prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: Jolyon James performed the role of Moonshadow in a musical by a composer of what nationality?

The following are given passages.
Context 1: Passage 1:
August Hirt
August Hirt (28 April 1898 – 2 June 1945) was an anatomist with Swiss and German nationality who served as a chairman at the Reich University in Strasbourg during World War II  He performed experiments with mustard gas on inmates at the Natzweiler-Struthof concentration camp and played a lead role in the murders of 86 people at Natzweiler-Struthof for the Jewish skull collection  The skeletons of his victims were meant to become specimens at the Institute of anatomy in Strasbourg, but completion of the project was stopped by the progress of the war  He was an SS-Hauptsturmführer (captain) and in 1944, an SS-Sturmbannführer (major) 

World War I, post-war education and joining the Nazi party
Hirt was the son of a Swiss business man  In 1914, he volunteered, while still a high school student, to fight in World War I on the German side  In October 1916, he was wounded in the upper jaw by a bullet  He received the Iron Cross and returned to Mannheim in 1917  He studied medicine at Heidelberg University  In 1921, he gained German citizenship  In 1922, Hirt obtained his doctorate in medicine with "Der Grenzstrang des Sympathicus bei einigen Sauriern" (English: The Ganglions in the Sympathetic Nervous System of Some Lizards)  He then worked at the Anatomical Institute in Heidelberg and in 1925 he was authorized to teach thanks to a thesis on nerve cells  In 1930 he became professor at Heidelberg University 
In September 1932, Hirt joined the Militant League for German Culture  On 1 April 1933, he joined the Schutzstaffel (SS-Nr  100 414), and was promoted to Hauptsturmführer (captain) on 1 July 1937, but he was only a member of the Nazi Party from 1 May 1937, when he enrolled in the universities of the Reich (Mitgliedsnr  4012784)  From 1 March 1942, he was a member of the personal staff of the RuSHA, the organisation in charge of "racial and ideological purity" of the members of the SS  He attained the rank of Sturmbannführer (major) in 1944 
Hirt was married and had a son and a daughter 

World War II
From 1 April 1936 Hirt was associate director of the Institute of  anatomy at University of Greifswald  On 1 October 1938, he obtained the same post at Goethe University  At the beginning of the Second World War he was an SS medical chief (from August 1939 to April 1941)  During this time the Battle of France took place, resulting in the fall of France and its occupation by German forces, and Hirt participated in the battle  He then became director of the new Institute of anatomy at the Reichsuniversität Straßburg 

Jewish skeleton collection
The Ahnenerbe under the Third Reich was a society that organised "medical experiments" on prisoners  Hirt conceived and directed one called the Jewish skeleton collection, which was begun but not completed as intended  He also performed experiments on cadavers and collected human skulls  He was appointed director since 1941 of the Institute of Anatomy in Strasbourg  He wanted to create a collection of skulls of "Judeo-Bolsheviks", as part of his research on race  According to him, the Jewish race was on the point of extinction and he wished to gather a collection of them while there was still time  Hirt sent his project to Heinrich Himmler  Hirt wrote of this project: "There are important collections of skulls of nearly all the races and peoples  Except for the Jews, of which science has so few skulls, so it is not possible to draw any meaningful inferences  The war in the East gives us the opportunity to fill the gap  We have the opportunity to acquire a tangible scientific document by procuring the skulls of Jewish-Bolsheviks who embody the disgusting but characteristic subhuman ": 882 Hirt conceived the project to go beyond a collection of skulls, to a collection of Jewish skeletons and so presented his research plan to Himmler  He approved the project so that Hirt could begin his "medical experiments " Working with the Ahnenerbe division, Wolfram Sievers, Bruno Beger, Hans Fleischhacker and Hirt together collected people from among the Auschwitz inmates in order to create an anatomical specimen collection specifically of Jews  Hirt proposed to use the small-scale gas chamber at Natzweiler-Struthof to murder the people selected, keeping their corpses intact, and then have their corpses shipped immediately to the Anatomical Institute in Strasbourg for the casts and skeletons he wanted for this collection : 882 Hirt directed that 115 persons be selected for measurements: 79 Jewish men, 30 Jewish women, 2 Poles, and 4 "Asians" : 882  They were selected among the inmates in August 1943 at Auschwitz by his assistants, the anthropologists Bruno Beger and Hans Fleischhacker  The group was quarantined to protect them from a typhus epidemic in the camp  Measurements were taken of the selected inmates at Auschwitz  Of those initially selected, it is believed that 89 persons (60 men and 29 women) were sent to Natzweiler-Struthof  Three men died en route, leaving 86 people 

Natzweiler-Struthof camp
These 86 people were sent to Natzweiler-Struthof concentration camp on 30 July 1943  They were fed reasonably well to improve their appearance for the body casts  They were divided into four groups and successively gassed by Josef Kramer, on 11, 13, 17, and 19 August 1943  Their bodies were returned to Hirt at the anatomical laboratory of the Reich University in Strasbourg for preparation as an anthropological display, taking body casts and preparing the skeletons In September 1944, the rapid approach of the Allies led to the project being abandoned and Himmler ordered the destruction of all traces of this compromising collection : 883  That order was not completed, nor had the casts been taken or the skeletons been prepared  The Allies found corpses and partial remains preserved in formalin for eighty-six bodies upon the liberation of Strasbourg : 884  The corpses were buried 23 October 1945 in the municipal cemetery of Strasbourg-Robertsau before being transferred in 1951 to the Jewish cemetery of Strasbourg-Cronenbourg  The names of the victims were not known, and the purpose for their presence at the Anatomical Institute were not known  Some information was learned in post-war trials as to the project proposed by Hirt 
August Hirt fled Strasbourg in September 1944, hiding in Tübingen in southern Germany across the river from Alsace 

Death
Hirt committed suicide on 2 June 1945, aged 47, at Schluchsee, Baden-Württemberg, in the Black Forest  His suicide was not known when he was tried in absentia at the Military War Crimes Trial at Metz on 23 December 1953 for his war crimes  His death was finally confirmed in the mid-1960s when the Israeli secret service had his body exhumed, and an Israeli pathologist conclusively identified the bones Some records prepared for his trial are in possession of the US National Archives, including the list of identification numbers tattooed on the prisoners at Auschwitz and "Photocopies of certificates of proof of ancestry, in connection with research on prisoners in the Konzentrationslager Natzweiler,    Feb  9-Nov  3, 1942  Partial copies of slips for the admittance of prisoners into the Konzentrationslager Natzweiler, medical examinations on prisoners, and a death certificate, Dec  9, 1942-Aug  9, 1944  Feb  9, 1942-Aug  9, 1944" 

Posthumous
In the book, Die Namen der Nummern (The Names of the Numbers, 2004, ISBN 978-3455094640), Hans-Joachim Lang describes this mass murder  He also recounts how he was able to determine the identities of 86 victims, 60 years after they were murdered  In November 2005, the remains of some of these victims were buried in the Jewish cemetery of Cronenbourg on the outskirts of Strasbourg, in the same area where bodies of other victims were buried in 1951, names unknown  On 11 December 2005, a memorial engraved with the names of the 86 victims was placed there  In addition, a memorial plaque honoring the victims was placed outside the Anatomy Institute at Strasbourg's University Hospital  In 2015, a researcher, Raphael Toledano, identified tissue samples of victims in test tubes and a jar in the Strasbourg Medical Institute's closed collection  This followed his discovery of a 1952 letter from the then-director of the Institute, Camille Simonin, about the experiments directed by Hirt  On 6 September 2015, these remains were buried in the Cronenbourg Cemetery 

See also
Block 10
Anton Dilger
Eduard Pernkopf
Hermann Stieve
Passage 2:
BAFTA Rising Star Award
The British Academy of Film and Television Arts (BAFTA) Rising Star Award, currently styled as the EE Rising Star Award for commercial reasons and previously known as the Orange Rising Star Award, is an award that acknowledges new talents in the acting industry  The award was created after Mary Selway's death in 2004  She has been recognised for her successful role as a casting director and has helped many new actors and actresses to their claim to fame  The five nominees are chosen regardless of gender, nationality and whether they have made a breakthrough in television, film or both  Despite the nominees being chosen by the BAFTA juries, the winner is chosen entirely by public votes via text, internet or phone  This award was sponsored by Orange UK until 2012 and has been sponsored by EE since 2013  The first winner was James McAvoy in 2006  Eva Green, Shia LaBeouf and Kristen Stewart have been the only non-British winners  The current holder of the award is Emma Mackey, who won in 2023 

Winners and nominees
2000s
2010s
2020s
Notes
Passage 3:
Jolyon James
Jolyon James is an Australian-born actor, writer and visual artist who creates work predominantly for young people  In 2018 he wrote directed and designed the Helpmann Award winning 'Robot Song' for Arena Theatre Company, the premiere work produced by the company after its relocation to regional Victoria  
Other recent works by Jolyon include Trapper and A Cautionary Tales for Children starring Virginia Gay  As a visual artist Jolyon has exhibited regularly in Victoria and was a finalist in the National Photographic Portrait Prize in 2012  He performed the role of the Moonshadow in Cat Stevens's musical of the same name which is played in Melbourne’s Princess Theatre for 12 weeks from 31 May 2012 

Early life
James was born in Western Australia in a remote country town  He studied at the Western Australian Academy of Performing Arts (WAAPA), graduating in 1997  He performed the role of Jean Prouvaire, and understudied and performed the role of Enjolras in the 1999 Australian tour of Les Misérables and appeared on numerous Australian TV shows before moving to the UK in 2002 to broaden his horizons 

Acting career
After graduating from WAAPA, James guest starred in Australian television shows Water Rats, Blue Heelers and The Secret Life of Us, as well as a role in the TV movie Never Tell Me Never  James secured the major role of Police Officer Con Stavros in the 2000 TV series Above the Law  In 2001 James starred as Sky in the Melbourne run of Mamma Mia! James directed the play This is Our Youth in Melbourne in 2002 and Perth in January 2003  After moving to London, James played a supporting role in the UK TV series Mad About Alice, and in 2005 appeared briefly in the Hollywood film The Wedding Date, playing Debra Messing's character's ex-boyfriend "Woody" 
Back in Australia, James appeared on TV screens again in shows such as Headland, City Homicide, Rush and Offspring, as well as playing Schuurman in the 2008 TV movie Krakatoa  He is a Director and member of the creative team behind Doorstep Ensemble, a theatre company which seeks to give up and coming community theatre performers a foot in the door to the professional industry, and he has both appeared in and directed a number of their productions  In 2011 James was both a tutor and mentor with Showfit, a 12-month course focused on developing performers’ skills and confidence and eventually showcasing them to industry professionals In 2012 James appeared in the title role of Moonshadow, a musical by Cat Stevens which premiered in Melbourne at the Princess Theatre, and performed the role of Indian John in Eddie Perfect's Shane Warne the Musical the following year James has been in two Stephen Sondheim musicals  He first appeared in the 1998 Melbourne cast of Into the Woods as Rapunzel's Prince, and then in the 2014 Melbourne cast of Passion as Major Rizzolli 

Photography
James is also a photographic artist and is involved in a long term collaboration with Raphael Ruz entitled BILLIEJEANISNOTMYLOVER  They are based in Melbourne 
James also creates animation and video content for theatre productions and music video clips including the single "Magnet" by Kate Ceberano  He is a writer, director and producer and is currently the Artistic Associate for the Arena Theatre Company 
Passage 4:
Cat Stevens
Yusuf Islam (born Steven Demetre Georgiou; 21 July 1948), commonly known by his stage names Cat Stevens, Yusuf, and Yusuf / Cat Stevens,  is a British singer-songwriter and musician  To date, he has sold over 100 million records and has over 2 billion streams  His musical style consists of folk, pop, rock, and, later in his career, Islamic music  Following two decades in which he only performed music which met strict religious standards, he returned to making secular music in 2006  He was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 2014 His 1967 debut album and its title song "Matthew and Son" both reached top ten in the UK charts  Stevens' albums Tea for the Tillerman (1970) and Teaser and the Firecat (1971) were certified triple platinum in the US   His 1972 album Catch Bull at Four went to No 1 on the Billboard 200 and spent weeks at the top of several other major charts  He earned ASCAP songwriting awards in 2005 and 2006 for "The First Cut Is the Deepest", which has been a hit for four artists  His other hit songs include "Father and Son", "Wild World", "Moonshadow", "Peace Train", and "Morning Has Broken" 
Stevens converted to Islam in December 1977, and adopted the name Yusuf Islam the following year  In 1979, he auctioned all of his guitars for charity, and left his musical career to devote himself to educational and philanthropic causes in the Muslim community  He has since bought back at least one of these guitars as a result of the efforts of his son Yoriyos  He was embroiled in a long-running controversy regarding comments he made in 1989, about the death fatwa placed on author Salman Rushdie in response to the publication of Rushdie's novel The Satanic Verses  He has explained the incident stating: "I was cleverly framed by certain questions  I never supported the fatwa " He has received two honorary doctorates and awards for promoting peace as well as other humanitarian awards 
In 2006, he returned to pop music by releasing his first new studio album of new pop songs in 28 years, entitled An Other Cup  With that release and subsequent ones, he dropped the surname "Islam" from the album cover art – using the stage name Yusuf as a mononym  In 2009, he released the album Roadsinger and, in 2014, he released the album Tell 'Em I'm Gone and began his first US tour since 1978   His second North American tour since his resurgence, featuring 12 shows in intimate venues, ran from 12 September to 7 October 2016  In 2017, he released the album The Laughing Apple, now using the stage name Yusuf / Cat Stevens, using the Cat Stevens name for the first time in 39 years  In September 2020, he released Tea for the Tillerman 2, a reimagining of his classic album Tea for the Tillerman to celebrate its 50th anniversary, and in June 2023, King of a Land, a new studio album 

Life and career
Early life (1948–1965)
Steven Demetre Georgiou, born on 21 July 1948 in the Marylebone area of London, was the youngest child of a Cypriot father, Stavros Georgiou (1900–1978), and a Swedish mother, Ingrid Wickman (1915–1989)   He has an older sister, Anita (b  1937), and a brother, David Gordon  The family lived above the Moulin Rouge, a restaurant his parents operated on the north end of Shaftesbury Avenue, a short walk from Piccadilly Circus in the Soho theatre district of London  All family members worked in the restaurant  His parents divorced when he was about eight years old but continued to maintain the family restaurant and live above it  Stevens has a half-brother, George Georgiou, born in Greece, presumably from his father's first marriage in Greece Although his father was Greek Orthodox and his mother was a Baptist, Georgiou was sent to St Joseph Roman Catholic Primary School, Macklin Street, which was closer to his father's business on Drury Lane  Georgiou developed an interest in piano at a young age, eventually using the family baby grand piano to work out the chords, since no one else there played well enough to teach him  At 15, inspired by the popularity of the Beatles, he became interested in the guitar  He persuaded his father to pay £8 (equivalent to £200 in 2021) for his first guitar, and he began playing it and writing songs  He occasionally escaped his family responsibilities by going to the rooftop above their home and listening to the tunes of the musicals drifting from around the corner on Denmark Street, then the centre of the British music industry  Stevens said that West Side Story particularly affected him and gave him a "different view of life"  With interests in both art and music, he and his mother moved to Gävle, Sweden, where he attended primary school (Solängsskolan) and started developing his drawing skills after being influenced by his uncle Hugo Wickman, a painter  They subsequently returned to England He attended other local West End schools, where he says he was constantly in trouble and did poorly in everything but art  He was called 'the artist boy' and said, "I was beat up, but I was noticed"  He took a one-year course at Hammersmith School of Art, considering a career as a cartoonist  Though he enjoyed art (his later record albums featured his original artwork), he decided to pursue a musical career  He began performing under the name "Steve Adams" in 1965 while at Hammersmith  At that point, his goal was to become a songwriter  As well as the Beatles, other musicians who influenced him were the Kinks, Bob Dylan, Nina Simone, blues artists Lead Belly and Muddy Waters, Biff Rose (particularly Rose's first album), Leo Kottke and Paul Simon  He also sought to emulate composers of musicals, such as Ira Gershwin and Leonard Bernstein  In 1965, he signed a publishing deal with Ardmore & Beechwood and recorded several demos, including "The First Cut Is the Deepest" 

Musical career (1966–1978)
Early musical career
Georgiou began performing his songs in London coffee houses and pubs  At first he tried to form a band, but realised he preferred performing solo  Thinking his birth name might be difficult to remember, he chose the stage name Cat Stevens, partly because a girlfriend said he had eyes like a cat, but mainly because "I couldn't imagine anyone going to the record store and asking for 'that Steven Demetre Georgiou album'  And in England, and I was sure in America, they loved animals "In 1966, at age 18, he was heard by manager/producer Mike Hurst, formerly of British vocal group the Springfields  Hurst arranged for him to record a demo and helped him get a record deal  Stevens's first singles were hits: "I Love My Dog" reached number 28 on the UK Singles Chart; and "Matthew and Son", the title song from his debut album, reached number 2 in the UK  "I'm Gonna Get Me a Gun" was his second UK top 10 single, reaching number 6, and the album Matthew and Son reached number 7 on the UK Albums Chart Over the next two years, Stevens recorded and toured with an eclectic group of artists ranging from Jimi Hendrix to Engelbert Humperdinck  He was considered a fresh-faced teen star, placing several single releases in the British pop music charts  Some of that success was attributed to the pirate radio station Wonderful Radio London, which gained him fans by playing his records  In August 1967, he was one of several recording artists who had benefited from the station to broadcast messages during its final hour to mourn its closure His December 1967 album New Masters failed to chart in the United Kingdom  The album is now most notable for "The First Cut Is the Deepest", a song he sold for £30 (equivalent to £600 in 2021) to P  P  Arnold and which became a massive hit for her and an international hit for Keith Hampshire, Rod Stewart, James Morrison, and Sheryl Crow  Forty years after he recorded the first demo of the song, it earned him back-to-back ASCAP "Songwriter of the Year" awards, in 2005 and 2006 

Tuberculosis
Stevens contracted tuberculosis in 1969 and was close to death at the time of his admission to the King Edward VII Hospital, Midhurst, Sussex  He spent months recuperating in the hospital and a year of convalescence  During this time, Stevens began to question aspects of his life and spirituality  He later said, "To go from the show business environment and find you are in hospital, getting injections day in and day out, and people around you are dying, it certainly changes your perspective  I got down to thinking about myself  It seemed almost as if I had my eyes shut "He took up meditation, yoga, and metaphysics, read about other religions and became a vegetarian  As a result of his serious illness and long convalescence and as a part of his spiritual awakening and questioning, he wrote as many as 40 songs, many of which would appear on his albums in later years 

Changes in musical sound after illness
The lack of success of Stevens' second album mirrored a difference of personal tastes in musical direction  He felt a growing resentment of producer Mike Hurst's attempts to re-create the style of his debut album, with heavy-handed orchestration and over-production, rather than the folk rock sound Stevens was attempting to produce  He admits having purposely sabotaged his own contract with Hurst, by making outlandishly expensive orchestral demands and threatening legal action; this achieved his goal: to be released from his contract with Deram Records, a sub-label of Decca Records On regaining his health at home after his release from the hospital, Stevens recorded some of his newly written songs on his tape recorder and played his changing sound for several new record executives  He hired an agent, Barry Krost, who arranged an audition with Chris Blackwell of Island Records  Blackwell offered him a "chance to record [his songs] whenever and with whomever he liked and, more importantly to Cat, however he liked"  With Krost's recommendation, Stevens signed Paul Samwell-Smith, previously the bassist of the Yardbirds, as his new producer 

Height of popularity
Samwell-Smith paired Stevens with guitarist Alun Davies, who was at that time working as a session musician  Davies was the more experienced veteran of two albums that had already begun to explore the emerging genres of skiffle and folk rock music  Davies was also thought to be a perfect fit with Stevens, particularly for his "fingerwork" on the guitar, harmonising, and backing vocals  They originally met just to record Mona Bone Jakon, but soon developed a friendship  Davies, like Stevens, was a perfectionist, appearing at all sound checks to be sure that all the equipment and sound were prepared for each concert The first single released from Mona Bone Jakon was "Lady D'Arbanville", which Stevens wrote about his young American girlfriend Patti D'Arbanville  The record had a madrigal sound, unlike most music played on pop radio, with djembes and bass in addition to Stevens' and Davies' guitars  It reached number 8 in the UK and was the first of his hits to get real airplay in the US  The single sold over 1 million copies and earned him a gold record in 1971  Other songs written for D'Arbanville included "Maybe You're Right" and "Just Another Night"  "Pop Star", a song about his experience as a teen star, and "Katmandu", with Genesis frontman Peter Gabriel playing flute, were also featured  Mona Bone Jakon was an early example of the solo singer-songwriter album format that was becoming popular for other artists as well  Rolling Stone magazine compared its popularity with that of Elton John's Tumbleweed Connection, saying it was played "across the board, across radio formats" 
Mona Bone Jakon was the precursor of Stevens' international breakthrough album, Tea for the Tillerman, which became a Top 10 Billboard hit  Within six months of its release, it had sold over 500,000 copies, attaining gold record status in the United Kingdom and the United States  The combination of Stevens' new folk rock style and accessible lyrics, which spoke of everyday situations and problems, mixed with the beginning of spiritual questions about life, remained in his music from then on  The album features the Top 20 single "Wild World"; a parting song after D'Arbanville moved on  "Wild World" has been credited as the song that gave Tea for the Tillerman 'enough kick' to get it played on FM radio  The head of Island Records, Chris Blackwell, was quoted as calling it "the best album we've ever released"  Other album tracks include "Hard-Headed Woman", and "Father and Son" – sung by Stevens in baritone and tenor, portraying the struggle between fathers and sons who contrast their personal choices in life  In 2001, this album was certified by the RIAA as a Multi-Platinum record, having sold 3 million copies in the United States at that time  It is ranked at No  206 in the 2003 list of "Rolling Stone's 500 Greatest Albums of All Time" After his relationship with D'Arbanville ended, Stevens noted the effect it had on his writing, saying, "Everything I wrote while I was away was in a transitional period and reflects that  Like Patti  A year ago we split; I had been with her for two years  What I write about Patti and my family    when I sing the songs now, I learn strange things  I learn the meanings of my songs late    "
Having established a signature sound, Stevens enjoyed a string of successes in the following years  1971's Teaser and the Firecat album reached number two and achieved gold record status within three weeks of its release in the United States  It yielded several hits, including "Peace Train", "Morning Has Broken", and "Moonshadow"  The album was also certified by the RIAA as a Multi-Platinum record in 2001, with over 3 million sold in the United States through that time  When interviewed on a Boston radio station, Stevens said about Teaser and the Firecat:

I get the tune and then I just keep on singing the tune until the words come out from the tune  It's kind of a hypnotic state that you reach after a while when you keep on playing it where words just evolve from it  So you take those words and just let them go whichever way they want    'Moonshadow'? Funny, that was in Spain, I went there alone, completely alone, to get away from a few things  And I was dancin' on the rocks there     right on the rocks where the waves were, like, blowin' and splashin'  Really, it was so fantastic  And the moon was bright, ya know, and I started dancin' and singin' and I sang that song and it stayed  It's just the kind of moment that you want to find when you're writin' songs 
For seven months, in 1971 and 1972, Stevens was romantically linked to popular singer Carly Simon, while both were being produced by Samwell-Smith  During that time, they each wrote songs for, and about, one another  Simon wrote and recorded at least two Top 50 songs, "Legend in Your Own Time" and "Anticipation" about Stevens  He reciprocated with a song to her, written after their romance, entitled "Sweet Scarlet" His next album, Catch Bull at Four, released in 1972, was his most rapidly successful album in the United States, reaching gold record status in 15 days and holding the number one position for three weeks on the Billboard 200 and fifteen weeks at number one in the Australian ARIA Charts 

