prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: Which is in the pop genre, Capital Cities or Tweaker?

The following are given passages.
Context 1: Passage 1:
Capital Cities (band)
Capital Cities is an American pop duo from Los Angeles, California, formed in 2008 by Ryan Merchant (vocals, keyboard, guitar) and Sebu Simonian (vocals, keyboard)  Their debut EP was released on June 7, 2011, with lead single "Safe and Sound" which became their first, and only, top ten hit single  The band currently consists of Ryan Merchant, Sebu Simonian, Manny Quintero on bass guitar, Spencer Ludwig on trumpet, Nick Merwin on guitar and Channing Holmes on drums 
A subsequent single, "Kangaroo Court", was released on March 27, 2012  The band was featured on the Pop Up #1 compilation selected by Perez Hilton that was released on August 7, 2012  The band's song "Safe and Sound" charted at #1 on the US Alternative Songs chart  The song was also used in a German Vodafone commercial, in a television commercial in the United States and Canada for the 2014 Mazda 3, and in an Air New Zealand in-flight safety video  The song "Center Stage" was featured on ESPN's First Take where they played a short segment of the retro-sounding track before going to commercial breaks 
The band's debut album, In a Tidal Wave of Mystery, was released June 4, 2013 via Capitol Records in partnership with Lazy Hooks  It was the first release of new material on Capitol with a Universal Music Group catalog number  The album debuted at number sixty-six on the Billboard 200 chart 

History
The two musicians met after Merchant responded to Simonian's open ad on Craigslist offering his production services  They began jingle-writing together  After three years successfully  composing music for commercials and advertising campaigns, the duo formed Capital Cities  The band released its debut, self-titled EP in June 2011 via their label, Lazy Hooks 
In 2012, the band signed with Capitol Records  In partnership with Lazy Hooks, the label released In a Tidal Wave of Mystery, the band's debut album, on June 4, 2013  The album takes its name from the lyrics of its top 10 Modern Rock radio hit "Safe and Sound",  the album's first single  The song has been used in promotional campaigns for HBO, Smart Car, Microsoft, Mazda and many other spots  The album includes the songs "Kangaroo Court" and "I Sold My Bed, But Not My Stereo"  Outkast's André 3000, vocalist Shemika Secrest and NPR's Frank Tavares are featured on the song "Farrah Fawcett Hair"  The album is produced and mixed entirely by the pair of Merchant and Simonian  The artwork is by Brazilian artist João Lauro Fonte 

The band embarked on its first-ever North American outing, the "Dancing with Strangers" tour, with special guests Gold Fields, which kicked off on April 23, 2013, at the Crescent Ballroom in Phoenix, Arizona  Capital Cities' May 9 show at New York City's Irving Plaza sold out two months in advance as well two nights at the El Rey Theatre in Los Angeles  All proceeds from the June 7 show at the El Rey went to MusiCares and a Place Called Home  The band has also appeared and performed at Sundance, SXSW, SweetLife, and ULTRA 
The band premiered the official video of "Safe and Sound" on April 25, 2013 on Vevo  The clip was directed by Grady Hall (who also has worked with Beck and Modest Mouse)  In the video, the song fuels a mash-up of the past 100 years of dance, presided over by the band at the newly restored Los Angeles Theater in downtown Los Angeles  The video featured work from Emmy-nominated choreographer Mandy Moore  The video was nominated for two 2013 MTV Video Music Awards: Best Art Direction and Best Visual Effects  The video won a 2013 MTV Video Music Award for Best Visual Effects 
In May 2013, "Safe and Sound" reached number one on the German Singles Chart 
September 5, 2013 marked the premiere of the "Kangaroo Court" music video  The video features appearances from Darren Criss, Shannon Woodward, and Channing Holmes  The story tells of a zebra (Merchant) who has been forbidden from a club, The Kangaroo Court  Attempting entry disguised as a horse, he falls for a lapdog (Woodward)  Her date that night, a bulldog (Criss), becomes jealous and reveals the zebra for who he actually is  The zebra is placed under arrest for his crime and sent to court to face a kangaroo judge (Holmes)  He is found guilty immediately and is executed by lion (Simonian) 
The band was nominated for a Grammy Award for Best Music Video 
Capital Cities joined Katy Perry on the North American leg of her Prismatic World Tour 
In April and May 2016, nearly three years after the release of the band's debut album, the official Capital Cities Facebook page made two posts strongly suggesting that new music was in the works  Two years later, the band released four singles within the span of four weeks and followed up with the release of Solarize on August 10, 2018 as their latest album to date 

Discography
Studio albums
Extended plays
Singles
Notes
Awards and nominations
Passage 2:
Capital Cities/ABC Inc 
Capital Cities/ABC Inc  was an American media company  It was founded in 1985 when Capital Cities Communications purchased the much larger American Broadcasting Company  It was eventually acquired by The Walt Disney Company and re-branded itself as Disney–ABC Television Group (now Disney General Entertainment Content) in 1996 

History
Origins
Capital Cities/ABC Inc  origins trace back in 1946, when Hyman Rosenblum (1911–1996), a local Albany businessman, and several investors, including future Congressman Leo William O'Brien and local advertising executive Harry L  Goldman decided to bid for a new radio station license in Albany  Rosenblum was also instrumental in help co-founding Hudson Valley Community College in Troy several years later, when he was on the Board of Trustees from 1953 to 1957 and then became the board's secretary in 1957, holding that position until his death in 1996  The company was incorporated as Hudson Valley Broadcasting Company on April 5, 1946   when the company received the license for WROW radio in Albany, New York  In October 1953, it opened the Albany-Schenectady-Troy area's second television station, WROW-TV on channel 41  In the late fall of 1954, a group of New York City-based investors, led by famous radio broadcaster and author Lowell Thomas, bought majority control of Hudson Valley Broadcasting from Rosenblum and associates  Thomas' manager/investing partner, Frank Smith became the President of the company 

The Capital Cities era
In 1956, WROW-TV moved from channel 41 to channel 10 and became WCDA  In 1957, Hudson Valley Broadcasting merged with Durham Broadcasting Enterprises, the owners of WTVD television in Durham, North Carolina   The new company took the name Capital Cities Television Corporation in November 1957, as both WROW/WCDA (now WTEN) and WTVD served the capital regions of their respective states  Capital Cities then began purchasing stations, starting with WPRO-AM-FM-TV in Providence, Rhode Island (another capital city) in 1959  In December 1959, the company's name was changed to Capital Cities Broadcasting During the 1960s, Capital Cities' holdings grew with the separate 1961 purchases of WPAT-AM-FM in Paterson, New Jersey, and WKBW radio and WKBW-TV in Buffalo, New York; and of the Goodwill Stations, which included WJR-AM-FM in Detroit, WJRT-TV in Flint, Michigan, and WSAZ-AM-TV in Huntington, West Virginia (serving the Charleston capital region), in 1964   CapCities entered the Los Angeles market in 1966 with its purchase of KPOL (later KZLA and now the present-day KMPC) and KPOL-FM (later KZLA-FM and now KLLI)  As a result of the Goodwill Stations purchase, and to adhere to Federal Communications Commission rules limiting ownership of VHF television stations to five per company, Capital Cities spun off WJRT-TV to Poole Broadcasting, a company owned by former CapCities shareholder John B  Poole  Poole's own Poole Broadcasting firm would later purchase two other television stations from CapCities: the second was WPRO-TV (now WPRI-TV) in 1967, coinciding with CapCities' purchase of KTRK-TV in Houston from the Houston Chronicle in June of that year In 1968, Capital Cities entered the publishing business by acquiring Fairchild Publications, publisher of several magazines including Women's Wear Daily   The following year the firm purchased its first newspaper, The Oakland Press of Pontiac, Michigan 
The following year, the company made another big purchase—acquiring WFIL-AM-FM-TV in Philadelphia, WNHC-AM-FM-TV in New Haven, Connecticut (in another capital region), and KFRE-AM-FM-TV in Fresno, California from Triangle Publications, as well as its syndicated television unit Triangle Program Sales  Capital Cities would immediately sell the radio stations to new owners, and, so as to comply with an FCC rule in place then that prohibited TV and radio stations in the same market, but different ownership from sharing the same callsigns, changed the television stations' calls to WPVI-TV, WTNH-TV, and KFSN-TV respectively  The acquisitions of WPVI and WTNH gave them seven VHF stations, two stations over the FCC limit at the time, and WTEN and WSAZ-TV were respectively spun off by CapCities to Poole Broadcasting and Lee Enterprises not long after the Triangle purchase was finalized  After the sale was consummated, its syndicated unit was renamed to Capital Cities Television Productions  Charles Keller was named general manager of the unit  WSAZ radio in Huntington was divested to Stoner Broadcasting (it is now WRVC), also as a result of the Triangle deal  To reflect the diversity of their holdings, the company changed its name to Capital Cities Communications on May 4, 1973 In 1974, Capital Cities bought WBAP and KSCS-FM in Fort Worth, Texas, along with its purchase of the Fort Worth Star-Telegram  The firm also increased its newspaper and publishing holdings during the middle-1970s  In 1974, Capital Cities acquired the Oregon-based Jackson Newspapers chain, which included the Albany Democrat-Herald, the Ashland Daily Tidings, and several other local newspapers and magazines  The Kansas City (Missouri) Star was acquired in 1977, and the following year CapCities bought Times Leader of Wilkes-Barre, Pennsylvania In 1977, the company was a lead plaintiff in a lawsuit by the owners of Buffalo-based TV stations against the Canadian Radio-television and Telecommunications Commission over that country's simultaneous substitution rules  The Supreme Court of Canada ruled against the broadcasters 
Returning to broadcasting, WBIE-FM (now WKHX-FM) in Marietta, Georgia (near Atlanta, another capital city), was bought in 1981   WROW radio in Albany, the company's first station, and its FM counterpart (which is now WYJB) were sold in 1983, and in 1984 the company made its last pre-ABC-merger purchases with independent station WFTS-TV in Tampa, Florida and KLAC radio in Los Angeles (concurrent with the sale of KZLA) 

Capital Cities/ABC
On March 19, 1985, Capital Cities announced that it would purchase ABC for $3 5 billion, which shocked the media industry, as ABC was some four times bigger than Capital Cities was at the time  Berkshire Hathaway chairman Warren Buffett helped to finance the deal in exchange for a 25 percent share in the combined company  The deal was, at the time, the largest non-oil merger in world business history  However, this record would be surpassed by year's end by the merger of General Electric and RCA (the latter company then being the parent company of rival network NBC) The newly merged company, known as Capital Cities/ABC (or CapCities/ABC), was forced to sell off some stations due to FCC ownership limits  Between them, ABC and CapCities owned more television stations than FCC rules allowed at the time  Also, the two companies owned several radio stations in the same markets  Of the former Capital Cities television stations, the new company opted to keep the outlets in Philadelphia, Houston, Durham, and Fresno  WFTS and ABC's WXYZ-TV in Detroit were divested as a pair to the E  W  Scripps Company's broadcasting division (then known as Scripps-Howard Broadcasting)  WTNH and WKBW-TV were sold separately to minority-owned companies; WKBW-TV would eventually be acquired by E W  Scripps by 2014  WTNH would have been sold in any event due to a significant city-grade signal overlap with ABC flagship WABC-TV in New York City  At the time, the FCC normally did not allow companies to own two television stations with common coverage areas (known commonly as the "one-to-a-market" rule), and would not even consider granting a waiver for a city-grade overlap 
The merged company could have been forced to sell off WPVI as well due to a large Grade B signal overlap with WABC-TV  Citing CBS' ownership of television stations in New York City (WCBS-TV) and Philadelphia (at the time WCAU-TV) under grandfathered status, Capital Cities/ABC requested, and was granted a permanent waiver from the FCC allowing it to keep WPVI-TV  Had the waiver request been denied, WXYZ-TV would have been retained 
WPVI-TV and KTRK-TV had long been ABC affiliates (in fact, two of ABC's strongest affiliates), while WTVD and KFSN-TV, longtime CBS affiliates, respectively switched to ABC in August and September 1985 (CBS went to WRAL-TV and KJEO now KGPE) 
On the radio side, new owners were found for CapCities' WPAT stations (Park Communications was the buyer), WKBW (Price Communications, the new owner, changed its call letters to WWKB, which was necessitated due to an FCC regulation in effect then that forbade TV and radio stations in the same city, but with different owners from sharing the same call letters) and KLAC and KZLA-FM (to Malrite Communications), and ABC's WRIF-FM in Detroit (to a minority-owned concern), among others The merger was completed on January 3, 1986   The new company retained ABC's radio and television combinations in New York City (WABC, WABC-TV and WPLJ), Los Angeles (KABC, KABC-TV and KLOS), Chicago (WLS, WLS-FM and WLS-TV), and San Francisco (KGO and KGO-TV), along with WMAL and WRQX-FM in Washington, D C ; CapCities' aforementioned television outlets and the Detroit, Providence, Marietta and Fort Worth radio stations; Fairchild Publications; the Fort Worth Star-Telegram and the Kansas City Star; and other broadcasting and publishing properties  Orbis Communications immediately purchased the syndication rights to the Capital Cities production library In May 1991, Capital Cities/ABC's Farm Progress Cos  closed its purchase of Harcourt Brace Jovanovich Inc 's 12-magazine farm publishing group  In 1992, Capital Cities/ABC sold Word Inc 's music and book publishing to Thomas Nelson  In 1992, ABC launched its new home video unit ABC Video, which was headed by former Vestron Video employee Jon Peisinger  In February 1993, the company formed a television production joint venture with Brillstein-Grey Entertainment to tap into their managed talent and to take advantage of relaxed production regulations   In July, CC/ABC purchased a majority ownership in animation studio DIC Animation City, forming a joint venture called DIC Entertainment L P  Later in July, CC/ABC reorganized into 4 groups, ABC TV Network Group, CC/ABC Publishing Group, the CC/ABC Broadcast Group, and a newly formed CC/ABC Multimedia Group overseeing the network, magazines & newspapers, stations and new technology & miscellaneous operations respectively  Network Group president Bob Iger was also promoted to executive president of CC/ABC  Also in 1993, ABC launched a new video line Signet Video, which were designed to release feature films for theatrical release or telemovies  It was subsequently changed its name to Summa Video, and signed a deal with Paramount Home Video to handle distribution of the titles In 1994, CC/ABC agreed to a $200 million seven-year television production joint venture with the original DreamWorks live-action studio  Also that year, CC/ABC formed a partnership with Brillstein/Grey Entertainment to launch Brillstein/Grey Communications During the 1994-1996 United States broadcast TV realignment, the Fox Broadcasting Company agreed to a multi-year, multi-station affiliation deal with New World Communications  Unless Scripps told that they would affiliate the other three stations to ABC and threatened to flip WEWS and WXYZ to CBS, Capital Cities/ABC and Scripps-Howard Broadcasting reached a deal to affiliate five of the Scripps-Howard TV properties with ABC (WEWS, WXYZ, two outgoing Fox affiliates KNXV and WFTS, and NBC affiliate WMAR-TV), with one additional outlet received in a separate deal (CBS affiliate WCPO) in September 1995  As a contingency, ABC bought WJRT-TV in Flint, Michigan and WTVG in Toledo, Ohio from SJL Broadcasting in 1995  In a separate deal, Allbritton Communications purchased WCFT-TV and WJSU-TV, and made them full power satellites of WBMA-LP; this prompted Allbritton to sign a groupwide affiliation deal with ABC which caused WCIV and Brunswick sister station WBSG-TV (now Ion Television O&O WPXC-TV) to become ABC affiliates  The latter had joined ABC as a semi-satellite of WJXX, which replaced WJKS as Jacksonville's ABC affiliate upon its 1997 sign-on)  In a separate deal, McGraw-Hill had to switch KERO-TV (channel 23) in Bakersfield, California; and KMGH-TV (channel 7) in Denver to ABC, and a renewal of the affiliation agreements with existing ABC affiliates WRTV (channel 6) in Indianapolis and KGTV (channel 10) in San Diego  This deal was made in response of the agreement stemming from NBC's acquisition of WCAU and the trade of KCNC and KUTV to CBS The Walt Disney Company announced that it would merge with Capital Cities/ABC in 1995  This merger of equals led to the formation of a new subsidiary, ABC, Inc , on September 19, 1996 

Structure at Disney acquisition
ABC Television Network Group
ABC News
ABC Sports
ABC Entertainment
ABC Daytime
ABC Children's Programming
CC/ABC Broadcasting Group
ABC Radio Network
eight TV stations
21 radio stations
ABC Cable and International Broadcast Group
ESPN Inc  (80%)
Eurosport (33 3%, England)
TV Sport (10%, France; Eurosport affiliate)
The Japan Sports Channel (20%)
A&E Television Networks (37 5%)
Lifetime Television (50%)
Tele-Muchen (50%, Germany)
RTL2 20%
Hamster Productions  (33%, France)
DIC Entertainment (Limited Partnerships with Andy Heyward)
DIC Entertainment, L P  (100%)
DIC Productions, L P  (95%)
Scandinavian Broadcasting System (23%, Luxembourg)
CC/ABC Publishing Group
Fairchild Publications
Chilton Publications
multiple newspapers from a dozen dailies  and more weeklies
Ft  Worth Star-Telegram
The Kansas City Star
Belleville News-Democrat
Times Leader
Pacific Northwest GroupAlbany Democrat-Herald
Ashland Daily Tidings
The Sandy Post
Lebanon Express
Cottage Grove Sentinel
The Outlook
News-Times (Newport)
The Oakland Press
dozens more publications in the fields of business and law trade journals
Farm Progress
Los Angeles Magazine
Institutional Investor
CC/ABC Multimedia GroupCreative Wonders (Joint-venture with Electronic Arts)

Former Capital Cities-owned stations
Stations are listed alphabetically by state and city of license 
Notes:

(**) – indicates a station built and signed on by a predecessor company of Capital Cities 

Television stations
This list does not include WTVG in Toledo, Ohio  That station, which switched its affiliation from NBC to ABC, was purchased by Capital Cities/ABC in 1995, and was completed just before Disney's acquisition of the combined group was finalized  In addition, WJRT-TV was reacquired in the same deal 

Radio stations
All stations currently under ownership of Cumulus Media were previously owned by Citadel Broadcasting before Cumulus acquired the company on September 16, 2011  Most of these same stations were owned by the Walt Disney Company until Citadel's purchase of ABC Radio Networks and these stations on June 12, 2007 (except for WPRO-AM-FM, which were sold by Capital Cities/ABC in 1993 and acquired by Citadel in 1997) 

Financial results
Passage 3:
Thomas Murphy (broadcasting)
Thomas Sawyer Murphy (May 31, 1925 – May 25, 2022) was an American broadcasting executive, and was chair and chief executive officer of Capital Cities / ABC, Inc  until 1996  Together with fellow Capital Cities executive Daniel Burke, Murphy engineered the acquisition of the American Broadcasting Company in 1986 for $3 5 billion  Murphy and Burke, who served as president and chief executive of ABC until 1994, are credited with increasing the profitability and efficiency of ABC 

Early life
Murphy was born in Brooklyn on May 31, 1925   His father, Charles, was a lawyer involved in Democratic Party politics and later worked as a judge in the Judiciary of New York; his mother, Elizabeth (Sawyer), was a homemaker   Murphy initially studied at Princeton University, before enlisting in the US Navy and serving from 1943 to 1946   He then studied mechanical engineering at Cornell University, graduating with a Bachelor of Science in 1945   After his application to Harvard Business School was rejected, he was employed by Texaco as an oil salesman for a year   He was later accepted by Harvard and obtained a Master of Business Administration in 1949, graduating as a Baker Scholar 

Career
Murphy first worked at Kenyon & Eckhardt as an account executive, before becoming a brand manager for Lever Brothers   His fortunes changed when broadcaster and author Lowell Thomas, and his business manager/partner, Frank Smith, led a New York City-based investor group to buy control of Albany, New York-based Hudson Valley Broadcasting Company, in 1954 and hired Murphy to run the WROW stations as their new general manager  Although Murphy did not have any broadcast experience, his leadership and conservative financial restraint helped bring WROW-TV (now WTEN) to profitability three years later   In December 1957, Hudson Valley merged with Durham Television Enterprises, owners of WTVD in Durham, North Carolina, to form Capital Cities Television Corporation, which later became Capital Cities Broadcasting Corp  in 1960 and Capital Cities Communications thirteen years later Murphy moved up quickly in the ranks of the company   He became Capital Cities' first vice president in 1960   Four years later, he was promoted to president while Smith moved up to become the company's first chairman   After Smith's unexpected death in 1966, Murphy became chairman and chief executive officer, a position that he held for the next 30 years   Under his leadership, he helped build Capital Cities from a small broadcasting company into a multibillion-dollar media conglomerate  He then got into the publishing and newspaper business by buying Fairchild Publications in 1968, and then bought several newspapers including The Kansas City Star and Fort Worth Star-Telegram  Murphy's biggest acquisition came in 1985 when he bought the American Broadcasting Company for $3 5 billion to form Capital Cities/ABC  The merger was engineered by Murphy and the man who replaced him as WTEN's station manager, Daniel B  Burke, who became ABC's president 
In 1995 Capital Cities / ABC was bought by Disney  He was a member of the board of directors of Berkshire Hathaway, General Housewares Corp , Texaco, Inc , Johnson & Johnson, and IBM Corporation and a life trustee and honorary vice chair of New York University 

