prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: Robbie Tucker plays in what series that follows a group of friends who run an Irish bar?

The following are given passages.
Context 1: Passage 1:
John Franks (judge)
Sir John Franks (1770–1852), was an Indian judge 
Franks was the second son of Thomas Franks (1729–1787), of Ballymagooly, County Cork, by Catherine, daughter of Rev  John Day  He was born in 1770, and graduated at Trinity College, Dublin, B A  1788, LL B  1791  He was called to the Irish Bar 1792  He went on the Munster circuit, and had a good practice as chamber counsel  He became King's Counsel in 1823  In 1825 the Board of Control, on the recommendation of his friend William Plunket, then Attorney General for Ireland, appointed him a judge of the Supreme Court at Calcutta  He received, as was customary, the honour of knighthood before his departure for India  He held this office until the effect of the climate on his health brought about his resignation in 1834  On his return, he resided at Roebuck, near Dublin  He died on 11 January 1852  He married three times  By his first wife, Catherine, daughter of his cousin Thomas Franks of Carrig, Cork, he had two sons and three daughters  His second marriage was to Jane Marshall, and his third to Sarah O'Regan  His eldest son and heir was John Franks of Ballyscaddan, County Limerick; his younger son, Matthew, was an army officer, as were many of his later descendants 
Franks was popular, both as advocate and judge  He was an intimate friend of John Philpot Curran, and one of his executors   W  H  Curran, J P  Curran's son, commemorates his ‘peculiar aboriginal wit, quiet, keen, and natural to the occasion, and, best of all, never malignant’ 

Arms
Passage 2:
Henry Archer
Henry Archer (1799 – 2 March 1863) was the son of an Irish landowner  He attended Trinity College, Dublin  He was called to the Irish Bar and spent most of his time between North Wales and London 

Ffestiniog Railway
In railway circles, Archer is known mostly for the Ffestiniog Railway, which was the major work of his life, a fiery temper, a large frame and an even larger personality  A few recall his long running but fruitless championship of the various Porth Dinllaen railway and harbour projects 
The Ffestiniog slate industry should be grateful to Henry Archer for being in the right place at the right time  It was at the Penygroes Inn in 1829 that Archer met Samuel Holland Jnr , of Rhiwbryfdir slate mine at Blaenau Ffestiniog who was returning from Caernarfon where he banked with Williams and Co  He had travelled between Caernarfon and Penygroes as a passenger on the horse drawn Nantlle Tramway and had called at the Inn for a cup of tea before collecting his horse and riding home 
In conversation, Archer expressed an interest in the Nantlle Railway that was apparently quietly seeking a purchaser  Holland, it is said, suggested that Archer should leave Nantlle to its fate and turn his energies to building a proper railway from Ffestiniog to Porthmadog  A detailed discussion followed and Archer became involved with Holland in the promotion of the Ffestiniog Railway Company 
It was left to Archer as the Managing Director designate to raise the initial capital of £24,185 largely on the Dublin Stock Exchange (including £11,905 of his own money)  He was the driving force also in steering the bill through Parliament and in managing the company during construction and through its early years when Archer had to persuade a suspicious slate industry to entrust its slate transport to a railway  Archer quarrelled with his fellow directors, with the Oakeley Estate and with James Spooner and was less active in FR company affairs after the railway opened  In 1836 he sued the FR company for his salary and received a substantial settlement  Nominally he remained as Managing Director until 1856 and as a director until 1860, when the FR Co  gave him a pension of £100 per annum as the originator of the FR and for devoting many years to its service 

Philately
Philatelists know Henry Archer as the inventor of the first postage stamp perforating machine, which he patented in 1848, to facilitate stamp separation  Following the successful Prince Consort Essay trials in 1853, he sold his copyright and patents to the Postmaster General for £4,000  In early trials, his alternative Archer Roulette machines failed to work well 
Archer died at Pau, Pyrénées-Atlantiques, France on 2 March 1863 
Passage 3:
Fenmore Baldwin
Fenmore Baldwin is a fictional character from The Young and the Restless, an American soap opera on the CBS network  Created by former head writers Lynn Marie Latham and Kay Alden as the son of Michael Baldwin (Christian LeBlanc) and Lauren Fenmore (Tracey Bregman), the character was born during the episode airing on October 13, 2006  Initially portrayed by various child actors, including Robbie Tucker, the character was rapidly aged to a teenager in 2012, with Max Ehrich assuming the role through 2015  In 2018, the role was recast with Zach Tinker 
As a teenager, the character's storylines have included a romance with Summer Newman (Hunter King), as well as a cyberbullying plot with Jamie Vernon (Daniel Polo), which was generally well received by the actors and public  Fenmore has also developed a "dark side", coinciding with teenage angst  Ehrich characterized the character as being at a "vulnerable age", while "trying to find his place in the world"  Ehrich's portrayal has received a positive response; Michael Fairman of On-Air On-Soaps described the actor as talented, as well as Luke Kerr of Zap2it praising Ehrich for "mastering the crazy behind-the-eyes element" of the character's relatives  Ehrich's portrayal garnered him four consecutive Daytime Emmy Award nominations between 2013 and 2016 

Casting
The role was first portrayed by three sets of twins, including Avital and Amiel Weiss, Matthew and Riley Esham, and Aiden and Andrew Gonzales over the course of 2006 to 2009  The role was then rapidly aged for the first time when Tucker assumed the role in October 2009  In May 2012, it was announced that the character had been rapidly aged again to a teenager, with Ehrich scheduled to join the cast  He made his debut on June 11, 2012  In an interview with Soap Opera Digest, Ehrich stated that he had gone through a "long audition process", saying: "I got a callback and did a chemistry read with someone, then came back to read with Christian LeBlanc  By the end of that audition, I knew something felt right and that he could be my father " When asked about signing a contract with the series, Ehrich stated: "I'm still on recurring right now  I think it's all relevant to your character and either way, in my book, it's awesome  I would sign, yes, but it'll happen when the time is right " Ehrich last aired on May 18, 2015 In November 2018, Ehrich announced on Instagram that he'd been asked to reprise the role, however, due to a string of stalking incidents, he could not return; as a result, Zach Tinker was announced as a recast  Tinker debuted in the role on December 3, 2018  Tinker was written out on February 11, 2019  In November 2019, it was reported that Tinker will be returning to the show; airing the week of December 23  On January 13, 2023, it was announced Tinker would reprise the role beginning January 25 

Development
Characterization
When Ehrich first stepped into the role, he stated: "There [are] so many places where they can go with this role  I have just gotten back into Genoa City  It's such a vulnerable age, so really there [are] so many different paths I can go down  And there's so much that can happen  I’m very, very curious to see where they go with it " When asked how he would describe Fenmore, Ehrich said: "He is definitely figuring himself out  You’re on the brink of adulthood  You have to start taking a bit of responsibility  [And] your hormones start kicking in hardcore  So he's definitely going through some stuff " In another interview, he described Fenmore as "trying to find his place in the world", saying: "When Fen first came back, I think he was at a very vulnerable age and was trying to find his place in the world; just really figure out who he is  He has such a strict dad, who just became D A , so of course his morals are so strong and everything is black and white, right or wrong " Luke Kerr of Zap2it wrote that the character had become "creepy" during his angst and acting out 

Teenage angst
When Fenmore and female character Summer Newman (Hunter King) were rapidly aged to teenagers at the same time, Deanna Barnert of MSN Entertainment previewed: "These two kids may learn about some of the insane things their parents have done – as fans know, that says a lot!" She also wrote that given who their parents are, "that can only mean trouble"  Fenmore has dated Summer, to which Ehrich stated: "Everything he does is for his love for Summer  He has this obsession with her  Every action he does stems from that " In another interview, he stated of their relationship: "I think Fen’s first love is Summer; he falls in love; he’s infatuated with her  She plays games with him, and where it’s going is – will Fen get into her ways, or will he stand his ground? Everything Fenmore does is coming from his love for Summer, so he’s still the same kid, it’s just sometimes love makes you do some crazy thing Fenmore later began to enter a rebellious phase " Tracey Bregman (who portrays his mother Lauren) stated that she "was always hoping they would show the dark side of our child, because both Lauren and Michael have dark sides  That is something they both work hard on to suppress, that comes out now and them " Christian LeBlanc (who portrays his father Michael) stated Michael has "troubled youth to deal with", saying: "It’s the first time on Y&R that such a young storyline has pulled such focus  It’s going to be really fascinating  The whole family gets drawn in  The trouble with Fenmore affects Lauren and Michael  [There’s a] rippling effect, like every good story " The character was later involved in a cyberbullying storyline with Summer and Jamie Vernon (Daniel Polo)  Michael Logan of TV Guide previewed the storyline, writing: "Adding fuel to the fire is young Fen Baldwin (Max Ehrich), who is so infatuated with Summer that he becomes her partner in crime — in fact, he takes things a few dangerous steps further once he sees Summer's growing fondness for Jamie " Ehrich liked the plot as he was bullied as a child, stating: "Kids do it out of their own sadness or insecurity, but needless to say that doesn’t matter when you’re a victim of it – you feel so isolated and so alone  To have a storyline that addresses it, it’s like, "This is real; this is what happens"  People need to know the truth of what is going on out there "In another interview, Ehrich expressed more of his opinions on the storyline, stating: "It’s so relevant now and it’s such an epidemic  Just for it to be out there to show that it happens  This is a real issue that needs to be addressed  To be a part of that, and to spread awareness feels so nice because I’ve personally experience bullying and I know many friends who have  Whether people’s reason behind it are good or bad, nonetheless, it affects kids to such an extent especially young, vulnerable kids " Of the character's "dark side", Ehrich stated: "I love playing dark, but justifiably dark  It's never coming from a psychopathic place  First, he got obsessed with Summer, and that caused the bullying storyline, and now he's dealing with his parents' problems and possible divorce  Fenmore's issues come from a place that makes sense  It's interesting, because everyone around him is pretty much lying, and Fen is supposed to be the crazy one  Yet he's actually the truthful one " He also stated that "as an actor, it's fun to go out of control", saying: "As an actor, it’s fun when you’re out of control, and you don’t even know you’re acting  Like, literally, you just escape  And I got to feel that  And I’ve had numerous times on this show where I’ve gotten to be out of control, and it’s a really nice feeling  It’s exhilarating " He also revealed that he had been listening to the music of John Mayer and Bruno Mars to get into Fenmore's head space  Ehrich also conceded that he didn't want Fenmore to go "too far", saying: "He's a really troubled kid who is just trying to find his way in life  He's not evil  I don't think he's asking for too much except for some love and trust  He's on a journey—a long, long journey to find some peace "

Storylines
Lauren Fenmore Baldwin (Tracey E  Bregman) gave birth to Fenmore prematurely, and he was forced to remain in the hospital for a short time  Shortly after his birth, he was kidnapped, along with Phyllis Summers Newman (Michelle Stafford) and her daughter, Summer Newman, by Sheila Carter, who had had cosmetic surgery to look like Phyllis  All are rescued when Lauren tracked down Sheila and shot her  In 2012, Fenmore was sent to stay with his half-brother, Scotty Grainger, in Canada due to Lauren's fear that Daisy Carter (Yvonne Zima), Sheila's daughter, would end up harming him  Months later, Fenmore returns a moody teenager, kindling a friendship with a teenaged Summer  They became close and later began a relationship  When Summer began harassing a boy named Jamie Vernon (Daniel Polo) online, Fenmore was against the idea, but when his father, Michael Baldwin (Christian LeBlanc), began looking out for Jamie, he became jealous and took over the bullying by sending him harassing text messages from a disposable cell phone  Fenmore's jealously continued when Michael and Lauren had Jamie move in with them temporarily  He attempted to frame Jamie for stealing his mother's expensive decoration, and attempted to take pictures of him with the decoration on a rooftop  The boys struggled and Jamie was found face down in the snow below  He accused Fenmore of pushing him, Michael believed Jamie over his own son and he was arrested  However, Jamie later confessed that Fenmore did not push him and he was exonerated  Michael and Lauren's marriage suffered due to the bullying ordeal 
Fenmore was befriended by Carmine Basco (Marco Dapper), the man whom Lauren was having an affair with, while also trying to win over Summer again, who was crushing on Kyle Abbott (Hartley Sawyer)  Fenmore asked Summer to their senior prom, and instead of going, Summer threw a party at her mother's penthouse  During a game of truth or dare, Fenmore was dared to kiss Summer, who had text messaged Kyle that she was in trouble  Kyle later punched Fenmore in the face; footage was caught on video and uploaded online, weakening Fenmore's social status  Afterward, he is befriended by Raven (Amanda Leighton); they go to a graduation party, do drugs and talk about their social struggles  When Fenmore discovers Carmine's affair with his mother, he isolates himself from his family and continues to do drugs  Afterward, he asks Carmine to help him obtain more drugs, and while he refuses, he finds Fenmore unconscious in the back of the local restaurant  When he awakens in the hospital, he tells his parents that Carmine gave him the drugs that he overdosed on, but he later confesses that this was a lie  After stealing drugs from the hospital and getting caught, Michael and Lauren send Fenmore to rehab  After being released for an event in which Lauren would be crowned businesswoman of the year, Carmine is shot to death in an alleyway  Fenmore is convinced he murdered Carmine but admits to being high on drugs at the time and can't remember clearly  Michael decides to confess to the murder to protect his family, and he is sent to prison  Knowing that his father did not kill Carmine, Fenmore steals drugs and purposely gets caught so he can be put in prison as well  While in prison, Fenmore tries to make deals with other prisoners to get his father's sentence reduced, as Paul Williams (Doug Davidson) and Christine Blair (Lauralee Bell) try to uncover the truth behind Carmine's death  Michael is later released after Fen confesses to killing Carmine, worrying his parents 
As Paul, Christine and Michael continue to hit dead ends on solving Carmine's murder, Fen announces he wants to confess to a judge and be sentenced prison time; Christine and Lauren however are strongly against it  Just as Fen decides he is going to confess to the judge, Michael discovers that Carmine is in fact alive  He reveals that he was in fact being transported into witness protection the day of the banquet for giving the FBI evidence against another criminal, but he wanted to see Lauren one last time  Fen shot him that night but doctors and medical examiners secretly revived him and sent him into witness protection  He refuses to return to Genoa City to exonerate Fen because of his own safety, so instead Michael films him confessing that he is alive  Michael arrives with the video before Fen can confess, and he is exonerated  After being reunited with his family, Michael and Lauren later mention that Fen had gone to Arizona to visit potential colleges 

Reception
Jillian Bowe of Zap2it was surprised by the decision to age both Fenmore and Summer Newman (Hunter King) at the same time  Omar White-Nobles of TVSource wrote, "Don't they grow up fast?", referring to Soap Opera Rapid Aging Syndrome  Michael Fairman of On-Air On-Soaps wrote that aging the characters would help to "beef up" the soap opera's summer storylines  Roger Newcomb of the website We Love Soaps wondered if the character would "have issues with his parents the way other aged kids on the show have of late"  Fairman later stated of Ehrich's portrayal: "Recently, the powers-that-be at Y&R chose to age Lauren and Michael’s tot of a son, Fenmore, to a teenager (another victim of Soap Opera Rapid Aging Syndrome) and with that comes new complex problems for the Baldwins, and as it appears “Fen” may be a chip off the old block     sort to speak   The talented Max Ehrich was cast as the new Fen, and since he has begun to air in the part he has received high marks, not only from his scene partners, but daytime fans, too " He also called Fenmore's family "one of the most fascinating TV families"  Luke Kerr, also of Zap2it, wrote that he "really likes" Ehrich as Fenmore, stating: "He has totally mastered the Baldwin/Fisher crazy behind-the-eyes element of early Michael and Kevin (Greg Rikaart) " Jamey Giddens also wrote of the character's family storyline, saying: "A father hellbent on preventing his son from going down the same unspeakable path he once traveled; a mother who refuses to believe her child could be guilty of the heinous crime he's being accused of committing  No, this isn't the back page copy for Jodi Picoult's next best-selling novel, it's the saga of the Baldwins on The Young and the Restless!"In 2013, Ehrich received a Daytime Emmy Award nomination for Outstanding Younger Actor in a Drama Series for his portrayal of Fenmore  On the day the actor was informed of his nomination, Ehrich stated: "I’ve been in daydream all day  I feel like I was hit by an electric current " He admitted that it was a "pretty easy choice" choosing which scene to submit for consideration; Ehrich chose a scene where Fenmore tells Jamie that Summer is the one cyberbullying him  He stated that he chose that episode "because that day, I felt this outer body experience  I was not in control at all"  Of his nomination, Ehrich stated: "It’s an honor, and it’s something I hope will hit me really soon, because it doesn’t feel real at all!" However, Ehrich lost the award to Days of Our Lives star Chandler Massey for his portrayal of Will Horton 
Passage 4:
George Allman (natural historian)
George James Allman FRS FRSE (1812 – 24 November 1898) was an Irish ecologist, botanist and zoologist who served as Emeritus Professor of Natural History at Edinburgh University in Scotland 

Life
Allman was born in Cork, Ireland, the son of James C  Allman of Bandon, and received his early education at the Royal Academical Institution, Belfast  For some time he studied for the Irish Bar, but ultimately gave up law in favour of natural science  In 1843, he graduated in medicine at Trinity College, Dublin, and in the following year was appointed professor of botany in that university, succeeding the botanist William Allman (1776–1846), who was the father of George Johnston Allman (distant relations of George)  
This position he held for about twelve years until he moved to Edinburgh as Regius Professor of natural history  There he remained until 1870, when considerations of health induced him to resign his professorship and retire to Dorset, where he devoted himself to his favourite pastime of horticulture The scientific papers which came from his pen are very numerous  His most important work was upon the gymnoblast group of the hydrozoa, on which he published in 1871-1872, through the Ray Society, an exhaustive monograph, based largely on his own researches and illustrated with drawings of remarkable excellence from his own hand  Biological science is also indebted to him for several convenient terms which have come into daily use, e g  endoderm and ectoderm for the two cellular layers of the body-wall in Coelenterata  He contributed articles to the Irish Naturalist He became a fellow of the Royal Society in 1854, and received a Royal medal in 1873  He received the Cunningham Medal of the Royal Irish Academy in 1878 In 1859–60, he was President of the Botanical Society of Edinburgh, for  several years (1874–1881) President of the Linnaean Society, and in 1879 presided over the Sheffield meeting of the British Association He died in Ardmore, Parkstone in Dorset and is buried in Poole Cemetery 

Family
Allman married Hannah Louisa Shaen  They had no children  George Allman's family ran  Allman's Bandon Distillery, his brother, the Liberal MP Richard Allman, was a partner in the Distillery 

Select bibliography
Allman G  J  1843  On a new genus of terrestrial gasteropod  The Athenaeum 1843 (829): 851  London 
Passage 5:
J  J  Clancy (North County Dublin MP)
John Joseph Clancy (15 July 1847 – 25 November 1928), usually known as J  J  Clancy, was an Irish nationalist politician and Member of Parliament (MP) in the House of Commons for North Dublin from 1885 to 1918  He was one of the leaders of the later Irish Home Rule movement and promoter of the Housing of the Working Classes (Ireland) Act 1908, known as the Clancy Act  Called to the Irish Bar in 1887, he became a King's Counsel in 1906 

Origins
Son of a farmer, William Clancy of Carraghy, J  J  Clancy was born at the height of the Great Irish Famine in the parish of Annaghdown, Co  Galway, which was one of the worst affected areas   He was educated at the College of the Immaculate Conception, Athlone, and at the recently founded non-sectarian Queen's College, Galway, obtaining an MA in Ancient Classics in 1868  At both institutions he was a contemporary of his later parliamentary colleague, T  P  O'Connor 
Clancy spent three years as a Classics teacher at Holy Cross School, Tralee, where he married Margaret Louise Hickie (d  1912) of Newcastle West, County Limerick, in 1868  She was from a strongly Nationalist family and one of her nephews was the Irish revolutionary and author Piaras Béaslaí, who had close relations with the Clancy family 

Early political life
In 1870, J  J  Clancy took up the post of assistant editor of the leading Nationalist weekly The Nation, acting as editor in 1880–85  During this time he was active in the Land League, Home Rule League, Young Ireland Society and Irish Labour and Industrial Union, and was elected to the Organising Committee of the Irish National League on its foundation in 1882   He organised a vigorous voter registration campaign in County Dublin after the Nationalist defeat at a by-election in 1883, and was elected MP for the North seat in the Nationalist landslide December 1885 general election 
Clancy was appointed by the Irish Party in 1886 as editor of the Irish Press Agency in London, whose purpose was to win support for Irish Home Rule in Great Britain   In this role he wrote or edited dozens of pamphlets, many of them attacking the regime of coercion introduced by Arthur Balfour as Chief Secretary for Ireland after the Conservative Party returned to power in 1886 