Film and television soundtracks
In July 1970, Stevens recorded one of his songs, "But I Might Die Tonight", for the Jerzy Skolimowski film Deep End  He contributed two songs to the 1971 film Harold and Maude, but was annoyed when director Hal Ashby decided to use the original demos instead of allowing Stevens to finish them  The film used seven other Stevens songs as well but, perhaps because of the dispute, the soundtrack album was not released until 2007 After his religious conversion in the late 1970s, Stevens stopped granting permission for his songs to be used in films  However, almost 20 years later, in 1997, the film Rushmore received his permission to use his songs "Here Comes My Baby" and "The Wind"; this showed a new willingness on his part to release music from his Western "pop star" days  In 2000, "Peace Train" was included in the movie Remember the Titans, and Almost Famous used the song "The Wind"  In 2006 "Peace Train" featured in the soundtrack to We Are Marshall 

Later recordings
Subsequent releases in the 1970s also did well on the charts and in ongoing sales, although they did not touch the success Stevens had from 1970 to 1973  In 1973, Stevens moved to Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, as a tax exile from the United Kingdom; however, he later donated the money to UNESCO  During that time he created the album Foreigner, which was a departure from the music that had brought him to the height of his fame  It differed in several respects: it was entirely written by Stevens; he dropped his band; and, with the exception of some guitar on the title track and "100 I Dream", he produced the record without the assistance of Samwell-Smith, who had played a large role in catapulting him to fame 

In June 1974, while in Australia, Cat Stevens was presented with a plaque representing the sale of forty gold records, the largest number ever presented to an artist in Australia In April 1977, his Izitso album updated his pop rock and folk rock style with the extensive use of synthesisers, giving it a more synthpop style  "Was Dog a Doughnut", in particular, was an early techno-pop fusion track and a precursor to the 1980s electro music genre, making early use of a music sequencer  Izitso included his last chart hit, "(Remember the Days of the) Old Schoolyard", an early synthpop song that used a polyphonic synthesiser; it was a duet with fellow UK singer Elkie Brooks His final original album under the name Cat Stevens was Back to Earth, released in late 1978  It was also the first album produced by Samwell-Smith since the peak in Stevens' single album sales in the early 1970s  Several compilation albums were released before and after he stopped recording  After Stevens left Decca Records, they bundled his first two albums together as a set, hoping to ride the commercial tide of his early success; later his newer labels did the same, and Stevens also released compilations  The most successful of the compilation albums was the 1975 Greatest Hits which has sold over 4 million copies in the United States  In May 2003, he received his first Platinum Europe Award from the IFPI for Remember Cat Stevens: The Ultimate Collection, indicating over one million European sales 

Religious conversion
While on holiday in Marrakesh, Stevens was intrigued by the sound of the adhān, the Islamic ritual call to prayer, which was explained to him as "music for God"  Stevens said, "I thought, music for God? I'd never heard that before – I'd heard of music for money, music for fame, music for personal power, but music for God!?"In 1976, Stevens nearly drowned off the coast of Malibu, California, and said he shouted, "Oh, God! If you save me I will work for you "  He stated that, immediately afterwards, a wave appeared and carried him back to shore  This brush with death intensified his long-held quest for spiritual truth  He had looked into "Buddhism, Zen, I Ching, numerology, tarot cards, and astrology"  Stevens' brother David Gordon, a convert to Judaism, brought him a copy of the Qur'an as a birthday gift from a trip to Jerusalem Stevens said on BBC's Desert Island Discs: "I would never have picked up the Qur'an myself as a free spirit; I was more aligned to my father's Greek Orthodox beliefs " His brother's timely gift was quickly absorbed and he was taken with its content, soon beginning his transition and conversion to Islam, which would change forever his private and professional life During the time he was studying the Qur'an, Stevens began to identify more and more with the story of Joseph, a man bought and sold in the market place, which is how he said he had increasingly felt within the music business  Regarding his conversion, in his 2006 interview with Alan Yentob, he stated, "To some people, it may have seemed like an enormous jump, but for me, it was a gradual move to this " And, in a Rolling Stone magazine interview, he reaffirmed that, saying, "I had found the spiritual home I'd been seeking for most of my life  And if you listen to my music and lyrics, like "Peace Train" and "On The Road To Find Out", it clearly shows my yearning for direction and the spiritual path I was travelling "Stevens formally converted to the Muslim faith on 23 December 1977, taking the name Yusuf Islam in 1978  Yusuf is the Arabic rendition of the name Joseph; he stated that he "always loved the name Joseph" and was particularly drawn to the story of Joseph in the Qur'an  Although he discontinued his pop career, he was persuaded to perform one last time before what became his 25-year musical hiatus  Appearing with his hair freshly shorn and an untrimmed beard, he headlined a charity concert on 22 November 1979 in Wembley Stadium to benefit UNICEF's International Year of the Child  The concert closed with his performance along with David Essex, Alun Davies, and Islam's brother, David Gordon, who wrote the finale song  "Child for a Day" After a brief engagement to Louise Wightman, Islam married Fauzia Mubarak Ali on 7 September 1979, at Regent's Park Mosque in London   They have one son, four daughters, and nine grandchildren; a second son died in infancy  They have a home in London while currently preferring to spend a major part of each year in Dubai 

Life as Yusuf Islam (1978–present)
Muslim faith and musical career
Following his conversion to Islam, Cat Stevens (now named Yusuf Islam), abandoned his musical career for nearly two decades  When he became a Muslim in 1977, the Imam at his mosque told him that it was fine to continue as a musician, as long as the songs were morally acceptable, but others were saying that "it was all prohibited", and he decided to avoid the question by ceasing to perform  He has said that there was "a combination of reasons, really", and that the continuing demands of the music business had been "becoming a chore, and not an inspiration anymore" In a 2004 interview on Larry King Live, he said "A lot of people would have loved me to keep singing  You come to a point where you have sung, more or less     your whole repertoire and you want to get down to the job of living  You know, up until that point, I hadn't had a life  I'd been searching, been on the road "Estimating in January 2007 that he was continuing to earn approximately US$1 5 million a year from his Cat Stevens music, he said he would use his accumulated wealth and ongoing earnings from his music career for philanthropic and educational causes in the Muslim community of London and elsewhere  In 1983, he founded the Islamia Primary School in Brondesbury Park, later moved to Salusbury Road, in the north London area of Queen's Park and, soon after, founded several Muslim secondary schools; in 1992, he set up The Association of Muslim Schools (AMS-UK), a charity that brought together all the Muslim schools in the UK  He is also the founder and chairman of the Small Kindness charity, which initially assisted famine victims in Africa and now supports thousands of orphans and families in the Balkans, Indonesia, and Iraq  He was chairman of the charity Muslim Aid from 1985 to 1993 

Salman Rushdie controversy
In 1989, following an address by Islam to students at London's Kingston Polytechnic (now Kingston University), where he was asked about the fatwa calling for the killing of Salman Rushdie, author of the novel The Satanic Verses, Islam made a series of comments that appeared to show support for the fatwa  He stated, "He (Rushdie) must be killed  The Qur'an makes it clear – if someone defames the prophet, then he must die " He released a statement the following day denying that he supported vigilantism and claiming that he had merely recounted the Islamic Sharia law punishment for blasphemy  Subsequently, he commented in a 1989 interview on Australian television that Rushdie should be killed and stated he would rather burn Rushdie instead of an effigy  In a statement in the FAQ section of one of his websites, Islam asserted that while he regretted the comments, he was joking and that the show was improperly edited  In the years since these comments he has repeatedly denied ever calling for the death of Rushdie or supporting the fatwa, a position contradicted by his contemporary public statements in 1989  Yusuf appearing on BBC's Desert Island Discs on 27 September 2020 claimed clever "sharp-toothed" journalists had framed his fatwa comment in a misleading way  In a 2007 letter to the editor of The Daily Telegraph, Rushdie complained of what he believed was Islam's attempts to "rewrite his past", and called his claims of innocence "rubbish"  On August 12, 2022, Salman Rushdie suffered a knife attack as he was about to give a public lecture at the Chautauqua Institution in Chautauqua, New York, United States  In response to the awful attack Yusuf tweeted "Saddened and shocked to learn about the horrific act on Salman Rushdie my wish is for us all to live in peace  May God grant him and every one else who has suffered from the manic pandemic of violence in this world, a full recovery  Peace" 

11 September attacks
Immediately following the September 11 attacks on the United States, he said:

I wish to express my heartfelt horror at the indiscriminate terrorist attacks committed against innocent people of the United States yesterday  While it is still not clear who carried out the attack, it must be stated that no right-thinking follower of Islam could possibly condone such an action  The Qur'an equates the murder of one innocent person with the murder of the whole of humanity  We pray for the families of all those who lost their lives in this unthinkable act of violence as well as all those injured; I hope to reflect the feelings of all Muslims and people around the world whose sympathies go out to the victims of this sorrowful moment 
He appeared on videotape on a VH1 pre-show for the October 2001 Concert for New York City, condemning the attacks and singing his song "Peace Train" for the first time in public in more than 20 years, as an a cappella version  He also donated a portion of his box-set royalties to the fund for victims' families and the rest to orphans in underdeveloped countries  During the same year, he dedicated time and effort in joining the Forum Against Islamophobia and Racism, an organisation that worked towards battling misconceptions and acts against others because of their religious beliefs or their racial identity (or both), after many Muslims reported a backlash against them due in part to the grief caused by the events in the United States on 11 September 

Denial of entry into the United States
On 21 September 2004, Islam was on a United Airlines flight from London to Washington, travelling to a meeting with US entertainer Dolly Parton, who had recorded "Peace Train" several years earlier and was planning to include another Cat Stevens song on an upcoming album  While the plane was in flight, his name was flagged as being on the No Fly List  Customs and Border Protection (CBP) officers alerted the United States Transportation Security Administration, which then diverted his flight to Bangor, Maine, where he was detained by officers from the Department of Homeland Security The following day, he was denied entry and flown back to the United Kingdom  A spokesman for Homeland Security claimed there were "concerns of ties he may have to potential terrorist-related activities"  The Israeli government had deported Islam in 2000 over allegations that he provided funding to the Palestinian organisation Hamas, but he denied doing so knowingly  Islam stated "I have never knowingly supported or given money to Hamas"  "At the time I was reported to have done it, I didn't know such a group existed  Some people give a political interpretation to charity  We were horrified at how people were suffering in the Holy Land "However, the United States Department of Homeland Security (DHS) added him to a "watch list" which provoked an international controversy and led the British Foreign Secretary Jack Straw to complain personally to the United States Secretary of State Colin Powell at the United Nations  Powell responded by stating that the watchlist was under review, adding, "I think we have that obligation to review these matters to see if we are right" Islam believed his inclusion on a "watch list" may have simply been an error: a mistaken identification of him for a man with the same name, but different spelling  On 1 October 2004 he requested the removal of his name, "I remain bewildered by the decision of the US authorities to refuse me entry to the United States"  According to his statement, the man on the list was named "Youssef Islam", indicating that Islam was not the suspected terrorism supporter  Romanisation of Arabic names can easily result in different spellings: the transliteration of Yusuf gives rise to a dozen spellings 
Two years later, in December 2006, Islam was admitted without incident into the United States for several radio concert performances and interviews to promote his new record  He said of the incident at the time, "No reason was ever given, but being asked to repeat the spelling of my name again and again, made me think it was a fairly simple mistake of identity  Rumours which circulated after made me imagine otherwise "Islam wrote a song about his 2004 exclusion from the US, entitled "Boots and Sand", recorded in 2008 and featuring Paul McCartney, Dolly Parton, and Terry Sylvester 

Libel cases
Lawsuit over News UK newspaper reports that he had supported terrorism
In October 2004, The Sun and The Sunday Times newspapers voiced their support for Yusuf's exclusion from the United States and claimed that he had supported terrorism  He sued for libel and received an out-of-court financial settlement from the newspapers, which both published apology statements saying that he had never supported terrorism and mentioning that he had recently been given a Man of Peace award from the World Summit of Nobel Peace Laureates  However The Sunday Times managing editor Richard Caseby said that while there was an "agreed settlement", they "always denied liability" and "disagreed with Cat Stevens' lawyers interpretation", but took a "pragmatic view" of the lawsuit Yusuf responded that he was "delighted by the settlement [which] helps vindicate my character and good name      It seems to be the easiest thing in the world these days to make scurrilous accusations against Muslims and, in my case, it directly impacts on my relief work and damages my reputation as an artist  The harm done is often difficult to repair", and added that he intended to donate the financial award given to him by the court to help orphans of the 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami  He wrote about the experience in a newspaper article entitled "A Cat in a Wild World" 

Lawsuit about allegations that he would not talk to unveiled women
On 18 July 2008, Islam received substantial undisclosed damages from the World Entertainment News Network following their publication of a story which claimed that the singer refused to speak to unveiled women  The allegations first surfaced in the German newspaper BZ after Islam's trip to Berlin in March 2007 to collect the Echo music award for "life achievements as musician and ambassador between cultures"  Once again he was awarded damages after the World Entertainment News Network allowed an article to be published on Contactmusic com alleging that he would not speak to unveiled women with the exception of his wife  His solicitor said "he was made out to be 'so sexist and bigoted that he refused at an awards ceremony to speak to or even acknowledge any women who were not wearing a veil'"  The news agency apologised and issued a statement saying that Islam has never had any problem in working with women and that he has never required a third party to function as an intermediary at work  The money from this lawsuit went to his Small Kindness Charity On his website, he discussed the false allegation, saying,

The accusation that I do not speak or interact with ladies who are not veiled is an absurdity     It's true that I have asked my manager to respectfully request that lady presenters refrain from embracing me when giving awards or during public appearances, but that has nothing to do with my feelings or respect for them  Islam simply requires me to honour the dignity of ladies or young girls who are not closely related to me, and avoid physical intimacy, however innocent it may be 
    My four daughters all follow the basic wearing of clothes which modestly cover their God-given beauty  They're extremely well educated; they do not cover their faces and interact perfectly well with friends and society 

Return to music
1990s–2006: as Yusuf Islam
Islam gradually resumed his musical career in the 1990s  These initial recordings did not include any musical instruments other than percussion, and they featured lyrics about Islamic themes, some in spoken word or hamd form  He invested in building his own recording studio which he named Mountain of Light Studios in the late 1990s, and he was featured as a guest singer on "God Is the Light", a song on an album of nasheeds by the group Raihan  In addition, he invited and collaborated with other Muslim singers, including Canadian artist Dawud Wharnsby  After Islam's friend, Irfan Ljubijankić, the Foreign Minister of Bosnia and Herzegovina, was killed by a Serbian rocket attack, Islam appeared at a 1997 benefit concert in Sarajevo and recorded a benefit album named after a song written by Ljubijankić, I Have No Cannons That Roar Realising there were few educational resources designed to teach children about the Islamic religion, Islam wrote and produced a children's album, A Is for Allah, in 2000 with the assistance of South African singer-songwriter Zain Bhikha  The title song was one Islam had written years before to introduce his first child to both the religion and the Arabic alphabet  He also established his own record label, "Jamal Records", and Mountain of Light Productions, and he donates a percentage of his projects' proceeds to his Small Kindness charity, whose name is taken from the Qur'an On the occasion of the 2000 re-release of his Cat Stevens albums, at the urging of his label rep Sujata, Islam agreed to interviews with the media to tell his story and reconnect with his fans  Islam explained that he had stopped performing in English due to his misunderstanding of the Islamic faith  "This issue of music in Islam is not as cut-and-dried as I was led to believe     I relied on heresy,  that was perhaps my mistake " He also participated in the first documentary on his life for a two-part VH1 Behind the Music Islam has reflected that his decision to leave the Western pop music business was perhaps too quick with too little communication for his fans  For most it was a surprise, and even his long-time guitarist Alun Davies said in later interviews that he hadn't believed that his friend would actually go through with it after his many forays into other religions throughout their relationship  Islam himself has said the "cut" between his former life and his life as a Muslim might have been too quick, and too severe, and that more people might have been better informed about Islam, and given an opportunity to better understand it, and himself, if he had simply removed those items that were considered harām, in his performances, allowing him to express himself musically and educate listeners through his music without violating any religious constraints In 2003, after repeated encouragement from within the Muslim world, Islam once again recorded "Peace Train" for a compilation CD, which also included performances by David Bowie and Paul McCartney  He performed "Wild World" in Nelson Mandela's 46664 concert with his earlier collaborator, Peter Gabriel, the first time he had publicly performed in English in 25 years  In December 2004, he and Ronan Keating released a new version of "Father and Son": the song entered the charts at number two, behind Band Aid 20's  "Do They Know It's Christmas?" They also produced a video of the pair walking between photographs of fathers and sons, while singing the song  The proceeds of "Father and Son" were donated to the Band Aid charity  Keating's former group, Boyzone, had a hit with the song a decade earlier  As he had been persuaded before, Islam contributed to the song, because the proceeds were marked for charity 

On 21 April 2005, Islam gave a short talk before a scheduled musical performance in Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates, on the anniversary of the prophet Muhammad's birthday  He said: There is a great deal of ignorance in the world about Islam today, and we hope to communicate with the help of something more refined than lectures and talks  Our recordings are particularly appealing to the young, having used songs as well as Qur'an verses with pleasing sound effects    
Islam observed that there are no real guidelines about instruments and no references about the business of music in the Qur'an, and that Muslim travellers first brought the guitar to Moorish Spain  He noted that Muhammad was fond of celebrations, as in the case of the birth of a child, or a traveller arriving after a long journey  Thus, Islam concluded that healthy entertainment was acceptable within limitations, and that he now felt that it was no sin to perform with the guitar   Music, he now felt, is uplifting to the soul; something sorely needed in troubled times  At that point, he was joined by several young male singers who sang backing vocals and played a drum, with Islam as lead singer and guitarist  They performed two songs, both half in Arabic and half in English; "Tala'a Al-Badru Alayna", an old song in Arabic which Islam recorded with a folk sound to it, and another song, "The Wind East and West", which was newly written by Islam and featured a distinct R&B sound 
With this performance, Islam began slowly to integrate instruments into both older material from his Cat Stevens era (some with slight lyrical changes) and new songs, both those known to the Muslim communities around the world and some that have the same Western flair from before with a focus on new topics and another generation of listeners In a 2005 press release, he explained his revived recording career:

After I embraced Islam, many people told me to carry on composing and recording, but at the time I was hesitant, for fear that it might be for the wrong reasons  I felt unsure what the right course of action was  I guess it is only now, after all these years, that I've come to fully understand and appreciate what everyone has been asking of me  It's as if I've come full circle; however, I have gathered a lot of knowledge on the subject in the meantime 

In early 2005, Islam released a new song, entitled "Indian Ocean", about the 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami disaster  The song featured Indian composer/producer A  R  Rahman, a-ha keyboard player Magne Furuholmen and Travis drummer Neil Primrose  Proceeds of the single went to help orphans in Banda Aceh, one of the areas worst affected by the tsunami, through Islam's Small Kindness charity  At first, the single was released only through several online music stores but later featured on the compilation album Cat Stevens: Gold  "I had to learn my faith and look after my family, and I had to make priorities  But now I've done it all and there's a little space for me to fill in the universe of music again "On 28 May 2005, Islam delivered a keynote speech and performed at the Adopt-A-Minefield Gala in Düsseldorf  The Adopt-A-Minefield charity, under the patronage of Paul McCartney, works internationally to raise awareness and funds to clear landmines and rehabilitate landmine survivors  Islam attended as part of an honorary committee which also included George Martin, Richard Branson, Boutros Boutros-Ghali, Klaus Voormann, Christopher Lee and others In mid-2005, Islam played guitar for the Dolly Parton album Those Were the Days on her version of his "Where Do the Children Play?" (Parton had also covered "Peace Train" a few years earlier )
Islam has credited his then 21-year-old son Muhammad Islam, also a musician and artist, for his return to secular music, when the son brought a guitar back into the house, which Islam began playing  Muhammad's professional name is Yoriyos and his debut album was released in February 2007  Yoriyos created the art on Islam's album An Other Cup, something that Cat Stevens did for his own albums in the 1970s 
In May 2006, in anticipation of his forthcoming new pop album, the BBC1 programme Imagine aired a 49-minute documentary with Alan Yentob called Yusuf: The Artist formerly Known as Cat Stevens  This documentary film features rare audio and video clips from the late 1960s and 1970s, as well as an extensive interview with Islam, his brother David Gordon, several record executives, Bob Geldof, Dolly Parton, and others outlining his career as Cat Stevens, his conversion and emergence as Yusuf Islam, and his return to music in 2006  There are clips of him singing in the studio when he was recording An Other Cup as well as a few 2006 excerpts of him on guitar singing a few verses of Cat Stevens songs including "The Wind" and "On the Road to Find Out" In December 2006, Islam was one of the artists who performed at the Nobel Peace Prize Concert in Oslo, Norway, in honour of the prize winners, Muhammad Yunus and Grameen Bank  He performed the songs "Midday (Avoid City After Dark)", "Peace Train", and "Heaven/Where True Love Goes"  He also gave a concert in New York City that month as a Jazz at Lincoln Center event, recorded and broadcast by KCRW-FM radio, along with an interview by Nic Harcourt  Accompanying him, as in the Cat Stevens days, was Alun Davies, on guitar and vocals 

2006–2017: as Yusuf
2006–2008: An Other Cup and appearances
In March 2006, Islam finished recording his first all-new pop album since 1978  The album, An Other Cup, was released internationally in November 2006 on his own label, Ya Records (distributed by Polydor Records in the UK, and internationally by Atlantic Records)—the 40th anniversary of his first album, Matthew and Son  An accompanying single, called "Heaven/Where True Love Goes", was also released  The album was produced with Rick Nowels, who has worked with Dido and Rod Stewart  The performer is noted as "Yusuf", with a cover label identifying him as "the artist formerly known as Cat Stevens"  The art on the album is credited to Yoriyos  Islam wrote all of the songs except "Don't Let Me Be Misunderstood", and recorded it in the United States and the United Kingdom Islam actively promoted this album, appearing on radio, television and in print interviews  In November 2006, he told the BBC, "It's me, so it's going to sound like that of course     This is the real thing     When my son brought the guitar back into the house, you know, that was the turning point  It opened a flood of, of new ideas and music which I think a lot of people would connect with " Originally, he began to return only to his acoustic guitar as he had in the past, but his son encouraged him to "experiment", which resulted in the purchase of a Stevie Ray Vaughan Fender Stratocaster in 2007 
Also in November 2006, Billboard magazine was curious as to why the artist is credited as just his first name, "Yusuf" rather than "Yusuf Islam"  His response was "Because 'Islam' doesn't have to be sloganised  The second name is like the official tag, but you call a friend by their first name  It's more intimate, and to me that's the message of this record " As for why the album sleeve says "the artist formerly known as Cat Stevens", he responded, "That's the tag with which most people are familiar; for recognition purposes I'm not averse to that  For a lot of people, it reminds them of something they want to hold on to  That name is part of my history and a lot of the things I dreamt about as Cat Stevens have come true as Yusuf Islam "Islam was asked by the Swiss periodical Das Magazin why the title of the album was An Other Cup, rather than "Another Cup"  The answer was that his breakthrough album, Tea for the Tillerman in 1970, was decorated with Islam's painting of a peasant sitting down to a cup of steaming drink on the land  He commented that the two worlds "then, and now, are very different"  His new album shows a steaming cup alone on this cover  His answer was that this was actually an other cup; something different; a bridge between the East and West, which he explained was his own perceived role  He added that, through him, "Westerners might get a glimpse of the East, and Easterners, some understanding of the West  The cup, too, is important; it's a meeting place, a thing meant to be shared "On CBS Sunday Morning in December 2006, he said, "You know, the cup is there to be filled     with whatever you want to fill it with  For those people looking for Cat Stevens, they'll probably find him in this record  If you want to find [Yusuf] Islam, go a bit deeper, you'll find him " He has since described the album as being "over-produced" and refers to An Other Cup as being a necessary hurdle he had to overcome before he could release his new album, Roadsinger In April 2007, BBC1 broadcast a concert given at the Porchester Hall by Islam as part of BBC Sessions, his first live performance in London in 28 years (the previous one being the UNICEF "Year of the Child" concert in 1979)  He played several new songs along with some old ones like "Father and Son", "The Wind", "Where Do the Children Play?", "Don't Be Shy", "Wild World", and "Peace Train" In July 2007, he performed at a concert in Bochum, Germany, in benefit of Archbishop Desmond Tutu's Peace Centre in South Africa and the Milagro Foundation of Deborah and Carlos Santana  The audience included Nobel Laureates Mikhail Gorbachev, Desmond Tutu and other prominent global figures  He later appeared as the final act in the German leg of Live Earth in Hamburg performing some classic Cat Stevens songs and more recent compositions reflecting his concern for peace and child welfare  His set included Stevie Wonder's "Saturn", "Peace Train", "Where Do the Children Play?", "Ruins", and "Wild World"  He performed at the Peace One Day concert at the Royal Albert Hall on 21 September 2007 
In 2008 Islam contributed the song "Edge of Existence" to the charity album Songs for Survival, in support of the indigenous rights organisation Survival International 

