prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: The FIBT World Championships 1960 took place in a town located in which part of Italy ?

The following are given passages.
Context 1: Passage 1:
FIBT World Championships 1960
The FIBT World Championships 1960 took place in Cortina d'Ampezzo, Italy for the fifth time  The Italian city had hosted the event previously in 1937 (Two-man), 1939 (Four-man), 1950, and 1954  This was an extraordinary event because bobsleigh was not included in the program at the 1960 Winter Olympics in Squaw Valley, California 

Two man bobsleigh
The Italian duo of Monti and Alvera won their fourth straight championships in this event 

Four man bobsleigh
Medal table
Passage 2:
Steven Langton
Steven Daniel Langton (born April 15, 1983) is an American bobsledder  He won silver medals in both the two-man and four-man events at the 2014 Winter Olympics, and gold in both the two-man and four-man events at the 2012 FIBT World Championships 

Early life
Langton attended Northeastern University, in Boston, Massachusetts, graduating cum laude in 2006 with a degree in Business Management and Entrepreneurship  At Northeastern, he was a member of the track and field team and was a two-year team captain, with personal bests of 6 49 seconds in the indoor 55m dash, 10 58 seconds in the outdoor 100m dash, and 7 04m in the long jump  He was inspired to try bobsled after watching the 2006 Winter Olympics 

Olympic career
At the 2010 Olympic Games, Langton competed in both the two-man and four-man events with pilot, John Napier  Langton finished tenth in the two-man event  Due to injuries that were sustained during USA 2's crash in the second run of the four-man event, Langton and his team did compete on the second day 
At the 2014 Olympic Games, Langton competed in both the two-man and four-man events with pilot Steven Holcomb  He won a bronze medal (later upgraded to silver) in the two-man event at the Sochi Winter Olympic Games, marking the first time in 62 years an American sled had won an Olympic medal in the two-man event  Following this accomplishment, Langton teamed with Steven Holcomb, Curt Tomasevicz and Christopher Fogt to win a bronze medal (later also upgraded to silver) in the four-man event  With this medal, they became the first American team in 62 years to win an Olympic medal in both the two- and four-man events at the same Olympics 

World Championships and World Cups
Outside of the Olympic Games, Langton has also won four world championships medals: bronze in the four-man in 2011 and 2013, and gold in both events in 2012  The 2012 victory marked the first time an American sled won gold in the two-man event at a world championships, and the first time the American team won both events at a single world championships 
He has also won 21 World Cup medals during his career: 11 gold, 7 silver and 3 bronze  During the 2010–11 season Langton also won the Inaugural World Push Championships held in Cesana Pariol, Italy 

Family
Steven Langton's brother, Christopher Langton, was an All-Ivy lacrosse player at Cornell University  Chris served as Team USA's Alternate for the Sochi Winter Olympic Games  Another brother, Sean Langton, currently works as a dentist 
Passage 3:
Urs Aeberhand
Urs Aeberhand (sometimes known as Urs Aeberhard) is a Swiss bobsledder who competed from the late 1990s to the early 2000s  He won three bronze medals at the FIBT World Championships (Two-man: 2000, Four-man: 2000, FIBT World Championships 2001) 
Aeberhand also finished sixth in the four-man event at Salt Lake City in 2002 
Passage 4:
FIBT World Championships 1981
The FIBT World Championships 1981 took place in Cortina d'Ampezzo, Italy for the seventh time, having hosted the event previously in 1937 (Two-man), 1939 (Four-man), 1950, 1954, 1960, and 1966 
Following the death of West Germany's Toni Pensperger at the track in 1966, numerous safety improvements were done at the track which were satisfactory enough for the FIBT to allow the championships to be hosted  These improvements would not be enough as American bobsled driver James Morgan was killed during the third run of the four-man event A stuntman fatality on the track a week later, during the first day of filming of For Your Eyes Only, led track officials to shorten the track to its current configuration  Cortina did not host another championship until 1989 

Two man bobsleigh
Four man bobsleigh
February 8, 1981

Medal table
Passage 5:
Eugenio Monti track
The Eugenio Monti olympic track (Italian: Pista olimpica Eugenio Monti  ) is a bobsleigh and skeleton track located in Cortina d'Ampezzo, Italy  It is named after Eugenio Monti (1928–2003), who won six bobsleigh medals at the Winter Olympic Games between 1956 and 1968 and ten medals at the FIBT World Championships between 1957 and 1966  It was featured in the 1981 James Bond film For Your Eyes Only, held after the 1981 FIBT World Championships, before the track was shortened to its current configuration  In January 2008, after a last bobsleigh race tournament, the track was closed 

History
Bobsleigh at Cortina d'Ampezzo was introduced in 1905-6 using a snow-covered road on the Dolomite Road between Cortina and Pocol  An attempt was made in 1911 to build an artificial bobsleigh run near the centre of Cortina, but that failed due to funding issues  By 1923, a new track 1200 metres in length, was constructed in Ronco, a village near Cortina on the Dolomite Road laid with special water piping constructed into the earth and covered with turf to allow for track freezing The track made its international debut in 1928 at the International University Winter Games (forerunner of the Winter Universiade, under administration by the International University Sports Federation), giving the track first notice, increasing its growth  Rebuilding of the track occurred in 1936 to meet the standards of other tracks such as St  Moritz, Switzerland and Garmisch-Partenkirchen, Germany with the finish of the track moving down to the bank of the Boite River  This extended the track length to 1500 metres with 15 turns and a vertical drop of 152 metres  The track hosted its first FIBT World Championships in 1937 in the two-man event  Two years later, it hosted the four-man event of the FIBT World Championships though it would lead to the death of Swiss bobsledder Reto Capadrutt during competition  Another renovation occurred with the track after World War II in 1948, when all of the turns were rebuilt and the track lengthened to 1700 metres and 16 turns When the International Olympic Committee awarded the 1956 Winter Olympics to Cortina, the Italian National Olympic Committee (CONI) took over all operations and improvement of the track at considerable expense  Following the 1952 Winter Olympics in Oslo, track officials added large scoreboards, and electronic timing and scoring  The track used for the 1956 Winter Olympics was 1720 metres long with 16 turns and an elevation drop of 152 metres  When a bobsleigh track was not built for the 1960 Winter Olympics in Squaw Valley, California in the United States, the track in Cortina was used to host the world championships that year in place of being excluded from the Winter Olympic Games 

The track played a key role in improving bobsleigh safety when West Germany's Toni Pensperger was killed during the four-man event at the 1966 world championships  Because of Pensperger's death, the world championships did not take place at the track until safety improvements were made satisfactory to the Fédération Internationale de Bobsleigh et de Tobogganing (FIBT)  This was not until 1981, though the death of American bobsledder James Morgan during the four-man event on February 8 led to track officials shortening the course to its current configuration  The week following the 1981 championships, the track was filmed as part of the movie For Your Eyes Only; one of the stuntmen involved, Paolo Rigon, was killed during the first day of filming By 1989 the track was deemed safe enough by the FIBT to host another world championship  Following the death of Eugenio Monti in 2003, the Olympic Bobrun Cortina was renamed the Eugenio Monti pista (track in (in Italian)) early the following year  The track was awarded the 2011 world championships in June 2007 over Winterberg, Germany and was to have undergone homologation to involve skeleton (last competed in 1992) though that was not done during the 2007-08 Bobsleigh and Skeleton World Cup season  Following some issues with the city of Cortina, the track withdrew its bid to host the 2011 championships so the FIBT awarded the championships instead to Königssee, Germany  The track is now artificially refrigerated  The venue could be reopened when Cortina co-host the 2026 Winter Olympics with Milan 

Track statistics
The track used for the 1956 Winter Olympics had 16 curves that was 1,700 meters long with an elevation difference of 152 meters  Turns 3 and 5 were not named 

Following the 1981 FIBT World Championships, the track was shortened to 1350 meters in length with 13 curves, an elevation drop of 120 45 meters, a maximum grade of 15 9%, and an average grade of 9 3% 

Championships hosted
Winter Olympics: 1956, 2026
FIBT World Championships: 1937 (Two-man), 1939 (Four-man), 1950, 1954, 1960 (Extraordinary event since bobsleigh was not included for the 1960 Winter Olympics), 1966, 1981, 1989 (Bobsleigh only), 1999 (Bobsleigh only)
Bobsleigh European Championship: 1965, 1970, 1982, 2000, 2002, 2007
Bobsleigh Italian Championship: 1930, 1933, 1934, 1935, 1936, 1937, 1938, 1939, 1940, 1949, 1950, 1953, 1954, 1955, 1957, 1958, 1959, 1960, 1962, 1964, 1965, 1966, 1969, 1978, 1980, 1981, 1984, 1985, 1986, 1988, 1991, 1992, 1993, 1995, 2001, 2002, 2003, 2004, 2005, 2007, 2008

Gallery
See also
Italy national bobsleigh team
Passage 6:
Katie Uhlaender
Katie Uhlaender (born July 17, 1984) is an American skeleton racer who has competed since 2003  She has won six medals at the FIBT World Championships with two gold (women's skeleton: FIBT World Championships 2012, mixed bobsleigh-skeleton team event: 2012), one silver (women's skeleton: 2008), and three bronze (women's skeleton: 2007, mixed bobsleigh-skeleton team event: 2008, 2009) 

Career
Uhlaender won the women's Skeleton World Cup title twice (2006-7, 2007-8)  She also finished sixth in the women's skeleton event at the 2006 Winter Olympics in Turin  She earned a medical waiver to compete in the 2009-10 Skeleton World Cup season following surgery in the wake of an April 2009 snowmobile accident where Uhelander shattered her kneecap  She then broke it again in August 2009 (having a total of four surgeries)  She qualified for the 2010 Winter Olympics in Vancouver, where she finished 11th   She then had another surgery (microfracture labral repair by Dr Phillipon at Steadman Hawkins)  On January 18, 2014, Uhlaender was named to the 2014 Olympic team  She placed fourth at the 2014 Olympics, missing out on a medal by  04 seconds Uhlaender has also participated in weightlifting competitions  The 2012 U S  Olympic trials were just the third meet of her weightlifting career, but she did not make the team  Discovering that her hip had ossified (there was no soft tissue) and her ankle had a hole in it, she took the 2014-15 season off from skeleton and gave up on weightlifting to get healthy  She participated in track cycling, attempting to be a starter in the women's team sprint  She posted her best one-lap time of 20 7 at Senior Nationals 2015 
Uhlaender was named, along with Kendall Wesenberg, to represent the U S  in women's skeleton at the 2018 Winter Olympics in Pyeongchang In July 2018, Uhlaender testified before the U S  Helsinki Commission in Washington, DC, on the subject of doping in sports  She was on a panel alongside Travis Tygart, CEO of the U S  Anti-Doping Administration, Jim Walden, the attorney for Russian whistleblower Dr  Grigory Rodchenkov, and Yuliya Stepanova, a former Russian track star turned whistleblower  Uhlaender told the body that she felt she was twice unfairly denied an Olympic medal  The loss "erased the meaning of sport and the Olympics as I knew it "

Personal life
A native of Vail, Colorado, Uhlaender lives in nearby Breckenridge while training, but lives in McDonald, Kansas the rest of the year  She is the daughter of Major League Baseball outfielder (and former Cleveland Indians coach) Ted Uhlaender  In memory of her father, she wears his National League Championship ring from the 1972 Cincinnati Reds on a necklace 
Passage 7:
FIBT World Championships 1951
The FIBT World Championships 1951 took place in Alpe d'Huez, France  Germany returned to the FIBT World Championships for the first time since World War II, albeit as the separate countries of East Germany and West Germany 

Two man bobsleigh
Four man bobsleigh
Medal table
Passage 8:
Andreas Barucha
Andreas Barucha (born 2 April 1979 in Potsdam) is a German bobsledder who has competed since 1999  He won a gold in the mixed team event at the 2009 FIBT World Championships in Lake Placid, New York  His best finish at the FIBT World Championships was seventh in the four-man event at Calgary in 2005 
Barucha's best World Cup finish was second three times in the four-man event (2005, 2006, 2009) 
He finished fourth in the four-man event at the 2010 Winter Olympics in Vancouver 
Passage 9:
Cortina d'Ampezzo
Cortina d'Ampezzo (Italian pronunciation: [korˈtiːna damˈpɛttso]; Ladin: Anpezo, Ampëz; historical Austrian German: Hayden) is a town and comune in the heart of the southern (Dolomitic) Alps in the Province of Belluno, in the Veneto region of Northern Italy  Situated on the Boite river, in an alpine valley, it is a summer and winter sport resort known for its skiing trails, scenery, accommodation, shops and après-ski scene, and for its jet set and Italian aristocratic crowd 
In the Middle Ages, Ampezzo fell under the jurisdiction of the Patriarchate of Aquileia and of the Holy Roman Empire  In 1420 it was conquered by the Republic of Venice  From 1508, it then spent much of its history under Habsburg rule, briefly undergoing some territorial changes under Napoleon, before being returned to the Austrian Empire (later Austria-Hungary), which held it until 1918  From the nineteenth century, Ampezzo became a notable regional centre for crafts  The local handmade products were appreciated by early British and German holidaymakers as tourism emerged late nineteenth century  Among the specializations of the town were crafting wood for furniture, the production of tiled stoves, and iron, copper and glass items  
Today, the local economy thrives on tourism, particularly during the winter season, when the population of the town typically increases from about 7,000 to 40,000  The Basilica Minore dei Santi Filippo e Giacomo was built between 1769 and 1775 on the site of two former thirteenth and sixteenth-century churches; it is home to the parish and the deanery of Cortina d'Ampezzo  The town also contains the Rinaldo Zardini Palaeontology Museum, established in 1975, the Mario Rimoldi Modern Art Museum, and the Regole of Ampezzo Ethnographic Museum  
Although Cortina d'Ampezzo was unable to go ahead with the scheduled 1944 Winter Olympics because of World War II, it hosted the Winter Olympics in 1956 and subsequently a number of world winter-sports events  Cortina d'Ampezzo will host the Winter Olympics for a second time when it co-hosts the 2026 Winter Olympics with Milan  The town is home to SG Cortina, a top league professional ice hockey team, and Cortina d'Ampezzo is also the start and end point of the annual Dolomites Gold Cup Race  
Several films have been shot in the town, most notably The Pink Panther (1963), For Your Eyes Only (1981), and Cliffhanger (1993) 

History
Prehistory
The discovery in 1987 of a primitive tomb at Mondeval de Sora high up in the mountains to the south of Cortina testifies to the presence of Mesolithic man in the area as far back as the 6th millennium B C  In the 6th century B C , Etruscan writing was introduced in the province of Cadore, in whose possession it remained until the early 5th century  From the 3rd century B C , the Romans assimilated the Veneti people, giving the area the name of Amplitium (from amplus meaning wide), today's Ampezzo 

Middle Ages to 19th century
No historical information exists on the Cadore region from the fall of the Roman Empire until the Lombard period  It is assumed that during the Barbarian invasions, the inhabitants fled to the Fassa, Badia, Cordevole and Ampezzo valleys In the Middle Ages, Ampezzo fell under the jurisdiction of the Patriarchate of Aquileia and of the Holy Roman Empire  In 1420, the village was conquered by the Republic of Venice  In 1508 it was conquered by the Habsburgs, and by 1511 people of Ampezzo swore loyalty to the Emperor Maximilian, and that area was subsequently adjoined to the region of Pusterthal  In 1797, when the Treaty of Campo Formio was signed, Napoleon initially permitted the Habsburg Empire to retain it, but in 1810 he added Ampezzo to the Department of Piave, following an attack on the town in which it was burned by the French  It was short-lived; the Austrian Empire reclaimed it in 1813, and it remained in its possession even after the battles of Custoza and Sadowa in 1866 when Venice was ceded to Italy  The town gained a reputation as a health resort; it was reportedly free of diseases such as cholera In 1874 the Ampezzo forest became the property of the Carnic Woods Consortium  Although remaining an Austrian possession until 1920 (as a part of kronland Tyrol), aside from being home for an ethnic German-speaking minority, Ampezzo never became a German-speaking territory and conserved its original language Ladin, a Rhaeto-Romance language 

20th century
When Italy entered World War I in 1915, most of the male inhabitants were fighting for Austria-Hungary on the Russian front  669 male inhabitants (most of them under 16 or over 50) tried to fight the Italian troops  Outnumbered by the Italians, they had to retreat  After the Austrian recovery in 1917, the town was occupied again by the Tyrolean Standschützen  On 24 November 1917, the Habsburg Emperor Charles (Karl) traveled through Ampezzo and was received with enthusiasm by the population  A little girl handed the emperor a letter with the request to send her father home from the front because his wife and mother of nine children had died  After ten days, Bepe Manaigo was with his children  A total of 144 Ampezzans died as a result of the war  Ampezzo soldiers received 16 silver and 4 bronze medals for bravery  In the surrounding area of Cortina there were 38 military cemeteries, everywhere trenches, barbed wire, impact holes, splinters, ammunition and barracks; 2,450 hectares of forest were devastated 
The mountains surrounding Cortina were themselves the theatre of several battles during the Great War  

Following Italy's victory in World War I, Ampezzo was (together with the central and southern part of Tyrol) definitively ceded to Italy in 1920  Three years later, it was separated from Tyrol (along with Colle Santa Lucia and Livinallongo del Col di Lana) and incorporated into the province of Belluno, itself part of the Veneto region 
After the war the city was renamed "Cortina d'Ampezzo" (Curtain of the Ampezzo Valley), adopting the name of one of the six villages that made up the territory of Ampezzo, located in the middle of the Ampezzo valley Cortina d'Ampezzo was designated as a major redoubt and held a large ammunition storage depot (46°36'50"N / 12°09'27"E) in 1945 and had been assigned as a hold out by Italian and German troops to prevent the American and British from advancing into Austria   Town and depot was scheduled to be attacked on 26 April 1945 only last minute weather prevented this strike by the 15th AF / 49th BW
Already an elite destination for the first British tourists in the late 18th and early 20th centuries, after World War I Cortina d'Ampezzo became a resort for upper-class Italians, too  Cortina d'Ampezzo was chosen as the venue of the 1944 winter Olympics, which did not take place due to World War II  Thanks to finally hosting the winter Olympics in 1956,  Cortina grew into a world-famous resort, with a substantial increase in tourism  With a resident population of 6,150 people in 2008, Cortina has a temporary population of around 50,000 during peak periods such as the Christmas holidays and mid-August  The Ford Cortina, the UK's best-selling car of the 1970s, was named after Cortina d'Ampezzo 

21st-century politics
In 2002 the Ampezzaner rifle company Ŝizar Anpezo Hayden was brought back to life  Since Otto von Habsburg, the then head of the Habsburg family, visited Cortina in 2005, their patron has been Charles I of Austria  Especially because of the eventful history, the Habsburg brand is still very present in Cortina in the 21st century, as many pictures and photos of Franz Joseph I of Austria and of Charles I, who is particularly revered here, in inns, restaurants, bars and hotels testify  Since 2011 there has been a memorial for Maximilian I on the main square in memory of the year 1511 and the union of the Ampezzo valley basin with Tyrol The town voted in October 2007 to secede from the region of Veneto and join the neighbouring region, Trentino-Alto Adige/Südtirol  This was motivated by cultural ties with the Ladin-speaking community in South Tyrol and the attraction of lower taxes  The referendum is not executive, and a final decision on the matter can only be made by law from the Italian parliament with consent of both regional councils of Veneto and Trentino-Alto Adige/Südtirol In the European elections of 2014, the leading party was the Democratic Party with 30 4% of the vote, followed by Forza Italia (19 4%) and the autonomist Südtiroler Volkspartei with 14 1% 

Geography and climate
Cortina is situated more or less in the centre of the Ampezzo valley, at the top of the Valle del Boite in the Dolomites, which encircle the town  The Boite river flows directly through the town of Cortina itself  The mountains in the area are described as "craggy" and "soaring", "unmistakable; like a massive coral reef ripped from the sea, strung with conifers and laced with snow"  The town is positioned between Cadore (to the south) and the Puster Valley (to the north), Val d'Ansiei (to the east) and Agordo (to the west)  Originally it consisted of numerous frazioni, isolated villages and hamlets, but from the 1950s it grew rapidly as a result of tourism  Only the most remote villages have remained isolated from the main town  San Vito di Cadore is 9 kilometres (5 6 mi) to the south of Cortina d'Ampezzo Among the surrounding mountains are Tofane to the west, Pomagagnon to the north, Cristallo to the northeast, Faloria and Sorapiss to the east, and Becco di Mezzodì, Croda da Lago and Cinque Torri to the south  Monte Antelao (Nantelou in Ladin) is at 3264 m the highest mountain in the Ampezzo Dolomites and the second highest in the Dolomites  When the weather is good, Monte Antelao is clearly visible from the rive in Trieste on the Adriatic Sea  The town centre is located at an elevation of 1,224 metres (4,016 ft), the closest high peak is that of Tofana di Mezzo, which towers at 3,244 metres (10,643 ft)  There are numerous fast flowing rivers, streams and small lakes in the territory, such as the Ghedina, Pianozes and d'Ajal, which fill particularly during the summer snow-melt season  Fauna include marmots, roe deer, chamois and hares and, on occasion, wolves, bears and lynx  Much of the area of Cortina is part of the "Natural Park of the Ampezzo Dolomites" 

Frazioni
The comune contains the following frazioni (parishes/wards) with their Ladino names in parentheses: Acquabona (Agabòna), Alverà, Bigontina (Begontina), Cadelverzo (Cadelvèrzo), Cademai, Cadin (Ciadìn), Campo (Ciànpo), Chiamulera (Ciamulèra), Chiave (Ciàe), Cianderìes, Coiana (Cojana), Col, Cortina, Crìgnes, Doneà, Fiames (Fiàmes), Fraìna, Gilardon (Jilardòn), Gnòche o Gràa, Guargné, Lacedel (Lazedèl), Manaigo, Majon, Melères, Mortisa (Mortìja), Pecol (Pecòl), Pezié, Pian da Lago, Pocol (Pocòl), Rònco, Salieto, Socol, Staulin (Staulìn), Val, Verocai, Vera (Vèra), Zuel (Zuèl) 

Climate
Cortina d'Ampezzo has a humid continental climate (Dfb) with short summers and long winters that vacillate between frigid, snowy, unsettled, and temperate  In late December and early January, some of Italy's lowest recorded temperatures are to be found in the region, especially at the top of the Cimabanche Pass on the border between the provinces of Belluno and Bolzano  The other seasons are generally rainy, cool to warm, and windy  During the summer temperature up to 25 degrees are present 

Demographics
Cortina's population grew steadily from the time when it was annexed to the Italian State until the 1960s  Thereafter, it underwent a sharp decline (down by 2,099 inhabitants over a 30-year period), with signs of recovery only in the very last few years  Nevertheless, with 6,112 inhabitants, Cortina d'Ampezzo is the seventh most populous place in the province following Belluno (36,509), Feltre (20,688), Sedico (9,734), Ponte nelle Alpi (8,521), Santa Giustina (6,795) and Mel (6,272)  In 2008, there were 44 births (7 1 ‰) and 67 deaths (10 9%), resulting in an overall reduction of 23 inhabitants (−3 8 ‰)  The town's 2,808 families consisted on average of 2 2 persons The presence of foreign residents in Cortina d'Ampezzo is a fairly recent phenomenon, accounting for only a small number of inhabitants in what in any case is a fairly small town  There are 298 resident foreigners in the town, representing 4 9% of the total population  This compares with 7 0% in the town Belluno, 6 4% in the entire province of Belluno, and 10 2% in the Veneto region 

Language and dialects
In addition to Italian, the majority of the population speak fluent Ampezzano, a local variant of Ladin, now recognized as a language rather than a dialect  Ladin is a Rhaeto-Romance language and closely resembles Romansh, which is spoken in Switzerland  The preservation of the local language, as a living medium used by younger generations, is seen as a symbol of pride and attachment to local heritage  Ladin and Tyrolean culture continues to survive despite the increasing pressure faced in recent years  Its importance is even beginning to be recognized by the local authorities who in December 2007 decided to use Ladin on signs for the names of streets and villages in compliance with regulations for the protection of linguistic minorities in force since 1999 

Economy
Beginning in the 19th century, Ampezzo became a notable regional centre for crafts  The growing importance of this sector led the Austrian Ministry of Commerce to authorize the opening of a State Industrial School in 1874, which later became the Art Institute  It became a reputable institution in teaching wood and metalwork, admitting boys from the age of 13 for up to four years of study  The local handmade products were appreciated by early British and German vacationers as tourism emerged in the late 19th century  Some of the local items were said to have mythical qualities; the Austrian journalist and anthropologist Karl Felix Wolff, for example, stated in 1935 that according to legend a local man "once made a sword that was so flexible that you could bend it over, tie it up, and then allow it to straighten out again"  Among the specializations of the town were crafting wood for furniture; the production of tiled stoves; and iron, copper, and glass items 

Today the local economy thrives on tourism, particularly during the winter season, when the population of the town typically increases from about 7,000 to 40,000  Lonely Planet refers to Cortina d'Ampezzo as "one of Italy's most famous, fashionable and expensive ski resorts", which "boasts first-class facilities (skiing, skating, sledding, climbing) and superb hiking" Cortina is home to some of the most prestigious names in fashion (including Bulgari, Benetton, Gucci, and Geox) and various artisan shops, antiquarians, and craft stores  It is also home to many stores specializing in mountaineering equipment  The symbol of Cortina shopping remains La Cooperativa di Cortina, founded on 28 June 1893 as Consumverein Ampezzo  In this shopping centre many trades can be found, from confectioners to newspaper vendors, toys, gift shops, skiing stores, and blacksmiths  The building is divided into three levels (more a raised plan and a balcony)  The cooperative in Cortina was one of the first cooperatives founded in the Italian Peninsula and currently provides employment to approximately 200 people 
The five-star Miramonti Majestic Grand Hotel, of James Bond fame, is more than 100 years old  Previously an Austro-Hungarian hunting lodge, it contains 105 rooms  Other hotels of note include Hotel Cornelio on Via Cantore, Hotel Montana on Corso Italia, Hotel Menardi on Via Majom, Hotel Villa Gaiai on Via Guide Alpine, and the Grand Hotel Savoia on Via Roma  There are several mountain hostels in the vicinity, including Rifugio Faloria, Rifugio son Forca, Rifugio Capanna Tondi and Rifugio duca D'Aosta, which contains restaurants 

Landmarks
Near the bridge on the Bigontina River is the Town Hall, a palace in the Tyrolean style  Piazza Angelo Dibona houses several landmarks  The Ciasa de ra Regoles is one of the more important legal buildings in Ampezzo, where the "regolieri" — a council for the local villages that stood before the town merged — train the community and give administrative orders  It was at one time the see of Ampezzo's primary school  Currently it contains the offices of Comunanza delle Regole d'Ampezzo and the Modern Art Museum "Mario Rimoldi"  The main square of Cortina d'Ampezzo is named after the famous local mountain guide Angelo Dibona 

