prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: Le Rêve was created by the director behind what Cirque du Soleil production from 1998 onward?

The following are given passages.
Context 1: Passage 1:
Carolina Moraes
Carolina Moraes (born 5 April 1980) is a former synchronized swimmer from Brazil  She competed in the women's duet competition with her twin sister, Isabela Moraes, at both the 2000 and 2004 Summer Olympics  Both also competed for Ohio State University, winning 11 national championships, including the team routine title in 2000, and four straight titles in duet and trio routines between 1999 and 2002  Following the Olympics, Carolina and Isabela retired and joined Cirque du Soleil, with their first performance being as part of the 2005 World Aquatics Championships opening ceremony  Both have been  part of the cast of Le Rêve, a show presented in Las Vegas since 2007, though Carolina is less frequent as she travels with her husband, part of Cirque du Soleil's technical team 
Passage 2:
Isabela Moraes
Isabela Moraes (born 5 April 1980) is a former synchronized swimmer from Brazil  She competed in the women's duet competition with her twin sister, Carolina Moraes, at both the 2000 and 2004 Summer Olympics   Both also competed for Ohio State University, winning 11 national championships, including the team routine title in 2000, and four straight titles in duet and trio routines between 1999 and 2002  Following the Olympics, Carolina and Isabela retired and joined Cirque du Soleil, with their first performance being as part of the 2005 World Aquatics Championships opening ceremony  Isabela has been since 2007 part of Le Rêve, a show presented in Las Vegas 
Passage 3:
Zumanity
Zumanity (zoo-manity)  was a resident cabaret-style show by Cirque du Soleil at the New York-New York Hotel & Casino on the Las Vegas Strip, placed into the theatre previously occupied by Michael Flatley's Lord of the Dance (musical)  The production was unveiled on September 20, 2003 (previews started on August 14, 2003) and had its last performance on March 14, 2020  It was announced on November 16, 2020 that the show would be closing permanently  It is the first "adult-themed" Cirque du Soleil show, billed as "the sensual side of Cirque du Soleil" or "another side of Cirque du Soleil"  Created by René Richard Cyr and Dominic Champagne, Zumanity is a departure from the standard Cirque format  Intended to be for mature adult audiences only, this show is centered on erotic song, dance, acrobatics, and comedy The inspiration to create Zumanity  came from multiple sources  Cirque du Soleil founder Guy Laliberté had been offered the chance to create two new shows in Las Vegas, and wanted something completely new and original rather than multiple similar shows that would cannibalize off of each other's sales and audiences  Another reason was that the New York-New York Hotel and Casino wanted to make their entertainment appear more "trendy " The hotel liked the concept of a more adult Cirque du Soleil performance Laliberté admits that the biggest reason to produce this show was the chance to create something with riskier subject matter  He was interested in the idea of creating a show that explored human sexuality, something that was at complete odds with the other, more family-oriented Cirque du Soleil shows  "Our previous shows have all been family-oriented and politically correct, which is great," Laliberté said, "but we're human beings, we won't hide it  We're a bunch of happy campers  We like to live new experiences  Zumanity deals with some of those experiences "On February 22, 2022, Cirque du Soleil announced that a new show, "Mad Apple," would replace the Zumanity show at New York-New York Hotel and Casino, which opened on May 26, 2022 

Costumes
Thierry Mugler designed the costumes for Zumanity; he created the costumes to enhance the sensual atmosphere and heightened sexuality of the production   Many of the costumes are highly colorful, yet some are minimal to an exaggerated extreme  Fur, feathers, leather, lace, fishnet stockings, velvet dresses, tiny corsets, cone bras, and plastic accessories were primary materials utilized to create the costumes' provocative appeal  Jonel's costume, for example, is made of stretch vinyl and is airbrushed to create a semi-nude effect; her bright red wig is made of expanded foam  Faun has fur on his pants which is made from toothbrush bristles, human hair, and yak fur  Molinier's long velvet dress was created by using a stencil and net onto which black silicone was applied  Though some characters are made to look entirely nude, the sex organs are fake pieces  Zumanity had Cirque's most expensive and elaborate costumes, the Rose Boy's g-string alone costing $75,000 
For a great selection of character costumes and concept art, see Le Grand Chapiteau - Zumanity - Personages

The Human Zoo
The lobby was created in European style, with an emphasis on curves  A long lighting fixture on the ceiling looked to be made of many strips of golden silk  One of the walls was lined with what looked to be a burgundy, padded headboard  Along the headboard, there were peepholes that originally were conceived to show clips of erotic, vintage films, but eventually showed promotional posters of the show  There was a large window filled with blue swirls, and a glowing, golden fixture in the wall that seemed to resemble a labia  Another window with a frame that looked like branches or vines showcased the "Amsterdam Room," which had one of the performers in it, dancing and teasing the guests in the lobby  You could talk to the performer through a phone built into the wall  The lamps were elegant and attached to the wall by arms that looked porous  There was a small nook with a couch you could lay on, usually with one of the performers  The grand staircase leading to the balconies also looked to be made of vines, or even nerves possibly symbolizing the sense of touch 
The theatre had 3 bars, the Eroticafés: two on the ground floor and one upstairs  They served sushi and various drinks, the highlight being the Zumanitini  The Zumanitini was 1 oz  Vodka Citron, 1/2 oz  Cherry Pucker, and a splash of Triple Sec, Sweet and Sour, and cranberry  Next to one of the bars was a small stage that looked like someone's bedroom  You would always find one of the cast members beckoning to the guests from the bed  The restrooms were unique in that you would hear whispering and teasing at each station  Different from the other shows, Zumanity had multiple performers roaming the lobby, always ready to playfully flirt and take photos 
Entering the theatre itself, you'd find yourself in a cabaret, smaller and more intimate than the other resident Cirque du Soleil Las Vegas shows  The stage looked to be a marble parquet, with elegant, red curtains and two spiral staircases on either side  Above the stage was a bridge that the band played from, which could move up and down  Many chandeliers hung around the stage  The walls were lined with very dimly lit lamps  The carpet featured naked women in a style that looked similar to a Renaissance or Baroque painting  Around the back sides of the stage were barstools, and around the front circle of the stage were loveseats - special options on top of the normal theatre seating 
When the curtains opened, a giant structure called "The Wave" was exposed  These were two massive, wavey screens that images could be projected on  The screens could be moved into different positions 
The shop contained all sorts of novelties, from Zumanitini glasses to chocolate soap bars  Naturally, one could also find various adult-themed items 

The Show: 2003 - 2005
Animation
"Through a series of scene transitions, this comedic quartet supplies the counterpoint to all that is erotic and provocative about ZUMANITY  In a show filled with serious sexual tension, Spymonkey is a reminder of the importance of having a laugh at ourselves and having fun in the bedroom!"Spymonkey was composed of Toby Park, Petra Massey, Aitor Basauri Barruetabena, and Stephan Kreiss
Eliot Douglass plays a jazzy cabaret tune on the piano as the Molinier stands by with a cigarette  Zumans descend the spiral staircases to walk among the audience, with some stripping on stage  Luciene and Licemar Medeiros, twin sisters in showy French maid outfits, brush up against audience members in the aisles as they feed them strawberries  Antonio Drija, Zumanity's resident Gigolo, flirts with audience members, passes out calling cards, and takes polaroids  The Puritans, Spymonkey dressed up as Quakers, take to the stage protesting the show's obscenities, while ironically being a bit sexual themselves Welcome, "Hello boys, hello girls"
"Half-lit cigarette, empty martini glass, all these chicks lined up in a row on a street with no name in a city that never sleeps "
The Puritans are booted off stage  Joey Arias, our "Mistress of Seduction" madame, emcee and drag artist, sings a jazzy tune in her sensuous, smokey voice reminiscent of Billie Holiday  She then welcomes and warms the audience up for the coming show with laughs and very personal questions for the guests Warnings, "Rules of the House"
Lonnie Gordon, acclaimed dance, pop, and R&B singer, takes the stage, singing a song that highlights some things about the effects of the show that may surprise audiences, and what is prohibited  Eventually, Corinne Zarzour, Zumanity's rock diva, would join her Extravaganza
“Blaring horns and hammering drums announce the beginning of the fanfare  One by one the cast makes its fashionable entrance, parading down the catwalk in costumes every bit as vibrant, bold, and diverse as their spectrum of talents and personalities  It’s an incandescent introduction to the colorful cast of performers who will guide the audience on their journey into the world of ZUMANITY ”Wind and Wassa
"We summon the spirits of passion and hope "
"All at once a storm sweeps over the stage as Marcela [de la Vega Luna], Queen of the Wind, summons the spirits in a fevered flamenco dance  With smoldering intensity, her hypnotic trance stirs the soul, arouses the imagination and prepares the senses for an uninhibited transformation "
"Marcela awakens the unbridled passion in Wassa [Coulibaly]  Exploding into a vigorous African dance, her arms, legs and torso take on a primal energy of their own, flying erratically and erotically in rhythm to the intoxicating tribal pulse "Water Bowl
"Do you remember that first hint of something delicious and strange? Of water on parched lips? Or that very first glass of champagne? Do you remember how, in one magical moment, everything changed?"
"Abandoning their innocence, contortionists Gyula [Gyulnara Karaeva] and Bolormaa [Zorigtkhuyag] bathe in inhibition and taste love for the first time  Fluidly they glide through the water striking a sensual array of inconceivable poses to explore the limits of physicality, sexuality and creativity all at once "
Cirque's Amaluna would also showcase a water bowl act years later in 2012 Hoops
"Oh, innocence: so fleeting, so fragile  One day the sweet young thing, the next thing you know, you're soaking wet and lying naked in a hotel room in Vegas  Story of my life: 'what goes around, comes around '"
"Julia [Kolosova] brings to life the school girl fantasy  She gyrates and swivels as she guides her hoops up and down her lithe frame, ultimately engulfing her body  Then, without warning, the dream takes flight as she soars through the air performing daring feats of aerial choreography "
Julia hula hooped in midair while swinging around the theatre The Rose Boy
"I've been looking at all these beautiful, sexy, wonderful women up on stage tonight, and I know some of you are wondering, 'Where's the beef?' Does anybody want some roses?"
"Alex [Castro] peels away the tough exterior to expose his weakness    for the ladies  He tantalizes and teases the audience by revealing his chiseled body bit by bit in a sinfully seductive striptease "Pom Poms
Spymonkey comes out entirely nude (the privates were prosthetics) and teases the audience by covering themselves only by pom poms, which they remove to give quick flashes of their bodies  At one point, one of the members crawls over the audience's seats with his privates getting entangled in guests' hair Body2Body
"These days I live for the elicit tingle of skin on skin, the taste of sweat, and the pungent scent of passion  How about you? Are there parts of your lover's body you've left unexplored, untouched, untasted? Well, my only question is, "What are you waiting for?'"
"Sara [Joel] and Stéphan [Choinière] entwine in a tantric, hand-balancing duet that underscores the beauty of sex  Featuring a breath-taking array of Kama Sutra-inspired maneuvers, their act portrays the discovery of a lover’s body with dramatic strength, flexibility and trust "
The artists maneuver their bodies into various shapes, making living, human sculptures  Body2Body can be related to hand-2-hand, although it is done quite differently  The performers use their entire bodies to lift each other, and the act has high emphasis on choreography Expressions and Dislocation
Expressions: Interlude into Dislocation where the Fauna [Jesse Villa] breakdances on the stage 
Dislocation: "Limber Lothario, Moukhtar [Gusengadzhiev], performs on command for his sadomasochistic sirens, who derive pleasure from watching him squirm  Redefining flexibility, his elastic body bends, twists, and contorts into nature-defying positions that inspire both 'awes' and 'ows '"Dance on TV
"Gorgeous good girl, Elena [Gatilova], breaks out of her shell to grab her lover’s attention  Turning up the heat on love gone flat, she ignites the scene with her feminine wiles, sultry gymnastics and dance to rekindle the flame and make her lover see her again as if for the very first time "
This act features a television set in the middle of the stage, with multiple men watching the sports game playing on the set  Elena dances on the TV, trying to get their attention  Eventually she succeeds and the sports game turns to static  Zumanity's other female dances take the stage, and they all remove their tops and dance on chairs for the men 2Men
"Tumultuous lovers Patrick [King] and Johan [King Silverhult] tango in the throes of passion  Through their fierce choreography unfolds a love story between two deities, Love and War  Again and again they attract and repel in intense conflict until the magnetic energy between them becomes more than they can bear "
Patrick and Johan perform a violent dance in a cage, symbolizing fighting  They are sparring over Marcela, who dances in the background in a flamenco dress, egging them on  As the fight goes on, it becomes softer and more sensual, and the brilliant red light behind Marcela starts to grow smaller  The fighters eventually lose all focus on Marcela, give one big, passionate kiss, and walk off the stage together, to Marcela's great dismay Revenge of the Doll
Spymonkey reappears to shed their sexual inhibitions  One of them carries a sex doll onto the stage, preparing to have fun with it  He is chased by a few of the others dressed as policemen  When he comes back out, the doll comes to life to hump the audience members and the cast  Originally, there was also a segment where Spymonkey used gags to mock some of the previous acts, much like in Cirque's Dralion Savage Love, Market, Fire, and Aerial Straps
"Are you still hiding from monsters under your bed? Skeletons in your closet? Follow me to a place where rules are broken and pleasure dances with pain  Just be careful what you ask for    you might just get exactly what you deserve "
Market, part 1: First, arabesque music plays as the Boteros juggle dildos, Zumans flail in chains, and Jonel Earl dances with a whip  The interlude resembles a sadomasochistic circus  This act originally contained 2 pythons, Adam and Yves, some of Cirque's only animals ever used in its shows  This interlude would remain in the show until its closing 
Fire: Fire was only in the show for a few weeks, but it featured Heidi Good and Jila Alaghamandan in very showy S&M leather outfits as they performed a fire dance  Androgynous Cape ["Almukatab" Jacobo Espina] also danced with one of the snakes  This act was removed from the show because Guy Laliberté, Cirque's founder, did not want a fire act in the show  The smoke left in the air after the act also made it difficult for the Straps artist to perform 
Savage Love: It is unknown when exactly this act was in the show, but it is believed to be either the replacement for Fire or a back-up act  This act featured Vanessa Convery and Ugo Mazin violently dancing in the 2Men cage  See reference for a video of the act 
Market, part 2 (also called Inferno in press releases): "Pleasure dances with pain as ZUMANITY’s resident gigolo, Antonio [Drija], feels the wrath of the women [Jonel Earl, Laetitia Ray, Vanessa Convery, Sophie Ayache, and Agnès Roux] he has scorned  Captured by a militia of vixens in a barred prison cell he finds himself caught in the middle of rough-and-tumble romantic revenge "This act replaced either Fire or Savage Love, and was in the show until around 2005  There was also a version of it that used 7 men and 1 woman 
Straps: "Laurence [Jardin], alone on stage in fragile silence, is bound by her straps  An exercise in self-inflicted pleasure and pain, she uses the leather contraption to tease and torture herself  All the while she watches her bonds ease into auto-erotic aerial maneuvers  Scored by heavy breathing, gentle moans of ecstasy and the friction of her straps, Laurence’s self-satisfying bondage flight draws to a climactic finale "From 2005 and onwards, Market, referred to above as "part 1," would lead directly into straps S&M Hoedown
Spymonkey comes onstage dressed in S&M leather with various pain-inducing items  They do a hoedown dance while inflicting pain on themselves as a sexual stimulant Sheets and Tissus
Sheets: An opening interlude to Tissus," this is a short ballet where the dancers had silken, white sheets on their hands that they danced with 
Tissus: "Though he desperately tries to catch her attention, Alan [Jones Silva] passes unnoticed by the glamorous goddess Olga [Vershinina]  Finally, the once unattainable object of his affection is within arms reach as their two worlds entwine mid-flight in mesmerizing aerial dance "Midnight Bath
"Let your imagination have free reign  Let your fantasies take you to unexpected places "
"With the suggestion that you can’t keep love locked up in a bedroom, Vanessa [Convery] and Ugo [Mazin] give imagination free reign and let fantasy take them to unexpected places  Using milk as their medium they caress each other’s flesh in this luscious lactic sexual experiment "As the name suggests, this act was performed in a bathtub in the middle of the stage  The act was opened by another jazz number from Joey Arias: "Touch me, hold me, never let me go "Orgy, has been referred to in the show as Lazy Susan of Sex, Sex Station 69, Garden of Delights, and Zumanitarium
"The cast emerges from every orifice of the theatre in search of hedonistic prey  In duos, trios (and some flying solo), they assume a smörgåsbord of sexual positions on the Lazy Susan of Sex, where they touch, stroke, moan and embrace until the tension builds to an orgasmic conclusion "This is an audience participation segment  Antonio would lead two members of the audience onto the stage, usually one male and one female  Each would be given to a few of the cast members that would try to arouse them based on their sexual orientation  Antonio usually caressed and rubbed up against the female as the emcee would ask personal questions and make sexual innuendos  The emcee would then move on to the male and try to arouse him  If he was okay with it, his shirt and pants would be removed by the time the emcee got to him  Joey Arias would stick her microphone into his underwear and speak into it Pacemakers and Finale
"Bringing the show full circle, senior-most members of the cast, Birgit and Fleming [Thomsen], surprise the audience with an astonishing hand balancing adagio  Together they defy time and gravity with physical feats of strength, flexibility and control  This real life couple, married for over 48 years, is a testament to the enduring, everlasting nature of true love "
Birgit and Fleming were sitting in the audience and brought on stage as "guests," when in reality they were cast members and would break into acrobatics 

The Show: 2005 - 2015
There were various changes throughout 2005, from acts to costumes  The Body2Body artists left the show and the act was replaced by Hand-to-Hand  Spymonkey also left and the "Sexperts," Dick and Izzy, replaced them for the remainder of Zumanity's run  While Pom Poms stayed in the show through 2014 (and would feature Dick, Izzy, and the Boteros), all of the other clown acts were new  Pacemakers and Extravaganza would also be changed around 2006, when Extravaganza was moved to the end of the show and Pacemakers left permanently 

Dick and Izzy: "Zumanity’s resident sex therapists, Dick [Nicky Dewhurst] and Izzy [Shannan Calcutt] aim to please with their sexy and silly methods engaging the audience in a hilarious round of not-so-innocent repartee  The sexual tension runs high as Dick, a French sex merchant, peddles his wares, while Izzy, his wife!, searches the audience night after night for a boyfriend "Animation: Instead of the Puritans, Dick and Izzy come out dressed in 1950s-esque prom outfits  Both hit on various members of the audience and try to swing with the couples  They make sexual innuendos with bananas and fence with dildos 
Scotch Baggies!: Izzy pitches her new business - little plastic sandwich baggies that she fills with scotch (in reality, tea) to use instead of breast implants  She removes her top and has one of the male members from the audience hold the baggies to her breasts as she tapes them to herself  "You are not going to see this at the Celine Dion show "
Knives (possibly called Sex Toys): Volunteers from the audience is strapped to a board and blindfolded while tricked into thinking knives are being thrown at them 
Vegas Hook-Up (also referred to as Express Dating): Audience members are once again brought on stage  Dick and Izzy explain that it's better to forget all of the normal wooing on a first date and go straight for the bedroom  They teach the audience members how to turn each other on  Then, they make them get onto a bed and ride each other as they sink into the stage and silly string shoots up Hand-2-Hand
"In an aggressive but intimate hand-balancing duet, [Joanie Leroux-Côté] and [Nicolas Alain Michel Besnard] entwine in a powerful act with breathtaking acrobatic-inspired manoeuvres  Their flawless movements thrust the two kindred spirits into a provocative tale of lust "I Like It
Back-up act where Joey Arias would sing another jazz song 
"Oh, What a Feelin" may have also been sung more than during Joey's final performance Mistress of Sensuality, Edie
"Part showgirl, part cabaret queen, Mistress of Sensuality Edie [Christopher Kenney] plays hostess to your every fantasy  As the sun sets and desires come alive, Edie uses her signature blend of sass and sensuality to guide the audience through the erotic escapades that make up the world of Zumanity "
Joey Arias left the show at the end of 2007, and Edie became Zumanity's main emcee for the rest of the run Roue Cyr (Cyr Wheel)
"Jonas [Woolverton] is brought to the stage on his knees   A slave to love and forced to perform for his Mistress, he spins and turns inside his wheel while she cracks her whip  He is eager to please, even donning a blindfold for some of his tricks  One can only hope the pleasure is worth the pain he receives   "Handbalancing
"Dima ["Shine" Bulkin] is alone, going in circles around his pole  He has just about given up on love when he meets a lovely contortionist who seems to fit into his world  She brings him back to earth in this beautiful act "Chains
"Brandon [Pereyda] brings fantasies to life  He flies and defies gravity on his chains  Dreams take flight as he soars through the air, performing daring feats of aerial athleticism choreography and strength "
Though this act is associated with the refresh in 2015, Zumanity's 2012 b-roll shows this act being used  It was most likely a back-up or rotational act until it was made a main act in 2015 

