prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: Arnold Richards was the former chair of what organization that is a member of the Center for Jewish History?

The following are given passages.
Context 1: Passage 1:
YIVO
YIVO (Yiddish: ייִוואָ, [jiˈvɔ]) is an organization that preserves, studies, and teaches the cultural history of Jewish life throughout Eastern Europe, Germany, and Russia as well as orthography, lexicography, and other studies related to Yiddish  (The word yidisher means both "Yiddish" and "Jewish ")  Established in 1925 in Wilno in the Second Polish Republic (now Vilnius, Lithuania) as the Yidisher Visnshaftlekher Institut (Yiddish: ייִדישער װיסנשאַפֿטלעכער אינסטיטוט, pronounced [ˈjidiʃɛr ˈvisn ʃaftlɛχɛr instiˈtut], Yiddish Scientific Institute, its English name became Institute for Jewish Research after its relocation to New York City, but it is still known mainly by its Yiddish acronym  YIVO is now a partner of the Center for Jewish History  Formerly, they had linguists whose main occupation was deciding on grammar rules and new words, and during this time they were seen in the secular world to serve as the recognized language regulator of the Yiddish language  However, YIVO no longer serves this purpose  Nevertheless, the YIVO system is still commonly taught in universities and known as klal shprakh (spelled in Yiddish:כּלל־שפּראַך, meaning 'standard language') and sometimes "YIVO Yiddish" (spelled in Yiddish:ייִוואָ־ייִדיש) 

Activities
YIVO preserves manuscripts, rare books, and diaries, and other Yiddish sources   The YIVO Library in New York contains over 385,000 volumes dating from as early as the 16th century  Approximately 40,000 volumes are in Yiddish, making the YIVO Library the largest collection of Yiddish-language works in the world  The YIVO archives hold over 23,000,000 documents, photographs, recordings, posters, films, and other artifacts  Together, they comprise the world's largest collection of materials related to the history and culture of Central and East European Jewry and the American Jewish immigrant experience   The archives and library collections include works in twelve major languages, including English, French,  German, Hebrew, Russian, Polish, and Judaeo-Spanish YIVO also functions as a publisher of Yiddish-language books and of periodicals including YIVO Bleter (founded 1931), Yedies Fun YIVO (founded 1929), and Yidishe Shprakh (founded 1941)  It is also responsible for English-language publications such as the YIVO Annual of Jewish Social Studies (founded 1946) 

History
YIVO was initially proposed by Yiddish linguist and writer Nochum Shtif (1879–1933)  He characterized his advocacy of Yiddish as "realistic" Zionism, contrasted to the "visionary" Hebraists and the "self-hating" assimilationists who adopted Russian or Polish  Other key founders included philologist Max Weinreich (1894–1969) and historian Elias Tcherikower (1881–1943) YIVO was founded at a Berlin conference in 1925, but headquartered in Vilna, a city with a large Jewish population in the Second Polish Republic  The early YIVO also had branches in Berlin, Warsaw and New York City  Over the next decade, smaller groups arose in many of the other countries with Ashkenazi populations 
In YIVO's first decades, Tcherikover headed the historical research section, which also included Simon Dubnow, Saul M  Ginsburg, Abraham Menes, and Jacob Shatzky  Leibush Lehrer (1887–1964) headed a section including psychologists and educators Abraham Golomb, H  S  Kasdan, and Abraham Aaron Roback  Jacob Lestschinsky (1876–1966) headed a section of economists and demographers Ben-Adir, Liebmann Hersch, and Moshe Shalit  Weinreich's language and literature section included Judah Leib Cahan, Alexander Harkavy, Judah A  Joffe, Zelig Kalmanovich, Shmuel Niger, Noach Pryłucki, and Zalman Reisen  YIVO also collected and preserved ethnographic materials under the direction of its Ethnographic Committee   In 1925, YIVO's honorary board of trustees or "Curatorium" consisted of Simon Dubnow, Albert Einstein, Sigmund Freud, Moses Gaster, Edward Sapir and Chaim Zhitlowsky 
From 1934 to 1940, YIVO operated a graduate training program known as the Aspirantur  Named after Zemach Shabad, YIVO's chairman, the program held classes and guided students in conducting original research in the field of Jewish studies  Many of the students' projects were sociological in nature (reflecting the involvement of Max Weinreich) and gathered information on contemporary Jewish life in the Vilna region The Nazi advance into Eastern Europe caused YIVO to move its operations to New York City  A second important center, known as the Fundacion IWO, was established in Buenos Aires, Argentina  All four directors of YIVO's research sections were already in the Americas when the war broke out or were able to make their way there  The organization's new headquarters were established in New York City  A portion of the Vilna archives was ransacked by the Nazis and sent to Frankfurt to become the basis of an anti-Semitic department of the Nazis' planned university  In 1946, the U S  Army recovered these documents and sent them to YIVO in New York The YIVO Library was looted by the Germans and the ERR, but an organization that called itself "The Paper Brigade" were able to smuggle out many books and preserve them from destruction  These materials were then saved from the Soviets by a Lithuanian librarian, Antanas Ulpis  These materials are now held in the Lithuanian Central State Archives and Martynas Mažvydas National Library of Lithuania  In 2014, with the cooperation of the government of the Republic of Lithuania, Brent established the landmark Edward Blank YIVO Vilna Online Collections project at The YIVO Institute to preserve and digitize over 1 5 million documents and approximately 12,200 books representing 500 years of Jewish history in Eastern Europe and Russia In addition to New York City and Buenos Aires, the Chicago YIVO Society is a third center active today 

Publications
YIVO has undertaken many major scholarly publication projects, the most recent being The YIVO Encyclopedia of Jews in Eastern Europe, published in March 2008 in cooperation with Yale University Press  Under the leadership of editor-in-chief Gershon David Hundert, professor of history and of Jewish Studies at McGill University in Montreal, this unprecedented reference work systematically represents the history and culture of Eastern European Jews from their first settlement in the region to the present day  More than 1,800 alphabetical entries encompass a vast range of topics including religion, folklore, politics, art, music, theater, language and literature, places, organizations, intellectual movements, and important figures  The two-volume set also features more than 1,000 illustrations and 55 maps  With original contributions from an international team of 450 distinguished scholars, the encyclopedia covers the region between Germany and the Ural Mountains, from which more than 2 5 million Jews emigrated to the United States between 1870 and 1920 

See also
Academy of the Hebrew Language, for Hebrew
Autoridad Nasionala del Ladino, for Ladino
Dina Abramowicz (long-time YIVO librarian)
Yiddish Book Center
League for Yiddish
Passage 2:
Israel Bartal
Israel Bartal (Hebrew: ישראל ברטל), is Avraham Harman Professor of Jewish History, member of Israel Academy of Sciences (2016), and the former Dean of the Faculty of Humanities at Hebrew University (2006–2010)  Since 2006 he is the chair of the Historical Society of Israel  He served as director of the Center for Research on the History and Culture of Polish Jewry, and the academic chairman of the Project of Jewish Studies in Russian at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem  Professor Bartal was the co-director of the Center for Jewish Studies and Civilization at Moscow State University  Bartal received his PhD from Hebrew University in 1981  He focuses his research on the history of the Jews in Palestine, the Jews of Eastern Europe, the Haskalah Movement, Jewish Orthodoxy  and modern Jewish historiography Professor Bartal taught at Harvard University, McGill University, University of Pennsylvania Rutgers University and Johns Hopkins, as well as at Moscow State University (MGU), the Central European University in Budapest (CEU), and Paideia in Stockholm   He was for many years a faculty member of the Open University of Israel and has contributed to the development of its teaching programs  Since November 1, 2010 he is a visiting scholar at the Simon-Dubnow-Institut, at Leipzig University  Bartal is one of the founders of Cathedra, the leading scholarly journal on the history of the Land of Israel, and had served as its co-editor for over twenty years  Since 1998 he is the editor of vestnik, a scholarly journal of Jewish studies in Russian  From 1995 to 2003 he chaired the Israeli history high-school curriculum committee 
Bartal has published many books and numerous articles on the history and culture of East European Jewry, Palestine in the pre-Zionist era, and Jewish nationalism 
Among his recent publications:

Poles and Jews: a Failed Brotherhood (with Magdalena Opalski, Hanover, University Press of New England, 1992);
Exile in the Land (published in Hebrew, Jerusalem, ha-Sifriya ha-Tsiyonit, 1994);
From Corporation to Nation: The Jews of Eastern Europe, 1772-1881 (Tel Aviv, Misrad ha-Bitahon Publishing House, 2002);
A Century  of Israeli Culture (editor, Jerusalem, The Hebrew University Magnes Press, 2002);
Kehal Yisrael vol  3 (editor, Jerusalem, Merkaz Shazar, 2004);
The Jews of Eastern Europe  1772-1881 (University of Pennsylvania Press, 2005, 2006, published also in Russian and German);
The Varieties of Haskalah (editor, with Shmuel Feiner, Jerusalem, the Hebrew University Magnes Press, 2005);
Cossack and Bedouin: Land and People in Jewish Nationalism, (Tel Aviv, Am Oved Publishers, 2007)
Tangled Roots, The Emergence of Israeli Culture, Brown Judaic Studies, (Providence RI, 2020);He is co-editor (with Antony Polonsky) of Polin, vol  12 (1999), which focuses on the Jews in Galicia, 1772–1914 

Edited books (in Hebrew)
(1975) יעקב צור, דיוקנה של התפוצה, הוצאת כתר, ירושלים
(1977) עם יהושע קניאל וזאב צחור), העלייה השנייה, א-ג, הוצאת יד יצחק בן צבי, ירושלים תשנ"ח)
(1987) משה בדורו, על משה מונטיפיורי ופעליו, אסופת מאמרים, משגב ירושלים - המכון לחקר מורשת יהדות ספרד והמזרח, תשמ"ז
(1993) עם חוה טורניאנסקי ועזרא מנדלסון), כמנהג אשכנז ופולין: ספר יובל לחנא שמרוק, קובץ מחקרים בתרבות יהודית, מרכז זלמן שזר, תשנ"ג)
(1994) עם רחל אליאור וחנא שמרוק) צדיקים ואנשי מעשה מחקרים בחסידות פולין, מוסד ביאליק, תשנ"ד)
(1994) עם יונתן פרנקל), בין פולין לרוסיה, מחקרים בתולדות יהודי מזרח אירופה, ספר זיכרון לשמואל אטינגר, מרכז שזר, ירושלים תשנ"ה)
(1998) עם ישעיהו גפני), ארוס, אירוסין ואיסורים, מיניות ומשפחה בהיסטוריה, הוצאת מרכז שזר, תשנ"ח)
(1999) עם יוסי בן ארצי ואלחנן ריינר, נוף מולדתו: מחקרים בגאוגרפיה של ארץ ישראל ובתולדותיה מוגשים ליהושע בן אריה, הוצאת ספרים ע"ש י"ל מאגנס, תש"ס
(1999) הקריאה לנביא, מחקרי היסטוריה וספרות, מאת חנא שמרוק, ירושלים: מרכז זלמן שזר, תש"ס
(2001) עם ישראל גוטמן), קיום ושבר, יהודי פולין לדורותיהם, מרכז זלמן שזר, תשנ"ז 1997-תשס"א)
(2002) עם דוד אסף), מווילנה לירושלים: מחקרים בתולדותיהם ובתרבותם של יהודי מזרח אירופה מוגשים לפרופסור שמואל ורסס, הוצאת ספרים ע"ש י"ל מאגנס, תשס"ב)
(2002) העגלה המלאה: מאה ועשרים שנות תרבות בישראל, הוצאת ספרים על שם י"ל מאגנס, תשס"ב
(2005) עם שמואל פיינר), ההשכלה לגווניה: עיונים חדשים בתולדות ההשכלה ובספרותה, הוצאת ספרים ע"ש י"ל מאגנס, בית הספרים הלאומי והאוניברסיטאי, ירושלים תשס"ה)
(2007) עם שמואל פיינר), היסטוריוגרפיה במבחן: עיון מחודש במשנתו של יעקב כ"ץ, מרכז שזר, תשס"ח)
(2010) עם חיים גורן), ספר ירושלים בשלהי התקופה העות'מאנית (1917-1800), הוצאת יד יצחק בן צבי, תש"ע)
(2010) עם אברהם גרינבוים ודן חרוב), ספרא וסייפא: שמעון דובנוב - היסטוריון ואיש ציבור, מרכז זלמן שזר, תשע"א)
יומן מסע ואגרות ארץ ישראל בשנות השלושים למאה הי"ט, יד יצחק בן-צבי, תשל"ד
עם שמואל אטינגר ומיכאל גרץ), ישן מול חדש: פעולותיהם של ארגונים יהודיים עולמיים בארץ-ישראל, במאה הי"ט ובימי המנדט, מרכז שזר, תש"ן)
Passage 3:
Gershon Galil
Gershon Galil is Professor of Biblical Studies and Ancient History and former chair of the Department of Jewish History at  the University of Haifa, Mount Carmel, Haifa, Israel 
Gershon Galil earned his doctorate from the Hebrew University in Jerusalem  His work, The Chronology of the Kings of Israel and Judah, suggests a new chronology for the kings of ancient Israel and ancient Judah   His thesis was published by Brill Academic Publishers in 1996 and his chronology contrasts with those presented by the more traditional William F  Albright or Edwin R  Thiele 
Galil's studies of  ancient Near Eastern culture and history include Israel and Assyria (Hebrew; Zmora-Bitan, 2001);  The Lower Stratum Families in the Neo-Assyrian Period (BRILL, 2007) and more  He also co-edited two volumes of the Supplement to Vetus Testamentum:
Studies in Historical Geography and Biblical Historiography presented to Zecharia Kallai (with M  Weinfeld, Brill, 2000); and Homeland and Exile: Biblical and Ancient Near Eastern Studies in Honour of Bustenay Oded (with M  Geller and A  Millard, Brill, 2009) 

See also
Khirbet Qeiyafa
Passage 4:
Hikmet Tanyu
Hikmet Tanyu (1918 – 1992) was a Turkish scientist and college professor specializing in philosophy and the history of religions, with a particular focus on Jewish religious history  In the 1970s, he pursued studies in Israel  Tanyu authored a book titled Jews and Turks throughout History, which examines the history of Jews and the relations between Jewish and Turkish societies over time  This book is widely regarded as the first comprehensive study of Jewish history in Turkey 
During the 1940s, Tanyu was a dedicated nationalist in the Republic of Turkey  He faced trial in the Racism-Turanism trials  Following six months of imprisonment, he was acquitted and released  Due to the torture he endured during his time in prison, he filed a lawsuit against the Turkish authorities at the Council of State 
Passage 5:
Center for Jewish History
The Center for Jewish History is a partnership of five Jewish history, scholarship, and art organizations in New York City: American Jewish Historical Society, American Sephardi Federation, Leo Baeck Institute New York, Yeshiva University Museum, and YIVO Institute for Jewish Research  Together, housed in one location, the partners have separate governing bodies and finances, but collocate resources  The partners' collections make up the biggest repository of Jewish history in the United States  The Center for Jewish History also serves as a centralized place of scholarly research, events, exhibitions, and performances  Located within the center are the Lillian Goldman Reading Room, Ackman & Ziff Family Genealogy Institute and a Collection Management & Conservation Wing  The Center for Jewish History is also an affiliate of the Smithsonian Institution 

