prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: Kevin Yorn an American entertainment attorney who represents an Australian actor who  played the role of Josh Taylor in what soap opera?

The following are given passages.
Context 1: Passage 1:
Roman Brady
Roman Brady is a fictional character from the long-running NBC soap opera Days of Our Lives  The role was originated in 1981 by Wayne Northrop, who played the role until 1984 and from 1991 to 1994, and is currently being portrayed by series veteran Josh Taylor, who stepped into the role in 1997  Roman is a member of the fictional Brady family, and has been a central character on the show since his introduction in 1981  Over the years, Roman has been involved in a number of storylines, including romances, family conflicts, and mystery plots 

Casting
The role was originated on December 8, 1981, by Wayne Northrop  Northrop departed from the series on November 26, 1984, and the character was killed off during a battle with his arch-nemesis, international criminal mastermind Stefano DiMera  On November 27, 1985, the series introduced a character known as The Pawn, an amnesiac mystery man ostensibly controlled by Stefano but now in the custody of Stefano's rival and local businessman/mobster Victor Kiriakis  The role was portrayed by Robert Poynton until January 20, 1986, though the character's face is wrapped in bandages  On January 23, 1986, The Pawn's bandages were finally removed as Drake Hogestyn made his first appearance as John Black, a character with no memory of his past or knowledge of his real identity  In May 1986, Hogestyn's character of John is revealed to be Roman who had been treated to extensive brainwashing and plastic surgery courtesy of Stefano, and Hogestyn played the role written as Roman until 1991  When Northrop returned as Roman on August 30, 1991, the character that Hogestyn had been portraying for five years was retconned to be an entirely separate character that had been brainwashed to believe he was Roman Brady  Northrop once again departed from the series on August 2, 1994  On July 18, 1997, Josh Taylor appeared in the role as a recast of Roman Brady  The casting was met with criticism due to Taylor's previous portrayal of Chris Kositchek, one of Roman and Marlena's closest friends  Northrop was later recast as another new character, Dr  Alex North, and scenes from Northrop's time playing Roman were edited to create the new character's backstory 

Characterization
Roman is the retired police commissioner of the fictional Midwestern town of Salem, and currently manages and tends bar at his family's business, the Brady Pub  He is also a former agent of the fictional International Security Alliance (ISA), a spy agency focused on all sorts of unusually high-level global conspiracies that tended to center around his otherwise-quiet home town  During his portrayal by Northrop, he was established as a top-notch cop but also a bit of a renegade, often accepting deep-cover assignments, and a master of disguise (similar to Sherlock Holmes)  Hogestyn's character was more by-the-book on the job, although still dangerous with a dark side somewhat characteristic of an ex-spy (which later fed into the "John Black" persona), with expertise in Bruce Lee's Jeet Kune Do, and a little more of a ladies' man  Taylor's portrayal is more that of a "regular guy", with a bit less intrigue and more straightforward professionally, although still with an eye for the ladies and more inclined to engage in one-night stands with various women than the character as portrayed by Northrop or Hogestyn (such as with Kate Roberts, Billie Reed, ex-wives Anna DiMera and Marlena Evans, and a strongly hinted at – but never confirmed – rendezvous with Nicole Walker) 
Over the years, much has been made of the creation (and constant retcon of the backstory) of Hogestyn's character John Black as an entirely separate character than that of Roman Brady, especially after the show had invested over five years in establishing John's identity as Roman, complete with a plausible backstory (and flashbacks) of his “time away” (while he was being held captive, brainwashed, and trained—-unsuccessfully—-to be an assassin by Stefano DiMera), and "Roman's" reemerging memories  However, with Roman's recasts and changes in characterization over the years (while John has consistently been played by Hogestyn), in hindsight it can be said that it was actually John Black that remained more true to the original "Roman" persona, and that it was Roman that was gradually developed into a separate character  This was especially illustrated in 2016 when Roman, who had always been a straight-shooter with regard to the law, became complicit in the cover-up of sister-in-law Hope Brady's murder of Stefano DiMera, who she wrongly believed was responsible for the disappearance and later death of her husband (and Roman's brother) Bo Brady 

Storylines
1981–84
Roman Brady first appeared on Days to protect Marlena Evans from a serial killer  He slept on her floor  The chemistry between the actors, and the characters, led to love  In 1983 on Days of Our Lives, Roman and Marlena were married  Over the next year Roman became embroiled in a storyline with Stefano DiMera  Stefano was a powerful and ruthless business tycoon (and organized crime figure) from Europe who had come to town to set up shop in Salem, and Roman being the city's top cop had gone after him  Subsequently Stefano framed Roman for serial killings that were being committed by his nephew Andre DiMera  At the time Marlena saw Roman killing a woman  Later it was shown that Andre had used a realistic mask  Roman was jailed  Mrs  Alice Horton baked him some drugged doughnuts, and on the way to the hospital Roman escaped  He went on the run to prove his innocence, and he accomplished that  He was promoted, and Stefano was on the run 
In November 1984, Roman tracked Stefano to a Caribbean island where many other characters had crash-landed, too  Stefano was suffering from incurable cancer, and needed to collect three mysterious prisms to unlock a secret formula to cure himself  Roman caught up to him on a cliff, but Stefano pulled a gun  He shot Roman, who seemingly fell to his death  His brother Bo cradled him in his arms on the beach, but had to leave him for a few minutes  When he returned the body was gone  Bo assumed that while he was away, the tide had come in and washed Roman’s body out to sea, for which Bo blamed himself for years  Several episodes later Roman was shown aboard Stefano's yacht, motionless 

1986–1990
In 1986 an amnesiac known only as "The Pawn" appeared in Salem on January 23, 1986  He assumed the name "John Black" after reading it on a Vietnam War memorial in Salem  Eventually the character was revealed to be Roman Brady having undergone extensive plastic surgery, brainwashing, and martial arts training (purportedly to be trained as an assassin) by Stefano DiMera  After an uneasy "re-introduction" to his family and friends in Salem, the character resumed his life as Roman 
In 1988, a storyline featuring a reappearance by Stefano (who had been believed dead) focused on what had happened to Roman during his time in captivity (1984–1986)  Roman and loved ones traveled back to the Caribbean island where Roman had "died" in 1984, and it was revealed that the ISA knew all along that Roman was being held by Stefano and being trained via brainwashing, and extensive instruction by a martial arts master named Orion Hawk, to be one of Stefano's assassins  In fact, the ISA unsuccessfully tried to infiltrate Orion's training camp to extract Roman, but this failed due to the high level of security at Stefano's compound as well as Roman's brainwashed state  This tied into the introduction of Benjy, Stefano's son (and Orion's grandson) who was fostered for a while by Steve and Kayla Johnson  Although subtle hints pointed to the possibility of this "Roman" turning out to be someone else, abetted by speculation by fans and by Hogestyn himself, the clues seemed to tie back together with the resolution that, at least for the moment, the character portrayed by Hogestyn was in fact Roman Brady 

1991–94
After believing that Roman's wife, Marlena Evans, had been dead for some years, he had fallen in love with a woman named Isabella Toscano  In 1991 Marlena turns up alive  In August 1991 the character who had been presumed as Roman Brady since 1986 is retroactively revealed to be a separate character (now once again called John Black) who was brainwashed to believe he was Roman, when what would now be the real Roman (once again played by Wayne Northrop) was found on an island where he had been imprisoned by Stefano  Roman was shocked when he found he had been replaced and all his family had accepted John Black as him and John Black had a difficult time accepting he was not really Roman  Roman went back to his life, and he and Marlena tried to live once again as man and wife  After the death of Isabella, in his grief John turned to Marlena for comfort  The two found themselves unable to resolve their feelings for each other from their life together when John believed himself to be Roman  He and Marlena had an affair that resulted in the birth of a daughter, Isabella, named after Isabella Toscano, whom Roman believed to be his own daughter  When he discovered that Marlena and John had an affair and that Belle was not his real daughter, Roman was crushed  In August 1994, Roman leaves town broken and bitter, once again with no family  Later it was said that Roman had died on a mission for the ISA 

1997–present
In 1997 Josh Taylor was brought in as Roman, who was revealed by Stefano DiMera and Kristen Blake to be alive after being exposed to biological warfare while on a deep-cover ISA mission in South America  The cure to his ailment was discovered by John, Hope, and Stefano in a jungle mission that was engineered to drive John and Marlena apart, but in the end had the opposite result 
Roman was "killed" during the Salem Stalker Murders in December 2003 during his wedding reception to Kate Roberts, but again was revealed to not really be dead  He lived on the island of Melaswen (New Salem) with every other victim from the Salem Stalker Murders, including Marlena  Eventually, other Salemites arrived on the island, trying to find their "dead" loved ones  Some of them went out in the jungle, looking for a way off the island, while the rest remained in "Salem" waiting for help  Help finally arrived  Jennifer got to the island, then Hope and Patrick and finally Bo and John  Everyone banded together to get off the island, but Tony wasn't going to make it easy  He created a volcanic eruption, which eventually caused a giant wave  As everyone gathered on makeshift rafts to get off the island, the wave crashed over them  The Coast Guard arrived and managed to rescue some of them, but Roman, Marlena, Jack, and his daughter Cassie were not saved  They were in the clutches of Tony DiMera once again, and he took them to a remote European castle where he held them captive 
While in the castle, Tony DiMera (actually Andre DiMera) tormented Roman and Marlena with video of John and Kate growing ever closer back in Salem  Eventually, they believed the two of them had sex, and Roman and Marlena, needing comfort, had sex as well  Shortly thereafter, Jack made his way into their room  They escaped! Through fire and explosions, our group of intrepid Salemites – Marlena, Roman, Jack and Cassie – all got out and were on their way home 
On the ISA jet on the way back to Salem, Roman and Marlena made the decision to not tell Kate and John that they had sex  Marlena was uncomfortable with lying to John, but eventually agreed with Roman  When they arrived back they were shocked to learn that John and Kate had fallen in love and were engaged to be married, but Roman and Marlena still didn't tell the truth about their affair  Soon after they were back Marlena discovered that she was pregnant and that Roman had to be the father, but when the truth came out John wasn't too forgiving  During a fight between Roman and John, Marlena tumbled down the stairs, causing a miscarriage 
As the second decade of the 21st century has unfolded, Roman is the commissioner of the Salem police force  After an ill-fated marriage to Kate Roberts, he has remained single and adopted an elder-statesman, back-burner role on the show  He serves primarily as the de facto patriarch of the Brady family and the supervisor and occasional voice-of-reason to junior police officers and ISA agents (with a catchphrase of sorts developing from his consistent inquiries of "what da hell" is going on)  He has largely made peace with his past with Stefano DiMera, John Black, and Victor Kiriakis, and remains friends with ex-wives Anna, Marlena and Kate, and is occasionally shown as having a soft spot for all of them  In March 2017, he retires as police commissioner and is seen later tending bar at the Brady Pub  In 2018, he begins working with his friends John Black and Steve Johnson at their private detective business, Black Patch  Hattie Adams, Marlena's doppelganger, develops feelings for Roman and tries to trick him into thinking she is Marlena, but this does not work out  In 2021, he rekindles his romance with Kate, and they remarry the following year 

External links
Roman at soapcentral com
Passage 2:
Kevin Yorn
Kevin Brett Yorn (born July 4, 1965) is an American entertainment attorney and investor  He co-founded Yorn Barnes Levine Entertainment Law Firm where he is managing partner 

Early life and education
Yorn was born in Montville, New Jersey to father Dr  Lawrence Yorn, a dentist and captain in the Army, and his mother, Joan Yorn  He has two brothers, Pete Yorn, a musician and Rick Yorn, a talent manager Yorn is an alumnus of Muhlenberg College in Allentown, PA  He graduated with a Juris Doctor degree from Tulane University Law School in 1990 and was admitted to The State Bar of California in 1991  Yorn has collaborated with Tulane University, his alma mater and created funds to promote entertainment and media law at Tulane Law School as well as to support the Gender & Sexuality Studies program in the School of Liberal Arts 

Career
Early Career
Yorn became a deputy district attorney in L A  County after graduating from Tulane Law in 1990  He was in the D A ’s office for five years, working in the Hardcore Gang Investigations Unit 

Yorn Barnes Levine
In 1996 Yorn was recruited from the D A 's to partner with Michael Barnes, Kevin Morris and Brian Wolf, forming Barnes Morris Wolf & Yorn, based in Santa Monica Aspiring writer Anthony Zuiker asked Yorn for help in escaping a screenwriting contract so that he could go on to create the television series CSI, which premiered in 2000 In 2013, Yorn worked on the deal to renew DeGeneres' talk show through 2016-17 In the summer of 2014, Yorn's firm made a deal with Hulu for three years of South Park reruns, reportedly at a price of more than $80 million, and he helped Zuiker make content deals with YouTube and Yahoo  Yorn also created a joint venture with Warner Bros , Ellen DigitalVentures, to help take advantage of Ellen DeGeneres’ social media reach, digital video content, games and apps, including Heads Up! Yorn was listed among The Hollywood Reporter’s Top 100 Entertainment Attorneys in 2013 and 2014, and one of Hollywood's top power lawyers every year between 2015 and 2023 

Investing
In 2021, Yorn co-founded private equity investment firm Broadlight Holdings with his brother Rick and David Dorfman  The firm is focused on investments in the global technology and consumer landscape 

Personal life
Yorn lives in Los Angeles, California  His parents moved to Los Angeles in 2000, and his mother Joan became a receptionist at Yorn Barnes Levine In 1996, he married film producer Julie Silverman in a Jewish ceremony in Tarrytown, New York  They later divorced in 2005 
Passage 3:
L  Londell McMillan
L  Londell McMillan  (born in 1966 in Bedford–Stuyvesant, Brooklyn, New York) is an American entertainment attorney, producer, and publisher 

History
He graduated from Brooklyn Technical High School in 1983 and received his undergraduate degree from Cornell University, where he was a Quill and Dagger member, honors graduate, and Academic All-American mentioned football player  After his time at Cornell, McMillan pursued a law career at the New York University School of Law McMillan was a faculty member with the Practicing Law Institute; lecturer and featured case study subject of the Harvard Business School   He also has been a guest and commentator on The Oprah Winfrey Show, Today, Entertainment Tonight, and CNN  In 2008, McMillan was named as one of The National Law Journal’s 50 most Influential Minority Lawyers in America, and in 2007 was recognized as one of New York’s Super Lawyers   He was a recipient of the Metropolitan Black Bar Association Haywood W  Burns, Lawyer of the Year Award in 2001 and was featured on the cover of Black Enterprise magazine in December 2003   McMillan has also been honored among Crain’s 100 Most Powerful Minority Leaders    McMillan founded The McMillan Firm;  he was a partner and co-head of the Media and Entertainment Global Industry Sector Group at the international law firm of Dewey & LeBoeuf LLP until 2012   McMillan is also the Chairman of The NorthStar Group which owns and operates The Source Magazine (print and digital), Jones Magazine (print and digital) and produces music, arts and cultural events locally, nationally and worldwide   McMillan serves as a business advisor and business manager for individuals and organizations in the private sector and non-profit community 
His clients over the years have included Prince before his death and his estate after his death, Lil' Kim, Stevie Wonder, Chaka Khan,  Michael Jackson before his death, Roberta Flack, Isaac Hayes, Spike Lee, LL Cool J, Nas, Kanye West, Zhane, Estate of Christopher Wallace, 1996 Olympic Women's Basketball Players Lisa Leslie & Dawn Staley, among other professional athletes and entertainers   Among his corporate clients have been The Discovery Channel, Time Warner, Screenvision, Radio One, and National Football League, and Mercedes-Benz 

Community service
L  Londell McMillan is committed to community service, having served as General Counsel of the NAACP, Brooklyn Chapter, serves as Chair of NorthStar Charities, Co-Founder of the Artist Empowerment Coalition, Founder of SOURCE360, and served on the Fund for Public Schools (which raises private financial support for New York City's public schools), and the Benefit Committee of The Jazz Foundation of America, as well as being a member of the Board of Directors  McMillan is the current owner and group publisher of The NorthStar Group, which publishes Jones Magazine and The Source 
Passage 4:
Liam Hemsworth
Liam Hemsworth (born 13 January 1990) is an Australian actor  He played the roles of Josh Taylor in the soap opera Neighbours and Marcus in the children's television series The Elephant Princess  In American films, Hemsworth starred as Will Blakelee in The Last Song (2010), as Gale Hawthorne in The Hunger Games film series (2012–2015), and as Jake Morrison in Independence Day: Resurgence (2016) 