The Refresh: 2015 - 2020
On January 20, 2015, a refresh of the show was introduced to the public in which roughly 30% of the show was changed from its original concept  Certain acts, including Hoops, Dance on TV, Pom Poms and  Tissus (in its original form) were retired  Entirely new acts included chains, Aerial Dream, and Perfect Jam  Tissus was changed into a solo act and the Rose Boy evolved into Magnum, mostly the same routine but the dancer became a secret agent  Yanis Marshall choreographed new dance segments throughout the show, and there are multiple acts in which men dance in high heels (including Wind, Perfect Jam and for a short amount of time, the 2Men act)  The show also features new and updated music, costumes, comedic acts, characters and artists 

Come Together
"All at once, a storm sweeps over the stage as three characters, Spirits of the Wind [Marie Ndutiye, Tiffany de Alba, Arnaud Boursain], summon passion, desire and lust in a fevered dance  With smouldering intensity, their hypnotic dance stirs the soul, arouses the imagination and prepares the senses for an uninhibited transformation "Magnum
"Look out, ladies, 'cuz here comes Magnum  He's an undercover agent, and it's no secret he's on a mission  Who's gonna share that special bond? Is it you? Catch him if you can "
"Magnum [Willie Hulett], our very special secret agent, peels away his tough exterior in a sensual mission for the ladies  He tantalizes and teases the audience by revealing his chiseled body bit by bit before showing off his secret weapon "Perfect Jam
"Let me entice you to unlock and unleash your inner diva "
"Gorgeous, and powerful, the dancers [Tiffany de Alba, Anouck Margueritte, Briana McKee, Marie Ndutiye, Kaitlyn Reese Davin, Leah Sykes-Hodgson, Monteece Taylor, Arnaud Boursain, Pepe Muñoz Martinez] invade the space to express and celebrate their female and male energy and unleash their inner diva  Turning up the heat, they ignite the stage performing a sultry and dynamic dance that will entice the imagination "Aerial Dream (also called M&M)
"Is there someone in your life that you lust for, long for, but the only safe place to rendezvous is in your dreams? You fall asleep and hope he's there again tonight  The best part? Nobody needs to know, not even the person right next to you, shhh   "
"One woman and one man [Marina Tomanova and Michael McNamara]  One bed  One airborne fantasy  She dreams about him, the intense secret object of her desires  They will meet and experience a magnificent, sensual and passionate performance  Dream or reality?"2Men
"2 men in a cage [Arnaud Boursain, Pepe Muñoz Martinez]  Through their fierce choreography, a passionate story of impossible love and anger unfolds  Again and again, they attract and repel in intense conflict until the magnetic energy between them becomes more than they can bear "As previously stated, the big thing that changed about this act was that the men danced in bright red heels and in an entirely new form of dance 
This was eventually changed into a wushu (sport) act with ninjas [Philip Sahagun and Wes Scarpias] Tissus 2 0
"Though he desperately tries to catch her attention, Alan [Jones Silva] remains unnoticed by Mariko [Muranaka], the musical muse whose beauty propels him to soar to new heights  Finally, the once-unattainable object of his affection is within arms’ reach, and their two worlds come together at the finale of this mesmerizing aerial dance "Body2Body 2 0
Used as a back-up for hand-2-hand, Stéphan Choinière returned to the show in 2017 and performed a new version of Body2Body with Tsvetelina Tabakova Solo Strap
A solo strap back-up act that was performed by Tsvetelina Tabakova from 2019 onwards Light
A comedic act with Dick and Izzy as they rave on the stage with one of the audience members Trapeze
Halfway around the world, his loved one is away  It's raining, and descending in his thoughts are the warmth of her love, the softness of her lips, the caress of her touch    It’s late, he’s restless and alone again tonight, and not knowing when they’ll be together again sends his emotions flying "
Arthur Morel van Hyfte's act in 2017  This used the bed and music from Aerial Dream and replaced the act for awhile 

Emcees
Main emcees
Mistress of Seduction, Joey Arias: August 14, 2003 to December 31, 2007
Raven O: August 14, 2003 to December 31, 2006
Mistress of Sensuality, Edie [Christopher Kenney]: Jan 1, 2008 to March 14, 2020Understudy emcees
Queen of Québec, Vanessa Convery: back-up for an unknown time, but she was in the show from August 14, 2003 to January 3, 2014
Señorita Extravaganza, Antonio Drija: back-up for an unknown time, but he was in the show from August 14, 2003 to January 3, 2014
AXLE Beaurouge [Brandon Pereyda]: May 1, 2017 to March 14, 2020
Pepe Muñoz Martinez: roughly 2014 to 2016
Pulga, Alan Jones Silva: July 18, 2016 to March 14, 2020Guest emcee
NeNe Leakes: June 27, 2014 to July 01, 2014

Characters
Mistress of Seduction/Mitzi la Bouche/Mitzi la Gaine/Mistress of Ceremonies - Joey Arias
Mistress of Sensuality, Edie - Christopher Kenney
Pulga - Alan Jones Silva as emcee
AXLE Beaurouge - Brandon Pereyda as emcee
Queen of Québec - Vanessa Convery as emcee
Señorita Extravaganza - Antonio Drija as emcee
Wind/La Muerte - Marcela de la Vega Luna
Dick and Izzy/The Sexperts - Nicky Dewhurst and Shannan Calcutt
Afrique/African Queen - Wassa Coulibaly
Ginger - Shereen Hickman as clown understudy to Izzy
Jane - clown understudy to Izzy
Jessica - Laetitia Dewhurst as clown understudy to Izzy
Rose Boy - Alex Castro
Spider Shadow - Dima "Shine" Bulkin
Magnum - Willie Hulett
Blue Robotica - Mariko Muranaka
Biker - Brandon Pereyda
Fauna - Jesus Villa
Athon and Arno Extravaganza/The Gods of Love and War - Patrick King (Athon) and Johan King-Silverhult (Arno)
Molinier (see Pierre Molinier) - Jonel Earl
Botero Sisters - Licemar and Luciene Medeiros
Casanova/Gigolo/El Siete - Antonio Drija
Miss Salsa - Agnès Roux
Mec Branché - Ugo Mazin
Mademoiselle Loup/Blue Blade - Laurence Jardin
Dominatrix - Jonel Earl
Ballerine - Sophie Ayache
Comet - Stéphan Choinière (originally called Ultraman during creation, after the Japanese super hero)
Romantique/Vixen Vanessa/Diamond Girl - Vanessa Convery
Scottish Fantasy - Alex Stabler
Tissu Star - Olga Vershinina
Airman - Nicolas Alain Michel Besnard
Androgynous Cape - "Almukatab" Jacobo Espina
Carol/La Catin - Elena Gatilova
Valentino
Bunny Girl
Lothario - Moukhtar Gusengadzhiev
Roadrunner - Jerónimo Garcia-Cabral Medina
Illusia and Illaria
Queen of Barbare - seems to be Jila Alaghamandan

Music
The studio album for Zumanity was released on March 22, 2005, under Cirque du Soleil's music label  This is an "inspired by" album containing music that was not actually used in the show and was very loosely based on the live music  This is similar to the songs If I Could Reach Your Heart, We've Been Waiting So Long, and Reach for Me Now on the KÀ album  The CD does not feature Zumanity's musicians, although it does contain the voice of Joey Arias and that of Anna Liani, who worked with Zumanity's composer, Simon Carpentier, on the show's music and wrote the lyrics to Mio Bello, Bello Amore  She also sings Mio Bello, Bello Amore on Cirque's Midnight Sun DVD  The music on the album is mainly a collaboration between Simon Carpentier, Robbi Finkel, and Robbie Dillon 
A promotional album entitled Foreplay was included with the original program  It was released on July 31, 2003, and contains select work-in-progress songs from the show's creation period  The program was last sold around 2005, and this album is now considered a collector's item  Four other work-in-progress songs were released on Zumanity's website in 2003, all completely different from anything used in the show, although one of them was quite clearly an early version of Wind 

Names for live music:

Zumanity Tango (2Men, 2003-2020)
Sex Is Beautiful (Body2Body, 2003-2005; Body2Body 2 0, 2017-2020; Hand-2-Hand, 2005-2020)
Love Myself (possible name for Straps, 2003-2020)
Girl Attitude (Cyr Wheel, ?-2018)
Libera me (Hoops, 2003-2015; Aerial Dream, 2015-2020; Trapeze, 2017)
The tune to this song was changed from 2015 onwards 
I Like It (Rotational act sung by Joey Arias and possibly Raven O, 2005(?)-2007)
What a Feelin’ (Act sung by Joey Arias during her final performance on December 31, 2007)
The Rose Boy (Rose Boy, 2003-2015; Magnum, 2015-2020)
My Erotic Lounge (Scotch Baggies!, 2005-2020)
Major-Minor (Welcome, 2003-2007)
Wind (Wind, 2003-2015; Come Together, 2015-2020)
Mio Bello, Bello Amore (Pacemakers, 2003-2006(?); Handbalancing, 2010-2018; Solo Strap, 2019-2020)
Disco Alan (Tissus 2 0, 2015-2020)
The opening of this song contains an instrumental medley of Wind and Mio Bello, Bello Amore 
Into Me (Chains, 2012(?)-2020)
Water Bowl (Water Bowl, 2003-2020)
Perfect Jam (Perfect Jam, 2015-2020)
First Taste (Water Bowl opening, 2003-2020)

Vocalists
Emcee
See the Emcee section above for a list of the hosts of the show  The emcee sang Major-Minor for Welcome, Midnight Bath, Sex Is Beautiful, the Rose Boy, and I Like It from August 14, 2003 to December 31, 2007  From 2008 onwards, the emcee only sang during the Rose Boy and Sex Is Beautiful  The songs sung by the emcee are mainly in the jazz/cabaret genre Hip Hop Singer
Kinnie Starr: August 14, 2003 to September 2003
Little is known about this period in Zumanity's history, but Kinnie may have sung some of the rock singer's songs for acts like Dance on TV and Water Bowl R&B/Soul Singer
Lonnie Gordon: August 13, 2003 to December 31, 2006
Debbie "Divine" Davis: January 2007 to December 31, 2007
Paris Red: January 1, 2008 to March 14, 2020
Cassiopée: August 2017 to December 2017
Cassiopée also sang as a back-up for both the R&B and rock roles, depending on which one was needed, during 2016 to 2020 Rock Singer
Corinne Zarzour: October 3, 2003 to January 2004; September 2004 to March 14, 2020
Nathalie Noël: January 2004 to September 2004
Laur Fugère: 2004; 2006Backing Singer
Geneviève Dubé: August 14, 2003 to March 14, 2020
Melle Vasquez: August 14, 2003 to March 14, 2020
Anne Charbonneau: August 14, 2003 to December 2008

Original Musicians
Anne Charbonneau (bandleader/accordion/keyboards/keyboard programming) - August 14, 2003 to December 2008
Jean-François "Djeff" Houle (assistant bandleader/bass/programming/laptop fx) - August 14, 2003 to 2006(?)
Jean-François Blais (clarinet/flute/soprano and tenor saxophone/percussion) - August 14, 2003 to March 14, 2020
Jean-François Thibeault (trombone/percussion) - August 14, 2003 to June 2009
Larry Aberman (drums/percussion/programming) - August 14, 2003 to October 31, 2019
Melle Vasquez (guitar/percussion/banjo) - August 14, 2003 to March 14, 2020
Geneviève Dubé (vibraphone/violin) - August 14, 2003 to March 14, 2020
Eliot Douglass (piano) - August 14, 2003 to October 31, 2019
Lonnie Gordon (percussion) - August 14, 2003 to December 31, 2006
Sébastien Jean (flügelhorn/trumpet) - August 14, 2003 to October 31, 2019
Passage 4:
Mystère (Cirque du Soleil)
Mystère (French: [mis tɛʁ], mee-STAIR, "mystery") is one of six resident Cirque du Soleil shows in Las Vegas, Nevada  Held in a custom theatre at the Treasure Island Hotel and Casino, the show was first performed on 25 December 1993, making it the company's longest running show  As with many Cirque du Soleil productions, Mystère features a mixture of circus skills, dance, elaborate sets, opera, worldbeat music, and street theatre-style comedy  Featuring a musical score composed by René Dupéré and Benoît Jutras, the show was created under the direction of Franco Dragone 

History
The idea for Mystère started around 1990  It was originally planned for Caesars Palace with a theme based on Greek and Roman mythology  The plan, however, was scrapped by the casino executives, who thought the project would be too financially risky  Mystère was very different from the typical material they were used to in a Las Vegas show  According to Mystère set designer Michel Crête, "Vegas    was still very influenced by Folies Bergère, with the scarves, feather boas, etc  There was a European culture already in place, oddly enough, not an American one  The people who opened the door for something new were Siegfried and Roy  They were the first to move away from the Folies Bergère thing "
Treasure Island picked up the show three years later  Mystère was their first show that would have its own theater, rather than touring with a circus tent   Mystère would have a permanent base in Las Vegas  They worked with Mirage Casino-Hotel to produce a show 
Recent milestones Mystère has achieved include:

Mystère celebrated their 20th anniversary on 25 December 2013  
Mystère celebrated their 10,000th show on 27 December 2014 
Mystère celebrated their 11,111th show on 17 May 2017 

Set and technical information
The theater is a unique theater built in the Treasure Island Hotel and Casino specifically for the show  The design of the theater was created by Michel Crête and that of Montreal-based team of Scéno Plus  This theater seats 1,541 audience members  The stage measures 120 feet by 70 feet deep and covers approximately 10,032 square feet  The stage floor is made of a layer of Base Mat, which is rubber made from recycled old tires and sneakers  This helps give the stage some bounce for tumbling  This is held together by polyurethane adhesive and covered with thousands of gallons of liquid that dries onto the surface  The Downstage D Lift is 36 feet in diameter and includes a 28-foot revolving stage  The revolving stage rotates up to 10 revolutions per minute  Props, equipment, and performers are elevated to stage level from the basement or trap by four moving lifts  These moving lifts were constructed in Montreal and then assembled in Las Vegas, NV The snail seen growing larger throughout the show is called Alice  By the end of the show, she is a giant inflatable puppet controlled by four puppeteers from the inside  The puppeteers move her around by following markings on the floor, since they can not see outside the puppet  They also control her eyes, torso, and tail The taiko drums in Mystère are created by the Japanese company Asano Taiko, located in Mattō, Ishikawa Prefecture  The largest drum in Mystère is the ōdaiko, which is 6 feet (1 8 m) in diameter and 15 feet (4 6 m) in length, and weighs half a ton  Due to the large size of the drum, it had to be brought into the theatre during construction  Since the completion of the theatre the drum can not be removed, as no door is large enough to accommodate it 

Characters
The cast of Mystère comprises a myriad of fantastic and mysterious characters  All this information was confirmed by Mystère's artistic director from 1995 to 2001: Pavel Brun 
Inti X & Y (Spermatos/Spermatites): A comic chorus representing the seeds of life 
Red Bird: Convinced he can fly  According to Pavel Brun, he is the main character in the entire narrative of Mystère's universe 
Les Laquais: The "lackeys" of Mystère who serve and support others  They perform in the Korean plank act 
Brian Le Petit: A troublemaker who steals people's popcorn and causes chaos both onstage and off  (2000–present)
Chanteuses Plumes: A duo of muses who sing the emotion of all humans 
The Firebirds: Along with the Double Faces, they perform the Chinese pole act 
Les Bébés: Two enormous babies on a quest for nourishment  There's Big Baby (also known as Bébé François) and the Baby Girl  There was a third baby for a short period, similar to Francois, who was a part of the original 1993 cast, until his eventual removal in Mid-1994 
Egon Egli: A strange, lanky, bespectacled youth who rides across the stage on his bicycle  No longer in the show 
La Vache à lait: Protector of youth and a symbol of fertility  When he sounds his horn, it heralds a new beginning 
Moha-Samedi: A man in pink, named after the first day of the new millennium  He is the narrator no one listens to, he was originally portrayed by Canadian actor Paul Ahmarani and later by Lorenzo Pisoni 
La Belle: Afraid of ugliness, she seeks to avoid pain at all costs 
Black Widow: The antithesis of La Belle  She represents a praying mantis who destroys the illusions and dreams of her victims  Originally portrayed by Katie Renauld
Birds of Prey: These unpredictable birds soar and fly throughout the world of Mystère  They are graceful, yet aggressive when hungry  Originally portrayed by Lejdka Zievert and Mark Ward
The Frog: Creepy characters witness to the strength of birth and time 
The Green Lizards: Mischievous and skittish chameleons  There is the Male Chameleon and the Female Chameleon (who are not present in the show anymore)  The Male Chameleon was originally portrayed by Karl Baumann
Double Faces: These two-faced creatures perform in the Chinese pole act 
Les Palmiers: Out of a purple-blue mist, these tropical ladies float by 
Deus ex machina: The machine that regulates the existence of everything 
The Tribe (Les Pagnes): The primitive, tragic ghosts of modern humanity  They descend from the skies to provide the earthly beat of our journey  They welcome us, and they bid us farewell  They perform in Taïko
Monarch Bird: A male bird introduced in 2022 as backup dancing character 
The Prince of the Darkness: The prince of the dark side of Mystère, performed by Miguel Godreau from 1993 to 1994; he left the show for health reasons and is no longer in the show  Left before the premiere due to complications from HIV  He was originally part of the group of dancers containing La Belle, Birds Of Prey, Green Lizard and Black Widow 
La Banane: A yellow creature with a large, bulbous head that performed with some artists from 1993 to 1995; no longer in the show  originally appeared on the Net-Up set, before Flying Trapeze 
The Shaman: A mysterious man who creates the sounds of the world; no longer in the show  Originally portrayed by Luis Perez
Bungee Warrior: A duo of muscle men able to fly in the air 
The Jugglers: A trio of jugglers that performed the Manipulation act from 1993 to 1995; no longer in the show 
The Cube Man: Exhibiting great strength and courage, he captures the attention of young souls in search of wonder ; no longer in the show  Originally played by Mikhail "Misha" Matorin, and later Paul Bowler
The Mountain Man: An archangel who is ready to sacrifice everything  Originally known as Gabriel reffereing his archangel statut 
Mephisto and Vénus: Part of the Giants race, they are thwarted, twisted creatures  Their presence wreaks havoc in any domain  Together they want to create chaos and destroy the balance that exists within the world of Mystère 
The Giants: A gentle race with feathers and long legs  There's the happy-go-lucky Pumpkin Giant, the grumpy Fly Giant, the magnificent Giraffe Giant, the rare Plume Giant (no longer in the show) and the Egg Giant, a delicate interior inside a protective shell 
Stas Greyner: a kind of playful dwarf  Performs handbalancing since 1998 
The Medusa: A long-appendaged creature that was part of the original cast between 1993 and 1995; no longer in the show  Appeared among the smoke and disappeared among the shadows, performed during the Net-Set Up 
The Wheel Rider: A slightly tattered man who performed the German Wheel act from 1995 to 1997; no longer in the show  Originally played by Wolfgang Bientzle
The Green Man: A curly-horned creature similar to a Satyr that was part of the cast from a short period in 1997, no longer in the show  Originally portrayed by Guennadi Tchijov 
Tony: A living doll that was part of the original cast between 1993 and 1995, Originally portrayed by Tony Manducas; no longer in the show 
 The Zucchinis: Two inflatable marionettes only used in the Net Set-up for the original trapeze act; no longer in the show 
The Egg: An egg-like creature who appeared sometimes during the Overture and Bungee acts from 1993 to 1995; no longer in the show 
Alice the Escargot: An enormous snail  Born from a spring rain, carrier of the souls of the ancestors and herald of the future 
The Bungees: Like majestic birds in flight, the Bungees dive fearlessly through the air, creating images of unison and separation 
Benny Le Grand: Mystère's original clown, a mad professor-esque character who was more dark and bitter  He would often cause mischief either by whacking one of the Spermatos with a drumstick, throwing a loaf of bread at the red bird, drenching people with bottled water, interrupting the show as an impromptu tour guide, throwing around silver dollars, popcorn, and women's purses, harassing ticket holders, discouraging guests from seeing the show, or kidnapping an audience member and driving them around in a golf cart  (1993 - 1995, 1996 - 2000)
Alex El Sobrino: Benny Le Grand's Spanish nephew, who was slightly more refined in personality  (1998 - 2000)
Alfredo et Adrenaline: A comedic duo of clowns who had previously appeared in Le Cirque Reinventé's European tour, and the special Zirkus Knie show  They often bickered with each other while trying to entertain the audience, from Alfredo trying to perform as a mime, to the two of them throwing paint at each other while trying to perform a song, but they soon literally kissed and made up  (1995 - 1996)

