in soil in many United States cities  High lead levels in soil originate from sources including flaking lead paint which was widely used before being banned in the 1970s, vehicle exhaust, and atmospheric deposition  Without proper education on the risks of urban farming and safe practices, urban consumers of urban agricultural produce may face additional health-related issues 

Implementation
Creating a community-based infrastructure for urban agriculture means establishing local systems to grow and process food and transfer it from farmer to consumer 
To facilitate food production, cities have established community-based farming projects  Some projects have collectively tended community farms on common land, much like that of the eighteenth-century Boston Common  One such community farm is the Collingwood Children's Farm in Melbourne, Australia  Other community garden projects use the allotment garden model, in which gardeners care for individual plots in a larger gardening area, often sharing a tool shed and other amenities  Seattle's P-Patch Gardens use this model, as did the South Central Farm in Los Angeles and the Food Roof Farm in St  Louis  Independent urban gardeners also grow food in individual yards and on roofs  Garden sharing projects seek to pair producers with the land, typically, residential yard space  Roof gardens allow for urban dwellers to maintain green spaces in the city without having to set aside a tract of undeveloped land  Rooftop farms allow otherwise unused industrial roofspace to be used productively, creating work and profit  Projects around the world seek to enable cities to become 'continuous productive landscapes' by cultivating vacant urban land and temporary or permanent kitchen gardens 
Food processing on a community level has been accommodated by centralizing resources in community tool sheds and processing facilities for farmers to share  The Garden Resource Program Collaborative based in Detroit has cluster tool banks  Different areas of the city have tool banks where resources like tools, compost, mulch, tomato stakes, seeds, and education can be shared and distributed with the gardeners in that cluster  Detroit's Garden Resource Program Collaborative also strengthens their gardening community by providing access to their member's transplants; education on gardening, policy, and food issues; and by building connectivity between gardeners through workgroups, potlucks, tours, field trips, and cluster workdays  In Brazil, "Cities Without Hunger" has generated a public policy for the reconstruction of abandoned areas with food production and has improved the green areas of the community 
Farmers' markets, such as the farmers' market in Los Angeles, provide a common land where farmers can sell their product to consumers  Large cities tend to open their farmer's markets on the weekends and one day in the middle of the week  For example, the farmers' market of Boulevard Richard-Lenoir in Paris, France, is open on Sundays and Thursdays  However, to create a consumer dependency on urban agriculture and to introduce local food production as a sustainable career for farmers, markets would have to be open regularly  For example, the Los Angeles Farmers' Market is open seven days a week and has linked several local grocers together to provide different food products  The market's central location in downtown Los Angeles provides the perfect interaction for a diverse group of sellers to access their consumers 

Benefits
The benefits that UPA brings along to cities that implement this practice are numerous  The transformation of cities from only consumers of food to generators of agricultural products contributes to sustainability, improved health, and poverty alleviation 

UPA assists to close the open-loop system in urban areas characterized by the importation of food from rural zones and the exportation of waste to regions outside the city or town 
Wastewater and organic solid waste can be transformed into resources for growing agriculture products: the former can be used for irrigation, the latter as fertilizer 
Vacant urban areas can be used for agriculture production 
Other natural resources can be conserved  The use of wastewater for irrigation improves water management and increases the availability of fresh water for drinking and household consumption



ground_truth: Troy, Montana

prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: What types of activities occur in both the Bennington and Bridgewater Triangles?

