prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: What was the first film scored by the man who composed the soundtrack for Udhayam NH4?

The following are given passages.
Context 1: Passage 1:
Manimaran
Manimaran is an Indian film director, working in the Tamil film industry 

Career
He made his directorial debut in Tamil, Udhayam NH4 (2013) featuring Siddharth and a newcomer Ashrita Shetty in lead roles  It was simultaneously dubbed and released in Telugu in the same year  Udhayam NH4 was produced by Meeka Entertainment and Grass Root Film Company for which director Vetrimaaran penned the story  Manimaran was born and brought up in a town Walajapet near Vellore  Manimaran was one of a former associate of director Vetrimaaran and had worked in Vetrimaaran's films Polladhavan and Aadukalam  He collaborated once again with director Vetrimaran and actor Dhanush as a second unit direct in the 2019 film, Asuran  In 2021, he directed Sangathalaivan  The Samuthirakani-starrer wears its Communist shirt proudly but fails to sell its politics convincingly  Manimaran is far too abrasive in that he projects his protagonist as simply no more than the average Tamil film hero 

Filmography
Passage 2:
The Godfather Part II (soundtrack)
The Godfather Part II is the Academy Award winning soundtrack from the movie of the same name, released in 1974 by ABC, and 1991 on compact disc by MCA  The original score was composed by Nino Rota and conducted by Carmine Coppola, who also provided source music for the film  Rota expands upon two of the three main themes from the first film: "The Godfather Waltz" and "Michael's Theme", while "The Love Theme" from the first film makes a brief appearance during a flashback sequence ("Remember Vito Andolini")  There are several new themes, including one for Kay (Diane Keaton), and two for young Vito (Robert De Niro): "The Immigrant Theme" and "The Tarantella", introduced in "A New Carpet" 

Track listing
Awards and nominations
Album chart
1975: The Godfather Part II: Pop albums: #184

Credits
Source:

Release history
Passage 3:
True Grit: Original Motion Picture Soundtrack
True Grit may refer to:

Fiction
True Grit (novel), a 1968 novel by Charles Portis
True Grit (1969 film), a film adaptation by Henry Hathaway, starring John Wayne
True Grit (2010 film), a film adaptation by the Coen Brothers, starring Jeff Bridges

Music
True Grit (1969 soundtrack), by Glen Campbell and Elmer Bernstein
"True Grit" (song), the album's title track
True Grit (2010 soundtrack), by Carter Burwell
True Grit (Bret Michaels album), 2015
"True Grit", a song by the Crystal Method from Legion of Boom, 2004

Other uses
True Grit (mascot), at University of Maryland, Baltimore County, US

See also
True Grit: A Further Adventure, a 1978 made-for-TV sequel
Grit (disambiguation)
Passage 4:
Ashrita Shetty
Ashrita Shetty (born 16 July 1993) is an Indian actress who predominantly works in Tamil language films 

Early life
Shetty was born on 16 July 1993 in a South Indian family from Karnataka  She hails from Mumbai and has studied finance 

Career
In 2010, Shetty participated in a beauty contest organised by The Times of India, Clean & Clear Fresh Face  Competing in Mumbai, she won the event there and then went on to win it again at the national level, eventually becoming the face of the brand for a year  She made her film debut in 2012, with a Tulu film, Telikeda Bolli  During the time, she appeared in various other television commercials  This was when film directors Vetrimaaran and Manimaran approached her to play the lead role in their venture, Udhayam NH4  The film saw her play a Bangalore-based Tamil-speaking college girl, who elopes with the character played by Siddharth  She gained mixed reviews for her portrayal in the film, with a reviewer noting she could be a promising actress in the making  Sangeeta Devi from The Hindu said "Newcomer Ashrita Shetty shows promise and her capability of bringing to the screen the vulnerability and innocence of a 17/18-year-old makes her endearing  This girl has huge potential " She then signed the lead in the action adventure film Indrajith opposite Gautham Karthik 

Personal life
Shetty married Indian cricketer Manish Pandey on 2 December 2019 

Filmography
Passage 5:
Grass Root Film Company
Grass Root Film Company is an Indian film production and distribution company  Established by Indian director Vetrimaaran in 2012, it debuted with Udhayam NH4, produced in collaboration with Meeka Entertainment  The company has collaborated with Wunderbar Films on several other films  Committed in 2012, it has since gone to produce several Tamil language films 

Filmography
Passage 6:
Music of the Mega Man Zero series
The Rockman Zero series, known as the Mega Man Zero series outside Japan, is a series of four video games for the Game Boy Advance set in Capcom's Mega Man video game franchise  The music of the series consists of the soundtracks to the four games, as well as the released albums associated with them  The music to Mega Man Zero, the first game, was composed by Ippo Yamada with one track by Setsuo Yamamoto; the music of Mega Man Zero 2 was composed by Yamada, Masaki Suzuki, Luna Umegaki, Chicken Mob, and Tsutomu Kurihara; the soundtrack of Mega Man Zero 3 was composed by Yamada, Suzuki, Kurihara, and Umegaki; and Mega Man Zero 4's music was composed by Yamada, Suzuki, Umegaki, and Shinichi Itakura 
The soundtracks for the first three games were released together as the Rockman Zero 1~3 Game Music Collection in 2004  Albums of remixed music have been released for each game, all in 2004, with Remastered Tracks Rockman Zero for the first, Remastered Tracks Rockman Zero Idea for the second, Remastered Tracks Rockman Zero Telos for the third, and Remastered Tracks Rockman Zero Physis for Rockman 4  A fifth album, Remastered Tracks Rockman Zero Mythos was released in 2010 to correspond with the release of the Mega Man Zero Collection compilation for the Nintendo DS  Remastered Tracks Rockman Zero, Telos, and Physis include in addition to their musical tracks several radio drama tracks, in which voice actors play in a drama whose story is related to the associated game 

Albums
Rockman Zero Game Music Complete Works -Rockman Zero 1~3-
Rockman Zero Game Music Complete Works - Rockman Zero 1~3- is a soundtrack album which contains music from Mega Man Zero, Mega Man Zero 2, and Mega Man Zero 3  The tracks were composed by Ippo Yamada, Luna Umegaki, Chicken Mob, Masaki Suzuki, Tsutomu Kurihara, and Makoto Tomozawa, though "Theme of ZERO", taken from the soundtrack of Mega Man X, was composed by Setsuo Yamamoto  The album was published by Suleputer on July 1, 2004 with the catalog numbers CPCA-1092/3   The two-disc album contains 103 tracks and covers a duration of 2:25:03  The album presents the tracks separated by game, with the Zero 2 tracks split by the disc boundary Track list

Remastered Tracks Rockman Zero
Remastered Tracks Rockman Zero is a soundtrack album which contains almost all remixed game tracks from Mega Man Zero, plus some drama tracks which explain events that occurred during the game  The majority of the tracks were composed by Ippo Yamada, though "Theme of ZERO", taken from the soundtrack of Mega Man X, was composed by Setsuo Yamamoto   The album was published by Inti Creates on January 23, 2004 with the catalog number INTIR-001  The album was released six months before the Rockman Zero 1~3 album, making it the first release of music from the game  It contains 26 tracks, of which 5 are drama tracks rather than songs, and covers a duration of 56:52  The drama tracks are marked in their official titles with a "*"  Literal translation of the original titles appear in (brackets) if different

Remastered Tracks Rockman Zero: Idea
Remastered Tracks Rockman Zero: Idea is a soundtrack album which contains remixed game tracks from Mega Man Zero 2, plus some remixes of extra tracks not included in the game  The tracks were composed and remixed by Ippo Yamada, Luna Umegaki, Masaki Suzuki, Chicken Mob, and Tsutomu Kurihara  The two-disc album was published by Inti Creates on May 28, 2004 with the catalog numbers INTIR-002/3  It contains 40 tracks and covers a duration of 1:52:22 Track list
 Literal translation of the original titles appear in (brackets) if different

Remastered Tracks Rockman Zero: Telos
Remastered Tracks Rockman Zero: Telos is a soundtrack album which contains remixed game tracks from Mega Man Zero 3  The tracks were composed and remixed by Ippo Yamada, Luna Umegaki, Masaki Suzuki, Makoto Tomozawa, and Tsutomu Kurihara  The two-disc album was published by Inti Creates on December 12, 2004 with the catalog numbers INTIR-004/5  It contains 47 tracks and covers a duration of 2:10:54  The last ten tracks of the second disc are drama tracks, which cover multiple events set both before Mega Man Zero 3 and during Track list
 Literal translation of the original titles appear in (brackets) if different

Remastered Tracks Rockman Zero: Physis
Remastered Tracks Rockman Zero: Physis is a soundtrack album which contains remixed game tracks from Mega Man Zero 4  The tracks were composed and remixed by Ippo Yamada, Luna Umegaki, Masaki Suzuki, Shinichi Itakura, and Chicken Mob  The two-disc album was published by Inti Creates on September 30, 2005 with the catalog numbers INTIR-006/7  It contains 41 tracks and covers a duration of 2:03:20  Several of the tracks are drama tracks rather than tunes; these focus on the events of the game rather than expanding on them as in previous albums  The last three tracks are karaoke versions of tracks from previous albums  The title of the drama tracks begin with "Ragnarok Record" Track list
 Literal translation of the original titles appear in (brackets) if different

Remastered Tracks Rockman Zero: Mythos
Remastered Tracks Rockman Zero: Mythos is a soundtrack album which contains remixed game tracks from Mega Man Zero Collection, a compilation release of the Mega Man Zero games for the Nintendo DS  The tracks were composed and remixed by Ippo Yamada, Luna Umegaki, and Tsutomu Kurihara  The album was published by Inti Creates on June 10, 2010 with the catalog number INTIR-0018  It contains 14 tracks, including one hidden track, and covers a duration of 48:18  Unlike the previous albums, Mythos does not include any drama tracks  At the same time that Mythos was released, a box set entitled Remastered Tracks Rockman Zero Limited Box was published, containing all five Remastered Tracks albums 
Passage 7:
JK Enum Nanbanin Vaazhkai
JK Enum Nanbanin Vaazhkai (transl  Life of a friend named JK) is a 2015 Indian Tamil-language romantic drama film written and directed by Cheran, which was simultaneously made and later released in Telugu as Rajadhi Raja (transl  King of Kings)  It stars Sharwanand and Nithya Menen while Prakash Raj and Santhanam play supporting roles  The film featured songs by G  V  Prakash Kumar and film scored by Siddharth Vipin  After failing to have a theatrical release in late 2013, the Tamil version of the film had a direct-to-video release in March 2015, becoming the first venture in a new initiative launched by Cheran known as Cinema2Home (C2H)  The Telugu version of the film had been indefinitely placed on hold, but was later released theatrically in June 2016, with the makers trying to profit from Sharwanand's popularity 

Plot
Jayakumar (Sharwanand), commonly known as JK, is a mid-20s man who does not care about family  Instead, he is obsessed with chatting on Facebook, partying, and passing time with friends  At work, he has a group of friends with similar interests  They all plan on going for a New Year Party 
Two years later, JK is shown to be a changed person – very invested in developing, earning money and taking care of his family  He is shown to make business models with an aim of earning a lot of money in a short period of time  He has goals such as getting his two sisters married and ensuring that his brother gets good education  In attempts to start business, he goes to meet a bank manager at his home  As they had to wait for the bank manager to come, JK and his friend notice that the house is not well-maintained and take on the job to organise it  Upon returning, bank manager appreciates their work and tells JK and his friend that it would be very helpful if they could help clean homes regularly  He also suggests that about 150 other flats in his apartment complex would also appreciate this service  This becomes JK's first business venture  For this, he also ropes in help from his school friend Nithya (Nithya Menen)  Together, JK, Nithya, and their friends go on to become very successful with multiple projects 
Later, the reason for change in JK's behaviour is explained  When JK and friends were planning to go for the New Year Party, Ravi also wants to go with them and becomes a good friend of JK  Ravi comes from a very poor background, and his family is dependent on him  After the party, the gang meets with an accident, resulting in Ravi's death and a serious head injury for JK  JK has only a couple of years left in his life  This makes him realise the importance of life, and he decides to make his family happy and make sure that they have enough money before he dies  However, JK does not tell this to anyone but Nithya  In the end, JK leaves the responsibilities of business and his family to Nithya and goes off to the USA (where he would likely die because of his illness)  Nithya is shown to be running the business and living with memories of time spent with her best friend JK 

Cast
Soundtrack
The soundtrack features five songs composed by G  V  Prakash Kumar, with lyrics by Na  Muthukumar, Yugabharathi, Madhan Karky, Cheran  The album was released by Cheran's music company Dream Sounds Digital Solution on 15 September 2013  The film's score was composed by Siddharth Vipin who also composed three additional songs for the film  Milliblog wrote: "Cheran's last film as director – Pokkisham – had fantastic music from Sabesh Murali; the move to GV Prakash Kumar produces underwhelming results"  Indiaglitz wrote: "Funky, rocking and melodious, the album has everything that the youth these days want to listen to  Predominantly duets and only one solo to speak of, the album will certainly be a popular favourite among all"  Behindwoods wrote:"There are moments of classic GVP, but could have done with few more" 
Tamil
Telugu

Marketing
Sharwanand had dubbed for his character in Tamil  As part of the promotion Cheran initiated a project named JK Fest 2013, in which college students from Tamil Nadu could participate  Students were asked to visualise and use their creativity to enact the songs of JK Enum Nanbanin Vaazhkai without knowing the film's story  Cheran revealed that the film would be released on Internet, DVD and satellite, on the same day of its theatrical release  Cheran added that by releasing the film across all media on the same day, piracy could be curbed  However, the theatrical release did not happen; the film was instead released as a direct-to-video film on 6 March 2015, via Cheran's C2H (Cinema2Home) initiative  The Telugu version, initially titled Yemito Ee Maya, was later retitled as Rajadhi Raja and released theatrically on 24 June 2016, with the makers attempting to profit from Sharwanand's resurgence at the Telugu box office  However, this version failed commercially 

Reception
Baradwaj Rangan wrote for The Hindu, "JK Enum Nanbanin Vaazhkai feels like Cheran's attempt to show that he isn't, anymore, the sentimental, melodramatic filmmaker whose good intentions haven't always resulted in good movies (or good box-office collections)  He's trying to show us that he can be young, hip  [   ] JK Enum Nanbanin Vaazhkai may have worked if Cheran had stuck to his style"  Regarding the Telugu version, a critic from The Hans India wrote that "Rajadhi Raja is a breezy feel good film with colourful visuals, enchanting score and well sketched characters 
Passage 8:
Udhayam NH4
Udhayam NH4 is a 2013 Indian Tamil-language action thriller film directed by debutant Manimaran, a former associate of Vetrimaaran  The film stars Siddharth and newcomer Ashrita Shetty  Vetrimaaran wrote the script, did the screenplay, and penned the dialogues for this film  The story takes place in Bangalore, Karnataka  The film's soundtrack and background score were composed by G  V  Prakash Kumar  The film released along with a dubbed Telugu version titled NH4 on 19 April 2013 

Plot
Prabhu falls in love with Rithika, his classmate, who reciprocates his feelings, but are separated after Rithika's father disapproves of their relationship  Prabhu, lovelorn, discusses the route from Bangalore to Chennai with his friends and plan to kidnap Rithika to elope  Meanwhile, Rithika's father, Avinash Gowda, appoints encounter specialist ACP Manoj Menon IPS, who questions Rithika's male friend Deepak about Prabhu  Deepak claims that Prabhu is a drug addict and was always trying to woo Rithika, who started to avoid him because of Prabhu  After that, the plot continues when Manoj tries to track Prabhu and his friends  In the attempt, they track down a message from another friend named Umesh, asking Prabhu and friends to come to Bangarpet bus stand, only to find Manoj and his team arresting the guy for more information  Manoj goes to a railway station where the train in which Prabhu and Rithika are travelling to Chennai via Kuppam, Andhra Pradesh  He finds Rithika and forcefully drags her into his jeep  
As the flashback winds again (this time by Rithika), she fell for Prabhu after seeing him on many instances showing his presence of mind  As the flashback ends, Manoj finds Prabhu on the highway, where he does not stop until he runs over pieces of glass put down by Prabhu  They get into a brawl where Prabhu loses, and Manoj continues in the highway but has to stop in a railway signal at Andhra Pradesh-Karnataka border  Prabhu takes his chance and threatens Manoj, keeping his throat under a blade and taking Rithika with him  After a cat and mouse chase, Manoj calls Prabhu, saying that his friend needs immediate treatment after an accident  He goes in search of Manoj and involves in a fight with him again  Now, after the stroke of midnight, Rithika turns 18, giving her the right for choosing her partner  After that, Manoj leaves the highway, as he could not do anymore, according to the law 

