prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: Why is Bangor Daily News talkin about Sawin Millett?

The following are given passages.
Context 1: Passage 1:
Redwood City Daily News
The Redwood City Daily News was a free daily newspaper in Redwood City, California, United States, published 6 days a week with an average daily circulation of 8,000  The newspaper was founded August 9, 2000 by Dave Price and Jim Pavelich, who also published the Palo Alto Daily News  The Redwood City Daily News was adjudicated as a newspaper of general circulation by the San Mateo County Superior Court in 2001, enabling it to publish legal notices  Both the Palo Alto and Redwood City Daily News editions were distributed in large red newspaper racks and in stores, coffee shops, restaurants, schools and major workplaces  The Redwood City Daily News, along with five other Daily News editions, was sold to Knight Ridder on Feb  15, 2005  After McClatchy's acquisition of Knight Ridder in early 2006, all six Daily News editions, including the Redwood City Daily News, were bundled with the San Jose Mercury News and sold to MediaNews Group of Denver, Colorado 
On November 12, 2004, the Redwood City Daily News became one of the first print media outlets in the United States to report late-breaking news of national interest  The trial of Scott Peterson for the murder of his wife Laci Peterson and their unborn son had taken place at the Redwood City courthouse, and less than an hour after the jury read their verdict the Daily News began circulation of an "extra" edition which announced the result The surviving Daily News papers merged on April 7, 2009 
Passage 2:
Sawin Millett
Howard Sawin Millett Jr  (born October 8, 1937) is a Maine politician  A Republican, Millett served as the Commissioner of Administrative and Financial Services in the administration of Governor Paul LePage from 2011 to 2014  In January 2011, Millett was unanimously approved as Commissioner by the Maine Senate, with key Democrats also endorsing his appointment  In December 2011, a poll of policymakers by the Bangor Daily News ranked Millett as the ninth most influential person in Maine politics 

Government career
Millett served in the administrations of four separate governors (Longley, McKernan, King and LePage) with two different political affiliations (two Independents and two Republicans)  Millett advanced in the field of education until he became commissioner of education for Maine's first independent governor, James Longley  He was appointed to the position in 1975 at the age of 37 and served until 1979  In 1979, Republican Governor John McKernan appointed Millett Commissioner of the state finance department  During his time in the McKernan administration, the government was shut down due to the inability to agree on a budget  He also served from 1995 to 2000 as Associate Commissioner of the Department of Mental Health/Mental Retardation and Substance Abuse Services for Independent Angus King  In 2011, Millett was unanimously confirmed as Commissioner of Administrative and Financial Services by the Maine Senate after being selected by Republican Paul LePage 
Millett announced his retirement on April 3, 2014, to be effective on May 30  He stated he wanted to spend more time with his family and in his hometown   Governor LePage praised his service and knowledge of state budgeting  Millett retired in May 2014 and was replaced by Richard Rosen 

Legislative career
Millett first served in the legislature from 1969 to 1972  In 2002, Millett won a seat in the Maine House of Representatives  Unable to run for his seat again in 2010, he challenged John Patrick for Senate District 14 and was defeated  In 2018, he won election to the Maine House of Representatives from District 71 

Personal
Millett was born in Waterford, Maine in Oxford County, Maine and his family settled on a farm in Dixmont in Penobscot County when he was in fourth grade  Millett's father was a superintendent of schools and his mother was primarily a homemaker  He was one of five boys in his family  Millett, despite being an avid baseball fan and having lived his entire life in Maine, became a supporter of the St  Louis Cardinals during the 1946 World Series in which the Cardinals beat the Boston Red Sox  He graduated from Carmel High School in Carmel, Maine in 1955 and attended the same college as his father, Bates College  After graduating, he returned to Penobscot County and began teaching at Hermon High School  He continued teaching in the district until 1971 In 1977, while serving as Commissioner of Education, Millett and his wife bought a home in Manchester, Maine to cut down on his daily commute for work in Augusta, but the couple disliked living in a subdivision so much that he and his wife bought 25 acres of land next to his parents farm in Waterford and built a house to live in   He could barely stand to address the Maine Senate during his 2011 confirmation hearing due to an infection after knee replacement surgery  Shortly after being appointed commissioner, Millett had to miss work due to a second infection in his knee; he was temporarily replaced by Ryan Low, who had served as Commissioner of Finance under Democrat John Baldacci  Low said of Millett "I would do just about anything for him   There's no one more of an expert on budgeting and legislative process; but even more than that, he's a genuinely nice person "
Passage 3:
Burlingame Daily News
The Burlingame Daily News was a free daily newspaper in Burlingame, California published six days a week with an average daily circulation of 7,000  The newspaper was founded August 9, 2000 by Dave Price (journalist) and Jim Pavelich, who also published the Palo Alto Daily News 

Distribution
Both papers were distributed in large red newspaper racks and in stores, coffee shops, restaurants, schools and major workplaces  
Burlingame Daily News, along with five other Daily News editions, was sold to Knight Ridder in 2005  
After McClatchy's acquisition of Knight Ridder in early 2006, all six Daily News editions, including the Burlingame Daily News, were bundled with the San Jose Mercury News and sold to MediaNews Group of Denver, Colorado  The surviving Daily News papers merged on April 7, 2009 

External links
Official site
Knight Ridder buys Daily News
Daily News publishers ride into sunset
Passage 4:
East Bay Daily News
The East Bay Daily News was a free daily newspaper in Berkeley, California published 5 days a week with an average daily circulation of 10,000  The newspaper was founded May 20, 2005 by journalist Dave Price and Jim Pavelich, who also published the Palo Alto Daily News  The East Bay Daily News was distributed in large red newspaper racks and in stores, coffee shops, restaurants, schools and major workplaces in Berkeley, Albany, Piedmont and Oakland  After McClatchy's acquisition of the paper's previous owner Knight Ridder in early 2006, the Palo Alto Daily News group, including the East Bay Daily News, was bundled with the San Jose Mercury News and sold to MediaNews Group of Denver, Colorado 

External links
East Bay Daily News Official Website
Passage 5:
Bangor Daily News
The Bangor Daily News is an American newspaper covering a large portion of central and eastern Maine, published six days per week in Bangor, Maine 
The Bangor Daily News was founded on June 18, 1889; it merged with the Bangor Whig and Courier in 1900  Also known as the News or the BDN, the paper is published by Bangor Publishing Company, a local family-owned company 
It has been owned by the Towle-Warren family for four generations; current publisher Richard J  Warren is the great-grandson of J  Norman Towle, who bought the paper in 1895  Since 2018, it has been the only independently owned daily newspaper in the state 

History
The Bangor Daily News's first issue was June 18, 1889; the main stockholder in the publishing company was Bangor shipping and logging businessman Thomas J  Stewart  Upon Stewart's death in 1890, his sons took control of the paper, which was originally a tabloid with "some news, but also plenty of gossip, lurid stories and scandals " In 1895, J  Norman Towle purchased the newspaper  Ownership of the paper remained in the family, and Towle's great-grandson Richard J  Warren remains the publisher today The Bangor Daily News merged with the Bangor Whig & Courier in 1900, leaving two newspapers in the city: BDN and the Bangor Daily Commercial (which ceased publication in 1949)  Towle's son-in-law Fred Jordan took control of the paper in 1929  Forty-six BDN staff members served in the U S  forces during World War II, and the paper's managing editor John M  O'Connell was sent to Europe as a war correspondent  After Fred Jordan's death in 1947, his widow Lillis Towle Jordan became publisher  Richard K  Warren became publisher in 1955 and remained in that role until 1984, a time when the newspaper's circulation dramatically increased  It has only missed one day of delivery in its entire history  On New Year's Eve 1962, a massive blizzard dumped over three feet of snow on Bangor, with 20-foot snowdrifts that made it impossible for the delivery trucks to move The newspaper's peak came in the mid-1980s, when Bangor Daily News had 150 reporters and editors and 150 other employees   At the time, published seven regional editions of the newspaper throughout Maine, and in addition to its main office on Main Street in Bangor had news bureaus at Madawaska, Presque Isle, Houlton, Pittsfield, Calais, Machias, Rockland, Augusta and Ellsworth In 1982, a reporter for the Bangor Daily News, Beurmond Banville, who ran a one-person news bureau for the paper in Madawaska, Maine, on the U S -Canada border, wrote about a pretrial hearing in a murder case in New Brunswick, Canada  After publishing an account of the restricted proceeding in BDN, Banville was convicted in a Canadian court for violating a publication ban, and was fined $160; in 1983, the Court of Appeal of New Brunswick upheld the conviction, but gave Banville an absolute discharge, meaning that he does not have any Canadian criminal record  Banville and the newspaper considered the Canadian court's ruling to be a prior restraint on freedom of the press, but decided not to further appeal considering the cost  The ruling appears in a textbook on Canadian media law Richard J  Warren succeeded his father as editor in 1984; five years later, the newspaper moved its printing plant from Bangor to a new printing plant in Hampden (which was closed in 2013 and sold in 2015) The newspaper was an early adopter of a policy prohibiting tobacco advertising  As of 1993, the Bangor Daily News was one of fewer than twenty American newspapers that declined to accept ads for tobacco products The newspaper launched its Web presence in 1997 at bangornews com, later moving to bangordailynews com in the 2000s  From 1997 to 2001, BDN acted as an Internet service provider in addition to a newspaper, working with two local, small telecommunications companies to provide dial-up Internet access to a few thousand people in Maine BDN adopted an aggressive "digital-first" publishing strategy, and became the most-read online news source in the state; in 2011, the Portland Press Herald outsold BDN in print copies by a few thousand papers on an average weekday, but BDN's website had more than 100,000 unique visitors than the Press Herald's website In 2008, the paper's editorial page director, Todd Benoit, was appointed BDN's director of new media; he later became  BDN's president and chief operating officer  In 2014, Richard J  Warren became publisher of the newspaper   The company that owns and operates the newspaper, Bangor Publishing Co , expanded through acquisitions of Bangor Metro magazine (2014), Madawaska's St  John Valley Times (2015), and Fort Kent's Fiddlehead Focus (2016)  The company also owns several weekly newspapers in Maine: the Presque Isle Star-Herald, Caribou Aroostook Republican and News, Dover-Foxcroft Piscataquis Observer, Houlton Pioneer Times, and Greater Bangor The Weekly In 2011 and 2012, BDN established the partnerships The Maine Campus (the independent student newspaper at the University of Maine) and The Free Press (the student newspaper at the University of Southern Maine) through the BDN media partners program  The program involves a content-sharing agreement as well as training and Web hosting services provided by BDN to the student newspapers In 2011, BDN hired an additional reporter to cover Greater Portland and reassigned another reporter to cover the southern mid-coast of Maine  Editor-in-chief Mike Dowd also named editorial-page editor Susan Young as "managing editor for investigative reporting and new initiatives" and appointed Tom Groening as editorial-page editor The Bangor Daily News and The Quoddy Tides sought records under the Maine Freedom of Access Act of closed-door tribal councils of the Passamaquoddy Tribe relating to a proposed $500 million liquefied natural gas (LNG) terminal on tribal land at the Pleasant Point Reservation  A Maine court decided that the newspapers were not entitled to the records because the tribal officials' negotiations with the Oklahoma-based LNG developer were undertaken in the reservation's capacity as "a profit-making business rather than municipal governance" and were therefore not subjected to the Freedom of Access Act  The Maine Supreme Judicial Court unanimously affirmed the ruling in 2006  In 2013, Bangor Daily News reporters submitted a public records request to Maine's state government for public information that included the names and addresses of the holders of concealed-weapon permits  The request, made in furtherance of newsgathering, prompted a fierce uproar, and the newspaper dropped the request In 2018, Bangor Daily News became the state's only independently owned daily newspaper in the state, after MaineToday Media, owned by Reade Brower, acquired additional newspapers in Maine  MaineToday now owns  seven of Maine's eight daily newspapers: the Portland Press Herald and Maine Sunday Telegram, the Times Record of Brunswick, the Journal Tribune of Biddeford, the Kennebec Journal in Augusta, the Morning Sentinel in Waterville, and the Coastal Journal in Bath  Although Brower's company does not own BDN, it does provide printing services for BDN As of 2020, about half of BDN's journalists were based in Bangor, with the other half spread across Maine In May 2022, the newsroom staff unionized with the Maine NewsGuild and won recognition from management 

Editorial stance
The Bangor Daily News's editorial stance has traditionally leaned toward conservatism and the Republican Party, in contrast to the Portland Press Herald, which was regarded as having a more liberal, pro-Democratic editorial stance  It historically endorsed Republican candidates for office, such as Barry Goldwater in the 1964 presidential election, but has also sometimes endorsed Democratic candidates  In the 1974 Maine gubernatorial election, the Bangor Daily News endorsed independent candidate James B  Longley: "The newspaper had always endorsed Republicans, so backing an independent was stunning " The endorsement was a major boost to Longley's candidacy  The paper also backed independent candidate Herman "Buddy" Frankland and Republican Susan Collins BDN's editorial board endorsed Republican George W  Bush in the 2000 presidential election, but endorsed Democrat John Kerry over Bush in the 2004 presidential election  In 2008, BDN endorsed Democrat Barack Obama for president, Republican Susan Collins for Senate, and Democrats Mike Michaud and Chellie Pingree for Maine's congressional seats  The paper's editorial board endorsed Obama for re-election in 2012 over Republican challenger Mitt Romney 
Passage 6:
Lawrence Lockman
Lawrence E  Lockman is an American lumber worker, lobbyist and political activist from Amherst, Maine, who has served as a Republican member of the Maine House of Representatives since 2012  In 2020, Lockman ran for the Maine State Senate, challenging incumbent state Senator Kimberly Rosen in the Republican primary 

Background
Lockman is a 1967 graduate of Philadelphia-Montgomery Christian Academy in Jenkintown, Pennsylvania  He studied liberal arts at Covenant College in Lookout Mountain, Georgia and Pasadena City College in California  Around 1976, he began working at a sawmill in Passadumkeag, Maine 

Controversies
In 1975, Lockman stopped paying federal and state income taxes and founded a group called Maine Patriots which put forth various tax protester arguments and urged other Mainers to follow his example In the mid-to-late 1980s, Lockman switched his emphasis to activism about HIV, the AIDS epidemic, and homosexuality  In a letter to the Lewiston Daily Sun, Lockman wrote "Clearly the practice of sodomy is learned behavior, and those addicted to this form of biologically-insane sex are at high risk for all manner of serious medical problems "In 1986 and 1988, Lockman ran in District 143 of the Maine House of Representatives against the incumbent Democrat Michael Michaud  He lost both, finishing with 639 votes to Michaud's 2,438 
In 1991, Lockman became one of the directors of the Pro Life Education Association, a Maine-based anti abortion organization In a 1995 op-ed, Lockman warned of a "secret gay affirmative action plan," claiming "You can bet the rent money they will demand that employers set up goals and timetables to achieve 10 percent homosexual representation in the workforce and in government contracts "In a 1995 letter in the Sun Journal in Lewiston, a reader quoted a press statement by Lockman, then part of the Pro Life Education Association, saying, “If a woman has (the right to an abortion), why shouldn’t a man be free to use his superior strength to force himself on a woman? At least the rapist’s pursuit of sexual freedom doesn’t (in most cases) result in anyone’s death ” In 2012, Lockman was elected to the House's District 30, which included portions of Hancock and Washington counties, with 2188 votes to 2082 for Democrat Dennis Mahar  He was a strong supporter of Maine's governor Paul LePage, who was challenged for re-election in the 2014 race by Lockman's previous opponent, Michael Michaud (who in 2013 came out as gay) LePage was succeeded by Democrat Janet Mills in 2018 

Response to controversy
Lockman has released a statement saying "I have always been passionate about my beliefs, and years ago I said things that I regret  I hold no animosity toward anyone by virtue of their gender or sexual orientation, and today I am focused on ensuring freedom and economic prosperity for all Mainers "

Personal life
In 1990, Lockman was part of a group seeking to break the union at the Passadumkeag Stud Mill where he worked, a drive which was defeated by an 81 to 18 vote  He had worked there for sixteen years before leaving in 1992 to work as a territory manager in eastern Maine for the National Federation of Independent Business, a position he held until 2010  He now works as a territory manager in eastern and central Maine for National Write Your Congressman 
Lockman and his wife Debbie were married in 1974  They have four adult children and five grandchildren 
Passage 7:
Ralph W  'Bud' Leavitt Jr 
Ralph W  "Bud" Leavitt Jr  (January 13, 1917 – December 20, 1994) was a Maine newspaperman who was executive sports editor of the Bangor Daily News, and a longtime outdoor columnist recognized statewide  In addition to his writing, Leavitt hosted one of Maine's earliest television shows, which was devoted to fishing, hunting and the out-of-doors  Leavitt's stature within the state  was such that columnist Roy Blount Jr  wrote of the Maine sportswriter that he "fishes with Ted Williams and Red Smith – or, rather, they trout-fish with him " An early conservationist and son of a paper mill union leader, Leavitt urged the state of Maine to acquire lands for public use; one such preserve is today named for the sportswriter and television personality 

Early life and career beginnings
Ralph W  Leavitt Jr  was born in Old Town, Maine, on January 13, 1917, to Ralph W  Leavitt Sr , union manager at Penobscot Chemical Fiber Company, and his wife Elise  Following graduation from Old Town High School, Leavitt went to work in the plant where his father was manager of the union – and quit the next day  "He didn't like getting all covered with dirt and sweat anywhere but on the athletic field", said Leavitt's cousin Alden Leavitt 
Following his one-day career in the industrial world, Leavitt went looking for other employment  He landed his first newspaper job at age 17 when he began writing for The Bangor Daily Commercial in 1934  At the outbreak of World War II, Leavitt joined the Army Air Corps as a civilian employee  Following the War, in 1946 Leavitt took a job as general sportswriter at the Bangor Daily News, with which he associated as sportswriter, sports editor and outdoor columnist for the next 48 years  Leavitt's retirement from his Maine newspaper duties was considered noteworthy enough that Maine Senator George J  Mitchell issued a statement about it During his tenure as sports editor and outdoor columnist, Leavitt also occasionally filed stories to national publications, including Time magazine  High school graduate Leavitt's prose on sporting topics even turned up occasionally in the highbrow The New Yorker magazine  In its issue of June 25, 1979, The New Yorker quoted at length from sportswriter Leavitt's essay on fishing in Maine  "He wrote when the fog shuts out the land, it is like a pussy-footing cat laying down a paw", wrote the magazine, paraphrasing Leavitt's prose  Even Leavitt's admirers concede the columnist and sportswriter wasn't known for his adept turns of phrase  Some observers attributed his popularity in Maine to his no-nonsense, somewhat gruff style, in which he delivered the facts without embroidery 
Leavitt also frequently hunted and fished with his friend Nelson Bryant, outdoor columnist for The New York Times, who wrote about their jaunts in his newspaper  During this time, Leavitt began to make himself indispensable to the Bangor newspaper, where the owners noted that his presence on the sports pages came to embody for many readers the newspaper itself In 1948 Leavitt began writing a daily outdoor column for the newspaper in addition to his sportswriter duties  The column, in which Leavitt discussed hunting and fishing and life in Maine, ran in the Bangor Daily News until November 30, 1994, – six years after Leavitt had retired as the paper's sports editor, and only weeks before the columnist's death from cancer 

