prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: Santa Bring My Baby Back was released on which fourth Elvis studio album in 1957?

The following are given passages.
Context 1: Passage 1:
Elvis' Christmas Album
Elvis' Christmas Album (also reissued as It's Christmas Time) is the third studio album and first Christmas album by  American singer and musician Elvis Presley on RCA Victor, LOC -1035, a deluxe limited edition, released October 15, 1957, and recorded at Radio Recorders in Hollywood  It has been reissued in numerous different formats since its first release  It spent four weeks at No  1 on the Billboard Top Pop Albums chart, and was the first of two Christmas-themed albums Presley would record, the other being Elvis Sings the Wonderful World of Christmas, released in 1971  The publication Music Vendor listed Elvis' Christmas Album on their singles charts for two weeks in December 1957 – January 1958, with a peak position of No  49 
According to the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA), Elvis' Christmas Album along with its reissues has shipped at least 17 million copies in the United States  It is the first Presley title to attain Diamond certification by the RIAA, and is also the best-selling Christmas album of all time in the United States  With total sales of more 20 million copies worldwide, it remains the world's best-selling Christmas album and one of the best-selling albums of all time 

Content
The original 1957 LP consisted of six popular Christmas songs, two traditional Christmas carols and four gospel songs which had been previously released on the EP Peace in the Valley, catalogue EPA 4054, issued March 1957, peaking at No  3 on the Pop albums chart and at No  39 on the singles chart  The two album sides are divided into a program of secular Christmas songs on side one, with two traditional Christmas carols and the gospel numbers on side two  These included two spirituals by innovator Thomas A  Dorsey, "Peace in the Valley" and "Take My Hand, Precious Lord"  Coincidentally, A Jolly Christmas from Frank Sinatra, released the previous month, was also divided into secular and traditional sides 
While most of the songs selected were traditional Christmas fare, such as "White Christmas" and "Silent Night", two new songs by regular suppliers of material for Presley were commissioned  One was "Santa Bring My Baby Back (to Me)" and the other (selected by Presley to open the album), was a blues-based rock and roll number, "Santa Claus Is Back in Town", written by Jerry Leiber and Mike Stoller  This writer/producer team was responsible for some of 1950s rhythm and blues and rock and roll's most finely-honed satire in their work with the Coasters, as well as penning "Hound Dog" for Willie Mae Thornton and providing Presley with some of his biggest hits, including "Jailhouse Rock" and "Don't" 
Presley asked the pair to come up with another Christmas song during sessions for the album; within a few minutes, they had the song written and ready for recording  Originally titled "Christmas Blues", this slyly risqué number is given a full-throated treatment by Presley who, aided by the gritty ensemble playing from his band, was determined to ensure that this Christmas album would not be easily ignored  Much of the remaining program was performed in a more traditional manner appropriate to the solemnity of Christmas, although Presley's innate sense of occasion shone through on his left-of-center reading of Ernest Tubb's 1949 hit, "Blue Christmas" 
"Silent Night" and "O Little Town of Bethlehem" were arranged by Presley himself 
The Bing Crosby holiday perennial "White Christmas", which appeared every year on the Billboard charts from 1942 to 1962, became the center of controversy upon the album's release, with calls by the song's composer Irving Berlin to have the song, and the entire album, banned from radio airplay  After hearing Presley's version of his song, which Berlin saw as a "profane parody of his cherished yuletide standard", he ordered his staff in New York to telephone radio stations across the United States, demanding the song be discontinued from radio play  While most US radio stations ignored Berlin's request, at least one disc jockey was fired for playing a song from the album, and most Canadian stations refused to play the album The controversy was, ironically, fueled by Presley's performance of the song in a style mirroring the version by Clyde McPhatter's group, The Drifters, which had been a Top 10 hit on the R&B singles chart in 1954 and 1955  Unlike Presley's recording, however, their version attracted virtually no adverse reaction, and certainly no reported opposition from Berlin  Part of the reason that The Drifters' version of "White Christmas" was less controversial was that this version was played only on black radio stations  Presley's version brought greater attention to The Drifters' version which gained prominence with its inclusion in the 1990 movie Home Alone 

Packaging
Original 1957 copies of Elvis' Christmas Album (LOC-1035) were issued with a red booklet-like album cover (as shown above) featuring promotional photos from Presley's third movie Jailhouse Rock  Even rarer than the cover and record itself is a gold foil price tag-shaped "gift giving" sticker attached to the shrink wrap, reading "TO __________, FROM _____________, ELVIS SINGS", followed by a list of the tracks  Original copies with the gold sticker intact on the shrink wrap have proven to be among the most valuable of Presley's albums  Adding to its already high value are limited red vinyl albums and album covers with gold print down the spine 
Record labels for all original 1957 pressings are black with all-silver print, the famous RCA Victor "His Master's Voice" dog logo at the top of the label, and "LONG 331⁄3 PLAY" at the bottom 

45 RPM releases
The other new composition on the album, "Santa, Bring My Baby Back to Me" was paired with "Santa Claus Is Back in Town", and issued as the UK single concurrently with the album's release  The single reached number seven on the UK Singles Chart in November 1957 No singles were issued in the US until 1964, when "Blue Christmas" was paired with "Wooden Heart", and reached No  1 on the Billboard Christmas Singles chart; however, a pairing of "Blue Christmas" b/w "White Christmas" became a Top 20 UK hit in late 1964  "Santa Claus Is Back In Town"/"Blue Christmas" was a 1965 single release for the US market, and reached No  4 on the Billboard Christmas Singles chart  "Blue Christmas" would re-enter the Christmas or Holiday Singles chart several times in the years that follow Two different EPs, Elvis Sings Christmas Songs, EPA 4108 in December 1957, and Christmas with Elvis, EPA 4340 in December 1958, divided the eight Christmas numbers between them  The former topped the newly established Billboard EP Chart, while the latter failed to chart 

Reissues
First reissue on RCA Victor
Elvis' Christmas Album was reissued two years after its first release in October 1959 while Presley was on duty in Germany  The deluxe fold-out cover was replaced with a regular cover with a close-up of Elvis as he posed against an outdoor, snowy backdrop  The album continued to reach the album charts each year until 1962, eventually selling more than three million copies in the U S 

Second reissue on RCA Camden
In 1971, Elvis recorded a new Christmas album, Elvis Sings the Wonderful World of Christmas; The original Elvis' Christmas Album went out of print, but continued interest in the album prompted RCA to reissue a revised and truncated version on its budget label RCA Camden in November 1970  This reissue replaced the four gospel tracks from the Peace in the Valley EP with the 1966 holiday single "If Every Day Was Like Christmas", along with the 1970 non-seasonal B-side "Mama Liked the Roses", issued as the flip to Elvis's top ten single "The Wonder of You" and originating from Presley's acclaimed 1969 Memphis sessions; neither track had been available on LP format previously  With ten tracks and a shorter running time, it fit the standard for RCA's budget Camden label issues at the time  The religious and secular Christmas songs were also mixed  The initial cover of this revised version echoed that of the 1958 reissue, except a more recent photograph with Elvis wearing a blue racing jacket with two white stripes on the left was used from the set of the 1967 movie Speedway  The album was also released in the UK with an album cover that featured Elvis's face from the 1970 Camden release in a circle in the middle surrounded in white with the title and the song selections in red  The four Peace in the Valley tracks were reissued the next year on the RCA Camden compilation You'll Never Walk Alone 

Third reissue on Pickwick
During the mid-1970s, RCA leased the rights to some of its Camden recordings to the budget reissue label Pickwick Records  Pickwick reissued the 10-track Camden Christmas album in 1975 with yet another cover design, Elvis's photo from the RCA Camden version surrounded by red ribbons with holly underneath and a dark blue background  Following Presley's unexpected death in August 1977, the Pickwick LP was advertised and sold on television by mail order to enormous sales, later certified by the RIAA as selling in excess of ten million copies  Demand for Presley's recordings skyrocketed after his death and RCA eventually reclaimed the reissue rights to its Camden titles from Pickwick  The Christmas Album was reissued in the 1980s on LP and compact disc as an RCA Special Products release on the RCA Camden label and on CD in Canada in the RCA Camden Classics series  This reissue, with its Pickwick cover art but carrying RCA logos, remained in print throughout the 1990s; the track listing was unchanged from the original 1970 RCA Camden LP release 

Other reissues
In 1976, the album was reissued on cassette with the title Blue Christmas; this reissue also had an alternate track listing  In 1985, the album was reissued again but with a new title, It's Christmas Time; shortly after, RCA reissued the original 1957 version of the album with a recreation of its original cover art and gatefold sleeve on LP an CD  In 1995, RCA/BMG Special Products again reissued the Camden/Pickwick compilation retitled Elvis Christmas with new cover art  By the second decade of the 21st Century, It's Christmas Time had become the second biggest selling album in the series, earning a 4× Platinum certification on March 8, 2018, prompting the original 1957 version to be available once again in the 2016 60 CD boxed set containing all of Presley's original RCA albums, Elvis Presley – The RCA Album Collection 
In the January 5, 2019 issue of Billboard, It's Christmas Time appeared for the first time inside the top 40 albums of the Billboard 200 charts, placing at number 25 
All of the above tracks are also available on several other RCA compilations of Presley's Christmas recordings, including Christmas Peace from 2003 and Elvis Christmas (a different, expanded version of the 1995 issue) from 2006  All of the tracks are also available on the 1992 RCA boxed set The King of Rock 'n' Roll: The Complete 50's Masters  In late 2007, Speaker's Corner Records from Germany reissued the album on a high-quality heavy vinyl pressing; this reissue also featured a reproduction of the original album cover and RCA Victor label from 1957  In addition, in 2010, a DVD was released in a series from Sony Music called The Yule Log DVD, in which the music from Elvis' Christmas Album (but without "I'll Be Home for Christmas") is featured with three different holiday visuals (one of them the yule log of the series' title)  The original LP cover is featured on the DVD menu 

Track listing
Camden / Pickwick edition
Notes

^a  signifies arranged by

Personnel
The Blue Moon BoysElvis Presley – lead vocals, acoustic rhythm guitar
Scotty Moore – electric lead guitar
Bill Black – bass
D  J  Fontana – drumsThe JordanairesNeal Matthews - backing vocals
Hugh Jarrett - backing vocals
Gordon Stoker – backing vocals, piano (tracks B3-B5)
Hoyt Hawkins – backing vocals, organ (track B6)Additional Personnel
Dudley Brooks – piano (tracks A1-B2, B6)
Millie Kirkham - backing vocals (tracks A1-B2)

Charts
Certifications
See also
List of best-selling albums
List of Billboard number-one albums of 1957
List of Billboard 200 number-one albums of 1958

Notes
Passage 2:
Today (Elvis Presley album)
Today is the twenty-second studio album by American singer Elvis Presley, released on May 7, 1975 by RCA Records  The album featured the country and pop music sound typical of Elvis during the 1970s, as well as a new rock and roll song, "T-R-O-U-B-L-E", which was released as its first single and went Top 40 in the US  "Bringing It Back" was its second single in the US  The album also features covers of songs by Perry Como, Tom Jones, The Pointer Sisters, Billy Swan, Faye Adams, The Statler Brothers and Charlie Rich 

Content
The Today sessions were held in RCA's Studio C, Hollywood, Los Angeles, California, March 10–12, 1975, and marked the last time Presley would record in a studio  He last recorded at Studio C, Hollywood in 1972 where he recorded the gold records "Burning Love" and "Separate Ways"  At this time, Elvis was 40 years old  He was accompanied by his then-current girlfriend, Sheila Ryan  In the 2005 Follow That Dream reissue of the album, Presley can be heard saying "step up here Sheila, let me sing to ya baby" on Take 1 of Don McLean's "And I Love You So"  He continued to make "And I Love You So" and "Fairytale" a part of his live concerts until his death  On stage, he often referred to "Fairytale" as the story of his life 
"Green, Green Grass of Home" was released as a single in the UK, where it went Top 30, and also received US airplay  Presley was a big fan of Tom Jones' version of the song; while travelling, he would repeatedly have his friends call the local radio stations to request it 

Reissues
In 2005 Today was reissued on the Follow That Dream label in a special edition that contained the original album tracks along with a selection of alternate takes 

Track listing
Original release
Follow That Dream re-issue
2015 reissue
Disc 1
Same as Follow That Dream 2005 issue

Disc 2
All tracks previously unissued

Personnel
Passage 3:
A Date with Elvis (The Cramps album)
A Date with Elvis is the third full-length studio album by the American rock band the Cramps, released in the UK on Big Beat Records in 1986  The title was appropriated from A Date with Elvis (1959), the eighth album by Elvis Presley  The album was recorded in fall 1985 and engineered by Steve McMillan and Mark Ettel at Ocean Way Studios in Hollywood, California  The album was first released in the US in 1990 by Enigma Records, with the bonus tracks "Blue Moon Baby," "Georgia Lee Brown," "Give Me a Woman," and "Get Off the Road " The Cramps reissued the album (with bonus tracks) on their own Vengeance Records in 2001  The original album was reissued in the UK by Big Beat in 2013 on orange vinyl, and subsequently reissued again by Vengeance Records in the US, UK and Canada in 2014  It was The Cramps’ most commercially successful album release, reaching the US Billboard Top 100 and UK Top 40 
The album was dedicated to Ricky Nelson, whose version of the song "Lonesome Town" (covered by the Cramps on their first EP Gravest Hits and later included on compilation album    Off the Bone) was a US hit single in 1958  It is also significant in that it is the only Cramps album to feature vocals by guitarist Poison Ivy, on "Kizmiaz" (as well as on the B-side "Get Off the Road" included on the 1990 reissue) 

Critical reception
Robert Palmer, in The New York Times, praised the album and called it the band's best   He wrote: "After a decade together, the Cramps have learned to focus and intensify their inventive revisions of rock-and-roll tradition and their playfully anarchic spirit " The A to X of Alternative Music called it the band's "most effective distillation of psychedelia, punk and rock'n'roll "

Track listing
Charts
Personnel
The Cramps
Lux Interior – vocals
Poison Ivy Rorschach – guitars, bass, vocals on "Kizmiaz" and "Get Off the Road"
Nick Knox – drums, bongoswith:

McMartin Preschool Choir (includes Fur Dixon) – vocals on "People Ain't No Good"

