prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: Which filmmaker was known for animation, Lev Yilmaz or Pamela B. Green?

The following are given passages.
Context 1: Passage 1:
Pamela B  Green
Pamela B  Green is a two-time Emmy-nominated, award-winning American film director and producer known for her work in feature film titles and motion graphics  She is the director, writer, editor and producer of the documentary Be Natural: The Untold Story of Alice Guy-Blaché  In 2020, she was awarded the Jane Mercer Researcher of the Year award at the FOCAL International awards for her work on Be Natural 

PIC Collective
In 2005, Green co-founded PIC Collective, an audiovisual communications studio focused on entertainment and motion design  PIC Collective designs and produces content for motion pictures, television, and commercials, and has done main title sequences for over 100 feature films and for every major Hollywood studio  Since PIC Collective's founding, Green has creative-directed and produced main titles and marketing campaigns for The Kingdom, Twilight, The Cabin in the Woods, The Muppets, 42, and numerous others, as well as TV show packages for the Academy Awards, the Billboard Awards, the Critics’ Choice Awards, and the mini-documentary sequences for VH1ʼs Soul Divas: History of Soul Music The title sequence for The Kingdom was honored with a place on the Independent Film Channel's list “The 50 Greatest Opening Title Sequences of All Time”  PIC Collective was also awarded a 2013 Key Art Award in Audio/Visual Technique for the titles of The Wolverine On November 21, 2019, PIC Collective won Silver for a Clio Award in the category best Audio Visual Technique in Motion Graphics 

Be Natural
In 2012, Green began working on Be Natural: The Untold Story of Alice Guy-Blaché, a feature-length documentary about the first female film director  Green produced, directed, wrote and edited the documentary with executive producer Robert Redford  In 2013, Green and her team raised over $200,000 via Kickstarter to further fund the documentary   
In addition, Green was a recipient of the Sundance Institute Documentary Fund  The film premiered in the Official Selection of Cannes Classics 2018 and then had its North American premiere at the Telluride Film Festival, followed by the Deauville American Film Festival, New York Film Festival, and the BFI London film Festival  It was acquired by Zeitgeist Films in association with Kino Lorber and was released in theaters in April 2019  The film was well-received by most critics, with Deadline's Pete Hammond calling it "the Best Film In Cannes" and Katie Walsh for the Los Angeles Times calling it "illuminating"  Be Natural was nominated by the Critics Choice Documentary Awards in the  Best First Documentary Category  Be Natural was recently awarded Best Documentary at the 2020 Vancouver International Women in Film Festival  On November 17, 2019, after a screening of the film at the Barrymore Film Center, the Fort Lee Film Commission awarded director Pamela B  Green with the Barrymore Film Center Alice Guy-Blaché Award and narrator Jodie Foster with the Barrymore Film Center Award 
Be Natural was nominated for five awards at the 2020 FOCAL International Awards and took home the prize for Best Use of Footage in a Cinematic Feature and the Jane Mercer Researcher of the Year Award 
In December, the film was named one of the 50 Best Films of 2020 in the UK by The Guardian  
Later in December, the film was named one of the 10 Best Documentaries in Peter Bradshaw's film picks of 2020 In 2021, Be Natural was nominated for a Peabody Award 

Legwork Collective
In 2018, Green founded Legwork Collective, a media company that focuses on telling inspiring and moving scripted and unscripted stories that bring overlooked figures to the forefront via film, television, and audio In 2020, Legwork Collective received a grant from The Redford Center to direct a nonpartisan Public Service Announcement encouraging young people to Take Action and Vote!

Filmmaker
Green directed the 2008 short Compact Only, which was nominated for Best Short at the Milan International Film Festival, for the Audience Award in the Fresno Film Festival, Best Short at the Beverly Hills Shorts Festival, and for the Best Short at The Int'l Fest of Cinema and Technology  The film won Best Short at the Tallahassee Film Festival, Best Short at the Treasure Coast International Film Festival, Accolade Film Award Winner, Best Comedy Short at the Gone With the Film Festival, Winner Aloha Accolade Award Honolulu, and much more 
Green was a co-producer on the 2010 documentary Bhutto about the 11th Prime Minister of Pakistan, Benazir Bhutto 
In 2011, Green directed the music video for The Click Five's song “Don’t Let Me Go”, which was created in partnership with MTV EXIT and featured a message to raise awareness about human trafficking 
In 2012, Green directed a commercial for Super-Max Razors which starred actor Gerard Butler In 2012, Bhutto was nominated for an Emmy for Outstanding Continuing Coverage of a News Story – Long Form In 2014, Green was included in Saul Bass's book Anatomy of Film Design, listing her as being part of a "wholly digitally trained generation of title designers "In 2014, Green was selected to serve as a juror for Excellence in Title Design category at the 2014 South by Southwest Film Festival In 2016, Green directed an Audi commercial 
In 2016, Green was selected to serve as a judge for The Motion Awards for motionographer com In 2018, Green's documentary Be Natural: The Untold Story of Alice Guy-Blaché premiered at Cannes 
In 2020, Green directed the nonpartisan PSA, Take Action and Vote! for the Redford Center In 2021, Green's documentary Be Natural: The Untold Story of Alice Guy-Blaché was nominated for a Peabody In 2021, Be Natural was nominated for an Emmy for Outstanding Research:Documentary Green is currently working with co-writer Joan Simon and co-producer Cosima Littlewood on a feature biopic script about the mother of cinema, Alice Guy-Blaché, which will feature new material not seen in the documentary Be Natural Green has also developed Aces Never Sleep, a female-driven detective series, with Jamie Wolf's Foothill Productions and former CAA agent John Ptak, and they are in talks with different financiers  The series takes place during a pandemic, social unrest, economic crisis, racism and a polarized America   Kate Warn and her team of lady operatives are behind the true origins of the Pinkerton Detective Agency, founded by fervent abolitionist Allan Pinkerton  Historical figures appear throughout the series, including Frederick Douglass and Abraham Lincoln, notably when the agency's most valued Ace Kate Warn and fellow detectives thwart an assassination attempt on the President-Elect 

Awards and accolades
Selected filmography
See also
Alice Guy-Blaché
Passage 2:
Anani ben Sason
Rabbi Anani ben Sason (Hebrew: רבי ענני בר ששון; also called 'Anani, 'Inani, and 'Inyani) was a Jewish Talmudist who lived in the Land of Israel in the third century (third generation of amoraim) 

Teachings
He was a contemporary of Rabbi Ammi  He rarely discussed Halakhot, and his discussions of them were not original  Once he recited a Halakhah in the patriarch's mansion, without naming its author, which provoked Ammi to ask: "Is it his own? It is what Rabbi Eleazar had reported in the name of Rabbi Oshaiah" In aggadah, he sometimes reported the sayings of others, but more often he was original  Thus, to explain the juxtaposition of the laws of sacrifice and priestly vestments, he argues that the priestly vestments were to provide atonement just as the sacrifices do  He represents the miter as atoning for haughtiness, and cites R  Chanina as saying, "That which rests highest on the priest atones for one's considering himself high"; and similarly with the rest of the priestly garments Referring to God's appearance in the burning bush he remarks, "The Holy One—blessed be He!—said to Moses, 'When I will it, one of my angels stretches forth his hand from heaven and reaches to the ground,' as Scripture says, 'He put forth the form of a hand, and took me by a lock of my head'; and when it so pleases me, I make three angels sit under one tree; when I choose, my glory fills the universe, as it is written, 'Do I not fill heaven and earth? says the Lord'; and when I so willed, I spoke to Job in a whirlwind, as it is said "The Lord answered Job out of the whirlwind"" The same idea, though in different form, is found elsewhere in the name of R  Chanina b  Issi (Sissi)  As the name of the subject of this article is sometimes written 'Inani and also 'Inyani—which forms are dialectic variations of Chanina, though with the initial aleph instead of ayin—the circumstance probably suggested the identity of the two names  But this identification meets with insuperable chronological difficulties, Chanina b  Sissi being a contemporary of Johanan, while 'Anani was younger even than Johanan's pupils 
Isaac Reichlin aptly suggests that Anani's real name was Ananiel, as it is still preserved in Exodus Rabbah 3:7, and that its apocopated form was adopted to avoid the mention of the name "El" (God) in common speech 
Passage 3:
Lev Yilmaz
Levni Yilmaz (born 1973) is an American independent film maker, artist and publisher, best known for his "Tales of Mere Existence" animated comic series  He is based in San Francisco 

Early life
Yilmaz was born in Boston, Massachusetts to parents Karen Carlson and physicist Hüseyin Yılmaz (the author of the Yilmaz theory of gravitation)  He is of Turkish and Swedish descent He attended art school in Boston before he moved to San Francisco in 1998 

Tales of Mere Existence
The "Tales of Mere Existence" series began in 2002 as a series of animated comics that were shown at film festivals 
Each video in the "Tales of Mere Existence" series shows a series of static cartoons, which appear gradually as if being drawn by an invisible hand   Yilmaz' technique is inspired by the French documentary The Mystery of Picasso (1956), which similarly shows Picasso's paintings appearing from the other side 
Yilmaz writes, draws, films, edits, and narrates all of the "Tales of Mere Existence" videos  He often recounts personal anecdotes and observations and discusses his views on interpersonal relationships, society and human behavior  His videos are told from a rather pessimistic viewpoint and  tend to have a sarcastic undertone 
In 2003, Yilmaz began to sell DVDs that contained some of his short comic films  Along with the DVD came the first print version of the "Tales of Mere Existence" book  Over the next six years, Yilmaz published three more books, as his fan base grew to thousands  His first official book, Sunny Side Down, was published by Simon & Schuster in 2009 

Popularity
In recent years Yilmaz gained a large fan base with millions of followers around his animated comics on YouTube  He uses this online popularity to promote his books and DVDs, which are sold from his personal website  
Yilmaz has made appearances in New York for events such as Rooftop Film Festival, performing live readings from his books 
In October 2010, his comic God was featured on Franco-German TV Network arte  In December 2010 A Few of My High School Teachers  aired on Showtime 

Publications
Tales of Mere ExistenceTales of Mere Existence I (2003)
Tales of Mere Existence II (2004)
The 7 Habits of Highly Negative People (2006)
Sunny Side Down (2009)
The Doom Room (2013)
Passage 4:
AES+F
AES+F is a collective of four Russian artists: Tatiana Arzamasova (born 1955), Lev Evzovich (born 1958), Evgeny Svyatsky (born 1957), and Vladimir Fridkes (born 1956)  It was first formed as AES Group in 1987 by Arzamasova, Evzovich, and Svyatsky, becoming AES+F when Fridkes joined in 1995  The collective works in photography, video, installation, and animation, as well as more traditional media, such as painting, drawing, and sculpture  AES+F's early work included performance, installation, painting, and illustration  Well known for their monumental video-art installations that Gareth Harris describes as "monumental painting set in motion", AES+F create grand visual narratives that explore contemporary global values, vices and conflicts 

Members
Tatiana Arzamasova
Tatiana Arzamasova was born in 1955 in Moscow, where she graduated from Moscow Architectural Institute (MArchI) – State Academy in 1978  Prior to founding AES Group, Arzamasova was a conceptual architect  She participated in conceptual architecture exhibitions in London, Paris, and Venice 

Lev Evzovich
Evzovich was born in 1958 in Moscow, where he graduated from Moscow Architectural Institute (MARCHI) – State Academy in 1982  Prior to founding AES Group, Evzovich also worked in conceptual architecture  He participated in conceptual architecture exhibitions in Milan, Frankfurt-on-Main, and Paris  He also worked as an art director in film 

Evgeny Svyatsky
Evgeny Svyatsky was born in 1957 in Moscow, where he graduated from the Moscow University of Print Design in 1980  Prior to founding AES Group, Svyatsky worked in book illustration, advertising, and graphic design  He also worked as the creative director for publishing houses in Moscow 

Vladimir Fridkes
Vladimir Fridkes was born in Moscow in 1956, where he worked as a fashion photographer prior to joining the collective  His work was published in many leading fashion magazines: VOGUE, Harper's Bazaar, ELLE, Marie Claire, Cosmopolitan and the Sunday Times Style 

Career
AES+F began their career as AES Group, with Arzamasova, Evzovich, and Svyatsky forming the group in 1987  The collective exhibited internationally for the first time in 1989 with a solo show at Howard Yezerski Gallery in Boston, and a performance at the Carpenter Center at Harvard University in Cambridge  The group expanded with the addition of the photographer Vladimir Fridkes in 1995 and subsequently changed its name to AES+F  
The collective achieved wider recognition in the Russian Pavilion at the 52nd Biennale di Venezia in 2007 with Last Riot (2007), the first in a trilogy of large-scale, multi-channel video installations  The second of the series, The Feast of Trimalchio (2009), appeared in Venice in 2009, and the third, Allegoria Sacra (2011), debuted at the 4th Moscow Biennale in 2011  Together, all three projects premiered as The Liminal Space Trilogy in September 2012 at the Martin-Gropius-Bau, Berlin, and the Moscow Manege, the central exhibition hall of the artists’ home city  The Trilogy was shown in the Museum of Fine Arts in La Chaux-de-Fonds, Switzerland (June–September 2014)  Most recently all three videos were shown at Albright–Knox Art Gallery, Buffalo, NY (June–September 2015) AES+F have exhibited at numerous international festivals: (namely the biennales of Venice, Lyon, Sydney, Gwangju, Moscow, Gothenburg, Havana, Tirana, Istanbul, Bratislava, Seoul etc ), ARS-06 (KIASMA, Helsinki)  Their works appear in some of the world's most important collections, such as Moderna Museet (Stockholm), Musée de l'Elysée (Lausanne), MOCAK (Kraków), Sammlung Goetz (Munich), ZKM (Karlsruhe), Maison européenne de la photographie (Paris), Art Gallery of South Australia (Adelaide), and the Museum of Old and New Art (Tasmania), Centro de Arte Dos de Mayo (Madrid), Centre Georges Pompidou (Paris), and the Louis Vuitton Foundation (Paris)  Their work is represented in some of Russia's principal national museums, such as Tretyakov Gallery (Moscow), Russian Museum (St  Petersburg), and the Multimedia Art Museum (Moscow) AES+F's project Inverso Mundus was presented at the 56th Venice Biennale as a collateral event at the Magazzini del Sale and later presented at COME ALIVE (Niet Normaal INT) in Het Nieuwe Muntgebouw, Utrecht, The Netherlands On 22 April 2022, they publicly denounced the Russian invasion of Ukraine, declaring "The Putin regime continues to commit war crimes, destroying Ukrainian cities, killing thousands of people, depriving millions of their homes, families and futures"  They thus called for people to donate to NGO charities helping war refugees 

Works
Islamic Project (1996-2003)
Islamic Project began in 1996 as a performance and public intervention  AES+F created the "AES Travel Agency to the Future," an imitation of a travel office with subversive materials - souvenirs from a future in which the influence of Islam has been superimposed upon all of Western culture in the form of architectural and cultural transformations  In one of the images, the artists transformed the Statue of Liberty to show her in a Burka, holding a Quran; in another, they prophetically depict the New York skyline absent of the Twin Towers  The project has been met with attempts to censor certain imagery when it was shown in the New Art Gallery in Walsall, United Kingdom in 2006 In 2000, AES+F created another installation in the form of a Bedouin tent titled "Oasis", consisting of a series of traditional carpets, each with imagery from the Islamic Project printed on silk in the center " Oasis was first exhibited at the La Caixa Foundation in Barcelona, Spain 

King of the Forest (2001-2003)
The King of the Forest is a trilogy of projects inspired by Erlkönig, the Ogre - a mythological creature of medieval Europe and also the subject of an eponymous novel by Michele Tournier  The King of the Forest stole beautiful children from nearby villages and kept them in his palace  According to AES+F, this series of projects concerns itself with the theft of youth by mass media culture - a contemporary analogue to the medieval Ogre In AES+F's King of the Forest, the artists created three videos on different continents - Le Roi des Aulnes in St  Petersburg, More than Paradise in Cairo, and KFNY in New York  The first in the series, Le Roi des Aulnes, was shot at Catherine the Great's palace in Tsarskoye Selo  The second, More than Paradise, was shot at the Mosque of Muhammad Ali  The final project in the series, KFNY, was shot on Military Island in Times Square 

The Liminal Space Trilogy
The Liminal Space Trilogy attempts to analyze the 21st century from the perspective of a centuries-old art-historical tradition of depicting Hell, Heaven, and Purgatory  The trilogy is presented as three projects consisting of video installations, prints, drawings, paintings, and sculptures  It is set respectively in a video game landscape, an exotic luxury resort, and a futuristic airport, each of which is depicted as a unique surrealistic fantasy that explores contemporary themes 

Last Riot (2005-2007)
The project consists of an HD video installation (3- and 1-channel versions), series of stills from the video, series of pictures, series of drawings, series of sculptures
Last Riot premiered at the Russian pavilion at the Venice Biennale in 2007  The work depicts an imagined future digitally manipulated where snow-capped mountains sit next to desolate beaches, neon dragons rest atop oil platforms, planes collide without flames, and a band of attractive teens with completely ambiguous and detached facial expressions are engaged in ritualistic battle with one another and with themselves Conceived as a reflection of the 21st century, Last Riot raises questions regarding Western values, and reflects contemporary Western mythology without passing judgment  The visual ethos of Last Riot is rife with allusions to art history, from Caravaggio and Baroque painting, to Romanticism, combined with contemporary visual culture in the form of advertising, film, and video games, and traversing the aesthetic line between beauty and ugliness 

The Feast of Trimalchio (2009-2010)
The second project in the Liminal Space Trilogy, The Feast of Trimalchio, is titled as such in reference to the epic "Satyricon" by Gaius Petronius Arbiter, namely, the Cena Trimalchionis, which describes the life of a wealthy former slave who hosts gluttonous and orgiastic feasts  In AES+F's The Feast of Trimalchio, an imaginary island with an absurdly luxurious resort-hotel, which is a de-personification of Petronius' Trimalchio, serves as a "temporary paradise" that guests pay to enter   The guests of the hotel indulge in all of the contemporary pleasures perpetuated in advertisements of resort getaways, from leisurely fitness to "body purification," while the viewer sees any notion of social hierarchy dissipate as the masters begin to court the servants, acting out their fantasies of a Roman Saturnalia The project consists of an HD video installation (9-, 3-, and 1-channel versions), series of pictures, series of stills from the video, series of portfolios with photographs and drawings 

Allegoria Sacra (2011-2013)
The project consists of an HD video installation (5-, 3-, and 1-channel versions), series of pictures, series of stills from the video 
Allegoria Sacra is the final part of the Liminal Space Trilogy  Named after Giovanni Bellini's eponymous painting which hangs in the Uffizi Gallery, AES+F's Allegoria Sacra represents Purgatory  Taking place in a futuristic international airport, Allegoria Sacra serves as a metaphor for limbo, where the souls of "righteous sinners" await their fate  The characters that inhabit Giovanni Bellini's masterpiece, from biblical figures to mythological creatures, were transposed and sometimes reinterpreted by AES+F  The Saracen-Muslim was transformed into a group of refugees  St  Sebastian became a young, shirtless traveler, hitchhiking his way through tropical countries, while Apostle Paul is represented as an airport policeman  However, AES+F's piece is more of an allegory of contemporary life than a reinterpretation of Giovanni Bellini's painting  As the travelers enter dream-like states, the airport and the aircraft undergo several metamorphoses, while the landscape and the climate go through four phases - from being a snowy field to a desert, a jungle, and finally becoming an endless river Styx Maintaining their signature style, AES+F combine recognizable motifs from art-history and pop-culture, such as the numerous allusions to Stanley Kubrick's film 2001: A Space Odyssey  Allegoria Sacra weaves complex global issues into visually compelling metaphors, letting them unfold in the neutral transitory space of an airport, where all kinds of things can temporarily coexist before going to their destination 
Allegoria Sacra won the Sergey Kuryokhin Award (2011), the main award of the Kandinsky Prize (2012), the main award of the Nordart Festival (2014), and the Pino Pascali Prize (2015) (18th Edition) 
Passage 5:
Aryanto Yuniawan
Aryanto Yuniawan (born June 18, 1977 in Magelang; age 40) is Chief Executive Officer of PT Mataram Surya Visi Sinema, a multimedia and animation movie company located in Jogja Indonesia  Ary (his nickname) is best known as a director of Battle of Surabaya, the first 2D animation movie in Indonesia which got some awards i e  Gold Remi Award USA 2016, GrandPrize Winner of SICAF 2016 in South Korea, Winner of Nice International Filmmaker Festival 2017 in France,  Winner of Nioda International Film Festival in India and others  He is also acclaimed as a writer, a producer, and currently working on several articles and books related to his job and hobby  He started his career from directing and producing independent animation films including music videos  He was trusted to be one of the juries of several film festivals such as Festival Film Indonesia (FFI 2016), Noida International Film Festival (NIFF 2016), and Seoul International Cartoon and Animation Festival (SICAF 2017) 
Aryanto Yuniawan was chosen to be an individual recipient of the National Intellectual Property Award 2016 from the Directorate General of Intellectual Property, Ministry of Justice and Human Rights, Republic of Indonesia (DJKI Kemenkumham RI)  The award was submitted by Vice-president of the Republic of Indonesia (Vice-president), M  Jusuf Kalla to him with eight other recipients 

