prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: In which six Western European territories have Celtic languages or cultural traits survived?

The following are given passages.
Context 1: Passage 1:
Celtic studies
Celtic studies or Celtology is the academic discipline occupied with the study of any sort of cultural output relating to the Celtic-speaking peoples (i e  speakers of Celtic languages)  This ranges from linguistics, literature and art history, archaeology and history, the focus lying on the study of the various Celtic languages, living and extinct  The primary areas of focus are the six Celtic languages currently in use: Irish, Scottish Gaelic, Manx, Welsh, Cornish, and Breton 
As a university subject, it is taught at a number of universities, most of them in Ireland, the United Kingdom, or France, but also in the United States, Canada, Australia, Germany, Poland, Austria and the Netherlands 

History
Written studies of the Celts, their cultures, and their languages go back to classical Greek and Latin accounts, possibly beginning with Hecataeus in the 6th century BC and best known through such authors as Polybius, Posidonius, Pausanias, Diodorus Siculus, Julius Caesar and Strabo  Modern Celtic studies originated in the 16th and 17th centuries, when many of these classical authors were rediscovered, published and translated Academic interest in Celtic languages grew out of comparative and historical linguistics, which was itself established at the end of the 18th century  In the 16th century, George Buchanan studied the Goidelic languages  The first major breakthrough in Celtic linguistics came with the publication of Archaeologia Britannica (1707) by the Welsh scholar Edward Lhuyd, who was the first to recognise that Gaulish, British and Irish belong to the same language family  He also published an English version of a study by Paul-Yves Pezron of Gaulish 
In 1767 James Parsons published his study The Remains of Japhet, being historical enquiries into the affinity and origins of the European languages  He compared a 1000-word lexicon of Irish and Welsh and concluded that they were originally the same, then comparing the numerals in many other languages 
The second big leap forwards was made when the Englishman Sir William Jones postulated that Sanskrit, Greek, Latin and many other languages including "the Celtic" derived from a common ancestral language  This hypothesis, published in The Sanscrit Language (1786), would later be hailed as the discovery of the Indo-European language family, from which grew the field of Indo-European studies  The Celtic languages were definitively linked to the Indo-European family over the course of the 19th century 
Although Jones' trail-blazing hypothesis inspired numerous linguistic studies, of which Celtic languages were a part, it was not until Johann Kaspar Zeuss's monumental Grammatica Celtica (volume 1, 1851; volume 2, 1853) that any truly significant progress was made  Written in Latin, the work draws on the earliest Old Irish, Middle Welsh and other Celtic primary sources to construct a comparative grammar, which was the first to lay out a firm basis for Celtic linguistics  Among other achievements, Zeuss was able to crack the Old Irish verb 

Celtic studies in the German-speaking world and the Netherlands
German Celtic studies (Keltologie) is seen by many as having been established by Johann Kaspar Zeuss (1806–1856) (see above)  In 1847, he was appointed professor of linguistics at the Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich  Until the middle of the 19th century, Celtic studies progressed largely as a subfield of linguistics  Franz Bopp (1791–1867) carried out further studies in comparative linguistics to link the Celtic languages to the Proto-Indo-European language  He is credited with having finally proven Celtic to be a branch of the Indo-European language family  From 1821 to 1864, he served as a professor of oriental literature and general linguistics in Berlin In 1896, Kuno Meyer and Ludwig Christian Stern founded the Zeitschrift für celtische Philologie (ZCP), the first academic journal solely devoted to aspects of Celtic languages and literature, and still in existence today  In the second half of the century, significant contributions were made by the Orientalist Ernst Windisch (1844–1918)  He held a chair in Sanskrit at the University of Leipzig; but he is best remembered for his numerous publications in the field of Celtic studies  In 1901, the Orientalist and Celtologist Heinrich Zimmer (1851–1910) was made professor of Celtic languages at Friedrich Wilhelm University in Berlin, the first position of its kind in Germany  He was followed in 1911 by Kuno Meyer (1858–1919), who, in addition to numerous publications in the field, was active in the Irish independence movement Perhaps the most important German-speaking Celticist is the Swiss scholar Rudolf Thurneysen (1857–1940)  A student of Windisch and Zimmer, Thurneysen was appointed to the chair of comparative linguistics at the University of Freiburg in 1887; he succeeded to the equivalent chair at the University of Bonn in 1913  His notability arises from his work on Old Irish  For his masterwork, Handbuch des Altirischen ("Handbook of Old Irish", 1909), translated into English as A Grammar of Old Irish, he located and analysed a multitude of Old Irish manuscripts  His work is considered as the basis for all succeeding studies of Old Irish In 1920, Julius Pokorny (1887–1970) was appointed to the chair of Celtic languages at Friedrich Wilhelm University, Berlin  Despite his support for German nationalism and Catholic faith, he was forced out of his position by the Nazis on account of his Jewish ancestry  He subsequently emigrated to Switzerland but returned to Germany in 1955 to teach at Ludwig Maximilians University of Munich  In Berlin, he was succeeded in 1937 by Ludwig Mühlhausen, a devout Nazi After World War II, German Celtic studies took place predominantly in West Germany and Austria  Studies in the field continued at Freiburg, Bonn, Marburg, Hamburg as well as Innsbruck; however an independent professorship in Celtic studies has not been instituted anywhere  In this period, Hans Hartmann, Heinrich Wagner and Wolfgang Meid made notable contributions to the scientific understanding of the boundaries of the Celtic language area and the location of the homeland of the Celtic peoples  The Berlin chair in Celtic languages has not been occupied since 1966 Today, Celtic studies is only taught at a handful of German universities, including those of Bonn, Trier, and Mannheim, the Johannes Gutenberg University of Mainz, and the Philipps University of Marburg  It is also taught at the University of Vienna  Only Marburg, Vienna and Bonn maintain formal programs of study, but even then usually as a subsection of comparative or general linguistics  Only Marburg offers an M A  course specifically in Celtic Studies  No Celtic studies research has taken place in the former centres of Freiburg, Hamburg or Berlin since the 1990s  The last remaining chair in Celtic studies, that at Humboldt University of Berlin, was abolished in 1997 The only Chair of Celtic studies in Continental Europe is at Utrecht University (in the Netherlands)  It was established in 1923, when Celtic studies were added to the Chair of Germanic studies on the special request of its new professor A  G  van Hamel 

Celtic studies in Ireland
Celtic studies are taught in universities in Northern Ireland and the Republic of Ireland  These studies cover language, history, archaeology and art  In addition, the Irish language is taught to a greater or lesser extent in schools across the island of Ireland 
The beginning of Celtic Studies as a university subject in Ireland might be dated to Eugene O'Curry's appointment as professor of Irish history and archaeology at the Catholic University of Ireland in 1854  Celtic Studies, either as full Celtic Studies programmes or as Irish language programmes, are now offered in the National University of Ireland, Galway, University College Cork, University College Dublin (the successor institution to the Catholic University), National University of Ireland, Maynooth, Trinity College Dublin, University of Limerick, Mary Immaculate College, Limerick, Dublin City University, Queen's University Belfast and Ulster University  The Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies (DIAS), School of Celtic Studies, is a research institution but does not award degrees  DIAS and the Royal Irish Academy are leading publishers of Celtic Studies research, including the journals Celtica and Ériu 

Celtic studies in the United Kingdom and the Isle of Man
Celtic studies are taught in universities in England, Wales, Scotland and Northern Ireland  These studies cover language, history, archaeology and art  In addition, Celtic languages are taught to a greater or lesser extent in schools in Wales, Scotland, Northern Ireland, Cornwall and the Isle of Man 
The formal study of Celtic Studies at British universities in the late nineteenth century gave rise to the establishment of chairs for Sir John Rhys, first Jesus Professor of Celtic at the University of Oxford, in 1874 and for Donald MacKinnon, first Chair of Celtic at the University of Edinburgh, in 1882  Institutions in the United Kingdom that have Celtic Studies departments and courses are: the Universities of Aberdeen, Aberystwyth, Bangor, Cambridge, Cardiff, Edinburgh, Exeter (which houses the Institute of Cornish Studies), Glasgow, Oxford, Swansea, Trinity St David's, Queen's University Belfast, Ulster University, the University of the Highlands and Islands and the University of Wales, Centre for Advanced Welsh and Celtic Studies  The top five rated degree-awarding programmes/departments as of 2017 are; (1) Department of Anglo-Saxon, Norse and Celtic at University of Cambridge (2) Welsh and Celtic Studies at Bangor University (3) Welsh and Celtic Studies at Cardiff University (4) Celtic and Gaelic at University of Glasgow (5) Irish and Celtic Studies at Queen's University, Belfast 
A major funder of UK Celtic Studies doctoral studies is the AHRC-funded Centre for Doctoral Training in the Celtic Languages, which admitted PhD students in the period 2014–2019  The CDT in Celtic Languages is administered through Celtic and Gaelic at the University of Glasgow and its director is Prof  Katherine Forsyth 

Celtic studies in North America
In North America, Celtic scholars and students are represented professionally by the Celtic Studies Association of North America 

In Canada
Several universities in Canada offer some Celtic studies courses, while only two universities offers a full B A  as well as graduate courses  St  Michael's College at the University of Toronto and St  Francis Xavier University offers the only B A  of its kind in Canada with a dual focus on Celtic literature and history, while the Pontifical Institute of Mediaeval Studies at the University of Toronto offers courses at a graduate level through their Centre for Medieval Studies, along with St  Francis Xavier University 
Other Canadian universities which offer courses in Celtic, Scottish or Irish studies include Cape Breton University, Saint Mary's University, Halifax, Simon Fraser University, the University of Guelph and the University of Ottawa 

In the United States of America
In the United States, Harvard University is notable for its Doctorate program in Celtic studies  Celtic studies are also offered at the universities of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, California–Berkeley, California–Los Angeles, Bard College, and many others, including programs in which a student may minor, like at the College of Charleston  Some aspects of Celtic studies can be accessed through Irish Studies programmes, such as at the University of Notre Dame 

Celtic studies in France
In 1804, the Académie Celtique was founded with the goal of unearthing the Gallic past of the French people  France also produced the first academic journal devoted to Celtic studies, Revue Celtique  Revue Celtique was first published in 1870 in Paris and continued until the death of its last editor, Joseph Loth, in 1934  After that point it was continued under the name Études Celtiques 
The University of Western Brittany (Brest) offers a two-year, an international European-Union certified master's degree course entitled "Celtic languages and Cultures in Contact"  It is part of the Centre for Breton and Celtic Research (CRBC)  Closely linked to this MA programme, the University of Western Brittany organizes an intensive two-week Summer School in Breton Language and Cultural Heritage Studies every year in June  This Summer School is also sponsored by the CRBC and welcomes scholars from around the world with an interest in the Celtic (and minority) languages and cultures to study Breton, the least known of the living Celtic languages 

Celtic studies elsewhere
Celtic studies are also taught at other universities elsewhere in Europe, including the Charles University in Prague (Czech Republic), University of Poznań (Poland), The John Paul II Catholic University of Lublin (Poland), Moscow State University (Russia), Uppsala University (Sweden)Irish studies are taught at the University of Burgos (Spain) and the University of A Coruña (Galicia)  Galicia also has its own Institute for Celtic Studies 
Celtic Studies are taught at both undergraduate and postgraduate levels at the University of Sydney (Australia), which also hosts the triennial Australian Conference of Celtic Studies 

International Congress of Celtic Studies
The International Congress of Celtic Studies is the foremost academic conference in the field of Celtic Studies and is held every four years  It was first held in Dublin in 1959  The XV International Congress of Celtic Studies was held at the University of Glasgow in 2015  In 2019, the XVI ICCS was held at Bangor University and the XVII ICCS will be held at Utrecht University in 2023 

Areas of Celtic studies
Archaeology
Linguistics and philology (historical linguistics)
Ethnology
Folklore
History
Literature
Onomastics (Toponymy)
Religious studies (see Celtic Christianity)
Political science

Notable Celticists
Notable academic journals
Zeitschrift für celtische Philologie (ZCP), est  1896, Halle 
Revue Celtique (RC), est  1870, Paris; continued after 1934 by Études celtiques 
Ériu est  1904, Dublin 
The Bulletin of the Board of Celtic Studies (BBCS), est  1921, Cardiff; merged with Studia Celtica in 1993 
Études Celtiques (EC), est  1936, Paris 
Celtica  Journal of the School of Celtic Studies, est  1949, Dublin 
Studia Celtica, est  1966, Cardiff 
Éigse  A Journal of Irish Studies, est  1939, Dublin 
Cambrian Medieval Celtic Studies (CMCS), est  1993, Aberystwyth; formerly Cambridge Medieval Celtic Studies 
Peritia  Journal of the Medieval Academy of Ireland, Cork 

The Derek Allen Prize
The Derek Allen Prize, awarded annually by the British Academy since 1977, rotates between Celtic Studies, Numismatics and Musicology  Recent winners in the field of Celtic Studies include: Prof  Máire Herbert (2018), Prof  Pierre-Yves Lambert (2015) and Prof  Fergus Kelly (2012)  Prof  Herbert is the first female Celticist to be awarded this prize 

See also
Irish American Cultural Institute

Citations
General references
Busse, Peter E  "Zeitschrift für celtische Philologie"  In Celtic Culture  A Historical Encyclopedia, ed  J T  Koch  5 vols: vol  5  Santa Barbara et al , 2006  p  1823 

Further reading
Brown, Terence (ed )  Celticism  Studia imagologica 8  Amsterdam: Rodopi, 1996 
Fischer, Joachim and John Dillon (eds )  The correspondence of Myles Dillon, 1922–1925: Irish-German relations and Celtic studies  Dublin: Four Courts, 1999 
Huther, Andreas  "'In Politik verschieden, in Freundschaft wie immer': The German Celtic scholar Kuno Meyer and the First World War"  In The First World War as a clash of cultures, ed  Fred Bridgham  Columbia (SC): Camden House, 2006  pp  231–44  ISBN 1-57113-340-2 
Koch, John T  "Celtic Studies"  In A century of British medieval studies, ed  Alan Deyermond  British Academy centenary monographs  Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2007  pp  235–61  ISBN 978-0-19-726395-2  RHS record
Mac Mathúna, Séamus (2006)  "The History of Celtic Scholarship in Russia and the Soviet Union"  Studia Celto-Slavica  1: 3–41  doi:10 54586/ASMH5209 
Meek, Donald E  (2001)  "'Beachdan Ura à Inbhir Nis/ New opinions from Inverness': Alexander MacBain (1855–1907) and the foundation of Celtic studies in Scotland"  Proceedings of the Society of Antiquaries of Scotland  131: 23–39  ISSN 0081-1564 
Ó Lúing, Seán  Celtic studies in Europe and other essays  Dublin: Geography Publications, 2000 
Schneiders, Marc and Kees Veelenturf  Celtic studies in the Netherlands: a bibliography  Dublin: DIAS, 1992 
Sims-Williams, Patrick (1998)  "Celtomania and Celtoscepticism"  Cambrian Medieval Celtic Studies  36: 1–35 
Wiley, Dan  "Celtic studies, early history of the field"  In Celtic Culture: A Historical Encyclopaedia, ed  J  T  Koch  Santa Barbara et al , 2006 

External links

Finding the Celtic project (FtC)
International Congress of Celtic Studies
Association of Celtic Students in Ireland and Britain
Celtic Studies in the Soviet Union
Passage 2:
Zeitschrift für celtische Philologie
The Zeitschrift für celtische Philologie is an academic journal of Celtic studies, which was established in 1897 by the German scholars Kuno Meyer and Ludwig Christian Stern  It was the first journal devoted exclusively to Celtic languages and literature and is the oldest significant journal of Celtic studies still in existence today  The emphasis is on (early) Irish language and literature and Continental Celtic languages, but other aspects of Celtic philology and literature (including modern literature) also receive attention Apart from Stern and Meyer, previous editors include Julius Pokorny, Ludwig Mühlhausen, Rudolf Thurneysen, Rudolf Hertz, Heinrich Wagner, Hans Hartmann, and Karl Horst Schmidt  The current editors-in-chief are Jürgen Uhlich, Torsten Meißner and Bernhard Maier 
In addition to the regular volumes, the journal also has a subsidiary series, Buchreihe der Zeitschrift für celtische Philologie The journal features in a poem by Flann O'Brien which satirises scholars who "rose in their nightshift / To write for the Zeitschrift" 
Passage 3:
Pan Celtic Festival
The Pan Celtic Festival (Irish: Féile Pan Cheilteach; branded simply using the Irish name Pan Cheilteach) is a Celtic-language music festival held annually in the week following Easter, in Ireland, since its inauguration in 1971  The first Pan Celtic Festival took place in Killarney, County Kerry, Ireland  Its aim is to promote the modern Celtic languages and cultures and artists from six Celtic nations: Brittany, Cornwall, Ireland (Republic of Ireland and Northern Ireland compete as a single entity), Isle of Man, Scotland and Wales 
Each participating nation holds its own national selection event to choose its representatives at the Festival  The most successful nation is Wales with fourteen wins, with Ireland in second having won eleven times  Bénjad, who represented Cornwall in 2012 and 2013, became the first artist in the festival's history to have won twice  The Isle of Man is the least successful nation, having only won once in 2014 

Origins and history
Formed in Killarney, County Kerry, Ireland, the Pan Celtic Festival was organised as a music festival to be held every Spring, to promote the modern cultures and Celtic languages through the medium of music  It was originally entitled Gŵyl Gerdd Bach (Welsh for "Small Music Festival"), by Con O'Connaill, but later changed to its current name  In May 1971, the first festival took place in Killarney; and featured performers from Wales (Phyllis and Meredydd Evans), Ireland (Scoil na Toirbhirte), and Brittany (Les Tregerez Group and Alan Stivell) Meredydd Evans engaged in discussions with the event organiser, Ó Connaill, following the 1971 Festival, and invited him to the National Eisteddfod of Wales  At the Eisteddfod, Ó Connaill met members from other Celtic nations, and formed a committee for the Pan Celtic Festival  Participants from the six Celtic nations of Brittany (Breizh), Cornwall (Kernow), Wales (Cymru), Scotland (Alba), Ireland (Éire) and the Isle of Man (Mannin) took part in the second Pan Celtic Festival, again held in Killarney in 1972  It was during this festival that the core structure of the event was finalised following a meeting with committee members  These principles of the event are to promote the languages, musical talents and cultures within the six territories recognised as Celtic nations 

Participation
Eligibility to compete at the Pan Celtic Festival is for Celtic nations, which are territories in Northern and Western Europe where Celtic languages or cultural traits have survived, and are members of the Celtic League  The term "nation" is used in its original sense to mean a community of people who share a common identity and culture and are identified with a traditional territory  It is not synonymous with "sovereign state" 

National selections
Brittany: Gouelioù Etrekeltiek An Oriant
The Gouelioù Etrekeltiek An Orient (English: Inter-Celtic Festival of Lorient, or French: Festival Interceltique de Lorient) is an annual Celtic festival, located in the city of Lorient, Brittany, France  The event also acts as a national selection process to determine the Breton representative for the annual Pan Celtic Festival  It was founded in 1971 by Polig Montjarret  This annual festival takes place every August and is dedicated to the cultural traditions of the Celtic nations (pays celtes in Brittany), highlighting celtic music and dance and also including other arts such as painting, photography, theatre, sculpture, traditional artisan as well as sport and gastronomy 

Cornwall: Kan Rag Kernow
Kan Rag Kernow (English: A Song for Cornwall) is a Cornish annual song contest to find a representative for Cornwall at the Pan Celtic Festival, held annually in Ireland  The Cornish group, The Changing Room, won the 2015 Kan Rag Kernow on 30 January 2015  The group went on to represent Cornwall at the 2015 Pan Celtic Festival, finishing in first place with the song "Hal an Tow" (Flora Day) 

Ireland: Comórtas Amhrán Náisiúnta
The Comórtas Amhrán Náisiúnta (English: National Song Contest) is the Irish selection process to determine the representatives for Ireland at the annual Pan Celtic Festival  In 2015, the selection show was held at the Seven Oaks Hotel, in Carlow, on 7 March 

Isle of Man: Arrane son Mannin
The Arrane son Mannin (English: Song for the Isle of Man) is the Manx competition through which a song is selected for the Pan Celtic Festival  In 2015, Shenn Scoill, a quartet whose name means "Old School", were chosen to represent the island 

Scotland: Am Mòd Nàiseanta Rìoghail
Am Mòd Nàiseanta Rìoghail (English: The Royal National Mòd) is the Scottish Gaelic selection process, organised by An Comunn Gàidhealach, to find the Scottish representative for the Pan Celtic Festival, held annually in Ireland  The Scottish band, Na h-Òganaich, were the first representatives for Scotland at the 1971 Pan Celtic Festival  They represented Scotland again in 1972, with the song "Mi le m’Uillin", finishing in first place 

Wales: Cân i Gymru
Cân i Gymru (English: A Song for Wales, Welsh pronunciation: [ˈkaːn i ˈɡəmrɨ]) is a Welsh television show broadcast on S4C annually  It was first introduced in 1969 when BBC Cymru wanted to enter the Eurovision Song Contest  It has taken place every year since, except in 1973  Cân i Gymru is different from most talent shows; whereas the majority invite the public to participate, Cân i Gymru welcomes only professional artists  The winner of the contest represents Wales at the annual Pan Celtic Festival held in Ireland and is also awarded a cash prize Wales made their debut participation in the Eurovision Choir of the Year 2017, which marked the second time in any of the Eurovision Family of Events that the country was not represented as part of the unified state of the United Kingdom, after 1994, when Wales participated lastly in the Jeux Sans Frontières  Wales used the talent show Côr Cymru, to select their representatives 

Festival hosts
The festivals, since 1971, have been held in various towns and cities in Ireland  Below is a list of the host cities and their respective years of hosting  The 2001 festival was cancelled due to the foot-and-mouth outbreak  As is shown below, County Kerry have hosted the festival twenty-nine times since 1971, with the most recent the 2011 Festival, in the town of Dingle, who first hosted the event in 2010  County Clare have only hosted once in 1997 

List of winners
By festival
The table below lists all of the annual Pan Celtic Festival winners since its inaugural event in 1971 

By Celtic nation
The table below lists all of the Pan Celtic Festival winners by Celtic Nations, since its inaugural event in 1971  Wales is the most successful nation to date, with fifteen wins; with Ireland coming in second with eleven wins  The Isle of Man achieved their one and only win to date in 2014 
Passage 4:
Insular Celtic languages
Insular Celtic languages are the group of Celtic languages spoken in Brittany, Great Britain, Ireland, and the Isle of Man   All surviving Celtic languages are in the Insular group, including Breton, which is spoken on continental Europe in Brittany, France  The  Continental Celtic languages, although once quite widely spoken in mainland Europe and in Anatolia, are extinct 
Six Insular Celtic languages are extant (in all cases written and spoken) in two distinct groups:

Brittonic (or Brythonic) languages: Breton, Cornish, and Welsh
Goidelic languages: Irish, Manx, and Scottish Gaelic

Insular Celtic hypothesis
The "Insular Celtic hypothesis" is a theory that they evolved together in those places, having a later common ancestor than any of the Continental Celtic languages such as Celtiberian, Gaulish, Galatian, and Lepontic, among others, all of which are long extinct 
The proponents of the hypothesis (such as Cowgill 1975; McCone 1991, 1992; and Schrijver 1995) point to shared innovations among these – chiefly:

inflected prepositions
shared use of certain verbal particles
VSO word order
differentiation of absolute and conjunct verb endings as found extensively in Old Irish and less so in Middle Welsh (see Morphology of the Proto-Celtic language) The proponents assert that a strong partition between the Brittonic languages with Gaulish (P-Celtic) on one side and the Goidelic languages with Celtiberian (Q-Celtic) on the other, may be superficial, owing to a language contact phenomenon   They add the identical sound shift (/kʷ/ to /p/) could have occurred independently in the predecessors of Gaulish and Brittonic, or have spread through language contact between those two groups  Further, the Italic languages had a similar divergence between Latino-Faliscan, which kept /kʷ/, and Osco-Umbrian, which changed it to /p/  Some historians, such as George Buchanan in the 16th century, had suggested the Brythonic or P-Celtic language was a descendant of the Picts' language   Indeed the tribe of the Pritani has Qritani (and, orthographically orthodox in modern form but counterintuitively written Cruthin) (Q-Celtic) cognate forms The family tree of the Insular Celtic languages is thus as follows:

This table lists cognates showing the development of Proto-Celtic */kʷ/ to /p/ in Gaulish and the Brittonic languages but to /k/ in the Goidelic languages 

^  In Welsh orthography ⟨u⟩ denotes [i] or [ɪ]A significant difference between Goidelic and Brittonic languages is the transformation of *an, *am to a denasalised vowel with lengthening, é, before an originally voiceless stop or fricative, cf  Old Irish éc "death", écath "fish hook", dét "tooth", cét "hundred" vs  Welsh angau, angad, dant, and cant  Otherwise:

the nasal is retained before a vowel, i̯, w, m, and a liquid:
Old Irish: ben "woman" (< *benā)
Old Irish: gainethar "he/she is born" (< *gan-i̯e-tor)
Old Irish: ainb "ignorant" (< *anwiss)
the nasal passes to en before another n:
Old Irish: benn "peak" (< *banno) (vs  Welsh bann)
Middle Irish: ro-geinn "finds a place" (< *ganne) (vs  Welsh gannaf)
the nasal passes to in, im before a voiced stop
Old Irish: imb "butter" (vs  Breton aman(en)n, Cornish amanyn)
Old Irish: ingen "nail" (vs  Old Welsh eguin)
Old Irish: tengae "tongue" (vs  Welsh tafod)
ing "strait" (vs  Middle Welsh eh-ang "wide")

Insular Celtic as a language area
In order to show that shared innovations are from a common descent it is necessary that they do not arise because of language contact after initial separation  A language area can result from widespread bilingualism, perhaps because of exogamy, and absence of sharp sociolinguistic division 
Ranko Matasović has provided a list of changes which affected both branches of Insular Celtic but for which there is no evidence that they should be dated to a putative Proto-Insular Celtic period  These are:

Phonological Changes
The lenition of voiceless stops
Raising/i-affection
Lowering/a-affection
Apocope
Syncope
Morphological Changes
Creation of conjugated prepositions
Loss of case inflection of personal pronouns (historical case-inflected forms)
Creation of the equative degree
Creation of the imperfect
Creation of the conditional mood
Morphosyntactic and Syntactic
Rigidisation of VSO order
Creation of preposed definite articles
Creation of particles expressing sentence affirmation and negation
Creation of periphrastic construction
Creation of object markers
Use of ordinal numbers in the sense of "one of" 

Absolute and dependent verb
The Insular Celtic verb shows a peculiar feature unknown in any other attested Indo-European language: verbs have different conjugational forms depending on whether they appear in absolute initial position in the sentence (Insular Celtic having verb–subject–object or VSO word order) or whether they are preceded by a preverbal particle  The situation is most robustly attested in Old Irish, but it has remained to some extent in Scottish Gaelic and traces of it are present in Middle Welsh as well 
Forms that appear in sentence-initial position are called absolute, those that appear after a particle are called conjunct (see Dependent and independent verb forms for details)  The paradigm of the present active indicative of the Old Irish verb beirid "carry" is as follows; the conjunct forms are illustrated with the particle ní "not" 

In Scottish Gaelic this distinction is still found in certain verb-forms across almost all verbs (except for a very few)  This is a VSO language  The example given in the first column below is the independent  or absolute  form, which must be used when the verb is in clause-initial position (or preceded in the clause by certain preverbal particles)  Then following it is the dependent  or conjunct  form which is required when the verb is preceded in the clause by certain other preverbal particles, in particular interrogative or negative preverbal particles  In these examples, in the first column we have a verb in clause-initial position  In the second column a negative particle immediately precedes the verb, which makes the verb use the verb form or verb forms of the dependent  conjugation 

Note that the verb forms in the above examples happen to be the same with any subject personal pronouns, not just with the particular persons chosen in the example  Also, the combination of tense–aspect–mood properties inherent in these verb forms is non-past but otherwise indefinite with respect to time, being compatible with a variety of non-past times, and context indicates the time  The sense can be completely tenseless, for example when asserting that something is always true or always happens  This verb form has erroneously been termed ‘future’ in many pedagogical grammars  A correct, neutral term ‘INDEF1’ has been used in linguistics texts 
In Middle Welsh, the distinction is seen most clearly in proverbs following the formula "X happens, Y does not happen" (Evans 1964: 119):

Pereid y rycheu, ny phara a'e goreu "The furrows last, he who made them lasts not"
Trenghit golut, ny threingk molut "Wealth perishes, fame perishes not"
Tyuit maban, ny thyf y gadachan "An infant grows, his swaddling-clothes grow not"
Chwaryit mab noeth, ny chware mab newynawc "A naked boy plays, a hungry boy plays not"The older analysis of the distinction, as reported by Thurneysen (1946, 360 ff ), held that the absolute endings derive from Proto-Indo-European "primary endings" (used in present and future tenses) while the conjunct endings derive from the "secondary endings" (used in past tenses)  Thus Old Irish absolute beirid "s/he carries" was thought to be from *bʰereti (compare Sanskrit bharati "s/he carries"), while conjunct beir was thought to be from *bʰeret (compare Sanskrit a-bharat "s/he was carrying") 
Today, however, most Celticists agree that Cowgill (1975), following an idea present already in Pedersen (1913, 340 ff ), found the correct solution to the origin of the absolute/conjunct distinction: an enclitic particle, reconstructed as *es after consonants and *s after vowels, came in second position in the sentence  If the first word in the sentence was another particle, *(e)s came after that and thus before the verb, but if the verb was the first word in the sentence, *(e)s was cliticized to it  Under this theory, then, Old Irish absolute beirid comes from Proto-Celtic *bereti-s, while conjunct ní beir comes from *nī-s bereti 
The identity of the *(e)s particle remains uncertain  Cowgill suggests it might be a semantically degraded form of *esti "is", while Schrijver (1994) has argued it is derived from the particle *eti "and then", which is attested in Gaulish  Schrijver's argument is supported and expanded by Schumacher (2004), who points towards further evidence, viz , typological parallels in non-Celtic languages, and especially a large number of verb forms in all Brythonic languages that contain a particle -d (from an older *-t) 
Continental Celtic languages cannot be shown to have any absolute/conjunct distinction  However, they seem to show only SVO and SOV word orders, as in other Indo-European languages  The absolute/conjunct distinction may thus be an artifact of the VSO word order that arose in Insular Celtic 

Possible pre-Celtic substratum
Insular Celtic, unlike  Continental Celtic, shares some structural characteristics with various Afro-Asiatic languages which are rare in other Indo-European languages  These similarities include verb–subject–object word order, singular verbs with plural post-verbal subjects, a genitive construction similar to construct state, prepositions with fused inflected pronouns ("conjugated prepositions" or "prepositional pronouns"), and oblique relatives with pronoun copies  Such resemblances were noted as early as 1621 with regard to Welsh and the Hebrew language The hypothesis that the Insular Celtic languages had features from an Afro-Asiatic substratum (Iberian and Berber languages) was first proposed by John Morris-Jones in 1899  The theory has been supported by several linguists since: Henry Jenner (1904); Julius Pokorny (1927); Heinrich Wagner (1959); Orin Gensler (1993); Theo Vennemann (1995); and Ariel Shisha-Halevy (2003) Others have suggested that rather than the Afro-Asiatic influencing Insular Celtic directly, both groups of languages were influenced by a now lost substrate  This was suggested by Jongeling (2000)  Ranko Matasović (2012) likewise argued that the "Insular Celtic languages were subject to strong influences from an unknown, presumably non-Indo-European substratum" and found the syntactic parallelisms between Insular Celtic and Afro-Asiatic languages to be "probably not accidental"  He argued that their similarities arose from "a large linguistic macro-area, encompassing parts of NW Africa, as well as large parts of Western Europe, before the arrival of the speakers of Indo-European, including Celtic" The Afro-Asiatic substrate theory, according to Raymond Hickey, "has never found much favour with scholars of the Celtic languages"  The theory was criticised by Kim McCone in 2006, Graham Isaac in 2007, and Steve Hewitt in 2009  Isaac argues that the 20 points identified by Gensler are trivial, dependencies, or vacuous  Thus, he considers the theory to be not just unproven but also wrong  Instead, the similarities between Insular Celtic and Afro-Asiatic could have evolved independently 

Notes
Passage 5:
Celtic nations
The Celtic nations are a cultural area and collection of geographical regions in Northwestern Europe where the Celtic languages and cultural traits have survived  The term nation is used in its original sense to mean a people who share a common identity and culture and are identified with a traditional territory 
The six regions widely considered Celtic nations are Brittany (Breizh), Cornwall (Kernow), Ireland (Éire), the Isle of Man (Mannin, or Ellan Vannin), Scotland (Alba), and Wales (Cymru)  In each of the six nations a Celtic language is spoken to some extent: Brittonic or Brythonic languages are spoken in Brittany (Breton), Cornwall (Cornish), and Wales (Welsh), whilst Goidelic or Gaelic languages are spoken in Scotland (Scottish Gaelic), Ireland (Irish), and the Isle of Man (Manx) Before the expansions of Ancient Rome and the Germanic and Slavic-speaking tribes, a significant part of Europe was dominated by Celtic-speaking cultures, leaving behind a legacy of Celtic cultural traits  Territories in north-western Iberia—particularly northern Portugal, Galicia, Asturias, León, and Cantabria (together historically referred to as Gallaecia and Astures), covering north-central Portugal and northern Spain—are considered Celtic nations due to their culture and history  Unlike the others, however, no Celtic language is attested there, unlike Celtiberia, and has been spoken in modern times 

Core nations
Each of the six nations has its own Celtic language  In Brittany, Ireland, Scotland, and Wales these have been spoken continuously through time, while Cornwall and the Isle of Man have languages that were spoken into modern times but later died as spoken community languages  In the latter two regions, however, language revitalisation movements have led to the adoption of these languages by adults and produced a number of native speakers Ireland, Wales, Brittany and Scotland contain areas where a Celtic language is used on a daily basis; in Ireland these areas are called the Gaeltacht; in Wales Y Fro Gymraeg, Breizh-Izel (Lower Brittany) in western Brittany and Breizh-Uhel (Upper Brittany) in eastern Brittany  Generally these communities are in the west of their countries and in more isolated upland or island areas  Welsh, however, is much more widespread, with much of the north and west speaking it as a first language, or equally alongside English  Public signage is in dual languages throughout Wales and it is now a requirement to possess at least basic Welsh in order to be employed by the Welsh Government  The term Gàidhealtachd historically distinguished the Gaelic-speaking areas of Scotland (the Highlands and islands) from the Lowland Scots (i e  Anglo-Saxon-speaking) areas  More recently, this term has also been adopted as the Gaelic name of the Highland council area, which includes non-Gaelic speaking areas  Hence, more specific terms such as sgìre Ghàidhlig ("Gaelic-speaking area") are now used In Wales, the Welsh language is a core curriculum (compulsory) subject, which all pupils study  Additionally, 20% of schoolchildren in Wales attend Welsh medium schools, where they are taught entirely in the Welsh language  In the Republic of Ireland, all school children study Irish as one of the three core subjects until the end of secondary school, and 7 4% of primary school education is through Irish medium education, which is part of the Gaelscoil movement  In the Isle of Man, there is one Manx-medium primary school, and all schoolchildren have the opportunity to learn Manx 

Other territories
Parts of the northern Iberian Peninsula, namely Galicia, Cantabria, Asturias and Northern Portugal, also lay claim to this heritage  Musicians from Galicia and Asturias have participated in Celtic music festivals, such as the Ortigueira's Festival of Celtic World in the village of Ortigueira or the Breton Festival Interceltique de Lorient, which in 2013 celebrated the Year of Asturias, and in 2019 celebrated the Year of Galicia  Northern Portugal, part of ancient Gallaecia (Galicia, Minho, Douro and Trás-os-Montes), also has traditions quite similar to Galicia  However, no Celtic language has been spoken in northern Iberia since probably the Early Middle Ages Irish was once widely spoken on the island of Newfoundland, but had largely disappeared there by the early 20th century  Vestiges remain in some words found in Newfoundland English, such as scrob for "scratch", and sleveen for "rascal" There are virtually no known fluent speakers of Irish Gaelic in Newfoundland or Labrador today  Knowledge seems to be largely restricted to memorized passages, such as traditional tales and songs Canadian Gaelic dialects of Scottish Gaelic are still spoken by Gaels in other parts of Atlantic Canada, primarily on Cape Breton Island and adjacent areas of Nova Scotia  In 2011, there were 1,275 Gaelic speakers in Nova Scotia, and 300 residents of the province considered a Gaelic language to be their "mother tongue" Patagonian Welsh is spoken principally in Y Wladfa in the Chubut Province of Patagonia, with sporadic speakers elsewhere in Argentina  Estimates of the number of Welsh speakers range from 1,500 to 5,000 

Celtic languages
The Celtic languages form a branch of the greater Indo-European language family  SIL Ethnologue lists six living Celtic languages, of which four have retained a substantial number of native speakers  These are the Goidelic languages (i e  Irish and Scottish Gaelic, which are both descended from Middle Irish) and the Brittonic languages (i e  Welsh and Breton, which are both descended from Common Brittonic) Taken together, there were roughly one million native speakers of Celtic languages as of the 2000s  In 2010, there were more than 1 4 million speakers of Celtic languages 

Celtic identity
Formal cooperation between the Celtic nations is active in many contexts, including politics, languages, culture, music and sports:
The Celtic League is an inter-Celtic political organisation, which campaigns for the political, language, cultural and social rights, affecting one or more of the Celtic nations Established in 1917, the Celtic Congress is a non-political organisation that seeks to promote Celtic culture and languages and to maintain intellectual contact and close cooperation between Celtic peoples Festivals celebrating the culture of the Celtic nations include the Festival Interceltique de Lorient (Brittany), the Pan Celtic Festival (Ireland), CeltFest Cuba (Havana, Cuba), the National Celtic Festival (Portarlington, Australia), the Celtic Media Festival (showcasing film and television from the Celtic nations), and the Eisteddfod (Wales) Inter-Celtic music festivals include Celtic Connections (Glasgow), and the Hebridean Celtic Festival (Stornoway)  Due to immigration, a dialect of Scottish Gaelic (Canadian Gaelic) is spoken by some on Cape Breton Island in Nova Scotia, while a Welsh-speaking minority exists in the Chubut Province of Argentina  Hence, for certain purposes—such as the Festival Interceltique de Lorient—Gallaecia, Asturias, and Cape Breton Island in Nova Scotia are considered three of the nine Celtic nations Competitions are held between the Celtic nations in sports such as rugby union (Pro14—formerly known as the Celtic League), athletics (Celtic Cup) and association football (the Nations Cup—also known as the Celtic Cup) The Republic of Ireland enjoyed a period of rapid economic growth between 1995 and 2007, leading to the use of the phrase Celtic Tiger to describe the country  Aspirations for Scotland to achieve a similar economic performance to that of Ireland led the Scotland First Minister Alex Salmond to set out his vision of a Celtic Lion economy for Scotland, in 2007 

Genetic studies
A Y-DNA study by an Oxford University research team in 2006 claimed that the majority of Britons, including many of the English, are descended from a group of tribes which arrived from Iberia around 5000 BC, before the spread of Celtic culture into western Europe  However, three major later genetic studies have largely invalidated these claims, instead showing that haplogroup R1b in western Europe, most common in traditionally Celtic-speaking areas of Atlantic Europe like Ireland and Brittany, would have largely expanded in massive migrations from the Indo-European homeland, the Yamnaya culture in the Pontic–Caspian steppe, during the Bronze Age along with carriers of Indo-European languages like proto-Celtic  Unlike previous studies, large sections of autosomal DNA were analyzed in addition to paternal Y-DNA markers  They detected an autosomal component present in modern Europeans which was not present in Neolithic or Mesolithic Europeans, and which would have been introduced into Europe with paternal lineages R1b and R1a, as well as the Indo-European languages  This genetic component, labelled as "Yamnaya" in the studies, then mixed to varying degrees with earlier Mesolithic hunter-gatherer or Neolithic farmer populations already existing in western Europe  Furthermore, a 2016 study also found that Bronze Age remains from Rathlin Island in Ireland dating to over 4,000 years ago were most genetically similar to modern Irish, Scottish and Welsh, and that the core of the genome of insular Celtic populations was established by this time In 2015 a genetic study of the United Kingdom showed that there is no unified 'Celtic' genetic identity compared to 'non-Celtic' areas  The 'Celtic' areas of the United Kingdom (Scotland, Northern Ireland, Wales and Cornwall) show the most genetic differences among each other  The data shows that Scottish and Cornish populations share greater genetic similarity with the English than they do with other 'Celtic' populations, with the Cornish in particular being genetically much closer to other English groups than they are to the Welsh or the Scots 

Terminology
The term Celtic nations derives from the linguistics studies of the 16th century scholar George Buchanan and the polymath Edward Lhuyd  As Assistant Keeper and then Keeper of the Ashmolean Museum, Oxford (1691–1709), Lhuyd travelled extensively in Great Britain, Ireland and Brittany in the late 17th and early 18th centuries  Noting the similarity between the languages of Brittany, Cornwall and Wales, which he called "P-Celtic" or Brythonic, the languages of Ireland, the Isle of Man and Scotland, which he called "Q-Celtic" or Goidelic, and between the two groups, Lhuyd published Archaeologia Britannica: an Account of the Languages, Histories and Customs of Great Britain, from Travels through Wales, Cornwall, Bas-Bretagne, Ireland and Scotland in 1707  His Archaeologia Britannica concluded that all six languages derived from the same root  Lhuyd theorised that the root language descended from the languages spoken by the Iron Age tribes of Gaul, whom Greek and Roman writers called Celtic  Having defined the languages of those areas as Celtic, the people living in them and speaking those languages became known as Celtic too  There is some dispute as to whether Lhuyd's theory is correct  Nevertheless, the term Celtic to describe the languages and peoples of Brittany, Cornwall and Wales, Ireland, the Isle of Man and Scotland was accepted from the 18th century and is widely used today These areas of Europe are sometimes referred to as the "Celt belt" or "Celtic fringe" because of their location generally on the western edges of the continent, and of the states they inhabit (e g  Brittany is in the northwest of France, Cornwall is in the south west of Great Britain, Wales in western Great Britain and the Gaelic-speaking parts of Ireland and Scotland are in the west of those countries)  Additionally, this region is known as the "Celtic Crescent" because of the near crescent shaped position of the nations in Europe 

Endonyms and Celtic exonyms
The Celtic names for each nation in each language illustrate some of the similarity between the languages  Despite differences in orthography, there are many sound and lexical correspondences between the endonyms and exonyms used to refer to the Celtic nations 

Territories of the ancient Celts
Iberian Peninsula
Modern-day Galicians, Asturians, Cantabrians and northern Portuguese claim a Celtic heritage or identity  Despite the extinction of Iberian Celtic languages in Roman times, Celtic heritage is attested in toponymics and language substratum, ancient texts, folklore and music 

England
Movements of population between different parts of Great Britain over the last two centuries, with industrial development and changes in living patterns such as the growth of second home ownership, have greatly modified the demographics of these areas, including the Isles of Scilly off the coast of Cornwall, although Cornwall in particular retains Celtic cultural features, and a Cornish self-government movement is well established 

Formerly Gaulish regions
Most French people identify with the ancient Gauls and are well aware that they were a people that spoke Celtic languages and lived Celtic ways of life Walloons occasionally characterise themselves as "Celts", mainly in opposition to the "Teutonic" Flemish and "Latin" French identities 
Others think they are Belgian, that is to say Germano-Celtic people different from the Gaulish-Celtic French 

Italian Peninsula
The Canegrate culture (13th century BC) may represent the first migratory wave of the proto-Celtic population from the northwest part of the Alps that, through the Alpine passes, had already penetrated and settled in the western Po valley between Lake Maggiore and Lake Como (Scamozzina culture)  It has also been proposed that a more ancient proto-Celtic presence can be traced back to the beginning of the Middle Bronze Age (16th–15th century BC), when North Westwern Italy appears closely linked regarding the production of bronze artifacts, including ornaments, to the western groups of the Tumulus culture (Central Europe, 1600–1200 BC)  La Tène cultural material appeared over a large area of mainland Italy, the southernmost example being the Celtic helmet from Canosa di Puglia Italy is home to the Lepontic, the oldest attested Celtic language (from the 6th century BC)  Anciently spoken in Switzerland and in Northern-Central Italy, from the Alps to Umbria  According to the Recueil des Inscriptions Gauloises, more than 760 Gaulish inscriptions have been found throughout present-day France—with the notable exception of Aquitaine—and in Italy The French- and Arpitan-speaking Aosta Valley region in Italy also presents a claim of Celtic heritage 
The Northern League autonomist party often exalts what it claims are the Celtic roots of all Northern Italy or Padania 

Central and Eastern European regions
Celtic tribes inhabited land in what is now southern Germany and Austria 
Many scholars have associated the earliest Celtic peoples with the Hallstatt culture  The Boii, the Scordisci, and the Vindelici are some of the tribes that inhabited Central Europe, including what is now Slovakia, Serbia, Croatia, Poland and the Czech Republic as well as Germany and Austria  The Boii gave their name to Bohemia  The Boii founded a city on the site of modern Prague, and some of its ruins are now a tourist attraction  There are claims among modern Czechs that the Czech people are as much descendants of the Boii as they are from the later Slavic invaders (as well as the historical Germanic peoples of Czech lands)  This claim may not only be political: according to a 2000 study by Semino, 35 6% of Czech males have y-chromosome haplogroup R1b, which is common among Celts but rare among Slavs 
Celts also founded Singidunum near present-day Belgrade, though the Celtic presence in modern-day Serbian regions is limited to the far north (mainly including the historically at least partially Hungarian Vojvodina) 
The modern-day capital of Turkey, Ankara, was once the center of the Celtic culture in Central Anatolia, giving the name to the region—Galatia 
The La Tène culture—named for a region in modern Switzerland—succeeded the Halstatt era in much of central Europe 

Celtic diaspora
In the years between 1815, when vast industrial changes began to disrupt the old life-styles in Europe, and Canadian Confederation in 1867, when immigration of that era passed its peak, more than 150,000 immigrants from Ireland flooded into Saint John  Those who came in the earlier period were largely tradesmen, and many stayed in Saint John, becoming the backbone of its builders  But when the Great Famine raged between 1845 and 1852, huge waves of Famine refugees flooded these shores  It is estimated that between 1845 and 1847, some 30,000 arrived, more people than were living in the city at the time  In 1847, dubbed "Black 47," one of the worst years of the Famine, some 16,000 immigrants, most of them from Ireland, arrived at Partridge Island, the immigration and quarantine station at the mouth of Saint John Harbour  However, thousands of Irish were living in New Brunswick prior to these events, mainly in Saint John 

After the partitioning of the British colony of Nova Scotia in 1784 New Brunswick was originally named New Ireland with the capital to be in Saint John In New Zealand, the southern regions of Otago and Southland were settled by the Free Church of Scotland  Many of the place names in these two regions (such as the main cities of Dunedin and Invercargill and the major river, the Clutha) have Scottish Gaelic names, and Celtic culture is still prominent in this area 

See also
Passage 6:
Journal of Celtic Linguistics
The Journal of Celtic Linguistics is a peer-reviewed annual academic journal established in 1992 with the goal of encouraging and publishing original linguistic research in the Celtic languages  The journal is published by the University of Wales Press, but has specialist editors in all six Celtic languages  The current editor-in-chief, since volume 16, is Simon Rodway (Aberystwyth University), who replaced Graham Isaac (National University of Ireland, Galway) 