Cast
Production
While working with Balu Mahendra for Adhu Oru Kana Kaalam (2005), producer Vetrimaaran prepared a script for Dhanush, who was the lead hero of the film he worked on, and Dhanush immediately accepted the offer after hearing the story  The film titled was Desiya Nedunchalai 47 was initially launched with Yuvan Shankar Raja as the music director and Ekambaram as the cinematographer  However, he found trouble finding producers with A  M  Rathnam and Salem Chandrasekhar leaving the project after initial interest, Dhanush's sister Dr  Vimala Geetha agreed to produce the film, but she also dropped the film  Dhanush's father Kasthuri Raja finally agreed to produce the film, and Kirat Bhattal was signed as heroine, while Harris Jayaraj was selected as music director  However, after two days of shoot, the film was shelved, and Dhanush opted to pursue other films after the surprise success of his Thiruvilayadal Arambam (2006)  The film's collapse saw Vetrimaaran approach producer Kadiresan and narrated to him the stories he had prepared, but the producer did not like Desiya Nedunchaalai 47, but later agreed to work on another project titled Polladhavan 
Vetrimaaran restarted the film as a creative producer with Dayanidhi Azhagiri, and chose to give the script to debutant director Manimaaran, who was initially nervous to take over a script by a National film winner  The team tried to re-take the title Desiya Nedunchalai, but this name was already registered by Dr  Srinivasan, which hence led to the renaming of the title to Udhayam NH4  Cloud Nine Movies approached Siddharth for the lead role, who immediately accepted it  Kishore, who was initially approached for a role in 2006, was re-approached but was unable to commit dates for the film  Subsequently Kay Kay Menon, who Vetrimaaran had been discussing a role in his next film Vada Chennai with, was signed on to play a pivotal role in the film  Debut actress Ashrita Shetty was selected to play the lead female role  Ramya was signed to appear in a cameo appearance in the film but eventually did not feature  Newbies Ajai, Kalai and Karthi play Siddharth's friends  Velraj is the cinematographer, music by G  V  Prakash Kumar editing will be by Kishore Te  The film will be produced jointly by Dayanidhi Azhagiri and Vetrimaaran as a tie-up between their companies Meeka Entertainment and Grass Root Film Company  The filming took place only on real locations, where crowds delayed shootings up to four days, making hidden cameras mandatory 

Soundtrack
The soundtrack album was composed by G  V  Prakash Kumar  The music rights were acquired by Sony Music India  On Valentine's day, the track "Yaaro Ivan" was unveiled at Suryan FM  Actor Siddharth sang the Telugu version of this song 

Release
The satellite rights for the film were secured by Sun TV  The film was given a "U/A" certificate by the Indian Censor Board  On 14 February 2013, the first film trailer was released at Sun Music Udhayam NH4 released in around 250 theatres across Tamil Nadu along with Gouravam (2013) 

Reception
Upon release, Udhayam NH4 generally received favourable reviews  Baradwaj Rangan of The Hindu thanked the film crew for a well treated, but slight story, "[   ] the constant infusion of colour keeps us hooked  I don’t think I’ve laughed so much at a cop telling his nagging wife he loves her " Behindwoods gave 3 of 5 stars and concluded, "To sum it all, Udhayam NH 4 comes across as a well packaged product that has many things going in its favor and is sure to have patrons from the youth along with other sections of the audience too " Sify recommended the film, "The presentation is unique as it doesn’t have the trappings of usual masala potboilers " in com rated the film 3 5 out of 5 and stated that the story is simple but the taut screenplay with unexpected twists and turns at the right time makes Udhayam a good watch  Mahalakshmi Prabhakaran of Daily News and Analysis criticized the performance of Ashrita Shetty heavily, "As the character who’s the prize catch for both the cop and the boyfriend, the role’s every debutante actress' dream  But Hrishita just doesn’t match up  We are not even going to comment on her poor delivery of Tamil  Yes, she might be a Kannadiga in the movie, but that’s no excuse!", giving the film an average rating of 3  S  Saarawathi of Rediff wrote, "Udhayam NH4 is a racy entertainer that keeps you glued to the screen " Sidharth Varma of The Times of India rated it 3 5 out of 5 stars and said, "The movie brings in a whiff of fresh air in the dialogue department  The characters switch between the four south Indian languages and English depending on the place where the scene is set and the situation, which adds to the authenticity of the movie  The drama is injected in the right doses through the incidents on the highway, and flashbacks tell us more about each character " Sangeetha Devi Dundoo of The Hindu recommended the film, "Take a ride down this highway just to see how a talented director can make a simple story engaging " Review Raja found the film to be "just an alright movie", and thought, that Ashrita Shetty wasn't capable enough to play the female lead role  Bangalore Mirror gave the film 3 5 out of 5 saying that the film is well crafted 
Passage 9:
Interstellar (soundtrack)
Interstellar: Original Motion Picture Soundtrack is the soundtrack album composed by Hans Zimmer for the 2014 film Interstellar by Christopher Nolan  The soundtrack garnered critical acclaim and was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Original Score and the Grammy Award for Best Score Soundtrack for Visual Media 

Background and production
Hans Zimmer had previously worked with director Christopher Nolan, scoring Nolan’s The Dark Knight film trilogy and Inception  Without revealing the plot of Interstellar, Nolan wrote a short story for Zimmer about a father leaving a child to complete an important job  The story contained two sentences of dialogue: “I’ll come back,” and “When?”  Nolan then asked Zimmer to spend one day composing some musical interpretations of the story 
I am going to give you an envelope with a letter in it  One page  It's going to tell you the fable at the center of the story  You work for one day, then play me what you have written 
In one night, Zimmer wrote a four-minute piano and organ piece that represented his idea of fatherhood  When he played it for Nolan, Nolan was pleased and explained the full plot and concept of the film, though it had not yet been written  Zimmer was originally skeptical, noting that he had written a "tiny, tiny little fragile" piece while Nolan had described an intense, epic space film  However, Nolan reassured Zimmer that the piano piece provided "the heart" of the film  The piece can be heard at the conclusion of the film For the film's signature organ, Zimmer specifically requested that organist Roger Sayer, the music director of Temple Church in London, play the church's 1926 four-manual Harrison & Harrison organ  The physical appearance of organ reminded Zimmer of spaceship afterburners, while the airiness of its sound evoked the reminder that every breath is precious for an astronaut  The rest of the ensemble consisted of 34 strings, 24 woodwinds, four pianos, and a mixed choir of 60 voices  The soundtrack was recorded at both Temple Church and AIR Lyndhurst Hall in late spring 2014 In 2022, Zimmer cited the Interstellar soundtrack as the best work of his career 

Release
Zimmer himself delayed the soundtrack album's release until two weeks after the film premiere because he wanted audiences to hear the score in theaters first 
We wanted people to really hear it for the first time with the movie on really big speakers in a theater    I just didn't want people to go and hear everything on tiny little speakers on their Mac or something like this  I wanted them to go and have the visceral experience of being pinned in their seats 
The soundtrack was released on November 17, 2014 via the WaterTower label  On November 13, 2020, WaterTower released an expanded edition of the soundtrack 

Critical reception
The score received critical acclaim  Reviewing for BBC News, Nicholas Barber felt, "Hans Zimmer's music makes the film seem even more colossal than it would otherwise: Zimmer invokes the original meaning of 'pulls out all the stops', rattling our teeth with reverberating pipe-organ chords " Scott Foundas, a chief film critic at Variety, stated, "Hans Zimmer contributes one of his most richly imagined and inventive scores, which ranges from a gentle electronic keyboard melody to brassy, Strauss-ian crescendos Many critics have noted distinct similarities between the score and the work of Philip Glass, especially Koyaanisqatsi (1982)  However, despite Interstellar's near-identical central melody and instrumentation, few have criticized Zimmer when drawing the comparison  Time Out London's Dave Calhoun exclaimed, "Listen to unnerving silence as well as Hans Zimmer's organ-heavy score!" Tim Robey of The Telegraph felt "With the vast sounds of a composer set loose on his grandest ever assignment  But it relies less on Straussian majesty à la 2001 than something rather more pointed: the hypnotic, metronomically surging, and oddly sacred homage Zimmer gives us to Koyaanisqatsi by Philip Glass " Todd McCarthy, reviewing for The Hollywood Reporter, praised it as, "soaring, sometimes domineering and unconventionally orchestrated wall-of-sound score" Richard Corliss of Time called it "pounding organ score"  Jeremy Aspinall of Radio Times called the score subtle but evocative  Critic Jeffrey M  Anderson for The San Francisco Examiner writes, "rumbling and thundering sound effects and music"  At The Irish Times, Donald Clarke wrote that "Hans Zimmer slumps on the biggest pipe organ in town"  For NPR, Chris Klimek stated that Zimmer's gives a church-organ score  Joe Morgenstern for Wall Street Journal felt that "At one point the orchestral churnings of Hans Zimmer's score suggest something epic under way"  American film critic Peter Travers at Rolling Stone noted, "thrilling images oomphed by Hans Zimmer's score, and you'll get the meaning of "‘rock the house ‘"  For The Globe and Mail, Liam Lacey stated, "Throughout, Hans Zimmer's music throbs obtrusively, occasionally fighting with the dialogue for our attention " "As usual, Nolan's frequent collaborator Hans Zimmer has come up with a score that fits the impossible dimensions of the film, and the music adds tremendously to the excitement", said critic Rene Rodriguez, writing for The Miami Herald  Ann Hornaday for The Washington Post commented, "Hans Zimmer's basso profundo organ-music score and pummeling sound effects " Steven Biscotti of Soundtrack net too praised the soundtrack stating, "Hans Zimmer has created a close to perfect musical canvas for those extremely dedicated to the audio experience  The compositional technique on the album may turn off a few, as it is different than Zimmer's recent offerings  However, for those that stick with the album, they will see it 'not go gentle into that good night ' Zimmer's Interstellar rages!" and awarded a perfect five out of five stars In response to criticisms about the music being too overpowering and at times drowning out the dialogue, Nolan told The Hollywood Reporter: "Many of the filmmakers I’ve admired over the years have used sound in bold and adventurous ways  I don’t agree with the idea that you can only achieve clarity through dialogue  Clarity of story, clarity of emotions—I  try to achieve that in a very layered way using all the different things at my disposal—picture and sound "Jonathan Broxton of Movie Music UK acclaimed the album, stating, "The orchestration choices, especially the stripped down ensemble and the use of the pipe organ, shows a composer not afraid to think outside the box, and find unique solutions to the musical problems his film presents, and the emotional content of the score is high, but not overwhelming", and summarised with, "It's an absolute lock for an Oscar nomination, and is one of the best scores of 2014 " Tangerine Circus's guitarist Francesc Messeguer cited the score and the film as one of his top five favorite albums and films, respectively In his in-depth musical analysis, Mark Richards of Film Music Notes concludes: "Rather than simply being associated with a certain character or group of characters, Zimmer’s themes tend to emphasize the emotions a particular character or group is feeling at various points in the film  [   ] Interstellar has at its core an emotional story of love between a father and his daughter  Appropriately, Hans Zimmer places the Murph and Cooper theme front and center in the score [   ]  Of course, since the film also includes some riveting action sequences, the score does make use of an action theme, but in typical Zimmer style, this theme serves two different functions as it is also the familial love theme  [   ] And Zimmer also captures Interstellar’s focus on the wonder of the natural world in a separate theme  Thus, the score provides an effective glue for the film by drawing emotional links between various events, character motivations, and visual spectacles that might otherwise seem rather disconnected "

Track listing
Standard edition
Deluxe edition bonus tracks
Illuminated Star Projection edition
Vinyl Edition (Standard)
MovieTickets com bonus track
Personnel
Credits adapted from CD liner notes 
All music composed by Hans Zimmer

Charts
Certifications
Passage 10:
G  V  Prakash Kumar
G  V  Prakash Kumar is an Indian music composer, playback singer, actor and producer known for his work in Tamil films and a few Telugu films as well  His first film was S Pictures' Veyil (2006) and he gained fame in Tamil films by the early 2010s  He made his debut in acting on 2015 through Darling  He has won one National Award and three Filmfare Awards in his film career 

Early life
Prakash Kumar is the only son of G  Venkatesh and playback singer A  R  Reihana, who is the elder sister of music director A  R  Rahman  He also has a younger sister named Bhavani Sre, who is an actress and appeared in films such as "Vidudhalai"Ka Pae Ranasingam and Paava Kadhaigal 

Personal life
Prakash married his schoolmate, singer Saindhavi, in 2013  The couple became parents to a daughter named Anvi in 2020 

Career
Music direction
He first appeared as a vocalist on the soundtrack of director S  Shankar's Tamil film Gentleman (1993), composed by his maternal uncle, A  R  Rahman  He has also contributed to some of Rahman's other projects  He had also worked with Harris Jayaraj and sang two songs in Anniyan (2005) and Unnale Unnale (2007) 
G V  Prakash's introduction as a film composer was in the critically acclaimed Tamil film Veyil (2006) directed by Vasanthabalan and produced by director S  Shankar  His music in the film Madrasapattinam (2010), directed by A  L  Vijay was appreciated, especially his song "Pookal Pookum Tharunam" 
He went on to win critical acclaim for his music in Selvaraghavan's fantasy action adventure film Aayirathil Oruvan (2009), National award winning Aadukalam (2010) and drama film Mayakkam Enna (2011), which became his third collaboration that featured Dhanush in the lead role  The album's five songs were written by Selvaraghavan and Dhanush, with the pair also coming together to sing the song "Kadhal En Kadhal"  The album also included the song "Pirai Thedum", which Prakash sang himself along with his fiancée, Saindhavi whilst another song "Voda Voda Voda", written and sung by Dhanush, was composed in just 5 minutes and recorded within an hour  Rediff com reviewed the soundtrack claiming that Prakash had "tried very hard to walk away from his comfort zone and provide the kind of edgy numbers Selvaraghavan demands, and has risen to the challenge"  Critics from entertainment portal Behindwoods com cited that Prakash "reiterates his talent once again" and gave a verdict that the album is "intoxicating enough"  In late September 2011, a single track "Oru Murai", written by Thamarai and composed and sung by Prakash in R  S  Infotainment's Muppozhudhum Un Karpanaigal (2012) was released  His subsequent releases include the political satire Saguni (2012) and the background score of the Hindi crime film Gangs of Wasseypur and also composed Sunrisers Hyderabad's first anthem  Songs of the movie Darling (2015) were hits  Especially "Vandha Mala", "Anbe Anbe" and "Sattunu Idi Mazhai" This is also the debut film for Prakash as an actor  Prakash's songs in Kaaka Muttai (2015) were massive hits  "Karuppu Karuppu" song was on charts for a few months  "Karuppu Nerathazhagi" was a huge hit from Komban (2015)  G V  Prakash signed his 50th film with director Atlee that is Vijay's 59th, which is named Theri (2016) GV Prakash's Last two releases as a composer and not his film as an actor are Vetrimaaran-Dhanush's Asuran (2019) and Sudha Kongara-Suriya's Soorarai Pottru (2020) 

Film production
In 2013, Prakash Kumar launched his own production house under the name "GV Prakash Kumar Productions"  His first film Madha Yaanai Koottam, was directed by Vikram Sugumaran, a former assistant of Balu Mahendra 