Parnell split
Clancy had long been a strong supporter of the Irish leader Charles Stewart Parnell  When a majority of the Irish Parliamentary Party turned against Parnell in November 1890, following what amounted to a demand by the Liberal leader, Gladstone, that Parnell should stand down over his involvement with Katharine O'Shea, Clancy rapidly emerged as one of Parnell's key defenders  On the third day of the Irish Party's week-long debate on Parnell's leadership in Committee Room 15 of the House of Commons, Clancy proposed an amendment that attempted to compromise by seeking further views from Gladstone and the other British Liberal Party leaders  Although this move held off a decision for another three days, it was ultimately unsuccessful  Clancy was among the minority who stayed with Parnell when the party split on 6 December 1890 into the pro-Parnellite Irish National League (INL) and the anti-Parnellite Irish National Federation (INF)  He later joined the editorial staff of the Irish Daily Independent, founded to support the Parnellite cause 
After Parnell's death in October 1891, the Parnellites were in an isolated position  At the July 1892 general election they faced vigorous opposition from the Catholic Church and Clancy was one of only nine INL Parnellites elected  Thereafter he worked closely with John Redmond, who led the small Parnellite group and after the 1900 general election the re-united Irish Parliamentary Party  Together with fellow Parnellites Willie Redmond and Pat O'Brien, Clancy was one of the small core of Redmond's confidants, and until Redmond's death in March 1918 was his most trusted adviser on legal draftsmanship and constitutional law  After the retirement of Thomas Sexton, Clancy was seen as the Irish Party's financial expert 

Reforming legislation
Following the overwhelming rejection of the second Irish Home Rule Bill by the House of Lords in 1893 and the Conservatives' return to power in 1895 general election, immediate prospects for Home Rule were abandoned   Over the next 15 years, Clancy focused on making the most of opportunities for reform   He helped in the framing of the various Land Acts, which settled the land question by enabling tenant farmers to buy their holdings, publishing a guide to the Land Act of 1896  He supported the introduction of democratic local government in Ireland following the Local Government (Ireland) Act 1898 by publishing a guide to the Act and editing the County Councils Gazette  He acted as spokesman for the Irish Party in support of the Trade Disputes Bills of 1904 and 1906 that restored the effective right to strike—which had been undermined by the Taff Vale Case of 1901 
After the Liberals' return to office in the 1906 general election, Clancy helped get inscribed on the Statute Book Acts of considerable importance  He played a major role in promoting the Town Tenants (Ireland) Act of 1906, which gave rights to urban tenants to retain the value of their improvements parallel to those the Land Acts extended to farmers  Housing conditions in Ireland at the time were very poor, and Clancy's 1908 Housing Act, known as the Clancy Act made various financial and administrative changes with the aim of speeding up the building of council housing  The Clancy Act created a boom in urban social housing in Ireland  Clancy also contributed to the resolution of the Catholic University question, via the Act of 1908 that established the present National University of Ireland, which removed barriers that had held back participation in higher education by Ireland's Catholic majority 

Third Home Rule Bill
Attaining Home Rule for Ireland by constitutional means required overcoming opposition from the House of Lords   This opportunity arose as a result of David Lloyd George's 1909 budget, which the Lords attempted to veto, leading the Liberals to fight a general election in 1910 on a platform of limiting the power of the Lords    But the 1909 budget was also unpopular in Ireland, because of changes to alcohol taxes and death duties, the latter affecting the very farmers whom the Irish Party itself had successfully campaigned to make owners of their farms   A delicate balance needed to be trodden and it fell to Clancy, by now the Irish Party's finance spokesman, to deal with the problem 
The Government of Ireland Act 1914, creating a settlement for Ireland similar to the later devolution arrangements for Scotland of 1998, eventually received the royal assent on 18 September 1914  But this was after earlier vehement Unionist opposition had become apparent in Ulster, featuring the Larne gun-running and near-mutiny in the British army  Implementation of the Act was postponed until after the First World War, which began on 4 August 

Rise of Sinn Féin
Following the Easter Rising of 1916, misjudgments by the British government bolstered support for Sinn Féin, the broad movement campaigning for an independent Republic, and events slipped out of the Irish Parliamentary leaders' control  The younger generation had been brought up in a greatly intensified atmosphere of cultural nationalism focusing particularly on militant separatism 
Clancy was one of five Irish Parliamentary Party representatives in the Irish Convention of 1917–18 who tried to get an agreed settlement of the Ulster question  In this capacity he took the majority Nationalist line, compromising over the question of customs and excise and safeguards for Protestant interests for the sake of agreement with the Southern Unionists, and rejecting the more assertive Nationalist line of a group led by the Bishop of Raphoe  Although the Convention produced a majority report, the consensus did not include the Northern Protestants and Lloyd George subsequently went ahead with legislation for partition under the Fourth Home Rule Act   Following Redmond's death in March 1918, Clancy was seen as the leader of the remnants of the Redmondite wing of the Party   He was one of the committee of six who drafted the Irish Parliamentary Party manifesto for the 1918 general election  In that election he was defeated by more than two to one by the Sinn Féin candidate, Frank Lawless, the Parliamentary Party swept aside and only winning a disproportionate six contested seats, on 21 7% of the national vote in Ireland 
J  J  Clancy died in Dublin on 25 November 1928 

Notes
Selected writings
Essays and Speeches on the Irish Question:  Vol  1, edited by J  J  Clancy, London, Irish Press Agency, 1888
‘The Position of the Irish Tenant’, Contemporary Review, Vol LVI, July 1889
Short Lessons on the Irish Question;  or, The leaflets of the Irish Press Agency, Vol 1, Nos 1–102, edited by J  J  Clancy,  London, Irish Press Agency, 1890
‘The Question of the Irish Leadership’, Contemporary Review, Vol LIX, March 1891
‘The Financial Aspects of Home Rule’, Contemporary Review, Vol LXIII, January 1893
‘The Housing Problem:  How to Solve It’,  Speech delivered at the meeting of the Central branch of the United Irish League on 6 Nov 1907,  Dublin, United Irish League, 1907
The Irish Party and the Budget:  A Vindication, Dublin, Sealy, Bryers and Walker, 1910
The Home Rule Act:  A Statement of its Provisions, Dublin, United Irish League, 1917
Passage 6:
Charles Johnstone
Charles Johnstone (c  1719–1800) was an Irish novelist  Prevented by deafness from practising at the Irish Bar, he went to India, where he was proprietor of a newspaper  He wrote one successful book, Chrysal, or the Adventures of a Guinea, a somewhat sombre satire 

Life
Born at Carrigogunnell, County Limerick about 1719, he was educated at Trinity College, Dublin, but is not known to have taken a degree  He was called to the bar, but extreme deafness prevented his practice except as a chamber lawyer, where he did not succeed  He began to write as a living In May 1782, Johnstone sailed for India, with a dangerous shipwreck on the voyage  He found employment in writing for the Bengal newspaper press, under the signature of "Oneiropolos"  He became in time joint proprietor of a journal, and prospered  He died at Calcutta about 1800 

Works
Johnstone's major work, entitled Chrysal, or the Adventures of a Guinea, and frequently reprinted, appeared in 4 vols , London, 1760–65  The first and second volumes had been written during a visit to George Edgcumbe, 3rd Baron Edgcumbe in Devon  The book, a succès de scandale, claimed to reveal political secrets, and to expose the profligacy of well-known public characters Johnstone was also the author of:
The Reverie, or a Flight to the Paradise of Fools, 2 vols  London, 1762 
The History of Arsaces, Prince of Betlis, 2 vols  1774 
The Pilgrim, or a Picture of Life, 2 vols  1775 
History of John Juniper, Esq , alias Juniper Jack, 3 vols  1781 

See also
Hellfire Club
Passage 7:
Thomas O'Shaughnessy
Sir Thomas Lopdell O'Shaughnessy, KC (22 December 1850 – 7 March 1933) was the last Recorder of Dublin in Ireland 

Early life
O'Shaughnessy was born on 22 December 1850 in Dublin, son of Thomas O'Shaughnessy and Mary Lopdell  He married Catherine Trueman in 1879 and they had four children  He died at his home in Fitzwilliam Square, Dublin on 7 March 1933  Educated at Queens College Galway, he was called to the Irish Bar in 1874 and to the English Bar by Middle Temple in 1894 

Legal career
O'Shaughnessy carried out his practice on the Connaught and North Eastern Circuit  He served as counsel to the plaintiffs in relation to the disastrous rail accident during a school outing from Armagh to Newry  O'Shaughnessy won a great reputation from this trial, and took silk (an informal term for Queen's Counsel) soon after  For fifteen years, he was one of the most influential, effective and well-paid barristers of the Dublin Four Courts, and was regarded as a mentor to younger barristers Maurice Healy remarked that there was a rather unfriendly rivalry between himself and William Huston Dodd as to which of them was entitled to be called "Leader of the Bar"  He was sworn in as Recorder of Dublin in 1905  He would be the last to hold this position, a role which stretched back to James Stanihurst in 1564  The Recordership was abolished in 1924 and O'Shaughnessy became a judge in the High Court of the Irish Free State  He resigned in 1925 and received a knighthood in 1927  He was a Bencher of the King's Inns and was sworn in as a member of the Irish Privy Council in 1912  He was a member of the Reform Club 
Passage 8:
Robbie Tucker
Robbie Tucker (born April 5, 2001) is an American actor  His best known role to date is that of Fenmore Baldwin on the CBS soap opera The Young and the Restless  Tucker has also starred on other series, such as Criminal Minds, FlashForward and It's Always Sunny in Philadelphia  He has also appeared in the films Prom and Little Fockers 
In 2012, Tucker was nominated at the 33rd Young Artist Awards for his performance in Prom and won for his role in The Young and the Restless He is also the brother of actress Jillian Rose Reed 

Filmography
Passage 9:
It's Always Sunny in Philadelphia
It's Always Sunny in Philadelphia is an American sitcom created by Rob McElhenney and developed with Glenn Howerton for FX  It premiered on August 4, 2005, and was moved to FXX beginning with the ninth season in 2013  It stars Charlie Day, Howerton, McElhenney, Kaitlin Olson, and Danny DeVito  The series follows the exploits of "The Gang", a group of narcissistic and sociopathic friends who run the Irish dive bar Paddy's Pub in South Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, but spend most of their free time drinking, scheming, arguing amongst themselves, and plotting elaborate cons against others, and at times each other, for personal benefit, financial gain, revenge, or simply out of boredom 
With its 15th season, the series became the longest-running live-action American comedy series, replacing The Adventures of Ozzie and Harriet, which ran for 14 seasons (435 episodes) between 1952 and 1966  In December 2020, the series was renewed for a total of four additional seasons, bringing it to 18 seasons  The 16th season premiered on June 7, 2023 The show has received critical acclaim, with many lauding the cast performances and dark humor  It has amassed a large cult following 

Plot
The series follows a group of misfit, narcissistic sociopaths, referred to as "The Gang", who run a meager, unsuccessful Irish bar called Paddy's Pub in the neighborhood of South Philadelphia  The Gang originally consists of janitor Charlie Kelly (Charlie Day), bouncer Mac (Rob McElhenney), and bartender Dennis Reynolds (Glenn Howerton), the three of whom also own Paddy's Pub, in addition to Dennis' twin sister Dee Reynolds (Kaitlin Olson), a struggling actress who works as a waitress there  In season 2, they are joined by Frank Reynolds (Danny DeVito), an eccentric millionaire and the neglectful father of the Reynolds twins, who takes over most of the ownership of the bar  He soon becomes the financial catalyst for the Gang, often funding many of the Gang's over-complicated plots, while simultaneously succumbing to the brazen depravity of the group 
Each member of The Gang exhibits unethical behavior and anti-social traits such as extreme selfishness, pathological dishonesty, narcissism, aggression, excessive drinking and substance abuse, unregulated emotions, cruelty, and absolutely no regard for the people around them, while also displaying acute codependency, stupidity, and a surprising lack of awareness of basic social norms  The comedy of the show emerges from these extreme character traits resulting in conflicts that lead The Gang into absurd, dark and painfully embarrassing situations, typically ending with them getting their comeuppance, but never learning their lesson  This allows the show to mine a variety of socio-political and economic issues for satire and dark humor, while keeping the characters in a state of relative stasis conducive to the long-running sitcom format 
Episodes usually find The Gang hatching elaborate schemes and regularly conspiring, against both outsiders and one another, for personal gain, revenge, or simply schadenfreude  They habitually inflict physical and psychological pain on anyone who crosses their path, even each other, yet always return to the status quo at Paddy's Pub because they have alienated the rest of society and have only each other's company in the end  The Gang has no sense of shame when attempting to get what they want and often engage in activities that others would find humiliating, disgusting, or shocking  Some of these situations include pretending to be disabled, becoming addicted to crack cocaine in order to qualify for welfare, attempted cannibalism, kidnapping, waterboarding, blackface, blackmail, stalking, grave robbing, hiding naked inside a couch to eavesdrop on people, tricking a man into giving his daughter a lap dance, foraging naked in the sewers for rings and coins, impersonating police officers to extort civilians, creating a cult, secretly feeding someone their dead pet, plugging their open wounds with trash, setting an apartment full of people on fire and nailing the exit shut, taking out life insurance on a suicidal person, and lying about having AIDS in order to get priority access to water park rides  In an angry summation of their circumstances during one such escapade, Dennis laments The Gang's dynamic:

We immediately escalate everything to a ten    somebody comes in with some preposterous plan or idea, then all of a sudden everyone's on the gas, nobody's on the brakes, nobody's thinking, everyone's just talking over each other with one idiotic idea after another! Until, finally, we find ourselves in a situation where we've broken into somebody's house – and the homeowner is home!
With rare exceptions, Paddy's Pub generates limited revenue  Most stay away from the establishment due to the numerous stabbings that have taken place  The few regular customers have been known to serve themselves  The Gang has been known to close Paddy's for extended periods without warning  When the bar is open, they shirk their respective jobs' responsibilities and choose to drink instead  Paddy's is only able to stay in business because of Frank's financial backing, government bailouts and tax fraud 

Cast and characters
The show features a core cast of five characters (The Gang) and a recurring cast of colorful side characters, including the Waitress, Cricket, the McPoyles, the Ponderosas, the Lawyer and various family members like Mrs  Kelly, Mrs  Mac and Uncle Jack Kelly, who cross paths and interact with the Gang in increasingly unhinged ways as the show progresses 

Main
Charlie Day as Charlie Kelly, co-owner and janitor of Paddy's Pub  He is a childhood friend of Mac, and high school friend of Dennis and Dee  He lives in squalor with Frank in a run-down, vermin-infested apartment, and has deep-seated psychological problems, partly due to substance abuse from huffing paint and glue, and partly due to his complicated family background possibly involving child abuse  He has an extensive history of pica and regularly eats various items not meant for human consumption, such as cat food, stickers, paint, and bleach  Due to his general lack of intelligence and his illiteracy, he is arguably the simplest member of The Gang  Despite this, Charlie is a naturally gifted musician, a self-proclaimed expert in "bird law" and possibly the only competent worker at Paddy's with his knack for unorthodox maintenance practices ("Charlie Work")  He also has an unhealthy obsession with "The Waitress", a recurring character who finds his interest in her creepy 
Glenn Howerton as Dennis Reynolds, co-owner and the main bartender of Paddy's Pub, in addition to being Dee's twin brother and Frank's son  Originally the most intelligent and normal-seeming of the three co-owners, Dennis is slowly revealed to be the most narcissistic and psychopathic of The Gang  Dennis is extremely superficial, selfish, vain and abrasive  His predatory nature is often depicted through numerous attempts to seduce various women; which, when successful, result in him gaslighting and emotionally abusing them in order to win over their favor before inevitably dumping them once he has had sex with them ("The D E N N I S  System")  It is strongly hinted at times that Dennis may secretly be a serial killer, though this remains ambiguous as a running gag  In season 10, he is diagnosed with borderline personality disorder, though he frequently denies this and believes himself to be completely rational, and is convinced that he is in complete control of everything and everyone around him, going as far as to label himself a 'golden god'  In the season 12 finale, Dennis reveals to the rest of the gang that he has an infant son, and moves to North Dakota to raise him  He returns to Philadelphia in season 13, supposedly supporting his family from a distance 
Rob McElhenney as Ronald "Mac" McDonald, co-owner and self-proclaimed bouncer of Paddy's Pub  He is Charlie's childhood friend and Dennis's high school friend  The son of a convicted felon who has been in prison for much of Mac's life, he frequently attempts to demonstrate his toughness and refers to himself as the "sheriff of Paddy's"  Deeply insecure, Mac constantly seeks the approval of those around him, especially his father, his apathetic and emotionally absent mother, and Dennis, his roommate  He suffers from extreme bouts of body dysmorphia, and has been depicted at various weights throughout the course of the series: prior to the beginning of Season 7, he gained 60 pounds (27 kg) and was diagnosed with Type 2 diabetes, and when he finally returned to a healthy weight in the following season, he admitted he misses being fat, as he believed he had come across as "scary" to people  In Season 13, he is noticeably fit and physically stronger, though it is quickly revealed his motives for attaining his shape was strictly due to his intense desire for acceptance from the rest of the Gang  He often brags about his hand-to-hand combat skills, but typically flees from physical confrontation and is usually depicted as the most cowardly of the gang  Mac is a Roman Catholic, though he often espouses strong Christian fundamentalist opinions, despite his often amoral behavior, such as casual sex with numerous women, including Dennis's and Dee's mother  Though it is frequently insinuated Mac harbors homosexual feelings, he maintained an adamant denial of any such proclivity, much to the gang's annoyance, until he comes out in season 12  Later episodes reveal that Mac is sexually attracted to his best friend, Dennis 
Kaitlin Olson as Deandra "Sweet Dee" Reynolds, waitress and sometimes bartender at Paddy's Pub, as well as Dennis's twin sister and Frank's daughter  Though initially depicted as The Gang's 'the voice of reason' in the debut season, she gradually loses any sense of moral fortitude that she once had, and is frequently shown to be just as prejudiced and depraved as her male friends by the end of season 1, arguably becoming the most petty member of the group, often plotting against others whom she deems more successful than herself in a vain effort to boost her own image  Dee wore a back brace in high school, leaving her with the nickname "The Aluminum Monster", and she is frequently referred to by the gang as a bird  Dee lives alone in an apartment  Though often the butt of the gang's jokes, she frequently involves herself in their schemes, perhaps due to her constant need for approval and attention from her peers  She does not hold any ownership stake in the bar – perhaps due to the gang's various prejudices against her, but also in part to her desire to become a professional actress/comedian (an ambition she consistently fails to achieve due to her debilitating stage fright and her general lack of any apparent talent)  In multiple episodes, it is referenced that Dee set her college roommate on fire, and is often portrayed as the most physically violent of the group  Despite expressing outward disgust at her brother's more predatory behavior, later episodes reveal Dee not to be above such behavior herself 
Danny DeVito as Frank Reynolds, legal father of Dennis and Dee Reynolds, and the majority owner of Paddy's Pub soon after his introduction in season 2 onward  Frank is a millionaire and often funds and enables The Gang's worst schemes and impulses, just to feel a sense of youthfulness and energy  He was once a successful businessman with a long history of illegal operations and dealings with sordid characters, but chooses to abandon that life and redeem himself after leaving his "whore wife", Barbara Reynolds  It is revealed at the end of season 2 that Dennis and Dee are products of an affair and not actually his biological children  He has since embraced his "feral" nature and describes himself as "fringe class"  Despite his substantial financial resources, he chooses to share a decrepit studio apartment with Charlie, where they sleep together on a pullout couch and have a surprisingly affectionate pseudo-father/son relationship  The two have similar interests, such as playing the inexplicable game of Night Crawlers and foraging naked in sewers for valuables  He always arms himself with at least one loaded handgun and does not hesitate to brandish or even discharge one when provoked, and often snorts cocaine as part of his daily routine 