Early life
Hemsworth was born in Melbourne, Australia, to Leonie (née van Os), an English teacher, and Craig Hemsworth, a social-services counsellor  He has two older brothers, Chris Hemsworth and Luke Hemsworth, who are also actors  His maternal grandfather is a Dutch immigrant, and his other ancestry is English, Irish, Scottish, and German  Hemsworth has said that though there is competition for jobs among them, it is friendly: "We are brothers and we are always competitive, but it is a good thing, it pushes us and we are always happy whenever someone books something "When Hemsworth was in year 8 high school, he and his family relocated to Phillip Island, a small Australian island southeast of Melbourne where he spent much of his time there surfing with his brothers  In March 2009, Hemsworth moved to the United States to pursue his acting career  He and his brother Chris first stayed in the guest house of Chris's manager, William Ward, before renting their own Los Angeles apartment 

Career
2007–2010: Career beginnings
Prior to becoming an actor, Hemsworth laid floors for six months  He began to seriously consider following his elder brothers' footsteps in high school by participating in school plays  Eventually, Hemsworth retained an agent  He attended his first audition at the age of sixteen and began his career in 2007 with guest appearances on the shows Home and Away and McLeod's Daughters  The week of 8 July 2007, Hemsworth began filming episodes for Neighbours, an Australian soap opera his brother Luke had previously starred in  Hemsworth's character, Josh Taylor, was a recurring character from 2007 to 2008  In the show, Josh was an athletic paraplegic who supported and began a relationship with character Bridget Parker after she was paralysed down one side of her body in a car crash  In 2008, Hemsworth began acting on the children's television show The Elephant Princess, playing "Marcus", the lead guitarist of the protagonist's band  Hemsworth later had roles in the television series Satisfaction and starred in the British film Triangle  He also made a brief appearance as an MIT student in the film Knowing In 2009, Hemsworth was selected to act opposite Sylvester Stallone in Stallone's 2010 film, The Expendables, but his character was written out of the script (Hemsworth later co-starred in The Expendables 2)  Hemsworth's brother, Chris, told Movieline that just a few hours after Hemsworth learned he would not appear in The Expendables, director Kenneth Branagh called to ask him to test for the lead role in the 2011 film Thor  Hemsworth moved to the States in March 2009 for screen tests  Though he eventually lost the role to Chris in May, Disney announced later the same week that Hemsworth had landed the part of Will Blakelee in the 2010 drama The Last Song, based on the Nicholas Sparks novel by the same name  Hemsworth plays the love interest of Miley Cyrus's character in the film  Nikki Finke reported that Hemsworth had been in Los Angeles for just three weeks and had not yet found an agent when he was cast  Hemsworth next appeared in the music video for Cyrus' "When I Look at You" which was recorded on 16 August 2009 In September 2009, Hemsworth appeared at a dinner event to promote Foxtel, an Australian pay television company  In March 2010, Details magazine selected Hemsworth as one of their predictions for "The Next Generation of Hollywood's Leading Men"  Later that month, it was announced that Hemsworth was in negotiations to star in Arabian Nights, a 3D action film that will be directed by Chuck Russell for Inferno Entertainment  It was later confirmed that he will be starring in the movie  He has also reportedly been offered the lead role in Northern Lights after Taylor Lautner withdrew from the David Ellison-financed project Hemsworth was the Nickelodeon Australian Kids' Choice Awards 2010 host  He and Miley Cyrus won the "Fave Kiss" category Hemsworth starred in the music video for "Colder Weather" by the Zac Brown Band 

2011–present: The Hunger Games series and beyond
On 4 April 2011, Lionsgate announced Hemsworth to be one of the leads, Gale Hawthorne, in The Hunger Games, which was released in 2012  In June 2011, he became attached to war drama Love and Honor which also stars Aimee Teegarden and Teresa Palmer In 2013, Hemsworth appeared in Empire State, with Emma Roberts, and Paranoia, co-starring Harrison Ford, Gary Oldman and Amber Heard  He reprised his role, Gale Hawthorne, in three sequels to The Hunger Games, The Hunger Games: Catching Fire, released in November 2013, The Hunger Games: Mockingjay – Part 1, released in November 2014, and The Hunger Games: Mockingjay – Part 2, released in November 2015 
On 11 June 2012, Los Angeles-based non-profit organization Australians in Film announced that Hemsworth would be honoured at an exclusive benefit dinner on 27 June 2012 in Hollywood  Hemsworth attended the invitation only event, held at the Intercontinental Hotel in Century City, with his then fiancée Miley Cyrus  It was their first public appearance together as an engaged couple In 2015, Hemsworth portrayed the love interest of Kate Winslet's character in the Australian literary adaptation The Dressmaker, which was filmed in Victoria in the summer of 2014  Hemsworth starred in director Roland Emmerich's 2016 film Independence Day: Resurgence  In 2019, following a three-year absence, he played a fantasy version of a romantic comedy leading man in the film Isn't It Romantic, and starred in the action crime film Killerman 
Hemsworth currently appears on the horror TV series, Most Dangerous Game, for Quibi, the short-form streaming platform  Hemsworth plays the lead role as a terminally ill man trying to provide for his pregnant wife before he dies In 2022, Hemsworth is set to star in the Netflix film Lonely Planet with Laura Dern  In October 2022, Netflix announced that Hemsworth would be replacing Henry Cavill as Geralt of Rivia from the start of Season 4 of The Witcher 

Personal life
Hemsworth is the ambassador of the Australian Childhood Foundation  Hemsworth talked about his association with the foundation, "I have the best parents you can have  They have worked in child protection for twenty years and have only ever given me encouragement and support  The world is a scary enough place as it is for children  It is important that home should always be a safe place for them " When asked if he believed he was a hero to children, Hemsworth said he did not know, but that he would like to be a good role model Hemsworth was vegan and told Men's Fitness in 2015 that he found "no negatives to eating like this  I feel nothing but positive, mentally and physically " In 2020, following hospitalization for kidney stones, he told Men's Health that he had to "completely rethink what [he] was putting in [his] body "After his separation from Cyrus, Hemsworth began a relationship with Australian model, Gabriella Brooks 

Relationship with Miley Cyrus
While filming The Last Song in June 2009, Hemsworth began a relationship with his co-star Miley Cyrus  After a three-year on-again, off-again relationship, the couple announced their engagement in June 2012  They lived together in Los Angeles but ended their engagement in September 2013  Rumours began in January 2016, stemming primarily from sightings of the couple together at his Malibu home and the reappearance of the engagement ring on Cyrus  Cyrus confirmed in an interview on The Ellen DeGeneres Show in October 2016, they were once again engaged In November 2018, Cyrus revealed on social media that her and Hemsworth's home had burned down in the Woolsey Fire, and expressed devastation for her community and gratitude for the safety of herself, Hemsworth, and their pets  The following morning, Hemsworth responded on his social media by posting a picture he had taken of the charred rubble of their former home  In his posts he praised the residents of his community on how they united in helping with the consequences of the fire, and encouraged his followers to donate their time, money, and resources to The Malibu Foundation, a non-profit established in the wake of the Woolsey fire, and to his fiancée's own non-profit organisation, the Happy Hippie Foundation, to further contribute help with the aftermath  On 13 November 2018, Hemsworth and Cyrus made a joint $500,000 donation to The Malibu Foundation through Cyrus's foundation Hemsworth and Cyrus married on 23 December 2018 at their home in Nashville, Tennessee  On 10 August 2019, Cyrus announced their separation  Eleven days later, Hemsworth filed for divorce, citing irreconcilable differences  On 28 January 2020, it was announced that their divorce had been finalized 

Filmography
Film
Television
Awards and nominations
On 27 June 2012, Liam Hemsworth was presented with the Australians in Film Breakthrough Award for international success 
Passage 5:
Stefan Dennis
Stefan Dennis (born 30 October 1958) is an Australian actor and singer best known for playing the role of cold-hearted and ruthless businessman Paul Robinson in the soap opera Neighbours from its first episode on March 18, 1985  He departed Neighbours in 1992 before returning for a short stint in 1993  He then returned in late 2004 and played the character up until the show's temporary ending in 2022 and is set to return to the role in 2023  During his time away from Neighbours he was a cast member of Scottish soap opera River City produced and set in Glasgow, Scotland  He is also known for his 1989 single "Don't It Make You Feel Good", which reached Number 16 in the Irish and UK Singles Chart 

Early life
Dennis was born in Tawonga, Victoria but his family moved to Queensland for 12 years, where he did most of his schooling  He started showing his genuine interest in music and acting at the age of seven and was eleven years old when he started in amateur theatre in Queensland  His debut with this first theatre company was in Oliver!  Also, at this time he and his brother formed a vocal duo and performed on many occasions  They played at weddings, charity events, and some large concerts By the age of 14, Dennis was convinced he wanted to go into the entertainment business  He understood the pitfalls associated with choosing the career of an entertainer, so he decided to get a trade behind him to support him through the times when he might be out of work  He left school at 15 and took an apprenticeship as a chef  On completion of his chef's certificate, he moved from the Gold Coast to Melbourne 

Career
Dennis started out in guest roles on programmes such as Cop Shop, Skyways, Carson's Law, Young Ramsay, Prisoner, Home, The Henderson Kids, The Sullivans, The Young Doctors and Sons and Daughters and many others  Dennis has a number of credits to his name  He had a major role in The Henderson Kids, a co-lead in an ABC children's show called Infinity Limited, and he co-starred in The Flying Doctors mini-series  In 1984, he auditioned for the roles of Shane Ramsay and Des Clarke in a new soap opera, Neighbours where he was later cast as Paul Robinson instead  His role in Neighbours brought opportunities such as appearing at the Royal Variety Performance alongside fellow cast members 
After finishing Neighbours in 1992, Dennis moved to the UK and worked on a variety of TV shows and theatre productions  He appeared in many pantomimes, plays, and musicals including the pantomime Cinderella in Bournemouth, UK from 10 December 1992 to 17 January 1993  In 1994, he played Mickey in Blood Brothers, touring in New Zealand and Australia before returning to the UK to appear in the show in both the West End, and in a national tour of the UK  He appeared in many television shows, including Dream Team, River City, The Bill and Casualty  He also returned to Australia from time to time for guest roles in shows such as Blue Heelers, Good Guys Bad Guys and Stingers  Dennis has worked as a voiceover artist for many years both in Australia and the UK He was part of the team that set a new world record in 1995 for 24-hour endurance outdoor karting  The team – Stefan Dennis, David Brabham, Russ Malkin, Steve Malkin – set the record of 1,664 7 km (1,034 397 mi) on a 1 3 km (0 808 mi) track at Brooklands, Weybridge, Surrey, UK on 24 and 25 February 1995  While in the UK, Dennis became a partner in Lex Film Entertainment, and was associate producer on the film The Truth About Love 
He returned to Neighbours at the end of 2004, and continued as a regular character until the show's final episode in 2022  He is the only current cast member who appeared in the first episode, although he is not the longest serving due to his long break  Of his role in Neighbours, Dennis has said that people struggle to tell the difference between himself and the character and "shy away" from him because "they think I'm going to bark at them"  He has conceded that it could be a testament to his acting and says "It's a real compliment though, as people know the character that well, they actually think I am like him in real life"  As a matter of fact, although he portrays Paul Robinson as having a prosthetic leg, he has two good legs of his own In 2009, Dennis was stalked by two fans while presenting the Best Villain award at the British Soap Awards  He hosted a documentary special celebrating Neighbours' 30th anniversary titled Neighbours 30th: The Stars Reunite, which aired in Australia and the UK in March 2015  In 2018, Dennis appeared in the recurring role of Michael Armstrong QC in the sixth series of Wentworth 

Music
In 1989, Dennis started a side-line music career, and released the single "Don't It Make You Feel Good", which reached No  16 in the UK Singles Chart, in May of that year  He released a second single, "This Love Affair", which reached No  67 in the UK in October 1989  Dennis is a talented pipe organist (cite Australian Organist Association 1990 march)
In 2013, Dennis sang and appeared as Santa Claus in the music video for his Neighbours co-star Alan Fletcher's song "If You Want a Happy Christmas" 

Personal life
Dennis' older brother, John, was killed by a drunk driver at the age of 12  Of the sentencing, Dennis has said: "That driver was fined just $50 for what he did  And that same weekend someone who killed a koala at Currumbin Wildlife Sanctuary got fined $200  So    well, that's hard " Dennis has used the incident to raise awareness about drink driving via his Twitter account Dennis previously dated Natalie Imbruglia and Gayle Blakeney in the 1990s while they were co-starring on Neighbours with him He met and married his wife, Gail when in the UK  The couple have two sons, Cameron and Declan, and a daughter Darci  The family reside in Australia 

Filmography
Television
Films
Theatre
Passage 6:
Lisa A  Callif
Lisa Anne Callif (born January 6, 1974) is an American entertainment attorney specializing in independent film  She works in all aspects of the field with a focus on clearance work – enabling filmmakers to use a limited amount of unlicensed material in their projects with the U S  Copyright Law's fair use doctrine In 2008, Callif became a named partner at the Beverly Hills law firm Donaldson & Callif  She has worked on such documentary films as I'm Still Here, Waiting for Superman and Inside Job  Filmmakers she has worked with include: Oliver Stone, Jason Blum and Elise Pearlstein  She is an adjunct associate professor of law at Southwestern Law School in Los Angeles 

As an author
In 2010, Callif released The American Bar Association's Legal Guide to Independent Film Making, which she co-authored with law partner Michael C  Donaldson, whose book Clearance & Copyright: Everything the Independent Filmmaker Needs to Know is used as a textbook in over 50 college and university film schools across America 

Recognition
In 2011 Callif was named one of "The Best and the Brightest" of Hollywood Law by Variety magazine 

Bibliography
The American Bar Association's Legal Guide To Independent Filmmaking (2010) (by Lisa A  Callif & Michael C  Donaldson)
Passage 7:
Ernest Del
Ernest Del (born January 16, 1952) is an American entertainment attorney  Del served as Senior Advisor at ZeniMax Media from 2017 till 2021 
Del previously served as President of ZeniMax from 1999 up until April 2017  He also serves as a director of Delivery Agent and of the Silver Eagle Acquisition Corporation 

Education
Del graduated with degrees in economics and political science from the University of California, Berkeley in 1973 and earned his J D  degree from Stanford University Law School in 1976 

Career
Del began his law career in 1976 as an antitrust litigator at the law firm of Wyman, Bautzer, Rothman & Kuchel, focused primarily on cases addressing the transformation of the nationwide Bell telephone system in the late 1970s before shifting to transactional entertainment law  Initially he worked exclusively on feature films in the United States and abroad  He later worked on television and digital media 
In December 1999, he became President at ZeniMax Media  He additionally served as president of ZeniMax Europe from December 2010 to August 2012   Del later became part of the law firm Del, Shaw, Moonves, Tanaka, Finkelstein & Lezcano 

Entertainment law
Del's clients include: Fox's former executive and current CEO of Tribune Company, Peter Liguori, Kevin Reilly (Chairman of Entertainment for the Fox Broadcasting Company), Former CW executive Dawn Ostroff, 20th TV's Dana Walden, Lionsgate CEO Jon Feltheimer, former The WB Television Network network president David Janollari, Leslie Moonves ( former president and CEO, CBS Corporation), actor-producer Paul Reiser, Stuart Bloomberg the former chairman of ABC Entertainment, Bob Greenblatt (chairman of NBC Entertainment)  Some of his associates from Hollywood sat on ZeniMax's Board of Directors: Leslie Moonves, Harry Sloan and Jerry Bruckheimer Del helped Harry E  Sloan to rebuild MGM, when Sloan was  chairman and CEO there  He also repped Providence Equity Partners in the creation of Hulu, as well as advising Bethesda Softworks  In 2009 and 2010, Del was called a power lawyer by The Hollywood Reporter 