Education
Aryanto was born in Magelang, Central Java, Indonesia   He is the oldest of two siblings  After finishing the middle school from SMPN 2 Magelang and highschool from SMAN 1 Magelang, he studied at STMIK Amikom (now University Amikom) in Diploma degree   He gained his bachelor of computer science then and completed his master in the same university in 2017 

Filmography
As director
Battle of Surabaya (2015)
The Profesional (2012)
Petualangan Abdan (2011)
Goodbye World (2010)
Lestari (2010)
The Letter of Heaven (2010)
Jatayu (2009)
Lembah Halilintar (2009)

Achievements
Career
Lecturer at STMIK AMIKOM Yogyakarta
General manager of PT Mataram Surya Visi Pictures (2003-2014)
Chief executive Officer of PT Mataram Surya Visi Sinema (2014–Present)

Awards
Best Animation  The International Filmmaker Festival of World Cinema  2017  Nice, France 
Gold Remi Award  Houston International Film Festival  2016  Houston, Texas 
Grand Prize  Seoul International Cartoon and Animation Festival   2016  Seoul, Korea 
Best Animation  Noida International Film Festival  2016  New Delhi, India 
Winner of People's Choice Award  International Movie Trailer Festival  2013  California, Amerika Serikat 
Official Selection  Holland Animation Film Festival  2016  Utrecht, Belanda 
Official Selection  Dingle International Film Festival  2016  Dublin, Irlandia 
Official Selection  Fantoche Internasional Animation Festival Film  2016  Baden, Swiss 
Special Screening  Athena Animfest  2016  Athena, Yunani 
Special Screening  New Chitose Internasional Animation Festival  2016  Hokkaido, Jepang 
Nominee of Best Foreign Animation Trailer  Annual Golden Trailer Award  2014  California, Amerika Serikat 
Nominee of Apresiasi Film Indonesia  Art and Film Board of Ministry of Culture & Education  2012  Jakarta, Indonesia 
First Winner of Indigo Fellowship Category  PT Telekomunikasi Indonesia  2012  Jakarta, Indonesia 
Winner of ICT Award Category  Digital Animation Inaicta   Minister for Communication and Information Technology  2012  Jakarta, Indonesia 
Nominee of Animafest 2D Short Animated Film MNCTV  (Briptu Dorman)  2011  Jakarta, Indonesia 
Second Winner of Digital Animation (The Adventure of Abdan – Honesty)  Exhibition of Indonesian Production   Minister of Industry Republic of Indonesia  2009  Jakarta, Indonesia 
Nominasi International Urbanimation  (The Adventure of Abdan – Kites)  2008  Jakarta, Indonesia 
Merit Winner ICT Award Category  Digital Animation Inaicta  Minister for Communication and Information Technology  2000  Jakarta, Indonesia 
Passage 6:
Seasoned Veteran
Seasoned Veteran is the third studio album by American rapper Richie Rich  It was released November 5, 1996 on Def Jam Recordings, and to date is the only major label release for the artist  The album was produced by Ali Malik, DJ Daryl, Doug Rasheed, Jermaine Dupri, Lev Berlak, Mike Mosley, Richie Rich and Rick Rock  It peaked at number 11 on the Billboard Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums and at number 35 on the Billboard 200  Two of the singles released, "Let's Ride" and "Do G's Get To Go To Heaven?", both appeared on multiple Billboard singles charts  The album features guest performances by 2Pac, E-40, Luniz, D'wayne Wiggins, T-Boz, and Rame Royal of Rhythm & Green 
Along with the single, a music video was produced for the song, "Let's Ride"  A second single, "Do G's Get To Go To Heaven?", was also released as a music video, featuring Bo-Roc, and is dedicated to the memory of Tupac Shakur 
In the song "Niggas Done Changed" Feat  Tupac, 2Pac predicts his own death by saying “I been shot and murdered, can't tell you how it happened, word for word / But best believe niggas gonna get what they deserve ”

Critical reception
The Source – "   Seasoned Veteran is one of the few albums available in the reality rap genre that lives up to its name and comes close to meeting the listener's expectations   "

Track listing
Samples
Fresh Out

"For the Love of Money" by The O'JaysLet's Ride

"(Not Just) Knee Deep" by FunkadelicPillow

"(Lay Your Head on My) Pillow" by Tony! Toni! Toné!

Chart history
AlbumSingles

Personnel
Passage 7:
Lev Kuleshov
Lev Vladimirovich Kuleshov (Russian: Лев Владимирович Кулешов; 13 January [O S  1 January] 1899 – 29 March 1970) was a Russian and Soviet filmmaker and film theorist, one of the founders of the world's first film school, the Moscow Film School  He was given the title People's Artist of the RSFSR in 1969  He was intimately involved in development of the style of film making known as Soviet montage, especially its psychological underpinning, including the use of editing and the cut to influence the emotions of audience, a principle known as the Kuleshov effect  He also developed the theory of creative geography, which is the use of the action around a cut to connect otherwise disparate settings into a cohesive narrative 

Life and career
Lev Kuleshov was born in 1899 into an intellectual Russian family  His father Vladimir Sergeyevich Kuleshov was of noble heritage; he studied art in the Moscow School of Painting, Sculpture and Architecture, despite his own father's disapproval  He then married a village schoolteacher Pelagia Aleksandrovna Shubina who was raised in an orphanage, which only led to more confrontation  They gave birth to two sons: Boris and Lev 
At the time Lev Kuleshov was born, the family became financially broke, lost their estate and moved to Tambov, living a modest life  In 1911 Vladimir Kuleshov died; three years later Lev and his mother moved to Moscow where his elder brother was studying and working as an engineer  Lev Kuleshov decided to follow the steps of his father and entered the Moscow School of Painting, although he didn't finish it  In 1916 he applied to work at the film company led by Aleksandr Khanzhonkov  He produced scenery for Yevgeni Bauer's pictures, such as The King of Paris, For Happiness and others  With time Kuleshov became more interested in film theory  He co-directed his first movie Twilight in 1917  His next film was released under the Soviet patronage During 1918–1920 he covered the Russian Civil War with a documentary crew  In 1919 he headed the first Soviet film courses at the National Film School  Kuleshov may well be the very first film theorist as he was a leader in the Soviet montage theory – developing his theories of editing before those of Sergei Eisenstein (briefly a student of Kuleshov)  He contributed the article "Kinematografichesky naturshchik" to the first issue of Zrelishcha in 1922  Among his other notable students were Vsevolod Pudovkin, Boris Barnet, Mikhail Romm, Sergey Komarov, Porfiri Podobed, Vladimir Fogel and Aleksandra Khokhlova who became his wife  For Kuleshov, the essence of the cinema was editing, the juxtaposition of one shot with another  To illustrate this principle, he created what has come to be known as the Kuleshov effect  In this now-famous editing exercise, shots of an actor were intercut with various meaningful images (a casket, a bowl of soup, etc ) in order to show how editing changes viewers' interpretations of images  Another one of his famous inventions was creative geography, also known as artificial landscape  Those techniques were described in his book The Basics of Film Direction (1941) which was later translated into many languages 
In addition to his theoretical and teaching work, Kuleshov directed a number of feature-length films  Among his most notable works are an action-comedy The Extraordinary Adventures of Mr  West in the Land of the Bolsheviks (1924), a psychological drama By the Law (1926) adapted from the short story by Jack London and a biographical drama The Great Consoler (1933) based on O  Henry's life and works  In 1934 and 1935 Kuleshov went to Tajikistan to direct there Dokhunda, a movie based on the novel by Tajik national poet Sadriddin Ayni, but the project was regarded with suspicion by the authorities as possibly exciting Tajik nationalism, and stopped  No footage survives 

After directing his last film in 1943, Kuleshov served as an artistic director and an academic rector at VGIK where he worked for the next 25 years  He was a member of the jury at the 27th Venice International Film Festival, as well as a special guest during other international film festivals 
Lev Kuleshov died in Moscow in 1970  He was buried at the Novodevichy Cemetery  He was survived by his wife Aleksandra Khokhlova (1897–1985) – an actress, film director and educator, granddaughter of Pavel Tretyakov and Sergey Botkin – and Aleksandra's son Sergei from her first marriage 

Awards and honours
Order of the Red Banner of Labour (1944)
Order of Lenin (1967)
People's Artist of the RSFSR (1969)

Filmography
Passage 8:
Pamela B  Davis
Pamela B  Davis is a pediatric pulmonologist specializing in cystic fibrosis research  She has been Dean of the School of Medicine at Case Western Reserve University since 2007  She was elected to the Institute of Medicine in 2014 
Passage 9:
Pamela Gilbert
Pamela B  Gilbert (born October 3, 1958) is an American lawyer and has been a partner of the law firm Cuneo Gilbert & LaDuca, LLP since 2003, where she heads the firm's lobbying practice   Gilbert is a noted consumer rights advocate who has testified before Congress over fifty times and made dozens of appearances in the national print and electronic media  Gilbert leads the Committee to Support Antitrust laws (COSAL), an organization supportive of antitrust legislation 

Early career and education
Gilbert graduated magna cum laude from Tufts University with a B A  in Mathematics in 1980 and received her J D  degree from New York University in 1984  She was a Root-Tilden scholar at NYU Law School After law school, Gilbert served as Consumer Program Director at the U S  Public Interest Research Group from 1984-1989 where she specialized in consumer protection issues  She led the effort for congressional enactment of legislation to protect children from toxic art supplies From 1989-1994, Gilbert was Legislative Director and later Executive Director of Public Citizen's Congress Watch, a Washington-based consumer advocacy organization 

Public service
Gilbert served as Executive Director of the U S  Consumer Product Safety Commission (CPSC) from 1995-2001   In 2001 she left the government to serve as Chief Operating Officer of M&R Strategic Services, a national firm set up to lobby and conduct grassroots and media campaigns around public policy issues 
In 2009, after the election of President Barack Obama, Gilbert headed the Presidential Transition Team for the Consumer Product Safety Commission 

Post-government career
Gilbert represented the National Association of Shareholder and Consumer Attorneys to oppose efforts in Congress to change the rules for bringing class action lawsuits   Gilbert subsequently represented the Center for Justice & Democracy, opposing efforts in Congress to impose Federal government restrictions on malpractice laws 

2007-2009
In 2007, Gilbert worked with public interest organizations and victims of Enron's collapse to persuade the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) and the Bush Administration to adopt a position in a case pending before the U S  Supreme Court – Stoneridge Investment Partners LLC v  Scientific-Atlanta Inc  and Motorola Inc  – that would ensure that people slighted by Enron could sue the investment banks that participated in the frauds that led to Enron's failure   Gilbert's firm held press conferences in Washington, D C  and elsewhere, meeting with administration officials such as then-SEC Chairman Christopher Cox 
On November 15 of that same year, Gilbert testified before the Subcommittee on Commercial and Administrative Law of the House Committee on the Judiciary on "Protecting the Playroom: Holding Foreign Manufacturers Accountable for Defective Products "In 2008, Gilbert worked with the Center for Justice and Democracy to bring before Congress families with children who developed lead poisoning from hazardous toys, to urge the passage of the Consumer Product Safety Improvement act of 2008   This landmark legislation placed limits on the amount of lead that can be used in children's products 
Also that year, Gilbert testified before the Federal Communications Commission on behalf of consumers who were assessed fees for switching cell phone companies before their contracts expired  Her position was that such fees were unfair   She urged the FCC not to preempt state laws and state-based lawsuits intended to protect consumers from these allegedly unfair practices by cell phone companies Over the course of three years from 2007–2009, Gilbert organized a coalition of over a dozen labor and nonprofit organizations to support legislation that would provide a pathway for the approval of generic versions of costly medicines   A version of this legislation was later incorporated in national health care reform policies 
In 2009, Gilbert worked with people injured by defects in Chrysler and General Motors vehicles to urge the Obama administration and the automobile companies to modify their bankruptcy agreements to ensure that personal injury victims would have an opportunity to receive compensation   As a result, the agreements were modified to allow people injured in the future by vehicles manufactured before the bankruptcy to be compensated for their injuries 

2010
On February 4, 2010, Gilbert participated in a webcast sponsored by OMB Watch on "The Obama Administration and Public Protections "On behalf of the Committee to Support the Antitrust Laws, Gilbert worked with Congress and the Obama Administration to amend the Antitrust Criminal Penalty Enhancement and Reform Act to ensure that members of criminal antitrust conspiracies adequately cooperate with civil lawsuits in return for reduced damages 
On June 10, 2010, Pamela Gilbert was appointed to the board of directors of the AAI (American Antitrust Institute) 

2011–Present
On behalf of Consumers for Auto Reliability and Safety (CARS), Gilbert led the successful lobbying effort to pass a federal law prohibiting rental car companies from renting or selling recalled cars until they are repaired  Gilbert worked with Mrs  Cally Houck, whose two daughters were killed in a rental car that caught on fire and crashed as a result of an unrepaired defect that had been subject to a safety recall   President Obama on December 4, 2015 signed into law the "Raechel and Jacqueline Houck Safe Rental Car Act" (H R  2198, S  1173), sponsored by Reps  Capps, Jones, Schakowsky and Butterfield and Sens  Schumer, Boxer, McCaskill and others, as part of the Fixing America's Surface Transportation Act (FAST Act) 
Gilbert represents SD3, LLC, which owns SawStop, a table saw manufacturer whose table saws are equipped with technology that stops a spinning saw blade in milliseconds when it comes in contact with human flesh   Gilbert has worked with SawStop and a coalition of consumer protection groups in an effort to enact a mandatory safety standard so that all table saws contain injury mitigation technology to prevent amputations and other serious laceration injuries  The CPSC published a notice of proposed rulemaking in 2011  and in 2015 the commission's staff urged adoption of the new requirement Gilbert is working with a coalition of patients with diseases caused by asbestos exposure and their families to defeat the proposed Furthering Asbestos Claims Transparency (FACT) Act of 2015 (H R  526, S  357)  The proposal would require asbestos trusts to file quarterly reports about the payouts they make and personal information on the victims who receive them in a publicly accessible database  Opponents argue that this would violate the privacy of victims and use trust funds to meet the new administrative requirements, making it more difficult for asbestos claimants to receive timely and full compensation 

Notable writings
In 2008, Gilbert wrote a chapter entitled "Consumer Product Safety Commission: Safety First" for Change for America: A Progressive Blueprint for the 44th President, published by the Center for American Progress and the New Democracy Project In 2010, Gilbert authored a chapter in Materials on Tort Reform by Professor Andrew Popper of the Washington College of Law at American University In 2012, Gilbert co-authored with Victoria Romanenko a chapter in Private Enforcement of the Antitrust Laws in the United States (edited by Albert A  Foer and Randy M  Stutz) 

Controversy
In 2001, Gilbert stepped down as executive director of the Consumer Product Safety Commission (CPSC) after President Bush sparked a constitutional controversy by seeking to replace the leadership of the Commission, citing his powers under Article Two of the United States Constitution   Later, in 2008, Gilbert was mentioned as a possible appointee by President Barack Obama to be Chairman of the Commission   However, her nomination was criticized on the grounds that while she was executive director of the CPSC, the agency was known for its "strident enforcement efforts" contrary to large business interests 

Personal life
Gilbert is married to Charles Lewis, Professor of Journalism at American University, founder of the Center for Public Integrity, and a former producer for 60 Minutes   With Lewis she raises two children, Cassandra and Gabriel 

See also
Cuneo Gilbert & LaDuca, LLP
U S  Consumer Product Safety Commission
Passage 10:
Eliezer ben Jacob I
Eliezer ben Jacob I (Hebrew: אליעזר בן יעקב) was a Tanna of the 1st century; contemporary of Eleazar Chisma and Eliezer ben Hyrcanus, and senior to Judah ben Ilai Of his personal history nothing is known, except that he had seen the Temple at Jerusalem and was familiar with the specific purposes of its many apartments, a subject on which he was considered an authority  Some of the details, however, he eventually forgot, and was reminded of them by Abba Saul ben Batnit Simon ben Azzai, Rabbi Akiva's contemporary, relates that he had discovered a genealogical roll wherein was stated, "The Mishnah of R  Eliezer ben Jacob is only a kab [small in proportion], but clean [of all deficiencies]"; as a result, subsequent generations generally adopted Eliezer's views as law In the aggadah, too, he is mentioned  According to him, Deuteronomy 11:13 ("To serve Him with all your heart and with all your soul") is an admonition to the priests that, when officiating, they shall entertain no thought foreign to their duty Eliezer ben Jacob bequeathed to Israel many agrarian laws, such as the laws concerning the bringing of the Bikkurim to Jerusalem and who is eligible to recite the Avowal, as well as the laws concerning Kil'ayim grown in a vineyard He is buried near the old Kefar Hanaiah, in Galilee 
Context 3: Passage 1:
Robert Aldrich
Robert Burgess Aldrich (August 9, 1918 – December 5, 1983) was an American film director, producer, and screenwriter  An iconoclastic and maverick auteur working in many genres during the Golden Age of Hollywood, he directed mainly films noir, war movies, westerns and dark melodramas with Gothic overtones  His most notable credits include Vera Cruz (1954), Kiss Me Deadly (1955), The Big Knife (1955), Autumn Leaves (1956), Attack (1956), What Ever Happened to Baby Jane? (1962), Hush   Hush, Sweet Charlotte (1964), The Flight of the Phoenix (1965), The Dirty Dozen (1967), and The Longest Yard (1974) 
Aldrich's directorial style combined "macho mise-en-scene and resonant reworkings of classic action genres," and were known for pushing the boundaries of violence in mainstream cinema, and for their psychologically-complex interpretations of genre film tropes  The British Film Institute wrote that Aldrich's films "subversive sensibility in thrall to the complexities of human behaviour " Several of his films later proved influential to members of the French New Wave Aside from his directorial work, Aldrich was also noted for his advocacy as a member of the Directors Guild of America, serving as its President for two terms, and becoming the namesake for its Robert B  Aldrich Achievement Award 

Early life
Family
Robert Burgess Aldrich was born in Cranston, Rhode Island, into a family of wealth and social prominence – "The Aldriches of Rhode Island"  His father, Edward Burgess Aldrich (1871–1957) was the publisher of The Times of Pawtucket and an influential operative in state Republican politics  His mother, Lora Elsie (née Lawson) of New Hampshire (1874–1931), died when Aldrich was 13 and was remembered with fondness by her son  Ruth Aldrich Kaufinger (1912–1987) was his elder sister and only sibling Among his notable ancestors were the American Revolutionary War general Nathanael Greene and the theologian Roger Williams, founder of Rhode Island Colony His grandfather, Nelson Wilmarth Aldrich, was a self-made millionaire and art investor  A Republican member of the U S  Senate for thirty years (1881–1911), he was dubbed "General Manager of the Nation" by the press for his dominant role in framing federal monetary policy A number of Aldrich's paternal uncles had impressive careers, among them a successful investment banker, an architect and Harvard instructor, a member of the U S  House of Representatives, and a chairman of the Chase Manhattan Bank who also served as U S  Ambassador to Great Britain   An aunt, Abigail Greene "Abby" Aldrich married John D  Rockefeller Jr , scion of the Standard Oil fortune, and was a leading figure in the establishment of the Museum of Modern Art in New York City  Nelson Rockefeller, a four-term governor of New York State and U S  vice-president under Gerald Ford, and Rockefeller's four brothers were the director's first cousins 

