prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: Who choreographed one who is said to be the last muse for the choreographer and starred in the Nutcracker?

The following are given passages.
Context 1: Passage 1:
Lev Ivanov
Lev Ivanovich Ivanov (Russian: Лев Ива́нович Ива́нов; 2 March 1834, Moscow – 24 December 1901, Saint Petersburg) was a Russian ballet dancer and choreographer and later, Second Balletmaster of the Imperial Ballet  As a performer with the Imperial Ballet, he achieved prominence after performing as an understudy in a benefit performance of La Fille Mal Gardée   He is most famous as the choreographer of Acts II and IV of Swan Lake, which include the Dance of the Little Swans, Act II of Cinderella, and The Nutcracker, which he choreographed alongside Marius Petipa 

Biography
Ivanov entered the Moscow School of Dance, but in 1844 moved to Saint Petersburg where he studied at the Imperial Ballet, becoming an official member of the Corps de ballet in 1852   Among his teachers during this time were Jean-Antoine Petipa, Alexandr Pimenov, Pierre Frédéric Malavergne and Emile Gredlu (Эмиль Гредлю) 
Historically, Ivanov is credited with choreographing the entirety of premiere of Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky's ballet The Nutcracker in 1892 due to the ill health of the ballet master, Marius Petipa  While some contemporary and modern accounts dispute this, Ivanov is still mentioned in The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians, Second Edition with choreographing at least the majority of the ballet as Petipa had reportedly not progressed very far in his work  Regardless of the amount of work he actually did, Petipa's was the only name listed for choreography on posters for the first production in St  Petersburg Ivanov worked with Petipa on a new restaging of Tchaikovsky's Swan Lake ballet in 1895   Ivanov choreographed the entirety of the lakeside acts or "white acts", Act II and Act IV   This includes the Dance of the Little Swans, an iconic pas de quatre where the four cygnets huddle together and dance in unison, before breaking the chain and falling to the floor whilst attempting to fly  Ivanov also choreographed the Danse Vénitienne (Neapolitan/Venetian Dance) and the Pas Hongrois (Hungarian Dance) of the third bier scene In his last years Ivanov was in financial straits  On the strength of his 50 years' service he petitioned the Imperial Theatres for financial assistance 

Ballets
Original works
La Forêt enchantée (en  The Enchanted Forest)  Ballet-fantastique in one act  Music by Riccardo Drigo  Imperial Ballet School, 5 April [O S  24 March] 1887  Imperial Mariinsky Theatre, 15 May [O S  3 May] 1887 
revival by Marius Petipa  Peterhof, July 1889 
La Tulipe de Haarlem (en  The Harlem Tulip)  Ballet-fantastique in three acts  Music by Baron Boris Fitinhoff-Schell  Imperial Mariinsky Theatre, 16 October [O S  4 October] 1887 
revival by Claudia Kulichevskaya and Pavel Gerdt  Imperial Ballet School, 16 April [O S  3 April] 1902 
revival by Alexander Shiryaev  Imperial Mariinsky Theatre, 29 April [O S  16 April] 1903 
La Flûte magique (en  The Magic Flute)  Ballet-comique in one act  Music by Riccardo Drigo  Imperial Ballet School, 22 March [O S  10 March] 1889  Imperial Mariinsky Theatre, 23 April [O S  11 April] 1889 
La Ruse de Cupidon (en  Cupid's Prank)  Ballet-anacréontique in one act  Music by Alexander Friedman  Krasnoe Selo, 6 August [O S  24 July] 1890  Imperial Mariinsky Theatre, 23 November [O S  11 November] 1890 
La Beauté de Séville (en  The Beauty of Seville)  Divertissement-ballet in one act  Music by various composers  Krasnoe Selo, 10 August [O S  29 July] 1889 
La Fête des bateliers (en  The Boatman's Festival)  Divertissement-ballet in one act  Music by Alexander Friedman  Krasnoe Selo, 7 August [O S  26 July] 1890 
The Nutcracker  Ballet-féerie in two acts  Choreographed jointly with Marius Petipa   Music by Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky  Imperial Mariinsky Theatre, 18 December [O S  6 December] 1892 
Cinderella (a k a  Zolushka)  Ballet-féerie in three acts  Staged jointly with Enrico Cecchetti and Marius Petipa  Music by Baron Boris Fitinhoff-Schell  Imperial Mariinsky Theatre, 17 December [O S  5 December] 1893 
revival by Lev Ivanov  Bolshoi Theatre, Moscow, 12 March [O S  28 February] 1898
Swan Lake  Ballet-fantastique in three acts  Staged jointly with Marius Petipa  Music by Pyotr Illyich Tchaikovsky, revised by Riccardo Drigo  Imperial Mariinsky Theatre, 27 January [O S  15 January] 1895 
Acis et Galatée (en  Acis and Galatea)  Ballet-mythologique in one act  Music by Andrei Kadlets  Imperial Mariinsky Theatre, 2 February [O S  21 January] 1896 
revival by Alexander Shirayev  Imperial Ballet School, 3 May [O S  20 April] 1905 
La Fille du Mikado (en  The Mikado's Daughter)  Ballet-fantastique in three acts  Music by Baron Vasily Wrangell  Imperial Mariinsky Theatre, 21 November [O S  9 November] 1897 
Egyptian Nights (a k a  Une Nuit d'Egypte or Nuits égyptiennes)  Divertissement-ballet in one act  Music by Anton Arensky  Never premiered 
revival by Mikhail Fokine  Imperial Mariinsky Theatre, 8 March [O S  24 February] 1908 
revival by Mikhail Fokine as Cléopâtre for the Ballets Russes  Théâtre du Châtelet, Paris, 2 June 1909 
Sylvia  Ballet-mythologique in three acts  Music by Léo Delibes  Staging completed by Pavel Gerdt due to Ivanov's final illness and death  Imperial Mariinsky Theatre, 15 December [O S  2 December] 1901 
Passage 2:
The Nutcracker (Willam Christensen)
Tchaikovsky's now-classic 1892 ballet The Nutcracker received its first complete production in the U S  on 24 December 1944, performed by the San Francisco Ballet  This production used the ballet's original plot and was choreographed by Willam Christensen, who danced the role of the Cavalier  Gisella Caccialanza, the wife of Lew Christensen, danced the role of the Sugar Plum Fairy  The staging was a huge success and one critic wrote: "We can't understand why a vehicle of such fantastic beauty and originality could be produced in Europe in 1892 with signal success [a factually erroneous claim] and never be produced in its entirety in this country until 1944  Perhaps choreographers will make up for lost time from now on " The company was the first in the U S  to make the ballet an annual tradition, and for ten years, the only company in the United States performing the complete ballet, until George Balanchine's production opened in New York in 1954  (Annual productions of the San Francisco Ballet Nutcracker began in 1949 )
The San Francisco Ballet performs The Nutcracker annually to this day, though not necessarily with Christensen's choreography (their most recent version is choreographed by Helgi Tomasson)  Christensen's Nutcracker continues in Salt Lake City, where it is performed annually by Christensen's Ballet West  The stage success of the Christensen version marked the first step in making productions of The Nutcracker annual Christmas season traditions all over the world – a phenomenon that did not really come to flower until the late 1960s 
Passage 3:
Adam Cooper (dancer)
Adam Cooper (born 22 July 1971) is an English actor, choreographer, dancer and theatre director  He works as both a performer and choreographer in musical theatre, and has choreographed and/or starred in award-winning shows such as On Your Toes, Singin' in the Rain and Grand Hotel  He began his professional career as a dancer of classical ballet and contemporary ballet and is a former Principal of the Royal Ballet, a major international ballet company based in London  He became internationally recognised for creating the lead role of Swan/Stranger in Matthew Bourne's contemporary dance production of the ballet Swan Lake, a role that was briefly featured in the 2000 film Billy Elliot, in which Cooper played the adult version of the titular character 

Biography
Adam Cooper was born 22 July 1971 in Tooting, London to a musician father and a social worker mother  He has an older brother, Simon Cooper, who is also a dancer and they trained at the same schools  From a young age, he and his brother studied tap and ballet at the Jean Winkler School of Dance in Tooting  They also played various musical instruments and sang in a choir  At age 11, Cooper won a place at ArtsEd, a specialist performing arts school in London where he studied classical ballet, character, modern, tap, jazz and contemporary dance, as well as singing, acting and stage combat  After completing his secondary education at the school, aged 16, he was accepted into the Royal Ballet Upper School 
At his graduation performance he played the lead role of Young Man in Ashton's the Two Pigeons Cooper married Sarah Wildor in 2000  She was a principal dancer with the Royal Ballet She has become an Olivier-nominated actress  Their first child, a daughter, was born in 2008  They also have a  son 

Dance
Royal Ballet
In 1989 Cooper joined the Royal Ballet and was quickly promoted to First Artist and Soloist in 1991, First Soloist 1993 and Principal Dancer in 1994  He was recognized for his performances in the classic as well as dramatic and contemporary ballet works, and he excelled in playing cruel but sexy villains  While with the Royal Ballet he worked extensively with choreographers Kenneth MacMillan and William Tuckett partnering all the leading ballerinas of the company including Sylvie Guillem and Darcey Bussell  He also performed works choreographed by George Balanchine, Ashley Page, Fokine, Bronislava Nijinska, Mikhail Baryshnikov, Christopher Wheeldon, Matthew Hart, and William Forsythe  He left the Royal Ballet in 1997 to freelance and expand his career opportunities 

Adventures in Motion Pictures
In 1995 Matthew Bourne recruited Cooper to join Adventures in Motion Pictures (now renamed New Adventures) for his radically re-interpreted production of Swan Lake  Together they created the basic Swan movement motifs and Cooper also contributed to the choreography  Cooper performed the dual Swan/Stranger role (the analog of the white and black swan in the classic version) all over the world and his performances won him international acclaim, multiple awards and a strong fan following  Cooper's performance was described as one of "tremendous excitement, subtlety,emotional depth and sheer sexiness"  The popular press embraced him and his photo appeared in many magazines For his performances as the Swan/Stranger he received the Time Out Award in 1995, the Evening Standard Dance Award in 1997 and the 1999 Astaire Award for Best Dancer  He was also nominated for the 1999 Tony Award for Best Actor in a Musical  He appeared briefly at the end of the 2000 film Billy Elliot as the adult version of the title character, who is seen performing the role of the Swan  A DVD recording of the Swan Lake with Cooper and the original cast was issued in 1996 and can be seen on Youtube com  Excerpts from Swan Lake (Bourne) appeared on the 1998 Royal Variety TV program and he repeated his Swan/Stranger role for the TV audience  His performance in the Billy Elliot film and in the Swan Lake (Bourne) DVD inspired at least one of the boys playing Billy Elliot in the stage production to join New Adventures in the hopes of performing The Swan role  In 2003 Cooper once again played the Swan/Stranger when AMP toured in Japan, and there was enormous enthusiasm for his performance and he acquired a large number of new fans 
In 1997 Cooper was invited by Bourne to take part in the initial planning of AMP's next show, Cinderella  This version of the dance took place in London during the Blitz, but used the same Prokofiev music as the classic version Cinderella (Prokofiev)  Cooper helped to create and performed the role of Pilot (the Prince analog) in the initial 1997 London run and also played the Angel (the Godmother analog), and Sarah Wildor was his partner when she played the title role 
The production was also performed in Los Angeles in 1999 

Freelance dancer and choreographer
In 1998 Cooper worked with the Scottish Ballet to choreograph Just Scratching the Surface  He also performed the Hoffmann role in their production of Tales of Hoffmann  Since then he has gone on to choreograph for other ballet companies and for musical theatre 
Cooper appeared as a dancer and choreographer at the Exeter Festival for 3 years, heading evenings of dance co-produced with Iain Webb  In 2002 Cooper and Sarah Wildor presented a tribute to Sir Kenneth MacMillan at Exeter and in Japan  The Adam Cooper Company represented the UK at the Washington International Ballet Festival in 2003 performing a revival of Sir Kenneth MacMillan's Sea of Troubles Cooper has frequently danced as a guest artist with the Royal Ballet since leaving the company, performing lead roles in Romeo and Juliet, Ondine and Onegin  and others  In 2002 he created the role of Badger in William Tuckett's Wind in the Willows  In 2004 created the title role in Tuckett's The Soldier's Tale, which he reprised in 2005 and later performed in Japan in 2009 and 2015 In 2005 he realized a long-held vision with his own production of Les Liaisons dangereuses, a mixture of theater and dance  Co-directed and designed by Lez Brotherston, the production was choreographed by Cooper and he also played the lead role of Viscomte de Valmont  The piece premiered in Japan early in the year before a summer season at Sadler's Wells, with a cast which included Simon Cooper and Sarah Wildor In 2009 Cooper joined Russell Maliphant to dance in Maliphant's 2:4:10 contemporary dance program- an evening of works celebrating Maliphant's 10 years as a choreographer 

Musical theatre
2002 to 2010
In Cooper's first venture into the musical theatre he was both the choreographer and actor (playing the lead role of Junior Dolan) in On Your Toes  In 2002 it played at Leicester Haymarket, and was in transferred in 2003 to the Royal Festival in the West End of London  Sarah Wildor joined the production in 2003 to play the role of Vera Baronova  He was lauded by both the critics and the audience for his contributions and was rewarded with the Critics' Circle National Dance Award for Best Choreography and Most Popular Dancer  In 2004 the production also had a successful tour in Japan In 2002 Cooper provided the choreography for the Swedish production of Garbo-the Musical  Cooper also played the lead role of Don Lockwood and choreographed Paul Kerryson's Singin' in the Rain in 2004 at Sadler's Wells Theatre, Leicester Haymarket, and was nominated for Critic's Circle Award for Choreography of a Musical  He was nominated for a Laurence Olivier Award for his choreography of the 2004 Grand Hotel for The Donmar Warehouse  The production won the 2005 Olivier Award in the category of Outstanding Musical Production In 2005, Cooper and Wildor performed a two-person play, Wallflowering, at the Seven Oaks Playhouse  Their roles were primarily dialogue with intermittent bits of ballroom dancing  Following this, he designed the choreography for the revival of Promises, Promises at Sheffield's Crucible Theatre In 2006 Cooper appeared alongside Neil Morrissey and Patrick Swayze playing Sky Masterson in Guys and Dolls at The Piccadilly Theatre, London and in 2007 he provided the musical staging for Side by Side by Sondheim for The Venue Theatre, London 2008 saw Cooper's return to the stage, creating the role of Ramon in Zorro the Musical for the UK tour  He also played the Tin Man in the Royal Festival Hall's summer staging of the musical The Wizard of Oz, after which he turned his attention back to choreography  First, he choreographed Carousel for director Lindsay Posner which had a very successful UK tour and West End run at the Savoy Theatre  Then Cooper was asked by Paul Kerryson to direct and choreograph the first new show, Simply Cinderella, at the brand new Curve Theatre, Leicester In 2009 Cooper unveiled Shall We Dance at Sadler's Wells, an ambitious all-dance show based on Richard Rodgers' songs  For this production he was the box-office star, director, creator, librettist and choreographer  Later that year, he provided choreography for Lindsay Posner's production of the Donizetti opera Roberto Devereux at the Holland Park Theatre, Kensington, London Cooper co-starred in the touring stage version of Irving Berlin's White Christmas during the Christmas season in 2009 2010 and 2011  He played the role of Phil Davis 

2011 to the present
Cooper was the above-the-title star playing the role of Don Lockwood in Jonathan Church's highly successful 2011–2013 production of Singin' in the Rain, with choreography by Andrew Wright  Its first sold-out run was at the Chichester Festival Theatre and then a longer run at West End's Palace Theatre  He also performed the iconic Singin' in the Rain scene on the 2011 Royal Variety Performance TV show  The stage show was nominated for the Best Musical Revival and several other Laurence Olivier and other awards  A cast recording of Singin' in the Rain was issued in 2012  Good Mornin' was performed at the 2012 Olivier Awards Ceremony  The show, starring Cooper, played in Japan for three weeks of November 2014 In 2013 Cooper choreographed Matthew White's well-received production of Candide at the Menier Chocolate Factory  Reviewer Sam Smith wrote "Adam Cooper's choreography is racy, and the production finds a particular affinity with the 'Surrealism' of the piece " In late 2013 Cooper was invited to Denmark to choreograph Daniel Bohr's Danish language version of Evita at the Det Ny Teater (The New Theater) in Copenhagen  The show premiered in January 2014  For Evita, Adam Cooper created a choreography with continuous tango elements merged into the rest of the dance Cooper provided the "energetic" 60's choreography for Sunny Afternoon Musical at the Hampstead Theatre in London  The show ran from April to end of May in 2014 and then in October 2014 it transferred to The Harold Pinter Theatre (formerly The Comedy Theatre) 
at the West End  Its run was extended several times due to its popularity with the audience and positive critical reviews  It was nominated for numerous awards and won 4 Olivier Awards in 2015  Details are at Sunny Afternoon 
Cooper had another opportunity to present a stage version of Les Liaisons dangereuses (Gefährliche Liebschaften) in 2015   He choreographed and co-directed with Josef E  Köpplinger a German musical version of the novel with a newly commissioned book, lyrics and score for the itinerant Staatstheater am Gärtnerplatz company in Munich, Germany 
In 2019, Cooper appeared in the UK Tour of New Adventures' The Red Shoes, playing the role of Boris Lermontov 

Films and TV
The Soldier's Tale (2010) TV Movie (The Soldier)
Bourne to Dance (2001) TV Movie (himself)
Billy Elliot (2000) Arts Council of England, BBC Films, Working Title Films (Billy, Aged 25)
Madame Bovary (2000) TV Movie (Vicomte)
The Sandman (2000) Channel 4 TV Movie
Jason and the Argonauts (2000) Hallmark Entertainment & Panfilm TV Movie (Eros)
Dance Ballerina Dance (1998) BBC2 TV (himself)
Swan Lake (Bourne) (1998) PBS Great Performances TV Series with Adventures in Motion Pictures (Swan/Stranger)
Royal Variety Performance TV Show (1998) Excerpts from Swan Lake (Bourne) (Swan/Stranger)
The South Bank show: Matthew Bourne's Adventures in Motion Pictures (1997) TV Documentary (himself)
Swan Lake (Bourne) (1996) BBC/NVC with Adventures in Motion Pictures (Swan/Stranger)
Mayerling (ballet) (1994) BBC with the Royal Ballet (Hungarian officer)
Gala Tribute to Tchaikovsky (1993) TV Special (Principal Dancer)
Winter Dreams (1992) BBC TV with the Royal Ballet (Staff Captain Vassily Vasilyevich Solyony)
La Bayadère, The Sleeping Beauty (ballet), Winter Gala with Royal Ballet for BBC TV
Prince of the Pagodas (1990) with the Royal Ballet
Merry Wives of Windsor (1982) BBC TV (fairy)

Other
(2000) National Portrait Gallery (London), portrait of Adam Cooper by Stuart Pearson Wrightoil on gesso on oak panel, NPG 6542
(2014) Imperial Classical Ballet Faculty Patrons, Adam Cooper and Sarah Wildor

Awards
(1988) Ursula Moreton Choreographic Competition
(1989) Professional Level Prize @ Prix de Lausanne
(1996) Time Out Award for Best Performance in AMP's Swan Lake
(1997) Evening Standard Award for his performance as The Swan in AMP's Swan Lake
(1997) Drama League Award for Best Performance as The Swan in AMP's Swan Lake (Los Angeles Season)
(1999) Astaire Award for outstanding Male Dancer for his performance as The Swan in AMP's Swan Lake
(1999) Nominated for Best Actor in a Musical Tony Award for the Broadway Season of Swan Lake
(2002) Nominated for Best Male Dancer by the Critics' Circle National Dance Awards for his performances with the Royal Ballet and On Your Toes 
(2003) Critics' Circle National Dance Awards for Best Choreography for On Your Toes
(2003) Critics' Circle National Dance Awards for Most Popular Dancer 
(2003) Nominated for Whatsonstage com Theatregoers' Choice Awards – for Best Choreographer and Best Actor in a Musical for On Your Toes
(2004) Nominated by Critics' Circle National Dance Awards for Best Choreography (Musical Theater) for Singin' in the Rain
(2005) Nominated for What's Onstage Award for choreography of the 2004 Grand Hotel for The Donmar Warehouse 
(2005) Nominated for a Laurence Olivier Award for choreography of the 2004 Grand Hotel for The Donmar Warehouse 
(2013) Nominated for What's Onstage Award as Best Actor in a Musical for Singin in the Rain
Passage 4:
The Nutcracker (1993 film)
The Nutcracker, also known as George Balanchine's The Nutcracker, is a 1993 American Christmas musical film based on Peter Martins's stage production and directed by Emile Ardolino  It stars Darci Kistler, Damian Woetzel, Kyra Nichols, Bart Robinson Cook, Macaulay Culkin, Jessica Lynn Cohen, Wendy Whelan, Margaret Tracey, Gen Horiuchi, Tom Gold, and the New York City Ballet 
The film was released by Warner Bros  under their Warner Bros  Family Entertainment label on November 24, 1993, four days after director Ardolino died  It received mixed reviews and was a box office failure, grossing only $2 million 