The columnist and the television host
Leavitt hosted one of the first outdoor shows on national television  In 1953 Maine's first TV station went on the air, and asked Leavitt to anchor a show on the themes he wrote about in his column  The Bud Leavitt Show debuted that year as one of the first local programs on the air in Maine  For the next 20 years Leavitt appeared every Saturday night to talk about the pressing issues of a Maine outdoorsman: how to remove a fishhook; the death of a favorite dog; snoeshowing and moose hunting and salmon fishing  There was little that Bud Leavitt wouldn't fish for  When the salmon runs on the rivers of Maine and New Brunswick tapered off, Leavitt often took to the rips off Maine's Petit Manan Light, where he cast a fly to schools of 25-pound pollock 
That Leavitt's newspaper permitted him to appear on a competing news outlet startled no one  "They had to have him", said Bangor Daily News managing editor Mike Dowd of the demand for the popular columnist  "He had to have it  So [Leavitt] became multimedia before the term was invented "Leavitt's last show on local Maine television was taped in 1973, but in 1978 the Maine Public Broadcasting Network asked the sportswriter to host a new show  Leavitt's early broadcasts on Maine's TV airwaves were marked by the times  The balding, avuncular Leavitt closed each show with the homily, "Remember, the family that plays together stays together " And the show's trademark music jingle is still the subject of Mainers posting to internet message boards, recalling Saturday night with beans and biscuits, watching Bud Leavitt  That show, called Woods and Waters, went on to become a public TV sensation  Within a year it was broadcast nationally  The Outdoor Writers of America later rated it the nation's best outdoor-oriented program  The show's success launched the local Maine sportswriter into the national consciousness: Leavitt was featured as a guest several times on the ABC show American Sportsman, and was a frequent guest on national radio programs 
Sometimes Leavitt was joined on his Maine TV show by friends like broadcaster Curt Gowdy, or baseball players Brooks Robinson or Ted Williams  "He was to outdoor journalism what Norman Rockwell was to art", wrote longtime Bangor Daily News sports columnist Larry Mahoney  The comparison was apt  Leavitt was not known for his eloquent turns-of-phrase, but for his directness and lack of artifice—what some might call his "Maine-ness" 
Thanks to his notoriety, Leavitt kept a running correspondence with people that he might never have met  His friendship with Albany, New York mayor Erastus Corning 2nd, for instance, lasted decades, and the pair's letters about angling are among the papers collected in Corning's archives Leavitt's friendship with baseball player Ted Williams spanned decades, and the two were frequent fishing buddies  Leavitt had been sent to Boston's Fenway Park in 1939 to write about the Boston Red Sox, where he met Williams, then a first-year rookie already making a name for himself as a slugger  Overhearing that the cub sportswriter was from Maine, Williams asked about the fishing up north  A lifelong friendship ensued 
"One journalist with whom Williams had a genuine friendship was the late Bud Leavitt, former sports editor and outdoor writer for the Bangor Daily News", wrote Tony Chamberlain of The Boston Globe  "Leavitt fished often with Williams in the lakes and streams of Maine and Canada  Most of their fishing up north was for salmon, and Williams fished with Leavitt near the writer's home along the Penobscot River "

Recognition in Maine and later years
Leavitt's stature as a writer on some of Maine's favorite topics, and his weekly television presence made him one of the state's celebrities – in the days when the words "Maine" and "celebrity" were oxymorons  Once, on a bird hunting drive in northern Maine with his friends Curt Gowdy and Brooks Robinson, Leavitt got lost  He stopped at a local home where he saw several men talking in the driveway  After inquiring after directions, Leavitt gestured at his car  Did the local Mainers know either of the two men in his automobile, Leavitt asked the group "No, we don't", answered one man, "but we sure know who you are  You're Bud Leavitt!"
Even Maine Senator Edmund Muskie tested the limits of political muscle when he brushed against Leavitt's following  It was arranged for Muskie to go ice-fishing with Leavitt—or as Muskie adviser Clyde MacDonald Jr  put it, "possibly the greatest political event that could be arranged at that time " MacDonald lived next to columnist Leavitt, whom the Muskie aide inveigled to accompany Muskie on a fishing trip to an Ellsworth, Maine, lake  Muskie landed the prize-winning fish, headlined in the next day's Bangor newspaper  As Muskie recalled, his fishing trip with Leavitt made a deeper impression than most of his electoral efforts  "Muskie throughout the rest of his career would say, 'You know, I fought for Dickey-Lincoln [Dam], and I prevented them from closing Loring, but the thing that people talk about is that fish '"Leavitt died on December 20, 1994, and his funeral mass was held in Bangor, not far from his home in Hampden, Maine, on December 26, 1994  His wife Barbara had predeceased him, dying five years prior in 1989  During his career, Leavitt wrote 13,104 columns for Maine newspapers, and a book called, simply, Twelve Months in Maine  Leavitt's essay most often collected in outdoor writing anthologies is "Hunting for Grouse and Woodcock" from his book Twelve Months in Maine  Following his death, the State of Maine named the Bud Leavitt Wildlife Management Area, 6,500 acres (26 km2) of upland forest 25 miles (40 km) northwest of Bangor, in honor of the sportswriter, a longtime advocate for conservation and public lands  In 2000, six years after Leavitt's death, the Maine Press Association posthumously inducted Leavitt into its Hall of Fame Leavitt is interred, alongside his wife Barbara, at Lakeview Cemetery in Hampden, Maine 

Works
Bud Leavitt and Senator William S  Cohen, Bangor: The Twentieth Century, Vol  II, Images of America, Richard R  Shaw, Arcadia Publishing, 1997 ISBN 0-7385-3703-9
Twelve Months in Maine, Bud Leavitt, Bangor Publishing Company, Bangor, Maine, 1977
Passage 8:
The Daily News (Palo Alto)
The Daily News, originally the Palo Alto Daily News, is a free newspaper owned by MediaNews Group and located in Menlo Park  Founded in 1995, it was formerly published seven days a week and at one point had a circulation of 67,000 (a figure that included five zoned editions which no longer exist)  The Daily News is distributed in red newspaper racks and in stores, coffee shops, restaurants, schools and major workplaces   As of April 7, 2009 the paper ceased to be published as The Palo Alto Daily News and was consolidated with other San Francisco Peninsula Daily News titles; it published five days a week, Tuesday through Saturday  Weekday editions were delivered to selected homes  While continuing to publish daily online, The Daily News cut its print edition back to three days a week in 2013, and one day a week in 2015 

Format and content
Originally, the Daily News had a distinctive format with pages that were 16 inches long and 10 75 inches wide, dimensions which were thought to make the Daily News easier to hold than traditional broadsheet papers, but allow more stories to be published per page than a typical tabloid 
On May 5, 2009, the paper went to a smaller page size (11-1/4 by 11-3/8 inches) to save money  "The change also brands our newspaper as different than the local competition, and makes it easier for our on-the-go readers to carry around," an announcement to readers said  They now have a larger version than their original one, with different sections, like add-ins or inserts 
The newspaper prints a combination of local stories and news from a number of wire services including The Associated Press, Bay City News, The New York Times and McClatchy-Tribune (the former Knight-Ridder Tribune)  Local columnists include John Angell Grant, Larry Magid and John Reid  Syndicated opinion columns include those by Bob Herbert, Thomas Friedman and Maureen Dowd 

History
The Palo Alto Daily News debuted on December 7, 1995, with an initial circulation of 3,000  Within nine months, the paper was in the black  The paper generates all of its revenue from advertising  The original publishers, Jim Pavelich and Dave Price, understood that the advertising would reach more potential customers if the paper were free and thus widely available 
The newspaper's press run is determined by consumer demand; by 1997, the circulation had nearly tripled to 10,000 copies a day 
On August 9, 2000, the newspaper expanded into San Mateo County by opening three dailies, the San Mateo Daily News, Redwood City Daily News and Burlingame Daily News  These became the first free daily newspapers in San Mateo County, although within two years, other free dailies started in that area, replicating the format of the Daily News 
On May 15, 2002, the Daily News launched the Los Gatos Daily News  In addition to Los Gatos, it served Saratoga, Campbell, Cupertino and western San Jose 
In the first quarter of 2003, the combined circulation of the Daily News reached 55,000 per day, and on March 23 a home-delivered Sunday edition was added 
On November 12, 2004, the Daily News beat the competition by putting out an "extra" minutes after a jury in Redwood City convicted Scott Peterson of murdering his wife Laci and their unborn son  Editors put the "Redwood City Daily News" flag at the top of the Extra because the trial was taking place in that city, but it was distributed in all of the communities served by the Daily News, including Palo Alto 
On February 15, 2005, Knight Ridder, then the nation's second-largest newspaper publisher, bought the Palo Alto Daily News and its four sister papers for $25 million  Price and Pavelich, the publishers, were asked to stay on during the transition, but they left by the end of the year 
In May 2005, the Daily News launched the East Bay Daily News, which served Berkeley, Emeryville, Piedmont, Albany and the Oakland neighborhood of Rockridge 
In January 2006, Shareef Dajani, formerly general manager of the Knight Ridder-owned Hills Newspapers, a group of weeklies in Alameda County, was named publisher  In March, Dajani fired editor Diana Diamond, a long-time Palo Altan who was also a columnist  Her dismissal triggered numerous letters-to-the-editor and the competing Palo Alto Weekly picked up her column  Dajani replaced Diamond with Lucinda Ryan, who had worked with him at the Hills Newspapers 
In March 2006, Knight Ridder agreed to be purchased by The McClatchy Company, owner of the Sacramento Bee among other papers  McClatchy later announced it would sell 12 of the 32 Knight Ridder dailies, including the San Jose Mercury News and two other regional papers, The Monterey County Herald and the Contra Costa Times  The Palo Alto Daily News, along with other papers, was included in the Mercury News' 'bundle,' to be sold as one entity  MediaNews Group, which already owned several area papers, agreed to acquire The Mercury News, Contra Costa Times, Monterey County Herald and the St  Paul Pioneer Press of Minnesota for $1 billion, with $263 million of that coming from the Hearst Corporation, owner of the San Francisco Chronicle  The two deals — the sale of Knight Ridder to McClatchy, and McClatchy's sale to MediaNews — closed in August 2006  However, a lawsuit filed by San Francisco real estate developer Clint Reilly challenged the sale on anti-trust grounds  The suit was settled with Hearst and MediaNews agreeing not to work together on national advertising or distribution 
In January 2007, Dajani was replaced by Carole Leigh Hutton, former editor and publisher of the Detroit Free Press when it was owned by Knight Ridder  When Knight Ridder sold the Free Press to Gannett on August 3, 2005, Hutton was named Knight Ridder's vice president of news, a position she held until the company folded in 2006 
In March 2007, former Oakland Tribune editor Mario Dianda replaced Lucinda Ryan as executive editor 
In May 2008, Daily News founders Dave Price and Jim Pavelich announced that they were reviving the original paper, in its original headquarters at 324 High St , under the name Palo Alto Daily Post In June 2008, the Daily News laid off five newsroom workers and eliminated its Monday edition in Palo Alto and its Tuesday edition in San Mateo, Redwood City and Burlingame  Those three cities had lost their Monday edition two years earlier In August 2008, it came to light that the Daily News had hired a company in India to manage writing, copy-editing and design of a weekly real-estate product In April 2009, the Daily News dropped its Sunday edition and editions for San Mateo, Burlingame and Redwood City 
Passage 9:
Mildred Brown Schrumpf
Mildred Brown "Brownie" Schrumpf (January 24, 1903 – March 2, 2001) was an American home economist, food educator, and author  Named the "Unofficial Ambassador of Good Eating" by the Maine Department of Agriculture, she wrote a weekly food column for the Bangor Daily News from 1951 to 1994 promoting traditional Maine recipes  She was the main proponent of the claim that the chocolate brownie was invented in Bangor  She was inducted into the Maine Women's Hall of Fame in 1997 

Early life and education
Schrumpf was born Mildred Greely Brown on a farm in Readfield Depot, Maine, to Fred Brown and Nellie Mabel Gordon Brown  She was a member of the Kennebec County 4-H club and won a canning contest in her teens  After graduating from Winthrop High School in 1921, Schrumpfh attended the University of Maine – the first person in her family to go to college – and earned a bachelor's degree in home economics in 1925 

Career
Schrumpf began her career as a tester for home gas stoves for the Bangor Gas Company  She next worked as an assistant leader in 4-H clubs statewide and as the Penobscot County 4-H club agent through the 1930s, updating home demonstrators on "food preservation, kitchen design and farm life"  In the 1940s, Schrumpf worked for the United States Department of Agriculture Extension Service, giving demonstrations and classes and also teaching "camp cookery to forestry students"  She also taught home economics classes at the University of Maine In the 1950s and 1960s, Schrumpf became the Maine Food Products Promoter for the Maine Department of Agriculture, and also did cooking demonstrations on television 

Food columnist
Schrumpf began writing a weekly food column called "Brownie's Kitchen" for the Bangor Daily News on August 31, 1951  Each column opened with remembrances of life in 20th-century Maine and featured traditional recipes, using simple ingredients that could be found in any Maine grocery  Although she initially eschewed the use of ready-made ingredients, Schrumpf later printed recipes using convenience foods, which were included in her second cookbook collection, Memories from Brownie's Kitchen (1989)  She continued producing her column until April 4, 1994 

"Bangor Brownies"
Schrumpf received widespread publicity for her claim that the chocolate brownie was invented in Bangor, Maine  In its first edition (2007), The Oxford Companion to American Food and Drink refuted her premise that "Bangor housewives" had created the brownie  The Oxford Companion noted that while Schrumpf cited the inclusion of the recipe in the Girl's Welfare Cook Book published in Bangor in 1912 as proof of the brownie's origins, a Fannie Farmer cookbook published in 1905 already contained a recipe for the chewy chocolate treat  However, in its second edition (2013), The Oxford Encyclopedia of Food and Drink in America said it had discovered evidence to support Schrumpf's claim, in the form of several 1904 cookbooks that listed a recipe for "Bangor Brownies" 

Other activities
Schrumpf served as a judge for the Bangor State Fair and the national Pillsbury Bake-Off  She chaired the Maine Boiler Festival Chicken Barbecues and Luncheons, and headed delegations of Maine food demonstrators to the Eastern States Exposition in West Springfield, Massachusetts She maintained a lifelong association with the University of Maine and its alumni association, serving as class secretary for 40 years  She provided many artifacts for the "Brownie's Kitchen" exhibit, a replica of an early 20th-century farmhouse kitchen, at the Page Farm & Home Museum on the university campus 

Honors and awards
The University of Maine alumni association awarded her its Black Bear Award in 1957 and Pine Tree Alumni Service Emblem in 1974  She was named Woman of the Year by the Maine Press, Radio and TV Women in 1968 and "Unofficial Ambassador of Good Eating" by the Maine Department of Agriculture in 1970  She received a Kiwanis Recognition in Service Award from the Orono-Old Town Kiwanis chapter in 1976 and an Achievement Citation Award from the Maine chapter of the American Association of University Women in 1989  She was inducted into the Maine Women's Hall of Fame in 1997 

Personal
Known for her lively and energetic personality, she was always happy to answer cooking questions and share recipe advice  As she advanced in years, her birthday celebrations were well-attended affairs that were said to "require traffic control"; for one "birthday bash", a 20-person committee coordinated the event She married William E  Schrumpf, an agricultural economist at the University of Maine Agricultural Experimental Station, in 1932; he predeceased her in 1976  In her final years, she resided in a nursing home in Orono, where she died on March 2, 2001, at the age of 98 The Brownie and William E  Schrumpf Papers, including her extensive collection of Maine community cookbooks and recipe pamphlets, are housed in the special collections department of the Raymond H  Fogler Library at the University of Maine 

Works
Memories from Brownie's Kitchen: A collection of recipes compiled over thirty-seven years (2nd ed )  Bangor Publishing Company  1989  ISBN 0962389005 
The Flavor of Maine: Recipes in honor of the bicentennial  Bangor Daily News  1976 
"Maine's Own: Baked Bean Recipes"  Maine Department of Agriculture  1951 

Notes
Passage 10:
San Mateo Daily News
The San Mateo Daily News was a free daily newspaper in San Mateo, California published 6 days a week with an average daily circulation of 22,000  The newspaper was founded August 9, 2000 by Dave Price (journalist) and Jim Pavelich, who also published the Palo Alto Daily News  Both papers were distributed in large red newspaper racks and inside stores, coffee shops, restaurants, schools, and major workplaces  The San Mateo Daily News, along with five other Daily News editions, was sold to Knight Ridder on February 15, 2005  After McClatchy's acquisition of Knight Ridder in 2006, all six Daily News editions, including the San Mateo Daily News were bundled with the San Jose Mercury News and sold to MediaNews Group of Denver, Colorado  The surviving Daily News, papers merged on April 7, 2009 

External links
Knight Ridder buys Daily News
Daily News publishers ride into sunset
Context 2: Passage 1:
You're the Apple of My Eye
"You're the Apple of My Eye" is a song written by Otis Blackwell and initially recorded and released as a single in 1956 by The Four Lovers, the precursor to The Four Seasons  Recorded after they were denied the opportunity to record another Blackwell song, "Don't Be Cruel", "You're the Apple of My Eye" was The Four Lovers' first exposure to U S  national publicity, reaching the #62 position on the Billboard Hot 100 and earning the quartet an appearance on The Ed Sullivan Show  One of two Four Lovers singles that RCA Victor Records released simultaneously, it was the quartet's only foray onto the Hot 100 before the formation of The Four Seasons five years later 

Background
The Four Lovers (1956 personnel: Frankie Valli, Nick and Tommy DeVito, and Hank Majewski) was the eventual result of Valli joining The Variety Trio in 1954 to form The Variatones (which briefly included mutual friends on a part-time basis)  The group performed at various New Jersey clubs and lounges and established a reputation for its musical versatility, incorporating country music, pop music, doo wop, Broadway standards, rhythm and blues, and an occasional foray into Italian love songs 
An RCA Records executive saw a Four Lovers performance and was impressed with the presentation enough to recommend the quartet to the company's artists and repertoire department  They were signed to the RCA Victor label for a series of records to be released in 1956 and 1957  In May 1956, "You're the Apple of My Eye"/"The Girl of My Dreams" and "Lovey Dovey"/"Please Don't Love Me" were released simultaneously by RCA  The four sides were recorded in a single April session (with two other songs that were released as a single in January 1957) 

Legacy
The song was featured in the jukebox musical: Jersey Boys as well as the film version 

"You're the Apple of My Eye"/"The Girl of My Dreams"
RCA Victor 47-6518  "You're the Apple of My Eye" was a last-minute substitution for another song that Frankie Valli and the group was preparing to do in the recording session, "Don't Be Cruel"  Accounts differ as to the precise mechanism behind their not recording the Otis Blackwell song  Some sources indicate that The Four Lovers were told not to record the song as Elvis Presley expressed a desire to record the song himself; other sources indicate that Blackwell himself requested that the Four Lovers not record the song so he could "shop around" for a bigger act (and a better royalty deal) for the song (and succeeded when Presley's manager approached Blackwell with the idea of Presley recording "Don't Be Cruel") 
Blackwell later apologized for "taking the song away from" The Four Lovers and offered a different original composition for the quartet to record  Produced by Blackwell, "You're the Apple of My Eye" was composed as a "traditional" rhythm-and-blues song, but the Four Lovers gave it more of a rock'n'roll interpretation (some music critics referred to it as so "over the top" as to be close in style to burlesque) 
The single was the group's first attempt into national publicity, with sales and airplay sufficient for the record to enter the Hot 100 and to generate enough interest for Ed Sullivan to invite the group onto his weekly television program  "Apple of My Eye" was the only Four Lovers Single to achieve chart status as the other six successive singles sank without a trace in 1956 and 1957 
After the Four Lovers became The Four Seasons in 1961, "You're the Apple of My Eye" was re-recorded (as "Apple of My Eye") for the Sherry and 11 Others album (1962)  The re-recording was released as a single in October 1964 and appeared briefly on the Billboard Bubbling Under the Hot 100 record chart 
The B-side of The Four Lovers single, "The Girl of My Dreams", is a cover of a song composed by Maxwell Davis, Joe Josea, Jules Taub, and Sam Ling  Jessie Belvin and Eugene Church recorded and released a recording of the song in 1956 as The Cliques 