Acts
Mystère features several acrobatic acts, supplemented by clown acts and transitional scenes that advance the storyline 
Aerial Straps Duo (2017 – present): A pair of aerialists performs twists and turns as they fly over the stage 
Chinese Poles and Hand Balancing (2012–present): A group of acrobats climb up, jump between, and slide down four adjacent metal poles while an acrobat contorts into poses on two balancing canes on a platform above the Chinese poles 
Hand-to-Hand (1993 – present): Two artists perform an exhibition of strength and stamina on a rotating dome 
Bungee (1993 – present): A group of artists bounce and swing from the ceiling to the ground and back on bungees 
Teeterboard and Power Track (2017–present): Artists perform a combination of these two skills 
Taiko (1993 – present): A group of artists perform powerful rhythms on Japanese taiko drums 
Flying trapeze (2012 – present): Unlike the original version where two separate trapeze towers were surrounded by a platform on one side and an aerial cradle on the other, the current version has a platform on either side  Each trapeze tower now has two trapeze bars swinging beside each other  The act and music were originally from Zed (a resident show at Tokyo Disney Resort) which closed in 2011 

Reserve acts
Aerial Straps (1994, 2002 – present)On reserve for the aerial straps duo; features a single artist on straps with the Black Widow or La Belle performing choreography on stage 

Retired acts
Manipulation (1993 - 1995)
Flying Trapeze (1993 - 1995)
German Wheel (1995 - 1997)
Dual High Bar (1996 - 2012)
Flying Man in Silk (1997)
Aerial Cube (1996, 1998 – 2015)
Chinese Poles (1993 - 2011)
Trampoline, Fast Track, and Korean plank/Teeterboard (1993 - 2017)
Aerial Straps and Cube (2016 – 2017)
Aerial Silk (2012 – 2017)

Acts used in the film Cirque du Soleil: Journey of Man (2000)
Taiko
Aerial cube
Aerial straps

Acts used in the film Cirque du Soleil: Worlds Away (2012)
Aerial cube

Costumes
Dominique Lemieux took inspiration from nature to create the colorful costumes of Mystère  One such costume is the Firebird, which has red feathers and accents that give the impression of embers flying through the air  The odd-looking Spermatos and Spermatites are dressed in elongated costumes which bulge in the center and have a tendril-like feature on the head  To give the characters an organic nature, spandex/lycra was used in conjunction with fringes and borders 

Music
The original score of Mystère was composed by René Dupéré, who had composed all of Cirque du Soleil's earlier shows, including Nouvelle Expérience and Saltimbanco  In 1994 the show's music was released as a studio album featuring the vocals of Canadian singers Élise Gouin (now known as Élise Velle) and Nathalie Gauvin 
In 1995 the show underwent an artistic overhaul, including changes in the lineup of acts  The "Manipulation" act was replaced by the "Aerial Cube", the Flying Trapeze act by the Aerial High Bars (the Flying Trapeze returned in 2012), and the Acro Net setup dance act was excluded from the show  At the same time the musical score was renovated with assistance from Benoît Jutras, a longtime music director and arranger for Cirque who later went on to compose for Quidam and other Cirque shows  The result, captured in the album Mystère: Live in Las Vegas, was a score that reflects the diverse compositional styles of both composers   Mystère: Live in Las Vegas is a live, in-house recording of the new score, featuring Nathalie Gauvin and Wendy Talley on vocals; the album was released on November 12, 1996  After the release of the live album, the music was rearranged and altered once again  While the album resembles the current live music closely, it is not identical  For the celebration of the 25th anniversary of the show in 2018, a vinyl album specifically dedicated to the employees was created in limited quantities, just as it was done for the show Alegria in 1994 and Saltimbanco in 1997 
Below are the track lists for the 1994, 1996 and 2018 Mystère soundtrack albums  Acts are listed next to the songs they have accompanied in the show 

Songs not appearing on either album:

Alice (Ending, 1993 - 1995  Updated version of song right after "Finale," 1995 - present)
Benny (Clown act, 1996 – present)
Mime (Clown act, 1995 - 1996)
Bolero (Clown act, 1995 - 1996)
Benny Le Grand (Clown act, 1993 - 1995)
Cercles (German Wheel, 1995 - 1997)
High Bar II (Dual high bar, 2010 - 2012)
Avos (Bungee, 2022 - Present)
Hell/Angel (Dei ex machina, 1993 – present)
Rampant (Chineses poles Exit)
Nouvel Envol (Aerial cube, 2015 - 2017) (Solo Aerial Straps, 2015–present) (Duo Aerial Straps, 2017 - 2018)
Love Over (Duo Aerial Straps, 2018 - present)Vocalists
Singer 1

Nathalie Gauvin: Dec 1993 - Dec 2005
Jeannette D' Armand: 2000 (temporarily replaced Nathalie Gauvin)
Mirjana Milovanovic: Jan 2006 - Jul 2007
Sarah Boucher: Jul 2007 - Sep 2009
Silje Marie Norderhaugh: Sep 2009 - Jan 2013
Anna Bille: Jan 2013 - Dec 2014, Oct 2017
Kailee Ann: Dec 2014 - Aug 2017
Mackenzie Thomas: April 2018 - PresentSinger 2

Elise "Gouin" Velle: Dec 1993 - Sep 1994
Wendy Talley: Sep 1994 - Dec 1997, 1998 (temporarily replaced Chantal Hamel)
Chantal Hamel: Dec 1997 - Jul 1999
Stacey Beth Sanford: Jul 1999 - Dec 2000
Dina Emerson: Jan 2001 - Jan 2002, Apr 2007 - Jun 2017
Rochelle Collins: Jan 2002 - Jul 2003, Oct 2003 - May 2007
Briana Rossi: Jun 2017 - July 2021
Brittany Mae: July 2021 - PresentSinger 3

Luis Perez: Dec 1993 - Jul 1996

In popular culture
Mystère was a featured guest performance on Lopez Tonight, airing December 20, 2010  The featured acts included the hand-to-hand and aerial cube acts 
In the film Knocked Up, the main characters watched Mystère 
In the webseries Dorm Life, the character Courtney Cloverlock, a huge Cirque du Soleil fan, has posters of both Mystère and Love by her bed 
Yuji Naka, creator of the video game Nights into Dreams…, has cited Mystère as an inspiration for the game 
Mystère did a performance collaboration with alternative rock band Imagine Dragons for the Life is Beautiful Festival 
Passage 5:
O (Cirque du Soleil)
O is a water-themed stage production by Cirque du Soleil, a Canadian circus and entertainment company  The show has been in permanent residence at the Bellagio in Las Vegas, Nevada, United States, since October 1998  O, whose name is pronounced the same way as eau, the French word for "water", takes place around and above a 1 5-million-US-gallon (5,700 m3) pool of water  It features water acts such as synchronized swimming as well as aerial and ground acts   The O theatre, which is designed to resemble a 14th-century European opera house, has 1,800 seats, thus allowing the performance to be watched by 3,600 people a night since the performance usually plays twice in a given day, also designed to meet the special demands of the show O was inspired by the "infinity and elegance of water's pure form," which pays tribute to the beauty of the theatre  A group of 150 stage technicians assist in the production of the show, the cast of which is 85 performers: international acrobats, synchronized swimmers, and divers  Some of them are former Olympic athletes 

History
Since late October 2010, Cirque du Soleil has offered backstage tours of the O theatre  The experience allows visitors to see the backstage wings, training rooms, costume workshop, break area, underwater lighting area, and go up to a catwalk into the sound and lighting booths   Not every experience 
will be the same as the tour is conducted around a "regular day", so performers may or may not be training, rehearsing, or even working out As of early 2011, O has grossed over a billion dollars since the show opened in 1998 O has received many awards, including the following:

Entertainment Design Award, best production show, 1998
Las Vegas Review-Journal, best production show, 1999–2006
THEA, live show category, 1999
Prix Italia, creativity in high definition, 2009, for the documentary FlowO had its 10,000th performance on 1 September 2019 

Set and technical information
The show has a cast of 85 acrobats, synchronized swimmers and divers performing in and above a 1 5 million-gallon pool  When maintenance needs to be performed, the pool is drained in about 12 hours to the Bellagio Lake, causing the lake's water level to rise 1 inch (25 mm)  The pool is kept at 88 °F (31 °C) and has an underwater speaker system and regulators that allow performers to breathe underwater  Every member of the cast is scuba-certified 
The underwater stage lift was produced by Handling Specialty   In order for the platform stage to rise and fall in the water without a wake, the rubber surface of the stage is perforated Cold air vents under each seat help control the theatre temperature for the audience  The goal is to maintain two temperature zones in the theatre: the stage is kept at a higher temperature of 84 °F (29 °C), while the audience area is kept at a lower temperature of 72 °F (22 °C)  A mesh false ceiling allows warm moist air to escape out of the top of the theatre To minimize damage to the musical instruments, the musicians play from glass enclosures in the theatre  Some of the musical instruments used in the show are more than 100 years old  The unique string instrument heard in the soundtrack of O is an erhu, a traditional Chinese bowed string instrument 
To maintain a fresh look on the performers, some performers have multiple sets of costumes so they may reappear dry despite having been in the water   Some of the costumes only have a lifespan of approximately 20 shows due to the bromide and chlorine in the water Additional facts about the show:

Some of the props function as boats, like the umbrella that Le Vieux rides on the water 
There are 15 technicians underwater during the show, performing various tasks such as artist handling and props manipulation 
The horses that the Comets ride in the show weigh 900 pounds (410 kg) 
The clown house weighs over 7,000 pounds (3,200 kg) 
Hanging 49 feet above the stage, the carousel and téléphérique (a conveyor system) carry tons of equipment as well as performers during the show 
Most of the props that are used during the show are actually driven by the Performers who ride them   For instance, the carousel horses have a small propeller underneath their tails; they are controlled by a joystick located on the back of the horse 

Costumes
Costumes for O drew inspiration from many sources: commedia dell'arte, the Baroque, India, the Arabian Nights, as well as Venetian courtly fashions   The costumes' silhouettes are defined by the design and are accentuated by the transparency of the selected materials and fabrics   Many costumes' base design are leotards which are then expounded upon: this includes the Zebras and Flayed Ones, among others   The Flayed Ones' leotards, for example, originally had hand-painted muscles on them, as digital screen-printing was inaccessible at the time of creation   Another special attribute critical to costumes in O is their treatment to help withstand the water and chemicals in it   To achieve this feat, roughly 40% of the costumes have been applied with a specific type of silicon sizing   In addition, the materials chosen are more durable and had to be able to both mould to the performer's body and dry quickly  Over the years the best fabric found for the costumes has been nylon mesh, which performs well either wet or dry Additional facts regarding the costumes:
A separate room was built with timed heaters and fans to air-dry many of the costumes which cannot be tumble-dried 
Sixty loads of laundry are done nightly to wash the costumes which can be machine washed 
The swimmers' costumes are replaced every 3 months 
The Comets' costumes last for a full year 
All wigs and headpieces had to have chinstraps added 

Music
The music of O was composed by Benoit Jutras and features a mix of classical Western and world instrumentation, including Chinese violin (erhu), bagpipes, African guitar and harp (kora), Colombian guitar, cello, ancient woodwinds and a wide variety of percussion instruments  During the show, the score is performed by a live band situated behind glass walls above and to the side of the stage  The glass protects the musicians' equipment from moisture damage 
O's music was recorded at the Bellagio and released on November 24, 1998  (ASIN B00000FDJZ) The album was re-released on September 6, 2005  (ASIN B000A2H9WU) The songs are listed below with their corresponding act in parentheses Album track list (and acts in the show accompanied by each song):

Jeux d'Eau (Solo and duo trapeze)
Mer Noire (Barge)
Tzelma (Interlude from bateau)
Africa (Interlude from clown act 1)
Remous (Bateau)
Svecounia (Interlude from contortion, cerceaux)
Nostalgie (Intro to russian swings)
Simcha (Character parade, Russian swings)
Gamelan (Contortion)
Ephra (Flying man and cadre)
Désert (Opening, nage, solo and duo trapeze)
Terre Aride (Fire)
O (Finale)Additional songs in the show not included on the album:

Danse (Clown act 2) (2001-present)
Debbie (Journey of Man) (Washington/solo trapeze)
Festival (Interlude from Fire)
Sur Terre (Clown act 2) (1998-2000)
Plouf (High dive)
La Glace (Clown act 1) (1998-2000)
Reda Ver 1 (Opening) (1998-2000)
Reda Ver 2 (Opening) (2001-present)
Confluence (Interlude from Cerceaux)
Merou (Washington trapeze) (1998 only)
Nenuphar (Intro to contortion)
Robinet (Clown act 1) (2001–present)
Humoresque No  7 Opus 101 (Opening Interlude) (1998-2000)
Aurora (Opening Interlude) (2001–present)

Filmography
In 2007, Cirque du Soleil released the film Flow (A Tribute to the Artists of "O")   The documentary was filmed in the O theatre and by the Colorado River   The film shows certain artists performing out around the river as well as on stage and provides information on the necessary technical equipment used to produce the performance   Bonus features of Flow include: performance clips, Russian swing act, technical information and film below the surface of the O pool, and information about the creation of O itself In 2009, Flow won the Prix Italia award for the category of Creativity in High Definition The following acts were used in Cirque du Soleil: Worlds Away:

Synchronised swimming
Bateau
Fire
Duo trapeze
Contortion
Aerial hoops
Passage 6:
Le Rêve (show)
Le Rêve ("The Dream") was a stage production in residence at the Wynn Las Vegas casino resort  It was the only Las Vegas show set in an aquatic theater-in-the-round stage (>1 million US gallon (water capacity)  The show featured diving and feats of strength with special effects, including fire effects  No seat is more than 40 feet (12 m) from the stage   The production was originally created by Franco Dragone but has been substantially revised over time  The show featured more than 90 performers and 250 cast and crew members Each member of the cast must become SCUBA-certified before performing in the theater  In January 2018, Le Rêve completed a two-year reimagination of the production  The show now features all-new costumes designed by Suzy Benzinger, choreography by Marguerite Derricks, music by Benoit Jutras and lighting design by Jules Fisher and Peggy Eisenhauer  In April 2019, the show was voted “Best Production Show” by the Southern Nevada Hotel Concierge Association for the ninth consecutive year 

Show
While the show is continually revised over time, the central theme includes a female lead who see-saws back and forth between her dueling desires for love and passion, mind or body, as she finds herself attracted to two men  Put into a dream world to help her decide between the two suitors, she embarks on a mystical journey  The show concludes with what the production calls "a graceful and inspirational scene "The show includes dancing, swimming, gymnastics, diving and stunt performances, aerial performance and trained dove flights  During the production run, two of the athletes playing romantic leads fell in love themselves  Olympic athletes and notable gymnasts have joined the cast over the years 

History
The show had its world premiere on May 6, 2005 All rights to the show are owned by Wynn Las Vegas, so the resort is able to adapt the show at will  Le Rêve celebrated its 3,000th performance in January 2012   The show celebrated its 12th anniversary in the summer of 2017 and has performed approximately 5,700 shows  Le Rêve celebrated its 6,000th performance in May 2018 
The House of Dancing Water, has some similarities to Le Rêve and O by Cirque du Soleil The cast and crew of “Le Reve,” the signature production at Wynn Las Vegas since the hotel opened in 2005, were placed on furlough May 28, 2020  The first large-scale Las Vegas production show to permanently close due to the coronavirus pandemic is one of the most acclaimed performances to ever hit the Strip  Wynn Las Vegas confirmed “Le Rêve” has shuttered for good after more than 6,000 shows over the last 15 years 

Honors and awards
Media history
Six performers from Le Rêve were the models for the season finale of Face Off, aired on SyFy on March 26, 2013   They also performed an act in the make-up, complete with full immersion and dives into the water 
Le Rêve was featured on an episode of the Fine Living series What Makes it Tick, produced by NorthSouth Productions 
Cast members from the show performed on a results episode of NBC's summer hit America's Got Talent in 2010 
Cast members were also featured in the music video for the single "Only the Young", by Brandon Flowers 
32 performers from Le Rêve staged a "surreal, elaborate montage of scenes" from the show as part of the 2010 Latin Grammys at the Mandalay Bay Events Center in Las Vegas  The event was broadcast live on Univision 
Cast members and the show were featured on the first episode of Somebody's Gotta Do It with Mike Rowe on CNN 

Theater and Facilities
The show take places in a unique aquatic theater-in-the-round  The swimming pool has a capacity of more than 1 million US gallons with its deepest point at 27 feet  Performers climb to heights of more than 80 feet above the water before diving straight down  Public estimates of the cost of the theater itself were up to $75 million for the original construction, not including later renovations such as 180-speaker surround sound Two significant curtain effects have been used, including a 24-panel canopy that takes more than an hour to reset for the next show In 2008, a VIP seating area was added to the theater   In 2015, an additional 172 fountains, 120 LED lighting fixtures, and 16 fire-shooting devices were added by WET Design   Current capacity is 1,600 per show, not including an underwater SCUBA viewing area that is sometimes available for VIP guests 
Context 2: Passage 1:
Man and the Moon
"Man and the Moon" is an episode of Disneyland, which originally aired on December 28, 1955  It was directed by Disney animator Ward Kimball 
The show begins with a humorous look with a man's fascination with the Moon through animation  This segment features characteristics of the Moon depicted from William Shakespeare and children's nursery rhymes to lunar superstitions and scientific research  Then Kimball comes on with some information on the Moon, supplemented by graphics  Kimball then introduces Dr  Wernher von Braun, who discusses plans for a trip around the Moon  Dr  Wernher von Braun was employed as a technical consultant on this film by Walt Disney, and on a number of other Disney films  He had a great knowledge of rockets, as he had helped to develop the V-2 rocket while working for Nazi Germany 
Finally, a live action simulation from inside and outside the crewed ship Lunar Recon Ship RM-1 dramatizes what such an expedition might be like, including an almost-disastrous hit by a very small meteor  Towards the end, this film presents what seems to be a bit of "sci-fi"; as the RM-1, crossing the Moon's night side, approaches the night/day terminator, high radiation is suddenly detected, and a flare fired over the area reveals what looks like a rectangular double wall, or the ruins thereof, extending out from a crater; strangely, none of the crew remark on it, and the unusual radiation is never mentioned again   This episode later reaired in 1959 under a new title: "Tomorrow the Moon" 
This episode was preceded by "Man in Space" and followed by "Mars and Beyond"  It was repeated on June 13, 1956, and September 25, 1959 

Home media
The episode was released on May 18, 2004, on Walt Disney Treasures: Tomorrow Land 

See also
"Man Will Conquer Space Soon!"
"Our Friend the Atom"
Passage 2:
Von Braun (crater)
von Braun, named after the rocket pioneer Wernher von Braun, is a lunar impact crater located near the northwestern limb of the Moon  It lies along the western edge of the Oceanus Procellarum, to the northeast of the crater Lavoisier  The northeastern rim of this crater is on the edge of the Sinus Roris, a bay feature in the northwestern part of the Oceanus Procellarum  Due to its proximity to the limb, this crater appears significantly foreshortened when viewed from the Earth This crater is somewhat distorted from a true circular shape, and is slightly longer to the north and south  The outer rim has undergone some erosion due to subsequent impacts  Most notably, the crater Lavoisier E is attached to the western rim, and the outer rampart falls across part of the inner wall of von Braun  There are small craters along the rim to the southeast and the east, and craterlets along the northeast and southwestern rims  The inner wall has slumped along the southeast and northwestern sides to form a terrace-like shelf  The interior floor is relatively level and featureless, with a few small craterlets marking the surface This crater was previously identified as Lavoisier D before being assigned a name by the IAU 

External links
Google Moon - von Braun
Passage 3:
Walter Dornberger
Major-General Dr  Walter Robert Dornberger (6 September 1895 – 26 June 1980) was a German Army artillery officer whose career spanned World War I and World War II  He was a leader of Nazi Germany's V-2 rocket programme and other projects at the Peenemünde Army Research Centre 
Dornberger was born in Gießen in 1895  In 1914 he enlisted in the German army during World War 1   In October 1918, as an artillery lieutenant, Dornberger was captured by United States Marines and spent two years in a French prisoner of war camp, mostly in solitary confinement because of repeated escape attempts   In the late 1920s, Dornberger completed an engineering course with distinction at the Berlin Technical Institute, and in the Spring of 1930, Dornberger graduated after five years with an MS degree in mechanical engineering from the Technische Hochschule Charlottenburg in Berlin   In 1935, Dornberger received an honorary doctorate, which Col  Karl Emil Becker arranged as Dean of the new Faculty of Military Technology at the TH Berlin 

