prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: H-63 is a highway that runs near the county seat of what Michigan county?

The following are given passages.
Context 1: Passage 1:
Marginal Tietê
Marginal Tietê (officially SP-015) is a section of this highway that runs through the city of São Paulo, Brazil  The name of this section comes from the fact that each way of the expressway runs near a different waterfront of the Tietê River  It is a very important road of São Paulo, connecting the East, North and West portions of the city, and linking the Lapa neighbourhood and the Penha neighbourhood  It provides access to the Castelo Branco highway, the Bandeirantes highway, the Anhangüera highway, the Presidente Dutra highway, the Fernão Dias highway, the Ayrton Senna highway and the São Paulo International Airport  The Campo de Marte Airport, the Estádio Parque São Jorge and the Estádio do Canindé are located near the freeway 
It is the site where IRL São Paulo Indy 300 race takes place 
Passage 2:
Sault Ste  Marie, Michigan
Sault Ste  Marie ( SOO-saynt-mə-REE) is a city in the Upper Peninsula of the U S  state of Michigan  It is the county seat of Chippewa County and is the only city within the county  With a population of 13,337 at the 2020 census, it is the second-most populated city in the Upper Peninsula, behind Marquette  It is the primary city of the Sault Ste  Marie, MI Micropolitan Statistical Area, which encompasses all of Chippewa County and had a population of 36,785 at the 2020 census  Sault Ste  Marie was settled by Europeans in 1668, making it the oldest city in Michigan Sault Ste  Marie is located along the St  Marys River, which flows from Lake Superior to Lake Huron and forms part of the United States–Canada border  Across the river is the larger Sault Ste  Marie, Ontario, Canada; the two cities are connected by the Sault Ste  Marie International Bridge  Between the two cities are the Soo Locks, a set of locks allowing ship travel between Lake Superior and the Lower Great Lakes         
Sault Ste  Marie is home to Lake Superior State University 

History
For centuries, Oc̣eṭi Ṡakowiƞ (Dakota, Lakota, Nakoda), or Sioux, people lived in the area  Around the 1300s, the Anishinaabe (Ojibwe) began to move in from the East Coast, gradually pushing the Oc̣eṭi Ṡakowiƞ westward  They called the area Baawitigong ("at the cascading rapids"), after the rapids of St  Marys River  French colonists renamed the region Saulteaux ("rapids" in French)  The Oc̣eṭi Ṡakowiƞ came to call the Anishinaabe "Ḣaḣaṭuƞwaƞ", or "Dwellers of the Falls "
In 1668, French missionaries Claude Dablon and Jacques Marquette founded a Jesuit mission at this site  Sault Ste  Marie developed as one of oldest European city in the United States west of the Appalachian Mountains, and the oldest permanent European settlement in Michigan  On June 4, 1671, Simon-François Daumont de Saint-Lusson, a colonial agent, was dispatched from Quebec to the distant tribes, proposing a congress of Indian nations at the Falls of St  Mary between Lake Huron and Lake Superior  Trader Nicolas Perrot helped attract the principal chiefs, and representatives of 14 Indigenous nations were invited for the elaborate ceremony  The French officials proclaimed France's appropriation of the immense territory surrounding Lake Superior in the name of King Louis XIV In the 18th century, the settlement became an important center of the fur trade, when it was a post for the British-owned North West Company, based in Montreal  The fur trader John Johnston, a Scots-Irish immigrant from Belfast, was considered the first European settler in 1790  He married a high-ranking Ojibwe woman named Ozhaguscodaywayquay, the daughter of a prominent chief, Waubojeeg  She also became known as Susan Johnston  Their marriage was one of many alliances in the northern areas between high-ranking European traders and Ojibwe  The family was prominent among Native Americans, First Nations, and Europeans from both Canada and the United States  They had eight children who learned fluent Ojibwe, English and French  The Johnstons entertained a variety of trappers, explorers, traders, and government officials, especially during the years before the War of 1812 between Britain and the United States For more than 140 years, the settlement was a single community under French colonial, and later, British colonial rule  After the War of 1812, a US–UK Joint Boundary Commission finally fixed the border in 1817 between the Michigan Territory of the US and the British Province of Upper Canada to follow the river in this area  Whereas traders had formerly moved freely through the whole area, the United States forbade Canadian traders from operating in the United States, which reduced their trade and disrupted the area's economy  The American and Canadian communities of Sault Ste  Marie were each incorporated as independent municipalities toward the end of the 19th century As a result of the fur trade, the settlement attracted Ojibwe and Ottawa, Métis, and ethnic Europeans of various nationalities  It was a two-tiered society, with fur traders (who had capital) and their families and upper-class Ojibwe in the upper echelon  In the aftermath of the War of 1812, however, the community's society changed markedly The U S  built Fort Brady near the settlement, introducing new troops and settlers, mostly Anglo-American  The UK and the US settled on a new northern boundary in 1817, dividing the US and Canada along St  Mary's River  The US prohibited British fur traders from operating in the United States  After completion of the Erie Canal in New York State in 1825 (expanded in 1832), the number of settlers migrating to Ohio and Michigan increased dramatically from New York and New England, bringing with them the Yankee culture of the Northern Tier  Their numbers overwhelmed the cosmopolitan culture of the earlier settlers  They practiced more discrimination against Native Americans and Métis 
The falls proved a choke point for shipping between the Great Lakes  Early ships traveling to and from Lake Superior were portaged around the rapids in a lengthy process (much like moving a house) that could take weeks  Later, only the cargoes were unloaded, hauled around the rapids, and then loaded onto other ships waiting below the rapids  The first American lock, the State Lock, was built in 1855; it was instrumental in improving shipping  The lock has been expanded and improved over the years 
In 1900, Northwestern Leather Company opened a tannery in Sault Ste  Marie  The tannery was founded to process leather for the upper parts of shoes, which was finer than that for soles  After the factory closed in 1958, the property was sold to Filborn Limestone, a subsidiary of Algoma Steel Corporation In March 1938 during the Great Depression, Sophia Nolte Pullar bequeathed $70,000 for construction of the Pullar Community Building, which opened in 1939  This building held an indoor ice rink composed of artificial ice, then a revolutionary concept  The ice rink is still owned by the city 

Meaning of the name
The city name was derived from the French term for the nearby rapids, which were called Les Saults de Sainte Marie  Sainte Marie (Saint Mary) was the name of the river and Saults referred to the rapids 
(The archaic spelling Sault is a relic of the Middle French Period  Latin salta successively became Old French salte (c  800 – c  1340), Middle French sault, and Modern French saut, as in the verb sauter, to jump )
Whereas the modern saut means simply "(a) jump", sault in the 17th century was also applied to cataracts, waterfalls and rapids  This resulted in such place names as Grand Falls/Grand-Sault, and Sault-au-Récollet on the Island of Montreal in Canada; and Sault-Saint-Remy and Sault-Brénaz in France  In contemporary French, the word for "rapids" is rapides 
Sault Sainte-Marie in French means "the Rapids of Saint Mary" (for a more detailed discussion, refer to the Sault Ste  Marie, Ontario page)  The Saint Mary's River runs from Lake Superior to Lake Huron, between what are now the twin border cities on either side 
No hyphens are used in the English spelling, which is otherwise identical to the French, but the pronunciations differ  Anglophones say  and Francophones say [so sɛ̃t maʁi]  In French, the name can be written Sault-Sainte-Marie  On both sides of the border, the towns and the general vicinity are called The Sault (usually pronounced ), or The Soo 

Transportation
The city is home to the northern terminus of Interstate 75 (I-75), which connects with the Mackinac Bridge at St  Ignace approximately 50 miles (80 km) to the south, and continues south to near Miami  M-129 also has its northern terminus in the city  M-129 was at one time a part of the Dixie Highway system, which was intended to connect the northern industrial states with the southern agricultural states  Until 1984 the city was the eastern terminus of the western segment of US 2  County Highway H-63 (or Mackinac Trail) also has its northern terminus in the city and extends south to St  Ignace and follows a route very similar to I-75  The city is joined to its Canadian counterpart by the International Bridge, which connects I-75 in Sault Ste  Marie, Michigan, and Huron Street in Sault Ste  Marie, Ontario  
Commercial airline service is provided to the city by the Chippewa County International Airport in Kinross, about 20 miles (32 km) south of the city  Smaller general aviation aircraft also use the Sault Ste  Marie Municipal Airport about one 1 mile (1 6 km) southwest of downtown 
Sault Ste  Marie was the namesake of the Minneapolis, St  Paul and Sault Ste  Marie Railway, now the Soo Line Railroad, the U S  arm of the Canadian Pacific Railway  This railroad had a bridge parallel to the International Bridge crossing the St  Marys River  The Soo Line has since, through a series of acquisitions and mergers of portions of the system, been split between Canadian Pacific and Canadian National Railway (CN)  Canadian National operates the rail lines and the bridge in the Sault Ste  Marie area that were part of the Soo Line 
The Sugar Island Ferry provides automobile and passenger access between Sault Ste  Marie and Sugar Island, formerly a center of maple sugaring  The short route that the ferry travels crosses the shipping channel  Despite the high volume of freighter traffic through the locks, freighters typically do not dock in the Sault  However, the city hosts tugs, a tourist passenger ferry service, and a Coast Guard station along the shoreline on the lower (east) side of the Soo Locks  The United States Postal Service operates a "Marine Post Office", situated within the locks, to service ships as they pass through 
Shipping traffic in the Great Lakes system bypasses the rapids in the St  Marys River via the American Soo Locks  Locally, it is often claimed to be the world's busiest canal in terms of tonnage passing through it  The largest ships are 1,000 feet (300 m) long by 105 feet (32 m) wide  These are domestic carriers (called lakers)  Smaller recreational and tour boats use the Canadian Sault Ste  Marie Canal  The lakers, being too large to transit the Welland Canal that bypasses Niagara Falls, are therefore land-locked  Foreign ships (termed salties) are smaller and can exit the Great Lakes to the St  Lawrence River and the Atlantic Ocean 

Geography and climate
The city is located at 46°49'N 84°35'W 
According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has an area of 20 16 square miles (52 21 km2), of which 14 77 square miles (38 25 km2) is land and 5 39 square miles (13 96 km2) is water  The city's downtown is on an island, formed by the Sault Ste  Marie Power Canal to the south and the St  Mary's River and Soo Locks to the north 

Climate
Under the Köppen climate classification, Sault Ste  Marie has a humid continental climate (Dfb) with cold, snowy winters and warm summers  Sault Ste  Marie is one of the snowiest places in Michigan, receiving an average of 120 inches (3 0 m) of snow per winter season, with a record year when 209 inches (5 3 m) fell  62 inches (1 6 m) of snow fell in one five-day snowstorm, including 28 inches (71 cm) in 24 hours, in December 1995   During this time, the city proper experienced a far greater level of snowfall than the farmlands past the canal and riverfront due to lake-effect snow   This caused the 1437th MRBC National Guard local armory to be mobilized for disaster relief in order to remove hundreds of tons of snow which effectively blockaded people within their own homes  Precipitation measured as equivalent rainfall, Sault Ste  Marie receives an annual average of 33 inches (840 mm)  Its immediate region is the cloudiest in Michigan's Upper Peninsula, having over 200 cloudy days a year Temperatures in Sault Ste  Marie have varied between a record low of −36 °F (−38 °C) and a record high of 98 °F (37 °C)  Monthly average temperatures range from 13 °F (−11 °C) in January to 64 °F (18 °C) in July  On average, only two out of every five years reaches 90 °F (32 °C), while there are 85 5 days annually where the high remains at or below freezing and 26 5 nights with a low of 0 °F (−18 °C) or colder 
Average monthly precipitation is lowest in February, and highest in September and October  This autumn maximum in precipitation, unusual for humid continental climates, owes to this area's Great Lakes location  From May through July (usually the year's wettest months in most of the upper Midwestern United States, away from large bodies of water), the lake waters surrounding Sault Ste  Marie are cooler than nearby land areas  This tends to stabilize the atmosphere, suppressing precipitation (especially showers and thunderstorms) somewhat, in May, June and July  In autumn, the lakes are releasing their stored heat from the summer, making them warmer than the surrounding land, and increasingly frequent and strong polar and Arctic air outbreaks pick up warmth and moisture during their over-water passage, resulting in clouds and instability showers  In Sault Ste  Marie, this phenomenon peaks in September and October, making these the wettest months of the year  Also noteworthy is that in Sault Ste  Marie, the year's third wettest month, on average, is November, and not any summer month 

			
			
		
		
			
			
		
		
			
			
		

Notes

Demographics
2020 census
As of the census of 2020, the population was 13,337  The population density was 903 8 inhabitants per square mile (349 0/km2)  There were 6,234 housing units at an average density of 422 4 per square mile (163 1/km2)  The racial makeup of the city was 68 9% White, 17 8% Native American, 1 0% Black or African American, 0 9% Asian, 0 8% from other races, and 10 7% from two or more races  Ethnically, the population was 2 4% Hispanic or Latino of any race 

2010 census
As of the census of 2010, there were 14,144 people, 5,995 households, and 3,265 families residing in the city  The population density was 957 6 inhabitants per square mile (369 7/km2)  There were 6,534 housing units at an average density of 442 4 per square mile (170 8/km2)  The racial makeup of the city was 74 8% White, 0 7% African American, 17 7% Native American, 0 9% Asian, 0 1% Pacific Islander, 0 3% from other races, and 5 5% from two or more races  Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1 5% of the population 
There were 5,995 households, of which 28 1% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 35 0% were married couples living together, 14 5% had a female householder with no husband present, 5 0% had a male householder with no wife present, and 45 5% were non-families  35 7% of all households were made up of individuals, and 12 8% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older  The average household size was 2 22 and the average family size was 2 88 
The median age in the city was 33 8 years  21 3% of residents were under the age of 18; 17 1% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 23 8% were from 25 to 44; 23 8% were from 45 to 64; and 13 9% were 65 years of age or older  The gender makeup of the city was 48 5% male and 51 5% female 

2000 census
Note: After going through the Census 2000 Count Question Resolution Program, the population of the city in 2000 was revised to 14,324 because of the misallocation of some of a neighboring municipality's population to the city of Sault Ste  Marie As of the census of 2000, there were 16,542 people, 5,742 households, and 3,301 families living in the city  The population density was 1,116 3 inhabitants per square mile (431 0/km2)  There were 6,237 housing units at an average density of 420 9 per square mile (162 5/km2)  The racial makeup of the city was 73 99% White, 6 51% African American, 13 72% Native American, 0 65% Asian, 0 05% Pacific Islander, 0 47% from other races, and 4 61% from two or more races  Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1 86% of the population 
There were 5,742 households, out of which 28 8% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 39 9% were married couples living together, 13 2% had a female householder with no husband present, and 42 5% were non-families  33 8% of all households were made up of individuals, and 13 3% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older  The average household size was 2 28 and the average family size was 2 92 
In the city, the population was spread out, with 19 4% under the age of 18, 18 1% from 18 to 24, 31 9% from 25 to 44, 18 2% from 45 to 64, and 12 5% who were 65 years of age or older  The median age was 33 years  For every 100 females, there were 122 0 males  For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 128 3 males 
The median income for a household in the city was $29,652, and for a family was $40,333  Males had a median income of $29,656 versus $21,889 for females  The per capita income for the city was $14,460  About 12 7% of families and 17 5% of the population were below the poverty line, including 19 6% of those under age 18 and 12 5% of those age 65 or over 

Economy
Tourism is a major industry in the area  The Soo Locks and nearby Kewadin Casino, Hotel and Convention Center—which is owned by the Sault Tribe of Chippewa Indians—are the major draws, as well as the forests, inland lakes, and Lake Superior shoreline  Sault Ste  Marie is also a gateway to Lake Superior's scenic north shore through its twin city Sault Ste  Marie, Ontario  The two cities are connected by the Sault Ste  Marie International Bridge, a steel truss arch bridge with suspended deck passing over the St  Marys River 

Education
University
Sault Ste  Marie is home to Lake Superior State University (LSSU), founded in 1946 as an extension campus of Michigan College of Mining and Technology (now Michigan Technological University); the campus was originally Fort Brady  LSSU is home to the LSSU Lakers (D1 Hockey (CCHA), D2 all other sports (GLIAC)  LSSU has around 1500 students, making it Michigan's smallest public university 

Primary and secondary education
The area school district is Sault Ste  Marie Area Schools The Sault's primary public high school is Sault Area High School (SAHS)  "Sault High" is one of the few high schools in the state with attached career center  The school's mascot is the Blue Devil  "Sault High" houses a variety of successful varsity sports teams, such as hockey, wrestling, baseball, and basketball  Altogether, the school provides 24 competitive sports teams for both boys and girls at all levels  
 The school district also operates Malcolm High School as an alternative high school 
Sault Ste  Marie has two middle schools, one in the Sault Ste  Marie School System known as Sault Area Middle School  Before the 6th grade annex was added in the late 1980s, the school was referred to as Sault Area Junior High School  The Second Middle School is a part of Joseph K  Lumsden Bahweting School, a Native American-affiliated Public School Academy 
There are two elementary schools in Sault Ste  Marie, Lincoln Elementary and Washington Elementary  There is also a Public School Academy, Joseph K  Lumsden Bahweting School, and the St  Mary's Catholic School  Jefferson Elementary, McKinley Elementary, Bruce Township Elementary, and Soo Township Elementary (converted into an Alternative High School) have closed because of declining enrollment in the school system 
St  Mary's Catholic School serves students in grades K–8  It is affiliated with the Roman Catholic Diocese of Marquette There is a Bureau of Indian Education-affiliated tribal school, Joseph K  Lumsden Bahweting Anishnabe School  It was established in 1994 and received its current name in 1998 

Media
TV
All stations listed here are rebroadcasters of television stations based in Traverse City and Cadillac 

Channel 8: WGTQ, ABC (rebroadcasts WGTU); NBC on digital subchannel 8 2 (rebroadcasts WPBN-TV), Charge! on digital subchannel 8 3
Channel 10: WWUP, CBS (rebroadcasts WWTV); Fox on digital subchannel 10 2 (rebroadcasts WFQX-TV), MeTV on digital subchannel 10 3, Laff on digital subchannel 10 4, QVC on digital subchannel 10 5, and HSN on digital subchannel 10 6
Channel 28: W28DY-D, 3ABN (all programming via satellite)NBC and ABC are also served by WTOM channel 4 from Cheboygan, which repeats WPBN-TV and WGTU  The market can also receive select over the air channels from Sault Ste  Marie, Ontario, including Global Toronto on channel 12 1 at CIII-DT-12, and CTV Northern Ontario on analog channel 2 at CHBX  Channel 8 3 was previously the science fiction network Comet until being replaced by Charge!, which is also operated by the Sinclair Broadcast Group 
The area has no local PBS, The CW, or MyNetworkTV service over-the-air  The Spectrum cable system offers all three in their regional packages through Marquette's PBS affiliate WNMU-TV, Cadillac's CW affiliate WFQX-CW, and joint MyNetworkTV/Cozi TV affiliate WXII-LD out of Cedar  The next closest PBS station after WNMU is Cadillac satellite station WCMV 
None of these stations are seen on cable in Sault Ste  Marie, Ontario, as Shaw Cable chooses to largely air Detroit affiliates for over the air channels, while WUHF in Rochester, New York, WPIX in New York City, New York, and WSBK-TV in Boston, Massachusetts provide the closest Fox, CW, and MNTV affiliates carried by Shaw in the market 

Radio
1230 AM – WSOO (adult contemporary/news/sports)
1400 AM – WKNW (talk/sports)
91 5 FM – WJOH (Contemporary Christian) "Smile FM" (rebroadcasts WLGH from Lansing)
98 3 FM – WCMZ (NPR/jazz) (rebroadcasts WCMU-FM from Mount Pleasant)
99 5 FM – WYSS (contemporary hit radio)
101 3 FM – WSUE (active rock)
102 3 FM – WTHN (religious) (rebroadcasts WPHN-FM from Gaylord)
103 3 FM – W277AG (religious) (rebroadcasts WHWL-FM from Marquette)
The 46th Parallel Radio (college radio) (internet station broadcast from Lake Superior State University; previously on WLSO 90 1 FM)Other stations serving the Sault Ste  Marie, Michigan, market:

93 9 FM – WNBY (oldies) – Newberry, Michigan
95 1 FM – WUPN (classic hits) – Paradise, Michigan
97 9 FM – WIHC (Christian radio) – Newberry, Michigan
105 5 FM – WMKD (country music) – Pickford, Michigan

Print
The city's main daily paper is The Sault News, formerly the Sault Evening News 

Athletics
Spectator sports in Sault Ste  Marie include Lake Superior State University Athletics and the Soo Eagles of the Northern Ontario Junior Hockey League (NOJHL)  The Lakers participate in NCAA Division I Ice Hockey and Division II Women's and Men's Basketball, Women's and Men's Golf, Women's Volleyball, Women's and Men's Track and Field, Women's and Men's Tennis and Women's and Men's Cross Country   
Nicknamed the Lakers, LSSU's hockey program is celebrating its 50th season of intercollegiate competition  The team plays its home contests at Taffy Abel Arena (4,000 seats) on LSSU's campus and is one of the most decorated in NCAA hockey history  The squad claimed two NAIA titles in the 1970s before a run of three NCAA division one championships (1988, 1992, 1994) and one finalist appearance (1993) in the late 1980s and early 90s  They compete in the Western Collegiate Hockey Association (WCHA) 
The rest of the athletic teams play in the Great Lakes Intercollegiate Athletic Conference (GLIAC)  The basketball programs at LSSU have seen their share of success  The Men's program won overall GLIAC regular season titles in 2014–15, 2013–14, 1995-1996 (Tournament Champion) and also claimed the north division crown in 2008–09  LSSU's women's program won GLIAC gold from 2001 to 2002 through 2004–05  They also captured GLIAC tournament titles in 2002-03 and 2003–04  Both Men's and Women's squads play their home games in the Bud Cooper Gymnasium within the Norris Center 
Sault Ste  Marie is the home of the International 500 Snowmobile Race (commonly called the I-500), which takes place annually and draws participants and spectators from all over the U S  and Canada  The race, which was inspired by the Indianapolis 500, originated in 1969 and has been growing ever since 

