prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: The Red Queen's Race is a science fiction short story that uses the Red Queen's race from a novel by Lewis Carroll that is the sequel to what?

The following are given passages.
Context 1: Passage 1:
The Red Queen's Race
The Red Queen's Race is a science fiction short story by American writer Isaac Asimov; it uses the Red Queen's race from Lewis Carroll's Through the Looking-Glass as a metaphor for the final plot twist   The story also makes reference to Asimov's psychohistory   "The Red Queen's Race" was first published in the January 1949 issue of Astounding Science Fiction and reprinted in the 1972 collection The Early Asimov 
"The Red Queen's Race" was written in July 1948, a month after Asimov received a PhD from Columbia University and became a postdoc studying anti-malarial drugs 

Plot summary
The story is told by an unnamed narrator, an agent of an unnamed U S  intelligence bureau  The agent is tasked with an investigation into an atomic power plant which has been completely drained of power  A Professor of Nuclear Physics, Elmer Tywood, is found dead 
As the investigation progresses, bringing in Tywood's research students and his university colleagues, it is revealed that Tywood had developed a means to send objects back in time via "micro-temporal translation " His plan was to "improve" the world by giving Hellenic Greece advanced knowledge in the form of chemistry 
The investigating agents and their superior, The Boss, gradually realize that the changes introduced into history might, through the butterfly effect, cause the deletion from existence of every human being alive 
The trail eventually leads to the doorstep of Mycroft James Boulder, Assistant Professor of Philosophy, who had been hired by Tywood to translate a textbook of chemistry into Attic Greek  He states that he had figured out Tywood's plan and translated only enough to coincide with historical accounts 
With no clear solution, the investigation is shelved and filed under the heading of "?" 
Passage 2:
Through the Looking-Glass
Through the Looking-Glass, and What Alice Found There (also known as Alice Through the Looking-Glass or simply Through the Looking-Glass) is a novel published on 27 December 1871 (though indicated as 1872) by Lewis Carroll, a mathematics professor at the University of Oxford, and the sequel to Alice's Adventures in Wonderland (1865)  Alice again enters a fantastical world, this time by climbing through a mirror into the world that she can see beyond it  There she finds that, just like a reflection, everything is reversed, including logic (for example, running helps one remain stationary, walking away from something brings one towards it, chessmen are alive, nursery rhyme characters exist, and so on) 
Through the Looking-Glass includes such verses as "Jabberwocky" and "The Walrus and the Carpenter", and the episode involving Tweedledum and Tweedledee  The mirror above the fireplace that is displayed at Hetton Lawn in Charlton Kings, Gloucestershire (a house that was owned by Alice Liddell's grandparents, and was regularly visited by Alice and Lewis Carroll) resembles the one drawn by John Tenniel and is cited as a possible inspiration for Carroll   It prompted a newfound appreciation for its predecessor when it was published 

Plot summary
Chapter One – Looking-Glass House: Alice is playing with a white kitten (whom she calls "Snowdrop") and a black kitten (whom she calls "Kitty") when she ponders what the world is like on the other side of a mirror's reflection  Climbing up onto the fireplace mantel, she pokes at the wall-hung mirror behind the fireplace and discovers, to her surprise, that she is able to step through it to an alternative world  In this reflected version of her own house, she finds a book with looking-glass poetry, "Jabberwocky", whose reversed printing she can read only by holding it up to the mirror  She also observes that the chess pieces have come to life, though they remain small enough for her to pick up 

Chapter Two – The Garden of Live Flowers: Upon leaving the house (where it had been a cold, snowy night), she enters a sunny spring garden where the flowers can speak; they perceive Alice as being a "flower that can move about"  Elsewhere in the garden, Alice meets the Red Queen, who is now human-sized, and who impresses Alice with her ability to run at breathtaking speeds 
Chapter Three – Looking-Glass Insects: The Red Queen reveals to Alice that the entire countryside is laid out in squares, like a gigantic chessboard, and offers to make Alice a queen if she can move all the way to the eighth rank/row in a chess match  Alice is placed in the second rank as one of the White Queen's pawns, and begins her journey across the chessboard by boarding a train that jumps over the third row and directly into the fourth rank, thus acting on the rule that pawns can advance two spaces on their first move  She arrives in a forest where a depressed gnat teaches her about the looking glass insects, strange creatures part bug part object (e g , bread and butterfly, rocking horse fly), before flying away sadly  Alice continues her journey and along the way, crosses the "wood where things have no names"  There she forgets all nouns, including her own name  With the help of a fawn who has also forgotten his identity, she makes it to the other side, where they both remember everything  Realizing that he is a fawn, she is a human, and that fawns are afraid of humans, it runs off (to Alice's frustration) 

Chapter Four – Tweedledum and Tweedledee: She then meets the fat twin brothers Tweedledum and Tweedledee, whom she knows from the nursery rhyme  After reciting the long poem "The Walrus and the Carpenter", they draw Alice's attention to the Red King—loudly snoring away under a nearby tree—and maliciously provoke her with idle philosophical banter that she exists only as an imaginary figure in the Red King's dreams  Finally, the brothers begin suiting up for battle, only to be frightened away by an enormous crow, as the nursery rhyme about them predicts 
Chapter Five – Wool and Water: Alice next meets the White Queen, who is very absent-minded but boasts of (and demonstrates) her ability to remember future events before they have happened  Alice and the White Queen advance into the chessboard's fifth rank by crossing over a brook together, but at the very moment of the crossing, the Queen transforms into a talking Sheep in a small shop  Alice soon finds herself struggling to handle the oars of a small rowboat, where the Sheep annoys her with (seemingly) nonsensical shouting about "crabs" and "feathers" 
Chapter Six – Humpty Dumpty: After crossing yet another brook into the sixth rank, Alice immediately encounters Humpty Dumpty, who, besides celebrating his unbirthday, provides his own translation of the strange terms in "Jabberwocky"  In the process, he introduces Alice to the concept of portmanteau words, before his inevitable fall 

Chapter Seven – The Lion and the Unicorn: "All the king's horses and all the king's men" come to Humpty Dumpty's assistance, and are accompanied by the White King, along with the Lion and the Unicorn, who again proceed to act out a nursery rhyme by fighting with each other  In this chapter, the March Hare and Hatter of the first book make a brief re-appearance in the guise of "Anglo-Saxon messengers" called "Haigha" and "Hatta" 
Chapter Eight – "It's my own Invention": Upon leaving the Lion and Unicorn to their fight, Alice reaches the seventh rank by crossing another brook into the forested territory of the Red Knight, who is intent on capturing the "white pawn"—Alice—until the White Knight comes to her rescue  Escorting her through the forest towards the final brook-crossing, the Knight recites a long poem of his own composition called Haddocks' Eyes, and repeatedly falls off his horse 
Chapter Nine – Queen Alice: Bidding farewell to the White Knight, Alice steps across the last brook, and is automatically crowned a queen, with the crown materialising abruptly on her head (a reference to pawn promotion)  She soon finds herself in the company of both the White and Red Queens, who relentlessly confound Alice by using word play to thwart her attempts at logical discussion  They then invite one another to a party that will be hosted by the newly crowned Alice—of which Alice herself had no prior knowledge 
Chapter Ten – Shaking: Alice arrives and seats herself at her own party, which quickly turns into chaos  Alice finally grabs the Red Queen, believing her to be responsible for all the day's nonsense, and begins shaking her 
Chapter Eleven – Waking: Alice awakes in her armchair to find herself holding the black kitten, who she deduces to have been the Red Queen all along, with the white kitten having been the White Queen 
Chapter Twelve – Which dreamed it?: The story ends with Alice recalling the speculation of the Tweedle brothers, that everything may have been a dream of the Red King, and that Alice might herself be no more than a figment of his imagination  The book ends with the line "Life, what is it but a dream?"

Characters
Main characters
Minor characters
Symbolism
Mirrors
One of the key motifs of Through the Looking-Glass is that of mirrors, including the use of opposites, time running backwards, and so on, not to mention the title of the book itself  In fact, the themes and settings of the book make it somewhat of a mirror image to its predecessor, Alice's Adventures in Wonderland (1865)  The first book begins in the warm outdoors, on 4 May; uses frequent changes in size as a plot device; and draws on the imagery of playing cards  The second book, however, opens indoors on a snowy, wintry night exactly six months later, on 4 November (the day before Guy Fawkes Night); uses frequent changes in time and spatial directions as a plot device; and draws on the imagery of chess 

Chess
While the first Alice novel took playing cards as a theme, Through the Looking-Glass instead used chess; most of the main characters are represented by chess pieces, with Alice being a pawn   The looking-glass world consists of square fields divided by brooks or streams, and the crossing of each brook typically signifies a change in scene, with Alice advancing one square   At the book's beginning, Carroll provided and explained a chess composition with descriptive notation, corresponding to the events of the story   Although the piece movements follow the rules of chess, other basic rules are ignored: one player (White) makes several consecutive moves while the (Red/Black) opponent's moves are skipped, and a late check (12    Qe8+) is left undealt with   Carroll also explained that certain items listed in the composition do not have corresponding piece moves but simply refer to the story, e g  the "castling of the three Queens, which is merely a way of saying that they entered the palace"   Despite these liberties, the final position is an authentic checkmate 
The most extensive treatment of the chess motif in Carroll's novel was made by Glen Downey in his master's thesis, later expanded and incorporated into his dissertation on the use of chess as a device in Victorian fiction   In the former piece, Downey gave the composition's moves in algebraic notation: 1    Qh5 2  d4 3  Qc4 4  Qc5 5  d5 6  Qf8 7  d6 8  Qc8 9  d7 Ne7+ 10  Nxe7 11  Nf5 12  d8=Q Qe8+ 13  Qa6 14  Qxe8#   In the latter piece, Downey treated the 21 items in the composition sequentially, identifying the above 16 coherent chess moves, and another five items as "non-moves" or pure story descriptors, per Carroll's qualification The mating position nearly satisfies the conditions of a pure mate, a special type of checkmate where the mated king is prevented from moving to any of the adjacent squares in its field by exactly one enemy attack, among other conditions   The position is also nearly an ideal mate, a stronger form of pure mate in which every piece on the board of either color contributes to the checkmate   The one feature of the position which prevents it from being either a pure or an ideal mate is that the Red (Black) King is unable to move to e3 for two reasons: the knight's attack, and the (sustained) attack of the newly promoted, mating queen   Although pure and ideal mates are "incidental" in real games, they are objects of aesthetic interest to composers of chess problems 

Language
The White Queen offers to hire Alice as her lady's maid and to pay her "twopence a week, and jam every other day"  Alice says that she does not want any jam today, to which the Queen replies, "you couldn't have it if you did want it  The rule is, jam tomorrow and jam yesterday—but never jam to-day " This is a reference to the rule in Latin that the word iam or jam—which means now, in the sense of already or at that time—cannot be used to describe now in the present, which is nunc in Latin  Therefore, "jam" is never available today  This exchange is also a demonstration of the logical fallacy of equivocation 

Poems and songs
Most poems and songs of the book do not include a title 
"Introduction" (prelude; "Child of the pure unclouded brow…")
"Jabberwocky": 31–34, chap I 
"Tweedledum and Tweedledee": 74, chap IV 
"The Walrus and the Carpenter": 77–82, chap IV 
"Humpty Dumpty": 115, chap VI 
Humpty Dumpty's poem ("In Winter when the fields are white…"): 128–30, chap VI 
"The Lion and the Unicorn": 141, chap VII 
"Haddocks' Eyes" (i e , "A-sitting on a Gate"): 171–3, chap IX 
Red Queen's lullaby ("Hush-a-by lady, in Alice's lap…"): 187, chap X 
"To the Looking-Glass world it was Alice that said…": 192, chap X 
White Queen's riddle ("'First, the fish must be caught'…"): 197, chap X 
"A boat beneath a sunny sky"(postlude; acrostic poem in which putting the beginning letters of each line spell Alice Pleasance Liddell, the girl after whom the book's Alice is named) : 210–11

The Wasp in a Wig
Lewis Carroll decided to suppress a scene involving what was described as "a wasp in a wig" (possibly a play on the commonplace expression "bee in the bonnet")  A biography of Carroll, written by Carroll's nephew, Stuart Dodgson Collingwood, suggests that one of the reasons for this suppression was a suggestion from his illustrator, John Tenniel, who wrote in a letter to Carroll dated 1 June 1870:
I am bound to say that the  'wasp'  chapter doesn't interest me in the least, and I can't see my way to a picture  If you want to shorten the book, I can't help thinking—with all submission—that there is your opportunity 
For many years, no one had any idea what this missing section was or whether it had survived  In 1974, a document purporting to be the galley proofs of the missing section was auctioned at Sotheby's; the catalogue description, in part, read, "the proofs were bought at the sale of the author's…personal effects…Oxford, 1898"  The document would be won by John Fleming, a Manhattan book dealer, for a bid of about US$832 (equivalent to $4,937 in 2022)  The contents were subsequently published in Martin Gardner's More Annotated Alice (1990), and are also available as a hardback book 
The rediscovered section describes Alice's encounter with a wasp wearing a yellow wig, and includes a full previously unpublished poem  If included in the book, it would have followed, or been included at the end of, Chapter 8—the chapter featuring the encounter with the White Knight  The discovery is generally accepted as genuine, but the proofs have yet to receive any physical examination to establish age and authenticity The missing episode was included in the 1998 TV film adaptation Alice through the Looking Glass, with the character being portrayed by Ian Richardson  It was also included in the 2010 graphic novel "The Complete Alice in Wonderland" 

Dramatic adaptations
The book has been adapted several times, both in combination with Alice's Adventures in Wonderland and as a stand-alone feature 

Stand-alone adaptations
Alice Through a Looking Glass (1928), a silent movie directed by Walter Lang, would be one of the earliest stand-alone adaptations of the book 
A dramatised audio-recorded version, directed by Douglas Cleverdon, was released in 1959 by Argo Records  The book is narrated by Margaretta Scott, starring Jane Asher as Alice, along with actors Frank Duncan (Humpty Dumpty, Red King, Frog), Tony Church, Norman Shelley, and Carleton Hobbs 
Alice Through the Looking Glass (1966) was an NBC TV musical special, first airing on 6 November  The special includes music by Moose Charlap, and stars Ricardo Montalban, Agnes Moorehead, Jack Palance, Jimmy Durante, and the Smothers Brothers, along with Judi Rolin in the role of Alice 
Alice Through the Looking Glass (1973) is a BBC TV movie, directed by James MacTaggart and starring Sarah Sutton as Alice 
Alice in the Land in the Other Side of the Mirror (1982) is a 38-minute Soviet cutout-animated TV film produced by Kievnauchfilm studio and directed by Yefrem Pruzhanskiy 
Alice Through the Looking Glass (1987) is an animated TV movie starring Janet Waldo as the voice of Alice and The Red Queen, as well as the voices of Mr  T as the Jabberwock, Jonathan Winters, and Phyllis Diller 
Alice through the Looking Glass (1998) is a Channel 4 TV movie, starring Kate Beckinsale as the role of Alice, which restored the lost "Wasp in a Wig" episode 
A 2-hour multimedia stage production (2007), conceived by Andy Burden, was produced by the Tobacco Factory  The show would be directed by Burden and written by Hattie Naylor, with music and lyrics by Paul Dodgson 
Through the Looking Glass (2008) was a chamber opera composed by Alan John to a libretto by Andrew Upton 
Alice Through the Looking Glass (2016), directed by James Bobin, is a sequel to the Tim-Burton-directed Disney reboot Alice in Wonderland (2010)  It does not follow the plot of the book 
The BBC Radio 4 show Saturday Drama broadcast an adaptation by Stephen Wyatt on 22 December 2011  The broadcast featured Lewis Carroll, voiced by Julian Rhind-Tutt, as both the narrator and an active character in the story  Other actors include Lauren Mote (Alice), Carole Boyd (Red Queen), Sally Phillips (White Queen), Nicholas Parsons (Humpty-Dumpty), Alistair McGowan (Tweedledum & Tweedledee), and John Rowe (White Knight) 

Adaptations with Alice's Adventures in Wonderland
Film and TV
Alice in Wonderland (1933) is a pre-code live-action film directed by Norman Z  McLeod, with Charlotte Henry in the role of Alice, along with Cary Grant, Gary Cooper, and others  Despite the title, the film features most elements from Through the Looking Glass as well, including Humpty Dumpty (played by W  C  Fields) and a Harman-Ising animated version of "The Walrus and the Carpenter" 
The animated Alice in Wonderland (1951) is the 13th animated feature film of Walt Disney and the most famous among all direct adaptions of Carroll's work  The film features several elements from Through the Looking-Glass, including the talking flowers, Tweedledee & Tweedledum, and "The Walrus and the Carpenter" 
Alice's Adventures in Wonderland (1972), a musical film starring Fiona Fullerton as Alice, includes the twins Fred and Frank Cox as Tweedledum & Tweedledee 
Nel Mondo Di Alice ("In the World of Alice") is a 1974 Italian TV series that covers both novels, particularly Through the Looking-Glass in episodes 3 and 4 
Alice in Wonderland (1985) is a two-part TV musical produced by Irwin Allen that covers both books, and stars Natalie Gregory as Alice  In this adaptation, the Jabberwock materialises into reality after Alice reads "Jabberwocky", pursuing her throughout the second half of the musical 
Fushigi no Kuni no Arisu (1985; Japanese: ふしぎの国のアリス) is an anime adaptation of the two novels in which later episodes adhere more closely with Through the Looking Glass 
Alice in Wonderland (1999), a made-for-TV Hallmark/NBC film with Tina Majorino as Alice, uses elements from Through the Looking Glass, such as the talking flowers, Tweedledee & Tweedledum, and "The Walrus and the Carpenter", as well as the chess theme, including the snoring Red King and White Knight 
Alice (2009) is a Syfy TV miniseries that contains elements from both novels 
Alice in Wonderland (2010), directed by Tim Burton, is a live-action Disney reboot that follows Alice at an adult age, containing elements from both books 

Stage productions
Alice in Concert (1980), also known as Alice at the Palace, was a production written and produced by Elizabeth Swados  Performed on a bare stage, the production starred Meryl Streep in the role of Alice, with additional supporting cast by Mark Linn-Baker and Betty Aberlin 
Lookingglass Alice (2007) was an acrobatic interpretation of both novels, produced by the Lookingglass Theater Company, that performed in New York City, Philadelphia, and Chicago, with a version of the show touring the rest of the United States 
A 2-part production by Iris Theatre in London was staged in the summer of 2013, in which the second part consisted of Through the Looking-Glass  Both parts included Laura Wickham in the role of Alice 
Alice (2010), written by Laura Wade, was a modern adaptation of both books that premiered at the Crucible Theatre in Sheffield in 2010 
Wonder land (2015), a live musical by Moira Buffini and Damon Albarn, takes some characters from the second novel, notably Dum and Dee and Humpty Dumpty, while the Queen of Hearts and the Red Queen are merged into one character 
Alice in Wonderland and Through the Looking-Glass (2001) was a stage adaption by Adrian Mitchell for the Royal Shakespeare Company, in which the second act consists of Through the Looking-Glass 
Alice's Adventures Under Ground (2020), a one-act opera written in 2016 by Gerald Barry and first staged at the Royal Opera House, is a conflation of the two novels 
Looking-Glass, a 1982 Off-Broadway play based on Charles Dodgson, the real-life name of author Lewis Carroll

Other
Jabberwocky (1977) is a film that expands the story of the poem "Jabberwocky" 
Thru the Mirror (1936) is a Mickey Mouse short film in which Mickey travels through his mirror and into a bizarre world 
Donald in Mathmagic Land (1959) is a film that includes a segment with Donald Duck dressed as Alice meeting the Red Queen on a chessboard 
American McGee's Alice (2000) is a computer game in which the player takes the role of a teenage Alice fighting to reclaim her sanity  It was followed by a sequel, Alice: Madness Returns, in 2011 
Through the Looking-Glass (2011) was a ballet by American composer John Craton 
Through the Zombie Glass (2013) is a book by Gena Showalter 

See also
Passage 3:
Red Queen (novel)
Red Queen is a young adult fantasy novel written by American writer Victoria Aveyard  Published in February 2015, it was her first novel and first series  Aveyard followed up with three sequels: Glass Sword, King's Cage and War Storm  Red Queen won the 2015 Goodreads Choice Award for Debut Goodreads Author and was nominated for the 2015 Goodreads Choice Award for Young Adult Fantasy & Science Fiction 

Summary
Mare Barrow is a Red 17-year-old living with her parents and a younger sister, Gisa  Her three older brothers, Bree, Tramy, and Shade, serve in the front line of a war fought between the northern Kingdom the Lakelands and the Barrows' homeland, the Kingdom of Norta  Norta is currently ruled by King Tiberias Calore VI, one of many "Silver" citizens, whose silver blood and supernatural powers allow them to rule over the more numerous yet powerless red blooded population  Mare is jealous of Gisa because her skills in sewing earned her a job working for Silvers, and Reds who have jobs don't have to conscript in the war  When Mare learns that Kilorn Warren, her best friend, will be conscripted, she plans an escape and meets with a colleague who directs her to Farley, a captain of the Scarlet Guard, insurgents composed of Reds who want to bring equality between their people and the Silvers  Farley demands an exorbitant sum of money in exchange for Kilorn's escape 
Mare's plan to steal from a Silver with Gisa goes horribly wrong when live news reports that the Scarlet Guard bombed Silver buildings, inciting Silvers around them to grow violent  Gisa's hand is broken in the chaos, forcing her to quit her job and stop supporting Mare's family, whilst diminishing Gisa's dreams of becoming a seamstress  Unable to bear the guilt she feels towards Gisa and her family, Mare goes to a tavern and began stealing from random people to occupy her thoughts  While there, she gets sloppy and is caught while attempting to steal from a boy  Surprisingly, instead of turning her in he gives her money  He informs her that his name is Cal and he works as a servant at the palace  He walks her home and listens as she informs him of her tragic life  He gives her another coin out of pity and leaves  The next day, Mare is taken to the king's local residence and given a job as a servant  She discovers that Cal is Tiberias Calore VI's son, Prince Tiberias Calore VII, who granted her her work in the palace in order to protect her from conscription  During the Queenstrial, where Silver nobility compete for Cal's hand in marriage, Mare accidentally displays electrokinetic powers against Cal's eventual bride, Evangeline Samos  She is captured, but because the king fears of an uprising should a Red be discovered to have supernatural powers, Mare is made a bride of Tiberias' second son, the shy Maven, given the name Mareena Titanos, and a cover story: the daughter of a Silver general who died on the battle field and was adopted by the Reds in the war zone  Mare feels torn as she realizes she is in love with Cal, her betrothed's brother and the future Silver king  However, she soon grows to develop feelings for Maven instead 
Suddenly having to live as a noble within the king's ranks, Mare slowly acquaints herself with Maven and Cal while also befriending Julian Jacos, Cal's uncle and a librarian who teaches her how to control her powers  Mare is permitted to say goodbye to her family by Cal and learns the return of her brothers Bree and Tramy, but not Shade, who was beheaded by Silver officers for reported desertion  Furious that her favorite brother was killed, Mare joins the Scarlet Guard  While meeting with Farley to discuss plans, Mare is infuriated when she learns that Kilorn joined, and surprised when she sees that Maven joined as well  This new revelation brings Mare and Maven closer together and they become lovers  The plan involves disrupting a royal ball and killing several important Silvers  However, an unexpected and mysterious bomb goes off, killing many innocents in the process, and also resulting in the capture of Kilorn, Farley, and other members of the Scarlet Guard  Though the rebels are able to be freed thanks to Julian's help, Mare is alarmed when she learns that Farley was not responsible for the bomb dropped at the palace  The bomb gave Silvers the ability to paint the Scarlet Guard as dangerous murderers to the public 
Due to the attack of the Scarlet Guard, the Reds are punished by the Silvers with the lowering of the age of conscription from 18 to 15  Mare herself is ordered to broadcast the new law  Julian confesses that his research concludes that Mare's blood has a genetic mutation, allowing for a person with red blood to have Silver-like powers, and be stronger than both; furthermore, she is not the only one with the mutation  Shade also had the mutation, which was why he was executed; the only reason Mare was spared was because her powers manifested while she was viewed by many Silver onlookers, thus preventing a cover-up  Julian also mentions that he needs to go into hiding so he leaves Mare a list of names of people like her  After another meeting with Farley in a free zone that the Silvers have been avoiding, Mare, at Maven's suggestion, infiltrates the king's residence in the capital, Archeon  There, through the underground-roaming Undertrains, the rebels stake an invasion  Mare attempts to convince Cal to allow the Scarlet Guard overtake the castle, and admits to helping them  Cal, stung by her betrayal, refuses and arrests both Mare and Maven, leading them to the castle  However, once in the presence of Queen Elara and King Tiberius, Queen Elara reveals that she and Maven have been manipulating Mare the whole time in a plot to grant Maven the title of King and murder Cal  Maven hints that he and his mother caused the explosion to paint the Scarlet Guard in a bad light  Elara then uses her power of mind control to force Cal to kill his father on live television, thus branding him and Mare traitors and allowing Maven to become king  It is also revealed that Elara murdered the King's first wife many years ago in order to become Queen and gain more power 
Mare and Cal are sentenced to death and put in an arena with their powers stifled  Mare and Cal battle their former sparring partners, including Evangeline, and manage to kill a few Silvers before they retreat  They are rescued by the Scarlet Guard and they escape by the Undertrain before Maven can stop them  Inside it, Mare meets with Farley, Kilorn, and, to her shock, Shade, who faked his death and is also a part of the Scarlet Guard  Mare vows to take revenge against Maven, and use the list she acquired from Julian to seek out others like her 