Plot
The film follows the traditional plot of the Nutcracker 

Act I
Scene 1: The Stahlbaum Home

It is Christmas Eve  Family and friends have gathered in the parlor to decorate the beautiful Christmas tree in preparation for the party  Once it is finished, the children are sent for  They stare in awe at it sparkling with candles and decorations 
The party begins  A march is played  Presents are given out to the children  Suddenly, as the owl-topped grandmother clock strikes eight, a mysterious figure enters the room  It is Herr Drosselmeyer, a local councilman, magician, and Marie's godfather  He is also a talented toymaker who has brought gifts for the children, including four lifelike dolls who dance to the delight of all  He then has them put away for safekeeping 
Marie and her brother, Fritz, are sad to see the dolls being taken away, but Drosselmeyer has yet another toy for them: a wooden nutcracker carved in the shape of a little man  The other children ignore it, but Marie immediately takes a liking to it  Fritz, however, breaks it, and she is heartbroken 
During the night, after everyone else has gone to bed, Marie returns to the parlor to check on her beloved nutcracker  As she reaches the little bed she put it on, the clock strikes midnight and she looks up to see Drosselmeyer perched atop it  Suddenly, mice begin to fill the room and the Christmas tree begins to grow to dizzying heights  The nutcracker also grows to life size  Marie finds herself in the midst of a battle between an army of gingerbread soldiers and the mice, led by their king  They begin to eat the soldiers 
The nutcracker appears to lead the soldiers, who are joined by tin soldiers, and dolls who serve as doctors to carry away the wounded  As the Mouse King advances on the still-wounded nutcracker, Marie throws her slipper at him, distracting him long enough for the nutcracker to stab him Scene 2: A Pine Forest
The mice retreat and the nutcracker is transformed into a handsome Prince  He leads Marie through the moonlit night to a pine forest in which the snowflakes come to life and dance around them, beckoning them on to his kingdom as the first act ends 

Act II
Scene 1: The Land of Sweets

Marie and the Prince travel to the beautiful Land of Sweets, ruled by the Sugar Plum Fairy in the Prince's place until his return  He recounts for her how he had been saved from the Mouse King by Marie and transformed back into himself 
In honor of the young heroine, a celebration of sweets from around the world is produced: chocolate from Spain, coffee from Arabia, tea from China, and candy canes from Russia all dance for their amusement; Danish shepherdesses perform on their flutes; Mother Ginger has her children, the Polichinelles, emerge from under her enormous hoop skirt to dance; a string of beautiful flowers perform a waltz  To conclude the night, the Sugar Plum Fairy and her Cavalier perform a dance A final waltz is performed by all the sweets, after which the Sugar Plum Fairy ushers Marie and the Prince down from their throne  He bows to her, she kisses Marie goodbye, and leads them to a reindeer-drawn sleigh  It takes off as they wave goodbye to all the subjects who wave back 

Cast
Darci Kistler as The Sugar Plum Fairy
Damian Woetzel as The Sugar Plum Fairy's Cavalier
Kyra Nichols as Dewdrop
Wendy Whelan as Coffee
Margaret Tracey as Marzipan
Gen Horiuchi as Tea
Tom Gold as Candy Cane
Lourdes López as Hot Chocolate
Nilas Martins as Hot Chocolate
William Otto as Mother Ginger
Peter Reznick as Fritz
Karin von Aroldingen as Grandparent
Edward Bigelow as Grandparent
Heather Watts as Frau Stahlbaum
Robert LaFosse as Dr  Stahlbaum
Bart Robinson Cook as Herr Drosselmeyer
Jessica Lynn Cohen as Marie Stahlbaum
Macaulay Culkin as The Nutcracker/Prince/Drosselmeyer's Nephew
Kevin Kline as Narrator
Katrina Killian as Harlequin
Roma Sosenko as Columbine
Michael Byars as Soldier
Robert D  Lyon as Mouse King
Maureen C  McFadden Devlin as Drummer

Reception
Critical response
The film received generally mixed reviews from critics  Based on eight reviews, it holds a rotten rating of 50% on review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes, with an average rating of 6/10  The film was criticized by James Berardinelli for not capturing the excitement of a live performance; he wrote that it "opts to present a relatively mundane version of the stage production   utilizing almost none of the advantages offered by the (film) medium " Roger Ebert of the Chicago Sun-Times was mixed on it, and gave it 2 out of 4 stars criticizing it for not adapting the dance for a film audience and also its casting of Culkin who, he writes, "seems peripheral to all of the action, sort of like a celebrity guest or visiting royalty, nodding benevolently from the corners of shots " In The Washington Post, Lucy Linfield echoed Ebert's criticism of Culkin, stating that "it's not so much that he can't act or dance; more important, the kid seems to have forgotten how to smile   all little Mac can muster is a surly grimace " She praised the dancing, however, as "strong, fresh and in perfect sync" and Kistler's Sugar Plum Fairy as "the Balanchinean ideal of a romantic, seemingly fragile beauty combined with a technique of almost startling strength, speed and knifelike precision " The New York Times' Stephen Holden also criticized Culkin, calling his performance the film's "only serious flaw", but praised the cinematography as "very scrupulous in the way it establishes a mood of participatory excitement, then draws back far enough so that the classic ballet sequences choreographed by Balanchine and staged by Peter Martins can be seen in their full glory "

Box office
During its theatrical run, the film grossed $2,119,994  In North America, it opened at number 16 in its first weekend with $783,721 

See also
List of Christmas films
Passage 5:
Dennis Courtney
Dennis H  Beaulne (born April 30, 1958), better known by his stage name Dennis Courtney, is an American stage director, choreographer, actor and teacher of master classes in auditioning for the theatre  As a director, he is notable for winning the 2008 Israeli National Theatre Prize (Israel's TONY Award equivalent) for his work in the Cameri Theatre production of Fiddler On The Roof, in Tel Aviv  The production closed on January 27, 2016 after a near 8-year run  As an actor, he made his Broadway debut in the 1979 production of Peter Pan with Sandy Duncan and George Rose  Subsequent Broadway/National Tour/Production credits include Shenandoah with John Raitt (1984), Joseph And The Amazing Technicolor Dreamcoat (1984), Roza (1987) and Starlight Express (1989-1990)  He directed and choreographed a production of My Way, for the Riverside Center Theatre in Virginia and It Shoulda Been You starring Kim Zimmer and 8 Track: The Sounds of the 70's for Gretna Theatre in July and August 2016  In early 2017, he directed and choreographed Kiss Me, Kate at Kent State  In March 2017 he directed the pre-Broadway workshop production of The Last Adam, a new musical by George Alex Livings and Jonathan Hickey  He has collaborated with playwright David Brian Colbert on a new play with music about the life of legendary performer, Ethel Waters, entitled Still Waters: The Life of the Legendary Ethel Waters  The play is currently in development 

Personal life
Born Denis Beaulne in Detroit, Michigan to French Canadian parents, Albert Beaulne and Claudette Perron   He took the stage name Dennis Courtney with his first union acting job in 1978   Courtney has 2 siblings - a sister, Rachelle Beaulne McKevlin and a brother, Raymond Beaulne   He also has a step-sister, Lori Hurren Harrell and a step-brother, William Hurren  Dennis' parents divorced in 1967 and both remarried   His mother married Harry Parr and his father married Anna Pasternacki   Harry Parr died in 1986, Anna Pasternacki Beaulne died on December 5, 2011  Albert Beaulne is currently living in Cornelius, NC   Dennis' mother, Claudette, died on June 6, 2010  Dennis has been in a long term relationship with entrepreneur, Grant Wheaton, since 2000  Dennis and Grant became engaged on Christmas Day 2016 and married on July 29, 2017 
He graduated from Anderson High School in Cincinnati, Ohio and studied theatre at the University of Cincinnati   He currently resides in New York City and has homes in Sarasota, Florida and Palm Desert, California 

Notes
External links
Official Website - http://www denniscourtney com
Dennis Courtney (http://ibdb com/person php?id=92973) at the Internet Broadway Database
Dennis Courtney (http://www broadwayworld com/people/Dennis-Courtney/#) at BroadwayWorld com
Passage 6:
Stephen Nicholas (actor)
Stephen Charles Nicholas (born 23 August 1978)  music artist and presenter from Doncaster, South Yorkshire, England 
As an actor Stephens first role was on Sky One's Dream Team, where he played Scott Ward  From there, he filmed the first in the trilogy Goal! (In which he played a Newcastle United Reserves player)  Following this, he moved to Los Angeles, where he played Smith in the feature film Futbaal: The Price of Dreams 
Stephen then returned to the UK to make a Bollywood film called Dhana Dhana Goal with John Abraham 
Stephen then experienced her first opportunity in reality TV with the show Premier League All Stars for Sky One, as well as playing a footballer, he was on-hand to present celebrity gossip and pitch side reports 
He then appeared in Celebrity Most Haunted and Date the Enemy  From there he then went on to star in Goal 3 where he not only acted in the film he also became the football choreographer and choreographed all the football scenes in the film 
Nicholas then starred in the film Damned United where he played Welsh international Alan Durban, the film was filmed in Chesterfield and Leeds and was directed by Oscar winner Tom Hooper and also starred Oscar nominated Michael Sheen 
Stephens next production was the feature film called 'No Way Back Now'about the notorious Manchester district of Moss Side, where Stephen played the lead actor Stuart Gavin  The feature is roughly based on the notorious Gooch gang that terrorised Manchester throughout the years 
The next move for Stephen was pantomime where he was part of the production Aladdin over the Christmas period of 2015 in Doncaster playing Abanaza the main villain which he did until 7 January 2016! 
He Was also in the Feature Film 'Whiteblade' where he will played Thurstan the head Warlord Whiteblade Stephen shot his scenes in August 2016 
In September 2016 Stephen presenting the Sky TV show 'Britz go Bollywood' the show consists of a group of Celebrities being dressed by The best Indian designers, stephen was the main presenter of the show 

Music
Nicholas instigated and was part of a group called U K  Flow  The group was made up of 14 celebrities from television and sport 

Football
Nicholas was a Sunday league footballer at various clubs

Filmography
External links
Official Site
Stephen Nicholas at IMDb
Passage 7:
The Nutcracker (Balanchine)
Choreographer George Balanchine's production of Tchaikovsky's 1892 ballet The Nutcracker has become the most famous stage production of the ballet performed in the U S  (Mikhail Baryshnikov's production is the most famous television version, although it too originated onstage ) It uses the plot of the Alexandre Dumas, père, version of E T A  Hoffmann's tale, "The Nutcracker and the Mouse King" (1816)  Its premiere took place on February 2, 1954, at City Center, New York, with costumes by Karinska and sets by Horace Armistead  It has been staged in New York every year since 1954, and many other productions throughout the United States either imitate it, or directly use the Balanchine staging  However, although it is often cited as being the production that made the ballet famous in the U S , it was Willam Christensen's 1944 production for the San Francisco Ballet which first introduced the complete work to the United States 

Staging
In Balanchine's version, the leading roles of Clara (here called Marie) and the Nutcracker/Prince are danced by children, and so their dances are choreographed to be less difficult than the ones performed by the adults  Marie does not dance at all in the second act of this version  The Prince's dancing in Act II is limited to the pantomime that he performs "describing" his defeat of the Mouse King  Instead, Marie and the Prince sit out nearly all of Act II watching other dancers perform for them, and unlike most other versions, neither one of them takes part in the ballet's Final Waltz 
Because Marie and the Nutcracker / Prince are played by children approximately ten years old in the Balanchine Nutcracker, no adult romantic interest between them is even implied, although Marie and Drosselmeyer's nephew, who looks exactly like the Prince, are clearly drawn to each other during the Christmas party  However, the 1958 Playhouse 90 telecast of the Balanchine Nutcracker, which changed Marie's name back to Clara and stated that the Prince was Drosselmeyer's nephew, had narrator June Lockhart saying at the end that "From that day on, Drosselmeyer's nephew is Clara's Prince and Clara is his Princess, and I need not tell you that they lived happily ever after " (But Drosselmeyer's nephew is there when the Nutcracker is broken during the Christmas party, so it is difficult to believe that he is the Nutcracker/ Prince, unless Marie dreams her fantasy adventures, and it is unclear in this version whether she does or not ) Years later, movie critic Stephen Holden, in reviewing the 1993 film version of the Balanchine Nutcracker, referred to Marie as the Prince's sweetheart  And oddly enough, throughout Act II of the 1993 film of Balanchine's version, Marie does wear a veil that resembles a bridal veil 
The Balanchine version uses perhaps more real children than any other version  (In other versions, the children are sometimes played by adult women ) The rôles of Clara and the Nutcracker/ Prince are performed by adults in many other versions, and in these productions of the ballet, there is usually more than a hint of budding romance between the two 
The Journey Through the Snow sequence, in many other productions danced by Clara and the Nutcracker immediately after his transformation into a Prince, is not danced at all in the Balanchine version, although the music is played  Instead, Marie faints and falls on the bed after the battle, and the Nutcracker exits  Marie's bed moves by itself across the stage as the music plays, and at its climax, the Nutcracker reappears and through the use of a stage effect, turns into a Prince  He awakens Marie, places on her head one of the crowns that he took from the dead seven-headed Mouse King, and they exit  (In the 1993 film of Balanchine's Nutcracker, the bed flies through the air rather than simply moving across the stage  This is achieved by visual effects created by Industrial Light & Magic )

On the screen
Balanchine's Nutcracker has since been staged in New York every year, filmed once, and performed live on television three times – although its first television edition, telecast by CBS in 1957 on the TV anthology The Seven Lively Arts, was severely abridged  Some sources say it was complete, but it could not have been because The Seven Lively Arts was only an hour long  This marked the first telecast not only of the Balanchine version but of any staging of the ballet  CBS's Playhouse 90 broadcast a more complete (but still abridged) version of the Balanchine Nutcracker, narrated by actress June Lockhart, who was then starring as the mother in CBS's Lassie, on Christmas Day in 1958; it was the first Nutcracker (and only installment of the entire Playhouse 90 series) broadcast in color  There were only four commercial breaks  This television production starred Balanchine himself as Drosselmeyer, Diana Adams as the Sugar Plum Fairy, Bonnie Bedelia in an early role as Clara, and Robert Maiorano as the Nutcracker/ Prince Excerpts from the Balanchine production were performed several times on various television shows of the time, notably The Bell Telephone Hour and The Ed Sullivan Show The complete Balanchine version was eventually made into a poorly received full-length feature film by Elektra Entertainment and Regency Enterprises  It was distributed and released by Warner Bros  Family Entertainment in 1993, and starred Macaulay Culkin in his only screen ballet rôle, as the Nutcracker, the Prince, and Drosselmeyer's nephew  The film was directed by Emile Ardolino, with narration spoken by Kevin Kline  From the billing in this film, the Prince and the nephew would seem to be two different characters, though that may not have been what the filmmakers intended  Director Ardolino died of AIDS only a few days before the film's release  The other rôles in the film were played by members of the New York City Ballet, including Darci Kistler as the Sugar Plum Fairy, Damian Woetzel as the Fairy's Cavalier, Bart Cook as Drosselmeyer, Jessica Lynn Cohen as Marie (a k a  Clara), and Wendy Whelan as Coffee in the Arabian Dance During the 2011 Christmas season, PBS, for the very first time, presented the complete Balanchine Nutcracker on Live from Lincoln Center, although it was not seen on all PBS affiliates, since the affiliates have a choice of which programs they will air locally  This was not the 1993 film, but the production's latest revival, and the production was telecast by PBS on December 14, 2011  This presentation, directed by Alan Skog, marked the first U S  telecast of the Balanchine version (aside from cable and "on demand" showings of the 1993 theatrical film) in more than fifty years  It was nominated for an Emmy Award in July 2012 

Casts
Original
NYCB revivals
Television
(1958)

Television
(2011)

Theatrical Film Version
(1993)

Music
Balanchine adds to Tchaikovsky's score an entr'acte that the composer wrote for Act II of The Sleeping Beauty, but which is now seldom played in productions of that ballet  In Balanchine's Nutcracker, it is used as a transition between the departure of the guests and the battle with the mice  During this transition, the mother of Marie (as she is usually called in this version) appears in the living room and throws a blanket over the girl, who has crept downstairs and fallen asleep on the sofa; then Drosselmeyer appears, repairs the Nutcracker, and binds the jaw with a handkerchief  In addition, the Dance Of The Sugar Plum Fairy is moved from near the end of Act II to near the beginning of the second act, just after the Sugar Plum Fairy makes her first appearance  To help the musical transition, the tarantella that comes before the dance is cut  In the 1993 film version of the Balanchine version, just as in the telecast of the Baryshnikov one, the Miniature Overture is cut in half, and the opening credits are seen as the overture is heard  The film's final credits feature a reprise of the Trepak and the Waltz of the Flowers 

Footnotes
External links
George Balanchine’s The Nutcracker at the Balanchine Trust website
Passage 8:
Darci Kistler
Darci Kistler (born June 4, 1964) is an American ballerina   She is often said to be the last muse for choreographer George Balanchine 

Early life
Kistler was born in Riverside, California, the fifth child (with four older brothers) of a medical doctor and his wife   Her brothers excelled in amateur wrestling, and she followed them into water-skiing, basketball, football and horseback riding 

Ballet career
At age 4, Kistler received her first tutu and began ballet training that same year  She claimed although she was always athletic, she could never keep to her brothers—so ballet turned out to be one cornerstone she had mastered  After seeing a ballet performance of Rudolf Nureyev and Margot Fonteyn, she decided she wanted to take up ballet herself  She studied with Mary Lynn at Mary Lynn's Ballet Arts and later with Irina Kosmovska in Los Angeles 
In early 1979, Kistler was selected to study at New York City Ballet's School of American Ballet (SAB), where she met George Balanchine  She joined the New York City Ballet (NYCB) corps de ballet in 1980, and was featured in a Time article before the end of the year Kistler was promoted to (NYCB) soloist in 1981 and principal dancer in 1982, the youngest ever at 17 years  Signature roles include Balanchine's Jewels (Diamonds), Agon, Prodigal Son and Symphony in C  She danced the rôle of the Sugarplum Fairy in City Ballet's 1993 film version of The Nutcracker  She eventually wrote her own autobiography "Ballerina: My Story" as a children's book 
Kistler joined the SAB's permanent faculty in 1994 
Throughout her career, she had numerous dance-related injuries, including a broken ankle that sidelined her for three years  She went through several surgeries, including for her back In February 2009, Kistler announced her retirement from New York City Ballet at the end of the 2010 season  Her farewell performance took place on June 27, 2010, and consisted of ballets choreographed by Balanchine and Martins:

Personal life
Kistler married New York City Ballet's balletmaster-in-chief Peter Martins in 1991  In July 1992, Martins was arrested and held for five hours after Kistler phoned the police for help  Kistler filed an affidavit accusing him of assaulting her, pushing and slapping her, and cutting and bruising her arms and legs, leading to a charge of third-degree assault (a misdemeanor)  Kistler dropped the charges a few days later, saying she preferred to resolve the matter without the court's intervention  When she next performed in a ballet two days later, she reportedly wore heavy makeup to conceal bruises she had suffered  Several people who knew the two well claimed it wasn't the first time Martins had hit Kistler Kistler and Martins have one daughter, Talicia Tove Martins, born June 13, 1996 

Jerome Robbins
Ulysses Dove
Red Angels

Robert La Fosse
Danses de Cour

Peter Martins
Featured roles
George Balanchine
Jerome Robbins
Peter Martins
Television
PBS Dance in America
Bournonville Dances William Tell pas de deux
Serenade
PBS Kennedy Center Honors tribute to Alexandra Danilova
Swan Lake pas de deux
PBS Dance in America The Balanchine Celebration
PBS Live from Lincoln Center New York City Ballet's Diamond Project: Ten Years of New Choreography, 2002
Them Twos
PBS Live from Lincoln Center Lincoln Center Celebrates Balanchine 100, 2004
Liebeslieder Walzer
Passage 9:
Gwen Verdon
Gwyneth Evelyn "Gwen" Verdon (January 13, 1925 – October 18, 2000) was an American actress and dancer  She won four Tony Awards for her musical comedy performances, and served as an uncredited choreographer's assistant and specialty dance coach for theater and film  Verdon was a critically acclaimed performer on Broadway in the 1950s, 1960s, and 1970s, having originated many roles in musicals, including Lola in Damn Yankees, the title character in Sweet Charity and Roxie Hart in Chicago  She is also strongly identified with her second husband, director-choreographer Bob Fosse, remembered as the dancer-collaborator-muse for whom he choreographed much of his work and as the guardian of his legacy after his death 