Rocket development
In April 1930, Dornberger was appointed to the Ballistics Council of the German Army (Reichswehr) Weapons Department as Assistant Examiner to secretly develop a military liquid-fuel rocket suitable for mass-production that would surpass the range of artillery   In the spring of 1932, Dornberger, his commander (Captain Ritter von Horstig), and Col  Karl Emil Becker visited the Verein für Raumschiffahrt (VfR)'s leased Raketenflugplatz (English: "Rocket Flight Field") and subsequently issued a contract for a demonstration launch   On 21 December 1932, Captain Dornberger watched a rocket motor explode at Kummersdorf while Wernher von Braun tried to light it with a flaming gasoline can at the end of a four-meter-long (13 ft) pole In 1933, Waffenamt Prüfwesen (Wa Prüf, English: "Weapons Testing") 1/1, under the Heereswaffenamt (Army Weapons Department), commenced work under the direction of Colonel Ing  h  c  Dornberger  Dornberger also took over his last military command on 1 October 1934, a powder-rocket training battery at Königsbrück   In May 1937, Dornberger and his ninety-man organization were transferred from Kummersdorf to Peenemünde   In September 1942, Dornberger was given two posts:  coordinating the V-1 flying bomb and V-2 rocket development programs and directing active operations   The first successful test launch of a V-2 was the third test launch on 3 October 1942  

In June 1943, in a speech to nearly 6500 German employees and soldiers in Peenemünde, Dornberger blended traditional German patriotism with Nazi ideological motifs while also highlighting and reinforcing many of the unique factors that made missile development so successful at Peenemünde in the first place  By emphasizing the path-breaking nature of their work as well as its singular importance to the war effort, all while playing on the popular fear of the Soviet Union and the disdain for the Western Allies for bombing their cities into rubble, Dornberger composed a powerful message that would certainly appeal to many Peenemünders In the early morning of 7 July 1943, Ernst Steinhoff flew von Braun and Major-General Dornberger in his Heinkel He 111 to Hitler's Führerhauptquartier "Wolfsschanze" headquarters and the next day Hitler viewed the film of the successful V-2 test launch (narrated by von Braun) and the scale models of the Watten bunker and launching-troop vehicles:
This third day of October, 1942, is the first of a new era in transportation, that of space travel    
I have had to apologize only to two men in my whole life  The first was Field Marshal von Brauchitsch  I did not listen to him when he told me again and again how important your research was  The second man is yourself  I never believed that your work would be successful 
In January 1944, Dornberger was named Senior Artillery Commander 191 and was headquartered at Maisons-Lafitte near Saint Germain, and in December 1944, Dornberger was given complete authority for anti-aircraft rocket development (Flak E Flugabwehrkanonenentwicklung)  On 12 January 1945 on Dornberger's proposal, Albert Speer replaced the Long-Range Weapons Commission with "Working Staff Dornberger"   In February 1945, Dornberger and staff relocated his headquarters from Schwedt-an-der-Oder to Bad Sachsa, then on 6 April 1945, from Bad Sachsa to Haus Ingeborg in Oberjoch near Hindelang in the Allgäu mountains of Bavaria 
Before going to the Alps, General Dornberger hid comprehensive V-2 documentation in a mine near Goslar, which were recovered by the US 332nd Engineer Regiment on 16 May 1945 by a secret action when Goslar was already occupied by the British Army On 2 May 1945, Dornberger, von Braun, and five other men departed from Haus Ingeborg and travelled through Gaicht Pass and towards the little Austrian village of Schattwald  They met American soldiers who convoyed the group to the Tyrolean town of Reutte for the night  
At an internment camp after the war, known as "CSDIC Camp 11", the British bugged Dornberger, who in conversation with Generalmajor Gerhard Bassenge (GOC Air Defences, Tunis & Biserta) said that he and Wernher von Braun had realized in late 1944 that things were going wrong and had consequently communicated with the General Electric Corporation through the German Embassy in Portugal, with the intent coming to some arrangement 

Postwar
In mid-August 1945, after taking part in Operation Backfire, Dornberger was escorted from Cuxhaven to London for interrogation by the British War Crimes Investigation Unit in connection with the use of slave labour in the production of V-2 rockets; he was subsequently transferred and detained for two years at Bridgend in South Wales Along with some other German rocket scientists, Dornberger was released and brought to the United States under the auspices of Operation Paperclip and worked for the United States Air Force for three years, developing guided missiles  From 1950 to 1965, he worked for the Bell Aircraft Corporation, where he worked on several projects, rising to the post of Vice-President  He played a major role in the creation of the North American X-15 aircraft and was a key consultant for the Boeing X-20 Dyna-Soar project  He also had a role on the creation of ideas and projects, which, in the end, led to the creation of the Space Shuttle  Dornberger also developed Bell's ASM-A-2, the world's first guided nuclear air-to-surface missile developed for the Strategic Air Command  Dornberger advised West Germany on a European space program  During the 1950s he had some differences with von Braun and was instrumental in recruiting several engineers out of the Huntsville's team for Air Force projects  The most remarkable of them was Krafft Ehricke, who later created the Centaur rocket stage and actively participated in several more Defense projects 
Following retirement, Dornberger went to Mexico and later returned to West Germany, where he died in 1980 in Baden-Württemberg 

Works
Dornberger, Walter (1952)  V-2, der Schuss ins Weltall: Geschichte einer grossen Erfindung [V-2, the Shot into Space: History of a Great Invention] (in German)  Esslingen: Bechtle Verlag  OCLC 175065526 
Dornberger, Walter (1954)  V-2  New York: Viking Press  OCLC 1223668 

Awards and decorations
Iron Cross (1914), 1st and 2nd Class (World War I)
Knight Second Class of the House Order of the White Falcon, with Swords (World War I)
Hesse General Honor Decoration (World War I)
Wound Badge (1918) in Black (World War I)
Wehrmacht Long Service Award, 4th to 1st class
War Merit Cross, 1st and 2nd Class with Swords
Knights Cross of the War Merit Cross with Swords (29 October 1944)

See also
Arthur Rudolph
List of German inventors and discoverers
Aggregat (rocket family)
V-3 cannon
Passage 4:
Von Braun Center for Science &amp; Innovation
The Von Braun Center for Science & Innovation (VCSI ) is a non-profit research and development organization based in Huntsville, Alabama and is named for pioneering aerospace engineer Wernher von Braun    VCSI is affiliated with NASA, Department of Defense and other federal government agencies 
The center facilitates transfer of intellectual property between government agencies and private companies, also known as "spinoff" technologies  The center has also coordinated university research and development efforts in the Gulf of Mexico on behalf of NOAAVCSI is a contributor to the Rocket City Space Pioneers efforts towards the Google Lunar X Prize 

Members
Corporate
Dynetics
AZ Technology
Science Applications International Corporation (SAIC)
Alliant Techsystems
Gray Research
Lockheed Martin
Polaris Sensor Technologies
Sirote & Permutt
Beason & Nalley
Draper Laboratory

Government
Aviation and Missile Research, Development, and Engineering Center
NASA
Missile Defense Agency
Tennessee Valley Authority

University
Alabama A&M University
Auburn University
Tuskegee University
University of Alabama
University of Alabama at Birmingham
University of Alabama in Huntsville
University of South Alabama
Passage 5:
Man Will Conquer Space Soon!
"Man Will Conquer Space Soon!" was the title of a series of 1950s magazine articles in Collier's detailing Wernher von Braun's plans for human spaceflight  Edited by Cornelius Ryan, the individual articles were authored by such space notables of the time as Willy Ley, Fred Lawrence Whipple, Dr  Joseph Kaplan, Dr  Heinz Haber, and von Braun  The articles were illustrated with paintings and drawings by Chesley Bonestell, Fred Freeman, and Rolf Klep, some of the finest magazine illustrators of the time 
The magazine articles showed earth orbit missions and lunar surface exploration, to be undertaken by large crews in the 1960/70s timeframe   Several concept vehicles were proposed and described in detail, such as a Ferry Rocket, a Space Station, and a Lunar Lander 

Legacy
The article series was the basis for three episodes in the Disneyland anthology series: "Man in Space," "Man and the Moon," and "Mars and Beyond " The series was expanded into three books: Across the Space Frontier (1952), Conquest of the Moon (1953), and The Exploration of Mars (1956)  Examples of some of the ships they modeled are in the World of Collier's add-ons to the Orbiter space flight simulator 

Article details
The issues and titles of the articles in Collier's were:

March 22, 1952: "Man will Conquer Space Soon "
"What are we waiting for?" pp  22–23 
"Crossing the last frontier " pp  24–29, 72, 74  Dr  Wernher von Braun
"A station in space " pp  30–31  Willy Ley
"The heavens open " p  32–33  Dr  Fred L  Whipple
"This side of infinity " p  34  Dr  Joseph Kaplan
"Can we survive in space?" pp  35, 65–67  Dr  Heinz Haber
"Who owns the universe?" pp  36, 70–71  Oscar Schachter
"Around the Editor's Desk: Space Quiz " pp  38–39 October 18, 1952: "Man on the Moon "
"Man on the Moon " p  51  The editors
"The journey " pp  52–58, 60  Dr  Wernher von Braun
"Inside the moon ship " p  56–60  Willy LeyOctober 25, 1952: "More about Man on the Moon "
"The exploration " pp  38–40, 42, 44–48   Dr  Fred L  Whipple and Dr  Wernher von Braun
"Inside the lunar base " p  46  Willy LeyFebruary 28, 1953: "World's First Space Suit "
"Man's survival in space " pp  40–41  Cornelius Ryan and the editors
"Picking the men " pp  42–48 March 7, 1953: "More about Man's Survival in Space "
"Testing the men " pp  56–63 March 14, 1953: "How Man will Meet Emergency in Space Travel "
"Emergency!" pp  38–44 June 27, 1953: "The Baby Space Station: First Step in the Conquest of Space "
"Baby Space Station " pp  33–35, 38, 40  Dr  Wernher von Braun with Cornelius RyanApril 30, 1954: "Is There Life on Mars?"
"Is there life on Mars?" p  21  Dr  Fred L  Whipple
"Can we get to Mars?" pp  22–29  Dr  Wernher von Braun with Cornelius Ryan

Reception
Groff Conklin of Galaxy Science Fiction said in 1954 that Conquest of Space "is just as beautiful, authoritative and exciting as" Across the Space Frontier and "a breath-taking bargain in every way "

See also
Von Braun Ferry Rocket
A page-by-page, high resolution reprint (PDF format) starts in the July / August 2012 issue of the newsletter Horizons, and continues for a total of eight issues, published once every two months  Horizons is the newsletter of the Houston Section of the American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics  These are available to the public with no paywall and no membership required 
Passage 6:
Flip Animation Festival
FLIP is an animation festival primarily hosted by the Light House Media Centre in Wolverhampton, UK  It is one of two festivals hosted by Light House, the other of which is Deaffest  Official literature for the festival says that FLIP occurs annually at the beginning of November and attracts submissions from more than 30 countries worldwide  As well as screening the selected open submissions, FLIP also consists of special screenings, talks from professionals within the animation world, workshops, industry panels, portfolio reviews and competitions  The festival was set up, managed and programmed by Peter McLuskie between 2004 and 2011  It grew out of the 'Animation Forum', also based at Light House and which was later rebranded as Animation Forum West Midlands and found a home at Birmingham City University  In 2009 the festival was awarded a Black Country Tourism Award for Event of the Year 

The festival
Based in Wolverhampton, the festival began in 2004 and features a range of events from educational workshops for young people to experimental animation for grown ups; from industry led panels to feature film screenings and from international showcases and retrospectives of short films to spotlights on animation studios  FLIP is organised and hosted by Light House Media Centre in partnership with the University of Wolverhampton's School of Art and Design and School of Computing & IT, Wolverhampton Art Gallery  It is part funded by UK Film Council (National Lottery) through Screen West Midlands; Wolverhampton City Council; University of Wolverhampton; Business Link West Midlands and Animation Forum West Midlands 

Exhibitions
The exhibitions curated for FLIP tend to communicate the animation message through different media/outlets  They have a continuing partnership with Wolverhampton Art Gallery who programme specific works on site as part of the Festival  FLIP 2007 saw an exhibition of original puppets used in films such as The Corpse Bride, Mars Attacks! and Andy Pandy, and the puppet designer Nick Roberson answered questions from the audience  During FLIP 2008, the Light House building was home to large, moving, kinetic sculptures, by London-based artist Steve Hutton  As well as this, there was a screening of animated Doctor Who episodes from the 1960s followed by a talk on Doctor Who animation led by industry experts  2009 saw a studio spotlight on the Glasgow-based Axis Animation who showcased some of their work and then answered questions from the audience  The other studio spotlight that year was from ArthurCox studios who also presented some of their work and then held a discussion with the audience 
2010's festival hosted a presentation from the creators of the LittleBigPlanet games, Media Molecule, as well as a display from Light House Media Centre's own animator is residence, Drew Roper, including his set for his award-winning film 'A History of Denim' 
In 2011, FLIP's exhibitions consisted of works by Barry JC Purves which included a book signing and display of the Tchaikovsky puppet, the Birmingham leg of GLI TC/H festivals' submissions, as well as sketchbooks and artworks by Tori Davis and work from the 2011 feature film Rio, and maquettes from UK puppet makers Mackinnon & Saunders 

Recurring themes or programmes
FLIP offers visitors a chance to engage in ‘Big Screen Gaming’ in the smaller of the two cinemas  In 2009 Flip held a competition for participants to experience the Xbox 360 and one of its core games, Halo 3  This has then led to it becoming a regular feature at Light House with games such as the Fifa World Cup 2010 game and a Street Fighter game  'Big Screen Gaming' returned for FLIP 2010 with one of the year's most hotly anticipated releases, Halo: Reach 
Another feature of FLIP Festival is the curated programme hosted by a guest curator from within the animation world  Previous years have been curated by Professor Paul Wells (Director of Animation, Loughborough University) and The Brothers McLeod whereas 2010 was curated by Clare Kitson, who is a former programmer at the National Film Theatre and between 1989 and 1999, commissioned Channel 4's animation 

The awards
The festival is a competition between animated films created using various techniques (stop motion, animated drawings, cut out paper, modelling clay, etc ) classified in to various award categories  These have included the following:

Best of Festival
Best UK Film
Best International Film
Best Newcomer
Best Experimental Film FLIP also runs competitions for student films, created by current university/college students and, starting in 2010, for animators under the age of 18 years as well 

FLIP Festival 2011
FLIP Festival 2011 took place on 27–29 October 2011 
The Audience Choice winners of 2011's festival were:

Bertie Crisp, Dir  Francesca Adams (UK)
The Skeleton Woman, Dir  Sarah Van Den Boom (FRANCE)
Dead Bird, Dir  Trevor Hardy (UK)
Robin Hood, Dir, Ben Smith (UK)
Caged, Dir  Ravi Maheru (UK)
John and Betty, Dir  Alex Hancocks & Luke George (UK)

FLIP Festival 2010
FLIP Festival 2010 took place on 4–6 November 2010 
The award winners of 2010's festival were:

Best of Festival: Simon Cartwright & Jessica Cope with The Astronomer's Sun
Best International Film: Blu with Big Bang, Big Boom
Best Documentary: Samantha Moore with An Eyeful of Sound
Best Experimental Film: Will Anderson with Another Day
Best Sound: Elli Vuorinen with Tongueling
Best New Talent: Julia Gromskaya with L’Anima Mavi
Best Student Film: India Swift with Squid in Love
Student Runners up: Matthew Duddington with By its Clover; Ben Smallman with Tales of Beardyman

FLIP Festival 2009
2009's FLIP Festival took place on 5–7 November The award winners for 2009's Festival were:

Best of Festival: Taku Kimura with Kudan 
Best UK Film: Steve Irwin with Black Dogs Progress 
Best International Film: Jake Armstrong with The Terrible Thing of Alpha 9, USA 
Best Newcomer: Kristian Andrews with Rabbit Punch
Best Experimental Film: Virginia Mori with Il Gioco de Silenzio (The Play of Silence) 
Best Stop Motion: Bang Yao Lui with Deadline
Special Jury Mention: Ed Barrett with Man Up

FLIP Festival 2008
2008's FLIP Festival took place on 6–8 November 
The award winners for 2008's Festival were:

Best Film: Blu with Muto 
Best UK Film: Luis Cook with The Pearce Sisters 
Best International Film: Jeremy Clapin with Skhizein 
Best Abstract Film: Blu with Muto 
Best Sound Design: Alexei Alexeev with KJFG No5 
Best Newcomer: Tom Senior with One Nice Family Photo
Best Student Film: Reza Dolatabadi with Khoda

FLIP Festival 2007
2007's FLIP Festival took place on 1–3 November 
The award winners for 2007's Festival were:

Best Film: Lizzy Hobbs with The Old, Old, Very Old Man 
Best Student Film: Paul O’Flanagan with Beauty Now 
Special Mention (Student Film): Julian Kok with Mimos and the Egg 

Best of FLIP
FLIP Festival also does several small screenings throughout the year of either just the award winners or all the selected submissions  The "Best of FLIP" is usually shown at various venues throughout the West Midlands  For the 2010 season, FLIP had "best of" screenings at both the Stoke Film Theatre and the Wem Town Hall and there was also a special screening at Artsfest '10 in Birmingham, UK 

Notes
External links
FLIP Festival’s website
Light House Media Centre's website
Passage 7:
Mount Von Braun
Mount Von Braun (71°59′S 169°34′E) is a mountain (3,275 m) located 4 nautical miles (7 km) south of Mount Sabine in the Admiralty Mountains  Mapped by United States Geological Survey (USGS) from surveys and U S  Navy air photos, 1960–63  Named by Advisory Committee on Antarctic Names (US-ACAN) for Wernher von Braun of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration, a visitor at McMurdo Station, 1966–67 
 This article incorporates public domain material from "Mount Von Braun"  Geographic Names Information System  United States Geological Survey 
Passage 8:
Operation Lighthouse (1937)
Operation Lighthouse was the name given to the failed experimental launch of four Aggregate 3 liquid-fuel rockets by Wernher von Braun and Walter Dornberger on the German island of Greifswalder Oie in December 1937 

Background and preparation
In the summer of 1937 the German Aggregate 3 series of rockets was nearing the testing stage  Several were tested on a special stand at Kummersdorf in an attempt to evaluate guidance systems  These consisted of vanes designed to deflect the rocket exhaust and control the missile's course  On September 1, Dornberger ordered that von Braun's team prepare for a series of test launches in the first part of November from the small island of Greifswalder Oie in an operation he designated "Lighthouse"  Von Braun assigned the head of his measurement unit, Gerhard Reisig, to prepare the expedition to the island In November, rain and snow storms kept the project behind schedule, delaying ferries and nearly collapsing the tent erected as a preparation site  Rodents gnawed on tar paper and telephone cables  Amidst the setbacks, Dornberger and von Braun hunted rabbits and pheasants  The rockets and launch site were not ready until December 

Launches
The first launch was ordered for December 2, but again weather and technical problems delayed the operation  On December 4 the first rocket blasted off just after 10 AM  Set on a test ring without a guide rail, the rocket rose vertically for three seconds, but then the parachute deployed and dragged, burning, behind the vehicle  After less than seven seconds the engine cut out and soon the rocket fell back to the ground, landing 1,000 feet (300 meters) from the launch site  It exploded and burned upon impact, leaving little wreckage to examine Another missile was launched on the afternoon of December 6 and followed a similar pattern, crashing and exploding in the sea less than twenty feet from the island's cliffs  The wreckage did not yield an explanation for the failure, but the parachute system was suspected For the third launch, the parachute was replaced with a flare  The rocket was set off in the afternoon of December 8  The missile turned from the vertical into the wind and after four seconds the flare deployed  At 1,000 feet (300 meters) the engine quit, and without the drag of a burning parachute (like the previous two rockets) it achieved a greater distance before crashing over a mile offshore and exploding in the sea Despite the disappointing results of the first three launches, Dornberger and von Braun decided to launch their last A3  After further weather delays, the last rocket was set off on the morning of December 11 but demonstrated a performance much like the third 