See also
Greg Bautzer
Passage 8:
Umar Lubis
Umar Lubis (born July 14, 1973 in Jakarta) is an Indonesian actor  He is known for his numerous roles in soap operas  He always role in SinemArt soap opera  Usually he always role as father in soap opera  He is son in-law from Rae Sita  His name started to be known by public when he play in soap opera Intan  In that soap opera, he roled as Dr  Frans, father of Lila who is roled by Ingka Noverita 

Personal life
Umar married  Ravelra Ruth Supit (October 14, 1975) in 1996  From their marriage, they have four children, there are Nabil Raehan Lubis (January 1997), Ramzie Rif'at Lubis (July 7, 1998), Rania Rizqina Lubis (July 24, 2002), and Raafi Ali Lubis (April 2011) 

Filmography
Films
Soap Operas
TVM
Kupilih Jalanku Sendiri (2017) as Akmal Fatoni
Passage 9:
Michael C  Donaldson
Michael C  Donaldson (born October 13, 1939) is an American entertainment attorney, independent film advocate and a recipient of the International Documentary Association's Amicus Award, an honor bestowed upon only two others, Steven Spielberg and John Hendricks, in the 25-year history of the awards  He is a proponent of the 165-year-old fair-use doctrine and, through its use, is known for saving documentarians hundreds of thousands of dollars while preserving their First Amendment rights In addition to serving as general counsel to Film Independent (home of the Independent Spirit Awards and the Los Angeles Film Festival) and the Writers Guild of America/West Foundation, Donaldson practices at his Beverly Hills law firm, Donaldson & Callif, where, in 2008, entertainment attorney Lisa A  Callif became a partner 

United States v  Stevens
Donaldson played a significant part in the Supreme Court of the United States’ United States v  Stevens case by arranging the amicus brief that was filed by four documentary film organizations the members of which were directly affected by the Supreme Court's decision – the International Documentary Association, Film Independent, the Independent Feature Project, and the Independent Film & Television Alliance The amicus brief was filed on behalf of a documentary filmmaker who made a film about the history of pit bulls and included a clip of dog fights in Japan, where dog fighting is legal  Filmmaker Robert Stevens was sentenced to three years in prison for violating a federal statute that criminalizes the depiction of cruelty to animals in film 
Through this brief the organizations urged the court to rule in favor of Stevens because of the case's First Amendment implications 
On April 20, 2010, the United States Supreme Court ruled 8–1 in favor of voiding a 1999 animal cruelty law in favor of free speech protections guaranteed by the First Amendment to the United States Constitution 

Chevron v  Joe Berlinger
Donaldson prepared an amicus brief in support of filmmaker Joe Berlinger, who was ordered to hand over some 600 hours of raw footage shot in connection with his documentary Crude  Chevron Corporation requested the footage, intending to use it to defend itself in an Ecuadorian class-action lawsuit (filed against it for environmental contamination to the Amazon rainforest) as well as to help fend off the threatened criminal prosecution of two of its attorneys in the litigation The brief was prepared pro bono by Donaldson's firm and filed in an effort to protect against the potentially devastating consequences the subpoena could have on the role documentary filmmakers play in providing independent information on human rights and social issues through their use of the First Amendment right known as Reporters' Privilege  A number of industry organizations and individuals signed on to the brief, including Film Independent, IFP Inc , Alex Gibney, and Eddie Schmidt, who was president of the International Documentary Association Actor, director, and environmental activist Robert Redford, has made his thoughts on the issue known in public media platforms 

Digital Millennium Copyright Act
On July 26, 2010, the United States Copyright Office ruled that documentary filmmakers would be exempt from the provisions of the DMCA (Digital Millennium Copyright Act of 1998) that criminalize the act of circumventing electronic and digital copyright protection systems when ripping material from DVDs  The exemption was the result of an action spearheaded by Donaldson who assembled a coalition of award-winning documentarians and filmmaker organizations and provided pro bono legal council for the legal request Prior to the ruling, documentary filmmakers were forced to use technically inferior methods to obtain copyrighted material permitted them by the fair use doctrine in United States copyright law  The exemption allows documentarians to legally obtain portions of encrypted or digitally locked material from DVDs for non-infringing use in their films The exemption was in effect through October 28, 2012   On October 26, 2012, the Librarian of Congress published a new set of exemptions, effective October 28, 2001 through October 28, 2015, that provide substantially the same filmmaker rights 

Net neutrality
Donaldson assisted in the effort to ensure that documentary filmmakers have the same rights as major studios in terms of the speed at which their films will be able to travel the internet  He, along with Jack I  Lerner and the USC Intellectual Property and Technology Law Clinic, organized the efforts on a pro-bono bases in support of the principle termed Net Neutrality  The fight was led by the International Documentary Association and was supported by such additional organizations as Film Independent, University Film & Video Association, Independent Filmmaker Project, Independent Feature Project Chicago, IFP Minnesota and National Alliance for Media Arts and Culture 
On January 2, 2011, the FCC ruled in favor of net neutrality in a 3-to-2 vote 

Lee & William Storey v  Commissioner of Internal Revenue
In support of the documentary film community's tax status, Donaldson, along with his firm's team of attorneys, prepared an amicus brief on a pro-bono basis urging the United States Tax Court to recognize that documentary films are overwhelmingly undertaken in the pursuit of a profit  It was filed in response to the Internal Revenue Service's challenge of filmmaker Lee Storey's business expenses associated with his documentary Smile ‘Til It Hurts: The Up With People Story 
During Storey's March 2011 trial, a judge expressed an inclination to hold that documentaries are intended to “educate and expose” rather than make a profit 
If documentary filmmaking were to be viewed by the IRS as merely a means to persuade or entertain – and not intended to turn a profit – documentarians would no longer be able to claim deductions incurred in the production of such films On Thursday, April 19, 2012, U S  Tax Court Judge Diane L  Kroupa recognized documentary filmmaking as a legitimate business and ruled that Storey can write off the entirety of her filmmaking losses, which were in the amount of hundreds of thousands of dollars 

Judge Learned Hand
On May 5, 2013, Los Angeles Review of Books – an online literary review journal that covers the American and international book scene – published Donaldson's review of the book Reason and Imagination: the Selected Correspondence of Learned Hand, a collection of Judge Learned Hand's personal letters  Aside from a few members of the US Supreme Court, Hand is the most-quoted judge in American history  In his extensive, 2700-word review, Donaldson describes the book as "a sweeping retelling of American history from one of its most intelligent, dispassionate participants "

Escape from Tomorrow
Donaldson was the key proponent in assuring the film Escape from Tomorrow fell under the fair-use doctrine and was insurable 
Escape from Tomorrow premiered at the Sundance Film Festival in January 2013  The film was shot entirely guerilla-style at Disney World and Disneyland without obtaining permission from the parks  The issue with getting the movie insured was not merely that it was shot secretly inside the parks, but that the movie is a parody of Disney that portrays a “darker” side, which goes against the company brand In order to get the movie insured, Donaldson issued an opinion letter to the insurance company presenting a case for fair use, trademark, public domain, and access issues  The opinion letter was the longest that his office had ever written; it took 4 months to assemble  The E&O insurance policy was issued in the standard time of one week  The film was released to theaters and video on October 11, 2013 

The Central Park Five
Donaldson worked alongside New York attorney Andrew Cielli to prepare and file an amicus brief on behalf of documentary filmmakers Ken Burns, Sarah Burns, and David McMahon, who produced the documentary The Central Park Five  The brief was supported by the International Documentary Association, NAMAC, and Film Independent The Central Park Five chronicles the story of five men wrongfully accused of raping a Central Park jogger in 1989  They were later exonerated after another man confessed and provided DNA evidence  Eight years later the wrongfully accused filed a 50 million dollar lawsuit against the state of New York, claiming their confessions were coerced and their case was mishandled  In its defense, the state of New York attempted to obtain outtakes from the film, claiming the documentarians forfeited their journalistic privilege because they advocated on behalf of the subjects of the documentary Donaldson fought for the filmmakers, arguing that preservation of journalistic privilege is essential in order for documentarians’ work to be effective, despite how the story was discovered or how passionately they advocate for their subjects  On February 19, 2013, U S  Magistrate Judge Ronald L  Ellis ruled in favor of the documentary filmmakers preserving their journalistic privilege 

Orphan works legislation
On April 2, 2014, Donaldson testified before the House Judiciary Committee in Washington, DC on behalf of the Independent Documentary Association and Film Independent on the subject of orphan works  Orphan words are copyrighted works whose owners cannot be contacted or found despite a diligent search  Donaldson's testimony urged Congress to consider documentary and independent filmmakers when crafting new legislation on orphan works since, under current law, filmmakers are at risk of being hit with huge damages when using unlicensed material, no matter how diligent a search for the owners 

As an author
Donaldson's Clearance & Copyright: Everything the Independent Filmmaker Needs to Know is used as a textbook in over 50 college and university film schools across America  He is also the author of Negotiating for Dummies, which has been translated into 9 languages, as well as Do It Yourself! Trademarks & Copyrights and Fearless Negotiating: The Wish, Want, Walk Method To Reaching Agreements That Work 
In 2010, Donaldson released The American Bar Association's Legal Guide To Independent Filmmaking, which he co-authored with his partner Lisa A  Callif 

Recognition
Donaldson was honored with the International Documentary Association's Amicus Award in 2009  He was included in The Hollywood Reporter's "Power Lawyers" list in 2010 and 2011  In 2012 he was included in Variety's Legal Impact Report 2012: Game-Changing Attorneys  And he was selected as a Super Lawyer in 2009, 2012 and 2013 

Bibliography
The E-Z Legal Guide to Trademarks & Copyrights (1995)
Do It Yourself! Trademarks & Copyrights (1995)
Clearance & Copyright: Everything the Independent Filmmaker Needs to Know (1996)
Negotiating for Dummies (1996)
Negotiating for Dummies 2nd Edition (2007)
Fearless Negotiating: The Wish, Want, Walk Method To Reaching Agreements That Work (2007)
Clearance & Copyright: Everything You Need to Know for Film and Television (2008)
The American Bar Association's Legal Guide To Independent Filmmaking (2010) (by Michael C  Donaldson & Lisa A  Callif)
Context 2: Passage 1:
Austrobaileyales
Austrobaileyales is an order of flowering plants consisting of about 100 species of woody plants growing as trees, shrubs and lianas  The best-known species is Illicium verum, commonly known as star anise  The order belongs to the group of basal angiosperms, the ANA grade (Amborellales, Nymphaeales, and Austrobaileyales), which diverged earlier from the remaining flowering plants  Austrobaileyales is sister to all remaining extant angiosperms outside the ANA grade The order includes just three families of flowering plants, the Austrobaileyaceae, a monotypic family containing the sole genus, Austrobaileya scandens, a woody liana, the Schisandraceae, a family of trees, shrubs, or lianas containing essential oils, and the Trimeniaceae, essential oil-bearing trees and lianas 

In different classifications
Until the early 21st century, the order was only rarely recognised by systems of classification (an exception is the Reveal system) 
The APG system, of 1998, did not recognize such an order  The APG II system, of 2003, does accept this order and places it among the basal angiosperms, that is: it does not belong to any further clade  APG II uses this circumscription:

order Austrobaileyales
family Austrobaileyaceae, one species of woody vines from Australia
family Schisandraceae [+ family Illiciaceae], several dozen species of woody plants, found in tropical to temperate regions of East and Southeast Asia and the Caribbean  The best known of those is Star anise 
family Trimeniaceae, half-a-dozen species of woody plants found in subtropical to tropical Southeast Asia, eastern Australia and the Pacific IslandsNote: "+    "=optional segregate family, that may be split off from the preceding family  The Cronquist system, of 1981, also placed the  plants in families Illiciaceae and Schisandraceae together, but as separate families, united at the rank of order, in the order Illiciales 
Passage 2:
Tibouchina
Tibouchina  is a neotropical flowering plant genus in the family Melastomataceae  Species of this genus are subshrubs, shrubs or small trees and typically have purple flowers  They are native to Mexico, the Caribbean, and South America where they are found as far south as northern Argentina  Members of this genus are known as glory bushes, glory trees or princess flowers  The name Tibouchina is adapted from a Guianan indigenous name for a member of this genus  A systematic study in 2013 showed that as then circumscribed the genus was paraphyletic, and in 2019 the genus was split into a more narrowly circumscribed Tibouchina, two re-established genera Pleroma and Chaetogastra, and a new genus, Andesanthus 

Description
Tibouchina species are subshrubs, shrubs or small trees  Their leaves are opposite, usually with petioles, and often covered with scales  The inflorescence is a panicle or some modification of a panicle with reduced branching  The individual flowers have five free petals, purple or lilac in color; the color does not change as the flowers age  There are ten stamens, either all the same or dimorphic, with five larger and five smaller ones  The connective tissue below the anthers of the stamens is prolonged and modified at the base of the stamens into ventrally bilobed appendages  When mature, the seeds are contained in a dry, semiwoody capsule and are cochleate (spiralled) 

Taxonomy
The genus Tibouchina was established by Aublet in 1775 in his Flora of French Guiana with the description of a single species, T  aspera, which is thus the type species  In 1885, in his treatment for Flora brasiliensis, Alfred Cogniaux used a broad concept of the genus, transferring into it many of the species at that time placed in Chaetogastra, Diplostegium, Lasiandra, Pleroma and Purpurella, among others  This broad concept was generally adopted subsequently, and around 470 taxa were at one time or another assigned to Tibouchina 

Phylogeny
A phylogenetic analysis in 2013 based on molecular data (2 plastid and 1 nuclear regions) determined that the traditional circumscription of Tibouchina was paraphyletic  Four major clades were resolved within the genus which were supported by morphological, molecular and geographic evidence  Based on the traditional code of nomenclature, the clade that the type species falls in retains the name of the genus; therefore, the clade containing Tibouchina aspera remains Tibouchina A further molecular phylogenetic study in 2019 used the same molecular markers but included more species  It reached the same conclusion: the original broadly circumscribed Tibouchina consisted of four monophyletic clades  The authors proposed a split into four genera: a more narrowly circumscribed Tibouchina, two re-established genera Pleroma and Chaetogastra, and a new genus, Andesanthus  The relationship between Chaetogastra and the genus Brachyotum differed between a maximum likelihood analysis and a Bayesian inference analysis: the former found Brachyotum embedded within Chaetogastra, the latter found the two to be sisters  The part of their maximum likelihood cladogram which includes former Tibouchina species is as follows, using their genus names and with shading added to show the original broadly circumscribed Tibouchina s l :

As re-circumscribed, Tibouchina is monophyletic and contains species belonging to the traditional sections T  section Tibouchina and T  section Barbigerae  Diagnostic characteristics include the presence of scale-like trichomes on the hypanthium and leaves and a long pedoconnective on lilac anthers, and the absence of glandular trichomes  Species are found in savanna habitats 

Species
As of May 2022, Plants of the World Online accepts the following species within Tibouchina:

Selected former species
Species placed in Tibouchina in its former broad sense include:

Distribution and invasive potential
All the species of Tibouchina are native to the Americas as far north as Mexico south to northern Argentina, with many found in Brazil, and others in Belize, Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, Costa Rica, French Guiana, Guyana, Honduras, Nicaragua, Panama, Peru, Suriname, and Venezuela  Members of Tibouchina tend to be found in lowland savannas and on the lower slopes of the Andes  All Tibouchina species as well as those formerly placed in the genus are considered noxious weeds in Hawaii, because of their high potential for being invasive species  Many species, such as T  araguaiensis, T  papyrus, T  mathaei and T  nigricans, have narrow distributions, being known from only a handful of locations, while a few other species, including T  aspera, T  barbigera and T  bipenicillata, have broader distributions 
Passage 3:
Cyrtandra (plant)
Cyrtandra (Neo-Latin, from Greek κυρτός, kyrtós, "curved", and ἀνήρ, anḗr, "male", in reference to their prominently curved stamens) is a genus of flowering plants containing about 600 species, with more being discovered often, and is thus the largest genus in the family Gesneriaceae  These plants are native to Southeast Asia, Australia, and the Pacific Islands, with the centre of diversity in Southeast Asia and the Malesian region  The genus is common, but many species within it are very rare, localized, and endangered endemic plants  The species can be difficult to identify because they are highly polymorphic and because they readily hybridize with each other  The plants may be small herbs, vines, shrubs, epiphytes, or trees  The genus is characterized in part by having two stamens, and most species have white flowers, with a few red-, orange-, yellow-, and pink-flowered species known  Almost all species live in rainforest habitats It is an example of a supertramp genus Hawaiian Cyrtandra are known as ha‘iwale 