Production
Charlie Day, Glenn Howerton, and Rob McElhenney first met each other while auditioning for Tuck Everlasting and other projects in New York City and, later, in Los Angeles—they were going up for similar parts, moved to Los Angeles around the same time and even had the same manager Nick Frenkel  Day and Howerton, notably, got to know each other on a car ride back from testing for That '80s Show in late 2001, when Howerton was cast as Corey Howard and Day did not get the part of his best friend  While living in New York, Day had been making comedic home movies with his friends from the Williamstown Theatre Festival—Jimmi Simpson, Nate Mooney, David Hornsby and Logan Marshall-Green, (many of whom would later go on to be involved with Sunny)—which inspired McElhenney and Howerton to want to make short films of their own with him  McElhenney, in particular, had been writing screenplays between jobs and since none of them were picked up, decided to shoot them himself with Howerton, Day and other actor friends  The decision to make their own short films was further influenced by the release of the affordable Panasonic DVX100A digital camera as well as the accessible, low-budget look of The Office (UK) and Curb Your Enthusiasm It's Always Sunny in Philadelphia grew out of an idea for a short film conceived late one night by McElhenney "where a friend came over to another friend's house to get sugar, and the friend tells him he has cancer, and all the guy can think about is getting his sugar and getting out of there"  He wrote the scene down before taking it to Howerton the next day to flesh it out and work on making it comedic  Day was soon roped in and the first script was written, featuring three struggling actors in LA named Charlie, Glenn and Mac, and the ensuing awkwardness around Charlie's cancer diagnosis  The home movies were shot and reshot multiple times, initially with Hornsby playing the Mac character and McElhenney behind the camera as director  It was via this process that McElhenney, Day and Howerton learned the basics of shooting, editing and other aspects of film-making  The three then developed a second "episode" of their home movie series, this time focused on the cringe humor from Mac's sense of shame around his relationship with Carmen, a transgender woman  At this point, it became clear that the home movies had potential as a television series, instead of the short films they were envisioned as originally  Both parts would eventually end up in the episode "Charlie Has Cancer" 
The home movie was titled It's Always Sunny on TV after the a-ha song "The Sun Always Shines on T V "  Howerton had been listening to the album Hunting High and Low (1985) while stretching at a Crunch gym in West Hollywood This was then developed into a pilot called It's Always Sunny on TV and was shot on a digital camcorder and filmed in the actors' own apartments  They expanded the central cast to four people living in Los Angeles, "a group of best friends who care so little for each other", Howerton said It was believed the pilot was shot with a budget of just $200, but Day would later comment, "We shot it for nothing    I don't know where this $200 came from    We were a bunch of kids with cameras running around shooting each other and [the] next thing you know, we're eleven years in and we're still doing the show " This pilot was shopped by the actors around various studios, their pitch being simply showing the DVD of the pilot to executives  After viewing the pilot, FX Network ordered the first season  The show was budgeted at $450,000 an episode, less than a third of a network standard, using Panasonic's DVX100 MiniDV prosumer video camera  The original concept had "the gang" being out-of-work actors with the theme song being a cha-cha version of "Hooray for Hollywood"; however there were too many shows at the time with a similar premise  "The network came to us and said, 'We don't want a show about actors,' and we said, 'Fine, let's put it somewhere else,'" McElhenney explained  "I'm from Philly, let's put it in Philly, and we'll make it about a bar, because that's a job where you can have lots of free time and still have income that could explain how these people can sustain themselves " Prior to Kaitlin Olson joining the show, the character Sweet Dee was originally played by Jordan Reid, who at the time was the girlfriend of McElhenney, but was recast after they broke up  The title was later changed to reflect that, in the unaired pilot, the gang had been rewritten as bar owners in Philadelphia, instead of actors in LA 
After the first season, FX executives were worried about the show's low ratings and demanded that changes be made to the cast  "So, John Landgraf, who's the president of FX, he called me in for a meeting and was like, 'Hey, no one's watching the show, but we love it,'" McElhenney recalled  "'We wanna keep it on, but we don't have any money for marketing, and we need to add somebody with some panache that we can hopefully parlay into some public relations story, just so we can get people talking '" FX began suggesting actors such as Danny DeVito that could boost the show's profile  "It's not that we were reticent to the idea of adding Danny to the show," Howerton recalled, "It's that we were reticent to add a name to the show  You know, because we kinda liked that we were no-names and it was this weird, small thing, you know " Initially, McElhenney refused, saying "No, I just don't think we wanna do that, and they were like, 'Oh OK, well, you know    the show's over '" Realizing they needed to change the trajectory of the show to please the network, McElhenney, Howerton, and Day became open to adding a new cast member who was familiar to the public  However, McElhenney, Howerton, and Day were hesitant at first since they thought they would "ruin the show", particularly Day  DeVito later joined the cast in the first episode of the second season, playing the father of Dennis and Dee The show is shot in both Philadelphia and Los Angeles  The exterior of Paddy's Pub is located at the Starkman Building on 544 Mateo Street in Los Angeles 
On April 1, 2016, the series was renewed for a thirteenth and fourteenth season, which matched The Adventures of Ozzie and Harriet with the most seasons for a live-action sitcom in American television history  On April 9, 2020, McElhenney announced that writing had begun for the fifteenth season  Filming for the season began in May 2021 and wrapped that October  In January 2023, McElhenney confirmed that filming for the sixteenth season had begun 

Episodes
Broadcast and syndication
The first season ran for seven episodes with the finale airing September 15, 2005  According to McElhenney, word of mouth on the show was good enough for FX to renew it for a second season, which ran from June 29 to August 17, 2006  Reruns of edited first-season episodes began airing on FX's then-parent network, Fox, in June 2006, for a planned three-episode run—"The Gang Finds a Dead Guy," "Gun Fever" (which was renamed "Gun Control") and "Charlie Gets Molested" were shown  The show was not aired on broadcast television again until 2011, when FX began offering it for syndication The third season ran from September 13 to November 15, 2007  On March 5, 2008, FX renewed It's Always Sunny in Philadelphia for a fourth season  On July 15, 2008, it was reported that FX had ordered 39 additional episodes of the series, produced as seasons five through seven of the show  All five main cast members were secured for the entire scheduled run  The fifth season ran from September 17 to December 10, 2009  On May 31, 2010, Comedy Central began airing reruns  WGN America also began broadcasting the show as part of its fall 2011 schedule The sixth season ran from September 16 to December 9, 2010, comprising 12 episodes, plus the Christmas special  The seventh season ran from September 15 to December 15, 2011, comprising 13 episodes  On August 6, 2011, FX announced it had picked up the show for an additional two seasons (the eighth and ninth) running through 2013  On March 28, 2013, FX renewed the show for a tenth season, and announced that it would move to FX's new sister network, FXX In April 2017, Kaitlin Olson announced that It's Always Sunny in Philadelphia would go on an extended hiatus  In an interview with TV Guide, she said, "We ended up pushing our next season a year because we were all busy with separate projects this year  So at the end of this coming shooting season of The Mick, I'll step right into Sunny after that "On October 2, 2017, the show premiered on Vice on TV The series is available for streaming on Hulu except for the episodes "America's Next Top Paddy's Billboard Model Contest", "Dee Reynolds: Shaping America's Youth", "The Gang Recycles Their Trash", "The Gang Makes Lethal Weapon 6" and "Dee Day", due to scenes involving blackface  The same episodes are missing from Netflix in the UK, Disney+ in Australia, Canada, and Scandinavia, and Star+ in Latin America 

Music
The show uses recurring orchestral production music selections  "We had a music supervisor called Ray Espinola and we said, 'Give us everything you have in a sort of Leave It to Beaver with a big band-swing kind of feel,' and the majority of the songs are from what he sent over," Charlie Day explained  "When you set it against what these characters were doing—which often times can be perceived as quite despicable, or wrong—it really disarmed the audience  It just became our go-to library of songs "The theme song is called "Temptation Sensation" by German composer Heinz Kiessling  Kiessling's work ("On Your Bike" and "Blue Blood") can also be heard during various scene transitions throughout the show, along with other composers and pieces such as Werner Tautz ("Off Broadway"), Joe Brook ("Moonbeam Kiss"), and Karl Grell ("Honey Bunch")  Many of the tracks heard in the series are from Cafe Romantique, an album of easy listening production music collected by Extreme Music, the production music library unit of Sony/ATV Music Publishing  Independent record label Fervor Records has also contributed music to the show  Songs from The Jack Gray Orchestra's album Easy Listening Symph-O-Nette ("Take A Letter Miss Jones," "Golly Gee Whiz," and "Not a Care in the World") and the John Costello III release Giants of Jazz ("Birdcage," "Cotton Club" and "Quintessential") are heard in several episodes 
The soundtrack, featuring most of the music heard on the show, was released in 2010 

Soundtrack track listing
Reception and legacy
Critical reviews and commentary
It's Always Sunny in Philadelphia has received critical acclaim for its humor and the performances of the cast  Emily Nussbaum of The New Yorker praised the show, calling it "not merely the best sitcom on television but one of the most arresting and ambitious current TV series, period " Gillian Flynn of Entertainment Weekly reviewed the first season negatively, commenting, "[I]t is smug enough to think it's breaking ground, but not smart enough to know it isn't " Brian Lowry of Variety gave the first season a positive review, saying it was "invariably clever and occasionally a laugh-out-loud riot, all while lampooning taboo topics " However, later seasons of the show have received favorable ratings on review aggregator Metacritic, receiving 70/100, 78/100 and 85/100 for seasons 4, 5 and 6 respectively  The show has become a cult hit with viewers and is often compared in style to Seinfeld—particularly due to the self-centered nature of its main characters  The Philadelphia Inquirer reviewer Jonathan Storm wrote, "It's like Seinfeld on crack," a quote that became widely used to describe the series, to the point that FX attached the tagline, "It's Seinfeld on crack "In 2014, Entertainment Weekly listed the show at number 7 in the "26 Best Cult TV Shows Ever," with the comment that "it's a great underdog story     If it sounds too dark for you, consider that there's an episode about making mittens for kittens, and it's adorable " In 2016, a New York Times study of the 50 TV shows with the most Facebook likes found that Sunny was "more popular in college towns (and most popular in Philadelphia) "In 2015, Rolling Stone rated the top 20 greatest and funniest It's Always Sunny in Philadelphia episodes, stating "for 10 seasons, the series had mined comic gold from the execrable behavior of the owners of Paddy's Pub " They claimed the two-part season 4 episode, "Mac and Charlie Die" is the sitcom's greatest episode yet  In 2019, the BBC called the show "the best US sitcom " They praised the show's unique outlook and ability to range from nihilistic humor to genuine heartfelt moments According to Matt Fowler of IGN, the series "broke new ground" due to its sociopathic depiction of "The Gang"  It was also ranked 63rd in IGN's list of the top 100 TV shows of all time 

Awards
Other media
The Nightman Cometh live
In September 2009, the cast took their show live  The "Gang" performed the musical The Nightman Cometh in New York City, Boston, Seattle, San Francisco, Los Angeles, and Philadelphia  Mary Elizabeth Ellis and Artemis Pebdani also appeared in the performance as The Waitress and Artemis  Actress Rhea Perlman (wife of Danny DeVito) assumed the role of Gladys Creator Rob McElhenney said that Live Nation originally approached the cast about doing the show at 30 cities, but in the end the cast settled on six  Co-developer Glenn Howerton described the show as "essentially an expanded version of the actual episode of "The Nightman Cometh," which was the final episode for season four  There are some added moments, added scenes, added songs, and extended versions of songs that already existed " The performance featured two new songs, and the actors were given more opportunity to improvise thanks to the longer running time  An episode from season five was also previewed before the show 
The Los Angeles performance, filmed at The Troubadour, was included as a bonus feature on the season four DVD box set 

Russian adaptation
A Russian adaptation of It's Always Sunny in Philadelphia premiered in Russia on the television channel TNT on May 12, 2014  This version is titled В Москве всегда солнечно (V Moskve vsegda solnechno, It's Always Sunny in Moscow) and like the original, centers around four friends, who own a bar called "Philadelphia" in Moscow 

Book
A book based upon It's Always Sunny in Philadelphia was released on January 6, 2015, titled The Gang Writes a Self-Help Book: The 7 Secrets of Awakening the Highly Effective Four-Hour Giant, Today 

Podcast
On November 9, 2021, Howerton, Day, and McElhenney started The Always Sunny Podcast, an episode-by-episode-recap of the show, with Megan Ganz as producer  Occasional guest stars include Kaitlin Olson, David Hornsby, Mary Elizabeth Ellis, Michael Naughton, Lin-Manuel Miranda, Cormac Bluestone and Danny DeVito 

Notes
Context 2: Passage 1:
The Very Best of Jerry Garcia
The Very Best of Jerry Garcia is a two-CD compilation album   It contains songs, mostly previously released, by Jerry Garcia, the Jerry Garcia Band, the Jerry Garcia Acoustic Band, Old & In the Way, and Reconstruction  It is meant to showcase Garcia's work outside the Grateful Dead   The first disc contains studio recordings and the second disc contains live recordings   It was released on September 26, 2006 
Some copies of the album include two bonus discs called More of the Best and Twisted Radio Waves The Very Best of Jerry Garcia was released for Record Store Day as a five-disc LP, in a limited edition of 4,000 copies, on September 26, 2020 

Track listing
Disc one (studio)

From  Garcia:"Deal" (Jerry Garcia, Robert Hunter) – 3:14
"Bird Song" (Garcia, Hunter) – 4:26
"Sugaree" (Garcia, Hunter) – 5:54
"Loser" (Garcia, Hunter) – 4:10
"The Wheel" (Garcia, Hunter) – 4:12From Compliments:"Let It Rock" (Chuck Berry) – 3:12
"Russian Lullaby" (Irving Berlin) – 3:04From Reflections:"Might as Well" (Garcia, Hunter) – 3:54
"Mission in the Rain" (Garcia, Hunter) – 5:04
"I'll Take a Melody" (Allen Toussaint) – 9:28From Cats Under the Stars:"Rubin and Cherise" (Garcia, Hunter) – 5:17
"Cats Under the Stars" (Garcia, Hunter) – 5:31
"Rhapsody in Red" (Garcia, Hunter, John Kahn) – 5:11From Run for the Roses:"Run for the Roses" (Garcia, Hunter) – 3:41
"Knockin' on Heaven's Door" (Bob Dylan) – 7:40
"Without Love" (Clyde McPhatter) – 4:26Disc two (live)

From Breakdown:"Catfish John" (Bob McDill, Allen Reynolds) – 4:06From Almost Acoustic:"Deep Elem Blues" (traditional) – 6:09
"Ripple" (Garcia, Hunter) – 4:21From Garcia Plays Dylan:"Positively 4th Street" (Dylan) – 10:46From Pure Jerry: Theatre 1839, July 29 & 30, 1977:"The Harder They Come" (Jimmy Cliff) – 12:43From How Sweet It Is:"Gomorrah" (Garcia, Hunter) – 6:37Previously unreleased performance by Reconstruction on July 8, 1979:"Dear Prudence" (John Lennon, Paul McCartney) - 11:38From Jerry Garcia Band:"Señor (Tales of Yankee Power)" (Dylan) - 7:45
"Evangeline" (David Hidalgo, Louie Perez) – 4:47From Way After Midnight, the bonus disc for After Midnight: Kean College, 2/28/80:"Deal" (Garcia, Hunter) - 9:12

Personnel
See individual albums for musical personnel 

Production
Compilation producers – James Austin, Joe Gastwirt, Blair Jackson, Peter McQuaid
Product manager – Jimmy Edwards
Tape research, liner notes – Blair Jackson
Remastering – Joe Gastwirt
Discographical annotation – Reggie Collins
Editorial supervision – Dorothy Stefanski
Art direction, design – Jean Krikorian
Photography – Herb Greene, Jon Sievert, Richard E  Aaron, Dave Patrick
Painting – Jerry Garcia
Project assistance – Karen LeBlanc, James O'Toole
Passage 2:
Joe Gooch
Joe Gooch (born 3 May 1977) is an English musician who was known as the lead vocalist and lead guitarist of Ten Years After from 2003 to 2014 

Biography
Gooch was introduced to jazz and blues at an early age  By thirteen, taking his music seriously, he enrolled on a course of classical guitar lessons  The disciplines he learned were good grounding for him, but he soon realised his interest lay outside of the classical sphere, and moved towards rock and blues  At first he was influenced by his childhood heroes, Larry Carlton, Steely Dan, The Beatles, Jimi Hendrix, Eric Clapton, Led Zeppelin, Buddy Guy and later Frank Zappa  Gooch replaced Alvin Lee in Ten Years After, with  limited success, and later formed Hundred Seventy Split with bassist Leo Lyons 
In January 2014, it was announced that both Gooch and Lyons had left Ten Years After 

Album discography
SiRO

SiRO – 1999Ten Years After

Now – 2004
Roadworks (Live) – 2005
Evolution – 2008
Live at Fiesta City (DVD) – 2009Hundred Seventy Split

The World Won't Stop – 2011
Hundred Seventy Split – 2014
Passage 3:
Jerry Garcia
Jerome John Garcia (August 1, 1942 – August 9, 1995) was an American musician best known for being the principal songwriter, lead guitarist, and a vocalist with the rock band Grateful Dead, which he co-founded and which came to prominence during the counterculture of the 1960s  Although he disavowed the role, Garcia was viewed by many as the leader of the band  He was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 1994 as a member of the Grateful Dead 
As one of its founders, Garcia performed with the Grateful Dead for the band's entire 30-year career (1965–1995)  Garcia also founded and participated in a variety of side projects, including the Saunders–Garcia Band (with longtime friend Merl Saunders), the Jerry Garcia Band, Old & In the Way, the Garcia/Grisman and Garcia/Kahn acoustic duos, Legion of Mary, and New Riders of the Purple Sage (which he co-founded with John Dawson and David Nelson)  He also released several solo albums, and contributed to a number of albums by other artists over the years as a session musician  He was well known for his distinctive guitar playing, and was ranked 13th in Rolling Stone's "100 Greatest Guitarists of All Time" cover story in 2003  In the 2015 version of the list he was ranked at #46 Garcia was renowned for his musical and technical ability, particularly his ability to play a variety of instruments and sustain long improvisations  Garcia believed that improvisation took stress away from his playing and allowed him to make spur of the moment decisions that he would not have made intentionally  In a 1993 interview with Rolling Stone, Garcia noted that "my own preferences are for improvisation, for making it up as I go along  The idea of picking, of eliminating possibilities by deciding, that's difficult for me"  Originating from the days of the "Acid Tests", these improvisations were a form of exploration rather than playing a song already written Later in life, Garcia struggled with diabetes  In 1986, he went into a diabetic coma that nearly cost him his life  Although his overall health improved somewhat after the incident, he continued to struggle with obesity, smoking, and long-standing heroin and cocaine addictions  He was staying in a California drug rehabilitation facility when he died of a heart attack on August 9, 1995, at age 53 

Early life
Garcia's ancestors on his father's side were from Galicia in northwest Spain  His mother's ancestors were Irish and Swedish  He was born in the Excelsior District of San Francisco, California, on August 1, 1942, to Jose Ramon "Joe" Garcia and Ruth Marie "Bobbie" (née Clifford) Garcia, who was herself born in San Francisco  His parents named him after composer Jerome Kern  Jerome John was their second child, preceded by Clifford Ramon "Tiff", who was born in 1937  Shortly before Clifford's birth, their father and a partner leased a building in downtown San Francisco and turned it into a bar, partly in response to Jose being blackballed from a musicians' union for moonlighting Garcia was influenced by music at an early age, taking piano lessons for much of his childhood  His father was a retired professional musician and his mother enjoyed playing the piano  His father's extended family—which had immigrated from Spain in 1919—would often sing during reunions In 1946, two-thirds of four-year-old Garcia's right middle finger was cut off by his brother in a wood splitting accident, while the family was vacationing in the Santa Cruz Mountains  Garcia later confessed that he often used it to his advantage in his youth, showing it off to other children in his neighborhood 
Less than a year after this incident his father died in a fly fishing accident when the family was vacationing near Arcata in Northern California   He slipped after entering the Trinity River, part of the Six Rivers National Forest, and drowned before other fishermen could reach him  Although Garcia claimed he saw the incident, Dennis McNally, author of the book A Long Strange Trip: The Inside Story of the Grateful Dead, argues Garcia formed the memory after hearing others repeat the story  Blair Jackson, who wrote Garcia: An American Life, notes that a local newspaper article describing Jose's death did not mention Jerry being present when he died 

Excelsior District
Following his father's death, Garcia's mother Ruth took over her husband's bar, buying out his partner for full ownership  She began working full-time there, sending Jerry and his brother to live nearby with her parents, Tillie and William Clifford  During the five-year period in which he lived with his grandparents, Garcia enjoyed a large amount of autonomy and attended Monroe Elementary School  At the school, Garcia was greatly encouraged in his artistic abilities by his third grade teacher: through her, he discovered that "being a creative person was a viable possibility in life " According to Garcia, it was around this time that he was opened up to country and bluegrass music by his grandmother, whom he recalled enjoyed listening to the Grand Ole Opry  His elder brother, Clifford, however, staunchly believed the contrary, insisting that Garcia was "fantasizing all [that]     she'd been to Opry, but she didn't listen to it on the radio " It was at this point that Garcia started playing the banjo, his first stringed instrument 

Menlo Park
In 1953, Garcia's mother married Wally Matusiewicz  Subsequently, Garcia and his brother moved back home with their mother and new stepfather  However, due to the roughneck reputation of their neighborhood at the time, Garcia's mother moved their family to Menlo Park  During their stay in Menlo Park, Garcia became acquainted with racism and antisemitism, things he disliked intensely  The same year, Garcia was also introduced to rock and roll and rhythm and blues by his brother, and enjoyed listening to Ray Charles, John Lee Hooker, B  B  King, Hank Ballard, and, later, Chuck Berry  Clifford often memorized the vocals for his favorite songs, and would then make Garcia learn the harmony parts, a move to which Garcia later attributed much of his early ear training In mid-1957, Garcia began smoking cigarettes and was introduced to marijuana  Garcia would later reminisce about the first time he smoked marijuana: "Me and a friend of mine went up into the hills with two joints, the San Francisco foothills, and smoked these joints and just got so high and laughed and roared and went skipping down the streets doing funny things and just having a helluva time"  During this time, Garcia also studied at what is now the San Francisco Art Institute  At San Francisco Art Institute, Garcia was taught by Wally Hedrick, an artist who came to prominence during the 1960s  During the classes, he often encouraged Garcia to draw and paint, noting that Garcia had skill in both areas  Hedrick also introduced Garcia to the fiction of Jack Kerouac, whom Garcia later cited as a major influence 

San Francisco
In June, Garcia graduated from the local Menlo Oaks school  He then moved with his family back to San Francisco, where they lived in an apartment above the family bar, a newly built replacement for the original, which had been torn down to make way for a freeway entrance  Two months later, on Garcia's fifteenth birthday, his mother bought an accordion for him, to his great disappointment  Garcia had long been captivated by many rhythm and blues artists, especially Chuck Berry and Bo Diddley, leaving him craving an electric guitar  After some pleading, his mother exchanged the accordion for a Danelectro with a small amplifier at a local pawnshop  Garcia's stepfather, who was somewhat proficient with instruments, helped tune his guitar to an unusual open tuning 

Cazadero
After a short stint at Denman Junior High School, Garcia attended tenth grade at Balboa High School in 1958, where he often got into trouble for skipping classes and fighting  Consequently, in 1959, Garcia's mother again moved the family to a safer environment, to Cazadero, a small town in Sonoma County, 90 miles (140 km) north of San Francisco  This turn of events did not sit well with Garcia, who had to travel by bus thirty miles (50 km) to Analy High School in Sebastopol, the nearest school  Garcia did, however, join a band at his school known as the Chords  After performing in and winning a contest, the band's reward was recording a song  They chose "Raunchy" by Bill Justis 