History
In 2000, the center was opened after six years of construction and planning with a goal of creating synergy among the five member organizations, each offering a different approach to Jewish history, scholarship and art  This was one of the first attempts at uniting differing views on Jewish culture and resulted in the largest repository documenting the Jewish experience outside of Israel leading some to refer to it as the Jewish Library of Congress In the late 1980s, Bruce Slovin, who was the chairman of YIVO, originated the concept of a unified center where the partners could share resources  The idea was triggered when he realized that the then home of YIVO, a mansion located at 86th and Fifth Avenue, was not able to meet the needs of its collections or visitors, resulting in an environment that was hazardous to the collection (it was not temperature-controlled) as well as made archival study difficult  The location on Museum Mile was not seen as an advantageous adjacency  Slovin saw YIVO and the partner organizations as being more academic-focused The Leo Baeck Institute was previously located at 129 East 73rd Street, and the American Jewish Historical Society, which had previously been a New York City-based institution prior to the early 1960s, was then located near Brandeis University in Waltham, Massachusetts  The Yeshiva University Museum was located in the Washington Heights neighborhood uptown When it opened its doors to the public in October 2000, the center struggled with financial problems  In 2007, there were preliminary talks about a partnership with NYU's Skirball Department for Hebrew and Judaic Studies to the benefit of both organizations  In the end, the center and Skirball decided not to move forward  In 2010, the Center for Jewish History was able to raise $30 million to retire its construction debt  The amount was raised and donated by the chairman and founder of the center, Bruce Slovin; co-chairmen William Ackman and Joseph Steinberg; the Fairholme Foundation; and 19 other donors  These efforts meant that the center was debt-free  In 2012, the center received a top rating of four stars from the Charity Navigator non-profit evaluation service In 2013, the Lillian Goldman Charitable Trust awarded the center a $1 5 million grant to establish a reference services division 

Facilities
The center is located in Manhattan's Union Square neighborhood, and is a four-building 125,000 square feet (11,600 m2) campus built around a courtyard that has a central entrance on 16th Street  The center is made up of four previously existing buildings and two new buildings  The buildings are the former location of the American Foundation for the Blind/Helen Keller Institute  The cost of the complex was $4 4 million 

Collections
The partners' collections include more than 100 million documents, 500,000 books, thousands of art objects, textiles, ritual objects, music, films, and photographs  most of which had been poorly housed in the member institutions and were at risk of damage or destruction  The center is heavily involved with the preservation of records that define moments in Jewish immigration to New York City  A $670,000 grant awarded in 2007 helped with the cataloging of these materials 

Partner collection highlights
Original handwritten copy of Emma Lazarus' 1883 "The New Colossus" poem that was later inscribed on the base of the Statue of Liberty
Sandy Koufax's Brooklyn Dodgers jersey
Letter from Thomas Jefferson to New York's oldest Jewish congregation
First Hebrew prayer books printed in AmericaThe collections range from the early modern era in Europe and pre-colonial times in the Americas to present-day materials from across the globe  The center provides access to a comprehensive collection of historic archival materials, including Franz Kafka, Theodor Herzl, Moses Mendelssohn, Sigmund Freud and Albert Einstein  In addition to historical documents like the 1478 record of the trial of Simon of Trent, the center also includes holdings of artwork by Max Lieberman as well as Jewish ephemera like philosopher Moses Mendelssohn's eyeglasses 

Digital initiatives
In 2011, the Center for Jewish History began a 2-year project called, "Illuminating Hidden Collections at the Center for Jewish History," with a $229,600 grant from the Council on Library and Information Resources
In 2013, the Center for Jewish History donated 600 images to the Google Art Project, which is part of the Google Cultural Institute, an initiative that puts cultural material online  The center was one of four New York City-based institutions to donate at that time, joining eight others  The images are very high resolution and include rich metadata 
Passage 6:
Jeffrey S  Gurock
Jeffrey S  Gurock is Libby M  Klaperman Professor of Jewish History at Yeshiva University in New York City 

Biography
Gurock earned a bachelor's degree from the City College of New York and a master's degree from Columbia University  He served as associate editor to American Jewish History from 1982 to 2002 

Published works
He has written over a dozen books in the field of American Jewish history  His work focuses on the American Orthodox community and the variations in Orthodox practice and ritual over the course of American Jewish history  His books include Orthodox Jews in America (Indiana University Press, 2009), a comprehensive social and cultural history of this group and its relations to other Jews and mainstream American society, and Jews in Gotham (New York University Press, 2012), which chronicles New York Jewry from 1920 to 2010 

Awards and distinctions
For its 135th annual gala in 2015, the City College of New York honored Gurock as one of its distinguished alumni

Books
A Modern Heretic and a Traditional Community: Mordecai M  Kaplan, Orthodoxy, and American Judaism   Coauthor with Jacob J  Schacter, Columbia University Press (1997)

Further reading
Ruttman, Larry (2013)  "Jeffrey Gurock: Professor of Jewish History at Yeshiva University, Orthodox Jew, and Sportsman"  American Jews and America's Game: Voices of a Growing Legacy in Baseball  Lincoln, Nebraska and London, England: University of Nebraska Press  pp  429–437  ISBN 978-0-8032-6475-5 

Notes
External links
Jeffrey S  Gurock
Passage 7:
David N  Myers
David N  Myers (born November 2, 1960) is a professor of history at the University of California, Los Angeles, where he holds the Sady and Ludwig Kahn Chair in Jewish History  Myers was the president and CEO of the Center for Jewish History from July 2017 to August 2018   He serves as the President of the New Israel Fund Board 

Early life
A native of Scranton, Pennsylvania, Myers received his A B  cum laude from Yale University in 1982  He commenced graduate studies in Jewish history at Tel Aviv University (1982–84), where he studied with Anita Shapira, Yaakov Shavit, Matitiyahu Mintz, and Moshe Mishkinsky, before moving on to study medieval Jewish thought with Isadore Twersky at Harvard University (1984–85)  He then moved to Columbia University, where he worked under the supervision of Yosef Hayim Yerushalmi, whose work and thought left a profound impression on him and remain a source of ongoing scholarly interest  Myers received his Ph D  with distinction in 1991 

Academic career
Myers joined the faculty of the UCLA History Department in 1991 as a lecturer and 1992 as an assistant professor  He published his first book, Re-Inventing the Jewish Past: European Jewish Intellectuals and the Zionist Return to History, in 1995  Myers served for ten years as the director of the UCLA Center for Jewish Studies and, from 2010–15, as the Robert N  Burr Department Chair of the UCLA History Department  He also has served since 2003 as the co-editor, along with Elliott Horowitz and Natalie Dohrmann, of the Jewish Quarterly Review    He is an elected fellow of the American Academy for Jewish Research  He received the inaugural Sady and Ludwig Kahn Chair in Jewish History at UCLA in 2015 
In 2022, he completed a book with Nomi M  Stolzenberg on the Satmar Hasidic community of Kiryas Joel, New York  This book, American Shtetl, was awarded the National Jewish Book Award for American Jewish Studies in 2022 
Myers' early work focused on the intersection of the history of Jewish historiography and the history of Zionism in his dissertation and first book on the founding generation of the Institute for Jewish Studies of the Hebrew University in Jerusalem  His next book, Resisting History, continued his interest in intellectual history and modes of historical thought, but shifted focus to German Jewish thinkers in the late Wilhelmine and Weimar eras  Myers' next book, Between Jew and Arab, engaged the enigmatic Jewish thinker Simon Rawidowicz—and an intriguing essay on Palestinian refugees that he wrote for inclusion in his monumental book Bavel vi-Yerushalayim, but ultimately decided not to include  Myers then wrote a short synthesis on Jewish history as part of the Oxford University Press VSI series  His next book, The Stakes of History, was a reflection on the historian and historiographical practice that was initially delivered as the Franz Rosenzweig Lectures at Yale in 2014  Already in the early 2000s, Myers began to develop a scholarly interest in the history and politics of Haredi communities, especially Kiryas Joel, New York  For almost two decades, he worked together with his wife on a book on Kiryas Joel that was published in 2022 as American Shtetl  At present, Myers is working on a research project devoted to mid-twentieth-century population displacements through the lens of political and affective history 

Center For Jewish History
In 2017, Myers was appointed CEO of Center for Jewish History 
Following Myers' appointment, some in the Jewish community objected to his activism in organizations supportive of Israeli-Palestinian peace and co-existence, while simultaneously hundreds of Jewish historians responded by expressing their support for Myers  Those who demanded his resignation included Israeli Knesset Member Bezalel Smotrich, as well as the Zionist Organization of America and others  The right-wing Middle East Forum opined "Myers may present a moderate façade, but his academic & political affiliations expose his radical core "
 According to the Forward, "the campaign against Myers appears to have shaken the CJH," though Myers has stated that the protests were only a nuisance early in his tenure and were not the reason for his decision to leave the Center  “After the first two unpleasant months, I had a great time here,” Myers said 
Despite the attacks by groups associated with the Israeli right, Jewish studies scholars in the United States largely rallied behind Myers  In an op-ed defending Myers, Brandeis professors Jonathan Sarna and Rabbi David Ellenson wrote, "The writings of David Myers indisputably fall well within the scholarly mainstream of Jewish life and they are unquestionably supportive of Israel’s basic right to exist "Myers stepped down from this position in August 2018, returning to UCLA full time  “This is the result of months of deliberation spent on planes going back and forth and really asking myself, Where do I want to be in life?” he said 

New Israel Fund
He became President of the New Israel Fund board in October 2018 after serving as a board member  He also has served as an instructor for the Wexner Heritage Foundation, and writes frequently on matters of contemporary Jewish concern 

Published books
Authored
Re-Inventing the Jewish Past: European Jewish Intellectuals and the Zionist Return to History  New York: Oxford University Press, 1995 ISBN 978-0195098426
Resisting History: Historicism and its Discontents in German-Jewish Thought  Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2003 ISBN 978-0691146607
Between Jew and Arab: The Lost Voice of Simon Rawidowicz  Hanover and London: Brandeis University Press, 2008 ISBN 978-1584657361
Jewish History: A Very Short Introduction   New York: Oxford University Press, 2016 ISBN 9780199730988
The Stakes of History: On the Use and Abuse of Jewish History for Life   New Haven: Yale University Press, 2018   ISBN 9780300228939
American Shtetl: The Making of Kiryas Joel, a Hasidic Village in Upstate New York   Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2022   ISBN 9780691199771

Edited
David N  Myers and William V  Rowe, eds  From Ghetto to Emancipation: Historical and Contemporary Reconsiderations of the Jewish Community, introduction by D  N  Myers  Scranton, PA: University of Scranton Press, 1997 ISBN 9780940866720
David N  Myers and David B  Ruderman, eds  The Jewish Past Revisited: Reflections on Modern Jewish Historians, introduction by D  N  Myers  New Haven: Yale University Press, 1998 ISBN 9780300191530
Elisheva Carlebach, John M  Efron, and David N  Myers, eds  Jewish History and Jewish Memory: Essays in Honor of Yosef Hayim Yerushalmi  Hanover, NH: University Press of New England, 1998 ISBN 978-0874518719
Richard Hovannisian and David N  Myers, eds  Enlightenment and Diaspora: The Armenian and Jewish Cases  Atlanta: Scholars Press, 1999 ISBN 978-0788506048
Michael Brenner and David N  Myers, eds  Jüdische Geschichtsschreibung heute: Themen, Positionen, Kontroversen  Munich: Beck Verlag, 2002 ISBN 978-3406488788
David N  Myers et al  eds  Acculturation and its Discontents: The Italian Jewish Experience between Integration and Exclusion  Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2008 ISBN 9780802098511
David N  Myers and Alexander Kaye, eds  The Faith of Fallen Jews: Yosef Hayim Yerushalmi and the Writing of Jewish History  Hanover, NH: University Press of New England, 2013 ISBN 978-1611684872
Michael A  Meyer and David N  Myers, eds  Between Jewish Tradition and Modernity: Essays in Honor of David Ellenson   Detroit: Wayne State University Press, 2014 ISBN 9780814338599
David N  Myers, eds  The Eternal Dissident: Rabbi Leonard I  Beerman and the Radical Imperative to Think and Act  Oakland, CA, 2018   ISBN 978-0520297456
David N  Myers and Benjamin C I  Ravid, eds  Simon Rawidowicz: Between Babylon and Jerusalem: Select Writings  Goettingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht GmbH & Co KG, 2022   ISBN 9783525311257
Passage 8:
Moses Rischin
Moses Rischin (1925-2020) was an American historian, author, lecturer, editor, and emeritus professor of history at San Francisco State University  He coined the phrase new Mormon history in a 1969 article of the same name Rischin is considered an authority on American ethnic and immigration history and a pioneer in the field of American Jewish history  Historian Selma Berrol, however, has challenged the minimal treatment Rischin has given to the tensions between earlier German Jews and later Russian Jews in America 

Biography
Rischin was born and raised in Brooklyn, New York City  His undergraduate studies were at Brooklyn College  Harvard University awarded him a Ph D  in 1957 Ruschin became a professor at San Francisco State University in 1964  In addition to his professorship, he sat on the board for the Journal of American Ethnic History and on the council of the American Jewish History Society  During the Monica Lewinsky scandal, Rischin was a signatory of "Historians in Defense of the Constitution" wherein 400 historians criticized efforts to impeach President Bill Clinton He was the longtime director of the Western Jewish History Center, at the Judah L  Magnes Museum, from its founding in 1967; from 2005 until approximately 2010, an annual lecture was given there in his name A collection of historical essays was published in Rischin's honor in 1996 A character in the 1967 novel Meyer Meyer by Helen Hudson may have been partly modeled after him 

Books
The Promised City: New York's Jews, 1870-1914 (Harvard University Press) ISBN 978-0674715011
Jews of the American West, with John Livingston (Wayne State University Press) ISBN 0-8143-2171-2

Articles and essays
"The New Mormon History", The American West 6, March 1969, 49 
"The Jewish Experience in America: A View from the West"
Foreword to California Jews (2003) Brandeis University Press

Awards
1963: National Jewish Book Award in The Promised City: New York's Jews, 1870-1914

See also
"I'll take Manhattan: reflections on Jewish studies" by Deborah Dash Moore
Passage 9:
Carole B  Balin
Carole Beth Balin (born 1964) is a Reform rabbi and professor of Jewish history at Hebrew Union College-Jewish Institute of Religion in New York City  Her research interests include Eastern European and American Jewish history, the history of Reform Judaism, and gender studies  She received laudatory reviews for her 2003 book To Reveal Our Hearts: Jewish Women Writers in Tsarist Russia, and has co-edited two other books  She is a co-curator of "Bat Mitzvah Comes of Age", a traveling exhibition sponsored by the Smithsonian-affiliated National Museum of American Jewish History and the Moving Traditions Jewish non-profit 

Early life and education
Carole Beth Balin grew up in Andover, Massachusetts, the daughter of Theodore G  Balin, a defense engineer, and Marcia Balin, a telemarketing sales trainer  She became bat mitzvah in 1977; her mother celebrated her own bat mitzvah in 1979 She earned her bachelor's degree in history at Wellesley College in 1986  Her senior honors thesis was "Unraveling an American-Jewish Synthesis: Rosa Sonneschein's The American Jewess, 1895–1899"  In 1989 she earned a master's degree in Hebrew letters at Hebrew Union College-Jewish Institute of Religion, followed by rabbinic ordination in 1991 at the same institute  In 1994 she earned a Master of Philosophy degree at Columbia University, and in 1998 completed her PhD in history at Columbia  Her doctoral advisors were Yosef Hayim Yerushalmi and Michael Stanislawski 

Academic career
Balin was a visiting instructor at the Institute for Advanced Jewish Studies in Moscow in 1995  She joined the faculty of her alma mater, the Hebrew Union College, in 1997 as assistant professor of Jewish history, advancing to associate professor in 2004 and full professor in 2006  She was also a faculty member of the Wexner Heritage Foundation from 1999 to 2003 

Works
Balin's 2003 book To Reveal Our Hearts: Jewish Women Writers in Tsarist Russia was noted for its "pioneering" research by several reviewers, as she rediscovered the existence of 67 Jewish women writers (44 Russian-language, 17 Hebrew-language, and six Yiddish-language) in the Russian Empire in the late 19th and early 20th centuries through archival material in Russia, Israel, and North America  The book explores in-depth the lives of five of these writers Balin has written numerous book chapters and articles, including several biographies for the Jewish Women's Archive  She wrote the pieces "Betty Friedan’s 'Spiritual Daughters,' the ERA, and the CCAR" and "From Periphery to Center: A History of the Women's Rabbinic Network", which appear in the book The Sacred Calling: Four Decades of Women in the Rabbinate, published in 2016  She also blogs for The Huffington Post 