2009–2014: Roadsinger, "My People" and tours
In January 2009, Yusuf released a single in aid of children in Gaza, a rendition of the George Harrison song, "The Day the World Gets Round", along with the German bassist Klaus Voormann, who had formerly collaborated with The Beatles  To promote the new single, Voormann redesigned his famous Beatles Revolver album cover, drawing a picture of a young Cat Stevens along with himself and Harrison  Proceeds from the single were donated to charities and organisations including UNESCO, UNRWA, and the nonprofit group Save the Children, with the funds earmarked for Gaza children  Israeli Consul David Saranga criticised Yusuf for not dedicating the song to all of the children who are victims of the conflict, including Israeli children On 5 May 2009, Yusuf released Roadsinger, a new pop album recorded in 2008  The lead track, "Thinking 'Bout You", received its debut radio play on a BBC programme on 23 March 2009  Unlike An Other Cup, he promoted the new album with appearances on American television as well as in the UK  He appeared on The Chris Isaak Hour on the A&E network in April 2009, performing live versions of his new songs, "World O'Darkness", "Boots and Sand", and "Roadsinger"  On 13 May he appeared on The Tonight Show with Jay Leno in Los Angeles, and on 14 May, on The Colbert Report in New York City, performing the title song from the Roadsinger album  On 15 May, he appeared on Late Night with Jimmy Fallon, performing "Boots and Sand" and "Father and Son"  On 24 May he appeared on the BBC's The Andrew Marr Show, where he was interviewed and performed the title track of Roadsinger  On 15 August, he was one of many guests at Fairport Convention's annual Fairport's Cropredy Convention where he performed five songs accompanied by Alun Davies, with Fairport Convention as his backing band A world tour was announced on his web site to promote the new album  He was scheduled to perform at an invitation-only concert at New York City's Highline Ballroom on 3 May 2009 and to go on to Los Angeles, Chicago and Toronto, as well as some to-be-announced European venues  However, the New York appearance was postponed due to issues regarding his work visa  He appeared in May 2009 at Island Records' 50th Anniversary concert in London  In November and December 2009, Yusuf undertook his "Guess I'll Take My Time Tour" which also showcased his musical play Moonshadow  The tour took him to Dublin, where he had a mixed reception; subsequently he was well received in Birmingham and Liverpool, culminating in an emotional performance at the Royal Albert Hall in London  In June 2010 he toured Australia for the first time in 36 years, and New Zealand for the first time ever 
On 30 October 2010, Yusuf appeared at Jon Stewart and Stephen Colbert's spoof Rally to Restore Sanity and/or Fear in Washington, DC, singing alongside Ozzy Osbourne  Yusuf performed "Peace Train" and Ozzy performed "Crazy Train" at the same time, followed by The O'Jays performance of "Love Train" On 2 March 2011, Yusuf released his latest song, "My People", as a free download available through his official website, as well as numerous other online outlets  Said to have been recorded at a studio located within a hundred yards of the site of the Berlin Wall, the song is inspired by a series of popular uprisings in the Arab world, known as the Arab Spring On 1 April 2011, he launched a new tour website (yusufinconcert com) to commemorate his first European tour in over 36 years scheduled from 7 May to 2 June 2011  The ten-date tour visited Germany, France, the Netherlands, Austria, Belgium and cities such as Stockholm, Hamburg, Oberhausen, Berlin, Munich, Rotterdam, Paris, Mannheim, Vienna and Brussels In May 2012, Moonshadow, a new musical featuring music from throughout his career opened at the Princess Theatre in Melbourne, Australia  The show received mixed reviews and closed four weeks early In October 2013, Yusuf was nominated for induction into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame for his work under the Cat Stevens name (this was his second nomination – the first being an unsuccessful nomination in 2005)  He was selected and was inducted by Art Garfunkel in April 2014 at the Barclays Center in Brooklyn, New York, where he performed "Father and Son", "Wild World", and "Peace Train"  A record of his travel from Dubai to New York is captured in an episode of the National Geographic Channel television show Ultimate Airport Dubai (season 2, episode 6), first aired in China on 17 January 2015  In this episode he talks about his difficulty in entering the US 

2014–2017: Tell 'Em I'm Gone, "He Was Alone" and tours
On 15 September 2014, Yusuf announced the forthcoming release on 27 October 2014 of his new studio album, Tell 'Em I'm Gone, and two short tours: a November 2014 (9-date) Europe tour and a December 2014 (6-date) North America tour, the latter being his first one since 1976  On 4 December 2014, he played to his first public US audience since the 1970s at the Tower Theater in Philadelphia Yusuf performed two shows in early 2015: on 27 February at the Viña del Mar Festival, Quinta Vergara, Viña del Mar, Chile and on 22 April at the Wales Millennium Centre in Cardiff Bay, area of Cardiff, Wales 
On 1 June 2016, Yusuf shared a new song called "He Was Alone" and its corresponding video  Part of his newly launched fundraising campaign for child refugees, #YouAreNotAlone, the song was inspired by a trip to southern Turkey's camps for Syrian refugees   He performed the song live for the first time in a special charity concert, his first show in more than a year, on 14 June 2016 at the Westminster Central Hall in London On 26 July 2016, Yusuf announced he would be part of the Global Citizen Festival  held on 24 September 2016 in Central Park, New York, New York On 9 August 2016, Yusuf announced "A Cat's Attic Tour", his second North American tour since 1978, beginning on 12 September 2016 at the Sony Centre for the Performing Arts in Toronto and ending on 7 October 2016 at the Pantages Theatre in Los Angeles  The string of 12 dates roughly coincides with the 50th anniversary of his first single, I Love My Dog, and would "feature a limited run of stripped down, introspective performances " The tour included three shows in New York City (two shows at the Beacon Theatre and one show in Central Park at the Global Citizen Festival), his first shows in New York City since 1976  In keeping with his spirit of humanitarianism, he would be donating a portion of the revenue from each ticket sale towards his charity Small Kindness, as well as UNICEF and the International Rescue Committee in an effort to assist children affected by the current Syrian refugee crisis  The tour continued in the UK with shows in Manchester, Glasgow, Newcastle and London  The London show took place at the Shaftesbury Theatre, only a block away from where he grew up 

2017–present: as Yusuf / Cat Stevens, The Laughing Apple, TT2
On 15 September 2017, he released his fifteenth studio album, The Laughing Apple  The album is credited to "Yusuf / Cat Stevens" and is his first record under the Cat Stevens name since Back to Earth in 1978  The album earned him his first nomination for a Grammy Award for Best Folk Album  In July 2018, Yusuf signed with BMG Rights Management, which will publish his songwriting credits worldwide and distribute nine of his studio albums  On 29 March 2019, Yusuf performed in Christchurch, New Zealand, at the National Remembrance Service for victims of the Christchurch mosque shootings On 3 March 2020, Yusuf played the Music for the Marsden benefit concert at the O2 Arena in London  On 28 May 2020, Yusuf announced his next album, Tea for the Tillerman 2, and it was released on 18 September 2020, celebrating the 50th anniversary of the original LP  Known as TT2, Tea for the Tillerman 2 is a re-imagining and re-recording of the songs from the earlier album, with updated interpretations and arrangements  On 25 September 2020, Yusuf was the guest on the BBC's Desert Island Discs  Yusuf is one of a small number of guests that have chosen their own music as a desert island choice, however he picked the Stevie Wonder Motown hit 'As' for his favoured choice in front of his own recording, if only one could be saved 
Teaming up with Playing for Change, in 2021 Yusuf / Cat Stevens recorded a new version of "Peace Train" with over 25 musicians from 12 countries 

2023: Yusuf / Cat Stevens - European Tour and King of a Land
In June 2023, Yusuf / Cat Stevens performed shows in Berlin, Hamburg, Rome, Marbella and made his first ever appearance at Glastonbury Festival On 16 June 2023, Yusuf/Cat Stevens released King of a Land, a new studio album with children's music and religious music influences, 
On the 25th June 2023, Yusuf played the Pyramid Stage at Glastonbury, including covering iconic Beatles hits and his Teacup album memories 

Awards
Humanitarian awards
2003: World Award (also known as the "World Social Award"), an award organised by Mikhail Gorbachev, for "humanitarian relief work helping children and victims of war" 
2004: Man of Peace Award of the World Summit of Nobel Peace Laureates (an award organisation founded by Mikhail Gorbachev) for his "dedication to promote peace, the reconciliation of people and to condemn terrorism" 
2009: Honorary Award of the German Sustainability Award
2015: Global Islamic Economy Awards for contributions toward peace through the Arts
2015: Steiger Award honoured in the category "International" for his commitment to charitable projects

Honorary degrees
2005: Honorary doctorate by the University of Gloucestershire for services to education and humanitarian relief 
2007: Honorary doctorate (LLD) by the University of Exeter, in recognition of "his humanitarian work and improving understanding between Islamic and Western cultures" 

Music awards and recognitions
2019: Inducted into the Songwriters Hall of Fame
2017: Grammy Award nomination for Best Folk Album
2015: Lifetime Achievement Award at the BBC Radio 2 Folk Awards
2014: Inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame
2008: Nomination (unsuccessful) for Songwriters Hall of Fame
2007: The Mediterranean Art and Creativity Award by the Fondazione Mediterraneo 
2007: Ivor Novello Award for Outstanding Song Collection from the British Academy of Songwriters, Composers and Authors (BASCA) 
2007: ECHO "Special Award for Life Achievements as a Musician and Ambassador Between Cultures"
2006: ASCAP Songwriter of the Year for "The First Cut Is the Deepest" (second time)
2006: Ranked 49th in Paste's "100 Best Living Songwriters"
2005: ASCAP Songwriter of the Year and Song of the Year for "The First Cut Is the Deepest"

Discography
As Cat Stevens1967: Matthew and Son
1967: New Masters
1970: Mona Bone Jakon
1970: Tea for the Tillerman
1971: Teaser and the Firecat
1972: Catch Bull at Four
1973: Foreigner
1974: Buddha and the Chocolate Box
1975: Numbers
1977: Izitso
1978: Back to EarthAs Yusuf Islam1995: The Life of the Last Prophet
1999: Prayers of the Last Prophet
2000: A Is for Allah
2001: Bismillah
2002: In Praise of the Last Prophet
2003: I Look I See
2008: I Look, I See 2
2014: The Story of Adam and CreationAs Yusuf2006: An Other Cup
2009: Roadsinger
2014: Tell 'Em I'm GoneAs Yusuf / Cat Stevens2017: The Laughing Apple
2020: Tea for the Tillerman 2
2023: King of a Land

Books
The Life of The Last Prophet, 1996  London: Mountain of Light  ISBN 1-900675-00-5 
Prayers of The Last Prophet, 1998/2000  London: Mountain of Light  ISBN 1-900675-05-6 
Why I Still Carry A Guitar: My Spiritual Journey from Cat Stevens to Yusuf, 2014  London: HarperCollins  ISBN 978-0-06-240623-1 

See also
List of peace activists
List of best-selling music artists
List of converts to Islam
Rolling Stone's 500 Greatest Albums of All Time

Notes and references
Notes
Passage 5:
London 03 06 17
London 03 06 17 (alternatively titled London 03 06 17 [field day]) is an extended play by English electronic musician Richard D  James, released under the pseudonym AFX on 3 June 2017 on Warp  The EP was made available for sale in unknown limited numbers at the Field Day festival on the same day that Richard D  James performed there  The record sold out soon after its announcement  The EP was released with extra tracks on James' Bleep Store on 20 July 2017 

Track listing
Context 2: Passage 1:
Encounter with Werther
Encounter with Werther (German: Begegnung mit Werther) is a 1949 West German historical drama film directed by Karl-Heinz Stroux and starring Horst Caspar, Heidemarie Hatheyer and Paul Klinger  It is based on the writing of the 1774 novel The Sorrows of Young Werther by Johann Wolfgang von Goethe  It was released to commemorate the writer's second hundredth birthday in August 1949 
It was shot at the Bavaria Studios in Munich and on location in Limburg, Wetzlar and Marburg an der Lahn 
The film's sets were designed by the art director Paul Markwitz 

Cast
Horst Caspar as Werther
Heidemarie Hatheyer as Lotte
Paul Klinger as Albert
Rudolf Reiff as Amtmann as Lotte's Father
Paul Dahlke as Napoleon
Walter Kottenkamp as Goethe
Fritz Odemar as Graf
Harald Mannl as Gesandter
Christiane Felsmann as Frl  von Bassenheim
Arthur Mentz as Bauernbursche
Friedrich Siemers as Schreiber Heinrich
Karl Lieffen as Bediensteter Bursche
Passage 2:
Piano Quartet No  3 (Brahms)
The Piano Quartet No  3 in C minor, Op  60, completed by Johannes Brahms in 1875, is scored for piano, violin, viola and cello  It is sometimes called the Werther Quartet after Goethe's The Sorrows of Young Werther  The premiere took place in Vienna on November 18th 1875 to an anxious public  Richard Wagner and his wife Cosima were in attendance 

Structure
The quartet is in four movements:

Analysis
First movement
The first movement is a sonata-form movement in C minor in triple meter  It begins with the piano playing bare octaves on C  The violin, viola, and violoncello then play the first theme, consisting of two sighing gestures of a descending minor second, followed by a descending theme  Some have speculated that the sighing motive is a musical utterance of the name "Clara", in reference to Clara Schumann, the composer, pianist, and lifelong friend and love interest of Brahms  More clear is Brahms's transposed version of Robert Schumann's "Clara theme", found in various pieces such as his Bunte Blätter, Op  99 (1841), on which both Clara and Brahms wrote sets of piano variations  The Clara theme (C–B–A–G♯–A, often transposed: here E♭–D–C–B–C) was first detected by Eric Sams in his essays and books on Schumann and Brahms  In his 1971 essay “Brahms and his Clara Themes”, Sams writes on the “Clara content” in op  60: “The first sentence of that autobiographical work is doubly expressive of Clara  Furthermore, there is direct evidence that this melodic form actually embodied her, for Brahms as for Schumann ”After the first statement of the theme, the piano plays octaves on B♭  The opening motives, again played by the strings, becomes more chromatic and unsettling, until finally coming to rest on the dominant of C, G major  The viola and violin play pizzicato octaves on E♮ before the strings cascade down the C harmonic minor scale that ushers in the first theme, stated forte  After a brief development of this theme, an ascending gesture based on sixteenth-notes alternating between the notes of a minor second serves as the transition to the second theme in the relative major of C minor, E♭ major  This second theme is an uplifting eight-measure theme stated initially in the piano alone  Brahms then uses the technique of theme and variations to construct four variations on this theme, each eight measures long  A short idea based on the opening theme closes the exposition, which is not repeated 
The development section begins by restating the theme from measures 32–35 in E♭ minor  This moves to B major for a new fortissimo idea (perhaps a variation) based on the same theme  The quartet's opening sighing motives become developed in an E minor passage that incorporates a triplet figure on the second beat of the measure, and eventually the previous B major idea is restated identically in G major  The second theme from the exposition is then treated in imitative (almost canonic) counterpoint in C minor  After the beginning of the third contrapuntal treatment of this theme, a dominant pedal is sustained in octaves on G  This resolves unexpectedly to an A♭ major chord that is quickly brought down to C minor by the opening sighing motive in the piano 
The sighing motive indicates the beginning of the recapitulation  Rather than affirming the tonic of C minor, however, Brahms takes the recapitulation in a different direction: the opening section again ends on a dominant pedal on G with the violin and viola playing pizzicato octaves on E♮, but the E♮ is used to turn the music to E minor  Chromatic descent is employed to bring the music to a half-cadence on D, leading to the second theme in G major  This is perhaps the only sonata form movement in the minor mode in which the recapitulation features the second subject in the key of the major dominant  The second theme is first stated by the viola, which is then followed by three new variations (the first being played by the violin, the second and third by the piano), and one of the same variations as the exposition  A fifth variation leads to a short digression in C major but becomes chromatic and ends with a development the first theme, coming to a cadence on C  This is followed by a brief coda that expands on the first motives heard in the piece  Nevertheless, the key of C minor is arguably not clearly established by the recapitulation (the key signature of C minor is present at the end of the movement for less than two complete pages)  The movement ends with a clear tonic–dominant–tonic perfect cadence, stated piano  The expansive and exploratory nature of the movement, along with the quiet closing dynamic, helps make the conventional final cadential progression appear mysterious 

Second movement
The second movement is a tempestuous scherzo (ternary form) in compound duple meter in C minor, the same key as the first movement  Donald Francis Tovey argues that Brahms puts the scherzo in the same key as the first movement because the first movement does not sufficiently stabilize its own tonic and requires the second movement to "[furnish] the tonal balance unprovided for by the end of the first movement " Although it is the shortest scherzo of Brahms's piano quartets, it is formally and tonally very complex 
The movement begins with an opening motif of a descending octave on G and a rising minor second to A♭ stated by the piano, followed by a falling diatonic line accompanied by the strings  The first theme, which clearly derives from the opening motif, is immediately by the solo piano played after this and Brahms uses the technique of developing variation to expand this theme  Most melodic ideas can be traced to the opening motif or the ascending minor second of the opening motif, which, notably, is the inversion of the descending sighs of the introduction of the first movement  This scherzo is very chromatic and unstable tonally, although it does actually move to a secondary phrase on the dominant and returns to the tonic with frequency  The scherzo ends with a pedal on the tonic C minor 
The middle section is not demarcated by the title of trio as are the middle sections of the scherzi from Brahms's previous two piano quartets  Moreover, this middle section serves more as a section of contrasting material than as a structural contrast—it maintains the same key signature, time signature, and tempo as the scherzo, is not musically marked off in any clear way, and even develops the same themes as the scherzo  One may argue whether it is in fact a trio at all, as nineteenth century composers knew it  Nonetheless, the middle section begins with a new theme, an ascending line in quarter notes in the strings, accompanied by a descending triplet figure played by the piano  This instrumentation is soon reversed and earlier themes from the scherzo become further developed  The transition back to the scherzo develops and rhythmically diminishes the opening motif of the scherzo and is the most chromatic, rhythmically complex, loud, and dramatic section of the movement  The scherzo is repeated almost entirely, however, the section immediately preceding the tonic pedal is omitted and replaced with a climactic dominant chord in a very high register in the strings, ending with a tierce de picardie on C major with three loud declamations of the tonic major chord 

Third movement
The Andante is in a modified ternary form: ABCA′ with a coda  This is the only movement of the quartet that is not in C minor, and it is in the key of E major, a remote key in the context of C minor  This can be explained by its origin as the slow movement to a piano quartet in C-sharp minor, which Brahms revised and published as Op  60 in C minor  The key of E major is easily explained in the tonal context of C♯ minor, but the key choice of this movement was not revised as was the first movement; it should also be noted that the slow movement to Brahms's Symphony No  1 in C minor is also in E major 
The Andante begins with a luscious melody played by the violoncello in its upper register (Theme A) with only the piano as accompaniment, clearly inspired by Schumann's Piano Quartet, where a similarly sumptuous melody opens the slow movement  The opening thematic material of this melody is a sequence of descending thirds, a gesture frequently used by Brahms (such as in his Op  119, No  1, and the opening to Symphony No  4, to name two examples)  The violin eventually joins in with a new melody over the cello  The viola enters later with a tutti descending stepwise idea  The A section, which is itself in a sort of AAB form, ends in the conventional dominant key of B major 
The B section (in ABAB form) begins with a syncopated ascending stepwise melodic line in the violin to be played molto dolce (Theme B)  The piano begins to gain prominence with a distorted version of the opening cello line, played symmetrically across the piano (Theme C)  Another theme developed in the B section is a falling line with dotted rhythms (Theme D) 
The third section begins in B major but is highly chromatic  The piano plays a version of Theme B in broken octaves under consistent eighth-notes played by the violin and viola  This figure ends with a version of Theme C in broken octaves in the piano  This alternates with the string section, which develops Theme C  The piano rejoins and develops Themes C and D with the strings in E minor, but soon the violin plays Theme D over the other strings  At this point, the strings alternate with the piano, which plays Theme D in an unstable harmonic palette in broken octaves, while the strings play a combination of Themes C and D  This passage of alternating instruments moves from E minor to C minor to G♯ minor back to E major in the reprise of the A section 
The only significant differences between the first and second A sections are that in the second, the piano moves in triplets, there is a full string texture almost entirely throughout (often using pizzicato), and the piano begins the theme (although it is soon replaced by the cello)  The coda is introduced by a new chord progression in the first tutti idea and by a solo cello line  Theme B is presented first by the viola and then by the violin, and the movement ends with the first measure of Theme A, stated first by the cello and then by the piano, concluding with a pianissimo affirmation of the tonic 