Early life
Verdon was born in Culver City, California, the second child of Gertrude Lilian (née Standring) and Joseph William Verdon, British immigrants to the United States by way of Canada  Her brother was William Farrell Verdon  Her father was an electrician at MGM Studios, and her mother was a former vaudevillian of the Denishawn dance troupe, as well as a dance teacher As a toddler, she suffered from rickets, which left her legs so badly misshapen she was called "Gimpy" by other children and spent her early years in orthopedic boots and rigid leg braces  At age three, her mother enrolled her in dance classes  Further ballet training strengthened her legs and improved her carriage 
By age six, she was dancing on stage  She went on to study multiple dance forms, ranging from tap, jazz, ballroom and flamenco to Balinese  She also studied juggling  At age 11, she appeared as a solo ballerina in the musical romance film The King Steps Out (1936), directed by Josef von Sternberg and starring Grace Moore and Franchot Tone  She attended Hamilton High School in Los Angeles and studied under ballet enthusiast Ernest Belcher  While in high school, she was cast in a revival of Show Boat 
In 1942, Verdon's parents asked her to marry family friend and tabloid reporter James Henaghan after he got her pregnant at 17 years old, and she quit her dancing career to raise their child  In 1945, she appeared as a dancer in the movie musical Blonde From Brooklyn  After her divorce, she entrusted her son Jimmy to the care of her parents 

Career
Early on, Verdon found a job as assistant to choreographer Jack Cole, whose work was respected by both Broadway and Hollywood movie studios  During her five-year employment with Cole, she took small roles in movie musicals as a "specialty dancer"  She also taught dance to stars such as Jane Russell, Fernando Lamas, Lana Turner, Rita Hayworth, Betty Grable and Marilyn Monroe 
Verdon started out on Broadway going from one chorus line to another  Her breakthrough role finally came when choreographer Michael Kidd cast her as the second female lead in Cole Porter's musical Can-Can (1953), starring French prima donna Lilo  Out-of-town reviewers hailed Verdon's interpretation of Eve in the Garden of Eden ballet as a performance that upstaged the show's star, who reputedly demanded Verdon's role be cut to only two featured dance numbers  With her role reduced to little more than an ensemble part, Verdon formally announced her intention to quit by the time the show premiered on Broadway  But her opening-night Garden of Eden performance was so well-received that the audience screamed her name until the startled actress was brought from her dressing room in a towel to take a curtain call  Verdon received a pay increase and her first Tony Award for her performance 
Verdon's biggest critical and commercial success was her following show, George Abbott's Damn Yankees (1955), based on the novel The Year the Yankees Lost the Pennant  The musical ran for 1,019 performances  Verdon won another Tony and went to Hollywood to repeat her role in the 1958 movie version Damn Yankees, famously singing "Whatever Lola Wants"  (Fosse can be seen partnered with her in the original mambo duet "Who's Got the Pain" )
Verdon won another Tony for her performance in the musical New Girl in Town as a hard-luck girl fleeing from her past as a prostitute  She won her fourth Tony for the murder-mystery musical Redhead, Fosse's Broadway debut as a director/choreographer  In 1960, Fosse and Verdon wed 
In 1966, Verdon returned to the stage in the role of Charity in Sweet Charity, which like many of her earlier Broadway triumphs was choreographed and directed by husband Fosse  The show is loosely based on Federico Fellini's screenplay for Nights of Cabiria  It was followed by a movie version starring  Shirley MacLaine as Charity, featuring Ricardo Montalbán, Sammy Davis Jr  and Chita Rivera, with Fosse at the helm of his very first film as director and choreographer  Verdon helped with the choreography  The numbers include the famed "Big Spender", "Rhythm of Life", "If My Friends Could See Me Now", and "I'm a Brass Band"  Verdon also traveled to Berlin to help Fosse with Cabaret, the musical film for which he won an Oscar for Best Director 
Although estranged as a couple, Verdon and Fosse continued to collaborate on projects such as the musical Chicago (1975) (in which she originated the role of murderess Roxie Hart) and the musical Dancin' (1978), as well as Fosse's autobiographical movie All That Jazz (1979)  The helpmate/peer played by Leland Palmer in that film is based on the role Verdon played in Fosse's real life   She also developed a close working relationship with Fosse's partner, Broadway dancer Ann Reinking, and was an instructor for Reinking's musical theatre classes 
After originating the role of Roxie opposite Chita Rivera's Velma Kelly in Chicago, Verdon focused on film acting, playing character roles in movies such as The Cotton Club (1984), Cocoon (1985) and Cocoon: The Return (1988)  She continued to teach dance and musical theater and to act  She received three Emmy Award nominations for appearances on Magnum, P I  (1988), Dream On (1993) and Homicide: Life on the Street (1993)  Verdon appeared as the title character's mother in the Woody Allen movie Alice (1990) and as Ruth in Marvin's Room (1996), co-starring Meryl Streep, Diane Keaton, and Leonardo DiCaprio  In 1999, Verdon served as artistic consultant on a Broadway musical designed to showcase examples of classic Fosse choreography   Called simply Fosse, the revue was conceived and directed by Richard Maltby Jr  and Ann Reinking and choreographed by Reinking and Chet Walker  Verdon's daughter Nicole received a "special thanks" credit  The show won a Tony Award for Best Musical 
In 1997 Verdon appeared in an episode of Walker Texas Ranger as Maisie Whitman  She reprised the role in 1999 
Verdon played Alora in the movie Walking Across Egypt (1999) and appeared in the film Bruno, released in 2000  Verdon received a total of four Tonys, for best featured actress for Can-Can (1953) and best leading actress for Damn Yankees (1955), New Girl in Town (1957) and Redhead (1959)  She also won a Grammy Award for the cast recording of Redhead Verdon was inducted into the American Theater Hall of Fame in 1981  In 1998, she was awarded the National Medal of Arts 

Personal life
Verdon was married twice and had two children  She married tabloid reporter James Archibald Henaghan in 1942  They had a son, Jim, the following year and divorced in 1947  In 1960, Verdon married choreographer Bob Fosse  They had a daughter, Nicole, in 1963  Fosse's extramarital affairs put a strain on their marriage, and by 1971, Verdon and Fosse were separated, but never divorced  She was involved in relationships with actor Scott Brady and actor Jerry Lanning, son of Roberta Sherwood  Verdon was with Fosse when he suffered a fatal heart attack at the Willard Hotel in Washington, D C , in September 1987 Verdon was a cat fancier, having up to six cats at one time, with the pets carrying names such as "Feets Fosse", "Junie Moon", and "Tidbits Tumbler Fosse" Verdon was a mental health-care advocate; later in life, she openly spoke about the positive effects of mental-health counseling  Along with teaching dance as a form of therapy, she sat on the board of directors for the New York Postgraduate Center for Mental Health, and actively raised funds to support mental health-care research 

Popular culture
Fosse/Verdon is an 8-part American miniseries starring Sam Rockwell as Fosse and Michelle Williams as Verdon  The series, which tells the story of the couple's troubled personal and professional relationship, is based on the biography Fosse by Sam Wasson  It premiered in eight parts on April 9, 2019, on FX  At the 71st Primetime Emmy Awards, Fosse/Verdon received seventeen nominations, including Outstanding Limited Series and acting nominations for Rockwell, Williams, and Margaret Qualley (as Ann Reinking)  Williams won the Emmy for Outstanding Actress in a Limited Series 

Death and legacy
Verdon died from a heart attack on October 18, 2000, aged 75, at her daughter's home in Woodstock, Vermont  Later that night, at 8 pm, all marquee lights on Broadway were dimmed in a tribute to Verdon 

Work
Stage
Film
Television
Music
In 1956, Verdon released an album titled The Girl I Left Home For  The album includes her covers of popular jazz standards of the time 

Awards and nominations
† Tied with co-star Thelma Ritter
 
†† Tied with Ethel Merman for Gypsy

††† Shared with Bob Fosse
Passage 10:
Mansi Aggarwal
Mansi Aggarwal is an Indian filmmaker, writer, producer and choreographer who has written, directed, produced films and choreographed songs in Indian film industry  She is best known for choreographing the song, "Bharat Mata ki Jai", from the movie Shanghai that starred actor Emraan Hashmi - the song gained a lot of popularity and became a hit in India  She has worked with path breaking actors - Priyanka Chopra in Mary Kom, Rajkumar Rao in Kai Po Che, and with Abhay Deol in the movie Dev D She has been nominated for the Filmfare award for the song "Bharat Mata ki Jai" from Shanghai starring the actor Emraan Hashmi, the song was loved by the audience and became popular in India  The song "Suno na Sangmarmar" from the movie Youngistaan was also nominated for Stardust and Filmfare awards She also choreographed commercials for big brands like Nykaa, Biba, Zandu Balm, etc  She was published as the youngest choreographer in the eminent magazine Femina   In 2018, she made her debut as a writer-director with her first short film The Handbag, which was posted on ‘Humara Movie’ YouTube channel  She came with her second film Raani, which got selected for Lift Off Global Networks, London and was also screened at the Darbhanga International Film Festival  It was a finalist at the Golden Jury International Film Festival and won the Best Actor award at the same  Raani released on Disney Hotstar and is streaming on MX Player  The films The Handbag and Raani were produced under the banner Yin Yang Films 

Early life and career
Mansi was born on 10 June 1984 and raised in Delhi where she also took training in Indian classical dance, Kathak  Her Kathak training started when she was only 7 years old and she later became a Visharad (graduate) in the dance form  She studied Economics at Hansraj College in Delhi University and after finishing her graduation she opened her dance institute in Delhi—Mansi Dance Creations Her career in Bollywood movies started when she was first spotted by the film director, Anurag Kashyap, during a dance performance in Delhi  Anurag offered her to choreograph the critically acclaimed film, Gulaal  However, the movie got delayed and Mansi shifted her focus to academics until Anurag came to her for the second time with the proposal of choreographing Abhay Deol-starrer, Dev D Mansi is married to cinematographer Arindam Bhattacharjee 

Choreography in Indian Film Industry
Mansi has choreographed the following Bollywood movies:

Filmography as Director, Producer and Writer



ground_truth: George Balanchine

prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: Spider9 was founded in 2011 by the head of which subsidiary of Wanxiang Group?

The following are given passages.
Context 2: Passage 1:
Spider9
Spider9 Inc  is an American environmental technologies company headquartered in Northville, MI which develops and manufactures advanced control systems for energy storage and solar fields  It was founded in 2011 by Glynne Townsend (A123 Systems), Dave Park (former Vice President of Production at Wave Crest Energy Systems), Dave Smith (former chairman of USABC), and Bill Beckman (former Vice President of Finance at Johnson Controls) Spider9 acquired control system technology from the University of Michigan, Office of Technology Transfer and is developing the technology at their facilities at the Water Wheel Centre, in the historic Ford Valve Plant 

History
Spider9 was founded on control system technology patents licensed from the University of Michigan Real-Time Computing Laboratory  In the summer of 2011, the Spider9 leadership team brought the technology out of the Office of Technology Transfer, where it had been incubating  In July 2011, Spider9 pivoted the technology's business plan to target grid energy storage and solar field optimization rather than electric vehicles  On November 3, 2011, Spider9 received a Michigan Economic Development Corporation (MEDC) grant to install a solar field on the roof of the Water Wheel Centre in Northville, MI 

Technology
Spider9 systems are capable of reconfiguring the architecture of systems through in-house developed hardware and software algorithms  Using a Spider9 system, individual cells and panels are monitored and managed  The system architecture is dynamically reconfigured around the components to deliver a consistent voltage output, compensating for performance variances and failures 

Facilities
Spider9's facilities are equipped with a waterwheel designed by Albert Kahn (architect) which once provided constant, sustainable hydroelectric power to the facility  The waterwheel no longer fulfills the electricity needs of the building  Spider9 is designing a control system for an 85 kW rooftop solar field with backup battery storage to supply the building with renewable power 
Passage 2:
A123 Systems
A123 Systems, LLC, a subsidiary of the Chinese Wanxiang Group Holdings, is a developer and manufacturer of lithium iron phosphate batteries and energy storage systems 
The company was founded in 2001 by Yet-Ming Chiang, Bart Riley, and Ric Fulop  By 2009, it had about 2,500 employees globally and was headquartered in Waltham, Massachusetts  Its original product technology was based upon materials initially developed at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology 

History
In November 2005, the company announced a new, faster-recharging lithium-ion battery system based on doped nanophosphate materials licensed from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology 
In December 2006, the United States Advanced Battery Consortium (USABC) in collaboration with the U S  Department of Energy (DOE) awarded the company a US$15 million development contract to optimize A123 Systems' proprietary doped nano-phosphate battery technology for hybrid electric vehicle applications with a focus on power, abuse tolerance, durability and cost  USABC is an organization composed of Chrysler LLC Corporation, Ford Motor Company, and General Motors Corporation BAE Systems announced that, from 2008, it would offer A123 Systems' lithium-ion battery technology as part of its HybriDrive Propulsion System used in the 2008 version of the Daimler Orion VII hybrid electric buses  As of September 7, 2009, more than 3,000 of the buses were in service In May 2008, the United States Advanced Battery Consortium (USABC) in collaboration with the U S  Department of Energy (DOE) awarded the company a US$12 5 million grant to develop its lithium ion battery technology for plug-in hybrid electric vehicles On March 5, 2008, General Electric, the company, and Think Global announced that the three firms had entered a partnership to enable global electrification of transportation  GE invested US$20 million in the company to help it roll out batteries for Think  The company and Think at the same time signed a commercial supply agreement  The partnership was announced at the 78th annual international Motor Show in Geneva  After over $10 million in investment in the Think Global Think City, A123 ceased production of its L20 battery pack for Think after a single day of production in December, 2008 
In January 2009, A123 systems applied to the U S  Department of Energy's Advanced Technology Vehicles Manufacturing Loan Program (ATVMLP) for US$1 84 billion in direct loans to support the construction of new lithium-ion battery manufacturing facilities in the United States, locating the first plant in southeast Michigan near Detroit  The application was still pending as of early 2012, the company estimated that it might be allowed to borrow up to US$233 million from the program In April 2009, Chrysler Corp  announced a contract with A123 to supply batteries for their ENVI EV vehicles In August 2009, the company received a US$249 million grant from the U S  Department of Energy's Advanced Technology Vehicles Manufacturing Loan Program (ATVMLP) to build production facilities in Romulus and Livonia, Mich  after it received a US$125 million in tax credits and incentives from the Michigan Economic Development Corporation in spring and a US$10 million grant from the state in fall 2008 In September 2009, the company raised US$380 million after going public on the NASDAQ stock exchange In 2009, the company was included on the Guardian's "Global Cleantech 100" list  Later, A123 was selected to Technology Review Magazine's list of the 50 Most Innovative Companies 2011 Chrysler's ENVI division was disbanded by Nov 2009 In December 2009, the company formed a joint venture with Shanghai Automotive Industry Corporation (SAIC), the largest automaker in China  This was the first joint venture between a Chinese automaker and a non-Chinese battery supplier  The new venture is called Advanced Traction Battery Systems (ATBS) In August 2010, A123's co-founder Professor Yet-Ming Chiang spun off a new company from A123 named 24M Technologies, which makes technology that combines concepts in current lithium ion batteries with flow batteries, where tanks of liquid electrolytes combine to create an electric current In 2010, A123 received a US$249 million grant from the U S  Department of Energy for building battery production facilities  Approximately $129 million of the grant was used to build a 550 MWh battery plant in Livonia and another in Romulus  An untapped $120 million grant was abandoned by A123 by May 2012 In September 2010, the company opened the largest lithium ion battery manufacturing facility in North America in Livonia, Michigan  When fully operational, the factory is expected to be capable of producing battery packs for the equivalent of up to 30,000 electric cars per year In March 2011, the company received its third contract from the United States Advanced Battery Consortium (USABC) in collaboration with the U S  Department of Energy (DOE): a US$8 million advanced battery development contract to continue developing its Nanophosphate® lithium ion battery systems to meet USABC's target application for a Power-Assist Hybrid Electric Vehicle (PAHEV) Low-Energy Energy Storage System (LEESS) The company laid off 125 workers in December 2011 as A123 had to issue a battery recall for all batteries in a car developed by Fisker 
A123 Systems had more than 3000 employees as of December 2012 

Investments
In 2010 the company invested in Fisker Automotive's Karma with Ace Investments and Kleiner, Perkins, Caufield & Byers The company formed a joint venture with SAIC Motor to manufacture its batteries in China in early 2010 In February 2018, A123 announced an investment in Ionic Materials' solid-state battery technology  Ionic is developing a unique polymer electrolyte that claims new levels of safety and performance in advanced batteries 

Product recall
In early 2012, the company announced the replacement of defective battery packs and modules supplied to about five customers, including Fisker Automotive  The defect caused a Fisker Karma to shut down in a Consumer Reports test  It estimated the recall would cost about US$55 million  Fisker reduced its purchase order of battery from the company to lower its inventory  Cylindrical cells made in China that are used by BMW and others were declared as not affected 

Wangxiang acquisition and bankruptcy
In August 2012, Chinese automotive components manufacturer Wanxiang Group agreed to invest up to $465 million to acquire as much as 80% of A123 Systems; but the acquisition was not completed before A123 filed for bankruptcy 
In early October 2012, the A123 Systems' stock was trading for 27 cents per share, down from a 52-week high of $4 44 per share about a year beforehand On October 16, 2012, A123 filed for bankruptcy protection under Chapter 11  On January 28, 2013, Wanxiang America purchased the preponderance of A123's assets out of bankruptcy for $256 6M and organized A123Systems, LLC An earlier statement, released by A123 Systems in early October, said that it had entered an asset purchase agreement with Johnson Controls, with the stipulation that the company's bid must be approved by a US bankruptcy court and could be topped by a rival bidder 
Johnson did not win the bankruptcy auction and withdrew its bid in early December On October 16, 2012, A123 filed for bankruptcy protection under Chapter 11  The filing listed assets of $459 8 million and liabilities of $376 million  The company also stated that its automotive assets would be purchased by Johnson Controls, a supplier to A123, for $125 million  On January 28, 2013, Wanxiang America purchased the preponderance of A123's assets out of bankruptcy for $256 6M and created A123Systems, LLC  The government business was sold to US firm Navitas Systems for $2 25m 

Lithium Werks sale
In March 2018, the US battery manufacturer Lithium Werks announced it took over the Chinese factory of A123 Systems in Changzhou, plus the workforce and clients base in China, Europe and the United States  After the merger the Texas-based company owns factories in China and offices in the US, the Netherlands, Northern Ireland, the UK and Norway   Lithiumwerks continued the production of the 'nanophosphate' battery range, renaming the cells from 'A123' to 'Lithiumwerks' by the end of 2019 The A123 company said it wanted to concentrate on mobility solutions after the sale of their plants 

Products
Transportation
Passenger vehiclesFisker Karma, a plug-in hybrid
Taxis in Tokyo, Japan  Better Place is running a demonstration project with three electric taxis powered by A123 Systems batteries 
The Roewe 750 hybrid, the Roewe 550 plug-in hybrid and a yet-to-be-announced Roewe-brand all-electric vehicle from Shanghai Automotive Industry Corporation (SAIC), the largest automaker in China
Chevrolet Spark EV, a city electric car to be produced by General Motors and scheduled to be sold in low volumes at select U S  (including California) and global markets beginning in 2013 
In May 2011, A123 introduced a lithium ion 12V engine starter battery designed as a lighter-weight, longer-lasting and more environmentally friendly drop-in replacement for lead acid batteries  A123's Nanophosphate® Engine Start Battery was selected to R&D Magazine's 2011 R&D 100, which salutes the 100 most technologically significant products introduced into the marketplace over the past year Commercial truck, bus, and off-highwayNavistar International EStar: Electric Vehicle (EV) delivery vehicle
Daimler Buses North America (Orion VII)  The number one selling hybrid electric bus in the world  Operating in New York, San Francisco, Toronto, Dallas and other major cities 
Eaton: Plug-in hybrid Trouble Truck based on Ford F550 [1]
Smith Electric Vehicles Newton, an all-electric zero-emission delivery truck
ALTe, a maker of range-extended hybrid electric powertrain systems targeting the light-duty truck marketRacing2009 McLaren Mercedes Formula 1 KERS race car
Killacycle, formerly the world's quickest electric vehicle, capable of accelerating from 0–100 kilometres per hour (0–62 mph) in less than 1 second 
Ohio State University's Buckeye Bullet, an electric landspeed racer powered by A123's batteries, broke the international electric vehicle speed record in August 2010, reaching 307 666 m p h 
In May 2011, A123 signed an agreement with Mavizen, a leader in electric motorcycle racing technology, by which Mavizen will make A123's battery technology available for TTXGP racing and other two-wheel motorsports 
An ultra-light electric vehicle powered by 880 A123 Li-PO4 batteries, Brigham Young University's Electric Blue Streamliner set a land speed record for the 'E1' vehicle class (cars less than 1,100 lbs), averaging 204 9 m p h  in two runs in September 2014 