Characters
Mare Barrow: The 17-year-old Mare is a Red who steals for a living, but the discovery that she holds supernatural powers causes many to try to vie for her allegiance  She holds tremendous electrokinetic powers, which she uses to either absorb or release lightning  Thus explaining her nickname "The Little Lightning Girl" 
Tiberias "Cal" Calore VII: The elder son and heir of King Tiberias Calore VI through his first wife, Coriane Jacos  Though he is engaged to Evangeline, he is in love with Mare, a fact that she uses to further her goals in the Scarlet Guard  He is a Burner, which means his Silver powers allow him to manipulate fire  He doesn't get along with Mare's best friend Kilorn 
Maven Calore: King Tiberias VI' second son through his second wife, Elara Merandus, and thus Cal's half-brother  He is shy, but Mare's sudden engagement with him makes him open up  Like Cal and his father, Maven has the ability to control flames  Maven is deeply jealous of Cal, partly because he thought his brother had won Mare's heart, the way he had won their father's  In contrast, Mare had preferred Maven over Cal 
Diana Farley: A captain of the Scarlet Guard who leads them in the campaigns against the Silvers  She is strongly dedicated to the cause 
Tiberias Calore VI: The current king of Norta who has married twice, producing two sons: Cal and Maven  He holds the ability to manipulate fire, which he passed to both of his sons 
Elara Merandus: The mysterious and sadistic current queen of Norta and the mother of Maven  Mare dislikes her since the very start of their meeting  She is able to read and manipulate people with the ability known as Whispering 
Julian Jacos: A royal librarian and the brother of Cal's deceased mother, Coriane, making him his uncle  He is the last known person to hold the power of a Singer: being able to control people through his voice 
Evangeline Samos: A haughty girl who is made Cal's fiancée after being declared the best of the aspiring princesses  She holds a grudge against Mare, particularly after the latter humiliates her by expending her electrokinesis and repelling her magnetic manipulation, a trait of the House Samos 
Kilorn Warren: Mare's best friend and an apprentice of fishing  Mare seems content to eventually become his wife, until her engagement with Maven makes them drift apart  The attempt to spare him of conscription is the catalyst of much of the novel's plot  He doesn't get along with Cal 
Lucas Samos: Evangeline's cousin who, like her, holds the power of magnetic manipulation  He is one of the few Silvers whom Mare befriends and trusts with certainty 
Rane Arven: The instructor for the Silver Elites who has the ability to negate the powers of other people, known as Silencing 
Ptolemus Samos: Evangeline's older brother  Like her, he is a Magnetron, able to manipulate metal 
Sara Skonos: A friend of Julian who works as a nurse with her ability to heal people, known as Skin Healing  She seems to know the truth behind the death of Cal's mother, Queen Coriane, and Elara thus punished her by mutilating her tongue, making her mute 
Tristan: Farley's loyal right-hand man in the Scarlet Guard  He is killed by Ptolemus Samos when caught in the attack on the Hall 
Ann Walsh: A member of the Scarlet Guard who is about the same age as Mare  She works as a servant in Mare's room in the Hall and tells Mare the time of the midnight meeting with the Scarlet Guard  On the attack of the Hall, she is captured but escapes with Farley and Kilorn  While making sure the way is clear for Mare and the others to come back to the Whitefire Palace, she is captured and commits suicide with a pill before the queen is able to interrogate her  Her last words were "For Tristan" 
Gisa Barrow: Mare's 14-year-old sister who works as an apprentice for a seamstress, until her broken hand terminates her from the job 
Mare's other family members consist of a war-weary father, a homemaker mother, and three older brothers: the hunky but unperceptive Bree, the sycophantic Tramy, and the lean but smart Shade  Out of the three, Mare is the closest to Shade, who is 19 years old 
Coriane Jacos: The late wife of Tiberias Calore VI and sister to Julian Jacos  Coriane was known as the "Singer Queen" because the Jacos house were Singers  Queen Elara did not like Coraine becoming queen so Elara murdered Coriane and took the crown, killing Tiberias at the end of the book 

Reception
Red Queen has been generally well received  The Guardian gave the novel four stars  Vilma Gonzalez of USA Today described the novel positively, revealing that "Aveyard’s compelling debut is richly imagined, addictive, chilling and suspenseful  She breathes new life into her own unique Game of Thrones story enlivened by exciting, character-driven plot twists that have me clamoring for more  This scintillating tale of betrayals and blood-spattered crowns is not to be missed "However, Grand Forks Herald's Cassidy Anderson stated "Ultimately, this book was over-hyped  It's still a fun read as long as you are not looking for anything with a lot of depth or meaning to it " The Christian Science Monitor described the book as a dystopian novel Kirkus Reviews saw "An inventive, character-driven twist breathes new life into tired fantasy trends "Publishers Weekly found "There’s an unmistakable feeling of deja vu to this first installment in the Red Queen trilogy, which shares several plot points and similarities with the Hunger Games series,     Fortunately, Aveyard’s conclusion leaves the story poised to depart from this derivative setup "Common Sense Media wrote "With its courageous protagonist, action-packed plot, and romantic possibilities, Red Queen is a winning series start for fantasy and dystopia lovers "

Adaptations
Gennifer Hutchison, a writer and producer on Better Call Saul and Breaking Bad, was hired in 2015 by Universal Pictures to adapt the novel into a feature film  Pitch Perfect 2 director Elizabeth Banks was in talks with the studio to direct and produce the project In May 2021, it was reported that Peacock is in developing a television series adaptation of novel  Banks is set to direct and also set to star in a supporting role 
Passage 4:
Alice in Wonderland (2010 film)
Alice in Wonderland is a 2010 American period adventure fantasy film directed by Tim Burton from a screenplay written by Linda Woolverton and produced by Walt Disney Pictures  The film stars Mia Wasikowska in the title role, with Johnny Depp, Anne Hathaway, Helena Bonham Carter, Matt Lucas and Crispin Glover, while featuring the voices of Alan Rickman, Stephen Fry, Michael Sheen, and Timothy Spall  A live-action adaptation and re-imagining of Lewis Carroll's works and Walt Disney's 1951 animated film of the same name, the film follows Alice Kingsleigh, a nineteen-year-old who accidentally falls down a rabbit hole, returns to Wonderland and alongside the Mad Hatter, helps restore the White Queen to her throne by fighting against the Red Queen and her Jabberwocky, a dragon that terrorizes Wonderland’s inhabitants 
Alice in Wonderland came under development in December 2007, when Burton was asked to direct two 3D films for Disney, including the remake of Frankenweenie  Production began in September 2008 and concluded within three months, and was shot in the United Kingdom and the United States  It was followed by an extensive post-production and visual effects process where filming included live-action and motion capture sequences  The film premiered in London at the Odeon Leicester Square on February 25, 2010, and was released in the United Kingdom and the United States through the Disney Digital 3D, RealD 3D, and IMAX 3D formats as well as in conventional theaters on March 5, 2010 
Alice in Wonderland received "mixed or average" reviews on Metacritic   Rotten Tomatoes, which classified it as "rotten", summarized the critical consensus as criticizing the film's "narrative coherence" but praising its visuals  The film generated over $1 025 billion in ticket sales and became the fifth highest-grossing film during its theatrical run, and it is also the second-highest-grossing film of 2010  Amongst Disney's live-action remakes, the film is the tied for third-most-expensive, alongside Mulan, and fourth-highest-grossing readaptation to date  It received three nominations at the 68th Golden Globe Awards, including Best Motion Picture – Musical or Comedy  At the 83rd Academy Awards, it won Best Art Direction and Best Costume Design, and was also nominated for Best Visual Effects 
While not the first such film in its genre, Alice in Wonderland is credited with starting a trend of live-action fairy tale and fantasy films being green-lit, particularly from Walt Disney Studios  A sequel, titled Alice Through the Looking Glass, was released on May 27, 2016 

Plot
In 1868, 19-year-old Alice Kingsleigh is troubled by strange recurring dreams, mourning the death of her father, and fighting the stifling expectations of the society in which she lives  She receives an unwanted marriage proposal from Hamish Ascot at his father's garden party, where she spots a familiar white rabbit wearing a waistcoat and carrying a pocket watch  She follows it down a rabbit hole and she eats a cake labeled 'Eat Me' (called Upelkuchen), she grows taller until she is a giantess  She shrinks after drinking from a bottle labeled 'Drink Me' (called Pishsalver), allowing her to enter the forest of a fantastical place called Underland  There she is greeted by the White Rabbit, a Dormouse, a Dodo, Talking Flowers, and identical twins Tweedledum and Tweedledee, who all apparently know her 
Alice asserts that she is dreaming, but learns from Absolem the Caterpillar that she is destined to slay the Jabberwocky and end the tyranny of the Red Queen  The group is ambushed by the ravenous Bandersnatch and the Red Queen's knights, led by the Knave of Hearts  All are captured except Alice, who escapes, and the Dormouse, who takes one of the Bandersnatch's eyes  The Knave informs the Red Queen of Alice's return and he is ordered to find her immediately 
The Cheshire Cat guides Alice to the Mad Hatter, the March Hare, and the Dormouse's tea party  The Hatter explains that the Red Queen took over Underland, usurping her sister the White Queen, and that he joined the resistance after she destroyed his village and killed his family  The red knights seize the party and the Hatter saves Alice from capture by allowing himself to be seized  Alice is found by the Knave's Bloodhound who is allied with the resistance, who takes Alice to the Red Queen's castle, where she grows enormous and outgrows her clothes after eating a cake labeled 'Eat Me' (called Upelkuchen), infiltrating the castle as a courtier named "Um" 
Alice learns that the vorpal sword, the only weapon capable of killing the Jabberwocky, is locked inside the Bandersnatch's den  She rebuffs advances from the Knave, leading the jealous Red Queen to demand her beheading  Alice obtains the sword and returns the Bandersnatch's eye, who gratefully helps her escape the castle and delivers her to the White Queen, who gives Alice a potion that returns her normal size  The Cheshire Cat uses his shapeshifting powers to save the Mad Hatter, who incites rebellion amongst the Queen's subjects before escaping  Absolem finally gets Alice to realize Underland is real, evoking memories of her visit when she was a little girl and called it "Wonderland", and advises her to fight the Jabberwocky just before completing his transformation into a pupa 
The Queens gather their armies on a chessboard-like battlefield and send Alice and the Jabberwocky to decide the battle in single combat  As the two armies battle, Alice beheads the Jabberwocky with the vorpal sword  The red knights turn against their ruler and the White Queen banishes her sister and the Knave into exile together  The White Queen gives Alice a vial of the Jabberwocky's purple blood, which can fulfill one wish, and she decides to return to her world after saying farewell to her friends  
Alice awakes and gets out of the rabbit hole, dirty and scratched from her fall  When she returns to the gazebo at the garden party, she refuses Hamish's proposal and impresses Lord Ascot with her idea of establishing trade routes to Hong Kong, inspiring him to take her as his apprentice  Alice prepares to set off on a trading ship, where a blue butterfly lands on her shoulder, which she recognizes as Absolem 

Cast
Mia Wasikowska as Alice Kingsleigh, a reserved yet headstrong young woman who struggles to conform to society's expectations  As the film progresses, she becomes more strong-willed and confident in her decisions and choosing her path  Wasikowska was announced to have been cast on July 23, 2008  Lindsay Lohan, Amanda Seyfried, and Dakota Blue Richards expressed interest in playing the role, while Jennifer Lawrence, Cara Delevingne, and Jessica Brown Findlay went through an audition, with Brown Findlay being down to the last three  Wasikowska sent an audition tape in February 2008 and ended up coming over to the United Kingdom and doing four more auditions with Burton before she was cast  Wasikowska read Carroll's books as a child and re-read them to prepare for her role  She also watched Jan Švankmajer's Alice  She said, "When we were kids, my mum would pop it in the VCR player  We would be disturbed, and wouldn't really understand it, but we couldn't look away because it was too intriguing  So I had kept that feeling about Alice, a kind of haunting feeling "Mairi Ella Challen as six-year-old Alice 
Johnny Depp as Tarrant Hightopp, the Mad Hatter, a hammy yet bitter resident of Underland who becomes Alice's closest friend  Depp was announced to have been cast on September 24, 2008, while reports of his involvement in the project surfaced two months earlier  Wasikowska said that the characters "both feel like outsiders and feel alone in their separate worlds, and have a special bond and friendship with Alice " Burton explained that Depp "tried to find a grounding to the character … as opposed to just being mad " Burton also said that "[i]n a lot of versions it's a very one-note kind of character and you know [Depp's] goal was to try and bring out a human side to the strangeness of the character " The orange hair is an allusion to the mercury poisoning suffered by hatters who used mercury to cure felt; Depp believes that the character "was poisoned … and it was coming out through his hair, through his fingernails and eyes"  Depp and Burton decided that the Hatter's clothes, skin, hair, personality and accent would change throughout the film to reflect his emotions  In an interview with Depp, the character was paralleled to "a mood ring, [as] his emotions are very close to the surface"  The Hatter is "made up of different people and their extreme sides", with a gentle voice much like the character's creator Lewis Carroll reflecting the lighter personality and with a Scottish Glaswegian accent (which Depp modeled after Gregor Fisher's Rab C  Nesbitt character) reflecting a darker, more dangerous personality Illusionary dancer David "Elsewhere" Bernal doubled for Depp during the "Futterwacken" sequence near the end of the film 
Helena Bonham Carter as Iracebeth of Crims, the Red Queen, Mirana's short-tempered and murderous sister, and the self-proclaimed leader of Underland  She is an amalgamation of two Carroll characters—the Red Queen and the Queen of Hearts  Her first name is a play on the word irascible because she is easily irritated, obstreperous, impatient, and quick to anger  Bonham Carter was announced to have been cast on October 7, 2008  Bonham Carter's head was digitally increased to three times its original size on screen  The character hates animals, and chooses to use them as servants and furniture  It is implied that the Red Queen beheaded her late husband, the King  The actress took inspiration from her young daughter Nell, a toddler, stating, "The Red Queen is just like a toddler, because she's got a big head and she's a tyrant " Her appearance is based on England's Queen Elizabeth I 
Anne Hathaway as Mirana of Marmoreal, the White Queen, Iracebeth's calm and caring sister, and the rightful ruler of Underland  She is one of the few characters that did not require digital manipulation  Hathaway was announced to have been cast on October 7, 2008  In the early stages of the film's development, before Burton was attached to the project, Hathaway was offered the part of Alice, but she turned it down as she was more interested in playing the White Queen  After Burton came on board, another actress was cast in the role, but she left the project due to scheduling conflicts, and Disney suggested Hathaway instead  According to Burton, the character's image was influenced by Nigella Lawson, while Hathaway also cited David Bowie, Debbie Harry, Greta Garbo, and the artwork of Dan Flavin as inspiration for her performance  Hathaway described the White Queen as a "punk-rock vegan pacifist… She comes from the same gene pool as the Red Queen  She really likes the dark side, but she's so scared of going too far into it that she's made everything appear very light and happy  But she's living in that place out of fear that she won't be able to control herself " She also summed up her character with a caption on a magnet of Happy Bunny holding a knife, which a friend gave her, "Cute but psycho, it evens out "
Crispin Glover as Ilosovic Stayne, the Knave of Hearts, Iracebeth's arrogant and vile sidekick, whom she believes to be her lover, but this proves to be false  While he follows the Red Queen's every order, he is the only one capable of calming her dramatic mood swings  Glover was announced to have been cast on October 24, 2008  Glover said, "The Red Queen has a fair amount of short-tempered reactions to things that people do, and so [the Knave] has to be quite diplomatic "
Matt Lucas as Tweedledee and Tweedledum, two identical men and Tarrant's lieutenants at the resistance against the Red Queen who are the Red Queen's "fat boys" during their capture  Burton commented on the mixture of animation and Lucas, saying that "It's a weird mixture of things which gives his characters the disturbing quality that they so richly deserve " The characters are portrayed through a combination of CGI and live-action, with Lucas's face digitally composited to a full animated body  While performing the character, Lucas had to wear a teardrop-shaped motion capture suit and walk on stilts  In order to play both characters, Lucas was doubled by Ethan Cohn 
Frances de la Tour as Imogene, Alice's aunt  She is experiencing severe delusions and is constantly awaiting her fictional fiancé whom she believes to be a prince 
Leo Bill as Hamish Ascot, Alice's rival and ex-fiancé Marton Csokas makes a cameo appearance as Alice's deceased father in the film's opening scene and Alice's mother is played by Lindsay Duncan  Lord and Lady Ascot are played by Tim Pigott-Smith and Geraldine James, respectively  Eleanor Tomlinson and Eleanor Gecks play the Chattaway sisters  Jemma Powell appears briefly as Alice's sister, Margaret, while Margaret's unfaithful husband Lowell is played by John Hopkins 

Voice cast
Michael Sheen as Nivens McTwisp, the White Rabbit, Mirana's grand vizier and Tarrant's chief officer of the resistance  Sheen said the character "is such an iconic character that [he] didn't feel like [he] should break the mold too much " Burton said the quality he wanted most in his clock-watching bunny was a twitchiness, also commenting that "[in] any incarnation of the [White Rabbit] through the years, there's that sort of nervousness of a rabbit "
Alan Rickman as Absolem, the Caterpillar, the head of the resistance  Rickman was originally going to have his face composited onto the animated Caterpillar  He was filmed recording his voice in the studio, but the idea was eventually scrapped  The animators did, however, try to give Absolem's face characteristics similar to Rickman's 
Stephen Fry as Cheshire: Tarrant's bodyguard and the general of the resistance  Burton stated that the character had a creepy quality in addition to tapping into his own hatred of cats  The role was intended to be played by Sheen but he changed his role to the White Rabbit due to scheduling conflicts 
Barbara Windsor as Mallymkun, the Dormouse: Tarrant's assistant and the sergeant of the resistance  Burton said that he sought after Windsor for the role because he was a fan of her character in the TV series EastEnders  Her voice sealed the deal for her role as the character 
Timothy Spall as Bayard Hamar: Stayne's former pet dog and messenger of the resistance  Although Bayard does not appear in the book, a similar character named The Puppy is likely the inspiration for the character 
Paul Whitehouse as Thackery Earwicket, the March Hare: Tarrant's partner and the admiral of the resistance  Burton stated that because Whitehouse is a great comedic actor, a lot of his lines came from improvisation 
Michael Gough as Uilleam, the Dodo: The navigator of the resistance  Burton said that Gough was the first person he thought of for the role of Uilleam because he has "a full life quality to his voice"  The character only speaks three lines, that Gough recorded in a day  This would be Gough's final acting role; he died a year after its release, aged 94  Gough had previously portrayed the March Hare in the 1966 TV play of the book 
Christopher Lee as The Jabberwocky (sic): Iracebeth's pet dragon and assassin  While it only had two lines, Burton said that he felt Lee to be a good match for the iconic character because he is "an iconic guy"  For the character, Lee had originally tried to make his voice "burble" (as described in the poem "Jabberwocky")  However, Burton persuaded him to use his actual voice, as he found it more intimidating and aggressive 
Imelda Staunton as The Talking Flowers: Though there are many flowers that appear around Underland, only one of them speaks and one of them is clearly a caricature of Staunton  Staunton only speaks three lines that are heard very briefly at the beginning of the film 
Jim Carter as The Executioner: The Executioner only speaks one line and appears extremely briefly, though Carter also voiced several other servants to the Red Queen Frank Welker provided additional voices and vocal effects; including roars of the Jabberwocky and Bandersnatch, squawks for the Jubjub bird, and Bayard's barking  Rickman, Windsor, Fry, Gough, Lee, Staunton and Carter each took only a day to record their dialogue 

Production
Development and writing
In 2006, while searching for ideas for a large fantasy movie, Joe Roth, Jennifer and Suzanne Todd approached Linda Woolverton, who proposed a concept of grown-up Alice, from Lewis Carroll's novels Alice's Adventures in Wonderland and Through the Looking-Glass, returning to Wonderland, which she had in her head for a while  Roth pitched the idea to Walt Disney Studios, who greenlit the project, and Woolverton was commissioned to write the script  The first draft, titled Alice, was finished on February 23, 2007, after which it was submitted to Tim Burton, who agreed to helm the project  In April 2007, it was revealed that the film would be a blend of live-action and motion capture, and in November of the same year, Burton was officially confirmed to direct both Alice in Wonderland and a feature-length remake of his 1984 short film Frankenweenie in Disney Digital 3D  Burton developed the story because he never felt an emotional tie to the original book 
He explained "the goal is to try to make it an engaging movie where you get some of the psychology and kind of bring a freshness but also keep the classic nature of Alice " On prior versions, Burton said "It was always a girl wandering around from one crazy character to another, and I never really felt any real emotional connection " His goal with the new film is to give the story "some framework of emotional grounding" and "to try and make Alice feel more like a story as opposed to a series of events " Burton focused on the poem "Jabberwocky" as part of his structure, and refers to the described creature by the name of the poem rather than by the name "Jabberwock" used in the poem  Burton also stated that he does not see his version as either a sequel to any existing Alice film nor as a "re-imagining"  However, the idea of the climax of the story being Alice's battle with the Queen's champion, the Jabberwocky, was first added in the video game American McGee's Alice, and the landscape, tower, weapons and appearance of Alice in those scenes of the film are very reminiscent of the same scenes in the game 

Filming
This film was originally set to be released on March 19, 2010 but was moved up to March 5, 2010  Principal photography was scheduled for May 2008, but did not begin until September and concluded in three months  Scenes set in the Victorian era were shot at Torpoint and Plymouth from September 1 to October 14  Two hundred and fifty local extras were chosen in early August  Locations included Antony House in Torpoint, Charlestown, Cornwall and the Barbican, however, no footage from the Barbican was used  Motion capture filming began in early October at Sony Pictures Studios in Culver City, California, though the footage was later discarded  Filming also took place at Culver Studios  Burton said that he used a combination of live action and animation, without motion capture  He also noted that this was the first time he had filmed on a green screen  Filming of the green screen portions, comprising 90% of the film, was completed after only 40 days  Many of the cast and crew felt nauseated as a result of the long hours surrounded by green, and Burton had lavender lenses fitted into his glasses to counteract the effect  Due to the constant need for digital effects to distort the actors' physical appearances, such as the size of the Red Queen's head or Alice's height, visual effects supervisor Ken Ralston cited the film as being exhausting, saying it was "The biggest show I've ever done, [and] the most creatively involved I've ever been "Sony Pictures Imageworks designed the visual effects sequences  Burton felt 3D was appropriate to the story's environment  Burton and Zanuck chose to film with conventional cameras, and convert the footage into 3D during post-production; Zanuck explained 3D cameras were too expensive and "clumsy" to use, and they felt that there was no difference between converted footage and those shot in the format  James Cameron, who released his 3D film Avatar in December 2009, criticized the choice, stating, "It doesn't make any sense to shoot in 2D and convert to 3D" 

Music
Danny Elfman composed the musical score for Alice in Wonderland, after regularly scoring for Burton's films  Elfman did not want to use period music and instead blended orchestral, classical and pop music, to highlight the internal score, and had used symphony orchestration for the visual style of Burton, incorporating the same methods by Erich Wolfgang Korngold, Max Steiner, Franz Waxman and Bernard Hermann  The score album was released by Walt Disney Records on March 2, 2010, and debuted at number 89 on the Billboard Top 200 albums chart A concept album titled Almost Alice is a collection of various artists' music inspired by the film  It was released by Walt Disney under the Buena Vista Records imprint, the same day as the score album's release  The lead single, "Alice" by Avril Lavigne, premiered on January 27, 2010, on Ryan Seacrest's radio program  Other singles include "Follow Me Down" by 3OH!3, "Her Name Is Alice" by Shinedown, and "Tea Party" by Kerli 