Education
As the only male heir to the Lawson-Aldrich family line, Aldrich was under considerable pressure to compete successfully with his numerous cousins in a family of high achievers Following family tradition and expectations, Aldrich was educated at Moses Brown School in Providence from 1933 to 1937  There he served as captain of the track and football teams and was elected president of his senior class 
Failing to matriculate to Yale due to mediocre grades, Aldrich attended the University of Virginia from 1937 to 1941, majoring in economics  He continued to excel in sports and played a leading role in campus clubs and fraternities During the Great Depression, the adolescent Aldrich began to question the justice of his family's "politics and power" which clashed with his growing sympathies with left-wing social and political movements of the 1930s  Aldrich's disaffection from the Aldrich-Rockefeller right-wing social and political orientation contributed to a growing tension between father and son Having satisfactorily demonstrated his aptitude for a career in finance, Aldrich defied his father by dropping out of college in his senior year without taking a degree Aldrich approached his uncle Winthrop W  Aldrich, who got his 23-year-old nephew a job at RKO Studios as a production clerk at $25 a week  For this act of defiance, Aldrich was promptly disinherited  Aldrich reciprocated by expunging public records of his connection with the Aldrich-Rockefeller clan, while stoically accepting the breach  He rarely mentioned or invoked his family thereafter  It has been said that "No American film director was born as wealthy as Aldrich — and then so thoroughly cut off from family money "

RKO Pictures: 1941–1943
At the age of 23, Aldrich began work at RKO Pictures as a production clerk, an entry-level position, after declining an offer through his Rockefeller connections to enter the studio as an associate producer He married his first wife, Harriet Foster, a childhood sweetheart, shortly before he departed for Hollywood in May 1941 Though the smallest of Hollywood's top studios, RKO could boast an impressive roster of directors (George Cukor, John Ford and Howard Hawks) as well as movie stars (Fred Astaire and Ginger Rogers, Cary Grant, Katharine Hepburn and the Marx Brothers)  The 23-year-old Aldrich assumed his duties shortly after Orson Welles, at 26, signed a six-movie contract with RKO after the release of the widely acclaimed Citizen Kane (1941) When the United States entered the Second World War in December 1941, Aldrich was inducted into the Air Force Motion Picture Unit, but was quickly discharged when an old football injury disqualified him for military service  The film studios' manpower shortage allowed Aldrich to win assignments as third- or second-tier director's assistant to learn the basics of filmmaking 

Second assistant director
In just two years he participated on two dozen movies with well-known directors  He was second assistant director on Joan of Paris (1942, directed by Robert Stevenson), The Falcon Takes Over (1942, directed by Irving Reis), The Big Street (1942), directed by Reis, Bombardier (1943, directed by Richard Wallace), Behind the Rising Sun (1943, directed by Edward Dmytryk),  A Lady Takes a Chance (1943, directed by William A  Seiter), The Adventures of a Rookie (1943, directed by Leslie Goodwins), Gangway for Tomorrow (1943, directed by John H  Auer), and Rookies in Burma (1943, directed by Goodwins) 

First assistant director
Towards the end of the war, Aldrich had risen to first assistant director making comedy shorts with director Leslie Goodwins 
In 1944, Aldrich departed RKO to begin free-lancing on feature films at other major studios, including Columbia, United Artists, and Paramount 

Assistant director: 1944–1952
Aldrich was fortunate to serve as an assistant director to many notable and talented Hollywood filmmakers  During these assignments, which spanned nine years, Aldrich gained both practical and aesthetic fundamentals of filmmaking: "set location and atmosphere" (Jean Renoir, The Southerner, 1945), the "techniques of pre-planning a shot" (Lewis Milestone's The Strange Love of Martha Ivers, 1946), "action scenes" (William A  Wellman's The Story of G I  Joe, 1946), the "importance of communication with actors" (Joseph Losey's The Prowler, 1951), and "establishing visual empathy between camera and audience" (Charlie Chaplin's Limelight, 1952) He also worked on Pardon My Past (1945, directed by Leslie Fenton) and The Private Affairs of Bel Ami (1947, directed by Albert Lewin) 
Aldrich approached these projects and directors with a fine discrimination, enabling him to learn from both their strengths and weaknesses During these years Aldrich forged lasting professional relationships with talented artists who would serve him throughout his filmmaking career, namely, cinematographer Joseph Biroc, film editor Michael Luciano, music director Frank De Vol, art director William Glasgow and screenwriter Lukas Heller  A troupe of loyal, mostly male, players were enlisted for his film leads and supporting roles: Burt Lancaster, Jack Palance, Lee Marvin, Eddie Albert, Richard Jaeckel, Wesley Addy, Ernest Borgnine and Charles Bronson 

The Enterprise Studios: 1946–1948
Aldrich's association with The Enterprise Studios marks the most formative period of his apprenticeship  The production company offered a unique venue of independent filmmakers welcoming socially conscious themes critical of authoritarian aspects of American society While at Enterprise, Aldrich established both a professional and a personal affiliation with screenwriter and director Abraham Polonsky, a major figure in the Popular Front movement of the 1930s  Their respective films addressed the issue of an individual's often desperate struggle to resist destruction by an oppressive society Enterprise's Body and Soul (1947), written by Polonsky, directed by Robert Rossen, and starring John Garfield, made a deep and lasting impression on the 29-year-old assistant director from both structural and thematic standpoints  Garfield plays a corrupt prizefighter who seeks to redeem himself by defying mobsters who insist he throw a fight or forfeit his life  While the protagonist's personal failings contribute to his own oppression, the film censures capitalism as an unredeemable system  Aldrich would revisit Body and Soul throughout his career when seeking guidance on how to convey the progressive ideals of the 1930s while working in the reactionary political atmosphere of the Cold War era 

In 1948 Aldrich joined Polonsky and Garfield on the early noir film Force of Evil  The story concerns a Wall Street attorney turned mob lawyer (Garfield) who informs on his employers when they murder his brother  Force of Evil's cinematically excessive visuals and striking sound would later appear in Aldrich's films Kiss Me Deadly and Twilight's Last Gleaming A number of Aldrich's associates at Enterprise came under scrutiny by the HUAC in the late 1940s after Enterprise had closed its doors  Among them were Rossen, Polonsky, Garfield, directors John Berry, and Joseph Losey, producer Carl Foreman, and screenwriter Dalton Trumbo, some of whom suffered blacklisting and imprisonment  Aldrich was never targeted by the authorities, despite his collaborations with these artists  This was largely due to his post-1930s entry into the film industry when recruitment by Communist and leftist organizations was declining  Nonetheless, Aldrich remained a champion for the victims of the Red Scare At Enterprise, Aldrich also worked as an assistant director on Arch of Triumph (1948) and No Minor Vices (1948) for Lewis Milestone, So This Is New York (1948) for director Richard Fleischer and producer Stanley Kramer, and Caught (1949) for Max Ophüls 
During his apprenticeship Aldrich developed a keen appreciation for the nexus between autonomous control over every element of picture production and achievement of his creative vision  He would forever strive for full control over his films 

Freelance assistant director: 1948–1952
After the demise of The Enterprise Studios, Aldrich continued to be in much demand as an assistant director  He worked again for Lewis Milestone on The Red Pony (1949) at Republic and did Red Light (1949) for Roy Del Ruth, A Kiss for Corliss (1949) for Richard Wallace,  The White Tower (1950) for Ted Tetzlaff, M (1951) and The Prowler (1951) for Joseph Losey, and New Mexico (1951) for Reis 
Aldrich was assistant to producer Harold Hecht on Ten Tall Men (1951), a French Foreign Legion action film starring Burt Lancaster  He worked as production manager on When I Grow Up (1951) for Sam Spiegel and as production manager on The Steel Trap (1952) for Andrew L  Stone 
Hecht had enjoyed working with Aldrich on Ten Tall Men and used him on The First Time (1952), the feature directorial debut of Frank Tashlin 
Aldrich's most notable credit to date came on Limelight (1952), for which he was assistant director to Charlie Chaplin  He was assistant on Abbott and Costello Meet Captain Kidd (1952) 

Television: 1952–1954
By 1952, the 34-year old assistant director, fully prepared to make his directorial debut, had no offers materializing in Hollywood  Eager to perform at a journeyman level, he moved to New York City to join its television startups 
The infant industries' golden age of live broadcasts was in a primitive stage of organization, and producers were pleased to enlist talent from the Hollywood film industry  More than merely a career move, television offered Aldrich an opportunity to apply the cinematic skills and concepts he had garnered during his eclectic education in movie-making to an entirely new medium "All they were paying directors was scale", recalled Aldrich of this time  "Who the hell wanted to go live in New York and work for scale? Only guys that had never directed or couldn't get a shot    Walter Blake    convinced these people who were doing the Camay soap shows that I was a genius waiting behind a rock out here  I had been assistant director on a Chaplin picture, so he told them that I had directed Chaplin  Nobody directs Chaplin except Chaplin, but these guys didn't know the difference  So I went back to New York and did, I don't know, thirty or forty shows "Procter & Gamble hired Aldrich in 1952 to direct episodes of the anthology series The Doctor (later retitled The Guest in syndication), an early soap opera starring Warner Anderson  Shooting schedules were notoriously tight  Despite this, Aldrich routinely dedicated half or more of the allotted time to rehearsals, an immensely reassuring practice for the players that contributed to the efficient execution of the final live shoot Following The Doctor, Aldrich resettled in Hollywood to complete twenty episodes of television's China Smith starring Dan Duryea, filmed on an even tighter timetable 
He also filled in as director on TV's Four Star Playhouse and the Schlitz Playhouse of Stars ("The Pussyfootin' Rocks") Aldrich described the early TV industry as a "director's crash course" where, unlike feature film production, the overall quality of the series outweighed the success or failure of an individual episode   In his two-year stint in television, Aldrich was free to experiment with technique and narrative schemes that would appear later in his film treatments  As such, he used cinematic framing and composition to reveal character motivation and close ups serving to highlight dialog, all of which endowed his episodes with a polished Hollywood studio-like appearance  Aldrich avoided disparaging television as an art form, only regretting its "rushed schedules and lack of preparation time "

Feature film director
Early feature films
In December 1951 Irving Allen announced he had formed Warwick Productions with Albert Broccoli  He intended to make The Gamma People with Robert Aldrich  In August 1952 Allen announced that Aldrich would make his feature debut as director with The Gamma People, to be shot in Europe in the winter from Aldrich's own script  Dick Powell was slated to star  However, the film would not be made for several years, with Aldrich's involvement limited to working on the story 
Aldrich broke into feature films as a director when Herbert Baker, who had worked with Aldrich on So This is New York, recommended the director to MGM, which was looking for someone with a background in sports for a low-budget baseball film, Big Leaguer (1953) The film was not particularly successful, so Aldrich returned to television, doing episodes of Four Star Playhouse, several of which were written by Blake Edwards  He directed "The Witness", which starred Dick Powell, Strother Martin, and Charles Bronson, and "The Bad Streak" with Charles Boyer Aldrich remained ambitious to work in features and raised money for a low-budget action film using many of the same sets and cast members of China Smith, including star Dan Duryea, called World for Ransom (1954)  It was made for Plaza Productions and financed by Allied Artists; Aldrich produced and directed  The cinematographer was Joseph F  Biroc, who would shoot many of Aldrich's later features 

Burt Lancaster: Apache and Vera Cruz
World for Ransom was seen by Harold Hecht and Burt Lancaster, who hired Aldrich to direct his first color film, Apache (1954), a western starring Lancaster as an Apache fighter  It was made for Hecht-Lancaster Productions and released through United Artists  This film was a big hit, earning $6 million Hecht and Lancaster used Aldrich again on Vera Cruz (1954), a western starring Gary Cooper and Lancaster   It was even more successful at the box office than Apache, making $9 million, and firmly established Aldrich as a director 

Turning producer: Kiss Me Deadly, The Big Knife and Attack
The success of these movies enabled Aldrich to set up his own company, The Associates and Aldrich, and sign a deal with United Artists  Its first movie was to be The Way We Are by Jack Jevne, about a woman who has an affair with a younger man  It was not immediately made 
Instead Aldrich produced and directed Kiss Me Deadly (1955), a film noir adapted by A  I  Bezzerides from a novel by Mickey Spillane starring Ralph Meeker as Mike Hammer   It was made for Parklane Productions, the independent company of Victor Saville, who owned the rights, and released through United Artists Aldrich and his company then made The Big Knife (1955), based on a play by Clifford Odets  Aldrich directed and produced this film about a movie star played by Jack Palance 
The Associates and Aldrich Company made a second film, also based on a play and released through United Artists, Attack (1956), starring Palance and Lee Marvin None of the three films was particularly successful at the box office, although they received some excellent reviews  In particular, Kiss Me Deadly became a major cult favorite in France  "I worked almost for nothing, economically, on those movies", he said  "They got caught up in the system and were not profitable pictures " Aldrich said his experiences made him "more cynical in terms of what preference to give survival and what preference to give material that might make a fine film which nobody or very few would go to see  That was the break  I realized that if you're careful in choosing projects and setting costs your taste and knowledge will, out of every six or seven pictures, produce one that makes a good deal of profitable return for everybody "The Associates announced numerous projects around this time, including Tryanny, Kinderspiel, Potluck for Pomeroy, Candidate for President (by Don Weis) and Machine for Chuparosa The Associates and Aldrich Company expanded to offer financing and distribution for other films  The only one that resulted was The Ride Back (1957) for UA  They wanted to make The Build Up Boys with Dana Andrews but the film did not eventuate 

Columbia: Autumn Leaves and The Garment Jungle
In between making Big Knife and Attack, Aldrich directed the Joan Crawford melodrama Autumn Leaves (1956) (originally The Way We Are), which was a minor hit Aldrich worked on the original story for the thriller The Gamma People (1956), made for Columbia and Warwick Productions in England 
In July 1956 Robert Aldrich signed a two-picture deal with Columbia to make films through his own company  The first was to be The Garment Jungle (1957)  The second was to be Until Proven Guilty  He also acquired the John O'Hara story Now We Know Aldrich started directing Garment but was fired towards the end of filming and replaced by Vincent Sherman In March 1957 Aldrich sued Columbia for reneging on a promise to make a film of the play Storm in the Sun, which he wanted to do with Crawford  The case was settled the following month Aldrich announced a range of projects – Kinderspiel, Pommeroy, The Snipe Hunt, Until Proven Guilty, Now We Know – but he found it difficult to get financing The Associates and Aldrich had the rights to the script for 3:10 to Yuma but ended up selling the project outright to Columbia 

Europe
Aldrich was unable to get a job until he had an offer from Hammer Films and Seven Arts to write and direct Ten Seconds to Hell (1959), starring Palance and Jeff Chandler, in Germany  While there, he was head of the jury at the 9th Berlin International Film Festival Aldrich stayed in Europe to make The Angry Hills (1959), based on the novel by Leon Uris and starring Robert Mitchum, for MGM in Greece for producer Raymond Stross  Aldrich had the film rewritten by Bezzerides, but then his cut of the film was re-edited by Stross  It was an unhappy experience for Aldrich and the film lost money Adlrich was going to make Taras Bulba in Yugoslavia with Anthony Quinn and a budget of $3 million, but the film did not proceed  Neither did another proposed subject, The Catalyst, based on a play by Ronald Duncan about male bisexuality  Aldrich would attempt to make Taras Bulba several times but ended up having to sell his script to Harold Hecht, who produced a film without Aldrich in 1962  Other projects he developed around this time include Angry Odyssey, The Left Bank, and Too Late the Hero Aldrich returned to Hollywood to direct episodes of Hotel de Paree ("Sundance Returns"), and Adventures in Paradise 
He directed a western, The Last Sunset (1961), starring Kirk Douglas and Rock Hudson, made for Douglas's company at Universal 
Aldrich tried to make Cross of Iron with John Mills but could not get financing Aldrich then went back to Italy, where he directed the Biblical spectacular Sodom and Gomorrah (1962)  for Joseph E  Levine  Aldrich disparaged the final film, which ended up costing $6 million 

Warner Bros: What Ever Happened to Baby Jane? and 4 For Texas
Aldrich rejuvenated his career by optioning the novel What Ever Happened to Baby Jane? (1962) for the Associates and Aldrich Company  He signed Bette Davis and Joan Crawford as stars, got Lukas Heller to write the script, and raised financing through Warner Bros  The film was a massive hit at the box office and earned five Academy Award nominations (including a win for black-and-white costume design), restoring Aldrich's commercial and critical reputation  It also revived the popularity of Davis and Crawford as box office draws and led to a subgenre of horror movies starring elder actresses nicknamed "Psycho-biddy"  It also started a run of films (continued in Hush Hush Sweet Charlotte and others) with a gothic, camp sensibility that became an immediate hit with queer audiences Still at Warners, Aldrich wrote, produced and directed a comic western with Frank Sinatra and Dean Martin, 4 for Texas (1963)  Made for Sam Productions, it had Charles Bronson, Victor Buono, Ursula Andress and Anita Ekberg in supporting roles  The film was reasonably popular at the box office, but Aldrich disliked working with Sinatra and the resulting film 

20th Century Fox: Hush Hush Sweet Charlotte and Flight of the Phoenix
Emboldened by his recent commercial successes, Aldrich announced a $14 million production program of eight films, including Cross of Iron, Whatever Happened to Cousin Charlotte, The Tsar's Bride, Brouhaha, The Legend of Lylah Clare, Paper Eagle, Genghis Khan's Bicycle, and There Really Was a Gold Mine a sequel to Vera Cruz  He had prepared scripts on  Now We Know, Vengeance Is Mine, Potluck for Pomeroy and Too Late the Hero  Other projects were The Strong Are Lonely, Pursuit of Happiness and the TV series The Man He started with a follow up to Baby Jane, Hush   Hush, Sweet Charlotte (1964), made for the Associates and Aldrich at 20th Century Fox  Bette Davis starred as a Southern woman who lives in a mansion and thinks she is going insane  Davis was to be reunited with Joan Crawford, but Crawford left the film and was replaced by Olivia de Havilland



ground_truth: Levni Yilmaz

prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: What colors are worn by the Oregon Duck, mascot of the University of Oregon athletic teams?