Electric grid
In November 2008, A123 entered into the electric grid market by delivering its first battery energy storage system to AES Corporation for use at several AES substations in Southern California 
In November 2009, A123 announced the commercial operation of a 12MW operating reserve project at the AES Gener Los Andes substation in the Atacama Desert in Chile 
In December 2010, AES Corporation secured a loan from the United States Department of Energy to fund a 20MW frequency regulation energy storage system using A123's battery technology at the AES Westover power plant in Johnson City, New York 
In February 2011, A123 announced its second project in Chile with AES Gener—a 20MW operating reserve energy storage system to be installed at a new 500MW power plant in Northern Chile called Angamos 
In July 2011, A123 announced a contract to supply a 500 kW advanced energy storage system to Dongfang Electric, the third largest manufacturer of wind turbines in China and the country's largest exporter of power equipment, as a demonstration project to help evaluate how advanced energy storage can address the challenges associated with the rapid growth of wind power in China, where only about 72% of the country's wind turbines are connected to the power grid, according to the China Power Union 
In October 2011, AES Corporation unveiled a 32 MW energy storage systems featuring A123's battery technology at the Laurel Mountain Wind Farm in West Virginia to be used for renewable integration and frequency regulation  As of its commissioning date it was the largest Lithium Ion battery energy storage system of its kind then in operation  This site was successfully commissioned in December 2011 
In March 2014, Japan's NEC announced its purchase of A123's grid energy storage business for $100 million 

Small applications
Black & Decker and DeWalt power tool lines were early adopters of A123 cells 

Cells
A123 had LiFePO4 Cells in the form 18650, 26650 and Pouch Cells with 14 and 20Ah  The company EVLithium reports that A123 has additional Pouch cells: A123 38AH NMC Lithium ion Pouch Battery and A123 LiFePO4 Battery 50AH http://www evlithium com/A123-Battery/

See also
Navistar
Passage 3:
Tax consolidation
Tax consolidation, or combined reporting, is a regime adopted in the tax or revenue legislation of a number of countries which treats a group of wholly owned or majority-owned companies and other entities (such as trusts and partnerships) as a single entity for tax purposes  This generally means that the head entity of the group is responsible for all or most of the group's tax obligations (such as paying tax and lodging tax returns)  Consolidation is usually an all-or-nothing event: once the decision to consolidate has been made, companies are irrevocably bound  Only by having less than a 100% interest in a subsidiary can that subsidiary be left out of the consolidation 
The aim of a tax consolidation regime is to reduce administrative costs for government revenue departments and reduce compliance costs for corporate taxpayers  For companies, consolidating can help understate profits by having losses in one group company reduce profits for another  Assets can be transferred between group companies without triggering a tax on gain for the company receiving assets, dividends can be paid between group companies without incurring tax liabilities, and tax attributes of one group company such as imputation credits can be used by other companies in the group  In some jurisdictions there may be other benefits, such as the ability to look through the acquisition of shares of acquired companies to depreciate the underlying assets 
Countries which have adopted a tax consolidation regime include the United States, France, Australia and New Zealand  Countries which do not permit tax consolidation often have rules which provide some of the benefits   For example, the United Kingdom has a system of group relief, which permits profits of one group company to be reduced by losses of another group company 
Consolidation regimes can include onerous rules and regulations  There are typically complex rules to deal with the acquisition of companies with tax losses or other tax attributes   Both the United States and Australia have rules which restrict the use of such losses in the wider group  In Australia, fixed trusts and 100% partnerships can be members of a consolidated group, but the head company must be a company and cannot be a trust or partnership 

United States consolidated returns
United States federal income tax rules permit commonly controlled corporations to file a consolidated return   The income tax and credits of the consolidated group are computed as if the group were a single taxpayer   Intercorporate dividends are eliminated   Once a group has elected to file a consolidated return, all members joining the group must participate in the filing   The common parent corporation files returns, and is entitled to make all elections related to tax matters   The common parent acts as agent for the members, and it and the members remain jointly and severally liable for all federal income taxes   Many U S  states permit or require consolidated returns for corporations filing federal consolidated returns 

Requirements for filing
Only entities organized in the United States and treated as corporations may file a consolidated Federal income tax return   The return is filed by a “common parent” and only those subsidiaries in which the common parent owns 80% or more of the vote AND value   The parent and all subsidiaries must file Form 1122 to elect to file a consolidated return in the first year of election  Every 80% subsidiary must make the election or it is not valid   Thereafter, all corporations that begin to meet the 80% vote and value test must join in the consolidated return   If a subsidiary ceases to meet the 80% vote and value test, it is removed from the group   Adjustments to basis and other tax attributes apply upon a subsidiary joining or leaving a group 

Consolidated taxable income
Taxable income of each member is computed as if no consolidated return were filed, with the exception of certain items computed on a consolidated basis   Then adjustments are made for certain transactions between group members   Dividends between group members are eliminated   Sales of property between members give rise to a deferred intercompany transaction   The effect on the selling member is deferred and recognized as the corresponding effects are recognized by the buying member   For example, Member A sells Member B some goods at a profit   This profit is not recognized until Member B sells the goods or recognizes depreciation expense on the goods   These complex rules require adjustments related to intra-group sales of property (including depreciable assets and inventory), transactions in stock or other obligations of members, performance of services, entry and exit of members, and certain back-to-back and avoidance transactions 
Certain deductions and most credits are computed on a consolidated rather than separate company basis   These include the deductions for net operating loss, charitable contributions, domestic production activities deduction, dividends received deduction and others 

Basis and related items
Each member of a group must recognize gain or loss on disposition of its shares of other members   Such gain or loss is affected by the member's basis in such shares   Basis must be adjusted for several items, including taxable income or loss recognized by the other member, distributions, and certain other items   To the extent a member recognizes losses in excess of the owner's basis, such excess loss is treated as negative basis for all U S  Federal income tax purposes   Additional adjustments apply in the case of intra-group reorganizations or acquisition of the common parent, and upon entry to or exit from the group by a member   The adjustments “tier up” to consolidated return members who own shares of the entity making the adjustment   Numerous other adjustments apply 

Filing periods
All members of the group must use the same tax year as the common parent   This may be adopted or changed by the common parent   If one group acquires another group, the acquiring common parent's tax year must be adopted by all acquired subsidiaries then meeting the 80% vote and value test   Short periods may be required upon joining or leaving a group   In addition, if a member enters or leaves the group, certain adjustments to earnings and profits, basis, and other tax attributes apply 

Fiscal unity
Several countries allow related groups of corporations to compute income tax on a consolidated basis, in a manner similar to consolidation for financial reporting purposes   This is referred to in the Netherlands and Luxembourg as a Fiscal Unity, and in France as Intégration Fiscale   A similar consolidated return regime applies in Spain   In such systems, consolidating eliminations of income and expense are taken into account 
The Netherlands system allows a group of Netherlands resident corporations and branches of foreign corporations to elect to be taxed as a Fiscal Unity   Such election is permitted only for a parent corporation and its 95% or greater owned subsidiaries   Upon election, the parent is taxed on the combined income of the members of the group   The parent and subsidiaries retain joint and several liability for the tax of the group Netherlands fiscal unity functions much like financial statement consolidation   Intra-group transactions, including property transfers, are generally eliminated   Most intra-group reorganizations do not trigger taxable events 

Group relief
Some countries allow losses of one commonly controlled company to offset the profits of another commonly controlled company   The United Kingdom permits group relief, and Germany permits an Organschaft   Neither of these systems involve combined reporting or combined tax return filing, though certain additional reporting may be required Under the UK scheme, a company's losses may be surrendered to a related company if several conditions are met   The companies must be 75% owned companies   For this purpose, a parent company and its subsidiaries qualify if the parent company owns at least 75% of the ordinary share capital of the subsidiary(ies) and have a beneficial interest in at least 75% of any distributions of earnings or upon winding up   Alternative similar rules apply for certain consortia and branches   Under European Court of Justice rulings incorporated into UK law, the parent company need not be resident in the UK 
The UK scheme allows losses of one group member to be relieved (deducted) by members using a different accounting period, with certain adjustments   Trading (business) losses, capital losses, certain excess (disallowed) management expenses from non-UK affiliates, and certain excess charges may be relieved, subject to limitations   The surrender of these items is done by one company for the benefit of one other company 

Unitary groups
Some states in the United States require related corporations to file a consolidated return if such corporations constitute a unitary business or unitary group   Such consolidated returns tend to follow the pattern of United States Federal consolidated returns, though differences exist in the particular rules   Generally, a group of corporations in the same, similar, or integrated businesses that are under common management and operational control may be treated as a unitary group 
In a late June, 1983 decision, the US Supreme Court first sanctioned worldwide combined reporting in Container Corp  v  Franchise Tax Board (CA)  The years in question were 1963-1965 and the California corporate income tax rate was 5 5%  The additional amount of tax due applying the worldwide combined reporting method was less than $72,000  The vote was 5–3,  Justice John Paul Stevens did not participate 
The court's majority decision was written by Justice Brennan, joined by White, Marshall, Blackmun, and Rehnquist  Justice Powell wrote the dissenting opinion, joined by Burger and O'Connor   Friend-of-the-court amicus curiae briefs were filed in support of California by the Attorneys General of Idaho, Utah, Illinois, Montana, New Mexico, New York, North Dakota, Oregon, Alaska, Colorado, Connecticut, Delaware, Indiana, Kansas, Massachusetts, Michigan, Nebraska, Minnesota, Missouri, New Hampshire, North Carolina, Hawaii, and Vermont  Also, in support of California, briefs were filed by the National Governors' Association, the National Farmers Union, and the Citizens for Tax Justice 
In support of the Container Corporation, amicus briefs were filed by Allied Lyons, Coca-Cola, Colgate-Palmolive, EMI Limited, Firestone Tire & Rubber, Canadian Imperial Bank of Commerce, Caterpillar Tractor, Gulf Oil, Phillips Petroleum, Shell Oil, and Sony  Also, in support of Container, were briefs filed by the U S  Chamber of Commerce's Committee on State Taxation, the Financial Executives Institute, the Government of the Kingdom of the Netherlands, the Confederation of British Industry, the International Bankers Association in California, and the Union of Industries of the European Union 
The Working Group agreed on three principles that should guide state taxation of the income of multinational corporations:
Principle One: Water's edge unitary combination for both U S  and foreign based companies 
Principle Two: Increased federal administrative assistance and cooperation with the states to promote full taxpayer disclosure and accountability 
Principle Three: Competitive balance for U S  multinationals, foreign multinationals, and purely domestic businesses California adopted a requirement that both United States and foreign corporations be included in a worldwide unitary group filing, absent a “water's edge” election and fee   This requirement was limited somewhat by the U S  Supreme Court in Barclays Bank PLC v  Franchise Tax Board  The vote in that case was 7–2 in favor of California and 9–0 in the companion Colgate-Palmolive case  California subsequently repealed the “water's edge” fee   Illinois requires unitary group filings for United States corporations only 
Under the unitary concept, all commonly controlled corporations within the unitary management and control group are required to join in a consolidated return filing for the state  An example of why a state would adopt unitary combined reporting is in the Statement of Intent in section 152 of Vermont's 2004 Act:

In recognition of the fact that corporate business is increasingly conducted on a national and international basis, it is the intent of the general assembly to adopt a unitary combined system of income tax reporting for corporations, and as an integral part of this proposal, to lower the corporate income tax rates  Vermont's separate accounting system is inadequate to measure accurately the income of a corporation with non-Vermont affiliates and creates tax disadvantages for Vermont corporations which compete with multistate and multinational corporations doing business in Vermont  It is the intent of the general assembly, in adopting a unitary combined reporting system, to put all corporations doing business in Vermont on an equal income tax footing, and with the revenue from the expanded and more accurate tax base, to lower Vermont's corporate income tax rates 
The enabling statute, however, excludes "overseas business organizations" from the taxable combined group so water's edge instead of worldwide combined reporting is adopted  Therefore, purely domestic businesses (i e  national multi-state corporations) are subject to tax on 100% of their taxable profits, U S  based multinational corporations are subject to tax on 100% of their reported U S  profits plus foreign profits via repatriated dividends from foreign subsidiaries (if and when repatriated), and foreign based multinational corporations are subject to tax on 100% of their U S  subsidiaries' reported U S profits  As a result, under water's edge combined reporting, separate accounting is only ignored for purely domestic businesses but retained for multinational corporations  Per the 2003-2004 Biennial Report of the Vermont Commissioner of Taxes, the adoption of unitary combined reporting "will diminish opportunities for certain aggressive tax management strategies that were available to multi-state corporations and will help create a level playing field with respect to Vermont-based corporations "
Therefore, under water's edge, U S  based and foreign-based multinationals have the ability to shift U S  profits to foreign subsidiaries and avoid federal and state income taxes  Profits shifted out of the U S  would be taxed only if and when they are repatriated as foreign dividends to a U S  based multinational  Most foreign countries do not tax foreign dividends received by multinationals based in their countries so profits shifted out of the U S  by U S  subsidiaries owned by foreign based multinationals and later repatriated to the foreign parent are usually not taxed 
The State of New Hampshire adopted worldwide combined reporting in 1981 but restricted it to water's edge five years later in 1986  In 1999, in Caterpillar Inc  v  New Hampshire Department of Revenue, the court stated "We point out that the water's edge method was adopted for the benefit of foreign businesses "Approaching 30 years since the 1984 principals of the Worldwide Unitary Tax Working Group, it is questionable whether or not a competitive balance for U S  multinationals, foreign multinationals, and purely domestic businesses has been attained  Bloomberg reporter Jesse Drucker demonstrates that separate accounting/arm's length pricing favors the multinationals in an October 2010 article titled "Google 2 4% Rate Shows How $60 Billion Lost to Loopholes" with tax strategies known as the "Double Irish" and the "Dutch Sandwich "   In a New York Times October 2012 Dealbook column, Victor Fleischer wrote about "Overseas Cash And The Tax Games Multinationals Play " Although billions in corporate profits are reported to be on the books of foreign subsidiaries located in tax havens, a New York Times article by David Kocieniewski titled "For U S  Companies, Money Offshore Mean Manhattan" dated May 2013, indicates that those corporate profits are being utilized in the U S  This is supported by a more recent report by Kitty Richards and John Craig at the Center for American Progress titled "Offshore Corporate Profits - The Only Thing 'Trapped' is Tax Revenue"  An article by Floyd Norris in the May 23, 2013 New York Times, "The Corrosive Effect of Apple's Tax Avoidance", points out how these tax avoidance strategies will most likely be followed by many other multinational corporations  And, an article by David Gelles titled "New Corporate Shelter: A Merger Abroad" dated October 8, 2013 makes a case that the best tax strategy for a U S  based corporation is to become a foreign based corporation The apportionment factors for state income tax are computed on a consolidated basis and applied to the income of members doing business in the state   Illinois taxes only United States corporations in this manner   California, following the Barclays case, modified its rules to include in the combined reporting only the taxable income of United States corporations   California's computation of apportionment factors is still based on worldwide group amounts unless a “water's edge” election is made 

Further reading
Crestol, Jack; Hennessey, Kevin M , and Yates, Richard F :  "Consolidated Tax Return : Principles, Practice, Planning, 1998 ISBN 978-0-7913-1629-0
Hellerstein, Jerome & Walter, and Youngman, Joan: State and Local Taxation, ISBN 0-314-15376-4 
Passage 4:
Glénat Editions
Glénat Editions SA is a French publisher with its head office in Grenoble  Their products include comic albums and manga in France, Benelux, and in the past Spain; it was founded by Jacques Glénat  The Benelux subsidiary, Glénat Benelux N V , is located in Brussels, Belgium  The Switzerland subsidiary, Glénat Editions (Suisse) SA, has its headquarters in Nyon  The Spanish subsidiary had its head office in Barcelona 

History
Jacques Glénat started his comics fanzine Schtroumpf (the French, original, title of The Smurfs) in 1969, when he was still a student  In 1972, only twenty years old, he established his own publishing house, Glénat  The first two books were by Claude Serre and by Claire Bretécher  Two years later, he already received the award for best publisher at the Angoulême International Comics Festival  To support the rapid growth, the company opened warehouses in Orly near Paris, and a flagship store in Paris 
A new comics magazine, Circus, first appeared in 1975 and existed until 1989  But the next few years saw Glénat move more away from the traditional juvenile Franco-Belgian comics and more towards the graphic novel, with an emphasis on their successful historical series by François Bourgeon and André Juillard  A second magazine, Vécu, dedicated to historical comics, was created in 1985 and survived until 2004 
From 1980 on, Glénat also published non-fiction books related to mountain climbing and to the sea  They also bought the publisher Vents d'Ouest and from 1991 on started publishing manga  But the biggest success of all came with Titeuf by Zep, which soon was one of the bestselling French comic series, with its own magazine Tchô and animated series 
On 5 October 2011, yielded 100% of the capital of Glénat España to Joan Navarro and Félix Sabaté, the two heads of the former subsidiary 

Company
As of 2009, the company gets 50% of its turnover from comics, 20% from manga, and 15% from books, with the last 15% divided over smaller products 
The book division has a catalogue of over 4,000 titles, publishing some 400 new books and 12 million volumes a year  Bestselling series include Titeuf, with 16 million copies, and Dragon Ball, with 17 million copies  It is the second largest comics publishing group in France, behind Média-Participations, with some 20% of the market 
The company has two international subsidiaries, Glénat Benelux and Glénat Suisse (Switzerland)  The company is also very active in Canada and collaborates with other publishers in other countries  Apart from translating and distributing the original Glénat productions, these regional companies also produce their own content and specializations  Glénat Benelux has 13% of the market of Belgian comic shops 

Head office
The company head office is in central Grenoble, in the former Convent of St  Cecilia, a 17th-century building which previously hosted a theater  Jacques Glénat had the building restored so it could become the headquarters of the company  The building's restoration took five years to complete  100 employees work in the building  The building's archives, library, and private collection are open to the public 

Awards
1974: Best French Publisher at the Angoulême International Comics Festival, France

Gallery
Passage 5:
Wanxiang
Wanxiang Group Corporation (Chinese: 万向集团) is a Chinese multinational conglomerate, headquartered in Hangzhou, Zhejiang province, China   Its automotive components subsidiary (Wangxiang Qiaochao) is the largest China-based automotive components company measured by revenues  The company was founded in 1969 by Lu Guanqiu 

Subsidiaries
Wangxiang Qianchao Co , Ltd 
Wangxiang Qiaochao Co , Ltd  is a public company listed on Shenzhen Stock Exchange (Symbol 000559) 

A123 Systems, LLC
On October 16, 2012, A123 Systems had filed for bankruptcy protection under Chapter 11, Title 11, United States Code  Wanxiang won an auction for the bankrupt United States-based lithium-ion battery maker in December 2012 for a closing price of US$256 6 million 
A123 Systems had more than 3000 employees as of that date The Committee on Foreign Investment in the United States (CFIUS) granted its approval, and on January 28, 2013, Wanxiang Group's Chicago-based subsidiary, Wanxiang America, purchased the preponderance of A123's assets out of bankruptcy for US$256 6 million and organized a new company, similarly named A123Systems, LLC 

Karma Automotive
Wanxiang received U S  bankruptcy court approval on February 18, 2014, to buy the assets of Fisker Automotive, a manufacturer of plug-in hybrid sports cars which was declared bankrupt in November 2013  Wanxiang's American subsidiary won a three-day auction with a bid of US$149 2 million  Bidding had started at US$55 million  The company said in court papers that it could restart production in the coming months, estimating that it would sell more than 1,000 Fisker Karma cars in the first 18 months in the U S  and 500 in Europe  The automotive company was renamed to Karma Automotive, and their car was renamed Revero 

SAIC Wanxiang New Energy Coach Co , Ltd 
SAIC Motor Corporation and Wanxiang Group have set up a 49%-51% joint venture, known as SAIC Wanxiang New Energy Coach Co , Ltd  and acquired the license to manufacture vehicles in July 2015  The joint-venture plans to produce its first new alternative fueled coach after granted with license plates by Chinese authorities after a few years of operation 