Recording career
Relocation and band beginnings
Garcia stole his mother's car in 1960 and was given the option of joining the U S  Army in lieu of prison  He received basic training at Fort Ord  After training, he was transferred to Fort Winfield Scott in the Presidio of San Francisco  Garcia spent most of his time in the army at his leisure, missing roll call and accruing many counts of being AWOL  As a result, Garcia was given a general discharge on December 14, 1960 In January 1961, Garcia drove to East Palo Alto to see Laird Grant, an old friend from middle school  He had purchased a 1950 Cadillac sedan from a cook in the army, which barely made it to Grant's residence before it broke down  Garcia spent the next few weeks sleeping where friends would allow, eventually using his car as a home  Through Grant, Garcia met Dave McQueen in February, who, after hearing Garcia perform some blues music, introduced him to local people and to the Chateau, a rooming house located near Stanford University which was then a popular hangout On February 20, 1961, Garcia got into a car with Paul Speegle, a sixteen-year-old artist and acquaintance of Garcia; Lee Adams, the house manager of the Chateau and driver of the car; and Alan Trist, a companion of theirs  After speeding past the Palo Alto Veterans Hospital, the driver encountered a curve and, speeding around 90 miles per hour (140 km/h), crashed into the guard rail, sending the car rolling turbulently  Garcia was hurled through the windshield of the car into a nearby field with such force that he was literally dislodged from his shoes and later unable to recall the ejection  Lee Adams, the driver, and Alan Trist, who was seated in the back, were thrown from the car as well, resulting in abdominal injuries and a spine fracture, respectively  Garcia escaped with a broken collarbone, while Speegle, still in the car, was fatally injured Lee's reckless driving and crash served as an awakening for Garcia, who later said, "That's where my life began  Before then I was always living at less than capacity  I was idling  That was the slingshot for the rest of my life  It was like a second chance  Then I got serious"  It was at this time that Garcia began to realize that he needed to begin playing the guitar in earnest—a move which meant giving up his love of drawing and painting In April 1961, Garcia first met Robert Hunter, who would become a long-time friend of and lyricist for the Grateful Dead, collaborating principally with Garcia  The two involved themselves in the South Bay and San Francisco art and music scenes, sometimes playing at Menlo Park's Kepler's Books  Garcia performed his first concert with Hunter, each earning five dollars  Garcia and Hunter also played in bands (the Wildwood Boys and the Hart Valley Drifters) with David Nelson, who would later play with Garcia in the New Riders of the Purple Sage and contribute to several Grateful Dead album songs In 1962, Garcia met Phil Lesh, the eventual bassist of the Grateful Dead, during a party in Menlo Park's bohemian Perry Lane neighborhood (where author Ken Kesey lived)  Lesh would later write in his autobiography that Garcia reminded him of pictures he had seen of the composer Claude Debussy, with his "dark, curly hair, goatee, Impressionist eyes"  While attending another party in Palo Alto, Lesh approached Garcia to suggest they record Garcia on Lesh's tape recorder and produce a radio show for the progressive, community-supported Berkeley radio station KPFA  Using an old Wollensak tape recorder, they recorded "Matty Groves" and "The Long Black Veil", among several other tunes  The recordings became a central feature of a 90-minute KPFA special broadcast, "The Long Black Veil and Other Ballads: An Evening with Jerry Garcia"  The link between KPFA and the Grateful Dead continues to this day, having included many fundraisers, interviews, live concert broadcasts, taped band performances and all-day or all-weekend "Dead-only" marathons Garcia soon began playing and teaching acoustic guitar and banjo  One of Garcia's students was Bob Matthews, who later engineered many of the Grateful Dead's albums  Matthews attended Menlo-Atherton High School and was friends with Bob Weir, and on New Year's Eve 1963, he introduced Weir and Garcia Between 1962 and 1964, Garcia sang and performed mainly bluegrass, old-time, and folk music  One of the bands Garcia performed with was the Sleepy Hollow Hog Stompers, a bluegrass act  The group consisted of Garcia on guitar, banjo, vocals, and harmonica, Marshall Leicester on banjo, guitar, and vocals, and Dick Arnold on fiddle and vocals  Soon after this, Garcia, Weir, Ron "Pigpen" McKernan, and several of their friends formed a jug band called Mother McCree's Uptown Jug Champions  Around this time, the psychedelic drug LSD was gaining popularity  Garcia first began using LSD in 1964; later, when asked how it changed his life, he remarked: "Well, it changed everything [   ] the effect was that it freed me because I suddenly realized that my little attempt at having a straight life and doing that was really a fiction and just wasn't going to work out  Luckily I wasn't far enough into it for it to be shattering or anything; it was like a realization that just made me feel immensely relieved "In 1965, Mother McCree's Uptown Jug Champions evolved into the Warlocks, with the addition of Phil Lesh on bass guitar and Bill Kreutzmann on percussion  However, the band discovered that another group (which would later become the Velvet Underground) had recently selected the same name  In response, Garcia came up with "Grateful Dead" by opening a Funk & Wagnalls dictionary to an entry for "Grateful dead"  The definition for "Grateful dead" was "a dead person, or his angel, showing gratitude to someone who, as an act of charity, arranged their burial"  The band's first reaction was disapproval  Garcia later explained the group's reaction: "I didn't like it really, I just found it to be really powerful  [Bob] Weir didn't like it, [Bill] Kreutzmann didn't like it and nobody really wanted to hear about it " Despite their dislike of the name, it quickly spread by word of mouth, and soon became their official title 

Career with the Grateful Dead
Garcia served as lead guitarist and one of the principal vocalists and songwriters of the Grateful Dead for the band's entire career  Garcia composed songs such as "Uncle John's Band", "Dark Star", "Franklin's Tower", and "Scarlet Begonias", among many others  Robert Hunter, an ardent collaborator with the band, wrote the lyrics to all but a few of Garcia's songs Garcia was known for his "soulful extended guitar improvisations", which would frequently feature interplay between him and his fellow band members  His fame, as well as the band's, arguably rested on their ability to never play a song the same way twice  Often, Garcia would take cues from rhythm guitarist Bob Weir, remarking that "there are some [   ] kinds of ideas that would really throw me if I had to create a harmonic bridge between all the things going on rhythmically with two drums and Phil [Lesh's] innovative bass playing  Weir's ability to solve that sort of problem is extraordinary  [   ] Harmonically, I take a lot of my solo cues from Bob "When asked to describe his approach to soloing, Garcia commented: "It keeps on changing  I still basically revolve around the melody and the way it's broken up into phrases as I perceive them  With most solos, I tend to play something that phrases the way the melody does; my phrases may be more dense or have different value, but they'll occur in the same places in the song  [   ]"Garcia and the band toured almost constantly from their formation in 1965 until Garcia's death in 1995  Periodically, there were breaks due to exhaustion or health problems, often due to Garcia's drug use  During their three-decade span, the Grateful Dead played 2,314 shows 
Garcia's guitar-playing was eclectic  He melded elements from the various kinds of music that influenced him  Echoes of bluegrass playing (such as Arthur Smith and Doc Watson) could be heard  There was also early rock (like Lonnie Mack, James Burton, and Chuck Berry), contemporary blues (Freddie King and Lowell Fulsom), country and western (Roy Nichols and Don Rich), and jazz (Charlie Christian and Django Reinhardt) to be heard in Garcia's style  Don Rich was the sparkling country guitar player in Buck Owens's "the Buckaroos" band of the 1960s, but besides Rich's style, both Garcia's pedal steel guitar playing (on Grateful Dead records and others) and his standard electric guitar work, were influenced by another of Owens's Buckaroos of that time, pedal steel player Tom Brumley  And as an improvisational soloist, John Coltrane was one of his greatest personal and musical influences 
Garcia later described his playing style as having "descended from barroom rock and roll, country guitar  Just 'cause that's where all my stuff comes from  It's like that blues instrumental stuff that was happening in the late Fifties and early Sixties, like Freddie King " Garcia's style could vary with the song being played and the instrument he was using, but his playing had a number of so-called "signatures"   Among these were lead lines based on rhythmic triplets (examples include the songs "Good Morning Little School Girl", "New Speedway Boogie", "Brokedown Palace", "Deal", "Loser", "Truckin'", "That's It for the Other One", "U S  Blues", "Sugaree", and "Don't Ease Me In") 

Side projects
In addition to the Grateful Dead, Garcia participated in numerous musical side projects, including the Jerry Garcia Band  He was also involved with various acoustic projects such as Old & In the Way and other bluegrass bands, including collaborations with noted bluegrass mandolinist David Grisman  The documentary film Grateful Dawg, co-produced by Gillian Grisman and former NBC producer Pamela Hamilton chronicles the deep, long-term friendship between Garcia and Grisman  When Garcia and Grisman released Not For Kids Only, Hamilton produced their interview and concert for NBC  After several years of producing stories on the Grateful Dead and band members' side projects, Hamilton interviewed Bob Weir for a feature on Garcia's death marking the end of an era 
Other groups in which Garcia participated at one time or another include the Black Mountain Boys, Legion of Mary, Reconstruction, and the Jerry Garcia Acoustic Band  Garcia was also a fan of jazz artists and improvisation: he played with jazz keyboardists Merl Saunders and Howard Wales for many years in various groups and jam sessions, and he appeared on saxophonist Ornette Coleman's 1988 album, Virgin Beauty  His collaboration with Merl Saunders and Muruga Booker on the world music album Blues From the Rainforest launched the Rainforest Band 
Garcia spent a lot of time in the recording studio helping out fellow musician friends in session work, often adding guitar, vocals, pedal steel, sometimes banjo and piano and even producing  He played on over 50 studio albums, the styles of which were eclectic and varied, including bluegrass, rock, folk, blues, country, jazz, electronic music, gospel, funk, and reggae  Artists who sought Garcia's help included the likes of Jefferson Airplane (most notably Surrealistic Pillow, Garcia being listed as their "spiritual advisor")  Garcia himself recalled in a mid-1967 interview that he'd played the high lead on "Today," played on "Plastic Fantastic Lover" and "Comin' Back to Me" on that album  Others include Tom Fogerty, David Bromberg, Robert Hunter (Liberty, on Relix Records), Paul Pena, Peter Rowan, Warren Zevon, Country Joe McDonald, Pete Sears, Ken Nordine, Ornette Coleman, Bruce Hornsby, Bob Dylan, It's a Beautiful Day, and many more  In 1995 Garcia played on three tracks for the CD Blue Incantation by guitarist Sanjay Mishra, making it his last studio collaboration 
Throughout the early 1970s, Garcia, Lesh, Grateful Dead drummer Mickey Hart, and David Crosby collaborated intermittently with MIT-educated composer and biologist Ned Lagin on several projects in the realm of early ambient music; these include the album Seastones (released by Ned Lagin on the Round Records subsidiary) and L, an unfinished dance work composed by Ned Lagin  In 1970, Garcia participated in the soundtrack for the film Zabriskie Point 
Garcia also played pedal steel guitar for fellow-San Francisco musicians New Riders of the Purple Sage from their initial dates in 1969 to October 1971, when increased commitments with the Dead forced him to opt out of the group  He appears as a band member on their debut album New Riders of the Purple Sage, and produced Home, Home on the Road, a 1974 live album by the band  He also contributed pedal steel guitar to the enduring hit "Teach Your Children" by Crosby, Stills, Nash, & Young  Garcia also played steel guitar licks on Brewer & Shipley's 1970 album Tarkio  Despite considering himself a novice on the pedal steel, Garcia routinely ranked high in player polls  After a long lapse from playing the pedal steel, he played it once more during several of the Dead's concerts with Bob Dylan in the summer of 1987 
In 1988, Garcia agreed to perform at several major benefits including the "Soviet American Peace Walk" concert at the Band Shell, in Golden Gate Park, San Francisco, that drew 25,000 people  He was asked to play by longtime friend and fellow musician, Pete Sears, who played piano with all the bands that day, and also procured all the other musicians  Garcia, Mickey Hart and Steve Parish played the show, then were given a police escort to a Grateful Dead show across the bay later that night  Garcia also played with Nick Gravenites and Pete Sears at a benefit given for Vietnam Veteran and peace activist Brian Willson, who lost both legs below the knee when he attempted to block a train carrying weapons to military dictatorships in El Salvador 
Having previously studied at the San Francisco Art Institute as a teenager, Garcia embarked on a second career in the visual arts in the late 1980s  He created a number of drawings, etchings, and water colors  Garcia's artistic endeavors were represented by the Weir Gallery in Berkeley, California from 1989 to 1996  During this period, Roberta Weir (unrelated to Garcia's bandmate Bob Weir) provided Garcia with new art techniques to use, sponsored his first solo show in 1990, and prepared blank etching plates for him to draw on  These would then be processed and printed by gallery staff and brought back to Garcia for approval and signature, usually with a passing of stacks of paper backstage at a Dead show  His annual shows at the Weir Gallery garnered much attention, leading to further shows in New York and other cities  Garcia was an early adopter of digital art media; his artistic style was as varied as his musical output, and he carried small notebooks for pen and ink sketches wherever he toured  Roberta Weir continues to maintain an archive of the artwork of Jerry Garcia  Perhaps the most widely seen pieces of Jerry Garcia's art are the many editions of men's neckties produced by Stonehenge Ltd  and Mulberry Neckware  Some began as etchings, other designs came from his drawings, paintings, and digital art  Garcia's artwork has since expanded into everything from hotel rooms, wet suits, men's sport shirts, a women's wear line, boxer shorts, hair accessories, cummerbunds, silk scarves and wool rugs 

Personal life
Garcia met his first wife, Sara Ruppenthal, in 1963  She was working at the coffee house in the back of Kepler's Books, where Garcia, Hunter, and Nelson regularly performed  They married on April 23, 1963, and on December 8 of that year their daughter Heather was born  They divorced in 1967 Carolyn Adams, a Merry Prankster also known as "Mountain Girl" or "M G ," had a daughter, Sunshine, with Ken Kesey in 1966  Mountain Girl married another Prankster, George Walker, but they soon separated  She and Sunshine then moved into 710 Ashbury with Garcia in late 1966 where they would ultimately live together until 1975  Adams gave birth to Garcia's second and third daughters, Annabelle Walker Garcia (February 2, 1970) and Theresa Adams "Trixie" Garcia (September 21, 1974) In August 1970, Garcia's mother Ruth was involved in a car crash near Twin Peaks in San Francisco  Garcia, who was recording the album American Beauty at the time, often left the sessions to visit his mother with his brother Clifford  She died on September 28, 1970 
In the midst of a March 1973 Grateful Dead engagement at Long Island's Nassau Coliseum, Garcia met Deborah Koons, an aspiring filmmaker from a wealthy Cincinnati, Ohio-based family who would much later marry him and become his widow  After a brief correspondence, he began his relationship with her in mid-1974  This gradually strained his relationship with Adams and culminated in Garcia leaving Adams for Koons in late 1975  The end of his relationship with Koons in 1977 precipitated a brief reconciliation with Adams, including the reestablishment of their household  However, she did not agree with the guitarist's persistent use of narcotics and moved with the children to the Eugene, Oregon area, living near Kesey, in 1978 
Following Adams' departure, Garcia had an affair with Amy Moore  She was a Kentucky-born member of the extended "Grateful Dead family", and the mistress of Texas oil heir Roy Cullen  Their affair lasted circa 1980–1981, and inspired the Garcia-Hunter song "Run for the Roses "Adams and Garcia were married on December 31, 1981, largely as a result of mutual tax exigencies  Despite the legal codification of their union, she remained in Oregon, while Garcia continued to live near the Grateful Dead's offices in San Rafael, California  Garcia lived with a variety of housemates, including longtime Grateful Dead employee and Jerry Garcia Band manager Rock Scully  Scully, who co-managed the Grateful Dead throughout the mid-to-late 1960s before serving as the band's "advance man" and publicist, was dismissed by the group in 1984 for enabling Garcia's addictions and for allegedly embezzling the Garcia Band's profits  Another housemate was Nora Sage, a Deadhead who became Garcia's housekeeper while studying at the Golden Gate University School of Law  The exact nature of their relationship remains unclear, although it is believed to have been platonic due to Garcia's addictions  She later became his art representative While they would briefly reunite following his diabetic coma, Garcia and Adams ultimately divorced in 1994  Phil Lesh has subsequently stated that he rarely saw Adams on any of the band tours  In a 1991 Rolling Stone interview, Garcia stated that "we haven't really lived together since the Seventies" During the autumn of 1978, Garcia developed a friendship with Shimer College student Manasha Matheson, an artist and music enthusiast  They remained friends over the following nine years before initiating a romantic relationship in Hartford, Connecticut on the Grateful Dead's spring 1987 tour  Jerry and Manasha became parents with the birth of their daughter, Keelin Noel Garcia, on December 20, 1987  On August 17, 1990, Jerry and Manasha married at their San Anselmo, California home in a spiritual ceremony free of legal convention  In 1991, Garcia expressed his delight in finding the time to "actually be a father" to Keelin in contrast to his past relationships with his children  A year later, Garcia dedicated his first art book, Paintings, Drawings and Sketches, "For Manasha, with love, Jerry "In January 1993, Barbara "Brigid" Meier, a former girlfriend from the early 1960s, reentered Garcia's life for a brief period  Meier claimed that Garcia had considered her to be the "love of his life" and proposed to her during a Hawaiian vacation shortly after their relationship recommenced  Garcia's "love of his life" sentiment was not reserved for one lover, as he expressed the same feelings to several other women in his life  At Garcia's 1995 funeral, Koons declared that she was "the love of his life" while paying her final respects, whereupon Meier and Ruppenthal, who were both in attendance, simultaneously exclaimed, "He said that to me!"The affair with Meier marked the breakup of Jerry's family life with Manasha and Keelin  Garcia ended the affair with Meier forty-five days later while on tour in Chicago with the Grateful Dead after she confronted him about his drug use Shortly thereafter, Garcia renewed his acquaintance with Deborah Koons in the spring of 1993  They married on February 14, 1994, in Sausalito, California  Garcia and Koons were married at the time of his death 

Lifestyle and health
Because of their public profile, Garcia and his collaborators were occasionally singled out in the American government's war on drugs  On October 2, 1967, 710 Ashbury Street in San Francisco (where the Grateful Dead had taken up residence the year before) was raided after a police tip-off  Grateful Dead members Phil Lesh, Bob Weir, and Ron "Pigpen" McKernan were apprehended on marijuana charges which were later dropped, although Garcia himself was not arrested  The following year, Garcia's picture was used in a defamatory context in a campaign commercial for Richard Nixon Most of the band were arrested again in January 1970, after they flew to New Orleans from Hawaii  After returning to their hotel from a performance, the band checked into their rooms, only to be quickly raided by police  Approximately fifteen people were arrested on the spot, including many of the road crew, management, and nearly all of the Grateful Dead except for Garcia, who arrived later, outgoing keyboardist Tom Constanten, who abstained from all drugs as a member of the Church of Scientology, and McKernan, who eschewed illegal drugs in favor of alcohol According to Bill Kreutzmann, the band's use of cocaine accelerated throughout the early 1970s  After using heroin in a brothel in 1974 (likely on the band's second European tour), Garcia was introduced to a smokeable form of the drug (initially advertised as refined opium) colloquially known as "Persian" or "Persian Base" during the group's 1975 hiatus



ground_truth: It's Always Sunny in Philadelphia

prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: Who was born later, Jerry Garcia or Joe Gooch?