"Honey Love"/"Please Don't Leave Me"
RCA Victor 47-6519  Released the same day as "You're the Apple of My Eye", The Four Lovers' second single featured covers of two rhythm-and-blues hits from the mid-1950s  The A-side, "Honey Love", was a considerable R&B hit for The Drifters in 1956  It was composed by Drifters lead singer Clyde McPhatter and Atlantic Records producer Jerry Wexler  The Four Lovers' version was similar in style to the original, but didn't come close to attaining the level of success of either the original or "You're the Apple of Your Eye" 
The B-side of the group's second single, "Please Don't Leave Me", was composed by Antoine "Fats" Domino and was originally recorded by him in 1953  It is one of the more blues-based songs in the Fats Domino catalog — and one of the most blues-based songs ever recorded by Frankie Valli and his friends, regardless of the name or membership of the group 

After "Apple" and "Honey"
The management or RCA Victor and The Four Lovers were encouraged by the success of "You're the Apple of My Eye" to make arrangements for recording an album for release for Christmas sales  The result, Joyride, had a collection of rhythm-and-blues and western covers, with a few pop standards and a handful of never-before-released songs, complete with a rollicking version of "White Christmas", patterned similar to the Drifters' version from 1955  In addition, RCA was releasing Four Lovers' singles roughly every two weeks, including covers of Hank Williams' "Jambalaya", Faye Adams' "Shake a Hand", and an early vocal version of "Night Train" 
Joyride and the last five RCA Victor Four Lovers singles failed to chart and failed to sell  Today, they are collector's items, with the album being worth up to $400 (US) in near mint condition and some of the singles at roughly one-third that  The group's last single, "My Life for You Love"/"Pucker Up", sold so few that the relative handful of existing copies are now selling for up to $3000 each 
By the end of 1957, The Four Lovers had no recording contract and returned to performing in clubs and lounges before being put "on hiatus", albeit briefly before a new artists contract with Bob Crewe's Peri Records gave the group a new purpose for its existence, that of supporting musicians with the occasional opportunity to record songs on their own (which they did — and release under a variety of names between 1958 and 1961)  This began a sequence of events which, in four years, resulted in the group becoming The Four Seasons 
Passage 2:
Dawn (Go Away)
"Dawn (Go Away)" is a song written by Bob Gaudio and Sandy Linzer and recorded by The Four Seasons in November 1963   
The song hit No  3 in the early part of 1964  According to Billboard, it was the 25th biggest hit single of the year, placing behind "Rag Doll", another Four Seasons hit, which was No  24 

Background
It was recorded as the Four Seasons were involved in a royalty dispute with Vee-Jay Records  As the lawsuit proceeded, the group recorded "Dawn" and a handful of other songs and withheld the master tapes from Vee-Jay, which then claimed breach of contract  The dispute was not settled until 1965, a year after the Four Seasons officially left Vee-Jay 
The group signed with Philips Records, a subsidiary of Mercury Records, shortly thereafter  "Dawn (Go Away)" was released in January 1964  It took four weeks to climb the Billboard Hot 100 chart to number 3 on February 29, 1964, prevented from going higher by The Beatles' "I Want to Hold Your Hand" and "She Loves You", which became the top two singles of 1964  "Dawn" remained at number 3 for three weeks, then dropped to make way for two further Beatles singles ("Twist and Shout" and "Please Please Me")  During its six-week run in the Top Ten, only Beatles hits ranked above it in the chart Cash Box said that the song "is delivered with that stompin', falsetto-highlighted money-making touch of the Four Seasons" and praised the arrangement and conducting by Charles Calello Originally written as a folk song, arranger Charles Calello sped it up and, at Valli's suggestion, added a galloping rhythm guitar borrowed from Kai Winding's version of "More"  Drummer Buddy Saltzman accented the recording with bombastic around-the-kit fills and ghost notes without using any cymbals The single version, with a two-line sung introduction, was never recorded in true stereo  Early "stereo" album releases were rechanneled (with the high and low frequencies on one channel and the midrange on the other); later stereo issues, from the Edizione d'Oro greatest hits album onward, include different takes of the recording  One begins with a short drum intro, featuring a louder and more frantic drum backing by Saltzman, and slightly different vocals  Both versions are listed as 2 minutes 11 seconds long, but the stereo "Dawn" is 2 minutes 30 seconds, and the mono version with the "Pretty as midsummer's morn  They called her Dawn" intro is 2 minutes 45 seconds "Dawn (Go Away)" was the only Philips single crediting the Four Seasons that did not have the notation "featuring the 'sound' of Frankie Valli" 
Passage 3:
Watch the Flowers Grow
"Watch the Flowers Grow" is a song composed by L  Russell Brown and Raymond Bloodworth and popularized by The Four Seasons in 1967  The single was released in the wake of The Beach Boys' Pet Sounds and The Beatles' Sgt  Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band, "Watch the Flowers Grow" struggled up the Billboard Hot 100, peaking at #30, as The Four Seasons' music was rapidly falling out of favor with the American record-buying public (the Four Seasons' next single, a cover of The Shirelles' #1 hit "Will You Love Me Tomorrow" did slightly better, reaching #24 as the last Top 40 Four Seasons hit until "Who Loves You" in 1975) 
Billboard described the single as a "timely, easy-beat ballad" that was one of the Four Seasons' "most unusual entries "  Cash Box said  that it's "gently pulsing, melodic, romp "Songwriter L  Russell Brown would compose (or co-compose) a string of hit records in the 1970s, including several recorded by Dawn featuring Tony Orlando 
Passage 4:
Gloaming (horse)
Gloaming (September 1915 – 5 May 1932) was an outstanding Thoroughbred racehorse, owned, trained, and based in New Zealand  He set many records which included the Australasian record (jointly held with Desert Gold, Black Caviar and Winx) of 19 successive wins, many in Principal Races  Gloaming was unusual in that he was a champion who won many major races in both Australia and New Zealand  Gloaming still holds the Australasian record of 45 seconds for four furlongs 

Breeding
He was a robust bay gelding standing 15 hands 3 inches high with a good length of rein  Gloaming was sired by the good imported racehorse and sire, The Welkin (GB) out of the unplaced mare, Light (GB), by the good sire, Eager  His paternal grandsire was the English Triple Crown champion, Flying Fox  Gloaming was a brother to seven other named horses, all by The Welkin, including Gloaming's Sister (won AJC Kirkham Stakes), but none were nearly so successful as him  Light was inbred in the third generation (3x3) to Sterling Gloaming was sold as a yearling in 1916 for 230 guineas to  H  Chisholm acting on behalf of George D  Greenwood, of Teviotdale in the Canterbury region, New Zealand  Following the sale he made his first of 15 crossings of the Tasman Sea 

Racing record
Gloaming had a long career, racing from age three to nine years, which included victories over other champion racehorses such as Desert Gold, Beauford, Kennaquhair, Whittier and The Hawk  He was successful at distances from four furlongs to a mile and a half He was put into work as a two-year-old, but became shin-sore, and was gelded before being spelled  In June 1918 he was shipped to Sydney, after he had showed promise in track work in New Zealand 

1922 Racebook
At three years: 1918-19
At his first start, in the Sydney Tattersall's Chelmsford Stakes, over nine furlongs, he ran a race record time to defeat a class field that included the imported five-year-old Rebus and Kennaquhair  This was the first time this race had been won by a three-year-old having their first start  In his first season's racing Gloaming went on to win three Derbies, the AJC Australian Derby, the New Zealand Derby Stakes, and also the Great Northern Derby in New Zealand  In addition he 

won the 1918 Wellington R C  (WRC) Champion Plate weight for age (w f a ) over 10 furlongs by 21⁄2 lengths
2nd in G  G  Stead Memorial Stakes (w f a ) (defeated by the New Zealand Cup winner, Sasanof) 
won Auckland Racing Club (ARC) Islington Plate (w f a ) 1 mile 
won Wellington Stakes 5 furlongs in 58 3/5 seconds (race record)
won WeRC  Kelburn Plate (w f a )  4 fur  (defeating Surveyor)
2nd  in Taranaki Stakes (defeated by Desert Gold) 
won Egmont Stakes (defeating Desert Gold) 
won Hawera Stakes (defeating Desert Gold)
won WangJC Wanganui Jackson Stakes (w f a ) 6 fur 
won WangJC Wanganui Guineas, 1 mile
won Canterbury Jockey Club (CJC) Challenge Stakes, 7 fur  (defeating Surveyor) 
fell in the North Island Challenge Stakes (which was won by Warplane who was in receipt of 31 lb ) 

At four years: 1919-20
Gloaming won all but one of his starts during this season  All of his starts for this season are listed below:

won Rosehill Spring Stakes (w f a ) 1 mile (defeating Wolaroi and Prince Viridis) 
2nd in Australian Jockey Club (AJC) Spring Stakes (w f a ) (beaten a head by Poitrel; Cetigne 3rd), 12 furlongs
won AJC Craven Plate (w f a ) 10 furlongs (defeating Wolaroi and, Rebus 3rd, Sasanof) 
won Wellington (N Z ) Champion Plate (w f a ) 10 f (defeating Affectation, Mascot, Vagabond, and Desert Gold) 
won G  G  Stead Memorial Gold Cup, 10 f (defeating Rossini and Desert Gold) 
won ARC Islington Plate (w f a ) 1 mile
won ARC  Royal Park Stakes, 6 furlongs in 1:13 (race record)

At five years: 1920-21
As a five-year-old Gloaming had 15 race starts and won all of them including these principal races:

1920 ARC Islington Plate (w f a ) 8 f
1920 ARC Royal Stakes 6 f
1921 ARC Auckland Plate (w f a ) 12 f
1921 CJC Challenge Stakes 7 f
1921 TaraJC Taranaki Stakes 6 f
1921 WangJC Jackson Stakes (w f a ) 6 f

At six years: 1921-22
As a six-year-old Gloaming had 12 race starts and won all but one, in which he ran second  The principal races he won were:

1922 ARC Auckland Plate 12 furlongs
1922 TaraJC Taranaki Stakes 6 furlongs
1922 WangJC Jackson Stakes (w f a ) 6 furlongs, in 1:11 4/5, a race record
1922 WRC North Island Challenge Stakes 7 furlongs
1922 CJC Challenge Stakes 7 furlongs
1922 HBJC Ormond Memorial Gold Cup 8 furlongs 

At seven years: 1922-23
As a seven-year-old Gloaming had 5 starts for 3 wins and 2 seconds  The principal races he won were:

1922 RRC The Hill Stakes 10 f by 11⁄4 lengths from Beauford
1922 AJC Craven Plate Pr 10 f by 3 lengths from Beauford
1922 WRC Champion Plate (w f a ) 10 f with 9 st  4 lbs  (59 kg) in 2:6 1/5 a race record 

At eight years: 1923-24
As an eight-year-old Gloaming had 5 starts for 4 wins and 1 second  The principal races he won were:

1924 WangJC Jackson Stakes (w f a ) 6 f
1924 WeRC North Island Challenge Stakes with 10 1 (defeating Quiescent 6 12 by 6 lengths), 7 fur  in 1:27 4/5 

At nine years: 1924-25
As a nine-year-old Gloaming had 10 starts for 8 wins and 2 seconds  The principal races he won were:

1924 AJC Spring Stakes over 12 furlongs (defeating David, Ballymena, and Rivoli) 
1924 AJC Craven Plate over 10 f (defeating Ballymena, David, and Nigger Ministrel) 
1924 VRC Melbourne Stakes (w f a ) 10 f 
1925 Canterbury (N Z ) Middle Park Plate, 6 fur  with 9 st  10 lb  by 5 lengths with the 3rd horse a further 3 lengths away 
1925 WRC North Island Challenge Stakes 7 f  with 10 1 (Inferno 8 13, and), 7 fur  in 1 26 
1925 CJC Challenge Stakes 7 f  with 9 11
1925 HBJC Ormond Memorial Gold Cup 8 furlongs with 9 10 (beating The Hawk 9 10)

Summary
Gloaming had 67 race starts, won 57 (including 39 Principal Races) and was second 9 times  Gloaming fell in his only other race start, at barrier rise in the North Island Challenge Stakes which was a race he later won three times  When he retired he was the leading Australian racing stakes winner  He was the first horse to defeat the great mare, Desert Gold over a mile and he still holds the Australasian record of 45 seconds for four furlongs  He jointly held the Australasian record of 19 wins in succession with Desert Gold, who he met five times and defeated four times  The record is now held at 33 wins by Winx When Gloaming was retired from the turf to his owner's property at Teviotdale, he was the leading stakes-winner in Australasia with fifty-seven wins and £43,100 in prize-money  He died on 5 May 1932 

Honours
Gloaming has had his portrait painted by the noted equine artist, Martin Stainforth and it was reproduced in Racehorses in Australia Gloaming was one of five inaugural inductees into the New Zealand Racing Hall of Fame, alongside Carbine, Kindergarten, Phar Lap and Sunline  The Group Three Gloaming Stakes (1,800m) contested at Sydney's Rosehill Gardens Racecourse is named in his honour 

See also
List of historical horses
List of leading Thoroughbred racehorses
Repeat winners of horse races
Passage 5:
Four Seasons of Love
Four Seasons of Love is the fourth studio album by American singer-songwriter Donna Summer  Released on October 11, 1976, this  concept album became her third consecutive successful album to be certified gold in the US  It peaked at #29 on the Billboard 200  In addition, all the cuts on this album went to number one on the disco chart 

Overview
This was the third concept album Summer had made, though unlike the previous two which had contained one long track on side one and a small selection of slightly shorter ones on side two, Four Seasons of Love was more equally balanced  The album told the story of a love affair by relating it to the four seasons  Side one contained "Spring Affair" and "Summer Fever", both disco tracks, and side two contained "Autumn Changes" (a slightly slower disco number) and "Winter Melody" (which had an even slower beat), plus a reprise of "Spring Affair"  This concept was reflected in the four photos of Summer, one for each season of the year, in a pull-out 1977 calendar included with the original LP album  The photo on the cover was, fittingly, the Summer pic  Summer's "first lady of love" image came across strongly on this album, though her trademark moans and groans were slightly less evident than on previous work  Pics included "Winter" in a fur with a tear on her cheek; "Spring" in a Scarlett O'Hara style hoop skirt on a swing; and "Autumn" re-enacting Marilyn Monroe's famous scene from The Seven Year Itch with the billowing white dress over the subway grate  This is an allusion to her song "Love to Love You Baby", for which she cites Monroe as an inspiration As with the previous two albums, Four Seasons of Love was distributed by different record labels in different countries, including Casablanca Records in the U S  Edited versions of "Spring Affair" and "Winter Melody" were released in various places, but neither had a big impact on any charts (although the latter made the Top 30 on the UK singles chart)  The album was also released as a Club Special Edition / Club Sonderauflage in West Germany on the Atlantic Records Label 

Critical reception
Michael Freedberg of AllMusic called the album "rapture indeed", noting that "the rhythms push and go poof as delicately as ever", "the horn section mutes and jazzes the melody", the beats stop, run, and stop again whenever they damn please", and "Summer expresses private rapture in falsetto as she smooches, oohs, and ahs onto the mix like lipstick traces" Cashbox magazine reviewer stated that since there are only five songs on this album, at "first glance it seems a
little slim", but "each tune, based on a season of the year, is pure Summer (Donna)"  On the album, "accompanied by the Munich Machine, the sultry songstress runs the gamut of emotions, from lust to lustier", "the string parts are super-slick", and "the production makes full use of Summer's vocal abilities" 

Track listing
Personnel
Donna Summer – lead vocals
Thor Baldursson – keyboards, string and horn arrangements
Keith Forsey – drums, percussion
Nick Woodland – guitar
Les Hurdle – bass guitar
Dino Solera – saxophone
Geoff Bastow – synthesizer
Madeline Bell, Sue & Sunny – backing vocalsTechnicalMixed by Giorgio Moroder
Engineered by Jürgen Koppers
Album Cover Concept by Susan Munao, Joyce Bogart & Donna Summer
Design by Henry Vizcarra & Gribbitt!
Art Direction by Gribbitt! & Chris Whorf
Photography – Mario Casilli

Charts
Certifications and sales
Passage 6:
The Wonder Who?
The Wonder Who? was a nom de disque of The Four Seasons for four single records released from 1965 to 1967   It was one of a handful of "names" used by the group at that time, including Frankie Valli (as a "solo" artist even though the Four Seasons were present on the record) and The Valli Boys  Wonder Who? recordings generally feature the falsetto singing by Valli, but with a softer falsetto than on "typical" Four Seasons recordings 

Background
The Four Lovers
The Four Seasons evolved from The Four Lovers, which recorded under a variety of names between 1956 and 1960  Lead singer Valli had himself recorded under several pseudonyms as well, including Frankie Tyler and Frankie Valley  Songwriter/guitarist/keyboardist Bob Gaudio did the same (as Turner Disentri, i e , "Turn of the Century") and bassist/arranger Nick Massi (as Alex Alda) after they joined the Four Lovers in 1959 Aside from the first Four Lovers single, "You're the Apple of My Eye" in 1956, the group's (and Valli's) records failed to chart  In 1958, The Four Lovers obtained a three-year artist contract with producer Bob Crewe, which gave the group a steady stream of session work (Valli can be heard singing in the background of "Rock and Roll Is Here to Stay" by Danny and the Juniors) in addition to recording for Crewe's Peri Records Since the beginning of The Four Lovers, the group performed in clubs and lounges in New Jersey and offered songs in a variety of styles, from country and western to pop to doo wop to rockabilly to Broadway tunes, with a sprinkling of Italian love songs thrown in 

The Four Seasons hit factory
In 1960, The Four Lovers became The 4 Seasons (named after the bowling lane)  The session work (and recording under various names) continued, but now with Valli, Gaudio, and Crewe trying to sell both Gaudio compositions and Four Seasons recordings, the group finally achieved national distribution under its own name for the first time in four years  While the first single failed to sell, the second one, "Sherry", started a string of successes for The Four Seasons   From 1962 to 1966, it has been estimated that The Four Seasons had sold about 50 million records, more than any recording act except The Beatles In the midst of a royalty dispute with Vee-Jay Records in late 1963, the Four Seasons left the label for Philips  While Vee-Jay started recycling Four Seasons product in 1964, Phillips started releasing new Four Seasons records with increasing frequency as the British invasion began  With the blessing of Philips officials, Valli rekindled his "solo" career in the latter part of 1965, releasing records that were credited to him and having the group as backing musicians  In 1966 and 1967, Four Seasons records and Frankie Valli singles were listed on the Billboard Hot 100 chart, with both names appearing simultaneously in the chart in several issues of the magazine 

The Wonder Who? history and beyond
On the heels of recording a live album of Broadway tunes (to complete the settlement of the group's lawsuit with Vee-Jay), Valli, Crewe, and Gaudio had planned on recording an album consisting entirely of songs written by Bob Dylan, but as recording progressed, the concept was modified to include songs by Burt Bacharach and Hal David  Valli was not happy with his vocals on the various takes of "Don't Think Twice, It's All Right" when he decided to record the song with a "joke" falsetto vocal (an impression of jazz musician Rose Murphy) to reduce the tension in the studio An executive of Philips Records heard a replay of the recording with a "joke" vocal and wanted it to be released as a single — Two years earlier, Peter, Paul, and Mary had reached the #9 position on the Hot 100 with their version of the song — but the recording by Valli and the band could not be released as either a Valli "solo" single or a Four Seasons single  Sold in a picture sleeve with a connect the dots puzzle, the record with the truncated name ("Don't Think Twice") was released as by "The Wonder Who?" in November 1965  It reached No  12 on the Hot 100, and as it was sliding down the chart in January 1966, a Frankie Valli "solo" single ("(You're Gonna) Hurt Yourself") and a Four Seasons single ("Working My Way Back to You") were also in the upper half of the chart, giving three simultaneous hit records by the group under different guises In the wake of "Don't Think Twice", Vee-Jay reissued a Four Seasons recording, "Peanuts" (originally a 1957 hit by Little Joe and the Thrillers), as by "The Wonder Who" (without the question mark)  As was the case with previous Four Seasons releases of the song, the "Wonder Who" single didn't sell and didn't chart 
Two more "Wonder Who?" singles were released by Philips  Three of the four sides made it onto the lower reaches of the Hot 100 "Don't Think Twice" and the other charting "Wonder Who?" recordings were included on Four Seasons albums, which, in their original releases, made no mention of the name that was created for single release 
While "Lonesome Road" became the last "Wonder Who?" single, the group continued to release both Four Seasons and Frankie Valli "solo" singles until 1975, when Valli had recorded "Swearin' to God" without any participation from the group (his previous hit, "My Eyes Adored You" was recorded as a Four Seasons recording, but was released as a "solo" record) 