Museums
The Regole d'Ampezzo administer the Musei delle Regole d'Ampezzo, which covers three museums: 
Rinaldo Zardini Palaeontology Museum, Regole of Ampezzo Ethnographic Museum, and Mario Rimoldi Modern Art Museum The Rinaldo Zardini Palaeontology Museum, established in 1975, is a paleontological museum with a collection of hundreds of fossils of all colors, shapes, and sizes, which were found, gathered, and cataloged by local photographer Rinaldo Zardini  All of the pieces were found in the Dolomites and tell of a time when these high mountain peaks were still on the bottom of a large tropical sea, populated by marine invertebrates, fish, corals, and sponges The Regole of Ampezzo Ethnographic Museum is an ethnographic museum situated in an old restored Venetian sawmill at the confluence of the Boite and Felizon rivers to the north of the town  There are objects related to everyday life, rural, and pastoral practices in the vicinity; agricultural tools; techniques; materials processing; and clothing typical of the valley  
The Mario Rimoldi Modern Art Museum is an art gallery, established in 1941, which preserves over 800 works by major Italian artists of the 20th century including Filippo De Pisis, Felice Carena, Pio Semeghini, Renato Guttuso, Tullio Garbari, Massimo Campigli, and many others  It also hosts temporary exhibitions on various topics 
The Great War Tour stretches over 80 km (50 mi) across the mountains between Lagazuoi and Sass de Stria  It includes the Great War Open Air Museum with its trenches and tunnels  In winter it is accessible to skiers, but it is easier to visit on foot or by mountain bike in the summer months 

Churches
The Basilica Minore dei Santi Filippo e Giacomo was built between 1769 and 1775 on the site of two former 13th and 16th-century churches; it is home to the parish and the deanery of Cortina d'Ampezzo  Its high wooden altar, crowned by a figure of Christ the Redeemer, was carved by Andrea Brustolon  On the ceiling are three frescoes by Luigi Ghedina: "Christ Purifying the Temple", "The Martyrdom of St  Philip", and "The Beheading of St  James" The Chiesa della Madonna della Difesa was built in 1750 on the site of a ruined 14th-century building  Its façade features an intricate fresco depicting the Madonna della Difesa, and the interior is decorated with a wealth of statues, paintings, polychrome marble, and gold leaf 

The Cappella della Beata Vergine di Lourdes (Chapel of Our Lady of Lourdes) was completed in 1907  Decorated by artist Corrado Pitscheider of the Val Gardena, it is a small church of particular interest given the reconstruction sculpture The Cappella di Sant'Antonio da Padova in the village of Chiave was completed in 1791, but the interior was renovated in 1809 after serious fire damage caused by the Napoleonic troops  The furnishings include two wooden busts (Christ and St  Catherine) and a richly designed altar Sacrario militare di Pocol (also known as Ossario di Pocol) is a cemetery and shrine located at an altitude of 1,535 metres (5,036 ft) towards Passo Falzarego, in the locality of Pocol  The small church and cemetery were built in 1916 as a military cemetery by the 5th Alpine group  A shrine was built in 1935 as a memorial to the thousands who lost their lives during World War I on the Dolomite front  It is a massive square tower of stone, clearly visible from the entire Ampezzo valley below  In a crypt in the centre of the structure rests the body of general Antonio Cantore, who was awarded the gold medal for military valor 

Castles and forts
The Castello de Zanna is a small fortress, situated in the vila of Minel  It consists of low, white outer walls and two white corner towers, with a small chapel dedicated to the Holy Trinity  The construction of the castle began in 1694, but on 19 August 1696 work was interrupted; the building remained unfinished in 1809 when it was burned by French revolutionary troops who had invaded Ampezzo  Since then the castle has undergone restoration 
Forte Tre Sassi (or Forte Tra i Sassi) is a fortress constructed in 1897 during the Austro-Hungarian period on the Passo Valparola  It lies between Sass de Stria and Piccolo Lagazuoi, dominating the passage between the Passo Falzarego and Val Badia in South Tyrol (Alto Adige)  It was part of the large complex of Austrian fortifications built on the Italian border in the late 19th and early 20th centuries 
Rendered unusable due to a bombing by the Italians on 5 July 1915, the ruins remained in a state of disrepair until the advent of the 21st century, when it was restored by the local administration of Ampezzo with the assistance of the Lacedelli family  The fort houses a museum containing relics related to the First World War Castello di Botestagno (also known as Podestagno) was a medieval fort perched on a rock in the valley of the river Boite, a little farther north of Cortina d'Ampezzo  It is believed that it was first erected as a stakeout during conflict with the Lombards between the 7th and 8th centuries, with the aim of dominating the three valleys that converge beneath it: the Boite, the Val di Fanes, and the Val Felizon  The cornerstone, however, probably dates to the 11th century  It was held by the Germans until 1077, and then by the patriarchs of Aquileia (12th century) and Camino (13th century), until Botestagno became the seat of a captaincy  It then passed into Venetian hands and finally to the Habsburgs  During the 18th century the castle gradually lost importance until it was auctioned in 1782 by order of Emperor Joseph II  Today the fort has now almost completely disappeared; only the remnants of what must have been the wine cellars and the foundations remain, now weathered and largely covered up by vegetation 

Culture
Cortina has a long tradition in hosting writers, intellectuals, poets and editors from all over the world  Ernest Hemingway, Saul Bellow, Dino Buzzati, as well as Vittorio Gassman, Leonardo Sciascia, Leonardo Mondadori and many others, spent their vacations in the town and took part in the cultural life of the city  Through the years, this led to a continuous activity of literature festivals and book presentations, like Una Montagna di Libri ("A Mountain of Books"), held twice a year since 2009  The festival attracted to Cortina writers as Azar Nafisi, Peter Cameron, Emmanuel Carrère 
Music is important to the locals of Cortina, with a guitar found in most houses, and young musicians are often found walking the streets  Every year, from the end of July to early August, Cortina hosts the Dino Ciani Festival and Academy  It is held in honour of the celebrated Italian pianist Dino Ciani (1941–1974) who died when he was only 32  The festival attracts young pianists from around the world who are able to benefit from classes with some of the world's leading performers  The Festival of the Bands is another annual musical event featuring brass bands from Italy and beyond during the last week of August  Cortina's own band, parading in traditional costumes, is a central attraction dating back to 1861  Cortina d'Ampezzo hosted the 1953 Miss Italia contest, won by Marcella Mariani  Traditionally, on the eves of the festivals of Ascension, Pentecost, Trinity and St Philip and St James, the youth of the town would climb the hills at sunset and light fires After Ernest Hemingway's wife Hadley lost a suitcase filled with Hemingway's manuscripts at the Gare de Lyon in Paris, he took a time off  He began writing that same year in Cortina d'Ampezzo, writing Out of Season The dominant religion in the comune of Cortina d'Ampezzo is Roman Catholicism 
Among the religious minorities, mainly a result of recent immigration, there is a small community of Eastern Orthodox Christians and Muslims  There is also a congregation of Jehovah's Witnesses, which has its headquarters in Pian da Lago The surroundings of Cortina have been the location for a number of movies, including mountain climbing scenes for Cliffhanger, Krull and  The Pink Panther  The resort was the primary area for location shooting in Sergio Corbucci's Revisionist Spaghetti Western The Great Silence; the resort was used to represent Utah in the winter of 1898  It was a glamorous location for Elizabeth Taylor in Ash Wednesday (1973), and was also a major location for the 1981 James Bond film For Your Eyes Only  Roger Moore's James Bond meets the character Luigi Ferrara (John Moreno) at the peak of Tofana and stays at the Hotel Miramonti  A number of action sequences were shot in the town involving Bond and Erich Kriegler (John Wyman), as Kriegler competes in the biathlon  The battle culminates in one of the famous ski chase sequences in film, where Bond has to escape Kriegler and a crew of assassins on a spike-wheeled motorcycles, his route taking them all onto the bobsleigh run  The actual town centre was also the scene of the first attack on Bond and his partner Melina Havelock (Carole Bouquet) by two motorcyclists who attempted to run them over, only for Bond to eliminate them both, putting one of them through the window of a local florist 

Sports
Cortina d'Ampezzo hosted the 1956 Winter Olympics, originally scheduled for 1944, but cancelled because of World War II  The 1927 Nordic, 1941 Nordic, and 1941 Alpine World Championships were held in Cortina as well, although both 1941 championships were withdrawn by the International Ski Federation (FIS) in 1946  The region lost Winter Olympics bids in 1988 (Calgary, Alberta) and 1992 (Albertville, France) 
 Cortina hosted the 2021 Alpine World Championships, and, with Milan, will jointly host the 2026 Winter Olympics and the 2026 Winter Paralympics 
The town is home to SG Cortina, a professional ice hockey team in Serie A1, Italy's top division  Cortina is also the start and end point of the annual Dolomites Gold Cup Race, a historical re-evocation event for production cars on public roads  The town hosted the Red Bull Road Rage in 2009 

Cortina also offers skiing facilities for amateurs, centrally located among the 12 resorts of the Dolomiti Superski area  Cortina itself has 115 km (71 mi) of pistes with 34 lifts and guaranteed snow coverage of over 95% from December to April  There are six ski schools (two for cross-country) and some 300 instructors  The Faloria-Cristallo-Mietres ski area has views over the Ampezzo Valley and is suitable forall abilities, including children  The Tofane area offers more challenging opportunities from an elevation of 2,500 m (8,200 ft) with the Canalone and Schuss ski runs  The longest run, the Armentarola piste in the Lagazuoi-5 Torri area, starts next to the Lagazuoi refuge at 2,752 m (9,029 ft) and is reached by cable car  With the Forcella Staunies (currently not in operation) and the Forcella Rossa, the ski area has one of the steepest slopes in the Dolomites  There are numerous ski freeride and tour options in the mountains around Cortina Facilities also exist for cross-country skiing, including a long stretch of the old railway line  In and around Cortina, there are opportunities to participate in many other winter sports such as curling, ski mountaineering, snowboarding, sledding, and extreme skiing  In the summer months, sports include trekking, trail running, biking, rock climbing, tennis, golf, swimming, and ice skiing  Cortina is known for the many via ferratas in the surrounding mountains such as the VF Ivano Dibona that was used in the movie Cliffhanger  The annual Lavaredo Ultra Trail series of international trail running races is based at Cortina 

Transport
Cortina Airport was built for the 1956 Winter Olympics, but is currently closed  The town has its own bus service, connecting the centre to surrounding villages and cable car lifts  The nearest airports are those serving Venice: the distance to Treviso is 138 km (86 mi) while that to Venice Marco Polo Airport is 148 km (92 mi)  Both can be reached in about two and a quarter hours by road  The railway station for Cortina is Calalzo di Cadore, 37 km (23 mi) to the south east, with rail connections to Venice and a bus service to Cortina  The total journey time to Venice is about three and a half hours  There are also direct bus links from Venice Mestre and Padova railway stations, coordinated with the arrivals and departures of Eurostar trains Cortina was the principal intermediate station on the narrow-gauge (950mm) Dolomites Railway from Calalzo to Toblach  When the line was electrified in 1929  the only sub-station was established at Cortina  The line closed in 1964 but in February 2016 the regional governments of Veneto and Trentino-Alto Adige announced that they are to commission a feasibility study to build a new line between Calalzo, Cortina and Toblach 

Notable people
Cortina has attracted many distinguished guests, often inspiring them in their creative work  They include the Italian novelists Dino Buzzati (1906–1972), author of The Tartar Steppe, Goffredo Parise (1929–1986) and Fernanda Pivano (1917–2009)  Ernest Hemingway, author of A Farewell to Arms, also arrived in the area in 1918 as a young ambulance driver  Other notable visitors include John Ball (1818–1889), the Irish mountaineer and naturalist who climbed Monte Pelmo in 1857, the Italian mountaineers Emilio Comici (1901–1940), Angelo Dibona (1879–1956) and Lino Lacedelli (1925–2009), the Italian skier Kristian Ghedina (born 1969), the Italian bobsledder Eugenio Monti (1928–2003), the Austrian mountaineer Paul Grohmann (1838–1908) and the Austrian skier Toni Sailer (1935–2009)  Frequent visitors include the Italian businessman and former racing driver Paolo Barilla (born 1961) and the journalist and writer Indro Montanelli (1909–2001) Among the distinguished sportsmen from Cortina itself are the skiers Enrico Colli, his younger brother Vincenzo, and Giuseppe Ghedina who competed in the 1924 Winter Olympics, Severino Menardi who participated in the 1932 and 1936 Winter Olympics, and Stefania Constantini, gold-medalist curler in the 2022 Winter Olympics  Other local citizens include the climbers Angelo Dibona (1879–1956) and Lino Lacedelli (1925–2009), and the painter Luigi Gillarduzzi (1822–1856) 

International relations
Twin towns / sister cities
Cortina is twinned with:

 Cattolica, Italy (since 16 March 1971)
 Skardu, Pakistan

See also
Italian front (World War I)
White War
Passage 10:
FIBT World Championships 1966
The FIBT World Championships 1966 took place in Cortina d'Ampezzo, Italy for the sixth time, having hosted the event previously in 1937 (Two-man), 1939 (Four-man), 1950, 1954, and 1960  The Four-man event was cancelled following the death of West Germany's Toni Pensperger during competition  Pensperger would be awarded a posthumous gold medal from the FIBT along with his surviving teammates Ludwig Siebert, Helmut Werzer, and Roland Ebert  As of 2010, Pensperger's death would set the FIBT to increase and improve safety among all bobsleigh competitions at all levels, including the Winter Olympics and the World championships 

Two man bobsleigh
Four man bobsleigh
This event was cancelled when Toni Pensperger of West Germany was killed during competition  Pensperger was awarded a posthumous gold medal along with his grieving teammates (Siebert, Werzer, and Ebert) 

Medal table
Context 2: Passage 1:
You're the Apple of My Eye
"You're the Apple of My Eye" is a song written by Otis Blackwell and initially recorded and released as a single in 1956 by The Four Lovers, the precursor to The Four Seasons  Recorded after they were denied the opportunity to record another Blackwell song, "Don't Be Cruel", "You're the Apple of My Eye" was The Four Lovers' first exposure to U S  national publicity, reaching the #62 position on the Billboard Hot 100 and earning the quartet an appearance on The Ed Sullivan Show  One of two Four Lovers singles that RCA Victor Records released simultaneously, it was the quartet's only foray onto the Hot 100 before the formation of The Four Seasons five years later 

Background
The Four Lovers (1956 personnel: Frankie Valli, Nick and Tommy DeVito, and Hank Majewski) was the eventual result of Valli joining The Variety Trio in 1954 to form The Variatones (which briefly included mutual friends on a part-time basis)  The group performed at various New Jersey clubs and lounges and established a reputation for its musical versatility, incorporating country music, pop music, doo wop, Broadway standards, rhythm and blues, and an occasional foray into Italian love songs 
An RCA Records executive saw a Four Lovers performance and was impressed with the presentation enough to recommend the quartet to the company's artists and repertoire department  They were signed to the RCA Victor label for a series of records to be released in 1956 and 1957  In May 1956, "You're the Apple of My Eye"/"The Girl of My Dreams" and "Lovey Dovey"/"Please Don't Love Me" were released simultaneously by RCA  The four sides were recorded in a single April session (with two other songs that were released as a single in January 1957) 

Legacy
The song was featured in the jukebox musical: Jersey Boys as well as the film version 

"You're the Apple of My Eye"/"The Girl of My Dreams"
RCA Victor 47-6518  "You're the Apple of My Eye" was a last-minute substitution for another song that Frankie Valli and the group was preparing to do in the recording session, "Don't Be Cruel"  Accounts differ as to the precise mechanism behind their not recording the Otis Blackwell song  Some sources indicate that The Four Lovers were told not to record the song as Elvis Presley expressed a desire to record the song himself; other sources indicate that Blackwell himself requested that the Four Lovers not record the song so he could "shop around" for a bigger act (and a better royalty deal) for the song (and succeeded when Presley's manager approached Blackwell with the idea of Presley recording "Don't Be Cruel") 
Blackwell later apologized for "taking the song away from" The Four Lovers and offered a different original composition for the quartet to record  Produced by Blackwell, "You're the Apple of My Eye" was composed as a "traditional" rhythm-and-blues song, but the Four Lovers gave it more of a rock'n'roll interpretation (some music critics referred to it as so "over the top" as to be close in style to burlesque) 
The single was the group's first attempt into national publicity, with sales and airplay sufficient for the record to enter the Hot 100 and to generate enough interest for Ed Sullivan to invite the group onto his weekly television program  "Apple of My Eye" was the only Four Lovers Single to achieve chart status as the other six successive singles sank without a trace in 1956 and 1957 
After the Four Lovers became The Four Seasons in 1961, "You're the Apple of My Eye" was re-recorded (as "Apple of My Eye") for the Sherry and 11 Others album (1962)  The re-recording was released as a single in October 1964 and appeared briefly on the Billboard Bubbling Under the Hot 100 record chart 
The B-side of The Four Lovers single, "The Girl of My Dreams", is a cover of a song composed by Maxwell Davis, Joe Josea, Jules Taub, and Sam Ling  Jessie Belvin and Eugene Church recorded and released a recording of the song in 1956 as The Cliques 

"Honey Love"/"Please Don't Leave Me"
RCA Victor 47-6519  Released the same day as "You're the Apple of My Eye", The Four Lovers' second single featured covers of two rhythm-and-blues hits from the mid-1950s  The A-side, "Honey Love", was a considerable R&B hit for The Drifters in 1956  It was composed by Drifters lead singer Clyde McPhatter and Atlantic Records producer Jerry Wexler  The Four Lovers' version was similar in style to the original, but didn't come close to attaining the level of success of either the original or "You're the Apple of Your Eye" 
The B-side of the group's second single, "Please Don't Leave Me", was composed by Antoine "Fats" Domino and was originally recorded by him in 1953  It is one of the more blues-based songs in the Fats Domino catalog — and one of the most blues-based songs ever recorded by Frankie Valli and his friends, regardless of the name or membership of the group 

After "Apple" and "Honey"
The management or RCA Victor and The Four Lovers were encouraged by the success of "You're the Apple of My Eye" to make arrangements for recording an album for release for Christmas sales  The result, Joyride, had a collection of rhythm-and-blues and western covers, with a few pop standards and a handful of never-before-released songs, complete with a rollicking version of "White Christmas", patterned similar to the Drifters' version from 1955  In addition, RCA was releasing Four Lovers' singles roughly every two weeks, including covers of Hank Williams' "Jambalaya", Faye Adams' "Shake a Hand", and an early vocal version of "Night Train" 
Joyride and the last five RCA Victor Four Lovers singles failed to chart and failed to sell  Today, they are collector's items, with the album being worth up to $400 (US) in near mint condition and some of the singles at roughly one-third that  The group's last single, "My Life for You Love"/"Pucker Up", sold so few that the relative handful of existing copies are now selling for up to $3000 each 
By the end of 1957, The Four Lovers had no recording contract and returned to performing in clubs and lounges before being put "on hiatus", albeit briefly before a new artists contract with Bob Crewe's Peri Records gave the group a new purpose for its existence, that of supporting musicians with the occasional opportunity to record songs on their own (which they did — and release under a variety of names between 1958 and 1961)  This began a sequence of events which, in four years, resulted in the group becoming The Four Seasons 
Passage 2:
Dawn (Go Away)
"Dawn (Go Away)" is a song written by Bob Gaudio and Sandy Linzer and recorded by The Four Seasons in November 1963   
The song hit No  3 in the early part of 1964  According to Billboard, it was the 25th biggest hit single of the year, placing behind "Rag Doll", another Four Seasons hit, which was No  24 

Background
It was recorded as the Four Seasons were involved in a royalty dispute with Vee-Jay Records  As the lawsuit proceeded, the group recorded "Dawn" and a handful of other songs and withheld the master tapes from Vee-Jay, which then claimed breach of contract  The dispute was not settled until 1965, a year after the Four Seasons officially left Vee-Jay 
The group signed with Philips Records, a subsidiary of Mercury Records, shortly thereafter  "Dawn (Go Away)" was released in January 1964  It took four weeks to climb the Billboard Hot 100 chart to number 3 on February 29, 1964, prevented from going higher by The Beatles' "I Want to Hold Your Hand" and "She Loves You", which became the top two singles of 1964  "Dawn" remained at number 3 for three weeks, then dropped to make way for two further Beatles singles ("Twist and Shout" and "Please Please Me")  During its six-week run in the Top Ten, only Beatles hits ranked above it in the chart Cash Box said that the song "is delivered with that stompin', falsetto-highlighted money-making touch of the Four Seasons" and praised the arrangement and conducting by Charles Calello Originally written as a folk song, arranger Charles Calello sped it up and, at Valli's suggestion, added a galloping rhythm guitar borrowed from Kai Winding's version of "More"  Drummer Buddy Saltzman accented the recording with bombastic around-the-kit fills and ghost notes without using any cymbals The single version, with a two-line sung introduction, was never recorded in true stereo  Early "stereo" album releases were rechanneled (with the high and low frequencies on one channel and the midrange on the other); later stereo issues, from the Edizione d'Oro greatest hits album onward, include different takes of the recording  One begins with a short drum intro, featuring a louder and more frantic drum backing by Saltzman, and slightly different vocals  Both versions are listed as 2 minutes 11 seconds long, but the stereo "Dawn" is 2 minutes 30 seconds, and the mono version with the "Pretty as midsummer's morn  They called her Dawn" intro is 2 minutes 45 seconds "Dawn (Go Away)" was the only Philips single crediting the Four Seasons that did not have the notation "featuring the 'sound' of Frankie Valli" 
Passage 3:
Watch the Flowers Grow
"Watch the Flowers Grow" is a song composed by L  Russell Brown and Raymond Bloodworth and popularized by The Four Seasons in 1967  The single was released in the wake of The Beach Boys' Pet Sounds and The Beatles' Sgt  Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band, "Watch the Flowers Grow" struggled up the Billboard Hot 100, peaking at #30, as The Four Seasons' music was rapidly falling out of favor with the American record-buying public (the Four Seasons' next single, a cover of The Shirelles' #1 hit "Will You Love Me Tomorrow" did slightly better, reaching #24 as the last Top 40 Four Seasons hit until "Who Loves You" in 1975) 
Billboard described the single as a "timely, easy-beat ballad" that was one of the Four Seasons' "most unusual entries "  Cash Box said  that it's "gently pulsing, melodic, romp "Songwriter L  Russell Brown would compose (or co-compose) a string of hit records in the 1970s, including several recorded by Dawn featuring Tony Orlando 
Passage 4:
Gloaming (horse)
Gloaming (September 1915 – 5 May 1932) was an outstanding Thoroughbred racehorse, owned, trained, and based in New Zealand  He set many records which included the Australasian record (jointly held with Desert Gold, Black Caviar and Winx) of 19 successive wins, many in Principal Races  Gloaming was unusual in that he was a champion who won many major races in both Australia and New Zealand  Gloaming still holds the Australasian record of 45 seconds for four furlongs 

Breeding
He was a robust bay gelding standing 15 hands 3 inches high with a good length of rein  Gloaming was sired by the good imported racehorse and sire, The Welkin (GB) out of the unplaced mare, Light (GB), by the good sire, Eager  His paternal grandsire was the English Triple Crown champion, Flying Fox  Gloaming was a brother to seven other named horses, all by The Welkin, including Gloaming's Sister (won AJC Kirkham Stakes), but none were nearly so successful as him  Light was inbred in the third generation (3x3) to Sterling Gloaming was sold as a yearling in 1916 for 230 guineas to  H  Chisholm acting on behalf of George D  Greenwood, of Teviotdale in the Canterbury region, New Zealand  Following the sale he made his first of 15 crossings of the Tasman Sea 

Racing record
Gloaming had a long career, racing from age three to nine years, which included victories over other champion racehorses such as Desert Gold, Beauford, Kennaquhair, Whittier and The Hawk  He was successful at distances from four furlongs to a mile and a half He was put into work as a two-year-old, but became shin-sore, and was gelded before being spelled  In June 1918 he was shipped to Sydney, after he had showed promise in track work in New Zealand 

1922 Racebook
At three years: 1918-19
At his first start, in the Sydney Tattersall's Chelmsford Stakes, over nine furlongs, he ran a race record time to defeat a class field that included the imported five-year-old Rebus and Kennaquhair  This was the first time this race had been won by a three-year-old having their first start  In his first season's racing Gloaming went on to win three Derbies, the AJC Australian Derby, the New Zealand Derby Stakes, and also the Great Northern Derby in New Zealand  In addition he 

won the 1918 Wellington R C  (WRC) Champion Plate weight for age (w f a ) over 10 furlongs by 21⁄2 lengths
2nd in G  G  Stead Memorial Stakes (w f a ) (defeated by the New Zealand Cup winner, Sasanof) 
won Auckland Racing Club (ARC) Islington Plate (w f a ) 1 mile 
won Wellington Stakes 5 furlongs in 58 3/5 seconds (race record)
won WeRC  Kelburn Plate (w f a )  4 fur  (defeating Surveyor)
2nd  in Taranaki Stakes (defeated by Desert Gold) 
won Egmont Stakes (defeating Desert Gold) 
won Hawera Stakes (defeating Desert Gold)
won WangJC Wanganui Jackson Stakes (w f a ) 6 fur 
won WangJC Wanganui Guineas, 1 mile
won Canterbury Jockey Club (CJC) Challenge Stakes, 7 fur  (defeating Surveyor) 
fell in the North Island Challenge Stakes (which was won by Warplane who was in receipt of 31 lb ) 

At four years: 1919-20
Gloaming won all but one of his starts during this season  All of his starts for this season are listed below:

won Rosehill Spring Stakes (w f a ) 1 mile (defeating Wolaroi and Prince Viridis) 
2nd in Australian Jockey Club (AJC) Spring Stakes (w f a ) (beaten a head by Poitrel; Cetigne 3rd), 12 furlongs
won AJC Craven Plate (w f a ) 10 furlongs (defeating Wolaroi and, Rebus 3rd, Sasanof) 
won Wellington (N Z ) Champion Plate (w f a ) 10 f (defeating Affectation, Mascot, Vagabond, and Desert Gold) 
won G  G  Stead Memorial Gold Cup, 10 f (defeating Rossini and Desert Gold) 
won ARC Islington Plate (w f a ) 1 mile
won ARC  Royal Park Stakes, 6 furlongs in 1:13 (race record)

At five years: 1920-21
As a five-year-old Gloaming had 15 race starts and won all of them including these principal races:

1920 ARC Islington Plate (w f a ) 8 f
1920 ARC Royal Stakes 6 f
1921 ARC Auckland Plate (w f a ) 12 f
1921 CJC Challenge Stakes 7 f
1921 TaraJC Taranaki Stakes 6 f
1921 WangJC Jackson Stakes (w f a ) 6 f

At six years: 1921-22
As a six-year-old Gloaming had 12 race starts and won all but one, in which he ran second  The principal races he won were:

1922 ARC Auckland Plate 12 furlongs
1922 TaraJC Taranaki Stakes 6 furlongs
1922 WangJC Jackson Stakes (w f a ) 6 furlongs, in 1:11 4/5, a race record
1922 WRC North Island Challenge Stakes 7 furlongs
1922 CJC Challenge Stakes 7 furlongs
1922 HBJC Ormond Memorial Gold Cup 8 furlongs 

At seven years: 1922-23
As a seven-year-old Gloaming had 5 starts for 3 wins and 2 seconds  The principal races he won were:

1922 RRC The Hill Stakes 10 f by 11⁄4 lengths from Beauford
1922 AJC Craven Plate Pr 10 f by 3 lengths from Beauford
1922 WRC Champion Plate (w f a ) 10 f with 9 st  4 lbs  (59 kg) in 2:6 1/5 a race record 

At eight years: 1923-24
As an eight-year-old Gloaming had 5 starts for 4 wins and 1 second  The principal races he won were:

1924 WangJC Jackson Stakes (w f a ) 6 f
1924 WeRC North Island Challenge Stakes with 10 1 (defeating Quiescent 6 12 by 6 lengths), 7 fur  in 1:27 4/5 

At nine years: 1924-25
As a nine-year-old Gloaming had 10 starts for 8 wins and 2 seconds  The principal races he won were:

1924 AJC Spring Stakes over 12 furlongs (defeating David, Ballymena, and Rivoli) 
1924 AJC Craven Plate over 10 f (defeating Ballymena, David, and Nigger Ministrel) 
1924 VRC Melbourne Stakes (w f a ) 10 f 
1925 Canterbury (N Z ) Middle Park Plate, 6 fur  with 9 st  10 lb  by 5 lengths with the 3rd horse a further 3 lengths away 
1925 WRC North Island Challenge Stakes 7 f  with 10 1 (Inferno 8 13, and), 7 fur  in 1 26 
1925 CJC Challenge Stakes 7 f  with 9 11
1925 HBJC Ormond Memorial Gold Cup 8 furlongs with 9 10 (beating The Hawk 9 10)

Summary
Gloaming had 67 race starts, won 57 (including 39 Principal Races) and was second 9 times  Gloaming fell in his only other race start, at barrier rise in the North Island Challenge Stakes which was a race he later won three times  When he retired he was the leading Australian racing stakes winner  He was the first horse to defeat the great mare, Desert Gold over a mile and he still holds the Australasian record of 45 seconds for four furlongs  He jointly held the Australasian record of 19 wins in succession with Desert Gold, who he met five times and defeated four times  The record is now held at 33 wins by Winx When Gloaming was retired from the turf to his owner's property at Teviotdale, he was the leading stakes-winner in Australasia with fifty-seven wins and £43,100 in prize-money  He died on 5 May 1932 

Honours
Gloaming has had his portrait painted by the noted equine artist, Martin Stainforth and it was reproduced in Racehorses in Australia Gloaming was one of five inaugural inductees into the New Zealand Racing Hall of Fame, alongside Carbine, Kindergarten, Phar Lap and Sunline  The Group Three Gloaming Stakes (1,800m) contested at Sydney's Rosehill Gardens Racecourse is named in his honour 

See also
List of historical horses
List of leading Thoroughbred racehorses
Repeat winners of horse races
Passage 5:
Four Seasons of Love
Four Seasons of Love is the fourth studio album by American singer-songwriter Donna Summer  Released on October 11, 1976, this  concept album became her third consecutive successful album to be certified gold in the US  It peaked at #29 on the Billboard 200  In addition, all the cuts on this album went to number one on the disco chart 

Overview
This was the third concept album Summer had made, though unlike the previous two which had contained one long track on side one and a small selection of slightly shorter ones on side two, Four Seasons of Love was more equally balanced  The album told the story of a love affair by relating it to the four seasons  Side one contained "Spring Affair" and "Summer Fever", both disco tracks, and side two contained "Autumn Changes" (a slightly slower disco number) and "Winter Melody" (which had an even slower beat), plus a reprise of "Spring Affair"  This concept was reflected in the four photos of Summer, one for each season of the year, in a pull-out 1977 calendar included with the original LP album  The photo on the cover was, fittingly, the Summer pic  Summer's "first lady of love" image came across strongly on this album, though her trademark moans and groans were slightly less evident than on previous work  Pics included "Winter" in a fur with a tear on her cheek; "Spring" in a Scarlett O'Hara style hoop skirt on a swing; and "Autumn" re-enacting Marilyn Monroe's famous scene from The Seven Year Itch with the billowing white dress over the subway grate  This is an allusion to her song "Love to Love You Baby", for which she cites Monroe as an inspiration As with the previous two albums, Four Seasons of Love was distributed by different record labels in different countries, including Casablanca Records in the U S  Edited versions of "Spring Affair" and "Winter Melody" were released in various places, but neither had a big impact on any charts (although the latter made the Top 30 on the UK singles chart)  The album was also released as a Club Special Edition / Club Sonderauflage in West Germany on the Atlantic Records Label 

Critical reception
Michael Freedberg of AllMusic called the album "rapture indeed", noting that "the rhythms push and go poof as delicately as ever", "the horn section mutes and jazzes the melody", the beats stop, run, and stop again whenever they damn please", and "Summer expresses private rapture in falsetto as she smooches, oohs, and ahs onto the mix like lipstick traces" Cashbox magazine reviewer stated that since there are only five songs on this album, at "first glance it seems a
little slim", but "each tune, based on a season of the year, is pure Summer (Donna)"  On the album, "accompanied by the Munich Machine, the sultry songstress runs the gamut of emotions, from lust to lustier", "the string parts are super-slick", and "the production makes full use of Summer's vocal abilities" 

Track listing
Personnel
Donna Summer – lead vocals
Thor Baldursson – keyboards, string and horn arrangements
Keith Forsey – drums, percussion
Nick Woodland – guitar
Les Hurdle – bass guitar
Dino Solera – saxophone
Geoff Bastow – synthesizer
Madeline Bell, Sue & Sunny – backing vocalsTechnicalMixed by Giorgio Moroder
Engineered by Jürgen Koppers
Album Cover Concept by Susan Munao, Joyce Bogart & Donna Summer
Design by Henry Vizcarra & Gribbitt!
Art Direction by Gribbitt! & Chris Whorf
Photography – Mario Casilli

Charts
Certifications and sales
Passage 6:
The Wonder Who?
The Wonder Who? was a nom de disque of The Four Seasons for four single records released from 1965 to 1967   It was one of a handful of "names" used by the group at that time, including Frankie Valli (as a "solo" artist even though the Four Seasons were present on the record) and The Valli Boys  Wonder Who? recordings generally feature the falsetto singing by Valli, but with a softer falsetto than on "typical" Four Seasons recordings 

Background
The Four Lovers
The Four Seasons evolved from The Four Lovers, which recorded under a variety of names between 1956 and 1960  Lead singer Valli had himself recorded under several pseudonyms as well, including Frankie Tyler and Frankie Valley  Songwriter/guitarist/keyboardist Bob Gaudio did the same (as Turner Disentri, i e , "Turn of the Century") and bassist/arranger Nick Massi (as Alex Alda) after they joined the Four Lovers in 1959 Aside from the first Four Lovers single, "You're the Apple of My Eye" in 1956, the group's (and Valli's) records failed to chart  In 1958, The Four Lovers obtained a three-year artist contract with producer Bob Crewe, which gave the group a steady stream of session work (Valli can be heard singing in the background of "Rock and Roll Is Here to Stay" by Danny and the Juniors) in addition to recording for Crewe's Peri Records Since the beginning of The Four Lovers, the group performed in clubs and lounges in New Jersey and offered songs in a variety of styles, from country and western to pop to doo wop to rockabilly to Broadway tunes, with a sprinkling of Italian love songs thrown in 

The Four Seasons hit factory
In 1960, The Four Lovers became The 4 Seasons (named after the bowling lane)  The session work (and recording under various names) continued, but now with Valli, Gaudio, and Crewe trying to sell both Gaudio compositions and Four Seasons recordings, the group finally achieved national distribution under its own name for the first time in four years  While the first single failed to sell, the second one, "Sherry", started a string of successes for The Four Seasons   From 1962 to 1966, it has been estimated that The Four Seasons had sold about 50 million records, more than any recording act except The Beatles In the midst of a royalty dispute with Vee-Jay Records in late 1963, the Four Seasons left the label for Philips  While Vee-Jay started recycling Four Seasons product in 1964, Phillips started releasing new Four Seasons records with increasing frequency as the British invasion began  With the blessing of Philips officials, Valli rekindled his "solo" career in the latter part of 1965, releasing records that were credited to him and having the group as backing musicians  In 1966 and 1967, Four Seasons records and Frankie Valli singles were listed on the Billboard Hot 100 chart, with both names appearing simultaneously in the chart in several issues of the magazine 

The Wonder Who? history and beyond
On the heels of recording a live album of Broadway tunes (to complete the settlement of the group's lawsuit with Vee-Jay), Valli, Crewe, and Gaudio had planned on recording an album consisting entirely of songs written by Bob Dylan, but as recording progressed, the concept was modified to include songs by Burt Bacharach and Hal David  Valli was not happy with his vocals on the various takes of "Don't Think Twice, It's All Right" when he decided to record the song with a "joke" falsetto vocal (an impression of jazz musician Rose Murphy) to reduce the tension in the studio An executive of Philips Records heard a replay of the recording with a "joke" vocal and wanted it to be released as a single — Two years earlier, Peter, Paul, and Mary had reached the #9 position on the Hot 100 with their version of the song — but the recording by Valli and the band could not be released as either a Valli "solo" single or a Four Seasons single  Sold in a picture sleeve with a connect the dots puzzle, the record with the truncated name ("Don't Think Twice") was released as by "The Wonder Who?" in November 1965  It reached No  12 on the Hot 100, and as it was sliding down the chart in January 1966, a Frankie Valli "solo" single ("(You're Gonna) Hurt Yourself") and a Four Seasons single ("Working My Way Back to You") were also in the upper half of the chart, giving three simultaneous hit records by the group under different guises In the wake of "Don't Think Twice", Vee-Jay reissued a Four Seasons recording, "Peanuts" (originally a 1957 hit by Little Joe and the Thrillers), as by "The Wonder Who" (without the question mark)  As was the case with previous Four Seasons releases of the song, the "Wonder Who" single didn't sell and didn't chart 
Two more "Wonder Who?" singles were released by Philips  Three of the four sides made it onto the lower reaches of the Hot 100 "Don't Think Twice" and the other charting "Wonder Who?" recordings were included on Four Seasons albums, which, in their original releases, made no mention of the name that was created for single release 
While "Lonesome Road" became the last "Wonder Who?" single, the group continued to release both Four Seasons and Frankie Valli "solo" singles until 1975, when Valli had recorded "Swearin' to God" without any participation from the group (his previous hit, "My Eyes Adored You" was recorded as a Four Seasons recording, but was released as a "solo" record) 

Members
Frankie Valli
Tommy DeVito (died 2020)
Bob Gaudio
Nick Massi (died 2000)
Joe Long (died 2021)

Singles by "The Wonder Who?"
All "Wonder Who?" singles were produced by Bob Crewe 

"Don't Think Twice"/"Sassy"
Philips 40324, released October 1965  "Don't Think Twice" was originally recorded by composer Bob Dylan (as "Don't Think Twice, It's All Right") on his 1963 album, The Freewheelin' Bob Dylan   Peter, Paul, and Mary released the most commercially successful version of the song in September 1963  It reached No  9 on the Hot 100 singles chart  The "Wonder Who?" version peaked at No  12 in December 1965 
"Sassy" was an original instrumental by the Four Seasons  Composing credit was given to Bob Gaudio and Bob Crewe 

"On the Good Ship Lollipop"/"You're Nobody till Somebody Loves You"
Philips 40380, released June 1966  Composed by Richard A  Whiting and Sidney Clare, "On the Good Ship Lollipop" made its debut in the 1934 Shirley Temple motion picture Bright Eyes and is most identified with Temple singing it, but the most successful commercial release of the song was by Rudy Vallee,  reaching No  4 on the Billboard chart in 1935  The Four Seasons/Wonder Who version barely made a dent on the Hot 100, reaching the #87 position 
"You're Nobody till Somebody Loves You" was another chestnut, having been a hit for Russ Morgan in 1946 and recorded by numerous artists since then  It was composed by Morgan, Larry Stock, and Harry Cavanaugh  When the version credited to "The Wonder Who?" appeared on the Hot 100 at the #96 position, it marked the only time that two positions were simultaneously occupied by the fictitious group, and only "Wonder Who?" single that had both sides chart 

"The Lonesome Road"/"Around and Around (andaroundandaroundandaroundandaround)"
Philips 40471, released July 1967  Composed by Gene Austin and Nathaniel Shilkret, "Lonesome Road" was first recorded by Austin, accompanied by Shilkret directing the Victor Orchestra, in 1927 and has since been recorded by over two hundred famous artists  It was used in five motion pictures, including  the motion picture Show Boat   The version by "The Wonder Who?" reached No  89 in its brief appearance on the Hot 100 
"Around and Around" was a Four Seasons original composed by Gaudio and Crewe  While it appeared on this single as a song by "The Wonder Who?", the same take later appeared on the B-side of the 1968 Four Seasons single "Will You Love Me Tomorrow" and credited to the group 

"Peanuts"/"My Sugar" (as The Wonder Who)
Vee-Jay 717, released March 1966  Composed by "Little Joe" Cook, "Peanuts" was originally a #22 hit for Little Joe and the Thrillers in 1957 (their only chart recording)  In January 1963, Vee-Jay Records released a Four Seasons single with "Peanuts" as the A-side and "Stay" as the B-side  After various disk jockeys started playing "Stay" on the radio, Vee-Jay superseded the release, issuing new singles with "Stay" on the A-side and "Goodnight My Love" as the B-side  Several subsequent reissues with "Peanuts" as the A-side failed to sell or chart, including the one "credited" to "The Wonder Who" (without the question mark) 
"My Sugar" is a Gaudio-Crewe composition that made its first appearance on the 1963 Four Seasons album Big Girls Don't Cry and Twelve Others  This marks the first release of this recording on a Four Seasons (or "Wonder Who") single 

See also
List of U S  singles by Frankie Valli and The Four Seasons
The Four Seasons
Frankie Valli
Passage 7:
Donna Summer
Donna Adrian Gaines (December 31, 1948 – May 17, 2012), known professionally as Donna Summer, was an American singer and songwriter  She gained prominence during the disco era of the 1970s and became known as the "Queen of Disco", while her music gained a global following Influenced by the counterculture of the 1960s, Summer became the lead singer of a psychedelic rock band named Crow and moved to New York City  In 1968, she joined a German adaptation of the musical Hair in Munich, where she spent several years living, acting, and singing  There, she met music producers Giorgio Moroder and Pete Bellotte, and they went on to record influential disco hits together such as "Love to Love You Baby" and "I Feel Love", marking Summer's breakthrough into international music markets  Summer returned to the United States in 1976, and more hits such as "Last Dance", her version of "MacArthur Park", "Heaven Knows", "Hot Stuff", "Bad Girls", "Dim All the Lights", "No More Tears (Enough Is Enough)" with Barbra Streisand, and "On the Radio" followed 
Summer amassed a total of 32 chart singles on the US Billboard Hot 100 in her lifetime, including 14 top ten singles and four number one singles  She claimed a top-40 hit every year between 1976 and 1984, and from her first top-ten hit in 1976, to the end of 1982, she had 12 top-ten hits (10 were top-five hits), more than any other act during that time period  She returned to the Hot 100's top five in 1983, and claimed her final top-ten hit in 1989 with "This Time I Know It's for Real"  She was the first artist to have three consecutive double albums reach the top of the US Billboard 200 chart and charted four number-one singles in the US within a 12-month period  She also charted two number-one singles on the R&B Singles chart in the US and a number-one single in the United Kingdom  Her last Hot 100 hit came in 1999 with "I Will Go with You (Con te partirò)"  While her fortunes on the Hot 100 waned in subsequent decades, Summer remained a force on the Billboard Dance Club Songs chart throughout her entire career 
Summer died in 2012 from lung cancer, at her home in Naples, Florida  She sold over 100 million records worldwide, making her one of the best-selling music artists of all time  She won five Grammy Awards  In her obituary in The Times, she was described as the "undisputed queen of the Seventies disco boom" who reached the status of "one of the world's leading female singers " Moroder described Summer's work on the song "I Feel Love" as "really the start of electronic dance" music  In 2013, Summer was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame  In December 2016, Billboard ranked her sixth on its list of the "Greatest of All Time Top Dance Club Artists" 

Early life
Donna Adrian Gaines was born on December 31, 1948, in Boston, Massachusetts, to Andrew and Mary Gaines, and was third of seven children  She was raised in the Boston neighborhood of Mission Hill  Her father was a butcher, and her mother was a schoolteacher Summer's performance debut occurred at church when she was ten years old, replacing a vocalist who failed to appear  She attended Boston's Jeremiah E  Burke High School where she performed in school musicals and was considered popular  In 1967, just weeks before graduation, Summer left for New York City, where she joined the blues rock band Crow  After a record label passed on signing the group since it was only interested in the band's lead singer, the group agreed to dissolve Summer stayed in New York and auditioned for a role in the counterculture musical, Hair  She landed the part of Sheila and agreed to take the role in the Munich production of the show, moving there in August 1968 after getting her parents' reluctant approval  She eventually became fluent in German, singing various songs in that language, and participated in the musicals Ich bin ich (the German version of The Me Nobody Knows), Godspell, and Show Boat  Within three years, she moved to Vienna, Austria, and joined the Vienna Volksoper  She briefly toured with an ensemble vocal group called FamilyTree, the creation of producer Günter "Yogi" Lauke In 1968, Summer released (as Donna Gaines) on Polydor her first single, a German version of the title "Aquarius" from the musical Hair, followed in 1971 by a second single, a remake of the Jaynetts' 1963 hit, "Sally Go 'Round the Roses", from a one-off European deal with Decca Records  In 1969, she issued the single "If You Walkin' Alone" on Philips Records She married Austrian actor Helmuth Sommer in 1973, and gave birth to their daughter Natalia Pia Melanie "Mimi" Sommer, the same year  She provided backing vocals for producer-keyboardist Veit Marvos on his Ariola Records release Nice to See You, credited as "Gayn Pierre"  Several subsequent singles included Donna performing with the group, and the name "Gayn Pierre" was used while performing in Godspell with Helmuth Sommer during 1972  Their marriage subsequently ended in divorce, and she married singer-guitarist Bruce Sudano in 1980 

Music career
1974–1979: Initial success
While working as a model part-time and backing singer in Munich, Summer met producer Giorgio Moroder and Pete Bellotte during a recording session for Three Dog Night at Musicland Studios  The trio forged a working partnership, and Donna was signed to their Oasis label in 1974  A demo tape of Summer's work with Moroder and Bellotte led to a deal with the European-distributed label Groovy Records  Due to an error on the record cover, Donna Sommer became Donna Summer; the name stuck  Summer's first album was Lady of the Night  It became a hit in the Netherlands, Sweden, Germany and Belgium on the strength of two songs, "The Hostage" and the title track "Lady of the Night"  "The Hostage" reached the top of the charts in France, but was removed from radio playlists in Germany because of the song's subject matter: a high ranking politician that had recently been kidnapped and held for ransom  One of her first TV appearances was in the television show, Van Oekel's Discohoek, which started the breakthrough of "The Hostage", and in which she gracefully went along with the scripted absurdity and chaos in the show 
In 1975, Summer passed on an idea for a song to Moroder who was working with another artist; a song that would be called "Love To Love You Baby"  Summer, Moroder and Bellotte wrote the song together, and together they worked on a demo version with Summer singing the song  Moroder decided that Summer's version should be released  Seeking an American release for the song, it was sent to Casablanca Records president Neil Bogart  Bogart played the song at one of his extravagant industry parties, where it was so popular with the crowd, they insisted that it be played over and over, each time it ended  Bogart requested that Moroder produce a longer version for discothèques  Moroder, Bellotte, and Summer returned with a 17-minute version  Bogart tweaked the title and Casablanca signed Summer, releasing the single in November 1975  The shorter 7" version of the single was promoted by radio stations, while clubs regularly played the 17-minute version (the longer version would also appear on the album) 
By early 1976, "Love to Love You Baby" had reached No  2 on the US Hot 100 chart and had become a Gold single, while the album had sold over a million copies  The song generated controversy due to Summer's moans and groans, which emulated lovemaking, and some American stations, like those in Europe with the initial release, refused to play it  Despite this, "Love to Love You Baby" found chart success in several European countries, and made the Top 5 in the United Kingdom despite the BBC ban  Casablanca Records wasted no time releasing the follow-up album A Love Trilogy, featuring "Try Me, I Know We Can Make It" 

In 1977, Summer released the concept album I Remember Yesterday  The song "I Feel Love", reached No  6 on the Hot 100 chart  and No  1 in the UK  She received her first American Music Award nomination for Favorite Soul/R&B Female Artist  The single would attain Gold status and the album went Platinum in the US  Another concept album, also released in 1977, was Once Upon a Time, a double album which told of a modern-day Cinderella "rags to riches" story  This album would attain Gold status  Summer recorded the song "Down Deep Inside" as the theme song for the 1977 film The Deep  In 1978, Summer acted in the film Thank God It's Friday, the film met with modest success; the song "Last Dance", reached No  3 on the Hot 100  The soundtrack and single both went Gold and resulted in Summer winning her first Grammy Award, for Best Female R&B Vocal Performance  Its writer, Paul Jabara, won both an Academy Award and Golden Globe Award for the composition  Summer also had "With Your Love" and "Je t'aime    moi non plus", on the soundtrack  Her version of the Jimmy Webb ballad, "MacArthur Park", became her first No  1 hit on the Hot 100 chart  It was also the only No  1 hit for songwriter Jimmy Webb; the single went Gold and topped the charts for three weeks  She received a Grammy nomination for Best Female Pop Vocal Performance  The song was featured on Summer's first live album, Live and More, which also became her first album to hit number one on the US Billboard 200 chart and went double-Platinum, selling over 2 million copies  The week of November 11, 1978, Summer became the first female artist of the modern rock era to have the No  1 single on the Hot 100 and album on the Billboard 200 charts, simultaneously  The song "Heaven Knows", which featured Brooklyn Dreams singer Joe "Bean" Esposito; reached No  4 on the Hot 100 and became another Gold single 
In 1979, Summer won three American Music Awards for Single, Album and Female Artist, in the Disco category at the awards held in January  Summer performed at the world-televised Music for UNICEF Concert, joining contemporaries such as ABBA; Olivia Newton-John; the Bee Gees; Andy Gibb; Rod Stewart; John Denver; Earth, Wind & Fire; Rita Coolidge; and Kris Kristofferson for a TV special that raised funds and awareness for the world's children  Artists donated royalties of certain songs, some in perpetuity, to benefit the cause  Summer began work on her next project with Moroder and Bellotte, Bad Girls  Moroder brought in Harold Faltermeyer, with whom he had collaborated on the soundtrack of film Midnight Express, to be the album's arranger 
In 1979, Summer gained 5 big hits such as "Hot Stuff" and "Bad Girls", "Heaven Knows", "Dim All the Lights", and No More Tears (Enough Is Enough)"  The week of June 16, 1979, Summer would again have the number-one single on the Hot 100 chart, and the number-one album on the Billboard 200 chart; when "Hot Stuff" regained the top spot on the Hot 100 chart  The following week, "Bad Girls" would be on top of the US Top R&B albums chart 

1980–1985: She Works Hard For The Money, unreleased album, new record label
Summer received four nominations for the 7th Annual American Music Awards in 1980, and took home awards for Female Pop/Rock and Female Soul/R&B Artist; and well as Pop/Rock single for "Bad Girls"  In 1980, her single "On the Radio", reached No  5, selling over a million copies in the US alone, making it a Gold single  "The Wanderer" reached #3 on the Hot 100  Summer would again receive a Grammy nomination for Best Female Pop Vocal Performance  Just over a week after the awards, Summer had her own nationally televised special, The Donna Summer Special, which aired on ABC network on January 27, 1980  After the release of the On the Radio album, Summer wanted to branch out into other musical styles, which led to tensions between her and Casablanca Records  Casablanca wanted her to continue to record disco only  Summer was upset with President Neil Bogart over the early release of the single "No More Tears (Enough Is Enough)", because Casablanca didn't wait until her previous single, "Dim All the Lights", had peaked; she had penned "Dim All the Lights" alone, and was hoping for a number-one hit as a songwriter  Summer and the label parted ways in 1980, and she signed with Geffen Records, the new label started by David Geffen  Summer filed a $10 million lawsuit against Casablanca; the label counter-sued  In the end, she did not receive any money, but won the rights to her own lucrative song publishing Summer's first Geffen album, The Wanderer, featured an eclectic mixture of sounds, bringing elements of rock, rockabilly, new wave, and gospel music  The Wanderer was rushed to market; the producers of the album wanted more production time  The album continued Summer's streak of Gold albums with the "title track" peaking at No  3 on the Hot 100 chart  Its follow-up singles were, "Cold Love", No  33; and "Who Do You Think You're Foolin'", No  40  Summer was nominated for Best Female Rock Vocal Performance for "Cold Love", and Best Inspirational Performance for "I Believe in Jesus" at the 1981 Grammy Awards 
She would soon be working on her next album  It was to be another double album set  When David Geffen stopped by the studio for a preview, he was warned that it was a work in progress, but it was almost done  That was a mistake, because only a few tracks had been finished, and most of them were in demo phase  He heard enough to tell producers that it was not good enough; the project was canceled  It would be released years later in 1996, under the title I'm a Rainbow  Over the years, a few of the tracks would be released  The song "Highway Runner" appears on the soundtrack for the film Fast Times at Ridgemont High  "Romeo" appears on the Flashdance soundtrack  Both, "I'm a Rainbow" and "Don't Cry for Me Argentina" would be on her 1993 anthology album 
David Geffen hired top R&B and pop producer Quincy Jones to produce Summer's next album, the eponymously titled Donna Summer  The album took over six months to record as Summer, who was pregnant at the time, found it hard to sing  During the recording of the project, Neil Bogart died of cancer in May 1982 at age 39  Summer would sing at his funeral  The album included the top-ten hit "Love Is in Control (Finger on the Trigger)"; for which she received a Grammy nomination for Best Female R&B Vocal Performance  Summer was also nominated for Best Female Rock Vocal Performance for "Protection", penned for her by Bruce Springsteen  Other singles included a cover of the Jon and Vangelis song "State of Independence" (No  41 pop) and "The Woman in Me" (No  33 pop) 
By then Geffen Records had been notified by Polygram Records, which now owned Casablanca, that Summer still needed to deliver to them one more album to fulfill her contract  Summer had her biggest success in the 1980s while on Geffen's roster with her next album She Works Hard for the Money and its title song—which were released by Mercury Records in a one-off arrangement to settle Summer's split with the soon-to-be-defunct Casablanca Records, whose catalogue now resided with Mercury and Casablanca's parent company PolyGram 
Summer recorded and delivered the album She Works Hard for the Money and Polygram released it on its Mercury imprint in 1983  The title song became a major hit, reaching No  3 on the US Hot 100, as well as No  1 on Billboard's R&B chart for three weeks  It also garnered Summer another Grammy nomination, for Best Female Pop Vocal Performance  "Unconditional Love", which featured the British group Musical Youth, and "Love Has a Mind of Its Own" did not crack the top 40  The album itself was certified Gold, and climbed to No  9 on the Billboard 200 chart; the highest chart position of any female artist in male-dominated 1983  The song "He's a Rebel" would win Summer her third Grammy Award, this time for Best Inspirational Performance 
British director Brian Grant was hired to direct Summer's video for "She Works Hard for the Money"  The video was a success, being nominated for Best Female Video and Best Choreography at the 1984 MTV Music Video Awards; Summer became one of the first African-American artists, and the first African-American female artist to have her video played in heavy rotation on MTV  Grant would also be hired to direct Summer's Costa Mesa HBO concert special, A Hot Summers Night  Grant, who was a fan of the song "State of Independence", had an idea for a grand finale  He wanted a large chorus of children to join Summer on stage at the ending of the song  His team looked for local school children in Orange County, to create a chorus of 500 students  On the final day of rehearsals, the kids turned up and they had a full rehearsal  According to Grant, "It looked and sounded amazing  It was a very emotional, very tearful experience for everyone who was there " He thought if this was that kind of reaction in rehearsal, then what an impact it would have in the concert  After the rehearsal Grant was informed that he could not use the kids because the concert would end after 10 pm; children could not be licensed to be on stage at such a late hour (California had strict child labor laws in 1983)  "It's a moment that I regret immensely: a grand finale concept I came up with that couldn't be filmed in the end"  When the final sequence was filmed, Summer's daughter Mimi and her family members joined her on stage for "State of Independence" 
In late 1983, David Geffen enlisted "She Works Hard for the Money's" producer Michael Omartian to produce Cats Without Claws  Summer was happy that Geffen and his executives stayed out of the studio during the recording and thanked him in the album's liner notes, but her request for the lead single would be rejected  The album failed to attain Gold status in the US, her first album not to do so  It was first album not to yield a top-ten hit, since 1977's Once Upon a Time  The Drifters cover "There Goes My Baby" reached No  21 and "Supernatural Love" went to No  75  She would win another Grammy for Best Inspirational Performance for the song "Forgive Me" 