Notable people
Taffy Abel, former Olympic and NHL player
Cliff Barton, former NHL player
Bob Bemer, computer scientist
Jeff Blashill, assistant coach with the NHL's Tampa Bay Lightning and former head coach of the NHL's Detroit Red Wings; born in Detroit but grew up in Sault Ste  Marie, where his father was a professor at Lake Superior State University
Rosalynn Bliss, Mayor of Grand Rapids
Denton G  Burdick, Oregon state legislator
Vic Desjardins, former NHL player
John Johnston (1762–1828), married to Ozhaguscodaywayquay (also known as Susan), daughter of Waubojeeg, an Ojibwe chief; together they built a prosperous fur trading business; among upper class in Euro-American and Ojibwe communities of region during late-18th and early-19th centuries
Lloyd H  Kincaid, former Wisconsin State Senator
Bruce Martyn, radio and TV play-by-play announcer of the Detroit Red Wings from 1964 to 1995; graduated from Lake Superior State University and began his radio career at WSOO
Bun LaPrairie, former NHL player
William McPherson, author and Washington Post writer, was born in Sault Ste  Marie
Tip O'Neill, former NFL player
Terry O'Quinn, best known for playing John Locke from the ABC show Lost, was born in Sault Ste  Marie
Chase S  Osborn, Michigan's only Governor from the Upper Peninsula
Henry Rowe Schoolcraft, ethnographer and U S  Indian agent who named many counties and places in Michigan in his official capacity; husband of Jane Johnston Schoolcraft
Jane Johnston Schoolcraft, daughter of John and Susan Johnston, recognized as the first Native American literary writer and poet, and inducted into Michigan Women's Hall of Fame in 2008
Joseph H  Steere, Chief Justice of the Michigan Supreme Court
Reed Timmer, American meteorologist and extreme storm chaser
Kim A  Wilcox, Chancellor of UC Riverside

Notable landmarks
Pullar Stadium was constructed starting in 1937 and opened in 1939  It is used as an ice arena where the Soo Eagles play 
The Ramada Plaza Hotel Ojiway opened on December 31, 1927  The first owners were Beatrice and Leon Daglman  The building is 95 years old  The 27th Governor of Michigan Chase S  Osborn donated the site and $50,000  It was his dream to build a nice elegant hotel  Overall, it cost $250,000 to build it  On the day of its opening it had 91 rooms, 33 of which included bath tubs, 13 with showers, 34 with toilet and washbowls, and 11 just had a washbowl  This hotel was made for all the tourist who came to the town  Governor Chase S  Osborn and his family lived on the sixth floor for a while and so did Beatrice and Leon Daglman  The hotel contains 100 guestrooms, dining room, checkroom, barbershop and beauty parlor  Its decorated as an Art Deco architectural design, décor, detailed amenities and exceptional service gained national interest and attracted many famous guests including Jack Dempsey, Joe Louis and more recently President George H W  Bush in 1992
The Soo Theatre has been a part of Sault Ste  Marie for over 80 years and has provided entertainment of live plays, movies, and musicals  The Theatre opened in March 1930 and for 40 years was used for films and live performances  In May 1974 the theater was divided into red and blue cinemas, where a cement wall divided the once open auditorium  The building was then closed in 1998 and was put up for sale  In March 2003 the Soo Theatre Project Inc  purchased it for $85,000  After that the theater began restoration so plays and other types of entertainment could be put on once again 
Holy Name of Mary Pro-Cathedral (Sault Ste  Marie, Michigan) was begun by Jesuits in 1668  There are only two other parishes, one in St  Augustine, Florida and the other in Santa Fe, New Mexico, that are older in the United States [3] On January 9, 1857 Pope Pius IX established the Diocese of Sault Ste  Marie[4] and St  Mary's was named the cathedral church for the new diocese  The present church, the fifth for the parish, was built in 1881  It was designed by Canadian architect Joseph Connolly in the Gothic Revival style  The church was extensively remodeled in three phases from the mid-1980s to the mid-1990s  In 1968 the parish built the Tower of History as a shrine to the Catholic missionaries who served the community [5] It was designed to be a part of a larger complex that was to include a community center and a new church  Parish priorities changed and the structure was sold to Sault Historic Sites in 1980, who continues to operate it  Proceeds from the Tower of History still benefit the church 
The Soo Locks are a set of parallel locks which enable ships to travel between Lake Superior and the lower Great Lakes  They are on the St  Marys River between Lake Superior and Lake Huron, between the Upper Peninsula of the U S  state of Michigan and the Canadian province of Ontario  They bypass the rapids of the river, where the water falls 21 feet (7 m)  The locks pass an average of 10,000 ships per year,[4] despite being closed during the winter from January through March, when ice shuts down shipping on the Great Lakes  The winter closure period is used to inspect and maintain the locks  The locks share a name (usually shortened and anglicized as Soo) with the two cities named Sault Ste  Marie, in Ontario and in Michigan, on either side of the St  Marys River  The Sault Ste  Marie International Bridge between the United States and Canada permits vehicular traffic to pass over the locks  A railroad bridge crosses the St  Marys River just upstream of the highway bridge 
Taffy Abel Arena is the home of Lake Superior State University's Division 1 hockey team  The 4,000-seat arena is part of the Norris Center athletic complex on LSSU's campus  It was renovated in 1995 and is named after Clarence "Taffy" Abel  Abel was the first American born player to become an NHL regular and was born in the Soo 
Lake Superior State University sits on the former site of U S  Army's Fort Brady  The university has converted most of the buildings to serve housing and administrative needs for its students, faculty, guests and employees  The 115-acre campus includes several buildings which are listed in the National Register of Historic Places  The university has an enrollment of around 2500 students 

Sister cities
Sault Ste  Marie, Ontario, Canada (also twin city)

See also
Media in Sault Ste  Marie, Ontario
Passage 3:
Saskatchewan Highway 316
Highway 316 is a highway in the Canadian province of Saskatchewan  It runs from Highway 16 near Clavet to Highway 5  Highway 316 is about 17 km (11 mi ) long   This area is an industrial commercial area along Highway #316 which extends from Clavet north to the PCS Patience Lake Mine which is just 10 miles from the city of Saskatoon   Highway 316 is a primary weight highway, and also runs near the Canadian National Railway line which goes from Saskatoon through Clavet  In 1941, the Canadian Pacific Railway ran from Saskatoon through Cheviot and on south eastward Highway 316 passes near the community of Cheviot and intersects Highway 394 

Communities along the route
Clavet is a village which can be found at  52°00′00″N 106°23′00″W or legal land description of Section 9 Township 35 Range 3 -West of the 3rd Meridian
Cheviot, Saskatchewan, a small unincorporated area was the childhood home of  Neil McArthur inducted into the Saskatchewan Agricultural Hall of Fame   This area is located at  52°02′00″N 106°22′00″W or legal land description of Section 28 - Township  35- Range 3 -West of the 3rd Meridian
Muskeg Lake First Nation Indian Reserve 102A

Rural municipalities along the route
Blucher No  343 is home to several industrial/commercial enterprises  Potash mining, anhydrous ammonia-bulk fertilizer distribution centres, canola crushing plant, as well as a large inland grain terminal 

Major attractions
Potash Corporation of Saskatchewan (PCS) Patience Lake Mine
Cheviot Lake is located at 52°02′00″N 106°20′00″W or legal land description of Township  35 - Range 3 -West of the 3rd Meridian which is just east of Cheviot The following lakes are all north of Highway 316:

Porter Lake   52°17′00″N 106°17′00″W or legal land description of Township 37- Ranges 2,3 - W of the 3rd Meridian
Patience Lake Is located at   52°07′00″N 106°20′00″W or legal land description of Township 36 - Range 3 -West of the 3rd Meridian
Burke Lake is located at 52°10′00″N 106°18′00″W or legal land description of Township 37- Range 3 -West of the 3rd Meridian
Passage 4:
H-63 (Michigan county highway)
H-63 is a county-designated highway (CDH) in the Upper Peninsula of the US state of Michigan  The highway parallels the Interstate 75 (I-75) corridor between St  Ignace and Sault Ste  Marie  The road is called Mackinac Trail after the Upper Peninsula branch of an Indian trail used before European settlers reached the area  Originally, the roadway was built as a section of US Highway 2 (US 2) before being added to the CDH system in the 1970s 
H-63 serves as a two-lane alternative to the I-75 freeway across the eastern end of the Upper Peninsula  Between the northern side of St  Ignace, the roadway has connections to two state highways before running concurrently with M-48 near Rudyard  H-63 ends on the south side of Sault Ste  Marie 

Route description
H-63 starts a winding trail at Business Loop I-75 (BL I-75) north of St  Ignace in rural Mackinac County  From there, the highway heads northward towards the Kewadin Casino  The road then passes within viewing distance of I-75 past the Horseshoe Bay Wilderness  As it continues, H-63 has a connection to the southern terminus of M-123 with access to I-75 via a connecting road to M-123  After crossing to the west side of I-75, H-63 has access to I-75 via a connecting road to the western terminus of M-134  The CDH runs to the north and into Chippewa County  As it does so, H-63 turns away from I-75 as the latter curves northeastward  South of Rudyard and into center of the community, H-63 runs concurrently with M-48 for about three miles (4 8 km) From Rudyard northward,  H-63 turns northeasterly toward, and runs parallel to, I-75  At Kinross, there is an interchange between I-75 and M-80; H-63 has a brief concurrency with M-80 so that the latter can connect to all of the ramps in the interchange  The trail then crosses to the eastern side of I-75  Near Dafter, the CDH intersects M-28  Along this section, H-63 is roughly a half mile (0 8 km) away from the I-75 freeway at any given point as it continues northward to the Sault Ste  Marie area  H-63 terminates at its intersection with  Business Spur I-75 (BS I-75) on the south side of the city 

History
The first transportation route in the area was the Mackinac Trail, used by Native Americans before the Europeans arrived in the area; the trail in the area was the Upper Peninsula branch of a longer route that also connected the modern-day Saginaw with Mackinaw City and the Straits of Mackinac  Until 1933, no roadway was built along the path of the Indian trail  After that year, US 2 was rerouted between St  Ignace and Sault Ste  Marie using the modern routing of H-63  This placed the Mackinac Trail on the state trunkline highway system for the first time  In 1962 and 1963, the state transferred the highway to county control when US 2 was rerouted to follow the completed I-75 freeway  With the transfer to local control, Mackinac Trail became a county road  Later, it was given the  H-63 designation after October 5, 1970, as part of the County-Designated Highway System  The designation on the 1971 state map follows the routing used today 

Major intersections
See also
Michigan Highways portal
Passage 5:
County Road 492 (Marquette County, Michigan)
County Road 492 (CR 492, Co  Rd  492) is a primary county road in Marquette County, Michigan  The road serves as an alternate route between Negaunee and Marquette  Several historic sites line the roadway as it runs south and parallel to the main highway, U S  Highway 41 (US 41) and M-28, through the Marquette Iron Range in Michigan's Upper Peninsula  The path of the road runs near tracks of the Lake Superior and Ishpeming Railroad (LS&I)  The locally created Iron Ore Heritage Trail will follow CR 492 through Eagle Mills and Morgan Meadows upon completion  The western terminus of the county road is on US 41/M-28 in Negaunee and the eastern end is in Marquette next to Lake Superior 
CR 492 was previously known as the Marquette–Negaunee Road before it was made a part of the State Trunkline Highway System  It was originally designated as a part of M-15 as early as 1917  The superintendent of the Marquette County Road Commission, Kenneth Ingalls Sawyer, painted the first rural highway centerline on the roadway on Dead Man's Curve  The highway was later a part of M-28 before being transferred back to county control  The highway assumed its current form by 2001  The eastern section along Brookton Road in Marquette Township was redesignated as a county secondary highway when a new connection to US 41/M-28 was opened, and the designation was extended along Wright Street on the west and north sides of Marquette 

Route description
In the city of Negaunee, CR 492 is a part of Maas Street, which runs east–west through town starting at Teal Lake  CR 492 begins at the intersection of Maas Street and US 41/M-28 in Negaunee next to Miners Park  From there, CR 492 passes some businesses near the highway before running through a residential area  East of Woodland Drive, the street runs downhill into a more rural section of town  In this area, the roadway runs through forested terrain parallel to tracks of the LS&I  The road then loops to the north away from the tracks, crossing the Carp River next to the Forge Road intersection  Through this area, the Iron Ore Heritage Trail, a multi-use trail system, was built to follow CR 492, and opened in 2013  Forge Road runs north to the Michigan Iron Industry Museum on the site of the Carp River Forge, the original iron ore forge in the region  Maas Street runs along the south side of the city cemetery  The cemetery main gate is located near the city limits, where Maas Street ends and CR 492 continues into Negaunee Township 

CR 492 intersects M-35 near Eagle Mills Location  M-35 approaches the county road from the north before it turns east to run concurrently with CR 492  The two roadway designations cross a rail track before M-35 separates and turns south; traffic along the state highway must yield the right-of-way to traffic on the county road in the process  Eagle Mills is the location of the main LS&I rail yard and the former Pioneer Pellet Plant, the first such iron ore pelletizing plant in the country  CR 492 curves away from this industrial area to the northeast  The roadway crosses Morgan Creek and enters the Morgan Heights area on the border of Negaunee Township and Marquette Township  This is the site of the first tuberculosis sanatorium in the Upper Peninsula built in 1911; the facility is said to have been haunted before the main buildings were torn down around 2002  The road continues east through forested lands in Marquette Township, rounding Dead Man's Curve and running downhill into the Morgan Meadows area  CR 492 passes a convent of the Sisters of St  Paul de Chartres before entering a residential area  The road curves north past these subdivisions, meeting the western end of CR 500 (Grove Street)  Further north, CR 492 intersects Brookton Road before the western segment terminates at US 41/M-28 in the middle of Marquette Township's commercial corridor 

The county road designation resumes to the west at a roundabout on US 41/M-28 about 1,300 feet (400 m) from the previous intersection  From this location, CR 492 runs northward between several businesses  North of this commercial development, the roadway curves to the northeast to round the northern side of the North Star Academy and merge onto Wright Street  The roadway leaves the commercial corridor and returns to woodland before the intersection with Forestville Road and Commerce Drive  Wright Street curves to the northeast and then the east crossing into the westernmost section of the City of Marquette  As Wright Street continues eastward, it runs through a residential section along part of the city line before completely crossing into Marquette  The roadway passes the Holy Cross Cemetery and the north side of the campus of Northern Michigan University (NMU)  The northern main entrance to campus is located at the intersection with CR 550 (Sugar Loaf Avenue) and Tracy Avenue  Wright Street passes through residential neighborhoods east of CR 550 before meeting Presque Isle Avenue  East of that intersection, CR 492 crosses onto the northern edge of NMU's campus immediately north of the Superior Dome  Wright Street ends as it curves around to the south into a junction with Lakeshore Boulevard at the shore of Lake Superior 

History
The first roadway along the route of the modern CR 492 was a plank road built by the Cleveland and Sharon Iron Companies in the 1850s  The roadway was originally named the Marquette–Negaunee Road, due to its endpoints  The road was included as a section of "Division 8" in the State Trunkline Highway System when that was created on May 13, 1913  In 1917, the first highway centerline in the nation was painted along a section of the road known as "Dead Man's Curve"  The centerline was painted by Kenneth Ingalls Sawyer, long-time superintendent of the county road commission  Traffic along the road was heavy for the era, and along the curves, drivers would follow the innermost side instead of keeping to their own lane  Sawyer added arrows to indicate travel direction and found that motorists used the appropriate travel lanes 

At this time, the road carried an unsigned designation of "Trunk Line 15" (T L  15) as designated by the Michigan State Highway Department (MSHD)  This designation was changed to M-15 by the time the state highway system was signed by MSHD in 1919  With the creation of the United States Highway System on November 11, 1926, M-15 in Michigan was redesignated as a part of the larger US 41  Between Negaunee and Marquette, US 41 was routed north of the Marquette–Negaunee Road, following a section of M-35 out of downtown Negaunee  At the same time, M-28 was extended eastward through the Upper Peninsula of Michigan  Between Negaunee and Marquette, M-28 followed the old routing of M-15  By 1936, M-28 was shifted to follow US 41 between Negaunee and Marquette, transferring the old Marquette–Negaunee Road to county control After this transfer, the roadway carried the CR 492 designation  In 1964, several abandoned underground mine shafts collapsed underneath M-35 in Negaunee, and M-35 was rerouted out of the city along its current roadway through Negaunee Township, connecting with CR 492  The eastern end of CR 492 was moved by 2001  Before this realignment, CR 492 followed Brookton Road, parallel to US 41/M-28 before turning to the previous terminus just west of the border between Marquette Township and the City of Marquette  After the change, CR 492 turned north to intersect the highway opposite of Wright Street  The CR 492 designation was extended along Wright Street at the same time  In 2006, the city of Marquette extended Wright Street to end at Lakeshore Boulevard In 2010, the county road commission built an extension to Commerce Drive across US 41/M-28  This extension was designed to connect the southern and northern segments of CR 492 severed by traffic flow changes along US 41/M-28  Traffic wishing to cross between the two segments needs to follow US 41/M-28 to a median turn around in a maneuver similar to a Michigan left  After the project was completed, motorists gained a second option to cross between the two segments of CR 492 following Brookton Road to the Commerce Drive extension and around the Westwood Mall to Wright Street  This newer connector is designed for 35-mile-per-hour (56 km/h) traffic  The stop light at the US 41/M-28 intersection was installed in early November to complete the project  In August 2010, the speed limits along Wright Street were increased  After the results of a speed study, the limits were increased from 25 and 35 mph (40 and 56 km/h) to 35, 40 and 45 mph (56, 64 and 72 km/h) In 2019, two intersections controlled by stoplights along US 41/M-28 in Marquette Township were rebuilt as roundabouts  The easternmost of the two is located at the southwestern end of the northeastern segment of CR 492 

Major intersections
The entire road is in Marquette County 

See also
Michigan Highways portal
Passage 6:
Manistee County, Michigan
Manistee County ( man-iss-TEE) is a county located in the U S  state of Michigan  As of the 2020 Census, the population was 25,032  The county seat is Manistee  The county is named for the Manistee River  Manistee County is part of Northern Michigan and has a shoreline on Lake Michigan 

History
Manistee County was set off in 1840 from Michilimackinac County as an unorganized county  In 1851, it was attached to Grand Traverse County for legal purposes  Manistee County was organized in its own right on February 13, 1855 

Etymology
The name "Manistee" is from an Ojibwe word first applied to the principal river of the county  The derivation is not certain, but it may be from ministigweyaa, "river with islands at its mouth" 

Historical markers
There are thirteen recognized Michigan historical markers in the county:
Harriet Quimby Childhood Home
John J  Makinen Bottle House
First Congregational Church, Manistee
Great Fire of 1871
Holy Trinity Episcopal Church
Holy Trinity Episcopal Church Rectory
Kaleva, Michigan
Manistee City Library
Manistee Fire Hall
Our Saviour's Lutheran Church
Ramsdell Theatre
Trinity Lutheran Church [Arcadia]
William Douglas House

Geography
According to the U S  Census Bureau, the county has a total area of 1,281 square miles (3,320 km2), of which 542 square miles (1,400 km2) is land and 738 square miles (1,910 km2) (58%) is water  Manistee County is considered to be part of Northern Michigan 

Adjacent counties
By land

Benzie County - north
Grand Traverse County - northeast
Wexford County - east
Lake County - southeast
Mason County - southBy water

Manitowoc County, Wisconsin - southwest
Kewaunee County, Wisconsin - west

Protected areas
Manistee National Forest (part)
Nordhouse Dunes Wilderness
Orchard Beach State Park

Transportation
Airport
Manistee County-Blacker Airport is approximately 3 miles (4 8 km) northeast of Manistee  It offers direct flights to Chicago O'Hare International Airport 

Major highways
US 31 runs through Manistee and Bear Lake, paralleling Lake Michigan further inland than M-22 
 M-22 begins five miles (8 0 km) north of Manistee and goes through Onekama and Arcadia, paralleling the Lake Michigan shoreline and offering a scenic route 
 M-55 begins two miles (3 2 km) north of Manistee and runs across the Lower Peninsula to Tawas City via Cadillac, Lake City, Houghton Lake, and West Branch 
 M-115 is a diagonal highway, running southeast–northwest across the northeast corner of the county  It enters Benzie County to the north and Wexford County to the east Previously, an additional highway, M-110, was designated to run from US 31 at Parkdale to Orchard Beach State Park  However, the highway was returned to local control in 2003 

Bicycle routes
USBR 35 comes from Mason County and goes through Manistee, Onekama, and Arcadia to proceed north to Benzie County with M-22

Demographics
As of the census of 2000, there were 24,527 people, 9,860 households, and 6,714 families residing in the county  The population density was 45 people per square mile (17 people/km2)  There were 14,272 housing units at an average density of 26 per square mile (10/km2)  The racial makeup of the county was 94 16% White, 1 63% Black or African American, 1 30% Native American, 0 32% Asian, 0 03% Pacific Islander, 1 01% from other races, and 1 55% from two or more races  2 61% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race  23 5% were of German, 16 9% Polish, 8 8% English, 8 8% American and 7 1% Irish ancestry  96 2% spoke English and 2 3% Spanish as their first language 
There were 9,860 households, out of which 27 40% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 55 10% were married couples living together, 9 10% had a female householder with no husband present, and 31 90% were non-families  27 30% of all households were made up of individuals, and 13 20% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older  The average household size was 2 37 and the average family size was 2 86 
In the county, the population was spread out, with 22 60% under the age of 18, 6 70% from 18 to 24, 26 30% from 25 to 44, 26 30% from 45 to 64, and 18 10% who were 65 years of age or older  The median age was 42 years  For every 100 females there were 103 40 males  For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 102 00 males 
The median income for a household in the county was $34,208, and the median income for a family was $41,664  Males had a median income of $33,211 versus $20,851 for females  The per capita income for the county was $17,204  About 6 90% of families and 10 30% of the population were below the poverty line, including 13 50% of those under age 18 and 7 90% of those age 65 or over 