Members
Frankie Valli
Tommy DeVito (died 2020)
Bob Gaudio
Nick Massi (died 2000)
Joe Long (died 2021)

Singles by "The Wonder Who?"
All "Wonder Who?" singles were produced by Bob Crewe 

"Don't Think Twice"/"Sassy"
Philips 40324, released October 1965  "Don't Think Twice" was originally recorded by composer Bob Dylan (as "Don't Think Twice, It's All Right") on his 1963 album, The Freewheelin' Bob Dylan   Peter, Paul, and Mary released the most commercially successful version of the song in September 1963  It reached No  9 on the Hot 100 singles chart  The "Wonder Who?" version peaked at No  12 in December 1965 
"Sassy" was an original instrumental by the Four Seasons  Composing credit was given to Bob Gaudio and Bob Crewe 

"On the Good Ship Lollipop"/"You're Nobody till Somebody Loves You"
Philips 40380, released June 1966  Composed by Richard A  Whiting and Sidney Clare, "On the Good Ship Lollipop" made its debut in the 1934 Shirley Temple motion picture Bright Eyes and is most identified with Temple singing it, but the most successful commercial release of the song was by Rudy Vallee,  reaching No  4 on the Billboard chart in 1935  The Four Seasons/Wonder Who version barely made a dent on the Hot 100, reaching the #87 position 
"You're Nobody till Somebody Loves You" was another chestnut, having been a hit for Russ Morgan in 1946 and recorded by numerous artists since then  It was composed by Morgan, Larry Stock, and Harry Cavanaugh  When the version credited to "The Wonder Who?" appeared on the Hot 100 at the #96 position, it marked the only time that two positions were simultaneously occupied by the fictitious group, and only "Wonder Who?" single that had both sides chart 

"The Lonesome Road"/"Around and Around (andaroundandaroundandaroundandaround)"
Philips 40471, released July 1967  Composed by Gene Austin and Nathaniel Shilkret, "Lonesome Road" was first recorded by Austin, accompanied by Shilkret directing the Victor Orchestra, in 1927 and has since been recorded by over two hundred famous artists  It was used in five motion pictures, including  the motion picture Show Boat   The version by "The Wonder Who?" reached No  89 in its brief appearance on the Hot 100 
"Around and Around" was a Four Seasons original composed by Gaudio and Crewe  While it appeared on this single as a song by "The Wonder Who?", the same take later appeared on the B-side of the 1968 Four Seasons single "Will You Love Me Tomorrow" and credited to the group 

"Peanuts"/"My Sugar" (as The Wonder Who)
Vee-Jay 717, released March 1966  Composed by "Little Joe" Cook, "Peanuts" was originally a #22 hit for Little Joe and the Thrillers in 1957 (their only chart recording)  In January 1963, Vee-Jay Records released a Four Seasons single with "Peanuts" as the A-side and "Stay" as the B-side  After various disk jockeys started playing "Stay" on the radio, Vee-Jay superseded the release, issuing new singles with "Stay" on the A-side and "Goodnight My Love" as the B-side  Several subsequent reissues with "Peanuts" as the A-side failed to sell or chart, including the one "credited" to "The Wonder Who" (without the question mark) 
"My Sugar" is a Gaudio-Crewe composition that made its first appearance on the 1963 Four Seasons album Big Girls Don't Cry and Twelve Others  This marks the first release of this recording on a Four Seasons (or "Wonder Who") single 

See also
List of U S  singles by Frankie Valli and The Four Seasons
The Four Seasons
Frankie Valli
Passage 7:
Donna Summer
Donna Adrian Gaines (December 31, 1948 – May 17, 2012), known professionally as Donna Summer, was an American singer and songwriter  She gained prominence during the disco era of the 1970s and became known as the "Queen of Disco", while her music gained a global following Influenced by the counterculture of the 1960s, Summer became the lead singer of a psychedelic rock band named Crow and moved to New York City  In 1968, she joined a German adaptation of the musical Hair in Munich, where she spent several years living, acting, and singing  There, she met music producers Giorgio Moroder and Pete Bellotte, and they went on to record influential disco hits together such as "Love to Love You Baby" and "I Feel Love", marking Summer's breakthrough into international music markets  Summer returned to the United States in 1976, and more hits such as "Last Dance", her version of "MacArthur Park", "Heaven Knows", "Hot Stuff", "Bad Girls", "Dim All the Lights", "No More Tears (Enough Is Enough)" with Barbra Streisand, and "On the Radio" followed 
Summer amassed a total of 32 chart singles on the US Billboard Hot 100 in her lifetime, including 14 top ten singles and four number one singles  She claimed a top-40 hit every year between 1976 and 1984, and from her first top-ten hit in 1976, to the end of 1982, she had 12 top-ten hits (10 were top-five hits), more than any other act during that time period  She returned to the Hot 100's top five in 1983, and claimed her final top-ten hit in 1989 with "This Time I Know It's for Real"  She was the first artist to have three consecutive double albums reach the top of the US Billboard 200 chart and charted four number-one singles in the US within a 12-month period  She also charted two number-one singles on the R&B Singles chart in the US and a number-one single in the United Kingdom  Her last Hot 100 hit came in 1999 with "I Will Go with You (Con te partirò)"  While her fortunes on the Hot 100 waned in subsequent decades, Summer remained a force on the Billboard Dance Club Songs chart throughout her entire career 
Summer died in 2012 from lung cancer, at her home in Naples, Florida  She sold over 100 million records worldwide, making her one of the best-selling music artists of all time  She won five Grammy Awards  In her obituary in The Times, she was described as the "undisputed queen of the Seventies disco boom" who reached the status of "one of the world's leading female singers " Moroder described Summer's work on the song "I Feel Love" as "really the start of electronic dance" music  In 2013, Summer was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame  In December 2016, Billboard ranked her sixth on its list of the "Greatest of All Time Top Dance Club Artists" 

Early life
Donna Adrian Gaines was born on December 31, 1948, in Boston, Massachusetts, to Andrew and Mary Gaines, and was third of seven children  She was raised in the Boston neighborhood of Mission Hill  Her father was a butcher, and her mother was a schoolteacher Summer's performance debut occurred at church when she was ten years old, replacing a vocalist who failed to appear  She attended Boston's Jeremiah E  Burke High School where she performed in school musicals and was considered popular  In 1967, just weeks before graduation, Summer left for New York City, where she joined the blues rock band Crow  After a record label passed on signing the group since it was only interested in the band's lead singer, the group agreed to dissolve Summer stayed in New York and auditioned for a role in the counterculture musical, Hair  She landed the part of Sheila and agreed to take the role in the Munich production of the show, moving there in August 1968 after getting her parents' reluctant approval  She eventually became fluent in German, singing various songs in that language, and participated in the musicals Ich bin ich (the German version of The Me Nobody Knows), Godspell, and Show Boat  Within three years, she moved to Vienna, Austria, and joined the Vienna Volksoper  She briefly toured with an ensemble vocal group called FamilyTree, the creation of producer Günter "Yogi" Lauke In 1968, Summer released (as Donna Gaines) on Polydor her first single, a German version of the title "Aquarius" from the musical Hair, followed in 1971 by a second single, a remake of the Jaynetts' 1963 hit, "Sally Go 'Round the Roses", from a one-off European deal with Decca Records  In 1969, she issued the single "If You Walkin' Alone" on Philips Records She married Austrian actor Helmuth Sommer in 1973, and gave birth to their daughter Natalia Pia Melanie "Mimi" Sommer, the same year  She provided backing vocals for producer-keyboardist Veit Marvos on his Ariola Records release Nice to See You, credited as "Gayn Pierre"  Several subsequent singles included Donna performing with the group, and the name "Gayn Pierre" was used while performing in Godspell with Helmuth Sommer during 1972  Their marriage subsequently ended in divorce, and she married singer-guitarist Bruce Sudano in 1980 

Music career
1974–1979: Initial success
While working as a model part-time and backing singer in Munich, Summer met producer Giorgio Moroder and Pete Bellotte during a recording session for Three Dog Night at Musicland Studios  The trio forged a working partnership, and Donna was signed to their Oasis label in 1974
Context 3: Passage 1:
Bennington Triangle
"Bennington Triangle" is a phrase coined by American author Joseph A  Citro to denote an area of southwestern Vermont within which a number of people went missing between 1945 and 1950  This was further popularized in two books, including Shadow Child, in which Citro devoted chapters to discussion of these disappearances and various items of folklore surrounding the area  According to Citro, the area shares characteristics with the Bridgewater Triangle in Southeastern Massachusetts 
Precisely what area is encompassed in this hypothetical "mystery triangle" is not clear, but it is purportedly centered on Glastenbury Mountain and would include some or most of the area of the towns immediately surrounding it, especially Bennington, Woodford, Shaftsbury, and Somerset  Glastenbury and its neighboring township Somerset were both once moderately thriving logging and industrial towns, but began declining toward the late 19th century and are now essentially ghost towns, unincorporated by an act of the Vermont General Assembly in 1937 
According to Citro's books, stories of strange happenings had been told about Glastonbury and the surrounding area for many years, the best-known of which is probably that of the disappearance of Paula Jean Welden 

Reported disappearances
Middie Rivers (1945)
Between 1945 and 1950, five people disappeared in the area surrounding Bennington, Vermont  The first disappearance occurred on November 12, 1945, when 74-year-old Middie Rivers disappeared while out hunting, in the vicinity of Long Trail Road and Vermont Route 9  Rivers was on a weekend hunting trip with four other hunters up the mountains  The morning of November 12, 1945, Rivers and his son-in-law, Joe Lauzon, were walking together before reaching a fork  Rivers and Lauzon would separate here with Rivers telling Lauzon he'd "only be going a short distance" before he would join them at camp for lunch  As 3pm had come and gone, the rest of the hunting party would begin searching before getting authorities  An extensive search was conducted, but the only evidence discovered was a single rifle cartridge that was found in a stream  The speculation was that Rivers had leaned over and the cartridge had dropped out of his pocket into the water  Rivers was an experienced outdoorsman who was familiar with the local area 

Paula Welden (1946)
Paula Jean Welden, aged 18, disappeared on December 1, 1946  Welden, a sophomore at Bennington College, had set out for a hike on the Long Trail  Many saw her depart, including Ernest Whitman, a Bennington Banner employee who gave her directions  She was not wearing a jacket during her journey; it was 50 °F outside, later dropping to 9 °F  Welden was alleged to have been seen on the trail itself by an elderly couple who were about 100 yards (91 m) behind her  According to them, she turned a corner in the trail, and when they reached the same corner she had disappeared  An extensive search was conducted, which included the posting of a $5,000 reward and help from the FBI, but no evidence of her was ever found  Welden's disappearance was the inspiration for the 1951 novel Hangsaman by Shirley Jackson 

James Tedford (1949)
James E  Tedford, a veteran, allegedly went missing on December 1, 1949, three years to the day after Welden was last seen  Tedford, a resident of the Bennington Soldiers' Home, had been in St  Albans visiting relatives and was accompanied to a local bus station, which was the last location where he was seen  According to witnesses, Tedford got on the bus and was still aboard at the last stop before arriving in Bennington  Somewhere between the last stop and Bennington, he vanished  His belongings were still in the luggage rack and an open bus timetable was on his vacant seat  Tony Jinks discusses this claim, saying that "The popular conception is that he vanished into thin air while on the bus, but like many missing person stories there's a gap between when he was last seen and when he was reported missing a week or so later  Regarding Tedford's disappearance, there's enough evidence to suggest he didn’t "dematerialize,” even though no trace of him was ever found "

Paul Jepson (1950)
On October 12, 1950, Paul Jepson, aged 8, had accompanied his mother in a truck  She left her son unattended for about an hour while she fed some pigs  When she returned, her son was nowhere in sight  Search parties were formed to look for the child  Nothing was ever found, though Jepson was wearing a bright red jacket that should have made him more visible  According to one story, bloodhounds tracked the boy to a local highway where, according to local legend, Welden had disappeared four years earlier 

Frieda Langer (1950)
On October 28, 1950, sixteen days after Jepson had vanished, Frieda Langer, aged 53, and her cousin, Herbert Elsner, left their family campsite near the Somerset Reservoir to go on a hike  During the journey, Langer slipped and fell into a stream  She told Elsner if he would wait, she would go back to the campsite, change clothes and catch up to him  When she did not return, Elsner made his way back to the campsite and discovered that Frieda Langer had not returned, and that nobody had seen her since they had left  Over the next two weeks, five searches were conducted, involving aircraft, helicopters, and up to 300 searchers  No trace of Langer was found during the search 
On May 12, 1951, Frieda Langer's body was found three and a half miles from the campsite in the eastern branch of the Deerfield River, an area that had been only lightly searched seven months previously  No cause of death could be determined because of the condition of her remains  No direct connections have been identified that tie these cases together, other than the general geographic area and time period 

In popular culture
The Bennington Triangle was discussed in Season 3, Episode 8 of the television program William Shatner's Weird or What? The episode, entitled "Mysterious Vanishings," first aired on July 23, 2012 The events of 1945 to 1950 are told in episode 67 of Lore, titled "The Red Coats" The Bennington Triangle was featured as one of the haunted locations in the paranormal TV series Most Terrifying Places in America which aired on the Travel Channel in 2018  The episode, title "Unnatural World" told the stories about the reportedly missing persons in a five-year span, and local lore of the "Bennington Monster", a Bigfoot-like creature that supposedly roams these wooded areas The Bennington Triangle is discussed in Episode 374 of the podcast My Favorite Murder  The Episode aired on April 13, 2023   Robert Singley, a 27 year old Bennington College student got lost in Bennington Triangle but found safe by Vermont State Police in 2008 
Passage 2:
Van Arkel–Ketelaar triangle
Bond triangles or Van Arkel–Ketelaar triangles (named after Anton Eduard van Arkel and J  A  A  Ketelaar) are triangles used for showing different compounds in varying degrees of ionic, metallic and covalent bonding 

History
In 1941 Van Arkel recognised three extreme materials and associated bonding types  Using 36 main group elements, such as metals, metalloids and non-metals, he placed ionic, metallic and covalent bonds on the corners of an equilateral triangle, as well as suggested intermediate species  The bond triangle shows that chemical bonds are not just particular bonds of a specific type  Rather, bond types are interconnected and different compounds have varying degrees of different bonding character (for example, covalent bonds with significant ionic character are called polar covalent bonds) 
Six years later, in 1947, Ketelaar developed van Arkel's idea by adding more compounds and placing bonds on different sides of the triangle 
Many people developed the triangle idea  Some (e g  Allen's quantitative triangle) used electron configuration energy as an atom parameter, others (Jensen's quantitative triangle, Norman's quantitative triangle) used electronegativity of compounds  Nowadays, electronegativity triangles are mostly used to rate the chemical bond type 

Usage
Different compounds that obey the octet rule (sp-elements) and hydrogen can be placed on the triangle  Unfortunately, d-elements cannot be analysed using van Arkel-Ketelaar triangle, as their electronegativity is so high that it is taken as a constant  Using electronegativity - two compound average electronegativity on x-axis and electronegativity difference on y-axis, we can rate the dominant bond between the compounds  Example is here
On the right side (from ionic to covalent) should be compounds with varying difference in electronegativity  The compounds with equal electronegativity, such as Cl2 (chlorine) are placed in the covalent corner, while the ionic corner has compounds with large electronegativity difference, such as NaCl (table salt)  The bottom side (from metallic to covalent) contains compounds with varying degree of directionality in the bond 
At one extreme is metallic bonds with delocalized bonding and the other are covalent bonds in which the orbitals overlap in a particular direction  The left side (from ionic to metallic) is meant for delocalized bonds with varying electronegativity difference 

See also
Covalent bonding
Ionic bonding
Metallic bonding
Atomic orbitals
Hund's rules
Ternary plot

External links
Van Arkel–Ketelaar Triangles of Bonding
Passage 3:
Urban agriculture
Urban agriculture refers to various practices of cultivating, processing, and distributing food in urban areas  The term also applies to the area activities of animal husbandry, aquaculture, beekeeping, and horticulture in an urban context  Urban agriculture is distinguished from peri-urban agriculture, which takes place in rural areas at the edge of suburbs Urban agriculture can appear at varying levels of economic and social development  It can involve a movement of organic growers, "foodies" and "locavores," who seek to form social networks founded on a shared ethos of nature and community holism  These networks can develop by way of formal institutional support, becoming integrated into local town planning as a "transition town" movement for sustainable urban development  For others, food security, nutrition, and income generation are key motivations for the practice  In either case, the more direct access to fresh vegetable, fruit, and meat products that may be realised through urban agriculture can improve food security and food safety 

History
Some of the first evidence of urban agriculture comes from Mesopotamia  Farmers would set aside small plots of land for farming within the city's walls  (3500BC) In Persia's semi-desert towns, oases were fed through aqueducts carrying mountain water to support intensive food production, nurtured by wastes from the communities  In Machu Picchu, water was conserved and reused as part of the stepped architecture of the city, and vegetable beds were designed to gather sun in order to prolong the growing season 
 The idea of supplemental food production beyond rural farming operations and distant imports is not new  It was used during war and depression times when food shortage issues arose, as well as during times of relative abundance  Allotment gardens emerged in Germany in the early 19th century as a response to poverty and food insecurity In 1893, citizens of a depression-struck Detroit were asked to use vacant lots to grow vegetables  They were nicknamed Pingree's Potato Patches after the mayor, Hazen S  Pingree, who came up with the idea  He intended for these gardens to produce income, food supply, and boost independence during times of hardship  Victory gardens sprouted during WWI and WWII and were fruit, vegetable, and herb gardens in the US, Canada, and UK  This effort was undertaken by citizens to reduce pressure on food production that was to support the war effort 
During World War I, President Woodrow Wilson called upon all American citizens to utilize any available open food growth, seeing this as a way to pull them out of a potentially damaging situation  Since most of Europe was consumed with war, they were unable to produce sufficient food supplies to be shipped to the US and a new plan was implemented with the goal of feeding the US and even supply a surplus to other countries in need  By 1919, over 5 million plots were growing food and over 500 million pounds of produce was harvested 

A very similar practice came into use during the Great Depression that provided a purpose, job and food to those who would otherwise be without anything during such harsh times  These efforts helped raise spirits and boost economic growth  Over 2 8 million dollars worth of food was produced from the subsistence gardens during the Depression  By World War II, the War/Food Administration set up a National Victory Garden Program that set out to systematically establish functioning agriculture within cities  With this new plan in action, as many as 5 5 million Americans took part in the victory garden movement and over nine million pounds of fruit and vegetables were grown a year, accounting for 44% of US-grown produce throughout that time 

Main types
There is no overarching term for agricultural plots in urban areas   Gardens and farms, while not easy to define, are the two main types  According to the USDA, a farm is "any place from which $1,000 or more of agricultural products were produced and sold " In Europe, the term "city farm" is used to include gardens and farms Any plot with produce being grown in it can be considered an urban farm   Size does not matter, it is more about growing produce on your own in your personal plot or garden 