On January 19, 1985, she sang at the nationally televised 50th Presidential Inaugural Gala the day before the second inauguration of Ronald Reagan 

1986–1989: All Systems Go, Another Place and Time
In 1986, Harold Faltermeyer wrote the title song for a German ski movie called Fire and Ice, and thought Summer would be ideal to sing the song  He decided to reach out to Summer and, although she was not interested in singing the song, she was very much interested in working with Faltermeyer again  After a meeting with David Geffen he was on board with the project  Summer's main objective for the album was that it have stronger R&B influences; Faltermeyer who had just finished doing the soundtracks to Top Gun and Fletch, was after a tough FM-oriented sound  On completion, Geffen liked what he heard, but his executives did not think there were enough songs that could be deemed singles  They wanted Faltermeyer to produce "Dinner with Gershwin", but he was already busy with another project, so another producer was found  They also substituted a previous recording called "Bad Reputation", songs like "Fascination", fell by the wayside  Geffen had shared the vision of moving Summer into the R&B market as a veteran artist, but these expectations were not met  Faltermeyer, in a 2012 interview with Daeida Magazine, said, "She was an older artist by then and the label's priority may have been on the youth market  The decision was made afterward by executives who were looking for a radio hit for 1987 and not something that would perhaps last beyond then " The label's President Ed Rosenblatt would later admit: "The company never intended to focus on established superstars"  The album All Systems Go, did not achieve Gold status and became her lowest charting studio album in the US to date  The single "Dinner with Gershwin" (written by Brenda Russell) stalled at 48 in the US, though it became a hit in the UK, peaking at No  13  The album's title track, "All Systems Go", was released only in the UK, where it peaked at No  54 For Summer's next album, Geffen Records hired the British hit production team of Stock Aitken Waterman (or SAW), who enjoyed incredible success writing and producing for such acts as Kylie Minogue, Bananarama, and Rick Astley, among others  The SAW team describe the working experience as a labour of love, and said it was their favourite album of all that they had recorded  Geffen decided not to release the album Another Place and Time, and Summer and Geffen Records parted ways in 1988  The album was released in Europe in March 1989 on Warner Bros  Records, which had been Summer's label in Europe since 1982  The single "This Time I Know It's for Real" became a top ten hit in several countries in Europe, prompting Warner Bros ' sister company, Atlantic Records, to sign Summer in the US  The single peaked at No  7 on the US Hot 100 and became her 12th Gold single in America  She scored two more UK hits from the album, "I Don't Wanna Get Hurt" (UK No  7) and "Love's About to Change My Heart" (UK No  20) In 1989, Summer and her husband, Bruce Sudano, had been in talks to do a new kind of reality-based sitcom  It would be based on their own hectic household  At the time, they lived with their children Amanda, Brooklyn and Mimi, two sets of in-laws, and a maid  The television network started changing the premise of the show, making it less funny, says Sudano, "And because we were an interracial couple, they didn't want us to be married anymore"  In 1989, this was "an issue  So with that mentality we just backed out of it "

1990–1999: Mistaken Identity, acting, and Live & More Encore
In 1990, a Warner compilation, The Best of Donna Summer, was released (no US issue)  The album went Gold in the UK after the song "State of Independence" was re-released there to promote the album  The following year, Summer worked with producer Keith Diamond emerged with the album Mistaken Identity, which included elements of R&B as well as new jack swing  "When Love Cries" continued her success on the R&B charts, reaching No  18  However, the album was commercially unsuccessful, failing to enter the US Billboard 200 and any chart outside the United States  It only entered at number 97 on the US Top R&B Albums chart  In 1992, Summer embarked on a world tour and later that year received a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame  She reunited with Giorgio Moroder, for the song "Carry On", which was included on the 1993, Polygram issued The Donna Summer Anthology, it contained 34 tracks of Summer's material with Casablanca and Mercury Records, and from her tenures with Atlantic and Geffen Summer signed with Mercury/Polygram that same year, and in 1994 she re-teamed with producer Michael Omartian to record a Christmas album, Christmas Spirit, which included classic Christmas songs such as "O Holy Night" and "White Christmas" and three Summer-penned songs, "Christmas is Here", "Lamb of God" and the album's title track  Summer was accompanied by the Nashville Symphony Orchestra  Another hits collection, Endless Summer: Donna Summer's Greatest Hits, was released featuring eighteen songs  There were two new tracks "Melody of Love (Wanna Be Loved)" and "Any Way at All"  In 1994, she also contributed to the Tribute to Edith Piaf album, singing "La Vie En Rose"  In 1995, "Melody of Love (Wanna Be Loved)" went No  1 on the US dance charts, and No  21 in the UK  In 1996, Summer recorded a duet with Bruce Roberts, "Whenever There Is Love", which appeared on the soundtrack to the film Daylight  In 1996, Summer also recorded "Does He Love You" with Liza Minnelli, which appeared Minnelli's Gently 
During this time, Summer had role on the sitcom Family Matters as Steve Urkel's (Jaleel White) Aunt Oona  She made two appearances, season 5's "Aunt Oona" and season 8's "Pound Foolish"  In 1998, Summer received the first Grammy Award for Best Dance Recording, after a remixed version of her 1992 collaboration with Giorgio Moroder, "Carry On", was released in 1997  In 1999, Summer was asked to do the Divas 2 concert, but when she went in and met with the producers, it was decided that they would do Donna in concert by herself  Summer taped a live television special for VH1 titled Donna Summer – Live & More Encore, producing the second-highest ratings for the network that year, after their annual Divas special  A CD of the event was released by Epic Records and featured two studio recordings, "I Will Go with You (Con te partirò)" and "Love Is the Healer", both of which reached No  1 on the US dance charts 

2000–2009: Later recordings and Crayons
In 2000, Summer participated in VH1's third annual Divas special, dedicated to Diana Ross; she sang the Supremes hit Reflections, and her own material for the show  "The Power of One" is a theme song for the movie Pokémon: The Movie 2000  The dramatic ballad was produced by David Foster and dance remixes were also issued to DJs and became another dance floor success for Summer, peaking at No  2 on the same chart in 2000  In 2003, Summer issued her autobiography, Ordinary Girl: The Journey, and released a best-of set titled The Journey: The Very Best of Donna Summer  In 2004, Summer was inducted into the Dance Music Hall of Fame as an artist, alongside the Bee Gees and Barry Gibb  Her classic song, "I Feel Love", was inducted that night as well  In 2004 and 2005, Summer's success on the dance charts continued with the songs "You're So Beautiful" and "I Got Your Love"  In 2004, Summer re-recorded 'No More Tears (Enough Is Enough)' with the Irish pop band Westlife (with a live performance) for the compilation album, DiscoMania 
In 2008, Summer released her first studio album of fully original material in 17 years, entitled Crayons  Released on the Sony BMG label Burgundy Records, it peaked at No  17 on the US Top 200 Album Chart, her highest placing on the chart since 1983  The songs "I'm a Fire", "Stamp Your Feet" and "Fame (The Game)" all reached No  1 on the US Billboard Dance Chart  The ballad "Sand on My Feet" was released to adult contemporary stations and reached No  30 on that chart  Summer said, "I wanted this album to have a lot of different directions on it  I did not want it to be any one baby  I just wanted it to be a sampler of flavors and influences from all over the world  There's a touch of this, a little smidgeon of that, a dash of something else, like when you're cooking " On December 11, 2009, Donna Summer appeared at the Nobel Peace Prize Concert for Barack Obama 

2010–present: Final recordings and posthumous releases
On July 29, 2010, Summer gave an interview with Allvoices com wherein she was asked if she would consider doing an album of standards  She said, "I actually am, probably in September  I will begin work on a standards album  I will probably do an all-out dance album and a standards album  I'm going to do both and we will release them however we're going to release them  We are not sure which is going first "In August 2010, Summer released the single "To Paris With Love", co-written with Bruce Roberts and produced by Peter Stengaard  The single went to No  1 on the US Billboard Dance Chart in October 2010  That month, Summer also appeared on the PBS television special Hitman Returns: David Foster and Friends  In it, Summer performed with Seal on a medley of the songs "Un-Break My Heart", "Crazy", and "On the Radio" before closing the show with "Last Dance" On September 15, 2010, Summer appeared as a guest celebrity, singing alongside contestant Prince Poppycock, on the television show America's Got Talent Also in 2010, Summer recorded a version of the Dan Fogelberg song "Nether Lands" for a Fogelberg tribute project  According to a comment on Fogelberg's website, the song had great personal significance for Summer 

On June 6, 2011, Summer was a guest judge on the show Platinum Hit, in an episode entitled "Dance Floor Royalty"  In July of that same year, Summer was working at Paramount Recording Studios in Los Angeles with her nephew, the rapper and producer O'Mega Red  Together they worked on a track titled "Angel" On December 11, 2012, after four prior nominations, Summer was posthumously announced to be one of the 2013 inductees to the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame, and was inducted on April 18, 2013, at Los Angeles' Nokia Theater A remix album titled Love to Love You Donna, containing new remixes of some of Summer's classics, was released in October 2013  "MacArthur Park" was remixed by Laidback Luke for the remix collection; it was also remixed by Ralphi Rosario, which version was released to dance clubs all over America and successfully peaked at No  1, giving Summer her first posthumous number-one single, and her sixteenth number-one on the charts In 2021, Summer's estate released a reedited version of her ninth studio album I'm a Rainbow, subtitled Recovered & Recoloured  The new edition is reduced to 10 tracks (15 on vinyl and streaming releases), with each song remixed by contemporary producers and remixers Her self-titled album was re-released in 2022 by Summer's estate subtitled as 40th Anniversary Edition 
In 2023, Summer’s  “She Works Hard For The Money” album was re-released with additional mixes to commemorate the album’s 40th Anniversary  That same year, a documentary revolving around Summer and her career, Love to Love You, Donna Summer, directed by her daughter, Brooklyn Sudano and Roger Ross Williams had its world premiere at the 73rd Berlin International Film Festival in February 2023, and was released in May 2023, on HBO 

Controversy
In the mid-1980s, Summer was embroiled in a controversy when she allegedly made anti-gay remarks regarding the relatively new disease AIDS  Summer publicly denied she had ever made such comments and in a letter to the AIDS campaign group ACT UP in 1989 said it was "a terrible misunderstanding " In explaining why she had not responded to ACT UP sooner, Summer stated, "I was unknowingly protected by those around me from the bad press and hate letters  If I have caused you pain, forgive me " She closed her letter with Bible quotes (from Chapter 13 of 1 Corinthians) In 1989, Summer told The Advocate magazine, "A couple of the people I write with are gay, and they have been ever since I met them  What people want to do with their bodies is their personal preference"  A couple of years later, she filed a lawsuit against New York magazine when it printed an old story about the rumors as fact, just as she was about to release her album Mistaken Identity in 1991  According to a Biography television program dedicated to Summer in which she participated in 1995, the lawsuit was settled out of court, though neither side was able to divulge any details 

Personal life
Summer was raised in the African Methodist Episcopal Church  She married Austrian actor Helmuth Sommer in 1973 and gave birth to their daughter, Natalia Pia Melanie Sommer (called Mimi) the same year  The couple divorced in 1976, but Summer adopted the Anglicized version of her ex-husband's surname as her stage name Summer married Brooklyn Dreams singer Bruce Sudano on July 16, 1980  On January 5, 1981, she gave birth to their daughter Brooklyn Sudano (who is now an actress, singer and dancer), and on August 11, 1982, she gave birth to their daughter Amanda Sudano (who in 2005 became one half of the musical duo Johnnyswim, alongside Abner Ramirez)  Summer was also one of the founding members of Oasis Church in Los Angeles Summer and her family moved from the Sherman Oaks area of Los Angeles to Nashville, Tennessee, in 1995, where she took time off from show business to focus on painting, a hobby she had developed in the 1980s 

Death
Summer died on May 17, 2012, aged 63, at her home in Naples, Florida, from lung cancer  Being a nonsmoker, Summer theorized that her cancer had been caused by inhaling toxic fumes and dust from the September 11 attacks in New York City; she was in her apartment near Ground Zero when the attacks occurred  However, some reports have instead attributed the cancer to Summer's smoking during her younger years, her continued exposure to second-hand smoking while performing in clubs well after she had quit, and a predisposition to this disease in the family  Summer was survived by her husband, Bruce Sudano, and her three daughters Summer's funeral service was held in Christ Presbyterian Church in Nashville, Tennessee, on the afternoon of May 23, 2012  The exact location and time of the service were kept private  Several hundred of Summer's friends and relatives attended the funeral, according to CNN  The funeral was a private ceremony, and cameras were not allowed inside the church  She was interred in the Harpeth Hills Memory Gardens cemetery in Nashville 

Reaction
Singers and music industry professionals around the world reacted to Summer's death  Gloria Gaynor said she was "deeply saddened" and that Summer was "a fine lady and human being"  Liza Minnelli said, "She was a queen, The Queen Of Disco, and we will be dancing to her music forever " She said that her "thoughts and prayers are with her family always " Dolly Parton said, "Donna, like Whitney, was one of the greatest voices ever  I loved her records  She was the disco queen and will remain so  I knew her and found her to be one of the most likable and fun people ever  She will be missed and remembered " Janet Jackson wrote that Summer "changed the world of music with her beautiful voice and incredible talent " Barbra Streisand wrote, "I loved doing the duet with her  She had an amazing voice and was so talented  It's so sad " Quincy Jones wrote that Summer's voice was "the heartbeat and soundtrack of a generation "Aretha Franklin said, "It's so shocking to hear about the passing of Donna Summer  In the 1970s, she reigned over the disco era and kept the disco jumping  Who will forget 'Last Dance'? A fine performer and a very nice person " Chaka Khan said, "Donna and I had a friendship for over 30 years  She is one of the few black women I could speak German with and she is one of the few friends I had in this business " Gloria Estefan averred that "It's the end of an era", and posted a photo of herself with Summer  Mary J  Blige tweeted "RIP Donna Summer !!!!!!!! You were truly a game changer !!!" Lenny Kravitz wrote "Rest in peace Donna, You are a pioneer and you have paved the way for so many of us  You transcended race and genre  Respect  Lenny" Beyoncé wrote a personal note: "Donna Summer made music that moved me both emotionally and physically to get up and dance  You could always hear the deep passion in her voice  She was so much more than the queen of disco she became known for, she was an honest and gifted singer with flawless vocal talent  I've always been a huge fan and was honored to sample one of her songs  She touched many generations and will be sadly missed  My love goes out to her family during this difficult time  Love, B" David Foster said, "My wife and I are in shock and truly devastated  Donna changed the face of pop culture forever  There is no doubt that music would sound different today if she had never graced us with her talent  She was a super-diva and a true superstar who never compromised when it came to her career or her family  She always did it with class, dignity, grace and zero attitude  She lived in rare air     She was the most spectacular, considerate, constant, giving, generous and loving friend of 35 years  I am at a total loss trying to process this tragic news "US President Barack Obama said, "Michelle and I were saddened to hear about the passing of Donna Summer  A five-time Grammy Award winner, Donna truly was the 'Queen of Disco ' Her voice was unforgettable and the music industry has lost a legend far too soon  Our thoughts and prayers go out to Donna's family and her dedicated fans "Summer was honored at the 2012 Billboard Music Awards ceremony  Singer Natasha Bedingfield honored Summer, calling her "a remarkable woman who brought so much light and who inspired many women, including myself, through her music  And if we can remember her through her music, this will never really be the last dance " After her statement, she began to sing "Last Dance", Summer's Academy Award-winning song  As she sang the song, photos of Summer were displayed on a screen overhead Fans paid tribute to Summer by leaving flowers and memorabilia on her star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame  A few days after her death, her album sales increased by 3,277%, according to Nielsen SoundScan  Billboard magazine reported that the week before she died, Summer sold about 1,000 albums  After her death that number increased to 26,000 

Legacy
According to singer Marc Almond, Summer's collaboration with producer Giorgio Moroder "changed the face of music"  Summer was the first artist to have three consecutive double albums reach No  1 on Billboard's album chart: Live and More, Bad Girls and On the Radio: Greatest Hits Volumes I & II  She became a cultural icon and her prominence on the dance charts, for which she was referred to as the Queen of Disco, made her not just one of the defining voices of that era, but also an influence on pop artists from Madonna to Beyoncé  Unlike some other stars of disco who faded as the music became less popular in the early 1980s, Summer was able to grow beyond the genre and segued to a pop-rock sound  She had one of her biggest hits in the 1980s with "She Works Hard For the Money", which became another anthem, this time for women's rights  Summer was the first black woman to be nominated for an MTV Video Music Award  Summer remained a force on the Billboard Dance/Club Play Songs chart throughout her career and notched 16 number one singles  Her last studio album, 2008's Crayons, spun off three No  1 dance/club hits with "I'm a Fire", "Stamp Your Feet" and "Fame (The Game)"  In May 2012, it was announced that "I Feel Love" was included in the list of preserved recordings at the Library of Congress' National Recording Registry  Her Rock and Roll Hall of Fame page listed Summer as "the Diva De Tutte Dive, the first true diva of the modern pop era" In 2018, Summer: The Donna Summer Musical, a biographical musical featuring Summer's songs, began performances on Broadway at the Lunt-Fontanne Theatre, following a 2017 world premiere at the La Jolla Playhouse in San Diego In the 2019 film How to Build a Girl, Donna Summer is among the figures featured in Johanna's wall collage In 2023, Rolling Stone ranked Summer at number 122 on its list of the 200 Greatest Singers of All Time 

Concert tours
Discography
Filmography
Awards and nominations
Context 3: Passage 1:
Project G e e K e R 
Project G e e K e R  is an animated television series that premiered on CBS on September 14, 1996  It was created by Douglas TenNapel, creator of Earthworm Jim, and Doug Langdale, the developer of Earthworm Jim the animated series, and was a production of Columbia TriStar Television under Adelaide Productions, with original music by Shawn Patterson (main title theme by Terry Scott Taylor)  TenNapel and Taylor also collaborated on the video games The Neverhood, Boombots and Skullmonkeys, and in 2005, re-united for the Nickelodeon cartoon Catscratch 
The show was cancelled after only one season, as CBS cancelled all of their Saturday morning schedule in 1997 to stop their downward-spiraling ratings The Federal Communications Commission also rejected CBS's attempt to classify the show as educational and informational under that fall's strengthened requirements for children's programming 

Synopsis
The show parodied the style of action-adventure cartoons  Set in the future, it was based around a genetic shapeshifter experiment known as Project GKR (Geno-Kinetic Research), who had been stolen by Lady MacBeth (a short-tempered cyborg with a bionic arm) before the creator could finish programming  He needed to be a deadly and powerful weapon at the hands of the evil Mister Moloch, head of Moloch Industries, but due to the lack of his final programming, "GeeKeR" is left to be a totally random, permanently salivating, four-fingered klutz  He only occasionally manages to use his powers to any full extent, a blessing and a threat to his friends and their enemies  Lady MacBeth (whom GeeKeR calls Becky) and her partner-in-crime Noah, a baseball cap-wearing intelligent Tyrannosaurus rex, must now prevent Moloch and GeeKeR's creator Dr  Maston from ever obtaining GeeKeR at all costs 

Cast
Billy West as G e e K e R , Additional Voices
Cree Summer as Lady MacBeth, Nanny, Sonny, Additional Voices
Charles Adler as Dr  Maston, Jake Dragonn, Gene Damage, Additional Voices
Jim Cummings as Mister Moloch, Will Dragonn, Cosmotto, Additional Voices
Brad Garrett as Noah, Captain Wormhole

Additional voices
Danny Mann as Redjack
Ed Gilbert as Dinosaur Leader
Jeff Bennett as Larry the Virus
Charity James
Kath Soucie
Dee Dee Rescher as Female Junker
Joe Alaskey
Jason Marsden as Kid Dinosaur
Kevin Michael Richardson as Stonebender/"Mr  Smiley", Additional Voices
Joe Lala
Michael Bell as Toxic Moose
Lisa Kaplan

Episodes
Credits
Executive Producers: Douglas TenNapel and Douglas Langdale
Supervising Producer: Richard Raynis
Producer: Audu Paden
Associate Producers: Monique Beatty and Greg Chalekian
Production Coordinator: Luke Wasserman
Original Music: Shawn Patterson
Theme Song: Terry Scott Taylor
Color Designer: Don W  Kim
Music Editor: Bradford Cox
Dialogue Editor: Thomas Kearney
Digital Compositor (Opening Titles): Andy Jolliff
Background Designers: Vince Toyama and David James
Storyboard Revisor: Charles Garcia

Music
Terry Scott Taylor (friend of creator Doug TenNapel) was contracted to write the main title theme for the show, while Shawn Patterson was selected to be the series score composer  Two days before the show was set to air, Columbia TriStar discovered a licensing issue with Terry and Patterson was asked by the producers to compose and produce a main title theme to go on the air  Shawn completed this and Project GeeKeR aired with Shawn's original main title music  Weeks into the series, the licensing problem with Terry Scott Taylor was cleared up and the show's creator Doug TenNapel requested that Terry's original main title theme be reinserted into the series  Patterson's main title music was then removed from the remainder of the series 

See also
Earthworm Jim
The Weekenders
Dave the Barbarian
Catscratch
Doug TenNapel
Doug Langdale
Sony Pictures Entertainment
Passage 2:
David W  Zucker
David W  Zucker is a television executive and executive producer, mostly known for producing The Good Wife  He is currently the Chief Creative Officer for Scott Free Productions  He is also the executive producer of notable shows like Eric Garcia’s heist anthology series Kaleidoscope for Netflix; HBO Max’s sci-fi epic, Raised By Wolves; the Paramount+ drama, The Good Fight; the AMC and Britbox investigative revenge series The Beast Must Die; and the National Geographic series The Hot Zone  Zucker's upcoming projects include the FX adaptation of Ridley Scott’s Alien and Steven Knight’s adaptation of the Charles Dickens novel Great Expectations for FX and BBC One 

Credits
Passage 3:
Dora the Explorer
Dora the Explorer is an American media franchise centered on an eponymous animated interactive fourth wall children's television series created by Chris Gifford, Valerie Walsh Valdes and Eric Weiner, produced by Nickelodeon Animation Studio and originally ran on Nickelodeon from August 14, 2000 to June 5, 2014, with the final six unaired episodes later airing from July 7 to August 9, 2019  It has since spawned a spin-off television series (Go, Diego, Go!), a sequel television series (Dora and Friends: Into the City!) and a live-action feature film Before rebranding to Paramount Global, the corporation previously named ViacomCBS announced a revival of the Dora the Explorer brand 3 years after its last production, which includes a preschool-aimed CGI animated TV series, and a tween-aimed live-action series, both of which are scheduled for distribution on Paramount+ 

Origins
The franchise has its roots from the television show of the same name which centers around Dora Márquez, a seven-year-old Latina girl, with a love of embarking on quests related to an activity that she wants to partake of or a place that she wants to go to, accompanied by her talking purple backpack and anthropomorphic monkey companion named Boots (named for his beloved pair of red boots)  Each episode is based around a series of cyclical events that occur along the way during Dora's travels, along with obstacles that she and Boots are forced to overcome or puzzles that they have to solve (with "assistance" from the viewing audience) relating to riddles, the Spanish language, or counting  Common rituals may involve Dora's encounters with Swiper, a bipedal, anthropomorphic masked thieving fox whose theft of the possessions of others must be prevented through fourth wall-breaking interaction with the viewer  To stop Swiper, Dora must say "Swiper no swiping" three times  However, on occasions where Swiper steals the belongings of other people, the viewer is presented with the challenge of helping Boots and Dora locate the stolen items  Another obstacle involves encounters with another one of the program's antagonists; the "Grumpy Old Troll" dwelling beneath a bridge that Dora and Boots must cross, who challenges them with a riddle that needs to be solved with the viewer's help before permitting them to pass  Known for the constant breaking of the fourth-wall depicted in every episode, the audience is usually presented to two primary landmarks that must be passed before Dora can reach her destination, normally being challenged with games or puzzles along the way  The episode always ends with Dora successfully reaching the locale, singing the "We Did It!" song with Boots in triumph 

Premise
The eponymous series focuses on the adventures of a Latina girl named Dora and her monkey friend Boots, with a particular emphasis on the Spanish language  The show is presented in the style of both an interactive CD-ROM game and a point-and-click adventure game, with gimmicks such as title cards appearing in windows and Dora asking the viewer to help her by showing the current items in her inventory and asking the viewer which one is best for the current scenario 

Development
Development of the show came out of Nickelodeon's desire to "come up with the next big hit" similar to its other hit preschool shows at the time; Little Bear and Blue's Clues  The creators sought to combine the format of both shows, with the narrative focus of Little Bear combined with the interactivity of Blue's Clues  The creators further developed the concept by observing  preschoolers with the creators coming to the conclusion that "they are little explorers "Dora is a Latina  According to a Nickelodeon spokesman, "she was developed to be pan-Latina to represent the diversity of Latino cultures"  Initially the character was not planned to be Latina although after an executive at Nickelodeon attended a conference about the lack of Latino representation, the creators were asked if they could include such elements  At first there was hesitancy, but eventually they realized that they had "a great opportunity" and the character's design remained  Originally, Nickelodeon did not want Swiper, as researchers stated he was, "bad modeling and unsettling to kids"  The creators felt strongly about the inclusion of the antagonist as an integral part of the series; he remained in the final show On numerous occasions, television specials have been aired for the series in which the usual events of regular episodes are altered, threatened, or replaced  Usually said specials will present Dora with a bigger, more whimsical adventure than usual or with a magical task that must be fulfilled, or perhaps even offer a series of different adventures for Boots and Dora to travel through  They might be presented with an unusual, difficult task (such as assisting Swiper in his attempts to be erased from Santa Claus's Naughty List) that normally is not featured in average episodes, or challenge Dora with a goal that must be achieved (such as the emancipation of a trapped mermaid)  Sometimes, the specials have involved the debut of new characters, such as the birth of Dora's superpowered twin baby siblings and the introduction of the enchanted anthropomorphic stars that accompany Dora on many of her quests 

On March 8, 2009, Mattel and Nickelodeon announced that Dora will receive a tweenage makeover, switching from a young age to a teenage attending middle school  Initially, it was announced that the new look would not be revealed until late 2009, but after a short controversy, the tween Dora was unveiled on March 16, 2009 On 13 April 2012, a CGI opening sequence was created by Chicago-based Calabash Animation for the seventh season of the series 

Dora's Explorer Girls
In 2009, Mattel and Nickelodeon introduced a preteen version of Dora, with four friends; named Naiya, Kate, Emma and Alana, who call themselves the Explorer Girls and were featured in Dora and Friends 

Episodes
NOTE: The show's run ended on June 5, 2014, with 6 episodes, however, those episodes did not air in the United States until August 9, 2019, with the premiere of Dora and the Lost City of Gold 