The following are given passages.
Context 3: 
UPA can help to preserve bioregional ecologies from being transformed into cropland 
Urban agriculture saves energy (e g  energy consumed in transporting food from rural to urban areas) 
Local production of food also allows savings in transportation costs, storage, and in product loss, what results in food cost reduction 
UPA improves the quality of the urban environment through greening and thus, a reduction in pollution 
Urban agriculture also makes the city a healthier place to live by improving the quality of the environment 
UPA is a very effective tool to fight against hunger and malnutrition since it facilitates the access to food by an impoverished sector of the urban population Poverty alleviation: It is known that a large part of the people involved in urban agriculture is the urban poor  In developing countries, the majority of urban agricultural production is for self-consumption, with surpluses being sold in the market  According to the FAO (Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations), urban poor consumers spend 60–80% of their income on food, making them very vulnerable to higher food prices 

UPA provides food and creates savings in household expenditure on consumables, thus increasing the amount of income allocated to other uses 
UPA surpluses can be sold in local markets, generating more income for the urban poor Community centers and gardens educate the community to see agriculture as an integral part of urban life  The Florida House Institute for Sustainable Development in Sarasota, Florida, serves as a public community and education center in which innovators with sustainable, energy-saving ideas can implement and test them  Community centers like Florida House provide urban areas with a central location to learn about urban agriculture and to begin to integrate agriculture with the urban lifestyle Urban farms also are a proven effective educational tool to teach kids about healthy eating and meaningful physical activity 

Trade-offs
Space is at a premium in cities and is accordingly expensive and difficult to secure 
The utilization of untreated wastewater for urban agricultural irrigation can facilitate the spread of waterborne diseases among the human population 
Although studies have demonstrated improved air quality in urban areas related to the proliferation of urban gardens, it has also been shown that increasing urban pollution (related specifically to a sharp rise in the number of automobiles on the road), has led to an increase in insect pests, which consume plants produced by urban agriculture  It is believed that changes to the physical structure of the plants themselves, which have been correlated to increased levels of air pollution, increase plants' palatability to insect pests  Reduced yields within urban gardens decreases the amount of food available for human consumption 
Studies indicate that the nutritional quality of wheat suffers when urban wheat plants are exposed to high nitrogen dioxide and sulfur dioxide concentrations  This problem is particularly acute in the developing world, where outdoor concentrations of sulfur dioxide are high and large percentages of the population rely upon urban agriculture as a primary source of food  These studies have implications for the nutritional quality of other staple crops that are grown in urban settings 
Agricultural activities on land that is contaminated (with such metals as lead) pose potential risks to human health  These risks are associated both with working directly on contaminated land and with consuming food that was grown in contaminated soil Municipal greening policy goals can pose conflicts  For example, policies promoting urban tree canopy are not sympathetic to vegetable gardening because of the deep shade cast by trees  However, some municipalities like Portland, Oregon, and Davenport, Iowa are encouraging the implementation of fruit-bearing trees (as street trees or as park orchards) to meet both greening and food production goals 

See also
Passage 4:
Displacement activity
Displacement activities occur when an animal experiences high motivation for two or more conflicting behaviours: the resulting displacement activity is usually unrelated to the competing motivations  Birds, for example, may peck at grass when uncertain whether to attack or flee from an opponent; similarly, a human may scratch their head when they do not know which of two options to choose   Displacement activities may also occur when animals are prevented from performing a single behaviour for which they are highly motivated   Displacement activities often involve actions which bring comfort to the animal such as scratching, preening, drinking or feeding 
In the assessment of animal welfare, displacement activities are sometimes used as evidence that an animal is highly motivated to perform a behaviour that the environment prevents  One example is that when hungry hens are trained to eat from a particular food dispenser and then find the dispenser blocked, they often begin to pace and preen themselves vigorously  These actions have been interpreted as displacement activities, and similar pacing and preening can be used as evidence of frustration in other situations Psychiatrist and primatologist Alfonso Troisi proposed that displacement activities can be used as non-invasive measures of stress in primates  He noted that various non-human primates perform self-directed activities such as grooming and scratching in situations likely to involve anxiety and uncertainty, and that these behaviours are increased by anxiogenic (anxiety-producing) drugs and reduced by anxiolytic (anxiety-reducing) drugs  In humans, he noted that similar self-directed behaviour, together with aimless manipulation of objects (chewing pens, twisting rings), can be used as indicators of "stressful stimuli and may reflect an emotional condition of negative affect" More recently the term 'displacement activity' has been widely adopted   to describe a form of procrastination  It is commonly used in the context of what someone does intentionally to keep themselves busy whilst, at the same time, avoiding doing something else that would be a better use of their time 

