prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: Prior to playing for Michigan State, Keith Nichol played football for a school located in what city?

The following are given passages.
Context 1: Passage 1:
John Macklin
John Farrell "Big John" Macklin (October 17, 1883 – October 10, 1949) was an American football player, coach of football, basketball, baseball and track and field, and a college athletics administrator  He served as the head football coach at Michigan Agricultural College, now Michigan State University from 1911 to 1915  With a five-year record of 29–5, he has the highest winning percentage of any football coach in Michigan State history  Macklin coached the Michigan State Spartans football team to its first ever victories over Ohio State, Michigan, Wisconsin, and Penn State  He was also the athletic director at Michigan Agricultural and coached the school's basketball, baseball, and track and field teams  Macklin tallied marks of 48–38 as head basketball coach (1910–1916) and 52–27 as head baseball coach (1911–1915) 

Biography
Early years
Macklin was born in Worcester, Massachusetts and attended Worcester High School  He played high school football for four years and was also the captain of Worcester's crew  After graduating from Worcester High School, Macklin attended Exeter Academy in Exeter, New Hampshire and then St  Paul's School in Concord, New Hampshire, playing football at each school 

Penn
After completing his preparatory education, Macklin enrolled at the University of Pennsylvania  Macklin grew to be a giant of a man for his time  He was 6 feet, 7 inches tall and weighed 275 pounds  When Macklin arrived at Penn, one account indicates there were no uniforms large enough to fit him: "When the big husky appeared on the gridiron the first thing the coaches did was to send for the athletic outfitter, for there was not a suit on the campus that would encompass his frame " Macklin played two years at the tackle position for Penn's football team  The Chicago Daily Tribune later wrote: "For a big man he was remarkably agile and his tackling on the wings and his quickness in getting through to break up plays was the delight of the coaches "

Coaching career
In 1910, Macklin coached football at a boys' school at Pawling, New York  Macklin's success at Pawling brought him to the attention of Michigan Agricultural College (now Michigan State University), which was in need of a new athletic director and coach  He was hired in January 1911 upon the recommendation of the renowned Penn athletic trainer Mike Murphy  Macklin was the head coach at Michigan State 1911 to 1915 and compiled a record of 29–5  His winning percentage of  853 is the highest in the history of the Michigan State Spartans football program  Macklin's 1913 Michigan State team finished with an undefeated, untied record of 7–0 and outscored opponents by a combined score of 180 to 28  Macklin was the first Michigan State coach to lead the Spartans to football victories over Ohio State (35–20 in 1912), Michigan (12–7 in 1913), Wisconsin (12–7 in 1913), and Penn State (6–3 in 1914)  Macklin's 1913 team was also the first racially integrated team in the school's history, as Gideon Smith became the first African-American player for the Spartans Macklin was also the athletic director and coach of the baseball, men's basketball, and track and field teams  He coached the basketball team from 1910 to 1916 and compiled a 48–38 ( 558) record, including a 12–3 record for 1911–12 season  He coached the baseball team from 1911 to 1915, compiling a record of 52–27 ( 658) Macklin retired from coaching in March 1916 to enter the coal mining business in Pennsylvania 

Later years and honors
The Associated Press in 1949 called Macklin "the founding father of the big time at Michigan State College " When he was hired in 1911, the school was putting on games for $200  When he left, the school received guarantees of $10,000 for games  As athletic director, he also led the effort to build new athletic buildings and a modern gymnasium  In 1935, Michigan State renamed its football stadium Macklin Field in his honor  At the time, Macklin was a coal mine operator living in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania  The name was changed to Macklin Stadium in 1948, and in 1957, Macklin's name was dropped and replaced by the current name, Spartan Stadium Macklin died at his home in the suburbs of Philadelphia at age 65 

Head coaching record
Football
Passage 2:
Don Coleman (offensive tackle)
Don Edwin Coleman (May 4, 1928 – January 30, 2017) was an American football player   Coleman played high school football at Flint Central High School and college football at Michigan State University   He was a unanimous All-American in 1951, the first African-American All-American football player at Michigan State   He was also the first Michigan State player to have his jersey number retired by the school   In 1968, he also became the first African-American to serve on the coaching staff at Michigan State   Coleman was elected to the College Football Hall of Fame in 1975 

Early years
Coleman was born in Ponca City, Oklahoma in 1928 and moved with his family to Flint, Michigan before his freshman year in high school   His father shined shoes at Flint's Durant Hotel, worked as a hotel porter, and worked in the automobile factories Coleman did not play football until his senior year  at Flint Central High School   Two of Coleman's older brothers had died in their youth, one from drowning and the other from pneumonia   Coleman's mother did not want her youngest son to be injured playing football   Accordingly, Coleman played No 1 trumpet in the high school band and competed in swimming for three years   When Flint Central had a swim meet with Royal Oak High School, the Royal Oak coach "made it known Coleman would not be allowed to swim because a black swimmer had never been in their pool "  Flint Central swim coach, Bob Richardson, stood behind Coleman and told the Royal Oak coach that, "if Don Coleman couldn't swim, then the rest of the Flint Central team would not swim "   Coleman became the first black swimmer to enter Royal Oak's pool As a senior in 1947, Coleman's mother finally agreed to allow her son to play football   In his first year of football, he was selected as an all-state guard and led Flint Central to the state championship 

Michigan State football player
After graduating from Flint Central, Coleman enrolled at Michigan State University, then known as Michigan State College   He played principally at the tackle position for Biggie Munn's Michigan State Spartans from 1949 to 1951   At 178 pounds, he was the lightest player on the 1949 Michigan State football team   Coleman made up for what he lacked in size with quickness and intensity   Long-time Michigan State sports information director Fred Stabley in 1972 named Coleman as one of the two best players he saw at Michigan State and recalled that, despite his size, Coleman was "so quick and played with such intensity   He loved to play against big men   The 250 pounders were his meat "  In 1952, the Chicago Daily Tribune wrote that Coleman "probably is packed with more football per pound than any man in the United States "
Coleman was also Michigan States's first unanimous All-American football player and its first African-American All-American   Michigan State under Biggie Munn and Duffy Daugherty earned a reputation as one of the leaders in racial integration of football, and Coleman was the first of many great African-American stars to play for the Spartans   In 1953, a feature story on racial integration of football cited the example of Coleman:"In 1951, for instance, as for two years previously, their watch-charm  tackle, Don Coleman, was one of the world's best football players   Weighing only 180 pounds, Coleman employed quickness, agility, brains and courage to win unanimous selection as an All-American in 1951   At Michigan State, he is perpetually nominated as one of the greatest football players of all time "
Interviewed in 1996 about Michigan State's role in integrating the sport, Coleman noted, "We changed the rules, changed the game and changed some attitudes   What we did at Michigan State helped everyone take a step closer to better understanding those who before that had no prior contact with one another "As a junior in 1950, Coleman played at every position on the left side of the line for Michigan State and was selected as the Midwest lineman of the week following a season-opening win over the Michigan Wolverines   Michigan coach Bennie Oosterbaan said that Coleman's only rival among Big Ten lineman was Bronko Nagurski   Oosterbaan added, "Pound for pound, the Big Ten has never seen a better tackler than Don Coleman, who was smart, quick as a cat, and a deadly, fearless tackler "
As a senior year in 1951, Coleman was selected as the Most Valuable Player on the undefeated 1951 Michigan State Spartans football team and received the Governor of Michigan Award   In presenting Coleman with the award, Michigan Governor Mennen Williams said, "A couple of those tackles I saw you make in the Notre Dame game were enough to convince me "  Coleman was credited with being the key to the Michigan State offense in 1951   Line coach Duffy Daugherty pointed to a Coleman blocks in the Marquette game as "one of the greatest plays by an offensive lineman that I've ever seen "  According to Daugherty, Coleman was knocked to the ground, but got up, caught and passed the Michigan State ball carrier (Leroy Bolden) and "still made the key block that let him go for 33 yards "  Daugherty later credited Coleman with "changing the concept of offensive football at Michigan State" and added, "He gave me a lesson which made football a winning proposition at the school for ten of the next twelve years "  Daugherty went even further in 1954 with the following words of praise for Coleman:"If you want to pick a player on the basis of how close to perfection he is in whatever position he plays, I'll say Coleman was the greatest "
Coleman was also a talented special teams player   Against Michigan in 1951, he tackled the Michigan kick returner on the nine yard line on the opening kickoff   Against Ohio State that same year, he tackled the return man at the seven yard line on the opening kickoff At the end of the 1951 season, Coleman was selected as a first-team All-American on 13 All-American teams, including teams selected by the Associated Press and United Press   In choosing him for its All-American team, the Associated Press referred to Coleman as "the catlike tackle "Coleman was also the runner-up to Oklahoma's Jim Weatherall for the Outland Trophy  At the Outland Trophy award ceremony, Coleman met Kentucky football coach Paul "Bear" Bryant   Bryant, whose Kentucky Wildcats team was segregated at the time, told Coleman, "You can play on my team anytime "Coleman was also selected to play in three post-season honor games, including the East-West Shrine Game, the Hula Bowl and the College All-Star Game   In an interview with the Chicago Daily Tribune prior to the College All-Star Game in August 1952, Coleman emphasized his pride in being an All-American both athletically and scholastically   He noted, "I think it's wonderful that football gave me a college education "In February 1953, an investigation by the Big Ten Conference revealed that a Michigan State booster organization known as the "Spartan Foundation" had either given or loaned a total of $3,183 to ten players on the 1951 football team, including Coleman   As a result of the finding, the Conference placed Michigan State on probation for one year In 1956, the Associated Press reported that the No  7 position on the short side of the Michigan State line was still being called "The Coleman Tackle "  Starting with Coleman, Michigan State played only one lineman on the short side between the center and end positions   With Coleman on the short side, "with his speed and ability to knock down a couple of men on any given play," Michigan State placed an emphasis on plays developing from the short side   One of the Michigan State coaches said, "Coleman taught us things about playing tackle we never thought could be done "

Professional football and military service
Coleman was drafted by the Chicago Cardinals in the eighth round (88th overall pick) of the 1952 NFL Draft   Coleman initially "turned down all offers" from the Cardinals, saying that he felt he was too small at 185 pounds to make much of a showing in professional football   In August 1952, Coleman noted that any thought he may have had of playing for the Cardinals vanished when he was drafted into the U S  Army   He was required to report to Fort Lee, Virginia, after appearing in the College All-Star Game in August 1952   Coleman served for two years in the U S  Army, including one year in Korea After being discharged from the Army, Coleman signed with the Cardinals and reported to training camp in August 1954   He appeared in the Cardinals' starting lineup for an exhibition game against the Green Bay Packers at Minneapolis   On September 1, 1954, the Cardinals traded Coleman to the Green Bay Packers for defensive halfback Marvin Johnson   Coleman chose not to play for the Packers and instead returned to Flint, Michigan as a school teacher   Interviewed in 2007, Coleman expressed no regrets at passing on the opportunity: "I haven't regretted anything I've done, including saying no to the Green Bay Packers   Giving up football gave me a chance to get started working with communities  I hope I've been a Jackie Robinson on a smaller scale  I always wanted to set an example and do the right thing  And nothing feels better than when someone says, 'I always wanted to be a Don Coleman '"

Teacher
Following his retirement from football, Coleman became a teacher at Flint Central High School   He was the first African-American teacher at Flint Central, and eventually became the position of dean of students at the school 

Michigan State coach and administrator
In April 1968, Coleman left his position as a school principal in Flint to join Duffy Daugherty's coaching staff as an assistant coach   He was the first African-American on Michigan State's coaching staff   That same month, a group of African-American athletes at Michigan State had announced plans to boycott all sports at the university in protest against the lack of African-Americans in coaching, counseling and administration positions   According to a report in the Washington Afro-American, Michigan State was forced to leave its "lily-white hiring" by the "quiet but firm demands of a militant, forward looking student organization   Coleman resigned his coaching position at Michigan State in January 1969 and accepted a new position in the school's residence hall program   At the time of his resignation, Coleman said, "Frankly, I found football coaching was not for me     During the years I had been out of football, the game had changed so drastically that I feel lost "  After his resignation from the coaching staff, Coleman held ten different assignments at Michigan State, including assistant dean of the graduate school, counselor and director of minority comprehensive support programs at the Michigan State College of Osteopathic Medicine, and professor emeritus 

Health and family
In November 1992, Coleman underwent quadruple bypass surgery  While recovering from the surgery, Coleman suffered a heart attack on Christmas Day 1992   After the heart attack, Coleman worked to maintain his cardiovascular health   Eighteen years after suffering the heart attack, Coleman, at age 81, told an interviewer, "Since then, my cardiovascular experience has gone well "Coleman had been married to his wife, Geraldine, for more than 50 years   They had a daughter, Stephanie  Coleman died on January 30, 2017, at age 88 

Honors and awards
Coleman was the first Michigan State football player to have his number retired   On December 14, 1951, Biggie Munn announced that Coleman's No  78 would never again be used on a Spartan uniform   An executive from General Motors presented Coleman with a check for $500 on behalf of the people of Flint, Michigan Coleman has also received numerous other honors and awards, including the following:

Coleman was one of the charter members of the Flint Hall of Fame 
In January 1970, Coleman was named to the All-Time Michigan State football team based on ballots collected by the Michigan State Alumni Magazine and Michigan State News   He was also named as the best all-time interior lineman in Michigan State history 
In January 1971, Coleman was named to the all-time Hula Bowl team and was named as the outstanding college lineman in the 25-year history of the Hula Bowl 
In February 1975, Coleman was inducted into the College Football Hall of Fame   At the time of his induction, Coleman was working as a counselor and director of minority comprehensive support programs in the MSU College of Osteopathic Medicine   On learning of the honor, Coleman said, "This is the greatest honor I've ever received "
In 1992, Coleman was a charter inductee into the Michigan State Hall of Fame 
In December 1996, Coleman was selected by the Michigan Hall of Fame as the recipient of its second annual Legends Award 
Passage 3:
2006 Michigan State Spartans football team
The 2006 Michigan State Spartans football team represented Michigan State University in the 2006 NCAA Division I FBS football season  Michigan State competed as a member of the Big Ten Conference, and played their home games at Spartan Stadium in East Lansing, Michigan  The Spartans were led by fourth-year head coach John L  Smith  Smith had compiled a combined 18–18 record in his previous seasons at Michigan State, and he was fired after the 2006 season in which the team finished 4–8  The Spartans did, however, set the record for the greatest comeback from a deficit in college football history 

Season recap
Michigan State teams during Smith's tenure were "known for their late season collapses"  The Spartans started the 2006 season with a 3–0 record with victories over Idaho, Eastern Michigan, and Pittsburgh  The following week, Michigan State led Notre Dame, 37–21, in the third quarter, but surrendered 19 points to lose the game  The Spartans then lost all but one game on the remainder of their schedule On October 21, Michigan State traveled to Evanston, Illinois to face Northwestern  By the third quarter, Northwestern had extended its lead to a commanding 38–3  Michigan State gained momentum in the fourth quarter when Devin Thomas blocked a Northwestern punt, which was then returned for a touchdown by Ashton Henderson  Northwestern was forced to punt twice more and Michigan State capitalized on each possession with a touchdown, which tied the game, 38–38  Placekicker Brett Swenson made good the game-winning field goal with 0:13 remaining to play, and Michigan State won the greatest comeback in college football history After the record-setting victory, it appeared that Smith's job was temporarily secured, but the administration fired him shortly after a loss to Indiana the following week  The Spartans ended the season with four consecutive losses to finish with a 4–8 overall record and 1–7 against Big Ten opponents  In November, Mark Dantonio was hired as the replacement head coach 

Schedule
Game summaries
Northwestern
Coaching staff
John L  Smith – Head Coach
Blaine Bennett – Assistant head coach/wide receivers coach
Dave Baldwin – Offensive coordinator/Tight end coach
Dan Enos – Quarterbacks coach
Ben Sirmans – Running backs coach/special teams coordinator
Jeff Stoutland – Offensive line coach
Chris Smeland – Defensive coordinator/safeties
Derrick Jackson – Defensive line coach
Mike Cox – Linebackers coach/recruiting coordinator
Chuck Driesbach – Defensive backs coach

2007 NFL Draft
The following players were selected in the 2007 NFL Draft 
Passage 4:
Oklahoma Sooners
The Oklahoma Sooners are the athletic teams that represent the University of Oklahoma, located in Norman  The 19 men's and women's varsity teams are called the "Sooners", a reference to a nickname given to the early participants in the Land Run of 1889, which initially opened the Unassigned Lands in the future state of Oklahoma to non-native settlement  The university's athletic teams compete in the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA)'s Division I in the Big 12 Conference  The university's current athletic director is Joe Castiglione 
The Sooners have won 43 team national championships   In 2002, the University of Oklahoma was ranked as the third best college sports program in America by Sports Illustrated 

Sports sponsored
The University of Oklahoma was a charter member of the Southwest Athletic Conference (SWC) during its formation in 1914  Five years later, in 1919, OU left the SWC and joined the Missouri Valley Intercollegiate Athletic Association  In 1928, this conference split, and OU remained aligned with the teams that formed the Big Six Conference  Over the next 31 years, more schools were added and the conference underwent several name changes, incrementing the number each time up to the Big Eight Conference where it remained until 1996  Four Texas schools joined with the members of Big Eight to form the current Big 12 Conference 
When combined with Blake Griffin's John Wooden Award and Sam Bradford's Heisman Trophy, Oklahoma became the second school to have a top winner in both basketball and football in the same year (in 1968, Gary Beban won the Heisman Trophy and Kareem Abdul-Jabbar won the USBWA "Player of the Year" award for UCLA) 

Football
The Sooners have been participating in college football since 1895  Calling Gaylord Family Oklahoma Memorial Stadium at Owen Field home, the team has won numerous bowl games, 50 conference championships (including every Big Seven championship awarded), and seven Associated Press National Championships, making the Sooners football program the most decorated in the Big 12  Oklahoma has scored the most points in Division I-A football history despite the fact they have played over 60 fewer games than the second place school on that list  OU also has the highest winning percentage of any team since the start of the AP poll in 1936 The Sooners possess 7 national championships in football, with 1950, 1955, 1956, 1974, 1975, 1985, and 2000 seasons featuring the top team in the Associated Press final poll, and the 2000 Bowl Championship Series National Championship as well  This number is 3rd only to the Alabama Crimson Tide (12) and the Notre Dame Fighting Irish (8) for the most AP titles of any Division I college football team after the end of World War II (which is commonly used as the division between eras in college football) In addition to these seven acknowledged national championships there are also ten additional years in which the NCAA's official record book lists other selections (mostly by math rating systems) of the Sooners as national champions, with the first four years in retrospect: 1915, 1949, 1953, 1957, 1967, 1973, 1978, 1980, 1986, 2003  In general, math formula rankings are not recognized as national championships  The University of Oklahoma does not acknowledge these additional "championships", as they were not awarded by the Associated Press, United Press International (UPI), USA Today Coaches Poll, or the Bowl Championship Series (BCS) 

Individual success is also a major part of Oklahoma football; seven Heisman Trophy winners (Billy Vessels, Steve Owens, Billy Sims, Jason White, Sam Bradford Baker Mayfield, and Kyler Murray) are surrounded by many other award winners, including NFL MVP Award winner Adrian Peterson, Joe Washington, Brian Bosworth, Tony Casillas, Greg Pruitt, Josh Heupel, Jerry Tubbs, Rocky Calmus, Granville Liggins, Teddy Lehman, Lee Roy Selmon, Roy Williams, Tommy McDonald, Mark Clayton, Tommie Harris, J  C  Watts, Keith Jackson, and Jammal Brown  More than a dozen Sooner players have been inducted into the College Football Hall of Fame  Oklahoma has more Butkus award winners than any other school 

Coaches Bennie Owen, Bud Wilkinson, Barry Switzer and Bob Stoops have passed through the game-day tunnel for the Sooners, each on his way to the College Football Hall of Fame  Owen was the first highly successful coach at OU and was a major advocate of the forward pass, which at the turn of the century was not popular  The playing surface at Oklahoma's Gaylord Family Oklahoma Memorial Stadium is popularly known as Owen Field in honor of his long tenure and devotion to the university  Wilkinson left many imprints on the game, such as the 5–2 defense with five linemen and two linebackers; the perfection of the Split-T, an early option offense; three national championships; and his teams set the NCAA Division 1 record for consecutive wins at 47 (started October 10, 1953, vs  Texas and ended in 1957 with a loss to Notre Dame 7–0)  Switzer won three national championships (the National Championship of 1975 is highly controversial; Arizona State went 12–0 that season while Oklahoma was 11–1) and forged arguably the fiercest rushing offense ever, the Oklahoma wishbone formation, throughout the 1970s and 1980s  Though the end of Switzer's tenure at Oklahoma was marked by controversy and poor player behavior, he is generally well regarded by both his past players and Sooner fans  During his 16 years as the Sooners' head coach, Switzer led his team to 12 conference championships and never lost more than two games in a row  His winning percentage of  837 stands as the fourth-highest in the history of 1-A football  Other Hall of Fame coaches whose tenure included stints at the University of Oklahoma are Lawrence "Biff" Jones and Jim Tatum 

Baseball
The Oklahoma Baseball tradition is long, proud and storied, with two National Championships in 1951 and 1994, along with numerous All-Americans  Their home field is L  Dale Mitchell Baseball Park, named after famed player Dale Mitchell  The current coach is Skip Johnson  The baseball program was a source of recent controversy when the head coach, Larry Cochell, resigned after making racially insensitive remarks about one of the players on the team 
During the 2005–2006 season, the Sooners were given a home regional at L  Dale Mitchell Park and were named the No  1 seed  They beat the University of Houston, Texas Christian University, and Wichita State University to win the regional and advanced to a Super Regional where they were defeated by Rice University in a best-of-three series  Oregon State University went on to win the College World Series that year 
Prior to 2006, the Sooners hosted regionals at minor league parks in Oklahoma City, first All Sports Stadium and then AT&T Bricktown Ballpark  Scheduling conflicts with the Oklahoma Redhawks, the Class AAA affiliate of the Houston Astros, led OU to bid for future regionals at its on-campus stadium 