See also
Automotive industry in China
Passage 6:
Tongil Industries Company
Tongil Group (Korean: 통일그룹) is a Korean business group (chaebol) associated with the Unification Church (UC)  (“Tongil” is Korean for “unification,”  the name of the Unification Church in Korean is “Tongilgyo ”)  It was founded in 1963 by Unification Church founder Sun Myung Moon (following the purchase of a surplus Japanese lathe in 1962) as a nonprofit organization which would provide revenue for the UC  Its core focus was manufacturing but in the 1970s and 1980s it expanded by founding or acquiring businesses in pharmaceuticals, tourism, and publishing In 1998 Tongil Group was about 35th in size among South Korean business groups and was in the process of expanding into North Korea, with the blessing of the South Korean government which had previously forbidden relationships between North Korea and South Korean businesses In the 1990s Tongil Group suffered as a result of the 1997 Asian Financial Crisis  By 2004 it was losing money and was $3 6 billion in debt  In 2005 Moon’s son, Kook-jin Justin Moon (founder of Kahr Arms) was appointed chairman of Tongil Group  As of 2010 he was in the process of reforming its businesses by hiring new managers and by closing unprofitable operations  Among Tongil Group’s chief holdings are: The Ilwha Company, which produces ginseng and related products; Ilshin Stone, building materials; and Tongil Heavy Industries, machine parts including hardware for the South Korean military  
The Tongil Group funds the Tongil Foundation which finances about 20 religious and educational institutions, including the Sun Moon University, and the Little Angels Children’s Folk Ballet of Korea  And it donates to the UC, how much and whether by personal or corporate channels, is not public 
Passage 7:
Keep Your Head Down (song)
"Keep Your Head Down" (Korean title: 왜 Wae; "Why"), released in Japan as "Why? (Keep Your Head Down)", is a song recorded by South Korean pop group TVXQ (or Tohoshinki in Japan)  Composed by Yoo Young-jin and Yoo Han-jin, the Korean-language version of "Keep Your Head Down" was released by S M  Entertainment on January 3, 2011 as the lead single for the group's fifth Korean studio album Keep Your Head Down (2011), TVXQ's first album since becoming a two-piece band with U-Know Yunho and Max Changmin  The Japanese-language version of "Keep Your Head Down", which was released on January 26, 2011, by Avex Trax, served as TVXQ's 31st Japanese single in Japan  It was the first single taken from their fifth Japanese studio album, Tone (2011) 
With elements of industrial hip hop and baroque pop, "Keep Your Head Down" is labeled as an SMP song, a staple genre in TVXQ's music  A sample of the song's original Korean-language version was first performed by Yunho at the SM Town Live '10 World Tour in August 2010, three months before the official announcement of TVXQ's Korean comeback  The full Korean single was released on January 3, 2011, which was accompanied by the premiere of its music video on TVXQ's official video-sharing websites 
The song was met with mixed reviews upon its debut  With lyrics talking about overcoming a relationship breakup, it was claimed that the song was a diss to JYJ, the three former members of TVXQ  Yunho and Changmin had denied the claims  Pervasively, "Keep Your Head Down" became one of the duo's most commercially successful songs  It topped real-time music charts upon its release and peaked at number five on Korea's Gaon Singles Chart  The song won seven music show trophies for three consecutive weeks and sold over 1 3 million digital units in South Korea by the end of the year  In Japan, "Keep Your Head Down" was TVXQ's ninth single to top Japan's Oricon Singles Chart  It was certified platinum by the Recording Industry Association of Japan (RIAJ), becoming TVXQ's second best-selling single in Japan  The Japanese version was used in the Japanese Wii game Just Dance Wii

Background and recording
"Keep Your Head Down", also known by its Korean title "Why" (왜), was composed by brothers Yoo Han-jin and Yoo Young-jin, who also wrote the song lyrics  An SMP song, "Keep Your Head Down" has musical influences of industrial hip hop, baroque pop, R&B, and rap  The song was originally written for Yunho, who recorded the song in early August 2010 and performed it at the SM Town Live '10 World Tour concert in Seoul on August 21, 2010  The Seoul concert marked Yunho and Changmin's first comeback appearance together since their split with former TVXQ members Kim Jae-joong, Park Yoo-chun, and Kim Jun-su in early 2010  The positive responses in their two-piece performances prompted Yunho and Changmin to return to the studios to finish the recording of TVXQ's fifth Korean studio album  "Keep Your Head Down" was then chosen as the lead single 
The song debuted on South Korea's digital charts on January 3, 2011, the same day as the premiere of the song's music video  The Japanese version of the song was released as a CD and DVD single on January 26, 2011 

Critical response
"Keep Your Head Down" received mixed responses upon its release, and its lyrics came under media scrutiny  Starting off with the self-empowering English opening lines "Do you know what time it is? This is return of the King", TVXQ sing about their determination to return stronger after breaking up with a former lover  The song ends with the protagonist claiming that his former lover has "[been] erased, disappeared, died" in his heart, and that she no longer ceases to exist Korean netizens claimed that the song was a diss to former members Jaejoong, Yoochun, and Junsu, who were still in legal disputes with TVXQ's agency S M  Entertainment at the time of the song's release  Yunho and Changmin clarified that the lyrics of "Keep Your Head Down" were not directed at the trio, and that the lyrics were written in a style that could be interpreted in different ways 

Formats and track listings
Charts
Certifications
Credits
Credits adapted from album's liner notes 

Studio
SM Booming System – recording, mixing, digital editing
Sonic Korea – mastering

Personnel
SM Entertainment – executive producer
Lee Soo-man – producer
Kim Young-min – executive supervisor
TVXQ – vocals, background vocals
Luna – Japanese lyrics
Yoo Young-jin – producer, Korean lyrics, composition, vocal directing, background vocals, recording, mixing, digital editing, music and sound supervisor
Yoo Han-jin – composition, arrangement
Jeon Hoon – mastering
Passage 8:
Karma Automotive
Karma Automotive is a Chinese-owned American producer of luxury electric vehicles founded in 2014  Headquartered in Irvine, California, United States with an assembly plant located in Moreno Valley, Karma sells vehicles via its dealer network of locations in North America, Europe, South America, and the Middle East 

History
In February 2014, Chinese auto-parts supplier Wanxiang Group purchased assets of Fisker Automotive for $149 2 million in a bankruptcy auction  These assets included designs, a plug-in hybrid powertrain, and the former Wilmington Assembly factory in Wilmington, Delaware  Fisker Automotive was founded in 2007 by Henrik Fisker and his business partner Bernhard Koehler  Its Fisker Karma plug-in hybrid sports sedan debuted in 2011, and about 2,000 of the vehicles were sold  After Fisker's battery supplier A123 Systems filed for bankruptcy after two battery recalls, Fisker Automotive could not continue its business operations, and the company declared bankruptcy in February 2014 which led to the Wanxiang acquisition  The purchase excluded the Fisker brand and trademarks owned by Henrik Fisker  Wanxiang also purchased A123 Systems following its bankruptcy declaration In early 2016, Karma Automotive enlisted a straw buyer in an attempt to reverse engineer technology from a parts supplier and former employee In October 2016, the Wilmington, Delaware factory was put up for sale by Wanxiang Group The company began building the Revero in 2016 at its factory in Moreno Valley, California, with production set to begin in late 2016  The Revero debuted on September 8, 2016  Karma plans to manufacture 3,000 of the vehicles  Karma hopes to build close to 150 cars in 2018, and in the 200 to 300 range of cars in 2019 and beyond  On April 11, 2019, Karma Automotive issued a recall and stop-sale order on all Revero vehicles, due to a flaw in the roll over sensors which would disable the side-curtain airbags In 2019, the company opened the Karma's Innovation and Customization Center  In conjunction with the opening, Karma announced a design and manufacturing partnership with electric vehicle company AYRO to build 20,000 electric delivery vehicles by 2023  Karma’s Innovation and Customization Center has the ability to build the frames, chassis and bodies, integrate the powertrain and finish the cars in its robotic paint shop In November 2019, Karma Automotive laid off 200 employees at its Irvine, California headquarters due to financial difficulty  In February 2020, the company laid off an additional 60 employees In July 2020, the company raised $100 million USD from outside investors  Karma announced its intentions to license its electric vehicle platform to other automakers in order to generate more revenue In November 2020, Karma sued Lordstown Motors in a technology dispute 

Models
Production models
Revero
The Revero is a luxury electric hybrid sedan  The model was awarded Luxury Green Car of the Year by Green Car Journal in 2018  The model's total cruising range is approximately 300 miles with combined electric and combustion engine power, while electric power alone provides an estimated 50 miles (80 km) 

Revero GT
The Revero GT is a luxury extended-range electric vehicle  The model was awarded the 2020 Luxury Green Car of the Year Award from Green Car Journal in 2020  The GT model is differentiated from the standard Revero model by a launch control feature and increased acceleration (0 to 60mph in approximately 4 5 seconds)  The model's total cruising range is approximately 360 miles (580 km) with combined electric and combustion engine power, and approximately 80 miles (130 km) with only electric power  Karma plans to remake the Revero GT as its halo vehicle, upgrading the model with an all-wheel-drive powertrain said to offer in excess of 1,100 hp 

GS Series
The GS Series is a new vehicle line introduced in 2021  The series includes the company's first battery-electric sedan  In addition, the company announced plans to reduce the prices of the GS line 

GS-6
The GS-6 is a range-extended, plug-in hybrid vehicle capable of traveling up to 330 miles (530 km) with combined electric and combustion engine power  The GS-6 has a 400-kw, two-motor propulsion system that outputs 536 hp and 550 lb-ft of torque 

GSe-6
The GSe-6 is an all-electric vehicle, holding an 85-kWh battery pack that provides up to 230 miles (370 km) of range  A version with a 105-kWh pack & more than 300 miles (480 km) of range is in development  The GS-6 has a 400-kw, two-motor propulsion system that outputs 536 hp and 550 lb-ft of torque 

Concept cars
Karma GT by Pininfarina
The Karma GT by Pininfarina is a range-extender luxury electric hybrid coupe, based on the 2020 Revero chassis with a body by Pininfarina  It was introduced at the 2019 Shanghai Auto Show 

SC1 Vision Concept
The Karma SC1 Vision Concept is a roofless scissor-doored working fully electric sports car concept  It was introduced at the 2019 Shanghai Auto Show 

SC2 Concept
The Karma SC2 Concept is a scissor-doored working fully electric sports car concept  It was unveiled on the eve of the 2019 Los Angeles Auto Show  It was named 2020's Concept Car of the Year by Robb Report in their "Best of Best" issue 

See also
Fisker Coachbuild (2005–2007)
Fisker Automotive (2007–2014)
Fisker Inc  (2016–present)
VLF Automotive
Passage 9:
Copterline Oy
Copterline Oy was Finland's largest helicopter airline established on 15 October 1990 as Copter Action and renamed to Copterline in 2000  In 2004 the company ferried over 75,000 passengers  On December 19, 2008, Copterline confirmed that it had ceased its scheduled service between Helsinki and Tallinn  On 15 February 2010, Copterline filed for bankruptcy, citing inability to keep the company profitable  Its head office was located on the grounds of Helsinki-Malmi Airport in Helsinki   In 2011, Line Support Oy, founded by mostly the same group as Copterline Oy, announced a resumption of service from September, operated by its Estonian subsidiary Copterline OÜ  On 9 September 2011, the first commercial flights were undertaken 

History
Copterline acquired Helikopteripalvelu in 1999, the oldest Finnish company in the business, and began offering services in 2000 Copterline used to maintain hourly passenger flights across the Gulf of Finland between Helsinki, Finland (Helsinki Hernesaari Heliport) and Tallinn, Estonia (Tallinn Linnahall Heliport) between 07:00–20:00 (14 round trips),  9:00–17:00 on Saturdays (9 round trips) and 10:00–16:00 on Sundays (7 round trips)  The trip took 18 minutes, and the helicopters could carry 12 passengers on each flight On 10 August 2005, Copterline Flight 103 crashed while flying between Tallinn and Helsinki, three kilometers south of Aegna island  All 14 people on board died  After that tragic accident, the company closed the route In August 2006, Copterline sold its last remaining S-76 and focused on charter flights resuming the route between Helsinki and Tallinn on April 9, 2008, with a new AgustaWestland AW139 helicopter  The company was planning a new terminal in Helsinki 
In August 2008, a second AW139 entered into the fleet, and started operating in the same route  Kaj Takolander became CEO of the company 
On 19 December 2008, Copterline confirmed that it had ceased its scheduled service between Helsinki and Tallinn and was now looking at the possibility of alternative uses for its helicopters, otherwise, it will sell or lease its aircraft As of September 2011 the Copterline website was back in service with a flight schedule advertising flights up until the Christmas period  The new service was operated by the Estonian company Copterline OÜ with an AgustaWestland AW139 helicopter owned and operated by the Finnish company FirstClass Oy  The 2011 service offered 5 round trips on weekdays with no scheduled weekend service 
Copterline has not been operating on the Helsinki-Tallinn route recently  The airline was planning to open the route again in August 2013, but these plans were postponed and later cancelled  The company currently provides helicopter services to the oil and energy sector on the North Sea In March 2016, Copterline OÜ filed for bankruptcy for the second time 

Incidents and accidents
In spring 2004, the company had been restricted from commercial flights in bad weather conditions, due to concerns about pilot qualifications, but the restriction had since been lifted On 10 August 2005 Flight 103, a Sikorsky S-76, crashed into the sea near Tallinn, Estonia, three to four minutes after taking off  The craft was carrying 14 people, all of whom were killed: six Finnish, four Estonian and two American passengers, and two Finnish crew members  The disaster was caused by the failure of the power steering system of the American-built helicopter  According to Estonian authorities, no distress signals of any kind were received  However, after examining the helicopter's black box it has been reported that the pilots had attempted sending one, but wasn't received because an air traffic controller in Tallinn Airport was reading back a landing permit  The black box also revealed that the pilots had remained calm and attempted a safe landing in a "by the book" fashion The cause of the accident was the failure of the power flying control system  Plasma coating on the pistons of the power flying control system had flaked off and blocked the return valve, causing the aircraft to lose its maneuverability  It was revealed in 2007 that the failed component was inside a system that Copterline did not have the authority to service or even open  A periodic leak test that could have revealed the problem was omitted  Furthermore, the emergency floats failed to operate  The manufacturer, Sikorsky, confirmed that damages have been paid to the families of the casualties, but a court case between Copterline and Sikorsky is still pending 

Fleet
The Copterline fleet consists of nine helicopters and several rescue craft 
Copterline uses four Eurocopter EC 135 helicopters for emergency and medical service operations from three different base: Oulu, Pete got moved from Vaasa to Tampere and Varkaus 
Passage 10:
Fisker Automotive
Fisker Automotive was an American company founded in 2007  It was known for producing the Fisker Karma, which was one of the world's first production luxury plug-in hybrid electric vehicles  The company was founded by Henrik Fisker, a Danish automobile designer  
The company received significant private and public investment, including a $529 million loan from the federal government  The company raised over $1 billion from private investors such as the Kleiner Perkins venture capital firm However, it repeatedly missed production deadlines and production of the Fisker Karma was suspended in November 2012 with about 2,450 Karmas built since 2011 and just over 2,000 cars sold worldwide  The New York Times described the company as the "Solyndra of the electric car industry" and a "debacle"  The company's federal loan was suspended in 2011; the government recovered some of the invested funds, but nevertheless took a $139 million loss In February 2014, Fisker Automotive's Karma vehicle design, tooling and a manufacturing facility in Delaware were purchased by Chinese auto parts conglomerate Wanxiang Group  In 2016, Wanxiang would rename the holding company for the assets of Fisker Automotive to Karma Automotive 

History
Henrik Fisker co-founded Fisker Automotive in 2007 with Fisker Coachbuild partner Bernhard Koehler and Quantum Technologies after securing U$5 2 million investment from Gianfranco Pizzuto, an Italian businessman, and Palo Alto Investors  Kleiner Perkins Caufield & Byers, a venture capital firm, was one of the early investors  Fisker is responsible for designing many premium cars such as the Aston Martin DB9 and V8 Vantage, Artega GT, and BMW Z8  He also served as design director and sat on the board at Aston Martin 
Before Fisker Automotive, Fisker and Koehler left Aston Martin in 2005 to establish Fisker Coachbuild, in an attempt to revive the art of coach-building automobiles to customer specifications  The Fisker Tramonto and Latigo used chassis and power trains from Mercedes-Benz SL and BMW 6 Series automobiles  Several were purchased, but the business soon gave way to Fisker Automotive, a true automobile manufacturer 
In 2009, Fisker mentioned plans for another plug-in hybrid, a "high-volume vehicle for a lower price", subject to getting a U S  Department of Energy loan to build about 100,000 vehicles annually in the United States On April 14, 2008, Tesla Motors filed a lawsuit against Fisker Automotive, alleging they stole Tesla's technology and were using it to develop their own hybrid car, the Fisker Karma, which was announced at the North American International Auto Show in January 2008  Tesla's suit claimed that the design work done for the Model S by Fisker Coachbuild was substandard, and that Fisker diverted its best ideas to the Karma  In early 2009, the suit was settled in Fisker's favor and Tesla was ordered to pay Fisker more than US$1 1 million in legal fees Fisker's problems started with a recall of its battery by supplier A123 systems in December 2011, followed by a second recall in March 2012, and eventually A123 Systems' bankruptcy in August 2012  In addition to production stopping for over five months, with no date announced to recommence, the planned production of the second model, the Fisker Atlantic, was postponed, together with the cessation of development of the new model 
In February 2012, Tom LaSorda was named the new CEO, and Henrik Fisker became executive chairman, but six months later on August 14, La Sorda was replaced by Tony Posawatz, previously General Motors Vehicle Line Director for the Chevrolet Volt The company suffered a setback on October 29, 2012, when Hurricane Sandy flooded and destroyed its entire European shipment of 338 Karmas at Port Newark, New Jersey  Sixteen of the cars burned, because six to eight feet of seawater caused a short circuit in a vehicle control unit in one Karma, and high winds spread the resulting fire to 15 others  The company said that its lithium-ion battery was not at fault  Insurer XL Insurance America initially denied the roughly US$30 million loss claim and was subsequently sued by Fisker in New York State Supreme Court  The case was settled with an undisclosed out-of-court agreement Henrik Fisker resigned in March 2013, after "disagreements with management", in particular "disagreements over business strategy"  Shortly after the departure of Henrik Fisker from Fisker Automotive, on April 5, 2013, Fisker laid off 75% of its workforce, retaining only a core group of 40 workers as it continued to negotiate with prospective investors On October 11, 2013, Hybrid Technology LLC agreed to buy Fisker's defaulted government loan at a heavy discount  On November 22, 2013, Fisker filed its Chapter 11 bankruptcy case  Concurrently, on November 23, 2013, Fisker agreed, subject to bankruptcy court approval, to be acquired by Hybrid, owned by Hong Kong billionaire, Richard Li  At the last moment, though, Chinese parts supplier Wanxiang Group submitted a competing bid of US$24 75 million, supported by the Official Creditors' Committee in the case  Wanxiang had earlier lost out to Hybrid in bidding for purchase of the government's loan to Fisker  Wanxiang owns A123 Systems LLC, Fisker's former battery supplier, and Fisker argued that Wanxiang's conduct was partly responsible for Fisker's business failure  As part of its bid, Wanxiang proposed restarting production of the Karma Wanxiang received court approval on February 18, 2014, to buy the assets of Fisker after a three-day auction against Hybrid with a bid of $149 2 million, with bidding starting at $55 million, significantly more than the previous $24 75 million bid, and significantly higher than the $25 million Hybrid Technology LLC paid the Department of Energy for a $164 million loan note  On top of the $25 million, the DOE also recouped $28 million from Fisker for a total of $53 million recovered of its $192 million loan Following Fisker Automotive's structured bankruptcy auction in February 2014, Henrik Fisker retained the Fisker logo and trademarks  Wanxiang Group then transformed the assets of Fisker Automotive into a new company named Karma Automotive, thus launching the Karma Revero plug-in hybrid car based on the Fisker Karma  Henrik Fisker would later start another electric vehicle company named Fisker Inc in 2016 with the Fisker logo and trademarks 

Production models
Fisker Karma
The Karma was a plug-in hybrid luxury sports sedan produced by Fisker Automotive and manufactured at Valmet Automotive in Finland  After missing its initial late 2009 launch, and after the launch was rescheduled several times, the first deliveries took place in the U S  in late July 2011 and deliveries to retail customers began in November 2011 
The 20 1 kWh (72 36 MJ) lithium ion rechargeable battery in each car came from A123 Systems in Watertown, Massachusetts  The aluminum frame was engineered by Fisker and was supplied by Norsk Hydro from Norway  The cabin interior was designed by Fisker Automotive, but was made in the United States by Magna International of Canada  The EVer powertrain system, technically a series hybrid, delivered over 400 horsepower, and was inspired by Quantum Technologies, a cofounder of and early investor in Fisker  A version of the Karma was relaunched as the Karma Revero in 2016 by Karma Automotive 

Sales
By February 2012, Fisker had established 45 dealerships in the US and three in Canada  By March 2012, the company had built over 2,450 vehicles, with over 2000 cars delivered to customers by the end of 2012  Fisker Automotive distributed vehicles through a traditional dealer network and partnered with five importers: GP Supercars (Merano, Italy), Nellemann (Copenhagen, Denmark); the Emil Frey Group (Zurich, Switzerland); BD Otomotive (Istanbul, Turkey) and Al-Futtaim Group (Middle East and North Africa) 

Manufacturing
Fisker Automotive used to retain core competencies, such as design, engineering and marketing, in house, but outsourced manufacturing of its first vehicle Fisker Karma  Fisker's outsourcing methods allowed the company a 2–3 year period of development instead of the typical 5 years and at a cost of US$333 million instead of $1 billion, and claimed that it could make a profit from selling just 15,000 cars  Fisker used to save significant development costs by using pre-engineered components developed by other car companies whenever possible, such as the door handle mechanism which was a General Motors part; Fisker Automotive just paid a royalty to GM for each door handle in the Karma, which was much cheaper than designing its own door handles  However, the A123 battery failure and its resulting recall, and the eventual bankruptcy of the battery supplier, led to significant problems and added cost to the manufacture of the Karma model, finally resulting in Fisker's bankruptcy 
In 2008, Fisker estimated 15,000 cars per year would be assembled by Valmet Automotive in Uusikaupunki, Finland  Manufacturing eventually commenced in 2011 but by the third quarter of 2012 production ceased Then-Vice President of the United States Joe Biden (later President) attended the October 27, 2009, announcement that Fisker Automotive would take control of the Boxwood Road Plant (previously owned and operated by General Motors as Wilmington Assembly) in Wilmington, Delaware, with production scheduled to begin in late 2012  This never happened and the plant was ultimately torn down 