Personal life and death
Murphy was married to Suzanne Crosby Murphy until her death in 2009  Together, they had four children: Emilie, Thomas Jr , Kathleen, and Mary  Murphy died on May 25, 2022, at his home in Rye, New York 

Awards
Television Hall of Fame
1996 NATPE Lifetime Achievement Award

Citations
General and cited sources
"Thomas S  Murphy", Encyclopedia of television, Editor Horace Newcomb, CRC Press, 2004, ISBN 978-1-57958-411-5
Forbes, Malcolm S  "Mighty CEOs Who are Also All-round Nice Guys are Rare " Forbes (New York), December 11, 1989 
Gibbs, Nancy  "Easy as ABC " Time (New York), August 14, 1995 
Hawver, W  Capital Cities/ABC The Early Years: 1954-1986 How the Minnow Came to Swallow The Whale  Radnor, Pennsylvania: Chilton, 1994 
Ländler, Mark  "Creators of the Big Deal, Capital Cities' Tandem Team " The New York Times, August 1, 1995 
Roberts, Johnnie L  "The Men Behind the Big Megadeals " Newsweek (New York), August 14, 1995 

External links
"TOM MURPHY", Harvard Business School, December 2000, Amy Blitz
Passage 4:
Wandu
Hwando (Chinese: 丸都; pinyin: Wandu) is a mountain fortress of the ancient Korean kingdom of Goguryeo, built to protect Goguryeo's second capital, Gungnae  It is located in present-day Ji'an city of the province of Jilin, China 
The fortress is located 2 5 km west of Ji'an, Jilin province in Northeast China, near the North Korean border  It is part of the UNESCO World Heritage Site Capital Cities and Tombs of the Ancient Koguryo Kingdom, together with nearby Gungnae City and the Ohnyeosan City, because of its historical importance and exceptional architecture 

History
In 3 CE, King Yuri of Goguryeo moved the capital to Gungnae Fortress, and built the Wina Rock fortress  Gungnae Fortress, the capital, was a fortress on Amnok River's plain, while "Wina Rocks fortress" (Hangul: 위나암성, Hanja: 尉那巖城) was a fortified city in the mountain which was later renamed to Hwando by King Sansang of Goguryeo 
Goguryeo consolidated its power and began to threaten the Chinese commanderies, under the nominal control of Wei  In 242, Dongcheon attacked a Chinese fortress near the mouth of the Amnok River leading to the Goguryeo–Wei War; in 244, Wei invaded Goguryeo and sacked Hwando Goguryeo ended China's presence on the Korean peninsula by conquering the Lelang commandery in 313  However, Goguryeo faced opposition by the proto-Mongol Xianbei who had conquered northern China; the Murong clan of the Xianbei attacked Goguryeo and sacked Hwando in 341, capturing thousands of prisoners to provide cheap labor  The Xianbei also devastated Buyeo in 346, accelerating Buyeo migration to the Korean peninsula  Goguryeo, though temporarily weakened, would soon recoup and continue its expansion 

Gallery
Passage 5:
Premio Lo Nuestro 2003
Premio Lo Nuestro 2003 was the 15th anniversary of the awards  the show was hosted by Mexican presenters Marco Antonio Regil and Adal Ramones  Juanes, Thalía, Marc Anthony, Pilar Montenegro, Sin Bandera, Banda el Recodo and other Latin music greats gave electrifying performances  In the show, there was 36 awards winners with 135 nominations  In Pop genre, Awards was given for : Album of the Year, Best Male Artist, Best Female Artist, Best Group or duo, Best New Artist and Song of the Year  In Rock Genre : Best Rock Album and Best rock Performer of the Year  In Tropical genre : Best Tropical Album of the Year, Best Tropical Male Artist, Best Tropical Female Artist, Best Tropical Group or Duo of the Year, Best Tropical New Artist, Tropical Song of the Year, Best Merengue Performance, Best Salsa Performance and Best Traditional Performance  Juanes was the biggest winner of night, took home four awards Best Pop Male Artist, Best Music Video, Best Rock Performance, and Pop Song of the Year   In the Regional Mexican, Pilar Montenegro took three awards for Regional Mexican Song of the Year, Pop Song of the Year ("Quitame Ese Hombre"), and for Best Regional Mexican Female Artist  In the tropical genre, Celia Cruz took home with four great awards of the night for Best Salsa Performance, Best Tropical Female Artist, Best Tropical Song of the year and Tropical Album of the Year  At the night, the greatest performance was a medley of top Latin hits from the last 15 years, performed by the artists that made them famous, including Vikki Carr, Son by Four, Los Ilegales, La Mafia, Luis Enrique, Wilfrido Vargas and Olga Tañón  There was a great tribute to Celia Cruz by the world-famous salsa group "Fania All-Stars", of which Cruz was a member during the 1970s, reunited for an exclusive performance that rocked the house 

Nominees and winners
Special awards
Excellence Award: Luis Miguel
Premio del Pueblo (People's Choice):
Pop: Thalía
Rock: Shakira
Tropical: Marc Anthony
Regional/Mexican: Vicente Fernández
Urban: El General

Pop category
Rock category
Tropical category
Regional Mexican category
Urban category
Popular award
Passage 6:
Safe and Sound (Capital Cities song)
"Safe and Sound" is a song by American indie pop duo Capital Cities, written and produced by band members Ryan Merchant and Sebu Simonian  The song was released as a single on January 6, 2011, and first appeared on their debut EP Capital Cities (2011), later serving as the lead single from their debut studio album, In a Tidal Wave of Mystery (2013)  "Safe and Sound" became the duo's breakout hit, peaking at number eight on the United States Billboard Hot 100 and achieving commercial success in several other territories  Three music videos were produced for the single, with the third video, directed by Grady Hall and set in the Los Angeles Theatre, later being nominated for Best Music Video at the 56th Annual Grammy Awards  It is the theme song for the Washington Capitals of the National Hockey League 

Background and composition
"Safe and Sound" is a synth-pop, dance-pop and alternative rock song, and was written and produced by Capital Cities members Ryan Merchant and Sebu Simonian  It features a prominent trumpet line, which was only incorporated into its production after eight previous takes of the song 

Music videos
The first music video for "Safe and Sound" was self-produced and edited by the band and uploaded to their official YouTube account on February 24, 2011  It features alternating historical film clips of dancing and war from the last century generally arranged in chronological order  Another video, directed by Jimmy Ahlander, was released on October 21, depicting the duo being led through a junkyard by a monk The third and most well-known video for the song was directed by Grady Hall and released on April 25, 2013  The video is set in the Los Angeles Theatre and depicts Capital Cities performing on stage as dancers of all types (1940s swing dancers, 1970s roller-disco skaters, 1990s hip-hop dancers, etc ) emerge from pictures on the wall and film clips from different time periods in the theater's history come to life and compete in dance-offs  It received a nomination in the Best Music Video category at the 56th Annual Grammy Awards 

Cover versions and in other media
On November 7, 2013, the song was performed by Team Adam (consisted of Tessanne Chin, James Wolpert, Will Champlin, Grey and Preston Pohl) from the fifth season of the series, The Voice Zendaya, Kina Grannis, Kurt Hugo Schneider and Max Schneider (not related) released a cover of the song on March 31, 2014, used for a Coca-Cola commercial  Actual Coca-Cola bottles served as instruments in the version Air New Zealand have used the song in their in-flight safety video for 2014, while the Barcelona's Institute for Research in Biomedicine (IRB) has used it in its dance video to raise awareness and support for research into diseases such as cancer and metastasis, Alzheimer's and diabetes The song was featured as the background music for the 2014 model year Mazda3 vehicles  The music video featured prominent figures Bruce Lee, Frank Lloyd Wright, and Jackie Robinson to promote the all new features, including the "kodo" design Mazda has introduced post-Ford ownership of the company 
The song is briefly played at a party scene in the beginning of the 2015 film Alvin and the Chipmunks: The Road Chip 
McDonald's has used the song in 2020 in McDonald's Australia promotion for the return of the McRib® & El Maco® as part of the that year’s summer menu Beginning in July 2021, the song was used in an advertising campaign for ADT Home Security titled “It’s Safe To Say”, which featured Drew and Jonathan Scott from the HGTV series “Property Brothers” 

Commercial performance
"Safe and Sound" first gained commercial success in Germany following its use in a Vodafone commercial, later topping the German Media Control singles chart  A sleeper hit, it peaked at number eight on the Billboard Hot 100 in September 2013, over two-and-a-half years after its initial release  It has sold over two million copies in the United States as of January 2014  It also reached #2 on the Mainstream Top 40 chart  In the United Kingdom, the single was added to the BBC Radio 2 playlist on August 31, 2013; following its official single release in the country the following month, it peaked at number 42 on the UK Singles Chart 

Awards and nominations
Track listing
Charts
Certifications
Release history
Passage 7:
Institutional Investor (magazine)
Institutional Investor magazine is a periodical published by Euromoney Institutional Investor  It was founded in 1967 by Gilbert E  Kaplan  A separate international edition of the magazine was established in 1976 for readers in Europe and Asia 

History
Capital Cities Communications purchased the magazine in early 1984  The Walt Disney Company bought Capital Cities in 1996 and sold the magazine to Euromoney one year later  Institutional Investor has offices in New York City, London and Hong Kong  In 2018, Institutional Investor became digital only In March 2021, it was announced that Diane Alfano, the CEO of Institutional Investor, would be stepping down effective June 30, 2021  Alfano has worked at Institutional Investor since 1984  According to the announcement, her resignation comes as Euromoney, the publication's publicly-traded parent company, plans to merge Institutional Investor with sister companies BCA Research and NDR into an asset management division  As of May 2021, the CEO of the new unit is Francis Cashman 

Research and rankings
Institutional Investor publishes global research and issues rankings throughout the year that often serve as industry benchmarks  Top-line results are published in the magazine while the full details are available on institutionalinvestor com  The rankings include:

Executive teams
The All-America Executive Team
The All-Europe Executive Team
The All-Asia Executive Team (excludes Japan)
The All-Japan Executive Team
The Latin America Executive Team

Research teams
The All-America Research Team
The All-Europe Research Team
The All-Asia Research Team (excludes Japan)
The All-Japan Research Team
The All-China Research Team
The Latin America Research Team
The All-Brazil Research Team
The All-India Research Team
The All-America Fixed-Income Research Team
The All-America Research Team Rising Stars
The All-Europe Fixed-Income Research Team
America's Top Corporate Access Providers
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Passage 8:
History of Northwest Territories capital cities
The history of Northwest Territories capital cities begins with the purchase of the Territories by Canada from the Hudson's Bay Company in 1869, and includes a varied and often difficult evolution  Northwest Territories is unique amongst the other provinces and territories of Canada in that it has had seven capital cities in its history  The territory has changed the seat of government for numerous reasons, including civil conflict, development of infrastructure, and a history of significant revisions to its territorial boundaries 
The result of these changes has been a long and complex road to responsible government  Effectively providing services and representation for the population has been a particular challenge for the Territories' government, a task often complicated by the region's vast and changing geographic area  A small number of communities in Northwest Territories have unsuccessfully tried to become the capital over the years  The territory has had the seat of government outside of its territorial boundaries twice in its history  The only other political division in Canada without a seat of government inside its own boundaries was the defunct District of Keewatin that existed from 1876 until 1905 
The term "capital" refers to cities that have served as home for the Legislative Assembly of Northwest Territories, the legislative branch of Northwest Territories government  In Canada, it is customary for provincial and territorial level government to have the administrative centre of the civil service in the same city as the legislative branch  The Northwest Territories, however, had separate administrative and legislative capitals officially exist between 1911 and 1967  This is the only province or territory in Canadian history to have had such an arrangement 

Fort Garry (1870–1876)
The Government of Canada purchased the North-Western Territory and Rupert's Land from the Hudson's Bay Company in 1868, under the terms of the Rupert's Land Act 1868 for £300,000 sterling  Both purchased territories were largely uninhabited, consisting mostly of uncharted wilderness  After the purchase, the Government decided to merge both of the properties into a single jurisdiction and appoint a single territorial government to run both  The purchase of the two territories added a sizable portion of the current Canadian landmass 

In 1869, Ontario Member of Parliament William McDougall was appointed as the first Lieutenant Governor of the Northwest Territories and sent to Fort Garry to establish formal governance for Canada  Before his party arrived at the settlement, a small group led by Louis Riel intercepted him near the Ontario border and forced him to turn back because they opposed the transfer to the Canadian government  The inhabitants of the Red River Valley began the Red River Rebellion, delaying formal governance until their demands for provincial status were met The rebellion resulted in the creation of the Province of Manitoba (inclusive of Fort Garry) and a delay in establishing governance in the Territories  In 1870, the Northwest Territories and Manitoba formally entered the Canadian confederation  The two jurisdictions remained partially conjoined: under the Temporary Government Act, 1870  The Temporary North-West Council was appointed in 1872, mainly from members of the new Manitoba Legislative Assembly, with the Lieutenant Governor of Manitoba serving as the leader of the territorial government  The Governor and Council were mandated to govern the Territories through the Manitoba Act and did so from outside of the Northwest Territories  Fort Garry served as the first seat of government for both jurisdictions 

The temporary government sat for the first time in 1872  It was renewed by federal legislation each year until a permanent solution for governance was decided upon  The federal government renewed the Temporary Council for the last time in 1875 and chose a new location, within the boundaries of the Northwest Territories, to form a new government  Along with the new seat of power, a new council greatly reduced in size was appointed along with a new Lieutenant Governor to specifically lead the Territories without also governing Manitoba In the 1870s, Fort Garry consisted of two distinct settlements  The first site was named Upper Fort Garry, and the secondary site was named Lower Fort Garry, 32 kilometres (20 mi) downstream on the Red River  After the territorial government moved, Fort Garry continued to be the seat of government for Manitoba, and for the now defunct District of Keewatin territory between 1876 and 1905  Fort Garry evolved to become modern-day Winnipeg, still the capital of Manitoba, with Lower Fort Garry being declared a national historical site 

Fort Livingstone (1876–1877)
The North-West Territories Act, 1875 dissolved the Temporary North-West Council and appointed a permanent government to take effect on October 7, 1876  The new council governed from Fort Livingstone, an outpost constructed west of the Manitoba border, in modern-day Saskatchewan  Fort Livingstone served as a small frontier outpost and not as a bona fide capital city   The location was chosen by the federal government as a temporary site to establish the new territorial government until the route of the railway was determined Fort Livingstone was founded in 1875 by the newly created North-West Mounted Police, the predecessor of the Royal Canadian Mounted Police, Canada's national police force  The Swan River North-West Mounted Police Barracks, inside Fort Livingstone, became the temporary assembly building for legislative-council sessions as well as the office for the Lieutenant Governor The bulk of the police forces moved out to Fort Macleod in 1876, to crack down on the whisky trade  A year later, Lieutenant Governor David Laird moved the seat of government to Battleford  The decision was based upon the original plans of constructing the Canadian Pacific Railway (CPR) through Battleford Fort Livingstone continued to serve as a small outpost until being totally destroyed by a prairie grass fire in 1884  The nearest modern settlement to the original Fort Livingstone site is Pelly, Saskatchewan, four kilometres (2 5 mi) to the south  The fort is sometimes referred to as Fort Pelly or Swan River  The Fort Livingstone site is marked with a plaque as was declared a Saskatchewan provincial heritage site and contains no resident population 

Battleford (1877–1883)
The Northwest Territories government moved to Battleford in 1877 on the order of the Lieutenant Governor  Battleford was supposed to be the permanent capital of the Territories  The town was chosen because it was expected to be linked with the Canadian Pacific Railway The government in Battleford would see significant milestones towards attaining responsible government for the Northwest Territories  For the first time, the territory had democratically elected members join the appointed members in the assembly  Elections in the territory became a reality after the passage of the Northwest Territories election ordinance 1880  The first election took place in 1881, after electoral districts were created by royal proclamations, issued the order of the Lieutenant Governor  Battleford hosted the first official royal visit in western Canada, when the Marquis of Lorne and Princess Louise Caroline Alberta toured the territories in 1881 The first Northwest Territories legislature building, and residence for the Lieutenant Governor named "NWT Government House", was completed and used by the territorial government until 1883  After the government moved the building stood as a historical site until it was destroyed in a fire in 2003 After consultation with Canadian Pacific Railway officials, Lieutenant Governor Edgar Dewdney made the decision to move the capital to Regina, also in present-day Saskatchewan, in June 1882  The decision to move the capital was controversial with the public because Edgar Dewdney owned real estate in Regina  He was accused of having conflicted interests between his private affairs and the needs of the government 

Regina (1883–1905)
After Edgar Dewdney ordered that the government be moved south to meet the railway in Regina, it was confirmed as the new territorial capital on March 27, 1883  Construction of a new legislature began  In Regina, the government continued to grow as the size of the settlement increased rapidly  The legislature had the most sitting members in Northwest Territories history after the fifth general election in 1902 The government in Regina struggled to deliver services to the vast territory  The influx of settlers and responsibility for the Klondike, as well as constant fighting with the federal government over limited legislative powers and minimal revenue collection, hampered the effectiveness of government  The government during this period slowly released powers to the elected members  In 1897, after control of the executive council was ceded to elected members from the Lieutenant-Governors, a short-lived period of party politics evolved that challenged the consensus model of government that had been used since 1870 

The territorial government under the leadership of Premier Frederick Haultain struck a deal with the federal Government of Canada in early 1905 to bring provincial powers to the territories  This led to the creation of the provinces of Saskatchewan and Alberta from the southernmost and most populous areas of the territory  The Northwest Territories, reduced to its northern, lightly populated hinterland, continued to exist under the 1870s constitutional status under control of the federal government  A new council was convened in Ottawa, Ontario, to deal with the region The Territorial Administration Building was declared a historical site by the Saskatchewan government after it was restored by the Saskatchewan Government in 1979, the building remains standing to this day  The territorial government would not have another permanent legislature of its own design until 1993  After 1905, Regina continued to serve as capital for the province of Saskatchewan 

Ottawa (1905–1967)
In 1905, under the direction of Wilfrid Laurier, the Northwest Territories seat of government was moved to Ottawa, Ontario, the capital of Canada  This change was made when Northwest Territories defaulted back to the 1870 constitutional status after Alberta and Saskatchewan were sectioned off from the territory on September 1, 1905  After the populated regions of the territory were made into their own jurisdictions, there were very few settlements left in the territory with any significant population or infrastructure  The non-Inuit population was estimated to total around 1,000  Inuit were not counted at the time because they had no status under Canadian law, and were not yet settled in towns or villages In the period without a sitting council from 1905 to 1921, the government of the Territories was small but still active  A small civil service force was sent to Fort Smith to set the town up as the new administrative capital in 1911  A budget to provide minimal services was still given by the federal government  Commissioner Frederick D  White administered the territories day-to-day operations during that period  During this 16-year lapse in legislative government, no new laws were created, and the Territories and its population were severely neglected even with the services provided at the time The first session of the new council was called to order in 1921, a full 16 years after the government was dissolved in Regina  This new government contained no serving member who was resident in the Territories  The council during this period was primarily composed of high-level civil servants who lived and worked in Ottawa   The first person to sit on the council since 1905 who actually resided from within the Territories was John G  McNiven who was appointed in 1947 The Ottawa-based council eventually grew sensitive to the needs of the territory residents  Democracy returned to the territories in the sixth general election in 1951  After the election, the council was something of a vagabond body, with alternating sittings in Ottawa, and various communities in Northwest Territories  The council held meetings in school gymnasiums, community halls, board rooms, or any suitable infrastructure  The council even transported ceremonial implements to conduct meetings with such as the speakers chair and mace  Both are traditional artifacts common to Westminster style parliaments Legislative sessions held in Ottawa were conducted in an office building on Sparks Street  The Northwest Territories government continues to hold an office in Ottawa on Sparks Street to this day  In 1965, a federal government commission was set up to determine a new home for the government and the future of the territory  The seat of government was moved back inside the territories to Yellowknife, after it was selected capital in 1967 

Fort Smith (1911–1967)
Fort Smith became the official administration and transportation hub for the Northwest Territories in 1911  This marked the first services provided by the territorial government in six years  The first services included an agent from the Department of Indian Affairs, a medical doctor, and a Royal Canadian Mounted Police station Fort Smith was chosen to house the civil service because of its geographical location and state of development  The community was one of the few that had steamboat service from the railheads in Alberta and access to the vast waterways in the territory  The community was the easiest for the government to access, and the most well developed community, closest to Ottawa Fort Smith housed the civil service working in the Territories officially until 1967  The town continued to host the civil service for many years after Yellowknife was picked as capital, because the infrastructure was not yet in place in the new capital city at the time 