Other activities
In 1991 Balin became the spiritual leader of the Jewish Congregation of Kinnelon, New Jersey, which conducts joint worship services at St  David's, an Episcopal church  Her duties for the 300-member Reform congregation included officiating at religious services, planning seminars on religion, preparing youth for their bar mitzvah or bat mitzvah, and visiting hospitalized and homebound Jewish patients In 2008 she was one of the interviewees on the PBS documentary The Jewish People: A Story of Survival Balin is the co-curator, with Josh Perelman and Lori Perlow, of the traveling exhibition "Bat Mitzvah Comes of Age", which opened in April 2012 at the Jewish Community Center of Manhattan  The exhibition, a collaboration between the Smithsonian-affiliated National Museum of American Jewish History and the Moving Traditions Jewish non-profit, traces the history of bat mitzvahs in the United States through the stories of 150 American women, depicted in images and oral histories  It has since visited eight other locales She is a member of the board of Moving Traditions 

Personal life
Balin married Michael Eric Gertzman, a Harvard law student, in August 1988  From 1992 to 1996 Gertzman served as Assistant United States Attorney for the Southern District of New York  He is currently a partner at Paul, Weiss, Rifkind, Wharton & Garrison in New York City  They have three children 

Bibliography
Books
'To Tread on New Ground': Selected Hebrew Writings of Hava Shapiro  Wayne State University Press  2014  ISBN 978-0814338704  (co-edited with Wendy I  Zierler)
Sisterhood: A Centennial History of Women of Reform Judaism  Hebrew Union College Press  2013  ISBN 978-0878202546  (co-edited with Dana Herman and Jonathan D  Sarna)
To Reveal Our Hearts: Jewish Women Writers in Tsarist Russia  Hebrew Union College Press  2003  ISBN 978-0878204564 

Selected chapters
Balin, Carole B  (2012)  "Preface"   In Cosgrove, Elliot J ; Wolpe, David J  (eds )  Jewish Theology in Our Time: A New Generation Explores the Foundations and Future of Jewish Belief  Jewish Lights Publishing  ISBN 978-1580236300 
Balin, Carole B  (2011)  "Making Every Forkful Count: Reform Jews, Kashrut, and Mindful Eating, 1840–2010"   In Zamore, Mary L  (ed )  The Sacred Table: Creating a Jewish Food Ethic  CCAR Press  pp  50–59  ISBN 978-0881231861 
Balin, Carole B  (2008)  "Moving Through the Movements: American denominations and their Haggadot"   In Arnow, David (ed )  My People's Passover Haggadah: Traditional texts, modern commentaries  Vol  1  Jewish Lights Publishing  pp  79–84  ISBN 978-1580233545 
Balin, Carole B  (2008)  "'Good to the Last Drop': The proliferation of the Maxwell House Haggadah"   In Arnow, David (ed )  My People's Passover Haggadah: Traditional texts, modern commentaries  Vol  1  Jewish Lights Publishing  pp  85–90  ISBN 978-1580233545 

Selected articles
"Leaning In to the Presidency: Hillary, Sheryl and Me"  The Huffington Post  11 June 2014 
"The Uniongram and the Cookie"  Women of Reform Judaism  10 September 2013  Archived from the original on 1 May 2016  Retrieved 25 April 2016 
"Bat Mitzvah Comes of Age: 90 Years of Transforming Jewish Girls to Women"  The Huffington Post  12 March 2012 
Passage 10:
Arnold Richards
Arnold Richards (born August 1934) is a psychoanalyst and former editor of The American Psychoanalyst and Journal of the American Psychoanalytic Association (JAPA)  Richards also is the Training and Supervising Analyst at the New York Psychoanalytic Institute  He is the founder and Editor-in-Chief of the International Psychoanalysis net magazine  Richards is a board member and former chair of YIVO 

Career
Richards became an editor for The American Psychoanalyst in 1989  He redesigned the format and content of the newsletter during his term as editor  From 1994 to 2003, Richards was an editor for the Journal of the American Psychoanalytic Association (JAPA)  He is a faculty member of the American Institute of Psychoanalysis and the Metropolitan Institute of Psychoanalysis and Psychotherapy  Richards presented the 50th annual Leo Baeck Memorial lecture in 2006  In 2014, he participated in the Senior Sino-American Continual Training Project of Psychoanalysis 

Writing and research
He presented "A A  Brill: The Politics of Exclusion and the Politics of Pluralism" in November 1995  He presented "The Organizational Structure of the American Psychoanalytic Association: The Politics of Exclusion" at the 37th annual conference of the International Psychohistorical Association in June 2014 

Awards and recognition
Richards received the Mary S  Sigourney Award in 2000  He is a member of the American Psychoanalytic Association and received its Distinguished Contributor Award in 2004  In 2013, Richards received the Hans W  Loewald award 

Personal life
Richards' parents were Jewish immigrants from Eastern Europe; his father was from Podolia and his mother was from Galicia  Richards grew up in Brooklyn, New York in a Yiddish and English speaking household Richards is married to Arlene Kramer Richards, a practicing psychoanalyst, and lives in an apartment in Manhattan and a condo in Palm Beach, Florida 

Bibliography
Psychoanalysis: The Science of Mental Conflict - Essays in Honor of Charles Brenner (1986) ISBN 9780881630541
Fantasy, Myth, and Reality: Essays in Honor of Jacob A  Arlow (1988) ISBN 9780823618873
The Spectrum of Psychoanalysis: Essays in Honor of Martin S  Bergmann (1994) ISBN 9780823645053
The Perverse Transference and Other Matters: Essays in Honor of R  Horacio Etchegoyen (1997) ISBN 9780765700711
Psychology of Women: Psychoanalytic Perspectives (2000) ISBN 9780823655885
The Jewish World of Sigmund Freud: Essays on Cultural Roots and the Problem of Religious Identity (2010) ISBN 9780786444243

Selected publications
2013 Letter to the Editor re Paper by James Anderson, Clio’s Psyche 19(4) 486-388  http://internationalpsychoanalysis net/2013/10/15/letter-to-the-editor-response-to-jim-anderson-by-arnold-richards/
2014 APM Paper in The Bulletin of the Association for Psychoanalytic Medicine   http://internationalpsychoanalysis net/2013/05/10/apm-paper-by-arnold-richards/
2013 Book Essay on The Second Century of Psychoanalysis: Evolving Perspectives on Therapeutic Action Arnold D  Richards Journal of the American Psychoanalytic  Association Volume 61(1): pp  157–165 
2013   Freud's Free Clinics: A Tale of Two Continents  The Psychoanalytic Review Vol  100, No  6, pp  819–838 
2014 A Dangerous Legacy: Judaism and the Psychoanalytic Movement by Hans Reijzer Reviewed Arnold D  Richards in (2014)  The Psychoanalytic Review Vol  101, No  6, pp  925–938 
2015 What is Jewish about Psychoanalysis? A review of Hans Reijzer’s A Dangerous Legacy: Judaism and the Psychoanalytic Movement  Clio’s Psyche  In Press
2014 Freud’s Jewish identity and Psychoanalysis as a Science  Journal of the American Psychoanalytic Association 62:987-1003 
2014) A Dangerous Legacy: Judaism and the Psychoanalytic Movement  By Hans Reijzer  London: Karnac Books, 2011, 236 pp  £9 99 (paperback)   Psychoanal  Rev , 101(6):931-938 
2015  Psychoanalysis in Crisis: The Danger of Ideology  Psychoanalytic Review 102(3):389-405 
2018  A Cultural Citizen of the World: Sigmund Freud's Knowledge and use of British and American Writings: By S  S  Prawer  Abingdon, UK / New York: Modern Humanities Research Association / Routledge, 2009  156 pp   Psychoanalytic Quarterly 87(2):383-387 
2018  Dreams and the Wish for Immortality  Canadian Journal Psychoanalysis 26(1):142-158 
2018  Some Thoughts on Self-Disclosure  Psychoanalytic Review 105(2):137-156 
2020 The Organizational Life of Psychoanalysis, by Kenneth Eisold  Routledge, New York, 2018, 262 pp   Psychodynamic Psychology, 48(2):201-211 
2020  The Organizational Structure of the American Psychoanalytic Association: The Politics of Exclusion  Psychoanalytic Review 107(3):211-227 
Context 2: Passage 1:
Trusty system (prison)
The "trusty system" (sometimes incorrectly called "trustee system") was a penitentiary system of discipline and security enforced in parts of the United States until the 1980s, in which designated inmates were given various privileges, abilities, and responsibilities not available to all inmates It was made compulsory under Mississippi state law but was used in other states as well, such as Arkansas, Alabama, Louisiana, New York and Texas  The method of controlling and working inmates at Mississippi State Penitentiary at Parchman was designed in 1901 to replace convict leasing  The case Gates v  Collier ended the flagrant abuse of inmates under the trusty system and other prison abuses that had continued essentially unchanged since the building of the Mississippi State Penitentiary  Other states using the trusty system were also forced to give it up under the ruling 

History
Prisons had trusties as far back as the 1800s 

Parchman Farm
The prison had approximately 16,000 acres (65 km2) of farmland and grew such cash crops as cotton as well as engaged in livestock production  Although the population of the prison was around 1,900 inmates (two thirds of whom were black and in racially-segregated units), the law allowed only a maximum of 150 staff members to be hired to minimize operating costs  Thus, the farm labor was done by inmates The bulk of guarding and disciplining of the inmates was performed by inmate trusties  They also performed most of the administrative work, supervised by a few employees  Therefore, the inmate trusties essentially controlled inmate care and custody, basically running the prison system Highest in the prison inmate hierarchy were the inmates armed with rifles, called the "trusty shooters"  Their job was to act as prison guards and control other inmates on a day-to-day basis in the residential camps or out on the field work crews  Next came the unarmed trusties who performed janitorial, clerical, and other menial tasks for the prison's staff  Simple tasks, such as distributing medication, were carried out by other categories of inmates such as "hallboys"  Inmate trusties enforced discipline within the prison inmate living quarters (16 different residential camps) and in the work camps and prison farms  In addition to punishment administered on site, inmate trusties could recommend further punishment in the special punishment area for disobedient or disruptive inmates According to attorney Roy Haber, who handled the series of litigation cases brought by the American Civil Liberties Union against the trusty system, inmates were whipped with leather straps for failing to pick their daily quota of cotton  The farm's camps of black inmates were supervised by one white sergeant, and under him the black inmate "trusty shooters", who were serving sentences for murder, carried rifles and enforced discipline 

Abolition
Gates v  Collier (Gates v  Collier Prison Reform Case, 1970–1971) ended the flagrant abuse of inmates under the trusty system and other prison abuses that had continued essentially unchanged since the building of the prison in 1903  On October 20, 1972, Federal Judge William Keady ordered the end of racial segregation in prison residential quarters  He also required replacement of trusty shooters with civilian prison guards Any system in which inmates were allowed to be in a position of authority and control other inmates or to use physical abuse or intimidation of other inmates was abolished  It also found some types of corporal punishment were a violation of an inmate's Eighth Amendment rights, including "handcuffing inmates to the fence and to cells for, long periods of time,    and forcing inmates to stand, sit or lie on crates, stumps, or otherwise maintain awkward positions for prolonged periods "Its structure and abuses were detailed in Hope v  Pelzer in which a former inmate sued the prison superintendent for personal injury suffered under the trusty system Other states using the trusty system, such as Arkansas, Alabama, Louisiana, and Texas were also forced to abolish it under the Gates v  Collier rulings  However, some states, such as Texas, still continued their use of trusty systems (known as "building tenders") until the 1980s, when Federal Judge William Wayne Justice, in Ruiz v  Estelle, 503 F  Supp  1265 (S D  Tex  1980), compelled the replacement of the trusty system with the strictly-regulated Support Service Inmate (SSI) system 

See also
"Parchman Farm" (song)
Louisiana State Penitentiary
Kapo
Passage 2:
Brockmeyer v  Dun &amp; Bradstreet
Brockmeyer v  Dun & Bradstreet 113 Wis  2d 561, 335 N W 2d 834 (Wis  1983), was a case in which the Wisconsin Supreme Court first identified that Wisconsin has some judicial exceptions to the employment at will doctrine 

Facts
Charles J  Brockmeyer was employed at investment firm Dun & Bradstreet as a district manager of credit services, though he lacked a formal employment contract  After the employer settled a sex discrimination suit filed by the employee's former secretary, with whom he allegedly had an affair, the employer fired the employee  The court held that it was appropriate to create a public policy exception to the employment-at-will doctrine, as the termination had clearly violated a well-defined public policy, as evidenced by existing law  While the employer's actions may have constituted bad faith, they did not contravene the policies of any statute or constitutional provision  As the employee failed to prove that his discharge violated fundamental public policy, the decision for the employer was appropriate 

Holding
The court affirmed the decision of the lower court in favor of the employer 

Citations
The case is cited in Bammert v  Don's Super Valu, Inc 
Passage 3:
Miller v  California
Miller v  California, 413 U S  15 (1973), was a landmark decision of the U S  Supreme Court modifying its definition of obscenity from that of "utterly without socially redeeming value" to that which lacks "serious literary, artistic, political, or scientific value"  It is now referred to as the three-prong standard or the Miller test 

Background
In 1971, Marvin Miller, an owner/operator of a California mail-order business specializing in pornographic films and books, sent out a brochure advertising books and a film that graphically depicted sexual activity between men and women  The brochure used in the mailing contained graphic images from the books and the film  Five of the brochures were mailed to a restaurant in Newport Beach, California  The owner and his mother opened the envelope and seeing the brochures, called the police Miller was arrested and charged with violating California Penal Code 311 2(a) which says in part, "Every person who knowingly sends or causes to be sent, or brings or causes to be brought, into this state for sale or distribution, or in this state possesses, prepares, publishes, produces, or prints, with intent to distribute or to exhibit to others, or who offers to distribute, distributes, or exhibits to others, any obscene matter is for a first offense, guilty of a misdemeanor " California lawmakers wrote the statute based on two previous Supreme Court obscenity cases, Memoirs v  Massachusetts and Roth v  United States Miller was tried by jury in the Superior Court of Orange County  At the conclusion of the evidence phase, the judge instructed the jury to evaluate the evidence by the community standards of California, i e , as defined by the statute  The jury returned a guilty verdict 
Miller appealed to the Appellate Division of the Superior Court, arguing that the jury instructions did not use the standard set in Memoirs v  Massachusetts which said that in order to be judged obscene, materials must be "utterly without redeeming social value " Miller argued that only a national standard for obscenity could be applied  The appellate division rejected the argument and affirmed the jury verdict  Miller then filed an appeal with the California Court of Appeal for the Third District, which declined to review  Miller applied to the Supreme Court for certiorari, which was granted  Oral arguments were heard in January 1972 

Previous Supreme Court decisions on obscenity
The U S  Supreme Court granted certiorari to Miller because the California law was based on its two previous obscenity cases which the Court wanted to revisit  Chief Justice Warren Burger came to the Court in 1969 believing that the Court's obscenity jurisprudence was misguided and governments should be given more leeway to ban obscene materials  In consideration of Miller in May and June 1972, Burger pushed successfully for a looser definition of "obscenity" which would allow local prosecutions, while Justice William J  Brennan, Jr , who by now also believed the Roth and Memoirs tests should be abandoned, led the charge for protecting all "obscenity" unless distributed to minors or exposed offensively to unconsenting adults  Decision of the case was contentious, and Miller was put over for reargument for October term in 1972, and did not come down until June 1973, with Burger prevailing with a 5–4 vote Since the Court's decision in Roth v  United States, the Court had struggled to define what constituted constitutionally unprotected obscene material  Under the Comstock laws that prevailed before Roth, articulated most famously in the 1868 English case Regina v Hicklin, any material that tended to "deprave and corrupt those whose minds are open to such immoral influences" was deemed "obscene" and could be banned on that basis  Thus, works by Honoré de Balzac, Gustave Flaubert, James Joyce, and D  H  Lawrence were banned based on isolated passages and the effect they might have on children  Roth repudiated the "Hicklin test" and defined obscenity more strictly, as material whose "dominant theme taken as a whole appeals to the prurient interest" to the "average person, applying contemporary community standards"  Only material now meeting this test could be banned as "obscene" In Memoirs v  Massachusetts, a plurality of the Court further redefined the Roth test by holding unprotected only that which is "patently offensive" and "utterly without redeeming social value," but no opinion in that case could command a majority of the Court either, and the state of the law in the obscenity field remained confused   In Jacobellis v  Ohio, Justice Potter Stewart's concurring opinion said that the Court in earlier pornography cases "was faced with the task of trying to define what may be indefinable," and that criminal laws were constitutionally limited to "hard-core pornography," which he did not try to define: "perhaps I could never succeed in intelligibly doing so  But I know it when I see it " Other Justices  had equally been unwilling to clearly define what pornography could be prohibited by the First Amendment 