External links
Official website
Passage 7:
Alexei Kondratiev
Alexei Kondratiev (February 15, 1949–May 28, 2010) was an American author, linguist, and teacher of Celtic languages, folklore and culture  He taught the Irish language and Celtic history at the Irish Arts Center in Manhattan, New York from 1985 until his death on May 28, 2010  Nine editions of his book, The Apple Branch, were published in English and Spanish from 1998 to 2004  At various times, he taught all six of the living Celtic languages A long-time member of the Mythopoeic Society, Kondratiev was the Scholar Guest of Honor at the organization's Mythcon 33 convention in 2002, papers coordinator for Mythcon 39 in 2008, and maintained a book review column in its publication, Mythlore  In 2010, the society named a new award after Kondratiev, the Alexei Kondratiev Memorial Student Paper Award, to be presented for the first time at its Mythcon 41 convention in Dallas, July 9–12, 2010 He contributed significant portions of the text used on the website of the Celtic League's American Branch and book reviews for the organization's magazine, Keltoi On the File 770 science fiction fandom blog, Ken Gale reported that Kondratiev "spoke over 60 languages and was fluent in 13 to 20 of them"  In the Northeast Tolkien Society's tribute to Kondratiev, co-chairs Anthony S  Burdge and Jessica J  Burke reminisced about how he offered advice on the pronunciation of key Algonquian terms for a paper at Mythcon 37 in 2006, and his passion for the Polynesian culture and language at the Hawaii Mythcon Kondratiev encouraged students to think of language as a tool to connect with and understand the culture of its people  The collection of languages he acquired included the Native American languages of Cherokee, Lenape, Lakota, and Navajo 

Early years
Born on February 14, 1949 in New York, son of a Russian father and French mother, Kondratiev became fluent in the languages spoken by his parents: Russian, French and English  English was the later of these three languages; he did not speak it until he started school in New York  He was the eldest of six children, with four sisters and one brother Kondratiev grew up in both New York City and Bourgogne, France, as he traveled back and forth between the home of his parents in New York City and his grandparents' home in the Saone Valley  His interest in the Celtic culture began as a child, exploring the ancient Celtic ruins near his grandparents' home in eastern France  He began learning the Irish language from library books In the 1960s, Kondratiev studied the Celtic languages and culture while traveling through Brittany, Wales, Ireland and Scotland  He lived for a while among native speakers of the Irish language on Inishmaan, the middle island of the Aran Islands group, where he acquired fluency in Irish Gaelic   During that period, the Aran Islands were still home to elderly Gaeilge monoglots 

Education
A graduate of New York's Columbia University (anthropology and linguistics), Kondratiev also studied Celtic philology at the Ecole des Hautes Etudes in Paris  His studies at both schools included archaeology  During the 1970s, he took music courses at the Mannes College in New York 

Neopagan community
A frequent participant and occasional speaker at science fiction conventions, Kondratiev met Judy Harrow at a science fiction convention in the early 1980s  During an interview at the Etheracon convention in Poughkpeepsie in January 1993, Kondratiev commented about how Harrow practiced a "heretic" form of Gardnerian Wicca  He attributed his gradual attraction to Neopaganism in the 1980s to his contact with science fiction fans who had become Neopagans  When he met Harrow, Kondratiev still considered himself a Christian, and continued to identify himself as such throughout the 1980s while attending Neopagan religious ceremonies 

"Children of Memory"
Although he did not join Harrow's Proteus Coven, Kondratiev was initiated into the "Proteus tradition" by  Night Rainbow  After his initiation, he joined Mnemosynides Coven  This group was founded by Len Rosenberg (known in the Neopagan community as "Black Lotus") with Erich Heinemann ("Ophion") in 1988  Mnemosynides, which means "Children of Memory," was named after the titaness of Greek mythology, Mnemosyne  Mnemosynides Coven belonged to the Protean-Gardnerian tradition of Wicca, which originated with Judy Harrow's Proteus Coven  Kondratiev remained a member of Mnemosynides, and a Christian, until his death in 2010 At the time of his death, Kondratiev had been high priest of Mnemosynides for more than 20 years  In her "Memoriam" to the group's former high priest, published by Circle Sanctuary, Mnemosynides high priestess Lisa Bodo explained how he taught her the importance of "the bridge between Celtic Paganism and early Celtic Christianity " He did not consider his Neopagan and Christian beliefs to be in conflict and never renounced his Christianity 

Guest speaker and teacher
His knowledge of Celtic mythology and language made Kondratiev a frequent guest speaker at conventions, conferences and retreats, especially events with an emphasis on magic, Neopaganism or Wicca  He taught classes  and served as program director for the Esotericon convention (which focused on science fiction, fantasy, magick and Neopaganism) in New Jersey from 1985 until 1991, when the convention discontinued  Then he served as a guest speaker for Etheracon, a similar convention which was started in Poughkeepsie, New York in 1992  In more recent years, Kondratiev has been a guest at the Sacred Space and Ecumenicon conferences in Maryland, and the CWPN Harvest Gathering in Connecticut  As a featured guest at the Chesapeake Pagan Summer Gathering (Maryland) in 2008, he recited 108 names of the Hindu goddess, Kali, at a puja led by Len Rosenberg 

Bird watcher
His friends remember Kondratiev as an avid bird watcher  Queens was one of his favorite locations for studying birds, as well as a center for cultural diversity  He commented that over 100 different species of birds could be observed in a single day while walking through the park in Queens  Birds and animals are one of the interests Alexei Kondratiev had for all of his life 

Bibliography
Books
Devoted to You: Honoring Deity In Wiccan Practice  Co-authored with Judy Harrow, Geoffrey W  Miller, and Marueen Reddington-Wilde  Kensington Publishing Corp  (2003)  ISBN 0-8065-2392-1 
Celtic Rituals: A Guide to Ancient Celtic Spirituality  Scotland: New Celtic Pub  (1999)  ISBN 1-902012-18-6 
The Apple Branch: A Path to Celtic Ritual  Cork, Ireland: The Collins Press (1998)   American edition: Citadel Press (2003)  ISBN 0-8065-2502-9 
Learning the Celtic languages: a resource guide for the student of Irish, Welsh, Scottish Gaelic, Breton, Manx, or Cornish  Co-authored with Liam O Caiside  New York: Celtic League American Branch (1991) 

Comic books
Dangerous Times, Featuring Beleagean Days and Vidorix the Druid, Evolution Comics (1989)  A series of six comic books, with Vidorix the Druid by Alexei Kondratiev and Beleagean Days by Margie Spears  Artwork for Vidorix the Druid was by Jim Fletcher, Don Hudson, Jordan Raskin and Sandu Florea  The series of six comic books published under the trade name, Evolution Comics, by Ken Gale and Mercy Van Vlack in 1989, is unrelated to a comic book publisher with the same trade name founded by Nicholas Ahlhelm in 2007  Cover art for volume 1 of the series was by Michael Kaluta 

Significant articles and papers
"Samhain: Season of Death and Renewal"  An Tríbhís Mhór: The  IMBAS Journal of Celtic Reconstructionism, volume 2, issue 1/2, Samhain 1997, Iombolg 1998 
"Basic Celtic Deity Types"  IMBAS website  Retrieved 2010-06-01 
"Thou Shalt Not Suffer a Witch to Live: an Enquiry into Biblical Mistranslation " Enchante, Number 18 (1994)  pp  11–15 

Contributions to periodicals
Alexei Kondratiev also contributed articles about folklore, mythology and Celtic culture to the following publications 
Mythlore  Semi-annual journal of the Mythopoeic Society 
Mythprint  Monthly bulletin of the Mythopoeic Society 
Keltoi  Magazine published by the Celtic League American Branch 
CARN  Quarterly magazine of the International Celtic League 
Keltria: A Journal of Druidism and Keltic Magick  Quarterly publication by the Henge of Keltria, an organization of modern Druids 
Six Nations, One Soul  Quarterly newsletter of the Celtic League American Branch 
Butterbur's Woodshed  Mythopoeic Society's discussion group 

Radio show guest
Nuff Said!, a radio show devoted to comic books and related subjects, produced by Ken Gale for WBAI radio  Alexei Kondratiev was a guest on five of the show's broadcasts from 1993 to 2002, speaking on the subjects of comic books, Celtic culture, mythology, history, and works of J  R  R  Tolkien  Notes in the show's archives for February 5, 2002, when Kondratiev talked about Tolkien, claimed that he could also speak Elvish, but did not identify which of the Elvish languages fabricated from Tolkien's stories 
Moorish Orthodox Radio Crusade, a radio show about radical environmentalism, produced by Bill Weinberg for WBAI radio  Kondradiev was an occasional guest of the show, talking about the works of J  R  R  Tolkien 
"Eco-Logic," a radio show on environmental issues, produced for WBAI-FM by Ken Gale   Alexei was on the Dec  29, 2009 episode speaking on "Natural Cycles "
Passage 8:
Continental Celtic languages
The Continental Celtic languages are the now-extinct group of the Celtic languages that were spoken on the continent of Europe and in central Anatolia, as distinguished from the Insular Celtic languages of the British Isles and Brittany  Continental Celtic is a geographic, rather than linguistic, grouping of the ancient Celtic languages 
These languages were spoken by the people known to Roman and Greek writers as the Keltoi, Celtae, Galli, and Galatae  They were spoken in an area arcing from the northern half of Iberia in the west to north of Belgium, and east to the Carpathian basin and the Balkans as Noric, and in inner Anatolia (modern day Turkey) as Galatian 
Even though Breton has been spoken in Continental Europe since at least the 6th century AD, it is not considered one of the Continental Celtic languages, as it is a Brittonic language, like Cornish and Welsh  A Gaulish substratum in Breton has been suggested, but that is debated 

Attested languages
It is likely that Celts spoke dozens of different languages and dialects across Europe in pre-Roman times, but only a small number are attested:

Lepontic (6th to 4th century BC) was spoken on the southern side of the Alps  It is evidenced in a number of inscriptions as well as place names 
Gaulish (3rd century BC to 5th (?) century AD) was the main language spoken in greater Gaul  This is often considered to be divided into two dialects, Cisalpine (spoken in what is now Italy) and Transalpine (spoken in what is now France)  It is evidenced in a number of inscriptions as well as place names and tribal names in writings of classical authors  It may have been a substratum to Breton (see below) 
Galatian, which was spoken in the region of Ankara of what is now central Turkey  Classical writers say that the language is similar to that of Gaul  There is also evidence of invasion and settlement of the Ankara area by Celts from Europe 
Noric, which is the name given sometimes to the Celtic spoken in Central and Eastern Europe  It was spoken in Austria and Slovenia; only two fragmentary texts are preserved 
Celtiberian or Northeastern Hispano-Celtic (3rd to 1st century BC) is the name given to the language in northeast Iberia, between the headwaters of the Douro, Tagus, Júcar and Turía rivers and the Ebro river  It is attested in some 200 inscriptions as well as place names  It is distinct from Iberian 
Gallaecian also called Gallaic or Northwestern Hispano-Celtic, attested in a set (corpus) of Latin inscriptions containing isolated words and sentences that are unmistakably Celtic  It was spoken in the northwest of the Iberian Peninsula comprising today's Spanish regions of Galicia, western Asturias and western Castile and León, and the Norte Region in northern Portugal 

Use of term
The modern term Continental Celtic is used in contrast to Insular Celtic  While many researchers agree that Insular Celtic is a distinct branch of Celtic (Cowgill 1975; McCone 1991, 1992; Schrijver 1995) that has undergone common linguistic innovations, there is no evidence that the Continental Celtic languages can be similarly grouped  Instead, the group called Continental Celtic is paraphyletic, and the term refers simply to non-Insular Celtic languages  Since little material has been preserved in any of the Continental Celtic languages, historical linguistic analysis based on the comparative method is difficult to perform  However, other researchers see the Brittonic languages and Gaulish as forming part of a subgroup of the Celtic languages that is known as P-Celtic  Continental languages are P-Celtic except for Celtiberian, which is Q-Celtic  They have had a definite influence on all of the Romance languages 

See also
Italo-Celtic
Context 2: Passage 1:
Whatever Happened, Happened
"Whatever Happened, Happened" is the 11th television episode of the fifth season of ABC's Lost  The 97th episode of the show overall, "Whatever Happened, Happened" aired April 1, 2009, on ABC in the United States  The episode was written by executive producers/show runners Damon Lindelof & Carlton Cuse and directed by "The Man Behind the Curtain" director Bobby Roth In 1977, Kate Austen (Evangeline Lilly) goes to extreme measures to save young Benjamin Linus (Sterling Beaumon) when Jack Shephard (Matthew Fox) refuses to help  In flashbacks, Kate takes care of Sawyer's (Josh Holloway) favor and begins to tell the truth to protect Aaron (William Blanchette) 

Plot
Flashbacks
Shortly after the Oceanic six's rescue, Kate Austen and a baby Aaron visit Cassidy, who is an ex-girlfriend of James "Sawyer" Ford  Kate gives Cassidy and Sawyer's daughter Clementine (Olivia Vickery) money from the severance pay from Oceanic  Cassidy deduces that Aaron is not Kate's baby, prompting her to tell her the truth about everything that happened on the island  Cassidy eventually leads Kate to realize that the reason she took Aaron as her own, is because Kate needed him in order to get over her emotional attachment to Sawyer  After the survivors's confrontation with Ben, Kate momentarily loses Aaron in a supermarket  She recovers it from a woman who bears a strong resemblance of Claire Littleton (Emilie de Ravin), Aaron's mother  After this, she decides to return to the island with the others who left  She leaves Aaron in the care of Carole Littleton (Susan Duerden), Aaron's biological grandmother  Kate also tells Carole that she is returning to the island to find Carole's daughter, Claire, and bring her home 

1977
After Sayid shoots a young Ben, Jin-Soo Kwon (Daniel Dae Kim) wakes up and notices the situation  He brings Ben to the barracks so that his injuries can be treated by Juliet Burke (Elizabeth Mitchell)  Juliet is unable to perform the necessary surgery on Ben and sends James "Sawyer" Ford (Josh Holloway) to retrieve Jack Shephard (Matthew Fox), a spinal surgeon  Meanwhile, Hugo "Hurley" Reyes (Jorge Garcia) and Miles Straume (Ken Leung) debate the nature of time travel  Hurley is convinced that they have changed the past, as in Back to the Future, but Miles tells him that these events always happened in the past  Hurley, however, points that an older Ben didn't recognize Sayid when he was tortured in 2004, as the man who shot him as a kid  Jack, knowing what Ben does in the future, refuses to help, saying that "he already saved him once"  This drives Kate Austen (Evangeline Lilly) to do everything she can to help Ben 
Kate goes to the sick bay where Ben is being treated and donates her blood because she is a universal donor  She strikes up a conversation with Ben's father, Roger (Jon Gries), who is upset that Ben stole his keys and freed Sayid from the jail  Once it becomes clear that Ben will succumb to his injuries without further intervention, Kate decides to take Ben to the Others, the island's native population  Sawyer comes to Kate's aid and they bring Ben to Richard Alpert (Nestor Carbonell), who warns them that if he treats Ben, he will not remember what has happened and will never be the same again  They agree anyway  Another Other urges Richard to inform "Ellie" of his intentions and implies that "Charles" will not be pleased if he finds out, but Richard says he doesn't answer to either of them  Richard then carries Ben into the temple 

2007
After being knocked out unconscious by Sun, Ben (Michael Emerson) wakes up in the infirmary, and is greeted by John Locke (Terry O'Quinn), who welcomes him back to "the land of the living" 

Notes
Passage 2:
SNICK
SNICK (short for Saturday Night Nickelodeon) was a two-hour programming block on the American cable television network Nickelodeon, geared toward older (preteen to teen) audiences, that ran from August 15, 1992 until January 29, 2005  It was aired on Saturdays starting at 8 p m and ending at 10 p m  ET  In 2005, SNICK was revamped as the Saturday night edition of TEENick  Nickelodeon continues to run a Saturday night programming block today, though since the TEENick name was removed from the lineup in February 2009, the block no longer goes by any name 
The block debuted on Saturday, August 15, 1992, with a pair of Sunday favorites (the teen sitcom Clarissa Explains It All and The Ren & Stimpy Show) and the network premieres of Roundhouse (a musical comedy variety series) and Are You Afraid of the Dark? (a horror fantasy-drama anthology series) 

Background
At the time of SNICK's creation, traditional networks such as ABC, NBC and CBS didn't like to program for younger viewers on Saturday nights  The consensus at the time was that viewers who were 50 years of age and older, were the only ones available, since younger viewers traditionally went out on Saturday nights  This would explain why shows such as NBC's The Golden Girls and Empty Nest were the most predominant shows on Saturday nights at the time  Previously on Saturdays, Nickelodeon themselves ceded the 8 p m  timeslot to the vintage sitcoms of the channel's late night programming block, Nick at Nite Then-Nickelodeon president Geraldine Laybourne wanted to expose the myth that there is no audience for kids and teen programming on Saturday nights  Laybourne on that end, was a purveyor of market niche-talk, which was a strategy of programming highly focused programs targeted to specific groups defined by age, gender, race, education, religion or any of a number of other factors  In theory, the audience who would most likely watch SNICK would be too young to be out on the town and subsequently too old to be in bed by eight Laybourne believed that the original shows on the SNICK block would double Nickelodeon's audience on Saturday night by as many as 650,000 to one million viewers  According to Nickelodeon, about one-third of The Ren & Stimpy Show's audience, more than a million viewers, were between the ages of 18 and 35  By early 1993, Nickelodeon according to A C  Nielsen ratings, was the number one network among viewers ages 6–11 on Saturday nights  With a 6 4 age-group rating, Nickelodeon beat Fox's 5 5, NBC's 5 2, CBS' 4 8, and ABC's 3 2

History
1999–2001: SNICK House
On October 16, 1999, SNICK was revamped and was renamed to the SNICK House  With this came a number of changes  The block was now hosted by Nick Cannon, and each week, a celebrity or music group made an appearance  The format was very similar to the former TEENick block, but was more of a party  Each week, kids could go online and vote for their favorite SNICK House Video Picks  The winning music video would then be played during the block  The SNICK House was cancelled on October 1, 2000, making the way for the return of the regular SNICK block 

2001–2002: Elevator Music Era
After SNICK was cancelled on June 30, 2001, with the last program aired being All That, Nick replaced SNICK's normal slot with "Nick Flicks", 90 minute Nicktoon specials followed by The Brothers García  This went on from July 7, 2001 to January 12, 2002 and from June 29, 2002 to September 7, 2002  On January 19, 2002, the brand new SNICK began with a whole new lineup, including a brand new season and subsequently a new cast of All That, which had been on hiatus for a year and a half  Bumpers now featured still pictures of various SNICK stars with a SNICK "talk bubble" above them, with elevator music playing in the background 

2002–2004: SNICK On-Air Dare
Starting in September 2002, SNICK featured a series of On-Air Dare segments featuring members of the All That cast  All but three members of the cast would pull a lever to determine the night's "dare", which one of the three would have to do  The three cast members from All That in each segment would be placed in a glass cylinder and one would be randomly chosen to participate in a dare  If chosen, two security guards enter and grab the cast member (as if he or she was arrested) so they don't escape  This appears to have been based on Fear Factor Some of these dares included singing the National Anthem in a diaper, apple bobbing in a toilet, taking a bath in a tub of raw eggs, eating a couple gallons of blue cheese, being painted with peanut butter and licked by dogs, hanging upside down and being dipped in dog food, having buckets of worms dumped on the cast member's head, drinking a gallon of sweat, sitting in a giant bowl of chili, eating 1,000 toe nails, the cast member putting an entire scorpion in their mouth, the cast member being pecked by hungry chickens, or shaving their school principal's legs 
During this era of SNICK, the SNICK line-ups went through some major transitions that included the phasing out of The Nick Cannon Show and Cousin Skeeter and the addition of a new show, Romeo! 
In 2003, design company Beehive created brand new bumpers for SNICK, featuring an orange splat morphing into a show's character  Instead of saying "SNICK", the announcer said "Saturday Night Nickelodeon" 

2004–2005: Saturday Night on Nickelodeon era and the end of SNICK
On September 4, 2004, SNICK was quietly rebranded as Saturday Night on Nickelodeon  However, the SNICK name was still used during live on-air segments  TEENick Saturday Night replaced SNICK for the 2004–2005 television season and onward  The TEENick block name was dropped in February 2009 in preparation for the launch of a separate channel named after the block, TeenNick  TeenNick launched in September 2009 and much of its programming was sourced from the original TEENick block 

2011: SNICK on The '90s Are All That
In 2011, TeenNick would begin airing 1990s era Nickelodeon shows starting at 12:00 AM Eastern Time under the banner The '90s Are All That  All That and Kenan & Kel are the most prominent and consistent SNICK shows to get reruns  It was announced that the week of December 26, 2011 up until New Year's Eve that TeenNick would air classic SNICK lineups from each year of the 1990s, with a special marathon airing New Year's Eve, all with classic SNICK and Nickelodeon bumpers from the 1990s 
On August 17, 2013, SNICK returned to The '90s Are All That, for its "SNICK-iversary", celebrating its 21st anniversary, reaching drinking age if it were a person  The original lineup was aired (Clarissa Explains It All, The Ren & Stimpy Show and Are You Afraid of the Dark?) with the exception of Roundhouse being replaced by All That 

2017: SNICK on NickSplat
Since the block's 2011 resurgence, SNICK has returned to TeenNick three times  The first two under the block timeslot of The '90s Are All That, which was renamed to The Splat on October 5, 2015, and was renamed once again as NickSplat on May 1, 2017  SNICK's third appearance on TeenNick was to celebrate SNICK's 25th anniversary by airing episodes Saturday nights during the month of August 2017 
August 5, 2017:

12AM The Adventures of Pete and Pete
12:30AM Clarissa Explains It All
1AM Are You Afraid of the Dark?
1:30AM The Ren & Stimpy ShowAugust 12, 2017:

12AM All That
12:30AM All That
1AM Kenan & Kel
1:30AM Kenan & KelAugust 15, 2017:

10PM Clarissa Explains It All
10:30PM Roundhouse
11PM The Ren & Stimpy Show
11:30PM Are You Afraid of the Dark?August 19, 2017:

12AM KaBlam!
12:30AM Rugrats
1AM CatDog
1:30AM The Angry BeaversAugust 26, 2017:

12AM The Amanda Show
12:30AM The Amanda Show
1AM All That
1:30AM All That

Ads and bumpers
Ads and bumpers for SNICK featured the programming block's "mascot," dubbed "The Big Orange Couch," in several locales, including in front of the Midnight Society's campfire, Ren and Stimpy's house, the Roundhouse, as well as various real life and fictional locations  It was retired in June 1999 (however the couch was briefly returned from 2000–2001, in which it was redesigned), when the iconic couch, stuffed with $25,000 and 6,000 cookies, was given away in a contest celebrating Nickelodeon's 20 years on television  In 2006, one of Nickelodeon's celebrities would take over Nickelodeon from Monday to Friday, sitting on the Big Orange Couch 

SNICK line-ups
The following are the shows aired during SNICK for the year listed  Although these are the standard shows aired, some days would see variation in the SNICK line-up 

Home video releases
In August 1993, Nickelodeon released two VHS video tapes meant to recreate the SNICK-watching experience by including episodes from all four of the original SNICK shows: Clarissa Explains It All, Roundhouse, The Ren & Stimpy Show, and Are You Afraid of the Dark?  The tapes also included episodes of the original The Adventures of Pete & Pete shorts in between each SNICK show  as well as SNICK bumpers featuring the Big Orange Couch  The videos were released through Sony Wonder and came in orange-colored cassette tapes 

Volume 1: Nick SNICKS Friendship
Clarissa Explains It All: Season 3 episode "Sam's Swan Song"
The Ren & Stimpy Show: Season 1 episode "The Littlest Giant"
Are You Afraid of the Dark: Season 1 episode "The Tale of the Lonely Ghost"
Roundhouse: Season 1 episode "New Kid In Town"
The Adventures of Pete & Pete shorts "Artie, the Strongest Man in the World," "X-Ray Man," and "Route 34"

Volume 2: Nick SNICKS The Family
Clarissa Explains It All: Season 1 episode "Cool Dad"
The Ren & Stimpy Show: Season 2 episode "Fake Dad"
Are You Afraid of the Dark: Season 1 episode "The Tale of the Hungry Hounds"
Roundhouse: Season 1 episode "You Can't Fire Your Family"
The Adventures of Pete & Pete shorts "The Burping Room," "Mom's Plate," and "The Punishment"