The following are given passages.
Context 2:  Influenced by the stresses of creating and releasing The Grateful Dead Movie and the acrimonious collapse of the band's independent record labels over the next two years, Garcia became increasingly dependent upon both substances  These factors, combined with the alcohol and drug abuse of several other members of the Grateful Dead, resulted in a turbulent atmosphere  By 1978, the band's chemistry began "cracking and crumbling", resulting in poor group cohesion  As a result, Keith and Donna Jean Godchaux left the band in February 1979 With the addition of keyboardist/vocalist Brent Mydland that year amid the ongoing coalescence of the Deadhead subculture, the band reached new commercial heights as a touring group on the American arena circuit in the early 1980s, enabling them to forsake studio recording for several years  Nevertheless, this was offset by such factors as the band's atypically large payroll and Garcia's $700-a-day (equivalent to $2,100 in 2022) drug addiction, resulting in the guitarist taking on a frenetic slate of solo touring outside of the Grateful Dead's rigorous schedule, including abbreviated acoustic duo concerts with Jerry Garcia Band bassist John Kahn that were widely rumored to be a funding conduit for their respective addictions 
Though things seemed to be getting better for the band, Garcia's health was declining  By 1983, Garcia's demeanor onstage had appeared to change  Despite still playing the guitar with great passion and intensity, there were times that he would appear disengaged; as such, shows were often inconsistent  Years of heavy tobacco smoking had affected his voice, and he gained considerable weight  By 1984, he would often rest his chin on the microphone during performances  The so-called "endless tour"—the result of years of financial risks, drug use, and poor business decisions—had taken its toll 
Garcia's decade-long heroin addiction culminated in the rest of the band holding an intervention in January 1985  Given the choice between the band or the drugs, Garcia agreed to check into a rehabilitation center in Oakland, California  A few days later in January, before the start of his program in Oakland, Garcia was arrested for drug possession in Golden Gate Park; he subsequently attended a drug diversion program  Throughout 1985, he tapered his drug use on tour and at home with the assistance of Nora Sage; by the spring of 1986, he was completely abstinent 
Precipitated by an unhealthy weight, dehydration, bad eating habits, and a recent relapse on the Grateful Dead's first stadium tour, Garcia collapsed into a diabetic coma in July 1986, waking up five days later  He later spoke about this period of unconsciousness as surreal: "Well, I had some very weird experiences  My main experience was one of furious activity and tremendous struggle in a sort of futuristic, space-ship vehicle with insectoid presences  After I came out of my coma, I had this image of myself as these little hunks of protoplasm that were stuck together kind of like stamps with perforations between them that you could snap off " Garcia's coma had a profound effect on him: it forced him to have to relearn how to play the guitar, as well as other, more basic skills  Within a handful of months, he had recovered, playing with the Jerry Garcia Band and the Grateful Dead again later that year After Garcia's recovery, the band released a comeback album In the Dark in 1987, which became their best-selling studio album  Inspired by Garcia's improved health, a successful album and the continuing emergence of Mydland as a third frontman, the band's energy and chemistry reached a new peak in the late 1980s 
Amid a litany of personal problems, Mydland died of a speedball overdose in July 1990  His death greatly affected Garcia, leading him to believe that the band's chemistry would never be the same  Before beginning the fall tour, the band acquired keyboardists Vince Welnick and Bruce Hornsby  The power of Hornsby's performances drove Garcia to new heights on stage  However, as the band continued through 1991, Garcia became concerned with the band's future  He was exhausted from five straight years of touring  He thought a break was necessary, mainly so that the band could come back with fresh material  The idea was put off by the pressures of management, and the touring continued  Garcia began using heroin again after several years of intermittent prescription opiate use  Though his relapse was brief, the band was quick to react  Soon after the last show of the tour in Denver, Garcia was confronted by the band with another intervention  After a disastrous meeting, Garcia invited Phil Lesh over to his home in San Rafael, California, where he explained that after the meeting he would start attending a methadone clinic  Garcia said that he wanted to clean up in his own way, and return to making music After returning from the band's 1992 summer tour, Garcia became sick, a throwback to his diabetic coma in 1986  Manasha Garcia nursed Jerry back to health and organized a team of health professionals which included acupuncturist Yen Wei Choong and Randy Baker, MD, a holistic family physician to treat him at home  Garcia recovered over the following days, despite the Grateful Dead having to cancel their fall tour to allow him time to recuperate  Garcia reduced his cigarette smoking and began losing weight  He also became a vegetarian Despite these improvements, Garcia's physical and mental condition continued to decline throughout 1993 and 1994  He began to use narcotics again to dull the pain 
In light of his second drug relapse and current condition, Garcia checked himself into the Betty Ford Center during July 1995  His stay was limited, lasting only two weeks  Motivated by the experience, he then checked into the Serenity Knolls treatment center in Forest Knolls, California, where he died 

Death
Garcia died in his room at the rehabilitation clinic on August 9, 1995  The cause of death was a heart attack  Garcia had long struggled with drug addiction, weight problems, sleep apnea, heavy smoking, and diabetes—all of which contributed to his physical decline  Lesh remarked that, upon hearing of Garcia's death, "I was struck numb  I had lost my oldest surviving friend, my brother " Garcia's funeral was held on August 12, at St  Stephen's Episcopal Church in Belvedere  It was attended by his family, the remaining Grateful Dead members, and their friends, including former pro basketball player Bill Walton and musician Bob Dylan  Deborah Koons barred two of Garcia's former wives from the ceremony On August 13, about 25,000 people attended a municipally sanctioned public memorial at the Polo Fields of San Francisco's Golden Gate Park  Crowds produced hundreds of flowers, gifts, images, and a bagpipe rendition of "Amazing Grace" in remembrance  In the Haight, a single white rose was reportedly tied to a tree near the Dead's former Haight-Ashbury house, where a group of followers gathered to mourn On the morning of April 4, 1996, after a total lunar eclipse earlier that day, Weir and Deborah Koons accompanied by Sanjay Mishra, spread half of Garcia's ashes into the Ganges at the holy city of Rishikesh, India, a site sacred to Hindus  The remaining ashes were poured into the San Francisco Bay  Koons did not allow former wife Carolyn Garcia to attend the spreading of the ashes 

Musical equipment
Garcia played many guitars during his career, which ranged from student and budget models to custom-made instruments  During his thirty-five year career as a professional musician, Garcia used about 25 guitars In 1965, when Garcia was playing with the Warlocks, he used a Guild Starfire, which he also used on the début album of the Grateful Dead  Beginning in late 1967 and ending in 1968, Garcia played black or gold mid-1950s Gibson Les Paul guitars with P-90 pickups  In 1969, he picked up the Gibson SG and used it for most of that year and 1970, except for a small period in between where he used a sunburst Fender Stratocaster 
During Garcia's "pedal steel flirtation period" (as Bob Weir referred to it in Anthem to Beauty), from approximately 1969 to 1972, he initially played a Fender instrument before upgrading to the ZB Custom D-10, especially in his earlier public performances  Although this was a double neck guitar, Garcia used the "E9 neck and the three pedals to raise the tone and two levers to lower it " He employed an Emmons D-10 at the Grateful Dead's and New Riders of the Purple Sage's final appearances at the Fillmore East in April 1971 In 1969, Garcia played pedal steel on three notable outside recordings: the track "The Farm" on the Jefferson Airplane album Volunteers, the track "Oh Mommy" by Brewer and Shipley and the hit single "Teach Your Children" by Crosby, Stills, Nash & Young from their album Déjà Vu, released in 1970  Garcia played on the latter album in exchange for harmony lessons for the Grateful Dead, who were at the time recording Workingman's Dead In 1971, Garcia began playing a sunburst Les Paul  In March and April 1971 – the time period during which the Grateful Dead recorded its second live album, Grateful Dead – Garcia played the "Peanut," a guitar he had received from Rick Turner, who had custom built the guitar's body and incorporated the neck, pickups, and hardware from an early '60s Les Paul 
In May, Garcia began using a 1955 natural finish Stratocaster that had been given to him by Graham Nash in 1969  Garcia added an alligator sticker to the pickguard in the fall of 1971, and the thusly-named "Alligator" would remain Garcia's principal electric guitar until August 1973 
In the summer of 1971, Garcia also played a double-cutaway Les Paul TV Junior 
While Alligator was in the shop in the summer of 1972, he briefly reverted to the sunburst Stratocaster; this can be seen in Sunshine Daydream 
In late 1972, Garcia purchased the first guitar ("Eagle") made by Alembic luthier Doug Irwin for $850 (equivalent to $5,900 in 2022)  Enamored of Irwin's talents, he immediately commissioned his own custom instrument  This guitar, nicknamed "Wolf" for a memorable sticker Garcia added below the tailpiece, was delivered in May 1973 and replaced Alligator on stage in September  It cost $1,500 (equivalent to $9,900 in 2022), an extremely high price for the era Wolf was made with an ebony fingerboard and featured numerous embellishments like alternating grain designs in the headstock, ivory inlays, and fret marker dots made of sterling silver  The body was composed of western maple wood which had a core of purpleheart  Garcia later had Irwin (who ultimately left Alembic to start his own business) replace the electronics inside the guitar, at which point he added his own logo to the headstock alongside the Alembic logo  The system included two interchangeable plates for configuring pickups: one was made for strictly single coils, while the other accommodated humbuckers  Shortly after receiving the modified instrument, Garcia commissioned another custom guitar from Irwin with one caveat: "Don't hold back "During the Grateful Dead's 1974 European tour, Wolf was dropped on several occasions, one of which caused a minor crack in the headstock  Following filming of The Grateful Dead Movie (in which the guitar is prominently visible) a month later, Garcia returned it to Irwin for repairs  Throughout its absence, Garcia predominantly played several Travis Bean guitars, including the TB1000A (1975) and the TB500 (1976-1977)  On September 28, 1977, Irwin delivered the refurbished Wolf back to Garcia  The wolf sticker which gave the guitar its name had now been inlaid into the instrument; it also featured an effects loop between the pick-ups and controls (so inline effects would "see" the same signal at all times) which was bypassable  Irwin also put a new face on the headstock with only his logo (he later claimed to have built the guitar himself, though pictures through time clearly show the progression of logos, from Alembic, to Alembic & Irwin, to only Irwin) Nearly seven years after he commissioned it, Garcia received his second custom guitar ("Tiger") from Irwin in the summer of 1979 
He first employed the instrument in concert at a Grateful Dead performance at the Oakland Auditorium Arena on August 4, 1979  Its name was derived from the inlay on the preamp cover 
The body of Tiger was of rich quality: the top layer was cocobolo, with the preceding layers being maple stripe, vermilion, and flame maple, in that order  The neck was made of western maple with an ebony fingerboard  The pickups consisted of a single coil DiMarzio SDS-1 and two humbucker DiMarzio Super IIs which were easily removable due to Garcia's preference for replacing his pickups every year or two  The electronics were composed of an effects bypass loop, which allowed Garcia to control the sound of his effects through the tone and volume controls on the guitar, and a preamplifier/buffer which rested behind a plate in the back of the guitar  Fully outfitted, Tiger weighed 13+1⁄2 pounds (6 1 kg)  This was Garcia's principal guitar for the next eleven years, and most played 
In the late 1980s Garcia, Weir and CSN (along with many others) endorsed Alvarez Yairi acoustic guitars   There are many photographs circulating (mostly promotional) of Garcia playing a DY99 Virtuoso Custom with a Modulus Graphite neck   He opted to play with the less decorated model but the promotional photo from the Alvarez Yairi catalog has him holding the "tree of life" model  This hand-built guitar was notable for the collaboration between Japanese luthier Kazuo Yairi and Modulus Graphite of San Rafael   As with most things Garcia, with his passing, the DY99 model is highly valued among collectors 
In 1990, Irwin completed "Rosebud", Garcia's fourth custom guitar  It was similar to his previous guitar Tiger in many respects, but featured different inlays and electronics, tone and volume controls, and weight  Rosebud, unlike Tiger, was configured with three humbuckers; the neck and bridge pickups shared a tone control, while the middle had its own  Atop the guitar was a Roland GK-2 pickup which fed the controller set inside the guitar  The GK2 was used in junction with the Roland GR-50 rack mount synthesizer  The GR-50 synthesizer in turn drove a Korg M1R synthesizer producing the MIDI effects heard during live performances of this period as heard on the Grateful Dead recording Without a Net  Sections of the guitar were hollowed out to bring the weight down to 11+1⁄2 pounds (5 2 kg)  The inlay, a dancing skeleton holding a rose, covers a plate just below the bridge  The final cost of the instrument was $11,000 (equivalent to $24,600 in 2022) In 1993, carpenter-turned-luthier Stephen Cripe tried his hand at making an instrument for Garcia  After researching Tiger through pictures and films, Cripe set out on what would soon become known as "Lightning Bolt", again named for its inlay 
The guitar used Brazilian rosewood for the fingerboard and East Indian rosewood for the body, which, with admitted irony from Cripe, had been taken from a 19th-century bed used by opium smokers  Built purely from guesswork, Lightning Bolt was a hit with Garcia, who began using the guitar exclusively  Soon after, Garcia requested that Cripe build a backup of the guitar  Cripe, who had not measured or photographed the original, was told simply to "wing it "Cripe later delivered the backup, which was known by the name "Top Hat"  Garcia bought it from him for $6,500, making it the first guitar that Cripe had ever sold  However, infatuated with Lightning Bolt, Garcia rarely used the backup 
After Garcia's death, the ownership of Wolf and Tiger came into question  According to Garcia's will, his guitars were bequeathed to Doug Irwin, who had constructed them 
The remaining Grateful Dead members disagreed – they considered his guitars to be property of the band, leading to a lawsuit between the two parties  In 2001, Irwin won the case  However, nearly having been left destitute from a traffic accident in 1998, he decided to place the guitars up for auction in hopes of being able to start another guitar workshop On May 8, 2002, Wolf and Tiger, among other memorabilia, were placed for auction at Studio 54 in New York City  Tiger was sold for $957,500, and Wolf for $789,500  Together, the pair sold for $1 74 million, setting a new world record  Wolf went into in the private collection of Daniel Pritzker who kept it in a secure climate controlled room in a private residence at Utica, N Y  Tiger went to the private collection of Indianapolis Colts owner Jim Irsay 
In May 2017, Wolf was again auctioned, but this time for charity  Pritzker decided to sell the guitar and donate all proceeds to the Montgomery, Alabama based Southern Poverty Law Center Brian Halligan placed the winning bid totaling $1 9M For the majority of 2019 Wolf and Tiger were included in the Play it Loud exhibit at the Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York City  On June 23, 2019 John Mayer played Wolf with Dead & Co  at Citi Field 

Legacy
Garcia was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame as a member of the Grateful Dead in 1994  He declined to attend the ceremony; the band jokingly brought a cardboard cutout of Garcia out on stage in his absence In 1987, Vermont ice cream maker Ben & Jerry's introduced their Cherry Garcia flavor dedicated to him  It was the first ice cream flavor dedicated to a musician In 2003, Rolling Stone ranked Jerry Garcia 13th in their list of the "100 Greatest Guitarists of All Time" According to fellow Bay Area guitar player Henry Kaiser, Garcia is "the most recorded guitarist in history  With more than 2,200 Grateful Dead concerts, and 1,000 Jerry Garcia Band concerts captured on tape – as well as numerous studio sessions – there are about 15,000 hours of his guitar work preserved for the ages "On July 30, 2004, Melvin Seals was the first Jerry Garcia Band (JGB) member to headline an outdoor music and camping festival called "The Grateful Garcia Gathering"  Jerry Garcia Band drummer David Kemper joined Melvin Seals and JGB in 2007  Other musicians and friends of Garcia include Donna Jean Godchaux, Mookie Siegel, Pete Sears, G E  Smith, Chuck Hammer, Barry Sless, Jackie Greene, Brian Lesh, Sanjay Mishra, and Mark Karan 
On July 21, 2005, the San Francisco Recreation and Park Commission passed a resolution to name the amphitheater in McLaren Park "The Jerry Garcia Amphitheater " The amphitheater is located in the Excelsior District, where Garcia grew up  The first show to happen at the Jerry Garcia Amphitheater was Jerry Day 2005 on August 7, 2005  Jerry's brother, Tiff Garcia, was the first person to welcome everybody to the "Jerry Garcia Amphitheater "  Jerry Day is an annual celebration of Garcia in his childhood neighborhood  The dedication ceremony (Jerry Day 2) on October 29, 2005, was officiated by mayor Gavin Newsom 
On September 24, 2005, the Comes a Time: A Celebration of the Music & Spirit of Jerry Garcia tribute concert was held at the Hearst Greek Theatre in Berkeley, California  The concert featured Bob Weir, Bill Kreutzmann, Mickey Hart, Bruce Hornsby, Trey Anastasio, Warren Haynes, Jimmy Herring, Michael Kang, Jay Lane, Jeff Chimenti, Mark Karan, Robin Sylvester, Kenny Brooks, Melvin Seals, Merl Saunders, Marty Holland, Stu Allen, Gloria Jones, and Jackie LaBranch 
Georgia-based composer Lee Johnson released an orchestral tribute to the music of the Grateful Dead, recorded with the Russian National Orchestra, entitled "Dead Symphony: Lee Johnson Symphony No  6 " Johnson was interviewed on NPR on the July 26, 2008 broadcast of Weekend Edition, and gave much credit to the genius and craft of Garcia's songwriting  A live performance with the Baltimore Symphony Orchestra, conducted by Johnson himself, was held Friday, August 1 In 2010 the Santa Barbara Bowl in California opened Jerry Garcia Glen along the walk up to the venue  There is a statue of Garcia's right hand along the way 
Seattle rock band Soundgarden wrote and recorded the instrumental song "Jerry Garcia's Finger", dedicated to the singer, which was released as a b-side with their single "Pretty Noose" 
Numerous music festivals across the United States and Uxbridge, Middlesex, UK hold annual events in memory of Jerry Garcia 
On May 14, 2015, an all-star lineup held a tribute concert for Garcia at Merriweather Post Pavilion in Columbia, Maryland  The event was called "Dear Jerry" In 2015, Hunter and Garcia were inducted into the Songwriters Hall of Fame  Hunter accepted the award along with Garcia's daughter, Trixie Garcia, who accepted on behalf of her father 
In 2015, Jerry Garcia's wife, Manasha Garcia and their daughter, Keelin Garcia launched The Jerry Garcia Foundation, a nonprofit charity that supports projects for artistic, environmental, and humanitarian causes  The Foundation's Board members are Bob Weir, Peter Shapiro, Glenn Fischer, Irwin Sternberg, Daniel Shiner, TRI Studios CEO, Christopher McCutcheon and Fender Music Foundation Executive Director, 
Lynn Robison  Keelin Garcia said, "It is a tremendous honor to participate in nonprofit work that is in accordance with my father's values "In 2017 Garcia's music was featured in Red Roses, Green Gold, an off-Broadway musical featuring the music of Garcia and Robert Hunter, with additional music by Phil Lesh, Bob Weir, Mickey Hart, and Hunter's longtime collaborator Greg Anton  The production was directed and choreographed by Rachel Klein, featured a book by Michael Norman Mann, had Jeff Chimenti serving as music supervisor, and was performed at the Minetta Lane Theatre in New York City In 2018, Jerry Garcia family members, Keelin Garcia and Manasha Garcia launched the Jerry Garcia Music Arts independent music label On November 18, 2021, it was announced Jonah Hill would portray Garcia in a forthcoming Grateful Dead biopic written by Scott Alexander and Larry Karaszewski directed by Martin Scorsese for Apple TV+ 

Discography
New Riders of the Purple Sage – New Riders of the Purple Sage – 1971
Hooteroll? – Howard Wales and Jerry Garcia – 1971
Garcia – Jerry Garcia – 1972
Live at Keystone – Merl Saunders, Jerry Garcia, John Kahn, Bill Vitt – 1973
Compliments – Jerry Garcia – 1974
Old & In the Way – Old & In the Way – 1975
Reflections – Jerry Garcia – 1976
Cats Under the Stars – Jerry Garcia Band – 1978
Run for the Roses – Jerry Garcia – 1982
Vintage NRPS – New Riders of the Purple Sage – 1986
Keystone Encores – Merl Saunders, Jerry Garcia, John Kahn, Bill Vitt – 1988
Almost Acoustic – Jerry Garcia Acoustic Band – 1988
Jerry Garcia / David Grisman – Jerry Garcia and David Grisman – 1991
Jerry Garcia Band – Jerry Garcia Band – 1991
Not for Kids Only – Jerry Garcia and David Grisman – 1993

Notes
Passage 4:
Garcia Plays Dylan
Garcia Plays Dylan is an album composed of various live performances featuring Jerry Garcia playing covers of Bob Dylan songs   It is culled from performances from 1973–1995, and features Garcia playing with Grateful Dead, Legion of Mary, Jerry Garcia Band, and Garcia-Saunders   Garcia takes lead vocals on all tracks 
Another collection, Postcards of the Hanging, features more Dylan covers performed by the Grateful Dead (with lead vocals shared among Garcia, Bob Weir and Phil Lesh) 

Track listing
All songs composed by Bob Dylan, except "Tears of Rage" by Richard Manuel and Bob Dylan 
Disc one

"It Takes a Lot to Laugh, It Takes a Train to Cry" – 8:12
"Tough Mama" – 9:17
"Positively 4th Street" – 10:46
"The Wicked Messenger" – 13:20
"Knockin' on Heaven's Door" – 17:15
"Simple Twist Of Fate" – 10:58
"I Shall Be Released" – 7:40Disc two

"When I Paint My Masterpiece" – 14:00
"She Belongs to Me" – 6:31
"Forever Young" – 9:05
"Tangled Up In Blue" – 11:48
"Senor (Tales of Yankee Power)" – 7:16
"Visions of Johanna" – 9:21
"Quinn the Eskimo (The Mighty Quinn)" – 5:15
"It's All Over Now, Baby Blue" – 7:07"Tangled Up In Blue" later released with entire concert on Garcia Live Volume 19
"It's All Over Now, Baby Blue" later released with entire concert on Spring 1990Bonus Disc – Garcia Plays Dylan Again

"It Takes a Lot to Laugh, It Takes a Train to Cry" (acoustic) – 5:38
"Tears of Rage" – 8:19
"Going, Going, Gone" – 18:56

Track information
Disc one

Jerry Garcia & Merl Saunders   Recorded Live at The Boarding House, San Francisco, CA (1/25/73)
Jerry Garcia Band  Recorded Live at Keystone, Berkeley, CA (11/18/75)
Jerry Garcia Band  Recorded Live at Keystone, Berkeley, CA (11/17/75)
Legion Of Mary   Recorded Live at Oriental Theatre, Milwaukee, WI (4/19/75)
Jerry Garcia Band   Recorded Live at Keystone, Berkeley, CA (2/15/76)
Jerry Garcia Band   Recorded Live at Santa Cruz Civic Auditorium, Santa Cruz, CA (2/19/78)
Jerry Garcia Band   Recorded Live at the Warfield Theatre, San Francisco, CA (11/28/87)Disc two