Fourth movement
The finale is a sonata-allegro in C minor in cut time with a secondary subject in E♭ major  The tempo is Allegro comodo and the exposition is repeated  The piano accompaniment for the first theme, stated immediately in measure 1, is derived from the opening piano line of Felix Mendelssohn's Piano Trio in C minor, Op  66, movement 1  Mendelssohn's Piano Trio also features a quotation of a chorale melody taken from the sixteenth-century Genevan psalter 'Vor deinen Thron tret ich hiermit' (“Before Your Throne I Now Appear”)  Vincent C  K  Cheung has also observed that the opening G–E♭ motion in the violin, coupled with the G–G–G–C in the piano greatly points toward the “Fate theme” in Beethoven's Fifth Symphony  Brahms's piece thus operates on multiple levels of reference (both literary and musical) and quotation 
The movement begins with the violin playing a theme above piano accompaniment  Both lines are separate themes that are developed individually throughout the movement, but they are similar in one major respect: both are constructed of three ascending notes preceded by a pickup, which go to a neighbor tone of the highest note and move back to that note  The essential notes of the violin theme are B–C–D–E♭–F–E♭, and the essential notes of the piano theme are: G–C–E♭–G–F♯–G (the rest of the piano theme is a descending sequence of ascending seconds: G–A♭–F–G–E♭–F–D–E♭)  Therefore, the violin line uses an upper neighbor tone while the piano line uses a lower neighbor tone  This is crucial for understanding Brahms's development of the thematic ideas of this movement 
The violin melody is halting and primarily diatonic, played over an energetic piano accompaniment  It moves from C minor to G minor, although it ends with a change of mode to G major  After this, the violin plays a descending stepwise melody, which under close inspection is revealed to be an inversion of its own original theme (from B–C–D–E♭–F–E♭ to G–F–E♭–D–C–B) in successive quarter notes  The viola and cello soon accompany this figure  This builds up until measure 39, where a thunderous theme erupts in all instruments  This moves quickly to an idea constructed in triplets  Tonally, this passage is in C minor, and the final progression ends with an alternation between B-diminished and A♭ major  The piano plays a broken A♭ major chord, followed by a broken A♭ minor chord that is used to make a transition to E♭ major 
The section in the relative major begins with a theme clearly composed from the theme of the piano's accompaniment, in this case stated by the violin and viola moving in unison over a piano accompaniment based on the previous broken chordal figure  This briefly exchanges with a cello countermelody  When the violin and viola soar to an unexpectedly high register, the piano interrupts by playing an explosive broken dominant seventh chord  The strings respond by a piano, homophonic, homorythmic theme to be played mezza voce (medium voice)  This idea is taken directly from the opening string theme of the first movement  Rather than accompanying this theme, the piano plays a descending broken chord after each utterance  The exposition ends in E-flat major, and Brahms indicates that it should be repeated 
The development begins with an exploration of the descending third that begins the violin's opening theme; when sequenced, this produces a series of descending thirds that recalls the opening theme of the third movement (G♯–E–C–A)  The piano accompanies this with its initial theme  Brahms quickly eliminates accidentals from the key signature as the piece progresses to D major and A minor  Interspersed are descending chromatic phrases played by the piano  In measures 117–118, the cello introduces a new four-note idea (E–F–D–E) played pizzicato underneath the piano  This idea is taken from the second half of the first piano theme (G–A♭–F–G)  The viola plays the opening of the piano's first theme, which resembles an inversion of the sequenced thirds developed moments earlier  Brahms repeats this pattern almost exactly, moving from A minor to E minor to B minor  In B minor, the piano develops its initial theme to a greater extent  This part of the development section is concluded by syncopated phrases by the viola and piano, which echo the second half of the piano's first theme in B minor 
Austrian musicologist and educator Karl Geiringer has shown that the next section (measures 155–188) is an insertion "in order to mitigate the excessive conciseness of this movement " Later insertions were atypical of Brahms because of his "striving after compression," and it seems that he "for once overshot the mark " The later addition explains the motion away from B minor, only to return to the key some thirty measures later  This section continues with the homorhythmic theme in G major, then in E♭ major  What follows is a quick (Tempo I) development of the initial piano theme in C minor, with all strings playing the opening four notes (moving in the often used progression i – I – iv)  This exact sequence is used again in the coda to turn the movement from the minor mode to major  A dominant seventh chord in C minor is used as a pivot chord to return to B minor (a similar progression is used in Brahms's Ballade, Op  118, No  3, in which a dominant seventh chord built on G moves abruptly to B major)  The violin develops its initial theme in B minor and then D minor with all three string instruments  The final notes of the theme (F–E♭) are sequenced and inverted repeatedly, recalling the significance of descending seconds in the first movement of this quartet  This moves from D minor to G minor to C minor  The end of the development section sees a very high and prolonged A♭, which parallels the end of the development section of the first movement 
The recapitulation, which reinstates the key signature of C minor, begins with the initial violin theme stated forte by all strings, accompanied by the piano playing broken octaves in triplets, outlining the main notes of its theme  After the first statement, the piano resumes its original accompaniment and the strings are reduced to a piano dynamic  This proceeds similarly to the exposition, albeit with the themes developed more extensively  Notably, the music turns toward G minor more strongly and the key signature changes to C major, as the relative major section from the exposition is in the tonic major in the recapitulation  The rest of the recapitulation is nearly identical to the exposition, ending in C major 
The coda begins at measure 311, with the piano loudly declaring the homorhythmic theme, alternating with the strings  The violin theme is then played by the strings in C major, but it soon shifts back to C minor (the key signature too returns)  The four-note idea from the development section comes back, this time with its first note removed  The chromatic descending scale in the piano, an abbreviation of the violin theme in the viola, the four-note theme, and the chord progression (i – I – iv) indicate that the coda draws more from the development section than from the exposition or recapitulation  The music quietly subsides into a tranquillo section in which the inversion of the violin theme (first stated in measures 21–22 from the exposition) is sequenced across the strings while the piano continues to develop its initial theme  The violin and cello eventually sustain the tonic C for a great amount of time while the piano and viola begin to lean toward the tonic major in a continuing I – iv progression  All instruments continue to die down as the piano plays one last descending chromatic scale, the violin and viola combine the piano's initial theme with the quarter note rhythm of the violin theme, and the cello sustains a low C  As the piano and strings reach their final notes, a C major chord stated pianissimo is held briefly, shining out of the mist  Two sudden forte C major chords complete this quartet 
Passage 3:
William Render
William Render (fl  1800), grammarian and translator, was a native of Germany  He was a fellow student at Giessen University with a brother of Charlotte (Werther's inamorata), and was well acquainted with Werther himself  In an appendix to his English version of Goethe's romance, Render relates a conversation he had with Werther at Frankfort-on-the-Main a few days before the latter's suicide Render was ordained to the Lutheran ministry  Subsequently he acted as 'traveling guardian to the son of a distinguished personage'  He then traveled in western Germany with 'several English gentlemen', one of whom may have been Francis, afterwards the Marquis Hastings, to whom, as Earl of Moira, he dedicated his Tour through Germany  Render came to England about 1790, and settled in London  He taught German and other languages 'in several families of distinction ' Towards the end of the century he also became 'teacher of German' at Cambridge, Oxford, and Edinburgh  In 1798 he published an English version of Kotzebue's play Count Benyowsky, which reached a second edition within the year  
In 1800, Render further translated The Robbers, Don Carlos, Maria Stuart, and The Armenian of Schiller  In the following year appeared his version of The Sorrows of Werther, the first translation into English made direct from the original German  In the preface he speaks of 'his friend the baron Goethe', whom he may have met at Frankfurt  Render's Tour through Germany, particularly along the Banks of the Rhine, Mayne, also appeared in 1801  A vocabulary of familiar phrases in German and English is annexed for the benefit of travelers  The remainder of Render's publications were educational manuals  The chief of these, A concise Practical Grammar of the German Tongue (1799), was very successful  
A fifth edition, corrected and augmented with improvements made by the Berlin Academy, was issued in 1817  As a token of his appreciation of the work, Alexander I of Russia ordered Woronzow, his ambassador in England, to present Render with a ring and an autograph letter  Render also published German Exercises, a Pocket Dictionary in English and German, and other manuals of instruction in German 
Passage 4:
Werther, North Rhine-Westphalia
Werther is a town in the district of Gütersloh in the state of North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany  It is located near the Teutoburg Forest, approximately 10 km (6 miles) north-west of Bielefeld  It is best known for the Werther's Original caramel sweets, which are nowadays produced in the nearby city of Halle  Werther has one Gesamtschule and one Gymnasium, which has an exchange partnership with a Yarm School, an independent school in Yarm, England 

People
August Oberwelland, entrepreneur, August Storck company founder
Passage 5:
Odyssey
The Odyssey (; Ancient Greek: Ὀδύσσεια, romanized: Odýsseia) is one of two major ancient Greek epic poems attributed to Homer  It is one of the oldest extant works of literature still widely read by modern audiences  As with the Iliad, the poem is divided into 24 books  It follows the Greek hero Odysseus, king of Ithaca, and his journey home after the Trojan War  After the war, which lasted ten years, his journey lasted for ten additional years, during which time he encountered many perils and all of his crewmates were killed  In his absence, Odysseus was assumed dead, and his wife Penelope and son Telemachus had to contend with a group of unruly suitors who were competing for Penelope's hand in marriage 
The Odyssey was originally composed in Homeric Greek in around the 8th or 7th century BC and, by the mid-6th century BC, had become part of the Greek literary canon  In antiquity, Homer's authorship of the poem was not questioned, but contemporary scholarship predominantly assumes that the Iliad and the Odyssey were composed independently and that the stories formed as part of a long oral tradition  Given widespread illiteracy, the poem was performed by an aoidos or rhapsode and was more likely to be heard than read 
Crucial themes in the poem include the ideas of nostos (νόστος; "return"), wandering, xenia (ξενία; "guest-friendship"), testing, and omens  Scholars still reflect on the narrative significance of certain groups in the poem, such as women and slaves, who have a more prominent role in the epic than in many other works of ancient literature  This focus is especially remarkable when contrasted with the Iliad, which centres the exploits of soldiers and kings during the Trojan War 
The Odyssey is regarded as one of the most significant works of the Western canon  The first English translation of the Odyssey was in the 16th century  Adaptations and re-imaginings continue to be produced across a wide variety of media  In 2018, when BBC Culture polled experts around the world to find literature's most enduring narrative, the Odyssey topped the list 

Synopsis
Exposition (books 1–4)
The Odyssey begins after the end of the ten-year Trojan War (the subject of the Iliad), from which Odysseus (also known by the Latin variant Ulysses), king of Ithaca, has still not returned because he angered Poseidon, the god of the sea  Odysseus' son, Telemachus, is about 20 years old and is sharing his absent father's house on the island of Ithaca with his mother Penelope and the suitors of Penelope, a crowd of 108 boisterous young men who each aim to persuade Penelope for her hand in marriage, all the while reveling in the king's palace and eating up his wealth 
Odysseus' protectress, the goddess Athena, asks Zeus, king of the gods, to finally allow Odysseus to return home when Poseidon is absent from Mount Olympus  Disguised as a chieftain named Mentes, Athena visits Telemachus to urge him to search for news of his father  He offers her hospitality, and they observe the suitors dining rowdily while Phemius, the bard, performs a narrative poem for them 
That night, Athena, disguised as Telemachus, finds a ship and crew for the true prince  The next morning, Telemachus calls an assembly of citizens of Ithaca to discuss what should be done with the insolent suitors, who then scoff at Telemachus  Accompanied by Athena (now disguised as Mentor), the son of Odysseus departs for the Greek mainland to the household of Nestor, most venerable of the Greek warriors at Troy, who resided in Pylos after the war 
From there, Telemachus rides to Sparta, accompanied by Nestor's son  There he finds Menelaus and Helen, who are now reconciled  Both Helen and Menelaus also say that they returned to Sparta after a long voyage by way of Egypt  There, on the island of Pharos, Menelaus encounters the old sea-god Proteus, who tells him that Odysseus was a captive of the nymph Calypso  Telemachus learns the fate of Menelaus' brother, Agamemnon, king of Mycenae and leader of the Greeks at Troy: he was murdered on his return home by his wife Clytemnestra and her lover Aegisthus  The story briefly shifts to the suitors, who have only just realized that Telemachus is gone  Angry, they formulate a plan to ambush his ship and kill him as he sails back home  Penelope overhears their plot and worries for her son's safety 

Escape to the Phaeacians (books 5–8)
In the course of Odysseus' seven years as a captive of Calypso on the island Ogygia, she has fallen deeply in love with him, even though he spurns her offers of immortality as her husband and still mourns for home  She is ordered to release him by the messenger god Hermes, who has been sent by Zeus in response to Athena's plea  Odysseus builds a raft and is given clothing, food, and drink by Calypso  When Poseidon learns that Odysseus has escaped, he wrecks the raft, but helped by a veil given by the sea nymph Ino, Odysseus swims ashore on Scherie, the island of the Phaeacians  Naked and exhausted, he hides in a pile of leaves and falls asleep 
The next morning, awakened by girls' laughter, he sees the young Nausicaä, who has gone to the seashore with her maids after Athena told her in a dream to do so  He appeals for help  She encourages him to seek the hospitality of her parents, Arete and Alcinous  Alcinous promises to provide him a ship to return him home without knowing the identity of Odysseus  He remains for several days  Odysseus asks the blind singer Demodocus to tell the story of the Trojan Horse, a stratagem in which Odysseus had played a leading role  Unable to hide his emotion as he relives this episode, Odysseus at last reveals his identity  He then tells the story of his return from Troy 

Odysseus' account of his adventures (books 9–12)
Odysseus recounts his story to the Phaeacians  After a failed raid against the Cicones, Odysseus and his twelve ships were driven off course by storms  Odysseus visited the lotus-eaters who gave his men their fruit which caused them to forget their homecoming  Odysseus had to drag them back to the ship by force 
Afterward, Odysseus and his men landed on a lush, uninhabited island near the land of the Cyclopes  The men entered the cave of Polyphemus, where they found all the cheeses and meat they desired  Upon returning to his cave, Polyphemus sealed the entrance with a massive boulder and proceeded to eat Odysseus' men  Odysseus devised an escape plan in which he, identifying himself as "Nobody," plied Polyphemus with wine and blinded him with a wooden stake  When Polyphemus cried out, his neighbors left after Polyphemus claimed that "Nobody" had attacked him  Odysseus and his men finally escaped the cave by hiding on the underbellies of the sheep as they were let out of the cave 
As they escaped, however, Odysseus taunted Polyphemus and revealed himself  The Cyclops prayed to his father Poseidon, asking him to curse Odysseus to wander for ten years  After the escape, Aeolus gave Odysseus a leather bag containing all the winds except the west wind, a gift that should have ensured a safe return home  Just as Ithaca came into sight, the sailors opened the bag while Odysseus slept, thinking it contained gold  The winds flew out, and the storm drove the ships back the way they had come  Aeolus, recognizing that Odysseus had drawn the ire of the gods, refused to further assist him 

After the cannibalistic Laestrygonians destroyed all of his ships except his own, Odysseus sailed on and reached the island of Aeaea, home of witch-goddess Circe  She turned half of his men into swine with drugged cheese and wine  Hermes warned Odysseus about Circe and gave Odysseus an herb called moly, making him resistant to Circe's magic  Odysseus forced Circe to change his men back to their human forms and was seduced by her  They remained with her for one year  Finally, guided by Circe's instructions, Odysseus and his crew crossed the ocean and reached a harbor at the western edge of the world, where Odysseus sacrificed to the dead  Odysseus summoned the spirit of the prophet Tiresias and was told that he may return home if he is able to stay himself and his crew from eating the sacred livestock of Helios on the island of Thrinacia and that failure to do so would result in the loss of his ship and his entire crew  He then meets his dead mother Anticleia and first learns of the suitors and what happened in Ithaca in his absence  Odysseus also converses with his dead comrades from Troy 
Returning to Aeaea, they buried Elpenor and were advised by Circe on the remaining stages of the journey  They skirted the land of the Sirens  All of the sailors had their ears plugged up with beeswax, except for Odysseus, who was tied to the mast as he wanted to hear the song  He told his sailors not to untie him as it would only make him drown himself  They then passed between the six-headed monster Scylla and the whirlpool Charybdis  Scylla claimed six of his men 
Next, they landed on the island of Thrinacia, with the crew overriding Odysseus's wishes to remain away from the island  Zeus caused a storm that prevented them from leaving, causing them to deplete the food given to them by Circe  While Odysseus was away praying, his men ignored the warnings of Tiresias and Circe and hunted the sacred cattle  Helios insisted that Zeus punish the men for this sacrilege  They suffered a shipwreck, and all but Odysseus drowned as he clung to a fig tree  Washed ashore on Ogygia, he remained there as Calypso's lover 

Return to Ithaca (books 13–20)
Having listened to his story, the Phaeacians agree to provide Odysseus with more treasure than he would have received from the spoils of Troy  They deliver him at night, while he is fast asleep, to a hidden harbour on Ithaca  Odysseus awakens and believes that he has been dropped on a distant land before Athena appears to him and reveals that he is indeed on Ithaca  She hides his treasure in a nearby cave and disguises him as an elderly beggar so he can see how things stand in his household  He finds his way to the hut of one of his own slaves, swineherd Eumaeus, who treats him hospitably and speaks favorably of Odysseus  After dinner, the disguised Odysseus tells the farm laborers a fictitious tale of himself 
Telemachus sails home from Sparta, evading an ambush set by the suitors  He disembarks on the coast of Ithaca and meets Odysseus  Odysseus identifies himself to Telemachus (but not to Eumaeus), and they decide that the suitors must be killed  Telemachus goes home first  Accompanied by Eumaeus, Odysseus returns to his own house, still pretending to be a beggar  He is ridiculed by the suitors in his own home, especially Antinous  Odysseus meets Penelope and tests her intentions by saying he once met Odysseus in Crete  Closely questioned, he adds that he had recently been in Thesprotia and had learned something there of Odysseus's recent wanderings 
Odysseus's identity is discovered by the housekeeper Eurycleia when she recognizes an old scar as she is washing his feet  Eurycleia tries to tell Penelope about the beggar's true identity, but Athena makes sure that Penelope cannot hear her  Odysseus swears Eurycleia to secrecy 

Slaying of the Suitors (books 21–24)
The next day, at Athena's prompting, Penelope maneuvers the suitors into competing for her hand with an archery competition using Odysseus' bow  The man who can string the bow and shoot an arrow through a dozen axe heads would win  Odysseus takes part in the competition, and he alone is strong enough to string the bow and shoot the arrow through the dozen axe heads, making him the winner  He then throws off his rags and kills Antinous with his next arrow  Odysseus kills the other suitors, first using the rest of the arrows and then by swords and spears  Once the battle is won, Telemachus also hangs twelve of their household maids whom Eurycleia identifies as guilty of betraying Penelope or having sex with the suitors  Odysseus identifies himself to Penelope  She is hesitant but recognizes him when he mentions that he made their bed from an olive tree still rooted to the ground
Context 3: Passage 1:
American Nerd
American Nerd: The Story of My People is a book by Benjamin Nugent  The book discusses the history and origin of the term "nerd", as well as what the term means in today's age  Some of the important topics discussed include the racial differences for the term "nerd", such as how race played into Urkel, a nerdy character played by Jaleel White on the TV series Family Matters 

Appearances
The book and the author were featured on Last Call with Carson Daly as well as The Sound of Young America on NPR 
Passage 2:
Steve Urkel
Steven Quincy Urkel is a fictional character on the American ABC/CBS sitcom Family Matters, portrayed by Jaleel White  Although originally slated to be a one-time-only character on the show, he broke out to be its most popular character and gradually became its protagonist   Due to the Urkel character's off-putting characteristics and the way he would stir up events and underscore the plot or even move it along, he is considered a nuisance by the original protagonist's family, the Winslows, though they come to accept him over time 
The character is the epitome of a geek or nerd of the era, due to traits such as large, thick eyeglasses, flood pants held up by suspenders, multi-colored cardigan sweaters, saddle shoes, and a high-pitched voice  He professes love for his neighbor Laura Winslow, who is a character in the main family of the series, but this love of his is written as an accent on or trigger for events and crises and is therefore unrequited until the series' end 
Throughout the series, starting from Urkel's debut, he is central to many of its running gags, primarily property damage and/or personal injury resulting from of his inventions going awry or his outright clumsiness  He becomes known by viewers and characters alike for several catchphrases uttered after some humorous misfortune occurs, including "I've fallen and I can't get up!" "I don't have to take this  I'm going home " "Did I do that?" "Whoa, Mama!" and "Look what you did!" (on occasions when someone else caused the damage, though usually the accident was indirectly caused by Urkel) 

Character development
In syndication, Steve Urkel first appeared on the 4th episode of the first season, "Rachel's First Date" (as the show staff wanted to more naturally introduce him to audiences upon repeated viewings)  In the 12th episode of the first season, "Laura's First Date", he reappears as a nerdy young boy who takes Laura Winslow out on a date  Despite him being madly in love with her, Laura finds Steve grating and doesn't return his affection  
While initially intended to be a minor character, Urkel became very popular for his oddball antics, soon becoming a recurring character and joining the main cast, beginning with the season-two premiere "Rachel's Place" Family Matters co-creator Michael Warren named the character after his friend, writer, and director Steve Urkel  Due to the show and the character's tremendous popularity during the early 1990s, Erkel encountered difficulties using his own name; he received many prank phone calls from "Laura" asking for "Steve", and businesses found his name to be suspicious  Warren stated that had he known if the character would reappear for years, he would not have named him after his friend 

Portrayal
Steve Urkel embodies the stereotype of a socially inept intellectual who means well but often messes things up  Despite his intelligence, his actions often come across as clumsy and foolish  He is fiercely protective of and obsessed with his unrequited love, Laura Winslow, and this admiration extends to the rest of the Winslow family  However, Steve is comically clumsy and inept, and his attempts to help the Winslows often go awry  This puts him at odds with the family patriarch, Carl, who routinely throws Urkel out of his house  He has been shown to take responsibility for his own mistakes and reimburses the Winslows for the damages he's done  Steve is close to Harriette Winslow, who is delighted each time he comes over, much to Carl's chagrin 
Later episodes suggest that Steve's attachment to the Winslows stems from his bad relationship with his own family  Urkel often hints that most of his relatives, including his (never seen) parents, despise him and refuse to associate with him  This culminates in the two moving to Russia without him, whereupon he moves in with the Winslows  The show has also revealed that Steve has at least four relatives who care about him who are Uncle Ernie who owns a horse trailer; Uncle Cecil who, despite his gambling problems, visits the Urkel home to keep an eye on him; Aunt Oona from Altoona, (played by singer, Donna Summer), who is like a mother to him; and cousin Myrtle  In the series finale, Steve responds to Carl talking about how proud he is of his future son-in-law by saying "Thanks, Dad "
Urkel dresses unfashionably for someone his age (he is most commonly seen wearing suspenders, brightly colored shirts, and high water pants) and has a number of hobbies and interests, including polka dancing and accordion playing  His motor vehicle of choice is the small three-wheeled Isetta  Unlike his friends, he has little interest in popular culture and athletic endeavors, though he enjoys playing basketball, once attempting to join the school team  This has caused Myra to be attracted to Urkel himself due to them not being interested in pop culture  However, Steve has shown little interest in her mainly due to her stalker behavior 
While he is unpopular with his schoolmates, Urkel is a brilliant student and is on a first-name basis with his teachers  He is a genius inventor as well, and his fantastical but unreliable gadgets (including a transformation device and a time machine) are central to many Family Matters plots and gags 
Urkel also has an adept sense of lawbreaking that involves peer pressure  This was explored four times, mainly with Eddie, since he often has to learn his lesson the hard way when he finds himself in situations outside of his control 

Stefan Urquelle
During the season five episode "Dr  Urkel and Mr  Cool", in a takeoff on The Nutty Professor films, Urkel devises a plan to win Laura's heart: transforming his DNA using a serum, which suppresses his "nerd genes" and brings out his "cool" genes  This results in the alter ego known as Stefan Urquelle, played by Jaleel White in more casual attire  Initially, Laura is enamored with the smoother Stefan, but asks that he turn back into Steve when Stefan's self-centeredness makes itself apparent 
Steve improves the formula in the season five episode "Stefan Returns" to reduce its negative effects on his personality, and invents a "transformation chamber" allowing him to become Stefan at will  He would change into Stefan several times – even while dating Myra – but some circumstance would force Steve to turn into his normal self again  With his narcissistic tendencies toned down, Laura falls deeply in love with Steve's alter-ego 
In the seventh-season finale "Send in the Clones", Steve creates a cloning machine and winds up creating a perfect duplicate of himself  Myra is initially excited, but eventually realizes that two Steves are just too much  To clear up the situation, Laura proposes that one of the Steves be permanently turned into Stefan, so that she and Myra can both be with the one they love  This Stefan becomes a recurring character and eventually proposes to Laura in the ninth season  After weighing her choices in the episode "Pop Goes the Question", Laura chooses Steve over Stefan  Stefan leaves and does not appear again 