Acting
In 2012, director A R  Murugadoss approached Kumar regarding a potential acting venture  Prakash agreed to star in the project, however, the film later failed to take off  He subsequently signed on to appear in three films in quick succession, with the three entering production simultaneously  In order to further his acting ability, he took lessons from actor Aadukalam Naren and has noted that his stage performances as a singer were also helpful in demonstrating his potential as an actor Prakash was going to make his acting debut in a film titled Pencil, opposite Sri Divya, where he will be playing a school student  However, as Pencil's release was delayed, his first release became the horror film Darling  A remake of the 2013 Telugu film Prema Katha Chitram  Thereafter, Trisha Illana Nayanthara (2015)  The film deals with the present day definition of love and the perspective of today's youngsters of both genders about love, relationship, virginity etc  In 2016, he appeared in Pencil and two comedies films Enakku Innoru Per Irukku and Kadavul Irukaan Kumaru  The next is Bruce Lee  (2017)  He acted in the climax sequence as cameo appearance with Silambarasan's Anbanavan Asaradhavan Adangadhavan (2017)  In 2018, he starred in Bala's action crime Naachiyaar  He acted in second role next to Jyothika  Then the comedy-drama, Semma released on May  In 2019, he had five releases this year with Sarvam Thaala Mayam, Kuppathu Raja, Watchman, Sivappu Manjal Pachai and 100% Kadhal 
In 2021, his film Vanakkam Da Mappilei was a direct to OTT release  It was marks the second collaboration of G  V  Prakash and Rajesh after 2016's Kadavul Irukaan Kumaru  Following Bachelor and Jail were released in December 

Discography
Original scores
#Film score by another composer
#2Soundtrack by another composer
Upcoming films as composerThe films are listed in order that the music released, regardless of the dates the film released 
The year next to the title of the affected films indicates the release year of the either dubbed or remade version in the named language later than the original version 
• indicates original language release  Indicates simultaneous makes, if featuring in more languages
♦ indicates a remade version, the remaining ones being dubbed versionsTelevision

As singer
Film songsInternational Single

Independent songs

Filmography
As actor
As producerMadha Yaanai Koottam (2013)

As dubbing artist
Awards and nominations
Context 3: Passage 1:
Rabi cycle
In physics, the Rabi cycle (or Rabi flop) is the cyclic behaviour of a two-level quantum system in the presence of an oscillatory driving field  A great variety of physical processes belonging to the areas of quantum computing, condensed matter, atomic and molecular physics, and nuclear and particle physics can be conveniently studied in terms of two-level quantum mechanical systems, and exhibit Rabi flopping when coupled to an optical driving field  The effect is important in quantum optics, magnetic resonance and quantum computing, and is named after Isidor Isaac Rabi 
A two-level system is one that has two possible energy levels  These two levels are a ground state with lower energy and an excited state with higher energy  If the energy levels are not degenerate (i e  not having equal energies), the system can absorb a quantum of energy and transition from the ground state to the "excited" state  When an atom (or some other two-level system) is illuminated by a coherent beam of photons, it will cyclically absorb photons and re-emit them by stimulated emission  One such cycle is called a Rabi cycle, and the inverse of its duration is the Rabi frequency of the photon beam  The effect can be modeled using the Jaynes–Cummings model and the Bloch vector formalism 

Mathematical description
A detailed mathematical description of the effect can be found on the page for the Rabi problem  For example, for a two-state atom (an atom in which an electron can either be in the excited or ground state) in an electromagnetic field with frequency tuned to the excitation energy, the probability of finding the atom in the excited state is found from the Bloch equations to be

  
    
      
        
          |
        
        
          c
          
            b
          
        
        (
        t
        )
        
          
            |
          
          
            2
          
        
        ∝
        
          sin
          
            2
          
        
        ⁡
        (
        ω
        t
        
          /
        
        2
        )
        ,
      
    
    {\displaystyle |c_{b}(t)|^{2}\propto \sin ^{2}(\omega t/2),}
  where 
  
    
      
        ω
      
    
    {\displaystyle \omega }
   is the Rabi frequency 
More generally, one can consider a system where the two levels under consideration are not energy eigenstates  Therefore, if the system is initialized in one of these levels, time evolution will make the population of each of the levels oscillate with some characteristic frequency, whose angular frequency is also known as the Rabi frequency  The state of a two-state quantum system can be represented as vectors of a two-dimensional complex Hilbert space, which means that every state vector 
  
    
      
        
          |
        
        ψ
        ⟩
      
    
    {\displaystyle |\psi \rangle }
   is represented by complex coordinates:

  
    
      
        
          |
        
        ψ
        ⟩
        =
        
          
            (
            
              
                
                  
                    c
                    
                      1
                    
                  
                
              
              
                
                  
                    c
                    
                      2
                    
                  
                
              
            
            )
          
        
        =
        
          c
          
            1
          
        
        
          
            (
            
              
                
                  1
                
              
              
                
                  0
                
              
            
            )
          
        
        +
        
          c
          
            2
          
        
        
          
            (
            
              
                
                  0
                
              
              
                
                  1
                
              
            
            )
          
        
        ,
      
    
    {\displaystyle |\psi \rangle ={\begin{pmatrix}c_{1}\\c_{2}\end{pmatrix}}=c_{1}{\begin{pmatrix}1\\0\end{pmatrix}}+c_{2}{\begin{pmatrix}0\\1\end{pmatrix}},}
  where 
  
    
      
        
          c
          
            1
          
        
      
    
    {\displaystyle c_{1}}
   and 
  
    
      
        
          c
          
            2
          
        
      
    
    {\displaystyle c_{2}}
   are the coordinates If the vectors are normalized, 
  
    
      
        
          c
          
            1
          
        
      
    
    {\displaystyle c_{1}}
   and 
  
    
      
        
          c
          
            2
          
        
      
    
    {\displaystyle c_{2}}
   are related by 
  
    
      
        
          |
        
        
          c
          
            1
          
        
        
          
            |
          
          
            2
          
        
        +
        
          |
        
        
          c
          
            2
          
        
        
          
            |
          
          
            2
          
        
        =
        1
      
    
    {\displaystyle |c_{1}|^{2}+|c_{2}|^{2}=1}
    The basis vectors will be represented as 
  
    
      
        
          |
        
        0
        ⟩
        =
        
          
            (
            
              
                
                  1
                
              
              
                
                  0
                
              
            
            )
          
        
      
    
    {\displaystyle |0\rangle ={\begin{pmatrix}1\\0\end{pmatrix}}}
   and 
  
    
      
        
          |
        
        1
        ⟩
        =
        
          
            (
            
              
                
                  0
                
              
              
                
                  1
                
              
            
            )
          
        
      
    
    {\displaystyle |1\rangle ={\begin{pmatrix}0\\1\end{pmatrix}}}
   
All observable physical quantities associated with this systems are 2 × 2 Hermitian matrices, which means that the Hamiltonian of the system is also a similar matrix 

Procedure
One can construct an oscillation experiment through the following steps:
Prepare the system in a fixed state; for example, 
  
    
      
        
          |
        
        1
        ⟩
      
    
    {\displaystyle |1\rangle }
  
Let the state evolve freely, under a Hamiltonian H for time t
Find the probability 
  
    
      
        P
        (
        t
        )
      
    
    {\displaystyle P(t)}
  , that the state is in 
  
    
      
        
          |
        
        1
        ⟩
      
    
    {\displaystyle |1\rangle }
  If 
  
    
      
        
          |
        
        1
        ⟩
      
    
    {\displaystyle |1\rangle }
   is an eigenstate of H, 
  
    
      
        P
        (
        t
        )
        =
        1
      
    
    {\displaystyle P(t)=1}
   and there will be no oscillations  Also if the two states 
  
    
      
        
          |
        
        0
        ⟩
      
    
    {\displaystyle |0\rangle }
   and 
  
    
      
        
          |
        
        1
        ⟩
      
    
    {\displaystyle |1\rangle }
   are degenerate, every state including 
  
    
      
        
          |
        
        1
        ⟩
      
    
    {\displaystyle |1\rangle }
   is an eigenstate of H  As a result, there will be no oscillations 
On the other hand, if H has no degenerate eigenstates, and the initial state is not an eigenstate, then there will be oscillations  The most general form of the Hamiltonian of a two-state system is given

  
    
      
        
          H
        
        =
        
          
            (
            
              
                
                  
                    a
                    
                      0
                    
                  
                  +
                  
                    a
                    
                      3
                    
                  
                
                
                  
                    a
                    
                      1
                    
                  
                  −
                  i
                  
                    a
                    
                      2
                    
                  
                
              
              
                
                  
                    a
                    
                      1
                    
                  
                  +
                  i
                  
                    a
                    
                      2
                    
                  
                
                
                  
                    a
                    
                      0
                    
                  
                  −
                  
                    a
                    
                      3
                    
                  
                
              
            
            )
          
        
      
    
    {\displaystyle \mathbf {H} ={\begin{pmatrix}a_{0}+a_{3}&a_{1}-ia_{2}\\a_{1}+ia_{2}&a_{0}-a_{3}\end{pmatrix}}}
  here, 
  
    
      
        
          a
          
            0
          
        
        ,
        
          a
          
            1
          
        
        ,
        
          a
          
            2
          
        
      
    
    {\displaystyle a_{0},a_{1},a_{2}}
   and 
  
    
      
        
          a
          
            3
          
        
      
    
    {\displaystyle a_{3}}
   are real numbers  This matrix can be decomposed as,

  
    
      
        
          H
        
        =
        
          a
          
            0
          
        
        ⋅
        
          σ
          
            0
          
        
        +
        
          a
          
            1
          
        
        ⋅
        
          σ
          
            1
          
        
        +
        
          a
          
            2
          
        
        ⋅
        
          σ
          
            2
          
        
        +
        
          a
          
            3
          
        
        ⋅
        
          σ
          
            3
          
        
        ;
      
    
    {\displaystyle \mathbf {H} =a_{0}\cdot \sigma _{0}+a_{1}\cdot \sigma _{1}+a_{2}\cdot \sigma _{2}+a_{3}\cdot \sigma _{3};}
  The matrix 
  
    
      
        
          σ
          
            0
          
        
      
    
    {\displaystyle \sigma _{0}}
   is the 2 
  
    
      
        ×
      
    
    {\displaystyle \times }
   2 identity matrix and the matrices 
  
    
      
        
          σ
          
            k
          
        
        
        (
        k
        =
        1
        ,
        2
        ,
        3
        )
      
    
    {\displaystyle \sigma _{k}\;(k=1,2,3)}
   are the Pauli matrices  This decomposition simplifies the analysis of the system especially in the time-independent case where the values of 
  
    
      
        
          a
          
            0
          
        
        ,
        
          a
          
            1
          
        
        ,
        
          a
          
            2
          
        
      
    
    {\displaystyle a_{0},a_{1},a_{2}}
   and 
  
    
      
        
          a
          
            3
          
        
      
    
    {\displaystyle a_{3}}
  are constants  Consider the case of a spin-1/2 particle in a magnetic field 
  
    
      
        
          B
        
        =
        B
        
          
            
              z
              ^
            
          
        
      
    
    {\displaystyle \mathbf {B} =B\mathbf {\hat {z}} }
    The interaction Hamiltonian for this system is

  
    
      
        
          H
        
        =
        −
        
          μ
        
        ⋅
        
          B
        
        =
        −
        γ
        
          S
        
        ⋅
        
          B
        
        =
        −
        γ
         
        B
         
        
          S
          
            z
          
        
      
    
    {\displaystyle \mathbf {H} =-{\boldsymbol {\mu }}\cdot \mathbf {B} =-\gamma \mathbf {S} \cdot \mathbf {B} =-\gamma \ B\ S_{z}}
  , 
  
    
      
        
          S
          
            z
          
        
        =
        
          
            ℏ
            2
          
        
        
        
          σ
          
            3
          
        
        =
        
          
            ℏ
            2
          
        
        
          
            (
            
              
                
                  1
                
                
                  0
                
              
              
                
                  0
                
                
                  −
                  1
                
              
            
            )
          
        
        ,
      
    
    {\displaystyle S_{z}={\frac {\hbar }{2}}\,\sigma _{3}={\frac {\hbar }{2}}{\begin{pmatrix}1&0\\0&-1\end{pmatrix}},}
  where 
  
    
      
        μ
      
    
    {\displaystyle \mu }
   is the magnitude of the particle's magnetic moment, 
  
    
      
        γ
      
    
    {\displaystyle \gamma }
   is the Gyromagnetic ratio and 
  
    
      
        
          σ
        
      
    
    {\displaystyle {\boldsymbol {\sigma }}}
   is the vector of Pauli matrices  Here the eigenstates of Hamiltonian are eigenstates of 
  
    
      
        
          σ
          
            3
          
        
      
    
    {\displaystyle \sigma _{3}}
  , that is 
  
    
      
        
          |
        
        0
        ⟩
      
    
    {\displaystyle |0\rangle }
   and 
  
    
      
        
          |
        
        1
        ⟩
      
    
    {\displaystyle |1\rangle }
  , with corresponding eigenvalues of 
  
    
      
        
          E
          
            +
          
        
        =
        
          
            ℏ
            2
          
        
        γ
        B
         
        ,
         
        
          E
          
            −
          
        
        =
        −
        
          
            ℏ
            2
          
        
        γ
        B
      
    
    {\displaystyle E_{+}={\frac {\hbar }{2}}\gamma B\ ,\ E_{-}=-{\frac {\hbar }{2}}\gamma B}
    The probability that a system in the state 
  
    
      
        
          |
        
        ψ
        ⟩
      
    
    {\displaystyle |\psi \rangle }
   can be found in the arbitrary state 
  
    
      
        
          |
        
        ϕ
        ⟩
      
    
    {\displaystyle |\phi \rangle }
   is given by 
  
    
      
        
          
            
              |
            
            ⟨
            ϕ
            
              |
            
            ψ
            ⟩
            
              |
            
          
          
            2
          
        
      
    
    {\displaystyle {|\langle \phi |\psi \rangle |}^{2}}
   
Let the system be prepared in state 
  
    
      
        
          |
          
            +
            X
          
          ⟩
        
      
    
    {\displaystyle \left|+X\right\rangle }
   at time 
  
    
      
        t
        =
        0
      
    
    {\displaystyle t=0}
    Note that 
  
    
      
        
          |
          
            +
            X
          
          ⟩
        
      
    
    {\displaystyle \left|+X\right\rangle }
   is an eigenstate of 
  
    
      
        
          σ
          
            1
          
        
      
    
    {\displaystyle \sigma _{1}}
  :

  
    
      
        
          |
        
        ψ
        (
        0
        )
        ⟩
        =
        
          
            1
            
              2
            
          
        
        
          
            (
            
              
                
                  1
                
              
              
                
                  1
                
              
            
            )
          
        
        =
        
          
            1
            
              2
            
          
        
        
          
            (
            
              
                
                  1
                
              
              
                
                  0
                
              
            
            )
          
        
        +
        
          
            1
            
              2
            
          
        
        
          
            (
            
              
                
                  0
                
              
              
                
                  1
                
              
            
            )
          
        
         
      
    
    {\displaystyle |\psi (0)\rangle ={\frac {1}{\sqrt {2}}}{\begin{pmatrix}1\\1\end{pmatrix}}={\frac {1}{\sqrt {2}}}{\begin{pmatrix}1\\0\end{pmatrix}}+{\frac {1}{\sqrt {2}}}{\begin{pmatrix}0\\1\end{pmatrix}} }
  Here the Hamiltonian is time independent  Thus by solving the stationary Schrödinger equation, the state after time t is given by  with total energy of the system 
  
    
      
        E
      
    
    {\displaystyle E}
    So the state after time t is given by:

  
    
      
        
          |
        
        ψ
        (
        t
        )
        ⟩
        =
        
          e
          
            
              
                −
                i
                
                  E
                  
                    +
                  
                
                t
              
              ℏ
            
          
        
        
          
            1
            
              2
            
          
        
        
          |
        
        0
        ⟩
        +
        
          e
          
            
              
                −
                i
                
                  E
                  
                    −
                  
                
                t
              
              ℏ
            
          
        
        
          
            1
            
              2
            
          
        
        
          |
        
        1
        ⟩
      
    
    {\displaystyle |\psi (t)\rangle =e^{\frac {-iE_{+}t}{\hbar }}{\frac {1}{\sqrt {2}}}|0\rangle +e^{\frac {-iE_{-}t}{\hbar }}{\frac {1}{\sqrt {2}}}|1\rangle }
   Now suppose the spin is measured in x-direction at time t  The probability of finding spin-up is given by:where 
  
    
      
        ω
      
    
    {\displaystyle \omega }
   is a characteristic angular frequency given by 
  
    
      
        ω
        =
        
          
            
              
                E
                
                  +
                
              
              −
              
                E
                
                  −
                
              
            
            ℏ
          
        
        =
        γ
        B
      
    
    {\displaystyle \omega ={\frac {E_{+}-E_{-}}{\hbar }}=\gamma B}
  , where it has been assumed that 
  
    
      
        
          E
          
            −
          
        
        ≤
        
          E
          
            +
          
        
      