Jerry Garcia Band   Recorded Live at The Stone, San Francisco, CA (2/2/80)
Grateful Dead  Recorded Live at Frost Amphitheater, Palo Alto, CA (4/28/85)
Jerry Garcia Band   Recorded Live at the Warfield Theatre, San Francisco, CA (3/4/88)
Jerry Garcia Band   Recorded Live at Oakland Coliseum, Oakland, CA (10/31/92)
Jerry Garcia Band   Recorded Live at the Warfield Theatre, San Francisco, CA (4/23/93)
Grateful Dead   Recorded Live at Soldier Field, Chicago, IL (7/8/95)
Grateful Dead   Recorded Live at Sullivan Stadium, Foxboro, MA (7/2/89)
Grateful Dead   Recorded Live at Copps Coliseum, Hamilton, Ontario (3/22/90)Bonus Disc - "Garcia Plays Dylan Again"

Garcia/Kahn  Neighbors of Woodcraft, Portland, OR - late show (06/04/82)
Jerry Garcia Band  Greek Theater, Berkeley, CA - (08/05/90)
Legion Of Mary  Keystone, Berkeley, CA - (05/22/75)

Credits
Jerry Garcia - guitar, vocals

Jerry Garcia & Merl Saunders
Merl Saunders - organ
John Kahn - electric bass
Bill Vitt - drums

Jerry Garcia Band
Nicky Hopkins - piano on disc 1, tracks 2-3
John Kahn - bass
Ron Tutt - drums on disc 1, tracks 2-3 & 5
Keith Godchaux - piano on disc 1, tracks 5-6
Donna Godchaux - vocals on disc 1, track 5
Buzz Buchanan - drums on disc 1, track 6
Gloria Jones - vocals on disc 1, track 7, disc 2, tracks 3-5
David Kemper - drums on disc 1, track 7, disc 2, tracks 3-5
Jackie LaBranch - vocals on disc 1, track 7, disc 2, tracks 3-5
Ozzie Ahlers - keyboards on disc 2, track 1
Johnny de Fonseca - drums on disc 2, track 1

Legion of Mary
Merl Saunders - organ
John Kahn - bass
Ron Tutt - drums
Martin Fierro - saxophone

Grateful Dead
Bob Weir - guitar, vocals
Phil Lesh - bass, vocals
Brent Mydland - keyboards, vocals on disc 2, tracks 2 & 7-8
Mickey Hart - drums
Bill Kreutzmann - drums
Vince Welnick - keyboards on disc 2, track 6

See also
List of songs written by Bob Dylan
List of artists who have covered Bob Dylan songs
Passage 5:
Cats Under the Stars
Cats Under the Stars is the only studio album by the American rock band the Jerry Garcia Band  Released in 1978 on Arista Records, the album was the first release by the group, which was a long-running side project of Grateful Dead singer and guitarist Jerry Garcia  While the band continued until 1995, they were primarily a live concert act following the release of Cats Under the Stars and never recorded another studio effort  Grateful Dead members Keith and Donna Godchaux, who were at the time also part of the Garcia Band, contributed to the album 

Recording and release
The album was the first to be recorded at the Grateful Dead's Club Front in San Rafael, a warehouse space that had been acquired for band rehearsals and then converted to a studio  Garcia explained "[Ron] Tutt liked the drum sound in the room and we hadn't really thought about it before, so we whipped the place into a recording studio "The record was not a financial success, but it remained Garcia's favorite, as he said in an interview in the late 1980s: "The record I worked hardest at and liked best was Cats Under the Stars  That was kind of like my baby  It did worse than any other record I ever did  I think I probably gave away more copies than I sold  It was amazingly, pathetically bad  But I’ve learned not to invest a lot of importance in 'em, although it's nice to care about your work "
On another occasion in the early '80s he said "Cats Under the Stars is my favorite one  That's the one that I’m happiest with, from every point of view in which I operate on that record  We did all those tunes on tour right after the album came out, with John and Maria, Keith and Donna and I think Ronnie Tutt was still playing drums with us on those first few tours " (Although Ron Tutt played on the album, he left the band before the album was released and was replaced by Buzz Buchanan )
In the early '90s he still thought well of the album: "As far as I'm concerned Cats Under the Stars is my most successful record — even though it's my least successful record! I've always loved it and it just never went anywhere " In an interview with Joel Selvin he was more succinct; "[Cats Under the Stars] had everything — chops, production, songs "
Cats Under the Stars peaked at No  114 on the Billboard 200 "Rubin and Cherise" was the only song from the album to be subsequently performed by the Grateful Dead, who debuted the song in concert in 1991 

Critical reception
On AllMusic, Lindsay Planer wrote, "Jerry Garcia's fourth solo album was the first to be released under the collective title of the Jerry Garcia Band    However, unlike his previous effort, Cats Under the Stars contains all new original material     Many Deadheads and critics alike feel as if Cats Under the Stars is Garcia's best non-Dead effort   "

Track listing
Side one

"Rubin And Cherise" (Robert Hunter, Jerry Garcia) – 5:17
"Love In The Afternoon" (Hunter, John Kahn) – 4:09
"Palm Sunday" (Hunter, Garcia) – 2:21
"Cats Under The Stars" (Hunter, Garcia) – 5:31Side two

"Rhapsody In Red" (Hunter, Garcia, Kahn) – 5:11
"Rain" (Donna Godchaux) – 5:53
"Down Home" (Kahn) – 1:46
"Gomorrah" (Hunter, Garcia) – 5:26The album was reissued in the All Good Things: Jerry Garcia Studio Sessions box set with the following bonus tracks:

 "Magnificent Sanctuary Band" (Dorsey Burnette) – 3:50
"I'll Be With Thee" (Dorothy Love Coates) – 6:01
"The Way You Do the Things You Do" (Smokey Robinson, Robert "Bobby" Rogers) – 5:01
"Mighty High" (David Crawford, Richard Downing) – 3:04
"Don't Let Go" (Jesse Stone) – 15:59
"Down Home" (Rehearsal Version) (Kahn) – 1:49
"Palm Sunday" (Alternate Take) (Hunter, Garcia) – 2:24Tracks 9 & 11-13 are from a rehearsal session in November 1976 

Personnel
Jerry Garcia BandJerry Garcia - guitar, vocals
Donna Jean Godchaux - vocals
Keith Godchaux - keyboards, background vocals
John Kahn - basses, keyboards, guitar, orchestration
Ron Tutt - drums, percussion
Maria Muldaur - background vocals on tracks 2, 8 & 10Additional musiciansMerl Saunders - organ
Stephen Schuster - flute, clarinet, saxophone
Brian Godchaux - violin
Candy Godchaux - violinProductionEngineers - Betty Cantor-Jackson, Bob Matthews
Assistants - Harry Popick, Steve Parrish, Bill Candelario, Ramrod
Cover art - Kelly Mouse Studios
Passage 6:
Sugaree
"Sugaree" is a song with lyrics by long-time Grateful Dead lyricist Robert Hunter and music by guitarist Jerry Garcia  It was written for Jerry Garcia's first solo album Garcia, which was released in January 1972  As with the songs on the rest of the album, Garcia plays every instrument himself except drums, played by Bill Kreutzmann, including acoustic guitar, bass guitar, and an electric guitar played through a Leslie speaker  Released as a single from the Garcia album, "Sugaree" peaked at #94 on the Billboard Hot 100 in April 1972 and was Garcia's only single ever on that chart The song was first performed live by the Grateful Dead on July 31, 1971, at the Yale Bowl at Yale University, as was the song "Mr  Charlie"  They played the song in numerous other concerts, including those later released as Dick's Picks Volume 3 and One from the Vault 

Predecessors
Rusty York recorded a Marty Robbins-penned song in 1959 (Chess 1730) also called, "Sugaree" Elizabeth Cotten, a North Carolina folksinger, wrote and recorded a song called "Shake Sugaree" in 1966  The chorus of Cotten's song is "Oh lordie me/Didn't I shake sugaree?" Hunter was aware of this song when he wrote "Sugaree "Fred Neil released a song in 1966 on his eponymous album called "I've Got a Secret (Didn't We Shake Sugaree) "
It can also be heard on "Echoes of My Mind - The Best of Fred Neil 1963-1971" 
In 1970, singer-songwriter Keith Colley released the single "Sugaree (Sugar Every Day And Night Girl)" on the Challenge label 

References in popular culture
The song is mentioned in Stephen King's 1981 novel Cujo 
The Persuasions included this song on their 2000 album of Grateful Dead covers, Might as Well… The Persuasions Sing Grateful Dead Graham Parker covered the track on his 2004 album, Your Country Nick Barker covered this song on his album Black Water Blues released in 2009 
Jackie Greene recorded a cover for his 2009 release The Grateful EP 
On the 2016 charity album Day of the Dead, "Sugaree" was covered by Jenny Lewis and the band Phosphorescent 

See also
Dark Star
Musical improvisation
Passage 7:
Sandy Rothman
Sandy Rothman (born January 30, 1946, Miami, Florida) is an American, San Francisco Bay Area bluegrass multi-instrumentalist and record producer   He plays mandolin, dobro and banjo, and he also sings   Rothman was a friend and colleague of Grateful Dead bandleader Jerry Garcia, and a member of the Jerry Garcia Acoustic Band  He played bluegrass with Garcia and David Nelson as the Black Mountain Boys in 1964, and has played with Bill Monroe and his Blue Grass Boys, Earl Taylor, Red Allen, Jimmie Skinner, Larry Sparks, the Kentucky Colonels, Country Joe McDonald, Kathy Kallick and Clarence White, among other musicians  He has been described as "one of the chief biscuits when and where bluegrass music is discussed, scribed, or performed in northern California "

Discography
Almost Acoustic – Jerry Garcia Acoustic Band – Arista Records (1988) (producer and performer)
The Old Road to Home – Sandy Rothman – Tonebar Records (1993) (producer and performer)
Bluegrass Guitar Duets – Sandy Rothman and Steve Pottier – Sierra Records (1994)
Pure Jerry: Lunt-Fontanne, New York City, October 31, 1987 – Jerry Garcia Band and Jerry Garcia Acoustic Band – Jerry Made Records (2004)
Pure Jerry: Lunt-Fontanne, New York City, The Best of the Rest, October 15–30, 1987 – Jerry Garcia Band and Jerry Garcia Acoustic Band – Jerry Made Records (2004)
Songs of the Grateful Dead: A Tribute to Jerry Garcia and Robert Hunter – Jesse McReynolds and Friends, feat  David Nelson and Stu Allen – Woodstock Records (2010) (producer and performer)
Ragged but Right – Jerry Garcia Acoustic Band – Jerry Made Records (2010) (recorded in 1987) (producer and performer)
On Broadway: Act One – October 28th, 1987 – Jerry Garcia Band and Jerry Garcia Acoustic Band – ATO Records (2015)
Electric on the Eel – included on the Jerry Garcia Acoustic Band bonus disc Acoustic on the Eel (2019)
Context 3: Passage 1:
Shreekhandpur
Shreekhandapur (Nepal Bhasa: खम्पू) is a city situated in the Dhulikhel municipality in Kavrepalanchowk district in Nepal This historical town is about 28 km east from Kathmandu  The city is located roughly at 1400m above sea level  The main attraction of Shreekhandapur is the temple of Swet Bhairav, located approximately 1 km northeast of the town  The name Shreekhandapur was originally given due to the presence of the tree Shreekhand  Its name during the Licchavi period was खम्पू which is still used predominantly by the Newar community living in this town 

History
Shreekhandapur is historically important city which was a major part of the trade route towards the southern part of the country  Merchants would have to go through this city before the invent of modern transportation  The city was incorporated in the kingdom of Nepal by Prithvi Narayan Shah during his unification around 1820 Bikram Sambat  The various parts of the town have their own names as well 
The eastern part is referred to as bahatol, the part which has the Nasika temple towards north east is referred to as Nastol, the north west part is referred to as bhukhatol, the western part is referred to as basatol, and the middle part of the town is referred to as chaftol  The residents of chaftol were originally brought to Shreekhandapur from Bhaktapur and Lalitpur by Prithvi Narayan Shah to build economic foundation to this town during the unification of Nepal  Particularly, the Karmacharya's were from Bhaktapur and Dhunju's were from Lalitpur 

Festivals
Bisket Jatra is a major festival which is celebrated during the new year period based on the Bikram Sambat calendar  It is as important as the Dashain festival for the locals here in the city  A tree is brought from Bhaktapur and raised in the city for seven days to celebrate the festival  They carry the statue of Ganesh, Kumar, and Bhairav in specially made Chariot and take it around all parts of the town to celebrate the festival 
Gai Jatra is celebrated yearly by the locals to honor their late family members 

Transportation
The city is connected to the capital city Kathmandu through the Arniko Rajmarg 

Education
Shreekhandapur higher secondary school
Kathmandu University is located about 1 km towards east of the town
Passage 2:
Orosháza
Orosháza is a city situated in the westernmost part of Békés county, Hungary, on the Békés ridge bordered by the rivers Maros and Körös  Orosháza is an important cultural, educational and recreational centre of the region 

Main sights
The city's main attractions are the Orosháza-Gyopárosfürdő spa complex, the Szántó Kovács János Museum, the Darvas József Literary Memorial House, and the Town Art Gallery  The only museum in the country devoted to water wells is found in Orosháza  At the Rágyánszky Arboretum, more than 2000 plant species in 6000 varieties can be seen The Lutheran church, was built between 1777 and 1830 in late Baroque style  It is located in the centre of the town  The bell carried by the first settlers, who migrated from Zomba, is kept in front of the altar of the church 
A number of cultural and entertaining programmes are organised in the town every year 

Notable residents
The cantor Marcel Lorand was born in the city in 1912  He learned music with Béla Bartók and became the cantor of the Synagogue de la Paix in Strasbourg, France, in 1964  He died in 1988 
Júlia Goldman (b  1974), was born in Oroshaza and is noted as an "outstanding writer" of fantasy and adventure 
Gyula Gömbös, prime minister of Hungary was made an honorary citizen of the city in 1932 

Orosháza-Gyopárosfürdő spa complex
The Gyopárosfürdő dictrict of Orosháza is located 3 km from the city center  Gyopárosfürdő has been well known for its thermal water since 1869, which rises from a depth of 670 meters  Set in a 10-hectare park, the Orosháza-Gyopárosfürdő Thermal Spa, Park and Adventure Pools spa complex has 8 outdoor and 5 indoor pools, including adventure pools, thermal pools, children’s pools and even a 50-meter cold-water sports pool 
Official website: https://gyoparosfurdo-oroshaza hu/en

Gallery
Twin towns – sister cities
Orosháza is twinned with:
Passage 3:
Cachoeirinha
Cachoeirinha (lit  "Little Waterfall") is a city in the Brazilian state of Rio Grande do Sul  Cachoeirinha is an alternative for the people who want to be near Porto Alegre (capital of Rio Grande do Sul)  The city is situated at a strategic point in Rio Grande do Sul state  The city shares borders with Porto Alegre, Canoas, Esteio, Sapucaia do Sul, Gravataí and Alvorada  The city holiday is on May 15, the date on which the city declared its emancipation 

Municipal policy
The Executive of the Municipality of Cachoeirinha is represented by the mayor and his office of Secretary, following the model proposed by the Federal Constitution  Legislative Power is represented by the City Council, composed of 17 councilors elected to office for four years  The House vote enacts laws for the administration and the Executive, especially the municipal budget 

Population
One of Cachoeirinha's gaucho municipalities had higher population growth in the 1970s  As of 20, the city has 131,240 inhabitants and 43 9 square kilometers of land area 

Traditions
Traditions of the gaucho are celebrated by the Cachoeirinha Center Traditions  Rancho da Saudade holds popular events  The Creole round, held annually in the city, received the recognition of the Government of the State of Rio Grande do Sul, and is included in the official calendar  Rodeos held in Cachoeirinha attract people from various cities of Brazil 

Education
The city has 15 public schools and 8 private at the elementary level and one college 

External links
Cachoeirinha Mayor's Office (in Portuguese)
Passage 4:
Rancho Cucamonga, California
Rancho Cucamonga ( RAN-choh KOO-kə-MUNG-gə) is a city located just south of the foothills of the San Gabriel Mountains and Angeles National Forest in San Bernardino County, California, United States  About 37 mi (60 km) east of Downtown Los Angeles, Rancho Cucamonga is the 28th most populous city in California  The city's seal, which centers on a cluster of grapes, alludes to the city's agricultural history including wine-making  The city's proximity to major transportation hubs, airports, and highways has attracted the business of several large corporations, including Coca-Cola, Frito-Lay, Big Lots, Mercury Insurance Group, Southern California Edison, and Amphastar Pharmaceuticals The city had a population of 174,453 according to the 2020 United States Census  The city experiences an average of 287 sunny days per year, compared to a national average of 205 days  Its climate is classified as warm Mediterranean, or Csa, under the Köppen climate classification system In 2017, the California Department of Education announced that all four high schools were named California Gold Ribbon Schools The Jack Benny Program popularized the city's name, in particular the word "Cucamonga" 

History
By 1200 AD, Kukamongan Native Americans had established a village settlement in the area around present-day Red Hill, near the city's western border, where Red Hill Country Club stands today  Kukamonga derives its name from a Tongva word meaning "sandy place " Anthropologists have determined that this cluster of settlers likely belonged to the Tongva people or Kich people, at one time one of the largest concentrations of Native American peoples on the North American continent  In the 18th century, following an expedition led by Gaspar de Portola, the land was incorporated into the Mission System  established by Father Junipero Serra and his group of soldiers and Franciscan friars  

After a half century of political jockeying in the region, the land finally came under the control of Juan Bautista Alvarado, governor of Mexico  On March 3, 1839, Alvarado granted 13,000 acres of land in the area called "Cucamonga" to Tubercio Tapia, a first-generation Spanish native of Los Angeles, successful merchant, and notorious smuggler  Tapia went on to establish the first winery in California on his newly deeded land  Rancho Cucamonga was purchased by John Rains and his wife in 1858  The Rains family's home, Casa de Rancho Cucamonga, was completed in 1860 and now appears on the National Register of Historic Places During the ensuing years the town prospered and grew  In 1887, irrigation tunnels were dug into Cucamonga Canyon by Chinese laborers and the Santa Fe Railroad was extended through the area  Among the town's economic mainstays was agriculture, including olives, peaches, citrus, and, most notably, vineyards  In 1913, the Pacific Electric Railway was extended through Rancho Cucamonga in an effort to improve crop transportation  Several landmarks in existence today pay tribute to the city's multicultural founding  In particular, Our Lady of Mt  Carmel remains as a relic of the area's Mexican agriculture laborers while the Chinatown House stands as a reminder of the Chinese immigrants who labored in constructing the area's infrastructure In 1977, the unincorporated communities of Alta Loma, Cucamonga, and Etiwanda voted to incorporate, forming the city of Rancho Cucamonga 

Grapeland
The former community of Grapeland, first settled in 1869, lay roughly between today's Victoria Groves Park and Central Park  There was a schoolhouse which also doubled as a church  In 1890 an irrigation district was formed and $200,000 in bonds were sold to pay for improvements  The Sierra Vista reservoir was built in 1886-87 by J L  Scofield as the focal point of a network of irrigation pipes   The system was unused, however, because the bond issue was declared illegal  "Orchards and vineyards began to die," The Daily Report newspaper reported in a retrospective  "Residents moved out  The post office closed in 1905  Homes, buildings were destroyed or abandoned " The reservoir remained unused until 1956, when the Fontana Union Water Company filled it with 5 million gallons of water  The local school district was merged with the Etiwanda district in 1901  In 1957 the settlement was practically deserted, but there were still rabbit-proof stone walls marking boundaries of previous citrus orchards 

Geography
Rancho Cucamonga is part of the Inland Empire and San Bernardino County, a region that lies inland from the Pacific coast and directly east of Los Angeles County  Rancho Cucamonga is located about 37 mi (60 km) east of Los Angeles, bordered by Upland to its west, Ontario to its south, the San Gabriel Mountains to its north and I-15 and Fontana to its east  The city sits atop an alluvial plain and views of Cucamonga Peak, one of the tallest peaks of the San Gabriel Mountains, are available from all points throughout the city  The city has a total area of 39 9 sq mi (103 km2), 99 95% of which is land and 0 05% water 

Climate
The city's climate is classified as hot-summer Mediterranean, or Csa, under the Köppen climate classification system  Yearly precipitation is 17 68 in (449 mm) and the city experiences an average of 287 sunny days per year, compared to a national average of 205 days 

Demographics
2010
The 2010 United States Census reported that Rancho Cucamonga had a population of 165,269  The population density was 4,145 2 inhabitants per square mile (1,600 5/km2)  The racial makeup of Rancho Cucamonga was 102,401 (62 0%) White (42 7% Non-Hispanic White), 15,246 (9 2%) African American, 1,134 (0 7%) Native American, 17,208 (10 4%) Asian, 443 (0 3%) Pacific Islander, 19,878 (12 0%) from other races, and 8,959 (5 4%) from two or more races   There were 57,688 residents of Hispanic or Latino ancestry, of any race (34 9%) The census reported that 162,145 people (98 1% of the population) lived in households, 136 (0 1%) lived in non-institutionalized group quarters, and 2,988 (1 8%) were institutionalized Out of a total of 54,383 households, 23,055 (42 4%) had children under the age of 18 living in them, 30,533 (56 1%) were opposite-sex married couples living together, 7,514 (13 8%) had a female householder with no husband present, and 3,257 (6 0%) had a male householder with no wife present, as well as 2,995 (5 5%) unmarried opposite-sex partnerships and 425 (0 8%) same-sex married couples or partnerships  9,956 households (18 3%) were made up of individuals, and 2,679 (4 9%) had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older  The average household size was 2 98   Over the 41,304 families (76 0% of all households), the average family size was 2 90 The age distribution of the city was as follows: 42,550 people (25 7%) under the age of 18, 17,365 people (10 5%) aged 18 to 24, 48,600 people (29 4%) aged 25 to 44, 43,710 people (26 4%) aged 45 to 64, and 13,044 people (7 9%) who were 65 years of age or older   The median age was 34 5 years  For every 100 females, there were 97 6 males   For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 95 2 males There were 56,618 housing units at an average density of 1,420 1 per square mile (548 3/km2), of which 35,250 (64 8%) were owner-occupied, and 19,133 (35 2%) were occupied by renters  The homeowner vacancy rate was 1 6%; the rental vacancy rate was 5 2%   110,570 people (66 9% of the population) lived in owner-occupied housing units and 51,575 people (31 2%) lived in rental housing units During 2009–2013, Rancho Cucamonga had a median household income of $77,835, with 6 9% of the population living below the federal poverty line 

