prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: Are both Frank Lloyd and Olivier Assayas American film directors?

The following are given passages.
Context 1: Passage 1:
Frank Lloyd
Frank William George Lloyd (2 February 1886 – 10 August 1960) was a British-born American film director, actor, scriptwriter, and producer  He was among the founders of the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences, and was its president from 1934 to 1935 
He is Scotland's first Academy Award winner and is unique in film history, having received three Oscar nominations in 1929 for his work on a silent film (The Divine Lady), a part-talkie (Weary River) and a full talkie (Drag)  He won for The Divine Lady  He was nominated and won again in 1933 for his adaptation of Noël Coward's Cavalcade and received a further Best Director nomination in 1935 for perhaps his most successful film, Mutiny on the Bounty  Lloyd is credited with being a founder of the Academy of Motion Picture Arts & Sciences 
In 1957, he was awarded the George Eastman Award, given by George Eastman House for distinguished contribution to the art of film On 8 February 1960, Lloyd received a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame for his contributions to the motion pictures industry, at 6667 Hollywood Boulevard 

Early life and career
Lloyd was born in Cambuslang, on the outskirts of Glasgow, the youngest of seven children  His mother Jane was Scottish and his father Edmund was Welsh, a mechanical engineer  The family travelled the country until his father was injured and gave up engineering  They settled in Shepherd's Bush, London, where the family ran a pub  Lloyd worked in a shoe shop, sang in choral groups and joined a vaudeville group 
In 1909 he emigrated to Canada where he worked on a ranch in Alberta for a year  He also erected poles and writes for a telephone company, then joined a travelling show as an actor and singer  The show wound up in Los Angeles in 1913 and Lloyd decided to stay there and act in Hollywood films 

Film director
Paramount
He began directing shorts for Paramount and moved to longer running films: The Gentleman from Indiana (1915), Jane (1915), The Reform Candidate (1916), The Tongues of Men (1916), The Call of the Cumberlands (1916), Madame la Presidente (1916) with Anna Held, The Code of Marcia Gray (1916), David Garrick (1916 film) (1916), The Making of Maddalena (1916), An International Marriage (1916), and The Stronger Love (1916)  The Intrigue (1916) was produced through Pallas Films and released through Paramount   Lloyd's biographer argued his early films "are not 'masterpieces,' but they are on a par with films from other secondary directors of the period  In other words, they are not comparable to those directed by D W  Griffith, but are as good as those directed by Allan Dwan "

Fox
Lloyd directed Sins of Her Parent (1916) at Fox, and The World and the Woman (1916) with Jeanne Eagles for Tranhouser  Back at Fox he did The Kingdom of Love (1917), and a series of films starring William Farnum" The Price of Silence (1917), A Tale of Two Cities (1917) from the novel by Charles Dickens, American Methods (1917), When a Man Sees Red (1917), Les Misérables (1917), The Heart of a Lion (1917), True Blue (1918), Riders of the Purple Sage (1918) from the novel by Zane Grey and its sequel The Rainbow Trail (1918), For Freedom (1918), and The Man Hunter (1919)  Without Farnum, Lloyd directed The Blindness of Divorce (1918) 

Goldwyn
At Goldwyn he made Pitfalls of a Big City (1919),The World and Its Woman (1919), The Loves of Letty (1919), The Woman in Room 13 (1920), The Silver Horde (1920 film) (1920), Madame X  (1920) with Pauline Frederick, The Great Lover (1920), A Tale of Two Worlds (1921), Roads of Destiny (1921) with Frederick, A Voice in the Dark (1921), The Invisible Power (1921), The Grim Comedian (1921), and The Man from Lost River (1921) plus The Sin Flood (1922) with Richard Dix 

First National
Lloyd directed some films for First National with Norma Talmadge: The Eternal Flame (1921), The Voice from the Minaret (1922), Within the Law (1923) and Ashes of Vengeance (1923) 
Also for that studio was Oliver Twist (1922) with Lon Chaney and Jackie Coogan, and Black Oxen (1924) 
He had his own company at First National, Frank Lloyd Productions  They made The Sea Hawk (1924), a swashbuckler with Milton Sills, then The Silent Watcher (1924), Her Husband's Secret (1925), Winds of Chance (1925), The Splendid Road (1926), and The Wise Guy (1926) 

Paramount
At Paramount Lloyd made The Eagle of the Sea (1926), Children of Divorce (1927 film) (1927), Adoration (1928) with Billie Dove, The Divine Lady (1929) with Corinne Griffith, and Dark Streets (1929)  Lloyd won the Academy Award for Best director for The Divine Lady 
There were several films starring Richard Barthemless: Weary River (1929), Drag (1929), Young Nowheres (1930), Son of the Gods (1930), and The Lash (1930)  He was Oscar nominated for Best Director for Drag and Weary River 
There was also The Way of All Men (1930), a remake of Lloyds' own The Sin Flood, The Right of Way (1931), and East Lynne (1931) For Howard Hughes, Lloyd did The Age for Love (1931)  Back at Fox he made A Passport to Hell (1932) then Cavalcade (1933), which won Lloyd the Oscar for Best Director 
Lloyd then made what was his favourite film, Berkeley Square (1933), starring Leslie Howard, followed by Hoop-La (1933) the final film of Clara Bow and Servants' Entrance (1934) with Janet Gaynor 

Mutiny on the Bounty and later career
Lloyd had a huge hit with Mutiny on the Bounty (1935) at MGM which earned him another Oscar nomination for Best Director  
He followed it with Under Two Flags (1936) at Fox, a French Foreign Legion tale with Ronald Colman 

Paramount
At Paramount Lloyd made more historical films: Maid of Salem (1937) with Claudette Colbert, Wells Fargo (1937) with Joel McCrea, If I Were King (1938) with Colman and Rulers of the Sea (1938) with Douglas Fairbanks Jnr, which was a commercial disappointment 

Universal
Lloyd made The Howards of Virginia (1940) at Columbia with Cary Grant  At Universal he set up his own company  He directed This Woman Is Mine (1941), and The Lady from Cheyenne (1941), and his company produced Saboteur (1942) from Alfred Hitchcock, The Spoilers (1942) with John Wayne and Randolph Scott, and Invisible Agent (1942) 
He was one of several directors on RKO's Forever and a Day (1943)  Lloyd had a big hit with James Cagney's Blood on the Sun (1945)  He was Oscar nominated for Best Director of a Documentary with The Last Bomb  (1945)  Lloyf also served in the air force  He retired from filmmaking in 1946, intending to live on a ranch 

Final films
Lloyd's wife died in 1952 and he came out of retirement to make two films at Republic, The Shanghai Story (1954) and The Last Command (1955) a film about Jim Bowie  When he remarried in 1955 he retired again 

Personal life
Frank Lloyd was married to actress Alma Haller from 11 July 1913, until her death on 16 March 1952  By 1955, Lloyd married Virginia Kellogg, and remained married until Lloyd's death on 10 August 1960 at age 74  Lloyd was buried at Forest Lawn Memorial Park in Glendale, California 

Reputation
Frank Lloyd does not have a significant reputation  His biographer puts this down partly to the dismissal of Lloyd's work by Andrew Sarris (who compared the director unfavorably with Cecil B  de Mille) and "because he was what is best described as a studio director  His style is as much the style of the studio as it is his own  He did not make waves; he did not overly publicize and promote himself  What he did was for the good of the studio – not for his own ego "

Selected filmography
Passage 2:
Zeitgeist Films
Zeitgeist Films is a New York-based distribution company founded in 1988 which acquires and distributes films from the U S  and around the world  In 2017, Zeitgeist entered into a multi-year strategic alliance with film distributor Kino Lorber 
Zeitgeist has distributed early films by directors such as Todd Haynes, Christopher Nolan, Francois Ozon, Laura Poitras, Atom Egoyan, and the Quay Brothers  Their catalog also includes filmmakers such as Marguerite von Trotta, Ken Loach, Guy Maddin, Derek Jarman, Nuri Bilge Ceylan, Peter Greenaway, Yvonne Rainer, Andrei Zyvagintsev, Astra Taylor, and Raoul Peck  Previous Zeitgeist Films releases in association with Kino Lorber include Ken Loach's Sorry We Missed You, Ric Burns’ Oliver Sacks: His Own Life, and M C  Escher: Journey to Infinity 
Zeitgeist films have been nominated for Academy Awards several times  Nowhere in Africa (2001), won the Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film  Their films have been featured in various film festivals including Cannes, Berlin, Sundance, Tribeca, and IDFA in Amsterdam  The Museum of Modern Art honored Zeitgeist with a month-long, 20th anniversary retrospective of their films in 2008  Founders Russo and Gerstman received a Lifetime Achievement Award from the Art House Convergence in 2020 

Upcoming films
Selected films
Awards
Trouble the Water – 2008 Academy Award Nominee for Best Documentary Feature
Tulpan – Kazakhstan's 2009 Academy Award submission for Best Foreign Language Film
Three Monkeys – Turkey's 2009 Academy Award submission for Best Foreign Language Film
Into Great Silence – 2006 Sundance Special Jury Prize
Nowhere in Africa – 2002 Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film
Sophie Scholl – The Final Days – 2005 Academy Award nominee for Best Foreign Language Film
Taste of Cherry – 1997 Palme d'Or at the Cannes Film Festival
Poison – 1991 Sundance Grand Jury Prize winner
The Umbrellas of Cherbourg (1996 re-release) – Academy Award nominee, Palme d'Or winner (1964)
Passage 3:
Graduation (2016 film)
Graduation (Romanian: Bacalaureat) is a 2016 Romanian-language tragedy film produced, written, and directed by Cristian Mungiu and starring Adrian Titieni and Maria-Victoria Dragus  Set in Transylvania, the film focuses on a doctor's quest to fix his daughter's exam results by underhanded means 

Plot
Romeo is a middle-aged doctor employed at a local hospital in the Romanian region of Transylvania  He lives with his wife, Magda, and their 18-year-old daughter, Eliza, who has got a scholarship to Cambridge University  She is preparing to sit her final exams and needs to maintain a grade of at least 90% to take up her scholarship  Romeo is a doting father and drives Eliza to school regularly  
Romeo's girlfriend, Sandra, is a teacher at Eliza's school  One day while visiting Sandra he receives a message: Eliza has been assaulted near her school  She has a sprained wrist and is emotionally shaken up but is not seriously injured  She reveals that the assailant tried to rape her but did not succeed  
The next day Eliza must sit for her first examination  The headmaster tries to exclude her because she is wearing a cast on her wrist - notes can be hidden in a cast  Sandra intervenes and the headmaster backs down  The cast slows her writing and time runs out before she is finished - she will need nearly perfect results on the remaining exams to claim her scholarship  
At the police station the chief inspector suggests to Romeo that Eliza's exam results can be fixed in exchange for expediting a liver transplant for a corrupt official, a Mr  Bulai  
That evening Romeo discusses the plan with Magda and she immediately rejects it - she fears the corruption in Romania will affect Eliza's fresh start at Cambridge  Romeo argues that the exams are a mere formality, otherwise meaningless  She is unmoved  Romeo presents the plan to Eliza and implores her to accept a little help now to ensure a brighter future  She listens to him but doesn't make any committed responses, and Romeo tells her to do what she thinks is best before he leaves to let her rest 
The next day Romeo goes to the police station to see the CCTV from Eliza's attack  As he waits at the school for Eliza to complete her second exam, he speaks to her boyfriend, Marius  Romeo listens to what Marius has to say about what happened on the morning of the attack and is put off by Marius' aloofness of the whole incident  Because he was late, Eliza was left on her own  He also assumed Eliza went off to class and did not seek her out  Eliza and Marius go off together on his motorbike 
Eliza comes to fetch Romeo from Sandra's place after Romeo's mother collapses  No longer able to ignore the affair, Eliza threatens to skip her exams if he doesn't tell Magda about it immediately  She wonders aloud whether her other grades were also "fixed"  At home that evening Magda and Romeo talk  Magda already knew about Sandra and will try to get Eliza to take her last exam, but she also asks Romeo to move out 
The next day Romeo arrives for work at the hospital and is confronted by a pair of prosecutors  They want to interview Romeo's patient, Mr  Bulai, about corruption allegations against him  Romeo resists because Bulai is waiting for an operation and is quite unwell  The prosecutors caution Romeo they are aware of the quid-pro-quo arrangement for his daughter's exams - both he and Eliza could be facing charges   
Romeo visits the chief inspector again, who assures him that his daughter's assailant will soon be identified in a police line-up  Later that day he sees Marius and invites him to view the lineup, as he believes he saw Marius witness the attack on the CCTV footage  Marius refuses, saying he did not witness the attack, that it is not him in CCTV picture  Romeo accuses him of cowardice for not intervening, and for only calling the cops much later after witnessing the assault  Romeo orders Marius to stay away from Eliza, and Marius pushes him to the ground and leaves  Romeo visits the headmaster at home to warn him the prosecutors know of the plan  The headmaster tells him that he couldn't find Eliza's paper, and that he shouldn't come to his house again 
That evening at the police station Eliza fails to identify her attacker from a line-up  Later, Romeo is on a bus and sees one of the men from the line-up outside  He leaves the bus and follows him, but gets lost in a bad area  He ends up at Sandra's place and agrees to babysit her son the next morning 
The next day Mr  Bulai has died of a heart attack  The prosecutors are waiting and assure Romeo that the investigation into Mr  Bulai's crimes will continue  Romeo asks the prosecutors to come next Monday and he will co-operate with them for any of their questions  Romeo gets Sandra's son Matei into a speech therapy program  Romeo sees Eliza at her graduation and she tells him that she may not go to England  Romeo responds that it would be a shame but it's her decision  Eliza then says that the teachers gave her extra time to complete her exam, so she did not need to follow Romeo's plan for fixing her paper  She asks Romeo to take a photo of her with her graduating class 

Cast
Adrian Titieni - Romeo Aldea, a 49 year old physician living in a Transylvanian town with his daughter
Maria Drăguș - Eliza Aldea, an 18-year-old high school student planning to study psychology abroad in the United Kingdom after graduating
Lia Bugnar - Magda
Mălina Manovici - Sandra
Vlad Ivanov - Chief Inspector
Gelu Colceag - Exam committee president
Rareș Andrici - Marius

Production
According to Cristian Mungiu, the film was inspired by his own life at the time, while he was focusing on being a father  The film was produced through the director's company Mobra Films and co-produced with Why Not Productions, Wild Bunch, Les Films du Fleuve, France 3 Cinéma and Mandragora Movies  It received 1 91 million leu from the National Film Center  It was shot in the town Victoria from 11 June to 24 July 2015 

Release
Critical reception
On Rotten Tomatoes, Graduation has a rating of 95%, based on 138 critics, with an average rating of 8 2/10  The website's critical consensus reads, "Graduation marks yet another well-written and powerfully acted look at morality and societal decay from writer-director Cristian Mungiu " On Metacritic, Graduation holds a score of 84/100, based on 30 critics, indicating "universal acclaim" Peter Bradshaw of The Guardian lauded it as an "intricate, deeply intelligent film" 

Accolades
Graduation was selected to compete for the Palme d'Or at the 2016 Cannes Film Festival  At Cannes, Mungiu shared the Best Director Award with Olivier Assayas for his film Personal Shopper  At the 8th Magritte Awards, it received a nomination in the category of Best Foreign Film in Coproduction 
Passage 4:
Olivier Assayas
Olivier Assayas (born 25 January 1955) is a French film director, screenwriter and film critic  Assayas is known for his slow-burning period pieces, psychological thrillers, neo-noirs and French comedies  He has frequently collaborated with Juliette Binoche and Kristen Stewart  The son of filmmaker Jacques Rémy, Assayas began his career as a critic for Cahiers du Cinéma  There he wrote about world cinema and its film auteurs, who later influenced his work  Assayas made several shorts, and then made the leap from writer to screenwriter 
He made his directorial film debut with Disorder in 1986  He continued directing films, with Cold Water (1994) a breakthrough film in his career  It was his first film to screen at the Cannes Film Festival in the Un Certain Regard section  His followup film, Irma Vep (1996), also screened at Cannes, while Sentimental Destinies (2000), Demonlover (2002), and Clean (2004) all officially competed for the Palme d'Or  In 2006, he contributed a short film to the anthology film Paris, je t'aime (2006)  He gained acclaim with his dramas Summer Hours (2008), Clouds of Sils Maria (2014) and Personal Shopper (2016); the latter won him the Cannes Film Festival Award for Best Director  He also directed the comedy Non-Fiction (2018) and the spy thriller Wasp Network (2019) 