    
    {\displaystyle E_{-}\leq E_{+}}
    So in this case the probability of finding spin-up in x-direction is oscillatory in time 
  
    
      
        t
      
    
    {\displaystyle t}
   when the system's spin is initially in the 
  
    
      
        
          |
          
            +
            X
          
          ⟩
        
      
    
    {\displaystyle \left|+X\right\rangle }
   direction  Similarly, if we measure the spin in the 
  
    
      
        
          |
          
            +
            Z
          
          ⟩
        
      
    
    {\displaystyle \left|+Z\right\rangle }
  -direction, the probability of measuring spin as 
  
    
      
        
          
            
              ℏ
              2
            
          
        
      
    
    {\displaystyle {\tfrac {\hbar }{2}}}
   of the system is 
  
    
      
        
          
            
              1
              2
            
          
        
      
    
    {\displaystyle {\tfrac {1}{2}}}
    In the degenerate case where 
  
    
      
        
          E
          
            +
          
        
        =
        
          E
          
            −
          
        
      
    
    {\displaystyle E_{+}=E_{-}}
  , the characteristic frequency is 0 and there is no oscillation 
Notice that if a system is in an eigenstate of a given Hamiltonian, the system remains in that state 
This is true even for time dependent Hamiltonians  Taking for example 
  
    
      
        
          
            
              H
              ^
            
          
        
        =
        −
        γ
         
        
          S
          
            z
          
        
        B
        sin
        ⁡
        (
        ω
        t
        )
      
    
    {\textstyle {\hat {H}}=-\gamma \ S_{z}B\sin(\omega t)}
  ; if the system's initial spin state is 
  
    
      
        
          |
          
            +
            Y
          
          ⟩
        
      
    
    {\displaystyle \left|+Y\right\rangle }
  , then the probability that a measurement of the spin in the y-direction results in 
  
    
      
        +
        
          
            
              ℏ
              2
            
          
        
      
    
    {\displaystyle +{\tfrac {\hbar }{2}}}
   at time 
  
    
      
        t
      
    
    {\displaystyle t}
   is 
  
    
      
        
          
            
              |
              
                ⟨
                
                  
                  +
                  Y
                  
                    |
                  
                  ψ
                  (
                  t
                  )
                
                ⟩
              
              |
            
          
          
            2
          
        
        
        =
        
          cos
          
            2
          
        
        ⁡
        
          (
          
            
              
                
                  γ
                  B
                
                
                  2
                  ω
                
              
            
            cos
            ⁡
            
              (
              
                ω
                t
              
              )
            
          
          )
        
      
    
    {\textstyle {\left|\left\langle \,+Y|\psi (t)\right\rangle \right|}^{2}\,=\cos ^{2}\left({\frac {\gamma B}{2\omega }}\cos \left({\omega t}\right)\right)}
   

Derivation using nonperturbative procedure by means of the Pauli matrices
Consider a Hamiltonian of the formThe eigenvalues of this matrix are given bywhere 
  
    
      
        
          W
        
        =
        
          W
          
            1
          
        
        +
        i
        
          W
          
            2
          
        
      
    
    {\displaystyle \mathbf {W} =W_{1}+iW_{2}}
   and 
  
    
      
        
          
            
              |
              W
              |
            
          
          
            2
          
        
        =
        
          
            
              W
              
                1
              
            
          
          
            2
          
        
        +
        
          
            
              W
              
                2
              
            
          
          
            2
          
        
        =
        W
        
          W
          
            ∗
          
        
      
    
    {\displaystyle {\left\vert W\right\vert }^{2}={W_{1}}^{2}+{W_{2}}^{2}=WW^{*}}
  , so we can take 
  
    
      
        
          W
        
        =
        
          
            |
            W
            |
          
        
        
          e
          
            i
            ϕ
          
        
      
    
    {\displaystyle \mathbf {W} ={\left\vert W\right\vert }e^{i\phi }}
   
Now, eigenvectors for 
  
    
      
        
          E
          
            +
          
        
      
    
    {\displaystyle E_{+}}
   can be found from equationSoApplying the normalization condition on the eigenvectors, 
  
    
      
        
          
            
              |
              a
              |
            
          
          
            2
          
        
        +
        
          
            
              |
              b
              |
            
          
          
            2
          
        
        =
        1
      
    
    {\displaystyle {\left\vert a\right\vert }^{2}+{\left\vert b\right\vert }^{2}=1}
    SoLet 
  
    
      
        sin
        ⁡
        θ
        =
        
          
            
              |
              W
              |
            
            
              
                
                  Δ
                
                
                  2
                
              
              +
              
                
                  
                    |
                    W
                    |
                  
                
                
                  2
                
              
            
          
        
      
    
    {\displaystyle \sin \theta ={\frac {\left\vert W\right\vert }{\sqrt {{\Delta }^{2}+{\left\vert W\right\vert }^{2}}}}}
   and 
  
    
      
        cos
        ⁡
        θ
        =
        
          
            Δ
            
              
                
                  Δ
                
                
                  2
                
              
              +
              
                
                  
                    |
                    W
                    |
                  
                
                
                  2
                
              
            
          
        
      
    
    {\displaystyle \cos \theta ={\frac {\Delta }{\sqrt {{\Delta }^{2}+{\left\vert W\right\vert }^{2}}}}}
    So 
  
    
      
        tan
        ⁡
        θ
        =
        
          
            
              |
              W
              |
            
            Δ
          
        
      
    
    {\displaystyle \tan \theta ={\frac {\left\vert W\right\vert }{\Delta }}}
   
So we get 
  
    
      
        
          
            
              |
              a
              |
            
          
          
            2
          
        
        +
        
          
            
              |
              a
              |
            
          
          
            2
          
        
        
          
            
              (
              
                1
                −
                cos
                ⁡
                θ
              
              
                )
                
                  2
                
              
            
            
              
                sin
                
                  2
                
              
              ⁡
              θ
            
          
        
        =
        1
      
    
    {\textstyle {\left\vert a\right\vert }^{2}+{\left\vert a\right\vert }^{2}{\frac {({1-\cos \theta })^{2}}{\sin ^{2}\theta }}=1}
    That is 
  
    
      
        
          
            
              |
              a
              |
            
          
          
            2
          
        
        =
        
          cos
          
            2
          
        
        ⁡
        
          (
          
            
              
                θ
                2
              
            
          
          )
        
      
    
    {\displaystyle {\left\vert a\right\vert }^{2}=\cos ^{2}\left({\tfrac {\theta }{2}}\right)}
  , using the identity 
  
    
      
        tan
        ⁡
        (
        
          
            
              θ
              2
            
          
        
        )
        =
        
          
            
              
                1
                −
                cos
                ⁡
                (
                θ
                )
              
              
                sin
                ⁡
                (
                θ
                )
              
            
          
        
      
    
    {\textstyle \tan({\tfrac {\theta }{2}})={\tfrac {1-\cos(\theta )}{\sin(\theta )}}}
   
The phase of 
  
    
      
        a
      
    
    {\textstyle a}
   relative to 
  
    
      
        b
      
    
    {\textstyle b}
   should be 
  
    
      
        −
        ϕ
      
    
    {\textstyle -\phi }
   
Choosing 
  
    
      
        a
      
    
    {\textstyle a}
   to be real, the eigenvector for the eigenvalue 
  
    
      
        
          E
          
            +
          
        
      
    
    {\displaystyle E_{+}}
   is given bySimilarly, the eigenvector for eigenenergy 
  
    
      
        
          E
          
            −
          
        
      
    
    {\textstyle E_{-}}
   isFrom these two equations, we can writeSuppose the system starts in state 
  
    
      
        
          |
        
        0
        ⟩
      
    
    {\displaystyle |0\rangle }
   at time 
  
    
      
        t
        =
        0
      
    
    {\textstyle t=0}
  ; that is,For a time-independent Hamiltonian, after time t, the state evolves asIf the system is in one of the eigenstates 
  
    
      
        
          |
        
        
          E
          
            +
          
        
        ⟩
      
    
    {\displaystyle |E_{+}\rangle }
   or 
  
    
      
        
          |
        
        
          E
          
            −
          
        
        ⟩
      
    
    {\displaystyle |E_{-}\rangle }
  , it will remain the same state  However, for a time-dependent Hamiltonian and a general initial state as shown above, the time evolution is non trivial   The resulting formula for the Rabi oscillation is valid because the state of the spin may be viewed in a reference frame that rotates along with the field The probability amplitude of finding the system at time t in the state 
  
    
      
        
          |
        
        1
        ⟩
      
    
    {\displaystyle |1\rangle }
   is given by 
  
    
      
        
          ⟨
          
             
            1
            
              |
            
            ψ
            (
            t
            )
          
          ⟩
        
        =
        
          e
          
            i
            ϕ
          
        
        sin
        ⁡
        
          (
          
            
              
                θ
                2
              
            
          
          )
        
        cos
        ⁡
        
          (
          
            
              
                θ
                2
              
            
          
          )
        
        
          (
          
            
              e
              
                
                  
                    −
                    i
                    
                      E
                      
                        +
                      
                    
                    t
                  
                  ℏ
                
              
            
            −
            
              e
              
                
                  
                    −
                    i
                    
                      E
                      
                        −
                      
                    
                    t
                  
                  ℏ
                
              
            
          
          )
        
      
    
    {\textstyle \left\langle \ 1|\psi (t)\right\rangle =e^{i\phi }\sin \left({\tfrac {\theta }{2}}\right)\cos \left({\tfrac {\theta }{2}}\right)\left(e^{\frac {-iE_{+}t}{\hbar }}-e^{\frac {-iE_{-}t}{\hbar }}\right)}
   
Now the probability that a system in the state 
  
    
      
        
          |
        
        ψ
        (
        t
        )
        ⟩
      
    
    {\displaystyle |\psi (t)\rangle }
   will be found to be in the state 
  
    
      
        
          |
        
        1
        ⟩
      
    
    {\textstyle |1\rangle }
   is given byThis can be simplified to 

This shows that there is a finite probability of finding the system in state 
  
    
      
        
          |
        
        1
        ⟩
      
    
    {\displaystyle |1\rangle }
   when the system is originally in the state 
  
    
      
        
          |
        
        0
        ⟩
      
    
    {\displaystyle |0\rangle }
    The probability is oscillatory with angular frequency 
  
    
      
        ω
        =
        
          
            
              
                E
                
                  +
                
              
              −
              
                E
                
                  −
                
              
            
            
              2
              ℏ
            
          
        
        =
        
          
            
              
                
                  Δ
                
                
                  2
                
              
              +
              
                
                  
                    |
                    W
                    |
                  
                
                
                  2
                
              
            
            ℏ
          
        
      
    
    {\displaystyle \omega ={\frac {E_{+}-E_{-}}{2\hbar }}={\frac {\sqrt {{\Delta }^{2}+{\left\vert W\right\vert }^{2}}}{\hbar }}}
  , which is simply unique Bohr frequency of the system and also called Rabi frequency  The formula (1) is known as Rabi formula  Now after time t the probability that the system in state 
  
    
      
        
          |
        
        0
        ⟩
      
    
    {\displaystyle |0\rangle }
   is given by 
  
    
      
        
          
            
              |
            
            ⟨
             
            0
            
              |
            
            ψ
            (
            t
            )
            ⟩
            
              |
            
          
          
            2
          
        
        =
        1
        −
        
          sin
          
            2
          
        
        ⁡
        (
        θ
        )
        
          sin
          
            2
          
        
        ⁡
        
          (
          
            
              
                (
                
                  E
                  
                    +
                  
                
                −
                
                  E
                  
                    −
                  
                
                )
                t
              
              
                2
                ℏ
              
            
          
          )
        
      
    
    {\displaystyle {|\langle \ 0|\psi (t)\rangle |}^{2}=1-\sin ^{2}(\theta )\sin ^{2}\left({\frac {(E_{+}-E_{-})t}{2\hbar }}\right)}
  , which is also oscillatory 
These types of oscillations of two-level systems are called Rabi oscillations, which arise in many problems such as Neutrino oscillation, the ionized Hydrogen molecule, Quantum computing, Ammonia maser, etc 

In quantum computing
Any two-state quantum system can be used to model a qubit   Consider a spin-
  
    
      
        
          
            
              1
              2
            
          
        
      
    
    {\displaystyle {\tfrac {1}{2}}}
   system with magnetic moment 
  
    
      
        
          μ
        
      
    
    {\displaystyle {\boldsymbol {\mu }}}
   placed in a classical magnetic field 
  
    
      
        
          B
        
        =
        
          B
          
            0
          
        
         
        
          
            
              z
              ^
            
          
        
        +
        
          B
          
            1
          
        
        
          (
          
            cos
            ⁡
            
              (
              ω
              t
              )
            
             
            
              
                
                  x
                  ^
                
              
            
            −
            sin
            ⁡
            
              (
              ω
              t
              )
            
             
            
              
                
                  y
                  ^
                
              
            
          
          )
        
      
    
    {\displaystyle {\boldsymbol {B}}=B_{0}\ {\hat {z}}+B_{1}\left(\cos {(\omega t)}\ {\hat {x}}-\sin {(\omega t)}\ {\hat {y}}\right)}
     Let 
  
    
      
        γ
      
    
    {\displaystyle \gamma }
   be the gyromagnetic ratio for the system  The magnetic moment is thus 
  
    
      
        
          μ
        
        =
        
          
            ℏ
            2
          
        
        γ
        
          σ
        
      
    
    {\displaystyle {\boldsymbol {\mu }}={\frac {\hbar }{2}}\gamma {\boldsymbol {\sigma }}}
     The Hamiltonian of this system is then given by 
  
    
      
        
          H
        
        =
        −
        
          μ
        
        ⋅
        
          B
        
        =
        −
        
          
            ℏ
            2
          
        
        
          ω
          
            0
          
        
        
          σ
          
            z
          
        
        −
        
          
            ℏ
            2
          
        
        
          ω
          
            1
          
        
        (
        
          σ
          
            x
          
        
        cos
        ⁡
        ω
        t
        −
        
          σ
          
            y
          
        
        sin
        ⁡
        ω
        t
        )
      
    
    {\displaystyle \mathbf {H} =-{\boldsymbol {\mu }}\cdot \mathbf {B} =-{\frac {\hbar }{2}}\omega _{0}\sigma _{z}-{\frac {\hbar }{2}}\omega _{1}(\sigma _{x}\cos \omega t-\sigma _{y}\sin \omega t)}
   where 
  
    
      
        
          ω
          
            0
          
        
        =
        γ
        
          B
          
            0
          
        
      
    
    {\displaystyle \omega _{0}=\gamma B_{0}}
   and 
  
    
      
        
          ω
          
            1
          
        
        =
        γ
        
          B
          
            1
          
        
      
    
    {\displaystyle \omega _{1}=\gamma B_{1}}
     One can find the eigenvalues and eigenvectors of this Hamiltonian by the above-mentioned procedure   Now, let the qubit be in state 
  
    
      
        
          |
        
        0
        ⟩
      
    
    {\displaystyle |0\rangle }
   at time 
  
    
      
        t
        =
        0
      
    
    {\displaystyle t=0}
     Then, at time 
  
    
      
        t
      
    
    {\displaystyle t}
  , the probability of it being found in state 
  
    
      
        
          |
        
        1
        ⟩
      
    
    {\displaystyle |1\rangle }
   is given by  
  
    
      
        
          P
          
            0
            →
            1
          
        
        (
        t
        )
        =
        
          
            (
            
              
                
                  ω
                  
                    1
                  
                
                Ω
              
            
            )
          
          
            2
          
        
        
          sin
          
            2
          
        
        ⁡
        
          (
          
            
              
                Ω
                t
              
              2
            
          
          )
        
      
    
    {\displaystyle P_{0\to 1}(t)=\left({\frac {\omega _{1}}{\Omega }}\right)^{2}\sin ^{2}\left({\frac {\Omega t}{2}}\right)}
   where 
  
    
      
        Ω
        =
        
          
            (
            ω
            −
            
              ω
              
                0
              
            
            
              )
              
                2
              
            
            +
            
              ω
              
                1
              
              
                2
              
            
          
        
      
    
    {\displaystyle \Omega ={\sqrt {(\omega -\omega _{0})^{2}+\omega _{1}^{2}}}}
     This phenomenon is called Rabi oscillation   Thus, the qubit oscillates between the 
  