Government
The county government operates the jail, maintains rural roads, operates the major local courts, keeps files of deeds and mortgages, maintains vital records, administers public health regulations, and participates with the state in the provision of welfare and other social services  The county board of commissioners controls the budget but has only limited authority to make laws or ordinances  In Michigan, most local government functions — police and fire, building and zoning, tax assessment, street maintenance, etc  — are the responsibility of individual cities and townships 
Manistee County was one of two counties in the United States in which James M  Cox and Charles Evans Hughes both won — the other being Polk County, North Carolina 

Elected officials
Prosecuting Attorney: Jason Haag
Sheriff: Brian Gutowski
County Clerk: Jill Nowak
County Treasurer: Rachel Nelson
Register of Deeds: Penny Pepera
Drain Commissioner: Ken Hilliard
County Surveyor: Patrick Bentley(information as of February 2012)

Fire departments and emergency medical services
County ambulance service
As of early 2021 North Flight EMS has since transferred the primary ambulance service to Mobile Medical Response 

Fire departments
Arcadia Township Fire Department
Bear Lake Township Fire Department
City of Manistee Fire Department
Cleon Township Fire Department
Dickson Township Fire Department
East Lake Township Fire Department
Filer Township Fire Department
Manistee Township Fire Department [1]
Maple Grove Township Fire Department
Norman Township Fire Department
Onekama Township Fire Department
Stronach Township Fire Department

Communities
City
Manistee (county seat)

Villages
Bear Lake
Copemish
Eastlake
Kaleva
Onekama

Census-designated places
Other unincorporated communities
Townships
Education
School districts include:
Bear Lake School District
Benzie County Central School
Kaleva Norman Dickson School District
Manistee Area Schools
Mason County Eastern District
Mesick Consolidated Schools
Onekama Consolidated Schools

See also
List of Michigan State Historic Sites in Manistee County, Michigan
National Register of Historic Places listings in Manistee County, Michigan
Passage 7:
Saginaw County, Michigan
Saginaw County, officially the County of Saginaw, is a county located in the U S  state of Michigan  As of the 2020 Census, the population was 190,124  The county seat is Saginaw  The county was created by September 10, 1822, and was fully organized on February 9, 1835  The etymology of the county's name is uncertain  It may be derived from Sace-nong or Sak-e-nong (English: Sauk land), as the Sauk (French: Sac) tribe is believed by some to have once lived there  A more likely possibility is that it comes from Ojibwe words meaning "place of the outlet" –sag (English: an opening) and ong (English: place of)  See List of Michigan county name etymologies 
Saginaw County comprises the Saginaw, MI Metropolitan Statistical Area and is included in the Saginaw-Midland-Bay City Combined Statistical Area, the 5th largest metropolitan area in Michigan 

Etymology
The name Saginaw is widely believed to mean "where the Sauk were" in Ojibwe, from Sace-nong or Sak-e-nong (Sauk Town), due to the belief that the Sauk once lived there  But it is more likely that the name means "place of the outlet", from the Ojibwe sag (opening) and ong (place of) When Natives told Samuel de Champlain that the Sauk nation was on the western shore of Lake Michigan, Champlain mistakenly placed them on the western shore of Lake Huron  This mistake was copied on subsequent maps, and future references identified this as the place of the Sauks  Champlain himself never visited what is now Michigan 

History
The area was inhabited from about 1000 B C  to 1000 A D  by the Native American Hopewell culture, followed by the Anishnabeg  Some historians believe that the Sauk at one time lived in the area and were driven out by Ojibwe (Chippewa), before the area was first visited by Europeans 
The Saginaw region includes an extensive network of many rivers and streams which converge into the Saginaw River and provided a means for easy travel for the Native American population among numerous settlements and hunting areas, as well as access to Lake Huron  Saginaw was also a frequent meeting location for councils of the Ojibwe, Pottawatomi, and Ottawa—the Three Fires of the Anishnabeg What is today Saginaw County was inhabited by the Ojibwe at the time of the arrival of Euro-Americans  The Ojibwe were still the dominant force in the area in the 1820s, and in 1827 they were attacked by a two groups of Winnebago people coming from Wisconsin  The Ojibwe prevailed in this fight with the aid of local Euro-American settlers In 1853 the Ojibwe and Ottawa both established large hunting camps along the Saginaw River, although Euro-American settlers were beginning to establish saw mills and farms in the area by that point 

Geography
According to the U S  Census Bureau, the county has a total area of 816 square miles (2,110 km2), of which 800 square miles (2,100 km2) is land and 16 square miles (41 km2) (1 9%) is water   It is part of the Flint/Tri-Cities region of Mid-Michigan  The median elevation in Saginaw County, Michigan is 620 feet (190 m) above sea level 

Primary rivers
Saginaw River
Shiawassee River
Cass River
Flint River
Bad River
Tittabawassee River

Wildlife refuge
Shiawassee National Wildlife Refuge

Adjacent counties
Bay County  (northeast)
Midland County  (northwest)
Tuscola County  (east)
Gratiot County  (west)
Genesee County  (southeast)
Shiawassee County  (south)
Clinton County  (southwest)

Demographics
The 2010 United States Census indicates Saginaw County had a 2010 population of 200,169  This is a decrease of -9,870 people from the 2000 United States Census  Overall, the county had a -4 7% growth rate during this ten-year period  In 2010 there were 79,011 households and 52,287 families in the county  The population density was 250 2 per square mile (96 6 per square kilometer)  There were 86,844 housing units at an average density of 108 5 per square mile (41 9 per square kilometer)  The racial and ethnic makeup of the county was 70 5% White, 18 6% Black or African American, 0 3% Native American, 1 0% Asian, 7 8% Hispanic or Latino, 0 1% from other races, and 1 6% from two or more races 
There were 79,011 households, out of which 30 5% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 45 4% were husband and wife families, 16 0% had a female householder with no husband present, 33 8% were non-families, and 28 2% were made up of individuals  The average household size was 2 44 and the average family size was 2 99 
In the county, 23 4% of the population was under the age of 18, 10 6% from 18 to 24, 22 9% from 25 to 44, 27 8% from 45 to 64, and 15 3% was 65 years of age or older  The median age was 40 years  For every 100 females there were 93 6 males  For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 90 4 males 
The 2010 American Community Survey 1-year estimate indicates the median income for a household in the county was $41,938 and the median income for a family was $52,243  Males had a median income of $27,691 versus $16,488 for females  The per capita income for the county was $21,025  About 12 4% of families and 16 9% of the population were below the poverty line, including 24 1% of those under the age 18 and 10 1% of those age 65 or over 

Religion
The Roman Catholic Diocese of Saginaw is the controlling regional body for the Catholic Church 

Government and politics
The county government operates the jail, maintains rural roads, operates the
major local courts, keeps files of deeds and mortgages, maintains vital records, administers
public health regulations, and participates with the state in the provision of welfare and
other social services  The county board of commissioners controls the
budget but has only limited authority to make laws or ordinances  In Michigan, most local
government functions — police and fire, building and zoning, tax assessment, street
maintenance, etc  — are the responsibility of individual cities and townships 
Starting in 1988, Saginaw County became a reliable Democratic stronghold at the Presidential level  However, in recent elections it has become increasingly competitive, with Donald Trump narrowly winning the county in 2016 while narrowly losing it in 2020 by about 300 votes 

Elected officials
Prosecuting Attorney: John McColgan Jr 
Sheriff: William Federspiel
County Clerk: Vanessa Guerra
County Treasurer: Timothy M  Novak
Register of Deeds: Katheryn A  Kelly
Public Works Commissioner: Brian WendlingAll countywide officers are elected for four-year terms  The next scheduled election for these offices is November of 2024 
(information as of April 2021)

Parks and Recreation Commission
Saginaw County Parks and Recreation Commission is a county-wide government organization founded by William H  Haithco Sr  in 1969  Haithco then served as chairman from 1972 to 1999  The organization operates six parks throughout the county - Imerman Memorial Park, Veterans Memorial Park, Ringwood Forest, Price Nature Center, William H  Haithco Recreation Area, and The Saginaw Valley Rail Trail  These parks comprise over 550 acres, including 18 miles of hiking trails, two boat launches, four fishing access sites, a swimming beach, picnic shelters, and recreation programs 

Economy
The largest employers in Saginaw County are:

Transportation
Saginaw County was the destination of a Sauk footpath that became one of the first roads in what is now Michigan, the Saginaw Trail  The trail, first authorized in 1819, was completed to Saginaw in 1841  Since then, Saginaw's access to the outside world has expanded with the development of maritime, rail, air, and freeway links to the major cities of Michigan and neighboring states and nations 

Airports
Scheduled airline service is available from MBS International Airport near Freeland, Michigan and  Bishop International Airport in Flint, Michigan   Harry Browne Airport in Buena Vista Charter Township also serves the region 

Highways
I-75, a major north–south freeway running from Sault Ste  Marie, Michigan to Miami-Dade County, Florida
 I-675, a business route freeway from Interstate 75 passing through downtown Saginaw
 US 23
 M-13 runs from I-69 through downtown Saginaw and north to Standish 
 M-15
 M-46 is a cross peninsular road, running across the mitten and the thumb—from Port Sanilac on the Lake Huron shore; through Saginaw near Saginaw Bay; and then on to Muskegon on the Lake Michigan shore   This east-west surface route nearly bisects the Lower Peninsula of Michigan latitudinally 
 M-47 passes through the western suburbs and provides a direct connection to MBS International Airport in Freeland before ending at US 10 in nearby Bay County 
 M-52 runs from the Ohio border through Adrian and Owosso before ending at M-46, in the western suburbs of Saginaw  M-52 also provides an alternate connection to Lansing, Michigan's state capitol 
 M-54
 M-57
 M-58 runs from M-47 to I-675 
 M-81 runs east from M-13 to Caro and Cass City and ends at M-53 in Sanilac County 
 M-83
 M-84 runs from M-25 in downtown Bay City to M-58 in Saginaw 

Maritime
The Saginaw River is maintained by the Corps of Engineers, and from time to time, dredged to maintain a shipping channel down the river to Bay City, and from there, to the Great Lakes 

Education
Primary and secondary education
Public schools
Most of Saginaw County is served by the Saginaw Intermediate School District (SISD), which coordinates the efforts of local boards of education, but has no operating authority over schools  Local school boards in Michigan retain great autonomy over day-to-day operations  A number of charter schools also operate in the county 
School districts in the county (including any with any territory, no matter how slight, even if the schools and/or administration are in other counties) include:

Former school districts include:
Buena Vista School District

Higher education
Saginaw Valley State University (SVSU) is a four-year state university located in eastern Kochville Township 
Delta College is a two-year community college that serves Saginaw County, but is located in neighboring Bay County, a few miles to the north of the SVSU campus 

Notable natives
George C  Hinkley (1892-1936), Wisconsin State Assemblyman and businessman, was born in Saginaw County 
Theodore Roethke (1908–1963) Pulitzer prize and National Book Award-winning poet was born and buried here 

Historical markers
There are twenty eight recognized historical markers in the county:  They are:

Bliss Park
Burt Opera House / Wellington R  Burt
Coal Mine No  8
The Cushway House / Benjamin Cushway and Adelaide Cushway
First Congregational Church [Saginaw]
Fowler Schoolhouse (Fremont Township)
Frankenmuth / Saint Lorenz Evangelical Lutheran Church
Frankenmuth Bavarian Inn
Freeland United Methodist Church
George Nason House
Hess School
Hoyt Library
Leamington Stewart House
Michigan's German Settlers
Morseville Bridge
Presbyterian Church of South Saginaw
Saginaw Club
Saginaw Oil Industry
Saginaw Post Office
Saginaw Valley Coal
Saginaw Valley Lumbering Era
St  Mary's Hospital
Saint Michael Catholic Parish
St  Paul's Episcopal Mission
Shroeder House
Theodore Roethke / Childhood Home

Communities
Cities
Frankenmuth
Saginaw (county seat)
Zilwaukee

Villages
Birch Run
Chesaning
Merrill
Oakley
Reese (partially)
St  Charles

Charter townships
Bridgeport Charter Township
Buena Vista Charter Township
Saginaw Charter Township

Civil townships
Census-designated places
Bridgeport
Buena Vista
Burt
Freeland
Hemlock
Robin Glen-Indiantown
Shields

Other unincorporated communities
See also
List of Michigan State Historic Sites in Saginaw County, Michigan
National Register of Historic Places listings in Saginaw County, Michigan
Saginaw Trail
Context 3: Passage 1:
Nobody for Everybody
Nobody for Everybody is the Japanese debut EP by South Korean girl group Wonder Girls  Its title song is "Nobody" ～あなたしか見えない～ (ノーバディ, Nōbadi), first released on their third Korean mini-album, The Wonder Years: Trilogy in 2008  This is the fourth language that "Nobody" has been released in; the song was first released in Korean and was followed by English and Chinese versions 
The EP consists of the Japanese version of "Nobody" as well as 2012 re-recordings of "Nobody" (in both Korean and English), "Saying I Love You", and "You're Out"  These 2012 recordings include vocals of member Hyerim who entered the group in 2010, replacing the group's original member Sunmi 

Background
After announcing the Wonder Girls as spokesmodels for the brand "Marshpuff" in Japan, JYPE requested that their Japanese record label, DefStar Records, listen to the Wonder Girls' released albums and singles before deciding on what song would be their debut in the country  The label had strong mutual interest in "Nobody", so it was chosen as the title song for their first Japanese album In May 2012, the Wonder Girls officially announced their debut into the Japanese market with a Japanese version of "Nobody", "Nobody ～あなたしか見えない～"  JYP JYPE stated: "Wonder Girls have received numerous inquiries from Japan and [are] observing their advertisement and music business flourishing even without their official introduction "
The EP was released on July 25, 2012 in three different physical variants 

Track listing
Charts
Passage 2:
Alina Margolis-Edelman
Alina Margolis-Edelman (18 April 1922 – 23 March 2008) was a Polish physician, Holocaust survivor, and resistance fighter during the Warsaw Ghetto Uprising, who was forced to flee Poland during a revival of anti-Semitism in Poland in 1968  Joining Doctors Without Borders, she later helped found Doctors of the World, participating in medical missions in Africa and the Middle East, Latin America, and Eastern Europe  Simultaneously, she worked as a physician, practicing at Necker-Enfants Malades Hospital and the Maternal-Infant Protection Service in Seine-Saint-Denis  In 1990, she returned to Poland, and began an association, "Nobody's Children", to fight against child abuse in Poland  She was the recipient of numerous awards and honors 

Early life
Alina Margolis was born on 18 April 1922 in Łódź, Poland, to the Jewish 
physician Anna (née Markson) and her husband, Aleksander Margolis, who was also a physician  Anna was the director of the radiology department and chief of the tubercular service division of Anna Maria Hospital  Aleksander, also known by the pseudonym Paweł Gart, was an internist and head of the Municipal General Hospital of Radogoszcz, and a member of the Łódź City Council, until he was executed by the Gestapo in 1939  After his death, the family was relocated to the Warsaw Ghetto, to await transport to Treblinka  Anna managed to enroll Alina in the Jewish School of Nursing founded by Lama Blum-Bielica, and she worked in one of the hospitals in the ghetto  When transport became imminent, Anna left the ghetto with the children, all of them posing as "Aryan"  Anna placed her son in a Christian orphanage, and she went into hiding Margolis hid with a Polish family who were anti-Semitic and who believed that she was the daughter of a Polish officer who was a prisoner of war  She worked as a courier for the Resistance and continued nursing in ghetto, becoming an integral part of the rescue efforts following the Warsaw Ghetto Uprising  The insurgency lasted three weeks, and consisted mostly of Jewish youth, led by a five-person command  One of the commanders, Marek Edelman, was the sole survivor of the leadership  When German troops burned the ghetto, Edelman attempted escape by way of the sewer system  Underground members, disguising themselves as Polish Red Cross workers, carried him out of the ghetto on a stretcher  One of the stretcher-bearers was Margolis  To ensure that no one would investigate too closely, the underground posted a sign on Edelman's body declaring him to have typhus, easily passing armed checkpoints Before the war ended, Margolis and Edelman returned to Łódź, and were joined, when the war ended, by her mother and brother, John  In mid-1945, Margolis and Edelman married, moved to the house which her family had occupied before the war, and she began her medical studies 

Career
Completing her education, Margolis-Edelman became a pediatrician, working in the Łódź Pediatric Clinic  She specialized in diseases of the kidney and juvenile diabetes, establishing a clinic in Rąbka  She conducted research into these diseases and published her findings  In 1951, Margolis-Edelman had her son Alexander and five years later, gave birth to the couples' daughter, Anna  In the midst of preparing for her habilitation, the 1968 Polish political crisis unleashed a new wave of antisemitism and Margolis-Edelman was not allowed to defend her thesis  She and her children fled to France, but her husband remained in Łódź, providing humanitarian services to anyone in need  Unable to convince the French university to accept her Polish degree, she began her studies all over again and worked in a laboratory analyzing the blood of rats to earn a living After five years of study, Margolis-Edelman re-earned her ability to practice medicine and became head of the chemistry department where she worked and practicing pediatrics at the Necker-Enfants Malades Hospital  She also worked in the Maternal-Infant Protection Service in Seine-Saint-Denis, as well as serving the communes of Aubervilliers and La Courneuve  In 1978, she began working with Doctors Without Borders, on hospital ships with Vietnamese boat people, work that was later officially recognized by the Vietnamese government  When Bernard Kouchner left the organization, he and Margolis-Edelman co-founded Doctors of the World  She participated in medical missions to such places as Afghanistan, Chad, El Salvador, Guatemala, Lebanon, and Nicaragua During the 1981-1983 period of martial law in Poland, Margolis-Edelman supported the pro-democracy opposition  She organized internships abroad for Polish doctors, helped those who could not obtain treatment in Poland, and sent drugs and supplies to Polish hospitals, which were unable to obtain them at the time  She helped found the Franco-Polish association "SOS Aide aux Malades Polonais", to assist Poles in obtaining treatment in France  Around the same time, she served as president of the Literary Notebook Association (French: Les Cahiers Littéraires) and established the quarterly magazine Zeszyty Literackie in Paris  In 1990, she returned to Poland and established an organization called Nobody's Children to care for victims of child abuse and lobby for their protection  During the Bosnian War, she co-founded a rape victim support center and a center in Saint Petersburg to care for street children In 1994, Margolis-Edelman wrote a memoir about her pre-war and World War II experiences, Ala z Elementarza (later translated to English in 1998, as Ala from the Primer)  The title was a reference of an earlier work by Marian Falski  As children, Margolis and her brother inspired Falski to write a widely-read early reading primer about two children, Ala and Olek  The title of Margolis-Edelman's memoir, referred to the earlier work's characters  In 1997, Margolis-Edelman published another memoir, entitled Je ne le répéterai pas, je ne veux pas le répéter (I will not repeat it, I do not want to repeat it)  She was awarded the Cross of Valor for her humanitarian work and a knighthood by the Order of the Smile 

Death and legacy
Margolis-Edelman died on 23 March 2008 in Paris, and was buried in the Cimetière parisien de Bagneux  A symbolic gravesite was placed as a memorial to her at the Jewish Cemetery in Warsaw  In 2010, a documentary, The Girl From A Reading Primer, directed by Edyta Wróblewska and produced by Studio Filmowe Kalejdoskop, detailing Margolis-Edelman's life was released  In 2011, an award named in her honor was established to recognize those who work to protect children 
Passage 3:
Sarah Polley
Sarah Ellen Polley  (born January 8, 1979) is a Canadian filmmaker, political activist and retired actress  She first garnered attention as a child actress for her role as Ramona Quimby in the television series Ramona, based on Beverly Cleary's books  This subsequently led to her role as Sara Stanley in the Canadian television series Road to Avonlea (1990–1996)  She has starred in many feature films, including The Adventures of Baron Munchausen (1988), Exotica (1994), The Sweet Hereafter (1997), Guinevere (1999), Go (1999), The Weight of Water (2000), No Such Thing (2001), My Life Without Me (2003), Dawn of the Dead (2004), Splice (2009), and Mr  Nobody (2009) 
Polley made her feature film directorial debut with Away from Her (2006), for which she won the Canadian Screen Award for Best Director and was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Adapted Screenplay  Polley's second film, Take This Waltz (2011), premiered at the 2011 Toronto International Film Festival, followed by her first documentary film, Stories We Tell (2012)  She also wrote the miniseries Alias Grace, based on the 1996 novel of the same name by Margaret Atwood  In 2022, Polley wrote and directed the film Women Talking, based on the 2018 novel of the same name by Miriam Toews, for which she won the Academy Award for Best Adapted Screenplay 

Early life
Polley was born and raised in Toronto, Ontario, Canada, the youngest of five children born to Diane Elizabeth Polley (née MacMillan)  Her siblings are Susy and John Buchan from Diane's first marriage to George Deans-Buchan, and Mark and Joanna Polley from her second marriage to Michael Polley (1933–2018), a British-born actor who became an insurance agent after starting a family with Diane  Her uncle was the Buffalo Sabres play by play caller Ted Darling 
Her mother was an actress (best known for playing Gloria Beechham in 44 episodes of the Canadian TV series Street Legal) and a casting director  She died of cancer the week of Polley's 11th birthday Polley suffered from severe scoliosis as a child and underwent a spinal operation at 15 that required her to spend the next year in bed recovering Polley was raised by Diane and Michael  During her childhood, Polley's siblings teased her because she bore no physical resemblance to Michael  Polley discovered as an adult that her biological father was actually Harry Gulkin, with whom her mother had an affair (as chronicled in Polley's film Stories We Tell)  Gulkin, the son of Russian Jewish immigrants, was a Quebec-born film producer who produced the 1975 Canadian film Lies My Father Told Me, and had met Diane after attending a play in which she acted in Montreal in 1978  When Polley turned 18, she decided to follow up on suggestions from her mother's friends that her biological father might be Geoff Bowes—one of three castmates from her mother's play in Montreal  Meeting with Gulkin as just someone who could provide information about Diane in Montreal, he informed Polley of his affair with Diane  Gulkin's paternity was later confirmed by a DNA test Polley attended Subway Academy II, then Earl Haig Secondary School, but dropped out at age 15  By the age of 15 she was living on her own and credits the Ontario Coalition Against Poverty for housing her and developing her work with activism 