Funding
Fisker Automotive's investors have included Leonardo DiCaprio, Palo Alto Investors, Kleiner Perkins Caufield & Byers, Qatar Holdings, LLC, A123 Systems, and Ace Investments 
In April 2012, Fisker announced it had received $392 million in a round of financing, which was in addition to $850 million in private investment it had received in previous rounds  In Fisker's bankruptcy case, Hybrid Technology LLC ranked ahead of all the equity investors as a senior creditor since they purchased the Department of Energy loan note to Fisker Automotive in November 2013  In total, the company raised well over $1 billion from private investors Fisker had received a US$528 7 million conditional loan in September 2009 from the Department of Energy's US$25 billion Advanced Technologies Vehicle Manufacturing Loan Program (ATVM)  Of the total loan amount approved, a total of US$192 million was drawn by Fisker Automotive for engineering work with primarily US suppliers to complete the Fisker Karma and Fisker's Project Nina, later revealed as the Fisker Atlantic The Department of Energy froze Fisker's credit line in August 2012 after US$192 million had been drawn, and after differences between the DOE and Fisker on the milestones set as conditions for the loan  The loan received additional scrutiny for being awarded for the manufacture of luxury vehicles that are too expensive for much of the general public  Fisker investor Ray Lane responded that the issues were being blown out of proportion due to election-year politics 

See also
List of hybrid vehicles
List of modern production plug-in electric vehicles
Fisker Coachbuild (2005–07)
Karma Automotive (2014–present)
Fisker Inc  (2016–present)
VLF Automotive
Tesla, Inc 
Context 3: Passage 1:
NPO Best
NPO 1 Extra is a television channel jointly operated by Dutch public broadcasters AVROTROS, BNNVARA, EO, KRO-NCRV and MAX  It was originally launched as HilversumBest on 1 December 2006  NPO 1 Extra presents highlights of more than sixty years of Dutch television history  The channel was founded by Han Peekel 

History
In April 2009, HilversumBest was renamed as Best24  On 10 March 2014 the channel changed its name to NPO Best  On 26 March 2018 the channel was renamed as NPO 1 Extra NPO 1 Extra (along with NPO Zapp Extra) became a 24-hour channel on 25 December 2018  Previously, NPO 1 Extra time-shared with NPO Zapp Xtra 

Programming
NPO 1 Extra broadcasts programmes created by the public broadcasters from the NPO  Most programmes are from the archives of the Netherlands Institute for Sound and Vision  NPO 1 Extra is mainly focused on programmes from the eighties and nineties of the last century  Television programmes from other decades regularly passes in shortened or compiled versions  NPO 1 Extra has a linear programming with many regular program titles in the early evening  The soap Onderweg naar morgen and the comedy series Zeg 'ns AAA are scheduled daily on NPO Best 

Logos and identities
Passage 2:
Jessica Biel
Jessica Claire Timberlake (née Biel ; born March 3, 1982) is an American actress  She has received various accolades, including a Young Artist Award, and nominations for a Primetime Emmy Award and two Golden Globe Awards 
Biel began her career as a vocalist appearing in musical productions until she was cast as Mary Camden in the family drama series 7th Heaven (1996–2006), in which she achieved recognition In 1997, Biel won the Young Artist Award for her role in the drama film Ulee's Gold  She received further recognition for her lead role as Erin Hardesty in the horror film The Texas Chainsaw Massacre (2003)  Biel has since starred in such films as The Rules of Attraction (2002), Blade: Trinity (2004), Stealth (2005), The Illusionist (2006), I Now Pronounce You Chuck & Larry (2007), Valentine's Day (2010), The A-Team (2010), New Year's Eve (2011), Total Recall (2012), and Hitchcock (2012) 
In 2017, Biel was the executive producer and star of the USA Network limited drama series The Sinner, for which she received nominations for a Golden Globe Award and a Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Lead Actress in a Limited Series or Movie 

Early life
Jessica Claire Biel was born on March 3, 1982, in Ely, Minnesota, to Kimberly (née Conroe), a homemaker and spiritual healer, and Jonathan Biel, a business consultant and General Electric worker  Her paternal great-grandfather was the son of Hungarian-Jewish immigrants, which she discovered on the show Who Do You Think You Are?; she also has German, French, English, and Scandinavian ancestry  Her younger brother, Justin, launched and runs the eco-accessory line BARE  Biel's family moved frequently during her childhood, living in Texas, Connecticut, and Woodstock, Illinois, before finally settling in Boulder, Colorado  While growing up, Biel played soccer and trained as a level six gymnast  From 2000 to 2002, she attended Tufts University in Medford, Massachusetts 

Career
Beginnings (1991–2002)
Biel initially trained to be a vocalist  At age nine, she appeared in several musical productions in her hometown, playing lead roles in productions such as The Sound of Music and Beauty and the Beast  At 11 she participated in a competition sponsored by the International Modeling and Talent Association in Los Angeles where she acquired an agent and professional talent manager  She began modeling for print advertisements and appeared in commercials for products such as Dulux Paint and Pringles  In her film debut, Biel played the character Regrettal, a lead role in the ambitious musical film It's a Digital World, produced and directed by Paul Greenberg  At age 14, after auditioning for several television pilots, Biel was cast as Mary Camden, the oldest daughter and second-oldest child in the family drama 7th Heaven Biel landed her first feature film role as Peter Fonda's granddaughter in the critically acclaimed drama Ulee's Gold, released in 1997  Her performance earned her a Young Artist Award  In spring 1998, during a break from filming 7th Heaven, she co-starred in I'll Be Home for Christmas with Jonathan Taylor Thomas as his character's love interest  When she was 17, she posed for a risque photo shoot that appeared in the March 2000 issue of Gear  Producers of 7th Heaven were outraged and brought legal action against Gear   She later expressed regret for doing it, claiming she had been used and that she had been shown different pictures from those published  In 2001, Biel played the love interest of Freddie Prinze, Jr  in the baseball-themed film Summer Catch  In 2002, she starred as promiscuous college student Lara in the ensemble film The Rules of Attraction, an adaptation of the Bret Easton Ellis novel  The movie received mixed reviews, became a box-office hit, and has since gained a cult following 

Rise to prominence (2003–2012)
Biel was cast in her first top-billing role in The Texas Chainsaw Massacre  Although the film met with negative reviews, it was a commercial success, scoring the number-one spot in its opening week and going on to earn more than $80 million in the U S  In 2003, Biel began work on the third installment of the Blade film series, Blade: Trinity  Despite negative reviews, Trinity was a box office hit, grossing $150 million worldwide  After finishing it in 2004, she headed to Australia to shoot the action-thriller Stealth  Biel also appeared in the 2004 film Cellular; played a supporting role, Ellen, in the romantic comedy Elizabethtown (2005); and starred in the indie film London  In 2005, Esquire named her the "Sexiest Woman Alive" in a six-part series with each month revealing a different body part and clue to the woman's identity In 2006, Biel played a turn-of-the-century duchess in the period piece The Illusionist, co-starring Edward Norton and Paul Giamatti  While her casting was met with a mixed response, her performance was ultimately praised  James Berardinelli of Reelviews called her the "film's real acting revelation", while Todd McCarthy of Variety wrote, "Handily employing a refined English accent where the others lay on a light Austrian veneer, Biel is entirely stunning enough to fight to the death over " Biel played an Iraq War veteran in the 2006 film Home of the Brave, a drama about soldiers struggling to readjust to society after facing the hardships of war  In Next Biel starred alongside Nicolas Cage and Julianne Moore  She appeared in the summer comedy I Now Pronounce You Chuck & Larry, co-starring Adam Sandler and Kevin James  In late 2007, Biel signed on to play a stripper in Powder Blue, alongside Forest Whitaker (who also produced the film), Ray Liotta and Patrick Swayze  In 2007, Stuff magazine's named her No  1 on their "100 Sexiest Women" At the start of 2008, Biel shot Easy Virtue, an adaptation of the play by Noël Coward  Like the play, the film is set in the 1920s and Biel plays young widow Larita, who impulsively marries John Whittaker in France and must face her disapproving in-laws on returning to England  The film premiered in September 2008 at the Toronto International Film Festival  Critics praised Biel for her performance, with Todd McCarthy of Variety saying Biel "more than kept up" with veterans Kristin Scott Thomas and Colin Firth and praising her "sparkling" performance  The Hollywood Reporter described her performance as "an irresistible force of nature — a kind, witty, supremely intelligent and beautiful woman who     is capable of rejoinders that thoroughly undercut her opponent's withering criticism " Biel also performed two songs on the film's soundtrack, "Mad About the Boy" and "When the Going Gets Tough" In 2009, Biel lent her voice to the animated science fiction film Planet 51  Biel performed the role of Sarah Brown with the Los Angeles Philharmonic in a fully staged concert production of Guys and Dolls during the 2009 season at the Hollywood Bowl  On the last night, she received a rousing standing ovation from 17,000 people  She subsequently landed a part in Lincoln Center Theater's two-week-long workshop of the musical version of the Pedro Almodóvar film Women on the Verge of a Nervous Breakdown, along with Salma Hayek In 2010, Biel starred in the large ensemble cast film Valentine's Day and in the A-Team, based on the television series as Capt  Charissa Sosa  In 2011, she appeared in New Year's Eve, directed by Valentine's Day's Garry Marshall  In 2012, Biel starred in the remake of the 1990 science fiction movie Total Recall alongside Colin Farrell and Kate Beckinsale  She portrayed actress Vera Miles in the biographical film Hitchcock, based on Stephen Rebello's book Alfred Hitchcock and the Making of Psycho  She also appeared in Playing for Keeps with Gerard Butler 

Independent film route and move into producing (2013–present)
Biel starred in the thriller film Emanuel and the Truth About Fishes, which premiered at the Sundance Film Festival on January 18, 2013  In April 2008, Biel began working on the political satire Nailed, with Jake Gyllenhaal  The film centers around a woman who accidentally gets a nail lodged in her head and travels to Washington, D C  to fight for better health care  In May 2009, Biel spoke about the film's production turmoil, saying: "That was definitely an experience, something I could not say no to  I am a huge David O  Russell fan  It's just heartbreaking that so many people put so much work into this particular project only to have it sit there, unfinished " The film was released on video on demand on February 10, 2015, and received largely negative reviews from critics In 2015, Biel starred in the independent drama Bleeding Heart, in which she plays a yoga instructor named May who meets her biological sister Shiva (Zosia Mamet), a sex worker, for the first time  The film premiered on April 17, 2015, at the Tribeca Film Festival, receiving mixed reviews, though Biel earned praise for her performance  Richard Lawson of Vanity Fair commented: "Though she's not given too much to work with in terms of character, Biel plays May with appealing nuance, creating a low-key, bliss-based Angeleno, all light and airy and gentle and poised, who discovers within herself an untapped hardness and anger and strength    when Biel has to conjure up more profound emotions, she proves adept, and surprisingly subtle " Clayton Davis of AwardsCircuit com also praised her performance, writing, "With an internalized and very subtle performance, Biel excels in her ability to find the very motivation of May "In 2016, Biel co-starred with Patrick Wilson (with whom she had worked on The A-Team) in the thriller A Kind of Murder, based on the novel The Blunderer by Patricia Highsmith  She voiced the character Vix in the animated film Spark, with Susan Sarandon and Hilary Swank, which was released in 2016  Biel also appeared in the drama The Book of Love, based on the book The Devil and the Deep Blue Sea, about an introverted architect (Jason Sudeikis) who loses his wife (Biel) and sets out to help a teenager named Millie (Maisie Williams)  Biel also produced the project from its conception some years prior, and was directed by Bill Purple, who directed her in the short film Hole in the Paper Sky  The film was released in January 2017 On August 2, 2017, Biel's eight-episode limited series murder mystery, The Sinner, debuted on USA Network  Biel is both executive producer and played the series' lead character Cora Tannetti  She stated that she moved into production so that she could develop projects with challenging and interesting roles rather than waiting for them to happen In October 2021, it was announced Biel would star and executive produce the true-crime drama miniseries Candy for Hulu 

Personal life
In January 2007, Biel began dating singer-songwriter Justin Timberlake  They became engaged in December 2011 and married on October 19, 2012, at the Borgo Egnazia resort in Fasano, Italy  Biel and Timberlake have two sons together: one born in April 2015, and another born in July 2020 Alongside anti-vaccination conspiracy theorist Robert F  Kennedy Jr , Biel publicly lobbied in June 2019 against California's vaccination bill that would limit medical exemptions from vaccinations without approval from a state public health officer 

Charitable causes
On July 18, 2006, Biel participated in a charity auction to raise medical funds for teen Molly Bloom, who was injured in a limousine accident  "I promise I'm a cheap date", Biel quipped in a pre-recorded video  John Schiffner of Fergus Falls, Minnesota, successfully bid $30,000 to have lunch with Biel  Biel and Schiffner lunched at The Palm restaurant in Denver, Colorado, on August 18, 2006  In early 2007, Biel co-founded the Make the Difference Network with her father and another business partner, Kent McBride  In 2010, Biel climbed to the summit of Mount Kilimanjaro with members of the United Nations Foundation to raise awareness of the global water crisis  That same year Biel earned a nomination for a Do Something Award  Biel teamed with nonprofit health care organization WomanCare Global to develop content that will provide girls with sex education 

Filmography
Film
Television
Music videos
Awards and nominations
Passage 3:
Charisma (horse)
Charisma (30 October 1972 – 7 January 2003), nicknamed "Podge" and "Stroppy", was a horse ridden by New Zealander Mark Todd  Charisma won many competitions in the sport of eventing  He is considered by many to be one of the greatest event horses ever to have competed  He stood 15 3 hands (63 inches, 160 cm) 

Breeding and early life
Charisma's dam, Planet, stood  15 hands (60 inches, 152 cm) and was sired by the Thoroughbred/Percheron-cross Kiritea  Planet's dam was a Thoroughbred named Starbourne  Planet was a successful Grade A show jumper in New Zealand and under rider Sheryl Douglas, became the first mare in New Zealand to jump her own height  After an injury ended her career, she was bred to the Thoroughbred stallion Tira Mink,  and Charisma was foaled on 30 October 1972 
Charisma's first home was on the Williams' 3,000-acre (12 km2) farm in Wairarapa, New Zealand  Even at a young age, Charisma was laid-back and easy to train  He was soon bought by David Murdoch, who placed the yearling in a small pasture with a four-foot fence, which Charisma jumped  The colt was gelded as a four-year-old, although he managed to cover four mares before that time 

Competitive career
The Beginning: 1977–1982
The young horse was slowly broken in, and later bought by Sharon Dearden in 1977  She competed him in Grade B show jumping competitions, and trained him up to intermediate level in eventing  Although the pair was long-listed for the Los Angeles Olympics, Dearden decided to sell the horse  Mrs  Fran Clark bought him and later lent him to Jennifer Stobart  Stobart brought him to Prix St Georges level in dressage "just for fun" 

Under Mark Todd: 1983–1986
Mark Todd was offered Charisma to ride by Virginia Caro, as his experienced horse was sick  In May 1983, he tried the gelding out, and brought him back to his place to get the horse fit  Charisma was a bit fat at that time, and had to be bedded on newspaper strips, as he would try to eat other bedding  Keeping the weight off the horse was always quite a struggle 
Charisma won his first two one-day events with Mark Todd, and then won the National One-Day Event Championship and National Three-day Event at Taupo (both of which he led after dressage and finished on his dressage score)  The pair was then selected for the Los Angeles Olympics Charisma was moved to England in February 1984  During the trip he became sick, and the illness never really left him for the rest of his career  The gelding was taken to the Badminton Horse Trials later that year, where he finished in 2nd place on his dressage score  Another satisfying finish came a few months later, at the Los Angeles Olympic Games  Mark and Charisma finished well after dressage, and then put in a clear cross-country and stadium round  A rail down by Karen Stives, who was leading by a few points, allowed the pair to cinch the individual gold After the Olympics, Charisma's owner, Fran Clark, decided to sell her horse  However, for some reason she did not seem to want Mark Todd to continue with Charisma as a mount  In 1985, she offered Charisma to the British rider Lizzie Purbrick  Knowing that Todd wanted the horse badly, Purbrick managed a deal with him to buy Charisma behind Fran Clark's back  Mark Todd's sponsor, Woolrest, transferred 50,000 pounds to Lizzie's account, to which she paid Fran Clark, and Mark Todd now was the official rider of Charisma under Woolrest's sponsorship  Needless, to say, Fran Clark was not pleased 
Mark Todd continued to compete Charisma in England, where he placed second at the 1985 Badminton Horse Trials, and won every one-day event of the season in which they competed, except Dauntsey after a fall on cross-country  In 1986, the pair went to the World Championships in Australia  Unfortunately, they had a fall at the water, and two rails down in stadium, and they finished in 10th place  They redeemed themselves a few weeks later in Luhmuhlen, where they won both individually and as part of a composite team 

The end of his career: 1987–1988
However, Charisma never got his chance to win Badminton, as it was cancelled in 1987  He won the three-star in Saumur, and the pair almost won Burghley that year, but two rails down in show jumping dropped them to second  They later won the British Open Championships before shipping to Seoul At the 1988 Olympics, Charisma put in a stellar dressage test, and jumped clear rounds in both the cross-country and stadium  He won the individual gold yet again, and beat the second-place horse, Sir Wattie, by the incredible margin of 10 20 penalties  The New Zealand team also won the bronze that year  The back-to-back Olympic win in eventing had only been accomplished once before 

Retirement
Charisma was retired after his second Olympic victory and he went home to New Zealand  He then went on a six-month tour before taking a well-earned rest  He was later shipped to Britain in 1995 to continue retirement 
On 7 January 2003, Charisma was euthanized at Mark Todd's Rivermonte Farm in Cambridge, after breaking a shoulder in the field  He was 30 years old 

Achievements
Second Place at the Badminton Horse Trials in 1984 and 1985
Individual Gold at the 1984 Olympics in Los Angeles
Won the Luhmuhlen, Germany Three-Day Event in 1986
Second Place at the Burghley Horse Trials, England in 1987
Won the British Open Championships in 1987
Individual Gold and Team Bronze at the 1988 Olympics in Seoul
Voted best NZ Sport Horse in the world in 1983 and 1985
Smallest Thoroughbred foal in Invercargill, NZ in 1972
Horse with the most fan mail in New Zealand
Carried Mark Todd into the stadium carrying the torch at the opening ceremony of the 1990 Commonwealth Games in Auckland, New Zealand
Passage 4:
John Ranelagh
John Ranelagh (John O'Beirne Ranelagh) is a television executive and producer, and an author of history and of current politics  He was created a Knight First Class by King Harald V of Norway in 2013 in the Royal Norwegian Order of Merit, for outstanding service in the interest of Norway 

Education
He read Modern History at Christ Church, Oxford, and went on to take a Ph D  at Eliot College, University of Kent 

Career
He was Campaign Director for "Outset", a charity for the single homeless person, where he pioneered the concept of charity auctions  From 1974 to 1979 he was at the Conservative Research Department where he first had responsibility for Education policy, and then for Foreign policy  He started his career in television with the British Broadcasting Corporation, first for BBC News and Current Affairs on Midweek  As Associate Producer he was a key member of the  BBC/RTE Ireland: A Television History 13-part documentary series (1981)  Later a member of the team that started Channel 4, he conceived the Equinox program, developed the "commissioning system", and served as Board Secretary  He was the first television professional appointed to the Independent Television Commission (ITC), a government agency which licensed and regulated commercial television in Britain from 1991 to 2003 Eventually Ranelagh relocated to Scandinavia where he continued in television broadcasting  There he has been with various companies: as Executive Chairman for NordicWorld; as Director for Kanal 2 Estonia; and, as Deputy Chief Executive and Director of Programmes for TV2 Denmark  Later Ranelagh worked at TV2 Norway as Director of Acquisition, and at Vizrt as deputy Chairman and then Chairman  Ranelagh stood as the Conservative Party candidate in Caerphilly in the 1979 general election 

Books
Ranelagh has also written several books:
"The I R B  from the Treaty to 1924," in Irish Historical Studies, Vol  20, No  77 (March 1976) 
"Science and Education," CRD, 1977 
"Human Rights and Foreign Policy," with Richard Luce, CPC, 1978 
Ireland  An illustrated history (Oxford University 1981);
A Short History of Ireland (Cambridge University 1983, 2d ed  1995, 3d ed  2012);
The Agency  The rise and decline of the CIA (New York: Simon and Schuster 1986, pb  ed  1987);
"Secrets, Supervision and Information," in Freedom of Information; Freedom of the Individual, ed  Julia Neuberger, 1987 
"The Irish Republican Brotherhood in the revolutionary period, 1879–1923," in The Revolution in Ireland, 1879–1923, ed  D G  Boyce, 1988 
Den Anden Kanal, Tiderne Skifter, 1989 
Thatcher's People  An insider's account of the politics, the power and the personalities (HarperCollins 1991);
CIA: A History (London: BBC Books, illustrated edition 1992) 
Encyclopædia Britannica, "Ireland," 1993–
"Through the Looking Glass: A comparison of United States and United Kingdom Intelligence cultures," in In the Name of Intelligence, eds  Hayden B  Peake and Samuel Halpern, 1998 
"Channel 4: A view from within," in The making of Channel 4, ed  Peter Catterall, 1998 