    
      
        
          |
        
        0
        ⟩
      
    
    {\displaystyle |0\rangle }
   and 
  
    
      
        
          |
        
        1
        ⟩
      
    
    {\displaystyle |1\rangle }
   states  The maximum amplitude for oscillation is achieved at 
  
    
      
        ω
        =
        
          ω
          
            0
          
        
      
    
    {\displaystyle \omega =\omega _{0}}
  , which is the condition for resonance  At resonance, the transition probability is given by 
  
    
      
        
          P
          
            0
            →
            1
          
        
        (
        t
        )
        =
        
          sin
          
            2
          
        
        ⁡
        
          (
          
            
              
                
                  ω
                  
                    1
                  
                
                t
              
              2
            
          
          )
        
      
    
    {\displaystyle P_{0\to 1}(t)=\sin ^{2}\left({\frac {\omega _{1}t}{2}}\right)}
    To go from state 
  
    
      
        
          |
        
        0
        ⟩
      
    
    {\displaystyle |0\rangle }
   to state 
  
    
      
        
          |
        
        1
        ⟩
      
    
    {\displaystyle |1\rangle }
   it is sufficient to adjust the time 
  
    
      
        t
      
    
    {\displaystyle t}
   during which the rotating field acts such that 
  
    
      
        
          
            
              
                ω
                
                  1
                
              
              t
            
            2
          
        
        =
        
          
            π
            2
          
        
      
    
    {\displaystyle {\frac {\omega _{1}t}{2}}={\frac {\pi }{2}}}
   or 
  
    
      
        t
        =
        
          
            π
            
              ω
              
                1
              
            
          
        
      
    
    {\displaystyle t={\frac {\pi }{\omega _{1}}}}
    This is called a 
  
    
      
        π
      
    
    {\displaystyle \pi }
   pulse  If a time intermediate between 0 and 
  
    
      
        
          
            π
            
              ω
              
                1
              
            
          
        
      
    
    {\displaystyle {\frac {\pi }{\omega _{1}}}}
   is chosen, we obtain a superposition of 
  
    
      
        
          |
        
        0
        ⟩
      
    
    {\displaystyle |0\rangle }
   and 
  
    
      
        
          |
        
        1
        ⟩
      
    
    {\displaystyle |1\rangle }
    In particular for 
  
    
      
        t
        =
        
          
            π
            
              2
              
                ω
                
                  1
                
              
            
          
        
      
    
    {\displaystyle t={\frac {\pi }{2\omega _{1}}}}
  , we have a 
  
    
      
        
          
            π
            2
          
        
      
    
    {\displaystyle {\frac {\pi }{2}}}
   pulse, which acts as: 
  
    
      
        
          |
        
        0
        ⟩
        →
        
          
            
              
                |
              
              0
              ⟩
              +
              i
              
                |
              
              1
              ⟩
            
            
              2
            
          
        
      
    
    {\displaystyle |0\rangle \to {\frac {|0\rangle +i|1\rangle }{\sqrt {2}}}}
    This operation has crucial importance in quantum computing  The equations are essentially identical in the case of a two level atom in the field of a laser when the generally well satisfied rotating wave approximation is made  Then 
  
    
      
        ℏ
        
          ω
          
            0
          
        
      
    
    {\displaystyle \hbar \omega _{0}}
   is the energy difference between the two atomic levels, 
  
    
      
        ω
      
    
    {\displaystyle \omega }
   is the frequency of laser wave and Rabi frequency 
  
    
      
        
          ω
          
            1
          
        
      
    
    {\displaystyle \omega _{1}}
   is proportional to the product of the transition electric dipole moment of atom 
  
    
      
        
          
            
              d
              →
            
          
        
      
    
    {\displaystyle {\vec {d}}}
   and electric field 
  
    
      
        
          
            
              E
              →
            
          
        
      
    
    {\displaystyle {\vec {E}}}
   of the laser wave that is 
  
    
      
        
          ω
          
            1
          
        
        ∝
        ℏ
         
        
          
            
              d
              →
            
          
        
        ⋅
        
          
            
              E
              →
            
          
        
      
    
    {\displaystyle \omega _{1}\propto \hbar \ {\vec {d}}\cdot {\vec {E}}}
    In summary, Rabi oscillations are the basic process used to manipulate qubits  These oscillations are obtained by exposing qubits to periodic electric or magnetic fields during suitably adjusted time intervals 

See also
Atomic coherence
Bloch sphere
Laser pumping
Optical pumping
Rabi problem
Vacuum Rabi oscillation
Neutral particle oscillation
Passage 2:
Steven Kahn
Steven Michael Kahn (born 1954) is an American physicist currently the Cassius Lamb Kirk Professor at Stanford University and formerly the I  I  Rabi Professor of Physics at Columbia University and is an Elected Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences and American Physical Society Kahn graduated summa cum laude from Columbia College in 1975, and received a PhD in physics from University of California, Berkeley in 1980  He was a post-doctoral fellow at the Center for Astrophysics | Harvard & Smithsonian from 1980 to 1982 

Honors
Asteroid 179413 Stevekahn, discovered by astronomers with the Sloan Digital Sky Survey in 2001, was named in his honor  The official naming citation was published by IAU's WGSBN on 7 February 2022 
Passage 3:
Rabbi Jonathan
Rabbi Jonathan (Hebrew: רבי יונתן, Rabi Yonatan) was a tanna of the 2nd century and schoolfellow of R  Josiah, apart from whom he is rarely quoted 
Jonathan is generally so cited within further designation; but there is ample reason for identifying him with the less frequently occurring Jonathan (or Nathan) b  Joseph (or "Jose") 

Biography
In consequence of the Hadrianic religious persecutions he determined to emigrate from Israel, and with several other scholars started on a journey to foreign parts  But his patriotism and innate love for the Holy Land would not permit him to remain abroad Jonathan and Josiah were educated together at the academy of Ishmael ben Elisha, whose dialectic system, as opposed to that of Rabbi Akiva, they acquired  It is even reported that Jonathan all but converted Ben Azzai, a "fellow student" of Akiva, to Ishmael's system, and made him deeply regret his failure to study it more closely  Ben 'Azzai then exclaimed, "Woe is me that I have not waited on Ishmael"  Nevertheless, in later years, probably after Ishmael's death, both Jonathan and Josiah adopted some of Akiva's principles  Of Jonathan it is expressly stated that "he followed the system of his teacher Akiva" 

Teachings
Together, Jonathan and Josiah devoted their analytical minds to midrash halachah, interpreting laws as they understood them from the corresponding Scriptural texts, but not suggesting them  Only one halakhah unconnected with a Scriptural text bears their names  Their argumentations are mostly embodied in the Mekhilta (about thirty) and in the Sifre to Numbers (over forty)  Neither Jonathan nor Josiah appears in Rebbi's compilation of the Mishnah, with the exception of a single teaching, in the name of Jonathan Of other ancient compilations, the Tosefta cites these scholars once, while the Sifra mentions them twice by their names; once "Jonathan ben Joseph" occurs; and some of R  Josiah's midrashim are cited, but anonymously Contrary to the astrological views of his times, Jonathan taught the Scriptural idea of natural phenomena; quoting Jeremiah 10:2, he added: "Eclipses may frighten Gentiles, but they have no significance for Jews"  To the question as to the permissibility of profaning the Sabbath to save human life he answered, "The Law says 'The children of Israel shall keep the Sabbath, to observe the Sabbath throughout their generations'; but one may profane one Sabbath in order to preserve a man that he may observe many Sabbaths"  According to him, an am ha'aretz is one who has children and does not train them in the knowledge of the Law  Jonathan contradicted the general opinion of earlier and contemporaneous rabbis that a ben sorer umoreh ("rebellious son"; Deuteronomy 21:18-21) never was and never will be executed, and that the ir nidachat never did and never will occur; he declared that he himself had sat on the grave of an executed rebellious son and had seen a ruined ir nidachat 

Quotes
Jonathan was the author of many aphorisms, among them:

He that observes the Torah in poverty shall in the end observe it in wealth; and he that neglects the Torah in wealth shall in the end neglect it in poverty The angry man is controlled by many and variegated manifestations of hell Consoling the mourner, visiting the sick, and practical beneficence bring heavenly grace into the world 
Passage 4:
Albert Potter Wills
Albert Potter Wills (1873–1937) was an American physicist who researched magnetic materials and was the PhD advisor of the Nobel Prize winner Isidor Isaac Rabi 
During his career he investigated magnetic susceptibilities, magnetic shielding, magnetostriction, conduction of electricity through mercury vapor, and hydrodynamics  He also wrote a textbook on vector analysis 
Wills received his PhD from Clark University in 1897 under Arthur Gordon Webster with a thesis entitled: On the susceptibility of diamagnetic and weakly magnetic substances 
During 1898–1899 Wills worked at the University of Göttingen and the University of Berlin  During 1899–1902 he was at Bryn Mawr College and 1902–1903 at the Cooper Hewitt Laboratory  His final appointment, 1903–1937, was at Columbia University 
In 1909 at Columbia University, Max Planck gave eight lectures in German  Wills translated the lectures into English, and in 1915 Columbia University Press published his translation 
Passage 5:
Isidor Isaac Rabi
Isidor Isaac Rabi (; born Israel Isaac Rabi, July 29, 1898 – January 11, 1988) was an American physicist who won the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1944 for his discovery of nuclear magnetic resonance, which is used in magnetic resonance imaging  He was also one of the first scientists in the United States to work on the cavity magnetron, which is used in microwave radar and microwave ovens 
Born into a traditional Polish-Jewish family in Rymanów, Galicia, Rabi came to the United States as an infant and was raised in New York's Lower East Side  He entered Cornell University as an electrical engineering student in 1916, but soon switched to chemistry



ground_truth: Veyyil

prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: Angelspit toured the United States with an American electronic music duo from Orlando, Florida, that formed in what year?

The following are given passages.
Context 2: Passage 1:
Blood on the Dance Floor (band)
Blood on the Dance Floor was an American electronic music group from Orlando, Florida, formed in 2006  The group's longest standing lineup, from 2009 to 2016, consisted of Jesus David Torres also known as Dahvie Vanity (born 1984) and Jayy Von Monroe (born 1991)  The group released nine studio albums before breaking up in 2016 following Von Monroe's departure  It was reformed by Vanity the following year, initially with Fallon Vendetta  After Vendetta's departure, Vanity became the sole member of the group  Since 2019, Vanity has performed under the name Kawaii Monster and most recently The Most Vivid Nightmares 

History
After falling out as a touring musician with multiple local musical acts in the Orlando, Florida area during 2006, Jesus David Torres, going by the moniker "Dahvie Vanity", formed a musical group with friends Matty "M" Malaret, Christopher Mongillo, and Rebecca Fugate  Initially the group was considered a joke, but developed into Blood on the Dance Floor in the summer of 2007  Malaret left the group in late 2007 before the group's self-released first album, Let's Start a Riot, in April 2008  Citing the inability to tour, Mongillo and Fugate left the band as well shortly thereafter During the recording of their second album, It's Hard to be a Diamond in a Rhinestone World, the band was picked up by producer and writer Rusty Wilmot  During the recording of this album, Garrett Marshal McLaughlin (Garrett Ecstasy) was recruited to do backup vocals and screaming  The CD was self-released in October 2008  Only 300 copies were made Vanity and Ecstasy recorded the singles "Siq With a Q" and "Suicide Club" as a duo in 2008, and released three extended plays over the first half of 2009, I Scream I Scream, OMFG Sneak Peak, and Extended Play  The duo embarked on the OMFG Tour with other local bands Electric Valentine, Weston Buck, The Greenlight District, and The Crush in promotion of their upcoming album then titled OMFG During the OMFG tour on a tour date in the state of Colorado, Vanity was arrested for sexual assault but was ultimately not criminally charged due to a lack of evidence and the tour continued with Ecstasy performing the remainder of the shows without Vanity  Ecstasy then left the band after accusing Vanity of being a sexual predator and was replaced by Jeremy Brian Griffis, known by his stage name "Jayy Von Monroe"  Along with Von Monroe, Vanity and the group's new drummer and rapper, Nick "Nasty" Wenzel, released "Horrifically Delicious" 
Many of the songs originally recorded with Ecstasy intended for the upcoming album OMFG were re-recorded with new vocals by Von Monroe  The previous concept of the OMFG album was scrapped, and rebranded as EPIC, set for release in 2010  The band went on tour over spring and summer 2010 to promote the release of Epic  With Jeffree Star they recorded three songs for that album  The collaborations with Jeffree Star were short lived because like former member Garrett Ecstasy, Star had also accused Vanity of being a pedophile and a predator, claiming to have witnessed questionable behavior  Star later chose to go back on his accusations and sweep what he claimed to have seen under the rug due to feeling like the band was being victimized  He was then featured on their 2014 single "Poison Apple", from the album Bitchcraft  As with the previous conflict with Garrett, the three singles featuring Jeffree's vocals were re-recorded with vocals by Von Monroe, and the original tracks were not featured on the final album 
In October 2010, the album Epic charted No  5 on the dance/electronic Billboard chart  The band headlined the Epic Tour and the Epic Tour Part II in support of the album Even before the release of Epic, recording began for Blood on the Dance Floor's fourth album, All the Rage!!  The duo collaborated with several artists for the album, including Lady Nogrady, JJ Demon, and Nick Nasty  The album was preceded by several singles to promote the release, including "Yo Ho", and "P L U R ", and "Bewitched" which became the band's biggest (and only) most well known song  The band later embarked on Warped Tour 2011 in June 2011, and released the album while on tour 
A music video for their hit single from the album, "Bewitched", featured Nicole "Lady" Nogrady, who later said that she felt disrespected by the band during production of the album as well as on the music video, and found herself having to confront the band directly in order for her name to appear on the credits of her work with them  The song was subsequently performed by other female vocalists in place of Nogrady at live shows, and was re-recorded with vocals by Haley Rose for their 2013 acoustic album Blood Unplugged 
The album peaked at No  13 on the Billboard Top Electronic Albums chart  At the end of 2011, the duo headlined the All the Rage Tour and was planning the 'Tis the Season to be Killing Tour In celebration of BOTDF's fourth anniversary, a digital compilation album entitled The Legend of Blood on the Dance Floor was set to be released on Halloween  The compilation's release date was pushed back, originally planned to be released as a CD, it was released as a SoundCloud playlist instead  The compilation features remastered versions of songs from the band's first four albums 
Blood on the Dance Floor's fifth album, Evolution, was released on June 19, 2012 along with a deluxe edition that featured acoustic versions of two songs  Two music videos and four singles were released from the album 
The album featured tracks in collaboration with Haley Rose, Amelia Arsenic, Shawn Brandon, Joel Madden of the band Good Charlotte, Elena Vladimirova, and Deuce As a thank you to their fans they released the three-song free EP Clubbed to Death! on June 20, 2012, for free through an app on Facebook  Their sixth EP, The Anthem of the Outcast, was released on October 30, 2012 Rumors of a breakup in 2013 were proven to be a hoax  Bad Blood was slated for release in September 2013  On February 18, 2013, the lead single "I Refuse to Sink! (Fuck the Fame)" was released, followed by the second single, "Crucified by Your Lies", and a third, "Something Grimm", on July 2, 2013 Andrew "Drew" Apathy joined in early 2014, and a new album, Bitchcraft, was released in June 2014  Their single "We're Takin over!" featuring Deuce was released February 7 Blood on the Dance Floor released their first single off their EP Cruel Pornography: "The Sexorcist"  In August, they released their new project and started planning the "Reign of Blood" tour  On February 14, 2016, the band released the single "Safe Word" on iTunes Mid-2016 marked the end of producing and co-writing by Rusty Wilmot (2008–2016) In April 2016, Blood on the Dance Floor announced a 24-date tour with Steven Joseph and BrokenCYDE  On August 17, BOTDF released their September 30-scheduled album Scissors on Apple Music On September 14, 2016, Dahvie Vanity said that the group would be disbanding after one final tour as a result of Jayy's departure earlier that month  For a while afterwards, Vanity created and worked on a new project called Sinners Are Winners, releasing an EP titled For Beginners and full-length The Invocation  Jayy Von Monroe also released a statement on his departure from the band after leaving stating that he was not paid for his time for the band and was forced to go on tour without treatment after his HIV diagnosis  Vanity denied these allegations in a video In April 2017, Vanity announced that there would be a new member, and that Blood on the Dance Floor would be returning on May 5 of that year without Jayy Von Monroe  In May 2017, it was revealed that Dahvie's girlfriend, Fallon Vendetta, had temporarily joined Blood on the Dance Floor  With Vendetta, they released the singles "Resurrection Spell", "Love Like Voodoo", "Six Feet Under", "Yo Ho 2 (Pirate's Life)", "Ghosting" and "Destroy"  Their album Kawaii Monster was released on October 31, 2017  Kawaii Monster pre-orders included a second disc, a remastered edition of Let's Start a Riot  The band also released an exclusive EP: You Are the Heart  In 2018, they released Haunted, followed by Cinema Erotica and You Are the Heart  Vendetta departed the group shortly afterward, leaving Vanity as the sole remaining member of the group 
In 2019, shortly after the band's second break up, Vanity started a new project: Kawaii Monster  He released the songs "From Heaven to Hell", "Total Nightmare", "Dear Best Friend", "It's a Sunny Place for Shady People", "I Am With You", "Finding Blessings in Dark Places", "The Violet Flame", "It's All Just a Dream" and "Rage Against the Dying Light" After a five-month break from making music, Vanity rebranded himself again as "The Most Vivid Nightmares" and released "Drowning in the Darkness" on November 13, 2020  He later released a second single: "Love Forever True"  On January 1, 2021, Vanity released a new version of Blood on the Dance Floor's "Bewitched" as "Bewitched Reimagined" featuring singer Sammy Beare  As of 2016, Jayy Von Monroe has continued to work as a drag monster under the name "The Dahli" and Vanity has continued to release music and merchandise by himself under both "The Most Vivid Nightmares" and "Dark Arts Official" 