Voice cast
Dora Márquez (aka Dora the Explorer): Kathleen Herles (2000–2007), Caitlin Sanchez (2008–2012), Fátima Ptacek (2012–2019)
Boots: Harrison Chad (2000–2007), Regan Mizrahi (2008–2013), Koda Gursoy (2013–2019)
Backpack: Sasha Toro (2000–2007), Alexandria Suarez (2008–2013), Sofia Lopez (2013–2019)
Isa the Iguana: Ashley Fleming (2000–2007), Lenique Vincent (2008–2012), Skai Jackson (2012–2019)
Tico the Squirrel: Muhammad Cunningham (2000–2001), Jose Zelaya (2002–2007), Jean Carlos Celi (2008–2012), Oscar Hutarra (2012–2019)
Benny the Bull: Jake Burbage (2000–2007), Matt Gumley (2008–2012), Aidan Gemme (2012–2019)
Diego Márquez: Felipe and Andre Dieppa (2003–2004), Gabriel Alvarez (2003-2006), Jake T  Austin (2005–2010), Brandon Zambrano (2011–2012), Jacob Medrano (2012–2019)
Explorer Stars: Christiana Anbri, Henry Gifford, Katie Gifford, Aisha Shickler, Muhammed Cunningham, Jose Zeleya
Val the Octopus, Miscalleneous: Elaine Del Valle
Mrs  Márquez: Eileen Galindo
Big Red Chicken, Grumpy Old Troll, Pirate Pig, Miscellaneous: Chris Gifford
Various: K  J  Sanchez
Boots' Father, Miscellaneous: Adam Sietz
Señor Tucán, Miscellaneous: Leslie Valdes
Map, Swiper, The Fiesta Trio: Marc Weiner

Guest voices
John Leguizamo - Silly Mail Bird, Pirate Pig (Dora's Pirate Adventure) and Flying Monkeys
Cheech Marin - King Juan el Bobo
Ricardo Montalbán - El Encantador
Esai Morales – Mr  Márquez
Amy Principe - Little Star, various
Irwin Reese - Singing Gate
Antonia Rey - Abuela
Paul Rodriguez - León the Circus Lion

Guest stars
Chita Rivera (Dora's Fairytale Adventure, 2004; Dora Saves Fairytale Land, 2015)
Johnny Weir (Dora's Ice Skating Spectacular, 2013)
Hilary Duff (Dora's Ice Skating Spectacular, 2013)
Jewel Kilcher (Dora in Wonderland, 2014)
Mel Brooks (Dora in Wonderland, 2014)
Alan Cumming (Dora in Wonderland, 2014)
Sara Ramirez (Dora in Wonderland, 2014)
Juanes (Dora Saves Fairytale Land, 2015)

Foreign adaptations
Dora the Explorer has been produced in various other languages worldwide  It facilitates the learning of important foreign language words or phrases (mostly English), interspersed with a local language (e g  Norwegian, Russian, Hindi or German), with occasional use of Spanish (used in the Irish, Serbian, and Turkish versions) through its simplicity and use of repetition 

Arabic – The Arabic language version is broadcast on the "Nickelodeon on MBC3" block of MBC 3, and is presented in Arabic-English 
Cantonese – The Cantonese language version (Chinese: 愛探險的朵拉; lit  'Explore-loving Dora') is broadcast in Hong Kong and presented in Cantonese-English 
Danish – The Danish language version is called Dora – udforskeren and there are commands and expressions in English  It is broadcast on the national public children's channel, DR Ramasjang, and also on the Nick Jr  Channel through various pay TV providers 
Dutch – The Dutch language version broadcasts on Nickelodeon and Nick  Jr, It is presented in Dutch-English  The voice actors are Lottie Hellingman as Dora and Dieter Jansen as Boots 
French  – The French language version, Dora l'exploratrice, broadcasts on TF1 in France and Télé-Québec in Canada  It is presented in French-English, with Dora and Boots (called Babouche) speaking French and other protagonists speaking and answering in English 
Filipino – The Filipino language version broadcasts on ABS-CBN and has the same English title "Dora, the Explorer"  The characters speak Filipino and some English, Dora teaches English in this version 
German – The German language version broadcasts on the German branch of Nick  The bilingualism is German-English 
Greek – The Greek language version is called "Ντόρα η μικρή εξερευνήτρια" (or Dora the Little Explorer)  It broadcasts on Nickelodeon and Star Channel  The bilingualism is Greek-English  Dora and Boots (called Botas) speak Greek and other protagonists speak and answer in English 
Hebrew – The Hebrew language version broadcasts on HOP channel  The bilingualism is Hebrew-English  The series is called מגלים עם דורה (or Megalim Im Dora—English: Discovering with Dora) 
Hindi – In the Hindi language version, Dora and the other characters speak Hindi  It broadcasts on Nickelodeon and Nick Jr  Dora teaches the viewers English words and numbers 
Hungarian – In the Hungarian language version, Dora and the other characters speak Hungarian with some English words or phrases  It broadcasts on Nickelodeon  The series is called Dóra a felfedező 
Indonesian – The Indonesian language version broadcasts on Global TV  The bilingualism is Indonesian-English 
Irish – The Irish language version broadcasts on the Irish station TG4  The bilingualism is Irish-Spanish with Dora and Boots speaking in Irish and some other characters speaking Spanish as in the original American version 
Italian – The Italian language version broadcasts on Cartoonito and on Nickelodeon  The bilingualism is Italian-English  The series is called Dora l'esploratrice ("Dora the Explorer")  Most characters speak Italian, but some characters and especially Dora's parents and backpack speak English along with Italian 
Japanese – The Japanese language version broadcasts on Nickelodeon  The bilingualism is Japanese-English, with Dora and Boots speaking Japanese and other protagonists speaking and answering in English  The version is called ドーラといっしょに大冒険 (Dōra to issho ni dai bōken/Adventures with Dora) 
Kannada – The Kannada language version broadcasts on Chintu TV and is a very popular program on that network  Hindi is the second language in this version 
Korean – The Korean language version broadcasts on Nick Jr  in Korea  The title is Hi Dora and is introduced by a real person whose name is Dami – she introduces key English vocabulary for each episode  The episode is primarily in Korean with some English 
Macedonian – The Macedonian language version broadcasts on MRT 1 in Macedonia  The title is "Дора истражува" (or Dora the Explorer)  The bilingualism is Macedonian-English 
Malay – The Malay language version broadcasts on TV9  The bilingualism is Malay-English  Dora speaks primarily in Malay, and the secondary language is English  The original English-Spanish version, however, is also available on Nickelodeon via the Nick Jr  programming slot to subscribers of the ASTRO satellite TV service 
Malayalam – The Malayalam language version is called Dorayude Prayanam ("Dora's Journey") and broadcasts on Kochu TV, Sun TV Network 
Mandarin – In the Mandarin Chinese language version Dora the characters speak mainly Mandarin with limited English  It broadcasts on Yo-yo TV in Taiwan (Channel 25) 
Maori – The Māori language version is called "Dora Mātātoa" 
Norwegian – In the Norwegian language version, the bilingualism is Norwegian-English 
Polish – The Polish language version broadcasts on Nickelodeon in Poland  The bilingualism is Polish-English  The series is called Dora poznaje świat ("Dora explores the world") 
Portuguese – In the Portuguese language versions, Dora a Exploradora broadcasts on RTP2 and Nickelodeon  On Nickelodeon Brazil and TV Cultura, the show is called Dora a Aventureira, and Dora and Boots (called Boots in the Portuguese version and Botas in the Brazilian version) speak Portuguese, while the other protagonists speak and answer in English  Some Portuguese episodes are available on DVD 
Russian – The Russian language version broadcasts on TNT and Nickelodeon  The bilingualism is Russian-English  The series is called Dasha-sledopyt ("Dasha the Pathfinder")  Dasha is the children's name of Daria (Darya) 
Serbian – The Serbian language version broadcasts on B92  The bilingualism is Serbian-Spanish  The series is called Dora istražuje (Dora is exploring) 
Spanish – There are different Spanish versions for Mexico, Latin America and Spain  Dora la Exploradora broadcasts on Nickelodeon in Latin America  For Hispanic and Latino Americans, it aired on Telemundo until September 2006 and on Univisión since April 2008  Dora and Boots (called Botas) speak Spanish and the other protagonists speak and answer in English  Some Spanish episodes are available to US viewers on VHS, and some DVDs have a Spanish track (including Dora's Egg Hunt)  This version is entirely the reverse of the original English version; Tico and  Señor Tucan (called Mr  Toucan) only speak English  Additionally, Univision has added on-screen captions of the Spanish words spoken in English  In Spain, Dora la exploradora is aired on TVE 1, Clan TVE and the Spanish and Portuguese Nickelodeon feed  It is another reverse of the original English version (the characters speak mainly Spanish but there are commands and expressions in English) 
Swedish – In the Swedish language version Dora- utforskaren the characters speak mainly Swedish but there are commands and expressions in English  It broadcasts on Nickelodeon and TV4 
Tamil – In the Tamil language version Doravin Payanangal (டோராவின் பயணங்கள்), the characters all speak Tamil, with some English interspersed  It broadcasts on a local kids programming channel Chutti TV 
Thai – In the Thai language version ดอร่าดิเอกซ์พลอเรอร์ or ดอร่าสาวน้อยนักผจญภัย, the characters speak Thai; however, Tico speaks English  It broadcasts on Gang Cartoon Channel, Nick Jr , Thai PBS 
Turkish – In the Turkish language version Dora the characters speak mainly Turkish, Spanish, and English but there are commands and expressions in Turkish  It broadcasts on Nickelodeon and CNBC-e As shown in the list above, Spanish is the second language taught in the original English language version of the show (also broadcast for Malay speakers), in the Irish, Serbian, and the trilingual Turkish versions, but for other versions of the show, the language being taught is English 

Stage adaptations
Two stage versions of the series toured North America, the first being "City of Lost Toys", and the second being "Dora's Pirate Adventure"  Produced by Nickelodeon and LiveNation, these productions featured live actors portraying the roles of Dora and her friends, including Boots, Diego, Isa, and the Fiesta Trio  Many of the characters wore elaborate foam costumes designed to resemble the Dora characters  Each production featured a structure similar to an episode of the television series  City of Lost Toys featured Christina Bianco as Dora while Dora's Pirate Adventure featured Danay Ferrer of the band Innosense in the role of Dora and Frankie Grande as Boots  Both productions featured a version of the popular Gloria Estefan song "Get On Your Feet" as the final number of the show  Both productions were conceived by Chris Gifford, creator of the television show, and directed by Gip Hoppe 
There have been three Dora touring companies  The "City of Lost Toys" company and the "Pirate Adventure" company featured actors and crew that were members of Actor's Equity and IATSE, the respective unions for professional actors and stagehands in the United States  The third company performs a reduced version of "Pirate Adventure" and does not employ union personnel  This production is currently touring North America, and scheduled to travel to the United Kingdom and France 

Merchandise
Many action figures and playsets are available in many markets, along with cosmetics, hygiene products, ride-ons, books, board games, plush dolls, apparel, handbags, play tents, play kitchens, and more  Licensees include Mattel-owned Fisher-Price in the United States and Holland Publishing in the United Kingdom 

Toys
In 2004, Lego released four sets based on the characters of the TV series  These include 7330 Dora's Treasure Island, 7331 Diego's Rescue Truck, 7332 Dora and Boots at Play Park, and 7333 Dora and Diego's Animal Adventure 
In 2007, lead paint used by a contract toy manufacturer in China prompted Mattel to issue recalls for nearly a million toys, many of which featured Sesame Street and Nickelodeon characters - including Dora the Explorer  In response, Nickelodeon stated that they would introduce "third-party monitoring" of all manufacturers of products under its brands 

Books
Dora the Explorer series
Ready To Read series – Level 1
A Lift-the-Flap Story
Good Night, Dora!: A Lift-the-Flap Story (ISBN 978-0689847745)
Where Is Boots?: A Lift-the-Flap Story (ISBN 978-0689847752)
Let's Play Sports!: A Lift-the-Flap Story (ISBN 978-1416933502)
All Dressed Up!: A Lift-the-Flap Book (ISBN 978-0689877186)

Treasury books and collection books
Dora's Ready-to-Read Adventures (ISBN 978-0689878152)Contains: Dora's picnic, Follow those feet, Dora in the deep sea, I love my Papi!, Say "Cheese"

Dora's Storytime Collection (ISBN 978-0689866234)Contains: Dora's Backpack, Little Star, Happy Birthday, Mami!, Meet Diego!, Dora Saves the Prince, Dora's Treasure Hunt, Good Night, Dora!

Dora's Big Book of Stories (ISBN 978-1416907084)Contains: Dora's Book of Manners, Dora Goes to School, Dora's Fairy-Tale Adventure, Dora's Chilly Day, Show Me Your Smile!, Dora's Pirate Adventure, Big Sister Dora!

Sticker books
Dora's Magic Watering Can (ISBN 978-1416947721)

Video games
Video games based on the show were released  In Canada, Cheerios offered free Dora the Explorer the Game CD-ROMs in specially marked packages; however, packages sold in Quebec had only the French version  Dora the Explorer: Barnyard Buddies is the first video game based on the show for the home consoles as it was released for the PlayStation in the U S  in 2003  It was not released in Europe until 2005 when it was one of the last games released on that platform in that territory as the PlayStation declined in production as well as all production on other PS1 games the following year 

Soundtrack
Audiovisual viewing
Seasons of Dora the Explorer are available on a variety of streaming or direct-purchase video services 

Home videos/Home media
Streaming
Direct purchase
Sequel
In 2013, Nickelodeon announced a development of a sequel to Dora the Explorer titled Dora and Friends: Into the City! and would star Dora as a 10-year-old who goes on city adventures with the Explorer Girls and is accompanied by a male friend named Pablo  The series ran for two seasons and 40 episodes on Nickelodeon from August 8, 2014, to February 5, 2017 

Live-action film adaptation
On October 23, 2017, Paramount Pictures and Nickelodeon Movies announced a development of live-action film adaptation of the franchise at sister studio Paramount Players titled Dora and the Lost City of Gold for a scheduled summer 2019 release  It was filmed in Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia at Village Roadshow Studios and directed by James Bobin from a screenplay by Nicholas Stoller and Kristin Burr as producer  The film was expected to follow the title character as a teenager unlike the TV series with the inclusion of her cousin Diego  On May 2, 2018, Isabela Moner was announced to portray the titular character  The film was released in theaters/cinemas in the U S  and Canada on August 9, 2019 

Live-action series and animated reboots
On February 24, 2021, Paramount+ announced the development of a live-action series based on the franchise  The following February, while announcing the development of a computer-animated reboot series, Paramount+ further clarified that the live-action series would be aimed at tweens and take inspiration from the live-action film, Dora and the Lost City of Gold 

See also
Go, Diego, Go!
Dora and Friends: Into the City!
Dora and the Lost City of Gold
Passage 4:
Duane Capizzi
Duane Capizzi is an American writer and television producer   He is known for his extensive work in animated series for television, including the Emmy Award-winning  Transformers: Prime for which he was Co-Executive Producer and Head Writer, and co-developed its follow-up Transformers: Robots in Disguise  For Warner Bros  Animation, he was writer/producer of the animated series The Batman as well as its spin-off feature, The Batman vs  Dracula   He wrote the first DC Universe animated feature, Superman: Doomsday (based on The Death of Superman saga, and directed by Bruce Timm)  Other animated series producing/writing credits include Jackie Chan Adventures, Big Guy and Rusty the Boy Robot, Men in Black: The Series, and series development on the CG animated Roughnecks: The Starship Troopers Chronicles for Sony Pictures Television  He wrote and story edited for two animated spin-offs of Jim Carrey films: Ace Ventura: Pet Detective and The Mask  He also wrote and story edited for several Disney Afternoon TV series including Darkwing Duck, Aladdin, TaleSpin, and Bonkers   He began his career in animation writing scripts for Robotech II: The Sentinels for Harmony Gold  The series was never produced, but led to writing and story editing on ALF: The Animated Series 
From 2019-2021, Capizzi served as showrunner for the animated TV series adaptation of Carmen Sandiego 

Screenwriting credits
series head writer denoted in bold

Television
ALF: The Animated Series (1987-1989)
COPS (1988)
The Real Ghostbusters (1988)
Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles (1989)
Alvin and the Chipmunks (1989)
Disney's Adventures of the Gummi Bears (1990-1991)
Talespin (1992)
Darkwing Duck (1992)
Bonkers (1993)
Aladdin (1994)
The Savage Dragon (1995)
Ace Ventura: Pet Detective (1995-1997)
The Mask: Animated Series (1995-1997)
Extreme Ghostbusters (1997)
Men in Black: The Series (1997-1999)
Roughnecks: The Starship Troopers Chronicles (1999-2000)
Big Guy and Rusty the Boy Robot (1999-2001)
Jackie Chan Adventures (2000-2003)
The Batman (2004-2006)
Transformers: Prime (2010-2013)
Hardboiled Eggheads (2014)
Transformers: Robots In Disguise (2015)
Be Cool, Scooby-Doo! (2015, 2017)
Skylanders Academy (2016)
Justice League Action (2017)
Carmen Sandiego (2019-2021)

Films
The Return of Jafar (1994)
The Batman vs  Dracula (2005)
Superman: Brainiac Attacks (2006)
Superman: Doomsday (2007)
Transformers Prime Beast Hunters: Predacons Rising (2013)
Lego Scooby-Doo! Haunted Hollywood (2016)
Carmen Sandiego: To Steal or Not to Steal (2020)

Producer
Television
Bonkers (1993)
The Savage Dragon (1995)
The Mask: Animated Series (1995-1997)
Extreme Ghostbusters (1997)
Men in Black: The Series (1998-2001)
Big Guy and Rusty the Boy Robot (1999-2001)
Jackie Chan Adventures (2000-2002)
The Batman (2004-2008)
Transformers: Prime (2010-2013)
Hardboiled Eggheads (2014)
Carmen Sandiego (2019-2021)

Features
The Batman vs  Dracula (2005)
Superman: Brainiac Attacks (2006)
Passage 5:
Hawaii Five-0 (2010 TV series)
Hawaii Five-0 is an American action police procedural television series that centers around a special police major crimes task force operating at the behest of the governor of Hawaii  It is a reboot of the 1968–1980 series Hawaii Five-O (the original series had the letter "O" instead of the number "0" in its title), which also aired on CBS  The series was produced by K/O Paper Products and 101st Street Television, initially in association with 20th Century Fox Television starting in season three  The show received praise for its modern take on the original series 
The series premiered on September 20, 2010, on CBS and aired on Mondays for its first three seasons  Beginning with season four, the program was moved to Fridays  Hawaii Five-0 ran for seven additional seasons and concluded with its 240th and final episode on April 3, 2020 Peter M  Lenkov, one of the show's developers, created two additional police shows that were reboots of previous TV series: MacGyver and Magnum P I  All three take place in the same fictional universe, and Hawaii Five-0 had crossover episodes with both of the others  The three shows have been collectively referred to as the "Lenkov-verse"  The series also exists in the same fictional universe as the NCIS franchise by way of a crossover event with NCIS: Los Angeles 

Premise
The series covers the actions of the Hawaii Five-0 Task Force, a small, specialized Hawaii Department of Public Safety special state police major crimes task force in Hawaii, headed by United States Navy SEAL Lieutenant Commander Steve McGarrett, United States Navy Reserve  The task force answers only to the Governor of Hawaii and is given full immunity and means  The task force has no restrictions and is always backed by the Governor  The team is able to investigate crimes ranging from terrorism to kidnapping as well as murder and robberies 
McGarrett recruits Honolulu Police Department Detective-Sergeant Danny "Danno" Williams as his partner and unofficial second in command of the team  He fills out the team by recruiting ex-HPD Detective-Lieutenant Chin Ho Kelly, his father's protégé, and Chin's cousin, Officer Kono Kalakaua, a rookie HPD officer  Department of Homeland Security Special Agent Lori Weston is also assigned to the team later on, although she is later forced to return to the DHS by the Governor  They are assisted by Dr  Max Bergman, a medical examiner for the City and County of Honolulu  Steve later adds Captain Lou Grover, a HPD SWAT commander and a transfer from the Chicago Police Department, Special Consultant Jerry Ortega, Chin's high school classmate, a conspiracy theorist and a consultant for the task force, and for a brief time, Lieutenant Catherine Rollins, Steve's girlfriend and ex-US Navy Office of Naval Intelligence  Following Max, Chin, and Kono's departures, Max is replaced by medical examiner Dr  Noelani Cunha, and McGarrett fills in Chin and Kono's spots by hiring high-achieving HPD academy washout Tani Rey and ex-US Navy SEAL Special Warfare Operator Second Class-turned-Police Candidate Junior Reigns  Later on, Kono's husband Adam Noshimuri joins the task force following the couple's divorce, and shortly after Jerry's departure, United States Army CID Staff Sergeant Quinn Liu is recruited in his place  The team is also assisted by confidential informant Kamekona Tupuola, and HPD liaison Sergeant Duke Lukela 

Cast and characters
Main
Alex O'Loughlin as Lieutenant Commander Steven J  "Steve" McGarrett, USNR  A decorated former Navy SEAL, McGarrett is head of the Five-0 Task Force and son of retired HPD Sergeant John McGarrett  John's murder and storyline forms the premise of Steve's return to Hawaii and the formation of the Task Force 
Scott Caan as Detective Sergeant Danny "Danno" Williams  He is a divorced single father who transferred from Newark PD in New Jersey to be with his daughter and is the de facto second-in-command of Five-0 
Daniel Dae Kim as Detective Lieutenant Chin Ho Kelly, (seasons 1–7)  A veteran HPD detective, he was John McGarrett's former rookie and provides technical expertise and local know-how  During the season 7 finale, Chin is offered the lead position of the Five-0 Task Force established in San Francisco, which he later accepts  This was written into the show after Kim departed the series in late June 2017 prior to the start of production of the eighth season due to a salary dispute with CBS  Kim had been seeking pay equality with fellow cast members Alex O'Loughlin and Scott Caan, but CBS's final offer to Kim was 10–15% lower than what O'Loughlin and Caan make in salary 
Grace Park as Officer Kono Kalakaua, (seasons 1–7)  A former surfer, she was personally recruited by McGarrett while still in her final days at the HPD Academy  She is the cousin of Lieutenant Kelly, and later becomes the wife of Adam Noshimuri  In the conclusion of the season 7 finale, Kono is seen aboard a flight to Carson City, Nevada, where it is later revealed she has since joined a task force aimed at combating sex trafficking  This was written into the show following Park's departure from the series in late June 2017 prior to the start of production of the eighth season due to a salary dispute with CBS  Park had been seeking pay equality with stars Alex O'Loughlin and Scott Caan, but CBS's final offer to Park was 10–15% lower than what O'Loughlin and Caan make in salary 
Taryn Manning as Mary Ann McGarrett, (season 1; guest seasons 2–4, 6 & 9) Steve's younger sister who lives in Los Angeles and occasionally visits Hawaii  At the beginning of the series she and Steve are largely estranged from each other, but as time goes on gradually begin to make amends  Mary works various odd jobs including flight attendant and caregiver before adopting a baby girl whom she names Joan (later nicknamed 'Joanie') after their father 
Masi Oka as Dr  Max Bergman (seasons 2–7; recurring season 1; guest season 10), the eccentric and well-respected County of Honolulu medical examiner  He departs the series midway through season 7 upon joining Doctors without Borders in Africa 
Lauren German as Special Agent Lori Weston (season 2; guest season 2)  A senior DHS agent assigned to Five-0 to provide oversight 
Michelle Borth as Lieutenant Catherine Rollins, USNR (seasons 3–4; recurring seasons 1 & 6; guest seasons 2, 5 & 7–10)  A former Navy Intelligence officer and McGarrett's girlfriend 
Chi McBride as Captain Lou Grover, (seasons 4–10; guest season 4)  A transfer from Chicago PD and has two children with his wife Renée 
Jorge Garcia as Special Consultant Jerry Ortega (seasons 5–10; recurring season 4), a conspiracy theorist who assisted Five-0 during several investigations and is eventually hired as a "consultant" 
Meaghan Rath as Officer Tani Rey (seasons 8–10), whom McGarrett recruits from her job as a hotel pool lifeguard after being kicked out of the police academy, despite being a first-rate candidate  She initially declines to join but later joins as a team member 
Taylor Wily as Kamekona Tupuola (seasons 8–10; recurring seasons 1–7), a rehabilitated ex-convict, turned entrepreneur and owner of the Waiola Shave Ice, Kamekona's Shrimp Truck, and Kamekona's Helicopter Tours  He is a CI for the Five-0 Task Force and their friend 
Dennis Chun as Sergeant Duke Lukela (seasons 8–10; recurring seasons 1–7), HPD officer who often acts as a liaison to Five-0  He was one of the few HPD cops who was not antagonistic towards Danny or the other Five-0 members from the beginning, as he was colleagues with Steve's father and also personally knew Chin and Kono's family  In "Hookman", he was shot by Curt Stoner (Peter Weller), but survived and recovered  Dennis Chun is the son of Kam Fong Chun, who played Chin Ho Kelly in the original series 
Kimee Balmilero as Dr  Noelani Cunha (seasons 8–10; recurring season 7), a medical examiner who took over to assist the team after Max's departure  She is often seen joining in with the team during holidays and celebrations 
Beulah Koale as Officer Junior Reigns (seasons 8–10), a former Navy SEAL ranked Special Warfare Operator Second Class who asks McGarrett, a fellow SEAL, for a job  Initially turned down he returns to McGarrett a second time  McGarrett later introduces him to Duke Lukela and informs him that before becoming a member of Five-0 he will need to join and finish the police academy 
Ian Anthony Dale as Adam Noshimuri (seasons 8–10; recurring seasons 2–7), a member of the Five-0 Task Force; formerly the Head of Five-0 Task Force Special Division of Organized Crime; Kono's ex-husband, and a confidential informant to Five-0 
Katrina Law as Sergeant Quinn Liu (season 10), a former staff sergeant with Army CID demoted for insubordination 

Recurring
Crossover characters
Daniela Ruah as Kensi Blye (season 2)
LL Cool J as Sam Hanna (season 2)
Chris O'Donnell as G  Callen (season 2)
Craig Robert Young as Dracul Comescu (season 2)
Jay Hernandez as Thomas Magnum (season 10)
Perdita Weeks as Juliet Higgins (season 10)
Zachary Knighton as Orville "Rick" Wright (season 10)
Stephen Hill as Theodore "TC" Calvin (season 10)

Notable guest stars
Among notable guests who made an appearance on show are comedian Dane Cook, actors Monica Barbaro, Norman Reedus, Balthazar Getty, Josh Dallas, Greg Germann, James Remar, Tom Berenger, James Caan, Patty Duke, Lewis Tan, Peter Fonda, Michael Madsen, Daryl Hannah, Bronson Pinchot, Craig T  Nelson, Robert Loggia, Kevin Sorbo, Adam Beach, Corbin Bernsen, Rebecca De Mornay, Jeff Fahey, Bruce Davison, Tim Daly, Gail O'Grady, Nathan Kress, Sung Kang, Pruitt Taylor Vince, Tony Curran, Bai Ling, Rick Springfield, Tom Arnold, Jon Lovitz, George Takei, Treat Williams, Peter Weller, Terrence Howard, Joan Collins, Cloris Leachman, Lance Gross, Joey Lawrence and Chuck Norris, athletes  Michelle Wie, Clarissa Chun, Martellus Bennett, Eric Dickerson, Jerry Rice, Michael Bennett and Metta World Peace, models Jasmine Tookes, Jacquelyn Jablonski, Behati Prinsloo and Kendall Jenner, and musicians Jimmy Buffett, Sean "Diddy" Combs, Nas, Nick Jonas, Xzibit, JoJo (singer) and Patrick Monahan 

Episodes
Crossovers
Note: The table below only accounts for full crossover events, single guest appearances are not included 