Cultural impact
In 2010, Westside Middle School in Memphis, Tennessee, outlined its dress code policy on sagging pants, asking students to pull them up or get "Urkeled", a reference to the character  In this practice, teachers would forcibly pull students' pants up and attach them to their waist using zip ties  Students would also have their photo taken and posted on a board in the hallway, for all of their classmates to view  In an interview with NBC affiliate WMC-TV, Principal Bobby White stated that the general idea is to fight pop culture with pop culture  One teacher at the school claimed to have "Urkeled" up to 80 students per week, although after five weeks the number dropped to 18 

Ratings effect
In syndication, Steve is incorporated into the teaser scene of "Rachel's First Date"; his first appearance in the original broadcasts is in the 1989 episode "Laura's First Date", in which Carl and Eddie separately set up dates for Laura for a dance or party (both terms are used in the episode), and the first thing known about him is that he allegedly ate a mouse, and he later makes reference to a mouse when speaking to Carl, implying that it might be true  Prior to Steve Urkel's introduction, the show was on the brink of cancellation due to mediocre ratings  After Urkel was introduced, several scripts had to be hastily rewritten to accommodate the character, while several first-season episodes that had been completed had new opening gag sequences filmed featuring Steve trying to push open the Winslows' front door while the family holds it shut  The addition of Steve immediately helped the show boost its modest ratings  White was credited as a guest star in the first season and became a regular member of the cast in season two  In the opening credits for Seasons 5-9, White was the only regular whose character's name appeared alongside his own during the opening credits (Season 9 did not have the same credit sequence showing all the actors, it simply listed their names across the bottom of the screen, but White was listed "as Steve Urkel" there as well) 
Jo Marie Payton, who played Harriette Winslow, admitted that she felt the Urkel character had hogged much of the show's attention and disrupted the close family relationship she had formed with the rest of the cast  Payton took particular umbrage when youngest sibling Judy Winslow was dismissed as a disposable character and her portrayer, Jaimee Foxworth, was fired to make room for more Urkel stories, because she felt particularly close to Foxworth as the baby of the cast  Payton experienced increasing burnout over the course of the show, became increasingly upset over the production staff allowing White free rein to misbehave, and felt that the overbearing focus on Urkel had made the show jump the shark; she very nearly quit when the show moved to CBS but agreed to stay for the first several episodes while a new actress, Judyann Elder, was cast as Harriet  In an interview with Entertainment Tonight, Payton recalled an instance where White insisted upon inserting something that would have violated Broadcast Standards and Practices, to the point where he and Payton nearly came to physical blows with each other  White is one of the few living members of the cast with whom Payton no longer speaks regularly  She nevertheless speaks well of her experiences and appreciates the effect that Urkel had on the show's popularity and thus the residuals everyone receives from the show  Reginald VelJohnson, in a 2022 interview with Entertainment Tonight, acknowledged that White could be difficult to work with on set but attributed the difficulties to White's young age and being surrounded by other teenagers, which VelJohnson (who himself never had children) found overwhelming  On the whole, VelJohnson had "nothing but good memories" of working with White 

The Urkel Dance
The Urkel Dance was a novelty dance that originated in the season two episode, "Life of the Party"  It was based around the character of Steve Urkel and essentially incorporated movements that made the dancer's posture more like his 
The dance was popular enough to appear on another show, Step by Step, when the Steve Urkel character appeared in a crossover in the season one episode, "The Dance" 
Jaleel White also performed the song, in character as Steve Urkel, on the 5th Annual American Comedy Awards  Bea Arthur (from Maude & The Golden Girls) joined him on stage to "Do The Urkel", after which she said, "Hey, MC Hammer, try and touch that!"A promotional cassette single of the song that accompanies the dance was produced and distributed in limited numbers  A T-shirt was also produced featuring lyrics and Urkel's likeness 
Rick Sanchez pays some form of homage to The Urkel Dance with "The Rick Dance" in the Rick and Morty episode "Ricksy Business" 

Appearances on other shows
Full House – In the 1991 episode, "Stephanie Gets Framed", Steve is called in to help Stephanie Tanner (Jodie Sweetin) deal with her anxieties after she has to get glasses  He was cousin to a friend of D J  He also jams with Uncle Jesse and gives Michelle a penny for her piggy bank, telling her that "with prevailing interest rates, that penny will be worth three cents by the turn of the century"  Incidentally, Family Matters did not air on the night of the episode's original airdate (January 25, 1991)  It is implied that he found himself in San Francisco in the Full House universe before paying a visit to the Lambert household from Step by Step 
Step by Step – In the series' second episode, "The Dance", Steve lands in the Lambert-Foster family's backyard after launching himself with a rocket pack from the living room of the Winslows' house in the Family Matters episode "Brain Over Brawn" (the two scenes being shown in uninterrupted sequence, as Family Matters and Step by Step aired back to back on ABC's TGIF lineup at the time)  He then helps his science-fair pen pal, Mark Foster (Christopher Castile), and lifts Alicia "Al" Lambert (Christine Lakin)'s spirits after her potential date dumps her just before a school dance  White reprises his "Do the Urkel" dance in the scene where Al gives the boy that dumped her his comeuppance  White also makes a brief two-second cameo as Steve in the 1997 episode "A Star Is Born", snapping a clapperboard on the set of the movie that Al was cast in over her two sisters 
In the Family Matters episode "Beauty and the Beast", Steve sends a chain letter to his friend Cory Matthews, who lived in Philadelphia  The reference is to Ben Savage's character from Boy Meets World, but there were no on-screen crossovers  In an episode of Boy Meets World, Cory says he receives a chain letter from his friend Steve 
Fuller House - In the Season 3 finale, Urkel was mentioned by D J   In a January 2018 interview with TVLine's Andy Swift, series creator and former show runner Jeff Franklin mentioned that they have talked about White reprising the role and that they had some ideas for the character if White decides to reprise the role (Franklin was dismissed from the show before this materialized, and Urkel never appeared in the series) 
Scooby-Doo and Guess Who? - White reprised his role on the animated series Scooby-Doo and Guess Who? in the episode "When Urkel- Bots Go Bad!"

Merchandise
At the height of his popularity, Urkel's name was branded to several products including a short-lived fruit flavored cereal known as Urkel-Os and a Steve Urkel pull string doll, which were both released in 1991  There was also a T-shirt line that was created in 2002, but was discontinued shortly after its inception In 2021 White launched his own cannabis brand that featured a strain called "Purple Urkel"  He reprised the role of Urkel in a skit with Snoop Dogg to promote the strain 

Reception
In 1999, TV Guide ranked Urkel #27 on its list of the "50 Greatest TV Characters of All Time"  In 2004, he was listed at #98 in Bravo's 100 Greatest TV Characters 


== Notes ==
Passage 3:
Family Matters
Family Matters is an American television sitcom that debuted on ABC on September 22, 1989, and ended on May 9, 1997  However it moved to CBS, where it was shown from September 19, 1997, to July 17, 1998  A spin-off of Perfect Strangers, the series revolves around the Winslow family, an African-American middle class family living in Chicago, Illinois  Midway through the first season, the show introduced the Winslows' nerdy neighbor Steve Urkel (Jaleel White), who was originally scripted to appear as a one-time character  However, he quickly became the show's breakout character (and eventually the main character), joining the main cast Running for nine seasons, Family Matters became the second-longest-running live action U S  sitcom with a predominantly African-American cast, behind only The Jeffersons (11 seasons)  It aired for 215 episodes, being ranked third, behind only Tyler Perry's House of Payne (280+ as of 2021), and The Jeffersons (253)  Family Matters was the last live-action scripted primetime show that debuted in the 1980s to leave the air; the only scripted show that started in the 1980s and lasted longer in continuous production was The Simpsons 

History
The series was a spinoff from the ABC sitcom Perfect Strangers; both shows aired Friday nights on ABC's primetime slot called "TGIF"  Jo Marie Payton played Harriette Winslow, the elevator operator at a newspaper where Larry Appleton and Balki Bartokomous also worked  Reginald VelJohnson, who was coming off of growing fame from his role in Die Hard, made an appearance on the show as Harriette's husband Carl Winslow, a Chicago police officer  ABC and the producers loved the character Harriette for her great morale and quick-witted humor and decided to create a show that would focus on her and her family, husband Carl, son Eddie, elder daughter Laura, and younger daughter Judy (who appeared until the character was retconned after season four as having not existed) In the pilot episode, "The Mama Who Came to Dinner", the family had also opened their home to Carl's street-wise mother, Estelle (Rosetta LeNoire), usually known as "Mother Winslow"  Prior to the start of the series, Harriette's sister, Rachel Crawford and her infant son, Richie, had moved into the Winslow household after the death of Rachel's husband  The Winslows' nerdy teenage next-door neighbor, Steve Urkel (Jaleel White), was introduced midway through the first season in the episode "Laura’s First Date" and quickly became the focus of the show The popular sitcom was a mainstay of ABC's TGIF lineup from 1989 until 1997, at which point it became part of the CBS Block Party lineup for its final season  Family Matters was produced by Bickley-Warren Productions (1991–1998) and Miller-Boyett Productions, in association with Lorimar Television (1989–1993) and later Warner Bros  Television (1993–1998)  As the show progressed, episodes began to center increasingly on Steve Urkel, and other original characters also played by White, including Steve's suave alter-ego, Stefan Urquelle (who is Jaleel White's real-life self), and his female cousin, Myrtle Urkel 

Network change
In early 1997, CBS picked up Family Matters and Step by Step in a $40 million deal to acquire the rights to the programs from ABC  ABC then promised to pay Miller-Boyett Productions $1 5 million per episode for a ninth and tenth season of Family Matters  However, tensions had risen between Miller-Boyett Productions and ABC's corporate parent, The Walt Disney Company (which had bought the network in 1996 as part of its merger with ABC's then-parent Capital Cities/ABC Inc )  Miller-Boyett thought that it would not be a big player on ABC after the network's recent purchase by Disney Miller-Boyett Productions agreed to a $40 million offer from CBS for a 22-episode season for both Family Matters and Step By Step  CBS scheduled Family Matters along with Meego and Step By Step as a part of its new Friday lineup, branded as the CBS Block Party  The network scheduled the family-oriented block against ABC's TGIF lineup, where the two series originated  Jo Marie Payton's contract had just expired and she was reluctant to continue, feeling the show had jumped the shark years prior  She agreed to stay to keep continuity but left midseason shortly after very nearly getting into a physical altercation with White in what would be her last regular episode; in that episode, White (playing a gangster instead of his usual Urkel) was attempting to insert material that violated Broadcast Standards and Practices  The resulting dispute between White and Payton escalated to the point where Darius McCrary had to separate the two  Payton would appear in only one more episode after that—a Christmas episode that also brought back several former characters from the ABC run who had been written out on CBS—before Judyann Elder took over as Harriette for the remainder of the season 
While Family Matters continued to lose viewership compared to previous years, it was initially a modest success on CBS, beating the show that replaced it, You Wish  Meego, however, was a ratings failure and was canceled after six weeks  Near the end of the ninth season, the cast was informed that a tenth and final season was planned, so scripts and plot synopses were written for the show  After the holiday special season, CBS replaced Meego with Kids Say the Darndest Things, and with that show's child-centered focus, it was placed in Family Matters' 8/7c time slot, with Family Matters pushed an hour later and paired with Step by Step  The ratings for Family Matters fell even further in this later slot, and the entire block except for Kids Say    was canceled in spring 1998, with the remaining episodes burned off in the summer,  On November 28, 2019 Bryton McClure who played the 2nd version of Richard "Richie" Crawford Sayed To OWN  "it was about time, relationships gone a little south and time to move on", on November 28th, 2020  TV One Did a Thanksgiving Marathon called Family Matters: Turkel 
Marathon, Michelle Thomas went to talk to fellow co-star Reginald VelJohnson that she was sick, and the rest of the main cast never said their goodbyes after 25 years of her passing

Cast
Episodes
Production notes
Family Matters was created by William Bickley and Michael Warren (who also wrote for, and were producers of, parent series Perfect Strangers) and developed by Thomas L  Miller and Robert L  Boyett (who also served as executive producers on Perfect Strangers); all four also served as executive producers of the series  The series was produced by Miller-Boyett Productions, in association with Lorimar Television who co-produced the show until 1993, when Warner Bros  Television absorbed Lorimar (a sister company under the co-ownership of Time Warner) 
Starting with season three, the series was also produced by Bickley-Warren Productions  The series was filmed in front of a live studio audience; the Lorimar-produced episodes were shot at Lorimar Studios (later Sony Pictures Studios) in Culver City, California, while the Warner Bros -produced episodes were filmed at Warner Bros  Studios in nearby Burbank 
The show's original theme was Louis Armstrong's "What a Wonderful World"; it was scrapped after the fifth episode of season one ("Straight A's"), though it was heard only in the pilot episode in syndicated reruns  The second theme, "As Days Go By", written by Jesse Frederick, Bennett Salvay and Scott Roeme and performed by Frederick, was the theme for the majority of the series until 1995  The sixth season's opening credits was last used in the season seven episodes "Talk's Cheap" and "Fa La La La Laagghh", the only two episodes during the final three seasons to feature the theme song (this was heard in season one episodes in ABC Family and syndicated airings)  A longer version of "As Days Go By" was used during the first three seasons, though in syndicated reruns the short version is heard (in ABC Family airings, the long theme was used for all of the episodes during the first three seasons) 
Family Matters is set in the same fictional universe as several other TV shows related to ABC's TGIF or CBS's Block Party  Before Family Matters, Harriette Winslow was originally the elevator operator at the Chicago Chronicle newspaper office in the third and fourth seasons of Perfect Strangers  Family Matters was a spin-off series given to this character in 1989  Characters from Family Matters appeared on other shows, including Full House, Boy Meets World, Step by Step and Meego 

Syndication
In September 1993, Warner Bros  Television Distribution began distributing Family Matters for broadcast in off-network syndication; most television stations stopped carrying the show by around 2002, though some stations in larger markets such as WTOG in Tampa, Florida continued to air Family Matters until as recently as 2005 and New York's WPIX as 2006  In 1995, reruns of the series began airing on TBS Superstation, where it ran until 2003  TBS would air two episodes of Family Matters each weekday afternoon from October 1995 to September 1999   From 1999 to 2003, TBS only aired the series once per weekday typically playing in the early mornings  The series would return to TBS 17 years later on February 3, 2020 and airs in the early morning time slots paired with George Lopez 
From 1997 to 2003, reruns of the series aired on WGN America  In 2003, ABC Family picked up the series and aired it for five years until February 29, 2008  From 2004 to 2006, UPN aired the show for 2 years  BET aired reruns briefly in December 2009 and began airing the series on a regular basis on March 1, 2013; the series returned to BET in mid-February 2023  MTV2 also began airing reruns on September 7, 2013  The show aired on Nick at Nite from June 29, 2008 to December 31, 2012  ABC Family and Nick at Nite airings cut the tag scenes at the end of all episodes, despite the fact that many episodes during the series have tag scenes during the closing credits  The series also currently airs on TV One since 2019  In Canada, the series also aired on CTV, CBC and currently airs on Family Channel 
On September 29, 2017, Family Matters became available for streaming on Hulu  In the UK it aired on Sky One whilst Perfect Strangers aired on BBC One 
Reruns of the series also started airing on Cartoon Network's ACME Night block on September 19, 2021 
On October 1, 2021, Family Matters began streaming on HBO Max after its streaming rights expired from Hulu, but has since returned to the Hulu platform 

International airings
In France, it aired as La Vie de famille (Family Life) as part of the show Club Dorothée on January 1, 1995 and on RTL9 (from August 28, 1995), France 2 & M6 (from June 1, 2000) 
In Italy, it aired as Otto sotto un tetto (Eight under one roof) on Canale 5, Italia 1 in 1992, with subsequent airings on Fox Retro & Sky Atlantic 

Home media
Warner Home Video has released the first four seasons of Family Matters on DVD in Region 1 while the remaining five seasons were released by the Warner Archive Collection  On February 4, 2014, Warner Home Video released season 4 on DVD, but consumers complained when it was found that the season 4 set contained syndication edits rather than the original broadcast masters  Warner Bros  responded to the complaints, offered a replacement program to receive corrected discs and reissuing the set with corrected broadcast copies on April 4, 2014  All episodes are the original broadcast form, except for the episode "Number One With a Bullet", disc 1, episode 6  The entire series is also available for digital download on Amazon com and the iTunes Store, all but season 6 remastered in both SD and HD 

Animated Christmas TV movie
On September 1, 2021, it was announced an animated Christmas film Did I Do That to the Holidays? A Steve Urkel Story would air on Cartoon Network as part of the block ACME Night in 2022  It was set to be released on HBO Max  However, on August 22, 2022, it was announced the film will not be moving forward on HBO Max and will be shopped elsewhere due to the Warner Bros  Discovery merger  Current bidders are Apple TV+, Hulu and Netflix 

Accolades
Notes
Passage 4:
Michelle Thomas
Michelle Doris Thomas (September 23, 1968 – December 23, 1998) was an American actress  She was known for her roles as Justine Phillips on the NBC sitcom The Cosby Show (1988–90), as Myra Monkhouse on the ABC/CBS sitcom Family Matters (1993–98), and as Callie Rogers on the CBS soap opera The Young and the Restless (1998) 

Early life and education
Michelle Thomas was born in Brookline, Massachusetts, on September 23, 1968, to Phynjuar "Penwah" Thomas, a stage actress, and musician father Dennis "Dee Tee" Thomas, a saxophonist and founding member of the band Kool & the Gang  Thomas grew up in Montclair, New Jersey, and graduated from West Essex High School in 1987 As a child, she would accompany her mother to her theater rehearsals and performances  Her mother was her first acting coach, and coached her throughout the course of her career  A friend of her mother who had heard Michelle Thomas sing before had requested that she enter Miss Talented Teens  Thomas was crowned Miss Talented Teen New Jersey at the state's Hal Jackson's Talented Teen pageant, and then in July 1984, at the age of 15, she was crowned Miss Talented Teen International in Montego Bay, Jamaica from among 35 state and national representatives 

Career
In 1983, Michelle Thomas appeared in her first television commercial  In December 1984, she appeared with Hal Jackson on Soul Train after having won the Miss Talented Teen International pageant earlier in the year From 1988 to 1990, Thomas portrayed Justine Phillips, the girlfriend of Theo Huxtable, on The Cosby Show  She appeared on various television programs, including A Man Called Hawk in 1989 and Thea in 1994  Thomas had a role in Dream Date in 1989 and had a small role in Hangin' with the Homeboys in 1991 
Thomas appeared in music videos for Mint Condition, Chubb Rock, and Dru Hill  Her publicist was Kahdijah Bell, daughter of Ronald Bell of Kool & the Gang  Thomas was a guest host of the weekly music series Soul Train in May 1996 and March 1997 From 1993 to 1998, she portrayed the role of Myra Monkhouse, the girlfriend of Steve Urkel, on Family Matters  After the sitcom ended in 1998, Thomas portrayed Callie Rogers, an aspiring singer and love interest of Malcolm Winters, on the daytime soap The Young and the Restless  In October 1998, Thomas took a medical leave from the series due to her ill health  Thomas had been in the studio recording music before her sudden turn in health  She appeared posthumously in the role of Anne in the film Unbowed in 1999 

Health and death
In August 1997, Thomas was diagnosed with a rare cancer, an intra-abdominal desmoplastic small-round-cell tumor (DSRCT)  Thomas never smoked or drank alcohol, and was a vegetarian  Her mother added that "they'd give her a sedation that was supposed to put her out for 20 minutes and she'd be asleep for four days  Her body couldn't take it " Thomas underwent surgery to remove a lemon-sized tumor shortly before landing her The Young and the Restless role in the spring of 1998  She underwent surgery again in October 1998 after a second cancerous growth ruptured  After being released from the hospital, Thomas flew home to New Jersey to spend Thanksgiving with her family in Weehawken, New Jersey On December 23, at age 30, Thomas died in New York City at Manhattan's Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center  Malcolm-Jamal Warner, Thomas' longtime friend and former boyfriend, was among those at her bedside  On December 26, 1998, a Muslim funeral service was held, per her request  She was buried in New Jersey 

Filmography
Film
Television
Music videos
Honors
Passage 5:
Boy Meets World (season 2)
The second season of the television comedy series Boy Meets World aired between September 23, 1994 and May 19, 1995, on ABC in the United States  The season was produced by Michael Jacobs Productions and Touchstone Television with series creator Michael Jacobs as executive producer  It was broadcast as part of the ABC comedy block TGIF on Friday evenings  This is the last season to have Lily Nicksay portray Morgan Matthews   (She would be replaced by Lindsay Ridgeway in season three )

Cast
Main
Ben Savage as Cory Matthews
William Daniels as George Feeny
Betsy Randle as Amy Matthews
Will Friedle as Eric Matthews
Rider Strong as Shawn Hunter
Danielle Fishel as Topanga Lawrence
Lily Nicksay as Morgan Matthews
Anthony Tyler Quinn as Jonathan Turner
William Russ as Alan Matthews

Episodes
Passage 6:
Twenty Vicodin
"Twenty Vicodin" is the eighth season premiere episode of the American television medical drama series House and the 156th overall episode of the series  It aired on Fox on October 3, 2011  The episode introduces a new regular cast member to the series, Odette Annable, who plays Dr  Jessica Adams  Jaleel White, who played Steve Urkel on the ABC show Family Matters, makes a guest appearance in the episode  In the episode, the storyline picks up eleven months after the season seventh finale with House in prison 

Plot
Eight months after being imprisoned for driving his car into Cuddy's living room, House has five days before he is granted parole, to which he has become eligible due to space issues and relatively good behavior  He is faced with prison bullies, mainly their leader (Jude Ciccolella), who extorts him into paying them "twenty Vicodin" as "exit tax", and meets Jessica Adams (Odette Annable), a young prison doctor who becomes fascinated with his medical skills  When a fellow prisoner collapses due to mysterious symptoms, House races against the clock and the head prison doctor to find the cure   During his imprisonment period, House has not had any phone calls or visitors; as House explains, human contact is what brought him there to begin with   In the end, House cures the man, but not without punishment from the parole board 

Production
"Twenty Vicodin", the eighth season premiere of House, was written by Peter Blake  It debuted actress Odette Annable as Dr  Jessica Adams, a doctor working at the prison where Dr  House is incarcerated  David Shore stated that it was a challenge for him to appropriately punish House for the deed in the season 7 finale without turning the series into a prison show or changing House's characteristics (while changing the environment around him, i e  removing Cuddy and "chilling" his relationship with Wilson), and that is why he decided to pick up the story eight months after House's incarceration 

Reception
Critical reception
The episode was received with generally good reviews  The A V  Club initially gave this episode a B− rating  Anthony Ocasio of ScreenRant com gave the episode a positive review, stating "the House season 8 premiere presents a wonderfully crafted case study, penned by executive producer Peter Blake, on the man that is House, in which Hugh Laurie masterfully traverses a new environment filled with intriguing challenges and compelling characters " Joseph Oliveto from screencrave com gave the episode a very good review, awarding the episode 9/10  Oliveto commented that Twenty Vicodin was "A tense season-opener [that] assures us that “House” hasn’t lost the magic" 