Gardens
Many communities make community gardening accessible to the public, providing space for citizens to cultivate plants for food, recreation and education  In many cities, small plots of land and also rooftops are used for community members to garden  Community gardens give citizens the opportunity to learn about horticulture through trial and error and get a better understanding of the process of producing food and other plants  All while still being able to feed those people in need from the community   It holds as both a learning experience as well as a means of help for those people in need   A community gardening program that is well-established is Seattle's P-Patch  The grassroots permaculture movement has been hugely influential in the renaissance of urban agriculture throughout the world  During the 1960s a number of community gardens were established in the United Kingdom, influenced by the community garden movement in the United States  Bristol's Severn Project was established in 2010 for £2500 and provides 34 tons of produce per year, employing people from disadvantaged backgrounds 

Farms
The first urban agriculture method of growing occurs when family farms maintain their land as thr city grows around it  City farms/Urban farms are agricultural plots in urban areas, that have people working with animals and plants to produce food  They are usually community-run gardens seeking to improve community relationships and offer an awareness of agriculture and farming to people who live in urbanized areas  Although the name says urban, urban farming does not have to be in the urban area, it can be in the backyard of a house, or the rooftop of an apartment building   They are important sources of food security for many communities around the globe  City farms vary in size from small plots in private yards to larger farms that occupy a number of acres  In 1996, a United Nations report estimated there are over 800 million people worldwide who grow food and raise livestock in cities   Although some city farms have paid employees, most rely heavily on volunteer labour, and some are run by volunteers alone  Other city farms operate as partnerships with local authorities 
An early city farm was set up in 1972 in Kentish Town, London  It combines farm animals with gardening space, an addition inspired by children's farms in the Netherlands  Other city farms followed across London and the United Kingdom  In Australia, several city farms exist in various capital cities  In Melbourne, the Collingwood Children's Farm was established in 1979 on the Abbotsford Precinct Heritage Farmlands (the APHF), the oldest continually farmed land in Victoria, farmed since 1838 
In 2010, New York City saw the building and opening of the world's largest privately owned and operated rooftop farm, followed by an even larger location in 2012  Both were a result of municipal programs such as The Green Roof Tax Abatement Program and Green Infrastructure Grant Program In Singapore, hydroponic rooftop farms (which also rely on vertical farming) are appearing  The goal behind these is to rejuvenate areas and workforces that have thus far been marginalized  Simultaneously top level pesticide-free produce will be grown and harvested 

Perspectives
Resource and economic
The Urban Agriculture Network has defined urban agriculture as:

An industry that produces, processes, and markets food, fuel, and other outputs, largely 
in response to the daily demand of consumers within a town, city, or metropolis, many types of privately and publicly held land and water bodies were found throughout intra-urban and 
peri-urban areas  Typically urban agriculture applies intensive production methods, frequently using and reusing natural resources and urban wastes, to yield a diverse array of land-, water-, and air-based fauna and flora contributing to food security, health, livelihood, and environment of the individual, household, and community 

With rising urbanization, food resources in urban areas are less accessible than in rural areas  This disproportionately affects the poorest communities, and the lack of food access and increased risk of malnutrition has been linked to socioeconomic inequities  Economic barriers to food access are linked to capitalist market structures and lead to "socioeconomic inequities in food choices", "less    healthful foods", and phenomena such as food deserts  Additionally, racialized systems of governance of urban poor communities facilitates the increasing prominence of issues such as unemployment, poverty, access to health, educational and social resources, including a community's access to healthy food 
Today, some cities have much vacant land due to urban sprawl and home foreclosures  This land could be used to address food insecurity  One study of Cleveland shows that the city could actually meet up to 100% of its fresh produce need  This would prevent up to $115 million in annual economic leakage  Using the rooftop space of New York City would also be able to provide roughly twice the amount of space necessary to supply New York City with its green vegetable yields  Space could be even better optimized through the usage of hydroponic or indoor factory production of food  Growing gardens within cities would also cut down on the amount of food waste  In order to fund these projects, it would require financial capital in the form of private enterprises or government funding 

Environmental
The Council for Agricultural Science and Technology (CAST) defines urban agriculture to include aspects of environmental health, remediation, and recreation:

Urban agriculture is a complex system encompassing a spectrum of interests, from a traditional core of activities associated with the production, processing, marketing, distribution, and consumption, to a multiplicity of other benefits and services that are less widely acknowledged and documented  These include recreation and leisure; economic vitality and business entrepreneurship, individual health and well-being; community health and well being; landscape beautification; and environmental restoration and remediation 

Modern planning and design initiatives are often more responsive to this model of urban agriculture because it fits within the current scope of sustainable design  The definition allows for a multitude of interpretations across cultures and time  Frequently it is tied to policy decisions to build sustainable cities Urban farms also provide unique opportunities for individuals, especially those living in cities, to get actively involved with ecological citizenship  By reconnecting with food production and nature, urban community gardening teaches individuals the skills necessary to participate in a democratic society  Decisions must be made on a group-level basis in order to run the farm  Most effective results are achieved when residents of a community are asked to take on more active roles in the farm Urban farming is not as regulated as commercial farming   So chemicals can be applied and not regulated like a commercial grower would   There is nothing in place that will tell anyone what was applied   It is not regulated as strict so a lot can happen without being known, as far as what is applied 

Food security
Access to nutritious food, both economically and geographically, is another perspective in the effort to locate food and livestock production in cities  The tremendous influx of the world population to urban areas has increased the need for fresh and safe food  The Community Food Security Coalition (CFSC) defines food security as:

All persons in a community having access to culturally acceptable, nutritionally adequate food through local, non-emergency sources at all times 

Areas faced with food security issues have limited choices, often relying on highly processed fast food or convenience store foods that are high in calories and low in nutrients, which may lead to elevated rates of diet-related illnesses such as diabetes  These problems have brought about the concept of food justice which Alkon and Norgaard (2009; 289) explain that, "places access to healthy, affordable, culturally appropriate food in the contexts of institutional racism, racial formation, and racialized geographies    Food justice serves as a theoretical and political bridge between scholarship and activism on sustainable agriculture, food insecurity, and environmental justice "Some systematic reviews have already explored urban agriculture contribution to food security and other determinants of health outcomes (see )
Urban agriculture is part of a larger discussion of the need for alternative agricultural paradigms to address food insecurity, inaccessibility of fresh foods, and unjust practices on multiple levels of the food system; and this discussion has been led by different actors, including food-insecure individuals, farm workers, educators and academics, policymakers, social movements, organizations, and marginalized people globally The issue of food security is accompanied by the related movements of food justice and food sovereignty  These movements incorporate urban agriculture in how they address food-resources of a community  Food sovereignty, in addition to promoting food access, also seeks to address the power dynamics and political economy of food; it accounts for the embedded power structures of the food system, ownership of production, and decision-making on multiple levels (i e  growing, processing, and distribution): Under this framework, representative decision-making and responsiveness to the community are core features 

Agroecological
Agroecology is a scientific framework, movement, and applied practice of agricultural management systems that seeks to achieve food sovereignty within food systems and prioritizes sustainability, farmer and consumer well-being, traditional knowledge revival, and democratized learning systems  Transdisciplinarity and diversity of knowledge is a central theme to agroecology, so many urban agroecology initiatives address topics of social justice, gender empowerment, ecological sustainability, indigenous sovereignty, and participation in addition to promoting food access Under an agroecological framework, urban agriculture has the potential to play a role as a "public space, as an economic development strategy, and as a community-organizing tool" while alleviating food insecurity 

Impact
In general, Urban and peri urban agriculture (UPA) contributes to food availability, particularly of fresh produce, provides employment and income and can contribute to the food security and nutrition of urban dwellers 

Economic
Urban and Peri-urban agriculture (UPA) expands the economic base of the city through production, processing, packaging, and marketing of consumable products  This results in an increase in entrepreneurial activities and the creation of jobs, as well as reducing food costs and improving quality  UPA provides employment, income, and access to food for urban populations, which helps to relieve chronic and emergency food insecurity  Chronic food insecurity refers to less affordable food and growing urban poverty, while emergency food insecurity relates to breakdowns in the chain of food distribution  UPA plays an important role in making food more affordable and in providing emergency supplies of food  Research into market values for produce grown in urban gardens has been attributed to a community garden plot a median yield value of between approximately $200 and $500 (US, adjusted for inflation) 

Social
Urban agriculture can have a large impact on the social and emotional well-being of individuals  UA can have an overall positive impact on community health, which directly impacts individuals social and emotional well-being  Urban gardens are often places that facilitate positive social interaction, which also contributes to overall social and emotional well-being  Many gardens facilitate the improvement of social networks within the communities that they are located  For many neighborhoods, gardens provide a "symbolic focus", which leads to increased neighborhood pride  Urban agriculture increases community participation through diagnostic workshops or different commissions in the area of vegetable gardens  Activities which involve hundreds of people When individuals come together around UA, physical activity levels are often increased   This can also raise serotonin levels akin to working out at a gym  There is the added element of walking/biking to the gardens, further increasing physical activity and the benefits of being outdoors UPA can be seen as a means of improving the livelihood of people living in and around cities  Taking part in such practices is seen mostly as an informal activity, but in many cities where inadequate, unreliable, and irregular access to food is a recurring problem, urban agriculture has been a positive response to tackling food concerns  Due to the food security that comes with UA, feelings of independence and empowerment often arise  The ability to produce and grow food for oneself has also been reported to improve levels of self-esteem or of self-efficacy  Households and small communities take advantage of vacant land and contribute not only to their household food needs but also the needs of their resident city  The CFSC states that:

Community and residential gardening, as well as small-scale farming, save household food dollars  They promote nutrition and free cash for non-garden foods and other items  As an example, you can raise your own chickens on an urban farm and have fresh eggs for only $0 44 per dozen 

This allows families to generate larger incomes selling to local grocers or to local outdoor markets while supplying their household with the proper nutrition of fresh and nutritional products  With the popularity of farmers markets recently, this has allowed an even larger income 

Some community urban farms can be quite efficient and help women find work, who in some cases are marginalized from finding employment in the formal economy  Studies have shown that participation from women have a higher production rate, therefore producing the adequate amount for household consumption while supplying more for market sale As most UA activities are conducted on vacant municipal land, there have been raising concerns about the allocation of land and property rights  The IDRC and the FAO have published the Guidelines for Municipal Policymaking on Urban Agriculture, and are working with municipal governments to create successful policy measures that can be incorporated in urban planning Over a third of US households, roughly 42 million, participate in food gardening   There has also been an increase of 63% participation in farming by millennials from 2008-2013  US households participating in community gardening has also tripled from 1 to 3 million in that time frame  Urban agriculture provides unique opportunities to bridge diverse communities together  In addition, it provides opportunities for health care providers to interact with their patients  Thus, making each community garden a hub that is reflective of the community 

Energy efficiency
The current industrial agriculture system is accountable for high energy costs for the transportation of foodstuffs  According to a study by Rich Pirog, associate director of the Leopold Center for Sustainable Agriculture at Iowa State University, the average conventional produce item travels 1,500 miles (2,400 km), using, if shipped by tractor-trailer, 1 US gallon (3 8 L; 0 83 imp gal) of fossil fuel per 100 pounds (45 kg)  The energy used to transport food is decreased when urban agriculture can provide cities with locally grown food  Pirog found that traditional, non-local, food distribution system used 4 to 17 times more fuel and emitted 5 to 17 times more CO2 than the local and regional transport Similarly, in a study by Marc Xuereb and Region of Waterloo Public Health, it was estimated that switching to locally-grown food could save transport-related emissions equivalent to nearly 50,000 metric tons of CO2, or the equivalent of taking 16,191 cars off the road In theory one would save money, but everything is being ran on the house's power grid most of the time   So prices can vary according to when you water, or how you water, etc 

Carbon footprint
As mentioned above, the energy-efficient nature of urban agriculture can reduce each city's carbon footprint by reducing the amount of transport that occurs to deliver goods to the consumer  Such areas can act as carbon sinks offsetting some of the carbon accumulation that is innate to urban areas, where pavement and buildings outnumber plants  Plants absorb atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) and release breathable oxygen (O2) through photosynthesis  The process of Carbon Sequestration can be further improved by combining other agriculture techniques to increase removal from the atmosphere and prevent the release of CO2 during harvest time  However, this process relies heavily on the types of plants selected and the methodology of farming  Specifically, choosing plants that do not lose their leaves and remain green all year can increase the farm's ability to sequester carbon 

Reduction in ozone and particulate matter
The reduction in ozone and other particulate matter can benefit human health   Reducing these particulates and ozone gases could reduce mortality rates in urban areas along with increase the health of those living in cities  
A 2011 article found that a rooftop containing 2000 m2 of uncut grass has the potential to remove up to 4000 kg of particulate matter and that one square meter of green roof is sufficient to offset the annual particulate matter emissions of a car 

Soil decontamination
Vacant urban lots are often victims to illegal dumping of hazardous chemicals and other wastes  They are also liable to accumulate standing water and "grey water", which can be dangerous to public health, especially left stagnant for long periods  The implementation of urban agriculture in these vacant lots can be a cost-effective method for removing these chemicals  In the process known as Phytoremediation, plants and the associated microorganisms are selected for their chemical ability to degrade, absorb, convert to an inert form, and remove toxins from the soil   Several chemicals can be targeted for removal, including heavy metals (e g  Mercury and lead), inorganic compounds (e g  Arsenic and Uranium), and organic compounds (e g  petroleum and chlorinated compounds like PBCs) Phytoremeditation is both an environmentally-friendly, cost-effective and energy-efficient measure to reduce pollution  Phytoremediation only costs about $5–$40 per ton of soil being decontaminated  Implementation of this process also reduces the amount of soil that must be disposed of in a hazardous waste landfill Urban agriculture as a method to mediate chemical pollution can be effective in preventing the spread of these chemicals into the surrounding environment  Other methods of remediation often disturb the soil and force the chemicals contained within it into the air or water  Plants can be used as a method to remove chemicals and also to hold the soil and prevent erosion of contaminated soil decreasing the spread of pollutants and the hazard presented by these lots One way of identifying soil contamination is through using already well-established plants as bioindicators of soil health  Using well-studied plants is important because there has already been substantial bodies of work to test them in various conditions, so responses can be verified with certainty  Such plants are also valuable because they are genetically identical as crops as opposed to natural variants of the same species  Typically urban soil has had the topsoil stripped away and has led to soil with low aeration, porosity, and drainage  Typical measures of soil health are microbial biomass and activity, enzymes, soil organic matter (SOM), total nitrogen, available nutrients, porosity, aggregate stability, and compaction  A new measurement is active carbon (AC), which is the most usable portion of the total organic carbon (TOC) in the soil  This contributes greatly to the functionality of the soil food web  Using common crops, which are generally well-studied, as bioindicators can be used to effectively test the quality of an urban farming plot before beginning planting 

Noise pollution
Large amounts of noise pollution not only lead to lower property values and high frustration, they can be damaging to human hearing and health  The study "Noise exposure and public health" found that exposure to continual noise is a public health problem  Examples of the detriment of continual noise on humans to include: "hearing impairment, hypertension and ischemic heart disease, annoyance, sleep disturbance, and decreased school performance " Since most roofs or vacant lots consist of hard flat surfaces that reflect sound waves instead of absorbing them, adding plants that can absorb these waves has the potential to lead to a vast reduction in noise pollution 

Nutrition and quality of food
Daily intake of a variety of fruits and vegetables is linked to a decreased risk of chronic diseases including diabetes, heart disease, and cancer  Urban agriculture is associated with increased consumption of fruits and vegetables which decreases risk for disease and can be a cost-effective way to provide citizens with quality, fresh produce in urban settings Produce from urban gardens can be perceived to be more flavorful and desirable than store bought produce which may also lead to a wider acceptance and higher intake  A Flint, Michigan study found that those participating in community gardens consumed fruits and vegetables 1 4 times more per day and were 3 5 times more likely to consume fruits or vegetables at least 5 times daily (p  1)   Garden-based education can also yield nutritional benefits in children  An Idaho study reported a positive association between school gardens and increased intake of fruit, vegetables, vitamin A, vitamin C and fiber among sixth graders  Harvesting fruits and vegetables initiates the enzymatic process of nutrient degradation which is especially detrimental to water soluble vitamins such as ascorbic acid and thiamin  The process of blanching produce in order to freeze or can reduce nutrient content slightly, but not nearly as much as the amount of time spent in storage  Harvesting produce from one's own community garden cuts back on storage times significantly 
Urban agriculture also provides quality nutrition for low-income households  Studies show that every $1 invested in a community garden yields $6 worth of vegetables if labor is not considered a factor in investment  Many urban gardens reduce the strain on food banks and other emergency food providers by donating shares of their harvest and providing fresh produce in areas that otherwise might be food deserts  The supplemental nutrition program Women, Infants and Children (WIC) as well as the Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP) have partnered with several urban gardens nationwide to improve the accessibility to produce in exchange for a few hours of volunteer gardening work Urban farming has been shown to increase health outcomes  Gardeners consume twice as much fruit and vegetables than non-gardeners  Levels of physical activity are also positively associated with urban farming  These results are seen indirectly and can be supported by the social involvement in an individual's community as a member of the community farm  This social involvement helped raise the aesthetic appeal of the neighborhood, boosting the motivation or efficacy of the community as a whole  This increased efficacy was shown to increase neighborhood attachment  Therefore, the positive health outcomes of urban farming can be explained in part by interpersonal and social factors that boost health  Focusing on improving the aesthetics and community relationships and not only on the plant yield, is the best way to maximize the positive effect of urban farms on a neighborhood 

Economy of scale
Using high-density urban farming  with vertical farms or stacked greenhouses, many environmental benefits can be achieved on a citywide scale that would be impossible otherwise  These systems do not only provide food, but also produce potable water from waste water, and can recycle organic waste back to energy and nutrients  At the same time, they can reduce food-related transportation to a minimum while providing fresh food for large communities in almost any climate 

Health inequalities and food justice
A 2009 report by the USDA determined that "evidence is both abundant and robust enough for us to conclude that Americans living in low-income and minority areas tend to have poor access to healthy food", and that the "structural inequalities" in these neighborhoods "contribute to inequalities in diet and diet-related outcomes"   These diet-related outcomes, including obesity and diabetes, have become epidemic in low-income urban environments in the United States  Although the definition and methods for determining "food deserts" have varied, studies indicate that, at least in the United States,  there are racial disparities in the food environment  Thus using the definition of environment as the place where people live, work, play and pray, food disparities become an issue of environmental justice  This is especially true in American inner-cities where a history of racist practices have contributed to the development of food deserts in the low-income, minority areas of the urban core  The issue of inequality is so integral to the issues of food access and health that the Growing Food & Justice for All Initiative was founded with the mission of "dismantling racism" as an integral part of creating food security Not only can urban agriculture provide healthy, fresh food options, but also can contribute to a sense of community, aesthetic improvement, crime reduction, minority empowerment and autonomy, and even preserve culture through the use of farming methods and heirloom seeds preserved from areas of origin 

Environmental justice
Urban agriculture may advance environmental justice and food justice for communities living in food deserts   First, urban agriculture may reduce racial and class disparities in access to healthy food  When urban agriculture leads to locally grown fresh produce sold at affordable prices in food deserts, access to healthy food is not just available for those who live in wealthy areas, thereby leading to greater equity in rich and poor neighborhoods Improved access to food through urban agriculture can also help alleviate psychosocial stresses in poor communities  Community members engaged in urban agriculture improve local knowledge about healthy ways to fulfill dietary needs  Urban agriculture can also better the mental health of community members  Buying and selling quality products to local producers and consumers allows community members to support one another, which may reduce stress  Thus, urban agriculture can help improve conditions in poor communities, where residents experience higher levels of stress due to a perceived lack of control over the quality of their lives Urban agriculture may improve the livability and built environment in communities that lack supermarkets and other infrastructure due to the presence of high unemployment caused by deindustrialization  Urban farmers who follow sustainable agricultural methods can not only help to build local food system infrastructure, but can also contribute to improving local air, and water and soil quality  Urban farming serves as one type of green space in urban areas, it has a positive impact on the air quality in the surrounding area  A case study conducted on a rooftop farm shows the PM2 5 concentration in the urban farming area is 7-33% lower than the surrounding parts without green spaces in a city  When agricultural products are produced locally within the community, they do not need to be transported, which reduces CO2 emission rates and other pollutants that contribute to high rates of asthma in lower socioeconomic areas  Sustainable urban agriculture can also promote worker protection and consumer rights  For example, communities in New York City, Illinois, and Richmond, Virginia, have demonstrated improvements to their local environments through urban agricultural practices However, urban agriculture can also present urban growers with health risks if the soil used for urban farming is contaminated  Lead contamination is particularly common, with hazardous levels of lead found in soil in many United States cities  High lead levels in soil originate from sources including flaking lead paint which was widely used before being banned in the 1970s, vehicle exhaust, and atmospheric deposition  Without proper education on the risks of urban farming and safe practices, urban consumers of urban agricultural produce may face additional health-related issues 