Technical
Mark Ettel, Steve Macmillan – engineer
Joe Schiff, Tony Chiappa – assistant engineers
Eddy Schreyer – mastering
The Cramps – cover layout, photography
Phil Smee – cover illustration (lettering)
Passage 4:
Like a Baby
"Like a Baby" is a song written by Jesse Stone  It was recorded by Vikki Nelson for a Vik Records single in 1957  Priscilla Bowman recorded it for Abner Records in 1959  It was also recorded by Elvis Presley for his 1960 album Elvis Is Back!  James Brown and the Famous Flames recorded the song and released it as a single in 1963, which charted No  24 R&B  The single's B-side, an instrumental version of "Every Beat of My Heart", also charted, reaching No  99 on the  Billboard Hot 100  Brown and the Flames performed "Like a Baby" on their 1964 live album Pure Dynamite! Live at the Royal 
Wanda Jackson recorded "Like a Baby" for her 2011 album The Party Ain't Over 
Glenn Danzig recorded the song for his 2020 album Danzig Sings Elvis 
This is not the song "Like a Baby" recorded by Len Barry (1965) and written by John Madara, David White and Len Barry 

Personnel (Elvis Presley version)
Sourced from Keith Flynn 
Elvis Presley – lead vocals, acoustic rhythm/lead guitars
Scotty Moore — electric guitar
D  J  Fontana — drums
Hank Garland – six-string bass guitar
Bob Moore – double bass
Floyd Cramer – piano
Boots Randolph – saxophone
Buddy Harman – drums
The Jordanaires – backing vocals
Passage 5:
Santa Bring My Baby Back (To Me)
"Santa Bring My Baby Back (To Me)" is a 1957 Christmas song by Aaron Schroeder and Claude Demetrius, recorded by Elvis Presley  The song was released on the RCA Victor Elvis' Christmas Album in 1957 

Background
The song, written by Aaron Schroeder and Claude Demetrius, has been a popular Christmas song during the Holiday season on radio stations for decades  The song appeared originally as part of an RCA Victor 45 EP, EPA-4108, with "Santa Claus is Back in Town", "Blue Christmas", and "I'll Be Home for Christmas" in 1957  The EP reached #1 on the Billboard EP chart  The song was recorded on September 7, 1957, and features the vocal backing of the Jordanaires 
"Santa Bring My Baby Back (To Me)" was paired with "Santa Claus Is Back In Town" and was issued as a UK single concurrently with the album's release in 1957  The single reached #7 on the UK Singles Chart in November 1957 

Album appearances
The song appeared on the original RCA Victor LP, Elvis' Christmas Album, the 1958 reissue, the 1970 RCA Camden reissue, the UK release of the Camden version, CDS 1155, the 1975 Pickwick reissue, and the 1985 RCA Special Products rerelease 

Cover versions
"Baby Come Back," a song with the same melody and similar lyrics but without any references to Santa Claus or Christmas, was one of the earliest releases of Johnny Rivers in 1958 
In the 1965 Rolling Stones documentary film Charlie Is My Darling, the song is sung impromptu by Mick Jagger and Keith Richards in a hotel lounge 
Mae West recorded the song for her 1967 Christmas album Wild Christmas  The Reverend Horton Heat recorded the song for his 2005 Christmas album We Three Kings   Eleanor Friedberger released a cover version on the 2013 compilation album Holidays Rule 
The song has also been recorded or performed by The Smithereens, The Refreshments, Jeff Healey, 45 R P M , Arena Venus, Kim Stockwood, Terry Buchwald, Chris Isaak, Jimmy "Orion" Ellis, Janice Hagan, Rick Saucedo, and Tony Witt  John Candy performed the song in character as drag queen/actor Divine in a Christmas-themed episode of SCTV 
Train recorded the song for their 2015 album Christmas in Tahoe 
Passage 6:
List of songs recorded by Britney Spears
American pop singer Britney Spears made her chart debut in November 1998 with "   Baby One More Time", which attained global success  It was followed by the release of her debut studio album    Baby One More Time (1999), which opened at number one on the Canadian Albums Chart and the US Billboard 200, and was later certified fourteen-times platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA)  Spears's second studio album, Oops!    I Did It Again, was released on May 16, 2000, and became the fastest-selling album by a female act in the US, selling 1,319,193 units in its opening week  It spawned the singles "Oops!    I Did It Again", "Lucky", "Stronger", and "Don't Let Me Be the Last to Know"  In November 2001, Spears's released "I'm a Slave 4 U", the lead single from her self-titled third studio album (2001)  In November 2003, Spears's fourth studio album, In the Zone, was released  The album includes "Me Against the Music", a collaboration with Madonna that reached number one on the European Hot 100 Singles, and "Toxic", which earned Spears her first Grammy Award in the category Best Dance Recording  Her first compilation album, Greatest Hits: My Prerogative, was released the following year 
Following her personal struggles through 2007, Spears's fifth studio album, Blackout, was released in October of the same year  The album sold over three million units worldwide, spawning the hit singles "Gimme More" and "Piece of Me"  With the release of her sixth studio album Circus (2008), Spears became the only act in the Nielsen SoundScan era (1991–present) to have four albums debut with US sales of 500,000 or more copies  Including the singles "Womanizer" and "Circus", it sold four million copies worldwide Spears's third compilation album, The Singles Collection (2009), includes her third US number-one single "3"  In 2011, Spears released the single "Hold It Against Me", making her the second artist in the Billboard Hot 100 chart's 52-year history to debut at number one with two or more songs, after Mariah Carey  The track was included on her seventh studio album Femme Fatale (2011), which debuted at number one on the US Billboard 200  Spears's eighth studio album, Britney Jean, was released in 2013; it made little commercial impact and received mixed reviews from critics but spawned the hit single "Work Bitch", which was certified platinum in the United States  Glory, the ninth studio album from Spears, was released in August 2016 to critical praise and chart success but failed to reach the success of her other albums 
Spears has sold over 100 million records worldwide and more than 28 6 million digital singles in the US alone, making her one of the best-selling music artists of all time  Billboard ranked her as the eighth-overall Artist of the Decade; it also recognized her as the best-selling female album artist of the first decade of the 21st century and the fifth overall  The RIAA also recognized Spears as the eighth top-selling female artist in the US, with 34 5 million certified albums  Spears is among the few artists in history to have had a number-one single and a number-one album in each of the three decades of their career (1990s, 2000s, and 2010s) 

Songs
Passage 7:
Heaven Only Knows (album)
Heaven Only Knows is the seventh album by R&B crooner Teddy Pendergrass  It was his final studio album for Philadelphia International, released just after he left the label to record for Asylum Records  It produced one single, "I Want My Baby Back," which reached #61 on the Billboard charts in 1984 

Critical reception
The Philadelphia Inquirer noted that, "except for the gentle, eloquent 'Crazy About Your Love', these Gamble- and Huff-produced tunes are mawkish and overblown "

Track listing
"Crazy About Your Love" (Bobby Womack, Kenny Gamble, Leon Huff)
"Judge for Yourself" (Dexter Wansel, Cynthia Biggs)
"I Want My Baby Back" (Womack, Gamble)
"Life Is for Living" (Frank Prescott, Michael Burton, Phil Terry)
"You and Me for Right Now" (Victor Carstarphen, Gene McFadden, John Whitehead)
"Just Because You're Mine" (Gene McFadden, John Whitehead)
"Heaven Only Knows" (LeRoy Bell, Casey James)
"Don't Ever Stop (Giving Your Love to Me)" (Gamble, Huff)
Passage 8:
Mark Chesnutt (album)
Mark Chesnutt is the tenth studio album by American country music artist Mark Chesnutt  His only album for the Columbia Records Nashville label, it features the singles "She Was", "I Want My Baby Back" and "I'm in Love with a Married Woman", which peaked at #11, #47, and #48, respectively, on the Billboard Hot Country Songs charts  "I'm in Love with a Married Woman" was later recorded by Blaine Larsen on his 2006 album Rockin' You Tonight 

Track listing
Personnel
Chart performance
Passage 9:
Oh Santa!
"Oh Santa!" is a song by American singer and songwriter Mariah Carey from her second Christmas album and thirteenth studio album, Merry Christmas II You (2010)  Carey wrote and produced the song in collaboration with Jermaine Dupri and Bryan-Michael Cox  It was released as the lead single from the album on October 1, 2010 by Island Def Jam Records  It is an up-tempo R&B song about Carey making a plea for Santa Claus to bring back her partner in time for the Christmas holidays  It received a positive response from music critics, with many praising its composition and style 
The track set a record on the United States Billboard Adult Contemporary songs chart, debuting at number twelve and peaking at number one the following week for four weeks  It became the first song to reach the summit in two weeks  It further became Carey's seventh number-one song on the chart  Carey filmed a 1960s-style music video to accompany the song's release as a single, and performed it on various programs in the lead up to Christmas, including her own TV special called Mariah Carey: Merry Christmas to You 
It was later adapted to be the finale of A Christmas Melody, a 2015 Hallmark Channel Christmas movie, with its lyrics tweaked to be relevant for Broadway child performer Fina Strazza's character singing about her single mother finding love  On December 4, 2020, a new version was released featuring singers Ariana Grande and Jennifer Hudson, as a single from the soundtrack to Mariah Carey's Magical Christmas Special for Apple TV+ 

Background and composition
"Oh Santa!" was written and produced by Mariah Carey, Jermaine Dupri and Bryan-Michael Cox for Carey's second Christmas/thirteenth studio album, Merry Christmas II You (2010); Rye Songs administered by Songs of Universal (BMI)/Shaniah Cymone Music|EMI April Music Inc  (ASCAP)/WBM Music Corp Inc /Pamela & Lorrence's Publishing LLC (SESAC)  Her vocals were recorded by Brian Garten, Marcus Johnson and Thomas Kanarek, Martin Cooke, Nicholas Essif and Peter Mack, and the music by John Horesco at Guardian Angel Studios, Westlake Recording Studios, Henson Studios and Capitol Recording Studios  It was mixed by Phil Tan and Damien Lewis at The Ninja Beat Club  Dupri played the drums and Randy Jackson performed bass  Cox plated the keyboard and percussion  The background vocals were sung by Angie Fisher, Melonie Daniels, Maryann Tatum, Sharlotte Gibson and Toni Scruggs "Oh Santa!" was one of four original compositions by Carey to be included on the album  It premiered on October 1, 2010, in the United States  An EP consisting of six remixes by Jump Smokers and Low Sunday were released on December 7, while a mix of "Oh Santa! and one of Carey's previous Christmas songs "All I Want for Christmas Is You", titled "Oh Santa! All I Want for Christmas Is You (Holiday Mashup)", was released on December 17  "Oh Santa!" is an up-tempo and festive R&B song, which lasts for a duration of three minutes, thirty-one seconds  It has a 1960s girl-group swing feel  The song, in the key of C♯ major, has a tempo of 80 beats per minute  Carey's voice spans more than three octaves, from  B♭2 to the high note of F♯6  Instrumentation consists of sleigh bells, jingle bells, hand claps and a piano melody, backed by a "school-yard chant beat"  Lyrically, Carey makes a plea to Santa Claus asking him to bring back her "baby" in time for Christmas, singing "Santa's gon' come and make him mine this Christmas "

Critical reception
Mike Diver of the BBC wrote that "Oh Santa!" is a "boisterous" song which "makes perfect sense" as a lead single  He continued to write that although it fell substandard to "All I Want for Christmas Is You", it would still "warrant revisiting 12 months down the line"  Rolling Stone writer Caryn Ganz commented on the composition, writing "Mariah bops to a schoolyard-chant beat"  Joey Guerra of the Houston Chronicle described the song as "irresistible" and predicted that it would "dominate ringtones" in the run up to Christmas  A reviewer for Idolator described the track as a "boppy" Christmas version of Avril Lavigne's "Girlfriend"  Rich Juzwiak of The Village Voice was critical of the song, writing "Of the four Mariah-penned new tracks, the Jermaine Dupri/Bryan-Michael Cox collaboration 'Oh Santa!' tries the hardest, an antique kitchen-sink replica that manages to invoke a cheerleading squad, the Pointer Sisters, Mariah's own 'Loverboy', and Hey Ya!'  Full of mumbling and cattiness, it's difficult to sing along to, so its prospects of becoming a perennial favorite are dim "

Chart performance
In the United States, "Oh Santa!" became a record-breaking entry on the Billboard Adult Contemporary songs chart  It debuted at number twelve for the issue dated December 11, 2010  The track soared to number one the following week, marking the quickest ascent to the peak position since Nielsen BDS began tracking airplay in 1993, in just two weeks  Previously, eight songs had reached number one within three weeks, four of which were Christmas entries due to adult contemporary radio stations playing an increased amount in the holiday season  "Oh Santa!" became Carey's seventh number-one hit on the chart, and her first in fifteen years since "One Sweet Day" (1995–96), a duet with Boyz II Men  The singer also topped the chart with her debut single "Vision of Love" (her first) and "Love Takes Time" in 1990, "I Don't Wanna Cry" in 1991, and "Can't Let Go" and "I'll Be There" in 1992  "Oh Santa!" remained atop the chart for four consecutive weeks altogether  It finished at number 42 on the 2011 Adult Contemporary year-end chart  For the week ending October 30, 2010, Carey occupied the top two positions on the Holiday Digital Songs chart: "Oh Santa!" debuted at number one while "All I Want For Christmas Is You" charted at number two  On January 1, 2011, the track debuted at number one-hundred on the Billboard Hot 100 chart, and number forty on the Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Digital Songs chart Elsewhere, the track debuted at number thirty-six on the South Korean Gaon International Digital Singles Chart for the week ending November 20, 2010  It later peaked at number thirty-two for the week ending December 25, 2010  On the International Download Singles Chart, the track peaked at number thirty  "On Santa!" peaked at number sixty-eight on the Japan Hot 100  The song peaked at number seventy-three on January 1, 2011, for two consecutive weeks on the Canadian Hot 100 chart 

Music video
The music video for "Oh Santa!" was directed by Ethan Lader and was shot in Los Angeles on October 6, 2010  Reports surfaced online that Carey's then-husband Nick Cannon would be directing the video, however Cannon dispelled the rumors on Twitter, saying "I am NOT directing " The video for "Oh Santa!" premiered on entertainment news program Access Hollywood on November 2, 2010  Prior to its release, various media outlets speculated that the video was going incorporate the same on-set style as seen in Outkast's music video for their 2003 single "Hey Ya!", with the singer as the main feature in front of  a large audience  Carey's fan site MariahDaily posted a message on their website asking people within the Los Angeles area to appear for a casting call for a chance to be featured in the video 