Species
Selected species include:

Cyrtandra aurantiicarpa
Cyrtandra biserrata – Molokai cyrtandra
Cyrtandra calyptribracteata
Cyrtandra cleopatrae
Cyrtandra confertiflora – lava cyrtandra
Cyrtandra cordifolia – the Latin name means cyrtandra with heart-shaped leaves
Cyrtandra crenata – Kahana Valley cyrtandra
Cyrtandra cyaneoides – mapele
Cyrtandra dentata – mountain cyrtandra
Cyrtandra elatostemoides
Cyrtandra elegans
Cyrtandra ferripilosa – red-hair cyrtandra
Cyrtandra filipes – gulch cyrtandra
Cyrtandra garnotiana – hahala
Cyrtandra giffardii – forest cyrtandra
Cyrtandra gracilis – Palolo Valley cyrtandra
Cyrtandra grandiflora – largeflower cyrtandra
Cyrtandra grayana – Pacific cyrtandra
Cyrtandra grayi – Gray's cyrtandra
Cyrtandra halawensis – toothleaf cyrtandra
Cyrtandra hashimotoi – Maui cyrtandra
Cyrtandra hawaiensis – Hawaii cyrtandra
Cyrtandra heinrichii – lava cyrtandra
Cyrtandra hematos – singleflower cyrtandra
Cyrtandra hirtigera
Cyrtandra hypochrysoides
Cyrtandra kalihii – Koolau Range cyrtandra
Cyrtandra kamooloaensis – Kamo'oloa cyrtandra
Cyrtandra kauaiensis – ulunahele
Cyrtandra kealiae
Cyrtandra kealiae ssp  kealiae (syn  C  limahuliensis)
Cyrtandra kealiae ssp  urceolata
Cyrtandra kohalae – Kohala Mountain cyrtandra
Cyrtandra laxiflora – Oahu cyrtandra
Cyrtandra lessoniana – Lesson's cyrtandra
Cyrtandra macraei – upland cyrtandra
Cyrtandra menziesii – ha'i wale
Cyrtandra munroi – Lanaihale cyrtandra
Cyrtandra nitens
Cyrtandra oenobarba – shaggystem cyrtandra
Cyrtandra olona – Kauai cyrtandra
Cyrtandra oxybapha – Pohakea Gulch cyrtandra
Cyrtandra paliku – cliffside cyrtandra
Cyrtandra paludosa – kanaweo ke'oke'o
Cyrtandra platyphylla – 'ilihia
Cyrtandra polyantha – Niu Valley cyrtandra
Cyrtandra pruinosa – frosted cyrtandra
Cyrtandra pulgarensis
Cyrtandra samoensis
Cyrtandra sessilis – windyridge cyrtandra
Cyrtandra subumbellata – parasol cyrtandra
Cyrtandra tahuatensis
Cyrtandra tintinnabula – Laupahoehoe cyrtandra
Cyrtandra umbellifera
Cyrtandra viridiflora – greenleaf cyrtandra
Cyrtandra waiolani – fuzzyflower cyrtandra
Cyrtandra wawrae – rockface cyrtandra
Passage 4:
Pothos (genus)
Pothos is a genus of flowering plants in the family Araceae (tribe Potheae)  It is native to China, the Indian Subcontinent, Australia, New Guinea, Southeast Asia, and various islands of the Pacific and Indian Oceans The common houseplant Epipremnum aureum, also known as "pothos", was once classified under the genus Pothos 
Neo P1 is a genetically engineered pothos designed to remove volatile organic compounds from ambient air 

Species
Pothos armatus C E C Fisch  - Kerala
Pothos atropurpurascens M Hotta - Borneo
Pothos barberianus Schott- Borneo, Malaysia, Sumatra
Pothos beccarianus Engl  - Borneo
Pothos brassii B L Burtt - Queensland
Pothos brevistylus Engl  - Borneo
Pothos brevivaginatus Alderw  - Sumatra
Pothos chinensis (Raf ) Merr  - China, Tibet, Taiwan, Japan, Ryukyu Islands, Indochina, Himalayas, India, Nepal, Bhutan
Pothos clavatus Engl  - New Guinea
Pothos crassipedunculatus Sivad  & N Mohanan - southern India
Pothos curtisii Hook f  - Thailand, Malaysia, Sumatra
Pothos cuspidatus Alderw  - western New Guinea
Pothos cylindricus C Presl - Sabah, Sulawesi, Philippines
Pothos dolichophyllus Merr  - Philippines
Pothos dzui P C Boyce - Vietnam
Pothos englerianus (Engl ) Alderw  - Sumatra
Pothos falcifolius Engl  & K Krause - Maluku, New Guinea
Pothos gigantipes Buchet ex P C Boyce - Vietnam, Cambodia
Pothos gracillimus Engl  & K Krause - Papua New Guinea
Pothos grandis Buchet ex P C Boyce & V D Nguyen - Vietnam
Pothos hellwigii Engl  - New Guinea, Solomon Islands, Bismarck Archipelago
Pothos hookeri Schott - Sri Lanka
Pothos inaequilaterus (C Presl) Engl  - Philippines
Pothos insignis Engl  - Borneo, Palawan
Pothos junghuhnii de Vriese - Borneo, Java, Sumatra
Pothos keralensis A G  Pandurangan & V J  Nair - Kerala
Pothos kerrii Buchet ex P C Boyce - Guangxi, Laos, Vietnam
Pothos kingii Hook f  - Thailand, Peninsular Malaysia
Pothos lancifolius Hook f  - Vietnam, Peninsular Malaysia
Pothos laurifolius P C Boyce & A Hay - Brunei
Pothos leptostachyus Schott - Thailand, Peninsular Malaysia, Borneo, Sumatra
Pothos longipes Schott - Queensland, New South Wales
Pothos longivaginatus Alderw  - Borneo
Pothos luzonensis (C Presl) Schott - Luzon, Samar
Pothos macrocephalus Scort  ex Hook f  - Nicobar Islands, Thailand, Peninsular Malaysia, Sumatra
Pothos mirabilis Merr  - Sabah, Kalimantan Timur
Pothos motleyanus Schott - Kalimantan
Pothos oliganthus P C Boyce & A Hay - Sarawak
Pothos ovatifolius Engl  - Peninsular Malaysia, Borneo, Sumatra, Philippines
Pothos oxyphyllus Miq  - Borneo, Sumatra, Java
Pothos papuanus Becc  ex Engl  - New Guinea, Solomon Islands
Pothos parvispadix Nicolson - Sri Lanka
Pothos philippinensis Engl  - Philippines
Pothos pilulifer Buchet ex P C Boyce - Yunnan, Guangxi, Vietnam
Pothos polystachyus Engl  & K Krause - Papua New Guinea
Pothos remotiflorus Hook  - Sri Lanka
Pothos repens (Lour ) Druce - Guangdong, Guangxi, Hainan, Yunnan, Laos, Vietnam
Pothos salicifolius Ridl  ex Burkill & Holttum
Pothos scandens L  - Indian subcontinent, Indo-China, Malesia
Pothos tener (Roxb ) Wall  - Maluku, Sulawesi, New Guinea, Solomon Islands, Bismarck Archipelago, Vanuatu 
Pothos thomsonianus Schott - southern India
Pothos touranensis Gagnep  - Vietnam
Pothos versteegii Engl  - New Guinea
Pothos volans P C Boyce & A Hay - Brunei, Sarawak
Pothos zippelii Schott - Maluku, New Guinea, Solomon Islands, Bismarck Archipelago
Passage 5:
Chiranthodendron
Chiranthodendron is a flowering plant genus in the family Malvaceae  It comprises a single species of tree, Chiranthodendron pentadactylon 

Names
The tree is called the devil's, monkey's or Mexican hand tree or the hand-flower in English, the árbol de las manitas (tree of little hands) in Spanish, and mācpalxōchitl (palm flower) in Nahuatl, all on account of its distinctive red flowers, which resemble open human hands  The scientific name means "five-fingered hand-flower tree" 

Description
This species is native to Guatemala and southern Mexico  On the wet slopes of these areas, trees may reach 10 5–27 5 m (34–90 ft) in height  The unusual appearance of the 'hands' has stimulated cultivation in gardens around the world, primarily in North America where it grows well near its native range  The leaves are large and shallowly lobed, with a brown indumentum on the underside  The distinctive flowers appear in late spring and early summer; the five stamens are long, curved upward, and bright red, giving the distinct impression of a clawed hand  Its fruit is a 7 5–10 cm (3 0–3 9 in) long oblong, five-lobed capsule which contains black seeds It was originally described from a single cultivated specimen grown in Toluca in the Toluca Valley, well outside the native range  The Aztecs revered the tree 

Intergeneric hybrid
It is closely related to Fremontodendron, sufficiently to produce an intergeneric hybrid ×Chiranthofremontia lenzii Henrickson, which has yellow flowers and a reduced form of the claw 

Uses
The Aztecs and others have used solutions containing the tree's flowers as a remedy for lower abdominal pain and for heart problems  Such solutions also reduce edema and serum cholesterol levels and, because they contain the glycosides quercetin and luteolin, act as diuretics 
Passage 6:
Zeltnera
Zeltnera is a genus of flowering plants in the gentian family  It was erected in 2004 when the genus Centaurium (the centauries) was split  Genetic analysis revealed that Centaurium was polyphyletic, made up of plants that could be grouped into four clades  Each became a genus  Centaurium remained, but it is now limited to the Eurasian species  The Mexican species now belong to genus Gyrandra, and the Mediterranean and Australian plants are in genus Schenkia  The new name Zeltnera was given to this genus, which contains most of the North American centauries  There are about 25 species Plants of this genus are annual, biennial, or short-lived perennial herbs  They are taprooted or have fibrous root systems  They produce one or more branching stems which are often ridged and sometimes winged  The leaves are gathered around the lower stem or arranged along the length of the stem  They vary in shape, from linear to lance-shaped to oval, and are green or yellowish  The inflorescence is variable in arrangement  The flower has a tubular throat that opens into a flat corolla with four or five lobes  It may be any shade of pink or white, and the throat is usually paler, to white or yellowish, or occasionally patterned with green  The fruit is a small capsule containing up to 700 minute seeds  Zeltnera and Centaurium species differ mostly in the morphology of the style and stigma, as well as the shape of the fruit capsule Zeltnera can be subdivided into three groups, a division which is supported by DNA evidence but is most obvious in terms of geography  They are casually named the "Californian group", the "Texan group", and the "Mexican group"  The first group is distributed from British Columbia south through the West Coast of the United States and into Baja California  The "Texan" plants occur from Arizona to Oklahoma in the US and throughout northern Mexico  The "Mexican group" occurs in Mexico, Central America, and parts of South America  The range may extend north into Arizona Genus Zeltnera was named for the Swiss botanists Louis and Nicole Zeltner, who have researched Centaurium and other gentians Species include:
Zeltnera abramsii
Zeltnera arizonica - Arizona centaury
Zeltnera beyrichii - quinineweed
Zeltnera breviflora
Zeltnera calycosa - Arizona centaury, shortflower centaury, rosita, Buckley centaury
Zeltnera davyi - Davy's centaury
Zeltnera exaltata - desert centaury
Zeltnera gentryi
Zeltnera glandulifera - sticky centaury
Zeltnera madrensis
Zeltnera martinii
Zeltnera maryanna - gypsum centaury
Zeltnera muehlenbergii - Muhlenberg's centaury
Zeltnera multicaulis - manystem centaury
Zeltnera namophila - springloving centaury
Zeltnera nesomii
Zeltnera nevadensis
Zeltnera nudicaulis - Santa Catalina Mountain centaury
Zeltnera pusilla
Zeltnera quitensis - Britton's centaury
Zeltnera setacea
Zeltnera stricta
Zeltnera texensis - Lady Bird's centaury
Zeltnera trichantha - alkali centaury
Zeltnera venusta - charming centaury, canchalagua
Zeltnera wigginsii
Passage 7:
Psychotria
Psychotria is a genus of flowering plants in the family Rubiaceae  It contains 1,582 species and is therefore one of the largest genera of flowering plants  The genus has a pantropical distribution and members of the genus are small understorey trees in tropical forests  Some species are endangered or facing extinction due to deforestation, especially species of central Africa and the Pacific 
Many species, including Psychotria viridis, produce the psychedelic chemical dimethyltryptamine (DMT) 

Selected species
Formerly placed here
Psychotria elata = Palicourea elata
Psychotria poeppigiana = Palicourea tomentosa

Image gallery
See also
List of the largest genera of flowering plants
Passage 8:
Tibouchina heteromalla
Pleroma heteromallum, synonyms including Tibouchina grandifolia and Tibouchina heteromalla, known by the common name silverleafed princess flower in English, is a species of evergreen flowering plant in the family Melastomataceae  It is native to French Guiana, Bolivia and Brazil 

Description
Pleroma heteromallum reaches an average height of 4–6 feet (1 2–1 8 m), with a maximum of about 8–10 feet (2 4–3 0 m) in its native habitat  The branching stem is woody and the large, silvery green leaves are simple, ovate, velvety in texture, and oppositely arranged  The inflorescence is a panicle of several purple flowers with five petals  The plant has 4–6 inches (10–15 cm) long leaves, with prominent veins that are puffed up in the middle and old leaves will often turn an orange color just prior to dropping off 

Cultivation
The plant is cultivated as an ornamental for its showy foliage and purple flowers  It is sensitive to cold but can tolerate a light frost 

Gallery
Passage 9:
Aureusvirus
Aureusvirus is a genus of viruses, in the family Tombusviridae  Plants serve as natural hosts  There are six species in this genus 

Taxonomy
The genus contains the following species:
Cucumber leaf spot virus
Elderberry aureusvirus 1
Johnsongrass chlorotic stripe mosaic virus
Maize white line mosaic virus
Pothos latent virus
Yam spherical virus

Structure
Viruses in Aureusvirus are non-enveloped, with icosahedral and  Spherical geometries, and T=3 symmetry  The diameter is around 30 nm  Genomes are linear, around 4 4kb in length 

Life cycle
Viral replication is cytoplasmic, and is lysogenic  Entry into the host cell is achieved by penetration into the host cell  Replication follows the positive stranded RNA virus replication model  Positive stranded RNA virus transcription, using the premature termination model of subgenomic RNA transcription is the method of transcription  Translation takes place by leaky scanning, and  suppression of termination  The virus exits the host cell by tubule-guided viral movement  Plants serve as the natural host  Transmission routes are mechanical, seed borne, and contact 
Passage 10:
Pothoideae
Pothoideae is a subfamily of flowering plants in the family Araceae  The species in the subfamily are true aroids 

Tribes and genera
The subfamily consists of two tribes:

AnthurieaeAnthurium Schott

Pothoeae
Pothos L 
Pedicellarum M Hotta (monotypic)
Pothoidium Schott (monotypic)
Context 3: Passage 1:
List of word board games
This is a list of board games  See the article on game classification for other alternatives, or see Category:Board games for a list of board game articles 

Single-player board games
Some board games have solo variants, such as Arkham Horror and Agricola  Others are specifically designed for one player 

Two-player abstract strategy games
In abstract strategy games, players know the entire game state at all times, and random generators such as dice are not used 

Two-player board games
Multi-player elimination board games
Participants are typically eliminated before game end 

European race games
Multiplayer games without elimination
Everyone can play along to the end  These games are especially suited for mixed play with adults and children 

Economics strategy games
Games involving scarce resources and strategy 

Games of physical skill
Coordination, finesse, or other physical skills are necessary  Also known as dexterity games 

Children's games
The rules are easy to learn and the outcome is mostly or entirely due to chance 

Cooperative games
Cooperative games in which all players need to work together to win 

Word games
These games are based on construction of words to score points 

Gaming systems
These are sets that can be used to play multiple games 

See also
Spiel des Jahres (Game of the Year)
Games 100
List of board wargames
List of Japanese board games
List of mancala games
List of board game publishers
List of game manufacturers
List of cross and circle games