Career
Early career
Her first appearance on screen was at the age of four, as Molly in the film One Magic Christmas  She was in the pilot episode for Friday the 13th – The Series and appeared in a small role in William Fruet's sci-fi horror film Blue Monkey, both in 1987   At age of eight, she was cast as Ramona Quimby in the television series Ramona, based on Beverly Cleary's books 
That same year, she played one of the lead characters in Terry Gilliam's The Adventures of Baron Munchausen  Polley burst into the public eye in 1990 as Sara Stanley on the popular CBC television series Road to Avonlea  The series made her famous and financially independent, and she was hailed as "Canada's Sweetheart" by the popular press  The show was picked up by the Disney Channel for distribution in the United States  At the age of 12 (around 1991), Polley attended an awards ceremony while wearing a peace sign to protest the first Gulf War  Disney executives asked her to remove it, and she refused  This soured her relationship with Disney, but she continued on Road to Avonlea until 1994  The show ran until 1996; Polley did return as Sara Stanley for an episode in 1995 and for the series finale 
In 1994 Polley made her theatre debut at the Stratford Festival playing Alice in Alice Through the Looking Glass, an adaptation of Lewis Carroll's book of the same name  Polley ended her run early, claiming complications from scoliosis  In 2022 she revealed she had in fact been suffering from intense stage fright, something that continued to plague her into adulthood 

Transition into more adult roles
Polley appeared as Lily on the CBC television series Straight Up, which ran from 1996 to 1998, winning the Gemini Award for Best Performance in a Children's or Youth Program or Series for her role  Polley's subsequent role as Nicole Burnell in the 1997 film The Sweet Hereafter brought her considerable attention in the United States; she was a favourite at the Sundance Film Festival  Her character in the film was an aspiring singer, and on the film's soundtrack, she performed covers of The Tragically Hip's "Courage" and Jane Siberry's "One More Colour" and sang the film's title track, which she co-wrote with Mychael Danna In 1998, Polley appeared in the critically acclaimed film Last Night  The following year, she starred as part of the ensemble cast in the film Go  She was cast in the role of Penny Lane in the big-budget 2000 film Almost Famous, but dropped out of the project to return to Canada for the low-budget The Law of Enclosures  Her role in the 2003 film My Life Without Me garnered the Genie Award for Best Performance by an Actress in a Leading Role in 2004  In the same year, she starred in a lead role in the remake of Dawn of the Dead, which was a departure from her other indie roles 
In 2005, she starred in The Secret Life of Words, opposite Tim Robbins and Julie Christie  She was nominated as Best European Actress by the European Film Academy for her role as Hanna In 2006, Polley took a role on the acclaimed series Slings and Arrows during its third and final season  Polley's father, Michael Polley, was a regular on the show during its entire three-season run  She served as a member of the 2007 Cannes Film Festival jury 
In 2008, Polley appeared as Nabby Adams in the HBO miniseries based on the life of John Adams  Polley played Elise in Jaco Van Dormael's Mr  Nobody, which was released in 2010  Critical response has praised the film's artistry and Polley's acting   Later that year, she also appeared in a cameo role in Bruce MacDonald's film Trigger Though Polley never officially announced her retirement from acting, she has not taken an acting role since 2010, transitioning into a writing and directing career 

Directing career
In 1999, Polley made her first short film, The Best Day of My Life, for the On the Fly 4 Film Festival  She also made a second short film that year, Don't Think Twice  Polley attended the Canadian Film Centre's directing program in 2001, and won the Genie Award for Best Live Action Short Drama in 2003 for her short film I Shout Love  She made her feature-length film directing debut with Away from Her, which Polley adapted from the Alice Munro short story The Bear Came Over the Mountain  The movie, starring Julie Christie (with whom she had played in No Such Thing, 2001, and The Secret Life of Words, 2005), debuted at the Toronto International Film Festival on September 11, 2006, as part of the TIFF's Gala showcase 
Away from Her was acquired by Lionsgate for release in the US for the sum of $750,000  It drew rave reviews from Variety, The Hollywood Reporter, and the three Toronto dailies, both for the performances of Christie and her co-star, Canadian actor Gordon Pinsent, and for Polley's direction  It also earned Polley a 2007 Academy Award nomination for Best Adapted Screenplay, and won the Genie Award for Best Achievement in Direction  At the 2008 Genies, she was also awarded the Claude Jutra Award, which recognizes outstanding achievement by a first-time feature film director Polley wrote and directed her second feature, Take This Waltz starring Michelle Williams, Luke Kirby, Seth Rogen, and Sarah Silverman, which premiered at the Toronto International Film Festival in 2011 
Her documentary film Stories We Tell premiered at the 69th Venice International Film Festival in competition in the Venice Days category, and its North American premiere followed at the 2012 Toronto International Film Festival  The critically acclaimed documentary examined family secrets in Polley's own childhood  She was awarded the CAN$100,000 prize for best Canadian film of the year by the Toronto Film Critics Association  In 2017, Polley executive produced the film A Better Man (2017),In late 2012, Polley announced that she would be adapting Margaret Atwood's novel Alias Grace  Polley first wrote to Atwood asking to adapt the novel when she was 17  They held off for 20 years until she was ready to make the show  In August 2014, during a profile of her work as a director, Polley announced that Alias Grace was being adapted into a six-part miniseries  In June 2016, the series was confirmed with Polley writing and producing  The series premiered in 2017 on CBC Television in Canada; it streams on Netflix globally, outside of Canada  It received positive reviews from critics In June 2014, it was announced that she would be writing and directing an adaptation of John Green's Looking for Alaska  In March 2015, Polley was hired to write the script for a new adaptation of Little Women, as well as potentially direct; however, Polley's involvement in the project never went beyond initial discussions, despite reports  In her 2022 essay collection Run Towards the Danger, Polley revealed she had been working on a second draft of the Little Women screenplay when she had a traumatic head injury resulting in post-concussion syndrome that left her with symptoms for four years so she was temporarily unable to work  It was subsequently announced in June that, due to scheduling conflicts, Polley would no longer be directing Looking for Alaska 
In an interview, Polley stated that she takes pride in her work and enjoys both acting and directing, but is not keen on combining the two:I like the feeling of keeping them separate  I find that really gratifying  I can't imagine combining those  For me, I love the feeling of using different parts of my brain separately  In a 2015 retrospective of the movie Go, Mike D'Angelo of The A V  Club commented that Polley's decision to go into directing had "deprived the world of many potentially great performances", calling her a "superb actor"  In December 2020, it was announced Polley would direct Women Talking based upon the novel of the same name by Miriam Toews for Orion Pictures  It premiered at the 49th Telluride Film Festival on September 2, 2022, and went into wide release on December 23, 2022  It was released to widespread acclaim, with 90% of critics giving it a positive review on Rotten Tomatoes  Shirley Li of The Atlantic called it "vibrant cinema," while Anna Bogutskaya of Time Out said that it "imagines female emancipation as an honest, raging, caring experience " Polley won the Academy Award for Best Adapted Screenplay at the 95th Academy Awards, and the film was also nominated for the Academy Award for Best Picture 
In 2023, Polley was revealed to be in talks to direct Disney's live action adaptation of Bambi 

Writing career
Polley has written numerous essays over the years about her experiences as a child star  In 2022, she released her first book of essays, the autobiographical, Run Towards the Danger which contains six essays that examine aspects of Polley's career on stage, screen, and on film, detailing her roles in a Stratford Festival production of Alice Through the Looking Glass, as well as her breakout roles in The Adventures of Baron Munchausen and the TV series Road to Avonlea  The book also revealed for the first time that Polley had been a victim of Jian Ghomeshi who sexually and physically assaulted her when she was 16 and he was 28 

Political and social activism
Following the row with Disney as a twelve-year-old for wearing a peace sign to protest against the Gulf War, Polley dedicated more of her efforts to politics, becoming a prominent member of the Ontario New Democratic Party (ONDP), where Ontario legislator Peter Kormos was her political mentor  In 1996, she gave a nomination speech for Kormos at the ONDP leadership convention which she later referred to as the "proudest moment in [her] life" In 1995, she lost two back teeth after being struck by a riot police officer during a protest against the provincial Progressive Conservative government of Mike Harris in Queen's Park  She was subsequently involved with the Ontario Coalition Against Poverty  She subsequently scaled back her political activism 
She was part of a group in 2001 which opposed the proposed Free Trade Area of the Americas  The 3rd Summit of the Americas was held in Quebec City in April 2001  In 2003, she was part of former Toronto mayor David Miller's transition advisory team 
In 2009, Polley directed a two-minute short film in support of the Heart and Stroke Foundation of Canada  In advance of the film's airing in Canada during the 82nd Academy Awards, and following news reports that characterized the film as a marketing exercise for the margarine company Becel, Polley withdrew her association with the film  "In December 2009, I made a film to be aired during the Academy Awards that I believed was to promote the Heart and Stroke Foundation  When I agreed to make this film ["The Heart"], I was thrilled, as I was proud to be associated with the work of this incredible organization  However, I have since learned that my film is also being used to promote a product



ground_truth: Chippewa County

prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: Where is the company that created Doravirine ( from?

The following are given passages.
Context 2: Passage 1:
Merck &amp; Co 
Merck & Co , Inc  is an American multinational pharmaceutical company headquartered in Rahway, New Jersey, and is named for Merck Group, founded in Germany in 1668, of whom it was once the American arm  The company does business as Merck Sharp & Dohme or MSD outside the United States and Canada  It is one of the largest pharmaceutical companies in the world, generally ranking in the global top five by revenue Merck & Co  was originally established as the American affiliate of Merck Group in 1891  Merck develops and produces medicines, vaccines, biologic therapies and animal health products  It has multiple blockbuster drugs or products each with 2020 revenues including cancer immunotherapy, anti-diabetic medication and vaccines against HPV and chickenpox 
The company is ranked 71st on the 2022 Fortune 500 and 87th on the 2022 Forbes Global 2000, both based on 2021 revenues 

Products
The company develops medicines, vaccines, biologic therapies and animal health products  In 2020, the company had 6 blockbuster drugs or products, each with over $1 billion in revenue: Keytruda (pembrolizumab), a humanized antibody used in cancer immunotherapy that had $14 3 billion in 2020 revenue; Januvia (sitagliptin), an anti-diabetic medication used to treat type 2 diabetes that had $5 3 billion in 2020 revenue; Gardasil, an HPV vaccine that had $3 9 billion in 2020 revenue; Varivax, a varicella vaccine used to protect against chickenpox that had $1 9 billion in 2020 revenues; Bridion (Sugammadex), a neuromuscular-blocking drug that had $1 2 billion in 2020 revenue; and Pneumovax 23, a pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine that had $1 1 billion in 2020 revenue  Other major products by the company include Isentress (raltegravir), an antiretroviral medication used to treat HIV/AIDS that had $857 million in 2020 revenue; Simponi (golimumab), a human monoclonal antibody used as an immunosuppressive drug that had $838 million in 2020 revenue; RotaTeq, a rotavirus vaccine that had $797 million in 2020 revenue; and Lynparza (olaparib), a medication for the maintenance treatment of BRCA-mutated advanced ovarian cancer in adults that generated $725 million in 2020 revenue for the company Details of Merck's major products are as follows:

Januvia (sitagliptin) is a dipeptidyl peptidase IV inhibitor for the treatment of type 2 diabetes  In 2013, Januvia was the second largest selling diabetes drug worldwide  Januvia is commonly paired with the generic anti-diabetes drug metformin  It has been popular due in part because unlike many other diabetes drugs, it causes little or no weight gain and is not associated with hypoglycemic episodes  Merck also sells a single pill combination drug containing both Januvia and metformin under the trade name Janumet  There has been some concern that treatment with Januvia and other DPP-IV inhibitors may be associated with a modestly increased risk of pancreatitis 
Zetia (ezetimibe) is a drug for hypercholesterolemia that acts by inhibiting the absorption of dietary cholesterol  Zetia has been controversial, as it was initially approved based on its impact on serum cholesterol levels without proof that it actually impacted the incidence of cardiovascular disease  Results of the IMPROVE-IT study, however, introduced at the 2014 Scientific Sessions of the American Heart Association, showed a statistically significant, albeit modest, benefit in adding Zetia to simvastatin for high-risk, post-acute-coronary-syndrome patients 
Remicade (infliximab) is a monoclonal antibody directed toward the cytokine TNF-alpha and used for the treatment of a wide range of autoimmune disorders, including rheumatoid arthritis, Crohn's disease, ankylosing spondylitis, plaque psoriasis, and others  Remicade and other TNF-alpha inhibitors exhibit additive therapeutic effects with methotrexate and improve quality of life  Adverse effects include increased risk of infection and certain cancers  Merck had rights to the drug in certain areas, while Janssen Biotech had rights in other areas; in 2017, Merck announced a biosimilar to Remicade, Renflexis 
Gardasil (recombinant human papilloma virus vaccine) is a vaccine against multiple serotypes of human papilloma virus (HPV), which is responsible for most cases of cervical cancer worldwide 
Isentress (raltegravir) is a human immunodeficiency virus integrase inhibitor for the treatment of HIV infection  It is the first anti-HIV compound having this mechanism of action  It is part of one of several first line treatment regimens recommended by the United States Department of Health and Human Services 
Keytruda (pembrolizumab) is an immune modulator for the treatment of cancer  On September 4, 2014, the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved Pembrolizumab (MK-3475) as a breakthrough therapy for melanoma treatment  In clinical trials, pembrolzumab provided partial tumor regression in about one quarter of patients, many of whom have not seen further progression of their disease in over 6 months of follow-up 
Invanz (Ertapenem) is an injectable antibiotic, rights to which Merck has owned since 1999  Merck was in a legal dispute with the Taiwanese company Savior Lifetec over their attempt to secure rights to sell a generic drug version in the United States  Savior has since obtained approval to market generic ertapenem 
Mexsana is an antiseptic medicated powder 
Mectizan (ivermectin) is an anti-parasitic medicine traditionally used to treat river blindness  It is the focus of Merck's Mectizan Donation Program, wherein Merck has donated doses of the drug to treat millions of people in countries such as Yemen and African nations 
Molnupiravir is an antiviral pill to treat COVID-19, developed in partnership with Ridgeback Biotherapeutics Merck & Co  publishes The Merck Manuals, a series of medical reference books for physicians, nurses, technicians, and veterinarians  These include the Merck Manual of Diagnosis and Therapy, the world's best-selling medical reference  The Merck Index, a compendium of chemical compounds, was published by Merck & Co  until it was acquired by the Royal Society of Chemistry in 2012 

History
Roots and early history
Merck & Co  traces its origins to its former German parent company Merck Group, which was established by the Merck family in 1668 when Friedrich Jacob Merck purchased a drug store in Darmstadt  In 1827, Merck Group evolved from a pharmacy to a drug manufacturer company with the commercial manufacture of morphine  Merck perfected the chemical process of deriving morphine from opium and later introduced cocaine, used to treat sinus problems and to add to beverages to boost energy levels In 1887 a German-born, long-time Merck employee, Theodore Weicker, went to the United States to represent Merck Group  In 1891, with $200,000 received from E  Merck, Weicker started Merck & Co , with headquarters in lower Manhattan  That year George Merck, the 23-year-old son of the then head of E  Merck (and grandson of the founder) joined Weicker in New York  Merck & Co  operated from 1891 to 1917 as the US subsidiary of the Merck Group 

Nationalization
After the U S  entered World War I, due to its German connections, Merck & Co  was the subject of expropriation under the Trading with the Enemy Act of 1917  In 1919, George W  Merck, in partnership with Goldman Sachs and Lehman Brothers, bought the company back at a U S  government auction for $3 5 million, but Merck & Co  remained a separate company from its former German parent  Merck & Co  holds the trademark rights to the "Merck" name in the United States and Canada, while its former parent company retains the rights in the rest of the world; the right to use the Merck name was the subject of litigation between the two companies in 2016 In 1929, H  K  Mulford Company merged with Sharp and Dohme, Inc  and brought vaccine technology, including immunization of cavalry horses in World War I and delivery of a diphtheria antitoxin to Merck & Co 
In 1943, Streptomycin was discovered during a Merck-funded research program in Selman Waksman's laboratory at Rutgers University  It became the first effective treatment for Tuberculosis  At the time of its discovery, sanatoriums for the isolation of tuberculosis-infected people were a ubiquitous feature of cities in developed countries, with 50% dying within 5 years of admission  Although Merck's agreement with Rutgers gave it exclusive rights to streptomycin, at Waksman's request the company renegotiated the agreement, returning the rights to the university in exchange for a royalty  The university then set up non-exclusive licenses with seven companies to ensure a reliable supply of the antibiotic 

1950–2000
In the 1950s, thiazide diuretics were developed by Merck scientists Karl H  Beyer, James M  Sprague, John E  Baer, and Frederick C  Novello and led to the marketing of the first drug of this class, chlorothiazide, under the trade name Duiril in 1958  The research leading to the discovery of chlorothiazide, leading to "the saving of untold thousands of lives and the alleviation of the suffering of millions of victims of hypertension" was recognized by a special Public Health Award from the Lasker Foundation in 1975 In 1953, Merck & Co  merged with Philadelphia-based Sharp & Dohme, Inc , becoming the largest U S  drugmaker  Sharp and Dohme had acquired H  K  Mulford Company in 1929, adding smallpox vaccines to its portfolio  The combined company kept the trade name Merck in the United States and Canada, and as Merck Sharp & Dohme (MSD) outside North America In 1965, Merck & Co  acquired Charles Frosst Ltd  of Montreal (founded 1899), creating Merck-Frosst Canada, Inc , as its Canadian subsidiary and pharmaceutical research facility  Merck & Co  closed this facility in July 2010 but remerged in 2011 as Merck Canada Maurice Hilleman, a scientist at Merck, developed the first mumps vaccine in 1967, the first rubella vaccine in 1969, and the first trivalent measles, mumps, rubella (MMR vaccine) in 1971  The incidence of rubella-associated birth defects fell from up to 10,000 per year in the U S  to zero in the aftermath of the rubella vaccine's development  Hilleman also developed the first Hepatitis B vaccine and the first varicella vaccine, for chickenpox The company was incorporated in New Jersey in 1970  John J  Horan became CEO and Chairman in 1976, serving until 1985  Under his leadership, the company's investment in R&D grew threefold, and Merck became the largest pharmaceutical company in the world In 1979, Merck scientists developed lovastatin (Mevacor), the first drug of the statin class Merck scientist William C  Campbell and Satoshi Ōmura developed ivermectin for veterinary use in 1981, and later put it to human use against Onchocerciasis in 1987–88 with the name Mectizan; today the compound is used against river blindness, lymphatic filariasis, scabies and other parasitic infections In 1982, the company formed a joint venture, KBI Inc , with AstraZeneca  During the late 1980s and 1990s, the company also established joint ventures with DuPont to access research and development expertise, and with Johnson & Johnson to sell over-the-counter consumer medications In 1985, Merck received approval for imipenem, the first member of the carbapenem class of antibiotics  Antibiotics of the carbapenem class play an important role in treatment guidelines for certain hospital-acquired and multi-drug resistant infections  P  Roy Vagelos became CEO and Chairman that year, succeeding Horan In 1991, Merck's Kelco subsidiary was responsible for volatile organic compound (VOC) emission pollution in the San Diego area  In 1996 Merck paid $1 8 million for polluting the air  New machines were installed to reduce smog emissions by 680,000 lb (310,000 kg) a year In November 1993, Merck & Co  acquired Medco Containment Services for $6 billion  Merck & Co  spun Medco off ten years later 