Production
History
The idea to bring Hawaii Five-O back to television had been under consideration well before the 2010 version was announced  The first attempt was a one-hour pilot for a new series that was made in 1996 but never aired, although a few clips were found years later and are available online  Produced and written by Stephen J  Cannell, it was intended to star Gary Busey and Russell Wong as the new Five-0 team  Original cast member James MacArthur briefly returned as Dan Williams, this time as governor of Hawaii, with cameos made by other former Five-O regulars  Another attempt was made to turn the project into a film by Warner Bros  but that also was scrapped On August 12, 2008, CBS announced that it would bring Hawaii Five-O back to the network schedule for the 2009–10 television season  The new version would be an updated present-day sequel, this time centering on Steve McGarrett, who succeeds his late father Steve (Jack Lord's character in the original series) as the head of the unit  Edward Allen Bernero, executive producer and showrunner of Criminal Minds, was to helm the new take, which he described as "Hawaii Five-O, version 2 0"  It was also to incorporate most of the iconic elements from the original, including the "Book 'em, Danno" catchphrase, into the remake  Bernero, who was a fan of the original, and had a ring tone of the series' theme song on his cell phone, had always wanted to bring the series back to TV In October 2009, it was announced that Alex Kurtzman and Roberto Orci had signed on to script a pilot episode, and that Peter M  Lenkov would serve as the series showrunner  Kurtzman and Orci decided to reboot the original concept similar to their work on the 2009 Star Trek film, rather than a sequel to the original series  Production on the pilot was shot in and around Honolulu in March 2010 On May 17, 2010, the Hawaii Five-O remake was picked up by CBS, which scheduled it for Monday nights in the 10–11 p m  time slot  The news was good for the state of Hawaii, which hoped that the remake would pump new life into the economy  Production of the remainder of the first season started in June 2010  On June 24, 2010, the producers announced that it would use the warehouse at the former Honolulu Advertiser building as the official soundstage studio for the series starting in July 2010  Exteriors representing Five-0 headquarters in the series are located at the Ali'iolani Hale in Honolulu, directly across the street from Iolani Palace, which represented Five-O headquarters in the original series On October 21, 2010, CBS announced that the first season had been given a full season order of 24 episodes  Subsequent seasons have consisted of between 23 and 25 episodes 
This revival series uses a zero as the last character in its title instead of the letter "O" that is used in the title of the original series  According to Los Angeles Times, a CBS insider said that the disambiguation was necessary because of search engine results  When Variety conducted its own search engine test on Google, it found that "Hawaii Five-0" (with the zero) had 263,000 results while "Hawaii Five-O" (with the letter O) had over 1 7 million Online voting by viewers determined the ending of the January 14, 2013 episode "Kapu" ("Forbidden"), with two zones, Eastern and Central Time Zones, and Mountain and Pacific Time Zones, each getting their own result  Each alternative ending could be seen online after the episode aired On February 28, 2020, it was announced that the series would end after 10 seasons and 240 episodes with a two-episode series finale on April 3, 2020  This was confirmed by CBS Entertainment president Kelly Kahl and show's showrunner and co-creator Peter Lenkov 

Casting
In February 2010, it was announced that Daniel Dae Kim had been cast to play Chin Ho Kelly, an ex-cop trained by Steve McGarrett's father  He was the first actor cast for the remake  Several days later, Alex O'Loughlin was cast as Steve McGarrett, the son of ex-cop John McGarrett (portrayed by William Sadler)  The producers pay homage to the original series throughout the first year by making one of Steve's hobbies restoring his father's 1974 Mercury Marquis, which is in fact the actual car driven by Jack Lord in the latter half of the original series' run  Actress Grace Park was later cast as rookie detective Kona "Kono" Kalakaua  Although in the original series, the character of Kono was male, the reboot series swapped the cop's gender in order to steer clear of a task force devoid of women  Scott Caan was cast as Danny "Danno" Williams  In the recurring cast are Jean Smart as Governor Pat Jameson and Masi Oka as the medical examiner Max Bergman  Oka was upgraded to series regular for the second season Of note, several recurring roles have been filled by surviving members of the original cast  Al Harrington, who played Det  Ben Kokua in the original series, now plays a friend of McGarrett's, Mamo Kahike  Dennis Chun, who had various guest roles in the original series and is the son of Kam Fong Chun (the actor that portrayed the original Chin Ho), has a recurring role as HPD Sgt  Duke Lukela in the remake  James MacArthur, the last surviving main cast member from the original series, agreed to guest-star in a first-season episode; however, he died on October 28, 2010, before filming his appearance Larisa Oleynik was cast as Jessica Kaye (changed to Jenna Kaye in the episode broadcast), scheduled to join the Five-0 task force in the show's 19th episode  Oleynik appeared on a recurring basis for the remainder of the 2010–11 season, with an option to become a regular in season 2; however, her character was killed off in season 2, episode 10  It was also announced that Terry O'Quinn would be joining the cast of the show in season two, along with Lauren German, who would play Lori Weston, a former Homeland Security (and FBI agent) official assigned by the new governor to keep an eye on the team Since the show began in 2010 Michelle Borth had a recurring role where she appeared as on and off Steve McGarrett's girlfriend, Lt  Catherine Rollins, a Navy Lieutenant  On March 26, 2012, CBS announced that Borth would become a cast regular on Hawaii Five-0 for season 3  On March 27, 2014, it was announced that she would not be returning for the fifth season, with the reason for her departure left unknown  On April 24, 2015, it was announced that Borth would return as a guest star for the shows fifth-season finale  In July 2015 it was announced that Borth would have a recurring role in the first three episodes of the shows 6th season  On September 8, 2016, it was announced that Borth would be returning as a guest for the shows 150th episode  Christine Lahti was also cast in a recurring role as Doris McGarrett, the thought-to-be-deceased mother of Steve McGarrett On July 10, 2013, ahead of the show's fourth season it was announced that Chi McBride would have a guest spot in the first episode of the season  On November 21, 2013, it was announced that McBride would become a series regular beginning with the seasons 10th episode  After appearing as a guest star in several season four episodes, Jorge Garcia who plays the character of Jerry Ortega (a conspiracy theorist and high school classmate of Chin's) was promoted to series regular commencing season five  This is the second time Kim and Garcia serve as regulars together with Lost being the first Beginning with the second episode of the 2016–17 season, Claire Forlani had a recurring role as Alicia Brown, a retired criminal profiler who helped the team find a serial killer On November 17, 2016, it was announced that Oka who portrays Bergman would be departing the series after the thirteenth episode of the seventh season On June 30, 2017, ahead of the series's eighth season, it was announced that series regulars Kim and Park would be departing the series due to a salary dispute with CBS  Kim and Park had been seeking pay equality with co-stars O'Loughlin and Caan, but did not reach satisfactory deals with CBS Television Studios  CBS's final offer to Kim and Park was 10–15% lower than what O'Loughlin and Caan make in salary  An update of their characters would be given in the first episode of the new season Following Kim's and Park's departures it was announced that longtime recurring cast member Ian Anthony Dale who portrays Kono Kalakaua's husband Adam Noshimuri had been upped to series regular for the eighth season  It was also announced that Meaghan Rath and Beulah Koale would join the series as new characters and new members of Five-0 On July 21, 2017, it was announced that recurring cast members Taylor Wily, Kimee Balmilero, and Dennis Chun would also be upped to series regulars for the eighth season On March 19, 2018, it was announced that Borth would once again return to the series in a guest role for the twentieth episode of the series' eighth season 

Music
Hawaii Five-0 uses the original show's theme song composed by Morton Stevens  Critics received an early copy of the pilot with a synthesizer and guitar-based version of the theme  After negative reaction to the reworked song spread quickly online, Kurtzman said he and others realized that changing the music was a mistake, and arranged for studio musicians, including three who had worked on the original from 1968, to rerecord the theme "exactly as it was", except shortened to 30 seconds from its original length of about 60 seconds  Original instrumental music is composed by Brian Tyler and Keith Power 

Soundtrack
Hawaii Five-0: Original Songs from the Television Series is a soundtrack album featuring music used in the CBS television series Hawaii Five-0  The first volume in the series received attention for how show producers integrated these new and previously unreleased tracks from major-name artists into the second-season episodes  This method contrasted with the norm for TV soundtracks, which tend to be compilations of previously released music that is already available individually or on other albums  Hawaii Five-0: Original Songs from the Television Series was released on October 4, 2011 

McGarrett's car
The car driven by the original Steve McGarrett in Hawaii Five-O is a 1974 Mercury Marquis  The car has belonged to stuntman John Nordlum since the original series ended  Nordlum has let the car be used in the new series, where it is said to have belonged to Steve McGarrett's father John  The license plate is still F6-3958 

Broadcast and release
The series premiered in the United States on CBS on September 20, 2010, exactly 42 years after the premiere of the original series  Canada's Global TV and NTV premiered the show at the same time as the United States premiere  Hawaii Five-0 has been syndicated for broadcast in several countries worldwide, including Australia, the United Kingdom,  New Zealand and South Africa 

Syndication
Originally, TNT acquired the off-network rights to air the series and began airing episodes on the cable channel in August 2014 Ion Television has since acquired the off-network rights to the series; episodes began airing in January 2021 

Streaming
All episodes are available to stream with Paramount+ (formerly CBS All Access) 

Home media
Reception and impact
Critical reception
The show has received generally positive reviews from critics  Metacritic gave season one of the show a 66 out of 100 aggregate score based on reviews from 29 critics  Rotten Tomatoes gave season one a score of 74% based on 23 reviews  The site's consensus calls it: "A brisk, slick reboot of an old favorite, Hawaii Five-0's picturesque locales and attractive cast make for pleasurable viewing "On May 19, 2010, The Honolulu Advertiser offered an opinion about the new version: "A smart script, slick production values and maybe a splash of nostalgia got the remake of Hawaii Five-O placed on the CBS prime-time lineup this fall," but went on to add, "it takes more than a brand name to capture viewers' attention " The piece also pointed out that times have changed since the original left the air, citing other shows that were set in Hawaii which have come and gone  It expressed a hope that the producers will succeed in bringing a new life to the title with this remake  Hawaii Five-0 was also in the Guinness World Records 2012 for Highest-Rated New Show in the U S  with a record 19 34 million viewers for its January 23, 2011 episode (Kai e'e) 

Ratings
Awards and nominations
Series star Scott Caan was nominated for a Golden Globe Award for Best Supporting Actor – Series, Miniseries or Television Film for his role as Danny on Hawaii Five-0  Hawaii Five-0 also won the "Favorite New TV Drama" at the 37th People's Choice Awards on January 5, 2011 

Effect on Hawaii's economy
The popularity of Hawaii Five-0 resulted in a positive effect on several local businesses that saw an increase in sales after they were featured in particular episodes  Visitors to the USS Missouri Memorial Association increased 25 percent in 2010, a record year  Waiola Shave Ice, the business run by Kamekona on the show, saw a 20 percent increase in shave ice sales, along with a 30 percent rise in overall sales  Kona Brewing Company also saw a 60 percent increase in sales after their beers were featured as McGarrett's favored alcoholic beverage in several episodes  The tourist economy was also impacted, as many Mainlander fans were subsequently inspired to visit the islands after viewing the series 
Passage 6:
Scott McCord
Scott McCord (born April 19, 1971) is a Canadian actor  He is known for his versatility and character work in film, television, animation and on stage  He is a member of The Actors Studio  On television he has appeared in series regular, recurring and guest starring roles  He plays the mysterious Victor in the MGM+ original science fiction horror series From from the executive producers of Lost  Other television  appearances include The Sinner, FBI, Jupiter's Legacy, and Lost Girl    He played researcher James Joy on the Canadian investigative journalism drama series The Eleventh Hour from 2002 to 2005   He has appeared in standout character roles in the studio films 16 Blocks, Shoot 'Em Up, and supporting roles in independent films East of Middle West, Blood Honey and the animated features The Nut Job and Charlotte  He has worked in theatre most of his career in New York and Toronto, garnering a Dora Mavor Moore Award Best Actor nomination in 2002 for The Qualities of Zero 
He is known for his voiceover work in popular animated series  He plays Dan Kuso in Bakugan Battle Brawlers, Tetsuya Watarigani in Beyblade: Metal Fusion, Owen, Trent, Jacques and Brody in Fresh TV's Total Drama franchise, Skull Boy in Ruby Gloom, McGee in Camp Lakebottom, and Jake in the animated Nickelodeon/TVOKids television series, PAW Patrol  In 2016, he won the Canada Screens Award for Best Performance in an Animated Series 
As a musician, he has released two albums, the solo effort Blues For Sunshine (2009) and Scott McCord and the Bonafide Truth (2012)  Scott McCord and the Bonafide Truth was nominated for Best Artist of the Year at the Canadian 2010 Maple Blues Awards 

Filmography
Television
Film
Video games
Passage 7:
Kenn Scott
Kenn Scott is a Toronto-based screenwriter noted for his work in children's programming and animation   Included amongst the many shows he has written for are Ned's Newt, Iggy Arbuckle, Captain Flamingo, Rescue Heroes, Seven Little Monsters, Pelswick, Quads!, Delilah and Julius, Dino Dan and Doki  His column "A Writer's Life" appears regularly in the magazine Canadian Screenwriter   He is also the co-author of the university textbook On Our Wavelength: Broadcasting History From A Canadian Perspective, and the video game Uh-Oh Flamingo!Scott won a special animation award from the Writers Guild of Canada for his work on Ned's Newt, as well as a 2008 Canadian Screenwriting Award in the Children & Preschool category for an episode of Iggy Arbuckle In addition to his continuing work as a screenwriter, Scott has been teaching screenwriting and media history at Ryerson University (now Toronto Metropolitan University) in Toronto since 1997  As of 2021, he is also a professor in the Children's Media program at Toronto's Centennial College 
Passage 8:
Henry Gilroy
Henry Alan Gilroy (born November 1976) is an American film and television screenwriter and producer  He is best known for co-writing the animated series Star Wars: The Clone Wars 

Early life
From an early age, Gilroy loved comic books and animation which inspired him to study film at several colleges in the greater Los Angeles area 

Career
His first job at a Hollywood studio was working as an editor for Warner Bros ' animation department working Steven Spielberg's Tiny Toon Adventures  It was at Warner Bros  that Gilroy sold his first script to the producers of the Emmy winning Batman: The Animated Series, for the Scarecrow episode, "Nothing to Fear"  After a staff writer gig on the WB's Tazmanian Devil animated series, Tazmania, Gilroy moved on to work on The Tick animated series before taking a staff job at Disney Television Animation for several years where he worked on such series as Timon & Pumbaa, Mickey Mouse Works, House of Mouse, Lilo & Stitch: The Series and Super Robot Monkey Team Hyperforce Go! before being chosen to develop and write the Star Wars: The Clone Wars CG animated series for Lucasfilm Animation with creator George Lucas and director Dave Filoni  He served as head writer for season one and part of season two, penning several episodes, including the first stories featuring fan favorite character Ahsoka Tano, among others  He is also the author of several Star Wars comic books Leaving Lucasfilm, Gilroy spent two years at Hasbro Studios, where he developed and led the writing on two other animated series, G I  Joe: Renegades and Kaijudo, and then moved on to Marvel Animation Studios where he acted as supervising producer and head writer on Hulk and the Agents of S M A S H  and Ultimate Spider-Man as well as penning two CG Marvel Heroes United films featuring team-ups with Iron Man & the Hulk and Iron Man & Captain America 
Gilroy is co-creator of the first Bionicle trilogy and has since written for numerous other animated series, such as The Mask, Justice League Unlimited, The 99, Kim Possible, and the direct-to-video Disney movie title Atlantis: Milo's Return and the Funimation anime film Mass Effect: Paragon Lost based on the hit video game for Electronic Arts and BioWare Gilroy wrote the four-issue Joker/Mask comic book which was collected by Dark Horse/DC Comics in 2001  He also wrote the Dark Horse Alien one-shot comic books, Aliens: Herk Mondo and Aliens: Mondo Heat in collaboration with artist and Pixar director Ronnie del Carmen In 2014, Gilroy returned to Lucasfilm under Disney studios to serve as co-executive producer and series writer of Star Wars: Rebels where he wrote seventeen episodes through 2018 In 2019, Gilroy was selected as the showrunner/head writer for an animated Magic: The Gathering TV show for Netflix with the Russo Brothers In 2020, Gilroy began working on DreamWorks Dragons: The Nine Realms, an animated television series for DreamWorks Animation 

Television and film credits
Television
series head writer denoted in bold
Batman: The Animated Series (1992)
2 Stupid Dogs (1993)
The Tick (1994)
Taz-Mania (1994)
The Baby Huey Show (1994)
The Mask: Animated Series (1995)
Earthworm Jim (1995)
The Savage Dragon (1995–1996)
The Mouse and the Monster (1996)
All Dogs Go to Heaven: The Series (1998)
Timon & Pumbaa (1999)
Sherlock Holmes in the 22nd Century (1999)
Jackie Chan Adventures (2001)
Teamo Supremo (2002)
House of Mouse (2002)
Lilo & Stitch: The Series (2003)
Justice League Unlimited (2004)
Super Robot Monkey Team Hyperforce Go! (2006)
Star Wars: The Clone Wars (2008–2010)
Transformers Animated (2008)
The Secret Saturdays (2009)
G I  Joe: Renegades (2010–2011)
Iron Man: Armored Adventures (2012)
Kaijudo: Rise of the Duel Masters (2012)
Voltron Force (2012)
Hulk and the Agents of S M A S H  (2012–2013)
Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles (2014)
Ultimate Spider-Man Season 3 (2014)
Star Wars Rebels (2014–2018)
Avengers Assemble (2017)
Guardians of the Galaxy (2017)
DreamWorks Dragons: The Nine Realms (2021–present)

Film
Mickey's House of Villains (2002)
Atlantis: Milo’s Return (2003)
Bionicle: Mask of Light (2003)
Bionicle 2: Legends of Metru Nui (2004)
Bionicle 3: Web of Shadows (2005)
Star Wars: The Clone Wars (2008)
Mass Effect: Paragon Lost (2012)
Heroes United (2013–2014)
Passage 9:
Pelswick
John Callahan's Pelswick (or simply Pelswick) is an animated television series co-produced by Nelvana Enterprises, Inc  and Suzhou Hong Ying Animation Corporation Limited  The series is about the title character, who uses a wheelchair, emphasizing that he lived a normal life  It was based on the books created by John Callahan  Making a show suitable for children required toning down Callahan's dark humor somewhat, and the show was positive and life-affirming  For this, the show was very groundbreaking at the time 

Characters
Pelswick Eggert (voiced by Robert Tinkler) – A 13-year-old boy who uses a wheelchair  How he became a paraplegic is not revealed in the series, but the series' creators imply through commentary that it was due to a car accident  He dislikes it when people treat him differently because of his disability  He dislikes following the crowd and he goes by his own rules 
Ace Nakamura (voiced by Phil Guerrero) – Pelswick's best friend  Ace is technologically smarter than any of his friends, and is often the thinker of the situation 
Goon Gunderson (voiced by Peter Oldring) – Pelswick's other best friend  Huge and slow-witted in his actions and thoughts, Goon is generally good-hearted but rather dangerous when angry  He does not know that wrestling is staged 
Julie Smockford (voiced by Julie Lemieux) – A pretty girl and Pelswick's love interest  She hates all the cliques and popularity contests at school and seems to care mostly about her popularity and image  Julie is smart, dramatic, sometimes annoying, but cares a lot about Pelswick  Pelswick has a crush on her but she is completely oblivious about it  Julie believes in justice for all 
Sandra Scoddle (voiced by Kim Kuhteubl) – Julie's snooty and arrogant best friend/rival and one of Pelswick's friends  She thinks she is better than everyone else and often disputes with Julie  She thinks she is cool, but she's not  She gets caught into the latest trends 
Mr  Jimmy (voiced by David Arquette) – Pelswick's guardian angel who often gives him advice that confuses him until the last moment, no matter what it is  Pelswick cannot stand him and his issues  He is also the comic relief of the show 
Kate Eggert (voiced by Tracey Moore) – Pelswick's precocious younger sister  She treats her reputation as a little sister like a business and usually blackmails Pelswick when butting into his business  She has dreams of owning a big corporation  She is 10 years old 
Bobby Eggert – Pelswick's and Kate's baby brother  He rarely talks and admires Pelswick  Given that Pelswick and Kate's mother is unseen, it can be assumed Bobby is either adopted or is the child of a relative that their father is taking care of 
Quentin Eggert (voiced by Tony Rosato) – Pelswick, Kate and Bobby's politically correct father who works as a college professor until he is fired in "The Case of the Filched Files " He later gets his job back  He wants to do everything by papers  His wife was killed in the same car accident that made Pelswick into a paraplegic 
Priscilla "Gram-Gram" Eggert (voiced by Ellen Ray Hennessy) – Quentin's mother and Pelswick, Kate and Bobby's deranged grandmother  She often does "extreme" acts beyond that of a grandmother  Most of these acts results in her getting arrested 
Boyd Scullarzo (voiced by Chuck Campbell) – The bully of Pelswick's school who likes bullying Pelswick and others, not physically but with humiliation 
Vice Principal Ziegler (voiced by David Huband) – The vice principal of Jr High (Pelswick's school)  Despite his title, he usually assumes the role of a principal  Throughout the show, there is no mention of there being a principal at Jr High  During the second episode of the series, this issue was lampshaded by Goon Gunderson who questioned why their school had a vice principal but no principal 

Episodes
Season 1 (2000–01)
Season 2 (2001–02)
Broadcast
The show aired in reruns on CBS during the Nick on CBS block from September 14 to November 23, 2002, and on Nicktoons from May 2002 to September 2005  The show reran on Adult Swim in Canada between early 2021 and mid-2022 



ground_truth: the Veneto region of Northern Italy

prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: How many records did the singer who sang "Four Seasons of Love" sell worldwide?

The following are given passages.
Context 4: Passage 1:
Merck &amp; Co 
Merck & Co , Inc  is an American multinational pharmaceutical company headquartered in Rahway, New Jersey, and is named for Merck Group, founded in Germany in 1668, of whom it was once the American arm  The company does business as Merck Sharp & Dohme or MSD outside the United States and Canada  It is one of the largest pharmaceutical companies in the world, generally ranking in the global top five by revenue Merck & Co  was originally established as the American affiliate of Merck Group in 1891  Merck develops and produces medicines, vaccines, biologic therapies and animal health products  It has multiple blockbuster drugs or products each with 2020 revenues including cancer immunotherapy, anti-diabetic medication and vaccines against HPV and chickenpox 
The company is ranked 71st on the 2022 Fortune 500 and 87th on the 2022 Forbes Global 2000, both based on 2021 revenues 

Products
The company develops medicines, vaccines, biologic therapies and animal health products  In 2020, the company had 6 blockbuster drugs or products, each with over $1 billion in revenue: Keytruda (pembrolizumab), a humanized antibody used in cancer immunotherapy that had $14 3 billion in 2020 revenue; Januvia (sitagliptin), an anti-diabetic medication used to treat type 2 diabetes that had $5 3 billion in 2020 revenue; Gardasil, an HPV vaccine that had $3 9 billion in 2020 revenue; Varivax, a varicella vaccine used to protect against chickenpox that had $1 9 billion in 2020 revenues; Bridion (Sugammadex), a neuromuscular-blocking drug that had $1 2 billion in 2020 revenue; and Pneumovax 23, a pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine that had $1 1 billion in 2020 revenue  Other major products by the company include Isentress (raltegravir), an antiretroviral medication used to treat HIV/AIDS that had $857 million in 2020 revenue; Simponi (golimumab), a human monoclonal antibody used as an immunosuppressive drug that had $838 million in 2020 revenue; RotaTeq, a rotavirus vaccine that had $797 million in 2020 revenue; and Lynparza (olaparib), a medication for the maintenance treatment of BRCA-mutated advanced ovarian cancer in adults that generated $725 million in 2020 revenue for the company Details of Merck's major products are as follows:

Januvia (sitagliptin) is a dipeptidyl peptidase IV inhibitor for the treatment of type 2 diabetes  In 2013, Januvia was the second largest selling diabetes drug worldwide  Januvia is commonly paired with the generic anti-diabetes drug metformin  It has been popular due in part because unlike many other diabetes drugs, it causes little or no weight gain and is not associated with hypoglycemic episodes  Merck also sells a single pill combination drug containing both Januvia and metformin under the trade name Janumet  There has been some concern that treatment with Januvia and other DPP-IV inhibitors may be associated with a modestly increased risk of pancreatitis 
Zetia (ezetimibe) is a drug for hypercholesterolemia that acts by inhibiting the absorption of dietary cholesterol  Zetia has been controversial, as it was initially approved based on its impact on serum cholesterol levels without proof that it actually impacted the incidence of cardiovascular disease  Results of the IMPROVE-IT study, however, introduced at the 2014 Scientific Sessions of the American Heart Association, showed a statistically significant, albeit modest, benefit in adding Zetia to simvastatin for high-risk, post-acute-coronary-syndrome patients 
Remicade (infliximab) is a monoclonal antibody directed toward the cytokine TNF-alpha and used for the treatment of a wide range of autoimmune disorders, including rheumatoid arthritis, Crohn's disease, ankylosing spondylitis, plaque psoriasis, and others  Remicade and other TNF-alpha inhibitors exhibit additive therapeutic effects with methotrexate and improve quality of life  Adverse effects include increased risk of infection and certain cancers  Merck had rights to the drug in certain areas, while Janssen Biotech had rights in other areas; in 2017, Merck announced a biosimilar to Remicade, Renflexis 
Gardasil (recombinant human papilloma virus vaccine) is a vaccine against multiple serotypes of human papilloma virus (HPV), which is responsible for most cases of cervical cancer worldwide 
Isentress (raltegravir) is a human immunodeficiency virus integrase inhibitor for the treatment of HIV infection  It is the first anti-HIV compound having this mechanism of action  It is part of one of several first line treatment regimens recommended by the United States Department of Health and Human Services 
Keytruda (pembrolizumab) is an immune modulator for the treatment of cancer  On September 4, 2014, the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved Pembrolizumab (MK-3475) as a breakthrough therapy for melanoma treatment  In clinical trials, pembrolzumab provided partial tumor regression in about one quarter of patients, many of whom have not seen further progression of their disease in over 6 months of follow-up 
Invanz (Ertapenem) is an injectable antibiotic, rights to which Merck has owned since 1999  Merck was in a legal dispute with the Taiwanese company Savior Lifetec over their attempt to secure rights to sell a generic drug version in the United States  Savior has since obtained approval to market generic ertapenem 
Mexsana is an antiseptic medicated powder 
Mectizan (ivermectin) is an anti-parasitic medicine traditionally used to treat river blindness  It is the focus of Merck's Mectizan Donation Program, wherein Merck has donated doses of the drug to treat millions of people in countries such as Yemen and African nations 
Molnupiravir is an antiviral pill to treat COVID-19, developed in partnership with Ridgeback Biotherapeutics Merck & Co  publishes The Merck Manuals, a series of medical reference books for physicians, nurses, technicians, and veterinarians  These include the Merck Manual of Diagnosis and Therapy, the world's best-selling medical reference  The Merck Index, a compendium of chemical compounds, was published by Merck & Co  until it was acquired by the Royal Society of Chemistry in 2012 

History
Roots and early history
Merck & Co  traces its origins to its former German parent company Merck Group, which was established by the Merck family in 1668 when Friedrich Jacob Merck purchased a drug store in Darmstadt  In 1827, Merck Group evolved from a pharmacy to a drug manufacturer company with the commercial manufacture of morphine  Merck perfected the chemical process of deriving morphine from opium and later introduced cocaine, used to treat sinus problems and to add to beverages to boost energy levels In 1887 a German-born, long-time Merck employee, Theodore Weicker, went to the United States to represent Merck Group  In 1891, with $200,000 received from E  Merck, Weicker started Merck & Co , with headquarters in lower Manhattan  That year George Merck, the 23-year-old son of the then head of E  Merck (and grandson of the founder) joined Weicker in New York  Merck & Co  operated from 1891 to 1917 as the US subsidiary of the Merck Group 