External links
Board Game Geek
Boardgames org
A Zen Guide to Board Games
Gamerate Game database
Board Games Land
Board Game Theories
Passage 2:
Clans (board game)
Clans is a German-style board game designed by Leo Colovini  The game centers on the creation of villages 

Gameplay
At the start of the game, each player is secretly dealt a card that has one of five colors on it - red, yellow, blue, green, or black  Although each player knows his own color, but not color of any of the other players  The game begins with one hut on each space, the colors being randomly distributed across the huts  On his turn, a player moves all of the huts from one space to another space  When a group of huts is completely isolated (all the surrounding spaces are empty) that space is scored  Scoring is different based on the terrain that those huts are on  The person with the most huts on that space, and anyone tied for the most, gets points  The game ends when the moves have been exhausted 

Awards
Nominee for the Spiel des Jahres, 2003
3rd in the Deutscher Spiele Preis, 2002
Games magazine Best Abstract Strategy Game of 2003
Winner, game of the year "stoner award 2018 Leeuwarden" 

External links
Clans   at BoardGameGeek
Passage 3:
Drunter und Drüber
Drunter und Drüber (German: [ˈdʁʊntɐ ʊn ˈdʁyːbɐ], lit  "under and over", fig  "haywire") is a multiplayer board game invented by Klaus Teuber, first published in 1991 in Germany by Hans im Glück  A second edition was released in 1994 by Hans im Glück and featured art by Franz Vohwinkel   The game was repackaged and rethemed as the western game Wacky Wacky West in 2010 

Gameplay
Players take on the role of the people of Schilda and work to build a new town after they burned down their old one  Buildings are already completed and each player is secretly assigned one of six types of buildings, that each appear five times on the board  Buildings closer to the center of the board have a higher point value  Each player is given an identical set of vote cards that are worth varying degrees of yes or no  Every turn, players lay down tiles of streets, rivers, and town walls which add on to existing pieces  Buildings can be covered by tiles, but when someone attempts to build over an outhouse everyone votes on whether to allow it or not  If there are more negative votes, the tile does not get played  Each player tries to keep his or her buildings uncovered  The game ends when all the pieces have been placed or all players pass consecutively; then everyone tallies their score from their remaining buildings on the map and the player with the highest score wins 

Awards
Spiel des Jahres Game of the Year 1991
Deutscher Spiele Preis 1991 3rd place

Reviews
Review by Doug Adams
Review by Debbie Pickett
Review from Sumo, Issue 5, June 1991
Passage 4:
Alex Randolph
Alexander Randolph (4 May 1922 – 27 April 2004) was a Bohemian-American designer of board games and writer  Randolph's game creations include TwixT, Breakthru, Hol's der Geier, Inkognito (with Leo Colovini), Raj, Ricochet Robot, and Enchanted Forest (with Michael Matschoss) 

Biography
Randolph was a son of self-described "rich parents" who attended private school in Switzerland 
He spent his early years in various occupations, including military intelligence and as an advertising copy editor in Boston In 1961, Randolph moved to Japan and became a professional game developer, performing initial work on TwixT  During this time, he became a dan player in shogi 
In 1962, Randolph (along with Sid Sackson) was commissioned to start a new game division for Minnesota Mining and Manufacturing (also known as 3M)  Through 3M, Randolph created and published such games as Breakthru, Evade, Oh-Wah-Ree, and TwixT Randolph moved to Venice, Italy in 1968, continuing his career as a game developer with the company Venice Connection established with Dario De Toffoli and Leo Colovini Randolph died aged 82 in Venice on 27 April 2004 

Recognition
In 2016, as a testimony to his career, Fabulous Games published ADDX – the first ever digital game from Alex Randolph Following Randolph's death, the Nuremberg Museum set up a special permanent collection of Randolph's games titled the Alexander Randolph Viewing Collection 

Awards
Spiel des Jahres
Game of the Year

1982 for Enchanted ForestChildren's Game of the Year

1989 for Gute Freunde
1997 for Leinen Los!Special Awards

1996 Most Beautiful Game for Venice Connection
1988 Most Beautiful game for Inkognito

Origins Awards Hall of Fame
Hall of Fame

2011 induction as a designer
2011 induction of TwixT
Passage 5:
Familienbande
Familienbande (German for Family Ties) is a card game designed by Leo Colovini   
Familienbande is a game of family inheritance, not of money, but of genetic traits   The card deck in Familienbande features an equal number of men and women   Each person on a card has three characteristics, chosen from a set of five, namely big ears, orange hair, thick lips, a big nose and glasses (to represent nearsightedness)   A card's characteristics need not be different, so, for example, a man could have two symbols for big ears and one for orange hair, or three "glasses" symbols 

Gameplay
Each player represents a "family" in which one of the genetic traits is dominant, and therefore wishes to pass along this trait to as many children as possible (and as many times as possible in each child)   On each player's turn he or she can do one of three things: 

(1) Draw a card 
(2) Play a card that forms a marriage, i e  is paired with a card of the opposite sex, after which the player then draws a card 
(3) Play a card as a child of a marriage that is already on the board   Most importantly, the three genetic characteristics of a child must be included in the six characteristics of its parents (e g  so a child's one "ear" and two "lips" traits must be appear in its parents' six genetic traits)   Every trait symbol on the child's card scores one point for that genetic trait times the generation number of that child   After scoring, the player may then discard a card from his or her hand, and then draw a replacement The game ends when the seventh child is played in the fifth "generation" 

Bluffing
The genetic trait of the each player's "family" is chosen randomly at the start of the game, being kept hidden from all other players and only revealed at the end of the game   The scores of all five genetic characteristics are tracked throughout the course of the game (even if there are only two players), allowing players to bluff and misdirect their opponents   
At the end of the game, players reveal their own genetic trait and are penalized for cards left in hand, the winner being
the one with the highest score 

External links
Familienbande   at BoardGameGeek
Independent review of Familienbande at juegos games
Independent review of Familienbande
Passage 6:
Inkognito
Inkognito is a board game for 3 to 5  players designed by Alex Randolph and Leo Colovini first published in 1988 by Milton Bradley Company  It has since been republished several times including by the company Venice Connection established by the designers and Dario De Toffoli The game was inspired by the Italian card game Briscola Chiamata 

Play Overview
Inkognito is a spy game set in Venice  It is unique in that the players play in pairs, but no player knows who their partner is   Each player has half of a secret message detailing their party's mission; their partner is the player with the other half  In order to win, a player must:

figure out who their partner really is
get the other half of the secret message from their partner
discover their party's mission
complete the missionWith 5 players, one player plays as the ambassador, who wins if he can perfectly identify all the other players 

Awards
In 1988 this game won the Spiel des Jahres special award for most beautiful game 

Reviews
Jeux & Stratégie #57 (as "Intrigues à Venise")
Passage 7:
Leo Colovini
Leo Colovini is an Italian designer of German-style board games born in Venice 1964  His most popular game is Cartagena  He is one of the few top board game designers who has owned a game store 
His life in games was strongly influenced by meeting Alex Randolph at the age of 12 with whom he worked on several of his games  He has also been part of studiogiochi, an Italian games company, and has also collaborated with Dario De Toffoli and has written books on games 

List of Games
Complete list of games that Colovini has created:

His games are known for their simplicity and drama as this quote from Board Game Geek illustrates:  "Carcasonne: The Discovery is also the simplest and most vanilla of the Carcassonnes  (Of course, if you know anything about Leo Colovini, you'd expect that ) But, it also the most tense Carcassonne  (And if you know Mr  Colovini, you also knew THAT!)"
Passage 8:
Francis Tresham (game designer)
Francis Tresham (1936 – 23 October 2019) was a British board game designer who produced board games since the early 1970s  Tresham founded and ran games company Hartland Trefoil (founded 1971), a company well-known for its Civilization board game, until its sale to MicroProse in 1997  His 1829 game was the first of the 18xx board game series and some of his board games inspired Sid Meier computer games such as Railroad Tycoon 
Francis Tresham was the first to introduce a technology tree into his boardgames  This idea had a large influence on later board and computer games 
He was managing director of Tresham Games, which produced 18xx-style board games  In 2013, he was one of the first inductees in the UK Games Expo Hall of Fame  He died on 23 October 2019 

Published board games
1825
1829
1829 Mainline
1830
1853
Civilization
Revolution: The Dutch Revolt 1568–1648
Shocks & Scares
Spanish Main
The Game of Ancient Kingdoms
Passage 9:
David Parlett
David Parlett (born 18 May 1939 in London) is a games scholar, historian, and translator from South London, who has studied both card games and board games  He is the president of the British Skat Association 

Life
David Sidney Parlett was born in London on 18 May 1939 to Sidney Thomas Parlett and Eleanor May Parlett, née Nunan  He is one of three brothers  During the Second World War, Parlett lived in Barry, Glamorgan  Parlett was educated at Battersea Grammar School and the University College of Wales in Aberystwyth  He has a BA in Modern Languages  Parlett was a technical writer with PR companies and later a freelance write for Games & Puzzles magazine  He is married to Barbara and they have a son and a daughter 

Works
His published works include many popular books on games such as Penguin Book of Card Games, as well as the more academic volumes The Oxford Guide to Card Games and The Oxford History of Board Games, both now out of print  Parlett has also invented many card games and board games   The most successful of these is Hare and Tortoise (1974)  Its German edition was awarded Spiel des Jahres (Game of the Year) in 1979 
Parlett is a Quaker 

Books
Games and gaming
All the Best Card Games
Anarquía y Otros Juegos Sociales de Cartas
Botticelli and Beyond
Card Games for Everyone
Family Card Games
Know the Game: Patience
Original Card Games
Solitaire: Aces Up and 399 other Card Games
Teach Yourself Card Games
Teach Yourself Card Games for Four
Teach Yourself Card Games for One
Teach Yourself Card Games for Three
Teach Yourself Card Games for Two
Teach Yourself Poker and Brag
The Guinness Book of Word Games
The Oxford Dictionary of Card Games
The Oxford Guide to Card Games / A History of Card Games
The Oxford History of Board Games reprinted as History of Board Games
The Penguin Book of Card Games
The Penguin Book of Patience
The Penguin Book of Word Games
The Penguin Encyclopedia of Card Games
The Popular Dictionary of Card Games

Other subjects
A Short Dictionary of Languages
Dalcroze Today (translation of Marie-Laure Bachmann's work)
Learning a Language Alone
Selections from the Carmina Burana (translations)

Games invented
Board games
Since 1974, David Parlett has published numerous games, including the following:
Around the World in 80 Days (2016)
Asterix: Das Kartenspiel (1990)
Chicken Out! (2017)
Die Wilden Kerle (The Wild Kids) (2017)
Hare and Tortoise (1973)
Katarenga (Colorado) (2017)
LifeCards
Metal Mickey's All Around the House Game (1982)
Ninety-Nine (1974) / Four Seasons (2016)
Pot Black: Snooker Dice (1980)
Rainbow Junior Scrabble (1989)
Roman Poker (2015)
Shoulder to Shoulder (1975)
Star Wars: Duell der Mächte (2015)
Sushi Spiel (Chinese Take-Away)
The Gnümies Party Game (2001)
The Puzzle of Oz (2012)
Zoo Party / 7Safari (2000) / Alles für die Katz

Card games
Parlett has invented more than 70 original card games that can be played with a standard deck of playing cards 

Solitaire games
Archway
Black Hole
Gay Gordons
Penguin
Passage 10:
Glossary of board games
This glossary of board games explains commonly used terms in board games, in alphabetical order  For a list of board games, see List of board games; for terms specific to chess, see Glossary of chess; for terms specific to chess problems, see Glossary of chess problems 

A
active  
See in play 

B
bear off  
To remove game piece(s) from the board and out of play  Past tense: borne off 

bit  
See piece 

Black  
Used often to refer to one of the players in two-player games  Black's pieces are typically a dark color but not necessarily black (e g  in English draughts official play they are red)  Cf  White  See also White and Black in chess 

board  
Short for gameboard 

C
capture  
A method that removes another player's piece(s) from the board  For example: in checkers, if a player jumps an opponent's piece, that piece is captured  Captured pieces are typically removed from the game  In some games, captured pieces remain in hand and can be reentered into active play (e g  shogi, Bughouse chess)  See also Game mechanics § Capture/eliminate 

card  
A piece of cardboard often bearing instructions, and usually chosen randomly from a deck by shuffling 

cell  
See hex and space 

checker  
See piece 

checkerboard 
A square gameboard with alternating dark and light-colored squares 

chessboard 
The square gameboard used in chess, having 64 squares of alternating dark and light-colors 

column  
See file 

component  
A physical item included in the game  E g  the box itself, the board, the cards, the tokens, zipper-lock bags, inserts, rule books, etc  See also equipment 

counter  
See piece 

currency  
A scoring mechanic used by some games to determine the winner, e g  money (Monopoly) or counters (Zohn Ahl) 

custodian capture 
A capture method whereby an enemy piece is captured by being blocked on adjacent sides by opponent pieces  (Typically laterally on two sides as in Tablut and Hasami shogi, or laterally on four sides as in Go  Capture by blocking on two sides diagonally is done in Stone Warriors, and surrounding on three sides is required in Bizingo ) Also called escort capture and interception capture 

custodian method 
See custodian capture 

D
deck  
A stack of cards 

die  
sing  of dice 

dice  
Modern cubic dice are used to generate random numbers in many games – e g  a single die in Trivial Pursuit, or two dice per player in backgammon  Role-playing games typically use one or more polyhedral dice  Games such as Pachisi and chaupur traditionally use cowrie shells  The games Zohn Ahl and Hyena chase use dice sticks  The game yut uses yut sticks 

direction of play  
The order of turns in a multiplayer game, e g  clockwise around the board means the player to the left has the next turn  
  
disc  
See piece    
 
displacement capture  
A capture method whereby a capturing piece replaces the captured piece on its square, cell, or point on the gameboard 

doublet  
1   The same number displayed by two dice 
2   The number displayed by one or more die is doubled 
3   The union of two game pieces to move as one 

E
empty board  
Many games start with all pieces out of play; for example, Nine men's morris, Conspirateurs, Entropy, and Go (if a handicap is not employed)  Some gameboards feature staging areas for the pieces before any are put into play; for example, Ludo and Malefiz 

enemy  
An enemy piece is a piece in the same army or set of pieces controlled by the opponent; or, in a multiplayer game, a piece controlled by the partner of an opponent 

Engine-building  
A board game genre and gameplay mechanic that involves adding and modifying combinations of abilities or resources to assemble a virtuous circle of increasingly powerful and productive outcomes  A successfully built engine can create a snowball or domino effect 

equipment  
Refers to physical components required to play a game, e g  pieces, gameboard, dice 

escort capture  
See custodian capture 

exchange  
For games featuring captures, the capture of a piece followed immediately by the opponent's recapture 

F
file 
A straight line of spaces running from top to bottom of a gameboard at right angle to a rank  Also called column 

friendly  
A piece in the same army or set of pieces controlled by a player; or, in a multiplayer game, a piece controlled by a player's partner 

G
gameboard  
Or game board  The (usually quadrilateral) marked surface on which one plays a board game  The namesake of the board game, gameboards would seem to be a necessary and sufficient condition of the genre, though card games that do not use a standard deck of cards (as well as games that use neither cards nor a gameboard) are often colloquially included  Most games use a standardized and unchanging board (chess, Go, and backgammon each have such a board), but some games use a modular board whose component tiles or cards can assume varying layouts from one session to another, or even during gameplay 

game component  
See component 

game equipment  
See equipment 

game piece  
See piece 

gameplay  
The execution of a game; or specifically its strategy, tactics, conventions, or mechanics 

gamer  
A person who plays board game(s)  See also player 
 
gamespace  
A gameboard for a three-dimensional game (e g , the 5×5×5 cubic board for Raumschach) 

grace  
An extra turn 

H
handicap  
An advantage given to a weaker side at the start of a game to level the winning chances against a stronger opponent  Go has formal handicap systems (see Go handicaps); chess has traditional handicap methods not used in rated competitions (see Chess handicap) 

hex  
In hexagon-based board games, this is the common term for a standard space on the board  This is most often used in wargaming, though many abstract strategy games such as Abalone, Agon, hexagonal chess, GIPF project games, and connection games use hexagonal layouts 

huff  
The forfeiture of a piece as a penalty for infringing a rule 

I
in hand  
A piece in hand is one currently not in play on the gameboard, but may be entered into play on a turn  Examples are captured pieces in shogi or Bughouse chess, able to be dropped into play as a move; or pieces that begin the game in a staging area off the main board, as in Ludo or Chessence 

in play  
A piece active on the main board, not in hand or in a staging area  Antonym: out of play 

interception capture  
See custodian capture 

intervention capture  
A capture method the reverse of the custodian method: a player captures two opponent pieces by moving to occupy the empty space between them 