Synopsis
The video draws influence from the 1950s and 1960s variety shows and features Carey wearing a short, red "sexy Santa" ensemble, whilst on stage with a band, which featured gospel backup singers as well as a group of dancers, consisting of cheerleaders  The plotline is centered on Carey hosting a "Mariah Carey Christmas" television show  The announcer introduces Carey saying "here she is, the greatest singer of all time, Ms  Mariah Carey!"  The video then shows Carey's backup singers belting out the chorus while the singer is seen performing in front of a cheering audience  Her collection of fragrances is also advertised in the opening  In the second half of the video, Santa Claus makes an appearance, waving to friends and sharing a hug with Carey  The video ends with the singer laughing while the audience cheers and claps for her performance 

Reception
Becky Bain of Idolator commented on the simple structure and themes of the video, writing "There’s not much to this simple vid, but it does feature Carey doing her usual hand-waving theatrics while hitting some absolutely killer high notes " Bain also observed that the vast majority of the shots of Carey are either long shots, showing the singer from a distance, or close-up shots, showing Carey from the shoulders and above so that the viewer was not able to easily recognize that she was pregnant  Nicole James of MTV Buzzworthy also praised the content of the video, writing "Of course, it wouldn't be a Mariah Carey video without some glitz and glam so the stage and backdrop are covered in (what else?) glitter  Mariah puts on a great show and sings her heart out with that famous eight-octave range     scrooges need not apply, 'Oh Santa!' is fun and festive and has you longing for a sip of eggnog "

Remixes
When the song was first released as a single in 2010, six dance remixes were commissioned and were later released as a digital EP  A mashup of the song with 1994's "All I Want for Christmas Is You" produced by Jump Smokers titled "Oh Santa! All I Want for Christmas Is You (Holiday Mashup)" was also released on December 13, 2010 

Track listings and formats
Charts
Tenth anniversary version featuring Ariana Grande & Jennifer Hudson
For the tenth anniversary of the song, Carey re-recorded and re-released the song commercially as a new remix  Carey recorded the new version of the song with Ariana Grande and Jennifer Hudson  The new version served as the lead single from Carey's second soundtrack album, Mariah Carey's Magical Christmas Special  The song was released across all streaming platforms on December 4, 2020, accompanied by its official music video, premiered the same day on Carey's YouTube account 

Background
Talking to Billboard, Carey stated in regards to the song that "originally, I was blending with myself [   ] but it was cool to be able to work with the different vocal textures and play around with it and reimagine it " She went on to describe the song as a "girl group moment" 

Reception
The remix received positive reviews on release  Billboard writer Rania Aniftos wrote that the three singers "trading verses and harmonies" amounts for a "truly angelic result"  Chris Murphy, writer for Vulture went on to say that "the trio, the remix, and the accompanying music video absolutely makes the nice list in every possible way "In its first week of release, the song sold 10,000 downloads in the United States and 9,250 equivalent units in the United Kingdom 

Charts
Release history
See also
List of Billboard Adult Contemporary number ones of 2010
List of Billboard Adult Contemporary number ones of 2011
List of artists who reached number one on the U S  Adult Contemporary chart
Passage 10:
Black Elvis/Lost in Space
Black Elvis/Lost in Space is the fourth solo studio album by American rapper and producer Kool Keith, and his first release under the alias of 'Black Elvis'  It was intended to be released the same day as First Come, First Served, but was pushed back by Columbia Records and ended up being released four months later on August 10, 1999 through Relativity Entertainment Distribution rather than Sony Music Distribution, denoted by the WK prefix instead of the customary CK prefix and the legal copy on the release   Black Elvis 2 followed in 2023 

Background
Kool Keith uses very complex rhymes on various subject matters from Black Elvis' viewpoint on half of the album and on the other half elaborates on space travel and being lost in space  This is the first album for which Keith handled all of the production, although drum programming was done by Kutmasta Kurt and Marc Live  Sadat X, Black Silver, Roger Troutman, Motion Man, Kid Capri and Pimpin' Rex made guest appearances on the record 
A promotional video was made for the track "Livin' Astro" which aired on a few episodes of the MTV show Amp in early 2000  The video features Kool Keith acting as several different personas amidst a sci-fi backdrop that resembles the Black Elvis/Lost in Space album cover  The personas include the Original Black Elvis, Orange Man, the Kid in the Commercial, Lonnie Hendrex, and Light-Blue Cop 
Kool Keith was displeased with the lack of promotion for the Black Elvis project, and vented his frustrations about his label on the songs "Release Date" and "Test Press " He also published the e-mail addresses of several Ruffhouse executives, asking his fans to demand better promotion 

Reception
The album peaked at number 180 on the US Billboard 200, #74 on the Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums, #10 on the Heatseekers Albums 

Track listing
Sample credits
Track 5 contains elements from "Come Go With Me" by Teddy Pendergrass (1979)
Track 8 contains elements from "Our House" by Madness (1982)
Track 11 contains elements from "Snake" by Charles Earland (1973)
Track 16 contains elements from "You Used to Love Me" by Faith Evans (1995)

Personnel
Charts
Context 2: Passage 1:
Frank Lloyd
Frank William George Lloyd (2 February 1886 – 10 August 1960) was a British-born American film director, actor, scriptwriter, and producer  He was among the founders of the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences, and was its president from 1934 to 1935 
He is Scotland's first Academy Award winner and is unique in film history, having received three Oscar nominations in 1929 for his work on a silent film (The Divine Lady), a part-talkie (Weary River) and a full talkie (Drag)  He won for The Divine Lady  He was nominated and won again in 1933 for his adaptation of Noël Coward's Cavalcade and received a further Best Director nomination in 1935 for perhaps his most successful film, Mutiny on the Bounty  Lloyd is credited with being a founder of the Academy of Motion Picture Arts & Sciences 
In 1957, he was awarded the George Eastman Award, given by George Eastman House for distinguished contribution to the art of film On 8 February 1960, Lloyd received a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame for his contributions to the motion pictures industry, at 6667 Hollywood Boulevard 

Early life and career
Lloyd was born in Cambuslang, on the outskirts of Glasgow, the youngest of seven children  His mother Jane was Scottish and his father Edmund was Welsh, a mechanical engineer  The family travelled the country until his father was injured and gave up engineering  They settled in Shepherd's Bush, London, where the family ran a pub  Lloyd worked in a shoe shop, sang in choral groups and joined a vaudeville group 
In 1909 he emigrated to Canada where he worked on a ranch in Alberta for a year  He also erected poles and writes for a telephone company, then joined a travelling show as an actor and singer  The show wound up in Los Angeles in 1913 and Lloyd decided to stay there and act in Hollywood films 

Film director
Paramount
He began directing shorts for Paramount and moved to longer running films: The Gentleman from Indiana (1915), Jane (1915), The Reform Candidate (1916), The Tongues of Men (1916), The Call of the Cumberlands (1916), Madame la Presidente (1916) with Anna Held, The Code of Marcia Gray (1916), David Garrick (1916 film) (1916), The Making of Maddalena (1916), An International Marriage (1916), and The Stronger Love (1916)  The Intrigue (1916) was produced through Pallas Films and released through Paramount   Lloyd's biographer argued his early films "are not 'masterpieces,' but they are on a par with films from other secondary directors of the period  In other words, they are not comparable to those directed by D W  Griffith, but are as good as those directed by Allan Dwan "

Fox
Lloyd directed Sins of Her Parent (1916) at Fox, and The World and the Woman (1916) with Jeanne Eagles for Tranhouser  Back at Fox he did The Kingdom of Love (1917), and a series of films starring William Farnum" The Price of Silence (1917), A Tale of Two Cities (1917) from the novel by Charles Dickens, American Methods (1917), When a Man Sees Red (1917), Les Misérables (1917), The Heart of a Lion (1917), True Blue (1918), Riders of the Purple Sage (1918) from the novel by Zane Grey and its sequel The Rainbow Trail (1918), For Freedom (1918), and The Man Hunter (1919)  Without Farnum, Lloyd directed The Blindness of Divorce (1918) 

Goldwyn
At Goldwyn he made Pitfalls of a Big City (1919),The World and Its Woman (1919), The Loves of Letty (1919), The Woman in Room 13 (1920), The Silver Horde (1920 film) (1920), Madame X  (1920) with Pauline Frederick, The Great Lover (1920), A Tale of Two Worlds (1921), Roads of Destiny (1921) with Frederick, A Voice in the Dark (1921), The Invisible Power (1921), The Grim Comedian (1921), and The Man from Lost River (1921) plus The Sin Flood (1922) with Richard Dix 

First National
Lloyd directed some films for First National with Norma Talmadge: The Eternal Flame (1921), The Voice from the Minaret (1922), Within the Law (1923) and Ashes of Vengeance (1923) 
Also for that studio was Oliver Twist (1922) with Lon Chaney and Jackie Coogan, and Black Oxen (1924) 
He had his own company at First National, Frank Lloyd Productions  They made The Sea Hawk (1924), a swashbuckler with Milton Sills, then The Silent Watcher (1924), Her Husband's Secret (1925), Winds of Chance (1925), The Splendid Road (1926), and The Wise Guy (1926) 

Paramount
At Paramount Lloyd made The Eagle of the Sea (1926), Children of Divorce (1927 film) (1927), Adoration (1928) with Billie Dove, The Divine Lady (1929) with Corinne Griffith, and Dark Streets (1929)  Lloyd won the Academy Award for Best director for The Divine Lady 
There were several films starring Richard Barthemless: Weary River (1929), Drag (1929), Young Nowheres (1930), Son of the Gods (1930), and The Lash (1930)  He was Oscar nominated for Best Director for Drag and Weary River 
There was also The Way of All Men (1930), a remake of Lloyds' own The Sin Flood, The Right of Way (1931), and East Lynne (1931) For Howard Hughes, Lloyd did The Age for Love (1931)  Back at Fox he made A Passport to Hell (1932) then Cavalcade (1933), which won Lloyd the Oscar for Best Director 
Lloyd then made what was his favourite film, Berkeley Square (1933), starring Leslie Howard, followed by Hoop-La (1933) the final film of Clara Bow and Servants' Entrance (1934) with Janet Gaynor 

Mutiny on the Bounty and later career
Lloyd had a huge hit with Mutiny on the Bounty (1935) at MGM which earned him another Oscar nomination for Best Director  
He followed it with Under Two Flags (1936) at Fox, a French Foreign Legion tale with Ronald Colman 

Paramount
At Paramount Lloyd made more historical films: Maid of Salem (1937) with Claudette Colbert, Wells Fargo (1937) with Joel McCrea, If I Were King (1938) with Colman and Rulers of the Sea (1938) with Douglas Fairbanks Jnr, which was a commercial disappointment 

Universal
Lloyd made The Howards of Virginia (1940) at Columbia with Cary Grant  At Universal he set up his own company  He directed This Woman Is Mine (1941), and The Lady from Cheyenne (1941), and his company produced Saboteur (1942) from Alfred Hitchcock, The Spoilers (1942) with John Wayne and Randolph Scott, and Invisible Agent (1942) 
He was one of several directors on RKO's Forever and a Day (1943)  Lloyd had a big hit with James Cagney's Blood on the Sun (1945)  He was Oscar nominated for Best Director of a Documentary with The Last Bomb  (1945)  Lloyf also served in the air force  He retired from filmmaking in 1946, intending to live on a ranch 

Final films
Lloyd's wife died in 1952 and he came out of retirement to make two films at Republic, The Shanghai Story (1954) and The Last Command (1955) a film about Jim Bowie  When he remarried in 1955 he retired again 

Personal life
Frank Lloyd was married to actress Alma Haller from 11 July 1913, until her death on 16 March 1952  By 1955, Lloyd married Virginia Kellogg, and remained married until Lloyd's death on 10 August 1960 at age 74  Lloyd was buried at Forest Lawn Memorial Park in Glendale, California 

Reputation
Frank Lloyd does not have a significant reputation  His biographer puts this down partly to the dismissal of Lloyd's work by Andrew Sarris (who compared the director unfavorably with Cecil B  de Mille) and "because he was what is best described as a studio director  His style is as much the style of the studio as it is his own  He did not make waves; he did not overly publicize and promote himself  What he did was for the good of the studio – not for his own ego "

Selected filmography
Passage 2:
Zeitgeist Films
Zeitgeist Films is a New York-based distribution company founded in 1988 which acquires and distributes films from the U S  and around the world  In 2017, Zeitgeist entered into a multi-year strategic alliance with film distributor Kino Lorber 
Zeitgeist has distributed early films by directors such as Todd Haynes, Christopher Nolan, Francois Ozon, Laura Poitras, Atom Egoyan, and the Quay Brothers  Their catalog also includes filmmakers such as Marguerite von Trotta, Ken Loach, Guy Maddin, Derek Jarman, Nuri Bilge Ceylan, Peter Greenaway, Yvonne Rainer, Andrei Zyvagintsev, Astra Taylor, and Raoul Peck  Previous Zeitgeist Films releases in association with Kino Lorber include Ken Loach's Sorry We Missed You, Ric Burns’ Oliver Sacks: His Own Life, and M C  Escher: Journey to Infinity 
Zeitgeist films have been nominated for Academy Awards several times  Nowhere in Africa (2001), won the Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film  Their films have been featured in various film festivals including Cannes, Berlin, Sundance, Tribeca, and IDFA in Amsterdam  The Museum of Modern Art honored Zeitgeist with a month-long, 20th anniversary retrospective of their films in 2008  Founders Russo and Gerstman received a Lifetime Achievement Award from the Art House Convergence in 2020 

Upcoming films
Selected films
Awards
Trouble the Water – 2008 Academy Award Nominee for Best Documentary Feature
Tulpan – Kazakhstan's 2009 Academy Award submission for Best Foreign Language Film
Three Monkeys – Turkey's 2009 Academy Award submission for Best Foreign Language Film
Into Great Silence – 2006 Sundance Special Jury Prize
Nowhere in Africa – 2002 Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film
Sophie Scholl – The Final Days – 2005 Academy Award nominee for Best Foreign Language Film
Taste of Cherry – 1997 Palme d'Or at the Cannes Film Festival
Poison – 1991 Sundance Grand Jury Prize winner
The Umbrellas of Cherbourg (1996 re-release) – Academy Award nominee, Palme d'Or winner (1964)
Passage 3:
Graduation (2016 film)
Graduation (Romanian: Bacalaureat) is a 2016 Romanian-language tragedy film produced, written, and directed by Cristian Mungiu and starring Adrian Titieni and Maria-Victoria Dragus  Set in Transylvania, the film focuses on a doctor's quest to fix his daughter's exam results by underhanded means 