Notes
Passage 3:
CBS Block Party
CBS Block Party (referred to on-air as the CBS Friday Night Block Party) was a programming block that aired on the CBS television network during the 1997–1998 television season  The block was similar to, and was intended as direct competition to, ABC's TGIF lineup and aired on Friday nights from 8:00 p m  to 10:00 p m  ET, and included two former stalwarts of the TGIF lineup  Although the block was canceled after one year, the resulting audience fracture caused what turned out to be irreparable harm to the previously dominant TGIF, eventually clearing the way for CBS to dominate the Friday night lineup beginning in the next decade 

Background
When ABC (a network that was in the midst of an overhaul as The Walt Disney Company took over) canceled the long-running shows Family Matters and Step by Step, CBS picked them up, paying a $40 million sum to earn the rights to the shows, and made them the cornerstones of the new "Block Party " Two new family comedies were added  The first was a new production from Miller-Boyett Productions (the production company behind Family Matters and Step By Step among other TGIF series), Meego  Meego, in addition to being produced by TGIF alumni, also starred a TGIF alumnus: Bronson Pinchot, who previously starred as Balki Bartokomous in Perfect Strangers and as Jean-Luc Rieupeyroux in the sixth season of Step by Step (Pinchot even used a similar accent to the one he used for the Balki character); Meego also featured well-known contemporary child stars Michelle Trachtenberg and Jonathan Lipnicki  The second new series was The Gregory Hines Show, an eponymous sitcom featuring entertainer Gregory Hines; CBS head Leslie Moonves described the Hines show as being more mature and edgy than the other shows in the block, but still family-friendly enough that children could watch comfortably Jaleel White, who played Family Matters star character Steve Urkel, stated that the producers jumped at the opportunity to jump to CBS because ABC was already shifting the TGIF block toward a much more child- and teen-oriented image, moving away from the whole-family approach it had taken at the beginning of its run (White believed being paired with the likes of The Gregory Hines Show was a far better fit than shows such as Muppets Tonight and Aliens in the Family that had been appearing on TGIF at the time), and that they did not believe Disney would give Miller-Boyett as prominent of a role as they had held with ABC before Disney had bought it  CBS, still experiencing aftereffects from the loss of NFL rights and multiple key affiliates to Fox in 1994, saw the purchase as a golden opportunity to draw a younger demographic than it was drawing at the time The CBS Block Party was CBS's second and final attempt to compete with TGIF; in 1992, the network attempted a similar block, albeit targeting an older demographic than either TGIF or the Block Party, that featured The Golden Palace (the continuation of the long-running NBC sitcom The Golden Girls), Designing Women, Major Dad, and Bob  Like the Block Party, this block also failed after one season, and by the end of 1993, all four series had been canceled 

Lineup
8:00pm Family Matters
8:30pm Meego
Replaced midseason with Kids Say the Darndest Things
9:00pm The Gregory Hines Show
9:30pm Step by Step(all times U S  Eastern Time)

Aftermath
None of the shows in the initial lineup lasted beyond that season  Meego lasted a mere six weeks, and The Gregory Hines Show was gone after fourteen  Though the two ABC series were picked up for full seasons, they suffered badly from the network jump, with both series hitting all-time lows in the Nielsen ratings (Family Matters was nevertheless modestly successful enough to beat the show that replaced it in the TGIF lineup, You Wish; the success was short-lived when You Wish was canceled)  Family Matters also suffered due to extensive retooling: Steve Urkel was revamped to tone down his nerdiness, several characters were written out or reduced to guest appearances, and Jo Marie Payton left the show midseason after getting into an altercation with White that nearly turned into fisticuffs (her role as Harriette Winslow was recast with Judyann Elder playing her the rest of the season) 
When the series were canceled, none were afforded a series finale  Kids Say the Darndest Things, however, would continue for two additional seasons, usually paired on Friday nights with a revival of Candid Camera  Kids Say    and Candid Camera would have more sustained success against TGIF, which eventually declined over the next two years until it ended in 2000 CBS has mostly focused on dramatic programming in the time slot since the Block Party was canceled, a programming strategy that has been a relative success in the so-called "Friday night death slot "
Passage 4:
Bob Ferris (Likely Lads)
Robert Andrew Scarborough Ferris is a fictional character in British sitcoms The Likely Lads and Whatever Happened to the Likely Lads? and in The Likely Lads film, played by Bingley-born actor Rodney Bewes  He is single in The Likely Lads, marries Thelma Chambers in Whatever Happened to the Likely Lads? and is still married to her in the film  He works as an electrician and later as a civil engineer  Bob is a long-term friend of Terry Collier 

Early life
Bob was conceived in Scarborough (hence his middle name) by unmarried parents, the day before his father was posted to Catterick by the British Army  Sharing his birthdate with entertainer Bruce Forsyth - as we learn in 'Birthday Boy' - Bob was born on 22 February 1944 into a working-class family  Once he started school, he proved to be an impressionable child, on his own being conscientious, but being easily coaxed into trouble by friends, particularly Terry  At an early age Bob and Terry got into mild trouble, stealing Dinky toys from Woolworths and a hosepipe from a care home  Bob left school to become an electrical apprentice with Ellison's Electrical  While serving his apprenticeship, he also attended night school, eventually becoming a qualified electrician  In the last episode of The Likely Lads, he signs up for the British Army but is discharged for having flat feet  Terry, who only signed up in order to be alongside his friend, is accepted, and goes on to serve in Munchen Gladbach, West Germany 

Personality
Bob is keener than Terry to mask his working-class roots  After marrying Thelma, Bob aspires to be accepted into the middle class, much to Terry's disgust  Bob enjoys playing squash with Thelma, but equally enjoys drinking with Terry  He often blames his drinking, smoking and poor diet on Terry  Although that is in part true, Bob needs little persuasion to stay out drinking with Terry rather than going home to his wife 
Bob is hard-working, conscientious, fairly conventional, and (unlike Terry) ambitious, although he is usually in need of guidance in order to achieve his ambitions  However, he is not particularly assertive, which makes him easily led by his headstrong wife Thelma and equally headstrong friend Terry 
Despite Bob's ambition and enjoyment of his new-found status, he has often defended Terry's "down-to-earth" and "unpretentious" ways, on one occasion even offending one of his own and Thelma's friends in order to defend Terry 
Passage 5:
Whatever Happened to    Robot Jones?
Whatever Happened to    Robot Jones? (simply known as Robot Jones or WHTRJ?) is an American animated television series created by Greg Miller for Cartoon Network  It follows Robot Jones, a teenage robot who attends the fictional suburban Polyneux Middle School in a retrofuturistic 1980s world  Episodes follow Robot Jones researching aspects of human life, including music, facial hair, and gym class  Jones is guided by his three friends, Socks, Mitch, and Cubey  Robot Jones is often smitten with his crush, Shannon Westerburg, a tall, young girl with orthodontic headgear and a prosthesis  In school, Robot Jones interacts with his teachers, Mr  McMcMc, Mr  Workout, and Mrs  Raincoat; the principal, Mr  Madman; and janitor Clancy Q  Sleepyjeans  His arch-rivals, Lenny and Denny Yogman, try to sabotage Jones's research by making school more difficult for him 
Miller's first pilot aired on Cartoon Network on June 16, 2000, as part of "Voice Your Choice Weekend", a contest in which previously unaired pilots were broadcast for viewers to decide which should be given a full series  Even though the Robot Jones pilot ranked second below Grim & Evil in the event, Robot Jones was greenlit for its own series, which premiered on July 19, 2002  The first season voice of Robot Jones was created with a Microsoft Word 97 text-to-speech function  Beginning with the second season, Robot Jones's voice was dubbed over by child actor Bobby Block, and reruns of the first season were re-dubbed with Block's voice overs  The series ended on November 14, 2003, after 13 episodes and a pilot 

Premise
Robot Jones (voiced by a text-to-speech program in the pilot and season 1; Bobby Block in season 2 and season 1 reruns) is a teenage robot living in a fictional early 1980s version of Delaware where robots are commonplace  Robot attempts to learn human nature by attending Polyneux Middle School with his new friends Timothy "Socks" Morton (Kyle Sullivan), a tall boy who loves rock music, Mitch Davis (Gary LeRoi Gray), a headphones-wearing boy whose eyes are hidden by his long hair, and Charles "Cubey" Cubinacle (Myles Jeffrey), a shorter boy who loves video games  He holds a crush on Shannon Westerburg (Grey DeLisle), a girl with a large retainer and prosthetic metal leg 
In each episode, Robot Jones explores a concept faced by average teenagers, such as gym class or competitions  Robot immerses himself in each subject to fully understand it while trying to fit in with his human peers, but this is challenging due to his social ineptitude and others' lack of understanding  As Robot settles in at school, he explores humanoid concepts of his own will  Though the situations he finds himself in are usually at his parents' insistence, others are a result of Robot trying to get closer to Shannon  An example is in "Summer Camp" when Socks convinces Robot to go camping and Robot discovers the ability to feel jealous  Due to his polite nature and short stature, students at his school tend to ignore Robot or are oblivious to his existence  His good grades, poor social skills, and status as a robot are at odds with Principal Madman (Jeff Bennett), a technophobic principal, Mr  McMcMc (Rip Taylor), a jealous and insecure math teacher, and Lenny (Josh Peck) and Denny (Austin Stout) Yogman, two genius twin brothers  At the end of an episode, Robot reads a "data log entry" about what he learned that day and what conclusions he has arrived at on humanity 
The opening sequence, in which Robot Jones is factory-assembled and inserted into a school bus, is an homage to that of 1980s children's show You Can't Do That on Television  When the title of the show is spoken, a group of young children voice the "Whatever Happened to   " part in unison while the "Robot Jones?" part is done by a Macintosh Macintalk voice known as Trinoids  The first season has children speaking out episode titles while season 2 episode titles are spoken by voices of the characters 

Production
Greg Miller's original series pilot aired on Cartoon Network on June 8, 2000, in a contest featuring 11 animated shorts to be chosen for a spot on the network's 2000 schedule  During the weekend of August 25–27, 2000, all 11 pilots aired as part of a 52-hour marathon called "Voice Your Choice Weekend", in which viewers would vote for their favorite pilots  While Grim & Evil won the contest with 57% of the vote, Robot Jones came in second place with 23% and was given its own series run beginning July 19, 2002 Robot Jones's animation style can be seen as a throwback to 1970s and 1980s cartoons such as Schoolhouse Rock!, with an intentionally messy and rough look; it also strongly resembles classic newspaper comic strips such as Calvin and Hobbes  The series' animation technique is different from most American cartoons from the early 2000s  It was animated with traditional cel animation, at a time when many American cartoons had switched to digital ink and paint  The show was animated at Rough Draft Studios in Seoul, South Korea 
Greg Miller stated in an interview on Facebook that he used a Microsoft Word 97 text-to-speech software on his old Macintosh computer for Robot's voice during production for season one, but after the first season was completed, the executives of Cartoon Network didn't like how it sounded  Bobby Block was chosen to take the role of Robot in season two  Robot Jones's text-to-speech voice was also recorded for production of the second season, but because the voice change happened during the production of those episodes, this voice was never dubbed into the final prints  In that interview, he also said that he would want to do a revival of Robot Jones, but it would be up to Cartoon Network 
The aforementioned interview also revealed that the show was originally planned to be about Robot Jones growing up in the style of The Wonder Years only to take over the world in the style of The Terminator, and when asked how the show would have ended, Greg Miller explained it would end in the show's version of the 1990s with Robot Jones rallying a robot army to attack the human race 

Episodes
Series overview
Pilot (2000)
Season 1 (2002)
Season 2 (2003)
Broadcast
After production ceased on Robot Jones, it aired in syndication before being removed from Cartoon Network's schedule, but episodes were available online on Cartoon Network Video for a short period 
From 2005 to 2006, Robot Jones reran sporadically on The Cartoon Cartoon Show, along with segments of other Cartoon Cartoons from that time period 
Reruns began airing on Cartoon Network's Latin-American sister network Tooncast in 2015  It has also been added to the local version of HBO Max in 2022 
Robot Jones made a cameo appearance on the OK K O ! Let's Be Heroes episode "Crossover Nexus" that aired October 8, 2018, along with other Cartoon Network characters from current and ended shows  This marks the first appearance of Robot Jones's character since the show's cancellation and the first time since the first season where the character's voice was provided by the Microsoft Word 97 text-to-speech programmed voice 

See also
List of fictional robots and androids
List of science fiction universes
Passage 6:
Whatever Happened to    ?
Whatever Happened to   ? is a series of eleven plays broadcast in two series on BBC Radio 4 in 1994 and 1995  They covered the fate of various fictional characters, such as Popeye and Susan Foreman, the granddaughter of the Doctor in Doctor Who  The writer was Adrian Mourby, who in 1997 published a book called Whatever Happened to    ?: The Ultimate Sequels Book, in a similar vein with the further adventures of Frankenstein's Monster, The Artful Dodger, Snow White, Romeo, Big Bad Wolf, Pinocchio, Man Friday, Jane Eyre, Dorothy Gale from The Wonderful Wizard of Oz, and Jim Hawkins 

Episodes
Series one
Series two
Commercial releases
Whatever Happened to Susan Foreman? has been released as an extra on the Doctor Who DVD The Dalek Invasion of Earth 
The Radio 4 series starred Sir Michael Hordern, Jane Asher (as Susan), Lesley Philips (as the Big Bad Wolf), Roshan Seth (as Mowgli) Warren Mitchell and James Grout  The first series won Adrian Mourby the Sony Silver Award for Creative Writing on Radio 

External links
Whatever Happened to    ? at BBC Online
Episode listing on epguides com
Review of the Susan Foreman episode at pagefillers com
Passage 7:
Whatever Happened to Old-Fashioned Love
"Whatever Happened to Old-Fashioned Love" is a song recorded by American country music artist B  J  Thomas  It was released in May 1983 as the first single from the album New Looks  The song was written by Lewis Anderson 
The song was his biggest hit in over five years  "Whatever Happened to Old-Fashioned Love" was the second of three number ones on the country chart  It was his first number one since "(Hey Won't You Play) Another Somebody Done Somebody Wrong Song" eight years before  The single stayed at number one for one week and spent a total of fourteen weeks on the country chart  The song was Thomas' final entry on the pop chart, reaching number 93 
The song was a Top 20 pop hit in the UK for Daniel O'Donnell in the 1990s 

Charts
Weekly charts
Year-end charts
Passage 8:
Richard J  Maybury
Richard J  Maybury (born October 10, 1946) is the publisher of U S  & World Early Warning Report for Investors   He has written several entry level books on United States economics, law, and history from a libertarian perspective  He has written these things in epistolatory form, usually as an uncle writing to his nephew, answering questions  Maybury was a high school economics teacher  After failing to find a book which would give a clear explanation on his view of economics he wrote one himself  Some of his books include Uncle Eric Talks About Personal, Career & Financial Security; a book that is basically the foundation for his other books about the model perspective and Higher Law, Whatever Happened to Penny Candy?; a book that explains the history of the [United States] economic model and how it was based on free-market Austrian economics, Whatever Happened to Justice?; a book about his juris naturalist philosophical viewpoints regarding the foundations of America's legal system, British Common Law, the law of the Franks, and early Christian Ireland 

Early life and family
Richard J  Maybury was born on October 10, 1946 in Hamilton, Ohio, to parents Anthony J , and executive of a West Coast coffee company and co-author of Common Sense Business for Kids, and Ruth M  (née Wellinghoff) Maybury  He married Marilyn N  Williams on August 7, 1967   He has 4 siblings: David, Linda, Jane, and Debra 

Theories
Juris Naturalism
Maybury's viewpoint is "juris naturalism"  Maybury created the term juris naturalism, and called himself a juris naturalist, because he believed no other label was able to fully describe the concept, which he believed is modeled on the viewpoints of many of America's Founders 

Thousand Year War
Maybury has had disagreements with those who say that Muslims are terrorists  In his book, The Thousand Year War, he says that Muslims have been persecuted as much as the Jews by Western civilization through events such as the Crusades, and that they are retaliating after being wronged by the Europeans and the western culture, including the United States government  Maybury states that Muslim nations and people still treat events that occurred centuries ago as modern-day events, and that the recent attacks are retaliatory strikes against what they perceive to be their long-time enemies  He praises the mediaeval Muslim civilizations for their advances in many fields  He also states that Muslims are responsible for preserving the philosophies of ancient people, such as Aristotle 

Maybury's Two Laws
Maybury bases his work on common law, namely

Do all you have agreed to do
Do not encroach on other persons or their property The first law is related to contract law   A contract is an agreement between two or more parties, in which they promise to perform certain actions for and recognize certain rights of the other parties   The second law is related to some criminal law and tort law   Violators of these types of laws have committed acts like theft or violence against other people  (When referencing these two laws, Maybury has at times requested they be known as "Maybury's Laws," and stated exactly as above ) He has also mentioned that there may be another (or others) undiscovered law related to the subjects of law that the two he shows don't cover 

Chaostan
Maybury has declared that nearly a third of the Earth's surface is Chaostan, the land of great chaos  Chaostan is in his view prone to war, financial ill, and tyranny because they never received the Two Laws  The area extends from the Arctic Ocean to the Indian Ocean and Poland to the Pacific, plus North Africa 

The New Axis
Maybury thinks it is possible that some or all of the areas in Chaostan are secretly co-operating, either through political alliance or along ancient ethnic lines  This term was first used in May 1996 

Military Experience
Maybury was a sergeant in the United States Air Force from 1967 to 1971  He served with the 605th Air Commando Squadron in Central America, and with the 75th Military Airlift Squadron in Vietnam  He was also a General Military Training instructor at Travis Air Force Base; and participated in covert operations in South and Central America 

Books
Themes
Maybury's books are marked with emphasis on paradigms, or "models" as he calls them  One of his books, Are You Liberal, Conservative, or Confused is dedicated entirely to this topic  He commonly addresses his letters to an imaginary student named Chris 

Style
All of his books are written in the epistolatory style, as letters from the fictitious Uncle Eric to his nephew  The personal tone of the "letters" convey a certain sense of urgency, yet are remarkably understated compared to other revisionist and contrarian viewpoints 
The books have many illustrations, maps and pull-quotations of historical persons   Though, oddly to some, he rarely if ever quotes recent (20th century) writers   Perhaps it is because he distills the essence of free-market economic thought (what we often call "Libertarian") into fundamental terms that stand on their own   In other words, rather than quoting for instance Henry Hazlitt to support a thesis, he describes an idea in foundational terms that arrive at a conclusion that readers of Hazlitt may find familiar 

Titles
Maybury's in-print books to date are:

Ancient Rome: How It Affects You Today
Are You Liberal? Conservative? or Confused?
Evaluating Books: What Would Thomas Jefferson Think About This?
The Clipper Ship Strategy: For Success in Your Career, Business, and Investments
The Money Mystery: The Hidden Force Affecting Your Career, Business, and Investments
The Thousand Year War in the Mideast
Uncle Eric Talks About Personal, Career, and Financial Security
Whatever Happened to Justice?
Whatever Happened to Penny Candy? 5th Edition
World War I: The Rest of the Story and How It Affects You Today
World War II: The Rest of the Story & How It Affects You TodayAll of his books are published by Bluestocking Press

Journals & Newspapers
EWR
The US & World Investors Early Warning Report (EWR) is Maybury's monthly financial newsletter  EWR seeks to apply the Uncle Eric model to the real world and provide forecasts and warnings of financial changes before they happen  It is very cautious in outlook, and has low toleration of risk 

Freelance Work
Following his military experience, but prior to EWR, Maybury was a freelance writer whose works were featured in the Wall Street Journal, Washington Times, USA Today and other notable publications 

Moneyworld
Maybury was previously global affairs editor for Moneyworld
Passage 9:
The New CBS Tuesday Night Movies
The New CBS Tuesday Night Movies (known as The New CBS Friday Night Movies in its first season) was a weekly 90-minute motion picture made expressly for television   The series aired on CBS from 1971 to 1974  During its first two seasons, the program was similar to ABC's Movie of the Week, which presented a brand-new full-length feature film in a regular weekly time slot with no connecting theme or arc among the films   In the fall of 1972, the series moved from Friday nights to Tuesdays, with its Friday night slot given back to traditional previously released theatrical films under The CBS Friday Night Movies banner (The New CBS Friday Night Movies replaced The CBS Friday Night Movies during its first season) 
During the 1973-1974 television season, CBS revised the series into The New CBS Tuesday Night Movies   In the revision CBS adopted both the ABC and NBC approaches   They developed two rotating series, similar to The NBC Mystery Movie (both produced by MGM Television), and continued to premiere brand new feature-length films as television movies seen on alternating weeks 
The two series-like projects were:

Shaft, a series television version of the 1970s blaxploitation film franchise (itself based on Ernest Tidyman's 1970 novel of the same name), starring Richard Roundtree reprising the role of John Shaft 
Hawkins, starred James Stewart as Billy Jim Hawkins, a rural lawyer who investigated the cases he was involved in, not unlike Stewart's role in the 1959 film Anatomy of a Murder 
Every third week was a television movie The New CBS Tuesday Night Movies was cancelled after the 1973-1974 television season  Television films seen on CBS would be incorporated into its Thursday and Friday night movie programs, beginning with the 1974-1975 season 
Passage 10:
Cartoon Cartoons
Cartoon Cartoons is a collective name used by Cartoon Network for their original animated television series originally aired between 1995 and 2003 and produced in majority by Hanna-Barbera and/or Cartoon Network Studios  Beginning with its inception into cable broadcasting on October 1, 1992, Cartoon Network had focused its programming on reruns of older animated series which it had acquired through its parent company's film library  The Cartoon Cartoons label originated with Fred Seibert's animation anthology series What a Cartoon!, an animation showcase series featuring pilots of original cartoon ideas submitted by independent animators  Dexter's Laboratory was the first such pilot to be greenlit by the network for a full series in 1996  After other pilots were successfully produced into their own series, including Cow and Chicken, Johnny Bravo, and The Powerpuff Girls, the collective Cartoon Cartoons were featured on the network's Friday night programming block, Cartoon Cartoon Fridays from 1999 to 2003  Not all CN original series created around this time were officially recognized as Cartoon Cartoons; Samurai Jack, for example, did not bear the moniker 
The moniker was retired by the network in 2004, and its last surviving series, Ed, Edd n Eddy, ended in 2009 after a ten-year run  Since their heyday, reruns of the Cartoon Cartoons continued to air on The Cartoon Cartoon Show (2005–2008) and Cartoon Planet (2012–2014)  In 2021, the name was resurrected by the network for a new shorts program 

History
Cartoon Cartoons first appeared as shorts on animation showcase series What a Cartoon! in 1995, under the name of World Premiere Toons  The series was produced by Hanna-Barbera and Cartoon Network Studios under the direction of Fred Seibert  Seibert had been a guiding force for Nickelodeon (having overseen the creation of Nicktoons shortly prior to his departure) prior to joining Hanna-Barbera and would establish Frederator Studios years later Through What a Cartoon!, Cartoon Network was able to assess the potential of certain shorts to serve as pilots for spin-off series and signed contracts with their creators to create ongoing series  Dexter's Laboratory was the most popular short series according to a vote held in 1995, and became a full series in 1996  Dexter was retroactively labeled the first Cartoon Cartoon in 1997; however, the network's previous original shows, The Moxy Show and Space Ghost Coast to Coast, were not retroactively given the label 
The Cartoon Cartoon brand was first introduced in July 1997 for the network's Cartoon Cartoon Weekend block  Three more series based on shorts debuted in 1997: Johnny Bravo, Cow and Chicken, and I Am Weasel (the latter two as segments of the same show; I Am Weasel was later spun off into a separate show)  These were followed by The Powerpuff Girls in 1998 and Ed, Edd n Eddy in 1999, and Mike, Lu & Og and Courage the Cowardly Dog in 1999, creating a lineup of critically acclaimed shows  From 1999 to 2003, the Cartoon Cartoon Fridays block was the network's marquee night for premieres of new episodes and series 
In 2001, the network received Time Squad and Grim & Evil  Also in 2001, the show Samurai Jack premiered, but was not officially branded as a Cartoon Cartoon despite airing during the various programming blocks  In 2002, Codename: Kids Next Door became a full series after being chosen in the previous year's Big Pick Weekend  In 2003, Grim & Evil was split into The Grim Adventures of Billy & Mandy and Evil Con Carne; they were the last original series to officially carry the Cartoon Cartoon branding before it was discontinued 
The Cartoon Cartoons were intended to appeal to a wider audience than the average Saturday-morning cartoon  Linda Simensky, vice president of original animation, reminded adults and teenage girls that the cartoons could appeal to them as well  Kevin Sandler's article on them claimed that these cartoons were both less "bawdy" than their counterparts at Comedy Central and less "socially responsible" than their counterparts at Nickelodeon  Sandler pointed to the whimsical rebelliousness, high rate of exaggeration and self-consciousness of the overall output which each individual series managed In October 2003, the live-action Fridays premiered on the network as a replacement for Cartoon Cartoon Fridays  The Cartoon Cartoons bumpers (that appeared before and after episodes of its original series) were dropped after the network's CN City rebrand in June 2004  In August 2004, the block Cartoon Cartoons: The Top 5 was renamed to simply The Top 5  CN still kept the Cartoon Cartoons name around in various forms applying to their older series (such as for The Cartoon Cartoon Show from 2005 to 2008), but since newer shows such as Foster's Home for Imaginary Friends, Camp Lazlo, and Ben 10 were stylistically different from previous shows, the moniker was not applied to them 
However, internationally in places like Asia and Latin America, the moniker continued on until 2007 with shows like Foster's Home, Hi Hi Puffy AmiYumi, Camp Lazlo, and My Gym Partner's a Monkey 

Revival
On April 15, 2021, Cartoon Network announced a new iteration of the Cartoon Cartoons shorts program  On November 24, 2021, the first new Cartoon Cartoons shorts completed production  The first nine shorts include Accordions Geoffery & Mary Melodica by Louie Zong (of The Ghost and Molly McGee and We Bare Bears), Dang! It's Dracula by Levon Jihanian (of Tig n' Seek), Hungy Ghost by Jesse Moynihan (of Adventure Time), Fruit Stand at the End of the World by Rachel Liu, Off the Menu by Shavonne Cherry (of Ren & Stimpy and The Looney Tunes Show), Harmony in Despair by Andrew Dickman (of Looney Tunes Cartoons), Unravel by Alexis Sugden, Mouthwash Madness by Lisa Vandenberg (of Animaniacs), and Scaredy Cat by JJ Villard (of King Star King)  On June 7, 2022, More Cartoon Cartoons completed production  The next seven shorts include The All-Nimal by Nick Edwards (of Apple and Onion and The Fungies), Buttons' Gamezone by Fernando Puig (of The Cuphead Show and Tig n' Seek), Tib Tub, We Need You by Sean Godsey and Mike Rosenthal, I Love You Jocelyn by Tracey Laguerre (Art and Animation Director for brands like Google, Dreamworks, Buzzfeed and more) , Pig in a Wig by Sam Marin (of Regular Show), The Good Boy Report (based on the webcomic of the same name) by Kasey Williams (of Niko and the Sword of Light and Harley Quinn) and Maude Macher and Dom Duck by Kali Fontecchio (of The Looney Tunes Show and Jellystone!) 