Family
John Ranelagh's Irish father was James O'Beirne Ranelagh (died 1979 Cambridge) who had been in the IRA in 1916 and later, fighting on the Republican side in the 1922–24 Civil War  His mother was Elaine (née Lambert Lewis)  She had been a young American folklorist with her own WNYC radio program, and thereafter became the noted author, E  L  Ranelagh (born 1914 New York, died 1996 London)  A native New Yorker, she had moved to rural Ireland following her 1946 marriage to James  Their son John Ranelagh, who has three younger sisters, Bawn, Elizabeth and Fionn, was born in 1947  His wife is Elizabeth Grenville Hawthorne, author of Managing Grass for Horses (2005)  Hawthorne is the daughter of the late Sir William Hawthorne 

See also
Channel 4
Equinox
TV2 Norway

Notes
External links
Exclusive Interview with John O'Beirne Ranelagh
Video Snack with John Ranelagh, TV2 Norway
Passage 5:
Cartoon Network
Cartoon Network (often abbreviated as CN) is an American cable television channel owned by Warner Bros  Discovery  It is a part of The Cartoon Network, Inc , a division that also has the broadcasting and production activities of Boomerang, Cartoonito, Adult Swim, and Toonami under its purview  The channel is headquartered at 1050 Techwood Drive NW in Atlanta, Georgia 
Founded by Ted Turner (who appointed Betty Cohen as the first president of the network), the channel was launched on October 1, 1992, and primarily broadcasts animated television series, mostly children's programming, ranging from action to animated comedy  It currently runs from 6 a m  to 7 p m  ET/PT on Mondays through Saturdays, and from 6 a m  to 9 p m  on Sundays (the sign-off time varies with holidays and special programming)  Cartoon Network primarily targets children aged 6 to 12, while its early morning block Cartoonito is aimed at preschool-aged children, and nighttime block Adult Swim targets older teenagers and young adults aged 18 to 34 Cartoon Network offers an alternate Spanish-language audio feed, either via a separate channel with the English audio track removed as part of a package of Spanish-language television networks sold by subscription providers, or a separate audio track accessible through the SAP option, depending on the provider 
As of March 2021, Cartoon Network is available to approximately 94 million paid television households in the United States 

History
On August 9, 1986, Turner Broadcasting System acquired Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer/United Artists  On October 18, Turner forcibly sold back MGM  However, Turner kept much of the film and television library made before May 1986 (including some of the UA library) and formed Turner Entertainment Co  On October 8, 1988, its cable channel Turner Network Television was launched and gained an audience with its extensive film library  In 1991, Turner also purchased the library of animation studio Hanna-Barbera  Ted Turner selected Betty Cohen (then-Senior Vice President of TNT) to devise a network to house these programs  On February 18, 1992, Turner Broadcasting announced its plans to launch Cartoon Network as an outlet for an animation library  On October 1, 1992, the network officially launched as the first 24-hour single-genre cable channel with animation as its main theme 
In 1994, Hanna-Barbera's new division Cartoon Network Studios was founded and started production on What a Cartoon!  This show debuted in 1995, offering original animated shorts  In 1996, Cartoon Network aired two preschool programs: Big Bag, a live-action/puppet television program with animated short series produced by Children's Television Workshop, and Small World, which featured animated series aimed at preschoolers imported from foreign countries  Turner Broadcasting System merged with Time Warner, which consolidated/reverted ownership of all the Warner Bros  cartoons  The network could then continue more original productions 

Programming
Cartoon Network's current original programming includes such shows as
The Amazing World of Gumball, Craig of the Creek, Teen Titans Go!, and We Baby Bears  The network's original programming is produced at Cartoon Network Studios, while other shows have either been co-produced with or acquired from other studios, including the affiliated Warner Bros  Animation  In the past, Cartoon Network has also produced and aired live-action and animated hybrid programming 
Over the years, Cartoon Network has aired various Looney Tunes, Merrie Melodies, Tom and Jerry and Droopy shorts in constant rotation, dating back to the network's launch in 1992 until 2017  In its early days, Cartoon Network benefited from having access to a large collection of animated programming, including the libraries of Warner Bros  (Looney Tunes and Merrie Melodies), Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer (Tom and Jerry), Hanna-Barbera (The Flintstones, Scooby-Doo, Snorks), and DC Comics (Superman, Batman, Wonder Woman, Justice League and Teen Titans)  Turner's ownership of Hanna-Barbera gave the network access to an established animation studio, something its rivals didn't have  Most of these series were removed by 1999 and moved to Boomerang in 2000 

Original series
Much of Cartoon Network's original programming originates from the network's in-house studio, Cartoon Network Studios  Beginning as a division of Hanna-Barbera, this studio would produce some of the network's earliest original series, including Dexter's Laboratory, Cow and Chicken, I Am Weasel, Johnny Bravo, and The Powerpuff Girls  Cartoon Cartoons was once the branding for Cartoon Network's original animated television series, but it was seldom used by the network by 2003  The name was eventually discontinued in 2008  Additionally several of the Cartoon Network's original series have been produced by studios other than the network's own in-house studio  Notable examples of this being Ed, Edd n Eddy, Courage the Cowardly Dog, and Codename: Kids Next Door  The name was resurrected by the network in 2021, for a new animated shorts program 

Programming blocks
From 1999 to 2003, Cartoon Cartoon Fridays served as the channel's flagship block, featuring premieres of Cartoon Network original series that fell under the Cartoon Cartoons branding; from 2003 to 2007, the block was renamed to "Fridays" after Cartoon Network began to phase out the Cartoon Cartoons branding  The Toonami block, which originally ran from 1997 to 2008, primarily carried action-oriented series aimed towards an older youth and teen audience, including imported anime series; it was later re-launched under the auspices of Adult Swim in 2012  2008 saw the introduction of CN Real, a block that featured live-action reality television series aimed towards a youth audience  In 2011, the channel introduced DC Nation, a block that would be focused on series adapted from DC Comics properties In September 2021, Cartoon Network introduced two new blocks oriented towards preschool and family viewing respectively, including the preschool block Cartoonito, and the new Sunday-evening block ACME Night–which primarily carries family films and library content, as well as other original series, specials, and television films from Warner Bros  Animation, as well as some programming from Adult Swim  They were introduced as part of an effort by new head Tom Ascheim to broaden Cartoon Network's demographic reach 

Editing of theatrical cartoon shorts
Cartoon Network has, during its history, broadcast most of the Warner Bros  animated shorts originally created between the 1920s and the 1960s, but the network edited out scenes depicting discharge of gunfire, alcohol ingestion, cowboys and Indians gags, tobacco, and politically incorrect humor  The unedited versions were kept from both broadcasting and wide release on the video market  Coal Black and de Sebben Dwarfs (1943), a politically incorrect but critically well-regarded short, was notably omitted entirely, while The Scarlet Pumpernickel (1950) and Feed the Kitty (1952), both well-regarded, had their finales heavily edited due to violence There was media attention in June 2001 over a network decision concerning further omissions from broadcasting  Cartoon Network formerly scheduled a 49-hour-long marathon annually known as June Bugs, promising to broadcast every Bugs Bunny animated short in chronological order  The network originally intended to include 12 shorts for its 2001 airing of the marathon (one of them part of the Censored Eleven list of Merrie Melodies and Looney Tunes cartoons effectively shelved from distribution) that had become controversial for using ethnic and national stereotypes, albeit broadcasting them past midnight to ensure few children were watching, with introductions concerning their historic value as representatives of another time  The network's corporate parent considered it likely that there would be complaints concerning racial insensitivity  This led to all 12 being omitted in their entirety  Laurie Goldberg, vice-president of public relations, defended the decision, stating, "We're the leader in animation, but we're also one of the top-rated general entertainment networks  There are certain responsibilities that come with that "

Related brands and units
Cartoonito
Cartoonito is a preschool programming brand owned by Warner Bros ; the brand was first launched in 2006 for use in international markets  In February 2021, it was announced that Cartoonito would make its U S  debut as a block on Cartoon Network and as a content brand on HBO Max; the Cartoon Network block launched on September 13, 2021 

Adult Swim
Adult Swim (often stylized as [adult swim] or [as]) is the adult-oriented programming brand of Cartoon Network  The programs featured on Adult Swim are geared toward a mature audience, in contrast to the all-ages, preteen daytime programming of Cartoon Network  As a result, Adult Swim is treated by Nielsen as a separate channel in its ratings reports (similar to Nickelodeon's Nick at Nite block) and marketed as such because of its differing target demographics  The block broadcasts both animated and live-action shows (including original programming, reruns of animated sitcoms, and other action and anime series) generally with minimal or no editing for content 
As of May 2023, Adult Swim broadcasts from 7:00 p m  to 6:00 a m  ET/PT on Monday through Saturdays, and from 9:00 p m  to 6 a m  on Sundays  Initially airing in the late-night hours, it has since expanded into prime time, moving its start time to 10 p m  in 2009, and 8 p m  in March 2014 (although the hour was given back to Cartoon Network for programming events and premieres, such as Steven Universe Future, in the fall-to-early-winter period) Due to increasing viewership of Cartoon Network in the evening hours by viewers over 18, Adult Swim's sign-on was moved to 7 p m  ET/PT on weekdays and Saturdays on May 1, 2023  It will expand further to 6 p m  on  August 28; this hour will initially feature the sub-block "Checkered Past" on weekdays, airing reruns of classic Cartoon Network original series 

Toonami
Toonami (a portmanteau of "cartoon" and "tsunami", suggesting a "tidal wave" of animated cartoons) is a brand used for action-oriented programming blocks and television channels worldwide  The original program block launched on Cartoon Network in the United States on March 17, 1997, and primarily aired both American cartoons and Japanese anime



ground_truth: A123 Systems, LLC

prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: The Greatest Event in Television History aired on the channel that was founded by whom?

The following are given passages.
Context 3:  The block would end its original run on September 20, 2008, before it was later revived on May 26, 2012, as a relaunch of Adult Swim's Saturday night anime block  Toonami's current incarnation is similar to that of the "Midnight Run", a special version of the block that originally ran on Saturday nights and was the forerunner for Adult Swim  The block is best known for its branding and aesthetic, including its animated host, a robot named TOM, that was later voiced by Steven Blum 
The Toonami brand was also used internationally for dedicated networks in the United Kingdom (replacing CNX), Asia (in December 2012), India (in February 2015), and France (in February 2016) 

Boomerang
Boomerang is a brand dedicated to classic and theatrical cartoons aimed towards children 7–13  It was originally a weekend programming block that aired on Cartoon Network from December 8, 1992, until October 3, 2004  On April 1, 2000, Boomerang received a new look and was spun off into its own cable channel  In 2017, an online Boomerang video-on-demand service was launched, which includes classic series along with new episodes of original series like Scooby-Doo and Guess Who?, New Looney Tunes, and The Tom and Jerry Show 

Other services
Production studios
Cartoon Network Studios
Cartoon Network Studios is a production studio located in the network's West Coast headquarters of Burbank, California, which serves as the network's first animation studio division to provide original programs for the network, succeeding Hanna-Barbera  While the studio makes original programs for the network, original Cartoon Network and Cartoonito shows like Big Bag, Ed, Edd n Eddy, Mike, Lu & Og, Courage the Cowardly Dog, Sheep in the Big City, Codename: Kids Next Door, The Secret Saturdays, and Sunday Pants were all produced without Cartoon Network Studios’ involvement  Starting from 2014, it starts producing shows for Adult Swim alongside its sister company Williams Street, following botched attempts to launch pilots on the block  It also produces live-action shows under the pseudonyms Alive and Kicking, Inc , Rent Now Productions and Factual Productions, formerly for Cartoon Network and currently for Adult Swim 

Williams Street
Williams Street Productions is the adult production studio division that provides original program to the network's late-night programming block Adult Swim that is located in Atlanta, Georgia, along with the main headquarters of the network  Prior to Adult Swim, the company produced Space Ghost: Coast to Coast for Cartoon Network 

Hanna-Barbera Studios Europe
Hanna-Barbera Studios Europe (formerly known as Cartoon Network Development Studio Europe until 2017 and Cartoon Network Studios Europe until 2021) is the network's European production studio division that is located in London, England, which provides other original programs but from the United Kingdom 

Cartoon Network Productions
Cartoon Network Productions is the global distribution arm for shows, pilots, and movies through various international Cartoon Network channels since December 5, 1993 

CN LA Original Productions
Cartoon Network Latin America Original Productions (abbreviated as CN LA) is a production studio division of the network's Latin American station, formed on May 26, 2019 

Media
Cartoon Network Games
Cartoon Network Games (formerly Cartoon Network Interactive) is the video game developer and publisher of video games based on Cartoon Network shows since 2000 

Cartoon Network Enterprises
Cartoon Network Enterprises is the network's global licensing and merchandising arm established in 2001  It distributes merchandises of various Cartoon Network brands 

Mobile app
Cartoon Network has a mobile app that provides the latest full episodes, a live stream from the East and West coast, games, and the network's schedule 

Book licensing
Cartoon Network Books is the book publisher established in 2015  It licenses books based on various Cartoon Network franchises 

Video games
In 2011, Cartoon Network characters were featured in a four-player mascot brawler fighting game similar to Nintendo's Super Smash Bros  video game series called Cartoon Network: Punch Time Explosion for the Nintendo 3DS  The game was later released for the Xbox 360, PlayStation 3 and the Wii as Cartoon Network Punch Time Explosion XL  Several video games based on the cartoon series Ben 10 were released by Cartoon Network as well  The Cartoon Network website also features various browser games incorporating characters from various Cartoon Network franchises  One such game was FusionFall, a massive multiplayer game released on January 14, 2009, and shut down on August 29, 2013 

Movies
Cartoon Network has produced various films, most of them being television films; the only films from Cartoon Network that had a theatrical release are The Powerpuff Girls Movie, Aqua Teen Hunger Force Colon Movie Film for Theaters, Regular Show: The Movie and Teen Titans Go! To The Movies 

Online
Cartoon Network registered its official website, CartoonNetwork com, on January 9, 1996  It officially launched on July 27, 1998  Sam Register served as the site's Senior Vice President and Creative Director from 1997 to 2001  In its early years, small studios partnered with the network to produce exclusive "Web Premiere Toons", short cartoons made specifically for CartoonNetwork com  More about animation was included in the "Department of Cartoons", which featured storyboards, episode guides, backgrounds, sound and video files, model sheets, production notes, and other information about shows on the network  In January 1999, the Department of Cartoons showcased the "MGM Golden Age Collection", most of which had not been published or even seen in more than 50 years  Cartoon Network launched Cartoon Orbit, an online gaming network characterized by digital trading cards called "cToons", in October 2000  The game officially ended on October 16, 2006 
In October 2000, CartoonNetwork com outdid its rival Nickelodeon's website in terms of unique users, scoring 2 12 million compared to Nick com's 1 95 million  In July 2007, Nielsen ratings data showed visitors spent an average of 77 minutes on the site, surpassing the previous record of 71 minutes set in 2004, and the site ranked 26th in terms of time spent for all US domains 

Marketing
Cartoon Network shows with established fan followings, such as Dexter's Laboratory, allowed the network to pursue licensing agreements with companies interested in selling series-related merchandise  For example, agreements with Kraft Foods led to widespread in-store advertising for Cartoon Network-related products  The network also worked on cross-promotion campaigns with both Kraft and Tower Records  In product development and marketing, the network has benefited from its relation to corporate parent Warner Bros  Discovery, allowing for mutually beneficial relationships with various subsidiary companies Time Warner Cable, the former cable television subsidiary of the corporate parent (which was spun off from Time Warner in 2009), distributes Cartoon Network as part of its packages  Turner Broadcasting System, the subsidiary overseeing various Warner Bros  Discovery-owned networks, helped cross-promote Cartoon Network shows and at times arranged for swapping certain shows between the networks  For example, Foster's Home for Imaginary Friends, one of CN's original shows, was at times seen at Kids' WB (which was discontinued on May 24, 2008), while Xiaolin Showdown and ¡Mucha Lucha!, two of Kids' WB's original shows, were seen at Cartoon Network  In each case, the swap intended to cultivate a shared audience for the two networks  Time Inc , the former subsidiary overseeing the magazines of the corporate parent, ensured favorable coverage of Cartoon Network and advertising space across its publications  Printed advertisements for CN shows could appear in magazines such as Time, Entertainment Weekly and Sports Illustrated Kids until Time Inc  was spun off from WarnerMedia on June 9, 2014  AOL, a now-former sibling company to WarnerMedia covering Internet services, helped promote Cartoon Network shows online by offering exclusive content for certain animated series, online sweepstakes and display advertising for CN Warner Bros  Home Entertainment, the home video subsidiary, distributes VHS tapes, DVDs and Blu-ray discs featuring Cartoon Network shows  Select Warner Bros  Family Entertainment VHS releases came with bonus cartoons from Cartoon Network  Rhino Entertainment, the former record label subsidiary of the corporate parent (which was spun off from Warner Bros  Discovery in 2004), distributed cassette tapes and CDs with Cartoon Network-related music  These products were also available through the Warner Bros  Studio Store  DC Comics, the comic book subsidiary, published a series featuring the Powerpuff Girls, indicating it could handle other CN-related characters  Warner Bros , the film studio subsidiary, released The Powerpuff Girls Movie in 2002  Kevin Sandler considered it likely that this film would find its way to HBO or Cinemax, two television network subsidiaries which regularly broadcast feature films  Sandler also viewed book tie-ins through Warner Books as likely, since it was the only area of marketing not covered yet by 2001 Cartoon Network also licensed its original series out for food promotions  Nestlé was granted a licensing agreement that resulted in a Wonder Ball chocolate candy tie-in with Cartoon Network characters and logos beginning in 2003  A new Wonder Ball promotion began in 2004 with characters from Ed, Edd n Eddy and exclusive Wonderball prizes and cToons on the Cartoon Orbit website 

International channels
Since its inception, Cartoon Network and its sister channels have set up various national and regional feeds  Since the early 1990s and 2000s, the network has expanded to countries including Canada, Mexico, Latin America, the United Kingdom, Ireland, Africa, and several Asia-Pacific regions 

See also
Adult Swim
Boomerang
Cartoonito
Passage 6:
The Greatest Event in Television History
The Greatest Event in Television History is a mockumentary TV special series created by Adam Scott and Naomi Scott  The series premiered on Cartoon Network's late night programming block Adult Swim on October 12, 2012 and ended on January 23, 2014 with a total of four episodes  Each episode originally aired independently as a "special presentation", several months apart 

Format
The format of each special is a brief mockumentary about the shot-for-shot remake of a 1980s TV series opening credits sequence, followed by the remake itself  Series co-creator Adam Scott says the specials are at least in part motivated by his own memories of watching 1980s TV as a kid  Each episode is hosted by Jeff Probst with actors portraying fictional versions of themselves or others  After each episode, the original opening credit scene is shown 

Production
Four episodes were produced during the show's run; the series finale aired on January 23, 2014  In an interview with Splitsider, Scott explained the conclusion of the series: "It's a lot of work for such a short, stupid thing    they're really fun and they're fun to make, but we're ready to move on "

Cast
Amanda Anka as voiceover (voice)
Jeff Probst as himself
Jon Hamm as Rick Simon
Adam Scott as A J  Simon / Jonathan Hart / Monroe Ficus / Henry Desmond
Paul Rudd as Director / Kip Wilson
Gus Van Sant as himself
Joe Schroeder as Tallest Doctor
Kathryn Hahn as Gretta Strauss / Sara Rush
Paul Scheer as Protester
Megan Mullally as Cecilia Simon
Bailey as Marlowe
Amy Poehler as Jennifer Hart
Paul Rust as Director
Horatio Sanz as Max
Maya Ferrara as Basecamp PA
David Wain as Bell Taint
Nick Kroll as Jeremy Bay
Catherine O'Hara as Muriel Rush
Jon Glaser as Henry Rush
Chelsea Peretti as Jackie Rush
Jason Mantzoukas as Director
Seth Morris as Channon Flowers
Damian Lang as Emergency Medic
Gillian Jacobs as Sonny Lumet
Mo Collins as Ruth Dunbar
Aisha Muharrar as Isabelle Hammond
Helen Slayton-Hughes as Lilly Sinclair
Aidy Bryant as Amy Cassidy

Episodes
Passage 7:
Allan Wicks
Edward Allan Wicks   (6 June 1923, Harden, West Yorkshire − 4 February 2010) was an English cathedral organist, who served in Canterbury Cathedral for nearly 30 years  He was an early champion of the music of Olivier Messiaen, Peter Maxwell Davies and Kenneth Leighton  He also directed the specially-commissioned music for the 1951 revival of the York Mystery Plays, regarded as the greatest event in the Festival of Britain celebrations 