Ratings
With 9 78 million viewers, "Twenty Vicodin" was the 8th most watched program of the night  This was a decrease of 0 76 million viewers from the season seven premiere, but an increase of 0 67 million from the season 7 finale  The episode was the 14th most watched program of the week for adults 18-49  The season premiere was the second most watched program of the week in Canada with 2 81 million viewers 
Passage 7:
Shawn Harrison (actor)
Shawn Harrison (born December 28, 1973) is an American actor best known for his role as Waldo Faldo, the dim-witted but lovable chef-in-training on the ABC sitcom Family Matters from 1990 to 1996 Before sixth grade, he appeared in seven commercials such as Fruity Pebbles and Burger King  In 1986, Harrison made an appearance in the Kidsongs video "I'd Like to Teach the World to Sing" in the role of Mike  His mother died when he was 17 
Harrison has also made occasional appearances as the hairstylist Peaches on the UPN sitcom Girlfriends, and made several guest appearances on other series prior to that, including Moesha 
He provided the voice of Timber Wolf on the animated series Legion of Super Heroes, which premiered in fall 2006  He was also in an episode of Punky Brewster  He also played William K in two episodes The Ms  Pat Show 

Filmography
Film
Television
Passage 8:
Total Blackout
Total Blackout is an American game show airing on Syfy that features contestants that have to complete challenges such as: identifying things with either their hands, nose, or mouth; gathering items; or getting from point A to Point B while being totally in the dark (hence the name "Total Blackout")  The host of the show is Jaleel White, known for roles like Steve Urkel on the ABC/CBS sitcom Family Matters, and Sonic the Hedgehog in three animated shows  Each episode has four players competing to win $5,000  On occasion, episodes will feature four teams of two  The player or team who either takes the longest to do a certain task or identifies the fewest items in the allowed time is eliminated at the end of each round  The show was renewed for a second season by SyFy that started on October 30, 2012  Season 1 and 2 are now available on iTunes 
The show is originally Danish and first aired in Denmark (created by Henrik Nielsen) on Kanal 5 in 2011, where Uffe Holm was host of the show  The show was later adapted to a U S version 

Episodes
Season 1 (2012)
Season 2 (2013)
Passage 9:
Jaleel White
Jaleel Ahmad White (born November 27, 1976) is an American actor  He is best known for his role as Steve Urkel on the sitcom Family Matters  The character was originally intended to be a one-time guest appearance on the show; however, he was an instant hit with audiences and White became a regular cast member  The series aired for a total of nine seasons, from 1989 to 1997 on ABC, mostly on its Friday night TGIF lineup, and from 1997 to 1998 on CBS, again on Friday nights, via their short-lived CBS Block Party attempt  White then reprised his role as Urkel for the first time in 21 years in the 2019 series Scooby-Doo and Guess Who? 
White is also the first actor to voice the popular Sega video game character Sonic the Hedgehog in animated media, doing so in Adventures of Sonic the Hedgehog, Sonic the Hedgehog (also known as Sonic SatAM) and Sonic Underground, all of which were produced by the now-defunct DIC Entertainment studio  He then reprised his role as Sonic in the 2013 Sonic fan film 
After Family Matters ended, White went on to star in the short-lived UPN comedy series Grown Ups (1999–2000)  White then took brief hiatus from acting to attend UCLA in Los Angeles, California, where he graduated in 2001, earning a degree in film and television  He returned to acting with supporting roles in Dreamgirls (2006), and cameo appearances on another ABC series, Boston Legal, Fox's House, ABC's Castle, and USA's Psych  In 2010, he portrayed Dr  McCormick in the sci-fi film Mega Shark Versus Crocosaurus  In March 2012, White was a contestant in season 14 of Dancing with the Stars before he was voted off in May of that year, leaving him with a 7th place finish overall  In April 2012, White hosted the Syfy game show Total Blackout  In January 2017, White appeared in Bones as Officer Adams  In 2020, White had a recurring role in the one season-long Netflix series The Big Show Show 

Early life
White was born in Culver City, California, the only child of Michael White, a dentist, and Gail White, who was a homemaker  His mother later became his manager  White attended John Marshall Fundamental High School in Pasadena, California, and South Pasadena High School before graduating from UCLA in 2001  On the advice of his preschool teacher, White began acting as a child  He got his start on TV commercials at age three  One of White's notable commercial appearances was for Jell-O pudding pops alongside Bill Cosby 

Career
After starting his career at the age of three, White's first television role was a guest stint on The Jeffersons, in 1984  He later auditioned for the role of Rudy Huxtable on The Cosby Show  According to White, he was cast in the role (the character was originally intended to be male) but was replaced by Keshia Knight Pulliam when Bill Cosby decided to mirror his television family after his real life family  The following year, he was cast as the son of Flip Wilson and Gladys Knight on the CBS sitcom Charlie and Company  The series was intended to be CBS' answer to the highly rated Cosby Show which debuted on NBC in 1984  Unlike The Cosby Show, Charlie and Company did not catch on with audiences and was canceled in May 1986  In 1987, he appeared in the pilot episode for Good Morning, Miss Bliss, and had a guest role on Mr  Belvedere  In 1988, White had a supporting role in Cadets, a sitcom starring Soleil Moon Frye  The pilot episode aired during a preview special on September 25, 1988, on ABC  The series, however, was not picked up by the network  Also during the 1980s, he appeared in a few segments of NBC's One to Grow On 
White had a role in the NBC television film Camp Cucamonga  The film features an ensemble cast including Sherman Hemsley, Jennifer Aniston, and Brian Robbins  Several other child actors of the era including Chad Allen, Candace Cameron, Danica McKellar, Josh Saviano, and Breckin Meyer also appear 

Family Matters
At the age of 12, White originated his most famous role, Steve Urkel, on Family Matters   The role was initially conceived as a one-time guest appearance, but the character proved to be popular and White was given a full-time starring role  He also played several other members of the Urkel family, including his alter ego Stefan Urquelle and Myrtle Urkel  During the height of Family Matters' popularity, the character of Urkel was marketed with breakfast cereal (Urkel-Os) and an Urkel doll  In addition to starring in the series, White also wrote several episodes, including one, at age 19, that was the series' highest rated for that year  The series was a staple of ABC's TGIF lineup and became one of the longest-running sitcoms with a predominantly black cast in television history In 1992, he was featured in The Jaleel White Special, in which he played a fictionalized version of himself making a film, while also playing Steve Urkel By the time the series ended in 1998, White, who was then 21 years old, was disillusioned with the role, and had been shaken by the death of his close friend and co-star Michelle Thomas from an aggressive form of stomach cancer  Shortly after the series' cancellation, he stated in a 1999 interview, "If you ever see me do that character again, take me out and put a bullet in my head and put me out of my misery " Due to the character's popularity, White was so tightly defined by his Urkel character that he encountered difficulty finding other roles In later years, White came to terms with the character  In a 2011 interview with Vanity Fair, he addressed the 1999 "bullet" quote stating, "It's one of those things that it's very unfortunate how quotes are taken out of context  I remember that interview very vividly  I loved playing those characters     But the fact is that I was maturing      To be honest, I was retarding my own growth as a man to maintain the authenticity to what I thought that character should be " When asked if he would ever reprise the Steve Urkel role, White said, "I'll always say never say never; I'm a pretty creative person  I can't envision how I could do it in a way that would be irreverent and fun for both me and the viewing audience" 

Other career highlights
White was the original English voice of the popular video game character Sonic the Hedgehog, having been cast in 1993 (pre-dating Martin Burke and Ryan Drummond)  He voiced the character in all of the DiC-produced animated series: Adventures of Sonic the Hedgehog, Sonic SatAM, and Sonic Underground, as well as the Christmas special, Sonic Christmas Blast  In Underground, White also voiced Sonic's brother and sister, Manic and Sonia  White did not return to voice Sonic when Sonic X was released in 2003 
In 1999, White returned to television in the UPN sitcom Grown Ups  The series was based around White as a young man striking out into adulthood  He also co-produced and wrote some episodes for the show, in which he starred as "J", a college graduate struggling to establish his role in life as an adult  The pilot episode featured another former child actor, Soleil Moon Frye, known for her role as Punky Brewster, as the girl whom he chose as a roommate  The show received poor reviews from critics but debuted in second place in the ratings upon its premiere  However, ratings soon dropped and UPN canceled the series after one season White's acting roles have not been restricted to sitcoms  He has provided his voice to several animated projects including Warner Bros ' 1998 film Quest for Camelot  In 1999, he provided the voice for a teenaged Martin Luther King Jr , in Our Friend, Martin 
In 2001, White graduated from UCLA with a degree in film and television  He has continued acting and has had small parts in the films Big Fat Liar (in a cameo role) and Dreamgirls, and was featured as the lead role in the direct-to-DVD comedy Who Made the Potatoe Salad? in 2006  In 2007, he guest-starred on the CW series The Game, followed by a role as a law school graduate interviewing for a job at Crane, Poole and Schmidt in the ABC legal drama Boston Legal In June 2009, White began appearing in the web series Road to the Altar  In the series, White stars as Simon, a 30-something black man marrying a young Jewish girl named Rochelle  In September 2009, White guest starred on the USA Network series Psych, as an estranged college singing buddy of the character Gus 
In June 2010, White starred in the web series Fake It Till You Make It  He also serves as writer and producer of the series  The series, which premiered on Hulu, follows the exploits of former child star Reggie Cullen (White) turned image consultant and his three protégés as they hustle to navigate Hollywood  In March 2011, White guest starred on the TBS sitcom Are We There Yet?, which reunited him with fellow Family Matters cast member Telma Hopkins  Later that same year, White appeared as the star in Cee-Lo Green's music video for his song "Cry Baby" In October 2011, White appeared in the season 8 premiere of House, titled "Twenty Vicodin", where he appears as a well-connected inmate, occasionally helping Hugh Laurie's character Gregory House to sneak contraband into the prison  In April 2012, White began hosting the Syfy game show Total Blackout In March 2012, White began competing on the 14th season of Dancing with the Stars  He was partnered with two-time dance champion Kym Johnson  In the opening night's performance, White and Johnson danced the Foxtrot to "The Way You Look Tonight"  They earned a total of 26 points out of 30  White was voted off the series in May 2012 In 2015, White appeared in a Scion commercial In 2017, it was announced that CBS picked up his single camera comedy series Me, Myself & I with Bobby Moynihan, that premiered in September 2017  After six episodes, it was pulled from the fall schedule, leaving seven episodes unaired, with the network airing the remaining episodes in the summer 

Personal life
White dated actress Christine Lakin from fellow TGIF show Step by Step in the early 90s 
White has one daughter, Samaya (born in 2009), with ex-girlfriend Bridget Hardy In 2021, White announced the launch of his ItsPurpl line of cannabis products featuring the Purple Urkle strain, set for debut on April 20 at California dispensaries White has a memorial set up in his home for his Family Matters co-star Michelle Thomas, who died in 1998 of stomach cancer, shortly after the series had wrapped  He has described Thomas as a 'big sister' who was, for a period of time in the early seasons of the show, his closest friend on set, and has stated that his childhood seemed to officially end with her death 

Filmography
Film
Television
Web
Awards and nominations



ground_truth: British

prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: Are Werther and The Odyssey both operas?

The following are given passages.
Context 2:  She embraces him and they sleep 
The next day, Odysseus goes to his father Laertes's farm and reveals himself  Following them to the farm is a group of Ithacans, led by Eupeithes, father of Antinous, who are out for revenge for the murder of the suitors  A battle breaks out, but it is stopped by Athena and Zeus 

Structure
The Odyssey is 12,109 lines composed in dactylic hexameter, also called Homeric hexameter  It opens in medias res, in the middle of the overall story, with prior events described through flashbacks and storytelling  The 24 books correspond to the letters of the Greek alphabet; the division was likely made after the poem's composition, by someone other than Homer, but is generally accepted In the Classical period, some of the books (individually and in groups) were commonly given their own titles:

Book 1–4: Telemachy—the story focuses on the perspective of Telemachus 
Books 9–12: Apologoi—Odysseus recalls his adventures for his Phaeacian hosts 
Book 22: Mnesterophonia ('slaughter of the suitors'; Mnesteres, 'suitors' + phónos, 'slaughter') Book 22 concludes the Greek Epic Cycle, though fragments remain of the "alternative ending" of sorts known as the Telegony  The Telegony aside, the last 548 lines of the Odyssey, corresponding to Book 24, are believed by many scholars to have been added by a slightly later poet 

Geography
The events in the main sequence of the Odyssey (excluding Odysseus' embedded narrative of his wanderings) have been said to take place in the Peloponnese and in what are now called the Ionian Islands  There are difficulties in the apparently simple identification of Ithaca, the homeland of Odysseus, which may or may not be the same island that is now called Ithakē (modern Greek: Ιθάκη)  The wanderings of Odysseus as told to the Phaeacians, and the location of the Phaeacians' own island of Scheria, pose more fundamental problems, if geography is to be applied: scholars, both ancient and modern, are divided as to whether any of the places visited by Odysseus (after Ismaros and before his return to Ithaca) are real  Both antiquated and contemporary scholars have attempted to map Odysseus' journey but now largely agree that the landscapes, especially of the Apologia (Books 9 to 11), include too many mythological aspects as features to be unequivocally mappable  Classicist Peter T  Struck created an interactive map which plots Odysseus' travels, including his near homecoming which was thwarted by the bag of wind 

Influences
Scholars have seen strong influences from Near Eastern mythology and literature in the Odyssey  Martin West notes substantial parallels between the Epic of Gilgamesh and the Odyssey  Both Odysseus and Gilgamesh are known for traveling to the ends of the earth and on their journeys go to the land of the dead  On his voyage to the underworld, Odysseus follows instructions given to him by Circe, who is located at the edges of the world and is associated through imagery with the sun  Like Odysseus, Gilgamesh gets directions on how to reach the land of the dead from a divine helper: the goddess Siduri, who, like Circe, dwells by the sea at the ends of the earth, whose home is also associated with the sun  Gilgamesh reaches Siduri's house by passing through a tunnel underneath Mt  Mashu, the high mountain from which the sun comes into the sky  West argues that the similarity of Odysseus' and Gilgamesh's journeys to the edges of the earth are the result of the influence of the Gilgamesh epic upon the Odyssey In 1914, paleontologist Othenio Abel surmised the origins of the Cyclops to be the result of ancient Greeks finding an elephant skull  The enormous nasal passage in the middle of the forehead could have looked like the eye socket of a giant, to those who had never seen a living elephant  Classical scholars, on the other hand, have long known that the story of the Cyclops was originally a folk tale, which existed independently of the Odyssey and which became part of it at a later date  Similar stories are found in cultures across Europe and the Middle East  According to this explanation, the Cyclops was originally simply a giant or ogre, much like Humbaba in the Epic of Gilgamesh  Graham Anderson suggests that the addition about it having only one eye was invented to explain how the creature was so easily blinded 

Themes and patterns
Homecoming
Homecoming (Ancient Greek: νόστος, nostos) is a central theme of the Odyssey  Anna Bonafazi of the University of Cologne writes that, in Homer, nostos is "return home from Troy, by sea"  Agatha Thornton examines nostos in the context of characters other than Odysseus, in order to provide an alternative for what might happen after the end of the Odyssey  For instance, one example is that of Agamemnon's homecoming versus Odysseus'  Upon Agamemnon's return, his wife Clytemnestra and her lover, Aegisthus, kill Agamemnon  Agamemnon's son, Orestes, out of vengeance for his father's death, kills Aegisthus  This parallel compares the death of the suitors to the death of Aegisthus and sets Orestes up as an example for Telemachus  Also, because Odysseus knows about Clytemnestra's betrayal, Odysseus returns home in disguise in order to test the loyalty of his own wife, Penelope  Later, Agamemnon praises Penelope for not killing Odysseus  It is because of Penelope that Odysseus has fame and a successful homecoming  This successful homecoming is unlike Achilles, who has fame but is dead, and Agamemnon, who had an unsuccessful homecoming resulting in his death 

Wandering
Only two of Odysseus's adventures are described by the narrator  The rest of Odysseus' adventures are recounted by Odysseus himself  The two scenes described by the narrator are Odysseus on Calypso's island and Odysseus' encounter with the Phaeacians  These scenes are told by the poet to represent an important transition in Odysseus' journey: being concealed to returning home Calypso's name comes from the Greek word kalúptō (καλύπτω), meaning 'to cover' or 'conceal', which is apt, as this is exactly what she does with Odysseus  Calypso keeps Odysseus concealed from the world and unable to return home  After leaving Calypso's island, the poet describes Odysseus' encounters with the Phaeacians—those who "convoy without hurt to all men"—which represents his transition from not returning home to returning home Also, during Odysseus' journey, he encounters many beings that are close to the gods  These encounters are useful in understanding that Odysseus is in a world beyond man and that influences the fact he cannot return home  These beings that are close to the gods include the Phaeacians who lived near the Cyclopes, whose king, Alcinous, is the great-grandson of the king of the giants, Eurymedon, and the grandson of Poseidon  Some of the other characters that Odysseus encounters are the cyclops Polyphemus, the son of Poseidon; Circe, a sorceress who turns men into animals; and the cannibalistic giants, the Laestrygonians 

Guest-friendship
Throughout the course of the epic, Odysseus encounters several examples of xenia ("guest-friendship"), which provide models of how hosts should and should not act  The Phaeacians demonstrate exemplary guest-friendship by feeding Odysseus, giving him a place to sleep, and granting him many gifts and a safe voyage home, which are all things a good host should do  Polyphemus demonstrates poor guest-friendship  His only "gift" to Odysseus is that he will eat him last  Calypso also exemplifies poor guest-friendship because she does not allow Odysseus to leave her island  Another important factor to guest-friendship is that kingship implies generosity  It is assumed that a king has the means to be a generous host and is more generous with his own property  This is best seen when Odysseus, disguised as a beggar, begs Antinous, one of the suitors, for food and Antinous denies his request  Odysseus essentially says that while Antinous may look like a king, he is far from a king since he is not generous According to J  B  Hainsworth, guest-friendship follows a very specific pattern:
The arrival and the reception of the guest 
Bathing or providing fresh clothes to the guest 
Providing food and drink to the guest 
Questions may be asked of the guest and entertainment should be provided by the host 
The guest should be given a place to sleep, and both the guest and host retire for the night 
The guest and host exchange gifts, the guest is granted a safe journey home, and the guest departs Another important factor of guest-friendship is not keeping the guest longer than they wish and also promising their safety while they are a guest within the host's home 

Testing
Another theme throughout the Odyssey is testing  This occurs in two distinct ways  Odysseus tests the loyalty of others and others test Odysseus' identity  An example of Odysseus testing the loyalties of others is when he returns home  Instead of immediately revealing his identity, he arrives disguised as a beggar and then proceeds to determine who in his house has remained loyal to him and who has helped the suitors  After Odysseus reveals his true identity, the characters test Odysseus' identity to see if he really is who he says he is  For instance, Penelope tests Odysseus' identity by saying that she will move the bed into the other room for him  This is a difficult task since it is made out of a living tree that would require being cut down, a fact that only the real Odysseus would know, thus proving his identity Testing also has a very specific type scene that accompanies it  Throughout the epic, the testing of others follows a typical pattern  This pattern is:
Odysseus is hesitant to question the loyalties of others 
Odysseus tests the loyalties of others by questioning them 
The characters reply to Odysseus' questions 
Odysseus proceeds to reveal his identity 
The characters test Odysseus' identity 
There is a rise of emotions associated with Odysseus' recognition, usually lament or joy 
Finally, the reconciled characters work together 

Omens
Omens occur frequently throughout the Odyssey  Within the epic poem, they frequently involve birds  According to Thornton, most crucial is who receives each omen and in what way it manifests  For instance, bird omens are shown to Telemachus, Penelope, Odysseus, and the suitors  Telemachus and Penelope receive their omens as well in the form of words, sneezes, and dreams  However, Odysseus is the only character who receives thunder or lightning as an omen  She highlights this as crucial because lightning, as a symbol of Zeus, represents the kingship of Odysseus  Odysseus is associated with Zeus throughout both the Iliad and the Odyssey Omens are another example of a type scene in the Odyssey  Two important parts of an omen type scene are the recognition of the omen, followed by its interpretation  In the Odyssey, all of the bird omens—with the exception of the first—show large birds attacking smaller birds  Accompanying each omen is a wish which can be either explicitly stated or only implied  For example, Telemachus wishes for vengeance and for Odysseus to be home, Penelope wishes for Odysseus' return, and the suitors wish for the death of Telemachus 

Textual history
Composition
The date of the poem is a matter of some disagreement among classicists  In the middle of the 8th century BC, the inhabitants of Greece began to adopt a modified version of the Phoenician alphabet to write down their own language  The Homeric poems may have been one of the earliest products of that literacy, and if so, would have been composed some time in the late 8th century BC  Inscribed on a clay cup found in Ischia, Italy, are the words "Nestor's cup, good to drink from " Some scholars, such as Calvert Watkins, have tied this cup to a description of King Nestor's golden cup in the Iliad  If the cup is an allusion to the Iliad, that poem's composition can be dated to at least 700–750 BC Dating is similarly complicated by the fact that the Homeric poems, or sections of them, were performed regularly by rhapsodes for several hundred years  The Odyssey as it exists today is likely not significantly different  Aside from minor differences, the Homeric poems gained a canonical place in the institutions of ancient Athens by the 6th century  In 566 BC, Peisistratos instituted a civic and religious festival called the Panathenaia, which featured performances of Homeric poems  These are significant because a "correct" version of the poems had to be performed, indicating that a particular version of the text had become canonised 

Textual tradition
The Iliad and the Odyssey were widely copied and used as school texts in lands where the Greek language was spoken throughout antiquity  Scholars may have begun to write commentaries on the poems as early as the time of Aristotle in the 4th century BC  In the 3rd and 2nd centuries BC, scholars affiliated with the Library of Alexandria—particularly Zenodotus and Aristarchus of Samothrace—edited the Homeric poems, wrote commentaries on them, and helped establish the canonical texts The Iliad and the Odyssey remained widely studied and used as school texts in the Byzantine Empire during the Middle Ages  The Byzantine Greek scholar and archbishop Eustathios of Thessalonike (c  1115 – c  1195/6 AD) wrote exhaustive commentaries on both of the Homeric epics that became seen by later generations as authoritative; his commentary on the Odyssey alone spans nearly 2,000 oversized pages in a twentieth-century edition  The first printed edition of the Odyssey, known as the editio princeps, was produced in 1488 by the Greek scholar Demetrios Chalkokondyles, who had been born in Athens and had studied in Constantinople  His edition was printed in Milan by a Greek printer named Antonios Damilas Since the late 19th century, many papyri containing fragments of the Odyssey have been found in Egypt, some with content different from later medieval versions 
In 2018, the Greek Cultural Ministry revealed the discovery of a clay tablet near the Temple of Zeus at Olympia, containing 13 verses from the Odyssey's 14th book  While it was initially reported to date from the 3rd century AD, the date is unconfirmed 

English translations
George Chapman's English translations of the Odyssey and the Iliad, published together in 1616 but serialised earlier, were the first to enjoy widespread success  The texts had been published in translation before, with some translated not from the original Greek  Chapman worked on these for a large part of his life  In 1581, Arthur Hall translated the first 10 books of the Iliad from a French version  Chapman's translations persisted in popularity, and are often remembered today through John Keats' sonnet  "On First Looking into Chapman's Homer" (1816)  Years after completing his translation of the Iliad, Alexander Pope began to translate the Odyssey because of his financial situation  His second translation was not received as favourably as the first Emily Wilson, a professor of classical studies at the University of Pennsylvania, notes that as late as the first decade of the 21st century, almost all of the most prominent translators of Greek and Roman literature had been men  She calls her experience of translating Homer one of "intimate alienation " Wilson writes that this has affected the popular conception of characters and events of the Odyssey, inflecting the story with connotations not present in the original text: "For instance, in the scene where Telemachus oversees the hanging of the slaves who have been sleeping with the suitors, most translations introduce derogatory language ("sluts" or "whores") [   ] The original Greek does not label these slaves with derogatory language " In the original Greek, the word used is hai, the feminine article, equivalent to "those female people" 