Musical style and influences
The group's style has been described as having hypersexual lyrics combined with electronica or electronic music, but also heavily incorporates electropop, dance-pop, and crunkcore Vanity stated in an interview that Jeffree Star is a huge influence on Blood on the Dance Floor  Vanity also stated that he was inspired by Marilyn Manson in the past 

Sexual assault allegations against Dahvie Vanity
Since the allegations first surfaced in 2009, at least 21 women have made sexual assault, child molestation, and rape allegations against Vanity  Former bandmates Garrett Ecstasy, who left the band in 2009, and Jayy Von Monroe, who left in 2016, have described Vanity as a sexual predator  In an interview with television journalist Chris Hansen, Jayy Von Monroe accused Vanity of abuse as well, stating that Vanity forced him to tour without his HIV medication which caused him to nearly contract AIDS  Von Monroe also stated that he later made a full recovery after leaving the band in 2016  Jeffree Star and New Years Day members Ash Costello and Nikki Misery have stated that they observed Vanity engage in questionable or illegal sexual behavior during one of the Vans Warped Tours and also during the "All the Rage Tour 2012" in support of their third studio album of the same name around the early 2010s  Many of the accusers were underage during the alleged attacks  In response to the allegations, Combichrist removed Blood on the Dance Floor from their tour in 2014  Merchandising website Big Cartel removed the band's products in 2018 in response to the allegations, while Spotify and Google Play removed the band's music in April 2019 for violating their prohibited content policies against hate speech  Vanity has responded to the accusations on multiple occasions, usually with denial, threats or evasion In early 2020, Hansen announced an investigation on Vanity, including having multiple interviews with those who claim Vanity abused or raped them  The FBI have confirmed that they are also currently investigating the allegations against Vanity 

Members
Final line-up

Dahvie Vanity – lead vocals, guitar, keyboards, programming (2006–2016, 2017–2019)Former members

Touring musicians

Timeline

Discography
Albums as Blood on the Dance Floor
Let's Start a Riot (2008)
It's Hard to Be a Diamond in a Rhinestone World (2008)
Epic (2010)
All the Rage!! (2011)
Evolution (2012)
Bad Blood (2013)
Bitchcraft (2014)
Scissors (2016)
Kawaii Monster (2017)
Haunted (2018)
Cinema Erotica (2018)
You Are the Heart (2018)
Hollywood Death Star (2019)

Albums as Master of Death
Master of Death (2015)

Albums as Sinners Are Winners
For Beginners (2016)
The Invocation (2017)

Albums as Kawaii Monster
Poison Love (2019)
Love from Hell (2019)
The Balance (2020)
Traptendo (2022)

Albums as The Most Vivid Nightmares
Love Like Starlight (2022)
Torture Garden (2023)
Passage 2:
The Hundred in the Hands (album)
The Hundred in the Hands is the eponymous debut studio album by American electronic music duo The Hundred in the Hands, released on September 11, 2010 by Warp  The album received generally favorable reviews, with a Metacritic score of 74 out of 100, based on 13 reviews  In January 2011, the album earned the duo a nomination in the Pop/Rock category at The 10th Annual Independent Music Awards  The song "Pigeons" was used in the third episode of the fifth season of Gossip Girl, titled "The Jewel of Denial" and originally aired October 10, 2011 

Track listing
Notes^a  signifies an additional producer

Personnel
Credits adapted from the liner notes of The Hundred in the Hands 
The Hundred in the HandsThe Hundred in the Hands – production (all tracks); engineering (tracks 2, 3, 5, 8, 11); additional engineering (tracks 6, 10)
Eleanore Everdell – vocals, keyboards, synthesizer
Jason Friedman – bass, guitar, programmingAdditional personnelAlex Aldi – engineering (tracks 4, 9, 10); mixing (tracks 9, 10); programming (track 9)
Eric Broucek – engineering, production (tracks 6, 7); mixing (tracks 2, 3, 6, 7); additional engineering (tracks 2, 3); additional programming (tracks 2, 3, 6)
Heather Culp – photography
Pete Hofmann – mixing (tracks 1, 3, 4, 8, 11)
Jacques Renault – additional production, engineering (track 1); additional programming (tracks 1, 7); additional engineering, production (track 7)
Richard X – additional programming, production (tracks 1, 4, 5, 8); engineering (track 1); additional engineering (tracks 4, 5, 8); additional production (track 11)
Vito Roccoforte – live drums (tracks 1, 2, 4, 5, 8)
Noel Summerville – mastering
Utters – additional engineering, additional production, additional programming (track 7)
Chris Zane – engineering (tracks 4, 9, 10); live drums, mixing, production (tracks 9, 10); programming (track 9)

Release history
Passage 3:
The M Machine
The M Machine is an American electronic music duo from San Francisco, California, United States, formed in 2011 and currently consisting of Ben Swardlick and Eric Luttrell  They have released four EPs, a single and two remix collections on Skrillex's label Owsla  The group has reached the overall #1 slot on Beatport on multiple occasions 

Music career
The group originally went by the moniker Pance Party  They initially had viral success with a teaser video for their planned full-length album Metropolis, which later became split into two EPs  Their double A-side "Promise Me A Rose Garden" / "Glow" was released on Skrillex's label OWSLA in 2011, becoming the #1 Electro House release on Beatport, and #2 overall release for an entire week  "Promise Me A Rose Garden" was named Hottest Record in the World on October 20, 2011, by Zane Lowe on BBC Radio 1 In April 2012, the group released Metropolis Pt  I, the first installment of their two-part concept album  Metropolis Pt  I premiered online in Rolling Stone magazine, followed by a worldwide release the next day, reaching number one on the Beatport overall chart  Metropolis Pt  II was released February 19, 2013 on Owsla to critical acclaim, also reaching the number one overall spot on Beatport 
Inspired by Fritz Lang's influential film Metropolis, together the two EPs tell the story of the dystopian city of Metropolis  A text/illustrated version of the story is also available in the form of digital liner notes on the band's website  The Metropolis saga was completed with the release of Metropolis Remixed, a revamped retrospective of the previous two EPs that featured remixes from Kill The Noise, Digitalism, Robotaki, and more 
Also in January 2014, the group released the single "Superflat" on OWSLA, followed by the Just Like EP in November of that year  Just Like signaled a change in direction as the group moved towards more underground, club-oriented sound  A remix pack, Just Like Remixes was released in April 2015 featuring Manila Killa, CRNKN, and Worthy among others 
On January 28, 2015, Andy announced his departure from the group to pursue his interest in programming and technology, making the former trio a duo On February 23, 2017, they released their debut album Glare on Mad Zoo 
The group has toured in support of acts including Skrillex, Porter Robinson, The Glitch Mob, Madeon, Markus Schulz, and more, in addition to a slew of their own headline runs  They have also played premier music festivals including Ultra Music Festival, Electric Daisy Carnival, Holy Ship!, Hard Summer, Outside Lands, South by Southwest, TomorrowWorld, Mysteryland, Electric Zoo and Shambhala 
The group has contributed official remixes for Bruno Mars, Passion Pit, Empire of the Sun, Dog Blood, Madeon, Mat Zo, Arty, Datsik & Kill The Noise 

Discography
Studio albums
EPs
Singles
Other appearances
Remixes
Passage 4:
Setting Fires (song)
"Setting Fires" is a song by American DJ duo the Chainsmokers, released as the final single from the duo's second extended play, Collage (2016)  It features the vocal collaboration of American electronic music duo Xylø  The song was written by Melanie Fontana, Jon Asher and Andrew Taggart   "Setting Fires" was released on November 4, 2016, through Disruptor Records and Columbia Records 

Composition
The song is written in the key of G♯ minor with a common time tempo of 105 beats per minute  Xylø's vocals span from F♯3 to A♯5 in the song 

Chart performance
"Setting Fires" debuted and peaked at number 71 on the US Billboard Hot 100 issued for November 26, 2016  The Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA) certified the song Gold, which denotes 500,000 units based on sales and track-equivalent on-demand streams  On the Hot Dance/Electronic Songs chart, it entered at number eight and spent 20 weeks in total  "Setting Fires" peaked at number 35 on the Canadian Hot 100 and was certified Gold by Music Canada  The song reached number 50 in Australia and was certified Platinum  It charted within the top 40 of national record charts, at number 26 in Scotland, and number 31 in Czech Republic 

Track listing
Personnel
Credits adapted from the EP liner notes, Collage (2016) 
Jordan "DJ Swivel" Young – producer, mixing engineer, recording engineer
The Chainsmokers – producer, associated performer
Xylø – associated performer
Melanie Fontana – background vocals
Chris Gehringer – mastering engineer

Charts
Weekly charts
Year-end charts
Certifications
Passage 5:
In Return (Odesza album)
In Return is the second album by American electronic music duo Odesza, released on September 9, 2014 through Counter and Ninja Tune  It is the major label debut of the electronic duo after the release of their self-released debut album Summer's Gone two years prior and follows up that album 
The album debuted atop the Top Dance/Electronic Albums chart and was positively received by critics 
The "Say My Name" track (instrumental version) used in Windows 10 Promotional and Retail Demo Video 

Background and composition
During production, Mills and Knight were more open to experimentation, favoring more of a singer-songwriter approach with a greater focus on lyrical content  The result is a more vocally driven album, contrasting with their previous sample-based releases  Coming from a classically trained background, Knight was more concerned of the technicality of the music, while Mills focused on the production side  Knight's interest in pop and dance music influenced Mill's tastes, which contributed to the direction of the album  The track "It's Only" was distinguished by the duo as "the most mature growth [on the album]" due to its more unconventional production The album's name is a reference to the duo's appreciation of returning home after a long period of touring In Return was released a few weeks earlier than intended due to fan anticipation  On September 18, 2015, the deluxe edition of the album was released containing live and instrumental tracks from the standard edition album, in addition to the single "Light" featuring Little Dragon 

Critical reception
In Return received positive reviews from critics  David Jeffries from AllMusic gave the album a rating of 4 out of 5, calling the album a "humble crowd-pleaser" while praising its variety  Renowned for Sound's Angus Fitz-Bugden gave a rating of 4/5, complimenting the album's ambience and production 

Accolades
In Return was nominated for Top Dance/Electronic Album at the 2016 Billboard Music Awards  The RAC remix of "Say My Name" was also nominated for Best Remixed Recording, Non-Classical at the 58th Annual Grammy Awards 

Commercial performance
In Return debuted at number 1 on the Top Dance/Electronic Albums chart, selling 6,000 album-equivalent units in the first week  The album also debuted and peaked at number 42 on the Billboard 200 

Track listing
Charts
Decade-end charts
Passage 6:
Angelspit
Angelspit is an electronic music band originally from Sydney, Australia, and currently based in Chicago, United States  The band was formed in 2004 by vocalists/synthesists Destroyx (Amelia Tan) and ZooG (Karl Learmont)  The band's music combines stylistic elements of horror, punk, pop and electronic music  Their work contains imagery revolving around medical experiments and grotesque societies  Angelspit has toured with Angel Theory, Ayria, Ikon, KMFDM, Tankt and The Crüxshadows, and have also shared the stage with bands such as The Sisters of Mercy, Nitzer Ebb, Skinny Puppy and Front Line Assembly  They performed with Lords of Acid during a 22-date U S  tour in March 2011 and toured the United States with Blood on the Dance Floor in October 2011 

History
Karl Learmont (ZooG) and Amelia Tan (Destroyx) met on an online zine forum  They shared an interest in zines and started the distro Vox Populis in 2002  They then started making zines for themselves which became the lyrical inspiration for releases to follow  Angelspit was formed in 2003, and the duo then self-released their debut EP, Nurse Grenade on 3 October 2004 
The band self-released their debut studio album, Krankhaus on 6 June 2006, and re-released it on 30 January 2007 with a bonus remix album, entitled Surgically Atoned, and in the US on Dancing Ferret Discs  The album featured remixes by Combichrist and Ego Likeness  A video for "Vena Cava" was released on 22 August 2007  The band toured Australia, the US and Europe where they lived in Berlin to record their second studio album, Blood Death Ivory 
The band released their second studio album, Blood Death Ivory on 11 June 2008  The album was written and recorded between 2006 and 2008  Again, the band continued to tour the new material around Europe and the USA  They released their debut remix album Black Kingdom Red Kingdom on 15 May 2009  Around this time the band began to produce "Blipverts", short video blogs and tutorials on various topics, including the production of the band's third studio album 
The band released their third studio album, Hideous and Perfect on 9 September 2009  A video for "Fuck the Revolution" was released on 28 September 2009  They released their second remix album Larva Pupa Tank Coffin on 10 October 2010  Larva Pupa Tank Coffin includes 4 brand new Angelspit tracks and remixes by the band themselves as well as other artists  A video for the remix of "Sleep Now" was released on 2 October 2010  They released their third remix album, Carbon Beauty on 8 March 2011  This new remix album contains 3 new tracks as well as 10 remixes of tracks from the Hideous and Perfect album  A video for "Toxic Girl" was released on 13 April 2011, and a video for "Like It? Lick It!" was released on 27 July 2011 
On 15 April 2011, Angelspit announced the addition of three new members: guitarist Valerie Gentile (Black Tape for a Blue Girl, The Crüxshadows), drummer Chris Kling (Hanzel und Gretyl, Mortiis) and videojammer The Liar  The new line-up of Angelspit released their fourth studio album, Hello My Name Is on 11 October 2011  Matt James replaced Chris Kling in early 2012, and former Crüxshadows guitarist George Bikos filled in for Valerie Gentile on the band's 2012 tour  On 23 March 2014, Angelspit announced DestroyX was taking time off to focus on her other projects and would be re-joining Angelspit on future recordings  She has now started a solo career under the name Amelia Arsenic 
Angelspit, now a four-piece led by ZooG (now known as Zoog Von Rock), has released two further albums - Cult of Fake in 2016 and Black Dog Bite in 2017 - while continuing to run their label Black Pill Red Pill  Zoog has also started a Patreon where he offers tips to aspiring musicians 

Band members
Current members
Zoog Von Rock (formerly ZooG) – vocals, programming (2003–present)
The Liar – video manipulation (2010–Present)
Matt Slegel – guitars, bass guitar (2017–present; live contributor: 2016)
Kitsu Noir – drums (2017–present)

Former members
Amelia Arsenic (formerly Destroyx) – vocals (2003–13)
Chris Kling – drums (2011–12; session musician: 2014)
Valerie Gentile – guitars, bass guitar (2011–2012)
George Bikos – guitars, bass guitar (2012–16; session musician: 2008, 2009, 2017)
Nick Delavega – programming, keyboards (2016; live contributor: 2015)
AJ Gapsevic – guitars, bass guitar (2016)
Lorelei – vocals (2016)