The following are given passages.
Context 2: Passage 1:
Oregon Marching Band
The Oregon Marching Band (OMB) is the marching band of the University of Oregon in Eugene, Oregon, United States  With over 250 members, it is the largest student organization on campus, and its members come from nearly every department and major at the university  The marching band serves as the foundation for the larger Oregon Athletic Bands organization that includes the Oregon Basketball Band, Winter Drumline, and the Green and Yellow Garter Bands 
The OMB performs at all home football games at Autzen Stadium, selected away games, and bowl games  Other aspects of Oregon athletics, such as women's volleyball, are also supported by the OMB  The OMB also hosts a large high school marching band competition every fall known as the Festival of Bands 

Organization
Director of Bands
The Director of Bands is in charge of the Department of Bands at the university, teaches/conducts the Oregon Wind Ensemble, and assists with all of the bands in the department  Dr  Dennis Llinás served as an Associate Professor of Music and the Associate Director of Bands at Louisiana State University  He was also the director of the Tiger Band before accepting his position at the Oregon School of Music  Dr  Llinás will be conducting the Star Spangled Banner at home football games 

Director of Athletic Bands
The Director of Athletic Bands administrates the athletic band program by leading and teaching students, supervising graduate teaching fellows and other assistants, and working with the university and athletic department  This position also serves as an Assistant Director of Bands and Assistant Professor of Instrumental Music Education  The position is held by Dr  Eric Wiltshire, an alumnus of the University of Washington  Along with the athletic bands, Dr  Wiltshire teaches and conducts the Oregon Campus Band 

Past directors
Instructors and graduate assistants
The Oregon Marching Band employs several instructors and Graduate Teaching Fellows (GTFs) to assist in the teaching and administration of the band 

Leadership
The OMB is largely run by its many student leaders  These include drum majors, section leaders, uniform manager, equipment (truck) crew, garter band members, and the Oregon Athletic Bands Council 

History
2009 – Oregon Marching Band returns to the Rose Bowl  The band reaches 200 members 
2010 – Oregon attends the BCS National Championship in Glendale, Arizona  The Green Garter Band performs at the Musical Instrument Museum in Phoenix, Arizona 
2011 – The Green Garter Band competes for the first time in the 2011 Reno Jazz Festival and received all superior ratings 
2011 - Oregon Marching Band plays at the inaugural Pac-12 Football Championship at Autzen Stadium vs UCLA
2012 - Oregon Marching Band returns to the Rose Bowl in Pasadena, California
2012 - Nike creates a third version of its marching band uniform for the Oregon Marching Band 
2013 - Oregon Marching Band attends the Fiesta Bowl in Glendale, Arizona 
2013 - Oregon Basketball Bands attends the Pac-12 Men's Basketball Tournament at the MGM Grand Garden Arena in Las Vegas, NV
2013 - Oregon Marching Band attends the Alamo Bowl in San Antonio, Texas 
2014 - Oregon Athletic bands adopts "Soundtrack of the Ducks" as their official slogan 
2014 - Remembering Eric Humphrey 
2014 - Oregon Marching Band plays at the first college football game at Levi's Stadium 
2014 - Oregon Marching Band returns to Levi's Stadium for the Pac-12 Championship Game
2015 - Oregon Marching Band attends the inaugural College Football Playoff Semifinal Game at the Rose Bowl
2015 - Oregon Marching Band attends the inaugural College Football Playoff National Championship Game at AT&T Stadium
2015 - Oregon Marching Band attends the Alamo Bowl in San Antonio, Texas 
2017 - Oregon Marching Band attends the Las Vegas Bowl in Las Vegas, Nevada 
2018 - Oregon Marching Band attends the Redbox Bowl in San Francisco, California 
2019 - Oregon Marching Band returns to the Rose Bowl and marches in Rose Parade in Pasadena, California 
2021 - Oregon Marching Band attends the Alamo Bowl in San Antonio, Texas

Songs
The Oregon Marching Band plays a wide variety of songs designed to add to the atmosphere of Autzen Stadium's game day  The fight song of the Ducks is former director Albert Perfect's "Mighty Oregon"  For the most part, the OMB plays popular tunes from the last 40 years  Some fan favorites include Journey's "Separate Ways", the theme song from Disney's "DuckTales", "Louie Louie"", "Ease On Down The Road" from The Wiz, numerous charts by Earth, Wind & Fire, and dozens of BBQs  Newer additions include "High Hopes", "Winner", and "MoBamba "

Fine for BBQ's
"Fine For BBQ's", usually referred to as simply "BBQs", is a collection of short stands tunes  Usually played by the band in the stands, some of the longer BBQs, such as "Come on Eileen" and "Walking on Sunshine", are used during pregame, battle of the bands and other performances  The specific songs included have changed over the years as new songs have been added and old ones have been removed  Many of the BBQs are based on popular music  Some recent additions include "Till the World Ends" and "Party Rock Anthem"

Prime Cuts
"Prime Cuts" is a newer collection of short stand tunes  Usually the band plays these when certain football players make good plays  For example: Marcus Mariota's theme song was "Hawaii Five-O," Vernon Adam's theme song was "California Love," and Justin Herbert's theme song was "300 Violin Orchestra"  Other notable songs in the collection include "Shots", "Menance", and "School's Out"

Half Time Shows
2009

Guitar Hero: Livin' On A Prayer, More Than A Feeling, Carry On Wayward Son
Back To The Future2010

Queen: Bohemian Rhapsody, Don't Stop Me Now, We Are The Champions
Music from Avatar2011

Van Halen: Jump, Panama, Runnin' With The Devil, Hot For Teacher
Aladdin: Arabian Nights, Friend Like Me, A Whole New World, Finale
Pop Show: All Of The Lights, Party Rock Anthem, You Make Me Feel   2012

Rock Of Ages: Juke Box Hero/I Love Rock 'N Roll, Pour Some Sugar On Me, We Built This City/We're Not Gonna Take It
West Side Story
Gangnam Style2013

Fantasmic!
Maroon 5: This Love, Payphone, Love Somebody, Moves Like Jagger2014

Huey Lewis & The News: Hip To Be Square, The Heart Of Rock And Roll, Couple Days Off
Bruno Mars: Treasure, Marry You, Grenade, Runaway Baby
Evolution of Dance: Medley of popular dance tunes2015

Tribute to Stevie Wonder: Superstition, Uptight, Signed Sealed Delivered, Sir Duke and Isn't She Lovely
Classical Metal Show: Carmina Burana, Montagues and Capulets, and the Finale to Dvorak's 9th Symphony
Latin show based on Blue Devils tunes: Legend of the One Eyed Sailor and La Fiesta2016

Music from the band Styx
Tribute to Jimi Hendrix2017

The Marvel Cinematic Universe featuring the Marvel Fanfare Theme, Captain America, The Avengers, Thor and Thor The Dark World, Iron Man, and Marvel Recap
Music of American Composers2018

Funk music: Let's Groove by Earth Wind and Fire, Kiss the Sky by Jason Derulo, Love Stoned by Justin Timberlake
Contemporary Divas: Bang Bang by Ariana Grande, Chandelier by Sia, Destiny's Child Medley featuring Jumpin' Jumpin' and Survivor
Epic Video Game Themes: Final Fantasy VII: Opening-Bombing Mission, Halo Theme, God of War2019

Summer of 1969: Proud Mary by Creedence Clearwater Revival, Evil Ways by Santana, Aquarius/Let the Sunshine In by The 5th Dimension
The Music of Yes: Owner of a Lonely Heart, Changes, Roundabout
Tribute of to the Moon Landing: Rocket Man by Elton John, Space Oddity by David Bowie, Eclipse by Pink Floyd
The Oregon Marching Band also participated in a combined halftime show with the University of Washington Husky Marching Band which included the music from the Summer of 1969 show and added I Want You Back by The Jackson 5

Instrumentation
The instrumentation of the Oregon Marching Band is similar to that of a military band but with the addition of a full front ensemble (also known as a "pit")  The band is open, so specific instrumentation varies from year to year 

Winds
Piccolos
Flutes
1+2 Clarinets
1+2 Alto Saxophones
Tenor Saxophones
1+2+3 Trumpets
Mellophones in F
Horn in Bb
1+2 Trombones
Baritone Horns
Sousaphones

Battery percussion
Snare Drums
Bass Drums
Tenor Drums
Cymbals

Front ensemble
Marimba
Xylophone
Rack-Mounted Tom Drums
Timpani
Bells
Vibraphone
Gong (tam-tam)
Chimes
Keyboard Synthesizer
Electric Bass
Bass Drum
Cymbals
Various other percussion instruments

Uniforms
The Oregon Marching Band shares the same rights of their athletics programs in what they wear, giving them access to Nike-designed uniforms  For the 2008-09 season the OMB received a new style of uniforms to replace the older set of uniforms that were used from 2003 through the 2007 season, which included green wool jackets and bib pants that blended into Autzen Stadium's turf and dark green motorcycle helmets, which some fans likened to those worn by Nazi storm troopers during World War II  Those uniforms were a gift in 2003 from University of Oregon alumni and cofounder of Nike Phil Knight  The new band uniforms were designed in partnership with the school's new football and cheerleading uniforms in an effort to give Oregon football game day a brand as well as what they feel is a unique style  The end result put an emphasis on the marching band being "athletic"  While the 2003 uniforms met with mixed reactions, including the ire of alumni and donors, the new 2008 uniforms were immediately welcomed 

Gameday uniform
Like that of the Oregon football team, the marching band's uniform has many levels of customization by pairing different all-Nike equipment together, such as:

Pants: Black Nike athletic pants with a silver mesh stripe down the sides
Shirts: Green Nike Drifit long sleeve and a green Nike Drifit long sleeve turtle neck (for cold weather, worn under other Drifit), both worn under vest
Vest: Yellow/White reversible vest with carbon-fiber "O" on the front
Jacket: Nike black travel jacket with carbon-fiber "O" on the front
Hats: a variety of green, yellow hats, worn during different quarters of the game
Shoes: custom black Nike Free running shoes with the Nike+ capabilities
T-shirts: green "Oregon Marching Band" T-shirts (additional shirts received for bowl games)
Polos: green Nike "Oregon Marching Band" polo
OBB, GGB and YGB get their own polos 
Students must provide their own slacks and black socks The green helmets, which the band retired after the 2005 season, are currently being sold to raise money for the band 

Festival of Bands
The Festival of Bands (FOB) is an annual high school marching band competition  Thirty bands from around the northwest compete in a two-round competition, prelims and finals  The festival is coordinated by the OMB members, and raises up to $15,000 for the band  It also serves as a major recruiting opportunity for the OMB 
The festival is frequently held concurrently with NWAPA's annual circuit championships  Years that NWAPA championships are hosted by another school, the Festival of Bands is often NWAPA sanctioned event 

Oregon Winterguard
Relaunced in 2018, the University of Oregon Winterguard competed during the NWAPA winter season in class Independent A   They have performed at numerous events across the Northwest including the NWAPA Winterguard Premier, Columbia River Winter Arts Invitational, Sherwood Winter Showcase, WGI Portland, and NWAPA Championships  Additionally, the winterguard has been the NWAPA Independent A Champions in both 2018 and 2019 as well as a WGI Regional Finalist  Since the cancelation of the NWAPA 2021 winter season, Oregon Winterguard has not made any competitive appearances  The Oregon Winterguard has continued as a class, hosting an exhibition show in March of 2023 that featured full winterguard shows from both themselves and the Sheldon High School Winterguard, along with solo and small group performances from members of both groups  Jennifer Freeman is the current director 

Oregon Athletic Bands Council
The Oregon Athletic Bands Council (OABC) is a group of students in the Oregon Marching Band that meets once a week throughout the school year to plan and organize many of the behind-the-scenes and logistical aspects of the Oregon Marching Band and other athletic bands  These aspects include Festival of Bands, winter band banquet, recruiting, and other related events  All members of the athletic bands are welcome to join OABC meetings, allowing all sections of the band to be represented  The council is composed of student leadership; a mix of elected positions and section leaders 
The 2021-2022 Oregon Athletic Bands Council positions are as follows:
President - Ben Orlov
Vice President - Kylie Farmer
Secretary/Historian - Patricia Young
Public Relations - Emily Rowe
OABC Liaison - Reid Mitchell
Chair of Non-Public Relations - Ethan Hartman
Festival of Bands Coordinator - Torrye Torrance
Recruitment - Reid Mitchell
Band Banquet - Broderick Buckholtz
Student Safety Advocate - Anna Boyd
Drum Majors:
Head: Zach Barrows
Andrew Hamilton
Claire Schmitz
OABC is run by an executive committee composed of the President, Vice President, and the Drum Majors of OMB  The OABC President also meets with the Director of Athletic Bands once a week to discuss band matters and to better coordinate the faculty with the students 

Other Athletic bands
Basketball Band
The Oregon Basketball Band (OBB) is a group of 80-100 OMB members who perform at all University of Oregon Men's and Women's Basketball home games  The group is auditioned from members of the OMB at the end of marching band season  Prior to January 2011, the OBB played in McArthur Court, better known as "The Pit"  On January 13, 2011, the OBB, along with the rest of the OMB, the Oregon Cheerleaders and the Pit Crew, participated in the opening ceremony for the newly opened Matthew Knight Arena before the men's basketball game against USC   In addition to home games, the OBB travels with both the men's and women's teams to the Pac-12 tournaments in Seattle, Washington and Las Vegas, Nevada, respectively, as well as March Madness tournaments 

Green Garter Band
The Green Garter Band (GGB) is a select group of twelve players that plays at numerous additional events for the University of Oregon  From funk to rock to hip hop, the GGB plays hundreds of high-energy student-arranged songs to entertain the hundreds of thousands they perform to every year  The group has a faculty advisor, the Director of Athletic Bands, but for the most part is entirely run by its student members  The Green Garter Band performs for all UO Women's Volleyball home games, UO Women's Basketball home games, many UO Softball home games and serves as the core unit of the OBB and OMB  Each year, the GGB also gives approximately 20-25 performances at special Athletic Department events, for the UO School of Music and Dance, for the University at large, and at various special events within the community  In return for their large commitment, Green Garter Band members are awarded scholarships equal to about 12 in-state credits  The demand for the GGB is so high that in 2002 the Yellow Garter Band (YGB) was created to help fulfill the number of requests coming in  The Yellow Garter Band is identical to its Green counterpart in most regards, but has a slightly smaller commitment  In return for their commitment, members of the YGB receive a large book scholarship every term  Together, the Green and Yellow Garter Bands have gained recognition and acclaim on campus, in the community and even nationally 

Discography
2008 Fighting Duck Spirit 2008 includes Music of Pinball Wizard; Music from the musical Wicked
2007 Fighting Duck Spirit 2007 includes Music of Journey; Music of 007
2006 Fighting Duck Spirit 2006 includes Disney's Fantasmic; Superheroes: Music from X-Men and Superman
2005 Fighting Duck Spirit 2005-06 includes Music from The Incredibles; Rock Show
2004 Fighting Duck Spirit 2005 includes Music from Harry Potter; Gershwin Medley
2003 Fighting Duck Spirit 2004 includes Music from Pirates of the Caribbean; Call of the Mountain; The Green Garter band
2002 Fighting Duck Spirit 2003 includes Music of Earth Wind & Fire; Adiemus: Music of Karl Jenkins
2001 Fighting Duck Spirit CD 2002 includes Music of Chicago; Appalachian Spring
2000 "Fighting Duck Spirit CD 2001" includes Music from Gladiator
1999 "Fighting Duck Spirit CS 2000" includes Music from Star Wars: Episode I
Passage 2:
Leo Harris
Leo A  Harris (August 6, 1904 – April 22, 1990) was an American athlete, coach, and athletic director  He played college football at Stanford University, coached football and basketball at Fresno State College, and was the first athletic director for the University of Oregon, bringing success to a financially troubled system  He was also known for his handshake deal with Walt Disney that permitted the University of Oregon to use the likeness of Donald Duck as the basis for its mascot, the Oregon Duck 

Playing and coaching career
Harris was a fullback and guard at Santa Cruz High School in Santa Cruz, California  He attended Stanford University, where he played tackle for legendary coach "Pop" Warner in 1925 and 1926 Following his collegiate playing career, Harris was football coach at Fresno State College from 1933 to 1935, winning Far West Conference championships the last two years  Harris also coached Fresno State's basketball program 

Oregon's first athletic director
In 1947, Harris was named athletic director at the University of Oregon, the first person to hold that title  At that time, Oregon's athletic department was in serious financial trouble  Through fundraising and careful planning, Harris expanded both the quality of the University's athletic programs as well as its facilities His most significant achievement was the construction of a new football stadium to replace aging Hayward Field  His efforts, beginning with procurement of property across the Willamette River from campus and continuing with fundraising and governmental negotiations, resulted in the construction of Autzen Stadium, completed in 1967  Harris also oversaw expansion of McArthur Court and improvements to Hayward Field and the baseball team's Howe Field Harris was also noted for striking a handshake deal with Walt Disney in 1947 that allowed Oregon to use the likeness of Donald Duck as the University's athletic mascot, The Oregon Duck  When Disney lawyers in the 1970s discovered that no written contract existed, the university produced a photograph of Harris alongside Walt Disney wearing a Donald-emblazoned Oregon jacket as proof that an agreement did exist  From that photo evidence, a formal contract licensing Donald's use by the university was created 

Legacy
Harris served as Oregon's athletic director for 20 years, stepping down in 1967, shortly before Autzen Stadium was completed  Today, the stadium's address is on Leo Harris Parkway  Harris died at his Carmel, California retirement home in 1990  He was inducted into the University of Oregon Athletic Hall of Fame in 1992, and the Oregon Sports Hall of Fame that same year 

Head coaching record
Football
Passage 3:
Petey (mascot)
Petey is the mascot for the Canisius Golden Griffins, the athletic teams of Canisius College in Buffalo, New York, USA  Petey is an anthropomorphic golden griffin who performs live at all Canisius athletic events  Canisius adopted the nickname "Golden Griffins" for their school athletic teams in 1932, in honor of Great Lakes explorer La Salle's ship, Le Griffon  Canisius first used an unnamed costumed griffin as a sideline mascot in 1967  In preparation for the 2002–2003 athletic season, the griffin mascot was completely re-designed and given a new costume and name  The name "Petey" was chosen as a reference to St  Peter Canisius, who Canisius College is named for Canisius' golden griffin has been called one of the most unusual of all NCAA mascots  In 2010, after the College of William & Mary adopted the Griffin as their new school mascot, Petey "wrote" a satirical open letter to the William & Mary griffin that was published in USA Today, welcoming the new griffin mascot to the college mascot community In 2013, the Catholic website Busted Halo held a March Madness-style competition to determine the title of "Best Catholic Mascot" through online voting  Petey won the online tournament, besting a field of 32 Catholic school mascots, including Notre Dame's Leprechaun and Boston College's Baldwin the Eagle  The following year, Petey advanced to the Final 4 of the same Busted Halo contest, but was ultimately defeated by Iggy the Royal Wolf from the University of Scranton  In 2015 Petey was entered in to the College Court Report "Mascot Mayhem" contest, where he made it to the Final 4 - surpassing Butler, North Florida, St  Louis, and UNLV  Sam the Minuteman from the University of Massachusetts Amherst claimed the 1st place prize  In 2016 Petey faced off against Boomer from Missouri State in the semi-finals of Court Report's "Mascot Mayhem" contest  Over 7,000 votes were cast in the final contest pairing, and Petey was narrowly defeated by a margin of 56 8% to 43 2%, claiming the 2nd place title 
Passage 4:
The Oregon Duck
The Oregon Duck  is the mascot of the University of Oregon Ducks athletic program, based on Disney's Donald Duck character through a special license agreement  The mascot wears a green and yellow costume, and a green and yellow beanie cap with the word "Oregon" written on it 

Early mascots
Oregon teams were originally known as Webfoots, possibly as early as the 1890s  The Webfoots name originally applied to a group of fishermen from the coast of Massachusetts who had been heroes during the American Revolutionary War  When their descendants settled in Oregon's Willamette Valley in the 19th century, the name stayed with them  A naming contest in 1926 won by Oregonian sports editor L  H  Gregory made the Webfoots name official, and a subsequent student vote in 1932 affirmed the nickname, chosen over other suggested nicknames such as Pioneers, Trappers, Lumberjacks, Wolves, and Yellow Jackets Ducks, with their webbed feet, began to be associated with the team in the 1920s, and a live white duck named "Puddles" began to appear at sports events  Journalists, especially headline writers, also adopted the shorter Duck nickname  In 1978, a student cartoonist came up with a new duck image called Mallard Drake, but students chose Donald as the official mascot by a 2–to–1 margin 

Relationship with Disney
Beginning in 1940, cartoon drawings of Puddles in student publications began to resemble Donald Duck, and by 1947, Walt Disney was aware of the issue  Capitalizing on his friendship with Disney cartoonist Mike Royer, Oregon athletic director Leo Harris met Disney and reached an informal handshake agreement that granted the University of Oregon permission to use Donald as its sports mascot, naming him Donald Duck When Disney lawyers later questioned the agreement in the 1970s, the university produced a photo showing Harris and Disney wearing matching jackets with an Oregon Donald logo  Relying on the photo as evidence of Disney's wishes, in 1973, both parties signed a formal agreement granting the university the right to use Donald's likeness as a symbol for (and restricted to) Oregon sports  The agreement gave Disney control over where the mascot could perform and ensured that the performer inside the costume would "properly represent the Donald Duck character "In 2010, Disney and the university reached an agreement that removed the costumed Oregon Duck mascot from its association with the Donald trademark, and allowed The Duck to make more public appearances, such as at college mascot competitions  The mascot in graphic art, which is more similar to Donald Duck than the rounder head and body of the costume, is still covered by the trademark agreement 

Controversy
During the 2007 season opener, The Duck got into a fistfight with Shasta, the mascot for the Houston Cougars, for seemingly mimicking the Duck's routine of doing push-ups after the mascot's team scores  Footage of the attack became very popular on YouTube for several weeks  The Duck was suspended for a game and the student inside the costume received an unspecified punishment Late in the 2009 season, students of the university created a video, I Love My Ducks, in which The Duck made an appearance  Due to the agreement with Disney in place at the time, the creators had to remove the video from YouTube  However, by that time, the video had "gone viral" and coach Chip Kelly requested the video be played at the Ducks' final game of that season, the Civil War 

Other mascots
A Nike-designed futuristic Spandex-costume-wearing duck called Mandrake (and nicknamed "Duck Vader" and "RoboDuck" by the student body), began appearing at athletic events in 2002, but had disappeared by 2003 