Supreme Court decision
Miller had based his appeal in California on Memoirs v  Massachusetts  The Court rejected that argument 
The question before the court was whether the sale and distribution of obscene material was protected under the First Amendment's guarantee of Freedom of Speech  The Court ruled that it was not  It indicated that "obscene material is not protected by the First Amendment," especially that of hardcore pornography, thereby reaffirming part of Roth However, the Court acknowledged "the inherent dangers of undertaking to regulate any form of expression," and said that "State statutes designed to regulate obscene materials must be carefully limited " The Court, in an attempt to set such limits, devised a set of three criteria which must be met for a work to be legitimately subject to state regulation:

whether the average person, applying contemporary "community standards," would find that the work, taken as a whole, appeals to the prurient interest;
whether the work depicts or describes, in an offensive way, sexual conduct or excretory functions, as specifically defined by applicable state law (the syllabus of the case mentions only sexual conduct, but excretory functions are explicitly mentioned on page 25 of the majority opinion); and
whether the work, taken as a whole, lacks serious literary, artistic, political, or scientific value This obscenity test overturns the definition of obscenity set out in the Memoirs decision, which held that "all ideas having even the slightest redeeming social importance     have the full protection of the guaranties [of the First Amendment]" and that obscenity was that which was "utterly without redeeming social importance" The Miller decision vacated the jury verdict and remanded the case back to the California Superior Court 

Definition of obscenity post-Miller
Miller provided states greater freedom in prosecuting alleged purveyors of "obscene" material because, for the first time since Roth, a majority of the Court agreed on a definition of "obscenity " Hundreds of "obscenity" prosecutions went forward after Miller, and the Supreme Court began denying review of these state actions after years of reviewing many "obscenity" convictions (over 60 appeared on the Court's docket for the 1971–72 term, pre-Miller) A companion case to Miller, Paris Adult Theatre I v  Slaton, provided states with greater leeway to shut down adult movie houses  Controversy arose over Miller's "community standards" analysis, with critics charging that Miller encouraged forum shopping to prosecute national producers of what some believe to be "obscenity" in locales where community standards differ substantially from the rest of the nation  For example, under the "community standards" prong of the Miller test, what might be considered "obscene" in Utah might not be considered "obscene" in Massachusetts, or the opposite might be true; in any event, prosecutors tend to bring charges in locales where they believe that they will prevail  Justice Brennan, author of the Roth opinion, argued in his dissent for Paris Adult Theatre that outright suppression of obscenity is too vague to enforce in line with the First and Fourteenth Amendments The standards established by Miller were elaborated upon in Pope v  Illinois in 1987  In the case, the jury instructions for the local court had been for the jurors to evaluate whether adult magazines had value according to a community standard, and the conviction was held by the Illinois appellate court  The Supreme Court overruled the appellate court decision, siding with the defendant  In the majority opinion, the Supreme Court held that the first two prongs of the test were to be evaluated according to a "community standard," but not the third, which was to be held to the higher standard of a "reasonable person" evaluating the work for value In 1987, Oregon became the first state to strike down the criminalization of obscenity  In State v  Henry, the Oregon Supreme Court ruled in favor of Earl Henry, the owner of an adult bookstore, stating that the state obscenity statute violated the free speech provision of Oregon's state constitution In 1997, the Supreme Court ruled in Reno v  American Civil Liberties Union that the anti-indecency provisions of the Communications Decency Act were unconstitutional  The Act had criminalized the sending of "obscene or indecent" material to minors over the Internet  The court unanimously ruled that the provision violated the First Amendment due to its burden on free speech 

Effects of the decision
In the years since Miller, many localities have cracked down on adult theatres and bookstores, as well as nude dancing, through restrictive zoning ordinances and public nudity laws Additionally, in 1982's New York v  Ferber the Court declared child pornography as unprotected by the First Amendment, upholding the state of New York's ban on that material  In the 2002 Ashcroft v  Free Speech Coalition case, however, the Court held that sexually explicit material that only appears to depict minors, but actually does not, might be exempt from obscenity rulings In American Booksellers Foundation for Free Expression v  Strickland, plaintiffs American Booksellers Foundation for Free Expression, joined by various publishers, retailers, and web site operators, sued Ohio's Attorney General and Ohio county prosecutors in United States District Court for the Southern District of Ohio  Plaintiffs alleged that Ohio Revised Code §2907 01(E) and (J), which prohibited the dissemination or display of "materials harmful to juveniles", unconstitutionally violated both the First Amendment and the Commerce Clause of the Constitution  Plaintiffs specifically challenged the statute's definition of "harmful to juveniles", as well as the provisions governing Internet dissemination of those materials  The court held the statute unconstitutional because the statute's definition of "material harmful to minors" did not comply with Miller The "community standards" portion of the decision is of particular relevance with the rise of the Internet, as materials believed by some to be "obscene" can be accessed from anywhere in the nation, including places where there is a greater concern about "obscenity" than other areas of the nation  Enforcing and applying obscenity laws to the Internet have proven difficult  Both the Child Pornography Prevention Act (CPPA) and the Child Online Protection Act (COPA) have had sections struck down as unconstitutional in cases such as Ashcroft v  Free Speech Coalition and Ashcroft v  ACLU 

See also
List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 413
Sex-related court cases
United States obscenity law
Passage 4:
Gasser v MISAT
Gasser v MISAT (C–116/02) was a decision of the European Court of Justice regarding the interpretation of the Brussels convention of 1968 ruling that a court chosen in a choice of court agreement should stay its proceedings - as any other court chosen second within the Brussels regime - until the court first seized had declared it did not have jurisdiction  The court's decision was considered problematic as it favoured the uniformity of application of the Brussels regime jurisdictional rules temporarily over party autonomy : 572  Due to similar provisions in the 2001 Brussels Regulation and Lugano Conventions, the interpretation also affects choice of court agreements under those later instruments  However, in the 2012 Recast version of the Brussels I Regulation chosen courts can take jurisdiction, even if a court not chosen has been addressed first 

Facts
Austrian supplier Gasser and Italian distributor MISAT entered into a contract together for the supply of children's clothes  In the contract, they included a choice-of-court agreement, stipulating that an Austrian court have jurisdiction in case of conflict  However, when a dispute arose between the two parties, MISAT seised an Italian court to declare that the contract had been terminated, contrary to the choice-of-court clause they agreed on 
MISAT relied on Article 21 of the Brussels Convention, a convention to which all members of the European Community were party, and which regulates which court within those states has jurisdiction  The convention contains a lis alibi pendens-rule: where proceedings involving the same issue and between the same parties are brought before the courts of different Member States, the court seised second must stay proceedings up until the jurisdiction of the court first seised has been established – after which the court second seised must decline jurisdiction if the court first seised is indeed found to have jurisdiction  Consequently, Article 21 of the Convention establishes a type of "first come, first served"-rule: when there is a triple identity in parties,: §34  object,: §40  as well as cause of action, the court that has been seised second will only be able to decide in the case when it has been decided in the first court that the latter has no jurisdiction  The Report Jenard cites the need to "facilitate the proper administration of justice within the Community" as the underlying idea behind this lis alibi pendens rule, as irreconcilable judgments would obstruct such proper administration and ultimately be detrimental to the "mutual trust in the administration of justice in the Community"  Consequently, the lis pendens-rule can be considered as an expression of the Regulation's search for both certainty and the preservation of mutual trust amongst Member States The problem however in the case at hand was that the parties had first made an agreement as to which court would have jurisdiction in case of conflict- namely an Austrian court  Consequently, Gasser brought the same case before the Oberlandesgericht (Higher Regional Court) Innsbruck in Austria, where the question was eventually passed on to the European Court of Justice of whether or not the lis pendens-rule could override the parties' autonomous decision contained in their choice-of-court agreement and thus, if the abovementioned rule contained in Article 21 of the Convention was applicable or not : §21, §28

CJEU procedure
The reference for a preliminary ruling were made on 25 March 2002, and observations were made -in addition to the parties in the dispute- by Italy, the United Kingdom and the European Commission  While Italy, the Commission and Misat contended that the lis pendens doctrine needed to take precedence, and that thus the court second seized should stay its proceedings until the first court had decided on its position, the UK and Gasser argued that the choice of the parties should take immediate precedence over the lis pendens rule 

Advocate-General
The (advisory) opinion of Advocate-General was delivered on 9 September 2003  The Advocate-general held that the European Court of Justice had the possibility to rule that a valid choice of court clause amounted exclusive jurisdiction to a (group of) courts, and that thus it was possible to derogate from using the lis pendens doctrine and give such a court immediate jurisdiction  The court had made a similar exception before in Overseas Union Insurance Ltd and Deutsche Ruck Uk Reinsurance Ltd and Pine Top Insurance Company Ltd v New Hampshire Insurance Company where it ruled that if one of the "exclusive jurisdiction" grounds of Article 16 applied, the court that had exclusive jurisdiction did not have to stay proceedings, even if it was seized second  The exclusive jurisdiction of choice of court agreements/clauses is however placed in Article 15, and thus is not automatically covered by the judgments  The Advocate general suggested to only allow a court seized second (and which was chosen in a choice of court clause/agreement) "where there is no room for any doubt as to the jurisdiction of the court second seised"; to avoid the situations where both courts would assume jurisdiction 

Decision
The Court resolutely rejected the possibility that the party autonomy could take precedence over the abovementioned goals of certainty and mutual trust, stating that "the court second seised is never in a better position than the court first seised to determine whether the latter has jurisdiction" : §48  Even though the Austrian court was consistent with the parties choice-of-court agreement, it was for the court first seized to decide it had not jurisdiction and the presence of such a clause is "not such as to call in question the application of the procedural rule contained in Article 21 of the Convention [now Article 27], which is based clearly and solely on the chronological order in which the courts involved are seised" : §46–47

Relevance
The ruling by the Court has implications not only for the application of the Brussels Convention, but also by the Brussels I Regulation (44/2001) that mostly replaced it, and for the interpretation by EU states of the Lugano Conventions of 1998 and 2007 that contain similar provisions : 572 First, there is the (unlikely) risk that the court first seised finds the jurisdiction clause invalid, which consequently takes away the possibility for the designated court to decide the case, even if the latter would have declared the clause valid : 577  Although the Court in Gasser first seems to minimise the likelihood of this hypothesis by stating that a jurisdiction clause "must be regarded as an independent concept",: §51  it nonetheless points out that verifying the existence of jurisdiction clauses "may necessitate delicate and costly investigations" : §26  As a result, although unlikely, there is still a risk that two courts from different Member States will decide upon the validity of a jurisdiction clause differently : 572 Second, the Court's ruling, which imposes a sort of absolute first-come, first-served principle, promotes the use of tactical litigation and "torpedo claims" : 573  The reason why can be described as the difference between theory and reality  In theory, the fact that a party would have to turn to a different Member State for a ruling in his case is irrelevant or even meaningless, as the Brussels I Regulation rests upon the axiomatic assumption that procedural justice is served wherever in the community proceedings are heard : 570  In reality however, this fact is of great tactical significance to the recalcitrant party, since -apart from the aforementioned fact that the first court seised may determine the effect of Article 23 differently- some Member States have a system of much slower-moving judiciary, which makes the realisation of procedural justice unlikely : 577  Italy is a prime example thereof, with decisions on jurisdiction alone taking several months or even years; commencing proceedings in Italy is accordingly dubbed "firing the Italian torpedo"  This torpedo may well sink a jurisdiction agreement, as the crude confrontation with increased delay and expense for the other party makes it not only unlikely for him to recommence proceedings in the agreed court after jurisdiction has been settled, but can even deter him from litigating altogether at the sight of the location of the court first seised : 577 In conclusion, not only may the party defending the choice-of-court agreement experience substantive disadvantages in the other Member State, as the court situated there might declare the agreement invalid, the party may also be exposed to procedural disadvantages, caused by judicial system which is not chosen : 573  This in turn can make the jurisdiction agreement ineffective altogether, going against the principle of party autonomy  Taking a formalistic and literal approach, the Court states that "the difficulties of the kind (   ) stemming from delaying tactics by parties (   ) are not such as to call in question the interpretation of the Brussels Convention, as deduced from its wordings and purpose",: §53  pointing out that the Regulation "is necessarily based on the trust which Contracting States accord to each other's legal systems and judicidial institutions" : §72

Effect on the Brussels Regulation
In the Recast of the Brussels I Regulation, the Commission addressed the problems created by the Gasser judgment  Dealing with the problematic tactical litigation spawning from the Gasser judgment, the Recast Regulation now contains a reversal of the priority rule, by giving the court chosen by the parties in the jurisdiction agreement precedence over all other courts, regardless of when proceedings were initiated  From a prima facie point of view, this certainly seems to deal the Gasser problem effectively, as a tactical race to the court is now without effect  However, some have raised the question to whether or not this will simply encourage the use of 'sham jurisdictional agreements', and if this indisputable preference for allegedly-chosen courts could not just lead to “improved” or “reverse” torpedo claims 
Passage 5:
Adams v  Burke
Adams v  Burke, 84 U S  (17 Wall ) 453 (1873), was a United States Supreme Court case in which the Court first elaborated on the exhaustion doctrine  According to that doctrine, a so-called authorized sale of a patented product (one made by the patentee or a person authorized by it to sell the product) liberates the product from the patent monopoly  The product becomes the complete property of the purchaser and "passes without the monopoly " The property owner is then free to use or dispose of it as it may choose, free of any control by the patentee  Adams is a widely cited, leading case  A substantially identical doctrine applies in copyright law and is known as the "first sale doctrine" 
As the Supreme Court recently explained, in Kirtsaeng v  John Wiley & Sons, Inc , 133 S  Ct  1351 (2013), the principle comes from early English common law of property, explained in Coke on Littleton early in the 17th century  Under the common law, if a man is possessed of a chattel (item of personal property) and he transfers his property in it to another, no restriction against the use or disposition of the chattel will be effective, for that would hinder trade and commerce – it would interfere with bargaining among men  If once a patented product was sold and allowed to enter the stream of commerce, if it could be subject to restrictions (perhaps secret) on its use or further disposition, businessmen would not be able to know whether transactions in the product were effective and business certainty would be greatly impaired 

Factual background
In 1863, U S  Patent No  38,713 issued to the inventors Merrill and Horner for a  coffin lid that permitted interested persons to view the name-plate and inscription of the decedent in the coffin, irrespective of whether the coffin cover is open or closed  In 1865 they assigned to Lockhart & Seelye of Cambridge  Massachusetts, the ownership of the patent in a circular area around Boston having a ten-mile radius  Adams, the plaintiff in this case, was the assignee of the patent in an area outside this circle which included the town of Natick, Massachusetts Burke, the defendant, was an undertaker doing business in Natick, Massachusetts, seventeen miles from Boston  Burke purchased some patented coffin lids from Lockhart & Seelye, who had manufactured them  Burke then took them to Natick (more than ten miles from Boston), and used them in his business  Adams then sued him 