Plot
Romeo is a middle-aged doctor employed at a local hospital in the Romanian region of Transylvania  He lives with his wife, Magda, and their 18-year-old daughter, Eliza, who has got a scholarship to Cambridge University  She is preparing to sit her final exams and needs to maintain a grade of at least 90% to take up her scholarship  Romeo is a doting father and drives Eliza to school regularly  
Romeo's girlfriend, Sandra, is a teacher at Eliza's school  One day while visiting Sandra he receives a message: Eliza has been assaulted near her school  She has a sprained wrist and is emotionally shaken up but is not seriously injured  She reveals that the assailant tried to rape her but did not succeed  
The next day Eliza must sit for her first examination  The headmaster tries to exclude her because she is wearing a cast on her wrist - notes can be hidden in a cast  Sandra intervenes and the headmaster backs down  The cast slows her writing and time runs out before she is finished - she will need nearly perfect results on the remaining exams to claim her scholarship  
At the police station the chief inspector suggests to Romeo that Eliza's exam results can be fixed in exchange for expediting a liver transplant for a corrupt official, a Mr  Bulai  
That evening Romeo discusses the plan with Magda and she immediately rejects it - she fears the corruption in Romania will affect Eliza's fresh start at Cambridge  Romeo argues that the exams are a mere formality, otherwise meaningless  She is unmoved  Romeo presents the plan to Eliza and implores her to accept a little help now to ensure a brighter future  She listens to him but doesn't make any committed responses, and Romeo tells her to do what she thinks is best before he leaves to let her rest 
The next day Romeo goes to the police station to see the CCTV from Eliza's attack  As he waits at the school for Eliza to complete her second exam, he speaks to her boyfriend, Marius  Romeo listens to what Marius has to say about what happened on the morning of the attack and is put off by Marius' aloofness of the whole incident  Because he was late, Eliza was left on her own  He also assumed Eliza went off to class and did not seek her out  Eliza and Marius go off together on his motorbike 
Eliza comes to fetch Romeo from Sandra's place after Romeo's mother collapses  No longer able to ignore the affair, Eliza threatens to skip her exams if he doesn't tell Magda about it immediately  She wonders aloud whether her other grades were also "fixed"  At home that evening Magda and Romeo talk  Magda already knew about Sandra and will try to get Eliza to take her last exam, but she also asks Romeo to move out 
The next day Romeo arrives for work at the hospital and is confronted by a pair of prosecutors  They want to interview Romeo's patient, Mr  Bulai, about corruption allegations against him  Romeo resists because Bulai is waiting for an operation and is quite unwell  The prosecutors caution Romeo they are aware of the quid-pro-quo arrangement for his daughter's exams - both he and Eliza could be facing charges   
Romeo visits the chief inspector again, who assures him that his daughter's assailant will soon be identified in a police line-up  Later that day he sees Marius and invites him to view the lineup, as he believes he saw Marius witness the attack on the CCTV footage  Marius refuses, saying he did not witness the attack, that it is not him in CCTV picture  Romeo accuses him of cowardice for not intervening, and for only calling the cops much later after witnessing the assault  Romeo orders Marius to stay away from Eliza, and Marius pushes him to the ground and leaves  Romeo visits the headmaster at home to warn him the prosecutors know of the plan  The headmaster tells him that he couldn't find Eliza's paper, and that he shouldn't come to his house again 
That evening at the police station Eliza fails to identify her attacker from a line-up  Later, Romeo is on a bus and sees one of the men from the line-up outside  He leaves the bus and follows him, but gets lost in a bad area  He ends up at Sandra's place and agrees to babysit her son the next morning 
The next day Mr  Bulai has died of a heart attack  The prosecutors are waiting and assure Romeo that the investigation into Mr  Bulai's crimes will continue  Romeo asks the prosecutors to come next Monday and he will co-operate with them for any of their questions  Romeo gets Sandra's son Matei into a speech therapy program  Romeo sees Eliza at her graduation and she tells him that she may not go to England  Romeo responds that it would be a shame but it's her decision  Eliza then says that the teachers gave her extra time to complete her exam, so she did not need to follow Romeo's plan for fixing her paper  She asks Romeo to take a photo of her with her graduating class 

Cast
Adrian Titieni - Romeo Aldea, a 49 year old physician living in a Transylvanian town with his daughter
Maria Drăguș - Eliza Aldea, an 18-year-old high school student planning to study psychology abroad in the United Kingdom after graduating
Lia Bugnar - Magda
Mălina Manovici - Sandra
Vlad Ivanov - Chief Inspector
Gelu Colceag - Exam committee president
Rareș Andrici - Marius

Production
According to Cristian Mungiu, the film was inspired by his own life at the time, while he was focusing on being a father  The film was produced through the director's company Mobra Films and co-produced with Why Not Productions, Wild Bunch, Les Films du Fleuve, France 3 Cinéma and Mandragora Movies  It received 1 91 million leu from the National Film Center  It was shot in the town Victoria from 11 June to 24 July 2015 

Release
Critical reception
On Rotten Tomatoes, Graduation has a rating of 95%, based on 138 critics, with an average rating of 8 2/10  The website's critical consensus reads, "Graduation marks yet another well-written and powerfully acted look at morality and societal decay from writer-director Cristian Mungiu " On Metacritic, Graduation holds a score of 84/100, based on 30 critics, indicating "universal acclaim" Peter Bradshaw of The Guardian lauded it as an "intricate, deeply intelligent film" 

Accolades
Graduation was selected to compete for the Palme d'Or at the 2016 Cannes Film Festival  At Cannes, Mungiu shared the Best Director Award with Olivier Assayas for his film Personal Shopper  At the 8th Magritte Awards, it received a nomination in the category of Best Foreign Film in Coproduction 
Passage 4:
Olivier Assayas
Olivier Assayas (born 25 January 1955) is a French film director, screenwriter and film critic  Assayas is known for his slow-burning period pieces, psychological thrillers, neo-noirs and French comedies  He has frequently collaborated with Juliette Binoche and Kristen Stewart  The son of filmmaker Jacques Rémy, Assayas began his career as a critic for Cahiers du Cinéma  There he wrote about world cinema and its film auteurs, who later influenced his work  Assayas made several shorts, and then made the leap from writer to screenwriter 
He made his directorial film debut with Disorder in 1986  He continued directing films, with Cold Water (1994) a breakthrough film in his career  It was his first film to screen at the Cannes Film Festival in the Un Certain Regard section  His followup film, Irma Vep (1996), also screened at Cannes, while Sentimental Destinies (2000), Demonlover (2002), and Clean (2004) all officially competed for the Palme d'Or  In 2006, he contributed a short film to the anthology film Paris, je t'aime (2006)  He gained acclaim with his dramas Summer Hours (2008), Clouds of Sils Maria (2014) and Personal Shopper (2016); the latter won him the Cannes Film Festival Award for Best Director  He also directed the comedy Non-Fiction (2018) and the spy thriller Wasp Network (2019) 

Life and career
Assayas was born in Paris, France, the son of French director/screenwriter Raymond Assayas, alias Jacques Rémy (1911–1981)  His father was of Turkish-Jewish origin and had settled in Italy, while his mother, Catherine de Károlyi, was a fashion designer of Protestant Hungarian origin  Assayas started his career in the industry by helping his father  He ghostwrote episodes for TV shows his father was working on when his health failed  In a 2010 interview, Assayas said his main political influences when growing up were Guy Debord and George Orwell  Of the 1968 May uprising to overthrow Charles de Gaulle, Assayas said: "I was defined by the politics of May '68, but for me May '68 was an anti-totalitarian uprising  People seemed to forget that at the occupied Odéon theater, you had crossed flags-black and red, and I was on the side of the black element "Assayas's biggest hit to date is Irma Vep, starring Maggie Cheung, a tribute both to French director Louis Feuillade and to Hong Kong cinema 
While working at Cahiers du cinéma, Assayas wrote lovingly about European film directors he admires but also about Asian directors  One of his films, HHH: A Portrait of Hou Hsiao-hsien, is a documentary about Taiwanese filmmaker Hou Hsiao-hsien 
Assayas married Cheung in 1998  They divorced in 2001, but their relationship remained amicable, and in 2004 Assayas made his film Clean with her 
He met actress-director Mia Hansen-Løve when Hansen-Løve, 17 at the time, starred in Assayas's 1998 feature Late August, Early September, but they "didn't get together until [she] was 20"  They separated in 2017 
In 2009 and 2010, Assayas signed two petitions in support of director Roman Polanski, who had been detained while traveling to a film festival in relation to his 1977 sexual abuse charges, which the first petition argued would undermine the tradition of film festivals as a place for works to be shown "freely and safely", and that arresting filmmakers traveling to neutral countries could open the door "for actions of which no-one can know the effects" Assayas directed and co-wrote the 2010 French television miniseries Carlos, about the life of the terrorist Ilich Ramírez Sánchez  Venezuelan actor Édgar Ramírez won the César Award for Most Promising Actor in 2011 for his performance as Carlos 
In April 2011, it was announced that Assayas would be a member of the jury for the main competition at the 2011 Cannes Film Festival Assayas's 2012 film Something in the Air was selected to compete for the Golden Lion at the 69th Venice International Film Festival  Assayas won the Osella for Best Screenplay at Venice  His 2014 film Clouds of Sils Maria was selected to compete for the Palme d'Or in the main competition section at the 2014 Cannes Film Festival  Sils Maria won the Louis Delluc Prize and garnered six César Award nominations, including Best Film, Best Director, and Best Original Screenplay  The film won a César Award for Best Supporting Actress for Kristen Stewart  In 2016, Assayas won Best Director Award (Cannes Film Festival) for Personal Shopper, which also starred Stewart In June 2017, it was announced that Assayas would preside over the 2017 Locarno Film Festival 

Style and influences
In an interview with Nick Pinkerton of Reverse Shot, Assayas talked about his influences:That radicality in cinema involved just being outside of the world of modern images, and the key to it was the work of Robert Bresson, who has been by far the most important influence in my work, and intellectually it's been the influence of Guy Debord—basically, you know, it's been Debord-Bresson, Bresson-Debord, the things that've always defined my framework, the way I look at the world 
Assayas participated in the 2012 Sight & Sound directors' poll, listing his ten favorite films as follows: 2001: A Space Odyssey, The Gospel According to St  Matthew, Ludwig, A Man Escaped, Mirror, Napoléon, Playtime, The Rules of the Game, The Tree of Life, and Van Gogh 

Filmography
Film
As a writer only

Passage secret (1985)
Rendez-vous (1985)
L'Unique (1986)
Scene of the Crime (1986)
Avril brisé (1987)
Filha da Mãe (1990)
Alice and Martin (1998)
Based on a True Story (2017) - Co-written with Roman Polanski

Television
Short films
Awards and nominations
Passage 5:
Jorge Arriagada
Jorge Arriagada (born 1943) is a Chilean film composer  He is perhaps best known for his long-term collaboration with director Raúl Ruiz  He has also worked with directors Patricio Guzman, Barbet Schroeder and Olivier Assayas 

Biography
Jorge Arriagada was born on August 20, 1943, in Santiago  He studied composition and orchestral conduction at the National Conservatory of Music in Santiago  He then obtained a scholarship from the French government that enabled him to study expressionism with Max Deutsch, who was Austrian composer Arnold Schoenberg's friend and student  He also studied composition with Olivier Messiaen and orchestral conduction with Pierre Boulez  In 1972, the Guggenheim Foundation in New York awarded him a fellowship for his contribution in the field of electronic music 
Arriagada has been living in France since 1966, working with experienced as well as promising directors while composing the scores of 44 of Raúl Ruiz's films  Over the years he has explored many different genres, including classical, contemporary and folk music as well as jazz 
He has been a jury in several film festivals, including San Sebastian, São Paulo, Valencia, among others 
Sacem Grand Prize for Music for the Image 2020 

Filmography
Discography
Three original soundtracks composed by Arriagada can be found on the CD compilation Les Musiques de Jorge Arriagada pour les films de Philippe Le Guay, released by Canadian label Disques Cinémusique, in 2013 : Alceste à Bicyclette, Les Femmes du 6e étage et Les Deux Fragonard  French and English liner notes  More information here 
The same label also released the same year Arriagada's complete original soundtrack from Les Lignes de Wellington  More information here 

External links
Jorge Arriagada at IMDb
Passage 6:
Irma Vep
Irma Vep is a 1996 French comedy-drama film written and directed by Olivier Assayas  Hong Kong actress Maggie Cheung plays a fictionalised version of herself, as disasters result when an unstable French film director (played by Jean-Pierre Léaud) attempts to remake Louis Feuillade's classic silent film serial Les Vampires (1915–16)  (Irma Vep is an anagram for the word "vampire" ) Taking place largely through the eyes of a foreigner (Cheung), it is also a meditation on the state of the French film industry 
Irma Vep was screened in the Un Certain Regard section at the 1996 Cannes Film Festival  It was released in France on 13 November 1996  
In 2022, the film was reimagined as a miniseries for HBO, created by Assayas 