Marketing
Promotions
On June 22, 2009, the first pictures of the film were released, showing Depp as the Mad Hatter, Hathaway as the White Queen, Bonham Carter as the Red Queen and Lucas as Tweedledee and Tweedledum  A new image of Alice was also released  In July, new photos emerged of Alice holding a white rabbit, the Mad Hatter with a hare, the Red Queen holding a pig, and the White Queen with a mouse On July 22, 2009, a teaser trailer from the Mad Hatter's point of view was released on IGN but was shortly taken down because Disney claimed that the trailer was not supposed to be out yet  The teaser was also planned to premiere along with a trailer of Robert Zemeckis' film adaptation of A Christmas Carol on July 24, 2009, for G-Force  The following day, the teaser trailer premiered at Comic-Con but the trailer shown was different from the one that leaked  The Comic-Con version didn't have the Mad Hatter's dialogue  Instead, it featured "Time to Pretend" by MGMT, and the clips shown were in a different order than in the leaked version  The leaked version was originally to be shown to one of the three Facebook groups used to promote the film that had the most members  The groups used to promote the film are "The Loyal Subjects of the Red Queen", "The Loyal Subjects of the White Queen" and "The Disloyal Subjects of the Mad Hatter" Also at Comic-Con, props from the film were displayed in an "Alice in Wonderland" exhibit  Costumes featured in the exhibit included the Red Queen's dress, chair, wig, glasses, and scepter; the White Queen's dress, wig and a small model of her castle; the Mad Hatter's suit, hat, wig, chair and table; Alice's dress and battle armor (to slay the Jabberwocky)  Other props included the "DRINK ME" bottles, the keys, an "EAT ME" pastry and stand-in models of the White Rabbit and March Hare A nighttime party area at the Disney California Adventure theme park was created, called "Mad T Party" 

Video games
On July 23, 2009, Disney Interactive Studios announced that an Alice in Wonderland video game, developed by French game studio Étranges Libellules, would be released in the same week as the film for the Wii, Nintendo DS, and Microsoft Windows  The soundtrack was composed by video games music composer Richard Jacques  The Wii, DS, and PC versions were released on March 2, 2010 
Disney Interactive released in 2013 the game Alice in Wonderland: A New Champion for iOS 

Release
Theatrical
Alice in Wonderland was theatrically released in United Kingdom and United States, in both Disney Digital 3D and IMAX 3D, as well as regular theaters on March 5, 2010  Prior to the release, the film was premiered at the Odeon Leicester Square in London on February 25, 2010, for the fundraiser The Prince's Foundation for Children and The Arts where the Prince of Wales and the Duchess of Cornwall attended On February 12, 2010, major UK theater chains, Odeon, Vue, and Cineworld, had planned to boycott the film because of a reduction of the interval between cinema and DVD release from the usual seventeen-week period to twelve  Disney's pretext for cutting short Alice's theatrical run, is possibly to avoid the release of the DVD clashing with the 2010 FIFA World Cup  However, exhibitors protested that Alice would be less threatened by the World Cup than other titles  A week after the announcement, Cineworld, who has a 24% share of UK box office, chose to play the film on more than 150 screens  Cineworld's chief executive Steve Wiener stated, "As leaders in 3D, we did not want the public to miss out on such a visual spectacle  As the success of Avatar has shown, there is currently a huge appetite for the 3D experience"  Shortly after, the Vue cinema chain also reached an agreement with Disney, but Odeon had still chosen to boycott in Britain, Ireland, and Italy  On February 25, 2010, Odeon had reached an agreement and decided to show the film on March 5  It also did not affect their plans to show the film in Spain, Germany, Portugal, and Austria 

Home media
Walt Disney Studios Home Entertainment released a three-disc Blu-ray combo pack (which includes the Blu-ray, DVD and a digital copy), single-disc Blu-ray and single-disc DVD on June 1, 2010, in North America and July 1, 2010, in Australia  The DVD release includes three short features about the making of the film, focusing on Burton's vision for Wonderland and the characters of Alice and the Mad Hatter  The Blu-ray version has nine additional featurettes centered on additional characters, special effects and other aspects of the film's production  In some confusion, a small number of copies were put on shelves a week before schedule in smaller stores, but were quickly removed, although a handful of copies were confirmed purchased ahead of schedule 
In its first week of release (June 1–6, 2010), it sold 2,095,878 DVD units (equivalent to $35,441,297) and topped the DVD sales chart for two continuous weeks  By May 22, 2011, it had sold 4,313,680 units ($76,413,043)  It failed to crack the 2010 top ten DVDs list in terms of units sold, but reached 10th place on that chart in terms of sales revenue 

Reception
Box office
Alice in Wonderland has grossed $334,191,110 in North America and $691,276,000 in other territories for a worldwide total of $1,025,467,110 against a budget of $200 million  Worldwide, it is the second-highest-grossing film of 2010  It is the third-highest-grossing film starring Johnny Depp, the highest-grossing film directed by Tim Burton, and the second-highest-grossing film of Anne Hathaway  Additionally, it is the second-highest-grossing children's book adaptation (worldwide, as well as in North America and outside North America separately) On its first weekend, the film made $220 1 million worldwide, marking the second-largest opening ever for a movie not released during the summer or the holiday period (behind The Hunger Games), the fourth-largest for a Disney-distributed film and the fourth-largest among 2010 films  It dominated for three consecutive weekends at the worldwide box office  On May 26, 2010, its 85th day of release, it became the sixth film ever to surpass the $1 billion mark and the second film that had been released by Walt Disney Studios that did so In North America, Alice in Wonderland is the forty-fourth-highest-grossing film but out of the top 100 when adjusted for inflation  It is also the second-highest-grossing film of 2010, behind Toy Story 3, the second-highest-grossing film starring Johnny Depp and the highest-grossing film directed by Tim Burton  The film opened on March 5, 2010, on approximately 7,400 screens at 3,728 theaters with $40,804,962 during its first day, $3 9 million of which came from midnight showings, ranking number one and setting a new March opening-day record  Alice earned $116 1 million on its opening weekend, breaking the record for the largest opening weekend in March (previously held by 300), the record for the largest opening weekend during springtime (previously held by Fast & Furious), the largest opening weekend for a non-sequel (previously held by Spider-Man) and the highest one for the non-holiday, non-summer period  However, all of these records were broken by The Hunger Games ($152 5 million) in March 2012  Alice made the seventeenth-highest-grossing opening weekend ever and the fifth-largest among 3D films  Opening-weekend grosses originating from 3D showings were $81 3 million (70% of total weekend gross)  This broke the record for the largest opening-weekend 3D grosses but it was later topped by The Avengers ($108 million)  It had the largest weekend per-theater average of 2010 ($31,143 per theater) and the largest for a PG-rated film  It broke the IMAX opening-weekend record by earning $12 2 million on 188 IMAX screens, with an average of $64,197 per site  The record was first overtaken by Deathly Hallows – Part 2 ($15 2 million)  Additionally, it had the biggest opening weekend for a film starring Tim Burton, smashing the previous record held by Planet of the Apes  Alice remained in first place for three consecutive weekends at the North American box office  Alice closed in theaters on July 8, 2010, with $334 2 million 
Outside North America, Alice is the thirteenth-highest-grossing film, the highest-grossing 2010 film, the fourth-highest-grossing Disney film, the second-highest-grossing film starring Johnny Depp and the highest-grossing film directed by Tim Burton  It began with an estimated $94 million, on top of the weekend box office, and remained at the summit for four consecutive weekends and five in total  Japan was the film's highest-grossing country after North America, with $133 7 million, followed by the UK, Ireland and Malta ($64 4 million), and France and the Maghreb region ($45 9 million) 

Critical response
On the review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes, 51% of 278 critics have given the film a positive review, with an average rating of 5 8/10  The website's consensus is: "Tim Burton's Alice sacrifices the book's minimal narrative coherence—and much of its heart—but it's an undeniable visual treat"  According to Metacritic, which calculated a weighted average score of 53 out of 100 based on 38 reviews, the film received "mixed or average reviews"  Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average rating of "A−" on an A+ to F scale Todd McCarthy of Variety praised it for its "moments of delight, humor and bedazzlement", but went on to say, "But it also becomes more ordinary as it goes along, building to a generic battle climax similar to any number of others in CGI-heavy movies of the past few years"  Michael Rechtshaffen of The Hollywood Reporter said "Burton has delivered a subversively witty, brilliantly cast, whimsically appointed dazzler that also manages to hit all the emotionally satisfying marks", while as well praising its computer-generated imagery (CGI), saying "Ultimately, it's the visual landscape that makes Alice's newest adventure so wondrous, as technology has finally been able to catch up with Burton's endlessly fertile imagination " Owen Gleiberman of Entertainment Weekly said, "But Burton's Disneyfied 3-D Alice in Wonderland, written by the girl-power specialist Linda Woolverton, is a strange brew indeed: murky, diffuse, and meandering, set not in a Wonderland that pops with demented life but in a world called Underland that's like a joyless, bombed-out version of Wonderland  It looks like a CGI head trip gone post apocalyptic  In the film's rather humdrum 3-D, the place doesn't dazzle—it droops " Roger Ebert of the Chicago Sun-Times awarded the film three out of four stars and wrote in his review that, "Alice plays better as an adult hallucination, which is how Burton rather brilliantly interprets it until a pointless third act flies off the rails "Several reviews criticized the decision to turn Alice into a "colonialist entrepreneur" at the end of the film setting sail for China  Given Britain's role in the First and Second Opium Wars during the Victorian era and the foreign domination of China through "unequal treaties", China expert Kevin Slaten writes, "Not only is it troubling imagery, for a female role model in a Disney movie, but it's also a celebration of the exploitation that China suffered for a century "Game developer American McGee, best known for creating Alice and Alice: Madness Returns, was asked in a 2011 interview about Tim Burton's interpretation of the title character since both versions share a similar dark and twisted tone of Wonderland  McGee praised the film's visuals and audio but criticized the lack of screen time Alice had compared to the other characters  He felt Alice did not have any purpose in the story and that she was merely used as a "tool" 

Accolades
At the 83rd Academy Awards, the film received three nominations: Best Art Direction, Best Costume Design and Best Visual Effects and won the former two  At the 64th British Academy Film Awards, the film received five nominations and won two awards for Best Costume Design and Best Makeup and Hair  The film received three nominations at the 68th Golden Globe Awards, including Best Motion Picture – Musical or Comedy and Best Actor – Motion Picture Musical or Comedy for Johnny Depp, but did not win any  It further received nominations for five Satellite Awards and Saturn Awards each (winning two of them), four Critics' Choice Movie Awards (winning two), and a Grammy Award nomination 

Legacy
Following its release, the film drove about $1 6 billion in retail sales for Disney, including home video and merchandise sales After the release and success of the movie, Walt Disney Pictures has announced the development of several live-action adaptations of their Animated Classics series  With the exception of Dumbo, Lady and the Tramp, Mulan,Pinocchio, and Peter Pan & Wendy; The Lion King, Maleficent, Aladdin, Cinderella, The Jungle Book, Beauty and the Beast, and Christopher Robin have all followed to similar box-office results with the latter four also earning critical praise  Disney has also announced the development of live-action adaptations of Fantasia, The Sword in the Stone, The Black Cauldron, Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs, Lilo & Stitch, The Hunchback of Notre Dame, Bambi, Robin Hood, Hercules, The Aristocats, and Moana  The company also released Cruella, a live-action spin-off of One Hundred and One Dalmatians, and has plans for live-action spin-offs of Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs and Peter Pan along with a live-action prequel to Aladdin Walt Disney Theatrical was in early talks with Burton and screenwriter Linda Woolverton, who had previously written stage adaptions of The Lion King, Beauty and the Beast, Aida, and Lestat, to develop the property as a Broadway musical set to premiere in London  Rob Ashford was attached to direct and choreograph  As of 2013, no further developments had been made 

Sequel
On December 7, 2012, Variety announced the development of a sequel to Alice in Wonderland  Linda Woolverton returned to write a screenplay  On May 31, 2013, James Bobin began talks to direct the sequel under the working title Alice in Wonderland: Into the Looking Glass  Johnny Depp returned as The Hatter, Mia Wasikowska reprised the role of Alice, and Helena Bonham Carter returned as the Red Queen  Several other cast members from the 2010 film also reprised their roles in the sequel  On November 22, 2013, it was announced that the sequel will be released on May 27, 2016, and that Bobin would direct the film  Rhys Ifans and Sacha Baron Cohen are featured in the film  On January 21, 2014, the film was again retitled to Alice in Wonderland: Through the Looking Glass  The title was later reworked once again to Alice Through the Looking Glass 

See also
2010 in film
List of American films of 2010
Films and television programmes based on Alice in Wonderland
List of Walt Disney Pictures films
List of Walt Disney Studios films (2010–2019)
List of films featuring miniature people
Context 2: Passage 1:
PLOS ONE
PLOS One (stylized PLOS ONE, and formerly PLoS ONE) is a peer-reviewed open access mega journal published by the Public Library of Science (PLOS) since 2006  The journal covers primary research from any discipline within science and medicine  The Public Library of Science began in 2000 with an online petition initiative by Nobel Prize winner Harold Varmus, formerly director of the National Institutes of Health and at that time director of Memorial Sloan–Kettering Cancer Center; Patrick O  Brown, a biochemist at Stanford University; and Michael Eisen, a computational biologist at the University of California, Berkeley, and the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory 
Submissions are subject to an article processing charge, and according to the journal, papers are not to be excluded on the basis of lack of perceived importance or adherence to a scientific field  All submissions go through a pre-publication review by a member of the board of academic editors, who can elect to seek an opinion from an external reviewer  In January 2010, the journal was included in the Journal Citation Reports and received its first impact factor of 4 411  According to Journal Citation Reports, PLOS ONE's 2022 impact factor is 3 7  PLOS One papers are published under Creative Commons licenses 

History
Development
The Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation awarded PLOS a $9 million grant in December 2002 and $1 million grant in May 2006 for its financial sustainability and launch of new free-access biomedical journals  Later, PLOS One was launched in December 2006 as a beta version named PLOS One  It launched with commenting and note-making functionality, and added the ability to rate articles in July 2007  In September 2007, the ability to leave "trackbacks" on articles was added  In August 2008, the journal moved from a weekly to a daily publication schedule, publishing articles as soon as they became ready  PLOS One came out of "beta" in October 2008 
In September 2009, as part of its article-level metrics program, PLOS One made its full online usage data, including HTML page views and PDF or XML download statistics, publicly available for every published article  In mid-2012, as part of a rebranding of PLoS as PLOS, the journal changed its name to PLOS One 

Output and turnaround
The number of papers published by PLOS One grew rapidly from inception to 2013 and has since declined somewhat   By 2010, it was estimated   to have become the largest journal in the world, and in 2011, 1 in 60 articles indexed by PubMed were published by PLOS One  By September 2017, PLOS One confirmed they had published over 200,000 articles  By November 2017, the journal Scientific Reports overtook PLOS One in terms of output At PLOS One, the median review time has grown from 37 days to 125 days over the first ten years of operation, according to Himmelstein's analysis, done for Nature  The median between acceptance and posting a paper on the site has decreased from 35 to 15 days over the same period  Both numbers for 2016 roughly correspond to the industry-wide averages for biology-related journals  The average acceptance rates for submission across 2020 and 2021 range from 47 9 to 49 9% [1]

Management
The founding managing editor was Chris Surridge  He was succeeded by Peter Binfield in March 2008, who was publisher until May 2012  Damian Pattinson then held the chief editorial position until December 2015  Joerg Heber was as editor-in-chief from November 2016 before Emily Chenette took over in that position in March 2021 

Publication concept
PLOS One is built on several conceptually different ideas compared to traditional peer-reviewed scientific publishing in that it does not use the perceived importance of a paper as a criterion for acceptance or rejection  The idea is that, instead, PLOS One only verifies whether experiments and data analysis were conducted rigorously, and leaves it to the scientific community to ascertain importance, post publication, through debate and comment 
Each submission will be assessed by a member of the PLOS ONE Editorial Board before publication  This pre-publication peer review will concentrate on technical rather than subjective concerns and may involve discussion with other members of the Editorial Board and/or the solicitation of formal reports from independent referees  If published, papers will be made available for community-based open peer review involving online annotation, discussion, and rating 
According to Nature, the journal's aim is to "challenge academia's obsession with journal status and impact factors"  Being an online-only publication allows PLOS One to publish more papers than a print journal  In an effort to facilitate publication of research on topics outside, or between, traditional science categories, it does not restrict itself to a specific scientific area Papers published in PLOS One can be of any length, contain full color throughout, and contain supplementary materials such as multimedia files  Reuse of articles is subject to a Creative Commons Attribution License  In the first four years following launch, it made use of over 40,000 external peer reviewers  The journal uses an international board of academic editors with over 6,000 academics handling submissions and publishes approximately 50 % of all submissions, after review by, on average, 2 9 experts  Registered readers can leave comments on articles on the website 

Business model
As with all journals of the Public Library of Science, open access to PLOS One is financed by an article processing charge, typically paid by the author's institution or by the author  This model allows PLOS journals to make all articles available to the public for free immediately upon publication   As of April 2021, PLOS One charges a publication fee of $1,745 to publish an article  Depending on circumstances, it may waive or reduce the fee for authors who do not have sufficient funds PLoS had been operating at a loss until 2009 but covered its operational costs for the first time in 2010, largely due to the growth of PLOS One   The success of PLOS One has inspired a series of other open access journals, including some other mega journals having broad scope, low selectivity, and a pay-to-publish model using Creative Commons licenses 

Reception
In September 2009, PLOS One received the Publishing Innovation Award of the Association for Learned and Professional Society Publishers  The award is given in recognition of a "truly innovative approach to any aspect of publication as adjudged from originality and innovative qualities, together with utility, benefit to the community and long-term prospects"  In January 2010, it was announced that the journal would be included in the Journal Citation Reports, and the journal received an impact factor of 4 411 in 2010  According to the Journal Citation Reports, the journal has a 2022 impact factor of 3 7 

Abstracting and indexing
The articles are indexed in:

Response to controversial publications
Alleged sexism in one peer review instance
On April 29, 2015, Fiona Ingleby and Megan Head, postdoctoral fellows at the University of Sussex and Australian National University respectively, posted a rejection letter, which they said was sent to them by a peer reviewer for a journal they did not wish to name  The rejection letter concerned Ingleby and Head's paper about differences in PhD-to-postdoc transition between male and female scientists  The reviewer argued that the authors should "find one or two male biologists to work with" to ensure the manuscript doesn't drift into "ideologically biased assumptions", comments which the authors found to be "unprofessional and inappropriate" and veering into sexism  Shortly afterward, the journal was reported to be PLOS One  By May 1, PLOS had announced that it was severing ties with the reviewer responsible for the comments and asking the editor who relayed them to step down  PLOS One also issued an apology statement following the incident 

CreatorGate
On March 3, 2016, the editors of PLOS One initiated a reevaluation of an article about the functioning of the human hand due to outrage among the journal's readership over a reference to "Creator" inside the paper  The authors, who received grants from the Chinese National Basic Research Program and National Natural Science Foundation of China for this work, responded by saying "Creator" is a poorly-translated idiom (造化(者), literally "(that which) creates or transforms") which means "nature" in the Chinese language  Despite the authors' protests, the article was retracted  
A less sympathetic explanation for the use of "Creator" was suggested to The Chronicle of Higher Education by Chinese-language experts who noted that the academic editor listed on the paper, Renzhi Han, previously worked at the Chinese Evangelical Church in Iowa City Sarah Kaplan of The Washington Post presented a detailed analysis of the problem, which she named #CreatorGate, and concluded that the journal's hasty retraction may have been an even bigger offense than the publication of the paper in the first place  To contrast PLOS One's handling of the problem, she used a 12-year history of retraction of the fraudulent paper on vaccine and autism by The Lancet and the lack of a retraction of a debunked study on "arsenic life" by Science  Others added the history of the article in Nature on "water memory" that was not retracted either Jonathan Eisen, chair of the advisory board of a sister journal PLOS Biology and an advocate for open-access, commended PLOS One for their prompt response on social media, which in his words "most journals pretend doesn't even exist"  David Knutson issued a statement about the paper processing at PLOS One, which praised the importance of post-publication peer review and described their intention to offer open signed reviews in order to ensure accountability of the process  From March 2 to 9, the research article received a total of 67 post-publication reader comments and 129 responses on PLOS One site  Signe Dean of SBS put #CreatorGate in perspective: it is not the most scandalous retraction in science, yet it shows how a social media outrage storm does expedite a retraction 

Rapid-onset gender dysphoria controversy

On August 27, 2018, the editors of PLOS One initiated a reevaluation of an article they published two weeks earlier submitted by Brown University School of Public Health assistant professor Lisa Littman  The study described a phenomenon of social contagion, or "cluster outbreaks" in gender dysphoria among young people, which Littman called "rapid-onset gender dysphoria"  Data was obtained from a survey placed on three websites for concerned parents of children with gender dysphoria, asking for responses from parents whose children had experienced "sudden or rapid development of gender dysphoria beginning between the ages of 10 and 21"  The study was criticized by transgender activists like Julia Serano and medical professionals like developmental and clinical psychologist Diane Ehrensaft, as being politicized and having self-selected samples, as well as lacking clinical data or responses from the adolescents themselves On March 19, 2019, PLOS One completed its review  PLOS One psychology academic editor Angelo Brandelli Costa acted as a reviwer criticizing the methods and conclusion of the study in a formal comment, saying, "The level of evidence produced by the Dr  Littman's study cannot generate a new diagnostic criterion relative to the time of presentation of the demands of medical and social gender affirmation " In a separate letter apologizing for the failure of peer review to address the issues with the article, PLOS One Editor-in-chief Joerg Heber said, "we have reached the conclusion that the study and resultant data reported in the article represent a valid contribution to the scientific literature  However, we have also determined that the study, including its goals, methodology, and conclusions, were not adequately framed in the published version, and that these needed to be corrected "The paper was republished with updated Title, Abstract, Introduction, Methodology, Discussion, and Conclusion sections, but the Results section was mostly unchanged  In her correction, Littman emphasized that the article was "a study of parental observations which serves to develop hypotheses", saying "Rapid-onset gender dysphoria (ROGD) is not a formal mental health diagnosis at this time  This report did not collect data from the adolescents and young adults (AYAs) or clinicians and therefore does not validate the phenomenon  Additional research that includes AYAs, along with consensus among experts in the field, will be needed to determine if what is described here as rapid-onset gender dysphoria (ROGD) will become a formal diagnosis "
Passage 2:
Behavior Genetics (journal)
Behavior Genetics is a peer-reviewed scientific journal published monthly by Springer Science+Business Media that is covering "research in the inheritance of behavior"  It is the official journal of the Behavior Genetics Association  The journal was established in 1971 with Steven G  Vandenberg as its founding editor-in-chief  The abstracts of the annual meetings are printed in the journal  Each year, the editorial board chooses a particularly meritorious paper in the previous year's volume of the journal for the Fulker Award, acknowledged by "$1000 and a good bottle of wine" as well as a citation made in the journal  This award was created in the honor of David Fulker, a past president of the Behavior Genetics Association (1982) and former editor-in-chief of the journal 

Abstracting and indexing
The journal is abstracted in Biological Abstracts/BIOSIS Previews, CAB Abstracts, Current Awareness in Biological Sciences, Current Contents/Social & Behavioral Sciences and Life Sciences, EMBASE, PsycINFO, PubMed/MEDLINE, Science Citation Index, Scopus, Social Sciences Citation Index, and The Zoological Record  According to the Journal Citation Reports, the journal has a 2020 impact factor of 2 805 
Passage 3:
Bosque (journal)
Bosque is a scientific journal published by the Forestry Faculty of the Southern University of Chile  It publishes articles on a wide range of forestry-related topics, primarily on issues that are relevant to Chile, Latin America and the Southern Hemisphere  The published articles include peer-reviewed scientific research papers, items of current interest and opinion pieces  Bosque's first issue was published in 1975 and the journal was issued yearly until 1985  From 1985 to 2003 it was issued twice a year and from 2003 on three times a year  The topics covered in Bosque are management and production of forestry resources, wood science and technology, silviculture, forest ecology, natural resources conservation, and rural development associated with forest ecosystems  The journal publishes research articles, notes and opinions, both in Spanish and English  Bosque was included in the Science Citation Index Expanded in 2009  The journal is also indexed in The Zoological Record 

See also
List of forestry journals
Passage 4:
Geophysical Journal International
Geophysical Journal International is a monthly peer-reviewed scientific journal published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the Royal Astronomical Society and the Deutsche Geophysikalische Gesellschaft (German Geophysical Society)  The journal publishes original research papers, research notes, letters, and book reviews  It was established in 1922  The editor-in-chief is Joerg Renner (Ruhr University Bochum)  The journal covers research on all aspects of theoretical, computational, applied and observational geophysics 