Life and career
Assayas was born in Paris, France, the son of French director/screenwriter Raymond Assayas, alias Jacques Rémy (1911–1981)  His father was of Turkish-Jewish origin and had settled in Italy, while his mother, Catherine de Károlyi, was a fashion designer of Protestant Hungarian origin  Assayas started his career in the industry by helping his father  He ghostwrote episodes for TV shows his father was working on when his health failed  In a 2010 interview, Assayas said his main political influences when growing up were Guy Debord and George Orwell  Of the 1968 May uprising to overthrow Charles de Gaulle, Assayas said: "I was defined by the politics of May '68, but for me May '68 was an anti-totalitarian uprising  People seemed to forget that at the occupied Odéon theater, you had crossed flags-black and red, and I was on the side of the black element "Assayas's biggest hit to date is Irma Vep, starring Maggie Cheung, a tribute both to French director Louis Feuillade and to Hong Kong cinema 
While working at Cahiers du cinéma, Assayas wrote lovingly about European film directors he admires but also about Asian directors  One of his films, HHH: A Portrait of Hou Hsiao-hsien, is a documentary about Taiwanese filmmaker Hou Hsiao-hsien 
Assayas married Cheung in 1998  They divorced in 2001, but their relationship remained amicable, and in 2004 Assayas made his film Clean with her 
He met actress-director Mia Hansen-Løve when Hansen-Løve, 17 at the time, starred in Assayas's 1998 feature Late August, Early September, but they "didn't get together until [she] was 20"  They separated in 2017 
In 2009 and 2010, Assayas signed two petitions in support of director Roman Polanski, who had been detained while traveling to a film festival in relation to his 1977 sexual abuse charges, which the first petition argued would undermine the tradition of film festivals as a place for works to be shown "freely and safely", and that arresting filmmakers traveling to neutral countries could open the door "for actions of which no-one can know the effects" Assayas directed and co-wrote the 2010 French television miniseries Carlos, about the life of the terrorist Ilich Ramírez Sánchez  Venezuelan actor Édgar Ramírez won the César Award for Most Promising Actor in 2011 for his performance as Carlos 
In April 2011, it was announced that Assayas would be a member of the jury for the main competition at the 2011 Cannes Film Festival Assayas's 2012 film Something in the Air was selected to compete for the Golden Lion at the 69th Venice International Film Festival  Assayas won the Osella for Best Screenplay at Venice  His 2014 film Clouds of Sils Maria was selected to compete for the Palme d'Or in the main competition section at the 2014 Cannes Film Festival  Sils Maria won the Louis Delluc Prize and garnered six César Award nominations, including Best Film, Best Director, and Best Original Screenplay  The film won a César Award for Best Supporting Actress for Kristen Stewart  In 2016, Assayas won Best Director Award (Cannes Film Festival) for Personal Shopper, which also starred Stewart In June 2017, it was announced that Assayas would preside over the 2017 Locarno Film Festival 

Style and influences
In an interview with Nick Pinkerton of Reverse Shot, Assayas talked about his influences:That radicality in cinema involved just being outside of the world of modern images, and the key to it was the work of Robert Bresson, who has been by far the most important influence in my work, and intellectually it's been the influence of Guy Debord—basically, you know, it's been Debord-Bresson, Bresson-Debord, the things that've always defined my framework, the way I look at the world 
Assayas participated in the 2012 Sight & Sound directors' poll, listing his ten favorite films as follows: 2001: A Space Odyssey, The Gospel According to St  Matthew, Ludwig, A Man Escaped, Mirror, Napoléon, Playtime, The Rules of the Game, The Tree of Life, and Van Gogh 

Filmography
Film
As a writer only

Passage secret (1985)
Rendez-vous (1985)
L'Unique (1986)
Scene of the Crime (1986)
Avril brisé (1987)
Filha da Mãe (1990)
Alice and Martin (1998)
Based on a True Story (2017) - Co-written with Roman Polanski

Television
Short films
Awards and nominations
Passage 5:
Jorge Arriagada
Jorge Arriagada (born 1943) is a Chilean film composer  He is perhaps best known for his long-term collaboration with director Raúl Ruiz  He has also worked with directors Patricio Guzman, Barbet Schroeder and Olivier Assayas 

Biography
Jorge Arriagada was born on August 20, 1943, in Santiago  He studied composition and orchestral conduction at the National Conservatory of Music in Santiago  He then obtained a scholarship from the French government that enabled him to study expressionism with Max Deutsch, who was Austrian composer Arnold Schoenberg's friend and student  He also studied composition with Olivier Messiaen and orchestral conduction with Pierre Boulez  In 1972, the Guggenheim Foundation in New York awarded him a fellowship for his contribution in the field of electronic music 
Arriagada has been living in France since 1966, working with experienced as well as promising directors while composing the scores of 44 of Raúl Ruiz's films  Over the years he has explored many different genres, including classical, contemporary and folk music as well as jazz 
He has been a jury in several film festivals, including San Sebastian, São Paulo, Valencia, among others 
Sacem Grand Prize for Music for the Image 2020 

Filmography
Discography
Three original soundtracks composed by Arriagada can be found on the CD compilation Les Musiques de Jorge Arriagada pour les films de Philippe Le Guay, released by Canadian label Disques Cinémusique, in 2013 : Alceste à Bicyclette, Les Femmes du 6e étage et Les Deux Fragonard  French and English liner notes  More information here 
The same label also released the same year Arriagada's complete original soundtrack from Les Lignes de Wellington  More information here 

External links
Jorge Arriagada at IMDb
Passage 6:
Irma Vep
Irma Vep is a 1996 French comedy-drama film written and directed by Olivier Assayas  Hong Kong actress Maggie Cheung plays a fictionalised version of herself, as disasters result when an unstable French film director (played by Jean-Pierre Léaud) attempts to remake Louis Feuillade's classic silent film serial Les Vampires (1915–16)  (Irma Vep is an anagram for the word "vampire" ) Taking place largely through the eyes of a foreigner (Cheung), it is also a meditation on the state of the French film industry 
Irma Vep was screened in the Un Certain Regard section at the 1996 Cannes Film Festival  It was released in France on 13 November 1996  
In 2022, the film was reimagined as a miniseries for HBO, created by Assayas 

Plot
The plot mirrors the disorientation felt by director René Vidal during a troubled production of a film-within-a-film  Maggie Cheung has been cast to play the film's heroine, Irma Vep, a burglar and a spy, who dresses in a tight, black, latex rubber catsuit  Irma Vep, it is explained, is an anagram for vampire, but she is not a literal vampire  Rather, she is the inspiration for a criminal gang named The Vampires, as in Feuillade's original serial 
René, the cast and crew view the film's dailies and he angrily declares the footage terrible and soulless  After he storms out, everyone else quickly departs the facility, leaving Maggie stranded  She accepts an invitation from the costume designer, Zoé, to a group dinner with other crew members  There, Zoé confides to another woman that she is romantically interested in Maggie, which the woman then tells Maggie, embarrassing her 
After the dinner with the other crew members, Maggie visits René at a hotel in the aftermath of a violent episode with his wife  René admits that he had mainly wanted to make the film because he desired to see her in it  Later that evening, Maggie, apparently possessed by her character, dons the catsuit and steals jewelry from a hotel suite while a nude woman argues on the phone with her boyfriend  She then throws away the jewelry 
The next morning, Zoé picks an exhausted Maggie up from her hotel room  René is a no-show on the set, and the crew attempt to film without him  At the end of the day, imperious film director José Mirano meets Maggie's costar Laure at a bar and tells her René has had a breakdown and that he has been hired to complete the film  He firmly contends that a Chinese actress should not be playing Irma Vep, who he sees as an icon within French culture  José tells her he intends to replace Maggie with Laure 
Zoé and Maggie take a taxi to a rave, but Maggie declines to go at the last minute and departs in the taxi  Zoé, looking disappointed, walks through the crowd at the rave 
José and the cast and crew gather at the screening facility to view the rushes that René has personally edited  Maggie is not there, however, and it is said that she has left for America to work on a film with Ridley Scott  The film ends with the rushes, which have been cut into a hallucinatory montage with numerous scratches and other modifications being done to the film itself  The future of the production is not revealed 

Cast
Allusions to French film history
The film refers to iconic figures in French film history: Louis Feuillade, Musidora, Arletty, François Truffaut, the Groupe SLON, Alain Delon, and Catherine Deneuve  Thematically, the film questions the place of French cinema today  According to Chris Darke, it is not a "mourning for cinema with the romantic nostalgia" but "more like the Mexican Day of the Dead: remembrance as an act of celebration"  Furthermore, Dale Hudson of Screen wrote, "It is less a film about re-presenting the past, than it is a film about addressing the present, specifically the place of France within the global economy "

Production
The idea for the film was born out of an attempted collaboration among Assayas, Claire Denis, and Atom Egoyan, who wanted to experiment with the situation of a foreigner in Paris  In the 1915 original serial, written and directed by Louis Feuillade, Irma Vep was played by French silent film actress Musidora (1889–1957)  Much of the film depicts set-related incidents that echo scenes in Truffaut's 1973 film Day for Night, to which Irma Vep owes a large thematic debt 
However, Assayas publicly stated that although he considers La nuit americaine a great film, it is more about the fantasy of filmmaking than the reality  Assayas credits as a greater inspiration Rainer Werner Fassbinder's Beware of a Holy Whore, in which Lou Castel, who plays the replacement director José Mirano in this film, plays a film director 
Assayas wrote the script in ten weeks, and the film was shot in a month, with no retakes  "Its hasty production circumstances seem perilously close to the ones that cause everyone such grief in the film "Assayas married Cheung in 1998  They divorced in 2001  They again collaborated in 2004 on the film Clean 

Reception
Irma Vep received a positive critical response  On Rotten Tomatoes, the film holds a rating of 94% based on 47 reviews with an average rating of 7 4/10  The website's critics consensus reads, "Starring a bewitching Maggie Cheung, Irma Vep is an evocative and reflexive satire of the filmmaking process that is bursting at the seams with an affection for cinema " On Metacritic, it has a metascore of 80 out of 100 based on 21 reviews, indicating "generally favorable reviews" 

References in other media
Lettrist footage from the film, along with shots from the original Les Vampires, are used in White Ring's video for their single "IxC999" 
A character in the five-comic series "Anno Dracula – 1895: Seven Days in Mayhem" by Kim Newman and Paul McCaffrey is based on Irma Vep 

Home media
Irma Vep was released on Blu-ray and DVD through The Criterion Collection on 27 April 2021 

Television adaptation
HBO produced a limited television series adaptation of the film that premiered at the Cannes Film Festival on 22 May 2022, and was released on 6 June 2022 on HBO  It stars Alicia Vikander, Vincent Macaigne, Adria Arjona, Byron Bowers, Devon Ross, Carrie Brownstein, Tom Sturridge and Fala Chen and was written and directed by Assayas 

See also
The Mystery of Irma Vep, a 1984 play for two characters by Charles Ludlam
Lettrism, inspiration for some sequences of the film
Passage 7:
Something in the Air (2012 film)
Something in the Air (French: Après mai; lit  'After May') is a 2012 French drama film written and directed by Olivier Assayas  The film was selected to compete for the Golden Lion at the 69th Venice International Film Festival, where Assayas won the Best Screenplay Award 

Plot
In 1971, French student Gilles gets entangled in contemporary political turmoils although he would rather just be a creative artist  While torn between his solidarity to his friends and his personal ambitions he falls in love with Christine 

Cast
Clément Métayer as Gilles
Lola Créton as Christine
Félix Armand as Alain
Carole Combes as Laure
India Menuez as Leslie
Hugo Conzelmann as Jean-Pierre
Martin Loizillon as Rackam le Rouge
André Marcon as Gilles' Father
Passage 8:
Clouds of Sils Maria
Clouds of Sils Maria (known simply as Sils Maria in some territories) is a 2014 psychological drama film written and directed by Olivier Assayas, and starring Juliette Binoche, Kristen Stewart, and Chloë Grace Moretz  The film is a French-German-Swiss co-production  Principal photography took place from August to October 2013, with most of the filming taking place in Sils Maria, Switzerland  The film follows an established middle-aged actress (Binoche) who is cast as the older lover in a romantic lesbian drama opposite an upstart young starlet (Moretz)  She is overcome with personal insecurities and professional jealousies—all while sexual tension simmers between her and her personal assistant (Stewart)  The screenplay was written with Binoche in mind and incorporates elements from her life into the plot Clouds of Sils Maria was selected to compete for the Palme d'Or in the main competition section at the 2014 Cannes Film Festival on 23 May 2014, and also screened at the Toronto International Film Festival and New York Film Festival  The film received positive reviews, with critics lauding the work as psychologically complex and praising the lead actresses' performances  It won the Louis Delluc Prize for Best Film in December 2014, and received six César Award nominations  Stewart received the César Award for Best Supporting Actress in February 2015, the first time an American won the award 

Plot
Maria Enders is an international film and stage actress  She travels with a loyal and young American assistant, Valentine  Twenty years earlier, Maria got her big break when she was cast and successfully performed as a young girl Sigrid in both the play and film version of Maloja Snake by Wilhelm Melchior, a Swiss playwright who is now elderly  The play centers on the tempestuous relationship between Sigrid and Helena, a vulnerable older woman  Helena commits suicide after Sigrid takes advantage of her and dumps her 
While traveling to Zürich to accept an award on behalf of Wilhelm, and planning to visit him at home the following day at his house in Sils Maria—a remote settlement in the Alps—Maria learns of his death  His widow Rosa later confides that Wilhelm had ended his life and had been terminally ill  During the awards ceremony, Maria is approached by Klaus Diesterweg, a popular theater director  He wants to persuade her to appear onstage in a revival of Maloja Snake, but this time in the role of Helena 
Maria is torn and reluctantly accepts  To prepare for the role, she accepts Rosa's offer to stay at the Melchiors' house in Sils Maria  Rosa is leaving to escape her memories of Wilhelm  Maria's discussions with Valentine and their read-throughs of the play's scenes evoke uncertainty about the nature of their relationship  A young American actress, 19-year-old Jo-Ann Ellis, has been chosen to portray the role of Sigrid  Researching her on Google and the Internet, Valentine tells Maria, who is out of touch with social media, that Ellis has been involved in numerous scandals 
Questions soon multiply regarding aging, time, culture and the blurring line between the Sigrid/Helena and the Valentine/Maria relationships  Maria and Jo-Ann finally meet, but their relationship is complicated  Jo-Ann appears to be implicated in the attempted suicide of the ex-wife of her new boyfriend 
During their time at Sils Maria, Maria and Valentine spend much of their days hiking in the Alps  On one such final outing, they hike to the Maloja Pass to observe the Maloja Snake (both the "Maloja Snake" of the play's title and the "Clouds of Sils Maria" in the film's title)  When discussing the play’s ending, in which Helena walks into the mountains never to return, Valentine suggests that Helena can still be alive and walk away to start a new life  Maria protests that Helena must be dead because she doesn’t return  After suggesting that their approaches to the play are too different for her (Valentine) to be a useful assistant, Valentine disappears without explanation 
A few weeks later, a young filmmaker who has previously sent a script to Maria visits her by appointment five minutes before the curtain rises on the opening night of Maloja Snake in London  Maria seems preoccupied, being so close to the start of the performance, and dismisses his suggested ideas about the proposed film role he is offering her as "too abstract for me"  When she says the role he has written is too young for her and would suit Jo-Ann better, he suggests that the character is ageless and that he does not relate to his era with its Internet scandals and trashy values  Maria does not give him a reply as to whether she will take part in the film  She then appears onstage, smoking and waiting for Sigrid 

Cast
Production
Principal photography of Clouds of Sils Maria began on 22 August 2013 and ended on 4 October  The film was shot on location in the titular village of Sils Maria, Switzerland as well as Zürich; Leipzig, Germany; and South Tyrol, Italy 
In an interview, Assayas said that all the film's interiors were shot in Germany  The production moved to Sils Maria to film the hiking scenes, and moved again to film the scenes in and around the chalet in South Tyrol The Chanel company debuted in film financing with this production  In addition it supplied the actresses with clothes, jewelry, accessories, and makeup, and the brand was scripted in as a provider of the same to Maria   Chanel provided some of the budget to allow Olivier Assayas to fulfill his dream of shooting a film on 35-mm film instead of digitally Assayas has described the fictional play Maloja Snake as a "condensed, brutalized version" of The Bitter Tears of Petra von Kant, a play by Rainer Werner Fassbinder (it was later adapted as a film of the same name) The American title of the film is Clouds of Sils Maria  In France the film was released as Sils Maria, Assayas' original name 