Carrothers Commission (1965-1967)
The "Advisory Commission on the Development of Government in the Northwest Territories", commonly called the Carrothers Commission for its chair, Alfred Carrothers, was struck by the Government of Canada in 1965  The Carrothers Commission marked a significant turning point in modern Northwest Territories history  The Carrothers Commission was tasked to evaluate and recommend changes to the Northwest Territories to deal with an array of outstanding issues regarding self-government in the north  One of the more visible and lasting effects of the Carrothers Commission was to choose a new capital city for the territorial government The Carrothers Commission, for the first time, gave some voice to residents in the Northwest Territories through extensive consultations with the territorial population   In prior years, the decision to change the seat of government had always been made without consulting Northwest Territories residents  Edgar Dewdney, for example, who made the decision to change the capital from Battleford to Regina, faced controversy because he owned property in Regina  After the territorial government moved to Ottawa, the government was often resented for being so far away The Carrothers Commission spent two years visiting nearly every community in the territory and consulting with residents, community leaders, business people, and territorial politicians  The Carrothers Commission investigated and considered five communities for the capital: Hay River, Fort Simpson, Fort Smith, Inuvik and Yellowknife 
Many people in the Northwest Territories believed that Fort Smith would win since it already housed the Territories' civil service 

Yellowknife (1967–present)
Yellowknife officially became the capital on September 18, 1967, after the Carrothers commission chose it for its central location, transportation links, industrial base and residents' preferences Yellowknife, in 1967, was not yet ready to serve as home for the government  During the years that it took for the capital's infrastructure to slowly develop, most of the civil service remained in Fort Smith for many years and the governing Council continued its practice of holding legislative sessions all over the territory for a number of years The Northwest Territories marked a new era when the legislative council moved into a newly constructed legislature building on November 17, 1993  The new legislature was the first building built specifically for the Northwest Territories government since the government sat in Regina 88 years earlier  The legislature building was constructed to feature themes derived from the Inuit culture, which signaled that the government was sensitive to the ethnicity of the resident population The modern day territorial government has matured in Yellowknife to become effective and responsible  The government in Yellowknife had largely gained back its powers on par with the pre-1905 government that was dissolved during creation of Alberta and Saskatchewan  The civil service has been effectively consolidated into the city of Yellowknife; and has gained control over administering its own elections from Elections Canada  Education is now under the jurisdiction of the territorial government and the territory has most powers afforded to the rest of the provinces  There has even talk by the Federal government of the territories gaining provincial status in the future 

Lessons learned for Nunavut capital (1995 vote)
As chronicled above, all seven capitals throughout the history of the Northwest Territories were chosen by some form of external government decision, though the Carrothers Commission did consult with the territorial population to guide its decision 
After the selection of Yellowknife as the capital in 1967, many residents in the eastern Arctic continued to feel unrepresented by the territorial government, and many movements and groups were formed to remedy the situation   Lessons had been learned from the historical changes in the Northwest Territories' seat of power, resulting in a number of territorial democratic processes leading to the creation of the new territory of Nunavut in 1999, formed from the eastern half of the Northwest Territories 
In 1976, as part of the land claims negotiations between the Inuit Tapiriit Kanatami population and the Government of Canada, the parties discussed division of the Northwest Territories to provide a separate territory for the Inuit  In 1982, a plebiscite on division was held throughout the Northwest Territories, in which a majority of the residents voted in favour of division The land claims agreement was completed in September 1992 and ratified by a majority of voters  On July 9, 1993, the Nunavut Land Claims Agreement Act and the Nunavut Act were passed by the Canadian Parliament 
In December, 1995, the Nunavut capital plebiscite was held, and the voters in the future Nunavut territory chose Iqaluit as their capital city, defeating Rankin Inlet  Iqaluit became the official capital on April 1, 1999, when Nunavut separated from the Northwest Territories 

See also
Commissioners of the Northwest Territories
List of Northwest Territories general elections
List of premiers of the Northwest Territories
List of Northwest Territories Legislative Assemblies
Passage 9:
Tweaker (band)
Tweaker is an American alternative rock collaboration project band founded by Chris Vrenna in the late 1990s  Tweaker's musical style incorporates synthpop, progressive rock, modern jazz and electronica genres, and is characterized by a generally melancholy and somber sound with matching artwork 

History
The album The Attraction to All Things Uncertain was Vrenna's "solo" debut and it was not until the follow-up album, 2 a m  Wakeup Call, that Clint Walsh was announced as a permanent fixture to the band  While Vrenna and Walsh supply most instruments and electronics, many other musicians contributed to Tweaker's performances and recordings, including Robert Smith, David Sylvian, Burton C  Bell, Craig Wedren, Will Oldham, Hamilton Leithauser, Buzz Osborne, Jonathan Bates and Johnny Marr  The subsequent albums followed a preset central theme 
Tweaker wrote and performed the theme music to Doom 3, of which the theme song was released via the band's website  The rest of the soundtrack is accessible from the game's files  Tweaker also composed the theme music for the animated television show Xiaolin Showdown  Unlike the band's usual synthpop, shoegaze, modern jazz, Dark Ambient and industrial sound, the Doom 3 theme was mainly heavy metal 
In 2004, Tweaker opened for Skinny Puppy on select dates with a full live band, consisting of Chris Vrenna (drums, percussion and keyboard), Clint Walsh (guitar and keyboard), William Faith (bass guitar) and Nick Young (vocals)  They performed everything live (i e , no pre-recorded tape), although they did have to alter some of their songs to fit the live format — the most extreme case being a completely revamped rock version of "Microsize Boy"   The final performance on the tour was at QuakeCon 2005 in Dallas, TX 

Official members
Chris Vrenna
Clint Walsh

Discography
Studio albums
The Attraction to All Things Uncertain (September 18, 2001)
2 a m  Wakeup Call (April 20, 2004)
Call the Time Eternity (October 23, 2012)

Remix albums
And Then There's Nothing (November 26, 2013)

EPs
Linoleum (August 21, 2001)

Singles
Linoleum (2001)
Xiaolin Showdown (2003)
The Steel Box (2019)
Context 3: Passage 1:
West Australian Football Club
The West Australian Football Club, often referred to as West Australians or Wests, was an Australian rules football club based in Perth, Western Australia  Formed in 1886, the club was originally not associated with any competition, but entered the senior West Australian Football Association (WAFA) the following season  The club finished last in both its seasons in the competition, merging with the Victorian Football Club on 16 April 1889 to form the Metropolitan Football Club (now the West Perth Football Club) 

History
The club was established as early as mid-1886, when The Daily News was requested by J  Mansfield, the club's secretary, to "draw the attention of members of the West Australian Football Club to a Special Meeting" at the Criterion Hotel on 19 July 1886  Two matches were recorded against the Mercantiles team, comprising players from the "Perth stores", in August and September 1886  The first match was won by West Australians, and the second by Mercantiles, with both being played at the Old Recreation Ground (now Wellington Square)  G  Moffatt was West Australians' captain in both matches At the May 1887 annual meeting of the West Australian Football Association (WAFA), which itself had been established in May 1885, a letter was read from the West Australian Football Club requesting admission into the league, which was granted  Messrs Mansfield, Ramsay, and McDonough were made delegates of the club to the association  At the same meeting, it was resolved that West Australians would be allowed to play with 23 men on the field (instead of the usual 20), as the majority of the club's players were juniors  The club's guernsey was also designated as red and black hoops  Through the 1887 season, the team struggled to win matches, and in one match lost to the Perth Football Club, a junior team at the time  F  McDonough captained the team in most matches, with R  Ramsay usually serving as vice-captain  The club again struggled to compete in 1888 – in one match, against Unions, the team conceded eight goals, while failing to score a single goal for themselves  On 16 April 1889, a meeting of the West Australian and Victorian Football Clubs was held at the Criterion Hotel, in which it was unanimously decided to amalgamate the two clubs into a single club known as the Metropolitan Football Club, which has survived until the present day as the West Perth Football Club  F  McDonough remained captain of the combined club, while West Australians' club colours of red and black were maintained for the merged club  Overall, in two years in the competition, West Australians played in 17 matches, winning three, drawing one, and losing thirteen, for an overall winning percentage of 20 6% 
Passage 2:
Graham Farmer
Graham Vivian "Polly" Farmer  (10 March 1935 – 14 August 2019) was an Australian rules footballer who played for the Geelong Football Club in the Victorian Football League (VFL) and the East Perth Football Club and West Perth Football Club in the Western Australian National Football League (WANFL) 
Born in Western Australia and of indigenous heritage through his Noongar mother, Farmer is considered one of the greatest footballers in the game's history; when the Australian Football Hall of Fame was established in 1996, Farmer was among the 12 inaugural players given "legend" status  He is primarily recognised for the way he revolutionised ruckwork and handballing 
After retiring as a player, Farmer returned to Geelong to become the VFL's first coach of indigenous background, and he was also named coach of Western Australia's first State of Origin team 
The Graham Farmer Freeway in his hometown of Perth is named in his honour 

Early life
Farmer was born at the Hillcrest Maternity Home in North Fremantle to an unknown man and 25-year-old Noongar woman from Katanning named Eva  At the time of Farmer's birth, Australia was slowly recovering from the Great Depression, and A  O  Neville was Western Australia's Chief Protector of Aborigines  In December 1936, Farmer was voluntarily placed in the care of Sister Kate's orphanage in Queens Park, Western Australia, a home for "half-caste" children  Farmer never found out why he had been put there, though it is presumed that Farmer's unmarried mother did not have the means to provide for him Nonetheless, Farmer was grateful to Sister Kate's for his upbringing: "If it had not been for Sister Kate's, I would have had an ice block's hope in hell of ever leading a normal life  I owe her and all her dedicated helpers everything – for giving me the chance to make something of myself  I was one of the lucky ones " A bout of poliomyelitis left Farmer with his left leg shorter than his right leg  According to Farmer, he was nicknamed "Polly the Parrot" as a six-year-old because people thought he chattered away like a parrot  At high school, Farmer was spotted by talent scouts for the East Perth Football Club and joined the team 

Football career
East Perth
Farmer began his top-level career in the West Australian Football League (WAFL), known then as the West Australian National Football League (WANFL), with the East Perth Football Club in 1953  He played 176 games from 1953 to 1961 with East Perth  During this time he won the club's fairest and best award seven times and was a member of their 1956, 1958 and 1959 premiership teams  In 1956, he was awarded a Simpson Medal for his performance against South Australia at the Perth Carnival and later was also awarded the Tassie Medal for being judged best at the carnival overall  He was awarded the WANFL's highest individual honour, the Sandover Medal, in 1956 and 1960  He also tied for the medal in 1957 with East Fremantle's Jack Clarke but lost on a countback; he was awarded that medal in 1997 when the WAFL awarded retrospective medals for those who missed out on countbacks  In 1959, he was awarded the Simpson Medal for being best on ground in the grand final  He was awarded another Simpson Medal in 1961 for his game against Victoria at the Brisbane Carnival 

Geelong
Farmer had clear ambitions to play football in Victoria, and had attracted interest from Victorian clubs; at the end of 1955 he was signed by the Richmond Football Club for £200 (as was not uncommon at the time), but the move was blocked by East Perth, and he remained in Perth for the next six years  He was later recruited by Bob Davis to the Geelong Football Club in 1962  In the opening moments of his debut for Geelong in 1962, Farmer severely injured a knee, causing ligament damage and missed the rest of the season  He returned in 1963, winning a premiership with Geelong and coming equal-second in the Brownlow Medal behind Bob Skilton  Farmer played 101 games for Geelong from 1962 to 1968, won the team's fairest and best award in 1963 and 1964 and captained the team from 1965 until 1967 
On 6 July 1963 he was a member of the Geelong team that were comprehensively and unexpectedly beaten by Fitzroy, 9 13 (67) to 3 13 (31) in the 1963 Miracle Match 
Farmer practised handballing through car windows at the car yard where he worked and one of his football legacies is changing handballing from a last-resort option to a "dangerous offensive weapon"  According to Geelong player Sam Newman, "without speaking one word he [Farmer] taught me everything I know  I watched how a man overcomes not the physical, not the mental, but the spiritual – that's the most important – he was an absolute star, about one decade, one century ahead of his time" One tactic opposition players tried in order to distract Farmer was racial abuse, but to no avail, as he related to historian Sean Gorman: 

I never took any notice of it  I think anything that was said out on the field was to put people off, but it didn’t break my concentration and when I was called names I’d look at myself and say to myself well I can’t see it  It never worried me  I still was called ‘You boong, you nigger ’ That was understandable because you do anything to try and put people off their game  I didn’t go out of my way to chase people and thump them because they called me a boong 

West Perth
In 1968, Farmer desired to return home to Western Australia  Although he had trained briefly with East Perth during 1967 as part of a testimonial to retired Royal teammate "Square" Kilmurray, Farmer accepted the role of captain/coach with the West Perth Football Club, rivals to his former club, East Perth  He led West Perth to premierships in 1969 and 1971, both times defeating East Perth in the grand final  In 1969, Farmer received his fourth Simpson Medal during the AFC Championships in Adelaide, and also played his 300th career game during the season 
In 1971, he played his 346th career game in Round 11 (245th in the WANFL) to break David "Dolly" Christy's long-standing elite Australian rules football games record, and also became the first player in elite Australian rules football to play 350 career games  Farmer retired after the Grand Final aged 36, after 79 games with West Perth and a career total of 356 games, which remained a record until broken by Kevin Murray in Round 2 of the 1974 VFL season (Murray retired at the end of that season with 377 games in the VFL and WANFL) 
Farmer also played 31 games for Western Australia and five games for Victoria in interstate football, and four International Rules matches on the 1968 Australian Football World Tour (which are counted as senior by the VFL/AFL); if these are included, he played a total of 396 career senior games, which remained a record until broken by Murray in either of Round 12 of 1974 (using the VFL/AFL's totals), Round 13 of 1973 (excluding Farmer's International Rules matches) or Round 17 of 1973 (including Farmer's International Rules matches) 

Non-playing coach
Not involved in top-level football in 1972, Farmer returned to the VFL as coach of the Geelong Football Club in time for the 1973 VFL season  Shortly after taking up the position, Farmer travelled to Canberra in an attempt to personally persuade Manuka Football Club's star rover Edney Blackaby to join Geelong  Blackaby had signed a Form Four with the Cats, but not even Farmer's star power and a lucrative contract were enough to convince Blackaby to leave Canberra  
Farmer's tenure as Geelong coach was generally regarded as a disappointment, with a sixth-placed finish in 1974 their best result  One issue was that he assumed his players would adhere to all training instructions and be disciplined in their preparation, just as he was in his playing days  He also found it difficult to relate to players who were less naturally gifted  Farmer and the club's committee had an increasingly strained relationship and Farmer quit in 1975  
A six-game losing streak in the second half of the season spelled the end of Farmer's time as coach  Geelong ensured that he bowed out on a positive note with a surprise 26-point win over Fitzroy at VFL Park Farmer returned to the WANFL, coaching East Perth from 1976 to 1977 with some success and he coached the first Western Australian state of origin team in 1977  Farmer was sacked as coach of East Perth in 1977 due to conflict and replaced by Barry Cable in 1978  Farmer said, "When the going gets tough a club should stick together and fight to beat it  But some people chip and chip at the ground underneath you in trying to find someone to blame  I do my best in football and I have no time to protect my back, so it's left wide open  Maybe that's a lot of my trouble "

Personal life and death
In 1956, Farmer met Marlene Gray, a Tasmanian woman holidaying in Perth  They married in 1957 and had three children: two sons, Brett and Dean, and daughter Kim  In the 1960s, former Geelong player Neil Trezise approached Farmer about representing the Australian Labor Party in the seat of Corio  Farmer declined The couple sold their house in 1992 and ran a two-star Southway Auto Lodge motel in South Perth until 1998  Farmer said the business failed due to the downturn in the Asian economy and a 40% drop in tourist numbers  It left him with no money or assets  He said, "We have nothing and we are back to square one  But we didn't borrow money to keep the business going  All my life I have helped myself and there is no reason why I can't still do that " Farmer and Marlene were given temporary accommodation at the caretaker's flat in the Main Roads building  Two fundraising events were organised in Perth and Melbourne by John Watts, Bob Davis and Sam Newman, raising $120,000  A trust fund was established with the money and a small villa was bought in Innaloo In 1999, Farmer was diagnosed with Alzheimer's disease, but it was not until 2012 that his wife Marlene, who was battling breast cancer, decided to reveal it publicly  He died at the Fiona Stanley Hospital on 14 August 2019, aged 84  He was given a state funeral, held at Perth Stadium, on 26 August  He was survived by his three children, his wife Marlene having died in 2015 After his death, Farmer's brain was donated to the Australian Sports Brain Bank  A study of his brain by researchers at the bank identified chronic traumatic encephalopathy  Farmer is the first former VFL/AFL player to be diagnosed with the condition 

Legacy
In 1971, Farmer became the first Australian footballer to receive a Queen's honour when he was named a Member of the Order of the British Empire (MBE) in the New Year honours list  Farmer's name was included in the 150 bronze tablets set into the footpath along St Georges Terrace that commemorate notable figures in Western Australia's history, as part of the WAY 1979 celebrations  He was inducted into the Sport Australia Hall of Fame in 1985 In 1994, Steve Hawke, author and son of former prime minister Bob Hawke, met with Farmer to discuss writing his biography  In return, Farmer asked for Hawke's help to create the Polly Farmer Foundation, an organization dedicated to supporting indigenous children in their sporting and academic endeavours  Farmer explained, "I want the foundation to be of practical assistance to young Aboriginal people with potential to do something with their lives … Not just sport, but in the professions and business  We want to develop links with the tertiary institutions and make sure Aboriginal people become leaders " Hawke enlisted the help of recently retired federal politicians Ron Edwards and Fred Chaney to establish the foundation, and was joined by Sir Ronald Wilson, a former High Court judge; and Greg Durham, chief executive of the Geelong Football Club 
On 6 October 1997, Western Australian Transport Minister Eric Charlton announced that the $400 m Northern City Bypass would be named the Graham Farmer Freeway  Charlton said, "He already has a place in WA sporting folklore and it is fitting that a showpiece of the city's transport network should bear his name… The northern traffic bypass system links West Perth and East Perth which are, coincidentally, the two districts which Graham Farmer represented with distinction on the football arena" He was inducted into the inaugural Australian Football Hall of Fame in 1996 as one of the twelve official "Legends" and then into the West Australian Football Hall of Fame in 2004  He has been nominated as the first ruckman in every Team of the Century for each of the two leagues and three clubs for which he participated, plus the Indigenous Team of the Century, in which he was the captain  In 2008, Farmer was named at number 5 in The Age's top football players of all time  Farmer is depicted contesting a boundary throw-in with Carlton ruckman John Nicholls (the other ruckman in the AFL Team of the Century) in Jamie Cooper's painting The Game That Made Australia, commissioned by the AFL in 2008 to celebrate the 150th anniversary of the sport Farmer is also depicted in the rare 1963 Scanlens football card series, which, due to production problems during the printing process, is now considered one of the rarest and most valuable trading cards in Australia Upon Farmer's death, tributes came flowing in from his contemporaries  Carlton legend John Nicholls, whose ruck rivalry with Farmer was compulsory viewing for football fans in the 1960s, reflected fondly on their on-field contests and enduring friendship:

As a person, ‘Polly’ was a good man  He has been a friend of mine for the best part of 60 years  As a player he was talked about as ahead of his time       and he was a freak  ‘Polly’ and I probably played against each other 15 or 20 times  In all those times I can honestly say I don’t think he ever beat me - but then again, I don’t think I beat him either  We probably nullified each other 
At ruck contests the pair of us used to take two or three steps - never a long run  At centre bounces he jumped early and umpires like Jeff Crouch used to let him get away with it  I gave away height to ‘Polly’ and I realized that if I jumped at the same time as him I was gone, so I jumped into him early, body on body, and I was successful at it because I had a good spring  [   ] He was one of the first to really perfect the art of handballing  He was very good at it  He was a brilliant footballer, I learnt a lot from him, he made me a better player and I respected him  He was a good friend of mine, a very good friend 
Fellow Western Australian indigenous football legend Barry Cable, whose career overlapped with Farmer, reflected on his unique style of ruck play:

I don’t think there’s any doubt he was the greatest ruckman in Aussie rules – he led the way in that area, he had a very unique game  People say he changed the style of ruckman but I feel he was the only one who could do what he could do  He had a special game and ruck play all of his own, and no one has ever been able to follow it  There was no one who did it before him and no one’s ever done it after him 
On behalf of the AFL, chief executive Gillon McLachlan issued this statement:

When discussing ruckmen, every player who saw him play or took the field against him, deferred to Polly  Our game has always started in the centre square, with a contest between two big men, and Polly was the greatest of all the big men who seek to set the standard of competitiveness for their teams, lead from the front at every contest and compel their teammates to match their skills and commitment in the pursuit of victory  Beyond football, as a proud Noongar man, he was a leader for the Aboriginal community and his standing in the game and in society enabled his people to believe that they too could reach the peaks and achieve their best potential  He laid the path for so many great footballers from Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander communities to come into the elite levels of the game and showcase their skills  At every point of his career, his teams found success on the field, thanks largely to his dominance that built a record that few players could ever hope to match 

See also
1963 Miracle Match
Passage 3:
List of Perth Glory FC players
Perth Glory Football Club, an association football club based in East Perth, Perth, was founded in 1996  They became the first and only Western Australian member admitted into the A-League Men in 2005, having spent their first eight seasons participating in the National Soccer League  The club's first team has competed in nationally and internationally organised competitions, and all players who have played in 100 or more such matches are listed below 
Jamie Harnwell holds the record for the greatest number of appearances for Perth Glory  Between 1998 and 2011 the Australian defender played 269 times for the club  The club's goalscoring record is held by Bobby Despotovski, who scored 116 goals in all competitions between 1996 and 2004 

Key
The list is ordered first by date of debut, and then if necessary in alphabetical order 
Appearances as a substitute are included 
Statistics are correct up to and including the match played on 2 January 2023  Where a player left the club permanently after this date, his statistics are updated to his date of leaving Nationality
Unless otherwise noted, the nationality of a player is determined by the country/countries which he has played for, or if said person has not played international football, their country of birth 
Position
Playing positions are listed according to the tactical formations that were employed at the time 
Club career
Club career is defined as the first and last calendar years in which the player appeared for the club in any of the competitions listed below 
Total appearances and Total goals
Total appearances and goals comprise those in the National Soccer League, A-League Men, Australia Cup, A-League Pre-Season Challenge Cup, AFC Champions League and the 2005 Australian Club World Championship Qualifying Tournament 

Players
Players highlighted in bold are still actively playing at Perth Glory

See also
List of Perth Glory FC (A-League Women) players
Passage 4:
Leederville Oval
Leederville Oval (known as Medibank Stadium under a naming rights agreement between 2006 and 2016) is an Australian rules football ground located in Leederville, a suburb of Perth, Western Australia  The ground is used as a home ground by two clubs: the East Perth Football Club and the Subiaco Football Club, both competing in the West Australian Football League (WAFL)  The ground was previously home to the West Perth Football Club from 1915 to 1993, before the club moved to Arena Joondalup, its current home ground  The ground is serviced by the Joondalup railway line, with the nearest stop being the Leederville station 

History
Originally part of a series of interconnected wetlands north of the Perth central business district, the land now part of the ground was first established as a recreation reserve by the Municipality of Leederville in 1900  The ground was opened in July 1915 with a timber and brick grandstand as a purpose-built venue for the West Perth Football Club, who had previously shared the WACA Ground with the Perth Football Club  The first match was played on 24 July 1915, with Subiaco defeating West Perth by fifteen points, 10 9 (69) to 6 18 (54) A number of other sports were played at Leederville Oval from the early 1920s to the early 1970s  The Western Australian Amateur Athletic Association leased the ground for a number of years, and the Australian Open Track and Field Championships were held there in 1940 (men's), 1947 (women's), 1953 (men's), 1954 (women's) and 1960 (men's)  A picture theatre operated at the ground in 1924  Due to a dispute between the Perth City Council and the WANFL regarding the rental agreement, neither Leederville Oval nor Perth Oval were used during the 1940 WANFL season  West Perth were forced to use Subiaco Oval and East Perth the WACA Ground for the duration of the season The ground underwent extensive redevelopments beginning in 1958 to allow it to be used as a venue for the 1962 British Empire and Commonwealth Games in Perth  This involved "shrouding" the timber base of the old grandstand with concrete  The new construction was named the RP Fletcher Stand after the president of the West Perth Football Club from 1946 to 1962  A match between West Perth and East Perth in round 21 of the 1978 season saw 24,567 attend, a ground record West Perth vacated the ground in 1993, moving to Arena Joondalup for the 1994 season  At the last West Perth home game held at the ground, in August 1993 against Subiaco, a crowd of 20,112 people attended  A small number of East Perth and Subiaco home matches were played at the ground after 1994; however, these were not well-attended  With the restructure of the City of Perth in 1994, responsibility for the ground was transferred to the newly formed Town of Vincent  The council's headquarters were located in the Leederville Oval grandstand until its new administrative centre was constructed  The ground hosted two Australian Football League pre-season matches in February 1995: one between a West Coast under-23 and a Brisbane Lions under-23 side, and one between West Coast and Sydney After the East Perth and Subiaco Football Clubs agreed to move into the ground, in 2003 and 2004 respectively, a A$4 million redevelopment was announced, funded by the State Government and the Town of Vincent  It was also proposed by the Department of Sport and Recreation to move some interstate cricket matches to Leederville Oval from the WACA Ground; however this did not eventuate  In 2006, the Town of Vincent signed a A$250,000 naming rights deal with Medibank Private to rename the ground "Medibank Stadium" for three years  This was renewed in 2009  Leederville Oval hosted Australian Football League (AFL) pre-season matches in 2006 and 2010, featuring West Coast and Hawthorn and West Coast and Carlton respectively, and WAFL inter-league matches in 2004, 2009 and 2010 
Passage 5:
Norwood Oval
Norwood Oval (currently known as Coopers Stadium due to sponsorship from the Adelaide-based Coopers Brewery) is a suburban oval in the western end of Norwood, an inner eastern suburb of Adelaide, South Australia  The Oval has a capacity of 10,000 people, with grandstand seating for up to 3,900  Norwood Oval was built in 1901 and began hosting events from that year but was officially opened in 1906 to host football matches It is owned by Norwood, Payneham & St Peters Council but managed by the Norwood Football Club  Though mainly used for Australian rules football, the oval has been used for a variety of other sporting and community events including baseball, soccer, rugby league and American football  It is the home ground for the Norwood Football Club ("The Redlegs") in the South Australian National Football League (SANFL) and the primary home ground of the Adelaide Crows in AFL Women's (AFLW) 
The oval is one of two sporting venues in Adelaide to carry the name of Coopers Stadium  The other is the soccer specific Hindmarsh Stadium which also has naming rights sponsorship from Coopers Brewery 

Australian Rules Football
Use of Norwood Oval for football dates back to 1906, the year of its official opening  A match between Norwood and Port Adelaide in its opening year attracted a packed out 10,000 fans The ground record crowd was set in 1971 when 20,280 turned up to watch an SANFL match between Norwood and their traditional SANFL rivals Port Adelaide  Norwood Oval's dimensions are 165m x 110m making it the narrowest ground in use in the SANFL 
In the 1950s the Norwood Football Club received permission from the then City of Kensington & Norwood to install six light towers at the oval  This allowed Norwood to host not only night football matches but also night baseball  Regular night SANFL night series matches were played at the oval until 1984 when all night games were transferred to the SANFL's own Football Park when construction of that grounds light towers was completed 
In 1973 the SANFL introduced the five team finals for the first time and Norwood Oval holds the distinction of hosting the first ever SANFL Elimination Final when home team Norwood defeated rivals Port Adelaide by 6 goals  The First Semi-final was also held at Norwood in 1973 when reigning premiers (and 1972 Champions of Australia North Adelaide), led by three time Magarey Medallist Barrie Robran, defeated Norwood in a close game bringing an end to the Redlegs 1973 season Norwood Oval was also the scene of Norwood's triumph over East Perth in the 1977 National Football League grand final Night football returned to Norwood Oval during the early 2000s and Friday night games at the oval (mostly featuring The Redlegs, though in 2013 Sturt will also use the venue for night games after previously using the Adelaide Oval) have been a regular feature in the SANFL ever since  With the popularity of the Friday night games, other clubs have started installing lights at their grounds with Elizabeth Oval (Central District), Richmond Oval (West Adelaide), Hickinbotham Oval (South Adelaide) and Glenelg Oval (Glenelg) all having installed lights, while Woodville-West Torrens will also play selected night games at the Thebarton Oval (the former home ground of West Torrens) after the ovals six original light towers were replaced with four modern ones by the grounds major tenant, the South Australian Amateur Football League 
The light towers were upgraded at Norwood Oval in 2010  The six light towers that had been in place since the 1950s were replaced with 4 light towers of television standard positioned at the 'corners' of the oval 
The Adelaide Crows women's team played one game at the venue in the AFLW's inaugural 2017 season; the other two games held in Adelaide were played at Thebarton Oval  All three home games held in Adelaide during the 2018 and 2019 seasons were played at Norwood Oval  No AFLW games were held at Norwood Oval in 2020 due to redevelopment works at the ground but the Crows returned to playing the majority of their games at Norwood Oval in 2021 
The oval hosted two senior Australian Football League matches as part of Gather Round in the 2023 AFL season  The first was between Fremantle and Gold Coast, and the second was between Greater Western Sydney and Hawthorn 

Baseball
Norwood has also hosted Baseball since 1951 with the South Australian Baseball team being tenants until 1988  Between 1951 and 1988 Norwood Oval hosted the Claxton Shield competition on six occasions (1951, 1956, 1961, 1966, 1971, 1976 and 1981) with the winners being NSW (1951), Victoria (1956 and 1981) and SA (1961, `66, `71 and `76) The original Australian Baseball League (ABL) started in 1989 with Adelaide represented by the Adelaide Giants  The ABL ran from 1989 until it folded in 1999 with the Giants playing all of their home games at Norwood Oval with most being under lights  During their time in the ABL the Giants were affiliated, as were every other team in the league, with a team from Major League Baseball  In a massive coup the Giants managed to get themselves affiliated with the 1988 World Series champions the Los Angeles Dodgers with the team receiving 3-4 'import players' a season from the Dodgers Minor League system to complement their array of 'local' talent  During the ABL the Giants never made the ABL's championship series Following the collapse of the ABL after 1999 and the short lived International Baseball League of Australia (IBLA) which ran from 1999-2000 until the 2002 the Claxton Shield was revived in 2003 with South Australia playing their games at the Thebarton Oval before moving back to Norwood Oval in 2009 In August 2010 it was announced that there would be a new Australian Baseball League and that Norwood Oval would be the home ground of Adelaide Bite, the team representing Adelaide in the ABL Prior to 2009, the baseball diamond at Norwood Oval was located closer to the Wood Street stand  The third base line ran almost parallel to the stand, with the first base line running east towards the outer side of the ground  The diamond was then moved to its present position in 2009 As of February 2012 Norwood Oval's field dimensions for baseball are:Left Field - 320 feet (98 m)Centre Field - 390 feet (120 m)Right Field - 290 feet (88 m)
Passage 6:
Don Holmes
Donald Shane Holmes (born 5 January 1959) is a former Australian rules footballer who was played in the West Australian Football League (WAFL) for Swan Districts and in the Victorian Football League (VFL) for West Coast 

Playing career
A local boy from Bassendean Holmes made his debut in 1978 at nineteen years of age  He represented Swan Districts in four WAFL Grand Final sides playing in the forward line either as a forward pocket or a half forward flank  Holmes kicked two goals in the 1982 and 1983 grand final and five goals in the 1984 grand final  He was also selected in the 1984 WA State team In 1987 Holmes was recruited by the West Coast Eagles and was part of their inaugural team and played for them for three seasons playing 23 games and kicking 40 goals Holmes played his final season in 1990 and was part of the victorious Swan Districts side  He played a total of 181 senior games and kicked a total of 363 goals He is listed in the Swan Districts Team of the Century as an interchange player  Coach John Todd rated Holmes and his mate Don Langsford as having achieved more than anyone else at Swan Districts in that they played in four winning premiership teams 
Passage 7:
Victorian Football Club (Western Australia)
The Victorian Football Club, often referred to as Victorians or Vics, was an Australian rules football club based in Perth, Western Australia  Formed in 1885, the club was a founding member of the West Australian Football Association (WAFA), which was established the same year  The club merged with the West Australian Football Club at the end of the 1888 season to form the Metropolitan Football Club (now the West Perth Football Club) 

History
The club was established on 2 May 1885, when a meeting was held at the Criterion Hotel in Perth in order to form a "new Footballers' Club"  At the meeting, A  C  Rankin and H  S  Haussen were elected captain and vice-captain of the club, respectively, while J



ground_truth: Capital Cities

prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: What profession do Raj Kapoor and Mike Cahill share?

The following are given passages.
Context 2: Passage 1:
Ram Teri Ganga Maili
Ram Teri Ganga Maili (transl  Ram, Your Ganga is Tainted) is a 1985 Indian Hindi-language romantic drama film directed by Raj Kapoor  The film stars Mandakini and Rajiv Kapoor in lead roles  Music director Ravindra Jain received a Filmfare Award for this film 
The film generated controversy because of Mandakini's bold scenes of breastfeeding and bathing in a transparent saree, which wasn't something the conservative Indian Film Certification Board allowed then  Yet, it had a U (Universal) age rating, which was later amended to U/A  It was the last film directed by Raj Kapoor 
Ram Teri Ganga Maili is included in the 'All-Time Blockbusters' list of Indian Cinema  It was certified Diamond Jubilee in Mumbai and Golden Jubilee in other major cities  The film was the year's highest-grossing film  It was also one of the highest-grossing films of the 1980s, alongside Kranti (1981) and Maine Pyar Kiya (1989) 

Plot
Narendra Sahay a k a  "Naren" is the son of Jeeva Sahay  He is a rich politician in Calcutta  Naren visits Gangotri to study the source of the holy river Ganga, and to get some holy water for his wheelchair-using paternal grandmother  There he meets a very pretty girl named Ganga Singh  Ganga lives near Gangotri with her brother, Karam  Soon, they fall in love and decide to marry  They are happily married but suddenly Naren has to return to Calcutta as he wanted to convince his parents about Ganga  While leaving for Calcutta, he promised that he will soon return to her  But he is prevented from doing so 
Ganga became pregnant at the time of his leaving and soon, she becomes mother of a child  She faces many problems at her place because of her child and her beauty  Ganga was alone and no one was there to look after her; finally she decides to go to her husband, Naren  Ganga travels from her place, Gangotri to Calcutta to find her husband  At Rishikesh, she was exploited by two women and a man  Then at Benaras, she was molested by a Pandit, rescued by the police and given a ticket to Calcutta  She fell into the clutches of Manilal who lured her to a brothel near Benaras  At the end she meets her husband when he was marrying another girl  His father fixes his marriage with Radha Choudhary, who is the daughter of his friend, Bhagwat Choudhary  Naren was being informed that Ganga is dead  So, he decided to marry according to his father's wish  On the other hand, Ganga is invited to dance on her husband's marriage  But lastly, love wins and Naren recognizes his wife Ganga  They try to go away from there with their son but Bhagwat Choudhary shoots Ganga in a fit of rage  Ganga gets shot by him on her hand and Naren starts beating Bhagwat Choudhary, believing that he killed Ganga  But then Radha informs him that Ganga isn't dead yet  Naren stops beating Bhagwat and leaves with Ganga and their son 

Cast
Rajiv Kapoor as Narendra "Naren" Sahay
Mandakini as Ganga Sahay
Divya Rana as Radha B  Choudhary
Sushma Seth as Dadima
Saeed Jaffrey as Kunj Bihari
Kulbhushan Kharbanda as Jeeva Sahay
Raza Murad as Bhagwat Choudhary
Geeta Siddharth as Mrs  Sahay
Trilok Kapoor as Professor
Krishan Dhawan as Manilal
Vishwa Mehra as Postbabu
Urmila Bhatt as Tajeshwaribai
A K  Hangal as Brij Kishore
Gautam Sarin as Naren's fellow student
Monty Nath as Naren's fellow student who lost his watch
Kamaldeep as Chamanlal
Tom Alter as Karam Singh (Ganga's elder brother)
Javed Khan Amrohi as Manglu (Ganga's fiancé)

Production
According to Padmini Kolhapure, she was the initial choice for the female lead role but declined because the script had a kissing scene  Mandakini, who ultimately played the role, disputed Kolhapure's claims  She said Raj Kapoor wanted only a new face, rather than an established actress, as he believed he could not "make someone pure Ganga if they have an established image"  Mandakini also stated that she did not breastfeed despite popular belief, but the scene was shot in a way to suggest that 

Cultural allusions
According to Philip Lutgendorf, the movie is an allegory that "synthesizes classical and mythic narrative, soft-core political and social commentary (here condemning the corruption of politicians and capitalists and championing the nascent environmental initiatives of Prime Minister Rajiv Gandhi)  The narrative recapitulates the Abhijñānaśākuntalam story that first appeared in the epic Mahabharata and then was reworked, some six hundred years later, by the poet Kalidasa "
The final song sequence "Ek Radha ek Meera" brings Raj Kapoor's personal experiences with filmdom and reality  This song sequence is the climax of the plot where the bride-to-be is face-to-face with the other "saut", the culturally "polluted" dancer who has made that journey from the pure source of the Himalayas to the ever-flowing and ever-absorbing Ganges with all of the human impurities  It also differentiates between the love of Radha and Meera and reconnects the movie back to the Krishna Leelas 
The movie was a hit, and it earned Mandakini a Filmfare nomination as Best Actress  The film also caused a stir because of two scenes: one in which Mandakini bathes under a waterfall wearing only a flimsy white saree through which her breasts are clearly visible and another in which she is shown breast-feeding a child  Some critics claimed that the scenes were vulgar and exploitative, and were used to get around the Censor Board's stringent rules against nudity  Kapoor defended the inclusion of the scenes stating that they were tasteful 

Awards
33rd Filmfare Awards:Won

Best Film – Randhir Kapoor
Best Director – Raj Kapoor
Best Music Director – Ravindra Jain
Best Art Direction – Suresh J  Sawant
Best Editing – Raj KapoorNominated

Best Actress – Mandakini
Best Supporting Actor – Saeed Jaffrey
Best Lyricist – Hasrat Jaipuri for "Sun Sahiba Sun"
Best Male Playback Singer – Suresh Wadkar for "Main Hi Main Hoon"
Best Story – Raj Kapoor

Songs
Music of this movie was given by late Ravindra Jain, who won Fimfare Award for Best Music Director for this 

"Ek Dukhiyari Kahe" – Lata Mangeshkar & chorus Lyrics-Ravindra Jain
"Ek Radha Ek Meera" – Lata Mangeshkar Lyrics-Ravindra Jain
"Husn Pahadon Ka" – Lata Mangeshkar, Suresh Wadkar Lyrics-Ravindra Jain
"Ram Teri Ganga Maili Ho Gayee" – Part 1 – Suresh Wadkar Lyrics-Ravindra Jain
"Sun Sahiba Sun Pyaar Ki Dhun Maine Tujhe Chun Liya" – Lata Mangeshkar & chorus; Lyrics – Hasrat Jaipuri
"Tujhe Bulayen Yeh Meri Bahen" – Lata Mangeshkar Lyrics-Ravindra Jain
"Yaara O Yaara" – Lata Mangeshkar, Suresh Wadkar Lyrics-Ravindra Jain
"Ram Teri Ganga Maili Ho Gayee" – Part 2 – Suresh Wadkar & Chorus Lyrics-Ravindra Jain
"Main Hi Main Hoon -Suresh Wadkar; Lyrics – Amir Qazalbash
Passage 2:
Kal Aaj Aur Kal
Kal Aaj Aur Kal (transl  Yesterday, Today and Tomorrow) is a 1971 Indian Hindi-language film produced by Raj Kapoor and directed by his son Randhir Kapoor  The film's USP is the appearance of three generations of the famous Kapoor family  The film stars Prithviraj Kapoor, Raj Kapoor, Randhir Kapoor (in his acting debut) and his real-life wife-to-be Babita It was also the last Shankar Jaikishan score in a Raj Kapoor film  This film came after the heavy debacle of Mera Naam Joker, which was Raj Kapoor's dream project  It more than made up for his loss although it was still only a moderate success at the box office  The film marked one of Prithviraj Kapoor's final films as he died the following year of the film's release 

Plot
The title is an allegory to the ideological clash between three generations: Kal (Grandparent – representing the past), Aaj (Parent – representing the present), and Kal(Youth – representing the future)  Diwan Bahadur Kapoor (Prithviraj Kapoor) is the father of Ram Bahadur Kapoor (Raj Kapoor)  Ram's son Rajesh (Randhir Kapoor), who had been sent to London for higher studies, returns to India  Diwan Bahadur has promised his childhood friend that Rajesh's marriage will be done with the latter's granddaughter, Laxmi 
However, Rajesh is in love with his girlfriend Monica "Mona" (Babita),and objects to the marriage alliance by his grandfather  Both the grandfather and the grandson stick to their guns, little realizing that Ram is the real sufferer in the clash  Ram finds himself in trouble when Diwan threatens to leave if Rajesh marries Mona and Rajesh threatens to leave if Diwan makes him marry Laxmi  Unable to decide whether he wants his father or son, Ram leaves his home, leaving the grandfather and grandson blaming each other  
Ram's friend gives him a idea, where he pretends to only want to stay in a hotel and drink a lot  Rajesh and Diwan see his state and decide to pretend to have sorted their issues  The overjoyed Ram throws a party in celebration, however, he overhears his father and son talk about the act  Angered, he leaves the party 
Soon later, Diwan falls sick  He tells Rajesh and his father that he's happy with everything except not getting to see his grandson's wedding  The sad Rajesh decides to give up his love for his grandfather's happiness  He tells Mona the news and she accepts his decision and is ready to come to his wedding  At the wedding, he marries Laxmi but can't see Mona at all  Diwan asks him why he looks so sad and tells the bride to lift up the veil, revealing that the girl he married wasn't Laxmi but Mona instead  Diwan tells him that if he was ready to sacrifice so much for him, so he must sacrifice a little bit for Rajesh  After marriage, Rajesh scatters his grandfather's ashes and his son is born, with Ram happy at becoming a grandfather 