See also
List of duck mascots
Passage 5:
Texas A&amp;M–Kingsville Javelinas
The Texas A&M–Kingsville Javelinas ( HAH-və-LEE-nə) are the athletic teams that represent Texas A&M University–Kingsville (TAMUK) in Kingsville, Texas, in intercollegiate sports at the Division II level of the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA), primarily competing in the Lone Star Conference (LSC) since the 1954–55 academic year 
Some of the women's athletic teams use the name Lady Javelinas; however, the school's other teams use the Javelina name  The javelina serves as the mascot representing the teams, and the school colors are blue and gold 

History
Texas A&M–Kingsville has a rich and storied sports history  From the establishment of the university as "South Texas State Teachers College" in 1925, the university embraced athletic competition  That year, the students of the school chose the "javelina" as a mascot – the only college or university in the world to do so Often incorrectly considered a wild pig, a javelina is actually a ferocious creature that shares more in common with a coyote than a pig  Once provoked, a javelina often viciously and tenaciously fights any perceived threat, as demonstrated when the school's first president, Dr  Robert Cousins, discovered in 1929  After suffering an attack by one of the three mascots on the campus, Dr  Cousins stated that the creature stands for a symbol of the character of the school's students The first varsity letters were awarded to 15 members of the Javelina football team in December 1925  By the time of the school's first name change (to "Texas College of Arts and Industries") in 1929, the school participated in a wide array of sports, including football, baseball, men and women's basketball, and men and women's track and field 
Today, the school competes in 11 NCAA varsity sports, and has gained recognition around the country for its ability to compete on a regional and national level  The school has a rich history of athletes who have moved on to national and international competition in the Olympic Games, as well as various professional sport leagues 

Sports
Texas A&M–Kingsville (TAMUK) competes in 13 intercollegiate varsity sports: Men's sports include baseball, basketball, cross country, football and track & field; while women's sports include basketball, beach volleyball, cross country, golf, softball, tennis, track & field and volleyball 
The university also offers various club and intramural sports  Participation in these activities by individual students and clubs in the university is highly encouraged 

Football
Since the school was established 1925, football has been the most popular sport on campus 
In early 1929, the school joined the original Texas Intercollegiate Athletic Association (TIAA)  By the time the TIAA folded, the "Fighting Javelinas" had won two football championships  Following this, the school competed independently for several years  They moved from competing with junior colleges and teachers' colleges to competing against larger schools throughout the state  One highlight of this period included a football game that pitted the Javelinas against the Aggies of Texas A&M at Kyle Field in College Station  The Javelinas led the game until the Aggies tied it at 14 with three minutes left to play  The game ended in a tie  However, the Javelinas demonstrated that they could hold their own with a large football powerhouse  This further substantiated the team's nickname as "the toughest little team in the nation "In 1934, the school participated in the Lone Star Conference on a probationary period  In 1935, the school joined the Alamo Conference  By 1937, the Javelinas captured their first Alamo Conference co-championship (with St  Mary's)  The next year, the Javelinas won their first outright Alamo Conference football championship  This led to a string of football championships and the school's recognition as a football powerhouse For the 1954 season, A&I was finally inducted into the Lone Star Conference (LSC)  By 1959, the Javelinas won the first in a long string of LSC championships  Since then, the school has remained a perennial conference powerhouse, winning 27 championships  During the years that the LSC was a member of the National Association of Intercollegiate Athletics (NAIA), the Javelinas also picked up seven national championships  During the 1970s, the Javelinas won five NAIA national championships and went undefeated from the last game of 1973 through third game of 1977 After the LSC joined the National Collegiate Athletic Association's Division II in 1980, the Javelinas continued their conference, regional, and national success  Just a year after the university changed its name to Texas A&M University–Kingsville, the Javelinas played in the 1994 NCAA Division II National Football Championship, only to lose to the University of North Alabama by a score of 16–10  While an NCAA D2 national championship remains elusive, the Javelinas continuously remained nationally ranked football team poised to challenge for an elusive title The success of the Javelina Football team has led many writers and recruiters to dub the school a "football factory"  More than 150 athletes from Javelina football teams have gone on to play professional football, and more than 50 of these were draft picks in the NFL draft – more than any other school in either the NAIA or NCAA Division II  As a result, many athletes choose to play for Texas A&M University–Kingsville simply for the opportunity to shine on a national stage 

Baseball and softball
Baseball began as a competitive team sport at the school in 1926  As the national pastime, it was immediately popular among students, faculty, and administration  Unfortunately, the vast distance between schools and the limited number of teams with baseball] programs made justifying the enormous cost to the new school difficult  To much chagrin, the school discontinued the program in 1930 In 1990, athletic director and Javelina Football Coach Ron Harms announced that the university would re-establish a baseball team after more than 60 years  In 1992,  pitcher Nolan Ryan and a local rancher named Frank Horlock established a fund to build a baseball stadium on the campus  A year later, Ryan and Horlock, along with NFL coaching legend Bum Phillips, actor Larry Hagman, and other celebrities, attended a gala event with around 350 guests that established the funds necessary to build the stadium In 1993, the Javelinas of the newly renamed Texas A&M University–Kingsville" began competing with other LSC teams in NCAA Division II baseball  A year later, the school christened the 4,000-seat stadium as Nolan Ryan Field in honor of the Texas pitching legend's efforts to build the stadium In addition, Texas A&M University–Kingsville established a competitive softball team in 1993  Within a four years, the popular sport was able to build a stadium of its own  In 1997, the Lady Javelinas softball team opened the stadium with a win against Incarnate Word  By 2001, the team set NCAA Division II records in softball attendance Since the establishment of softball and the reestablishment of baseball, the programs have experienced fantastic success  Both teams have made deep runs in the NCAA Division II tournaments while gaining regional and national exposure 

Facilities
Baseball – Nolan Ryan Field
Basketball – Hampton Inn Court at the Steinke Physical Education Center
Football – Javelina Stadium
Golf – L E  Ramey Golf Course in Kingsville
Rodeo – Texas Tech Equestrian Center/Dub Parks Memorial Arena
Softball – Vernie and Blanche Hubert Field
Track and field – Javelina Stadium
Volleyball – Hampton Inn Court at the Steinke Physical Education Center

Championships
The Javelinas have a long history of success in regional and national competition  In addition to being one of the most accomplished teams in the NAIA and NCAA Division II sports, the university has earned numerous division, conference, and national-championship flags and trophies 

National
The Javelina Football team has won seven national championships in the NAIA: 1979, 1976, 1975, 1974, 1970, 1969, and 1959  They were the runner-up in the NCAA Division II National Football Championship in 1994 

Conference
Football
The university's football team has earned 34 conference championships: 1931, 1932, 1938, 1939, 1941, 1951, 1952, 1959, 1960, 1962, 1967–70, 1974–77, 1979, 1985, 1987–89, 1992–97, 2001–04, and 2009 

Baseball
Since baseball was reinstated as a varsity sport at Texas A&M University–Kingsville in 1993, the Javelina baseball team has earned four LSC championships: 1995, 1998, 2004, 2008, 2014, and 2015  The baseball team also has one appearance in the NCAA Division II College World Series in 2018 

Division
Since the creation of the LSC South Division in 1997, the Javelina football team has won seven LSC South Division Championships: 1997, 1998, 2001, 2002, 2003, 2004, and 2009 

Tournaments
Softball
The Javelina softball team has participated in three NCAA Division II championship tournaments: 2003, 2004, 2007 and 2019 

Men's basketball
The Javelina men's basketball team has made deep runs in four NCAA Division II championship tournaments: 2009, 2004, 1996, and 1992 

Women's basketball
The Lady Javelinas basketball team has participated in three NCAA Division II championship tournaments: 2001, 2000, and 1983  In 2001, the Lady Javelinas advanced to the NCAA Elite 8 game 

Men's track and field
The men's track and field team won NCAA Division II outdoor track and field national championships in 2018  The men's track and field squad won the IBC Bank Cactus Cup in 2010 

Traditions
Texas A&M University–Kingsville has a long history of athletic traditions  Since the university was established in 1925, the school placed an emphasis on traditions that united students in institutional and organizational identity 

Current
School colors: The school's official colors are royal blue and gold, which are reflected around the campus  They are seen in the uniforms of athletes, coaches, and band members  They are also found on flags and school apparel, and are proudly worn during sporting events 
Alma mater: The official song of the university, "Hail AMK", is sung following each football game 
School songs: The official fight song for TAMUK, is "Jalisco", is played by the band following every touchdown  In addition, the "Javelina Victory March" is played after every field goal or extra point  Other songs are played during the games, often followed by a chant of "Go Hogs Go!"
Pride of South Texas Marching Band: This is the award-winning marching band of the school  The band has participated in competitions throughout Texas and the United States  They routinely perform during halftime of home football games  In addition, the band plays the school's alma mater at the end of football games 
Bonfire: During homecoming week, a large bonfire is held in a field located adjacent to the soccer field and softball stadium  The bonfire is sponsored by the Aggie Club and is open to the student body, faculty, staff, and alumni of the university 
Homecoming King and Queen: In the weeks preceding the homecoming, members of various student organizations campaign for King and Queen  Students vote for the candidates of their choice, and the results are announced during halftime at the Homecoming Game 
Tailgate party: A tailgate party is hosted in the northeastern parking lot of Javelina Stadium before each home football game  These gatherings have become a normal part of Javelina football games and attract thousands of fans  The tailgate party is open to the public and many student organizations, clubs, and surrounding businesses around the area choose to participate with food, drinks, and music 
Army ROTC: The cadets of Javelina Battalion present colors during official school functions  Javelina Battalion upholds several internal traditions, including the firing of "Old Smokey" (prior to 1965, cadets fired a cannon known as "Little Jav") during home football games, as well as sponsoring the Military Ball each year since 1975 
Hog Calls: Enthusiastic rallies are held before the 1st Home Game, Family Weekend and Homecoming games 
Blue Out: During home games, students are encouraged to participate in a "Blue Out" – where students wear their school colors in a sign of school spirit 
Porky's Pack and Train: Children who become members of Porky's Pack accompany Porky the Javelina mascot on a train ride around the stadium throughout the game 
Blue Thunder: Prior to kickoff, students sitting on the west side of the stadium repeatedly kick the metal rails beneath their seats in a sign of school solidarity, resulting in a thunderous clamor 
Flag Run: Following each touchdown scored by the Javelinas, two separate school flags are run around the stadium by members of the Aggie Club 
Tortilla toss: During the 1980s, students began to throw tortillas following every touchdown as a show of support for the football team  This tradition was halted in 1999 after some students complained of possible racial undertones  School officials subsequently banned tortillas from the stadium; however, tortillas continue to be thrown during the game 
College Hall black lights: Following each football victory, the bell tower atop College Hall is lit up with black lights to provide an ethereal reminder to the campus community of each victory 

Athletes
Rally Entry: The Javelina athletic teams choose to make a scenic entry to football, basketball, baseball, and softball games 
Prayer in the End Zone: An unofficial football tradition, many of the players from various religious backgrounds immediately head to the north end zone (near the scoreboard) following entrance into the stadium  These players  kneel in silent prayer  Following the game, many players (from both the Javelinas and visiting teams) choose to meet at the 50-yard-line and pray 
Alma mater: The Javelina football team joins the students on the western bleachers in the singing of the school's alma mater 
Children's Hospital: At various times throughout the year, members of the various Javelina teams accompany Porky the Javelina costumed mascot and visit local hospitals, including the Driscoll Children's Hospital 

Mascots
Mascot: The javelina is the official mascot of Texas A&M University–Kingsville  The a live mascot is paraded during official school events and games  Over the years, various mascots named Henry, Henrietta, Little Henry, Scrappy, and Porky have held the honor as official mascot  The current mascot is named Porky III 
Porky and Baby: The university has two costumed mascots who represent the university at public functions and encourage crowd involvement during athletic events  "Porky" is the original and male javelina mascot  Several years ago, he was joined by "Baby", a female javelina mascot 

Rivalries
As a perennial champ in the LSC and a regional and national powerhouse in football and other sports, the Javelinas of Texas A&M University–Kingsville have fostered several conference, regional, and national rivalries 

Texas A&M University-Commerce
Tarleton State University
University of Central Oklahoma
Abilene Christian University
West Texas A&M University
University of North Alabama
University of California, Davis
Northwest Missouri State University

People
Personnel - head coaches
Autumn Williams, Women's Tennis
Mike Salinas, Football
Jason Gonzales, Baseball
Craig Nicholson, Softball
Johnny Estelle, Men's Basketball
Michael Madrid, Women's Basketball
Tanya Allen, Volleyball/Beach Volleyball
Stefanie Gray, Golf
Ryan Dahl, Track and Field/Cross Country

Notable alumni
Stu Clarkson, NFL linebacker for the Chicago Bears, Texas A&M - Kingsville Football Hall of Fame
Juan Castillo NFL coach, defensive co-ordinator Philadelphia Eagles
Roberto Garza, NFL lineman for the Chicago Bears
Darrell Green, Pro Football Hall of Famer, retired cornerback
Al Harris, NFL cornerback for the Green Bay Packers
Jim Hill, former NFL player for the Green Bay Packers and San Diego Chargers, sports anchor at KCBS-TV in Los Angeles
Jermane Mayberry, NFL guard for the New Orleans Saints
John Randle, retired NFL Hall of Fame defensive tackle
Heath Sherman, retired NFL [running back] for the Philadelphia Eagles
Gil Steinke, NFL defensive back Philadelphia Eagles, longtime coach of the Javelinas  Texas Sports Hall of Fame
Gene Upshaw, Pro Football Hall of Famer, former executive director of the National Football League Players Association
 Johnny Bailey, former NFL running back
Randy Johnson, inaugural NFL quarterback for the Atlanta Falcons
Martin Patton, former CFL running back
Eva Longoria, (Miss Corpus Christi USA in 1998), (American actress) Desperate Housewives, born in Corpus Christi, Texas
Passage 6:
Oregon Ducks
The Oregon Ducks are the intercollegiate athletic teams that represent the University of Oregon, located in Eugene  The Ducks compete at the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) Division I level as a member of the Pac-12 Conference  With eighteen varsity teams, Oregon is best known for its American football team and track and field program, which has helped Eugene gain a reputation as "Track Town, USA"  Oregon's main rivalries are with the Oregon State Beavers (the Civil War) and the Washington Huskies 

Nicknames and mascot history
Oregon teams were originally known as Webfoots, possibly as early as the 1890s  The Webfoots name originally applied to a group of fishermen from the coast of Massachusetts who had been heroes during the American Revolutionary War; their descendants had settled in Oregon's Willamette Valley in the 19th century and the name stayed with them  A naming contest in 1926 won by Oregonian sports editor L  H  Gregory made the Webfoots name official, and a subsequent student vote in 1932 affirmed the nickname, chosen over other suggested nicknames such as Pioneers, Trappers, Lumberjacks, Wolves, and Yellow Jackets Ducks, with their webbed feet, began to be associated with the team in the 1920s, and live duck mascots were adopted to represent the team  Journalists, especially headline writers, also adopted the shorter Duck nickname, but it was not until the 1940s that the image of Donald Duck, permitted via a handshake deal between Walt Disney and Oregon athletic director Leo Harris, cemented the image of the Duck as the school's mascot  Both nicknames were still in use well into the 1970s In 1978, a student cartoonist came up with a new duck image, but students rejected the alternative by a 2-to-1 margin  Although Donald was not on that ballot, the University Archivist declared that the election made Ducks the school's official mascot, replacing Webfoots 

Varsity programs
The University of Oregon sponsors teams in eight men's and twelve women's NCAA sanctioned sports, primarily competing in the Pac-12 Conference and acrobatics & tumbling competing in the National Collegiate Acrobatics & Tumbling Association, and lacrosse and indoor track & field teams competing in the Mountain Pacific Sports Federation 

Football
The football program began in 1893 and played its first game on February 22, 1894, defeating Albany College 46-0  The football team moved to its new home, Hayward Field in 1919 where it shared the facility with the track and field team until Autzen Stadium was completed in 1967 Winning its first Rose Bowl in 1917 against the University of Pennsylvania under head coach  Hugo Bezdek, the Ducks have returned to the Rose Bowl seven additional times in 1920, 1957, 1995, 2010, 2012, 2015, and 2020;  While in the Pacific Coast Conference, the Ducks won five conference co-championships in 1919, 1933, 1948, and 1957  The Pacific Coast Conference was disbanded in 1958, and the Ducks played as an independent until they joined the PCC's effective successor, the Pacific-8 Conference (then officially the Athletic Association of Western Universities), which later became the Pacific-10 Conference and eventually the Pac-12 Conference, in 2011  In the Pac-8/10/12, they have won seven conference championships (1994, 2001, 2009, 2010, 2011, 2014, 2019) and shared one championship (2000)  The Ducks were 3–2 during the BCS era, winning the 2002 Fiesta Bowl, the 2012 Rose Bowl, and the 2013 Fiesta Bowl and losing the 2010 Rose Bowl and the 2011 BCS National Championship Game 
In 2014, Oregon won a school record 13 games and saw junior quarterback Marcus Mariota win the school's first Heisman Trophy  That same year, the Ducks made the first ever College Football Playoff and beat the defending champion Florida State Seminoles 59–20 in the 2015 Rose Bowl semi-final  The loss to Oregon ended the Seminoles 29 game win streak and moved the Ducks into the final  They made the first ever CFP National Championship Game where they lost 42–20 to Ohio State 

Basketball
The Ducks men's basketball team played its first season in 1902-1903 under head coach Charles Burden  It was not until 1927 that the Ducks played their first game at McArthur Court, defeating Willamette University 38-10  Head coach Howard Hobson was hired in 1936 and took the basketball team nicknamed "The Tall Firs" to win the first NCAA Men's Basketball Championship in 1939  The Tall Firs achieved a 29-5 record, capped by a 46-33 victory over Ohio State University in the championship game  in the inaugural year for the event 
The Ducks men's team would add only one more shared Pacific Coast Conference title to their two until winning the Pacific-10 Conference title in the 2001-2002 season under head coach Ernie Kent  The Ducks would also make an Elite Eight appearance in the NCAA Tournament that season along with the 2006-2007 season  In 2010-2011, the Ducks moved into the new Matthew Knight Arena and welcomed new coach Dana Altman  Since, Altman has won three Pac-12 Conference Coach of the Year honors (2013, 2015, 2016) and led Oregon to the 2013 Pac-12 Conference men's basketball tournament championship  In addition, Altman has taken Oregon to four straight NCAA men's basketball tournament for the first time in program history (2013, 2014, 2015, 2016), including a trip to the Sweet 16 in 2013 and the Elite 8 in 2016  The Ducks won the 2015-2016 Pac-12 Conference Tournament  This led to the Ducks being the top seed in the West Regional of the 2015-2016 NCAA tournament, its first ever top seeding in the NCAA tournament  The Ducks defeated Holy Cross and Saint Joseph's in the first two rounds of the NCAA tournament to advance to the Sweet 16 in Anaheim, where they defeated the number four seed and defending national champion Duke Blue Devils, 82-68, to advance to the Elite 8 
On the women's side, three eventual first-round WNBA draft picks—Sabrina Ionescu (30 points), Satou Sabally (25 points), and Ruthy Hebard—led the No  1 ranked Ducks to a 93–86 victory over Team USA in November 2019  Their opponents had won the last six Olympic gold medals, the 2018 World Cup, and already qualified for the 2020 Tokyo Olympics, and included WNBA stars Diana Taurasi, Sue Bird, Nneka Ogwumike, and Sylvia Fowles  The exhibition game was Team USA's first loss to a college team in 20 years  Ionescu, the top pick in the 2020 draft, is also the only NCAA basketball player of either sex to record 2,000 points, 1,000 rebounds, and 1,000 assists in a career, as well as the recipient of multiple national player of the year awards in both 2019 and 2020, sweeping all of the major awards in the latter year 

Track and field
The University of Oregon Cross Country and Track & Field programs have a particularly long and storied history, earning Eugene the nickname Track Town, United States  After several years of struggling, Bill Hayward became the head coach in 1903 and provided solid direction for the program for 44 years, coaching Daniel Kelly and Ralph Hill to Olympic Silver Medals  After Hayward's retirement in 1947, his trainee Bill Bowerman took over the head coaching position in 1949 