Live contributors
Peter Crane – keyboards (2007)
Roberto Massaglia – keyboards (2007)
John Von Ahlen – engineer (2007)
Matt James – drums (2012)
Miss Ballistic – vocals (2013; session musician: 2014)
Dita von Cheats – synthesizer (2013)

Session musicians
Graeme Charles Kent – guitars, bass guitar (2004–11, 2017)
Bradley R  Bills – drums (2014)
Alex Weaver – vocals (2014)

Timeline
Discography
Studio albums
Live albums
Compilation albums
Remix albums
Extended plays
Singles
Video albums
Music videos
Passage 7:
Ammunition (Krewella EP)
Ammunition is the third extended play by American electronic dance music band Krewella  It was released on May 20, 2016 by Columbia Records on streaming and digital download music services  Ammunition was preceded by the release of the single "Beggars", on April 28, 2016, shortly followed by the promotional single "Broken Record", which was released on May 10, 2016  It is a six-track extended play, and the duo's first major release since the departure of former member Kris Trindl  It is also their first major release since their debut album Get Wet 

Background
Just over a year after the release of their debut album "Get Wet" in 2013, Kris Trindl publicly announced a lawsuit, suing them $5 million for against Yasmine and Jahan Yousaf claiming they kicked him out of Krewella to gain high profits after he sobered up out of his alcohol addiction  The sisters then followed up with a counter lawsuit which stated "While on stage, Kris would generally stand to the side of Jahan and Yasmine and pump his arms, while pretending to DJ; he was onstage primarily for the sake of image " "Because Kris did not know how to DJ, he only had two effect buttons " In August 2015 a settlement was reached, but the verdicts were not released to the public  The situation eventually led to Deadmau5 siding with Kris, causing Krewella to receive a large amount of internet hatred The band announced in 2015 that they had been working on a new extended play, intended to be completed in time for a 2016 tour  From that time out prior to the release there were many snippets of upcoming music including the songs "Broken Record", "Helter Skelter", "Beggars" (with Diskord), "Louder Than Bombs", "Friends", "Superstar" (which  featured Pegboard Nerds and NGHTMRE) and "Marchin On"  Only three of them made the final track listing, with "Superstar" later being released as a non-album single 
Before the liberation of the EP, two songs were released: "Say Goodbye" on November 24, 2014 and "Somewhere to Run" on March 25, 2015 respectively 

Singles
"Beggars" was released as the lead single from the EP on April 28, 2016, which featured electronic duo Diskord  The music video was released on the same day 

Promotional singles
"Broken Record" was teased before the release of the extended play on May 10, 2016  A music video was later released on June 8, 2016 as a part of their celebrations for the day in which the duo (at the time a trio) abandoned other studies to become full-time musicians 

Promotion
On April 29, 2016 Krewella released a 30-second video of Yasmine rapping to the tune of Kanye West's song "I Love Kanye" stating "F**k tomorrow, we'll show you the new Krewella" prior to the release of the single "Beggars" with Diskord  The music video for the song was released at the same time On the last few days before the release, teasers for "Surrender the Throne", "Marching On", "Beggars", "Broken Record", "Ammunition", and "Can't Forget You" were released, with the latter being released one day before Ammunition's release Krewella are going on a headline tour later in 2016, set to span across 16 dates in North America and Canada and will feature new music and their entire live band 

Commercial performance
On the week ending June 11, 2016 Ammunition reached no  2 on the Billboard Top Dance/Electronic Albums chart and sold 3,000 copies in its debut week  Its lead single, Beggars reached No 24 on the top Dance/Electronic Digital Songs chart and No 33 on the Hot Dance/Electronic Song chart 

Track listing
Charts
Passage 8:
Streets of Gold
Streets of Gold is the third studio album by American electronic music duo 3OH!3  It was released on June 29, 2010 in the United States and July 19, 2010 in the United Kingdom  The album debuted at number seven on the US Billboard 200, selling 41,000 copies in its first week  Upon its release, Streets of Gold received generally mixed reviews from most music critics 

Background
3OH!3 released a video for the song "House Party" on April 8 as a teaser for Streets of Gold  The group hired Andrew W K  to do a rock remix of "House Party", which was released virally on Friday April 16, 2010  3OH!3 had met Andrew W K  at a house party in Memphis, Tennessee  First single, "My First Kiss" was released on their website at 3:03 PM EST May 3  and digitally at midnight on May 4  On May 18, 2010, the song "Touchin' on My" was released exclusively on iTunes Store  3OH!3 planned to release a new song every other Tuesday up to the release of the album  "Déjà Vu" was released on June 1, and "Double Vision" was released on June 15  On June 8, the song "I Can Do Anything" was released to members only on the 3OH!3 website 
The song "I Know How To Say" was used in a trailer for the animated Disney film Mars Needs Moms  An excerpt from the instrumental version of the song can be heard on the official Mars Needs Moms website 

Critical reception
The album received mixed reviews from most music critics  At Metacritic, which assigns a normalized rating out of 100 to reviews from mainstream critics, the album has received an average score of 48, based on 11 reviews, which indicates "generally mixed or average reviews"  AllMusic writer David Jeffries noted "over-the-top performances" and stated "3OH!3 are nothing if not loud and shameless, so if you expect end-to-end excellence from their albums, you’ve got a lot to learn about cheap thrills"  Entertainment Weekly's Leah Greenblatt gave the album a C+ rating and wrote that "Streets of Gold's beats still sound garage-sale-Casio cheap, but the album yields several doofy, affable sing-alongs"  Jon Caramanica of The New York Times complimented its incorporation of hip hop, rock, and electro-pop styles and described it as "an oppressive and convincing wall of sounds"  Alternative Press gave the album 4 out of 5 stars and wrote that it "sweeps across a broad range of stylistic tones, maintaining levity while dabbling in comparably serious musical pursuits"  The Washington Post's Sean Fennessey called 3OH!3 "cheeky stylists with quips that frequently devolve into misogyny" and noted "little depth", but concluded "Still, this is a group that excels when no one is listening to what they're saying, only to how they sound, which is always committed and fearlessly grand" In contrast, BBC Online's Fraser McAlpine panned the album's lyrics and called it "dumb for sure, but no fun whatsoever"  Ben Weisz of MusicOMH gave it 2 out of 5 stars and stated "the lyrics are generally unimaginative, sacrificing any shred of credibility to chase the cheap rhyme"  Stacey Anderson of Spin criticized the songs' "witticisms" and noted "brutish synths and hammy bleats"  Giving it 1 out of 5 stars, Jody Rosen of Rolling Stone called it "grim stuff – a soundtrack for beer-pong tournaments" and panned its formula of "dopey electro rock bolstering 'raps' about drinking    and getting girls to 'touch on' their privates"  NME's Mark Beaumont gave the album a 0/10 rating and called 3OH!3 "electro-hip-pop white bread American scum", stating "If Streets Of Gold's lyrics are unlikely to bother the Nobel committee, musically 3OH!3 are a boyband pendulum: the threat of the latter tamed and glossed by the cash-hungry urge to be the former" 

Commercial performance
Streets of Gold debuted at number seven on the Billboard 200 with 41,000 copies sold in its first week  The album has sold more than 100,000 copies in US 

Track listing
Personnel
Credits for Streets of Gold adapted from AllMusic 

Musicians
Production
Charts
Passage 9:
Harnessed the Storm
Harnessed the Storm is the second studio album by American electronic music duo Drexciya  It was released on Tresor in 2002  Designed as the first of seven conceptually linked albums that the duo produced over the course of a single year, it is the only one credited to Drexciya  Different aliases were used for the others 

Critical reception
Philip Downey of Exclaim! described Harnessed the Storm as "forward-looking, vocal-less, sci-fi stuff"  Andy Battaglia of The A V  Club felt that Drexciya "still creates some of the most visionary electro around", but concluded that the album's "Detroit-style formalism" sounds "too old-fashioned to sneak the future into the past" In 2010, Resident Advisor placed Harnessed the Storm at number 97 on its list of the "Top 100 Albums of the 2000s"  In 2017, Pitchfork placed it at number 11 on its list of "The 50 Best IDM Albums of All Time" 

Track listing
Passage 10:
White Noise (Disclosure song)
"White Noise" is a song by British electronic music duo Disclosure, featuring vocals from electronic music duo AlunaGeorge  It was released as a digital download in the United Kingdom on 1 February 2013  The song peaked at number two on the UK Singles Chart  The track is the second single from the duo's debut studio album, Settle (2013)  The song was written by Howard Lawrence, Guy Lawrence, Aluna Francis, George Reid and James Napier 

Reception
Critical reception
The track was met with very positive reviews upon its release  Pitchfork labeled it "Best New Music"  Robert Copsey of Digital Spy gave the song a positive review stating:

For their latest track 'White Noise' they've hooked up with trendy newbies AlunaGeorge – a savvy collaboration that's been carefully timed following their shared domination of last month's ones-to-watch lists  That's not to say it sounds forced; Disclosure's humming bassline, swirling synths and addictive clubby beeps are perfectly tailored to Aluna's pitched vocal  The result strikes a rarely-heard balance between hipster-friendly and potential chart-dominator   

Freddie Holmes of The Underclassed gave the track a mixed review, stating that "It's a great track nonetheless, especially to someone that hasn't heard any of either group's previous material, but my superfan standpoint has rendered me to be overly critical" Billboard named it the eighth greatest song of 2013  The website wrote about the song, "In a year in which Disclosure and AlunaGeorge watched their audiences and cultural cache grow exponentially, the two duos' wiry, icy-cool collaboration represented a high point for each" 

Commercial performance
The song entered at number 28 on the UK Singles Chart  The following week, it climbed 26 places to number two on the chart, beaten to the top by "Thrift Shop" by Macklemore & Ryan Lewis, featuring Wanz 

Live performances
At the 2014 BRIT Awards, Disclosure and Lorde performed an electro version of Lorde's song "Royals", which transitioned into "White Noise", for which AlunaGeorge appeared on stage  The "Royals/White Noise" performance was released at iTunes Stores by the BRIT Awards on 19 February 2014; proceeds from its sales went to the charity War Child 

Music video
The song's music video has a security guard and he starts in an abandoned warehouse 

Track listings
Digital download"White Noise" (featuring AlunaGeorge) – 5:40BRITs performance digital download"Royals / White Noise" – 4:59

Charts and certifications
Release history
Context 3:  Later, he became interested in physics  He continued his studies at Columbia University, where he was awarded his doctorate for a thesis on the magnetic susceptibility of certain crystals  In 1927, he headed for Europe, where he met and worked with many of the finest physicists of the time 
In 1929, Rabi returned to the United States, where Columbia offered him a faculty position  In collaboration with Gregory Breit, he developed the Breit–Rabi equation and predicted that the Stern–Gerlach experiment could be modified to confirm the properties of the atomic nucleus  His techniques for using nuclear magnetic resonance to discern the magnetic moment and nuclear spin of atoms earned him the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1944  Nuclear magnetic resonance became an important tool for nuclear physics and chemistry, and the subsequent development of magnetic resonance imaging from it has also made it important to the field of medicine 
During World War II he worked on radar at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) Radiation Laboratory (RadLab) and on the Manhattan Project  After the war, he served on the General Advisory Committee (GAC) of the Atomic Energy Commission, and was chairman from 1952 to 1956  He also served on the Science Advisory Committees (SACs) of the Office of Defense Mobilization and the Army's Ballistic Research Laboratory, and was Science Advisor to President Dwight D  Eisenhower  He was involved with the establishment of the Brookhaven National Laboratory in 1946, and later, as United States delegate to UNESCO, with the creation  of CERN in 1952  When Columbia created the rank of University Professor in 1964, Rabi was the first to receive that position  A special chair was named after him in 1985  He retired from teaching in 1967, but remained active in the department and held the title of University Professor Emeritus and Special Lecturer until his death 

Early years
Israel Isaac Rabi was born on July 29, 1898, into a Polish-Jewish Orthodox family in Rymanów, Galicia, in what was then part of Austria-Hungary but is now Poland  Soon after he was born, his father, David Rabi, emigrated to the United States  The younger Rabi and his mother, Sheindel, joined David there a few months later, and the family moved into a two-room apartment on the Lower East Side of Manhattan  At home the family spoke Yiddish  When Rabi was enrolled in school, Sheindel said his name was Izzy, and a school official, thinking it was short for Isidor, put that down as his name  Henceforth, that became his official name  Later, in response to anti-Semitism, he started writing his name as Isidor Isaac Rabi, and was known professionally as I I  Rabi  To most of his friends and family, including his sister Gertrude, who was born in 1903, he was known simply as "Rabi", which was pronounced "Robby"  In 1907, the family moved to Brownsville, Brooklyn, where they ran a grocery store As a boy, Rabi was interested in science  He read science books borrowed from the public library and built his own radio set  His first scientific paper, on the design of a radio condenser, was published in Modern Electrics when he was in elementary school  After reading about Copernican heliocentrism, he became an atheist  "It's all very simple", he told his parents, adding, "Who needs God?" As a compromise with his parents, for his Bar Mitzvah, which was held at home, he gave a speech in Yiddish about how an electric light works  He attended the Manual Training High School in Brooklyn, from which he graduated in 1916  Later that year, he entered Cornell University as an electrical engineering student, but soon switched to chemistry  After the American entry into World War I in 1917, he joined the Student Army Training Corps at Cornell  For his senior thesis, he investigated the oxidation states of manganese  He was awarded his Bachelor of Science degree in June 1919, but since at the time Jews were largely excluded from employment in the chemical industry and academia, he did not receive any job offers  He worked briefly at the Lederle Laboratories, and then as a bookkeeper 

Education
In 1922 Rabi returned to Cornell as a graduate chemistry student, and began studying physics  In 1923 he met, and began courting, Helen Newmark, a summer-semester student at Hunter College  To be near her when she returned home, he continued his studies at Columbia University, where his supervisor was Albert Wills  In June 1924 Rabi landed a job as a part-time tutor at the City College of New York  Wills, whose specialty was magnetism, suggested that Rabi write his doctoral thesis on the magnetic susceptibility of sodium vapor  The topic did not appeal to Rabi, but after William Lawrence Bragg gave a seminar at Columbia about the electric susceptibility of certain crystals called Tutton's salts, Rabi decided to research their magnetic susceptibility, and Wills agreed to be his supervisor Measuring the magnetic resonance of crystals first involved growing the crystals, a simple procedure often done by elementary school students  The crystals then had to be prepared by skillfully cutting them into sections with facets that had an orientation different from the internal structure of the crystal, and the response to a magnetic field had to be painstakingly measured  While his crystals were growing, Rabi read James Clerk Maxwell's 1873 A Treatise on Electricity and Magnetism, which inspired an easier method  He lowered a crystal on a glass fiber attached to a torsion balance into a solution whose magnetic susceptibility could be varied between two magnetic poles  When it matched that of the crystal, the magnet could be turned on and off without disturbing the crystal  The new method not only required much less work, it also produced a more accurate result  Rabi sent his thesis, entitled On the Principal Magnetic Susceptibilities of Crystals, to Physical Review on July 16, 1926  He married Helen the next day  The paper attracted little fanfare in academic circles, although it was read by Kariamanickam Srinivasa Krishnan, who used the method in his own investigations of crystals  Rabi concluded that he needed to promote his work as well as publish it Like many other young physicists, Rabi was closely following momentous events in Europe  He was astounded by the Stern–Gerlach experiment, which convinced him of the validity of quantum mechanics  With Ralph Kronig, Francis Bitter, Mark Zemansky and others, he set out to extend the Schrödinger equation to symmetric top molecules and find the energy states of such a mechanical system  The problem was that none of them could solve the resulting equation, a second-order partial differential equation  Rabi found the answer in a book by the 19th-century mathematician Carl Gustav Jacob Jacobi  The equation had the form of a hypergeometric equation to which Jacobi had found a solution  Kronig and Rabi wrote up their result and sent it to Physical Review, which published it in 1927 