Programming blocks
More shows premiered bearing the Cartoon Cartoons brand, airing throughout the network's schedule and prominently on Cartoon Cartoon Fridays, which became the marquee night for premieres of new episodes and shows beginning June 11, 1999  On June 9, 2000, the Cartoon Cartoon Fridays block began to be hosted each week by a different character from a Cartoon Cartoon series, with the first host being Eustace from Courage the Cowardly Dog  The June 9 broadcast also began the first week of The Big Pick, a showcase of cartoon pilots that could become full series based on the results of an online viewer poll  A similar event, The Big Pick II, aired the following year  On October 3, 2003, following a months-long switch to Summer Fridays and Fridays, the block was rebooted under a hybrid live-action format as Fridays, hosted by Tommy Snider and Nzinga Blake, the latter of whom was later replaced by Tara Sands  It aired shows outside the Cartoon Cartoon moniker, such as Foster's Home for Imaginary Friends, Hi Hi Puffy AmiYumi, The Life and Times of Juniper Lee, Camp Lazlo, My Gym Partner's a Monkey, Squirrel Boy, and Class of 3000  The last airing of Fridays was on February 23, 2007 
Cartoon Cartoons: The Top 5 (simply retitled The Top 5 in 2004), an hour-long program featuring a countdown of the week's five "best" Cartoon Cartoon episodes from the network's lineup, ran from 2002 to 2008  From 2005 to 2008, the Cartoon Cartoons label was primarily used for The Cartoon Cartoon Show, a half-hour program featuring episodes of older Cartoon Cartoons that were no longer shown regularly on the network 
The block Cartoon Planet was revived on Cartoon Network from 2012 to 2014, airing in a format similar to The Cartoon Cartoon Show  It featured Cartoon Cartoons such as Dexter's Laboratory, Johnny Bravo, Cow and Chicken, I Am Weasel, The Powerpuff Girls, Courage the Cowardly Dog, Ed, Edd n Eddy, Codename: Kids Next Door, The Grim Adventures of Billy & Mandy, and other original Cartoon Network Studios series such as Foster's Home for Imaginary Friends, Camp Lazlo, and Chowder 

List of series
Precursor
Full series
(+) Indicates that the show originally aired as part of Grim & Evil, and that the 2003-2004 episodes were not produced for the standalone show 

In other media
DC Comics ran an anthology comic based on the Cartoon Cartoons; the series ran from March 2001 to October 2004 for a total of 33 issues 
In the OK K O ! Let's Be Heroes episode "Crossover Nexus", the Cartoon Cartoon logo is shown in the bottom of a wall inside the Cartoon Network headquarters; the Cartoon Cartoon jingle theme song is played when Ben Tennyson (Ben 10) shape-shifts into different Cartoon Network characters 

See also
List of programs broadcast by Cartoon Network
Nicktoons

Notes
Context 3: Passage 1:
Carolina Moraes
Carolina Moraes (born 5 April 1980) is a former synchronized swimmer from Brazil  She competed in the women's duet competition with her twin sister, Isabela Moraes, at both the 2000 and 2004 Summer Olympics  Both also competed for Ohio State University, winning 11 national championships, including the team routine title in 2000, and four straight titles in duet and trio routines between 1999 and 2002  Following the Olympics, Carolina and Isabela retired and joined Cirque du Soleil, with their first performance being as part of the 2005 World Aquatics Championships opening ceremony  Both have been  part of the cast of Le Rêve, a show presented in Las Vegas since 2007, though Carolina is less frequent as she travels with her husband, part of Cirque du Soleil's technical team 
Passage 2:
Isabela Moraes
Isabela Moraes (born 5 April 1980) is a former synchronized swimmer from Brazil  She competed in the women's duet competition with her twin sister, Carolina Moraes, at both the 2000 and 2004 Summer Olympics   Both also competed for Ohio State University, winning 11 national championships, including the team routine title in 2000, and four straight titles in duet and trio routines between 1999 and 2002  Following the Olympics, Carolina and Isabela retired and joined Cirque du Soleil, with their first performance being as part of the 2005 World Aquatics Championships opening ceremony  Isabela has been since 2007 part of Le Rêve, a show presented in Las Vegas 
Passage 3:
Zumanity
Zumanity (zoo-manity)  was a resident cabaret-style show by Cirque du Soleil at the New York-New York Hotel & Casino on the Las Vegas Strip, placed into the theatre previously occupied by Michael Flatley's Lord of the Dance (musical)  The production was unveiled on September 20, 2003 (previews started on August 14, 2003) and had its last performance on March 14, 2020  It was announced on November 16, 2020 that the show would be closing permanently  It is the first "adult-themed" Cirque du Soleil show, billed as "the sensual side of Cirque du Soleil" or "another side of Cirque du Soleil"  Created by René Richard Cyr and Dominic Champagne, Zumanity is a departure from the standard Cirque format  Intended to be for mature adult audiences only, this show is centered on erotic song, dance, acrobatics, and comedy The inspiration to create Zumanity  came from multiple sources  Cirque du Soleil founder Guy Laliberté had been offered the chance to create two new shows in Las Vegas, and wanted something completely new and original rather than multiple similar shows that would cannibalize off of each other's sales and audiences  Another reason was that the New York-New York Hotel and Casino wanted to make their entertainment appear more "trendy " The hotel liked the concept of a more adult Cirque du Soleil performance Laliberté admits that the biggest reason to produce this show was the chance to create something with riskier subject matter  He was interested in the idea of creating a show that explored human sexuality, something that was at complete odds with the other, more family-oriented Cirque du Soleil shows  "Our previous shows have all been family-oriented and politically correct, which is great," Laliberté said, "but we're human beings, we won't hide it  We're a bunch of happy campers  We like to live new experiences  Zumanity deals with some of those experiences "On February 22, 2022, Cirque du Soleil announced that a new show, "Mad Apple," would replace the Zumanity show at New York-New York Hotel and Casino, which opened on May 26, 2022 

Costumes
Thierry Mugler designed the costumes for Zumanity; he created the costumes to enhance the sensual atmosphere and heightened sexuality of the production   Many of the costumes are highly colorful, yet some are minimal to an exaggerated extreme  Fur, feathers, leather, lace, fishnet stockings, velvet dresses, tiny corsets, cone bras, and plastic accessories were primary materials utilized to create the costumes' provocative appeal  Jonel's costume, for example, is made of stretch vinyl and is airbrushed to create a semi-nude effect; her bright red wig is made of expanded foam  Faun has fur on his pants which is made from toothbrush bristles, human hair, and yak fur  Molinier's long velvet dress was created by using a stencil and net onto which black silicone was applied  Though some characters are made to look entirely nude, the sex organs are fake pieces  Zumanity had Cirque's most expensive and elaborate costumes, the Rose Boy's g-string alone costing $75,000 
For a great selection of character costumes and concept art, see Le Grand Chapiteau - Zumanity - Personages

The Human Zoo
The lobby was created in European style, with an emphasis on curves  A long lighting fixture on the ceiling looked to be made of many strips of golden silk  One of the walls was lined with what looked to be a burgundy, padded headboard  Along the headboard, there were peepholes that originally were conceived to show clips of erotic, vintage films, but eventually showed promotional posters of the show  There was a large window filled with blue swirls, and a glowing, golden fixture in the wall that seemed to resemble a labia  Another window with a frame that looked like branches or vines showcased the "Amsterdam Room," which had one of the performers in it, dancing and teasing the guests in the lobby  You could talk to the performer through a phone built into the wall  The lamps were elegant and attached to the wall by arms that looked porous  There was a small nook with a couch you could lay on, usually with one of the performers  The grand staircase leading to the balconies also looked to be made of vines, or even nerves possibly symbolizing the sense of touch 
The theatre had 3 bars, the Eroticafés: two on the ground floor and one upstairs  They served sushi and various drinks, the highlight being the Zumanitini  The Zumanitini was 1 oz  Vodka Citron, 1/2 oz  Cherry Pucker, and a splash of Triple Sec, Sweet and Sour, and cranberry  Next to one of the bars was a small stage that looked like someone's bedroom  You would always find one of the cast members beckoning to the guests from the bed  The restrooms were unique in that you would hear whispering and teasing at each station  Different from the other shows, Zumanity had multiple performers roaming the lobby, always ready to playfully flirt and take photos 
Entering the theatre itself, you'd find yourself in a cabaret, smaller and more intimate than the other resident Cirque du Soleil Las Vegas shows  The stage looked to be a marble parquet, with elegant, red curtains and two spiral staircases on either side  Above the stage was a bridge that the band played from, which could move up and down  Many chandeliers hung around the stage  The walls were lined with very dimly lit lamps  The carpet featured naked women in a style that looked similar to a Renaissance or Baroque painting  Around the back sides of the stage were barstools, and around the front circle of the stage were loveseats - special options on top of the normal theatre seating 
When the curtains opened, a giant structure called "The Wave" was exposed  These were two massive, wavey screens that images could be projected on  The screens could be moved into different positions 
The shop contained all sorts of novelties, from Zumanitini glasses to chocolate soap bars  Naturally, one could also find various adult-themed items 

The Show: 2003 - 2005
Animation
"Through a series of scene transitions, this comedic quartet supplies the counterpoint to all that is erotic and provocative about ZUMANITY  In a show filled with serious sexual tension, Spymonkey is a reminder of the importance of having a laugh at ourselves and having fun in the bedroom!"Spymonkey was composed of Toby Park, Petra Massey, Aitor Basauri Barruetabena, and Stephan Kreiss
Eliot Douglass plays a jazzy cabaret tune on the piano as the Molinier stands by with a cigarette  Zumans descend the spiral staircases to walk among the audience, with some stripping on stage  Luciene and Licemar Medeiros, twin sisters in showy French maid outfits, brush up against audience members in the aisles as they feed them strawberries  Antonio Drija, Zumanity's resident Gigolo, flirts with audience members, passes out calling cards, and takes polaroids  The Puritans, Spymonkey dressed up as Quakers, take to the stage protesting the show's obscenities, while ironically being a bit sexual themselves Welcome, "Hello boys, hello girls"
"Half-lit cigarette, empty martini glass, all these chicks lined up in a row on a street with no name in a city that never sleeps "
The Puritans are booted off stage  Joey Arias, our "Mistress of Seduction" madame, emcee and drag artist, sings a jazzy tune in her sensuous, smokey voice reminiscent of Billie Holiday  She then welcomes and warms the audience up for the coming show with laughs and very personal questions for the guests Warnings, "Rules of the House"
Lonnie Gordon, acclaimed dance, pop, and R&B singer, takes the stage, singing a song that highlights some things about the effects of the show that may surprise audiences, and what is prohibited  Eventually, Corinne Zarzour, Zumanity's rock diva, would join her Extravaganza
“Blaring horns and hammering drums announce the beginning of the fanfare  One by one the cast makes its fashionable entrance, parading down the catwalk in costumes every bit as vibrant, bold, and diverse as their spectrum of talents and personalities  It’s an incandescent introduction to the colorful cast of performers who will guide the audience on their journey into the world of ZUMANITY ”Wind and Wassa
"We summon the spirits of passion and hope "
"All at once a storm sweeps over the stage as Marcela [de la Vega Luna], Queen of the Wind, summons the spirits in a fevered flamenco dance  With smoldering intensity, her hypnotic trance stirs the soul, arouses the imagination and prepares the senses for an uninhibited transformation "
"Marcela awakens the unbridled passion in Wassa [Coulibaly]  Exploding into a vigorous African dance, her arms, legs and torso take on a primal energy of their own, flying erratically and erotically in rhythm to the intoxicating tribal pulse "Water Bowl
"Do you remember that first hint of something delicious and strange? Of water on parched lips? Or that very first glass of champagne? Do you remember how, in one magical moment, everything changed?"
"Abandoning their innocence, contortionists Gyula [Gyulnara Karaeva] and Bolormaa [Zorigtkhuyag] bathe in inhibition and taste love for the first time  Fluidly they glide through the water striking a sensual array of inconceivable poses to explore the limits of physicality, sexuality and creativity all at once "
Cirque's Amaluna would also showcase a water bowl act years later in 2012 Hoops
"Oh, innocence: so fleeting, so fragile  One day the sweet young thing, the next thing you know, you're soaking wet and lying naked in a hotel room in Vegas  Story of my life: 'what goes around, comes around '"
"Julia [Kolosova] brings to life the school girl fantasy  She gyrates and swivels as she guides her hoops up and down her lithe frame, ultimately engulfing her body  Then, without warning, the dream takes flight as she soars through the air performing daring feats of aerial choreography "
Julia hula hooped in midair while swinging around the theatre The Rose Boy
"I've been looking at all these beautiful, sexy, wonderful women up on stage tonight, and I know some of you are wondering, 'Where's the beef?' Does anybody want some roses?"
"Alex [Castro] peels away the tough exterior to expose his weakness    for the ladies  He tantalizes and teases the audience by revealing his chiseled body bit by bit in a sinfully seductive striptease "Pom Poms
Spymonkey comes out entirely nude (the privates were prosthetics) and teases the audience by covering themselves only by pom poms, which they remove to give quick flashes of their bodies  At one point, one of the members crawls over the audience's seats with his privates getting entangled in guests' hair Body2Body
"These days I live for the elicit tingle of skin on skin, the taste of sweat, and the pungent scent of passion  How about you? Are there parts of your lover's body you've left unexplored, untouched, untasted? Well, my only question is, "What are you waiting for?'"
"Sara [Joel] and Stéphan [Choinière] entwine in a tantric, hand-balancing duet that underscores the beauty of sex  Featuring a breath-taking array of Kama Sutra-inspired maneuvers, their act portrays the discovery of a lover’s body with dramatic strength, flexibility and trust "
The artists maneuver their bodies into various shapes, making living, human sculptures  Body2Body can be related to hand-2-hand, although it is done quite differently  The performers use their entire bodies to lift each other, and the act has high emphasis on choreography Expressions and Dislocation
Expressions: Interlude into Dislocation where the Fauna [Jesse Villa] breakdances on the stage 
Dislocation: "Limber Lothario, Moukhtar [Gusengadzhiev], performs on command for his sadomasochistic sirens, who derive pleasure from watching him squirm  Redefining flexibility, his elastic body bends, twists, and contorts into nature-defying positions that inspire both 'awes' and 'ows '"Dance on TV
"Gorgeous good girl, Elena [Gatilova], breaks out of her shell to grab her lover’s attention  Turning up the heat on love gone flat, she ignites the scene with her feminine wiles, sultry gymnastics and dance to rekindle the flame and make her lover see her again as if for the very first time "
This act features a television set in the middle of the stage, with multiple men watching the sports game playing on the set  Elena dances on the TV, trying to get their attention  Eventually she succeeds and the sports game turns to static  Zumanity's other female dances take the stage, and they all remove their tops and dance on chairs for the men 2Men
"Tumultuous lovers Patrick [King] and Johan [King Silverhult] tango in the throes of passion  Through their fierce choreography unfolds a love story between two deities, Love and War  Again and again they attract and repel in intense conflict until the magnetic energy between them becomes more than they can bear "
Patrick and Johan perform a violent dance in a cage, symbolizing fighting  They are sparring over Marcela, who dances in the background in a flamenco dress, egging them on  As the fight goes on, it becomes softer and more sensual, and the brilliant red light behind Marcela starts to grow smaller  The fighters eventually lose all focus on Marcela, give one big, passionate kiss, and walk off the stage together, to Marcela's great dismay Revenge of the Doll
Spymonkey reappears to shed their sexual inhibitions  One of them carries a sex doll onto the stage, preparing to have fun with it  He is chased by a few of the others dressed as policemen  When he comes back out, the doll comes to life to hump the audience members and the cast  Originally, there was also a segment where Spymonkey used gags to mock some of the previous acts, much like in Cirque's Dralion Savage Love, Market, Fire, and Aerial Straps
"Are you still hiding from monsters under your bed? Skeletons in your closet? Follow me to a place where rules are broken and pleasure dances with pain  Just be careful what you ask for    you might just get exactly what you deserve "
Market, part 1: First, arabesque music plays as the Boteros juggle dildos, Zumans flail in chains, and Jonel Earl dances with a whip  The interlude resembles a sadomasochistic circus  This act originally contained 2 pythons, Adam and Yves, some of Cirque's only animals ever used in its shows  This interlude would remain in the show until its closing 
Fire: Fire was only in the show for a few weeks, but it featured Heidi Good and Jila Alaghamandan in very showy S&M leather outfits as they performed a fire dance  Androgynous Cape ["Almukatab" Jacobo Espina] also danced with one of the snakes  This act was removed from the show because Guy Laliberté, Cirque's founder, did not want a fire act in the show  The smoke left in the air after the act also made it difficult for the Straps artist to perform 
Savage Love: It is unknown when exactly this act was in the show, but it is believed to be either the replacement for Fire or a back-up act  This act featured Vanessa Convery and Ugo Mazin violently dancing in the 2Men cage  See reference for a video of the act 
Market, part 2 (also called Inferno in press releases): "Pleasure dances with pain as ZUMANITY’s resident gigolo, Antonio [Drija], feels the wrath of the women [Jonel Earl, Laetitia Ray, Vanessa Convery, Sophie Ayache, and Agnès Roux] he has scorned  Captured by a militia of vixens in a barred prison cell he finds himself caught in the middle of rough-and-tumble romantic revenge "This act replaced either Fire or Savage Love, and was in the show until around 2005  There was also a version of it that used 7 men and 1 woman 
Straps: "Laurence [Jardin], alone on stage in fragile silence, is bound by her straps  An exercise in self-inflicted pleasure and pain, she uses the leather contraption to tease and torture herself  All the while she watches her bonds ease into auto-erotic aerial maneuvers  Scored by heavy breathing, gentle moans of ecstasy and the friction of her straps, Laurence’s self-satisfying bondage flight draws to a climactic finale "From 2005 and onwards, Market, referred to above as "part 1," would lead directly into straps S&M Hoedown
Spymonkey comes onstage dressed in S&M leather with various pain-inducing items  They do a hoedown dance while inflicting pain on themselves as a sexual stimulant Sheets and Tissus
Sheets: An opening interlude to Tissus," this is a short ballet where the dancers had silken, white sheets on their hands that they danced with 
Tissus: "Though he desperately tries to catch her attention, Alan [Jones Silva] passes unnoticed by the glamorous goddess Olga [Vershinina]  Finally, the once unattainable object of his affection is within arms reach as their two worlds entwine mid-flight in mesmerizing aerial dance "Midnight Bath
"Let your imagination have free reign  Let your fantasies take you to unexpected places "
"With the suggestion that you can’t keep love locked up in a bedroom, Vanessa [Convery] and Ugo [Mazin] give imagination free reign and let fantasy take them to unexpected places  Using milk as their medium they caress each other’s flesh in this luscious lactic sexual experiment "As the name suggests, this act was performed in a bathtub in the middle of the stage  The act was opened by another jazz number from Joey Arias: "Touch me, hold me, never let me go "Orgy, has been referred to in the show as Lazy Susan of Sex, Sex Station 69, Garden of Delights, and Zumanitarium
"The cast emerges from every orifice of the theatre in search of hedonistic prey  In duos, trios (and some flying solo), they assume a smörgåsbord of sexual positions on the Lazy Susan of Sex, where they touch, stroke, moan and embrace until the tension builds to an orgasmic conclusion "This is an audience participation segment  Antonio would lead two members of the audience onto the stage, usually one male and one female  Each would be given to a few of the cast members that would try to arouse them based on their sexual orientation  Antonio usually caressed and rubbed up against the female as the emcee would ask personal questions and make sexual innuendos  The emcee would then move on to the male and try to arouse him  If he was okay with it, his shirt and pants would be removed by the time the emcee got to him  Joey Arias would stick her microphone into his underwear and speak into it Pacemakers and Finale
"Bringing the show full circle, senior-most members of the cast, Birgit and Fleming [Thomsen], surprise the audience with an astonishing hand balancing adagio  Together they defy time and gravity with physical feats of strength, flexibility and control  This real life couple, married for over 48 years, is a testament to the enduring, everlasting nature of true love "
Birgit and Fleming were sitting in the audience and brought on stage as "guests," when in reality they were cast members and would break into acrobatics 

The Show: 2005 - 2015
There were various changes throughout 2005, from acts to costumes  The Body2Body artists left the show and the act was replaced by Hand-to-Hand  Spymonkey also left and the "Sexperts," Dick and Izzy, replaced them for the remainder of Zumanity's run  While Pom Poms stayed in the show through 2014 (and would feature Dick, Izzy, and the Boteros), all of the other clown acts were new  Pacemakers and Extravaganza would also be changed around 2006, when Extravaganza was moved to the end of the show and Pacemakers left permanently 