Release
Marketing
The first trailer for the film was released on 22 May 2014  Another international trailer followed on 7 July 

Film festivals
The film was selected to compete for the Palme d'Or in the main competition section at the 2014 Cannes Film Festival on 23 May 2014  It also screened at the Toronto International Film Festival and New York Film Festival 

Reception
Critical response
On review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes, 91% of 179 critics have given the film a positive review, with an average rating of 7 6/10  The website's critics consensus reads: "Bolstered by a trio of powerful performances from its talented leads, Clouds of Sils Maria is an absorbing, richly detailed drama with impressive depth and intelligence " On Metacritic, the film has a weighted average score of 79 out of 100, based on 41 reviews from critics, indicating "generally favorable reviews" Clouds of Sils Maria premiered at the Cannes Film Festival to positive reviews  Robbie Collin of The Daily Telegraph stated, "This is a complex, bewitching and melancholy drama, another fearlessly intelligent film from Assayas " He said, "Binoche plays the role with elegance and melancholic wit – her character slips between fiction and fact in a way that recalls her role in Abbas Kiarostami's Certified Copy  But it's Stewart who really shines here  Valentine is probably her best role to date: she's sharp and subtle, knowable and then suddenly distant, and a late, surprising twist is handled with a brilliant lightness of touch "Peter Debruge of Variety said it was Assayas' "daring rejoinder, a multi-layered, femme-driven meta-fiction that pushes all involved—including next-gen starlets Kristen Stewart and Chloë Grace Moretz — to new heights " Matt Risley of Total Film called it "an elegant, intelligent drama, enlivened by strong performances by Binoche, Moretz and especially Stewart, for whom this will surely usher in a new dawn "Stephanie Zacharek of The Village Voice wrote: "But the movie's true center, the meteorological phenomenon that makes it so pleasurable to watch, is the half-prickly, half-affectionate interplay between Binoche and Stewart " Ben Sachs of Chicago Reader wrote: "This recalls Ingmar Bergman's chamber dramas in the intensity and psychological complexity of the central relationship, yet the filmmaking is breathtakingly fluid, evoking a sense of romantic abandon "However, Kyle Smith of the New York Post writes: "A backstage drama that has all the sizzle of a glass of water resting on the windowsill, [   ] Clouds of Sils Maria mistakes lack of dramatic imagination for smoldering subtlety " Richard Brody from The New Yorker writes: "Clouds of Sils Maria, as the title suggests, is a sort of travelogue, a commercial for European cultural tourism, and, as such, it's the perfect image of the very system that created it  There's almost no independent filmmaking in France, and there isn't supposed to be  If there were, it would stand as a threat to the system that, by way of training, enticements, and restrictions, is the source of the comforts that the movie depicts and that the movie reflects  The mediocrity is stifling "

Box office
Clouds of Sils Maria opened in France on 20 August 2014 in 150 theaters for a $3,663 per theater average and a box office total of $549,426 as of 24 August 2014  The film expanded to 195 theaters in its second week of release, and the box office increased to an estimated $1,150,090 
Clouds of Sils Maria opened in the United States on 10 April 2015 in three theaters and grossed $69,729 on its opening weekend for an average of $23,243 per  As of 4 June 2015, the film has grossed an estimated $1,743,577 after expanding theaters 

Awards and nominations
The film won the Louis Delluc Prize for Best Film in December 2014  The film received six César Award nominations including best film, best director, best actress, best original screenplay, and best cinematography, while Stewart won for best supporting actress, becoming the first American actress to win a César and the third  American actor to win after Adrien Brody in 2003 and Christopher Lambert in 1985 

Soundtrack
"Kowalski" by Primal Scream
"Largo de Xerxes" – Georg Friedrich Handel
"Canon and Gigue in D Major for 3 Violins and Basso Continuo" – Johann Pachelbel
"Paavin of Albarti (Alberti)" – Innocentio Alberti (performed by Hesperion XXI)
"Sonata No  2 in D Minor" – Georg Friedrich Handel
"Sonata No  2 in B-Flat Major for Violin and Harp, Op  16: II  Adagio" - Louis Spohr
"Trio for Violin, Cello and Harp in E minor: III  Rondo" - Louis Spohr

Home media
The film was released on DVD and Digital HD by Paramount Home Media on July 14, 2015; the company also handles the digital entertainment sales, with IFC handling the video on demand sales The Criterion Collection released a DVD and Blu-ray edition on 28 June 2016 
Passage 9:
Eddie's House
Eddie's House was a doghouse designed by Frank Lloyd Wright for the Berger family of San Anselmo, California, to be used by their dog Eddie  Wright designed Eddie's House to be in keeping with the family's home, known as the Robert Berger House, which he had previously designed  The plans for the doghouse were completed by Wright in 1957, and the 4 sq ft (0 37 m2) triangular house was built in 1963  In 1973 Eddie's House was removed and thrown away, but in 2010 Jim and Eric Berger, sons of Robert Berger, rebuilt Eddie's House from the original plans for a segment in Romanza, a documentary film by Michael Miner about Frank Lloyd Wright's architectural works in California  The doghouse remains the smallest structure Frank Lloyd Wright ever designed 

History
Eddie's House was a doghouse designed by Frank Lloyd Wright as an addition to the Robert Berger House   The Robert Berger House is a dwelling designed by Frank Lloyd Wright for the Berger family   Wright gave the plans to trained engineer and College of Marin professor Robert Berger to build the house on his own on Redwood Road in San Anselmo, California  It took 20 years to finish the US$15,000 house In 1956, Robert's 12-year-old son Jim Berger became concerned about his black Labrador Retriever Eddie staying outside in the winter, and decided he needed a doghouse to stay warm  Jim subsequently wrote a letter to Frank Lloyd Wright stating, "I would appreciate it if you would design me a doghouse which would be easy to build but would go with our house " Jim continued to explain Eddie's dimensions ("two and a half feet high and three feet long"), his dog's age ("four years old or in dog life 28 years"), and his ability to pay for the plans and materials of the doghouse with earned money from delivering newspapers along a bicycle paper route he had  Wright responded to the letter with a typed and signed note on Taliesin West stationery  The note stated that "A house for Eddie is an opportunity   but just now I am too busy to concentrate on it " Wright implored the boy to write again a year later to see if he was a little less busy Jim followed the suggestion laid out by Wright and a year later wrote again asking for a Frank Lloyd Wright-designed doghouse  Not long after sending out this second letter a full set of working drawings arrived in the mail for a four square foot triangular doghouse designed by Wright himself  The doghouse was to be built of scrap Philippine mahogany and cedar left over from the construction of the human-sized house it was to be situated next to  Looking back at the situation a 68-year-old Jim Berger stated:
My dog had a lot of class, and a Frank Lloyd Wright doghouse was perfect for him  I was very excited for my dog 
Jim Berger never built the doghouse and in 1963, at the age of 19, Jim joined the U S  Army  That same year, after Jim's departure, his younger brother Eric and his father completed the doghouse  Eddie did not particularly like the new house and took to sleeping by the front door of the Robert Berger House instead, presumably because it was warmer there  "That was kind of depressing," stated Jim Berger when reflecting on the incident Robert Berger died in 1973 and Mrs  Berger, not seeing any value in a triangular doghouse that Eddie and the subsequent dogs they owned would not sleep in, had it hauled to the dump the same year In 2010, while filming a documentary about buildings designed by Wright in California, Michael Miner stumbled across the doghouse story  Miner asked Jim Berger if rebuilding Eddie's House was an option  Jim, at this point a retired woodshop teacher, said that he had wanted to rebuild the doghouse for years and this was the opportunity to do so  Over the next three months Jim and his brother Eric, a skilled cabinetmaker, were filmed by Miner rebuilding the doghouse to Wright's specification in Eric's Petaluma, California garage  Jim Berger said, in relation to the construction process, "In the letter, I said I wanted something easy to build, but this doghouse was not easy to build  It was very complicated "The construction process is featured in Miner's documentary, Romanza, and the rebuilt doghouse also went on a publicity tour for the film  During filming, the rebuilt doghouse was placed on the side of the Robert Berger House where the original once sat  On that day it happened to be raining and Miner noticed something peculiar about the doghouse which it had in common with other Wright-designed structures:  "It leaks "

Design
Eddie's House is the smallest structure ever known to be designed by Frank Lloyd Wright and fits in well with the Robert Berger House  Eddie's House was constructed of the same materials as the larger house and the "small triangular hut    bowed to the hexagonal geometry of the house's hexagonal plan " The doghouse also displays many signature design elements that have come to represent Frank Lloyd Wright's architectural style  These include an entrance hidden on the rear of the house, and a large overhang on a roof with a low pitch When Eddie's House was actually constructed, the Berger family did not follow Wright's plans strictly  They changed the location of the door as well as not including a concrete base planned by Wright to make the doghouse portable 

See also
List of Frank Lloyd Wright works
 Architecture portal
 Dogs portal
Passage 10:
Cold Water (film)
Cold Water (French: L'eau froide) is a 1994 French film written and directed by Olivier Assayas about two troubled teenagers in France during the 1970s  The film was screened in the Un Certain Regard section at the 1994 Cannes Film Festival In October, 2007, it was screened at the Pacific Film Archive in Berkeley, California, where Assayas spent a week in residence introducing and discussing his films with the audiences there  He was accompanied by his friend Jean-Michel Frodon, the current director of the journal Cahiers du cinéma, of which Assayas was once the director  Assayas said the film is autobiographical, reflecting upon his own teenage years  He went out of his way to cast actors who were not professionals or who, as in the case of male lead Cyprien Fouquet (playing Gilles), had never acted before, although female lead Virginie Ledoyen (playing Christine) had appeared in several films  The film was the result of a commission from French TV, which wanted a 52-minute film but allowed Assayas to make a longer version, after some negotiations 

Plot
Gilles and Christine are teenagers from unstable homes  When they do some shop-lifting together she is arrested, but he gets away  She escapes from a mental institution and meets him at an abandoned house in the country, where a large group of rebellious teenagers are having a wild, all-night party  American rock music from the period is played prominently and has a very strong effect, especially "Me and Bobby McGee," sung by Janis Joplin  Drugs are used, mainly pot and hash  As the party is winding down, Gilles and Christine escape even deeper into the countryside, searching for a commune where artists are said to live without electricity or running water  This is Christine's idea, but Gilles reluctantly goes along  A jolting conclusion shows us that, as Assayas puts it, "Gilles' real life has now begun "

Cast
Virginie Ledoyen - Christine
Cyprien Fouquet - Gilles
László Szabó - Gilles's father
Jean-Pierre Darroussin - Inspector
Jackie Berroyer - Christine's father
Dominique Faysse - Christine's mother
Smaïl Mekki - Mourad
Jean-Christophe Bouvet - Professor
Ilona Györi - Marie
Renée Amzallag - The nurse
Jérôme Simonin - Vendeur de dynamite
Laetitia Lemerle - Corrine
Alexandra Yonnet - Copine blouson
Caroline Doron - Copine blessée
Laetitia Giraud - Christiane
Context 2: Passage 1:
Spider9
Spider9 Inc  is an American environmental technologies company headquartered in Northville, MI which develops and manufactures advanced control systems for energy storage and solar fields  It was founded in 2011 by Glynne Townsend (A123 Systems), Dave Park (former Vice President of Production at Wave Crest Energy Systems), Dave Smith (former chairman of USABC), and Bill Beckman (former Vice President of Finance at Johnson Controls) Spider9 acquired control system technology from the University of Michigan, Office of Technology Transfer and is developing the technology at their facilities at the Water Wheel Centre, in the historic Ford Valve Plant 

History
Spider9 was founded on control system technology patents licensed from the University of Michigan Real-Time Computing Laboratory  In the summer of 2011, the Spider9 leadership team brought the technology out of the Office of Technology Transfer, where it had been incubating  In July 2011, Spider9 pivoted the technology's business plan to target grid energy storage and solar field optimization rather than electric vehicles  On November 3, 2011, Spider9 received a Michigan Economic Development Corporation (MEDC) grant to install a solar field on the roof of the Water Wheel Centre in Northville, MI 

Technology
Spider9 systems are capable of reconfiguring the architecture of systems through in-house developed hardware and software algorithms  Using a Spider9 system, individual cells and panels are monitored and managed  The system architecture is dynamically reconfigured around the components to deliver a consistent voltage output, compensating for performance variances and failures 

Facilities
Spider9's facilities are equipped with a waterwheel designed by Albert Kahn (architect) which once provided constant, sustainable hydroelectric power to the facility  The waterwheel no longer fulfills the electricity needs of the building  Spider9 is designing a control system for an 85 kW rooftop solar field with backup battery storage to supply the building with renewable power 
Passage 2:
A123 Systems
A123 Systems, LLC, a subsidiary of the Chinese Wanxiang Group Holdings, is a developer and manufacturer of lithium iron phosphate batteries and energy storage systems 
The company was founded in 2001 by Yet-Ming Chiang, Bart Riley, and Ric Fulop  By 2009, it had about 2,500 employees globally and was headquartered in Waltham, Massachusetts  Its original product technology was based upon materials initially developed at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology 

History
In November 2005, the company announced a new, faster-recharging lithium-ion battery system based on doped nanophosphate materials licensed from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology 
In December 2006, the United States Advanced Battery Consortium (USABC) in collaboration with the U S  Department of Energy (DOE) awarded the company a US$15 million development contract to optimize A123 Systems' proprietary doped nano-phosphate battery technology for hybrid electric vehicle applications with a focus on power, abuse tolerance, durability and cost  USABC is an organization composed of Chrysler LLC Corporation, Ford Motor Company, and General Motors Corporation BAE Systems announced that, from 2008, it would offer A123 Systems' lithium-ion battery technology as part of its HybriDrive Propulsion System used in the 2008 version of the Daimler Orion VII hybrid electric buses  As of September 7, 2009, more than 3,000 of the buses were in service In May 2008, the United States Advanced Battery Consortium (USABC) in collaboration with the U S  Department of Energy (DOE) awarded the company a US$12 5 million grant to develop its lithium ion battery technology for plug-in hybrid electric vehicles On March 5, 2008, General Electric, the company, and Think Global announced that the three firms had entered a partnership to enable global electrification of transportation  GE invested US$20 million in the company to help it roll out batteries for Think  The company and Think at the same time signed a commercial supply agreement  The partnership was announced at the 78th annual international Motor Show in Geneva  After over $10 million in investment in the Think Global Think City, A123 ceased production of its L20 battery pack for Think after a single day of production in December, 2008 
In January 2009, A123 systems applied to the U S  Department of Energy's Advanced Technology Vehicles Manufacturing Loan Program (ATVMLP) for US$1 84 billion in direct loans to support the construction of new lithium-ion battery manufacturing facilities in the United States, locating the first plant in southeast Michigan near Detroit  The application was still pending as of early 2012, the company estimated that it might be allowed to borrow up to US$233 million from the program In April 2009, Chrysler Corp  announced a contract with A123 to supply batteries for their ENVI EV vehicles In August 2009, the company received a US$249 million grant from the U S  Department of Energy's Advanced Technology Vehicles Manufacturing Loan Program (ATVMLP) to build production facilities in Romulus and Livonia, Mich  after it received a US$125 million in tax credits and incentives from the Michigan Economic Development Corporation in spring and a US$10 million grant from the state in fall 2008 In September 2009, the company raised US$380 million after going public on the NASDAQ stock exchange In 2009, the company was included on the Guardian's "Global Cleantech 100" list  Later, A123 was selected to Technology Review Magazine's list of the 50 Most Innovative Companies 2011 Chrysler's ENVI division was disbanded by Nov 2009 In December 2009, the company formed a joint venture with Shanghai Automotive Industry Corporation (SAIC), the largest automaker in China  This was the first joint venture between a Chinese automaker and a non-Chinese battery supplier  The new venture is called Advanced Traction Battery Systems (ATBS) In August 2010, A123's co-founder Professor Yet-Ming Chiang spun off a new company from A123 named 24M Technologies, which makes technology that combines concepts in current lithium ion batteries with flow batteries, where tanks of liquid electrolytes combine to create an electric current In 2010, A123 received a US$249 million grant from the U S  Department of Energy for building battery production facilities  Approximately $129 million of the grant was used to build a 550 MWh battery plant in Livonia and another in Romulus  An untapped $120 million grant was abandoned by A123 by May 2012 In September 2010, the company opened the largest lithium ion battery manufacturing facility in North America in Livonia, Michigan  When fully operational, the factory is expected to be capable of producing battery packs for the equivalent of up to 30,000 electric cars per year In March 2011, the company received its third contract from the United States Advanced Battery Consortium (USABC) in collaboration with the U S  Department of Energy (DOE): a US$8 million advanced battery development contract to continue developing its Nanophosphate® lithium ion battery systems to meet USABC's target application for a Power-Assist Hybrid Electric Vehicle (PAHEV) Low-Energy Energy Storage System (LEESS) The company laid off 125 workers in December 2011 as A123 had to issue a battery recall for all batteries in a car developed by Fisker 
A123 Systems had more than 3000 employees as of December 2012 