Legacy
The influence of the Homeric texts can be difficult to summarise because of how greatly they have impacted the popular imagination and cultural values  The Odyssey and the Iliad formed the basis of education for members of ancient Mediterranean society  That curriculum was adopted by Western humanists, meaning the text was so much a part of the cultural fabric that it became irrelevant whether an individual had read it  As such, the influence of the Odyssey has reverberated through over a millennium of writing  The poem topped a poll of experts by BBC Culture to find literature's most enduring narrative  It is widely regarded by western literary critics as a timeless classic and remains one of the oldest works of extant literature commonly read by Western audiences 

Literature
In Canto XXVI of the Inferno, Dante Alighieri meets Odysseus in the eighth circle of hell, where Odysseus appends a new ending to the Odyssey in which he never returns to Ithaca and instead continues his restless adventuring  Edith Hall suggests that Dante's depiction of Odysseus became understood as a manifestation of Renaissance colonialism and othering, with the cyclops standing in for "accounts of monstrous races on the edge of the world", and his defeat as symbolising "the Roman domination of the western Mediterranean" Irish poet James Joyce's modernist novel Ulysses (1922) was significantly influenced by the Odyssey  Joyce had encountered the figure of Odysseus in Charles Lamb's Adventures of Ulysses, an adaptation of the epic poem for children, which seems to have established the Latin name in Joyce's mind  Ulysses, a re-telling of the Odyssey set in Dublin, is divided into 18 sections ("episodes") which can be mapped roughly onto the 24 books of the Odyssey  Joyce claimed familiarity with the original Homeric Greek, but this has been disputed by some scholars, who cite his poor grasp of the language as evidence to the contrary  The book, and especially its stream of consciousness prose, is widely considered foundational to the modernist genre Modern writers have revisited the Odyssey to highlight the poem's female characters  Canadian writer Margaret Atwood adapted parts of the Odyssey for her novella, The Penelopiad (2005)  The novella focuses on Penelope and the twelve female slaves hanged by Odysseus at the poem's ending, an image which haunted Atwood  Atwood's novella comments on the original text, wherein Odysseus' successful return to Ithaca symbolises the restoration of a patriarchal system  Similarly, Madeline Miller's Circe (2018) revisits the relationship between Odysseus and Circe on Aeaea  As a reader, Miller was frustrated by Circe's lack of motivation in the original poem and sought to explain her capriciousness  The novel recontextualises the sorceress' transformations of sailors into pigs from an act of malice into one of self-defence, given that she has no superhuman strength with which to repel attackers 

Film and television
L'Odissea (1911) is an Italian silent film by Giuseppe de Liguoro 
Ulysses (1954) is a film adaptation starring Kirk Douglas as Ulysses, Silvana Mangano as Penelope and Circe, and Anthony Quinn as Antinous 
L'Odissea (1968) is an Italian-French-German-Yugoslavian television miniseries praised for its faithful rendering of the original epic 
Nostos: The Return (1989) is an Italian film about Odysseus' homecoming  Directed by Franco Piavoli, it relies on visual storytelling and has a strong focus on nature 
Ulysses' Gaze (1995), directed by Theo Angelopoulos, has many of the elements of the Odyssey set against the backdrop of the most recent and previous Balkan Wars 
The Odyssey (1997) is a television miniseries directed by Andrei Konchalovsky and starring Armand Assante as Odysseus and Greta Scacchi as Penelope 
O Brother, Where Art Thou? (2000) is a crime comedy drama film written, produced, co-edited and directed by the Coen brothers and is very loosely based on Homer's poem 

Opera and music
Il ritorno d'Ulisse in patria, first performed in 1640, is an opera by Claudio Monteverdi based on the second half of Homer's Odyssey 
Rolf Riehm composed an opera based on the myth, Sirenen – Bilder des Begehrens und des Vernichtens (Sirens – Images of Desire and Destruction), which premiered at the Oper Frankfurt in 2014 
Robert W  Smith's second symphony for concert band, The Odyssey, tells four of the main highlights of the story in the piece's four movements: "The Iliad", "The Winds of Poseidon", "The Isle of Calypso", and "Ithaca" 

Sciences
Psychiatrist Jonathan Shay wrote two books, Achilles in Vietnam: Combat Trauma and the Undoing of Character  (1994) and Odysseus in America: Combat Trauma and the Trials of Homecoming (2002), which relate the Iliad and the Odyssey to posttraumatic stress disorder and moral injury as seen in the rehabilitation histories of combat veteran patients  
Passage 6:
Albert Odyssey (Super Famicom game)
Albert Odyssey (アルバートオデッセイ, Arubaato Odessei) is a tactical role-playing video game developed and published by Sunsoft and released for the Super Nintendo Entertainment System in Japan in March 1993  The game features strategy-based combat in addition to traditional role-playing game elements in two-dimensional environments  It is the first game in the Albert Odyssey series, and was followed by two sequels, Albert Odyssey 2: Jashin no Taidou in 1994, and Albert Odyssey: Legend of Eldean in 1996   On June 12, 1996, Albert Odyssey was made available as a full game download on the Satellaview add-on as BS Albert Odyssey (BSアルバートオデッセイ, BS Arubaato Odessei), and the original Albert Odyssey was re-released for Satellaview in March 1998 Players assume the role of Albert, the young heroic swordsman who lives in a fantasy world filled with monsters and mythical creatures  While much of the world remains in relative peace following a great war many years before, a military faction led by the dark magician Globus has emerged to conquer the newly pacified nations and expand their empire  With the help of Albert's friends as well as hired mercenaries, the player must travel the world and eventually confront Golbus and his forces to prevent another large-scale conflict 

Gameplay
Albert Odyssey is a role-playing video game with strategy elements where players must travel through a fantasy environment battling monsters and other enemies to advance the story  The game uses two-dimensional character sprites and environments accompanied by the Super Nintendo Entertainment System's Mode 7 graphics capabilities that give the impression of three dimensions  Players move their characters from a top-down perspective through towns and other peaceful areas, while the game's overworld and dungeons are rendered as large battlefields laden with enemies  Throughout the game, players take part in the story by interacting with non-player characters and performing story-driven quests that continually expand the game's narrative 
Using a turn-based system, both the player and computer opponent take turns moving and attacking across the field  A player may choose to move, attack, perform magic, use an item in their possession to aid themselves, or retreat to the nearest safe area to rest or restock supplies  Once two characters come in contact with one another, a battle sequence ensues where the attacking character deals damage to the opponent, lowering their health  When the player or enemy's health reaches zero, they are defeated and ejected from the field  Player's advance by confronting and defeating enemies, gaining experience points in the process that go towards making characters stronger and learn new abilities  A character can be further augmented with progressively more powerful weapons and equipment can be purchased in towns or found on defeated enemies  Progress is recorded by using save points found in set areas throughout the game that utilize the Famicom's battery backup-up system  If all of a player's characters are defeated at any time, they are forced to restart the game from the last recorded save file 

Audio
The music for Albert Odyssey was written and programmed by Sunsoft in-house composer Naoki Kodaka, with the game being his first Super Famicom and role-playing endeavor  On June 25, 1993, Sunsoft released an official soundtrack titled All Sounds of Albert Odyssey in Japan published by Datam Polystar featuring all background music and jingles from the game   Later that year, selected music from Albert Odyssey was performed by the Tokyo City Philharmonic Orchestra as part of the third Game Music Concert series in Tokyo, Japan, later made available as a commercial album the following December  The two tracks represented were "The Road Walked by Heroes" and "Hometown Tibelis", retitled as "Albert Odyssey Theme" and "God's People" respectively 

Sequel
Albert Odyssey 2: Jashin no Taidou (アルバートオデッセイ2 邪神の胎動, Aruberto Odesei Tsu Jashin no Taidou, lit  Albert Odyssey 2: Sign of the Devil) is a tactical role-playing video game developed and published by Sunsoft for the Super Famicom and released in December 1994  It is the sequel to the original Albert Odyssey and retains many of the same gameplay and story elements while featuring enhanced graphics and battle features 
The game is set ten years after the previous title and follows the story of Dean, a young warrior who is enthralled by the exploits of the hero Albert who saved the world a decade earlier from an evil magician   Setting off on his own journey to investigate the conflict, Dean becomes entangled in an adventure of his own while meeting characters from the previous game  He soon learns that the world is once again in danger from an ancient evil god known as Okutoba, and must become a hero himself to stop him from throwing the world into darkness 

Gameplay
Like its predecessor, Albert Odyssey 2 is a traditional strategy-based role-playing video game featuring two-dimensional character and background graphics  While towns and other safe areas are presented in a top-down fashion where players can move about freely, the game's overworld and dungeons take the appearance of a grid-like strategy board filled with monsters and other enemies   Using the Super Famicom's Mode 7 graphics function, environments can scroll and zoom smoothly based on the player's point of view, and give the appearance of three-dimensions  Players advance the game's story by taking part in large-scale battles and interacting with non-player characters 
The battle system in Albert Odyssey 2 has been modified slightly from the original   While players can still move in eight directions to engage opponents, the size of many battlefields, as well as the number of enemies represented, has been reduced, with the entire system becoming more streamlined  Characters move about the battle environment using a turn-based system where enemies and the player's party take turns attacking in phases, with one entire side acting before another  On a player's turn, characters may move, fight, use a magic attack, use an item from their inventory, or retreat to a nearby safe location  Battle are won when an entire enemy party has been defeated, yielding experience points that allow characters to gain levels and become stronger as well as give access to new abilities   Players record their progress using the game cartridge's built-in battery back-up system by accessing preset save points during gameplay 
Passage 7:
Sorrows of Werther
"Sorrows of Werther" is a satirical poem by William Makepeace Thackeray written in response to the enormous success of Johann Wolfgang von Goethe's novel The Sorrows of Young Werther 


== Text ==
Passage 8:
Werther (film)
Werther is an opera by Jules Massenet 
Werther may also refer to:

Places
Werther, North Rhine-Westphalia, a town in western Germany
Werther, Thuringia, a municipality in eastern Germany

People with the surname
Gustav Werther (1815–1869), German chemist
Heinrich Wilhelm von Werther (1772–1859), Prussian diplomat and politician

Arts
The Sorrows of Young Werther, a novel by Johann Wolfgang von Goethe that the opera Werther is loosely based on
Werther (1986 film), a Spanish film based on the novel
Werther (1927 film), a Czech film

Others
Werther's Original, a toffee-and-cream candy
The New Werther, by the statistician Karl Pearson
Passage 9:
Werther
Werther is an opera (drame lyrique) in four acts by Jules Massenet to a French libretto by Édouard Blau, Paul Milliet and Georges Hartmann (who used the pseudonym Henri Grémont)  It is loosely based on Goethe's epistolary novel The Sorrows of Young Werther, which was based both on fact and on Goethe's own early life  Earlier examples of operas using the story were made by Kreutzer (1792) and Pucitta (1802) 

Performance history
Massenet started composing Werther in 1885, completing it in 1887  He submitted it to Léon Carvalho, the director of the Paris Opéra-Comique, that year, but Carvalho declined to accept it on the grounds that the scenario was too serious  With the disruption of the fire at the Opéra-Comique and Massenet's work on other operatic projects (especially Esclarmonde), it was put to one side, until the Vienna Opera, pleased with the success of Manon, asked the composer for a new work  Werther received its premiere on 16 February 1892 (in a German version translated by Max Kalbeck) at the Imperial Theatre Hofoper in Vienna The French-language premiere followed in Geneva on 27 December 1892  The first performance in France was given by the Opéra-Comique at the Théâtre Lyrique on the Place du Châtelet in Paris on 16 January 1893, with Marie Delna as Charlotte and Guillaume Ibos in the title role, conducted by Jules Danbé, but was not immediately successful Werther entered the repertoire at the Opéra-Comique in 1903 in a production supervised by Albert Carré, and over the next half-century the opera was performed over 1,100 times there, Léon Beyle becoming a distinguished interpreter of Werther The United States premiere with the Metropolitan Opera took place in Chicago on 29 March 1894 and then in the company's main house in New York City three weeks later  The UK premiere was a one-off performance at Covent Garden, London, on 11 June 1894 with Emma Eames as Charlotte, Sigrid Arnoldson as Sophie, and Jean de Reszke in the title role 
Werther is still regularly performed around the world and has been recorded many times  Although the role of Werther was written for a tenor, Massenet adjusted it for a baritone, when Mattia Battistini sang it in Saint Petersburg in 1902  It is very occasionally performed in this version, in which the changes affect only the vocal line for the title character  There are no other changes to the words, to the lines for other characters, or to the orchestration 

Roles
Instrumentation
2 flutes (2nd doubling piccolo),
2 oboes (doubling English horns),
2 clarinets in B-flat and A,
alto saxophone,
2 bassoons,
4 horns in F,
2 cornets in B-flat and A,
3 trombones,
tuba,
timpani,
percussion (1) (bass drum, triangle),
harp,
strings 

Synopsis
Time: Within the period July to December, in an undefined year in the 1780s 
Place: Wetzlar in Germany 

Act 1
In July, the widowed Bailiff (a Magistrate, rather than one who comes to seize property), is teaching his six youngest children a Christmas carol ("Noël! Jésus vient de naître")  His drinking companions, Johann and Schmidt, arrive as Charlotte, the eldest daughter, dresses for a ball  Since her fiancé Albert is away, she is to be escorted by Werther, whom the Bailiff and his companions find gloomy  Werther arrives ("O Nature, pleine de grâce"), and watches as Charlotte prepares her young siblings' supper, just as her mother had before she died  He greets her and they leave for the ball  Albert returns unexpectedly after a six-month trip  He is unsure of Charlotte's intentions and disappointed not to find her at home, but is reassured and consoled by Charlotte's younger sister Sophie  He leaves after promising to return in the morning  After an orchestral interlude, Werther and Charlotte return very late; he is already enamoured of her  His declaration of love is interrupted by the announcement of Albert's return  Charlotte recalls how she promised her dying mother she would marry Albert  Werther is in despair 

Act 2
It is three months later, and Charlotte and Albert are now married  They walk happily to church to celebrate the minister's 50th wedding anniversary, followed by the disconsolate Werther ("Un autre est son époux!")  First Albert and then Sophie ("Du gai soleil, plein de flamme") try to cheer him up  When Charlotte exits the church, he speaks to her of their first meeting  Charlotte begs Werther to leave her, though she indicates that she would be willing to receive him again on Christmas Day  Werther contemplates suicide ("Lorsque l'enfant revient d'un voyage")  He encounters Sophie but the tearful girl does not understand his distressing behavior  Albert now realizes that Werther loves Charlotte 

Act 3
Charlotte is at home alone on Christmas Eve  She spends time rereading the letters that she has received from Werther ("Werther! Qui m'aurait dit     Ces lettres!"), wondering how the young poet is and how she had the strength to send him away  Sophie comes in and tries to cheer up her older sister ("Ah! le rire est béni"), though Charlotte is not to be consoled ("Va! laisse couler mes larmes")  Suddenly Werther appears, and while he reads to her some poetry of Ossian ("Pourquoi me réveiller?"), he realizes that she does indeed return his love  They embrace for a moment, but she quickly bids him farewell  He leaves with thoughts of suicide  Albert returns home to find his wife distraught  Werther sends a messenger to Albert, requesting to borrow his pistols, explaining he is going on an extended trip  After the servant has taken them, Charlotte has a terrible premonition and hurries to find Werther  An orchestral intermezzo ("La nuit de Noël") leads without a break into the final Act 

Act 4
"The death of Werther": At Werther's apartment, Charlotte has arrived too late to stop him from shooting himself; he is dying  She consoles him by declaring her love  He asks for forgiveness  After he dies, Charlotte faints  Outside children are heard singing the Christmas carol 

Noted arias
Recordings
A well-regarded recording of the complete opera was made in January 1931 by French Columbia with a French cast and the orchestra and chorus of the Opéra-Comique under the direction of Élie Cohen  Henry Fogel of Fanfare magazine, writing in 1992, counted 14 complete recordings and considered it the finest of the lot  His colleague, James Camner, reviewing the Opera d'Oro reissue in 2003, called it "one of the treasures of recorded opera      Unfortunately, the transfer is over filtered  The high frequencies are lost, giving the performance an unwarranted flatness  Happily, Naxos offers the same recording expertly transferred by Ward Marston, and acquiring it is a must " Alan Blyth, while giving a very positive review of the reissue of the recording with Albert Lance as Werther and Rita Gorr as Charlotte in 2004, nevertheless pointed out that "neither quite has the ideal subtlety of the best Massenet singers, such as Vallin and Thill on the classic, pre-war set, now on Naxos" In addition, many of the greatest French and Italian singers of the past century or more have recorded individual arias from Massenet's masterwork 
Passage 10:
The Novel of Werther
The Novel of Werther (French: Le Roman de Werther) is a 1938 French historical drama film directed by Max Ophüls and starring Pierre Richard-Willm, Annie Vernay and Jean Galland  It is based on the 1774 novel The Sorrows of Young Werther by Goethe The film was made by Nero Film, a company run by German exiles who had left following the Nazi rise to power 

Cast
Pierre Richard-Willm as Werther
Annie Vernay as Charlotte
Jean Galland as Albert
Paulette Pax as Aunt Emma
Jean Périer as President
Edmond Beauchamp as murderer
Georges Bever as chamberlain
Geno Ferny as portraitist
Fernand Blot as Werther's colleague
Denise Kerny as the right one
Henri Guisol as Schertz, the clerk
Roger Legris as Franz, valet
Jean Buquet as little Gustave
Maurice Schutz as le sonneur
Léonce Corne asle majordome
Philippe Richard as Grand Duke
Charles Nossent as le cocher
Léon Larive as comedian
Georges Vitray as bailiff
Génia Vaury as girl
Henri Beaulieu
Henri Darbrey
Pierre Darteuil
Maurice Devienne
Martial Rèbe
Robert Rollis



ground_truth: no

prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: Which American actor portray Steve Urkel in "Family Matters"

The following are given passages.
Context 4: 
Hours before the game, the Cougars' star receiver Marquess Wilson said in a press release that he has left the program because of the actions of first-year coach Mike Leach and his staff  Wilson was suspended earlier in the week for an unspecified violation of team rules  Wilson said the new staff has "preferred to belittle, intimidate and humiliate us " That included physical abuse, Wilson said 
1st quarter scoring: UCLA – Sheldon Price 68-yard blocked field goal return (Ka'imi Fairbairn kick); Dominique Williams 6-yard pass from Connor Halliday (Andrew Furney kick)
2nd quarter scoring: UCLA - Johnathan Franklin 16-yard pass from Brett Hundley (Fairbairn kick); UCLA – Joseph Fauria 9-yard pass from Hundley (Fairbairn kick); UCLA – Anthony Barr safety; UCLA – Devin Fuller 10-yard pass from Hundley (Fairbairn kick); UCLA – Eric Kendricks 40-yard fumble recovery (Fairbairn kick)
3rd quarter scoring: WSU - Brett Bartolone 7-yard pass from Halliday (Furney kick); UCLA – Jordon James 2-yard run (Fairbairn kick); WSU - Marcus Mason 4-yard pass from Halliday (Furney kick)
4th quarter scoring: WSU - Dominique Williams 11-yard pass from Halliday (Furney kick); WSU - Kristoff Williams 3-yard pass from Halliday (Dominique Williams pass from Halliday 2-point conversion)

Arizona State
Washington
Washington State's first win in the rivalry since 2008 

Roster and coaching staff
Passage 7:
2000 Texas Tech Red Raiders football team
The 2000 Texas Tech Red Raiders football team represented Texas Tech University as a member of the Big 12 Conference during the 2000 NCAA Division I-A football season  In their first season under head coach Mike Leach, the Red Raiders compiled a 7–6 record (3–5 against Big 12 opponents), finished in fourth place in Southern Division of the Big 12, and outscored opponents by a combined total of 330 to 278  The team played its home games at Jones SBC Stadium in Lubbock, Texas 
Of the team's staff and players, 23 went on to coach either in the NFL or in college football, including eight head coaches of FBS football teams and eight more who were FBS coordinators   Defensive coordinator Greg McMackin, running backs coach Art Briles, wide receivers coach Sonny Dykes, inside receivers coach Dana Holgorsen, linebackers coach Ruffin McNeill, special teams coordinator Manny Matsakis, and starting quarterback Kliff Kingsbury all went on to become FBS head coaches, with Kingsbury eventually becoming an NFL head coach 

Schedule
Personnel
Game summaries
New Mexico
At Texas A&M
Nebraska
At Oklahoma
Vs  East Carolina (Galleryfurniture com Bowl)
Team players drafted into the NFL
Passage 8:
2001 Texas Tech Red Raiders football team
The 2001 Texas Tech Red Raiders football team represented Texas Tech University as a member of the Big 12 Conference during the 2001 NCAA Division I-A football season  In their second season under head coach Mike Leach, the Red Raiders compiled a 7–5 record (4–4 against Big 12 opponents), finished in a tie for third place in Southern Division of the Big 12, lost to Iowa in the 2001 Alamo Bowl, and outscored opponents by a combined total of 402 to 281  The team played its home games at Jones SBC Stadium in Lubbock, Texas 

Previous season
The Red Raiders finished the 2000 season with an overall record of 7–6, 3–5 in Big 12 play, to finish fourth in the Big 12 South  The team was invited to the Galleryfurniture com Bowl, where they lost 27–40 to East Carolina 

NFL Draft
Tackle Kris Kocurek was drafted in the 6th round (181st overall) by the Seattle Seahawks 

Schedule
Personnel
Game summaries
New Mexico
At UTEP
The game was initially scheduled to take place on September 13, but was then postponed following the September 11 attacks  The game was eventually canceled on September 21 when the two teams could not agree on a date to reschedule that would work for both  Texas Tech would eventually play Stephen F  Austin to make up for the lost game 

Vs  North Texas
At Texas
Kansas
The Red Raiders would not lose to the Jayhawks again until October 26, 2019, with Kansas defeating Texas Tech 37–34 in Lawrence 

Kansas State
At Nebraska
At Baylor
Texas A&M
At Oklahoma State
Oklahoma
Stephen F  Austin
Vs  Iowa (Alamo Bowl)
Passage 9:
Mike Leach (American football coach)
Michael Charles Leach (March 9, 1961 – December 12, 2022) was an American college football coach who primarily coached at the NCAA Division I FBS level  He was a two-time national coach of the year, three-time conference coach of the year and the mastermind behind the NCAA record-setting air raid offense  He was the head coach at Texas Tech University from 2000 to 2009, where he became the winningest coach in school history  After Texas Tech, he coached at Washington State University from 2012 to 2019, where he recorded the third-most wins of any coach in school history  He then coached at Mississippi State from 2020 until his death in 2022 Leach was known for directing offenses using lots of passing to several receivers, in a spread system known as the air raid, which Leach developed with Hal Mumme when Mumme was head coach and Leach was offensive coordinator at Iowa Wesleyan, Valdosta State, and Kentucky in the 1990s  Leach's offenses with Mumme, and later as a head coach himself, have broken numerous school and NCAA records  On eighteen occasions, Leach led his unranked team to victory over a team ranked in the AP poll, which is the most in the AP era 