Dick and Izzy: "Zumanity’s resident sex therapists, Dick [Nicky Dewhurst] and Izzy [Shannan Calcutt] aim to please with their sexy and silly methods engaging the audience in a hilarious round of not-so-innocent repartee  The sexual tension runs high as Dick, a French sex merchant, peddles his wares, while Izzy, his wife!, searches the audience night after night for a boyfriend "Animation: Instead of the Puritans, Dick and Izzy come out dressed in 1950s-esque prom outfits  Both hit on various members of the audience and try to swing with the couples  They make sexual innuendos with bananas and fence with dildos 
Scotch Baggies!: Izzy pitches her new business - little plastic sandwich baggies that she fills with scotch (in reality, tea) to use instead of breast implants  She removes her top and has one of the male members from the audience hold the baggies to her breasts as she tapes them to herself  "You are not going to see this at the Celine Dion show "
Knives (possibly called Sex Toys): Volunteers from the audience is strapped to a board and blindfolded while tricked into thinking knives are being thrown at them 
Vegas Hook-Up (also referred to as Express Dating): Audience members are once again brought on stage  Dick and Izzy explain that it's better to forget all of the normal wooing on a first date and go straight for the bedroom  They teach the audience members how to turn each other on  Then, they make them get onto a bed and ride each other as they sink into the stage and silly string shoots up Hand-2-Hand
"In an aggressive but intimate hand-balancing duet, [Joanie Leroux-Côté] and [Nicolas Alain Michel Besnard] entwine in a powerful act with breathtaking acrobatic-inspired manoeuvres  Their flawless movements thrust the two kindred spirits into a provocative tale of lust "I Like It
Back-up act where Joey Arias would sing another jazz song 
"Oh, What a Feelin" may have also been sung more than during Joey's final performance Mistress of Sensuality, Edie
"Part showgirl, part cabaret queen, Mistress of Sensuality Edie [Christopher Kenney] plays hostess to your every fantasy  As the sun sets and desires come alive, Edie uses her signature blend of sass and sensuality to guide the audience through the erotic escapades that make up the world of Zumanity "
Joey Arias left the show at the end of 2007, and Edie became Zumanity's main emcee for the rest of the run Roue Cyr (Cyr Wheel)
"Jonas [Woolverton] is brought to the stage on his knees   A slave to love and forced to perform for his Mistress, he spins and turns inside his wheel while she cracks her whip  He is eager to please, even donning a blindfold for some of his tricks  One can only hope the pleasure is worth the pain he receives   "Handbalancing
"Dima ["Shine" Bulkin] is alone, going in circles around his pole  He has just about given up on love when he meets a lovely contortionist who seems to fit into his world  She brings him back to earth in this beautiful act "Chains
"Brandon [Pereyda] brings fantasies to life  He flies and defies gravity on his chains  Dreams take flight as he soars through the air, performing daring feats of aerial athleticism choreography and strength "
Though this act is associated with the refresh in 2015, Zumanity's 2012 b-roll shows this act being used  It was most likely a back-up or rotational act until it was made a main act in 2015 

The Refresh: 2015 - 2020
On January 20, 2015, a refresh of the show was introduced to the public in which roughly 30% of the show was changed from its original concept  Certain acts, including Hoops, Dance on TV, Pom Poms and  Tissus (in its original form) were retired  Entirely new acts included chains, Aerial Dream, and Perfect Jam  Tissus was changed into a solo act and the Rose Boy evolved into Magnum, mostly the same routine but the dancer became a secret agent  Yanis Marshall choreographed new dance segments throughout the show, and there are multiple acts in which men dance in high heels (including Wind, Perfect Jam and for a short amount of time, the 2Men act)  The show also features new and updated music, costumes, comedic acts, characters and artists 

Come Together
"All at once, a storm sweeps over the stage as three characters, Spirits of the Wind [Marie Ndutiye, Tiffany de Alba, Arnaud Boursain], summon passion, desire and lust in a fevered dance  With smouldering intensity, their hypnotic dance stirs the soul, arouses the imagination and prepares the senses for an uninhibited transformation "Magnum
"Look out, ladies, 'cuz here comes Magnum  He's an undercover agent, and it's no secret he's on a mission  Who's gonna share that special bond? Is it you? Catch him if you can "
"Magnum [Willie Hulett], our very special secret agent, peels away his tough exterior in a sensual mission for the ladies  He tantalizes and teases the audience by revealing his chiseled body bit by bit before showing off his secret weapon "Perfect Jam
"Let me entice you to unlock and unleash your inner diva "
"Gorgeous, and powerful, the dancers [Tiffany de Alba, Anouck Margueritte, Briana McKee, Marie Ndutiye, Kaitlyn Reese Davin, Leah Sykes-Hodgson, Monteece Taylor, Arnaud Boursain, Pepe Muñoz Martinez] invade the space to express and celebrate their female and male energy and unleash their inner diva  Turning up the heat, they ignite the stage performing a sultry and dynamic dance that will entice the imagination "Aerial Dream (also called M&M)
"Is there someone in your life that you lust for, long for, but the only safe place to rendezvous is in your dreams? You fall asleep and hope he's there again tonight  The best part? Nobody needs to know, not even the person right next to you, shhh   "
"One woman and one man [Marina Tomanova and Michael McNamara]  One bed  One airborne fantasy  She dreams about him, the intense secret object of her desires  They will meet and experience a magnificent, sensual and passionate performance  Dream or reality?"2Men
"2 men in a cage [Arnaud Boursain, Pepe Muñoz Martinez]  Through their fierce choreography, a passionate story of impossible love and anger unfolds  Again and again, they attract and repel in intense conflict until the magnetic energy between them becomes more than they can bear "As previously stated, the big thing that changed about this act was that the men danced in bright red heels and in an entirely new form of dance 
This was eventually changed into a wushu (sport) act with ninjas [Philip Sahagun and Wes Scarpias] Tissus 2 0
"Though he desperately tries to catch her attention, Alan [Jones Silva] remains unnoticed by Mariko [Muranaka], the musical muse whose beauty propels him to soar to new heights  Finally, the once-unattainable object of his affection is within arms’ reach, and their two worlds come together at the finale of this mesmerizing aerial dance "Body2Body 2 0
Used as a back-up for hand-2-hand, Stéphan Choinière returned to the show in 2017 and performed a new version of Body2Body with Tsvetelina Tabakova Solo Strap
A solo strap back-up act that was performed by Tsvetelina Tabakova from 2019 onwards Light
A comedic act with Dick and Izzy as they rave on the stage with one of the audience members Trapeze
Halfway around the world, his loved one is away  It's raining, and descending in his thoughts are the warmth of her love, the softness of her lips, the caress of her touch    It’s late, he’s restless and alone again tonight, and not knowing when they’ll be together again sends his emotions flying "
Arthur Morel van Hyfte's act in 2017  This used the bed and music from Aerial Dream and replaced the act for awhile 

Emcees
Main emcees
Mistress of Seduction, Joey Arias: August 14, 2003 to December 31, 2007
Raven O: August 14, 2003 to December 31, 2006
Mistress of Sensuality, Edie [Christopher Kenney]: Jan 1, 2008 to March 14, 2020Understudy emcees
Queen of Québec, Vanessa Convery: back-up for an unknown time, but she was in the show from August 14, 2003 to January 3, 2014
Señorita Extravaganza, Antonio Drija: back-up for an unknown time, but he was in the show from August 14, 2003 to January 3, 2014
AXLE Beaurouge [Brandon Pereyda]: May 1, 2017 to March 14, 2020
Pepe Muñoz Martinez: roughly 2014 to 2016
Pulga, Alan Jones Silva: July 18, 2016 to March 14, 2020Guest emcee
NeNe Leakes: June 27, 2014 to July 01, 2014

Characters
Mistress of Seduction/Mitzi la Bouche/Mitzi la Gaine/Mistress of Ceremonies - Joey Arias
Mistress of Sensuality, Edie - Christopher Kenney
Pulga - Alan Jones Silva as emcee
AXLE Beaurouge - Brandon Pereyda as emcee
Queen of Québec - Vanessa Convery as emcee
Señorita Extravaganza - Antonio Drija as emcee
Wind/La Muerte - Marcela de la Vega Luna
Dick and Izzy/The Sexperts - Nicky Dewhurst and Shannan Calcutt
Afrique/African Queen - Wassa Coulibaly
Ginger - Shereen Hickman as clown understudy to Izzy
Jane - clown understudy to Izzy
Jessica - Laetitia Dewhurst as clown understudy to Izzy
Rose Boy - Alex Castro
Spider Shadow - Dima "Shine" Bulkin
Magnum - Willie Hulett
Blue Robotica - Mariko Muranaka
Biker - Brandon Pereyda
Fauna - Jesus Villa
Athon and Arno Extravaganza/The Gods of Love and War - Patrick King (Athon) and Johan King-Silverhult (Arno)
Molinier (see Pierre Molinier) - Jonel Earl
Botero Sisters - Licemar and Luciene Medeiros
Casanova/Gigolo/El Siete - Antonio Drija
Miss Salsa - Agnès Roux
Mec Branché - Ugo Mazin
Mademoiselle Loup/Blue Blade - Laurence Jardin
Dominatrix - Jonel Earl
Ballerine - Sophie Ayache
Comet - Stéphan Choinière (originally called Ultraman during creation, after the Japanese super hero)
Romantique/Vixen Vanessa/Diamond Girl - Vanessa Convery
Scottish Fantasy - Alex Stabler
Tissu Star - Olga Vershinina
Airman - Nicolas Alain Michel Besnard
Androgynous Cape - "Almukatab" Jacobo Espina
Carol/La Catin - Elena Gatilova
Valentino
Bunny Girl
Lothario - Moukhtar Gusengadzhiev
Roadrunner - Jerónimo Garcia-Cabral Medina
Illusia and Illaria
Queen of Barbare - seems to be Jila Alaghamandan

Music
The studio album for Zumanity was released on March 22, 2005, under Cirque du Soleil's music label  This is an "inspired by" album containing music that was not actually used in the show and was very loosely based on the live music  This is similar to the songs If I Could Reach Your Heart, We've Been Waiting So Long, and Reach for Me Now on the KÀ album  The CD does not feature Zumanity's musicians, although it does contain the voice of Joey Arias and that of Anna Liani, who worked with Zumanity's composer, Simon Carpentier, on the show's music and wrote the lyrics to Mio Bello, Bello Amore



ground_truth: Brittany, Cornwall, Ireland, Isle of Man, Scotland and Wales.

prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: What Friday night programming block included what collective series that includes "Whatever Happened to... Robot Jones?"?

The following are given passages.
Context 3:  She also sings Mio Bello, Bello Amore on Cirque's Midnight Sun DVD  The music on the album is mainly a collaboration between Simon Carpentier, Robbi Finkel, and Robbie Dillon 
A promotional album entitled Foreplay was included with the original program  It was released on July 31, 2003, and contains select work-in-progress songs from the show's creation period  The program was last sold around 2005, and this album is now considered a collector's item  Four other work-in-progress songs were released on Zumanity's website in 2003, all completely different from anything used in the show, although one of them was quite clearly an early version of Wind 

Names for live music:

Zumanity Tango (2Men, 2003-2020)
Sex Is Beautiful (Body2Body, 2003-2005; Body2Body 2 0, 2017-2020; Hand-2-Hand, 2005-2020)
Love Myself (possible name for Straps, 2003-2020)
Girl Attitude (Cyr Wheel, ?-2018)
Libera me (Hoops, 2003-2015; Aerial Dream, 2015-2020; Trapeze, 2017)
The tune to this song was changed from 2015 onwards 
I Like It (Rotational act sung by Joey Arias and possibly Raven O, 2005(?)-2007)
What a Feelin’ (Act sung by Joey Arias during her final performance on December 31, 2007)
The Rose Boy (Rose Boy, 2003-2015; Magnum, 2015-2020)
My Erotic Lounge (Scotch Baggies!, 2005-2020)
Major-Minor (Welcome, 2003-2007)
Wind (Wind, 2003-2015; Come Together, 2015-2020)
Mio Bello, Bello Amore (Pacemakers, 2003-2006(?); Handbalancing, 2010-2018; Solo Strap, 2019-2020)
Disco Alan (Tissus 2 0, 2015-2020)
The opening of this song contains an instrumental medley of Wind and Mio Bello, Bello Amore 
Into Me (Chains, 2012(?)-2020)
Water Bowl (Water Bowl, 2003-2020)
Perfect Jam (Perfect Jam, 2015-2020)
First Taste (Water Bowl opening, 2003-2020)

Vocalists
Emcee
See the Emcee section above for a list of the hosts of the show  The emcee sang Major-Minor for Welcome, Midnight Bath, Sex Is Beautiful, the Rose Boy, and I Like It from August 14, 2003 to December 31, 2007  From 2008 onwards, the emcee only sang during the Rose Boy and Sex Is Beautiful  The songs sung by the emcee are mainly in the jazz/cabaret genre Hip Hop Singer
Kinnie Starr: August 14, 2003 to September 2003
Little is known about this period in Zumanity's history, but Kinnie may have sung some of the rock singer's songs for acts like Dance on TV and Water Bowl R&B/Soul Singer
Lonnie Gordon: August 13, 2003 to December 31, 2006
Debbie "Divine" Davis: January 2007 to December 31, 2007
Paris Red: January 1, 2008 to March 14, 2020
Cassiopée: August 2017 to December 2017
Cassiopée also sang as a back-up for both the R&B and rock roles, depending on which one was needed, during 2016 to 2020 Rock Singer
Corinne Zarzour: October 3, 2003 to January 2004; September 2004 to March 14, 2020
Nathalie Noël: January 2004 to September 2004
Laur Fugère: 2004; 2006Backing Singer
Geneviève Dubé: August 14, 2003 to March 14, 2020
Melle Vasquez: August 14, 2003 to March 14, 2020
Anne Charbonneau: August 14, 2003 to December 2008

Original Musicians
Anne Charbonneau (bandleader/accordion/keyboards/keyboard programming) - August 14, 2003 to December 2008
Jean-François "Djeff" Houle (assistant bandleader/bass/programming/laptop fx) - August 14, 2003 to 2006(?)
Jean-François Blais (clarinet/flute/soprano and tenor saxophone/percussion) - August 14, 2003 to March 14, 2020
Jean-François Thibeault (trombone/percussion) - August 14, 2003 to June 2009
Larry Aberman (drums/percussion/programming) - August 14, 2003 to October 31, 2019
Melle Vasquez (guitar/percussion/banjo) - August 14, 2003 to March 14, 2020
Geneviève Dubé (vibraphone/violin) - August 14, 2003 to March 14, 2020
Eliot Douglass (piano) - August 14, 2003 to October 31, 2019
Lonnie Gordon (percussion) - August 14, 2003 to December 31, 2006
Sébastien Jean (flügelhorn/trumpet) - August 14, 2003 to October 31, 2019
Passage 4:
Mystère (Cirque du Soleil)
Mystère (French: [mis tɛʁ], mee-STAIR, "mystery") is one of six resident Cirque du Soleil shows in Las Vegas, Nevada  Held in a custom theatre at the Treasure Island Hotel and Casino, the show was first performed on 25 December 1993, making it the company's longest running show  As with many Cirque du Soleil productions, Mystère features a mixture of circus skills, dance, elaborate sets, opera, worldbeat music, and street theatre-style comedy  Featuring a musical score composed by René Dupéré and Benoît Jutras, the show was created under the direction of Franco Dragone 

History
The idea for Mystère started around 1990  It was originally planned for Caesars Palace with a theme based on Greek and Roman mythology  The plan, however, was scrapped by the casino executives, who thought the project would be too financially risky  Mystère was very different from the typical material they were used to in a Las Vegas show  According to Mystère set designer Michel Crête, "Vegas    was still very influenced by Folies Bergère, with the scarves, feather boas, etc  There was a European culture already in place, oddly enough, not an American one  The people who opened the door for something new were Siegfried and Roy  They were the first to move away from the Folies Bergère thing "
Treasure Island picked up the show three years later  Mystère was their first show that would have its own theater, rather than touring with a circus tent   Mystère would have a permanent base in Las Vegas  They worked with Mirage Casino-Hotel to produce a show 
Recent milestones Mystère has achieved include:

Mystère celebrated their 20th anniversary on 25 December 2013  
Mystère celebrated their 10,000th show on 27 December 2014 
Mystère celebrated their 11,111th show on 17 May 2017 

Set and technical information
The theater is a unique theater built in the Treasure Island Hotel and Casino specifically for the show  The design of the theater was created by Michel Crête and that of Montreal-based team of Scéno Plus  This theater seats 1,541 audience members  The stage measures 120 feet by 70 feet deep and covers approximately 10,032 square feet  The stage floor is made of a layer of Base Mat, which is rubber made from recycled old tires and sneakers  This helps give the stage some bounce for tumbling  This is held together by polyurethane adhesive and covered with thousands of gallons of liquid that dries onto the surface  The Downstage D Lift is 36 feet in diameter and includes a 28-foot revolving stage  The revolving stage rotates up to 10 revolutions per minute  Props, equipment, and performers are elevated to stage level from the basement or trap by four moving lifts  These moving lifts were constructed in Montreal and then assembled in Las Vegas, NV The snail seen growing larger throughout the show is called Alice  By the end of the show, she is a giant inflatable puppet controlled by four puppeteers from the inside  The puppeteers move her around by following markings on the floor, since they can not see outside the puppet  They also control her eyes, torso, and tail The taiko drums in Mystère are created by the Japanese company Asano Taiko, located in Mattō, Ishikawa Prefecture  The largest drum in Mystère is the ōdaiko, which is 6 feet (1 8 m) in diameter and 15 feet (4 6 m) in length, and weighs half a ton  Due to the large size of the drum, it had to be brought into the theatre during construction  Since the completion of the theatre the drum can not be removed, as no door is large enough to accommodate it 

Characters
The cast of Mystère comprises a myriad of fantastic and mysterious characters  All this information was confirmed by Mystère's artistic director from 1995 to 2001: Pavel Brun 
Inti X & Y (Spermatos/Spermatites): A comic chorus representing the seeds of life 
Red Bird: Convinced he can fly  According to Pavel Brun, he is the main character in the entire narrative of Mystère's universe 
Les Laquais: The "lackeys" of Mystère who serve and support others  They perform in the Korean plank act 
Brian Le Petit: A troublemaker who steals people's popcorn and causes chaos both onstage and off  (2000–present)
Chanteuses Plumes: A duo of muses who sing the emotion of all humans 
The Firebirds: Along with the Double Faces, they perform the Chinese pole act 
Les Bébés: Two enormous babies on a quest for nourishment  There's Big Baby (also known as Bébé François) and the Baby Girl  There was a third baby for a short period, similar to Francois, who was a part of the original 1993 cast, until his eventual removal in Mid-1994 
Egon Egli: A strange, lanky, bespectacled youth who rides across the stage on his bicycle  No longer in the show 
La Vache à lait: Protector of youth and a symbol of fertility  When he sounds his horn, it heralds a new beginning 
Moha-Samedi: A man in pink, named after the first day of the new millennium  He is the narrator no one listens to, he was originally portrayed by Canadian actor Paul Ahmarani and later by Lorenzo Pisoni 
La Belle: Afraid of ugliness, she seeks to avoid pain at all costs 
Black Widow: The antithesis of La Belle  She represents a praying mantis who destroys the illusions and dreams of her victims  Originally portrayed by Katie Renauld
Birds of Prey: These unpredictable birds soar and fly throughout the world of Mystère  They are graceful, yet aggressive when hungry  Originally portrayed by Lejdka Zievert and Mark Ward
The Frog: Creepy characters witness to the strength of birth and time 
The Green Lizards: Mischievous and skittish chameleons  There is the Male Chameleon and the Female Chameleon (who are not present in the show anymore)  The Male Chameleon was originally portrayed by Karl Baumann
Double Faces: These two-faced creatures perform in the Chinese pole act 
Les Palmiers: Out of a purple-blue mist, these tropical ladies float by 
Deus ex machina: The machine that regulates the existence of everything 
The Tribe (Les Pagnes): The primitive, tragic ghosts of modern humanity  They descend from the skies to provide the earthly beat of our journey  They welcome us, and they bid us farewell  They perform in Taïko
Monarch Bird: A male bird introduced in 2022 as backup dancing character 
The Prince of the Darkness: The prince of the dark side of Mystère, performed by Miguel Godreau from 1993 to 1994; he left the show for health reasons and is no longer in the show  Left before the premiere due to complications from HIV  He was originally part of the group of dancers containing La Belle, Birds Of Prey, Green Lizard and Black Widow 
La Banane: A yellow creature with a large, bulbous head that performed with some artists from 1993 to 1995; no longer in the show  originally appeared on the Net-Up set, before Flying Trapeze 
The Shaman: A mysterious man who creates the sounds of the world; no longer in the show  Originally portrayed by Luis Perez
Bungee Warrior: A duo of muscle men able to fly in the air 
The Jugglers: A trio of jugglers that performed the Manipulation act from 1993 to 1995; no longer in the show 
The Cube Man: Exhibiting great strength and courage, he captures the attention of young souls in search of wonder ; no longer in the show  Originally played by Mikhail "Misha" Matorin, and later Paul Bowler
The Mountain Man: An archangel who is ready to sacrifice everything  Originally known as Gabriel reffereing his archangel statut 
Mephisto and Vénus: Part of the Giants race, they are thwarted, twisted creatures  Their presence wreaks havoc in any domain  Together they want to create chaos and destroy the balance that exists within the world of Mystère 
The Giants: A gentle race with feathers and long legs  There's the happy-go-lucky Pumpkin Giant, the grumpy Fly Giant, the magnificent Giraffe Giant, the rare Plume Giant (no longer in the show) and the Egg Giant, a delicate interior inside a protective shell 
Stas Greyner: a kind of playful dwarf  Performs handbalancing since 1998 
The Medusa: A long-appendaged creature that was part of the original cast between 1993 and 1995; no longer in the show  Appeared among the smoke and disappeared among the shadows, performed during the Net-Set Up 
The Wheel Rider: A slightly tattered man who performed the German Wheel act from 1995 to 1997; no longer in the show  Originally played by Wolfgang Bientzle
The Green Man: A curly-horned creature similar to a Satyr that was part of the cast from a short period in 1997, no longer in the show  Originally portrayed by Guennadi Tchijov 
Tony: A living doll that was part of the original cast between 1993 and 1995, Originally portrayed by Tony Manducas; no longer in the show 
 The Zucchinis: Two inflatable marionettes only used in the Net Set-up for the original trapeze act; no longer in the show 
The Egg: An egg-like creature who appeared sometimes during the Overture and Bungee acts from 1993 to 1995; no longer in the show 
Alice the Escargot: An enormous snail  Born from a spring rain, carrier of the souls of the ancestors and herald of the future 
The Bungees: Like majestic birds in flight, the Bungees dive fearlessly through the air, creating images of unison and separation 
Benny Le Grand: Mystère's original clown, a mad professor-esque character who was more dark and bitter  He would often cause mischief either by whacking one of the Spermatos with a drumstick, throwing a loaf of bread at the red bird, drenching people with bottled water, interrupting the show as an impromptu tour guide, throwing around silver dollars, popcorn, and women's purses, harassing ticket holders, discouraging guests from seeing the show, or kidnapping an audience member and driving them around in a golf cart  (1993 - 1995, 1996 - 2000)
Alex El Sobrino: Benny Le Grand's Spanish nephew, who was slightly more refined in personality  (1998 - 2000)
Alfredo et Adrenaline: A comedic duo of clowns who had previously appeared in Le Cirque Reinventé's European tour, and the special Zirkus Knie show  They often bickered with each other while trying to entertain the audience, from Alfredo trying to perform as a mime, to the two of them throwing paint at each other while trying to perform a song, but they soon literally kissed and made up  (1995 - 1996)

Acts
Mystère features several acrobatic acts, supplemented by clown acts and transitional scenes that advance the storyline 
Aerial Straps Duo (2017 – present): A pair of aerialists performs twists and turns as they fly over the stage 
Chinese Poles and Hand Balancing (2012–present): A group of acrobats climb up, jump between, and slide down four adjacent metal poles while an acrobat contorts into poses on two balancing canes on a platform above the Chinese poles 
Hand-to-Hand (1993 – present): Two artists perform an exhibition of strength and stamina on a rotating dome 
Bungee (1993 – present): A group of artists bounce and swing from the ceiling to the ground and back on bungees 
Teeterboard and Power Track (2017–present): Artists perform a combination of these two skills 
Taiko (1993 – present): A group of artists perform powerful rhythms on Japanese taiko drums 
Flying trapeze (2012 – present): Unlike the original version where two separate trapeze towers were surrounded by a platform on one side and an aerial cradle on the other, the current version has a platform on either side  Each trapeze tower now has two trapeze bars swinging beside each other  The act and music were originally from Zed (a resident show at Tokyo Disney Resort) which closed in 2011 