2000
As of the 2000 census, there were 127,743 people, 40,863 households, and 31,832 families residing in the city   The population density was 1,317 0/km2 (3,411 4/mi2)   There were 42,134 housing units at an average density of 434 4/km2 (1,125 2/mi2)   The racial makeup of the city was 66 53% White, 9 00% Asian, 0 67% Native American, 5 99% African American, 0 27% Pacific Islander, 13 25% from other races, and 5 41% from a biracial or multiracial background  Hispanic or Latino of any race were 27 78% of the population There were 40,863 households, of which 44 7% had children under the age of 18   60 2% of households consist of a married couple living together   12 8% had a female householder with no husband present   22 1% were non-families  16 8% of all households were single-person and 4 1% had a person of 65 years of age or older   The average household size was 3 04 and the average family size was 3 44 In the city, the population spread was as follows: 29 9% were under the age of 18, 9 9% were from 18 to 24, 33 2% were from 25 to 44, 21 0% were from 45 to 64, and 6 1% were 65 years of age or older   The median age was 32 years  For every 100 females, there were 100 1 males   For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 98 0 males The median income for a household in the city was $78,428 and the median income for a family was $91,240  Males had a median income of $50,288 versus $40,952 for females  The per capita income for the city was $23,702   About 4 9% of families and 7 1% of the population were below the poverty line, including 7 6% of those under age 18 and 7 3% of those age 65 or over 

Economy
While most of the city's land area is devoted to residential areas, Rancho Cucamonga, like its neighbors Ontario and Fontana, is a major center for the logistics industry in Southern California  This is due to its proximity to two interstate highways and Ontario International Airport, and the space afforded by the large tracts of former agricultural land in the southern section of the city In the area around Milliken Avenue, between Archibald and Etiwanda Avenues, Foothill Boulevard, and Fourth Street, about seven square miles of land are primarily occupied by numerous massive distribution centers, and even more, smaller manufacturing companies  This area is ringed by office parks, mostly along Haven Avenue, and shopping strips, such as the Terra Vista Town Center (part of a nearly two-square-mile master-planned community in the center of the city), and malls, such as Victoria Gardens, and the Ontario Mills, across Fourth Street in Ontario The city is also home to a CMC Steel (formerly Gerdau, formerly TAMCO Steel) minimill, the only producer of long steel in California  This mill recycles ferrous scrap, such as junked cars and appliances, to produce rebar The city hosts LoanMart Field, (formerly known as The Epicenter), a minor-league baseball stadium, home of the Rancho Cucamonga Quakes  The Quakes' mascot, Tremor, is a "Rallysaurus "

Victoria Gardens
Victoria Gardens is a lifestyle center near the eastern end of the city, at the intersection of Foothill and Day Creek Boulevards  Since the city had never developed a traditional commercial downtown like neighboring cities Ontario and Upland had, efforts were made in the design of Victoria Gardens to bring elements of more traditional and urban town design to what had historically been a suburban city  While retaining many characteristics of traditional shopping malls, such as large anchor stores, a food court, and vast parking lots and garages, the smaller stores are arranged as city blocks in a grid of two-lane streets, featuring lush landscaping and metered "teaser parking" in front of the stores, which open onto the sidewalk  There are two "Main Streets", which run from west to east across the center  Running from north to south between them is a pedestrian axis leading from one of the Macy's anchor stores, through a "town square" between a pair of mixed-use office buildings, to the Victoria Gardens Cultural Center, which contains the Lewis Playhouse (a 570-seat theater) and a branch of the city library  The east side of the development has Southern California's only Bass Pro Shops Outdoor World superstore; the 180,000-square-foot (17,000 m2) facility includes a Tracker Boat Center and the Islamorada Fish Company restaurant  There are restaurants throughout the center, both well-known chains and unique eateries, including California Pizza Kitchen, The Cheesecake Factory, Fleming's, Gyu-Kaku Japanese BBQ Dining, Johnny Rockets, King's Fish House, Lucille's Bar-B-Que, N7 Creamery, P F  Chang's China Bistro, Richie's Diner, T G I  Friday's, and Yard House  The center features a 12-screen AMC Theatre 

Top employers
According to the city's 2022 Comprehensive Annual Financial Report, the principal employers in the city are:

Government
Local government
Rancho Cucamonga is a General Law City, incorporated in 1977 under the "Council-Manager" form of local government  The four-member Council, plus the Mayor, City Clerk, and City Treasurer, are all elected at-large by the voters of the city  The Council then appoints the City Manager, who acts as the administrative head of the city government, and is responsible for the day-to-day operations, code enforcement, and the fiscal soundness of the municipal government  The council itself serves as a local legislative body  
The city's elections, which are plurality, are held on a Tuesday after the first Monday in November of even-numbered years 
L  Dennis Michael has been the city's mayor since 2011, with John Gillison as the city manager According to a city Comprehensive Annual Financial Report, the city's various funds had $278 3 million in revenues, $243 6 million in expenditures, $1,400 7 million in total assets, $492 1 million in total liabilities, and $583 3 million in cash and investments 

Politics
In the California State Legislature, Rancho Cucamonga is in the  23rd Senate District, represented by Republican Rosilicie Ochoa Bogh, and in the  40th Assembly District, represented by Democrat Pilar Schiavo In the United States House of Representatives, Rancho Cucamonga is in California's  33rd congressional district, represented by Democrat Pete Aguilar In 2005, the non-partisan Bay Area Center for Voting Research ranked Rancho Cucamonga as the 28th most conservative city in the United States 

Law enforcement
Since incorporation in 1977, law enforcement services in Rancho Cucamonga City have been provided through a contract with the San Bernardino County Sheriff's Department Rancho Cucamonga is also home to the Foothill Communities San Bernardino County Courthouse, which is housed in a building adjacent to the Rancho Cucamonga Civic Center, in a government complex located at Haven Avenue and Civic Center Drive in the city  The Civic Center houses the Rancho Cucamonga city hall, the city police department, and other local government offices 

Education
Schools
Rancho Cucamonga has multiple public K–12 schools, operating under several different school districts, within its borders: Alta Loma School District, Central School District, Cucamonga School District, Etiwanda School District, and Chaffey Joint Union High School District  Private schools include Upland Christian Academy  In addition, Rancho Cucamonga is the home to Chaffey College and satellite campuses of the University of La Verne, Cambridge College, University of Redlands, Everest College, and University of Phoenix, as well as the automotive trade school 
High Schools

Alta Loma High School
Etiwanda High School
Los Osos High School
Rancho Cucamonga High School

Libraries
The city of Rancho Cucamonga has two public libraries, with a combined total of over 200,000 volumes  The library at 7368 Archibald Avenue opened in 1994 and was remodeled in the summer of 2008  The Paul A  Biane library at 12505 Cultural Center Drive at the Victoria Gardens Cultural Center opened in August 2006  In 2013, the Rancho Cucamonga Public Library was a recipient of the National Medal for Museum and Library Services, the nation's highest honor that can be bestowed on a Library or Museum 

Infrastructure
Rancho Cucamonga's location at the base of the San Gabriel Mountains has necessitated the use of numerous control channels and basins to reduce the seasonal flood danger from the several streams descending from the range  In past years, some of the city's roads were known for flooding  Hermosa Avenue, in particular, now features many high curbs and extra-large storm drain grates to reduce flooding 

Transportation
Rancho Cucamonga is served by Omnitrans bus service,  train service from Metrolink's Rancho Cucamonga station on the San Bernardino Line, and nearby Ontario International Airport, one of four major Los Angeles-area passenger airports with multiple daily flights by most domestic carriers as well as a major shipping hub for companies like UPS and FedEx 
Interstate 15 (I-15) and State Route 210 (SR-210) run through Rancho Cucamonga as well as the historic U S  Route 66 (as Foothill Boulevard) 
I-15 sits atop an elevated berm, and cuts a curve through the southeastern part of the city, isolating a mostly industrial area, a small shopping center, and several housing tracts from the larger part of the city  Further north, I-15 forms part of the northeastern border with neighboring Fontana before entering the Cajon Pass through the San Gabriel Mountains  I-15 provides connectivity with the High Desert, Nevada, and points north for the Inland Empire and much of Southern California 
SR-210 runs nearly straight east–west through the northern part of the city, roughly bisecting the residential communities of Alta Loma and Etiwanda, providing connection (in addition to I-10 and SR-60) from the San Gabriel Valley and points west to the San Bernardino area 

Utilities
Rancho Cucamonga receives natural gas from the Southern California Gas Company  The city's water supply and sewage are managed by the Cucamonga Valley Water District  Garbage collection is by Burrtec Disposal, phone service is from Frontier Communications and cable TV is provided by Charter Communications Electric power in Rancho Cucamonga is provided by Southern California Edison and the Rancho Cucamonga Municipal Utility, and the city is also home to the Reliant Energy Etiwanda Generating Station, on Etiwanda Avenue  This facility, one of five Reliant stations in California, is a natural gas-fired power plant, which began operation in 1963  At 640 MW (860,000 hp) net capacity, it is Reliant's second-highest capacity plant on the West Coast  It utilizes four steam turbine generators; of which units three and four remained active after turbines one and two, as well as a combustion turbine, were retired in 2003 and 2004, respectively  Several systems are in place to control gas emissions, and annually, over 900,000,000 US gal (750,000,000 imp gal; 3 4 GL) of recycled water are used for cooling On November 29, 2011, the Inland Empire Utilities Agency installed the first wind turbine in Rancho Cucamonga 

In popular culture
The name "Cucamonga" became well known to fans of Jack Benny's popular radio program, in which an announcer, voiced by Mel Blanc, would call out: "Train leaving on track five for Anaheim, Azusa and Cu-camonga!" This running gag became so well known that it eventually led to a statue of Benny in Cucamonga The city is the primary setting of the TV series Workaholics and the feature film Next Friday  Further mention of the city was made in the Netflix series Unsolved 
The city was claimed as the location where the "Flamin' Hot" flavor of Cheetos was created in the 1980s at the Frito-Lay factory Cucamonga is referenced in the Grateful Dead song "Pride of Cucamonga" on the From the Mars Hotel album, and in "Cucamonga" on Frank Zappa’s album Bongo Fury 

See also
List of people from Rancho Cucamonga, California
List of U S  cities with large Hispanic populations
Passage 5:
Witbank
Witbank (), officially Emalahleni, is a city situated on the Highveld of Mpumalanga, South Africa, within the Emalahleni Local Municipality  The name Witbank is Afrikaans for "white ridge", and is named after a white sandstone outcrop where wagon transport drivers rested  The city is known for its coal-mining in the surrounding region 
Witbank was renamed to Emalahleni meaning the place of coal in 2006 by the government of Mpumalanga, matching the municipality 

History
Witbank was founded in 1890 and early attempts to exploit the coal deposits failed until the railway from Pretoria reached the area in 1894  It was proclaimed a town in 1903 and became a municipality in 1914 
There are many stories about the city and its origination but the top story would be the arrival of Winston Churchill at the nearby Transvaal and Delagoa Bay Colliery during his escape from Boer imprisonment in Pretoria, on his way to Delagoa Bay (later Lourenço Marques, and then Maputo, in Mozambique)  
Some local residents, loyal to the Crown, assisted him in hiding and making the final leg of his escape, thus gaining Witbank the consequent credit once the details of these events could be made known  The town has grown since then from a farming community into a business destination where companies such as Anglo American, BHP, Evraz, Eskom, Exxaro, Komatsu, the Renova Group, SABMiller, and Xstrata, among many others have found substantial returns on their investments 

Name change
On 3 March 2006, Witbank was officially renamed to Emalahleni, meaning place of coal matching the name of the municipality that contains it  A large number of signs to the town have already changed, but many still remain  Some landmarks bearing the name Witbank have remained, while others (such as the Witbank/Emalahleni dam) have been renamed 
Despite attempts by governing bodies to establish the use of the name, Emalahleni, for the city as well as for the district, locals still tend to call the city by its original name  Similarly to the anglicised pronunciation of Johannesburg, English-speaking residents pronounce the name as “wit•bank” and not as “vit•bunk” as in the original Afrikaans pronunciation, nor as “vit•bank” as English-speaking visitors are prone to say 

Transport
Witbank is located along the railway line linking Pretoria to Maputo and for many years served as the transport gateway to the Mozambiquean port  In recent years, this line has been under frequent threat of collapse due to underground coal fires in disused mines in the area 
Two national highways, the N4 from Pretoria and the N12 from Johannesburg, converge at Witbank and then continue to Komatipoort, on the border of Mozambique  Together, these routes form the Maputo Corridor, a strategically important alternative to the South African ports of Richards Bay and Durban on the Indian Ocean shores of the country 

Economy
Witbank is in a coal mining area with more than 22 collieries in the municipal radius  There are a number of power stations (such as the Duvha Power Station), as well as a steel mill (Evraz Highveld Steel and Vanadium Limited) nearby which all require coal  The farm land surrounding Witbank is fast being bought by investors, coal mining companies and real estate developers to accommodate the rapid growth of the city which is good for local businesses and residents  The region has the dirtiest air in the world due to the coal mining and plant power stations Likewise, the sustained growth of the commercial areas and suburbs has presented significant challenges to the municipal government  Potable water supplies, sewage treatment, electricity distribution, refuse collection and road maintenance are particularly affected, arousing sustained ire amongst the local residents  Relatively high summer rainfall since 2008 has caused significant damage to municipal roads, creating large numbers of potholes and leaving large amounts of debris on the road surfaces 

Demographics
The 2001 census found that Witbank had a population of 61,093, of which 50 6% were female and 49 4% male 
As of 2011 (Statistics South Africa) the city's population stood at 108,674 people 

Ethnic groups
According to the 2011 census the largest ethnic groups in Witbank were Black African at 48 1%, Whites at 46 8% and the remainder consisting of Coloureds (2 0%) and Asians (2 5%) 

Language
Among the white population, Witbank (like the rest of Mpumalanga) is mainly Afrikaans speaking  The Black population speak mostly isiZulu, isiSwati, and isiNdebele, and Asians mostly English  According to the 2001 census the largest languages in Witbank were: Afrikaans (48 8%), Zulu (23 1%), English (11 7%), Northern Sotho (5 2%) and Swazi (3 0%) 

Communities
To the west of the city, two large communities, Vosman and Kwa-Guqa (“the Place of Kneeling” in Zulu), and two smaller communities, Lynnville, Ackerville and Schoongesicht, are home to approximately 440,000 (in 2005) residents, predominantly black  While many of these residents aspire to relocate to the more spacious suburbs around the city center, generally this has only been affordable to a few thousand, due to the prices of the suburban real estate  There are now communities on the northwest side of the city that have been established at Pine Ridge (consisting predominantly of Indian residents), Klarinet and Siyanqoba  Pressure to develop the city's suburbs has been exacerbated by the gradual de-population of the surrounding colliery villages as well as the continued development of new coal-fired power stations in the area 

Tourism
As Witbank is en route to travellers  from the Gauteng province to the Kruger National Park, attempts have been made to capture some of the potential tourist spend  Apart from a few hotels, there are many guest houses  These vary from the utilitarian to the luxurious, and also cater for many of the business travellers visiting Witbank as well as those travelling to Mbombela, eSwatini and Mozambique  A casino complex is accessible within a few hundred meters from the N4 highway, providing two hotels, cinemas, ten-pin bowling and restaurants as well as the traditional gambling facilities  The Highveld Mall is built immediately next to the casino and is a retail hub for locals as well as for many residents of towns in the vicinity 

Witbank dam
The Witbank dam is reputed to be the largest municipal dam in South Africa  Once a thriving resort for camping, water-sports and animal viewing, the area has come under increasing criticism due to degradation of the facilities 

Notable people
Anneline Kriel, Miss World of 1974, was born and brought up in Witbank 
Jackson Mthembu, South  African politician born in Witbank
Hugh Masekela, international jazz artist was born in Witbank 
Lindiwe Ntshalintshali,  MEC for the Mpumalanga Department of Culture, Sports and Recreation  Former Deputy President of the South African Local Government Association (SALGA)
Francois Pienaar, Captain of 1995 Springbok rugby team who won the world cup 
Percy Tau, (born 13 May 1994) in Witbank is a South African professional footballer
Leon Labuschagne, para-Olympic gold medalist for discus and shotput

Sport
Witbank was the home town of the Mpumalanga Black Aces who are dissolved football team and used to be the home town of the Pumas provincial rugby union which has since moved to Mbombela 

See also
Roman Catholic Diocese of Witbank
Witbank Spurs F C  – A football club based in Witbank
Tshwane University of Technology - Witbank Campus (incl  Mabaleng Residence)
Witbank magistrate Court
Passage 6:
Geography of Thiruvananthapuram
The Indian city of Thiruvananthapuram is located in Thiruvananthapuram district in the state of Kerala  The city is located at 8 5°N 76



ground_truth: Joe Gooch

prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: Where does the city situated where Kellyville Ridge is located?

The following are given passages.
Context 3: 9°E﻿ / 8 5; 76 9 on the west coast, near the southern tip of mainland India  The city situated on the west coast of India, and is bounded by Arabian Sea to its west and the Western Ghats to its east  The city and the suburbs spans an area of 250 km2 (96 53 sq mi)  The average elevation of the city is 16 ft above sea level  The highest point within the city limits is the observatory  (60 metres (197 ft)) Agastya Mala, which has an elevation of 1,868 metres (6,129 ft) is only about 60 km from the city  The Ponmudi hill station which has an elevation of 1,100 metres (3,609 ft) is also near the city 

Geography
The district is situated between North latitudes at 8 17°–8 54° and East longitudes 76 41°–77 17°  The southernmost extremity, Parassala, is just 54 kilometres (34 mi) away from the southern peninsular tip of India, Cape Comorin (Kanya Kumari)  The district stretches 78 kilometres (48 mi) along the shores of the Arabian Sea on the west, Kollam district lies on the north with Tirunelveli and Kanyakumari districts of Tamil Nadu on the east and south respectively Unlike the flat portion of the Kerala coast, at the northern coastal region cliffs are found adjacent to the Arabian Sea at Varkala  These tertiary sedimentary formation cliffs are considered as a unique geological feature  It is known among geologists as the "Varkala Formation" and a geological monument as declared by the Geological Survey of India 
The district can be divided into three geographical regions: Highlands, Midlands, and Lowlands  The Varkala, Chirayinkeezhu and Thiruvananthapuram taluks are in the midland and lowland regions, the Nedumangad taluk lies in the midland and highland regions, and the Neyyattinkara taluk stretches over all three 
The highland regions on the east and the northeast comprises the Western Ghats  This area is ideal for major cash crops like rubber, tea, cardamom and other spices  Timber trees like teak and rosewood are grown in this region  The Ghats maintain an average elevation of 814 metres (2,671 ft)  The part Agasthyarkoodam, which is the second-highest peak in the Western Ghats (1,869 m or 6,132 ft above sea level), lies in the district  The forests in the tail end of Western Ghats form the most diverse and unknown ecosystem in Peninsular India The midland region lying between the Western Ghats and lowlands is made up of small and tiny hills and valleys  This is an area of intense agricultural activities  This region is rich in produce such as paddy, tapioca, rubber, eucalyptus, spices and cashews  The lowlands are comparatively narrow, consisting of rivers, deltas and seashore  This area is densely covered with coconut trees  Water bodies cover about 55 25 km2 (21 3 sq mi), while forest area is estimated to be 498 61 km2 (193 sq mi) 

Forests
Thiruvananthapuram district has a reserve forest area of 495 1 km2 (191 sq mi) and vested forest area of 3 534 km2 (1 4 sq mi)  The forests are spread over three ranges: the Kulathupuzha range in the north, Palode range in the middle, and the Paruthipalli range in the south 
These forests may be broadly classified into three categories: Southern tropical wet evergreen forests, Southern tropical and semi-evergreen forests, and Southern tropical moist deciduous forests  Social forestry programmes are being implemented under the World Bank-aided Kerala Social Forestry Project, National Rural Employment Programme (NREP) and Rural Fuel Wood Schemes to assist small and marginal farmers 

Rivers
Among the three rivers in the district, the Neyyar (56 km or 35 mi), the southernmost river of the Kerala state, has its origin in the Agasthyamala, the second-highest peak in the Western Ghats  The Karamana river (67 km or 42 mi) originates from Vayuvanthol (Vazhuvanthol), another mountain in Western Ghats  The Vamanapuram River has its origin from Chemunji Mottai of the Western Ghats  There are 10 major back waters in the district  The major lakes are Veli, Kadinamkulam, Anchuthengu (Anjengo), Kaappil, Akathumuri and the Edava-Nadayara  Besides these, there is a fresh-water lake at Vellayani in Thiruvananthapuram taluk, which has the potential to become the major water source of Thiruvananthapuram city in future 