Early life and education
Mike Leach was born to Frank and Sandra Leach in Susanville, California  His father Frank was a forester and the family moved around several times while Leach was growing up, before finally settling in Cody, Wyoming  Leach was raised a member of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints   While growing up in Cody, he joined Boy Scout Troop 58 and earned the rank of Eagle in 1975  Leach graduated from Cody High School in 1979; he played football there from 1975–1978 and was recruited to play at Brigham Young University (BYU) in Provo, Utah  An ankle injury he sustained in high school ruled out playing college football, so he played rugby instead Leach stayed close to the football program, occasionally sitting in on film room sessions  Led by head coach LaVell Edwards, offensive coordinator Norm Chow, and quarterbacks Marc Wilson, Jim McMahon, and Steve Young, BYU played with a pass-heavy offense, which was uncommon in college football at that time  Leach graduated in 1983 with a bachelor's degree in American studies In 1986, Leach earned a Juris Doctor from Pepperdine University School of Law in Malibu, California  He is also one of the most prominent graduates of the United States Sports Academy in Daphne, Alabama, from which he earned a Master of Sports Science in sports coaching in 1988 

Coaching career
Early coaching career
In 1987, Leach began his coaching career as an assistant at Cal Poly and College of the Desert (in 1988) In 1989, he served as head coach of the Pori Bears in the American Football Association of Finland Also in 1989, he joined Hal Mumme's staff at Iowa Wesleyan University as offensive coordinator  The pair spent three seasons there before moving to Valdosta State (1992–1996) and then Kentucky (1997–1998)  The partnership was known for the development of the air raid offense, which allowed their teams to rank highly in offensive statistics and set numerous records  Kentucky quarterback Tim Couch became a No  1 overall NFL draft pick For the 1999 season, Leach joined the Oklahoma staff under head coach Bob Stoops  Oklahoma's offense, which had ranked 11th in the Big 12 Conference in 1998, improved under Leach to first in the conference in 1999 

Texas Tech
After one year at Oklahoma, Leach was hired as head coach of the Texas Tech Red Raiders, another Big 12 member Under Leach, the Red Raiders' best finishes came with three nine-win seasons in 2002, 2005, and 2007 and an 11-win season in 2008  In 2002, Tech swept its in-state conference rivals Baylor, Texas, and Texas A&M for the first time since 1997 and then defeated Clemson, 55–15, in the Tangerine Bowl  It was the Red Raiders' first postseason win since 1995 when they beat the Air Force Falcons in the Copper Bowl  In 2005, the Red Raiders opened their season with a 6–0 record, their best start since 1998  Leach built a strong passing offense at Tech, where the Red Raiders led the NCAA in passing yardage for four years in a row He inserted Kliff Kingsbury at quarterback for three years  Kingsbury broke the NCAA records for completions in a career  Kingsbury was succeeded at the position by B  J  Symons, who produced the most passing yards in a season in NCAA history  Sonny Cumbie followed, leading the Red Raiders to an upset of the then-4th ranked California in the Holiday Bowl  Cody Hodges succeeded Cumbie, and subsequently led the NCAA in passing  Graham Harrell, the first non-senior starting QB since Kingsbury, struggled early in the 2006 season  However, he showed steady improvement beginning with the game against Iowa State and ended the season with a record-setting comeback victory over the Minnesota Golden Gophers  Harrell also set NCAA records for passes completed in a season and career amongst others 

Texas Tech was known for its high-scoring offense and come-from-behind victories during Leach's tenure  A 70–35 win over TCU in 2004 began with TCU leading 21–0 with eight minutes remaining in the second quarter  Before Tech's scoring drives started, a TCU defensive back was caught mouthing into a TV camera, "They aren't going to score " Later in the season, Texas Tech beat Nebraska, 70–10, forcing the Cornhuskers to give up more points in a single game than they had before in their 114-year history  In 2005, the Red Raiders were losing to Kansas State, 13–10, late in the second quarter but won the game 59–20  Also in 2005, Tech had a halftime lead of 14–10 over Texas A&M  By the end of the game, they increased the margin to 56–17  It was the Aggies' worst loss to the Red Raiders in the 64-year-old series Leach was chosen to coach the South team during the 2007 inaugural Inta Juice North-South All-Star Classic game At the end of the 2008 season, Leach was 76–39 with the Red Raiders, including 7–2 against the Texas A&M Aggies and 2–7 against the Texas Longhorns  With a 5–4 record, he is the all-time winningest coach in postseason play in Tech football history  Leach was one of only sixteen active college football coaches who had never had a losing season after he left Texas Tech  This was followed by a 3–9 season in his seminal year with Washington State  Of those, he is among nine who have been a head coach for at least five seasons In February 2009, Leach signed a three-year contract extension with Texas Tech that would have paid him at least $2 5 million per year if he had stayed through 2013  Leach's guaranteed compensation would have been $1 6 million in 2006, $1 65 million in 2007, $1 75 million in 2008, $1 85 million in 2009 and $2 15 million in 2010 

2007 Texas game controversy
During his post-game press conference after the 2007 loss against Texas, Leach used most of his time to rail against the officiating crew for what he felt were bad calls  He speculated that the officials may have favored Texas because the head official lived in Austin, because they were incompetent, or possibly because the conference wanted Texas to appear in a BCS bowl because of the increased appearance fees that such a bowl generates for the conference  Jim Vertuno of the Associated Press wrote, "Leach was upset officials disallowed two Tech touchdowns in the third quarter  The first was overruled when video replay clearly showed the receiver let the ball hit the ground  On the next play, a touchdown pass was negated by a holding penalty  Leach also wanted, but didn't get, a flag for roughing the quarterback " The Lubbock Avalanche-Journal reported, "Big 12 policy prohibits coaches from commenting publicly about game officials, so Leach's actions leave him open to reprimand, fine or worse " ESPN reported, "Big 12 official spokesman Bob Burda did not immediately respond to telephone messages seeking comment  Leach's rant will likely draw a fine from the league and possibly a suspension "On November 13, 2007, the Big 12 fined Leach $10,000, the largest fine in Big 12 history  Leach also received a reprimand and was warned that further violations could result in suspension  In a Big 12 coaches' conference call that day, Leach added that he did not regret making any of the comments  Leach announced that he would appeal the fine  Tech alumni and fans began raising money to aid Leach in paying the penalty in the event that it was upheld  Optionally, the proceeds raised could be used charitably  So, just before Christmas 2007, Leach requested that the nearly $5,000 raised be used to purchase 400 hams to give to families in Lubbock, Texas  Future donations were to go to the university or athletic department  Following the 2008 Gator Bowl, in which Virginia scored twice on penalties against Tech for intentional grounding in the end zone, Leach joked, "I felt like we had a back there on the one safety, but I don't comment on officiating  I just give out hams is what I do "

2008 season
Leach, along with players Graham Harrell and Michael Crabtree were featured on the cover of the 2008 edition of Dave Campbell's Texas Football  The magazine predicted that the 2008 Red Raider football team would be the best in Texas and would challenge for the Big 12 South title  Following a 9–0 beginning to the season, including a win over the undefeated #1 Texas Longhorns, Texas Tech Athletic Director Gerald Myers announced that the university would renegotiate Leach's contract following the conclusion of the football regular season and give him an extension The Red Raiders ended the 2008 regular season with 11 wins and 1 loss, the best in school history  The season also marked the first win over a #1 ranked team  Tech, along with Oklahoma and Texas, shared the Big 12 Conference South division title  On December 2, 2008, the Associated Press named Leach the Big 12 Coach of the Year  He received 16 votes for the honor by the agency's panel, while Texas' Mack Brown got 4  He won co-Coach of the Year honors from the Big 12 coaches; Oklahoma's Bob Stoops received the same recognition for the same season  The Dallas Morning News named him Coach of the Year as well  He garnered the 2008 George Munger Award, which is given annually to the top college coach of the year by the Maxwell Football Club After much controversy about how the tie-breaker should be handled between Texas, Oklahoma, and Texas Tech fans, the Red Raiders ended up being left out of the BCS because of a rule that states only two teams from each conference could enter BCS play per season  Oklahoma won the tie-breaker on account of their higher BCS ranking, ultimately losing to Florida in the national championship  Texas Tech also ended up losing that year in the Cotton Bowl to Ole Miss 47–34 Leach interviewed for the University of Washington head coaching job, which was vacated by Tyrone Willingham  ESPN reported that Leach withdrew his name from the coaching search following his interview  Auburn, where Tommy Tuberville resigned, had also been rumored to have contacted Leach  In an interview with the Associated Press, Tech quarterback Graham Harrell stated that there was a "great chance" Leach could leave  Harrell noted that Leach might leave for a newer challenge  After Leach withdrew his name from consideration for the Washington job, Harrell retracted his statements and believed Leach would remain the Red Raiders' coach Tech athletic director Gerald Myers had indicated that he would give a raise to Leach before Tech's bowl game, which he later negotiated  Leach and the university settled on a five-year extension worth $12 7 million after months of negotiations over the clauses of the contract 

2009 season
On October 31, 2009, after the Red Raiders' win over Kansas, Leach tied his predecessor Spike Dykes as the all-time winningest coach in Texas Tech's 85-year football history  On November 21, 2009, Leach passed Dykes for first all-time on the school's wins list with a win over Oklahoma 

Firing
On December 28, 2009, Leach was suspended indefinitely by Texas Tech pending investigation of alleged inappropriate treatment of Adam James, son of former SMU and New England Patriots running back (and former ESPN college football analyst) Craig James  On December 16, James suffered a concussion  He was examined the next day, and told not to practice that afternoon due to the concussion  According to a James family source, Leach ordered him to stand in the equipment room near the Raiders' practice facility 
According to the Lubbock Avalanche-Journal, school officials claim they gave Leach an ultimatum to apologize to James in writing by December 28 or Leach be suspended  His attorney, Ted Liggett, disputed the characterization of events as reported by the university and other news sources, and said that James had been treated reasonably in light of his condition Leach sought an injunction that would have allowed him to coach in the 2010 Alamo Bowl  However, on December 30, Texas Tech fired Leach, calling his refusal to apologize to James "a defiant act of insubordination " This was the day before Leach was reportedly owed an $800,000 tenure bonus and over $1,700,000 for contractual guaranteed income for 2009  Texas Tech lawyers handed a termination letter to Liggett just minutes before the two sides were to appear in a Lubbock courtroom for a hearing  Liggett was also told that Leach would not be allowed to coach in the Alamo Bowl regardless of how the hearing turned out  School officials later said that other incidents had come to light during its investigation of Leach, but declined to elaborate  Defensive coordinator Ruffin McNeill was named interim head coach and led the team during their appearance in the Alamo Bowl In a statement, Leach said that he believed the firing was motivated in part by simmering acrimony over the contract negotiations  He also said he planned to sue Texas Tech for wrongful termination On December 31, Leach spoke with The New York Times in his first interview since being fired from Texas Tech  He said that he did not know where James had been taken, having only ordered him taken "out of the light " He claimed the controversy stemmed from Craig James' constant lobbying for more playing time for his son, whom he characterized as lazy and feeling entitled On January 8, 2010, Leach formally filed suit against Texas Tech for wrongful termination and other claims  He claimed that school officials not only fired him without cause, but issued defamatory statements in a willful attempt to keep him from being hired elsewhere  During a deposition for the case obtained by the Lubbock Avalanche-Journal, Adam James admitted under oath that he found the closet incident "funny " In May 2010, District Judge Bill Sowder dismissed all but one of Leach's claims on the grounds of sovereign immunity, but he allowed Leach's claim for breach of contract to proceed, finding that Texas Tech had waived its immunity on this claim by its conduct  The judge also dismissed Leach's claims against three university administrators  Both parties took steps to appeal the decision, although Leach's attorneys said they would drop their appeal if Texas Tech would do likewise and allow the breach of contract claim to proceed to a jury trial  Early in 2011, Texas 7th Court of Appeals ruled that Texas Tech was immune from Leach's claim of breach of contract but that Leach can claim non-monetary reparations  Leach's attorney Paul Dobrowski announced his intention to appeal to the Supreme Court of Texas In February 2012, the Texas Supreme Court denied Leach's petition for review  After that denial, Texas Tech attorney Dicky Gregg stated "As we've said from the beginning, we were right on the law and the facts, and the (Texas) Supreme Court has just held that we were correct on the law "Friday Night Lights series creator Peter Berg has hinted that he has written a movie script for the characters from the TV series that is based on Leach's firing from Texas Tech On August 6, Judge Sowder issued a summary judgement dismissing Leach's lawsuits against ESPN, Spaeth Communications, and Craig James  Leach's attorneys indicated they would appeal 

Post-Texas Tech
In August 2010, Leach joined CBS College Sports Network, where he worked as a color analyst with play-by-play announcer Roger Twibell In 2010, Leach joined host Jack Arute to co-host "College Football Playbook" on SiriusXM College Sports Nation Channel 91, which airs weekdays 12 pm – 3 pm ET In 2011, Leach released an autobiographical book, Swing Your Sword: Leading the Charge in Football and in Life, through Diversion Books  The book debuted at number six on The New York Times Best Seller list Leach was considered by many in the national media to be a candidate for the head coaching vacancies at University of Miami, University of Maryland, and University of Minnesota following the 2010 regular season  After at least two interviews at Maryland, he was considered the frontrunner for that job until the administration decided instead to hire Randy Edsall away from UConn  Leach was mentioned in connection with a number of other vacancies in head-coaching positions during 2011, including Washington State, Arizona, Ole Miss, Kansas, Penn State, and Tulane 

Washington State
Leach agreed to terms with Washington State on November 30, 2011, and began coaching for the 2012 season  His five-year rollover contract made Leach the fourth-highest paid coach in the Pac-12  On December 5, 2019, Leach received a contract extension through 2024 

2012 season
Leach's first season in Pullman was a controversial one  Washington State was 3–9 overall and 1–8 in Pac-12 play; the lone wins were against FCS Eastern Washington, UNLV, and an upset of rival Washington in the Apple Cup in Pullman  On November 10, more allegations of player abuse erupted when star wide receiver Marquess Wilson quit the team citing "physical, emotional and verbal abuse" by the coaching staff  Immediately after the allegations were made, university president Elson Floyd issued a statement indicating that he had requested investigations into the alleged incident(s) from both the WSU Athletic Department and the Pac-12 Conference  The investigations determined that the claims made against Leach were without merit, and Wilson later recanted the allegations  Leach received a 2-year contract extension on November 18, 2013, after leading the Washington State Cougars to their best record since 2006 

2013 season
Leach led WSU to a 6–6 regular season in 2013 that had them bowl eligible for the first time in a decade  They were led on offense by Connor Halliday, who set school and conference records for passing  The Cougars defeated USC, California, Arizona, and Utah for a 4–5 conference record  Invited to the New Mexico Bowl in Albuquerque, WSU led most of the game, but lost 48–45 to the Colorado State Rams  Down by sixteen points with under three minutes to play, the Rams mounted an all-time great comeback, winning with a field goal as time expired in regulation  The Cougars led the nation in passing offense and total offense and Leach was awarded a pay raise for the Cougars' 2013 performance 

2014 season
The 2014 season saw the Cougars regress to a 3–9 record  The Cougars defeated Portland State 59–21, Utah 28–27, and Oregon State 39–32 

2015 season
In 2015, despite a season-opening loss to FCS school Portland State, the Cougars had their breakthrough season of the Leach era with a 9–4 record, 6–3 in the Pac-12  The Cougars were invited to the Sun Bowl in El Paso, Texas, where they beat the Miami Hurricanes 20–14  This was the best Cougar record since the 2003 team went 10–3 

2016 season
WSU began the 2016 season with two losses, but rallied off eight consecutive wins before dropping their final two games  The success of their season, led by Luke Falk at quarterback, landed them in the Holiday Bowl in San Diego where they lost 17–12 to Minnesota of the Big Ten  WSU finished 7–2 in the Pac-12, with notable wins over Oregon and #15 Stanford  It was the Cougars' best conference finish in thirteen seasons, but the bowl loss gave WSU an overall record of 8–5 

2017 season
Washington State was 6–3 in the Pac-12 in 2017  They were again invited to the Holiday Bowl where they lost 42–17 to Michigan State and finished 9–4 overall 

2018 season
Leach recruited graduate transfer Gardner Minshew at quarterback in time for the 2018 season and it paid big dividends  The Cougars won a school record-tying ten games, the first time they had won that many in the regular season since the Rose Bowl year of 2002  They also surged as high as seventh in major polling and went into the Apple Cup with a chance to clinch the Pac-12 North title and a shot at the Rose Bowl, but lost 28–15 to rival Washington in the snow in Pullman, a sixth consecutive loss to the Huskies  The 10–2 Cougars were invited to the Alamo Bowl in San Antonio to play the Iowa State Cyclones of the Big 12  They won 28–26 for a school record 11th win 

2019 season
After Minshew went to the NFL, Leach led Washington State to a 6–7 record in 2019  Notably, Leach and the Cougars lost to unranked UCLA while ranked #19 going into the game  WSU ended the regular season with Leach's seventh consecutive Apple Cup loss 

Mississippi State
2020 season
On January 9, 2020, Leach agreed to be the head coach of the Mississippi State Bulldogs  His contract was reported to pay him $5 million annually  The season started with a 44–34 upset victory over no  6 LSU, who had won the CFP National Championship the previous season  The team struggled the rest of the season, winning only two more games, 24–17 over Vanderbilt and 51–32 over Missouri, finishing the regular season at 3–7  Despite the losing record, the Bulldogs were invited to the Armed Forces Bowl, as the NCAA waived bowl eligibility requirements due to the COVID-19 pandemic  Mississippi State faced off against no  24 Tulsa, defeating the Golden Hurricane 28–26 to finish with an overall record of 4–7 

2021 season
2022 season
Head coaching record
Achievements
Overall
Won 18 games over AP-ranked teams while his own team was unranked, the most since the AP Poll was introduced in 1936 

Kentucky
Four NCAA, 42 SEC, and 116 school records broken as Kentucky's offensive coordinator

Texas Tech
10 consecutive winning seasons
8 consecutive seasons with at least 8 wins
4 seasons with at least 9 wins
1 season with 11 wins
9 consecutive bowl appearances
5 bowl wins (most by any individual coach in the history of the program)
4 seasons completed with team ranked in the Top 25
19–11 record against in-state conference rivals Baylor, Texas, and Texas A&M
53–11 record at Jones AT&T Stadium, home of the Texas Tech Red Raider football team
2008 AP Big 12 Coach of the Year
2008 Big 12 Coach of the Year
Coached 1 Fred Biletnikoff Award (Best Wide Receiver) winner: Michael Crabtree (two-time winner)
Coached 1 Johnny Unitas Golden Arm Award (Best Senior Quarterback) winner: Graham Harrell
Coached 1 Mosi Tatupu Award (Best Kick Returner) winner: Wes Welker
Coached 3 Sammy Baugh Trophy (Outstanding Quarterback) winners: Kliff Kingsbury, B  J  Symons, and Graham Harrell
More than 150 NCAA, Big 12 and school records broken as Texas Tech's head coach
All-time winningest football coach in Texas Tech history

Washington State
2015 Pac-12 Coach of the Year
2018 Pac-12 Coach of the Year
4 consecutive winning seasons
First coach to win 11 games in a season
Coached 1 Johnny Unitas Golden Arm Award (Best Senior Quarterback) winner: Gardner Minshew
1 top 10 finish
2 bowl wins

Mississippi State
First head coach to win against a top 10 ranked team in coaching debut
Broke SEC and school record in passing yards in a single game

Coaching tree
Although he did not play college football, Leach played wide receiver under John McDougall, the longtime coach at Cody High School in Cody, Wyoming  Under Coach MacDougall, Cody played in two top division state championships while Leach was a student, winning one in 1976 in triple overtime against coach John Deti's Laramie Plainsmen 
Head coaches under whom Leach served:

Lyle Setencich: Cal Poly (1987)
Hal Mumme: Iowa Wesleyan (1989–1991), Valdosta State (1992–1996), Kentucky (1997–1998)
Bob Stoops: Oklahoma (1999)Assistant coaches under Leach who became college head coaches:

Dave Aranda: Baylor (2020–present)
Zach Arnett: Mississippi State (2022–present)
Art Briles: Houston (2003–2007), Baylor (2008–2015)
Jeff Choate: Montana State (2016–2020)
Sonny Dykes: Louisiana Tech (2010–2012), California (2013–2016), SMU (2018–2021), TCU (2022–present)
Dana Holgorsen: West Virginia (2011–2018), Houston (2019–present)
Seth Littrell: North Texas (2016–2022)
Greg McMackin: Hawaii (2008–2011)
Ruffin McNeill: East Carolina (2010–2015)
Lincoln Riley: Oklahoma (2017–2021), USC (2022–present)
Ken Wilson: Nevada (2022–present)Players under Leach who became college or NFL head coaches:

Neal Brown: Troy (2015–2018), West Virginia (2019–present)
Sonny Cumbie: Louisiana Tech (2022–present)
Josh Heupel: UCF (2018–2020), Tennessee (2021–present)
Kliff Kingsbury: Texas Tech (2013–2018), Arizona Cardinals (2019–2023)
Eric Morris: Incarnate Word (2018–2021), North Texas (2023-present)

Personal life
Leach was the oldest of six siblings  He and his wife, Sharon, were the parents of four children, along with three grandchildren Leach was atypical among NCAA Division I head coaches in that he did not play college football Famous among fans for his fascination with 18th-century pirates such as Blackbeard and Calico Jack, Leach lectured his players on the history of pirates, and told them before games to "swing their swords " His office had been described as a museum of pirate paraphernalia  Notably, his office at Washington State included a life-size statue of a singing pirate, a gift from basketball coaching legend Bob Knight, who had coached at Texas Tech for most of Leach's tenure at that school  In particular, Leach admired the teamwork exhibited by pirates:
Pirates function as a team  There were a lot of castes and classes in England at the time  But with pirates, it didn't matter if you were black, white, rich or poor  The object was to get a treasure  If the captain did a bad job, you could just overthrow him 
Leach spent time during each off-season pursuing non-sport interests  Besides pirates, he had studied topics such as Native American leader Geronimo, American pioneer Daniel Boone, grizzly bears, chimpanzees, whales, and American artist Jackson Pollock Leach made a cameo appearance on the TV series Friday Night Lights  In the show's fourth season, he portrayed a "random loon" at a gas station who implores a despondent coach Eric Taylor to "swing your sword" and "find your inner pirate "During the spring of 2019, Leach co-taught a five-week seminar at Washington State, "Insurgent Warfare and Football Strategies," alongside Washington politician Michael Baumgartner 

Death
On December 11, 2022, Leach experienced an undisclosed health issue and was hospitalized in Jackson, Mississippi  That evening, Sports Illustrated reporter Ross Dellenger reported that Leach was in critical condition  The Clarion-Ledger reported that Leach had suffered a massive heart attack and had not received medical attention for 10 to 15 minutes, and had also suffered seizures that may have contributed to brain damage as a result  He died the following day at the age of 61  In a statement, Mississippi State gave the cause of death as "complications due to a heart condition" 
Passage 10:
2003 Texas Tech Red Raiders football team
The 2003 Texas Tech Red Raiders football team represented Texas Tech University as a member of the Big 12 Conference during the 2003 NCAA Division I-A football season  In their fourth season under head coach Mike Leach, the Red Raiders compiled an 8–5 record (4–4 against Big 12 opponents), finished in fourth place in Southern Division of the Big 12, defeated Navy in the 2003 Houston Bowl, and outscored opponents by a combined total of 552 to 442  The team played its home games at Jones SBC Stadium in Lubbock, Texas 
Quarterback B  J  Symons totaled 5,833 passing yards and received the Sammy Baugh Trophy, and Wes Welker totaled 1,099 receiving yards and received the Mosi Tatupu Award 

Schedule
Personnel
Game summaries
Texas A&M
B J  Symons 34/46, 505 Yards, 8 TDs (Big 12 record)

Colorado



ground_truth: Jaleel Ahmad White