Trial court opinion
The circuit court for the district of Massachusetts dismissed the case  It said:

When a patented product passes lawfully into the hands of a purchaser without condition or restriction, it is no longer within the monopoly or under the protection of the patent act, but outside of it     It is clear that by such a sale the purchaser acquires an absolute title to the manufactured product which is the subject of a patent, and may deal with It in the same manner as if dealing with any other kind of property  He may use it, repair it, Improve upon it, or sell it  Subsequent purchasers acquire the same rights as the seller had, and may do with the article, or its materials, whatever the first purchaser could have lawfully done if he had not parted with the title 

Supreme Court opinion
Adams appealed to the Supreme Court, which affirmed  The Court began by observing that this was a case of first impression in the Supreme Court although the governing principle had been involved in other patent cases  That principle was this:

[T]he sale by a person who has the full right to make, sell, and use       a machine carries with it the right to the use of that machine to the full extent to which it can be used in point of time         [I]n the essential nature of things, when the patentee, or the person having his rights, sells a machine or instrument whose sole value is in its use, he receives the consideration for its use and he parts with the right to restrict that use
Context 3: Passage 1:
Sabal Trail Transmission Pipeline
Sabal Trail Transmission Pipeline is a natural gas pipeline that runs from central Alabama through southwest Georgia to Orange County, Florida  A minority stake in the venture is owned by NextEra Energy and Duke Energy  The pipeline has been being planned since before 2011  In July 2013 it was announced that Florida Power & Light Company (FPL) jointly awarded its parent corporation, NextEra Energy and Spectra Energy the bid to build the pipeline  In May 2015, Duke Energy bought an interest in the venture  Construction began in September 2016  The pipeline is currently scheduled to be in service by June 2017 

Environmental concerns and federal agency permission
The construction of the pipeline has drawn concern from the communities through which it is planned to be built  Protests in Albany, Georgia and Valdosta, Georgia have occurred in response to the plans to build the pipelines  The threat of eminent domain and the environmental impact are among the concerns that have been voiced by citizens 
In late October 2015, the United States Environmental Protection Agency recommended to Federal Energy Regulatory Commission that the pipeline be rerouted away from the Floridan aquifer because of the karst geology that is prone to sinkholes and also contains wetlands Environmental concerns have also been raised regarding threats to endangered species habitat along the route including crocodile, manatee and sea turtle breeding and nesting grounds  Others including Sanford Bishop, Hank Johnson, David Scott and John Lewis have voiced concern over the construction of a proposed compressor station near an already disadvantaged African American community in Albany, Georgia Despite the recommendations of Environmental Protection Agency, the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission approved the pipeline's route in February 2016  In August 2016, the Army Corps of Engineers approved the route through North Florida  Some citizens from the areas of the route continued to voice concerns about the environmental impact the pipeline would have the environment after it was approved by the various governmental agencies 
The federal permits require the companies constructing the pipeline to engage in mitigation banking 

Protests
The construction of the Sabal Trail resulted in extensive protests from environmentalists  On November 12, 2016, fourteen protesters were arrested at a pipeline construction site in Gilchrist County, Florida after one protester locked himself to truck on site and the others obstructed its path  They had been inspired by the Dakota Access Pipeline protests and used similar protest signage  In February of 2017, two protestors locked themselves inside a section of the pipeline, citing the danger to people and the environment which would result from a pipeline leak  On February 26, 2017 an apparent protester was seen firing a high powered rifle at the pipeline construction site  The man fled and was chased by police until he crashed and was killed by a deputy after he tried to engage police in a gunfight

Construction
In September 2016, construction began on the pipeline  
In late October 2016, drilling mud seepage began leaking into the Withlacoochee River at construction along the border of Brooks County, Georgia and Lowndes County, Georgia from a pilot hole that had been drilled underneath the river in preparation for the horizontal directional drilling hole  After the leakage was discovered, the Sabal Company installed containment booms at the site and posted a vacuum truck to capture the mud seepage  The spill prompted protests from concerned local citizens on November 16, 2016 As part of the company's biweekly report for the week ending on November 27 to the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission, it was reported that a sinkhole had developed 165 feet (50 m) southeast of the horizontal directional drilling (HDD) hole exit point at the work site near the Withlacoochee River  The sinkhole had been identified on November 5 by workers in the field 

Owners
Spectra Energy
NextEra Energy
Duke Energy (7 5%)

See also
Spectra Energy
Passage 2:
Duke Energy
Duke Energy Corporation is an American electric power and natural gas holding company headquartered in Charlotte, North Carolina 

Overview
Based in Charlotte, North Carolina, Duke Energy owns 58,200 megawatts of base-load and peak generation in the United States, which it distributes to its 7 2 million customers  The company has approximately 29,000 employees  Duke Energy's service territory covers 104,000 square miles (270,000 km2) with 250,200 miles (402,700 km) of distribution lines  Almost all of Duke Energy's Midwest generation comes from coal, natural gas, or oil, while half of its Carolinas generation comes from its nuclear power plants  During 2006, Duke Energy generated 148,798,332 megawatt-hours of electrical energy 
Duke Energy Renewable Services (DERS), a subsidiary of Duke Energy, specializes in the development, ownership, and operation of various generation facilities throughout the United States  This segment of the company operates 1,700 megawatts of generation  240 megawatts of wind generation were under construction and 1,500 additional megawatts of wind generation were in planning stages  On September 9, 2008, DERS updated its projections for future wind power capacity  By the end of 2008, it would have over 500 MW of nameplate capacity of wind power online, and an additional 5,000 MW in development 

Subsidiaries
Duke Energy Carolinas (formerly Duke Power)
Duke Energy Ohio (formerly Cincinnati Gas & Electric Company, via Cinergy)
Duke Energy Kentucky (formerly Union Light, Heat & Power, via Cinergy)
Duke Energy Indiana (formerly Public Service Indiana, via Cinergy)
Duke Energy Florida (formerly Florida Power Corporation, via Progress Energy)
Duke Energy Progress (formerly Carolina Power and Light, via Progress Energy)
Duke Energy Renewables
Duke Energy Retail
Duke Energy International
Duke Energy Sustainable Solutions
Duke Energy One

History
The company began in 1900 as the Catawba Power Company when Walker Gill Wylie and his brother financed the building of a hydroelectric power station at India Hook Shoals along the Catawba River near India Hook, South Carolina  When he needed additional funding to further his ambitious plan for construction of a series of hydroelectric power plants, Wylie convinced James B  Duke and his partner James Blaney to invest in the Southern Power Company, founded in 1905 
In 1917 James Blaney was the founder of the Wateree Power Company that was formed as a holding company for several utilities that had been founded and/or owned by Duke, and Blaney his associates, and in 1924 the name was changed to Duke Power  In 1927, most of the subsidiary companies, including Southern Power Company, Catawba Power Company, Great Falls Power Company, and Western Carolina Power Company were merged into Duke Power, although Southern Public Utilities, 100% owned by Duke Power, maintained a legally separate existence for the retail marketing of Duke-generated power to residential and commercial customers  Southern Public Utilities also operated transit systems, which Duke eventually converted from streetcars to buses 
In 1988, Nantahala Power & Light Co , which served southwestern North Carolina, was purchased by Duke and is now operated under the Duke Power Nantahala Area brand  In 1990, Duke sold its remaining transit operations  Duke Power merged with PanEnergy, a natural gas company, in 1997 to form Duke Energy  The Duke Power name continued as the electric utility business of Duke Energy until the Cinergy merger 

With the purchase of Cinergy Corporation announced in 2005 and completed on April 3, 2006, Duke Energy Corporation's customer base grew to include the Midwestern United States as well  The company operates nuclear power plants, coal-fired plants, conventional hydroelectric plants, natural-gas turbines to handle peak demand, and pumped hydro storage  During 2006, Duke Energy also acquired Chatham, Ontario-based Union Gas, which is regulated under the Ontario Energy Board Act (1998) 
On January 3, 2007, Duke Energy spun off its gas business to form Spectra Energy  Duke Energy shareholders received 1 share of Spectra Energy for each 2 shares of Duke Energy  After the spin-off, Duke Energy now receives the majority of its revenue from its electric operations in portions of North Carolina, South Carolina, Kentucky, Ohio, and Indiana  The spinoff to Spectra also included Union Gas, which Duke Energy acquired the previous year In 2011, Duke Energy worked with Charlotte's business leader community to help build Charlotte into a smart city  The group called the initiative "Envision Charlotte"  At the time, the group decided on a goal to reduce energy use in the "urban core of the city by 20 percent"  To do so, the group focused on making energy consumption changes to commercial buildings larger than 10,000 square feet On July 3, 2012, Duke Energy merged with Progress Energy Inc with the Duke Energy name being retained along with the Charlotte, North Carolina, headquarters Duke announced on June 18, 2013, that CEO Jim Rogers was retiring and Lynn Good would become the new CEO  Rogers has been CEO and Chairman since 2006, while Good was Chief Financial Officer of Duke since 2009, having joined Duke in the 2006 Cinergy merger  Rogers' retirement was part of an agreement to end an investigation into Duke's Progress Energy acquisition in 2012 In 2016, Duke Energy purchased Piedmont Natural Gas for $4 9 billion to become its wholly owned subsidiary   Duke Energy completed selling its remaining power operations in Central and South America for $1 2 billion months afterwards   At one point Duke Energy had more than 4,300 megawatts of electric generation in Latin America  It operated eight hydroelectric power plants in Brazil with an installed capacity of 2,307 megawatts The company expects to spend $13 billion upgrading the North Carolina grid from 2017 On December 3, 2022, an attack was carried out on two Duke Energy substations located in Moore County, North Carolina  Damage from the attack left up to 40,000 residents without electrical power for several days, with officials closing schools and declaring a state of emergency  The Federal Bureau of Investigation supported local investigators in case the incident met the definition of domestic terrorism under the Patriot Act 

New nuclear power plant
On March 16, 2006, Duke Power announced that a Cherokee County, South Carolina site had been selected for a potential new nuclear power plant  The site is jointly owned by Duke Power and Southern Company  Duke plans to develop the site for two Westinghouse Electric Company AP1000 (advanced passive) pressurized water reactors  Each reactor is capable of producing approximately 1,117 megawatts  (See Nuclear Power 2010 Program )
On December 14, 2007, Duke Power submitted a Combined Construction and Operating License to the Nuclear Regulatory Commission, with an announcement that it will spend $160 million in 2008 on the plant with a total cost of $5 billion to $6 billion  The plant was approved in 2016 In August 2017, Duke decided to seek permission from the North Carolina Utility Commission to cancel the project due to the bankruptcy of Westinghouse and "other market activity", although they will retain the option of restarting the project at some point in the future if circumstances change This site would have been adjacent to the old site, which was never completed and abandoned in the early 1980s, and used by James Cameron as a film set for the 1989 movie The Abyss 
In 2018, Duke Energy decided not to include new nuclear power in its long-range plans 

Headquarters buildings
J A  Jones designed the first headquarters building, known as the Power Building, which was completed in 1927 at 440 South Church  It was five stories and 503,000 square feet (46,700 m2)  The Electric Center at 526 South Church Street opened in 1975 with an addition in 1988  State Farm Insurance sold the Power Building in 2004 for $8 million to The Dilweg Cos , who anticipated significant development  Novare Group bought 5 13 acres (20,800 m2) at 408 South Church Street for $17 million from The Dilweg Cos  in a deal announced March 27, 2006   The Power Building was demolished February 24, 2007 Duke Energy Center at 550 South Tryon Street was announced as the company's headquarters in 2009  The company announced May 17, 2021 that the headquarters will move in 2023 to Duke Energy Plaza, across the street from the current headquarters  Childress Klein is developing the new building, which will allow Duke to sell its Church Street and College Street buildings, and end its lease at 400 South Tryon  Previously named Charlotte Metro Tower, the 40-story building will be purchased when completed for up to $675 million by Childress Klein and CGA Capital, in the largest real estate deal in the city's history, announced in December 2019 

Finances
For the fiscal year 2017, Duke Energy reported earnings of US$3 059 billion, with an annual revenue of US$23 565 billion, an increase of 3 6% over the previous fiscal cycle  Duke Energy's shares traded at over $79 per share, and its market capitalization was valued at over US$58 8 billion in November 2018 

Environmental record
In 1999, the United States Environmental Protection Agency commenced an enforcement action against Duke Energy for making modifications to very old and deteriorating coal-burning power plants without getting permits under the Clean Air Act  Duke asserted that a "modification" under the Clean Air Act did not require a permit  Environmental groups asserted that Duke was using loopholes in the law to increase emissions  Initially, Duke prevailed at the trial court level, but in 2006 the case was argued before the Supreme Court (Environmental Defense v  Duke Energy Corp  (05-848))  The Court unanimously ruled on April 2, 2007 that the modifications allowed the power plants to operate for more hours, increasing emissions, so Clean Air Act permits were needed In 2002, researchers at the University of Massachusetts Amherst identified Duke Energy as the 46th-largest corporate producer of air pollution in the United States, with roughly 36 million
pounds of toxic chemicals released annually into the air  Major pollutants included sulfuric and hydrochloric acid, chromium compounds, and hydrogen fluoride  The Political Economy Research Institute ranks Duke Energy 13th among corporations emitting airborne pollutants in the United States  The ranking is based on the quantity (80 million pounds in 2005) and toxicity of the emissions  This change reflects the purchase of fossil fuel-heavy Cinergy, which occurred in 2005 

In early 2008, Duke Energy announced a plan to build the new, 800-megawatt Cliffside Unit 6 coal plant 55 miles (89 km) west of Charlotte, North Carolina  The plan has been strongly opposed by environmental groups such as Rising Tide North America, Rainforest Action Network, the community-based Canary Coalition as well as the Southern Environmental Law Center, which has threatened to sue Duke if it does not halt construction plans  On April 1, activists locked themselves to machinery at the Cliffside construction area as part of Fossil Fools Day 
Duke Energy has been "one of the most vocal advocates" for a "cap-and-trade" system to combat global CO2 emissions, "and the company's CEO, Jim Rogers, thinks the company will profit from cap-and-trade"  The company left the National Association of Manufacturers in part over differences on climate policy In a joint venture with the French-based global energy firm AREVA, under the nominal name of ADAGE, Duke Energy has planned a "Green" biomass burning facility in Mason County, Washington and is negotiating with forestland owners to secure the 600,000 tons of wood debris it needs yearly to fuel its $250 million biomass plant 
The joint venture between electric power company Duke Energy and global nuclear services giant AREVA was created to build wood waste-to-energy power plants around the country 
ADAGE president Reed Wills announced the first Northwest outpost will be in the struggling timber town of Shelton, Washington 
The following pollutants are provided by DUKE-AREVA-ADAGE in their application for permit to the Department of Environmental Protection for a similar type of plant in Florida 

248 tons per year – particulate matter
288 tons per year – particulate matter 10
233 tons per year – particulate matter 2 5
249 tons per year – NOx (nitrogen oxides)
246 tons per year – SO2 (sulfur dioxide)
248 tons per year – CO (carbon monoxide)
40 tons per year – H2SO4 – (sulfuric acid mist)
63 tons per year – VOC (volatile organic compounds)
29 tons per year – F (fluorides)

Generating facilities
This list is partially complete due to the July 3, 2012, merger with Progress Energy 

Biomass fired
Shelton Biomass Facility (proposed)

Nuclear
Catawba Nuclear Station
McGuire Nuclear Station
Oconee Nuclear Station
Shearon Harris Nuclear Power Plant
H  B  Robinson Nuclear Generating Station
Brunswick Nuclear Generating Station
Crystal River Nuclear Power Plant (retired February 2013)
William States Lee III Nuclear Generating Station - Future

Coal-fired
Allen Steam Station
Belews Creek Steam Station
Beckjord Power Station
Cayuga Generating Station
Crystal River Energy Complex
East Bend Station
Edwardsport Station
Gallagher Station
Gibson Station
Marshall Steam Station
Mayo Plant
Miami Fort Power Station (purchased by Dynegy, 2014)
Riverbend Steam Station (retired)
Roxboro Steam Plant
Wabash River Station
William H  Zimmer Power Station (purchased by Dynegy, 2014)