Bill Bowerman became a legendary coach, winning numerous NCAA team Championships at Oregon and coached many to All-American and Olympian status such as Steve Prefontaine  His talents were not limited to the track, as he also co-founded Nike, pressured the Amateur Athletic Union to improve its services, and brought the Olympic Trials and NCAA Championships to Hayward Field Bill Bowerman retired in 1973 and his assistant coach, Bill Dellinger became the head coach who brought four NCAA Cross Country Championships and one NCAA Track & Field Championship Steve Prefontaine, who ran at Oregon in the early 1970s, was a legend in his own right, setting 13 American records in seven separate events and only lost three races at Hayward Field during the span of his career  He won seven NCAA championships and today, the Prefontaine Classic is held every year at Hayward Field in his honor The program has garnered numerous NCAA national titles across all the disciplines 

Baseball
The Ducks baseball team first played in 1877, the year following the establishment of the university  In 1981, baseball was dropped due to budgetary concerns  Baseball would be reinstated 26 years later by interim athletic director Patrick Kilkenny and played its first game in 2009  George Horton, who led the Cal State Fullerton baseball team to an NCAA national championship, was hired in 2007 to lead the reinstated Oregon Ducks baseball program  In his second year, Horton guided the team in to a 40-24 record and a berth in the NCAA regionals 

Softball
Oregon Softball plays home games at the new Jane Sanders Stadium  Oregon has had recent success under Coach Mike White who has taken Oregon to the Women's College World Series (WCWS) four times in the last 6 years  Oregon has appeared in seven WCWS, in 1976, 1980, 1989, 2012, 2014, 2015 and 2017  In 2014 and 2017, the Ducks reached the national semi-finals 

Volleyball
The Oregon Volleyball program are coached by Matt Ulmer and play its home games at Matthew Knight Arena  They have appeared in the NCAA Tournament 16 times including the 2012 National Title Game  Oregon defeated #1 Penn State in the National Semi-Finals before losing to eventual champion Texas in the title match 

Other varsity sports
The Ducks also have varsity teams in women's basketball, golf, tennis, lacrosse, soccer, team stunts and gymnastics 

Notable non-varsity sports
Rugby
Founded in 1961, the University of Oregon Rugby Football Club plays Division 1 college rugby in the Northwest collegiate rugby conference against local rivals such as Washington and Washington State  Oregon's biggest rivalry, however, is their "civil war" matchup against in-state rival Oregon State University  Oregon plays its home games at Riverfront Field  The Ducks have been led by head coach Pate Tuisue since 2012 The University of Oregon Women's Club Rugby Team has been coached by Greg Farrell since 1998  They are a part of the Pacific Mountain Rugby Conference  During their league season they will play University of Washington, Washington State University, Oregon State, Boise State University, and Western Washington University  For the past couple years the team's main rival has been Washington State University  Oregon Women's also plays on Riverfront field 

Ice hockey
The Ducks compete at the Pacific 8 Intercollegiate Hockey Conference of the American Collegiate Hockey Association Division II 
The team will be moving up to Division I in the upcoming 2022-23 season  With the move to Division I, they will be an Independent 

Championships
NCAA team championships
Oregon has won 34 NCAA national championships 
Men's (20)
Basketball (1): 1939
Cross country (6): 1971, 1973, 1974, 1977, 2007, 2008
Golf (1): 2016
Indoor Track & Field (5): 2009, 2014, 2015, 2016, 2021
Outdoor Track & Field (7): 1962, 1964, 1965, 1970, 1984, 2014, 2015
Women's (14)
Cross country (4): 1983, 1987, 2012, 2016
Indoor track and field (7): 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014, 2016, 2017
Outdoor track and field (3): 1985, 2015, 2017
see also:
Pac-12 Conference NCAA championships
List of NCAA schools with the most NCAA Division I championships

Other national team championships
Below are four national team titles that are not bestowed by the NCAA:

Women's
Acrobatics and Tumbling (4):  2011, 2012, 2013, 2014
Acrobatics & tumbling is now an NCAA-recognized sport as part of its Emerging Sports for Women program  However, it did not become an Emerging Sport until 2020–21, and still does not have an NCAA-organized championship event 
see also:
List of NCAA schools with the most Division I national championships

Other national championship game appearances
Football (2): 2010, 2014
Volleyball (1): 2012
Men's Golf (1) : 2017
Women's Golf (1) : 2022

Athletic facilities
The Oregon Ducks football complex is located across the Willamette River to the north of the main campus  The complex includes Autzen Stadium where the games are played, the Len Casanova Center where the locker rooms and training facilities are located, the indoor practice field called the Moshofsky Center, and the outdoor training field named Kilkenny Field  Much of the cost of the state-of-the-art facilities were paid for by the prominent university boosters Phil Knight, Ed Moshofsky, and Patrick Kilkenny Also in the football complex is PK Park, the University of Oregon baseball stadium, completed in 2009 for the reemergence of the baseball program, located in the northeast corner of the parking lot 
The basketball teams along with other court-based sports play at Matthew Knight Arena, dubbed "Matt Court" in a play on McArthur Court's longstanding nickname "Mac Court", the Oregon Ducks' main court through the first part of the 2010–11 season 
Hayward Field was originally constructed for the football team in 1919 and in 1921, a track was installed to accommodate the track team  Today, it is the home of the Oregon Ducks track and field team  This storied venue has been the host of the NCAA Outdoor Track and Field Championships twelve times  The Olympic Trials have been hosted at this venue four times Jane Sanders Stadium, the newest Ducks sports venue, located at the south end of campus, opened in March 2016 as the home diamond for the Ducks softball team 

Rivalries
The Oregon Ducks have an in-state rivalry with the Oregon State Beavers in which they play for the Platypus Trophy  The rivalry, dubbed the Civil War, has been scored across ten different sports that the two universities share over the past nine years  The series is currently tied 4-4-1 The Oregon Ducks and the Washington Huskies have enjoyed a border rivalry that many consider to be even more fierce than the respective teams’ in-state rivalries  The rivalry began to build steam in 1948, when the Ducks and the California Golden Bears tied for the conference win and the Huskies’ vote went to Cal which inked them in for a trip to the Rose Bowl  A few years later, there was a move to remove Oregon, Oregon State, and Washington State from the Pacific Coast Conference (whose history the Pac-10 claims as its own) and the Huskies did not object 

Relationship with Nike
The University of Oregon is commonly referred to as the University of Nike due to Nike co-founder Phil Knight's influence through his donations to the school over the years  Knight ran in the University of Oregon Track & Field program under Nike co-founder Bill Bowerman  Knight graduated from the University of Oregon in 1959 with a bachelor's degree in accounting and went on to earn an M B A  at Stanford University  Knight returned to Oregon and with Bowerman, also a University of Oregon alumnus, later founded Blue Ribbon Sports in 1964, which officially became Nike in 1978  In 1970, Bowerman revolutionized the athletic shoe by pouring molten rubber into a waffle iron, creating a prototype rubber sole  University of Oregon distance runner Steve Prefontaine became the first major track athlete to wear Nike shoes and converted many of his peers to the Nike brand Nike has maintained a close relationship with UO ever since, manufacturing all university logo clothing and uniforms for athletic teams, including research prototypes for high-tech "smart clothes", such as jerseys with cooling systems  Numerous University of Oregon graduates have also gone on to become executives, designers, and business partners of Nike such as Tinker Hatfield and Dan Wieden 
Phil Knight has personally donated significant amounts to the University for both academic and athletic aspirations, including significant amounts toward the Knight Library, the Knight Law Center, numerous endowed chairs, support for the track & field program, the Autzen Stadium expansion, and a $100 million donation to create the Oregon Athletics Legacy Fund Controversy surrounding Nike's labor practices precipitated protests in 2000 led by a group of students calling themselves the Human Rights Alliance  Protests included a 10-day tent city occupation of the lawns in front of Johnson Hall, the main administration building, demanding the university join the Worker Rights Consortium (WRC) University President Dave Frohnmayer signed a one-year contract with the WRC, causing Phil Knight to withdraw a previous $30 million commitment toward the Autzen Stadium expansion project and no further donations toward the University  Nike, since 1998, had actively improved worker conditions abroad and strongly endorsed the Fair Labor Association, an association with similar aspirations of the WRC but with origins and board members from the apparel industry, including Nike  In a public statement, Phil Knight criticized the WRC for having unrealistic provisions and called it misguided while praising the FLA for being balanced in its approach  The students disagreed, saying the FLA has conflicting interests, but President Dave Frohnmayer along with several others agreed with Knight in that the WRC provides unbalanced representation Citing a legal opinion from the University Counsel, President Frohnmayer in October 2000, released a statement saying that the University could not pay its membership dues for the WRC since the WRC was neither an incorporated entity nor had tax-exempt status and to do so was a violation of state law  The Oregon University System on February 16, 2001, enacted a mandate that all institutions within the OUS choose business partners from a politically neutral standpoint, barring all universities in Oregon from membership in the WRC and the FLA  Following the dissolved relationship between the university and the WRC, Phil Knight reinstated the donation and increased the amount to over $50 million  Since then, activity on the subject died down and Frohnmayer believed that the leaders of the protest lost their foothold since they did not represent the majority of students on campus The relationship between the University of Oregon and Nike was the topic of the book, "University of Nike" by Joshua Hunt  In the book, Hunt describes the influence that Nike held over university administrators as well as the strong arm tactics Nike employed to the benefit of corporate interests under the guise of philanthropy  The book also points to this relationship as a bellwether as other U S  states reduce higher education funding, resulting in universities accepting a greater percentage of their funding from corporate sources with their corresponding interests 

See also
Oregon Sports Hall of Fame
List of Oregon Ducks Athletic Directors
Passage 7:
Presbyterian Blue Hose
The Presbyterian Blue Hose are the athletic teams of Presbyterian College, located in Clinton, South Carolina, United States  The Blue Hose athletic program is a member of the Big South Conference and competes in the NCAA Division I Football Championship Subdivision (FCS)  The PC Athletic Department fields a total of 17 varsity teams in eight men's and nine women's sports  The school colors are garnet and blue, and the mascot is Scotty the Scotsman, a medieval Scottish warrior  The team name comes from the socks worn by the football team in the early days of the twentieth century 

Conference affiliations
NCAA

Carolinas Intercollegiate Athletic Conference (1964–1972)
South Atlantic Conference (1989–2007)
Big South Conference (2007–present)

Teams
Presbyterian sponsors teams in eight NCAA-sanctioned sports for each sex, plus one women's sport that is not governed by the NCAA 
In December 2017, Presbyterian announced the addition of men's and women's wrestling programs  Men's wrestling is fully sanctioned by the NCAA, while women's wrestling has partial NCAA recognition  Women's wrestling is primarily governed by the Women's Collegiate Wrestling Association, but since 2020–21 has been recognized by the NCAA through its Emerging Sports for Women program  The men's program debuted in 2018–19 as an independent and joined the Southern Conference in July 2019, joining Big South rivals Campbell and Gardner–Webb as SoCon affiliates since the Big South does not sponsor wrestling  The women's program is the first for an NCAA Division I school  The men's team began with a limited varsity schedule in 2018–19 and first played a full schedule in 2019–20, while the women's team began playing a full varsity schedule in 2018–19 Mark Cody, former head coach of American and Oklahoma, was named to lead the Blue Hose  Presbyterian was the first South Carolina-based Division I school to sponsor wrestling since Clemson eliminated its program in 1995  Cassy Lopez of Maryland's Mt  Hebron High School was the first woman to sign a National Letter of Intent with a Division I wrestling program In 2021, Cody became the school's Director of Wrestling  Zach Sheaffer, an All-American with Pittsburgh, became the head coach of the men's and women's teams 

Facilities
SourceBaseball: The PC Baseball Complex was built in the late 1980s 
Basketball: The Furman Pinson Arena in the Ross E  Templeton Center seats approximately 2300 and was opened in 1975 
Campus Golf: PC hosts a state of the art, 8 hole campus golf course located in the parking grounds of Bailey Memorial Stadium  Dubbed "The Links at Jeff E  Redwood" the layout was finalized in 2010 by famed golf course architect, Jeff E  Redwood  The crown jewel of the course is hole #4, commonly known as "Statue Hole"  Pin locations vary from tree bases, to statues, and fire hydrants  The course is open to the public and no green fee is required 
Cross country does not compete on campus 
Football: Bailey Memorial Stadium opened in 2002, seating 6,500; play takes place on Claude Crocker field (natural grass)  In 2021, football will make a transition to the Pioneer Football League
Golf: The Arnold Palmer-designed Musgrove Mill Golf Club is a championship course located at the site of the Revolutionary War Battle of Musgrove Mill and is host to Blue Hose home competitions  The golf teams also make use of the courses at Stoney Point Country Club and Lakeside Country Club 
Lacrosse: Old Bailey Stadium, the former home of PC football, opened in 1928  It now houses Blue Hose lacrosse on its Johnson Field  The stadium seats 3,000 
Soccer: Edens Field at Martin Stadium was built in 2000 and seats about 400 
Softball: PC Softball Complex, opened in 1997, has the main softball stadium, 3 practice fields, and batting cages 
Tennis: The Templeton Tennis Courts have 6 courts with bleacher seating located adjacent to the Templeton Center 
Volleyball and wrestling also compete in the arena at the Templeton Center 
The Blue Hose athletics program also has the Templeton Strength and Conditioning Weight Room and the Kemper D  Lake M D  Sports Medicine Center with a staff of certified, professional athletic trainers for training and rehabilitation 

See also
Presbyterian Blue Hose baseball
Presbyterian Blue Hose men's basketball
Presbyterian Blue Hose women's basketball
Presbyterian Blue Hose football
Passage 8:
Les Schwab Invitational
The Les Schwab Invitational (LSI) is Oregon's premier pre-season high school invitational basketball tournament [1] Prior to its founding in 1996, Oregon's high school teams had to travel out of state for quality pre-season play, denying fans connection to local teams prior to the regular season  In 1994, South Salem High School coach Barry Adams and Beaverton High School coach Nick Robertson, along with the Oregon Athletic Coaches Association, proposed a pre-season tournament to showcase the upcoming season's top teams  After two years of phone calls, lobbying, and meetings, the Oregon State Activities Association approved the proposition and the Oregon Holiday Invitational (renamed in 2000 The Les Schwab Invitational) was born  Since its creation, the tournament has hosted nationally ranked teams from many states including Virginia, New York, Nevada, Louisiana, Texas, Maryland, Georgia, Florida, Pennsylvania, and numerous top teams from California  The LSI is a 4-day, 32-game, boy's high school basketball tournament  It features 16 teams chosen from Oregon's top schools and elite national teams through a partnership with Nike  Prime Time Sports is the owner and promoter of the tournament which was founded by co-tournament creator John McCallum 

Facts
Played in the month of December, usually between December 26 and January 1 
Is a 5-day, 32-game, and 16-team tournament 
Tournament awards include: "The Mr Hustle Award", "Tournament MVP" and "The Shawn Zinsli Team Sportsmanship Award"
Participating teams raise money for their basketball programs through ticket sales and sponsor donations
Oak Hill Academy, from Mouth of Wilson, Virginia has won five LSI championships ('97, '01, '04,'06, '11)
More than 22 Les Schwab Invitational participants have gone on to play in the NBA
Kevin Durant, the 2008 NBA Rookie of the Year was a player in the 2004 LSI while at Oak Hill Academy
Kevin Love is the only freshman to ever be named LSI Most Valuable Player as he did in 2003 while at Lake Oswego High School

Venues
Year-Venue(s)

1996 -Westview High School-Portland, OR ; South Salem High School, Salem, OR ; The University of Portland, Portland, OR ; Beaverton High School, Beaverton, OR 
1997-Lewis and Clark College, Portland, OR 
1998-Lewis and Clark College, Portland, OR 
1999-Lewis and Clark College, Portland, OR 
2000-Memorial Coliseum, Portland, OR 
2001-Memorial Coliseum, Portland, OR 
2002-The University of Portland, Portland, OR 
2003-The University of Portland, Portland, OR 
2004–Present-Liberty High School, Hillsboro, OR 

Teams invited
Oregon State classification 6A and 5A basketball teams as well as the top teams from southwest Washington are invited based on selections made by a committee that meets each January 
3-4 nationally ranked Nike-sponsored teams are also brought in from around the country 

Past champions
Year	School

1996	Beaverton High School Beavers
1997	Oak Hill Academy Warriors
1998	Crenshaw High School Cougars
1999	Jefferson High School Democrats
2000	Dominguez High School Dons
2001	Oak Hill Academy Warriors
2002	Bishop O’Connell High School Knights
2003	Jesuit High School Crusaders
2004	Oak Hill Academy Warriors
2005	Reserve Christian Eagles
2006	Oak Hill Academy Warriors
2007	Archbishop Mitty High School Monarchs
2008	Dominguez High School Dons
2009	Westchester High School Comets
2010 DeMatha Catholic Stags
2011 Oak Hill Academy Warriors
2012 Lake Oswego High School Lakers
2013 Rainier Beach High School Vikings
2014 Montverde Academy Eagles
2015 Oak Hill Academy Warriors
2016 Nathan Hale High School Raiders
2017 Oak Hill Academy Warriors
2018 Sierra Canyon School Trailblazers
2019 Mater Dei High School Monarchs
2020 Cancelled due to COVID-19 Pandemic
2021 Link Academy Lions
2022 West Linn High School Lions

LSI participants named McDonald's All Americans
Carmelo Anthony |	Oak Hill Academy, Mouth of Wilson, VA 2001
Andre Barrett |	Rice High School, New York, NY 1999
Evan Burns |	Fairfax High School, Los Angeles, CA 2000
Tweety Carter |	Reserve Christian, Laplace, LA 2005
Tyson Chandler |	Dominguez High School, Compton, CA 2000
Eric Devendorf |	Oak Hill Academy, Mouth of Wilson, VA 2004
Mike Dunleavy Jr  |	Jesuit High School, Portland, OR 1998
Kevin Durant |	Oak Hill Academy, Mouth of Wilson, VA 2004
Ndudi Ebi |	Westbury Christian, Houston, TX 2002
Donté Greene |	Towson Catholic, Towson, MD 2005
JJ Hickson |	Wheeler High School, Marietta, GA 2006
Brandon Jennings |	Oak Hill Academy, Mouth of Wilson, VA 2006
Terrence Jones |	Jefferson High School, Portland, OR 2010
Doron Lamb |	Oak Hill Academy, Mouth of Wilson, VA 2009
Tywon Lawson |	Oak Hill Academy, Mouth of Wilson, VA 2004
Kevin Love |	Lake Oswego High School, Lake Oswego, OR	2007
Kyle Wiltjer |	Jesuit High School, Beaverton, OR 2011
Jaylen Brown |	Wheeler High School, Marietta, GA 2015
Ben Simmons |	Montverde Academy, Montverde, FL 2015
Michael Porter Jr |	Nathan Hale High School, Seattle, WA 2017
Keldon Johnson |	Oak Hill Academy, Mouth of Wilson, VA 2018
Vernon Carey Jr  |	NSU University School, Fort Lauderdale, FL 2019

Les Schwab Invitational NBA players
Carmelo Anthony – Oak Hill Academy / Portland Trail Blazers
Tyson Chandler – Dominguez H S  / Chicago Bulls 2001–06, New Orleans Hornets 2006–09, Charlotte Bobcats 2009–10, Dallas Mavericks 2010-11 & 2014–15, New York Knicks 2011–14, Phoenix Suns 2015–2018, Los Angeles Lakers 2018
Kevin Durant – Oak Hill Academy / Seattle SuperSonics 2007–08, Oklahoma City Thunder 2008–2016, Golden State Warriors 2016–Present
Kevin Love – Lake Oswego H S  / Miami Heat
Greg Monroe – Helen Cox H S  / Toronto Raptors
Kemba Walker – Rice H S  / Charlotte Hornets
Marvin Bagley III - Sierra Canyon H S  / Detroit Pistons
Jaylen Brown - Wheeler H S  / Boston Celtics
Markelle Fultz - Dematha H S  / Orlando Magic
Aaron Gordon - Archbishop Mitty H S  / Denver Nuggets
Dejounte Murray - Rainier Beach H S  / Atlanta Hawks
Terrence Ross - Jefferson H S  / Phoenix Suns
Ben Simmons - Montverde Academy / Brooklyn Nets
Jahlil Okafor - Whitney Young / New Orleans Pelicans
Michael Porter Jr - Nathan Hale HS / Denver Nuggets
Keldon Johnson - Oak Hill Academy / San Antonio Spurs
Payton Pritchard - West Linn H S  / Boston Celtics
Scottie Barnes - University School / Toronto Raptors
Zach Collins - Bishop Gorman / San Antonio Spurs
Tari Eason - Garfield HS / Houston Rockets
Jerami Grant - DeMatha Catholic / Portland Trailblazers
Drew Eubanks - Reynolds HS / Portland Trailblazers
Kenyon Martin Jr  - Sierra Canyon / Houston Rockets
Jaylen Nowell - Garfield HS / Minnesota Timberwolves
Kevin Porter Jr  - Rainier Beach / Houston Rockets
JT Thor - Norcross HS / Charlotte Hornets