History
The journal was formerly entitled Geophysical Journal (Oxford) from January 1988 to June 1989  The Geophysical Journal was itself formed by the merger of three other publications: Geophysical Journal of the Royal Astronomical Society, Journal of Geophysics, and Annales Geophysicae, Series B: Terrestrial and Planetary Physics Geophysical Journal of the Royal Astronomical Society was in existence from March 1958 to December 1987 and was preceded by Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, Geophysical Supplement  The Journal of Geophysics was in existence from 1974 to 1987, and preceded by the German-language journal, Zeitschrift für Geophysik (1924–1973) Finally, Annales Geophysicae, Series B: Terrestrial and Planetary Physics was in existence from 1986 to 1987, and preceded by Annales Geophysicae (Gauthier-Villars) (1983–1985)  Annales Geophysicae was formed by the merger of two other journals: Annales de Géophysique (Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique) (1942–1982), and Annali di Geofisica (1948–1982) 

Abstracting and indexing
The journal is abstracted and indexed in:

According to the Journal Citation Reports, the journal has a 2021 impact factor of 3 352, ranking it 35th out of 100 journals in the category "Geochemistry & Geophysics" 
Passage 5:
Scientific journal
In academic publishing, a scientific journal is a periodical publication intended to further the progress of science, usually by sharing findings from research with readers  They are normally specialized based on discipline, with authors picking which one they send their manuscripts to 

Content
Scientific journals
There are thousands of scientific journals in publication, with one estimate from 2012 indicating that there were 28,100 that were active, and many more have been published at various points in the past (see list of scientific journals)  Most journals are highly specialized, although some of the oldest journals such as Science and Nature publish articles and scientific papers across a wide range of scientific fields  Scientific journals contain articles that have been peer reviewed, in an attempt to ensure that articles meet the journal's standards of quality and scientific validity Although scientific journals are superficially similar to professional magazines (or trade journals), they are actually quite different   Among others, scientific journals' papers' authors are experts who must cite everything (and have a bibliography)   They also deal with research, and are peer reviewed   Meanwhile, trade journals are aimed at people in different fields, they focus on how people in them can do their jobs better, they cover information related to work, and they include tips and advice for improving performance   Also, they are not scholarly 

Articles in scientific journals
Articles in scientific journals are mostly written by active scientists such as students, researchers, and professors instead of professional journalists   Their intended audience is others in the field (such as students and experts), plus their content is more advanced and sophisticated than what is found regular publications  They have different purposes, depending on the type   Ones with original research are meant to share it with others in the field, review articles give summaries of research that has already been done, and perspective articles give researchers' views on research that their peers performed Each article has several different sections, including the following:
The title;
Information about the author(s);
The abstract, which is a one-paragraph summary of the article;
The introduction, including a background, why the research was done, research on this topic that has been done before, and (possibly) a hypothesis;
The methodology or method, which includes the way the research was done, details concerning the study's sample, measures for assessment, and the procedure;
Findings or results, which summarize what the study found;
Conclusion, comments, or discussion, which both explain how the results answered the questions that were posed, as well as areas that could be researched in the future; and
A list of works that the article's author cited Scientific journal articles are not read casually like a person would read a magazine   For, whereas magazine articles can be read in a more casual manner, reading one in a scientific periodical would require a lot more concentration   More to the point, reading an article in a scientific journal would entail first reading the title, to see if it was related to the desired topic   If it was, the next step would be to read the abstract (or summary or conclusion, if it is missing the abstract), to see if it seems worth reading   And, if it seemed like reading it would be worthwhile, the reader would then read the whole article Publishing research results is an essential part of helping science to advance  If scientists are describing experiments or calculations, they should explain how they did them so that an independent researcher could repeat the experiment or calculation to verify the results, or so that they could evaluate whatever the research article's findings were  Each such journal article also becomes part of the permanent scientific record 

Scope
Articles in scientific journals can be used in research and higher education  Scientific articles allow researchers to keep up to date with the developments of their field and direct their own research  An essential part of a scientific article is citation of earlier work  The impact of articles and journals is often assessed by counting citations (citation impact)  Some classes are partially devoted to the explication of classic articles, and seminar classes can consist of the presentation by each student of a classic or current paper  Schoolbooks and textbooks have been written usually only on established topics, while the latest research and more obscure topics are only accessible through scientific articles  In a scientific research group or academic department it is usual for the content of current scientific journals to be discussed in journal clubs  Public funding bodies often require the results to be published in scientific journals  Academic credentials for promotion into academic ranks are established in large part by the number and impact of scientific articles published  Many doctoral programs allow for thesis by publication, where the candidate is required to publish a certain number of scientific articles 

Wording
Articles tend to be highly technical, representing the latest theoretical research and experimental results in the field of science covered by the journal  They are often incomprehensible to anyone except for researchers in the field and advanced students  In some subjects this is inevitable given the nature of the content  Usually, rigorous rules of scientific writing are enforced by the editors; however, these rules may vary from journal to journal, especially between journals from different publishers  Articles are usually either original articles reporting completely new results or reviews of current literature  There are also scientific publications that bridge the gap between articles and books by publishing thematic volumes of chapters from different authors  Many journals have a regional focus, specializing in publishing papers from a particular geographic region, like African Invertebrates 

History
In the 17th century, scientists wrote letters to each other, and included scientific ideas with them   Then, in the mid-17th century, scientists began to hold meetings and share their scientific ideas   Eventually, they led to starting organizations, such as the Royal Society (1660) and the French Academy of Sciences (1666)  In 1665, the French Journal des sçavans and the English Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society began systematically publishing research results  Over a thousand, mostly ephemeral, were founded in the 18th century, and the number has increased rapidly since then Peer review did not begin until the 1970s, and was seen as a way of enabling researchers who were not as well-known to have their papers published in journals that were more prestigious   Though it was originally done by mailing copies of papers to reviewers, it is now done online 

Publishing process
The authors of scientific articles are active researchers instead of journalists; typically, a graduate student or a researcher writes a paper with a professor  As such, the authors are unpaid and receive no compensation from the journal  However, their funding bodies may require them to publish in scientific journals  The paper is submitted to the journal office, where the editor considers the paper for appropriateness, potential scientific impact and novelty  If the journal's editor considers the paper appropriate, the paper is submitted to scholarly peer review  Depending on the field, journal and paper, the paper is sent to 1–3 reviewers for evaluation before they can be granted permission to publish  Reviewers are expected to check the paper for soundness of its scientific argument, including whether the author(s) are sufficiently acquainted with recent relevant research that bears on their study, whether the data was collected or considered appropriately and reproducibly, and whether the data discussed supports the conclusion offered and the implications suggested  Novelty is also key: existing work must be appropriately considered and referenced, and new results improving on the state of the art presented  Reviewers are usually unpaid and not a part of the journal staff—instead, they should be "peers", i e  researchers in the same field as the paper in question 

Standards and impact
The standards that a journal uses to determine publication can vary widely  Some journals, such as Nature, Science, PNAS, and Physical Review Letters, have a reputation of publishing articles that mark a fundamental breakthrough in their respective fields  In many fields, a formal or informal hierarchy of scientific journals exists; the most prestigious journal in a field tends to be the most selective in terms of the articles it will select for publication, and usually will also have the highest impact factor  In some countries, journal rankings can be utilized for funding decisions and even evaluation of individual researchers, although they are poorly suited for that purpose 

Reproducibility and replicability
For scientific journals, reproducibility and replicability of the scientific results are core concepts that allow other scientists to check and reproduce the results under the same conditions described in the paper or at least similar conditions and produce similar results with similar measurements of the same measurand or carried out under changed conditions of measurement  While the ability to reproduce the results based only on details included in the article is expected, verification of reproducibility by a third party is not generally required for publication  The reproducibility of results presented in an article is therefore judged implicitly by the quality of the procedures reported and agreement with the data provided  However, some journals in the field of chemistry such as Inorganic Syntheses and Organic Syntheses require independent reproduction of the results presented as part of the review process  The inability for independent researches to reproduce published results is widespread, with 70% of researchers reporting failure to reproduce another scientist's results, including more than half who report failing to reproduce their own experiments  Sources of reproducibility vary, including publication of falsified or misrepresented data and poor detailing of procedures 

Types of articles
There are several types of journal article; the exact terminology and definitions vary by field and specific journal, but often include:

Letters (also called communications, and not to be confused with letters to the editor) are short descriptions of important current research findings that are usually fast-tracked for immediate publication because they are considered urgent 
Research notes are short descriptions of current research findings that are considered less urgent or important than Letters 
Articles are usually between five and twenty pages and are complete descriptions of current original research findings, but there are considerable variations between scientific fields and journals—80-page articles are not rare in mathematics or theoretical computer science 
Supplemental articles contain a large volume of tabular data that is the result of current research and may be dozens or hundreds of pages with mostly numerical data  Some journals now only publish this data electronically on the Internet  Supplemental information also contains other voluminous material not appropriate for the main body of the article, like descriptions of routine procedures, derivations of equations, source code, non-essential data, spectra or other such miscellaneous information 
Review articles do not cover original research but rather accumulate the results of many different articles on a particular topic into a coherent narrative about the state of the art in that field  Review articles provide information about the topic and also provide journal references to the original research  Reviews may be entirely narrative, or may provide quantitative summary estimates resulting from the application of meta-analytical methods 
Data papers are articles dedicated to describe datasets  This type of article is becoming popular and journals exclusively dedicated to them have been established, e g  Scientific Data and Earth System Science Data 
Video papers are a recent addition to practice of scientific publications  They most often combine an online video demonstration of a new technique or protocol combined with a rigorous textual description The formats of journal articles vary, but many follow the general IMRAD scheme recommended by the International Committee of Medical Journal Editors  Such articles begin with an abstract, which is a one-to-four-paragraph summary of the paper  The introduction describes the background for the research including a discussion of similar research  The materials and methods or experimental section provides specific details of how the research was conducted  The results and discussion section describes the outcome and implications of the research, and the conclusion section places the research in context and describes avenues for further exploration 
In addition to the above, some scientific journals such as Science will include a news section where scientific developments (often involving political issues) are described  These articles are often written by science journalists and not by scientists  In addition, some journals will include an editorial section and a section for letters to the editor  While these are articles published within a journal, in general they are not regarded as scientific journal articles because they have not been peer-reviewed 

Electronic publishing
Electronic publishing is a new area of information dissemination  One definition of electronic publishing is in the context of the scientific journal  It is the presentation of scholarly scientific results in only an electronic (non-paper) form  This is from its first write-up, or creation, to its publication or dissemination  The electronic scientific journal is specifically designed to be presented on the internet  It is defined as not being previously printed material adapted, or retooled, and then delivered electronically Electronic publishing will likely continue to exist alongside paper publishing for the foreseeable future, since whilst output to a screen is important for browsing and searching, it is not well suited for extensive reading  Formats suitable both for reading on paper, and for manipulation by the reader's computer will need to be integrated  Many journals are electronically available in formats readable on screen via web browsers, as well as in portable document format PDF, suitable for printing and storing on a local desktop or laptop computer  New tools such as JATS and Utopia Documents provide a 'bridge' to the 'web-versions' in that they connect the content in PDF versions directly to the World Wide Web via hyperlinks that are created 'on-the-fly'  The PDF version of an article is usually seen as the version of record, but the matter is subject to some debate Electronic counterparts of established print journals already promote and deliver rapid dissemination of peer-reviewed and edited, "published" articles  Other journals, whether spin-offs of established print journals, or created as electronic only, have come into existence promoting the rapid dissemination capability, and availability, on the Internet  In tandem with this is the speeding up of peer review, copyediting, page makeup, and other steps in the process to support rapid dissemination Other improvements, benefits and unique values of electronically publishing the scientific journal are easy availability of supplementary materials (data, graphics and video), lower cost, and availability to more people, especially scientists from non-developed countries  Hence, research results from more developed nations are becoming more accessible to scientists from non-developed countries Moreover, electronic publishing of scientific journals has been accomplished without compromising the standards of the refereed, peer review process One form is the online equivalent of the conventional paper journal  By 2006, almost all scientific journals have, while retaining their peer-review process, established electronic versions; a number have moved entirely to electronic publication  In a similar manner, most academic libraries buy the electronic version and purchase a paper copy only for the most important or most-used titles 
There is usually a delay of several months after an article is written before it is published in a journal, making paper journals not an ideal format for announcing the latest research  Many journals now publish the final papers in their electronic version as soon as they are ready, without waiting for the assembly of a complete issue, as is necessary with paper  In many fields in which even greater speed is wanted, such as physics, the role of the journal at disseminating the latest research has largely been replaced by preprint databases such as arXiv org  Almost all such articles are eventually published in traditional journals, which still provide an important role in quality control, archiving papers, and establishing scientific credit 

Cost
Many scientists and librarians have long protested the cost of journals, especially as they see these payments going to large for-profit publishing houses  To allow their researchers online access to journals, many universities purchase site licenses, permitting access from anywhere in the university, and, with appropriate authorization, by university-affiliated users at home or elsewhere  These may be quite expensive, sometimes much more than the cost for a print subscription, although this may reflect the number of people who will be using the license—while a print subscription is the cost for one person to receive the journal; a site-license can allow thousands of people to gain access Publications by scholarly societies, also known as not-for-profit-publishers, usually cost less than commercial publishers, but the prices of their scientific journals are still usually several thousand dollars a year  In general, this money is used to fund the activities of the scientific societies that run such journals, or is invested in providing further scholarly resources for scientists; thus, the money remains in and benefits the scientific sphere 
Despite the transition to electronic publishing, the serials crisis persists Concerns about cost and open access have led to the creation of free-access journals such as the Public Library of Science (PLoS) family and partly open or reduced-cost journals such as the Journal of High Energy Physics  However, professional editors still have to be paid, and PLoS still relies heavily on donations from foundations to cover the majority of its operating costs; smaller journals do not often have access to such resources 
Based on statistical arguments, it has been shown that electronic publishing online, and to some extent open access, both provide wider dissemination and increase the average number of citations an article receives 

Copyright
Traditionally, the author of an article was required to transfer the copyright to the journal publisher  Publishers claimed this was necessary in order to protect authors' rights, and to coordinate permissions for reprints or other use  However, many authors, especially those active in the open access movement, found this unsatisfactory, and have used their influence to effect a gradual move towards a license to publish instead  Under such a system, the publisher has permission to edit, print, and distribute the article commercially, but the authors retain the other rights themselves 
Even if they retain the copyright to an article, most journals allow certain rights to their authors  These rights usually include the ability to reuse parts of the paper in the author's future work, and allow the author to distribute a limited number of copies  In the print format, such copies are called reprints; in the electronic format, they are called postprints  Some publishers, for example the American Physical Society, also grant the author the right to post and update the article on the author's or employer's website and on free e-print servers, to grant permission to others to use or reuse figures, and even to reprint the article as long as no fee is charged  The rise of open access journals, in which the author retains the copyright but must pay a publication charge, such as the Public Library of Science family of journals, is another recent response to copyright concerns 

See also
Passage 6:
Mycologia
Mycologia is a peer-reviewed scientific journal that publishes papers on all aspects of the fungi, including lichens  It first appeared as a bimonthly journal in January 1909, published by the New York Botanical Garden under the editorship of William Murrill  It became the official journal of the Mycological Society of America, which still publishes it today  It was formed as a merger of the Journal of Mycology (14 volumes; 1885–1908) and the Mycological Bulletin (7 volumes; 1903–1908)  The Mycological Bulletin was known as the Ohio Mycological Bulletin in its first volume 

Editors
The following persons have been editor-in-chief of the journal:

The following persons have been managing editor of the journal:

Abstracting and indexing
Mycologia is abstracted and indexing in the following databases:
Passage 7:
The Raffles Bulletin of Zoology
The Raffles Bulletin of Zoology is a peer-reviewed open-access scientific journal published by the Lee Kong Chian Natural History Museum at the National University of Singapore 

Overview
It covers the taxonomy, ecology, and conservation of Southeast Asian fauna  Supplements are published as and when funding permits and may cover topics that extend beyond the normal scope of the journal depending on the targets of the funding agency  It was established as the Bulletin of the Raffles Museum in 1928 and renamed Bulletin of the National Museum of Singapore in 1961, before obtaining its current title in 1971 

See also
List of zoology journals
Passage 8:
New York Botanical Garden
The New York Botanical Garden (NYBG) is a botanical garden at Bronx Park in the Bronx, New York City  Established in 1891, it is located on a 250-acre (100 ha) site that contains a landscape with over one million living plants; the Enid A  Haupt Conservatory, a greenhouse containing several habitats; and the LuEsther T  Mertz Library, which contains one of the world's largest collections of botany-related texts  As of 2016, over a million people visit the New York Botanical Garden annually 
NYBG is also a major educational institution, teaching visitors about plant science, ecology, and healthful eating through NYBG's interactive programming  Nearly 90,000 of the annual visitors are children from underserved neighboring communities  An additional 3,000 are teachers from New York City's public school system participating in professional development programs that train them to teach science courses at all grade levels  NYBG operates one of the world's largest plant research and conservation programs 
NYBG was established in 1891 and the first structures on the grounds opened at the end of that decade  Since 1967, the garden has been listed as a National Historic Landmark, and several buildings have been designated as official New York City landmarks 

Mission statement
The New York Botanical Garden is an advocate for the plant world  The Garden pursues its mission through its role as a museum of living plant collections arranged in gardens and landscapes across its National Historic Landmark site; through its comprehensive education programs in horticulture and plant science; and through the wide-ranging research programs of the International Plant Science Center 

History
Context
As early as 1877, ideas had been circulating in New York City to create a botanical garden; funding could not be obtained at the time, although the efforts led to parkland being set aside for future use  By 1888, the Torrey Botanical Society was promoting the construction of a large botanical garden in New York City  The Garden's creation followed a fund-raising campaign led by the Torrey Botanical Society and Columbia University botanist Nathaniel Lord Britton and his wife Elizabeth Gertrude Britton, who were inspired to emulate the Royal Botanic Gardens in London : 2 In 1889, the Torrey Botanical Society's members decided to build the botanical garden at Bronx Park in the center of the Bronx, New York City's northernmost borough : 2  The Lorillard family owned most of the land at that location : 147  The city had already been given authorization to acquire the land as part of the 1884 New Parks Act, which was intended to preserve lands that would soon become part of New York City : 166  Some 640 acres (2 6 km2) of land surrounding the Lorillard estate was acquired by the City of New York as part of Bronx Park in 1888–1889 : 147

Establishment
By act of the New York State Legislature, the New York Botanical Garden was established on April 28, 1891  The garden occupied part of the grounds of the Lorillard estate and a parcel that was formerly the easternmost portion of the campus of St  John's College (now Fordham University);: 147  the latter included three graves of the Fordham University Cemetery, which were then relocated  The stated purpose of the act was:

    for the purpose of establishing and maintaining a botanical garden and museum and arboretum therein, for the collection of and culture of plants, flowers, shrubs and trees, the advancement of botanical science and knowledge, and the prosecution of original researches therein and in kindred subjects, for affording instruction in the same, for the prosecution and exhibition of ornamental and decorative horticulture and gardening, and for the entertainment, recreation and instruction of the people : 2 
As per the acts of incorporation, a board of directors would manage the NYBG  The board of directors included Columbia College's president and professors of biology, chemistry, and geology; the presidents of the Torrey Society, New York City Board of Education, and the Department of Public Parks' board of commissioners; the Mayor of New York City; and nine other members elected to the board : 2  The legislation would provide 250 acres (100 ha) within Bronx Park to the NYBG, and enable the board of directors to construct a library and conservatory, if at least $250,000 was raised within five years  If this condition were reached, the city would then issue $0 5 million in bonds : 2  The principal officers of the new corporation set up for the garden were Cornelius Vanderbilt, Andrew Carnegie and J P  Morgan, with Nathaniel Lord Britton as the new secretary Prominent civic leaders and financiers, including Vanderbilt, Carnegie, and Morgan, agreed to match the City's commitment to finance the buildings and improvements : 2  By May 1895, the $250,000 in bonds had been raised but the plans had not been fully confirmed  The Board of Directors then asked landscape architect Calvert Vaux and his partner, Parks Superintendent Samuel Parsons Jr , to consult on site selection  The north end of Bronx Park was decided as the best location for the NYBG  By August 1895, the architects had started a survey on the site  Because the Bronx River and various small tributaries ran through the park, drainage was a major consideration  Though Vaux's preliminary layout was approved in October 1895, he died the following month : 3  The topographical survey was completed in March 1896  The master plan was created by a team that included Britton & Parsons, as well as landscape engineer John R  Brinley, landscape gardener Samuel Henshaw, botanist Lucien Marcus Underwood, and architects Robert W  Gibson and Lincoln Pierson (the latter from the firm Lord & Burnham) : 3 The LuEsther T  Mertz Library and Enid A  Haupt Conservatory were among the first structures at the NYBG to open  The Library was built between 1897 and 1900,: 4  and the Conservatory was built around the same time, being completed in 1902 

Later operations
For over a century after its opening, the NYBG refused to charge admission  Because of this, as well as insufficient government and private funding, its budget deficit started to increase in the 1950s  After the city cut the NYBG's budget in 1970, the garden was forced to remain closed for 3 to 4 days a week, and officials worried that this could eventually lead to permanent closure  In 1974, for the first time in the botanical garden's history, officials had to annually petition New York State Legislature for funds  That year, the NYBG announced a major renovation to the conservatory and the addition of a building dedicated to displaying plants in different habitats  The next year, budget cuts related to the 1975 New York City fiscal crisis resulted in the NYBG being closed on weekdays for the first time in its history In 1988, the NYBG announced a renovation of its museum building, including the addition of a new annex, which was supposed to open in 1991  By the early 1990s, the NYBG facilities were neglected  The garden did not have enough space in its parking lots to accommodate all its visitors, turning away potential guests  Many areas were neglected, except for the 40 acres (16 ha) surrounding the conservatory, and a wetland had even been created unintentionally due to a broken sewer  A controversy arose in 1994 when the adjacent Fordham University proposed building a 480-foot-tall (150 m) radio tower for its radio station WFUV directly across from the Haupt Conservatory  The dispute continued until 2002, after several years of failed resolutions, when Montefiore Medical Center offered to move WFUV's antenna to its own facilities By the mid-1990s, additions to the NYBG were being undertaken to reverse years of neglect  In 1994 the formerly free garden started charging an admission fee to fund these improvements as well as the continued maintenance of existing facilities  The Everett Children's Garden opened in mid-1998  By 2000, the NYBG had requested $300 million for renovations, including a new gift shop and renovation of the greenhouses and roads  A new visitor center and gift shop were announced the following year, which would replace temporary facilities built in 1990  The new main entrance, with a gift shop, bookstore, plaza, restrooms, cafe, and information kiosks, was completed in 2004 at a cost of $21 million  Meanwhile, the addition of the library annex was delayed to 1994, then to 2000  Construction on the annex started in 1998 and it opened in 2002 as the International Plant Science Center Through the next two decades, a number of projects were completed and programs were implemented  In 2004, the Leon Levy Visitor Center opened as the Botanical Garden's main entrance  It included the NYBG Shop and the Pine Tree Café  The following year, the Nolen Greenhouses for Living Collections opened with its publicly accessible Bourke-Sullivan Display House  Off-site, the institution opened The New York Botanical Garden Midtown Education Center in Manhattan in 2010  NYBG added a parking garage, the Peter J  Sharp Building, nearby in 2012, along with a Bedford Gate entrance to the Garden  NYBG restored its Lorillard Snuff Mill in 2010 and it was named the Lillian and Amy Goldman Stone Mill  NYBG's Humanities Research Institute, supported by The Andrew W  Mellon Foundation, was created in 2014 to stimulate public discourse about humankind's relationship with nature and the environment  NYBG opened an on-site restaurant, the Hudson Garden Grill, in 2015  It redesigned and reopened its East Gate entrance in 2017  The Edible Academy, an educational facility for teaching children, families, educators, and the general public about vegetable gardening, nutrition awareness, and environmental stewardship, opened in 2018  In February 2020, NYBG announced that it was partnering with Douglaston Development to create affordable apartments on the northwest edge of the garden 