Investments
In 2010 the company invested in Fisker Automotive's Karma with Ace Investments and Kleiner, Perkins, Caufield & Byers The company formed a joint venture with SAIC Motor to manufacture its batteries in China in early 2010 In February 2018, A123 announced an investment in Ionic Materials' solid-state battery technology  Ionic is developing a unique polymer electrolyte that claims new levels of safety and performance in advanced batteries 

Product recall
In early 2012, the company announced the replacement of defective battery packs and modules supplied to about five customers, including Fisker Automotive  The defect caused a Fisker Karma to shut down in a Consumer Reports test  It estimated the recall would cost about US$55 million  Fisker reduced its purchase order of battery from the company to lower its inventory  Cylindrical cells made in China that are used by BMW and others were declared as not affected 

Wangxiang acquisition and bankruptcy
In August 2012, Chinese automotive components manufacturer Wanxiang Group agreed to invest up to $465 million to acquire as much as 80% of A123 Systems; but the acquisition was not completed before A123 filed for bankruptcy 
In early October 2012, the A123 Systems' stock was trading for 27 cents per share, down from a 52-week high of $4 44 per share about a year beforehand On October 16, 2012, A123 filed for bankruptcy protection under Chapter 11  On January 28, 2013, Wanxiang America purchased the preponderance of A123's assets out of bankruptcy for $256 6M and organized A123Systems, LLC An earlier statement, released by A123 Systems in early October, said that it had entered an asset purchase agreement with Johnson Controls, with the stipulation that the company's bid must be approved by a US bankruptcy court and could be topped by a rival bidder 
Johnson did not win the bankruptcy auction and withdrew its bid in early December On October 16, 2012, A123 filed for bankruptcy protection under Chapter 11  The filing listed assets of $459 8 million and liabilities of $376 million  The company also stated that its automotive assets would be purchased by Johnson Controls, a supplier to A123, for $125 million  On January 28, 2013, Wanxiang America purchased the preponderance of A123's assets out of bankruptcy for $256 6M and created A123Systems, LLC  The government business was sold to US firm Navitas Systems for $2 25m 

Lithium Werks sale
In March 2018, the US battery manufacturer Lithium Werks announced it took over the Chinese factory of A123 Systems in Changzhou, plus the workforce and clients base in China, Europe and the United States  After the merger the Texas-based company owns factories in China and offices in the US, the Netherlands, Northern Ireland, the UK and Norway   Lithiumwerks continued the production of the 'nanophosphate' battery range, renaming the cells from 'A123' to 'Lithiumwerks' by the end of 2019 The A123 company said it wanted to concentrate on mobility solutions after the sale of their plants 

Products
Transportation
Passenger vehiclesFisker Karma, a plug-in hybrid
Taxis in Tokyo, Japan  Better Place is running a demonstration project with three electric taxis powered by A123 Systems batteries 
The Roewe 750 hybrid, the Roewe 550 plug-in hybrid and a yet-to-be-announced Roewe-brand all-electric vehicle from Shanghai Automotive Industry Corporation (SAIC), the largest automaker in China
Chevrolet Spark EV, a city electric car to be produced by General Motors and scheduled to be sold in low volumes at select U S  (including California) and global markets beginning in 2013 
In May 2011, A123 introduced a lithium ion 12V engine starter battery designed as a lighter-weight, longer-lasting and more environmentally friendly drop-in replacement for lead acid batteries  A123's Nanophosphate® Engine Start Battery was selected to R&D Magazine's 2011 R&D 100, which salutes the 100 most technologically significant products introduced into the marketplace over the past year Commercial truck, bus, and off-highwayNavistar International EStar: Electric Vehicle (EV) delivery vehicle
Daimler Buses North America (Orion VII)  The number one selling hybrid electric bus in the world  Operating in New York, San Francisco, Toronto, Dallas and other major cities 
Eaton: Plug-in hybrid Trouble Truck based on Ford F550 [1]
Smith Electric Vehicles Newton, an all-electric zero-emission delivery truck
ALTe, a maker of range-extended hybrid electric powertrain systems targeting the light-duty truck marketRacing2009 McLaren Mercedes Formula 1 KERS race car
Killacycle, formerly the world's quickest electric vehicle, capable of accelerating from 0–100 kilometres per hour (0–62 mph) in less than 1 second 
Ohio State University's Buckeye Bullet, an electric landspeed racer powered by A123's batteries, broke the international electric vehicle speed record in August 2010, reaching 307 666 m p h 
In May 2011, A123 signed an agreement with Mavizen, a leader in electric motorcycle racing technology, by which Mavizen will make A123's battery technology available for TTXGP racing and other two-wheel motorsports 
An ultra-light electric vehicle powered by 880 A123 Li-PO4 batteries, Brigham Young University's Electric Blue Streamliner set a land speed record for the 'E1' vehicle class (cars less than 1,100 lbs), averaging 204 9 m p h  in two runs in September 2014 

Electric grid
In November 2008, A123 entered into the electric grid market by delivering its first battery energy storage system to AES Corporation for use at several AES substations in Southern California 
In November 2009, A123 announced the commercial operation of a 12MW operating reserve project at the AES Gener Los Andes substation in the Atacama Desert in Chile 
In December 2010, AES Corporation secured a loan from the United States Department of Energy to fund a 20MW frequency regulation energy storage system using A123's battery technology at the AES Westover power plant in Johnson City, New York 
In February 2011, A123 announced its second project in Chile with AES Gener—a 20MW operating reserve energy storage system to be installed at a new 500MW power plant in Northern Chile called Angamos 
In July 2011, A123 announced a contract to supply a 500 kW advanced energy storage system to Dongfang Electric, the third largest manufacturer of wind turbines in China and the country's largest exporter of power equipment, as a demonstration project to help evaluate how advanced energy storage can address the challenges associated with the rapid growth of wind power in China, where only about 72% of the country's wind turbines are connected to the power grid, according to the China Power Union 
In October 2011, AES Corporation unveiled a 32 MW energy storage systems featuring A123's battery technology at the Laurel Mountain Wind Farm in West Virginia to be used for renewable integration and frequency regulation  As of its commissioning date it was the largest Lithium Ion battery energy storage system of its kind then in operation  This site was successfully commissioned in December 2011 
In March 2014, Japan's NEC announced its purchase of A123's grid energy storage business for $100 million 

Small applications
Black & Decker and DeWalt power tool lines were early adopters of A123 cells 

Cells
A123 had LiFePO4 Cells in the form 18650, 26650 and Pouch Cells with 14 and 20Ah  The company EVLithium reports that A123 has additional Pouch cells: A123 38AH NMC Lithium ion Pouch Battery and A123 LiFePO4 Battery 50AH http://www evlithium com/A123-Battery/

See also
Navistar
Passage 3:
Tax consolidation
Tax consolidation, or combined reporting, is a regime adopted in the tax or revenue legislation of a number of countries which treats a group of wholly owned or majority-owned companies and other entities (such as trusts and partnerships) as a single entity for tax purposes  This generally means that the head entity of the group is responsible for all or most of the group's tax obligations (such as paying tax and lodging tax returns)  Consolidation is usually an all-or-nothing event: once the decision to consolidate has been made, companies are irrevocably bound  Only by having less than a 100% interest in a subsidiary can that subsidiary be left out of the consolidation 
The aim of a tax consolidation regime is to reduce administrative costs for government revenue departments and reduce compliance costs for corporate taxpayers  For companies, consolidating can help understate profits by having losses in one group company reduce profits for another  Assets can be transferred between group companies without triggering a tax on gain for the company receiving assets, dividends can be paid between group companies without incurring tax liabilities, and tax attributes of one group company such as imputation credits can be used by other companies in the group  In some jurisdictions there may be other benefits, such as the ability to look through the acquisition of shares of acquired companies to depreciate the underlying assets 
Countries which have adopted a tax consolidation regime include the United States, France, Australia and New Zealand  Countries which do not permit tax consolidation often have rules which provide some of the benefits   For example, the United Kingdom has a system of group relief, which permits profits of one group company to be reduced by losses of another group company 
Consolidation regimes can include onerous rules and regulations  There are typically complex rules to deal with the acquisition of companies with tax losses or other tax attributes   Both the United States and Australia have rules which restrict the use of such losses in the wider group  In Australia, fixed trusts and 100% partnerships can be members of a consolidated group, but the head company must be a company and cannot be a trust or partnership 

United States consolidated returns
United States federal income tax rules permit commonly controlled corporations to file a consolidated return   The income tax and credits of the consolidated group are computed as if the group were a single taxpayer   Intercorporate dividends are eliminated   Once a group has elected to file a consolidated return, all members joining the group must participate in the filing   The common parent corporation files returns, and is entitled to make all elections related to tax matters   The common parent acts as agent for the members, and it and the members remain jointly and severally liable for all federal income taxes   Many U S  states permit or require consolidated returns for corporations filing federal consolidated returns 

Requirements for filing
Only entities organized in the United States and treated as corporations may file a consolidated Federal income tax return   The return is filed by a “common parent” and only those subsidiaries in which the common parent owns 80% or more of the vote AND value   The parent and all subsidiaries must file Form 1122 to elect to file a consolidated return in the first year of election  Every 80% subsidiary must make the election or it is not valid   Thereafter, all corporations that begin to meet the 80% vote and value test must join in the consolidated return   If a subsidiary ceases to meet the 80% vote and value test, it is removed from the group   Adjustments to basis and other tax attributes apply upon a subsidiary joining or leaving a group 

Consolidated taxable income
Taxable income of each member is computed as if no consolidated return were filed, with the exception of certain items computed on a consolidated basis   Then adjustments are made for certain transactions between group members   Dividends between group members are eliminated   Sales of property between members give rise to a deferred intercompany transaction   The effect on the selling member is deferred and recognized as the corresponding effects are recognized by the buying member   For example, Member A sells Member B some goods at a profit   This profit is not recognized until Member B sells the goods or recognizes depreciation expense on the goods   These complex rules require adjustments related to intra-group sales of property (including depreciable assets and inventory), transactions in stock or other obligations of members, performance of services, entry and exit of members, and certain back-to-back and avoidance transactions 
Certain deductions and most credits are computed on a consolidated rather than separate company basis   These include the deductions for net operating loss, charitable contributions, domestic production activities deduction, dividends received deduction and others 

Basis and related items
Each member of a group must recognize gain or loss on disposition of its shares of other members   Such gain or loss is affected by the member's basis in such shares   Basis must be adjusted for several items, including taxable income or loss recognized by the other member, distributions, and certain other items   To the extent a member recognizes losses in excess of the owner's basis, such excess loss is treated as negative basis for all U S  Federal income tax purposes   Additional adjustments apply in the case of intra-group reorganizations or acquisition of the common parent, and upon entry to or exit from the group by a member   The adjustments “tier up” to consolidated return members who own shares of the entity making the adjustment   Numerous other adjustments apply 

Filing periods
All members of the group must use the same tax year as the common parent   This may be adopted or changed by the common parent   If one group acquires another group, the acquiring common parent's tax year must be adopted by all acquired subsidiaries then meeting the 80% vote and value test   Short periods may be required upon joining or leaving a group   In addition, if a member enters or leaves the group, certain adjustments to earnings and profits, basis, and other tax attributes apply 

Fiscal unity
Several countries allow related groups of corporations to compute income tax on a consolidated basis, in a manner similar to consolidation for financial reporting purposes   This is referred to in the Netherlands and Luxembourg as a Fiscal Unity, and in France as Intégration Fiscale   A similar consolidated return regime applies in Spain   In such systems, consolidating eliminations of income and expense are taken into account 
The Netherlands system allows a group of Netherlands resident corporations and branches of foreign corporations to elect to be taxed as a Fiscal Unity   Such election is permitted only for a parent corporation and its 95% or greater owned subsidiaries   Upon election, the parent is taxed on the combined income of the members of the group   The parent and subsidiaries retain joint and several liability for the tax of the group Netherlands fiscal unity functions much like financial statement consolidation   Intra-group transactions, including property transfers, are generally eliminated   Most intra-group reorganizations do not trigger taxable events 

Group relief
Some countries allow losses of one commonly controlled company to offset the profits of another commonly controlled company   The United Kingdom permits group relief, and Germany permits an Organschaft   Neither of these systems involve combined reporting or combined tax return filing, though certain additional reporting may be required Under the UK scheme, a company's losses may be surrendered to a related company if several conditions are met   The companies must be 75% owned companies   For this purpose, a parent company and its subsidiaries qualify if the parent company owns at least 75% of the ordinary share capital of the subsidiary(ies) and have a beneficial interest in at least 75% of any distributions of earnings or upon winding up   Alternative similar rules apply for certain consortia and branches   Under European Court of Justice rulings incorporated into UK law, the parent company need not be resident in the UK 
The UK scheme allows losses of one group member to be relieved (deducted) by members using a different accounting period, with certain adjustments   Trading (business) losses, capital losses, certain excess (disallowed) management expenses from non-UK affiliates, and certain excess charges may be relieved, subject to limitations   The surrender of these items is done by one company for the benefit of one other company 

Unitary groups
Some states in the United States require related corporations to file a consolidated return if such corporations constitute a unitary business or unitary group   Such consolidated returns tend to follow the pattern of United States Federal consolidated returns, though differences exist in the particular rules   Generally, a group of corporations in the same, similar, or integrated businesses that are under common management and operational control may be treated as a unitary group 
In a late June, 1983 decision, the US Supreme Court first sanctioned worldwide combined reporting in Container Corp  v  Franchise Tax Board (CA)  The years in question were 1963-1965 and the California corporate income tax rate was 5 5%  The additional amount of tax due applying the worldwide combined reporting method was less than $72,000  The vote was 5–3,  Justice John Paul Stevens did not participate 
The court's majority decision was written by Justice Brennan, joined by White, Marshall, Blackmun, and Rehnquist  Justice Powell wrote the dissenting opinion, joined by Burger and O'Connor   Friend-of-the-court amicus curiae briefs were filed in support of California by the Attorneys General of Idaho, Utah, Illinois, Montana, New Mexico, New York, North Dakota, Oregon, Alaska, Colorado, Connecticut, Delaware, Indiana, Kansas, Massachusetts, Michigan, Nebraska, Minnesota, Missouri, New Hampshire, North Carolina, Hawaii, and Vermont  Also, in support of California, briefs were filed by the National Governors' Association, the National Farmers Union, and the Citizens for Tax Justice 
In support of the Container Corporation, amicus briefs were filed by Allied Lyons, Coca-Cola, Colgate-Palmolive, EMI Limited, Firestone Tire & Rubber, Canadian Imperial Bank of Commerce, Caterpillar Tractor, Gulf Oil, Phillips Petroleum, Shell Oil, and Sony  Also, in support of Container, were briefs filed by the U S  Chamber of Commerce's Committee on State Taxation, the Financial Executives Institute, the Government of the Kingdom of the Netherlands, the Confederation of British Industry, the International Bankers Association in California, and the Union of Industries of the European Union 
The Working Group agreed on three principles that should guide state taxation of the income of multinational corporations:
Principle One: Water's edge unitary combination for both U S  and foreign based companies 
Principle Two: Increased federal administrative assistance and cooperation with the states to promote full taxpayer disclosure and accountability 
Principle Three: Competitive balance for U S  multinationals, foreign multinationals, and purely domestic businesses California adopted a requirement that both United States and foreign corporations be included in a worldwide unitary group filing, absent a “water's edge” election and fee   This requirement was limited somewhat by the U S  Supreme Court in Barclays Bank PLC v  Franchise Tax Board  The vote in that case was 7–2 in favor of California and 9–0 in the companion Colgate-Palmolive case  California subsequently repealed the “water's edge” fee   Illinois requires unitary group filings for United States corporations only 
Under the unitary concept, all commonly controlled corporations within the unitary management and control group are required to join in a consolidated return filing for the state  An example of why a state would adopt unitary combined reporting is in the Statement of Intent in section 152 of Vermont's 2004 Act:

In recognition of the fact that corporate business is increasingly conducted on a national and international basis, it is the intent of the general assembly to adopt a unitary combined system of income tax reporting for corporations, and as an integral part of this proposal, to lower the corporate income tax rates  Vermont's separate accounting system is inadequate to measure accurately the income of a corporation with non-Vermont affiliates and creates tax disadvantages for Vermont corporations which compete with multistate and multinational corporations doing business in Vermont  It is the intent of the general assembly, in adopting a unitary combined reporting system, to put all corporations doing business in Vermont on an equal income tax footing, and with the revenue from the expanded and more accurate tax base, to lower Vermont's corporate income tax rates 
The enabling statute, however, excludes "overseas business organizations" from the taxable combined group so water's edge instead of worldwide combined reporting is adopted  Therefore, purely domestic businesses (i e  national multi-state corporations) are subject to tax on 100% of their taxable profits, U S  based multinational corporations are subject to tax on 100% of their reported U S  profits plus foreign profits via repatriated dividends from foreign subsidiaries (if and when repatriated), and foreign based multinational corporations are subject to tax on 100% of their U S  subsidiaries' reported U S profits  As a result, under water's edge combined reporting, separate accounting is only ignored for purely domestic businesses but retained for multinational corporations  Per the 2003-2004 Biennial Report of the Vermont Commissioner of Taxes, the adoption of unitary combined reporting "will diminish opportunities for certain aggressive tax management strategies that were available to multi-state corporations and will help create a level playing field with respect to Vermont-based corporations "
Therefore, under water's edge, U S  based and foreign-based multinationals have the ability to shift U S  profits to foreign subsidiaries and avoid federal and state income taxes  Profits shifted out of the U S  would be taxed only if and when they are repatriated as foreign dividends to a U S  based multinational  Most foreign countries do not tax foreign dividends received by multinationals based in their countries so profits shifted out of the U S  by U S  subsidiaries owned by foreign based multinationals and later repatriated to the foreign parent are usually not taxed 
The State of New Hampshire adopted worldwide combined reporting in 1981 but restricted it to water's edge five years later in 1986  In 1999, in Caterpillar Inc  v  New Hampshire Department of Revenue, the court stated "We point out that the water's edge method was adopted for the benefit of foreign businesses "Approaching 30 years since the 1984 principals of the Worldwide Unitary Tax Working Group, it is questionable whether or not a competitive balance for U S  multinationals, foreign multinationals, and purely domestic businesses has been attained  Bloomberg reporter Jesse Drucker demonstrates that separate accounting/arm's length pricing favors the multinationals in an October 2010 article titled "Google 2 4% Rate Shows How $60 Billion Lost to Loopholes" with tax strategies known as the "Double Irish" and the "Dutch Sandwich "   In a New York Times October 2012 Dealbook column, Victor Fleischer wrote about "Overseas Cash And The Tax Games Multinationals Play " Although billions in corporate profits are reported to be on the books of foreign subsidiaries located in tax havens, a New York Times article by David Kocieniewski titled "For U S  Companies, Money Offshore Mean Manhattan" dated May 2013, indicates that those corporate profits are being utilized in the U S  This is supported by a more recent report by Kitty Richards and John Craig at the Center for American Progress titled "Offshore Corporate Profits - The Only Thing 'Trapped' is Tax Revenue"  An article by Floyd Norris in the May 23, 2013 New York Times, "The Corrosive Effect of Apple's Tax Avoidance", points out how these tax avoidance strategies will most likely be followed by many other multinational corporations  And, an article by David Gelles titled "New Corporate Shelter: A Merger Abroad" dated October 8, 2013 makes a case that the best tax strategy for a U S  based corporation is to become a foreign based corporation The apportionment factors for state income tax are computed on a consolidated basis and applied to the income of members doing business in the state
Context 3: Passage 1:
Fitz and The Tantrums
Fitz and the Tantrums are an American indie pop and neo soul band from Los Angeles, California, that formed in 2008  The band consists of Michael Fitzpatrick (lead vocals), Noelle Scaggs (co-lead vocals and percussion), James King (saxophone, flute, keyboard, percussion and guitar), Joseph Karnes (bass guitar), Jeremy Ruzumna (keyboards) and John Wicks (drums and percussion) who left the band in 2022 to teach at University of Montana  Their debut studio album, Pickin' Up the Pieces, was released in August 2010 on indie label Dangerbird Records and received critical acclaim  It reached no  1 on the Billboard Heatseekers chart  The band signed to their current label Elektra Records in early 2013 and went on to release their second LP, More Than Just a Dream, the same year  Their self-titled third album was released in 2016, which contains their most notable song, "HandClap"  Their fourth studio album, All the Feels, was released in 2019 

History
Early history
Fitz and the Tantrums was founded by Michael Fitzpatrick in 2008  Having purchased an old Conn electronic organ, he was inspired to write the song "Breakin' the Chains of Love" that same night  He contacted his college friend, saxophonist James King, who recommended singer Noelle Scaggs and former drummer John Wicks who left the band in 2022  In turn, King brought in bassist Joseph Karnes and keyboardist Jeremy Ruzumna  According to Fitzpatrick, the band immediately clicked  He has said, "It was literally like five phone calls, one rehearsal, and we could have played a show that night " The band performed their first show at Hotel Café in Hollywood, in December 2008, which Fitzpatrick booked one week after their first rehearsal  In interviews, he has stated the importance of booking a date before the band was ready, in order to bring out the best in all performers  During the first half of 2009, they performed at several clubs in Los Angeles, including The Viper Room and Spaceland  Before Joseph Karnes was brought into the band, the previous bassist, Ethan Phillips was with the band for the first EP, and a part of their first album, "Pickin' Up The Pieces" 

The band recorded their debut EP, Songs for a Breakup, Vol  1, during the first half of 2009 at Fitzpatrick's home in Los Angeles  The EP was first released on August 11, 2009, through Canyon Productions  In September 2009 they toured with Hepcat and Flogging Molly  In November 2009 the band opened eight concerts on the Maroon 5's Back to School Tour  Their appearance was on short notice, after previously scheduled opener K'naan cancelled due to fatigue in late October  According to Fitzpatrick, "Adam Levine from Maroon 5 was in New York to get a tattoo, and his favorite tattoo artist had downloaded the record after hearing us on the radio  He told Adam, 'you gotta hear this band ' A week and a half later, we're opening for Maroon 5 on their college tour " In December 2009 the band shot the official music video for their first single, "Breakin' the Chains of Love", which was directed by Joshua Leonard  It features Fitzpatrick and Scaggs in a moving and rotating bed 

Pickin' Up the Pieces
In March 2010 Fitz and the Tantrums played at the SXSW festival in Austin, Texas  On April 15, 2010, they opened for ska band The Specials on their North American reunion tour at Club Nokia in Los Angeles  On April 26, 2010, Dangerbird Records announced that they had signed Fitz and the Tantrums  Their first full-length album, Pickin' Up the Pieces, was released on August 24, 2010  Producer Chris Seefried was also a co-writer on the album  In October 2010, Daryl Hall invited the band to perform on his web-series Live from Daryl's House  They played a seven-song set including four Fitz and the Tantrums songs, early Hall song "Girl I Love You", "Perkiomen" and finishing with "Sara Smile"  "I walked back into the kitchen of his big old house in upstate New York, and his mother was there," recalled Fitzpatrick  "She said, 'Fitz, come over here  You sound just like my son!'"
The band performed the songs "MoneyGrabber" and "Don't Gotta Work It Out" on ABC's Jimmy Kimmel Live! in Los Angeles on January 12, 2011  On February 28 they performed "MoneyGrabber" on TBS' Conan, and on April 5 on NBC's The Tonight Show with Jay Leno  In 2011 the band announced a U S  and international tour with April Smith and the Great Picture Show  In the fall of 2011, they made their first appearance at Austin City Limits Music Festival  On Friday, February 3, 2012, they performed "Don't Gotta Work It Out" on NBC's Late Night with Jimmy Fallon, episode 581, taped for broadcast at the Hilbert Circle Theatre in Indianapolis  They performed a free show at Thursday at the Square in Buffalo, New York, on June 14, 2012, and at the Basilica Block Party in Minneapolis, Minnesota, on July 7, 2012 

More Than Just a Dream
The band's second LP, More Than Just a Dream, was released May 7, 2013, on Elektra Records  It was produced by Tony Hoffer  The album features the lead single "Out of My League", which reached number one on Billboard's Alternative Songs chart on September 30, 2013  A French version of "Out of My League" was also released and played on Canadian radio  This version has most of the verses sung in French, while the chorus remains in English  The second single from More Than Just a Dream, "The Walker", also reached number one on the Billboard Alternative songs chart  In October 2014 Fitz and the Tantrums returned to the Austin City Limits Music Festival and played both weekends of the expanded festival 

Fitz and the Tantrums
In March 2016, the band released the lead single, "HandClap", off their self-titled album  The album was released on June 10, 2016, and was supported by the 2016 Get Right Back Summer Tour  In July 2016 Fitz and the Tantrums performed at Slossfest in Birmingham, Alabama  The band supported OneRepublic on the 2017 Honda Civic Tour which began on July 7, 2017 

All the Feels
On March 20, 2019, the band released the single "123456" from their fourth studio album  The second single, "Don't Ever Let Em", was released on April 17 of the same year, followed by "I Need Help!" on May 3, and then the title track of the album, "All the Feels" on June 28 
The album, All the Feels, consists of 17 songs and was released on September 20, 2019, through Elektra Records 

Let Yourself Free
On June 10, 2022, the band released the single "Sway" through Elektra Records  This was followed by the single "Moneymaker" on September 27, 2022, along with the announcement of their fifth studio album Let Yourself Free, which was released on November 11, 2022 

Musical style
Fitzpatrick has said that the band's musical style can be fairly described as "soul-influenced indie pop " He said that while the band is influenced by the classic songs of the Motown and Stax record labels, the band is not trying to create an exact replica of that music  In another interview, Fitzpatrick talked about his decision not to use guitars in the band  "I did want to try and make a big sounding record without guitars," he said  "For me, I just feel like in any music that has a band, the guitar is always there, it's always featured, it's always prevalent  I'm just sick of hearing it "

Critical reception
Los Angeles Times music critic Ann Powers wrote, "Fitz & the Tantrums is the kind of band that communicates best in concert, but this album serves as a fine proxy and party-starter " Aly Comingore of the Santa Barbara Independent wrote that the band members craft "soulful, nostalgia pop that's not only infectious, but just fresh enough to make it stand apart from its predecessors " The band was heralded as a "band to watch" in an April 2011 profile in Rolling Stone  In June 2011, Vogue named Fitz and the Tantrums the "Hardest-Working Band" of the 2011 summer festival circuit  "Not only do L A –based six-piece Fitz and the Tantrums share James Brown's penchant for snazzy-dressed brass bands and feel-good retro ballads, they also have the late godfather of soul's tireless work ethic " Their third album has been described as "a product of contemporary market forces and a depressing relic of an era of the music industry best forgotten "

Band members
Timeline
Discography
Pickin' Up the Pieces (2010)
More Than Just a Dream (2013)
Fitz and the Tantrums (2016)
All the Feels (2019)
Let Yourself Free (2022)
Passage 2:
Blood, Sweat &amp; 3 Years
Blood, Sweat & 3 Years is the fourth studio album by American electronic music group Cash Cash, released on June 24, 2016 by Big Beat Records and Atlantic Records  It is their first full-length album since signing to Big Beat, following the release of the Overtime and Lightning EPs  Blood, Sweat & 3 Years includes collaborations with singers Anjulie, Bebe Rexha, Chrish, Christina Perri, Dev, Jacquie Lee, Jenna Andrews, John Rzeznik from the Goo Goo Dolls, Julia Michaels, Michael Fitzpatrick of Fitz and the Tantrums, Neon Hitch, and Sofia Reyes; rappers B o B, Busta Rhymes, Nelly, and Trinidad James; DJ Digital Farm Animals; and groups Little Daylight and Night Terrors of 1927 

Background and composition
On April 28, 2016, the group announced the track listing and release date for Blood, Sweat & 3 Years  The album was produced by the group themselves and Digital Farm Animals  The album took 36 months to complete  Jean Paul Makhlouf spoke about the long process of finishing the album 

"The biggest thing that makes it hard for us to put out albums left and right is that we're not all home in one place for enough time  We play a lot of shows together, but most of the touring is done with me and Sam, and there's only so much that Alex or one of us can do back home in the studio  Sam can finish ideas that we started or he can keep things moving in a direction, but ultimately, we all need to be home in the studio to make a final product "
The title of the album comes from a representation of the last three years of the groups lives  Following the release of the album, the group embarked on a 2016 headlining tour called Must Be the Money Tour 

Singles
"Take Me Home", featuring guest vocals from singer Bebe Rexha, was released on July 15, 2013, originally from the band's 2013 EP Overtime  It was later included on Blood, Sweat & 3 Years as its first single  It reached number 57 on the Billboard Hot 100 selling 488,000 downloads, becoming their first (and, to date, only) charting single in the US  It also reached number 6 on the Dance/Electronic Songs chart  It also peaked within the top ten in Australia and the UK  The music video premiered on December 18, 2013  "Lightning", featuring guest vocals from Goo Goo Dolls frontman John Rzeznik, was released on March 24, 2014  It was originally from the band's 2014 EP Lightning, but was later included as the second single from Blood, Sweat & 3 Years



ground_truth: no

prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: Spider9 was founded in 2011 by the head of which subsidiary of Wanxiang Group?

The following are given passages.
Context 2:   Illinois taxes only United States corporations in this manner   California, following the Barclays case, modified its rules to include in the combined reporting only the taxable income of United States corporations   California's computation of apportionment factors is still based on worldwide group amounts unless a “water's edge” election is made 

Further reading
Crestol, Jack; Hennessey, Kevin M , and Yates, Richard F :  "Consolidated Tax Return : Principles, Practice, Planning, 1998 ISBN 978-0-7913-1629-0
Hellerstein, Jerome & Walter, and Youngman, Joan: State and Local Taxation, ISBN 0-314-15376-4 
Passage 4:
Glénat Editions
Glénat Editions SA is a French publisher with its head office in Grenoble  Their products include comic albums and manga in France, Benelux, and in the past Spain; it was founded by Jacques Glénat  The Benelux subsidiary, Glénat Benelux N V , is located in Brussels, Belgium  The Switzerland subsidiary, Glénat Editions (Suisse) SA, has its headquarters in Nyon  The Spanish subsidiary had its head office in Barcelona 

History
Jacques Glénat started his comics fanzine Schtroumpf (the French, original, title of The Smurfs) in 1969, when he was still a student  In 1972, only twenty years old, he established his own publishing house, Glénat  The first two books were by Claude Serre and by Claire Bretécher  Two years later, he already received the award for best publisher at the Angoulême International Comics Festival  To support the rapid growth, the company opened warehouses in Orly near Paris, and a flagship store in Paris 
A new comics magazine, Circus, first appeared in 1975 and existed until 1989  But the next few years saw Glénat move more away from the traditional juvenile Franco-Belgian comics and more towards the graphic novel, with an emphasis on their successful historical series by François Bourgeon and André Juillard  A second magazine, Vécu, dedicated to historical comics, was created in 1985 and survived until 2004 
From 1980 on, Glénat also published non-fiction books related to mountain climbing and to the sea  They also bought the publisher Vents d'Ouest and from 1991 on started publishing manga  But the biggest success of all came with Titeuf by Zep, which soon was one of the bestselling French comic series, with its own magazine Tchô and animated series 
On 5 October 2011, yielded 100% of the capital of Glénat España to Joan Navarro and Félix Sabaté, the two heads of the former subsidiary 

Company
As of 2009, the company gets 50% of its turnover from comics, 20% from manga, and 15% from books, with the last 15% divided over smaller products 
The book division has a catalogue of over 4,000 titles, publishing some 400 new books and 12 million volumes a year  Bestselling series include Titeuf, with 16 million copies, and Dragon Ball, with 17 million copies  It is the second largest comics publishing group in France, behind Média-Participations, with some 20% of the market 
The company has two international subsidiaries, Glénat Benelux and Glénat Suisse (Switzerland)  The company is also very active in Canada and collaborates with other publishers in other countries  Apart from translating and distributing the original Glénat productions, these regional companies also produce their own content and specializations  Glénat Benelux has 13% of the market of Belgian comic shops 

Head office
The company head office is in central Grenoble, in the former Convent of St  Cecilia, a 17th-century building which previously hosted a theater  Jacques Glénat had the building restored so it could become the headquarters of the company  The building's restoration took five years to complete  100 employees work in the building  The building's archives, library, and private collection are open to the public 

Awards
1974: Best French Publisher at the Angoulême International Comics Festival, France