Aftermath
The failure the project launch came as a shock to von Braun, who set to trying to find the causes  He suspected both the guidance control system and the jet vanes  Additionally, he developed a theory that an electrostatic charge caused the parachute to deploy early in the first two launches  Tests conducted at Kummersdorf on an electrically insulated rocket seemed to discount this explanation  Instead, von Braun figured that the rocket had rolled upon launch enough to deploy the parachute, which was set to act when the missile rolled more than six degrees per second  Because the missiles tested had not been painted in patterns, it was only upon reviewing photographs that the roll was detected Ultimately, the failure of the A3 launches showed the relative lack of experience of von Braun's team and Kreiselgeräte, the company that designed the guidance system  The A3 was essentially abandoned and thoroughly redesigned as the A5  By January 1938 von Braun and Dornberger decided to keep the propulsion, pressurization, and tank systems, but discarded the body and fin design in favor of something that could be better controlled  Additionally, unlike the A3, the A5 would not be designed to carry any scientific instrumentation, but only guidance and control systems 
Furthermore, the failure of the A3 launches held back the development of the A4 (later known as V-2) rocket for at least a year  Von Braun had hoped to launch the world's first ballistic missile by 1940, but the Oie expedition forced this aspiration further into the future 
Passage 9:
Magnus von Braun
Magnus "Mac" Freiherr von Braun (10 May 1919 – 21 June 2003) was a German chemical engineer, Luftwaffe aviator, rocket scientist and business executive  In his 20s he worked as a rocket scientist at Peenemünde and the Mittelwerk 
At age 26, he emigrated to the United States via Operation Paperclip, where he worked for some years at Fort Bliss  In 1955 he began a career as a senior executive with Chrysler's missile and later automotive divisions, retiring in 1975  He lived for 58 years partially in the United States and partially in the United Kingdom until his death  He was the brother of Sigismund and Wernher von Braun 

Biography
Von Braun was born in Greifswald, Pomerania, to Magnus Freiherr von Braun and Emmy von Quistorp  After completing boarding school at Hermann Lietz-Schule in Spiekeroog, he began his studies in 1937 at Technische Universität München  There he remained after receiving his master's degree in organic chemistry, and became an assistant to Nobel laureate Hans Fischer Von Braun arrived at Peenemünde in July 1943 at the request of Wernher von Braun   In March 1944 he was arrested with fellow rocket specialists Wernher von Braun, Klaus Riedel, Helmut Gröttrup, and Hannes Lüersen, but was later released   In late summer 1944 he transferred to the Mittelwerk where he engineered V-2 rocket gyroscopes, servomotors, and turbopumps 
The Mittelwerk was an underground munitions factory dug into Germany's Harz Mountains in order to avoid aerial bombardment by British and American planes  It consisted of two tunnels bored through the mountain range near the town of Nordhausen, each a mile long and connected by dozens of cross tunnels  Railways laid through the main tunnels brought raw materials in and finished rockets out  The entire cavity provided some 35 million cubic feet of space  After massive Allied bombing disrupted the original V-2 development center in the Baltic town of Peenemünde in mid-1943, the majority of German rocket production was moved to the Mittelwerk  Prisoners from the nearby Mittelbau-Dora concentration camps provided slave labor for this huge endeavor  Inmates were marched into the tunnels daily and compelled to work by the notorious Nazi SS, who handled all security issues  The usual horrific methods were employed and over 20,000 slaves perished during this subterranean rocket factory's existence 
Magnus von Braun's involvement with the Mittelwerk began in the fall of 1944, soon after full production began  The first V-2s produced earlier that year had a high failure rate and sabotage was suspected  Concern about these problems prompted Wernher, who was still based at Peenemünde, to send his younger brother to the Mittelwerk in September  While some minor sabotage did occur in the tunnels, it was relatively rare  The real reason for the poor quality of early Mittelwerk missiles was the effort to take cutting-edge research technology and put it into mass production under slave labor conditions 
Tossed into this brutal environment, Magnus reported directly to the factory's chief of rocket production, Arthur Rudolph, who had an office in one of the main tunnels  This work connection with Rudolph would span decades and continents  After Germany surrendered in 1945, Rudolph was part of a group of Nazi scientists who emigrated with the von Braun brothers to the United States as part of Operation Paperclip  The U S  Army put them to work in New Mexico developing intercontinental ballistic missiles  Moving on to NASA in the 1960s, Rudolph continued to collaborate with Magnus, who by then was employed by the main contractor for the Saturn V lunar rocket, Chrysler Corporation   As Nasa's project director for the Saturn V, Rudolph was publicly acclaimed after the Moon landing, but towards the end of his life, his wartime complicity in using slave labor at the Mittelwerk became more widely known  These revelations then forced Rudolph to make a 1983 deal with the U S  Justice Department in which he voluntarily relinquished his U S  citizenship to avoid prosecution and possible loss of his government pension and Social Security benefits  Rudolph then returned to Germany, where he died in 1996 
In November 1944, Rudolph put Magnus in charge of rocket fin servomotors, which were the most troublesome V-2 component at that time  During this period, concerns over sabotage were at their height  In a notorious incident that winter, several Russian prisoners suspected of sabotage were executed by being hanged from cranes used to lift rocket parts and left dangling for a full work day, as an example to other inmates  In this tense atmosphere, servomotors were at the heart of two abuse accusations leveled against Wernher von Braun by Mittelwerk prisoners after the war, one that may have actually involved Magnus  Michael Neufeld, a Smithsonian historian and author of a 2007 biography of Wernher, has tried to unravel claims by Dora prisoners that they personally witnessed brutality administered by the more famous von Braun brother  In a 2002 article about Wernher's potential culpability in Nazi slave labor at Mittelwerk and several other locations, Neufeld dismissed most claims that von Braun carried out direct sadistic behavior as spurious, easily disproved by tracking his known locations during the war  However, Neufeld felt that there were two accusations in particular that merited further study, the second of which might have involved Magnus  "[R]eports that [Wernher] von Braun attended hangings, ordered hangings, attended hangings in SS uniform, etc , have scarcely been discussed in the literature because such testimonies lack credibility," Neufeld wrote  "But in recent years I have received two reports from French Dora survivors that deserve more consideration " In the first incident, survivor Georges Jouanin, whose job was to climb into upright tail sections of V-2s to install cables to the servomotor, placed a wood shoe on one of the units  He later recorded that "someone has noticed my wooden-heeled clog atop such a fragile organ, and I feel a hand pulling insistently on the end of my striped pants, thus forcing me out of the tail unit  'You, out of here, man, you're committing sabotage  You shouldn't step with your foot on this ' I get slapped in the face twice and my head bounces against the metal panels of the tail unit  Cap in hand, I find myself in front of a man in his 30s, rather well dressed, angry, to who I am not allowed to give an explanation  The seven or eight engineers or technicians in the group of which he came out seem disconcerted, astonished    I went back to my work space and the incident seemed over, without consequences  My civilian foreman, Manger is his name, returns from break and tells me     'Our big boss boxed your ears! That was V  Braun '"
In the second case, an inmate named Guy Morand testified that while testing rocket servomotors, he tried to cover for another prisoner who had mislaid a chronometer, which brought the wrath of an enraged foreman down upon him  "Like the good Nazi he was," Morand remembered, "he immediately started shouting it was sabotage, when just at that point von Braun arrived accompanied by his usual group of people  Without even listening to my explanations, he ordered the Meister to have me given 25 strokes in his presence by an SS [man] who was there  Then, judging that the strokes weren't sufficiently hard, he ordered that I be flogged more vigorously, and this order was then diligently carried out " Morand went on to say that "following the floggings, von Braun made me translate that I deserved much more, that in fact I deserved to be hanged, which certainly would be the fate of the 'Mensch' (good-for-nothing) I was " Morand adds that the man was "one of the inventors of the V-2" and frequently made "rapid inspections" of his work area 
This description of "von Braun" is closer to Magnus in his role at the rocket factory than that of Wernher, who visited only occasionally  Neufeld raises the possibility of an identity error in Morand's recollections: "In September 1944, Wernher assigned his younger brother Magnus, a chemical engineer and Luftwaffe pilot, as his special liaison to the Mittelwerk, particularly for servomotor production, which was afflicted with serious technical problems  Magnus von Braun stayed in the Nordhausen area full-time until the evacuation of April, 1945  In contrast, his older brother visited the Mittelwerk, by his estimates, twelve or fifteen times in total  Morand gives the time of the incident as the 'second half of 1944,' which corresponds to Magnus von Braun's assignment to the factory, and the testimonial never actually gives 'von Braun' a last name "
In a footnote to this same 2002 article, Neufeld refers to another incident on the record  A Dora survivor named Robert Cazabonne reported "that a fellow prisoner witnessing a hanging in the tunnel pointed out one of the German onlookers and said, 'That's VON BRAUN!'" Neufeld concludes, "We know with near certainty that Wernher von Braun was not there; however, it might have been his brother Magnus, as civilian employees were expected to attend "
Neufeld continues, "Morand's story necessarily brings Jouanin's identification into question, as both deal with servomotors  Although Jouanin's first instinct on timing was early May 1944, when I wrote him about it, he was less than certain  The description of a man in his thirties he saw only once fits Wernher von Braun better than Magnus, however  In the end, it is impossible to say with certainty that Georges Jouanin's identification of Wernher von Braun can be accepted as meeting a reasonable standard of certainty, as believable as I find it personally  Nor can we conclude with assurance that Magnus von Braun was responsible    "
These prisoner recollections of a sadistic scientist named von Braun stalking the Mittelwerk tunnels, especially on occasions when it can be shown that Wernher could not have been there, is not final proof of Magnus's guilt  However, the possibility of the younger brother's involvement in such abuse requires consideration of an unpleasant facet of his personality that was documented in postwar U S  Army files kept on all former Nazi scientists who worked in the United States 
Magnus was born nearly a decade after his two older brothers, who had come of age before the Nazis took power in Germany  Unlike them, Magnus had a National Socialist adolescence  While the older brothers can be seen as having joined the Nazi party for reasons of professional advancement, Magnus signed on to fascism at a point in life before such concerns became important  His was an ideological commitment  He was thirteen when Hitler became chancellor and thus participated in the Hitler Youth organization and experienced a secondary school environment and curriculum adapted to fascism  His politicized early years naturally influenced his character  Even after the war, Magnus stood apart from Wernher by his displays of arrogance and aristocratic pretension, duly noted by the Army officers who kept files on both men after their 1945 immigration to the United States  Sigismund, the eldest brother, became a diplomatic attaché for the German government in 1936 and passed his war years in Vatican City on consular duty  Though a Nazi party member like his brothers, he avoided direct complicity with regime atrocities such as slave labor and was able to join the new West German foreign service after the war  He rose to become a notable diplomat for West Germany during the 1960s and 1970s 

Surrender at Reutte
After evacuating from Nordhausen, Magnus von Braun was at the Behelfsheim in Weilheim when Wernher von Braun arrived there from Oberammergau on 14 April 1945   The next day, Magnus had arrived at the Haus Ingeborg in Oberjoch by the end of the day  When Huzel became von Braun's assistant, Dr  Kurt Debus became Engineer in Charge of Test Stand VII—Huzel had served since May 1944 after replacing his old friend Hartmut Kuechen  The Mittelwerk was designated for production after the 17 August 1943 Operation Hydra bombing of Peenemünde, and production started well afterward, so Magnus von Braun's claim that he was selected to transfer in October 1943 is inaccurate   After hearing the radio report of Hitler's death, Wernher von Braun announced to his group early in the morning of 3 May 1945 that "Magnus, who speaks English, has just left by bicycle to establish contact with the American forces at Reutte   We cannot wait here forever "  "It was quite courageous for Magnus to come down on his bicycle and find the American troops," said Dr  Ernst Stuhlinger,  member of the V-2 team  "He had a white handkerchief tied to the handlebars of the bicycle and that was all he had to protect him "
On May 10, 1919, I was born in Greifswald, the son of a government administrator, Magnus Freiherr von Braun, and his wife, Emmy, née von Quistorp  I spent my youth in Berlin, where I attended the Prep School and the French School until Easter 1934   Finally, I went to the Hermann Lietz School in Spiekeroog, North Sea, a boarding school from which I graduated Easter 1937   After having spent six months in the Arbeitsdienst, I began studies at the Technical Institute of Munich in the fall of 1937, majoring in organic chemistry   Then when I received my master's degree, I became the assistant in organic chemistry to Professor Hans Fischer (Nobel Prize winner in chemistry) for ¼ year, at which time I was drafted into the Air Force (October 1940)   After the completion of flight training and a short stay as a flight instructor, I came to the Heimat Artillery Park II, Kalshagen, in July 1943   In Karlshagen, I worked with Mr  Gerhard Heller, the director of fuel chemistry, who put me in charge of hypergolic fuels for the newly developing Wasserfall Project   In this capacity, I worked in conjunction with the I  G  Farben Industry   In October 1943, my brother, Professor Wernher von Braun, requested me to work as his personal assistant 
About two in the afternoon, Magnus returned, "I think it went well, I have safe conduct passes and they want us for further interrogation " The Mission Accomplished: The Battle History of the 44th Infantry Division claim that there was a "hectic night of interrogation, plans and counter-proposals" after Magnus von Braun rode his bike downhill in the morning and met members of the "Anti-tank Company, 324th Infantry" "before he went out and in a short time returned with his brother" is inaccurate: Huzel, McGovern, & Ordway, in their researched works, distinctly state Magnus returned about 2 in the afternoon the same day Dieter Huzel described the surrender of the group: "Thus, in the dull, rainy, late afternoon of Wednesday, May 2, 1945, seven men [Magnus & Wernher, Walter Dornberger, Axster, Huzel, Lindenberg, & Tessman]     began their lonely descent from Adolf Hitler Pass toward     Schattwald      Suddenly, around a curve, an American soldier     waved us to a stop   Magnus got out and showed a piece of paper to the guard     After about a half an hour,     we were flanked by two    "jeeps,"    We reached Reutte after dark       The next morning     we emerged from the mess hall     several Army photographers were on hand and spent some time taking pictures " During a photo shoot the next day, Magnus von Braun commented "We're celebrating now, but I'll bet they will throw telephone books at us if we ever reach New York   By noon, Magnus von Braun (along with Axster, Huzel, Lindenberg, & Tessman) arrived in Peiting where forty other Peenemünde personnel already had arrived, and the Germans departed for Garmisch-Partenkirchen on 8 May 

Operation Paperclip and work at Fort Bliss
Von Braun arrived in New York on 16 November 1945 aboard the SS Argentina and was soon at work at Fort Bliss, Texas and later at Redstone Arsenal in Huntsville, Alabama   Von Braun was interrogated as a witness for the Andrae war crimes trial in which Mittelwerk general manager Georg Rickhey was acquitted   Fort Bliss Army CIC agents believed he was a "dangerous German Nazi", with one agent remarking, "his type is a worse threat to security than a half a dozen discredited SS Generals " Soon after his arrival, he was caught trying to sell a brick of platinum he'd stolen from the base to a jeweler in El Paso  The incident was quickly hushed up, though he was informally punished by means of a terrible beating given by his brother Wernher the politician 

Career with Chrysler
In 1955, von Braun began a career with Chrysler—first in the missile division and then in the automotive division  He also resided in Huntsville, Alabama, for a while before moving to Michigan   After living in Michigan, he relocated to the UK, working in London and Coventry as Chrysler UK export director   Von Braun retired from Chrysler in 1975 and returned to the States, where he settled in Arizona and resided until his death 
Passage 10:
Von Braun Ferry Rocket
Von Braun Ferry Rocket was a concept design for a shuttle spacecraft that was developed by Wernher von Braun in a seminal series of early-1950s Collier's magazine articles, "Man Will Conquer Space Soon!" by Wernher von Braun et al  The Ferry Rocket concept has evolved over time 

Re-creations
The Ferry Rocket is modeled in the following flight and spaceflight simulators:

Orbiter, a freeware simulator by Martin Schweiger
X-Plane

See also
"Man Will Conquer Space Soon"
Reusable launch system
Context 3: Passage 1:
John Fulton (instrument maker)
John Fulton (1803–1853) was a Scottish instrument maker who originally trained as a cobbler  He built three orrerys in a workshop attached to at his home, now demolished, in the Kirton Brae area of Fenwick and was eventually appointed instrument maker to King William IV, moving to London, but retiring to Fenwick  He is buried in the Fenwick Kirk graveyard 

Life
It is recorded that John's father, also a cobbler, was a subscribing member to the library set up in the village by the Fenwick Weavers  With access to this library, John pursued his interest in astronomy, mathematics, physics, and other disciplines that led to his career as an instrument maker of outstanding ability and achievement  Largely self-taught, he studied botany, learned several foreign languages, constructed a ‘velocipede’ or early bicycle, and experimented with the production of coal gas  He had left school at the age of 13 

Orrerys
Astronomy held a particular fascination for him, so much so that he was prompted to construct, in his spare time in the years between 1823 and 1833, three working models of the solar system, known as orrerys  The third of these is now on display in Glasgow's Kelvingrove Art Gallery and Museum: it was the most intricate and took him four years to finish  It measured 1000mm x 3000mm x 3000mm  Entirely his own work, it has 175 wheels and more than 200 moving parts and is acknowledged to be one of the best in the world  The Society of Arts, who awarded him a silver medal, calculated that his third orrery was the most perfect built up to that time Fulton took the orrery on a tour of the United Kingdom  Such was the public interest that in 1869 a group of Glasgow businessmen led by William Walker bought the orrery for the city  It was brought up from London and then toured around Glasgow schools and museums until the 1930s when it found a more permanent home in the Old Glasgow Museum A local story relates that Fulton 'borrowed' his grandmother’s candlesticks and melted them down to provide the brass for his first orrery model 

John Fulton Memorial Hall
This is the public meeting hall for Fenwick, maintained by East Ayrshire Council  It was previously the Guthrie Memorial Free Church of 1844, and following a worldwide fund raising campaign sufficient funds had been raised by 1919 and the hall was opened in 1920  The hall is a Category C listed building 
Passage 2:
Davie Fulton
Edmund Davie Fulton,  (March 10, 1916 – May 22, 2000) was a Canadian Rhodes Scholar, politician and judge  He was born in Kamloops, British Columbia, the son of politician/lawyer Frederick John Fulton and Winnifred M  Davie, daughter of A  E  B  Davie  He was the youngest of 4 children 

Military career
Davie Fulton served in the Second World War with the Canadian Army overseas as Platoon and Company Commander with Seaforth Highlanders of Canada, and as Deputy Assistant Adjutant-General with the 1st Canadian Infantry Division in the Italian and Northwestern Europe campaigns  His brother John "Moose" Fulton distinguished himself in the Royal Canadian Air Force during World War II  He went missing in action in late 1942, and in 1943  Kamloops adopted the Moose Squadron in honour of its commander  In 1944 the Kamloops airport was dedicated as Fulton Field 

Political career
He was brought home from the war by the Conservative Party and won a seat by 100 votes in the House of Commons of Canada in the 1945 general election 
In 1949 he introduced legislation to criminalize the publication, distribution, and sale of crime comics, as the result of a murder by two Yukon teens that was blamed on the influence of the crime comics which the perpetrators had read He ran for the leadership of the Progressive Conservative Party of Canada at the 1956 leadership convention, placing third behind John Diefenbaker 
When Diefenbaker led the party to victory in the 1957 election, he appointed Fulton to Cabinet as Minister of Justice  As Minister, Fulton was involved in negotiations to patriate the Canadian Constitution, and developed the "Fulton–Favreau formula"  In 1962, he became Minister of Public Works  His cousin, Albert McPhillips, was Parliamentary Secretary to the Minister of Fisheries around this time 
He resigned from Cabinet in 1963, when he decided to leave federal politics and take the leadership of the British Columbia Progressive Conservative Party  His efforts to revive the provincial Tories in BC were a failure, and he returned to the House of Commons in the 1965 election 
Fulton stood as a candidate at the 1967 federal PC leadership convention, and placed third behind Robert Stanfield and Dufferin Roblin 
After losing his seat in the 1968 election, he retired from politics and returned to the law  In 1973, he became a justice on the British Columbia Supreme Court, and served until 1981  From 1986 to 1992, he served as a commissioner on the International Joint Commission 
In 1992, he was made an Officer of the Order of Canada  He died in Vancouver on May 22, 2000 

Election results
Archives
There is a Davie Fulton fonds at Library and Archives Canada 
Passage 3:
Harry the Kid
Harry Head (died 1881) (known as Harry the Kid), was a cattle rustler and stagecoach robber  One of his better known robberies occurred outside Contention City, a boomtown in the Arizona Territory 