Climate
The climate of Thiruvananthapuram district is generally hot tropical  The large forest reserves favourably affect the climate and induce rains  Cold weather is experienced in the mountain ranges, whereas lower down, the weather is bracing and is generally hot in the coastal regions  The mean maximum temperature is 95 °F (35 °C) and the mean minimum temperature is 69 °F (20 °C) 
As the district stretches from north to south with the Arabian Sea in the west side, the relative humidity is generally high  It rises up to about 95% during the South-West monsoon The total annual average rainfall in the district is about 1,500 mm (59 in) per annum  The southwest monsoon, from June to September is the principal rainy season  The district receives most of its annual rainfall in this season  The second rainy season is the Northeast monsoon  It is from October to November 
The district also gets thunderstorm rains in the pre-monsoon months of April and May December to February are the coolest months  The average temperature goes down to 69 °F (20 °C) in these months  It is generally considered as the winter season  The summer season starts in February and continues until May  The average temperature goes up to 95 °F (35 °C) in these months 

Seismology
The Geological Survey of India has identified Thiruvananthapuram as a moderately earthquake-prone urban centre and categorized the city in the Seismic III Zone 
Passage 7:
Kellyville Ridge, New South Wales
Kellyville Ridge is a suburb of Sydney, in the state of New South Wales, Australia  Kellyville Ridge is located 41 kilometres north-west of the Sydney central business district in the local government area of City of Blacktown  It is part of Greater Western Sydney 

History
The suburb takes its name from the ridge, the main geographical feature of vertical significance in the northern part of the area  Kellyville Ridge is thought to be the area where the Castle Hill Rebellion (also known as the Second Battle of Vinegar Hill) took place, many roads and reserves are named after it in Kellyville and a memorial was placed in Castlebrook Lawn Cemetery in 1988  Kellyville Ridge was originally part of Kellyville and became a separate suburb when the area west of Windsor Road was renamed in 2002 

Heritage listings
Kellyville Ridge has a number of heritage-listed sites, including:

Merriville House and Gardens

Population
In the 2016 Census, there were 10,468 people in Kellyville Ridge  58 2% of people were born in Australia  The next most common countries of birth were India 8 3%, Philippines 4 0%, China 2 1%, Fiji 2 0% and England 1 9%  58 6% of people spoke only English at home  Other languages spoken at home included Punjabi 4 5%, Hindi 4 3%, Mandarin 2 6%, Tagalog 2 0% and Arabic 1 5%  The most common responses for religion were Catholic 29 7%, No Religion 15 4%, Anglican 10 1% and Hinduism 9 1% 

Growth
Kellyville Ridge is one of the fastest growing suburbs in Sydney  Population estimates by the Australian Bureau of Statistics indicated that Kellyville Ridge and surrounding neighborhoods had the largest growth in 2013–14 in Sydney  The area experienced one of metropolitan Sydney's fastest growth rates, with a 9 per cent increase in population in 12 months 

Commercial area
The Ponds Shopping Centre, opened on 30 May 2015, is the main shopping facility that services Kellyville Ridge  It is located on the western perimeter of the suburb at the intersection of The Ponds Boulevard and Riverbank Drive  It houses Woolworths plus other 25 specialty stores, cafes and restaurants  It also features a Medical and Dental Centre and a Priceline Pharmacy Stanhope Village is a shopping centre adjacent to the suburb, with Aldi, Coles, Kmart and other specialised retail, service, fashion and food outlets 
Alternative shopping is provided by the Rouse Hill Town Centre, located 1 kilometre away at Rouse Hill, where approximately 250 retail stores are available featuring Coles, Woolworths, Target, Big W and Reading Cinemas  Castle Towers, located 9 kilometres away, and Westpoint Blacktown, located 10 kilometres away, provide for other places of shopping 

Education
School located in Kellyville Ridge includes:

Kellyville Ridge Public School (Public Primary School, Corner of Greenwich St & Singleton Ave, Kellyville Ridge NSW 2155)Kellyville Ridge has the following public school catchment:

John Palmer Public School (Public Primary School, The Ponds) 
The Ponds High School (Public High School, The Ponds) 
Rouse Hill High School (Public High School, Rouse Hill) 

Transport
Road to Sydney CBD
Transport to the city is provided by the M2 and M7 motorway  Driving time to Sydney CBD is approximately 34 minutes by car 

Train to Sydney CBD via Parramatta
Kellyville Ridge is located within 8 minutes drive (5 2 km) to Schofields railway station and 10 minutes (6 km) to Quakers Hill railway station  Trip by train from these stations to Sydney CBD takes around 47 minutes  Both stations have free all-day commuters parking  The train services also stop at the busy business area of Parramatta, Westmead and Strathfield 

Buses to Sydney CBD
CDC NSW services take around 1 hour to Sydney CBD from Kellyville Ridge  The suburb is serviced by the 616X which travels through Kellyville Ridge 

Sydney Metro to Chatswood
The North West Rail Link which opened 26 May 2019 – now known as Sydney Metro Northwest – provides high frequency services to Kellyville Ridge, linking it to Sydney CBD in around 50 minutes, which will drop to 40 minutes on completion of the second stage of the project  The metro service passes through Norwest Business Park, Castle Hill, Epping, Macquarie Park and University, North Ryde, Chatswood, and North Sydney Kellyville Ridge is positioned in a strategic location surrounded by three railway stations sitting on its perimeters; Tallawong, Rouse Hill and Kellyville  Both Tallawong and Kellyville provide all-day commuter parking  CDC NSW route 663 and Busways route 731 connect Kellyville Ridge with the Rouse Hill metro station, whilst CDC NSW routes 603, 632 (from Merriville Road and Perfection Ave) and 651 (from Merriville T-way) connect to Kellyville station 

Buses to other business areas
CDC NSW provides services to Parramatta (603, 663, 665), Rouse Hill (603, 632, 651, 663, 665), Epping (651) and Pennant Hills (632) 
Busways provides services to Blacktown (731, 735) and Rouse Hill (731, 735) 

Entertainment
The Ettamogah Pub renovated in 2014 is located on the corner of Merriville & Windsor Roads  The hotel received from the Australian Hotel Association the award for Best Family Friendly Hotel in New South Wales 

Housing
Kellyville Ridge has gone under many new developments since 2002, with new estates developing quickly  There are also several medium-rise apartments on the southern side of the suburb, backing Windsor Road 
Passage 8:
Halkarni
Halkarni is a city situated in the south west corner of Maharashtra, TK: Gadhinglaj Taluka, Kolhapur district - 416506, India  The population of Halkarni is around 9,000  It is surrounded by hills  The distance between Gadhinglaj and Halkarni is about 20  km  Buggdikatti and  Terani  are  villages  surrounding it   A police  station  is situated  in  the village  for  the security  of people  There are  number  of  private  hospitals and medicals are available in  the village  A government  hospital  was  built  Water is  supplied to the  whole  village  through  a well  in  NAREWADI  village  through a pipeline  Farming  is the  main  occupation  of  the  villagers  They  have  a  side  business  of  selling  milk  cow or buffalo to  the  milk dairies  A Maharashtra state  electricity board (MSEB) substation  is  installed  outside  the village  Halkarni  is  connected  to  Gadahinglaj  via  state  transport  buses (ST buses)  Halkarni  is  also  connected  to Karnataka  via  Khanapur  through Karnataka  state  transport  buses   The  route  of  entering  in  Karnataka  from  Maharashra is  HALKARNI TO  SANKESHWAR 
Private  traveller  companies  came  to  exist  which  gives  services  to  reach  Mumbai and  Pune 

Language
Marathi being the state language is also spoken as a local language in Halkarni  Marathi is widely understood in Halkarni  English is also used in social communication 
Halkarni is popular for its market area  It is famous for tobacco powder (in Marathi called as Tapkir)  It is surrounded by Basarge, Khanapur, and there are many temples like Ramling, Virbhadra, laxmi, Hanuman, the Jain temple, etc 
The schools are in Halalkarni :
Halkarni Bhag High School, Halkarni  Now junior college is also started   
Urdu Vidya Mandir Halkarni, Now started Urdh High School    
Passage 9:
Lansing, Kansas
Lansing is a city in Leavenworth County, Kansas, United States   It is situated along the west side of the Missouri River and Kansas-Missouri state border   As of the 2020 census, the population of the city was 11,239   It is the second most populous city of Leavenworth County and is a part of the Kansas City metropolitan area   The Lansing Correctional Facility (formerly the Kansas State Penitentiary), which includes the state's main maximum-security prison, is located in Lansing 

History
Lansing is named for James Lansing, a pioneer settler   Formerly William Lansing Taylor, James changed his name upon his enlistment in 1862 as a hospital steward in the 7th Kansas Cavalry   Following the Civil War, he earned a position at the new state penitentiary in Kansas as a hospital steward   He later resigned and opened a general mercantile store, which held the post office and an apothecary business, in the area called “Town of Progress”   “Doc Lansing”, as he became known, and his friend John C  Schmidt became co-owners of 90 acres (360,000 m2) of land that was platted into town lots in 1878; they named the area “Town of Lansing”   Lansing did not become an incorporated city until 1959 The Kansas State Penitentiary, later renamed the Lansing Correctional Facility in 1990, was authorized by the Kansas Constitution in 1859; it is the state's largest and oldest facility for detention and rehabilitation of male adult felons   With the opening of the coal mine at the prison the town became an important shipping point for this product Lansing was ranked 88 in the top 100 of Money Magazine's 2007 list of best places to live 

Geography
Lansing is located at 39°14′55″N 94°53′31″W (39 248689, -94 891880)   The city is situated along the western bank of the Missouri River which also marks the Kansas-Missouri state border   It is bordered by the city of Leavenworth to the north; Kansas City is less than a half-hour to the southeast   U S  Route 73 passes through the city 
According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 12 50 square miles (32 37 km2), of which, 12 39 square miles (32 09 km2) is land and 0 11 square miles (0 28 km2) is water 

Climate
The climate in this area is characterized by hot, humid summers and generally mild to cool winters   According to the Köppen Climate Classification system, Lansing has a humid subtropical climate, abbreviated "Cfa" on climate maps 

Demographics
2010 census
As of the census of 2010, there were 11,265 people, 3,180 households, and 2,496 families living in the city  The population density was 909 2 inhabitants per square mile (351 0/km2)  There were 3,371 housing units at an average density of 272 1 per square mile (105 1/km2)  The racial makeup of the city was 80 2% White, 13 2% African American, 0 8% Native American, 2 0% Asian, 0 1% Pacific Islander, 0 8% from other races, and 2 8% from two or more races  Hispanic or Latino of any race were 5 1% of the population 
There were 3,180 households, of which 41 9% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 62 4% were married couples living together, 11 8% had a female householder with no husband present, 4 3% had a male householder with no wife present, and 21 5% were non-families  18 1% of all households were made up of individuals, and 6 7% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older  The average household size was 2 79 and the average family size was 3 15 
The median age in the city was 37 6 years  22 9% of residents were under the age of 18; 8 1% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 31 2% were from 25 to 44; 29 3% were from 45 to 64; and 8 3% were 65 years of age or older  The gender makeup of the city was 59 4% male and 40 6% female 

2000 census
As of the U S  Census in 2000, there were 9,199 people, 2,435 households, and 1,913 families living in the city  The population density was 1,080 1 inhabitants per square mile (417 0/km2)  There were 2,548 housing units at an average density of 299 2 per square mile (115 5/km2)  The racial makeup of the city was 81 0% White, 12 5% Black or African American, 1 2% Native American, 1 3% Asian, 0 2% Pacific Islander, 1 3% from other races, and 2 6% from two or more races  Hispanic or Latino of any race were 3 9% of the population 
There were 2,435 households, out of which 42 2% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 65 0% were married couples living together, 9 4% had a female householder with no husband present, and 21 4% were non-families  18 4% of all households were made up of individuals, and 7 1% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older  The average household size was 2 79 and the average family size was 3 17 
In the city, the population was spread out, with 22 0% under the age of 18, 8 8% from 18 to 24, 38 5% from 25 to 44, 23 1% from 45 to 64, and 7 5% who were 65 years of age or older  The median age was 36 years  For every 100 females, there were 164 8 males  For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 184 9 males 
The median income for a household in the city was $60,994, and the median income for a family was $65,639  Males had a median income of $36,326 versus $28,315 for females  The per capita income for the city was $21,655  About 1 9% of families and 2 4% of the population were below the poverty line, including 1 5% of those under age 18 and 3 5% of those age 65 or over 

Education
The community is served by Lansing USD 469 public school district, and operates four schools with more than 2,000 students 
Lansing Elementary School, grades K–3
Lansing Intermediate School, grades 4–5
Lansing Middle School, grades 6–8
Lansing High School, grades 9–12

Notable people
John Bradford, member of Kansas House of Representatives 
Paul Ranous Greever, United States Representative from Wyoming born in Lansing 

See also
Lansing Man
Passage 10:
City of Blacktown
Blacktown City Council is a local government area in Western Sydney, situated on the Cumberland Plain, approximately 35 kilometres (22 mi) west of the Sydney central business district, in the state of New South Wales, Australia  Established in 1906 as the Blacktown Shire and becoming the Municipality of Blacktown in 1961 before gaining city status in 1979, the City occupies an area of 246 9 square kilometres (95 3 sq mi) and has a population of 366,534, making it the second most populous local government area in Sydney The mayor of the Blacktown City Council is Cr  Tony Bleasdale, OAM, a member of the Australian Labor Party, who was elected on 9 October 2019 following the resignation of Stephen Bali, MP 

Suburbs and localities of the City of Blacktown
These are the suburbs and localities in the local government area:

History
The first road from Prospect to Richmond became known as the "Black Town Road" and in 1860 the Railway Department gave the name of "Black Town Road Station" to the railway station at the junction of the railway and the Black Town Road, with the name shortening to "Blacktown" by 1862  The Blacktown area was first incorporated on 6 March 1906 as the "Shire of Blacktown" alongside 132 other new shires across the state as a result of the passing of the Local Government (Shires) Act, 1905  The first five-member temporary council was appointed on 15 May 1906 and first met on 20 June in the Rooty Hill School of Arts  The Blacktown Shire became the "Municipality of Blacktown" on 17 June 1961 and was granted city status on 9 March 1979, becoming the "City of Blacktown" 

Blacktown Council Chambers and Civic Centre
In 1937 Blacktown council discussed the need for new Council Chambers, with the present arrangements seen as inadequate and unable to accommodate growing staff needs  In August 1938, the council discussed two schemes from architect Leslie J  Buckland for the new council chambers, with the scheme that created a new wing facing Flushcombe Road while retaining the old council chambers for other uses being the most favoured  Designed in the modernist Inter-war Functionalist style by Buckland and constructed by J  H  Abbey of Epping at a cost of £7,000, the Council Chambers were officially opened on 29 July 1939 by the Minister for Public Works and Local Government, Eric Spooner By the early 1960s, Blacktown Council resolved to develop a new council seat and 'civic centre' and an International style design by Parramatta architects, Leslie J  Buckland & Druce (George Harley, project architect), for a multi-storey administration building, a performance hall, library and basement parking was accepted at a cost of £500,000  Built of concrete and brick, with decorative facade panels and glass curtain walling, the Civic Centre was constructed by S  J  Wood & Co Lty Ltd, with A  S  Nicholson as the consulting engineer The foundation stone for the Civic Centre was laid by Premier of NSW, Bob Heffron, on 17 June 1961, on the same occasion marking the change of Blacktown from a Shire to a Municipality  The Civic Centre was officially opened on 25 October 1965 by the Minister for Local Government and Highways, Pat Morton, with the mayor, Alfred Ashley-Brown, declaring "It is my sincere wish we will as a council cherish the heritage which brings us here tonight – that this chamber will be a place wherein good government within our sphere of responsibility will be made manifest, and that all decisions which are made shall be for the good of the people of the Municipality of Blacktown"  On 10 April 1967, the old 1939 Council Chambers were transformed into the first Blacktown Municipal Library, which was later demolished and became the Max Webber Library from 1980 In 1984, with the Civic Centre being overcrowded and suffering from lack of space, the council approved significant extensions to the Civic Centre at a cost of $2,781,550 that added 2,000 square metres of office floor space and enabled the consolidation of all council departments in a single location  The extensions were constructed by McNamara Constructions Pty Limited 

Blacktown City Libraries
In 1947, Blacktown Shire Council formally adopted the Act 1939/ {{{4}}} (NSW), which had been passed to encourage (including financial subsidies) local governments to establish free public libraries, but no further action was taken due to a lack of finance  However it was not until the 1960s, with the significant growth in the area's population, the Council identified a clear need for a library service, and when the Civic Centre opened in 1965, council appointed the first Chief Librarian in 1966 and resolved to establish the first library in the old 1939 Council Chambers building on the opposite side of Flushcombe Road  The first Blacktown Municipal Library was officially opened on 10 April 1967 The Blacktown City Libraries service expanded with the opening of Library Branches at Lalor Park (1968), Mount Druitt (1977) and Riverstone (1978)  In 1979, Blacktown council commissioned a new Blacktown branch library, with the old library and 1939 Council Chambers building demolished and replaced by a new building designed by architects Allen Jack & Cottier, and constructed by R  W  Tims (Builders) Pty Ltd  On 31 October 1979, Council resolved to name this new library after the Town Clerk of Blacktown, Max Webber, and the Max Webber Library was officially opened by the Deputy Premier Jack Ferguson on 8 March 1980  A new branch library in Stanhope Gardens was officially opened on 7 August 2009, and was also named after a former Town Clerk as the Dennis Johnson Branch Library 

Demographics
At the 2016 census, there were 336,962 people resident in the Blacktown local government area, of these 49 7 per cent were male and 50 3 per cent were female  Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people made up 2 8 per cent of the population, roughly equal to the NSW and Australian averages of 2 9 and 2 8 per cent respectively  The median age of people in the City of Blacktown was 33 years, which was significantly lower than the national median of 38 years  Children aged 0 – 14 years made up 22 8 per cent of the population and people aged 65 years and over made up 9 0-10 3 per cent of the population  Of people in the area aged 15 years and over, 52 3 per cent were married and 9 9 per cent were either divorced or separated Population growth in the City of Blacktown between the 2001 census and the 2006 census was 6 47 per cent; and in the subsequent five years to the 2011 census, population growth was 10 82 per cent  At the 2016 census, the population in the local government area increased by 11 91 per cent  When compared with total population growth of Australia for the same period, being 8 8 per cent, population growth in Blacktown local government area was in excess of 35% more than the national average  The median weekly income for residents within the City of Blacktown was generally on par with the national average At the 2016 census, the proportion of residents in the Blacktown local government area who stated their ancestry as Filipino, was in excess of six times the national average  The proportion of residents who stated a religious affiliation with Hinduism was in excess of three times the national average; the proportion of Catholics was 33 per cent above the national average; and the proportion of residents with no religion about half the national average  Meanwhile, as at the census date, the area was linguistically diverse, with Tagalog, Hindi, Punjabi, or Filipino languages spoken in households, and ranged from five times to eight times the national averages  Pacific Island languages such as Samoan and Tongan were also noticeable in the area 

Council
Current composition and election method
Blacktown City Council is composed of fifteen councillors elected proportionally as five separate wards, each electing three councillors  All councillors are elected for a fixed four-year term of office  The mayor is elected by the councillors at the first meeting of the council and since 2016 has served a two-year term  The mayor from 2014 to 2019, Stephen Bali was required to stand down from council as a mayor and councillor by October 2019, due to the Local Government Amendment (Members of Parliament) Act, 2012 which requires state members of parliament to relinquish local government offices no more than two years after their election  With Bali's resignation on 9 October 2019, Cr Tony Bleasdale was elected Mayor The most recent election was held on 4 December 2021, and the makeup of the council is as follows:
The current Council, elected in 2021, in order of election by ward, is:

Office-holders
Shire Presidents and Mayors
Shire/Town Clerks and General Managers
Coat of arms
After becoming a city in 1979, the council resolved to investigate and if possible obtain a coat of arms, making a request to the Chester Herald of Arms, Hubert Chesshyre  With the design completed by March 1981, Council resolved to adopt the Coat of Arms at its meeting on 1 April 1981 

Heritage listings
The City of Blacktown has a number of heritage-listed sites, including those on the New South Wales State Heritage Register:

Prospect, Upper Canal System
Prospect, Great Western Highway: Veteran Hall Remains
Prospect, Ponds Road: St Bartholomew's Anglican Church and Cemetery
Prospect, Reservoir Road: Former Great Western Road Alignment, Prospect
Prospect, Reservoir Road: Prospect Reservoir
Prospect, East of Reservoir: Prospect Reservoir Valve House
Prospect, 385 Reservoir Road: Royal Cricketers Arms Inn
Prospect, 23 Tarlington Place: Prospect Post Office

Sister cities
Blacktown City Council has sister city relations with the following cities:
 Porirua, Wellington Region, North Island, New Zealand, since 1984
 Suseong-gu, Daegu, South Korea, since 1994
 Liaocheng, Shandong, China, since 2003
 Liverpool Plains, New South Wales, Australia, since 2005



ground_truth: on the Cumberland Plain