Grounds
The different spaces
The Garden contains 50 different gardens and plant collections  There is a serene cascade waterfall, as well as wetlands and a 50-acre (20 ha) tract of original, never-logged, old-growth New York forest Garden highlights include the 1890s-vintage Haupt Conservatory, designed by Lord & Burnham; the Peggy Rockefeller Rose Garden, originally laid out by Beatrix Jones Farrand in 1916; an alpine rock garden, designed and installed by Thomas H  Everett in the 1930s; an Herb Garden, designed by Penelope Hobhouse; and a 37-acre (15 ha) conifer collection  The NYBG's extensive research facilities include a propagation center, 550,000-volume research library, and an herbarium of 7 2 to 7 8 million botanical specimens dating back more than three centuries, among the largest in the world At the heart of the Garden is the Thain Family Forest, an old-growth forest  It is the largest existing remnant of the original forest which covered all of New York City before the arrival of European settlers in the 17th century  The forest, which was never logged, contains oaks, American beeches, cherry, birch, tulip and white ash trees, some more than two centuries old The forest itself is split by the Bronx River, the only freshwater river in New York City, and this stretch of the river includes a riverine canyon and rapids  Along the shores sits the Stone Mill, previously known as the Lorillard Snuff Mill, built in 1840  Sculptor Charles Tefft created the Fountain of Life on the grounds in 1905 : 9 The Ladies' Border, originally commissioned by the Women's Auxiliary Committee in the 1920s, was designed by Ellen Shipman and installed between 1931 and 1933   In 2000, designer Lynden B  Miller created a new plan for the Ladies' Border  The Jane Watson Irwin Perennial Garden was designed in the 1970s by Dan Kiley and redefined by Miller in the 1980s and again in 2003 In addition to restoring or redesigning existing gardens and collections, such as the Ladies' Border (2002), the Benenson Ornamental Conifers (2004), the Peggy Rockefeller Rose Garden (2007), the Thain Family Forest (2011), and the Marjorie G  Rosen Seasonal Walk by Piet Oudolf (2014), The New York Botanical Garden added new gardens and collections to its grounds: the Home Gardening Center (2005), the Maureen K  Chilton Azalea Garden (2011) by landscape architect Shavaun Towers of Towers|Golde LLC, and Native Plant Garden (2013), by landscape architect Sheila Brady of Oehme, van Sweden 

Research laboratories
The Pfizer Plant Research Laboratory, built with funding from the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, New York State and New York City, and named for its largest private donor, is a major new research institution at the Garden that opened in 2006  The laboratory is a pure research institution, with projects more diverse than research in universities and pharmaceutical companies 
The laboratory's research emphasis is on plant genomics, the study of how genes function in plant development  One question scientists hope to answer is Darwin's "abominable mystery"; when, where, and why flowering plants emerged  The laboratory's research also furthers the discipline of molecular systematics, the study of DNA as evidence that can reveal the evolutionary history and relationships of plant species  Staff scientists also study plant use in immigrant communities in New York City and the genetic mechanisms by which neurotoxins are produced in some plants, work that may be related to nerve disease in humans 
A staff of 200 trains 42 doctoral students at a time  Since the 1890s, scientists from the NYBG have mounted about 2,000 exploratory missions worldwide to collect plants in the wild 
At the Pfizer Plant Research Laboratory, genomic DNA from many different species of plants is extracted to create a library of the DNA of the world's plants  This collection is stored in a 768-square-foot (71 3 m2) DNA storage room with 20 freezers housing millions of specimens, including rare, endangered or extinct species  To protect the collection during winter power outages, there is a backup 300-kilowatt electric generator 
The Alfred P  Sloan Foundation has granted the NYBG $572,000 to begin a project called TreeBOL, the Tree Barcode of Life  By sampling the DNA from all 100,000 different species of trees from around the world, TreeBOL will document the diversity of plant life, and advance the process of plant DNA barcoding 

LuEsther T  Mertz Library
Founded in 1899 and named after supporter LuEsther Mertz, the LuEsther T  Mertz Library is located in the northern section of NYBG  A 2002 New York Times article mentioned that the library had 775,000 items and 6 5 million plant specimens in its collection  However, a book published in 2014 by the NYBG mentioned that the library had "550,000 physical volumes and 1,800 journal titles"  As of 2016 the Mertz Library still contained one of the world's largest collections of botany-related texts  Stephen Sinon, who leads the NYBG's special collections, research and archives, called its collection "the largest of its kind in the world under one roof" The library is housed in what was formerly known as the NYBG's Museum Building or Administration Building  Construction started in 1897 and it was completed in 1900  The structure was designed by Robert W  Gibson in the Renaissance Revival style : 1

Enid A  Haupt Conservatory
The Enid A  Haupt Conservatory, named after Enid A  Haupt, is a greenhouse near the western end of the NYBG  The conservatory was designed by the major greenhouse company of the late 1890s, Lord and Burnham Co  The design was modeled after the Palm House at the Royal Botanic Garden and Joseph Paxton's Crystal Palace in Italian Renaissance style  Groundbreaking took place on January 3, 1899, and the conservatory was completed in 1902 at a cost of $177,000  The building was constructed by John R  Sheehan under contract for the New York City Department of Parks and Recreation  Since the original construction, major renovations took place in 1935, 1950, 1978, and 1993 The conservatory houses numerous tropical plants and flowers, cacti and other desert plants, and rainforest vegetation  In summer months, the two pools adjacent to the conservatory display many varieties of lotuses and water lilies 

William & Lynda Steere Herbarium
The William & Lynda Steere Herbarium, in the International Plant Science Center behind the library, is one of the largest herbaria in the world, with approximately 7 2 million to 7 8 million specimens  after the French National Museum of Natural History in Paris  Founded in 1891, the herbarium quickly became a repository for many important collections  In 1895 the garden incorporated the herbarium of Columbia College, an acquisition of approximately 600,000 specimens, including the private herbaria of John Torrey and C  F  Meisner  In 1945 the garden incorporated the herbaria of the Columbia College of Pharmacy and Princeton University   The herbarium is named after William Steere (son of William C  Steere) and his wife Lynda, who endowed the herbarium in 2002 The Index Herbariorum code assigned to this botanic garden is NY and it is used when citing housed specimens 

School of Professional Horticulture
In 1932, Thomas H  Everett expanded an existing training program into a robust curriculum for developing professional horticulturists   Patterned after diploma programs at the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew and the Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh, the School for Gardeners combined academic studies with hands-on practical experience in a two-year, full-time program  With the exception of a hiatus during and after the Second World War, the School has trained students since then  Now called the School of Professional Horticulture, this fully-accredited program continues to develop horticulturists of the highest caliber for positions in both public and private gardens  After successfully completing the program, students receive The New York Botanical Garden's Diploma in Horticulture 

Exhibitions
The New York Botanical Garden has mounted public exhibitions throughout its history  In 1992, NYBG began presenting what would eventually be called the Holiday Train Show, an annual exhibition of model trains running through a display of New York landmarks made of natural materials  In 2002, it introduced The Orchid Show, an annual exhibition of orchid displays and designed installations with changing themes  Beginning in 2007, the Garden added an annual fall exhibition of kiku, Japanese chrysanthemums trained to grow in modern and ancient forms The New York Botanical Garden has also presented large-scale, stand-alone exhibitions, including: Sculpture from the Museum of Modern Art at The New York Botanical Garden (2002), Chihuly at The New York Botanical Garden (2006), Darwin's Garden: An Evolutionary Adventure (2008), Moore in America: Monumental Sculpture at The New York Botanical Garden (2008–2009), Emily Dickinson's Garden: The Poetry of Flowers (2010), Spanish Paradise: Gardens of the Alhambra (2011), Monet's Garden (2012), Manolo Valdés: Monumental Sculpture (2012), Frida Kahlo: Art, Garden, Life (2015), Impressionism: American Gardens on Canvas (2016), CHIHULY (2017), Georgia O'Keeffe: Visions of Hawai'i (2018), Brazilian Modern: The Living Art of Roberto Burle Marx (2019), and KUSAMA: Cosmic Nature (2021) 

Executive leadership
Dr  Nathaniel Lord Britton (1891–1929)
Elmer D  Merrill (1930–1935)
Dr  Marshall A  Howe (1935–1936)
Dr  Henry A  Gleason (acting, 1937–1938)
Dr  William J  Robbins (1938–1958)
Dr  William C  Steere (1958–1972)
Dr  Howard S  Irwin (1973–1979)
James M  Hester (1980–1989)
Gregory Long (1989–2018)
Dr  Carrie Rebora Barratt (2018–2020)
Jennifer Bernstein (2021–Present)

Publications
The NYBG published The Garden Journal (ISSN 0016-4585) from 1977 to 1990 and from 1931 has produced the scientific journal, Brittonia 

Landmark status
The New York Botanical Garden was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1967  In addition, three structures are designated as individual New York City landmarks: the Enid A  Haupt Conservatory (designated in 1973),: 1  the LuEsther T  Mertz Library (2009),: 1  and the Lorillard Snuff Mill (1966, also separately on the National Register of Historic Places) 

See also
Education in New York City
List of herbaria in North America
List of botanical gardens and arboretums in New York
List of museums and cultural institutions in New York City
List of National Historic Landmarks in New York City
National Register of Historic Places listings in Bronx County, New York
Other botanical gardens in New York City
Brooklyn Botanic Garden
Queens Botanical Garden
Staten Island Botanical Garden
Passage 9:
ACS Macro Letters
ACS Macro Letters is a peer-reviewed scientific journal published by the American Chemical Society  As of 2017, ACS Macro Letters has the highest impact factor of any journal in the field of polymer science (6 131)  With the launch of ACS Macro Letters, all Communications to the Editor that were formerly published in Macromolecules will be published as Letters in ACS Macro Letters  Researchers are advised turn to ACS Macro Letters for reports of early, urgent results in polymer science and to Macromolecules for more detailed discussions of comprehensive research findings 

Scope
Examining both synthetic and naturally occurring polymers, ACS Macro Letters reports major advances in polymer synthesis, modification reactions, characteristics, theory, simulation, surface properties, and kinetics and mechanisms   The journal reports on all areas of soft matter science where macromolecules play a key role, including nanotechnology, self-assembly, supramolecular chemistry, biomaterials, energy, and sustainable materials 

Readership
ACS Macro Letters is intended for researchers in polymer science as well as materials science, nanotechnology, pharmaceuticals, and energy   The journal makes it possible for these researchers to stay abreast of the most urgent research results in polymer science and its related disciplines 

Types of Articles
ACS Macro Letters publishes peer-reviewed…

Letters: Short reports of original research focused on an individual finding of great significance to the field of polymer science 
Viewpoints: In-depth examinations and perspective on topics of current interest to researchers in the field 

Editor-in-Chief
Timothy P  Lodge served as the Founding Editor-in-Chief of ACS Macro Letters (2011–2017)  In 2018, Lodge was succeeded by Stuart J  Rowan, who was formerly the Deputy Editor 

Submissions
ACS Macro Letters enables researchers in the field to bring their important findings in polymer science and related disciplines to the attention of the global scientific community   Manuscripts are typically published within four to six weeks of manuscript submission   The journal encourages submissions and publishes Letters from around the world 

See also
Biomacromolecules
Macromolecules
Context 3: Passage 1:
1958 Pro Bowl
The 1958 Pro Bowl was the NFL's eighth annual all-star game which featured the outstanding performers from the 1957 season  The game was played on January 12, 1958, at the Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum in Los Angeles, California in front of 66,634 fans  The West squad defeated the East by a score of 26–7 The West team was led by the Detroit Lions' George Wilson while Buddy Parker of the Pittsburgh Steelers coached the East squad  San Francisco 49ers running back Hugh McElhenny was selected as the outstanding back of the game and defensive end Gene Brito of the Washington Redskins was named the outstanding lineman This was the first Pro Bowl to be televised nationally (except in the Los Angeles market where it was blacked out) 
Passage 2:
Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum
The Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum (also known as the L A  Coliseum) is a multi-purpose stadium in the Exposition Park neighborhood of Los Angeles, California  Conceived as a hallmark of civic pride, the Coliseum was commissioned in 1921 as a memorial to Los Angeles veterans of World War I  Completed in 1923, it will become the first stadium to have hosted the Summer Olympics three times when it hosts the 2028 Summer Olympics; the stadium previously hosted the Summer Olympics in 1932 and 1984  It was designated a National Historic Landmark on July 27, 1984, a day before the opening ceremony of the 1984 Summer Olympics The stadium serves as the home of the University of Southern California Trojans football team of the Pac-12 Conference, and is located directly adjacent to the school’s main University Park campus 
The Coliseum is jointly owned by the State of California's Sixth District Agricultural Association, Los Angeles County, and the city of Los Angeles  It is managed and operated by the Auxiliary Services Department of the University of Southern California (USC) USC granted naming rights to United Airlines in January 2018  After concerns were raised by the Coliseum Commission, which has public oversight of USC's management and operation of the Coliseum, the airline agreed to become the title sponsor of the playing field, naming it United Airlines Field at the Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum The Coliseum was the home of the Los Angeles Rams of the National Football League (NFL) from 1946 to 1979, when they moved to Anaheim Stadium in Anaheim, and again from 2016 to 2019, prior to the team's move to SoFi Stadium in Inglewood  The facility had a permanent seating capacity of 93,607 for USC football and Rams games, making it the largest football stadium in the Pac-12 Conference and the NFL  The stadium also was the temporary home of the Los Angeles Dodgers of Major League Baseball (MLB) from 1958 to 1961, and was the host venue for games three, four, and five of the 1959 World Series  It was the site of the first AFL-NFL World Championship Game (later called Super Bowl I) and Super Bowl VII  Additionally, it has served as a home field for a number of other teams, including the 1960 inaugural season for the Los Angeles Chargers, the Los Angeles Raiders of the NFL from 1982 to 1994, and UCLA Bruins football  
From 1959 to 2016, the Los Angeles Memorial Sports Arena was located adjacent to the Coliseum before it closed in March 2016  BMO Stadium, formerly Banc of California Stadium, a soccer-specific stadium and the home of Major League Soccer (MLS)'s Los Angeles FC, was constructed on the former Sports Arena site, and opened in 2018 
In 2019 USC completed a two year long major renovation of the stadium that included replacing the seating along with the addition of luxury boxes and club suites   The $315 million project, funded solely by the university and managed by architectural firm DLR Group, was the first major upgrade of the stadium in twenty years  The improvements and added amenities resulted in a reduced stadium capacity from 92,348 to 77,500 

Operation
The Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum Commission, which consists of six voting members appointed by the three ownership interests and meets on a monthly basis, provides public oversight of the master lease agreement with USC  Under the lease, the University has year-round day-to-day management and operation responsibility for both the Coliseum and BMO Stadium properties  USC's Vice President of Auxiliary Services is also the Chief Operating Officer of the Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum, and Coliseum employees are employees of the university  Until 2013, USC had a series of mostly one and two year agreements with the Coliseum Commission – which up to that time had been directly operating the stadium  Those agreements were limited to the University only renting the stadium for USC home football games  On July 29, 2013, after the previously governing Coliseum Commission failed to deliver promised renovations, the Coliseum Commission and USC implemented a significantly more extensive master lease agreement that transferred to USC the responsibility for the long-term management and operation of both the Coliseum and the adjacent BMO Stadium property and the capital renewal of the Coliseum  The 98-year agreement required the University to make approximately $100 million in initial physical repairs to the Coliseum  Additionally, it requires USC pay $1 3 million each year in rent to the State of California for the state-owned land the property occupies in Exposition Park; maintain the Coliseum's physical condition at the same standard used on the USC Campus; and assume all financial obligations for the operations and maintenance of the Coliseum and BMO Stadium Complex 

USC
The Coliseum is primarily the home of the USC Trojans football team  Most of USC's regular home games, especially the alternating games with rivals UCLA and Notre Dame, attract a capacity crowd  The current official capacity of the Coliseum is 77,500, with 42 suites, 1,100 club seats, 24 loge boxes, and a 500-person rooftop terrace  USC's women lacrosse and soccer teams use the Coliseum for selected games, usually involving major opponents and televised games  USC also rents the Coliseum to various events, including international soccer games, musical concerts and other large outdoor events In May 2021, due to the previous year of local COVID-19 restrictions, USC held commencement ceremonies in the Coliseum for graduating students from the classes of 2020 and 2021  Ceremonies were held in the Coliseum twice a day for a week, with over 36,000 diplomas (including undergraduate and graduate degrees and certificates) were awarded  It was the first time in 70 years that USC had held its commencement in the stadium 

History
Planning
The Coliseum was commissioned in 1921 as a memorial to L A  veterans of World War I (rededicated to all United States veterans of the war in 1968)  The groundbreaking ceremony took place on December 21, 1921, with construction being completed in just over 16 months, on May 1, 1923  Designed by John and Donald Parkinson, the original bowl's initial construction costs were $954,873  When the Coliseum opened in 1923, it was the largest stadium in Los Angeles, with a capacity of 75,144  In 1930, however, with the Olympics due in two years, the stadium was extended upward to seventy-nine rows of seats with two tiers of tunnels, expanding the seating capacity to 101,574  The physical structure of a bowl-shaped configuration for the Coliseum was undoubtedly inspired by the earlier Yale Bowl which was built in 1914  The now-signature Olympic torch was added, and the stadium was briefly known as Olympic Stadium  The Olympic cauldron torch which burned through both Games remains above the peristyle at the east end of the stadium as a reminder of this, as do the Olympic rings symbols over one of the main entrances  The football field runs east to west with the press box on the south side of the stadium 
The current jumbotrons to each side of the peristyle were installed in 2017, and replaced a scoreboard and video screen that towered over the peristyle dating back to 1983; they replaced a smaller scoreboard above the center arch installed in 1972, which in turn supplanted the 1937 model, one of the first all-electric scoreboards in the nation  Over the years new light towers have been placed along the north and south rims  The large analog clock and thermometer over the office windows at either end of the peristyle were installed in 1955  In the mid- and late 1950s, the press box was renovated, and the "Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum" lettering and Olympic rings, lighted at night, were added to the eastern face of the peristyle tower  Between the double peristyle arches at the east end is the Coliseum's "Court of Honor" plaques, recognizing many of the memorable events and participants in its  history, including a full list of 1932 and 1984 Olympic gold medalists (the complete roster of honorees can be seen below) 

Renovations
For many years, the Coliseum was capable of seating over 100,000 spectators  In 1964, the stadium underwent its first major renovation in over three decades  Most of the original pale green wood-and-metal bench seating was replaced by individual theater-type chairs of dark red, beige and yellow; these seats remained until 2018, although the yellow color was eliminated in the 1970s  The seating capacity was reduced to approximately 93,000 
The Coliseum was problematic as an NFL venue  At various times in its history, it was either the largest or one of the largest stadiums in the league  While this allowed the Rams and Raiders to set attendance records, it also made it extremely difficult to sell out  The NFL amended its blackout rule to allow games to be televised locally if they were sold out 72 hours before kickoff  However, due to the Coliseum's large size, Rams (and later Raiders) games were often blacked out in Southern California, even in the teams' best years 
From 1964 to the late 1970s, it was common practice to shift the playing field to the closed end of the stadium and install end zone bleachers in front of the peristyle, limiting further the number of seats available for sale  For USC–UCLA and USC-Notre Dame games, which often attracted crowds upward of 90,000, the bleachers were moved eastward and the field was re-marked in its original position  When a larger east grandstand was installed between 1977 and 1978, at the behest of Rams owner Carroll Rosenbloom, the capacity was just 71,500  With the upcoming 1984 Summer Olympic Games, a new track was installed and the playing field permanently placed inside it  However, the combination of the stadium's large, relatively shallow design, along with the presence of the track between the playing field and the stands, meant that some of the original end zone seats were as far from the field by the equivalent length of another football field  To address these and other problems, the Coliseum underwent a $15 million renovation before the 1993 football season, which included the following:
The field was lowered by 11 feet (3 4 m) and 14 new rows of seats replaced the running track, bringing the first row of seats closer to the playing field (a maximum distance of 54 feet (16 5 m) at the eastern 30-yard-line) 
A portable seating section was built between the eastern endline and the peristyle bleachers (the stands are removed for concerts and similar events) 
The locker rooms and public restrooms were "modernized "
The bleachers were replaced with individual seating Additionally, for Raiders home games, tarpaulins were placed over seldom-sold sections, reducing seating capacity to approximately 65,000  The changes were anticipated to be the first of a multi-stage renovation designed by HNTB that would have turned the Coliseum into a split-bowl stadium with two levels of mezzanine suites (the peristyle end would have been left as is)  However, after the 1994 Northridge earthquake, the $93 million was required from government agencies (including the Federal Emergency Management Agency) to repair earthquake damage, and the renovations demanded by the Raiders were put on hold indefinitely  The Raiders then redirected their efforts toward a proposed stadium at Hollywood Park Racetrack in Inglewood before electing to move back to the Oakland Coliseum prior to the 1995 NFL season  In 2000, Bentley Management Group (BMG) was hired as the project manager to complete work at the Coliseum and Sports Arena funded by FEMA  In addition to seismically bracing the Sports Arena while it remained open for events, BMG also coordinated the Coliseum's new press box elevator, various concession stands, restroom improvements, and concrete spalling repairs 

New videoboard
In August 2011, construction began on the Coliseum's west end on a new 6,000-square-foot (560 m2) HD video scoreboard, accompanying the existing video scoreboard on the peristyle (east end) of the stadium  The video scoreboard officially went into operation on September 3, 2011, at USC football's home opener versus the University of Minnesota, with the game being televised on ABC 

2018–2019 renovation project
After USC took over the Coliseum master lease in 2013, they began making plans for major renovations needed and as stipulated in the master lease agreement  On October 29, 2015, USC unveiled an estimated $270 million project for a massive renovation and restoration the Coliseum  The upgrades included: replacing all seats in the stadium, construction of a larger and modern press box (with new box suites, premium lounges, a viewing deck, a V I P  section, and the introduction of LED ribbon boards), adding new aisles and widening some seats, a new sound system, restoration and renaming of the peristyle to the Julia and George Argyros Plaza, stadium wide Wi-Fi, two new HD video jumbotrons, new concession stands, upgraded entry concourses, new interior and exterior lighting, modernization of plumbing and electrical systems, and a reduction in capacity of about 16,000 seats, with the final total at approximately 78,500 seats The plans were met with mixed reactions from the public  The Los Angeles 2028 Olympic bid committee contemplated additional renovations to support its bid On January 8, 2018, USC began the project to renovate and improve the Coliseum  The project, which was solely funded by the University, was completed by the 2019 football season, and was the first major upgrade of the stadium in 20 years  The project budget increased from the initial estimate of $270 million to $315 million mainly due to the tight construction schedule 

Naming rights
On January 29, 2018, Chicago-based United Airlines became the stadium's first naming rights partner  Originally, Memorial Coliseum was to be retained in the name of the stadium by the condition of the Coliseum Commission's requirement in its master lease agreement with USC  However, veterans groups and the new president of the Coliseum Commission raised concern about the new name, while United did not approve of any change from the stadium and stated that they were willing to step away from the deal On March 29, 2019, USC suggested the name United Airlines Field at Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum instead of the planned United Airlines Memorial Coliseum  Although United also did not support this and considered withdrawal, the two parties agreed to the name on June 7 During Los Angeles Rams home games for the 2019 season, the stadium reverted to its original name, and all signage indicating "United Airlines Field" was covered due to the franchise's sponsoring partnership with American Airlines 

Notable events
1920s
On October 6, 1923, Pomona College and USC played in the inaugural game at the Coliseum, with the Trojans prevailing 23–7  Situated just across the street from Exposition Park, USC agreed to play all its home games at the Coliseum, a circumstance that contributed to the decision to build the arena 
From 1928 to 1981, the UCLA Bruins also played home games at the Coliseum  When USC and UCLA played each other, the "home" team (USC in odd-numbered years, UCLA in even), occupied the north sideline and bench, and its band and rooters sat on the north side of the stadium; the "visiting" team and its contingent took to the south (press box) side of the stadium  Excepting the mid-1950s and 1983–2007, the two teams have worn their home jerseys for the rivalry games for the Victory Bell  This tradition was renewed in 2008, even though the two schools now play at different stadiums  UCLA moved to the Rose Bowl in Pasadena in 1982 

1930s–1940s
In 1932, the Coliseum hosted the Summer Olympic Games, the first of two Olympic Games hosted at the stadium  The Coliseum served as the site of the field hockey, gymnastics, the show jumping part of the equestrian event, and track and field events, along with the opening and closing ceremonies  The 1932 games marked the introduction of the Olympic Village, as well as the victory podium The former Cleveland Rams of the National Football League relocated to the Coliseum in 1946, becoming the Los Angeles Rams; however, the team later relocated again, first to Anaheim in 1980, then to St Louis in 1995, only to move back to Los Angeles in 2016  The Los Angeles Dons of the All-America Football Conference played in the Coliseum from 1946 to 1949, when the franchise merged with its NFL cousins just before the two leagues merged  The Coliseum hosted the NCAA Men's Division I Outdoor Track and Field Championships in 1934, 1939, 1949, and 1955  It also hosted several Coliseum Relays and several Compton-Coliseum Invitational (track and field) events from the 1940s until the 1970s 