Cast
Prithviraj Kapoor as Diwan Bahadur Kapoor
Raj Kapoor as Ram Kapoor
Randhir Kapoor as Rajesh Kapoor
Babita Kapoor as Mona
Achala Sachdev as Achala
David as Munshi
Iftekhar as Ram's Friend
Roopesh Kumar as Sunny

Soundtrack
All music composed by Shankar–Jaikishan, in their last collaboration with R  K  Films  Three months prior to the film's release, Jaikishan passed away due to cirrhosis of the liver  Nonetheless, three Kishore Kumar numbers from the soundtrack became subsequent hits  These were the solo, Bhanware Ki Gunjan, and a couple duets with Asha Bhosle, Aap Yahan Aaye Kisliye and Tick Tick Tick Chalti Jaye Ghadi 
Passage 3:
Divya Rana
Divya Rana is a former Bollywood actress most noted for her role in Raj Kapoor's Ram Teri Ganga Maili  Divya began her career with the film Ek Jaan Hain Hum (1983) opposite Raj Kapoor's youngest son Rajiv Kapoor  Then she was selected as the second lead in Raj Kapoor's Ram Teri Ganga Maili (1985) co-starring Rajiv Kapoor & Mandakini  Divya later acted in films like Watan Ke Rakhwale, Ek Hi Maqsad, Aasmaan (1984), Maa Kasam (1985 film), Param Dharam and many others  She quit her acting career after her marriage and lives in Mumbai with her husband Fazal and goes by the name Salma Manekia   She works as a photographer and makes ceramic sculptures 

Selected filmography
Passage 4:
Prem Rog
Prem Rog (transl  Sickness Of Love) is a 1982 Hindi-language musical romantic drama directed by Raj Kapoor, with screenplay written by Jainendra Jain and Kamna Chandra  The film tells the story of a man's (Rishi Kapoor) love towards a woman, who is a higher status widow (Padmini Kolhapure)  This film marked Raj Kapoor's return to social themes 
Prem Rog released on 30 July 1982 and emerged as a major commercial success at the box-office, becoming the second highest-grossing film of 1982 after Vidhaata (also starring Kolhapure and Shammi Kapoor)  It received widespread critical acclaim for its direction, story, screenplay, soundtrack, cinematography and performances of the cast, with particular praise directed towards Kolhapure's performance  
At the 30th Filmfare Awards, Prem Rog received a leading 12 nominations, including Best Film, Best Actor (Rishi) and Best Supporting Actress (Nanda), and won a leading 4 awards (tying with Shakti), including Best Director (Raj) and Best Actress (Kolhapure) 
Over the years, Prem Rog has achieved the status of an all-time classic of Raj, Rishi and Kolhapure's careers 

Plot
Devdhar (Rishi Kapoor) is a poor orphan who in his childhood had a magnetic friendship with Manorama (Padmini Kolhapure), the only niece of the rich and powerful Bade Thakur (Shammi Kapoor), and daughter of Virender Singh known as Chhote Thakur (Kulbhushan Kharbanda), who has a secret affair with Chamiya (Bindu)  The benevolent Thakur helped Devdhar go to the city for higher studies  8 years later, Devdhar returns to his village, where he finds Manorama has grown up  After seeing her again, Devdhar falls in love and expects that Manorama also has feelings for her  However Manorama does not have reciprocal emotions  The day Devdhar intends to ask her hand from Bade Thakur, whom he considers to be broad minded of all the village elders, he meets Kunwar Narendra Pratap Singh (Vijayendra Ghatge) Manorama's to-be-groom, who not only is more wealthier than Manorama's family, but Manorama also expresses her infatuation towards the man  Devdhar does not express her feelings and only persons who with slight idea about it are his cousin Radha and Manorama's mother Chhoti Maa 
Kunwar Narendra Pratap Singh loves Manorama dearly however he dies three days after the marriage in a road accident and she becomes a widow  At her own home, she is being prepared to have her head shaved against the protest of Chhoti Maa and Bade Thakur when Raj Rani (Tanuja), sister-in-law of Kunwar Narendra Pratap Singh intervenes and takes Manorama with her  Where she slowly tries to piece her life together with help of her Raj Rani and her son but one day, after Raja Virendra Pratap Singh (Raza Murad), her brother-in-law, rapes her, she returns to her parental home  When Devdhar learns of the situation, he works to rebuild Manorama's life and bring a smile to her face  Devdhar is determined to revive her faith in life and love  In doing so, he eventually has to face the wrath of the powerful Thakur, armed with old-age traditions and customs in his favor 
Manorama had only confessed to her mother about the events post her widow ship  Her brother-in-law and father both are enraged about her affair with Devdhar and swear to kill Devdhar and force her to go back to her in-law's palace  A battle ensues in the village and in the end they both reunite 

Cast
Rishi Kapoor as Devdhar "Dev," a penniless-but-educated orphan raised by his maternal uncle
Padmini Kolhapure as Manorama "Rama" Singh, the daughter of the local aristocratic family
Shammi Kapoor as Bade Raja Thakur, Rama's paternal uncle
Nanda as Chhoti Maa, Rama's mother
Tanuja as Raj Rani, wife of Raja Virendra Pratap Singh
Sushma Seth as Badi Maa, wife of Bade Raja
Kulbhushan Kharbanda as Virendra "Vir" Singh, Rama's father
Raza Murad as Raja Virendra Pratap Singh Narendra's elder brother
Om Prakash as Panditji, the priest; Dev's maternal uncle
Dulari as Panditji's wife
Vijayendra Ghatge as Kunwar Narendra Pratap Singh, Rama's ex husband
Bindu as Chamiya

Soundtrack
All songs are composed by Laxmikant–Pyarelal 

Reception
Critical reception
Prem Rog received widespread critical acclaim for its direction, story, screenplay, soundtrack, cinematography and performances of the cast, with particular praise directed towards Kolhapure's performance 
It was listed by Cosmopolitan magazine as one of its "Top 10 Most Romantic Films Ever" 

Box-Office
Prem Rog grossed ₹13 crore, including a nett of ₹6 5 crore, becoming the second highest-grossing film of 1982 after Vidhaata  
Box Office India gave it a verdict of a 'blockbuster' 

Awards and nominations
Passage 5:
Shree 420
Shree 420 (also spelled as Shri 420; transl  Mr  420) is a 1955 Indian Hindi comedy-drama film directed and produced by Raj Kapoor from a story written by Khwaja Ahmad Abbas whose use of Shree with the negative connotations of 420 caused controversy  The film stars Nargis, Nadira, and Kapoor  The number 420 refers to Section 420 of the Indian Penal Code, which prescribes the punishment for the offence of fraud; hence, "Mr  420" is a derogatory term for a fraud  The film centers on Raj Kapoor, a poor but educated orphan who comes to Bombay with dreams of success  Kapoor's character is influenced by Charlie Chaplin's "little tramp", much like Kapoor's character in his 1951 Awaara  The music was composed by the team of Shankar Jaikishan, and the lyrics were penned by Shailendra and Hasrat Jaipuri 
Shree 420 was the highest-grossing Indian film of 1955, the highest grossing Indian film of all time at the time of its release and the song "Mera Joota Hai Japani" ("My Shoes are Japanese"), sung by Mukesh, became popular and a patriotic symbol of the newly independent India 

Plot
A country boy, Raj (Raj Kapoor), from Allahabad, travels to the big city, Bombay, by walking, to earn a living  He falls in love with the poor but virtuous Vidya (Nargis), but is soon seduced by the riches of a freewheeling and unethical lifestyle presented to him by an unscrupulous and dishonest businessman, Seth Sonachand Dharmanand (Nemo) and the sultry temptress Maya (Nadira)  He eventually becomes a confidence trickster, or "420," who even cheats in card gambling  Vidya tries hard to make Raj a good man, but fails Meanwhile, Sonachand comes up with a Ponzi scheme to exploit poor people, whereby he promises permanent homes to them at just Rs  100  The scheme pays off, as people start hoarding money for a home, even at the cost of other important things  Vidya's contempt for Raj increases even more  Raj becomes wealthy but soon realizes that he paid a very high price for it  When Raj discovers that Sonachand has no plans to fulfill his promises, he decides to make wrongs right 
Raj takes all the bond papers of the people's homes and tries to flee Sonachand's home, only to be caught by Sonachand and his cronies  In a scuffle that occurs, Sonachand shoots Raj and he falls unconscious  When people hear the shooting, they come and see Raj nearly dead  Sonachand tells police that Raj was trying to flee after stealing money from his safe, hence Sonachand shot him 
Upon this, the "dead" Raj springs back to life, and using pure logic, proves Sonachand's guilt  Sonachand and his partners are arrested, while Vidya happily forgives Raj  The film ends with Raj saying "Yeh 420 Nahin, Shree 420 Hain" ("These are not simply con men, they are respectable con men") 

Cast
Cast in order of the opening credits of the film

Allusions
The title refers to section 420 of the Indian penal code, where crimes of theft and deception are punished, which relates to the troubles of the main character 
In Sanskrit, the name of the main character, "Vidya", means knowledge, while "Maya" means Illusion 
The title of one of the songs in the movie is "Ramaiya Vastavaiya" is in Telugu, which means "Lord Ram, you will come"  The title alone is derived from an old Telugu folk song  Apart from that, the rest of the song's lyrics (and the film) are in Hindi  The story goes, the Telugu dubbed version of the film Aah, 1953 was so well received that Raj Kapoor was elated and showed his gratitude for Telugu audiences by having a song in the film beginning with these lines 
At the beginning of the movie, the main protagonist explains to a policeman that one needs to stand on one's head to make sense of this world  He mentions that this is the reason why even great leaders stand on their heads  This is an allusion to several political leaders of that time who enjoyed practicing the Shirshasana, a yoga asana where one stands on his head  In his autobiography, Nehru described that the shirshasana was his favorite pose, and how he often did the shirshasana in jail, too 

Production
Raj Kapoor's real life children Randhir, Ritu and Rishi were featured in the song "Pyar Hua Iqrar Hua", Rishi revealed that Nargis bribed him with chocolate and recalled it in a 2017 interview 

Reception
The song "Mera Joota Hai Japani", in which the singer asserts his pride in being an Indian, despite his clothes being from other countries, became, and remains, a patriotic favourite among many Indians  It is often referenced, including in an acceptance speech at the Frankfurt Book Fair in 2006 by Bengali author Mahasweta Devi 
The film proved to be popular in other countries, including the Soviet Union, Romania, and Israel  In Russia, it was said that Raj Kapoor was as popular as Jawaharlal Nehru, due to the success of Awaara and Shree 420  In Israel, the song "Ichak Dana Beechak Dana" (transliterated as "Ichikidana") became popular and was re-recorded by local singer Naim Rajuan 

Box office
At the Indian box office in 1955, the film grossed ₹3 9 crore (equivalent to ₹421 crore or US$53 million in 2023), with a net income of ₹2 crore (equivalent to ₹216 crore or US$27 million in 2023)  This record was beaten two years later by Mother India in 1957 It was released in the Soviet Union in 1956, coming second on the Soviet box office charts that year  Despite being imported at an unusually high price, it was the most successful foreign film of the year at the Soviet box office, drawing an audience of 35 million viewers 

Soundtrack
Awards
1956: Filmfare Awards
Best Cinematographer: Radhu Karmakar
Best Editing: G G  Mayekar
National Film Awards1956: Certificate of Merit for the Second Best Feature Film in Hindi

See also
Raju Ban Gaya Gentleman

Notes
Passage 6:
Karan Kapoor
Karan Kapoor (born 18 January 1962) is an Indian photographer, actor and model  He is the son of actors Shashi Kapoor and Jennifer Kendal  His paternal grandfather was Prithviraj Kapoor and his paternal uncles are Raj Kapoor and Shammi Kapoor  His elder brother Kunal Kapoor and younger sister Sanjana Kapoor have also acted in some films  His maternal grandparents, Geoffrey Kendal and Laura Kendal, were actors who toured India and Asia with their theatre group, Shakespearana, performing Shakespeare and Shaw  The Merchant Ivory film, Shakespeare Wallah, was loosely based on the family, which starred his father and his maternal aunt, actress Felicity Kendal 

Personal life
Karan Kapoor was born on 18 January 1962 to actor Shashi Kapoor and British theatre actress Jennifer Kendal  Early in his career he was a popular model made famous by the Bombay Dyeing advertisement campaign and he also acted in Sultanat (1986), opposite Juhi Chawla as well as later in Loha with Dharmendra  Karan now runs a photography company in the UK  He was married to English model Lorna Tarling Kapoor; the couple are now separated  They have a daughter, Aliya Kapoor and son Zak Kapoor 
Kapoor has two siblings  His brother Kunal Kapoor formerly acted in Bollywood movies and now runs ad company Adfilms Valas  Kunal was married to filmmaker Ramesh Sippy's daughter Sheena, who is a well known photographer  They also have two children, Shaira and Zahan  Kunal and Sheena are now divorced His sister Sanjana Kapoor runs the Prithvi Theatre 
Jennifer Kapoor was diagnosed with terminal colon cancer in 1982 and succumbed to the disease in 1984 

Career
He made his debut in Shyam Benegal's critically acclaimed 1978 film Junoon, which also featured his parents and both siblings  He had a minor part in his father's production 36 Chowringhee Lane (1981)  He appeared in the British television series The Jewel in the Crown in 1984 
Karan had a short presenting stint for the BBC's Asian magazine Network East in 1994 
He made his debut in mainstream Bollywood films with Sultanat (1986), alongside Dharmendra, Sunny Deol and Juhi Chawla  He later acted in Loha (1987) and Afsar in 1988, but did not have many offers as an actor  He also modeled major Indian brands, including Bombay Dyeing He has since become a photographer and lives in Chelsea, London, with his wife Lorna, his daughter Aliya, and Zach, his son After a gap of nearly 25 years, Karan has now come back into the public and returned to India with a series of his photography exhibitions, Time & Tide  Karan's Time & Tide photography exhibition started in his home town Mumbai in November 2016 then taking place in Bangalore, Kolkata, New Delhi, Ahmedabad & Jaipur throughout 2017  Karan has done much research in the Anglo-Indian communities and travelled through various parts of India in the 1980s to meet these communities and has taken photographs  His articles were published in the BBC, Indian Express, Hindustan Times and other newspapers in November 2016  In his recent interview, Karan said that he is quite keen to do more photography projects in India, because his children have now grown up so he could spend more time in India  Karan also said that he was always interested in photography since his childhood even though being a part of very famous Bollywood family of Kapoors  Karan's elder brother Kunal Kapoor is now a leading ad-maker of India and younger sister Sanjana Kapoor runs the Junoon foundation to promote arts, culture and drama 

Filmography
Actor
TV Series
The Jewel in the Crown (1984 British TV Series on ITV) as Colin Lindsey
South of the Border (1990 British TV Series) as Max Wilding
The Tooting Lions (1993 British TV movie) as Kool
 BBC Network East 1994

Still photographer
The Bostonians (1984)
Utsav (1984)

Miscellaneous Crew
Vijeta (1982)

Awards
His photograph "Old Couple" won the International Photography Awards 2009 in the People/Lifestyle category  It was one of five nominations he received that year 
Passage 7:
Mera Naam Joker
Mera Naam Joker (transl  "My Name is Joker") is a 1970 Indian  romantic drama film, directed, edited and produced by Raj Kapoor under his banner R  K  Films, and written by Khwaja Ahmad Abbas  The film stars Raj Kapoor as the eponymous character, with his son Rishi Kapoor making his screen debut playing his younger version, along with Simi Garewal, Kseniya Ryabinkina, Padmini, Manoj Kumar and Dharmendra in supporting roles  The plot focuses on a clown who must make his audience laugh at the cost of his own sorrows; three women who shaped his life view his final performance 
The film is one of the lengthiest films of Indian cinema  Mera Naam Joker is the second and to date last Indian film to have two intervals, the first being Sangam (1964)  After Sangam became a blockbuster, Mera Naam Joker was highly anticipated as it was under production for six years and heavily publicized, loosely based on Kapoor's own life  The film was partly made with the participation of Soviet actors and was partly shot in Moscow  The film's music, still very popular, was composed by Shankar Jaikishan, for which the duo got their ninth Filmfare award  In India, upon release the film was critical and commercial failure, putting Kapoor into a financial crisis, as the film was panned for its length and plot  The film has gained a cult status, and is regarded as a classic today  Both audience's and critics' response has turned highly favourable with the passage of time 
An abridged version was released in the 1980s and had a highly successful run at the box office  Kapoor termed it his favourite film and described it as having deep philosophical depth and meaning  The film is regarded as one of Kapoor's finest works today with film experts labeling it as a "misunderstood masterpiece"  The film later on became a cult classic and is regarded as one of Raj Kapoor's best films and among the best Bollywood films of the 20th century  In the Soviet Union, the film also initially drew mixed reviews from critics, yet commercially became a blockbuster at the Soviet box office after it released there in 1972  Rather than being released as a single film, the film's three chapters were released separately as three parts in the Soviet Union  The three parts of the film collectively sold 73 1 million tickets at the Soviet box office 

Plot
Three women, Mary, Marina, and Meena, are each sent a toy clown and invited to the last performance of the famous clown Raj Ranbir aka Raju, in his first time on stage in 20 years  The stories of these three women and their relationships with Raju are told through a series of flashbacks during his performance 

Chapter I
As a chubby, clumsy 16 year old, Raju is known to his schoolmates as the class clown  Unlike the rest of the students at his private Christian school, Raju is poor and lives nearby with his mother and no one else  When a new teacher, Mary, comes to his school, she encourages Raju to find his ambitions and makes him more confident in himself  One day, after coming home, Raju asks his mother what his deceased father did  Despite rejecting this question in the past, she finally answers that he had worked as a clown in the circus, and died in an accident there  Raju proclaims that he will be just like his father and make everyone laugh, to the horror of his mother, who says his father had only given her tears  On a school trip to the forest, Mary accidentally falls into the river   After she comes out, Raju becomes entranced by the sight of her leg  He then follows her to a grove, where he sees her undressing  When he tries to sleep that night, Raju imagines her nude  He goes to the church to confess (Raju thinks himself a sinner for imagining his teacher nude); and after he does that Mary sees him there, and when he says he committed a sin she says that he can't have committed a sin as he is a child, Raju replies that he isn't one  When Mary and the rest of the students leave for the holidays, Raju gifts her a toy clown that his father had  Afterwards, he roams around the school, lonely and depressed  When Mary comes back, Raju is startled to discover that she has a male companion named David with her  After Raju comes to the couple's house, David starts becoming suspicious, and confronts him after he leaves but still waits outside  When Raju drops his books in shock, David discovers a paper with her picture and a heart surrounding it  Raju's mother becomes sick, and he starts dressing as a clown to sell various concoctions on the roadside to pay the school fees  However, after his classmate's mother sees him, Raju is expelled  Mary consoles him, and tells him that she will also be leaving to marry David  He attends the wedding as best man  Before the newlyweds drive off to their new life, David gifts Raju back the toy clown 

Chapter II
Raju and his ill mother move to several cities over the years before coming to Bombay  Now an adult, Raju is working as a clown at a local fair  When a group of Russian entertainers come to Gemini Circus to promote Indo-Soviet relations, he sneaks in with them and pockets their first payment  Raju claims that he is the Russian ringleader, which immediately causes Gemini's own ringleader, Sher Singh, to conspire against him  During his initial performance, Sher Singh switched off the lights, which lands Raju in a dangerous situation  After the actual ringmaster comes in, Sher Singh saves Raju and brings him to a meeting to explain himself  Raju explains that he needed a job to take care of his mother, and that he had to resort to this drama to get into the circus  Realizing his potential, circus owner Mahendra Kumar hires him  Marina, the lead trapezist, also notices him, and despite the language barrier, they become close  He comes back to his mother and tells her that he got a job, but leaves out the details  She hopes that he will be able to find a wife to "complete" the family  Soon, Raju is hired as a clown, and eventually he and Marina fall in love, with his toy clown being given away once again  However, Mahendra reminds him that the artists will be going back soon, and discourages his love  Raju and Marina meet again, and Marina realizes that his mother sees her as his future wife  She visits her again, but leaves her the toy clown departs tearfully  Raju's mother realizes through the poster that wrapped the toy that he is a clown once again, and rushes to the circus on the day of the Russians' last performance  Seeing him on the trapeze, Raju's mother dies, being reminded of the accident which caused her husband's death  Despite his sorrow, Raju performs as a clown that night  Afterwards, he decides to resign, citing his mother death  The chapter ends with Raju seeing Marina off at the airport 