Nationalization
After the U S  entered World War I, due to its German connections, Merck & Co  was the subject of expropriation under the Trading with the Enemy Act of 1917  In 1919, George W  Merck, in partnership with Goldman Sachs and Lehman Brothers, bought the company back at a U S  government auction for $3 5 million, but Merck & Co  remained a separate company from its former German parent  Merck & Co  holds the trademark rights to the "Merck" name in the United States and Canada, while its former parent company retains the rights in the rest of the world; the right to use the Merck name was the subject of litigation between the two companies in 2016 In 1929, H  K  Mulford Company merged with Sharp and Dohme, Inc  and brought vaccine technology, including immunization of cavalry horses in World War I and delivery of a diphtheria antitoxin to Merck & Co 
In 1943, Streptomycin was discovered during a Merck-funded research program in Selman Waksman's laboratory at Rutgers University  It became the first effective treatment for Tuberculosis  At the time of its discovery, sanatoriums for the isolation of tuberculosis-infected people were a ubiquitous feature of cities in developed countries, with 50% dying within 5 years of admission  Although Merck's agreement with Rutgers gave it exclusive rights to streptomycin, at Waksman's request the company renegotiated the agreement, returning the rights to the university in exchange for a royalty  The university then set up non-exclusive licenses with seven companies to ensure a reliable supply of the antibiotic 

1950–2000
In the 1950s, thiazide diuretics were developed by Merck scientists Karl H  Beyer, James M  Sprague, John E  Baer, and Frederick C  Novello and led to the marketing of the first drug of this class, chlorothiazide, under the trade name Duiril in 1958  The research leading to the discovery of chlorothiazide, leading to "the saving of untold thousands of lives and the alleviation of the suffering of millions of victims of hypertension" was recognized by a special Public Health Award from the Lasker Foundation in 1975 In 1953, Merck & Co  merged with Philadelphia-based Sharp & Dohme, Inc , becoming the largest U S  drugmaker  Sharp and Dohme had acquired H  K  Mulford Company in 1929, adding smallpox vaccines to its portfolio  The combined company kept the trade name Merck in the United States and Canada, and as Merck Sharp & Dohme (MSD) outside North America In 1965, Merck & Co  acquired Charles Frosst Ltd  of Montreal (founded 1899), creating Merck-Frosst Canada, Inc , as its Canadian subsidiary and pharmaceutical research facility  Merck & Co  closed this facility in July 2010 but remerged in 2011 as Merck Canada Maurice Hilleman, a scientist at Merck, developed the first mumps vaccine in 1967, the first rubella vaccine in 1969, and the first trivalent measles, mumps, rubella (MMR vaccine) in 1971  The incidence of rubella-associated birth defects fell from up to 10,000 per year in the U S  to zero in the aftermath of the rubella vaccine's development  Hilleman also developed the first Hepatitis B vaccine and the first varicella vaccine, for chickenpox The company was incorporated in New Jersey in 1970  John J  Horan became CEO and Chairman in 1976, serving until 1985  Under his leadership, the company's investment in R&D grew threefold, and Merck became the largest pharmaceutical company in the world In 1979, Merck scientists developed lovastatin (Mevacor), the first drug of the statin class Merck scientist William C  Campbell and Satoshi Ōmura developed ivermectin for veterinary use in 1981, and later put it to human use against Onchocerciasis in 1987–88 with the name Mectizan; today the compound is used against river blindness, lymphatic filariasis, scabies and other parasitic infections In 1982, the company formed a joint venture, KBI Inc , with AstraZeneca  During the late 1980s and 1990s, the company also established joint ventures with DuPont to access research and development expertise, and with Johnson & Johnson to sell over-the-counter consumer medications In 1985, Merck received approval for imipenem, the first member of the carbapenem class of antibiotics  Antibiotics of the carbapenem class play an important role in treatment guidelines for certain hospital-acquired and multi-drug resistant infections  P  Roy Vagelos became CEO and Chairman that year, succeeding Horan In 1991, Merck's Kelco subsidiary was responsible for volatile organic compound (VOC) emission pollution in the San Diego area  In 1996 Merck paid $1 8 million for polluting the air  New machines were installed to reduce smog emissions by 680,000 lb (310,000 kg) a year In November 1993, Merck & Co  acquired Medco Containment Services for $6 billion  Merck & Co  spun Medco off ten years later 

2001–2019
In May 2002, The Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation purchased stock in Merck From 2002 through 2005, the Australian affiliate of Merck paid publishing house Elsevier an undisclosed amount to produce eight issues of a medical journal, the Australasian Journal of Bone and Joint Medicine  Although it gave the appearance of being an independent peer-reviewed journal, without any indication that Merck had paid for it, the journal actually reprinted articles that originally appeared in other publications and that were favorable to Merck  The misleading publication came to light in 2009 during a personal injury lawsuit filed over Vioxx; 9 of 29 articles in the journal's second issue referred positively to Vioxx  The CEO of Elsevier's Health Sciences Division, Michael Hansen, admitted that the practice was "unacceptable" In 2005, CEO Raymond Gilmartin retired following Merck's voluntary worldwide withdrawal of Vioxx  Former president of manufacturing Richard Clark was named CEO and company president In November 2009, Merck & Co  completed a merger with Schering-Plough in a US$41 billion deal  Although Merck & Co  was in reality acquiring Schering-Plough, the purchase was declared a "reverse merger", in which "Old" Merck & Co  was renamed Merck Sharp & Dohme, and Schering-Plough renamed as "Merck & Co , Inc  The maneuver was an attempt avoid a "change-of-control" in order to preserve Schering-Plough's rights to market Remicade  A settlement with Johnson & Johnson was reached in 2011, in which Merck agreed to pay $500 million  Merck Sharp & Dohme remains a subsidiary of the Merck & Co  parent Richard Clark retired as CEO and company president in October 2011 and Kenneth Frazier became CEO In October 2013, Merck announced it would cut 8,500 jobs in an attempt to cut $2 5 billion from its costs by 2015  Combined with 7,500 job cuts announced in 2011 and 2012, the layoffs amounted to 20% of its workforce By 2014, research performed at Merck has led to U S  FDA approval of 63 new molecular entities In August 2014, Merck acquired Idenix Pharmaceuticals for $3 85 billion In December 2014, the company acquired Swiss biotechnology company OncoEthix for up to $375 million Between 2010 and 2015, the company cut around 36,450 jobs  During that time, the company sold its consumer health business to Bayer and narrowed the company's focus to immunology, vaccines, diabetes, emerging markets and medicines used in hospitals, like certain antibiotics In January 2015, Merck acquired Cubist Pharmaceuticals In July 2015, Merck and Ablynx expanded their 18-month-old immuno-oncology collaboration by four years, generating a potential $4 4 billion in milestone payments for the Abylnx  The company also announced it would spend $95 million up front collaborating with cCAM Biotherapeutics and its early-stage treatment similar to Keytruda  Merck & Co  will bring in CM-24, an antibody designed to block the immune checkpoint CEACAM1 In January 2016, Merck announced two new partnerships; the first with Quartet Medicine and its small molecule pain treatments, the second with Complix investigating intracellular cancer targets, with both collaborations potentially generating up to $595 million and $280 million respectively  Days later the company announced it would acquire IOmet Pharma, with IOmet becoming a wholly owned subsidiary of Merck & Co  The acquisition includes IOmets indoleamine-2,3-dioxygenase 1 (IDO), tryptophan 2,3-dioxygenase (TDO), and dual-acting inhibitors In July 2016, the company acquired Afferent Pharmaceuticals, developer of a candidate used to block P2RX3 receptors, for approximately $1 billion, plus up to $750 million in milestone payments In 2017, Merck bought the PARP inhibitor Lynparza from AstraZeneca In April 2017, Merck Animal Health acquired Vallée S A , a Brazilian animal health product manufacturer In September 2017, the company announced it would acquire Rigontec, developer of a candidate to target the retinoic acid-inducible gene I pathway, for $554 million In October 2017, the company granted the inaugural Merck-AGITG Clinical Research Fellowship in Gastro-Intestinal (GI) Cancer to David Lau, a professional in Melbourne, Australia In June 2018, Merck acquired Viralytics, an Australian viral cancer drug company, for AUD$502 million In 2018, Merck began the submission process for a Biologics License Application to the Food and Drug Administration under the Breakthrough Therapy Designation for an investigational vaccine, called V920, to fight the Zaire strain of the Ebola virus In April 2019, the company acquired Immune Design for approximately $300 million, gaining access to its immunotherapy programs  It also acquired Antelliq Group for $2 4 billion, or $3 7 billion including debt In May 2019, Merck announced it would acquire Peloton Therapeutics, developer of a HIF-2alpha inhibitor for Von Hippel–Lindau disease-associated renal cell carcinoma, for up to $2 2 billion In June 2019, Merck announced it would acquire Tilos Therapeutics for up to $773 million In November 2019, the company acquired Calporta, which focused on Parkinsons and Alzheimers treatments In December 2019, Merck Animal Health acquired Vaki, an aquaculture company, from Pentair 

2020–present
In January 2020, Merck acquired ArQule, developer of ARQ 531, an oral Bruton's tyrosine kinase (BTK) inhibitor, for $2 7 billion In March 2020, Merck was one of ten companies recognised at the inaugural Manufacturing Awards by New Jersey Business magazine and the New Jersey Business and Industry Association In June 2020, Merck acquired Themis Bioscience, a company focused on vaccines and immune-modulation therapies for infectious diseases including COVID-19 and cancer Also in June 2020, Merck Animal Health acquired Quantified Ag, a data and analytics company that monitors cattle body temperature and movement in order to detect illness early In August 2020, Merck Animal Health acquired IdentiGEN, engaged in DNA-based animal traceability In September 2020, Merck acquired $1 billion of Seattle Genetics common stock, and agreed to co-develop ladiratuzumab vedotin In November 2020, Merck announced it would acquire VelosBio for $2 75 billion, developer of VLS-101, an antibody-drug conjugate designed to target Tyrosine kinase-like orphan receptor 1 (ROR1) in both hematological and solid tumors  VLS-101 is currently Phase I and Phase II clinical trials  The company also announced it would acquire OncoImmune for $425 million and its phase 3 candidate, CD24Fc, used in the treatment of patients with severe and critical COVID-19 In February 2021, Merck Animal Health acquired PrognostiX Poultry In March 2021, Merck Head of Corporate Affairs Petra Wicklandt represented the company at the Munich Security Conference, where she participated in a tabletop exercise simulating the public health response to the release of a weaponized strain of monkeypox In April 2021, Merck acquired Pandion Therapeutics for $1 85 billion, expanding its offering in treating autoimmune diseases In June 2021, the U S  government agreed to spend $1 2 billion to purchase 1 7 million doses of Molnupiravir, a Merck product, if it were to be approved by regulators to treat COVID-19  In October 2021, the company said that the drug reduces the risk of hospitalization or death by around 50% for patients with mild or moderate cases of COVID-19 and that it would seek Emergency Use Authorization for the drug In July 2021, Robert M  Davis became CEO, succeeding Kenneth Frazier, who became executive chairman In July 2021, Merck completed the corporate spin-off of Organon & Co In September 2021, Merck announced it would acquire Acceleron Pharma for $11 5 billion, gaining control over Sotatercept, used in the treatment of pulmonary hypertension, and luspatercept-aamt In September 2022, the company announced it would acquire Vence, a livestock management company for an undisclosed sum, incorporating it within Merck Animal Health In December 2022, the company announced a licensing deal with Kelun-Biotech of China whereby it would expand its early cancer pipeline with a set of antibody-drug conjugates; this follows an earlier agreement between the two companies to co-develop such drugs In April 2023, Merck announced it would acquire Prometheus Biosciences Inc for $10 8 billion 

Acquisition history
Philanthropy
Merck Company Foundation
Since it was founded in 1957, the Merck Company Foundation has distributed $740 million in overall charitable distributions including more than $480 million to educational and non-profit organizations On December 7, 2012, the foundation announced that it was ending its donations to the Boy Scouts of America citing its discrimination against gay people 

Patient assistance programs
Merck & Co  was one of the first American pharmaceutical companies to offer assistance to those unable to afford its medications, beginning a program in the 1950s  Merck & Co  offers seven patient assistance programs, each with specific eligibility requirements 

Hilleman Laboratories
Merck and the Wellcome trust jointly fund the Hilleman Laboratories, an India-based non-profit research organization dedicated to the development of low-cost vaccines for use in developing countries  Current projects include the development of low cost, thermostable vaccines for the prevention of cholera, rotavirus, and meningitis 

Merck for Mothers
Merck for Mothers is Merck's global initiative to help create a world where no woman has to die while giving life 

Mectizan donation program
In 1987, Merck began a program with UNICEF to donate its new drug Mectizan to "all that need it for as long as needed" in an effort to combat onchocerciasis, also known as river blindness, primarily in Africa  Up to that point, the World Health Organization had fought the disease through the use of insecticides to lower the population of its primary vector, the Black Fly  However, when studies in the 1980s showed how effective the drug was at treating and preventing the disease, the WHO agreed to use it instead of its previous strategies  Merck's involvement is considered a key factor in the success against the disease all over the world, and the decision to donate the entirety of the drug to all those in need of it is used as part of the Mectizan Donation Program that covers countries such as Yemen and African countries  More than 700 million people have been treated since the inception of the program with 80 million people still undergoing treatment in Africa, Latin America, and Yemen  Blindness caused by onchocerciasis is decreasing, and there are regions of Latin America and Africa that have been shown to have eliminated the disease altogether 

Lawsuits and controversies
Vioxx
In 1999, the U S  Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved Vioxx (known generically as rofecoxib), a Merck product for treating arthritis  Vioxx was designed as a selective inhibitor of the enzyme cyclooxygenase-2  Such compounds were expected to cause less gastrointestinal bleeding than older anti-inflammatory drugs such as naproxen, which were associated with 20,000 hospitalizations and 2000 deaths each year  Vioxx became one of the most prescribed drugs in history Thereafter, studies by Merck and by others found an increased risk of heart attack associated with Vioxx use when compared with naproxen  Merck adjusted the labeling of Vioxx to reflect possible cardiovascular risks in 2002 On September 23, 2004, Merck received information about results from a clinical trial it was conducting that included findings of increased risk of heart attacks among Vioxx users who had been using the medication for over eighteen months  On September 28, 2004, Merck notified the FDA that it was voluntarily withdrawing Vioxx from the market, and it publicly announced the withdrawal on September 30  An analysis for the period 1999–2004, based on U S  Medical Expenditure Survey data, reported that Vioxx was associated with 46,783 heart attacks, and along with the other popular COX-2 inhibitor Celebrex, an estimated 26,603 deaths from both About 50,000 people sued Merck, claiming they or their family members had suffered medical problems such as heart attacks or strokes after taking Vioxx  In November 2007, Merck agreed to pay $4 85 billion to settle most of the pending Vioxx lawsuits  The settlement required that claimants provide medical and pharmacy records confirming the occurrence of a heart attack, ischemic stroke, or sudden cardiac death; the receipt of at least 30 Vioxx pills within 60 days prior to the injury or death; and confirmation of Vioxx being used within 14 days of the Vioxx-related event  The settlement was generally viewed by industry analysts and investors as a victory for Merck, considering that original estimates of Merck's liability reached between $10 billion and $25 billion  As of mid-2008, when the plaintiff class had reached the threshold percentage required by Merck to go through with the settlement, plaintiffs had prevailed in only three of the twenty cases that had reached juries, all with relatively small awards Merck has refused to consider compensation for Vioxx victims and their families outside the US  This is particularly true in the UK where there are at least 400 victims and the legal protection afforded to the victims and their families is particularly weak According to internal e-mail traffic released at a later lawsuit, Merck had a list of doctors critical of Vioxx to be "neutralized" or "discredited"  "We may need to seek them out and destroy them where they live," wrote an employee  A Stanford Medical School professor said that Merck was engaged in intimidation of researchers and infringement upon academic freedom On May 20, 2008, Merck settled for $58 million with 30 states alleging that Merck engaged in deceptive marketing tactics to promote Vioxx  All its new television pain-advertisements must be vetted by the Food and Drug Administration and changed or delayed upon request until 2018 

Fosamax
Fosamax (alendronate) is a bisphosphonate used for the treatment of post-menopausal osteoporosis and for the prevention of skeletal problems in certain cancers  The American College of Clinical Endocrinology, the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists, the North American Menopause Society and the UK National Osteoporosis Guideline Group recommend alendronate and certain other bisphosphonates as first line treatments for post-menopausal osteopotosis  Long-term treatment with bisphosponates produces anti-fracture and bone mineral density effects that persist for 3–5 years after an initial 3–5 years of treatment  Alendronate reduces the risk of hip, vertebral, and wrist fractures by 35-39% In December 2013, Merck agreed to pay a total of $27 7 million to 1,200 plaintiffs in a class action lawsuit alleging that the company's osteoporosis drug had caused them to develop osteonecrosis of the jaw  Prior to the settlement, Merck had prevailed in 3 of 5 so-called bellwether trials  Approximately 4000 cases still await adjudication or settlement as of August 2014 

Medicaid overbilling
A fraud investigation by the United States Department of Justice began in 2000 when allegations were brought in two separate lawsuits filed by whistleblowers under the False Claims Act  They alleged that Merck failed to pay proper rebates to Medicaid and other health care programs and paid illegal remuneration to health care providers  On February 7, 2008, Merck agreed to pay more than $650 million to settle charges that it routinely overbilled Medicaid for its most popular medicines  The settlement was one of the largest pharmaceutical settlements in history  The federal government received more than $360 million, plus 49 states and Washington, DC, received over $290 million  One whistleblower received a $68 million reward  Merck made the settlement without an admission of liability or wrongdoing 

"Merck" name legal dispute
In 191 of 193 countries, the original Merck company, the Merck Group of Darmstadt, owns the rights to the "Merck" name  In the United States and Canada, the company trades under the name EMD (an abbreviation of Emanuel Merck, Darmstadt), its legal name here says Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany, and instead of "Merck Group", the "EMD Group" name is used  In the United States and Canada, Merck & Co  holds the rights to the trademark "Merck", while in the rest of the world the company trades under the name MSD (an abbreviation of Merck, Sharp & Dohme) and its legal name says here Merck Sharp & Dohme LLC , a subsidiary of Merck & Co , Inc  Kenilworth, NJ, USA 
In 2015 the Merck Group adopted a new logo and said it will be "much more aggressive" about protecting the brand of "the real Merck"  Merck of Darmstadt has initiated litigation against its former subsidiary, Merck & Co  (MSD) of Kenilworth, in several countries over infringing use of the Merck name  In 2016, the High Court of Justice in the United Kingdom ruled that MSD had breached an agreement with its former parent company and that only Merck of Darmstadt is entitled to use the Merck name in the United Kingdom  The judge also held that MSD's use of "Merck" as part of branding on its global websites were directed to the UK and infringed Merck's trade mark rights in the UK In response to the ruling, MSD initiated counter-litigation in the United States in January 2016 by filing a federal lawsuit which accused its former parent company of "infringing on its trademark" through actions that included the increased usage of "Merck KGaA" and "MERCK" in branding in the US as well as on its social media presence  Further Merck & Co  has also accused the Merck Group of federal trademark dilution, unfair competition, false advertising, deceptive trade practices, breach of contract, and cybersquatting  The case came to a head when a research scientist believed he was communicating with Merck & Co regarding a research grant in oncology, when in fact he was talking with the Merck Group  As a result, Merck & Co  asked the federal court to stop the Merck Group from using "Merck" on any products or marketing materials in the United States  As a direct result, Merck & Co is seeking "all monetary gains, profits, and advantages" made by the Merck Group and three-times the damage, plus additional punitive damages In April 2020, in the course of litigation of Merck against MSD in Switzerland, the Federal Supreme Court of Switzerland ruled that MSD's use of the "Merck" brand in its global websites could, absent geotargeting mechanisms, have "commercial effect" in Switzerland and could therefore violate Merck's rights (if any) to the "Merck" brand in Switzerland 

Tax fraud
In 2007, Merck paid $2 3 billion to settle allegations of offshore tax fraud between 1993 and 2001 

Propecia
In 2021, an investigation by Reuters revealed that Merck's baldness drug Propecia caused persistent sexual dysfunction in men  The drug has been linked to over 700 incidences of suicidal thoughts and 110 deaths  Merck has been receiving reports since 1998, but never included the risks on the label  In 2015, Merck was sued by consumer-rights law firm Hagens Berman over a wrongful death linked to Propecia 

Environmental violations
Merck & Co  once used methylene chloride, an animal carcinogen on the United States Environmental Protection Agency's list of pollutants, as a solvent in some of its manufacturing processes  Merck chemists and engineers subsequently replaced the compound with others having fewer negative environmental effects  Merck has also modified its equipment to protect the environment, installing a distributed control system that coordinates chemical reactions more efficiently and expedites manufacturing by 50 percent, eliminating the need for the disposal and storage of harmful waste  Biological oxygen demand has also been reduced  In 2011, Merck paid a $1 5 million civil penalty to settle alleged violations of federal environmental laws at its pharmaceutical manufacturing facilities in Riverside, Pennsylvania and West Point, Pennsylvania 

Public-private engagement
Conferences
Merck was a Conference Supporter for the Virtual ISPOR Asia Pacific conference in September 2020 

Political lobbying
Merck is a contributing member of AcademyHealth, a health research advocacy network that also includes government agencies, universities, pharmaceutical companies and lobbying groups 
Passage 2:
American Laser Games
American Laser Games was a company based in Albuquerque, New Mexico that created numerous light gun laserdisc video games featuring live action full motion video  The company was founded in the late 1980s by Robert Grebe, who had originally created a system to train police officers under the company name ICAT (Institute for Combat Arms and Tactics) and later adapted the technology for arcade games  Its first hit game was Mad Dog McCree, a light gun shooter set in the American Old West  By mid-1995 they were recognized as the leading company in the medium of laserdisc-based arcade games  Almost all arcade games released by the company were light gun shooters and a number of them also had an Old West theme 
Later, the company turned toward compact disc technology to release its games  Ports of its arcade titles were released for the Sega CD, CD-i and DOS computers equipped with CD-ROM drives  The company was particularly supportive of the 3DO, not only releasing versions of its games for the console, but also offering a modified version of the 3DO platform as an upgrade kit for existing arcade video game cabinets, supporting compressed video versions of their games at a lower cost  In 1995, American Laser Games released Mazer for the 3DO home market and Orbatak (3DO-powered) for the arcade - their first and only in-house non-Full motion video based games  The company also released a series of light-gun controllers, including the 3DO Game Gun and the PC Gamegun, for home computer use  The latter proved unsuccessful due to its poor accuracy 
American Laser Games lasted until the mid-to-late 1990s, by which time it had begun making "games for girls" for the PC under the moniker Her Interactive, beginning with McKenzie & Co  In response to a major slump in the arcade industry, American Laser Games ended its direct manufacturing of coin-op machines in November 1995, and turned its focus to developing games for the Sega Saturn and Sony PlayStation  This failed to revive the company's fortunes, and revenues in 1996 were roughly half of the $16 million it generated in 1995  At the end of 1996 ALG laid off a third of its staff, Jan Claesson replaced Grebe as president, and the company began focusing primarily on the Her Interactive line, cancelling all the games in their mainstream line except for Shining Sword  The company eventually closed its doors and was bought out by Her Interactive, which had been spun off before ALG closing and is still making games as of January 2018  In 2000, the development and publishing rights to all of the games that were produced by American Laser Games were purchased by Digital Leisure, Inc from Her Interactive  Many of these games were then re-released for the PC and in DVD TV game format 

Games
Light gun arcade games
Mad Dog McCree (1990)
Who Shot Johnny Rock? (1991)
Space Pirates (1992)
Mad Dog II: The Lost Gold (1992)
Gallagher's Gallery (1992)
Crime Patrol (1993)
Crime Patrol 2: Drug Wars (1993)
The Last Bounty Hunter (1994)
Fast Draw Showdown (1994)
Shootout at Old Tucson (1994, limited arcade release  3DO port was cancelled)

Other games
Mazer
Way of the Warrior (with Naughty Dog)
Orbatak
McKenzie & Co 
McKenzie & Co  : More Friends
The Vampire Diaries
Battles in Time (with QQP)
Shining Sword (cancelled)
Blood Bath at Red Falls(1995)

See also
Digital Pictures

Notes
Passage 3:
Devon General
Devon General was the principal bus operator in south Devon from 1919  The name was first used by the Devon General Omnibus and Touring Company which was created in 1919  In 1922 it was purchased by the National Electric Construction Company which merged with British Electric Traction in 1931  Nationalisation in 1969 resulted in 1971 with the company being merged into Western National  In 1983 a new Devon General Limited was created which became the first operating subsidiary of the National Bus Company to be privatised in 1986 when it became the first company of Transit Holdings  It was sold to the Stagecoach Group in 1996 and renamed Stagecoach Devon in 2003 
Coaches were operated under various names, principally Fleet Cars from 1925 until 1933, and Grey Cars from 1932 until 1971 
Its main principal depots were in Exeter and Torquay, but the area of operation covered most of south, east and mid Devon 

History
The Devon General Omnibus and Touring Company started operations in south Devon in 1919 with two bus routes from Exeter to Torquay  In 1922 Torquay Tramways bought the company for £36,000, although it was operated as a subsidiary of the National Electric Construction Company (NECC) and the motor buses already owned by the tramway company were transferred to Devon General  Some charabanc tours had been operated by the Torquay Tramways and this continued under Devon General



ground_truth: 140 million

prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: When did the animated series Kent Scott wrote end after beginning in September of 2002 on "Nick on CBS"?