Implementation
Creating a community-based infrastructure for urban agriculture means establishing local systems to grow and process food and transfer it from farmer to consumer 
To facilitate food production, cities have established community-based farming projects  Some projects have collectively tended community farms on common land, much like that of the eighteenth-century Boston Common  One such community farm is the Collingwood Children's Farm in Melbourne, Australia  Other community garden projects use the allotment garden model, in which gardeners care for individual plots in a larger gardening area, often sharing a tool shed and other amenities  Seattle's P-Patch Gardens use this model, as did the South Central Farm in Los Angeles and the Food Roof Farm in St  Louis  Independent urban gardeners also grow food in individual yards and on roofs  Garden sharing projects seek to pair producers with the land, typically, residential yard space  Roof gardens allow for urban dwellers to maintain green spaces in the city without having to set aside a tract of undeveloped land  Rooftop farms allow otherwise unused industrial roofspace to be used productively, creating work and profit  Projects around the world seek to enable cities to become 'continuous productive landscapes' by cultivating vacant urban land and temporary or permanent kitchen gardens 
Food processing on a community level has been accommodated by centralizing resources in community tool sheds and processing facilities for farmers to share  The Garden Resource Program Collaborative based in Detroit has cluster tool banks  Different areas of the city have tool banks where resources like tools, compost, mulch, tomato stakes, seeds, and education can be shared and distributed with the gardeners in that cluster  Detroit's Garden Resource Program Collaborative also strengthens their gardening community by providing access to their member's transplants; education on gardening, policy, and food issues; and by building connectivity between gardeners through workgroups, potlucks, tours, field trips, and cluster workdays  In Brazil, "Cities Without Hunger" has generated a public policy for the reconstruction of abandoned areas with food production and has improved the green areas of the community 
Farmers' markets, such as the farmers' market in Los Angeles, provide a common land where farmers can sell their product to consumers  Large cities tend to open their farmer's markets on the weekends and one day in the middle of the week  For example, the farmers' market of Boulevard Richard-Lenoir in Paris, France, is open on Sundays and Thursdays  However, to create a consumer dependency on urban agriculture and to introduce local food production as a sustainable career for farmers, markets would have to be open regularly  For example, the Los Angeles Farmers' Market is open seven days a week and has linked several local grocers together to provide different food products  The market's central location in downtown Los Angeles provides the perfect interaction for a diverse group of sellers to access their consumers 

Benefits
The benefits that UPA brings along to cities that implement this practice are numerous  The transformation of cities from only consumers of food to generators of agricultural products contributes to sustainability, improved health, and poverty alleviation 

UPA assists to close the open-loop system in urban areas characterized by the importation of food from rural zones and the exportation of waste to regions outside the city or town 
Wastewater and organic solid waste can be transformed into resources for growing agriculture products: the former can be used for irrigation, the latter as fertilizer 
Vacant urban areas can be used for agriculture production 
Other natural resources can be conserved  The use of wastewater for irrigation improves water management and increases the availability of fresh water for drinking and household consumption 
UPA can help to preserve bioregional ecologies from being transformed into cropland 
Urban agriculture saves energy (e g  energy consumed in transporting food from rural to urban areas) 
Local production of food also allows savings in transportation costs, storage, and in product loss, what results in food cost reduction 
UPA improves the quality of the urban environment through greening and thus, a reduction in pollution 
Urban agriculture also makes the city a healthier place to live by improving the quality of the environment 
UPA is a very effective tool to fight against hunger and malnutrition since it facilitates the access to food by an impoverished sector of the urban population Poverty alleviation: It is known that a large part of the people involved in urban agriculture is the urban poor  In developing countries, the majority of urban agricultural production is for self-consumption, with surpluses being sold in the market  According to the FAO (Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations), urban poor consumers spend 60–80% of their income on food, making them very vulnerable to higher food prices 

UPA provides food and creates savings in household expenditure on consumables, thus increasing the amount of income allocated to other uses 
UPA surpluses can be sold in local markets, generating more income for the urban poor Community centers and gardens educate the community to see agriculture as an integral part of urban life  The Florida House Institute for Sustainable Development in Sarasota, Florida, serves as a public community and education center in which innovators with sustainable, energy-saving ideas can implement and test them  Community centers like Florida House provide urban areas with a central location to learn about urban agriculture and to begin to integrate agriculture with the urban lifestyle Urban farms also are a proven effective educational tool to teach kids about healthy eating and meaningful physical activity 

Trade-offs
Space is at a premium in cities and is accordingly expensive and difficult to secure 
The utilization of untreated wastewater for urban agricultural irrigation can facilitate the spread of waterborne diseases among the human population 
Although studies have demonstrated improved air quality in urban areas related to the proliferation of urban gardens, it has also been shown that increasing urban pollution (related specifically to a sharp rise in the number of automobiles on the road), has led to an increase in insect pests, which consume plants produced by urban agriculture  It is believed that changes to the physical structure of the plants themselves, which have been correlated to increased levels of air pollution, increase plants' palatability to insect pests  Reduced yields within urban gardens decreases the amount of food available for human consumption 
Studies indicate that the nutritional quality of wheat suffers when urban wheat plants are exposed to high nitrogen dioxide and sulfur dioxide concentrations  This problem is particularly acute in the developing world, where outdoor concentrations of sulfur dioxide are high and large percentages of the population rely upon urban agriculture as a primary source of food  These studies have implications for the nutritional quality of other staple crops that are grown in urban settings 
Agricultural activities on land that is contaminated (with such metals as lead) pose potential risks to human health  These risks are associated both with working directly on contaminated land and with consuming food that was grown in contaminated soil Municipal greening policy goals can pose conflicts  For example, policies promoting urban tree canopy are not sympathetic to vegetable gardening because of the deep shade cast by trees  However, some municipalities like Portland, Oregon, and Davenport, Iowa are encouraging the implementation of fruit-bearing trees (as street trees or as park orchards) to meet both greening and food production goals 

See also
Passage 4:
Displacement activity
Displacement activities occur when an animal experiences high motivation for two or more conflicting behaviours: the resulting displacement activity is usually unrelated to the competing motivations  Birds, for example, may peck at grass when uncertain whether to attack or flee from an opponent; similarly, a human may scratch their head when they do not know which of two options to choose   Displacement activities may also occur when animals are prevented from performing a single behaviour for which they are highly motivated   Displacement activities often involve actions which bring comfort to the animal such as scratching, preening, drinking or feeding 
In the assessment of animal welfare, displacement activities are sometimes used as evidence that an animal is highly motivated to perform a behaviour that the environment prevents  One example is that when hungry hens are trained to eat from a particular food dispenser and then find the dispenser blocked, they often begin to pace and preen themselves vigorously  These actions have been interpreted as displacement activities, and similar pacing and preening can be used as evidence of frustration in other situations Psychiatrist and primatologist Alfonso Troisi proposed that displacement activities can be used as non-invasive measures of stress in primates  He noted that various non-human primates perform self-directed activities such as grooming and scratching in situations likely to involve anxiety and uncertainty, and that these behaviours are increased by anxiogenic (anxiety-producing) drugs and reduced by anxiolytic (anxiety-reducing) drugs  In humans, he noted that similar self-directed behaviour, together with aimless manipulation of objects (chewing pens, twisting rings), can be used as indicators of "stressful stimuli and may reflect an emotional condition of negative affect" More recently the term 'displacement activity' has been widely adopted   to describe a form of procrastination  It is commonly used in the context of what someone does intentionally to keep themselves busy whilst, at the same time, avoiding doing something else that would be a better use of their time 

History of the concept
The subsequent development of research on displacement activities was a direct consequence of Konrad Lorenz's works on instincts  However, the first mentions of the phenomenon came in 1940 by the two Dutch researchers Nikolaas Tinbergen and Adriaan Kortlandt Tinbergen in 1952 noted, for example, that "two skylarks engaged in furious combat [may] suddenly peck at the ground as if they were feeding", or birds on the point of mating may suddenly begin to preen themselves  Tinbergen adopted the term "displacement activities" because the behaviour appeared to be displaced from one behavioural system into another In 1902, in The Little White Bird, J  M  Barrie refers to sheep in Kensington Gardens nibbling the grass in nervous agitation immediately after being shorn, and to Solomon, the wise crow, drinking water when he was frustrated and outwitted in an argument with other birds  Another bird encourages him to drink in order to compose himself  These references to displacement activities in a work of literature indicate that the phenomenon was well recognized at the turn of the twentieth century  A further early description of a displacement activity (though not the use of the term) is by Julian Huxley in 1914 

See also
Displacement (psychology)
Ethogram
Procrastination
Vacuum activity
Passage 5:
Race engineer
A race engineer is a motorsport team member who analyses data to achieve the best performance from the vehicle and driver  The race engineer communicates with the team's data analyst, mechanics, and driver, both between and during races  Off the race track, the race engineer analyses historical data to determine the initial set-up for the next race event or test  The race engineer's duties also include hands-on management of the vehicle mechanics, organization of the testing schedule, and assurance of compliance with regulations  The race engineer seeks to make these activities occur as seamlessly as possible for the driver  Race engineers almost always have an academic degree in engineering or a related field A good race engineer must have good people skills  To be effective, the race engineer must have a good working relationship with not only the driver but also the rest of the team, both at and away from the track  Many times the race engineer is also "the face" of the team for the media; this is especially true during the race while the driver is inaccessible  This makes the race engineer's media skills a priority 

History
The role of the race engineer on racing teams has grown in importance since the adoption of on-board sensors that collect performance data  The race engineer's job is to evaluate the vehicle's performance gathered from both telemetry and the driver's feedback  The race engineer then seeks to improve performance with regard to the driver's desires by adjusting suspension, engine calibrations, aerodynamics, and other variables which affect the vehicle's performance on the race track 

Travel
Race engineers tend to travel extensively, especially during the racing season of their motorsport teams  At the highest level of professional motorsports, international travel is common  Offseason travel for race engineers is usually for testing, training, and visiting vendors 

See also
Automotive aerodynamics
Automotive engineering
Control theory
Mechanical engineering
Passage 6:
JAK Members Bank
The JAK Members Bank, or JAK Medlemsbank, is a cooperative, member-owned financial institution based in Skövde, Sweden, and based on a concept that arose in Denmark in 1931  JAK is an acronym for Jord Arbete Kapital in Swedish or Land Labour Capital, the factors of production in classical economics  A membership of approximately 39,000 (as of December 2015) dictates the Bank's policies and direction  The Board of Directors is elected annually by members, who are each allowed only one share in the bank  JAK Members Bank does not offer any interest on saved money  All of the bank's activities occur outside of the capital market as its loans are financed solely by member savings  Administrative and developmental costs are paid for by membership and loans 
JAK banking employs the "Saving Points" system: members accumulate Saving Points during saving periods and use them when applying for a loan  The concept is that one is allowed to take out a loan for oneself to the same extent as one allows other people to be granted loans, saving into one's account  For this reason (applying for a loan), earned Saving Points must be equal to  spent Saving Points to ensure sustainability  If a member is borrowing more saving points than they currently possess, they are obliged to continue accumulating "aftersavings" during the repayment period  Aftersavings are a fixed quota of money that a member must save after one's loan was made, so they can continue to earn Saving Points  This way, at the end of the repayment period, Saving Points earned will be equal to Saving Points spent, and at that time they will be able to have back all their aftersavings 
JAK also offers a couple of loans where you do not need any saving points 

History
The co-operative society Jord Arbejde Kapital was founded in Denmark during the Great Depression in 1931  The society issued a popular local currency which was subsequently outlawed by the Danish government in 1933  In 1934 it founded an interest-free savings and loan system and a Local Exchange Trading System  Though both systems were forced to close, the savings and loan system re-emerged in 1944  The experience of JAK-banking in Denmark inspired a group in Sweden to develop a non-profit organisation named Jord Arbete Kapital - Riksförening för Ekonomisk Frigörelse (National Association for Economic Emancipation) in 1965  This pioneers' group developed a mathematical system based on Saving Points, designated the "balanced saving system"  The association grew slowly at first  In 1997, a legislative amendment required the association to receive a banking license from the Swedish Financial Supervisory Authority in order to continue operating as a financial institution, which was granted in that year  The bank's deposits are insured by the government 

Philosophy
According to JAK's philosophy, economic instability arises out of and is a consequence of the levying of interest 
JAK operates under the following principles:

Interest moves money from the poor to the rich
Interest favours projects which yield high profits in the short termThe main aim of the bank is to provide its members with a viable, feasible financial instrument, sustainable for the environment and serving the local economy 

Membership
Marketing for JAK is done primarily by volunteers and word-of-mouth advertising  Deposits are accepted and loans are given in Swedish Krona (SEK)  Mortgages or personal guarantees may be made only if the property or the guarantor is Swedish  It is compulsory to have Swedish residency to apply for a loan from JAK  The savings of members are covered under the deposit guarantees of the Swedish banking system 

JAK in other countries
JAK organisations exist in Denmark, Germany and Italy, in addition to Sweden  There was also an earlier attempt to start such a bank in Norway 
The Danish organisations, which date back to 1931, are known as J A K  Andelskasser, and there are 14 independent organisations which hold the legal status of andelskasse, which is a form of bank in Denmark  They are all members of Landsforeningen J A K , the association of JAK organisations 

Literature
Margunn Bjørnholt: Pengene mot strømmen: Alternative finansieringsorganisasjoner, Oslo, University of Oslo, 1995, ISBN 8257004383, sida 82-129

See also
Grameen Bank
WIR Bank
Passage 7:
Bridgewater Triangle
The Bridgewater Triangle is an area of about 200 square miles (520 km2) within southeastern Massachusetts in the United States, claimed to be a site of alleged paranormal phenomena, ranging from UFOs to poltergeists, and other spectral phenomena, various bigfoot-like sightings, giant snakes and thunderbirds  The term was coined by New England based cryptozoologist Loren Coleman 

Location
Specific boundaries of the Bridgewater Triangle were first described by cryptozoologist Loren Coleman who coined the term in the 1970s, and later in his book Mysterious America 

Historic places and landmarks
Freetown-Fall River State Forest - The Freetown-Fall River State Forest has reportedly been the site of various cult activity including animal sacrifice, ritualistic murders committed by admitted Satanists, as well as a number of gangland murders and a number of suicides 
Profile Rock - The supposed site of where Wampanoag historical figure Anawan received the lost wampum belt from Philip, legend has it the ghost of a man can be seen sitting on the rock with his legs crossed or with outstretched arms  Located within the Freetown-Fall River State Forest 
Solitude Stone - An inscribed stone located near Forest Street in West Bridgewater which was found near a missing person's body  Also known as "suicide stone," the rock was found with the inscription: "All ye, who in future days, Walk by Nunckatessett stream Love not him who hummed his lay Cheerful to the parting beam, But the beauty that he wooed "
Bridgewater State University - Several buildings and rooms on campus are alleged to be haunted by ghosts and other paranormal phenomena 
Taunton State Hospital - Some visitors have claimed that they had strange paranormal experiences in the hospital including being touched and pulled in certain areas of the hospital  It is also claimed that the hospital was used by satanic cults during the 1960s and 70s 
Hornbine School - The one-room schoolhouse was built during the 1840s and remained in active use until 1937  The building is alleged to be haunted by its former inhabitants 

Paranormal claims
Common to most of these areas is a mix of reported phenomena, that includes reports of:

Unidentified flying objects, often in the form of bright balls of light or large, unusual spacecraft 
Unnatural animal sightings, ranging from unusual reports of animals that are not found within the area (such as panthers and bears) to more supernatural claims of giant snakes and enormous vicious dogs 
Paranormal humanoids, including sightings of Bigfoot, ghosts, poltergeists, and shadow people 
Thunderbird sightings: Giant birds or pterodactyl-like flying creature with wingspans up to twelve feet are claimed to have been seen in Hockomock Swamp and neighboring Taunton and Easton, including a report by Norton Police Sergeant Thomas Downy 
Cult activity, especially animal mutilations: Various incidents of animal mutilation have been reported, particularly in Freetown and Fall River, where local police were called to investigate mutilated animals believed to be the work of a cult  Two specific incidents in 1998 were reported: one in which a single adult cow was found butchered in the woods; the other in which a group of calves were discovered in a clearing, grotesquely mutilated as if part of a ritual sacrifice 
Native American curses: According to one tale, Native Americans had cursed the swamp centuries ago because of conflict with Colonial settlers  A revered object of the Wampanoag people, a belt known as the wampum belt, was lost during King Philip's War  Legend says that the area owes its paranormal unrest to the fact that this belt was lost from the Native people 
Pukwudgie: A creature from Algonquian folklore  The local Wampanoag people consider them to be dangerous tricksters  They have been especially associated with the Freetown State Forest within the Bridgewater Triangle 

See also
Lovecraft Country
Pukwudgie
Passage 8:
Context-sensitive solutions (transport)
Context-sensitive solutions (CSS) is a theoretical and practical approach to transportation decision-making and design that takes into consideration the communities and lands through which streets, roads, and highways pass ("the context")  The term is closely related to but distinguishable from context-sensitive design in that it asserts that all decisions in transportation planning, project development, operations, and maintenance should be responsive to the context in which these activities occur, not simply the design process  CSS seeks to balance the need to move vehicles efficiently and safely with other desirable outcomes, including historic preservation, environmental sustainability, and the creation of vital public spaces  In transit projects, CSS generally refers to context sensitive planning, design, and development around transit stations, also known as transit-oriented development 

Overview
In contrast to long-standing practices in transportation design that place primary importance on moving traffic (vehicular throughput), the CSS process emphasizes that transportation facilities should fit their physical settings and preserve scenic, aesthetic, historic and environmental resources, while maintaining safety and mobility  For instance, if a state highway that passes through a downtown main street, applying CSS principles would entail creating a street where the movement of vehicles does not impede pedestrian activity and sidewalk commerce, rather than a street that is simply widened and straightened to increase speed, capacity and mobility for vehicles as a singular transportation objective  CSS therefore includes principles for context-sensitive decision-making that place a high value on community input and consensus, and more technical principles of context sensitive design 
When CSS principles are applied to transportation projects, the process involves a much broader range of disciplines than traditional transportation design methods, which rely exclusively on the judgment of traffic engineers  CSS is a collaborative, interdisciplinary approach that involves everyone with a significant stake in the project, such as the residents, businesses and local institutions that will be affected by an intervention or a failure to address the transportation implications of development such as congestion  Rather than approaching these stakeholders at the tail end of the design process in an attempt to gain approval, CSS emphasizes the need to incorporate their feedback from the very outset of the planning and design development processes and during all subsequent stages of construction, operations and maintenance 

Qualities of a CSS project
The following list of qualities (developed at a 1998 conference for transportation planners called "Thinking Beyond the Pavement") describe the core goals of the CSS process 

The CSS Product: Qualities of Excellence in Transportation DesignThe "Qualities that Characterize Excellence in Transportation Design" – that is, of the physical end product of the CSS process – are: 