J
jump  
To move a piece over one or more pieces or spaces on the gameboard  Depending on the context, jumping may include  capturing an opponent's piece  See also Game mechanics § Capture/eliminate 

L
leap  
See jump 

M
man  
In chess, a piece or a pawn  In draughts, an uncrowned (i e  not a king) piece 

meeple  
A game piece that represents a person in concept, shaped like an approximation of a person 

mill  
Three or more pieces in a line of adjacent spaces 

move  
See turn 

O
odds  
See handicap 

open board  
A gameboard with no pieces, or one piece, in play  Typically for demonstration or instruction 

order of play  
See direction of play 

orthogonal  
A horizontal (straight left or right) or vertical (straight forward or backward) direction a piece moves on a gameboard 

out of play  
A piece not active on the main board, it might be in hand or in a staging area  Antonym: in play 

over the board 
A game played face to face with the opponent, as opposed to playing remotely (online or other means, for e g  correspondence chess) 

P
pass  
The voluntary or involuntary forfeiture of a turn by a player 

pie rule  
Used in some two-player games to eliminate any advantage of moving first  After the first player's opening move, the second player may optionally swap sides 

piece  
Or bit, checker, chip, counter, disc, draughtsman, game piece, man, meeple, mover, pawn, player piece, playing piece, singleton, stone, token, unit  A player's representative on the gameboard made of a piece of material made to look like a known object (such as a scale model of a person, animal, or inanimate object) or otherwise general symbol  Each player may control one or more pieces  Some games involve commanding multiple pieces, such as chess pieces or Monopoly houses and hotels, that have unique designations and capabilities within the parameters of the game; in other games, such as Go, all pieces controlled by a player have the same capabilities  In some modern board games, such as Clue, there are other pieces that are not a player's representative (i e  weapons)  In some games, such as mancala games, pieces may not represent or belong to any particular player  Mancala pieces are undifferentiated and  typically seeds but sometimes beans, coins, cowry shells, ivory balls, or pebbles  Note that in chess usage the term piece in some contexts only refers to some of the pieces, which are also known as chessmen  See also Counter (board wargames) 
playboard  
See gameboard 

player  
The participant(s) in the game  See also gamer 

playing area 
The spaces on a gameboard for use by pieces in play 

playspace 
See playing area 

point  
See space 

polyhedral dice  
Dice that are not cubes, usually some kind of Platonic solid  Polyhedral dice are generally referred to through the construction "d + number of sides" (ex  d4, d8, d12, d20)  See also dice 

R
rank 
A straight line of spaces running from one side to the other across a gameboard at right angle to a file  Also called row 

replacement capture  
See displacement capture 

row  
See rank 

rule  
A condition or stipulation by which a game is played 

ruleset  
The comprehensive set of rules which define and govern a game 

S
singleton  
A game piece that is isolated and often prone to attack 

space  
A physical unit of progress on a gameboard delimited by a distinct border, and not further divisible according to the game's rules  Alternatively, a unique position on the board on which a piece in play may be located  For example, in Go, the pieces are placed on grid line intersections called points, and not in the areas bounded by the borders, as in chess  The bounded area geometries can be square (e g  chess), rectangular (e g  shogi), hexagonal (e g  Chinese Checkers), triangular (e g  Bizingo), quadrilateral (e g  three-player chess), cubic (e g  Raumschach), or other shapes (e g  Circular chess)  Cf  gamespace  See also Game mechanics § Movement 

square  
See space 

staging area  
A space set aside from the main gameboard to contain pieces in hand  In Ludo, the staging areas are called yards  In shogi, pieces in hand are placed on komadai 

starting area  
See staging area   
  
stone  
See piece 

swap  
See exchange 

T
take  
See capture 

token  
See piece 

trade  
See exchange 

triplet  
The same number displayed by three dice 

turn  
A player's opportunity to move a piece or make a decision that influences gameplay  Turns to move usually alternate equally between competing players or teams  See also Turn-based game 

W
White  
Used often to refer to one of the players in two-player games  White's pieces are typically a light color but not necessarily white (e g  backgammon sets use various colors for White; shogi sets have no color distinction between sides)  White often moves first but not always (e g  Black moves first in English draughts, shogi, and Go)  Cf  Black  See also White and Black in chess 

Worker Placement 
A genre of board games in which players take turns selecting an action while optimizing their resources and making meaningful decisions 

Notes



ground_truth: Neighbours

prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: Are Pothos and Tibouchina Aubl both flowering genus of plants?

The following are given passages.
Context 4: Passage 1:
Danity Kane discography
The discography of Danity Kane, an American R&B duo, consists of three studio album, five singles, and four music videos  Danity Kane were formed in 2005 during the third season of the reality television series Making the Band, and consisted of Aubrey O'Day, Wanita "D  Woods" Woodgett, Shannon Bex, Dawn Richard, and Aundrea Fimbres  The group disbanded in January 2009 during the fourth season of Making the Band  The group released their self titled debut album in August 2006  The album reached number one on the United States Billboard 200 and was certified platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA)  Danity Kane's debut single, "Show Stopper", which featured rapper Yung Joc, reached number eight on the US Billboard Hot 100  "Ride for You", their second single, reached number 78 on the Billboard Hot 100  Welcome to the Dollhouse, Danity Kane's second album, was released in March 2008  It reached number one on the Billboard 200 and was certified gold by the RIAA  The album's lead single, "Damaged", reached number ten on the Billboard Hot 100 and was certified platinum by the RIAA  The group's fifth single, "Bad Girl", featured Missy Elliott and reached number 10 on the Bubbling Under Hot 100 chart 

Albums
Studio albums
Extended plays
Singles
Other charted songs
Music videos
Notes
Passage 2:
List of songs recorded by Kesha
American singer Kesha made her international debut in early 2009 featuring on the Flo Rida single "Right Round", which reached number one on the Billboard Hot 100 in the United States and topped the charts in five other countries  Kesha's debut album, Animal, released in January 2010, topped the Canadian and American charts, debuting at number one in its first week on the Billboard 200  The album's lead single, and Kesha's solo debut single, "Tik Tok", was released in August 2009 and reached number one in eleven countries and spent nine consecutive weeks on top of the Billboard Hot 100  Since its release in 2009, the song has sold 15 million copies worldwide, therefore making it the best-selling digital single of all time  The album spawned three more hit singles, "Blah Blah Blah", "Your Love Is My Drug" and "Take It Off"  She topped eight charts on the 2010 Billboard Year-End Chart, including Top New Artists, Hot 100 Songs and Hot 100 Artists The commercial and critical success of her first album led to plans of a deluxe edition of the album titled Cannibal, which was ultimately released as an extended play in November 2010  Its lead single, "We R Who We R", reached the top ten in ten countries, while peaking at number one in the United States, Australia, and United Kingdom  The EP's second and final single, "Blow", was released in February 2011 and also managed to peak inside the top ten of multiple countries 
Kesha released her second studio album, Warrior, in December 2012  The lead single, "Die Young", peaked at number two in the United States, while charting in the top ten of eleven other countries  Two more singles, "C'Mon" and "Crazy Kids", were also released from the album, but failed to match the success of the lead single  In October 2013, she was featured on Pitbull's single, "Timber", which peaked at number one in over fifteen countries, including the United Kingdom, Canada, and United States   In April 2016, she released her first single in three years, a collaboration with Zedd, "True Colors"   It is the first song since her ongoing legal battle with producer Dr Luke  2017 saw the release of Kesha's third studio album, Rainbow, which featured the single "Praying"  The single reached no  22 in the U S  "Woman" was previously a promotional single but later was released as the second single from the album  Her fourth album, High Road, was released in 2020  Four singles were released from the album: "Raising Hell", "My Own Dance", "Resentment", and "Tonight"  Her fifth studio album, Gag Order, was released on May 19, 2023  Two singles were released on the same day ahead of the album's release: "Eat the Acid" and "Fine Line" 

Released songs
Passage 3:
Far East Movement
Far East Movement (abbreviated FM) is an American hip hop and electronic music group based in Los Angeles  The group formed in 2003 and as of August 2018 consists of Kev Nish (Kevin Nishimura), Prohgress (James Roh), DJ Virman (Virman Coquia), JT Rollerson (James Rollerson), and formerly J-Splif (Jae Chong)   Their 2010 single, "Like a G6", featuring pop-rap duo The Cataracs and singer Dev hit number one on both the Billboard Hot 100 chart and on the iTunes chart in late October 2010, making them the first Asian-American group to earn a number one hit on the Billboard Hot 100 chart  Among their other chart successes are: "Rocketeer" featuring Ryan Tedder of OneRepublic, which peaked at number seven on the Billboard Hot 100; "Turn Up the Love", which peaked within the top ten of the charts in the United Kingdom, and their 2012 remix of the song "Get Up (Rattle)" by the Bingo Players, which topped the charts in the United Kingdom 
The group's latest album, Identity, is the first release under their own record label Transparent Music  Identity focuses on bridging Eastern artists with FM's Western dance music roots  The album received a positive review in Billboard magazine; the single "Freal Luv" with Marshmello featuring Tinashe and Chanyeol from the chart topping K-pop group Exo, received 40 million plays on YouTube  Far East Movement has also branched out with a number of collaborations on labels Ministry of Sound, Dim Mak, and Ultra 
In 2016, Far East Movement's company, Transparent Arts (TA), moved into artist management  TA manages seven artists of various genres, including Korean-American K-pop artist Tiffany Young, rappers Dumbfoundead and Year of the Ox, DJ producers Yultron, Autolaser, and singer Satica  The artists have garnered millions of social media plays, sold out national tours, and have released tracks through labels Owsla, Spinnin', Armada, and Universal 
FM also has a joint label, BredNButter, with Trap City, a large YouTube dance music channel with more than ten million subscribers  BredNButter's many releases have amassed millions of plays in total in a little over a year of existence 
They also founded Identity Festival, a festival celebrating Asian American Heritage with the City of Los Angeles on the steps of City Hall that gathered over 10,000 attendees in 2018 with headliners Mike Shinoda of Linkin Park and K-pop star Jay Park 
Far East Movement is in the process of recording their next full-length release 

Musical career
2003–2007: Folk Music
The three original members of Far East Movement, Kevin Nishimura (Kev Nish), James Roh (Prohgress), and Jae Choung (J-Splif), grew up in the Downtown Los Angeles area  They were close companions in high school and shared a passion for music together  The trio promoted their music online and began performing at local clubs and events in Los Angeles; soon, they began their musical career with the name "Emcees Anonymous" by 2001  However, they later changed it to Far East Movement or FM, originating from a song that they produced with the same name  In 2003, they organised an event called "Movementality" in Koreatown, Los Angeles, featuring ten different performances with all the proceeds sent to a local youth drug rehabilitation center 
In 2005, Far East Movement released a mixtape called Audio-Bio, which was one of their first CDs and contained many of their earliest songs and many songs not available anywhere else  Their first album, titled Folk Music, was released in early 2006  The single "Round Round" was featured in the film, The Fast and the Furious: Tokyo Drift, appearing both on the self-titled soundtrack and video game  This critical breakout was the catalyst that cemented their decision to pursue music as a full-time career  Their songs "Get Offa Me" and "Make Ya Self" were featured in The Fast and the Furious video game  They proceeded to perform on two world tours (including USA, South America, Canada, and Asia), and they signed distribution deals in Japan and Korea with Avex Network and JF Productions for their album 
In 2007, they were featured in the Sundance Film Festival film called Finishing the Game, making the song "Satisfaction" for the film  They also released the single "You've Got A Friend" featuring Lil Rob and Baby Bash, which became their first song on major national radio 

2008–2009: DJ Virman and Animal
LA's radio station Power 106 DJ, DJ Virman, came to the group as their official DJ  They released another single titled "Lowridin" that received heavy airplay in 2008  Soon after, they planned on showcasing a second album, releasing Animal later on in the same year  Animal featured three hit singles that frequently won national radio play: "You’ve Got A Friend", "Lowridin", and the successful "Girls On The Dance Floor"  "Girls on the Dance Floor" reached 27 on the Billboard chart for the Latin Rhythm Airplay, which marked their debut on the Billboard's charts There were several collaborations on the Animal album, including The Stereotypes, Lil Rob, Baby Bash, Bruno Mars, Wiz Khalifa, Bionik, 24/8, IZ, DB Tonik, and Jah Free  Their songs from the Animal album were featured in major film and television on multiple occasions  FM's single "Girls on the Dance Floor" has been played on MTV's America's Best Dance Crew on the Season 4 Finale during a performance with Artistry In Motion, Vogue Evolution and We Are Heroes  It was also featured on Get Him to the Greek, FOX's So You Think You Can Dance and on the 7th episode of CSI: Miami Season 8  In addition, "Dance Like Michael Jackson" was aired on ABC Family's Lincoln Heights on November 10, 2009 and on the Gossip Girl episode, "Dan de Fleurette"  "I Party" was highlighted on FOX's TV series Lie To Me and "Fetish" was on Spike TV's Guy's Choice Awards 2009  "Girls on the Dance Floor" has attained over 5 million hits on Myspace while attracting over 8 million views on YouTube 
Streetwear company Orisue teamed up with Far East Movement and helped shoot a music video for "Lowridin"  In May 2009, Far East Movement joined the Korean hip hop group Epik High on their "Map the Soul" tour throughout the U S  Then they held their first headlining concert at the Roxy Theater in Hollywood by July 2009, which resulted in a sold-out show  Together with Wong Fu Productions, FM has established another three sold-out "International Secret Agents" concerts titled as "ISA", hosted in San Francisco, Los Angeles, and New York in order to promote Asian American artists in the media with performances by Quest Crew, Poreotics, Jay Park, and others 
FM's mixtape Party Animal was released on the first date of LMFAO's Party Rock Tour  Their two singles, "Girls on the Dance Floor" and "2 is Better w/ Ya Boy", garnered successful radio airplay  They later announced that they were working on a new album with Grammy nominated producers, The Stereotypes, who had produced their hit track, "Girls on the Dance Floor" 

2010–2011: Cherrytree/Interscope Records and Free Wired
In February 2010, Far East Movement signed a major record deal with Cherrytree Records, a subsidiary of Interscope Records  They were managed at the time by Ted Chung and Russell Redeaux of Stampede Management 
Later in the same year, the group supported Robyn and Kelis on their double headlining tour along with Dan Black, in addition to being announced as the opening act of Lady Gaga's tour on the Japanese leg of The Monster Ball Tour  Furthermore, their previous hit track, "Girls on the Dancefloor" & "Fetish", was featured in Piranha 3D, yet it was not slotted into the film's soundtrack 
Their 2010 "ISA" shows in New York and LA were held on August 28 and September 5 respectively  They performed their songs alongside acts by AJ Rafael, Jay Park, Wong Fu Productions, Poreotics and Quest Crew (both winners from America's Best Dance Crew), David Choi, Jennifer Chung, David Garibaldi, Lydia Paek, and more 
From September 13 until mid-October, the group was one of the opening acts for the Up In The Air Tour with Mike Posner, across various cities in North America Free Wired, their debut album from Cherrytree/Interscope Records, was released on October 12, 2010  The album includes collaborations with Keri Hilson, Lil Jon, Snoop Dogg (their song co-written by Bruno Mars), Mohombi, Colette Carr, Natalia Kills, Koda Kumi, and Ryan Tedder from OneRepublic In the October 30, 2010 edition of Billboard Magazine, their single featuring The Cataracs and Dev titled "Like a G6" peaked at number one on the Billboard Hot 100 as well as iTunes  While gathering success for both their album and single, they were featured in a series of tour dates with their Cherrytree/Interscope Record label mate, La Roux, in November 2010 On November 20, it was confirmed that the group had reached the double Platinum status for "Like a G6", collecting two million in sales  Their second single which was released for airplay as a follow up to "Like A G6" was "Rocketeer", which featured Ryan Tedder The group was awarded Best International Artist in the 2010 M net Asian Music Awards The group toured with Rihanna and Calvin Harris from late February to early March, as part of Rihanna's Last Girl on Earth Tour 
 Right after the tour ended, the group began headlining their own tour, The Free Wired World Tour  The group visited Manila, Jakarta, Taipei, Hong Kong, Singapore, Seoul, Hamburg and Bangkok  The group were due to tour selected venues in the United Kingdom in early July but cancelled these dates due to recording commitments  However, they performed at the Barclaycard Wireless Festival on July 1 in London 
Far East Movement toured with Lil Wayne on the I Am Still Music tour  On tour, the group took out a second tour bus to work on their second album under the Cherrytree Records label 