Men's basketball
The men's basketball team is highly successful and rose to national prominence since the early 80s with head coach Billy Tubbs and three time All-American power forward Wayman Tisdale  It currently plays in the Lloyd Noble Center, which came to be known as the house Alvan Adams built and Tisdale filled  While the team has never won a national championship, it ranks second in most tournament wins without a championship behind Illinois  The team played in the 1988 national championship game but lost to Kansas, despite having beaten the Jayhawks twice earlier in the season  The program has won a combined twenty regular-season and tournament conference championships 
The Sooners headed into the 2005–06 season ranked No  5 in the AP preseason poll, led by Taj Gray, Kevin Bookout, Terrell Everett, and David Godbold, but had a disappointing early season  After the emergence of Michael Neal as a potential star, the Sooners salvaged a No  3 seed in the Big 12 Conference Tournament but lost in the first round of the NCAA Tournament 
On March 29, 2006, Kelvin Sampson left the University of Oklahoma to become the head basketball coach at Indiana University  13 days later, on April 11, 2006, Oklahoma Athletic Director Joe Castiglione named Jeff Capel III the new head coach  Capel encountered trouble in his first few months as several players who had been recruited by Sampson backed out of their commitments  Also, under Sampson's watch, Oklahoma was placed under a three-year investigation by the NCAA for recruiting violations  At the end of their investigation, the NCAA issued a report citing more than 550 illegal calls made by Sampson and his staff to 17 different recruits  The NCAA barred Sampson from recruiting off campus and making phone calls for one year, ending May 24, 2007  The Sooners looked to continue a streak of 12 consecutive postseason tournament appearances in 2006–2007, but were disappointed when they did not receive a bid for either the NCAA Tournament or the NIT 
In the 2009 NBA draft, the Sooners produced the No  1 overall draft selection Blake Griffin 

Women's basketball
OU women's basketball began during the 1974–75 academic year  It wasn't until 1996 when OU hired local high school basketball coach, Sherri Coale, that the team became something Sooners would be proud of  At one time the team drew an average of 65 people per game, now the Sooners are one of the nation's leaders in attendance  In 2002, Oklahoma advanced to the National Title game before losing to the Connecticut Huskies 

Men's golf
The men's golf team has won 14 conference championships:

Big Eight Conference (12): 1935, 1938, 1941, 1946–48, 1951–52, 1955–57, 1992 (co-champions in 1947 and 1955)
Big 12 Conference (2): 2006, 2018The Sooners won the NCAA Championship in 1989 and 2017  OU has also crowned two individual national champions: Walter Emery in 1933 and Jim Vickers in 1952 
Several Sooners have had successful amateur and professional careers after college: Charles Coe (1949 and 1958 U S  Amateur winner), Glen Day (one PGA Tour win), Todd Hamilton (two PGA Tour wins including 2004 Open Championship), Anthony Kim (three PGA Tour wins), Andrew Magee (four PGA Tour wins), Craig Perks (one PGA Tour win), Greg Turner (four European Tour wins), Grant Waite (one PGA Tour win) and Abraham Ancer (winner of 2018 Emirates Australian Open) 

Men's gymnastics
The men's gymnastics program at OU is headed by coach Mark Williams  It has won twelve NCAA Men's Gymnastics Championships, including five in a span of seven years in 2002, 2003, 2005, 2006 and 2008 (they finished second behind Penn State in 2004 and 2007)  They won the 2006 title with very little experience on the team as 50% of the members were freshmen and just 21% were upperclassmen (seven freshmen, four sophomores, one junior, and two seniors)  Teams from OU also won national championships in 1977, 1978, 1991, and back to back to back championships in 2015, 2016 and 2017  In 2015, the Sooners broke the NCAA scoring record in a duel meet against Michigan scoring 456 4 points and then broke their own record two weeks later against Illinois scoring 457 3 points 
Gymnastics began at the school in 1902  The program folded in 1917 when the original coach left  The program was revived in 1965 with the new coach, Russ Porterfield having to beg students to join the squad  Within 6 years, OU had its first winning season  OU's next coach, Paul Ziert, turned the program into one of national prominence  He led OU to two national championships in 1977 and 1978  One of Ziert's athletes, Greg Buwick, would replace him as head coach in 1980 and would lead the team to its third national title in 1991  Buwick's assistant of 12 years, Mark Williams, took over the head coaching position in 2000 and has led the Sooners to six national championships, thirteen conference titles, several individual champions, and even more All-Americans  OU has produced more Nissen Award winners than any other university and is the only school to have back-to-back Nissen Award winners 

Women's gymnastics
The women's gymnastics program is headed by K  J  Kindler  The Sooners have won 14 Big 12 conference titles, 8 regional championships, and five national championship titles (2014, a co-championship with Florida and in 2016, 2017, 2019 and 2022)  The Sooners have also won seven individual titles in their history, with Kelly Garrison (all-around in 1987; all-around, bars and beam in 1988), Taylor Spears (beam in 2014), Nicole Lehrmann (bars in 2017), and Maggie Nichols (bars in 2017) claiming honors 

Women's rowing
On May 10, 2007, the University announced the addition of women's rowing to the intercollegiate athletics program started by well-respected rower Candie Garrett  The University hired head coach Leeanne Crain in the spring of 2008  Assistant Coaches Kris Muhl and Andrew Derrick followed Crain from the University of Central Florida to jumpstart OU's program  Muhl took a head coaching position at Jacksonville University during summer 2009  Former UVA rower and Alabama Novice coach Marina Traub was hired as the varsity assistant coach in Fall 2009 The University of Oklahoma women's rowing team practices in the Oklahoma City River (formerly the Canadian River), located in the Bricktown area of Oklahoma City  The river was designated as a U S  Olympic Training Center for the sports of kayaking, canoeing, and rowing on July 28, 2009  The University's boathouse was completed in 2011 

Women's soccer
The women's soccer team plays in the Big 12 Conference  Their home ground is John Crain Field in the OU Soccer Complex 
As of 2021 the head coach is Mark Carr, a graduate of Bournemouth University, who was formerly head coach of the United States women's national under-20 soccer team 

Softball
The OU softball program qualified four times for the AIAW WCWS (1975, 1980, 1981, 1982) and 16 times for the Women's College World Series (Division I) (2000, 2001, 2002, 2003, 2004, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014, 2016, 2017, 2018, 2019, 2021,2022,and 2023) In October 1994, OU hired Patty Gasso as the fifth head coach in program history  In 29 years, she has built OU into one of the premier collegiate softball programs in the nation  Within her first five seasons in Norman, Gasso led the Sooners to the final Big Eight championship (1995) and 15  Big 12 titles (1996,1999,2000,2009,2012,2013,2014,2015,2016,2017,2018,2019,2021,2022,and 2023) 
In 2000, Oklahoma won its first Women's College World Series title by defeating perennial power UCLA  It marked the first national championship by a women's athletics program in school history  OU rolled through the 2013 season en route to its second WCWS title  The 2016 Sooners won the program's third national title while starting four sophomores and four freshmen  Despite entering the 2017 postseason tournament as a No  10 national seed, OU won its second consecutive WCWS title and fourth overall  Game One of the WCWS champion series featured a 17-inning thriller in which the Sooners defeated Florida 7-5  The 2021 WCWS saw OU drop its opener to James Madison before rebounding to earn a spot in the championship series against Florida State  The Sooners defeated the Seminoles in three games to win the program's fifth national title 

Men's and women's track and field
The men's and women's outdoor track and field teams host meets at the John Jacobs Track and Field Complex  The men's and women's indoor track and field teams host meets at the Mosier Indoor Track Facility 

Wrestling
The Sooner wrestling program was established in 1920 and is the fourth most decorated in college wrestling, having won seven NCAA national championships in 1936, 1951, 1952, 1957, 1960, 1963 and 1974  The Sooners are considered a power in their own right and Bedlam matches draw big home crowds, with the Howard McCasland Field House being the home for Sooner Wrestling  There are numerous All-Americans and National Champions that have wrestled for the Oklahoma Sooners  Mark Cody was head coach of the program for five years before his resignation in 2016  During his time, Cody coached the Sooners to 10th in 2014  Under Cody, the Sooners had ten All-Americans and two national champions (Kendric Maple and Cody Brewer)  His replacement was Lou Rosselli, a former assistant at Ohio State  Roger Kish took over as head coach in 2023 
Notable Oklahoma Sooner wrestlers include:

Melvin Douglas – 2-time NCAA Champion, World Champion, and 8 time U S  National Champion in freestyle wrestling
Tommy Evans – 2-time NCAA Champion and 2-time NCAA Outstanding Wrestler
Jared Frayer – 2-time NCAA All-American and National Finalist, competed at 2012 Summer Olympics
Dan Hodge – 3-time NCAA Champion, 2-time Outstanding Wrestler, and namesake of Dan Hodge Trophy award which is awarded to America's best college wrestler
Mickey Martin – 3-time NCAA Champion and NCAA Outstanding Wrestler
Dave Schultz – NCAA, World and Olympic Champion
Mark Schultz – 3-time NCAA Champion, NCAA Outstanding Wrestler, 2-time World Champion and Olympic Champion
Wayne Wells – NCAA, World and Olympic ChampionOklahoma Sooner Wrestling team accomplishments: 

23 Conference Titles
263 All-Americans
65 individual NCAA Champions
7 NCAA Championships: 1936, 1951, 1952, 1957, 1960, 1963 and 1974

Notable non-varsity sports
Rugby
Oklahoma plays college rugby in the Allied Rugby Conference of Division 1A  Oklahoma has participated several times in the Collegiate Rugby Championship (CRC), often matching up against rival Texas  The CRC, held every year at PPL Park in Philadelphia, is the highest profile college rugby competition in the US, and is broadcast live on NBC each year 
The Oklahoma University Rugby Football Club was established in 1974  OU Rugby has experienced success since its founding, including an undefeated record in the 1983–1984 season, and reached the national quarter-finals five times from 1980 to 1990  The early 2000s saw Oklahoma return to its winning ways, winning the Big 12 Rugby Tournament four times  The captain of that squad, All American Tyson Meek, played for the US national rugby team, and went on to become OU's first professional rugby player  Oklahoma finished the 2005 season with a 19–1 record 

Rivalries
Nebraska Cornhuskers
A traditional college football rivalry with the Nebraska Cornhuskers was much less intense during the Big 12 years than it was in the Big 8 era  This was mainly due to the split-division nature of the Big 12 that only allowed the teams to play each other twice every four years  Prior to this, these teams were involved in several historic match-ups, including the Game of the Century and the so-called Game of the New Century where the teams have come into the game ranked one and two in the Associated Press poll, making the games of great importance in deciding the national championship  Historically, the rivalry's most distinguishing quality has been the grudging respect and appreciation between the two tradition-rich programs  Also of note is the game's former status as the premier Thanksgiving Day game for the middle of the country  The Sooners and Cornhuskers went head-to-head in the 2006 Big 12 Championship Game, with Oklahoma winning the conference title by the score of 21–7  The two teams also met in the 2010 Big 12 Championship Game, with Oklahoma again the victor in a close game by a score of 23–20  This turned out to be the final conference meeting between the two teams, as Nebraska departed for the Big Ten Conference the following season 

Oklahoma State Cowboys
Oklahoma's shares an intrastate rivalry with the Oklahoma State Cowboys and is often referred to as the "Bedlam Series " It is normally played as a home-and-home series with games alternating between Norman and Stillwater, with the exception of the baseball teams, who often play at Chickasaw Bricktown Ballpark in Oklahoma City or ONEOK Field in Tulsa  Oklahoma currently leads the series 86–18–7 in football, and 124–88 in basketball In baseball the series is tied at 147–147, and in wrestling Oklahoma trails the series 27–128–9 

Texas Longhorns
The Texas Longhorns are one rival of the Sooners  Regardless of the trademark implications, inverted versions of the Longhorn mascot can be seen on automobiles all over the Norman campus, and many T-shirts referring to the rivalry present the word "Texas" in mirror image, upside-down, or possibly surrounded by obscenities  A reminder of the rivalry shared by these two schools was painted on the South Oval of the OU campus for many years, and was recently replicated near the Library clock tower due to construction at its original site 
The annual game between the schools at the Cotton Bowl in Dallas, Texas, known as the Red River Showdown, is a game that draws attention from all around the college football world 

Traditions
The "fight song" of the University of Oklahoma is "Boomer Sooner", a version of "Boola Boola", the fight song of Yale University, combined with a version of "I'm a Tar Heel Born", the fight song of the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill  "Boomer Sooner" was written by Arthur M  Alden in 1905  Other songs played at athletic events by The Pride of Oklahoma Marching Band are a version of Rodgers and Hammerstein's "Oklahoma!", "OK Oklahoma", played after extra points, and the "OU Chant " At home games, The Pride of Oklahoma Marching Band plays that visiting team's "fight song" while facing their fans 
The Mascot present at all football games is the Sooner Schooner, a Conestoga wagon, pulled by two crème white ponies, Boomer and Sooner  The caretakers of the wagon are the spirit group called the RUF/NEKS, who shoot off modified shotguns in celebration of scores by the home team  The group was launched in 1915 when an elderly female spectator at an OU-Oklahoma A&M basketball game chided the group for raising hell ("Sit down and be quiet, you roughnecks!")Recently, in time for the 2005 football season, two new mascots, based on the ponies who pull the Schooner, were created, named appropriately, Boomer and Sooner  They are costumes of two identical (except for eye color) crème white ponies  Before, the Boomer and Sooner costume mascots, OU was also represented by Top Dawg  Top Dawg did some appearances at football games, but was primarily used at wrestling and basketball events 
The official school colors are Crimson and Cream, with red and white sometimes used as substitutes for simplicity  The school logo is an interlocking OU design 

Championships
National Team Championships
SoonerSports TV
SoonerSports tv is a streaming network and programming block founded in 2012 to carry University of Oklahoma sports programming  The network is operated by Bally Sports and the University of Oklahoma  SoonerSports tv focuses solely on University of Oklahoma athletics  The network carries live sporting events, game replays, coaches shows, vignettes and historical pieces  The live sports that currently air on the network include one football game through pay per view, one men's basketball game, and select games from baseball, softball, volleyball, wrestling, soccer, and men’s and women’s gymnastics Select men's and women's basketball games, select softball, and select baseball games, are also distributed to the regional Bally Sports networks and their affiliates as part of the programming block The network was created in 2012 as part of an agreement with the Fox Sports Networks  In 2021, following the re branding of the Fox Sports Networks to Bally Sports, Bally Sports took over operation  On May 5, 2022 it was announced that SoonerSports TV will be ending and will be rebrand as Soonervision on ESPN + under a multi-year deal with ESPN   
Passage 5:
Keith Nichol
Keith Nichol (born December 24, 1988) is a former wide receiver and quarterback  He played college football for the University of Oklahoma and Michigan State University 

High school career
Nichol attended Lowell High School in Lowell, Michigan  After a good freshman season, Nichol was promoted to the varsity team for the playoffs and saw some playing time as a cornerback in a blowout  Nichol had a breakout season as a sophomore  He threw for 2,125 yards and 26 touchdowns in Lowell's veer offense and led the team to a state championship  His success led to him being heavily recruited by several teams in the Big Ten Conference as well as the University of Notre Dame  In July 2005, Nichol committed to play for the  Michigan State University Spartans  Nichol also participated in the ESPN RISE Elite 11 quarterback camp  After his commitment, the Spartans went 9-14 and head coach John L  Smith was fired  As a result, Nichol backed out of his commitment with the Spartans and committed to the University of Oklahoma, a school that expressed strong interest in him after his de-commitment  In his senior year, Nichol passed for 2,225 yards and 31 touchdowns  As a three-year starter, Nichol won 33 games with three losses  He passed for 6,550 yards and 76 touchdowns and ran for 3,100 yards and 58 touchdowns in his high school career  He was an all-state selection three times  Nichol was ranked as the sixth best dual-threat quarterback in the country out of high school by Rivals com  Scout com ranked him the 22nd best high school quarterback overall 

College career
Freshman season
At Oklahoma, Nichol competed against redshirt freshman Sam Bradford and junior Joey Halzle for the starting quarterback position during spring practices in 2007  After a scrimmage game, Bradford was named the starter  During the year, Nichol was the third-string quarterback, playing in three games and completing two of seven passes for 15 yards  After the season, Nichol transferred to Michigan State, the school he had originally committed to while back in high school  By NCAA rule, Nichol had to sit out the 2008 season 

Sophomore season
Before the 2009 season, Nichol competed against sophomore Kirk Cousins for the starting quarterback position  Cousins started the first game with Nichol receiving playing time in which he threw two touchdown passes in a victory over the Montana State Bobcats  On October 10, 2009, Nichol made his first career start against the Illinois Fighting Illini  He completed 13 of 25 passes for 179 yards and one interception in a victory   In preparation for the 2010 Alamo Bowl, Nichol changed over to the wide-receiver position, catching two passes for 11 yards and also scored his first career rushing touchdown against the Red Raiders, with a 7-yard run out of the wildcat formation in the third quarter 

Junior season
He was an Academic All-Big Ten selection and appeared in all 13 games in 2010, including eight starts   Ranked fifth on the team with 22 receptions for 262 yards (11 9 avg ), caught at least one pass in 11 games, and also completed 4-of-7 passes for 62 yards and two scores   With Kirk Cousins and Andrew Maxwell sidelined with injuries vs  No  15 Alabama in the 2011 Capital One Bowl, he took snaps at quarterback in the fourth quarter and hit 2-of-5 throws for 56 yards, including a 49-yard TD strike to Bennie Fowler, Keith also had three catches for 22 yards against the Crimson Tide   His 3-yard TD toss to Charlie Gantt with 8:31 left in the fourth quarter at Penn State gave MSU a 28-10 lead and proved to be the game winner as the Spartans held on for a 28-22 victory to clinch a share of the 2010 Big Ten Championship, caught three passes for 19 yards vs  Purdue, and set career highs in receptions (4) and receiving yards (51) at Northwestern, including two catches for 34 yards on MSU's game-winning touchdown drive in the fourth quarter   His career-long 42-yard grab from Cousins at No  18 Michigan set up Larry Caper's 8-yard TD run late in the third quarter, hauled in three passes for 30 yards vs  No  11 Wisconsin, caught two passes for 32 yards in the season opener vs  Western Michigan, including his first career touchdown reception, a 20-yard grab from Cousins early in the second quarter 

Senior season
Nichol played an important role as receiver for the Spartans during the 2011 season  He caught a hail mary touchdown pass on the final play against No  6 Wisconsin, securing the Spartans victory and went on to win the Big Ten Legends Division and will have a rematch against No  15 Wisconsin in the 2011 Big Ten Championship Game  He help lead the Spartans to a comeback win against No  16 Georgia in the 2012 Outback Bowl 

College statistics
Professional career
On May 3, 2012, Nichol joined with the Washington Redskins as an undrafted free agent on a try-out basis  The next day, it was reported that he was attending the Redskins' rookie mini-camp, which reunited him with Michigan State teammate, Kirk Cousins  Nichol was not offered a contract at the end of the mini-camp  He later attended rookie mini-camp with the Chicago Bears and worked out for the Detroit Lions, but wasn't offered a contract by either team 
Passage 6:
Michigan State University College of Law
The Michigan State University College of Law (Michigan State Law or MSU Law) is the law school of Michigan State University, a public research university in East Lansing, Michigan  Established in 1891 as the Detroit College of Law, it was the first law school in the Detroit, Michigan area and the second in the state of Michigan  In October 2018, the college began a process to fully integrate into Michigan State University, changing from a private to a public law school  The integration with Michigan State University was finalized on August 17, 2020 
The college is nationally ranked within U S  News & World Report's 201 Best Law Schools, landing in the 91st spot in the 2023 rankings  The Michigan State Law Review, a legal journal published by MSU Law students, was ranked 48th in the 2022 Washington & Lee University School of Law ranking For the class entering in 2021, the school had a 48 05% acceptance rate, 33 14% of those accepted enrolled, and entering students had a median LSAT score of 156 and a median undergraduate GPA of 3 59 For the 2020 graduating class, 72 5% of graduates obtained full-time, long term bar passage required employment (i e  employment as attorneys), while 7 9% were not employed part or full-time in any capacity, within ten months after graduation Notable alumni include current Governor of Michigan Gretchen Whitmer, current Michigan Supreme Court Chief Justice Elizabeth T  Clement, former Michigan Supreme Court Justice and mayor of Detroit Dennis Archer, former Michigan Supreme Court Justice and United States federal judge George Clifton Edwards Jr , former Michigan gubernatorial candidate Geoffrey Fieger, former Michigan Senate majority leader and former U S  Representative Mike Bishop, and former mayor of East Lansing Mark Meadows 

History
Detroit College of Law
Detroit College of Law opened in 1891 with 69 students and was incorporated in 1893  Among the first class of students to graduate were a future circuit judge and an ambassador  It was the oldest continuously operating independent law school in the United States until it was assimilated by MSU in 1995   The college was affiliated with the Detroit Young Men's Christian Association In 1937, the school broke ground and relocated to a new building at 130 East Elizabeth Street in Detroit, where it stayed until 1997  The Building was designed by architect George DeWitt Mason   It had been located at the former Detroit College of Medicine building on St  Antoine Street from 1892 to 1913; and the Detroit "YMCA" building from 1913 to 1924; the ground on which the building stood was under a 99-year lease from the YMCA  The last location of the Detroit College of Law in Downtown Detroit is commemorated by a plaque at Comerica Park, the home stadium of the Detroit Tigers baseball team, which now occupies the site 