Plot
The plot mirrors the disorientation felt by director René Vidal during a troubled production of a film-within-a-film  Maggie Cheung has been cast to play the film's heroine, Irma Vep, a burglar and a spy, who dresses in a tight, black, latex rubber catsuit  Irma Vep, it is explained, is an anagram for vampire, but she is not a literal vampire  Rather, she is the inspiration for a criminal gang named The Vampires, as in Feuillade's original serial 
René, the cast and crew view the film's dailies and he angrily declares the footage terrible and soulless  After he storms out, everyone else quickly departs the facility, leaving Maggie stranded  She accepts an invitation from the costume designer, Zoé, to a group dinner with other crew members  There, Zoé confides to another woman that she is romantically interested in Maggie, which the woman then tells Maggie, embarrassing her 
After the dinner with the other crew members, Maggie visits René at a hotel in the aftermath of a violent episode with his wife  René admits that he had mainly wanted to make the film because he desired to see her in it  Later that evening, Maggie, apparently possessed by her character, dons the catsuit and steals jewelry from a hotel suite while a nude woman argues on the phone with her boyfriend  She then throws away the jewelry 
The next morning, Zoé picks an exhausted Maggie up from her hotel room  René is a no-show on the set, and the crew attempt to film without him  At the end of the day, imperious film director José Mirano meets Maggie's costar Laure at a bar and tells her René has had a breakdown and that he has been hired to complete the film  He firmly contends that a Chinese actress should not be playing Irma Vep, who he sees as an icon within French culture  José tells her he intends to replace Maggie with Laure 
Zoé and Maggie take a taxi to a rave, but Maggie declines to go at the last minute and departs in the taxi  Zoé, looking disappointed, walks through the crowd at the rave 
José and the cast and crew gather at the screening facility to view the rushes that René has personally edited  Maggie is not there, however, and it is said that she has left for America to work on a film with Ridley Scott  The film ends with the rushes, which have been cut into a hallucinatory montage with numerous scratches and other modifications being done to the film itself  The future of the production is not revealed 

Cast
Allusions to French film history
The film refers to iconic figures in French film history: Louis Feuillade, Musidora, Arletty, François Truffaut, the Groupe SLON, Alain Delon, and Catherine Deneuve  Thematically, the film questions the place of French cinema today  According to Chris Darke, it is not a "mourning for cinema with the romantic nostalgia" but "more like the Mexican Day of the Dead: remembrance as an act of celebration"  Furthermore, Dale Hudson of Screen wrote, "It is less a film about re-presenting the past, than it is a film about addressing the present, specifically the place of France within the global economy "

Production
The idea for the film was born out of an attempted collaboration among Assayas, Claire Denis, and Atom Egoyan, who wanted to experiment with the situation of a foreigner in Paris  In the 1915 original serial, written and directed by Louis Feuillade, Irma Vep was played by French silent film actress Musidora (1889–1957)  Much of the film depicts set-related incidents that echo scenes in Truffaut's 1973 film Day for Night, to which Irma Vep owes a large thematic debt 
However, Assayas publicly stated that although he considers La nuit americaine a great film, it is more about the fantasy of filmmaking than the reality  Assayas credits as a greater inspiration Rainer Werner Fassbinder's Beware of a Holy Whore, in which Lou Castel, who plays the replacement director José Mirano in this film, plays a film director 
Assayas wrote the script in ten weeks, and the film was shot in a month, with no retakes  "Its hasty production circumstances seem perilously close to the ones that cause everyone such grief in the film "Assayas married Cheung in 1998  They divorced in 2001  They again collaborated in 2004 on the film Clean 

Reception
Irma Vep received a positive critical response  On Rotten Tomatoes, the film holds a rating of 94% based on 47 reviews with an average rating of 7 4/10  The website's critics consensus reads, "Starring a bewitching Maggie Cheung, Irma Vep is an evocative and reflexive satire of the filmmaking process that is bursting at the seams with an affection for cinema " On Metacritic, it has a metascore of 80 out of 100 based on 21 reviews, indicating "generally favorable reviews" 

References in other media
Lettrist footage from the film, along with shots from the original Les Vampires, are used in White Ring's video for their single "IxC999" 
A character in the five-comic series "Anno Dracula – 1895: Seven Days in Mayhem" by Kim Newman and Paul McCaffrey is based on Irma Vep 

Home media
Irma Vep was released on Blu-ray and DVD through The Criterion Collection on 27 April 2021 

Television adaptation
HBO produced a limited television series adaptation of the film that premiered at the Cannes Film Festival on 22 May 2022, and was released on 6 June 2022 on HBO  It stars Alicia Vikander, Vincent Macaigne, Adria Arjona, Byron Bowers, Devon Ross, Carrie Brownstein, Tom Sturridge and Fala Chen and was written and directed by Assayas 

See also
The Mystery of Irma Vep, a 1984 play for two characters by Charles Ludlam
Lettrism, inspiration for some sequences of the film
Passage 7:
Something in the Air (2012 film)
Something in the Air (French: Après mai; lit  'After May') is a 2012 French drama film written and directed by Olivier Assayas  The film was selected to compete for the Golden Lion at the 69th Venice International Film Festival, where Assayas won the Best Screenplay Award 

Plot
In 1971, French student Gilles gets entangled in contemporary political turmoils although he would rather just be a creative artist  While torn between his solidarity to his friends and his personal ambitions he falls in love with Christine 

Cast
Clément Métayer as Gilles
Lola Créton as Christine
Félix Armand as Alain
Carole Combes as Laure
India Menuez as Leslie
Hugo Conzelmann as Jean-Pierre
Martin Loizillon as Rackam le Rouge
André Marcon as Gilles' Father
Passage 8:
Clouds of Sils Maria
Clouds of Sils Maria (known simply as Sils Maria in some territories) is a 2014 psychological drama film written and directed by Olivier Assayas, and starring Juliette Binoche, Kristen Stewart, and Chloë Grace Moretz  The film is a French-German-Swiss co-production  Principal photography took place from August to October 2013, with most of the filming taking place in Sils Maria, Switzerland  The film follows an established middle-aged actress (Binoche) who is cast as the older lover in a romantic lesbian drama opposite an upstart young starlet (Moretz)  She is overcome with personal insecurities and professional jealousies—all while sexual tension simmers between her and her personal assistant (Stewart)  The screenplay was written with Binoche in mind and incorporates elements from her life into the plot Clouds of Sils Maria was selected to compete for the Palme d'Or in the main competition section at the 2014 Cannes Film Festival on 23 May 2014, and also screened at the Toronto International Film Festival and New York Film Festival  The film received positive reviews, with critics lauding the work as psychologically complex and praising the lead actresses' performances  It won the Louis Delluc Prize for Best Film in December 2014, and received six César Award nominations  Stewart received the César Award for Best Supporting Actress in February 2015, the first time an American won the award 

Plot
Maria Enders is an international film and stage actress  She travels with a loyal and young American assistant, Valentine  Twenty years earlier, Maria got her big break when she was cast and successfully performed as a young girl Sigrid in both the play and film version of Maloja Snake by Wilhelm Melchior, a Swiss playwright who is now elderly  The play centers on the tempestuous relationship between Sigrid and Helena, a vulnerable older woman  Helena commits suicide after Sigrid takes advantage of her and dumps her 
While traveling to Zürich to accept an award on behalf of Wilhelm, and planning to visit him at home the following day at his house in Sils Maria—a remote settlement in the Alps—Maria learns of his death  His widow Rosa later confides that Wilhelm had ended his life and had been terminally ill  During the awards ceremony, Maria is approached by Klaus Diesterweg, a popular theater director  He wants to persuade her to appear onstage in a revival of Maloja Snake, but this time in the role of Helena 
Maria is torn and reluctantly accepts  To prepare for the role, she accepts Rosa's offer to stay at the Melchiors' house in Sils Maria  Rosa is leaving to escape her memories of Wilhelm  Maria's discussions with Valentine and their read-throughs of the play's scenes evoke uncertainty about the nature of their relationship  A young American actress, 19-year-old Jo-Ann Ellis, has been chosen to portray the role of Sigrid  Researching her on Google and the Internet, Valentine tells Maria, who is out of touch with social media, that Ellis has been involved in numerous scandals 
Questions soon multiply regarding aging, time, culture and the blurring line between the Sigrid/Helena and the Valentine/Maria relationships  Maria and Jo-Ann finally meet, but their relationship is complicated  Jo-Ann appears to be implicated in the attempted suicide of the ex-wife of her new boyfriend 
During their time at Sils Maria, Maria and Valentine spend much of their days hiking in the Alps  On one such final outing, they hike to the Maloja Pass to observe the Maloja Snake (both the "Maloja Snake" of the play's title and the "Clouds of Sils Maria" in the film's title)  When discussing the play’s ending, in which Helena walks into the mountains never to return, Valentine suggests that Helena can still be alive and walk away to start a new life  Maria protests that Helena must be dead because she doesn’t return  After suggesting that their approaches to the play are too different for her (Valentine) to be a useful assistant, Valentine disappears without explanation 
A few weeks later, a young filmmaker who has previously sent a script to Maria visits her by appointment five minutes before the curtain rises on the opening night of Maloja Snake in London  Maria seems preoccupied, being so close to the start of the performance, and dismisses his suggested ideas about the proposed film role he is offering her as "too abstract for me"  When she says the role he has written is too young for her and would suit Jo-Ann better, he suggests that the character is ageless and that he does not relate to his era with its Internet scandals and trashy values  Maria does not give him a reply as to whether she will take part in the film  She then appears onstage, smoking and waiting for Sigrid 

Cast
Production
Principal photography of Clouds of Sils Maria began on 22 August 2013 and ended on 4 October  The film was shot on location in the titular village of Sils Maria, Switzerland as well as Zürich; Leipzig, Germany; and South Tyrol, Italy 
In an interview, Assayas said that all the film's interiors were shot in Germany  The production moved to Sils Maria to film the hiking scenes, and moved again to film the scenes in and around the chalet in South Tyrol The Chanel company debuted in film financing with this production  In addition it supplied the actresses with clothes, jewelry, accessories, and makeup, and the brand was scripted in as a provider of the same to Maria   Chanel provided some of the budget to allow Olivier Assayas to fulfill his dream of shooting a film on 35-mm film instead of digitally Assayas has described the fictional play Maloja Snake as a "condensed, brutalized version" of The Bitter Tears of Petra von Kant, a play by Rainer Werner Fassbinder (it was later adapted as a film of the same name) The American title of the film is Clouds of Sils Maria  In France the film was released as Sils Maria, Assayas' original name 

Release
Marketing
The first trailer for the film was released on 22 May 2014  Another international trailer followed on 7 July 

Film festivals
The film was selected to compete for the Palme d'Or in the main competition section at the 2014 Cannes Film Festival on 23 May 2014  It also screened at the Toronto International Film Festival and New York Film Festival 

Reception
Critical response
On review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes, 91% of 179 critics have given the film a positive review, with an average rating of 7 6/10  The website's critics consensus reads: "Bolstered by a trio of powerful performances from its talented leads, Clouds of Sils Maria is an absorbing, richly detailed drama with impressive depth and intelligence " On Metacritic, the film has a weighted average score of 79 out of 100, based on 41 reviews from critics, indicating "generally favorable reviews" Clouds of Sils Maria premiered at the Cannes Film Festival to positive reviews  Robbie Collin of The Daily Telegraph stated, "This is a complex, bewitching and melancholy drama, another fearlessly intelligent film from Assayas " He said, "Binoche plays the role with elegance and melancholic wit – her character slips between fiction and fact in a way that recalls her role in Abbas Kiarostami's Certified Copy  But it's Stewart who really shines here  Valentine is probably her best role to date: she's sharp and subtle, knowable and then suddenly distant, and a late, surprising twist is handled with a brilliant lightness of touch "Peter Debruge of Variety said it was Assayas' "daring rejoinder, a multi-layered, femme-driven meta-fiction that pushes all involved—including next-gen starlets Kristen Stewart and Chloë Grace Moretz — to new heights " Matt Risley of Total Film called it "an elegant, intelligent drama, enlivened by strong performances by Binoche, Moretz and especially Stewart, for whom this will surely usher in a new dawn "Stephanie Zacharek of The Village Voice wrote: "But the movie's true center, the meteorological phenomenon that makes it so pleasurable to watch, is the half-prickly, half-affectionate interplay between Binoche and Stewart " Ben Sachs of Chicago Reader wrote: "This recalls Ingmar Bergman's chamber dramas in the intensity and psychological complexity of the central relationship, yet the filmmaking is breathtakingly fluid, evoking a sense of romantic abandon "However, Kyle Smith of the New York Post writes: "A backstage drama that has all the sizzle of a glass of water resting on the windowsill, [   ] Clouds of Sils Maria mistakes lack of dramatic imagination for smoldering subtlety " Richard Brody from The New Yorker writes: "Clouds of Sils Maria, as the title suggests, is a sort of travelogue, a commercial for European cultural tourism, and, as such, it's the perfect image of the very system that created it  There's almost no independent filmmaking in France, and there isn't supposed to be  If there were, it would stand as a threat to the system that, by way of training, enticements, and restrictions, is the source of the comforts that the movie depicts and that the movie reflects  The mediocrity is stifling "

Box office
Clouds of Sils Maria opened in France on 20 August 2014 in 150 theaters for a $3,663 per theater average and a box office total of $549,426 as of 24 August 2014  The film expanded to 195 theaters in its second week of release, and the box office increased to an estimated $1,150,090 
Clouds of Sils Maria opened in the United States on 10 April 2015 in three theaters and grossed $69,729 on its opening weekend for an average of $23,243 per  As of 4 June 2015, the film has grossed an estimated $1,743,577 after expanding theaters 

Awards and nominations
The film won the Louis Delluc Prize for Best Film in December 2014  The film received six César Award nominations including best film, best director, best actress, best original screenplay, and best cinematography, while Stewart won for best supporting actress, becoming the first American actress to win a César and the third  American actor to win after Adrien Brody in 2003 and Christopher Lambert in 1985 

Soundtrack
"Kowalski" by Primal Scream
"Largo de Xerxes" – Georg Friedrich Handel
"Canon and Gigue in D Major for 3 Violins and Basso Continuo" – Johann Pachelbel
"Paavin of Albarti (Alberti)" – Innocentio Alberti (performed by Hesperion XXI)
"Sonata No  2 in D Minor" – Georg Friedrich Handel
"Sonata No  2 in B-Flat Major for Violin and Harp, Op  16: II  Adagio" - Louis Spohr
"Trio for Violin, Cello and Harp in E minor: III  Rondo" - Louis Spohr

Home media
The film was released on DVD and Digital HD by Paramount Home Media on July 14, 2015; the company also handles the digital entertainment sales, with IFC handling the video on demand sales The Criterion Collection released a DVD and Blu-ray edition on 28 June 2016 
Passage 9:
Eddie's House
Eddie's House was a doghouse designed by Frank Lloyd Wright for the Berger family of San Anselmo, California, to be used by their dog Eddie  Wright designed Eddie's House to be in keeping with the family's home, known as the Robert Berger House, which he had previously designed  The plans for the doghouse were completed by Wright in 1957, and the 4 sq ft (0 37 m2) triangular house was built in 1963  In 1973 Eddie's House was removed and thrown away, but in 2010 Jim and Eric Berger, sons of Robert Berger, rebuilt Eddie's House from the original plans for a segment in Romanza, a documentary film by Michael Miner about Frank Lloyd Wright's architectural works in California  The doghouse remains the smallest structure Frank Lloyd Wright ever designed 