Hydroelectric
Conventional hydro
Following is a list of Duke Energy's thirty conventional hydroelectric facilities, in order of average electric production   All properties are 100% owned by Duke, and all but Markland are located in North Carolina and South Carolina (Markland is located in southern Indiana) 
Blewett Falls Hydroelectric Plant
Cowans Ford Hydro Station, 350 MW average capacity
Keowee Hydro Station, 158 MW
Walters Hydroelectric Plant, 112 MW
Tillery Hydroelectric Plant, 87 MW
Rocky Creek & Cedar Creek Hydro Stations, combined 73 MW
Great Falls & Dearborn Hydro Stations, combined 70 MW
Markland Hydro Station, 65 MW
Mountain Island Hydro Station, 60 MW
Lake Wylie Hydro Station, 60 MW
Wateree Hydro Station, 56 MW
Fishing Creek Hydro Station, 37 MW
Oxford Hydro Station, 36 MW
Bridgewater Hydro Station at Lake James, 31 5 MW
Rhodhiss Hydro Station, 26 MW
Lookout Shoals Hydro Station, 26 MW
Blewett Hydroelectric Plant, 22 MW
Ninety-Nine Islands Plant, 18 MW
Gaston Shoals Plant, 9 MW
Tuxedo Plant, 5 MW
Marshall Plant, 4 MW
and ten clustered locations at Nantahala, in mountainous southwestern North Carolina, producing a cumulative 99 MW

Pumped-storage hydro
Bad Creek Hydroelectric Station
Jocassee Pumped-Storage Generating Station

Oil and gas-fired
Anclote Station
Asheville Combustion Turbines
Bartow Combined Cycle Station
Buck Steam Station
Buzzard Roost Station
Cayuga Combustion Turbine Station
Cliffside Steam Station
Connersville Peaking Station
Dan River Steam Station
Darlington County Electric Plant
Henry County Peaking Station
Hines Energy Complex
H F  Lee Energy Complex
Lee Steam Station
W S  Lee Steam Station
Lincoln Combustion Turbine Station
Madison Peaking Station
Miami-Wabash Peaking Station
Mill Creek Combustion Turbine Station
Noblesville Station
Rockingham Station
Smith Energy Complex
Sutton Combined Cycle Plant
Wabash River Repowering Station
Wheatland Peaking Station
Woodsdale Station

Solar farms
Citing the falling cost of building solar farms, Duke Energy announced plans in 2017 to launch three new such projects in Kentucky  Two will be in Kenton County and one will be in Grant County  Together the three plants will create more than 6 7 MW of power  These join several other solar farms including:

Davidson County Solar Farm
Martins Creek Solar Farm 1 MW (Murphy, NC)
Culberson Solar Farm 1 MW (Murphy, NC)
Osceola Solar Facility 4 MW (St Petersburg, Fla)Additionally, Duke Energy added 451 MW of solar capacity to North Carolina’s grid in 2017 
Hamilton Solar Power Plant 74 9 MW (Jasper, FL)
Columbia Solar Power Plant 74 9 MW (Fort White, FL) (opening in 2020)
Live Oak Solar Power Plant ? MW (Live Oak, FL)In 2020 Duke Energy began commercial operations of several farms in Texas, operating alongside its Farm from 2010 
Blue Wing Solar Project (San Antonio, TX)
Lapetus Solar Project 100 MW (Andrews County, TX)
Holstein Solar Project 200 MW (Nolan County, TX)
Rambler Solar Project 200 MW (Tom Green County, TX)

Wind farms
Los Vientos Wind Farm
Shirley Wind

Electric vehicles
Duke Energy announced in October 2018 that it would install 530 electric car charging stations around Florida  Ten percent of the stations will go into low income communities 

Awards
Duke Energy has been chosen as one of The 50 Best Employers In America by Business InsiderIn 2002, Duke Energy was awarded the Ig Nobel Prize in Economics for "adapting the mathematical concept of imaginary numbers for use in the business world" 

Criticism
In December 2000, Cinergy Corp agreed to pay $1 4B to settle allegations that its coal plants illegally polluted the air  Duke Energy completed its acquisition of Cinergy Corp in 2006 In July 2004, Duke Energy agreed to pay $208M to settle allegations that it had engaged in price gouging in California during the energy crisis of 2000 and 2001 In December 2009, Duke Energy agreed to spend approximately $93M to resolve violations of the Clean Air Act  Duke became obligated to make investments that were expected to reduce sulfur dioxide emissions by 86% On February 14, 2011, Greenpeace launched a campaign in which Phil Radford called on Duke Energy to abandon mountaintop removal coal, produce a third of its energy from renewable sources by 2020, and abandon coal altogether by 2030 "In May 2011, Duke agreed to pay $30M to resolve allegations that changes made to the company pension plan disproportionately harmed employees over 40, costing many of them up to half of their accrued benefits In December 2011, the non-partisan organization Public Campaign criticized Duke Energy for spending $17 47 million on lobbying  It also criticized Duke for not paying any taxes from 2008 to 2010 and receiving $216 million in tax rebates, in spite of turning a $5 4 billion profit and extensively raising executive compensations In 2012, Greenpeace protested Duke's lobbying of the Democratic Party, including its funding of the 2012 Democratic National Convention In July 2012, Duke Energy was criticized for paying former Progress Energy CEO Bill Johnson $44 7 million in compensation, including a $10 million severance, for something close to 20 minutes on the job as Duke's CEO In 2012, Duke Energy sued Citrus County, Florida claiming its tax bill was too high  The county hired an outside appraiser who found that there were a lot of unreported and underreported items and the tax claim was actually too low In May 2013, university students launched a campaign for Brown University to divest fossil fuels, specifically referring to Duke Energy and other coal plant operators On February 2 2014, the massive Dan River coal-ash spill led to a grand jury investigation into Duke Energy  The initial investigation was overseen by Governor Pat McCrory, who was accused of intervening on Duke's behalf as he had been a Duke Energy employee for 28 years  Prosecutors went looking for any cash or items of value that might have been given to Governor McCrory and members of his administration in exchange for cheap settlements  Duke Energy was prosecuted, pled guilty to nine charges of criminal negligence, and agreed to pay $102 million in fines and restitutions  Duke Energy was also ordered to close all of its 32 ash ponds in the state of North Carolina by 2029 In September 2016, the Government Pension Fund of Norway, then worth $900 billion, excluded Duke Energy and its subsidiaries from the fund, citing "risk of severe environmental damage" In August 2020, environmental watchdog EWG released a report accusing Duke Energy of charging Indiana ratepayers for $12 billion worth of failed projects  This was the direct consequence of a controversial bill passed in Indiana earlier that year  Projects included two natural gas pipelines and two retired nuclear power plants 
In 2021, investigative reporting by the Orlando Sun Sentinel revealed that Duke Energy, FPL (Nextera Energy), and TECO Energy put forth more than $3 million to promote "ghost" spoiler candidates in key Florida legislature races  The scheme involved former senator Frank Artiles and was effective in costing the Democrats at least one election In January 2021, Duke Energy agreed to a settlement, which the company proposed, to absorb $1 1 billion worth of coal-ash pond closure and cleanup costs, in North Carolina, between 2015 and 2030  The parties involved also waived all rights to challenge the “reasonableness and prudence” of Duke Energy’s coal ash management practices and costs before March 2020  Duke estimates the costs to be between $8 and $9 billion, the settlement reduces the cost on the ratepayer by 60% In August 2021, Indiana city officials from Bloomington, Carmel, and West Lafayette, and other lawmakers sent a letter to Duke Energy deploring its progress towards renewables and asking it to stop overcharging low-income homes for electricity 

December 2022 rolling blackouts
In December 2022, a major winter storm impacted much of the United States  On December 24, 2022, Christmas Eve, Duke Energy implemented rolling blackouts for the first time in their history, due to unprecedented energy demand  The rolling blackouts came without warning and lasted hours  In addition to facility failures, Duke reported failures related to the software that regulated the controlled blackouts  The Federal Energy Regulatory Commission initiated an investigation in response to the blackouts 

See also
2005 Atlantic Power Outage
Harlan County USA—1976 Academy Award-winning documentary film covering the efforts of 180 coal miners on strike against the Duke Power Company in Harlan County, Kentucky, in 1973 
Fixed bill
Holiday Junction
Passage 3:
Duke Energy Florida
Duke Energy Florida, formerly Florida Power, was the generation, transmission, and distribution sector of Florida Progress Corporation   The company distributed power over much of central and north Florida  Their service area covers approximately 13,000 square miles  Along with that, the company supplies electric service to approximately 1 8 million residential, commercial and industrial customers in the state  Florida Progress merged with Carolina Power & Light in 2000 to form Progress Energy  Progress Energy merged with Duke Energy in 2012  Today the Florida operations operate as Duke Energy Florida 

History
In 1899, Frank A  Davis founded the St  Petersburg Electric Light and Power Company in the newly founded town of St  Petersburg, Florida 
In 1911 it started offering 24 hour service to their customers 
After a series of expansions, in 1927 St  Petersburg Electric Light and Power Company became Florida Power Corporation 
Reddy Kilowatt became the company's mascot in In 1939 
The Honner family received free television from Florida Power Corporation in 1952 in celebration of the company installing its 200,000th meter 
In 1963, the company installed a specially designed underwater cable in the Gulf of Mexico  It was believed to be the longest one-piece installation in Florida back then  Land was also purchased to build their first nuclear power plant in Citrus County 
Andrew H  Hines became the company's president in 1972 
In 1977, the nuclear power plant was finally built in Citrus County 
In 1982, in hopes of diversifying beyond utility operations, Florida Power reorganized as a holding company, Florida Progress Corporation 
Louie the Lighting Bug became the mascot for their television ads in 1983



ground_truth: YIVO

prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: Which case was brought to court first Miller v. California or Gates v. Collier ?

The following are given passages.
Context 2:  The article, in the language of the Court, passes without the limit of the monopoly  [citation omitted] That is to say the patentee or his assignee having in the act of sale received all the royalty or consideration which he claims for the use of his invention in that particular machine or instrument, it is open to the use of the purchaser without further restriction on account of the monopoly of the patentees 

Accordingly, the Court ruled that "we hold that in the class of machines or implements we have described, when they are once lawfully made and sold, there is no restriction on their use to be implied for the benefit of the patentee or his assignees or licensees "Subsequent Supreme Court cases following the doctrine of the Adams case include:

Motion Picture Patents Co  v  Universal Film Mfg  Co , 243 U S  502 (1917) 
Straus v  Victor Talking Machine Co , 243 U S  490 (1917) 
Ethyl Gasoline Corp  v  United States, 309 U S  436 (1940) 
United States v  Univis Lens Co , 316 U S  241 (1942) 
Aro Mfg  Co  v  Convertible Top Replacement Co , 365 U  S  336 (1961) 
Quanta Computer, Inc  v  LG Electronics, Inc , 553 U S  617 (2008) But see:

United States v  General Electric Co , 272 U S  476 (1926) 
General Talking Pictures Corp  v  Western Electric Co , 304 U S  175 (1938) 
Passage 6:
Jones v  Cunningham
Jones v  Cunningham, 371 U S  236 (1963), was a Supreme Court case in which the court first ruled that state inmates had the right to file  a writ of habeas corpus challenging both the legality and the conditions of their imprisonment  Prior to this, starting with Pervear v  Massachusetts, 72 U S  475 (1866), the court had maintained a "hands off" policy regarding federal interference with state incarceration policies and practices, maintaining that the Bill of Rights did not apply to the states  Subsequently, in Cooper v  Pate (1964), an inmate successfully obtained standing to challenge the denial of his right to practice his religion through a habeas corpus writ 
Passage 7:
Cheff v  Mathes
Cheff v  Mathes, 199 A 2d 548 (Del  1964), was a case in which the Delaware Supreme Court first addressed the issue of director conflict of interest in a corporate change of control setting  This case is the predecessor to future seminal corporate law cases including: Unocal Corp  v  Mesa Petroleum Co , Revlon v  MacAndrews, and Paramount v  Time 

Facts
Holland Furnace Company manufactured home furnaces  The company's marketing strategy involved door-to-door sales, which employed a large workforce  This model, if not unique to Holland Furnace, was nevertheless unusual   From the standpoint of Arnold Maremont, a businessman who had been purchasing Holland Furnace stock, it was unprofitable  These practices also implicated Holland Furnace in charges of unfair trade practices   (An investigation of these practices by the Federal Trade Commission had already been pending for a year at the time of the events underlying the decision in Cheff )  Sales representatives for Holland would go door to door posing as official inspectors  Claiming to be employed by the homeowner's utility or by the local government, these salesmen would disassemble the furnace, refusing to reassemble it for lack of spare parts  Holland's core business lay in replacement boilers 
Cheff-Landwehr family group had effective control over the company, with 18 5% of Holland stock  Cheff, a family member, was Holland's Chief Executive Officer  From 1948-1956, Holland's sales declined by 25%  Management attributed the sharp drop to a boom in sales following World War II, which could not be sustained in later years  Maremont, an owner of an automotive parts manufacturing business, approached Cheff in 1957 to discuss the possibility of a merger between the two companies  Cheff was not interested in a business combination   Rebuffed, Maremont purchased 6% of Holland stock on the open market  Cheff ordered an investigation of Maremont, and learned that Maremont had engaged in corporate takeovers and liquidation of several companies  (At the resulting trial, Cheff would testify that Maremont was not well regarded among local area businessmen )  Cheff and Maremont met a second time, by which time Maremont owned 11% of Holland Stock  Maremont told Cheff that Holland's door-to-door sales tactic was obsolete and should be abandoned in favor of a wholesaler marketing strategy 
Upon learning of Maremont's plans, Cheffs and Holland's board of directors agreed that Maremont posed a threat to Holland's continued existence   Holland's board would claim that Maremont's threat caused many of Holland's employees to quit in anticipation of the threatened takeover  With the stated aim of eliminating Maremont's threat to Holland's existence, the Holland board of directors authorized the repurchase of Maremont's holdings of Holland stock at a price above the prevailing market stock price  Essentially, the board authorized the payment of greenmail to Maremont 

Business Judgment RuleThe Delaware Supreme Court first had to determine whether Holland's directors were protected from judicial scrutiny of their actions under the business judgment rule   While the business judgment rule typically protects corporate officers from judicial scrutiny of their actions, the rule could be limited if judges found a conflict of interest   In the case of Holland Furnace, the board's purchase of shares with corporate funds prevented a hostile takeover (which could have been in the best interest of the company) while also maintaining their control of the company  Thus, the court had to decide whether the Board was so conflicted that they should not be afforded Business Judgment Rule protection 

Threat to Corporate Policy"The question then presented is whether or not [the board] satisfied the burden of proof of showing reasonable grounds to believe a danger to corporate policy and effectiveness existed by the presence of the Maremont stock ownership  It is important to remember that the directors satisfy their burden by showing good faith and reasonable investigation; the directors will not be penalized for an honest mistake of judgment, if the judgment appeared reasonable at the time the decision was made "

Judgment
The court held that the directors were protected by the business judgment rule, because they held a good faith belief that Maremont posed a threat to Holland's continued existence  Testimony established the board's understanding of Maremont's reputation for acquiring businesses and liquidating them, and that Maremont's apparent intentions negatively affected Holland's work force 
Therefore, after Delaware's holding in this case, a director could rebut any inference of a conflict of interest, and remain protected by the business judgment rule, if they showed that they held a good faith belief that they were pursuing a "business purpose" that would benefit the corporation 