Affiliation with Michigan State University
The college became affiliated with Michigan State University in 1995 to enhance the college's curriculum and reputation  It relocated to East Lansing in 1997, when its 99-year lease with the Detroit YMCA expired, and the original building was demolished to make way for Comerica Park  The newly located college was called "Detroit College of Law at Michigan State University"  The affiliation was celebrated at a function where former President and Michigan native Gerald Ford joined more than 2,500 guests at the Wharton Center for Performing Arts Great Hall  Ford characterized the affiliation between Michigan State University and the Detroit College of Law "a bold new venture" that presents "a singular opportunity to help shape the changing face of American legal education well into the next century " In April 2004, the school changed its name to the MSU College of Law, becoming more closely aligned academically with MSU  MSU Law is currently fully integrated as a constituent college of the university: academically, financially, and structurally 

Joan Howarth began her deanship at Michigan State University College of Law on July 1, 2008 and was the first female dean in MSU Law's 117-year history  Beforehand, she was a professor at the William S  Boyd School of Law at the University of Nevada, Las Vegas, since 2001   She retired at the end of the 2015-16 school year  Lawrence Ponoroff became the Dean in the fall of 2016, and he served in that role until the end of December 2019  
On October 26, 2018, MSU's board of directors voted to fully integrate the College of Law into the University, thereby completing its transition from a private, independent institution to a public law school  At the time, Dean Lawrence Ponoroff said, "Since the original affiliation in 1995, the relationship between the university and the law college has grown increasingly closer and, at each stage, resounded in benefits to both institutions " The full integration was undertaken in order to facilitate collaboration between the law school and other divisions of MSU, opening up development in core areas of curricular strength such as social justice; innovation and entrepreneurship; and business and regulatory law  
Melanie B  Jacobs, professor of law, was then appointed as the law college’s interim dean, beginning in January 2020 and under her tenure, the integration of the College of Law into the University was completed on August 17, 2020  On June 1, 2021, Linda Sheryl Greene became Dean and MSU Foundation Professor of Law, and is the Inaugural Dean of the College of Law  Dean Greene (a noted scholar in constitutional law, civil rights law and sports law) was previously the Evjue-Bascom Professor of Law at the University of Wisconsin-Madison 

Academic programs
MSU Law also houses the Center for Law, Technology & Innovation (CLTI), formerly named the ReInvent Law Program, and LegalRnD; the Indigenous Law & Policy Center (ILPC); and the Geoffrey N  Fieger Trial Practice Institute (TPI) 

Academic journals and publications
Law journals at the law school are nationally ranked and include: 

Michigan State Law Review, the school's flagship journal, ranked 48th among flagship printed journals ranked by Washington and Lee in 2022 
Michigan State International Law Review
Animal and Natural Resource Law ReviewAdditionally, the school also publishes Spartan Lawyer, the law college's bi-annual magazine  Formerly, the school published the Journal of Business & Securities Law 

Notable faculty
Current
Rosemarie Aquilina, circuit court judge in Michigan who sentenced Larry Nassar in the USA Gymnastics sex abuse scandal involving Michigan State 
Brian C  Kalt, legal scholar and writer who is known for his research on constitutional law, the presidency, and juries 
Jim Chen, one of four Asian-Americans who has been a dean at an American law school (University of Louisville School of Law) 
Lawrence Ponoroff, professor at MSU Law and former Dean of James E  Rogers College of Law, Tulane Law School, and MSU Law 
Robert P  Young Jr , former Justice of the Michigan Supreme Court 

Former
Elizabeth Price Foley, legal theorist and current Professor of Law at Florida International University College of Law 
Allen L  Lanstra, litigation partner at Skadden, Arps, Slate, Meagher & Flom LLP 
Donald Laverdure, former director of the American Indian Law Program at MSU Law and oversaw the Bureau of Indian Affairs and Bureau of Indian Education under the presidency of Barack Obama 
David McKeague, Senior United States Circuit Judge of the United States Court of Appeals for the Sixth Circuit 
Richard D  McLellan,  Chairman of the Michigan Law Revision Commission and private practice attorney 
Stacy Erwin Oakes, member of the Michigan House of Representatives and Minority Whip representing Michigan's 95th District 
Bradford Stone, commercial law maven and theorist, Stetson University College of Law Charles A  Dana Professor of Law Emeritus, author of several editions of Uniform Commercial Code in a Nutshell and  coauthor of Commercial Transactions Under the Uniform Commercial Code 
Melissa L  Tatum, research professor and former director of the Indigenous Peoples Law and Policy Program at James E  Rogers College of Law 

Notable alumni
Judges
Dennis Archer, former Justice of the Michigan Supreme Court and former mayor of Detroit, Michigan
Elizabeth T  Clement, Justice of the Michigan Supreme Court since 2017, and current chief justice
George Crockett III, Judge of the Recorder's Court (Detroit) (renamed the Wayne County Circuit Court) from 1977 to 2003
George Clifton Edwards Jr , Judge of the United States Court of Appeals for the Sixth Circuit
Bernard A  Friedman, Judge of the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Michigan
Diane Marie Hathaway, former Justice of the Michigan Supreme Court
Ira W  Jayne, chief judge, Wayne County Circuit Court for 27 years
Richard Fred Suhrheinrich, Judge of the United States Court of Appeals for the Sixth Circuit

Politicians
Mike Bishop, Michigan Senate majority leader from 2002–10 and U S  Representative for Michigan's 8th congressional district from 2015-2018
Christopher D  Dingell, state senator and judge
Geoffrey Fieger, attorney and former Michigan gubernatorial candidate
Orville L  Hubbard, former mayor of Dearborn, Michigan
Kwame Kilpatrick, former mayor of Detroit, Michigan
Mark Meadows, former mayor of East Lansing a former member of the Michigan House of Representatives
Steve Pestka, former member of the Michigan House of Representatives, judge, and a Kent County, Michigan commissioner
Brian Sims, Democratic representative for the Pennsylvania House of Representatives, 182nd District
Gretchen Whitmer, 49th Governor of Michigan

Public figures
Ivan Boesky, former American stock trader infamous for his prominent role in an insider trading scandal that occurred in the United States during the mid-1980s resulting in his conviction including a record $100 million fine 
Ella Bully-Cummings, chief of police of Detroit, Michigan, from 2003 to 2008
John Z  DeLorean, automobile engineer and executive; attended, but dropped out
Lowell W  Perry, former government official, businessman, broadcaster, and the first African-American assistant coach in the National Football League
W  Clement Stone, businessman, philanthropist and New Thought self-help book author; dropped out after a year
Passage 7:
Lyle Rockenbach
Lyle James "Rocky" Rockenbach (March 1, 1915 – November 8, 2005) was an American football player   He played college football for Michigan State College (later known as Michigan State University) from 1937 to 1939  He blocked three punts in a single game against Temple in 1937   He was a co-captain of the 1939 Michigan State team, and was also honored as the team's most valuable player   After graduating from Michigan State, he became a high school coach in Howell, Michigan   In the summer of 1943, he attempted a comeback as a professional football player for the Detroit Lions  He appeared in nine games for the Lions during the 1943 NFL season 
Passage 8:
Rudy Rosatti
Rudoph F  "Rudy" or "Rosy" Rosatti (September 12, 1895 – July 9, 1975) was an American football player  
Rosatti was born in 1895 at Norway in Michigan's Upper Peninsula  He attended Norway High School Rosatti played football at North Dakota State University and Western Michigan University before enrolling at the University of Michigan  He played tackle for the 1922 Michigan Wolverines football team He later played professional football for the Cleveland Indians (1923), Green Bay Packers (1924-1927), and New York Giants (1928)  He appeared in a total of 45 NFL games, 40 of them as a starter Rosatti worked for the Michigan State Highway Department for 32 years from 1933 to 1965 and retired as the chief of highway maintenance for the western half of the Upper Peninsula  In December 1933, Rosatti fatally shot James Contratta with a rifle at a road building camp 40 mi (64 km) west of Sault Ste  Marie, Michigan  Rosatti was released after the coroner determined the shooting to have been accidental Rosatti died in 1975 at age 79 at his home in his hometown of Norway, Michigan 

See also
1922 Michigan Wolverines football team
Passage 9:
1966 Notre Dame vs  Michigan State football game
The 1966 Notre Dame vs  Michigan State football game is considered one of the greatest and most controversial games in college football history played between Michigan State and Notre Dame  The game was played in Michigan State's Spartan Stadium on November 19, 1966  Notre Dame was coached by Ara Parseghian and Michigan State was coached by Duffy Daugherty, both school legends  Michigan State entered the contest 9–0 and ranked No  2, while Notre Dame entered 8–0 and ranked No  1 
Notre Dame elected not to try for a score on the final series; thus, the game ended in a 10–10 tie 
The late-season clash between the top-ranked teams was billed as the year's national championship game  After the tie, and following their final game vs  USC, Notre Dame was selected as national champions by the AP Poll and UPI Coaches Poll and was awarded the Grantland Rice Trophy by the Football Writers Association of America  The National Football Foundation split their national championship, awarding the MacArthur Bowl jointly to Michigan State and Notre Dame 

Introduction
Notre Dame entered the contest ranked No  1 both the AP and Coaches' polls  Defending National Champion Michigan State, who had finished the 1965 season No  1 in the UPI Coaches' poll, but was upset by UCLA in the Rose Bowl the previous year, entered the game ranked No  2 in the polls  The Fighting Irish, whose bid for a national championship two years earlier was snuffed out by Southern Cal, were hungry, while the Spartans had history and home-field advantage on their side  This was the first time in 20 years that a college football matchup was given the "Game of the Century" tag by the national media, and ABC had the nation's viewers in its grip, with equal parts Notre Dame fans and Michigan State fans  It was the tenth time in the 30-year history of the AP poll that the No  1 team played the No  2 team  The Spartans had defeated Notre Dame the prior year 12–3 holding Notre Dame to minus-12 yards rushing A fortuitous quirk in scheduling brought these two teams together late in the season  They were not even supposed to meet when the 1966 schedules were first drawn up  Michigan State had only nine games scheduled (even though they were allowed to have ten; the Big Ten did not allow teams to schedule ten regular season games until 1964) while Notre Dame was originally scheduled to play Iowa that week, as had been the custom since 1945  However, in 1960, the Hawkeyes suddenly dropped the Irish from their schedule, from 1964 onward (the 1963 Notre Dame-Iowa game was cancelled following the assassination of John F  Kennedy)  Michigan State was available and agreed to return to Notre Dame's schedule in 1965–66 The game was not shown live on national TV  Each team was allotted one national television appearance and two regional television appearances each season  Notre Dame had used their national TV slot in the season opening game against Purdue and Michigan State had used their regional TV slot against Purdue  ABC executives did not even want to show the game anywhere but the regional area, but pressure from the West Coast and the South (to the tune of 50,000 letters) made ABC air the game on tape delay  ABC relented and blacked out the Michigan State-Notre Dame game in two states (reportedly North Dakota and South Dakota), so it could technically be called a regional broadcast  It would also be the first time a college football game was broadcast live to Hawaii and to U S  troops in Vietnam on the Lani Bird satellite; at halftime, the link was reversed and ABC broadcast a 90-second film of sunbathers at the Hawaiian Village Hotel to the nation  The official attendance was announced at 80,011 (111% capacity) and was the most attended game in Michigan State football history at the time (the current record is 80,401 on Sept  22, 1990 vs  Notre Dame) The ABC broadcast was watched by 33 million viewers and had a 22 5 rating, but it was not televised again for 37 years until ESPN Classic re-aired it on November 27, 2003  Discovered in an ABC library vault two years earlier in 2001, the telecast footage is mostly intact with the exception of the missing first quarter 

Game summary
Before and during the game, Notre Dame was mired in injury problems: Irish quarterback Terry Hanratty was knocked out after getting sacked in the first quarter by Spartan defensive lineman Bubba Smith  Starting Notre Dame running back Nick Eddy was out entirely after hurting his shoulder by slipping on ice while getting off the train in East Lansing  Center George Goeddeke wrenched his ankle on a punt play 
Michigan State jumped out to a 7–0 lead behind a five-yard touchdown run by Regis Cavender early in the second quarter  Later in the half, MSU added a field goal (by barefooted Hawaiian Dick Kenney)  But the Irish came back, quickly scoring a touchdown on a 34-yard pass thrown by backup quarterback Coley O'Brien over the outstretched hand of MSU safety Jess Phillips to halfback Bob Gladieux  MSU took a 10–7 lead into the locker room at the half 
Notre Dame started the second half in prime position to score after recovering a fumble on the Michigan State 32-yard line on the Spartans' first play from scrimmage  However, the Irish gave the ball right back to MSU on an interception 
Perhaps the best second-half scoring opportunity for MSU occurred during a pass thrown from Jimmy Raye to Gene Washington  The speedy wide receiver had outrun Raye's deep pass and Notre Dame's defensive backfield  Washington was forced to double back, and in so doing was caught by the defense 
Notre Dame tied the game on the first play of the fourth quarter on Joe Azzaro's 28-yard field goal  Tom Schoen's second interception on consecutive plays from scrimmage by Michigan State put Notre Dame in a position to take the lead, but Azzaro's 41-yard field goal attempt with 4:38 left on the clock missed by inches to the right 
After a Michigan State punt Notre Dame had the ball on its own 30-yard line with 1:24 left  They needed about 40 yards for a game-winning field goal  But coach Ara Parseghian, not wanting to risk a turnover that could hand the game to the Spartans, chose to run the ball four times—including on fourth down, which Notre Dame converted from its own 39-yard line  Michigan State called three time outs in an unsuccessful attempt to perhaps get the ball back and start a potential game-winning drive of their own 
After making a first down with ten seconds left, O'Brien dropped back to pass, but was sacked by Bubba Smith  On the last play of the game, O'Brien gained five yards on a quarterback sneak  The game ended in a 10–10 tie 

Notre Dame play-calling controversy
Ara Parseghian's decision to run the ball on five of six plays in the last one-and-a-half minutes drew criticism from some fans and sportswriters, who argued he should have played more aggressively to either win the game or risk losing it, and left some fans feeling disappointed at the game not having a more definitive resolution  Echoing one of the great idioms of Notre Dame lore, college football expert Dan Jenkins led off his article on the game for Sports Illustrated by sarcastically saying that Parseghian chose to "Tie one for the Gipper"  Jenkins concluded that Parseghian "felt arrogantly sure that Notre Dame could win the polls with a tie, not just over Michigan State but also over an undefeated and untied Alabama" Until his death in 2017, however, Parseghian defended his end-of-the-game strategy  According to the same article, Parseghian cited his team's field position and the dynamics of the game as reasons why he hadn't played more aggressively: "We'd fought hard to come back and tie it up  After all that, I didn't want to risk giving it to them cheap  They get reckless and it could cost them the game  I wasn't going to do a jackass thing like that at this point  [   ] My starting quarterback, starting center, starting left tackle and all my top guys were over on the bench with me  We hadn't completed a pass in the last seven or eight attempts "

Aftermath
The most famous president of each school, Notre Dame’s Father Theodore Hesburgh and MSU’s John Hannah, together went into each locker room to console and congratulate the players  The two visionary leaders served for several years on the Civil Rights Commission beginning in the late 1950s and sat together during the MSU-Notre Dame battles The tie resulted in 9–0–1 seasons for both Michigan State and Notre Dame  The final AP and Coaches' polls put the Irish and Spartans at No  1 and No  2, ranking both teams above the undefeated, and two time defending national champion 11–0–0 Alabama  Both schools shared the MacArthur Bowl 
Notre Dame beat USC 51–0 the next week, completing an undefeated (but tied) regular season and solidifying its No  1 claim  The Irish did not accept bowl bids between 1926 and 1969 (see below), and Michigan State was the victim of two Big Ten rules that would be rescinded a few years later: The same school could not represent the league in the Rose Bowl in back-to-back seasons (rescinded in December 1971, effective for the 1972 season), and no Big Ten school could play in a bowl game other than the Rose Bowl (rescinded for the 1975 season)  So despite being Big Ten Champions and undefeated in the regular season, the Spartans could not play in the Rose Bowl, or indeed any bowl game 
Players for both schools earned tremendous accolades for the season including All American honors  In the 1967 NFL draft, Michigan State had four players drafted within the first eight picks of the first roundAfter (but not necessarily as a result of) Eddy's injury while debarking from the train in East Lansing, Notre Dame football never traveled to away games by train again  Both teams now make the 160-mile trip by bus 

Legacy
40th anniversary
On September 23, 2006, Michigan State and Notre Dame commemorated the 40th anniversary of the game  Michigan State wore "throwback" jerseys and helmets from the 1960s era  Notre Dame declined to wear throwback jerseys or helmets  45 members from the original '66 squad returned  In addition, 1965 and 1966 All American Bubba Smith had his No  95 jersey retired at halftime, becoming only the third person in Michigan State history with such an honor  Notre Dame won the game 40–37, after coming back from a 16-point deficit and scoring 19 straight points to win 

50th anniversary
On September 16, 2016, Notre Dame commemorated the 50th anniversary of the game  Members of the 1966 Notre Dame team appeared on the field prior to the game 
Passage 10:
David Hollister
David Hollister (born April 3, 1942) served as the mayor of Lansing, Michigan from 1993 to 2003, until he resigned to be the director of the Michigan Department of Labor and Economic Growth under Michigan Governor Jennifer Granholm's administration 

Mayor
During his tenure as mayor, he was instrumental in convincing General Motors Corporation to build the Grand River Assembly Plant downtown, and to build a new plant in the region to replace the Lansing Car Assembly Plant which dated back to 1903  Also under his tenure came the completion of Cooley Law School Stadium, the stadium for the Lansing Lugnuts, a Class A minor league baseball team  Hollister made central city (including downtown and Old Town) revitalization a top priority of his administration 

Biography
Early life
Hollister was born in Kalamazoo and raised in Battle Creek, Michigan, where he graduated from Battle Creek Central High School  He earned bachelor's and master's degrees from Michigan State University 

Career
From 1967 to 1970 he was a social studies teacher at Lansing Eastern High School  Prior to becoming mayor, he served in the Michigan House of Representatives from 1973-1993 representing the City of Lansing  In 2005 he was recruited to run Prima Civitas, an economic development organization funded by Michigan State University and the city governments of Lansing and East Lansing, Michigan 
Context 3: Passage 1:
Douglas Murray (author)
Douglas Kear Murray (born 16 July 1979) is a British author and political commentator  He founded the Centre for Social Cohesion in 2007, which became part of the Henry Jackson Society, where he was associate director from 2011 to 2018  He is also an associate editor of the conservative-leaning British political and cultural magazine The Spectator  Murray has also written columns for publications such as The Wall Street Journal 
Murray's books include Neoconservatism: Why We Need It (2005), Bloody Sunday: Truths, Lies and the Saville Inquiry (2011) about the Bloody Sunday Inquiry, The Strange Death of Europe: Immigration, Identity, Islam (2017), The Madness of Crowds: Gender, Race and Identity (2019), and The War on the West: How to Prevail in the Age of Unreason (2022) 
Ayaan Hirsi Ali and Sohrab Ahmari have praised Murray's work and writing on Islam in Europe  French philosopher Bernard-Henri Lévy has said of Murray, "Whether one agrees with him or not" he is "one of the most important public intellectuals today " Critics claim his views and ideology are linked to far-right political ideologies and accuse him of promoting far-right conspiracy theories such as Eurabia, the Great Replacement, and cultural Marxism  Murray has rejected descriptions of his politics as far-right 

Early life
Murray was born in Hammersmith, London, to an English, school teacher mother, and a Scottish, Gaelic-speaking father who had been born on the Isle of Lewis and who worked as a civil servant  He has one elder brother  In an interview with The Herald Murray stated that his father had intended to be in London temporarily but stayed after meeting his mother and that they "encouraged a good discussion around the dinner table" when he was growing up but "neither are political "Murray was educated at his local state primary and secondary schools, before going to a comprehensive which had previously been a grammar school  Recalling this experience in 2011, he wrote, "My parents had been promised that the old grammar school standards and ethos remained, but none did  By the time I arrived the school was what would now be described as 'an inner-city sink school', a war zone similar to those many of the children's parents had escaped from " Murray's parents withdrew him from the school after a year  He was awarded scholarships to St Benedict's School, Ealing, and subsequently Eton College, before going on to study English at Magdalen College, Oxford 