Gallery
Passage 5:
Wanxiang
Wanxiang Group Corporation (Chinese: 万向集团) is a Chinese multinational conglomerate, headquartered in Hangzhou, Zhejiang province, China   Its automotive components subsidiary (Wangxiang Qiaochao) is the largest China-based automotive components company measured by revenues  The company was founded in 1969 by Lu Guanqiu 

Subsidiaries
Wangxiang Qianchao Co , Ltd 
Wangxiang Qiaochao Co , Ltd  is a public company listed on Shenzhen Stock Exchange (Symbol 000559) 

A123 Systems, LLC
On October 16, 2012, A123 Systems had filed for bankruptcy protection under Chapter 11, Title 11, United States Code  Wanxiang won an auction for the bankrupt United States-based lithium-ion battery maker in December 2012 for a closing price of US$256 6 million 
A123 Systems had more than 3000 employees as of that date The Committee on Foreign Investment in the United States (CFIUS) granted its approval, and on January 28, 2013, Wanxiang Group's Chicago-based subsidiary, Wanxiang America, purchased the preponderance of A123's assets out of bankruptcy for US$256 6 million and organized a new company, similarly named A123Systems, LLC 

Karma Automotive
Wanxiang received U S  bankruptcy court approval on February 18, 2014, to buy the assets of Fisker Automotive, a manufacturer of plug-in hybrid sports cars which was declared bankrupt in November 2013  Wanxiang's American subsidiary won a three-day auction with a bid of US$149 2 million  Bidding had started at US$55 million  The company said in court papers that it could restart production in the coming months, estimating that it would sell more than 1,000 Fisker Karma cars in the first 18 months in the U S  and 500 in Europe  The automotive company was renamed to Karma Automotive, and their car was renamed Revero 

SAIC Wanxiang New Energy Coach Co , Ltd 
SAIC Motor Corporation and Wanxiang Group have set up a 49%-51% joint venture, known as SAIC Wanxiang New Energy Coach Co , Ltd  and acquired the license to manufacture vehicles in July 2015  The joint-venture plans to produce its first new alternative fueled coach after granted with license plates by Chinese authorities after a few years of operation 

See also
Automotive industry in China
Passage 6:
Tongil Industries Company
Tongil Group (Korean: 통일그룹) is a Korean business group (chaebol) associated with the Unification Church (UC)  (“Tongil” is Korean for “unification,”  the name of the Unification Church in Korean is “Tongilgyo ”)  It was founded in 1963 by Unification Church founder Sun Myung Moon (following the purchase of a surplus Japanese lathe in 1962) as a nonprofit organization which would provide revenue for the UC  Its core focus was manufacturing but in the 1970s and 1980s it expanded by founding or acquiring businesses in pharmaceuticals, tourism, and publishing In 1998 Tongil Group was about 35th in size among South Korean business groups and was in the process of expanding into North Korea, with the blessing of the South Korean government which had previously forbidden relationships between North Korea and South Korean businesses In the 1990s Tongil Group suffered as a result of the 1997 Asian Financial Crisis  By 2004 it was losing money and was $3 6 billion in debt  In 2005 Moon’s son, Kook-jin Justin Moon (founder of Kahr Arms) was appointed chairman of Tongil Group  As of 2010 he was in the process of reforming its businesses by hiring new managers and by closing unprofitable operations  Among Tongil Group’s chief holdings are: The Ilwha Company, which produces ginseng and related products; Ilshin Stone, building materials; and Tongil Heavy Industries, machine parts including hardware for the South Korean military  
The Tongil Group funds the Tongil Foundation which finances about 20 religious and educational institutions, including the Sun Moon University, and the Little Angels Children’s Folk Ballet of Korea  And it donates to the UC, how much and whether by personal or corporate channels, is not public 
Passage 7:
Keep Your Head Down (song)
"Keep Your Head Down" (Korean title: 왜 Wae; "Why"), released in Japan as "Why? (Keep Your Head Down)", is a song recorded by South Korean pop group TVXQ (or Tohoshinki in Japan)  Composed by Yoo Young-jin and Yoo Han-jin, the Korean-language version of "Keep Your Head Down" was released by S M  Entertainment on January 3, 2011 as the lead single for the group's fifth Korean studio album Keep Your Head Down (2011), TVXQ's first album since becoming a two-piece band with U-Know Yunho and Max Changmin  The Japanese-language version of "Keep Your Head Down", which was released on January 26, 2011, by Avex Trax, served as TVXQ's 31st Japanese single in Japan  It was the first single taken from their fifth Japanese studio album, Tone (2011) 
With elements of industrial hip hop and baroque pop, "Keep Your Head Down" is labeled as an SMP song, a staple genre in TVXQ's music  A sample of the song's original Korean-language version was first performed by Yunho at the SM Town Live '10 World Tour in August 2010, three months before the official announcement of TVXQ's Korean comeback  The full Korean single was released on January 3, 2011, which was accompanied by the premiere of its music video on TVXQ's official video-sharing websites 
The song was met with mixed reviews upon its debut  With lyrics talking about overcoming a relationship breakup, it was claimed that the song was a diss to JYJ, the three former members of TVXQ  Yunho and Changmin had denied the claims  Pervasively, "Keep Your Head Down" became one of the duo's most commercially successful songs  It topped real-time music charts upon its release and peaked at number five on Korea's Gaon Singles Chart  The song won seven music show trophies for three consecutive weeks and sold over 1 3 million digital units in South Korea by the end of the year  In Japan, "Keep Your Head Down" was TVXQ's ninth single to top Japan's Oricon Singles Chart  It was certified platinum by the Recording Industry Association of Japan (RIAJ), becoming TVXQ's second best-selling single in Japan  The Japanese version was used in the Japanese Wii game Just Dance Wii

Background and recording
"Keep Your Head Down", also known by its Korean title "Why" (왜), was composed by brothers Yoo Han-jin and Yoo Young-jin, who also wrote the song lyrics  An SMP song, "Keep Your Head Down" has musical influences of industrial hip hop, baroque pop, R&B, and rap  The song was originally written for Yunho, who recorded the song in early August 2010 and performed it at the SM Town Live '10 World Tour concert in Seoul on August 21, 2010  The Seoul concert marked Yunho and Changmin's first comeback appearance together since their split with former TVXQ members Kim Jae-joong, Park Yoo-chun, and Kim Jun-su in early 2010  The positive responses in their two-piece performances prompted Yunho and Changmin to return to the studios to finish the recording of TVXQ's fifth Korean studio album  "Keep Your Head Down" was then chosen as the lead single 
The song debuted on South Korea's digital charts on January 3, 2011, the same day as the premiere of the song's music video  The Japanese version of the song was released as a CD and DVD single on January 26, 2011 

Critical response
"Keep Your Head Down" received mixed responses upon its release, and its lyrics came under media scrutiny  Starting off with the self-empowering English opening lines "Do you know what time it is? This is return of the King", TVXQ sing about their determination to return stronger after breaking up with a former lover  The song ends with the protagonist claiming that his former lover has "[been] erased, disappeared, died" in his heart, and that she no longer ceases to exist Korean netizens claimed that the song was a diss to former members Jaejoong, Yoochun, and Junsu, who were still in legal disputes with TVXQ's agency S M  Entertainment at the time of the song's release  Yunho and Changmin clarified that the lyrics of "Keep Your Head Down" were not directed at the trio, and that the lyrics were written in a style that could be interpreted in different ways 

Formats and track listings
Charts
Certifications
Credits
Credits adapted from album's liner notes 

Studio
SM Booming System – recording, mixing, digital editing
Sonic Korea – mastering

Personnel
SM Entertainment – executive producer
Lee Soo-man – producer
Kim Young-min – executive supervisor
TVXQ – vocals, background vocals
Luna – Japanese lyrics
Yoo Young-jin – producer, Korean lyrics, composition, vocal directing, background vocals, recording, mixing, digital editing, music and sound supervisor
Yoo Han-jin – composition, arrangement
Jeon Hoon – mastering
Passage 8:
Karma Automotive
Karma Automotive is a Chinese-owned American producer of luxury electric vehicles founded in 2014  Headquartered in Irvine, California, United States with an assembly plant located in Moreno Valley, Karma sells vehicles via its dealer network of locations in North America, Europe, South America, and the Middle East 

History
In February 2014, Chinese auto-parts supplier Wanxiang Group purchased assets of Fisker Automotive for $149 2 million in a bankruptcy auction  These assets included designs, a plug-in hybrid powertrain, and the former Wilmington Assembly factory in Wilmington, Delaware  Fisker Automotive was founded in 2007 by Henrik Fisker and his business partner Bernhard Koehler  Its Fisker Karma plug-in hybrid sports sedan debuted in 2011, and about 2,000 of the vehicles were sold  After Fisker's battery supplier A123 Systems filed for bankruptcy after two battery recalls, Fisker Automotive could not continue its business operations, and the company declared bankruptcy in February 2014 which led to the Wanxiang acquisition  The purchase excluded the Fisker brand and trademarks owned by Henrik Fisker  Wanxiang also purchased A123 Systems following its bankruptcy declaration In early 2016, Karma Automotive enlisted a straw buyer in an attempt to reverse engineer technology from a parts supplier and former employee In October 2016, the Wilmington, Delaware factory was put up for sale by Wanxiang Group The company began building the Revero in 2016 at its factory in Moreno Valley, California, with production set to begin in late 2016  The Revero debuted on September 8, 2016  Karma plans to manufacture 3,000 of the vehicles  Karma hopes to build close to 150 cars in 2018, and in the 200 to 300 range of cars in 2019 and beyond  On April 11, 2019, Karma Automotive issued a recall and stop-sale order on all Revero vehicles, due to a flaw in the roll over sensors which would disable the side-curtain airbags In 2019, the company opened the Karma's Innovation and Customization Center  In conjunction with the opening, Karma announced a design and manufacturing partnership with electric vehicle company AYRO to build 20,000 electric delivery vehicles by 2023  Karma’s Innovation and Customization Center has the ability to build the frames, chassis and bodies, integrate the powertrain and finish the cars in its robotic paint shop In November 2019, Karma Automotive laid off 200 employees at its Irvine, California headquarters due to financial difficulty  In February 2020, the company laid off an additional 60 employees In July 2020, the company raised $100 million USD from outside investors  Karma announced its intentions to license its electric vehicle platform to other automakers in order to generate more revenue In November 2020, Karma sued Lordstown Motors in a technology dispute 

Models
Production models
Revero
The Revero is a luxury electric hybrid sedan  The model was awarded Luxury Green Car of the Year by Green Car Journal in 2018  The model's total cruising range is approximately 300 miles with combined electric and combustion engine power, while electric power alone provides an estimated 50 miles (80 km) 

Revero GT
The Revero GT is a luxury extended-range electric vehicle  The model was awarded the 2020 Luxury Green Car of the Year Award from Green Car Journal in 2020  The GT model is differentiated from the standard Revero model by a launch control feature and increased acceleration (0 to 60mph in approximately 4 5 seconds)  The model's total cruising range is approximately 360 miles (580 km) with combined electric and combustion engine power, and approximately 80 miles (130 km) with only electric power  Karma plans to remake the Revero GT as its halo vehicle, upgrading the model with an all-wheel-drive powertrain said to offer in excess of 1,100 hp 

GS Series
The GS Series is a new vehicle line introduced in 2021  The series includes the company's first battery-electric sedan  In addition, the company announced plans to reduce the prices of the GS line 

GS-6
The GS-6 is a range-extended, plug-in hybrid vehicle capable of traveling up to 330 miles (530 km) with combined electric and combustion engine power  The GS-6 has a 400-kw, two-motor propulsion system that outputs 536 hp and 550 lb-ft of torque 

GSe-6
The GSe-6 is an all-electric vehicle, holding an 85-kWh battery pack that provides up to 230 miles (370 km) of range  A version with a 105-kWh pack & more than 300 miles (480 km) of range is in development  The GS-6 has a 400-kw, two-motor propulsion system that outputs 536 hp and 550 lb-ft of torque 

Concept cars
Karma GT by Pininfarina
The Karma GT by Pininfarina is a range-extender luxury electric hybrid coupe, based on the 2020 Revero chassis with a body by Pininfarina  It was introduced at the 2019 Shanghai Auto Show 

SC1 Vision Concept
The Karma SC1 Vision Concept is a roofless scissor-doored working fully electric sports car concept  It was introduced at the 2019 Shanghai Auto Show 

SC2 Concept
The Karma SC2 Concept is a scissor-doored working fully electric sports car concept  It was unveiled on the eve of the 2019 Los Angeles Auto Show  It was named 2020's Concept Car of the Year by Robb Report in their "Best of Best" issue 

See also
Fisker Coachbuild (2005–2007)
Fisker Automotive (2007–2014)
Fisker Inc  (2016–present)
VLF Automotive
Passage 9:
Copterline Oy
Copterline Oy was Finland's largest helicopter airline established on 15 October 1990 as Copter Action and renamed to Copterline in 2000  In 2004 the company ferried over 75,000 passengers  On December 19, 2008, Copterline confirmed that it had ceased its scheduled service between Helsinki and Tallinn  On 15 February 2010, Copterline filed for bankruptcy, citing inability to keep the company profitable  Its head office was located on the grounds of Helsinki-Malmi Airport in Helsinki   In 2011, Line Support Oy, founded by mostly the same group as Copterline Oy, announced a resumption of service from September, operated by its Estonian subsidiary Copterline OÜ  On 9 September 2011, the first commercial flights were undertaken 

History
Copterline acquired Helikopteripalvelu in 1999, the oldest Finnish company in the business, and began offering services in 2000 Copterline used to maintain hourly passenger flights across the Gulf of Finland between Helsinki, Finland (Helsinki Hernesaari Heliport) and Tallinn, Estonia (Tallinn Linnahall Heliport) between 07:00–20:00 (14 round trips),  9:00–17:00 on Saturdays (9 round trips) and 10:00–16:00 on Sundays (7 round trips)  The trip took 18 minutes, and the helicopters could carry 12 passengers on each flight On 10 August 2005, Copterline Flight 103 crashed while flying between Tallinn and Helsinki, three kilometers south of Aegna island  All 14 people on board died  After that tragic accident, the company closed the route In August 2006, Copterline sold its last remaining S-76 and focused on charter flights resuming the route between Helsinki and Tallinn on April 9, 2008, with a new AgustaWestland AW139 helicopter  The company was planning a new terminal in Helsinki 
In August 2008, a second AW139 entered into the fleet, and started operating in the same route  Kaj Takolander became CEO of the company 
On 19 December 2008, Copterline confirmed that it had ceased its scheduled service between Helsinki and Tallinn and was now looking at the possibility of alternative uses for its helicopters, otherwise, it will sell or lease its aircraft As of September 2011 the Copterline website was back in service with a flight schedule advertising flights up until the Christmas period  The new service was operated by the Estonian company Copterline OÜ with an AgustaWestland AW139 helicopter owned and operated by the Finnish company FirstClass Oy  The 2011 service offered 5 round trips on weekdays with no scheduled weekend service 
Copterline has not been operating on the Helsinki-Tallinn route recently  The airline was planning to open the route again in August 2013, but these plans were postponed and later cancelled  The company currently provides helicopter services to the oil and energy sector on the North Sea In March 2016, Copterline OÜ filed for bankruptcy for the second time 

Incidents and accidents
In spring 2004, the company had been restricted from commercial flights in bad weather conditions, due to concerns about pilot qualifications, but the restriction had since been lifted On 10 August 2005 Flight 103, a Sikorsky S-76, crashed into the sea near Tallinn, Estonia, three to four minutes after taking off  The craft was carrying 14 people, all of whom were killed: six Finnish, four Estonian and two American passengers, and two Finnish crew members  The disaster was caused by the failure of the power steering system of the American-built helicopter  According to Estonian authorities, no distress signals of any kind were received  However, after examining the helicopter's black box it has been reported that the pilots had attempted sending one, but wasn't received because an air traffic controller in Tallinn Airport was reading back a landing permit  The black box also revealed that the pilots had remained calm and attempted a safe landing in a "by the book" fashion The cause of the accident was the failure of the power flying control system  Plasma coating on the pistons of the power flying control system had flaked off and blocked the return valve, causing the aircraft to lose its maneuverability  It was revealed in 2007 that the failed component was inside a system that Copterline did not have the authority to service or even open  A periodic leak test that could have revealed the problem was omitted  Furthermore, the emergency floats failed to operate  The manufacturer, Sikorsky, confirmed that damages have been paid to the families of the casualties, but a court case between Copterline and Sikorsky is still pending 