Aftermath
The court's findings mention - and minimize - the FTC investigation of Holland Furnace  The court, endorsing Holland's board, also notes that Holland's downward sales-trend reversed itself in 1957, the year that Maremont was bought out  What the court does not mention is that Holland's fortunes suffered another reversal - this one fatal  Holland's sales were in excess of $31 million in 1958, but dropped to $1 1 million by 1965  That year, Holland stock reached a high of $1 63 per share, compared to a closing price of $11–1/8 per share in October 1957  Holland Furnace, listed in editions of Moody's Industrial Manual for the years covering the events of this case, did not appear in 1966 
Holland Furnace faced charges of unfair trade practices that were known prior to the decision in Cheff v  Mathes  As a result of their investigations into the sales practices of Holland Furnace, the FTC issued a "cease and desist order" against the company, an order upheld by the United States Court of Appeals, Seventh Circuit  Ultimately, Holland Furnace and Mr  Cheff were held in contempt for violating the order by continuing to engage in unfair trade practices  Mr  Cheff went to jail for 6 months The unsavory character of Arnold Maremont is a key factor in the court's decision  During proceedings leading up to the court's decision in Cheff, Mr  Cheff testified as to Maremont's reputation, that: "Throughout the whole of the Kalamazoo-Battle Creek area, and Detroit too, where I spent considerable time, he is well known and not highly regarded by any stretch "
Arnold Maremont, who died in 1978, involved himself in pursuits other than business  According to his obituary in The New York Times, Maremont was both a patron of the arts and a visionary for social justice  A governing life member of the Art Institute of Chicago and a former trustee of the Lyric Opera and Ballet Theater, Maremont was the first Illinois industrialist to back a law ending employment discrimination against African Americans  As chairman of the Illinois Public Aid Commission in the early 1960s, he campaigned for publicly supported birth control for welfare families 

See also
Weinberger v  UOP, Inc  457 A 2d 701 (Del  1983)
Unocal v  Mesa
Passage 8:
Gates v  Collier
Gates v  Collier, 501 F 2d 1291 (5th Cir  1974), was a landmark decision of the Fifth Circuit Court of Appeals that brought an end to the trusty system as well as flagrant inmate abuse at Mississippi State Penitentiary, also known as Parchman Farm, in Sunflower County, Mississippi  It was the first case in a body of law developed in the Fifth Circuit Court of Appeals holding that a variety of forms of corporal punishment against prisoners constituted cruel and unusual punishment and a violation of Eighth Amendment rights  This case was also the first broad-scale intervention by a court in the supervision of prison practices In Gates v  Collier, the Court of Appeals found certain forms of corporal punishment violate the Eighth Amendment, including "handcuffing inmates to the fence and to cells for long periods of time,     and forcing inmates to stand, sit or lie on crates, stumps, or otherwise maintain awkward positions for prolonged periods "

Parchman Farm
The Mississippi State Penitentiary, commonly known as Parchman Farm, was founded in 1904 and consisted of 20,000 acres of delta  The prison was styled after plantations, emerging in the South during the Jim Crow era  It's estimated that throughout its history, about 90% of Parchman's prisoners were black men After the Civil War, Mississippi was still dependent upon black labor to sustain its farms and plantations  As a result, the state passed a series of laws that made vagrancy a crime; African Americans had to constantly carry papers around showing proof of employment, and if they were found without documentation they would be arrested  Pig laws also played a role in the convictions of many Parchman Farm inmates  Pig laws made any kind of minor larceny a serious crime, for stealing something like a soda would typically result in five years of jail  Convict leasing was another discriminatory system used in which African Americans would be leased to do work rather than sent to jail, essentially taking the place of slavery Parchman Farm had black camps that were overseen by a white sergeant  Below the white sergeant were black trusties, who had been convicted of murder and allowed to carry a gun  The state rationalized this system economically, for hiring inmates to carry out duties rather than civilian guards meant money was being saved "The Penitentiary Board at the time was composed of 5 individuals appointed by the Governor with consent of the Senate for 4-year terms, appointed the superintendent, who was vested with exclusive management and control of the prison system in all aspects, including the care and treatment of inmates and the hiring, control and discharge of 150 civilian employees" Oshinksy, the author of Worse than Slavery, once stated in an interview with The Washington Post that "Parchman Farm was basically the leading cash cow for the state of Mississippi " They were adding hundreds of thousands of dollars and then millions of dollars to the state treasury, and thus were a huge economic asset" 

Roy Haber
In 1970, Roy Haber, a civil rights lawyer, was recruited along with other lawyers to "bring some law and order to the South" Haber first came to Parchman in 1970 after quitting his New York City divorce practice to speak with Matthew Winter, a prisoner who had been convicted of murder  Haber's initial visit to Parchman was made in order to determine whether or not Winter had been adequately represented in court  After his first meeting with Haber, Winter was threatened and beaten by trusties Haber took statements from Parchman inmates about conditions at the prison, which was not easy at first; many prisoners were afraid of facing retribution from prison officials Some of his most "damning" evidence included a document that ran over fifty single-spaced pages with a list of murders, rapes, beatings, and tortures at Parchman between 1969 and 1971 

Racial discrimination and inmate abuse
At Parchman Farm, punishments up until the 1970s were representative of slavery  "The prisoners were housed in large barracks that were rundown and filthy, with 100–120 in one room"  Each camp had open ditches that held raw sewage and medical waste  When Judge Keady of the District Court Case visited Parchman on multiple occasions, he witnessed "filthy bathrooms, rotting mattresses, polluted water supplies, and kitchens overrun with insects, rodents, and the stench of decay " Parchman was known to be dangerous and deadly  Aside from its inhumane conditions, shootings and beatings were carried out regularly, murders failed to be documented and the maximum-security unit was a torture chamber Allegations of abuse between 1969 and 1971 include:

Bogard, William: compelled to stand in the daytime and sit at night for three entire days without interruption on a coke crate 
Collins, Matthew: murdered by trusty J C  Dunnican on order of Ollis Hitt 
Goodwin, Frank: "jumped on" and had an ear ripped off by inmate Danny Williamson 
Hayes, Jessie: shot by trusty John Horn for refusal to engage in homosexual acts 
Humes, George: handcuffed to bars, on tiptoes for two days without food, water, or bathroom facilities 
Marino, Hilliard: hair cut and pulled out while forced to kneel on the concrete floor, assaulted with others in MSU with brass knuckles, causing blindness and constant pain 
Nathan, Walter: handcuffed and hung from tree 
Tackett, Bob: another inmate named Cantrell kicked out one of his eyes which was lost; that he was beaten by a trusty 
Waldie, Donald: Required to maintain a mid-suspended position which one assumes during course of doing push-ups, and at that time was guarded by J D  Gilmer, who shot above or below him if he moved 
Wells, William: fatally shot by Sgt  West 
Williams, Jessie: fatally shot by Walter Griffin, a trusty, on orders of Obar, the driver of the vehicle 

District court case
On February 8, 1971, Nazareth Gates, Willie Holmes, Matthew Winter, and Hal Zachary filed a class action against the Superintendent of the Penitentiary, the members of the Mississippi Penitentiary Board and the Governor of the State  "The plaintiffs charged that ‘deplorable conditions and practices’ at Parchman deprived them of rights guaranteed by the First, Eighth, Thirteenth, and Fourteenth amendments to the United States Constitution" Thomas D  Cook was the penitentiary superintendent accused of committing the actions, and was replaced in February 1972 by John Collier, who was substituted and appointed in his stead as a defendant 
"28 U S C  §§ 1331 and 1343, the plaintiffs allege that the defendants, by their methods of prison administration, have deprived the inmates of rights, privileges and immunities secured to them by the First, Eighth, Thirteenth and Fourteenth Amendments and by 42 U S C  §§ 1981, 1983, 1985 and 1994  The complaint stated that African American inmates had been segregated and discriminated against based on their race, which is a violation of the Equal Protection Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment  The complaint aimed for injunctive relief to remedy the alleged misconduct of the defendants and a declaratory judgment that the continuation of certain practices and conditions at the penitentiary is unconstitutional" According to a section of the Preliminary Statement, "On August 23, 1971, the United States was allowed to intervene as plaintiff pursuant to 42 U S C  § 2000h-2 [2] The complaint in intervention alleges that the defendants have, contrary to the Fourteenth Amendment, maintained a system of prison facilities segregated by race; and, additionally, the defendants have failed to provide the inmates with adequate housing, medical care, and protection from assault from other prisoners; that the conditions of the sewerage disposal and water systems create an immediate health hazard, and that prison officials have permitted the custodial staff, including inadequately trained armed trusties, to inflict cruel and unusual punishment upon inmates in violation of the Eighth Amendment  The United States seeks injunctive relief to remedy the alleged misconduct of defendants" In October 1972, Judge William Keady found for the plaintiffs, calling Parchman Farm an "affront to modern standards of decency" and its living quarters "unfit for human habitation " He ordered an end to all unconstitutional conditions and practices 

Fifth Circuit decision
The state of Mississippi appealed this decision to the Fifth Circuit Court of Appeals, though the Fifth Circuit ended up agreeing with the lower court's earlier decision  Racial segregation of inmates was abolished as well as the trusty system Subsequently, other states utilizing the trusty system, such as Arkansas, Alabama, Louisiana and Texas were also forced to abolish it under the Gates v  Collier rulings 

See also
Louisiana State Penitentiary
Cummins Unit - Arkansas and Texas
Pervear v  Massachusetts
Holt v  Sarver
Ruiz v  Estelle - Texas
Hope v  Pelzer
Passage 9:
WN Hillas &amp; Co Ltd v Arcos Ltd
WN Hillas & Co Ltd v Arcos Ltd [1932] UKHL 2 is a landmark House of Lords case on English contract law where the court first began to move away from a strict, literal interpretation of the terms of a contract, and instead interpreted it with a view to preserve the bargain  The Court ruled that judges may imply terms into a contract based on the past dealings of the parties rather than void the agreement 
Lord Wright stated in this case that people who give good consideration can bind themselves to a duty to negotiate in good faith, but this view was controversially rejected in a later House of Lords case, Walford v Miles (1992) Hillas & Company were merchants purchasing timber from Arcos  Hillas and Arcos reached an agreement to purchase 22,000 standards of timber, under the specific condition that they should also have the option of entering into a contract with Arcos to purchase 100,000 standards the following year with a 5% reduction on price  Arcos refused to sell them the 100,000 standards the following year  Hillas was successful at trial, which Arcos appealed successfully to the Court of Appeal 

See also
G Scammell & Nephew Ltd v Ouston [1941] 1 AC 251
Smith v Hughes (1871) LR 6 QB 597
Hartog v Colin & Shields [1939] 3 All ER 566
Frederick E Rose (London) Ltd v William H Pim Junior & Co Ltd [1953] 2 QB 450

Notes
External links
Full text of decision from Bailii org
Passage 10:
Fletcher v  Peck
Fletcher v  Peck, 10 U S  (6 Cranch) 87 (1810), was a landmark United States Supreme Court decision in which the Supreme Court first ruled a state law unconstitutional  The decision created a growing precedent for the sanctity of legal contracts and hinted that Native Americans did not hold complete title to their own lands (an idea fully realized in Johnson v  McIntosh) 

Yazoo lands sales
Following the Treaty of Paris ending the American Revolution, Georgia claimed possession of the Yazoo lands, a 54,000 sq mi (140,000 km2) region of the Indian Reserve, west of its own territory  The land later became the northern part of the states of Alabama and Mississippi 
In 1795, the Georgia legislature divided the area into four tracts  The state then sold the tracts to four separate land development companies for $500,000, about $0 014 per acre, a bargain even at 1790 prices  The Georgia legislature overwhelmingly approved this land grant, known as the Yazoo Land Act of 1795  However, it was later revealed that the Yazoo Land Act had been approved in return for bribes in a scandal known as the Yazoo Land Scandal  The voters rejected most of the incumbents in the next election; the new legislature, reacting to the public outcry, repealed the law and voided the transactions made under it 
Robert Fletcher and especially John Peck were speculators in the Yazoo lands  Fletcher bought a tract of land from Peck after the 1795 act was repealed  Fletcher, in 1803, brought a suit against Peck, claiming that Peck had not had clear title to the land when he sold it 
There was collusion between the two  Both would have their land secured if the Supreme Court decided that Native Americans did not hold original title  Fletcher set out to win the case 

Court ruling
The Supreme Court unanimously (with a separate concurring opinion written by William Johnson) ruled that the legislature's repeal of the law was unconstitutional  John Marshall wrote that the sale was a binding contract, which under Article I, Section 10, Clause I (the Contract Clause) of the Constitution, cannot be invalidated even if it is illegally secured 
The ruling lent further protection to property rights against popular pressure and is the earliest case of the Court asserting its right to invalidate state laws which are in conflict with or are otherwise contrary to the Constitution  A later Chief Justice, William H  Rehnquist, wrote that Fletcher v  Peck "represented an attempt by Chief Justice Marshall to extend the protection of the contract clause to infant business" 

See also
List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 10
Yazoo land scandal



ground_truth: Miller v. California

prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: Are both Duke Energy and Affiliated Managers Group based in Massachusetts?

The following are given passages.
Context 3: 
The company reached 1 million customers in 1986 
In 2000, Florida Progress merged with Raleigh, North Carolina-based Carolina Power & Light to form Progress Energy Inc 
Progress Energy merged with Duke Energy in 2012 

Future Projects
On March 25, 2019, Duke Energy Florida announced the new locations of where they will be putting their newest universal solar power plants  The three locations are Lake Placid in Highlands County, Trenton in Gilchrist County, and DeBary in Volusia County   Duke Energy Florida is predicting that these three solar plants will eliminate nearly 800 million pounds of carbon dioxide emissions in Florida each year upon commercial operation 

External links
https://www duke-energy com/our-company/about-us/our-history


== Regerences ==
Passage 4:
Sean Healey
Sean Michael Healey (1961 – May 26, 2020) was an American businessman who was chairman and chief executive officer of Affiliated Managers Group, Inc  (NYSE: AMG), a global asset management firm whose affiliates in aggregate managed approximately $736 billion as of December 31, 2018 

Early life and education
Healey was born in San Rafael, California   Healey attended high school in Oceanside, California, followed by Harvard College, where he was a member of the varsity wrestling squad  In 1983, he received an A B  in history and literature, magna cum laude, and was elected to Phi Beta Kappa 
After graduating from Harvard, Healey was awarded a Rotary Scholarship to study philosophy at University College in Dublin, Ireland, and was awarded a master's degree in philosophy with first-class honors in 1984   In 1987, he earned a J D  from Harvard Law School, and he was an editor of the Harvard Law Review 

Early career
Upon graduation from law school, Healey joined Goldman Sachs as an associate in the Mergers and Acquisitions Department, then transferred to a group that provided investment-banking services to financial institutions, where he worked under J  Christopher Flowers 

Affiliated Managers Group
In April 1995, Healey was recruited to join Affiliated Managers Group (AMG), then a three-person start-up firm seeking to invest in boutique money managers  AMG was founded in 1993 with private equity backing from TA Associates and made its first investment in 1994  When Healey joined AMG as Executive Vice President, the firm had a single investment in a manager with under $1 billion of assets under management With Healey on board, AMG received its second round of capital and subsequently invested in several U S -based investment firms  By October 1996, AMG had approximately $18 billion under management  In October 1997, AMG closed its investment for a 70% stake in Tweedy, Browne Company LLC, a well-known value-oriented investment management firm In November 1997, Healey led AMG’s initial public offering in which the company raised $176 million, priced at $23 50 per share  With proceeds from the offering, AMG continued to expand, and named Healey president and chief operating officer in October 1999  In 2001, AMG was named in Fortune magazine’s list of 100 Fastest-Growing Companies and had approximately $81 billion in assets under management  Healey became president and chief executive officer in 2005, and chairman and chief executive officer in 2011 AMG’s business model of leaving a portion of equity with each firm’s management as motivation for continuing to produce good performance and growth has been highly successful under Healey's leadership   AMG also uses employment contracts to ensure that asset management firms retain talented managers, and establishes long-term succession plans with managers   Healey has also been noted for being extraordinarily selective of his affiliate partners, stating in a recent interview that the company ultimately backs away from many more potential investments than it pursues Healey also helped AMG to expand globally   AMG opened the firm’s first distribution office in Australia in 2007, and thereafter expanded into Europe, Asia and the Middle East, to help its affiliates develop relationships in overseas markets  AMG furthered its expansion with the formation of AMG Wealth Partners in 2011 After AMG posted three-year average earnings growth of 40%, Fortune magazine again named AMG to its list of 100 Fastest-Growing Companies in 2012 In May 2018, Healey was diagnosed with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (a motor neuron disease otherwise known as ALS, or Lou Gehrig's disease) and AMG announced that Healey was stepping back to become Executive Chairman while Nate Dalton, AMG's long-time President and Chief Operating Officer, was named CEO 