Chapter III
Alone again, Raju wanders on the beach and throws his toy clown into the sea  A dog runs out to catch it and give it back  The dog belongs to the orphan Meenu, and the three partner up to make a roadside show and live together in an abandoned house  One day, Meenu's shirt is torn and Raju, upon discovering that she is a girl, deserts her  After a while, he comes back to her home, where she explains that her real name is Meena and that she had to act like a boy to survive on her own in the city, which she had fled to, to achieve her dream of becoming a famous actress  Raju gifts her a saree, but despite the explanation, Raju is mad that their friendship was based on a lie and leaves  After Meena confesses her love for him, Raju changes his mind  Their singing gets noticed and the duo start performing at a qawwali venue  One day, the dog gets taken by the city pound, mistaken for a stray  While Raju mourns the loss of their companion, Meena says that they have no use for it anymore  Her attitude shocks Raju and he figures that she only uses love as a tool to use others  Despite his pity for the qawwali venue owner who had already pre-paid them, Meena makes them move into theatre acting  While Meena maintains that she loves him, Raju is suspicious  After a while, Meena is noticed by movie star Rajendra Kumar, who wants a new heroine for his next film  Although Raju accompanies Meena to the screen tests, Kumar tells him that in order for her to become a great actress, Raju must leave  After a farewell at their old house, Raju is left alone with his toy clown 
The film then transitions back to his last show  After a song Raju announces an intermission of indeterminate length, but then reassures the audience that the "joker" still has more to perform to keep his audience laughing  The film ends with the words "Positively Not The End" 

Cast
Raj Kapoor as Raju
Rajendra Kumar as Self
Manoj Kumar as David
Dharmendra as Mahendra Kumar
Padmini as Meena Bansal / Meenu Master
Simi Garewal as Mary
Kseniya Ryabinkina as Marina
Dara Singh as Sher Singh
Om Prakash as Circus Surgeon
Rishi Kapoor as Junior Raju
Rajendra Nath as Circus Surgeon
Achala Sachdev as Raju's mother
Eduard Sjereda as a Member of the Soviet State Circus

Soundtrack
Production
Mera Naam Joker was under production for six years, with Raj Kapoor investing much of his own personal fortune  All his assets were mortgaged  The film has three chapters  Originally, it was to have six chapters  Khwaja Ahmad Abbas wrote the screenplay with Kapoor on mind, and several instances in the story was based on Kapoor's own life, such as the Christian school teacher episode  Kapoor approached each chapter as it were three separate films  He shot the third chapter first as Padmini and Rajendra Kumar were available at the time  By the time he began the first chapter, he was behind schedule and over the budget  The school scenes were shot at St  Paul's School, Jalapahar, Darjeeling, West Bengal, India  The film was five hours long The film also makes references to Raj Kapoor's career throughout  The popular title track of 'Awaara' (1951) is used near the end of the second chapter  In the song 'Kehta Hai Joker Saara Zamana', a child looks up reels of 'Shree 420' (1955) in a bioscope, which feature Nargis, who formed an iconic pair with Raj Kapoor in the 40s and 50s   The poster of Kapoor's previous film 'Sangam (1964 Hindi film)' is also seen 

Reception
India
Upon release in India, Mera Naam Joker was widely derided for its length and the experimental nature of its plot, and it became a critical and commercial failure  The film had two intervals  It later came to be considered a cult classic, and it is considered one of Kapoor's best films  Its reputation was revived, which happened after India was introduced to world cinema  Kapoor's mask was burned in a fire at RK Studios 

Soviet Union
In the Soviet Union, the film's distribution rights were sold for ₹15 lakh (US$199,351 44), the highest for an Indian film up until then  Upon release, the film initially also drew a mixed reaction from Russian critics  Despite this, the film became a commercial blockbuster at the Soviet box office after it released there in 1972  Rather than being released as a single film, the film's three chapters were released separately as three parts in the Soviet Union  The first part drew 29 million box office admissions, the second part drew 22 6 million admissions, and the final part 21 5 million admissions, adding up to a total of 73 1 million admissions at the Soviet box office  This was equivalent to an estimated 18 28 million Rbls ($22 13 million, ₹16 81 crore) at the time, or $155 million (₹1,059 crore) adjusted for inflation in 2022 

Themes and Analysis
The film was deeply philosophical which was part of the reason it wasn't a success when it same out 
The crux of the film is how Raju, the joker, entertains people and makes them laugh, but to do so hides many hardships and heartbreaks of his own life  The 'Joker' is an allegory for not just clowns, but artists and entertainers of all kinds, like Raj Kapoor himself 
The film shows that the audience does not concern itself with the person who is performing but accepts only the performer divorced from his personal situation, his emotions and even from his real persona, the audience embraces only the character that entertains them and does not associate with the real person playing that character  It also implies that life itself is a performance, literally turning Raju's life into chapters of a film  
Therefore, to the “Joker” there is no reality outside performance, he only belongs to the stage, to his character, to the performance, and the audience 
In the end Raju gives a speech to the audience where he says that the "show" will always go on, although it may have different characters, meaning that artists will go through the same across generations  
The film is also semi-autobiographical, reportedly based on the life experiences of Raj Kapoor 

Awards
18th National Film Awards:Best Child Artist – Rishi Kapoor
Best Male Playback Singer – Manna Dey for "Ae Bhai Zara Dekh Ke Chalo"
Best Cinematography (Color) – Radhu Karmakar
19th Filmfare Awards:
Won

Best Director – Raj Kapoor
Best Music Director – Shankar–Jaikishan
Best Male Playback Singer – Manna Dey for "Ae Bhai Zara Dekh Ke Chalo"
Best Cinematography – Radhu Karmakar
Best Sound Design – Allauddin Khan QureshiNominated

Best Film – Raj Kapoor
Best Lyricist – Gopaldas Neeraj for "Ae Bhai Zara Dekh Ke Chalo"

See also
List of highest-grossing Indian films in overseas markets
Passage 8:
Mike Cahill (director)
Mike Cahill (born July 5, 1979) is an American filmmaker 

Early life and education
Mike Cahill was born in New Haven, Connecticut, on July 5, 1979  His first forays into filmmaking were with Fisher-Price and VHS camcorders when he was young  He gained his first credit as a documentarian at the age of 17, when he and a friend directed a film titled The Pocket, about D C go-go music After high school, Cahill studied economics at Georgetown University, graduating in 2001  While a student there he formed a close relationship with professional colleague and friend Brit Marling, whom he met at a Georgetown film festival, and the two began working on short films together where Marling would act and Cahill would direct 

Career
While still in his senior year at Georgetown, Cahill began interning with National Geographic Television and Film, soon becoming their youngest field producer, editor and cinematographer  He and Marling collaborated on Boxers and Ballerinas (2004), an exploration of the U S –Cuba conflict through the lives of four characters, while living in Cuba  Cahill next moved to Los Angeles  There he was taken on as editor for two Sundance features, Leonard Cohen: I'm Your Man and Everyone Stares: The Police Inside Out 2011 was Cahill's pivotal year  His first feature film as director, co-written with Marling, Another Earth, about a parallel planet Earth, won the Alfred P  Sloan Prize at the 2011 Sundance Film Festival and was picked up for distribution by Fox Searchlight Pictures  Variety reported: "[It] has been deemed one of the more highly praised pics of the fest as it received a standing ovation after the screening and strong word of mouth from buyers and festgoers " The distributor Fox Searchlight Pictures won distribution rights to the film in a deal worth $1 5 million to $2 million, beating out other distributors including Focus Features and the Weinstein Company Cahill's second feature film I Origins again won the Alfred P  Sloan Prize, this time at the 2014 Sundance Film Festival, making Cahill the only person to have received the award twice  The film was picked up for distribution by Fox Searchlight In 2011, before the release of I Origins, a press release by Fox Searchlight stated that Cahill was working on a film about reincarnation and another about "a fashion designer who lives at the bottom of the sea " As of 2015 he is also working on a sequel of I Origins  "There's a sequel in the works  It's not scripted  We're not in production yet, but we set up at Fox Searchlight" Starting in 2015, Cahill is an executive producer of the Syfy TV show The Magicians, and directed the pilot episode  He is also an executive producer on The Path, and directed the first two episodes 

Influences
Cahill has cited Julian Schnabel as a significant influence on his work  He considers Krzysztof Kieslowski one of his favorite filmmakers, specifically citing The Double Life of Véronique as having a profound impact on him  Cahill, who has a casual interest in astronomy, was also influenced by the work of astronomer Richard Berendzen, in particular, Berendzen's audiobook Pulp Physics  He is also an admirer of Carl Sagan and Isaac Asimov He has always admired science His favorite movie of all time is 2001: A Space Odyssey  "Because that movie, what it presents to you, can’t be articulated in any other form than as a movie," he said 

Filmography
Awards and nominations
Passage 9:
Aag (1948 film)
Aag (English: Fire) is a 1948 Indian Hindi language musical drama film which is produced, directed by and stars Raj Kapoor  The film marked the debut of Kapoor as producer and director and was the first film produced by his R K  banner  Nargis, Premnath, Nigar Sultana and Kamini Kaushal also starred in supporting roles  Raj Kapoor's youngest brother Shashi Kapoor appeared as a child artist in this film playing the younger version of his character (Kewal)  This marked the first of more than a dozen films in which Raj Kapoor and Nargis appeared together

Plot
The film opens with a groom approaching his new bride, called Sudha, on their wedding night  The bride, upon seeing the groom screams because his face is disfigured due to burns  The groom then starts telling the bride his story and the remainder of the film is a flashback told to the bride by the groom  The story is about a boy, named Kewal (played by Shashi Kapoor), who is obsessed with theatre but is descended from a family of lawyers  The boy Kewal is fascinated by a girl named Nirmala, nicknamed Nimmi, a classmate in school when he was aged 10 years  They both enjoy theatre and Kewal shares his dream of opening a theatre company and starring in his play with Nimmi as the female lead while watching a play in their school  He soon plans to stage a play in his neighbourhood with Nimmi, but she deserts him because her family moves to a different city on the day of the premiere  The young Kewal takes this to heart, but after finishing school, Kewal (now played by Raj Kapoor) reluctantly submits to his father's (Kamal Kapoor) demands to continue the family tradition by studying law and become a successful lawyer just like him and his forefathers  At College, Kewal meets another Nirmala (who asks him to call her Nimmi, after hearing his story of childhood love)  He again plans to stage a play, but the second Nimmi also deserts him because her parents have decided to marry her off to a man who lives in England on the day of the premiere  Kewal is distracted and fails his law exam  This forces him to a reckoning that he has no real interest in becoming a lawyer and would like to pursue his childhood dream of owning his theatre company to write, direct, and produce plays  He argues with his father and is asked to leave the house and despite his mother's protestations, decides to chart his path in life and pursue his dreams  After a little struggle, he luckily finds a patron of the arts named Rajan, (Premnath), who is the owner of a theater company, that has closed down  Kewal and Rajin strike up a creative partnership and a friendship for Kewal to write and produce plays and Rajan to finance these  During the preparation for his play, Kewal discovers a woman made homeless by Partition (Nargis) and casts her as the lead in his play   With the finances and a leader in place, Kewal's dreams can now, at last, be realised; Kewal suggests that Nargis's character (who is not named) takes the name, Nimmi (a third incarnation)  Rajan is besotted by Nimmi, but Nimmi is in love with Kewal, who remains unaware of Nimmi's feelings towards him  This conflict comes to a head on the opening night of Rajan and Kewal's first production; Rajan goes berserk and rips all his pictures of Nimmi that he has painted  Kewal, only now, discovers the reality of the situation with Rajin and tries to convince Nimmi that she should get together with Rajan, who is his friend and mentor; Nimmi pleads that she is in love with Kewal and not Rajan  The play starts (with Kewal's parents with whom he has patched up relations are in the audience) and Kewal takes a lit torch (the Aag or fire) and burns his face  During this act, of what Kewal perceives as a sacrifice to save his friendship with Rajan, the stage catches fire and the whole production company is burnt to the ground and he is disfigured  Kewal then confronts Nimmi, who is repulsed by his disfigurement and tells her that she only liked him because of his outer beauty and only the true Nimmi liked him for who he is on the inside  Nimmi (Nargis's version) visits Kewal in the hospital with his face bandaged  Nimmi offers flowers and Kewal notices a ring on her finger which Nimmi tells him was given to her by Rajan; Kewal wishes her well and she slips away  The camera cuts back to the present, the wedding night, where Kewal is telling Sudha that his childhood Nimmi understood him and only she will accept him for who he is  Sudha suggests that Kewal would not know if Nimmi was standing in front of him  Sudha turns out to be the original Nimmi (from Kewal's childhood) and accepts Kewal for who he is  Kewal and Nimmi renew their vow of opening a theatre company together 

Cast
Raj Kapoor as Kewal Khanna
Shashi Kapoor as Young Kewal Khanna
Nargis as Nimmi
Kamini Kaushal as Miss Nirmala
Nigar Sultana as Sudha
Kamal Kapoor as Kewal Khanna's father
Premnath as Rajan

Music
The music for this film was composed and conducted by Ram Ganguly  For his next film Barsaat, Raj Kapoor took Shankar–Jaikishan as music director and this duo went on to produce subsequent scores for R  K  Films 
The tracks in this film are written by Behzad Lucknavi and Deepak 

Box office
This film was not a major success and did Average business at the box office  As a director, Raj Kapoor had his first major hit with Barsaat (1949) 
Passage 10:
Raj Kapoor
Raj Kapoor (pronounced [raːdʒ kəˈpuːɾ]; born Shrishti Nath Kapoor; 14 December 1924 – 2 June 1988), also known as Ranbir Raj Kapoor, was an Indian actor, film director and producer, who worked in Hindi cinema  He is considered one of the greatest and most influential actors and filmmakers in history of Indian cinema, and has been referred to as The Greatest Showman of Indian Cinema and as the Charlie Chaplin of Indian Cinema Born in Peshawar as the son of Prithviraj Kapoor of the Kapoor family, Raj Kapoor starred in and produced many films for which he received multiple accolades, including three National Film Awards and 11 Filmfare Awards in India  He was inspired by Charlie Chaplin and played characters based on The Tramp in films such as Awaara (1951, also as producer) and Shree 420 (1955)  His performance in Awaara was ranked as one of the "Top-Ten Greatest Performances of All Time in World Cinema" by Time magazine in 2005; both that and his other produced film Boot Polish (1954) competed for the Palme d'Or grand prize at the Cannes Film Festival 
His films were global commercial successes in parts of Asia, the Middle East, the Caribbean, Africa and the Soviet bloc  The Government of India honoured him with the Padma Bhushan in 1971 for his contributions to the arts  India's highest award in cinema, the Dadasaheb Phalke Award, was bestowed on him in 1987 by the Government of India 

Early life and background
Raj Kapoor was born as Shrishti Nath Kapoor on 14 December 1924 at Kapoor Haveli, a large house then owned by his grandfather in the Qissa Khwani Bazaar neighborhood of Peshawar, British India into a Punjabi Hindu family of the Kapoor clan, who belonged to the Dhai Ghar Khatri community  His parents were Prithviraj Kapoor and Ramsarni Devi Kapoor (née Mehra)  The Kapoor family hailed originally from Samundri, Samundri Tehsil, Lyallpur District, Punjab Province, British India  He was the eldest sibling of six children in the family  He was the grandson of Dewan Basheshwarnath Kapoor, great-grandson of Dewan Keshavmal Kapoor, and great-great-grandson of Dewan Murli Mal Kapoor, and was part of the famous Kapoor family  His brothers were the late actors Shammi Kapoor and Shashi Kapoor  He also had a sister named Urmila Sial  Two other siblings died in infancy  Kapoor's family later on moved from Peshawar, North-West Frontier Province to Bombay, Bombay Presidency for residence and for education 
He is the nephew of actor Trilok Kapoor, who is the younger brother of his father Prithviraj Kapoor  His first cousin was actor Subbiraj who was his father's sister's son 
His father's cousin was film producer Surinder Kapoor, whose children are producer Boney Kapoor and actors Anil Kapoor and Sanjay Kapoor  His father's maternal first cousins were actors Kamal Kapoor, Ravindra Kapoor, and Nandkishore Kapoor  Kamal Kapoor's grandson is filmmaker Goldie Behl  His maternal first cousin, Juggal Kishore Mehra, was a singer, whose step-granddaughter, Salma Agha, later became an actress and singer 
As Prithviraj moved from city to city early in his career during the 1930s, the family had to move too  Raj Kapoor attended several different schools like Colonel Brown Cambridge School in Dera Doon, St Xavier's Collegiate School in Calcutta and Campion School in Bombay 

Career
At the age of ten, he appeared in a Hindi film for the first time, in 1935's Inquilab  Raj Kapoor's big break came with the lead role in Neel Kamal (1947) opposite Madhubala in her first role as a leading lady  In 1948, at the age of twenty-four, he established his own studio, R  K  Films, and became the youngest film director of his time making his directorial debut with Aag starring himself, Nargis, Kamini Kaushal and Premnath  In 1949 he co-starred alongside Dilip Kumar and Nargis in Mehboob Khan's Andaz which was his first big hit as an actor  He had his first success as producer, director and actor in another major blockbuster Barsaat which released later that year He went on to produce and star in several hit films made under his R  K  Banner including  Awaara (1951), Shree 420 (1955) and Jis Desh Men Ganga Behti Hai (1960), the last was directed by Radhu Karmakar, his longtime cinematographer, and which won Filmfare Award for Best Film  These films established his screen image modeled on Charlie Chaplin's most famous screen persona of The Tramp  Outside of his home productions, his other notable films as a leading actor included Dastan (1950), Anhonee (1952), Chori Chori (1956), Phir Subah Hogi (1958), Anari (1959), Chhalia (1960) and Dil Hi To Hai (1963)  He also produced the hit social films Boot Polish (1954) and Ab Dilli Door Nahin (1957) In 1964, he produced, directed and starred in the romantic musical Sangam alongside Rajendra Kumar and Vyjayanthimala which was his first film in colour  This was his last major success as a leading actor as his later films like  Around the World (1966) and Sapnon Ka Saudagar (1968) with younger starlets Rajshree and Hema Malini were box office flops  In 1965 he was a member of the jury at the 4th Moscow International Film Festival In 1970 he produced, directed and starred in his ambitious film Mera Naam Joker which took more than six years to complete  His son Rishi Kapoor made his debut in this film playing the younger version of his character  When released in 1970, it was a box office disaster and put Kapoor and his family into a financial crisis  In later years it was acknowledged as a cult classic  In 1971, he launched his eldest son Randhir Kapoor in the family drama Kal Aaj Aur Kal starring himself, his son Randhir, his father Prithviraj Kapoor as well as Randhir's to-be wife Babita  He launched his second son Rishi Kapoor's career in 1973 when he produced and directed Bobby which was a huge box office success and introduced actress Dimple Kapadia, later a very popular actress; it was the first of a new generation of teen romances  Dimple wore bikinis which was quite unique for Indian films then  In 1975 he acted alongside his son Randhir again in Dharam Karam, which Randhir also directed 
In the latter half of the 1970s and early 1980s he produced and directed films that focused on the female protagonists: Satyam Shivam Sundaram (1978) with Zeenat Aman, Prem Rog (1982) with Padmini Kolhapure and Ram Teri Ganga Maili (1985) which introduced Mandakini  He acted in fewer films by the late 1970s and early 1980s but played a notable supporting role alongside Rajesh Khanna in Naukri (1978) and as the titular character alongside Sanjay Khan in Abdullah (1980)  He played a detective in two comedy films: Do Jasoos (1975) and Gopichand Jasoos (1982), both directed by Naresh Kumar (brother of Rajendra Kumar)  In 1979 he was a member of the jury at the 11th Moscow International Film Festival  Raj Kapoor's last major film appearance was in Vakil Babu (1982) where he appeared with his younger brother Shashi  A film he had shot and completed in 1982 titled Chor Mandali in which he appeared opposite fellow veteran actor Ashok Kumar remained unreleased due to a legal dispute  His last acting role was a cameo appearance in a 1984 released British made-for-television film titled Kim 
He was set to direct Henna starring his son Rishi and Pakistani actress Zeba Bakhtiar before his death in 1988  His son Randhir directed the film and it released in 1991 