1950s–1960s
Among other sporting events held at the Coliseum over the years were Major League Baseball (MLB) games, which were held when the Brooklyn Dodgers of the National League relocated to the West Coast in 1958  The Dodgers played here until Dodger Stadium was completed in time for the 1962 season  Even allowing for its temporary status, the Coliseum was extremely ill-suited for baseball due to the fundamentally different sizes and shapes of football and baseball fields  A baseball field requires roughly 2 5 times more area than a football gridiron, but the playing surface was just barely large enough to accommodate a baseball diamond  As a result, foul territory was almost nonexistent down the first base line, but was expansive down the third base line, with a very large backstop for the catcher  Sight lines also left much to be desired; some seats were as far as 710 feet (216 m) from the plate  Also, from baseball's point of view, the locker rooms were huge as  they were designed for football (not baseball) teams 
In order to shoehorn even an approximation of a baseball field onto the playing surface, the left-field fence was set at only 251 feet (77 m) from the plate  This seemed likely to ensure that there would be many "Chinese home runs", as such short shots were called at the time  Sportswriters began jokingly referring to the improvised park as "O'Malley's Chinese Theatre" or "The House that Charlie Chan Built", drawing protests from the Chinese American community in the Los Angeles area  They also expressed concern that cherished home run records, especially Babe Ruth's 1927 seasonal mark of 60, might easily fall as a result of 250-foot (76 m) pop flies going over the left-field fence  Sports Illustrated titled a critical editorial "Every Sixth Hit a Homer!" Players also complained, with Milwaukee Braves ace Warren Spahn calling for a rule that would require any home run to travel at least 300 feet (91 m) before it could be considered a home run Baseball Commissioner Ford Frick ordered the Dodgers to erect a 42 feet (12 8 m) screen in left field to prevent pop flies from becoming home runs  Its cables, towers, wires, and girders were in play  The "short porch" in left field looked extremely attractive to batters  In the first week of play during the 1959 season, the media's worst preseason fears seemed to be realized when 24 home runs were hit in the Coliseum, three of them by Chicago Cubs outfielder Lee Walls, not especially distinguished as a hitter  However, pitchers soon adapted, throwing outside to right-handed hitters, requiring them to pull the bat hard if they wanted to hit toward left  Perhaps no player took better advantage than Dodgers outfielder Wally Moon, who figured out how to hit high fly balls that dropped almost vertically just behind the screen  By the end of the season, he had hit 19 homers, all but five of them in the Coliseum  In recognition, such homers were dubbed "Moon Shots" Nonetheless, the number of home runs alarmed Frick enough that he ordered the Dodgers to build a second screen in the stands, 333 ft (101 m) from the plate  A ball would have had to clear both screens to be a home run; if it cleared the first, it would have been a ground-rule double  However, the Dodgers discovered that the earthquake safety provisions of the Los Angeles building code forbade construction of a second screen Unable to compel the Dodgers to fix the situation, the major leagues passed a note to Rule 1 04 stating that any stadium constructed after June 1, 1958, must provide a minimum distance of 325 feet (99 m) down each foul line  Also, when the expansion Los Angeles Angels joined the American League in 1961, Frick rejected their original request to use the Coliseum as a temporary facility  This rule was revoked (or perhaps, simply ignored) when the Baltimore Orioles launched the "retro ballpark" era in 1992, with the opening of Oriole Park at Camden Yards  With a right field corner of only 318 feet (97 m), this fell short  However, baseball fans heartily welcomed the "new/old" style, and all new ballparks since then have been allowed to set their own distances 

Late that season, the screen figured in the National League pennant race  When the Braves were playing the Dodgers at the Coliseum on September 15, 1959, Joe Adcock hit a ball that cleared the screen but hit a steel girder behind it and got stuck in the mesh  According to  ground rules, this should have been a home run  However, the umpires ruled it a ground-rule double  The fans shook the screen, causing the ball to fall into the seats  The umpires changed the call to a homer, only to rule it a ground-rule double while Adcock was left stranded on second  The game was tied at the end of nine innings, and the Dodgers won in the tenth inning  At the end of the regular season, the Dodgers and Braves finished in a tie  The Dodgers won the ensuing playoff and went on to win the World Series 
Although less than ideal for baseball due to its poor sight lines and short dimensions (left field at 251 feet (77 m) and power alleys at 320 feet (98 m)), the Coliseum was ideally suited for large paying crowds  Each of the three games of the 1959 World Series drew over 92,000 fans, with game five drawing 92,706, a record unlikely to be seriously threatened anytime soon given the smaller seating capacities of today's baseball parks  In May 1959, an exhibition game between the Dodgers and the New York Yankees in honor of legendary catcher Roy Campanella drew 93,103, the largest crowd ever to see a baseball game in the Western Hemisphere until a 2008 exhibition game between the Los Angeles Dodgers and the Boston Red Sox to mark the 50th anniversary of MLB in Los Angeles  The Coliseum also hosted the second 1959 MLB All-Star Game 
The Coliseum was also the site of John F  Kennedy's memorable acceptance speech at the 1960 Democratic National Convention  It was during that speech that Kennedy first used the term "the New Frontier" 

The Rams hosted the 1949, 1951 and 1955 NFL championship games at the Coliseum  The Coliseum was also the site of the very first NFL-AFL Championship Game in 1967, an event since renamed the Super Bowl  It also hosted Super Bowl VII in 1973, but future Super Bowls in the Los Angeles region would instead be hosted at the Rose Bowl, which has never had an NFL tenant  The Coliseum was also the site of the NFL Pro Bowl from 1951 to 1972, and again in 1979  In 1960, the American Football League (AFL)'s Los Angeles Chargers played at the Coliseum before relocating to San Diego the next year; the team moved back to the L A  area in 2017 
The United States men's national soccer team played its first match at the stadium in 1965, losing to Mexico in a 1966 World Cup qualifier  Also, the Los Angeles Wolves of the United Soccer Association played their home games at the Coliseum for a year (1967) before moving to the Rose Bowl 

1970s–1980s
In June 1970, the first Senior Olympics (known as the Senior Sports International Meet) took place at the Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum In July 1972, the Coliseum hosted the "Super Bowl" of Motocross  The event was the first motocross race held inside a stadium  It evolved into the AMA Supercross championship held in stadiums across the United States and Canada  The Coliseum last hosted the event in 1998 On August 20, 1972, Wattstax, also known as "Black-Woodstock", took place in the Coliseum  Over 100,000 black residents of Los Angeles attended this concert for African-American pride  Later in 1973, a documentary was released about the concert 
In 1973, Evel Knievel used the entire distance of the stadium to jump 50 stacked cars  Knievel launched his motorcycle from atop one end of the Coliseum, jumping the cars in the center of the field, and stopping high atop the other end  The jump was broadcast on ABC's Wide World of Sports  Also in 1973, the Coliseum was host to Super Bowl VII, which saw the AFC champion Miami Dolphins defeat the NFC champion Washington Redskins 14–7, becoming the only team in NFL history to attain an undefeated season and postseason 
The Mickey Thompson Entertainment Group hosted the first stadium short course off-road race at the Coliseum in 1979  The event was last held in 1992 
The Los Angeles Rams played their home games in the Coliseum until 1979, when they moved to Anaheim prior to the 1980 NFL season  They hosted the NFC Championship Game in 1975 and 1978, in which they lost both times to the Dallas Cowboys by lopsided margins 
The Los Angeles Aztecs of the North American Soccer League used the Coliseum as their home ground in 1977 and 1981 
The Coliseum was also home to the USFL's Los Angeles Express between 1983 and 1985  In this capacity, the stadium also is the site of the longest professional American football game in history: on June 30, 1984 (a few weeks before the start of the 1984 Summer Olympics), a triple-overtime game between the Express and the Michigan Panthers that was decided on a 24-yard game-winning touchdown by Mel Gray of the Express, three and a half minutes into the third overtime, to give Los Angeles a 27–21 win  Until 2012, this game marked the only time in the history of professional football that there was more than one kickoff in overtime play in the same game In 1982, the former Oakland Raiders moved in  The same year, UCLA decided to move out, relocating its home games to the Rose Bowl in Pasadena 

The Coliseum was also the site of the 1982 Speedway World Final, held for the first and only time in the United States  The event saw Newport Beach native Bruce Penhall retain the title he had won in front of 92,500 fans at London's Wembley Stadium in 1981  An estimated 40,000 fans were at the Coliseum to see Penhall retain his title before announcing his retirement from motorcycle speedway to take up an acting role on the television series CHiPs 
Los Angeles hosted the 1984 Summer Olympics, and the Coliseum became the first stadium to host the Summer Olympic Games twice, again serving as the primary track and field venue and as the site of the opening and closing ceremonies The Coliseum played host to the California World Music Festival on April 7–8, 1979 The Rolling Stones played at the stadium on their 1981 Tattoo You tour (October 9 and 11), supported by George Thorogood, the J  Geils Band, and relatively unknown newcomer Prince Stones played for 90 000 for each of 2 nights in 1981 and a record 90 000 fans for 4 nights in 1989 

The Argentina national soccer team played a friendly match against Mexico on May 14, 1985, as part of Argentina's tour of North America prior to the 1986 FIFA World Cup that would be won by the squad managed by Carlos Bilardo 
Bruce Springsteen and the E Street Band concluded their Born in the U S A  Tour with four consecutive concerts on September 27, 29, 30, and October 2, 1985, in front of 82 000 people each night  These shows were recorded and eight songs from the show of September 30 appear on their box set Live 1975–85  The September 27 show was released through Springsteen's website in 2019 
U2 played at the stadium during leg three of their breakout Joshua Tree tour on November 17 and 18, 1987  They later returned to the stadium for their PopMart Tour on June 21, 1997 
Los Angeles natives Mötley Crüe played at the stadium on December 13, 1987, during the second leg of their Girls, Girls, Girls World Tour, with fellow Los Angeles band Guns N' Roses as the opening act  At that time, Mötley Crüe was one of the most popular and successful acts in the world, while Guns N' Roses was one of the largest up-and-coming acts  The latter would later return for four shows in October 1989 as the opening act for the Rolling Stones, then again on September 27, 1992, as part of their infamous co-headlining tour with Metallica 
The stadium played host to The Monsters of Rock Festival Tour, featuring Van Halen, Scorpions, Dokken, Metallica, and Kingdom Come, on July 24, 1988  A second show was planned to take place on July 23, but was later canceled 
The stadium also played host to Amnesty International's Human Rights Now! Benefit Concert on September 21, 1988, headlined by Sting and Peter Gabriel and also featuring Bruce Springsteen and the E Street Band, Tracy Chapman, Youssou N'Dour, and Joan Baez 

1990s–2000s
The Raiders began looking to move out of the Coliseum as early as 1986  In addition to the delays in renovating the stadium, they never drew well; even after they won Super Bowl XVIII in 1984, they had trouble filling it  The NFL scheduled all of the Raiders' appearances on Monday Night Football as road games since the Los Angeles market would have been blacked out due to the Coliseum not being sold out  Finally, in 1995, the Raiders left Los Angeles and returned to Oakland, leaving the Coliseum without a professional football tenant for the first time since the close of World War II 
In the mid-1990s, the Coliseum was planned to be the home of the Los Angeles Blaze, a charter franchise of the United League (UL) which was planned to be a third league of Major League Baseball 
The Legends Football League began as a halftime spectacular known as the Lingerie Bowl  The first three years (2004, 2005, 2006) were played at the Coliseum  From 2009 to 2011, a couple of Los Angeles Temptation games were played in the Coliseum  Beginning in 2015, the Temptation resumed playing at the Coliseum after three seasons at Citizens Business Bank Arena in Ontario 
The 1991 CONCACAF Gold Cup soccer tournament was also held at the Coliseum  The United States national team beat Honduras in the final  The Coliseum also staged the final match of the Gold Cup in 1996, 1998 and 2000  In October 2000, the United States played its last match at the stadium in a friendly versus Mexico  Since then, the team has preferred the Rose Bowl Stadium and Dignity Health Sports Park as home stadiums in Greater Los Angeles 
The stadium hosted the K-1 Dynamite!! USA mixed martial arts event  The promoters claimed that 54,000 people attended the event, which would have set a new attendance record for a mixed martial arts event in the United States; however, other officials estimated the crowd between 20,000 and 30,000 In May 1959, the Dodgers had hosted an exhibition game against the reigning World Series champion New York Yankees at the Coliseum, a game which drew over 93,000 people  The Yankees won that game 6–2  As part of their West Coast 50th anniversary celebration in 2008, the Dodgers again hosted an exhibition game against the reigning World Series champions, the Boston Red Sox  On March 29, 2008, the middle game of a three-game set in Los Angeles was also won by the visitors by the relatively low score of 7–4, given the layout of the field; Red Sox catcher Jason Varitek had joked that he expected scores in the 80s 
As previously mentioned in the 1950s–1960s section, during 1958–1961, the distance from home plate to the left field foul pole was 251 feet (76 5 m) with a 42-foot (13 m) screen running across the close part of left field  Due to the intervening addition of another section of seating rimming the field, the 2008 grounds crew had much less space to work with, and the result was a left field foul line only 201 ft  long (61 3 m), with a 60-foot (18 m) screen, which one Boston writer dubbed the "Screen Monster"  Even at that distance, 201 feet (61 m) is also 49 ft (14 9 m) short of the minimum legal home-run distance  This being an exhibition game, balls hit over the 60 ft (18 m) temporary screen were still counted as home runs  There were only a couple of home runs over the screen, as pitchers adjusted (and Manny Ramirez did not play) 
A diagram () illustrated the differences in the dimensions between 1959 and 2008:

2008 – LF 201 ft (61 3 m) – LCF 280 ft (85 3 m) – CF 380 ft (115 8 m) – RCF 352 ft (107 3 m) – RF 300 ft (91 4 m)
1959 – LF 251 ft (76 5 m) – LCF 320 ft (97 5 m) – CF 417 ft (127 1 m) – RCF 375 ft (114 3 m) – RF 300 ft (91 4 m)A sellout crowd of 115,300 was announced, which set a Guinness World Record for attendance at a baseball game, breaking the record set at a 1956 Summer Olympics baseball demonstration game between teams from the US and Australia at the Melbourne Cricket Ground 
The Coliseum formerly hosted the major U S  electronic dance music festival, the Electric Daisy Carnival  It last hosted the event in 2010; following the drug-related death of an underage attendee at EDC that year, the festival's organizer Insomniac Events was blacklisted from hosting future events at the venue, and it subsequently moved to Las Vegas Motor Speedway in 2011 In 2003, select events of the X Games IX action sports event were held at the Coliseum  In 2010, the X Games XVI were held at the venue In 2006, the Coliseum Commission focused on signing a long-term lease with USC, who offered to purchase the facility from the state but was turned down  After some at-time contentious negotiations, with the university threatening to move to the Rose Bowl in late 2007, the two sides signed a 25-year lease in May 2008, giving the Coliseum Commission 8% of USC's ticket sales, approximately $1 5 million a year, but committing the agency to a list of renovations In 2006, Mexican band RBD held a concert during their U S  tour before 70,000 people, with tickets sold out in less than 30 minutes  It was the highest attended event by a Mexican act since Los Bukis' 1993 and 1996 concerts On June 23, 2008, the Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum Commission announced that they were putting the naming rights of the Coliseum on the market, predicting a deal valued at $6 million to $8 million a year  The funds would go towards financing over $100 million in renovations over the next decade, including a new video board, bathrooms, concession areas, and locker rooms  Additional seating was included in the renovation plans which increased the Coliseum's seating capacity to 93,607 in September 2008 

On June 17, 2009, the Coliseum was the terminus for the Los Angeles Lakers' 2009 NBA championship victory parade  A crowd of over 90,000 attended the festivities, in addition to the throngs of supporters who lined the 2-mile (3 2 km) parade route  The Coliseum peristyle was redesigned in purple and gold regalia to commemorate the team, and the Lakers' court was transported from Staples Center to the Coliseum field to act as the stage  Past parades had ended at Staples Center, but due to the newly constructed L A  Live complex, space was limited around the arena 

2010s–present
On July 30, 2011, the LA Rising festival with Rage Against the Machine, Muse, Rise Against, Lauryn Hill, Immortal Technique, and El Gran Silencio was hosted at the Coliseum 
Roger Waters continued his The Wall Live at the stadium on 19 May 2012 to a sold-out crowd 
On April 27, 2013, the stadium hosted a round of the Stadium Super Trucks off-road race 
On September 13, 2014, the Coliseum hosted the fifth-place game, third-place game and final of the 2014 Copa Centroamericana in front of 41,969 spectators 
In August 2015, the Coliseum hosted the opening and closing ceremonies for the 2015 Special Olympics World Summer Games On June 16, 2018, Shannon Briggs hosted the first press conference for a celebrity boxing event with KSI, Deji, Jake Paul, and Logan Paul On September 14, 2021, the NASCAR Cup Series announced that the annual Busch Clash would take place at the Coliseum, at a purpose-made quarter-mile track On December 9, 2021, Kanye West performed a benefit concert for the long-imprisoned Larry Hoover with special guest Drake at the Coliseum 
On September 23 and 24, 2022 German band Rammstein performed two shows as part of the North American leg of their Rammstein Stadium Tour
On December 10, 2022, Deadmau5 and Kaskade performed as their collaborative project Kx5 to a crowd of 50,000  Making it the largest ever one-day EDM headlining event in North America at the time 

Return of the Los Angeles Rams 2016-19
On January 12, 2016, the NFL gave permission for the St



ground_truth: Alice's Adventures in Wonderland

prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: What was the first year a scientific journal published by an organization located in the Bronx was published?

The following are given passages.
Context 3:  Louis Rams to relocate back to Los Angeles  The Rams resumed play at the Coliseum while awaiting completion of SoFi Stadium in Inglewood On August 13, 2016, the Coliseum hosted its first NFL game at the stadium since 1994, as the Rams hosted Dallas Cowboys at a preseason game in front of 89,140 people  On September 18, 2016, the Coliseum hosted the first Rams regular season home game since 1979, against the Seattle Seahawks following an impromptu pregame concert from the Red Hot Chili Peppers  The Rams would boast a 9–3 victory over Seattle in front of a crowd of 91,046 in attendance 

On January 6, 2018, the Coliseum hosted its first Rams playoff game since the 1978 NFC Championship game, a 26-13 wild card round loss to the defending NFC champion Atlanta Falcons 
On November 19, 2018, the Coliseum hosted its first Monday Night Football game since 1985, and the first Monday night game the Rams hosted at the Coliseum, exact date 40 years later, with the Rams taking on the Kansas City Chiefs  That game, which was originally scheduled to be played at Estadio Azteca in Mexico City that night, was moved to the Coliseum due to poor field conditions at the former   The Rams won the game, 54–51 in the highest-scoring game in Monday Night Football history 
On January 12, 2019, the Coliseum hosted its final NFL playoff game, where the Rams defeated the Dallas Cowboys 30-22 in an NFC Divisional Playoff 
On December 8, 2019, the final Sunday Night Football game would be played at the Coliseum in which the Rams defeated the rival Seattle Seahawks 28-12 in front of a crowd of over 77,000 people 
On December 29, 2019, the Rams played their final game at the Coliseum, beating the Arizona Cardinals 31-24 before moving to SoFi Stadium in time for the 2020 NFL season  The Rams finished with a record of 16-14 playing their home games at the Coliseum in their second stint as tenants from 2016 through 2019 
On February 16, 2022, three days after winning Super Bowl LVI, the Rams hosted their victory celebration before thousands of fans in front of the Coliseum's peristyle end 

2028 Summer Olympics
Los Angeles will host the Summer Olympics in 2028  During the 131st IOC Session, the International Olympic Committee officially awarded the 2028 Summer Olympics to Los Angeles on July 31, 2017  The Coliseum will be the first stadium to host events for three different Olympic games 

NASCAR
On February 6, 2022, NASCAR hosted a pre-season NASCAR Cup Series exhibition event  The temporary quarter-mile track marked the series' first race of any kind on a quarter-mile since 1971 and was won by Joey Logano  Martin Truex Jr won the 2023 running of the event 

Seating and attendance
Seating capacity (college football)
Source:Ballparks com

Attendance records
1963 Billy Graham Crusade
The largest gathering in the Coliseum's history was a Billy Graham crusade which took place on September 8, 1963, with 134,254 in attendance, noted by the Coliseum's website as an all-time record  With the renovations of 1964, the capacity of the Coliseum was reduced to roughly 93,000 for future events 

Sporting events
College footballRecords differ between the 2006 USC football media guide and 2006 UCLA football media guide  (This may be due to only keeping records for "home" games until the 1950s ) The USC Media guide lists the top five record crowds as:

1  104,953 — vs  Notre Dame 1947 (USC home game; Highest attendance for a football game in the Coliseum)
2  103,303 — vs  UCLA 1939 (USC home game)
3  103,000 — vs  USC 1945 (UCLA home game)
4  102,548 — vs  USC 1954 (UCLA home game)
5  102,050 — vs  UCLA 1947 (USC home game)The UCLA Media guide does not list the 1939 game against USC, and only lists attendance for the second game in 1945 for Coliseum attendance records  These are the top three listed UCLA record Coliseum crowds:

1  102,548 — vs  USC 1954 (UCLA home game)
2  102,050 — vs  USC 1947 (UCLA home game)
3  100,333 — vs  USC 1945 (USC home game; 1945's second of two meetings)The largest crowd to attend a USC football game against an opponent other than UCLA or Notre Dame was 96,130 for a November 10, 1951, contest
with Stanford University  The largest attendance for a UCLA contest against a school other than USC was 92,962 for the November 1, 1946, game with Saint Mary's College of California 

National Football LeagueThe Los Angeles Rams played the San Francisco 49ers before an NFL record attendance of 102,368 on November 10, 1957   This was a record paid attendance that stood until September 2009 at Cowboys Stadium, though the overall NFL regular season record was broken in a 2005 regular season game between the Arizona Cardinals and San Francisco 49ers at Azteca Stadium in Mexico City  Both records were broken on September 20, 2009, at the first regular season game at Cowboys Stadium in Arlington, Texas, between the Dallas Cowboys and New York Giants 
In 1958 the Rams averaged 83,680 for their six home games, including 100,470 for the Chicago Bears and 100,202 for the Baltimore Colts 
In their 13 seasons in Los Angeles the Raiders on several occasions drew near-capacity crowds to the Coliseum   The largest were 91,505 for an October 25, 1992, game with the Dallas Cowboys, 91,494 for a September 29, 1991, contest with the San Francisco 49ers, and 90,380 on January 1, 1984, for a playoff game with the Pittsburgh Steelers 
The Coliseum hosted the first AFL-NFL World Championship Game, later called the Super Bowl  The January 15, 1967, game, pitting the Green Bay Packers against the Kansas City Chiefs, attracted 61,946 fans—a lower-than anticipated crowd (by comparison, a regular-season game between the Packers and Rams a month earlier drew 72,418)  For Super Bowl VII in 1973, which matched the Miami Dolphins against the Washington Redskins, the attendance was a near-capacity 90,182, a record that would stand until Super Bowl XI at the Rose Bowl  The 1975 NFC Championship Game between the Los Angeles Rams and Dallas Cowboys had an attendance of 88,919, still the largest crowd for a conference championship game since the conference-title format began with the 1970 season   The 1983 AFC Championship Game between the Raiders and Seattle Seahawks attracted 88,734 
The Rams'  first NFL game at the Coliseum since 1979,  after spending fifteen years at Anaheim Stadium and then twenty-one seasons in St  Louis, a pre-season contest against the Cowboys on August 13, 2016, drew a crowd of 89,140  The team's first regular-season home game, on September 18 against the Seattle Seahawks, attracted 91,046—the largest attendance for a Rams game at the Coliseum since 1959 

Major League BaseballContemporary baseball guides listed the theoretical baseball seating capacity as 92,500  Thousands of east-end seats were very far from home plate, and were not sold unless needed  The largest regular season attendance was 78,672, the Dodgers' home debut in the Coliseum, against the San Francisco Giants on April 18, 1958 
The May 7, 1959, exhibition game between the Los Angeles Dodgers and the 1958 World Series Champion New York Yankees, in honor of disabled former Dodgers catcher Roy Campanella, drew 93,103, which was a Major League Baseball record prior to 2008 
All three Dodgers home games in the 1959 World Series with the Chicago White Sox exceeded 90,000 attendance  Game 5 drew 92,706 fans, a major league record for a non-exhibition game 
The attendance for the exhibition game on March 29, 2008, between the Boston Red Sox and the Los Angeles Dodgers, was 115,300, setting a new Guinness World Record for attendance at a baseball game  The previous record of an estimated 114,000 was in the 1956 Summer Olympics at Melbourne Cricket Ground for an exhibition game between teams from branches of American Military Forces and Australia 