2012–2015: Dirty Bass and KTown Riot
Their second major label album, Dirty Bass, was released on May 18, 2012  The lead single from the album was "Live My Life", featuring Justin Bieber  It was more successful than the original first single "Jello"  The single was released on February 28, 2012, with the release of the music video on March 23, 2012  The video was shot on the streets of Amsterdam, and directed by Mickey Finnegan Far East Movement also worked with producers such as David Guetta, Cherry Cherry Boom Boom (aka Cherrytree founder/president Martin Kierszenbaum), will i am and RedOne  In September 2012, the group performed in Charlotte with Perez Hilton as part of the 2012 Democratic National Convention  On October 22, 2012, they released a new single, "For All" which they then performed at then President Barack Obama's re-election inauguration 
Far East Movement also performed the official theme song for the first season of the American-Japanese animated series Monsuno, which airs in the United States on Nicktoons 
In January 2013, "Get Up (Rattle)," a song by the Bingo Players on which they were featured, topped the charts in the United Kingdom  It remained at the top of the UK Singles Chart for two weeks before being dethroned by "Thrift Shop" by Macklemore & Ryan Lewis  "Turn Up the Love", a track from "Dirty Bass", reached the top 5 on the overall singles charts in over a dozen countries 
On April 29, 2013, Far East Movement released the song "Lovetron", featuring Travis Garland  On June 2, 2013, they released the song "The Illest", featuring Riff Raff  On January 9, 2014, they released the song "Bang It To The Curb", featuring Sidney Samson  Their EP KTown Riot was released on October 28, 2014 

2016: Identity and J-Splif's Departure
On September 21, 2016, S M Entertainment, one of the largest entertainment companies in South Korea, announced that Chanyeol, from popular K-pop band EXO, would be collaborating with Far East Movement in their track "Freal Luv", which also features Tinashe and Marshmello On October 10, 2016, Starship Entertainment announced that Hyolyn, from K-pop girl-group Sistar, would be featured in a new song titled "Umbrella" 
Both songs were included in the band's fifth studio album, Identity, released on October 21  It features various Korean artists, such as Tiffany from Girls' Generation, rappers Yoon Mi-rae, Jay Park, Loco and R&B group Urban Zakapa, along with American singer-songwriter Macy Gray, rapper Soulja Boy and credits from British singer-producer MNEK  Identity debuted at #1 on the global iTunes dance charts  The music video for "Freal Luv" was viewed over  30 million times on YouTube 
On October 14, 2016, Far East Movement released "We Out Here" featuring Blackbear and Thurz 
On November 23, 2016, Far East Movement announced that J-Splif had left the group due to family reasons 

2017–present: International collaborations
On October 26, 2018, Far East Movement released a song titled "Bamboo" which features vocals from Jason Zhang and Kina Grannis 
On February 8, 2019, Far East Movement released a single titled "Blossoms" which features Troop Brand and Chinese rapper Vava 
On March 14, 2019, Far East Movement released a single titled "Lovebird" which features Lay 
On April 19, 2019, Far East Movement released a single titled "Paint the Clouds" which features vocals from Tia Ray 
On June 21, 2019, Far East Movement released a single titled "Maps", featuring Diamond, Starchild Yeezo, and Rell the Soundbender 
On July 26, 2019, Far East Movement released a single titled "Glue", featuring Heize and Shawn Wasabi 

Discography
Folk Music (2006)
Animal (2009)
Free Wired (2010)
Dirty Bass (2012)
Identity (2016)

Filmography
Members
DJ Virman joined the group in 2007  Before joining Far East Movement, he was working as a DJ for the Power 106 radio station in Los Angeles 
On  November 23 2016, the group announced that J-Splif had left the group due to family issues 

Current Members
Kev Nish (Kevin Nishimura, born January 12, 1984) (2003–present)
Prohgress (James Roh, born January 14, 1980) (2003–present)
DJ Virman (Virman Coquia, born January 24, 1982) (2007–present)

Former Members
J-Splif (Jae Choung, born February 11, 1984) (2003-2014)

See also
List of artists who reached number one in the United States
Passage 4:
B*Witched discography
The discography of B*Witched, an Irish pop girl group, consists of two studio albums, two extended plays, two compilation albums, two video albums and 13 singles (including one as part of a collective)  The group released their debut single "C'est la Vie" on 25 May 1998  Despite mixed reviews, it reached Number 1 on the UK charts, making them the youngest female group ever to do so, and also made Number 9 in the US  Subsequent singles "Rollercoaster", "To You I Belong" and "Blame It on the Weatherman" also topped the UK charts  The group's debut album, B*Witched, was released in October 1998, reaching Number 3 in the UK charts and was certified Double Platinum in the UK and Platinum in the US  B*Witched's second album, Awake and Breathe, released almost exactly a year after their debut, peaked at number 5 on the charts and was certified Platinum  Singles from the album were less successful than earlier releases ("Jesse Hold On" reached number 4, "I Shall Be There" number 13 and "Jump Down" number 16 in the UK)  The latter two appeared on their new American EP, Across America 2000, along with live tracks and the earlier cover of "Does Your Mother Know"  However, in September 2002, the group officially split when O'Carroll decided to leave the band On 18 October 2012, it was announced that B*Witched would reunite for the ITV2 reality documentary series The Big Reunion  In May 2013 B*Witched unveiled a new song called "Love and Money"  During a radio interview in October 2013, Edele Lynch confirmed that the group would release new material in September 2014  In December, they announced via PledgeMusic that they had recorded their first ever EP, entitled Champagne or Guinness  It was released on 28 September 2014 alongside the single "The Stars Are Ours" 

Albums
Studio albums
Compilations
Video albums
Extended plays
Singles
As main artist
As featured artist
Other appearances
Music videos
Passage 5:
Ain't Love a Bitch
"Ain't Love a Bitch" is a song written by Gary Grainger and Rod Stewart  Stewart released it on his 1978 album Blondes Have More Fun, and it was one of four songs on the album co-written by Stewart and Grainger  The song was released as a single in 1979, reaching #11 on the UK charts, and #22 on the Billboard Hot 100 chart in the United States  It spent 8 weeks on the UK charts and 6 weeks on the US charts  The song also reached the Top Ten in several countries, including Ireland  Billboard magazine placed Stewart #7 on its list of the Top Single Artists of 1979 on the strength of "Ain't Love a Bitch" and its predecessor, "Da Ya Think I'm Sexy?" Stewart performed the song on Dave Allen's Dave Allen at Large  A video of the song was included on the DVD included in the deluxe editions of the compilation album Some Guys Have All the Luck / The Definitive Rod Stewart 

Background
Rolling Stone critic Janet Maslin excoriated the song as being "unexpectedly sensitive, with a soft, strum-along melody and a bunch of namby-pamby characters doo-doo-doing a background chorus while Stewart croons about old girlfriends "   She further criticizes the song for taking material that could have been tough and making it sound "like the 1400th cover version of 'I Left My Heart in San Francisco '" CD Review commented on the references within "Ain't Love a Bitch" to Stewart's earlier song "Maggie May", describing the music as "bouncy"  High Fidelity objected to the lyrics blaming women for love's problems  The Albany Herald also noted that the song is autobiographical, and incorporates elements from Stewart's "musical and personal past " Stereo Review described the song as a "repellent frat-house love song"  Stephen Thomas Erlewine of Allmusic described the song as being in the same mold as "Da Ya Think I'm Sexy?"  Author Barry Alan Farber described the line "Ain't we all a little juvenile" as encapsulating the way people retain pieces of their adolescence into adulthood   Cash Box called it a "return to the   balladeering  of 'Tonight's The Night'" after the disco success of "Do Ya Think I'm Sexy" and said the song has "gentle, soothing acoustic guitar work, strings, and light drumming "  Record World said that "The rhythm is light and [Stewart's] vocals have a music hall quality "

Chart performance
Passage 6:
Pinball Wizard
"Pinball Wizard" is a song written by Pete Townshend and performed by the English rock band the Who, featured on their 1969 rock opera album Tommy  The original recording was released as a single in 1969 and reached No  4 in the UK charts and No  19 on the U S  Billboard Hot 100 
The B-side of the "Pinball Wizard" single is an instrumental credited to Keith Moon, titled "Dogs Part Two"   Despite the title, it has no musical connection to the Who's 1968 UK single "Dogs" 

Story
The lyrics are written from the perspective of a pinball champion, called "Local Lad" in the Tommy libretto book, astounded by the skills of the opera's eponymous main character, Tommy Walker: "He ain't got no distractions / Can't hear those buzzers and bells / Don't see lights a flashin' / Plays by sense of smell / Always gets a replay / Never seen him fall / That deaf dumb and blind kid / Sure plays a mean pinball ", and "I thought I was the Bally table king, but I just handed my pinball crown to him" 
Townshend once called it "the most clumsy piece of writing [he'd] ever done"  Nevertheless, the song was a commercial success and remains one of the most recognised tunes from the opera  It was a perpetual concert favourite for Who fans due to its pop sound and familiarity 

Position on the album
In late 1968 or early 1969, when the Who played a rough assembly of their new album to critic Nik Cohn, Cohn gave a lukewarm reaction to it  Following this, Townshend, as Tommy's principal composer, discussed the album with Cohn and concluded that, to lighten the load of the rock opera's heavy spiritual overtones (Townshend had recently become deeply interested in the teachings of Meher Baba), the title character, a "deaf, dumb, and blind" boy, should also be particularly good at a certain game  Knowing Cohn was an avid pinball fan, Townshend suggested that Tommy would play pinball, and Cohn immediately declared Tommy to be a masterpiece  The song "Pinball Wizard" was written and recorded almost immediately  The single version was slightly sped up and runs to 2:57, whilst the natural length album version runs to 3:04 

Reception
Cash Box said "Pinball Wizard" was "sensational", saying "Retaining the joyful exaltation of early pop rock, the Who add a proficiency and modernization that clicks with the accuracy of a Beatles-gone-heavy



ground_truth: yes

prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: Were the board games, Clans and Drunter und Drüber, both created by Leo Colovini?

The following are given passages.
Context 4: " Billboard described the single as "a solid beat rocker " Record World described it as an "exciting side "

Live performances
This song is one of the band's most famous live songs, being played at almost every Who concert since its debut live performance on 2 May 1969  The live performances rarely deviated from the album arrangement, save for an occasional jam at the end sometimes leading to another song  Bootleg recordings show that this song has been known to last as long as 8 minutes (at a concert at the Rainbow Theatre in London on 3 February 1981), although live versions lasting as long as that are extremely rare  Pinball Wizard was also played during the Super Bowl XLIV Halftime Show on 7 February 2010 

Personnel
Roger Daltrey – lead vocals
Pete Townshend – backing vocals, co-lead vocals, acoustic guitar, electric guitar
John Entwistle – bass guitar
Keith Moon – drums

Charts and certifications
Elton John version
The song was performed by English musician Elton John in Ken Russell's 1975 film adaptation of Tommy  This version was released in 1975 as a promotional single only in the US, and in 1976 in the UK, where it reached number 7  Because it was not released as a commercial single in the US, it was ineligible to be listed on the Billboard Hot 100 chart  It did however make the US Radio & Records airplay chart, where it reached number 9 
John's version uses a piano as the song's centerpiece in place of the acoustic guitar in the original  In the film, John's character is shown playing his pinball machine via a small piano keyboard  His adaptation also features additional lyrics specially written by Townshend for the movie version, as well as a subtle inclusion of musical phrases from the Who's 1960s hit "I Can't Explain" during the outro  Similarly, the Who's later cover of Elton John's "Saturday Night's Alright for Fighting" included parts of "Take Me to the Pilot"  Unlike most of the soundtrack's music, which featured various combinations of the Who and some of the era's best session players, Elton John used his own band and producer Gus Dudgeon for the track  John has performed the song as part of his Las Vegas Red Piano Show, as well as on various tours  To date, it is the only cover of a Who song to reach the top 10 The song has subsequently been performed by Taron Egerton who portrayed Elton John in the film Rocketman (2019) 

Personnel
Elton John – lead vocals, piano
Davey Johnstone – acoustic and electric guitars, backing vocals
Dee Murray – bass, backing vocals
Nigel Olsson – drums, backing vocals
Ray Cooper – tambourine, congas

Chart performance
In Toronto, "Pinball Wizard" spent two weeks at number one on the CHUM survey  In Chicago, "Pinball Wizard" remained on the WLS Musicradio Survey as an "extra" for five and a half months, from mid-April to late September as an album track in heavy rotation 

Other cover versions
The song was featured in a medley with another song from Tommy ("See Me, Feel Me") in a recording by the British pop group the New Seekers in 1973  This version reached No  16 on the UK charts and in Australia, and No  28 in Canada, and No  29 on the U S  Hot 100 
In 1977, Barry Williams performed the song during a "Songs from Movies" medley on an episode of The Brady Bunch Variety Hour 
McFly released their cover of the song in 2005 as the B-side to their UK number one single "I'll Be OK"  They subsequently performed a cover of "My Generation" with Roger Daltrey that was exclusively released on HMV's new HMV Digital download store in September of that year 
Tenacious D also regularly perform the song as a part of a medley of songs from Tommy
In 2012, during the third season of Glee, Alex Newell performed the song during national competition 

In popular culture
The track is featured on the video games Rock Band 2, Rock Band Unplugged and Karaoke Revolution: American Idol Encore 2, as well as on The Who's Tommy Pinball Wizard 
Bruce Springsteen makes a reference to the song in his song "4th of July, Asbury Park (Sandy)", in the album The Wild, the Innocent, & the E Street Shuffle, with the lyric "And the wizards play down on Pinball Way" 
Within the pinball community, using the phrase Pinball Wizard to describe a high quality player is common, though sometimes controversial  
In 2011, the American animated comedy television series SpongeBob SquarePants parodied "Pinball Wizard" with the song "Neat Clarinet" in the eighth season episode "Sweet and Sour Squid "
Passage 7:
Martina McBride discography
The discography of American country music artist Martina McBride consists of 14 studio albums, one live album, eight compilation albums, two video albums, three additional albums, 45 music videos, 51 singles, 16 other charting songs, and 45 album appearances  In 1991, she signed a recording contract with RCA Nashville, launching her debut studio album The Time Has Come in 1992  In September 1993, her second studio album The Way That I Am was issued  Its lead single "My Baby Loves Me" reached number 2 on the Billboard Hot Country Songs chart, becoming her breakthrough hit  The third single "Independence Day" peaked in the Top 20 and became McBride's signature song  The song's success elevated sales of The Way That I Am to platinum status from the Recording Industry Association of America  Wild Angels was released in September 1995 and reached number seventeen on the Billboard Top Country Albums chart  The album's title track became McBride's first song to top the Hot Country Songs chart  McBride's fourth studio album Evolution was released in August 1997 and is her best-selling album to date, certifying three times platinum in the United States  The album spawned six singles which all became major hits including, "A Broken Wing", "Wrong Again", and "Whatever You Say"  After releasing a holiday album, McBride's fifth studio album Emotion was issued in September 1999  The lead single "I Love You" topped the Hot Country Songs chart, while also reaching minor positions on the Adult Contemporary and Billboard Hot 100 charts In 2001, McBride released her first Greatest Hits project, becoming her first album to top the Top Country Albums chart  All four of the album's new tracks were single releases including the number one single "Blessed"  Martina (2003) certified double platinum in the United States and featured the top 5 singles "This One's for the Girls" and "In My Daughter's Eyes"  McBride's seventh studio album entitled Timeless (2005) contained a series of classic country songs, debuting atop the country albums chart and the top ten of the Billboard 200  In 2007, McBride returned with her eighth studio record entitled Waking Up Laughing, which debuted in the top five of the Billboard country albums chart and Billboard 200  The album featured original songwriting material by McBride herself, including "Anyway", the album's lead single  After recording a live album in 2008, McBride's next studio album entitled Shine (2009) was issued  The album spawned three singles that reached the Top 20 on the country songs chart  Switching to Republic Nashville, Eleven was released in October 2011  Debuting at number 4 on the country albums chart, the album's second single "I'm Gonna Love You Through It" became a major hit in 2012  Under the production of Don Was, McBride released her twelfth studio record Everlasting (2014) that featured covers of R&B songs  Since her debut, Martina McBride has sold over 14 million albums, according to the Recording Industry Association of America 