Publications
At age 19, while in his second year at the University of Oxford, Murray published Bosie: A Biography of Lord Alfred Douglas, which was described by Christopher Hitchens as "masterly"  Bosie was awarded a Lambda Award for a gay biography in 2000  After leaving Oxford, Murray wrote a play, Nightfall, about the Swedish diplomat Raoul Wallenberg In 2006, Murray published a defence of neoconservatism – Neoconservatism: Why We Need It – and went on a speaking tour promoting the book in the United States  The publication was subsequently reviewed in the newspaper Asharq Al-Awsat by the Iranian author Amir Taheri: "Whether one agrees with him or not Murray has made a valuable contribution to the global battle of ideas " In 2007, he assisted in the writing of Towards a Grand Strategy for an Uncertain World: Renewing Transatlantic Partnership by Gen  Dr  Klaus Naumann, Gen  John Shalikashvili, Field Marshal The Lord Inge, Adm  Jacques Lanxade, and Gen  Henk van den Breemen  His book Bloody Sunday was (jointly) awarded the 2011–2012 Christopher Ewart-Biggs Memorial Prize  In June 2013, Murray's e-book Islamophilia: a Very Metropolitan Malady was published In 2017, Murray published The Strange Death of Europe: Immigration, Identity, Islam, which spent almost 20 weeks on The Sunday Times bestseller list and was a No  1 bestseller in non-fiction  It has since been published in over 20 languages  In The Strange Death of Europe, Murray argued that Europe "is committing suicide" by allowing non-European immigration into its borders and losing its "faith in its beliefs"  The book received a polarized response from critics  Juliet Samuel of The Telegraph praised Murray, saying that: "His overall thesis, that a guilt-driven and exhausted Europe is playing fast and loose with its precious modern values by embracing migration on such a scale, is hard to refute " An academic review in the Israel Journal of Foreign Affairs acclaimed the book as "explosive" and "an elegantly written, copiously documented exposé of Europe's suicidal hypocrisy"  Rod Liddle of The Sunday Times called the book "a brilliant, important and profoundly depressing book" Other reviews of the book were highly negative  In The Guardian, the political journalist Gaby Hinsliff described Strange Death as "gentrified xenophobia" and "Chapter after chapter circles around the same repetitive themes: migrants raping and murdering and terrorising", also pointing out that Murray offers little definition of the European culture which he claims is under threat  Writing in The New York Times, Pankaj Mishra described the book as "a handy digest of far-right clichés"  Mishra accused Murray of defending Pegida, of writing that the English Defence League "had a point", and of describing Viktor Orbán as a better sentinel of "European values" than George Soros  Writing in The Intercept, Murtaza Hussain criticised what he called the "relentlessly paranoid tenor" and "apocalyptic picture of Europe" portrayed in the book, while challenging the links Murray made between non-European immigration and large increases in crime  In Middle East Eye, Georgetown professor Ian Almond called the book "a staggeringly one-sided flow of statistics, interviews and examples, reflecting a clear decision to make the book a rhetorical claim that Europe is doomed to self-destruction" Murray wrote about social justice and identity politics in his 2019 book The Madness of Crowds: Gender, Race and Identity which became a Sunday Times bestseller  It was also nominated as an audio book of the year for the British Book Awards  In the book, Murray points to what he sees as a cultural shift, away from established modes of religion and political ideology, in which various forms of victimhood can provide markers of social status  He divides his book into sections dealing with different forms of victimhood, including types of LGBT identity, feminism and racial politics  Murray criticises the work of French philosopher Michel Foucault for what he sees as a reduction of society to a system of power relations  Murray's book drew polarized responses from critics  Tim Stanley in The Daily Telegraph praised the book, calling Murray "a superbly perceptive guide through the age of the social justice warrior"  Katie Law in the Evening Standard said that Murray "tackled another necessary and provocative subject with wit and bravery"  Conversely, William Davies gave a highly critical review of Murray's work in The Guardian, describing the book as "the bizarre fantasies of a rightwing provocateur, blind to oppression" In 2021 Murray published The War on the West: How to Prevail in the Age of Unreason  The book was characterised by Gerard Baker as an examination of attempts to destroy Western civilisation from sources within 

Media career
Murray is an associate editor of The Spectator In 2016, Murray organised a competition through The Spectator in which entrants were invited to submit offensive poems about Turkish president Recep Tayyip Erdoğan, with a top prize of £1,000 donated by a reader  This was in reaction to the Böhmermann affair, in which German satirist Jan Böhmermann was prosecuted under the German penal code for such a poem  His book Bloody Sunday: Truths, Lies and The Saville Inquiry, had been longlisted for the 2012 Orwell Book Prize  He announced the winner of the poetry competition as Conservative MP Boris Johnson (former editor of the magazine and former Mayor of London) In April, 2019, Murray spent weeks urging New Statesman journalist George Eaton and editor Jason Cowley to share the original recording of an interview between Eaton and Roger Scruton, with Murray branding the published interview – which attributed a number of controversial statements to Scruton – as "journalistic dishonesty"  Murray eventually managed to acquire the recording, which formed the basis of an article in the Spectator defending Scruton, arguing that his remarks had been misinterpreted  It is unclear how Murray obtained the recording  The New Statesman subsequently apologized for Eaton's misrepresentation Murray has written columns for The Daily Telegraph, National Review, The Wall Street Journal, UnHerd, and the New York Post  In February 2022, Murray became a Fox News contributor 

Political views
Murray has been described as a conservative, a neoconservative, and a regular critic of immigration and Islam  Murray's views have been described as "anti-Muslim" by British journalist Peter Oborne Murray has argued that the term 'far right' is used far too often by the political left  He has also said that political parties previously identified as far-right should be recognised as being able to moderate their politics over time  Murray has argued that there is an effort by the left to destroy Western culture and has argued that criticisms of Western leaders and philosophers are motivated by attempts to hurt the west 

Islam and Muslims
In February 2006, Douglas Murray said "conditions for Muslims in Europe must be made harder across the board: Europe must look like a less attractive proposition " Murray's former coworker James Brandon interpreted this comment as calling for the collective punishment of Muslims  After Murray refused Paul Goodman's offer to disown these comments, the Conservative Party frontbench severed formal relations with Murray and his Centre for Social Cohesion According to Murray's former coworker at the Centre for Social Cohesion, James Brandon, Murray failed to distinguish Islam from Islamism  Brandon said he attempted to "de-radicalise" Murray to ensure that only Islamists were targeted and not "Muslims as a whole"  Brandon writes that Murray has privately retracted some of his comments In 2005 Murray said there is "a creed of Islamic fascism – a malignant fundamentalism, woken from the Dark Ages to assault us here and now"  In 2010, during an Intelligence Squared US debate titled "Is Islam a Religion of Peace?" Murray argued "[Islam's Prophet] Muhammad was a bad man" In the wake of the 2017 London Bridge attack, Murray blamed Islam as a religion and called for reduced immigration In 2008, Murray listed the cases of 27 writers, activists, politicians and artists – including Sir Salman Rushdie, Maryam Namazie and Anwar Shaikh, all three of whom had received death threats due to their criticism of Islam  Murray said that "Unless Muslims are allowed to discuss their religion without fear of attack there can be no chance of reform or genuine freedom of conscience within Islam "In 2009, Murray was prevented from chairing a debate at the London School of Economics between Alan Sked and Hamza Tzortzis on the topic "Islam or Liberalism: Which is the Way Forward?", with the university citing security concerns following a week-long student protest against Israel's attacks on Gaza  The debate took place without Murray chairing  The move was criticised by the conservative press, such as The Daily Telegraph and The Spectator In June 2009, Murray accepted an invitation to a debate with Anjem Choudary, leader of the banned group Al-Muhajiroun, on the subject of Sharia law and British law at Conway Hall  Members of Al-Muhajiroun acting as security guards tried to segregate men and women at the entrance of the event  Clashes broke out near the entrance between Choudary's and Murray's supporters and Conway Hall cancelled the debate because of the attempted forced separation of men and women  Outside the building, a confrontation between Choudary and Murray over the cancellation of the event occurred  Murray's Centre for Social Cohesion later published a study arguing that one in seven Islam-related terrorist cases in the UK could be linked to Al-Muhajiroun Murray has argued in defence of Muslim reformers in his writing 

Brexit
Murray supported the 'Leave' side in the UK's 2016 EU referendum  In the wake of the Brexit vote, Murray expressed concern that the result "has just not been accepted by an elite" and said that the result "should be celebrated by anybody who actually believes in democracy" 

Immigration
Murray is a vocal critic of immigration  In March 2013, Murray claimed that London was a "foreign country" due to "white Britons" becoming a minority in 23 of the 33 London boroughs  In Murray's book The Strange Death of Europe, he writes that Europe and its values are committing suicide due to mass immigration; in the opening pages, he calls for halting Muslim immigration  In the book, he also details crimes committed by immigrants in Europe and writes favourably of immigration hard liner Viktor Orbán In 2018, Murray filmed a video for PragerU entitled "The Suicide of Europe"  Writing in the news website Sludge, journalist Alex Koch described the video as "evok[ing] the common white nationalist trope of white genocide with its rhetoric of 'suicide' and 'annihilation' " Koch interviewed a senior editor at the Anti-Defamation League's Center on Extremism, Mark Pitcavage, who stated that there was "almost certainly prejudice in the video" and that it was "filled with anti-immigrant and anti-Muslim rhetoric"  Similarly, the Southern Poverty Law Center described the video as a "dog whistle to the extreme right" In September 2016, Murray supported Donald Trump's proposal for a wall along the southern border of the United States  In January 2017, Murray defended Executive Order 13769 which banned entry to the U S  by citizens of seven Muslim-majority countries 

Gender and sexuality
Murray is gay, and he is a supporter of same-sex marriage  However, he has said that he believes that homosexuality "is an unstable component on which to base an individual identity and a hideously unstable way to try and base any form of group identity"  In his book The Madness of Crowds: Gender, Race and Identity, Murray defends conversion therapy, and asserts that homophobia has mostly been vanquished Murray has said that it is a lie that a man can become a woman  In September 2020, during an appearance on Joe Rogan's podcast, Murray compared accepting trans people to "late-empire sign of things falling apart"  He has stated that he thinks there is no such thing as non-binary gender In September 2019, Murray said in an interview that women are held to a different standard than men when it comes to sexual behaviour, citing instances involving Drew Barrymore, Jane Fonda and Mayim Bialik behaving sexually towards men without backlash from the media 

Foreign policy
In his book Neoconservatism: Why We Need It, Murray argues that neoconservatism is necessary for fighting against dictatorships and human rights abuses  Murray has called for continuing the War on terror on Iran, Syria, and any regime which supports terrorism  He has also said that he believes that the political left or right have no desire for foreign interventions since John McCain's death On June, 2013, Murray opposed U S intervention in the Syrian civil war and wrote "as the composition of the military opponents has become clearer—al Qaeda-linked Islamists dominating one side, Bashar al-Assad's forces and Hezbollah the other—it has become obvious that the window of opportunity for outside intervention is closed"  In 2021, Murray chastised the Biden administration for withdrawal of US troops from Afghanistan and for attempting to portray the withdrawal as a success Murray supported the Iraq War and wrote in 2004, "Iraq may be the big intervention of this generation  Success means the success of the Iraqi nation in a region of failing states and unprecedented freedom for a nation previously cowed by brutalism and ignored by pacifism  Failure means not only the failure of the Arab world to allow freedom and democracy to stick, and the failure of the civilized world to stand up to tyranny, but the failure and loss of many more lives in a country which finally found hope and a future " Murray also defended the war against critics on multiple occasions In 2013, Murray condemned journalist Owen Jones for mistakenly saying that Israel had killed a 11 month old child in a military strike  Jones responded by criticising Murray for ignoring a UN report which reported an Israel airstrike had killed numerous innocent civilians  In 2014, Murray defended and supported Israel during 2014 Israel-Gaza conflict  Murray also defended Israel's right to defend itself, saying, "If you don't believe that Israel has the right to stop a group that has proposed repeatedly since its existence that it wants to annihilate Israel, if you believe that Israel doesn't have the right to try and stop this enemy, then of course you don't believe Israel has the right to exist; you believe Israel has the right to die " During a visit to Israel in 2019, Murray praised Israeli society, saying that Israel "has a healthier attitude towards nationalism than Europe" and lauded Israel's restrictive approach to immigration  In 2019, Murray supported the Trump administration's decision to formally recognize Israel's sovereignty over the Golan Heights In June 2019, Murray referred to Robert Mueller's investigation into Donald Trump and Russian interference in the 2016 United States elections as a "nothing-burger"  Murray called the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine a war crime and a blunder  He has claimed that the Russian military are corrupt and inefficient, as well as praised the Ukrainians for attempting to defend their homeland  Murray has urged the Republican Party to support Ukraine, and has expressed disappointment in Republicans Matt Gaetz and Kevin McCarthy for not supporting Ukraine Murray has said he believes that China is a threat to the west  In May 2020, he rebuked people labelling the COVID-19 lab leak theory – a theory which states that COVID-19 came from a lab in China – as a conspiracy theory  He has advocated for punishing China for their role in allowing COVID-19 into the United States and has expressed concern over China's influence on American universities  Murray has also criticised TikTok, referring to it as "a piece of malware from China", and accused the Chinese Communist Party of using it to corrupt society 

Donald Trump
In November 2016, Murray questioned US Democrats calling Trump sexist, homophobic, and racist, as they had also attempted to portray Mitt Romney and John McCain in the same way  Murray also said that Trump's foreign policy plans were less provocative than Hillary Clinton's would have been  In response to Trump being nominated for a Nobel Peace Prize, Murray argued that were good reasons to nominate Trump for a prize, citing his attempts to negotiate peace with Kim Jong-un and his policy towards Israel Ahead of the 2020 United States presidential election, Murray argued that while Trump had personality flaws and enacted certain policies he did not agree with, his re-election would be more beneficial for the United Kingdom in terms of foreign policy and Brexit than a Biden administration would be  Murray praised Trump for having brokered the Israel–United Arab Emirates normalization agreement, and wrote of the assassination of Qasem Soleimani: "American forces took out Iran's leading general, a man who had overseen the deaths of countless numbers of British and American troops, not to mention Iraqi and other civilians in the area, and Iran took it  Not least because they seemed to fear that they were dealing with a madman "In 2021, Murray criticised the January 6 United States Capitol attack perpetrated by supporters of Trump, and said that Trump alone was responsible for stoking the riot The following year, Murray reiterated his criticism of Trump's behaviour following the Capitol riot, but argued some Democratic Party politicians were contradictory in condemning the violence and claiming the riots were a danger to democracy after they had endorsed the rhetoric of the Black Lives Matter movement during the riots that followed the murder of George Floyd and Hillary Clinton's claims that the 2016 election had been stolen  Murray also argued that the Trump administration had enacted strong policies in regard to immigration, Iran, and China and it would be a strategic mistake of the Biden administration to reverse them  However, Murray has also asserted that the Republican Party should distance itself from Trump's stolen election theories and not seek 2024 primary candidates based on Trump's personal approval if it is to win the next presidential election 

Viktor Orbán
In March 2018, Viktor Orbán posted a photo on his official Facebook account of himself reading the Hungarian-language edition of The Strange Death of Europe  Murray has disputed the claim that Hungary is experiencing significant democratic backsliding under Orbán, and has called Freedom House's comparisons of Orbán's government to a dictatorship as "increasingly off-kilter"  In May 2018, Murray was personally received by Orbán in Budapest as part of the "Future of Europe" conference, along with other conservative figures like Steve Bannon, and according to Hungarian state media had an individual discussion and photograph with Orbán 

Other activities
Murray is on the international advisory board of NGO Monitor, a Jerusalem-based NGO described as pro-Israel and right-wing, which was founded in 2001 by Gerald M  Steinberg  As of 2022, he is also one of the directors of the Free Speech Union, an organization established by Toby Young in 2020 which speaks out against cancel culture Murray participates in the Intellectual Dark Web, a loosely affiliated group of commentators including Bret Weinstein, Dave Rubin, Joe Rogan, and Sam Harris 

Criticism
A number of academic and journalistic sources have linked Murray's ideology and political views to the far right, the alt-right, the Islamophobic right or some combination thereof  Murray has also been accused of being xenophobic, chauvinist and racist  His fans have described him as a defender of "free speech" Murray has been accused of putting a socially acceptable face on what would otherwise be considered fringe ideologies  In 2012, Arun Kundnani, who has written on radicalization, wrote in an article for Security and Human Rights that the "counterjihadist" ideology expressed by Murray and other conservative intellectuals was "through reworking far-right ideology and appropriating official discourse    able to evade categorisation as a source of far-right violence"  Nafeez Ahmed argued in Middle East Eye that Murray's support for free speech in the wake of the Charlie Hebdo shooting and the January 2015 Île-de-France attacks was "really just a ploy for far-right entryism"  In 2019, an article in Social Policy Review described Murray's views as a kind of "mainstreamist" ideology that defies easy categorization as extremist while remaining "entangled with the far right" Murray has been accused of promoting far-right conspiracy theories, including the Great Replacement theory, the Eurabia conspiracy theory and the Cultural Marxism conspiracy theory  However, he has indicated that he dislikes the term "Cultural Marxism" Murray has contended that he is frequently mislabelled politically, and that the mainstream right are unfairly conflated with the far-right in modern political discourse  In August 2019, Murray criticised what he perceived as the overuse of terms like "far-right", saying that since the election of Donald Trump and the Brexit vote "there has been an acceleration in claimed sightings [of the far right] and a blurring of the definitions" 

Personal life
Murray was a friend of the journalist Christopher Hitchens Murray has described himself as atheist, having been an Anglican until his twenties  He has also described himself as a cultural Christian and a Christian atheist 

Works
Brandon, James; Murray, Douglas (2007), Hate on the State: How British libraries encourage Islamic extremism (PDF), Westminster, UK: Centre for Social Cohesion 
Murray, Douglas (2000), Bosie: A Biography of Lord Alfred Douglas, ISBN 0-340-76771-5 
——— (2005), Neoconservatism: Why We Need It, ISBN 1-904863-05-1 
——— (2007), Towards a Grand Strategy for an Uncertain World: Renewing Transatlantic Partnership (PDF), archived from the original (PDF) on 25 September 2019, retrieved 21 December 2019
———; Verwey, Johan Pieter (2008), Victims of Intimidation: Freedom of Speech Within Europe's Muslim Communities (PDF), London, UK: Centre for Social Cohesion 
——— (2011), Bloody Sunday: Truths, Lies and the Saville Inquiry, London: Dialogue, ISBN 978-1-84954-149-7 
——— (2013), Islamophilia: A Very Metropolitan Malady, emBooks, ISBN 978-1-62777050-7 
——— (2017), The Strange Death of Europe: Immigration, Identity, Islam, Bloomsbury, ISBN 978-1-47294224-1 
——— (2019), The Madness of Crowds: Gender, Race and Identity, Bloomsbury, ISBN 978-1-47295995-9 
——— (2022), The War on the West: How to Prevail in the Age of Unreason, Harper Collins, ISBN 978-0063162020 
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Press TV controversies
Press TV (stylised as PRESSTV) is an Iranian state-owned news network that broadcasts in the English and French languages owned by Islamic Republic of Iran Broadcasting (IRIB), the only organization legally able to transmit radio and TV broadcasts in Iran  The 24-hour channel, which has headquarters in Tehran, was launched on 2 July 2007 and was intended to compete with western English language services 

Background and purpose
Iran's first international English-language TV channel was established in 1976  Later in 1997, Sahar TV was launched by IRIB, broadcasting in multiple languages including English Press TV was created on 8 July 2007, for the purpose of presenting news, images and arguments, especially on Middle Eastern affairs, to counter the news coverage that appears on BBC World News, CNN International and Al Jazeera English  Press TV is state-funded and is a division of the Islamic Republic of Iran Broadcasting (IRIB), the only organisation legally able to transmit radio and television broadcasts inside Iran  Based in Tehran, It broadcasts to North America, Europe, the Middle East, Asia, and areas of Africa and Latin America IRIB's head is appointed directly by the supreme leader, Ayatollah Ali Khamenei; according to The Guardian, it is close to the country's conservative political faction, especially the Revolutionary Guards Press TV CEO Mohammad Sarafraz said in a June 2007 press conference that, "Since September 11, Western bias has divided the media into two camps: those that favour their policies make up one group and the rest of the media are attached to radical Islamic groups like Al-Qaeda  We want to show that there is a different view  Iran, and the Shi'as in particular, have become a focal point of world propaganda  From the media point of view, we are trying to give a second eye to Western audiences "By launching an English-language television network to promote an Iranian perspective of the world, together with an Arab-language station, the Al-Alam News Network, the Iranian government said it hoped "to address a global audience exposed to misinformation and mudslinging as regards the Islamic Republic of Iran " The two networks focus on "difficult issues in the Middle East such as the United States’ occupation of neighbouring Iraq and the Shia question " According to mediachannel org, "the government aims to use Press TV to counter what it sees as a steady stream of Western propaganda against Iran as well as offer an alternative view of world news" Press TV began its activities in London during 2007  The network's website launched in late January 2007, and the channel itself on 2 July 2007  Roshan Muhammed Salih was Press TV's first London news editor and chief correspondent  In an article for The Guardian in July 2009, Salih wrote that Press TV was "willing to give a platform to legitimate actors whom the western media will not touch, such as Hamas and Hezbollah" The BBC journalist Linda Pressly described Press TV as pro-Palestinian and opposed to sanctions against Iran in December 2011  At the time Press TV Ltd in London sold programmes to Iran, principally talk shows, while Tehran's Press TV International produced the majority of the news and documentaries As of 2009, the annual budget of Press TV is 250 billion rials (more than US$8 3 million)  By then, the station was employing more than 400 throughout the world 

Controversies
Pro-Iranian government bias
Press TV promotes Iranian foreign policy and has been described as Iranian government propaganda It has aired the coerced confessions of multiple prisoners, the basis for the revocation of its license to broadcast in the UK after such an incident  Press TV has disputed accusations made against it Press TV's news bulletins often feature Iranian ministers, diplomats or government officials, or guest commentators that  express views consistent with the Iranian government's "message of the day " In 2012, commentator Douglas Murray wrote that the station was the "Iranian government’s propaganda channel" In a post-election "information offensive," reports the Associated Press, Press TV and Al-Alam have "churned out a blitz of policy statements, negotiating points and news breaks as the main soapboxes for Iran's public diplomacy "In 2007, the Canadian weekly Maclean's, while observing that "most of Press TV's news reports are factually accurate," alleged that Press TV also publishes "intentional errors," citing a story on the Press TV website that contained the claim, based on "no evidence, that the Lebanese government is trying to convert the Nahr al-Bared Palestinian refugee camp into an American military base "In August 2009, Ofcom, the British broadcasting regulator, judged that two phone-in shows hosted by George Galloway on Press TV had broken its broadcasting code on impartiality in their coverage of the Gaza War by not including enough calls from pro-Israelis  Press TV said contributions to the show reflected the balance of opinion The Sunday Times journalist Eleanor Mills walked out before a Press TV interview in 2010 after discovering she was not being interviewed by Sky News, as she had falsely believed  While she was reassured on editorial independence from Tehran, Mills doubted she would be able to talk about torture in Iran or Neda Agha-Soltan, who was shot dead in the 2009 Iranian presidential election protests 