Fleet
The Copterline fleet consists of nine helicopters and several rescue craft 
Copterline uses four Eurocopter EC 135 helicopters for emergency and medical service operations from three different base: Oulu, Pete got moved from Vaasa to Tampere and Varkaus 
Passage 10:
Fisker Automotive
Fisker Automotive was an American company founded in 2007  It was known for producing the Fisker Karma, which was one of the world's first production luxury plug-in hybrid electric vehicles  The company was founded by Henrik Fisker, a Danish automobile designer  
The company received significant private and public investment, including a $529 million loan from the federal government  The company raised over $1 billion from private investors such as the Kleiner Perkins venture capital firm However, it repeatedly missed production deadlines and production of the Fisker Karma was suspended in November 2012 with about 2,450 Karmas built since 2011 and just over 2,000 cars sold worldwide  The New York Times described the company as the "Solyndra of the electric car industry" and a "debacle"  The company's federal loan was suspended in 2011; the government recovered some of the invested funds, but nevertheless took a $139 million loss In February 2014, Fisker Automotive's Karma vehicle design, tooling and a manufacturing facility in Delaware were purchased by Chinese auto parts conglomerate Wanxiang Group  In 2016, Wanxiang would rename the holding company for the assets of Fisker Automotive to Karma Automotive 

History
Henrik Fisker co-founded Fisker Automotive in 2007 with Fisker Coachbuild partner Bernhard Koehler and Quantum Technologies after securing U$5 2 million investment from Gianfranco Pizzuto, an Italian businessman, and Palo Alto Investors  Kleiner Perkins Caufield & Byers, a venture capital firm, was one of the early investors  Fisker is responsible for designing many premium cars such as the Aston Martin DB9 and V8 Vantage, Artega GT, and BMW Z8  He also served as design director and sat on the board at Aston Martin 
Before Fisker Automotive, Fisker and Koehler left Aston Martin in 2005 to establish Fisker Coachbuild, in an attempt to revive the art of coach-building automobiles to customer specifications  The Fisker Tramonto and Latigo used chassis and power trains from Mercedes-Benz SL and BMW 6 Series automobiles  Several were purchased, but the business soon gave way to Fisker Automotive, a true automobile manufacturer 
In 2009, Fisker mentioned plans for another plug-in hybrid, a "high-volume vehicle for a lower price", subject to getting a U S  Department of Energy loan to build about 100,000 vehicles annually in the United States On April 14, 2008, Tesla Motors filed a lawsuit against Fisker Automotive, alleging they stole Tesla's technology and were using it to develop their own hybrid car, the Fisker Karma, which was announced at the North American International Auto Show in January 2008  Tesla's suit claimed that the design work done for the Model S by Fisker Coachbuild was substandard, and that Fisker diverted its best ideas to the Karma  In early 2009, the suit was settled in Fisker's favor and Tesla was ordered to pay Fisker more than US$1 1 million in legal fees Fisker's problems started with a recall of its battery by supplier A123 systems in December 2011, followed by a second recall in March 2012, and eventually A123 Systems' bankruptcy in August 2012  In addition to production stopping for over five months, with no date announced to recommence, the planned production of the second model, the Fisker Atlantic, was postponed, together with the cessation of development of the new model 
In February 2012, Tom LaSorda was named the new CEO, and Henrik Fisker became executive chairman, but six months later on August 14, La Sorda was replaced by Tony Posawatz, previously General Motors Vehicle Line Director for the Chevrolet Volt The company suffered a setback on October 29, 2012, when Hurricane Sandy flooded and destroyed its entire European shipment of 338 Karmas at Port Newark, New Jersey  Sixteen of the cars burned, because six to eight feet of seawater caused a short circuit in a vehicle control unit in one Karma, and high winds spread the resulting fire to 15 others  The company said that its lithium-ion battery was not at fault  Insurer XL Insurance America initially denied the roughly US$30 million loss claim and was subsequently sued by Fisker in New York State Supreme Court  The case was settled with an undisclosed out-of-court agreement Henrik Fisker resigned in March 2013, after "disagreements with management", in particular "disagreements over business strategy"  Shortly after the departure of Henrik Fisker from Fisker Automotive, on April 5, 2013, Fisker laid off 75% of its workforce, retaining only a core group of 40 workers as it continued to negotiate with prospective investors On October 11, 2013, Hybrid Technology LLC agreed to buy Fisker's defaulted government loan at a heavy discount  On November 22, 2013, Fisker filed its Chapter 11 bankruptcy case  Concurrently, on November 23, 2013, Fisker agreed, subject to bankruptcy court approval, to be acquired by Hybrid, owned by Hong Kong billionaire, Richard Li  At the last moment, though, Chinese parts supplier Wanxiang Group submitted a competing bid of US$24 75 million, supported by the Official Creditors' Committee in the case  Wanxiang had earlier lost out to Hybrid in bidding for purchase of the government's loan to Fisker  Wanxiang owns A123 Systems LLC, Fisker's former battery supplier, and Fisker argued that Wanxiang's conduct was partly responsible for Fisker's business failure  As part of its bid, Wanxiang proposed restarting production of the Karma Wanxiang received court approval on February 18, 2014, to buy the assets of Fisker after a three-day auction against Hybrid with a bid of $149 2 million, with bidding starting at $55 million, significantly more than the previous $24 75 million bid, and significantly higher than the $25 million Hybrid Technology LLC paid the Department of Energy for a $164 million loan note  On top of the $25 million, the DOE also recouped $28 million from Fisker for a total of $53 million recovered of its $192 million loan Following Fisker Automotive's structured bankruptcy auction in February 2014, Henrik Fisker retained the Fisker logo and trademarks  Wanxiang Group then transformed the assets of Fisker Automotive into a new company named Karma Automotive, thus launching the Karma Revero plug-in hybrid car based on the Fisker Karma  Henrik Fisker would later start another electric vehicle company named Fisker Inc in 2016 with the Fisker logo and trademarks 

Production models
Fisker Karma
The Karma was a plug-in hybrid luxury sports sedan produced by Fisker Automotive and manufactured at Valmet Automotive in Finland  After missing its initial late 2009 launch, and after the launch was rescheduled several times, the first deliveries took place in the U S  in late July 2011 and deliveries to retail customers began in November 2011 
The 20 1 kWh (72 36 MJ) lithium ion rechargeable battery in each car came from A123 Systems in Watertown, Massachusetts  The aluminum frame was engineered by Fisker and was supplied by Norsk Hydro from Norway  The cabin interior was designed by Fisker Automotive, but was made in the United States by Magna International of Canada  The EVer powertrain system, technically a series hybrid, delivered over 400 horsepower, and was inspired by Quantum Technologies, a cofounder of and early investor in Fisker  A version of the Karma was relaunched as the Karma Revero in 2016 by Karma Automotive 

Sales
By February 2012, Fisker had established 45 dealerships in the US and three in Canada  By March 2012, the company had built over 2,450 vehicles, with over 2000 cars delivered to customers by the end of 2012  Fisker Automotive distributed vehicles through a traditional dealer network and partnered with five importers: GP Supercars (Merano, Italy), Nellemann (Copenhagen, Denmark); the Emil Frey Group (Zurich, Switzerland); BD Otomotive (Istanbul, Turkey) and Al-Futtaim Group (Middle East and North Africa) 

Manufacturing
Fisker Automotive used to retain core competencies, such as design, engineering and marketing, in house, but outsourced manufacturing of its first vehicle Fisker Karma  Fisker's outsourcing methods allowed the company a 2–3 year period of development instead of the typical 5 years and at a cost of US$333 million instead of $1 billion, and claimed that it could make a profit from selling just 15,000 cars  Fisker used to save significant development costs by using pre-engineered components developed by other car companies whenever possible, such as the door handle mechanism which was a General Motors part; Fisker Automotive just paid a royalty to GM for each door handle in the Karma, which was much cheaper than designing its own door handles  However, the A123 battery failure and its resulting recall, and the eventual bankruptcy of the battery supplier, led to significant problems and added cost to the manufacture of the Karma model, finally resulting in Fisker's bankruptcy 
In 2008, Fisker estimated 15,000 cars per year would be assembled by Valmet Automotive in Uusikaupunki, Finland  Manufacturing eventually commenced in 2011 but by the third quarter of 2012 production ceased Then-Vice President of the United States Joe Biden (later President) attended the October 27, 2009, announcement that Fisker Automotive would take control of the Boxwood Road Plant (previously owned and operated by General Motors as Wilmington Assembly) in Wilmington, Delaware, with production scheduled to begin in late 2012  This never happened and the plant was ultimately torn down 

Funding
Fisker Automotive's investors have included Leonardo DiCaprio, Palo Alto Investors, Kleiner Perkins Caufield & Byers, Qatar Holdings, LLC, A123 Systems, and Ace Investments 
In April 2012, Fisker announced it had received $392 million in a round of financing, which was in addition to $850 million in private investment it had received in previous rounds  In Fisker's bankruptcy case, Hybrid Technology LLC ranked ahead of all the equity investors as a senior creditor since they purchased the Department of Energy loan note to Fisker Automotive in November 2013  In total, the company raised well over $1 billion from private investors Fisker had received a US$528 7 million conditional loan in September 2009 from the Department of Energy's US$25 billion Advanced Technologies Vehicle Manufacturing Loan Program (ATVM)  Of the total loan amount approved, a total of US$192 million was drawn by Fisker Automotive for engineering work with primarily US suppliers to complete the Fisker Karma and Fisker's Project Nina, later revealed as the Fisker Atlantic The Department of Energy froze Fisker's credit line in August 2012 after US$192 million had been drawn, and after differences between the DOE and Fisker on the milestones set as conditions for the loan  The loan received additional scrutiny for being awarded for the manufacture of luxury vehicles that are too expensive for much of the general public  Fisker investor Ray Lane responded that the issues were being blown out of proportion due to election-year politics 

See also
List of hybrid vehicles
List of modern production plug-in electric vehicles
Fisker Coachbuild (2005–07)
Karma Automotive (2014–present)
Fisker Inc  (2016–present)
VLF Automotive
Tesla, Inc 
Context 3:  Unlike "Take Me Home", "Lightning" did not chart  The lyric video premiered on August 11, 2014  "Surrender", featuring uncredited guest vocals from singer and songwriter Julia Michaels, was released on September 16, 2014 as the third single from the album  Although it did not chart on the Hot 100, it did reach number 19 on the Dance/Electronic Songs chart  The music video premiered on January 15, 2015 "Devil", featuring guest vocals from rappers Busta Rhymes and B o B and singer Neon Hitch, was released on August 7, 2015 as the album's fourth single  It reached number 28 on the Dance/Electronic songs chart, and number 110 in the UK  "Escarole" was released on December 11, 2015 as the album's fifth single "Aftershock", featuring guest vocals from singer Jacquie Lee, was released on January 29, 2016 as the album's sixth single  The music video premiered on March 16, 2016  "How to Love", featuring guest vocals from Mexican singer Sofia Reyes, was released on April 29, 2016 as the album's seventh single  It peaked at number 16 on the Dance/Electronic Songs chart  The music video premiered on the same day  "Millionaire", their collaboration with British DJ Digital Farm Animals, featuring guest vocals from rapper Nelly, was released on June 3, 2016 as the album's eighth single  It debuted at number 22 on the Dance/Electronic Songs chart  The music video was released on June 27, 2016  "Broken Drum", featuring guest vocals from Michael Fitzpatrick of Fitz and the Tantrums, was released on June 17, 2016 as the album's ninth single, accompanied by a music video 

Critical reception
Alexendra Blair from Dancing Astronaut wrote that Cash Cash have "delivered a quality pop music release on which any song could be a confetti-drenched closer" by praising their track production and the appearance of quality collaborators such as Christina Perri and  Michael Fitzpatrick of Fitz and the Tantrums  She then criticised Nelly's performance on "Millionaire" by describing it as a "whitewashing of the rapper's sometimes gritty and often wryly wrought vocal style" and felt that "Devil" was "hollow with a sanitized inauthenticity" despite strong verses from B o B and Busta Rhymes  AllMusic's Neil Z  Yeung gave the album a 4/5 rating and stated that it was a "celebration of the many facets of dance in the 2010s EDM era, from trap to tropical and everything in between"  He complimented their "impressive list of guests for the effort" and said that the brightest moments of the record came courtesy of the female vocalists, who bring a "carefree and breezy energy to balance the machismo"  Connor Jones from We Got This Covered felt like the album "plays more like a loose collection of songs than a cohesive whole", due to some tracks being released back in 2013 which causes them to feel mismatched when listened to  He continued by stating that the record feels repetitious and formulaic regarding its female led vocal collaborations, even with the presence of many excellent tracks  The critic concluded by writing that tracks like "How To Love" which "strike the right balance between radio friendly pop and crowd pleasing dance rhythms" works best in Blood, Sweat & 3 Years, and praised the "crystal clear mixing" and "excellent synth work" on the record Daniel Patrin of Renowned For Sound granted the record a 2/5 rating and stated that it consisted of "calculable, artificial pop music with forced momentum", mimicking the works of Afrojack and Swedish House Mafia which made it lack "any real aspects of individualism" 

Track listing
All tracks produced by Cash Cash, except "Millionaire" produced by Cash Cash and Digital Farm Animals 

Personnel
Credits for Blood, Sweat & 3 Years adapted from AllMusic 

Charts
Certifications
Release history
Passage 3:
Out of My League
Out of My League may refer to:

Out of My League (song), a song recorded by American band Fitz and the Tantrums
Out of My League (film), a 2020 Italian romantic comedy-drama film by Alice Filippi
Passage 4:
James King (musician)
James King is an American multi-instrumentalist who is a co-founder for soul band Fitz and the Tantrums  In 2008, he was approached by college friend Michael Fitzpatrick to play saxophone on a few songs that he had written which turned out to be the beginnings of Fitz and the Tantrums   King recommended Noelle Scaggs and other musicians   They performed for the first time a week later at Hollywood's Hotel Café   They released their debut EP Songs for a Breakup, Vol  1 in August 2009, and the tracks soon received airplay on public radio station KCRW in Los Angeles Six months after their first performance they had slots at Lollapalooza and Telluride Blues & Brews  In late 2009 they toured with Hepcat, Flogging Molly, and opened eight concerts for Maroon 5  The band signed to Dangerbird Records in April 2010, 
Their first full-length album, Pickin' Up the Pieces was released on August 24, 2010  It received critical acclaim and reached No  1 on the Billboard Heatseekers chart, 140 on the Billboard 200, and 18 on the Independent Albums chart 
They were called by Vogue Magazine the "Hardest Working Band of 2011"  According to Rolling Stone, the band "throws a sparkling pop gloss on a familiar Motown sound"

Background
King was raised by a jazz guitarist father and a classical cellist mother  They introduced him to a wide range of music from an early age  In addition to the jazz training and classical training that he started at age five, he also started learning guitar, violin and piano before settling on the flute when he was nine years old; he added the saxophone when he was 11  King studied music privately and attended Los Angeles County High School for the Arts for his last two years of high school, after which he attended the California Institute of the Arts (1993–1999), where he went to earn his Bachelor of Fine Arts degree in jazz performance  Before, King worked on a wide range of projects in the music industry and taught at the Silverlake Conservatory of Music 

Discography
Fitz and the Tantrums
Studio albums2009: Songs for a Breakup, Vol  1  
2010: Santa Stole My Lady  
2010: Pickin' Up the Pieces 
2013: More Than Just a Dream 
2016: Fitz and the Tantrums

Other work
2000–2010: Domingosiete  ("saxofonista")
2001–2010: Breakestra
2002–2010: Connie Price and the Keystones
2004–2005: Orgone
2008–2009: Composer, Nic and Tristan Go Mega-Dega 
2008–2010: The Lions 
2010: Performed in Burlesque starring Cher and Christina Aguilera
2013: Fanfare Jonathan Wilson album, saxophone and flute
2014: "Weird Al" Yankovic Mandatory Fun, saxophone
Passage 5:
Spencer Ludwig
Spencer Ludwig (born 24 June 1990) is an American trumpeter, singer, songwriter, producer and musical director from Los Angeles, California  Ludwig is the trumpet player of the band Capital Cities  He recorded on their platinum debut album In a Tidal Wave of Mystery and toured with them from 2011 to 2015  He has also performed with Harry Styles, Dua Lipa, Gallant, Mike Posner, Foster the People, Portugal  The Man, Fitz and the Tantrums, RAC, Joywave, St  Lucia, Cherub, and The Wailers  In 2018 he began his career as an independent artist and formed Trumpet Records 