Europe
In May 1927, Rabi was appointed a Barnard Fellow  This came with a stipend of $1,500 ($25,270 in 2022 dollars) for the period from September 1927 to June 1928  He immediately applied for a year's leave of absence from the City College of New York so he could study in Europe  When this was refused, he resigned  On reaching Zürich, where he hoped to work for Erwin Schrödinger, he met two fellow Americans, Julius Adams Stratton and Linus Pauling  They found that Schrödinger was leaving, as he had been appointed head of the Theoretical Institute at Friedrich Wilhelm University in Berlin  Rabi therefore decided to seek a position with Arnold Sommerfeld at the University of Munich instead  In Munich, he found two more Americans, Howard Percy Robertson and Edward Condon  Sommerfeld accepted Rabi as a postdoctoral student  German physicists Rudolf Peierls and Hans Bethe were also working with Sommerfeld at the time, but the three Americans became especially close On Wills' advice, Rabi traveled to Leeds for the 97th annual meeting of the British Association for the Advancement of Science, where he heard Werner Heisenberg present a paper on quantum mechanics  Afterwards, Rabi moved to Copenhagen, where he volunteered to work for Niels Bohr  Bohr was on vacation, but Rabi went straight to work on calculating the magnetic susceptibility of molecular hydrogen  After Bohr returned in October, he arranged for Rabi and Yoshio Nishina to continue their work with Wolfgang Pauli at the University of Hamburg Although he came to Hamburg to work with Pauli, Rabi found Otto Stern working there with two English-speaking postdoctoral fellows, Ronald Fraser and John Bradshaw Taylor  Rabi soon made friends with them, and became interested in their molecular beam experiments, for which Stern would receive the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1943  Their research involved non-uniform magnetic fields, which were difficult to manipulate and hard to measure accurately  Rabi devised a method of using a uniform field instead, with the molecular beam at a glancing angle, so the atoms would be deflected like light through a prism  This would be easier to use, and produce more accurate results  Encouraged by Stern, and greatly assisted by Taylor, Rabi managed to get his idea to work  On Stern's advice, Rabi wrote a letter about his results to Nature, which published it in February 1929, followed by a paper entitled Zur Methode der Ablenkung von Molekularstrahlen ("On the method of deflection of molecular beams") to Zeitschrift für Physik, where it was published in April By this time the Barnard Fellowship had expired, and Rabi and Helen were living on a $182 per month stipend from the Rockefeller Foundation  They left Hamburg for Leipzig, where he hoped to work with Heisenberg  In Leipzig, he found Robert Oppenheimer, a fellow New Yorker  It would be the start of a long friendship  Heisenberg departed for a tour of the United States in March 1929, so Rabi and Oppenheimer decided to go to the ETH Zurich, where Pauli was now the professor of physics  Rabi's education in physics was enriched by the leaders in the field he met there, which included Paul Dirac, Walter Heitler, Fritz London, Francis Wheeler Loomis, John von Neumann, John Slater, Leó Szilárd and Eugene Wigner 

Molecular Beam Laboratory
On March 26, 1929, Rabi received an offer of a lectureship from Columbia, with an annual salary of $3,000  The dean of Columbia's physics department, George B  Pegram, was looking for a theoretical physicist to teach statistical mechanics and an advanced course in the new subject of quantum mechanics, and Heisenberg had recommended Rabi  Helen was now pregnant, so Rabi needed a regular job, and this job was in New York  He accepted, and returned to the United States in August on the SS President Roosevelt  Rabi became the only Jewish faculty member at Columbia at the time 

As a teacher, Rabi was underwhelming  Leon Lederman recalled that after a lecture, students would head to the library to try to work out what Rabi had been talking about  Irving Kaplan rated Rabi and Harold Urey as "the worst teachers I ever had"  Norman Ramsey considered Rabi's lectures "pretty dreadful", while William Nierenberg felt that he was "simply an awful lecturer"  Despite his shortcomings as a lecturer, his influence was great  He inspired many of his students to pursue careers in physics, and some became famous Rabi's first daughter, Helen Elizabeth, was born in September 1929  A second girl, Margaret Joella, followed in 1934  Between his teaching duties and his family, he had little time for research, and published no papers in his first year at Columbia, but was nonetheless promoted to assistant professor at its conclusion  He became a professor in 1937 In 1931 Rabi returned to particle beam experiments  In collaboration with Gregory Breit, he developed the Breit-Rabi equation, and predicted that the Stern–Gerlach experiment could be modified to confirm the properties of the atomic nucleus  The next step was to do so  With the help of Victor W  Cohen, Rabi built a molecular beam apparatus at Columbia  Their idea was to employ a weak magnetic field instead of a strong one, with which they hoped to detect the nuclear spin of sodium  When the experiment was conducted, four beamlets were found, from which they deduced a nuclear spin of 3⁄2 Rabi's Molecular Beam Laboratory began to attract others, including Sidney Millman, a graduate student who studied lithium for his doctorate  Another was Jerrold Zacharias who, believing that the sodium nucleus would be too difficult to understand, proposed studying the simplest of the elements, hydrogen  Its deuterium isotope had only recently been discovered at Columbia in 1931 by Urey, who received the 1934 Nobel Prize in Chemistry for this work  Urey was able to supply them with both heavy water and gaseous deuterium for their experiments  Despite its simplicity, Stern's group in Hamburg had observed that hydrogen did not behave as predicted  Urey also helped in another way; he gave Rabi half his prize money to fund the Molecular Beam Laboratory  Other scientists whose careers began at the Molecular Beam Laboratory included Norman Ramsey, Julian Schwinger, Jerome Kellogg and Polykarp Kusch  All were men; Rabi did not believe that women could be physicists  He never had a woman as a doctoral or postdoctoral student, and generally opposed women as candidates for faculty positions At the suggestion of C  J  Gorter, the team attempted to use an oscillating field  This became the basis for the nuclear magnetic resonance method  In 1937, Rabi, Kusch, Millman and Zacharias used it to measure the magnetic moment of several lithium compounds with molecular beams, including lithium chloride, lithium fluoride and dilithium



ground_truth: 2006

prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: The physicist who is responsible for identifying the Rabi cycle won what award?

The following are given passages.
Context 3:  Applying the method to hydrogen, they found that the moment of a proton was 2 785±0 02 nuclear magnetons, and not 1 as predicted by the then-current theory, while that of a deuteron was 0 855±0 006 nuclear magnetons  This provided more accurate measurements of what Stern's team had found, and Rabi's team had confirmed, in 1934  Since a deuteron is composed of a proton and a neutron with aligned spins, the neutron's magnetic moment could be inferred by subtracting the proton's magnetic moment from the deuteron's  The resulting value was not zero, and had a sign opposite to that of the proton  Based on curious artifacts of these more accurate measurements, Rabi suggested that the deuteron had an electric quadrupole moment  This discovery meant that the physical shape of the deuteron was not symmetric, which provided valuable insight into the nature of the nuclear force binding nucleons  For the creation of the molecular-beam magnetic-resonance detection method, Rabi was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1944 

World War II
In September 1940, Rabi became a member of the Scientific Advisory Committee of the U S  Army's Ballistic Research Laboratory  That month, the British Tizard Mission brought a number of new technologies to the United States, including a cavity magnetron, a high-powered device that generates microwaves using the interaction of a stream of electrons with a magnetic field  This device, which promised to revolutionize radar, demolished any thoughts the Americans had entertained about their technological leadership  Alfred Lee Loomis of the National Defense Research Committee decided to establish a new laboratory at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) to develop this radar technology  The name Radiation Laboratory was chosen as both unremarkable and a tribute to the Berkeley Radiation Laboratory  Loomis recruited Lee DuBridge to run it Loomis and DuBridge recruited physicists for the new laboratory at an Applied Nuclear Physics conference at MIT in October 1940  Among those who volunteered was Rabi  His assignment was to study the magnetron, which was so secret that it had to be kept in a safe  The Radiation Laboratory scientists set their sights on producing a microwave radar set by January 6, 1941, and having a prototype installed in a Douglas A-20 Havoc by March  This was done; the technological obstacles were gradually overcome, and a working US microwave radar set was produced  The magnetron was further developed on both sides of the Atlantic to permit a reduction in wavelength from 150 cm to 10 cm, and then to 3 cm  The laboratory went on to develop air-to-surface radar to detect submarines, the SCR-584 radar for fire control, and LORAN, a long-range radio navigation system  At Rabi's instigation, a branch of the Radiation Laboratory was located at Columbia, with Rabi in charge In 1942 Oppenheimer attempted to recruit Rabi and Robert Bacher to work at the Los Alamos Laboratory on a new secret project  They convinced Oppenheimer that his plan for a military laboratory would not work, since a scientific effort would need to be a civilian affair  The plan was modified, and the new laboratory would be a civilian one, run by the University of California under contract from the War Department  In the end, Rabi still did not go west, but did agree to serve as a consultant to the Manhattan Project  Rabi attended the Trinity test in July 1945  The scientists working on Trinity set up a betting pool on the yield of the test, with predictions ranging from total dud to 45 kilotons of TNT equivalent (kt)  Rabi arrived late and found the only entry left was for 18 kilotons, which he purchased  Wearing welding goggles, he waited for the result with Ramsey and Enrico Fermi  The blast was rated at 18 6 kilotons, and Rabi won the pool 

Later life
In 1945, Rabi delivered the Richtmyer Memorial Lecture, held by the American Association of Physics Teachers in honor of Floyd K  Richtmyer, wherein he proposed that the magnetic resonance of atoms might be used as the basis of a clock  William L  Laurence wrote it up for The New York Times, under the headline "'Cosmic pendulum' for clock planned"  Before long Zacharias and Ramsey had built such atomic clocks  Rabi actively pursued his research into magnetic resonance until about 1960, but he continued to make appearances at conferences and seminars until his death 

Rabi chaired Columbia's physics department from 1945 to 1949, during which time it was home to two Nobel laureates (Rabi and Enrico Fermi) and eleven future laureates, including seven faculty (Polykarp Kusch, Willis Lamb, Maria Goeppert-Mayer, James Rainwater, Norman Ramsey, Charles Townes and Hideki Yukawa), a research scientist (Aage Bohr), a visiting professor (Hans Bethe), a doctoral student (Leon Lederman) and an undergraduate (Leon Cooper)  Martin L  Perl, a doctoral student of Rabi's, won the Nobel Prize in 1995  Rabi was the Eugene Higgins professor of physics at Columbia but when Columbia created the rank of University Professor in 1964, Rabi was the first to receive such a chair  This meant that he was free to research or teach whatever he chose  He retired from teaching in 1967 but remained active in the department and held the title of University Professor Emeritus until his death  A special chair was named after him in 1985 A legacy of the Manhattan Project was the network of national laboratories, but none was located on the East Coast  Rabi and Ramsey assembled a group of universities in the New York area to lobby for their own national laboratory  When Zacharias, who was now at MIT, heard about it, he set up a rival group at MIT and Harvard  Rabi had discussions with Major General Leslie R  Groves, Jr , the director of the Manhattan Project, who was willing to go along with a new national laboratory, but only one  Moreover, while the Manhattan Project still had funds, the wartime organization was expected to be phased out when a new authority came into existence  After some bargaining and lobbying by Rabi and others, the two groups came together in January 1946  Eventually nine universities (Columbia, Cornell, Harvard, Johns Hopkins, MIT, Princeton, Pennsylvania, Rochester and Yale) came together, and on January 31, 1947, a contract was signed with the Atomic Energy Commission (AEC), which had replaced the Manhattan Project, that established the Brookhaven National Laboratory 

Rabi suggested to Edoardo Amaldi that Brookhaven might be a model that Europeans could emulate  Rabi saw science as a way of inspiring and uniting a Europe that was still recovering from the war  An opportunity came in 1950 when he was named the United States Delegate to the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO)  At a UNESCO meeting at the Palazzo Vecchio in Florence in June 1950, he called for the establishment of regional laboratories  These efforts bore fruit; in 1952, representatives of eleven countries came together to create the Conseil Européen pour la Recherche Nucléaire (CERN)  Rabi received a letter from Bohr, Heisenberg, Amaldi and others congratulating him on the success of his efforts  He had the letter framed and hung it on the wall of his home office 

Military matters
The Atomic Energy Act of 1946 that created the Atomic Energy Commission provided for a nine-man General Advisory Committee (GAC) to advise the Commission on scientific and technical matters  Rabi was one of those appointed in December 1946  The GAC was enormously influential throughout the late 1940s, but in 1950 the GAC unanimously opposed the development of the hydrogen bomb  Rabi went further than most of the other members, and joined Fermi in opposing the hydrogen bomb on moral as well as technical grounds  However, President Harry S  Truman overrode the GAC's advice, and ordered development to proceed  Rabi later said:

I never forgave Truman for buckling under the pressure  He simply did not understand what it was about  As a matter of fact, after he stopped being President he still didn't believe that the Russians had a bomb in 1949  He said so  So for him to have alerted the world that we were going to make a hydrogen bomb at a time when we didn't even know how to make one was one of the worst things he could have done  It shows the dangers of this sort of thing 
Oppenheimer was not reappointed to the GAC when his term expired in 1952, and Rabi succeeded him as chairman, serving until 1956  Rabi later testified on Oppenheimer's behalf at the Atomic Energy Commission's controversial security hearing in 1954 that led to Oppenheimer being stripped of his security clearance  Many witnesses supported Oppenheimer, but none more forcefully than Rabi:

So it didn't seem to me the sort of thing that called for this kind of proceeding    against a man who has accomplished what Dr  Oppenheimer has accomplished  There is a real positive record    We have an A-bomb and a whole series of it, and we have a whole series of super bombs, and what more do you want, mermaids?
Rabi was appointed a member of the Science Advisory Committee (SAC) of the Office of Defense Mobilization in 1952, serving as its chairman from 1956 to 1957  This coincided with the Sputnik crisis  President Dwight Eisenhower met with the SAC on October 15, 1957, to seek advice on possible US responses to the Soviet satellite success  Rabi, who knew Eisenhower from the latter's time as president of Columbia, was the first to speak, and put forward a series of proposals, one of which was to strengthen the committee so it could provide the President with timely advice  This was done, and the SAC became the President's Science Advisory Committee a few weeks later  He also became Eisenhower's Science Advisor  In 1956 Rabi attended the Project Nobska anti-submarine warfare conference, where discussion ranged from oceanography to nuclear weapons  He served as the US Representative to the NATO Science Committee at the time that the term "software engineering" was coined  While serving in that capacity, he bemoaned the fact that many large software projects were delayed  This prompted discussions that led to the formation of a study group that organized the first conference on software engineering 

Honors
In the course of his life, Rabi received many honors in addition to the Nobel Prize  These included the Elliott Cresson Medal from the Franklin Institute in 1942, the Medal for Merit and the King's Medal for Service in the Cause of Freedom from Great Britain in 1948, the officer in the French Legion of Honour in 1956, Columbia University's Barnard Medal for Meritorious Service to Science in 1960, the Niels Bohr International Gold Medal and the Atoms for Peace Award in 1967, the Oersted Medal from the American Association of Physics Teachers in 1982, the Four Freedoms Award from the Franklin and Eleanor Roosevelt Institute and the Public Welfare Medal from the National Academy of Sciences in 1985, the Golden Plate Award of the American Academy of Achievement and the Vannevar Bush Award from the National Science Foundation in 1986  He was a Fellow (elected 1931) of the American Physical Society, serving as its president in 1950, and a member of the National Academy of Sciences, the American Philosophical Society, and the American Academy of Arts and Sciences  He was internationally recognized with membership in the Japan Academy and the Brazilian Academy of Sciences, and in 1959 was appointed a member of the Board of Governors of the Weizmann Institute of Science in Israel  The most valuable of Columbia University's undergraduate research scholarships, designed to motivate and support promising young scientists, is named after him, so is the street, Route Rabi at CERN, on the Prévessin site in France 

Death
Rabi died at his home on Riverside Drive in Manhattan from cancer on January 11, 1988  His wife, Helen, survived him and died at the age of 102 on June 18, 2005  In his last days, he was reminded of his greatest achievement when his physicians examined him using magnetic resonance imaging, a technology that had been developed from his ground-breaking research on magnetic resonance  The machine happened to have a reflective inner surface, and he remarked: "I saw myself in that machine    I never thought my work would come to this "

Books
Rabi, Isidor Isaac (1960)  My Life and Times as a Physicist  Claremont, California: Claremont College  OCLC 1071412 
Rabi, Isidor Isaac (1970)  Science: The Center of Culture  New York: World Publishing Co  OCLC 74630 
Rabi, Isidor Isaac; Serber, Robert; Weisskopf, Victor F ; Pais, Abraham; Seaborg, Glenn T  (1969)  Oppenheimer: The Story of One of the Most Remarkable Personalities of the 20th Century  Scribner's  OCLC 223176672 

Notes
See also
List of Jewish Nobel laureates



ground_truth: Nobel Prize