Personal life
On 12 May 1946, Raj Kapoor married Krishna Malhotra  Krishna was one of nine siblings, and following her marriage, many of them joined the Hindi film industry  Her brothers, Rajendra Nath, Prem Nath and Narendra Nath, later became actors, and her sister Uma is married to actor Prem Chopra 
Raj and Krishna Kapoor had five children: three sons, actors Randhir Kapoor (1947–), Rishi Kapoor (1952–2020) and Rajiv Kapoor (1962–2021), and two daughters, Ritu Nanda (1949–2020) and Rima Jain (1955–)  Randhir is married to former actress Babita and is the father of actresses Karishma Kapoor and Kareena Kapoor  Rishi was married to former actress Neetu Singh until his death and is father of two children, a daughter Riddhima Kapoor, and a son, actor Ranbir Kapoor  Raj Kapoor's elder daughter, Ritu Nanda, was married until their deaths to industrialist Rajan Nanda (scion of the family which promoted and controls the Escorts group), and she was the mother of two children :Her daughter Nitasha Nanda and her son, Nikhil Nanda, is married to Shweta, daughter of actors Amitabh Bachchan and Jaya Bachchan  Raj Kapoor's younger daughter, Rima Jain, is married to investment banker Manoj Jain and is the mother of Armaan Jain and Aadar Jain 
Both of Kapoor's brothers, all three of Kapoor's sons, two of Kapoor's daughters-in-law and three of Kapoor's grandchildren have been active at various times in the film industry  His granddaughters Karisma Kapoor and Kareena Kapoor (daughters of Kapoor's eldest son Randhir), and grandson Ranbir Kapoor (son of Kapoor's second son Rishi) are the latest Bollywood superstars from the Kapoor family, while another of his grandsons, Nikhil Nanda (Kapoor's daughter Ritu's son), is a noted industrialist 
Kapoor had a longtime romantic relationship with renowned actress Nargis Dutt during the 1940s and 1950s, despite being a married man, although neither ever publicly admitted to this  The couple starred in several films together, including Awaara and Shree 420  As Raj would not leave his wife and children, Nargis ended their relationship after Chori Chori and married Sunil Dutt with whom she fell in love on the set of Mother India (1957)  In 2017, his second son Rishi confirmed his father's affair in his autobiography Khullam Khulla Krishna Raj Kapoor died on 1 October 2018  Rajan Nanda, husband of Ritu Nanda died on 5 August 2018  In January 2020, Ritu Nanda herself died  She was followed three months later by her brother Rishi, Kapoor's second son, who died in April 2020  Kapoor's third and youngest son, Rajiv, died in February 2021 
Dilip Kumar, Mukesh, Dev Anand, Pran, Rajendra Kumar, Manna Dey, Shankar Jaikishan, Hrishikesh Mukherjee, Khwaja Ahmad Abbas and Rajesh Khanna were among Kapoor's closest friends from the movie industry 

Filmography
Death
Cause
Raj Kapoor suffered from asthma in his later years; he died of complications related to the disease in 1988 at the age of 63  He collapsed at the event where he was to receive the Dadasaheb Phalke Award in New Delhi, and was taken to the All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi for treatment  He was hospitalised for about a month before he succumbed to complications arising from his asthma  At the time of his death, he was working on the movie Henna (an Indo-Pakistan based love story)  The film was later completed by his sons Randhir Kapoor and Rishi Kapoor and was released in 1991 

Memorial at family farm in Pune
His and his parents' Samadhi (memorial) is at their family farm "Rajbaugh", which means the "gardens of king"  Located inside the MIT Art Design and Technology University (MIT ADTU), Rajbaugh lies on the banks of Mula-Mutha River in Loni Kalbhor village 30 km east of Pune in Maharashtra  Kapoor family sold part of 125 acres Rajbaugh to MIT ADTU which built a memorial for the Kapoor family on its campus  Memorial was unveiled in 2014 in the presence of Lata Mangeshkar and Kapoor clan  Kapoor family memorial has 7 pagodas showing elements of Raj Kapoor's movies, a museum or viewing gallery which showcases family photographs and moments from his movie making from 1945 to 1990  Raj Kapoor shot many of his films at this farm, including Satyam Shivam Sundaram, Mera Naam Joker, Bobby, and Prem Rog  The family Banglow inside the farm has been preserved; the popular song "Hum Tum Ek Kamre Mein Band Ho" was shot inside this banglow 

Legacy
Raj Kapoor is often referred as The Greatest Showman of Indian Cinema in the Indian media  Film historians and movie buffs speak of him as the "Charlie Chaplin of Indian cinema", since he often portrayed a tramp-like figure, who, despite adversity, was still cheerful and honest  His movies were popular in large parts of South/Central/Southeast Asia, the former Soviet Union/Bloc, China, the Middle East, and Africa; his movies were global commercial successes Siddharth Kak made, Raj Kapoor, a feature film documentary on the actor in 1987 which was produced by the Government of India's Films Division A postage stamp, bearing his face, was released by India Post to honour him on 14 December 2001  To honour him, a brass statue of his was unveiled at Walk of the Stars at Bandra Bandstand in Mumbai in March 2012 

Many of Raj Kapoor's movies had a patriotic theme  His films Aag, Shree 420 and Jis Desh Men Ganga Behti Hai (In the country where the Ganges flows) celebrated the newly independent India, and encouraged film-goers to be patriots  Raj Kapoor commissioned these famous lyrics for Mera Joota Hai Japani, a song from the movie Shree 420:

Mera joota hai Japani (My shoes are Japanese)
Ye patloon Inglistani (These trousers are English)
Sar pe lal topi Roosi (The red cap on my head is Russian)
Phir bhi dil hai Hindustani (But still, however, my heart is Indian)The song is still extremely popular and has been featured in a number of movies since Shree 420 was released  Indian author Mahasweta Devi stopped the show with her inaugural speech at the 2006 Frankfurt Book Fair when she used these lyrics to express her own heartfelt patriotism and debt to her country 
In 2014, Google commemorated his 90th birthday Raj Kapoor was a canny judge of filmi music and lyrics  Many of the songs he commissioned are evergreen hits  He introduced the music directors Shankar–Jaikishan and the lyricists Hasrat Jaipuri and Shailendra  He is also remembered for his strong sense of visual style  He used striking visual compositions, elaborate sets, and dramatic lighting to complete the mood set by the music  He introduced the actresses Nimmi, Dimple Kapadia, and Mandakini, as well as launching and reviving the careers of his sons Rishi, Randhir and Rajiv  Famous for making his actresses reveal the body, not very common then in Indian cinema, it was said his 'show-womanship' matched his showmanship Raj Kapoor's Shree 420 (1955) movie's Hindi song Mera Joota Hai Japani ("My Shoes are Japanese") was used in opening sequence of 20th Century Studios 2016 movie Deadpool, starring Ryan Reynolds The 1967 "Song about Yogis" (Russian: Песенка про йогов) by Vladimir Vysotsky mentions Raj Kapoor as one of the three best-known symbols of Indian culture in the Soviet Union, along with Shiva and yoga He was called "the Clark Gable of the Indian film industry" 

Awards and honors
Kapoor had received many awards throughout his career, including 3 National Film Awards, 11 Filmfare Awards and 21 nominations  His films Awaara (1951) and Boot Polish (1954) were nominated for the Palme d'Or at the Cannes Film Festival  His acting in the former was rated as one of the "Top Ten Performances of All Time in World Cinema" by Time magazine  His film Jagte Raho (1956) also won the Crystal Globe award at the Karlovy Vary International Film Festival 
The Government of India honoured him with the Padma Bhushan in 1971 and the Dadasaheb Phalke Award in 1987 – the highest award for cinematic excellence in India  In 2001, he was honoured with "Best Director of the Millennium" by Stardust Awards  He was named "Showman of the Millennium" by Star Screen Awards in 2002 
In June 2011, Noah Cowan, artistic director of TIFF Bell Lightbox, and Sabbas Joseph, Director, Wizcraft along with members of the Kapoor family came together to pay tribute to the life and work of Indian actor, director, mogul and legend Raj Kapoor, as presented in partnership by TIFF (Toronto International Film Festival), the International Indian Film Academy (IIFA), and the Government of Ontario  In 2011, it was announced that Kapoor will be inducted into the Brampton Walk of Fame in Ontario, Canada 

Association with other artists
Khwaja Ahmad Abbas
Khwaja Ahmad Abbas was a screenwriter and director for a number of Raj Kapoor's best films 
Awaara (1951)
Anhonee (1952)
Shree 420 (1955)
Jagte Raho (1956)
Char Dil Char Rahen (1959)
Mera Naam Joker (1970)
Bobby (1973)
Henna (1991)

Shankar–Jaikishan
Shankar–Jaikishan were Raj Kapoor's music directors of choice  He worked with them in 20 films in all including 10 of his own films from Barsaat until Kal Aaj Aur Kal   (Jagte Raho with Salil Chowdhury and Ab Dilli Dur Nahin being two exceptions in this period)  Only after Jaikishan died, did he turn to a different music director – Laxmikant–Pyarelal for Bobby, Satyam Shivam Sundaram and Prem Rog (later on, his children used Laxmikant-Pyarelal for Prem Granth as well), Rahul Dev Burman for Dharam Karam, and Ravindra Jain for (Ram Teri Ganga Maili and Henna)  Raj Kapoor acted in a movie with music by Madan Mohan only once (twice), i e  Dhoon (1953) & Ashiana (1952), which featured duet Hum Pyaar Karenge by Hemant Kumar and Lata Mangeshkar, the only instance of Hemant Kumar giving playback to Raj Kapoor, and did only one movie with O  P  Nayyar (Do Ustad) 
List of films with Shankar–Jaikishan: (18 Films)

Nargis
Raj Kapoor and Nargis worked together in 16 films including 6 of his own productions 

Mukesh and Manna Dey
Mukesh was Raj Kapoor's almost exclusive singing voice in almost all of his films  Also, when Mukesh died, Raj had said, Main ne apni aawaaz ko kho diya    (I have lost my voice   )  However Manna Dey has also sung many notable and super-hit songs for Raj Kapoor, for instance in Shree 420 and Chori Chori  Examples of such Manna songs are best illustrated by the following list:

"Laga Chunri Mein Daag" (Dil Hi To Hai)
"Ae Bhai Zara Dekh Ke Chalo" (Mera Naam Joker)
"Dil Ka Haal Sune Dil Wala" (Shree 420)
"Aaja Sanam Madhur Chandni Mein Hum" (Chori Chori)
"Jahan Mein Jati Hoon Wahin Chale Aate Ho" (Chori Chori)
"Yeh Raat Bhigi Bhigi, Yeh Mast Fizayen" (Chori Chori)
"Masti Bhara Hai Samaan" (Parvarish)
"Mud Mud Ke Na Dekh" (Shree 420)
"Pyar hua Iqrar hua hai" (Shree 420)
"Chalat Musafir" (Teesri Kasam)
"Belia Belia Belia" (Parvarish)
"Lallah Allah Tera Nigehbaan" (Abdullah)
"Mama O Mama" (Parvarish)



ground_truth: director

prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: Don Holmes played for the football club that is based in what eastern suburb of Perth?

The following are given passages.
Context 3:  C  H  James was elected president  A number of names were suggested for the new club, with "various appellations such as Cornstalks, Wanderers, Federals, and Victorians" being suggested  It was eventually decided that the club would be known as the Victorian Football Club, and would play in navy blue and cardinal guernseys The following week, on 8 May, representatives of Victorians and two other clubs, Rovers and Fremantle, met at the Criterion Hotel, establishing the West Australian Football Association  Victorians' secretary, Hugh Dixson, was made secretary of the new association  Later, the High School (now Hale School) was invited to field a team in the competition, but dropped out of the league after two matches due to a lack of competitiveness  Victorians' first match, which was also the first match of the competition, was against Rovers on 3 June, and was played at the Recreation Ground (later the Esplanade Reserve) near the Swan River  Victorians' team consisted of 19 players, with four emergencies  Rules for the match were variable – the game began with a kick-off instead of a ball-up, and one player, Drummond of the Rovers, carried the ball behind the line in an attempt to score a Rugby-style "touchdown"  The match ended with Rovers (one goal, six behinds and a touchdown) defeating Victorians (six behinds)  The club played a further five games for the season, finishing with a total of two wins, one draw, and three losses, allowing them to finish in second place behind Rovers on the ladder At the general meeting of the club in April 1886, Dixson was replaced by H  Wilson as secretary, and J  C  H  James moved to the position of chairman, allowing Edward V  H  Keane to assume the position of president of the club  It was also noted that there were: "names of a hundred members on the books"  Victorians finished runner-up in the competition in both 1886 and 1887, dropping to third place in 1888 In April 1889, a meeting of the West Australian and Victorian Football Clubs was held at the Criterion Hotel, in which it was unanimously decided to amalgamate the two clubs into a single club known as the Metropolitan Football Club, which has survived until the present day as the West Perth Football Club  The West Australians' captain, F  McDonough, remained captain of the combined club, while West Australians' club colours of red and black were maintained for the merged club 

Honourboard
Passage 8:
Don Marinko, Sr 
Domenick Louis "Don" Marinko (27 August 1907 – 4 May 1967) was an Australian rules footballer who played for the Subiaco and West Perth Football Clubs in the Western Australian National Football League (WANFL) and the Boulder City Football Club in the Goldfields Football League (GFL)  Born in the Goldfields region of Western Australia, he was educated at Christian Brothers' College in Perth, and made his senior debut for Subiaco in 1923, at the age of 16  The following season, Marinko returned to the Goldfields in order to find work in the mines, and took up playing for the Boulder City Football Club in the Goldfields Football Association (GFA), playing in premierships in 1924 and 1925  Returning to Perth, he fell into West Perth's zone, and began playing with the club in 1926  Marinko played in premiership sides for West Perth in 1932, 1934, and 1935, and was captain of the club for the latter two seasons  At his retirement in 1939, he had played 194 games for the club, and 197 games total in the WAFL, as well as playing thirteen interstate matches for Western Australia  Having died in 1967 from a sudden heart attack, Marinko was named in West Perth's Team of the Century in 2000, and inducted into the West Australian Football Hall of Fame in 2011 

Early career
Marinko was born to Antony and Mary Marinko on 27 August 1907, at Kamballie, a railway station south of Boulder in the Goldfields region of Western Australia  Educated at the Christian Brothers' College in Perth, Marinko took up playing football for the school's team  He began his senior football career at the age of 16 with Subiaco, debuting during the 1923 season  Playing as a forward, Marinko managed three games, but was criticised for his kicking ability  In a match against South Fremantle, which Subiaco lost by four points, it was reported by The Sunday Times that he had cost his team the match: "   Marinko lost badly and the opportunity thus mulled cost the visitors the match"  The following year, Marinko moved to the Goldfields to further his employment opportunities  He began playing with the Boulder City Football Club  In January 1925, Marinko appeared before the Boulder Police Court on two complaints made by a Mr  Ivan Rocci of assault and using abusive language  The charges were dismissed by the resident magistrate, a Mr  J  E  Geary  Midway through the 1925 season, Marinko attempted to transfer to the Mines Rovers Football Club, also based in Boulder  The clearance was refused  On his return to Perth at the end of the 1926 season, Marinko signed with West Perth 

West Perth career
In May 1937, after a match against Claremont, Marinko was suspended for five matches, comprising a two-match suspension for attempting to kick Stan Headon and a three-match suspension for abusive language toward a field umpire  It was noted that "the statement that Marinko had not been reported before during his long football career was taken into consideration" by the tribunal  In April 1934, Marinko was announced as captain of West Perth, a role which he reprised the following season 

Later life
Marinko retired at the end of the 1939 season, in part due to lack of movement caused by a strained back suffered at work, and was elected a life member of West Perth at the club's 1940 annual general meeting  Two of his sons, Donald Anthony and Raymond George Marinko, both played WAFL football for West Perth in the 1950s Marinko died in 1967 from a heart attack  He was named in West Perth's Team of the Century in October 2000, and was inducted into the West Australian Football Hall of Fame in March 2011 
Passage 9:
East Perth Football Club
The East Perth Football Club, nicknamed the Royals, is an Australian rules football club based in Leederville, Western Australia, current playing in the West Australian Football League (WAFL)  Formed in 1902 as the Union Football Club, the club entered the WAFL in 1906, changing its name to East Perth  It won its first premiership in 1919, part of a streak of five consecutive premierships  Overall, the club has won 17 premierships, most recently in 2002  The club is currently based at Leederville Oval, which it shares with the Subiaco Football Club, having previously played home games at Wellington Square (from 1901 to 1909) and Perth Oval (formerly known as Loton Park) from 1910 to 1999  The current Director of Coaching is Tony Micale assisting the League Senior Coach of East Perth, Jeremy Barnard 
From 2014 until 2018, East Perth served as the host club for the West Coast Eagles of the Australian Football League, the arrangement saw West Coast's reserves players playing in the WAFL for East Perth 

History
The club was actually founded in 1902 as Union Football Club (not to be confused with the defunct Unions club from Fremantle) and competed in the Perth Third Rate Association Competition (however an earlier 'East Perth' had formed in 1891)  The club was successful and was promoted to the First Rate Association  After continuing to succeed at this level they applied to join the WAFL and hence became a member in April 1906  The club became known as East Perth in accordance with the WAFL's policy of having each club represent a district in Perth 
After a relatively slow start – despite being competitive form its first season – East Perth after World War I went on to become one of the most powerful clubs in the West Australian league with the appointment of former Subiaco player Phil Matson as captain-coach  The club won five consecutive WAFL premierships between 1919 and 1923, and after a brief lapse due to Matson's death in a truck crash recovered to contest the finals every year from 1931 to 1940, but won only one premiership – a frustrating record to be repeated in the 1970s 
Although the club garnered an undefeated premiership in the under-age WAFL competition in 1944, East Perth became very much a middle-of-the-road side after open-age WANFL football resumed until the emergence of champion ruckman Graham "Polly" Farmer in 1956  That year, despite being held to the lowest WAFL score between 1946 and 2002 by Perth in torrential rain and genuine darkness at the WACA, the Royals won fourteen of their nineteen games and beat South Fremantle twice in the finals  Under the coaching of Jack Sheedy, and aided by becoming the first WAFL club to play players formally, the club contested the following five grand finals for further premierships in 1958 and 1959 and a huge upset loss to Swan Districts in 1961 
The loss of Farmer, however, saw a decline in fortunes: in 1964 the club won only one of its first eighteen games and finished with its first wooden spoon since 1929, but with the recruitment of Kevin Murray the club returned to the top quickly  It returned to the finals in 1966 and played therein during every one of the next seventeen seasons except 1974  During these years East Perth won 246 and drew one of 388 games for a success rate of 63 5 percent: clearly the highest in a competition that – at least during the first half of this period – was extremely even and characterised by very rapid fluctuations in teams' fortunes  By 1980, the club had made a submission to enter the VFL/AFL, however this was withdrawn, and from 1983 their fortunes declined abruptly: between 1985 and 1995 East Perth won only eighty and draw one of 235 games for a success rate of 34 26%  Indeed, between 1985 and 1989, the Royals actually won just 24 of 105 games for a success rate of 22 8% and did not finish above sixth, with a lowlight being the sacking of coach Greg Brehaut on 13 May 1986 that was followed by a walk-out of three managers from a reserves team that had won five matches out of seven In 1996 the Royals returned to prominence and took the minor premiership before losing narrowly to Claremont in its first grand final since 1978  However, the club returned to the lower reaches of the ladder in 1999, winning only five of twenty games  East Perth later acted as the host club for West Coast Eagles players recruited from interstate from 2000 to 2001 until the host club arrangement was abolished  This made them favoured for high honours in 2000 - which was achieved with five Eagles in the grand final side, though the Royals' "old guard" made a much larger contribution than expected to the club's first flag for twenty-two years  It repeated the dose emphatically in 2001, holding South Fremantle to 0 3 (3) after half time, and yet again in 2002, but fell off steadily in the following four seasons to win only six games in 2005  A partial recovery in 2007 saw the Royals finish fourth, but it returned to last in 2008 before again rebounding in 2009 to finish fifth 
Its first home ground was Wellington Square  It then moved to Perth Oval between 1910 and 2002, although it played games at the WACA from 1988 to 1989  East Perth began playing its games at Leederville Oval from 2000, formerly the home of bitter rivals West Perth), but the club only officially moved there in 2003  They have since been joined at the ground by the Subiaco Football Club 

2010 season
The 2010 season of home and away matches ended on a high for the Royals, as they defeated minor premiers Clarement in a tense and physical round 23 encounter  The win enabled them to hold their fourth place in the top four, earning a first semi-final appearance against East Fremantle 
After a slow start where East Fremantle lead 7 2-3 2 at quarter time East Perth eventually overran the much more fancied Sharks by 14 points 15 12 (102) to East Fremantle 13 10 (88)  West Coast Eagles listed player Ben McKinley lead the charge up forward with 6 goals while Zac Beeck and Zac Clarke dominated the ruck 
A week later East Perth met Swan Districts at Bassendean Oval for the chance to meet the top of the table Claremont in the Grand Final  This time it was East Perth who flew out of the blocks to lead at the first change 5 2 to 3 2 but after that they would manage only 4 goals for the rest of the match as Swans steamrolled their way past a valiant East Perth 15 11 (101) to 9 9 (63)  Swan Districts then went on to win the 2010 WAFL Premiership defeating Claremont in one of the great Grand Finals by 1 point at Subiaco Oval 8 days later 
The Reserve grade team went one step further than the Seniors in 2010 going down to Claremont by 12 points 13 6 (84) to 10 12 (72) in the Grand Final 
Craig Wulff was finally rewarded with his first FD Book Medal as the Best & Fairest for season 2010 