History of the concept
The subsequent development of research on displacement activities was a direct consequence of Konrad Lorenz's works on instincts  However, the first mentions of the phenomenon came in 1940 by the two Dutch researchers Nikolaas Tinbergen and Adriaan Kortlandt Tinbergen in 1952 noted, for example, that "two skylarks engaged in furious combat [may] suddenly peck at the ground as if they were feeding", or birds on the point of mating may suddenly begin to preen themselves  Tinbergen adopted the term "displacement activities" because the behaviour appeared to be displaced from one behavioural system into another In 1902, in The Little White Bird, J  M  Barrie refers to sheep in Kensington Gardens nibbling the grass in nervous agitation immediately after being shorn, and to Solomon, the wise crow, drinking water when he was frustrated and outwitted in an argument with other birds  Another bird encourages him to drink in order to compose himself  These references to displacement activities in a work of literature indicate that the phenomenon was well recognized at the turn of the twentieth century  A further early description of a displacement activity (though not the use of the term) is by Julian Huxley in 1914 

See also
Displacement (psychology)
Ethogram
Procrastination
Vacuum activity
Passage 5:
Race engineer
A race engineer is a motorsport team member who analyses data to achieve the best performance from the vehicle and driver  The race engineer communicates with the team's data analyst, mechanics, and driver, both between and during races  Off the race track, the race engineer analyses historical data to determine the initial set-up for the next race event or test  The race engineer's duties also include hands-on management of the vehicle mechanics, organization of the testing schedule, and assurance of compliance with regulations  The race engineer seeks to make these activities occur as seamlessly as possible for the driver  Race engineers almost always have an academic degree in engineering or a related field A good race engineer must have good people skills  To be effective, the race engineer must have a good working relationship with not only the driver but also the rest of the team, both at and away from the track  Many times the race engineer is also "the face" of the team for the media; this is especially true during the race while the driver is inaccessible  This makes the race engineer's media skills a priority 

History
The role of the race engineer on racing teams has grown in importance since the adoption of on-board sensors that collect performance data  The race engineer's job is to evaluate the vehicle's performance gathered from both telemetry and the driver's feedback  The race engineer then seeks to improve performance with regard to the driver's desires by adjusting suspension, engine calibrations, aerodynamics, and other variables which affect the vehicle's performance on the race track 

Travel
Race engineers tend to travel extensively, especially during the racing season of their motorsport teams  At the highest level of professional motorsports, international travel is common  Offseason travel for race engineers is usually for testing, training, and visiting vendors 

See also
Automotive aerodynamics
Automotive engineering
Control theory
Mechanical engineering
Passage 6:
JAK Members Bank
The JAK Members Bank, or JAK Medlemsbank, is a cooperative, member-owned financial institution based in Skövde, Sweden, and based on a concept that arose in Denmark in 1931  JAK is an acronym for Jord Arbete Kapital in Swedish or Land Labour Capital, the factors of production in classical economics  A membership of approximately 39,000 (as of December 2015) dictates the Bank's policies and direction  The Board of Directors is elected annually by members, who are each allowed only one share in the bank  JAK Members Bank does not offer any interest on saved money  All of the bank's activities occur outside of the capital market as its loans are financed solely by member savings  Administrative and developmental costs are paid for by membership and loans 
JAK banking employs the "Saving Points" system: members accumulate Saving Points during saving periods and use them when applying for a loan  The concept is that one is allowed to take out a loan for oneself to the same extent as one allows other people to be granted loans, saving into one's account  For this reason (applying for a loan), earned Saving Points must be equal to  spent Saving Points to ensure sustainability  If a member is borrowing more saving points than they currently possess, they are obliged to continue accumulating "aftersavings" during the repayment period  Aftersavings are a fixed quota of money that a member must save after one's loan was made, so they can continue to earn Saving Points  This way, at the end of the repayment period, Saving Points earned will be equal to Saving Points spent, and at that time they will be able to have back all their aftersavings 
JAK also offers a couple of loans where you do not need any saving points 