2001–2019
In May 2002, The Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation purchased stock in Merck From 2002 through 2005, the Australian affiliate of Merck paid publishing house Elsevier an undisclosed amount to produce eight issues of a medical journal, the Australasian Journal of Bone and Joint Medicine  Although it gave the appearance of being an independent peer-reviewed journal, without any indication that Merck had paid for it, the journal actually reprinted articles that originally appeared in other publications and that were favorable to Merck  The misleading publication came to light in 2009 during a personal injury lawsuit filed over Vioxx; 9 of 29 articles in the journal's second issue referred positively to Vioxx  The CEO of Elsevier's Health Sciences Division, Michael Hansen, admitted that the practice was "unacceptable" In 2005, CEO Raymond Gilmartin retired following Merck's voluntary worldwide withdrawal of Vioxx  Former president of manufacturing Richard Clark was named CEO and company president In November 2009, Merck & Co  completed a merger with Schering-Plough in a US$41 billion deal  Although Merck & Co  was in reality acquiring Schering-Plough, the purchase was declared a "reverse merger", in which "Old" Merck & Co  was renamed Merck Sharp & Dohme, and Schering-Plough renamed as "Merck & Co , Inc  The maneuver was an attempt avoid a "change-of-control" in order to preserve Schering-Plough's rights to market Remicade  A settlement with Johnson & Johnson was reached in 2011, in which Merck agreed to pay $500 million  Merck Sharp & Dohme remains a subsidiary of the Merck & Co  parent Richard Clark retired as CEO and company president in October 2011 and Kenneth Frazier became CEO In October 2013, Merck announced it would cut 8,500 jobs in an attempt to cut $2 5 billion from its costs by 2015  Combined with 7,500 job cuts announced in 2011 and 2012, the layoffs amounted to 20% of its workforce By 2014, research performed at Merck has led to U S  FDA approval of 63 new molecular entities In August 2014, Merck acquired Idenix Pharmaceuticals for $3 85 billion In December 2014, the company acquired Swiss biotechnology company OncoEthix for up to $375 million Between 2010 and 2015, the company cut around 36,450 jobs  During that time, the company sold its consumer health business to Bayer and narrowed the company's focus to immunology, vaccines, diabetes, emerging markets and medicines used in hospitals, like certain antibiotics In January 2015, Merck acquired Cubist Pharmaceuticals In July 2015, Merck and Ablynx expanded their 18-month-old immuno-oncology collaboration by four years, generating a potential $4 4 billion in milestone payments for the Abylnx  The company also announced it would spend $95 million up front collaborating with cCAM Biotherapeutics and its early-stage treatment similar to Keytruda  Merck & Co  will bring in CM-24, an antibody designed to block the immune checkpoint CEACAM1 In January 2016, Merck announced two new partnerships; the first with Quartet Medicine and its small molecule pain treatments, the second with Complix investigating intracellular cancer targets, with both collaborations potentially generating up to $595 million and $280 million respectively  Days later the company announced it would acquire IOmet Pharma, with IOmet becoming a wholly owned subsidiary of Merck & Co  The acquisition includes IOmets indoleamine-2,3-dioxygenase 1 (IDO), tryptophan 2,3-dioxygenase (TDO), and dual-acting inhibitors In July 2016, the company acquired Afferent Pharmaceuticals, developer of a candidate used to block P2RX3 receptors, for approximately $1 billion, plus up to $750 million in milestone payments In 2017, Merck bought the PARP inhibitor Lynparza from AstraZeneca In April 2017, Merck Animal Health acquired Vallée S A , a Brazilian animal health product manufacturer In September 2017, the company announced it would acquire Rigontec, developer of a candidate to target the retinoic acid-inducible gene I pathway, for $554 million In October 2017, the company granted the inaugural Merck-AGITG Clinical Research Fellowship in Gastro-Intestinal (GI) Cancer to David Lau, a professional in Melbourne, Australia In June 2018, Merck acquired Viralytics, an Australian viral cancer drug company, for AUD$502 million In 2018, Merck began the submission process for a Biologics License Application to the Food and Drug Administration under the Breakthrough Therapy Designation for an investigational vaccine, called V920, to fight the Zaire strain of the Ebola virus In April 2019, the company acquired Immune Design for approximately $300 million, gaining access to its immunotherapy programs  It also acquired Antelliq Group for $2 4 billion, or $3 7 billion including debt In May 2019, Merck announced it would acquire Peloton Therapeutics, developer of a HIF-2alpha inhibitor for Von Hippel–Lindau disease-associated renal cell carcinoma, for up to $2 2 billion In June 2019, Merck announced it would acquire Tilos Therapeutics for up to $773 million In November 2019, the company acquired Calporta, which focused on Parkinsons and Alzheimers treatments In December 2019, Merck Animal Health acquired Vaki, an aquaculture company, from Pentair 

2020–present
In January 2020, Merck acquired ArQule, developer of ARQ 531, an oral Bruton's tyrosine kinase (BTK) inhibitor, for $2 7 billion In March 2020, Merck was one of ten companies recognised at the inaugural Manufacturing Awards by New Jersey Business magazine and the New Jersey Business and Industry Association In June 2020, Merck acquired Themis Bioscience, a company focused on vaccines and immune-modulation therapies for infectious diseases including COVID-19 and cancer Also in June 2020, Merck Animal Health acquired Quantified Ag, a data and analytics company that monitors cattle body temperature and movement in order to detect illness early In August 2020, Merck Animal Health acquired IdentiGEN, engaged in DNA-based animal traceability In September 2020, Merck acquired $1 billion of Seattle Genetics common stock, and agreed to co-develop ladiratuzumab vedotin In November 2020, Merck announced it would acquire VelosBio for $2 75 billion, developer of VLS-101, an antibody-drug conjugate designed to target Tyrosine kinase-like orphan receptor 1 (ROR1) in both hematological and solid tumors  VLS-101 is currently Phase I and Phase II clinical trials  The company also announced it would acquire OncoImmune for $425 million and its phase 3 candidate, CD24Fc, used in the treatment of patients with severe and critical COVID-19 In February 2021, Merck Animal Health acquired PrognostiX Poultry In March 2021, Merck Head of Corporate Affairs Petra Wicklandt represented the company at the Munich Security Conference, where she participated in a tabletop exercise simulating the public health response to the release of a weaponized strain of monkeypox In April 2021, Merck acquired Pandion Therapeutics for $1 85 billion, expanding its offering in treating autoimmune diseases In June 2021, the U S  government agreed to spend $1 2 billion to purchase 1 7 million doses of Molnupiravir, a Merck product, if it were to be approved by regulators to treat COVID-19  In October 2021, the company said that the drug reduces the risk of hospitalization or death by around 50% for patients with mild or moderate cases of COVID-19 and that it would seek Emergency Use Authorization for the drug In July 2021, Robert M  Davis became CEO, succeeding Kenneth Frazier, who became executive chairman In July 2021, Merck completed the corporate spin-off of Organon & Co In September 2021, Merck announced it would acquire Acceleron Pharma for $11 5 billion, gaining control over Sotatercept, used in the treatment of pulmonary hypertension, and luspatercept-aamt In September 2022, the company announced it would acquire Vence, a livestock management company for an undisclosed sum, incorporating it within Merck Animal Health In December 2022, the company announced a licensing deal with Kelun-Biotech of China whereby it would expand its early cancer pipeline with a set of antibody-drug conjugates; this follows an earlier agreement between the two companies to co-develop such drugs In April 2023, Merck announced it would acquire Prometheus Biosciences Inc for $10 8 billion 

Acquisition history
Philanthropy
Merck Company Foundation
Since it was founded in 1957, the Merck Company Foundation has distributed $740 million in overall charitable distributions including more than $480 million to educational and non-profit organizations On December 7, 2012, the foundation announced that it was ending its donations to the Boy Scouts of America citing its discrimination against gay people 

Patient assistance programs
Merck & Co  was one of the first American pharmaceutical companies to offer assistance to those unable to afford its medications, beginning a program in the 1950s  Merck & Co  offers seven patient assistance programs, each with specific eligibility requirements 

Hilleman Laboratories
Merck and the Wellcome trust jointly fund the Hilleman Laboratories, an India-based non-profit research organization dedicated to the development of low-cost vaccines for use in developing countries  Current projects include the development of low cost, thermostable vaccines for the prevention of cholera, rotavirus, and meningitis 

Merck for Mothers
Merck for Mothers is Merck's global initiative to help create a world where no woman has to die while giving life 

Mectizan donation program
In 1987, Merck began a program with UNICEF to donate its new drug Mectizan to "all that need it for as long as needed" in an effort to combat onchocerciasis, also known as river blindness, primarily in Africa  Up to that point, the World Health Organization had fought the disease through the use of insecticides to lower the population of its primary vector, the Black Fly  However, when studies in the 1980s showed how effective the drug was at treating and preventing the disease, the WHO agreed to use it instead of its previous strategies  Merck's involvement is considered a key factor in the success against the disease all over the world, and the decision to donate the entirety of the drug to all those in need of it is used as part of the Mectizan Donation Program that covers countries such as Yemen and African countries  More than 700 million people have been treated since the inception of the program with 80 million people still undergoing treatment in Africa, Latin America, and Yemen  Blindness caused by onchocerciasis is decreasing, and there are regions of Latin America and Africa that have been shown to have eliminated the disease altogether 

Lawsuits and controversies
Vioxx
In 1999, the U S  Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved Vioxx (known generically as rofecoxib), a Merck product for treating arthritis  Vioxx was designed as a selective inhibitor of the enzyme cyclooxygenase-2  Such compounds were expected to cause less gastrointestinal bleeding than older anti-inflammatory drugs such as naproxen, which were associated with 20,000 hospitalizations and 2000 deaths each year  Vioxx became one of the most prescribed drugs in history Thereafter, studies by Merck and by others found an increased risk of heart attack associated with Vioxx use when compared with naproxen  Merck adjusted the labeling of Vioxx to reflect possible cardiovascular risks in 2002 On September 23, 2004, Merck received information about results from a clinical trial it was conducting that included findings of increased risk of heart attacks among Vioxx users who had been using the medication for over eighteen months  On September 28, 2004, Merck notified the FDA that it was voluntarily withdrawing Vioxx from the market, and it publicly announced the withdrawal on September 30  An analysis for the period 1999–2004, based on U S  Medical Expenditure Survey data, reported that Vioxx was associated with 46,783 heart attacks, and along with the other popular COX-2 inhibitor Celebrex, an estimated 26,603 deaths from both About 50,000 people sued Merck, claiming they or their family members had suffered medical problems such as heart attacks or strokes after taking Vioxx  In November 2007, Merck agreed to pay $4 85 billion to settle most of the pending Vioxx lawsuits  The settlement required that claimants provide medical and pharmacy records confirming the occurrence of a heart attack, ischemic stroke, or sudden cardiac death; the receipt of at least 30 Vioxx pills within 60 days prior to the injury or death; and confirmation of Vioxx being used within 14 days of the Vioxx-related event  The settlement was generally viewed by industry analysts and investors as a victory for Merck, considering that original estimates of Merck's liability reached between $10 billion and $25 billion  As of mid-2008, when the plaintiff class had reached the threshold percentage required by Merck to go through with the settlement, plaintiffs had prevailed in only three of the twenty cases that had reached juries, all with relatively small awards Merck has refused to consider compensation for Vioxx victims and their families outside the US  This is particularly true in the UK where there are at least 400 victims and the legal protection afforded to the victims and their families is particularly weak According to internal e-mail traffic released at a later lawsuit, Merck had a list of doctors critical of Vioxx to be "neutralized" or "discredited"  "We may need to seek them out and destroy them where they live," wrote an employee  A Stanford Medical School professor said that Merck was engaged in intimidation of researchers and infringement upon academic freedom On May 20, 2008, Merck settled for $58 million with 30 states alleging that Merck engaged in deceptive marketing tactics to promote Vioxx  All its new television pain-advertisements must be vetted by the Food and Drug Administration and changed or delayed upon request until 2018 

Fosamax
Fosamax (alendronate) is a bisphosphonate used for the treatment of post-menopausal osteoporosis and for the prevention of skeletal problems in certain cancers  The American College of Clinical Endocrinology, the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists, the North American Menopause Society and the UK National Osteoporosis Guideline Group recommend alendronate and certain other bisphosphonates as first line treatments for post-menopausal osteopotosis  Long-term treatment with bisphosponates produces anti-fracture and bone mineral density effects that persist for 3–5 years after an initial 3–5 years of treatment  Alendronate reduces the risk of hip, vertebral, and wrist fractures by 35-39% In December 2013, Merck agreed to pay a total of $27 7 million to 1,200 plaintiffs in a class action lawsuit alleging that the company's osteoporosis drug had caused them to develop osteonecrosis of the jaw  Prior to the settlement, Merck had prevailed in 3 of 5 so-called bellwether trials  Approximately 4000 cases still await adjudication or settlement as of August 2014 

Medicaid overbilling
A fraud investigation by the United States Department of Justice began in 2000 when allegations were brought in two separate lawsuits filed by whistleblowers under the False Claims Act  They alleged that Merck failed to pay proper rebates to Medicaid and other health care programs and paid illegal remuneration to health care providers  On February 7, 2008, Merck agreed to pay more than $650 million to settle charges that it routinely overbilled Medicaid for its most popular medicines  The settlement was one of the largest pharmaceutical settlements in history  The federal government received more than $360 million, plus 49 states and Washington, DC, received over $290 million  One whistleblower received a $68 million reward  Merck made the settlement without an admission of liability or wrongdoing 

"Merck" name legal dispute
In 191 of 193 countries, the original Merck company, the Merck Group of Darmstadt, owns the rights to the "Merck" name  In the United States and Canada, the company trades under the name EMD (an abbreviation of Emanuel Merck, Darmstadt), its legal name here says Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany, and instead of "Merck Group", the "EMD Group" name is used  In the United States and Canada, Merck & Co  holds the rights to the trademark "Merck", while in the rest of the world the company trades under the name MSD (an abbreviation of Merck, Sharp & Dohme) and its legal name says here Merck Sharp & Dohme LLC , a subsidiary of Merck & Co , Inc  Kenilworth, NJ, USA 
In 2015 the Merck Group adopted a new logo and said it will be "much more aggressive" about protecting the brand of "the real Merck"  Merck of Darmstadt has initiated litigation against its former subsidiary, Merck & Co  (MSD) of Kenilworth, in several countries over infringing use of the Merck name  In 2016, the High Court of Justice in the United Kingdom ruled that MSD had breached an agreement with its former parent company and that only Merck of Darmstadt is entitled to use the Merck name in the United Kingdom  The judge also held that MSD's use of "Merck" as part of branding on its global websites were directed to the UK and infringed Merck's trade mark rights in the UK In response to the ruling, MSD initiated counter-litigation in the United States in January 2016 by filing a federal lawsuit which accused its former parent company of "infringing on its trademark" through actions that included the increased usage of "Merck KGaA" and "MERCK" in branding in the US as well as on its social media presence  Further Merck & Co  has also accused the Merck Group of federal trademark dilution, unfair competition, false advertising, deceptive trade practices, breach of contract, and cybersquatting  The case came to a head when a research scientist believed he was communicating with Merck & Co regarding a research grant in oncology, when in fact he was talking with the Merck Group  As a result, Merck & Co  asked the federal court to stop the Merck Group from using "Merck" on any products or marketing materials in the United States  As a direct result, Merck & Co is seeking "all monetary gains, profits, and advantages" made by the Merck Group and three-times the damage, plus additional punitive damages In April 2020, in the course of litigation of Merck against MSD in Switzerland, the Federal Supreme Court of Switzerland ruled that MSD's use of the "Merck" brand in its global websites could, absent geotargeting mechanisms, have "commercial effect" in Switzerland and could therefore violate Merck's rights (if any) to the "Merck" brand in Switzerland 

Tax fraud
In 2007, Merck paid $2 3 billion to settle allegations of offshore tax fraud between 1993 and 2001 

Propecia
In 2021, an investigation by Reuters revealed that Merck's baldness drug Propecia caused persistent sexual dysfunction in men  The drug has been linked to over 700 incidences of suicidal thoughts and 110 deaths  Merck has been receiving reports since 1998, but never included the risks on the label  In 2015, Merck was sued by consumer-rights law firm Hagens Berman over a wrongful death linked to Propecia 

Environmental violations
Merck & Co  once used methylene chloride, an animal carcinogen on the United States Environmental Protection Agency's list of pollutants, as a solvent in some of its manufacturing processes  Merck chemists and engineers subsequently replaced the compound with others having fewer negative environmental effects  Merck has also modified its equipment to protect the environment, installing a distributed control system that coordinates chemical reactions more efficiently and expedites manufacturing by 50 percent, eliminating the need for the disposal and storage of harmful waste  Biological oxygen demand has also been reduced  In 2011, Merck paid a $1 5 million civil penalty to settle alleged violations of federal environmental laws at its pharmaceutical manufacturing facilities in Riverside, Pennsylvania and West Point, Pennsylvania 

Public-private engagement
Conferences
Merck was a Conference Supporter for the Virtual ISPOR Asia Pacific conference in September 2020 

Political lobbying
Merck is a contributing member of AcademyHealth, a health research advocacy network that also includes government agencies, universities, pharmaceutical companies and lobbying groups 
Passage 2:
American Laser Games
American Laser Games was a company based in Albuquerque, New Mexico that created numerous light gun laserdisc video games featuring live action full motion video  The company was founded in the late 1980s by Robert Grebe, who had originally created a system to train police officers under the company name ICAT (Institute for Combat Arms and Tactics) and later adapted the technology for arcade games  Its first hit game was Mad Dog McCree, a light gun shooter set in the American Old West  By mid-1995 they were recognized as the leading company in the medium of laserdisc-based arcade games  Almost all arcade games released by the company were light gun shooters and a number of them also had an Old West theme 
Later, the company turned toward compact disc technology to release its games  Ports of its arcade titles were released for the Sega CD, CD-i and DOS computers equipped with CD-ROM drives  The company was particularly supportive of the 3DO, not only releasing versions of its games for the console, but also offering a modified version of the 3DO platform as an upgrade kit for existing arcade video game cabinets, supporting compressed video versions of their games at a lower cost  In 1995, American Laser Games released Mazer for the 3DO home market and Orbatak (3DO-powered) for the arcade - their first and only in-house non-Full motion video based games  The company also released a series of light-gun controllers, including the 3DO Game Gun and the PC Gamegun, for home computer use  The latter proved unsuccessful due to its poor accuracy 
American Laser Games lasted until the mid-to-late 1990s, by which time it had begun making "games for girls" for the PC under the moniker Her Interactive, beginning with McKenzie & Co  In response to a major slump in the arcade industry, American Laser Games ended its direct manufacturing of coin-op machines in November 1995, and turned its focus to developing games for the Sega Saturn and Sony PlayStation  This failed to revive the company's fortunes, and revenues in 1996 were roughly half of the $16 million it generated in 1995  At the end of 1996 ALG laid off a third of its staff, Jan Claesson replaced Grebe as president, and the company began focusing primarily on the Her Interactive line, cancelling all the games in their mainstream line except for Shining Sword  The company eventually closed its doors and was bought out by Her Interactive, which had been spun off before ALG closing and is still making games as of January 2018  In 2000, the development and publishing rights to all of the games that were produced by American Laser Games were purchased by Digital Leisure, Inc from Her Interactive  Many of these games were then re-released for the PC and in DVD TV game format 

Games
Light gun arcade games
Mad Dog McCree (1990)
Who Shot Johnny Rock? (1991)
Space Pirates (1992)
Mad Dog II: The Lost Gold (1992)
Gallagher's Gallery (1992)
Crime Patrol (1993)
Crime Patrol 2: Drug Wars (1993)
The Last Bounty Hunter (1994)
Fast Draw Showdown (1994)
Shootout at Old Tucson (1994, limited arcade release  3DO port was cancelled)

Other games
Mazer
Way of the Warrior (with Naughty Dog)
Orbatak
McKenzie & Co 
McKenzie & Co  : More Friends
The Vampire Diaries
Battles in Time (with QQP)
Shining Sword (cancelled)
Blood Bath at Red Falls(1995)

See also
Digital Pictures

Notes
Passage 3:
Devon General
Devon General was the principal bus operator in south Devon from 1919  The name was first used by the Devon General Omnibus and Touring Company which was created in 1919  In 1922 it was purchased by the National Electric Construction Company which merged with British Electric Traction in 1931  Nationalisation in 1969 resulted in 1971 with the company being merged into Western National  In 1983 a new Devon General Limited was created which became the first operating subsidiary of the National Bus Company to be privatised in 1986 when it became the first company of Transit Holdings  It was sold to the Stagecoach Group in 1996 and renamed Stagecoach Devon in 2003 
Coaches were operated under various names, principally Fleet Cars from 1925 until 1933, and Grey Cars from 1932 until 1971 
Its main principal depots were in Exeter and Torquay, but the area of operation covered most of south, east and mid Devon 

History
The Devon General Omnibus and Touring Company started operations in south Devon in 1919 with two bus routes from Exeter to Torquay  In 1922 Torquay Tramways bought the company for £36,000, although it was operated as a subsidiary of the National Electric Construction Company (NECC) and the motor buses already owned by the tramway company were transferred to Devon General  Some charabanc tours had been operated by the Torquay Tramways and this continued under Devon General  A local independent company that traded as Fleet Cars was purchased in 1925 but continued to operate as a separate business for a few seasons, during which time a number of other small operators were also acquired and merged with Fleet Cars In 1931 the NECC became a part of British Electric Traction (BET)  The Torquay tram network was closed in January 1934  The Tramways company was sold to Devon General, the fleet of which was enlarged by 24 buses to allow it to operate the former tram routes Devon General had turned down the chance to buy local independent coach operator Grey Cars in 1930 so it had instead been purchased by A Timpson & Sons of Catford in 1931  Timpsons sold the business to Devon General in 1932 and the following year both Grey Cars and Fleet Cars, which had been operated as separate businesses, were merged into Devon General  Most coaches continued to operate under Grey Cars' name, although some small operators that were subsequently bought out by Devon General continued in their old names for a while 

National Bus Company
BET's bus operations, including Devon General, became part of the National Bus Company (NBC) when it was formed on 1 January 1969  Devon General had worked closely with the Corporation of Exeter's bus services since 1947  In April 1970 the corporation's buses and routes were transferred to the NBC and merged into Devon General  The city's unusual use of route letters (as opposed to numbers) continued In January 1971, the NBC transferred the bus operations of Devon General to neighbouring Western National but the Devon General name was retained as a brand, while the Grey Cars coaching operation was transferred to Exeter-based Greenslades  NBC split Western National into four new companies on 1 January 1983, one of which was Devon General Limited  This operated in south and east Devon as the old Devon General had done, but the Tiverton area became a part of a new North Devon operation 

Transit Holdings
On 19 August 1986, Devon General became the first NBC operating subsidiary to be privatised under the Transport Act 1985 by being sold in a management buyout led by managing director Harry Blundred An experimental high-frequency service using 22 minibuses had been introduced in Exeter on 27 February 1984  By the time the company was privatised in August 1986, the minibus fleet had expanded to more than 200 vehicles, more than half the buses in service  By the end of 1990 all regular services had been converted to minibus operation using a mixture of 16 and 24-seat vehicles The new owners of Devon General formed Transit Holdings to operate number of other bus companies, most of them in southern England:
Bayline (Torquay)
Devon General (Exeter)
Docklands Transit (London)
Portsmouth Transit (Portsmouth)
Thames Transit (Oxford)
Transit AustraliaBayline was established in 1992 for the operations in Torbay and Newton Abbot, after which Devon General operated in the Exeter area  Both companies were sold to the Stagecoach Group in 1996, and became Stagecoach Devon in 2003 

Area of operation
Devon General quickly expanded beyond its original routes between Exeter, Newton Abbot and Torquay  A number of small operators were bought out (see below), but area agreements with larger neighbours set out the company's area of operation  While the boundaries changed in detail from time to time, the area was largely set out in two agreements 