Drew Station Stagecoach Robbery
On March 15, 1881, Head and three of his known Cowboy companions, Bill Leonard, Jim Crane, and Luther King, were set to rob a Wells Fargo stagecoach  The monetary gain, however, wasn't the only motive for robbing the stagecoach  Killing Bob Paul was reportedly a secondary objective  Paul had been sent out with the stagecoach to prevent robberies from occurring, riding shotgun  Two well-known local families during the time, the Clantons and the Earps, are rumored to have had an interest in trying to kill Paul The coach was carrying 26,000 dollars and eight passengers  Twelve miles from the stagecoach's final destination, Paul changed seats with the driver of the stagecoach, which temporarily brought the stagecoach to a halt  Shortly after the change of seats the stagecoach came to a part of the road that had a very steep grade  This was where Head and the others laid in ambush  In order to conceal their identities, the stagecoach robbers wore wigs and false beards  Crane fired at the guard’s seat, which was where Paul should have been sitting, but the driver, Budd Philpot, was killed instead  Philpot fell forward into the horses pulling the stagecoach, causing them to charge forward  By this time Paul had drawn his weapon and had started to return fire, and he wounded Leonard  During the gunfight, a passenger named Pete Roerig was killed  Paul gained control of the stagecoach and brought the rest of the passengers to safety 

Possible Doc Holliday involvement
There was talk that Doc Holliday was involved in the stagecoach robbery  He was at the time living in the nearby city of Tombstone and was known to visit the local hacienda were the suspects reportedly had camped a week before the attack  Holliday claimed that he had a sufficient alibi and that he was in no way involved in the robbery  But in July a warrant was sworn out for his arrest  Holliday was taken into custody and questioned but was later released on bond  Four days later his case was dismissed for insufficient evidence 

Aftermath
After the ambush on the Wells Fargo stagecoach, Paul and Wyatt Earp, started an investigation  They put a price on the heads of those that were involved in the ambush and set it at 2,000 dollars dead or alive  Paul should have notified the local sheriff immediately after the incident occurred, however; the sheriff at the time, Johnny Behan, was known to be a "   friend of the [Cowboy] element " As the manhunt for the perpetrators of the Drew Station Stagecoach robbery continued, it was soon discovered that Head and several of his companions had managed to flee across the Mexican border The investigation initially resulted in the arrest of Luther King, who was held under suspicion of being one of the robbers  King went peaceably even though he had "   a Winchester, two six-shooters, and twenty boxes of cartridges   " with him  He did, however, quickly escape from jail  Before escaping, King stated he had only been there to hold the horses, but had also revealed that his accomplices were Harry "the Kid" Head, Billy Leonard, and Jim Crane 

Death
Head and Leonard were able to elude capture for several months  After three months, however, they attempted a robbery at a store in Eureka, New Mexico  The owners of the store, Bill and Ike Haslett, fought back and killed the two outlaws  Afterward, Crane, along with Curly Bill Brocius, Frank Stilwell, Pony Diehl, Pete Spence, and at least five other men, hunted down the Haslett brothers 
Passage 4:
List of The Dillinger Escape Plan band members
The Dillinger Escape Plan (DEP) was an American metalcore band from Morris Plains, New Jersey  Formed in early 1997, the group originally featured vocalist Dimitri Minakakis, lead guitarist Ben Weinman, rhythm guitarist Derek Brantley, bassist and keyboardist Adam Doll, and drummer and keyboardist Chris Pennie  The group remained active until December 2017, at which point the lineup featured Weinman (the band's only constant member), bassist Liam Wilson (who replaced Doll in 2000), vocalist Greg Puciato (who replaced Minakakis in 2001), drummer Billy Rymer (who joined in 2009) and rhythm guitarist Kevin Antreassian (who joined in 2015) 
DEP evolved from an earlier hardcore punk group called Arcane in March 1997, and originally featured Minakakis, Weinman, Brantley, Doll and Pennie  Brantley left after just two shows, failing to turn up for the group's first recording sessions  The remaining members were forced to record the band's self-titled debut extended play (EP) for Now or Never Records as a four-piece  Shortly after the EP's release, Brantley's position was taken over by John Fulton, who performed on tour with the group later in the year  In 1998, the band released its second EP Under the Running Board, shortly after which Fulton left due to "creative differences"  He was replaced by Jesuit guitarist Brian Benoit in time for the recording of the group's full-length debut album Calculating Infinity Just before the recording of Calculating Infinity started, Doll was involved in a road traffic accident in which he suffered a spinal fracture which paralyzed him from the chest down; he was forced to step back from the band, and Weinman performed bass on the album  After the album was finished, Doll was replaced by former M O D  bassist Jeff Wood, who was credited in the liner notes as "live bass machine"  Wood toured with the group until autumn 2000, when he was replaced by Liam Wilson  In April 2001, it was announced that Minakakis had decided to leave DEP to pursue "non-music related endeavors"  Before hiring a replacement, the group worked with former Faith No More and Mr  Bungle frontman Mike Patton on the EP Irony Is a Dead Scene, released the following year 

In October 2001, DEP announced that Greg Puciato was the band's new frontman, chosen from "over one hundred" singers who auditioned by submitting a recording of "43% Burnt"  The new lineup's first release was Miss Machine, issued in 2004 as the follow-up to Calculating Infinity  Benoit underwent "major surgery" in December that year, and the next April suffered nerve damage in his left hand which rendered him unable to play guitar  He briefly tried to remain in the band on keyboards, but by May had left the band completely  James Love, formerly of Fenix TX, took his place on rhythm guitar at Benoit's own blessing  In 2006, the band released the digital-only EP Plagiarism, which featured "Unretrofied" in addition to four cover versions and a live recording of "The Perfect Design" During a tour in August 2006, the band performed four shows without lead guitarist Ben Weinman for the first time, who it was announced had flown home to "deal with some personal issues"  However, in subsequent interviews Weinman claimed that he had in fact briefly left the group due to various issues, including frustration with an arm injury he had suffered, as well as tensions with bandmates  During the four shows without Weinman, DEP drummer Chris Pennie was offered the role of drummer in Coheed and Cambria, however he was contractually obliged to remain with the group  After the shows, Jeff Tuttle replaced Love By June 2007, Pennie had officially left the band to join Coheed and Cambria, with drums on the upcoming album Ire Works recorded by Gil Sharone  The following month, Tuttle was officially unveiled as the band's new guitarist, although Weinman recorded all guitars on the album  The following year, rumors began to circulate that Sharone had left the band, although Weinman initially denied them  Early the next year, however, his departure was confirmed and Billy Rymer had taken his place  In 2010, the band released its fourth album Option Paralysis, which was the first to feature contributions from guitarist Tuttle In August 2012, at the end of the touring cycle for Option Paralysis, Tuttle announced that he was leaving the band to attend film school  By November, he had been replaced by returning member James Love, although he did not feature on 2013's One of Us Is the Killer as Weinman described him as "a live guy"  Love remained until May 2015, when he was replaced by Kevin Antreassian  In 2016, the group released its sixth studio album Dissociation, shortly after which they announced that they would be disbanding after the album's touring cycle  The tour came to an end with three final shows in December 2017, at which former members Dimitri Minakakis, Brian Benoit and Adam Doll, plus Irony Is a Dead Scene vocalist Mike Patton, made special guest appearances 

Members
Latest
Former
Touring
Timeline
Lineups
Passage 5:
Buck English
Buck English (1855 – January 15, 1915) was an American Old West outlaw, and one of Lake County, California's most notorious thieves and stagecoach robbers toward the end of the 19th century 

Early life
Born Lawrence Buchanen English in Oregon, he soon received the nickname "Buck"  The English family feuded with the Durbin family for years, which led to three of Buck's brothers dying  When Buck was thirteen, he became obligated to take revenge on the Durbin family  Unlike Black Bart, Lake County's other notorious thief, Buck was rash and openly flaunted his overconfident capacity 
He was only 22 years old when he and a companion held up the Lower Lake stage coach and took the Wells Fargo strongbox from the driver  Instead of the usual gold or silver for the miners, the box yielded only two brass castings  The local newspaper later said, "Shortly before this robbery, he and his companion met four Chinese miners coming down from the Great Western Mine (near Middletown), and robbed them of their watches and money "

Territory
Wells Fargo strongboxes were often the target of stagecoach robbers in Middletown  After the mid-19th century, the payroll money was brought in on the stagecoach with an armed guard beside the driver  Not all of the holdups in the area were the doing of Buck and his gang, although he was a scourge to the local vicinity for a number of years  Buck worked the road near Mountain Hill House, south of Middletown, or near the double bridge north of Middletown near Lower Lake  For 20 years, Buck roamed the countryside, making little effort to hide his identity or his disreputable enterprise 

Duel
Buck walked the streets of Middletown with a six-shooter strapped to his side, daring any who insulted his authority to a contest  One day, he ran into Captain Good on the main street, and harsh words were exchanged  Later in the day, they met again, and this time it was a shooting affair, with Buck emerging unscathed  The captain was seriously wounded in the arm and legs  In another unrelated incident, Buck shot and killed a man in the Middletown skating rink, turning the arena into a scene of pandemonium 

After jail time
After his release from San Quentin in 1882, Buck returned to Middletown  Soon after his arrival, the Lebree store in town was robbed of some watches and jewelry 
Buck left Middletown for a few years, but upon his return, he showed he had not changed  It was not long before he held up the stage at the foot of Mount Saint Helena, near the summer home of the mayor of San Francisco  The six passengers were ordered out of the stage, and stripped of their possessions  Buck made no effort to hide his identity  He greeted the driver of a passing wagon, who quickly drove on when he realized a robbery was in progress 

Capture
This occurred on May 7, 1895  A posse was formed and they set off to capture Buck  They discovered him on a stagecoach going from Monticello to Napa, and a wild chase ensued  The San Francisco Examiner reported the next day:

One of the robbers jumped to the horses ahead and leveled his guns  He waved weapons and spouted profanity, all the while threatening to "blow" the driver off of the seat  The two robbers were armed with old style Colt revolvers, and he cursed at everyone, especially the Chinamen
The capture of Buck by Sheriff Bell reads like a Wild West novel  He was so badly wounded and had lost so much blood that many thought he would not survive  He did recover, however, and returned to San Quentin to serve yet another sentence Buck was not as well known as Black Bart and other Western gunmen of the time, but he created fear wherever he went  Although he was arrested for his robberies and attacks on the general population, Buck had his hands in many other criminal activities, including cattle rustling, which he served less than a year in jail for 

Later life
Buck ended up living long enough to enjoy freedom again after his release from prison  He died in San Francisco on January 15, 1915 of natural causes, unlike his brothers, all of whom all died violent deaths 
Passage 6:
Bill Miner
Ezra Allen Miner (December 27, 1846 – September 2, 1913), more popularly known as Bill Miner, was an American bandit, originally from Bowling Green, Kentucky, who served several prison terms for stagecoach robbery  Known for his unusual politeness while committing robberies, he was widely nicknamed the Grey Fox, Gentleman Robber or the Gentleman Bandit  He is reputed to have been the originator of the phrase "Hands up!" Legend has it that Bill Miner admonished his cohorts to fire their guns when in danger of capture but "do not kill a man" 

Life
Miner was born Ezra Allen Miner in Vevay Township, near Onondaga, Ingham County, Michigan on December 27, 1846  He never legally changed his first name (which he evidently didn't like), but regarded William Allen Miner as his true name throughout most of his life  He was arrested for the first time in 1866 in San Joaquin County, California and served time there  He was shortly released but served more time at Placer County, California and later at Calaveras County, California  He was discharged in 1880  He then formed a partnership with Bill Leroy (as W  A  Morgan) to rob a stagecoach  Leroy was caught and lynched, but Miner escaped  He was later caught for another robbery in Tuolumne County, California and was released from San Quentin in 1901 After his third prison term, Miner moved to the province of British Columbia in Canada, where he adopted the pseudonym George Edwards and is believed to have staged British Columbia's first-ever train robbery on September 10, 1904 at Silverdale about 35 kilometres (22 mi) east of Vancouver, just west of Mission City  It is often claimed that Miner was the robber, but neither he nor his accomplices were ever tied conclusively to the Silverdale heist  It is also widely reported that Silverdale's train robbery was the first in Canada, but Peter Grauer's definitive study ("Interred With Their Bones", 2005) cites a train robbery in Port Credit, Ontario 30 years prior as the first Miner was eventually caught after a botched payroll train robbery near Kamloops at Monte Creek (then known as "Ducks")  Choosing the wrong car, they managed only to rob $15 plus a bottle of kidney pills that Miner picked up off of a shelf  Miner and his two accomplices, Tom "Shorty" Dunn and Louis Colquhoun, were located near Douglas Lake, British Columbia after an extensive manhunt  A posse surrounded them while they were lunching in the woods  Miner presented himself as George Edwards and claimed that he and his cohorts were prospectors  The officer in charge of the posse suspected he had encountered the nefarious train-robbing gang and challenged the claim, putting them under arrest Dunn attempted to fire at the police and was shot in the leg  He gave up quickly after being wounded  Colquhoun was disarmed by an officer standing nearby and Miner never drew his weapon  Miner's arrest and subsequent trial in Kamloops caused a media spectacle  Apparently the most damning evidence against him was the bottle of kidney pills that Miner had picked up during the Ducks robbery  Upon his conviction, he, Dunn and Colquhoun were transported by train to the provincial penitentiary in New Westminster  By that time, Miner's celebrity status had risen to the point that the tracks were reputedly lined with throngs of supporters, many of whom expressed satisfaction with the fact that someone had taken the very unpopular Canadian Pacific Railway to task While serving time in the B C  Penitentiary, Miner escaped in 1907 and was never recaptured in Canada  He moved back to the United States, becoming once again involved in robberies in the South at Gainesville in 1909  There, he served more prison time, and escaped twice He died in the prison farm at Milledgeville, Georgia, of gastritis, contracted from drinking brackish water during his previous escape attempt 

Legacy
Miner's time in British Columbia propelled his celebrity there in many ways since  British Columbia restaurant chain, the Keg Steakhouse & Bar, have named drinks and their Billy Miner Pie after the train robber  Their early decor also showed many photos of Miner A mural depicting Miner's robbery near Monte Creek has been painted on the exterior south wall of Cactus Jacks Saloon & Dance Hall located in the building at the corner of 5th Avenue & Lansdowne Street in Kamloops, British Columbia Maple Ridge, British Columbia features the Billy Miner Pub which is located in historic Port Haney on the bank of the Fraser River  The pub is located in the original Bank Of Montreal building built in the early 1900s It has been speculated that Miner left a hidden cache of loot in the forests south of Silverdale after the first robbery and local historians believe he used these monies to fund his escape, while others surmise that today there is still hidden loot to be found there An original song titled "The Ballad of Bill Miner" was written by singer/songwriter Phillip Mills (Eugene Quinn) and recorded by the San Francisco bay area band "The Blackout Cowboys" 
Miner was the subject of the 1982 Canadian film The Grey Fox, in which he was played by Richard Farnsworth 
Miner is buried in Memory Hill Cemetery in Milledgeville, Georgia  It was discovered that his headstone was in the wrong location, name spelled wrong, and with the wrong year of his death  A new headstone was put in the correct spot and spelled correctly  The old one was kept where it was Mount Miner near Princeton, formerly Bald Mountain or Baldy, was renamed in Bill Miner's honor in response to a motion by the Princeton Board of Trade in 1952  Miner had lived on the ranch owned by Jack Budd, which was on the other side of this mountain from Princeton, while planning the robbery at Ducks  Billy's Restaurant in Princeton, British Columbia is also named after him 
Tin Whistle Brewing Co  a microbrewery from Penticton B C  launched a Red Ale titled "Hands Up!" as a commemoration to Miner 
His principal biography is The Grey Fox: The True Story of Bill Miner, Last of the Old Time Bandits, by Mark Dugan and John Boessenecker (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1992) 
In 2014, thieves stole Miner's watch from the Royal BC Museum in Victoria  The watch, along with the several others were recovered by the Victoria Police and the thieves arrested by the Port Alberni RCMP 
Passage 7:
The Grey Fox
The Grey Fox is a 1982 Canadian biographical Western film directed by Phillip Borsos and written by John Hunter  It is based on the true story of Bill Miner, an American stagecoach robber who staged his first Canadian train robbery on 10 September 1904  The film stars Richard Farnsworth as Miner  The cast also features Jackie Burroughs, Ken Pogue, Wayne Robson, Gary Reineke and Timothy Webber 

Plot
Stagecoach robber Bill Miner is caught and sent to prison for 33 years   He is finally released in 1901   He wanders around, a man out of place in the new century, until he sees one of the first films, The Great Train Robbery, and is inspired to copy it in real life



ground_truth: O

prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: Operation light house was an experiment by Wernher von Braun and another man born in what year?

The following are given passages.
Context 4: Passage 1:
2005 Texas Tech Red Raiders football team
The 2005 Texas Tech Red Raiders football team represented Texas Tech University as a member of the Big 12 Conference during the 2005 NCAA Division I-A football season  In their sixth season under head coach Mike Leach, the Red Raiders compiled an overall record of 9–3 record with a mark of 6–2 in conference play, finished in a tie for second place in Southern Division of the Big 12, lost to Alabama in the 2006 Cotton Bowl Classic, and outscored opponents by a combined total of 473 to 226  The team played its home games at Jones SBC Stadium in Lubbock, Texas 

Previous season
The 2004 team finished the season with an overall record of 8–4, 5–3 in Big 12 play, finishing tied in third place in the Southern Division  The Red Raiders finished the regular season with a 31–15 upset victory over the no  23 ranked Oklahoma State Cowboys  The team was invited to the Holiday Bowl, defeating no  4 California 45–31  The 2004 team was ranked no  18 and no  17 in the final AP and Coaches' polls, respectively  Quarterback Sonny Cumbie finished the season leading the nation in passing yards, throwing for 4,742 yards 

NFL draftees
Schedule
Personnel
Game summaries
FIU
Sam Houston State
Indiana State
Kansas
At Nebraska
Kansas State
Quarterback Cody Hodges finished the game 44-of-65 for 643 yards with five touchdowns and two interceptions  Hodges's 643 passing yards are the fourth most by a quarterback in Division I-A (now Division I FBS) and the second time a Texas Tech quarterback threw for over 600 yards in a single game, with B  J  Symons throwing for 661 yards against Ole Miss in 2003 

At No  2 Texas
At Baylor
Texas A&M
At Oklahoma State
Oklahoma
Vs  No  13 Alabama (Cotton Bowl Classic)
Rankings
Players drafted into the NFL
Notes
Passage 2:
2009 Texas Tech Red Raiders football team
The 2009 Texas Tech Red Raiders football team represented Texas Tech University as a member of the Big 12 Conference during the 2009 NCAA Division I FBS football season  The team was led by tenth-year head coach Mike Leach during the regular season and, following Leach’s dismissal, interim head coach Ruffin McNeill for the bowl game  The Red Raiders compiled an overall record of 9–4 with a mrk of 5–3 in conference play, tying for third place in the Big 12's South Division  Texas Tech was invited to the Alamo Bowl, where they defeated Michigan State, 41–31  The Red Raiders played home games at Jones AT&T Stadium in Lubbock, Texas 
On December 28, Leach was suspended by Texas Tech pending investigation of alleged inappropriate treatment of Adam James, a redshirt sophomore wide receiver, and the son of former SMU Mustangs and New England Patriots running back Craig James  The suspension came after allegations that Leach treated James unfairly following a mild concussion  Leach was terminated by the university on December 30  Ruffin McNeill, the team's defensive coordinator, was named interim head coach and led the team during their appearance in the Alamo Bowl 

Previous season
With an 11–1 record in the regular season during 2008, the Red Raiders finished in a three-way tie with the Oklahoma Sooners and Texas Longhorns atop the Big 12 South  In order to break the tie, BCS standings were used to determine who would face Missouri in the conference championship game  The Sooners, ranked #2 in the BCS polls at the time, were chosen to represent the South Division in the game  The Red Raiders were selected to the Cotton Bowl Classic, losing 34–47 to Ole Miss  The 2008 team finished with an overall record of 11–2 and were ranked no  12 in the final AP Poll 

Personnel
Coaching staff
Mike Leach – Head coach/offensive coordinator
Ruffin McNeill – Assistant head coach/defensive coordinator
Carlos Mainord – Safeties
Clay McGuire – Running backs
Brian Mitchell – Cornerbacks
Matt Moore – Offensive line
Lincoln Riley – Inside receivers
Eric Russell – Special teams Coordinator
Charlie Sadler – Defensive ends
Dennis Simmons – Wide receivers
Sonny Cumbie – Offensive graduate assistantSource:

Roster
Schedule
Game summaries
North Dakota
This game marked the first time the North Dakota Fight Sioux faced the Red Raiders on the football field making North Dakota the 127th different opponent the Red Raiders have faced  The Red Raiders won the coin toss and elected to receive the opening kick off The opening drive ultimately ended in a touchdown and covered 64 yards in 7 plays, lasting 3:18  Barron Batch rushed three yards for the first touchdown and was followed by a successful extra point attempt by Matt Williams  The Red Raiders would go on to score one more touchdown with successful PAT in the first quarter  The Fighting Sioux scored a field goal with six seconds left in the first quarter bringing the final score for the first quarter to 14–3 The second quarter saw the longest touchdown reception of the game with a 49-yard pass by Taylor Potts to Detron Lewis, followed by a successful PAT by Matt Williams  The Fighting Sioux went on to kick a 52-yard field goal with 1:28 left in the half  The final score at the half was 21–6 The third quarter saw only one score with the Red Raider's quarterback Taylor Potts rushing 1 yard for a touchdown followed by a successful PAT  At the end of the third quarter the score was 28–6 The Fighting Sioux scored their only touchdown and successful PAT 3:09 into the final quarter  The Red Raiders scored twice in the fourth quarter with a 32-yard field goal by Matt Williams and later an 18-yard touchdown pass by Taylor Potts to Adam Jones  Matt Williams successfully kicked the last PAT of the game bringing the score to 38–13 During the game, the Red Raiders rushed for 40 yards  Taylor Potts attempted 48 passes, completing 34 for a total of 405 passing yards  Potts was also intercepted 3 times and scored 2 touchdowns  The team accrued 11 penalties for 93 yards 

Rice
This game was the first time the Rice Owls played Texas Tech Red Raiders at home since 1995  The Owls won the coin toss and elected to defer until the second half The Red Raiders shut the Owls out in the first quarter and scored two touchdowns  The first score came 6:13 into the game by way of a 5-yard touchdown pass from Taylor Potts to Edward Britton  Matt Williams successfully kicked the PAT  The next touchdown for the Red Raiders would come with only 1:18 left in the first quarter, when Taylor Potts threw a 7-yard pass to Lyle Leong  The extra point attempt was good  At the end of the quarter the score was 14–0 The second quarter saw no scores by the Red Raiders  The Owls scored a field goal 3:33 into the quarter  The score at the half was 14–3 The third quarter proved to be more fruitful for the Red Raiders, were they once again shut out the Owls  The Red Raiders scored three touchdowns with successful PATs all within the last nine minutes of the quarter  The first came with 8:51 left in quarter when Taylor Potts threw an 8-yard pass to Lyle Leong  The next touchdown came a little over two minutes later with an 11-yard touchdown reception by Austin Zouzalik from Taylor Potts  The last touchdown was scored with 2:34 left in the quarter by Taylor Potts and Lyle Leon when Potts threw a 27-yard pass to Leon  At the end of the quarter the score was 35–3 Steven Sheffield, the Red Raiders backup quarterback, made his season debut when he came in for Taylor Potts during the final quarter after two touchdowns by the Red Raiders and a field goal by the Owls  The first Red Raider touchdown came only nine seconds into the quarter with a 34-yard touchdown reception by Eric Stephens from Taylor Potts  Matt Williams failed to convert the extra point kick  The Owls scored their only touchdown with 11:02 left on the clock  Taylor Potts last touchdown of the game came by way of a 30-yard pass to Tramain Swindall with 9:10 left in the game  The extra point attempt was good  The Red Raiders final score, and Steven Sheffield's first for the season came with 4:33 left in the game when Sheffield threw a 26-yard pass to Tramain Swindall  The PAT was converted by Matt Williams  The final score for the game was 55–10 The Texas Tech Red Raiders rushed for 52 yards and passed for 508 yards  Taylor Potts attempted 57 passes, completing 36 for 456 yards  Steven Sheffield completed 4 out of 6 passes for 52 yards  Potts threw seven touchdown passes to Sheffield's one  Neither Potts nor Sheffield threw an interception The Owls rushed for 60 yards, passed for 197 yards, and scored 1 touchdown 

At Texas
The Texas Tech Red Raiders competed against the Texas Longhorns at Darrell K Royal-Texas Memorial Stadium on September 9, 2009  For the second year in a row the matchup was highlighted on ESPN's GameDay The series between Texas Tech and Texas originated in Austin in 1928 and the two teams have met annually since 1960  Before the game, Texas led the series 43–15–0  The Red Raider's victory in the 2008 season was only the second time in the last 10 meetings The Texas Tech Red Raiders received the opening kick off and returned it 28 yards  The Red Raiders opening driving ended with a 41-yard field goal by Matt Williams  On their second drive the Longhorns scored by returning a Red Raider punt 46 yards for a touchdown  The score at the end of the first quarter was 3–7 The Red Raiders did not score in the second quarter, and would hold the Longhorns to only a field goal  At the half the score was 3–10 The third quarter saw two touchdowns by both the Red Raiders and the Longhorns  The Longhorns scored a touchdown and successful PAT, on their opening drive of the second half  On the next possession the Red Raiders answered the Longhorns score with a touchdown and successful PAT of their own  The Red Raiders first touchdown of the game came by way of a 14-yard pass to Lyle Leong by Taylor Potts and the PAT was kicked by Matt Williams  After an unsuccessful on-side kick by the Red Raiders, Texas's next drive would end with a touchdown and PAT  The Red Raiders next drive proved as fruitful as their previous ending with a 10-yard touchdown pass by Potts to Leong  The final score at the end of the quarter was 17–24 The Red Raider's first two possessions of the fourth quarters ended in a turnovers  The second of which resulted in a Longhorn touchdown, their last of the game  The Red Raiders last score came on their next possession by way of a 22-yard touchdown reception by Tramain Swindall from Taylor Potts  The Longhorns would score the final points of the game with a field goal  The final score of the game was 24–34 The Longhorns rushed for 135 yards and the Longhorns' Colt McCoy attempted 34 passes completing 24 for 205 yards and was intercepted twice  The Red Raiders rushed for -6 yards and fumbled the ball once  Taylor Potts completed 46 passes out of an attempted 62 for a total of 420 yards  Potts was intercepted once 

At Houston
The Texas Tech Red Raiders faced the Houston Cougars at Robertson Stadium in Houston Texas on September 26  This non-conference game was the 28th time the two teams meet, however this was the first time the Red Raiders have played at Robertson Stadium  The Red Raiders ultimately lost the game with a final score of 28–29, dropping their record to 2–2 

New Mexico
The Red Raiders competed against the New Mexico Lobos at Jones AT&T Stadium in Lubbock, Texas, on October 3, 2009  Going into the game, the Red Raiders led the series with a record of 32–6–2  This was the first meeting of the two teams since 2004  The Red Raiders beat the Lobos with a final score of 48–28  Taylor Potts led the Raiders to a score on their first possession of the game, but he left the game with an injury in the second quarter, and Steven Sheffield came in late in the second quarter  Sheffield's 25-yard touchdown pass to Alexander Torres gave the Raiders a 14-7 halftime lead 
Sheffield threw two third-quarter touchdown passes, including a 62-yard catch and run by Harrison Jeffers, as the Raiders extended their lead to 35-7  Jeffers added two more touchdown runs in the fourth quarter to finish the scoring in Tech's 48-28 win 

Kansas State
The Red Raiders took on the Kansas State Wildcats at Jones AT&T Stadium in Lubbock, Texas, on October 10, 2009  This homecoming game was the 11th meeting of the two teams  The Red Raiders had won the previous four games against the Wildcats and had a record of 5–1 at home against the team prior to this game  The game was regionally televised on FSN  The Red Raiders beat the Wildcats with a final score of 66–14  Tech's 66 points were the most ever scored on a team coached by Bill Snyder 

At Nebraska
The Red Raiders took on the No  15 Nebraska Cornhuskers at the Memorial Stadium in Lincoln, Nebraska on October 17, 2009  Before a crowd of more than 86,000, the Raiders jumped out in front early on a touchdown pass from Sheffield to Baron Batch 
Tech's defense then made the biggest play of the game, with defensive end Daniel Howard picking up a fumbled lateral pass and returning it 82 yards for a touchdown and a 14-0 Red Raider lead  The Raiders were up 24-3 as the defense kept Nebraska's offense in check 
The Red Raider offense was stalled in the second half, but Tech's defense continued to make big plays to keep the Huskers from making a comeback  Defensive end Brandon Sharpe had four of Tech's five sacks, and Sheffield scored on a quarterback sneak to put Tech up by three touchdowns late in the game 
With the win, the Raiders improved to 5-2 and appeared in the AP top 25 for the first and only time during the 2009 regular season at No  21 in the nation 

Texas A&M
The Red Raiders competed against the Texas A&M Aggies at the Jones AT&T Stadium in Lubbock, Texas on October 24, 2009  Tech scored first on a 56-yard touchdown pass from Taylor Potts to Alexander Torres, and Potts hooked up with Edward Britton for another touchdown to give Tech a 14-7 lead late in the first quarter   The Aggies then went on to score 31 straight points in the second and third quarters to pull away 
Attendance for the game was 57,733  It was the largest crowd at football game at Jones AT&T Stadium, beating the previous record of 56,333, set on November 1, 2008 in the game against Texas 

Kansas
The Red Raiders faced the Kansas Jayhawks at the Jones AT&T Stadium in Lubbock, Texas on October 31, 2009  Redshirt freshman quarterback Seth Doege got his first NCAA start because of injuries to Taylor Potts and Steven Sheffield  The Raiders didn't get on the scoreboard until the second quarter, when Doege hit Detron Lewis on a 61-yard touchdown bomb to tie the game at 7-7  Later in the second quarter, Colby Whitlock sacked Todd Reesing and forced a fumble deep in Kansas territory, which the Raiders recovered  Baron Batch scored on a 2-yard run, and the two teams went into halftime tied 14-14 
The Jayhawks took a 21-14 lead into the fourth quarter, but the Raiders put up four touchdowns to pull away  Batch scored three touchdowns on the ground, and Laron Moore added a score on a fumble recovery 

At Oklahoma State
Oklahoma
Tech came into the home game against Oklahoma seeking revenge for the 65-21 rout that the Raiders suffered in the 2008 match-up against the Sooners  The game saw a low-scoring first quarter, with Tech going up 3-0 on their first possession  Taylor Potts put Tech in position to score with passes to Lyle Leong, Edward Britton and Baron Batch to set up Matt Williams' 33-yard field goal 
The game was tied 3-3 after the first quarter, but the Raiders' offense got on track with two second-quarter touchdowns  Batch scored on a 1-yard touchdown run, set up by a 65-yard pass from Potts to Torres  Tech's defense forced a quick OU punt, and Potts then hooked up with Zouzalik on a 21-yard touchdown pass to give the Raiders a 17-6 halftime lead 
Tech's defense shut down the Sooners on Oklahoma's opening possession of the second half, and the Raiders quickly marched 91 yards for another touchdown, with Potts hitting Torres on a 24-yard scoring pass for a 24-6 lead 
Tech cornerback Laron Moore intercepted an Oklahoma pass on the Sooners' next possession, but the Raiders could not push the ball in for a touchdown, settling for a 37-yard field goal from Williams 
On Tech's next possession, the Raiders mounted an 18-play drive that chewed up more than seven minutes before scoring on a 21-yard run by Batch  Oklahoma finally scored their only touchdown on a pass from Landry Jones to Ryan Broyles, but the Raiders added a final touchdown on a 4-yard run by Eric Stephens 

Vs  Baylor
Vs  Michigan State (Valero Alamo Bowl)
Rankings
Passage 3:
Ruffin McNeill
Ruffin Horne McNeill Jr  (born October 8, 1958) is an American football coach and former player who currently serves as the special assistant to the head coach at NC State University  He previously served as the assistant head coach and outside linebackers coach at the University of Oklahoma and the assistant head coach and defensive line coach at the University of Virginia  McNeill also served as the head coach of the East Carolina Pirates from 2010 to 2015  Before being named head coach of the Pirates, McNeill served the Texas Tech Red Raiders as an interim head coach, assistant head coach, special teams coordinator, and linebackers coach   On December 28, 2009, he was named interim head coach of the Red Raiders following the suspension and later firing of head coach Mike Leach  He served in the position until the hiring of Tommy Tuberville, who subsequently released him as defensive coordinator 

Playing career
McNeill was a defensive back for the East Carolina Pirates for four years under then head coach Pat Dye  For three of his years at ECU he was a starter, and for two he served as team captain  In his first year with the Pirates, McNeill helped East Carolina to the 1976 Southern Conference Championship and a berth to the Independence Bowl two years later 
McNeill graduated from East Carolina University in 1980  He later went on to Clemson where he earned a master's degree in counseling 

Coaching career
In addition to coaching at the high school level and spending a summer as an intern with the Miami Dolphins under Jimmy Johnson, McNeill has coached 23 seasons at the college level, including seven seasons at Appalachian State, his first job as defensive coordinator  In total, he has been on the coaching staffs at Clemson, Austin Peay State, North Alabama, Appalachian State, UNLV, Fresno State, and Texas Tech 

Texas Tech
McNeill began his tenure at Texas Tech in 2000 as a linebackers coach  In 2003, he accepted the role of assistant head coach as well as taking duties of linebackers coach  In 2007, then-defensive coordinator Lyle Setencich stepped down due to "personal reasons" after a 49–45 loss to Oklahoma State in which the Texas Tech defense allowed over 600 yards of total offense and three 100 yard rushers  Head coach Mike Leach named McNeill interim defensive coordinator shortly after with eight games remaining in the season 
On December 28, 2009, Leach was suspended, and fired two days later, by Texas Tech University over the alleged inappropriate treatment of an injured player  McNeill was named interim head coach and led the team to a 41–31 victory over the Michigan State Spartans in the 2010 Alamo Bowl before being replaced as head coach by Tommy Tuberville  On January 13, 2010, McNeill was removed from the Texas Tech coaching staff by Tuberville and replaced with James Willis 

Defensive improvements
With McNeill at the defensive helm, the Red Raiders' defense improved in every defensive category  Under Setencich, Tech ranked seventh in pass defense, ninth in total defense, and tenth in scoring defense in Big 12 Conference play  In nine games with McNeill, Tech improved to first in pass and total defense and fourth in scoring defense  The Red Raiders forced more punts and allowed fewer rushing and passing yards than they did to begin the season  These vast improvements in the defense led Leach to drop the interim tag and make McNeill the full-time defensive coordinator 

East Carolina
On January 21, 2010 it was announced that Ruffin McNeill would be named head football coach at his alma mater, East Carolina, replacing Skip Holtz, who had recently left for the head coaching job at the University of South Florida After seasons of 6-7 and 5-7, in 2012 East Carolina posted an 8-5 record which included an appearance in the New Orleans Bowl  In 2013, McNeill's Pirates posted the second-most wins in school history, going 10-3 including a win over Ohio University in the 2013 Beef 'O' Brady's Bowl  The season also included wins over in-state rivals North Carolina and North Carolina State  In 2014, however, most felt the Pirates underachieved, marking an 8-5 record and losing 4 out of their last 6 games 
On December 4, 2015, McNeill was relieved of his duties as head coach after finishing the season with a record of 5-7 

Oklahoma
McNeill was named the assistant head coach and defensive tackles coach at the University of Oklahoma on June 14, 2017  He was named interim defensive coordinator on October 8, 2018 replacing the fired Mike Stoops   With the hiring of Alex Grinch as the defensive coordinator in January 2019, McNeill was retained on the OU staff as assistant head coach and outside linebackers coach 
McNeill resigned from Oklahoma at the conclusion of the 2019 season 

NC State
McNeill was announced as the special assistant to head coach Dave Doeren at NC State on July 7, 2020 

Personal
McNeill and his wife, Erlene, have two daughters, Olivia and Renata, one grandchild Isabella and a brother Reggie 
McNeill is a member of the Omega Psi Phi fraternity 

Head coaching record
Passage 4:
2002 Texas Tech Red Raiders football team
The 2002 Texas Tech Red Raiders football team represented Texas Tech University as a member of the Big 12 Conference during the 2002 NCAA Division I-A football season  In their third season under head coach Mike Leach, the Red Raiders compiled a 9–5 record (5–3 against Big 12 opponents), finished in a tie for third place in Southern Division of the Big 12, defeated Clemson in the 2002 Tangerine Bowl, and outscored opponents by a combined total of 537 to 439  The team played its home games at Jones SBC Stadium in Lubbock, Texas 
Quarterback Kliff Kingsbury totaled 5,017 passing yards and received the Sammy Baugh Trophy  Lawrence Flugence set the NCAA single-season record for most tackles 

Schedule
Roster
Game summaries
At Ohio State
At SMU
Ole Miss
NC State
At New Mexico
At Texas A&M
At Iowa State
Missouri
At Colorado
Baylor
Oklahoma State
Texas
At Oklahoma
Vs  Clemson (Tangerine Bowl)
Team players in the NFL
Passage 5:
2004 Texas Tech Red Raiders football team
The 2004 Texas Tech Red Raiders football team represented Texas Tech University as a member of the Big 12 Conference during the 2004 NCAA Division I-A football season  In their fifth season under head coach Mike Leach, the Red Raiders compiled an overall record of 8–4 record with a mark of 5–3 in conference play, finished in a tie for third place in Southern Division of the Big 12, defeated California in the 2004 Holiday Bowl, and outscored opponents by a combined total of 434 to 314  The team played its home games at Jones SBC Stadium in Lubbock, Texas 
The team was led by senior quarterback Sonny Cumbie, who finished the season with 4,742 passing yards, 32 touchdowns, and 18 interceptions, leading the NCAA in passing yards  Cumbie would later serve as an assistant coach for the program starting in 2009, eventually being promoted to co-offensive coordinator in 2013  He would then serve as TCU's offensive coordinator from 2014 to 2020  Cumbie would return to Texas Tech following the 2020 season, being hired as offensive coordinator and quarterbacks coach under head coach Matt Wells  In 2021, Cumbie would be promoted to interim head coach after Wells was fired on October 25 

Previous season
The 2003 team finished the season 8–5, 4–4 in Big 12 play, finishing in 4th place in the Southern Division  The team was invited to the Houston Bowl, defeating Navy 38–14  Quarterback B  J  Symons won the Sammy Baugh Trophy, while wide receiver Wes Welker won the Mosi Tatupu Award 

NFL draftees
Schedule
Personnel
Game summaries
At SMU
At New Mexico
TCU
The Horned Frogs jumped out to a 21–0 lead midway through the second quarter before the Red Raiders scored 56 unanswered points 

At Kansas
Texas Tech got on the board first, with Kansas running back John Randle being tackled in his own end zone for a safety  The Jayhawks then scored 14 unanswered points, with a 36-yard pass from Adam Barmann to Randle and a 1-yard Randle run  Texas Tech would then respond with a 34-yard field goal from Alex Trlica with under a minute left in the first quarter  Kansas went on another scoring run in the second, scoring 16 unanswered points, including a pass from wide receiver Charles Gordon to Brandon Rideau  Gordon would then score on a receiving touchdown from Barmann, but the ensuing two-point pass would fail  The Red Raiders would score their first touchdown in the closing seconds of the first half, with a 32-yard pass from Sonny Cumbie to Trey Haverty  Texas Tech would attempt a two-point conversion, but the pass fell incomplete  The Red Raiders went into halftime trailing 11–30  The Jayhawks were shutout in the second half as the Red Raiders scored 20 unanswered points, with running back Taurean Henderson scoring the game-winning touchdown with 2:37 left 
Quarterback Sonny Cumbie had an uneven game, completing 28-of-52 passes (53 8%) for 356 yards with two touchdowns and four interceptions  Wide receiver Danny Amendola lost a fumble, bringing the Red Raiders' turnover total to five  The Jayhawks would capitalize on the turnovers, scoring 16 points off of turnovers  Kansas would commit three turnovers, all interceptions by quarterback Adam Barmann 

At Oklahoma
Nebraska
Texas Tech forced eight turnovers while only committing one and had 523 yards of total offense while Nebraska only had 292  The 70 points given up and the 60 point margin of defeat are both the largest in Nebraska school history  In 2020, the Omaha World-Herald ranked this game as the seventh most painful loss in the Cornhuskers' history since a 36–62 loss to Colorado in 2001 

Texas
At Kansas State
Baylor
At Texas A&M
Oklahoma State
Vs  California (Holiday Bowl)
Rankings
Players drafted into the NFL
Passage 6:
2012 Washington State Cougars football team
The 2012 Washington State Cougars football team represented Washington State University during the 2012 NCAA Division I FBS football season  The team was coached by first-year head coach Mike Leach and played their home games at Martin Stadium in Pullman, Washington  They were members of the North Division of the Pac-12 Conference  They finished the season 3–9, 1–8 in Pac-12 play to finish in last place in the North Division 

Schedule
Game summaries
BYU
On a nationally televised broadcast, Mike Leach's first game as head coach of the Washington State Cougars was a 30-6 blowout loss to BYU, the former Texas Tech coach's alma mater  Despite Leach's offenses being typically known for their high scoring shootouts, the Wazzu Cougars were unable to score a single touchdown  This marked the first time that a Leach-led offense failed to score a touchdown since 2006, when Texas Tech lost to TCU 12-3  Wazzu quarterback Jeff Tuel threw for 228 yards and two interceptions, while the offense ran for -4 yards on the ground  The only points for the Washington State Cougars came from two field goals in the second quarter  BYU now leads the series 3–1 

Eastern Washington
Of Note: Andrew Furney made a 60 yard field goal at the end of the first half, which would ultimately prove the difference 

UNLV
Colorado
Oregon
Oregon State
1st quarter scoring: ORST - Trevor Romaine 30-yard field goal 
2nd quarter scoring:	WSU - Andrew Furney 24-yard field goal; ORST - Trevor Romaine 24-yard field goal GOOD 
3rd quarter scoring:
4th quarter scoring:

California
Stanford
Utah
UCLA
The Bruins lead the series 18-39-1, which was started in 1928



ground_truth: 1895

prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: What stagecoach robber did Frederick John Fulton prosecute?