History
Eddie's House was a doghouse designed by Frank Lloyd Wright as an addition to the Robert Berger House   The Robert Berger House is a dwelling designed by Frank Lloyd Wright for the Berger family   Wright gave the plans to trained engineer and College of Marin professor Robert Berger to build the house on his own on Redwood Road in San Anselmo, California  It took 20 years to finish the US$15,000 house In 1956, Robert's 12-year-old son Jim Berger became concerned about his black Labrador Retriever Eddie staying outside in the winter, and decided he needed a doghouse to stay warm  Jim subsequently wrote a letter to Frank Lloyd Wright stating, "I would appreciate it if you would design me a doghouse which would be easy to build but would go with our house " Jim continued to explain Eddie's dimensions ("two and a half feet high and three feet long"), his dog's age ("four years old or in dog life 28 years"), and his ability to pay for the plans and materials of the doghouse with earned money from delivering newspapers along a bicycle paper route he had  Wright responded to the letter with a typed and signed note on Taliesin West stationery  The note stated that "A house for Eddie is an opportunity   but just now I am too busy to concentrate on it " Wright implored the boy to write again a year later to see if he was a little less busy Jim followed the suggestion laid out by Wright and a year later wrote again asking for a Frank Lloyd Wright-designed doghouse  Not long after sending out this second letter a full set of working drawings arrived in the mail for a four square foot triangular doghouse designed by Wright himself  The doghouse was to be built of scrap Philippine mahogany and cedar left over from the construction of the human-sized house it was to be situated next to  Looking back at the situation a 68-year-old Jim Berger stated:
My dog had a lot of class, and a Frank Lloyd Wright doghouse was perfect for him  I was very excited for my dog 
Jim Berger never built the doghouse and in 1963, at the age of 19, Jim joined the U S  Army  That same year, after Jim's departure, his younger brother Eric and his father completed the doghouse  Eddie did not particularly like the new house and took to sleeping by the front door of the Robert Berger House instead, presumably because it was warmer there  "That was kind of depressing," stated Jim Berger when reflecting on the incident Robert Berger died in 1973 and Mrs  Berger, not seeing any value in a triangular doghouse that Eddie and the subsequent dogs they owned would not sleep in, had it hauled to the dump the same year In 2010, while filming a documentary about buildings designed by Wright in California, Michael Miner stumbled across the doghouse story  Miner asked Jim Berger if rebuilding Eddie's House was an option  Jim, at this point a retired woodshop teacher, said that he had wanted to rebuild the doghouse for years and this was the opportunity to do so  Over the next three months Jim and his brother Eric, a skilled cabinetmaker, were filmed by Miner rebuilding the doghouse to Wright's specification in Eric's Petaluma, California garage  Jim Berger said, in relation to the construction process, "In the letter, I said I wanted something easy to build, but this doghouse was not easy to build  It was very complicated "The construction process is featured in Miner's documentary, Romanza, and the rebuilt doghouse also went on a publicity tour for the film  During filming, the rebuilt doghouse was placed on the side of the Robert Berger House where the original once sat  On that day it happened to be raining and Miner noticed something peculiar about the doghouse which it had in common with other Wright-designed structures:  "It leaks "

Design
Eddie's House is the smallest structure ever known to be designed by Frank Lloyd Wright and fits in well with the Robert Berger House  Eddie's House was constructed of the same materials as the larger house and the "small triangular hut    bowed to the hexagonal geometry of the house's hexagonal plan " The doghouse also displays many signature design elements that have come to represent Frank Lloyd Wright's architectural style  These include an entrance hidden on the rear of the house, and a large overhang on a roof with a low pitch When Eddie's House was actually constructed, the Berger family did not follow Wright's plans strictly  They changed the location of the door as well as not including a concrete base planned by Wright to make the doghouse portable 

See also
List of Frank Lloyd Wright works
 Architecture portal
 Dogs portal
Passage 10:
Cold Water (film)
Cold Water (French: L'eau froide) is a 1994 French film written and directed by Olivier Assayas about two troubled teenagers in France during the 1970s  The film was screened in the Un Certain Regard section at the 1994 Cannes Film Festival In October, 2007, it was screened at the Pacific Film Archive in Berkeley, California, where Assayas spent a week in residence introducing and discussing his films with the audiences there  He was accompanied by his friend Jean-Michel Frodon, the current director of the journal Cahiers du cinéma, of which Assayas was once the director  Assayas said the film is autobiographical, reflecting upon his own teenage years  He went out of his way to cast actors who were not professionals or who, as in the case of male lead Cyprien Fouquet (playing Gilles), had never acted before, although female lead Virginie Ledoyen (playing Christine) had appeared in several films  The film was the result of a commission from French TV, which wanted a 52-minute film but allowed Assayas to make a longer version, after some negotiations 

Plot
Gilles and Christine are teenagers from unstable homes  When they do some shop-lifting together she is arrested, but he gets away  She escapes from a mental institution and meets him at an abandoned house in the country, where a large group of rebellious teenagers are having a wild, all-night party  American rock music from the period is played prominently and has a very strong effect, especially "Me and Bobby McGee," sung by Janis Joplin  Drugs are used, mainly pot and hash  As the party is winding down, Gilles and Christine escape even deeper into the countryside, searching for a commune where artists are said to live without electricity or running water  This is Christine's idea, but Gilles reluctantly goes along  A jolting conclusion shows us that, as Assayas puts it, "Gilles' real life has now begun "

Cast
Virginie Ledoyen - Christine
Cyprien Fouquet - Gilles
László Szabó - Gilles's father
Jean-Pierre Darroussin - Inspector
Jackie Berroyer - Christine's father
Dominique Faysse - Christine's mother
Smaïl Mekki - Mourad
Jean-Christophe Bouvet - Professor
Ilona Györi - Marie
Renée Amzallag - The nurse
Jérôme Simonin - Vendeur de dynamite
Laetitia Lemerle - Corrine
Alexandra Yonnet - Copine blouson
Caroline Doron - Copine blessée
Laetitia Giraud - Christiane
Context 3: Passage 1:
Redwood City Daily News
The Redwood City Daily News was a free daily newspaper in Redwood City, California, United States, published 6 days a week with an average daily circulation of 8,000  The newspaper was founded August 9, 2000 by Dave Price and Jim Pavelich, who also published the Palo Alto Daily News  The Redwood City Daily News was adjudicated as a newspaper of general circulation by the San Mateo County Superior Court in 2001, enabling it to publish legal notices  Both the Palo Alto and Redwood City Daily News editions were distributed in large red newspaper racks and in stores, coffee shops, restaurants, schools and major workplaces  The Redwood City Daily News, along with five other Daily News editions, was sold to Knight Ridder on Feb  15, 2005  After McClatchy's acquisition of Knight Ridder in early 2006, all six Daily News editions, including the Redwood City Daily News, were bundled with the San Jose Mercury News and sold to MediaNews Group of Denver, Colorado 
On November 12, 2004, the Redwood City Daily News became one of the first print media outlets in the United States to report late-breaking news of national interest  The trial of Scott Peterson for the murder of his wife Laci Peterson and their unborn son had taken place at the Redwood City courthouse, and less than an hour after the jury read their verdict the Daily News began circulation of an "extra" edition which announced the result The surviving Daily News papers merged on April 7, 2009 
Passage 2:
Sawin Millett
Howard Sawin Millett Jr  (born October 8, 1937) is a Maine politician  A Republican, Millett served as the Commissioner of Administrative and Financial Services in the administration of Governor Paul LePage from 2011 to 2014  In January 2011, Millett was unanimously approved as Commissioner by the Maine Senate, with key Democrats also endorsing his appointment  In December 2011, a poll of policymakers by the Bangor Daily News ranked Millett as the ninth most influential person in Maine politics 

Government career
Millett served in the administrations of four separate governors (Longley, McKernan, King and LePage) with two different political affiliations (two Independents and two Republicans)  Millett advanced in the field of education until he became commissioner of education for Maine's first independent governor, James Longley  He was appointed to the position in 1975 at the age of 37 and served until 1979  In 1979, Republican Governor John McKernan appointed Millett Commissioner of the state finance department  During his time in the McKernan administration, the government was shut down due to the inability to agree on a budget  He also served from 1995 to 2000 as Associate Commissioner of the Department of Mental Health/Mental Retardation and Substance Abuse Services for Independent Angus King  In 2011, Millett was unanimously confirmed as Commissioner of Administrative and Financial Services by the Maine Senate after being selected by Republican Paul LePage 
Millett announced his retirement on April 3, 2014, to be effective on May 30  He stated he wanted to spend more time with his family and in his hometown   Governor LePage praised his service and knowledge of state budgeting  Millett retired in May 2014 and was replaced by Richard Rosen 

Legislative career
Millett first served in the legislature from 1969 to 1972  In 2002, Millett won a seat in the Maine House of Representatives  Unable to run for his seat again in 2010, he challenged John Patrick for Senate District 14 and was defeated  In 2018, he won election to the Maine House of Representatives from District 71 

Personal
Millett was born in Waterford, Maine in Oxford County, Maine and his family settled on a farm in Dixmont in Penobscot County when he was in fourth grade  Millett's father was a superintendent of schools and his mother was primarily a homemaker  He was one of five boys in his family  Millett, despite being an avid baseball fan and having lived his entire life in Maine, became a supporter of the St  Louis Cardinals during the 1946 World Series in which the Cardinals beat the Boston Red Sox  He graduated from Carmel High School in Carmel, Maine in 1955 and attended the same college as his father, Bates College  After graduating, he returned to Penobscot County and began teaching at Hermon High School  He continued teaching in the district until 1971 In 1977, while serving as Commissioner of Education, Millett and his wife bought a home in Manchester, Maine to cut down on his daily commute for work in Augusta, but the couple disliked living in a subdivision so much that he and his wife bought 25 acres of land next to his parents farm in Waterford and built a house to live in   He could barely stand to address the Maine Senate during his 2011 confirmation hearing due to an infection after knee replacement surgery  Shortly after being appointed commissioner, Millett had to miss work due to a second infection in his knee; he was temporarily replaced by Ryan Low, who had served as Commissioner of Finance under Democrat John Baldacci  Low said of Millett "I would do just about anything for him   There's no one more of an expert on budgeting and legislative process; but even more than that, he's a genuinely nice person "
Passage 3:
Burlingame Daily News
The Burlingame Daily News was a free daily newspaper in Burlingame, California published six days a week with an average daily circulation of 7,000  The newspaper was founded August 9, 2000 by Dave Price (journalist) and Jim Pavelich, who also published the Palo Alto Daily News 

Distribution
Both papers were distributed in large red newspaper racks and in stores, coffee shops, restaurants, schools and major workplaces  
Burlingame Daily News, along with five other Daily News editions, was sold to Knight Ridder in 2005  
After McClatchy's acquisition of Knight Ridder in early 2006, all six Daily News editions, including the Burlingame Daily News, were bundled with the San Jose Mercury News and sold to MediaNews Group of Denver, Colorado  The surviving Daily News papers merged on April 7, 2009 

External links
Official site
Knight Ridder buys Daily News
Daily News publishers ride into sunset
Passage 4:
East Bay Daily News
The East Bay Daily News was a free daily newspaper in Berkeley, California published 5 days a week with an average daily circulation of 10,000  The newspaper was founded May 20, 2005 by journalist Dave Price and Jim Pavelich, who also published the Palo Alto Daily News  The East Bay Daily News was distributed in large red newspaper racks and in stores, coffee shops, restaurants, schools and major workplaces in Berkeley, Albany, Piedmont and Oakland  After McClatchy's acquisition of the paper's previous owner Knight Ridder in early 2006, the Palo Alto Daily News group, including the East Bay Daily News, was bundled with the San Jose Mercury News and sold to MediaNews Group of Denver, Colorado 

External links
East Bay Daily News Official Website
Passage 5:
Bangor Daily News
The Bangor Daily News is an American newspaper covering a large portion of central and eastern Maine, published six days per week in Bangor, Maine 
The Bangor Daily News was founded on June 18, 1889; it merged with the Bangor Whig and Courier in 1900  Also known as the News or the BDN, the paper is published by Bangor Publishing Company, a local family-owned company 
It has been owned by the Towle-Warren family for four generations; current publisher Richard J  Warren is the great-grandson of J  Norman Towle, who bought the paper in 1895  Since 2018, it has been the only independently owned daily newspaper in the state 