In 1922 an eastern boundary was agreed with the National Omnibus and Transport Company along the road from Minehead via Tiverton, Cullompton and Honiton to Sidmouth 
In 1924 a northern boundary was agreed with Hardy Central Garage between Okehampton, Bampton and Wellington 
By 1929 the western boundary had settled at Kingswear, Totnes, Buckfastleigh and Okehampton, with Western National having control beyond 

Offices and depots
Most of the directors of the Devon General Omnibus and Touring Company came from the London area and so the company offices were established in a house Kilmore Road, Forest Hill, London  The first buses were housed at the Exeter Garage Company's premises in Paris Street, Exeter  In 1921 the offices were moved to the new garage that was being constructed at Blackboy Road in Exeter, but the takeover by the NECC the following year saw the office moved back to Queen Street in the city of London The merger of NECC with BET in 1932 saw the Queen Street office closed in favour of BET's headquarters in Kingsway, London  At around this time work started on the construction of a new large garage and central workshops at Newton Road in Torquay  The BET headquarters were moved across London to Piccadilly in 1952 but in 1956 the registered offices of Devon General were moved to the garage at 87 Newton Road, Torquay When Devon General was absorbed into Western National in 1971, all the office work was moved to the latter company' offices in Queen Street, Exeter  The newly independent Devon General Limited of 1983 chose to remain in Exeter, but moved into offices in Belgrave Road where a new bus depot had opened in 1975 Buses were based in garages or open yards at
Ashburton
Dropping Wells 1925–1927
West Street (Blue Saloon Motor Services) 1927–1928
Brixham
New Road 1935–1939
Mount Pleasant Road 1940–1957
Bus Station 1957–1992
Crediton
Unknown site 1928?–1931
Mill Street 1931–1954
Exeter
Gold's Garage, Heavitree Road 1919–1921
Blackboy Road 1921–1971
Heavitree Road (Exeter Corporation) 1970–1975
Belgrave Road 1975–(1996)
Exmouth
New Street 1921–1931
Imperial Road 1931–(1996)
Moretonhampstead
Station Road June – September 1924
Steven's Garage, Chagford 1924–1928?
Court Street 1928–1971 Moved to a different site in Court Street in 1931
Newton Abbot
Bradley Hotel 1919–1921
Newton Road, Kingsteignton 1921–1960
Kingsteignton Road 1960–1992
Paignton
Roundham Road 1923–1925
Churston 1925–1930
Orient Road, Preston 1924–1932
Bus Station 1988–(1996) The bus station opened in 1954
Sidmouth
Mill Street 1922–?
Station Road, Newton Poppleford ?–1930
Woolbrook 1930–1996
Tiverton
Chapel Street (Croscols) 1924–1938
Old Road 1938–1971 After 1971 buses were kept at the bus station 
Torquay
Westhill Avenue (Torquay Tramways) 1922–1931
Newton Road 1931–1988
Torwood Street (Grey Cars) 1933–1940 and 1946–1971
Belgrave Road (Court Garages) 1940–1946 and 1966–1973
Regents Close 1992–(1996)One or two buses were also kept at a number of other towns and villages such as Axminster (1922–1924, 1927–1984), Budleigh Salterton (1930–1939, 1988–1989), Crockernwell (1942–1957), Cullompton (1922–1996), East Budleigh 1921–1931, Kenton (1942–1947), Okehampton (1923–1997), Ottery St Mary (1927–1938, 1949–1967), Tiverton Junction (1955–1977), Uffculme (1942–1954) 

Livery
The first buses were painted in red with cream relief  Coaches were generally grey with deep red relief and open top buses (introduced in 1955) were given a cream livery with red relief In 1972 NBC imposed a standard poppy red colour with white relief, but from 1979 Devon General buses started to be painted in leaf green and white, the same colours as the parent Western National fleet  Six months after the operation became independent of Western National in 1983 a red livery was again adopted  The first minibuses were painted in bright red and yellow colours with a black skirt To coincide with privatisation in 1986 a new livery was introduced  Buses were painted an ivory colour with red skirt and lower deck window surrounds 

Amalgamated companies
Over the years many rival operators were purchased and their fleets and/or routes were amalgamated into Devon General 

Torquay–Chelston Car Company
The Torquay–Chelston Car Company, which Devon General bought in 1927, had its origins in 1903, when a Chelmsford steam bus was demonstrated in Torquay in May 1903  Torquay & District Motor Omnibus Co Ltd, formed on 23 July 1903, ran a Strand - Chelston route from 2 November 1903 via Torbay Road and Rathmore Road terminating at Normanhurst, just short of Rosery Road railway bridge  The bus was green with orange lines and the domed roof was white  It carried 12 inside and 2 beside the driver and 2,828 passengers in the first week  8 steam buses were working by Easter 1905 between St Marychurch and Babbacombe, but sold after trams started on 4 April 1907  Torquay Road Car took over the old bus garage and ran until liquidation on 24 December 1908 
On 28 March 1911 Torquay-Chelston Steam Car Company Ltd started with 3 Chelmsford buses, possibly those stored after the liquidation  They dropped the 'Steam' part of the name when a single deck RAF type Leyland took over, after Devon General started a competing Meadfoot Beach - Chelston route on 31 March 1923  The Chelston company bought a new Leyland PLSC Lion in 1925  In 1926, Devon General started to shadow the Chelston bus  The company sold out to Devon General in 1927, the Leylands becoming 98 and 99 in their fleet  The Devon General timetables were revised in July, 1929, with numbering similar to current services, including 32 (Torquay - Paignton via Preston), 33 (Strand-Chelston circular) and 35 (Shiphay Turn - Meadfoot Beach) 
On the Chelston routes Devon General used Leyland Lions, Dennis Lancet lIs from 1938, AEC Regals from 1939, Leyland Royal Tigers in 1954, AEC Reliances in 1957, Regent IIIs in 1960 and Leyland Atlanteans from 1964 

See also
Open top buses in Torbay
Passage 4:
Hercules Inc 
Hercules, Inc  was a chemical and munitions manufacturing company based in Wilmington, Delaware, United States, incorporated in 1912 as the Hercules Powder Company following the breakup of the DuPont explosives monopoly by the U S  Circuit Court in 1911   Hercules Powder Company became Hercules, Inc  in 1966,  operating under this name until 2008, when it was merged into Ashland Inc 
An earlier Hercules Powder Company was formed in 1882 by DuPont and Laflin & Rand Powder Company   This company was dissolved on June 30, 1904 Hercules was one of the major producers of smokeless powder for warfare in the United States during the 20th century  At the time of its spin-off, the DuPont Corp  retained the processes and patents for the production of "single-base" nitrocellulose gunpowders, whereas Hercules was given the patents and processes for the production of "double-base" gunpowders that combined nitrocellulose and nitroglycerine 

History
A special formulation of dynamite was patented in 1874 by J W  Willard, superintendent of the California Powder Works in Santa Cruz, California  He called his invention "Hercules powder", a competitive jab at rival Giant Powder Company which had acquired the exclusive U S  rights to Alfred Nobel's original dynamite formula   The mythological Hercules was known as a giant slayer 
The California Powder Works became the only manufacturer of Hercules powder  In 1877, J W  Willard moved to Cleveland, Ohio to oversee the opening of a new California Powder Works plant there, dedicated to the manufacture of Hercules powder  In 1881, the California Powder Works moved its Hercules powder manufacturing in California to a new site along the northeast shore of San Francisco Bay   The company town that grew up around the facility became known as "Hercules", later (1900) incorporated as Hercules, California 
In 1882, thanks to their interlocking ownership interests with the California Powder Works by that time, the DuPont corporation and Laflin & Rand Powder Company acquired the rights to manufacture Hercules powder and incorporated the Hercules Powder Company for that purpose   In 1904, Du Pont dissolved the company as part of its ongoing effort to consolidate the many explosives manufacturers that it controlled under the Du Pont name 
In 1911, the United States won a lawsuit that it had brought against the Du Pont corporation under the Sherman Antitrust Act  The U S  Circuit Court in Delaware found that Du Pont had been operating an unlawful monopoly, and ordered a breakup of its explosives and gunpowder manufacturing business   The breakup resulted in the creation of two new companies in 1912, Atlas Powder Company and Hercules Powder Company  Atlas received the explosives manufacturing portion of Du Pont's business (including the facilities acquired from the Giant Powder Company), while Hercules received the gunpowder portion 
The first management team of this new Hercules Powder Company included President H  Dunham, T W  Bacchus, G G  Rheuby, J T Skelly, Norman Rood, Fred Stark, C D  Prickett, and George Markell Some of their products were used by the military in World War I  A school and a plant were named after T  W  Bacchus in Bacchus, Utah  Hercules Powder Company ranked 65th among United States corporations in the value of World War II military production contracts In the 1920s and 30s, Hercules diversified into the pine resin products business (see below) 
On 12 September 1940, the Kenvil, New Jersey plant suffered a major explosion  News reports at the time estimated at least fifteen buildings were destroyed along with twenty-five tons of explosives  Fifty-one people were killed outright with perhaps two hundred injured and many missing  This facility also exploded twice in 1934 and again in 1989 Richard F  Heck, recipient of the 2010 Nobel Prize in Chemistry, gained experience with transition metal chemistry while working at Hercules in 1957 By the 1960s, the community was experiencing the first signs of a suburban transition  The Hercules Powder Co , once a small dynamite manufacturing firm, had begun producing rocket motors at its Bacchus Works south of the Magna community  The growing availability of jobs was one factor encouraging subdivision development in the Magna, Kearns and West Valley areas 
In 1966, the Hercules Powder Company changed its name to Hercules, Inc 

In 1995, Hercules, Inc  sold its subsidiary Hercules Aerospace Co  to Alliant Techsystems Inc  The sale included all of what remained of Hercules' gunpowder lines 
By the end of the 1990s, Hercules Inc , had sold off a significant number of its divisions that had not been profitable for the company  This caused the price of shares of common stock in Hercules to rise above US$70  Several successful cost-savings programs were implemented in addition to buying back its own shares   Also at that time, Hercules had a significant amount of assets  available for possible purchases of other corporations  Hercules, Inc , had a Paper Technology Division (PTD) whose products were slowly becoming commodities  In order to survive, this division needed to obtain new products 
First, Hercules Inc , tried to purchase the Allied Colloids Company, but this was not successful  Next, Hercules bought the Betz-Dearborn Corporation  Betz-Dearborn produced mostly chemicals for paper processing, and the Hercules PTD produced mainly functional chemicals for paper  According to some business analysts, Hercules Inc  paid about three times as much for Betz-Dearborn as compared with its actual value 
Soon after the purchase of Betz-Dearborn, the price per share of stock in Hercules Inc , had dropped from above US$70 to below US$10  It has been speculated that Hercules Inc , was close to going bankrupt after this failed purchase operation  Afterwards, several senior managers were forced out of the company because of this failure; however, a significant amount of former PTD senior managers were able to keep their positions within Hercules  The price of stock shares in Hercules Inc  never recovered from this debacle  Finally, Hercules Inc  was sold off to the Ashland Corporation in 2008, and dissolved 
In 2009, rapper George Watsky released a song about the history of the company called "Hercules" 

Product lines
Commercial gunpowders
Some of the more recent gunpowders marketed to reloaders include the brand names "Bullseye", "2400", "Reloder", "Unique", and "Red Dot"   These gunpowders are still being manufactured by Alliant Techsystems Inc  in Radford, Virginia 

Powders inherited from DuPont in 1912
EC (Explosives Company) shotgun powder was the first smokeless powder manufactured in the United States   Production began in 1890, and was discontinued in 1931 
WA  30 caliber powder was named W for United States Army Lieutenant Whistler and A for American Smokeless Powder Company factory superintendent Aspinwall   This tubular powder was used for military loading of the  30 U S  Army (the M1892 Springfield and the M1893 Gatling) from 1894 until the military specification was changed to single-base nitrocellulose powder in 1908   Grains of 2 mm (0 08 inch) diameter were 1 mm long   Hercules continued producing the powder for other users until 1930 
Sharpshooter was a flake powder introduced by Laflin & Rand in 1897 to replace black powder for loading the  45-70   Black flakes containing 15 to 18 percent nitroglycerin were approximately 2 mm in diameter   Production was discontinued after World War II 
Bullseye was introduced by Laflin & Rand in 1898   Large surface area per unit weight enables rapid combustion in short-barreled handguns   Laflin & Rand began production using small, irregular particles removed by screening runs of larger grained powders   Improved manufacturing processes offered other reclamation options for reduced quantities of rejected material   Hercules manufactured Bullseye as thin, round flakes   It is believed to be the oldest smokeless powder formulation still being manufactured in the United States   It is designed for handguns and can also be used in 12-gauge shotgun target loads
Lightning was introduced by Laflin & Rand in 1899 for lever action sporting rifles like the  30-30 Winchester and  303 Savage   Production of 2 mm diameter flakes was discontinued after World War II   Tubular Lightning # 2 was manufactured from 1903 to 1929 
Infallible was a flake shotgun powder introduced by Laflin & Rand in 1900   Initial production had an orange color, but graphite coating gave later production a black color   Production was discontinued after World War II 
Unique is a gray flake powder introduced by Laflin & Rand in 1900   Individual flakes are approximately 1 5 mm (0 06 inch) in diameter   It is designed for shotguns and can be used in handguns 
Bear was a tubular powder introduced by Laflin & Rand in 1908 for small capacity rifle cartridges like the  351 and  401 Winchester Self-Loading and the  32-20 and  25-20 Winchester   Production was discontinued after World War II 
Military Rifle (MR) # 19 was a tubular powder containing 20 percent nitroglycerin introduced by DuPont in 1908 and was renamed HiVel (# 1) when manufactured by Hercules   It was modified as HiVel # 2 in 1915   Production was discontinued in 1964   A smaller grained version was produced as HiVel # 3 from 1926 to 1941 

Powders developed by Hercules Powder Company
Hercules # 308 was Hercules production of single-base tubular Pyro DG (Diphenylamine Graphited) powder for loading military  30-06 Springfield ammunition through World War I   Production began in 1915 and continued through the 1920s 
Hercules # 300 was a black, tubular single-base rifle powder produced from 1916 to 1932 
Pyro was produced from 1922 to 1928 as lightly graphited yellow flakes for loading the  45 ACP 
Hercules # 2400 is a coated flake powder containing 20 percent nitroglycerin introduced in 1932   Individual dark gray flakes are approximately 1 mm (0 04 inch) in diameter and 0 3 mm thick   It is designed for small capacity center-fire rifle cartridges and can be used in magnum handgun and  410 bore shotgun loads 
Red Dot is a flake powder introduced in 1932   Individual flakes are approximately 1 5 mm (0 06 inch) in diameter and some are dyed red to aid identification   It is designed for light and standard loads for 12, 16, and 20 gauge shotguns and can be used in handguns 
HiVel # 6 was produced from 1933 to 1941 for loading the  30-06 Springfield 
Herco is a flake powder introduced in the 1930s   Individual flakes are approximately 1 5 mm (0 06 inch) in diameter   It is designed for heavy loads for 10, 12, 16, 20 and 28 gauge shotguns and can be used for heavy handgun loads 
Green Dot is a flake powder introduced in 1965   Individual flakes are approximately 1 5 mm (0 06 inch) in diameter and some are dyed green to aid identification   It is designed for medium and standard loads for 12, 16, and 20 gauge shotguns and can be used in handguns 
Reloder 7 was the most popular of three cylindrical rifle powders introduced in 1965 to replace HiVel # 2   Each powder was blended from four different formulations dyed different colors   Production of the other two longer-grained powders, Reloder 11 and Reloder 21, was discontinued in 1972 
Blue Dot is a flake powder introduced in 1972   Individual flakes are approximately 1 5 mm (0 06 inch) in diameter and some are dyed blue to aid identification   It is designed for magnum loads for 10, 12, 16, 20 and 28 gauge shotguns and can be used for magnum handgun loads 

Pine resin products
In the 1920s, Hercules entered the pine resin products business, a development which followed upon the faster clearing of forests for lumber and farmland , especially in the southeast U S , around the time of the First World War  The clearings had left many stumps which had to be removed, often with dynamite supplied by Hercules and others   Hercules itself was a consumer of wood pulp, a key ingredient in their dynamite  The increasing surplus of wood pulp led the company to the idea of producing other things from it, namely, the various chemicals that were present in pine resin  They set up production sites such as the one in Hattiesburg, Mississippi, and Brunswick, Georgia for this express purpose, and added to their raw supply by offering to take or buy tree stumps from farmers 

Solid-fuel rocket motor production
Beginning in 1959, Hercules, Inc , began to diversify into the production of large solid-propellant rocket motors, and it soon became a primary producer of these, especially for the U S  Department of Defense, U S  Air Force, U S  Navy, and U S  Army - and to a lesser degree for the civilian National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA)  In 1961, the company hired contractors C H  Leavell & Company, Morrison-Knudsen, and Alaskan Plumbing and Heating Company to expand the existing Bacchus Works site  The contractors added "Air Force Plant 81" adding 97 buildings, including a 97,000 square foot administration building  One of its major solid-fuel rocket products was the third-stage engine for the three -stage solid-fueled Minuteman intercontinental ballistic missile (ICBM) for the U S  Air Force, of which 1,000 were made and deployed at Air Force Bases in several northern states during the 1960s  In addition, all of the missiles of the Minuteman I series were removed from service and replaced with the Minuteman II and Minuteman III series of more-advanced ICBMs  Hence, the Minuteman ICBM program was a huge project and a major source of revenue for Hercules, Inc 
Hercules, Inc , also produced the solid-fueled rocket motors for the two-stage Polaris missile system of intermediate-range ballistic missiles (IRBMs) for the U S  Navy in its 41 for Freedom series of 41 George Washington class ballistic missile submarines  These nuclear submarines carried 16 Polaris missiles apiece for a grand total of 656 missiles  In addition, the Polaris series consisted of the successively-improved Polaris A-1, Polaris A-2, and Polaris A-3 missiles  The early Polaris submarines that had been armed with the Polaris A-1 were upgraded to the Polaris A-2; and then all that had been armed with the Polaris A-2 were upgraded to the Polaris A-3 
For some of the early Polaris submarines, the Polaris A-3 was the end of their upgrades, but a large number of them (about 31) were further rearmed with the more-advanced and longer-ranged two-stage Poseidon C-3 missile  Hence, the Polaris missile submarine program was also a huge project and a major source of revenue for Hercules, Inc 
During the 1960s, Hercules, Inc , also made solid-fuel rocket motors for hundreds of the U S  Army's Honest John missile, a mobile tactical missile for carrying tactical nuclear weapons for U S  Army divisions  The Honest John missile was mostly deployed with the U S  Seventh Army in West Germany as part of the American commitment to NATO to defend Western Europe against aggression from the Warsaw Pact, using nuclear weapons on Eastern Europe, if necessary  None of the Honest John, Minuteman, Polaris, or Poseidon has ever been used in combat, and the threat of nuclear war has been sufficient to deter aggression and make it unnecessary to use nuclear weapons for defense 
During the 1970s and 80s, the Honest John missile was removed from deployment, scrapped, and replaced by the more-advanced Lance missile by the U S  Army in Europe  Of all of the missiles mentioned above, only a reduced number of the Minuteman missiles remain in service at Air Force Bases in the United States, with all of the others having been removed from deployment and scrapped, along with all of the Polaris and Poseidon submarines 
For space exploration and satellite launches by the U S  Air Force and NASA, Hercules, Inc , developed and manufactured the two large, strap-on solid-fueled Solid Rocket Motor Upgrade (SRMU) booster rockets for the otherwise liquid-fueled Titan IVB rockets  These strap-on rockets replaced the UA120 series of boosters used on the Titan IVB's predecessors, the Titan IIIC, Titan IIIE and Titan IVA 
After the end of production and firing of NASA's huge Saturn IB and 
Saturn V rockets, the Titan IV was the largest and heaviest  unmanned rocket available anywhere in the world, and especially in the Titan IV-Centaur version  The Titan IV-Centaur was used for special launches of heavy space probes into the Solar System, such as the Cassini-Huygens mission to Saturn which was launched in 1997  The Titan IV is no longer manufactured, and the last one of these was fired during a launch in October 2005   In 1995 the aerospace division of Hercules, including its solid motor line, was acquired by the American defense contractor ATK 

Business segments
In its later years, Hercules, Inc , manufactured and marketed worldwide specialist chemicals that were used in a wide variety of industrial, home, and office markets, and it and had over 4,500 employees  Hercules was composed of two major divisions: the Paper Technologies and Ventures (PTV) division and the Aqualon division  In 2005, the former accounted for 49% of its sales and 35% of its operating profits, with the latter producing 37% and 68% respectively 

Aqualon Group
Aqualon produces products for physical property modification of aqueous systems which are sold into a wide variety of industries including personal care, food additives, and construction 

Paper Technologies and Ventures Group
Paper Technologies
Paper Technologies produces specialty chemicals to the pulp and paper industry  These products include functional, process, and water treatment chemicals for a wide variety of pulp and paper applications 
Functional chemicals can be divided in three main groups  Wet strength resins, Rosin sizes and AKD -sizes  Significant persons developing functional chemicals in Hercules could be mentioned: Dr  Keim on his efforts developing PAE wet strength resin, Mr Kai Kiviö on his efforts on developing cationic rosin size  Basis of AKD -technology Hercules acquired more or less voluntary from German BASF after the Second World War 

Ventures
Ventures produces specialty chemicals for a variety of markets, including adhesives and sealants, paints, inks, coatings, lubricants, rubber, plastics, and building and construction 
Hercules Incorporated, in collaboration with Professor Kaichang Li of Oregon State University and Columbia Forest Products, received a 2007 Presidential Green Chemistry Challenge Award for the Greener Synthetic Pathways category in developing and commercializing a formaldehyde-free adhesive made from soy flour and Hercules' unique polymer chemistries 