Sponsors
The current 2022 presenting sponsor is Express Employment Professionals  The tournament's key sponsors are Les Schwab Tires and Nike, both Oregon based companies 
Context 3:  The movie was popular, though not as successful as Baby Jane 
Aldrich stayed at Fox for his next film, the all-male action story The Flight of the Phoenix (1965), with James Stewart, Richard Attenborough and Peter Finch  The film was a commercial disappointment but eventually proved profitable 

MGM: The Dirty Dozen and The Legend of Lylah Clare
Aldrich had his biggest hit to date with The Dirty Dozen (1967), produced by Kenneth Hyman's Seven Arts Productions and released through MGM  Starring Lee Marvin, Charles Bronson, Ernest Borgnine and John Cassavetes, the film was a massive success at the box office Aldrich stayed at MGM for The Legend of Lylah Clare (1968) starring Finch and Kim Novak, made for Aldrich's own company  It was a critical and commercial disappointment 

Aldrich Studios
Aldrich sold his profit participation in Dirty Dozen to MGM for $1,350,000 and used the money to achieve a long-time dream – to buy his own studios, which he called the Aldrich Studios  He picked a facility at 201 North Occidental Boulevard, which had been in existence as a film studio since 1913, making Mary Pickford movies, and had recently been the basis of Sutherland Productions  Aldrich had made The Big Knife there "My dream has always been to own my own studio", he said  "With the possible exception of the old Enterprise Studio back in '45 I've never seen a studio run the way it should  That's because everybody at Enterprise felt they could make a contribution
and that's the feeling I hope we can have here "The studios were opened in August 1968  Along with Goldwyn, The Associates and Aldrich was the only major independent company with a studio in Hollywood  For the next few years he would make his movies there 

ABC Pictures
Aldrich's success with The Dirty Dozen led to the newly formed ABC Pictures offer the Associates and Aldrich Company a four-film contract  Aldrich announced they would be The Killing of Sister George, The Greatest Mother of Them All, Whatever Happened to Aunt Alice and Too Late the Hero Aldrich's first film for ABC was The Killing of Sister George (1968), adapted from by Lukas Heller from the play by Frank Marcus  It starred Beryl Reid and Susannah York and was notable for its frank depiction of a lesbian relationship  The movie was popular but because of its high cost lost money Aldrich produced but did not direct What Ever Happened to Aunt Alice? (1969), a psycho-biddy thriller in the vein of Baby Jane directed by Lee H  Katzin and starring Geraldine Page and Ruth Gordon  It also lost money  (Aldrich  announced he would make a third "Whatever Happened to" film, Whatever Happened to Dear Elva? based on the novel Goodbye, Dear Elva by Elizabeth Fenwick  However no film was made )
Aldrich made a 20-minute demo film, "The Greatest Mother of Them All" (1969), in an attempt to raise money for a feature-length version, but was unable to attract interest from ABC  Peter Finch starred ABC wanted Aldrich to make a war film in the vein of The Dirty Dozen so he produced and directed Too Late the Hero (1970), a "patrol" film, which he had been developing since 1959  Despite starring Michael Caine and Cliff Robertson and location work in the Philippines, the film made an overall loss of $6,765,000, making it one of the biggest money losers in the history of ABC Films Aldrich's next film for ABC was The Grissom Gang (1971), an adaptation of No Orchids for Miss Blandish set in the 1930s, with Scott Wilson and Kim Darby  It was another flop, losing ABC $3,670,000 Films Aldrich announced but did not make around this time included Rebellion, a western about Victoriano Huerta with Ernest Borgnine and George Kennedy;, The Movement, about student protest;  He also developed scripts for books which were turned into films by others: Coffee, Tea or Me? and Monte Walsh By now Aldrich's relationship with ABC had become fraught and devolved into lawsuits, in part caused by ABC refusing to finance other Aldrich projects  Aldrich parted company with ABC and in January 1972 put his studios up for sale In a 1972 interview Aldrich said that:

Lasting power is the most important power  Especially in this business, staying at the plate or staying at the table, staying in the game, is the essential  You can't allow yourself to get passed over or pushed aside  Very, very talented people got pushed aside and remained unused    If you must make a choice between luck and talent, you have to opt for luck  It's nice to have some of both, or a lot of both; but if you can't, luck is the answer  Nowhere else more so than in this business  The right place, the right time, the right script, all the right auspices—they made the difference to directors, writers, actors 

Ulzana's Raid and Emperor of the North Pole
Aldrich returned to westerns with Ulzana's Raid (1972), made at Universal for the Associates and Aldrich with producer Carter De Haven  It reteamed Aldrich with Lancaster for the first time since Vera Cruz  The film was a commercial disappointment but has subsequently come to be regarded as one of his finest films Aldrich followed it with Emperor of the North Pole (1973), a story of railway hobos in the 1930s starring Lee Marvin and Ernest Borgnine  Produced by Hyman at 20th Century Fox, it was another box office failure, though it too has seen its reputation soar in recent years (Leonard Maltin gave it 3 1/2 stars, calling it "unusual, exciting" and a "unique entertainment") 

Two with Burt Reynolds: The Longest Yard and Hustle
Aldrich's commercial fortunes were revived with a prison comedy starring Burt Reynolds,The Longest Yard (1974)  Made for producer Albert S  Ruddy at Paramount, it was Aldrich's biggest hit since The Dirty Dozen Aldrich and Reynolds promptly reteamed on Hustle (1975), made for their own production company RoBurt and released through Paramount  A tough police drama co-starring Catherine Deneuve, it was another box office success  However, tension between Aldrich and Reynolds during filming meant they made no more movies together  In 1975 Aldrich was elected president of the Directors Guild of America and served two two-year terms 

Lorimar: Twilight's Last Gleaming and The Choirboys
Aldrich signed a two-picture deal with Lorimar Productions, a TV company which wanted to move into features 
The first was Twilight's Last Gleaming (1977), an action thriller starring Lancaster  The second was a comedy, The Choirboys (1977), based on the best selling novel by Joseph Wambaugh, which Wambaugh disliked so much he sued to get his name taken off the film 

Final films: The Frisco Kid and All the Marbles
Aldrich's last movies were comedies: The Frisco Kid (1979), set in the West with Gene Wilder and Harrison Ford, and    All the Marbles (1981), set in the world of female wrestling with Peter Falk  Neither was particularly popular 
When the latter film came out, Aldrich said, "I'm 63 and I've had hits every ten years and I just hope I can function long enough to have one in the 90s "

Personal life
From his marriage to Harriet Foster (1941–1965), Aldrich had four children, all of whom work in the film business—Adell, William, Alida and Kelly  In 1966, after divorcing Foster, he married fashion model Sibylle Siegfried 

Death and legacy
Aldrich died of kidney failure on December 5, 1983, in a Los Angeles hospital  He is buried in Lot 5153 of the Whispering Trees Section of Forest Lawn Cemetery in Hollywood Hills Film critic John Patterson summarized his career in 2012: "He was a punchy, caustic, macho and pessimistic director, who depicted corruption and evil unflinchingly, and pushed limits on violence throughout his career  His aggressive and pugnacious film-making style, often crass and crude, but never less than utterly vital and alive, warrants — and will richly reward — your immediate attention "In 2012, John Patterson of The Guardian commented that Aldrich is "a wonderful director nearly 30 years dead now, whose body of work is in danger of slipping over the horizon " Japanese film director Kiyoshi Kurosawa noted Aldrich's influence on him In the FX miniseries Feud: Bette and Joan, Aldrich is portrayed by English actor Alfred Molina  The series follows the productions of Baby Jane and Sweet Charlotte 

Filmography
Films
Other film work
The Southerner (1945) (assistant director)
The Story of G I  Joe (1945) (assistant director)
Force of Evil (1948) (assistant director)
Caught (1949) (uncredited director of reshoots)
When I Grow Up (1950) (assistant director)
Limelight (1952) (assistant director)
The Gamma People (1956) (story)
The Garment Jungle (1957) (uncredited original director)
What Ever Happened to Aunt Alice? (1969) (producer)

Television
Unmade projects
Rebellion (late 1960s) — a western
The Crowded Bed (early 1970s)
The Greatest Mother of 'em All (1969) — the full-length feature was never shot
Rage of Honor (1970s) — western set in 1929 about an aging cowboy
Coffee, Tea or Me?  (early 1970s) — comedy about virginal air stewardess

Footnotes
Sources
Arnold, Edward T  and Miller, Eugene, L  1986  The Films and Career of Robert Aldrich  University of Tennessee Press  Knoxville, Tennessee  ISBN 0-87049-504-6
Sarris, Andrew 1981  What Ever Happened to Bobby Aldrich? CineFiles  University of California, Berkeley Art Museum and Pacific Film Archive  Retrieved 18 October, 2018 
Sauvage, Pierre  1976  Aldrich Interview in Edward Arnold's and Eugene Miller's Robert Aldrich: Interviews, 2004  University of Mississippi Press  ISBN 1-57806-602-6
Silver, Alain and Ursini, James  1995  What Ever Happened to Robert Aldrich?: His Life and His Films Limelight Editions  ISBN 0-87910-185-7
Walsh, David  2018  100 years since the birth of American filmmaker Robert Aldrich: Including an interview with film historian Tony Williams Retrieved 10 October 2018 
Williams, Tony  2003  Body and Soul: the cinematic vision of Robert Aldrich  The Scarecrow Press, Inc  Lanham, Maryland  ISBN 978-0-8108-4993-8

Further reading
Robert Aldrich biography and credits at the BFI's Screenonline Entry written by Robert Shail 
"Aldrich & Associates special section"  Screening the Past (10)  2000  A special issue of a film journal that emerged from a symposium devoted to Aldrich & Associates on August 2, 1998, in Melbourne 
Silver, Alain (May 2002)  "Robert Aldrich"  Senses of Cinema (20)  Silver's contribution to the journal's "Great Directors" series 

External links

Robert Aldrich at IMDb
Robert Aldrich at the TCM Movie Database 
Robert Aldrich at AllMovie
Robert Aldrich at Find a Grave
Literature on Robert Aldrich
Passage 2:
Hush… Hush, Sweet Charlotte
Hush   Hush, Sweet Charlotte is a 1964 American psychological thriller film directed and produced by Robert Aldrich, and starring Bette Davis, Olivia de Havilland, Joseph Cotten, Agnes Moorehead and Mary Astor in her final film role  It follows a middle-aged Southern woman, suspected in the unsolved murder of her lover from decades before, who is plagued by bizarre occurrences after summoning her cousin to help challenge the local government's impending demolition of her home  The screenplay was adapted by Henry Farrell and Lukas Heller, from Farrell's unpublished short story "What Ever Happened to Cousin Charlotte?"
Following his previous success adapting Farrell's novel What Ever Happened to Baby Jane?, Aldrich originally cast the film to reunite Davis with Joan Crawford, despite their notorious turbulence on set  Principal photography began with Davis in the title role and Crawford as Miriam, but shooting was postponed while Crawford dropped out and the role was recast with de Havilland  The film was a critical success, earning seven Academy Award nominations 

Plot
In 1927, young Southern belle Charlotte Hollis and her married lover John Mayhew plan to elope during a party at the Hollis family's antebellum mansion in Ascension Parish, Louisiana  Charlotte's father, Sam, confronts John over the affair and intimidates him with the news that John's wife Jewel visited the day before and revealed the affair  John pretends to Charlotte he can no longer love her and that they must part  Shortly after, John is ambushed and decapitated in the summerhouse by an assailant with a cleaver  Charlotte returns to the house in a bloodstained dress, which all of the guests witness 
Thirty-seven years later, Charlotte, a spinster, having inherited the estate after her father died, is tended to by her loyal housekeeper, Velma  In the intervening years, John's death has remained an unsolved murder, though it is commonly held that Charlotte was responsible  Despite notice from the Louisiana Highway Commission that she has been evicted from the property to make way for the impending construction of a new interstate, Charlotte is defiant, and threatens the demolition crew with a rifle  Seeking help in her fight against the Highway Commission, Charlotte summons Miriam, a poor cousin who lived with the family as a girl, but has since moved to New York City  Miriam returns and soon renews her relationship with Drew Bayliss, a local doctor who jilted her  Charlotte's sanity soon deteriorates following Miriam's arrival, her nights haunted by a mysterious harpsichord playing the song John wrote for her and by the appearance of his disembodied hand and head  Suspecting that Miriam and Drew are after Charlotte's money, Velma seeks help from Mr  Willis, an insurance investigator from England who is still fascinated by the case and who has visited Mayhew's ailing widow, Jewel; she gave him an envelope only to be opened after her death 
Miriam fires Velma, who later returns to discover Charlotte has been drugged  Velma plans to expose Miriam's exploitation of Charlotte, but Miriam hits Velma with a chair and she falls down the stairs to her death  Drew covers up the murder by declaring it an accident  One night, a drugged Charlotte runs downstairs in the grip of a hallucination, believing that John has returned to her  After Miriam tricks the intoxicated Charlotte into shooting Drew with a gun loaded with blanks, the two dispose of his body in a swamp  Charlotte returns to the house and witnesses the revived Drew walking downstairs after he returned, reducing her to insanity  Believing she has shattered Charlotte's mental state, Miriam celebrates with Drew in the garden, where they discuss the plan to have Charlotte committed to a psychiatric hospital and usurp her fortune  Charlotte overhears the entire conversation from the balcony, except for Miriam's admission that she had witnessed Jewel kill John, and has been using the knowledge to blackmail Jewel throughout the years  Charlotte kills Miriam and Drew, by pushing a large stone urn off the  balcony 
The next day, the authorities escort Charlotte from home, as a crowd gathers around to observe the spectacle  Charlotte receives an envelope from Mr Willis, which he received from Jewel (who died of a stroke after hearing of the incident which occurred on the previous night), ostensibly confessing to the murder of her husband John   As the authorities leave with Charlotte, she looks back at the house 

Cast
Production
Development and casting
Following the unexpected box office success of What Ever Happened to Baby Jane? (1962), Aldrich wanted to make a film with similar themes for Joan Crawford and Bette Davis  Their feud was infamous and legendary, and they were not initially eager to repeat themselves  
Writer Henry Farrell, on whose novel the film had been based, had written an unpublished short story called "What Ever Happened to Cousin Charlotte?" that Aldrich envisioned as a suitable follow-up  It told a similar story of a woman who manipulates a relative for personal gain, but for this film, Aldrich's idea was that the two actresses would switch the roles from the previous one, with Crawford playing the devious cousin trying to manipulate the innocent Davis into giving up her estate  Aldrich's frequent collaborator, Lukas Heller, wrote a draft of the screenplay, but was replaced by Farrell in late 1963 Three other cast members from What Ever Happened to Baby Jane? were cast in Hush   Hush, Sweet Charlotte: Wesley Addy, Dave Willock and Victor Buono 

The cast included Mary Astor, a friend of Davis' since their days at Warner Bros  Astor retired from acting and died in 1987  She said: My agent called: 'There's this cameo in a movie with Bette Davis  It's a hell of a part; it could put you right up there again ' I read the script  The opening shot described a severed head rolling down the stairs, and each page contained more blood and gore and hysterics and cracked mirrors and everybody being awful to everybody else  I skipped to my few pages–a little old lady sitting on her veranda waiting to die  There was a small kicker to it inasmuch as it was she who was the murderess in her youth and had started all the trouble  And then in the story, she died  Good! Now, I'd really be dead! And it was with Bette–which seemed sentimentally fitting 

Filming
Principal photography of the film began in mid-1964, with the on-location shooting commencing in Baton Rouge, Louisiana  However, the shoot was temporarily suspended on several occasions early on  Initially, it was halted after a third-party lawsuit was brought against Davis by Paramount Pictures over a commitment to complete additional filming on Where Love Has Gone (1964)  When this was resolved, filming recommenced 
The production was postponed again to allow Crawford to recover after she was admitted into the hospital due to an upper respiratory ailment, though Aldrich hired a private investigator to track her and determine whether or not she was actually ill  By August 4, 1964, the production had been suspended indefinitely, and the studio's insurance company insisted that Crawford be replaced, or else the film would have to be cancelled entirely Aldrich sought several actresses to replace Crawford, including Loretta Young, and Vivien Leigh, but they were each either unable or unwilling to take the role  Aldrich ultimately sought Olivia de Havilland for the part, and flew to her home in Switzerland to attempt to convince her to take the role  de Havilland agreed and she subsequently flew to Los Angeles to begin filming  In later interviews, de Havilland expressed displeasure with the film: "I wasn't thrilled with the script, and I definitely didn't like my part  I was reverse-typecast, being asked to be an unsympathetic villain  It wasn't what people expected of me  It wasn't really what I wanted to do  Bette wanted it so much, so I did it  I can't say I regretted it, because working with her was special, but I can't say it was a picture I am proud to put on my resume  Given the choice, I wouldn't have deprived Joan Crawford of the honor " According to Crawford, she only learned of her firing from a news radio broadcast  However, despite  being replaced (and because a planned reshoot with de Havilland in Louisiana was cancelled), brief footage of Crawford made it into the film, when she is seen sitting in the taxi in the wide shot for Miriam's arrival at the house (Crawford can be seen peering out of the window wearing dark sunglasses/clothing) 
Scenes outside the Hollis mansion were shot on location at Houmas House plantation in Louisiana  Scenes of the interior were shot on a soundstage in Hollywood 

Musical score
The title song by Frank de Vol became a hit for Patti Page, who recorded a version which reached no  8 on the Billboard Hot 100 

Release
Box office
According to Fox records, the film needed to earn $3,900,000 in rentals to break even and made $4,950,000, meaning it made a profit of $1,050,000  In France, the film sold 79,168 tickets 

Critical reception
Hush   Hush, Sweet Charlotte was another hit for Aldrich, opening to positive reviews  A pan, however, came from The New York Times  Bosley Crowther observed, "So calculated and coldly carpentered is the tale of murder, mayhem and deceit that Mr  Aldrich stages in this mansion that it soon appears grossly contrived, purposely sadistic and brutally sickening  So, instead of coming out funny, as did Whatever Happened to Baby Jane?, it comes out grisly, pretentious, disgusting and profoundly annoying "Variety's reviewer wrote: "Davis' portrayal is reminiscent of Jane in its emotional overtones, in her style of characterization of the near-crazed former Southern belle, aided by haggard makeup and outlandish attire



ground_truth: green and yellow

prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: Who starred in her final film role in the 1964 film directed by the man who also did Vera Cruz and Kiss Me Deadly?