Career
The son of a parson, Wicks began his musical studies as a pianist at an early age, but did not think that he would be good enough to become professional  He was educated at St John's School, Leatherhead and at the age of 14 he was advised to convert to the organ  He took his degree at Christ Church, Oxford, where he was also organ scholar at the cathedral, assistant to Thomas Armstrong  Completing his studies after serving in the 14th Punjab Regiment, gaining an MA and an FRCO, he then took up post at York Minster in 1947, as sub-organist to Francis Jackson  He described his time at York as being much easier than modern cathedral organists: "In those days it was easier to manage on one's own, because we never used to conduct, except a cappella pieces, we never conducted like cathedral organists now who hardly ever play the organ, they're down there wagging a finger, waving their arms about " Whilst based in York, he was on the music staff at St Peter's School and Chorus Master of Leeds Philharmonic Society  For the 1951 revival of the York Mystery Plays he was director of the music, composed by his friend James Brown  The plays captured the hearts of the British public, and have been performed regularly ever since In 1954, Wicks left York to take the job of organist and choirmaster of Manchester Cathedral  There he inspired Maxwell Davies by his directing the choir in performances of John IV of Portugal and John Dunstaple  Wicks also championed Maxwell Davies's Fantasia on O Magnum Mysterium, as well as Malcolm Williamson's six-movement Symphony  He also organised a Cantata Choir and a small orchestra for Tuesday evening concerts of larger-scale works, including Igor Stravinsky's Canticum Sacrum and Messiaen's Messe de la Pentecôte In 1961 he was appointed organist and master of the choristers of Canterbury Cathedral, where he served for 27 years, under three Archbishops, retiring after being appointed C B E  in 1988  Whilst at Canterbury, he also was honoured with the Lambeth MusDoc in 1974 and an honorary DMus from the University of Kent in 1985 
Wicks died in 2010, and was survived by his wife, Elizabeth, and their two daughters 

Organist posts
1941–1946: Organ Scholar, Christ Church Cathedral, Oxford (interrupted by wartime service in the 14th Punjab Regiment)
1947–1954: Sub Organist, York Minster
1954–1961: Organist at Manchester Cathedral 
1961–1988: Organist at Canterbury Cathedral 
Passage 8:
2005 World Series of Poker
The 2005 World Series of Poker opened play on June 2, continuing through the Main Event No Limit World Championship starting on July 7  The conclusion of the Main Event on July 15 marked the close of play, and the largest prize in sports and/or television history at the time ($7,500,000) was awarded to the winner  ESPN's broadcast began July 19th with coverage of WSOP Circuit Tournaments, and coverage of the Main Event began October 11th and ended November 15th 
All events were held at the Rio All Suite Hotel and Casino with the exception of the final 2 days of the Main Event which were held at Binion's Horseshoe  This marked the last time the Main Event final table was held at Binion's Horseshoe 

Events
Main Event
There were 5,619 entrants to the main event  Each paid $10,000 to enter what was the largest poker tournament ever played in a brick and mortar casino at the time   Many entrants won their seat in online poker tournaments  2004 Main Event champion Greg Raymer finished in 25th place in his title defense 

Final table
*Career statistics prior to the beginning of the 2005 Main Event 

Final table results
Other High Finishes
NB: This list is restricted to top 30 finishers with an existing Wikipedia entry 

Fall of World Champions
Day 1: Jim Bechtel, Doyle Brunson, Johnny Chan, Chris Ferguson, Phil Hellmuth, Tom McEvoy, Carlos Mortensen, Scotty Nguyen, Robert Varkonyi
Day 2: Dan Harrington, Chris Moneymaker, Huck Seed
Day 3: (none)
Day 4: Russ Hamilton
Day 5: (none)
Day 6: Greg Raymer

See also
World Series of Poker Circuit events
World Series of Poker Tournament of Champions
2005 World Series of Poker Results
Passage 9:
ER (TV series)
ER is an American medical drama television series created by novelist and physician Michael Crichton that aired on NBC from September 19, 1994, to April 2, 2009, with a total of 331 episodes spanning 15 seasons  It was produced by Constant C Productions and Amblin Television, in association with Warner Bros  Television  ER follows the inner life of the emergency room (ER) of Cook County General Hospital (a fictionalized version of the real Cook County Hospital) in Chicago, and various critical issues faced by the department's physicians and staff 
The show is the second longest-running primetime medical drama in American television history behind Grey's Anatomy, and the seventh longest medical drama across the globe (behind the United Kingdom's Casualty and Holby City, [United States’s] Grey's Anatomy, Germany's In aller Freundschaft,  Poland's Na dobre i na złe, and New Zealand's Shortland Street)  It won 23 Primetime Emmy Awards, including the 1996 Outstanding Drama Series award, and received 124 Emmy nominations  ER won 116 awards in total, including the Peabody Award, while the cast earned four Screen Actors Guild Awards for Outstanding Ensemble Performance in a Drama Series  As of 2014, ER has grossed over $3 billion in television revenue 

Production
Development
In 1974, author Michael Crichton wrote a screenplay based on his own experiences as a medical student in a busy hospital emergency room  The screenplay went nowhere and Crichton turned to other topics  In 1990, he published the novel Jurassic Park, and in 1993 began a collaboration with director Steven Spielberg on the film adaptation of the book  Crichton and Spielberg then turned to ER, but decided to film the story as a two-hour pilot for a television series rather than as a feature film  Spielberg's Amblin Entertainment provided John Wells as the show's executive producer 
The script used to shoot the pilot was virtually unchanged from what Crichton had written in 1974  The only substantive changes made by the producers in 1994 were that the Susan Lewis character became a woman and the Peter Benton character became African-American, and the running time was shortened by about 20 minutes in order for the pilot to air in a two-hour block on network TV  Because of a lack of time and money necessary to build a set, the pilot episode of ER was filmed in the former Linda Vista Hospital in Los Angeles, an old facility that had ceased operating in 1990  A set modeled after Los Angeles County General Hospital's emergency room was built soon afterward at the Warner Bros  studios in Burbank, California, although the show makes extensive use of location shoots in Chicago, most notably the city's famous "L" train platforms Warren Littlefield, running NBC Entertainment at the time, was impressed by the series: "We were intrigued, but we were admittedly a bit spooked in attempting to go back into that territory a few years after St  Elsewhere " With Spielberg attached behind the scenes, NBC ordered six episodes  "ER premiered opposite a Monday Night Football game on ABC and did surprisingly well  Then we moved it to Thursday and it just took off", commented Littlefield  ER's success surprised the networks and critics alike, as David E  Kelley's new medical drama Chicago Hope was expected to crush the new series Crichton remained executive producer until his death in November 2008, although he was still credited as one throughout that entire final season  Wells, the series' other initial executive producer, served as showrunner for the first three seasons  He was one of the show's most prolific writers and became a regular director in later years  Lydia Woodward was a part of the first season production team and became an executive producer for the third season  She took over as showrunner for the fourth season while Wells focused on the development of other series, including Trinity, Third Watch, and The West Wing  She left her executive producer position at the end of the sixth season but continued to write episodes throughout the series' run 
Joe Sachs, who was a writer and producer of the series, believed keeping a commitment to medical accuracy was extremely important: "We'd bend the rules but never break them  A medication that would take 10 minutes to work might take 30 seconds instead  We compressed time  A 12- to 24-hour shift gets pushed into 48 minutes  But we learned that being accurate was important for more reasons than just making real and responsible drama "Woodward was replaced as showrunner by Jack Orman  Orman was recruited as a writer-producer for the series in its fourth season after a successful stint working on CBS's JAG  He was quickly promoted and became an executive producer and showrunner for the series' seventh season  He held these roles for three seasons before leaving the series at the end of the ninth season  Orman was also a frequent writer and directed three episodes of the show 
David Zabel served as the series' head writer and executive producer in its later seasons  He initially joined the crew for the eighth season and became an executive producer and showrunner for the twelfth season onward  Zabel was the series' most frequent writer, contributing to 41 episodes  He also made his directing debut on the series  Christopher Chulack was the series' most frequent director and worked as a producer on all 15 seasons  He became an executive producer in the fourth season but occasionally scaled back his involvement in later years to focus on other projects 
Other executive producers include writers Carol Flint, Neal Baer, R  Scott Gemmill, Dee Johnson, Joe Sachs, Lisa Zwerling, and Janine Sherman Barrois  Several of these writers and producers had background in healthcare: Joe Sachs was an emergency physician, while Lisa Zwerling and Neal Baer were both pediatricians  The series' crew was recognized with awards for writing, directing, producing, film editing, sound editing, casting, and music 

Broadcasting
Following the broadcast of its two-hour pilot movie on September 19, 1994, ER premiered Thursday, September 22 at 10pm  It remained in the same Thursday time slot for its entire run, capping the Must See TV primetime block  ER is NBC's third longest-running drama, after Law & Order and Law & Order: Special Victims Unit, and the second longest-running American primetime medical drama of all time, behind Grey's Anatomy  Starting with season seven, ER was broadcast in the 1080i HD format, appearing in letterbox format when presented in standard definition  On April 2, 2008, NBC announced that the series would return for its fifteenth season  The fifteenth season was originally scheduled to run for 19 episodes before retiring with a two-hour series finale to be broadcast on March 12, 2009, but NBC announced in January 2009 that it would extend the show by an additional three episodes to a full 22-episode order as part of a deal to launch a new series by John Wells titled Police, later retitled Southland  ER's final episode aired on April 2, 2009; the two-hour episode was preceded by a one-hour retrospective special  The series finale charged $425,000 per 30-second ad spot, more than three times the season's rate of $135,000  From season 4 to season 6 ER cost a record-breaking $13 million per episode  TNT also paid a record price of $1 million an episode for four years of repeats of the series during that time  The cost of the first three seasons was $2 million per episode and seasons 7 to 9 cost $8 million per episode In September 1998, TNT aired syndicated reruns of the series 

Cast and characters
The original starring cast consisted of Anthony Edwards as Dr  Mark Greene, George Clooney as Dr  Doug Ross, Sherry Stringfield as Dr  Susan Lewis, Noah Wyle as medical student John Carter, and Eriq La Salle as Dr  Peter Benton  As the series continued, some key changes were made: Nurse Carol Hathaway, played by Julianna Margulies, who attempts suicide in the original pilot script, was made into a regular cast member  Ming-Na Wen debuted in the middle of the first season as medical student Jing-Mei "Deb" Chen, but did not return for the second season; she returns in season 6 episode 10  Gloria Reuben and Laura Innes would join the series as Physician Assistant Jeanie Boulet and Dr  Kerry Weaver, respectively, by the second season In the third season, a series of cast additions and departures began that would see the entire original cast leave over time  Stringfield was the first to exit the series, reportedly upsetting producers who believed she wanted to negotiate for more money, but the actress did not particularly care for "fame "
 She would return to the series from 2001 until 2005  Clooney departed the series in 1999 to pursue a film career, and Margulies exited the following year  Season eight saw the departure of La Salle and Edwards when Benton left County General and Greene died from a brain tumor  Wyle left the series after season 11 in order to spend more time with his family, but would return for two multiple-episode appearances in the show's final seasons  Goran Visnjic as Dr  Luka Kovač, Maura Tierney as Dr  Abby Lockhart, Alex Kingston as Dr  Elizabeth Corday, Paul McCrane as Dr  Robert Romano, and Mekhi Phifer as Dr  Greg Pratt all joined the cast as the seasons went on  In the much later seasons, the show would see the additions of Scott Grimes as Dr  Archie Morris, Parminder Nagra as Dr  Neela Rasgotra, Shane West as Dr  Ray Barnett, Linda Cardellini as nurse Samantha Taggart, John Stamos as intern Tony Gates, David Lyons as Dr  Simon Brenner and Angela Bassett as Dr  Catherine Banfield In addition to the main cast, ER featured a large number of frequently seen recurring cast members who played key roles such as paramedics, hospital support staff, nurses, and doctors  ER also featured a sizable roster of well-known guest stars, some making rare television appearances, who typically played patients in single episode appearances or multi-episode arcs 

Episodes
A typical episode centered on the ER, with most scenes set in the hospital or surrounding streets  In addition, most seasons included at least one storyline located completely outside of the ER, often outside of Chicago  Over the span of the series, stories took place in the Democratic Republic of The Congo, France, Iraq and Sudan  One early storyline involved a road trip taken by Dr  Ross and Dr  Greene to California and a season eight episode included a storyline in Hawaii featuring Dr  Greene and Dr  Corday  Beginning in season nine, storylines started to include the Democratic Republic of the Congo, featuring Dr  Kovac, Dr  Carter, and Dr  Pratt  "We turned some attention on the Congo and on Darfur when nobody else was  We had a bigger audience than a nightly newscast will ever see, making 25 to 30 million people aware of what was going on in Africa," ER producer John Wells said  "The show is not about telling people to eat their vegetables, but if we can do that in an entertaining context, then there's nothing better " The series also focused on sociopolitical issues such as HIV and AIDS, organ transplants, mental illness, racism, human trafficking, euthanasia, poverty and gay rights Some episodes used creative formats, such as the 1997 "Ambush", which was broadcast live twice, once for the east coast and again three hours later for the west coast, and 2002's "Hindsight", which ran in reverse time as it followed one character, Dr  Kovac, through the events of a Christmas Eve shift and the Christmas party that preceded it 

Crossover with Third Watch
The episode "Brothers and Sisters" (first broadcast on April 25, 2002) begins a crossover that concludes on the Third Watch episode "Unleashed" in which Dr  Lewis enlists the help of Officers Maurice Boscorelli and Faith Yokas to find her sister and niece 

Ratings
U S  seasonal rankings based on average total viewers per episode of ER on NBC are tabulated below   Each U S  network television season starts in late September and ends in late May, which coincides with the completion of May sweeps  All times mentioned in this section were in the Eastern and Pacific time zones  Ratings for seasons 1–2 are listed in households (the percentage of households watching the program), while ratings for seasons 3–15 are listed in viewers 

In its first year, ER attracted an average of 19 million viewers per episode, becoming the year's second most watched television show, just behind Seinfeld  In the following two seasons (1995–1997), ER was the most watched show in North America  For almost five years, ER battled for the top spot against Seinfeld, but in 1998, Seinfeld ended and then ER became number one again  The series finale attracted 16 4 million viewers  The show's highest rating came during the season 2 episode "Hell and High Water," with 48 million viewers and a 45% market share  It was the highest for a regularly scheduled drama since a May 1985 installment of Dallas received a 46  The share represents the percentage of TVs in use tuned in to that show 

Critical reception
Throughout the series ER received positive reviews from critics and fans alike  It scored 80 on Metacritic, meaning "generally favorable reviews", based on 21 critics  Marvin Kitman from Newsday said: "It's like M*A*S*H with just the helicopters showing up and no laughs  E R  is all trauma; you never get to know enough about the patients or get involved with them  It's just treat, release and move on"  Richard Zoglin from Time stated that it's "probably the most realistic fictional treatment of the medical profession TV has ever presented" 
Critical reactions for ER's first season were very favorable  Alan Rich, writing for Variety, praised the direction and editing of the pilot while Eric Mink, writing for the New York Daily News, said that the pilot of ER "was urban, emergency room chaos and young, committed doctors " However some reviewers felt the episodes following the pilot did not live up to it with Mink commenting that "the great promise of the "E R " pilot dissolves into the kind of routine, predictable, sloppily detailed medical drama we've seen many times before "NBC launched the show at the same time that CBS launched its own medical drama Chicago Hope; many critics drew comparisons between the two  Eric Mink concluded that ER may rate more highly in the Nielsens but Chicago Hope told better stories, while Rich felt both shows were "riveting, superior TV fare " The Daily Telegraph wrote in 1996: "Not being able to follow what on earth is going on remains one of the peculiar charms of the breakneck American hospital drama, ER" In 2002, TV Guide ranked ER No  22 on their list of "TV's Top 50 Shows", making it the second highest ranked medical drama on the list (after St  Elsewhere at No  20)  Also, the season 1 episode "Love's Labor Lost" was ranked No  6 on TV Guide's 100 Greatest Episodes of All-Time list having earlier been ranked No  3  The show placed No  19 on Entertainment Weekly's "New TV Classics" list  British magazine Empire ranked it No  29 in their list of the "50 Greatest TV Shows of All Time" and said the best episode was "Hell And High Water" (Season 2, Episode 7) where "Doug Ross (George Clooney) saves a young boy from drowning during a flood " In 2012, ER was voted Best TV Drama on ABC's 20/20 special episode "Best in TV: The Greatest TV Shows of Our Time"  In 2013, TV Guide ranked it No  9 in its list of The 60 Greatest Dramas of All Time and No  29 in its list of the 60 Best Series  In the same year, the Writers Guild of America ranked ER No  28 in its list of the 101 Best Written TV Series of All Time 

Awards and nominations
The series has been nominated for 375 industry awards and has won 116  ER won the George Foster Peabody Award in 1995, and won 22 of the 124 Emmy Awards for which it was nominated  It also won the People's Choice Award for "Favorite Television Dramatic Series" every year from 1995 to 2002  Over the years, it has won numerous other awards, including Screen Actors Guild Awards, Image Awards, GLAAD Media Awards, and Golden Globe Awards, among others 

Distribution
Home media
Warner Home Video has released all 15 seasons in R1, R2, and R4 
In the UK (Region 2), The Complete Series boxset was released on October 26, 2009  On September 12, 2016 the series was re-released in three box sets, Seasons 1–5, Seasons 6–10 and Seasons 11–15 
The DVD box sets of ER are unusual in the fact that they are all in anamorphic widescreen even though the first six seasons of the show were broadcast in a standard 4:3 format  ER was shot protecting for widescreen presentation, allowing the show to be presented in 16:9 open matte (leaving only the title sequence in the 4:3 format)  However, as the production of the show was generally conceived with 4:3 presentation in mind, some episodes feature vignetting or unintended objects towards the sides of the frame that would not be visible when presented in the 4:3 format  These episodes also appear in the widescreen format when rerun on TNT HD, Pop and streaming services 
In 2018 Hulu struck a deal with Warner Bros Domestic Television Distribution to stream all 15 seasons of the show  The show arrived on HBO Max in January 2022 

Soundtrack
In 1996, Atlantic Records released an album of music from the first two seasons, featuring James Newton Howard's theme from the series in its on-air and full versions, selections from the weekly scores composed by Martin Davich (Howard scored the two-hour pilot, Davich scored all the subsequent episodes and wrote a new theme used from 2006–2009 until the final episode, when Howard's original theme returned) and songs used on the series 
Theme From ER – James Newton Howard (3:02)
Dr  Lewis And Renee (from "The Birthday Party") (1:57)
Canine Blues (from "Make of Two Hearts") (2:27)
Goodbye Baby Susie (from "Fever of Unknown Origin") (3:11)
Doug & Carol (from "The Gift") – composed by James Newton Howard and Martin Davich (1:59)
Healing Hands – Marc Cohn (4:25)
The Hero (from "Hell And High Water") composed by James Newton Howard and Martin Davich (1:55)
Carter, See You Next Fall (from "Everything Old Is New Again") (1:28)
Reasons For Living – Duncan Sheik (4:33)
Dr  Green and a Mother's Death (from "Love's Labor Lost") (2:48)
Raul Dies (from "The Healers") (2:20)
Hell And High Water (from "Hell And High Water") – composed by James Newton Howard and Martin Davich (2:38)
Hold On (from "Hell And High Water") (2:47)
Shep Arrives (from "The Healers") (3:37)
Shattered Glass (from "Hell And High Water") (2:11)
Theme From ER – James Newton Howard  (1:00)
It Came Upon A Midnight Clear – Mike Finnegan (2:30)

Other media
An ER video game developed by Legacy Interactive for Windows 2000 and XP was released in 2005 
In the Mad episode "Pokémon Park / WWER", the show was parodied in the style of WWE 
A recurring sketch called "Toy ER" in the Nickelodeon comedy series All That parodies the show, featuring Dr  Malady (Chelsea Brummet), Dr  Botch (Giovonnie Samuels), and Dr  Sax (Shane Lyons) "treating" damaged toys 
A book about emergency medicine based on the TV series, The Medicine of ER: An Insider's Guide to the Medical Science Behind America's #1 TV Drama was published in 1996  Authors Alan Duncan Ross and Harlan Gibbs M D  have hospital administration and ER experience, respectively, and are called fans of the TV show in the book's credits 

Foreign adaptations
In March 2012, Warner Bros  International Television announced that they would sell the format rights to ER to overseas territories  This allowed foreign countries to produce their own version of the series In June 2013, Warner Bros  International Television and Emotion Production from Belgrade, Serbia, announced a Serbian version of ER  Urgentni Centar premiered on October 6, 2014, on TV Prva  As of 2014 a Colombian version was planned 

See also
Casualty – Similar concept but based on a British fictional hospital's accident & emergency department 



ground_truth: Betty Cohen