Current squad
As of Sep 2018:

Rivalries
East Perth's traditional and most bitter rivals are West Perth Football Club   Known as the Perth Derby, they have competed in many historic matches including Grand Finals in 1922, 1932, 1960, 1969, 1971, 2002, when East Perth defeated the Falcons by 60 points to complete a hat-trick of premierships, and 2013 The East Perth vs Perth fixtures were a significant rivalry in the 1960s and 1970s, including the famous 1978 Grand Final  However its significance is somewhat muted compared to the former mentioned fixture, possibly due to Perth's lacklustre performances since the late 1970s Another newer rivalry is that with co-tenants Subiaco Football Club  East Perth had not beaten Subiaco since they began sharing the ground in 2004, until the 2007 season when East Perth came from over forty points behind at half time to win the game by three points  Recent games have become even more bitter with the transfer of players Travis Knights, Caine Hayes and Paul Ridley to Subiaco under controversial circumstances  Off the field the two clubs do have a good working relationship in regard to their ground sharing situation 

Club song
East Perth Forever Boys is the theme song of the East Perth Football Club, played as the league team comes to the field at either a home game or final, and after a victory at a home game or final  It is sung to the tune of Anchors Aweigh The lyrics were written by John K  Watts, an ex-player of the club  He was also responsible for the club songs of Swan Districts Football Club and Geelong Football Club  The recording of the song used by the club was performed by Clem Grogan and the Blue Brass  Hobart Football Club also has a song sung to the tune of Anchors Aweigh  Its lyrics are very similar to East Perth Forever Boys 

East Perth forever boys
East Perth are we
East Perth a great tradition
With the premiership our mission
East Perth forever boys
And to the cause
For we are the mighty Royals
East Perth is the greatest team of allWe'll beat the Cardies
Whether it be wet or fine
We'll beat the others
At the bell they'll be behind
No doubt about it
The reason for itEast Perth forever boys
East Perth are we
East Perth a great tradition
With the premiership our mission
East Perth forever boys
And to the cause
For we are the mighty Royals
East Perth is the greatest team of all

Honours
Club honours
Individual honours
Sandover Medallists: (18 total) 1923: William 'Digger' Thomas, 1925: George 'Staunch' Owens (1925), 1929: Billy Thomas, 1950: Frank Allen, 1956: Graham Farmer, 1957: Graham Farmer, 1958: Ted Kilmurray, 1960: Graham Farmer, 1969: Malcolm Brown, 1975: Alan Quartermaine, 1976: Peter Spencer, 1978: Phil Kelly, 1979: Phil Kelly, 1983: John Ironmonger, 1984: Peter Spencer, 1988: David Bain, 1997: Brady Anderson, 2001: Ryan Turnbull
Simpson Medallists: (7 total) 1958: Ned Bull, 1959: Graham Farmer, 1972: Ken McAullay, 1978: Ian Miller, 2000: Dean Cox, 2001: Ryan Turnbull, 2002: Ryan Turnbull
Bernie Naylor Medallists: (10 total) 1909: Sam Sloss (30), 1924: Bonny Campbell (67), 1926: Bonny Campbell (89), 1927: Bonny Campbell (87), 1944: Alan Watts (101), 1958: William Mose (115), 1959: Neil Hawke (114), 1967: Phil Tierney (119), 1990: Glen Bartlett (69), 2006: Troy Wilson (74), 2013: Josh Smith (62)
All Australians: 1956, 1958 & 1961: Graham Farmer, 1966: Kevin Murray, 1966: Keith Doncon, 1972: Mal Brown, 1972: Ken McAullay, 1979: Barry CableTassie Medallists: (3 total) 1937: Mick Cronin, 1956: Graham Farmer, 1972: Ken McAullay
JJ Leonard Medallists: (1 total) 2014: Brian Dawson

F D  Book Medallists
The F D  Book Medal is awarded to the club's fairest and best player at the end of each season 

Records
Highest Score: Round 1, 1944 - 41 30 (276) vs  South Fremantle at Perth Oval
Lowest Score: Round 13, 1909 - 0 6 (6) vs  East Fremantle at Fremantle Oval
Greatest Winning Margin: Round 1, 1944 - 256 points vs  South Fremantle at Perth Oval
Greatest Losing Margin: Round 20, 1987 - 169 points vs  Claremont at WACA
Most Games: Craig Wulff 286 (2002–2016)
Most Goals: Phil Tierney 620 (1962–1972)
Record Home Attendance: Round 9, 1969 - 26,760 vs  West Perth at Perth Oval 
Record Finals Attendance: 1969 Grand Final - 51,385 vs  West Perth at Subiaco Oval 

"Teams of the century"
With the launch of the East Perth history book in mid-2006, an expert panel from the club came up with two "teams of the century", one pre-war team from 1906 to 1944, and the other from 1945 to 2005

Pre-war team
Post-war team
Honourboard
League Championship Cup
In 2010 the Australian Football League (AFL) announced plans to start a knockout competition featuring the best teams from the state leagues around Australia  16 Teams would qualify based on their finishing position in their corresponding state leagues the previous years  Originally games were played primarily as curtain raisers for AFL games on a Saturday night and broadcast live on Fox Footy  In 2013 the games shifted to Tuesday night and the tournament comprised only 10 teams  The competition is sponsored by Foxtel and is known as Foxtel Cup 
East Perth have qualified for the tournament twice  In the competitions first year, 2011, the Royals defeated North Ballarat and NT Thunder to reach the semi-final losing to eventual premiers Williamstown 
The Royals also gained qualification for the 2014 season  East Perth were big 50 point winners over Norwood in the quarter-final but once again fell in the semi-final to VFL side Williamstown who once again went on to win the title 

F  D  Book Medal
The East Perth Football CLub's senior best and fairest player wins the F  D  Book Medal  Past winners of the award are listed below 

See also
Wikipedia listing of East Perth Football Club players
Ugly Men's Association

Notes
a During the years 1942 to 1944 the WAFL operated as an under age competitionb from 1925c from 1957d fourth grade competition ran from 1965 to 1974
Passage 10:
Swan Districts Football Club
The Swan Districts Football Club, nicknamed the Swans, is an Australian rules football club playing in the West Australian Football League (WAFL) and WAFL Women's (WAFLW)  The club is based at Bassendean Oval, in Bassendean, an eastern suburb of Perth, Western Australia  The club was formed in 1932, and joined the then-Western Australian National Football League (WANFL) in 1934, acting as a successor to the Midland Junction Football Club, which had disbanded during World War I, in the Perth Hills region 

History
Swan Districts finished seventh on the WANFL ladder winning seven out of 21 games in their debut season in 1934  The presence of established WANFL players like inaugural captain-coach "Judda" Bee from East Fremantle and Fred Sweetapple from West Perth was critical to the fledgling club's competitiveness  In 1935, Swans finished sixth on the WANFL Ladder with six wins and twelve losses and George Krepp won the Sandover Medal  The 1936 season saw the Swans pick up nine wins and eleven losses but still finish seventh on the League Ladder 
The 1937 season saw Swan Districts, under new coach Jim Ditchburn, finish in third place on the League Ladder with 14 wins and 7 losses, and play in their first finals series  Ted Holdsworth kicked 109 goals in the first 14 games before injury ended his season and East Perth beat them in the first semi-final 13 9 (87) to 11 7 (73)  Swan Districts had another good season in 1938, finishing third with 11 wins and nine losses but were again beaten in the first semi-final by East Perth 8 18 (66) – 9 11 (65) In 1939, with the loss of champion spearhead Holdsworth to Kalgoorlie, Swans slid to sixth on the ladder with seven wins from twenty games  In the following two seasons, despite Holdsworth's return, the club slid still further to finish last with only two wins in 1940 and three in 1941  Due to the Second World War the WANFL suspended its senior competition and implemented an under age competition to replace it  In 1942 Swans were unable to raise a side to play and did not compete at all  By 1943 Swan Districts assembled a side to compete in the under-age competition and performed exceedingly well, finishing fourth on the ladder with nine wins and eight losses, then winning the first semi-final against West Perth and the preliminary Final against Subiaco  Swans thus played in their first Grand Final only to be defeated by East Fremantle, the final score being East Fremantle 17 15 (117) to Swan Districts 11 11 (77)  Jim Davies became the second Swan Districts player to win a Sandover Medal in 1944 with 33 votes in what was otherwise a forgettable season with Swans finishing sixth on the ladder, but in the restored open-age competition of 1945 their fortunes improved as they finished fourth on the league ladder only to be defeated in the first semi-final by South Fremantle 

However, Swan Districts fell off dramatically for the next fifteen seasons  During this period they never finished higher than sixth of eight teams, and overall won only sixty-one and drew one of their 301 matches, suffering from the fact that much of the area around Bassendean was "un-allotted" so that players such as Keith and Roy Harper, and Frank Coulson moved to more successful clubs  They were nonetheless instrumental in having the WANFL introduce its "Provident Fund" to allow league revenue to be shared amongst the clubs  In 1957 Swan Districts won their first Colts Premiership, repeating the dose in 1958, and these teams provided the nucleus of their successes in the early to middle 1960s 

After finishing last in 1960, Swan Districts appointed Haydn Bunton junior as senior captain-coach in early 1961, and improvement was immediate  Swan Districts won twelve and drew two of their twenty-one regular season matches to be a clear second and an ingenious tactic by Bunton against champion East Perth ruckman "Polly" Farmer won them a huge upset in the Grand Final, and two more premierships followed in 1962 and 1963  Swans' fall afterwards was however just as rapid as their rise from 1960 to 1961  In 1964 Swans won seven of their first nine matches, but then state representative calls and form lapses affected the team so badly that they won only two of their final twelve encounters  After achieving their most successful home-and-away season under new captain coach Fred Castledine before being overwhelmed by a mediocre East Fremantle team in the 1965 Grand Final, they fell off completely in the following eight seasons  Swans in this era were hindered by the lack of a full-time coach or secretary that made it harder for them to recruit than other WANFL clubs  In 1968, Swan Districts came nearer to a winless season than any team in senior WA(N)FL competition between 1918 and 1998: winning only one game after the siren by a point against East Fremantle, and scored their all-time lowest score against East Perth  Swan Districts were also last in 1970 and 1971, and not until 1974 did they again make the finals, under the coaching of Jack Ensor, who most unusually never played senior League Football  Again, however, they declined abruptly, falling to wooden spooners in 1977 and 1978 
John Todd, who took the coaching reins at Bassendean in 1977 and began with a big clean-out of players, brought with him a new winning culture, one which would emulate that of the Haydn Bunton era  By the 1980s, Swans became the dominant side in the WAFL, winning three straight flags in 1982, 1983 and 1984  Swan Districts fell drastically to be last in 1986 and 1988, but rose equally rapidly and after a stint coaching the West Coast Eagles in 1988 and 1989, Todd returned to the club and after being fifth with ten wins in 1989 they won a seventh premiership, beating Claremont 16 7 (103) to 10 17 (77)  However, after several unsuccessful finals campaigns between 1991 and 1994 Todd returned to South Fremantle, where he began his football career, and Swan Districts fell rapidly downhill on and off the field under coaches Graham Melrose (1995 and 1996), Phil Cronan (1997 and 1998), Peter Wilson (1999) and Todd again from 2000 to 2002  Between 1995 and 2002 they did not play in the finals and overall won only 51 of 158 games 

At the end of 2002, a season where Swans ran last in all three grades and were as lucky as in 1968 to escape a winless season in the seniors, the club's desperate financial trouble came to the public's attention and a concerted financial drive saw them rise to ten wins and a draw under new coach Steve Turner, and back into the finals in 2004 and 2005  They could not challenge Subiaco or South Fremantle for the flag, and in 2006 fell to only seven wins before Turner gave way to former Eagles star Chris Lewis early in 2007  Brian Dawson took over as coach of the seniors in 2008 and the club rebounded from disappointing results in the previous two years to play in the 2008 Grand Final which they lost to Subiaco  Dawson then steered the team to a preliminary final in 2009  Dawson announced his retirement at the end of the 2010 season  then took the team to the Grand Final which they won over Claremont by a single point  Andrew Krakouer won the Simpson Medal on top of winning the Sandover Medal for 2010, he accumulated 42 possessions during the grand final and kicked the last goal of the game ensuring Swan won the flag  Josh Roberts will be remembered as the premiership skipper in his first year as captain 
Greg Harding was appointed as senior coach for the 2011 season  The club had a poor season finishing the season with only six wins from twenty games and finishing second from bottom of the league ladder, but rebounded in 2012 to finish second to a powerful Claremont combination only to lose both finals 
In 2013 Swans finished 3rd on the ladder with Tim Geappen kicking 49 goals for the season and Tony Notte being awarded the fairest and best 
Swan Districts were a foundation member of the WAFL Women's competition in 2019 

Club song
The Swan Districts club song is to the tune of the 1926 song Baby Face written by Harry Akst and Benny Davis 
The club song lyrics were written by John Watts 

Black and whites,
We're the black and whitesWe're all right,
We are the mighty fighting black and whites
There's not another team to match our pace,
Take our place
The Swan boys are jumping
We sure have started something
Here we come
Our banners fly on high to show that we have won
We play with all our might
Because we're full of fight
We're the famous
Black and whitesBlack and whites,
We're the black and whitesBlack and whites,
We're the black and whitesHere we come
Our banners fly out high to show that we have won
We play with all our might
Because we're full of fight
We're the famous
Black and whitesWe're all right,
We are the mighty fighting black and whites
There's not another team to match our pace,
Take our place
The Swan boys are jumping
We sure have started something
Here we come
Our banners fly on high to show that we have won
We play with all our might
Because we're full of fight
We're the famous
Black and whites

Honours
Club honours
Individual honours
Sandover Medallists: George Krepp 1935, Jim Davies 1944, Haydn Bunton Junior 1962, Bill Walker 1965–1967 & 1970, Phil Narkle 1982, Mick Grasso 1990, Jeremy Wasley 1996, Shane Beros 2003, Andrew Krakouer 2010, Samuel Fisher 2020 
Most Games: Bill Walker 305
Record Home Attendance: 22,350 v West Perth, 19 May 1980

League premiership teams
1961 Finals Swan Districts lost the second semi final to East Perth, then beat Subiaco in the Preliminary Final to win through to the Grand Final
1961 Grand Final Swan Districts 17 9 (111) defeated East Perth 12 15 (87)
1961 premiership team

1962 Finals Swan Districts defeat East Fremantle in the second semi final 
1962 Grand Final Swan Districts 14 10 (94) defeated East Fremantle 10 16 (76)
1962 premiership team

1963 Finals Swan Districts defeat East Perth in the first semi final, then Swan Districts defeat Perth in the Preliminary Final
1963 Grand Final Swan Districts 17 10 (112) defeated East Fremantle 13 12 (90)
1963 premiership team

1982 Finals Swan Districts defeat Claremont in the second semi final
1982 Grand Final Swan Districts 18 19 (127) defeated Claremont 11 12 (78)
1982 premiership team

1983 Finals Swan Districts defeat East Fremantle in the first semi final, then Swan Districts defeat South Fremantle in Preliminary Final
1983 Grand Final Swan Districts 15 14 (104) defeated Claremont 12 11 (83)
1983 premiership team

1984 Finals East Fremantle defeat Swan Districts in the second semi final, then Swan Districts defeat Claremont in Preliminary Final
1984 Grand Final Swan Districts 20 18 (138) defeated East Fremantle 15 12 (102)
1984 premiership team

1990 Finals Claremont defeat Swan Districts in the second semi final, then Swan Districts defeat South Fremantle in Preliminary Final
1990 Grand Final Swan Districts 16 7 (103) defeated Claremont 10 17 (77)
1990 premiership team

2010 Finals Claremont defeat Swan Districts in the second semi final, then Swan Districts defeat East Perth in Preliminary Final
2010 Grand Final Swan Districts 14 16 (100) defeated Claremont 14 15 (99)
2010 premiership team

Hall of Fame
The Swan Districts Football Club Hall of Fame was established in 2016 to "recognise and enshrine players, coaches, administrators, volunteers and iconic moments that have made a most significant contribution to the Swan Districts Football Club     since its inception in 1934 "
In the initial terms of reference document, there were to be four main categories for entries into the Hall of Fame: 

Hall of Fame inductees (open to all players, coaches, administrators and volunteers);
Champion inductees (open to those SDFC players who have been recruited from SDFC into the AFL);
Legends – open to all Hall of Fame members; and
Iconic Moments, which were defined as "events which have been game changers for the Club  These could include football games, football events, infrastructure changes and innovations" However, subsequent coverage of the club's Hall of Fame barely references these categories, and the reference to the Legends category was modified to "Immortals"  The inaugural in take of the Swan Districts Hall of Fame included 26 individuals and one iconic moment  There were further induction ceremonies held in 2019 and 2021 
Players with names in bold are also in the Western Australian Football Hall of Fame
Players with an asterisk* next to their names are also in the Australian Football Hall of Fame

Team of the Century
List of Swan Districts footballers who have played in the VFL/AFL
For many years, Swan Districts has provided many footballers who have excelled at VFL/AFL level, with a notable number who are of Indigenous Australian heritage  This list only counts footballers who played at least game at senior VFL/AFL level and who were recruited / drafted from Swan Districts 

West Coast representatives
Don Holmes, 1987–1989: 23 games, 40 goals
Phil Narkle, 1987, 1990: 18 games, 18 goals
Murray Rance, 1988–1990: 57 games, 7 goals, club captain 1989
Troy Ugle, 1988–1993: 43 games, 43 goals
Jason Ball, 1992–1999: 103 games, 114 goals, AFL Premiership 1994
Scott Cummings, 1999–2001: 46 games, 158 goals, Coleman Medal 1999
Andrew Embley, 1999–2013: 250 games, 216 goals, AFL Premiership 2006, Norm Smith Medal 2006
Adam Hunter, 2000–2009: 151 games, 86 goals, AFL Premiership 2006
Nic Naitanui, 2009–current: 204 games, 110 goals, 2× All-Australian (2012, 2020)
Lewis Jetta, 2016–2020: 75 games, 17 goals, AFL Premiership 2018

Fremantle representatives
Travis Edmonds, 1995: 1 game, 0 goals
Michael Walters, 2009–current: 181 games, 290 goals, All-Australian 2019
Rory Lobb, 2019–current: 41 games, 35 goals

Club record goal kickers
Eric Gorman – 555
Ted Holdsworth – 532
Bill Walker – 456
Tim Geappen – 371
Don Holmes – 323
Troy Ugle – 312
Simon Beasley – 293
Andy Holmes – 277
Kevin Caton – 274
Mark Olsen – 268
Brent Hutton – 256Ted Holdsworth was the first Swan Districts player to kick more than 100 goals 
The most goals ever kicked in a season by a Swan Districts player was by Simon Beasley in 1981 when he kicked 119 goals, although Warren Ralph kicked 120 goals for Claremont and won the Bernie Naylor Medal 

Bernie Naylor Medallists
The Bernie Naylor Medal is awarded to the leading goal kicker in the WAFL 
Max George was the first Swan Districts player to top the WAFL goal kickers list and win the award when he kicked 90 goals during the 1974 season 
Simon Beasley shared the Bernie Naylor Medal in 1980 with Warren Ralph of Claremont (97 goals)
Brent Hutton won the award in 1984 (83 goals) and Kevin Caton won it again in 1992 (51 goals) 

Swan Medallists
The Swan Medal is awarded to the best and fairest player at Swan Districts  Multiple award winners include:

5-time winners
Bill Walker: 1965, 1966, 1968, 1969 and 1970
Travis Edmonds: 1992, 1993, 1997, 2000 and 2001
3-time winners
George Krepp: 1934, 1935 and 1936
Douglas Anderson: 1946,1948 and 1951
Keith Slater: 1956, 1957 and 1960
Haydn Bunton Jr :1961, 1962 and 1963
Peter Manning: 1967, 1971 and 1973
Keith Narkle: 1977, 1978 and 1984
2-time winners
Sydney Sinclair: 1938 and 1945
Joseph Pearce: 1949 and 1950
Garry Sidebottom: 1976 and 1975
Gerard Neesham: 1979 and 1980
Phillip Narkle: 1981 and 1988
Joel Cornelius: 1998 and 1999
Shane Beros: 2003 and 2005
Adam Lange: 2004 and 2006
Josh Roberts: 2008 and 2009
Matt Riggio: 2015 and 2016
Tony Notte:  2013 and 2018

See also
Wikipedia listing of Swan Districts Football Club players

Notes
a The ten losses East Fremantle suffered is, equal with East Perth in 1936, SANFL club Glenelg in 1986 and Adelaide in the 1998 AFL season, the most by an eventual premier in a major Australian Rules competition 



ground_truth: Bassendean