History
The Bangor Daily News's first issue was June 18, 1889; the main stockholder in the publishing company was Bangor shipping and logging businessman Thomas J  Stewart  Upon Stewart's death in 1890, his sons took control of the paper, which was originally a tabloid with "some news, but also plenty of gossip, lurid stories and scandals " In 1895, J  Norman Towle purchased the newspaper  Ownership of the paper remained in the family, and Towle's great-grandson Richard J  Warren remains the publisher today The Bangor Daily News merged with the Bangor Whig & Courier in 1900, leaving two newspapers in the city: BDN and the Bangor Daily Commercial (which ceased publication in 1949)  Towle's son-in-law Fred Jordan took control of the paper in 1929  Forty-six BDN staff members served in the U S  forces during World War II, and the paper's managing editor John M  O'Connell was sent to Europe as a war correspondent  After Fred Jordan's death in 1947, his widow Lillis Towle Jordan became publisher  Richard K  Warren became publisher in 1955 and remained in that role until 1984, a time when the newspaper's circulation dramatically increased  It has only missed one day of delivery in its entire history  On New Year's Eve 1962, a massive blizzard dumped over three feet of snow on Bangor, with 20-foot snowdrifts that made it impossible for the delivery trucks to move The newspaper's peak came in the mid-1980s, when Bangor Daily News had 150 reporters and editors and 150 other employees   At the time, published seven regional editions of the newspaper throughout Maine, and in addition to its main office on Main Street in Bangor had news bureaus at Madawaska, Presque Isle, Houlton, Pittsfield, Calais, Machias, Rockland, Augusta and Ellsworth In 1982, a reporter for the Bangor Daily News, Beurmond Banville, who ran a one-person news bureau for the paper in Madawaska, Maine, on the U S -Canada border, wrote about a pretrial hearing in a murder case in New Brunswick, Canada  After publishing an account of the restricted proceeding in BDN, Banville was convicted in a Canadian court for violating a publication ban, and was fined $160; in 1983, the Court of Appeal of New Brunswick upheld the conviction, but gave Banville an absolute discharge, meaning that he does not have any Canadian criminal record  Banville and the newspaper considered the Canadian court's ruling to be a prior restraint on freedom of the press, but decided not to further appeal considering the cost  The ruling appears in a textbook on Canadian media law Richard J  Warren succeeded his father as editor in 1984; five years later, the newspaper moved its printing plant from Bangor to a new printing plant in Hampden (which was closed in 2013 and sold in 2015) The newspaper was an early adopter of a policy prohibiting tobacco advertising  As of 1993, the Bangor Daily News was one of fewer than twenty American newspapers that declined to accept ads for tobacco products The newspaper launched its Web presence in 1997 at bangornews com, later moving to bangordailynews com in the 2000s  From 1997 to 2001, BDN acted as an Internet service provider in addition to a newspaper, working with two local, small telecommunications companies to provide dial-up Internet access to a few thousand people in Maine BDN adopted an aggressive "digital-first" publishing strategy, and became the most-read online news source in the state; in 2011, the Portland Press Herald outsold BDN in print copies by a few thousand papers on an average weekday, but BDN's website had more than 100,000 unique visitors than the Press Herald's website In 2008, the paper's editorial page director, Todd Benoit, was appointed BDN's director of new media; he later became  BDN's president and chief operating officer  In 2014, Richard J  Warren became publisher of the newspaper   The company that owns and operates the newspaper, Bangor Publishing Co , expanded through acquisitions of Bangor Metro magazine (2014), Madawaska's St  John Valley Times (2015), and Fort Kent's Fiddlehead Focus (2016)  The company also owns several weekly newspapers in Maine: the Presque Isle Star-Herald, Caribou Aroostook Republican and News, Dover-Foxcroft Piscataquis Observer, Houlton Pioneer Times, and Greater Bangor The Weekly In 2011 and 2012, BDN established the partnerships The Maine Campus (the independent student newspaper at the University of Maine) and The Free Press (the student newspaper at the University of Southern Maine) through the BDN media partners program  The program involves a content-sharing agreement as well as training and Web hosting services provided by BDN to the student newspapers In 2011, BDN hired an additional reporter to cover Greater Portland and reassigned another reporter to cover the southern mid-coast of Maine  Editor-in-chief Mike Dowd also named editorial-page editor Susan Young as "managing editor for investigative reporting and new initiatives" and appointed Tom Groening as editorial-page editor The Bangor Daily News and The Quoddy Tides sought records under the Maine Freedom of Access Act of closed-door tribal councils of the Passamaquoddy Tribe relating to a proposed $500 million liquefied natural gas (LNG) terminal on tribal land at the Pleasant Point Reservation  A Maine court decided that the newspapers were not entitled to the records because the tribal officials' negotiations with the Oklahoma-based LNG developer were undertaken in the reservation's capacity as "a profit-making business rather than municipal governance" and were therefore not subjected to the Freedom of Access Act  The Maine Supreme Judicial Court unanimously affirmed the ruling in 2006  In 2013, Bangor Daily News reporters submitted a public records request to Maine's state government for public information that included the names and addresses of the holders of concealed-weapon permits  The request, made in furtherance of newsgathering, prompted a fierce uproar, and the newspaper dropped the request



ground_truth: Elvis' Christmas Album

prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: Are both Frank Lloyd and Olivier Assayas American film directors?

The following are given passages.
Context 3: In 2018, Bangor Daily News became the state's only independently owned daily newspaper in the state, after MaineToday Media, owned by Reade Brower, acquired additional newspapers in Maine  MaineToday now owns  seven of Maine's eight daily newspapers: the Portland Press Herald and Maine Sunday Telegram, the Times Record of Brunswick, the Journal Tribune of Biddeford, the Kennebec Journal in Augusta, the Morning Sentinel in Waterville, and the Coastal Journal in Bath  Although Brower's company does not own BDN, it does provide printing services for BDN As of 2020, about half of BDN's journalists were based in Bangor, with the other half spread across Maine In May 2022, the newsroom staff unionized with the Maine NewsGuild and won recognition from management 

Editorial stance
The Bangor Daily News's editorial stance has traditionally leaned toward conservatism and the Republican Party, in contrast to the Portland Press Herald, which was regarded as having a more liberal, pro-Democratic editorial stance  It historically endorsed Republican candidates for office, such as Barry Goldwater in the 1964 presidential election, but has also sometimes endorsed Democratic candidates  In the 1974 Maine gubernatorial election, the Bangor Daily News endorsed independent candidate James B  Longley: "The newspaper had always endorsed Republicans, so backing an independent was stunning " The endorsement was a major boost to Longley's candidacy  The paper also backed independent candidate Herman "Buddy" Frankland and Republican Susan Collins BDN's editorial board endorsed Republican George W  Bush in the 2000 presidential election, but endorsed Democrat John Kerry over Bush in the 2004 presidential election  In 2008, BDN endorsed Democrat Barack Obama for president, Republican Susan Collins for Senate, and Democrats Mike Michaud and Chellie Pingree for Maine's congressional seats  The paper's editorial board endorsed Obama for re-election in 2012 over Republican challenger Mitt Romney 
Passage 6:
Lawrence Lockman
Lawrence E  Lockman is an American lumber worker, lobbyist and political activist from Amherst, Maine, who has served as a Republican member of the Maine House of Representatives since 2012  In 2020, Lockman ran for the Maine State Senate, challenging incumbent state Senator Kimberly Rosen in the Republican primary 

Background
Lockman is a 1967 graduate of Philadelphia-Montgomery Christian Academy in Jenkintown, Pennsylvania  He studied liberal arts at Covenant College in Lookout Mountain, Georgia and Pasadena City College in California  Around 1976, he began working at a sawmill in Passadumkeag, Maine 

Controversies
In 1975, Lockman stopped paying federal and state income taxes and founded a group called Maine Patriots which put forth various tax protester arguments and urged other Mainers to follow his example In the mid-to-late 1980s, Lockman switched his emphasis to activism about HIV, the AIDS epidemic, and homosexuality  In a letter to the Lewiston Daily Sun, Lockman wrote "Clearly the practice of sodomy is learned behavior, and those addicted to this form of biologically-insane sex are at high risk for all manner of serious medical problems "In 1986 and 1988, Lockman ran in District 143 of the Maine House of Representatives against the incumbent Democrat Michael Michaud  He lost both, finishing with 639 votes to Michaud's 2,438 
In 1991, Lockman became one of the directors of the Pro Life Education Association, a Maine-based anti abortion organization In a 1995 op-ed, Lockman warned of a "secret gay affirmative action plan," claiming "You can bet the rent money they will demand that employers set up goals and timetables to achieve 10 percent homosexual representation in the workforce and in government contracts "In a 1995 letter in the Sun Journal in Lewiston, a reader quoted a press statement by Lockman, then part of the Pro Life Education Association, saying, “If a woman has (the right to an abortion), why shouldn’t a man be free to use his superior strength to force himself on a woman? At least the rapist’s pursuit of sexual freedom doesn’t (in most cases) result in anyone’s death ” In 2012, Lockman was elected to the House's District 30, which included portions of Hancock and Washington counties, with 2188 votes to 2082 for Democrat Dennis Mahar  He was a strong supporter of Maine's governor Paul LePage, who was challenged for re-election in the 2014 race by Lockman's previous opponent, Michael Michaud (who in 2013 came out as gay) LePage was succeeded by Democrat Janet Mills in 2018 

Response to controversy
Lockman has released a statement saying "I have always been passionate about my beliefs, and years ago I said things that I regret  I hold no animosity toward anyone by virtue of their gender or sexual orientation, and today I am focused on ensuring freedom and economic prosperity for all Mainers "

Personal life
In 1990, Lockman was part of a group seeking to break the union at the Passadumkeag Stud Mill where he worked, a drive which was defeated by an 81 to 18 vote  He had worked there for sixteen years before leaving in 1992 to work as a territory manager in eastern Maine for the National Federation of Independent Business, a position he held until 2010  He now works as a territory manager in eastern and central Maine for National Write Your Congressman 
Lockman and his wife Debbie were married in 1974  They have four adult children and five grandchildren 
Passage 7:
Ralph W  'Bud' Leavitt Jr 
Ralph W  "Bud" Leavitt Jr  (January 13, 1917 – December 20, 1994) was a Maine newspaperman who was executive sports editor of the Bangor Daily News, and a longtime outdoor columnist recognized statewide  In addition to his writing, Leavitt hosted one of Maine's earliest television shows, which was devoted to fishing, hunting and the out-of-doors  Leavitt's stature within the state  was such that columnist Roy Blount Jr  wrote of the Maine sportswriter that he "fishes with Ted Williams and Red Smith – or, rather, they trout-fish with him " An early conservationist and son of a paper mill union leader, Leavitt urged the state of Maine to acquire lands for public use; one such preserve is today named for the sportswriter and television personality 

Early life and career beginnings
Ralph W  Leavitt Jr  was born in Old Town, Maine, on January 13, 1917, to Ralph W  Leavitt Sr , union manager at Penobscot Chemical Fiber Company, and his wife Elise  Following graduation from Old Town High School, Leavitt went to work in the plant where his father was manager of the union – and quit the next day  "He didn't like getting all covered with dirt and sweat anywhere but on the athletic field", said Leavitt's cousin Alden Leavitt 
Following his one-day career in the industrial world, Leavitt went looking for other employment  He landed his first newspaper job at age 17 when he began writing for The Bangor Daily Commercial in 1934  At the outbreak of World War II, Leavitt joined the Army Air Corps as a civilian employee  Following the War, in 1946 Leavitt took a job as general sportswriter at the Bangor Daily News, with which he associated as sportswriter, sports editor and outdoor columnist for the next 48 years  Leavitt's retirement from his Maine newspaper duties was considered noteworthy enough that Maine Senator George J  Mitchell issued a statement about it During his tenure as sports editor and outdoor columnist, Leavitt also occasionally filed stories to national publications, including Time magazine  High school graduate Leavitt's prose on sporting topics even turned up occasionally in the highbrow The New Yorker magazine  In its issue of June 25, 1979, The New Yorker quoted at length from sportswriter Leavitt's essay on fishing in Maine  "He wrote when the fog shuts out the land, it is like a pussy-footing cat laying down a paw", wrote the magazine, paraphrasing Leavitt's prose  Even Leavitt's admirers concede the columnist and sportswriter wasn't known for his adept turns of phrase  Some observers attributed his popularity in Maine to his no-nonsense, somewhat gruff style, in which he delivered the facts without embroidery 
Leavitt also frequently hunted and fished with his friend Nelson Bryant, outdoor columnist for The New York Times, who wrote about their jaunts in his newspaper  During this time, Leavitt began to make himself indispensable to the Bangor newspaper, where the owners noted that his presence on the sports pages came to embody for many readers the newspaper itself In 1948 Leavitt began writing a daily outdoor column for the newspaper in addition to his sportswriter duties  The column, in which Leavitt discussed hunting and fishing and life in Maine, ran in the Bangor Daily News until November 30, 1994, – six years after Leavitt had retired as the paper's sports editor, and only weeks before the columnist's death from cancer 

The columnist and the television host
Leavitt hosted one of the first outdoor shows on national television  In 1953 Maine's first TV station went on the air, and asked Leavitt to anchor a show on the themes he wrote about in his column  The Bud Leavitt Show debuted that year as one of the first local programs on the air in Maine  For the next 20 years Leavitt appeared every Saturday night to talk about the pressing issues of a Maine outdoorsman: how to remove a fishhook; the death of a favorite dog; snoeshowing and moose hunting and salmon fishing  There was little that Bud Leavitt wouldn't fish for  When the salmon runs on the rivers of Maine and New Brunswick tapered off, Leavitt often took to the rips off Maine's Petit Manan Light, where he cast a fly to schools of 25-pound pollock 
That Leavitt's newspaper permitted him to appear on a competing news outlet startled no one  "They had to have him", said Bangor Daily News managing editor Mike Dowd of the demand for the popular columnist  "He had to have it  So [Leavitt] became multimedia before the term was invented "Leavitt's last show on local Maine television was taped in 1973, but in 1978 the Maine Public Broadcasting Network asked the sportswriter to host a new show  Leavitt's early broadcasts on Maine's TV airwaves were marked by the times  The balding, avuncular Leavitt closed each show with the homily, "Remember, the family that plays together stays together " And the show's trademark music jingle is still the subject of Mainers posting to internet message boards, recalling Saturday night with beans and biscuits, watching Bud Leavitt  That show, called Woods and Waters, went on to become a public TV sensation  Within a year it was broadcast nationally  The Outdoor Writers of America later rated it the nation's best outdoor-oriented program  The show's success launched the local Maine sportswriter into the national consciousness: Leavitt was featured as a guest several times on the ABC show American Sportsman, and was a frequent guest on national radio programs 
Sometimes Leavitt was joined on his Maine TV show by friends like broadcaster Curt Gowdy, or baseball players Brooks Robinson or Ted Williams  "He was to outdoor journalism what Norman Rockwell was to art", wrote longtime Bangor Daily News sports columnist Larry Mahoney  The comparison was apt  Leavitt was not known for his eloquent turns-of-phrase, but for his directness and lack of artifice—what some might call his "Maine-ness" 
Thanks to his notoriety, Leavitt kept a running correspondence with people that he might never have met  His friendship with Albany, New York mayor Erastus Corning 2nd, for instance, lasted decades, and the pair's letters about angling are among the papers collected in Corning's archives Leavitt's friendship with baseball player Ted Williams spanned decades, and the two were frequent fishing buddies  Leavitt had been sent to Boston's Fenway Park in 1939 to write about the Boston Red Sox, where he met Williams, then a first-year rookie already making a name for himself as a slugger  Overhearing that the cub sportswriter was from Maine, Williams asked about the fishing up north  A lifelong friendship ensued 
"One journalist with whom Williams had a genuine friendship was the late Bud Leavitt, former sports editor and outdoor writer for the Bangor Daily News", wrote Tony Chamberlain of The Boston Globe  "Leavitt fished often with Williams in the lakes and streams of Maine and Canada  Most of their fishing up north was for salmon, and Williams fished with Leavitt near the writer's home along the Penobscot River "

Recognition in Maine and later years
Leavitt's stature as a writer on some of Maine's favorite topics, and his weekly television presence made him one of the state's celebrities – in the days when the words "Maine" and "celebrity" were oxymorons  Once, on a bird hunting drive in northern Maine with his friends Curt Gowdy and Brooks Robinson, Leavitt got lost  He stopped at a local home where he saw several men talking in the driveway  After inquiring after directions, Leavitt gestured at his car  Did the local Mainers know either of the two men in his automobile, Leavitt asked the group "No, we don't", answered one man, "but we sure know who you are  You're Bud Leavitt!"
Even Maine Senator Edmund Muskie tested the limits of political muscle when he brushed against Leavitt's following  It was arranged for Muskie to go ice-fishing with Leavitt—or as Muskie adviser Clyde MacDonald Jr  put it, "possibly the greatest political event that could be arranged at that time " MacDonald lived next to columnist Leavitt, whom the Muskie aide inveigled to accompany Muskie on a fishing trip to an Ellsworth, Maine, lake  Muskie landed the prize-winning fish, headlined in the next day's Bangor newspaper  As Muskie recalled, his fishing trip with Leavitt made a deeper impression than most of his electoral efforts



ground_truth: no

prompt_front: Answer the question based on the given passages. Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.