See also
Tekoi, a former solid fuel rocket motor test and calibration site operated by Hercules Aerospace
Passage 5:
Doravirine
Doravirine, sold under the brand name Pifeltro, is a non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor medication developed by Merck & Co  for use in the treatment of HIV/AIDS 
Doravirine was approved for medical use in the United States in August 2018 
Passage 6:
Liquid Assets Paint &amp; Pigment Company
Liquid Assets Paint & Pigment Company is an artist supply company based in Buenos Aires, Argentina that manufactures acrylic paints and pigments created with real currency, such as Euro, US Dollar, Argentine Peso, and Romanian Leu  The Company's slogan "The Price of Art" refers to the company's assertion that its products allow fine artists to quantify the precise and actual value of a work of art created using Liquid Assets products  The company was started in 2007 by a group of Buenos Aires–based professional artists and presently operates a manufacturing plant in Buenos Aires, as well as a retail store in the Palermo Soho neighborhood  In September 2010, Liquid Assets opened a temporary pop up store in New York City's Tribeca neighborhood in conjunction with the Swervewolf Experience marketing and design firm  Although artists have used valuable commodities such as gold leaf to create works of art for centuries, such as gilding, Liquid Assets Paint & Pigment Company is the world's only known manufacturer of artist paint and pigment created with actual currency 
Passage 7:
New England Emigrant Aid Company
The New England Emigrant Aid Company (originally the Massachusetts Emigrant Aid Company) was a transportation company founded in Boston, Massachusetts by activist Eli Thayer in the wake of the Kansas–Nebraska Act, which allowed the population of Kansas Territory to choose whether slavery would be legal  The Company's ultimate purpose was to transport anti-slavery immigrants into the Kansas Territory  The Company believed that if enough anti-slavery immigrants settled en masse in the newly-opened territory, they would be able to shift the balance of political power in the territory, which in turn would lead to Kansas becoming a free state (rather than a slave state) when it eventually joined the United States The Company is noted less for its direct impact than for the psychological impact it had on proslavery and abolitionist groups  Thayer's prediction that the Company would eventually be able to send 20,000 immigrants a year never came to fruition, but it spurred border ruffians from nearby Missouri, where slavery was legal, to move to Kansas to ensure its admission to the Union as a slave state  That, in turn, further galvanized Free-Staters and other enemies of the Slave Power 
Thayer's intention was to capitalize on anti-slavery sentiment in the Northern United States and to send settlers to Kansas to purchase land and build houses, shops, and mills  They could then sell the land at a significant profit and send the proceeds back to Thayer and his investors  At the behest of several investors, who found the notion of profiting from the anti-slavery cause distasteful, the company's model was shifted to that of a benevolent society, and it was renamed the New England Emigrant Aid Company in 1855  While the company achieved neither a profit nor a significant impact on the population of Kansas, it played an important role in the events that would later be termed Bleeding Kansas 

Creation
The Company was formed in the midst of the sectional crisis that preceded the American Civil War  To the Northern United States, the concept of popular sovereignty, which stated that the population of each new U S  state should be allowed to decide if it allowed slavery, was an attempt by Southerners to gain power  When the Kansas–Nebraska Act threatened to extend popular sovereignty into the new Kansas Territory, Eli Thayer, a second-term Congressman from Massachusetts, hatched the idea of an Emigrant Aid Company in the winter of 1853–1854  His primary partners in the venture were Alexander H  Bullock and Edward Everett Hale, and together, they set Thayer's plans in motion on March 5, 1854  Thayer announced the Company at a rally against the impending passage of the Kansas–Nebraska Act in Worcester on March 11  Shortly thereafter, the Company's charter was approved by the Massachusetts Legislature for up to $5,000,000 in capital Officially, the Company was a profit-making venture, and how the settlers voted was of no consequence to the company  For example, the company secretary, Thomas Webb released a pamphlet in 1855 stating that although the settlers sent to the territories would not be required to vote for one side or the other, they were expected to support the free-state movement  A number of abolitionists questioned the profit motive behind the company, and even many of Thayer's potential investors balked at the notion "that people might say we were influenced by pecuniary considerations in our patriotic work " Although Thayer personally disagreed with such hesitations, in 1855 the Company reorganized as a benevolent society and changed its name to the New England Emigrant Aid Company 

Reaction
The success of the endeavor prompted other aid assistance companies to form back East, in New York and Ohio, with new companies such as the Worcester County Emigrant Aid Society 

Impact
The company was directly responsible for creating the Kansas towns of Lawrence and Manhattan, and it played a key role in founding Topeka and Osawatomie  Lawrence was named after the Company secretary, Amos Adams Lawrence  Multiple politicians were found in the emigrants who left for Kansas, such as Daniel Read Anthony, Charles L  Robinson, Samuel C  Pomeroy, and Martin F  Conway, who would later be Kansas's first US Representative 
The exact number of people who left for Kansas is unknown  James Rawley puts the numbers somewhere around 2000, about a third of whom returned home, but the Kansas Historical Society puts the number at around 900 for those who left for Kansas in 1855 alone The Company's mission was ultimately successful, and Kansas entered the United States as a free state in 1861 

Notes
Context 3:  Regretfully, I am forced to remove my name from the film and disassociate myself from it  I have never actively promoted any corporate brand, and cannot do so now " In response, Becel said it was a "founding sponsor" of the Heart Truth campaign and had commissioned the film "to put heart health on the radar of Canadian women" In January 2012, Polley endorsed Toronto MP Peggy Nash in the 2012 New Democratic Party leadership race to succeed Jack Layton On October 15, 2017, Polley wrote an op-ed piece in The New York Times detailing her experience with Harvey Weinstein and with Hollywood's treatment of women generally, and making a connection between Hollywood's gendered power relations and Polley's not having acted in years 

Personal life
Paternity revelations
In 2007, Polley discovered that her father, Michael Polley, who had raised her, was not her biological father  The story of her mother's affair and her biological father Harry Gulkin, producer of the film Lies My Father Told Me (1975), was chronicled in Polley's film Stories We Tell (2012) 

Marriages and children
On September 10, 2003, Polley married Canadian film editor David Wharnsby, her boyfriend of seven years  They divorced five years later, in 2008 On August 23, 2011, Polley married David Sandomierski, who at the time was working on his SJD degree (equivalent to a PhD in law) at the University of Toronto, which he would complete six years later, in 2017  They have three children together 

Sexual assault by Jian Ghomeshi
In 2022, Polley said that she had been sexually assaulted by then Moxy Früvous singer Jian Ghomeshi while on a date when she was 16 and he was 28  She was dissuaded by family and friends from coming forward with her experiences, but ultimately chose to do so in her autobiographical essay collection Run Towards the Danger 

Religious views
Polley is an atheist 

Filmography
Short film

Feature film
Acting roles

Television
Executive producer

Secret Path (2016) (TV movie)
A Better Man (2017) (Documentary)Acting roles

Awards and nominations
On October 16, 2010, it was announced that she would receive a star on Canada's Walk of Fame  In June 2013, she received the National Arts Centre Award recognizing achievement over the past performance year at the Governor General's Performing Arts Awards, where she was the subject of a short vignette by Ann Marie Fleming entitled Stories Sarah Tells  Polley was appointed an Officer of the Order of Canada on December 30, 2013 
Passage 4:
Graham Nash
Graham William Nash  (born 2 February 1942) is an English-American musician, singer and songwriter  He is known for his light tenor voice and for his contributions as a member of the Hollies and Crosby, Stills & Nash 
Nash is a photography collector and a published photographer  He was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame as a member of Crosby, Stills & Nash in 1997 and as a member of the Hollies in 2010  He was appointed an Officer of the Order of the British Empire (OBE) in the 2010 Birthday Honours List for services to music and to charity Nash holds four honorary doctorates, including one from New York Institute of Technology, one in Music from the University of Salford in 2011 and one in Fine Arts from Lesley University in Cambridge, Massachusetts 

Early life
Graham William Nash was born on 2 February 1942 in Blackpool, to where his mother had been evacuated from her hometown of Salford when World War II began  The family subsequently returned to Salford, where Nash grew up 

Career
Songwriting
In the early 1960s, Nash co-founded the Hollies, one of the UK's most successful pop groups, with school friend Allan Clarke, and was credited as the group's leader on their first album  He was featured vocally on "Just One Look" (1964) and sang his first lead vocal on the original Hollies song "To You My Love" on the band's second album In The Hollies Style of the same year  He often sang featured bridge vocals on later Hollies recordings ("So Lonely", "I've Been Wrong", "Pay You Back With Interest") and provided lead vocals on several later singles, notably "On a Carousel" and "Carrie Anne" (both 1967) Nash encouraged the Hollies to write their own songs, initially with Clarke, then with Clarke and guitarist Tony Hicks  From 1964 to mid-1966 they wrote under the alias L  Ransford  Their own names were credited on songs from "Stop Stop Stop" from October 1966 onward  In 1965, Nash, with Allan Clarke and guitarist Tony Hicks, formed Gralto Music Ltd, a publishing company which handled their own songs and later signed the young Reg Dwight (a k a  Elton John) who played piano and organ on Hollies 1969 and 1970 recordings 
Nash was pivotal in the forging of a sound and lyrics, often writing the verses on Clarke, Hicks & Nash songs  However, Nash also composed songs by himself under the 'team banner' (like Lennon & McCartney), including "Fifi the Flea" (1966), "Clown" (1966), "Stop Right There", and "Everything Is Sunshine" (1967)  The Butterfly album included several of his songs that had less group participation and exhibited more of a singer-songwriter approach  He was disappointed when this new style did not register with their audience, especially "King Midas in Reverse" (Nash and producer Ron Richards clashed over this song because Richards believed it was 'too complex' to work as a hit single) 
Nash initially met both David Crosby and Stephen Stills in 1966 during a Hollies US tour  On a subsequent visit to the US in 1968, he was more formally introduced to Crosby by mutual friend Cass Elliott in Laurel Canyon, Los Angeles  Nash left the Hollies to form a new group with Crosby and Stills  A trio at first, Crosby, Stills & Nash later became a quartet in 1969 with Neil Young: Crosby, Stills, Nash & Young (CSNY) 
With both configurations, Nash went on to even greater worldwide success, penning many of CSN's most-commercial hit singles such as "Our House" (about the house in Laurel Canyon shared with his then-lover Joni Mitchell); "Teach Your Children" and "Marrakesh Express" (both of which had been rejected by the Hollies); "Just a Song Before I Go"; and "Wasted on the Way"  Nash, nicknamed "Willy" by his bandmates, has been described as the glue that keeps their often fragile alliances together 
Nash became politically active after moving to California, as reflected in his anti-Vietnam War songs "Military Madness" and "Chicago / We Can Change the World" (about the trial of the Chicago Eight) 
In 1972, during CSNY's first hiatus, Nash teamed with Crosby, forming a successful duo  They worked in this configuration on and off for many years, producing four studio albums and a few live and compilation albums  His song "Immigration Man", Crosby & Nash's biggest hit as a duo, arose from a tiff he had with a US Customs official while trying to enter the country 
In 1979, Nash co-founded Musicians United for Safe Energy which is against the expansion of nuclear power  MUSE put on the educational fundraising No Nukes events  In 2007 the group recorded a music video of a new version of the Buffalo Springfield song "For What It's Worth" Nash briefly rejoined the Hollies in 1983 (to mark their 20th anniversary) to record two albums, What Goes Around    and Reunion  In 1993, Nash again reunited with the Hollies to record a new version of "Peggy Sue Got Married" that featured lead vocal by Buddy Holly (taken from an alternative version of the song given to Nash by Holly's widow Maria Eleana Holly)—this Buddy Holly & the Hollies recording opened the Not Fade Away tribute album to Holly by various artists 

In 2005, Nash collaborated with Norwegian musicians A-ha on the songs "Over the Treetops" (penned by Paul Waaktaar-Savoy) and "Cosy Prisons" (penned by Magne Furuholmen) for the Analogue recording  In 2006, Nash worked with David Gilmour and David Crosby on the title track of David Gilmour's third solo album, On an Island  In March 2006, the album was released and quickly reached No  1 on the UK charts  Nash and Crosby subsequently toured the UK with Gilmour, singing backup on "On an Island", "The Blue", "Shine On You Crazy Diamond", and "Find the Cost of Freedom" 

In addition to his political songs Nash has written many songs on other themes he cares about such as of nature and ecology—beginning with the Hollies' "Signs That Will Never Change" (first recorded by the Everly Brothers in 1966)—later CSNY's "Clear Blue Skies", plus anti-nuclear-waste-dumping ("Barrel of Pain"), anti-war ("Soldiers of Peace") and social issues ("Prison Song") 
Nash appeared on the season 7 finale of American Idol singing "Teach Your Children" with Brooke White 
In 2010, Nash was inducted a second time to the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame, this time as a member of the Hollies  He received an OBE "for services to music and charitable activities", becoming an Officer of the Order of the British Empire in the Diplomatic and Overseas Division of the Queen's Birthday Honours List on 12 June 2010  Nash received the title of George Eastman Honorary Scholar at the George Eastman House on 22 January 2011, in Rochester, New York Nash contributed a cover of "Raining in My Heart" to the 2011 tribute album Rave on Buddy Holly 
On 22 January 2016, Nash announced the forthcoming release on 15 April 2016 of his new studio album entitled This Path Tonight (his first collection of new songs in fourteen years) and shared the title track from it through MOJO magazine's website  On 4 February 2016, Rolling Stone magazine unveiled a new song from the new album, the reflective "Encore," the tender tune that wraps up Nash's new album  Upon the upcoming release of his new studio album in April 2016, Nash planned a solo tour from 25 March 2016 at the Byron Bay Bluesfest in Australia, continuing United States on 22 April 2016 at Saban Theatre, Beverly Hills, California, to visit Europe starting from the UK on 21 May 2016 at the Albert Hall, Manchester and ending 14 June 2016 at the Alte Oper Hall, Frankfurt, Germany 
He was still touring in the fall of 2017, performing in New Jersey and New York in September On 29 June 2018, Rhino Records released the two-disk box set Over The Years, a 30-track collection of Nash's demos made from 1968 to 1980, featuring highlights from the CSN debut album Crosby, Stills & Nash ("Marrakesh Express"), CSNY follow-up Déjà Vu ("Our House", "Teach Your Children"), song selections from subsequent CSN albums, four tracks from Nash's 1971 solo album Songs For Beginners, with "Better Days" and "I Used To Be King" presented as unreleased mixes  The most recent recording on the compilation is "Myself at Last" from Nash's 2016 solo album This Path Tonight  The second disc in this set features 15 demo recordings, 12 of which have never been released 

Photography career
Interested in photography as a child, Nash began to collect photographs in the early 1970s  Having acquired more than a thousand prints by 1976, Nash hired Graham Howe as his photography curator  In 1978 through 1984 a touring exhibition of selections from the Graham Nash Collection toured to more than a dozen museums worldwide  Nash decided to sell his 2,000 print collection through Sotheby's auction house in 1990 where it set an auction record for the highest grossing sale of a single private collection of photography  Nash said that some of the auction profit would be given to the Los Angeles County Museum of Art for the acquisition of contemporary photographs In 2010 21st Editions published a monograph titled "Love, Graham Nash" which includes facsimiles of his lyrics paired with signed photographs by Graham Nash and printed by Nash Editions 

Early digital fine art printing
Experimenting
In the late 1980s Nash began to experiment with digital images of his photography on Macintosh computers with the assistance of R  Mac Holbert who at that time was the tour manager for Crosby, Stills and Nash as well as handling computer/technical matters for the band  Nash ran into the problem common with all personal computers running graphics software during that period: he could create very sophisticated detailed images on the computer, but there was no output device (computer printer) capable of reproducing what he saw on the computer screen  Nash and Holbert initially experimented with early commercial printers that were then becoming available and printed many images on the large format Fujix inkjet printers at UCLA's JetGraphix digital output centre  When Fuji decided to stop supporting the printers, John Bilotta, who was running JetGraphix, recommended that Nash and Holbert look into the Iris printer, a new large format continuous-tone inkjet printer built for prepress proofing by IRIS Graphics, Inc  Through IRIS Graphics national sales rep Steve Boulter, Nash also met programmer David Coons, a colour engineer for Disney, who was already using the IRIS printer there to print images from Disney's new digital animation system 
Coons worked off hours at Disney to produce large images of 16 of Nash's photographic portraits on arches watercolour paper using Disney's in-house model 3024 IRIS printer for a 24 April 1990 show at Simon Lowinsky gallery  Since most of the original negatives and prints had been lost in shipment to a book publisher, Coons had to scan contact sheets and enhance the images so they could be printed in large format  He used software he had written to output the photographic images to the IRIS printer, a machine designed to work with proprietary prepress computer systems In July 1990, Nash purchased an IRIS Graphics 3047 inkjet printer for $126,000 and set it up in a small carriage house in Manhattan Beach, California near Los Angeles  David Coons and Steve Boulter used it to print an even larger November 1990 show of Nash's work for Parco Stores in Tokyo  The show entitled Sunlight on Silver was a series of 35 celebrity portraits by Nash which were 3 feet by 4 feet in an edition of 50 prints per image, a total of 1,750 images  Subsequently, Nash exhibited his photographs at the Museum of Photographic Arts in San Diego and elsewhere 

Nash Editions
In 1991, Nash agreed to fund Mac Holbert to start a fine art digital-based printing company using the IRIS Graphics 3047 printer sitting in Nash's Manhattan Beach, California carriage house  Holbert retired as road manager for Crosby, Stills and Nash so that he could run the company  It opened its doors on 1 July 1991 with the name of Nash Editions Ltd  Early employees included David Coons, John Bilotta and a serigraphic print maker named Jack Duganne  They worked to further adapt the IRIS printer to fine art printing, experimenting with ink sets to try to overcome the fast-fading nature of IRIS prints, and even going as far as sawing off part of the print heads so they could be moved back to clear thicker printing paper stocks (voiding the $126,000 machine's warranty)  Nash and Holbert decided to call their fine art prints "digigraphs" although Jack Duganne coined the name "Giclée" for these type of prints  The company is still in operation and currently uses Epson-based large format printers 
In 2005, Nash donated the original IRIS Graphics 3047 printer and Nash Editions ephemera to the National Museum of American History, a Smithsonian Institution 

Personal life
Nash was married to his first wife, Rose Eccles, from 1964 until 1966  As part of an inside joke, her surname inspired the 1968 song "Jennifer Eccles", and a jocular verse about Jennifer Eccles was also included in the 1968 song "Lily the Pink"  Nash was married to his second wife, actress Susan Sennett, from 1978 until he left her for artist Amy Grantham in 2016  Sennett, the mother of his three now-adult children, divorced Nash in 2016 and died of cancer in September 2020  After moving to New York City, Nash married Grantham in April 2019 Nash released an autobiography in September 2013 called Wild Tales: A Rock & Roll Life, published by Crown Publishing  Photographs that he took during his career are on display as an art collection at the San Francisco Art Exchange  In interviews pertaining to both the memoir and art exhibit, he mentioned the impact of Canadian-American musician Joni Mitchell, with whom he had a relationship between 1968 and 1970 in California  He also had a brief relationship with American musician Rita Coolidge, as had his bandmate Stephen Stills Nash endorsed American politician Bernie Sanders in the 2016 Democratic Party presidential primaries  In October 2020, he revealed that he had recently started practising Transcendental Meditation after American filmmaker David Lynch paid for him and his wife to study it as a gift  He said of the practice, "Quite frankly, I'm 78 years old and I wish I'd been doing it for 50 years "

Discography
See also discographies for Crosby Stills Nash & Young, The Hollies and Crosby & Nash 

With The Hollies
Albums
Singles
EPs
Solo
Studio albums
Live
Compilations
Singles
Other appearances
Studio
Live
Passage 5:
Nobody's Child: Romanian Angel Appeal
Nobody's Child: Romanian Angel Appeal is a charity album released in July 1990 to benefit Romanian orphans, under the auspices of the Romanian Angel Appeal Foundation  It was compiled by English rock musician George Harrison in response to concerns raised by his wife Olivia Harrison, who had visited Romania and witnessed the suffering in the country's abandoned state orphanages following the fall of Communism  The release was preceded by a single, "Nobody's Child", recorded by Harrison's band the Traveling Wilburys  Other artists who donated songs to the album include Stevie Wonder, Paul Simon, Eric Clapton, Duane Eddy, Van Morrison, Guns N' Roses, Ringo Starr, Ric Ocasek and Elton John  Many of the recordings were previously unreleased The Romanian Angel Appeal marked a rare foray into the media spotlight by Olivia Harrison, who created the foundation with support from the other wives of the former Beatles – Barbara Bach, Yoko Ono and Linda McCartney  She and her husband promoted the project in the UK with appearances on the television talk show Wogan and in the one-hour Radio 1 documentary Nobody's Child  The album was released by Harrison's record company, Warner Bros  Records, on 23 July 1990  It was preceded by a launch at London's Hyde Park Hotel on 22 July, attended by the Harrisons, and Bach and Starr  The video for the "Nobody's Child" single included animated scenes and footage of the Romanian orphanages 

Song selection
George Harrison's involvement in the project reprised his role in assisting refugees of the 1971 Bangladesh Liberation War, when he staged an all-star benefit concert and oversaw the release of an associated album and documentary film  Aside from the title track, his presence on Nobody's Child was reflected in the recordings submitted by Simon, Clapton and Eddy Harrison said in compiling Nobody's Child he was conscious of not making it his album by dominating the content  He said that his request for a live track from Bruce Springsteen went unanswered, and his approach to Michael Jackson became confused in the acrimony taking place between Jackson and Paul McCartney over the ownership of the Beatles' Northern Songs catalogue  Selections by Stevie Winwood and Queen arrived too late for inclusion on the album 

Track listing
Vinyl and cassette releases
Side one

"Nobody's Child"
"Wonderful Remark"
"Medicine Man"
"This Week"
"Homeward Bound"
"How Can You Mend a Broken Heart?"
"Lovechild"
"Big Day Little Boat"Side two

"Feeding Off the Love of the Land"
"That Kind of Woman"
"Goodnight Little One"
"The Trembler"
"Ain't That Peculiar"
"Civil War"