Reserve acts
Aerial Straps (1994, 2002 – present)On reserve for the aerial straps duo; features a single artist on straps with the Black Widow or La Belle performing choreography on stage 

Retired acts
Manipulation (1993 - 1995)
Flying Trapeze (1993 - 1995)
German Wheel (1995 - 1997)
Dual High Bar (1996 - 2012)
Flying Man in Silk (1997)
Aerial Cube (1996, 1998 – 2015)
Chinese Poles (1993 - 2011)
Trampoline, Fast Track, and Korean plank/Teeterboard (1993 - 2017)
Aerial Straps and Cube (2016 – 2017)
Aerial Silk (2012 – 2017)

Acts used in the film Cirque du Soleil: Journey of Man (2000)
Taiko
Aerial cube
Aerial straps

Acts used in the film Cirque du Soleil: Worlds Away (2012)
Aerial cube

Costumes
Dominique Lemieux took inspiration from nature to create the colorful costumes of Mystère  One such costume is the Firebird, which has red feathers and accents that give the impression of embers flying through the air  The odd-looking Spermatos and Spermatites are dressed in elongated costumes which bulge in the center and have a tendril-like feature on the head  To give the characters an organic nature, spandex/lycra was used in conjunction with fringes and borders 

Music
The original score of Mystère was composed by René Dupéré, who had composed all of Cirque du Soleil's earlier shows, including Nouvelle Expérience and Saltimbanco  In 1994 the show's music was released as a studio album featuring the vocals of Canadian singers Élise Gouin (now known as Élise Velle) and Nathalie Gauvin 
In 1995 the show underwent an artistic overhaul, including changes in the lineup of acts  The "Manipulation" act was replaced by the "Aerial Cube", the Flying Trapeze act by the Aerial High Bars (the Flying Trapeze returned in 2012), and the Acro Net setup dance act was excluded from the show  At the same time the musical score was renovated with assistance from Benoît Jutras, a longtime music director and arranger for Cirque who later went on to compose for Quidam and other Cirque shows  The result, captured in the album Mystère: Live in Las Vegas, was a score that reflects the diverse compositional styles of both composers   Mystère: Live in Las Vegas is a live, in-house recording of the new score, featuring Nathalie Gauvin and Wendy Talley on vocals; the album was released on November 12, 1996  After the release of the live album, the music was rearranged and altered once again  While the album resembles the current live music closely, it is not identical  For the celebration of the 25th anniversary of the show in 2018, a vinyl album specifically dedicated to the employees was created in limited quantities, just as it was done for the show Alegria in 1994 and Saltimbanco in 1997 
Below are the track lists for the 1994, 1996 and 2018 Mystère soundtrack albums  Acts are listed next to the songs they have accompanied in the show 

Songs not appearing on either album:

Alice (Ending, 1993 - 1995  Updated version of song right after "Finale," 1995 - present)
Benny (Clown act, 1996 – present)
Mime (Clown act, 1995 - 1996)
Bolero (Clown act, 1995 - 1996)
Benny Le Grand (Clown act, 1993 - 1995)
Cercles (German Wheel, 1995 - 1997)
High Bar II (Dual high bar, 2010 - 2012)
Avos (Bungee, 2022 - Present)
Hell/Angel (Dei ex machina, 1993 – present)
Rampant (Chineses poles Exit)
Nouvel Envol (Aerial cube, 2015 - 2017) (Solo Aerial Straps, 2015–present) (Duo Aerial Straps, 2017 - 2018)
Love Over (Duo Aerial Straps, 2018 - present)Vocalists
Singer 1

Nathalie Gauvin: Dec 1993 - Dec 2005
Jeannette D' Armand: 2000 (temporarily replaced Nathalie Gauvin)
Mirjana Milovanovic: Jan 2006 - Jul 2007
Sarah Boucher: Jul 2007 - Sep 2009
Silje Marie Norderhaugh: Sep 2009 - Jan 2013
Anna Bille: Jan 2013 - Dec 2014, Oct 2017
Kailee Ann: Dec 2014 - Aug 2017
Mackenzie Thomas: April 2018 - PresentSinger 2

Elise "Gouin" Velle: Dec 1993 - Sep 1994
Wendy Talley: Sep 1994 - Dec 1997, 1998 (temporarily replaced Chantal Hamel)
Chantal Hamel: Dec 1997 - Jul 1999
Stacey Beth Sanford: Jul 1999 - Dec 2000
Dina Emerson: Jan 2001 - Jan 2002, Apr 2007 - Jun 2017
Rochelle Collins: Jan 2002 - Jul 2003, Oct 2003 - May 2007
Briana Rossi: Jun 2017 - July 2021
Brittany Mae: July 2021 - PresentSinger 3

Luis Perez: Dec 1993 - Jul 1996

In popular culture
Mystère was a featured guest performance on Lopez Tonight, airing December 20, 2010  The featured acts included the hand-to-hand and aerial cube acts 
In the film Knocked Up, the main characters watched Mystère 
In the webseries Dorm Life, the character Courtney Cloverlock, a huge Cirque du Soleil fan, has posters of both Mystère and Love by her bed 
Yuji Naka, creator of the video game Nights into Dreams…, has cited Mystère as an inspiration for the game 
Mystère did a performance collaboration with alternative rock band Imagine Dragons for the Life is Beautiful Festival 
Passage 5:
O (Cirque du Soleil)
O is a water-themed stage production by Cirque du Soleil, a Canadian circus and entertainment company  The show has been in permanent residence at the Bellagio in Las Vegas, Nevada, United States, since October 1998  O, whose name is pronounced the same way as eau, the French word for "water", takes place around and above a 1 5-million-US-gallon (5,700 m3) pool of water  It features water acts such as synchronized swimming as well as aerial and ground acts   The O theatre, which is designed to resemble a 14th-century European opera house, has 1,800 seats, thus allowing the performance to be watched by 3,600 people a night since the performance usually plays twice in a given day, also designed to meet the special demands of the show O was inspired by the "infinity and elegance of water's pure form," which pays tribute to the beauty of the theatre  A group of 150 stage technicians assist in the production of the show, the cast of which is 85 performers: international acrobats, synchronized swimmers, and divers  Some of them are former Olympic athletes 

History
Since late October 2010, Cirque du Soleil has offered backstage tours of the O theatre  The experience allows visitors to see the backstage wings, training rooms, costume workshop, break area, underwater lighting area, and go up to a catwalk into the sound and lighting booths   Not every experience 
will be the same as the tour is conducted around a "regular day", so performers may or may not be training, rehearsing, or even working out As of early 2011, O has grossed over a billion dollars since the show opened in 1998 O has received many awards, including the following:

Entertainment Design Award, best production show, 1998
Las Vegas Review-Journal, best production show, 1999–2006
THEA, live show category, 1999
Prix Italia, creativity in high definition, 2009, for the documentary FlowO had its 10,000th performance on 1 September 2019 

Set and technical information
The show has a cast of 85 acrobats, synchronized swimmers and divers performing in and above a 1 5 million-gallon pool  When maintenance needs to be performed, the pool is drained in about 12 hours to the Bellagio Lake, causing the lake's water level to rise 1 inch (25 mm)  The pool is kept at 88 °F (31 °C) and has an underwater speaker system and regulators that allow performers to breathe underwater  Every member of the cast is scuba-certified 
The underwater stage lift was produced by Handling Specialty   In order for the platform stage to rise and fall in the water without a wake, the rubber surface of the stage is perforated Cold air vents under each seat help control the theatre temperature for the audience  The goal is to maintain two temperature zones in the theatre: the stage is kept at a higher temperature of 84 °F (29 °C), while the audience area is kept at a lower temperature of 72 °F (22 °C)  A mesh false ceiling allows warm moist air to escape out of the top of the theatre To minimize damage to the musical instruments, the musicians play from glass enclosures in the theatre  Some of the musical instruments used in the show are more than 100 years old  The unique string instrument heard in the soundtrack of O is an erhu, a traditional Chinese bowed string instrument 
To maintain a fresh look on the performers, some performers have multiple sets of costumes so they may reappear dry despite having been in the water   Some of the costumes only have a lifespan of approximately 20 shows due to the bromide and chlorine in the water Additional facts about the show:

Some of the props function as boats, like the umbrella that Le Vieux rides on the water 
There are 15 technicians underwater during the show, performing various tasks such as artist handling and props manipulation 
The horses that the Comets ride in the show weigh 900 pounds (410 kg) 
The clown house weighs over 7,000 pounds (3,200 kg) 
Hanging 49 feet above the stage, the carousel and téléphérique (a conveyor system) carry tons of equipment as well as performers during the show 
Most of the props that are used during the show are actually driven by the Performers who ride them   For instance, the carousel horses have a small propeller underneath their tails; they are controlled by a joystick located on the back of the horse 

Costumes
Costumes for O drew inspiration from many sources: commedia dell'arte, the Baroque, India, the Arabian Nights, as well as Venetian courtly fashions   The costumes' silhouettes are defined by the design and are accentuated by the transparency of the selected materials and fabrics   Many costumes' base design are leotards which are then expounded upon: this includes the Zebras and Flayed Ones, among others   The Flayed Ones' leotards, for example, originally had hand-painted muscles on them, as digital screen-printing was inaccessible at the time of creation   Another special attribute critical to costumes in O is their treatment to help withstand the water and chemicals in it   To achieve this feat, roughly 40% of the costumes have been applied with a specific type of silicon sizing   In addition, the materials chosen are more durable and had to be able to both mould to the performer's body and dry quickly  Over the years the best fabric found for the costumes has been nylon mesh, which performs well either wet or dry Additional facts regarding the costumes:
A separate room was built with timed heaters and fans to air-dry many of the costumes which cannot be tumble-dried 
Sixty loads of laundry are done nightly to wash the costumes which can be machine washed 
The swimmers' costumes are replaced every 3 months 
The Comets' costumes last for a full year 
All wigs and headpieces had to have chinstraps added 

Music
The music of O was composed by Benoit Jutras and features a mix of classical Western and world instrumentation, including Chinese violin (erhu), bagpipes, African guitar and harp (kora), Colombian guitar, cello, ancient woodwinds and a wide variety of percussion instruments  During the show, the score is performed by a live band situated behind glass walls above and to the side of the stage  The glass protects the musicians' equipment from moisture damage 
O's music was recorded at the Bellagio and released on November 24, 1998  (ASIN B00000FDJZ) The album was re-released on September 6, 2005  (ASIN B000A2H9WU) The songs are listed below with their corresponding act in parentheses Album track list (and acts in the show accompanied by each song):

Jeux d'Eau (Solo and duo trapeze)
Mer Noire (Barge)
Tzelma (Interlude from bateau)
Africa (Interlude from clown act 1)
Remous (Bateau)
Svecounia (Interlude from contortion, cerceaux)
Nostalgie (Intro to russian swings)
Simcha (Character parade, Russian swings)
Gamelan (Contortion)
Ephra (Flying man and cadre)
Désert (Opening, nage, solo and duo trapeze)
Terre Aride (Fire)
O (Finale)Additional songs in the show not included on the album:

Danse (Clown act 2) (2001-present)
Debbie (Journey of Man) (Washington/solo trapeze)
Festival (Interlude from Fire)
Sur Terre (Clown act 2) (1998-2000)
Plouf (High dive)
La Glace (Clown act 1) (1998-2000)
Reda Ver 1 (Opening) (1998-2000)
Reda Ver 2 (Opening) (2001-present)
Confluence (Interlude from Cerceaux)
Merou (Washington trapeze) (1998 only)
Nenuphar (Intro to contortion)
Robinet (Clown act 1) (2001–present)
Humoresque No  7 Opus 101 (Opening Interlude) (1998-2000)
Aurora (Opening Interlude) (2001–present)

Filmography
In 2007, Cirque du Soleil released the film Flow (A Tribute to the Artists of "O")   The documentary was filmed in the O theatre and by the Colorado River   The film shows certain artists performing out around the river as well as on stage and provides information on the necessary technical equipment used to produce the performance   Bonus features of Flow include: performance clips, Russian swing act, technical information and film below the surface of the O pool, and information about the creation of O itself In 2009, Flow won the Prix Italia award for the category of Creativity in High Definition The following acts were used in Cirque du Soleil: Worlds Away:

Synchronised swimming
Bateau
Fire
Duo trapeze
Contortion
Aerial hoops
Passage 6:
Le Rêve (show)
Le Rêve ("The Dream") was a stage production in residence at the Wynn Las Vegas casino resort  It was the only Las Vegas show set in an aquatic theater-in-the-round stage (>1 million US gallon (water capacity)  The show featured diving and feats of strength with special effects, including fire effects  No seat is more than 40 feet (12 m) from the stage   The production was originally created by Franco Dragone but has been substantially revised over time  The show featured more than 90 performers and 250 cast and crew members Each member of the cast must become SCUBA-certified before performing in the theater  In January 2018, Le Rêve completed a two-year reimagination of the production  The show now features all-new costumes designed by Suzy Benzinger, choreography by Marguerite Derricks, music by Benoit Jutras and lighting design by Jules Fisher and Peggy Eisenhauer  In April 2019, the show was voted “Best Production Show” by the Southern Nevada Hotel Concierge Association for the ninth consecutive year 

Show
While the show is continually revised over time, the central theme includes a female lead who see-saws back and forth between her dueling desires for love and passion, mind or body, as she finds herself attracted to two men  Put into a dream world to help her decide between the two suitors, she embarks on a mystical journey  The show concludes with what the production calls "a graceful and inspirational scene "The show includes dancing, swimming, gymnastics, diving and stunt performances, aerial performance and trained dove flights  During the production run, two of the athletes playing romantic leads fell in love themselves  Olympic athletes and notable gymnasts have joined the cast over the years 

History
The show had its world premiere on May 6, 2005 All rights to the show are owned by Wynn Las Vegas, so the resort is able to adapt the show at will  Le Rêve celebrated its 3,000th performance in January 2012   The show celebrated its 12th anniversary in the summer of 2017 and has performed approximately 5,700 shows  Le Rêve celebrated its 6,000th performance in May 2018 
The House of Dancing Water, has some similarities to Le Rêve and O by Cirque du Soleil The cast and crew of “Le Reve,” the signature production at Wynn Las Vegas since the hotel opened in 2005, were placed on furlough May 28, 2020  The first large-scale Las Vegas production show to permanently close due to the coronavirus pandemic is one of the most acclaimed performances to ever hit the Strip  Wynn Las Vegas confirmed “Le Rêve” has shuttered for good after more than 6,000 shows over the last 15 years 

Honors and awards
Media history
Six performers from Le Rêve were the models for the season finale of Face Off, aired on SyFy on March 26, 2013   They also performed an act in the make-up, complete with full immersion and dives into the water 
Le Rêve was featured on an episode of the Fine Living series What Makes it Tick, produced by NorthSouth Productions 
Cast members from the show performed on a results episode of NBC's summer hit America's Got Talent in 2010 
Cast members were also featured in the music video for the single "Only the Young", by Brandon Flowers 
32 performers from Le Rêve staged a "surreal, elaborate montage of scenes" from the show as part of the 2010 Latin Grammys at the Mandalay Bay Events Center in Las Vegas  The event was broadcast live on Univision 
Cast members and the show were featured on the first episode of Somebody's Gotta Do It with Mike Rowe on CNN 

Theater and Facilities
The show take places in a unique aquatic theater-in-the-round  The swimming pool has a capacity of more than 1 million US gallons with its deepest point at 27 feet  Performers climb to heights of more than 80 feet above the water before diving straight down  Public estimates of the cost of the theater itself were up to $75 million for the original construction, not including later renovations such as 180-speaker surround sound Two significant curtain effects have been used, including a 24-panel canopy that takes more than an hour to reset for the next show In 2008, a VIP seating area was added to the theater   In 2015, an additional 172 fountains, 120 LED lighting fixtures, and 16 fire-shooting devices were added by WET Design   Current capacity is 1,600 per show, not including an underwater SCUBA viewing area that is sometimes available for VIP guests 



ground_truth: Cartoon Cartoon Fridays

prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: Le Rêve was created by the director behind what Cirque du Soleil production from 1998 onward?

The following are given passages.
Context 4:  These special 35 mm prints are called Cinestage, the same name of Mike Todd's showcase theatre in Chicago 
Best available prints of the 30 frame/s/70 mm version have recently been exhibited in revival movie houses worldwide  As of the present time, WB remains the film's rights holder 

Soundtrack and home media
The DVDs for Around the World in 80 Days include four hours of supplemental material, in addition to the restored three-hour wide-screen presentation  Included on one of the disks is a documentary film, about 50 minutes long, about Michael Todd 
The soundtrack was commercially released on vinyl and audio tape  Two CD versions were released as well, including a digital remastering of the original Decca Records album on MCA in the 1980s and an expanded version with extra tracks on the Hit Parade Records label in Canada in 2007  There was also a model kit of the balloon, a board game, and a Dell Comics adaptation  A Cantinflas puppet was released separately, dressed in an outfit similar to the Passepartout costume 

Theme parks
During the 1970-80s, the Alton Towers theme park in England had a car ride based on the film 

See also
List of American films of 1956
Passage 3:
Around the World (1956 song)
"Around the World" is the theme tune from the 1956 movie Around the World in 80 Days  In the film, only an instrumental version of the song appeared, although the vocal version has become the better known one  The song was written by Harold Adamson and Victor Young; Young died in 1956, several weeks after the film's release, and he received the Academy Award for Best Music, Scoring of a Dramatic or Comedy Picture posthumously  Young's orchestral version was a #13 hit on the Billboard charts in 1957  The recording by Bing Crosby was the B-side of the Victor Young version in 1957, on Festival SP45-1274 in Australia, and was a joint charting success 

Recorded versions
The song has been recorded, among others, by:

Popular culture
The Buddy Greco recording was the first piece of music heard in the first episode of the 2012 television series Pan Am 
The song is used multiple times in various forms throughout the 2015 Japanese animated film The Anthem of the Heart 
The song is featured prominently in season 2, episode 6 of  The Marvelous Mrs  Maisel 
Passage 4:
A Boy Scout Around the World
A Boy Scout Around the World (Danish: Jorden Rundt i 44 dage, literally: Around the World in 44 Days) is a travel description published in October 1928 and written by Danish Boy Scout and later actor Palle Huld at the age of 15, following his travel around the world in spring 1928 His trip was sponsored by a Danish newspaper and made on the occasion of the 100th birthday of Jules Verne, a French author of adventure and science fiction  Palle Huld was chosen after having answered a newspaper advertisement; applicants had to be boys, 15 years old, able to manage in English and German and of good health  Like the characters in Jules Verne’s 1873 novel Around the World in 80 days he was only allowed to travel by land and sea, not by air  The travel (on first class) went from Denmark to Great Britain, across the Atlantic Ocean to Canada  From the American west coast he continued to Japan, China, Soviet Union, Poland, Germany and back to Denmark  He had to travel alone but was helped along the way by reporters of the newspaper, members of Danish embassies and local Boy Scouts  The travel was followed by not only Danish newspapers but newspapers around the world and on his return to Copenhagen he was met by a crowd of 20,000 people He travelled towards the west, which was the fastest but also the opposite direction of the one taken in Around the World in 80 Days  Unlike the novel, he had little problems in reaching departures  In western Canada he met First Nations, who promised not to take his scalp, though red scalps were at a premium  He was impressed by the luxury of the Pacific Ocean liner; its restaurant was the size of the hall of a castle in his opinion and onboard he could play tennis and water polo  Around the world he was met by the press and he got increasingly better at handling them as the travel progressed  One question that gave him problems was about his taste in women; he told the journalist that he was too young to think of it  He was met with generosity, many accessories for his travel such as shoes and a camera were given to him for free  He declined one offer  On board the Pacific liner he would not let a young American woman darn his socks  Later, when he visited the famous Japanese Admiral Togo, he had to take his shoes off and thereby reveal the holes in his socks, which made him regret not taking the offer  Nevertheless, Japan was his favorite country since he found everything pretty After his journey he was invited to, among others, Great Britain where he met with Robert Baden-Powell founder of the boy Scout Movement and France where he laid flowers on the grave of Jules Verne 

Legacy
The book was translated into 11 languages and is said to have inspired Belgian cartoonist Hergé to create the Tintin comics  The theory that Palle Huld should be the inspiration for Tintin goes back to 1988 where it was proposed by Tintin collector Stéphane Steeman in an article titled Les Amis d’Hergé  He found striking resemblances between the pictures of Palle Huld's memoires and Hergé's early drawings of Tintin He was backed by Philippe Goddin, who found it likely that especially Tintin's staged reception at Brussels' north station in the guise of a 15-year-old Belgian Boy Scout, following the 1930 publication of Tintin in the Land of the Soviets, was inspired by Palle Huld's reception in Copenhagen  It has not been possible to verify these claims by the papers left by Hergé, and Palle Huld himself had not heard of them when interviewed in 2009 on Tintin's 80 birthday Palle Huld died in 2010 at the age of 98 years  On what would have been his 100th birthday in 2012 the Danish version was reprinted in his honor 

Language editions
Czech: Kolem světa za 44 dni    Praha, 1929  172 pages
Danish (original): Jorden rundt i 44 Dage af Palle, Hasselbalch, 1928, 178 pages, preface by Jean Jules-Verne, cover: Axel Mathiesen  Reprint: 2  August 2012, Peoples Press Jr , added preface by Troels Kløvedal, 161 pages 
Dutch: Een reis om de wereld in 44 dagen  Translated by Mary Schlüter-Harrix  Amsterdam, ca  1928  170 pages
English (USA): A Boy Scout Round the World  Translated by Eleanor Hard  Coward-McCann Inc , New York 1929  Preface by Hawthorne Daniel  197 pages  Cover: Axel Mathiesen  (Also published in Great Britain) 
Finnish: Pallen Matka maailman ympäri 44 päivässä  Poorvoo (WSOY) /Borgå, 1929  212 pages
French: Le tour du monde en 44 jours  Translation: Elna Cornet  Hachette, Paris, 1928  165 pages, preface by Jean Jules-Verne 
German: Mit fünfzehn Jahren um die Welt in 44 Tagen, Seemann, Leipzig, 1928 
Spanish: La vuelta al mundo en 44 días  B  Bauza, Barcelona 1930
Swedish: Jorden runt på 44 dagar av Palle Åhlen & Åkerlunds Förlag, Stockholm, 1928  Translation: Signe von Vegesack  196 pages Also translated to: Hungarian, Italian and Japanese 

See also
Similar events inspired by Around the World in 80 Days
North, a 1994 film with a poster of a boy walking on a globe with a suitcase 

Notes
Passage 5:
James Poe
For the state legislator in North Carolina see James W  Poe

James Wilber Poe  (October 4, 1921 – January 24, 1980) was an American film and television screenwriter  He is best known for his work on such films as Around the World in 80 Days (for which he jointly won an Academy Award for Best Adapted Screenplay), Cat on a Hot Tin Roof, Summer and Smoke, Lilies of the Field, The Bedford Incident, and They Shoot Horses, Don't They? 
He also worked as a writer on the radio shows Escape and Suspense, writing the scripts for some of their best episodes, most notably "Three Skeleton Key", "Blood Bath" and "The Present Tense", all of which starred Vincent Price 
Poe was married to actress Barbara Steele from 1969 to 1978 

Career
Poe began his career at March of Time  He moved to Hollywood in 1941  He wrote radio plays and documentaries before moving into feature films He had to sue for credit on Around the World in 80 Days In 1965 Poe signed a contract to direct films at Columbia but never directed 