Question: Why is Bangor Daily News talkin about Sawin Millett?

The following are given passages.
Context 3:  "Muskie throughout the rest of his career would say, 'You know, I fought for Dickey-Lincoln [Dam], and I prevented them from closing Loring, but the thing that people talk about is that fish '"Leavitt died on December 20, 1994, and his funeral mass was held in Bangor, not far from his home in Hampden, Maine, on December 26, 1994  His wife Barbara had predeceased him, dying five years prior in 1989  During his career, Leavitt wrote 13,104 columns for Maine newspapers, and a book called, simply, Twelve Months in Maine  Leavitt's essay most often collected in outdoor writing anthologies is "Hunting for Grouse and Woodcock" from his book Twelve Months in Maine  Following his death, the State of Maine named the Bud Leavitt Wildlife Management Area, 6,500 acres (26 km2) of upland forest 25 miles (40 km) northwest of Bangor, in honor of the sportswriter, a longtime advocate for conservation and public lands  In 2000, six years after Leavitt's death, the Maine Press Association posthumously inducted Leavitt into its Hall of Fame Leavitt is interred, alongside his wife Barbara, at Lakeview Cemetery in Hampden, Maine 

Works
Bud Leavitt and Senator William S  Cohen, Bangor: The Twentieth Century, Vol  II, Images of America, Richard R  Shaw, Arcadia Publishing, 1997 ISBN 0-7385-3703-9
Twelve Months in Maine, Bud Leavitt, Bangor Publishing Company, Bangor, Maine, 1977
Passage 8:
The Daily News (Palo Alto)
The Daily News, originally the Palo Alto Daily News, is a free newspaper owned by MediaNews Group and located in Menlo Park  Founded in 1995, it was formerly published seven days a week and at one point had a circulation of 67,000 (a figure that included five zoned editions which no longer exist)  The Daily News is distributed in red newspaper racks and in stores, coffee shops, restaurants, schools and major workplaces   As of April 7, 2009 the paper ceased to be published as The Palo Alto Daily News and was consolidated with other San Francisco Peninsula Daily News titles; it published five days a week, Tuesday through Saturday  Weekday editions were delivered to selected homes  While continuing to publish daily online, The Daily News cut its print edition back to three days a week in 2013, and one day a week in 2015 

Format and content
Originally, the Daily News had a distinctive format with pages that were 16 inches long and 10 75 inches wide, dimensions which were thought to make the Daily News easier to hold than traditional broadsheet papers, but allow more stories to be published per page than a typical tabloid 
On May 5, 2009, the paper went to a smaller page size (11-1/4 by 11-3/8 inches) to save money  "The change also brands our newspaper as different than the local competition, and makes it easier for our on-the-go readers to carry around," an announcement to readers said  They now have a larger version than their original one, with different sections, like add-ins or inserts 
The newspaper prints a combination of local stories and news from a number of wire services including The Associated Press, Bay City News, The New York Times and McClatchy-Tribune (the former Knight-Ridder Tribune)  Local columnists include John Angell Grant, Larry Magid and John Reid  Syndicated opinion columns include those by Bob Herbert, Thomas Friedman and Maureen Dowd 

History
The Palo Alto Daily News debuted on December 7, 1995, with an initial circulation of 3,000  Within nine months, the paper was in the black  The paper generates all of its revenue from advertising  The original publishers, Jim Pavelich and Dave Price, understood that the advertising would reach more potential customers if the paper were free and thus widely available 
The newspaper's press run is determined by consumer demand; by 1997, the circulation had nearly tripled to 10,000 copies a day 
On August 9, 2000, the newspaper expanded into San Mateo County by opening three dailies, the San Mateo Daily News, Redwood City Daily News and Burlingame Daily News  These became the first free daily newspapers in San Mateo County, although within two years, other free dailies started in that area, replicating the format of the Daily News 
On May 15, 2002, the Daily News launched the Los Gatos Daily News  In addition to Los Gatos, it served Saratoga, Campbell, Cupertino and western San Jose 
In the first quarter of 2003, the combined circulation of the Daily News reached 55,000 per day, and on March 23 a home-delivered Sunday edition was added 
On November 12, 2004, the Daily News beat the competition by putting out an "extra" minutes after a jury in Redwood City convicted Scott Peterson of murdering his wife Laci and their unborn son  Editors put the "Redwood City Daily News" flag at the top of the Extra because the trial was taking place in that city, but it was distributed in all of the communities served by the Daily News, including Palo Alto 
On February 15, 2005, Knight Ridder, then the nation's second-largest newspaper publisher, bought the Palo Alto Daily News and its four sister papers for $25 million  Price and Pavelich, the publishers, were asked to stay on during the transition, but they left by the end of the year 
In May 2005, the Daily News launched the East Bay Daily News, which served Berkeley, Emeryville, Piedmont, Albany and the Oakland neighborhood of Rockridge 
In January 2006, Shareef Dajani, formerly general manager of the Knight Ridder-owned Hills Newspapers, a group of weeklies in Alameda County, was named publisher  In March, Dajani fired editor Diana Diamond, a long-time Palo Altan who was also a columnist  Her dismissal triggered numerous letters-to-the-editor and the competing Palo Alto Weekly picked up her column  Dajani replaced Diamond with Lucinda Ryan, who had worked with him at the Hills Newspapers 
In March 2006, Knight Ridder agreed to be purchased by The McClatchy Company, owner of the Sacramento Bee among other papers  McClatchy later announced it would sell 12 of the 32 Knight Ridder dailies, including the San Jose Mercury News and two other regional papers, The Monterey County Herald and the Contra Costa Times  The Palo Alto Daily News, along with other papers, was included in the Mercury News' 'bundle,' to be sold as one entity  MediaNews Group, which already owned several area papers, agreed to acquire The Mercury News, Contra Costa Times, Monterey County Herald and the St  Paul Pioneer Press of Minnesota for $1 billion, with $263 million of that coming from the Hearst Corporation, owner of the San Francisco Chronicle  The two deals — the sale of Knight Ridder to McClatchy, and McClatchy's sale to MediaNews — closed in August 2006  However, a lawsuit filed by San Francisco real estate developer Clint Reilly challenged the sale on anti-trust grounds  The suit was settled with Hearst and MediaNews agreeing not to work together on national advertising or distribution 
In January 2007, Dajani was replaced by Carole Leigh Hutton, former editor and publisher of the Detroit Free Press when it was owned by Knight Ridder  When Knight Ridder sold the Free Press to Gannett on August 3, 2005, Hutton was named Knight Ridder's vice president of news, a position she held until the company folded in 2006 
In March 2007, former Oakland Tribune editor Mario Dianda replaced Lucinda Ryan as executive editor 
In May 2008, Daily News founders Dave Price and Jim Pavelich announced that they were reviving the original paper, in its original headquarters at 324 High St , under the name Palo Alto Daily Post In June 2008, the Daily News laid off five newsroom workers and eliminated its Monday edition in Palo Alto and its Tuesday edition in San Mateo, Redwood City and Burlingame  Those three cities had lost their Monday edition two years earlier In August 2008, it came to light that the Daily News had hired a company in India to manage writing, copy-editing and design of a weekly real-estate product In April 2009, the Daily News dropped its Sunday edition and editions for San Mateo, Burlingame and Redwood City 
Passage 9:
Mildred Brown Schrumpf
Mildred Brown "Brownie" Schrumpf (January 24, 1903 – March 2, 2001) was an American home economist, food educator, and author  Named the "Unofficial Ambassador of Good Eating" by the Maine Department of Agriculture, she wrote a weekly food column for the Bangor Daily News from 1951 to 1994 promoting traditional Maine recipes  She was the main proponent of the claim that the chocolate brownie was invented in Bangor  She was inducted into the Maine Women's Hall of Fame in 1997 

Early life and education
Schrumpf was born Mildred Greely Brown on a farm in Readfield Depot, Maine, to Fred Brown and Nellie Mabel Gordon Brown  She was a member of the Kennebec County 4-H club and won a canning contest in her teens  After graduating from Winthrop High School in 1921, Schrumpfh attended the University of Maine – the first person in her family to go to college – and earned a bachelor's degree in home economics in 1925 

Career
Schrumpf began her career as a tester for home gas stoves for the Bangor Gas Company  She next worked as an assistant leader in 4-H clubs statewide and as the Penobscot County 4-H club agent through the 1930s, updating home demonstrators on "food preservation, kitchen design and farm life"  In the 1940s, Schrumpf worked for the United States Department of Agriculture Extension Service, giving demonstrations and classes and also teaching "camp cookery to forestry students"  She also taught home economics classes at the University of Maine In the 1950s and 1960s, Schrumpf became the Maine Food Products Promoter for the Maine Department of Agriculture, and also did cooking demonstrations on television 

Food columnist
Schrumpf began writing a weekly food column called "Brownie's Kitchen" for the Bangor Daily News on August 31, 1951  Each column opened with remembrances of life in 20th-century Maine and featured traditional recipes, using simple ingredients that could be found in any Maine grocery  Although she initially eschewed the use of ready-made ingredients, Schrumpf later printed recipes using convenience foods, which were included in her second cookbook collection, Memories from Brownie's Kitchen (1989)  She continued producing her column until April 4, 1994 

"Bangor Brownies"
Schrumpf received widespread publicity for her claim that the chocolate brownie was invented in Bangor, Maine  In its first edition (2007), The Oxford Companion to American Food and Drink refuted her premise that "Bangor housewives" had created the brownie  The Oxford Companion noted that while Schrumpf cited the inclusion of the recipe in the Girl's Welfare Cook Book published in Bangor in 1912 as proof of the brownie's origins, a Fannie Farmer cookbook published in 1905 already contained a recipe for the chewy chocolate treat  However, in its second edition (2013), The Oxford Encyclopedia of Food and Drink in America said it had discovered evidence to support Schrumpf's claim, in the form of several 1904 cookbooks that listed a recipe for "Bangor Brownies" 

Other activities
Schrumpf served as a judge for the Bangor State Fair and the national Pillsbury Bake-Off  She chaired the Maine Boiler Festival Chicken Barbecues and Luncheons, and headed delegations of Maine food demonstrators to the Eastern States Exposition in West Springfield, Massachusetts She maintained a lifelong association with the University of Maine and its alumni association, serving as class secretary for 40 years  She provided many artifacts for the "Brownie's Kitchen" exhibit, a replica of an early 20th-century farmhouse kitchen, at the Page Farm & Home Museum on the university campus 

Honors and awards
The University of Maine alumni association awarded her its Black Bear Award in 1957 and Pine Tree Alumni Service Emblem in 1974  She was named Woman of the Year by the Maine Press, Radio and TV Women in 1968 and "Unofficial Ambassador of Good Eating" by the Maine Department of Agriculture in 1970  She received a Kiwanis Recognition in Service Award from the Orono-Old Town Kiwanis chapter in 1976 and an Achievement Citation Award from the Maine chapter of the American Association of University Women in 1989  She was inducted into the Maine Women's Hall of Fame in 1997 

Personal
Known for her lively and energetic personality, she was always happy to answer cooking questions and share recipe advice  As she advanced in years, her birthday celebrations were well-attended affairs that were said to "require traffic control"; for one "birthday bash", a 20-person committee coordinated the event She married William E  Schrumpf, an agricultural economist at the University of Maine Agricultural Experimental Station, in 1932; he predeceased her in 1976  In her final years, she resided in a nursing home in Orono, where she died on March 2, 2001, at the age of 98 The Brownie and William E  Schrumpf Papers, including her extensive collection of Maine community cookbooks and recipe pamphlets, are housed in the special collections department of the Raymond H  Fogler Library at the University of Maine 

Works
Memories from Brownie's Kitchen: A collection of recipes compiled over thirty-seven years (2nd ed )  Bangor Publishing Company  1989  ISBN 0962389005 
The Flavor of Maine: Recipes in honor of the bicentennial  Bangor Daily News  1976 
"Maine's Own: Baked Bean Recipes"  Maine Department of Agriculture  1951 

Notes
Passage 10:
San Mateo Daily News
The San Mateo Daily News was a free daily newspaper in San Mateo, California published 6 days a week with an average daily circulation of 22,000  The newspaper was founded August 9, 2000 by Dave Price (journalist) and Jim Pavelich, who also published the Palo Alto Daily News  Both papers were distributed in large red newspaper racks and inside stores, coffee shops, restaurants, schools, and major workplaces  The San Mateo Daily News, along with five other Daily News editions, was sold to Knight Ridder on February 15, 2005  After McClatchy's acquisition of Knight Ridder in 2006, all six Daily News editions, including the San Mateo Daily News were bundled with the San Jose Mercury News and sold to MediaNews Group of Denver, Colorado  The surviving Daily News, papers merged on April 7, 2009 

External links
Knight Ridder buys Daily News
Daily News publishers ride into sunset



ground_truth: Commissioner by the Maine Senate