The Healey Center for ALS
In November 2018, Healey, with support from AMG and a group of friends and colleagues, established the Sean M  Healey and AMG Center for ALS at Massachusetts General Hospital with an initial donation of $40 million  The Healey Center is led by Dr  Merit Cudkowicz, a world-renowned ALS researcher and Chair of the Neurology Department at MGH  The Healey Center is the largest hospital-based ALS research program in the world and supports a broad range of early stage trials of promising ALS treatments 

Personal life
Healey held a number of nonprofit board positions, including serving as co-chairman of the board of trustees of the Peabody Essex Museum; as a member of the Council on Foreign Relations; the Visiting Committee of the Harvard Law School; and the board of trustees of the International Game Fish Association In 2006, Healey was appointed by President George W  Bush to serve on the President’s Export Council, the U S ’s principal advisory committee on international trade Healey was an avid big-game hunter and sport fisherman, having boated a 93 5 pound white marlin, which was the winning fish in the 2010 White Marlin Open, the world’s largest billfish tournament He was previously married to Kerry M  Healey, the former lieutenant governor of Massachusetts  They had two children  Healey remarried in 2018 to Amy Broch  The couple had one daughter  
Healey died from amytrophic lateral sclerosis on May 26, 2020, at the age of 59 
Passage 5:
Darrell Crate
Darrell W  Crate (born 1967) is an American investor, private equity manager, and philanthropist  He is currently the managing principal of Easterly, a private investment firm he founded in 2009 in Beverly, Massachusetts A native of New York City, Crate attended Bates College in Lewiston, Maine before attending Columbia Business School in New York City  He began his career with Chase Manhattan Bank and Chase Manhattan Securities  His last assignment as the managing director of Financial Institutions Group based in London  Soon after he was asked to join Affiliated Managers Group where he helped to scale the business from 1998 to 2011, as Chief Financial Officer 
After departing AMG, Crate founded Easterly, where he has focused on a number of ventures, including founding a publicly-traded REIT, sponsoring a SPAC and building an asset management platform which owns stakes in third-party investment management businesses and assists them with their strategic growth 

Early life and education
Crate was born in New York City in 1967  Crate received his Bachelor of Arts in economics from Bates College in 1989 and his M B A  from Columbia Business School in 1995 

Investment career
Chase bank
Crate began his career with Chase Manhattan and Chase Manhattan Securities in New York  His last assignment as the managing director of the Financial Institutions Group based in London, focusing exclusively on investment management firms in England, Spain, France, Italy, Germany and the Benelux region 

Affiliated Managers Group
As chief financial officer
From 1998 to 2011, he served as the chief financial officer of Affiliated Managers Group a publicly traded asset management holding company  During his tenure at AMG, assets under management grew from $50 billion to over $340 billion through mutual fund, pension, and high-net-worth accounts globally, with over half of its clients domiciled outside the United States  During his tenure as CFO, the firm acquired interests in over 30 firms including Third Avenue Management, ValueAct Capital, AQR Capital Management, BlueMountain Capital Management and Tweedy, Browne Company  Over this same period, the company’s valuation increased materially, from $450 million to $6 billion

Easterly
As founder
In 2009, Crate founded Easterly Capital, LLC, a firm based in Beverly, Massachusetts, that builds operating businesses to gain exposure to the growth in both asset management and non-bank finance sectors   He joined the firm full-time in 2011 

As chairman
In February 2015, Crate became the chairman of Easterly Government Properties, Inc , a publicly traded REIT on the New York Stock Exchange that is focused primarily on the acquisition, development and management of Class A commercial properties that are leased to U S  Government agencies that serve essential functions  According to Business Wire, Crate became the chairman of Easterly Acquisition Corp , a publicly traded blank check company in July 2015 In March 2019, Easterly purchased the institutional investment business of Levin Capital Strategies, establishing Levin Easterly Partners, a long-only asset manager  Levin Easterly had approximately $6 1 billion in assets under management upon closure of the transaction   Levin Easterly is a fundamental, contrarian value investment management firm focusing on US Large and All Cap Value strategies based in New York and New Canaan, CT  One area of focus for the firm has been special purpose acquisition companies (SPACs)  They are one of the most experienced investors in these vehicles, with a track record of investing in SPACs that spans over a decade In May 2020, Easterly acquired an equity interest in James Alpha Advisors, LLC, a boutique asset management firm specializing in Global REITs, Structured Credit and Hedged Equity  In addition, the firm provides a platform of liquid alternative portfolios for institutional and individual investors  James Alpha Advisors had over $1 1 billion in assets under management at the time of the transaction Easterly Alternatives is the alternatives-focused arm of Easterly and has raised more than $500 million in private and platform vehicles in sectors including real estate, healthcare and transportation  Easterly Alternatives recently has launched a SPAC Fund, in which it will invest in the best new-issue SPAC IPOs that come to market 

Personal life
Crate currently lives in Florida, Maine and Hamilton, Massachusetts He is involved with a number of non-profit, political, and charitable organizations  He has been a trustee of Bates College since 2003 and served on the college's advancement and investment committees  On February 8, 2016, the college announced that Crate was among seven families to donate $19 million to endow professorships and launch the college’s new digital and computational studies program  Crate also serves as a trustee of Think of Us, a not-for-profit technology platform with the ultimate goal of helping foster youth successfully transition into a prosperous adulthood 
Crate currently serves as Vice Chairman of the Aircraft Owners and Pilots Association (AOPA)  A licensed private pilot since 1993, Crate has more than 6,000 flight hours and has flown his single-engine TBM plane to all of the 48 continental states  He also serves on the advisory counsel to the National Park Foundation  He has a particular focus and interest in the National Parks located in Maine, North Carolina and Montana Crate is a member of the Advisory Council of the Robert F  Kennedy Children's Action Corps (2006), a national leader in child welfare and juvenile justice programs and services  In 2019, the RFK Children’s Action Corps honored Crate with its prestigious "Robert F  Kennedy Embracing the Legacy Award” for his work on behalf of at-risk youth  Crate also served as a Trustee of Think of Us, a not-for-profit technology platform with the ultimate goal of helping foster youth successfully transition into a prosperous adulthood Other interests include serving as a trustee of Islesboro Island Trust (2002), Adams Memorial Foundation (2011),  Ethel Walker School (2015) IRYS School of Technology and Trades (2020)and an advisor to The Trustees of Reservations (2002) 

Political involvement
According to Boston com, Crate served as treasurer and a member of the executive committee of the Romney for President campaign in 2012, a role that he also held during the 2008 cycle  From 2003 to 2007, Crate served as the chairman of the Massachusetts Republican Party, and a senior advisor to Governor Mitt Rommney 

See also
List of Bates College people
List of Columbia University people
Massachusetts Republican Party
Passage 6:
Affiliated Managers Group
Affiliated Managers Group, Inc  (NYSE: AMG) is a strategic partner to independent investment management firms globally, with equity stakes in a number of partner-owned traditional investment managers, hedge funds, and specialized private equity firms which it calls “Affiliates ” The company has principal offices in West Palm Beach, Florida; Prides Crossing, Massachusetts; Stamford, Connecticut; and London, United Kingdom  The company was founded in December 1993 by William J  Nutt in Boston, Massachusetts, as a privately owned company with initial backing from TA Associates; Its initial public offering on the New York Stock Exchange occurred in November 1997   Today, AMG’s Affiliates manage $651 billion in assets in aggregate  
AMG’s strategy is to generate value by investing in an array of independent firms and supporting their long-term growth, through an approach in which significant equity ownership is retained by the management partners of each Affiliate, and each Affiliate operates and invests autonomously from AMG and from other Affiliates   The Affiliate principals’ ‘skin in the game’ incents them to maximize long-term value creation, and their retained investment independence preserves the entrepreneurial cultures of each Affiliate firm   AMG’s approach aligns incentives between AMG shareholders, Affiliate principals, and Affiliate clients, and is unique in the investment industry   AMG also offers its Affiliates growth capital, distribution and marketing capabilities, and other strategic support, and its intention is to “magnify” its Affiliates’ growth opportunities without interfering in their operations 

History
In 1993, AMG was founded by William Nutt In 1997, AMG invested in Tweedy, Browne and completed its initial public offering, listing on the New York Stock Exchange  
In 2004, AMG established a U S  retail platform which would enable its Affiliates to manufacture, market, and distribute products to the U S  wealth marketplace   AMG also made a minority investment in AQR, a quantitative investment manager and hedge fund firm, its first investment in an alternative investment firm, and its first minority investment In 2005, Sean M  Healey was named chief executive officer In 2007, AMG opened its first non-U S  institutional distribution office in Sydney, Australia, to provide sales and marketing services to institutional clients in Australia and New Zealand   Today, AMG operates distribution capabilities serving the Asia, Australia, Europe / U K , and Middle East marketplaces In 2009, AMG announced investments in Harding Loevner and Gannett Welsh & Kotler In 2010, AMG acquired a majority stake in Pantheon Ventures   The private equity company was AMG’s largest investment to date   AMG also invested in Artemis Investment Management  In 2016, AMG made an investment in leading technology-driven liquid alternative firm Systematica Investments In 2018, after being diagnosed with ALS, Sean Healey stepped down from his position as chief executive officer  He died in May 2020   Nathaniel Dalton, previously president and chief operating officer, succeeded him In 2019, Jay Horgen succeeded Dalton as president and chief executive officer   Horgen joined AMG in 2007 and previously served as chief financial officer, as well as executive vice president, focusing on investments in new AMG Affiliates In 2021, AMG invested in four companies, including Parnassus Investments, the largest ESG-dedicated fund manager in the U S In 2022, AMG increased its investment in Systematica Investments, a quantitative and systematic investment firm Other Information
AMG is known for its research  ,, on independent firms’ advantages in consistently generating excess returns The company is also known for its commitment to corporate citizenship and community engagement   AMG was a founding donor to the Sean M  Healey and AMG Center for ALS at Massachusetts General Hospital, and continues to support the Center with fundraising and charitable events 
Passage 7:
Progress Energy Inc
Progress Energy, headquartered in Raleigh, North Carolina, is a subsidiary of Duke Energy and prior to its merger with Duke Energy was a Fortune 500 energy company with more than 21,000 megawatts of generation capacity and $9 billion in annual revenues  Progress Energy includes two major electric utilities that serve approximately 3 1 million customers in the Carolinas and Florida  As an independent company, the last chairman and CEO of Progress Energy was William D  Johnson; his predecessor was Robert McGehee, who died on October 9, 2007 at the age of 64 of a stroke while on a business trip to London 
Progress Energy is the majority owner and operator of the Brunswick, Crystal River 3, Robinson, and Shearon Harris nuclear power plants 
On October 16, 1999, third quarter earnings of Florida Progress Corp  fell 20 5 percent as damage from Hurricane Floyd On August 24, 1999, Carolina Power & Light Co  said that it would acquire Florida Progress Corp  for $5 3 billion, creating the nation's ninth-largest electric utility The company's current slogan is, "People, performance, excellence "

History
In 2000, Carolina Power & Light bought Florida Power Corporation and changed its name to Progress Energy  Progress Energy represents a family of companies, including CP&L, Florida Power, Progress Telecom, NCNG and SRS, and an important new organization, Energy Ventures  The company built a new headquarters in downtown Raleigh in 2004 On January 10, 2011, Duke Energy announced plans to take over Progress Energy in a $26 billion deal resulting in the country's largest electric utility with 7 1 million customers  Duke Energy plans to "maintain substantial operations in Raleigh " When the merger was completed on July 3, 2012, Duke Chairman James E  (Jim) Rogers became Chairman and CEO of the new combined company, while Progress CEO Bill Johnson resigned 

Environmental record
In 2008, the Corporate Responsibility Officer named Progress Energy to its list of 100 Best Corporate Citizens  Progress Energy was named to the Dow Jones Sustainability Index in 2009, 2008, 2007, 2006 and 2005 The company is investing $300,000 in a UNC Chapel Hill study to map the offshore wind power potential of North Carolina  Progress Energy launched its SunSense-branded solar incentive programs in 2009 Progress Energy has installed flue-gas desulfurization technology, or scrubbers, to remove sulfur dioxide emissions from its nine largest coal-fired power plant units Researchers at the University of Massachusetts Amherst have identified Progress Energy as the 29th-largest corporate producer of Air pollution in the United States in 2002, when it released roughly 39 million pounds of toxic chemicals into the air  Major pollutants included nickel compounds, chromium compounds, sulfuric acid, and hydrochloric acid  Progress has also been named a potentially responsible party at the Carolina Transformer Co  Superfund toxic waste site, according to the Center for Public Integrity 

Naming rights
Progress Energy owns the naming rights to the University of Central Florida's Progress Energy Welcome Center, St  Petersburg's Progress Energy Park, home of Al Lang Field, Progress Energy Center for the Arts-Mahaffey Theater, and the "Progress Energy Center for the Performing Arts" in downtown Raleigh, NC 

See also
List of power stations in Florida
Passage 8:
Gulfstream Natural Gas Pipeline
Gulfstream Natural Gas Pipeline is a natural gas pipeline that brings gas from Mississippi and Alabama, underwater across the Gulf of Mexico, to Florida   It was owned by Duke Energy, but is now owned by Enbridge   Its FERC code is 183 

See also
Florida Gas Transmission Pipeline
Passage 9:
Crystal River Energy Complex
The Crystal River Energy Complex consists of seven power-generating plants on a 4,700-acre (1,900 ha) site near the mouth of the Crystal River in Citrus County, Florida   Crystal River 1, 2, 4, and 5 are fossil fuel power plants  Crystal River 3 was previously the sole nuclear power plant on the site (1977-2013)  The Crystal River Combined Cycle site consists of two Mitsubishi gas turbines, which came on-line in 2018   The complex was developed in the early 1960s by the Florida Power Corporation and sold to Progress Energy Inc in 2000  Following Progress Energy's merger with Duke Energy in 2012, the facility is owned and operated by Duke Energy In February 2013, Duke Energy announced that Crystal River 3 would be permanently shut down 

Power plants
See also
Levy County Nuclear Power Plant
Progress Energy Inc
List of power stations in Florida
Passage 10:
Crescent Communities
Crescent Communities is a real estate investor, developer, and operator of mixed-use communities with headquarters in Charlotte, North Carolina  It has approximately 115 employees  The company has offices in Charlotte, Washington, D C , Atlanta, Orlando, Nashville, Dallas, Denver, Phoenix, and Salt Lake City 

History
In 1939, Duke Power (now Duke Energy) established a forestry department to manage company land not used for power generation  In 1963, this department became the company South Carolina Land and Timber  As the holdings expanded to include land in North Carolina, the organization was renamed Crescent Land and Timber in 1969  Some of the original land was sold to Crescent Land and Timber by the Singer Corporation In the mid-1980s, the company was renamed Crescent Resources as it began to actively develop residential communities  Crescent Resources began work on its first commercial development, Coliseum Centre, in 1990  As of 1991, Crescent Resources managed 270,000 acres of land  Holdings included part of what became Lake James State Park, which it later sold to the state of North Carolina  Crescent Resources became a separate entity from Duke Energy in 2006,  with Duke Energy selling its 49% stake to Morgan Stanley Crescent Resources filed for bankruptcy in 2009, and has emerged from it separated from the utility company  The company aimed to rebrand itself, renaming itself "Crescent Communities" in 2013 

External links
Crescent Communities



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