The following are given passages.
Context 3:  It is an outgoing performance, and she plays it to the limit  De Havilland, on the other hand, is far more restrained but nonetheless effective dramatically in her offbeat role " Judith Crist wrote about the film, "The guignol is about as grand as it gets " Kenneth Tynan asserted that "(Davis) has done nothing better since The Little Foxes " A later review for Time Out (London) observed: "Over the top, of course, and not a lot to it, but it's efficiently directed, beautifully shot, and contains enough scary sequences amid the brooding, tense atmosphere  Splendid performances from Davis and Moorehead, too "On the review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes, 82% of 28 reviews are positive, with an average rating of 7 3/10 

Accolades
Moorehead won the Golden Globe for Best Supporting Actress  The film also received seven nominations (two more than Baby Jane: one less in the acting category, namely for Davis) for the 37th Academy Awards, breaking the record as the most for a horror film up to that time 

Home media
The film was first released on DVD on August 9, 2005  It was re-released on April 8, 2008, as part of The Bette Davis Centenary Celebration Collection 5-DVD box-set  On October 17, 2016, It was released onto high-definition Blu-ray in the US by Twilight Time as a 3,000-print limited edition  Another Blu-ray edition was released in the UK by Eureka Entertainment as a part of their "Masters of Cinema" collection on January 21, 2019 

See also
List of American films of 1964
Psycho-biddy
Passage 3:
A Kiss for Corliss
A Kiss for Corliss (retitled Almost a Bride before its release) is a 1949 American comedy film directed by Richard Wallace, written by Howard Dimsdale, and starring David Niven and Shirley Temple  The film, which was the last for both Wallace and Temple, was released on November 25, 1949, by United Artists  It is a sequel to the 1945 film Kiss and Tell, also directed by Wallace and starring Temple 

Plot
Playboy Kenneth Marquis is divorcing his third wife, who is represented by her attorney, Harry Archer  Corliss, Archer's teenaged daughter, is smitten with the charismatic Marquis and his free-wheeling lifestyle  Marquis sends a box of candy to Corliss, infuriating Archer, who interprets the gift as a jab at his settlement demand  Archer also prohibits Corliss' boyfriend Dexter from dating her after he sees Dexter at the Penguin Club, a restaurant that doubles as a gambling joint  Corliss manipulates Dexter into taking her to the club, but just after they arrive, the club is raided by police  Corliss and Dexter hide in the basement, but are temporarily trapped, causing Corliss to arrive home late, so she feigns amnesia to her parents to cover the truth  To refresh Corliss' memory, Archer reads her diary, which contains her imaginary romantic trysts with Marquis  The contents of the diary, along with Marquis' gift of candy, cause Corliss' parents to assume the worst 
Corliss' friend Raymond Pringle, who publishes a neighborhood paper, shows Marquis some of the diary entries, threatening to publish them unless Marquis buys advertising  Marquis visits the Archers and says that every word in the diary is true, that he is in love with Corliss, and that he wants to make her his fourth wife  When Archer explodes in anger, Corliss admits that the diary is not true and was written to make Dexter jealous  Marquis insists that the diary is true, though Corliss reveals why she was out late  Dexter arrives and eventually agrees with Corliss' version of events, but the Archers remain unconvinced  Marquis announces his engagement to Corliss in the newspaper to sue the Archers for breach of promise when the engagement is cancelled  The Archers delay rescinding the engagement to avoid the appearance of an immediate breach 
Marquis has gifts for Corliss delivered, and Archer is hounded by the media  Corliss continues to insist that the diary is false to her parents' continuing disbelief  Glimpse, a national magazine, runs photos of Marquis and Corliss  Archer's brother Uncle George, a Navy chaplain, visits and offers to perform the wedding  At the wedding rehearsal, held in the Archers' home, Dexter tells Mr  Archer that he has a witness who can attest to Corliss and his version of the events from the night when she was out late  Marquis' lie is revealed and the men escort him outside, where an offscreen fight ensues, and Archer and Dexter both return bloodied  Archer had overcome Marquis in the fight, but Dexter had accidentally hit  Archer  Marquis passes by an open window, his eye blackened, and mocks Archer and Dexter as he departs 

Cast
Shirley Temple as Corliss Archer
David Niven as Kenneth Marquis
Tom Tully as Harry P  Archer
Virginia Welles as Mildred Pringle
Darryl Hickman as Dexter Franklin
Gloria Holden as Mrs  Janet Archer
Robert Ellis as Raymond Pringle
Kathryn Card as Louise
Richard Gaines as Taylor
Roy Roberts as Uncle George
Passage 4:
The Ambulance
The Ambulance is a 1990 American comedy thriller film written and directed by Larry Cohen  It stars Eric Roberts, Megan Gallagher, James Earl Jones, Janine Turner, Red Buttons, and Eric Braeden as the Doctor  Kevin Hagen plays a cop   In his first film role, Stan Lee of Marvel Comics has a small role as himself 

Plot
Aspiring comic book artist Josh Baker meets a young woman named Cheryl on the streets of New York City, who proceeds to collapse and is rushed to a hospital by an ambulance   When Josh arrives at the hospital, he is shocked to find that there is no record of Cheryl ever being admitted and he soon learns another startling discovery, Cheryl's roommate also vanished after being picked up by the same ambulance 
Convinced that there is some sort of conspiracy going on, Josh proceeds to investigate the disappearances, despite the overt disdain and discouragement from Lt  Spencer 

Cast
Eric Roberts as Josh Baker
James Earl Jones as Lieutenant Frank Spencer
Megan Gallagher as Officer Sandra Malloy
Red Buttons as Elias Zacharai
Janine Turner as Cheryl Turner
Eric Braeden as The Doctor
Richard Bright as Detective Jerry McClosky
James Dixon as Detective John "Jughead" Ryan
Jill Gatsby as Jerilyn O'Brien
Martin Barter as Street Gang Leader
Laurene Landon as Patty
Nick Chinlund as Hugo (as Nicholas Chinlund)
Beatrice Winde as Head Nurse
Kevin Hagen as Cop At Stables
Matt Norklun as Ambulance Driver
Rudy Jones as Ambulance Driver
Stan Lee as Marvel Comics Editor
Deborah Hedwall as Nurse Barbera Feinstein
Susan Blommaert as Hospital Receptionist
Jordan Derwin as Hospital Official
Alexandra Jones as The Waitress
Michael O'Hare as Hal

Production
Cohen later said he was inspired by "the concept of taking something that is thought of as being benign or benevolent    or anything else that has a safe and wholesome image, and turning it into an object of terror " He had done this for It's Alive (babies) and The Stuff (junk food) and wanted to do it with ambulances  "When you hear or see an ambulance on the street, it’s usually considered to be something that is going to rescue you and take care of you, a vehicle of mercy," said Cohen  "In this story, it’s actually a vehicle of murder  The whole idea of an ambulance that suddenly arrives from nowhere, picks people up, and takes them away to some dark place where they are never seen or heard of again was completely original and creepy "Cohen says at one stage the financiers wanted a "classier" title than The Ambulance so he retitled it In Thin Air  They changed their mind and the film went back to being called The Ambulance  In the May, 1990 edition of his column Stan's Soapbox, Stan Lee mentions playing himself in a scene in "an adventure mystery called Into Thin Air and refers to the name change in a later column Cohen wanted to cast John Travolta or Jim Carrey in the lead but his producers refused Donald Trump made a small cameo in a deleted scene 
Jamie Lee Curtis was originally considered to play Officer Sandra Malloy
The role of the villain was originally played by Wesley Addy  However Cohen was unhappy with his performance and recast the role with Eric Braeden  Braeden's casting came at the suggestion of Cohen's mother who was a fan of The Young and the Restless 

Home media
The film was released on Blu-ray on March 13, 2018 by Scream Factory 

See also
List of films featuring diabetes
Passage 5:
Vera Cruz (film)
Vera Cruz is a 1954 American Western film directed by Robert Aldrich and starring Gary Cooper and Burt Lancaster, featuring Denise Darcel, Sara Montiel, Cesar Romero, Ernest Borgnine, Charles Bronson and Jack Elam  Set during the Franco-Mexican War, the film centers on a group of American mercenaries tasked with transporting a large shipment of Imperial gold to the port of Veracruz, but begin to have second thoughts about their allegiances  It was produced by Hecht-Lancaster Productions and released by United Artists on 25 December 1954 
The picture's amoral characters and cynical attitude towards violence (including a scene where Lancaster's character threatens to murder child hostages) were considered shocking at the time and influenced future Westerns such as The Magnificent Seven (1960), The Professionals (1966), Sam Peckinpah's The Wild Bunch (1969), and the Spaghetti Western films of Sergio Leone, which often featured supporting cast members from Vera Cruz in similar roles  Its influence on the latter led some critics to label it "the first Spaghetti Western "

Plot
During the Franco-Mexican War, ex-Confederate soldier Ben Trane travels to Mexico seeking a job as a mercenary  He falls in with Joe Erin, a younger gunslinger who heads a gang of cutthroats  They are recruited by Marquis Henri de Labordere for service with Emperor Maximilian  Maximilian offers them $25,000 to escort the Countess Duvarre to the city of Veracruz  Trane gets the emperor to double the offer 
During a river crossing, Trane notices that the stagecoach in which the countess is traveling is extremely heavy  Erin and Trane later discover that hidden inside are six cases of gold coins  The countess informs them that it is worth $3 million which is intended to pay for reinforcements from Europe  They form an uneasy alliance to steal and split the gold  Unbeknownst to them, the marquis is listening from the shadows 
The Juaristas, led by General Ramírez, attack the column several times  Pickpocket and Juarista undercover agent Nina joins the convoy  When Trane, Erin and their men are surrounded by the Juaristas, Trane persuades Ramirez to join forces and agree to pay them $100,000  The marquis succeeds in getting the gold to Veracruz  In the Juarista attack, the French are defeated, but most of Erin's men are killed  Erin attempts to steal the gold for himself by getting the countess to reveal the location of the ship she had hired to transport it  He even kills one of his own men  However, Trane arrives in time to confront him  They face off in a showdown that ends in Erin's death  Trane and Nina leave, while women search the dead for their loved ones 

Cast
Production
Burt Lancaster and Harold Hecht had just signed a contract with United Artists to make two films, starting with Apache, also directed by Robert Aldrich  Just before filming on that movie began in October 1953, Lancaster announced their second film would be Vera Cruz with himself and Gary Cooper, based on a story by Borden Chase In December 1953, after Apache finished filming, Lancaster announced Aldrich would direct Vera Cruz United Artists were so happy with Apache they changed the two-picture deal with Hecht and Lancaster into a two-year deal covering seven films 

Casting
Before taking the role of Ben Trane, Gary Cooper was advised by Clark Gable not to work with Burt Lancaster, fearing the younger actor would upstage him Mari Blanchard was meant to play the female lead and Hecht signed to borrow her from Universal  However, there was a clause forbidding her to appear on television which Hecht disagreed with  Instead they cast Denise Darcel  Mamie Van Doren claimed in her autobiography Playing the Field that Lancaster interviewed her for the role of the Countess, but she lost the part after refusing to sleep with him Charles Bronson was billed under his real name, 'Charles Buchinsky', in the film  This would mark the last time he would be credited that way, before he adopted his more well-known stage name 

Shooting
Filming started in February 1954  Vera Cruz was the first American film production to be shot entirely in Mexico  Though set in the city of Veracruz, the majority of the film was actually shot in and around Cuernavaca  Exterior shots were filmed at Chapultepec Castle in Mexico City, the ruins of Teotihuacan, and the climax was shot at Molino de Flores Nezahualcóyotl National Park in Texcoco de Mora  The interiors were filmed at Estudios Churubusco Vera Cruz was also the first production to use the SuperScope widescreen process, which was designed to achieve anamorphic prints from standard flat 35mm negatives  Shot at a conventional 1 37:1 aspect ratio, the film was cropped to 2:1 in post-production, given a CinemaScope-compatible (2x) squeeze, and blown up to normal frame height  
Aldrich and Lancaster got along well on Apache but as to Vera Cruz, the director said "we probably had a less amicable relationship than we anticipated  This was because Burt, until he directed The Kentuckian, thought he was going to be a director and when you're directing your first great big picture you don't welcome somebody else on hand with directorial notions  There were a few differences of opinion about concepts and about action " Lancaster recalled that Cooper demanded rewrites to his character to make him less morally-gray and more conventionally heroic 
According to Eli Wallach, the Mexican authorities were appalled at the unflattering depiction of their country, so any subsequent Hollywood productions (including The Magnificent Seven) were thoroughly overseen by state censors 

Reception
The film earned an estimated $5 million at the North American box office during its first run and $9 million overall In 1963, Aldrich announced he was working on a sequel There Really Was a Gold Mine but it was never made 

Legacy
Critic and historian Dave Kehr would later cite Vera Cruz as one of the most influential films of the 1950s, inspiring later Westerns by such directors as Sam Peckinpah and especially Sergio Leone  Kehr also praised Cooper and Lancaster's performances in the film, writing that "the generational transition from an aging star to his up-and-coming replacement has seldom been handled with better humor or more biting wit "

Home media
Vera Cruz was released to DVD by MGM Home Video on March 20, 2001, and to Blu-Ray on June 7, 2011  Kino Lorber re-released the film on Blu-ray on October 12, 2021 

See also
You Can't Win 'Em All, a 1970 film with a similar plot set in the Greco-Turkish War 
Passage 6:
Ten Tall Men
Ten Tall Men is a 1951 American adventure film starring Burt Lancaster about the French Foreign Legion during the Rif War in Morocco  Though co-written and directed by Willis Goldbeck, Goldbeck walked off the film due to disputes with Lancaster (whose own company, Norma Productions, produced the film) with the movie being completed by Robert Parrish   Credited as an associate producer, Robert Aldrich was a production manager on the film where he met Lancaster, which led him to direct Vera Cruz for him  Robert Clary made his debut in the film as an Arab batman  Portions of the film were filmed in Palm Springs, California  The story was released as a Fawcett Movie Comic #16 in April 1951 

Plot
After capturing an important Rif prisoner in an undercover operation, Sergeant Mike Kincaid (Lancaster) is imprisoned himself for striking a lieutenant (Stephen Bekassy) who beats a French woman (Mari Blanchard) with his riding crop for preferring Kincaid to him  Kincaid has a longstanding rivalry with the lieutenant, but the lieutenant is now in command of the company holding the city of Tarfa while the regiment is away  As the ranking officer, the lieutenant uses Kincaid's striking of him to get his revenge 
Kincaid is imprisoned alongside seven military prisoners and the captured Rif who has refused to talk, with the lieutenant refusing food and water to both Kincaid and the Rif   When his two comrades-in-arms who accompanied him on the mission, Corporals Luis Delgado (Gilbert Roland) and Pierre Molier (Kieron Moore), sneak food and water to Kincaid, he shares them with the Rif   To repay Kincaid's kindness and assuage his own guilt for telling the lieutenant about Kincaid's assignation with the Frenchwoman, the tells of an impending attack on Tarfa while the garrison is weak  The Rif believes Kincaid will escape to save himself, but he instead warns the lieutenant 
The experienced Kincaid tells the lieutenant that their only chance is to release him to lead a series of guerrilla hit-and-run attacks to delay the enemy for five days until the regiment returns   The lieutenant agrees, but only if Kincaid will testify that the idea was his  Kincaid agrees to his terms  The only men available for the mission are the seven prisoners, who receive full pardons for their crimes   His two corporals join them, raising their number to ten 
When scouting an enemy camp, the Legionnaires discover two rival tribes have joined forces, making them strong enough to take the city  Using his expertise in disguise and language, Kincaid finds out that the Rif leader, Khalid Hussein (Gerald Mohr), is marrying Mahla (Jody Lawrance) in order to cement an alliance with the other tribe  Kincaid kidnaps her to force the enemy to chase him for the five days 
Mahla begins to fall in love with her handsome captor, as Hussein pursues the Legionnaires across the desert  In the midst of the dangers, the patrol finds a destroyed Legion truck containing a safe that one of the men opens, revealing a large Legion payroll  When Jardine (John Dehner) tries to get away with the payroll, he is shot, but that tells the Rifs where they are 
Kincaid is eventually captured and Mahla freed  She demands that Kincaid be released unharmed, or she will not marry Hussein  Hussein reluctantly does so  Kincaid and his men infiltrate the wedding ceremony, and fighting breaks out  Mahla's tribe switches sides, and Hussein is killed 

Cast
Production
The film was the first of a two-picture deal Columbia Pictures signed with Norma Productions, the company of Burt Lancaster and Harold Hecht  (The second was to be Small Wonder, a film in which Lancaster would not appear )It was originally a Western story by James Warner Bellah and Willis Goldbeck which concerned conflict between the US cavalry and Apaches  Producer Harold Hecht and star Burt Lancaster then decided that "John Ford and other Hollywood operators have so effectively decimated the Apache population" that they hired writer A I  Bezzerides to reimagine the story with a Foreign Legion setting which wound up involving the Rif War (1911-1927)  Roland Kibbee and Frank Davis were hired to rewrite the script to make it more comedic The film was shot in February 1950 at the Columbia Ranch in the San Fernando Valley and on location in Yuma, Arizona 

Notes
External links
Ten Tall Men at the American Film Institute Catalog
Ten Tall Men at IMDb
Ten Tall Men at the TCM Movie Database
Passage 7:
Enteng the Dragon
Enteng the Dragon is a 1988 Philippine comedy film directed by Romy Villaflor and written by Tony S  Mortel  It is a parody of the film Enter the Dragon 

Plot
The story revolves around \ Enteng (Dolphy) a vendor of a mobile food house in China Town  Enteng is known for his humor, and a journalist and star reporter named Rowena (Dang Cecilio) was interested to cover his story after her Editor-in-Chief saw him as worthy of human interest  Kuto (Vandolph), a young boy that he found sleeping in his food wagon, led him to the shrine of the monks, that sealed his destiny as a vigilante and hero 

Cast
Dolphy as Enteng
Vandolph as Kuto
Dang Cecilio as Rowena
Eddie Garcia as the Evil Leader
Monica Herrera as Christina
Monsour del Rosario
Rommel Valdez
Tsing Tong Tsai
Panchito
Babalu
Don Pepot
Che-Che Sta  Ana
Roy Aoyama
Ros Olgado
Ernie Ortega
Estrella Querubin

Production
The film was produced by the RVQ Productions, a production owned by Dolphy himself 

Release
The film was released on July 14, 1988 

Accolades
Passage 8:
O Cangaceiro
O Cangaceiro (lit  "The Cangaceiro"; also known as The Bandit and The Bandits) is a 1953 Brazilian adventure western film directed by Lima Barreto  After some reluctance by its studio Vera Cruz, Barreto shot it in 1952  After its release it was national and international success, and won several awards, including the Adventure Film Award at the 1953 Cannes Film Festival  It was poorly received in retrospect despite being praised by the time of its release and started a subgenre in Brazilian cinema 

Cast
Alberto Ruschel as Teodoro
Marisa Prado as Olívia
Milton Ribeiro as Galdino
Vanja Orico as Maria Clódia
Adoniran Barbosa as Mané Mole

Production
In 1950, Lima Barreto joined the film studio Companhia Cinematográfica Vera Cruz invited by its then president Alberto Cavalcanti  After releasing two documentaries successfully for the studio, Painel and Santuário, Barreto get the chance to direct a feature film  With the idea to shoot a film about Lampião since the early 1940s, he only commenced to shoot it in 1952 after some reluctance by Franco Zampari, Vera Cruz's founder  Although he went to Bahia and did some research there, it was shot in Vargem Grande do Sul, São Paulo, with a production that lasted nine months due to internal conflicts 

Reception
O Cangaceiro was released on January 20, 1953, and was  a public success; it grossed ₢$30 million (about US$1 5 million) in the 24 Brazilian theaters in which it spent six weeks  After its national success, it was distributed to over 80 countries, becoming one of the most internationally successful Brazilian films—a feat uncommon in that time  It led it to be considered Vera Cruz's "high point" and its "most important production" by Georges Sadoul, author of Dictionary of Films, and by O Estado de S  Paulo's Luiz Zanin, respectively After winning several Brazilian awards, the film was entered into the 1953 Cannes Film Festival, where it was "much liked for its original and truly national flavour " O Cangaceiro won the Best Adventure Film Award, making it the first Brazilian film to win a prize at Cannes, and received a special mention to Gabriel Migliori's musical composition  At the Edinburgh International Film Festival it was awarded the Best Film It received mixed commentaries since its release  It was once voted the best Brazilian film in 1968 by National Film Institute's magazine Revista Film Cultura  Sadoul declared, "Lima Barreto well conveys a sense of poetry of the open desert space of the Sertão and makes this story lively and suspenseful"  After praising its cast performances and its "thrilling" musical score, Bosley Crowther of The New York Times said, "This [O] Cangaceiro is a picture that will cause the Western fans to rub their eyes " However, Cinema Novo representants—mainly Glauber Rocha—would criticize it for borrowing too much the style of American films  Critics also went on to comment on its "sociological inaccuracies "

Legacy
It is the first film to mix cangaço with Western, starting a genre called "Nordestern" —an amalgam of the words "Nordeste" (Northeast) and "Western"  It would be followed by successful films such as Carlos Coimbra's A Morte Comanda o Cangaço (1960), Lampião, o Rei do Cangaço (1964) and Corisco, o Diabo Louro (1969), and Aurélio Teixeira's Os Três Cabras de Lampião  It also established cangaço as a subgenre in Brazilian cinema; subsequently, cangaço would be featured as a theme from comedy—such as Os Três Cangaceiro and O Lamparina—to pornochanchada films—As Cangaceiras Eróticas and A Ilha das Cangaceiras Virgens  Also, Ruschel and Ribeiro would reprise the role of "good cangaceiro" and "bad cangaceiro" in other films 



ground_truth: Mary Astor