History
The co-operative society Jord Arbejde Kapital was founded in Denmark during the Great Depression in 1931  The society issued a popular local currency which was subsequently outlawed by the Danish government in 1933  In 1934 it founded an interest-free savings and loan system and a Local Exchange Trading System  Though both systems were forced to close, the savings and loan system re-emerged in 1944  The experience of JAK-banking in Denmark inspired a group in Sweden to develop a non-profit organisation named Jord Arbete Kapital - Riksförening för Ekonomisk Frigörelse (National Association for Economic Emancipation) in 1965  This pioneers' group developed a mathematical system based on Saving Points, designated the "balanced saving system"  The association grew slowly at first  In 1997, a legislative amendment required the association to receive a banking license from the Swedish Financial Supervisory Authority in order to continue operating as a financial institution, which was granted in that year  The bank's deposits are insured by the government 

Philosophy
According to JAK's philosophy, economic instability arises out of and is a consequence of the levying of interest 
JAK operates under the following principles:

Interest moves money from the poor to the rich
Interest favours projects which yield high profits in the short termThe main aim of the bank is to provide its members with a viable, feasible financial instrument, sustainable for the environment and serving the local economy 

Membership
Marketing for JAK is done primarily by volunteers and word-of-mouth advertising  Deposits are accepted and loans are given in Swedish Krona (SEK)  Mortgages or personal guarantees may be made only if the property or the guarantor is Swedish  It is compulsory to have Swedish residency to apply for a loan from JAK  The savings of members are covered under the deposit guarantees of the Swedish banking system 

JAK in other countries
JAK organisations exist in Denmark, Germany and Italy, in addition to Sweden  There was also an earlier attempt to start such a bank in Norway 
The Danish organisations, which date back to 1931, are known as J A K  Andelskasser, and there are 14 independent organisations which hold the legal status of andelskasse, which is a form of bank in Denmark  They are all members of Landsforeningen J A K , the association of JAK organisations 

Literature
Margunn Bjørnholt: Pengene mot strømmen: Alternative finansieringsorganisasjoner, Oslo, University of Oslo, 1995, ISBN 8257004383, sida 82-129

See also
Grameen Bank
WIR Bank
Passage 7:
Bridgewater Triangle
The Bridgewater Triangle is an area of about 200 square miles (520 km2) within southeastern Massachusetts in the United States, claimed to be a site of alleged paranormal phenomena, ranging from UFOs to poltergeists, and other spectral phenomena, various bigfoot-like sightings, giant snakes and thunderbirds  The term was coined by New England based cryptozoologist Loren Coleman 

Location
Specific boundaries of the Bridgewater Triangle were first described by cryptozoologist Loren Coleman who coined the term in the 1970s, and later in his book Mysterious America 

Historic places and landmarks
Freetown-Fall River State Forest - The Freetown-Fall River State Forest has reportedly been the site of various cult activity including animal sacrifice, ritualistic murders committed by admitted Satanists, as well as a number of gangland murders and a number of suicides 
Profile Rock - The supposed site of where Wampanoag historical figure Anawan received the lost wampum belt from Philip, legend has it the ghost of a man can be seen sitting on the rock with his legs crossed or with outstretched arms  Located within the Freetown-Fall River State Forest 
Solitude Stone - An inscribed stone located near Forest Street in West Bridgewater which was found near a missing person's body  Also known as "suicide stone," the rock was found with the inscription: "All ye, who in future days, Walk by Nunckatessett stream Love not him who hummed his lay Cheerful to the parting beam, But the beauty that he wooed "
Bridgewater State University - Several buildings and rooms on campus are alleged to be haunted by ghosts and other paranormal phenomena 
Taunton State Hospital - Some visitors have claimed that they had strange paranormal experiences in the hospital including being touched and pulled in certain areas of the hospital  It is also claimed that the hospital was used by satanic cults during the 1960s and 70s 
Hornbine School - The one-room schoolhouse was built during the 1840s and remained in active use until 1937  The building is alleged to be haunted by its former inhabitants 