Antisemitism
Press TV has been accused by the UK's The Jewish Chronicle of broadcasting "the most disreputable of fringe causes", such as Holocaust denial, and of antisemitic conspiracy theories by the Anti-Defamation League It was accused in December 2011 by British journalist Nick Cohen of functioning as "a platform for the full fascist conspiracy theory of supernatural Jewish power"  He wrote that "If whites ran Press TV, one would have no difficulty in saying it was a neo-Nazi network"  Oliver Kamm in The Jewish Chronicle in 2009, of having an "ability to insinuate into public debate the worst and most pernicious ideas around", including Holocaust denial   Cohen mentioned that the station featured "fascist ideologues such as Peter Rushton, the leader of the White Nationalist Party – an organisation that disproves the notion that the only thing further to the right of the BNP is the wall "In a September 2009, Press TV picked up and republished an antisemitic conspiracy theory that was circulating in Algeria and Morocco, accusing Jews of a conspiracy to kidnap Algerian children and harvest their organs  Moroccan journalist Hassan Masiky criticized Press TV for trafficking in a dangerous "work of fantasy" that is a "nonsense, nightmarish tale" In a May 2011 article reprinted on the website of Press TV, correspondent Mark Dankof wrote an article about how the prediction of the fabricated antisemitic text Protocols of the Learned Elders of Zion is "only partially true", and lauded Press TV as "one of the few exceptions to the Lobby's control" of the media In 2012, a report from the Anti-Defamation League (ADL) alleged that Press TV has broadcast what the ADL described as examples of anti-Semitic conspiracy theories and opinions  The report says Press TV for interviewing individuals such as the American conspiracy theorist David Duke who said on the station that Israel was involved in 9/11 and of the Iraq War, he said: "The Zionists orchestrated and created this war in the media, the government, and international finance"  The ADL reported in 2013 that in another appearance, Duke made "anti-Semitic allegations that are consistent with his record and typical of the views often espoused on Press TV"  Mark Dankof has also backed claims on Press TV that 9/11 was an "Israeli Mossad inside operation from start to finish" In early 2015, Press TV claimed Jews or Israel were responsible for the Charlie Hebdo shooting in Paris  In a 20 January 2015 article by Kevin Barrett on the station's website he claimed that "The Zionists created ISIL and sent it to fight Muslims and Christians in Syria and Iraq" while "New World Order Zionism is also targeting the USA for destruction"  In a 17 February 2015 article for the website, Barrett claimed 9/11 was a "Zionist ‘coup d'etat’ to seize power in the country and launch a permanent war on Islam on behalf of Israel" and falsely claimed the 2011 attacks in Norway was the responsibility of a "team of Zionist-liked professional killers "In early March 2020, during the COVID-19 pandemic, Press TV broadcast an item claiming "Zionist elements developed a deadlier strain of coronavirus against Iran" and a few days later claimed Israel was responsible for the virus  Both claims are entirely false 

Publication of Holocaust denial
On the subject of International Holocaust Remembrance Day (27 January), an editorial on the Press TV website in 2008 noted, "On this anniversary, we all need to mull over the faking of history and the Greatest Lie Ever Told"  In 2008, The Jerusalem Post and the British Searchlight magazine criticized Press TV for reprinting on its website an article entitled "The Walls of Auschwitz: A Review of the Chemical Studies" by the British Holocaust denier Nicholas Kollerstrom which was first published by the denial group, the Committee for Open Debate on the Holocaust (CODOH)  The document claims that the Auschwitz gas chambers were used for "benign" purposes only and said "the alleged massacre of Jewish people by gassing during World War II was scientifically impossible"  Press TV described Kollerstrom, by then removed as an honorary fellow of University College London (UCL) because of the article, as a "distinguished academic"  Other Holocaust deniers to have appeared on the station include Michèle Renouf and Peter Rushton In a 2014 article on the website, the Canadian writer Brandon Martinez described Auschwitz as having been an appealing place where Jews were able to participate in "cultural and leisure activities"  He rejected the existence of gas chambers during The Holocaust and the use of Zyklon B for the mass killings of History of the Jews in Europe  To make his assertions he drew on claims made by Holocaust deniers Mark Webber and David Irving In November 2013, the Press TV website reprinted an opinion piece in its 'Viewpoints' section, first written by M I  Bhat for Veterans Today, although Bhat was a regular columnist for Press TV as well  The article blamed Jews for their fate in the Holocaust and accepted "the Nazi regime’s anti-Jewish conspiracy theories as historical fact"  Bhat queried whether American Jews were "incubating another Hitler" 

Maziar Bahari case
On 10 June 2010, the United Kingdom's Channel 4 News interviewed Iranian-Canadian journalist Maziar Bahari, a documentary maker and Newsweek contributor, who was arrested while filming the protests following the contested Iranian presidential election in 2009 Held in Evin Prison, Bahari was accused of spying for the CIA, MI6 and Mossad, and was detained for 118 days  Bahari alleged that a 10-second Press TV interview and 'confession' that the western media was guilty of fomenting the protests had been preceded by torture, and was given under the threat of execution  The nature of the interview, that it was a forced confession, was not disclosed to viewers of the footage  Having to talk complete rubbish before a camera to save his life "was like a rape”, he told The Sunday Times in 2012  "It went against the very essence of me"  Bahari is not the only Iranian prisoner who has been coerced with a following broadcast of the supposed confession 

Allegations about Canada
Following the severing of diplomatic relations between Canada and Iran in September 2012, Press TV began to devote more attention to Canada 
In December 2012, Press TV aired a report entitled "Alberta takes aboriginal kids from parents at high rate" in which Joshua Blakeney, Press TV's Calgary correspondent, claimed that Alberta's child protective services were engaged in the human trafficking of First Nations children  Blakeney stated that "Some upset parents allege that there is a profit motive behind what they refer to as Canada's so-called child protective services" and asserted that an anti-terrorism squad, called INSET, was responsible for the abductions One of the veiled women interviewed in the report (who was not identified) claimed that her "aboriginal children were taken by a squad of 32 police officers " Another woman interviewed stated that "It definitely is a money-making scheme, because a lot of native children have been sold into adoption, but it is also used as an assimilation program [and] a genocidal program " The report also showed written messages of "Help me! Now!!", which were allegedly written by abducted children The allegations in the report were immediately denied by Government officials and Native leaders  Cindy Blackstock, an associate professor at the University of Alberta and executive director of the First Nations Child and Family Caring Society of Canada denied the report was true, stating that "The factors driving aboriginal children into care have been well-known for 15 years; it's poverty, poor housing and substance abuse      The federal government provides significantly less funding on reserves than for all other Canadians     but I have never in my life heard of any military undertones to this "Blakeney has also claimed in reports published or broadcast by Press TV, that the appearance of Canada's new $20 bill was evidence that Canada "remained an imperialist nation" and that "90% of Canadian youth felt stressed about careers " Blakeney subsequently claimed that his reports for Press TV are "defiantly illuminating the skeletons in Canada’s closet "Another report made several charges against the Canadian government, including:

Secret plans to "steal indigenous children";
"Ignorance of the First Nation land rights";
Jailing refugees without cause; and
using excessive force to suppress student protests Another program interviewed Alfred Lambremont Webre, who was described as an "international lawyer" based in Vancouver  Webre stated Canadian Prime Minister Stephen Harper is an "out and out Zionist" who is engaging in the "same repressive policies within Canada that Israel follows within its own territories against the Palestinian people " Webre then described a conspiracy between Vancouver police and serial killer Robert Pickton "to commit ritual Satanic murders with high-ranking politicians " Finally, Webre claimed that Queen Elizabeth II abducted 10 Aboriginal children in 1964  Concluding his comments, Webre described Canada as "the ultimate Zionist state under the British Crown and under Israel "In response, Paul Heinbecker, a former Canadian ambassador to the United Nations and a distinguished fellow at the Centre for International Governance Innovation at the University of Waterloo, has stated that Press TV is highlighting Canada's First Nations in order to "negate" Canadian reports of human rights allegations against Iran  Heinbecker stated that "The human rights situations in the two countries are scarcely comparable     but our own very real shortcomings on Aboriginal issues 



ground_truth: Norman

prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: In what year did the Tornoto International Film Fesitval premiere a movie produced by BBC Films?

The following are given passages.
Context 2: Passage 1:
Jonathan Miles (filmmaker)
Jonathan Miles is a British independent filmmaker   He studied at Surrey Institute of Art & Design   Early in his career he directed music videos, for instance The Ride with Alec Empire  His short film The Queue from 2007 has been shown at a number of film festivals, in particular The End Of The Pier International Film Festival, where it won the award for Best Comedy Short 2008   In addition to directing he has worked as a documentary editor on BBC films   He now lives in Berlin 
Passage 2:
The Meerkats
The Meerkats, also known as Meerkats: The Movie, is a feature-length 2008 British wildlife fiction film which anthropomorphises the daily struggles of a clan of meerkats in the Kalahari Desert  It was produced by BBC Films, and filmed by the award-winning BBC Natural History Unit  It is the debut directorial feature of James Honeyborne, previously a producer of natural history programmes for television  The worldwide premiere was held at the Dinard Film Festival, France in October 2008, expanding to a wide release the following week  The film was released in 2009, on 7 August in the UK  This was dedicated to actor Paul Newman, the narrator of the film, who died in 2008, shortly before this movie was released making it his final film role 

Plot
The documentary follows the coming-of-age of a meerkat named Kolo who is forced to leave his home by a group of meerkats who want more territory  Lost in the African savannah, he tries to reunite with his family, but encounters large, fierce, and deadly creatures 

Production
The Meerkats was announced in November 2006 as BBC Films and The Weinstein Company agreed a co-financing deal for the film, with The Weinstein Company also handling international distribution  The year-long principal photography began on location in the Kalahari Desert, South Africa in the same month  It became the Natural History Unit's first feature-length wildlife fiction based on original material, and followed the successes of Earth (2007) and Deep Blue (2003) which were both companion pieces to BBC television series  The script was written by Alexander McCall Smith, author of many books set in Botswana  Paul Newman provides the narration, which was recorded at a studio near his home shortly before his death  The Meerkats was the final film credit of Newman's long career Meerkat Manor: The Story Begins, a second feature-length wildlife film on meerkats, was also released in 2008  It was produced by Animal Planet, Discovery Films and Oxford Scientific Films, the makers of Meerkat Manor, but was not screened in theatres  BBC Films' Joe Oppenheimer, a producer of The Meerkats, has stated that the two films are very different in character (the BBC and Discovery originally planned to collaborate, but couldn't agree on a common ground)  James Honeyborne has described The Meerkats as "a stand-alone, blue-chip wildlife film from the ground up  It will be immersive  There will be a huge sense of place on a massive scale  You will really see real wild animals "

Awards
Winner, Grand Prix Earth, Special Award, Tokyo International Film Festival
Best of Festival, Wild Talk Africa Film Festival
Winner, Best Editing, Wild Talk Africa Film Festival
Winner, Best Sound Design, Wild Talk Africa Film Festival
Nomination, Best Music, Wild Talk Africa Film Festival
Nomination, Best Script, Wild Talk Africa Film Festival
Winner, Best Editing, Jackson Hole Wildlife Film Festival
Nomination, Best Writing, Jackson Hole Wildlife Film Festival
Winner, Silver Teton, Jackson Hole Wildlife Film Festival

Reception
Writing in The Guardian, reviewer Philip French noted that the "nature movie made in the Kalahari desert has some good footage but is more Disney-anthropomorphic than Attenborough" 
Passage 3:
The Gardener (2012 film)
The Gardener (Persian: باغبان,  Bāghbān) is a documentary film by Mohsen Makhmalbaf  It had its Asian premiere at Busan International Film Festival, its European premiere at Rotterdam International Film Festival, and North American premiere at the Vancouver International Film Festival  It is the first film in decades to be made by an Iranian filmmaker in Israel  The film has been shown in more than 20 film festivals and won the Best Documentary award from Beirut International Film Festival and the special Maverick Award at the Motovun Film Festival in Croatia  The film was selected as "Critic's Pick of the Week" by New York Film Critics Circle, "Best of the Fest" at Busan Film Festival by The Hollywood Reporter, and "Top Ten Films" at Mumbai Film Festival by Times of India, and its script was added to the Library of Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences 

Synopsis
The film is about an Iranian filmmaker and his son who travel to Israel to learn about the role of religion in the world  While the son goes out to the Wailing Wall, the Dome of the Rock and Christian sites, the father stays at the Baháʼí gardens to learn about a faith that came out of his own country—Iran  The film is similar to Gabbeh and The Silence in style 
The Gardener is set in the newly recognized UNESCO World Heritage Site, the Bahá'í World Centre buildings in Haifa and Western Galilee; and in various religious sites in Jerusalem 

Cast and crew
Producers:

Screenplay and director: Mohsen Makhmalbaf
Cinematography and editing: Maysam Makhmalbaf
Music: Paul Collier, Salar Samadi
Sound: Asad RezaiCast:
Ririva Eona Mabi from Papua New Guinea
Paula Asadi from Canada
Guillaume Nyagatare from Rwanda
Tjireya Tjitendero Juzgado from Angola
Ian Huang from Taiwan and USA
Bal Kumari Gurung from Nepal

Filming locations
Baha'i Gardens in Haifa
Dome of the Rock in Jerusalem
Wailing Wall in Jerusalem
Chapel of the Ascension in Jerusalem
Baháʼí holy places in Akko
Various cities in Papua New Guinea

Reviews
The Gardener has received mostly positive reviews by all critics and holds an 83% Fresh rating on Rotten Tomatoes and 64 MetaScore on MetaCritics New York Times: "An intimate, discursive inquiry into religious belief that opens to include questions about cinema…Mr  Makhmalbaf doesn’t make that etymological connection explicit in the movie, although as he rambles throughout the Baha’i gardens, his camera inching antlike close to the ground and then soaring birdlike over the grounds, he lyrically joins the spiritual with the terrestrial "The Hollywood Reporter: "The Gardener marks the first time in decades—perhaps since the Iranian Revolution in 1979—that an Iranian filmmaker has shot a movie in Israel, and what it has to say about religion and world peace is as radical a statement as unconventional filmmaker Mohsen Makhmalbaf (The Bicyclist, Kandahar) has ever made   The deep spirituality it discusses so intelligently will appeal to open-minded viewers and should reach beyond festivals via culture channels   " - Deborah Young, The Hollywood ReporterVariety: "With their civilized discussion and amusing asides about the making and marketing of docus, the Makhmalbafs succeed in entertaining and engaging auds who are interested in the question of why people seek religion, and are willing to listen to all sides of a story " - Richard Kuipers, Variety (magazine)Rotterdam Festival Review: "An Iranian master filmmaker and his son roamed around the gardens in Haifa and made their most striking film   Mohsen Makhmalbaf makes unusual films, and this may be his most unusual of all: an Iranian who makes a film in Israel - even those who don't follow the news will realise how usual that is   This is indirectly a story about the history of Iran, where an innocent ‘gardener's faith’ could not remain, and where Makhmalbaf, once a proponent of the Islamic Revolution, is also no longer able to make his films "Times of India: "Exiled from his homeland, Iranian New Wave director Mohsen Makhmalbaf's film The Gardener explores how different generations view religion and peace  The film adopts an experimental approach of both father and son conversing while filming each other " -The Times of IndiaIranian Icons: "This film shows two completely different views on the religion  The director camera tries to portrait the example of two different generation of Iran through this story " - Iranian IconVoice of Russia "This film speculates the meaning of life and faith " - Swetlana Hochrjakowa, film critic (translated from Russian)The International Federation of Film Critics "   the most radiant imagery in a Makhmalbaf film since the bright carpets of the nomadic Ghashghai people in the 1996 Gabbeh  It's God in Heaven meets 1950s MGM Technicolor: beauty, beauty, beauty  What Adam and Eve saw before Eve bit into the apple " - Gerald PearyThe Hindu: "The grammar and discourse of this unusual film — driven by a search for peace and understanding — is simultaneously rational, intelligent, poetic, and above all intensely civilised "

Impact
There are several controversies surrounding the film  BBC notes that this is Makhmalbaf's most controversial film to date 

Iranian media response
Both official and non-official Iranian media has been following and reporting on the story since Makhmalbaf first announced the film  Local newspapers accused him of selling out to the Baha'is and/or the western powers, and claimed that Baha'is had bought him a house in France 

Travel to Israel
Iranians are not allowed to travel to Israel and thus Makhmalbaf and his team will be automatically sentenced to five years in prison should they ever return to Iran  The filmmaker also talks about a religion that is a taboo subject in Iran and has its own consequences, such as that received by Shirin Ebadi for taking up the case of this group In addition, Mohsen's decision to present the film at the Jerusalem Film Festival in contravention of the BDS campaign caused some controversy  An open letter published on Jadaliyya urging him not to attend was signed by many prominent Iranians, including Arash Bineshpajouh, Tina Gharavi, Ziba Mir-Hosseini, Laleh Khalili, Hamid Dabashi, Fatemeh Keshavarz, Ervand Abrahamian, and Asef Bayat  The letter was also critical of Iran's state-sponsored oppression of the Baha’i community A group of 250 social and cultural activists signed a letter to support him  Many Israelis appreciated that he came and presented his film  Adrina Hoffman of The Nation wrote that what shocked everyone was that he kept saying "I love you " The film sold out for its initial screenings and other screenings were scheduled after the festival  Makhmalbaf responded on BBC, saying that boycotts do not change people's hearts, and dialog is a better way of understanding each other 

Removal from Iranian Cinema Museum
The president of the Iranian film department sent a letter to the head of the Iranian film museum to remove all of Makhmalbaf's films from the museum's archives because he has travelled to Israel and made a film about a taboo religion Due to the treatment Makhmalbaf has received because of traveling to Israel to make the film, Oscar-winner Asghar Farhadi and many other filmmakers are wary of giving their awards to the Iranian Cinema Museum in fear of meeting the same fate 

Screenings and awards
Awards
Asia Pacific Awards, Competition Finalist
Academy Awards, Considered 
Top Ten Films of 2012 Mumbai International Film Festival - by Times of India
"Pick of the Week" by New York Film Critics Circle
Beirut International Film Festival, Lebanon, October 2012 - Won Gold Aleph for Best Documentary
Motovan International Film Festival, Croatia, 2013 - Won Maverick Award

Premieres & special presentations
Busan International Film Festival, Korea, October 2012 - World premiere
Rotterdam International Film Festival, Netherlands, 2013 - European premiere
Kosmorama International Film Festival, Norway, April 2013 - Lifetime Honoree Award
Moscow International Film Festival, Russia, 2013 - Makhmalbaf as President of the Jury, Special PresentationOfficial Selections

Vancouver International Film Festival, October 2013
Noor Iranian Film Festival, Best Documentary nominee, Los Angeles 2013
Art Center Festival, Colombia, 2013
Jerusalem International Film Festival, Israel, 2013 
Motovun International Film Festival, Croatia, 2013
Festival Cinema Africano, Italy, May 2013
Vilnius International Film Festival, Lithuania, April 2013
Hong Kong International Film Festival, March, 2013
Tbilisi International Film Festival, Georgia, December 2012
Trivandrum International Film Festival, India, December 2012
Chennai International Film Festival, India, December 2012
Kochi International Film Festival, India, December 2012
Tokyo filmex International Film Festival, Japan, November 2012
Mumbai International Film Festival, India, October 2012
Passage 4:
BBC Films
BBC Film (formerly BBC Films) is the feature film-making arm of the BBC  It was founded on 18 June 1990, and has produced or co-produced some of the most successful British films of recent years, including Truly, Madly, Deeply, Alan Partridge: Alpha Papa, Quartet, Salmon Fishing in the Yemen, Saving Mr  Banks, My Week with Marilyn, Eastern Promises, Match Point, Jane Eyre, In the Loop, An Education, StreetDance 3D, Fish Tank, The History Boys, Nativity!, Iris, Notes on a Scandal,  Philomena, Stan & Ollie, Man Up, Billy Elliot and Brooklyn 
BBC Film co-produces around eight films a year, working in partnership with major international and UK distributors  Rose Garnett is Head of BBC Film, responsible for the development and production slate, strategy and business operations The company was founded in 1990 by David M  Thompson as a wholly owned but independent film-making company, based in offices in Mortimer Street, London  A restructuring in 2007 integrated it into the main BBC Fiction department of BBC Vision  As a result, it moved out of its independent offices into BBC Television Centre, and Thompson left to start his own film production company  BBC Film has been based at Broadcasting House in London since 2013  The company changed its name to BBC Film in 2020, and it has been announced that the Storyville documentary strand has come under its remit 

Productions
1990s
1990 – Truly, Madly, Deeply
1990 – Antonia and Jane (with Miramax Films)
1991 – Enchanted April
1991 – Edward II
1991 – The Reflecting Skin
1992 – Sarafina!
1993 – The Hawk
1993 – The Snapper
1994 – Captives (with Miramax Films & Distant Horizon)
1994 – The Hour of the Pig
1995 – I D 
1995 – Angus
1996 – Jude
1996 – Small Faces
1996 – Twelfth Night: Or What You Will
1996 – Shine
1997 – Twenty Four Seven
1997 – I Went Down
1997 – My Son the Fanatic
1997 – Love and Death on Long Island
1997 – Mrs Dalloway
1997 – Mrs Brown
1997 – The Relic
1998 – Gods and Monsters
1998 – Hard Rain
1998 – A Simple Plan
1998 – Black Dog
1998 – The Governess
1998 – Love Is the Devil: Study for a Portrait of Francis Bacon
1999 – RKO 281
1999 – A Room for Romeo Brass
1999 – Mansfield Park
1999 – Man on the Moon

2000
Wonder Boys
Wild About Harry
Saltwater
Maybe Baby
Billy Elliot (with Working Title Films)
Shadow of the Vampire (with Saturn Films)
Isn't She Great
Last Resort

2001
Iris (with Miramax Films and Intermedia Films)
Born Romantic
About Adam
The Claim
Lara Croft: Tomb Raider

2002
The Gathering Storm
Anita and Me
Dirty Pretty Things
In This World
The Heart of Me
Morvern Callar

2003
The Statement
Kiss of Life
The Mother
Skagerrak
Masked and Anonymous
Code 46
I Capture The Castle
Deep Blue
Lara Croft: Tomb Raider – The Cradle of Life