Early life and education
Ludwig is the son of a Filipino mother and a Russian-Jewish father  He grew up in Los Angeles, California  He attended Oakwood School and began playing saxophone in the fourth grade due to his school's support for performing arts  Ludwig grew fond of jazz music and performed in the school's jazz band during his middle school years Ludwig learned to play the French horn in high school but decided to apply to college as a trumpet player  He started off by teaching himself how to play the trumpet going into his senior year of high school  He was accepted to California Institute of the Arts where he studied jazz  He supported his way through school by playing with local bands from Los Angeles and teaching trumpet part-time at his former high school 

Career
Ludwig was part of the local Los Angeles music scene, performing with numerous bands [1] He began performing while in college, forming a cover band with friends that graduated from Oakwood School a few years before him [2] It was in 2011 that Ludwig got his break with Capital Cities [2]
While playing at a local music festival with a band called Sister Rogers in 2011, Capital Cities band members Ryan Merchant and Sebu Simonian watched him perform, later asking him to join the group as its trumpet player [1][2] Ludwig shifted his focus to solely playing with the band and recorded and toured with them for the next four years [1] He recorded trumpet on the group's platinum debut album In a Tidal Wave of Mystery [3]
In 2015 Ludwig signed a record deal with Warner Bros  Records as a solo artist [4] In July 2016 he released his first two singles Diggy and Right Into U [7] The song "Diggy" was featured in Target's fall style TV campaign, which premiered on September 14, 2016 [8] "Diggy" also appeared in the feature film "Happy Death Day" and the video game Just Dance 2018  In 2018 Ludwig left Warner Bros  Records to pursue a career as an independent artist and to form his own record label Trumpet Records  In March 2018 he released his first single as an independent artist "Just Wanna Dance" and he collaborated with five-time Latin Grammy winner Fonseca on his song "Por Pura Curiosidad", which was featured on his album Agustín and earned a Latin Grammy in 2019 for Best Traditional Pop Vocal Album In 2017 in front of 46,556 fans, he performed the national anthem on trumpet at the 2017 NHL Winter Classic at Busch Stadium in St  Louis, Missouri featuring the Chicago Blackhawks and St  Louis Blues (a first for the Winter Classic)  That same year he became the official band leader and musical director for the annual NFL Honors Awards and in 2021 he became the musical director for the ESPY Awards 

Discography
Solo Releases
Songwriting, recording and production credits
Passage 6:
Michael Fitzpatrick (musician)
Michael Sean "Fitz" Fitzpatrick (born 21 July 1970) is a French-born American musician and singer-songwriter, who is the lead vocalist of the indie pop/neo-soul band Fitz and the Tantrums 
Fitz and the Tantrums were heralded as a "band to watch" in an April 2011 profile in Rolling Stone  Their 2010 debut full-length album Pickin' Up the Pieces received critical acclaim and reached #1 on the Billboard Heatseekers chart In May 2021, Fitzpatrick released his debut solo album, Head Up High 

Biography
Born in Montluçon, France, Fitzpatrick grew up in Los Angeles  His father, Robert Fitzpatrick, is Irish American and his mother, Sylvie, is French  He attended the L A  County High School for the Arts, studying vocal music and then studied experimental film at the California Institute of the Arts, where he met fellow band member James King  Although he now composes primarily on the piano and organ, he only had formal piano training later in life  He has said, "I'd always been a decent singer, but I got frustrated by my inability to play piano by anything more than by ear  I took piano lessons when I was 32, and it opened up a whole new vocabulary for me " Fitzpatrick grew up mostly listening to classical music, as he was discouraged from listening to other music styles in the household  One concession, however, was being allowed to listen to a local oldie radio station in the car driving to and from school After college, he worked for many years behind the scenes as a sound engineer for producer Mickey Petralia, who produced Beck, Ladytron, Flight of the Conchords, and The Dandy Warhols



ground_truth: A123 Systems, LLC

prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: For which band, was the female member of Fitz and The Tantrums, the front woman for ten years ?

The following are given passages.
Context 3: In late 2008, Fitzpatrick received a call from an ex-girlfriend to tell him about a neighbor who needed to unload or sell a church organ for $50  Fitzpatrick told her to pay the neighbor the $50 and arranged to have the organ moved to his apartment that same day  That evening, inspired by the organ, he wrote the song "Breakin' the Chains of Love"  He has stated, "I immediately knew it was the best song I'd written  I could astral plane out and hear myself, like, 'wow!' Not bad!"  Fitzpatrick decided to form a band, and contacted friend and saxophonist James King  Through phone calls they assembled the band, with King recommending singer Noelle Scaggs and drummer John Wicks, and Wicks in turn bringing in bassist Ethan Phillips and keyboardist Jeremy Ruzumna  The band met for its first rehearsal a week later and instantly clicked 
In interviews, he has emphasized his eclectic musical tastes  He has said, "We [the band] all have a love affair with soul and funk music  For me, it's obviously Otis Redding, Marvin Gaye, the Supremes, all that stuff  My musical taste runs the gamut from Radiohead to Zeppelin to Major Lazer  My older brother was really into '80s new wave, so a lot of the first records I got to borrow and steal were his "

Personal life
In May 2013, it was announced that Fitzpatrick was expecting a child with then-girlfriend actress Kaylee DeFer  DeFer gave birth to their son in September 2013  Fitzpatrick and DeFer married on 25 July 2015  Their second son was born in April 2017 and a third son was born in May 2019 

Discography
Albums
Solo
Head Up High

With Band of Merrymakers
Welcome to Our Christmas Party

With Fitz and the Tantrums
Pickin' Up the Pieces
More Than Just a Dream
Fitz and the Tantrums
All the Feels

Singles
As solo artist
As featured artist
Guest appearances
Passage 7:
HandClap
"HandClap" is a song recorded by American indie pop band Fitz and the Tantrums  The song was released as the lead single from their self-titled album Fitz and the Tantrums on March 25, 2016, through Elektra Records  It is their highest-charting song on the Billboard Hot 100, peaking at number 53  The song was also included in Playground Games' Forza Horizon 3 soundtrack and Just Dance Unlimited for Just Dance 2017  A rendition of the song was also performed on the South Korean-Japanese survival show Produce 48 in 2018  Since its release, the song has gained popularity from its usage during sporting events 

Track listing
Charts
Certifications
Passage 8:
Elina Siirala
Elina Siirala (born 27 October 1983) is a Finnish soprano  She is the founder and frontwoman for the English melodic metal band Angel Nation (formerly EnkElination) and the current female vocalist for the German symphonic metal/viking metal band Leaves' Eyes  Elina is the second cousin of Tuomas Holopainen, founder and keyboardist of Nightwish 

Career
After completing a bachelor's degree in classical singing in Helsinki, Elina moved to London in 2008 to study contemporary vocals 
In 2011, she formed the melodic metal band EnkElination, the band name being a play on words featuring "enkeli", the Finnish word for "angel", and also her name "Elina" in the middle  In 2016 the band announced they would translate their name to "Angel Nation" 
The new band name of Angel Nation was shortly followed on 12 April 2016 by the announcement of a new drummer Lucas Robert Williamson joining existing members Shadow on guitar and Julia on bass 

The band played several live shows both headlining venues such as the Camden Underworld and supporting larger bands, as well as festival appearances including Bloodstock Open Air in 2014 and Dames of Darkness in 2015  She came to the attention of Leaves' Eyes during one of those support slots, and in 2016 she was invited to join Leaves' Eyes to replace departing singer Liv Kristine In 2016 Elina toured the United States with Leaves Eyes   In October 2016 she released the single "Do It Anyway" with her band Angel Nation via Nuclear Blast   The single was accompanied by a video produced by Caz Reason and featured fellow band members Shadow, Julia and Lucas 
In 2017 Leaves Eyes announced another tour of the United States alongside Sabaton whilst Elina also returned to work on recordings for Angel Nation's second album "Aeon"   "Aeon" was released on 27 October 2017 with a small European tour announced alongside Elyose 

Discography
Passage 9:
Songs for a Breakup, Vol  1
Songs for a Breakup: Vol  1 is the debut studio EP by the American indie rock band Fitz and the Tantrums, released on August 11, 2009 through Canyon Productions  It was re-released in 2010 when the band signed to Dangerbird Records 

Track listing
Personnel
Michael Fitzpatrick
Noelle Scaggs
Joseph Karnes
James King
Jeremy Ruzumna
John Wicks

Additional personnel
Chris Seefried – producer, guitar, bass, vocals, keyboards
Maya Azucena – vocals
Sebastian Steinberg – bass
Matt Cooker – cello
Stewart Cole – trumpet
Scott Ellis – drums
Tay Strathairn – piano
Chris Constable – mixing
Josh Brochhausen  – mixing
Gavin Lurssen – mastering
Edon – photography
Alex Tenta – design, layout
Lisa Nupoff – management
Brian Klein – management
Passage 10:
Noelle Scaggs
Noelle Scaggs (born October 8, 1979) is an American musician and singer-songwriter from Los Angeles, known as the co-lead singer of the pop group Fitz and the Tantrums  Scaggs has also had numerous collaborations with the Black Eyed Peas, Dilated Peoples, Quantic, Mayer Hawthorne, and Damian Marley 
In 2008 she became a co-lead singer of the indie pop and neo-soul band Fitz and the Tantrums, and is featured on their 2010 album Pickin' Up the Pieces, which hit No  1 on the Billboard Heatseekers chart  She has toured extensively with the band and performed on shows such as Jimmy Kimmel Live!, Conan, The Tonight Show with Jay Leno, Ellen, GMA, The Tonight Show Starring Jimmy Fallon, and The Late Late Show with James Corden 
She has been critically acclaimed for her "powerhouse vocals" and charismatic on-stage presence 

Early life
Scaggs was born on October 8, 1979, in Denver, Colorado  Her father was a DJ and Scaggs was exposed to his vinyl collection at a young age, including Parliament, Teena Marie, and The Pointer Sisters  She also listened to her parents play artists such as Marvin Gaye and The Temptations during house parties, and was influenced as a young singer by the music of Tina Turner Early on, Scaggs would perform for friends and family, and at around 9 years of age, became more seriously interested in singing  In elementary school she began practicing daily and signed herself up for all available talent shows  According to Scaggs, "I was one of those kids who had friends but got picked on a lot   I felt like I needed an outlet  For me, that outlet was music " Except for a year of vocal training in high school, she was self-taught and only considered becoming a professional musician as she approached graduation from South Pasadena High School 

Music career
Collaborations
After high school Scaggs began working as both a professional songwriter and vocalist  Early on she faced financial hurdles, as well as finding the right producers  As a songwriter, Scaggs has referenced creative influences as diverse as Radiohead and The Bird and the Bee Her first major label appearance was in 2000, as lead vocalist on the track "If There Be Pain" on the Interscope compilation project The Rose That Grew from Concrete  In 2001 she contributed vocals to Expansion Team by Dilated Peoples, and in 2003 contributed background vocals to the Elephunk LP by The Black Eyed Peas and Must B 21 by will i am 
In 2003 she released her first 12" LP, The Craft, featuring hip-hop trio Dilated Peoples She was a primary artist in 2006 on An Announcement to Answer by Quantic, and has since worked as a composer, songwriter, or vocalist with artists such as Orgone, Mayer Hawthorne, The Quantic Soul Orchestra, Guilty Simpson, Koushik, and Evidence  She also worked on Damian Marley's 2010 release with rapper Nas In July 2008 she performed in four shows on Scion A/V's "Live Metro" tour featuring hardcore rap duo M O P  Funk band Connie Price and the Keystones and saxophonist James King (later of Fitz and the Tantrums), provided backing She has also sung backup for Miley Cyrus and modeled in an art piece for Kanye West   In 2008 she hosted the VMA's Nappy Boy TV with T-Pain  She has contributed to a number of film soundtracks as a singer and songwriter, including Walk Hard: The Dewey Cox Story (in which she was also an uncredited actress) and The Nanny Diaries with Scarlett Johansson  She acted as a backup singer in Be Cool with John Travolta 

The Rebirth
Scaggs soon joined as front-woman and songwriter for The Rebirth, a Los Angeles soul band  In 2005 The Rebirth released their first album This Journey In on independent label Kajmere Sound  She wrote the track "Stray Away" and a number of other songs on their LP, co-writing with band leader Carlos Guiaco The first single, "This Journey In", hit the top 5 of playlists throughout Europe and Japan, and attracted the attention of DJs such as BBC Radio 1's Gilles Peterson, King Britt of the group Digable Planets, and Norman Jay MBE  Scaggs toured with the band for ten years before taking two years off from music 

Fitz and the Tantrums
In December 2008 she joined the Los Angeles soul/pop band Fitz and the Tantrums for a rehearsal after being recommended to band leader Michael Fitzpatrick by saxophone player James King  According to Scaggs, "When I first heard the project I was really attracted to the sound  It was something that wasn't really familiar in the spectrum of not being exactly Motown or something from the '80s "They performed for the first time a week later at Hollywood's Hotel Café, and she decided to remain with the band as a vocalist, songwriter, and lyricist  They released their debut EP Songs for a Breakup, Vol  1 in August 2009, and the tracks soon received airplay on public radio station KCRW in Los Angeles 
Six months after their first performance they had slots at Lollapalooza and Telluride Blues & Brews  In late 2009 they toured with Hepcat, Flogging Molly, and opened eight concerts for Maroon 5  The band signed to Dangerbird Records in April 2010, and Scaggs has since appeared with the band on Jimmy Kimmel Live!,  Conan and The Tonight Show with Jay Leno 
Their first full-length album, Pickin' Up the Pieces was released on August 24, 2010  It received critical acclaim and reached No  1 on the Billboard Heatseekers chart, 140 on the Billboard 200, and 18 on the Independent Albums chart 
They were called by Vogue Magazine the "Hardest Working Band of 2011," and "Artist to Watch" in Rolling Stone  Also according to Rolling Stone, the band "throws a sparkling pop gloss on a familiar Motown sound thanks in large part to the powerhouse vocals of sultry singer Noelle Scaggs "

Discography
Singles
2003: The Craft (featuring Dilated Peoples)
2018: Great For You (featuring BRÅVES)

The Rebirth
Studio albums2006: This Journey In (Vocals, composer)

Fitz and the Tantrums
Studio albums2009: Songs for a Breakup, Vol  1 EP (Composer, vocals)
2010: Santa Stole My Lady EP (Composer, vocals)
2010: Pickin' Up the Pieces (Composer, vocals)
2013: More Than Just A Dream (Composer, vocals, keyboards)
2016: Fitz and the Tantrums ((Composer, vocals)
2019: All the Feels (Composer, vocals)

Collaborations
Studio albums2000: The Rose That Grew from Concrete (Vocals)
2000: Bridging the Gap by The Black Eyed Peas (Background vocals)
2001: Expansion Team by Dilated Peoples (Vocals)
2003: Elephunk by The Black Eyed Peas (Background vocals)
2003: Must B 21: Soundtrack to Get Things Started by will i am (Background vocals)
2004: Crescent Moon by Lunar Heights (Primary artist, vocals)
2004: The Arrival by Cutthroat Dymond Cutz Family (Primary artist, vocals)
2005: 100% Black Novenoe Volument DVD (Background vocals)
2005: Grammy Nominees 2005 (Background vocals)
2005: Push Comes to Shove by MED (Composer)
2005: Monkey Business by The Black Eyed Peas (Background Vocals)
2005: Soul Divas (Wagram) (Featured artist)
2006: An Announcement to Answer by Quantic (Composer, primary artist, vocals)
2006: Authentic Vintage by Jern Eye (Vocals)
2007: Rough Guide to Latin Funk (Composer)
2007: Shapes 07:01 (Composer)
2007: Walk Hard: The Dewey Cox Story (Musician, vocals)
2007: The Killion Floor by Orgone (Lyricist, primary artist, vocals)
2007: The Weatherman LP by Evidence (Choir, vocals)
2007: Tropidelico by The Quantic Soul Orchestra (Primary artist, vocals)
2008: Jungle Struttin' by The Lions (Vocals)
2008: Ode to the Ghetto by Guilty Simpson (Vocals)
2008: Out My Window by Koushik (Vocals)
2008: The Layover EP by Evidence (Vocals)
2009: The Connection, Vol  1 by Evidence (Featured artist, vocals)
2010: Distant Relatives by Damian "Junior Gong" Marley (Background vocals)
2010: Fairfax Avenue by Roy Jay (Background vocals)
2010: For What You've Lost by Raashan Ahmad (Featured artist)
2011: Cats and Dogs by Evidence (Vocals)
2011: How Do You Do by Mayer Hawthorne (Vocals)
2011: Extra Playful by John Cale (Background vocals)

Singles
"Let's Do It Again"/"Cherry Pie" (Featured artist, composer)

Filmography
2005: Be Cool (Backup singer)
2006: Where is Love Waiting (Singer)



ground_truth: The Rebirth