Paranormal claims
Common to most of these areas is a mix of reported phenomena, that includes reports of:

Unidentified flying objects, often in the form of bright balls of light or large, unusual spacecraft 
Unnatural animal sightings, ranging from unusual reports of animals that are not found within the area (such as panthers and bears) to more supernatural claims of giant snakes and enormous vicious dogs 
Paranormal humanoids, including sightings of Bigfoot, ghosts, poltergeists, and shadow people 
Thunderbird sightings: Giant birds or pterodactyl-like flying creature with wingspans up to twelve feet are claimed to have been seen in Hockomock Swamp and neighboring Taunton and Easton, including a report by Norton Police Sergeant Thomas Downy 
Cult activity, especially animal mutilations: Various incidents of animal mutilation have been reported, particularly in Freetown and Fall River, where local police were called to investigate mutilated animals believed to be the work of a cult  Two specific incidents in 1998 were reported: one in which a single adult cow was found butchered in the woods; the other in which a group of calves were discovered in a clearing, grotesquely mutilated as if part of a ritual sacrifice 
Native American curses: According to one tale, Native Americans had cursed the swamp centuries ago because of conflict with Colonial settlers  A revered object of the Wampanoag people, a belt known as the wampum belt, was lost during King Philip's War  Legend says that the area owes its paranormal unrest to the fact that this belt was lost from the Native people 
Pukwudgie: A creature from Algonquian folklore  The local Wampanoag people consider them to be dangerous tricksters  They have been especially associated with the Freetown State Forest within the Bridgewater Triangle 

See also
Lovecraft Country
Pukwudgie
Passage 8:
Context-sensitive solutions (transport)
Context-sensitive solutions (CSS) is a theoretical and practical approach to transportation decision-making and design that takes into consideration the communities and lands through which streets, roads, and highways pass ("the context")  The term is closely related to but distinguishable from context-sensitive design in that it asserts that all decisions in transportation planning, project development, operations, and maintenance should be responsive to the context in which these activities occur, not simply the design process  CSS seeks to balance the need to move vehicles efficiently and safely with other desirable outcomes, including historic preservation, environmental sustainability, and the creation of vital public spaces  In transit projects, CSS generally refers to context sensitive planning, design, and development around transit stations, also known as transit-oriented development 

Overview
In contrast to long-standing practices in transportation design that place primary importance on moving traffic (vehicular throughput), the CSS process emphasizes that transportation facilities should fit their physical settings and preserve scenic, aesthetic, historic and environmental resources, while maintaining safety and mobility  For instance, if a state highway that passes through a downtown main street, applying CSS principles would entail creating a street where the movement of vehicles does not impede pedestrian activity and sidewalk commerce, rather than a street that is simply widened and straightened to increase speed, capacity and mobility for vehicles as a singular transportation objective  CSS therefore includes principles for context-sensitive decision-making that place a high value on community input and consensus, and more technical principles of context sensitive design 
When CSS principles are applied to transportation projects, the process involves a much broader range of disciplines than traditional transportation design methods, which rely exclusively on the judgment of traffic engineers  CSS is a collaborative, interdisciplinary approach that involves everyone with a significant stake in the project, such as the residents, businesses and local institutions that will be affected by an intervention or a failure to address the transportation implications of development such as congestion  Rather than approaching these stakeholders at the tail end of the design process in an attempt to gain approval, CSS emphasizes the need to incorporate their feedback from the very outset of the planning and design development processes and during all subsequent stages of construction, operations and maintenance 