Select credits
Close-Up (1948)
Without Honor (1949)
Scandal Sheet (1952)
Paula (1952)
A Slight Case of Larceny (1953)
The Big Knife (1955)
Around the World in 80 Days (1956)
Attack! (1956)
Hot Spell (1958)
Cat on a Hot Tin Roof (1958)
Goodyear Theatre – "Curtain Call" (1958)
Last Train from Gun Hill (1959)
Sanctuary (1961)
Summer and Smoke (1961)
The Dick Powell Theatre – "Crazy Sunday" (1962)
Lilies of the Field (1963)
Toys in the Attic (1963)
Vacation Playhouse – "Come a Runnin'" (1963)
Munroe (1963) (TV pilot)
The Bedford Incident (1965)
Riot (1969)
They Shoot Horses, Don't They? (1969)
Bracken's World – episode "Together Again, for the Last Time" (1970)
The Gathering (1977)
Enola Gay: The Men, the Mission, the Atomic Bomb (1980)
The Nightman (1992)
Passage 6:
Jules Verne Trophy
The Jules Verne Trophy is a prize for the fastest circumnavigation of the world by any type of yacht with no restrictions on the size of the crew provided the vessel has registered with the organization and paid an entry fee  A vessel holding the Jules Verne trophy will not necessarily hold the absolute round the world record  The trophy was first awarded to the first yacht which sailed around the world in less than 80 days  The name of the award is a reference to the Jules Verne novel Around the World in Eighty Days in which Phileas Fogg traverses the planet (albeit by railroad and steamboat) in 80 days  The current holder is IDEC Sport skippered by Francis Joyon in 40 days 23 hours 30 minutes 30 seconds 

Route
The Jules Verne Trophy's starting point is defined by an imaginary line between the  Créac'h lighthouse on Ouessant (Ushant) Island, France, and the Lizard Lighthouse, UK  The boats have to circumnavigate the world leaving the capes of Good Hope, Leeuwin, and Horn to port and cross the starting line in the opposite direction 
The starting line is open as of the official ratification of the trophy's rules by the World Sailing Speed Record Council 

Rules
The Jules Verne Trophy is awarded to the challenger who breaks the previous Jules Verne record of the round the world voyage under sail  The winner holds the trophy until such time as his/her record has been bettered  The boats must solely be propelled by natural forces of the wind and of the crew, but the trophy is open to any type of boat with no restrictions  Crew size is not restricted either 
The circumnavigation must be completed non-stop and with no physical outside assistance, although on-shore weather routing is allowed  The challengers must respect certain safety rules 

History
The original idea for this competition has been attributed to Yves Le Cornec in 1985  The rules were defined in 1990  A committee was put in place to guarantee respect of the rules and fairplay  This committee included Peter Blake, Florence Arthaud, Jean-François Coste, Yvon Fauconnier, Gabrie Guilly, Robin Knox-Johnston, Titouan Lamazou, Yves Le Cornec, Bruno Peyron, Olivier de Kersauson, and Didier Ragot 
While the current holder of the trophy, Francis Joyon, also holds the around the world sailing record, this has not always been the case  In 2004 Steve Fossett broke the world record with the catamaran Cheyenne but was not awarded the trophy  According to reports, the trophy organizers requested a higher entrance fee from Fossett than from the other competitors, the difference which he refused to pay  The winner of the trophy that year was Olivier de Kersauson on Geronimo, with a time which was five days slower than Fossett's world record 

Summary of intermediate records
The best passage times are shared between 4 boats:

 Banque Populaire V , designed in 2006, launched in 2008 and renamed "Maxi Spindrift 2" in 2013
 Groupama 3 , designed in 2004, launched in 2006 and renamed  IDEC sport  in 2015
 Macif , designed in 2013, launched in 2015 and since then mainly singlehanded by François Gabart
 fr:Maxi Edmond de Rothschild  designed in 2014, launched in 2017Adding the record times of the various intermediate routes, gives a total record round the world in 36 days 22 hours and 36 minutes, or 4 days better than the record established in 2017 by Francis Joyon on  IDEC sport  

2016 record
Francis Joyon took possession of the former Groupama 3 on October 2, 2015, after three weeks of work at Multiplast, in Vannes  He chose an intermediate configuration between the initial power and a reduced rigging for solo races  Closer to the lightness and ergonomics sought alone, less versatile in particular in light winds, Joyon's choices paid off during his two passages in the southern seas at the end of 2015 and again at the end of 2016, earning him numerous records  With a crew reduced to six people,  IDEC Sport  was ready to attempt the Jules-Verne Trophy, held since 2011 by Loïck Peyron with a time of 45 days, 13 hours, 42 minutes and 53 seconds 
After an attempt in November 2016 met with unfavorable weather in the doldrums and the South Atlantic, and a shock that slightly damaged her fin, Joyon set out again on December 16, 2016 to conquer the trophy  He arrived on  January 26, 2017 with a new around the world sailing record of 40 days 23 h 30 min 30 s 
During their 2016 attempt for the Jules-Verne Trophy, Francis Joyon and his crew  broke numerous intermediate records: four have been formalized and are the subject of records duly certified by the WSSRC They made quick crossings of the southern seas starting with the Indian Ocean, covering 8091,73 miles in 10 days (an average of 809 miles per day)  This episode began ahead of the front of a depression which moved at a speed corresponding to the boat's potential from South America to the Pacific Ocean  During 12 days, the wind remained port tack, blowing constantly at over 30 knots, an ideal configuration for speed records  Top speeds varied between 38 and 44 knots  Due to bad seas, their speed dropped temporarily (29 knots or 700 mi (1,100 km) per day) but soon climbed back above 800 mi (1,300 km) daily 
After passing New Zealand and the Antimeridian, sailing port tack 205 degrees longitude (25 degrees West to Antimeridian) in the southern seas, the crew jibed in the transition between two depressions, and managed to catch up with the weather system in front of them over the Pacific Ocean, setting off again at more than 30 knots daily average towards Cape Horn 
Joyon rounded Cape Horn, 16 days after hitting the first left South America, after a course of nearly 12,000 mi (19,000 km) above 30 knots average (730, 16 miles per day over 16 days)  He then signs a performance increase of 30 to 40% compared to Loïck Peyron's record 5 years earlier  Leaving the southern seas with a lead of 4 days 6 hours 35 min over Peyron's previous record, Joyon and his crew regained 2,800 mi (4,500 km) on the record during this stretch 
The weather conditions allowed them to optimize their course, covering 26,412 mi (42,506 km) on the ground, at an average of 26 85 knots, for a theoretical course of 22,461 mi (36,147 km)  Banque Populaire V, the previous recordholder, had to cover almost 2600 more miles (29,002 miles) 

Distance records broken during the 2016 campaign
While the best day of Loïck Peyron's previous record was the only day above 800 miles from his record (811 miles over 24 hours, or 33 79 knots average), Francis Joyon maintains a speed above 800 daily miles for 10 consecutive days 
It thus improves a large number of progress records by a sailboat over a given period:

Other records broken during the 2016 campaign
Boat record and the second longest distance covered by a sailboat in 24 hours with 894 miles 
6 consecutive days at an average of 850 7 miles / 24 h (35 45 knots)
Ushant-Cape Leeuwin 17 d 06 h 59 min 45 (time of Loïck Peyron during the 2011 record: 17 d 23 h 57 min)
Ushant-Tasmania 18 d 18 h 31 min (time of Loïck Peyron during the 2011 record: 20 d 07 h 11 min)
Ushant-Antiméridien 20 d 07 h 01 (time of Loïck Peyron during the 2011 record: 22 d 11 h 34 min)
Ushant-Cape Horn: 26 d 15 h 45 min (time of Loïck Peyron during the 2011 record: 30 d 22 h 19 min)
Ecuador - Cape Leeuwin: 11 d 12 h (time of Loïck Peyron during the 2011 record: 12 d 9 h 2 min)
Cape Agulhas-cape Leeuwin in 4 days 9 h 37 min 46 at an average speed of 35 08 knots over ground (3,705 miles) or 842 miles in 24 hours (6 days 8 min or 36% more for Loïck Peyron's previous record)
Cape Leeuwin - Cape Horn in 9 d 08 h 46 min (12 d 22 h 22 min or 38% more for Loïck Peyron's previous record)
Cape of Good Hope - Cape Horn in 13 d 20 h 13 min (19 d 00 h 31 min or 37% more for Loïck Peyron's previous record)
Cape of Good Hope - Cape Leeuwin: 4 d 11 h 31 min (6 d 02 h 09 min or 36% more for Loïck Peyron's previous record in 2011)
Cap Leeuwin - Cape Horn in 9 d 08 h 46 min (12 d 22 h 22 min or 38% more for Loïck Peyron's previous record)
Indian Ocean: 5 d 21 h 7 min 45 s (WSSRC reference) (8 d 07 h 23 min or 41% more for Loïck Peyron during the 2011 record)
Pacific Ocean: 7 d 21 h 13 min 31 s (WSSRC reference) (10 d 15 h 07 min or 39% more for Loïck Peyron during the 2011 record)
Ecuador-Ecuador record: 29 d 9 h 10 min 55 s (WSSRC reference) (32 d 11 h 52 min or 11% more for Loïck Peyron during the 2011 record)
North Atlantic return record: 5 d 19 h 21 min (7 d 10 h 58 min or 25% more for Loïck Peyron during the 2011 record)

Jules Verne Trophy records
Notable performances
During her Jules-Verne trophy record in 2011–2012, the Banque Populaire V skippered by Loïck Peyron covered 811 70 nautical miles in 24 hours on 3 December 2011 at 11:45 UT, posting 28 days over 600 miles, including 9 days over 700 miles and 1 day over 800 miles During her Jules-Verne trophy record in 2009–2010, the trimaran Groupama 3 skippered by Franck Cammas covered 798 nautical miles in 24 hours on 13 February 2010 at 5 p m  UT, showing 17 days over 600 miles, including 10 days over 700 miles 
During her Jules-Verne trophy record in 2016–2017, the trimaran Idec sport skippered by Francis Joyon covered 894 nautical miles in 24 hours, and 10 consecutive days at 809 miles / 24 h  Francis Joyon rounds Cape Horn, 16 days after riding off of South America, and after a course of nearly 12,000 miles above an average of 30 knots (730 16 miles / 24 h over 16 days)  He then signs a performance increase of between 30 and 40% compared to the record to be broken by Loïck Peyron 5 years earlier  Leaving the southern seas with a lead of 4 j 06 h 35 min over Loïck Peyron's previous record, Francis Joyon and his crew regained the equivalent of 2,800 miles on the record during this episode 
During the aborted attempt of 2019, Yann Guichard sets a new record crossing the equator in 4 days 19 h 57 min and, thanks to favorable weather conditions, lines up 4,812 1 miles from the 11th to 16th day, or 802 miles / day for 6 consecutive days 
During his record around the world Singlehanded in 2017, 24 hour distance record for François Gabart on Macif: 850,68 miles in 24h During his attempt for the Jules Verne Trophy on December 5, 2020, Thomas Coville on fr:Sodebo Ultim 3 covered 889 9 miles in 24 hours (37 1 knots average, top speed 48 9 knots) 

Passage records
Intermediate records
Failed record attempts
The trophy
The "Trophy Jules Verne" was the subject of a public order of the visual arts delegation with the American artist Tom Shannon and is patroned by the French Ministry of Culture The work is a floating hull on a magnetic field, much as an anchorage for a ship  All dimensions have rigorous symbolic meaning  The midship beam of the hull corresponds to the diameter of the Earth, the ray of each end is proportional to that of the moon and the radius of the curvature of the frames is that of the sun  The competitors of the Trophy Jules Verne race around the Earth against time, with only the sun and the moon as companions and time keepers 
The sculpture is placed on a cast aluminium base, on which the names of the sailors having won the Trophy are engraved  The Musée national de la Marine in Paris hosts and maintains the Trophy  Each winner receives a miniature of the Trophy, magnetized like the original one 
When a record is broken, an official ceremony is held for the previous record holders to hand over the trophy to the new record holders, who are given the hull and must place it in its magnetic field mooring 

See also
Circumnavigation
List of circumnavigations
List of youth solo sailing circumnavigations
Around the world in 80 daysCompetitions and prizes
Global Challenge
Jules Verne Trophy
The race
Oryx Quest
Vendée GlobeOther speed sailing records
Speed sailing record
World Sailing Speed Record Council
Transatlantic sailing record
Around the world sailing record
Passage 7:
Michael Palin: Around the World in 80 Days
Around the World in 80 Days with Michael Palin is a 7-part BBC television travel series first broadcast on BBC1 in 1989  It was presented by comedian and actor Michael Palin  The show was inspired by Jules Verne's classic 1873 novel Around the World in Eighty Days, in which a character named Phileas Fogg accepts a wager to circumnavigate the globe in eighty days or less 
Palin was given the same deadline, and not allowed to use aircraft, which did not exist in Jules Verne's time and would make completing the journey far too easy  He followed Phileas Fogg's route as closely as possible  Along the way he commented on the sights and cultures he encountered  Palin encountered several setbacks during his voyage, partly because he travelled with a five-person film crew, who are collectively named after Passepartout, Phileas Fogg's manservant 
The programme was a critical and commercial success, gaining strong ratings in the UK and selling well abroad  It was also released on video tape and later on DVD  Following the trip Michael Palin wrote a book about the experience  The book contains much more detail, along with photographs, than could be presented in the TV programme, and Palin's personal views are also more evident 
Around the World in 80 Days was the first of a trilogy of globe-crossing series featuring Michael Palin as he visited many countries  The second series was Pole to Pole with Michael Palin (travelling from the North Pole to the South Pole), an 8-part series first broadcast on BBC One in 1992, and the third was Full Circle with Michael Palin (the circumnavigation of the Pacific Rim), a 10-part series first broadcast on BBC One in 1997  The series were followed by several similar conceptual travel series featuring Palin as he concentrated on smaller areas of the world  Hemingway Adventure (following in the footsteps of Ernest Hemingway) first broadcast in 1999, Sahara (travelling around and through the Sahara Desert) first broadcast in 2002, Himalaya (travelling around the Himalayas) first broadcast in 2004, New Europe (travelling around Eastern Europe) first broadcast in 2007, Brazil first broadcast in 2012, and Michael Palin in North Korea broadcast in 2018 

The Journey
The series was presented in seven episodes 

The Challenge
Palin accepts the offer from the BBC to attempt travelling around the world in 80 days  After setting off from the Reform Club in London, he boards the Orient Express at Victoria Station in London, while reminiscing on his rigorous preparations for his upcoming circumnavigation, which included a daily exercise programme, a chat with seasoned TV traveller Alan Whicker, who was the BBC's (but not the production team's, who deliberately talked him out of it) first choice for the series and would go on to criticise the show, calling it "a seven-hour ego trip", and the purchase of an inflatable globe  He also has dinner with his 'referees', who include Robert Hewison and fellow Pythons Terry Jones and Terry Gilliam  After taking a ferry across the English Channel, Palin crosses the Alps on board the Venice-Simplon Orient Express before being stopped in Innsbruck due to an Italian railway strike  Arriving in Venice by coach, he helps the local sanitation department clean up the city  After that, he travels through the Corinth Canal to Athens, where he sees the world-renowned Evzones, and meets a die-hard Python fan  After a brief stopover in Crete, Alexandria beckons 
Sections:

Outward Bound
Preparations
The Ultimate Traveller
Orient Express
Bad News
Venice
Travelling by Ferry
An Evening Meal

Arabian Frights
Palin arrives in Alexandria, Egypt, and has difficulty getting a train to Cairo  On arrival, he attends a local football match and appears in a cameo role in an Egyptian film  After seeing the Pyramids in Giza and riding a camel named Michael, Palin runs into difficulties when the ship he was supposed to board has engine problems and cannot sail  Even though he is able to take a ferry from the city of Suez to Jeddah, Saudi Arabia, he misses a key connection that would have taken him to Muscat  As a last-ditch effort to save the journey, Palin and the director Clem Vallance (and somebody from the British Embassy and a driver for some of the way) are permitted by the Saudi authorities to drive across Saudi Arabia to Dubai, with the rest of the crew (and their problematic camera equipment) making the journey by air   The Saudi Arabia leg of the trip is represented in the TV series only with a few still pictures taken along the way 
Sections:

Arabian Frights
The Road to Cairo
A Closer Look
An Appointment to Keep
Problems
At Sea
Jeddah
A Plan

Ancient Mariners
Palin recounts his trip from Jeddah to Dubai via Riyadh, and notes that he drove the distance from London to the Black Sea in one weekend 
In Dubai, the team finds a dhow named the Al-Shama to take them to Bombay  Along the way, Palin bonds with the dhow's crew who were an extended family from the Indian state of Gujarat, letting the oldest one listen to a Bruce Springsteen song on his Walkman, and developing a bad case of diarrhoea, resulting in many trips to the ship's unique open-air latrine  The journey took seven days on what became the most famous part of the whole trip featured in the series 
The trip on the dhow yielded so much material that the producers gained special permission to craft this extra seventh episode for what was originally planned as a six-episode series   In the interview included with the DVD release, Palin said that he would like to meet the dhow's crew and thank them again for their gracious hospitality, though he remarks that he may never see them again  In September 2008, Palin announced on his official website that he would be travelling to Gujarat in an attempt to locate the crew and reunite with them   Palin succeeded in finding them and this journey was chronicled in the BBC television documentary, Around the World in 20 Years 
Sections:

Ancient Mariners
Provisions
Mohammed
Life at Sea
Chips
Raising the Mast
Bombay Bum
A First Glimpse of India

A Close Shave
In Bombay, Palin finds himself a week behind Phileas Fogg  After getting a quick shave from a blind barber under a tree and seeing a snake charmer's cobra, he is able to get a train ticket to Madras in south-eastern India  Before leaving Bombay, he visits astrologer Jagjit Uppal who, after giving him a chart for a baby to be born to one of his referees, Robert Hewison, tells him he will complete the journey on time, possibly even ahead of schedule and that time lost will be made up throughout the voyage  He also suggests that this will be just the first of many epic journeys Palin will make over the coming years 
Palin then embarks on the Indian Railways express line called the "Southern Express" for Madras in Tamil Nadu state  On the way, it stops in Pune, where Palin talks about his father winning two rowing cups there in 1923  In Madras, he has difficulty finding a connecting boat to Singapore  Eventually, an "   Anglo-German-Indo-Yugoslav agreement the UN would have been proud of" was reached and Palin sets off on a Yugoslavian freighter, eleven days behind  The agreement allowed only Palin and the cameraman Nigel Meakin to travel aboard the ship, and on condition that they worked as deckhands  That meant that Palin had to take a "crash course in sound recording" so they could film aboard the ship  Arriving in Singapore, Palin worries whether or not his connecting boat from Singapore has sailed  If it had, it would have been impossible to complete the journey in eighty days 
Palin later reunited with the captain of the Croatian ship in Rijeka, Croatia, during filming of his New Europe series  This meeting was not shown in the original broadcast of the series but it is on the deleted scenes on the DVD 
Sections:

A Close Shave
A Day in Bombay
Off to Madras
Making Friends
Arrival
A Boat to Singapore
11 Days Behind Schedule
Waiting to Dock

Oriental Express
Palin finds that the ship had indeed sailed from Singapore  However, quite fortunately, it was only four miles from shore and Palin was able to make it on board using a fast motorboat  While in Hong Kong, he has a big win betting on a horse race, is attacked by a cockatoo and meets up with his friend, photographer Basil Pao  He attends a party thrown in his honour at the halfway point (in terms of days) in the journey  Then it is on to Guangzhou for a dinner of shredded cobra and then a train journey to Shanghai  On the train, he is asked by a Chinese businesswoman if he carries an umbrella all the time  Palin replied, "I just get wet " He also collects the roofing tile requested by Terry Gilliam from a very old railway station 
Sections:

Oriental Express
Welcome to Hong Kong
Local Life
The Hong Kong Riviera
"China, here we come"
A Snake Supper
The Train to Shanghai
A Four Seasons Climate

Far East and Farther East
In Shanghai, Palin gets some herbal remedies to help him on the rest of his trip  He and Basil Pao take in a Chinese jazz band  After parting with Pao the next day, Palin takes a Chinese ferry to Yokohama, where he rides the world-famous shinkansen train to Tokyo  Here he meets David Powers, a British journalist, and is taken to a sushi bar and then a karaoke bar, where he sings a duet of "You Are My Sunshine"  After spending the night in a capsule hotel, he boards a container ship to cross the Pacific Ocean  The journey takes eleven days and is very dull, enlivened only by a game of pass the parcel with the Singaporean crew, and the crossing of the International Date Line   Palin partakes in an unusual ceremony to commemorate crossing the line, involving getting doused in tomato paste and flour, and drinking a strange cocktail containing many ingredients, among others, "eggs, curry powder, cocoa   "  Palin suggests that some people involved in the ceremony had watched Full Metal Jacket to prepare for it 
Sections:

Far East and Farther East
Time to Move On
Japan
Karaoke
The Neptune Garnet
Worsening Weather
Ship-Lag
Halfway Round the World

Dateline to Deadline
Arriving in Long Beach, California only two days behind Fogg, Palin spends his first night in America aboard the permanently berthed Queen Mary  After a few days, he boards Amtrak's Desert Wind in Los Angeles and travels to Glenwood Springs, Colorado in the Rocky Mountains  He takes a hot-air balloon ride and a dog sled trip in Aspen, Colorado  After a nerve-wracking delay he realises he probably should have stayed on the Chicago-bound train  Eventually arriving in New York City (Palin was actually supposed to depart North America from Nova Scotia, Canada, as he mentions earlier in the film, but the reason for the substitution for New York is not mentioned in either the film or the book, although the delay due to the stopover in Colorado is a probable cause)  However, in the first episode it is mentioned that departure from either New York City or Nova Scotia would be where the final leg of the journey would take place  He boards the final ship of his journey dead even with Phileas Fogg on day 71  This container ship takes eight days to cross the Atlantic Ocean, and after a quick lunch in Le Havre, Palin arrives in Felixstowe, touching Great Britain for the first time in two and a half months  A few train connections later he arrives at his starting point, the Reform Club in London, but is not allowed in to film, but Palin does get a warm welcome at the BBC with his referees  The journey ends 79 days and 7 hours after it began  The closing credits show Palin chatting with his referees at the BBC offices as he presents the souvenirs requested by them at the beginning to ceremonially prove his accomplishment 

Sections:

Dateline to Deadline
America by Train
Glenwood Springs
Behind Schedule Again
New York Bound
Nine Days Left
Felixstowe
The End in Sight

Production
The journey around the world lasted from 25 September to 12 December 1988  Palin travelled through the following countries by foot, train, ship, balloon, and husky dog, amongst other methods of transport (except for aircraft): United Kingdom, France, Switzerland, Liechtenstein, Austria, Italy, Greece, Egypt, Saudi Arabia, Qatar, United Arab Emirates, India, Singapore, Hong Kong, China, Japan, and the United States 
Only four members of Palin's film crew completed the circumnavigation: Clem Vallance, Roger Mills (the directors), Angela Elbourne, and Ann Holland (the production assistants)  The three others who started with him left when they got to Hong Kong, and were replaced by others  Strictly speaking, it was only Palin who obeyed the rules of the journey, as the production team was not allowed on the road trip across Saudi Arabia and Qatar (Palin and Clem Vallance did this stretch) or on the Croatian ship (Palin and Nigel Meakin did this stretch)  The remainder of the team flew on these stretches  During the Jeddah to Dubai episode, Palin managed to snap a few pictures which are seen in the documentary 
While preparing for the journey, Palin had a chat with renowned documentarist Alan Whicker  In the book and an interview on the DVD, Palin mentions that Whicker had been the BBC's first choice of presenter, but he and two others (Miles Kington and Noel Edmonds) had declined; Palin was fourth on the BBC's list 

Around the World in 20 Years
On 30 December 2008, the BBC aired a special one-hour documentary entitled Around the World in 20 Years  In it, Palin goes in search of the crew of the Al Shama, the dhow which carried him from Dubai to Bombay (now Mumbai) some 20 years ago  After an extensive search involving the shipping company that owned Al Shama, Palin tracks them to the city of Mandvi in Gujarat  There, Palin finds the captain of Al Shama himself, along with five other members of the crew  Two of the original crew members had died in the intervening years, one of them being the older man whom Palin had let listen to Bruce Springsteen on his Walkman  Palin also discovers that the Al Shama had sunk in the Indian Ocean while being towed for repairs years before  The production crew are the same people as on 80 Days 

See also
Television portal
 World portal
Passage 8:
Summer Magic
Summer Magic may refer to:

Summer Magic (film), a 1963 Walt Disney Productions family musical film
Summer Magic (EP), an EP by Red Velvet
Summer Magic (song), a song by Ai
Summer Magic, a 1994 set of Magic: The Gathering cards



ground_truth: O