SoccerThe first official soccer match at the Coliseum was an international fixture between the United States and Mexico that took place on March 7, 1965, as part of regional World Cup qualification  The teams drew 2–2 in front of 22,570 spectators Although the stadium represents the second most active venue in the history of the US national team (after Robert F  Kennedy), it has only played 22 matches in it, the last of them in 2000  Of these, eleven were of official competition (three from World Cup qualifiers, seven from the CONCACAF Gold Cup and one from the North American Nations Cup) and eleven friendlies, all category "A"  In this scenario, the team won their first absolute title by finishing as champion of the 1991 CONCACAF Gold Cup, defeating their counterpart from Honduras on penalties However, the most active national team at the Memorial Coliseum is Mexico, which has played 86 matches in the building: 14 in official competition (3 in the World Cup qualifying round, 9 in the Gold Cup and two from the North American Nations Cup), including the Gold Cup finals from 1996 and 1998, in which they won 2-0 against Brasil and 1-0 against United States respectively; and 72 friendlies (50 of Category "A" - against other senior teams -, 6 of the so-called "B" selection and 16 against both Mexican and foreign clubs  Los Angeles is the second stadium where the Mexican representative has played the most matches, only after its official headquarters, the Azteca Stadium, surpassing any other venue both in his country and in the United States The stadium hosted the Los Angeles Wolves during the inaugural season of the United Soccer Association in 1967, which culminated in the final championship at the Coliseum  The Los Angeles Toros of the National Professional Soccer League also played at the Coliseum in 1967, but were moved to San Diego the following season before folding  The Los Angeles Aztecs of the North American Soccer League played at the Coliseum in 1977 and 1981 between stints at the Rose Bowl 

Sculpture and commemorations
A pair of life-sized bronze nude statues of male and female athletes atop a 20,000 pound (9,000 kg) post-and-lintel frame formed the Olympic Gateway created by Robert Graham for the 1984 games  The statues, modeled on water polo player Terry Schroeder and long jumper from Guyana, Jennifer Inniss, who participated in the games, were noted for their anatomical accuracy  A decorative facade bearing the Olympic rings was erected in front of the peristyle for the 1984 games, and the structure remained in place through that year's football season   The stadium rim and tunnels were repainted in alternating pastel colors that were part of architect Jon Jerde's graphic design for the games; these colors remained until 1987 

"Court of Honor" plaques
"Commemorating outstanding persons or events, athletic or otherwise, that have had a definite impact upon the history, glory, and growth of the Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum"

Coliseum Cauldron
The Coliseum Cauldron  was built for the 1932 Summer Olympics and was also reused during the 1984 Summer Olympics 
The cauldron is a main sight on stadium and is still present in the Stadium and is lit during special events (such as the period when an edition of the Olympic Games are being held in another city or in mourning for some personality related to the city)  As the stadium was the main venue on the 2015 Special Olympics World Summer Games the cauldron was relit by Rafer Johnson during the opening ceremonies and being extinguished again during the closing ceremony 
In addition, the torch has been lit on the following historic occasions:

To honor the memory of Israeli athletes killed during the terrorist attack during the 1972 Summer Olympics in Munich 
For several days following the Space Shuttle Challenger disaster in 1986 
For over a week following the September 11 attacks in 2001 
The pyre was lit for a week without interruption during the official period of mourning after the death of the former American president Ronald Reagan  Reagan was the president of the United States when the city of Los Angeles hosted the 1984 Summer Olympics and also declared that edition of the Games open, and was also Governor of California from 1967-75 
In April 2005 following the death of Pope John Paul II, who had celebrated Mass at the Coliseum during his visit to Los Angeles in 1987 
At the Los Angeles Dodgers' 50th anniversary game on March 29, 2008, during the ThinkCure! charity ceremony (while Neil Diamond's "Heartlight" was played and the majority of the attendees turned on their complimentary souvenir keychain flashlights) 
For the returning Los Angeles Rams' first home game on September 18, 2016, against the Seattle Seahawks 
On the evening of September 13, 2017, when Los Angeles was awaiting a few hours before the confirmation as the host city of the 2028 Summer Olympics 
For the Coliseum Gladiator MMA Championship Finals on Sat  September 23, 2017 
For the Los Angeles Rams' first playoff game in Los Angeles in 38 years on January 6, 2018, against the Atlanta Falcons 
To honor the victims of the 2018 California wildfires & the Thousand Oaks shooting 
For the Los Angeles Rams' final regular season game against the San Francisco 49ers on December 30, 2018 
For the Los Angeles Rams' playoff game against the Dallas Cowboys on January 12, 2019 
For the Rams' final game in the Coliseum vs  the Arizona Cardinals on December 29, 2019 
To honor Kobe Bryant after his death on January 26, 2020 
To honor Rafer Johnson after his death on December 2, 2020 
To honor Former L A  Councilman Tom LaBonge, known to many as "Mr  Los Angeles" after his death on January 14, 2021 
To honor Dodgers Legend Tommy Lasorda after his death on January 14, 2021 
For the Kanye West and Drake Larry Hoover Benefit Concert on December 9, 2021 
For the 2022 NASCAR Busch Light Clash at the Coliseum on February 6, 2022  The Cauldron was ceremoniously lit by 4 time NASCAR Champion Jeff Gordon 
To honor Mexican singer Vicente Fernandez on February 17, 2022, after his death and on the anniversary of his birthday  "Chente" was arguably the greatest Latin artist to perform at the LA Memorial Sports Arena appearing countless times over at least three decades (70s, 80s, and 90s) 
For the 2023 NASCAR Busch Light Clash at the Coliseum   The Cauldron was lit by 2022 Heisman Trophy winner Caleb Williams 

In popular culture
Film
1923: Scenes from the Roman Age in Buster Keaton's Three Ages were filmed in the Coliseum, the first ever use of the Coliseum as a movie location 
1927: Scenes in College a 1927 comedy-drama silent film directed by James W  Horne and Buster Keaton, and starring Keaton, Anne Cornwall, and Harold Goodwin are filmed on the field of the Coliseum 
1944: Scenes in “The Falcon in Hollywood” starring Tom Conway 
1972: The Coliseum was used in the filming of Hickey & Boggs  There is a gunfight that takes place within the stadium 
1976: The Coliseum was the key location in the movie Two-Minute Warning 
1978: The Coliseum was used in the filming of Warren Beatty's film Heaven Can Wait, about a fictional Super Bowl XII game between the Pittsburgh Steelers and the Los Angeles Rams 
1994: The outside of the Coliseum was used as a scene in D2: The Mighty Ducks 
1996: The Coliseum was used in the filming of Escape from L A  starring Kurt Russell, including a basketball death match 
1997: The Coliseum was used in the filming of Money Talks starring Chris Tucker and Charlie Sheen 
2002: The field and locker room were used in the filming of the pornographic Gangbang Girl #32 starring Kimberly Franklin, Olivia Saint and Gauge
2013: The stadium appears in one of the final scenes of World War Z when the military bombs the stadium full of zombies 

Television and streaming
1972: The Coliseum was a key location in "The Most Crucial Game", the third episode of the second season of Columbo 
1976: The Coliseum was used in filming of Emergency! (1970's TV Series) episode titled "The Game" 
1978: The Coliseum was used in the filming of The Incredible Hulk episode titled "Killer Instinct" 
1978: The Coliseum was used in the filming of the Charlie's Angels episode titled "Pom Pom Angels" 
2003: The Coliseum was used in the filming of the last episode of the second season of the television series 24 
2008: The Coliseum was used as the starting point of the premiere episode of The Amazing Race 13 
2009: The Coliseum was featured in Life After People  150 years after people, an earthquake brings down the Coliseum 
2016: The Coliseum was used as the finishing point for the second episode of the Chinese reality show Race the World 
2019: Season 17 of Bravo's Top Chef filmed an episode at the Coliseum at the 1923 Club on the roof of the new Scholarship Club Tower 
Visiting    with Huell Howser Episode 411, which includes an interview of Robert Graham
2021: The Coliseum was used in the filming of the last episode of the fifth season of the Netflix series Lucifer 

Video games
1996: Microsoft Flight Simulator for Windows 95 included a challenge to fly through the needle of the Coliseum and land on the field  
2004/2013: The Maze Bank Arena featured in Grand Theft Auto San Andreas and Grand Theft Auto V has an outer wall and arch similar to the Coliseum, but has a roof 
2005: The Coliseum is featured as one of the playable Supercross tracks in MX vs  ATV Unleashed
2008: The Coliseum was featured in Midnight Club: Los Angeles, albeit with a different name 
2011: The Coliseum featured as a rallycross track in Dirt 3 
2014: The Coliseum is one of the main settlements of Los Angeles in Wasteland 2
2019: The Coliseum is featured as one of the playable Supercross tracks in Monster Energy Supercross 2: The Official Video Game as a DLC 

See also
BMO Stadium
List of NCAA Division I FBS football stadiums
History of the National Football League in Los AngelesPeople

A J  Barnes, active in fight against giving USC preferential rights in the Coliseum, 1932
Lloyd G  Davies, Los Angeles City Council member, 1943–51, urged that the city take over full management of the Coliseum
Harold A  Henry, Los Angeles City Council president and later a member of the Coliseum Commission
Rosalind Wiener Wyman, first representative of the Los Angeles City Council on the Coliseum Commission, 1958
Ransom M  Callicott, Los Angeles City Council, commission member, 1962
Passage 3:
1995 Pro Bowl
The 1995 Pro Bowl was the NFL's all-star game for the 1994 season  The game was played on February 5, 1995, at Aloha Stadium in Honolulu, Hawaii  The final Score was AFC 41, NFC 13  This was the AFC's largest margin of victory since the AFL-NFL merger  Rookie Marshall Faulk of the Indianapolis Colts rushed for a Pro Bowl record 180 yards and was the game's MVP  Chris Warren of the Seattle Seahawks added 127 yards rushing as the AFC posted records for rushing yards (400) and total yards (552)  Both Warren and Faulk broke the Pro Bowl rushing record, formerly held by O  J  Simpson The coaches were Dallas’ Barry Switzer and Bill Cowher of the Pittsburgh Steelers  The game was viewed by 49,121 at Aloha Stadium  The referee was Larry Nemmers 

Rosters
Passage 4:
Merlin Olsen
Merlin Jay Olsen (; September 15, 1940 – March 11, 2010) was an American football player, announcer, and actor  For his entire 15-year professional football career he was a defensive tackle with the Los Angeles Rams in the National Football League (NFL)   He was selected to play in the Pro Bowl 14 times — every year but his last  The only other football players to have matched or exceeded that number are the former offensive lineman Bruce Matthews, the former tight end Tony Gonzalez, the former quarterback Peyton Manning, and the former quarterback Tom Brady, who is the only NFL player to have played more times in the Pro Bowl, with 15 selections 
In 1961, Olsen received the Outland Trophy, awarded to as the best lineman of the year in college football  He is a member of the Pro Football Hall of Fame and the College Football Hall of Fame  As an actor, he portrayed a farmer, Jonathan Garvey, on Little House on the Prairie  After leaving that series, he starred in his own NBC drama, Father Murphy 

Early life
Merlin Olsen was born in Logan, Utah, where his parents Merle Barrus and Lynn Jay Olsen graduated from Utah State University (USU) and began their careers  His father was a professor at the university while his mother had graduated in elementary education  Merlin was the second of nine siblings and the first-born son  The family opened their home to host, feed, sleep or tutor anyone in the neighborhood; during the winter, Merle would lay wood over the entrance of the house so that ice skaters from the local park could walk in 
Merlin pursued athletics in high school but was cut from the basketball team while in grade 9, told by the coach that athletics wasn't for him and that he should take up the arts  Later, Olsen turned down a football scholarship to Stanford University to play for USU  Classmate Ross Peterson described him as a "natural, big, strong leader     he could have been successful at anything"  His brothers Phil and Orrin also played football 

Education
Olsen attended Utah State University where he became a member of the Sigma Chi fraternity, and was a three-year letterman in football as a defensive tackle  He graduated from the College of Business and Social Sciences at USU with a bachelor's degree in finance in 1962 and a master's degree in economics in 1971  He later received an honorary doctorate degree in business from the Huntsman School In football, as a senior, he was a consensus All-American selection and was the winner of the Outland Trophy  After Olsen's junior year of 1960 he was also named All-American by the Football Writers Association of America and Newspaper Enterprise Association  He was also All-Conference in both 1960 and 1961  Olsen and Utah State were in the 1960 Sun Bowl, losing to New Mexico State, 20–13  Led by Olsen, the Aggie defense held the New Mexico State Aggies to just 44 rushing yards on 32 carries The Aggie defense Olsen anchored as a senior gave up an average of 50 8 rushing yards (which led the nation), 88 6 passing yards, and 139 4 total yards which all still stand as school records for defense  The 1961 Aggie defense gave up an average 7 8 points a game, which is second in team history behind Olsen's 1960 team, which allowed 6 5 points per game  Additionally, the Aggie defense held four opponents to less than 100 total yards  One, the University of Idaho, was held to a school-record 23 total yards, with the Aggies winning 69–0 
The Aggies, not known as a national power football program, finished 10th in both the AP and UPI post-season polls, the only time that has occurred in school history  The Aggies had a combined 18–3–1 record during Olsen's junior and senior seasons under coach John Ralston and were conference champions those two seasons as well He was a member of the Utah State University chapter of the Sigma Chi fraternity, which has an annual Merlin Olsen Day of Service named in his honor where brothers are encouraged to give back to their communities 

Awards and honors
Olsen played in the East-West Shrine Game in 1961 and in 2003 was voted to the game's Hall of Fame  He also played in the Hula Bowl after his senior season and was voted MVP of the game Olsen is a member of the State of Utah's Sports Hall of Fame, the Utah State University Sports Hall of Fame and USU's All-Century Football Team  In 2000, he was selected by Sports Illustrated as one of the State of Utah's Top 50 Athletes of the Century  He was voted to the All-Academic All-America Hall of Fame in 1988  In 1969, he was voted to the Newspaper Enterprise Association All-Time All-America team with collegiate greats such as Bronko Nagurski, Red Grange, Jim Thorpe, and O  J  Simpson, among others In 2008, Olsen was named to the 75th Anniversary All-Sun Bowl Team to commemorate the Sun Bowl Association's Diamond Anniversary Utah State University announced the intention to name its football field after Olsen during a ceremony in Logan during halftime of the USU-St  Mary's basketball game on December 5, 2009 Olsen also was a three-time academic All-American at Utah State and graduated summa cum laude in 1962 with a degree in finance 

Career
Professional football
Coming out of college, Olsen had offers from both the Los Angeles Rams of the National Football League and the Denver Broncos of the rival American Football League  He chose the security of the NFL and signed with the Rams  Olsen's first contract was for around $50,000 for two years, plus a signing bonus  It was 1962, and the average football player salary at the time was around $12,000 a year  He was the first USU Aggie to be drafted in the 1st round of the NFL draft Olsen played professionally (1962–1976) for the Los Angeles Rams of the National Football League   A leading defensive star of his era, he missed only two games in his 15-season NFL career  He was named the NFL's Rookie of the Year in 1962 and was First-team All-Pro in 1964, and 1966 through 1970  He was voted Second-team All-Pro in 1965, 1973 and 1974 Olsen almost ended up on offense, but was later moved to the defensive line after a few experiments in practice  Soon he became part of one of the best front fours in NFL history  Deacon Jones, Rosey Grier, and Lamar Lundy joined Olsen on the defensive line in 1963 that was nicknamed "The Fearsome Foursome"  He was named the AP NFL Defensive Player of the Week for week 12 in 1965  Olsen scored his first touchdown in that game 
Throughout the 1960s, this quartet terrorized opposing offenses  Olsen's play helped the Rams to the playoffs in 1967 and 1969  He was voted the club's Outstanding Defensive Lineman from 1967 to 1970 by the Los Angeles Rams Alumni  In week 14, 1967, Olsen and the rest of the Fearsome Foursome were named the AP NFL Defensive Players of the Week for their performance against the Baltimore Colts  In the 1970s, Olsen continued his dominant play at defensive tackle and his 11 sacks in 1972 were second on the team  After week 8 in 1972, Olsen was named the Associated Press NFL Defensive Player of the Week for the third time in his career The Rams won the NFC West crown in 1973 through 1976 thanks in part to the play of Olsen  They ranked first in the NFL in run defense in 1973 and 1974 and finished second in sacking opposing passers both years  In 1973 Olsen was voted the NFLPA NFC Defensive Lineman of the Year and the next season, 1974, he was the recipient of Bert Bell Award as the NFL MVP as voted by the Maxwell Club  Olsen accepted the award "on behalf of all who toil in the NFL trenches" 
Three of the Olsen brothers, Merlin, Phil, and Orrin, played in the NFL, with Merlin and Phil playing together for the Rams from 1971 to 1974  A nephew, Hans, son of his brother, Clark, also played professional football  In 1975 and 1976, the Rams defense finished second in the NFL against the run while ranking in the top five in sacking opposing quarterbacks and compiling a 22-5-1 record over those two seasons 
Olsen's last game was the NFC Championship game in 1976 at Bloomington, Minnesota  The Vikings took advantage on a freak play early in the game  A blocked field goal returned 90 yards for a touchdown shocked the Rams in the first quarter  The defense was later victimized by a couple of big plays by the Vikings  The Rams came up short, losing 24–13, bringing the storied career of the Rams' finest defensive tackle to an end 
Olsen made the Pro Bowl a then-record 14 times, missing it only in his final year  He was inducted into the Pro Football Hall of Fame in 1982 in his first year of eligibility; he selected his college position coach Tony Knap as his presenter  In 1999, Olsen was ranked 25th on The Sporting News' list of the 100 Greatest Football Players 

Entertainment
Olsen enjoyed continued success after the NFL as a broadcaster, actor, and businessman Olsen served as a television color commentator, teaming mostly with Dick Enberg on NBC's coverage of the AFC during the late 1970s and almost all of the 1980s  He and Enberg also teamed for four Super Bowls (XV, XVII, XX and XXIII), as well as nine Rose Bowls from 1980 to 1988  Olsen also worked Super Bowl XIII in 1979 with Curt Gowdy and John Brodie (Enberg was then serving as pre-game/halftime/post-game host)  In 1989, Olsen was replaced by Bill Walsh as NBC's lead NFL color commentator  For the 1989 season, Olsen worked with Charlie Jones on NBC's broadcasts  In 1990 and 1991, he moved to CBS Sports doing NFL games with Dick Stockton 
Olsen developed a successful career as an actor  He appeared as the character Little George in the John Wayne movie, The Undefeated, with Rams teammate Roman Gabriel, in 1969 
In 1970, he appeared once on Petticoat Junction, in the episode: "With This Ring"   He played mountaineer Merlin Fergus 
When Little House on the Prairie actor Victor French left to star in his own comedy Carter Country in 1977, Olsen was tapped to play Michael Landon's new sidekick Jonathan Garvey for several years  One memorable quote from his character's son, Andy Garvey, "My pa doesn't know anything about football!" came when Andy's friends suggested that Jonathan coach their football team 
Olsen played the starring role of John Michael Murphy in the 1981-83 NBC television drama series Father Murphy 
In the Highway to Heaven episode 2 12 ("The Good Doctor"), the main character, Alex, tells Mark Gordon (Victor French) that "All I could see was the flowers and the beard   I thought you were Merlin Olsen " This is an inside joke since all three actors, Merlin Olsen, Michael Landon, and Victor French were in the TV series Little House On the Prairie  earlier in their careers 
Olsen's last acting work was in the short-lived 1988 TV series Aaron's Way 
Olsen was also the commercial spokesman for FTD Florists for many years  A part-time resident of the Coachella Valley, Olsen was the longtime radio and television spokesman for Palm Desert-based El Paseo Bank Olsen also appeared in many Sigma Chi fraternity promotional campaigns; Merlin, along with his brother Phil, was a Life Loyal Sig, Significant Sig (given to members for distinguishing acts outside the fraternity) and a member of the Order of Constantine (given for service to the Fraternity)  Olsen donated one of his cleats, which were bronzed, to be used during the annual football rivalry between two Las Vegas high schools, Eldorado High School and Chaparral High School, which both opened in 1973  Each year, Olsen presented the "trophy" in the ceremony at the rivalry game Olsen often co-hosted the Children's Miracle Network telethons, a humanitarian organization founded in 1983 by Marie Osmond and John Schneider 

Awards
He was named the Walter Camp Man of the Year in 1982 and Athlete of the Century for the state of Utah  During halftime of a basketball game between Utah State, Olsen's alma mater, and Saint Mary's on December 5, 2009, Utah State University announced that the playing surface inside Romney Stadium, home stadium for the university's football program, would be named Merlin Olsen Field in Olsen's honor  Because of Olsen's illness, Utah State decided not to wait until the 2010 football season to hold the ceremony; he was able to attend the game, but did not speak  A sculpture of Olsen was unveiled in a plaza south of the stadium during an official dedication ceremony in Fall 2010 In 1979, Olsen was inducted into the Utah Sports Hall of Fame In 1980, Olsen was inducted into the National College Football Hall of Fame In 1998, Olsen was inducted into the Utah Tourism Hall of Fame Olsen was voted to the California Sports Hall of Fame Class of 2010, along with Bill Walton, Dwight Stones, and Jim Otto, among others In 1983, Olsen served as Grand Marshal of the Rose Parade 

Personal life
On March 30, 1962, Olsen married Susan Wakley, a fellow USU student  They had three children: Kelly, Jill, and Nathan  
Olsen was a member of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, and a resident of San Marino, California Olsen was diagnosed with peritoneal mesothelioma in 2009, and underwent three courses of chemotherapy  In December 2009, he filed a lawsuit against 25 defendants including NBC Studios, NBC Universal, 20th Century Fox, Georgia Pacific, Sherwin-Williams, and Lennox Corp  for allegedly exposing him to the asbestos which he claimed had caused his cancer Olsen died on March 11, 2010, at City of Hope National Medical Center in Duarte, California, at the age of 69 Olsen is buried at San Gabriel Cemetery in San Gabriel, California 

Filmography
Film
Television



ground_truth: 1909

prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: The 1958 Pro Bowl was played at the California stadium that is the home for which college?