2004
Undone (short)
The Accidental Perfectionist
Bullet Boy
Millions
Red Dust
My Summer of Love
The Life and Death of Peter Sellers (with Company Pictures)
Stage Beauty (with Qwerty Films and Tribeca Film)
Trauma

2005
The Undertaker (short)
Opal Dream
Imagine Me & You
Mrs Henderson Presents
A Cock and Bull Story
Match Point
Shooting Dogs  (co-production with UK Film Council)
Love + Hate
The Mighty Celt

2006
Notes on a Scandal
Starter for Ten
Scoop
Shiny Shiny Bright New Hole in My Heart
Fast Food Nation
The History Boys
Confetti
Shoot the Messenger
Miss Potter
As You Like It (in association with HBO Films)
Glastonbury
Snow Cake
Life and Lyrics

2007
Joe's Palace
The Restraint of Beasts
Four Last Songs
Capturing Mary
Eastern Promises (distributed and co-presented by Focus Features)
Becoming Jane
Earth (co-production with Disneynature)
Grow Your Own

2008
Churchill at War
Revolutionary Road (co-production with DreamWorks Pictures)
Death Defying Acts
The Duchess
Brideshead Revisited
The Boy in the Striped Pyjamas
The Other Boleyn Girl
The Edge of Love
The Meerkats
Is Anybody There?
Man On Wire (as BBC Storyville)
Shifty
Easy Virtue

2009
Nativity!
The Men Who Stare at Goats
Tormented
Frequently Asked Questions About Time Travel
The Damned United (co-production with Columbia Pictures)
In the Loop
Bright Star (co-production with Warner Bros  Pictures, Pathé, Film Finance Corporation Australia, Pathé, UK Film Council, and Screen Australia)
The Boys Are Back (co-production with Miramax Films, Film Finance Corporation Australia, Tiger Aspect Pictures, and Screen Australia)
An Education
Fish Tank
Creation
Glorious 39

2010
The First Grader (co-production with National Geographic Entertainment, Videovision Entertainment, & UK Film Council)
Made in Dagenham
Tamara Drewe
Edge of Darkness (co-production with Warner Bros  Pictures and Icon Productions)
StreetDance 3D (co-production with Phase 4 Films, Vertigo Films, & British Film Institute)
Freestyle (co-production with Phase 4 Films, Revolver Entertainment, Film London Microwave, B19 Media, and UK Film Council)
Africa United

2011
The Awakening
Brighton Rock
West Is West
Jane Eyre
Coriolanus
My Week with Marilyn
Project Nim
The Iron Lady
Salmon Fishing in the Yemen
We Need to Talk about Kevin
One Life (as BBC Earth Films)
The British Guide to Showing Off
Ill Manors

2012
Quartet
Shadow Dancer
Spike Island
Blood
Good Vibrations
Great Expectations
In the Dark Half
A Running Jump
StreetDance 2
Strawberry Fields (co-production with Soda Pictures, Film London Microwave, Kent County Council Film Office, Screen South, Met Film Post, and UK Film Council)
Perfect Sense

2013
Philomena
Saving Mr  Banks (co-production with Walt Disney Pictures)
Dom Hemingway
Alan Partridge: Alpha Papa
Walking with Dinosaurs: The Movie (as BBC Earth Films)
Broken
Exhibition
Flying Blind (co-production with Soda Pictures, iFeatures, Matador Pictures, Southwest Screen, Cinema Six, Regent Capital, The City of Bristol and Ignition Films)
Borrowed Time (co-production with Film London Microwave, UK Film Council and Parkville Pictures)
The Challenger Disaster
Big Men
Ginger & Rosa
Now Is Good
London: The Modern Babylon (co-production with Cinedigm, British Film Institute and Nitrate Film)
The Summit
The Sea
Kiss the Water (co-production with Virgil Films, Easy There Tiger, Slate Films, and Creative Scotland)

2014
Mrs  Brown's Boys D'Movie
A Little Chaos
A Long Way Down
The Invisible Woman
What We Did on Our Holiday
Enchanted Kingdom (as BBC Earth Films, co-production with Reliance Entertainment, IM Global, & Evergreen Studios)
Pride
My Old Lady
Lilting

2015
Far from the Madding Crowd
The Falling
Woman in Gold
Suite Française
Testament of Youth
Mr  Holmes
X+Y
Bill
Brooklyn
The Lady in the Van
Man Up
London Road
Being AP (co-production with Entertainment One, Irish Film Board, Northern Ireland Screen, and Moneyglass Films)
The Face of an Angel

2016
David Brent: Life on the Road
Absolutely Fabulous: The Movie
Florence Foster Jenkins
Swallows and Amazons
Denial
My Scientology Movie
A United Kingdom
The Lovers and the Despot (as BBC Storyville)
The Levelling
Notes on Blindness
I, Daniel Blake
The Library Suicides (co-production with Soda Pictures, Edicis Films, S4C, Ffilm Cymru Wales and British Film Institute)
The Lighthouse
The Goob (co-production with Soda Pictures, iFeatures, Creative England, British Film Institute, and EMU Films)

2017
Viceroy's House
City of Tiny Lights
The Sense of an Ending
Their Finest
Lady Macbeth
Victoria & Abdul
Mindhorn
Breathe
Earth: One Amazing Day (as BBC Earth Films, co-production with Goldcrest Films International & SMG Pictures)
Apostasy
Spaceship (co-production with Breaking Glass Pictures, iFeatures, Creative England, British Film Institute, Belly Productions, Parkville Pictures, and Trinity)

2018
On Chesil Beach
Yardie
The Children Act
The Happy Prince
Out of Blue
In Fabric
Happy New Year, Colin Burstead
Grace Jones: Bloodlight and Bami

2019
Blue Story
Dirty God
Little Joe
Stan & Ollie
Sorry We Missed You
Horrible Histories: The Movie – Rotten Romans
The Aftermath
The Boy Who Harnessed the Wind
The Souvenir
The White Crow
Monsoon
Judy
Be Still My Beating Heart (co-production with Creative Scotland, Scottish Film Talent Network, & barry crerar)

2020
Never Rarely Sometimes Always
The Nest
Surge
His House
Mogul Mowgli
Misbehaviour
The Roads Not Taken
Ammonite
Supernova
Lynn + Lucy
Aisha and Abhaya (co-production with Royal Opera House, Rambert Dance Company, Arts Council England, & Robin Saunders)

2021
After Love
The Mauritanian
Can't Get You Out of My Head (TV series)
People Just Do Nothing: Big in Japan
Ear for Eye
The Power of the Dog
Pirates
The Souvenir Part II
The Phantom of the Open
Cow
Body of Water (co-production with Verve Pictures, Film London Microwave, British Film Institute, Lions Den Films, Bright Shadow Films, and Boudica Films)
Here Before

2022
Aisha
Ali & Ava
Benediction
God's Creatures
Aftersun
Triangle of Sadness
The Lost King
Allelujah
The Eternal Daughter
Russia 1985–1999: TraumaZone (TV series)

2023
Girl
Blue Jean
Luther: The Fallen Sun
Medusa Deluxe
Rye Lane
Scrapper
Club Zero
Femme
The Old Oak

Forthcoming
Hoard
The End We Start From
The Iron Claw
The Salt Path
Tuesday

See also
BBC
Passage 5:
Rupert's Land (film)
Rupert's Land is a Canadian comedy film, directed by Jonathan Tammuz and released in 1998  The film stars Samuel West and Ian Tracey as Rupert and Dale McKay, estranged half-brothers on a road trip from Vancouver to Prince Rupert for their father's funeral  Rupert, who was raised primarily in England after his mother left their father to return home, has become a wealthy lawyer, while Dale, who remained in Canada, is a hard-nosed fisherman and small-time drug dealer, forcing the duo to overcome significant differences as they reconcile The cast also includes Susan Hogan as Dale's mother Trudy, Gabrielle Miller as his girlfriend Shelley, and George Wendt as Bloat, a former friend of Dale and Rupert's father who owns and operates a rural marijuana farm commune The film premiered at the 1998 Toronto International Film Festival 

Critical response
The film received mixed reviews from critics  It was reviewed favourably by Glen Schaefer of The Province, who wrote that it was "a funny ride that will ring familiar with anyone who's ever had to be in Pouce Coupe or New Denver by dawn, with not quite enough time or money to get there " Marc Horton of the Edmonton Journal was more critical, writing that "Somehow, though, I never much believed in either their fights or their ultimate acceptance of one another  Perhaps it is because they are not all that easy to care about: Rupert loses a bit of twittiness and Dale softens, but it's too little too late  Still, there are the occasional moments of charm, and an ending that's marginally surprising, although painfully neat and tidy  In the end it's a sitcom, without the com Geoff Pevere of the Toronto Star was more mixed, calling it bumpy but fitfully engaging  He praised West, Tracey and Wendt for their performances, but concluded that "the shame is, the good parts tend to pass by like the moments of interest in an otherwise dull road trip: arresting at the time, but too few and fleeting to make the whole thing worthwhile "

Awards and nominations
The film received five Genie Award nominations at the 19th Genie Awards in 1999, for Best Motion Picture, Best Director (Tammuz), Best Actor (West), Best Supporting Actor (Wendt) and Best Sound Editing (Jacqueline Cristianini, James Fonnyadt, Adam Gejdos, James Genn, Kirby Jinnah and Cam Wagner) The film won six Leo Awards in 1999, for Best Feature Length Drama, Best Direction in a Feature Length Drama (Tammuz), Best Performance by a Male in a Feature Length Drama (Tracey), Best Cinematography in a Feature Length Drama (Gregory Middleton), Best Editing in a Feature Length Drama (Roger Matiussi) and Best Production Design in a Feature Length Drama (Brian Davie)  It was also nominated, but did not win, for Best Lead Performance by a Female in a Feature Length Drama (2; Miller, Hogan), Best Screenwriting in a Feature Length Drama (Graeme Manson), and Best Overall Sound in a Feature Length Drama 
Passage 6:
A Little Chaos
A Little Chaos is a 2014 British period drama film directed by Alan Rickman, based on a story conceived by Alison Deegan, who co-wrote the screenplay alongside Rickman and Jeremy Brock  The film stars Kate Winslet, Matthias Schoenaerts, Rickman, Stanley Tucci, Helen McCrory, Steven Waddington, Jennifer Ehle and Rupert Penry-Jones  The film was financed by Lionsgate UK and produced by BBC Films  The second film directed by Rickman, after his 1997 debut The Winter Guest, as well as the last before his death in 2016, it was additionally the second collaboration of Rickman and Winslet after their 1995 film Sense and Sensibility  Production took place in London in mid-2013  The film had its world premiere at the 2014 Toronto International Film Festival as the closing night film on 13 September 2014 

Plot
King Louis XIV of France assigns the design and construction of the Gardens of Versailles to his head landscape architect André Le Nôtre  Already overwhelmed, managing numerous large-scale projects, Le Nôtre interviews several other landscape designers to whom he might be able to delegate some of the work  One of the candidates is Sabine de Barra, who is that rare thing in the 17th century: an independent professional woman  
When Sabine arrives on the palace grounds for her interview, she pauses to move a potted plant in the courtyard  André observes this from a window, and asks her, during the interview, if she prizes order in design  Sabine affirms her respect for landscape order, but when pressed suggests that she would rather create something uniquely French than follow classical and Renaissance styles  André reminds her that everything he has built and designed follows order  Sabine apologizes and sincerely expresses admiration for him and his work  André abruptly shows her the door; she leaves disheartened 

 André mulls over the candidates, under pressure to please the King  His assistant judiciously re-presents Madame de Barra's designs to him, prompting André to reconsider them  
André surprises Sabine at her home that evening, and after admiring her seemingly untamed but magical garden, assigns to her the outdoor bosquet ballroom project at Versailles, which combines fountains and landscaping  His original plans require a costly fresh water supply; Sabine suggests continuously recycling water through the fountains using a reservoir  As work begins on her design, the original workmen make little progress; however, Sabine is offered another, better crew by one of her former competitors, and construction begins in earnest 
A striking commoner, artlessly beautiful and fearlessly honest, Sabine attracts attention at court  She is befriended by the King's brother Duc Philippe d'Orléans and his wife Elizabeth Charlotte, Princess Palatine  
Sabine and André start a quiet, loving friendship, mutually attracted but not acting on their feelings due to André's marriage and Sabine and André's professional relationship  André is deeply moved by Sabine's passion and honesty; Sabine describes André to someone else as "the most complete person I know " André has been enduring his wife Françoise's infidelities; Françoise insists that the key to his success is her relationships and influence at court  When she senses his interest in Sabine and warns him against an affair, he quotes to her her own words about their right to seek comfort elsewhere, becoming determined to pursue a relationship with Sabine 
Queen Maria Theresa dies suddenly  Stunned at the loss of his wife, the King takes refuge in the gardens at the Château de Marly, among the pear trees  Sabine finds him there, initially mistaking him for the gardener with whom she had hoped to trade some plants  The King enjoys her warmth and forthrightness, and once she recognizes him, they continue their conversation as equals  He invites her to travel with him to the Palace of Fontainebleau 
Back at the Versailles garden site, Françoise confronts Sabine, and states that André's interest in her is transient and won't last  Later that night, Françoise's lover, at her request, opens the reservoir's sluice gates during a powerful storm, flooding the worksite and destroying much of the earthworks  Sabine nearly drowns trying to close it, but André arrives in time to rescue her  The next morning, she works vigorously to mend the damage  That same day, the King visits the worksite, assesses the damaged project skeptically, but allows it to proceed  Afterwards, André finds Françoise's glove there  Realizing she is behind the sabotage, he confronts her with the glove and effectively ends their relationship 
Sabine is introduced around court by the Duc de Lauzun and the King's mistress, the Marquise de Montespan  Once the Marquise and her female courtiers discover that Sabine is widowed and has also lost her 6-year-old daughter, they share their own losses and welcome her into their company  
The Marquise formally presents Sabine to the King when he arrives  Sabine offers him a Four Seasons rose — the same found in the garden where they had met  Conversing about the nature of roses and their life cycle, beauty, hardships, and death, Sabine metaphorically defends Madame de Montespan, who has begun to lose the King's favor  Louis is again moved by Sabine's observations  "A wise rose," he calls her, and takes her arm so that they may walk and talk further 
André waits for Sabine outside her home that night, and they finally make love  In the morning, André finds himself alone in bed; Sabine is upstairs, traumatized by a recurring flashback of the day her daughter and husband died: prior to taking their daughter with him on a day trip, her husband revealed to Sabine that he had a mistress  Sabine saw that the carriage had a faulty wheel, learned from the footman that they were actually going to his mistress's, not on a business trip, and racing after them, tried to stop the carriage  It veered off track, toppling down a steep hill and killing both father and daughter  
André finds Sabine mid-flashback, and convinces her to stop blaming herself for their deaths, calming her down  She asks him what will happen with his wife, and he says their marriage is over   "And what of us?" Sabine asks  "We will shape each other," replies André 
At the inauguration of Sabine's completed bosquet garden, the King and his court arrive and dance to the music of a hidden orchestra, as the fountains send water coursing down the tiers around the outdoor ballroom floor  It is clear that the garden design is a success, and the king is well pleased  After Sabine dances with the King, she and André join hands and leave to walk into the forest together  The camera pulls slowly back and above the entire grounds of Versailles, revealing the enormous sweep of its grandeur 

Cast
Kate Winslet as Sabine de Barra
Matthias Schoenaerts as André Le Nôtre
Alan Rickman as King Louis XIV
Stanley Tucci as Philippe, Duc d'Orléans
Helen McCrory as Madame Le Nôtre
Steven Waddington as Thierry Duras
Jennifer Ehle as Madame de Montespan
Rupert Penry-Jones as Antoine Lauzun
Paula Paul as Princess Palatine
Danny Webb as Claude Moulin
Phyllida Law as Suzanne

Production
The story was conceived by Allison Deegan, who co-wrote the screenplay alongside Alan Rickman and Jeremy Brock  The film was financed by Lionsgate UK and produced by BBC Films Production began in March 2013  Producer Zygi Kamasa of Lionsgate said that "we are delighted to be working with the best of British actors and directors like Kate Winslet and Alan Rickman as we move forward in doubling our investment in British films in 2014 " Rickman said: "The film is not just frills at the wrists and collars  It's about people getting their hands dirty and building something in order to entertain the other world they serve  It's about how one world maintains the other, often at the cost of women "

Casting
On 17 January 2013, it was announced that Winslet and Matthias Schoenaerts had been cast in the lead roles  Rickman had Winslet in mind for the lead role of Sabine de Barra and continued with her when two weeks into shooting, Winslet announced that she was pregnant  In addition to director, Rickman took the role of King Louis XIV  He explained that "the only way I could do it was because in a way, he's like a director, Louis, so you kind of keep the same expression on your face  As a director, you see everything somehow  It's like a huge all-encompassing eye that sees everything, and it's able to cherry pick; ‘Move that,’ ‘Don't do that,’ ‘Do it this way,’ ‘Change this colour ’ And I don't know where that comes from, but it does, once you're given the job, and I have a feeling Louis probably would've been a great film director "

Filming
Despite being set in France, the entirety of filming took place in England  Principal photography commenced on 27 March 2013 and continued over eight weeks in Black Park, Cliveden House, Pinewood Studios, Blenheim Palace, Waddesdon Manor, Hampton Court Palace, Ham House, Ashridge, and Chenies Manor  Filming ended on 8 June 2013 in Richmond, London According to Rickman, filming "wasn't easy, though; throwing Kate into freezing water at 1 a m , the carriage crash, scenes with 80 extras, tight schedules in venues like Blenheim Palace  It's a constant tap dance between control and freedom and of course the budget guides everything "

Historical accuracy
Some of the characters are fictional, including Kate Winslet's Sabine  The film is set in 1682, but André Le Nôtre began work at Versailles in 1661  Le Nôtre was nearly seventy in 1682, twice the age he appears to be as portrayed by Schoenaerts  A garden much like that in the film exists at Versailles, the Salle de Bal or Bosquet de la Salle-de-Bal (the Forest Ballroom) 

Music
The soundtrack was composed by Peter Gregson  It was the first feature film for Gregson, who previously composed music for a 2014 short film Every Quiet Moment  Veigar Margeirsson's 2008 composition "Rise above" was used in the trailer of the film but was not part of soundtrack album, which was released by Milan Records on 16 April 2015 

Distribution
Promotion
BBC Films revealed footage as part of their Sizzle Showreel 2013 on 25 November 2013  First stills of Kate Winslet were released on 22 July 2014 with the announcement of film's premiere at 2014 Toronto International Film Festival  Three images from the film featuring Winslet, Alan Rickman, and Jennifer Ehle were released on 27 August 2014  A scene from the film featuring Winslet and Rickman was revealed on 9 September 2014  The full-length official trailer was revealed on 19 December 2014  The first poster and another trailer were released on 20 January 2015  On 11 June 2015, another scene from the film featuring Stanley Tucci was released 

Release
The film had its world premiere at the 2014 Toronto International Film Festival as the closing night film on 13 September 2014  It was then shown in gala screenings as Love Gala at the 2014 BFI London Film Festival on 17 October 2014  Rickman presented the film at Camerimage film festival in November 2014  The United States premiere was held at the Sonoma International Film Festival on 25 March 2015  It had a theatrical release in Australia on 26 March 2015 and in UK on 17 April 2015 It was initially set for a theatrical release on 27 March 2015 in the United States but was later pulled out  Focus Features finally gave the film a simultaneous theatrical and VOD release in United States on 26 June 2015 

Reception
Box office
As of July 2015, the film has been opened in fourteen territories including Australia and UK and had grossed $10,084,623 worldwide 

Critical response
The film generated mixed reviews from critics, with the cast being highly praised  As of June 2020, the film holds a 48% approval rating on review aggregator, Rotten Tomatoes, based on 92 reviews with an average score of 5 41/10  The site's consensus states that "Stylish and well-acted without ever living up to its dramatic potential, A Little Chaos is shouldered by the impressive efforts of a talented cast " At Metacritic, which assigns a weighted mean rating out of 100 to reviews from mainstream critics, the film holds an average score of 51, based on 21 reviews, which indicates "mixed or average reviews" Catherine Shoard of The Guardian gave the film two out of five stars and wrote that "Winslet manages emotional honesty within anachronistic confines, and Schoenaerts escapes with dignity " Mark Adams in his review for Screen International said, "the film is a gracefully made delight, replete with lush costumes, fruity performances, love amongst the flowerbeds and even a little mild peril  Yes it lacks real dramatic edge and may be seen as a typical British period costume film, but it is also a classily made pleasure that will delight its target audience " David Rooney of The Hollywood Reporter felt that "This decently acted film is agreeable entertainment, even if it works better on a scene by scene basis than in terms of overall flow "  Tim Robey in writing for  The Telegraph said in his review: "If you see only one film about 17th-century French landscape gardening this year, it probably ought to be A Little Chaos, a heaving bouquet of a picture "David Sexton of the London Evening Standard gave the film a negative review, saying that "Kate Winslet charms as a gardener at the Court of Louis XIV, but it's not enough to keep this inauthentic piece from wilting " Dennis Harvey of Variety criticised the film, calling it "all too tidy as it imposes a predictable, pat modern sensibility on a most unconvincing depiction of late 17th-century French aristocratic life " Kaleem Aftab of The Independent gave the film two out of five stars, noting that while the performances were exceptional, the talents of the players were wasted  He wrote that "it all starts off so promisingly" and praised the camera work and language, but found it quickly fails as "a melancholic look at grief" where "at least four different genres [clash] against each other, occasionally in the same scene" and "the romance seems to take place off-screen " She concluded: "There was a 17-year gap between Rickman's first and second film and on this evidence it's easy to see why  While he can get performances out of the actors, he lacks command of pacing and plot "
Passage 7:
Salmon Fishing in the Yemen
Salmon Fishing in the Yemen is a 2011 British romantic comedy-drama film directed by Lasse Hallström and starring Ewan McGregor, Emily Blunt, Kristin Scott Thomas and Amr Waked  Based on the 2007 novel of the same name by Paul Torday, and a screenplay by Simon Beaufoy, the film is about a fisheries expert who is recruited by a consultant to help realise a sheikh's vision of bringing the sport of fly fishing to the Yemen desert, initiating an upstream journey of faith to make the impossible possible  The film was shot on location in the United Kingdom in London and Newtonmore in Inverness-shire and in Morocco from August to October 2010  The film premiered at the 2011 Toronto International Film Festival  The film received generally positive reviews upon its release, and earned over $34 million in revenue worldwide 