Notes
On the included performance of "With a Little Help from My Friends", the All-Starr Band consisted of Ringo Starr, Joe Walsh, Nils Lofgren, Billy Preston, Dr  John, Levon Helm, Rick Danko, Garth Hudson, Jim Keltner, Clarence Clemons and Zak Starkey  The song is only on the CD version of the album 
Aside from his contributions with the Traveling Wilburys and Paul Simon, George Harrison plays guitar on the tracks by Eric Clapton and Duane Eddy 
Passage 6:
Shoppin' from A to Z
"Shoppin' from A to Z" is a song by US singer-songwriter Toni Basil, released in 1983 as the fourth and final single from her debut album Word of Mouth  It was released in the US only  After the poor performance of "Nobody" in the UK, "Shoppin' from A to Z" also failed to match the success of chart topper "Mickey", peaking at No  77  A music video was made for the song  The song features a shopping list consisting of various grocery items, each beginning with a different letter of the alphabet  On the album version, it is shouted out by a chorus  The single version features comical voices saying the name of each item 

Track listing
7" single"Shoppin' from A to Z" — 3:41
"Time After Time" — 4:18Promo 12" "Special Remix" single"Shoppin' from A to Z" (Special Remix) — 6:04
"Shoppin' from A to Z" — 3:41

Music video
The music video starts with Basil and her two friends at a house looking through a shopping list and a newspaper  Then, the scene quickly changes to a supermarket where Basil and everyone in the market (including the employees) start dancing while they shop  Finally, after all that shopping, Basil and her friends arrive home exhausted  The clip ends with two dollar signs coming out of the shopping bags and plastered on a CGI heart on a green background 
Passage 7:
Nobody's Child (song)
Nobody's Child may refer to:

Film and television
Nobody's Child (1919 film), a British silent film directed by George Edwardes Hall
Nobody's Child (1970 film), a Philippine film featuring Vilma Santos
Nobody's Child (1986 film), an American television film directed by Lee Grant
Nobody's Child (2004 film), a Singaporean film directed by Lin Wenhui

Literature
Nobody's Child, a 1996 romantic novel by Pat Warren
Nobody's Child, a 1997 romantic novel by Ann Major
Nobody's Child, a 2003 children's novel by Marsha Skrypuch
Nobody's Child, a 2007 autobiography by Michael Seed
Nobody's Child, a 2014 crime novel by Libby Fischer Hellmann

Music
Nobody's Child: Romanian Angel Appeal, a 1990 charity album
"Nobody's Child" (Hank Snow song), 1949; covered by Tony Sheridan and the Beatles (1964), the Traveling Wilburys (1990), and others
"Nobody's Child" (Penny McLean song), 1976
"Nobody's Child", a song  by Electric Light Orchestra from Eldorado, 1974
"Nobody's Child", a song by Mark Knopfler from Down the Road Wherever, 2018

See also
No One's Child, a 2014 Serbian film
Nobody's Children (disambiguation)
Passage 8:
Traveling Wilburys
The Traveling Wilburys were a British-American supergroup consisting of Bob Dylan, George Harrison, Jeff Lynne, Roy Orbison and Tom Petty  Originating from an idea discussed by Harrison and Lynne during the sessions for Harrison's 1987 album Cloud Nine, the band formed in April 1988 after the five members united to record a bonus track for Harrison's next European single  When this collaboration, "Handle with Care", was deemed too good for such a limited release, the group agreed to record a full album, titled Traveling Wilburys Vol  1  Following Orbison's death in December 1988, the Wilburys continued as a quartet and released a second album, titled Traveling Wilburys Vol  3, in 1990 
The project's work received much anticipation given the diverse nature of the singer-songwriters  The band members adopted tongue-in-cheek pseudonyms as half-brothers from the fictional Wilbury family of travelling musicians  Vol  1 was a critical and commercial success, helping to revitalise Dylan's and Petty's careers  In 1990, the album won the Grammy for Best Rock Performance by a Duo or Group 
Although Harrison envisioned a series of Wilburys albums and a film about the band, produced through his company HandMade, the group became dormant after 1991 and never officially reunited, though the individual members continued to collaborate on each other's solo projects at various times  After being unavailable for several years, the two Wilburys albums were reissued by the Harrison estate in the 2007 box set The Traveling Wilburys Collection  The box set included a DVD containing their music videos and a documentary on the band's formation 

History
Background
George Harrison first mentioned the Traveling Wilburys publicly during a radio interview with Bob Coburn on the show Rockline in February 1988  When asked how he planned to follow up the success of his Cloud Nine album, Harrison replied: "What I'd really like to do next is     to do an album with me and some of my mates     It's this new group I got [in mind]: it's called the Traveling Wilburys, I'd like to do an album with them and then later we can all do our own albums again



ground_truth: American

prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: Name a member of a British-American supergroup who recored a version of Nobody's child in 1990

The following are given passages.
Context 3: " According to Jeff Lynne, who co-produced Cloud Nine, Harrison introduced the idea of the two of them starting a band together around two months into the sessions for his album, which began in early January 1987  When discussing who the other members might be, Harrison chose Bob Dylan and Lynne opted for Roy Orbison  The term "Wilbury" also originated during the Cloud Nine sessions  Referring to recording errors created by faulty equipment, Harrison jokingly remarked to Lynne, "We'll bury 'em in the mix " Thereafter, they used the term for any small error in performance  Harrison first suggested "the Trembling Wilburys" as the group's name; at Lynne's suggestion, they amended it to "Traveling Wilburys" 
During his Rockline interview, Harrison voiced his support for Dylan, at a time when the Dylan was experiencing an artistic and commercial low point in his career  Harrison and Lynne became friends with Tom Petty in October 1987, when Petty and his band, the Heartbreakers, toured Europe as Dylan's backing group  The friendship continued in Los Angeles later that year  There, Harrison struck up a musical rapport with Petty based on their shared love of 1950s rock 'n' roll, and Lynne began collaborating with Petty on what became Petty's debut solo album, Full Moon Fever, and writing songs with Orbison, Lynne's longtime musical hero, for Orbison's comeback album, Mystery Girl  According to Petty, Harrison's dream for the Wilburys was to handpick the participants and create "the perfect little band", but the criteria for inclusion were governed most by "who you could hang out with"  The five musicians also bonded over a shared appreciation of the English comedy troupe Monty Python  Harrison, who had worked with the members of Monty Python on various productions by his company HandMade Films since the late 1970s, particularly appreciated Orbison's gift for impersonation and his ability to recite entire sketches by the troupe 

1988–1991
"Handle with Care" and band formation
The band came together in April 1988, when Harrison was in Los Angeles to oversee the filming of his HandMade production Checking Out  At that time, Warner Bros  Records asked Harrison for a new song to serve as the B-side for the European release of his third single from Cloud Nine, "This Is Love"  During a meal with Lynne and Orbison, Harrison asked Lynne to help him record the track and invited Orbison to attend the session, which he then arranged to take place at Dylan's garage studio in Malibu since no professional studios were available at such short notice  Petty's involvement came about when Harrison went to retrieve his guitar from Petty's house and invited him to attend also Working on a song that Harrison had recently started writing, the ensemble completed the track, which they titled "Handle with Care" after a label on a box in Dylan's garage  When Harrison presented the recording to Mo Ostin and Lenny Waronker of Warner Bros , the executives insisted that the song was too good to be used as a B-side  In Petty's recollection, Harrison and Lynne then decided to realise their idea of forming a Wilburys band, and first invited him to join before phoning Dylan, who also agreed to join  That night, Harrison, Lynne and Petty drove to Anaheim to see Orbison perform at the Celebrity Theatre and recruited him for the group shortly before he went on stage  In Petty's description, Orbison performed an "unbelievable show", during which "we'd punch each other and go, 'He's in our band, too '     We were all so excited "

Debut album
The band members decided to create a full album together, Traveling Wilburys Vol  1  Video footage of the creative process was later edited by Harrison into a promotional film for Warner Bros  staff, titled Whatever Wilbury Wilbury  The album was recorded primarily over a ten-day period in May 1988, to allow for Dylan's limited availability as he prepared for the start of what became known as his Never Ending Tour and for Orbison's tour schedule  These sessions were held in the house of Eurythmics member Dave Stewart, in Los Angeles The five band members sat in a circle playing acoustic guitars in Stewart's kitchen; once each song's basic track had been written and recorded there (with accompaniment from a drum machine), the group recorded their vocals in another room, usually after dinner each night  Petty recalled that, as a friend but also an avowed fan of Dylan's, Harrison felt the need to clear the air on the first day by saying to him: "We know that you're Bob Dylan and everything, but we're going to just treat you and talk to you like we would anybody else " Dylan replied: "Well, great  Believe it or not, I'm in awe of you guys, and it's the same for me " While most of the songs had a primary composer, all of the band members were creative equals  Petty later described Harrison as the Wilburys' "leader and manager", and credited him with being a bandleader and producer that had a natural instinct for bringing out the best in people and keeping a recording session productive  As the group's producers, Harrison and Lynne directed the sessions, with Harrison often auditioning each member to decide who should sing a particular lead vocal part  The two producers then flew back to England; Lynne recalls that, throughout the flight, he and Harrison enthused about how to turn the sparse, acoustic-based tracks into completed recordings  Overdubs and further recording took place at Harrison's studio, FPSHOT, with "Sideburys" Jim Keltner (drums), Jim Horn (saxophones) and Ray Cooper (percussion)  Harrison described the band's sound as "skiffle for the 1990s" The album was released on 18 October 1988  Distributed by Warner Bros , it appeared on the new Wilbury record label rather than on Harrison's Dark Horse label, in the interests of maintaining the group identity  Over the months following the end of recording in the summer, contractual issues had been successfully negotiated between Warner and the record companies representing Dylan, Petty, Lynne and Orbison  As was the case in 1971 when EMI prepared Harrison's multi-artist live album from the Concert for Bangladesh for release, Dylan's label, Columbia, presented the main stumbling block  In the album credits, the "Wilburys" joke was extended further, with the band members listed under various pseudonyms and pretending to be half-brothers – sons of a fictional Charles Truscott Wilbury, Sr  During promotion for the album, Orbison played along with the mock history, saying: "Some people say Daddy was a cad and a bounder, but I remember him as a Baptist minister "Vol  1 was a critical and commercial success, and revitalised the careers of Dylan, Orbison and Petty  As Harrison had intended, the album defied contemporary musical trends such as hip hop, acid house and synthesised pop; author Alan Clayson likens its release to "a Viking longship docking in a hovercraft terminal"  The album produced two successful singles and went on to achieve triple-platinum certification for sales in the United States  It was nominated for several awards and won the 1990 Grammy Award for Best Rock Performance by a Duo or Group  Liner notes on the album cover were written by Monty Python's Michael Palin under a pseudonym  Palin's essay was based on an idea by Derek Taylor, who wrote an extensive fictional history of the Wilburys family that otherwise went unused  Harrison planned a feature film about the band, to be produced by HandMade and directed by David Leland, but contractual problems ended the project 

Orbison's death, "Nobody's Child" and Vol  3
Roy Orbison died of a heart attack on 6 December 1988  In tribute to him, the music video for the band's second single, "End of the Line", shows a black and white framed photo of Orbison and his guitar is shown, rocking in a chair, whenever his vocals are heard  Lynne recalled that Orbison's death in the wake of Vol  1's success was "the most sickening thing to me"  He added: "I was devastated for ages     Me and Roy had had plans to do much more together, and his voice was in really good shape  It was just so sad for that to happen " Although there was speculation in the press that Del Shannon or Roger McGuinn might join the Wilburys, the remaining members never considered replacing Orbison  Lynne later said: "We'd become this unit, we were all good pals … We always knew we were going to do another one, and now it's just the four of us "Harrison was the most active in promoting the Wilburys, carrying out interviews well into 1989  He said he was "wait[ing] for all the other Wilburys to finish being solo artists" so that they could renew the collaboration  By contrast, according to author Clinton Heylin, Dylan appeared to give the band little attention as he focused on re-establishing himself as a live performer before recording his 1989 album Oh Mercy In March 1990, Harrison, Lynne, Petty and Dylan reunited to work on a second Wilburys album, which they intentionally misnumbered Traveling Wilburys Vol  3  It was preceded by a non-album single, a cover of "Nobody's Child", which the band recorded for Olivia Harrison's Romanian Angel Appeal charity project  The duration of the main album sessions was again dictated by Dylan's touring schedule and limited availability  Having asked Dylan to record a lead vocal for all the songs before his departure, Harrison was then loath to replace many of the parts, resulting in a greater prominence for Dylan as a lead singer  Although he ceded his own role as a lead vocalist to Dylan and to Petty, Harrison took over more of the production and contributed more prominently as a lead guitarist than before  Petty described the album as "a little more rough and ready, a bit more raucous" than Vol  1, while Dylan said the new songs were more developed as compositions relative to the "scraped up from jam tapes" approach to the band's debut Vol  3 was released on 29 October 1990  It was dedicated to Orbison, as "Lefty Wilbury", the pseudonym that Orbison had used in 1988 in honour of his hero Lefty Frizzell  The album met with less success than the previous one  According to Mo Ostin, the choice of album title came about through "George being George"; apparently Harrison was making a wry reference to the appearance of a bootleg that served as a sort of Volume 2  The album's liner notes were written by Eric Idle, another Python member, who again adopted a pseudonym  For the band's final single, "Wilbury Twist", they filmed a video in which Idle, John Candy and other comedic actors attempt to master the song's eponymous dance style  The clip was filmed in Los Angeles and completed on 28 February 1991 

After the Wilburys
According to Jim Keltner, the decision on the group's future after Vol  3 lay with Harrison  Keltner said that from his conversations with Lynne, Petty and Dylan, they were all keen to reunite, whereas Harrison wavered in his enthusiasm  While Harrison was against the idea of touring, Petty recalled: "I kept getting down on my knees in front of George, saying, 'Please, it's so much money!'"After his 1991 tour of Japan – his first series of concerts since 1974 – Harrison spoke of a possible Traveling Wilburys tour:

That would be something I'd like to experience  I've always played around in my own mind what a Wilburys tour could be  Would each person do a solo set and then do Wilburys at the end, or would we all go right on from beginning to end and make everything Wilburys? It's an intriguing thought  We could have a great band up there and the four of us could play acoustic if we wanted to  We could all sing "Blowin' in the Wind" and Bob could sing "Something"  Or we could just sing our individual songs and make them Wilbury tunes, as if we'd recorded them that way  Whatever it was, we could do it 
The Wilburys tour never came about  Petty said about the Wilburys touring:

I think it would work, if we wanted to do it  I don't think we ever considered it, really  There were a lot of nights when the conversation would roll around to that  But I don't think anybody ever took it seriously  I think it would ruin it in a way  Then you're obligated to be responsible and it's not in the character of that group  It would make it very formal and that would be the wrong spirit 

Legacy and influence
In the Rolling Stone Press book The New Rolling Stone Encyclopedia of Rock & Roll, the Traveling Wilburys are described as "the ultimate supergroup", with a line-up that represented four eras of rock music history and included "three indisputable gods" in Dylan, Harrison and Orbison  The editors also recognise the band as "the antithesis of a supergroup", due to the musicians' adoption of fraternal alter egos and the humour inherent in the project  AllMusic managing editor Stephen Thomas Erlewine has similarly written: "It's impossible to picture a supergroup with a stronger pedigree than that (all that's missing is a Rolling Stone), but in another sense it's hard to call the Wilburys a true supergroup, since they arrived nearly two decades after the all-star craze of the '70s peaked, and they never had the self-important air of nearly all the other supergroups  That, of course, was the key to their charm …" Speaking to music journalist Paul Zollo in 2004, Petty agreed that humour and self-effacement had been key factors in the Wilburys' success, adding: "We wanted to make something good in a world that seemed to get uglier and uglier and meaner and meaner … And I'm really proud that I was part of it  Because I do think that it brought a little sunshine into the world "Harrison said the project was an opportunity to "put a finger up to the rules" by challenging the norms associated with the music industry  Discussing the Wilburys in Peter Bogdanovich's 2007 documentary Runnin' Down a Dream, Petty said that one of the strengths behind the concept was that it was free of any intervention from record company, management or marketing concerns, and instead developed naturally from a spirit of co-operation and mutual admiration among five established artists  Author Simon Leng recognises the venture as primarily a channel through which Harrison and Dylan could escape the restrictions of their serious media images, but also, in its guise as a "phantom band", a development by Harrison of the Rutles' satirical approach to the Beatles' legacy, in this case by "de-mythologizing" rock history Inspired by the Traveling Wilburys' success and particularly its benefit to Petty and Orbison as artists, Lenny Waronker encouraged American guitarist Ry Cooder to form the band Little Village and record for Warner Bros  The group – comprising Cooder, Keltner, John Hiatt and Nick Lowe – released a self-titled album in 1992  Greg Kot of the Chicago Tribune described the Notting Hillbillies' Missing     Presumed Having a Good Time as a Traveling Wilburys-type side project for Mark Knopfler of Dire Straits  Writing in New York magazine in late 1990, Elizabeth Wurtzel cited the Notting Hillbillies' album and the self-titled debut by Hindu Love Gods – a band consisting of Warren Zevon and members of R E M  – as examples of a trend whereby, following the Wilburys' Vol  1, "more and more albums seem to be the rock-and-roll equivalents of bowling night "Writing in The Encyclopedia of Popular Music, Colin Larkin cites the Wilburys' contemporary skiffle as evidence of Lonnie Donegan's continued influence on popular music long after the early 1960s  In his book Lonnie Donegan and the Birth of British Rock & Roll, Patrick Humphries describes the Wilburys as "a makeshift quintet whose roots were firmly and joyously planted in low-key, low-tech skiffle music"  He credits the band with inspiring a brief revival of Donegan's "DIY skiffle", which included Knopfler's Notting Hillbillies  Each member of the Traveling Wilburys has been inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame, although the band itself has not been inducted  Orbison and Dylan were inducted as solo artists, Harrison was inducted as a member of the Beatles and, posthumously, as a solo artist, Petty as the leader of Tom Petty and the Heartbreakers, and Lynne as a member of the Electric Light Orchestra 

Catalogue reissue and Genesis Publications book
In the late 1990s and early 2000s, the two Traveling Wilburys albums had limited availability and were out of print in most areas  Harrison, as primary holder of the rights, did not reissue them before his death  In June 2007, the two albums were reissued as The Traveling Wilburys Collection, a box set including both albums on CD (with bonus tracks) and a DVD featuring a 25-minute documentary entitled The True History of the Traveling Wilburys and a collection of music videos  The box set was released in three editions; the standard edition, with both CDs and DVD in a double Digipak package and a 16-page booklet; a "deluxe" boxed edition with the CDs and DVD and an extensive 40-page booklet, artist postcards, and photographs; or a "deluxe" boxed edition on vinyl  This version omits the DVD, but adds a 12-inch vinyl disc with rare versions of the songs 
The release debuted at number 1 in the UK and topped the albums chart in Australia, Ireland and other countries  On the US Billboard 200 it reached number 9  The collection sold 500,000 copies worldwide during the first three weeks and remained in the UK top 5 for seven weeks after its release 
In November 2009, Genesis Publications, a company with which Harrison had been associated since the late 1970s, announced the release of a limited edition fine-bound book titled The Traveling Wilburys  Compiled by Olivia Harrison, the book includes rare photographs, recording notes, handwritten lyrics, sketches, and first-hand commentary on the band's history, together with a foreword by Lynne  Petty, Lynne, Olivia Harrison, Barbara Orbison, Keltner and Idle were among those who attended the US launch at a Beverly Hills bookshop in March 2010  In an interview to publicise the book, Lynne expressed his sadness at the deaths of Harrison and Orbison, and reflected: "The Wilburys was such a wonderful band, such a marvellous thing to be part of  They were the best people I could ever wish to work with  Every day was like, 'Wow!'     it was fun from day one "

Line-ups
Musicians
Volume 1"Nelson Wilbury" – George Harrison
"Otis Wilbury" – Jeff Lynne
"Lefty Wilbury" – Roy Orbison
"Charlie T  Wilbury, Jr " – Tom Petty
"Lucky Wilbury" – Bob DylanVolume 3"Spike Wilbury" – George Harrison
"Clayton Wilbury" – Jeff Lynne
"Muddy Wilbury" – Tom Petty
"Boo Wilbury" – Bob DylanJim Keltner, the session drummer and percussionist, was not officially listed as a Wilbury on either album, but was given the nickname "Buster Sidebury"  Overdubs on the 2007 bonus tracks "Maxine" and "Like a Ship" were credited to "Ayrton Wilbury", a pseudonym for Dhani Harrison  The name Ayrton was used in honour of F1 driver Ayrton Senna  Jim Horn and Ray Cooper played saxophones and percussion, respectively, on both albums  The lead guitar part on the Vol  3 track "She's My Baby" was played by rock guitarist Gary Moore, who received the credit "Ken Wilbury" 

Further Wilbury appellation
Harrison appeared as Nelson Wilbury on Warner Bros  Records' Christmas 1988 promotional album Winter Warnerland (which also included Paul Reubens as "Pee Wee Wilbury")  In 1992, in his capacity as producer, Harrison credited himself as "Spike and Nelson Wilbury" on his live album Live in Japan  During that Japanese tour, in December 1991, Harrison credited himself as Nakihama Wilbury  The Tom Petty and the Heartbreakers 1992 single "Christmas All Over Again" contained a greeting that read "Merry Christmas from Nelson and Pee Wee Wilbury"  Additionally, at Tom Petty Celebration in 2019, Roy Orbison Jr  was dubbed "Lefty Wilbury Jr " and Alex Orbison as "Ginger Wilbury"  The Harrison-made film promoting the Traveling Wilburys, Whatever Wilbury Wilbury, lists the following credits: "Cecil Bidet Wilbury" (directed by), "Lenny W  Wilbury" (sound), "Chopper Wilbury" (editor), "Edison Wilbury" (lighting), "Evelyn Wilbury" (wardrobe), "Clyde B  Wilbury" (special effects), "Big Mac Wilbury" (catering), "Zsa Zsa Wilbury" (make-up) and "Tell M  Wilbury" (production manager)  A squirrel is named "Eddie Wilbury" in that film as well 

Discography
Studio albums
Box sets
Singles
Other charted songs
Other collaborations between members
Notes



ground_truth: Bob Dylan