The project satisfies the purpose and needs as agreed to by a full range of stakeholders 
This agreement is forged in the earliest phase of the project and amended as warranted as the project develops 
The project is a safe facility for both the user and the community 
The project is in harmony with the community, and it preserves environmental, scenic, aesthetic, historic, and natural resource values of the area, i e , exhibits context sensitive design 
The project exceeds the expectations of both designers and stakeholders and achieves a level of excellence in people's minds 
The project involves efficient and effective use of the resources (time, budget, community) of all involved parties 
The project is designed and built with minimal disruption to the community 
The project is seen as having added lasting value to the community 

The CSS process
This outline of the core steps in the CSS process was also developed at the "Thinking Beyond the Pavement" conference 

The CSS Process: Characteristics of the Process That Yield Excellence"The Characteristics of the Process that will Yield Excellence in Transportation Design" are: 

Communication with all stakeholders is open, honest, early, and continuous 
A multidisciplinary team is established early, with disciplines based on the needs of the specific project, and with the inclusion of the public 
A full range of stakeholders is involved with transportation officials in the scoping phase (the period before design is begun when the scope of the project is agreed upon)  The purposes of the project are clearly defined, and consensus on the scope is forged before proceeding 
The highway development process is tailored to meet the circumstances  This process should examine multiple alternatives that will result in a consensus of approach methods 
A commitment to the process from top agency officials and local leaders is secured 
The public involvement process, which includes informal meetings, is tailored to the project 
The landscape, the community, and valued resources are understood before engineering design is started  A full range of tools for communication about project alternatives is used (e g , visualization) 

History
The initial guiding principles of CSS came out of the 1998 "Thinking Beyond the Pavement" conference as a means to describe and foster transportation projects that preserve and enhance the natural and built environments along with economic and social assets for neighborhoods they pass through  In 2003, the Federal Highway Administration announced that under one of its three Vital Few Objectives (Environmental Stewardship and Streamlining) they had a target goal of  achieving CSS integration within all state Departments of Transportation by September 2007 
The American Association of State Highway and Transportation Organizations (AASHTO) is now (fall 2006) developing strategic goals and objectives for CSS which it describes as a "fundamental change in the way we do business " One principal element of this change is the way transportation planners and engineers address speed  Historically, the speed at which a vehicle can safely travel through the landscape has been regarded as a primary goal of transportation planning since it shortens travel time, saves money (time is money), and improves driver convenience  However, CSS recognizes that designing a facility for the maximum safe speed that is economically feasible can be detrimental to other community goals, and even to vehicle passengers themselves  CSS recognizes that the goal of transportation is social and economic exchange, which cannot occur at high speeds  Instead, CSS attempts to identify, through a community-based process, a  "target speed" that promotes the optimum amount of social and economic exchange, with lowest environmental impacts, that is appropriate for the context  Thus, in cities, if higher vehicle speeds lower the amount of social exchange on a residential street (fewer friends, less street life etc ) then the street will be designed to encourage drivers to slow down so as not to reduce social exchange  In a similar manner, commercial streets will be designed to maximize commercial exchange and designed accordingly  In more rural areas where a primary goal is to move people and goods between human settlements, CSS can be compatible with much higher design speeds  Setting a target speed that is appropriate for the context, and then designing roads, highway and streets to make it difficult for drivers to exceed that target speed, is a central CSS principle and represents a fundamental shift in transportation planning practice 

See also
Transportation planning
Complete streets
Placemaking
New Urbanism
Transit-oriented development
Town meeting

Notes



ground_truth: Commissioner by the Maine Senate

prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: How many records did the singer who sang "Four Seasons of Love" sell worldwide?

The following are given passages.
Context 2:  A demo tape of Summer's work with Moroder and Bellotte led to a deal with the European-distributed label Groovy Records  Due to an error on the record cover, Donna Sommer became Donna Summer; the name stuck  Summer's first album was Lady of the Night  It became a hit in the Netherlands, Sweden, Germany and Belgium on the strength of two songs, "The Hostage" and the title track "Lady of the Night"  "The Hostage" reached the top of the charts in France, but was removed from radio playlists in Germany because of the song's subject matter: a high ranking politician that had recently been kidnapped and held for ransom  One of her first TV appearances was in the television show, Van Oekel's Discohoek, which started the breakthrough of "The Hostage", and in which she gracefully went along with the scripted absurdity and chaos in the show 
In 1975, Summer passed on an idea for a song to Moroder who was working with another artist; a song that would be called "Love To Love You Baby"  Summer, Moroder and Bellotte wrote the song together, and together they worked on a demo version with Summer singing the song  Moroder decided that Summer's version should be released  Seeking an American release for the song, it was sent to Casablanca Records president Neil Bogart  Bogart played the song at one of his extravagant industry parties, where it was so popular with the crowd, they insisted that it be played over and over, each time it ended  Bogart requested that Moroder produce a longer version for discothèques  Moroder, Bellotte, and Summer returned with a 17-minute version  Bogart tweaked the title and Casablanca signed Summer, releasing the single in November 1975  The shorter 7" version of the single was promoted by radio stations, while clubs regularly played the 17-minute version (the longer version would also appear on the album) 
By early 1976, "Love to Love You Baby" had reached No  2 on the US Hot 100 chart and had become a Gold single, while the album had sold over a million copies  The song generated controversy due to Summer's moans and groans, which emulated lovemaking, and some American stations, like those in Europe with the initial release, refused to play it  Despite this, "Love to Love You Baby" found chart success in several European countries, and made the Top 5 in the United Kingdom despite the BBC ban  Casablanca Records wasted no time releasing the follow-up album A Love Trilogy, featuring "Try Me, I Know We Can Make It" 

In 1977, Summer released the concept album I Remember Yesterday  The song "I Feel Love", reached No  6 on the Hot 100 chart  and No  1 in the UK  She received her first American Music Award nomination for Favorite Soul/R&B Female Artist  The single would attain Gold status and the album went Platinum in the US  Another concept album, also released in 1977, was Once Upon a Time, a double album which told of a modern-day Cinderella "rags to riches" story  This album would attain Gold status  Summer recorded the song "Down Deep Inside" as the theme song for the 1977 film The Deep  In 1978, Summer acted in the film Thank God It's Friday, the film met with modest success; the song "Last Dance", reached No  3 on the Hot 100  The soundtrack and single both went Gold and resulted in Summer winning her first Grammy Award, for Best Female R&B Vocal Performance  Its writer, Paul Jabara, won both an Academy Award and Golden Globe Award for the composition  Summer also had "With Your Love" and "Je t'aime    moi non plus", on the soundtrack  Her version of the Jimmy Webb ballad, "MacArthur Park", became her first No  1 hit on the Hot 100 chart  It was also the only No  1 hit for songwriter Jimmy Webb; the single went Gold and topped the charts for three weeks  She received a Grammy nomination for Best Female Pop Vocal Performance  The song was featured on Summer's first live album, Live and More, which also became her first album to hit number one on the US Billboard 200 chart and went double-Platinum, selling over 2 million copies  The week of November 11, 1978, Summer became the first female artist of the modern rock era to have the No  1 single on the Hot 100 and album on the Billboard 200 charts, simultaneously  The song "Heaven Knows", which featured Brooklyn Dreams singer Joe "Bean" Esposito; reached No  4 on the Hot 100 and became another Gold single 
In 1979, Summer won three American Music Awards for Single, Album and Female Artist, in the Disco category at the awards held in January  Summer performed at the world-televised Music for UNICEF Concert, joining contemporaries such as ABBA; Olivia Newton-John; the Bee Gees; Andy Gibb; Rod Stewart; John Denver; Earth, Wind & Fire; Rita Coolidge; and Kris Kristofferson for a TV special that raised funds and awareness for the world's children  Artists donated royalties of certain songs, some in perpetuity, to benefit the cause  Summer began work on her next project with Moroder and Bellotte, Bad Girls  Moroder brought in Harold Faltermeyer, with whom he had collaborated on the soundtrack of film Midnight Express, to be the album's arranger 
In 1979, Summer gained 5 big hits such as "Hot Stuff" and "Bad Girls", "Heaven Knows", "Dim All the Lights", and No More Tears (Enough Is Enough)"  The week of June 16, 1979, Summer would again have the number-one single on the Hot 100 chart, and the number-one album on the Billboard 200 chart; when "Hot Stuff" regained the top spot on the Hot 100 chart  The following week, "Bad Girls" would be on top of the US Top R&B albums chart 

1980–1985: She Works Hard For The Money, unreleased album, new record label
Summer received four nominations for the 7th Annual American Music Awards in 1980, and took home awards for Female Pop/Rock and Female Soul/R&B Artist; and well as Pop/Rock single for "Bad Girls"  In 1980, her single "On the Radio", reached No  5, selling over a million copies in the US alone, making it a Gold single  "The Wanderer" reached #3 on the Hot 100  Summer would again receive a Grammy nomination for Best Female Pop Vocal Performance  Just over a week after the awards, Summer had her own nationally televised special, The Donna Summer Special, which aired on ABC network on January 27, 1980  After the release of the On the Radio album, Summer wanted to branch out into other musical styles, which led to tensions between her and Casablanca Records  Casablanca wanted her to continue to record disco only  Summer was upset with President Neil Bogart over the early release of the single "No More Tears (Enough Is Enough)", because Casablanca didn't wait until her previous single, "Dim All the Lights", had peaked; she had penned "Dim All the Lights" alone, and was hoping for a number-one hit as a songwriter  Summer and the label parted ways in 1980, and she signed with Geffen Records, the new label started by David Geffen  Summer filed a $10 million lawsuit against Casablanca; the label counter-sued  In the end, she did not receive any money, but won the rights to her own lucrative song publishing Summer's first Geffen album, The Wanderer, featured an eclectic mixture of sounds, bringing elements of rock, rockabilly, new wave, and gospel music  The Wanderer was rushed to market; the producers of the album wanted more production time  The album continued Summer's streak of Gold albums with the "title track" peaking at No  3 on the Hot 100 chart  Its follow-up singles were, "Cold Love", No  33; and "Who Do You Think You're Foolin'", No  40  Summer was nominated for Best Female Rock Vocal Performance for "Cold Love", and Best Inspirational Performance for "I Believe in Jesus" at the 1981 Grammy Awards 
She would soon be working on her next album  It was to be another double album set  When David Geffen stopped by the studio for a preview, he was warned that it was a work in progress, but it was almost done  That was a mistake, because only a few tracks had been finished, and most of them were in demo phase  He heard enough to tell producers that it was not good enough; the project was canceled  It would be released years later in 1996, under the title I'm a Rainbow  Over the years, a few of the tracks would be released  The song "Highway Runner" appears on the soundtrack for the film Fast Times at Ridgemont High  "Romeo" appears on the Flashdance soundtrack  Both, "I'm a Rainbow" and "Don't Cry for Me Argentina" would be on her 1993 anthology album 
David Geffen hired top R&B and pop producer Quincy Jones to produce Summer's next album, the eponymously titled Donna Summer  The album took over six months to record as Summer, who was pregnant at the time, found it hard to sing  During the recording of the project, Neil Bogart died of cancer in May 1982 at age 39  Summer would sing at his funeral  The album included the top-ten hit "Love Is in Control (Finger on the Trigger)"; for which she received a Grammy nomination for Best Female R&B Vocal Performance  Summer was also nominated for Best Female Rock Vocal Performance for "Protection", penned for her by Bruce Springsteen  Other singles included a cover of the Jon and Vangelis song "State of Independence" (No  41 pop) and "The Woman in Me" (No  33 pop) 
By then Geffen Records had been notified by Polygram Records, which now owned Casablanca, that Summer still needed to deliver to them one more album to fulfill her contract  Summer had her biggest success in the 1980s while on Geffen's roster with her next album She Works Hard for the Money and its title song—which were released by Mercury Records in a one-off arrangement to settle Summer's split with the soon-to-be-defunct Casablanca Records, whose catalogue now resided with Mercury and Casablanca's parent company PolyGram 
Summer recorded and delivered the album She Works Hard for the Money and Polygram released it on its Mercury imprint in 1983  The title song became a major hit, reaching No  3 on the US Hot 100, as well as No  1 on Billboard's R&B chart for three weeks  It also garnered Summer another Grammy nomination, for Best Female Pop Vocal Performance  "Unconditional Love", which featured the British group Musical Youth, and "Love Has a Mind of Its Own" did not crack the top 40  The album itself was certified Gold, and climbed to No  9 on the Billboard 200 chart; the highest chart position of any female artist in male-dominated 1983  The song "He's a Rebel" would win Summer her third Grammy Award, this time for Best Inspirational Performance 
British director Brian Grant was hired to direct Summer's video for "She Works Hard for the Money"  The video was a success, being nominated for Best Female Video and Best Choreography at the 1984 MTV Music Video Awards; Summer became one of the first African-American artists, and the first African-American female artist to have her video played in heavy rotation on MTV  Grant would also be hired to direct Summer's Costa Mesa HBO concert special, A Hot Summers Night  Grant, who was a fan of the song "State of Independence", had an idea for a grand finale  He wanted a large chorus of children to join Summer on stage at the ending of the song  His team looked for local school children in Orange County, to create a chorus of 500 students  On the final day of rehearsals, the kids turned up and they had a full rehearsal  According to Grant, "It looked and sounded amazing  It was a very emotional, very tearful experience for everyone who was there " He thought if this was that kind of reaction in rehearsal, then what an impact it would have in the concert  After the rehearsal Grant was informed that he could not use the kids because the concert would end after 10 pm; children could not be licensed to be on stage at such a late hour (California had strict child labor laws in 1983)  "It's a moment that I regret immensely: a grand finale concept I came up with that couldn't be filmed in the end"  When the final sequence was filmed, Summer's daughter Mimi and her family members joined her on stage for "State of Independence" 
In late 1983, David Geffen enlisted "She Works Hard for the Money's" producer Michael Omartian to produce Cats Without Claws  Summer was happy that Geffen and his executives stayed out of the studio during the recording and thanked him in the album's liner notes, but her request for the lead single would be rejected  The album failed to attain Gold status in the US, her first album not to do so  It was first album not to yield a top-ten hit, since 1977's Once Upon a Time  The Drifters cover "There Goes My Baby" reached No  21 and "Supernatural Love" went to No  75  She would win another Grammy for Best Inspirational Performance for the song "Forgive Me" 

On January 19, 1985, she sang at the nationally televised 50th Presidential Inaugural Gala the day before the second inauguration of Ronald Reagan 

1986–1989: All Systems Go, Another Place and Time
In 1986, Harold Faltermeyer wrote the title song for a German ski movie called Fire and Ice, and thought Summer would be ideal to sing the song  He decided to reach out to Summer and, although she was not interested in singing the song, she was very much interested in working with Faltermeyer again  After a meeting with David Geffen he was on board with the project  Summer's main objective for the album was that it have stronger R&B influences; Faltermeyer who had just finished doing the soundtracks to Top Gun and Fletch, was after a tough FM-oriented sound  On completion, Geffen liked what he heard, but his executives did not think there were enough songs that could be deemed singles  They wanted Faltermeyer to produce "Dinner with Gershwin", but he was already busy with another project, so another producer was found  They also substituted a previous recording called "Bad Reputation", songs like "Fascination", fell by the wayside  Geffen had shared the vision of moving Summer into the R&B market as a veteran artist, but these expectations were not met  Faltermeyer, in a 2012 interview with Daeida Magazine, said, "She was an older artist by then and the label's priority may have been on the youth market  The decision was made afterward by executives who were looking for a radio hit for 1987 and not something that would perhaps last beyond then " The label's President Ed Rosenblatt would later admit: "The company never intended to focus on established superstars"  The album All Systems Go, did not achieve Gold status and became her lowest charting studio album in the US to date  The single "Dinner with Gershwin" (written by Brenda Russell) stalled at 48 in the US, though it became a hit in the UK, peaking at No  13  The album's title track, "All Systems Go", was released only in the UK, where it peaked at No  54 For Summer's next album, Geffen Records hired the British hit production team of Stock Aitken Waterman (or SAW), who enjoyed incredible success writing and producing for such acts as Kylie Minogue, Bananarama, and Rick Astley, among others  The SAW team describe the working experience as a labour of love, and said it was their favourite album of all that they had recorded  Geffen decided not to release the album Another Place and Time, and Summer and Geffen Records parted ways in 1988  The album was released in Europe in March 1989 on Warner Bros  Records, which had been Summer's label in Europe since 1982  The single "This Time I Know It's for Real" became a top ten hit in several countries in Europe, prompting Warner Bros ' sister company, Atlantic Records, to sign Summer in the US  The single peaked at No  7 on the US Hot 100 and became her 12th Gold single in America  She scored two more UK hits from the album, "I Don't Wanna Get Hurt" (UK No  7) and "Love's About to Change My Heart" (UK No  20) In 1989, Summer and her husband, Bruce Sudano, had been in talks to do a new kind of reality-based sitcom  It would be based on their own hectic household  At the time, they lived with their children Amanda, Brooklyn and Mimi, two sets of in-laws, and a maid  The television network started changing the premise of the show, making it less funny, says Sudano, "And because we were an interracial couple, they didn't want us to be married anymore"  In 1989, this was "an issue  So with that mentality we just backed out of it "

1990–1999: Mistaken Identity, acting, and Live & More Encore
In 1990, a Warner compilation, The Best of Donna Summer, was released (no US issue)  The album went Gold in the UK after the song "State of Independence" was re-released there to promote the album  The following year, Summer worked with producer Keith Diamond emerged with the album Mistaken Identity, which included elements of R&B as well as new jack swing  "When Love Cries" continued her success on the R&B charts, reaching No  18  However, the album was commercially unsuccessful, failing to enter the US Billboard 200 and any chart outside the United States  It only entered at number 97 on the US Top R&B Albums chart  In 1992, Summer embarked on a world tour and later that year received a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame  She reunited with Giorgio Moroder, for the song "Carry On", which was included on the 1993, Polygram issued The Donna Summer Anthology, it contained 34 tracks of Summer's material with Casablanca and Mercury Records, and from her tenures with Atlantic and Geffen Summer signed with Mercury/Polygram that same year, and in 1994 she re-teamed with producer Michael Omartian to record a Christmas album, Christmas Spirit, which included classic Christmas songs such as "O Holy Night" and "White Christmas" and three Summer-penned songs, "Christmas is Here", "Lamb of God" and the album's title track  Summer was accompanied by the Nashville Symphony Orchestra  Another hits collection, Endless Summer: Donna Summer's Greatest Hits, was released featuring eighteen songs  There were two new tracks "Melody of Love (Wanna Be Loved)" and "Any Way at All"  In 1994, she also contributed to the Tribute to Edith Piaf album, singing "La Vie En Rose"  In 1995, "Melody of Love (Wanna Be Loved)" went No  1 on the US dance charts, and No  21 in the UK  In 1996, Summer recorded a duet with Bruce Roberts, "Whenever There Is Love", which appeared on the soundtrack to the film Daylight  In 1996, Summer also recorded "Does He Love You" with Liza Minnelli, which appeared Minnelli's Gently 
During this time, Summer had role on the sitcom Family Matters as Steve Urkel's (Jaleel White) Aunt Oona  She made two appearances, season 5's "Aunt Oona" and season 8's "Pound Foolish"  In 1998, Summer received the first Grammy Award for Best Dance Recording, after a remixed version of her 1992 collaboration with Giorgio Moroder, "Carry On", was released in 1997  In 1999, Summer was asked to do the Divas 2 concert, but when she went in and met with the producers, it was decided that they would do Donna in concert by herself  Summer taped a live television special for VH1 titled Donna Summer – Live & More Encore, producing the second-highest ratings for the network that year, after their annual Divas special  A CD of the event was released by Epic Records and featured two studio recordings, "I Will Go with You (Con te partirò)" and "Love Is the Healer", both of which reached No  1 on the US dance charts 