Plot
Fisheries expert Alfred Jones (Ewan McGregor) receives an email from financial adviser Harriet Chetwode-Talbot (Emily Blunt), seeking advice on a project to bring salmon fishing to the Yemen—a project being bankrolled by a wealthy Yemeni sheikh and supported by the Foreign and Commonwealth Office (the FCO)  Alfred dismisses the project as "fundamentally unfeasible" because the Yemen cannot provide the necessary environment for salmon  Meanwhile, the British Prime Minister's press secretary, Patricia Maxwell (Kristin Scott Thomas), suggests the salmon fishing story to the Prime Minister's office as a positive story to help improve relations between Britain and the Islamic world 
Alfred meets Harriet to discuss the project, but despite Harriet correcting his misconceptions of the Yemen environment, Alfred is convinced that the project is foolhardy  Alfred's boss, under pressure from Patricia, forces Alfred to accept a position on the project  Alfred considers resigning rather than ruin his reputation in the scientific community, but is convinced by his wife that they need his income and pension 
Harriet arranges for Alfred to meet the Sheikh (Amr Waked) at his estate in the Scottish Highlands  The Sheikh is excited to meet Alfred as he is the inventor of the "Woolly Jones" fishing fly  While the Sheikh acknowledges that the project might sound crazy, he still believes that fishing is a noble pursuit that promotes harmony and requires immense faith 
After his wife accepts a position in Geneva, Alfred devotes himself to the salmon project  Although painfully shy, he enjoys working with Harriet and they begin to make progress  Their enthusiasm is interrupted, however, when Harriet learns that her new boyfriend, British special forces Captain Robert Meyers (Tom Mison), is missing in action  Devastated, Harriet withdraws to her apartment  When Alfred visits her, she gets upset, thinking he just wants her to return to work, but then she realises he has come to comfort her, and the two embrace 
Meanwhile, the Sheikh continues his work, despite radicals who accuse him of introducing Western ways to their region  Patricia informs the Sheikh that because of opposition to removing salmon from British rivers they will need to use farmed salmon  The Sheikh does not believe that salmon bred in captivity will survive and rejects Patricia's offer, ending the British Government's involvement in the project  Alfred resigns his government job to continue with the project 
After a confrontation with his wife in which he realises that their marriage is over and that he is in love with Harriet, Alfred convinces the Sheikh to give the farmed salmon a try  As the two are fishing, a Yemeni radical attempts to assassinate the Sheikh, who is saved by Alfred casting his fishing line towards the assassin  Soon after, they return to the Yemen, where Harriet and Alfred continue to grow closer  After a moonlight swim, he asks her if there was a "theoretical possibility" of the two of them ending up together  She accepts with a kiss on his cheek, but says she will need some time 
At a press conference in the Yemen, with the Foreign Secretary, Patricia reunites Harriet with her boyfriend Robert who has survived the counter-terrorism operation  The PR stunt leaves Alfred heartbroken  That night, Harriet realises her feelings for Robert have changed, and when Alfred gets a text message from his wife asking him to return, he declines 
The following day the fish are released from their holding tanks  The fish swim upstream, and everyone celebrates the success of the project  While Robert and the Foreign Secretary fly-fish for the photographers, terrorists break into the dam upstream and open the flood gates  Although most people survive the resulting flash flood, the valley is left in ruins  The Sheikh blames himself for the tragedy, and vows to rebuild—this time with the support of the local community 
The next day, as Harriet prepares to leave with Robert, the latter says while she was the one thing on his mind that kept him alive during his mission, she doesn't owe him anything  She approaches Alfred to say goodbye, where he tearfully wishes her luck as he ponders what to do next  Just then, they see a salmon jumping from the water, indicating that some fish survived  Alfred tells Harriet he will indeed stay and help them rebuild  Harriet asks if he will need a partner—and Alfred realises that she is talking about herself  They embrace, and then hold hands whilst looking out over the river 

Cast
Production
Screenplay
The screenplay for Salmon Fishing in the Yemen was written by Simon Beaufoy, based on the novel by Paul Torday  The epistolary novel won the 2007 Bollinger Everyman Wodehouse Prize, and the 2008 Waverton Good Read Award  Through a series of letters and documents, Torday creates a political satire that focused more on the "art of political spin" than on the force of the human spirit  Beaufoy enjoyed the challenge of transforming a fairly complex novel written in an unusual format—a series of emails, text messages, interviews, and testimony extracts—into a film  Beaufoy acknowledged, "I just love adapting material that allows room for creativity and allows room for me to be very present in the process, I suppose  Sometimes when you’re adapting something classic and famous you have to adopt a different attitude, to something like Salmon Fishing where it had such an unusual narrative and such an unusual structure, that you got quite a free reign [sic] to do interesting things with it " Beaufoy integrated the emails, text messages, and chat texts into the film's narrative 
Beaufoy's screenplay is decidedly different from the novel in several respects  The most obvious difference is that his press secretary is a woman, played by Kristin Scott Thomas, whereas in the novel, the character is a man, Peter Maxwell  Where the novel focuses on political satire, the film is more about a man who decides to change direction in his life  In the novel, Jones is noticeably older than the film character, and the romantic subplot with Harriet is kept in the background because of the political satire  By making Jones younger, Beaufoy added a "quirky flair" to the character that gives the audience a "completely different experience in watching a man overcome himself to achieve happiness " Beaufoy noted, "That's the difference when reading the book  You can perceive specific conflicts, but when it's onscreen you have to create something different, something the audience can see and feel and root for "

Casting
For director Lasse Hallström, Ewan McGregor and Emily Blunt were his "first choices" to play the leading roles  "They brought the lightness and the humour to the material," Hallström later observed  He also felt fortunate to get Kristin Scott Thomas to play the role of the bossy press secretary, Patricia Maxwell, recalling, "I knew she could be funny, as most actors can, but she brought that seriousness combined with a bit of heart " For Hallström, it was that combination of humour and seriousness that allowed the actress to capture the balance between the film's sentiment and political satire  Egyptian actor Amr Waked was cast in the role of the sheikh  Waked has enjoyed major success and fame in his own country and throughout the Arabic-speaking world  English-speaking audiences may recognise him as the fundamentalist Muslim cleric in the 2005 film Syriana and the HBO series House Of Saddam 

Filming locations
Salmon Fishing in the Yemen was shot on location in London, Scotland, and Morocco  Scenes set in Yemen were filmed in Ouarzazate in the Moroccan Atlas Mountains  The restaurant scene in London was filmed at the Oxo Tower  The Sheikh's house in Scotland was filmed at Ardverikie House  Reshooting and water tank work was filmed at Black Hangar Studios in the UK  Principal photography started on 6 August 2010 

Music
Music for the film was composed and orchestrated by Dario Marianelli  The score features Leo Abrahams (guitar), Dirk Campbell (woodwind), Giles Lewin (oud), and the BBC Concert Orchestra, conducted by Benjamin Wallfisch  The original soundtrack album was released on 20 March 2012 by Lakeshore Records  The Scottish folksong "Mairi's Wedding" by The Clancy Brothers, which is played over one scene, and "Where You Go" by The Young Romans, the song played over the end credits, are not included on the album 

Reception
Critical response
The film received generally favourable reviews from critics  In his review in the Los Angeles Times, Kenneth Turan called the film a "pleasant fantasy" and a "charming film whose few attempts at seriousness are best forgotten or ignored " Turan praised the performances of Emily Blunt and Ewan McGregor, concluding

Blunt and McGregor are two of the most gifted and attractive actors working today, able to play off each other with great style, and when they invest themselves in these amusing characters they bring to life the film's very contrived plot 
In her review for The Washington Post, Ann Hornaday gave the film two and a half out of four stars, calling the film an "absurdist but gently winning romantic comedy" that "works a strange kind of wonder"  Hornaday praised the director's "assured hand and feather-light touch", as well as the acting performances by Ewan McGregor and Emily Blunt, who finds "an easygoing rhythm with her leading man"  Hornaday continued:

It's the serendipity of creative juxtaposition that Hallström is clearly after in Salmon Fishing in the Yemen, from Scott Thomas spiking the honey with dollops of venom to the fabulous kilts and kaffiyehs worn by the sheik's bodyguards at his rustic Scottish redoubt  Salmon Fishing in the Yemen is less a classic fish-out-of-water tale than a fish-in-strange-waters tale, a study in diametric opposites that finds unexpected synchronies and moments of almost mystical harmony  Viewers who take the sheikh's advice and suspend their disbelief, even for a moment, may well find themselves hooked 
Hornaday found Salmon Fishing in the Yemen a "surprisingly lush, endearing little film, in which a swelling sense of romanticism thoroughly banishes even the most far-fetched improbabilities "
In his review for The Telegraph, Robbie Collins gave the film three out of five stars, calling it "cinema at its most easily digestible" with a cast that is as "unthreateningly attractive as its sense of humour is cosily inclusive " Collins concluded that Salmon Fishing in the Yemen is a "disarmingly nice hour and three-quarters of gentle romance and even gentler comedy "The film received some negative reviews  Peter Bradshaw from The Guardian, who gave the film two out of five stars, wrote that it "feels as if you've seen it many times before"  According to Bradshaw, the weakest scenes of the film involve the ferocious government PR chief (Kristin Scott Thomas), with "much lip-pursing and eye-rolling, but nothing funny or believable in the script for her to say "On the review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes, the film holds a 67% positive rating among critics, based on 153 reviews  The critic consensus states: "Quirky and a little reserved, Salmon Fishing in the Yemen is nonetheless a charming little romantic drama sold by some strong central performances " The film holds a score of 58 on Metacritic, based on 35 reviews 

Box office
As of June 2012, the film has grossed $34 6 million The film opened in 18 cinemas so in the United States on 9 March 2012, taking in $225,000 for the three-day weekend  The film expanded to 483 cinemas by the end of March, when it had grossed over $3 million 

Awards and nominations
In 2012, the film was nominated for the European Film Awards People's Choice Award 
The film was also nominated for three Golden Globe Awards: Best Motion Picture – Musical or Comedy, Best Actor – Motion Picture Musical or Comedy for McGregor, and Best Actress – Motion Picture Musical or Comedy for Blunt 

See also
Water supply and sanitation in Yemen
Passage 8:
Company Pictures
Company Pictures is an independent British television production company which has produced drama programming for many broadcasters  It was set up in 1998 by Charles Pattinson and George Faber, colleagues at BBC Films  Their first film was Morvern Callar, which was credited as a co-production with BBC Films as they had begun developing it while still employed there  In 2003 Company Pictures became part of All3Media  The founders, Pattinson and Faber, left in 2012 to set up another independent production company, and  John Yorke became managing director until 2015  He was succeeded by Michele Buck, former joint managing director of Mammoth Screen For both artistic and fiscal reasons, when producing the TV series The White Queen, Company Pictures entered into collaboration with a Flemish production house  This enabled them to film in the medieval cities of Ghent and Bruges, while receiving tax-breaks as a European co-production and for investment in Flanders 
Passage 9:
L (film)
L (Learning) is a 2011 Greek comedy-drama film directed by Babis Makridis in his debut, and written by Makridis and Efthymis Filippou, based on an original idea by Yorgos Giokas  It stars Aris Servetalis as a 40 year old man whose life rapidly changes over the course of a single day 
Makridis had previously produced a short film, The Last Fakir (2005), which received the Newcomer's Prize at the 2005 International Short Film Festival in Drama  L, his first feature film, was the first Greek selection to compete at the 2012 Sundance Film Festival (19–29 January 2012) where its international premiere took place  It was also nominated to compete in the official Tiger Awards competition in the International Film Festival Rotterdam (25 January – 5 February 2012)  The film was nominated for Best Script award at the Hellenic Film Academy Awards  A six-minute extract was first released at the Work Progress Section of the Karlovy Vary International Film Festival, at the Czech Republic in July 2011 

Plot
A Man lives in his car  He is 40 years old and although he does not have a lot of free time, when he does, he chooses to spend it with his family  He meets his wife and two children at a specified day and time in car parking lots  His job is to locate and bring the finest honey to a 50-year-old man  A New Driver shows up and the Man gets fired  The Man's life changes and he finds it absurd that no one trusts him anymore 

Cast
Aris Servetalis as the Man
Makis Papadimitriou as the Black Rider
Yannis Bostantzoglou as the Boss
Eleftherios Matthaios as The Bear
Nota Tserniafski as the Wife
Stavros Raptis as the Friend
Thanassis Dimou as the New Driver
Christoforos Skamnakis as the Yachtsman
Pavlos Makridis as the Son
Natalia Tserniafski as the Daughter
Alexis Kanakis as Motorbiker
Antonis Iliakis as Meteor

Production
Filming
Filming took place during March and April 2011 in outdoor locations in Attica, Greece and additional filming took place at the end of July 2011  Filming was concluded within 27 days 

Technical information
The movie was filmed in 35mm with an Arriflex BL camera, is 87 minutes long, in colour, sound Dolby SRD, language Greek with English subtitles, 1:85:1 format, edited in Avid 

Production credentials
Directed, by Babis Makridis
Script, Efthymis Filippou Babis Makridis, based on an original idea by Yorgos Giokas about a man who lives in his car
Location Manager, Dimitris Chalkiadakis
Line Producer, Yorgos Papadimitriou
Sets, Dafni Kalogianni
Costumes, Dimitris Papathomas
Sound, Stefanos Efthimiou
Mixing/Sound Design, Costas Fylaktidis
Music, Coti K
Editor, Yannis Chalkiadakis
Director of Photography, Thimios Bakatakis
Executive Producer, Peter Carlton, Christos V  Konstantakopoulos
Production, Beben Films (Amanda Livanou, Babis Makridis)
Co Production, NOVA, Feelgood Entertainment, Faliro House Productions, Top Cut, Modiano S A , Dennis Iliadis, Efthymis Filippou, Yannis Chalkiadakis, Thimios Bakatakis, Yorgos Papadimitriou, Dimitris Papathomas, in association with Warp Films and the support of the Greek Film Center 

Release and distribution
The movie was released in Greek movie theaters in February 2012 by Feelgood Entertainment movie distribution company 

Festivals
Sundance Film Festival 2012   Official selection world drama competition 
Rotterdam Film Festival 2012   IFFR's Tiger Awards Competition 
Copenhagen Film Festival 2012  Official competition for New talent grand pix
Indielisboa 2012  Official Competition 
Seattle International Film Festival 2012  New Directors Competition 
Melbourne International Film Festival 2012  Competition Telescope Section 
Mumbai Film Festival 2012  International Competition 
42 Molodist  Kyiv Film Festival 2012  International Competition  WINNER THE GRAND PRIX OF MOLODIST
Arizona Underground Film Festival 2012  International Competition 
Festival International du Film Indépendant de Bordeaux 2012  International Competition 
36o São Paulo International Film Festival  New Directors Competition 
Shadowline Salerno 2012  Official Competition 
Sydney Film Festival 2012  Section Push Me to the Edge
D' A Festival Internacional de cinema d'author de Barcelona 2012 
Istanbul Film festival 2012  At a special section called " What's happening in Greece?"
Karlovy Vary 2012  Section Another View 
Stockholm Film Festival 2012  Section Twilight Zone  
19th Greek Film Festival 2012 (Melbourne) 
Eurasia Film Festival 2012  Section Cinema bridge: East
23 Ljubljana Film Festival 2012  Section Panorama
Sevilla Festival de Cine Europeo  2012  Section: Focus Europa : Greece 
27º Festival international de cine de mar del plata FESTIVAL INTERNACIONAL DE CINE DE MAR DEL PLATA
18ο Vilnius International Film Festival Lithuania Programm Discoveries

Words about L
FILM DE CULTE
FLIX
FLIX GR
CUEDOTCOMFESSIONS
THE LIMERICK REVIEW
QUIET EARTH
ALTERNATIVE CHRONICLE
SUNDANCE FILM FESTIVAL
SBS COM AUSTRALIA
HOLLYWOOD REPORTER

External links
The official movie blog
L at IMDb
L official facebook page
L official site



ground_truth: 2011

prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: For what ogranization does a commentator of Press TV serve as associate director?

The following are given passages.
Context 3:    are fodder for the Iranian efforts " Iranian native Payam Akhavan, a professor of international law at McGill University, stated that "Canada's diplomatic posture has elevated its ranking in the regime's demonology charts " Ed Corrigan, an immigration lawyer and former councillor for London, Ontario, is a regular guest on Press TV  Corrigan, who has said that "There's very few people in Canada who have more expertise on Middle East politics than I do," argues that Press TV is demonstrating the "international opinion" of Canada's treatment of its native peoples, explaining that "We tend to forget about our conquest of North America     but most countries in the world see it as a colonial exercise "

Coverage of the Russian invasion of Ukraine
Like the Kremlin, Press TV used Moscow's term "special operation" to describe the early days of the 2022 war in Ukraine  It also used headlines describing massacred civilians in Bucha as "fake attack" and "provocation" aimed at Russia 

Staff resignations
Nick Ferrari
Nick Ferrari, a British radio presenter on LBC, resigned from his show on Press TV on 30 June 2009, following the response of the country's authorities to protests over the disputed Iranian presidential election  Ferrari told The Times that Press TV's news coverage had been "reasonably fair" until the election—but was not any longer  Ferrari admitted joining Press TV "was one of the dimmest career decisions of my life", although he also said he had not been pressurized to adhere to any particular line 

Hassan Abdulrahman
In September 2009, The Times reported that Hassan Abdulrahman, born David Theodore Belfield, one of the chief editors of the Press TV website from the beginning of Press TV's news department, had stated that he left Press TV as chief online editor in July 2009 after the election in protest at its skewed coverage of that event  The Times quoted Abdulrahman as saying, "No, I don't think Press TV is about [real journalism]  By its nature, state journalism is not journalism  They have some programmes on there that might be, but generally it's not " In the article the Times also reported that Abdulrahman, who has also used the alias Dawud Salahuddin, is wanted by the FBI for shooting dead Ali Akbar Tabatabai, a former press attache at the pre-revolutionary Iranian embassy in Washington, in 1980  The Iranian government provided Belfield money and airfare to Tehran after he committed the killing, which he admitted to in 1995  (However, he denied that it was "murderous", stating that it was "an act of war   In Islamic religious terms, taking a life is sometimes sanctioned and even highly praised, and I thought that event was just such a time ")

Sheena Shirani
Sheena Shirani worked for Press TV from 2007 to January 2016 as an editor, producer and news presenter  She said that her news director Hamid Reza Emadi and studio manager Payam Afshar sexually harassed her for years, and published a recorded phone conversation with her boss Emadi  Press TV suspended both managers following the incident 

Sanctions and restrictions
In 2010, the Jammu and Kashmir government banned Press TV for airing video on the 2010 Qur'an-burning controversy saying "We have decided to impose a ban on the airing of Press TV broadcasts by local cable operators  We appeal to the people not to heed unverified reports about the alleged desecration of the Holy Koran which have only been aired by Press TV and no other television news channel in the world "On 3 April 2012, Munich-based media regulator Bayerische Landeszentrale für neue Medien (BLM), announced it was removing Press TV from the SES Astra satellite, as they did not have a licence to broadcast in Europe In October 2012, Eutelsat stopped broadcasting Press TV on the order, the channel said, of the European Commission  The following month, the Hong Kong-based AsiaSat took Iranian channels off air in East Asia  The Islamic Republic of Iran Broadcasting managed to resume broadcasts after striking deals with smaller companies that are based in other countries Google blocked Press TV access to their Gmail and YouTube in April 2019; although the latter remained active no new content could be added  YouTube removed Press TV UK from its platform in January 2020  Press TV accused Google, which owns YouTube, of censorship  The Press TV UK channel appeared after the original was removed  In April 2019, Press TV reported that Google blocked their access (along with HispanTV) "without prior notice, citing "violation of policies," and that they received a message saying "your Google Account was disabled and can’t be restored because it was used in a way that violates Google’s policies " Although their YouTube channels remain open, no new content can be published  Press TV claimed that Google "has refused to offer an explanation for shutting down the accounts," and that they have not violated any of Google's listed policies On 26 June 2008, Florida congressman Gus Bilirakis proposed to declare Press TV, Al-Alam News Network and several IRIB-affiliated channels as a "Specially Designated Global Terrorist entity "

UK license revocation
Maziar Bahari, by then a British resident, complained to Ofcom, the regulatory authority for the telecommunication industries in the United Kingdom In May 2011, Ofcom ruled that Press TV was responsible for a serious breach of UK broadcasting rules by airing a 10-second interview with Maziar Bahari, accepting that it had been obtained under duress while he was imprisoned  Ofcom held a hearing in July 2011; the Press TV delegation included two British politicians who have worked as presenters for the channel  A fine of £100,000 ($155,000 in January 2012) was eventually imposed in November 2011, reversing an initial decision to revoke Press TV's licence  The extent of the fine was partly due to Press TV continuing to run the interview after warnings from Ofcom that the station had broken the Broadcasting Code Responding to the decision, Press TV said Ofcom was "influenced by powerful pro-Israeli politicians and US sympathisers" and "members of the royal family and the government"  It maintained Bahari was an "MI6 contact person"  Defenders of Press TV, such as Geoffrey Alderman and the broadcaster's legal representative, Farooq Bajwa, referred to a formerly secret American diplomatic cable dated 4 February 2010 which was released by WikiLeaks  The cable said the British government was then "exploring ways to limit the operations of the IRIB's Press TV service" in response to the jamming by the Iranian government of broadcasts by the BBC Persian Service and the Voice of America On 20 January 2012, Press TV's licence to broadcast in the UK was revoked by Ofcom with immediate effect  The investigation into the Bahari case had revealed the applying company's direct connection to Tehran, and that editorial control came from there  An invitation to change this in the licence had not been taken up by Press TV  Geoffrey Alderman, who had appeared on Press TV to put the Zionist case, criticised the Ofcom decision, describing it as "thoroughly deplorable as well as palpably cynical" and "an affront to freedom of expression"  He said the location of Press TV's editorial control had not changed since the licence was granted  Press TV said Ofcom's decision was a "clear instance of censorship"  However, it continued to broadcast in the UK via its YouTube and Facebook pages 