Qualities of a CSS project
The following list of qualities (developed at a 1998 conference for transportation planners called "Thinking Beyond the Pavement") describe the core goals of the CSS process 

The CSS Product: Qualities of Excellence in Transportation DesignThe "Qualities that Characterize Excellence in Transportation Design" – that is, of the physical end product of the CSS process – are: 

The project satisfies the purpose and needs as agreed to by a full range of stakeholders 
This agreement is forged in the earliest phase of the project and amended as warranted as the project develops 
The project is a safe facility for both the user and the community 
The project is in harmony with the community, and it preserves environmental, scenic, aesthetic, historic, and natural resource values of the area, i e , exhibits context sensitive design 
The project exceeds the expectations of both designers and stakeholders and achieves a level of excellence in people's minds 
The project involves efficient and effective use of the resources (time, budget, community) of all involved parties 
The project is designed and built with minimal disruption to the community 
The project is seen as having added lasting value to the community 

The CSS process
This outline of the core steps in the CSS process was also developed at the "Thinking Beyond the Pavement" conference 

The CSS Process: Characteristics of the Process That Yield Excellence"The Characteristics of the Process that will Yield Excellence in Transportation Design" are: 

Communication with all stakeholders is open, honest, early, and continuous 
A multidisciplinary team is established early, with disciplines based on the needs of the specific project, and with the inclusion of the public 
A full range of stakeholders is involved with transportation officials in the scoping phase (the period before design is begun when the scope of the project is agreed upon)  The purposes of the project are clearly defined, and consensus on the scope is forged before proceeding 
The highway development process is tailored to meet the circumstances  This process should examine multiple alternatives that will result in a consensus of approach methods 
A commitment to the process from top agency officials and local leaders is secured 
The public involvement process, which includes informal meetings, is tailored to the project 
The landscape, the community, and valued resources are understood before engineering design is started  A full range of tools for communication about project alternatives is used (e g , visualization) 

History
The initial guiding principles of CSS came out of the 1998 "Thinking Beyond the Pavement" conference as a means to describe and foster transportation projects that preserve and enhance the natural and built environments along with economic and social assets for neighborhoods they pass through  In 2003, the Federal Highway Administration announced that under one of its three Vital Few Objectives (Environmental Stewardship and Streamlining) they had a target goal of  achieving CSS integration within all state Departments of Transportation by September 2007 
The American Association of State Highway and Transportation Organizations (AASHTO) is now (fall 2006) developing strategic goals and objectives for CSS which it describes as a "fundamental change in the way we do business " One principal element of this change is the way transportation planners and engineers address speed  Historically, the speed at which a vehicle can safely travel through the landscape has been regarded as a primary goal of transportation planning since it shortens travel time, saves money (time is money), and improves driver convenience  However, CSS recognizes that designing a facility for the maximum safe speed that is economically feasible can be detrimental to other community goals, and even to vehicle passengers themselves  CSS recognizes that the goal of transportation is social and economic exchange, which cannot occur at high speeds  Instead, CSS attempts to identify, through a community-based process, a  "target speed" that promotes the optimum amount of social and economic exchange, with lowest environmental impacts, that is appropriate for the context  Thus, in cities, if higher vehicle speeds lower the amount of social exchange on a residential street (fewer friends, less street life etc ) then the street will be designed to encourage drivers to slow down so as not to reduce social exchange  In a similar manner, commercial streets will be designed to maximize commercial exchange and designed accordingly  In more rural areas where a primary goal is to move people and goods between human settlements, CSS can be compatible with much higher design speeds  Setting a target speed that is appropriate for the context, and then designing roads, highway and streets to make it difficult for drivers to exceed that target speed, is a central CSS principle and represents a fundamental shift in transportation planning practice 

See also
Transportation planning
Complete streets
Placemaking
New Urbanism
Transit-oriented development
Town meeting

Notes



ground_truth: alleged paranormal phenomena