2000–2009: Later recordings and Crayons
In 2000, Summer participated in VH1's third annual Divas special, dedicated to Diana Ross; she sang the Supremes hit Reflections, and her own material for the show  "The Power of One" is a theme song for the movie Pokémon: The Movie 2000  The dramatic ballad was produced by David Foster and dance remixes were also issued to DJs and became another dance floor success for Summer, peaking at No  2 on the same chart in 2000  In 2003, Summer issued her autobiography, Ordinary Girl: The Journey, and released a best-of set titled The Journey: The Very Best of Donna Summer  In 2004, Summer was inducted into the Dance Music Hall of Fame as an artist, alongside the Bee Gees and Barry Gibb  Her classic song, "I Feel Love", was inducted that night as well  In 2004 and 2005, Summer's success on the dance charts continued with the songs "You're So Beautiful" and "I Got Your Love"  In 2004, Summer re-recorded 'No More Tears (Enough Is Enough)' with the Irish pop band Westlife (with a live performance) for the compilation album, DiscoMania 
In 2008, Summer released her first studio album of fully original material in 17 years, entitled Crayons  Released on the Sony BMG label Burgundy Records, it peaked at No  17 on the US Top 200 Album Chart, her highest placing on the chart since 1983  The songs "I'm a Fire", "Stamp Your Feet" and "Fame (The Game)" all reached No  1 on the US Billboard Dance Chart  The ballad "Sand on My Feet" was released to adult contemporary stations and reached No  30 on that chart  Summer said, "I wanted this album to have a lot of different directions on it  I did not want it to be any one baby  I just wanted it to be a sampler of flavors and influences from all over the world  There's a touch of this, a little smidgeon of that, a dash of something else, like when you're cooking " On December 11, 2009, Donna Summer appeared at the Nobel Peace Prize Concert for Barack Obama 

2010–present: Final recordings and posthumous releases
On July 29, 2010, Summer gave an interview with Allvoices com wherein she was asked if she would consider doing an album of standards  She said, "I actually am, probably in September  I will begin work on a standards album  I will probably do an all-out dance album and a standards album  I'm going to do both and we will release them however we're going to release them  We are not sure which is going first "In August 2010, Summer released the single "To Paris With Love", co-written with Bruce Roberts and produced by Peter Stengaard  The single went to No  1 on the US Billboard Dance Chart in October 2010  That month, Summer also appeared on the PBS television special Hitman Returns: David Foster and Friends  In it, Summer performed with Seal on a medley of the songs "Un-Break My Heart", "Crazy", and "On the Radio" before closing the show with "Last Dance" On September 15, 2010, Summer appeared as a guest celebrity, singing alongside contestant Prince Poppycock, on the television show America's Got Talent Also in 2010, Summer recorded a version of the Dan Fogelberg song "Nether Lands" for a Fogelberg tribute project  According to a comment on Fogelberg's website, the song had great personal significance for Summer 

On June 6, 2011, Summer was a guest judge on the show Platinum Hit, in an episode entitled "Dance Floor Royalty"  In July of that same year, Summer was working at Paramount Recording Studios in Los Angeles with her nephew, the rapper and producer O'Mega Red  Together they worked on a track titled "Angel" On December 11, 2012, after four prior nominations, Summer was posthumously announced to be one of the 2013 inductees to the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame, and was inducted on April 18, 2013, at Los Angeles' Nokia Theater A remix album titled Love to Love You Donna, containing new remixes of some of Summer's classics, was released in October 2013  "MacArthur Park" was remixed by Laidback Luke for the remix collection; it was also remixed by Ralphi Rosario, which version was released to dance clubs all over America and successfully peaked at No  1, giving Summer her first posthumous number-one single, and her sixteenth number-one on the charts In 2021, Summer's estate released a reedited version of her ninth studio album I'm a Rainbow, subtitled Recovered & Recoloured  The new edition is reduced to 10 tracks (15 on vinyl and streaming releases), with each song remixed by contemporary producers and remixers Her self-titled album was re-released in 2022 by Summer's estate subtitled as 40th Anniversary Edition 
In 2023, Summer’s  “She Works Hard For The Money” album was re-released with additional mixes to commemorate the album’s 40th Anniversary  That same year, a documentary revolving around Summer and her career, Love to Love You, Donna Summer, directed by her daughter, Brooklyn Sudano and Roger Ross Williams had its world premiere at the 73rd Berlin International Film Festival in February 2023, and was released in May 2023, on HBO 

Controversy
In the mid-1980s, Summer was embroiled in a controversy when she allegedly made anti-gay remarks regarding the relatively new disease AIDS  Summer publicly denied she had ever made such comments and in a letter to the AIDS campaign group ACT UP in 1989 said it was "a terrible misunderstanding " In explaining why she had not responded to ACT UP sooner, Summer stated, "I was unknowingly protected by those around me from the bad press and hate letters  If I have caused you pain, forgive me " She closed her letter with Bible quotes (from Chapter 13 of 1 Corinthians) In 1989, Summer told The Advocate magazine, "A couple of the people I write with are gay, and they have been ever since I met them  What people want to do with their bodies is their personal preference"  A couple of years later, she filed a lawsuit against New York magazine when it printed an old story about the rumors as fact, just as she was about to release her album Mistaken Identity in 1991  According to a Biography television program dedicated to Summer in which she participated in 1995, the lawsuit was settled out of court, though neither side was able to divulge any details 

Personal life
Summer was raised in the African Methodist Episcopal Church  She married Austrian actor Helmuth Sommer in 1973 and gave birth to their daughter, Natalia Pia Melanie Sommer (called Mimi) the same year  The couple divorced in 1976, but Summer adopted the Anglicized version of her ex-husband's surname as her stage name Summer married Brooklyn Dreams singer Bruce Sudano on July 16, 1980  On January 5, 1981, she gave birth to their daughter Brooklyn Sudano (who is now an actress, singer and dancer), and on August 11, 1982, she gave birth to their daughter Amanda Sudano (who in 2005 became one half of the musical duo Johnnyswim, alongside Abner Ramirez)  Summer was also one of the founding members of Oasis Church in Los Angeles Summer and her family moved from the Sherman Oaks area of Los Angeles to Nashville, Tennessee, in 1995, where she took time off from show business to focus on painting, a hobby she had developed in the 1980s 

Death
Summer died on May 17, 2012, aged 63, at her home in Naples, Florida, from lung cancer  Being a nonsmoker, Summer theorized that her cancer had been caused by inhaling toxic fumes and dust from the September 11 attacks in New York City; she was in her apartment near Ground Zero when the attacks occurred  However, some reports have instead attributed the cancer to Summer's smoking during her younger years, her continued exposure to second-hand smoking while performing in clubs well after she had quit, and a predisposition to this disease in the family  Summer was survived by her husband, Bruce Sudano, and her three daughters Summer's funeral service was held in Christ Presbyterian Church in Nashville, Tennessee, on the afternoon of May 23, 2012  The exact location and time of the service were kept private  Several hundred of Summer's friends and relatives attended the funeral, according to CNN  The funeral was a private ceremony, and cameras were not allowed inside the church  She was interred in the Harpeth Hills Memory Gardens cemetery in Nashville 

Reaction
Singers and music industry professionals around the world reacted to Summer's death  Gloria Gaynor said she was "deeply saddened" and that Summer was "a fine lady and human being"  Liza Minnelli said, "She was a queen, The Queen Of Disco, and we will be dancing to her music forever " She said that her "thoughts and prayers are with her family always " Dolly Parton said, "Donna, like Whitney, was one of the greatest voices ever  I loved her records  She was the disco queen and will remain so  I knew her and found her to be one of the most likable and fun people ever  She will be missed and remembered " Janet Jackson wrote that Summer "changed the world of music with her beautiful voice and incredible talent " Barbra Streisand wrote, "I loved doing the duet with her  She had an amazing voice and was so talented  It's so sad " Quincy Jones wrote that Summer's voice was "the heartbeat and soundtrack of a generation "Aretha Franklin said, "It's so shocking to hear about the passing of Donna Summer  In the 1970s, she reigned over the disco era and kept the disco jumping  Who will forget 'Last Dance'? A fine performer and a very nice person " Chaka Khan said, "Donna and I had a friendship for over 30 years  She is one of the few black women I could speak German with and she is one of the few friends I had in this business " Gloria Estefan averred that "It's the end of an era", and posted a photo of herself with Summer  Mary J  Blige tweeted "RIP Donna Summer !!!!!!!! You were truly a game changer !!!" Lenny Kravitz wrote "Rest in peace Donna, You are a pioneer and you have paved the way for so many of us  You transcended race and genre  Respect  Lenny" Beyoncé wrote a personal note: "Donna Summer made music that moved me both emotionally and physically to get up and dance  You could always hear the deep passion in her voice  She was so much more than the queen of disco she became known for, she was an honest and gifted singer with flawless vocal talent  I've always been a huge fan and was honored to sample one of her songs  She touched many generations and will be sadly missed  My love goes out to her family during this difficult time  Love, B" David Foster said, "My wife and I are in shock and truly devastated  Donna changed the face of pop culture forever  There is no doubt that music would sound different today if she had never graced us with her talent  She was a super-diva and a true superstar who never compromised when it came to her career or her family  She always did it with class, dignity, grace and zero attitude  She lived in rare air     She was the most spectacular, considerate, constant, giving, generous and loving friend of 35 years  I am at a total loss trying to process this tragic news "US President Barack Obama said, "Michelle and I were saddened to hear about the passing of Donna Summer  A five-time Grammy Award winner, Donna truly was the 'Queen of Disco ' Her voice was unforgettable and the music industry has lost a legend far too soon  Our thoughts and prayers go out to Donna's family and her dedicated fans "Summer was honored at the 2012 Billboard Music Awards ceremony  Singer Natasha Bedingfield honored Summer, calling her "a remarkable woman who brought so much light and who inspired many women, including myself, through her music  And if we can remember her through her music, this will never really be the last dance " After her statement, she began to sing "Last Dance", Summer's Academy Award-winning song  As she sang the song, photos of Summer were displayed on a screen overhead Fans paid tribute to Summer by leaving flowers and memorabilia on her star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame  A few days after her death, her album sales increased by 3,277%, according to Nielsen SoundScan  Billboard magazine reported that the week before she died, Summer sold about 1,000 albums  After her death that number increased to 26,000 

Legacy
According to singer Marc Almond, Summer's collaboration with producer Giorgio Moroder "changed the face of music"  Summer was the first artist to have three consecutive double albums reach No  1 on Billboard's album chart: Live and More, Bad Girls and On the Radio: Greatest Hits Volumes I & II  She became a cultural icon and her prominence on the dance charts, for which she was referred to as the Queen of Disco, made her not just one of the defining voices of that era, but also an influence on pop artists from Madonna to Beyoncé  Unlike some other stars of disco who faded as the music became less popular in the early 1980s, Summer was able to grow beyond the genre and segued to a pop-rock sound  She had one of her biggest hits in the 1980s with "She Works Hard For the Money", which became another anthem, this time for women's rights  Summer was the first black woman to be nominated for an MTV Video Music Award  Summer remained a force on the Billboard Dance/Club Play Songs chart throughout her career and notched 16 number one singles  Her last studio album, 2008's Crayons, spun off three No  1 dance/club hits with "I'm a Fire", "Stamp Your Feet" and "Fame (The Game)"  In May 2012, it was announced that "I Feel Love" was included in the list of preserved recordings at the Library of Congress' National Recording Registry  Her Rock and Roll Hall of Fame page listed Summer as "the Diva De Tutte Dive, the first true diva of the modern pop era" In 2018, Summer: The Donna Summer Musical, a biographical musical featuring Summer's songs, began performances on Broadway at the Lunt-Fontanne Theatre, following a 2017 world premiere at the La Jolla Playhouse in San Diego In the 2019 film How to Build a Girl, Donna Summer is among the figures featured in Johanna's wall collage In 2023, Rolling Stone ranked Summer at number 122 on its list of the 200 Greatest Singers of All Time 

Concert tours
Discography
Filmography
Awards and nominations



ground_truth: 140 million

prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: What types of activities occur in both the Bennington and Bridgewater Triangles?

The following are given passages.
Context 4: 

die  
sing  of dice 

dice  
Modern cubic dice are used to generate random numbers in many games – e g  a single die in Trivial Pursuit, or two dice per player in backgammon  Role-playing games typically use one or more polyhedral dice  Games such as Pachisi and chaupur traditionally use cowrie shells  The games Zohn Ahl and Hyena chase use dice sticks  The game yut uses yut sticks 

direction of play  
The order of turns in a multiplayer game, e g  clockwise around the board means the player to the left has the next turn  
  
disc  
See piece    
 
displacement capture  
A capture method whereby a capturing piece replaces the captured piece on its square, cell, or point on the gameboard 

doublet  
1   The same number displayed by two dice 
2   The number displayed by one or more die is doubled 
3   The union of two game pieces to move as one 

E
empty board  
Many games start with all pieces out of play; for example, Nine men's morris, Conspirateurs, Entropy, and Go (if a handicap is not employed)  Some gameboards feature staging areas for the pieces before any are put into play; for example, Ludo and Malefiz 

enemy  
An enemy piece is a piece in the same army or set of pieces controlled by the opponent; or, in a multiplayer game, a piece controlled by the partner of an opponent 

Engine-building  
A board game genre and gameplay mechanic that involves adding and modifying combinations of abilities or resources to assemble a virtuous circle of increasingly powerful and productive outcomes  A successfully built engine can create a snowball or domino effect 

equipment  
Refers to physical components required to play a game, e g  pieces, gameboard, dice 

escort capture  
See custodian capture 

exchange  
For games featuring captures, the capture of a piece followed immediately by the opponent's recapture 

F
file 
A straight line of spaces running from top to bottom of a gameboard at right angle to a rank  Also called column 

friendly  
A piece in the same army or set of pieces controlled by a player; or, in a multiplayer game, a piece controlled by a player's partner 

G
gameboard  
Or game board  The (usually quadrilateral) marked surface on which one plays a board game  The namesake of the board game, gameboards would seem to be a necessary and sufficient condition of the genre, though card games that do not use a standard deck of cards (as well as games that use neither cards nor a gameboard) are often colloquially included  Most games use a standardized and unchanging board (chess, Go, and backgammon each have such a board), but some games use a modular board whose component tiles or cards can assume varying layouts from one session to another, or even during gameplay 

game component  
See component 

game equipment  
See equipment 

game piece  
See piece 

gameplay  
The execution of a game; or specifically its strategy, tactics, conventions, or mechanics 

gamer  
A person who plays board game(s)  See also player 
 
gamespace  
A gameboard for a three-dimensional game (e g , the 5×5×5 cubic board for Raumschach) 

grace  
An extra turn 

H
handicap  
An advantage given to a weaker side at the start of a game to level the winning chances against a stronger opponent  Go has formal handicap systems (see Go handicaps); chess has traditional handicap methods not used in rated competitions (see Chess handicap) 

hex  
In hexagon-based board games, this is the common term for a standard space on the board  This is most often used in wargaming, though many abstract strategy games such as Abalone, Agon, hexagonal chess, GIPF project games, and connection games use hexagonal layouts 

huff  
The forfeiture of a piece as a penalty for infringing a rule 

I
in hand  
A piece in hand is one currently not in play on the gameboard, but may be entered into play on a turn  Examples are captured pieces in shogi or Bughouse chess, able to be dropped into play as a move; or pieces that begin the game in a staging area off the main board, as in Ludo or Chessence 

in play  
A piece active on the main board, not in hand or in a staging area  Antonym: out of play 

interception capture  
See custodian capture 

intervention capture  
A capture method the reverse of the custodian method: a player captures two opponent pieces by moving to occupy the empty space between them 

J
jump  
To move a piece over one or more pieces or spaces on the gameboard  Depending on the context, jumping may include  capturing an opponent's piece  See also Game mechanics § Capture/eliminate 

L
leap  
See jump 

M
man  
In chess, a piece or a pawn  In draughts, an uncrowned (i e  not a king) piece 

meeple  
A game piece that represents a person in concept, shaped like an approximation of a person 

mill  
Three or more pieces in a line of adjacent spaces 

move  
See turn 

O
odds  
See handicap 

open board  
A gameboard with no pieces, or one piece, in play  Typically for demonstration or instruction 

order of play  
See direction of play 

orthogonal  
A horizontal (straight left or right) or vertical (straight forward or backward) direction a piece moves on a gameboard 

out of play  
A piece not active on the main board, it might be in hand or in a staging area  Antonym: in play 

over the board 
A game played face to face with the opponent, as opposed to playing remotely (online or other means, for e g  correspondence chess) 

P
pass  
The voluntary or involuntary forfeiture of a turn by a player 

pie rule  
Used in some two-player games to eliminate any advantage of moving first  After the first player's opening move, the second player may optionally swap sides 

piece  
Or bit, checker, chip, counter, disc, draughtsman, game piece, man, meeple, mover, pawn, player piece, playing piece, singleton, stone, token, unit  A player's representative on the gameboard made of a piece of material made to look like a known object (such as a scale model of a person, animal, or inanimate object) or otherwise general symbol  Each player may control one or more pieces  Some games involve commanding multiple pieces, such as chess pieces or Monopoly houses and hotels, that have unique designations and capabilities within the parameters of the game; in other games, such as Go, all pieces controlled by a player have the same capabilities  In some modern board games, such as Clue, there are other pieces that are not a player's representative (i e  weapons)  In some games, such as mancala games, pieces may not represent or belong to any particular player  Mancala pieces are undifferentiated and  typically seeds but sometimes beans, coins, cowry shells, ivory balls, or pebbles  Note that in chess usage the term piece in some contexts only refers to some of the pieces, which are also known as chessmen  See also Counter (board wargames) 
playboard  
See gameboard 

player  
The participant(s) in the game  See also gamer 

playing area 
The spaces on a gameboard for use by pieces in play 

playspace 
See playing area 

point  
See space 

polyhedral dice  
Dice that are not cubes, usually some kind of Platonic solid  Polyhedral dice are generally referred to through the construction "d + number of sides" (ex  d4, d8, d12, d20)  See also dice 

R
rank 
A straight line of spaces running from one side to the other across a gameboard at right angle to a file  Also called row 

replacement capture  
See displacement capture 

row  
See rank 

rule  
A condition or stipulation by which a game is played 

ruleset  
The comprehensive set of rules which define and govern a game 

S
singleton  
A game piece that is isolated and often prone to attack 

space  
A physical unit of progress on a gameboard delimited by a distinct border, and not further divisible according to the game's rules  Alternatively, a unique position on the board on which a piece in play may be located  For example, in Go, the pieces are placed on grid line intersections called points, and not in the areas bounded by the borders, as in chess  The bounded area geometries can be square (e g  chess), rectangular (e g  shogi), hexagonal (e g  Chinese Checkers), triangular (e g  Bizingo), quadrilateral (e g  three-player chess), cubic (e g  Raumschach), or other shapes (e g  Circular chess)  Cf  gamespace  See also Game mechanics § Movement 

square  
See space 

staging area  
A space set aside from the main gameboard to contain pieces in hand  In Ludo, the staging areas are called yards  In shogi, pieces in hand are placed on komadai 

starting area  
See staging area   
  
stone  
See piece 

swap  
See exchange 

T
take  
See capture 

token  
See piece 

trade  
See exchange 

triplet  
The same number displayed by three dice 

turn  
A player's opportunity to move a piece or make a decision that influences gameplay  Turns to move usually alternate equally between competing players or teams  See also Turn-based game 

W
White  
Used often to refer to one of the players in two-player games  White's pieces are typically a light color but not necessarily white (e g  backgammon sets use various colors for White; shogi sets have no color distinction between sides)  White often moves first but not always (e g  Black moves first in English draughts, shogi, and Go)  Cf  Black  See also White and Black in chess 

Worker Placement 
A genre of board games in which players take turns selecting an action while optimizing their resources and making meaningful decisions 

Notes



ground_truth: alleged paranormal phenomena