Albums
Studio albums
Live albums
Compilation albums
Other albums
Singles
As lead artist
As guest artist
Other charted songs
Videography
Video albums
Music videos
As lead artist
As guest artist
Other appearances
Notes
Passage 8:
Tommy (album)
Tommy may refer to:

People
Tommy (given name)
Tommy Atkins, or just Tommy, a slang term for a common soldier in the British Army

Arts and entertainment
Film and television
Tommy (1931 film), a Soviet drama film
Tommy (1975 film), a British operetta film based on the Who's album Tommy
Tommy (2015 film), a Telugu drama film
Tommy (TV series), a 2020 American drama series

Literature
Tommy (King poem), by Stephen King, 2010
Tommy (Kipling poem), by Rudyard Kipling, 1892

Music
Tommy (The Who album), 1969
Tommy (London Symphony Orchestra album), 1972
Tommy (soundtrack), a soundtrack to the 1975 film
The Who's Tommy, a stage production, premiered 1992
Tommy (The Wedding Present album), 1988
Tommy (Dosh album), 2010
Tommy (EP), a 2017 EP by Klein
Tommy, a 2022 EP by Kiesza
Tommy, a 1965 album by Tommy Adderley
Tommy, a 1970 EP by The Who
"Tommy", a 1991 song by Status Quo from the album Rock 'til You Drop

Other uses in arts and entertainment
Tommy, a 1927 play, the basis of the 1930 film She's My Weakness
Tommy (statue), a statue of a Great War soldier in Seaham, England

Other uses
Tommy (pigeon), who received the Dickin Medal in 1946
British Rail Class 76, an electric locomotive, the prototype of which was named "Tommy"
Thomson's gazelle, an animal known as a "tommy"
Quarry Tommy a slate quarry near Cilgerran, Wales

See also
All pages with titles beginning with Tommy
Tommie, a masculine given name
Thompson submachine gun, also known as the "tommy gun"
Apache TomEE, the Java Enterprise Edition of Apache Tomcat
Tommy's (charity), associated with St Thomas' Hospital, London
Tomm (disambiguation)
Passage 9:
Jeremih
Jeremy Phillip Felton (born July 17, 1987), known professionally as Jeremih ( JERR-əm-eye), is an American R&B singer  In 2009, he signed a record deal with Def Jam Recordings  Jeremih's commercial debut single, "Birthday Sex", peaked at number four on the US Billboard Hot 100 chart—leading his self-titled debut album released in June that year, reaching number six on the US Billboard 200 chart  Jeremih's success continued with the release of his second album, All About You, led by the single "Down on Me" (featuring 50 Cent), which also reached the top five of the Billboard Hot 100  In 2014, his single "Don't Tell 'Em" (featuring YG) became his third top-ten hit on the Billboard Hot 100  The song became the lead single for his third studio album, Late Nights released in December 2015  A collaborative album between Jeremih and California singer Ty Dolla Sign, titled MihTy, was released in 2018 

Early life
Born in Chicago, Illinois, Jeremih began playing drums at the age of three and is able to play the saxophone, several percussion instruments, and piano/keyboards  He attended Morgan Park High School, where he was part of the marching band as well as a Latin jazz band  He also learned to play percussion instruments like congas and timbales  Felton was a good student and earned academic honors at Morgan Park High School  His strong academic performance enabled him to graduate from high school a year early  He enrolled at the University of Illinois and Parkland College in Urbana-Champaign  After spending a semester at the university studying engineering, he wanted to change his education to something related to music  He transferred to Columbia College Chicago in 2007 to pursue a degree in music business  After performing a tribute to Ray Charles at one of the campus's talent shows, he received positive feedback and realized his vocal ability, saying that the "music was just taking over" 

Career
2009–2011: Jeremih and All About You
While attending Columbia College Chicago, Jeremih collaborated with record producer Mick Schultz  Together, they recorded a song, titled "My Ride"  Jeremih received guidance from his cousin, Day26 group member, Willie Taylor  In February 2009, Jeremih met with Def Jam's CEO Russell Simmons, and executive vice president of A&R Karen Kwak  After performing for the two, Jeremih signed a recording contract with Def Jam that same day  In 2009, Jeremih released his debut single, "Birthday Sex"  The song later peaked at number 4 on the US Billboard Hot 100  In June 2009, Jeremih released his eponymous self-titled debut studio album, Jeremih  The album debuted at number 6 on the US Billboard 200, selling 59,000 copies in its first week  In promotion of the album, Jeremih took part in America's Most Wanted Tour, alongside Lil Wayne, Young Jeezy, and Soulja Boy Tell 'Em  The second single, "Imma Star (Everywhere We Are)", peaked at number 51 on the Billboard Hot 100 In August 2009, Jeremih was selected by Ron Huberman and Mayor Richard M  Daley of the Chicago Public Schools (CPS) to campaign children to return to school  Community activists protested and demanded CPS to undo their decision, claiming that Jeremih's music was "not appropriate for students" and "promotes teen sex"  Huberman argued that "school officials would be naive to pretend students don't listen to Felton's music already"  Daley also argued that recording artists have the freedom of speech, noting that Jeremih was "a young man, [with a] back-to-school message, a young man who has had great success recording, producer, going to school, went to public school"  In September 2009, Jeremih performed on ABC Daytime's soap opera One Life to Live, alongside recording artist Lionel Richie  The two performed "Just Go", a song from Richie's album with the same title On June 1, 2010, Jeremih released the first single for his second studio album All About You, titled "I Like" featuring Ludacris  "Down on Me" featuring rapper 50 Cent was confirmed to be the second single from the album  "Down on Me" charted on the number-one position for eight weeks total on Rhythmic Billboard chart  All About You was released on September 28, 2010  The following year, Jeremih and Rick Ross were featured on the song, which was performed by Wale, titled "That Way" from the compilation album Self Made Vol  1 

2012–2015: Late Nights
In December 2011, Jeremih confirmed he had been working on his third studio album which was originally titled Thumpy Johnson  He announced plans from a summer 2012 release under Def Jam  However, the album was not released  Instead, Jeremih released his first mixtape titled Late Nights with Jeremih on August 7, 2012 On November 5, 2014, Jeremih and members of his crew were involved in an incident at a Fuddruckers restaurant in Billings, MT in which Jeremih's associates allegedly "hassled"[2] a young female restaurant employee and a manager for discriminating against them  Members of Jeremih's crew responded to the alleged racism by taking over the restaurant's microphone, throwing beer onto employees, and allegedly throwing a glass beer bottle into the kitchen, getting broken glass into the fryer and forcing the restaurant to close temporarily [3] The Billings Police Department sought but never issued arrest warrants in response to the incident [4] Surveillance footage of the altercation was published by TMZ, and the concert promoter for Jeremih's Billings performance offered refunds to audience members and renounced the actions taken by Jeremih and his crew  [5]
"All the Time" is a song which originally appeared on his mixtape Late Nights with Jeremih but was re-released with an additional verse by rapper Lil Wayne as a single  The song was released on April 16, 2013, as a digital download  On July 17, 2014, Jeremih formally released his collaborative EP "No More" with Shlohmo through his Twitter account The first single off Jeremih's third studio album (retitled Late Nights: The Album), "Don't Tell 'Em" featuring YG, was released on June 6, 2014  The second single, "Planez" featuring J  Cole was released on January 22, 2015  The first promotional single "Tonight Belongs to U!" featuring Flo Rida was released on April 21, 2015  The third single, "Oui" was released on October 30, 2015  The second promotional single, "Royalty" featuring Big Sean and Future, was released October 29, 2015  The third promotional single "Peace Sign" featuring Fabolous and Red Cafe was released November 18, 2015  The fourth single, "Pass Dat" was released December 1, 2015  On December 4, Jeremih finally released the album to critical acclaim  To promote the album, Jeremih embarked on his Late Nights Uncut Tour 

2016–present: MihTy
On February 7, 2016, Jeremih revealed his fourth studio album will be called, Later That Night in an interview with Billboard  In the same interview, he mentioned he had been recently writing songs for Kanye West and Nicki Minaj  In the summer of 2016, Jeremih headlined his first European concert tour  In July 2016, Jeremih released his second mixtape called Late Nights: Europe, which he recorded while on tour overseas  He stated that he was 90% done with his upcoming album Later That Night that would complete his "Late Night" series In June 2016, Jeremih announced a joint album with PartyNextDoor titled Late Night Party, which he said would be released before Later That Night  Following this announcement, the two artists headlined a joint tour called Summer's Over Tour scheduled for November and December 2016  In the last week of the tour, it was announced that Jeremih would removed from the tour  The decision came after Jeremih left the stage mid-performance in Chicago, sent a body-double to perform in Houston, and criticized PartyNextDoor on stage in Dallas  A few months later, Jeremih stated that there were arguments between the two artists' teams, but he had no ill will towards PartyNextDoor On Cinco de Mayo 2017, Jeremih released an EP, Cinco De MihYo, which he had written and recorded in 24 hours  In March 2018, Jeremih released an EP titled The Chocolate Box  Pitchfork stated, "When his projects are well-considered, or made with hyper-focused collaborators, he can be the most enchanting man in the room," but called one of the four tracks awkward and bored On June 8, 2018, Jeremih and Ty Dolla Sign released "The Light" as the lead single from their collaboration album MihTy  The 11-track album was released on October 26, 2018, and features guest appearances from Chris Brown, French Montana, and Wiz Khalifa In July 2018, Jeremih announced a joint tour with singer Teyana Taylor called Later That Night  The tour dates were from August 3 through September 8 in the United States  On August 15, Teyana tweeted that she would be leaving the tour due to mistreatment from Jeremih In 2019, Jeremih was featured in Chantel Jeffries' song and music video "Chase the Summer"  In March 2020, Jeremih was featured on the remix for "Baby Girl" by Bryce Vine  On May 3, 2021, DJ Khaled released a music video for his song "Thankful" from his album Khaled Khaled featuring Jeremih and Lil Wayne After a long hiatus from recording, Jeremih released his comeback single, "Changes", on October 21, 2022 In April 2023, he introduced his first protégé, Illinois singer Murf Dilly, to the music scene with his debut single "2 C's"  The song featured Jeremih as a guest vocalist and was released on his newly established Late Nightz Records 

Musical style
Jeremih cited Michael Jackson, Stevie Wonder, and R  Kelly as his biggest influences  He described their music as "timeless", calling them "true musician-artists"  With the release of his debut album, Andy Kellman of Allmusic compared Jeremih's vocals to Slim of 112 and Raphael Saadiq, noting that his "charmingly sly voice   is hard to not like"  In contrast, Ken Capobianco of The Boston Globe felt that Jeremih's voice was "thin", showing "little range"  Jody Rosen expressed that Jeremih "has a way with tunes and hooks"  He received comparisons to The-Dream, R  Kelly, and Stevie Wonder 

Health
In November 2020, Jeremih was hospitalized in Chicago after testing positive for COVID-19  By November 14, he was reported to be on a ventilator in the intensive care unit  He was taken off the ventilator on November 19 but remained in critical condition  His spokesman said Jeremih has no underlying conditions  Jeremih was transferred out of intensive care on November 21, into a general hospital to make a full recovery  He was released from the hospital on December 4 

Discography
Studio albumsJeremih (2009)
All About You (2010)
Late Nights (2015)

Awards and nominations
MOBO AwardsThe Music of Black Origin Awards (MOBO Awards) is an awards ceremony established in 1995 by Kanya King 

American Music AwardsThe American Music Awards is an annual awards ceremony created by Dick Clark in 1973 

Grammy AwardsNAACP AwardsAn NAACP Image Award is an accolade presented by the American National Association for the Advancement of Colored People to honor outstanding people of color in film, television, music, and literature 

Chicago Music AwardsThe Chicago Music Awards is an annual awards ceremony for music artist professionals to get recognized for their talents and hard work   Ephraim Martin, CMA President, is the founder 

Billboard Music AwardsThe Billboard Music Award is an honor given by Billboard magazine, the preeminent publication covering the music business  The Billboard Music Awards show had been held annually in December until it went dormant in 2007, but it returned in May 2011  By Billboard Music Award 

iHeartRadio Music AwardsThe iheartRadio award honors the biggest Artists and Songs of the year 
Passage 10:
Train discography
American rock band Train has released 11 studio albums, two live albums, one compilation album, one video album, four extended plays, 34 singles, six promotional singles, and 29 music videos  The band independently released their eponymous debut studio album in 1996, two years after their formation  In February 1998, the band signed to Aware Records and Columbia Records and re-released the album under the two labels  Three singles were released from Train; the album's first single, "Meet Virginia", peaked at number 20 on the US Billboard Hot 100  The album peaked at number 76 on the US Billboard 200 and was certified platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA)  In the period following the release of Train, producer Brendan O'Brien started working with the band in a partnership that would last for three albums  The band released their second studio album Drops of Jupiter in March 2001; it was preceded by the release of its lead single, "Drops of Jupiter (Tell Me)"  The single became a commercial success, peaking at number five on the US Billboard Hot 100 and also becoming a top 10 hit in Australia, the Netherlands and the United Kingdom  "Drops of Jupiter (Tell Me)" also won an award for Best Rock Song at the 44th Grammy Awards  The album peaked at number six on the Billboard 200, earning a double platinum certification from the RIAA  "She's on Fire", the third single from Drops of Jupiter, achieved moderate success in Australia and the UK  Train's third studio album, My Private Nation, was released in June 2003  It peaked at number six on the Billboard 200 and was certified platinum by the RIAA  The album's first two singles, "Calling All Angels" and "When I Look to the Sky", peaked at numbers 19 and 74 respectively on the Billboard Hot 100  The band released their fourth studio album For Me, It's You in January 2006  The album peaked at number 10 on the Billboard 200 and spawned three singles Following a three-year hiatus, Train released the single "Hey, Soul Sister" in 2009  It became an international hit, peaking at number three on the Billboard Hot 100, topping the charts in Australia and the Netherlands and becoming a top 10 hit in multiple other countries  Save Me, San Francisco, the band's fifth studio album, was released in October 2009  For the album, the band worked with several producers, including Martin Terefe and Gregg Wattenberg  It peaked at number 17 on the Billboard 200, earning a gold certification from the RIAA  The album's second and third singles, "If It's Love" and "Marry Me", became top 40 hits on the Billboard Hot 100  In April 2012, Train released their sixth studio album California 37; it peaked at number four on the Billboard 200  The album's lead single "Drive By" peaked at number 10 on the Billboard Hot 100 and also became a top 10 hit in multiple other countries  Bulletproof Picasso followed in September 2014, peaking at number five on the Billboard 200, and was succeeded by the releases of the Christmas album Christmas in Tahoe in November 2015 and the Led Zeppelin tribute Train Does Led Zeppelin II in June 2016  A Girl, a Bottle, a Boat, the band's 10th studio album, was released in January 2017, peaking at number eight on the Billboard 200 

Albums
Studio albums
Live albums
Compilation albums
Video albums
Extended plays
Singles
Promotional singles
Other charted songs
Other appearances
Music videos
Notes



ground_truth: Drunter und Drüber is a multiplayer board game invented by Klaus Teuber