The following are given passages.
Context 4:  A local independent company that traded as Fleet Cars was purchased in 1925 but continued to operate as a separate business for a few seasons, during which time a number of other small operators were also acquired and merged with Fleet Cars In 1931 the NECC became a part of British Electric Traction (BET)  The Torquay tram network was closed in January 1934  The Tramways company was sold to Devon General, the fleet of which was enlarged by 24 buses to allow it to operate the former tram routes Devon General had turned down the chance to buy local independent coach operator Grey Cars in 1930 so it had instead been purchased by A Timpson & Sons of Catford in 1931  Timpsons sold the business to Devon General in 1932 and the following year both Grey Cars and Fleet Cars, which had been operated as separate businesses, were merged into Devon General  Most coaches continued to operate under Grey Cars' name, although some small operators that were subsequently bought out by Devon General continued in their old names for a while 

National Bus Company
BET's bus operations, including Devon General, became part of the National Bus Company (NBC) when it was formed on 1 January 1969  Devon General had worked closely with the Corporation of Exeter's bus services since 1947  In April 1970 the corporation's buses and routes were transferred to the NBC and merged into Devon General  The city's unusual use of route letters (as opposed to numbers) continued In January 1971, the NBC transferred the bus operations of Devon General to neighbouring Western National but the Devon General name was retained as a brand, while the Grey Cars coaching operation was transferred to Exeter-based Greenslades  NBC split Western National into four new companies on 1 January 1983, one of which was Devon General Limited  This operated in south and east Devon as the old Devon General had done, but the Tiverton area became a part of a new North Devon operation 

Transit Holdings
On 19 August 1986, Devon General became the first NBC operating subsidiary to be privatised under the Transport Act 1985 by being sold in a management buyout led by managing director Harry Blundred An experimental high-frequency service using 22 minibuses had been introduced in Exeter on 27 February 1984  By the time the company was privatised in August 1986, the minibus fleet had expanded to more than 200 vehicles, more than half the buses in service  By the end of 1990 all regular services had been converted to minibus operation using a mixture of 16 and 24-seat vehicles The new owners of Devon General formed Transit Holdings to operate number of other bus companies, most of them in southern England:
Bayline (Torquay)
Devon General (Exeter)
Docklands Transit (London)
Portsmouth Transit (Portsmouth)
Thames Transit (Oxford)
Transit AustraliaBayline was established in 1992 for the operations in Torbay and Newton Abbot, after which Devon General operated in the Exeter area  Both companies were sold to the Stagecoach Group in 1996, and became Stagecoach Devon in 2003 

Area of operation
Devon General quickly expanded beyond its original routes between Exeter, Newton Abbot and Torquay  A number of small operators were bought out (see below), but area agreements with larger neighbours set out the company's area of operation  While the boundaries changed in detail from time to time, the area was largely set out in two agreements 

In 1922 an eastern boundary was agreed with the National Omnibus and Transport Company along the road from Minehead via Tiverton, Cullompton and Honiton to Sidmouth 
In 1924 a northern boundary was agreed with Hardy Central Garage between Okehampton, Bampton and Wellington 
By 1929 the western boundary had settled at Kingswear, Totnes, Buckfastleigh and Okehampton, with Western National having control beyond 

Offices and depots
Most of the directors of the Devon General Omnibus and Touring Company came from the London area and so the company offices were established in a house Kilmore Road, Forest Hill, London  The first buses were housed at the Exeter Garage Company's premises in Paris Street, Exeter  In 1921 the offices were moved to the new garage that was being constructed at Blackboy Road in Exeter, but the takeover by the NECC the following year saw the office moved back to Queen Street in the city of London The merger of NECC with BET in 1932 saw the Queen Street office closed in favour of BET's headquarters in Kingsway, London  At around this time work started on the construction of a new large garage and central workshops at Newton Road in Torquay  The BET headquarters were moved across London to Piccadilly in 1952 but in 1956 the registered offices of Devon General were moved to the garage at 87 Newton Road, Torquay When Devon General was absorbed into Western National in 1971, all the office work was moved to the latter company' offices in Queen Street, Exeter  The newly independent Devon General Limited of 1983 chose to remain in Exeter, but moved into offices in Belgrave Road where a new bus depot had opened in 1975 Buses were based in garages or open yards at
Ashburton
Dropping Wells 1925–1927
West Street (Blue Saloon Motor Services) 1927–1928
Brixham
New Road 1935–1939
Mount Pleasant Road 1940–1957
Bus Station 1957–1992
Crediton
Unknown site 1928?–1931
Mill Street 1931–1954
Exeter
Gold's Garage, Heavitree Road 1919–1921
Blackboy Road 1921–1971
Heavitree Road (Exeter Corporation) 1970–1975
Belgrave Road 1975–(1996)
Exmouth
New Street 1921–1931
Imperial Road 1931–(1996)
Moretonhampstead
Station Road June – September 1924
Steven's Garage, Chagford 1924–1928?
Court Street 1928–1971 Moved to a different site in Court Street in 1931
Newton Abbot
Bradley Hotel 1919–1921
Newton Road, Kingsteignton 1921–1960
Kingsteignton Road 1960–1992
Paignton
Roundham Road 1923–1925
Churston 1925–1930
Orient Road, Preston 1924–1932
Bus Station 1988–(1996) The bus station opened in 1954
Sidmouth
Mill Street 1922–?
Station Road, Newton Poppleford ?–1930
Woolbrook 1930–1996
Tiverton
Chapel Street (Croscols) 1924–1938
Old Road 1938–1971 After 1971 buses were kept at the bus station 
Torquay
Westhill Avenue (Torquay Tramways) 1922–1931
Newton Road 1931–1988
Torwood Street (Grey Cars) 1933–1940 and 1946–1971
Belgrave Road (Court Garages) 1940–1946 and 1966–1973
Regents Close 1992–(1996)One or two buses were also kept at a number of other towns and villages such as Axminster (1922–1924, 1927–1984), Budleigh Salterton (1930–1939, 1988–1989), Crockernwell (1942–1957), Cullompton (1922–1996), East Budleigh 1921–1931, Kenton (1942–1947), Okehampton (1923–1997), Ottery St Mary (1927–1938, 1949–1967), Tiverton Junction (1955–1977), Uffculme (1942–1954) 

Livery
The first buses were painted in red with cream relief  Coaches were generally grey with deep red relief and open top buses (introduced in 1955) were given a cream livery with red relief In 1972 NBC imposed a standard poppy red colour with white relief, but from 1979 Devon General buses started to be painted in leaf green and white, the same colours as the parent Western National fleet  Six months after the operation became independent of Western National in 1983 a red livery was again adopted  The first minibuses were painted in bright red and yellow colours with a black skirt To coincide with privatisation in 1986 a new livery was introduced  Buses were painted an ivory colour with red skirt and lower deck window surrounds 

Amalgamated companies
Over the years many rival operators were purchased and their fleets and/or routes were amalgamated into Devon General 

Torquay–Chelston Car Company
The Torquay–Chelston Car Company, which Devon General bought in 1927, had its origins in 1903, when a Chelmsford steam bus was demonstrated in Torquay in May 1903  Torquay & District Motor Omnibus Co Ltd, formed on 23 July 1903, ran a Strand - Chelston route from 2 November 1903 via Torbay Road and Rathmore Road terminating at Normanhurst, just short of Rosery Road railway bridge  The bus was green with orange lines and the domed roof was white  It carried 12 inside and 2 beside the driver and 2,828 passengers in the first week  8 steam buses were working by Easter 1905 between St Marychurch and Babbacombe, but sold after trams started on 4 April 1907  Torquay Road Car took over the old bus garage and ran until liquidation on 24 December 1908 
On 28 March 1911 Torquay-Chelston Steam Car Company Ltd started with 3 Chelmsford buses, possibly those stored after the liquidation  They dropped the 'Steam' part of the name when a single deck RAF type Leyland took over, after Devon General started a competing Meadfoot Beach - Chelston route on 31 March 1923  The Chelston company bought a new Leyland PLSC Lion in 1925  In 1926, Devon General started to shadow the Chelston bus  The company sold out to Devon General in 1927, the Leylands becoming 98 and 99 in their fleet  The Devon General timetables were revised in July, 1929, with numbering similar to current services, including 32 (Torquay - Paignton via Preston), 33 (Strand-Chelston circular) and 35 (Shiphay Turn - Meadfoot Beach) 
On the Chelston routes Devon General used Leyland Lions, Dennis Lancet lIs from 1938, AEC Regals from 1939, Leyland Royal Tigers in 1954, AEC Reliances in 1957, Regent IIIs in 1960 and Leyland Atlanteans from 1964 

See also
Open top buses in Torbay
Passage 4:
Hercules Inc 
Hercules, Inc  was a chemical and munitions manufacturing company based in Wilmington, Delaware, United States, incorporated in 1912 as the Hercules Powder Company following the breakup of the DuPont explosives monopoly by the U S  Circuit Court in 1911   Hercules Powder Company became Hercules, Inc  in 1966,  operating under this name until 2008, when it was merged into Ashland Inc 
An earlier Hercules Powder Company was formed in 1882 by DuPont and Laflin & Rand Powder Company   This company was dissolved on June 30, 1904 Hercules was one of the major producers of smokeless powder for warfare in the United States during the 20th century  At the time of its spin-off, the DuPont Corp  retained the processes and patents for the production of "single-base" nitrocellulose gunpowders, whereas Hercules was given the patents and processes for the production of "double-base" gunpowders that combined nitrocellulose and nitroglycerine 

History
A special formulation of dynamite was patented in 1874 by J W  Willard, superintendent of the California Powder Works in Santa Cruz, California  He called his invention "Hercules powder", a competitive jab at rival Giant Powder Company which had acquired the exclusive U S  rights to Alfred Nobel's original dynamite formula   The mythological Hercules was known as a giant slayer 
The California Powder Works became the only manufacturer of Hercules powder  In 1877, J W  Willard moved to Cleveland, Ohio to oversee the opening of a new California Powder Works plant there, dedicated to the manufacture of Hercules powder  In 1881, the California Powder Works moved its Hercules powder manufacturing in California to a new site along the northeast shore of San Francisco Bay   The company town that grew up around the facility became known as "Hercules", later (1900) incorporated as Hercules, California 
In 1882, thanks to their interlocking ownership interests with the California Powder Works by that time, the DuPont corporation and Laflin & Rand Powder Company acquired the rights to manufacture Hercules powder and incorporated the Hercules Powder Company for that purpose   In 1904, Du Pont dissolved the company as part of its ongoing effort to consolidate the many explosives manufacturers that it controlled under the Du Pont name 
In 1911, the United States won a lawsuit that it had brought against the Du Pont corporation under the Sherman Antitrust Act  The U S  Circuit Court in Delaware found that Du Pont had been operating an unlawful monopoly, and ordered a breakup of its explosives and gunpowder manufacturing business   The breakup resulted in the creation of two new companies in 1912, Atlas Powder Company and Hercules Powder Company  Atlas received the explosives manufacturing portion of Du Pont's business (including the facilities acquired from the Giant Powder Company), while Hercules received the gunpowder portion 
The first management team of this new Hercules Powder Company included President H  Dunham, T W  Bacchus, G G  Rheuby, J T Skelly, Norman Rood, Fred Stark, C D  Prickett, and George Markell Some of their products were used by the military in World War I  A school and a plant were named after T  W  Bacchus in Bacchus, Utah  Hercules Powder Company ranked 65th among United States corporations in the value of World War II military production contracts In the 1920s and 30s, Hercules diversified into the pine resin products business (see below) 
On 12 September 1940, the Kenvil, New Jersey plant suffered a major explosion  News reports at the time estimated at least fifteen buildings were destroyed along with twenty-five tons of explosives  Fifty-one people were killed outright with perhaps two hundred injured and many missing  This facility also exploded twice in 1934 and again in 1989 Richard F  Heck, recipient of the 2010 Nobel Prize in Chemistry, gained experience with transition metal chemistry while working at Hercules in 1957 By the 1960s, the community was experiencing the first signs of a suburban transition  The Hercules Powder Co , once a small dynamite manufacturing firm, had begun producing rocket motors at its Bacchus Works south of the Magna community  The growing availability of jobs was one factor encouraging subdivision development in the Magna, Kearns and West Valley areas 
In 1966, the Hercules Powder Company changed its name to Hercules, Inc 

In 1995, Hercules, Inc  sold its subsidiary Hercules Aerospace Co  to Alliant Techsystems Inc  The sale included all of what remained of Hercules' gunpowder lines 
By the end of the 1990s, Hercules Inc , had sold off a significant number of its divisions that had not been profitable for the company  This caused the price of shares of common stock in Hercules to rise above US$70  Several successful cost-savings programs were implemented in addition to buying back its own shares   Also at that time, Hercules had a significant amount of assets  available for possible purchases of other corporations  Hercules, Inc , had a Paper Technology Division (PTD) whose products were slowly becoming commodities  In order to survive, this division needed to obtain new products 
First, Hercules Inc , tried to purchase the Allied Colloids Company, but this was not successful  Next, Hercules bought the Betz-Dearborn Corporation  Betz-Dearborn produced mostly chemicals for paper processing, and the Hercules PTD produced mainly functional chemicals for paper  According to some business analysts, Hercules Inc  paid about three times as much for Betz-Dearborn as compared with its actual value 
Soon after the purchase of Betz-Dearborn, the price per share of stock in Hercules Inc , had dropped from above US$70 to below US$10  It has been speculated that Hercules Inc , was close to going bankrupt after this failed purchase operation  Afterwards, several senior managers were forced out of the company because of this failure; however, a significant amount of former PTD senior managers were able to keep their positions within Hercules  The price of stock shares in Hercules Inc  never recovered from this debacle  Finally, Hercules Inc  was sold off to the Ashland Corporation in 2008, and dissolved 
In 2009, rapper George Watsky released a song about the history of the company called "Hercules" 

Product lines
Commercial gunpowders
Some of the more recent gunpowders marketed to reloaders include the brand names "Bullseye", "2400", "Reloder", "Unique", and "Red Dot"   These gunpowders are still being manufactured by Alliant Techsystems Inc  in Radford, Virginia 

Powders inherited from DuPont in 1912
EC (Explosives Company) shotgun powder was the first smokeless powder manufactured in the United States   Production began in 1890, and was discontinued in 1931 
WA  30 caliber powder was named W for United States Army Lieutenant Whistler and A for American Smokeless Powder Company factory superintendent Aspinwall   This tubular powder was used for military loading of the  30 U S  Army (the M1892 Springfield and the M1893 Gatling) from 1894 until the military specification was changed to single-base nitrocellulose powder in 1908   Grains of 2 mm (0 08 inch) diameter were 1 mm long   Hercules continued producing the powder for other users until 1930 
Sharpshooter was a flake powder introduced by Laflin & Rand in 1897 to replace black powder for loading the  45-70   Black flakes containing 15 to 18 percent nitroglycerin were approximately 2 mm in diameter   Production was discontinued after World War II 
Bullseye was introduced by Laflin & Rand in 1898   Large surface area per unit weight enables rapid combustion in short-barreled handguns   Laflin & Rand began production using small, irregular particles removed by screening runs of larger grained powders   Improved manufacturing processes offered other reclamation options for reduced quantities of rejected material   Hercules manufactured Bullseye as thin, round flakes   It is believed to be the oldest smokeless powder formulation still being manufactured in the United States   It is designed for handguns and can also be used in 12-gauge shotgun target loads
Lightning was introduced by Laflin & Rand in 1899 for lever action sporting rifles like the  30-30 Winchester and  303 Savage   Production of 2 mm diameter flakes was discontinued after World War II   Tubular Lightning # 2 was manufactured from 1903 to 1929 
Infallible was a flake shotgun powder introduced by Laflin & Rand in 1900   Initial production had an orange color, but graphite coating gave later production a black color   Production was discontinued after World War II 
Unique is a gray flake powder introduced by Laflin & Rand in 1900   Individual flakes are approximately 1 5 mm (0 06 inch) in diameter   It is designed for shotguns and can be used in handguns 
Bear was a tubular powder introduced by Laflin & Rand in 1908 for small capacity rifle cartridges like the  351 and  401 Winchester Self-Loading and the  32-20 and  25-20 Winchester   Production was discontinued after World War II 
Military Rifle (MR) # 19 was a tubular powder containing 20 percent nitroglycerin introduced by DuPont in 1908 and was renamed HiVel (# 1) when manufactured by Hercules   It was modified as HiVel # 2 in 1915   Production was discontinued in 1964   A smaller grained version was produced as HiVel # 3 from 1926 to 1941 

Powders developed by Hercules Powder Company
Hercules # 308 was Hercules production of single-base tubular Pyro DG (Diphenylamine Graphited) powder for loading military  30-06 Springfield ammunition through World War I   Production began in 1915 and continued through the 1920s 
Hercules # 300 was a black, tubular single-base rifle powder produced from 1916 to 1932 
Pyro was produced from 1922 to 1928 as lightly graphited yellow flakes for loading the  45 ACP 
Hercules # 2400 is a coated flake powder containing 20 percent nitroglycerin introduced in 1932   Individual dark gray flakes are approximately 1 mm (0 04 inch) in diameter and 0 3 mm thick   It is designed for small capacity center-fire rifle cartridges and can be used in magnum handgun and  410 bore shotgun loads 
Red Dot is a flake powder introduced in 1932   Individual flakes are approximately 1 5 mm (0 06 inch) in diameter and some are dyed red to aid identification   It is designed for light and standard loads for 12, 16, and 20 gauge shotguns and can be used in handguns 
HiVel # 6 was produced from 1933 to 1941 for loading the  30-06 Springfield 
Herco is a flake powder introduced in the 1930s   Individual flakes are approximately 1 5 mm (0 06 inch) in diameter   It is designed for heavy loads for 10, 12, 16, 20 and 28 gauge shotguns and can be used for heavy handgun loads 
Green Dot is a flake powder introduced in 1965   Individual flakes are approximately 1 5 mm (0 06 inch) in diameter and some are dyed green to aid identification   It is designed for medium and standard loads for 12, 16, and 20 gauge shotguns and can be used in handguns 
Reloder 7 was the most popular of three cylindrical rifle powders introduced in 1965 to replace HiVel # 2   Each powder was blended from four different formulations dyed different colors   Production of the other two longer-grained powders, Reloder 11 and Reloder 21, was discontinued in 1972 
Blue Dot is a flake powder introduced in 1972   Individual flakes are approximately 1 5 mm (0 06 inch) in diameter and some are dyed blue to aid identification   It is designed for magnum loads for 10, 12, 16, 20 and 28 gauge shotguns and can be used for magnum handgun loads 

Pine resin products
In the 1920s, Hercules entered the pine resin products business, a development which followed upon the faster clearing of forests for lumber and farmland , especially in the southeast U S , around the time of the First World War  The clearings had left many stumps which had to be removed, often with dynamite supplied by Hercules and others   Hercules itself was a consumer of wood pulp, a key ingredient in their dynamite  The increasing surplus of wood pulp led the company to the idea of producing other things from it, namely, the various chemicals that were present in pine resin  They set up production sites such as the one in Hattiesburg, Mississippi, and Brunswick, Georgia for this express purpose, and added to their raw supply by offering to take or buy tree stumps from farmers 

Solid-fuel rocket motor production
Beginning in 1959, Hercules, Inc , began to diversify into the production of large solid-propellant rocket motors, and it soon became a primary producer of these, especially for the U S  Department of Defense, U S  Air Force, U S  Navy, and U S  Army - and to a lesser degree for the civilian National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA)  In 1961, the company hired contractors C H  Leavell & Company, Morrison-Knudsen, and Alaskan Plumbing and Heating Company to expand the existing Bacchus Works site  The contractors added "Air Force Plant 81" adding 97 buildings, including a 97,000 square foot administration building  One of its major solid-fuel rocket products was the third-stage engine for the three -stage solid-fueled Minuteman intercontinental ballistic missile (ICBM) for the U S  Air Force, of which 1,000 were made and deployed at Air Force Bases in several northern states during the 1960s  In addition, all of the missiles of the Minuteman I series were removed from service and replaced with the Minuteman II and Minuteman III series of more-advanced ICBMs  Hence, the Minuteman ICBM program was a huge project and a major source of revenue for Hercules, Inc 
Hercules, Inc , also produced the solid-fueled rocket motors for the two-stage Polaris missile system of intermediate-range ballistic missiles (IRBMs) for the U S  Navy in its 41 for Freedom series of 41 George Washington class ballistic missile submarines  These nuclear submarines carried 16 Polaris missiles apiece for a grand total of 656 missiles  In addition, the Polaris series consisted of the successively-improved Polaris A-1, Polaris A-2, and Polaris A-3 missiles  The early Polaris submarines that had been armed with the Polaris A-1 were upgraded to the Polaris A-2; and then all that had been armed with the Polaris A-2 were upgraded to the Polaris A-3 
For some of the early Polaris submarines, the Polaris A-3 was the end of their upgrades, but a large number of them (about 31) were further rearmed with the more-advanced and longer-ranged two-stage Poseidon C-3 missile  Hence, the Polaris missile submarine program was also a huge project and a major source of revenue for Hercules, Inc 
During the 1960s, Hercules, Inc , also made solid-fuel rocket motors for hundreds of the U S  Army's Honest John missile, a mobile tactical missile for carrying tactical nuclear weapons for U S  Army divisions  The Honest John missile was mostly deployed with the U S  Seventh Army in West Germany as part of the American commitment to NATO to defend Western Europe against aggression from the Warsaw Pact, using nuclear weapons on Eastern Europe, if necessary  None of the Honest John, Minuteman, Polaris, or Poseidon has ever been used in combat, and the threat of nuclear war has been sufficient to deter aggression and make it unnecessary to use nuclear weapons for defense 
During the 1970s and 80s, the Honest John missile was removed from deployment, scrapped, and replaced by the more-advanced Lance missile by the U S  Army in Europe  Of all of the missiles mentioned above, only a reduced number of the Minuteman missiles remain in service at Air Force Bases in the United States, with all of the others having been removed from deployment and scrapped, along with all of the Polaris and Poseidon submarines 
For space exploration and satellite launches by the U S  Air Force and NASA, Hercules, Inc , developed and manufactured the two large, strap-on solid-fueled Solid Rocket Motor Upgrade (SRMU) booster rockets for the otherwise liquid-fueled Titan IVB rockets  These strap-on rockets replaced the UA120 series of boosters used on the Titan IVB's predecessors, the Titan IIIC, Titan IIIE and Titan IVA 
After the end of production and firing of NASA's huge Saturn IB and 
Saturn V rockets, the Titan IV was the largest and heaviest  unmanned rocket available anywhere in the world, and especially in the Titan IV-Centaur version  The Titan IV-Centaur was used for special launches of heavy space probes into the Solar System, such as the Cassini-Huygens mission to Saturn which was launched in 1997  The Titan IV is no longer manufactured, and the last one of these was fired during a launch in October 2005   In 1995 the aerospace division of Hercules, including its solid motor line, was acquired by the American defense contractor ATK 

Business segments
In its later years, Hercules, Inc , manufactured and marketed worldwide specialist chemicals that were used in a wide variety of industrial, home, and office markets, and it and had over 4,500 employees  Hercules was composed of two major divisions: the Paper Technologies and Ventures (PTV) division and the Aqualon division  In 2005, the former accounted for 49% of its sales and 35% of its operating profits, with the latter producing 37% and 68% respectively 

Aqualon Group
Aqualon produces products for physical property modification of aqueous systems which are sold into a wide variety of industries including personal care, food additives, and construction 

Paper Technologies and Ventures Group
Paper Technologies
Paper Technologies produces specialty chemicals to the pulp and paper industry  These products include functional, process, and water treatment chemicals for a wide variety of pulp and paper applications 
Functional chemicals can be divided in three main groups  Wet strength resins, Rosin sizes and AKD -sizes  Significant persons developing functional chemicals in Hercules could be mentioned: Dr  Keim on his efforts developing PAE wet strength resin, Mr Kai Kiviö on his efforts on developing cationic rosin size  Basis of AKD -technology Hercules acquired more or less voluntary from German BASF after the Second World War 

Ventures
Ventures produces specialty chemicals for a variety of markets, including adhesives and sealants, paints, inks, coatings, lubricants, rubber, plastics, and building and construction 
Hercules Incorporated, in collaboration with Professor Kaichang Li of Oregon State University and Columbia Forest Products, received a 2007 Presidential Green Chemistry Challenge Award for the Greener Synthetic Pathways category in developing and commercializing a formaldehyde-free adhesive made from soy flour and Hercules' unique polymer chemistries 

See also
Tekoi, a former solid fuel rocket motor test and calibration site operated by Hercules Aerospace
Passage 5:
Doravirine
Doravirine, sold under the brand name Pifeltro, is a non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor medication developed by Merck & Co  for use in the treatment of HIV/AIDS 
Doravirine was approved for medical use in the United States in August 2018 
Passage 6:
Liquid Assets Paint &amp; Pigment Company
Liquid Assets Paint & Pigment Company is an artist supply company based in Buenos Aires, Argentina that manufactures acrylic paints and pigments created with real currency, such as Euro, US Dollar, Argentine Peso, and Romanian Leu  The Company's slogan "The Price of Art" refers to the company's assertion that its products allow fine artists to quantify the precise and actual value of a work of art created using Liquid Assets products  The company was started in 2007 by a group of Buenos Aires–based professional artists and presently operates a manufacturing plant in Buenos Aires, as well as a retail store in the Palermo Soho neighborhood  In September 2010, Liquid Assets opened a temporary pop up store in New York City's Tribeca neighborhood in conjunction with the Swervewolf Experience marketing and design firm  Although artists have used valuable commodities such as gold leaf to create works of art for centuries, such as gilding, Liquid Assets Paint & Pigment Company is the world's only known manufacturer of artist paint and pigment created with actual currency 
Passage 7:
New England Emigrant Aid Company
The New England Emigrant Aid Company (originally the Massachusetts Emigrant Aid Company) was a transportation company founded in Boston, Massachusetts by activist Eli Thayer in the wake of the Kansas–Nebraska Act, which allowed the population of Kansas Territory to choose whether slavery would be legal  The Company's ultimate purpose was to transport anti-slavery immigrants into the Kansas Territory  The Company believed that if enough anti-slavery immigrants settled en masse in the newly-opened territory, they would be able to shift the balance of political power in the territory, which in turn would lead to Kansas becoming a free state (rather than a slave state) when it eventually joined the United States The Company is noted less for its direct impact than for the psychological impact it had on proslavery and abolitionist groups  Thayer's prediction that the Company would eventually be able to send 20,000 immigrants a year never came to fruition, but it spurred border ruffians from nearby Missouri, where slavery was legal, to move to Kansas to ensure its admission to the Union as a slave state  That, in turn, further galvanized Free-Staters and other enemies of the Slave Power 
Thayer's intention was to capitalize on anti-slavery sentiment in the Northern United States and to send settlers to Kansas to purchase land and build houses, shops, and mills  They could then sell the land at a significant profit and send the proceeds back to Thayer and his investors  At the behest of several investors, who found the notion of profiting from the anti-slavery cause distasteful, the company's model was shifted to that of a benevolent society, and it was renamed the New England Emigrant Aid Company in 1855  While the company achieved neither a profit nor a significant impact on the population of Kansas, it played an important role in the events that would later be termed Bleeding Kansas 

Creation
The Company was formed in the midst of the sectional crisis that preceded the American Civil War  To the Northern United States, the concept of popular sovereignty, which stated that the population of each new U S  state should be allowed to decide if it allowed slavery, was an attempt by Southerners to gain power  When the Kansas–Nebraska Act threatened to extend popular sovereignty into the new Kansas Territory, Eli Thayer, a second-term Congressman from Massachusetts, hatched the idea of an Emigrant Aid Company in the winter of 1853–1854  His primary partners in the venture were Alexander H  Bullock and Edward Everett Hale, and together, they set Thayer's plans in motion on March 5, 1854  Thayer announced the Company at a rally against the impending passage of the Kansas–Nebraska Act in Worcester on March 11  Shortly thereafter, the Company's charter was approved by the Massachusetts Legislature for up to $5,000,000 in capital Officially, the Company was a profit-making venture, and how the settlers voted was of no consequence to the company  For example, the company secretary, Thomas Webb released a pamphlet in 1855 stating that although the settlers sent to the territories would not be required to vote for one side or the other, they were expected to support the free-state movement  A number of abolitionists questioned the profit motive behind the company, and even many of Thayer's potential investors balked at the notion "that people might say we were influenced by pecuniary considerations in our patriotic work " Although Thayer personally disagreed with such hesitations, in 1855 the Company reorganized as a benevolent society and changed its name to the New England Emigrant Aid Company 

Reaction
The success of the endeavor prompted other aid assistance companies to form back East, in New York and Ohio, with new companies such as the Worcester County Emigrant Aid Society 

Impact
The company was directly responsible for creating the Kansas towns of Lawrence and Manhattan, and it played a key role in founding Topeka and Osawatomie  Lawrence was named after the Company secretary, Amos Adams Lawrence  Multiple politicians were found in the emigrants who left for Kansas, such as Daniel Read Anthony, Charles L  Robinson, Samuel C  Pomeroy, and Martin F  Conway, who would later be Kansas's first US Representative 
The exact number of people who left for Kansas is unknown  James Rawley puts the numbers somewhere around 2000, about a third of whom returned home, but the Kansas Historical Society puts the number at around 900 for those who left for Kansas in 1855 alone The Company's mission was ultimately successful, and Kansas entered the United States as a free state in 1861 

Notes



ground_truth: November