The following are given passages.
Context 4:   However, poet and author Katha Pollitt notes, "It is hard to classify Anne Tyler's novels   They are Southern in their sure sense of family and place but lack the taste for violence and the Gothic that often characterizes self-consciously southern literature   They are modern in their fictional techniques, yet utterly unconcerned with contemporary moment as a subject, so that, with only minor dislocations, her stories could just as well have taken place in twenties or thirties "It is also difficult to classify Tyler in terms of themes; as she herself notes, "I don't think of my work in terms of themes   I'm just trying to tell a story "  Tyler goes on to say, "Any large 'questions of life' that emerge in my novels are accidental—not a reason for writing the novel in the first place but either (1) questions that absorb my characters, quite apart from me, or (2) on occasion, questions that may be thematic to my own life at the moment, even if I'm not entirely aware of them  Answers, if they come, come from the characters' experiences, not from mine, and I often find myself viewing those answers with a sort of distant, bemused surprise "

Characters and detailed descriptions
In Tyler's works, the characters are the driving forces behind the stories and the starting point for her writing:  "I do make a point of writing down every imaginable facet of my characters before I begin a book, trying to get to know them so I can figure out how they'll react in any situation     My reason for writing now is to live lives other than my own, and I do that by burrowing deeper and deeper     till I reach the center of those lives "The magic of her novels starts with her ability to create those characters in the reader's mind through the use of remarkably realistic details   As early as 1976, Pollitt described her skill in this way: "Tyler [is] polishing brighter and brighter a craft many novelists no longer deem essential to their purpose: the unfolding of character through brilliantly imagined and absolutely accurate detail "  Twelve years later, Michiko Kakutani, in her review of Breathing Lessons, extolled "her ability to select details that reveal precisely how her characters feel and think" and her "gift for sympathy, for presenting each character's case with humor and compassion "  Kakutani later went on to note that "each character in Saint Maybe has been fully rendered, fleshed out with a palpable interior life, and each has been fit, like a hand-sawed jigsaw-puzzle piece, into the matrix of family life " Carol Shields, also writing about her characters, observes: "Tyler has always put her characters to work  Their often humble or eccentric occupations, carefully observed and threaded with humor, are tightly sewn to the other parts of their lives, offering them the mixed benefit of tedium and consolation, as well as a lighted stage for the unfolding of their dramatic selves  She also allows her men and women an opportunity for redemption "Tyler has clearly spelled out the importance of her characters to her stories:  "As far as I'm concerned, character is everything  I never did see why I have to throw in a plot, too "  In an earlier (1977) interview, she stated that "the real joy of writing is how people can surprise one  My people wander around my study until the novel is done  It's one reason I'm very careful not to write about people I don't like  If I find somebody creeping in that I'm not really fond of, I usually take him out "  Pollitt had even earlier noted how Tyler's characters seem to take on a life of their own that she doesn't seem to totally control: "Her complex, crotchety inventions surprise us, but one senses they surprise her too "

Realism through details
Just as Tyler is difficult to categorize as a novelist, it is also challenging to label her style  Novelist Cathleen Schine describes how her "style without a style" manages to pull the reader into the story: "So rigorous and artful is the style without a style, so measured and delicate is each observation, so complex is the structure and so astute and open the language, that the reader can relax, feel secure in the narrative and experience the work as something real and natural -- even inevitable "  The San Francisco Chronicle made a similar point: "One does not so much read a Tyler novel as visit it  Her ability to conduct several conversations at once while getting the food to the table turns the act of reading into a kind of transport "  Reviewer Tom Shone put it this way: "You're involved before you ever notice you were paying attention " Joyce Carol Oates, in her review of The Amateur Marriage, perhaps described the phenomenon best: "When the realistic novel works its magic, you won't simply have read about the experiences of fictitious characters, you will have seemed to have lived them; your knowledge of their lives transcends their own, for they can only live in chronological time  The experience of reading such fiction when it's carefully composed can be breathtaking, like being given the magical power of reliving passages of our own lives, indecipherable at the time of being lived "

Focus on family and marriage
While Tyler herself does not like to think of her novels in terms of themes, numerous reviewers and scholars have noted the importance of family and marriage relationships to her characters and stories  Liesl Schillinger summarized: "Taken together, the distinct but overlapping worlds of her novels have formed a Sensurround literary record of the 20th century American family—or, at least, of the proud but troubled archetypal families that     interested her most " New York Times critic Michiko Kakutani has been reviewing Tyler's novels for over 25 years  She has frequently noted Tyler's themes with regard to family and marriage  Reviewing Noah's Compass, Kakutani states that "the central concern of most of this author's characters has always been their need to define themselves in terms of family — the degree to which they see themselves as creatures shaped by genetics, childhood memories and parental and spousal expectations, and the degree to which they are driven to embrace independent identities of their own "  This is an example of where Anne Tyler got some of her characteristics from, being able to be independent and get to know herself through her writing 
Reviewing Saint Maybe, Jay Parini describes how Tyler's characters must deal with "Ms  Tyler's oddball families, which any self-respecting therapist would call 'dysfunctional'      An inexplicable centripetal force hurls these relatives upon one another, catches them in a dizzying inward spiral of obligation, affection and old-fashioned guilt—as well as an inexpressible longing for some perfect or "normal" family in a distant past that never really was   Almost every novel by Anne Tyler begins with a loss or absence that reactivates in the family some primordial sense of itself " Larry McMurtry wrote, "in book after book, siblings are drawn inexorably back home, as if their parents or (more often) grandparents had planted tiny magnets in them which can be activated once they have seen what the extrafamilial world is like      sooner or later a need to be with people who are really familiar – their brothers and sisters – overwhelms them "Novelist Julia Glass has similarly written about Tyler's characters' families: "What makes each story distinctive is the particular way its characters rebel against hereditary confines, cope with fateful crises or forge relationships with new acquaintances who rock their world "  In the same way, Glass mentions the frequent role of marriage struggles in her work: "Once again, Tyler exhibits her genius for the incisive, savory portrayal of marriage, of the countless perverse ways in which two individuals sustain a shared existence "  McMurtry puts it this way, "The fates of [Tyler's] families hinge on long struggles between semiattentive males and semiobsessed females  In her patient investigation of such struggles, Miss Tyler has produced a very satisfying body of fiction 

Passage of time and the role of small, chance events
The role of the passage of time and its impact on Tyler's characters is always present   The stories in many of her novels span decades, if only by flashbacks   Joyce Carol Oates emphasized the role of time in this manner: "[Tyler's novels] move at times as if plotless in the meandering drift of actual life, it is time itself that constitutes "plot": meaning is revealed through a doubling-back upon time in flashes of accumulated memory, those heightened moments which James Joyce aptly called epiphanies  The minutiae of family life can yield a startling significance seen from the right perspective, as Tyler shows us "  With regard to those minutiae, Tyler herself comments: "As for huge events vs  small events: I believe they all count   They all reveal character, which is the factor that most concerns me     It does fascinate me, though, that small details can be so meaningful "Kakutani described Saint Maybe in a similar manner: "Moving back and forth among the points of view of various characters, Ms  Tyler traces two decades in the lives of the Bedloes, showing us the large and small events that shape family members' lives and the almost imperceptible ways in which feelings of familial love and obligation mutate over the years "  Again in her review of Breathing Lessons, Kakutani perceives that "she is able, with her usual grace and magnanimity, to chronicle the ever-shifting covenants made by parents and children, husbands and wives, and in doing so, to depict both the losses – and redemptions – wrought by the passage of time "
Tyler herself further weighs in upon how small events can impact relationships: "I love to think about chance -- about how one little overheard word, one pebble in a shoe, can change the universe     The real heroes to me in my books are first the ones who manage to endure "

Criticism
Tyler is not without her critics   The most common criticism is that her works are "sentimental," "sweet," and "charming and cosy "  John Blades, literary critic for the Chicago Tribune, skewered The Accidental Tourist (as well as all her earlier novels) as "artificially sweet" and "unrealistic "  The Observer's Adam Mars-Jones stated, in his review of The Amateur Marriage: "Tyler seems to be offering milk and cookies "  Kakutani has also occasionally bemoaned a "cloying cuteness," noting that "her novels—with their eccentric heroes, their homespun details, their improbable, often heartwarming plots—have often flirted with cuteness "In a 2012 interview, Tyler responded to such criticisms: "For one thing I think it is sort of true  I would say piss and vinegar for [Philip] Roth and for me milk and cookies  I can't deny it     [However] there's more edge under some of my soft language than people realize "  Because almost all of Tyler's work covers the same territory—family and marriage relationships—and are located in the same setting, she has come under criticism for being repetitive and formulaic   Reviewing The Patchwork Planet, Kakutani states: "Ms  Tyler's earlier characters tended to be situated within a thick matrix of finely nuanced familial relationships that helped define both their dreams and their limitations; the people in this novel, in contrast, seem much more like lone wolves, pulled this way and that by the author's puppet strings     Ms  Tyler's famous ability to limn the daily minutiae of life also feels weary and formulaic this time around     As for the little details Ms  Tyler sprinkles over her story     they, too, have a paint-by-numbers touch  They add up to a patchwork novel that feels hokey, mechanical     and yes, too cute Tyler has also been criticized for her male characters' "Sad Sack" nature and their "lack of testosterone "  Tyler has disagreed with this criticism: "Oh that always bothers me so much   I don't think they are wimps   People are always saying we understand you write about quirky characters, and I think, isn't everybody quirky? If you look very closely at anybody you'll find impediments, women and men both "

Work habits
Over the last couple of decades, Tyler has been quite forthcoming about her work habits—both in written articles and in interviews   She is very disciplined and consistent about her work schedule and environment   She starts work in the early morning and generally works until 2 pm   Since she moved to the Roland Park neighborhood of Baltimore, she has used a small, orderly corner room in her house, where the only distractions are the sounds of "children playing outside and birds "  She has noted that at the beginning of her day, taking the first step—that is, entering her corner room—can be difficult and daunting   She begins her writing by reviewing her previous days' work and then by sitting and staring off into space for a time   She describes this phase of writing as an "extension of daydreaming," and it focuses on her characters Over the years Tyler has kept files of note cards in which ideas and observations have been recorded   Characters, descriptions, and scenes often emerge from these notes   She says the act of putting words to paper for her is a "very mechanical process," involving a number of steps: (1) writing first in long hand on unlined paper, (2) revising long hand versions, (3) typing the entire manuscript, (4) re-writing in long hand, (5) reading into a tape-recorder while listening for "false notes," (6) playing back into a stenographer's machine using the pause button to enter changes   She can be quite organized, going so far as to map out floor plans of houses and to outline the chronology of all the characters in a given novel In 2013, Tyler gave the following advice to beginning writers: "They should run out and buy the works of Erving Goffman, the sociologist who studied the meaning of gesture in personal interactions   I have cause to think about Erving Goffman nearly every day of my life, every time I see people do something unconscious that reveals more than they'll ever know about their interiors   Aren't human beings intriguing? I could go on writing about them forever "

Bibliography
Novels
If Morning Ever Comes (1964)
The Tin Can Tree (1965)
A Slipping-Down Life (1970)
The Clock Winder (1972)
Celestial Navigation (1974)
Searching for Caleb (1975)
Earthly Possessions (1977)
Morgan's Passing (1980)
Dinner at the Homesick Restaurant (1982)
The Accidental Tourist (1985)
Breathing Lessons (1988)
Saint Maybe (1991)
Ladder of Years (1995)
A Patchwork Planet (1998)
Back When We Were Grownups (2001)
The Amateur Marriage (2004)
Digging to America (2006)
Noah's Compass (2009)
The Beginner's Goodbye (2012)
A Spool of Blue Thread (2015)
Vinegar Girl (2016)
Clock Dance (2018)
Redhead by the Side of the Road (2020)
French Braid (2022)

Other
Tumble Tower (1993) A children's book illustrated by her daughter Mitra Modarressi
Timothy Tugbottom Says No! (2005) A children's book illustrated by Mitra Modarressi

Uncollected stories
Although Tyler's short stories have been published in The New Yorker, The Saturday Evening Post, Redbook, McCall's, and Harper's, they have not been published as a collection  Her stories include:

"A Street of Bugles," The Saturday Evening Post, November 30, 1963
"Dry Water," The Southern Review, Spring 1965
"I'm Not Going to Ask You Again," Harper's, September 1965
"As the Earth Gets Old," The New Yorker, October 29, 1966
"The Genuine Fur Eyelashes," Mademoiselle, January 1967
"The Tea-Machine," The Southern Review, Winter 1967
"The Feather Behind the Rock," The New Yorker, August 12, 1967
"Who Would Want a Little Boy?" Ladies Home Journal, May 1968
"The Common Courtesies," McCall's, June 1968—and The O  Henry Prize Stories 1969
"With All Flags Flying," Redbook, June 1971—and The O  Henry Prize Stories 1972
"Spending," Shenandoah, Winter 1973
"The Base-Metal Egg," The Southern Review, Summer 1973
"Neutral Ground," Family Circle, November 1974
"Half-Truths and Semi-Miracles," Cosmopolitan, December 1974
"A Knack for Languages," The New Yorker, January 13, 1975
"The Artificial Family," The Southern Review, Summer 1975
"The Geologist's Maid," The New Yorker, July 28, 1975
"Some Sign That I Ever Made You Happy," McCall's, October 1975
"Your Place Is Empty," The New Yorker, November 22, 1976—and Best American Short Stories 1977
"Holding Things Together", The New Yorker, January 24, 1977
"Average Waves in Unprotected Waters," The New Yorker, February 28, 1977
"Foot-Footing On," Mademoiselle, November 1977
"Uncle Ahmad," Quest, November–December 1977
"Teenage Wasteland," Seventeen, (1983)

Film adaptations
The Accidental Tourist (1988)
Breathing Lessons (TV) (1994)
Saint Maybe (TV) (1998)
A Slipping-Down Life (1999)
Earthly Possessions (TV) (1999)
Back When We Were Grownups (TV) (2004)

Awards
Tyler has been a member of the American Academy of Arts and Letters since 1983 for Morgan's Passing (1980):

Janet Heidinger Kafka Prize for Fiction
nominated, American Book Award for Fiction
nominated, National Book Critics Circle Award for Fictionfor Dinner at the Homesick Restaurant (1982):

Finalist, Pulitzer Prize for Fiction
Finalist, PEN/Faulkner Award
Finalist, American Book Award for Fictionfor The Accidental Tourist (1985):

1985 National Book Critics Circle Award for Fiction
1986 Ambassador Book Award for Fiction
Finalist, Pulitzer Prize for Fictionfor Breathing Lessons (1988):

Pulitzer Prize for Fiction (1989)
Time's "Book of the Year"for Ladder of Years (1995):

Finalist, The Orange Prize for Fiction 1996for Digging to America (2006):

Finalist, The Orange Prize for Fiction 2007for A Spool of Blue Thread (2015):

Finalist, The Man Booker Prize 2015
Finalist, The Baileys Women's Prize for Fiction 2015for Redhead By the Side of the Road (2020):

Longlist, The Man Booker Prize 2020for Lifetime achievement:

Finalist, The Man Booker International Prize 2011
The Sunday Times Award for Literary Excellence 2012
Passage 6:
Dinner at the Homesick Restaurant
Dinner at the Homesick Restaurant is a 1982 novel by Anne Tyler, set in Baltimore, Maryland  It is Tyler's ninth novel  In 1983 it was a finalist for the Pulitzer Prize, the National Book Award, and the PEN/Faulkner Award  Tyler considers it her best work 
The book follows the lives of three siblings: Cody, Ezra, and Jenny, and explores their experiences and recollections of growing up with their mother, Pearl, after the family is deserted by their father, Beck  The novel ends with Pearl's funeral, and a surprise occurrence 
The novel examines how siblings may share the same events yet experience them differently; e g  Cody remembers his childhood as a harsh time  He blames himself for his father abandoning him and considers himself left to the mercy of an angry mother who favors Ezra  Meanwhile, Ezra remembers his childhood fondly and creates a nostalgic family-themed restaurant 

Plot
Pearl Tull is a rigid perfectionist  She has three children with her husband, traveling salesman Beck, who abandons the family  After Beck leaves, Pearl struggles to maintain a front as if nothing is wrong at all  Cody, the oldest, is wild and adventurous, but is envious of his brother Ezra, who he believes is Pearl's favorite  As they grow up, this plays out in endless pranks  Ezra is passive, and never tries to get back at Cody  He is nurturing and sweet, traits that often interest Cody's girlfriends, furthering Cody's resentment  Ezra goes to work at a restaurant, which he later manages and ultimately inherits, while Cody becomes a wealthy and successful efficiency expert  When Ezra becomes engaged to Ruth, his star cook, Cody becomes obsessed with luring her away, and ultimately succeeds, but his marriage to Ruth is not easy  Ezra never recovers, and remains at home with Pearl; he is a caregiver, both for Pearl and his customers, but this is underlain by sadness 
Jenny is the third child and the most scholarly of the Tulls, but in college, she marries on an impulse with unhappy results  Only in her third marriage to a man with six children whose wife has abandoned him does she find stability in family life and in her successful, if harried, career as a pediatrician 
A recurring scene in the novel involves Ezra's unsuccessful attempts to bring the family together for a meal at his "Homesick Restaurant", reflecting his desire to unite and mend the family  At Pearl's funeral, Beck returns to the family for the first time  However, they  never seem to be able to get through a single dinner without conflict, this time with Cody facing down his father, causing Beck to leave in the middle of the dinner  Ultimately, the entire family searches the town to find Beck, eventually bringing him back to the restaurant to finish their meal together 

Reviews
Benjamin DeMott, wrote in his 1982 New York Times book review:  "Dinner at the Homesick Restaurant is a book to be settled into fully    Funny, heart-hammering, wise, it edges deep into truth that's simultaneously (and interdependently) psychological, moral and formal - deeper than many living novelists of serious reputation have penetrated, deeper than Miss Tyler herself has gone before  It is a border crossing    
"On its face Dinner at the Homesick Restaurant is a book about the costs of parental truancy  None of the three Tull children manages to cut loose from the family past; each is, to a degree, stunted; each turns for help to Pearl Tull in an hour of desperate adult need; and Pearl's conviction that something's wrong with each of them never recedes from the reader's consciousness  But no small measure of the book's subtlety derives from its exceptional - and exceptionally wise, the word bears repeating - clarity about the uselessness of cost accounting in human areas such as these    The behavior and feelings of all three are linked somehow with the terrible, never-explained rupture: their father's disappearance    But it's also the case that what is best in each of these people, as in their mother, has its roots in the experience of deprivation that they jointly despise   We arrive at an understanding that the important lessons taught by adversity never quite make themselves known to the consciousness of the learners - remain hidden, inexpressible 
"What one wants to do on finishing such a work as Dinner at the Homesick Restaurant is maintain balance, keep things intact for a stretch, stay under the spell as long as feasible    We're speaking, obviously, about an extremely beautiful book "John Updike, in his 1982 review in The New Yorker, wrote, “[Anne Tyler's] art needed only the darkening that would give her beautifully shaped sketches solidity    In her ninth novel, she has arrived at a new level of power ”Margaret Manning of The Boston Globe thought that Dinner at the Homesick Restaurant is "a book that should join those few that every literate person should read    You surface from this marvelous novel as if from the bends, lungs nearly bursting, tears rattling on the page "
Passage 7:
Steven Zwicker
Steven Nathan Zwicker (born June 4, 1943) is an American literary scholar and the Stanley Elkin Professor in the Humanities in Arts and Sciences at Washington University in St  Louis 

Biography
Zwicker is an expert on Restoration-era English literature and politics and is the author of Dryden's Political Poetry: The Typology of King and Nation (1972), Politics and Language in Dryden's Poetry: The Arts of Disguise (1984), and Lines of Authority: Politics and English Literary Culture, 1649-1689 (1993)  He has edited six volumes and published more than two dozen essays in journals and volumes in the United States and abroad 
Zwicker was born in San Diego, California  He received his BA from the University of California, Los Angeles (1965) and his MA (1966) and PhD (1969) from Brown University  He was a Woodrow Wilson Scholar at Brown University when he earned his PhD  He has been a member of the Washington University faculty since 1969 

Bibliography
Works
Dryden's Political Poetry: The Typology of King and Nation  Providence, RI: Brown University Press, 1972 
Politics and Language in Dryden's Poetry: The Arts of Disguise  Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1984 
Lines of Authority: Politics and English Literary Culture, 1649-1689  Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1993 

As editor or contributor
Politics of Discourse: The Literature and History of Seventeenth-Century England  Edited by Kevin Sharpe and Steven N  Zwicker  Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 1987 
The Cambridge Companion to English Literature, 1650-1740  Edited by Steven N  Zwicker  Cambridge, UK; New York: Cambridge University Press, 1998 
Refiguring Revolutions: Aesthetics and Politics from the English Revolution to the Romantic Revolution  Edited by Kevin Sharpe and Steven N  Zwicker  Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 1998 
John Dryden: A Tercentenary Miscellany  Edited by Susan Green and Steven N  Zwicker  San Marino, CA: Huntington Library, 2001 
Reading, Society, and Politics in Early Modern England  Edited by Kevin Sharpe and Steven N  Zwicker  Cambridge, UK; New York: Cambridge University Press, 2003 
The Cambridge Companion to John Dryden  Edited by Steven N  Zwicker  Cambridge, UK; New York: Cambridge University Press, 2004 
Passage 8:
Gwyn Avenue–Bridge Street Historic District
Gwyn Avenue–Bridge Street Historic District is a national historic district located at Elkin, Surry County, North Carolina  The district encompasses 124 contributing buildings and 1 contributing site in a predominantly residential section of Elkin   They were primarily built between about 1891 and 1955 and include notable examples of Queen Anne, Colonial Revival, and Bungalow / American Craftsman architecture  Notable buildings include the Elkin Presbyterian Church (1937, 1944, 1950, 1955, 1961), First Baptist Church (1955, 1968), Alexander Martin Smith House (1893–1897) designed by George Franklin Barber, the Gwyn-Chatham-Gwyn House (c  1872, 1911, 1936), Richard Gwyn Smith House (c  1918), and Mason Lillard House (c  1910) It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 2007 
Passage 9:
Mrs  Ted Bliss
Mrs  Ted Bliss is a 1995 novel by American author Stanley Elkin, published by Hyperion Books  It concerns the last eventful years in the life of an old widow  Elkin won the 1995 National Book Critics Circle Award in the fiction category for this work 

Plot
Mrs  Dorothy Bliss is an old woman in her early 80s living alone in a retirement community near Miami Beach, Florida, after her husband's death due to cancer  She was born in Russia and is Jewish  Her mother bribed an immigration officer and added three years to her age on legal documents in order that she could start working in Manhattan's Lower East Side after their immigration  Her husband, Ted Bliss, had a butcher shop in Chicago and together they had three kids  Her oldest son dies of cancer at a young age and after her husband's retirement, the couple moved to Florida  She is obsessed with cleaning and also keeps records of the gifts given to her grandchildren in order to keep track and stay impartial with everyone The single life of Mrs  Bliss is now filled with expectations of finding a romance or a partner but eventually she is disappointed and heartbroken  She gets involved with Alcibiades Chitral, a drug lord who operates in her neighborhood, and starts using her and her husband's car as a front for his activities  The story keeps introducing various new men in her life, such as Hector Camerando, a jai alai pro who helps Mrs  Bliss with some tips on dogs, and Tommy Auveristas, an imposter  Junior Yellin, a once upon a time lover with whom Mrs  Bliss had had a passionate encounter in her husband's butcher shop, also makes a re-entry into her life  She eventually dies when Hurricane Andrew hits Miami and brings massive destruction 

Publication
Following Elkin's death on 31 May 1995 at age 65, the novel was released posthumously on 7 September 1995  Elkin had published ten novels, five short-story collections, and various novellas and non-fiction articles in various magazines and papers during the course of his writing career, which began in the 1950s 

Review and reception
Kirkus Reviews writes that Elkin makes readers believe that the novel has a plot when drug dealers are introduced in it  However, "there isn't so much a plot as an accumulation of detail about Mrs  Bliss"  Elkin's "long poetic sentences about seemingly mundane minutiae" later bring substance to the character of Mrs  Bliss  Walter Goodman, a television critic for The New York Times, mentions in his review that "[the book] may not be Stanley Elkin's best, but it is a smart, generous, melancholy, funny, even elegiac work by a prodigious practitioner"  Publishers Weekly writes that "Elkin is at his best here, blessed with the gift of one-liner insight and a definite, if reluctantly exercised, ability to tug on a reader's heartstrings" 

Awards
Elkin won the 1995 National Book Critics Circle Award in the fiction category for the novel  The book was nominated along with Independence Day (by Richard Ford),  Galatea 2 2 (by Richard Powers), Moo (by Jane Smiley), and The Tent of Orange Mist (by Paul West)  Elkin had earlier won in the same category for his 1982 novel George Mills 
Passage 10:
George Mills (novel)
George Mills is a 1982 novel by American author Stanley Elkin, published by E  P  Dutton  The novel, set in five parts, tells the family history of succeeding generations of characters named George Mills  The story covers more than 1,000 years from the First Crusade in Europe to the Ottoman Empire to present-day America  Elkin won the 1982 National Book Critics Circle Award in the fiction category for the novel  Elkin mentioned George Mills as one of his favorite novels  The novel is considered Elkin's "longest and most complexly organized work" : 189

Plot
The first George Mills sets out on a journey with his lord on the First Crusade  But he eventually gets lost in the Netherlands and reaches a salt mine in Poland  His lord at the mines is Guillalume, who teaches him some life lessons  Mills becomes aware of what is written in his fate and this helps him understand the walks of life in this world in a better manner  Despite having the knowledge of what would happen in the future, his timidity and powerlessness does not bring out any situation-changing effects  
The novel covers the history of succeeding family members named George Mills and all of them are aware of their fates and equally feeble and ineffective in changing their circumstances  The 43rd Mills encounters King George IV and is assigned on a diplomatic mission to Constantinople, where he first joins the Janissaries but later ends up in the Ottoman Sultan's harem doing household chores  He escapes from there and reaches America  The present-day Mills in America is a caretaker of an old woman named Judith Glazer in St  Louis, who is in the final stages of terminal cancer  Mills accompanies Glazer to Mexico and upon her death participates in her funeral together with her family 

Publication
Elkin worked for over seven years writing George Mills and by the end of its completion, he felt exhausted and insisted this would be his last fictional work  But after watching a British news report of how terminally ill children had a memorable experience at Disneyland, he wrote his next novel, The Magic Kingdom (1985), and dedicated it to his son who had died young from a medical ailment after lengthy treatments George Mills was published on 25 October 1982  In 1989, Elkin mentioned that several sections of George Mills had been adapted from the 1936 novel Absalom, Absalom! by William Faulkner  He also mentioned that in writing the novel, he came to realise "that I was a novelist, that anything I say is a part of this novel is a part of this novel" : 194

Review and reception
Kirkus Reviews called the novel "a leaky collection of parts rather than one whole strong book" but said it was required reading for connoisseurs of comic fiction  The New York Times reviewer Leslie Epstein complimented "the novel's fine writing, flashes of humor and memorable heroine", but felt that the plot was "out of control"  Brad Owens of The Christian Science Monitor praised the novel for its "energetic entertainment" and said that it "sometimes overpowers its more serious intentions" 

Awards
Elkin won the 1982 National Book Critics Circle Award in the fiction category for the novel   The novel was nominated along with Levitation: Five Fictions (by Cynthia Ozick), Dinner at the Homesick Restaurant (by Anne Tyler),  The Color Purple (by Alice Walker), and Shiloh and Other Stories (by Bobbie Ann Mason)  Elkin also won the award in 1995 for his novel Mrs  Ted Bliss 



ground_truth: University of Southern California