Website domain seizure
On 22 June 2021, the presstv com domain was seized from a company based in the United States by the United States Department of Justice, shutting down Press TV's website and the websites of other Iranian media outlets  The Department of Justice said that these sites were sources of Iranian-linked disinformation and that proper licensing had not been acquired from the Office of Foreign Assets Control for the use of the domains  Soon thereafter, the broadcaster changed the domain name for its website to use the  ir top-level domain and was back online 

Support for Press TV
In 2009, responding to Peter Wilby, Dominic Lawson and other critics, Mehdi Hasan, writing for the New Statesman, argued that "engaging with Iran, no matter who is in charge in Tehran, is a prerequisite for peace and progress in the region  The very fact that Press TV is Iranian-owned makes it the ideal English-language platform on which to do so "American conspiracy theorist James Fetzer, whose views have often been featured by PressTV and Fars News, has stated that "Press TV, along with RT and Sputnik News, have become the gold standard for reporting on international events and developments" 

See also
Media in Iran
National Iranian Radio and Television
Passage 3:
Francis J  Beckwith
Francis J  "Frank" Beckwith (born November 3, 1960) is an American philosopher, professor, scholar, speaker, writer, and lecturer 
He is currently Professor of Philosophy & Church-State Studies, Affiliate Professor of Political Science and Associate Director of the Graduate Program in Philosophy, at Baylor University, where he first served as Associate Director of Baylor's J  M  Dawson Institute of Church-State Studies Beckwith works in the areas of ethics, legal and political philosophy, philosophy of religion, and church-state jurisprudence Beckwith is well known for his legal and philosophical work on abortion, arguing in defense of the sanctity of life in several academic publications including his 2007 book Defending Life, published by Cambridge University Press, and his 1993 book, Politically Correct Death, published by Baker Publishing Group  He has also published multiple books examining current philosophical questions regarding religion, law and politics  His 2015 book, Taking Rites Seriously: Law, Politics and the Reasonableness of Faith, (Cambridge University Press), was the winner of the prestigious American Academy of Religion's 2016 Book Award for Excellence in the Study of Religion in the category of Constructive-Reflective Studies In May 2007, he returned to the Catholicism of his youth, after decades as an Evangelical Protestant  This inspired him to write a book describing his faith journey, titled Return to Rome: Confessions of an Evangelical Catholic published by Brazos Press  It is compared with Scott Hahn's Rome Sweet Home, as a significant work of Catholic Apologetics 

Life, education and academic appointments
Beckwith was born in Brooklyn, New York and grew up in Las Vegas, Nevada  He is a graduate of Bishop Gorman High School, where he was a member of the 1978 AAA Basketball high school state championship team  His siblings include the writer, comic, and actress Elizabeth Beckwith Francis Beckwith earned a B A  in philosophy from the University of Nevada, Las Vegas (UNLV)  He later earned his MA in apologetics from Simon Greenleaf University, Anaheim, which merged with Trinity International University, Illinois in 1996  Beckwith earned his doctorate from  Fordham University (PhD  and M A  in philosophy), and his MJS (Master of Juridical Studies) from the Washington University School of Law, St  Louis A condensed version of Beckwith's 1984 M A  thesis on the Baháʼí Faith was published by Bethany House, as Baha'i [sic]: A Christian Response in 1985 In 2001, Beckwith completed his Wash  U  M J S dissertation on the inclusion of intelligent design in public school science curricula  In 2003, Rowman and Littlefield published his dissertation in revised and expanded form as Law, Darwinism, and Public Education: The Establishment Clause and the Challenge of Intelligent Design 
Prior to arriving at Baylor in July 2003, he was a Visiting Research Fellow (2002–2003) in the James Madison Program in the Politics Department at Princeton University  He has also held full-time academic appointments at UNLV (Lecturer in Philosophy, 1989–96), Whittier College (Assistant Professor of Philosophy, 1996–97), and Trinity International University (Associate Professor Philosophy, Culture, and Law, 1997-2002)  Beckwith has also held two visiting endowed appointments: (2008-2009) Mary Anne Remick Senior Visiting Fellow in the de Nicola Center for Ethics & Culture at the University of Notre Dame, and (2016–2017) Visiting Scholar in Conservative Thought and Policy in the Benson Center for Western Civilization, Thought, and Policy at the University of Colorado, Boulder In November 2006, Beckwith became the 58th president of the Evangelical Theological Society (ETS), only to resign both his presidency and membership in May 2007, a week after he returned to the Catholic Church  Over a decade later, he became the 90th president of the American Catholic Philosophical Association (ACPA)  From 1995 to 2007, he was a fellow at The Center for Bioethics & Human DignityIn 2003, after his appointment as associate director of the J  M  Dawson Institute of Church-State Studies at Baylor, 29 members of the Dawson family called on Baylor University to remove Beckwith as associate director  The Dawson family members questioned the appointment, accusing Beckwith of holding church-state positions contrary to Dawson's beliefs on the separation of church and state, largely because of Beckwith's affiliation with the Discovery Institute (DI) and his work on 
intelligent design and public education  Beckwith argued that their concerns were not well founded and that they represented a fundamental misunderstanding of his positions  In summer 2007 Beckwith dropped his affiliation with Discovery  He has subsequently published works highly critical of intelligent design, including chapters in his award-winning 2015 book Taking Rites Seriously' and his 2019 book Never Doubt Thomas: The Catholic Aquinas as Evangelical and Protestant  He currently resides with his wife in Texas 

Bibliography
Francis J  Beckwith in libraries (WorldCat catalog)

Baha'i [sic]: A Christian Response to Baha'ism [sic] (Bethany House, 1985) 
David Hume's Argument Against Miracles: A Critical Analysis (Lanham: University Press of America, 1989) 
The Mormon Concept of God: A Philosophical Analysis with Stephen E  Parrish (Lewiston, New York: Edwin Mellen Press, 1991) 
Politically Correct Death: Answering the Arguments for Abortion Rights (Grand Rapids: Baker, 1993) 
Are You Politically Correct?: Debating America's Cultural Standards with Michael E  Bauman, eds  (Buffalo: Prometheus, 1993) 
See the gods fall: Four Rivals to Christianity with Stephen E  Parrish, (Joplin: College Press, 1997) 
Affirmative Action: Social Justice or Reverse Discrimination? with Todd E  Jones, eds  (Amherst: Prometheus, 1997) 
Relativism: Feet Firmly Planted in Mid-Air with Gregory Koukl, (Grand Rapids: Baker, 1998) 
The Abortion Controversy 25 Years After Roe v  Wade: A Reader 2nd ed  with Louis Pojman, eds  (Belmont, CA: Wadsworth, 1998) 
The New Mormon Challenge with Carl Mosser and Paul Owen, eds  (Grand Rapids: Zondervan, 2002) 
Do the Right Thing: Readings in Applied Ethics and Social Philosophy editor, 2nd ed  (Belmont, CA: Wadsworth, 2002) 
Law, Darwinism, and Public Education: The Establishment Clause and the Challenge of Intelligent Design (Lanham: Rowman and Littlefield, 2003) 
To Everyone An Answer: A Case for the Christian Worldview with William Lane Craig and J  P  Moreland, eds  (Downers Grove: InterVarsity Press, 2004) 
Defending Life: A Moral and Legal Case Against Abortion Choice (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2007)
Return to Rome: Confessions of an Evangelical Catholic  Grand Rapids, MI: Brazos Press, 2009
Politics for Christians: Statecraft as Soulcraft (Downers Grove: IVP Academic, 2010)
A Second Look at First Things: A Case for Conservative Politics  The Hadley Arkes Festschrift (w/ R  P  George, S  McWilliams)  (South Bend, IN: St  Augustine Press, 2013)
Taking Rites Seriously: Law, Politics, and the Reasonableness of Faith (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2015)
Never Doubt Thomas: The Catholic Aquinas as Evangelical and Protestant (Waco, TX: Baylor University Press, 2019)
Passage 4:
George Weinstock
George M  Weinstock (born February 6, 1949) is an American geneticist and microbiologist on the faculty of The Jackson Laboratory for Genomic Medicine, where he is a professor and the associate director for microbial genomics  Before joining The Jackson Laboratory, he taught at Washington University in St  Louis and served as associate director of The Genome Institute  Previously, Dr  Weinstock was co-director of the Human Genome Sequencing Center (HGSC) at Baylor College of Medicine in Houston, Texas, and Professor of Molecular and Human Genetics there [1] He received his B S  degree from the University of Michigan in 1970 and his Ph D  from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology in 1977  He has spent most of his career taking genomic approaches to study fundamental biological processes 
Weinstock's parents met during the Manhattan Project in Los Alamos, New Mexico, and he grew up meeting many of the participants in the atomic bomb project and their colleagues  He performed his PhD thesis under David Botstein at MIT, studying the structure of phage P22 chromosome 
As a postdoctoral fellow with Dr  I  R  Lehman at Stanford University School of Medicine, Dr  Weinstock and Kevin McEntee discovered that the RecA protein of E  coli catalyzed strand transfer in genetic recombination  Later, as a faculty member at the University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston (UTHealth), he led one of the first bacterial genome projects, collaborating with The Institute for Genomic Research to sequence the entire genome of a bacterium, Treponema pallidum, the organism that causes syphilis  In 1999 he joined Richard Gibbs at the HGSC as one of the five main centers to work on the Human Genome Project   The HGSC produced sequences of human chromosomes 3, 12 and X  Dr  Weinstock was a principal investigator in projects producing genome sequences for rat, mouse, macaque, bovine, sea urchin, honey bee, fruit fly and many microbial genomes, as well as one of the first personal genome projects, sequencing Dr  James Watson’s genome using next-generation sequencing technology He was a leader of the Human Microbiome Project, studying the collection of microbes that colonize the human body 

Awards and honors
Fellow, American Association for the Advancement of Science
Fellow, American Academy of Microbiology
Editorial Board, Genome Biology
Editorial Board, Genome Biology and Evolution
Editorial Board, BMC Genomics
Passage 5:
Richard D  Cummings
Richard D  Cummings is an American biochemist who is the S  Daniel Abraham Professor of Surgery at Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School in Boston, Massachusetts  He also the chief of the division of surgical sciences within the department of surgery   He is  the director of the Harvard Medical School Center for Glycoscience, director of the National Center for Functional Glycomics, and also founder of the Glycomics Core at BIDMC   As of 2018 Cummings is also the scientific director of the Feihi Nutrition Laboratory at BIDMC   Before moving to BIDMC/HMS, Cummings was the William Patterson Timmie Professor and chair of the department of biochemistry at Emory University School of Medicine in Atlanta, Georgia from 2006 to 2015  At Emory, Cummings was a founder in 2007 of the Emory Glycomics Center 

Education
Cummings graduated from Isabella High School near Maplesville, Alabama, and received his B S  in biology and chemistry from the University of Montevallo in Montevallo, Alabama  He received his Ph D  in biology (biochemistry) from The Johns Hopkins University in Baltimore, Maryland, where he trained with Stephen A  Roth, and was a postdoctoral fellow in the division of hematology/oncology at Washington University School of Medicine, where he trained with Stuart A  Kornfeld 

Career and research
Cummings was professor of biochemistry and molecular biology at the University of Georgia in Athens from 1983-1992 and associate director of the Complex Carbohydrate Research Center Cummings was the Ed Miller Endowed Chair in Molecular Biology, the George Lynn Cross Professor in Biochemistry, and professor of biochemistry and molecular biology at the University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, College of Medicine, in Oklahoma City, Oklahoma from 1992-2006  He was the founder in 1999 of the Oklahoma Center for Medical Glycobiology Cummings was a co-founder in 2002, along with Rodger P  McEver and Richard Alvarez, of Selexys Pharmaceuticals Corporation, where he initially served as president and chief scientific officer   Selexys was based in Oklahoma City, Oklahoma   The emphasis of the company was in developing treatments for inflammatory disorders  On November 21, 2016, it was announced that Selexys was purchased by Novartis   The purchase occurred following receipt of results of the SUSTAIN study, a Phase II trial evaluating the use of SelG1, an anti-P-selectin antibody, in the reduction of vaso-occlusive pain crises in patients with sickle cell disease (SCD) Cummings was also a co-founder in 2014 of Tetherex Pharmaceuticals, a spinoff of Selexys in Oklahoma City, that is developing novel first-in-class therapeutics targeting cell adhesion proteins in inflammatory and oncologic diseases  In 1988 he was a founder of ELA Technologies, Inc  in Athens, Georgia, that specialized in developing uses of bioluminescent proteins in high-sensitivity detection assays 

Research
Cummings is a co-founder of the fields of glycomics and glycobiology   His research, which has been funded by the National Institutes of Health since 1984, has focused on the biochemical and molecular regulation of cellular metabolism and function   His work emphasizes the roles of glycoconjugates in cell adhesion and cell signaling   In his biochemical studies he is exploring the fundamental pathways of glycoconjugate biosynthesis and alterations in biosynthesis in human and animal diseases   He is also exploring the roles of proteins and lectins that recognize glycans, as well as anti-glycan antibodies, in biological pathways and disease, including inflammation, autoimmunity, infectious diseases, and cancer   Cummings has over 330 peer-reviewed publications in the field  Among his notable discoveries are the immunogenic glycans in parasitic helminths, the nature of the sulfated and glycosylated ligand PSGL-1 for selectins, the molecular chaperone COSMC (C1GalT1C1) that regulates T-synthase activity and consequently O-glycosylation pathways, and the roles of glycans in regulating leukocyte trafficking 

Appointments and awards
Cummings is an elected Fellow of the American Association for the Advancement of Science (2014), member of Sigma Xi (2020) and a past President of the Society for Glycobiology (2001)   In 2008 he received the Karl Meyer Award from the Society for Glycobiology and in 2019 he received the IGO Award from the International Glycoconjugate Organization, all in recognition of his contributions to glycosciences  Cummings is the chair of the Steering Committee for the Consortium of Functional Glycomics, a worldwide organization that is a comprehensive resource for functional glycomics   Cummings is the director of the National Center for Functional Glycomics, which relocated in 2015 from Emory to BIDMC/HMS, and develops and offers a variety of glycan microarray technologies for researchers in the field  Cummings is also co-Director of the Human Glycome Project, a world-wide effort to identify and functionally characterize the components of the human glycome 

Publications
Cummings is a co-Editor of the 1st Edition of Essentials of Glycobiology (1999), the 2nd Edition (2009) of Essentials of Glycobiology, the 3rd Edition (2017) of Essentials of Glycobiology, and now the 4th Edition (2022) of Essentials of Glycobiology, the first textbook in the field of glycobiology  Cummings was also the artwork editor for the textbook and prepared most of the illustrations   This textbook in 2003 became one of the pioneering textbooks to be distributed electronically by the National Library of Medicine  Cummings is also a co-editor of Handbook of Glycomics, which provides a comprehensive overview of the emerging field of glycomics, and a co-editor of Galectins:  Methods and Protocols   In addition, Cummings currently has 32 US Patents in the field of biotechnology and glycobiology 
Passage 6:
Jeanetta Laurence
Jeanetta Christine Laurence OBE (born December 1949) is the former associate director of The Royal Ballet  She was artistic administrator from 1990, assistant director from 2003 and associate director from  2009 to 2014 Jeanetta Laurence was born in Oxford, trained at The Royal Ballet School  She rose to be a soloist with The Royal Ballet and created roles in works by Jack Carter, Ronald Hynd, Joe Layton, Lynn Seymour and others Laurence received an OBE in the 2015 New Year Honours, "for services do dance" 
Passage 7:
Carole Hayman
Carole Hayman is an English writer, broadcaster, actor and director  She was born in Kent, and attended Leeds University and the Bristol Old Vic Theatre School  She has been an actress and theatre director and was an associate director at the Royal Court Theatre in the late eighties  She was married to Max Stafford-Clark, the director of the theatre during some of that period  During that time she appeared in many of Caryl Churchill's plays including, Cloud Nine and Top Girls   As Associate Director, she directed plays by Sarah Daniels, Andrea Dunbar, G E  Newman, Fay Weldon and Sue Townsend, including Ripen our Darkness and Byrthrite by Sarah Daniels and Bazaar and Rummage and The Great Celestial Cow by Sue Townsend   She has published many comic and satirical novels and written radio and TV series for the BBC, ITV and Channel Four  These include Ladies of Letters (co-written with Lou Wakefield) and The Refuge and The Spinney (co-written with Sue Townsend) 

Novels
The Warfleet Chronicles, consisting of:
Missing (1998) Gollancz
Greed, Crime, Sudden Death (1998) Gollancz
Connections (2002), published online at http://www sealit org
Hard Choices (2001) published online  Later published in hard copy by Aurora Metro 
Cuddling Sharks (2001) published online
One to Watch (2001) published online
Ladies of Letters (series of books and BBC Radio 4 eleven comedy series  ITV three TV series)
Ladies of Letters (2000) Granada Media
More Ladies of Letters (2000) Granada Media
Ladies of Letters com (2001, Little, Brown)
Ladies of Letters Log On (2002)
The Rashomon Principle (2000)
Ciaou Kim (1989)
All The Best Kim (1988) HarperCollins

Television
She played Mrs Godber in "The Veiled Lady", S2:E2 of ITV's Agatha Christie's Poirot, January 14, 1990 
Passage 8:
Murray Esler
Professor Murray David Esler, AM (born in 1943 in Geelong, Australia) is a clinical cardiologist and medical scientist, based at the Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute and the Alfred Hospital in Melbourne, where he is the Associate Director of the Heart Centre  He is a Professor of Medicine at Melbourne's Monash University  As Associate Director of the Baker, Professor Esler leads the Institute’s research into the relationship between the brain and heart health  He studied medicine at the University of Melbourne and received a PhD from the Australian National University (Department of Clinical Science)  His chief research interests are the causes and treatment of high blood pressure and heart failure, the effects of stress on the cardiovascular system, and monoamine transmitters of the human brain 
His research on the sympathetic nerves of the kidneys in essential hypertension provided the theoretical basis for the development of a revolutionary treatment of high blood pressure, involving silencing these nerves with a radio wave emitting catheter placed in the kidney arteries  This treatment, called Renal Sympathetic Denervation, is now used clinically in Europe and Australia for severe drug-resistant hypertension, and is in Stage 3 trials in the United States 
He is the father of actor Ben Esler 

Awards
Professor Esler has received the following awards for his research:

Excellence Award in Hypertension Research, awarded by the American Heart Association in (2013) 
Bjorn Folkow Award of the European Society of Hypertension (2012) 
Eureka Prize for Translational Research, shared with Professor Markus Schlaich (2011) 
Victoria Prize, State Government of Victoria (2009)
Order of Australia; AM (2007)
Hamdan Award for Medical Research Excellence, awarded by Sheikh Hamdan bin Rashid Al Maktoum Award for Medical Sciences, Dubai, United Arab Emirates (2006) 
Centenary Medal (2003) of the Government of Australia 
Elected a fellow of the Australian Academy of Science (2002) 
Hartnett Medal of the Royal Society of the Arts (2002) 
Merck Sharpe & Dohme Award of the International Society of Hypertension (2000) 
Ramaciotti Medal (1997), for excellence in biomedical research 
RT Hall Prize (1996), for research in cardiology, awarded annually by the Cardiac Society of Australasia 
Wellcome (Australia) Medal (1989), awarded annually for "the most outstanding biomedical research in Australia" 
Susman Prize, Royal Australasian College of Physicians (1983), awarded annually for "the best original contribution to internal medicine by a Fellow or Member of the Royal Australasian College of Physicians" 
Passage 9:
Julie Huber
Julie Huber is a Senior Scientist in the Marine Chemistry and Geochemistry department at Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution  She previously was an associate professor of ecology and evolutionary biology at Brown University, an associate scientist at the Marine Biological Laboratory in Woods Hole, Massachusetts, and the associate director of the MBL's Josephine Bay Paul Center for Comparative Molecular Biology and Evolution  She also serves as the associate director of the Center for Dark Energy Biosphere Investigations, a National Science Foundation-supported program headquartered at the University of Southern California 

Early life and education
Huber spent her youth in Chicago and has cited frequent visits to the local Shedd Aquarium as part of her inspiration to pursue a career in oceanography  Huber was an undergraduate student at Eckerd College in St  Petersburg, Florida, and received her B S  in marine science in 1998  She received her Ph D  in biological oceanography from the University of Washington in 2004 for work with oceanographer and astrobiologist John Baross on the microbial ecology of underwater volcanoes 

Academic career
Huber began work as a postdoctoral fellow at the Marine Biological Laboratory, a facility in Woods Hole, Massachusetts affiliated with the University of Chicago, in 2005; she became an assistant scientist there in 2007  She joined the faculty at Brown University as an assistant professor of ecology and evolutionary biology in 2008  She became an associate scientist at MBL and the associate director of the Josephine Bay Paul Center in 2013, and an associate professor at Brown in 2014  She moved her laboratory to Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution in June 2017 
Since 2015 Huber has served on the editorial board of the scientific journal Environmental Microbiology and as a senior editor of mSystems, an open-access journal published by the American Society for Microbiology  Huber is also active in public outreach and science communication 

Research
Huber's research group studies the microbial ecology of the deep ocean, particularly the habitat formed beneath the sea floor and the contributions of microbes to marine biogeochemistry 



ground_truth: Henry Jackson Society