The following are given passages.
Context 3:   After a couple of unsuccessful attempts, he successfully robs a train and hides from the law in a mining town in British Columbia, becoming a respectable resident  There, he meets and falls in love with early feminist and photographer Katherine Flynn   He considers settling down with her, but one last robbery proves to be his downfall   True to his nickname, the Grey Fox escapes from prison as the ending credits start 

Cast
Production
According to Farnsworth, the "picture company" was the only one ever allowed to film at Fort Steele, British Columbia, a heritage site  The Grey Fox was also filmed on the British Columbia Railway / Pacific Great Eastern Railway, now run by Canadian National Railway, between Pemberton and Lillooet, British Columbia, and the  Lake Whatcom Railway between Wickersham and Park, Washington  The capture sequence was shot a quarter of a mile from where Miner was actually caught  Miner's gun, "a  41 Bisley Colt", was obtained from a collector and used by Farnsworth in close-ups The film was funded by selling 696 units for $5,000 each to investors, and it was edited in 1981 before a distributor was found  Phillip Borsos was paid $45,000 to direct the film  The film was shot from 7 October to 28 November 1980, and had a budget of $3,480,000 (equivalent to $11,199,273 in 2021), but cost $4,500,000 (equivalent to $14,481,818 in 2021) to make 

Release
The film was shown at the Taormina Film Fest in June 1982, and was released in Toronto on 16 December 1982  It grossed over $6 million at the box office in its first year 

Awards
The Grey Fox has been designated and preserved as a "masterwork" by the Audio-Visual Preservation Trust of Canada, a charitable non-profit organization dedicated to promoting the preservation of Canada’s audio-visual heritage At the 4th Genie Awards in 1983, The Grey Fox was nominated for thirteen awards and won seven:

Best Picture
Best Director (Borsos)
Best Foreign Actor (Farnsworth)
Best Supporting Actress (Burroughs)
Best Original Screenplay (Hunter)
Best Art Direction (Bill Brodie)
Best Musical Score (Michael Conway Baker)Further recognition for Farnsworth included a Golden Globe Award nomination for Best Actor in a Motion Picture – Drama 
It has also been listed in the Toronto International Film Festival's TIFF List of Canada's Top Ten Films of All Time in 1984 and 1993 

Critical reaction
Roger Ebert praised the film as "a lovely adventure" and gave it 31⁄2 stars  Rotten Tomatoes gave it a rare 100% fresh rating 

Restoration and re-release
The film underwent a 4K restoration and was re-released to theatres In April 2020  It also saw its first official release to DVD and Blu-Ray, which included a commentary by filmmaker Alex Cox, interview with producer Peter O'Brian, and a featurette about the restoration 
Passage 8:
Douglas Burrows
Douglas Squire Irving Burrows CBE (Civil) MBE (Military) (7 August 1915 –  10 December 1982) was an Australian stock broker, businessman and philanthropist who from 1970 until his death was President of the Board Royal Alexandra Hospital for Children  With Lorimer Dods and John Fulton he co-founded the Children's Medical Research Foundation of which from 1970 he became the Chairman of the Management Committee 

Early life
Burrows was born in Sydney, the son of Rita (née Squire) and Harry Irving Burrows  He was educated at Newington College (1932–1934) and rowed in the 1st IV at the GPS Head of the River in 1933 and 1934  In 1934 he was stroke of the crew   Burrows was Captain of 1st Rifle Shooting Team in 1934  Under his captaincy, the team were GPS Premiers that year and won the Earl Roberts Trophy 

Working life
Upon finishing school, Burrows gained employment with the chartered accounting firm Priestley & Morris  He stayed with the firm until the beginning of World War II and at war's end rejoined them briefly before joining A J Dawson as an Accountant  In 1951, Burrows became a Member of the Sydney Stock Exchange as a partner of Ernest L Davis & Co  He later served as a director of A J Dawson Ltd, and as Deputy Chairman of Edward Lumley Ltd, Security Life Assurance Ltd and Security & General Insurance Company Ltd 

War service
In 1939, Burrows enlisted in the Australian Army and travelled with the first group of enlisted men on the first boat to leave after the beginning of the war  He served in North Africa, Greece and eventually in New Guinea on the Kokoda Track  As Major Douglas Burrows, he became Deputy Assistant Adjutant General of the Australian 6th Division  In that role he was responsible for co-ordinating the ceremony for the signing of surrender documents by Lieutenant General Hatazō Adachi, Commander of the Japanese 18th Army in New Guinea  After signing the unconditional surrender, Adachi presented his sword to the General Officer Commanding, 6th Division, Major General Horace Robertson  Adachi's aide then surrendered his sword to Burrows and this weapon remains with the Burrows family to this day  On 14 February 1946 he was made a Member of the Order of the British Empire in the Military Division for his war service 

Marriage and family
On 15 August 1942, whilst on a few days army leave, Burrows married Valma Ashcroft who had modelled for advertisements, the Australian Wool Board and women's magazines including covers for The Australian Women's Weekly  They had three children; Mark Douglas Burrows AO; Peter Irving Burrows AO; and Tina Burrows  During their married life, the Burrows were residents of St Ives, New South Wales 

Children's Hospital
In 1952, Burrows joined the board of the Royal Alexandra Hospital for Children  He served as Treasurer (1959–66) and Vice-President (1966–70) before becoming President and serving in that role for eleven years  His wife, Valma, was also appointed to the board in 1973  Valma Burrows’ brother-in-law was Dr Sandy Robertson AM a paediatric surgeon at the Children’s Hospital 

Honours
Burrows was made a Commander of the Order of the British Empire (Civil) on 16 June 1979 in recognition of his services to children's health  The University of Sydney Medical School Foundation's Douglas Burrows Chair of Paediatrics and Child Health was established in 1983 in his honour 
Passage 9:
John Fulton Folinsbee
John Fulton "Jack" Folinsbee (March 14, 1892 – May 10, 1972) was an American landscape, marine and portrait painter, and a member of the art colony at New Hope, Pennsylvania  He is best known today for his impressionist scenes of New Hope and Lambertville, New Jersey, particularly the factories, quarries, and canals along the Delaware River 

Biography
He was born in Buffalo, New York, the middle son of Harrison and Louise Mauger Folinsbee : 24  Beginning at age nine, he attended children's classes at the Art Students' League of Buffalo, but received his first formal training with the landscape painter Jonas Lie in 1907 : 27  Folinsbee contracted polio at age 14, which rendered his legs useless, weakened his right arm, and left him permanently reliant on a wheelchair  He attended The Gunnery, a boarding school in Washington, Connecticut, from 1907 to 1911, where he studied with Elizabeth Kempton and Herbert Faulkner : 28  He later studied with Birge Harrison and John Carlson at the Woodstock art colony (Summers, 1912–1914),: 29–30  and with Frank Vincent DuMond at the Art Students League of New York : 31 At Woodstock, he met Harry (Tony) Leith-Ross, who became a lifelong friend and later followed him to New Hope  In 1914, Folinsbee married Ruth Baldwin (August 8, 1890 – February 13, 1991) – daughter of William H  Baldwin, Jr  and Ruth Standish Baldwin – whom he had met in Washington, Connecticut  The couple moved to New Hope in 1916, and had two daughters, Elizabeth (1917–2016, married Elmer W  Wiggins, 1940); and Joan (1919–2016, married Peter G  Cook, 1938) Early in his career, Folinsbee painted in a tonalist style, with an interest in light and atmosphere that grew directly from his time with Harrison and Carlson in Woodstock  By the late nineteen-teens, he had moved away from tonalism into a more structured, impressionist style  In the mid-1920s, Folinsbee began studying the work of Cézanne, which led to a trip to France in the summer of 1926  The paintings that resulted from this trip, and those that followed later in the decade, reflect a deep understanding of Cézanne's compositional strategies and a desire to reveal the underlying structure of forms  Folinsbee's exploration of structure led eventually to an analytical, highly individual expressionist style in which he painted for the remainder of his career  His palette darkened, his brushstrokes loosened further, and his sense of light and atmosphere became more dramatic  These later works are concerned with conveying a sense of mood and an intense emotional response to the world around him 
His basic aim was the communication of feeling; the subject had to be felt to be worth painting  The communication of that feeling was what a painting was all about; without that excitement in the subject, a painting was merely a dead reproduction of nature or of natural phenomena : 11  — Peter G  Cook

New Hope
Folinsbee painted en plein air, directly from nature  He always had a sketchbook or a box of 8 x 10 inch canvasboards with him, ready to capture any scene that caught his eye : 45  He and Leith-Ross were famous for spending afternoons sketching on the bridge at New Hope (and for tossing anything that displeased them into the Delaware River) : 45, n 24  From his wheelchair, Folinsbee could manage "paintings as large as 24 X 30 ": 86  Larger works were painted in his studio from drawings and oil sketches  He frequently repeated the same scene on different sized canvases, or as an etching or lithograph : 72  To paint a large work, he would lean a canvas against the studio wall and sit on the floor before it, his withered legs tucked under him : 18  Relying on notes made on the spot about color and light, he would edit the scene as he painted, emphasizing or eliminating elements to enhance the overall mood : 67  "The larger studio paintings were never simply blown-up versions of a successful small painting: rather they were developments of a theme along expressive lines, with memory and emotional reaction playing an important role ": 86 The Folinsbees purchased an acre of riverfront land about a quarter-mile upstream from the bridge, across the street from the house they were renting  In 1924, they hired architect (and landscape painter) Morgan Colt to design them an Arts & Crafts-style house and studio  Folinsbee painted dozens of views of the river from the property: 146  – most notably Winter Nocturne (1926), River Ice (c 1936), and his last major work, Zero Morning (1970) – and some views of the house itself  They lived at 160 North Main Street until their deaths In 1929, the Folinsbees were among the founders of Phillips' Mill, an arts center housed in a former grist mill, and Ruth Folinsbee served as the first vice-president of its community association : 79  He participated in art exhibitions there from 1929 into the 1960s  His Shag Ledge (c 1959) was awarded the 1963 First Patron's Prize by Phillips' Mill  The Folinsbees were also founding members of the Bucks County Playhouse : 16 The Great Depression dealt a heavy blow to artists, with little market for luxury goods such as landscape paintings  Folinsbee resorted to bartering his works for services, including dentistry for his daughters : 95  Portraits – for which he typically charged $400 to $500 for a head-and-bust and $1,000 for a three-quarter-length: 103, n 3  – became a larger part of his output : 95  Edward Beatty Rowan, assistant chief of the Public Buildings Administration's Section of Painting and Sculpture, offered him a commission for a post office mural in Freeland, Pennsylvania : 97  Completed in 1938, Folinsbee's mural is both pastoral and industrial: depicting the town's church spires peeking out from among the autumnal-colored hills, but also featuring the town's massive coal breaker and its long culm dump : 98 Folinsbee was also a teacher  One of his better-known students, Peter G  Cook (who married his daughter Joan in 1938), became a colleague and friend  The pair collaborated on murals for two other federal projects: the Federal Building and U S  Courthouse in Paducah, Kentucky (1939),: 98–100  and the post office in Burgettstown, Pennsylvania (1942) : 100–02

Maine
In the mid-1930s, Folinsbee and his family began spending their summers in Maine : 106  He bought a farmhouse at Murphy's Corner, between Bath and Wiscasset, in 1949 : 109  Despite his intense wariness of the ocean,: 27  he embarked on a new aspect of his career—as a marine painter  His Off Seguin (Ellingwood Rock) was awarded the 1952 Palmer Marine Prize by the National Academy of Design : 109  With the prize money, Folinsbee bought a 25-foot motorized Hampton dory (flat-bottomed open boat) that he named "Sketch" and equipped as a floating studio : 25 
One day I suddenly realized that the waves of a heavy sea duplicate what El Greco did in painting the heavy folds of his drapery  The quick turn of the waves is like that of his folds, in that the darkest dark is against the lightest light  The greatest contrast comes at the sharpest point where the wave turns up—where there is a dark, there is a light—it is that way in the folds of El Greco's garments  I've always been fascinated with the way he twists those big folds—exaggeration perhaps, but true in expressing the play of light on form  — John Folinsbee
Folinsbee was diagnosed with cancer in the late 1960s, which further weakened his right arm : 146  He stopped painting in 1971, and died a year later in New Hope : 146

Critical reception and honors
Folinsbee's work has been described as the "rural counterpart" to the Ashcan School : 22  Critic Robert E  Baum (son of artist Walter Emerson Baum) saw in him "the power, frankness, and story-telling quality of a George Bellows or a Winslow Homer  This man sees the rhythm of beauty coupled with a color harmony in many workaday nooks that may seem ugly to the average passerby " In Modern American Painting (1940), Peyton Boswell, Jr  placed him among the "Lyricists"—"the moody ones, dreamers and mystics," who "work sometimes in pattern, but more often in terms of light, shadow and chiaroscuro  They use color and form for emotional rather than aesthetic reasons "Folinsbee was elected an associate member of the National Academy of Design in 1919, and a full academician in 1928  He was elected a member of the Salmagundi Club in 1913,: 280  a life member of the National Arts Club in 1922,: 99  and a member of the Century Association in 1937 : 283  He was inducted into the American Academy of Arts and Letters in 1953 : 285 Folinsbee was represented by Ferargil Gallery in New York City for most of his career, and his paintings were exhibited across the country and in several international exhibitions  He won nearly every award given by the National Academy of Design, receiving some of them multiple times  He exhibited at the Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts most years from 1915 to 1952, and was awarded the 1931 Jessie Sesnan Medal (for Canal and River)  He also won awards from the Connecticut Academy of Fine Arts, the Rhode Island School of Design, the Corcoran Gallery of Art, the Salmagundi Club, and other arts organizations, including a bronze medal at the 1926 Sesquicentennial Exposition in Philadelphia (for Outskirts of Trenton) 

Legacy
Folinsbee's work is in the permanent collections of major museums, including the Smithsonian American Art Museum, the National Gallery of Art, the National Academy of Design, and the Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts  A bronze bust of him by his friend Harry Rosin is in the collection of the Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts Folinsbee's students included artists Peter G  Cook and Evelyn Allen Faherty  Cook became his son-in-law, and wrote a personal memoir, John Folinsbee (1994) 
Kirsten M  Jensen, senior curator at the James A  Michener Art Museum in Doylestown, Pennsylvania, is the author of Folinsbee Considered (2014), a scholarly biography and catalogue raisonné  The Michener Museum maintains an online version of the catalogue raisonné, which is updated as additional Folinsbee works are identified 

Selected works
Landscapes
Poughkeepsie Bridge (1914), private collection  Awarded the 1914 Isidore Prize by the Art Students League of New York 
Gloucester Hillside (1916), Princeton University Art Museum, Princeton, New Jersey 
February (Village in Winter) (1916), Hood Museum of Art, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire 
Canal in Winter (c 1916-17), National Arts Club, New York City  Awarded the 1917 Second Hallgarten Prize by the National Academy of Design 
Along the Canal (c 1916-21), The Phillips Collection, Washington, D C 
Oncoming Clouds (c 1918), North Carolina Museum of Art, Raleigh, North Carolina 
Grey Thaw (1920), National Gallery of Art, Washington, D C  (ex coll  Corcoran Gallery of Art) 
By the Upper Lock (1922), Smithsonian American Art Museum, Washington, D C  Awarded the 1923 First Hallgarten Prize by the National Academy of Design 
Canal at Trenton (1923), National Academy of Design Museum, New York City : 197 
Mending the Canal Bank (1923), private collection 
Grey Coryell (1923), Dallas Museum of Art, Dallas, Texas 
Mill by the River, Fall (c 1923-25), James A  Michener Art Museum, Doylestown, Pennsylvania 
Outskirts of Trenton (1924), Huntington Museum of Art, Huntington, West Virginia  Awarded a bronze medal at the 1926 Sesquicentennial Exposition 
Lehigh Canal (c 1924-25), Palmer Museum of Art, Pennsylvania State University, State College, Pennsylvania 
Canal at Goat Hill (1925), Rhode Island School of Design Museum, Providence, Rhode Island  Awarded the 1925 Gedney Bunce Prize by the Connecticut Academy of Fine Arts 
Winter Nocturne (1926), Reading Public Museum, Reading, Pennsylvania 
Shad Boat (1927), Huntington Museum of Art, Huntington, West Virginia 
Slate Quarry, Bangor (1929), Woodmere Art Museum, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 
Canal Bridge, New Hope (c 1929-32), James A  Michener Art Museum, Doylestown, Pennsylvania 
Canal and River (1930), private collection  Awarded the 1931 Jessie Sesnan Medal by the Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts : 83 
Storm Light (1936), Reading Public Museum, Reading, Pennsylvania 
Bowman's Hill (1936), James A  Michener Art Museum, Doylestown, Pennsylvania 
River Ice (c 1936), James A  Michener Art Museum, Doylestown, Pennsylvania 
Freeland (Study for Freeland, Pennsylvania Post Office Mural) (1938), Smithsonian American Art Museum, Washington, D C 
Evening at Swan's Island (1938), Ogunquit Museum of American Art, Ogunquit Maine 
Hunterdon County (1940), New Jersey State Museum, Trenton, New Jersey  Awarded the 1941 Altman Prize by the National Academy of Design : 99 
Skaters, Dark Hollow (1945), Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 
Hazelton Brickyard (1950), Allentown Art Museum, Allentown, Pennsylvania 
Zero Morning (1970), private collection  Folinsbee's last major work : 146–47

Seascapes
Shag Rock (c 1950), Woodmere Art Museum, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 
Off Seguin (Ellingwood Rock) (1952), Portland Museum of Art, Portland, Maine  Awarded the 1952 Palmer Marine Prize by the National Academy of Design : 109 
Lopaus Point (1957), Farnsworth Art Museum, Rockland, Maine 
Ellingwood Rock (1960), James A  Michener Art Museum, Doylestown, Pennsylvania 

Murals
Freeland (1938), Post Office, Freeland, Pennsylvania
View of Burgettstown (1942), Post Office, Burgettstown, Pennsylvania, with Peter G  Cook
Federal Building and U S  Courthouse, Paducah, Kentucky
Early Town (Lewis and Clark in Paducah) (1942), with Peter G  Cook
The River (Paducah, Kentucky) (1942), with Peter G  Cook

Portraits
Self-Portrait (1919), National Academy of Design Museum, New York City : 197 
Harry Leith-Ross (1928), National Academy of Design Museum, New York City : 198 
Ruth Standish Baldwin (1929), Smith College, Northampton, Massachusetts  Folinsbee's mother-in-law 
James Kellum Smith (1942), National Academy of Design Museum, New York City : 198 
Self-Portrait at Fifty (1942), private collection 
William Thon (c 1950-51), National Academy of Design Museum, New York City : 199 
A  Dayton Oliphant (1958), New Jersey State Capitol, Trenton  Justice of the New Jersey Supreme Court 
Peter Geoffrey Cook (1964), National Academy of Design Museum, New York City : 198  Folinsbee's son-in-law 

Notes
Passage 10:
Frederick John Fulton
Frederick John Fulton, KC (December 8, 1862 – July 25, 1936) was a  British-born and educated Canadian lawyer and politician   He practiced law in Kamloops, British Columbia   He was a member of the British Columbia Legislative Assembly from 1900 to 1909 serving a series of cabinet roles as President of the Executive Council, Minister of Education, Provincial Secretary, Attorney General and Chief Commissioner of Lands and Works   As Attorney General, he prosecuted and convicted the notorious Bill Miner 
He was elected to the House of Commons of Canada under the banner of Prime Minister Borden's Unionist party in the 1917 general election and served as a Member of Parliament until 1920 
In 1906, he married Winnifred M  Davie, daughter of Hon  A E B  Davie  Frederick and Winifred had four sons  Their youngest son Davie Fulton, was also a Kamloops lawyer, provincial and federal politician and judge 

External links

Frederick John Fulton – Parliament of Canada biography



ground_truth: Bill Miner